speciesGroup,extracted,taxonomicRankKingdom,taxonomicRankPhylum,taxonomicRankClass,taxonomicRankOrder,taxonomicRankFamily,taxonomicRankGenus,taxonomicRankSpecies,taxonomicRankSubspecies,scientificName,taxonomicAuthority,taxonomicNotes,endemicToEurope,europeanRegionalRedListCategory,europeanRegionalRedListCriteria,endemicToEu,euRegionalRedListCategory,euRegionalRedListCriteria,euScope,conservationStatusAnalysis,redListCategoryRationale,populationTrend,range,population,habitat,threats,conservationAction,useAndTrade,redListReviewers,redListAssessors,redListContributors,redListFacilitators,MapStatus.status
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,SCINCIDAE,Ablepharus,budaki,,Ablepharus budaki,,"This species was formerly considered to be a subspecies of Ablepharus kitaibelii, but was raised to species rank by Schmidtler (1997). A recent study has confirmed A. budaki as a genetically distinct form (Poulakakis et al. 2005).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species occurs in southern Turkey (from eastern part of the Taurus Mountains, the Amanos Mountains and the Mediterraenan coast), in Syria (west of the Orontes River), and throughout Lebanon and Cyprus.",It is a common species.,"This species is found in the leaf litter of woodland, forested and shrubby humid areas. It can be found in rural gardens. It is an egg-laying species.",This species is threatened by forest fires in Turkey. There appear to be no threats to this species in Cyprus. It is possible that deforestation is a threat to this species in Lebanon.,"In Lebanon it is present in two protected areas, and it is present in protected areas in both Turkey and Cyprus. More research is needed in to understand the taxonomic diversity of this genus, particularly in southern Turkey.",,,"Petros Lymberakis, Pierre-André Crochet, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Souad Hraoui-Bloquet, Riyad Sadek, Yakup Kaska, Yusuf Kumlutaş, Uğur Kaya, Aziz Avci, Nazan Üzüm, Can Yeniyurt, Ferdi Akarsu",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,SCINCIDAE,Ablepharus,kitaibelii,,Ablepharus kitaibelii,,"Schmidtler (1997) raised the subspecies budaki, chernovi, and rueppellii to full species status, thus restricting Ablepharus kitaibelii to southeastern Europe and west and central Turkey. However, the taxonomy of this species is currently under review (P. Lymberakis pers. comm.). Ljubisvljevic et al. (2002) examined geographic variation in parts of the Balkan peninsula. Poulakakis et al. (2005) showed that A. kitaibelii is not monophyletic, and that the population on the Kastelorizo island group (Greece, off the Lycian coast of southwestern Turkey) is particularly distinct and deserves specific status. The remaining populations of A. kitaibelii consist of two clades, one comprising the populations inhabiting continental Greece and the west Aegean (Cyclades and Kithira) and Ionian (Leukada) islands, and the other comprising populations that inhabit the East Aegean islands (including “Crete”) and Turkey.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global: LC

Turkish: LC

Europe: LC

EU 27: LC



Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



In Turkey, this species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



In Europe and EU27, this species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species ranges from southern Slovakia and Hungary, through most of Serbia, the most eastern parts of continental Croatia (and newly discovered on Papuk Mountain in the central part of Croatia [Dušan Jelić, in press]), southern Romania, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Albania (lowland areas), Greece (including many Ionian and Aegean islands) and Turkey (western and central ). There is a single record from eastern Bosnia Herzegovina. Populations of the species in Hungary and southern Slovakia are very fragmented. Records from Cyprus refer to Ablepharus budaki. It is found up to 2,000m asl (in Turkey).","It is generally a common species, but it is notably rarer at the edges of its range.","This species is found in dry areas including south facing slopes, meadows, scrubland and clearings in woodland (both deciduous and pine). It is generally found close to ground cover such as leaf-litter, dead wood, stones, bushes and other vegetation. The female lays a clutch of two to four eggs.","This species is threatened by forest fires in Turkey.  Overall, there appear to be no major threats to this species. In parts of its European range the species is threatened by afforestation, deforestation and conversion of suitable habitat to agricultural, forestry or industrial use (Gasc 1997; CoE, 2003).","This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention, and on Annex IV of the European Union Habitats Directive. It occurs in a number of protected areas. Further taxonomic studies are needed for a number of populations of this species.",,,"Wolfgang Böhme, Petros Lymberakis, Rastko Ajtic, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Pierre-André Crochet, Idriz Haxhiu, Bogoljub Sterijovski, László Krecsák, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Yakup Kaska, Yusuf Kumlutaş, Aziz Avci, Dušan Jelić",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Acanthodactylus,erythrurus,,Acanthodactylus erythrurus,,Includes populations formerly assigned to A. lineomaculatus (Harris et al. 2004).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species ranges from eastern Portugal to central and southern Spain, and from central and northern Morocco through northern Algeria, almost as far as the Tunisian border. There are isolated populations in western and southern Portugal. It may occur up to 1,750m asl in the Sierra Nevada of Spain, and up to 2,800m asl in Morocco, but it is more usually found below 400m asl.",It is a common species.,"It is generally found in open, loose sandy areas, with some sparse vegetation. It can also occur in rockier habitats, open woodland, coastal areas and in traditionally cultivated fields. The females lay one or two clutches of one to eight eggs annually.","In view of its wide range with large amounts of suitable habitat, there appear to be no major threats to this species. It is locally threatened by habitat loss resulting from intensive agriculture (often by irrigation of formerly dry areas), increased urbanization and habitat fragmentation, particularly in northeastern Spain.",This species is protected by international legislation. It occurs in a number of protected areas.,,,"Tahar Slimani, Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Ulrich Joger, El Hassan El Mouden, Philippe Geniez, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Acanthodactylus,schreiberi,,Acanthodactylus schreiberi,,,No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)",No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)",EU27,,"****NOTE THAT EUROPE AND EU ASSESSMENTS ARE SAME CATEGORY BUT DIFFERENT CRITERIA TO THE GLOBAL ASSESSMENT***Global: EN

Turkish: CR (B1ab(i,ii,iii)

Europe: EN (B1ab(iii))

EU 27: EN (B1ab(iii))



Listed as Endangered because of a serious population decline, estimated to be more than 50% over the last three generations (12 years), inferred from observed shrinkage in distribution and habitat destruction and/or degradation.  In addition it is listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy is less than 500 km2, and its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in its extent of occurrence, in its area of occupancy, in the extent and quality of its habitat, and the in the number of subpopulations.



In Turkey, this species is listed as Critically Endangered because this species has an Extent of Occurrence of less than 100 km2, is found in one location, and there is continuing decline in the quality of the habitat.



In Europe and EU 27, this species is listed as Endangered because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, its habitat is severely fragmented, and continuing decline in habitat quality.",Decreasing,"This species is known from certain coastal areas in the Eastern Mediterranean. It is found in the following places: in coastal areas and riverbeds, but not high mountains in Cyprus; southern Turkey (two coastal records from one site in the Hatay Province); is fragmented range in coastal southern Lebanon (near Sidon and Tyrosin) and was also known from Beirut (although it is possibly extirpated from this site); and a narrow, fragmented coastal strip in Israel. The species might also occur in in Egypt, although this requires confirmation.","It can be fairly common in suitable fragments of habitat in Cyprus. In Turkey, it is very rare.","It is found on coastal sand dunes (where there are no competing Acanthodactylus) or light soil close to the dunes. It can be found in newly created cultivated areas with sandy soil close to sand dune habitat.  In many areas, it cannot tolerate disturbance.  In Israel it can be found in open orchards with a suitable substrate. The females have a maximum clutch of four eggs.","This species is threatened by coastal urbanization, including the development of tourism facilities. It is also threatened by the extraction of sand from beaches for building, and human disturbance through the high numbers of tourists visiting sites. The population close to Beirut is believed to have been extirpated through loss of habitat through the construction of refugee camps. In Turkey, there is a major petrol pipeline project and industrial activities in its habitat and pollution from petrol and other industries threatens its restricted range.","It is present in the Tyr Beach protected area in southern Lebanon (although it is disturbed by tourism at this site), and it is present in a number of protected areas in Cyprus and two protected areas in Israel. It is protected by national legislation in Israel. It is not found in any protected areas in Turkey. There is a need to further research the range of this species and to prevent additional habitat loss. There is also a need to investigate the possibilities of habitat restoration in coastal dune areas.",,,"Souad Hraoui-Bloquet, Riyad Sadek, Yehudah Werner, Petros Lymberakis, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Wolfgang Böhme, Yakup Kaska, Yusuf Kumlutaş, Uğur Kaya, Aziz Avci, Nazan Üzüm, Can Yeniyurt, Ferdi Akarsu",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Algyroides,fitzingeri,,Algyroides fitzingeri,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species is endemic to the Mediterranean islands of Corsica (France) and Sardinia (Italy) and some surrounding islets. It has been recorded from sea level to elevations of 1,800m asl on Corsica.","It is widespread and rather common in Sardinia, localized and less abundant in Corsica. It might be more common than suspected because it can easily be overlooked.","It is found in a range of Mediterranean-type habitats. The species can be found in forested areas, places with rich vegetation, scrubland and degraded vegetation, areas of sparse grass and rocky habitats. It may occur in cultivated land, and on dry stone walls. The species generally prefers semi-shaded sites and is often found close to water. Females lay clutches of two to four eggs.",The main threat to the species is forest and macchia fires. This species may be locally threatened by agricultural intensification (mainly on Sardinia) including the increased use of pesticides and other agrochemicals.,This species is protected by international legislation and it occurs in several protected areas.,,,"Claudia Corti, Marc Cheylan, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Algyroides,marchi,,Algyroides marchi,,,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,iv)+2ab(iii,iv)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,iv)+2ab(iii,iv)",EU27,,"Listed as Endangered, because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2 and its Area of Occupancy is believed to be less than 500 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its forest habitat and in the number of locations.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to southeast Spain, where it is largely restricted to the Alcaraz, Cazorla and Segura mountain ranges. It exists in a number of isolated subpopulations. This species occurs from 700 up to 1,700m asl.","It can be locally common in good habitat, but it is in decline. Some populations have been extirpated.","It is a generally a species of rocky places, in or close to woodland. It is often found in shady places, and is regularly encountered close to streams. The females lay clutches of one to five eggs.","The habitat of this species is threatened by deforestation, development of forestry tracks, erosion of stream banks, water abstraction, forest fires and predation by cats and rats.",This species is protected by national legislation. It occurs in some protected areas.,,,"Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Rafael Marquez, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Algyroides,moreoticus,,Algyroides moreoticus,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Listed as Near Threatened because its range is not much greater than 20,000km2, and the extent and quality of its habitat is declining, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to southern mainland Greece (the Peloponnese), the Ionian islands (Cephalonia, Ithaca and Zakynthos) and the Strofades islands. It is found from sea level up to 1,200m asl.",It is not a common species. It has not been surveyed since the severe fires in the Peloponnese in 2007; this species inhabits leaf litter and may have been affected.,"It is generally found in shaded to semi-shaded areas of open woodland, hedges and on the edges of cultivated land. It is generally associated with damp areas. It hides in ground cover such as brushwood and leaf litter. The females have only a few eggs in each clutch.","It may be threatened in parts of its range by habitat loss resulting from fires, general deforestation, agricultural intensification and the development of tourism facilities. It is also locally persecuted in some places.",It is protected by international and national legislation. The species range includes a few protected areas.,,,"Wolfgang Böhme, Petros Lymberakis",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Algyroides,nigropunctatus,,Algyroides nigropunctatus,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it does not appear to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Unknown,"This species ranges along the eastern Adriatic coastal region from extreme northeastern Italy and southern Slovenia, southwards into coastal Croatia and a few river valleys in Bosnia-Herzegovina, through southern Serbia, Montenegro, Albania (where it is widespread except in the east), Macedonia (two isolated populations in the north and southwest) to western Greece. It is present on some Croatian Adriatic islands and on the Ionian islands of Greece (except Zakinthos). It occurs from sea level up to 1,500 m asl (in Albania).",It can be abundant in suitable habitat.,"This species is found in open woodlands, scrubland, hedges, bushes, on walls and in olive groves. In river valleys it can be found close to water on rocks and cliffs. The species can be found in urban areas. It is most often found in shaded or semi-shaded areas, although animals can be observed basking on rocks and tree trunks. It is an egg-laying species.","The threats to this species are not well known, although it appears to be a somewhat adaptable species. It may be locally threatened by habitat loss through fires, deforestation, agricultural intensification and the development of tourism facilities.","It is protected by international and national legislation (Appendix II of Bern Convention, Annex IV of EU Habitats Directive, national legislation e.g. in Greece). It is present in many protected areas. No immediate conservation actions are needed.",,,"Wolfgang Böhme, Petros Lymberakis, Rastko Ajtic, Idriz Haxhiu, Jelka Crnobrnja-Isailovic, Roberto Sindaco",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,GEKKONIDAE,Alsophylax,pipiens,,Alsophylax pipiens,,,No,,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"This species is present over much of Middle Asia. It has been recorded from southern Russia (in Astrakhan west of the Volga River), central and southern Kazakhstan, northwestern Uzbekistan, northern Turkmenistan, northwestern China and central and southern Mongolia (Szczerbak and Golubev 1996). This species is not believed to be present in Iran (Anderson 1999). It is uncertain if the species is present in Afghanistan. It can occur up to 1,550m asl.",It is very common under tones in northwestern China and Kazakhstan. It is a common species that can reach densities of up to 10 individuals per 1 m2 (Szczerbak and Golubev 1996).,"It is found in semi-desert habitats and steppe which has semi-desert areas. It is generally found on slopes, which are covered with large and small rocks, also in areas of weathered rock slabs and less often on clay plains. It has also been recorded from loose sand dunes (Natalia Ananjeva and Nikolai Orlov pers. comm., September, 2008). Vegetation cover is mostly scanty grasses and herbs (Szczerbak and Golubev 1996). The female lays clutches of one or two eggs.","There are no major threats to this widespread species as a whole. The population at the type locality of this species on Mount Bolshoi Bogdo, Astrakhan, Russia, is being lost through quarrying of rock for gravel production (Szczerbak and Golubev 1996).","The species is present in many protected areas. Szczerbak and Golubev (1996), suggest that the populations on Mount Bolshoi Bogdo and in Turkmenistan are in need of protection.",,,"Natalia Ananjeva, Nikolai Orlov, Theodore Papenfuss, Göran Nilson",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,ALYTIDAE,Alytes,cisternasii,,Alytes cisternasii,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Listed as Near Threatened because this species is probably in significant decline (but probably at a rate of less than 30% over ten years), thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"This species is restricted to southern and eastern Portugal and western and central Spain, from 100-1,300m asl.","It can be locally common in suitable habitat, and is more abundant in the western part of its range. Population declines have been observed in Spain, potentially because of introduced predators.","This species is closely associated with meadows and open oak ( Quercus ) forests, most often in sandy areas. Reproduction and larval development generally takes place in temporary waterbodies (most often stream habitats), occasionally in permanent waterbodies; larval development is relatively long in this species and may last more than one season. The species is not very adaptable.","The main threats are the loss of suitable Mediterranean forest habitat, the introduction of predatory fishes and Louisiana Crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii ), and the loss of suitable aquatic habitats through pollution, canal construction, dams, and urbanization. A potential future threat is chytridiomycosis, which has already affected the related Alytes obstetricans in Spain.","It is known to occur in Cabañeros and Doñana National Parks, Spain, and is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention, and on Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive. It is protected by national legislation in Spain, and is recorded in a number of national and sub-national Red Data Books. Given the potential future threat of chytridiomycosis this species should be monitored closely.",,,"Pedro Beja, Jaime Bosch, Miguel Tejedo, Miguel Lizana, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Alfredo Salvador, Mario García-París, Ernesto Recuero Gil, Jan Willem Arntzen, Rafael Marquez, Carmen Diaz Paniagua",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,ALYTIDAE,Alytes,dickhilleni,,Alytes dickhilleni,,,Yes,VU,"B2ab(iii,iv)",Yes,VU,"B2ab(iii,iv)",EU27,,"Listed as Vulnerable, because its Area of Occupancy is less than 2,000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and in the number of subpopulations.",Decreasing,"This species is restricted to the mountains of south-eastern Spain. It occurs at altitudes of 700-2,140m asl (Sierra Nevada, Almería).","Populations of this species are very fragmented, many of them confined to isolated mountains and valleys. It is relatively common in the Alcaraz, Segura, and Cazorla mountains, but it is rare in drier mountains (Filabres, Baza, Gádor), where it is associated with springs. Populations in drier areas can consist of only a few adults.","The species is present in pine and oak forests, most often on calciferous substrate, in open, very rocky landscapes. Adults occur in rock fissures and on stones next to water sources. Reproduction and larval development takes place in permanent mountain streams, man-made reservoirs and cattle troughs, and the larvae may take a long time to mature. Almost all known breeding habitats are human-modified water bodies.","The species is threatened by loss of suitable breeding habitat as a result of excessive water withdrawal, droughts, and modernization of agricultural practices leading to the abandonment of cattle troughs and other man-made water sources. A potential future threat is the fungal disease chytridiomycosis, which has already impacted the related Alytes obstetricans in Spain.","This species is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention (as part of obstetricans ). It is listed in regional Red Data Books and is present in the protected areas of Parque Nacional Sierra Morena, Parque Nacional de Sierra Nevada, and the Natural Park of Cazorla, Segura y las Villas. Protection measures in Castilla-La Mancha, Andalusia, such as restoration and construction of new breeding habitats, are under way.",,,"Jaime Bosch, Miguel Tejedo, Miguel Lizana, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Alfredo Salvador, Mario García-París, Ernesto Recuero Gil, Jan Willem Arntzen, Rafael Marquez, Carmen Diaz Paniagua, Richard Podloucky",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,ALYTIDAE,Alytes,muletensis,,Alytes muletensis,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Listed as Vulnerable because it is known from fewer than five locations, and its Area of Occupancy is less than 20 km2, and population declines are plausible without ongoing intensive conservation efforts. The pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis has been detected in reintroduced captive-bred populations, and it is plausible that severe population declines could take place in the future.",Increasing,"This species is restricted to the Sierra Tramuntana of northern Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain. The present altitudinal range is from 10-850m asl. Its area of occupancy is less than 10km², but slowly increasing as a result of intensive conservation action.","The population is approximately 500-1,500 adult pairs (Gasc et al. 1997; Arnold 2003). There are approximately 25, mostly isolated, populations. The total population is slowly increasing following coordinated recovery efforts, following a long period of decline and near extinction. The current increase, which probably started around the time that the first re-introductions were made in 1989, has been maintained even during years of drought, notably in 1999-2000. The population trend in this species is monitored through annual tadpole counts, the counts for 2004 (over 30,000 tadpoles) being the highest on record. The increase in numbers in established populations is not dependent upon continued re-introductions. However, it is unlikely that new populations would be established without re-introductions.","It is currently found only in small streams deeply carved into limestone mountains. The presence of the species is positively associated with steep slopes. Breeding takes place in the small streams that persist as pools in summer. A few populations occur by man-made water sources (cattle troughs, containers, rain tanks etc.) in open mountainous country; these are within the river basins of nearby canyon-living populations. Animals are generally found in rock crevices and under stones. This species does not tolerate serious habitat degradation. The distribution of predators on the species is negatively associated with elevation, and reproductive success is positively associated with elevation.","The major threats are predation by the introduced Viperine Snake ( Natrix maura ), and competition for space with Perez's Frog ( Rana perezi ). Development of tourism and human settlements, specifically the increased need for water resources (including damming and canalization of streams), is an additional threat. The threats are not likely to decrease, and so the current recovery programme needs to be continued more or less indefinitely. One isolated re-introduced population was impacted by an unidentified non-fungal disease in 2002 which killed some tadpoles. This disease did not recur in 2003 and 2004. Chytridiomycosis has been identified in the wild population, with the source of this chytrid infection traced to reintroduced captive-bred animals from Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, UK (Walker et al . 2008).","The species is protected by sub-national and national legislation. It is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention, on Annexes II and IV of the EU Habitats Directive, and on the national and sub-national Red Data Books. It is present in the protected areas of the Tramuntana mountains. The Balearic Government and Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust have undertaken captive-breeding, re-introduction and other conservation initiatives. At least 10 populations have been successfully reintroduced. Re-introductions of animals from the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust stopped in 2002, but a new captive-breeding facility now exists on Mallorca, and re-introductions are expected to resume. However, as a result of the recent discovery of disease, a recommendation was made in 2004 to the Balearic Government to halt the re-introduction programme. A new recovery programme for the species is now being developed. There is a need to closely monitor populations of this species, especially with regard to the recent detection of the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in introduced animals (Walker et al . 2008). A systematic programme is in place to remove Natrix maura from the range of the species.",,,"Joan Mayol Serra, Richard Griffiths, Jaime Bosch, Trevor Beebee, Benedikt Schmidt, Miguel Tejedo, Miguel Lizana, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Alfredo Salvador, Mario García-París, Ernesto Recuero Gil, Jan Willem Arntzen",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,ALYTIDAE,Alytes,obstetricans,,Alytes obstetricans,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"This species ranges from the northern half of Portugal and Spain (where populations are very fragmented, and there is a small Area of Occupancy within its Extent of Occurrence), through most of France, to southern Belgium, extreme southeastern Netherlands, Luxembourg, western and north-central Germany, and western and northern Switzerland. Populations in coastal Portugal west of Lisbon are extinct. It has been introduced to the UK, with several established populations. It occurs at elevations ranging from sea level to 2,400m asl (in the Pyrenees).","it is reported to be declining (including local extinctions) across its range, but it is still widespread and common in many areas (e.g., in much of France).","It lives in terrestrial habitats, including temperate forests, semi-arid areas, walls, embankments, and slopes with small stones and sparse vegetation. Aquatic habitats in which the species breeds range from slow moving rivers to stagnant permanent ponds and pools; gravel and clay pits are also used. The larvae of this species frequently hibernate. The species can occur in suitable modified habitat such as traditional agricultural land, and even urban areas (e.g., in Barcelona).","General habitat loss, largely to agricultural development (including loss of breeding sites), has contributed to the decline of the species in some areas. Fragmentation of populations might be a problem for the species, e.g. in Spain, Portugal and Germany. Certain populations of the subspecies Alytes obstetricans pertinax in protected areas of central Spain have severely declined and disappeared as a result of chytridiomycosis (Bosch et al. , 2001; Bosch et al. , 2000); a few specimens have recently been found again in this area (M. García-París and J.W. Arntzen pers. comm.). Additional mortality of the species through disease (iridovirus) has been recorded in Carris Lake, Peneda-Gerês National Park, Portugal (Soares et al. , 2003); the disease might be non-native and have been transferred to the lake by an introduced North American predatory fish ( Lepomis gibbosus ). Mortality initially attributed to the bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila ""red-leg disease"" has also been reported (Márquez et al. 1995). Predation by L. gibbosus and other introduced predatory fish species, such as salmonids, is also a considerable threat to this species.","The species is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and on Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive. It is listed in a number of national and sub-national Red Data Books and is protected by national legislation in many of its range states. The species is presumed to occur in a number of protected areas. Further research into the current decline is needed especially into the impacts of disease. In Central Spain there is a captive breeding programme for this species, and some reintroductions have been carried out. In the Spanish national Red List is considered Near Threatened, and subspecies pertinax is considered Vulnerable.",,,"Jaime Bosch, Trevor Beebee, Benedikt Schmidt, Miguel Tejedo, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Alfredo Salvador, Mario García-París, Ernesto Recuero Gil, Jan Willem Arntzen, Carmen Diaz Paniagua, Rafael Marquez",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Anatololacerta,anatolica,,Anatololacerta anatolica,,"Lacerta anatolica was previously described as a subspecies of L. danfordi, but is now considered a full species. Following Arnold et al 2007, Lacerta anatolica is now named Anatololacerta anatolica.",No,,,No,,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



In Turkey, listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species is present in western Anatolia in the region north of the Büyük Menderes River in Turkey and the island of Samos in Greece. It occurs from sea level up to 1,600m asl.",It is a common species.,It is associated with rocky areas in open woodland and Mediterranean forest. It can also occur in degraded forest that has been grazed by cattle. It lays three to eight eggs.,It threatened by forest fires in parts of Turkey.,Its range includes several protected areas in Turkey and probably occurs in protected areas in Greece.,,,"Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Wolfgang Böhme, Pierre-André Crochet, Yakup Kaska, Yusuf Kumlutaş, Uğur Kaya, Aziz Avci, Nazan Üzüm, Can Yeniyurt, Ferdi Akarsu, Petros Lymberakis",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Anatololacerta,oertzeni,,Anatololacerta oertzeni,,"Following Arnold et al 2007, Lacerta oertzeni is now named Anatololacerta oertzeni.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



In Turkey, listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large population.



In Europe and EU 27, this species is listed as Least Concern despite its small range; no major threats are known.",Decreasing,"This species is present in western and southern Anatolia, Turkey and on the Greek islands of Ikaria, Nisyros, Symi and Rhodes. This species is not present on the island of Nisyros (Petros Lymberakis, pers. comm. 2008).","It is common in Turkey. It is declining on the island of Rhodes, but remains common on the surrounding islets.","This species is found in Mediterranean-type habitats, rocky areas (including coastal sites), traditionally cultivated areas and orchards. It is an egg-laying species.","This species is threatened by forest fires in parts of its range. It is declining on Rhodes, although the reasons for this decline are currently unknown.",It is present in protected areas in both Turkey and Greece.,,,"Wolfgang Böhme, Petros Lymberakis, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Pierre-André Crochet, Yakup Kaska, Yusuf Kumlutaş, Uğur Kaya, Aziz Avci, Nazan Üzüm, Can Yeniyurt, Ferdi Akarsu, Petros Lymberakis",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,ANGUIDAE,Anguis,cephalonnica,,Anguis cephalonnica,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Listed as Near Threatened because its Extent of Occurrence is probably not much greater than 20,000 km2, and it is persecuted and subject to other threats such as fires, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"This species is restricted to southern mainland Greece (the Peloponnese) and the Ionian islands of Lefkas, Kefalonia and Zakynthos. It has been recorded from sea level up to 1,200m asl.","It is not a very common species. The species has not been surveyed since the severe Peloponnese fires in 2007, so the impact of this event is not known.","It occurs in humid areas within meadows, scrubland, open forests (both deciduous and coniferous), hedgerows and wooded stream sides. It also occurs in rural gardens and traditionally farmed agricultural areas.","It appears to be a reasonably adaptable species, but is generally killed when it is encountered. Human-caused fires (such as those in the Peloponnese in 2007) may be a threat.",The species range includes a few protected areas.,,,"Wolfgang Böhme, Petros Lymberakis",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,ANGUIDAE,Anguis,fragilis,,Anguis fragilis,,"The nominate subspecies A. f. fragilis inhabits Western and Central Europe, while A. f. colchicus Nordmann, 1840 is distributed in Northern Eurasia. It is possible that these two subspecies represent distinct species, with taxonomic work underway to better understand their relationship.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



Turkey: LC",Stable,"This species is present throughout much of Europe, generally being absent only from Ireland, northern Scandinavia, central and southern Iberia, most Mediterranean Islands, and Greece (excluding the southern Peloponnese). There are isolated populations outside the main range in several places: near Lisbon in western Portugal; on Kaz Dagi (Ida Mountains, Canakkale and Balikesir) in extreme western Turkey (C.V. Tok pers. comm.); and in the Caucasus region of northeastern Turkey, northern Iran (restricted to the Caspian region), Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia and southern Russia. In Northern Euraisa, it is very widespread in the forest zone stretching from the Baltic countries, through Belarus, the Ukraine and Moldova in the west to the left-bank valley of the Tobol River of western Siberia in the far east of its range. Records from North Africa (Algeria and Tunisia) might be misidentifications (Schleich et al., 1996). It can be found from sea level up to 2,400m asl.","It can be relatively common, but localized declines are believed to be taking place through the conversion of land to intensive agriculture. Changes in population abundance is difficult to determine as the species spends a considerable time underground (Benedikt Schmidt pers. comm.).","Populations of this species can be found in grassy meadows, woodland glades, heathland, at the forest edge, in forest clearings, with alluvial forest, under hedgerows, in parkland and rural gardens. Animals have been found burrowing in loose sand and under rocks.  It is an ovoviviparous species; the female gives birth to between three and 26 young.","It is threatened in parts of its range by a general loss of habitat due to agricultural intensification and urbanization, fires and reafforestation of clearings. Animals are also killed on roads in parts of its range, and predation by cats is a threat in some areas. Unmediated mitigation projects, such as the translocation of subpopulations, are a threat to some UK populations. It is not collected commercially.","It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention and occurs in many protected areas throughout its range. Further studies may be needed into the distribution of this species. It is protected by national legislation in some countries of its range (e.g.. Austria, Germany, Sweden and Switzerland). It is categorised as Least Concern in Switzerland (Monney and Meyer 2005).",,,"Aram Agasyan, Aziz Avisi, Boris Tuniyev, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Petro Lymberakis, Claes Andrén, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nazan Üzüm, Nikolai Orlov, Richard Podloucky, Sako Tuniyev, Uğur Kaya, Hans Konrad Nettmann, Wolfgang Böhme, Bogoljub Sterijovski, Milan Vogrin, Claudia Corti, Valentin Pérez Mellado, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Marc Cheylan, Juan Pleguezuelos, Varol Tok, Roberto Sindaco, Bartosz Borczyk, Benedikt Schmidt",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Archaeolacerta,bedriagae,,Archaeolacerta bedriagae,,"This species is traditionally included in the genus Lacerta, but it is not closely related to Lacerta sensu stricto (Arnold 1989; Fu 1998, 2000, Harris et al. 1998, Carranza et al. 2004). As it is the type species of Archaeolacerta, this genus is available for it (following Arribas (1998), Mayer and Arribas (2003) and Crochet and Dubois [2004]). This species is the only representative of Archaeolacerta. There are three recognized subspecies: the nominate in Corsica, A.b. sardoa from central Sardinia, and A.b. paessleri in northern Sardinia (perhaps a synonym of sardoa), but their validity seems not confirmed by genetic studies (M. Bologna in litt.).",Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Archaeolacerta bedragae is listed as Near Threatened. Its Extent of Occurrence is less than 20,000 km2; on Sardinia its distribution is severely fragmented and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its forest habitat, but on Corsica it is not considered to be severely fragmented or declining.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in rocky areas on the islands of Corsica (France) and Sardinia (Italy) where it has a very fragmented range. In Sardinia it has a very fragmented range. On these two large islands it occurs mainly from 550 to 2,550 m asl, but there are a few coastal populations, including in northern Sardinia and western and southern Corsica. It occurs on several smaller islands, including Foloca Island (France), the Maddalena Archipelago and the Isola Rossa di Trinita' d'Agulto (Italy). On smaller islands it occurs down to sea-level.","This species can be common at higher altitudes, especially in Corsica. At lower elevations and in Sardinia it occurs in very small areas, although large populations can be found locally.","This is typically a rock dwelling lizard, living on cliffs and open rocky areas (e.g. sparsely vegetated islets). It is also found in open woodland and scrubland. It can occur in semi-shaded areas close to streams. The females lay three to six eggs.",Populations in the lowlands of Corsica are vulnerable because of the genetic isolation of many populations. Populations on both islands are threatened by the development of the tourist industry. Sardinian subspecies are vulnerable because they are severely fragmented and have an extremely small area of occupancy.,"Populations in Sardinia may be more sensitive to the threats and populations are strictly protected. This species is listed on Annex III of the Bern Convention, Annex IV of the EC Habitats Directive, and is protected by national and regional legislation in both countries. It occurs in several protected areas.",,,"Claudia Corti, Marc Cheylan, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano, Patrick Haffner",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,CAUDATA,PLETHODONTIDAE,Atylodes,genei,,Atylodes genei,,There are two well-differentiated clades (a northern one and a southern); their genetic difference is similar to that separating the other species of European cave salamanders (Carranza et al . 2007).,Yes,VU,B1ab(iii),Yes,VU,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"Listed as Vulnerable because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 20,000 km2, it is known from fewer than ten locations, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in Sardinia.",Decreasing,This species is endemic to the region of Sulcis-Iglesiente in south-western Sardinia (Italy). It has been collected between altitudes of 8 and 650m asl.,"The species is generally common within its limited range, being only relatively uncommon within the Carbonia-Barbusi-Monte Tasua area (Gasc et al. 1997).","It is found in humid rocky outcrops, caves, crevices, and forested areas in the vicinity of streams. The species reproduces through the direct development of a few terrestrial eggs.","The major threat is general deforestation of suitable habitat, mineral extraction, urbanization, and over-collection of specimens, presumably for scientific purposes.",The species is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and is listed on Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive. It is present in at least four protected areas. There is a need for close monitoring of the population status of this species given its very limited range.,,,"Franco Andreone, Roberta Lecis, Paul Edgar, Claudia Corti, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,AMPHISBAENIA,AMPHISBAENIDAE,Blanus,cinereus,,Blanus cinereus,,"Animals from the southwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula appear to differ genetically from those elsewhere, and may represent a separate species (Albert et al. 2007).",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. It is found throughout Portugal and through most of central and southern Spain. It occurs from sea level up to 1,800m asl (in the Sierra Nevada).","It is difficult to determine the abundance of this species, but it appears to be most common in areas of sandy and moist soil.","It is a subterranean species found in a wide variety of Mediterranean habitats. It is often found in moist, sandy soils that are easy to burrow in and have a high level of humus. It occurs in low intensity agricultural land. The females lay a single egg.","The threats to this species are not well known; it might be locally threatened by urbanization. It is known to be eaten by wild boar Sus scrofa, which are expanding their distribution in Spain and Portugal, but the extent to which this constitutes a threat is unclear.","This species is protected by national legislation. It occurs in many protected areas. Further studies are needed into the threats, distribution and abundance for this species.",,,"Juan Pleguezuelos, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Rafael Marquez, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,AMPHISBAENIA,AMPHISBAENIDAE,Blanus,strauchi,,Blanus strauchi,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Unknown,"This species is present in southern Turkey (much of southern Anatolia), Syria, northern Iraq, Lebanon, and on the islands of Rhodos, Kos, Kalymnos, and other southeastern Aegean islands of Greece. It is possibly present in Israel (it may have occurred there in the past, although further studies are needed to confirm this and it is not mapped here). It is not present on Cyprus.  More research is needed to determine its presence in Syria. Recorded from sea level to 1,400m asl in Turkey.","It is abundant in Turkey. In Greece, it is rather common within its range. It is uncommon in Syria, but more work is needed to verify its status.","It is a fossorial species found in a variety of sparsely vegetated Mediterranean habitats. It is often found in moist, sandy soils that are easy to excavate and have a high level of humus. It can presumably occur in low intensity agricultural land. The females lay one or two eggs in a clutch.",There appear to be no major threats to this species. There is some persecution where it is mistakenly identified as a snake.,It is present in some protected areas in Turkey and Greece. It is protected by national legislation in Israel.,,,"Petros Lymberakis, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Ahmad Mohammed Mousa Disi, Souad Hraoui-Bloquet, Riyad Sadek, Yehudah Werner, Yakup Kaska, Yusuf Kumlutaş, Aziz Avci, Nazan Üzüm",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,BOMBINATORIDAE,Bombina,bombina,,Bombina bombina,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



Turkey: LC (same as above) Limited range but seems to be doing fairly well in the Turkish Thrace. However the Anatolian subpopulation is likely to be Vulnerable due to its fragmented nature, and numerous threats including highway construction and growing habitat conversion due to agricultural expansion.",Decreasing,"This species is found in central and eastern Europe ranging from Denmark, southern Sweden and northern Germany eastwards to the Ural Mountains of Russia, southwards to the Danube floodplain, Turkey (Thrace and the vicinity of Adapazari B. b. arifiyensis in north-western Anatolia), and the northern slopes of the Caucasus Mountains. It has been introduced to the United Kingdom (one colony in Surrey). It is a lowland species that occurs from sea level up to a maximum of 730m asl (in western Bohemia).","This species remains fairly abundant over much of its range (for example it is extremely common to the north and west of the Danube floodplain where it has benefited from increased irrigation), although many northern populations have declined (e.g., in Poland and Germany). The populations of this species in both Denmark and Sweden are low. Individual populations of this species can show significant fluctuations in numbers. There are no recent records from Greece, but its range in this country has not been surveyed for many years. The species is common in parts of European Russia, Ukraine and Moldavia, and while it is unlikely to be declining on this territory in general, many local populations are declining.","Within Europe this species is associated with lowland areas of marshy or grassy wetlands, often along river valleys, with small, shallow, often-temporary lakes and ponds. In the former Soviet Union it has been reported from steppe, forest steppe, broad-leaved and mixed leafed coniferous forests, but it also inhabits open landscapes, using drainage channels as pathways for dispersal. At the southeastern margin of its distribution, the species lives in permanent freshwater bodies in river valleys surrounded by an arid saline landscape (solonetz-solonchak complex). It is primarily an aquatic animal living in shallow (less than 50-70cm depth) stagnant lakes, ponds, pools, swamps, peat bogs, ditches, flooded rice fields and quarries. It may occasionally be found in semi-flowing waters: springs, irrigation channels, rivers and stream pools and the water must generally be clear (for example in the Carpathian region, B. bombina lives in wetlands with clearer water than the congeneric Bombina variegata); however, near the southern margin of the range (such as southeastern Ukraine and the Krasnodar Region) the species often occurs in waters that have been polluted with industrial and agricultural chemicals such as settling and sedimentation reservoirs, rice fields, polluted ponds in rural and urban areas. The species breeds by larval development in pools with a good growth of sub-aquatic vegetation. Hybrid populations of this species with B. variegata have been recorded.","In western and northern Europe the species is threatened by the loss of habitat through modernisation of agricultural methods, most significantly the drainage and/or pollution of suitable wetland areas. Recent declines in northwestern Europe might also be related to climate change. In Turkey it is threatened by urban development and agricultural development. Within the former Soviet Union destruction of wetlands is also the most serious threat, although industrial pollution and recreational activities also impact populations. Additional localized threats to this species include mortality on roads, entrapment in open wells with vertical walls, hybridization and replacement by Bombina variegata and collection for the pet trade. However, at a global scale this species is not significantly threatened.","This species is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and on Annexes II and IV of the EU Natural Habitats Directive. It is protected by national legislation in many countries, occurs in many protected areas, and is listed in many national and sub-national Red Data books and lists. This species has been successfully reintroduced to some sites in Sweden (Arnold, 2002), as of 2008 there are 10,000 adults in 3,000 breeding ponds. In other parts of this species range, mitigation measures to reduce road kill have been established.",,,"Aram Agasyan, Aziz Avisi, Boris Tuniyev, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Petro Lymberakis, Claes Andrén, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nazan Üzüm, Nikolai Orlov, Richard Podloucky, Sako Tuniyev, Uğur Kaya",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,BOMBINATORIDAE,Bombina,pachypus,,Bombina pachypus,,A number of authors consider Bombina pachypus to be a subspecies of Bombina variegata (Bologna et al. 2000; Ohler 1997; Hofman et al . 2007). The taxon was elevated to species level by Lanza and Vanni (1991) mainly through the use of preliminary electrophoretic data published in the form of a congress summary (Nascetti et al. 1982) and also on the basis of old morphological evidence (Vaccaneo 1931).,Yes,EN,A2ce,Yes,EN,A2ce,EU27,,"Listed as Endangered because of a population decline, estimated to be more than 50% (but presumably lower than 80%) inferred from a decline in the Area Of Occupancy, and significant reduction in mature individuals, in the past 10 years, possibly because of susceptibility of this species to the chytridiomycosis pathogen.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Italy, where it occurs south of the Po Valley, through the Appenine region, south to the southern tip of the Italian mainland. It ranges from 20m up to almost 1,700m asl (in Latium).","It was formerly common in suitable habitat. However, the species has declined in almost all of its range (with the exception of Calabria, where populations remain stable) over the last 10 years. A survey of representative sites across the species' range showed that the species disappeared from >50% of surveyed sites between 1996 and 2004 (55 occupied sites in 1996 versus 23 occupied sites in 2004: Barbieri et al . 2004). Significant recent declines in the populations of this species have been recorded from the Province of Siena (Piazzini et al . 2005); Abruzzo (Ferri et al. 2007); Ancona (Fiacchini 2003); Lazio (Bologna et al . 2000; Bologna et al . 2007) and Emilia-Romagna (Stagni et al . 2005).","The species occurs in shallow, unshaded pools in forests and open areas. Spawning and larval development takes place in these pools. It also occurs in modified habitats, such as low-intensity farmland, pastureland, ditches, irrigations areas, drinking troughs, and ponds.","Threats to this species are presumed to largely include loss and fragmentation of wetland habitat to drainage for intensive agricultural purposes. However many populations appear to have declined in areas of presumably intact habitat. In some places it may have very small populations (10-12 individuals [Mattoccia et al . 2005]); these small populations are highly subject to stochastic extinctions. This species might also be threatened with chytridiomycosis, which has been associated with the deaths of several captive animals (Stagni et al. , 2002; Stagni et al. 2005), and further research into the possible impacts of this disease on populations of this species is needed. The cause of recent serious population declines remains incompletely known, but it has been speculated that chytridiomycosis is responsible.","This species is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention, and on Annexes II and IV of the EU Habitats Directive, in both cases under Bombina variegata . It is known to occur in many protected areas including several National Parks. The cause of recent severe declines in this species requires urgent investigation and action.",,,"Franco Andreone, Claudia Corti, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano, Filippo Giachi, Stefano Vanni, Giovanni Delfino",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,BOMBINATORIDAE,Bombina,variegata,,Bombina variegata,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"This species is distributed over much of central and southern Europe. It is generally present from central France through central Germany and northern and western Switzerland, north-eastern Italy, the Balkan region and the Carpathian Mountains. Isolated populations are present in Hungary and northern Germany, and its range in northwestern France is now severely fragmented. It is probably extinct in Belgium and some populations have been lost in the south of France. There is only one population remaining in Luxembourg, and the same is true in the Netherlands. The presence of isolated populations in southwestern France (Medoc and Landes) requires confirmation. It has been introduced to the United Kingdom, but it is not known if the species is still present and is not mapped here. The species has an altitudinal range of 100-2,100m asl. Its distribution in western and north-western parts of its range is more fragmented than is shown on the distribution map.","The species has experienced local extinctions and population declines in western and north-western parts of its range (e.g., southern Switzerland, northwestern and southern France, Germany). However, over parts of its range such as the Carpathian Mountains, Poland and Slovenia, it is still common in suitable habitat.","It can be found in coniferous, deciduous and mixed forests, bushlands and meadows, floodplains and grasslands. At low elevations this species lives in deciduous forests, at higher altitudes it is more often found in coniferous forests and highland glades. The species uses many types of wetland, including lakes, ponds, swamps, rivers, stream pools, springs (including mineral and thermal springs), puddles, reservoirs, gravel and clay pits, ditches and even water filled wheel ruts. The breeding habitats are typically unshaded temporary pools within, or close to, woodland. The species can tolerate slight water pollution, and has been recorded at very high densities in areas of cleared woodland in the Carpathian Mountains. This species regularly hybridizes with B. bombina in many contact areas.","At a global scale, the species appears not to be significantly threatened. Populations of this species might be locally threatened by the loss of suitable habitat to urbanization, road construction, industry (including oil extraction and transportation) and discharge of pollutants into wetlands. Additionally, it is reported that it is collected as bait by fishermen in certain regions and that it is occasionally collected in large numbers for both the pet trade and scientific use. The impact of collection on this species needs further research. Some artificial habitats where the species occurs (e.g. gravel and clay pits) are threatened by succession. Hybridization with B. bombina might also be considered a threat, at least in some areas. Mosaic hybridization in Transylvania has resulted in the loss of pure populations (Vines 2004).","The species is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and on Annexes II and IV of Natural Habitats Directive. It is protected by national legislation over much of its range and is present in many protected areas. Appropriate habitat management is needed to maintain wetlands and prevent succession to scrub and woodland. Re-introductions of the species might be needed in parts of the range. There is a need to monitor population changes in this species, especially in the hybrid zone between B. variegata and B. bombina.",,,"Sergius Kuzmin, Mathieu Denoël, Brandon Anthony, Franco Andreone, Benedikt Schmidt, Agnieszka Ogrodowczyk, Maria Ogielska, Milan Vogrin, Dan Cogalniceanu, Tibor Kovács, István Kiss, Miklós Puky, Judit Vörös, David Tarkhnishvili, Natalia Ananjeva",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,BUFONIDAE,Bufo,bufo,,Bufo bufo,,Bufo bufo is the central member of the Bufo bufo species complex. The systematics of this complex remain unclear. Until recently Bufo verrucosissimus was considered to be a subspecies of Bufo bufo . The taxonomic status of populations allocated to Bufo bufo in Turkey is unclear and requires further investigation.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



Turkey: LC Further clarification is needed on the distribution of this species in relation to verrucosissimus - after which both species should be reevaluated.",Stable,"This species is widespread in Europe (excluding Ireland and most Mediterranean islands [though it is present on Sicily]), and northern Eurasia, with populations in parts of West Asia (Turkey, Syrian Arab Republic and Lebanon) and north Africa (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia). In Europe, it is present in most areas (including the United Kingdom, Norway, Sweden and Finland), ranging as far eastwards as northern Kazakhstan and eastern Siberia. In the Middle East, it is found through much of Turkey, northwestern Syrian Arab Republic, and has recently been recorded from two mountainous locations in Lebanon. In Africa it has a very fragmented range in the more mountainous regions. The species has an altitudinal range of sea level to 3,000m asl, however in northern portions of the range the species occurs at much lower elevations.","Although this species is generally common over much of its range, some localized declines have been observed.","This is a widespread and adaptable species present in coniferous, mixed and deciduous forests, groves, bushlands, meadows, arid areas, parks and gardens. It is usually in damp areas with dense vegetation, and large open areas are generally avoided. The species spawns and larval development takes place in still waters and slow-moving parts of rivers and streams. It is present in many modified habitats.","There are generally no major threats to this widespread and common species. Populations might be locally impacted through deforestation, drainage of wetlands, pollution, agricultural intensification, urbanization, desertification, mortality on roads (migrating animals), and persecution. In parts of the former Soviet Union it is collected in small numbers for the pet trade. This species can be affected by the increase of UV-B radiation (Lizana and Pedraza 1998). Relict populations in montane areas in Lebanon might be threatened by the impacts of global warming. Chytridiomycosis is a potential threat to the species and has been reported in some Spanish and UK populations. It has declined extensively in Spain due to habitat loss and aridity. One subspecies in Spain, B.b. gredosicola , is threatened by predation by otters and competition with the frog Rana perezi , both of which appear to have moved into higher altitudes as a result of climatic warming. In the United Kingdom the species is increasingly suffering from habitat fragmentation and some unexplained declines have occurred.","It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention and is protected by national and sub-national legislation in many countries. It is recorded on many national and sub-national Red Data books and lists. It is considered to be Near Threatened in Spain because of recent declines due to habitat loss, as well as progressive aridity. The species is present in numerous protected areas. In parts of this species range, mitigation measures to reduce road kill have been established.",,,"Aram Agasyan, Aziz Avisi, Boris Tuniyev, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Petro Lymberakis, Claes Andrén, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nazan Üzüm, Nikolai Orlov, Richard Podloucky, Sako Tuniyev, Uğur Kaya",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,BUFONIDAE,Bufo,mauritanicus,,Bufo mauritanicus,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"Europe: NA – this species does not naturally occur in Europe (introduced in southern Spain)

EU 27: NA – within the EU, this species only occurs naturally in the Spanish North African enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla



Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species has a fragmented range (there is a small Area of Occupancy within the wide Extent of Occurrence) in Morocco, northern Algeria, Tunisia and the North African Spanish territories of Melilla and Ceuta. Apparently isolated populations in northern Niger and northern Mali refer to Bufo xeros (U. Joger pers. comm.); an introduced population is present on mainland Spain close to the Parque Natural los Alcornocales. It is not confirmed from the Western Sahara, although it might occur in the extreme north (Geniez et al. 2000). The species range from around sea level up to 2,650m asl in the Atlas Mountains.",This is a generally abundant species.,"The species occurs in a wide-variety of habitats including rocky and stony areas, meadows, cork oak groves, Mediterranean scrub, and agricultural land and sometimes in urban areas. It breeds in fresh or brackish still or slow-flowing waterbodies. The females deposit approximately 5,000-10,000 eggs. During the day the adults of this species hide under rocks or in tunnels.","There are generally no major threats to this widespread and adaptable species. Loss of suitable habitat and pollution resulting from development, and mortality through road kill are localized threats to some populations.",This species occurs in several protected areas. The species is not protected by national legislation in Morocco.,,,"David Donaire-Barroso, Alfredo Salvador, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Mario García-París, Ernesto Recuero Gil, Tahar Slimani , El Hassan El Mouden, Tahar Slimani, Philippe Geniez, Ulrich Joger",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,CAUDATA,SALAMANDRIDAE,Calotriton,arnoldi,,Calotriton arnoldi,,,Yes,CR,"B2ab(iii,iv)",Yes,CR,"B2ab(iii,iv)",EU27,,"Listed as Critically Endangered because its Area of Occupancy is probably less than 10km2, all individuals are in a single location, and the quality of its habitat and the number of mature individuals are probably declining.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to the El Montseny mountain massif situated in northeastern Spain. It has only been found in seven mountain streams, all within the boundaries of El Montseny Natural Park (Carranza and Amat 2005). It is found between 700 and 1,200m asl.","Its population is thought to number between 1,000 and 1,500 mature individuals, with an estimated rate of decline of 15% over the last 10 years. Preliminary demographic studies have been carried out in two streams. In three streams Calotriton arnoldi occurs at very low densities and in one stream it is extinct above 1,000m asl. Populations are declining in the upper parts of all the streams as the water table is being lowered. The population of C. arnoldi is divided into two sub-populations that occur on each side of a river valley. These two sub-population groups are genetically and morphologically differentiated (Carranza and Amat, 2005).","It lives in oligotrophic, cold (below 15°C) fast running waters, preferentially in beech forest ( Fagus sylvatica ) but also in holm oak forest ( Quercus ilex ), with patches of Algnus glutinosa (Carranza and Amat 2005). Neither juvenile nor adult C. arnoldi have been found on land (Carranza and Amat 2005). If this behaviour is confirmed, the only way that contact among populations could occur is by moving down one watercourse and then up other tributaries of the same river system. It therefore seems possible that there is a considerable degree of isolation between the populations.","The drying out of mountain streams is the most immediate threat to this species. Large amounts of water are being extracted from El Montseny, and this is bottled and sold widely Spain and Europe. As a result, El Montseny is drying out and the distribution of Calotriton arnoldi is being reduced dramatically. The low population size of the species could also be due to past human alteration of its original habitat (Carranza and Amat 2005). The species might also be affected by global warming. For instance, the beech ( Fagus sylvatica ) forest, an excellent habitat for C. arnoldi , has shifted upwards by 70m at the highest altitudes (1,600–1,700m asl) since 1945, and is being replaced by holm oak ( Quecus ilex ) forest at lower altitudes (800–1400 m) (Peñuelas and Boada 2003). In other words, the most favoured woodland habitat of the species is moving up into areas where the streams are drying out.","It occurs in the El Montseny Natural Park, though this area is not managed to conserve this species. Research is needed to determine the species' ecological requirements, and to determine management options. A captive breeding programme started in 2007 and is being carried out by the Departament de Medi Ambien of the Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain. Measures are urgently needed to protect this species' habitat (e.g. to prevent mountain streams from drying out). This species is protected under Appendix II of the Bern Convention and Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive (as part of C. asper ).",,,"Salvador Carranza, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,CAUDATA,SALAMANDRIDAE,Calotriton,asper,,Calotriton asper,,We follow Carranza and Amat (2005) in transferring this species from Euproctus to the genus Calotriton .,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Listed as Near Threatened because its Extent of Occurrence is probably not much greater than 20,000 km2, and its habitat is in decline, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"This species is found throughout much of the Pyrenean mountain range of France and Spain, where it occurs at a wide range of altitudes from 175m to over 3,000m asl (on the northern slopes of the Pyrenees), although the average range is 700-2,500m asl. It has recently been found in the Corbieres Mountains, 20km south-east of Carcassonne, in south-eastern France, which represents a range extension northwards.","It is abundant or common in parts of its restricted range, although several peripheral populations have disappeared largely through loss of habitat. It is more common in the west of its range.","It is a largely aquatic montane species that inhabits cold mountain lakes, torrents, streams, and occasionally cave systems, that are ice-free for at least four months of the year (Griffiths 1996). The eggs are deposited individually under rocks and stones in well-oxygenated, cold streams with rocky bottoms, and the larvae then develop in these streams. This species has a small clutch size of 20-40 eggs (Griffiths 1996).","The main threats to this species are loss and damage of its aquatic habitats. Infrastructure development and tourism lead to over-exploitation of water resources, including from skiing facilities. The introduction of predatory trout (salmonids) and other fish is also a threat, leading to population extinctions, especially in mountain lakes. Pesticides are readily accumulated in the body tissues of this largely insectivorous species, and several populations demonstrate contamination by these chemicals (Gasc et al. (eds.) 1997). It is considered likely to be vulnerable to climate change.","It has been recorded from Parque Nacional de Ordesa y Monte Perdido and Parque Nacional de Aigües Tortes y Lago San Mauricio, Spain, and presumably occurs in several other protected areas. It is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and on Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive, and it is protected by national legislation in Spain.",,,"Jaime Bosch, Miguel Tejedo, Roberta Lecis, Claude Miaud, Miguel Lizana, Paul Edgar, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Alfredo Salvador, Mario García-París, Ernesto Recuero Gil, Rafael Marquez, Philippe Geniez",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,SCINCIDAE,Chalcides,bedriagai,,Chalcides bedriagai,,"Some well structured clades are genetically and morphologically identified. For a review of these clades see Carranza et al. 2008. The subspecies Chalcides bedriagai pistaciae is sometimes considered to be a valid species, but evidence for this is lacking (J. Pleguezuelos pers. comm.). It is treated here as a subspecies of Chalcides bedriagai.",Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Listed as Near Threatened because this species is probably in significant decline (but probably at a rate of less than 30% over ten years) because of widespread habitat loss through much of its range, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. It occurs widely in Spain (except the north) and Portugal, but is extremely patchy in its distribution, and is absent from many areas. It is found on the Atlantic islands of Islas Cíes, Ilha do Pessegueiro, Isla de Ons, and Isla de Sancti Petri, and is present on the Mediterranean islands of islas del Mar Menor and Isla de Nueva Tabarca. It is found from sea level to 1,750m asl.","It can be quite abundant in areas of good ground cover, but is believed to be in significant decline, and most of its populations are highly fragmented. Some island populations have undergone significant decline.","This diurnal species is associated with open, sandy areas with sparse vegetation. The species can also be found in scrubland and areas of open woodland, and can burrow into loose soil. It can live in lightly modified areas. The females give birth to one to four fully formed young.","Modification of habitat, especially in coastal regions, has led to localized declines in this species. Some of the insular populations are considered to be threatened. Some populations are threatened through intensive afforestation of their habitat with pine trees (Juan M Pleguezuelos pers. comm., October 2008). It is also probably affected by the impact of increasing Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) populations.",It is protected by international legislation and it occurs in a number of protected areas.,,,"Juan Pleguezuelos, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Rafael Marquez, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,SCINCIDAE,Chalcides,chalcides,,Chalcides chalcides,,"We treat Chalcides mertensi as a separate species, rather than as a subspecies of Chalcides chalcides, following Caputo (1993). There are two recognized subspecies: C. c. chalcides, endemic to Italy and Sicily, and C. c. vittatus from North Africa and (probably introduced in historical times) Sardinia.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"In Europe this species occurs in Italy (where it is widespread south of the Po river), including the islands of Sicily, Sardinia and Elba and on a number of smaller islands. In North Africa it is found in northeastern Algeria, northern Tunisia and northwestern Libya. It can be found from sea level up to 1,270m asl.",It is common in suitable habitats.,"This species is found in sunny areas with dense vegetation. Habitats include, grassland, meadows, areas close to streams, hedges, open cork-oak forest and the edges of cultivated areas. It can also be found in arid and degraded areas. The females give birth to three to thirteen fully formed young.","The species is not considered to be threatened over much of its range, but habitat loss through intensification of agriculture may be the main threat to the species in some areas. It is considered to be threatened in the freshwater/coastal zones of its range, especially as a result of habitat loss due to urbanization and tourism development.",This species is listed on the Bern Convention. It occurs in a number of protected areas.,,,"Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Marc Cheylan, M. Saïd Nouira, Ulrich Joger, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,SCINCIDAE,Chalcides,ocellatus,,Chalcides ocellatus,,There is a high degree of genetic variation in this species particularly between the extreme western and eastern populations. Taxonomic work is need to clarify if this is indeed a single species. Populations from the Hoggar region of southern Algeria were sometimes allocated to C. ragazzii (Roberto Sindaco pers. comm.).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



Turkey: LC",Stable,"This very widespread species occurs in northern and northeastern Africa and west Asia, and in a few parts of southern Europe. In Africa it ranges from central Mauritania (single confirmed locality), Western Sahara (a single confirmed locality), southern, central and northeastern Morocco, Melilla and the Chafarinas Archipelago (Spain), through northern Algeria, Tunisia and northern Libya to northern Egypt, south along the Nile Valley to Sudan, with isolated populations in Chad, Niger, southern Algeria and Somalia. In West Asia it occurs in western and southern Turkey, western Syria, Lebanon, Israel, western and eastern Jordan, coastal parts of the Arabian peninsula (in Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, and Kuwait), and in Iraq, Iran, and southern Turkmenistan to western Pakistan. In Europe it is present in Italy (on the islands of Sardinia, Sicily, Lampedusa, Linosa, Lampione and Conigli; with mainland populations near to Naples), Malta, and a few parts of mainland Greece (and the islands of Crete, Chios, Kea, Euboea, Rhodes and Karpathos). It also occurs on Cyprus. It is found from sea level up to 2,500m asl (Morocco). Records from Eritrea, Ethiopia and Kenya are now referred to other species. [NOT YET MAPPED IN CHAD, NIGER, Somalia]]","It is a very common species in many parts of its range. Some populations are expanding with land reclamation in arid areas, and the species is well able to colonize new areas wherever it is introduced.","It is a highly adaptable species that is often associated with arid to moist sandy, open areas or places with sparse scrub. It is found in coastal dunes and stabilized vegetated dunes further inland and It is also found in orchards, vineyards, fields, oases, rural gardens and urban areas. A terrestrial species found close to ground cover such as stones and vegetation. It is largely nocturnal in the summer and diurnal in the winter. The females give birth to between two and twenty fully formed live young.","There are no major threats to this species. Some populations may be locally threatened by overgrazing and intensification of agriculture, including the use of agrochemicals. It is heavily collected for the pet trade and scientific research in parts of its range (e.g.. Egypt).",This species is listed on the Berne Convention. It occurs in a number of protected areas. Research is needed to resolve the taxonomy of this possible species complex (S. Baha El Din Pers. Comm.).,,,"Petro Lymberakis, Aram Agasyan, Boris Tuniyev, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nikolai Orlov, Tahar Slimani, Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Ulrich Joger, El Hassan El Mouden, Philippe Geniez, Sherif Baha El Din, C. Varol Tok, Roberto Sindaco",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,SCINCIDAE,Chalcides,parallelus,,Chalcides parallelus,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"Listed as Endangered because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its coastal habitat.",Decreasing,This species occurs along a narrow coastal strip of approximately 250km between Nador in northeastern Morocco and Cape Carbón in northwestern Algeria. It is also present on the Chafarinas Archipelago (Spain). It is found from sea level to 30m asl.,It is not an abundant species and is thought to be rare along its narrow coastal range.,"This coastal species occurs in sandy areas, overgrown dunes with Mediterranean vegetation and pine and Eucalyptus plantations. This species can be found among and under stones. It is not known to exist in modified habitats. Females give birth to fully formed young.","Development of coastal areas for tourism and military purposes are major threats to this species. It is possibly threatened by loss of ground cover habitat, such as the collection of driftwood by local people for firewood.",It occurs in Chafarine Hunting Reserve in Spain and in the Sebkha Bou Areg and Embouchure Moulouya protected areas in Morocco.,,,"Philippe Geniez, Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Ulrich Joger, Juan Pleguezuelos, Tahar Slimani, El Hassan El Mouden, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,SCINCIDAE,Chalcides,sexlineatus,,Chalcides sexlineatus,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern because, although its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, it is common, occurs in habitats that are not significantly threatened, and does not appear to be in decline.",Stable,"This species is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands of Spain. It is also present on the small islet of Gando. This species is found from sea level up to elevations approaching 1,950m asl.","It is abundant, but easily overlooked, over most of the island.","It is found in a wide variety of habitats including, humid meadows and valleys, arid gullies and sandy areas, woodland and plantations (the species is rarer in these habitats), cultivated land, especially stony areas or sites with stone walls. The females give birth to between two and seven fully formed young.","There is some collection of this species for the pet trade, but not at a level to constitute a threat to the species. There is also predation of the species by cats, but this is also unlikely to be a significant threat.",This species is protected by national and international (Bern Convention) legislation. It occurs in a number of protected areas.,,,"Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,SCINCIDAE,Chalcides,simonyi,,Chalcides simonyi,,"This species used to be considered as a subspecies of Chalcides polylepis, but it was separated as a full species by (Pasteur et al. 1988; Brown and Pestano 1998). According López Jurado (1998), the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature ruled that the valid name of this taxon is C. simonyi, and not C. occidentalis.",Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"Listed as Endangered because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to the islands of Fuerteventura (the central area with an isolated population in the south), Lanzarote (in the north only) and Lobos in the Canary Islands, Spain.",It is a rare species.,"It lives in fields, orchards, gardens and in rocky areas. It is usually found in areas with well-formed soil. The females give birth to fully-formed young.","The main threat is fragmentation of populations due to climatic changes (increasing aridity), loss of soil due to erosion. The main population was probably lost in a volcanic eruption in the 18th century. Feral and domestic cats are also a threat.",It occurs in some protected areas.,,,"Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,SCINCIDAE,Chalcides,striatus,,Chalcides striatus,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"This species is found in fragmented populations in Portugal and Spain (it appears to be absent from much of eastern Spain), southern France and extreme northwestern Italy (Liguria). It occurs on several islands in northwestern Spain. There is an isolated population near Bordeaux in western France. It can be found from sea level up to 1,800m asl.","It is a very common species in some places. Extremely isolated, and hence threatened, populations occurs in southeastern Spain and Liguria (Italy).","This species is found in sunny meadows, grassland, pastureland, open shrubland, hedges and open abandoned cultivated land. It western parts of its range it is also present in drier scrubby and coastal areas. The females give birth to one to twelve fully formed young.","It is threatened by intensification of agriculture, afforestation with pine trees and the abandonment of traditional meadows (resulting in scrub encroachment). Global warming is considered to be a threat for the southernmost populations (Juan M Pleguezuelos pers. comm., October 2008).This species is persecuted in parts of its range as it is mistakenly believed to be poisonous. Populations of this species are often fragmented by unsuitable habitat.",It is listed on the Bern Convention and it occurs in many protected areas.,,,"Juan Pleguezuelos, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Rafael Marquez, Marc Cheylan, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,SCINCIDAE,Chalcides,viridanus,,Chalcides viridanus,,This taxon will probably be separated into several different species (J. Mateo pers comm.).,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern because, although its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, it is common, occurs in habitats that are not significantly threatened, and does not appear to be in decline.",Stable,"This species is restricted to the islands of Tenerife, La Gomera and El Hierro in the Canary Islands (Spain). It also occurs on the small islets of Roque de Anaga de Fuera and on Roque de Garachico. It has been introduced to the island of La Palma where two individuals have found in the Llanos de Aridane. Records of this species from Madeira (Portugal) and Morocco are believed to be misidentifications. It occurs from sea level to 2,800m asl.",It is a common species that is easily overlooked.,"It is found in most coastal, arid and moist habitats, being only largely absent from densely wooded areas. It can be found in urban areas on Tenerife. The females give birth to one to six fully formed young.",It is locally threatened by predation by cats.,This species is listed on the Bern Convention. It occurs in a number of protected areas.,,,"Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,CHAMAELEONIDAE,Chamaeleo,africanus,,Chamaeleo africanus,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Unknown,"This African species has been recorded from Egypt (restricted to the Nile delta and lower Nile valley), Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon and Gabon. In Europe it is restricted to a tiny part of the southwestern Peloponnese in southern Greece, where it is believed to be an introduction from antiquity possibly from Egypt.



[MOST OF THE RANGE NOT YET MAPPED]","In Greece, the single population fluctuates, with estimates of between 150 and 600 individuals over the last decade (Dimaki 2008). It is relatively common in the northern Nile delta, Egypt (Flower, 1933; S. Baha El Din pers. comm.).","This species has been recorded from salt marshes, sand dunes and maquis shrubland. Animals are found climbing in vegetation such as reeds and shrubs. It has sometimes been found climbing in large trees. It is sometimes found on the ground in sandy areas. It has been recorded from traditionally cultivated agricultural land and rural gardens. In Greece, the females produce a single clutch of between four and 43 eggs per year.","In Greece, the main threat to the species is loss of sand dune breeding habitat to developing tourism, and illegal collection (as pets). Mortality on roads is also an importantly threat to the Greek populations, especially during the breeding season. In Egypt, the main threat to this species is overcollection for the pet trade. It is also probably threatened by the reclamation of wetlands in the northern Nile delta (S. Baha El Din pers. comm.).","In Greece it is present in the Yalova Pilos protected area. In Egypt it is present in the Burullus protected area. In Egypt, there is a need for the development and implementation of national legislation to protect this species. Monitoring of population trends and the impact of harvesting is also needed. Further taxonomic studies are needed for this species.",,,"Wolfgang Böhme, Petros Lymberakis, Sherif Baha El Din",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,CHAMAELEONIDAE,Chamaeleo,chamaeleon,,Chamaeleo chamaeleon,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"Global: LC

Turkish: LC

Europe: NA

EU 27: NA



Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



In Turkey, this species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



In Europe, this species is listed as Not Applicable because it is introduced in most of its European range and the remaining range is a marginal part of its total range.",Stable,"This species is found in southern Europe, northern Africa and southwestern Asia. In Europe it is found in Malta, and on Crete (although this requires confirmation), Samos and Chios (both in Greece), and in southern coastal Spain and Portugal where it is probably introduced before 1500. It was reportedly introduced to the island of Sicily, Italy, but its presence was never confirmed; a small, probably introduced, population is reported to be present in Apulia in southwestern Italy (not mapped here) (Sindaco et al. 2006). There are old reports of an introduced population in Crete, Greece but there are no specimens. In North Africa it occurs along the Atlantic coast of Western Sahara, is widely distributed in Morocco, and is present in northern Algeria, northern and central Tunisia, northern Libya and northern Egypt. In southwestern Asia it occurs on the island of Cyprus, in southern Turkey (and as isolated populations in the Marmaraa region [Sindaco et al. 2000; Sindaco et al. 2006]), through the Levant region of western Syria, Lebanon, Israel and western Jordan, western and southwestern Saudi Arabia and northern Yemen. It can be found from sea level up to 1,850m asl.","It is a common species in most of its native range. In Spain, the species is most commonly found in densities of 10 to 25 animals per hectare, although up to 50 animals per hectare may be found. It is rare in Western Sahara. In Egypt, it is fairly common in coastal areas, but uncommon in more inland arid areas. In Turkey, it is uncommon (Avci and Kumlutaş, pers. comm. 2008).","It is a diurnal species found climbing in bushes in dry habitats. It inhabits shrubland, plantations, open pine woodland, orchards (such as almonds and olive groves) and gardens. In Egypt, it also occurs on vegetation in sparsely vegetated open gravel plains. The females produce a single clutch of between five and forty-five eggs per year, these are buried in the soil.","It is threatened locally by loss of habitat through urbanization and the development of tourist facilities, agricultural intensification, predation by domestic animals, accidental mortality on roads and by illegal collection of animals. It may be used for remedies or as a talisman in North Africa (not in Egypt). Animals are caught, sometimes illegally, for the international pet market and are offered to tourists at local markets. In Turkey, forest fires are also a threat.","It is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention and on Appendix II of CITES. There is a need to protect the coastal habitat of this species. Its range includes many protected areas, for example the following ones in Morocco: Tamga, Saghro, Chekhar, Talassemtane, Trois fourches, Sebkha Bou Areg, Gourougou, Embouchure Moulouya, Béni Snassen, Jbel Moussa, Perdicaris, Bouhachem, Brikcha, Koudiat Tidighine, Lalla Outka, Lalla Chafia, Bou Iblane, Bou Naceur, Jbel Tichoukt, and Jaaba. There is a need to monitor and regulate the collection of animals in Egypt (S. Baha El Din pers. comm.). In Spain, barriers have been created in an attempt to prevent mortality on roads.",,,"Milan Vogrin, Claudia Corti, Valentin Pérez Mellado, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Marc Cheylan, Juan Pleguezuelos, Sherif Baha El Din",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,CAUDATA,SALAMANDRIDAE,Chioglossa,lusitanica,,Chioglossa lusitanica,,"Two distinct subspecies are recognized, C. l. lusitanica and C. l. longipes (Arntzen et al . 2007).",Yes,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",Yes,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",EU27,,"Listed as Vulnerable because its Area of Occupancy is probably less than 2,000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in its Area of Occupancy, in the extent and quality of its habitat, and in the number of locations in Portugal and Spain.",Decreasing,"This species is restricted to mountainous and hilly areas in north-western Spain (Galicia and Asturias) and northern and central Portugal with an annual precipitation of over 1,000mm. Its distribution is patchy because its required habitat is fragmented. It has been introduced to the Serra de Sintra, Portugal. It has an altitudinal distribution 100-1,000m asl (records above 1,000m asl require confirmation).","This is a localized species that can be abundant in suitable habitats (4-5 adults per metre of brook habitat). Eastern Spanish populations are found at lower population densities, and there have been reports of declines and extinctions of some populations in Galicia. In Portugal, populations are widespread and abundant (P. Arntzen pers. comm.) and not in any immediate danger, but they are considered to be vulnerable because of their specialized habitat requirements (Paulo 1997).","The species is associated with clear, well-oxygenated, small- to medium-sized slightly acidic streams (although in Portugal it has been found in water with pH 7-8), with dense surrounding vegetation in mountainous and hilly areas. The species has also been recorded from caves and abandoned flooded mines. It is associated with broad-leaved oak forest, and occurs in secondary vegetation, but not usually in commercial plantations. Animals have been recorded from eucalypt plantations, pine forests and even shrubland ( Taxus or Erica ) (Iñigo Martínez-Solano pers. comm. December, 2008). The females lay approximately 12-20 eggs in shallow stream water, often attaching the eggs to the bottom substrate. It is often associated with areas of traditional farming practices, and is particularly found in dry stonewalls. Some populations in north-western Spain have disappeared following replacement of broad-leaved forest with other habitats.","The major threats to the species are pollution of streams with agrochemicals, canalization, and water extraction from streams for agricultural purposes, and the loss of terrestrial habitats associated with the streams through conversion to forestry plantations ( Eucalyptus and Pinus plantations). In Portugal, habitat is at risk from fire.","It is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention, and is also listed on Annexes II and IV of the EU Habitats Directive. It is protected by national legislation in both Portugal and Spain. It occurs in several protected areas including Picos de Europa National Park, Spain, and Peneda-Gerêz National Park, Portugal.",,,"Jan Willem Arntzen, Jaime Bosch, Mathieu Denoël, Miguel Tejedo, Paul Edgar, Miguel Lizana, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Alfredo Salvador, Mario García-París, Ernesto Recuero Gil, Paulo Sa-Sousa, Rafael Marquez",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,COLUBRIDAE,Coronella,austriaca,,Coronella austriaca,,"There are three subspecies: C. a. austriaca is present over most of the species range; C. a. fitzingeri (Bonaparte, 1840) inhabits the southern part of the Italian Peninsula and the island Sicily; C. a. acutirostris Malkus 1995, has been recently described for the populations of the north-western Iberian Peninsula.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its very wide distribution, presumed large population, and although it is declining in parts of its range, overall it is unlikely to be declining fast enough (30% or more) to qualify for listing in a more threatened category at the global level.



Turkey: LC",Decreasing,"This species ranges from southern Scandinavia (Norway and Sweden where it is extremely fragmented and rare) and the Baltic region, southwards as scattered populations through western, central and eastern Europe (excluding most of mainland Denmark, parts of southwestern France, and much of southern Iberia), into northern Turkey (much of Anatolia, with some isolated southern populations), the Caucasus region, northern Iran (Central Province) and Kazakhstan. It is also present in southern England (United Kingdom), on the Italian islands of Elba and Sicily. In Spain the species has been recorded from the Sierra Nevada, and there is an voucher specimen in the EBD collection collected in the Cádiz province (Juan M Pleguezuelos pers. comm. October 2008). It is found from sea level up to 2,750m asl.","It can be generally common in southern parts of its range, but it can also be rare, with fragmented populations in many northern parts of its range. The species can be hard to detect and populations may be overlooked (Benedikt Schmidt pers. comm.). It is always rare in southern Sweden, but it is extremely rare on the Baltic island of Åland (Alexander Westerström pers. comm.). In Switzerland, it is still relatively abundant in the Alps but there is a ongoing decline in the lowlands, mainly due to agricultural intensification (Benedikt Schmidt pers. comm.). It is also extremely rare in the isolated populations of southern Iberian Peninsula (Juan M Pleguezuelos pers. comm., October 2008); on average, in some populations 500 hours of fieldwork are needed to find an individual (Santos et al. in press).","It is found in moorland, rocky coastlines, open woodland (deciduous, coniferous and mixed) and scrubland, hedgerows, woodland edges, heathland, sandy coastal sites, rocky areas, screes, subalpine and open areas with sparse vegetation. On the southern Iberian Peninsula and Greece it is largely restricted to upland or montane areas. Between two and 19 fully formed young (3.9 on average) are born at the end of August - October. The period of activity lasts from end of March - April to September - October but this varies largely according to latitude and altitude.","It is threatened in parts of its range by the intensification of agricultural practices, afforestation of open areas (e.g.. in Belgium) and fires in woodland or scrubland. Many populations are vulnerable because of their fragmented nature, and through  overgrowth of the species preferred open habitats (for instance, in abandoned traditional farmland). Populations from the southern Iberian Peninsula (Sierra Nevada) could be threatened by climate change and displacement by more competitive Mediterranean species (Juan M Pleguezuelos pers. comm., October 2008). Intrinsic threats for southern populations include poor recruitment capacity, extremely low density, isolation of populations, and global climate warming (for mountain populations) (Juan M Pleguezuelos pers. comm., October 2008). While it is not collected, the species is sometimes persecuted through confusion with vipers.","This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention, and on Annex IV of the European Union Habitat and Species Directive. It is protected by national legislation in parts of its range in most western European states. The species is present in a number of European protected areas. It is included in the national Red Data Books of a number of counties. This species is currently categorized as Vulnerable in Poland (Bartosz Borczyk pers. comm.). This species is categorized as Vulnerable in Switzerland (Monney and Meyer, 2005).",,,"Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Rastko Atjic, Milan Vogrin, Claudia Corti, Valentin Pérez Mellado, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Marc Cheylan, Juan Pleguezuelos, Alexander Westerström, Cornelius C. De Haan, Varol Tok, Bartosz Borczyk, Bogoljub Sterijovski, B. Schmidt",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,COLUBRIDAE,Coronella,girondica,,Coronella girondica,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"In Europe, this species ranges from Portugal and Spain, through southern France (avoiding parts of the southwest), Monaco and parts of western and central Italy (it is considered to be extinct in northeastern Italy, and is not present in Calabria or Sicily; there is in isolated record in Apulia [Gargano]). In North Africa it ranges from the Rif and Atlas Mountains of Morocco, through the northern parts of Algeria to extreme northwestern Tunisia. It can be found from the lowlands close to sea level up to 2,900m asl (High Atlas, Morocco); it is not present in the Pyrenees and the Alps (with the exception of some dry valleys in northwestern Italy).","In Europe and mountains of the Maghreb it can be common in good habitat, but in general it is not abundant. It is a rather crepuscular and mainly nocturnal species so it is often overlooked.","This species is found in a variety of scrubland, open woodlands, dry hedgerows, grassland, rocky areas, orchards and plantations. The females lay between one and sixteen eggs (mean of 4.8 eggs). This species is a specialist predator of small lizards.",In Spain it is locally threatened by habitat loss through fire and perhaps disturbance by wild boars (Sus scrofa). It is also threatened by habitat loss through ongoing agricultural intensification and by accidental mortality of animals on roads. It is considered to be threatened in France and is approaching extinction in Monaco; however in Italy it is not considered to be particularly threatened.,This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention and is present in many protected areas.,,,"Paulo Sá-Sousa, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Claudia Corti, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,GEKKONIDAE,Cyrtopodion,caspius,,Cyrtopodion caspius,,"The nominative subspecies C. c. caspius (Eichwald, 1831) is distributed throughout the species range with the exception of Wulf Island (Azerbaijan) in the Caspian Sea, 12 km from the Apsheron Peninsula where the endemic subspecies C. c. insularis (Akhmedow and Szczerbak 1978) is found.",No,,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, abundance, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because there are no threats impacting this species or its habitat.",Increasing,"This species is present in southern Russia (Kalmykia and Dagestan), Georgia (Tibilisi and Abkhazia, possibly introduced), Armenia and Azerbaijan (from Yerevan to Julfa, Central and Eastern Azerbaijan), Iran, northern Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, southern Tajikistan and southwestern Kazakhstan (Szczerbak and Golubev, 1996; Anderson, 1999). It is also present on islands in the Caspian Sea. It has possibly been recorded from Syria, however the record from Heme, South Haleb, needs to be confirmed (Szczerbak and Golubev, 1996). The species has almost certainly been transported into the European part of its range by human activity (Szczerbak and Golubev, 1996). It has been recorded up to 1,653m asl (Afghanistan).","It seems to be a reasonably common species in suitable habitat, especially on buildings or ruins; it can be numerous in some places.","This largely crepuscular and nocturnal species is found in rocky areas, on cliff faces and outcrops, among ruins and in buildings (Anderson, 1999). It has been recorded from open steppe habitat in Azerbaijan and it also occurs in takyr-type habitats (Szczerbak and Golubev, 1996; Anderson, 1999). Sometimes animals are found in the burrows of rodents. The female lays two or three clutches of two eggs in a season (Szczerbak and Golubev, 1996); collective laying of clutches has been recorded.",There appear to be no current major threats to this adaptable species as a whole.,"Szczerbak and Golubev (1996), report that the wide range and stable numbers of this species indicate that there is no need for any special protection measures. Parts of this species distribution range is likely to coincide with protected areas.",,,"Boris Tuniyev, Natalia Ananjeva, Aram Agasyan, Nikolai Orlov, Sako Tuniyev, and Steven Anderson",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,GEKKONIDAE,Cyrtopodion,kotschyi,,Cyrtopodion kotschyi,,This may be a species complex. Further studies into the taxonomic status of a number of populations of this species are needed.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Unknown,"This species ranges from southeast Italy (Apulia and Basilicata), Albania (coastal region from Shkoder to Vlore), Serbia (Prizren), Macedonia, most of Greece (including the Ionian and many Aegean islands), southern and eastern Bulgaria, southern Ukraine (southern Crimea only), much of Turkey (Anatolia), Cyprus, northeastern, northern and western Syria, Lebanon, northern and central Israel, northwestern Jordan, ranging westwards and possibly into northern Iraq and western Iran. It has been introduced to Hungary (currently known only from a single house in Budapest and a second site at Balatonszeplak-felso). It is not present in Romania (László Krecsák pers. comm.). The species can be found up to 1,700m asl but is typically found at lower elevations.","It is common over most of its range. In Serbia it is known from only a single town. In Greece, usually it is not found near human populations, but it is very common on small islands.","This species is found climbing or on the ground in dry, rocky or stony places. It can be found in scrubland, under the bark of old juniper trees, on cliffs, on stone walls and on the outside and inside of buildings.  In Serbia, it is found in old buildings. Over most of Israel and Jordan it is only recorded on tree trunks. The females lays about two eggs in a clutch.",There are no major threats to this species over most of its range. Populations in the southern part of the range are threatened by deforestation through urbanization and agricultural development.,"This species occurs in several protected areas. It is protected by national legislation in Israel. It has been included in the Red Data Books of the USSR and Ukrainian SSR (Szczerbak and Golubev, 1996). This may be a species complex containing a number of threatened species. Further taxonomic studies are required to resolve this and to identify any taxa needing conservation measures.",,,"Wolfgang Böhme, Petros Lymberakis, Rastko Ajtic, Ahmad Mohammed Mousa Disi, Yehudah Werner, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Souad Hraoui-Bloquet, Riyad Sadek, Pierre-André Crochet, Idriz Haxhiu, Claudia Corti, Roberto Sindaco, Yakup Kaska, Yusuf Kumlutaş, Aziz Avci, Nazan Üzüm, Can Yeniyurt, Ferdi Akarsu, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Dalmatolacerta,oxycephala,,Dalmatolacerta oxycephala,,,Yes,LC,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Unknown,"This species is present in Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean habitats in southern Croatia (including some Adriatic islands), southern Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Montenegro. It possibly also occurs in Albania but this requires confirmation. It has an elevational range of sea level to around 1,600m asl.",It can occur at high densities in suitable habitat.,"It is a sun-loving species generally found in rocky areas, on cliffs and also on buildings in towns and villages. The females lay clutches of two to four eggs. It is quite an adaptable species.","It might have been traded in the past, but this is not occurring much anymore. A dam might be built that would affect the northern population of the species. Otherwise it is a relatively unthreatened species at present.",It is listed on Annex III of the Bern Convention and is protected in some countries by national legislation. Its range includes several protected areas.,,,"Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Rastko Attic, Milan Vogrin",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Darevskia,praticola,,Darevskia praticola,,"This species was formerly included in the genus Lacerta, but is now included in Darevskia, following Arribas (1998, 1999), Fu et al. (1997), Fu (1998) and Harris et al. (1998). It is not certain that the eastern and western populations belong to the same species; further taxonomic studies are needed to resolve this issue. Subspecies D. p. praticola inhabits the northeastern part along the Caspian Sea. D. p. pontica (Lantz and Cyren, 1919) inhabits the coast of the Black Sea and north-western Caucasus.",No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"Listed as Near Threatened because this species is probably in significant decline (but probably at a rate of less than 30% over ten years) because of widespread habitat loss through much of its range, most especially in western populations, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.



Turkey: NA (Marginal)",Decreasing,"This species occurs in very fragmented populations, ranging from eastern and southern Serbia, western and southern Romania, much of Bulgaria (except the southwest), and northeastern Greece (a few records from the margin of its range) to European Turkey (Thrace only). It also occurs as a second disjunct population ranging from northwestern Iran, through Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia into southern Russia. It is found up to 2000m asl in Armenia and Georgia.","It is rather rare in Central and Southern Europe. Good, stable populations of this species remain within the Caucasus.","This is a largely terrestrial species often found in clearings with lush vegetation, traditional meadows and glades within open broad-leaf woodland. In the Caucasus, the females lays four to eight eggs in a clutch between the middle of June and the middle of July (two clutches during the summer for Georgia and Armenia). The young hatch from August to September. This species goes to hibernation in October.","Populations in Central and Southern Europe (including Thrace) are significantly threatened by habitat loss and degradation caused by agricultural intensification (conversion of suitable habitat; overgrazing; agrochemical pollution) (CoE, 2003). Threats to the species in the eastern part of its range are unclear, but are presumed to include habitat loss through agricultural intensification.",This species is listed on Annex III of the Bern Convention. It is present in protected areas in Serbia and Montenegro and in Greece. There is research needed to confirm the relationships between populations in the western and eastern parts of the species range. Habitat protection is especially needed for the isolated populations. Further information is needed into the distribution and conservation status of this species in Central Europe.,,,"Aram Agasyan, Aziz Avisi, Boris Tuniyev, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Petro Lymberakis, Claes Andrén, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nazan Üzüm, Nikolai Orlov, Richard Podloucky, Sako Tuniyev, Uğur Kaya, Wolfgang Böhme, Rastko Ajtic, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Pierre-André Crochet, Hans Konrad Nettmann, László Krecsák",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Dinarolacerta,mosorensis,,Dinarolacerta mosorensis,,The isolated eastern subpopulation in Montenegro has been proposed as a separate species (Ljubisavljevic et al. 2007).,Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),No,NE,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"Listed as Vulnerable because its Area of Occupancy is less than 2,000km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and the extent and quality of its habitat are declining.",Decreasing,"This species is found in the southwestern Dinaric mountain range of southern coastal Croatia, southern Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro. It may be present in northern Albania but further surveys are needed to confirm this. It occurs from 450 to 1,900m asl.",It is not a common species and has a patchy distribution.,"It is largely found in humid, rocky, montane areas of exposed karst. The species inhabits open woodland and sites with a rich vegetation cover. The females lay a single clutch of four to eight eggs.","It is threatened by the loss of suitable habitat due to logging, including within protected areas. Collection of animals for the pet-trade was a threat in the past. It is likely that some small-scale illegal trade continues.",It is listed on Annex III of the Bern Convention and is protected by national legislation in some range countries. It is present in a number of protected areas.,,,"Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Rastko Ajtic, Milan Vogrin",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,ALYTIDAE,Discoglossus,galganoi,,Discoglossus galganoi,,"This taxon is closely related to D. jeanneae , and some authors consider them to be conspecific.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"The species is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and most of western Spain), where it is found at altitudes ranging from sea level to 1,940m asl (Piedrahita, Spain).","In Spain, it is abundant over much of its range (with the exception of the northeastern populations), while in Portugal the species can be locally abundant in fragmented populations.","It is generally found within or in the direct vicinity of water (with surrounding dense vegetation), including still waters, swamps, mountain streams, drinking troughs and sometimes-brackish waters. The terrestrial habitats of the species occur on granite and other metamorphic rocks, and include sandy areas close to the sea, open areas, meadows, thickets, gulley's and woodland edges. The species breeds, and larval development takes place, within shallow permanent or temporary waterbodies. It is often present in slightly modified areas, such as traditional farmland.","The main threats to this species are both a general intensification of agriculture and the introduction of predatory fishes and crustaceans (especially the Louisiana Crayfish- Procambarus clarkii ) through much of the species range. Desertification is a threat to the species in the more arid parts of its range such as southern Portugal. Additionally, hydroelectric projects are leading to habitat loss in parts of Portugal. However, overall this species is probably not seriously threatened at present.","This species is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and is also listed on Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive. The species is protected by national legislation in Spain and is listed in the Spanish national Red Data Book. It has been recorded from Doñana, Islas Atlánticas de Galicia, and Cabañeros National Parks, Spain. There is a need to further clarify the distribution of this species and the related Discoglossus jeanneae .",,,"Jaime Bosch, Pedro Beja, Miguel Tejedo, Miguel Lizana, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Alfredo Salvador, Mario García-París, Ernesto Recuero Gil, Carmen Diaz Paniagua, Valentin Perez-Mellado, Rafael Marquez",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,ALYTIDAE,Discoglossus,jeanneae,,Discoglossus jeanneae,,"This taxon is closely related to D. galganoi , and some authors consider them to be conspecific.",Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Listed as Near Threatened because this species is probably in significant decline (but probably at a rate of less than 30% over ten years) because its habitat is being degraded due to drought through most of its range, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to isolated areas in southern, eastern and north-eastern Spain, from sea level to around 2,050m asl (in Granada).","It is generally more abundant in the south of its range, and is considered to be scarce in the north, although further surveys are required. Its occurrence is very patchy within its overall range, and it is believed to be in decline, principally due to increased aridity within its range. It is likely that isolated populations have recently become extinct along the Mediterranean coast.","An inhabitant of open areas, pine groves and shrubland associated with limestone or gypsum soils. This is a very aquatic species found in shallow pools, streams, springs, ponds and artificial water sources, such as drinking troughs and drainage channels. Breeding and larval development takes place within the aquatic habitats. It can be present in traditionally farmed areas.","The major threat to this species is continued loss of habitat as a result of increased aridity throughout its range. It is also threatened by loss of suitable habitat (including fragmentation) to agricultural and infrastructure development. The species is particularly impacted by the loss, or contamination, of aquatic habitats (such as drinking troughs), and introductions of predatory fish and crustaceans, in particular the Louisiana Crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii ). Its populations are now fragmented in many parts of its range.",The species has been recorded from Parque Nacional de Sierra Nevada. It is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and on Annexes II and IV of the EU Habitats Directive. It is recorded in the national Red Data Book of Spain and is protected by national legislation. There is a need to further clarify the distribution of this species.,,,"Jaime Bosch, Miguel Tejedo, Miguel Lizana, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Alfredo Salvador, Mario García-París, Ernesto Recuero Gil, Carmen Diaz Paniagua, Valentin Perez-Mellado, Rafael Marquez",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,ALYTIDAE,Discoglossus,montalentii,,Discoglossus montalentii,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Listed as Near Threatened. Its extent of occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, and although the species is declining as a result of predation by introduced fishes, it is not severely fragmented and it occurs at more than 10 locations.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Corsica (France), where it is found mainly in the central part of the island, from Corte and Cervione in the north to Porto-Vecchio in the south (Noellert and Noellert 1992). It has been recorded from localities between 300m and 1,900m asl, and is absent from coastal lowlands.","There is little information available on the population status of this species, which was only recently identified and differentiated from the more widespread Discoglossus sardus . It is believed to be slowly declining as a result of predation by introduced salmonid fishes.","This frog is strongly associated with running waters in high-altitude pristine woods and forests, and is especially found in areas with precipitous streams. The eggs are deposited under rocks and stones in mountain streams, with larvae developing in these streams.",This species is threatened by introduced predatory salmonid fishes.,It is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and on Annexes II and IV of the EU Habitats Directive.,,,"Claude Miaud, Marc Cheylan, Roberto Sindaco",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,ALYTIDAE,Discoglossus,pictus,,Discoglossus pictus,,Moroccan populations previously considered to belong to this species are now separated as Discoglossus scovazzi (García-París and Jockusch 1999; Fromhage et al. 2004).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Europe: LC

EU: LC (on Sicily it is rather common and has no major threats)



Listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species is native to the islands of Sicily (Italy), Malta and Gozo (Malta) (Discoglossus pictus pictus), and to northern Algeria and Tunisia ( Discoglossus pictus auritus ). The western limit of its distribution in Algeria is unclear, and it might extend to the mountains close to the Moroccan border. The North African subspecies, D.p. auritus , has been introduced to southern France and northeastern Spain (Girona Province), where it is expanding its range. It has an altitudinal range of sea level to 1,500m asl (Sicily).","Introduced populations in Spain and France appear to be abundant and expanding their range. It is rather common in Sicily. Further information is needed on the populations of the species over the rest of its distribution, though it is believed to be common in some areas.","It is present in a wide variety of Mediterranean habitats including open, sandy coastal areas, pastures, vineyards, woods and forests, often in dense vegetation close to waterbodies. It breeds in most types of still water habitats, and is sometimes present in marshes and brackish water. In Sicily, populations have been associated with irrigation channels, water cisterns, pipes and canals in cultivated areas.","Sicilian populations appear to be locally threatened (but not especially endangered) by a decline of traditional land-use, including urbanization. Maltese populations are reported to be threatened by groundwater extraction.","The species is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and on Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive. It is protected by national legislation in France and Italy and is listed in the Regional Catalogue of Cataluña, Spain. The species is present in protected areas in Italy, and probably elsewhere within its range.",,,"Jaime Bosch, Franco Andreone, Miguel Tejedo, David Donaire-Barroso, Miguel Lizana, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Alfredo Salvador, Mario García-París, Ernesto Recuero Gil, Tahar Slimani, El Hassan El Mouden, Ulrich Joger, Philippe Geniez, Claudia Corti",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,ALYTIDAE,Discoglossus,sardus,,Discoglossus sardus,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"The species is mainly restricted to the islands of Sardinia, Italy and Corsica, France (where it is absent from the high mountains in the centre of the island), with other populations occurring on a number of smaller Mediterranean islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea, and on the Monte Argentario peninsula of the Italian mainland (Tuscany), and also the islands of Port-Cros and Le Levant in the south of France. It has been recorded at elevations from sea level to 1,770m asl (Sardinia).","This species is still relatively common in suitable habitat in both Sardinia and Corsica. Little is known about mainland populations of Tuscany, although it is possible that they are threatened due to their probable small size. Populations on Port-Cros Island (France) have increased following the eradication of introduced fish: Gambusia and Scardinus erythrophalmus .","The species inhabits a wide range of aquatic and terrestrial habitats including still and slow-running waters in open or wooded (coniferous and broadleaf) areas and maccia; it may even occur in slightly brackish pools. The eggs are deposited between aquatic vegetation in streams, and the larvae develop in these streams. The species can tolerate some habitat disturbance.","It is threatened by general loss of suitable woodland and aquatic habitats. Aquatic habitats used by this species on Corsica (and presumably on Sardinia) are being lost through damming of streams and increased water abstraction for tourism. However, overall this species does not appear to be significantly threatened. There were some die-offs of this species in Sardinia in 2004 and 2006, but the cause is unknown (Bovero et a l. 2008).",The species is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and is also listed on Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive. It is protected by national legislation in Italy. It has been recorded from Parco Regionale Sette Fratelli and Parco Nazionale Gennargentu-Golfo di Orosei in Sardinia. Further investigations into the genetic diversity of this species are needed. It occurs in the Parc National Port-Cros in France.,,,"Franco Andreone, Roberta Lecis, Claude Miaud, Claudia Corti, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,COLUBRIDAE,Dolichophis,caspius,,Dolichophis caspius,,"This species is included in Dolichophis following Nagy et al. (2004), rather than Hierophis.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



Turkey: LC",Unknown,"This species is present from southern Hungary eastwards to Romania, Moldova, southern Ukraine, southwestern Russia and extreme western Kazakhstan. It also ranges southwards through the Balkans from Croatia (Lastavo Island and eastern parts of continental mainland [Ozimec 2005; Trocsanyi and Schafer, 2008]), Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia (where it only occurs below 1,500m asl), Albania (where widespread), Greece (absent from the Peloponnese peninsula, but present on many islands including Andros, Tinos, Syros, Kythos, Kea, Serifos, Ikaria, Samos, Chios, Oinousses, Thasos, Samothraki and Limons), Bulgaria, and Turkey (Thrace and central and western Anatolia). Records from Jordan require confirmation and might refer to another species, since they are far outside the known range. This species ranges from sea level to 2,000m asl (Turkey).",It is generally a common species over most of its range.,"It is found in dry areas of open scrubland (macchia) and woodland, steppe and other grassland, rocky hillsides, semi-desert, overgrown areas, vineyards, olive groves, rural gardens, stone walls and ruins. In the North Caucasus it has been recorded from sand dune habitats. This species hibernates in large groups (R. Ajtic pers. comm.). In the Crimea, it emerges from hibernation at the end of March - beginning of April; in Kalmykia it emerges in the second part of March. Winter hibernation starts in middle of September - October (sometimes in first part of November). It is active during the day in spring, and in the hot part of summer it has two peaks of activity. Females lay eggs (6 - 18 eggs in the clutch) from middle of June to the beginning of July, with young appearing in the first part of September.","While there appear to be no major threats to the species, it is often killed by traffic while it is basking on roads. As with many other species it may be particularly vulnerable when it forms aggregations for hibernation. It may be persecuted by people, when they are accidentally revealed during hibernation.","This species is included into the Red Data Book of Kazakhstan (1996) - category 3, in the Red Data Books of Ukraine (1994) - category 2 and Moldavia (2001) as an Endangered species. It has been included in the ""Annotated list of taxa and populations required a special attention to their status in the wildlife"" (Appendix to the Red Data Book of Russian Federation, 2001). This species is listed on Annex III of the Bern Convention, Annex IV of the European Union Habitat and Species Directive, and is protected by national legislation in parts of its range. It is present in many protected areas.",,,"Aram Agasyan, Aziz Avisi, Boris Tuniyev, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Petro Lymberakis, Claes Andrén, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nazan Üzüm, Nikolai Orlov, Richard Podloucky, Sako Tuniyev, Uğur Kaya, Wolfgang Böhme, Petros Lymberakis, Rastko Ajtic, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Pierre-André Crochet, Idriz Haxhiu, Bogoljub Sterijovski",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,COLUBRIDAE,Dolichophis,jugularis,,Dolichophis jugularis,,"This species is included in Dolichophis following Nagy et al. (2004), rather than Hierophis.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Unknown,"This species is present in Turkey (widespread in southern and southeastern parts), Greece (the Aegean islands of Rhodos, Symi, Chalki, Tilos, Patmos, Kalymnos, Kos, Leros, Nisyros and Megisti [= Kastelorizo]), Cyprus, much of Syria (except the east), Lebanon  (including Palm ilet), much of Israel (except the southwest), western Jordan, the northeast Sinai Peninsula, Egypt (Gebel El Halal), northern and eastern Iraq, and western Iran. There are possible records of this species from Kuwait (perhaps represent introductions). It is found up to 1,000m asl.",This is a common species over much of its range. There is only a single record from Egypt.,"This species is found in lowland mountain areas in a wide variety of habitats including arid open areas, meadows, rocky  and stony regions, swampy areas, open woodland, beaches, vineyards, agricultural land and ruins. The females lay between seven and 11 eggs.","There are no major threats to this widespread species. There is some local persecution of this species as there is for most snakes. In Egypt it is threatened by quarrying, overgrazing and possibly by collection for the pet trade.  This species is collected for use snake charming performances.  It is considered a useful predator of mice and other agricultural pests.","It is present in several protected areas. It is protected by national legislation in Israel. There is a need to establish a protected area for this species and other relictual species in Sinai, Egypt. In the rest of its range, no further conservation actions are needed.",,,"Ahmad Mohammed Mousa Disi, Yehudah Werner, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Petros Lymberakis, Souad Hraoui-Bloquet, Riyad Sadek, Pierre-André Crochet, Sherif Baha El Din, Uğur Kaya",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,COLUBRIDAE,Eirenis,modestus,,Eirenis modestus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Turkish: LC



Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species is found on the islands of Lesbos, Chios, Samos, Alzonisi, Kalymnos, Leros, Symi and Megisti (= Kastelorizo) of eastern Greece, through most of Turkey (on the mainland and small rocky islands), eastwards into the Caucasus Mountains of south Russia, eastern Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan.  Records from Iran (Central Province and Zanjhan Province) and Iraq should be verified.  Records from Israel, Lebanon and Syria are now considered to refer to Eirenis levantinus. It is not present on Cyprus. It ranges up to 2,500m asl (in Anatolia).","It is generally a common species. In Iran, this species is rare. The ecology and status of population has not been investigated widely.","This species occurs in a wide variety of dry, rocky areas with sparse vegetation. It can be also be found in woodland, fallow agricultural land and cultivated areas. It spends most of its time under stones. The female lays between three and eight eggs in a clutch. Oviposition for Armenia occurs between the second part of June and July; the young appear in July.","There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and adaptable species over most of its range. In Dagestan, its habitat is being converted to agricultural use.","This species is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention. It is present in many protected areas. It is protected by national legislation in parts of its range. The species is included into the ""Annotated list of taxa and populations required a special attention to the status in the wildlife"" (Appendix to the Red Data Book of Russian Federation, 2001). It is protected on territory of several reserves: Khosrov, Erebuni, Dilijan (Armenia), Vashlovany (Georgia), Gyrkansky, Shakhbuzsky (Azerbaijan).",,,"Petros Lymberakis, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Pierre-André Crochet, Göran Nilson, Steven Anderson,

Claus Andrén",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,COLUBRIDAE,Elaphe,dione,,Elaphe dione,,"The validity of subspecies described from western Siberia and the Altai region, E. d. niger Golubeva, 1923 and E. d. tenebrosa Sobolevsky, 1929, is disputed.",No,LC,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"This widespread snake ranges from eastern Ukraine, through southwestern Russia and parts of the Caucasus, to Middle and Central Asia, and from here to eastern Russia, Mongolia and China and possibly Korea. There is an isolated Iranian population in Mazandaran Province and Seman Province (Latifi, 1991). It has been recorded between sea level and 3,580m asl.","This is one of the commonest snakes in parts of Russia, Kazakhstan and Middle Asia.","This diurnal species is found in a variety of habitats, including, forests, mountainous areas, fields, rivers and even coastal areas (Latifi 1991). It is an oviparous species, the females lay clutches of 5 to 24 eggs.",There are no major threats to this species as a whole.,"In view of its wide range, it is likely to occur in many protected areas. No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species as a whole. Additional research is needed into the taxonomy of this species.",,,"Aram Agasyan, Aziz Avisi, Boris Tuniyev, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Petro Lymberakis, Claes Andrén, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nazan Üzüm, Nikolai Orlov, Richard Podloucky, Sako Tuniyev, Uğur Kaya",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,COLUBRIDAE,Elaphe,quatuorlineata,,Elaphe quatuorlineata,,"Elaphe sauromates was separated from E. quatuorlineata on the basis of a large genetic divergence and clear morphological differences (Lenk et al., 2001).",Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"Listed as Near Threatened because this species is probably in significant decline (but probably at a rate of less than 30% over twelve years [generation time 4-5 years]) because of widespread habitat loss through very much of its range, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"This species is present in Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean zones in much of central and southern Italy (excluding Sicily), and in the Balkan region, ranging from Slovenia southwards along the Adriatic coastline (including some Adriatic islands), into much of Albania, Macedonia (mainly in the lowlands), southernmost Serbia, Montenegro and Greece (not in Thrace, but on a number of Ionian and Aegean islands). It is found from sea level up to 2,500m asl.","It is not a common species, and it has a fragmented range. It is thought to be in significant decline.","It is found in hedgerows, close to woodland edges, in open woodland, rocky overgrown areas and traditionally cultivated land. Animals may also be found near to waterbodies but also away from them. Animals tend to have very large home ranges. The females lay between four and 16 eggs, and the generation time is 4 to 5 years.",It is mainly threatened by habitat loss due to intensification of agricultural practices and infrastructure development for tourism and urbanization. It is persecuted by humans in many parts of its range.,It is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention. It occurs in some protected areas throughout its range.,,,"Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Rastko Atjic, Milan Vogrin, Claudia Corti, Valentin Pérez Mellado, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Marc Cheylan, Juan Pleguezuelos, Petros Lymberakis, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano, Dušan Jelić",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,COLUBRIDAE,Elaphe,sauromates,,Elaphe sauromates,,"This taxon was raised to species rank on the basis of a large genetic divergence from Elaphe quatuorlineata and clear morphological differences (Lenk et al., 2001).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



Turkey: LC",Stable,"This species occurs from eastern Greece (Thrace) northwards through Bulgaria, southern and eastern Romania, Moldova, southern Ukraine and southern Russia to western Kazakhstan, western Turkmenistan, the Caucasus, most of Turkey, northern and western Iran and northern Iraq.  There is also an isolated population in Israel, and Lebanon that may also occur in Syria. It occurs from sea level up to around 2,500m asl (Transcaucasia).",It is usually found at low population densities.,"This diurnal species is often encountered in rocky slopes in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. These open areas have been created over many years by non-intensive agriculture and livestock practices. It is normally found in the arid landscapes, in steppes and semi-deserts, as well as in the forest-steppe zone (both on the plain and in the foothills), on the areas of stony and sandy semi-desert, on the slopes with bush vegetation and with rocky outcrops, on forest edges, in open steppe and tugai forests. To the north of the Kara-Bogaz-Gol depression in northwestern Turkmenistan this snake lives on thick loamy soils with thickets of saxaul, saltwort and other xerophytic vegetation. In the central Ustyurt of Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan, animals can be found in areas of solid stabilized sands, at locations with saxaul vegetation in the clay desert, and on solonchaks (saline soils). It is an egg-laying species; the females lay a clutch of between 4 and 16 eggs.","There are no major threats to this species as a whole. It is generally persecuted throughout its range but not at a level that is of a threat to the species. It is declining significantly in Romania, largely through habitat loss (CoE, 2003). The cultivation of steppe and similar habitats is leading to an overall decline in numbers.","It occurs in several protected areas throughout its range. It is included in the Red Data Books of the Ukraine (1994) - category 3; Kazakhstan (1996) - category 4; and of Turkmenistan (1999) - category 3. Because of declining populations in parts of its range, it is also included in the ""Annotated list of taxa and populations required a special attention to their status in the wildlife"" (Appendix to the Red Data Book of Russian Federation, 2001).",,,"Aram Agasyan, Aziz Avisi, Boris Tuniyev, Petro Lymberakis, Claes Andrén, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nazan Üzüm, Nikolai Orlov, Richard Podloucky, Sako Tuniyev, Uğur Kaya, Wolfgang Böhme, Roberto Sindaco",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,BUFONIDAE,Epidalea,calamita,,Epidalea calamita,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because the total population is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"This species is found in southern, western and northern Europe, ranging from Portugal and Spain, north to Denmark, southern Sweden, and as far east as western Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia and Estonia. There are isolated populations in southwestern Ireland and scattered parts of the United Kingdom (north to southwestern Scotland). It occurs from sea level to almost 2,540m asl (in Spain).","The species is locally abundant across much of its range, especially in southern Europe. It is much more localized and is declining in the northern parts of its range (e.g., in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Sweden and Estonia). While generally declining in Poland, a large breeding population of about 500 individuals was recorded in 2002 in the Slowinski National Park. It is considered generally rare in eastern parts of its range.","This species is generally found in open and unshaded light sandy soils of coastal dunes, lowland heaths, semi-desert, high mountains, pine forest glades, gardens, parks, agricultural fields, sand and gravel quarries and meadows. In the daytime these animals hide in heaps of stones, in sandy soil and under debris. Spawning, followed by a short larval development period, takes place in sunny shallow temporary pools and lagoons. This is a pioneering species in much of southern Europe, sometimes temporarily colonizing new ponds; it is very much less adaptable in northern Europe.","The main threats to this species are loss of specialized habitats (such as heaths and dunes) by natural encroachment of scrub and woodland; afforestation, acidification of breeding pools, agricultural development, infilling of breeding sites (such as temporary pools and sand and gravel quarries); increased mechanization of sand and gravel extraction and infrastructure development for tourism. In some parts of its range (e.g. in UK and Spain) chytridiomycosis is a threat. The species is considered vulnerable to climate change, particularly in southern Europe.","It is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and on Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive, and is protected by national and sub national legislation throughout much of its range. The species is listed in many regional, national and sub-national Red Data Books and Lists, and is present in many protected areas. A re-introduction program in the UK has successfully established at least six, and perhaps quite a few more populations (Denton, et al. 1997; Zippel 2005).",,,"Pedro Beja, Sergius Kuzmin, Trevor Beebee, Mathieu Denoël, Benedikt Schmidt, David Tarkhnishvili, Natalia Ananjeva, Nikolai Orlov, Per Nyström, Agnieszka Ogrodowczyk, Maria Ogielska, Jaime Bosch, Claude Miaud, Miguel Tejedo, Miguel Lizana, Iñigo Mar",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Eremias,arguta,,Eremias arguta,,"There are six recognized subspecies: E. a. arguta (Pallas, 1773) is distributed in western Kazakhstan; E a deserti (Gmelin, 1789) is found in the west of the species range from the Ural River in the west to the eastern parts of the North Caucasus in the southwest (this subspecies is present in Romania, Moldova and Ukraine); E. a. transcaucasica Darevsky, 1953 inhabits eastern parts of Transcaucasia; E. a. uzbekistanica Chernov, 1934 is present in Uzbekistan and the frontier regions of Turkmenistan, southern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan; E. a. darevskii Tsaruk, 1986 is restricted to the Issyk Kul hollow in Kyrgyzstan; E. a. potanini Bedrjaga, 1912 is found in the area adjacent to Balkhash Lake and the Zaisan Hollow in Kazakhstan.",No,NT,,No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population in suitable dune habitats, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. Because this is a habitat specialist it is susceptible to local and regional declines when sand dunes are converted to agriculture or otherwise developed. Romanian subpopulations are considered Vulnerable due to habitat conversion.



EU27: VU (In EU27 only occurs in Romania) Listed as Vulnerable because its Area of Occupancy is less than 2,000 km2 (estimated from occurrence of sand dune habitats), its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to habitat conversion and fragmentation.



EU: NT Listed as Near Threatened because its Area of Occupancy (inferred from the occurrence of sand dune habitat) is probably not much greater than 20,000 km2, and it occurs in several small, widely separated sub-populations, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"This widespread species ranges from eastern Romania (Danube Delta), through southern Moldova, Ukraine (including the Crimean Peninsula), southwestern Russia, the Caucasus (including an isolated population at Lake Sevan, Armenia), northern Iran (known only with certainty from the western slopes of Talysh Mountains and a single locality southeast of Tabriz in East Azarbaijan Province [Anderson, 1999]), through much of Central Asia to northwestern China and southwestern Mongolia. The westernmost locality is Hanu Conachi sand dunes (Romania). It is unclear if this species is present in Turkey.","It can be a common species in parts of its range (Arnold, 2003; Melnikov, 2003). The density can be up to 60 animals per hectare.","It is a diurnal species that generally occurs in dry, open areas with some sparse herbaceous vegetation. It is also found in steppe habitat, sandy coastal areas, sparsely vegetated river plains, and on stone walls bordering party cultivated land (Anderson, 1999; Arnold, 2003). Animals often shelter under spiny shrubs and in burrows. In the south of its distribution, this species emerges from hibernation between the end of February and the beginning of March, and emerges in April in the montane and northern parts of its range. The female lays two clutches of between one and 12 eggs (usually three or four) (Arnold, 2003). The young hatch between the middle of May and the beginning of July. The species is reproductively mature following its first hibernation period.","In Romania, the species is threatened by habitat loss and degradation do sand dunes by reforestation, increased tourist, urban, agricultural and industrial development; pesticide pollution; overgrazing and inappropriate afforestation of suitable sandy habitat (CoE, 2003). The threats to populations outside of Europe needs further evaluation.","In view of the wide range of this species outside of Europe, it occurs in numerous protected areas across its range (most current populations are restricted to protected areas which conserve sand dunes). The steppe-runner E. a. potanini is included into the Red Data Book of Mongolia (1997) as a rare species, it is protected in the Great Gobi reservation. E. a. uzbekistanica is included into the Red Data Book of Turkmenistan (1999) (category 2). E. a. transcaucasica is included into the Red Data Book of Armenia (1987). E. a. deserti is included into the Red Data Book of Moldavia (1999) as a Critically Endangered species. The Armenian subspecies E.a. transcaucasica is an isolated population which occurs surrounding Lake Sevan and is becoming increasingly threatened and needs species conservation attention.",,,"Aram Agasyan, Boris Tuniyev, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nikolai Orlov",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Eremias,velox,,Eremias velox,,,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"This widely distribtued lizard ranges from the Caucasus region in the west (including Azerbaijan, Georgia and Russia), through Iran, Middla Asia and Central Asia, as far east as western China. Within Iran, this species occurs on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea, valleys of the Kopet Dagh and scattered localities on the northern and western margins of the Central Plateau (Anderson 1999). In Pakistan, it is found from Waziristan westward through the Quetta region almost to Nushki (Minton 1966). It can occur up to around 2,300m asl (Pakistan).","In general, it is a common, often locally abundant, species (up to 80-200 animals per hectare). It appears to be a common species in Pakistan (Minton, 1966).","This diurnal species has been recorded in Iran from silty alluvium flats, among sparse scrub, steppe and grassland vegetation. It is also found in irrigated areas and dry stream beds (Minton, 1966; Anderson, 1999). In Middle Asia and Transcaucasia, populations are often associated with stabilized and semi-stable sandy soils, rocky steppes and foothills with sparse herbaceous and shrub vegetation. It is not found in extremely arid conditions (Minton, 1966). Animals generally live in burrows at the base of shrubs (Minton, 1966). Females lay two or three clutches of between two and six eggs annually.",In some areas the species is threatened by habitat conversion due to expansion of intensive agriculture and overgrazing of its habitat.,"Other than research activities, no direct conservation measures are needed for this species as a whole. In view of its wide range, it seems likely that the species is found within a number of protected areas.",,,"Boris Tuniyev, Natalia Ananjeva, Aram Agasyan, Nikolai Orlov, Sako Tuniyev, and Steven Anderson",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,BOIDAE,Eryx,jaculus,,Eryx jaculus,,"There are three subspecies: the nominative, E. j. jaculus (Linnaeus, 1758), E. e. turcicus (Olivier, 1801) and E. j. familiaris Eichwald, 1831; the latter inhabits territory of Dagestan and the Transcaucasian Region.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its very wide distribution, presumed large population, and although it is declining in parts of its range (e.g. Western Palearctic), overall it is unlikely to be declining fast enough (30% or more) to qualify for listing in a more threatened category at the global level. 



Turkey: LC",Decreasing,"This widespread species has been recorded from Romania (where it is possibly extinct), through Bulgaria, Albania, Macedonia, Greece (including the islands of Limnos, Paros, Antiparos, Kalymnos, Corfu, Lesbos, Chios and Samos among many others), Turkey (widespread, except in the Black Sea coastal region), eastwards into Iran, Iraq, northern Saudi Arabia and into the Caucasus Mountains of southern Armenia, Azerbaijan, eastern Georgia and southern Russia. It is also present in Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Egypt westwards through Libya, Tunisia and Algeria to Morocco. It can be found from below sea level up to 1,700m asl (Lake Van, Turkey).",It is generally an uncommon or rare species. In Romania it is known from only a few specimens.,"This species can be found inhabiting open dry steppes and semi-deserts. It appears to prefer clay and stony soils, and is more rarely it is encountered on stabilized sands and in vineyards and gardens. In the Caucasus it is found at altitudes from 1,500 up to 1,700m asl along the river valleys. On the northern border of its distribution range (in southern Russia) it has been recorded from the sheep's fescue-sagebrush steppe. Habitats everywhere are associated with arid landscapes. It can be found burrowing through the soil and often lives in rodent burrows. It is ovoviviparous, the females produce between six and 20 live young in August - September. Pregnancy continues about 5 months. Period of activity lasts from March - April to the beginning of October.","This species appears to be declining in various parts of its range, especially in the west. It is susceptible to intensification of agricultural methods, pollution, overcollection of animals and persecution by people. In Egypt it has been heavily overcollected for the pet trade and suitable habitats have been destroyed, mostly through quarrying and reclamation of land for agriculture.","This species is listed on Appendix II of CITES, Annex II of the Bern Convention, and on Annex IV of the European Union Habitat and Species Directive. It has been recorded from many protected areas. Further research is needed into the population dynamics and harvest levels for this species.",,,"Aram Agasyan, Aziz Avisi, Boris Tuniyev, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Petro Lymberakis, Claes Andrén, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nazan Üzüm, Nikolai Orlov, Richard Podloucky, Sako Tuniyev, Uğur Kaya, Roberto Sindaco, Wolfgang Böhme, Philippe Geniez, Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Yehudah Werner, Ahmad Mohammed Mousa Disi, Riyad Sadek, Ibrahim Baran, Petros Lymberakis, Rastko Ajtic, Bogoljub Sterijovski, Sherif Baha El Din, László Krecsák.",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,BOIDAE,Eryx,miliaris,,Eryx miliaris,,"There are two subspecies; one of them, E. m. miliaris, inhabits the area to the east of the Volga River and Caspian Sea. The second subspecies, E. m. nogaiorum, ranges within the deserts of Kalmykia, Dagestan and the Hagaiskaya steppe of Chechnya.",No,LC,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. The subspecies E. m. nogaiorum does not occur in any protected areas and is declining rapidly, but not yet at a rate sufficient to qualify for Vulnerable, and should be considered Near Threatened.",Decreasing,"This species ranges through northern Iran, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, the sandy deserts of Middle Asia and the eastern Ciscaucasia of Russia (Kalmykia, Chechnya, Dagestan). It ranges from sea level to around 1,000m asl.","This is generally a common species, however some subpopulations (and the subspecies E. m. nogaiorum) are declining.","This species is widely distributed in sandy deserts, in shifting sand dunes and semi-stabilized sand dunes. It prefers relatively loose soils on different types in deserts and semi-deserts (sagebrush Artemisia-glasswort Salsola desert and glasswort desert). Sometimes, animals can be found in clay and loess deserts, on the takyr with patches of vegetation near the sands, on the slopes of the ravines and on the margins of irrigated lands, as well as in the dry foothills on the valleys with sandy-clayish soil. It may also be encountered in vineyards. Animals often hide within the sand and use burrows of rodents and ruins as refuges. It is nocturnal during the hot part of the year; and is common on the surface in spring. The period of activity lasts for March to October over most of its range; and in the area of eastern Ciscaucasia and Kazakhstan from April to September. The species is viviparous, with the female giving birth for 4 to 15 young in July - August.","This species is threatened by habitat loss resulting from intensive agricultural expansion, the abandonment traditional agricultural areas, overgrazing of vegetation by livestock, mining and drilling operations (oil, salt, mirabilite, sulphur, natural gas), and industrialization in parts of Middle-Asia (including factories, and chemical plants). The subspecies E.m. nogaiorum is declining rapidly due to habitat loss and conversion of sandy dune habitats through irrigation to intensive agricultural use.","The subspecies Eryx miliaris nogaijorum is included into the "" Annotated list of taxa and population required a special attention to the status in the wildlife"" (Appendix to the Red Data Book of Russian Federation, 2001) due to reduction of the area of isolated sand deserts in Kalmykia and Ciscaucasia. It is protected in the ""Tschernye Zemli"" Reverse in Kalmykia (Russia). This species is listed on Appendix II of CITES.",,,"Boris Tuniyev, Natalia Ananjeva, Aram Agasyan, Nikolai Orlov, Sako Tuniyev, and Steven Anderson",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,GEKKONIDAE,Euleptes,europaea,,Euleptes europaea,,"This species was placed in the resurrected genus Euleptes, as opposed to Phyllodactylus, by Bauer et al. (1997).",No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"Listed as Near Threatened because its Extent of Occurrence is probably less than 20,000 km2, and although it might not be in overall decline, it occurs in several small, widely separated sub-populations, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.",Unknown,"This species is restricted to the Mediterranean islands of Corsica (France) and Sardinia (Italy) and most of the surrounding satellite islets of both Corsica and Sardinia. It is also found on a number of smaller offshore islands of France (Port-Cros and Le Levant in the Iles d'Hyeres, and nine small islands near Marseilles), and Italy (Elba, Gorgona, Capraia, Pianosa, Montecristo, and Giglio). There are also a few coastal mainland colonies in Tuscany and Liguria (Italy) (including at Monte Argentario, Piombino and Genoa), and in extreme southeastern France. It is also present on Cani Island and Galita Island, Tunisia. It can be found up to 1,500m asl, but is less common at high altitudes.","The species can be relatively abundant within suitable habitat. Mainland populations and those on larger islands are more threatened, but the species tends to be more secure on small islands. It might be more common than is expected because it is easily overlooked.","This strictly nocturnal species is generally found in rocky areas, such as cliffs, boulders and stone walls in agricultural land. It largely avoids areas of maquis vegetation, woodland and urban environments (although it may be encountered in abandoned houses). The females lay two to three clutches of two eggs annually.","On Corsica and Sardinia it is locally threatened by habitat loss resulting from fires and urbanization. The threats to populations on the offshore islands of Tunisia are not known. The mainland Italian population at Genoa, and French mainland populations, are probably threatened. On small islands, populations can be threatened by the introduction of predators (e.g. domestic cats).","This species is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive. It occurs in Port-Cros National Park, Parc National Corse (Corsica), Reserve Naturelle Scandola (Corsica), RN Lavezzi (Corsica), and RN Iles Marseilles (all in France) and in Parco Naturale dell' Uccelline in Tuscany (Italy). On Pianosa Island (Tuscany), an eradication programme has been carried out against feral cats.",,,"Claudia Corti, Marc Cheylan, Philippe Geniez, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,SCINCIDAE,Eumeces,schneideri,,Eumeces schneideri,,"Further taxonomic studies of this species are needed. Specimens from Mount Sinai and the Near East differ from those in North Africa and Southwest Asia (S. Baha El Din pers. comm.). The subspecies E. s. princeps Eichwald, 1839 occurs in the Caucasus and in Middle Asia.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its very wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



Turkey: LC",Stable,"This species ranges from North Africa, where it is present in northeastern Algeria, central Tunisia, northern Libya and northern Egypt (including Sinai), into southwestern Asia where it is found in Israel, west and central Jordan, Lebanon, western Syria, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia, northeast into the Caucasus and Central Asian regions, where it is found in southern Russia, eastern Georgia, southern Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan (restricted to the Mekram coast and Ormara and Astola islands [Minton, 1966]) and northwestern India. It also occurs on the island of Cyprus. It can be found up to 1,800m asl (Turkey).","It is locally common in good habitat, however it is usually fairly rare and dispersed. On the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, it is rare and localized.","This species occurs in a wide range of arid habitat types, including Mediterranean shrubland, semi-desert and rocky areas. Animals are not foundin forested habitats. It can be found in open vegetation close to oases, in bushes and steppe grassland, sandy hills, dry cultivated land and semi-desert. The female lays a clutch of between three and 20 eggs.","Numerous subspecies are declining across much of its range from habitat loss due to agricultural conversion. There are minimal threats to the species as a whole, and mostly from habitat loss and urbanization, but overall its status is secure. In Egypt it is threatened by heavy overcollection for the pet trade, and by overgrazing, quarrying, collection of firewood, land reclamation for agriculture and off-road vehicle use.","It is known from protected areas in Tunisia, Egypt and elsewhere in its range. Further taxonomic studies are needed for this species. Research into the trade of this species in Egypt is needed. In Egypt the species is under notable decline and may be considered to be locally threatened. It is included into the Red Data Book of Armenia (1987) as a rare species, and is also included within the Red Data Book of Georgia (1982). In Russia it is listed in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation (2001) - ""Annotated list of taxa and population required a special attention to their condition in the wildlife"". The species is considered to be 'endangered' in Russia where it is found in only two localities within Southeastern Daghestan.",,,"Petro Lymberakis, Aram Agasyan, Boris Tuniyev, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nikolai Orlov, Philippe Geniez, Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Wolfgang Böhme, Souad Hraoui-Bloquet, Sherif Baha El Din, C. Varol Tok",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,CAUDATA,SALAMANDRIDAE,Euproctus,montanus,,Euproctus montanus,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern since, although its Extent of Occurrence might be less than 20,000 km2, it is common with a presumed large population, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species is endemic to the island of Corsica, France. It ranges from the tip of Capo Corso in the north to Montagne de Cagna in the south, and from San Guillano in the east to Golfe de Girolata in the west. It occurs from near sea level to 2,260m asl.","It is very common in suitable habitat, mostly between 600 and 1,500m asl.","The aquatic habitats of this species are exclusively unpolluted small rivers, mountain rivers and lakes; it is most often found in calm sections where there is a high-water level. The terrestrial habitats of the species are generally open riverine macchia or woodland. It breeds in water, with approximately 70 eggs laid in groups under rocks. It is not considered to be very adaptable to changes in habitat.","Threats to this species include habitat fragmentation, the introduction of predatory fishes (e.g.. trout) to streams, water pollution and the over extraction of water for both agriculture and tourism. However, it is not believed to be significantly threatened at present.","The species is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention, on Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive and is also protected by national legislation. It occurs in a number of protected areas (Natura 2000 sites).",,,"Claude Miaud, Roberta Lecis, Paul Edgar, Marc Cheylan, Antonio Romano, Roberto Sindaco",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,CAUDATA,SALAMANDRIDAE,Euproctus,platycephalus,,Euproctus platycephalus,,,Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv)",EU27,,"Listed as Endangered, because its Area of Occupancy is less than 500 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat, and in the number of subpopulations.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Sardinia, Italy, where it is found only in the eastern part of the island between the Limbara Mountains in the north and the Sette Fratelli Mountains in the south. There are a few very old records from western Sardina (i.e. Linas Mount) (Lecis and Norris 2003), but these are very doubtful (it is believed the location was misreported). Further information is needed on the range of the species in the south-west of the island. It is found at elevations of between 50 and 1,800m asl, although it is most often found at elevations of 400-800m asl.","This is generally a rare species that can be locally common in suitable habitat (e.g. over 400 specimens may be found in a single pool). The largest population of the species is in the Gola di Gorroppu. In one well-studied population the sex ratio is largely male. The number of subpopulations is declining. Between 1999 and 2001 it was found in 14 sites, whereas around 1991 it was present in 30 sites (and even in 1991 it was absent from nine other sites where it had been previously observed). The northern population near Mount Limbara is close to extinction.","It is a montane species of permanent and temporary stagnant and running waters, which prefers calm areas of small or large rivers. Its terrestrial habitats are generally restricted to riverine scrub or woodland, and the species may also be found in cave systems. Its breeding sites are permanent pools, water holes, small lakes and streams. The eggs are deposited between stones or are buried in sand; the larvae develop in the streams (Griffiths 1996; Rimpp 1998). The species is quite adaptable and can be found in artificial pools.","The major threats to the species are pollution of waterbodies, habitat fragmentation, predation by introduced trout, and prolonged drought (often caused by excessive water abstraction). During the 1950s, many populations were lost through the application of DDT to waterbodies. Recently, the Gola di Gorroppu population has become threatened through damage to its habitat caused by tourist activities. At least one population is known to be affected by chytridiomycosis and is declining.","This species is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and on Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive; it is also protected by regional legislation (Regional Law n. 23/1998 (art. 5, c. 3)). The Gola di Gorroppuu has been designated as a Site of Community Importance under the Habitats Directive. In addition, a number of populations live in established and planned protected areas, including Parco Regionale Sette Fratelli, Parco Nazionale Gennargentu-Golfo di Orosei, and Parco Regionale Monte Limbara. Programmes to remove trout from the species' habitat would assist in the recovery of populations.",,,"Antonio Romano, Roberto Sindaco, Franco Andreone, Roberta Lecis, Paul Edgar, Benedikt Schmidt, Claudia Corti",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Gallotia,atlantica,,Gallotia atlantica,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern because, although its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, it is common, occurs in habitats that are not significantly threatened, and does not appear to be in decline.",Stable,"This species is endemic to the Canary Islands (Spain). It has been recorded from the islands of Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Lobos, La Graciosa, Montana Clara and Roque del Este. There is an introduced population (from Lanzarote) in the vicinity of Arinaga in eastern Gran Canaria Island. It is present from sea level to 670m asl on Lanzarote and to 800m asl on Fuerteventura.",It is generally an abundant species.,"This species is found in a wide range of dry, open habitats. It has been recorded from coastal sandy areas with sparse vegetation, scrubland, open dry forest, cultivated and urban areas. The species is generally only absent from barren lava fields resulting from relatively recent volcanic activity. The females annually lay two to three clutches of one to five eggs.","In general there are no major threats to this species as a whole. The introduced population of Gran Canaria is declining due to habitat loss through urbanization.. The population on the Roque del Este is very rare but still survives. Populations of this species on small islands and in fragments of habitat remaining in recent lava fields, are considered to be especially vulnerable to habitat loss and introduced predators.","It is protected by national legislation, and it is present in a number of protected areas. Subspecies laurae is considered vulnerable in the Spanish national Red List.",,,"Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Gallotia,auaritae,,Gallotia auaritae,,"This taxon was originally described as a subspecies of Gallotia simonyi by Mateo et al. (2001), but we follow Afonso and Mateo (2003) in treating it as a full species. There is an urgent need to establish the identity of recently observed animals in northern La Palma (Mínguez et al. 2007) which might represent a remnant population of this species.",Yes,CR,D,Yes,CR,D,EU27,,"Listed as Critically Endangered because any remnant population possibly totals fewer than 50 mature individuals. It is also possible that this species will qualify for the C2a(i) criteria, however additional studies are needed into the total population number and current population trend.",Unknown,"This possibly extinct species once ranged from sea-level up to 800m asl in the littoral zone of La Palma in the Canary Islands (Spain). Its decline started 2,000 years ago with the arrival of humans on La Palma. Although it was believed to have become extinct in the last 500 years, there are recent sightings and photographs of giant Gallotia lizards from northern La Palma (Mínguez et al. 2007; (Jose Antonio Mateo Miras pers. comm. 2008). While the identity of these lizards needs to be verified through the capture of an individual, it is probable that there has only ever been a single species of large Gallotia on La Palma (Barahona et al. 2000; Mateo et al. 2003; Jose Antonio Mateo Miras pers. comm. 2008). Recent observations have been between 40 and 200m asl.","While this species is possibly extinct, recent observations suggest that a small remnant population of these lizards is present in northern La Palma (Mínguez et al. 2007; Jose Antonio Mateo Miras pers. comm. 2008).","It apparently previously occurred through the littoral zone of La Palma, living in xerophytic vegetation. It is presumably an egg-laying species.","The causes of extinction over much of this species range appear to have been introduced cats, consumption by people, and conversion of land to agricultural use. The current threats to any remaining populations need further investigation.","It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas. There is a need to verify the identity of animals recently observed; if these are not individual of Gallotia auaritae, it remains probable that these populations will still be of very high conservation concern. There is an urgent need to secure any remaining populations of giant Gallotia lizards on La Palma, including strict protect of areas of suitable habitat and prevention of collection of animals for non-research purposes.",,,"Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Gallotia,bravoana,,Gallotia bravoana,,"Following the ruling of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, the name of this species is Gallotia bravoana, not Gallotia gomerana.",Yes,CR,D,Yes,CR,D,EU27,,"Listed as Critically Endangered because its population size is estimated to number fewer than 50 mature individuals, its populations are severely fragmented, and although it is no longer experiencing a continuing population decline, it has only been increasing since 2001.",Increasing,"This species, thought to be long extinct, was rediscovered as a living animal in 1999, and is known only from two separate inaccessible cliffs 2 km apart, close to the Valle Gran Rey, in the west of the island of La Gomera in the Canary Islands (Spain). The species is thought to have once ranged throughout much of La Gomera, and the present range is less than one hectare.",The population of this species consists of only 90 wild individuals remaining in the wild. There is a captive population of about 44 animals (in 2004).,This species is once widespread in many habitat types on La Gomera. It is now restricted to dry cliffs with sparse vegetation. The species is generally diurnal and mostly herbivorous. The females lay a single clutch annually of three to seven eggs on average.,"The main threats to this species are predation by feral cats, and rock falls within its restricted range. The species historically declined through overgrazing, hunting, and predation by feral cats and rats.","It is present in the Parque Rural de Valle Gran Rey. The species is protected by international legislation. A captive breeding programme has been established on La Gomera, and a species recovery plan is in place. There is a need to control cat populations in the vicinity of the remaining animals. Further surveys are needed on La Gomera within other isolated areas to determine if any more remnant populations of this species persist. The implementation of education programmes for local people has been recommended.",,,"Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Gallotia,caesaris,,Gallotia caesaris,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern because, although its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, it is common, occurs in habitats that are not significantly threatened, and does not appear to be in decline.",Stable,"This species is endemic to the Canary Islands of Spain. It is present on the islands of El Hierro, La Gomera, Roque Grande de Salmor, and Roquillo (a small island north of La Gomera). It has been introduced to Los Cristianos in the south of Tenerife Island and may have been introduced to Funchal Botanic Garden the island of Madeira, Portugal. It is found from sea level to 1,500m asl.",It is a very common species.,"The species is present in a wide variety of habitats, including open areas, shrubland, cultivated and urban areas. It is less common in native laurel and canary pine forest habitats. Females may annually lay three clutches of one to five eggs.",There appear to be no major threats to this species.,"It is protected by international legislation, and occurs in a number of protected areas.",,,"Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Gallotia,galloti,,Gallotia galloti,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern because, although its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, it is common, occurs in habitats that are not significantly threatened, and does not appear to be in decline.",Stable,"This species is endemic to the Canary Islands (Spain). It is native to Tenerife, La Palma, and the smaller islands of Roque de Anaga de Dentro, Roque de Anaga de Fuera, Roque de Fasnia and Roque de Garachico. The species has recently been introduced to the island of El Hierro (only one individual known) and also at Morro Jable (large population) on Fuerteventura in the Canary Islands. Reports of this species from the island of Madeira, Portugal, are believed to be erroneous. It occurs from sea level up to 3,000m asl (Tenerife).",It is a common species.,"This species is common in various open, rocky and shrubland habitats. It is commonly associated with stone walls in cultivated areas. The species is rarer in forested areas, where it may be confined to pathways and other open areas. Females annually lay one or two clutches of two to nine eggs.",There appear to be no major threats to this species. It is sometimes controlled as a pest in agricultural areas.,It is protected by international legislation and is present in a number of protected areas. The subspecies insulanagae is considered Near Threatened on the Spanish Red List.,,,"Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Gallotia,intermedia,,Gallotia intermedia,,"This species is described by Hernández et al. (2000), but the name first appeared in Barbadillo et al. (1999).",Yes,CR,B1ab(v)+2ab(v),Yes,CR,B1ab(v)+2ab(v),EU27,,"Listed as Critically Endangered because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 100 km2 and its Area Of Occupancy is less than 10km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and although it is no longer experiencing a continuing population decline, it has only been increasing since 2001.",Increasing,"This species was discovered in 1996 in the Macizo de Teno in the extreme northwest of Tenerife island, in the Canary Islands (Spain). It is now know from a small area of coastline in the extreme west of the island, and also from Montana de Guaza in the extreme south. It is believed that the species was once widespread throughout much of Tenerife.","There are 40 isolated populations along 9 km of coastline, totaling 500 animals. The population at Montana de Guaza is around 100 animals. It is increasing as a result of the control of introduced mammals.","This species inhabits rugged terrain, with rocks and boulders, often found on small rock ledges with sparse vegetation. The species is presumed to have once occurred in a variety of habitats across Tenerife. The species is largely herbivorous. It is an egg-laying species.","The main threat to this species is predation by feral cats and, to a lesser degree, by rats. It is presumed that the historical decline in this species was largely due to predation by cats. Several of the smaller populations, consisting of a few individuals, may be threatened by the effects of inbreeding.","Measures to control access by cats to some of the remaining populations, such as fencing, have been implemented. A recovery action plan has been developed for this species. The species may still exist in other inaccessible parts of Tenerife, more field surveys are urgently needed. It occurs in at least one protected area.",,,"Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Gallotia,simonyi,,Gallotia simonyi,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(v)+2ab(v),Yes,CR,B1ab(v)+2ab(v),EU27,,"Listed as Critically Endangered because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 100 km2 and its Area Of Occupancy is less than 10km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and although it is no longer experiencing a continuing population decline, it has only been increasing since 2002 (and declines might have resumed since control of feral cats has stopped).",Stable,"This species is endemic to the island of El Hierro in the Canary Islands (Spain). The species was once present throughout much of the island and on the small offshore Roque Chico de Salmor. It is currently restricted to the southern end of the Risco de Tibataje, in la Fuga de Gorreta, located between Guinea and the so-called Paso del Pino (an area of about four hectares), with reintroduced populations on the Roque Chico de Salmor, and at Julan and la Dehesa on El Hierro. The species ranges between 350 and 500m asl.",The population of this species is about 300 to 400 animals in the wild (including re-introduced populations)..,"It is now confined to a small areas of cliff with sparse vegetation. The species is believed to have once occurred throughout much of El Hierro, being only absent from areas of laurel forest. It is a largely herbivorous species. It has two clutches of five to thirteen eggs.","The major threat to this species is predation by feral cats, and possibly also by dogs and rats. A remnant population was extirpated from the Roque Chico de Salmor in the 1930s through the overcollection of animals for scientific institutions and commercial interests. Control of feral cats stopped in in 2002.","A recovery plan for this species has been developed, and captive-breeding and reintroduction programmes are in place. The species was successfully reintroduced to the Roque Chico de Salmor in 1999, and subsequent reintroductions have taken place at Julan and at la Dehesa. Continued control of feral cats should be resumed to allow population recovery. This species is protected by national and international legislation. It is listed on Appendix I of CITES. Both la Fuga de Gorreta and the Roque Chico de Salmor are protected areas.",,,"Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Gallotia,stehlini,,Gallotia stehlini,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern because, although its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, it is common, occurs in habitats that are not significantly threatened, and does not appear to be in decline.",Stable,"This species is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands of Spain. There are additional introduced populations of the species on Fuerteventura. There are also records of introduced animals from Gomera and La Palma, but it is not clear that these represent established populations, and so they are not mapped. It is present from sea level to over 1,850m asl.",It is an abundant species.,"This species is present in a wide variety of habitats. It occurs in open areas, shrubland, rocky humid gorges. The species is absent from forested areas. In Fuerteventura it is found in agricultural areas. It is an egg-laying species.","Although this species is generally still abundant, it is impacted by predation by feral cats and rats.",This species is protected by international legislation. It is occurs in a number of protected areas.,,,"Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,VIPERIDAE,Gloydius,halys,,Gloydius halys,,"The nominative G. h. halys inhabits the eastern part of the species range; G. h. caraganus is found in western areas including Kazakhstan and Middle Asia; G. h. caucasicus is distributed in Azerbaijan, northern Iran and northwestern Afghanistan",No,,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"This widespread snake generally ranges from the Caucasus and northern Iran, through Central and Middle Asia, to southeastern Russia, Mongolia and northeastern China.",This species is generally a common species within appropriate habitat; exceptionally it is uncommon in the Caucasus region.,"This species has been recorded from a number of habitats. Populations have been found in scrubland, mountain and hill habitats, forested areas and among rocks (Latifi, 1991). Between 3 to 14 young are born.",It lowland parts of the species range populations may be threatened by overgrazing of their habitat by domestic livestock. It is generally not threatened in more montane localities.,"The Caucasian subspecies G. h. caucasicus was included into the Red Data Book of Turkmenistan (1985) as a rare subspecies (category 3); however, it is now excluded from the list of protected species (Red Data Book of Turkmenistan, 1999). This species has been recorded from many protected areas.",,,"Boris Tuniyev, Natalia Ananjeva, Aram Agasyan, Nikolai Orlov, Sako Tuniyev, Steven Anderson, Göran Nilson",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Hellenolacerta,graeca,,Hellenolacerta graeca,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Listed as Near Threatened because its Extent of Occurrence is probably not much greater than 20,000km2, and the extent and quality of its habitat is declining, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to the Peloponnese region of southern Greece. It ranges from sea level up to 1,600m asl.","It can be a locally common species in appropriate high humidity habitats, although the populations are usually small. This species has not been surveyed since the Peloponnese fires in 2007 but it may have been affected.","It is generally found close to water sources, or humid areas, in upland and coastal regions.  Animals may be found in shaded parts of rocky areas, scree and light, open woodland. It can also be found on the tree-lined edges of pastureland. The females lay a single clutch of one to six eggs annually.",Wildfire and human-caused fires can be a threat to the species' habitat. It is not known to be in the pet trade. Planting of eucalyptus trees is affecting the species' habitat.,This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention. Its range includes a few protected areas.,,,"Wolfgang Böhme, Petros Lymberakis",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,GEKKONIDAE,Hemidactylus,turcicus,,Hemidactylus turcicus,,"Specimens from India, Pakistan, Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Sudan, Somalia and Kenya are now referable to H. robustus (S. Baha El Din 2006; Bauer et al. 2006).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of extensive habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



EU27: LC

EU: LC

Turkey: LC",Increasing,"This species is widely distributed around the Mediterranean Basin, east through West Asia as far as India, often in built-up areas. In mainland Europe it is found in southwestern Portugal, southern and eastern Spain, southern France, much of coastal Italy, and coastal Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, southern Montenegro, southeast to western Albania and most of Greece. It is found on numerous islands in the Mediterranean, including the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Crete and Cyprus, and many smaller islands in the Tyrrhenian, Adriatic and Aegean Seas.  In mainland Asia it is found in western and southern Turkey (coastal zones, as far inland as Afyon, with an isolated population at Samsun on the north coast), western Syria, Lebanon, Israel and western Jordan. On mainland Africa it is found from northern Morocco through northern Algeria, much of Tunisia, northern Libya, northern and eastern Egypt (including some offshore islands) and the Nile Valley. It was most likely introduced in antiquity through much of its supposedly native range, but it is no longer clear when and where these introductions took place. In more recent times, it has been widely introduced, with introduced populations known from the Canary Islands (Spain), the southern United States, parts of Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, Cuba and possibly Belize [not mapped here]. This is a lowland species that is occasionally found up to 1,100m asl. Arabian populations are now referred to H. robustus.",It is abundant over much of its distribution and its range and population is increasing.,"It is extremely adaptable species. It is found in shrubland, rocky areas, salt marshes, coastal areas, cliffs, caves, on stone walls in agricultural areas and it is common in urban environments, including inside buildings. The females lay two to three clutches per year of one to two eggs.","There are no major threats to this very adaptable species. Animals are occasionally persecuted in tourist resorts, and there is some collection of the species for the pet trade, although this does not seem to have a significant impact on the overall population.","It is listed on Annex III of the Bern Convention and is present in a number of protected areas. Further taxonomic studies on this species are needed, particularly for populations in the eastern and Arabian parts of its range (S. Baha El Din pers. comm.).",,,"Aram Agasyan, Aziz Avisi, Boris Tuniyev, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Petro Lymberakis, Claes Andrén, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nazan Üzüm, Nikolai Orlov, Richard Podloucky, Sako Tuniyev, Uğur Kaya, Milan Vogrin, Claudia Corti, Valentin Pérez Mellado, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Marc Cheylan, Juan Pleguezuelos, Sherif Baha El Din, C. Varol Tok",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,COLUBRIDAE,Hemorrhois,hippocrepis,,Hemorrhois hippocrepis,,"This species is included in Hemorrhois, rather than Coluber, following Nagy et al. (2004).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"In Europe, this species is present in central and southern Portugal, southern, central and eastern Spain, southern Sardinia (Italy) and on Pantelleria Island (Italy). In North Africa it is found from Morocco, eastwards through northern Algeria to northern Tunisia. It is found from sea level up to 2,660 m asl. The populations of the Italian islands of Sardinia and Pantellaria are probably introduced in historical times, but this requires verification.",It can be common in suitable habitat. In Sardinia this species seems rare.,"This slender bodies colubrid snake is adapted to vertical substrates, and occurs in a wide variety of arid, dry and rocky habitats. It is very adaptable to modified habitats, commonly found in scrubland, coastal plains, arable land, pastures, vineyards, almond and olive groves, rural gardens, villages and cities in and around buildings. The females lay clutches of up to 11 eggs.","It is also locally threatened by accidental mortality on roads, occasional persecution, and also by accidental poisoning through the use of agrochemicals. In North Africa, it is increasingly captured for use by snake charmers in local markets.","This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention, and is presumed to occur in a number of protected areas.",,,"Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Marc Cheylan, M. Saïd Nouira, Ulrich Joger, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,COLUBRIDAE,Hemorrhois,nummifer,,Hemorrhois nummifer,,"This species is included in Hemorrhois, rather than Coluber, following Nagy et al. (2004).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



Turkey: LC",Unknown,"This species ranges from the Aegean islands of Greece (including Leros, Rhodos, Symi, Kalymnos, Kos, Lipsi and Megisti Kastelorizo), to Cyprus, western and southern Turkey, southwards into Syria, Lebanon, northern and central Israel and western and northwestern Jordan. It also extends eastwards into northeastern Iran, Armenia, northern Iraq, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, eastern Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. There are isolated populations in northern Egypt (close to Cairo and the southern Sinai Peninsula). It is largely a lowland species, but can be found up to around 2,000m asl in Turkey.",It is generally a very common species. In Egypt it is a rare species.,"This species is found in open areas, including open dry woodland and shrubland, with some rocks and bushy vegetation. It is adaptable and can be found in both rural and urban areas. The females lay clutches of four to 10 eggs.",This species is frequently killed by people as it resembles a viper. In Egypt it is also threatened by collection for the pet trade and may be threatened by general habitat degradation through overgrazing of its habitat.,It is found in many protected areas. It is protected by national legislation in Israel. There is a need to develop national legislation to protect this species in Egypt. It is considered to be Vulnerable in Egypt (S. Baha El Din. pers. comm.).,,,"Aram Agasyan, Aziz Avisi, Boris Tuniyev, Petro Lymberakis, Claes Andrén, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nazan Üzüm, Nikolai Orlov, Richard Podloucky, Sako Tuniyev, Uğur Kaya, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Souad Hraoui-Bloquet, Riyad Sadek, Pierre-André Crochet, Ahmad Mohammed Mousa Disi, Yehudah Werner, Sherif Baha El Din",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,COLUBRIDAE,Hemorrhois,ravergieri,,Hemorrhois ravergieri,,"This species is included in Hemorrhois, rather than Coluber, following Nagy et al. (2004).",No,,,No,,,EU27,,"Listed as globally Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. Southern relictual populations are generally considered to be threatened.",Unknown,"This species has been recorded from central, eastern and southeastern Turkey, east to the southern Caucasus, Iran, Iraq, through Central and South Asia, into western Mongolia and northwestern China. There are isolated populations in northern Jordan, Lebanon (restricted to montane areas) and Mount Hermon, and it has been recorded from Greece (the island of Kos), but this might be a misidentification and requires further confirmation. In the north and east of its range the species has a continuous distribution, in the Near East it has a relictual montane range. It can occur from about 900m to 2,400m asl.",In the north of its range it is quite common in montane areas; in the south it is a rare relictual species.,"This species is found in sparsely vegetated, rocky or stony areas, in montane regions. It is not present in human modified areas. This species lays eggs.",There are no major threats to the species in Turkey. Relictual southern populations are possibly threatened by overgrazing of habitat. It is regularly persecuted and this might especially impact relictual populations.,This species is present in the Mount Hermon protected area. It is protected by Israeli national legislation.,,,"Ahmad Mohammed Mousa Disi, Souad Hraoui-Bloquet, Riyad Sadek, Yehudah Werner, Wolfgang Böhme, Petros Lymberakis, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Pierre-André Crochet",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,COLUBRIDAE,Hierophis,cypriensis,,Hierophis cypriensis,,This species is included in Hierophis following Utiger and Schätti (2004).,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"Listed as Endangered because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, all individuals are in fewer than five locations, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat.",Decreasing,"This species is limited to the Troodos massif and foothills of western Cyprus. There are very few known localities. It ranges from around 500 to 1,400m asl.",It is an uncommon species.,"This snake can be found in humid areas with dense bushes, close to water or within forests. Irregularly feeds on amphibians, and may be found close to dams and similar areas where prey are often more abundant.","It is generally threatened by persecution by local people and tourists, and through ongoing logging of forest habitat in the Troodos Mountains.",Much of its range is within a State Forest protected area. There is some public education through a local snake park.,,,"Wolfgang Böhme, Petros Lymberakis, Pierre-André Crochet",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,COLUBRIDAE,Hierophis,gemonensis,,Hierophis gemonensis,,"This species was formerly included in the genus Coluber, but is included here in Hierophis following Schätti and Utiger (2001) and Nagy et al. (2004).",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species ranges from Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania (mostly lowlands) and western and southern Greece. It is present on a number of islands in the Adriatic Sea, and is present on both the Ionian Islands and the islands of Euboa, Kythera, Crete (and adjacent islets) and Karpathos of Greece. The species may be present in extreme northeastern Italy, although records from this area need to be confirmed (Claudia Corti pers. comm.). This species ranges from sea level to 1,400 m asl.",It can be very common. It is considered to be declining in Albania.,"This species occurs in dry, stony areas, scrubland, macchia, open woodland, vineyards, olive groves, generally overgrown areas, rural gardens and ruins. The females lay clutches of four to 10 eggs.","It is locally threatened in parts of it range by habitat loss to agricultural intensification, fire and pollution. However, in general there appear to be no major threats to this species.","It is listed on Annex III of the Bern Convention, and is present in many protected areas. No further conservation measures are immediately needed for this species.",,,"Petros Lymberakis, Rastko Ajtic",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,COLUBRIDAE,Hierophis,viridiflavus,,Hierophis viridiflavus,,"This species was formerly included in the genus Coluber, but is included here in Hierophis following Schätti and Utiger (2001) and Nagy et al. (2004). Nagy et al. (2002) showed that the subspecies H. viridiflavus carbonarius is probably a different evolutionary unit from H.v. viridiflavus. The synonym Hierophis gyarosensis (known only from the island of Gyaros [Greece]) is actually a translocation of H.v. carbonarius (Utiger and Schätti 2004).",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species ranges from northeastern Spain; western, southern, eastern and northeastern France; and southern Switzerland, through most of Italy, to southwestern Slovenia and northern Croatia. It is present on the Mediterranean islands of Corsica (France), Sardinia, Sicily and most other Italian islands, Krk (Croatia), and Malta. The species may occur in Luxembourg, but this requires verification. The species is absent from Austria. It has also been translocated to the island of Gyaros (Greece) in the Aegean Sea where it was previously recognized as a distinct species Hierophis gyarosensis. It ranges from sea level up to 2,000m asl.",It can be a very common species.,"It is found in dry, open, well vegetated habitats. It occurs in scrubland, macchia, open woodland (deciduous and mixed), heathland, cultivated areas, dry river beds, rural gardens, road verges, stone walls and ruins. The species lays four to 15 eggs.","It is locally threatened by high accidental mortality on roads, especially close to urban or tourist areas, but this is not considered to be a major threat to the species overall.  It is also persecuted throughout its range because people mistakenly believe it to be venomous.  It is not known to be collected in significant numbers. It is threatened by habitat loss through conversion of land to intensive agricultural use in Switzerland (Andreas Meyer pers. comm.).","This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention, and on Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive. It is present in a number of protected areas throughout its range. This species is categorized as Endangered in Switzerland (Monney and Meyer, 2005) and is protected by national legislation.",,,"Milan Vogrin, Claudia Corti, Valentin Pérez Mellado, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Marc Cheylan, Juan Pleguezuelos, Andreas Meyer, Benedikt Schmidt, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,HYLIDAE,Hyla,arborea,,Hyla arborea,,"Hyla arborea is the central member of the Hyla arborea complex, which includes several species of European and Asiatic tree frogs.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



Turkey: LC",Decreasing,"This is a widespread Palearctic species occurring from Iberia (where there are scattered populations within its range) and France, eastwards to western Russia and the Caucasian region, and southwards to the Balkans and Turkey (except extreme eastern, southeastern parts). It is mostly absent from Scandinavia (except southern and eastern Denmark and extreme southern Sweden), and has been introduced to the UK (New Forest) but is now thought to be extinct there and is not mapped. This is a lowland species that has been recorded at a maximum altitude (in Europe) of 2,300m asl. (Bulgaria), although this requires reconfirmation.","While the species is common in suitable habitats in parts of its range, it is reported to be fragmented and in significant decline over much of its Western European distribution (e.g., Gasc et al. , 1997; Baker, 1997; Fog, 1995).","This species is generally associated with open, well-illuminated broad-leaved and mixed forests, bush and shrublands, meadows, gardens, vineyards, orchards, parks, lake shores and low riparian vegetation. Dark and dense forests are avoided. Populations can tolerate periods of dryness and can be encountered in dry habitats (Dan Cogălniceanu pers. comm., October 2008). Spawning and larval development takes place in stagnant waters such as lakes, ponds, swamps and reservoirs, and sometimes in ditches and puddles. The species has been reported from anthropogenic landscapes, including large cities (e.g., Kiev). It sometimes occurs in sympatry with Hyla meridionalis (and produces infertile hybrids).","The species is quite sensitive to changes in habitat, including loss and fragmentation of forests, bush groves and meadows (with the isolation of populations), and the drainage and pollution of wetlands (industrial and agricultural) and predatory fish species. These impacts on metapopulations have led to declines in parts of Europe, and possible local declines in Turkey. The species is collected for the pet trade, and in some parts of its range (western Europe) this might be leading to local population declines.","It is listed on Appendix II of the Berne Convention and is listed on Annex IV of the EU Natural Habitats Directive. The species is protected by national legislation in many countries, it is recorded on many national and sub-national Red Data books and lists and it is present in many protected areas. It has been reintroduced to Latvia (Gaua National Park, Riga District) in 1987-1992 from Belarus and from captive bred individuals raised at Riga Zoo. Further research into the distribution limits of this species in southern Turkey is needed. In parts of this species range, mitigation measures to reduce road kill have been established.



In Sweden, a ""restocking program"" has successfully has increased the population from 2,000 (1980) to 50,000 (2008) in about 900 breeding ponds and the species has been repopulated to its historic range. The species benefits from pond creation programs in several areas of Central Europe. This is often a flagship species for numerous restoration programs.",,,"Ugur Kaya, Aram Agasyan, Aziz Avisi, Boris Tuniyev, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Petro Lymberakis, Claes Andrén, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nazan Üzüm, Nikolai Orlov, Richard Podloucky, Sako Tuniyev, Uğur Kaya",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,HYLIDAE,Hyla,intermedia,,Hyla intermedia,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species is largely restricted to mainland Italy and the island of Sicily (Italy); smaller populations are present on the edge of its range in southern Switzerland and western Slovenia (a single site on the Italian border). The species has an altitudinal range of sea level to at least 1,855m asl.","It is still quite abundant in Italy, although populations have declined in some alpine valleys.","It is usually associated with lowland woodland and forest; also found in some wetland habitats (e.g. reedbeds). It breeds in standing waters (lakes, small stagnant ponds, water tanks). The species is sometimes found in modified habitats (e.g. rice fields).","The species is potentially threatened by local habitat loss to urbanization and water pollution (presumably by agrochemicals). But overall, it is not seriously threatened.",It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention and is protected by national legislation in Italy and Switzerland. It is present in a number of protected areas.,,,"Franco Andreone, Benedikt Schmidt, Milan Vogrin, Claudia Corti, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,HYLIDAE,Hyla,meridionalis,,Hyla meridionalis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"The natural distribution of this species is in the western Mediterranean. It is present in southern France, Monaco, coastal northwestern Italy (Ligury and southern Piedmont), Spain, Portugal, and in northern Africa (Morocco, northern Algeria, and northern Tunisia). In the drier parts of its range (for example in parts of north Africa and Iberia) its distribution is fragmented due to limited available habitat, and it has a small Area of Occupancy within its wider Extent of Occurrence. The species is also present on the Canary Islands (Spain) and Madeira (Portugal) (it was introduced in antiquity on these islands). It is introduced on Menorca (Spain). The distribution in Algeria and Tunisia is poorly known but several authors have mentioned that the species ranges south of the Tell Atlas (D. Donaire-Barroso pers. comm.). It is generally found at low to mid elevations from sea level, rarely up to 2,650m asl (Morocco).","Generally, it is common across its range. Populations in southeastern Spain and isolated populations in the Basque country, Spain, are declining mostly through loss of breeding habitats. It is locally threatened in Italy.","This species may be found in trees, shrubs, orchards, vineyards, and grasses generally near to freshwater habitats; the species can occur at high densities within suitable vegetation. Breeding and larval development take place in ponds, springs, irrigation ditches, temporary pools, flooded meadows, lagoons, cattle pools, wells and even swimming pools. It is sympatric in some areas with Hyla arborea (and produces infertile hybrids).","The species is locally threatened by terrestrial habitat loss (intensification of agriculture; infrastructure development), aquatic pollution (agriculture; mosquito control), and loss of breeding sites (e.g.. drinking troughs). The introduction of predatory Louisiana Crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii ), and fishes (such as Gambusia holbrooki ) to breeding sites is a serious threat to this species. The species appears to show a greater resilience to eutrophication than many other species, possibly as the eutrophic waters promote the growth of reed mace and other favorable vegetation.",The species is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and on Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive. It is recorded in a number of national and sub-national Red Data Books and Lists and is protected in parts of its range by national and sub-national legislation. The species occurs in many European and North African protected areas.,,,"David Donaire-Barroso, Trevor Beebee, Pedro Beja, Franco Andreone, Jaime Bosch, Miguel Tejedo, Miguel Lizana, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Alfredo Salvador, Mario García-París, Ernesto Recuero Gil, Tahar Slimani , El Hassan El Mouden, Rafael Marquez",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,HYLIDAE,Hyla,sarda,,Hyla sarda,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species is restricted to the Mediterranean Islands of Corsica (France) and Elba, Cavallo, Monte Cristo, Sardinia, Maddalena, Caprera and San Pietro (Italy). It has an altitudinal range of sea level to 1,750m asl (Corsica).","It is still quite widespread and common, especially in Corsica and Sardinia. The populations on the smaller islets are subject to fluctuations in size related to the temporary character of the breeding sites.","This species is found within the vicinity of pools, ponds and streams, usually in woody areas. In residential areas they can be found in gardens, as long as there is nearby water. It reproduces in springs, cisterns and other suitable waterbodies.",There are no significant threats to this species at present.,It is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and is listed on Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive. This species is protected by national legislation and is present in some protected areas.,,,"Franco Andreone, Claude Miaud, Marc Cheylan, Claudia Corti, Philippe Geniez, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,HYLIDAE,Hyla,savignyi,,Hyla savignyi,,"Hyla savignyi is a member of the Hyla arborea complex. It was previously considered to be a subspecies of H. arborea . A new species, Hyla heinzsteinitzi , from Israel, that is related to Hyla savignyi , has recently been described (Grach et al 2007)",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.                                                                                                                        Turkish: LC",Stable,"This species is widespread in western Asia and southern Transcaucasia, including Cyprus, southeastern Turkey, the Levant, the Arabian Peninsula (the Asir region of southern Saudi Arabia and northern Yemen), Iran (Zagros region, and an isolated population in Golestan National Park [Max Kasparek pers. comm. November 2008]), northern Iraq, Talysh (Azerbaijan), Armenia, and northwestwards to Tbilisi, (Georgia). It has also been reported from the northeastern region of Sinai, Egypt (first recorded in the early 1990's). It is present from 400m below sea level (Jordan) to above 1,800m.",This species is relatively common in suitable habitat. It is the most abundant amphibian species in Israel; it is very common in Lebanon and is considered to be rare in Jordan.,"The species lives in much drier landscapes than Hyla arborea , including steppes, deserts and semi-deserts. It is also present in gardens, bush lands, montane forest edges, open oak and juniper forests, and areas with permanent or semi permanent water sources (including oasis) with good surrounding vegetation (e.g.. Phragmites , Oleander). The species may be found at considerable distances from waterbodies in xeric environments, such as rocky slopes and on the xerophytic bush Alhagi pseudoalhagi . Spawning and larval development takes place in small stagnant waterbodies, drainage canals and slow flowing brooks with dense herbaceous and shrub vegetation. The species is able to adapt to light habitat modification, and may be found in rural, or semi-urban, areas where suitable wetland habitat exists.","Severe drought, drying from water extraction, overgrazing and habitat loss might lead to localized declines. In Syrian Arab Republic and the Arabian Peninsula it might be threatened by water pollution and anthropogenic changes of habitat. In Israel, available breeding sites have declined by up to 30% in recent years.","It is protected by national legislation in Israel. Present in protected areas in Georgia (Hoseov and Skibahoa Reserves), Armenia, Azerbaijan, Jordan (Dana and Al Mujib Wildlife Reserves) and Lebanon (Arz El-Shouf, Horj Ehden, Ammiq marshes and Sandy Beach of Sour). It is present in several protected areas in Turkey. The contact zone between H. savignyi and H. arborea in Georgia requires special attention (S. Kuzmin pers. comm.)",,,"Sergius Kuzmin, Ahmad Disi, Gad Degani, David Tarkhnishvili, Boris Tuniyev, Max Sparreboom, Ismail Ugurtas, Nasrullah Rastegar-Pouyani, Steven Anderson, Riyad Sadek, Souad Hraoui-Bloquet, Avital Gasith, Eldad Elron, Sarig Gafny, Uğur Kaya",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Iberolacerta,aranica,,Iberolacerta aranica,,"This taxon is now considered to be a full species based on evidence from Arribas (1999), Crochet et al. (2004), Mayer and Arribas (1996, 2003) and Odierna et al. (1996). It was formerly included in the genus Lacerta, but is now included in Iberolacerta, following Carranza et al. (2004), and based on evidence from Arribas (1998, 1999), Carranza et al. (2004), Harris et al. (1998) and Mayer and Arribas (2003).",Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"Listed as Endangered because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline projected in the extent and quality of its habitat.",Decreasing,"This species is found in the Central Pyrenean Mountains of France and Spain. It was previously thought to be restricted to an area of about 25 km2 of the Mauberme massif, between the Arán and Ariége valleys, but in 2006 a new population was discovered in Mont Valier (France). It occurs from 1,640 to 2,668 m asl.",It is common within its restricted range. The species occurs in fragmented populations associated with rocky and stony habitats.,"This species is found in rocky alpine habitats, such as stony meadows, rock outcrops and gravelly slopes. It is an egg-laying species.","This species is possibly threatened by overgrazing of habitat by cattle, collection of specimens, and is inferred to be threatened by future habitat loss through the development of ski resorts, lodges and hotels, the construction of roads and tracks, and the use of all-terrain vehicles. It is additionally threatened by the possible development of hydroelectric projects and mining. It is also possible that this species will be significantly impacted by climate change.",This species is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention. It does not occur in any protected areas. A recovery plan is in place in Cataluña for I. aranica.,,,"Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Marc Cheylan, Patrick Haffner",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Iberolacerta,aurelioi,,Iberolacerta aurelioi,,"This taxon is now considered to be a full species based on evidence from Arribas (2001), Crochet et al. (2004), Mayer and Arribas (1996, 2003) and Odierna et al. (1996). It was formerly included in the genus Lacerta, but is now included in Iberolacerta, following Carranza et al. (2004), and based on evidence from Arribas (1998, 1999), Carranza et al. (2004), Harris et al. (1998) and Mayer and Arribas (2003).",Yes,EN,,Yes,EN,,EU27,,"Listed as Endangered because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2 and its Area Of Occupancy is less than 500 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline projected in the extent and quality of its habitat.",Decreasing,"This species is found in the Pyrenees Mountains. It is restricted a small part of the border area of Andorra, France and Spain with the majority of the population found in Spain. It is found from 2,100 to 2,940 m asl.",Most populations are small and consist of tens or a few hundreds of individuals.,"This species is found in rocky areas in alpine regions. It is generally associated with south-facing, glaciated valleys. It is an egg-laying species.","This species is possibly threatened by overgrazing of habitat by cattle, collection of specimens, and is inferred to be threatened by future habitat loss through the development of ski resorts, lodges and hotels, the construction of roads and tracks, and the use of all terrain vehicles. It is additionally threatened by the possible development of hydroelectric projects and mining. It is possible that this species will be significantly impacted by climate change.",This species is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention. It does not occur in any protected areas.,,,"Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Marc Cheylan, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Iberolacerta,bonnali,,Iberolacerta bonnali,,"This species was formerly included in the genus Lacerta, but is now included in Iberolacerta, following Carranza et al. (2004), and based on evidence from Arribas (1998, 1999), Carranza et al. (2004), Harris et al. (1998) and Mayer and Arribas (2003).",Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Listed as Near Threatened since although its area of occupancy is less than 2,000 km², thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable, its population is probably reasonably stable.",Stable,"This species is present in the central Pyrenees Mountains of France and Spain. It ranges from 1,580 to 3,060 m asl.","It may be locally common in suitable habitat, being more abundant in subalpine habitats. The populations are fragmented by unsuitable habitat, but are probably stable.","This species is found in subalpine and alpine habitats and is most commonly found in rocky slopes, outcrops and similar areas, sometimes close to alpine meadows. It is an egg-laying species.","This species is possibly threatened by overgrazing of habitat by cattle, and is inferred to be threatened by future habitat loss through the development of ski resorts, lodges and hotels, the construction of roads and tracks, and the use of all terrain vehicles. It is additionally threatened by the possible development of hydroelectric projects and mining. It is also possible that this species will be significantly impacted by climate change.","This species is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention. In Spain it is present in the National Parks of Ordesa-Monte Perdido and Aigüestortes-Estany de Sant Maurici, the Biosphere Reserve of Ordesa-Viñamala, the Natural Park of Posets-Maladeta and a number of other protected areas.",,,"Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Marc Cheylan, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Iberolacerta,cyreni,,Iberolacerta cyreni,,"This taxon is considered to be a full species based on evidence from Arribas (1996), Carranza et al. (2004), Crochet et al. (2004), Mayer and Arribas (1996, 2003) and Odierna et al. (1996). It was formerly treated as a subspecies of Iberolacerta monticola. The specific status of this taxon is supported by morphology (Arribas 1996), allozymes (Mayer and Arribas 1996) and mitochondrial DNA (Mayer and Arribas 2003; Carranza et al. 2004a; Crochet et al. 2004). It was formerly included in the genus Lacerta, but is now included in Iberolacerta, following Carranza et al. (2004), and based on evidence from Arribas (1998, 1999), Carranza et al. (2004), Harris et al. (1998) and Mayer and Arribas (2003).",Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"Listed as Endangered because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to the central mountain system of Spain in the Sierra de Bejar, Sierra de Gredos, La Serrota and Sierra del Guadarrama. It occurs from 1,300 to 2,500m.",It is a reasonably common species in several areas.,"It is a montane species found close to the tree line in damp, rocky habitats. The females lay a clutch of three to ten eggs once or twice a year.","Its populations are highly fragmented and are threatened by habitat loss, especially due to the construction of ski resorts and roads. It might also be adversely affected in future by climate change.",It occurs in the Sierra de Gredos Natural Park.,,,"Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Marc Cheylan, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Iberolacerta,galani,,Iberolacerta galani,,"Formerly included within Iberolacerta monticola, but recognized to be distinct by Arribas, Carranza and Odierna (2006).",Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Listed as Near Threatened, because although the species is abundant within its small range, and may not be declining (more details are needed on the severity of threats), its extent of occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, thus making the species close to qualifying for Endangered.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Montes de León (Spain): Sierra Segundera, Sierra de la Cabrera, Sierra del Eje or Peña Trevinca and Sierra del Teleno between the provinces of León, Zamora and Orense, where it can be found from 1,000 to 2,000m asl, but probably also occurs at higher altitudes.","In general it is abundant within its restricted range. It seems to be very abundant in the Sanabria area (Sª Segundera and de la Cabrera Baja), fairly abundant in Sierra del Teleno and is perhaps rarer in the Trevinca Massif (Arribas and Caranza, 2007).",It occurs in rocky habitats above the tree line in oro-Mediterranean climatic zones. Animals are very abundant close to glacial lakes and talus tracks crossing shrubland in subalpine areas. It is an egg-laying species.,"Populations in the vicinity of Teleno are potentially threatened by the development of tourism, including the possible reopening of the Morredero Sky-resort (Teleno Massif, León) or of the Fonte da Cova Sky-Resort (Trevinca Massif, Leon) (Arribas and Carranza 2007). The species is also possibly threatened by disturbance of its talus habitat during cyclist tours (Vuelta Ciclista a España and Vuelta a León) which finish at the Morredero Sky-resort and attract a large number of supporters. The populations in lower parts of the species range are also likely to be impacted by ongoing slate quarrying and similar mining operations within the area (Arribas and Carranza 2007).",This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention (as part of I. monticola). It occurs in the Lake of Sanabria Natural Park. Further general research is needed for this newly described species as a whole.,,,Oscar Arribas,,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Iberolacerta,horvathi,,Iberolacerta horvathi,,"This species was formerly included in the genus Lacerta, but is now included in Iberolacerta, following Carranza et al. (2004), and based on evidence from Arribas (1998, 1999), Carranza et al. (2004), Harris et al. (1998) and Mayer and Arribas (2003).",Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"Listed as Near Threatened because its Area of Occupancy is probably not much greater than 2,000 km2, and its populations are severely fragmented, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.",Stable,"This species has a very fragmented and relictual range in mountainous areas of southern Austria, northeastern Italy, western Slovenia, and western Croatia. It has been recorded from 200 to 2,000 m asl (Italy) (Lapini et al., 2004). The range of this species is probably underestimated because of the similarity of this species to the widespread and syntopic Podarcis muralis.",It is locally abundant.,This species is most often found in cliffs and rocky areas such as boulder fields that are generally poor in vegetation. It can also be found in open beech and coniferous forests or above the tree-line in alpine scrubland. It is often found in sheltered places. It is an egg-laying species.,"The main threat is the vulnerability of the many isolated populations of this species. There appear to be no active threats to this species at present over the majority of its range, but further studies are needed to confirm this.",It is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive (as Lacerta horvathi) and is protected by national legislation in a number of its range states. Further general research is needed into the ecology and range of this species. It occurs in some protected areas.,,,"Milan Vogrin, Wolfgang Böhme, Pierre-André Crochet, Hans Konrad Nettmann, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Iberolacerta,martinezricai,,Iberolacerta martinezricai,,"This species was formerly treated as a subspecies of Iberolacerta monticola, but genetic and morphological data support a full specific rank (Mayer and Arribas 2003; Arribas and Carranza 2004; Crochet et al. 2004). It was formerly included in the genus Lacerta, but is now included in Iberolacerta, following Carranza et al. (2004), and based on evidence from Arribas (1998, 1999), Carranza et al. (2004), Harris et al. (1998) and Mayer and Arribas (2003).",Yes,CR,B2ab(v); C2a(ii),Yes,CR,B2ab(v); C2a(ii),EU27,,"Listed as Critically Endangered because its Area of Occupancy is probably less than 10km2, all individuals are in a single sub-population, and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals; and because its population size is estimated to number fewer than 250 mature individuals, with no sub-population greater than 50 individuals, and it is experiencing a continuing decline.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Sierra de Francia, Salamanca in Spain at between 800 (Batuecas) and 1,723m asl (Peña deFrancia). The main population is at the peak of the mountain, with some observations from nearby at lower elevations.",It is a very rare species that is in decline. Its population is probably less than 100 mature individuals. Probably 90% of the population is at the peak of the mountain.,"It lives in rocky habitats at high altitudes in temperate forest. If its breeding is similar to that of Iberolacerta cyreni, the females lay a clutch of three to ten eggs once or twice a year.","It is threatened by the collection of specimens, the construction of roads, the use of all-terrain vehicles and the effects of seasonal tourism. It might be affected in the future by climate change.","It occurs in the Parque Natural de las Batuecas y Sierra de Francia, but specific management for the recovery of this species is required. A full-scale recovery programme should be developed, which should probably include captive breeding as part of the overall strategy.",,,"Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Rafael Marquez, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Iberolacerta,monticola,,Iberolacerta monticola,,"Iberolacerta cyreni and Iberolacerta martinezricai are now separated as distinct species from Iberolacerta monticola (Mayer and Arribas 1996) and mitochondrial DNA (Mayer and Arribas 2003; Carranza et al. 2004a; Crochet et al. 2004). This species was formerly included in the genus Lacerta, but is now included in Iberolacerta, following Carranza et al. (2004), and based on evidence from Arribas (1998, 1999), Carranza et al. (2004), Harris et al. (1998) and Mayer and Arribas (2003). The population in the Montes de León has recently been described as a separate species, Iberolacerta galani (Arribas et al. 2006).",Yes,VU,B1ab(iii),Yes,VU,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"Listed as Vulnerable because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 20,000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat.",Decreasing,"This species is present in the Cantabrian Mountains and in Galicia in northwestern Spain, and in the Serra da Estrela in central Portugal. Its populations are severely fragmented. It ranges from sea-level in Galicia to 2,000m asl.","It can occur at high densities where the habitat is suitable, but it is very localized. Some populations are in decline.","In most places, this is a mountainous species often found close to the tree-line in damp habitats, where it can be found in areas of scrub and boulders. In Galicia it also occurs in lowland forest close to the sea, sometimes close to streams. The females lay three to ten eggs in a clutch and may have one to three clutches annually.","The populations of this species are highly fragmented and threatened by habitat loss due to agriculture, silviculture and tourism. Populations in Galicia have been declining through the habitat loss to fire, and the loss of suitable rocky areas.","This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention, and it occurs in a number of protected areas in the Cantabrian Mountains. It occurs in the Serra da Estrela Natural Park in Portugal. The development of an action plan has begun in Portugal.",,,"Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Rafael Marquez, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Lacerta,agilis,,Lacerta agilis,,"A phylogeographic study of this species based on mtDNA (Kalyabina et al. 2001) identified three groups of populations. Further studies of contact areas are needed to evaluate the taxonomic status of these three lineages (Crochet and Dubois 2004). Ten subspecies forms are recognized. The nominative subspecies, L. a. agilis is distributed in Western Europe and western Central Europe; L. a. argus Laurenti, 1758 inhabits Central Europe, east to the Carpathian Mountains and to eastern Poland; L. a. chersonensis Andrzejowski, 1832 - Moldavia, right-bank Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic States, Leningrad region and south of the neighbouring Karelia. In the east, approximately from the left-bank valley of the river Dnieper a narrow area of intergradation with the neighbouring eastern subspecies is noted; L. a. bosnica Schreiber, 1912 occurs in the mountains of Croatia, Macedonia, Bulgaria and Greece; L. a. exigua Eichwald, 1831 occupies the whole eastern part of the distribution range up to the Crimean Peninsula and Ciscaucasia in the south; 

L. a. grusinica Peters, 1960 inhabits the coast of the Black Sea and submountane regions of the Caucasus in the south-west of the Krasnodar Territory, Abkhazia, in the Colchic lowland and Ajaria; L. a. brevicaudata Peters, 1958 occurs in northern and western Armenia, southern Georgia and on the southern slopes of the Great Caucasus range within the North Ossetia; L. a. iorensis Peters and Muskhelishwili, 1968 occurs on the southern slopes of the Caucasus range: in the valley and ravine of the upper current of the river Iori in Georgia; L. a. boemica Suchow, 1929 inhabits submontane regions of North Ossetia, Ingushetia, Chechnya and Dagestan; L. a. tauridica Suchow, 1926 inhabits the southern mountains of Crimea.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its very wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification in some parts of its range, presumed large population, and although it is declining in parts of its range, overall it is unlikely to be declining fast enough (30% or more) to qualify for listing in a more threatened category at the global level. However numerous subpopulations are threatened across the range of the species.



Turkey: LC (marginal)",Decreasing,"This species ranges from northeastern Spain (isolated populations in the Pyrenees at around 1,800m asl), France, the United Kingdom (isolated and fragmented populations in the south and the northwest), and southern Scandinavia (throughout Denmark and with a patchy distribution in central and southern Sweden), eastwards through Western, Central and Eastern Europe (where it is patchily distributed) into the Caucasus Mountains, Central Asia and Eastern Asia, as far east as northwestern China and northwestern Mongolia. In Europe it ranges south to the Italian Alps (a very few populations in southwestern and northestern Alps only), northern and eastern Albania and northern Greece (where populations are largely isolated in mountain ranges). It occurs up to at least 2,500m asl (Bulgaria).","It can be common in suitable habitat. It is locally declining in across its NW range (Benedikt Schmidt pers. comm.). In Sweden occurs along the southern coast in continuous populations, inland populations are tiny (5-10 individuals) and relictual.","It can be found in meadows, heathland, coastal dunes, grassland, steppe, subalpine and alpine meadows, shrubland, hedgerows, open woodland, in alpine areas, traditionally managed agricultural land and rural gardens. Sometimes it is present in sandy semi-desert areas. In the northwest of its range (e.g.. UK) it is largely restricted to open heathland and coastal dune habitats. The female may lay one or two clutches of between four and 14 eggs per year. Incubation period lasts 50 - 55 days.","It is threatened by habitat loss through urbanization, conversion to intensive agricultural use (especially the loss of hedgerows and other suitable habitats), coastal and alpine tourism development and the loss of traditional forestry practices, and unsustainable management. Many animals are killed on roads in parts of its range (e.g.. Austria). Some populations in Sweden are reported to be suffering from inbreeding depression due to a fragmented distribution (Olsson et al., 1996). There is some predation of animals by cats in urban areas. Open habitats, which this species requires, are being overgrown with vegetation. It is a threatened species in much of the northwest of its range, including the United Kingdom, Scandinavia and northern Germany.","The species is included into the Red Data Books of numerous countries in the western part of its range. It is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention, and on Annex IV of the European Union Habitat and Species Directive. It is protected by national legislation in most of its range countries (all EU). This species is categorized as Vulnerable in Switzerland (Monney and Meyer, 2005). It is present in a number of protected areas over much of its range. Habitat restoration projects (e.g.. Estonia) and reintroductions for the species (e.g.. UK) are taking place in parts of its range.",,,"Aram Agasyan, Aziz Avisi, Boris Tuniyev, Petro Lymberakis, Claes Andrén, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nazan Üzüm, Nikolai Orlov, Richard Podloucky, Sako Tuniyev, Uğur Kaya, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Milan Vogrin, Claudia Corti, Valentin Pérez Mellado, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Marc Cheylan, Juan Pleguezuelos, Martin Kyek, Alexander Westerström, Hans Konrad Nettmann, Bartosz Borczyk, Bogoljub Sterijovski, Benedikt Schmidt",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Lacerta,bilineata,,Lacerta bilineata,,"We follow the recent tendency to treat this as a species distinct from Lacerta viridis, but its specific status is only weakly supported by genetic data (Amann et al. 1997; Mayer and Beyerlein 2002). The currently accepted taxonomy of the viridis-bilineata complex requires further research (Crochet and Dubois 2004). According to Godinho et al.(2005) L. bilineata is conspecific with L. viridis as they hybridize and possess reduced genetic differentiations.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"This species is restricted to southwestern Germany (where its populations are isolated from the main range), southwestern and southern Switzerland, most of France (except parts of the northeast), Monaco, most of Italy, western Slovenia, western Croatia, southern Austria, and northern Spain. It has been introduced to Kansas in the United States. It is present on the islands of Elba and Sicily (Italy) and Jersey in the Channel Islands (United Kingdom) (and is introduced on Guernsey). It is present from sea level up to 2,160m asl.","It can be a common species. Populations may be locally declining, especially in the north of the species range and in intensively cultivated areas.","It is found in grassy areas with scattered trees and shrubs and damp areas with dense vegetation within scrubland and forests (deciduous and mixed). It is also found at woodland edges, and close to fences and hedges in traditionally cultivated land (including vineyards). It is an egg-laying species.","It is locally threatened by habitat loss through the loss of suitable habitat to intensive cultivation, overstocking of cattle, burning of scrubland and groves, and pesticide contamination. The conversion of traditional agricultural habitats (e.g. vineyards) to intensive methods is a threat to populations.","It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention and Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive (as L. viridis) and is present in a number of protected areas. It is protected by national legislation in all range states. This species is categorized as Vulnerable in Switzerland (Monney and Meyer, 2005)",,,"Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Marc Cheylan, Philippe Geniez, Hans Konrad Nettmann, Benedikt Schmidt, Richard Podloucky, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Lacerta,schreiberi,,Lacerta schreiberi,,"A phylogeographic analysis of this species (Paulo 2001) indicated two divergent lineages distributed respectively in the Central Mountain System (Sierras de Bejar, Gredos and Guadarrama) and in the rest of its distribution. However, studies in the zone of contact between these two lineages suggest that speciation has not yet taken place (Crochet and Dubois 2004).",Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Listed as Near Threatened because this species is probably in significant decline (but probably at a rate of less than 30% over ten years) because of widespread habitat loss through much of its range, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"This species is largely restricted to the northwestern and central mountain systems of Spain, and northern and western Portugal, with a number of isolated populations in the mountains and coastal areas of southern Portugal and Spain. It can be found from close to sea level to 2,100 m asl (Central Mountain System).","It can be common in optimal habitat, but some fragmented populations are very rare, and overall it appears to be in significant decline. The southern population isolates in both Spain and Portugal are all very rare, and the one on Sierra Morena in Spain is possibly extinct.","This species lives in humid, bushy areas of shrubland, woodland edges, open woodland (deciduous, mixed and pine), along river and stream sides, overgrown sites and close to fences in pastureland. It is especially tightly linked to streams in the southern part of its distribution. On average the females lay clutches of 11 to 18 eggs.","This species is sensitive to habitat alteration. Populations in the south of Spain are threatened by habitat loss, largely through deforestation, forest fires and alteration of streamside habitats.",This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention. It occurs in several protected areas. There has been an EU-Life project for this species in Portugal.,,,"Paulo Sá-Sousa, Rafael Marquez, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Lacerta,strigata,,Lacerta strigata,,,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"This species ranges from southern Russia where it occurs in the northeastern Caucasus of Daghestan and Stavropol Territory, through eastern Georgia, Armenia, Azerbajian and northeastern Turkey (vicinity of Mount Ararat, eastern Anatolia), and from the Caspian coast of northern Iran into southwestern Turkmenistan (Baran and Atatur 1998; Anderson 1999). The species may be present in Iraq, although this requires confirmation (Anderson 1999). There is an isolated record of this lizard from Shiraz in southeastern Iran for which the identity has been confirmed (Anderson 1999). It has been recorded from sea level up to 3,000m asl (Turkey). Until recently an isolated population existed in the area of Cape Pizunda in Abkhazia, Georgia.",Over most of the distribution range it is common or even abundant.,"Populations of this species have been found in areas with rushes, clay semi deserts, lowland and montane steppes, brush, shrubs and similar cover. Animals have been recorded from coastal dunes, hilly areas and pastureland containing some shrubby cover (Anderson 1999). In Turkey it is known from sparsely vegetated steppe plains, or slopes sometimes close to forests (Baran and Atatur 1998). The female lays between six and eleven eggs in a clutch (Baran and Atatur 1998), and lays two clutches each season.",In some places in the Caucasus the species is declining due to general habitat destruction.,"This species occurs in numerous protected areas. Other than general research activities, no direct conservation measures are currently needed for the species as a whole.",,,"Boris Tuniyev, Natalia Ananjeva, Aram Agasyan, Nikolai Orlov, Sako Tuniyev, and Steven Anderson",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Lacerta,trilineata,,Lacerta trilineata,,Mayer and Beterlein (2002) documented genetic divergences among Greek populations of Lacerta trilineata nearly as large as those between Lacerta viridis and L. bilineata. The taxonomic meaning of these results remains to be investigated (Crochet and Dubois 2004).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global: LC

Turkish: LC

Europe: LC

EU 27: LC



Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species is present from coastal Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, east to Bulgaria, southeastern Romania, Albania, Macedonia, Greece (including the Ionian Islands and many Aegean Islands including Crete, Lesvos and Rhodes), and western and central Turkey. It ranges from sea level to at least 1,600 m asl.",It can be a common species (Kumlutaş pers. comm. 2008).,"This species is found in dry areas with a Mediterranean climate. It is found on or in bushy areas, sand dunes, boundary walls, orchards, and abandoned cultivated land. It can also be found close to streams and ditches. It is an egg-laying species.","There appear to be no major threats to this species. Populations in Romania are threatened through by loss of steppe habitat largely due to agricultural intensification (CoE, 2003). A number of distinct island populations are threatened, such as L. t. citrovittata of Tinos Island, Greece. In Turkey, this species is threatened by forest fires.","This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention, and on Annex IV of the European Union Habitats Directive. In general there appear to be no conservation measures needed for this species. However, there is a need to ensure the survival of distinct isolated populations and to further research threats to this species throughout its range.",,,"Wolfgang Böhme, Petros Lymberakis, Rastko Ajtic, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Pierre-André Crochet, Idriz Haxhiu, Hans Konrad Nettmann, Bogoljub Sterijovski, Yusuf Kumlutaş, Nazan Üzüm",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Lacerta,viridis,,Lacerta viridis,,"We follow the recent tendency to treat Lacerta viridis and L. bilineata as separate species, but this is only weakly supported by genetic data (Amann et al., 1997; Mayer and Beyerlein, 2002; Arnold et al 2007). The currently accepted taxonomy of the viridis-bilineata complex requires further research (Crochet and Dubois, 2004).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global: LC

Turkish: LC

Europe: LC

EU 27: LC



Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"This species ranges from extreme north-east Italy, eastern Germany, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, eastern Austria, and Slovenia, east to Romania, Moldova and southern Ukraine, southwards into the Balkan Peninsula in Croatia (including some Adriatic islands), Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Albania and Greece (including some Aegean islands, and excluding the Peloponnese). It is also present in Turkey, where it is largely distributed in the area of Marmara and along the Black Sea coastal region. The species is now extinct in Poland (Bartosz Borczyk pers. comm.). It has been introduced to Kansas in the United States. It is found from sea level up to 2,130m asl.","It can be a common species. Populations at the north-west edge of the species range may be declining, and the populations are fragmented in that area.","It is found in bushy vegetation at woodland and field edges, within open woodlands, forested areas and shrubland, hedgerows, and in overgrown areas and cultivated land including orchards. It takes refuge in bushes and burrows. In north-east Germany the species is confined to areas with a mosaic habitats of coniferous forest and sandy open heathlands. The females lay five to 23 eggs in a clutch.","There appear to be no major threats to this wide ranging species. It is locally threatened in parts of its range, especially in the north, by general habitat loss, afforestation of suitable sites and predation by cats. In the northern parts of Turkey, this species is locally threatened by the pesticide use causing the absence of prey and ingestion of pesticide tainted prey.","This species is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention, and on Annex IV of the European Union Habitats Directive. It has been recorded from many protected areas. There is a need to conserve genetically isolated populations especially in the north of the species range.  In Germany, this species is listed on the national red data list as Critically Endangered.",,,"Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Milan Vogrin, Claudia Corti, Valentin Pérez Mellado, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Marc Cheylan, Juan Pleguezuelos, Hans Konrad Nettmann, Bogoljub Sterijovski, Petros Lymberakis, Richard Podloucky, Daniel Cogalniceanu, Aziz Avci",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,AGAMIDAE,Laudakia,stellio,,Laudakia stellio,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global: LC

Turkish: LC

Europe: LC

EU 27: LC



Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species ranges from Greece and Turkey (west, southern, southeastern, central, northern central Anatolia to the Black Sea) to Syria, Lebanon, northwestern Iraq, northern Saudi Arabia, northern and western Jordan, Israel and northern Egypt (and introduced west of the Nile). In Greece it is found in northern mainland (mainly in Kentriki Makedonia) where it was possibly introduced, and on the islands of Corfu in the Ionian Islands, the Cyclades (Mykonos, Rhineia, Delos, Paros, Despotiko, Antiparos), Naxos and eastern Aegean islands, and islands close to the Turkish mainland (Lesbos, Chios, Samos, Ikaria and Rhodes). It is also present in Cyprus, and it has been introduced to Malta (Arnold 2003). It occurs from sea level up to 1,900m asl.",It is generally a very common species. In Egypt the species is declining. The populations in mainland Greece were probably introduced after 1500.,"This is a diurnal species that is found in a variety of dry, arid and semi-arid habitats, often in rocky areas. Populations are often present in rocky mountainous and coastal regions. It can be found on rocks, trees, buildings and other habitats that it can climb on. The females lay from three to 12 eggs per clutch (Disi, 2002). In north Sinai it can be found in cultivated areas such as orchards (S. Baha El Din pers. comm.).",There generally appear to be no major threats to this widespread species. In Egypt it is threatened by overcollection for the pet trade and habitat loss in some areas through coastal development (S. Baha El Din pers. comm.).,"It is present in many protected areas. It is protected by national legislation in Israel. In Egypt, there is a need for further research into the impacts of harvesting on this species. Regulation and monitoring of the trade in this species in Egypt may be needed.",,,"Ahmad Mohammed Mousa Disi, Yehudah Werner, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Souad Hraoui-Bloquet, Riyad Sadek, Petros Lymberakis, Pierre-André Crochet, Sherif Baha El Din, Yakup Kaska, Yusuf Kumlutaş, Aziz Avci, Nazan Üzüm, Can Yeniyurt, Ferdi Akarsu",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,CAUDATA,SALAMANDRIDAE,Lissotriton,boscai,,Lissotriton boscai,,"Populations in south-western Portugal are well-differentiated genetically from other populations, and may represent a distinct species. Studies are underway to clarify this.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species is restricted to the western part of the Iberian Peninsula. It occurs from sea level to elevations approaching 1,870m asl, but is mostly present between 400 and 1,000m asl.","The species is relatively common in suitable habitat, although populations in a small part of central Spain (especially in the Province of Madrid) are reported to be rapidly decreasing. It is more common towards the west of its range.","This is a largely aquatic species, with vegetated shallow ponds and streams being the preferred habitat. It may also be found in cattle troughs, lagoons, streams and deep still waters, and is frequently found in temporary ponds. Animals have also been recorded from irrigation channels and other human-made ephemeral or permanent structures (C. Ayres, pers. comm.). The species occupies a diverse range of terrestrial habitats including eucalyptus plantations, pine groves, open Oak ( Quercus ) woodland, scrub and sandy coastal areas. The species may be found in traditionally farmed areas.","The species is mostly threatened by the loss of breeding pools caused by drainage for agriculture and urbanization. Some mortality in this species through disease (iridovirus) has been recorded in Carris Lake, Peneda-Gerês National Park, Portugal. This disease might be non-native and is thought to have been transferred to the lake by an introduced predatory fish ( Lepomis gibbosus ). Predation by introduced fish and other introduced species (such as crayfish [ Procambarus clarkii ] and mink [ Mustela vison ]) is also a threat to L. boscai . However, in much of its range, the species is resistant and its populations are stable.","The species is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention, and is protected by national legislation in Spain. It is present in Parque Nacional de las Islas Atlánticas de Galicia, Parque Nacional de Doñana and Parque Nacional de Cabañeros in Spain. In Portugal, it has been recorded from Peneda-Gerês National Park.",,,"Jan Willem Arntzen, Pedro Beja, Robert Jehle, Jaime Bosch, Miguel Tejedo, Miguel Lizana, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Alfredo Salvador, Mario García-París, Ernesto Recuero Gil, Paulo Sa-Sousa, Rafael Marquez",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,CAUDATA,SALAMANDRIDAE,Lissotriton,helveticus,,Lissotriton helveticus,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species is restricted to western Europe. It occurs in northern Spain and Portugal (where populations are often very fragmented), much of the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg, also the extreme western Czech Republic and northern Switzerland. The subspecies L. h. punctillatus is known from a single locality, Pozo Negro, in Burgos province, Spain; the validity of this subspecies is disputed. An isolated population in extreme southeastern France is extinct. This species has an altitudinal range from sea level up to at least 2,400m asl (Pyrenees Mountains).","The species is very common in suitable habitats over much of its range. It is endangered in the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg (Gasc et al. 1997), and uncommon (with a fragmented range) in northern Portugal and declining in parts of Spain (especially the southern populations of Aragón and Castilla-León Provinces and the Ebro River populations of Zaragoza and Tarragona Provinces).","It is present in a variety of habitats including marshes, heathlands, moorlands, forests (where it may be very common), pastures and agricultural land. Breeding and larval development takes place in a wide variety of small stagnant waters (including very small and acidic ponds, ditches and ruts), or (rarely) slow-moving waters. The species is generally less abundant in cultivated areas, but it can survive in some anthropogenic habitats such as gardens. Its habitat preferences vary in different parts of its range.","The species is locally threatened by general drainage, pollution and eutrophication of breeding pools, abandonment of traditional farming practices and the introduction of predatory fishes and crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii ) (and possibly non-native vegetation). Desertification is a threat in southern parts of the range. However, through most of its range, populations are stable and abundant.","It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention and is protected by national legislation in most parts of its range. The species is listed in a number of national and sub-national Red Data Books and Lists, and is present in many protected areas.",,,"Jan Willem Arntzen, Trevor Beebee, Robert Jehle, Mathieu Denoël, Benedikt Schmidt, Jaime Bosch, Claude Miaud, Miguel Tejedo, Miguel Lizana, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Alfredo Salvador, Mario García-París, Ernesto Recuero Gil, Paulo Sa-Sousa, Philippe Gen",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,CAUDATA,SALAMANDRIDAE,Lissotriton,italicus,,Lissotriton italicus,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"This species is found through most of central and southern Italy, with higher concentrations at lower altitudes. It has been recorded up to 2,000m asl.","This species is locally abundant. It is more common in southern areas, and it is somewhat rarer at the northern edge of its range in central Italy, especially around the Italian Apennines. Some local declines have been observed in Calabria, and Abruzzo Mountains.","This species is often associated with woodland and agricultural habitats. It breeds in a variety of temporary ponds, ditches, slow-moving streams and lakes. It is also found in modified habitats such as wells and water tanks.","The main threat to the species is localized drainage of wetlands. Pollution and eutrophication of aquatic habitats (especially breeding ponds), and the introduction of predatory fishes, may also be a problem. However, the species is not considered seriously threatened at present.","It is listed on Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive, and on Appendix II of the Bern Convention. This species is present in several protected areas.",,,"Jan Willem Arntzen, Franco Andreone, Claudia Corti, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,CAUDATA,SALAMANDRIDAE,Lissotriton,montandoni,,Lissotriton montandoni,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to the east Carpathian and easternmost Sudetes Mountains. Introduced into the Bayrischen Wald, Bavaria, Germany. It has an altitudinal range from 120 to a maximum of 2,000m asl.","It is generally common and locally abundant in the Carpathian Mountains. However, it is declining throughout its range.","It can be found in wet and shaded coniferous, mixed and deciduous forests (consisting of beech, alder, pine, oak etc.), their edges and meadow glades; also sub alpine areas. Reproduction and larval development in almost all temporary and permanent water sources in the Carpathians including lakes, ponds, swamps, springs, puddles, ditches, overgrown stream pools and even wheel ruts in country roads. It may be present in modified habitats, even polluted waters (Arnold 2002).","Some populations have declined due to habitat destruction (logging and infrastructure development), introduction of predatory fish species and pollution of habitats by domestic sewage. Collection of newts for education, science and the pet trade has negatively impacted some populations. It is affected by hybridization with L. vulgaris , as the range of L. vulgaris is generally spreading in the region with ongoing deforestation.",It is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention. Protected by national legislation in Poland. Listed in the Red Data Books of the USSR and Ukraine. It is present in a number of protected areas.,,,"Jan Willem Arntzen, Sergius Kuzmin, Natalia Ananjeva, Nikolai Orlov, Boris Tuniyev, Agnieszka Ogrodowczyk, Maria Ogielska, Wiesiek Babik, Dan Cogalniceanu",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,CAUDATA,SALAMANDRIDAE,Lissotriton,vulgaris,,Lissotriton vulgaris,,Further taxonomic studies are required on this species. Numerous subspecies exist.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



Turkey: LC",Stable,"This species is widespread through most of Europe (with the exception of the Iberian Peninsula from which it is absent). It ranges from Ireland and Great Britain, through west and central Europe and Scandinavia, south to Italy, the Balkans and northern and western Turkey, and east through much of the steppes of Ukraine and Russia. There is an isolated population in the Caucasus. The species occurs at elevations from sea level up to 2,150m asl (Austria).",It is very common or numerous over much of its range.,"It is generally associated with woodland habitats, including deciduous, coniferous, mixed forests and dry forests and woodlands. This is an adaptable species also present in meadows, bushlands, parks, fruit gardens, many damp habitats and rural and urban areas. The species breeds in still and slow moving shallow waters and irrigation ditches; females lay 200-300 eggs. It is often recorded from modified habitats. Several hybrids with L. helveticus have been reported while hybridization with L. montandoni is quite common in syntopic populations","There are no major threats to this species. localized threats to the species include general drainage, pollution and eutrophication of breeding sites, logging of forest surrounding breeding pools and the introduction of predatory fishes. In the former Soviet Union there is mass commercial collecting of this species for the pet trade. Within Turkey, construction and building along the Black Sea coastline might be impacting northern Turkish populations.",It is presumed to occur in numerous protected areas. It is listed in a number of Red Data Books and Lists and is both listed on Appendix III of the Berne Convention and protected by national legislation in parts of its range. In parts of this species range mitigation measures to reduce road kill have been established. Several of the recognized subspecies may qualify for a higher threat listing and should be assessed in the future following taxonomic clarification.,,,"Jan Willem Arntzen, Sergius Kuzmin, Trevor Beebee, Theodore Papenfuss, Max Sparreboom, Ismail Ugurtas, Steven Anderson, Brandon Anthony, Franco Andreone, David Tarkhnishvili, Vladimir Ishchenko, Natalia Ananjeva, Nikolai Orlov, Boris Tuniyev",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,RANIDAE,Lithobates,catesbeianus,,Lithobates catesbeianus,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"Europe and EU: NA (introduced alien species)



Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Increasing,"This is a very wide-ranging species. Its native range is from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, southern Quebec, Canada, south to eastern North America, except southern Florida, USA, then southward through Veracruz, Mexico. It is probably also found in other areas in Mexico (these are not shown on the map). This species was introduced to Mexico at the beginning of last century. It was introduced to 'La Garita' in Costa Rica, but now appears to be extinct in this country (Gerardo Chaves pers. comm.). It is also introduced in Cuba, Puerto Rico (introduced 1935), Hawaii (introduced mid- to late 1800s, now on all main islands), Isla de la Juventud, Hispaniola (only confirmed in northern and eastern Dominican Republic, not in Haiti) and Jamaica. Its range is increasing in some areas. It is introduced to South America, in Venezuela, there is an expanding population near La Azulita, in Mérida state, at the Andean versants facing Lake Maracaibo basin. In Colombia it is known from the Middle Magalena Valley, north to the lowlands on the Caribbean coast. In Peru it has become established around Iquitos in central Loreto Department in the Amazon Basin, and also around Lima on the Pacific coast. There are also a number of populations established in Ecuador and Brazil. In Europe, where it is introduced, the largest population occurs within the Po River Valley (Italy) where formal introductions continued at least until 1937. Other populations have been reported from Belgium (recorded from several sites in Wallonia and at least one population is known in Flanders), the Netherlands, central and southwestern France, Germany (in the vicinity of Bonn and also in Baden-Wuttemburg), Greece (Crete), Spain (Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands [only a few individuals observed and not mapped here], Villasbuenas de Gata in Cacerés [not recently observed and not mapped here] and Sierra de Collserola, Cataluña Province [only a few individuals observed and not mapped here]), northern and southern Italy (where it is naturalized in few localities in Piedmont, Lombardy, Emilia-

Romagna and Basilicata) and the United Kingdom (possibly now eradicated). It has possibly been introduced to Switzerland, although this requires further confirmation. In Asia, where it is also introduced, it is found in several localities in the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand [not mapped here] and Singapore [not mapped here]. It has been introduced to mainland China and Taiwan, Province of China, for raising in farms for human consumption. Feral populations have become established in Taiwan, Province of China, Kunming in Yunnan province, Sichuan, Xinjiang and possibly other places in China as a result of escape or deliberate release. Individuals have been found in the wild in Hong Kong probably from releases of market animals. However, there is no evidence to suggest that this species is now established in Hong Kong. It is found widely from southern Hokkaido to Ishigakijima in Japan.","There are thousands of occurrences of this species. It is highly abundant and its global population is increasing. Although some of the populations in Europe of this species are increasing, other introductions not have become fully established. In Asia, it is only present in isolated pockets. Animals have been deliberately introduced to northern Thailand in the hope of augmenting native frog production. Farmed animals are exported alive to East Asia (Pariyanonth and Daorerk, 1995; Lim and Lim, 1992) and can escape or be released to become established. A growing population is now established in the Venezuelan Andes (C. Gottberg and A. Diaz pers. comm.), near the town of Jají, in Mérida State.","This species inhabits ponds, swamps, lakes, reservoirs, marshes, brackish ponds (in Hawaii), stream margins and irrigation ditches. It is sometimes found in temporary waters hundreds of metres from permanent water. It winters at the bottom of pools. It may disperse from water in wet weather. Eggs and larvae develop in permanent slow or non-flowing bodies of water.","There are no threats to this species. Outside its native range, this species is considered a pest. It has been observed predating on native species in Puerto Rico, including on Leptodactylus albilabris, and is a potential predator of other native species throughout its introduced range. It is a possible vector of pathogens.","There are no measures required to conserve this species. Instead, eradication of this species from its introduced range is a conservation priority. In Asia, this species is believed to have a negative impact on the native amphibian fauna. It should be monitored and controlled. Farming activities should concentrate on native Rana rugulosa. Farming of Rana catesbeiana should at least be strictly contained, including water discharges from farms that should be carefully controlled or prevented. Ideally, the farming of the species outside its range should be prohibited. Studies of actual and potential ecological impacts should be conducted, perhaps leading to an elimination programme. Awareness of the potential threat posed by this species to native biodiversity must be raised. The Venezuelan government has taken actions to avoid the spread of this species. There has been an eradication program, with participants from the University of Los Andes at Mérida, the Venezuelan Institute of Scientific Research (IVIC) and the Ministry of Environment, started at the beginning of 2002.",,,"Georgina Santos-Barrera, Geoffrey Hammerson, Blair Hedges, Rafael Joglar, Sixto Inchaustegui, Lue Kuangyang, Chou Wenhao, Gu Huiqing, Shi Haitao, Arvin Diesmos, Djoko Iskandar, Peter Paul van Dijk, Masafumi Matsui, Benedikt Schmidt, Claude Miaud",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,CAUDATA,SALAMANDRIDAE,Lyciasalamandra,helverseni,,Lyciasalamandra helverseni,,This species was separated from Lyciasalamandra luschani by Veith and Steinfartz (2004).,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,Listed as Vulnerable because it is known from fewer than five locations.,Stable,"This species is endemic to Greece, where it occurs only on the islands of Karpathos, Kasos and Saria in the south-east Aegean Sea.",It is a fairly common species within its restricted range.,"It lives in Mediterranean rocky shrubby vegetation. It is viviparous, giving birth to fully developed young on land, and it is not associated with water.","No major threats are known, though local populations might be impacted by loss of habitat. Harvesting for the international pet trade takes place, but not at a level sufficient to threaten the species.","It occurs in some protected areas, but currently there is no management or monitoring of these protected areas. There is a need for close monitoring of the population status of this species.",,,"Petros Lymberakis, Ismail H. Ugurtas, Theodore Papenfuss, Max Sparreboom, Sergius Kuzmin, Steven Anderson, Mathieu Denoël",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,CAUDATA,SALAMANDRIDAE,Lyciasalamandra,luschani,,Lyciasalamandra luschani,,"Formerly included in the genus Salamandra , this taxon was assigned to the genus Lyciasalamandra by Veith and Steinfartz (2004).",No,,,No,NE,(does not occur in EU),EU27,,"Global: VU

Turkish: VU

Europe: NA (marginal occurrence - less than 1% of the species' distribution is within the region)

EU27: NE (does not occur)



This species is listed as Vulnerable because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, all individuals are in fewer than ten locations, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat.",Stable,"This species ranges from Fethiye to Finike, in south-western Anatolia, Turkey, where it apparently has a fragmented distribution. An endemic subspecies ( Lyciasalamandra luschani basoglui ) is found on the nearby Greek island of Kastellorizo (= Megisti). It may have a more continuous range than shown (Avci and Oz, pers. comm. 2008).",It is common to fairly abundant.,"It is associated with rocky limestone outcrops, and is often found in marquis scrub or pine woodlands (and not in modified habitats). The species is viviparous, producing one or two fully metamorphosed young; the gestation period is about one year.","Within its naturally restricted range, the species is potentially threatened by habitat loss caused by forest fires, and overcollection for scientific purposes. Currently, there is only limited habitat loss taking place, since the human population in its range is generally low, and there is little tourism in the area where it is found, but with ongoing development in the region habitat loss could become more severe.","This species is present within a protected area in Greece, and is found in three protected areas in Turkey. More research is needed on the distribution of this species.",,,"Petros Lymberakis, Yakup Kaska, Yusuf Kumlutaş, Aziz Avci, Nazan Üzüm, Can Yeniyurt, Ferdi Akarsu, Varol Tok, Ismail H. Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Pierre-André Crochet, Theodore Papenfuss, Max Sparreboom, Sergius Kuzmin, Steven Anderson, Mathieu Denoël",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,COLUBRIDAE,Macroprotodon,brevis,,Macroprotodon brevis,,"Morphological data (Wade, 2001) and genetic data (Carranza et al. 2004) show that this species is distinct from Macroprotodon cucullatus.",No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"Listed as Near Threatened because this species is probably in significant decline (but probably at a rate of less than 30% over ten years) because of widespread habitat loss through much of its range, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"Change the text as follows: This species is present in northern and eastern Morocco, southern and central Portugal and Spain, with very isolated populations in the northern half of these two countries. It occurs from sea level to 2080 msm.","The species is only common in some localities of the western and rainy parts of its distribution, both in the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco, however it is a semifosorial, cryptic species that is sometimes difficult to find (Juan M Pleguezuelos pers. comm., October 2008).",It is founds only found in relatively undisturbed habitats such as evergreen temperate forests and scrublands. It lays 3-5 eggs every two years. This species is a specialist predator of amphisbaenians (Blanus sp.) and skinks.,"It is threatened by habitat loss, largely through the intensification of agricultural methods, afforestation with pine plantations and abandonment of traditional pastures, throughout much of its range. It is additionally threatened in Iberia by the ongoing spread of the predatory Wild Boar (Sus scrofa).",It occurs in a number of protected areas. It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention.,,,"Ulrich Joger, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,COLUBRIDAE,Macroprotodon,cucullatus,,Macroprotodon cucullatus,,"This may be a species complex (see Carranza et al. (2004), Wade (2001) and Crochet and Dubois (2004) for more details).  For some authors the populations of northern Algeria and Tunisia (and the introduced populations of Mallorca and Menorca) are considered to be Macroprotodon mauritanicus (V. Pérez Mellado, pers. comm.). However, recent genetic data indicates that M. mauritanicus may belong to the same species as M. cucullatus. Accordingly, we here consider that the populations of the genus that do not pertain to M. brevis and M. abubakeri, are included in a single species, M. cucullatus.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"This species ranges through northern Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt to southern Israel, with quite isolated populations in southern Algeria (Hoggar mountains) [not mapped here] and Western Sahara. In Europe, it is present only on the island of Lampedusa (possibly introduced), Italy, although it also occurs in Menorca and Majorca where the species has been introduced (probably around 200 B.C.). It is mainly a lowland species.",It can be a common species in suitable habitat. In Egypt it is a rare and declining species. The Lampedusa population seems to be in decline.,"It is found in open, sandy deciduous and evergreen woodland, scrubland, sandy areas, oasis, meadows, plantations, cultivated land and on stone walls and ruins. The females lay two to six eggs and breed every two years.","Although the species does not appear to be globally threatened, it is locally threatened by habitat degradation, including changes in agricultural practices (general intensification). Habitat degradation on the island of Lampedusa is a major threat, as is the expansion of tourism and accidental mortality on roads, and the same seems to occur in the Balearic Islands (Juan M Pleguezuelos pers. comm., October 2008). In Egypt it is threatened by commercial collection for the international pet trade, urbanization and development of tourism, overgrazing, collection of firewood and quarrying.","It is present in a few protected areas. On Lampedusa, populations of this species require some protection. In Egypt, there is a need to develop national legislation to protect this species and to create new protected areas; this species is significantly threatened and is considered to be Vulnerable (S. Baha El Din pers. comm.). The isolated populations of the Hoggar (Algeria) and Western Sahara, are probably threatened (Juan M Pleguezuelos pers. comm., October 2008). Further studies to resolve the taxonomy of this species are needed.",,,"Claudia Corti, Valentin Pérez Mellado, Philippe Geniez, Sherif Baha El Din, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,VIPERIDAE,Macrovipera,lebetina,,Macrovipera lebetina,,"Six subspecies are generally recognized, M. l. lebetina  from the island of Cyprus; M. l. obtusa (Dwigubsky, 1832) from Turkey, Iraq, western Iran, Syria, Lebanon, and isolated populations in eastern Transcaucasia (Dagestan); M. l. euphratica (Martin, 1838) from Iraq; M. l. transmediterranea (Nilson and Andrén, 1988) from North Africa; M. l. turanica (Chernov, 1940) from southern Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan; and M. l. cernovi (Chikin and Szczerbak, 1992) recorded in Afghanistan, Pakistan, eastern Iran, Turkmenistan and western Uzbekistan.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



Turkey: LC",Decreasing,"This species ranges from southwestern Jordan (where there appears to be an isolated population) and Israel (where it is extinct), north to southern and eastern Turkey, eastwards through the Caucasus Mountains (in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, southern Russia), Iran, and Iraq to Central Asia as far west as Kashmir. It is also present in Cyprus. Records from Saudi Arabia are misidentifications (W. Böhme pers. comm.). The subspecies, Macrovipera l. transmediterranea, has also been recorded from isolated relict populations in Algeria and Tunisia. However, these North Africa records appear to be based on old specimens without precise distributional details (populations not mapped here), or collection localities, and their occurrence has never been confirmed (R. Sindaco in litt.. October 2008). It can occur from sea level up to 2,500m asl.","This species is very common in Lebanon, widespread but rare in Turkey and rare in Jordan. The species appears to be very rare in North Africa. It is now extinct in Israel, this extinction may be linked to a recent reduction in precipitation levels. In the Transcaucasian area it is locally a common species, although in the northern Caucasian area it is very rare.","This species is known from semi-arid stony slopes, rocky ravines, dry foothills and mountain valleys. It is found in the very diverse desert and montane-steppe biotopes. Populations can be found in grassland and cultivated areas, in shrubland, in open pistachio woodlands, on the banks of irrigation channels and it is regularly recorded close to small water courses. It is an ovoviviparous species, females give birth to between 8 and 43 live young.","This large viper is generally persecuted throughout its range. The species is heavily persecuted in Cyprus, principally for sport, and may be threatened on the island although new legislation and active public awareness campaigns aim to protect the species. If they are found to exist, the populations in North Africa are relictual with very restricted ranges and may be significantly threatened by persecution. There is some illegal exportation of this species for the pet trade from Turkey. Locally the populations have been seriously affected by intensive collecting for venom. Lowland populations in Central Asia are declining because of habitat conversion from agriculture and associated irrigation schemes; populations in montane regions where there is little development are more stable.","This species has been recorded from protected areas in Jordan, Lebanon, Cyprus and Turkey. It is protected by national legislation in Israel. The Caucasian subspecies are included into the Red Data Books of Kazakhstan (1996)  (category 2) and the Russian Federation (2001) - category and status 2. There is a need to develop education programmes for the conservation of this species throughout its range. Populations on Cyprus should be monitored. The isolated population in Jordan is considered to be threatened.",,,"Aram Agasyan, Boris Tuniyev, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nikolai Orlov, Wolfgang Böhme, Petros Lymberakis, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Souad Hraoui-Bloquet, Riyad Sadek, Yehudah Werner",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,VIPERIDAE,Macrovipera,schweizeri,,Macrovipera schweizeri,,,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)",EU27,,"Listed as Endangered because its Extent of Occurrence is not much greater than 100km2, it is known from only four small islands, there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. The population trend may now have more or less stabilized, but this is a recent change and could easily be reversed.",Stable,"This species is endemic to the western Cyclade Islands (Milos, Syphnos, Kimolos and Polyaigos) of Greece. It is found from sea level up to 400m asl (the highest point on the islands).","The population probably totals around 3,000 individuals, with about 2,500 of these on western Milos. Subspecies syphnoensis (from island of Syphnos) is very rare, with only occasional specimens recorded. The population is now more or less stable, but over the last 30-40 years there have been significant declines as a result of collecting and road kills.","It can be found throughout the islands on dry, sunny hillsides and in traditionally cultivated land, in densely vegetated areas close to water with rocky outcrops, and also in pools of water. Its most important habitat is small creeks. The female lays a clutch of between four and 11 eggs.","It is threatened by illegal collection of animals, direct persecution when encountered, accidental mortality on roads and ongoing habitat loss through mining and quarrying concessions. Illegal collection, mortality and mining are still ongoing, but at a lower level than before as a result of regulation and conservation measures. Fires (caused by humans) and tourist development are also important threats. In the species' stronghold in western Milos there are tourist developments causing habitat loss and increased shortage of water.","It is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention and is protected by national legislation. The entire island of Polyaigos is protected and southern Milos is also protected by the European network of protected areas. The species has been monitored for many years. Snake tunnels have been constructed at four sites, and more are planned; studies have showed that these are an effective method to reduce road kills in this species. Agreements have been reached with the mining company to reduce road traffic, especially at night.",,,"Wolfgang Böhme, Petros Lymberakis, Claes Andrén",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,COLUBRIDAE,Malpolon,insignitus,,Malpolon insignitus,,Eastern populations of Malpolon formerly allocated to M. monspessulanus are now included within M. insignatus following Carranza et al. (2006).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



EU27: LC

EU: LC

Turkey: LC",Stable,"This widespread species is present in North Africa, southern Europe, West Asia and the Caucasus. In North Africa it ranges from Tunisia in the west, through northern Libya to northern Egypt (with an apparently isolated population at Siwa). In southern Europe, it is largely found in the Balkans being distributed along the Adriatic coastal area from Slovenia and Croatia (including some Adriatic islands) to Albania, eastern Macedonia, most of Greece (including some Aegean islands) and southern Bulgaria. There is an isolated population on Lampedusa island (Italy). The species is present on Cyprus, in much of Turkey, in the Caucasus region (and adjacent Kalmykia in southern Russia), western Iran, Iraq and western Saudi Arabia. The species also ranges south from Turkey into Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Jordan.","This is generally a common species. In Egypt it is still reasonably common, but declining.","This species is found in arid open woodlands, scrubland with low cover, dry steppe, open spaces, stabilized sand dunes coastal dunes, grassland, meadows, flood plains and cultivated land. In the Transcaucasian region it is found in dry rocky semi-desert, preferring places with rough rocky terrain. It is often found near wetlands in the Nile Delta. The females lay between four and 20 eggs.","There are overall no major threats to this species. On Lampedusa Island (Italy) populations are heavily impacted by mortality on roads. In Egypt it is collected in large numbers for the international pet trade, and is also threatened by land reclamation for agriculture, overgrazing, collection of firewood, quarrying and urbanization. The species is used by snake charmers and as a souvenir for tourists in Tunisia (Juan M. Pleguezuelos, pers. comm. October 2008).","In view of its wide range it is presumably present in many protected areas. Research into commercial harvest levels in Egypt is needed. As a species with a reducing number it is included into the ""Annotated list of taxa and populations required a special attention to their status in the wildlife"" (Appendix to the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation, 2001).",,,"Aram Agasyan, Aziz Avisi, Boris Tuniyev, Petro Lymberakis, Claes Andrén, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nazan Üzüm, Nikolai Orlov, Richard Podloucky, Sako Tuniyev, Uğur Kaya, Milan Vogrin, Sherif Baha El Din",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,COLUBRIDAE,Malpolon,monspessulanus,,Malpolon monspessulanus,,Eastern populations of Malpolon formerly allocated to M. monspessulanus are now included within M. insignatus following Carranza et al. (2006).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species ranges widely in Portugal, Spain (generally absent from the Cantabrian Mountains), southeastern France, and northwestern Italy (Liguria); in North Africa it distributes along northern Algeria, Morocco and coastal areas of Western Sahara. It ranges from sea level up to 2,160m asl.","It is generally a common species. In human altered landscapes, populations are frequently stable or even increasing, whilst the populations of other snakes are declining (Juan M. Pleguezuelos pers. comm., October 2008).","A venomous snake, it is found in scrubland with low cover, open spaces, coastal dunes, grassland, meadows and cultivated land. In hot time of summer it has crepuscular-nocturnal activity. The annual activity period seems to be expanding in parallel with the raise of mean annual temperatures (Juan M. Pleguezuelos pers. comm., October 2008).","There are overall no major threats to this species. Many animals are killed on roads or are persecuted by farmers. The snake is used by snake charmers, and it is also sold dried as a curio but this is not a major threat.","This species is listed on Annex III of the Bern Convention. It occurs in a number of protected areas throughout its range, for example the following ones in Morocco: Saghro, Talassemtane, Jbel Moussa, Beni Snassen, Cap des trois fourches, Gourougou, Perdicaris, Cap Spartel, Tamga, Khnifiss, Chekhar, Trois fourches, Sebkha Bou Areg, Gourougou, Embouchure Moulouya, Beni Snassen, and Koudiat Tidighine.",,,"Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Claudia Corti, Valentin Pérez Mellado, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Juan M. Pleguezuelos, Marc Cheylan",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,CAUDATA,SALAMANDRIDAE,Mesotriton,alpestris,,Mesotriton alpestris,,There are some ecological and behavioural traits that support a certain distinction (perhaps at the species level) between some of the currently recognized subspecies (Arano and Arntzen 1987; Andreone et al. 1993). Populations in the Peloponnese and southeastern continental Greece are undergoing taxonomic revision (P. Lymberakis pers. comm.).,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. Some taxa within M. alpestris , including polyphenisms (populations with no observed genetic variation from M. alpestris ) are severely threatened and close to extinction. This is the case for most of the 87 known paedomorphic populations (only a few of these are considered not to be threatened). Subspecies of M. alpestris that probably qualify for listing in a threatened category include M.a. veluchiensis , M.a. inexpectatus , M.a. lacusnigri and M.a. cyreni (M. Denoël pers. comm.). The neotenous subspecies M.a. serdarus , endemic to Zminicko Lake, in Montenegro, is considered to be highly endangered by Kalezic and Dzukic (2001). The subspecies M.a. inexpectatus , restricted to a few sites on the Catena Costiera in Calabria, southern Italy, is threatened through significant alteration of the aquatic habitats (F. Andreone pers. comm.); this subspecies inexpectatus , would qualify as Vulnerable if assessed separately. It is present at fewer than 5 locations and potential threats are habitat loss and the introduction of predatory fish to the lakes where they live. Populations from southern Greece, which might be taxonomically distinct, are probably also threatened.",Decreasing,"This species is found throughout much of Europe, ranging from the French Atlantic coastline north to Denmark and eastwards to the Ukrainian Carpathians, Romania, and Bulgaria. It is widely distributed in the Balkans. Isolated populations are present in southern Italy and northern Spain (not present in Portugal). The distribution map is based largely on Denoël et al. (2001). It has been successfully introduced in the United Kingdom [distribution not mapped here], and in the Sierra de Guadarrama (Madrid Province, central Spain). The species occurs from sea level to around 2,500m asl (Switzerland and French Alps).","It is generally common in suitable habitat. The species is considered to be rare in Hungary and Bulgaria; threatened in Austria and Denmark; vulnerable in Spain ( M.a. cyreni ) and endangered in the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and Greece (Gasc et al. , 1997; Denoël pers. comm.).","This is a very aquatic species generally found close to water. It is widespread in both alpine and lowland habitats including wet, shaded coniferous, mixed and deciduous forests, sub alpine meadows and pastureland. The species breeds, and larval development takes place, in all stagnant waters including shallow ponds, temporary pools, lakes, and ditches, drinking troughs, ruts and sometimes slow-moving streams. The generation time is between 2 and 10 years depending on the locality. The species life expectancy might be more than 20 years, but is usually around 7 years. Several dozens to hundreds of eggs are deposited per female each year. Neotenous populations occur in some areas, for example mountain lakes of Slovenia, Bosnia and Montenegro. The species can be found in slightly modified habitats, although it is less common in large cultivated fields.","This species is vulnerable to fish introduction and breeding habitat destruction (drainage of wetlands and aquatic pollution) throughout its range. Following fish introductions, most populations rapidly become extinct (particularly alternative paedomorphic populations); some taxa (if taxonomy justified) have disappeared following fish introductions (e.g., M.a. lacustris : M. Denoël pers. comm.). In some areas there is over collection of the species for use in education and science (this has led to the extinction of the species from some Ukrainian localities). It is also collected in small numbers for the commercial pet trade (especially M.a. inexpectatus of Calabria). Populations in the Pelopenese and southeastern continental Greece are facing severe habitat loss. At least one of the introduced populations in the UK harbours chytridiomycosis, threatening native amphibian populations in the area.","This species is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention. It is present in many protected areas, and protected by national legislation over much of its range. The species is recorded in a number of many national and sub national Red Data Books and Lists. New breeding sites for the species have been created in parts of its range (e.g., Hungary). Conservation measures needed include the removal of predatory fishes in mountain lakes, reduction of overgrazing in mountain pastures, and the restoration of traditional livestock troughs as breeding sites. There is an urgent need to conserve the unique paedomorphic mountain isolates of M. alpestris . In parts of the species range, mitigation measures to reduce road kill have been established.",,,"Jan Willem Arntzen, Mathieu Denoël, Sergius Kuzmin, Vladimir Ishchenko, Pedro Beja, Franco Andreone, Robert Jehle, Per Nyström, Claude Miaud, Brandon Anthony, Benedikt Schmidt, Agnieszka Ogrodowczyk, Maria Ogielska, Jaime Bosch, Milan Vogrin, Miguel",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,VIPERIDAE,Montivipera,xanthina,,Montivipera xanthina,,This species is included in Montivipera following Nilson et al. (1999) and Lenk et al. (2001).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global: LC

Turkish: LC

Europe: LC

EU 27: LC



Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species is found in northeastern Greece and in Turkey (western, southern and central Anatolia). In Greece it is also present on the islands of Lesbos, Chios, Samos, Patmos, Leipsoi, Leros, Kalymnos, Kos, Symi, Chalki and Oenousses. It ranges from sea level up to 2,000m asl.",It can be common in upland areas and on islands.,"This species is found in Mediterranean scrubland and mountain steppe habitats. It can be found in rural gardens, cultivated land, olive groves and among ruins. The females give birth to between two and 15 young.","A number populations in western Anatolia, Turkey, appear to be threatened by overcollection for the pet trade. There is some illegal export of this species from Turkey. There is some localized persecution of this species.","This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention. It is listed on Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive. It is present in many protected areas in southeast Anatolia, Turkey and in Greece as well.",,,"Wolfgang Böhme, Petros Lymberakis, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Pierre-André Crochet, Yakup Kaska, Yusuf Kumlutaş, Aziz Avci, Nazan Üzüm, Can Yeniyurt, Ferdi Akarsu",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,COLUBRIDAE,Natrix,maura,,Natrix maura,,"Guicking et al. (2002) and Joger (in press) show three different genetic groups one in Europe, one in Morocco, and one in Tunisia/Sardinia.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"In Europe, this species ranges from Portugal and Spain through much of France, to extreme southwestern Switzerland and northwestern Italy. In North Africa it is present in most of Morocco, northern Algeria, northern and central Tunisia and northwestern Libya. This species is also present (probably allochtonous) on the Mediterranean islands of Sardinia (Italy), Corsica (one single record) [not mapped]; natural populations are present on Iles d'Hyéres (France) and La Galite (Tunisia). It has been introduced to the islands of Menorca and Mallorca in the Balearic Islands of Spain. The species can be found from sea level up to 2,600  m asl.","In most of its range it is an extremely common species, but perhaps declining locally in some parts of North Africa.","This species is generally found close to, or within, waterbodies such as streams and ponds. Often these habitats are in meadows and open woodlands. It has also been recorded from areas of brackish water. The species lays between three and 20 eggs.","It is threatened in parts of its range by aquatic pollution, especially through the loss of prey species (e.g.. fishes). It is threatened in Switzerland, and presumably other parts of the species range, by channelization of rivers and other waterbodies. As with many snake species, individual animals are occasionally killed by people, as they are often confused with venomous vipers. In Tunisia, desiccated specimens are sold as souvenirs to tourists (Juan M Pleguezuelos pers. comm., October 2008).","This species is listed on Annex III of the Bern Convention, and is protected by national legislation in Switzerland. It is present in many protected areas. This species is categorized as Critically Endangered in Switzerland (Monney and Meyer, 2005).",,,"Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Marc Cheylan, M. Saïd Nouira, Ulrich Joger, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Benedikt Schmidt, Andreas Meyer, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,COLUBRIDAE,Natrix,natrix,,Natrix natrix,,"The subspecies N.n. cetti in Sardinia (Italy), N.n. corsa in Corsica (France) and N.n. cypriaca (Cyprus) are very differentiated and are often considered as distinct species. These insular subspecies, as well as N.n. schweizeri from Milos (Greece) and the isolated populations in North Africa are very rare. Of the nine known subspecies, three are distributed in Russia and adjacent counties: N. n. natrix (Linnaeus, 1758) on the most part of the European territory of the former USSR, except  for the Trans-Volga territory, the extreme south-eastern regions and eastern Ciscaucasia; N. n. scutata (Pallas, 1771) is found in the Trans-Volga area, in the Urals, in western Siberia, Kazakhstan, in Buryatia and in the south of eastern Siberia. N. n. persa (Pallas, 1814) is known from the eastern Ciscaucasia, Transcaucasia and southwestern Turkmenistan, and by single records from the Crimea. The taxonomic distinction of N. n. gotlandica seems very doubtful (Roberto Sindaco pers. comm., October 2008).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify (30% or more) for listing in a more threatened category at a global level.



EU27: LC

EU: LC

Turkey: LC",Decreasing,"This species ranges throughout most of Europe, being absent only from Ireland, Scotland, northern Scandinavia, southeastern Spain, the Balearic Islands (Spain) and Crete (Greece). It also ranges from European Russia eastwards into Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, China and Mongolia. It occurs in Cyprus (the Troodos Mountains), in most of Turkey, the Caucasus, and in northwestern Syria (only known from a couple of localities where it is very rare). In Iran it has been recorded from Mazandaran Province, Ghilan Province, East Azerbaijan Province and Central province (Latifi, 1991). It is present in North Africa, where it occurs in isolated localities in northern Morocco, northern Algeria and northern Tunisia. It ranges from sea level up to 3,060m asl.","It is a common species but with fragmented populations through parts of its range, especially in southern areas. In some regions it is very common (up to 120 specimens recorded per hectare in the Donetsky Range, Ukraine). The endemic taxa from Sardinia, Corsica, Cyprus and Milos are all very localized and threatened.","It is found in humid as well as dry areas with abundant vegetation. It can mostly be found close to water bodies, and is present in woodland (both deciduous and mixed), meadows, hedgerows, coastal areas, and suburban areas (especially gardens). The species can lay between 10 and 52 eggs. Populations recognized as N.n. gotlandica eat marine fish and may be found at sea.","It is locally threatened in parts of its range by water pollution impacting prey populations (principally amphibians), drainage of wetland habitats (in Switzerland 90% of wetland habitats have been drained [Andreas Meyer pers. comm.]) and general intensification of agricultural methods. Some subspecies are considered to be threatened. On Milos, the species is threatened also by mining activities (Alexander Westerström pers. comm.). As with many snakes this species is generally persecuted by people. Roadkill is a threat in many areas, and habitat fragmentation through development.","This species is listed on Annex III of the Bern Convention; N.n cetti and N.n. corsa are listed on Annex IV of the European Union Habitat and Species Directive. It is protected by national legislation in some range countries. It is present in many protected areas throughout its range. Restoration of habitat in non-protected areas of the Netherlands since ca. 1985, including creating habitat such as ditches for the prey species of frog Rana temporaria, has resulted in significant increases of Natrix natrix and Rana temporaria populations since ca. 2000 (Cornelius C. De Haan pers. comm.). The construction of corridors underneath roads could aid in significantly reducing mortality on roads for some populations (Juan M Pleguezuelos pers. comm., October 2008). The subspecies N.n. natrix is categorized as Endangered in Switzerland; the subspecies N.n. helvetica is categorized as Vulnerable in Switzerland (Monney and Meyer, 2005).",,,"Aram Agasyan, Aziz Avisi, Boris Tuniyev, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Petro Lymberakis, Claes Andrén, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nazan Üzüm, Nikolai Orlov, Richard Podloucky, Sako Tuniyev, Uğur Kaya, Rastko Atjic, Milan Vogrin, Claudia Corti, Valentin Pérez Mellado, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Marc Cheylan, Juan Pleguezuelos, Sterijovski Bogoljub, H. K. Nettmann, C. C. De Haan, B. Borczyk, B. Sterijovski, B. Schmidt, A. Meyer",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,COLUBRIDAE,Natrix,tessellata,,Natrix tessellata,,There may be some genetically distinct populations that may prove to be separate species in the future (Guiking et al. 2004). There are expected taxonomic rearrangements.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough (30% or greater) to qualify for listing in a more threatened category at a global level.



EU27: LC

EU: LC

Turkey: LC",Decreasing,"In Europe this species ranges from southern Switzerland (and possibly adjacent France), and Germany (where there are isolated populations in the west), eastwards into eastern Austria, Italy (islands excluded), Slovenia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Ukraine and southern Russia, southwards into Croatia (including some Adriatic islands), Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro, Macedonia, Albania and Greece (including the islands of Lesbos, Crete, Rhodes and Samos). In Asia the species ranges from Turkey into Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan and northern Egypt (Nile Delta and lower Nile Valley). It also ranges from the Caucasus Mountains of southern Russia, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan eastwards into Iran, Iraq, Yemen, Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and northwest China. It might be present on Cyprus, although this requires confirmation. It occurs from sea level up to 2,800m asl.","It is common in much of its range. If it occurs on Cyprus, it is extremely rare there. In Egypt the potential range has increased since the construction of the Aswan High Dam, although the species is considered to be declining. It has declined in Israel.","This is a largely aquatic species associated with rivers, coasts, streams, lakes, ponds and the surrounding terrestrial habitat. The species lays a clutch of between five and 37 eggs.","It appears not to be globally threatened. It is threatened by loss or modification of wetland habitats in parts of its range, for example through river channelization and lakeshore development. This species is considered to be threatened in a number of western and central European range states. It is often killed by road traffic, particularly in the mating season. In Egypt large numbers of this species are collected for the international pet trade (Sherif Baha El Din pers. comm.). As with many snakes this species is generally persecuted by people. Habitat destruction by invasive plant species are a threat in parts of its range.","It is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention and is protected by national legislation in a number of countries. Appears on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive. It is presumed to occur in many protected areas throughout its range. Habitat restoration work is taking place in parts of Austria (CoE, 2003). Conservation projects for this species are in place in Germany (Benedikt Schmidt pers. comm.). Further research into the range and taxonomic status of this species are needed (e.g.. for Yemen and Cyprus). The species has been reintroduced to part of its former range in eastern Germany. In Germany the species is Critically Endangered. This species is categorized as Endangered in Switzerland (Monney and Meyer, 2005). Eradication of invasive wetland plant species is an important future measure.",,,"Aram Agasyan, Aziz Avisi, Boris Tuniyev, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Petro Lymberakis, Claes Andrén, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nazan Üzüm, Nikolai Orlov, Richard Podloucky, Sako Tuniyev, Uğur Kaya, Rastko Atjic, Milan Vogrin, Claudia Corti, Valentin Pérez Mellado, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Marc Cheylan, Juan Pleguezuelos, Sherif Baha El Din, Hans Konrad Nettmann, Cornelius C. De Haan, B. Sterijovski, B. Schmidt, A. Meyer.",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,SCINCIDAE,Ophiomorus,punctatissimus,,Ophiomorus punctatissimus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global: LC

Turkish: DD

Europe: LC

EU 27: LC



Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



In Turkey, this species is listed as Data Deficient because not enough is known about the species' natural history and range to assess its status.



In Europe and EU27, in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Unknown,"This species occurs in Greece on the Peloponnese peninsula and on the Greek islands of Kythira in the Aegean Sea and the island of Kastelorizo off of the southwestern Turkish coast, and in parts of southwestern Turkey.  One record from southeastern Greece is doubtful and requires verification. This is a lowland species occurring up to 600m asl.",This species is rare in Turkey and Greece.,"This species burrows in soil and can be found hiding under stones. It occurs in open areas of grassland, scrubland, and low vegetation with loose soil. It can be found in olive groves.","The threats to this species are not well known. It is unlikely that there are major threats given its habitat preferences, but more research is needed.",It is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention. It is listed under Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive. It has been recorded from a few protected areas in Greece and in Turkey. Further enforcement of protected areas in which this species occurs in Greece is needed. There is a need for more taxonomic studies for both the Greek and Turkish populations. More research is needed to better understand the biology of this species.,,,"Petros Lymberakis, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Pierre-André Crochet, Yakup Kaska, Yusuf Kumlutaş, Uğur Kaya, Aziz Avci, Nazan Üzüm, Can Yeniyurt, Ferdi Akarsu",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Ophisops,elegans,,Ophisops elegans,,This species is in need of major taxonomic revision.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



EU27: LC

EU: LC

Turkey: LC",Stable,"This species ranges from northeastern Greece (including the islands of Lesbos, Ikaria, Samos, Patmos, Kalymnos, Rhodes and Karpathos) and southeastern Bulgaria through Turkey, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, southern Russia, Iran, northern Pakistan and northwestern India. It is also present in Cyprus; northestern Algeria (isolated population in the Aures Mountains); northeastern Libya, Egypt (northeast Sinai) and central and northern Israel, western and northern Jordan, throughout Lebanon, Syria and northern Iraq. It ranges from 400m below sea level (Dead Sea) up to 2,000m asl, but may be found at higher elevations.",It is generally a common and abundant species.,"This is found in arid or dry areas of sparse grassland, shrubland or cropland, and sclerophyllous woodland. In Armenia it occasionally occurs on sands, in central Armenia it is known in sparse oaken woods. In hot time of summer it prefers to be in immediate proximity to water. In Egypt, it inhabits well-vegetated rocky hillsides. It may be found hiding in crevices, dense vegetation and in sand at night. It is an egg-laying species; females lay two clutches of 3 - 6 eggs in a season.","In general there appear to be no major threats to this species as a whole In Israel it is believed to be declining in some areas through the use of agrochemicals. In Egypt, it is threatened by overgrazing, collection of firewood and quarrying.",This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention. It is present in many protected areas. It is protected by national legislation in Israel. Further taxonomic studies and research into the distribution of this species (particularly in North Africa) are needed.,,,"Petro Lymberakis, Aram Agasyan, Boris Tuniyev, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nikolai Orlov, Pierre-André Crochet, Petros Lymberakis, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Yehudah Werner, Ahmad Mohammed Mousa Disi, Souad Hraoui-Bloquet, Riyad Sadek, Sherif Baha El Din",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,PELOBATIDAE,Pelobates,cultripes,,Pelobates cultripes,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Listed as Near Threatened because this species is probably in significant decline (but probably at a rate of less than 30% over ten years) because of widespread habitat loss through much of its range and the impacts of invasive predators, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"This species is present in most of the Iberian Peninsula (except the northern area of the Peninsula and parts of central and northern Portugal), and southern France. There are also isolated populations in western France. It occurs from sea level (France and Spain) up to 1,770m asl (Spain). Its Area Of Occupancy is much smaller than its Extent Of Occurrence, as it is restricted to a specific type of habitat.","This species is generally common in suitable habitat. However, population declines have been observed in most of its range.","The burrowing habits of this species generally restrict its distribution to areas with sandy or soft soils. It occurs in dunes, oak forest, scrub, cultivated land, and open areas, sometimes close to human habitation. In France it is largely restricted to coastal regions. It breeds in temporary pools and livestock ponds with thick vegetation that occasionally may be brackish. This species has a long larval development period, which makes it vulnerable to introduced predators and desiccation of ponds.","In Iberia threats include the isolation of populations by agricultural intensification, destruction of wetland habitats (by urban development) and their pollution (with agrochemicals), and introduction of predatory Louisiana crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii ) and fish (such as Gambusia holbrooki ) to breeding areas. Mortality on roads, and tourism development, are causing localized declines in some populations. In France, tourism and wetland drainage are the principal threats to this species. Overall, the severity of the threats to this species appears to be increasing.","It occurs in a number of protected areas, including several NATURA 2000 sites, and is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and on Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive. It is protected by national legislation in Spain, and is listed in a number of national and subnational Red Data Books.",,,"Pedro Beja, Jaime Bosch, Miguel Tejedo, Miguel Lizana, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Alfredo Salvador, Mario García-París, Ernesto Recuero Gil, Valentin Perez-Mellado, Carmen Diaz Paniagua, Marc Cheylan, Rafael Marquez, Philippe Geniez",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,PELOBATIDAE,Pelobates,fuscus,,Pelobates fuscus,,Further systematic work is currently under way on this taxon. It seems possible that it might be a complex of more than one species.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



EU27: Least Concern, however the species is currently in a serious decline and may soon quality for NT.

Europe: LC, however the species is currently in a serious decline and may soon quality for NT.",Decreasing,"This is a lowland species found throughout much of the plains and hilly regions of Europe, including from eastern Netherlands, eastern Belgium and eastern France, east through Germany, Denmark, Sweden (northern limits) and Central Europe and Eastern Europe to western Siberia (Russia) and northwestern Kazakhstan. It ranges from sea level up to 675m asl. There is a very isolated population in Argenton-sur-Creuse in central France, and another isolated population (the endemic subspecies, Pelobates fuscus insubricus ) in the Po Valley of northern Italy.","Populations are reported to be declining or rare in some European countries (e.g.. Italy, Sweden, Denmark, Slovenia, Hungary). It is generally common in Poland. The species is common and widespread in the European part of the former Soviet Union. It is extinct in Switzerland.","It is mostly present in open areas, generally avoiding moist soils. It inhabits clear spaces in coniferous, deciduous and mixed forests (and their edges), groves, steppes, fields, meadows, sand dunes, heath land, gravel pits, parks and gardens. Spawning sites are mostly permanent, small still waterbodies including ditches, ponds and lakes. It may occur in modified habitats such as rice fields (in Italy). Nocturnal and habitat specific.","The species seems to be may be sensitive to water quality and soil structure. Pollution of wetlands by industry, domestic sewage and agriculture (including eutrophication), drainage of breeding pools and introduction of predatory fishes and crayfish are major threats to the species. The species is also threatened by loss of terrestrial habitats (such as meadows) by factors such as intensive agriculture (e.g., over-stocking of cattle) and mortality on roads (and off-road driving). The species is collected in small numbers for the pet trade.



 Pelobates fuscus insubricus is a highly threatened subspecies. There are now 12 populations and in recent years it has declined strongly. In some areas it is threatened by the introduced crayfish. chytrid may be a problem (and may be now) in the near future. There is an Action Plan for this species in the Bern Convention.","It is protected by national legislation in most European range states. Listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention. It is listed on Annex IV and Pelobates fuscus insubricus is listed on Annex II of the EU Natural Habitats Directive as a priority species. The species is recorded in a number of national and sub-national Red Data Books and Lists. It is present in many protected areas. In parts of this species' range, mitigation measures to reduce road kill have been established. A conservation programme is in place for the isolated population in central France. Populations benefit from pond creation and respond well to habitat restoration. In Sweden 99% of the population was lost between 1959-1989, however the species is now recovering due to reintroduction and population augmentation.",,,"Aram Agasyan, Aziz Avisi, Boris Tuniyev, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Petro Lymberakis, Claes Andrén, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nazan Üzüm, Nikolai Orlov, Richard Podloucky, Sako Tuniyev, Uğur Kaya",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,PELOBATIDAE,Pelobates,syriacus,,Pelobates syriacus,,Further investigations into differences between populations in Turkish Thrace ( Pelobates syriacus balcanicus ) and those of Seydişhir vilayet are needed (İ.H. Ugurtas pers. comm.).,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



EU27: NT - Close to qualifying for Vulnerable due to loss of wetland habitats, but at a rate of less than 30% over the past 10 years.



Europe: LC

Turkey: LC",Decreasing,"This species occurs in the south-east Balkans, east to south-eastern Transcaucasia and northern Iran, and south to the Levant. In the Balkans it occurs in Greece, Macedonia, Serbia, southern Romania, Bulgaria and Turkey. It occurs widely, but in scattered populations in Turkey. In Caucasian region it is found in southeastern Armenia, Georgia north to Tbilisi and Azerbaijan, north to southern Dagestan in Russia, and east to the Caspian coastal area of Iran. In the Levant it occurs in northern Syrian Arab Republic and in the southern Coastal Plain [Ashdod] of Israel (the southernmost limit of its range), but it is probably extinct in Jordan where it has not been observed since 1984. It has been recorded from two sites in Lebanon in 2005; in the Hasbani Valley and in the Bekaa Valley near the Aammiq marsh. The species is also expected to occur in Albania, Ukraine and Moldova, but there appear not to be confirmed records from these countries, and records from northern Iraq require confirmation. It occurs from sea level to 2,000m asl.",It appears not to be a common species; although a number of populations are often highly fragmented and subject to significant population fluctuations especially in the south of its range. The species is uncommon in Serbia (Kalezic and Dzukic 2001). It is relatively common in Iran. In Lebanon there are very localized but small populations. It is a threatened species in Israel. The species is possibly extinct in Jordan. This species is very rare in the Caucasus Region.,"It is a largely fossorial species. Terrestrial habitats occupied are generally open uncultivated lands such as light forests, steppe (and steppe-like habitats), semi-desert and rocky areas. It is generally less selective than Pelobates fuscus in terms of soil preference, inhabiting not only soft soils suitable for a fossorial life (although they are preferred), but also solid, rocky soils, particularly friable clay with pebbles. Spawning sites include stagnant temporary waterbodies; river or lakeside temporary waterbodies and large permanent pools. It can occur in slightly modified areas, including intensively grazed areas.","It is generally threatened by habitat loss through drainage or loss of breeding wetlands and conversion of land to agricultural and industrial use. Threatened by habitat destruction (especially of breeding sites) in Jordan and Israel. In Iran it is threatened by Caspian Sea coastal development, including holiday homes and agriculture (rice). Fragmented populations are susceptible to extinction through population fluctuations, most especially within arid landscapes.","It is listed on Appendix II of the Berne Convention; listed on Annex IV of the EU Natural Habitats Directive. It is protected by legislation in Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia (Yugoslavia) and Israel. It is recorded in a number of national and subnational Red Data Books and Lists. The species occurs in a number of protected areas. It is protected in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran. There have been successful captive breeding and re-introductions of this species in Armenia. Conservation measures, such as habitat construction, are taking place in Israel. Further status surveys are needed in parts of its range or potential range (e.g., Albania, Moldova, Ukraine, Syrian Arab Republic, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq).",,,"Aram Agasyan, Boris Tuniyev, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Petro Lymberakis, Claes Andrén, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nazan Üzüm, Nikolai Orlov, Richard Podloucky, Sako Tuniyev, Uğur Kaya",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,PELODYTIDAE,Pelodytes,ibericus,,Pelodytes ibericus,,This species was previously included within Pelodytes punctatus . Further systematic studies are required to more clearly determine the distribution of P. ibericus .,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species is endemic to southeastern Portugal and southern Spain. Further investigations into the range of this recently described species are needed in Portugal . It is present from sea level to approximately 1,450m asl in Granada province, Spain.","It is locally abundant in suitable habitat in Spain, and it is increasing in Donana. It is considered to be scarce in Portugal.","It can be found in dry or slightly damp open habitats including open woods, shrubland, salt marshes and cultivated areas. It can survive in intensively farmed areas. It breeds after rain in shallow sunny ponds (up to 1.5m deep), lagoons, stream backwaters, drains, roadside ditches and possibly in salt marshes. It is present in some modified habitats (such as non-intensively farmed fields).",Loss of suitable freshwater breeding habitats (including stream channelization) is a threat as is habitat fragmentation. Predation of larvae and adults by exotic fish and Louisiana Crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii ) introductions is also a threat.,"It is listed on Appendix III of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Berne Convention). It is listed in the Regional Catalogue of Andalucía, Spain. It is not yet protected by national legislation. It is present in Doñana and Sierra Nevada National Parks, Spain.",,,"Jaime Bosch, Miguel Tejedo, Miguel Lizana, Pedro Beja, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Alfredo Salvador, Mario García-París, Ernesto Recuero Gil, Rafael Marquez, Carmen Diaz Paniagua, Valentin Perez-Mellado",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,PELODYTIDAE,Pelodytes,punctatus,,Pelodytes punctatus,,Populations in northern Portugal might belong to an undescribed species (Tejedo et al. 2004). Further systematic studies are required to more clearly determine the distribution of this species in Iberia.,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"This species is found in western Portugal, northern, central and eastern Spain, most of France, and in coastal northwestern Italy (only in Liguria and southern Piedmont). In Portugal there is limited information on the distribution of this species in relation to Pelodytes ibericus . It occurs from sea level up to 1,630m asl.","It is generally locally abundant over much of its range. The species is generally scarce in Portugal, and it is threatened in Italy due to loss of breeding sites on the edge of its range. Populations in southern Spain and northern Portugal are highly threatened and fragmented.","Its preferred habitats are dry or damp stony areas (including drystone walls). It is also observed in dunes, flooded quarries and cultivated areas. It is often present in calcareous or sandy areas. Aquatic habitats, where it breeds, include shallow, sunny, open (often ephemeral or temporary) waters, small pools, ditches and slow, small streams with a sandy substrate. It can occur in traditionally farmed areas.","Threats include drainage of marshland and canalization of rivers (Gasc et al. , 1997). Loss of suitable freshwater breeding habitats and habitat fragmentation are also threats. Intensification of agriculture is threatening the species in Iberia. Desertification is a threat in parts of its range (southern Portugal). Predation of larvae and adults by exotic fish and Louisiana Crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii ) introductions (especially in Iberia) is also a threat. Hydroelectric projects are leading to habitat loss in parts of Portugal.","This species is protected by national legislation throughout its range states (Gasc et al. , 1997) and it is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention. The species is recorded several national and subnational Red Data Books and lists and it is present in a number of protected areas (including several NATURA 2000 sites). In some areas protection of temporary ponds is a conservation priority for the species.",,,"Mathieu Denoël, Pedro Beja, Franco Andreone, Jaime Bosch, Claude Miaud, Miguel Tejedo, Miguel Lizana, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Alfredo Salvador, Mario García-París, Ernesto Recuero Gil, Rafael Marquez, Marc Cheylan, Carmen Diaz Paniagua, Valentin Perez",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,RANIDAE,Pelophylax,bedriagae,,Pelophylax bedriagae,,This species was previously considered to be a subspecies of Pelophylax ridibundus . The taxonomy and distribution of this species and other West Asian water frogs needs further research. The taxonomic status of populations on Cyprus should also be reviewed as these animals might represent a species endemic to that island (Wolfgang Böhme pers. comm.).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global: LC

Turkish: LC

Europe: LC

EU 27: LC



Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, its tolerance of a broad range of habitats, its presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



In Turkey, this species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, its tolerance of a broad range of habitats, its presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. Trade of the species if continued at unsustainable levels could endanger the species.



In Europe and EU27, this species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, its tolerance of a broad range of habitats, its presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. The species could be threatened by competition with humans for limited water resources on small islands.",Decreasing,"This species ranges widely in the eastern Mediterranean. In Turkey this species is widespread along the Aegean coast and the southern part of the Anatolian highlands. It is also found on the Greek islands close to the coast of Turkey including the island of Rhodes (Arnold, 2002), and ranges through much of Cyprus. It is present in eastern Syrian Arab Republic (with isolated populations in the north and east), most of Lebanon (where it is a common species), northeastern Jordan (with an isolated population known from the Azraq Oasis), Lebanon (a common species), much of Israel (except the extreme south), and Egypt (Nile Delta and northeastern Sinai (Disi et al. , 2001; S. Baha El Din pers. comm.). It might range more widely, and records from Iraq (not mapped) require confirmation; this will be determined by ongoing taxonomic work. In Jordan the species has been collected from sea level to 1,500m asl.","It is generally common to abundant in humid areas. In Lebanon it is very abundant in the lowlands and is also common at higher elevations. It is common, but localized in Egypt (S. Baha El Din pers. comm.).","This is a largely aquatic species of permanent wetlands with rich aquatic vegetation. The species' habitats include permanent ponds, rain pools, streams, rivers, irrigation channels, reservoirs, marshes, springs and fishponds, being sometimes found in surrounding terrestrial habitats. It is able to survive in areas with organic pollution and tributaries from hot mineral springs. It is a seasonal breeder, with breeding taking place in permanent waterbodies. This species can occur in modified habitats where suitable wetlands exist.","It is threatened by a localized loss of habitat through the drainage of wetlands, pollution, excessive drought and the development of coastal areas. It is caught and exported from Turkey to western Europe for food which represents a significant threat. It is exported in large numbers from Egypt (S. Baha El Din pers. comm.). There are no threats to the species in Lebanon. On the smaller islands in Greece where this species is present, it is sometimes threatened by water abstraction by local people.","Further surveys are needed to accurately determine this species range. It is protected by national legislation in Israel, and it is present in the Azraq Wetland Reserve, Dana Wildlife Reserve and Al Maujib Wildlife Reserves of Jordan and the Arz El-Shouf, Horj Ehden, Ammiq marshes and Sandy Beach of Sour protected areas in Lebanon. It is found several protected areas in Turkey.",,,"Theodore Papenfuss, Sergius Kuzmin, Ahmad Disi, Gad Degani, Ismail Ugurtas, Max Sparreboom, Steven Anderson, Riyad Sadek, Souad Hraoui-Bloquet, Avital Gasith, Eldad Elron, Sarig Gafny, Petros Lymberakis, Wolfgang Böhme, Sherif Baha El Din,",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,RANIDAE,Pelophylax,bergeri,,Pelophylax bergeri,,P.-A. Crochet (pers. comm.) suggests that this is probably a subspecies of Pelophylax lessonae (Crochet and Dubois in press).,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"This species is present in peninsular Italy (south of Genoa and Rimini), the islands of Elba and Sicily (Italy) and on the island of Corsica (France). There is probably at least one introduced population in the UK (it is not known if it persists) (not mapped here). It has also been introduced to Sardinia, Italy. It has an altitudinal range of at least up to 1,800m asl.",It is a locally common species.,"It is associated with still and slow moving waters, where it breeds, and the surrounding terrestrial habitats. It may occasionally be found in modified habitats","This species is threatened by the localized loss of suitable wetland habitat (presumably through drainage for agriculture and urbanization). Pelophylax species have been widely translocated (they are eaten by people), and different species within the genus hybridize readily; consequently hybridization presents a threat to the genetic integrity of the species.",This species is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention and is protected by national legislation in Italy. It is listed on Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive (as part of Rana (= Pelophylax ) lessonae ). It is present in some protected areas.,,,"Franco Andreone, Claudia Corti, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,RANIDAE,Pelophylax,cerigensis,,Pelophylax cerigensis,,This species is now regarded as being endemic to the island of Karpathos; populations on Rhodes that were previously assigned to this species are now allocated to P. bedriagae (Lymberakis et al. 2007). The taxonomy of Pelophylax is complex and further studies are ongoing.,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"Listed as Critically Endangered, because its extent of occurrence is less than 100 km2 and area of occupancy is less than 10 km2, it is known from a single location, and there is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat. Current population trend has not been quantified but it is likely to be declining in response to habitat loss; the species was more abundant in the 1960s than it is today.",Decreasing,"This species is known only from Karpathos Island, Greece. It is currently only known with certainty from a single river, near Olimbos in the mountains on the north side of the island, and it does not appear to range more widely.","The known population on Karpathos is reported to be 'modest' (Beerli et al. 1994). Earlier literature sources from the 1960s have indicated that water frogs were abundant on the island, but around 1992 they were difficult to find (with very few adults being observed, but several juveniles) (P. Beerli pers. comm.). Recent reports indicate that it is quite common in its single site on Karpathos. Current population trend has not been quantified, but there certainly was a decline from the 1960s to the present.","It is a mostly aquatic species, largely restricted to permanent still or slow-running waters and apparently sensitive to habitat change. Breeding and larval development presumably take place in these waterbodies.","The major threat is habitat loss and degradation of suitable aquatic habitats. Although the site from which the species is known is fairly remote, freshwater habitats are subject to a number of threats such as excessive water abstraction and climate change. Fires are an additional potential threat, and the species may be vulnerable to climate change.","It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention. It probably occurs in a protected area on Karpathos, but there is a need for further research into the range and low population of this species. Monitoring and effective protection and appropriate management of the single site at which it is known to occur is needed.",,,"Peter Beerli, Thomas Uzzell, Petros Lymberakis",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,RANIDAE,Pelophylax,cretensis,,Pelophylax cretensis,,"The species status of Pelophylax cretensis is ""confirmed"" by short mtDNA sequences and a large number of private allozyme alleles not found in any other water frog (P. Beerli pers. comm.).",Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"Listed as Endangered, because its extent of occurrence is less than 5,000 km2 and area of occupancy is less than 500 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to the island of Crete, Greece, where it is patchily distributed in the lowlands over a wide area generally below 100m asl.","It does not appear to be particularly abundant, and is especially difficult to find in dry years.","It is associated with wetlands including slow-moving rivers and streams, lakes and marshes. Breeding and larval development presumably take place in these waterbodies.",The loss of aquatic habitats is the principal threat to this species. Extraction of stream water in the uplands for agricultural irrigation (for bananas) leaves many lowland reaches dry during the summer months. Additional habitat loss may be occurring through infrastructure and tourism development. It might be impacted by the introduction of Lithobates catesbeiana .,"The species is listed on Appendix III of the Berne Convention. Although it occurs in many protected areas, several are not well protected or managed for biodiversity conservation. Further research into the population status and distribution of this species is urgently needed.",,,"Peter Beerli, Thomas Uzzell, Petros Lymberakis",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,RANIDAE,Pelophylax,epeiroticus,,Pelophylax epeiroticus,,This species does not produce hybridogenetic hybrids (Guerrini et al. 1997).,Yes,VU,B1ab(iii),No,VU,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"Listed as Vulnerable because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 20,000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its wetland habitat.",Decreasing,"This species is restricted to western Greece (including the island of Kerkyra), and southern Albania. It seems likely that populations of this species are fragmented because there are extensive areas of unsuitable habitat within its range. It occurs from sea level to around 500m asl.","This species has been described as quite abundant throughout much of its range (Gasc et al. 1997), although some populations are believed to be in decline.","This species is mostly aquatic and is commonly associated with still waters, slow-moving rivers, canals, and marshes, often with rich vegetation at their edges. Breeding and larval development takes place in these waterbodies. It is not known if the species can adapt to changes in habitat.","The main threats to this species are general loss of wetland habitat (through drainage for urbanization, tourism and agricultural intensification), water pollution, and large-scale commercial collection for food (it is harvested in enormous numbers in Albania).","It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas, though it might occur in Amvrakikos Gulf. There is a need to ensure that the offtake of this species from the wild for human consumption is managed sustainably. This species is listed on Appendix III of the Berne Convention.",,,"Thomas Uzzell, Petros Lymberakis, Idriz Haxhiu",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,RANIDAE,Pelophylax,esculentus,,Pelophylax esculentus,,"Previously, Pelophylax esculentus was considered to be a full species or a subspecies. It has since been found to be a hybrid form between the parental species, P. lessonae and P. ridibundus . According to the generally accepted view, this is a kleptospecies, i.e. a new category of taxa at the species level, the character of which does not coincide with the biological species concept. A large majority of past records of "" Rana esculenta "" (except for the designation of P. ridibundus under the same name) refer to P. lessonae or the latter and the hybrid form together. Further studies on the ecology and distribution of the hybrid P. esculentus are needed.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"This species ranges throughout most of western, central and eastern Europe; populations are largely sympatric with populations of the parental species. It is absent from much of Scandinavia (although present in Denmark and southern most Sweden [it is unclear as to whether or not the Swedish populations are relicts or introductions]). In Italy it is present only with certainty in the River Po plain. The species has been introduced to the United Kingdom [not mapped here] and to Spain at Villasbuenas de Gata, Cáceres and unspecified localities in Galicia, Cataluña and Comunidad Valenciana. It is generally a lowland taxon which might occur up to approximately 1,550m asl.",It is generally stable with large populations in Eastern Europe. There have been population declines reported in parts of Western Europe.,"It is a largely aquatic species associated with wetlands such as ponds, channels, ditches and slow moving rivers and streams. It is generally absent from forests, very large pools and strongly flowing waterbodies. The species spawns and larval development takes place within wetland habitats. It can occur in artificial waterbodies, and has spread in parts of its range through the irrigation of formerly unsuitable habitat (e.g.. in parts of Romania).","It is generally threatened by aquatic pollution (often by agrochemicals) and drainage of wetland habitats. The frog-leg trade and high levels of pollution are leading to significant declines in populations of the former Yugoslavia (Dzukic, 1996; Ljubisavljevic et al. 2003). Declines in the parent species R. lessonae can directly affect dependant populations of R. esculenta .","It is listed on Annex V of the EU Natural Habitats Directive and is protected by national legislation in many countries. It is recorded on many national and sub-national Red Data books and lists. It is present in many protected areas. In parts of this species' range, mitigation measures to reduce road kill have been established.",,,"Sergius Kuzmin, Trevor Beebee, Franco Andreone, Brandon Anthony, Benedikt Schmidt, Agnieszka Ogrodowczyk, Vladimir Ishchenko, Natalia Ananjeva, Nikolai Orlov, Boris Tuniyev, Maria Ogielska, Claude Miaud, Jon Loman, Dan Cogalniceanu, Tibor Kovács",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,RANIDAE,Pelophylax,grafi,,Pelophylax grafi,,Pelophylax grafi is a kleptospecies (hybridogenetic hemilineage) associated with P. perezi and P. ridibundus (Crochet et al. 1995).,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,Listed as Near Threatened due to an observed decline as a result of competition from the introduced species P. ridibundus . The rate of decline is probably close to 30% over the last 10 years making it close to qualifying for Vulnerable.,Decreasing,"This species is present in southern France and north-eastern Spain (Catalonia, Aragon, Navarra and the Basque Country) (Crochet et al. 1995; Dubois and Ohler 1994). It is also present in the southern Rhone Valley (Pagano, Joly and Hotz 1997). It is difficult to determine the distribution limits of this species because of hybridization.","The species' population has been greatly affected by the introduction of P. ridibundus , and in many areas where it was previously found only the invasive species remains.","Rana grafi occurs in mixed colonies with R. perezi , and lives in similar habitat, being found in a wide variety of temporary and permanent waterbodies (such as pools, streams, ditches, and irrigation canals), where it breeds. Terrestrial habitats include forests, scrubland, agricultural areas and coastal marshes.","The major threat to this species is displacement by the invasive species P. ridibundus . It is possibly also threatened by the drainage of suitable wetlands for agricultural, urban and tourism development. Agrochemical pollution of breeding waterbodies is also presumed to be a threat.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas, and is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention. Monitoring of the population is necessary to determine the degree of decline as a result of invasive species.",,,"Miguel Tejedo, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Alfredo Salvador, Mario García-París, Ernesto Recuero Gil, Pierre-André Crochet",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,RANIDAE,Pelophylax,hispanicus,,Pelophylax hispanicus,,This form is a kleptospecies derived from Pelophylax bergeri and P. ridibundus or P. kl. esculentus .,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species occurs on the island of Sicily (Italy) and on the Italian mainland, south of a line from Genoa to Rimini. It is also present on the Italian islands of Elba and Giglio. It is found at least up to 1,000m asl.",This is a locally abundant species that does not appear to be declining.,It is associated with still and slow moving waters and is found in nearby terrestrial habitats. This species is usually found in mixed colonies with Pelophylax bergeri . It can occur in slightly modified habitats.,"This species is threatened by the localized loss of suitable wetland habitat (presumably through drainage for agriculture and urbanization). It might also be threatened through predation by introduced fish. Pelophylax species have been widely translocated (they are eaten by people), and different species within the genus hybridize readily; consequently hybridization presents a threat to the genetic integrity of the species.",This species is listed on Appendix III of the Berne Convention and is protected by national legislation in Italy. It occurs in a number of protected areas.,,,"Franco Andreone, Claudia Corti, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,RANIDAE,Pelophylax,kurtmuelleri,,Pelophylax kurtmuelleri,,"The name Rana balcanica is occasionally used, but this is a junior synonym of Pelophylax kurtmuelleri (Dubois and Ohler 1995). P.-A. Crochet (pers. comm.) mentions that there is no genetic divergence between Pelophylax kurtmuelleri and P. ridibundus , and so the status of this species is doubtful (Crochet and Dubois 2004).",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species is distributed throughout much of Greece and Albania. In 1941 the species was also introduced to Imperia province, Liguria, northwestern Italy where it is currently expanding its range (Lanza, 1962; Lanza and Corti, 1993). It has an altitudinal distribution of sea level to a maximum of 1,000m asl.",It was considered by Gasc et al. (1997) to be common throughout its range.,"It is a largely aquatic species, generally found in areas close to suitable open water wetland habitats. It breeds in various stagnant and slow-moving waterbodies. Introduced populations of this species in Italy do not form hybridogenetic hybrids with native species (T. Uzzell pers. comm.).","This species is threatened in its native range by drainage of wetland habitats and aquatic pollution of many waterways caused by agrochemical and industrial (including mining) contaminants. In northern parts of its native range (e.g., Lake Skadar) it is significantly threatened by over collection for commercial purposes. The species is additionally threatened by accidental introductions of commercially transported non-native water frogs. However, it remains abundant in many places.","This species is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention. The species is present in the Lake Skadar protected area, on the border of Montenegro and Albania, and presumably in several other protected areas. Monitoring of commercial collection of this species is needed.",,,"Thomas Uzzell, Franco Andreone, Petros Lymberakis, Milan Vogrin, Idriz Haxhiu, Jelka Crnobrnja-Isailovic, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,RANIDAE,Pelophylax,lessonae,,Pelophylax lessonae,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"This species is distributed over much of Europe, ranging as far east as the southern Ural Mountains of Russia. It is absent from the Iberian Peninsula (except for introductions to Spain in Cáceres [Villasbuenas de Gata] and unspecified localities in Galicia, Cataluña and Comunidad Valenciana), much of Scandinavia, central and southern Italy (exact distribution not known but thought to be replaced by P. bergeri ) and it is absent from the Balkans. There are two isolated relict populations - one near Oslo (Norway) and Uppland (Sweden) north of Stockholm. It is native (formerly extirpated) to the British Isles and has been recently reintroduced from Sweden. It might occur up to 1,550m asl in southern parts of its range.","Although this species is reported to be declining over much of its European range (Gasc et al. , 1997), it remains widespread and common in Poland, the Baltic Republics, Moldova, Russia and the Ukraine.","It is present in deciduous and mixed forests, forest steppe, steppe, bush lands (e.g. riparian alder groves), meadows, fields and fens. It may often be found in shallow stagnant waterbodies (usually without fish) such as lakes, ponds, swamps, large puddles, clay and gravel pits, and ditches, often covered with dense herbaceous vegetation. It breeds in these wetlands, but may be found hibernating away from waterbodies. It is not very adaptable, but can occur in slightly modified habitats.","It is threatened by habitat loss through agricultural intensification and urbanization, channelization of waterbodies, drainage and pollution of wetlands, and the introduction of predatory fishes to breeding sites. It is additionally threatened by afforestation (in northern parts of the range) and competition with the larger sympatric R. ridibunda. The frog-leg trade (which is increasing) and high levels of pollution are leading to significant declines in populations within Yugoslavia (Dzukic, 1996; Ljubisavljevic et al. 2003).","It is listed on Appendix III of the Berne Convention and on Annex IV of the EU Natural Habitats Directive. It is protected by national legislation in many countries and is recorded on a number of national and sub-national Red Data books and lists. It is present in many protected areas. In parts of the species' range, mitigation measures to reduce road kill have been established.",,,"Sergius Kuzmin, Trevor Beebee, Franco Andreone, Per Nyström, Brandon Anthony, Benedikt Schmidt, Agnieszka Ogrodowczyk, Maria Ogielska, Dan Cogalniceanu, Tibor Kovács, István Kiss, Miklós Puky, Judit Vörös",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,RANIDAE,Pelophylax,perezi,,Pelophylax perezi,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species is found in southern France and across the whole of the Iberian Peninsula. It has been introduced to the Balearic Islands, and the Canary Islands (Spain), two sites in the United Kingdom (Sheppey, Kent and Newdigate, Surrey) and Madeira and the Azores (Portugal) (the distribution in the Azores requires further details and is incompletely mapped here). It occurs from sea level up to 2,380m asl (Sierra Nevada, Spain).","It is generally widespread and common over much of the Iberian Peninsula, while populations in France are reported to be scarce and dispersed (Gasc et al. , 1997). This species appears to be expanding its range to higher elevations, possibly as a result of climate change.","It inhabits a wide variety of temporary and permanent waterbodies (pools, streams, ditches, irrigation canals etc.). The terrestrial habitats of the species include forests, Mediterranean-type scrub, agricultural areas, rocky areas, coastal marshes, gardens and urban parks. It breeds in various aquatic habitats, and is able to tolerate some habitat disturbance.","There are generally no major threats to this widespread species. localized threats include changes in habitat through the loss of traditional agricultural methods, drainage or pollution of wetlands, collection of individuals for human consumption and hybridization with introduced farmed European ranids (R. esculenta complex). Mortality of the species through disease (iridovirus) has been recorded in Carris Lake, Peneda-Gerês National Park, Portugal. The disease might be non-native and have been transferred to the lake by an introduced predatory North American fish ( Lepomis gibbosus ). Predation by Lepomis gibbosus and other introduced predatory fish species occurs but is probably not a threat, and it is not greatly threatened in Portugal by the expansion of non-native predatory crayfish (Beja pers. comm.). In France, it is being displaced within some of its range by the introduced species Pelophylax ridibunda .","It is listed on Annex III of the Berne Convention and on Annex V of the EU Natural Habitats Directive. It is recorded in the national Red Data Book of Spain, and several regional Red Data Books. It occurs in many protected areas including Doñana and Cabañeros National Parks in Spain. In Portugal it is present in Peneda-Gerês National Park, where the population of Carris Lake has been impacted by disease. Further research into the impacts of disease on this species is needed.",,,"Jaime Bosch, Miguel Tejedo, Pedro Beja, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Alfredo Salvador, Mario García-París, Ernesto Recuero Gil, Trevor Beebee",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,RANIDAE,Pelophylax,ridibundus,,Pelophylax ridibundus,,Pelophylax ridibundus is the central member of the P. ridibundus complex. Investigations of mitochondrial DNA suggest that populations from the southern Caucasus and Central Asia might represent a separate species. The taxonomy of Anatolian water frogs (including P. ridibundus ) is still unclear; some authors suggest that the presence of P. ridibundus in Turkey cannot be established on the basis of morphometric data.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



Turkey: NT due to the overcollecting has been a 20-25% decline over the past 10 years.",Increasing,"This is a widespread species in western, central and eastern Europe and ranges as far eastwards as eastern Kazakhstan. There are introduced populations in the southeast United Kingdom (where the range is spreading), Switzerland, Belgium (Wallonia), Spain (Villasbuenas de Gata, Cáceres and unspecified localities in Galicia, Cataluña and Comunidad Valenciana), Siberia and Kamchatka, Russia and northwestern Xinjiang (Yining, Tacheng, Wenquan, Huocheng and Xinyuan), China. It is present throughout Turkey (although this might represent a separate taxon), possibly Syrian Arab Republic, much of Iran, northeastern Iraq and most of northern Afghanistan (absent from Pakistan). Isolated populations are present in Bahrain (it is not known as to whether or not this is an introduction) and within Saudi Arabia (relict populations in the southern Hadramaut, and an introduction at Al Kharj). Further investigations are needed into the range of the species within Iraq and Saudi Arabia. Numerous introductions have expanded the range in Siberia and Kamchatka. In Central Asia, it is often difficult to distinguish between the periphery of natural range and the areas occupied after dispersal and introductions. Numerous populations in Kazakhstan have originated through deliberate introductions from local laboratories and universities. The species was introduced into Siberia and Kamchatka through the accidental introduction of tadpoles with fish into reservoirs with warm discharge waters from electric power stations. It occurs from sea level to altitudes of around 2,500m asl.",This is generally a common to abundant species where it occurs.,"It is a highly opportunistic amphibian, living in mixed and deciduous forests, forest steppe, and steppe and other grasslands, semi-desert and desert zones. Arid areas are largely colonized through river valleys and channels. The frog prefers open, well-warmed areas with abundant herbaceous vegetation. It is a semi-aquatic species, inhabiting (and breeding in) a wide variety of flowing and stagnant water habitats, from shallow puddles and ponds to large lakes, reservoirs, rivers and brooks. It may also be found in slightly saline water; on the northern shore of the Apsheron Peninsula (Caspian Sea), reproduction has been observed in marine water at a distance of 0.5-1m from the shore. It is present in many modified habitats.","There are no major threats to this adaptable species. Loss of breeding habitats may lead to localized declines, but it is very resistant to environmental pollution and animals may be found in highly polluted waters (such as chemical or metallurgic pollution) where other amphibian species cannot survive. Severe, or prolonged, droughts may lead to localized population declines of this frog in arid areas. The harvesting of this species for educational and medical research, or food, appears to have little effect on some populations, although the frog-leg trade and high levels of pollution are leading to significant declines in populations in eastern Asia, in the former Yugoslavia (Dzukic, 1996; Ljubisavljevic et al. 2003) and possibly also in Romania. In Turkey, the harvesting of frog populations allocated to Pelophylax ridibunda for food appears to be a threat, thus the frog-leg trade and very significant levels of pollution due to some industrial areas might be leading to significant declines in populations in Turkey.","It is listed on Annex V of the EU Natural Habitats Directive and on Appendix III of the Berne Convention, and is protected by national legislation in a number of countries. It is listed in a number of national and regional Red Data Books and Lists, and is present in many protected areas. There is a need to control or eliminate this species where it has been introduced outside its natural range, as it is a threat to native species. In parts of its range, mitigation measures to reduce road kill have been established.",,,"Sergius Kuzmin, David Tarkhnishvili, Vladimir Ishchenko, Tatjana Dujsebayeva, Boris Tuniyev, Theodore Papenfuss, Trevor Beebee, Ismail Ugurtas, Max Sparreboom, Nasrullah Rastegar-Pouyani, Ahmad Disi, Steven Anderson, Mathieu Denoël, Franco Andreone",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,RANIDAE,Pelophylax,saharicus,,Pelophylax saharicus,,"Prior to Uzzell (1982) (who provisionally resurrected the name), this species was considered to be a synonym of Pelophylax perezi , or, following Pasteur and Bons (1959), a synonym of P. ridibundus . Although northwest African members of the "" P. esculentus "" complex are here tentatively regarded as P. saharicus , Hemmer, Konrad and Bachmann (1980), suggested that two species were hybridizing in North Africa. Steinwarz and Schneider (1991), considered it probable that P. saharicus is a junior synonym of P. perezi .",No,,,No,,,EU27,,"Europe: NA – this species is introduced in Europe (Canary islands)

EU 25: NA – within the EU, this species only occurs as a native species in the Spanish North African enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla



Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, its presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species is widely distributed (but with fragmented populations due to patchy available habitat) from northwestern Western Sahara, through Morocco, Ceuta and Melilla (Spain), Algeria (south to the Hoggar Massif), Tunisia, northern Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and northwestern Egypt (Siwa Oasis only). It has been introduced in Gran Canaria, Spain. The species has an altitudinal range of sea level to 2,670m asl.","It is abundant where suitable wetland habitat exists, and it is the most common amphibian of the Maghreb region. It is localized and uncommon in Egypt (S. Baha El Din pers. comm.).","It is mostly confined to montane and wetland areas within its range. The species is largely aquatic, being found in and around streams, oasis pools, irrigation canals, lakes and other waterbodies. Eggs are deposited in water. It is not known whether or not the species can occur in modified habitats.","The species is presumed to have no major threats, although it might be locally threatened by over-exploitation of water resources, pollution and fragmentation of populations. There has been some loss of habitat around Ceuta and Melilla.",This species is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention. It occurs in several protected areas.,,,"David Donaire-Barroso, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Alfredo Salvador, Mario García-París, Ernesto Recuero Gil, Tahar Slimani , El Hassan El Mouden, Philippe Geniez, Tahar Slimani, Ulrich Joger, Sherif Baha El Din",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,RANIDAE,Pelophylax,shqipericus,,Pelophylax shqipericus,,"Although Schneider and Haxhiu (1994) had difficulty distinguishing the voice of Pelophylaxa shqipericus from that of P. lessonae , morphology, allozymes, mtDNA sequences, and crossing experiments all indicate that P. shqipericus is very distinct from P. lessonae . Its relationships with other western Palearctic water frogs are less clear (T. Uzzell pers. comm.). This species does not make hybridogenetic hybrids (Guerrini et al. 1997).",Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),No,NE,(does not occur in EU),EU27,,"Listed as Endangered because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat.",Decreasing,This lowland species is restricted to western Albania and southern Montenegro at elevations below 500m asl.,There is no information on the population status of this species.,"It has been reported from heavily vegetated aquatic habitats including ditches, swamps, marshes, the edges of slow-flowing rivers and the shoreline of Lake Skadar. Breeding, and larval development, takes place in these wetland habitats. It is not known if the species can successfully adapt to habitat modification.",The major threat is drainage of wetland habitats and aquatic pollution of many waterways caused by agrochemical and industrial (including mining) contaminants. In the northern parts of its range (e.g. Lake Skadar) it is significantly threatened by over collection for commercial purposes. An additional threat is the accidental introduction of commercially transported non-native water frogs.,"It is listed on Appendix III of the Berne Convention. 'Green frogs', including R. shqiperica , are not protected by law in Yugoslavia (Kalezic and Dzukic 2001; Ljubisavljevic, Dzukic and Kalezic 2003). The species is present in the Lake Skadar protected area, on the border of Montenegro and Albania.",,,"Thomas Uzzell, Jelka Crnobrnja-Isailovic",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Phoenicolacerta,troodica,,Phoenicolacerta troodica,,Formerly included as a subspecies of Lacerta laevis.,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern since, although its Extent of Occurrence is less than 20,000 km2, it is common and adaptable with a presumed large population, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species is endemic to Cyprus, where it generally occurs throughout much of the island.",It is common in suitable habitat.,"This species is distributed in a range of rocky habitats, Mediterranean shrubby vegetation, and may be found within rural areas and possibly more urban locations. It is an egg-laying species.",There appear to be no major threats to this species as a whole.,"It has been recorded from a number of protected areas. Other than general research, no direct conservation activities are currently needed for this species as a whole.",,,Petros Lymberakis,,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,AGAMIDAE,Phrynocephalus,guttatus,,Phrynocephalus guttatus,,"The nominate subspecies P. g. guttatus  is found within most European and Asian parts of the range. The subspecies P. g. kuschakewitschi Bedriaga In Nikolsky, 1905 is found to the south of the Balkhash Lake (Kazakhstan), and might represent a distinct species. The validity of the western subspecies P. g. kalmykys Badmamayeva and Szczerbak, 1983, is uncertain and it is often considered to be a junior synonym of P. g. guttatus. The subspecific status of the P. guttatus populations recorded from Jungar Gates and Alakol Hollow (Kazakhstan) is unclear.",No,LC,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"This species is widely distributed from western borders of China across the whole northern sub-zone of deserts to the western coast of the Caspian Sea. In the European part of Russia, the species is distributed in Dagestan, Kalmykia, Stavropol Territory, Astrakhan and Volgograd region. The main part of the distribution range is situated in Kazakhstan, but the species also occurs also in Uzbekistan (Kara-Kalpakia) and Turkmenistan. It is found up to 1,000m asl.",It is common species found at relatively high densities. It can be a rare species in the Caucasus.,"This species is generally associated with areas of sandy soil, sometimes with a sparse vegetation cover. The subspecies P. g. salsatus is closely associated with alkali soils, but occasionally it can be found on the slopes of barkhans (sand ridges). It is territorial species, females are more settled but have a smaller home range than the male. Reproduction begins at the end of April, with the eggs laid from May to June, and the young appearing in the middle of July.",This species is threatened in lowland parts of its range through the conversion of habitat to intensive agriculture and plantation use.,"In view of its wide range it presumably occurs in some protected areas. The subspecies P. g. salsatus is included into the Red Data Book of Turkmenistan (1999): category 3 - rare, narrow-ranged species.",,,"Boris Tuniyev, Natalia Ananjeva, Aram Agasyan, Nikolai Orlov, Sako Tuniyev, and Steven Anderson",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,AGAMIDAE,Phrynocephalus,helioscopus,,Phrynocephalus helioscopus,,Further taxonomic studies are needed into the relationship between Phrynocephalus helioscopus and P. persicus.,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"This widespread species is present from Dagestan (Russia) and northeastern Iran (Kopet Dagh mountain range), through Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, southern Russia, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan to northwestern China and northwestern Mongolia.",This is generally a common species.,"It is present in clay and stony desert and semi-desert areas, generally with a spare cover of vegetation. Animals can be found in dry stream beds and sandy areas mixed with pebbles (Anderson 1999).","In parts of its range, this species is threatened by overgrazing and habitat transformation to agriculture.","Other than general research activities, no direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species as a whole. In view of the species wide range, it seems likely that it is distributed within several protected areas.",,,"Natalia Ananjeva, Boris Tuniyev, Aram Agasyan, Nikolai Orlov, Sako Tuniyev, and Steven Anderson",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,AGAMIDAE,Phrynocephalus,mystaceus,,Phrynocephalus mystaceus,,"The nominate subspecies P. m. mystaceus is found in Europe, ranging as far east as the Volga River sands inclusive. The subspecies P. m. galli Krassowsky, 1932 occurs through much of Kazakhstan and Middle Asia. The subspecies P. m. aurantiacocaudatus Senenov et Shenbrot, 1990 is present in eastern Kazakhstan (ranging eastwards from the Ili River).",No,LC,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. However several subpopulations, such as that of Sary Kum in Daghestan, are considered to be threatened by sand mining, dune stabilization and habitat loss.",Decreasing,"This species ranges from southern Russia (Dagestan, Kalmykia and the eastern part of Chechnya) in the northwest of its range, through Kazakhstan to northwestern China. In the south of its range it occurs from the Central Plateau of Iran, through Afghanistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan to Kyrgyzstan to Tajikistan. The species exists as a number of isolated populations. They are found from 45m bsl to around 1,000 m asl.","In Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan this is a common species in sandy deserts (found at densities of 18 animals per 2 km2 in Kara Kum, Turkmenistan; at densities of 64 animals per hectare in Kazahstan).","This species is generally associated with open sand dunes. Animals have also been recorded from flat desert areas, where populations are limited to sandy flats with a low shrub cover, on sandy, gravel strewn hammada and on barren salt flats (Anderson, 1999). Animals are often observed in suitable habitat close to roads (Anderson, 1999). The female lays between two and six eggs.","It is locally threatened by the stabilisation of dunes and the conversion of dune habitats to agricultural land (through irrigation), mining (sand extraction) and urban areas.","In general no conservation activities are currently needed for this species as a whole. The distinct, isolated population inhabitating the Sary Kum sand dune close to Makhachkala City in Daghestan, needs urgent conservation action, including the development of a protected area, to prevent further loss of its habitat through mining of these dunes.",,,"Boris Tuniyev, Natalia Ananjeva, Aram Agasyan, Nikolai Orlov, Sako Tuniyev, and Steven Anderson",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,COLUBRIDAE,Platyceps,collaris,,Platyceps collaris,,This species is included in Platyceps following Nagy et al. (2004). We follow Schätti et al. (2001) in considering Platyceps rubriceps to be a synonym of this species.,No,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"Global: LC

Turkish: LC



Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species ranges from coastal southeastern Bulgaria through parts of Turkey crossing the Bosferous. There are no records from the coast of the Dardanelles, but it is possibly present. It is found in western and southern Anatolia and western Syria to Lebanon, northern Israel, and western Jordan. It occurs from sea level up to 1,500m asl.","In Turkey, this species is uncommon. In other areas, it is generally a common species. It is uncommon in Bulgaria at the edge of its range.","This species is found in dry, rocky and bushy places. It is generally restricted to the Mediterranean biotope. It sometimes occurs in gardens and cultivated fields. The female lays between three and five eggs in a clutch.","There appear to be no major threats to this species. As with many snakes, it is locally persecuted.",It is present in many protected areas. There are no direct conservation actions currently needed for this species as a whole.,,,"Wolfgang Böhme, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Pierre-André Crochet, Riyad Sadek, Yakup Kaska, Yusuf Kumlutaş, Aziz Avci, Roberto Sindaco",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,COLUBRIDAE,Platyceps,najadum,,Platyceps najadum,,"This species is included in Platycepss following Nagy et al. (2004). 

Animals from Israel and Jordan are Platyceps collaris, not P. najadum. Five distinct subspecies are generally recognized, P. n. dahlii Schinz, 1832 inhabits the Balkans, Cyprus, western Turkey, Syria and Iraq; P. n. kalymnensis Schneider, 1979 is present on the island of Kalimnos in the Aegean Sea; the nominative subspecies, P. n. najadum is found in the Caucasus and in Asia Minor; P. n. albitemporalis Darevsky and Orlov, 1994 has been recorded from south-eastern Azerbaijan; populations from southern Turkmenistan (western and central Kopet Dagh) and northern Iran are allocated to P. n. atayevi Tuniev and Shammakov, 1993.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



EU27: LC

EU: LC

Turkey: LC",Unknown,"This species ranges from coastal Croatia southwards into Bosnia-Herzegovina, southern Serbia and Montenegro, Macedonia, central and southern Bulgaria, Albania, Greece (including the islands of Limnos, Lesbos, Chios, Kalymnos (there is an endemic subspecies on this island) and possibly Samos), Cyprus and Turkey (Thrace and western, southern and eastern Anatolia) southeast to northern and western Syria, Lebanon (above 1,000 m asl), northern and eastern Iraq, western Iran and southern Turkmenistan. It has also been recorded from the Caucasus Mountains of southern Russia, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan, although the identity of these animals requires further investigation. This species ranges from sea level up to 2,200 m asl.","In the north of its range it is a common species. It is rare in the south of its range (e.g., in Lebanon). It is reported to be declining in Albania.","In general, this species is associated with dry or xerophytic landscapes. It is found on the open parts of stony semi-desert and wermuth steppe, among rocky outcrops and stones. Populations are found at the slopes of foothills and mountain covered with bush vegetation and woods, in thickets of xerophilous bushes, in juniper open woodlands, oak groves, border of forests. It has been recorded from open woodland, garrigue, overgrown areas, gullies, vineyards, gardens, stone walls and old buildings. The females lay between three and 16 eggs in a clutch.","This species is threatened by direct persecution in parts of its range (e.g., by farmers in Turkey), and loss of habitat to intensive agriculture and fires. Animals are often killed on roads.","It is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention. In Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive. It is present in many protected areas. It is protected by national legislation in Serbia and Montenegro. As a species with a limited distribution range and reducing number it is included into the ""Annotated list of taxa and populations required a special attention to their status in the wildlife"" (Appendix to the Red Data Book of Russian Federation, 2001). It is a considered to be a threatened species in Lebanon.",,,"Petros Lymberakis, Rastko Ajtic, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Pierre-André Crochet, Ahmad Mohammed Mousa Disi, Souad Hraoui-Bloquet, Riyad Sadek, Idriz Haxhiu, Wolfgang Böhme",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,CAUDATA,SALAMANDRIDAE,Pleurodeles,waltl,,Pleurodeles waltl,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"Listed as Near Threatened because this species is probably in significant decline (but probably at a rate of less than 30% over ten years) because of widespread habitat loss through much of its range, and the effects of invasive species, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"This species is distributed in central and southern Iberia, and in the coastal plain of northern Morocco. It is essentially a lowland species becoming rare above 900m asl, although it might be found at 1,565m asl in the Sierra de Loja, Granada, Spain.","It is not abundant over most of its distribution, with populations being more scattered and fragmented in the east and north of the Iberian Peninsula. Some population declines in this species have been observed, especially in eastern Spain. It appears to be in decline in Morocco (although it is common in the north), and the southernmost populations in Morocco might be extinct (T. Slimani and El Hassan El Mouden pers. comm.).","This is a highly aquatic species of Mediterranean-type habitats including scrub, open woodland and cultivated land. It is generally found in ponds, dayas, wadis, lakes, ditches and slow-moving streams (often temporary in nature) with plenty of vegetation cover. The adults are mostly found under stones or in mud in their aquatic habitats, or sheltering under cover on land if the wetland dries up. It may be present in slightly modified aquatic and terrestrial habitats. The female deposits around 800-1,500 eggs on plants and stones in ponds.","This species is generally threatened through loss of aquatic habitats through drainage, agrochemical pollution, the impacts of livestock (in North African dayas), eutrophication, domestic and industrial contamination, and infrastructure development. It has largely disappeared from coastal areas in Iberia and Morocco close to concentrations of tourism and highly populated areas (such as Madrid). Introduced fish and crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii ) are known to prey on the eggs and larvae of this species, and are implicated in its decline. Mortality on roads has been reported to be a serious threat to some populations.","It occurs in a number of protected areas in Iberia, but there is a need to monitor vulnerable populations in northern and eastern Spain and Portugal. It is listed on Appendix III of the Berne Convention and is protected by national legislation in Spain, where captive breeding of the species and habitat restoration projects are in place in some regions.",,,"Pedro Beja, Jaime Bosch, Miguel Tejedo, Paul Edgar, David Donaire-Barroso, Miguel Lizana, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Alfredo Salvador, Mario García-París, Ernesto Recuero Gil, Tahar Slimani , El Hassan El Mouden, Philippe Geniez, Tahar Slimani",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Podarcis,bocagei,,Podarcis bocagei,,"We treat Podarcis carbonelli as a separate species from P. bocagei, following Sá-Sousa (2000a), Sá-Sousa and Harris (2002) based on genetic differences (see also: Harris et al. 2002; Harris and Sá-Sousa 2001, 2002; Pinho et al. 2003).",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species is found from northwestern Spain and northern Portugal, south to the River Douro. It occurs from sea level to 1,900m asl.",It can be common in suitable habitat.,"This species is found in open deciduous woodland and Atlantic scrubland (Taxus or Erica), on coastal sand dunes and in rural areas including villages. The females may lay two to four clutches of two to nine eggs annually.","Although the species is not significantly threatened overall, some populations may be threatened by forest fires, conifer agroforestry, degradation of coastal dune habitats, and the development of tourism facilities.",This species is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention. It occurs in some protected areas.,,,"Paulo Sá-Sousa, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Podarcis,carbonelli,,Podarcis carbonelli,,"This taxon was formerly a subspecies of Podarcis bocagei, but was raised to species rank (Sá-Sousa 2000a, Sá-Sousa and Harris 2002) based on genetic differences (see also: Harris et al. 2002; Harris and Sá-Sousa 2001, 2002; Pinho et al. 2003).",Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU27,,"Listed as Endangered, because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in its Extent of Occurrence, in its Area of Occupancy, in the extent and quality of its habitat, in the number of locations, and in the number of mature individuals.",Decreasing,"This species occurs only in highly fragmented populations in western and central Portugal, occurring more contiguously in Aveiro in central Portugal. In western Portugal it occurs down to sea-level in many fragmented sites, while in central Portugal it occurs in hilly sites above 500m. In Spain it is known from two areas in on the northern slopes of the central mountain system at 500-1,200m. It also occurs at Coto Doñana in southwestern Spain at sea-level, and on the Berlenga Islands in Portugal (as a separate subspecies, P.c. berlengensis).","It can be common in suitable habitat. The southern populations are generally very small, but can be abundant in tiny areas. However, many populations are probably in decline, especially in the south of its range.","In Spain and central Portugal it occurs in oak forest. At sea-level it lives only in sand dunes. It lays one to three egg clutches a year, with one to five eggs in each.","The southern populations are almost certainly at risk from climate change. Loss of habitat due to touristic developments in the south, and wood plantations (pine) in central Portugal are also serious threats. Fires are an additional threat.","Many of the southern populations are protected (including in the Coto Doñana National Park). In central Portugal and Spain, some populations are in natural parks.",,,"Paulo Sá-Sousa, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Podarcis,cretensis,,Podarcis cretensis,,This species was formerly included within Podarcis erhardii.,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"The species is restricted to the island of Crete (where it is found only in suitable habitat in the western part) and associated small islets. Its extent of occurrence is c.3,000 km2 and is severely fragmented. There are ongoing declines in extent and quality of habitat for this species, caused by urbanization and tourist development. Consequently this species qualifies as Endangered.",Decreasing,"The species is endemic to Crete and its satellite islands. On the island of Crete it is present only on the western part, mostly to the west of a north-south axis ‘cutting’ Crete at the town of Rethymno. In this area it is found from sea level to 2,000m asl. The satellite islets are: Elaphonisos, Artemis, Gaidouronisi (=Chryssi), Mikronisi (immediately east of Gaidouronisi), Kavalloi, Elasa, Paximada, Dragonada, Prassonisi (immediately north of Dragonada) Avgo, Dia, Karga, Ag. Nikolaos (in the gulf of Souda) and Ag. Theodoroi (=Thodorou)(Lymberakis et al. 2008). Its altitudinal range is from sea level to 2,000 m.",The population size has not been quantified. It is common in suitable habitats but very patchily distributed.,"It occupies shrubland, rocky areas, and dry river beds.",Habitat loss and degradation from urbanization and tourist development are the main threats.,It occurs in a number of protected areas. It is protected under Appendix II of Bern and Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive (as part of P. erhardii).,,,Petros Lymberakis,,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Podarcis,erhardii,,Podarcis erhardii,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species is endemic to the Balkans, and ranges from southern Bulgaria, extreme southern Serbia, Macedonia, Albania, and much of mainland Greece (excluding most of the Peloponnese). It is also present on many of the Aegean Islands (including the Cyclades, Sporades and Astypalaia in the Dodecanese). It occurs from sea level up to 2,000m asl. In many places it is known from isolated localities, rather than a continuous range.",It can be common in suitable habitat.,It is found in rocky areas of Mediterranean type scrubland. Island populations can occur in more open areas such as sand dune systems. The females lay one to five eggs in a clutch.,"There have been some localized declines of populations caused by habitat loss for tourism developments, but there are no threats to the species overall at present.","This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention and is protected by national legislation over a number of its range countries, but this legislation requires better enforcement. Its range includes several protected areas.",,,"Petros Lymberakis, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Rastko Ajtic, Milan Vogrin, Wolfgang Böhme",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Podarcis,filfolensis,,Podarcis filfolensis,,"There are five distinct subspecies P.f. filfolensis (Filfola Island, Malta); P.f. generalensis (the General's Rock, Malta); P.f. kieselbachi (Selmunett Islands, Malta); P.f. laurentiimuelleri (Linosa and Lampione Islands, Italy); P.f. maltensis (Malta).",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern because, although its Extent of Occurrence is much less than 5,000 km2, it is common, adaptable, and does not appear to be in decline.",Stable,"This species occurs in Malta where it is found on the islands of Malta, Gozo, Filfola, Selmunett Islands (=Saint Pauls Islands) and the General's Rock (=Fungus Rock), and on the Italian islands of Linosa and Lampione. It has been introduced to the island of Lampedusa, Italy (Claudia Corti pers. comm.).","This species is abundant in most places, and their populations are generally stable.","This species is found in scrubland, rocky areas, traditionally cultivated land and gardens. It lives in seabird colonies in some places. It is an egg-laying species.","Certain populations, such as the one on Lampione Island, might be intrinsically threatened because they are confined to small islands. But in general the species does not face any significant overall threats.",This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention and on Annex IV of the EC Habitats Directive. It occurs in a few protected areas.,,,"Claudia Corti, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Podarcis,gaigeae,,Podarcis gaigeae,,"This taxon was raised to species rank by Gruber (1986), with two subspecies, gaigeae and weiglandi (Grube and Schultze-Westrum 1971). Although this status was not recognized by Gasc et al. (1997), it is supported by additional genetic results (Harris and Arnold 1999).",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Listed as Vulnerable because it has a very small area of occupancy (probably <20 km2), it is known from fewer than five locations, and it is plausible that it could be highly threatened by introduction of predators to its range.",Unknown,This species is endemic to Greece where it occurs in the Skyros archipelago and on Piperi Island in the northern Sporades Islands of the Aegean Sea. It is a lowland species.,It is a common species.,It is found in bushy vegetation or bare areas on some of the smaller islands. It is an egg-laying species. On some small islands cases of gigantism in this species have been recorded.,Although the species has a restricted range there appear to be no major threats at present. It is possible that the potential introduction of predators could threaten populations on some of the smaller islands. Human-caused fires (and wildfires) are an additional threat.,"Its range is effectively protected on Piperi island, as there is a Mediterranean Monk Seal (Monachus monachus) population present, and access to the island is restricted.",,,Petros Lymberakis,,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Podarcis,hispanicus,,Podarcis hispanicus,,"The gender of the genus Podarcis has been considered to be feminine by some authors (Arnold, 2000; Lanza and Boscherini, 2000; Montori and Llorente, 2005) and masculine by others (Böhme 1997; Böhme 1998). We follow here the recent publication by Böhme and Köhler (2005) in considering the gender of Podarcis to be masculine. This taxon is a complex of at least five species (Harris et al. 2002, Harris and Sá-Sousa 2002). Part of Andalusia is inhabited by Podarcis vaucheri, which was previously treated as a subspecies of P. hispanicus, from North Africa (but which has now been found to be present in the south of the Iberian Peninsula [Harris et al. 2002]). It was elevated to species rank by Oliverio et al. (2000) and is treated as a separate species here. Podarcis atrata (Boscá, 1916) from the Columbretes and Chafarinas Islands was raised to species rank by Castilla et al. (1998a,b), but it is most likely to be conspecific with mainland animals in northeastern Iberia for which the name P. liolepis (Boulenger, 1905) has priority (Carranza et al. 2004, Crochet and Dubois 2004). We treat P. atrata within P. hispanicus, pending resolution of this complex. Podarcis hispanicus contains at least two other species that await formal description (Crochet and Dubois 2004).",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Unknown,"This species is present throughout most of Portugal and much of Spain (excluding parts of the south and the northwest, but including the Columbretes Islands and the Charfarinas Islands), ranging into southern France as far as the Rhone River. The species occurs from sea level up to  3,481m asl.",It can be a common species in suitable habitat.,"This species is generally found in climbing over rocks, in overgrown areas, on stone walls, on rock outcrops in alpine meadows, in bushy vegetation and in rural buildings. The females lay one to five eggs, with several clutches produced in a season.","There appear to be no major threats to this species. Habitat loss and the introduction of competitors or predators are potential threats to the subspecies Podarcis hispanica atrata, the populations of which are confined to islands.","This species is listed on Annex III of the Bern Convention, and it is presumed to be present in several protected areas.",,,"Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Marc Cheylan, M. Saïd Nouira, Ulrich Joger, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Podarcis,levendis,,Podarcis levendis,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species is assessed as Vulnerable as it has a tiny range (it is restricted to two uninhabited islets with a total area of c.2km2). While the islets it is found on are isolated and have no significant human impacts at present, the species is likely to rapidly decline with the introduction of predators (such as cats) or through any degradation of habitat.",Stable,"This species is only found on the islets Pori and Lagouvardos, north of the island of Antikythira, between Crete and Peloponnesos (Greece).","Although the population size has not been quantified, it is presumably small overall, even though the species is common on the larger of the two islets.",This species occupies rocky areas and Mediterranean-type shrubland (frygana). It is an egg-laying species.,"There are no threats known to affect the species at present, but it would be highly vulnerable to introduced predators (e.g. cats), or to the introduction of goats which would severely overgraze the species' habitat.","No specific conservation measures are in place. It is recommended that restrictions are placed on visiting the islands, to prevent the introduction of new species that might prey upon P. levendis or destroy its habitat.",,,Petros Lymberakis,,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Podarcis,lilfordi,,Podarcis lilfordi,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(ii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(ii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"Listed as Endangered, because its Extent of Occurrence of less than 5,000 km2 and its Area of Occupancy is less than 500 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to the Balearic Islands of Spain, where it is restricted to small, rocky islands off the larger islands of Menorca and Mallorca. It also occurs on the Cabrera Archipelago south of Mallorca. The species was once present on the islands of Mallorca and Menorca. It is a lowland species.","It is extremely common on some islands, although populations may be small on some of the smallest islands. Until around 2000 years ago, the species was abundant on the islands of Mallorca and Menorca. Some small populations are still liable to be lost.",This species occurs in arid rocky areas and in scrubland. The females may lay three clutches annually consisting of one to three eggs.,"It is believed that the introduction of cats and other predators resulted in the extirpation of the species from the main islands of Mallorca and Menorca. Extant populations are threatened by the translocation of invasive predators between islands by visitors, and the illegal capture of animals for the pet trade. This species may also be threatened through eating poisoned bait left for seagulls and rats, and the loss of vegetation on some islands due to overgrazing by goats. Some populations are inherently at risk because of their small sizes and restricted ranges.",It is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention and on Appendix II of CITES. This species is present in the Parque Nacional de Cabrera and the Parques Naturales de Dragonera and Albufera des Grau. An education campaign is in place. There is a need to control visits to the islands where this species is present.,,,"Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Podarcis,melisellensis,,Podarcis melisellensis,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species occurs in Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean zones from extreme northeastern Italy through southwestern Slovenia, Croatia, southern Bosnia-Herzegovina, southern Montenegro to northwestern Albania. It is present on many Adriatic islands. The species ranges from sea level up to 1,400 m asl.",It is a relatively common species.,"It is found in dry open woodland, scrub, pastures and overgrown areas. It can be found on cliffs, rocks and stone walls. The females lays two to eight eggs per clutch.","There appear to be no major threats to this species overall. Some distinct island populations may be threatened by the introduction of cats and other predators (such as the Indian mongoose on some Adriatic islands [Roberto Sindaco pers. comm., October, 2008]).",This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention and Annex IV of the EC Habitats Directive. It is known from the Skadar Lake Protected Area in Montenegro. There are no further conservation actions currently needed.,,,"Rastko Ajtic, Wolfgang Böhme, Petros Lymberakis, Jelka Crnobrnja-Isailovic, Roberto Sindaco",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Podarcis,milensis,,Podarcis milensis,,"Podarcis gaigeae was separated from this species by Gruber (1986). Although this status was not recognized by Gasc et al. (1997), it is supported by additional genetic results (Harris and Arnold 1999).",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Listed as Vulnerable because its area of occupancy is very small (probably <20 km²), and it is plausible that the species is vulnerable to stochastic events.",Stable,"This species is endemic to the Aegean islands of Greece, where it is restricted to the Milos archipelago (Milos, Kimolos, Polyaigos and Antimilos), the Ananes archipelago, Falkonera island and Velopoula island. It ranges from sea level up to 685m asl.",It can be abundant in coastal areas.,"It can be found in open areas of traditionally cultivated land, open scrubland, sand dune systems and damp marshy coastal areas. The females lay repeated small clutches of one to three eggs.",This species has a very restricted range. It was threatened by overcollection of animals in the past but this is no longer considered to be a threat.,It is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention. Its range includes a few protected areas covering part or all of the islands on which it is found.,,,Petros Lymberakis,,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Podarcis,muralis,,Podarcis muralis,,Additional research is needed to understand the status of several described subspecies.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global: LC

Turkish: LC

Europe: LC

EU 27: LC



Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species is widely distributed in Europe. It ranges from northern Spain, northwards to northern France, southern Belgium, Luxembourg, west-central Germany, much of Austria, southwestern Czech Republic, central Slovakia and central Hungary, and eastwards to central Romania, Bulgaria, most of the Balkans (excluding most of the Aegean islands) and northwestern Anatolia, Turkey. It occurs on Jersey in the Channel Islands (United Kingdom). It is largely absent from Northern Europe (it occurs as small patchy, isolated populations in the north of its range), southern Iberia (though there are fragmented, isolated populations in central Spain), and parts of southern Italy and its larger islands (Sardinia, Sicily, and Apulia). It has been introduced to the United States. Many southern subspecies of P. muralis have been introduced to Switzerland, where they are mostly found along railway lines (Benedikt Schmidt pers. comm.). It is found from sea level up to 2,500m asl.",It is generally an abundant species in suitable habitat.,"In dry areas, the species is largely found in humid or semi-humid habitats. It the more northern parts of its range it is mostly found in the driest areas. It can be occur in rocky and scree areas, scrubland, deciduous and coniferous woodland, orchards, vineyards, fields, stone walls, and on buildings. It is often found in human settlements including large cities and villages and railway lines which may be a possible method of dispersal. The females lay two to three clutches of two to six eggs per year. This species has been introduced in many places in Germany and the United Kingdom, often presumably by hobbyists (e.g. terrarium owners).","There generally appear to be no major threats to this adaptable and widespread species. Populations are locally threatened in parts of its range, including those on islands or in mountains (for example through the development of alpine tourism in the Central Mountains of Spain). Several populations, principally in Northern Europe, are threatened by the loss of suitable habitat to agricultural intensification and overuse of pesticides. This species is frequently encountered in the pet trade, however the overall impact of this is not considered to constitute a major threat. The introduction of non-native subspecies may represent a threat to some localized populations.","This species is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention, and on Annex IV of the European Union Habitats Directive. It is protected by national legislation in many countries (e.g.. Switzerland), and occurs in a number of protected areas. The subspecies P. m. rasquinetti is listed as DD on the Spanish National Red List. This species is categorized as Least Concern in Switzerland (Monney and Meyer, 2005).",,,"Wolfgang Böhme, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Marc Cheylan, Hans Konrad Nettmann, László Krecsák, Bogoljub Sterijovski, Benedikt Schmidt, Petros Lymberakis, Richard Podloucky, Roberto Sindaco, Aziz Avci",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Podarcis,peloponnesiacus,,Podarcis peloponnesiacus,,"The gender of the genus Podarcis has been considered to be feminine by some authors (Arnold, 2000; Lanza and Boscherini, 2000; Montori and Llorente, 2005) and masculine by others (Böhme 1997; Böhme 1998). We follow here the recent publication by Böhme and Köhler (2005) in considering the gender of Podarcis to be masculine.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern since, although its currently known Extent of Occurrence is less than 20,000 km2, it occurs in an area of extensive, suitable habitat which appears not to be under significant threat, it has a presumed large population, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species is restricted to the Peloponnese region of southern Greece. It is also present on the island of Psili in the Gulf of Argolis, Greece. It occurs from sea level up to 1,600m asl.","It is a relatively common species. It has not been surveyed since the Peloponnese fires in 2007, which may have caused a decline in this species.","It occurs in dry scrubland, rocky areas, olive groves and vineyards, in traditionally cultivated areas and in old buildings. The females lay two clutches of one to six eggs annually.","It is locally threatened by habitat loss through fire, and by urbanization.",It is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention. Its range includes several protected areas.,,,"Wolfgang Böhme, Petros Lymberakis",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Podarcis,pityusensis,,Podarcis pityusensis,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Listed as Near Threatened because although the species appears not to be in overall decline, its Extent of Occurrence is much less than 5,000 km2, and there are potential future threats, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.",Stable,"This species is endemic to the islands of Ibiza and Formentera, and nearby rocky islets, in the Balearic Islands of Spain. It is known from 42 different populations. It has been introduced to Muella de Palma (Mallorca), Barcelona (where now extinct), Aleria town (southern Spain) and San Juan de Gaztelugatxe (northern Spain). It ranges from sea level up to 475 m asl.","It can be common, especially on small islets. A few populations are declining, but overall it is stable.","This species is largely found in vegetated areas, such as cultivated land and gardens, close to and around human habitation. It also occurs in rocky areas, especially in coastal regions. The females lay between one and four eggs.","In general there are no major threats to this species. A number of islet populations are threatened by disturbance by visitors, introduction of cats and rats to the islands, and accidental poisoning with bait left for seagulls.",This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention and on Appendix II of CITES. A public education programme is in place with posters on the small islands. It occurs in some protected areas.,,,"Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Podarcis,raffonei,,Podarcis raffonei,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(v)+2ab(v),Yes,CR,B1ab(v)+2ab(v),EU27,,"Listed as Critically Endangered because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 100 km2 and its Area Of Occupancy is less than 10km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the number of mature individuals in the Aeolian Islands, Italy. This species is close to extinction.",Decreasing,"This species is restricted to the Aeolian Islands (Italy) where it inhabits a very few isolated places on Vulcano Island, and in tiny areas of three very small rocky islets: Strombolicchio, La Canna and Scoglio Faraglione.",The populations are very small; the estimates are: Strombolicchio and Scoglio Faraglione: 200-400 individuals; La Canna: 20-30 individuals; on Vulcano Island the species is close to extinction (Capula and Lo Cascio 2006).,"The species lives in suitable habitats present on the volcanic islands: rocks, macchia, shrublands. It is an egg-laying species.","The main threats are the introduction of alien species (mostly the competitor P. siculus), stochastic events due to the extremely small areas inhabited by the species and its small population size (less than 1,000 individuals overall). Collecting may also be a threat.","This species is listed on Annex III of the Bern Convention. It is not in any protected areas, though the area is an unprotected World Heritage Site. A recovery programme is urgently needed, probably including captive breeding as a component.",,,"Claudia Corti, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Podarcis,siculus,,Podarcis siculus,,"The gender of the genus Podarcis has been considered to be feminine by some authors (Arnold, 2000; Lanza and Boscherini, 2000; Montori and Llorente, 2005) and masculine by others (Böhme 1997; Böhme 1998). We follow here the recent publication by Böhme and Köhler (2005) in considering the gender of Podarcis to be masculine. It is possible that this is a complex of several species (Oliverio et al. 1998, 2000), but the differences noted could represent intraspecific variation (Capula and Ceccarelli 2003).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global: LC

Turkish: NA

Europe: LC

EU 27: LC



Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, large population, and because it is an increasing species.



In Turkey, this species is evaluated as Not Applicable because it was most likely introduced after 1500.",Increasing,"This species ranges throughout Italy south of the Alps, including on Sicily, Sardinia, and many other islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea, in extrem southern Switzerland, Corsica (France), and along the Adriatic coastal area from southwestern Slovenia, through western and southern Croatia and extreme southern Bosnia-Herzegovina to Kotor, Montenegro. It also occurs as isolated introduced populations in southern France, the Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal), Menorca in the Balearic Islands (Spain), on both sides of the Bosphorus in Turkey, Ile La Galite (Tunisia), and Isola di Lampedusa (Italy). It has been introduced to a number of sites in the United States, and might have been introduced to Libya and Tunisia. It ranges from sea level up to 2,200m asl.","It is a very common species except in the northern part of its range. There are many isolated populations, and in some places it is an aggressive invasive species. Overall, its population is probably increasing.","It is found in grassy areas, roadside verges, hedgerows, scrubland, woodland edges, inside pine plantations, vineyards, orchards, meadows, coastal dunes, parkland, urban areas, and on stone walls and buildings. In the northern part of its range, it mainly lives in riparian or coastal areas. It thrives in habitats disturbed by human activities in the southern part of its range. It is an egg-laying species (Sindaco and Romano, pers. comm. 2008).","There are no major threats to this adaptable species.  In the northern part of its range, it is threatened by small scale agricultural conversion of its riverine habitats.  Localized or insular populations may be vulnerable by predation by cats, but generally it is an invasive that can displace native populations of other species in its invasive range (the southern part of its range and in the areas where it has been introduced).  Because it is locally common, this species is collected for use as food for pet snakes.",It is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention and Appendix IV of the EU Habitats Directive. It is protected by national legislation in a number of its range states. It occurs in many protected areas.,,,"Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Milan Vogrin, Claudia Corti, Valentin Pérez Mellado, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Marc Cheylan, Juan Pleguezuelos, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Aziz Avci",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Podarcis,tauricus,,Podarcis tauricus,,"The gender of the genus Podarcis has been considered to be feminine by some authors (Arnold, 2000; Lanza and Boscherini, 2000; Montori and Llorente, 2005) and masculine by others (Böhme 1997; Böhme 1998). We follow here the recent publication by Böhme and Köhler (2005) in considering the gender of Podarcis to be masculine.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global: LC

Turkish: LC

Europe: LC

EU 27: LC



Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



In Turkey, this species is listed as Least Concern because it is common in suitable habitats despite its relatively small range.",Stable,"This species ranges from southern Ukraine (including the Crimean Peninsula), through southern Moldova, and eastern and southern Romania (excluding the Danube Delta), to Bulgaria, Macedonia, eastern and southern Serbia, Albania, mainland Greece and the Ionian Islands, and northwestern Turkey (on both sides of the Bosphorus). There is an isolated population in eastern and central Hungary, ranging into northern Serbia. This mostly lowland species occurs from sea level up to 2,350m asl.",It is a common species in suitable habitat.,"It is a largely terrestrial species found in open areas of steppe, grassland, meadows, field edges, olive groves, traditionally cultivated land, rural gardens, sparsely vegetated sandy dunes and sometimes in open scrub. The females lay two clutches annually containing between two and ten eggs.","This species is locally threatened in parts of its range by habitat loss through agricultural intensification and pollution (largely from the use of agrochemicals), but overall it is not at significant risk.","This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention, and on Annex IV of the European Union Habitats Directive, and is protected by national legislation in parts of its range. It occurs in a number of protected areas. No further conservation actions are needed.",,,"Wolfgang Böhme, Petros Lymberakis, Rastko Ajtic, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Pierre-André Crochet, Idriz Haxhiu, László Krecsák, Bogoljub Sterijovski, Lymberakis, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Podloucky, Daniel Cogalniceanu, Aziz Avci",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Podarcis,tiliguerta,,Podarcis tiliguerta,,"Although the generic epithet Podarcis is masculine  (Böhme 1997; Böhme 1998), tiliguerta is a noun (meaning ""lizard"" in the local Sardinian language) and therefore it is not conjugated. This taxon possibly consists of at least two separate species, one on Sardinia and one on Corsica (C. Corti pers. comm.).",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Unknown,"This species is restricted to the islands of Corsica (France) and Sardinia (Italy), and on most of the adjacent smaller islands. It occurs from sea level to over 1,800 m asl.","The species is locally abundant, chiefly in mountainous areas, but there is some evidence that it might be locally decreasing. It may be abundant on small islands.","This species is found in arid scrubland, maquis, rocky areas, scree, open woodland, field edges, sandy coastal places with vegetation and occasionally in traditionally cultivated fields. The females lay clutches of six to 12 eggs.","The species is not threatened as a whole, but insular populations are potentially threatened by introduction of predators or overcollection. Podarcis siculus (probably introduced in Sardinia in historical times) perhaps out competes this species when the habitat is opened for agricultural land and pastoral land. It is probably also affected by fire and land-use change.",This species is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive and is protected by national legislation in France and Italy. It occurs in several protected areas.,,,"Marc Cheylan, Claudia Corti, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Podarcis,vaucheri,,Podarcis vaucheri,,"This species was formally treated as a subspecies of Podarcis hispanicus, but it was raised to species rank by Oliverio et al. (2000). It was originally considered to be a North African species, but it has been shown also to be present in southern Spain (Harris et al. 2002). Populations in Tunisia might be another species.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species occurs in southern Spain, central and northern Morocco, northern Algeria and northern Tunisia. It occurs from sea level up to 3,100 m asl.",This species is very common throughout its range.,"It is generally found climbing over rocks, in overgrown areas, on stone walls, on rock outcrops in alpine meadows, in bushy vegetation and in rural buildings. The females lay one to five eggs, with several clutches produced in a season.","Local populations might be affected by habitat loss for agriculture, but overall this species is not significantly threatened.",Its listing on the Bern convention is unknown. It is known to exist in several protected areas.,,,"Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Marc Cheylan, M. Saïd Nouira, Ulrich Joger, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Podarcis,waglerianus,,Podarcis waglerianus,,We follow here the recent publication by Böhme & Köhler (2005) in considering the gender of Podarcis to be masculine. The taxonomic rank of the subspecies P.w. marettimensis from Marettimo Island needs to be elucidated.,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Italy, occurring on the island of Sicily, where it is absent from the northeastern part of the island, the Egadian Islands (Favignana, Levanzo and Marettimo), and on Isola Grande dello Stagnone and Maraone. It occurs up to 1,600 m asl.","It is a relatively common species, and generally has stable populations, except perhaps some populations on smaller islands.","This is a largely terrestrial species found in areas of scrubland, woodland edges, pasture, cultivated land and rural gardens. The females lay clutches of four to six eggs.","The populations on Sicily appear to be stable, although on small islands it could be threatened by competition and hybridization with P. sicula. A number of insular populations (e.g., that of Marettimo Island) might be threatened or declining, possibly due to invasive predators.",This species is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive. It presumably occurs in some protected areas. The subspecies P.w. marettimensis is probably seriously threatened.,,,"Claudia Corti, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,CAUDATA,PROTEIDAE,Proteus,anguinus,,Proteus anguinus,,"Most populations are assigned to the subterranean subspecies Proteus anguinus anguinus . Unlike the nominate form, the genetically similar subspecies P.a. parkelj from Bela Krajina in Slovenia is pigmented and might represent a distinct species, although a recent genetic study suggests that the two subspecies are poorly differentiated at the molecular level and may not even warrant subspecies status (Goricki and Trontelt 2006).",Yes,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,v)",No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,v)",EU27,,"Listed as Vulnerable because its Area of Occupancy is less than 2,000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat, and presumably also in the number of mature individuals.",Decreasing,"The species is restricted to subterranean aquatic habitats within the Dinaric Alps, ranging from southern Slovenia and adjoining north-east Italy through coastal Croatia and karst regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It has yet to be officially recorded in western parts of Montenegro despite considerable anecdotal evidence of its presence (Kalezic and Dzukic, 2001). The species has been introduced to a cave of the subterranean laboratory of the CNRS France in the Pyrenees (C. Miaud pers. comm.), and one of the north-eastern Italian populations (in the Vicenza area) was introduced in the 1800s (P. Edgar pers. comm.).","There is little information available on the abundance of this species, but it is apparently most common in Slovenia and Croatia. A decline has been observed in the populations of Goriza (Italy) and Postojna (Slovenia) (Gasc et al. 1997). The number of individuals of the subspecies P. a. parkelj is very low.","The species generally occurs in large subterranean aquatic karst systems formed in limestone and dolomite rocks, and may be found in cave entrances (especially during episodes of high rainfall and flooding) and abandoned mine workings. Many of the caves that the species occurs in are connected to rivers that run above ground for the first 50-100km and then disappear into the ground. Populations may be found close to the surface or as much as 300m underground depending on the thickness of the Karstic formation. The species is found in waters ranging from 5°C to 15°C. Animals feed on detritus and endemic cave invertebrates and hide in crevices or bottom sediment when disturbed. In contrast to the nominate subspecies, P. a. parkelj is found in warmer surface waters. The species is long-lived (they are not sexually mature until they are 12 years of age) and reproduce very slowly. Females lay approximately 70 individual eggs on the undersides of aquatic stones; however, in some cases the eggs are retained within the body and two fully formed young are produced.","The main threats to this species are changes to the forested and pastoral land above the subterranean systems, largely through tourism, economic changes, and increasing water pollution. These changes have a direct influence on the quality of the habitat available to the species. The species is highly dependent on clean water, and is therefore very susceptible to pollution. Other localized threats to this species might include water abstraction and hydroelectric schemes. There is some illegal collection of this species for the pet trade, but the extent of this is unknown.","It is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention, and on Annexes II* and IV of the EU Habitats Directive. It is recorded in the Slovenian National Red List and is protected by national legislation in many range states, e.g. Slovenia, Croatia and Italy. In Slovenia the species is present in caves, which are protected by national legislation, and much of the distribution of this species is within proposed national or international protected areas (Kocevski and Kraski regional parks; NATURA 2000 sites). In Italy it is found in the Riserva Naturale Regionale dei Laghi di Doberdò e Pietrarossa. The subspecies P. a. parkelj is in need of protection, as its habitat is limited to only a few holes in connection with subterranean networks in a very small geographic area.",,,"Jan Willem Arntzen, Mathieu Denoël, Claude Miaud, Franco Andreone, Milan Vogrin, Paul Edgar, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Rastko Ajtic, Claudia Corti",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Psammodromus,blanci,,Psammodromus blanci,,,No,NE,,No,,,EU27,,"Listed as Near Threatened since the species depends on good quality habitat, and so its area of occupancy is probably not much greater than 2,000 km², and the extent and quality of its habitat is declining, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"This species occurs on humid, isolated plateaus and mountain areas of northeastern Morocco (with an isolated population in the Alhucemas region [Juan M Pleguezuelos pers. comm., October 2008]), northern Algeria and northwestern Tunisia. This species may occur in the Spanish North African enclave of Melilla (old unconfirmed records). It generally occurs from 1,000m to 1,200m asl.","It can be common in suitable habitat in Algeria, but it is very rare in Morocco and Tunisia, where it is at the edge of its range.","This species is found in areas of broad-leaved and pine woodland, scrubland, thorn-cushion vegetation, meadows, pastures, open areas and steppes. The female lays four or five clutches of between two and four eggs per year.","The threats to this species are not known, but any change of habitat can favour other species. It is presumably threatened by forest loss for agricultural purposes.",It occurs in Djurdjura National Park in Algeria.,,,"Joger, U., Slimani, T., El Mouden, H., Martinez-Solano, I. & Geniez, P.",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Psammodromus,hispanicus,,Psammodromus hispanicus,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species is found in much of Portugal and Spain (it is largely absent from the north of Iberian Peninsula), and in the south of France. It may be found up to 1,700m asl.",It can be a common species. There are strong interannual fluctuations in population size.,"It is found in areas of open, loose soil, especially those with a sparse Mediterranean-type scrub. It can be found in coastal dunes and grassland. The females lay two clutches of two to six eggs.","This species is locally threatened by the loss of scrubland to intensive agriculture and fires, and the urbanization of coastal areas, but overall it is not significantly threatened.",This species is listed on Annex III of the Bern Convention. It is present in many protected areas. It has been successfully re-introduced at some former sites in Spain.,,,"Juan Pleguezuelos, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Rafael Marquez, Marc Cheylan, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Psammodromus,jeanneae,,Psammodromus jeanneae,,"This taxon was previously considered part of algirus, but was described as a separate species by Busack et al. (2006).",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Although the distribution limits of this species are poorly defined, it is known to have a large range and it faces no major threats. Assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,This species occurs in eastern Spain and southern France. Its western distribution limits (where it overlaps with P. manuelae) is imprecisely mapped and requires further clarification.,A widespread species that is common in suitable habitats. One population on a small island on the north-eastern coast of Spain has gone extinct.,"It occurs in coastal sand dunes, pine and oak forest and shrubland.",No major threats to this species are known.,The species probably occurs in a number of protected areas. It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention (as part of P. algirus). Research is needed to determine the distribution limits of this species.,,,Iñigo Martínez-Solano,,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Psammodromus,manuelae,,Psammodromus manuelae,,"This taxon was previously considered part of algirus, but was described as a separate species by Busack et al. (2006).",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Although the distribution limits of this species are poorly defined, it is known to have a large range and it faces no major threats. Assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This species is endemic to the Iberian peninsula, where it occurs in Portugal and western and central parts of Spain. The range limits of this species in the east (where it overlaps with P. jeanneae) is imprecisely mapped and requires further clarification.","A widespread species that is common in suitable habitats. Densities of 13-25 specimens per hectare, and up to 178 individuals per hectare, have been recorded (Gil Costa 1992).","It occurs in coastal sand dunes, pine and oak forest and shrubland.",No major threats to this species are known.,The species probably occurs in a number of protected areas. It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention (as part of P. algirus). Research is needed to determine the distribution limits of this species.,,,Iñigo Martínez-Solano,,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,BUFONIDAE,Pseudepidalea,balearica,,Pseudepidalea balearica,,Formerly included in Bufo viridis . In the Fauna d’Italia (Lanza et al . 2007) this species is listed under the name Bufo lineatus .,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"This species ranges through much of Italy, including the island of Sardinia and the easternmost parts of Sicily; it also is present on the island of Corsica (France), and the Balearic Islands of Spain (where it was probably introduced in prehistoric times). Found from sea level to 1,330 m asl in central Italy (Romano et al . 2003; Spilinga 2007).",Common with stable populations in suitable habitats in Italy. Within the Balearic Islands it is common except for on Ibiza. It is declining slowly on Majorca and more rapidly on Ibiza as a result of loss of breeding habitat.,"It is generally a lowland species. It occupies coastal areas (typically but not exclusively sand dunes), cultivated areas, and suburban and urban areas where it is found in gravel and sand pits, ponds and ditches; also in water tanks in the Balearic Islands.","In the Balearic Islands, loss and degradation of breeding habitat has resulted from excessive water abstraction, urbanization, decline of traditional agricultural practices and pollution with agrochemicals. Fragmentation as a result of road construction is also a problem.","This species occurs in protected areas. There have been some reintroductions in Ibiza, and some habitat restoration (restoration of water tanks) has been carried out. It is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and Annex IV of the Habitats Directive (as Bufo viridis ).",,,"Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano, Iñigo Martinez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,BUFONIDAE,Pseudepidalea,boulengeri,,Pseudepidalea boulengeri,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide global distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



Europe: NA – within Europe, this species only occurs on the island of Lampedusa (Italy). It is of marginal occurrence in the region (<1% of global population).



EU 27: NA – within the EU, this species only occurs in the Spanish North African enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla and on the island of Lampedusa (Italy). It is of marginal occurrence in the region (<1% of global population).",Unknown,"This largely North Africa species occurs as fragmented populations from Western Sahara and Morocco in the east through Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, to Egypt. It has been recorded from the island of Lampedusa in Italy. The status of fragmented populations recorded from western Arabia, southern Israel and Jordan is unclear and they may be assignable to this species or possibly to Pseudepidalea variabilis .",There is little information available on the abundance of this species.,"This species is found as often fragmented populations in forested areas, scrubland, dry grassland, semi-deserts and deserts. It inhabits both wetland areas as well as different dry desert types (usually found close to oases). It is presumably able to adapt to some habitat modification, especially where irrigation schemes increase the availability of suitable spawning habitats.","The main threat over much of the range appears to be the loss of breeding habitats through wetland drainage, desiccation and aquatic pollution (industrial and agricultural).",In view of the species wide range it is presumably present in some protected areas. Further studies are needed to confirm the identity of green toad populations in Israel and Jordan.,,,"Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,BUFONIDAE,Pseudepidalea,sicula,,Pseudepidalea sicula,,Formerly included in Bufo viridis .,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern since, although this species has a small Extent Of Occurrence (c.20,000 km2), it is not severely fragmented, it occurs at more than 10 locations and there is no evidence of a continuing decline.",Stable,"This species is endemic to Italy, where it has been recorded from Sicily as well as the islands of Favigana and Ustica. The precise eastern distribution limit on Sicily needs to be clarified. Altitudinal range is from sea level to 1,200 m.",This is a common species.,"It is generally a lowland species. It occupies coastal areas (typically but not exclusively sand dunes), cultivated areas, and suburban and urban areas where it is found in gravel and sand pits, ponds and ditches.","Habitat fragmentation as a result of road construction is a threat. Loss of breeding habitat as a result of water abstraction may also be a problem. The species is, however, not considered to be seriously threatened at present.",This species is presumed to occur in protected areas. It is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive.,,,"Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,BUFONIDAE,Pseudepidalea,variabilis,,Pseudepidalea variabilis,,"Stöck et al . (2006) removed this name from the synonymy of Bufo viridis (now Pseudepidalea viridis ). However, the taxonomic status of variabilis remains controversial and is currently not widely accepted. We provisionally include information here on populations allocated to  Pseudepidalea variabilis by Stöck et al . (2006) pending further revision of the genus Pseudepidalea . The isolated population of Pseudepidalea from the Kavir Desert in Iran was included in the synonymy of Pseudepidalea viridis kermanensis by Stöck, Günther, and Böhme, 2001. However, the species is morphologically (especially the skull) and vocally distinct from populations of Pseudepidalea found surrounding the Kavir Desert (Göran Nilson pers. comm., September 2008).",No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of continuing problems with its taxonomy as well as absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence, status and ecological requirements.",Unknown,"This species is mapped by Stöck et al . (2006) as ranging from Greece, eastwards through Turkey, Cyprus to Syria and Lebanon (and possibly south as fragmented populations through Israel and Jordan through western Saudi Arabia (although these populations are current unassigned to species by Stöck et al . [2006] and might represent Pseudepidalea boulengeri ). It is mapped in Iraq and Iran, and is recorded as being distributed through the Caucasus and Russia to Kazakhstan. Stöck et al . (2006) records a seemingly isolated population in Denmark, southern Sweden and northern Germany. There is a morphologically distinct population in the Kavir Desert known only from the type locality of 'Cheshmeh-ye Sefied Ab, situated about 10 km southwest of Kuh-e Ghal'e-ye Sard mountains and about 30 km south of Siah Kuh mountains in the southern part of the Kavir Protected Region about 200km south of Teheran, Iran' (Andrén and Nilson 1979). The total range of this population consists of a single brackish spring and surrounding grass covered areas of less than 1km2 in total (Andrén and Nilson 1979; Göran Nilson pers. comm., September 2008). The distribution of Pseudepidalea variabilis is considered to be incompletely known with further surveys needed.","There is little information available for populations recognized by Stöck et al . (2006) as Pseudepidalea variabilis . The isolated population indicated by Stöck et al. (2006) from Denmark, Sweden and possibly northern Germany are considered to be rare and declining. Populations in Israel my be expanding their range with increasing irrigation of arid areas. The isolated population in the Kavir Desert is very small, possibly only 100 mature individuals, but certainly less than 1,000 animals (Göran Nilson pers. comm., September 2008).","Although additional details of natural history are needed for populations recognized as Pseudepidalea variabilis , it seems plausible that it can be found in similar habitats to those populations indicated by Stöck et al . (2006) as belonging to Pseudepidalea viridis , including grassland, meadows and steppe habitats, forests and shrubland, and a range of wetland areas or waterbodies. The isolated Kavir Desert population is restricted to the area of a single brackish spring and surrounding grassland within this highly arid environment.","The threats to the species are poorly known, but in view of the widely reported distribution for Pseudepidalea variabilis it is probable that there are no overall major threats. The key threats to this species in parts of its range are likely to be similar to that of Pseudepidalea viridis , namely the loss (for instance through agricultural expansion) or degradation (pollution) of wetland breeding habitats. The Kavir Desert population is found in an extremely remote area, although there are buildings of the Game Guard Post surrounding the single spring. Although there are no current threats to this population, it is plausible that any alteration of the stream flow (for example through the creation of watering troughs for game animals) could lead to the rapid decline of this morphologically distinct population.","Additional taxonomic studies are needed for populations currently indicated as belonging to Pseudepidalea variabilis by Stöck et a l. (2006), as are studies into the natural history of these populations. Further details of the distribution are desirable. It seems probable that if Pseudepidalea variabilis is widespread that it will also be present in some protected areas, although this requires confirmation. Further studies are needed to confirm the identity of green toad populations in Israel and Jordan. The entire range of the morphologically distinct Kavir Desert population is within the very well-protected Kavir National Park. There is a need to ensure that no development of the limited habitat of this locality is undertaken.",,,"Aziz Avisi, Boris Tuniyev, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Petro Lymberakis, Claes Andrén, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nazan Üzüm, Nikolai Orlov, Richard Podloucky, Sako Tuniyev, Uğur Kaya, Göran Nilson, Mozafar Sharifi, Theodore Papenfuss, Soheila Shafti",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,BUFONIDAE,Pseudepidalea,viridis,,Pseudepidalea viridis,,Further revision of taxonomy of the Pseudepidalea viridis complex with the use of genetic and biochemical data is needed. There is continuing disagreement over the use of the generic name Pseudepidalea over the use of Bufo .,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



Turkey: LC",Decreasing,"Following the recent revision of the ‘Bufo viridis’ complex by Stöck et al . (2006), populations of green toads now allocated to Pseudepidalea viridis are distributed through much of Europe (excluding much of Fenno-Skandia, the British Isles, almost the whole of Italy, the Iberian Peninsula and almost all of Europe west of the Rhine River) eastwards to Kazakhstan. Populations of green toads from the southern tip of Sweden, Denmark and northern Germany were provisionally identified as Pseudepidalea variabilis by Stöck et al . (2006), however it is possible that populations of Pseudepidalea viridis are also within these areas. The species of green toad on the island of Malta is unclear, and is retained here in Pseudepidalea viridis pending further research. Populations of green toad from the Eastern Mediterranean countries, and much of Central and Middle Asia are now largely allocated to Pseudepidalea variabilis by Stöck et al . (2006). Populations from North Africa are now included within Pseudepidalea boulengeri . Populations of green toads from the Balearic Islands (Spain), Corsica (France), Sardinia (Italy) and much of mainland Italy are now recognized as Pseudepidalea balearica . Green toad populations from Sicily, Italy, now mostly comprise the endemic Pseudepidalea sicula , with some populations of Pseudepidalea balearica in the northeast of this island. The status of green toads in Israel, Jordan, Sinai (Egypt) and of the isolated, relict population in the southern Hadramaut in southwestern Saudi Arabia is currently unclear, and it is possible that these populations should be included within either Pseudepidalea variabilis or Pseudepidalea boulengeri pending further review.","This species is still considered a relatively abundant to common species over large parts of its range, although populations formerly recognized as Pseudepidalea viridis are rare or declining on the fringes of its range in Europe (e.g., Denmark and Sweden). It is extinct in Switzerland despite re-introduction efforts.","This species lives in a wide range of forests, forest steppe, scrubland, grassland and alpine habitats. Animals may be present in modified areas including urban centres (e.g. Bucharest), city parks and gardens - and often benefits from disturbed habitats. Spawning and larval development occurs in a diverse range of temporary and permanent waterbodies including swamps, ponds, lakes, pools in streams and rivers, reservoirs, ditches and puddles.","The main threat over much of the range (most especially in the north) appears to be the loss of breeding habitats through wetland drainage, desiccation and aquatic pollution (industrial and agricultural). Populations might be locally declining mortality on roads.","The species is listed on Appendix II of the Berne Convention and is listed on Annex IV of the EU Natural Habitats Directive. It is protected by national legislation in many countries; it is recorded on many national and sub-national Red Data books and lists and is present in many protected areas. In parts of this species range, mitigation measures to reduce road kill have been established.",,,"Aram Agasyan, Aziz Avisi, Boris Tuniyev, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Petro Lymberakis, Claes Andrén, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nazan Üzüm, Nikolai Orlov, Richard Podloucky, Sako Tuniyev, Uğur Kaya, Matthias Stöck, Muhammad Sharif Khan, Sergius Kuzmin, David Tarkhnishvili, Vladimir Ishchenko, Theodore Papenfuss, Gad Degani, Ismail Ugurtas, Nasrullah Rastegar-Pouyani, Ahmad Disi, Steven Anderson, Trevor Beebee, Franco Andreone",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,ANGUIDAE,Pseudopus,apodus,,Pseudopus apodus,,"This species was previously included in the genus Ophisaurus. Glass lizards from the Balkan Peninsula and southern coast of the Crimea are considered as a subspecies P. a. thracius (Obst, 1978). The nominative subspecies, P. a. apodus is distributed Southeastern Europe, Ciscaucasia and Transcaucasia, southern Turkmenistan, eastern Uzbekistan, western Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and southeastern Kazakhstan.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



EU27: LC

EU: LC

Turkey: LC",Stable,"This widespread species ranges eastwards from the Balkan region of Europe to Turkey, the Caucasus region, Central Asia and the Levant. From the Balkans it has been recorded along the Adriatic regions of Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro and Albania (common only in coastal areas), the southern Macedonia (through the Vardar valley to the vicinity of Skopje), most of Greece (including the Ionian Islands and the islands of Limnos, Rhodes, Lesbos, Chios, Ikaria and Samos) and southern and eastern Bulgaria. It also occurs in southern Ukraine, southwestern Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, Turkey (in the west, north and south), western Syria, throughout Lebanon, northern Israel, northwest Jordan, Iraq, Iran (restricted to the Caspian region, northern Zagros, the Alborz and Kopet Dagh), and into Central Asia where it is present in southern Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, southeastern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, western Tajikistan and Afghanistan. It is found from sea level to around 2,300m asl.",It is generally a common species.,"This species is found in dry, well vegetated rocky slopes, marquis, traditionally cultivated areas and close to human settlements. In Iran, it has been collected in open grassy areas (Anderson, 1999). It occurs in foothill plains and valleys of river, inhabited sparse deciduous forests, tugay-bushes, shrubs, hollows, woodland edges and foothills. Animals may be found hiding under bushes, among stones or in rodent burrows. It is common in gardens, vineyards and is sometimes found in agricultural land. The female lays between six and ten eggs in a clutch.","There appear to be no major threats to this species as a whole. It is locally threatened in Jordan and the southern periphery of its range by habitat loss, mainly through conversion to agricultural use. Animals may be occasionally killed through misidentification with snakes.",This species is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention. It is protected by national legislation in Israel. It is present in a large number of protected areas (especially in the north of its range). There is a need for the development of education programmes about this harmless species. It is included into the Red Data Books of the Ukraine (1994) - category 1 and Kazakhstan (1996) - category 2.,,,"Aram Agasyan, Aziz Avisi, Boris Tuniyev, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Petro Lymberakis, Claes Andrén, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nazan Üzüm, Nikolai Orlov, Richard Podloucky, Sako Tuniyev, Uğur Kaya, Ahmad Mohammed Mousa Disi, Souad Hraoui-Bloquet, Riyad Sadek, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Idriz Haxhiu",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,RANIDAE,Rana,arvalis,,Rana arvalis,,The intraspecific systematics of this species need further study. Animals from the Altai Mountains have for a long time been considered as a separate subspecies of Rana arvalis or as the species Rana altaica . This has largely been on the basis of their shorter shins and large inner metatarsal tubercle. Similar frogs have since been found in other parts of the range of Rana arvalis (e.g.. In the north of European Russia and in the Urals) and in Siberia some animals display transient characters between Rana arvalis and the Altaic taxon. Until this taxonomic issue is fully resolved we include Rana altaica within Rana arvalis .,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species is found throughout most of the northern, central and eastern parts of Europe, eastwards to Siberia (Yakutia and Baikal Lake), Russia and Xinjiang Province, China. It is no longer believed to be present in Serbia and the original records were probably in error (Kalezic and Dzukic, 2001). It is typically a lowland species, but can occur at altitudes close to 1,500m asl. (Altai Mountains).","It is generally common, and is abundant in central-eastern Europe. It is extinct in Switzerland in the extreme southwestern part of its wide range. It is considered to be rare and declining in China.","It occurs in a wide variety of habitats including tundra, forest tundra, forest, forest steppe, steppe, forest edges and glades, semi-desert, swamps, peatlands, moorlands, meadows, fields, bush lands, gardens. It has a breeding season, and spawning and larval development takes place in various stagnant water bodies of low acidity, including lakes, ponds, swamps, puddles and ditches. There is some evidence that the species can occur in agricultural landscapes, and in some areas it appears to be adapting to urban conditions (e.g.. Vershinin, 1997).","It is threatened by the destruction and pollution of breeding ponds (including acidification) and adjacent wetland and terrestrial habitats, especially through urbanization, recreation, tourism, industry and overstocking of cattle. Additional threats are prolonged drought and predation of spawn by waterfowl. Chytrid fungus was detected in this species in Berlin, Germany - however the extent to which this is a threat is unknown.","It is listed on Appendix II of the Berne Convention and on Annex IV of the EU Natural Habitats Directive. It is protected by national legislation in many countries and has been recorded in a number of national and sub-national Red Data books and lists. It is presumed to be present in a many protected areas. In parts of the species' range, mitigation measures to reduce road kill have been established.",,,"Sergius Kuzmin, David Tarkhnishvili, Vladimir Ishchenko, Boris Tuniyev, Trevor Beebee, Brandon Anthony, Benedikt Schmidt, Agnieszka Ogrodowczyk, Maria Ogielska, Wiesiek Babik, Milan Vogrin, Jon Loman, Dan Cogalniceanu, Tibor Kovács, István Kiss",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,RANIDAE,Rana,dalmatina,,Rana dalmatina,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Turkish: LC

Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"This species is widely distributed in much of Europe and northern Turkey. Within Europe it is widespread, but it is restricted to Álava, Burgos and Navarra Provinces in Spain, the southeast coastline of Sweden and the islands of Denmark, and it is absent from Portugal, the British Isles (except the island of Jersey, where a small population is present). In addition, there is a need to confirm the presence of this species in Poland, where it is supposed to occur in the southeast. In the former Soviet Union, it is known only from the Transcarpathian Plain (including adjacent foothills and mountain slopes) of the Ukraine. In Turkey this species is found in Turkish Thrace and northern parts of Anatolia; further studies are needed to determine the distributions of Rana dalmatina and Rana macrocnemis along the southern Black Sea coastline. It occurs from sea level to elevations approaching 1,700m asl.","It is a relatively abundant species. The species is common in much of central and eastern Europe (e.g.. Hungary and Romania). In Turkey it is patchily distributed. It is scarce to uncommon in northern Europe (e.g.. Sweden, Denmark). In Spain, it is extremely rare.","It is found in glades and open sites within light deciduous woodland (oak, beech, hornbeam etc.), and less frequent in meadows and thickets. It generally it does not occur in pasture, arable areas or coniferous forests. In Spain the species is restricted to Quercus pedunculata oak forest, and is associated with wet meadows. It spawns in small wetlands (pools, fens and marshes, ditches) within forests and at their edges. High levels of larval mortality have been recorded.","It is generally threatened by the drainage and eutrophication of breeding sites, development (and logging) of suitable habitat, and replacement of deciduous forest habitat with unsuitable coniferous species. It is locally threatened by road mortality during breeding migrations. Grossenbacher (in Krone et al. , 1997) reported skin diseases (possibly associated with viral infection) in populations from Switzerland and northern Italy that are potentially related to declines and may be related to polluted water. It is experiencing localized declines in southwestern Europe.","It is listed on Appendix II the Bern Convention and on Appendix IV of the EU Habitats Directive. This species is protected by national legislation in many countries and is recorded in several national and sub-national Red Data books and lists. It is present in many protected areas. Further research into the distribution limits of this species in Turkey is needed. Conservation initiatives involving head-starting have been undertaken for the small Jersey population which have been remarkably successful. In parts of its range, mitigation measures to reduce road kill have been established. In Spain, it is an endangered species and there are habitat restoration and population monitoring efforts ongoing. In some parts of its range, there have been successful efforts to restore pond habitats.",,,"Uğur Kaya, Sergius Kuzmin, Max Sparreboom, Ismail Ugurtas, David Tarkhnishvili, Steven Anderson, Franco Andreone, Claudia Corti, Per Nyström, Benedikt Schmidt, Brandon Anthony, Agnieszka Ogrodowczyk, Maria Ogielska, Jaime Bosch, Miguel Tejedo",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,RANIDAE,Rana,graeca,,Rana graeca,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species is restricted to the Balkans, ranging from southeastern Bosnia Herzegovina in the northwest, through western, central and southern Serbia, Montenegro, FYR Macedonia, Albania, most of Greece and southwestern and southern Bulgaria. It occurs at altitudes of 200-2,000m asl.","It is reported to be generally abundant in medium to high-altitude areas (Gasc et al. , 1997), and remains relatively widespread in the Serbia, Montenegro, FYR Macedonia (Kalezic and Dzukic, 2001).","This is a largely aquatic, montane species associated with cold small clear rivers, streams and springs often located in shady deciduous and mixed forest. It may also occur in moors and meadows, and around glacial pools in lakes. Breeding and larval development takes place in these waterbodies. It is presumed that the species can tolerate some slight habitat modification.","The major threat to this species is the loss of suitable habitat, resulting from forest fires, wetland drainage, construction of dams, etc. It is also affected in some places by pollution.","It is listed on Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive and Appendix III of the Bern Convention. It is protected by national legislation in former Yugoslavian countries (Kalezic and Dzukic, 2001). It occurs in a number of protected areas.",,,"Petros Lymberakis, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Rastko Ajtic, Milan Vogrin, Idriz Haxhiu",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,RANIDAE,Rana,iberica,,Rana iberica,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Listed as Near Threatened because this species is in significant decline (but probably at a rate of less than 30% over ten years), thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Portugal and north-western and central Spain. It mostly occurs in montane areas up to 2,425m asl (such as the Sierra de Béjar, central Spain). Isolated populations of this species are present in the Basque Country, Central System Mountains, Extremadura in Spain and Marinha Grande and Serra de Sao Mamede in Portugal.","It is reasonably common in northern Portugal and north-western Spain. Populations in the Central System Mountains and Extremadura of Spain are declining very seriously. There is also evidence of population declines in the Sierra de Guadarrama (Madrid, Spain).","This is an aquatic species usually found in shady habitats (with abundant vegetation) close to rivers, streams, lakes and marshes. The species' terrestrial habitats include woods, moors, meadows and areas of low scrub. In the north of its range it can occur down to sea level along slower flowing rivers. Breeding and larval development takes place within various shallow stagnant waterbodies.","Threats to this species include pressure from tourism development, urbanization of the lowland range, habitat loss through intensification of agriculture and deforestation and re-afforestation with non-native monocultures, introduction of non-native predatory fishes (salmonids) and mammals such as Neovison vison (American mink), desertification in southern Portugal, and habitat loss through hydroelectric projects. Recreational use by people of its habitats may cause disturbance to the species.","It is present in Parque Natural del Gorbea and Parque Natural de Izki in Spain, where it is also protected by national legislation and listed in the national Red Data Book as vulnerable. This species is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and on Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive. There have been some recent reintroductions of captive-bred individuals in central Spain.",,,"Miguel Tejedo, Jaime Bosch, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Alfredo Salvador, Mario García-París, Ernesto Recuero Gil",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,RANIDAE,Rana,italica,,Rana italica,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species is endemic to the Apennine Mountains and other hilly areas of Italy south of the Po Valley. It is generally found at elevations ranging between 30 and 1,400m asl.",It is quite common.,It is a mostly montane species associated with fast flowing streams that have a rocky substrate. It may also be found in small ponds or mountain peat bogs. It also occurs in some man-made habitats such as water troughs.,"The main threats to this species are the loss of stream habitats and aquatic pollution presumably through agriculture and urbanization, and also predation by introduced salmonid fishes.","It is listed on Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive, and on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and it is protected by national legislation. It occurs in several protected areas.",,,"Franco Andreone, Claudia Corti, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,RANIDAE,Rana,latastei,,Rana latastei,,,Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"Listed as Vulnerable because its Area of Occupancy is less than 2,000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in northern Italy.",Decreasing,"This species occurs from the lowlands of the Padano Venetian plain of northern Italy and southern Switzerland (where it is restricted to a small area in Kanton Ticino), east to the Triestine and Istrian regions of north-eastern Italy, with a few sites in Slovenia and Croatia. It is present from sea level up to around 500m asl, but sites at higher elevations are unusual.","It is relatively abundant along some northern tributaries of the Po River, with a few sites existing along southern tributaries. It is occasional and localized in north-western Italy being more common in north-eastern areas. Some of the breeding sites in Switzerland can contain hundreds of individuals. It is considered rare in Slovenia. Populations of the species are generally larger in the eastern parts of its range and population genetic diversity decreases sharply from east to west by a factor of three (populations located in the western part of the distribution have severely reduced genetic diversity as measured at microsatellite loci, while populations located in the east do not; T. Garner pers. comm.). Most populations are severely fragmented.","The original habitat of this species is semi-hygrophilous forest; in secondary habitats it is associated with humid deciduous wooded areas, typically situated alongside small streams, rivers, or lakes, with rich vegetation. It is present in poplar plantations with thick understorey and occasionally meadows (Arnold 2002). It hibernates on land (where it may occur up to a kilometre from water: Arnold 2002), and also under the mud of stream beds. The species breeds in permanent and temporary water in wooded areas, usually including slow-moving rivers. It can occur in anthropogenic habitats such as agricultural irrigation ditches, but only if these are close to forest remnants for over wintering (Garner pers. comm.).","This species is threatened by the destruction of much of the original humid deciduous forests of the Padano Venetian plain and Istrian region by extensive agricultural development including drainage and deforestation (with population fragmentation). Additional threats to this species are the introduction of predatory fishes and crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii) , lowering of the water table, and aquatic pollution. Crayfish predation has driven one isolated subpopulation to disappear. The reduced genetic diversity in western populations might be leading to greater vulnerability to emergent pathogens (T. Garner pers. comm.).","It is present in several protected areas across its range. It is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention, and is listed on Annex II and IV of the EU Habitats Directive. It is protected by national legislation in Italy, Switzerland and Slovenia and has been recorded in a number of national and Red Data books and lists.",,,"Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano, Franco Andreone, Trent Garner, Benedikt Schmidt, Claudia Corti, Milan Vogrin",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,RANIDAE,Rana,pyrenaica,,Rana pyrenaica,,,Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv)",EU27,,"Listed as Endangered, because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2 (2,400 km2), its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in its are of occupancy, the extent and quality of its habitat, and in the number of locations.",Decreasing,"This species is largely restricted to the southern slopes of the western central Pyrenees Mountains. In Spain, it occurs from the Roncal Valley (Navarra) eastwards to Parque Nacional de Ordesa (Huesca). It also occurs in the Iraty Forest in the western French Pyrenees. It has an altitudinal range of 800-2,100m asl.","Populations are common in the headwaters of valleys in Huesca Province, while in Navarra populations are scattered in the west.","It lives in and close to rocky mountain streams and torrents in which the water is cold, clear and well oxygenated, and is also found in roadside and forest edge ditches, drinking troughs and rain pools. Breeding takes place in these waterbodies.","Threats include stream eutrophication (through intensification of agricultural practices), drought, potential introduction of trout and other predatory fishes, and habitat loss due to the development of tourism and transport infrastructure. Logging and associated activities may threaten the species' habitat, and it is likely to be vulnerable to climate change.",It is listed on Appendix III of the Berne Convention and is included in the regional catalogues of Navarra and Aragón. It is present in Ordesa and Monte Perdido National Park (Huesca) and Lizardoia Integral Reserve (Navarra).,,,"Jaime Bosch, Miguel Tejedo, Claude Miaud, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Alfredo Salvador, Mario García-París, Ernesto Recuero Gil, Rafael Marquez, Carmen Diaz Paniagua, Philippe Geniez",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,RANIDAE,Rana,temporaria,,Rana temporaria,,Rana aragonensis is included as a synonym of R. temporaria following the work of Veith et al. (2002). Rana honnorati is included in R. temporaria following Veith et al. (2003).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"It is widespread throughout most of Europe, ranging from northern Spain to the Urals (absent from southern and central Iberia, much of southern Italy [scattered Appenine populations] and the Caucasus), and eastwards to the western part of West Siberia and northern Kazakhstan through northern Greece and Bulgaria. It has a patchy distribution in the mountainous parts of the Balkans. Recorded from sea level to elevations approaching 2,700m asl (Pyrenees).","It is generally very common, although localized declines have recently been noted in a number of western European countries (e.g.. Switzerland, Spain).","Many terrestrial (associated with woodland) and aquatic habitat types are used. Present in coniferous, mixed and deciduous forests, forested tundra and steppe, bush and shrublands, glades, grasslands, dry and wet meadows, marshes, fields, rural gardens, parks, and urban areas. Aquatic habitats include both temporary and permanent ponds, lakes and rivers; spawning and larval development occurs in these waterbodies. It does well in many modified habitats such as rural gardens.","There are no major threats to this species. The main localized threat is the general pollution and drainage of breeding sites and wetlands. Over collection for medical research, food and commercial purposes is a threat in parts of its range. Deforestation might have led to a gradual ""northward retreat"" of the species over southern parts of its distribution. Overcollection for medical research has been a threat in the past, however the extent to which it is a current threat is unknown.","It is listed on Appendix III of the Berne Convention and on Annex V of the EU Natural Habitats Directive. It has been recorded in a number of national and sub-national Red Data books and lists, and is protected by national legislation in a number of countries. It is present in many protected areas. In parts of its range, mitigation measures to reduce road kill have been established.",,,"Sergius Kuzmin, Vladimir Ishchenko, Boris Tuniyev, Trevor Beebee, Franco Andreone, Per Nyström, Brandon Anthony, Benedikt Schmidt, Agnieszka Ogrodowczyk, Maria Ogielska, Jaime Bosch, Claude Miaud, Jon Loman, Dan Cogalniceanu, Tibor Kovács, István Kis",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,COLUBRIDAE,Rhinechis,scalaris,,Rhinechis scalaris,,This species is included in Rhinechis following Utiger et al. (2002).,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species is found through much of Portugal and Spain (it is absent from much of northernmost Spain) and southern France. There is a record from northwestern Italy, but there is no recent confirmation of its occurrence in this country. It is present on the islands of Ons and Arousa in Galicia (Spain), Minorca (an old introduction) in the Balearic Islands (Spain), and Iles d'Hyères, France. The species ranges from sea level to 2,200 m asl.",It is generally an abundant species.,"This mainly crepuscular and nocturnal species can be found in sunny and stony Mediterranean-type habitats with good vegetation cover, including riparian habitats. It can also be found in open woodlands and shrubland, at field edges, hedges, vineyards, olive groves, overgrown areas, stone walls and ruins. The females lay between four and 15 eggs that are deposited under ground cover.","Although there appear to be no overall major threats to this species, it is locally threatened by accidental mortality on roads and loss of vegetation cover due to intensive agricultural methods. Because of the species nocturnal habits, many individuals uses roads, because of the heat retention of the road surface, and are frequently traffic casualties (Juan M Pleguezuelos pers. comm., October 2008).",It is listed on Annex III of the Bern Convention and it is present in many protected areas.,,,"Juan Pleguezuelos, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Rafael Marquez, Marc Cheylan, Claudia Corti, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,CAUDATA,SALAMANDRIDAE,Salamandra,atra,,Salamandra atra,,"Four subspecies have been described: Salamandra atra atra ; S. a. aurorae ; S.a. prenjensis ; and S. a. pasobiensis . The status of these subspecies remains questionable. S.a. prenjensis is often not considered to be valid. S.a. aurorae has been sometimes considered to be a separate species. Joger (1996), using serum proteins, showed significant differences, and he proposed the elevation of S.a. aurorae to a full species. Veith et al. (1998), analyzing mitDNA of S.a. aurorae did not find any significant difference. Riberon et al. (2001) indicate a complex pattern of divergence for the alpine populations, without reaching or stressing any taxonomic consequences.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



The subspecies Salamandra atra aurorae qualifies for listing as Critically Endangered under criterion B1ab(iii) because its Extent of Occurrence is probably less than 100 km2, all individuals may be in a single location, and there is continuing decline in the quality of its habitat in the Bosco del Dosso.",Decreasing,"This species is present in the European Alps (including a recently discovered population close to the village of Samoëns in the Département de la Haute-Savoie, France), with isolated populations in the Balkan Dinaric Alps in Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia-Montenegro and northern Albania. It occurs at elevations between 400 and 2800m asl (more frequent between 800-2,000m asl). The subspecies Salamandra atra aurorae is largely restricted to the Bosco del Dosso and Val Rensola in north-east Italy (between 1,300 and 1,800m asl); new localities extending to the east were discovered in the early 1990s (with a distance between furthermost sites of 15km2), and it is possible that this subspecies might occur in the entire forested high plateau of the area. Further field surveys are needed to verify the full distribution of Salamandra atra aurorae.","It is still be abundant in Switzerland (although now considered to be extinct in some southern parts of the country), Germany, Austria and parts of Italy. It appears to be more rare and threatened in the Dinaric Alps in Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia-Montenegro and northern Albania (e.g., Kalezic and Dzukic, 2001). Gasc et al. (1997) considered Salamandra atra aurorae to be highly endangered.","It is found in cool, damp alpine meadows, stony pastures, dwarf heath and mixed, broadleaf and coniferous woodland. Animals are usually hidden below stones and logs, but can be encountered in shady places, or after rain, during the day. The species is unusual in that it has a ovi-viviparous method of reproduction by which it gives birth on land to an average of two fully metamorphosed offspring; the gestation period is between two and four years. It may be found in pastureland and other slightly modified habitats. It is not associated with water.","There are generally no threats to the Italian populations of S.a. atra. Some local populations in Switzerland are threatened by road mortality and populations of the Dinaric Alps are threatened by localized habitat destruction through intensification of farming methods, tourism (skiing) and infrastructure development. The subspecies S.a. aurorae is threatened by collection for scientific purposes and the pet trade and general habitat alteration through excessive water abstraction from streams, and the removal of ground cover during forestry practices. Populations in Serbia and Montenegro are small, fragmented and threatened by over-collecting for the pet trade and possibly climatic changes.","Salamandra atra is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and Salamandra atra aurorae is listed on Annex II* of the EU Habitats Directive under the name ' Salamandra salamandra aurorae '; both Salamandra atra and ' Salamandra aurorae '[sic] are also listed on Annex IV of the Directive. The species is protected by national legislation in most range countries (e.g.. Switzerland, Slovenia) and it is present in a number of protected areas. Kalezic and Dzukic (2001) suggest the establishment of a protected area on Prokletije Mount would significantly aid the conservation of S. atra in the Dinaric Alps. The subspecies S. a. aurorae is present in the Natura 2000 sites of Cima Dodici (10,450 ha) and Pasubo e Piccole Dolomiti: Monte Pasubo (1,920 ha).",,,"Franco Andreone, Mathieu Denoël, Claude Miaud, Benedikt Schmidt, Paul Edgar, Milan Vogrin, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Rastko Ajtic, Claudia Corti, Idriz Haxhiu",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,CAUDATA,SALAMANDRIDAE,Salamandra,corsica,,Salamandra corsica,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern since, although its Extent of Occurrence is less than 20,000 km2, it occurs in an area of extensive, suitable habitat which appears not to be under significant threat, it has a presumed large population, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species is endemic to the island of Corsica, France, where it is found throughout the island. It is found at altitudes of 50-1,750m, but is commonest from 500-1,300m asl.",It is common in suitable habitat.,"It is found in a wide variety of habitats particularly mixed and deciduous woodland (Beech, Sweet Chestnut and Pine). This species gives birth to well developed larvae that complete metamorphosis in streams, ponds and other waters; fully metamorphosed young are occasionally produced.","The main threats to this species are loss of woodland habitat (especially as a result of forest fires). However, it is not believed to be significantly at risk.",This species is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention. It occurs in several protected areas.,,,"Claude Miaud, Marc Cheylan, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,CAUDATA,SALAMANDRIDAE,Salamandra,lanzai,,Salamandra lanzai,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Listed as Vulnerable because it is known from fewer than five locations, and it is considered to be plausible that the species could decline in response to development within its restricted range.",Stable,"This species occurs only in a very small area of the western Alps on the border of Italy and France. It is distributed in the valleys of Po, Pellice, and Germanasca in Italy, and in the Guil Valley in France. An isolated population was recently discovered in Chisone valley, Italy. It has also been reported to be (or have been) present on the Maritime Alps, in Cuneo Province. This finding is based upon a single specimen housed in Florence Museum, and with a label indicating its provenance as ""Antracque"", which is a mistake for Entracque, Valdieri (Cuneo), Italy. The species has not been found again at Entracque or nearby sites. Ribéron (2003) concluded that the species' distribution is decreasing, but this assertion is based solely on the Entracque specimen. The altitudinal range is from 1,200m (perhaps less) to around 2,600m asl; the altitude record of 2,800m asl and corresponding locality (Lago delle Forciolline), is most likely erroneous (Andreone and Sindaco 1999; Vences et al. 2003b; Andreone et al. 2004).",The small known populations of this species are considered to be stable. The Germanasca Valley (Torino Province) population was reduced during 2000 because of habitat changes caused by unusually high levels of precipitation.,"It is associated with rocky alpine meadows and scree slopes, often close to small streams, usually above the tree line. The known sites of this species at lower elevations may have mixed or coniferous forest. It gives birth to one to six fully metamorphosed young on land (Noellert and Noellert 1992), and is not associated with water. This species hides beneath rocks and stones when inactive and may be found in pastureland and other slightly modified habitats.","While there are no major threats to this species, some localized development for tourism might be disturbing the habitat, and many individuals are killed by cars.",It is listed on Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive and on Appendix II of the Bern Convention under Salamandra atra . There is a need to maintain traditional forest and alpine management within the species' range. It is found in protected areas in both Italy and France.,,,"Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano, Franco Andreone, Claude Miaud, Marc Cheylan, Claudia Corti, Philippe Geniez",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,CAUDATA,SALAMANDRIDAE,Salamandra,salamandra,,Salamandra salamandra,,"This account follows the suggested Salamandra monophyletic group distribution presented in Steinfartz, et al. (2000). Old locality records for Turkey need to be reconfirmed, and are not included here.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. A number of subspecies of Salamandra salamandra are restricted in range and may be considered to be threatened, in particular: S.s. longirostris in southern Spain (listed as Vulnerable in Spain), and S.s. bejarae-almanzoris in the mountains of north-central Spain (listed as Vulnerable in Spain).",Decreasing,"This species is present across much of central, eastern and southern Europe. In the former Soviet Union, it is known only from the mountains and foothills of the Ukrainian Carpathians. The populations of this species in Iberia are very fragmented (there is a small Area of Occupancy within the wider Extent of Occurrence). The populations of Salamandra species reported from western Anatolia, Turkey, require further investigation into the species involved and are not evaluated in this account. It occurs from lowland areas up to 2,500m asl (in central Spain).","A number of large, stable populations of this salamander exist in Central Europe. Some local populations declines have been observed over parts of its range (e.g., through habitat loss, introduced predatory fish, and increased aridity in Spain). A severe decline has been reported in the Netherlands. Some local populations have disappeared, and its population density has also been reduced in parts of Spain.","It is associated with wet cool deciduous, mixed, or rarely, coniferous forests with well shaded brooks and small rivers. Within the mountain forest belt, the species can be found in woodlands, glades and forest edges, rocky slopes, dense bush, and herbaceous vegetation. It is possible, that the occurrence of S. salamandra on woodless mountain pastures and within hayfields indicates the past existence of forests. In the Iberian Peninsula the species may be found in upland Mediterranean type forest and associated habitats. The species prefers microhabitats covered with dense leaf-litter and moss. In general, the female gives birth to well-developed larvae, that complete metamorphosis in streams, ponds and still waters. However, the subspecies, S.s. bernardezi and S.s. fastusa may give birth to two to eight fully metamorphosed young on land. The species does tolerate some habitat modification, and has even been found in gardens.","The principal threats include localized general habitat destruction, unsympathetic forest management, and pollution of breeding sites by agrochemicals, collection for commercial purposes (i.e., the pet trade), introduction of predatory species (salmonids and crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii )) and population fragmentation. The mortality of adults on roads is a localized threat in some parts of its range. The presence of chytridiomycosis has been reported in some Spanish populations.","This species is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention and is protected by national legislation over much of its range. It occurs in many protected areas, and is listed in a number of national and sub national Red Data Books and Lists. Some populations of this salamander are being monitored (e.g., central Spain; Zlote Mountains [southwestern Poland, East Sudety Mountains]). Further research into the impacts of chytridiomycosis on this salamander is urgently needed.",,,"Sergius Kuzmin, Theodore Papenfuss, Max Sparreboom, Ismail Ugurtas, Steven Anderson, Trevor Beebee, Mathieu Denoël, Franco Andreone, Brandon Anthony, Benedikt Schmidt, Agnieszka Ogrodowczyk, Maria Ogielska, Jaime Bosch, David Tarkhnishvili, Vladimir",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,CAUDATA,SALAMANDRIDAE,Salamandrina,perspicillata,,Salamandrina perspicillata,,We follow Mattoccia et al. (2005) and Canestrelli et al. (2006) in separating Salamandrina perspicillata from S. terdigitata .,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species is endemic to peninsular Italy, mainly in the Appenine Mountains (where it is widespread), but also in other hilly areas to the west and east of the Appenines, south to the province of Caserta (Campania region) (south of this it is replaced by Salamandrina terdigitata ). It is usually found at elevations between 200 and 900m asl, but can occur between 50 and 1,500m asl.","It is sometimes difficult to find, but it is common in western parts of its range.","It is mainly found in forests with dense undergrowth in hilly and mountainous areas, often in north-facing mountain valleys. Only females of this species are aquatic during the short oviposition phase for which well-oxygenated waters, slow running streams (usually with rocky beds), drinking troughs, and residual and vernal ponds (sometime of very small dimensions) are used. It appears to avoid seriously modified habitats. This species shows high site fidelity to breeding sites.","In parts of the species range there are some localized declines through habitat loss and aquatic pollution. But overall, it is not significantly threatened.","This species is protected by law in several provinces in Italy, and it is listed in Appendix II of the Bern Convention. It occurs in several protected areas, including the Abruzzo National Park.",,,"Antonio Romano, Marco Mattoccia, Valerio Sbordoni, Franco Andreone, Claudia Corti",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,CAUDATA,SALAMANDRIDAE,Salamandrina,terdigitata,,Salamandrina terdigitata,,We follow Mattoccia et al. (2005) and Canestrelli et al. (2006) in separating Salamandrina perspicillata from S. terdigitata .,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species is endemic to southern peninsular Italy in the Apennine Mountains (where it is widespread) and other hilly areas, south of Caserta province (Campania region). North of this it is replaced by Salamandrina perspicillata . It is usually found at elevations between 200 and 900m asl, but can occur between 50m and 1,500m asl.",It is common in suitable habitat.,"It is mainly found in forests with dense undergrowth in hilly and mountainous areas. Only females of this species are aquatic during the short oviposition phase, for which well-oxygenated waters, slow-running streams (usually with rocky beds), drinking troughs and ponds are used. It appears to avoid seriously modified habitats. Little information is available on the ecology and reproductive biology of this species.","In parts of the species range there are some localized declines through habitat loss and aquatic pollution. But overall, it is not significantly threatened.","This species is protected by law in several provinces in Italy, and it is listed in Appendix II of the Bern Convention. It occurs in several protected areas, including the Pollino National Park.",,,"Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano, Marco Mattoccia, Valerio Sbordoni, Franco Andreone, Claudia Corti",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,GEKKONIDAE,Saurodactylus,mauritanicus,,Saurodactylus mauritanicus,,We follow Bons and Geniez (1996) in treating Saurodactylus brosseti as a species distinct from S. mauritanicus.,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species is found in northeastern Morocco, northwestern Algeria, and the Spanish territories of Melilla, the Isla de Alborán and the Charfarinas Archipelago. It can range from sea level up to 1,200m asl.","It is not a widely distributed species, but is locally abundant.","This species is found in semi-arid and arid rocky areas, with a sloping gradient. Animals can be found in piles of stones and sheltering in ground vegetation. The females lay up to eight clutches of a single egg per year in captivity. The egg is deposited in a self-dug tunnel on the ground.","Although the species is not believed to be globally threatened, it is locally threatened by habitat loss caused by ongoing urbanization and conversion of land to agricultural use,",It is present in Bades Reserve in Morocco.,,,"Ulrich Joger, Tahar Slimani, El Hassan El Mouden, Philippe Geniez, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Scelarcis,perspicillata,,Scelarcis perspicillata,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species occurs in the humid parts of the Atlas Mountains and coastal areas of central and northern Morocco and northwestern Algeria. It has been introduced to the island of Menorca, in the Balearic Islands of Spain and to the Habibas Islands of Algeria. It occurs up to 2,800 m asl.","It is common in parts of its range in North Africa, and is abundant in parts of Menorca.","This species is found in climbing rocky areas such as mountains and cliffs, in scrubland, on stone walls and in other rural habitats. The females lay one to three eggs.","Although the threats to this species are poorly known, it is not believed to be significantly threatened. In Menorca, it is locally threatened by predation by cats and by isolation of populations.",It occurs in Toubkral National Park in Morocco.,,,"Philippe Geniez, Tahar Slimani, El Hassan El Mouden, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,CAUDATA,PLETHODONTIDAE,Speleomantes,ambrosii,,Speleomantes ambrosii,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Listed as Near Threatened since although its Extent of Occurrence is probably less than 5,000 km2 and its habitat might be declining, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable, it probably occurs in more than ten locations, and its range is probably not severely fragmented. If Speleomantes ambrosii bianchii is reassigned to S. italicus rather than S. ambrosii , the extent of occurrence and number of locations for S. ambrosii will be reduced, and reassessment will be necessary.",Stable,"This species is restricted to scattered localities (at least 12 localities are known) in La Spezia Province, north-west Italy. The populations east of the Fiume River around Massa Carrara belong to a recently discovered subspecies, Speleomantes ambrosii bianchii . Genetic research indicates that this subspecies may actually belong to S. italicus rather than S. ambrosii (Carranza et al . 2007). There is an introduced population in Monteviggioni (Siena, Tuscany). It is found at altitudes ranging from near sea level to around 2,300m asl.","It is generally common within its limited range, with no evidence of any decline.","It is known from humid rocky outcrops, caves, crevices, and forested areas in the vicinity of streams. Individuals may occasionally be found climbing in vegetation. The species reproduces through the direct development of a few terrestrial eggs.",Threats to this species include general localized loss of suitable habitat and illegal collection.,It is present in Parco Nazionale delle Cinque Terre and Parco Naturale delle Alpi Apuane. The species has a very restricted range and needs further conservation attention. Prior to being considered a separate species S. ambrosii was listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention under S. italicus . It is also listed on Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive.,,,"Franco Andreone, Paul Edgar, Claudia Corti, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,CAUDATA,PLETHODONTIDAE,Speleomantes,flavus,,Speleomantes flavus,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Listed as Vulnerable because it occurs in fewer than five locations, and it is plausible that the species could move into a higher threat category with any increased level of threat.",Stable,"This species is endemic to the Monte Albo chain of north-eastern Sardinia (Italy). It has been collected between 40m and 1,050m asl.",It is locally common within its limited range; there are no reports of any major declines.,"The species is found in damp mountain regions, rocky outcrops, caves, crevices, and forested areas in the vicinity of streams. The preferred habitat often has a good covering of damp moss. It reproduces through the direct development of a few terrestrial eggs.","There are no threats identified other than some localized loss of habitat and illegal collection. However, these threats are limited, and it is not believed to be significantly threatened.","The species is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and on Annex IV of the EU Natural Directive. It has been recorded from the Parco Geominerario, Storico ed Ambientale della Sardegna. There is a need for close monitoring of the population status of this species.",,,"Roberta Lecis, Franco Andreone, Paul Edgar, Claudia Corti, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,CAUDATA,PLETHODONTIDAE,Speleomantes,imperialis,,Speleomantes imperialis,,"Lanza et al . (2001) described Speleomantes imperialis sarrabusensis , but it was elevated to full species status by Carranza et al . (2007).",Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Listed as Near Threatened since although its Extent of Occurrence is probably less than 5,000 km2 and its habitat might be declining, thus making the species close to qualifying for Endangered, it probably occurs in more than ten locations, and its range is probably not severely fragmented.",Stable,"This species is endemic to the provinces of Nuoro, Oristano and Cagliari in central and eastern Sardinia, Italy. The populations in the Sette Fratelli Mountains east of Cagliari are now considered to be a separate species, Speleomantes sarrabusensis . It is found at altitudes between 7 and 1,170m asl.",It is common within its limited range (Gasc et al. (eds.) 1997).,"This species is found in humid rocky outcrops, caves, crevices, and forested areas in the vicinity of streams. It reproduces through the direct development of a few terrestrial eggs.",There are no major threats identified other than general localized habitat loss and illegal collection.,"It has been recorded from Parco Nazionale Gennargentu e Golfo di Orosei and Parco Naturale Regionale del Monte Sette Fratelli, and it is likely to occur in Parco Naturale Regionala della Giara di Gesturi. This species is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and is also listed on Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive.",,,"Franco Andreone, Roberta Lecis, Paul Edgar, Claudia Corti, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,CAUDATA,PLETHODONTIDAE,Speleomantes,italicus,,Speleomantes italicus,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Listed as Near Threatened since although its Extent of Occurrence is probably less than 20,000 km2 and its habitat might be declining, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable, it probably occurs in more than ten locations, and its range is probably not severely fragmented.",Stable,"This species is a northern and central Apennine endemic, ranging from the provinces of Reggio Emilia (Emilia-Romagna) and Lucca (Tuscany) southwards to the province of Pescara (Abruzzi) inclusive (Lanza et al . 2007; Sindaco et al . 2006). It occurs from 80 to 1,600 m asl.","It is common over much of its range, although it is considered to be less abundant in the southernmost part of its range. There is no evidence of any population decline taking place.","This species is known from humid rocky outcrops, caves, crevices, and forested areas in the vicinity of streams, often in limestone areas. It reproduces through the direct development of a few terrestrial eggs.",There are no major threats identified other than some localized habitat loss and illegal collection.,This species is present in some protected areas (Natura 2000 sites and regional and national parks). It is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and on Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive.,,,"Franco Andreone, Paul Edgar, Claudia Corti, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,CAUDATA,PLETHODONTIDAE,Speleomantes,sarrabusensis,,Speleomantes sarrabusensis,,"Lanza et al . (2001) described this taxon as a subspecies of Speleomantes imperialis , but it was elevated to species status by Carranza et al . (2007).",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Listed as Vulnerable because it is known from only a single location, and it is plausible that any changes in the species' environment could result in a listing at a higher threat category.",Stable,"This species has a tiny range in extreme southeastern Sardinia, Italy. It is only known from the general vicinity of Monte dei Sette Fratelli, between 200 and 850 approximately, in the territory known as Sarrabus, in the province of Cagliari (roughly between 39°15’N and 39°12’N).",It is not rare in some places.,"This species is found in a granitic, almost caveless area, in humid rocky outcrops, crevices, and forested areas.

It possibly reproduces through the direct development of a few terrestrial eggs but there is some evidence that it might be a live-bearing species.","The only known population is in a protected area, so there are not any obvious direct threats to its habitat. However, the species is intrinsically at risk because of its tiny range, and through illegal collection.",This species has been recorded from the Parco Naturale Regionale “Sette Fratelli-Monte Genas”.,,,"Antonio Romano, Roberto Sindaco",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,CAUDATA,PLETHODONTIDAE,Speleomantes,strinatii,,Speleomantes strinatii,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Listed as Near Threatened since although its Extent of Occurrence is probably less than 20,000 km2 and its habitat might be declining, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable, it probably occurs in more than ten locations, and its range is probably not severely fragmented.",Stable,"This species is restricted to south-eastern France and north-western Italy, from 80 to 2,400 m asl.","Although there is little available information on the population status of this species, it is not considered to be declining in Italy. In some parts of its range it is a common species.","It is found in the vicinity of streams and seepages, and amongst rocky outcrops and caves in mountainous areas. It reproduces through the direct development of a few terrestrial eggs.",There are no major threats identified other than localized loss of habitat and illegal collection.,"The species is present in some protected areas. Prior to being considered a separate species Speleomantes strinatii was listed on both Appendix II of the Bern Convention, and on Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive, under S. italicus . Although this species is not considered to be declining in Italy, further information is needed on the status of the populations in France.",,,"Franco Andreone, Paul Edgar, Claudia Corti, Marc Cheylan, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,CAUDATA,PLETHODONTIDAE,Speleomantes,supramontis,,Speleomantes supramontis,,,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)",EU27,,"Listed as Endangered because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, it is known from fewer than five locations, and there is observed continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and the number of mature individuals.",Decreasing,"The species is endemic to central-eastern Sardinia around the Gulf of Orosei, occurring roughly between the valley of the Cedrino River and 40°N (in the province of Nuoro; Gasc 1997). It is found at altitudes between 100 and 1,400m asl.","Although the species has often been considered to be common, and even abundant, within suitable habitat (with recorded densities of as much as 300 animals per ha in some areas; Vosenek, van Rooy and Strijbosch 1987), it recently appears to have undergone a decline and has become more difficult to observe in its limited range (R. Lecis pers. comm.)","The species is found in humid rocky outcrops, limestone caves, crevices, and forested areas with a good growth of moss in the vicinity of streams. It reproduces through the direct development of a few terrestrial eggs.",It is generally threatened by localized habitat loss and illegal collection.,"The species is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention, and it is also listed on Annexes II and IV of the EU Habitats Directive. The species has been recorded from Parco Nazionale Gennargentu e Golfo di Orosei. Further research into the threats leading to the recent apparent declines in this species is needed.",,,"Franco Andreone, Roberta Lecis, Paul Edgar, Claudia Corti, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,GEKKONIDAE,Tarentola,angustimentalis,,Tarentola angustimentalis,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern because, although its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, it is common, occurs in habitats that are not significantly threatened, and does not appear to be in decline.",Stable,"This species is endemic to the islands of Fuerteventura, Lanzarote, Lobos, Graciosa, Montaña Clara, Alegranza and the Roque del Este in the Canary Islands (Spain). It is found up to 800m asl.",It is an abundant species.,"This species is found in most habitats within its range. It lives in stony and rocky areas, lava fields, stone walls, dunes, salt flats with vegetation, scrubland, cultivated areas and human habitations. The females lay clutches of one or two eggs.",There appear to be no major threats to this species.,This species is protected by international legislation and occurs in a number of protected areas. It is listed on Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive.,,,"Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,GEKKONIDAE,Tarentola,boettgeri,,Tarentola boettgeri,,"We treat Tarentola bischoffi as a subspecies of Tarentola boettgeri, following Carranza et al. (2000) and Pleguezuelos et al. (2002).",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern because, although its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, it is common, occurs in habitats that are not significantly threatened, and does not appear to be in decline.",Stable,"This species is endemic to the islands of El Hierro and Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands of Spain. It is generally found throughout both islands, but it is rare above 750m asl and absent over 1,000m asl. The subspecies Tarentola boettgeri bischoffi is endemic to the uninhabited Selvages Archipelago where it is present on the islands of Selvagem Grande, Selvagem Pequena and Ilheu de Fora, Madeira, Portugal.",It is a very common species in both the Canary Islands and the Selvages Archipelago.,"This species is found in rocky areas, often near to the coast. It is also sometimes found in houses. This species is absent from areas of Canary Pine forest. The subspecies Tarentola boettgeri bischoffi is found in rocky and coastal areas, where it uses the burrows of petrels and other seabirds. The females lay a (presumably repeated) clutch of a single egg.","It is preyed upon by introduced mammal species such as cats and hedgehogs Erinaceus europaeus, but this is not considered to be a major threat.","It is protected by international legislation and occurs in several protected areas, including the Ilhas Selvagens Nature Reserve in the Selvages Archipelago.",,,"Paulo Sá-Sousa, Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,GEKKONIDAE,Tarentola,delalandii,,Tarentola delalandii,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern because, although its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, it is common, occurs in habitats that are not significantly threatened, and does not appear to be in decline.",Stable,"This species is endemic to the islands of Tenerife (including the Roques de Anaga and Roque de Garachico) and La Palma, in the Canary Islands (Spain). It is present from sea level to 2,300m asl, although it is rare above 1,800m asl.",It is an abundant species.,"This species is found in a wide variety of habitats. It is present in rocky areas, scrubland, stone walls in agricultural areas and it is common in urban environments. The species can be found in forested areas, although it occurs here at lower densities. It is an oviparous species, the eggs have been found deposited under stones.","There appear to be no major threats to this species. Some habitat loss has occurred through the development of tourism, but the species adapts well to urban environments.",This species is protected by international legislation. It occurs in a number of protected areas.,,,"Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,GEKKONIDAE,Tarentola,gomerensis,,Tarentola gomerensis,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern because, although its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, it is common, occurs in habitats that are not significantly threatened, and does not appear to be in decline.",Stable,"This species is endemic to the island of La Gomera in the Canary Islands (Spain). It is present from sea level to 850m asl on the northern slope of the island and up to 1,150m asl on the southern slope.",It is an abundant species.,"This species is found in rocky areas, stone walls, disturbed habitats, plantations and urban areas. It is not found in areas of forest. The females lay repeated clutches of one to two eggs.",There appear to be no major threats to this species.,It is protected by international legislation and in some of protected areas. It is listed on Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive.,,,"Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,GEKKONIDAE,Tarentola,mauritanica,,Tarentola mauritanica,,"Genetic analyses suggest that the subspecies Tarentola mauritanica fascicularis is probably a valid species (Harris et al. 2004), but no formal taxonomic proposal has yet been made (Crochet and Dubois 2004). Tarentola mauritanica appears to be a species complex, with animals in northwestern Libya and southern Tunisia possibly representing a separate species (S. Baha El Din pers. comm.).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species ranges throughout much of the Mediterranean region. Mainland European populations are distributed from Portugal (except the northwest), Spain (absent from most of the north), and southern France, throughout mainly coastal areas of Italy, southern Slovenia, northern coastal Croatia and southwestern parts of Greece. In northern Africa the species ranges from northern Egypt, through northern Libya, northern and central Tunisia, and northern Algeria to most of Morocco and northwestern Western Sahara. There is an isolated introduced population in southern Western Sahara. It is present on many Mediterranean islands including Corsica (France), Sardinia, Sicily, Pantellaria and Lampedusa (all in Italy), the Ionian Islands and Crete (all in Greece). Many of the populations in the northern Mediterranean are likely to have been introduced in ancient times. It has been introduced to a number of areas including the Balearic Islands and Tenerife (Spain), the island of Madeira (Portugal),  Montevideo (Uruguay), Buenos Aires (Argentina) and California (United States). It is found from sea level up to as high as 2,300m asl (in Spain).",It is sometimes a very common species. Populations may be expanding with increasing urbanization.,"It is found in a variety of habitats, and it has been recorded from rocky areas, cliffs, stone walls, ruins, building walls and inside houses. It is generally not present in forested areas although animals can often be found climbing in trees. The females lay clutches of one to two eggs. These may be laid communally, typically under stones, in cracks and in hollow trees.",There appear to be no major threats to this species. Populations in Egypt are threatened by overcollection for the pet trade and by habitat degradation.,"It is protected by international legislation over parts of its range, and it occurs in many protected areas. Further studies into the impact of commercial trade on this species in Egypt is needed. Further taxonomic studies are needed for this species.",,,"Milan Vogrin, Claudia Corti, Valentin Pérez Mellado, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Marc Cheylan, Juan Pleguezuelos, Sherif Baha El Din, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Teira,dugesii,,Teira dugesii,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern because, although its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, it is common, occurs in habitats that are not significantly threatened, and does not appear to be in decline.",Stable,"This species is endemic to Portuguese islands of La Gartixa de Madeira, the Desertas Islands, Porto Santo Island and the Selvagens Islands. It was introduced to the Azores Islands (where it is widespread) before 1860, and more recently to the harbour area of Lisbon (where it is localised). It is found from sea level up to 1,850m asl.",It is an abundant species.,"This species is generally found in arid areas with sparse vegetation. It may also occur in open woodland, rocky and cultivated areas. The females lay two to three clutches of eggs annually. Animals have been observed being accidentally transported on ships.","There are no known major threats to this species. It is often considered to be a pest species, and is controlled in vineyards as it eats grapes.",This species occurs in some protected areas. It is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention.,,,"Paulo Sá-Sousa, Roberto Sindaco",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,COLUBRIDAE,Telescopus,fallax,,Telescopus fallax,,"There is a need to revise the taxonomic status of this species in the southeastern corner of its range, especially with regards to its relationship with T. nigriceps. Preliminary data lumps the species together (Petros Lymberakis pers. comm..) Records from Jordan are under investigation and are considered to be T. cf. nigriceps (Ahmad Disi pers. comm.)..",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as globally Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



EU27: LC

EU: LC

Turkey: LC",Unknown,"This species ranges from extreme northeastern Italy southwards along Mediterranean area of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, southern Montenegro, southern Bulgaria, Albania, Macedonia and Greece (including some Aegean islands such as Crete). It is present on the islands of Malta and Cyprus and ranges from Turkey into Syria, Lebanon and Israel in the south. It is also present in the Caucasus Mountains, including in Armenian, Azerbaijan, Georgia and southern Russia, Iran and Iraq. This is found from sea level up to 2,000 m asl.","It is common in the Mediterranean part of the Balkans, but it is rare in Turkey. It appears to be rare on Malta and it is very local in Italy.","This species is mostly found amongst rocks in shrubby landscapes. It can also be found in open or degraded woodland, among old walls and ruins, on sandy beaches with plant cover (Turkey and Europe only) and sometimes close to human habitation. Populations have been recorded in the montane-xerophytic steppe, in semi-deserts and, more rarely, at the edges of mountain forest. The females lay between 5 and 9 eggs.","It is persecuted in parts of its range through confusion with viper species. In parts of its range it is locally threatened by conversion of land to intensive agricultural use, urbanization, and general mortality of animals on roads.",It is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention and on Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive. It is protected by national legislation in Israel. It is included into the Red Data Books of the Russian Federation (2001) and Armenia (1987). It is present in a number of protected areas. It is protected on the territory Vashlovansky and Lagodekhsky reserves in Georgia and on the territory of Khosrov reserve (Armenia).,,,"Aram Agasyan, Aziz Avisi, Boris Tuniyev, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Petro Lymberakis, Claes Andrén, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nazan Üzüm, Nikolai Orlov, Richard Podloucky, Sako Tuniyev, Uğur Kaya, Wolfgang Böhme, Rastko Ajtic, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Pierre-André Crochet, Ahmad Mohammed Mousa Disi, Souad Hraoui-Bloquet, Riyad Sadek, Yehudah Werner, Idriz Haxhiu",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Timon,lepidus,,Timon lepidus,,"This species was described as Lacerta, but it is now placed in the genus Timon (Mayer and Bischoff 1996; Fu 1998, 2000; Harris et al. 1998; Harris and Carretero 2003), though Montori and Llorente (2005) and Sindaco and Jeremčenko (2008) retain it in Lacerta. It consists of a number of distinct genetic lineages of uncertain taxonomic status. Paulo (2001) suggested that the subspecies Timon l. nevadensis is a distinct species, but other lines of evidence are more indicative of subspecific status (Mateo et al., 1996; Mateo and López-Jurado 1994).",Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Listed as Near Threatened because this species is probably in significant decline (but probably at a rate of less than 30% over ten years), probably mainly because of widespread habitat loss through much of its range, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"This species is widely found in Portugal and Spain; it is found as isolated populations in southern, south-central and western France (north to Oleron Island), and in extreme northwestern Italy. It also occurs on some Atlantic islands along the Spanish and Portuguese coasts. It is present on a few Mediterranean islands. It ranges from sea level up to 2,500m asl. The subspecies T.l. oteroi is endemic to Salvora Island in northwestern Spain.","Although it has been recorded at densities of up to 50 individuals per hectare, populations appear to be strongly declining in many parts of its range. Some insular populations as well as Italian ones are close to extinction. The subspecies T.l. oteroi numbers fewer than 10,000 individuals.","This species is found in open and dry areas of woodland, scrubland, olive groves, vineyards, meadows, arable areas and sandy or rocky sites. It is generally present in areas that have refuges such as bushes, stone walls, rabbit burrows and other holes. The females lay clutches of five to twenty two eggs.","It is generally declining because of ongoing habitat loss, pesticide pollution and poisoning. Predators might also be eating this species more, due to the decline of rabbits. Also reduced livestock grazing might be reducing open areas suitable for this species. Current attempts to revive the former tradition of eating this species would also be very detrimental.","Further studies are needed in order to understand the recent population declines of this species better. It is listed on Annex III of the Bern Convention and is present in a number of protected areas, though it has nearly disappeared from a number of these.",,,"Juan Pleguezuelos, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Rafael Marquez, Marc Cheylan, Claudia Corti, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Timon,tangitanus,,Timon tangitanus,,"This species was included in the genus Lacerta, but it is now placed in the genus Timon (Mayer and Bischoff 1996; Fu 1998, 2000; Harris et al. 1998; Harris and Carretero 2003). We follow Mateo et al. (1996) in treating animals from Morocco previously considered to be Timon pater as T. tangitana. True Timon pater occurs in Tunisia and Algeria.",No,NE,,No,,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in much of Morocco (except the southwest, based on current records) and in northwestern Algeria. There is an apparently isolated population in northern Western Sahara, however recent surveys have failed to locate any specimens and it is possible that this population is now extirpated (Juan M Pleguezuelos pers. comm., October 2008). This species may occur in the Spanish North African enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla (old unconfirmed records). It occurs up to 2,500m asl.","It is a relatively common species, except in Western Sahara.",It occurs in Mediterranean scrubby habitats and middle-elevation mountain forests. It is an egg-laying species.,"The main threat to the species is habitat destruction as a result of wood extraction. It is also harvested for local use for traditional medicinal use. In general, these threats are localized and the species is not believed to be significantly threatened.",It has been recorded in the Reserve de Grouka in Morocco.,,,"Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, El Hassan El Mouden, Juan Pleguezuelos, Tahar Slimani, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,SCINCIDAE,Trachylepis,aurata,,Trachylepis aurata,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"Global: LC

Turkish: LC

Europe: NA

EU 27: NA



This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This widespread species ranges from the islands of Rhodes, Symi, Kos and Samos (Greece) through much of Turkey (except the north). It is found up to 1,200m asl.","It is common in Turkey, but is uncommon in Greece (where it is on the edge of its range).","This species is found in rocky and well vegetated areas that are often close to water. It can be found in cultivated land, among ruins and in rural gardens. It is an ovoviviparous species, the female gives birth to between three and eight young.",There do not appear to be any threats to this widespread species.,It is present in protected areas in Turkey and Greece. No further conservation actions are needed.,,,"Petros Lymberakis, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Göran Nilson, Ferdi Akarsu, Uğur Kaya",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,SCINCIDAE,Trachylepis,vittata,,Trachylepis vittata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global: LC

Turkish: LC

Europe: LC

EU 27: LC



Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



In Europe and the EU 27, this species is listed as Least Concern despite its presence on only in Cyprus because it is common there.",Stable,"This species ranges through North Africa from north-central and northeastern Algeria and central Tunisia, northern Libya and northern Egypt, central and northern Israel, western Jordan (with an isolated locality in the east), Lebanon, much of Syria, and central and southern Turkey. It also occurs on Cyprus. This species is found from sea level up to 2,500m asl.  In Turkey, it is found from sea level up to 1,000m asl.","It can be a common species, particularly in Lebanon, southern Turkey, and Cyprus. In Egypt, it is uncommon to rare.","This species is found in a wide variety of habitats. It occurs in open areas of sandy or stony soil with sparse grass or bushy vegetation. Animals may also be found at the edge of fields, on the banks of irrigation canals, or in rural gardens. In Egypt is found near to wetlands and in coastal areas. In Tunisia the species is largely restricted to areas of oasis. It is an ovoviviparous species, the females give birth to between three and six young.",There appear to be no major threats to this widespread species. Populations may be locally impacted by conversion of land to agriculture or habitat loss to tourism development. There is some commercial collection of this species in Egypt.,It is known from a number of protected areas throughout its range. Research into the range and collection of this species in Egypt is needed.,,,"Wolfgang Böhme, Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Ulrich Joger, Tahar Slimani, El Hassan El Mouden, Philippe Geniez, S, Hraoui-Bloquet, M. Saïd Nouira, Sherif Baha El Din, Petros Lymberakis, Yakup Kaska, Yusuf Kumlutaş, Uğur Kaya, Aziz Avci, Nazan Üzüm, Can Yeniyurt, Ferdi Akarsu",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,CAUDATA,SALAMANDRIDAE,Triturus,carnifex,,Triturus carnifex,,"Some of the populations north of the Alps, in Austria and Germany, show degrees of hybridisation with Triturus cristatus ; T. carnifex is not included in the German list as all populations are considered hybrids. The exact ranges of members of the Triturus cristatus superspecies are unclear in the central Balkans. Subspecies macedonicus has been recommended as a separate species by Arntzen et al. (2007).",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"This species occurs through most of Italy, southern Switzerland, Slovenia, northern Croatia, and northern Bosnia-Herzegovina, with an apparently disjunct population on the Adriatic side of the Balkan Peninsula in eastern Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, FYR Macedonia, Albania, south to central Greece. There are populations north of the Alps in Austria, southeast Bavaria (Germany), western Hungary, and southern Czech Republic. There are a number of introduced populations in western Switzerland (Geneva), Germany (not mapped), Portugal (São Miguel Island in the Azores), the Netherlands (not mapped) and the UK (not mapped). Recorded from sea level to elevations approaching 2,000m asl (Greece).","There are large populations in the south of its range, with the species becoming less abundant in the north. It is still locally very abundant in Italy, but several populations on the River Po plain are known to have become extinct. It is known to be dramatically decreasing through habitat loss in Montenegro (Kalezic and Dzukic, 2001), and populations are declining generally in the Balkans.","There are a wide variety of terrestrial habitats from beech woodlands to arid Mediterranean climates. Its breeding and larval development take place in various stagnant permanent and temporary aquatic habitats. This species can be found in modified habitats such as quarries and artificial water bodies such as stony wells, tanks and drinking troughs. In central and southern Italy, artificial water bodies can be the commonest breeding sites (e.g. Romano et al . 2007; Corsetti and Romano 2007)","It is sensitive to changes in water quality. The principal threats to the species are loss of aquatic habitats, especially breeding sites, through agricultural intensification and agrochemical pollution, and introduction of predatory fishes. In the Balkans, there has been loss of breeding habitats in recent years due to decreased spring rains, perhaps as a result of global climate change, and presumed mortality of individuals because of predation by introduced fishes.",Listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention. Listed on Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive. Protected by national legislation in several countries. It is present in a number of protected areas over its range.,,,"Antonio Romano, Jan Willem Arntzen, Mathieu Denoël, Robert Jehle, Franco Andreone, Brandon Anthony, Benedikt Schmidt, Wiesiek Babik, Robert Schabetsberger, Milan Vogrin, Miklós Puky, Petros Lymberakis, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Rastko Ajtic, Claudia Corti",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,CAUDATA,SALAMANDRIDAE,Triturus,cristatus,,Triturus cristatus,,"Triturus cristatus formerly was considered to include four subspecies: T. cristatus cristatus ; T. cristatus dobrogicus ; T. cristatus karelinii ; and T. cristatus carnifex . These are now recognized as separate species of the Triturus cristatus superspecies, and the specific name Triturus cristatus ( sensu stricto ) is attributed to the former nominative subspecies. The exact ranges of members of the Triturus cristatus superspecies are unclear in the central Balkans because of narrow or extensive areas of hybridization.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. Some subpopulations are threatened.",Decreasing,"This species is widely distributed from the United Kingdom and northern France, through southern Scandinavia, and central Europe, enters a small part of the Balkans, to the southwestern part of West Siberia (Kurganskaya Province; records in Sverdlovskaya Province need verification). The presence of this species in southern Hungary requires verification and is not mapped here, as earlier records of T. cristatus are now believed to refer to other Triturus species (M. Puky pers. comm.). It has an altitudinal range from sea level to 1,750m asl. (Arnold, 2003).","Although the species is known to be declining or rare in parts of its distribution (e.g., Belgium, where only a few sites are known), it appears to remain relatively common in suitable habitats (although usually occurring in small numbers) over parts of its range.","It can be found in coniferous, mixed and deciduous forests (composed of pine, birch, oak, alder etc.), their glades and edges, in forest steppe, bush lands, pastures, meadows, parks and gardens. Reproduction in permanent stagnant and in semi-flowing waters such as ponds, rarely lakes, flooded quarries, irrigation channels and ditches. The usage of small ponds is typical across the range. It can be found in modified habitat types, but this species is not considered to be very adaptable.","The species is sensitive to changes in water quality. Correspondingly, industrial pollution of water, destruction and drainage of ponds seem to be the most harmful factors for T. cristatus . The impact of natural factors such as ponds overgrowing, shallowing and eutrophication is harmful to urban populations and those near to the range margins. Introduced predatory fishes are leading to declines in some areas. In some parts of the range (of the former Soviet Union) there is substantial commercial collecting of this species for the pet trade. Habitat fragmentation is a threat.","Listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention, and there is an Action Plan. Listed on Annexes II and IV of the EU Natural Habitats Directive. Protected by national legislation in many countries; recorded on many national and sub-national Red Data books and lists. Present in many protected areas. The are local conservation programmes for the species in parts of its range (e.g.. Poland, Germany). In the UK there is a need for monitoring following mitigation work.",,,"Jan Willem Arntzen, Sergius Kuzmin, Robert Jehle, Trevor Beebee, David Tarkhnishvili, Vladimir Ishchenko, Natalia Ananjeva, Nikolai Orlov, Boris Tuniyev, Mathieu Denoël, Per Nyström, Brandon Anthony, Benedikt Schmidt, Agnieszka Ogrodowczyk",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,CAUDATA,SALAMANDRIDAE,Triturus,dobrogicus,,Triturus dobrogicus,,"The exact ranges of members of the Triturus cristatus superspecies are unclear in the central Balkans because of narrow or extensive areas of hybridization. Two isolated subspecies have been described, occurring to the east and west of the Iron Gates of the Danube.",Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"Listed as Near Threatened because this species is in significant decline (but probably at a rate of less than 30% over ten years) because of widespread habitat loss through much of its range, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"This species is found in the lowlands of the Tisza and Danube River systems from eastern Austria, extreme southern Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, northern Croatia, extreme northern Bosnia-Herzegovina, northern Serbia and western Romania, eastwards to the Transcarpathian Plain in southern Romania, northern Bulgaria, southern Moldova (the lower reaches of the Prut River), and extreme southern Odesskaya Province (Ukraine). Individuals from north-eastern Slovenia (the Mura River) are hybrid forms with Triturus carnifex . It is generally found in lowland areas below 300m asl.","In general, populations of this species are rapidly declining as a result of habitat loss.","It is found in open habitats with mixed deciduous forests and groves, bushlands, flooded meadows and swamps, and also in agricultural landscapes and villages, and riparian groves in the steppe regions. It might in some instances be strictly aquatic. This species may coexist with fish in oxbow lakes, river margins and other non-temporary waterbodies, and may also occur in disturbed habitats including those close to human settlement (Griffiths 1996). Reproduction takes place in small ponds with stagnant water, or in channels, ditches and flooded areas. It intergrades with other species of the former Triturus cristatus complex along the contact zones.","The main threats to this species are rapid anthropogenic habitat destruction (for example, through drainage and damming), and pollution of its wetland habitats (especially floodplains). Hybridization with other crested newt species at the edge of its range is also a threat. In the southern part of its range, there has been loss of breeding habitats in recent years due to decreased spring rains, perhaps as a result of global climate change.","It is present in a number of protected areas, and in parts of its range mitigation measures to reduce road kill have been established. It is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and is protected by national legislation in some of the areas where it occurs (for example, in Romania).",,,"Jan Willem Arntzen, Sergius Kuzmin, Robert Jehle, Mathieu Denoël, Brandon Anthony, Claude Miaud, Wiesiek Babik, Milan Vogrin, David Tarkhnishvili, Vladimir Ishchenko, Natalia Ananjeva, Nikolai Orlov, Boris Tuniyev, Dan Cogalniceanu, Tibor Kovács, István Kiss",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,CAUDATA,SALAMANDRIDAE,Triturus,karelinii,,Triturus karelinii,,The exact ranges of members of the Triturus cristatus superspecies are unclear in the central Balkans.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



Turkey: LC",Decreasing,"This species ranges from the eastern side of the Balkan Peninsula (extreme southeastern Serbia, eastern FYR Macedonia, most of Bulgaria, northeastern Greece, and European Turkey) through western and northern Turkey along the edges of the Black Sea, to the Caucasus (Russia, Georgia and Azerbaijan). There are apparently isolated populations in central Serbia, on the Crimean Peninsula (Ukraine), and in the southern Caspian region of northern Iran. The map for this species largely follows Arntzen, (2003). It can be found from sea level to elevations approaching 2,100m asl (southern Caucasus).",In West Asia it is reasonably common in suitable habitat. Within the former Soviet Union habitat loss has caused the decline of many populations (especially in the Crimea and the Caucasus).,"It can be found in mountain forests (broad-leaved and coniferous species) and their surroundings; the forest steppe and even true steppe sites within the mountains. The majority of such populations are the relics of a former forest fauna. Within these landscapes, these populations inhabit slopes and plateau covered with meadows or xerophytic vegetation. Such habitats are especially widespread in the parts of the species' range in Crimea and southern Azerbaijan. In general, T. karelinii seems to be more resistant to xeric habitat conditions than other Triturus newts. Breeding takes place in slow moving stream pools, ponds and occasionally drainage ditches. The female deposits approximately 100-250 eggs; these are individually wrapped in aquatic vegetation. The species can withstand some degree of habitat modification.","Deforestation and pollution of wetlands by agrochemicals appear to be the main threats to this species. In the former Soviet Union there is significant commercial collecting of this species for the pet trade. In Turkey there are no immediate threats to this species, as it is widespread and found in many habitat types. Within Iran it is threatened by urban sprawl along the Caspian coast and foothills, agricultural development (rice cultivation) and logging. In the Balkans, there has been loss of breeding habitats in recent years due to decreased spring rains, perhaps as a result of global climate change. In Greece the loss of aquatic habitats is a serious threat to this species.","It is listed on Annex IV of the EU Natural Habitats Directive, and on Appendix II of the Bern Convention. It is listed in a number of national and sub-national Red Data Books and Lists. It is recorded from many protected areas. It is present in the largely protected Hyrcanian Forests of Iran. The species was re-introduced near Sochi Town in Sochi National Park (Russia).",,,"Jan Willem Arntzen, Theodore Papenfuss, Sergius Kuzmin, David Tarkhnishvili, Vladimir Ishchenko, Boris Tuniyev, Max Sparreboom, Nasrullah Rastegar-Pouyani, Ismail Ugurtas, Steven Anderson, Wiesiek Babik, Claude Miaud, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,CAUDATA,SALAMANDRIDAE,Triturus,marmoratus,,Triturus marmoratus,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"This species can be found in much of northern Iberia, and central, southern and western France. This species was introduced to the area of Turin, Italy but is now presumed to be extinct here (J.W. Arntzen pers. comm.). Present from sea level to elevations approaching 2,100m asl.","It is locally abundant in suitable habitat. It is locally endangered in central France, less threatened in southern France, and not particularly threatened in Spain and Portugal.","Aquatic habitats include well-vegetated ponds, pools, ditches and streams generally within dry woodlands, heath land, fields and rough grassland. Breeding and larval development take place in many different types of permanent and temporary water sources, usually with aquatic vegetation for reproduction. It can occur in slightly modified habitats such as traditional farmland.","Major threats are agricultural intensification, drainage, pollution, and eutrophication of aquatic habitats through intensive agricultural. Mass mortality of the species through disease (iridovirus) has been recorded in Carris Lake, Peneda-Gerês National Park, Portugal. The disease might be non-native and have been transferred to the lake by an introduced predatory fish ( Lepomis gibbosus ). Predation by L. gibbosus and other introduced predatory fish and crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii ) species is also a threat to T. marmoratus in parts of its range. There is some illegal collection of the species for the pet trade.","Protected by national legislation throughout its range (Gasc et al. , 1997). Listed on Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive. Listed on Annex III of the Bern Convention. Present in a number of protected areas. In Portugal it is present in Peneda-Gerês National Park where the population of Carris Lake has been severely impacted by disease. Further research into the impacts of disease on this species is needed. Re-introductions and/or translocations of this species have been made in the area of Madrid, Spain.",,,"Jan Willem Arntzen, Robert Jehle, Jaime Bosch, Claude Miaud, Miguel Tejedo, Miguel Lizana, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Alfredo Salvador, Mario García-París, Ernesto Recuero Gil, Paulo Sa-Sousa, Rafael Marquez",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,CAUDATA,SALAMANDRIDAE,Triturus,pygmaeus,,Triturus pygmaeus,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Listed as Near Threatened because this species is in significant decline, but probably at a rate of less than 30% over ten years over its entire range, because of widespread habitat loss through much of its range, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula where it is distributed in central and southern Portugal and the southern half of Spain, from sea level to 1,450m asl.",It is common in areas where suitable siliceous substrate habitat exists. There has been a significant decline in the populations of southern and eastern Spain (those found on a calcareous substrate).,"This species inhabits broadleaf ( Quercus oak) woodland in meso-Mediterranean and thermo-Mediterranean climates. Aquatic habitats used for breeding and larval development include temporary or permanent ponds, lagoons, abandoned quarries and wells, drinking troughs, irrigation ponds, ditches and other areas of stagnant or slow-moving water. It is found in traditional farmland areas and other slightly modified habitats.","The most significant threat to this species overall is habitat loss, especially the loss of temporary ponds. In the west of Spain and southern Portugal populations are affected by predation by non-native crayfish and predatory fish. Increasing urbanization surrounding Madrid has also led to the elimination of many populations. In southern and eastern Spain, over-exploitation of groundwater resources, agrochemical pollution, loss of traditional breeding sites and the introduction of predatory non-native fish and crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii ) has led to a serious population decline. In Portugal this species is also affected by the drainage of temporary ponds, associated with the intensification of agriculture.","It is present in Parque Nacional de Cabañeros and Parque Nacional de Doñana, Spain, and is presumed to occur in some Portuguese protected areas. Re-introductions and/or translocations of this species have been made in the area of Madrid, Spain. This species is listed on Annex III of the Bern Convention, and is protected by national and sub-national legislation in Spain. It is considered Vulnerable on the Spanish Red List.",,,"Jan Willem Arntzen, Pedro Beja, Jaime Bosch, Miguel Tejedo, Miguel Lizana, Robert Jehle, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Alfredo Salvador, Mario García-París, Ernesto Recuero Gil, Rafael Marquez, Paulo Sa-Sousa, Carmen Diaz Paniagua",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,AMPHISBAENIA,TROGONOPHIIDAE,Trogonophis,wiegmanni,,Trogonophis wiegmanni,,The subspecies T. wiegmanni elegans is endemic to western Morocco (Bons and Geniez 1996).,No,NE,,No,,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Unknown,"This species ranges from western Morocco (including Ceuta, Melilla and the Chafarinas Islands [Spain]), eastwards through northern Algeria into northwestern Tunisia. It can be found from sea level up to 1,900 m asl.",It can be abundant in suitable habitat.,"This species is generally, though not always found in moist soil that is covered by stones, rocks and other ground cover. It can be found close to roadsides, in traditionally cultivated areas, grassland, in oak forest and oak-juniper forests, in steppe habitat and in sandy patches without vegetation. This species is ovoviviparous, the female gives birth to between two and five young.","The threats to this species are not well known, but it is presumed to be impacted in parts of its range by conversion of steppe lands to agricultural land.  It is commonly found under stones, and removal of suitable stones for house construction is thought to be a threat to this species.",It is known to exist in several national parks throughout its range.,,,"Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Ulrich Joger, Juan Pleguezuelos, Tahar Slimani, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,TYPHLOPIDAE,Typhlops,vermicularis,,Typhlops vermicularis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.



EU27: LC

EU: LC

Turkey: LC",Stable,"This species ranges from southeastern Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia, and southern Bulgaria, to Greece (including the Ionian and Aegean islands of Rhodos, Korfu, Salamis, Naxos, Lesvos, Lefkas, Patmos, Samos, Evia, Dilos, Rineia, Andros, Skyros, Kos, Kythera, Kastelorizo), through most of Turkey (though absent from most of the north), western Syria, Lebanon, western Jordan and northern and central Israel. It also ranges eastwards into Iran and Iraq, and northwards into the Caucasus region of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and southern Russia. It is also present in Central Asia occurring in southern Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan and possibly Pakistan. The species is also found from Cyprus, and has been recorded once from Dugi Otok island (Croatia) where its current presence is uncertain (Dušan Jelić pers. comm., October 2008). It is present in northern Egypt (S. Baha El Din pers. comm.). It might be present in Bosnia-Herzegovina although this requires confirmation. This species ranges from sea level up to about 1,700m asl.","It is generally a common species. In Egypt it is a rare, localized and declining species. In Macedonia the species has a very patchy distribution.","This largely subterranean species is associated with moist, sparsely vegetated, open areas. It is often found in grassy fields and slopes. It is found under rocks and occupying burrows made by worms. Animals are generally only found during the springtime. The females lay between four and eight eggs in a clutch. This species shows an aggregation behaviour for either mating or moisture conservation (Disi, 2002). It is found in traditional agricultural areas, among ruins and even in urban areas. Pairing occurs from the spring to the beginning of summer. The female lays 2 to 10 eggs in underground passages in second part of summer.",There are no major threats to this species over most of the Mediterranean region. In Albania and Egypt it is threatened by habitat loss through intensive agriculture and land reclamation. Populations of this species in the Caucasus are threatened by the conversion of habitat to intensive agricultural use.,"This species is listed on Annex III of the Bern Convention.  It is found in a number of protected areas. It is protected by national legislation in Israel. In Egypt, further research into the range of this species is needed. It is protected on the territory of Khosrov Reserve in Armenia",,,"Aram Agasyan, Aziz Avisi, Boris Tuniyev, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Petro Lymberakis, Claes Andrén, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nazan Üzüm, Nikolai Orlov, Richard Podloucky, Sako Tuniyev, Uğur Kaya, Rastko Ajtic, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Pierre-André Crochet, Ahmad Mohammed Mousa Disi, Souad Hraoui-Bloquet, Riyad Sadek, Yehudah Werner, Idriz Haxhiu, Sherif Baha El Din, Bogoljub Sterijovski, Wolfgang Böhme, Dusan Jelic",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,VIPERIDAE,Vipera,ammodytes,,Vipera ammodytes,,"This species is in need of taxonomic clarification, as the delineation between Vipera ammondytes and V. transcaucasiana is considered by some experts to be unclear. Vipera transcaucasiana, is considered by some authors (e.g.. Baran and Atatür 1998; McDiarmid et al. 1999; Tomovic 2006; Ursenbacher et al. 2008) to be a subspecies of Vipera ammodytes. We tentatively retain it here as separate from Vipera ammodytes with details for populations currently allocated to Vipera transcaucasiana provided in a separate account and map.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough (30% or greater) to qualify for listing in a more threatened category at the global level.



EU27: LC

EU: LC

Turkey: DD The listing in Turkey will depend on the decision on the species range, it is not common.",Decreasing,"This species ranges eastwards from southern Austria and northeastern Italy into the Balkan region and southern and southwestern Romania, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia and Greece (including a number of the Cyclades Islands). It Turkey it ranges to the west of the Bosphorus (east of the Bosphorus is V. transcaucasiana). The species ranges from sea level up to 2,500 m asl.",It is very common in much of its range.,"This species is associated with rocky areas but can be opportunistic in other habitats. It can be found in dry, often rocky habitats, including open woodland and scrub, sand dunes, hillsides, screes, stone walls, traditionally cultivated land, gardens and vineyards. The species is ovoviviparous; females give birth to between four and 15 young.","It is  locally threatened by overcollection in parts of its range (e.g., in Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, Romania and isolated populations in the Alps) by collection of animals for venom extraction. As with many snakes, this species is generally persecuted by people.","This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention, on Annex IV of the European Union Habitat and Species Directive and is protected by national legislation in parts of its range. It is present in many protected areas. There is a need for further taxonomic studies into the relationship between Vipera ammondytes and V. transcaucasiana.",,,"Aram Agasyan, Aziz Avisi, Boris Tuniyev, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Petro Lymberakis, Claes Andrén, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nazan Üzüm, Nikolai Orlov, Richard Podloucky, Sako Tuniyev, Uğur Kaya, Roberto Sindaco, Wolfgang Böhme, Petros Lymberakis, Rastko Ajtic, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Ljiljana Tomović, Pierre-André Crochet, Idriz Haxhiu, Ulrich Joger, Bogoljub Sterijovski, Goren Nilson, Dušan Jelić",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,VIPERIDAE,Vipera,aspis,,Vipera aspis,,"The specific rank proposed for the subspecies Vipera a. hugyi (from Montecristo Island and southern Italy), and V.a. francisciredi (from central and northern Italy), and V.a. zinnikeri (from the Pyrenees) (Zuffi 2002; C. Corti pers. comm.) is controversial. While some of these proposals might be valid, more analyses are required (Crochet and Dubois 2004). Recent studies by Ursenbacher et al. (2006), suggest that V. a. atra is not a valid subspecies.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"This species ranges from north-central and northeastern Spain , through much of France (where it is absent from the north and the Mediterranean coastal area), southwestern Germany (where it is known only from a single locality in the Black Forest), western and central Switzerland, throughout Italy (including the islands of Sicily, Elba and Montecristo; in the latter is very probably introduced), and western Slovenia. The species has not been recorded from Croatia ((Dušan Jelić pers. comm., October 2008). Records of this species outside of the current range need to be confirmed. It can be found up to 3,000 m asl.","It is a common species in much of its range. The species appears to be expanding its range geographically and altitudinally in France, however the extent of this change needs to be determined.","This species is found in dry, rocky areas, open scrubland, open woodlands, closed forest, hedges, pastures and stone walls. It often occurs on the edge of natural habitats, and is characteristic of chestnut woods in Italy. The species is common in mesic habitats. It is rare in suburban areas and arable land. The females give birth to between five and 22 young.","This species is threatened by loss of habitat through agricultural intensification, and to a lesser degree loss of habitat resulting from the development of tourist facilities and urbanization. The species is often found in open areas and overgrowth of these sites is an additional threat (for example in the Jura Mountains) (Jaggi and Baur, 1999). The species is persecuted by people, and illegally collected for the pet trade. Some populations are threatened through mortality on roads.","This species is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention and is protected by national legislation in parts of its range (e.g.. Switzerland). It occurs in many protected areas. The subspecies V. a. aspis is categorized as Critically Endangered in Switzerland; V. a. atra is categorized as Vulnerable; and V. a. francisciredi is categorized as Endangered (Monney and Meyer, 2005).",,,"Claudia Corti, Juan Pleguezuelos, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Rafael Marquez, Marc Cheylan, Philippe Geniez, Ulrich Joger, Hans Konrad Nettmann, Benedikt Schmidt, Andreas Meyer, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,VIPERIDAE,Vipera,berus,,Vipera berus,,Preliminary data on the phylogeography of the species based on mtDNA sequences identified several independent evolutionary lineages (Joger et al. 2003; Carlsson et al. 2004).,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough (30% or greater) to qualify for listing in a more threatened category at the global level.",Decreasing,"This widespread species ranges southwards from Scandinavia (where the species is patchily distributed in the northern part of the range) and the Baltic region to France and the United Kingdom (not present in Ireland), and eastwards through Europe (excluding Iberia, peninsular Italy and most of Greece) to Russia (as far east as Sakhalin), Mongolia, the People's Democratic Republic of Korea and northwestern China.  On the Balkan peninsula it is largely restricted to montane areas and has a very fragmented distribution. It has been recorded from sea-level up to 2,700m asl (the Alps and in Bulgaria).



[[ASIAN DISTRIBUTION NOT YET MAPPED]]","It can be common in suitable habitat. In some mountainous parts of its range, such as Bulgaria and Greece, it is a rare species (Alexander Westerström pers. comm.). In Germany there have been population declines and some local extinctions. Lowland populations from Po plain in northern Italy are extinct in the past century.","It is present in a wide variety of habitats including, open woodland and shrubland, hedgerows, field edges, heathland, moors, grasslands, alpine meadows, dunes and marshes. It generally requires humid habitats. The female produces between three and 18 young.","In Europe, populations of this species have been significantly fragmented by the intensification of agricultural methods and development. Populations of this species are susceptible to persecution and collection for the pet trade (Ursenbacher, 1997). It is threatened in Romania by illegal collection of animals for venom extraction (CoE, 2003). In some parts of its range afforestation, and succession as a result of abandonment of traditional agricultural practices, are threats.","This species is listed on Annex III of the Bern Convention. It occurs in many protected areas throughout its range. It is protected by national legislation in parts of its range. There is a need to conserve separate evolutionary lineages of this species, as some may represent currently unrecognized species. This species is categorized as Endangered in Switzerland (Monney and Meyer, 2005).",,,"Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Milan Vogrin, Claudia Corti, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Marc Cheylan, Juan Pleguezuelos, Ljiljana Tomović, Bogoljub Sterijovski, Ulrich Joger, A. Westerström, B. Borczyk, Benedikt Schmidt, Andreas Meyer, Robert Sindaco, Dušan Jelić",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,VIPERIDAE,Vipera,latastei,,Vipera latastei,,"Both spellings (latastei and latasti) appeared in different places in the original description by Boscà and were subsequently used by different authors. David and Ineich (1999) acted as the first reviser and selected latastei as the valid spelling. However, the name is still under dispute (Montori and Llorente 2005), and is under discussion in the International Commission for Zoological Nomenclature (V. Pérez-Mellado pers. comm.). Populations in the Atlas mountains of Morocco, currently assigned to a separate species V. monticola, may in fact belong to this species (Brito et al. 2006).",No,VU,A2c,No,VU,A2c,EU27,,"Listed as Vulnerable because this species is probably in significant decline (at a rate of more than 30% over three generations [approximately 20 years]) because of widespread habitat loss and persecution through much of its range. Localized extinctions in parts of its range are possible (e.g. Tunisia, Spain).",Decreasing,"This species ranges from northern Morocco to northern Algeria, and extreme northwestern Tunisia in North Africa, and it is also present on the Iberian Peninsula where it has a fragmented population in both Portugal and Spain (being absent from the north of Spain). The species has been not recorded in Tunisia during the last 55 years, despite targeted and intensive searches (Juan M Pleguezuelos pers. comm., October 2008). Populations of vipers from the Middle Atlas Mountains of Morocco formerly allocated to V. monticola are now recognized as belonging to V. latastei (Brito et al. 2006). It occurs from sea level up to almost 3,000 m asl.",It is a species that is increasingly rare and fragmented throughout its range.,"This species is found in generally moist, rocky areas, in dry scrubland and woodland, hedgerows, stone walls and sometimes in coastal dunes. The females give birth to between two and 13 young. On average, females give birth only once every three years.","This species has declined throughout much of the lowlands and even in the montane areas of Iberia. Threats identified include direct persecution when encountered, coastal urbanization, afforestation with coniferous trees, burning of suitable habitat, intensification of agricultural practices, and accidental mortality (particularly of males) on roads.",This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention. The species does occur in protected areas in the Iberian peninsula and Morocco.,,,"Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Marc Cheylan, M. Saïd Nouira, Ulrich Joger, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,VIPERIDAE,Vipera,renardi,,Vipera renardi,,"This species was formerly treated as a synonym of Vipera ursinii. We follow Joger and Stumpel (2005) in restricting Vipera ursinii to the remnant, disjunct, populations of Europe west of Ukraine. Three subspecies are distinguished: the nominative V. r. renardi (occupies the most part of the distribution range, except for some Central- and Middle Asian populations); V. r. tienshanica Nilson and Andrén, 2001 (is found in Kyrgyzstan, eastern Uzbekistan, northern Tajikistan and south-eastern Kazakhstan); V. r. parursinii Nilson and Andrén, 2001 (is found in northern Xinjiang-Uyghur Autonomous Region in China). The taxonomic status of the populations from the Kazakh Altai remains unclear. This species is within the subgenus Pelias (Nilson et al. 1999).",No,VU,A1c+2c,No,NE,,EU27,,This species is listed as Vulnerable because it has experienced habitat loss of over 30 percent over the past 3 generations (18 years). Habitat loss and fragmentation is continuing throughout its range.,Decreasing,"It inhabits steppe, forest-steppe and semi-desert zones of south-eastern Europe, Central Asia and north-west of Middle Asia, including the Crimea, the southern Ukraine, steppe regions of Ciscaucasia, and the Great Caucasus, of Kazakhstan, southern Siberia, and into China.  There is an isolated population in Transcaucasia.  In the north the distribution range attains the Volzhsko-Kamsky Territory, in the east - Altai and Jungaria. In the mountains it goes up to 2500m asl.",It is common in areas of suitable habitat.,"It is primarily associated with open meadows and hillsides. Upland subspecies are generally found on well-drained rocky hillsides, steppe and meadows, while the lowland forms are found in either steppe, or dry or damp meadows. It occurs in plain and sagebrush steppes, alpine meadows transformed into steppe, solonchaks (saline land) semi-deserts and stabilized sands. This species is absent in cultivated lands and remains only ravines, roadsides and river banks. Thus, for instance, in the lower left bank area of the Dnieper river in the Zaporozhskaya, Dnepropetrovskaya and Khersonskaya regions the viper is found only in the narrow strip of a steep bank with bush vegetation in the area between water and arable land. It is an ovoviviparous species. Pregnancy lasts up to 3 months. Young appear (up to 17) in July - August. It is active in Azerbaijan from the beginning of April up to beginning of October.",The major threat to this species is the conversion of traditionally farmed meadows to intensively cultivated and grazed land because it prefers open meadows and other suitable land suitable for agriculture.  Development for agriculture has also led to significant fragmentation throughout its range. There is a small international pet trade of this species which is not a significant threat. Montane populations may be significantly impacted in the future by climate change.,"There are protected areas within the range of this species. There is a need to protect the specific meadow and grassland habitats of this species. The species is included on the Red Data Book of the Ukraine (1994) - category 2 and of Uzbekistan (2003) - status and category 2, VU:D, as well as into the ""Annotated List of Taxa and Populations required a Special Attention to their Status in the Wildlife ""(Appendix to the Red Data Book of Russian Federation, 2001).",,,"Göran Nilson, Claus Andrén, Boris Turiyev",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,VIPERIDAE,Vipera,seoanei,,Vipera seoanei,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Unknown,"This species is restricted to extreme northern Portugal, northwestern and north-central Spain and extreme southwestern France. It occurs from sea level up to 1,900 m asl.",It can be a common species.,"This species is found in areas of low scrubland, woodland edges and open areas. It known also to occur in pastoral and agricultural land. The females give birth to three to 10 young every two years.","This species is threatened by direct persecution when encountered, loss of habitat through fire, and the intensification of agricultural methods, in particular the destruction of hedges in pastureland.",This species is listed on Annex III of the Bern Convention. It occurs in several protected areas.,,,"Juan Pleguezuelos, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Rafael Marquez, Marc Cheylan, Philippe Geniez, Iñigo Martínez-Solano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,VIPERIDAE,Vipera,ursinii,,Vipera ursinii,,"Crochet and Dubois (2004), reported that there are nine subspecies, and a new taxonomic revision would probably produce at least three species. They also reported that Nilson and Andrén (2001) had raised one European and several Asiatic subspecies to species status. However, Crochet and Dubois (2004) suggested that these results needed to be corroborated by complementary approaches. Joger and Stümpel (2005), recently recognized V. ursinii as being restricted to Europe, ranging as isolated populations from France in the west to Moldova in the east. They further recognized populations east of Moldova, formerly allocated to V. ursinii, as belonging to V. renardi (Christoph, 1861). Joger and Stümpel (2005), further considered the disjunct population from southwestern Turkey, to be the distinct species, V. anatolica Eiselt and Baran, 1970. The current arrangement of Joger and Stümpel (2005) is followed here as the most recent publication on this complex group. This species is within the subgenus Pelias (Nilson et al. 1999).",Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"Listed as Vulnerable because its Area of Occupancy is believed to be less than 2,000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. The northern and eastern lowland subspecies of V. ursinii are especially threatened and are considered to be nearly extinct.",Decreasing,"This species has a very fragmented range in southeastern France, the central Appenines of Italy, western and central Hungary, northern and southern Croatia, central and southern Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, southern Serbia, northern Albania, northwestern Macedonia, western Greece and central and eastern Romania. It is considered extinct in Austria and Bulgaria, and is close to extinction in Hungary and Moldova. It occurs up to about 2,700m asl.","It is generally uncommon or rare, and patchily distributed. It is now presumed to be extinct in Austria, Bulgaria and possibly also in Moldova.","It is primarily associated with open meadows and hillsides. Upland subspecies are generally found on well drained rocky hillsides, steppe and meadows, while the lowland forms are found in either steppe, or dry or damp meadows. The lowland subspecies are sometimes found in marshy areas. It gives birth to live young; the female has between two and 22 young.","The conversion of traditionally farmed meadows to intensively cultivated and grazed land has caused significant declines in populations of this species in Central and southern Europe, most especially among lowland subspecies. Also, afforestation of alpine grasslands (because of abandonment of traditional agricultural practices) is a threat to the species in some areas.  Construction of ski-runs and roads are significant threats to montane populations. Montane populations of this species may also be affected by increasing climate change, in particular the impact of temperature change on populations of important prey species (e.g.. Orthoptera) and breeding biology. In the Balkans, it relies on prey species (Orthoptera) which is highly sensitive to pollution, hence it may be used as a habitat quality indicator.  In France, some well known localities in Italy, and other parts of the range it is collected for the pet trade, and like many species of snake it is persecuted.","This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention, and on Annex IV of the European Union Habitat and Species Directive. Populations of this species from Europe are listed on Appendix II of CITES.  Its range includes several protected areas. In-country conservation measures, such as maintaining suitable areas of meadow habitat, are underway to conserve some populations (e.g.. Hungary and Romania) (CoE, 2003). Detailed recommendations for conservation action to protect this species can be found in Edgar and Bird (2006).",,,"Ulrich Joger, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Milan Vogrin, Claudia Corti, Sterijovski Bogoljub, Alexander Westerström, László Krecsák, Valentin Pérez Mellado, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Marc Cheylan, Juan Pleguezuelos, Roberto Sindaco",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AMPHIBIA,ANURA,PIPIDAE,Xenopus,laevis,,Xenopus laevis,,"Channing and Howell (2006) and Pickersgill (2007) treated the East African X.l. victorianus as a species in its own right, and we follow that arrangement. However, this leaves the odd situation of X. laevis being a southern African species, but with an isolated subspecies, X.l. sudanensis , in north-central Africa (which probably also needs to be recognized as a full species).",No,,,No,,,EU27,,"Europe and EU: NA (introduced alien species)



Listed as Least Concern in view of its very wide distribution, its tolerance of a broad range of habitats, its presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Increasing,"The range of this species is unclear following the removal from Xenopus victorianus from X. laevis . For the purposes of this assessment we have assumed that all animals from southern Angola, Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique southwards (including in almost all of Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland) belong to Xenopus laevis . In addition we treat all animals in Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, and the Democratic Republic of Congo west of 28ºE as belonging to X. laevis sudanensis . Records from Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo east of 28ºE refer to this X. victorianus . This species ranges from sea-level up to 3,000m asl.



It is introduced in several places outside its native range, including the USA where it was first introduced in the 1930s and 1940s for laboratory use and later as an aquarium pet. It was introduced and established locally in California (San Diego, Orange, Riverside, Los Angeles, Ventura, and Imperial counties) and Arizona (Tucson area) (Stebbins 1985, Lafferty ad Page 1997). It has been recorded from, but it is not established in Colorado. It has also been introduced to Chile (introduced in the 1970s to central Chile, Valparaiso to Concepción Provinces), parts of the United Kingdom (extant in south Wales and presumed extirpated from the Isle of Wight [not mapped here], and a number of occasional records from other locations [not mapped], the Departments of Deux-Sèvres and Maine et Loire in France and Java (Indonesia) [not mapped here]. It is introduced also in the Lage stream, about 20 km W of Lisbon, Portugal (Rebelo et al ., 2007) and there is a large invasive population in Sicily (Lillo et al . 2005; Faraone et al . 2008) [not mapped here]. It is presumed to occur in southwestern Sudan, but there do not appear to be confirmed records from this country. Records from Congo refer to Xenopus petersii . Its range is also extending in parts of Africa, often by introduction because it is used for live bait, and it has spread extensively in South Africa. It occurs up to 3,000m asl.","It is an extremely abundant, and often increasing, species.","It is a water-dependent species occurring in a very wide range of habitats, including heavily modified anthropogenic habitats. It lives in all sorts of waterbodies, including streams, but tends to avoid large rivers, and waterbodies with predatory fish. It reaches its highest densities in eutrophic water. It breeds in water; there are no records of it breeding in flowing water. It has very high reproductive potential. It is a highly opportunistic species, and colonizes newly recreated, apparently isolated, waterbodies with ease. It can migrate in large numbers when breeding ponds start to dry up, and the weather is wet.","It is very successful and adaptable, and is an invasive species in many areas. Recent studies show that it is not impacted by the herbicide atrazine. Chytridiomycosis was detected in museum specimens of this species dating back to 1938, and it is hypothesized that the international trade in this species might have introduced this fungal disease to other regions of the world. The disease does not appear to have any detrimental affect on populations of this species.",It occurs in many protected areas.,,,"Richard Tinsley, Leslie Minter, John Measey, Kim Howell, Alberto Veloso, Herman Núñez, Antonio Romano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,COLUBRIDAE,Zamenis,hohenackeri,,Zamenis hohenackeri,,"This species is included in Zamenis following Utiger et al. (2002). The nominative subspecies Z. h. hohenackeri (Strauch, 1873) is found in the east of the range. The subspecies, Z. h. taurica Werner, 1898, is found in the Kiliki Tauri within south-central Turkey, northwestern Syria, and the isolated mountain massive of Germon in southern Lebanon and northern Israel.",No,NE,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Global: LC

Turkish: LC



Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"This species is found over much of Turkey, through Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and the Caucasus region of southern Russia, to northwestern Iran and far northern Iraq, and south to Lebanon and Mount Hermon (in Israeli-occupied Syria). It is presumed to occur in western Syria in the area mapped. It occurs from 100 up to 3,000m asl.",It is a fairly common species over much of its range. It is moderately rare on Mount Hermon.,"This diurnal species is largely found in mountainous areas where it occurs on open, rocky slopes, in wooded ravines, wet valleys and at the edges of deciduous woodland. Period of activity lasts from March to October. It can be found among ruins and in traditionally farmed land and rural gardens. The females lay between three and seven eggs in a clutch.","It is locally threatened in parts of Lebanon and Turkey by intensive habitat loss. In Turkey this species is threatened by forest fires in the south-west and development in the coastal areas where it occurs. It is locally threatened at Mount Hermon, Israel by habitat loss. Intensive anthropogenic destruction of the mountainous-arid territories in the eastern part of the Caucasian Isthmus and associated transformation of the vegetation have led to significant declines. This species is sold in the pet trade, although not in large numbers given the difficulty in finding them.","This species is present in a number of protected areas. It is protected by national legislation in Israel. It is protected in the Borzhomsky, Liakhvsky and Saguramsky reserve of Georgia, in the Girkansky, Zakatal'sky, Pirkulinsky and Turianchaisky reserve of Azerbaijan, in the Khosrov reserve of Armenia. The species was included into the Red Data Books of the USSR (1984) and Armenia (1987) - an endangered species; of Georgia (1982) - category 2. It is included into the Red Data Book of Russian Federation (2001): category 3.",,,"Souad Hraoui-Bloquet, Riyad Sadek, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Yehudah Werner, Bogoljub Sterijovski, Göran Nilson, Boris Turiyev, Ferdi Akarsu",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,COLUBRIDAE,Zamenis,lineatus,,Zamenis lineatus,,This species is included in Zamenis following Utiger et al. (2002). It was separated from Z. longissimus by Lenk and Wüster (1999).,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population status and trends.,Unknown,"This species occurs from central Italy (southern Latium [Corsetti and Romano, in press]) to southernmost Italy including Sicily (but excluding southern Apulia). It ranges from sea level up to 1,600 m asl.",There is little recent information on its abundance.,"It is found in dry, open woodlands and shrubland, field edges, traditionally cultivated land, stone walls and old buildings. It is an oviparous species.","It is threatened by accidental mortality on roads, especially in areas where the species is relatively common. It is also threatened by fragmentation of habitat through intensification of agricultural practices. As with many snakes, this species is generally persecuted by people.","It is listed on Annex III of the Bern Convention, and it is known to occur in some protected areas.",,,"Claudia Corti, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,COLUBRIDAE,Zamenis,longissimus,,Zamenis longissimus,,"This species is included in Zamenis following Utiger et al. (2002). Zamenis lineatus was separated from this species by Lenk and Wuster (1999). According to Montori and Llorente (2005), the correct name should be Zamenis longissimus. Two subspecies are recognized: Z. l. longissimus (Laurenti, 1768) is widely distributed in Western, Central and Southern Europe, except in Southern Italy and Sicily which are inhabited by Z. lineatus. Z. l. rechingeri Werner, 1932 is found in the Larger Cyclades islands, in particular on Amorgos. Elaphe longissima romana (Suckow, 1798) is probably a synonym of both Z. longisimus and Z. lineatus.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough (at at rate of 30% or greater) to qualify for listing in a more threatened category at the global level.



EU27: LC

EU: LC

Turkey: LC",Unknown,"This species ranges from its southern limits in northern Spain and central southern Italy, through much of France (except the north and parts of the southwest), southeastern and western Germany (north to Hessen, where it occurs as very fragmented most of the south), to the Czech Republic and Slovakia, Hungary and much of the Balkan region. Populations in the Cantabrian Mountains (Spain), western Germany, western Czech Republic, and southern Ukraine are isolated from the main range, and it is possibly localized in Romania and Moldova. It is also present in northern Turkey, western Georgia, southern Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran. It may occur in southern Poland although this requires confirmation. The species has been extinct in Denmark for around 200 years. It ranges from 60 to 2,000m asl.","It can be common, but many populations are small and isolated.","It is found in dry, open woodlands (deciduous, mixed and coniferous), woodland edges, forested ravines, scrubland and thickets, rocky outcrops, road embankments, moist meadows, field edges, traditionally cultivated land, tea plantations, stone walls and old buildings, parks and gardens. The females produce a single clutch of two to 18 eggs in July (Caucasus).","It is threatened by accidental mortality on roads, especially in areas where the species is relatively common. It is also threatened by fragmentation of habitat through intensification of agricultural practices and afforestation of suitable areas. As with many snakes, this species is generally persecuted by people. Eggs are laid in heaps of grass and other vegetation that are frequently cleared by people.","It is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention and Is included in Annex IV of the EU Habitat Directive. The species is present in a number of protected areas throughout its range. Conservation actions, such as ecological research and protection of important areas, and needed for populations in Germany, and presumably other northern parts of the species range (CoE, 2003). There is a need to develop management strategies and protected areas for this species at a national level; it is protected by national legislation in most range states. An EU Action Plan is in place for this species. The species was included into the Red Data Book of the USSR (1984), and the Red Data Books of the Russian Federation (2001) - category 2, Georgia (1982) - category 2, and the Ukraine - category 3. This species is listed an Endangered in the German National Red List. This species is currently categorized as Critically Endangered in Poland (Bartosz Borczyk pers. comm.). This species is categorized as Endangered in Switzerland (Monney and Meyer 2005).",,,"Aram Agasyan, Aziz Avisi, Boris Tuniyev, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Petro Lymberakis, Claes Andrén, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nazan Üzüm, Nikolai Orlov, Richard Podloucky, Sako Tuniyev, Uğur Kaya, Wolfgang Böhme, Rastko Atjic, Milan Vogrin, Claudia Corti, Valentin Pérez Mellado, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Marc Cheylan, Juan Pleguezuelos, Bartosz Borczyk, Benedikt Schmidt, Andreas Meyer",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,COLUBRIDAE,Zamenis,situla,,Zamenis situla,,This species is included in Zamenis following Utiger et al. (2002).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global: LC

Turkish: LC

Europe: LC

EU 27: LC



Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"This species is present in southern Italy (only in Apulia, adjoining Basilicata and Sicily) and Malta, and also ranges from southern Croatia (including the Adriatic islands), through southern Bosnia-Herzegovina, southern Montenegro, Albania (littoral zone), Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean parts of Macedonia, southern Bulgaria and most Greece (including a number of Ionian and Aegean islands), east to Turkey (western Anatolia) and the Crimea of Ukraine. It has been recorded from Cyprus, but the record requires verification. This species is found from sea level up to 1,600 m asl.","This species is generally common. In the Balkans it is a common to uncommon species. In Italy it is usually rare, but locally it can be a common species. It is said to be declining in Albania. In Turkey, it is generally common.","This species is often found in scrubland, macchia, karst habitats, field edges, marshes, stream edges, vineyards, olive groves, on stone walls, and in rural gardens and buildings.  It can be very common in small villages or other modified rural areas. The females lay about two to eight eggs in a clutch.","This species is popular for the pet trade which is a major threat in some areas. It is threatened in some parts of its range (e.g., Albania) by habitat loss through the intensification of agriculture.",This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention and is listed on Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive as a priority species. This species is present in many protected areas.,,,"Wolfgang Böhme, Petros Lymberakis, Rastko Ajtic, Varol Tok, Ishmail Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Pierre-André Crochet, Claudia Corti, Idriz Haxhiu, Roberto Sindaco, Aziz Avci, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Yusuf Kumlutaş",,,
Amphibians_Reptiles,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,REPTILIA,SQUAMATA,LACERTIDAE,Zootoca,vivipara,,Zootoca vivipara,,"This species is placed in the genus Zootoca, rather than Lacerta, following Mayer and Bischoff (1996). The species contains a number of different lineages, some of which might constitute separate species (see Bea et al. (1990), Surget-Groba et al. (2001, 2002), Mayer and Böhme (2000), and Mayer et al. (2000) for further details).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"This extremely widespread species ranges from much of northern, western, central and eastern Europe, across most of northern Asia to China and Japan (Hokkaido Island). In Europe it ranges as scattered populations throughout Britain and Ireland, and through most of Scandinavia, the southern limit of its main distribution running through central France, southeastern Austria, northern Italy, along the Dinaric Alps (in Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro and northern Albania), western Hungary , southern and central Romania, northern Moldova, and central Ukraine. Isolated populations occur in northern Spain and southwestern France, and also in Serbia, western Bulgaria and extreme northeastern and northwestern Macedonia. It can be found from sea level up to 2,900m asl (Bulgaria).","It can be a locally abundant species. Populations have locally declined in parts of its range (e.g., in the Netherlands) (Council of Europe, 2003). The lowland populations in Italy (Po plain) are almost extinct.","This species has been recorded from a wide variety of habitats including grassland, meadows, humid scrubland, hedgerows, open woodland, woodland edges, peat bogs, stream edges, coastal areas (sea cliffs and sand dunes) and rural gardens. In most areas the female gives birth to between three and 11 fully formed young. In northern Spain, adjacent France, Austria, Italy and Slovenia, the female lays between one and 13 eggs in a single clutch. In the northern portion of the range and at high altitude it is viviparous, in the southern portion it is oviparous.","This species is locally threatened in parts of its range by habitat loss resulting from agricultural intensification, urbanization and development of tourism facilities (for example in alpine regions). It is suspected that populations have declined in the UK (John Wilkinson, pers. comm.). Some populations of this species that could be specifically distinct might prove to be threatened. This species is categorized as Least Concern in Switzerland (Monney and Meyer, 2005).","This species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention, and on Annex IV of the European Union Habitat and Species Directive. It is protected by national legislation in some range countries (e.g.. Switzerland). It occurs in many protected areas.",,,"Aram Agasyan, Aziz Avisi, Boris Tuniyev, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Petro Lymberakis, Claes Andrén, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nazan Üzüm, Nikolai Orlov, Richard Podloucky, Sako Tuniyev, Uğur Kaya, Wolfgang Böhme, Hans Konrad Nettmann, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Ulrich Joger, Marc Cheylan, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Bartosz Borczyk, Bogoljub Sterijovski, Alexander Westerström, Benedikt Schmidt",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Afranthidium,carduele,,Afranthidium carduele,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size and trends. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. More importantly, the taxonomy of some of its subspecies or related species (A. malacopygum, for example) could vary after the use of molecular techniques.",Unknown,"Afranthidium carduele spreads over the eastern Mediterranean, Near East and the Caucasus. It appears in the Balkan Peninsula (Bulgaria, Macedonia and continental Greece), some Aegean Islands (Ithac, Lesbos), Turkey (Anatolia), Azerbaijan, Israel, Syria, Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan (Tkalců 1975a, Warncke 1980, Ornosa et al. 2008, Ascher and Pickering 2013).",There is no information available on the population trend of this species. The latest records are not recent.,"Afranthidium carduele is known to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. It has a flying period from May to July. It is oligolectic on Compositeae, in that it forages upon a specific plant family, but according to Grace (2010) it has a strong preference for the Cynareae tribe.","Afranthidium carduele is threatened by general habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing and tourism, and herbicide and pesticide use.","The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the wider distribution in Europe, the population size and trends, and the specific threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Afranthidium,malacopygum,,Afranthidium malacopygum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of  information on its population size and trends. Research should be conducted to determine the status of the species. Additonally, the taxonomy of this species and its related species (A. carduele, for example) could vary after the use of molecular analysis.",Unknown,"The species is distributed in the west Mediterranean basin in Spain, Morocco and Algeria (Warncke 1980, Ornosa et al. 2008).","The size and trend of this species' population is not fully known. The population is divided into three subpopulations, only one of which occurs in Europe.","The biology and ecology of this species is poorly known, but it is presumed that both must be similar to those of A. carduele. The species is known to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. It flies from May to July and is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae.","Afranthidium malacopygum is threatened by general habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing and tourism, and herbicide and pesticide use.","The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the distribution, population size and trends, and the specific threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Ornosa, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Afranthidium,schulthessii,,Afranthidium schulthessii,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is approximately 700 km2 and the species is severely fragmented. It is also only known from five localities in Spain. Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Research is required to determine the population trends and any specific threats to the species.",Unknown,"This species is only found in Spain and Morocco (Warncke 1980, Ornosa et al. 2008). It has been recorded at a height of 1,800 m asl in the south of Spain, but its limit is surely higher (F.J. Ortiz-Sánchez pers. obs. 1985). The approximate area of occupancy (AOO) is 700 km2.","Afranthidium schulthessii is rare and its population is severely fragmented, in that there is little genetic exchange between subpopulations. It is known in Spain from five localities and only a few individuals: one or a couple of old specimens (Dusmet 1908), another two from 1990 (Ortiz-Sánchez 1990) and 1995 (Ornosa and Martínez 1995) and two recent unpublished ones (2009 and 2010; F.J. Ortiz-Sánchez pers. comm. 2014).  There is no information available on the current Moroccan population. It was known from the south (Tafraout) and Atlantic coast of Morocco (near Agadir /High Atlas) (Warncke 1980).","Afranthidium schulthessii is found on temperate and Mediterranean shrubland and semi-deserts. It has a flight period from April to July and it has been recorded on Asteraceae (Ortiz-Sánchez 1990, Ornosa and Martínez 1995).","There is no information about specific threats. Generally, it is threatened by habitat degradation, due to deforestation and human activities, such as the use of agrochemicals. Climate change also plays a role through droughts, habitat alterations and temperature extremes.","The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action, but in view of its rare distribution it most likely should. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, to identify the specific threats, the population size, trends and distribution. It occurs in protected areas such as the National and Natural Park of Sierra Nevada, in the south of Spain.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Aglaoapis,tridentata,,Aglaoapis tridentata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and it occupies a wide range of habitats despite it being a rare species. However, research should be conducted to determine the wider distribution, population size and trends of the species.",Unknown,"Aglaoapis tridentata is a Palearctic species that occurs in Europe, from Spain to Russia and in Asia from the Caucasus, Kyrgyzstan and China (Ornosa et al. 2008, Madsen and Calabuig 2010, Ascher and Pickering 2013).The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 2,100 km2.",It is a rare species. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"Aglaoapis tridentata is found in boreal and temperate forest, boreal and temperate shrubland, subarctic and temperate grassland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. It is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other species, and in this instance the nests of different Megachilid bees such as Megachile parietina, Megachile leachella, Hoplitis adunca and Megachile roeweri (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004, Grace 2010). The species flies in May and July.","Agloapis tridentata is generally threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing and tourism, and from herbicide and pesticide use. The direct conversion of land to agricultural use and the use of agrochemicals have severe impacts on many bees including this species.","This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Finland (Endangered; Rassi 2010), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008, 2011), Sweden (Vulnerable; Gärdenfors 2010) and Czech Republic as Dioxys tridentata (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005).  The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It occurs in protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the wider distribution, population size and trends of the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Amegilla,albigena,,Amegilla albigena,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern since this is the most abundant and widespread of the European Amegilla species, and there are no major current threats to the species at a continental scale nor are there any indications of declines within its range.",Stable,"This species is widely distributed throughout Europe, south of 45 degrees latitude. It can also be found in North Africa and Central Asia (Rasmont 2014).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. However, this is the most abundant and widespread of the Amegilla species and populations are thought to be stable.","In Attiki (Greece) the species is a numerous component of the fauna in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands (Petanidou 1994), and in Italy it is found in both semi-natural and agricultural ecosystems (Quaranta et al. 2004). It forages mainly on Boraginaceae, Lamiaceae and Fabaceae species (Iuga 1958, P. Rasmont pers. obs. 2014) and has a long flight period, with activity reported from early spring to autumn. Amegilla albigena is host to the cleptoparasitic bee species Thyreus ramosus.","The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given      the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased   incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. In  agricultural areas the species could be susceptible to the direct  application of pesticides, and indirectly, through the use of herbicides  which affect the forage plants.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Amegilla,andresi,,Amegilla andresi,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This rare species seems to be restricted to Spain, Portugal and North Africa (Rasmont 2014).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species, although it seems to be rare.",There is no information available on the habitats and ecology of this species although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Amegilla,canifrons,,Amegilla canifrons,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern as the species is widely spread and abundant in the Canary Islands. However, research should be conducted on the population size, trends and threats to the species.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Canary Islands (Spain) (Hohmann et al. 1993, Rasmont 2014).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. However, it seems to be widely spread in the Canary Islands and populations are presumed to be quite common.","Amegilla canifrons has been recorded in altitudes from the sea level up to 1,400 m asl all year-round. The species has been recorded visiting flowers from the following families: Amaryllidaceae, Apiaceae, Apocynaceae, Asteraceae, Bignoniaceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Plumbaginaceae, Rosaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae and Verbenaceae (Hohmann et al. 1993).There are no further details on the habitat of this species.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but its distribution overlaps with protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P., Dehon, M. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Amegilla,fasciata,,Amegilla fasciata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is found from the Iberian Peninsula and the Canary Islands to southern France (where it is extremely rare), Italy and North Africa (Rasmont 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Roberts, S.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Amegilla,garrula,,Amegilla garrula,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and it is presumed to have a large overall population. However, research should be conducted into the population size, trends and ecology of the species.",Unknown,"This species is mostly restricted to the Mediterranean areas of Europe. Outside of Europe, it is found in the Near Orient and the Caucasian region, although it is not present in the Near East nor North Africa (Rasmont 2014).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. However, it is widespread and it is presumed to have a large population overall.","In Attiki (Greece) the species is found in  phryganic Mediterranean shrublands (Petanidou 1994), and in Italy it is  present in both semi-natural and agricultural ecosystems (Quaranta et al. 2004).  Its precise forage requirements are unknown but it has been observed visiting Ballota acetabulosa (Lamiaceae) (Petanidou 1994). It flies from the end of the summer to autumn. Amegilla garrula is host to the cleptoparasitic bee species Thyreus truncatus (Iuga 1958).","The specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given       the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known   to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased    incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. In   agricultural areas the species could be susceptible to the direct   application of pesticides, and indirectly, through the use of herbicides   which affect the forage plants.","The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Switzerland as Anthophora garrula (Endangered; Amiet 1994). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, ecology and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Amegilla,magnilabris,,Amegilla magnilabris,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is present through much of Mediterranean Europe. Elsewhere, it is found in Algeria and it extends eastwards to Anatolian Turkey (Rasmont 2014).",There is no information available for the population size or trend of this species.,"This species mainly occurs in open grasslands and steppes where it  forages mainly on Boraginacae species (Friese 1897, Iuga 1958). In Greece it is found in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands (Petanidou 1994) and in Italy it occurs in semi-natural ecosystems (Quaranta et al. 2004). Information on the nesting behaviour and forage preferences of the species are unknown, but it has been found visiting flowers of Fumana thymifolia (Cistaceae) (Petanidou 1994). The species flies in the summer, being on the wing from June to September.","The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given        the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known    to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased     incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Amegilla,nigricornis,,Amegilla nigricornis,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. It does not occur in the EU 27.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is only present through the surroundings of Astrakhan, in the Volga delta, Russia. Elsewhere, this rare species is known from several localities in Central Asia and Algeria (Friese 1897, V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2014, Rasmont 2014).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. However, Amegilla nigricornis is a rare species, and its population is primarily found in central Asia.","There is no information available on the ecology of the species. However, it seems to be present in arid steppes.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its restricted European range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Amegilla,ochroleuca,,Amegilla ochroleuca,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is very little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,This species is found scattered through the Mediterranean areas of Europe. Outside of Europe it is reported from Anatolian Turkey and North Africa (Rasmont 2014).,"There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species, although it is known to be rare.","There is no information available on the habitat or ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland. However, it is known to forage on thistles (Asteraceae) and on Lavandula intermedia (Lamiaceae).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Amegilla,quadrifasciata,,Amegilla quadrifasciata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and often plentiful, even though it is scattered in northern locations. It is assumed that at the continental scale the populations are large. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends, habitats and specific threats to the species, as it is considered extinct in some locations.",Unknown,"This is the most widely distributed species of Amegilla. It mainly occurs in all Mediterranean regions of Europe, the Near East and North Africa (Rasmont 2014). However, it goes far away from the limit of Mediterranean climates to the north, reaching its northernmost distribution in Luxembourg and central Germany. Distinct colour forms are found on the island groups including Madeira, the Canary Islands and the Balearic Islands. To the south, it can be found in the mountains of the central Sahara, in the high mountains of central Africa and in the Mediterranean areas of South Africa (Eardley 1994).","This is the most abundant of the Amegilla species, together with A. albigena. However, there is no information available for the overall population size and trend of this species, although it is known to be very scattered in northern locations such as in Germany.","Amegilla quadrifasciata is found in a broad range of habitats, from dry phryganic Mediterranean shrublands in Greece (Petanidou 1994) to the edges of saltmarshes in southern France (Rust et al. 2003). In Italy it is found in both semi-natural and agricultural habitats (Quaranta et al. 2004) and in suburban sites in Madeira (S. Roberts pers. comm 2014). The species is presumed to be polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plant species, and it has been observed on Lantana (Verbenaceae) and Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) species (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The species shows some preference for Boraginaceae (Anchusa spp., Echium spp.) and Lamiaceae (Iuga 1958). It hosts the kleptoparasitic bee Thyreus histrionicus. The details of the nesting behaviour are not known.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994), and it is considered extinct in some of its localities in Germany (Day 1991), since the species was only recorded once but it cannot be found now.There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range, although given its general abundance and the extent of its known range, it is very likely to be. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Amegilla,salviae,,Amegilla salviae,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is present through much of the Mediterranean area. Outside of Europe, it is found from North Africa to the Caucasus and Central Asia (Rasmont 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,Amegilla salviae is characterised by its fast flight and its high pitched buzzing. It seems to be quite a generalist regarding its floral choices (Iuga 1958) so it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Amegilla,velocissima,,Amegilla velocissima,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is only known from disjunct subpopulations in Sicily, Spain and Russia, where it is rare and scattered (Rasmont 2014). Outside of Europe, it is present in North Africa (Libya), through Central Asia, Iran and the Caucasian region. Its area of occupancy is clearly below 2,000 km2.","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. However, the subpopulations of this species appear to be fragmented throughout its range.",There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ammobates,armeniacus,,Ammobates armeniacus,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are very small (3,979 km2 and 8 km2, respectively). With no recent findings, the species is only known from two widely separated localities in Greece, so the population is considered fragmented, and thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B. However there is a general lack of information regarding the habitat, ecology and threats to this species, and further research is needed. It is not known if the regional population experiences any significant immigration.",Unknown,"This species has only been collected twice at two widely separated localities in Greece (Warncke 1983) in Europe. The two known populations in Europe are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,979 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 8 km2.Outside of Europe, the species also occurs in Turkey and Armenia (Warncke 1983).","This species is very rare within its entire European distribution area, with only two known sites. The population trend is unknown.","This species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but the host is unknown. The habitat and other information on the ecology of this species are also unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book.  The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further  research is needed into the species taxonomic status, distribution, population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species  occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Allen, D.J.","Straka, J. & Bogusch, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ammobates,dusmeti,,Ammobates dusmeti,,,Yes,CR,B2ab(v),Yes,CR,B2ab(v),EU27,,"This species is endemic to southwest Europe (Spain and southern France), with only a single known recent record in Spain and few observations in the past; historical recorded sites in France have been resurveyed, and there have been surveys in suitable habitat in Spain. The current area of occupancy (AOO), based on recent records, is estimated at 8 km2. Considering all known records, the population is considered severely fragmented and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, based on the decline in the number of collected specimens over time. The species is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered.Further study is required to confirm the species current distribution and population trends, and to understand the species habitat requirements. The taxonomic status of the closely related north African species, Ammobates handlirschi (Friese, 1895), requires confirmation.",Decreasing,"This species is known only from Spain and southern France (Rognac, Bouches-du-Rhone; Warncke 1983). Observations of this species are at least 80 years old, except for a single recent record (from Teruel, near Valencia, eastern Spain).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 66,925 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2 based on all known findings. However, the EOO and AOO based only on records from the last 80 years, may be much smaller; the EOO may be no more than 6,066 km2 and the AOO around 8 km2.There there are consistently infrequent records for this species over time. Some former localities and their wide areas were well investigated (for example, southern France, Ch. Schmid-Egger, J. van der Smissen and J. Smit pers. comm., via J. Straka pers. comm. 2014).","The population size and trend of this species is uncertain. However, the species is extremely rare and there have been very few individuals collected across the whole known distribution. A single specimen was collected in France in 1894 and three individuals were collected at three widely separated localities in Spain in 1890, 1933, and 2000.  There may be only one population remaining in Spain, because there is only a single  recent record of this species (from  a locality close to Valencia (Teruel)). No further records of this species are known (J. Straka pers. comm. 2013).Based on the decline on the number of collected specimens over time, it is suspected that the population trend of this species is decreasing.Based on all records, it appears that the populations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and that, historically, the population of this species should therefore be considered as severely fragmented.","The habitat and ecology of this species are not certain. The species may occur at grasslands and open shrubland with bare soil. It is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but the host(s) is/are unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not subject to any targeted conservation action.Further   research is needed into the taxonomy, population size and trend, habitat,   ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species   occurs in protected areas. It is very important to re-find the species and to determine both the host species of this kleptoparasite and the habitat preference for conservation its suitable habitats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Straka, J. & Bogusch, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ammobates,globosus,,Ammobates globosus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of recent records and information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. This species has a restricted range within Europe, currently only known from Cyprus, and sparse distribution and further research is needed to assess the status of this species. In addition, the taxonomic status of the species is not certain.",Unknown,"This species is known from Cyprus, Turkey (near İçel, southeastern Turkey) and Israel (Warncke 1983).According to the possible habitat of this species in the lowlands of the island of Cyprus, the extent of occurrence (EOO) may be less than 4,500 km2; it is not possible to estimate the area of occupancy (AOO) for this species. This species occurs very sparsely in its entire distribution range (J. Straka pers. obs. 2013).",The population size and trend of this species are unknown.,"This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, in this case, bees of the genus Ancyla (Warncke 1983). The most likely host species is Ancyla holtzi (J. Straka pers. obs. 2013). It occurs in habitats typified by sparse vegetation with an abundance of annual and biennial flowers, especially Apiacae that are the principal forage plants of the host bees. Host bees nest in bare sandy soil under sparse and tall herbaceous vegetation. Nesting biotopes can be steppe, pastures, or margins of fields and orchards (almost any kind), as well as margins of unpaved roads (J. Straka pers. obs. 2013).","Details of specific threats to the species are not known, but given that it is found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.","This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book and is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the taxonomy, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Allen, D.J.","Straka, J. & Bogusch, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ammobates,mavromoustakisi,,Ammobates mavromoustakisi,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient because in Europe, the species is known only from old records from Cyprus. There is no information about the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirement and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is known from old records in southern Cyprus. Outside of Europe the species is known from scattered old records from Turkey (near Ceylanpinar, southeastern Turkey), Israel (Jerusalem, Lahev, Tel Qazir) and Palestine (Jericho) (Warncke 1983). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of its European distribution is estimated at 90 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2.",The population size and trend of this species are unknown.,"It is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, in this instance, Tarsalia ancyliformis (Apidae) (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2013). The species probably prefers grasslands with sparse plant cover and largely bare soil as the host prefer such biotopes (J. Straka pers. obs. 2013).The bee visits Centaurea hyalolepis, C. cilicica, and Carlina lanata (Grace 2010).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species    occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Allen, D.J.","Straka, J. & Bogusch, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ammobates,melectoides,,Ammobates melectoides,,,Yes,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,v)",EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed as Endangered because the current area of occupancy (AOO) is 88 km2 and the population is considered severely fragmented. There is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the AOO as the EOO and the AOO based on historic records were much larger. There is also a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, especially in northern latitudes based on number of collected individuals over time. Further research is needed to identify the threats to this species.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Europe. The only recent records are from Greece, including numerous Aegean islands and Crete and its historic distribution goes north to Romania and Crimea in the Ukraine (Warncke 1983). Including historic records, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 745,953  km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 96 km2. However, recent data are only from southern populations, especially Greece. Considering only recent records, the EOO is 182,000 km2 and the AOO is 88 km2; therefore there has been a reduction of EOO and AOO over time. The species distribution seems to be disjunct especially in the northern parts of its range, thus the population is considered severely fragmented.","The population size and trend of this species is uncertain. However, there are only historic data for the Romanian and the Ukrainian populations, thus there is a clear reduction in the overall population. The population in the south of Greece, seems to be currently healthy.","This species is kleptoparasite, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, and the hosts are from the genus Eucera. Warncke (1983) proposed Eucera armeniaca (Morawitz 1878) as a host and Vereecken et al. (2012) observed as a host E. dimidiata Brulle, 1832 and propose E. algira Brulle, 1840 as another possible host. The species prefers various grasslands, steppe or forest steppe biotopes with abundant areas with bare soil.","Details of specific threats to the species are not known, but given that it is found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities (at least in parts of its range), it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.","This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book, but it is considered as Extinct in Hungary by Józan (2011). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Straka, J. & Bogusch, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ammobates,muticus,,Ammobates muticus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, and because this species is commonly found in most areas of its range.",Unknown,"This west Mediterranean species occurs in Portugal, Spain, southern France and Italy. Outside of Europe, it occurs in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia (Warncke 1983). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,311,602 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 248 km2.",The population size and trend of this species are unknown but this species is commonly found in most areas of its distribution.,"This species is kleptoparasite, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The hosts of this cuckoo bee are Eucera nigrifacies Lepeletier, 1841, E. seminuda Brullé, 1832 (Warncke 1983) and probably some other species of the genus Eucera. The species prefers open habitats with bare soil, where the host can nest. It occurs in various steppe biotopes, shrubland, pastureland, but also gardens or areas of sparse tree plantation, such as orchards and olive groves.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is known to occur in protected areas (eg. Parque Nacional and Parque Natural de Coto Doñana - Andalucia, Spain). Further research is needed into the population size and trend and threats affecting the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Allen, D.J.","Straka, J. & Bogusch, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ammobates,opacus,,Ammobates opacus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)In Europe, the species is known from eastern Europe (Bulgaria, European Russia, and the Ukraine). Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of recent information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species occurs from eastern Europe (Bulgaria, European Russia, and the Ukraine) to Kazakhstan (Warncke 1983). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 462,910 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km2; these values are calculated taking into consideration old records (more than 40 years ago). There are no recent records for this species (J. Straka pers. com. 2013).",The population size and trend of this species are uncertain.,"This species is a kleptoparasite, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but the host is unknown. The habitats and other ecological information are unknown for this species.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. The species does not occur in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Allen, D.J.","Straka, J. & Bogusch, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ammobates,oraniensis,,Ammobates oraniensis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)The species is known from southern Europe (southernmost mainland Italy and Sicily and the Canary Islands). Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of recent information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species occurs in southernmost mainland Italy and Sicily as well as in the Canary Islands. Outside of Europe, it occurs in the coastal areas from Morocco to Egypt, and also in Israel (Warncke 1983). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 21,284 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is at least 24 km2 for Europe.",This species is relatively rarely collected. Only a few records exist from Italy and these are mainly old. The population in the Canary islands seems to be stable; there are old as well as recent records known (J. Straka pers. comm. 2013). The overall population trend is unknown.,"This species is a kleptoparasite, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but the host is unknown. The species prefers dry biotopes with sparse land cover of the semidesertic or steppic character.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Allen, D.J.","Straka, J. & Bogusch, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ammobates,punctatus,,Ammobates punctatus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution throughout much of Europe and presumed overall population, although the species is very localised and threatened in parts of its range. The species is also threatened by succession and inappropriate management of sandy biotopes, especially in northern localities. Further research is needed to estimate the population size of the species.",Unknown,"This species is distributed across much of Europe, to 53° North and eastwards to the Ukraine. It is known also from northern Algeria (Warncke 1983). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,545,805 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 668 km2.","The population size and trend of this species are uncertain. The species is widespread, but very local in most areas of its range.","This species is kleptoparasite, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The host of this cuckoo bee is Anthophora (Heliophila) bimaculata (Panzer, 1798). The species occurs in open sandy biotopes (Warncke 1983).","In northern areas of its range, the biotopes of alluvial sands are threatened by spontaneous growth associated with succession and tree plantations.","This species is included in the following National Red Lists or Red Data Books: Czech Republic (Endangered; Straka 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Extinct, with latest record in 1956; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas (although given its range, it is likely).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Allen, D.J.","Straka, J. & Bogusch, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ammobates,rufiventris,,Ammobates rufiventris,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)The species is known from southern Europe (Iberian Peninsula, southern France, and Italy (Sicily)). Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"This is a west Mediterranean species known from the Iberian Peninsula, southern France, Sicily and north Africa (Warncke 1983). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 806,964 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 52 km2.",The population size and trend of this species are unknown.,"This species is a kleptoparasite, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but the host is unknown. The habitats and other ecological information are unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Allen, D.J.","Straka, J. & Bogusch, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ammobates,sanguineus,,Ammobates sanguineus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)The species is only known from  Europe only from two records in Europe (Greece and Bulgaria). Listed as Data Deficient as the species is known only from two records in Europe and there is no recent information. There is lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is known in Europe only from two records, one from Greece and one from Bulgaria. Outside of Europe, the species is only known from a handful of records from Turkey and Turkmenistan (Warncke 1983). The area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km2.",The population size and trend of this species are uncertain. The species is known only from two collected individuals in Europe. The species is very rare (J. Straka pers. com. 2013).,"This species is a kleptoparasite, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but the host is unknown. The habitats and other ecological information are unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Allen, D.J.","Straka, J. & Bogusch, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ammobates,similis,,Ammobates similis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)The species is known from across central and southern Europe. Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species as it has a restricted range with a small area of occupancy (AOO), thus it could be threatened.",Unknown,"This species is distributed across central and southern Europe, and is known from Italy, Hungary, eastern Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey (Warncke 1983). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 598,982 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km2.",The population size and trend of this species are unknown.,"This species is a kleptoparasite, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but the host is unknown. The species occurs in open steppic biotopes with bare soil.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Allen, D.J.","Straka, J. & Bogusch, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ammobates,verhoeffi,,Ammobates verhoeffi,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information available as there is only a single record of this species known from Europe. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitats and ecology, and threats.",Unknown,This species occurs in north Africa (Warncke 1983). One specimen from the Canary Islands (Fuerteventura) exists in collections (Ortiz-Sánchez 2011).,The population size and trend of this species are unknown. Only a single record is known from Europe.,"This species is a kleptoparasite, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but the host is unknown. The species occurs in desertic biotopes.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Allen, D.J.","Straka, J. & Bogusch, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ammobates,vinctus,,Ammobates vinctus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"This species is distributed across southern Europe from Spain, through Switzerland, northern Italy, Corsica to Hungary, Greece, Ukraine, north of Bulgaria and Russia. Outside of Europe the species occurs in southern Turkey and Tunisia (Warncke 1983). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,613,338 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 224 km2.",The population size and trend of this species are unknown.,"This species is a kleptoparasite, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, and its host species are Tetraloniella dentata (Germar, 1839) and T. ruficornis (Fabricius, 1804) (Warncke 1983). The species occurs in various open grassland biotopes with bare soil, especially steppes and pastures.","Succession of steppe biotopes, cultivation of trees and reduction of grazing on grasslands. The species requires continuity of bare soil in all its biotopes.","This species is included in a National Red List of Slovenia (status as Rare species, with no equivalent to IUCN Categories; Anonymous 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the taxonomy (see Taxonomic Notes), population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Allen, D.J.","Straka, J. & Bogusch, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ammobatoides,abdominalis,,Ammobatoides abdominalis,,,No,EN,"B2ab(i,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(i,v)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed as Endangered because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 184 km2,  the remaining subpopulations in central Europe and the western part of eastern Europe seem to be isolated from each other and from other populations,  thus the species is considered severely fragmented. There is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the number of mature individuals, based on the disappearance of the species from some countries and the very limited number of current records of the species. In addition, one of its host species, Melitturga clavicornis, has been assessed as Near Threatened.",Decreasing,"The species is distributed from Germany in the west to central Russia in the east. Outside Europe, the species occurs in Kazakhstan, Turkey and Lebanon (Warncke 1982, Popov 1990). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,220,511 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 184 km2. However the current EOO is much smaller, because of the possible loss of the species from Germany and the Czech Republic.The species has been looked for at former recorded sites in the Czech Republic, Austria and Hungary (where it was formerly very common) and no new collections have been made (J. Straka pers. comm. 2014). There is a single recent record from the Czech Republic, and a possible record from Germany.","This is a very rare and local species in the western part of its distribution, and it is uncommon elsewhere in its range. It strongly correlates with a decrease in abundance of the host species of this cuckoo bee in west and central Europe. The species is considered to be extinct in two European countries and it is probably also disappearing in some other countries, which may explain the very limited number of individuals of this species collected nowadays.Relatively strong surviving populations are probably only located in southern parts of the Balkan Peninsula (Bulgaria, Greece). There are no recent data from the Ukraine and Russia, where the species may also survive. The remaining sub-populations in central Europe and western part of east Europe seem to be isolated from each other and from other populations, thus the population is considered severely fragmented.","This species is a kleptoparasite, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. This species inhabits warm steppe and semi-desert habitats with abundant sources of flowers from the Fabaceae family. The hosts are bees of the genus Melliturga (Warncke 1982).",The threats to this species are unknown. It is suspected that the disappearance of this species correlates with the decline of grazing and disappearing of suitable habitat of the host species (J. Straka pers. comm. 2013).,"This species is included in a National Red List of the Czech Republic (Extinct; Straka 2005; with a single recent record (from 2006) in the last 20 years, Straka et al. 2007), and Germany (Extinct, with latest record in 1959; Westrich et al. 2011). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Allen, D.J.","Straka, J. & Bogusch, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ammobatoides,luctuosus,,Ammobatoides luctuosus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is a very little known about this species. It is only known in Europe from two old records, and research is needed to estimate the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements, hosts, and threats.",Unknown,"This species is known from Turkey (in Asia), and there are two old records from Macedonia and Bulgaria (Warncke 1982). The estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km2.",The population size and trend of this species are unknown.,"This species is a kleptoparasite, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, although the hosts of this species are unknown. The species is found on xerothermic biotopes and steppe.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Allen, D.J.","Straka, J. & Bogusch, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ammobatoides,okalii,,Ammobatoides okalii,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as the species is only known from a single specimen collected in Bulgaria. Further research is needed to confirm the taxonomic status of the species, and into the population size and trend, habitat, ecology and threats.",Unknown,The species is known from a single record (the type specimen) from the area around Sandanski in southwestern Bulgaria (Kocourek 1990).,This species is only known from a single specimen (Kocourek 1990). The population size and trend are unknown.,"This species is a kleptoparasite, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The habitat and ecological requirements of this species remain unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the taxonomic validity of the species described from a single specimen, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Allen, D.J.","Straka, J. & Bogusch, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ammobatoides,scriptus,,Ammobatoides scriptus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,"This species is known from southwest Europe (Spain, Portugal and southern France) as well as from north Africa (Morocco and Algeria) (Warncke 1982). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to 452,020 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is at least 72 km2 for Europe.",The population size and trend of this species are unknown.,"This species is a kleptoparasite, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The species probably inhabits open habitats. The habitat and ecological requirements of this species remain unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Allen, D.J.","Straka, J. & Bogusch, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ancyla,asiatica,,Ancyla asiatica,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is only known from Bulgaria (Rasmont and Dehon 2014). Outside of Europe, this species is present in Turkey, Lebanon and Israel.","There is no information available on its population size and trends, since this extremely rare species is only known by a very few specimens in Europe.","Straka and Rozen (2012) provided some data from the Adana region of Turkey, where nests were found widely scattered in grassy areas of an abandoned cornfield. The species forages on Daucus carota (Apiaceae) for mating and pollen foraging, and it flies in June and July.There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species in Europe.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ancyla,cretensis,,Ancyla cretensis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is only known from Crete. Outside of Europe, it is present in Turkey and Israel (Rasmont and Dehon 2014).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species, since it is extremely rare and only known from a very few specimens in Europe.",There is no information available on the habitat or ecology of this species. It is likely to be associated with phryganic Mediterranean shrublands given its range.,"The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given       the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is  presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased    incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ancyla,holtzi,,Ancyla holtzi,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is only known from Bulgaria, Greece and Cyprus. Outside of Europe, it is known from Turkey, Iran and Iraq (Rasmont and Dehon 2014).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species, since it is extremely rare and only known from a very few specimens in Europe.","There is little information available on the habitat of this rare species, however, it is likely to be associated with phryganic Mediterranean shrublands.According to Warncke (1979), the species forages on Cichorium sp. (Asteraceae) in Bulgaria, while in Cyprus it forages on Eryngium creticum (Apiaceae) (Grace 2010). Warncke (1979) reports a male flying in May in Iran and Friese (1902) reports the species flying in August at 800 m asl in Greece.","The specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given      the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased   incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ancyla,nigricornis,,Ancyla nigricornis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as this very rare species is only known from a few specimens in Europe. There is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is only known from Greece. Outside of Europe, it is present in Turkey (Rasmont and Dehon 2014).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of A. nigricornis, since it is an extremely rare species that is only known from a very few specimens in Europe.",There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species although it can suspected to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ancyla,nitida,,Ancyla nitida,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is only known from Cyprus. Outside of Europe, it is present in Turkey, Armenia, the Caucasus region and Iraq (Rasmont and Dehon 2014).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species, since it is an extremely rare species which is only known from a very few specimens in Europe.","There is little detailed information available on the habitat and ecology of this rare species. However, given the European range of this species, it is likely to be associated with phryganic Mediterranean shrublands.","The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given        the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is   presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased     incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ancyla,oraniensis,,Ancyla oraniensis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as this is an extremely rare species which is only known from one specimen in Europe. There is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is only known from Greece, where only one specimen was collected in Salakos in 1983 (Ascher and Pickering 2014). Outside of Europe, it occurs in the Maghreb, from Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia (Rasmont and Dehon 2014).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of Ancyla oraniensis, as it is an extremely rare species.","There is little detailed information available on the habitat and ecology of this rare species. However, given the European range of this species it is likely to be associated with phryganic Mediterranean shrublands.","The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given         the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is    presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased      incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ancyla,orientalica,,Ancyla orientalica,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as this species is only known from a few specimens in Europe. There is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs in Greece. Outside of Europe, it occurs in Turkey, Syria, Israel and Iraq (Rasmont and Dehon 2014).","This is an extremely rare species, which is only known by a very few specimens in Europe. Therefore, there is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.","There is little detailed information available on the habitat and ecology of this rare species. However, given the European range of this species it is likely to be associated with phryganic Mediterranean shrublands.","The details of the threats to this species remain unknown, however, given         the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is    presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased      incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,abbreviata,,Andrena abbreviata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient because there is no information on the population size, trends and threats affecting the species. Further research is strongly recommended to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify any specific threats.",Unknown,"Andrena abbreviata is found in Greece (Crete, East Aegean islands, and the mainland), Cyprus, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania, and southern European Russia.","There is a scarcity of available data on the population abundance of this species, but the species is apparently rare throughout its range. The current population trend is unknown.",This species is found in xeric grassland habitats. The females forage mainly on Asteraceae (Osytshnjuk et al. 2005).,"There is no specific information regarding the potential threats affecting this species. However, the species is presumably threatened by the reduction of specific habitats in steppe areas due to the growth of shrubs and tree from the increased rainfall caused by the changing climate.","There are no direct conservation measures in place. Further studies are needed into the taxonomy, abundance, trends, ecology and threats to this species. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Patiny, S., Radchenko, V., Roberts, S. & Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,aberrans,,Andrena aberrans,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because the area of occupancy (AOO) is likely to be less than 2,000 km2, the populations are scattered and may be severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent of the habitat due to the disappearance of Fabaceae species. Thus the species is close to qualify as Vulnerable under B2ab(iii).",Unknown,"Andrena aberrans is a central European species and is known from Germany (Enslin 1922; Kraus 1998; Stoeckhert 1950, 1954; Gauckler 1962; Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002; Mandery 2003; Wickl 2005), Austria (Molitor 1942, Pittioni and Schmidt 1943, Schwarz and Gusenleitner 1997, Mazzucco and Ortel 2001, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), Switzerland (without precise locality) (Ascher and Pickering 2013), Italy (Hellrigl 2003, Quaranta et al. 2004), Slovenia (Vogrin 1955, Gogala 1999), Hungary (Moczar and Warncke 1972), Czech Republic (Kocourek 1963, 1966, Přidal 2004, Straka et al. Pridal 2007, Přidal and Veselý 2011), Slovakia (Zavadil 1951, Kocourek 1963, 1966, Přidal 2004), Poland (Krysinski 1957) (Ascher and Pickering 2013), Romania (Pittioni and Schmidt 1943, Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980), Greece (Warncke 1988), Ukraine (Noskiewicz 1922, Osychnyuk 1977, Dughina 2009), Macedonia (Warncke 1973), and Bulgaria (Warncke 1973).  Also the species is found in European part of Russia (Evermann 1852, Osychnyuk 1977, Ascher and Pickering 2013) and Azerbaijan (Maharramov 2009, Ascher and Pickering 2013). Although the extent of occurrence (EOO) is large, the area of occupancy (AOO) is likely to be less than 2,000 km2.","This species is uncommon, scattered in distribution and may be severely fragmented. There are no data on population size and trends of this species.","Andrena abberans is found mainly in a range of mesic habitats from dry calcareous grasslands to the edges of steppe woodlands. The females are known to be oligolectic, in that they collect pollen from only a small number of flowering species of the Fabaceae family (Chamaecytisus). The males are known to visit flowers of Prunus sp., Cytisus sp., Taraxacum officinale and Salix spp. The flight period is from the end of April to June.","This species is possibly affected by loss of habitat through reforestation, natural succession of woody vegetation in open habitats, and changes in agricultural practices.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Poland (Vulnerable; Banaszak 2002); Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008, 2011); Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002). It occurs in protected areas such as the Ukrainian State Reserve “Myhajlovskay virgin land” (Dughina 2009). Further research is needed into the taxonomy, population size, habitat and ecological requirements and threats to this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Patiny, S., Radchenko, V., Roberts, S. & Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,abjecta,,Andrena abjecta,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitats, ecology, or threats. Further research is needed so as to establish the actual status of the species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena abjecta is only found in northern Iberia. Elsewhere, it is recorded from the Maghreb, with scattered subpopulations in Morocco and Algeria (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).",There is no information about either the overall population size or population trends. The population seems to be fragmented both in Spain and north Africa.,"There is no information available about the habitats and ecology of this species, although it is known that in north Africa the species is found in various parts of the Atlas mountain range.","The threats to this species in Europe are not known, although the montane regions of the Atlas, north Africa, are often subject to overgrazing, a practice that can lead to removal of floral resources.","The species is not listed on any national Red Lists or Red data books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas. Research is needed to establish population size and trends, to elucidate details of the habitats and ecology, and to identify any current of likely threats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,abrupta,,Andrena abrupta,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, and little on habitats, ecology and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena abrupta is restricted to southern Iberia. Elsewhere, the species is found in northern Morocco (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).",There is no information available of the overall population size and trends for this species.,"There are few details of habitat or ecology, but as this belongs to the sub-genus Chlorandrena, the species will be a specialist forager on various Asteraceae flowers. The flight period is during the spring, and the bee is on the wing from April to May (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).","Details of threats to the species are unknown, but as it is dependent on Asteraceae flowers, which often grow as weeds in ruderal situations, herbicide application could have a negative impact on the provision of forage.","The species is not listed on any national Red Lists or Red data books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the bee occurs in any protected areas. Research is needed to establish population size and trends, to elucidate further details of the habitats and ecology, and to identify any current of likely threats, especially within its European range.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., García, M. & Nieto, A.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,aciculata,,Andrena aciculata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to gaps in knowledge of population size, trends and specific threats. Further research and monitoring are necessary in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on updated data recorded from the field.",Unknown,"Andrena aciculata is distributed from eastern and southeastern Europe, European Russia and the Caucasus region to Asia Minor and southwestern Asia (Iran).In Europe, it is recorded in Austria (Pittioni and Stoeckhert 1950, Franz et. al. 1982, Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997, Ebmer 2003), Czech Republic (Pittioni and Stoeckhert 1950, Kocourek 1966), Slovakia (Kocourek 1966), Hungary (Pittioni and Stoeckhert 1950, Moczar and Warncke 1972, Jozan 2011), Romania (Zilahi-Kiss 1915, Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980, Ban-Calefariu and Matache 2008, Tomozii 2010), Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977), Moldavia (Osytshnjuk 1977), Bulgaria (Pittioni and Stoeckhert 1950, Warncke 1966), Macedonia (Warncke 1973), Greece (Warncke 1965a), Crete (Ebmer 2003), the East Aegean islands (Samos, leg. A.W. Ebmer, Milos, leg. R. Neumeyer) (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014), Cyprus (Mavromoustakis 1949) and European Russia (Pittioni and Stoeckhert 1950, Kocourek 1966, Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 1978).In the Caucasus region, the species was recorded in Azerbaijan (Morawitz 1886, Warncke 1966b).Outside of Europe, the species was recorded in Turkey (Warncke 1974b) and Iran (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","Populations are small, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","Andrena aciculata is found in xerophytic habitats, both in lowland and mountainous areas. It is found on fallow lands, roadsides and shelterbelts, but rarely in river valleys and meadows (Osytshnjuk 1977). The species is bivoltine, in that it has two generations flying per year; the first one flying from April to June and the second one from July to August (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et. al. 2005).   The females collect pollen from flowers of the Asteraceae family (Anthemis, Senecio vernalis), Apiaceae (Falcaria, Anthriscus, Daucus carota, Pastinaca), Caryophyllaceae (Stellaria) and Resedaceae (Reseda lutea), but prefer the Brassicaceae (Berteroa incana, Erucastrum armoracioides, Isatis tinctoria, Sisymbrium altissimum, S. loeselii, Barbarea vulgaris, Lepidium draba, Sinapis arvensis, Rapistrum perenne) (Franz 1982, Pittioni and Stoeckhert 1950, Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005). Females nest on their own in dry places and sandy soils (Kocourek 1966).",The specific threats for this species are unknown.,"This species is included in the National Red List of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005).  It occurs in protected areas in Ukraine, such as Khomutovskaya Steppe Nature Reserve and Kaniv State Nature Reserve (Osytshnjuk 1977), and also in Romania at Macin Mountains National Park (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014).  The species is not subject to any targeted conservation actions. Further research and monitoring are required in order to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify any existing threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,aegyptiaca,,Andrena aegyptiaca,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)This species is listed as Not Applicable since the population lying in Europe (Canary Islands) represents less than 1% of the global population of this species. The majority of the population is distributed through north Africa and the Levant, so the species has a marginal occurrence in Europe.",Unknown,"This is a North African species with disjunct distribution. In Europe the species is restricted to the larger eastern Canary Islands. In north Africa it is found in Morocco, Algeria, Egypt and in the Levant it is known in Israel, Palestine and western Jordan (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","There are no precise data on either the population trend or the overall population size of the species in the Canary Islands. In north Africa, the species can be abundant in suitable habitats. It is very likely that less than 1% of the entire global population is found in the Canary Islands, so the species has a marginal occurrence in Europe.","Details of the habitat in the Canary Islands are lacking, but in Morocco the species is associated with sandy, sparsely vegetated desert edges. The species is probably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, on Asteraceae, although it has also been reported to visit Tamarix (Tamaricaceae). Data gathered from specimens and observations list Launea angustifolia, and other yellow-flowered Asteraceae as forage plants in both Egypt and Morocco (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013). This is an univoltine species, in that it has one generation per year, flying early in the year from January to May. The species is strongly sexually dimorphic. The female is well marked with red on the abdomen and the male is dark. While in the subspecies cannabina most males are black, in the other subspecies males are normally red.","The detailed threats to this species in Europe are unknown, but they could include tourist infrastructure development. However, in north Africa and the Levant the threats appear to be minimal.","The species is not listed on any National Red List or Red Data Book and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas. Further research is needed in order to define the population size and trends to determine further aspects of the ecology, identifying any existing threats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,aeneiventris,,Andrena aeneiventris,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumably large population. However, research is needed in order to establish the species' population size and trends and it should be monitored closely.",Unknown,"The species is found in north Africa, southern and eastern Europe, Caucasus region to Asia Minor and Central Asia. In Europe, the species has been recorded in Portugal (Warncke 1976, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, D. Baldock and J. Smit  pers. comm. 2013), Spain (Ceballos 1956, Warncke 1976, Gusenleitner 1984, Ortiz-Sánchez 2011), France (de Gaulle 1908, Warncke et al. 1974, Rasmont et al. 1995, J. Smit pers. comm. 2013), mainland Italy (Dalla Torre 1877, Magretti 1884, Schletterer 1887, Bezzi 1892, Gräffe 1895, Quaranta  et al. 2004), Sicily (Gusenleitner 1984), Austria (Gusenleitner 1984, Schwarz and Gusenleitner 1997, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Gusenleitner et al. 2012), Switzerland (Frey-Gessner 1899-1907, Frey-Gessner 1903, Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997, Amiet et al. 2010) Slovenia (Gogala 1999), Croatia (Warncke 1969a, Gusenleitner 1984) Czech Republic (Kocourek 1966), Slovakia (Kocourek 1966), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Jaeger 1934, Warncke 1966a), Bulgaria (Warncke 1966a, 1967a, 1973, Atanassov and Vasileva 1990) Macedonia (Jaeger 1934, Warncke 1973), mainland Greece (Gusenleitner 1984, Warncke 1965a, 1966a, 1973), Crete (Strand 1915, J. Smit pers. comm. 2013) and Rhodes (J. Smit pers. comm. 2013), Hungary (Gusenleitner 1984, Warncke 1967a, Moczar and Warncke 1972), Serbia (Jaeger 1934, Vogrin 1955, Warncke 1966a, 1967a, 1969a), Romania (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Warncke and Scobiola Palade 1980, Tomozei 2003, Ban and Tomozei  2006, Tomozii 2010), Moldavia (Osytshnjuk 1977), Ukraine (Noskiewicz 1930, Osytshnjuk 1977), European Russia (Morawitz 1874, Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 1978, Osytshnjuk et. al. 2005) and Cyprus (Strand 1915, Ascher and Pickering 2014).In the Caucasus region, the species has been recorded in Armenia (Alfken 1927c, Warncke 1966b), Azerbaijan (Warncke 1966b) and Georgia (Warncke 1966b).In North Africa, the species has been found in Morocco (Warncke 1974a) and Algeria (Alfken 1914, Warncke 1974a).In Asia, the species has been recorded in Turkey (Gusenleitner 1984, Warncke 1974b, 1965b, 1969a), Israel (Warncke 1969b), Iran (Popov 1967), Turkmenistan (Kocourek 1966, Ascher and Pickering 2014), Kazakhstan (Popov 1954, Ascher and Pickering 2014) and Tadzhikistan (Kocourek 1966, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","Presumably populations are large, but there are no details on its size or trends at a continental scale.","In Europe, Andrena aeneiventris seems to prefer warm steppe biotopes, while in Central Asia it prefers humid ones. The species flies from April to August in lowland areas and from May to August in mountainous regions. The species has two generations: the first one flies from April to June and the second one from July to August, although it may occasionally be observed early in September. The females from the first generation seem to visit mainly Brassicaeae, while the second generation mainly visits Apiaceae. They nest solitarily in xeric areas (Kocourek 1966, Dylewska 1987, Gogala 1999, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005).","The main threat of this species is the reduction of suitable habitats in xeric areas, for example due to the changing of the plots in fallow lands into intensively cultivated ones with consequent reduction of flowering plants diversity. Also, the species may be found near entomophilous crops, which may be the target of chemical treatments. Agricultural activities on the fields may also destroy the species' nests.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005) and Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002).There are no conservation actions in place for this species. It is found in protected areas such as Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998) and Macin Mountains National Park, Romania (Ban and Tomozei 2006). Research is needed regarding the species' population size, distribution and trends.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,aerinifrons,,Andrena aerinifrons,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Andrena aerinifrons is widespread across the southern parts of the Mediterranean basin, and in Europe is found in Iberia and in Sicily. In north Africa, it is known from the Mediterranean zone of the Maghreb (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia), the Jbel Akhdar (Libya) and it is widely distributed through the Levant (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002). Andrena aerinifrons ssp. levantina is also found eastwards to Turkey and Iran.",There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.,"There are few details available on either the habitat or ecology of this species, but it is known from Mediterranean shrublands and disturbed areas on the margins of agricultural land (Quaranta et al. 2004). The species flies as a single brood from late February to April (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013) and to the end of May (Warncke 1976).","The detailed specific threats to this species are not known, although Mediterranean phryganic habitats are often subject to intense and increasing grazing pressure and there is an increase in the threat from uncontrolled fires.","The species is not listed on any national Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the bee occurs in any protected areas. Research is need to establish population size and trends, to elucidate further details of the habitats and ecology, and to identify any current of likely threats, especially within its European range.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,afrensis,,Andrena afrensis,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends (although it has a large extent of occurrence), and little is known about its habitats, ecology and threats.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, and is found widely distributed through Iberia, southern France and the Wallis region of Switzerland (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Amiet et al. 2010). The species is also known from northern Italy in Aosta Valley and Vintschgau (Steinmann 2002, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","Although there is no information available on the population size and trend of this species, it does seem to be widely present in Iberia, and there have been 29 records from Switzerland since 1990 (Amiet et al. 2010).","There are no details of the habitat of this species available, but it is known to fly as a single generation each year, and is on the wing from the end of May to the end of July in Switzerland. Although the species forages pollen from several different plant families, it shows a preference for various Brassicaceae species (Amiet et al. 2010).","Details of threats to the species are unknown, but as it is dependent on Brassicaceae flowers, which often grow as weeds in ruderal situations, and herbicide application could have a negative impact on their forage provision.","The species is not listed on any national Red Lists or Red data books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. Although it is not known if the bee occurs in any protected areas, it is very likely that it does, given its widespread distribution in Spain. Research is needed to establish population size and trends, to elucidate further details of the habitats and ecology, and to identify any current or likely threats, especially within its European range.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,agilissima,,Andrena agilissima,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Decreasing,"Andrena agilissima is distributed from southwestern and central Europe to north Africa (Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997, Rasmont et al. 2013).","There are no exact data about the overall size of the population and its actual trends, but it is thought to be decreasing. There is evidence of a subpopulation over 100 individuals in the Kraichgau region, Germany (Westrich 1996).","Andrena agilissima is a thermophilous species with preference towards warm biotopes. It is found on sandy areas, river banks, coastal grasslands, hollow ways, ruderal areas and field margins where Brassicaceae flowers are found. The species has one generation flying from late March to September (Osytshnjuk et al. 2005). This species is communal and nests in the crevices of sandstones and clay walls, outside house walls forming large aggregations (Rode 1962, Paxton et. al. 1999, Westrich 1996, Dylewska and Wisniowski 2003, Giovanetti et al. 1999, 2003). The females collect pollen mainly from Brassicaceae flowers (Sinapis, Brassica, Erysimum, Barbarea vulgaris), but also from Resedaceae (Reseda lutea), Asteraceae (Hieracium, Taraxacum), Saxifragaceae (Ribes) and Boraginaceae (Myosotis) (Kocourek 1966, Westrich 1996, Dylewska 1987, 2000, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005). It is also known that A. agilissima has a kleptoparasite, which is Nomada melathoracica (Westrich 1996).","The documented threats for this species are related to loss of suitable habitats, including appropriate nesting sites (e.g., vertical walls) and forage sites with Brassicaceae flowers. These two elements are important for the reproduction and survival of the species. In Germany, the species visits mainly wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis), which grows especially in unsprayed summer grain fields or in ruderal places (Westrich 1996). The species can survive and reproduce in areas where forage sites lie close to potential nesting sites. Intensive agricultural management of the landscape may remove potential nesting sites nearby the species' preferred foraging sites and this can threaten the species. It is able to forage up to five kilometres (Edwards and Williams 2004) and therefore, the presence of Cruciferous plants in its range is vital for the survival of the colonies. Due to the fact that the species may be found near to field crops, it may be affected by the use of chemical treatments.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008), Netherlands (Near Threatened; Peeters et al. 2003) and Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002). Andrena agilissima was found in protected areas as the Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998).For conservation of local populations of Andrena agilissima in Germany, Westrich (1996) describes a few recommendations. These include the promotion of Cruciferous plants, preferred by this bee, in agricultural landscapes, through the creation of unsprayed border stripes, especially in summer grain fields to create a germination medium for species as wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) which in Germany is of a great importance for A. agilissima and other bees. Another recommendation would be to let cultivated fields rest for one or two years in order to allow annual plants to regenerate naturally. The fields should be rotated or ploughed after one or two years, usually in early spring to promote wild mustard or late autumn to allow overwintering annuals to germinate. For the fields intensively used in the past, Westrich (1996) also recommends sowing wild mustard in the spring, adding other annual and biannual plant species preferred by wild bees and changing the site every one or two years. Additionally, research is needed regarding population size, distribution and trends but also threats and their effects on the plants.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,agnata,,Andrena agnata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no specific information on population size or trends, and little on habitats, ecology and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"Andrena agnata is a species with a western Mediterranean distribution. In Europe, it is found through mainland Spain, France, Slovenia and Italy, and also in Sicily. In North Africa it is found across the Maghreb, in the Mediterranean zones of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).",There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.,"There are few details of habitats or ecology, but as this belongs to the sub-genus Chlorandrena, it will be a specialist forager on various Asteraceae flowers. The flight period is in the spring, and the bee is on the wing in March and April (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013) and into May (Gogala 1999, Quaranta 2004).","Details of threats to the species are unknown, but as it is dependent on Asteraceae flowers, which often grow as weeds in ruderal situations, herbicide application could have a negative impact on their forage provision.","The species is listed on the national Red List of Slovenia as Endangered (Anonymous 2002). It is not known if the bee occurs in any protected areas. Research is needed to establish population size and trends, to elucidate further details of the habitats and ecology, and to identify any current of likely threats, especially within its European range.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,albopunctata,,Andrena albopunctata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern since the species is widespread, the populations are presumed to be large and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. However, research should be conducted to determine the population size and specific threats to the species as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Decreasing,"Andrena albopunctata is found in southern and eastern Europe, European Russia, the Caucasus, north Africa, Asia Minor and Central Asia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Osytshnjuk 2008, Rasmont et al. 2013, Kuhlmann et al. 2014, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","The overall population size is unknown, although it is presumably large. However, there is an overall decreasing trend.","Andrena albopunctata is found mainly in xeric biotopes of plains and mountains (over 2,000 metres asl in Middle Asia) on virgin and fallow lands, roadsides, dry slopes and shelter belts. It flies from April to August and it is a bivoltine species, in that it has two generations every year. The species nests solitarily in steppe areas (Kocourek 1966). The species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. The females collect pollen from Brassicaceae,  Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Ranunculaceae, Geraniaceae or Valerianaceae. In Poland, the bee was recorded in 11 plant species from eight different families, although it mainly visited Brassicaceae species (33%) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk 2008).","The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, A. albopunctata may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through human activities such as mowing during the flowering period and soil ploughing, which disturbs the species' nests. Also, plant chemical treatments and reduction of natural steppe areas, through transformation into intensive agricultural arable lands, can cause the death of individuals.","This species is included in the National Red List of Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002). It is found in protected areas from Ukraine, such as Karadag Nature Reserve (Crimea) (Ivanov 2002), but it is not a target of any specific conservation actions. Research is needed regarding the species' population size and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,alfkenella,,Andrena alfkenella,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge of actual population trends and specific threats. Further research is urgently needed in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena alfkenella is distributed from Europe and the Caucasus region to Asia Minor and north Africa (Morocco) (Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","Although populations are small, there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","Andrena alfkenella is found in a variety of biotopes, although it has preference for the moist ones (edge lawns, meadows). It has two generations flying: the first one from May to June and the second one from July to August, although in Crimea the first generation flies from April. The females forages on plants from Brassicaeae (Berteroa incana, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Cardaria draba, Thlaspi, Isatis sp., Brassica sp.), Rosaceae (Potentilla verna, Fragaria sp.), Asteraceae (Bellis perennis, Matricaria inodora, Hieracium sp.), Boraginaceae (Echium vulgare, Veronica chamaedrys), Apiaceae (Pimpinella sp., Daucus carota, Angelica sylvestris, Pastinaca sp., Anthriscus sp., Falcaria sp.) and Campanulaceae (Kocourek 1966, Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylaewska 1987).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. alfkenella may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following six European countries: Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994), Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2008), Great Britain (Rare; Shirt 1987), Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010). There are no conservation actions in place for this species.  It occurs in protected areas such as Duna Drava National Park (Jozan 1998) and Látrányi Puszta Natura Conservation Area in Hungary (Jozan 2003).   Further research should be conducted to determine the trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,alfkenelloides,,Andrena alfkenelloides,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no specific information on population size or trends, and little on habitats, ecology and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"Andrena alfkenelloides is a species of the eastern Mediterranean, with records from Bulgaria, Greece and the Aegean Islands, Crete and Cyprus. Beyond Europe, the species is found in Anatolia and the Levant (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).",No details are available on the overall population size and trends of this species.,"There is little information regarding the habitats and ecology of this species in Europe. However, given its distribution, it is likely to be closely associated with Mediterranean shrublands, as it is in Palestine. In Jordan, this species is regarded as a wild pollinator of almonds and cherries (Grace 2010). Data labels in the Oxford University Museum of specimens caught in Palestine indicate foraging visits to Hirschfeldia incana and Cardaria draba (Brassicaceae) (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013). Although it has also been recorded visiting Prunus dulcis, it is mainly found on yellow Brassicaceae species (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). The flight period of this species is from March to April (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).","The precise threats to this species are unknown. However, like other species associated with phryganic habitats, it may be susceptible to overgrazing and to an increase in the incidence of fires.","The species is not listed on any national Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation actions. It is not known whether the bee occurs in any protected areas, although it is very likely given the breadth of its known range.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species, especially within its European range.","The species is not traded or exploited commercially.However, it is regarded as a wild pollinator of almonds and cherries in Jordan (Grace 2010).","Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,allosa,,Andrena allosa,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no specific information on population size or trends, and little on habitats, ecology and threats, and its taxonomic situation needs to be clarified as well. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"While Gusenleitner and Schwarz (2002) state that Andrena allosa has a scattered distribution north of the Mediterranean Sea, extending from northern Spain eastwards through the Alps to the Balkan mountains and into Anatolia, Scheuchl (pers. comm. 2014) reports that the true A. allosa seems to be restricted to the western Alps. This is based on about ten specimens from there, and all of them are clearly the same species as the holotype of A. allosa. All the other specimens from outside of the Alps are certainly not A. allosa, but a distinct species (currently undescribed).",No details are available on the overall population size or trends of this species.,"Little is known of its habitat requirements or ecology, however museum labels show it to be a univoltine species, in that it has a single generation per year, flying from late April to early July. A. allosa is, apparently, a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, although details of its forage requirements are not available (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).",The specific threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed on any national Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the bee occurs in any protected areas, although it is very likely, given the breadth of its known range. Research is needed to establish its taxonomy, population size and trends, to determine further details of the species' habitats and ecology, and to identify any current or likely threats, especially within its European range.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,alluaudi,,Andrena alluaudi,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern because, although the species has a relatively restricted distribution in Europe, the bee seems to be abundant in suitable habitats. It is also present in large protected areas where the postulated threats are reduced or absent.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is restricted to southern Iberia, where its range extends across the more coastal regions of Andalucía (Spain) northwards to the Lisbon area of Portugal. Outside Europe, the species is found widely in Morocco. According to Gusenleitner and Schwarz (2002), a disjunct subpopulation occurs in Tunisia, but this is based on a single male collected by Warncke in Tunis. This specimen is probably mislabeled or mixed up with the very similar male of A. aegyptiaca (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species. However, in southern Andalucía, Spain, the species is plentiful in stabilized sandy areas near the coast and the populations are assumed to be substantial (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2003).","Andrena alluaudi is found in open sandy areas in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities and in Pistacia lentiscus/Quercus suber dehesas in Spain (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2003). The bee has a single flight period each year and is on the wing from March to May, occasionally until June. It is probably oligolectic, restricting its pollen foraging to various low growing yellow-flowered Asteraceae species. Nests are constructed in dense aggregations in loose, sparsely vegetated sand.","Details of specific threats to the species are unknown, but given that it is found in sandy coastal areas in southern Spain and Portugal, and on the margins of Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it could be impacted negatively by the development of tourist infrastructures and also from an increased incidence of fires.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action, but it is found in protected areas, such as the Parque Nacional Coto de Doñana (Spain) and the adjacent Parque Natural. Further research is needed to determine full details of population size and trends, and to identify any specific threats, establishing further details of the ecology and life history of this species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,alutacea,,Andrena alutacea,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge of taxonomy, population size, trends and specific threats. Further research is necessary in order to establish the status of this species throughout its range, based on new updated data.",Unknown,"Andrena alutacea is distributed from central and southeastern Europe to southwestern Asia (Turkey, Iran) and Central Asia (Turkmenistan) (Schmid-Egger 2005).","Populations are small, but there is no information available on the trend of this species.","Andrena alutacea occurs often in warm dry open sites, such as xerophilous grasslands in Germany, and also up to 1,700 m altitude in Turkey. In Switzerland, it was found in meadows on the species Antriscus sylvestris. In Bavaria, it was found in the edge of Juniper heaths on Daucus carota, while in Slovenia it was found on Laserpitium siler (Gogala 2011). The species seems to be oligolectic on Apiaceae. It flies from the end of May to end of August (Schmid-Egger 2005).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books of any European countries. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,anatolica,,Andrena anatolica,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern because although the population of this species is presumably small, the species is regularly found. In addition, there will be a rescue effect from the population in the Anatolian Peninsula and the Caucasus, which are outside of the European range.",Unknown,"This species is distributed from eastern and south-eastern Europe to the Caucasus region and south-western Asia, with the majority of occurrences in Asia Minor and Iran. In Europe, this species is recorded from Macedonia (Warncke 1967, Warncke 1973), Moldova (Osytshnjuk 1977), Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977), Romania (Tomozii 2006) and the Greek mainland (Warncke 1965a). Outside of Europe, the species is recorded from the Araks Valley in the Caucasus (Warncke 1966b), Nahicevan and Talysh (Azerbaijan) (Osytshnjuk 1977).In Asia, the species is known from Turkey (Alfken 1935; Warncke 1965b, 1974b), Lebanon (Ascher and Pickering 2013, Warncke 1967), Syria (Ascher and Pickering 2013).","The population of this species is presumably small, but no specific information is available regarding population size or trends overall. In Ukraine, the species, whilst being rare, is still regularly found in its few localities (V. Radchenko pers. obs. 2013).","This species is found on uncultivated land, roadsides, dry slopes and ditches. Andrena anatolica prefers xeric habitats, steppe and dry calcareous grasslands. The species flies from May to June. The females are oligolectic, in that they collect pollen from only a small number of flowering species of the Brassicaeae family (Barbarea vulgaris, Lepidium draba, Bunias orientalis, Crambe tataria, Erucastrum armoracioides, Sisymbrium sp., Sinapis arvensis, Isatis tinctoria). Males have been found also on Ranunculus sp. (Osytschnuk 1977).","In general, the species may be threatened by the loss of specific habitat through human intervention. Overuse of fertilizers and herbicide application, ploughing and re-seeding may damage and destroy some Cruciferous species. Overgrazing by sheep, cattle and horses, especially during the summer can adversely affect the species-richness of ground flora. Scrub encroachment when the grazing is absent can result in a decline in the richness of typical flora species which the species forages upon.","The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, and to identify the further threats.This species was found in protected areas from Ukraine (""Khomutovskaya Steppe"" National Reserve, ""Provalsky steppe"" Natural Reserve) (Osytshnjuk 1977) and Romania (Macin National Park, Dobrudja Region) (Tomozii 2006).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V., Roberts, S. & Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,angustior,,Andrena angustior,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the lack of available information on population size, trends and specific threats. Further research is needed in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on new updated data recorded from field work, since most of the published records are old and coming from disparate sources.",Unknown,"Andrena angustior is distributed from south and central Europe eastwards to the western part of Germany. Elsewhere, the species was also recorded in north Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Libya) (Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","Populations are small, but there is no information available on the trend of this species.","Andrena angustior prefers humid habitats such as forest edges or mesophilous grasslands. The species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of plant species, flying from May to June on Salicaceae (Salix), Asteraceae (Taraxacum officinale, Hieracium pillosela), Rosaceae (Potentilla erecta, Fragaria vesca), Scrophulariaceae (Veronica chamaedrys), Onagraceae (Epilobium angustifolium), Ranunculaceae (Ranunculus), Rhamnaceae (Rhamnus catharticus), Alliaceae (Alium ursinum), Brassicaceae (Brassica napa), Caryophillaceae (Stellaria holostea) and Fabaceae (Cytisus) (Dylewska 1987).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. angustior may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through intensive forestry, changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red List of Ireland (Vulnerable; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006). It is present in protected areas throughout its range, such as Marsland Nature Reserve, United Kingdom (Saunders 2012). There are no conservation actions in place for this species. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,anthrisci,,Andrena anthrisci,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its presumed large populations and large extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO). Although the overall trends are not clear, it is thought that even if the trend is one of general decline, this would still be insufficiently severe to place this species in a threatened category at the continental and global scale.",Unknown,"Andrena anthrisci is widely distributed across the western and central parts of continental Europe, from Spain north eastwards to northern Germany and Slovakia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002). The species is endemic to Europe.",There are no details available on either the overall population size or any trends.,"Andrena anthrisci is known to inhabit meadows, field edges and ruderal places (Westrich 1989). It is an univoltine species, in that it has a single generation each year, and is on the wing from the end of April until mid-August (Amiet et al. 2010). This is almost certainly a polylectic species, in that it forages upon a wide range of different plant species, with Anthriscus sylvestris (Apiaceae) and Veronica chamaedrys (Plantaginaceae) published as pollen sources (Westrich 1989).","There are no details of any specific threats to the species. However, since it is associated with temperate grasslands and ruderal margins of the fields, it could be threatened by the application of nitrogen fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Switzerland as Endangered (Amiet 1994) and the Czech Republic as Regionally Extinct (Farkac et al. 2005). It is not the subject of any targeted conservation action, and there is no information on whether the bee occurs in any protected areas, although it is very likely to given the broad distribution. Research is need to establish the overall population size and trends, to elucidate further details of the habitats and ecology, and to identify any current or likely threats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,antigana,,Andrena antigana,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, and presumed large population. Although the overall trends are not clear, it is thought that even if the trend is one of general decline, this would still be insufficiently severe to place this in a threatened category at the continental scale.",Unknown,Andrena antigana is distributed through Iberia and the Maghreb (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).,"There are no details available on the overall population size and trends of this species. However, there are plenty of records from both Spain and Portugal, where it seems to be fairly common (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","Little is known about its habitat requirements or ecology, although the distribution in Iberia shows that the species is typical of sub-maritime habitats, being absent from the interior areas.","There is no specific information available about threats to this species. However, given the importance of sites either at, or near the coast, habitats are likely to be under pressure from urban development and tourist infrastructure expansion.","The species is not listed on any national Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the bee occurs in any protected areas, although it is very likely to given the Iberian distribution. Research is needed to establish the overall population size and trends, to elucidate details of the habitats and ecology, and to identify any current or likely threats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,apicata,,Andrena apicata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries and as most of the published records are old and come from disparate sources.",Unknown,"Andrena apicata is distributed from Europe and the Caucasus region to Asia Minor and Central Asia (Kazakhstan) (Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. Most of the published records exceed 20 years in age.,"Andrena apicata prefers humid biotopes such as river valleys, forest glades and edges, road sides or orchards. This spring species flies from March to May on Asteraceae (Taraxacum officinale, Tussilago farfara), Salicaceae (Salix) and Rosaceae (Cerasus, Prunus). It is recognized as an effective pollinator of fruit trees (such as cherry trees) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. apicata may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat by intensive forestry, changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following seven European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Data Deficient; Westrich et al. 2008), Ireland (Data Deficient; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006), Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Norway (Critically Endangered; Kålås et al. 2010) and Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010). There are no conservation actions in place for this species.  It occurs in protected areas such as Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998).Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,apiformis,,Andrena apiformis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient because this species is recorded in only a few localities in Europe and very little is known about the population size and trends, habitat and ecological requirements and any existing threats.",Unknown,"Andrena apiformis is distributed from continental Europe eastwards to Asia Minor. In Europe, the species is known from a few countries: Croatia (Kriechbaumer 1873, Friese 1887, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Ascher and Pickering 2013), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Warncke 1966, Ascher and Pickering 2013), Slovenia, Macedonia (Warncke 1973, Ascher and Pickering 2013), and the Greek mainland (Friese 1893, Stoeckhert 1930, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Ascher and Pickering 2013). In Asia the species is recorded from Turkey (Warncke 1974b, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Ascher and Pickering 2013).","This species is very rare, with a scattered distribution. The actual population trend is unknown.","The species is found on xeric habitats including grasslands and dwarf shrub communities. In Turkey, the species flies from mid-April to the end of May (Warncke 1974b). There is a scarcity of data available on the ecology of this species.",The specific threats to this species are unknown.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and it is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Additional studies are required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, general aspects of ecology and to identify any existing threats. The presence of this species in protected areas is not documented.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Patiny, S., Radchenko, V., Roberts, S. & Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,argentata,,Andrena argentata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge of population size, trends and specific threats. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, since most of the published records are old and from disparate sources and as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena argentata is distributed from Europe to the Caucasus region, Asia Minor, Central Asia (Kazakhstan) and the Russian Far East (Altay, Transbaikalian region, Primorsky Kray) (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. Most of the published records exceed 20 years in age.,"Andrena argentata occurs in humid biotopes such as forest edges, glades and roadsides, both in plains and mountains. The species is bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year, flying from July to September. It is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, including Asteraceae (Achillea millefolium, Crepis paludosa, Taraxacum officinale, Tussilago farfara, Hieracium, Cirsium, Eryngium campestre), Ericaceae (Calluna vulgaria), Onagraceae (Epilobium angustifolium), Alismataceae (Sagittaria sagitifolia) Brassicaceae (Brassica), Dipsacaceae (Succisa pratensis), Rosaceae (Sorbus, Crataegus, Potentilla verna, Prunus), Salicaceae (Salix), Ranunculaceae (Ranunculus) and Apiaceae (Heracleum, Selinum carvifolia, Sicum latifolium). The species nests in sandy soils in small aggregations (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. argentata may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through intensive forestry, changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following seven European countries: Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008), Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010), Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010) and Slovenia (Regionally Extinct; Anonymous 2002). There are no conservation actions in place for this species.  It occurs in protected areas such as Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,asperrima,,Andrena asperrima,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, and presumed large population. Although the overall trend is not clear, it is thought that even if it is one of general decline, this would still be insufficiently severe to place this in a threatened category at the continental scale.",Unknown,"Andrena asperrima is found across Iberia, southern France and the Maghreb (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","There is no specific information available on the overall population size or trends of A. asperrima. However, there are plenty of records of this species from across its European range, where it seems to be fairly common (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","The species is typically associated with waste places, field margins and ruderal roadsides in the Mediterranean climate zone, and also in degraded shrublands. The species is presumed to be polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of different plant species for pollen, including Apiaceae and Brassicaceae families, for which it has an obvious preference (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). It has also been recorded at flowers of Sedum cf. sediforme (Crassulaceae) (D. Genoud pers. comm. 2013), Sinapis arvensis, Salix, Pirus, Diplotaxis, Prunus dulcis, Reseda, Matthiola cf. maroccana and Cynoglossum (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","There is no specific information available of the specific threats to this species. However, given the importance of sites either at, or near the coast, habitats are likely to be under pressure from urban development and tourist infrastructure expansion. As it is often associated with flowers of ruderal sites, herbicide application could have a negative impact on the provision of forage. In common with other species associated with phryganic habitats, it may be susceptible to overgrazing and an increase in the incidence of fires.","The species is not listed on any national Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the bee occurs in any protected areas, although it is very likely to given the Iberian distribution. Research is needed to establish the overall population size and trends, to elucidate details of the habitats and ecology, and to identify any current or likely threats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,asperula,,Andrena asperula,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"The species is found in Ukraine, (the Donetsk, Lugansk region and Crimean regions), and European Russia (Osytshnjuk 1977, Radchenko 1982, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). Outside of Europe, the species is found in Azerbaijan, Asian Russia, and western Siberia (Maharramov 2009, Krainov 2013).The area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km2.",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"This species preferably inhabits humid biotopes such as forest edges, rivers valleys, meadows and virgin soil hills within the Ukraine and European Russia. The females collect pollen from flowers of the Ranunculaceae (Adonis spp., Ranunculus ficaria), Rosaceae (Potentilla humifusa), Asteraceae (Taraxacum officinale), Liliaceae (Tulipa ophiophilla), Lamiaccae (Glechoma hederacea) and Brassicaceae (Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). The flight period is from mid-April to May.   In Azerbaijan this species collects pollen also from the Fabaceae family (Ononis spinosa ssp. antiquorum) and in the mountains, it is found at altitudes up to 800 m (Maharramov 2009).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books, although it has been included in the Red List of the Donetsk region of Ukraine (Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources of Ukraine 2012). Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends,and threats to the species. The species occurs within the Ukrainian Steppe Nature Reserve and the Streletskaya steppe Natural Reserve (Osytshnyuk 1977).",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,"Radchenko, V. & Kemp, J.R.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,assimilis,,Andrena assimilis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the lack of information about population size, trends and specific threats as a result of its unclear taxonomic status. Further research is needed in order to establish the status of this species throughout its range, based on new updated data.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena assimilis assimilis is distributed through the Caucasus region (where it was described from), through Greece, Macedonia, Serbia (Móczár and Warncke 1972) and Bulgaria (Warncke 1973). Elsewhere, it is found on Turkey, Kazahstan (Shebl and Tadauchi 2011) and Kirgistan (E. Scheuchl pers. obs. 2014).On the other hand, A. assimilis barnei appears in north Africa (Morocco) (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Osythsnjuk et al. 2008, B. Tomozii pers. comm. 2014).","Populations are presumably small, but there is no information available on the population trend, as most of the published records are more than 20 years in age.","Due to the issues regarding the taxonomy, it is unknown if the habitat and ecology information found in the literature is addressed to Andrena assimilis or Andrena gallica.  In eastern Turkey, Andrena assimilis flies from mid April to the end of May (Warncke 1974b).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Despite its general scarcity, there are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,astica,,Andrena astica,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its presumed large populations, albeit within a restricted geographical area. Although the overall trend is not clear, it is thought that even if it is one of general decline, this would still be insufficiently severe to place the species in a threatened category at the continental scale.",Unknown,"This species is distributed through the eastern Mediterranean. In Europe, it is restricted to the islands of Crete and Cyprus. Elsewhere, it is known from Anatolia, the Caucasus region and the Levant (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","No details are available on the overall population size or trends of Andrena astica. However, there are plenty of records of this species from both Cyprus and Crete, which indicates that it may be fairly common in there (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","There are few details of habitats or ecology in Crete and Cyprus. However, it is likely to be found in phryganic Mediterranean shrub communities (as it is in Israel), and it is a specialist forager on Asteraceae flowers, including records from Israel such as Cichorium pumilum as a forage plant and Leontodon tuberosus (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). The flight period is in the spring, and the bee is on the wing in March April and May (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).","Details of the specific threats to the species are unknown, but as it is dependent on Asteraceae flowers, which often grow in ruderal situations, herbicide application could have a negative impact on the provision of forage. Much like other species associated with phryganic habitats, it may be susceptible to overgrazing and to an increase in the incidence of fires.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas but, given its widespread distribution in both Crete and Cyprus, it is very likely. Further research is needed to establish full details of population size and trends, to determine and identify any specific threats and to establish further details of the ecology and life history.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,astrella,,Andrena astrella,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Andrena astrella is an Iberian endemic species, whose distribution is restricted to Spain and Portugal (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002)","There are no details available on the overall population size or trends of this species. However, there are plenty of records of this species from Iberia, implying that it may be common there (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).",There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known whether the species is found in any protected areas but, given its widespread distribution in Portugal and Spain, this seems very possible.Further research is needed to establish full details of population size and trends, to determine and identify any specific threats and to establish further details of the ecology and life history of the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,athenensis,,Andrena athenensis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least concern in view of its wide distribution and overall large population which does not seem to be in decline. However further studies are needed to identify the main threats affecting the species.,Unknown,"Andrena athenensis is distributed from eastern and south-eastern Europe, to the Caucasus region and Asia Minor. In Europe this species it is recorded from: Macedonia (Warncke 1973, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), Romania (Warncke 1965a, Tomozii 2010, Ascher and Pickering 2013), Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Ascher and Pickering 2013), south-European Russia, and the Greek mainland (Warncke 1965a, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Ascher and Pickering 2013). In the Caucasus region it is recorded from Azerbaijan (Osytshnjuk 1977) and Armenia (Warncke 1966b). In Asia, the species is known from Turkey (Warncke 1974b, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Ascher and Pickering 2013).","Presumably the populations are small, but there are no precise studies available regarding the population size and trend, so further research is necessary on these issues. There is no evidence of decline from any part of the known range.","This species was found on roadsides, fallow lands, and shores of rivers (Nipru river, Ukraine). It prefers xeric habitats from open steppes and coastal areas of Black Sea and Azov Sea to mountainous region of Caucasus (Talysh Mt.) and semi-arid region of central Anatolia (Konya basin). The flight period is between mid April (in Greece) to the end of June. The females are presumably oligolectic, in that they collect pollen from only a small number of flowering species on Brassicaeae (Erucastrum armoracioides, Sysimbrium loeselii, Sinapis arvensis), but also have been found visiting flowers of  Euphorbia sp. Males have been found on flowers of Veronica sp., Euphorbia sp.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and it is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Additional studies are required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, general aspects of ecology and to identify any existing specific threats. This species was found in the protected area, Khomutovskaya Steppe National Reserve, in the Donetsk region of Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Patiny, S., Radchenko, V., Roberts, S. & Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,atrata,,Andrena atrata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the lack of information available on population size, trends and specific threats. Further research is needed in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range based on new updated data.",Unknown,"Andrena atrata is distributed through south and eastern Europe. Elsewhere, it is found in north Caucasus and Central Asia (Uzbekistan and western Kazakhstan) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","Populations are presumed to be small, but there is no information available on the trend of the species since most of the published records exceed 20 years in age.","Andrena atrata occurs in various habitats, including roadsides, fallow and virgin lands, steppes and forest steppes, grasslands and coastal areas. The species has two generations flying from May to the beginning of August. Females prefer pollen from Brassicaceae (Brassica napus, Sinapis arvensis, Sysimbrium loeselii, S. polymorphum, S. orientale Barbarea vulgaris, Berteroa incana, Cardaria draba, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Nasturtium, Rapistrum perennis), but they were also found on Apiaceae (Daucus) and Asteraceae (Carduus acanthoides) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. atrata may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through intensive forestry, changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,atrotegularis,,Andrena atrotegularis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient because this species has only been recorded from a few localities in Europe and very little is known about the population size, trend, habitat, ecological requirements and the existing threats.",Unknown,"Andrena atrotegularis is distributed from south-eastern Europe to the Caucasus region and south-western Asia. In Europe, the species is recorded from Macedonia (Friese 1923, Warncke 1965a, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), the Greek mainland and Peloponnese Peninsula (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), Romania (Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980), Hungary (Moczar and Warncke 1972), Serbia (Moczar and Warncke 1972) and the Czech Republic (Friese 1923).The species is also recorded from the Caucasus region in Armenia and Azerbaijan (Warncke 1966b) and in Asia, this species is recorded from Turkey (Alfken 1935; Warncke 1965b, 1974b; Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002; Ascher and Pickering 2013) and Syria (Warncke 1967).","It is a very rare species in Europe and presumably the population is quite small, but there are no precise details regarding the size and current trends.",There is a scarcity of data available regarding the habitat preferences and general ecology of this species. Presumably this species prefers xeric grassland habitats and it flies from June to July.,The threats to this species are not known.,This species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. The species has been recorded in the National Red List of Hungary (Extinct; Józan 2011). Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats. The presence of this species in protected areas is not documented.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Patiny, S., Radchenko, V., Roberts, S. & Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,avara,,Andrena avara,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the current status of this species.",Unknown,"Andrena avara is found across the western Mediterranean. It is known from Iberia, southern France and (possibly) Sicily. Outside of Europe, it is found in North Africa in Morocco, Tunisia, western Libya (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013) and in Israel (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).",There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.,"There are few details of the species' habitat requirements or ecology. It is, however, known to be a univoltine species, flying as a single brood from March to June, and occasionally into July (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research is needed to establish full details of population size and trends, to determine and identify any specific threats and to establish further details of the ecology and life history.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,barbareae,,Andrena barbareae,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient since it has only recently been recognized as a distinct species, and there is still very little information on its distribution, population size and trend and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"This taxon is believed to be endemic to upland regions of south-central Europe. In Austria the species was found at altitudes up to 1,400 m in Heiligenblut, Kleine Fleiß in the Hohe Tauern National park (Ebmer 2003); in Greece up to 1,550 m in Nomos Imathia, Mt. Vermion (Ebmer 2003); and in France the species was collected in Parc National du Mercantour at 1,700 m altitude (Schmid-Egger 2011). In Switzerland the species was found in Graubünden Swiss National Park at 1,200 -1,500 m (Beaumont 1958). In Italy the species was collected from southern part of the Ötztal Alps (Ebmer 2003) and from Parco delle Alpi Marittime at 1,700 m (Schmid-Egger 2011). It also found at lower altitudes as far north as Belgium, the Baltic area (Alfken 1912a), Poland (Alfken 1912b, Möschler 1938) and northern Germany (Alfken 1913, Wagner 1914).   Zilahi-Kiss (1915) describes this species from Mons Czibles-Transsylvania (Romania) at 1,200 m as Andrena cziblesana.","Generally a very rare species, but details of population size and trends not known.","This species is known from a range of temperate grasslands. It is considered a polylectic species, in that takes pollen from a wide variety of plants (Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997). The species has two generations, in the south Alps it flies from April to May and from July to August. The same months were also recorded from the Czech Republic and Slovakia (Kocourek 1966). No other ecological information is known about this species.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not the subject of any targeted conservation action.Further research is needed into the taxonomy, distribution, population size and trends. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded but is valued as a pollinator of plants.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Patiny, S., Radchenko, V., Roberts, S. & Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,barbilabris,,Andrena barbilabris,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species throughout its range, based on new updated data, since it is considered threatened in several European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena barbilabris is a Holarctic species. In the Palearctic region, it is distributed through Europe, Asia Minor, west and eastern Siberia, the Russian Far East (Yakutia and Primorje Kraj) and Japan (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","Populations are presumed to be large, but there is no information available on the trend of this species since most of the published records exceed 20 years in age.","Andrena barbilabris occurs mainly in humid areas, including river valleys, meadows, forest edges and orchards. It nests in sandy soils forming aggregations, preferring sandy banks or rivers and lakes (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). The species flies from April to August on a variety of flowering plants, including Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Salicaceae (Salix), Ranunculaceae (Ficaria verna), Rosaceae (Potentilla verna, Crataegus oxyachanta, Spirea, Sorbus, Rosa canina, Rubus, Pyrus), Rhamnaceae (Rhamnus cathartica, R. frangula), Caryophyllaceae (Stellaria media), Grossulariaceae (Ribes grossularia), Berberidaceae (Berberis), Lamiaceae (Salvia pratensis), Fabaceae (Lotus corniculatus) and Ericaceae (Erica). In Ukraine, the species is known to be a pollinator of fruit trees, such as the cherry tree.","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. barbilabris may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through intensive forestry, changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2008), Ireland (Near Threatened; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006) and Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002). Due to its wide distribution, it occurs in protected areas such as Duna Drava Natonal Park in Hungary (Jozan 1998).There are no conservation actions in place for this species. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,batava,,Andrena batava,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Global and regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the lack of information on the habitats, population size, trends and specific threats and its uncertain taxonomic status. Further research is needed in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on updated data recorded from field work.",Unknown,Andrena batava it is distributed through central and northern Europe (Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997).,There is no information available on the population size and trends of this species.,"The species is known to be oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, on Salix species. Females fly from the end of March to mid April (Schmid-Egger and ScheuchI 1997). There is no information available on the habitat preferences of this species.","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. batava may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine its taxonomic status, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Nieto, A. & Scheuchl, E.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,bayona,,Andrena bayona,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitat, ecology, or threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is an Iberian endemic, restricted to mainland Spain and Portugal (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013).","There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species. However, the species has a widespread distribution throughout Spain and Portugal.",There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas but, given its widespread distribution in both Portugal and Spain, it is very likely. Further research is needed to establish full details of population size and trends, to determine and identify any specific threats and to establish further details of the ecology and life history.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,bellidis,,Andrena bellidis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no recent information available on the population size and trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. The latest finding of this species dates back to the 1970's. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in the central and southern parts of the Iberian Peninsula and is also found in the western part of north Africa (Warncke 1967a, 1976, 1980, Ceballos et al. 1956, Ortiz-Sánchez 2011).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 348,780 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 88 km2.",The current status of Andrena bellidis populations have not been investigated. The latest find of this species dates back to the 1970's. The population trend is unknown.,"The females of the species fly from early April until late May (and middle June in Algeria), and the males fly from the beginning of March, occasionally much earlier, until May with a few specimens caught in October and November (Warncke 1976). Therefore, this species probably has two generations per year. The data on its general habitat is absent from the literature, although as it is predominantly found in Spain and Portugal we can suspect it inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland. In Algeria the females collect pollen from Anacyclus clavatus (Asteraceae) (Saunders 1908).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,biarmica,,Andrena biarmica,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is very little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. The latest data on this species dates back to the 1970's. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is distributed from the eastern part of Aegean Sea on the islands Lesbos, Samos, and Rhodes. It is also found in the central, southern and eastern parts of inland Turkey (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Grace 2010).",The current status of Andrena biarmica populations are not investigated. The latest data on this species dates back to the 1970's. The population trend is unknown.,"The data on the species' habitat is absent in the literature however it can be suspected to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland. It is a spring species that has a flight period from the end of April until early June (Warncke 1974b, 1975). Warncke (1974b) recognizes two generations in Turkey: the first generation occurs in April; and the second appears at the end of May to beginning of June. However data from the Aegean shows that the first generation appears at mid or end of March (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,bicolor,,Andrena bicolor,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the populations are presumed to be large. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and specific threats to the species.",Unknown,"Andrena bicolor is widely distributed from Europe to the Caucasus region, southwestern Asia (Turkey, Iran, Israel), Central Asia (north Kazakhstan) and China (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","Although populations are presumed to be large, there is no information available on the trend of this species since most of the published records exceed 20 years in age.","Andrena bicolor occurs in a variety of humid and dry habitats including open woodlands, calcareous grasslands and orchards up to 1,800 m asl in the Alps (Osytshnjuk 1977, Else 2006). The species flies in two generations from the end of March to August on Salicaceae (Salix), Asteraceae (Tussilago farfara, Petasites, Taraxacum officinale, Leontodon autumnalis, L. hispidus, Tragopogon), Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbia), Iridaceae (Crocus scepusiensis), Boraginaceae (Pulmonaria), Liliaceae (Gagea lutea), Ranunculaceae (Ficaria verna), Rosaceae (Potentilla verna,  P. humifisa, Rubus, Prunus, Cerasus), Primulaceae (Primula elatior), Brassicaceae (Cardamine, Capsella bursa pastoris, Sinapis arvensis, Dentaria glandulosa, Calepina irregularis), Cistaceae (Helianthemum), Ericaceae (Vaccinium myrtillus), Asparagaceae (Scilla), Campanulaceae (Campanula, Jasione montana), Brassicaceae (Berteroa incana, Ballota nigra, Arabis), Lamiaceae (Thymus), Boraginaceae (Echium vulgare), Rosaceae (Rubus), Convolvulaceae (Convolvulus arvensis), Resedaceae (Reseda lutea) and Malvaceae (Malva). In Ukraine, the species is considered one of the main pollinators of cherry trees (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. bicolor may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through intensive forestry, changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is not included in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books of any European countries. Its wide distribution overlaps with protected areas, such as Piatra Craiului National Park, Romania (Tomozei 2004) and Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998). There are no conservation actions in place for this species.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,bicolorata,,Andrena bicolorata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and because the species seems plentiful in suitable habitats. It is presumed that the overall populations are large and the presumed threats are not causing significant declines.,Unknown,"Andrena bicolorata is found widely across the Mediterranean basin, from Iberia eastwards to southern Anatolia, and it is also present on many of the larger islands. In north Africa it is found in the Mediterranean climatic zone of the Maghreb (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia) and an outlying subpopulation is present in the Jbel Akhdar region of eastern Libya (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","There is no detailed information about overall population size or trends for this species. However, regarding the information from specimen labels, the species seems plentiful in suitable habitats in at least some parts of its range (S. Roberts pers. obs. 1991, 2003).","Specific habitat details are unknown for this species. However, it is recorded from flowery disturbed areas with ruderal herbs at the back of sand dunes (Crete), in floristically diverse lightly grazed fields (Libya) and Mediterranean shrublands (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013). The species flies in the spring as a single brood, and is on the wing from February to May. Andrena bicolorata is oligolectic, foraging on various plants of the Brassicaceae family. In France, D. Genoud (pers. comm. 2013) reports that males will collect nectar from Diplotaxis erucoides (Brassicaceae), while E. Scheuchl (pers. comm. 2014) notes pollen collecting from Sinapis arvensis (Algeria), Diplotaxis species (Morocco), Cardamine pratensis (France) and nectar gathering by a male at flowers of Crataegus monogyna.","Details of specific threats to the species are unknown. However, given that it is found in sandy coastal areas (e.g., in northern Crete) and on the margins of Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it could be negatively impacted by the development of tourist infrastructure, inappropriate grazing regimes and from an increased incidence of fires.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known either if Andrena bicolorata is found in protected areas, although it is likely.Further research is needed to establish full details of population size and trends, to determine and identify any specific threats and to establish further details of the ecology and life history of this species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,bimaculata,,Andrena bimaculata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena bimaculata is widely distributed from Europe to the Caucasus region, north Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia) and southwestern Asia (Turkey, Israel, Jordan, Iran, Iraq) eastwards to Mongolia (Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","Although the species is widespread, it is generally scarce and very local (Falk 1991). Populations are presumed to be large, but there is no information available on the trend of this species, since most of the published records exceed 20 years in age.","Andrena bimaculata is present through a variety of humid habitats including mesophilous grasslands, crop borders and orchards. The species flies in two generations: the first one from end of March to May on Salicaceae (Salix) and the second one in July and August on Brassicaceae (Sinapis, Brassica napus, Sisymbrium), Resedaceae (Reseda lutea), Rosaceae (Rosa), Rhamnaceae (Rhamnus) and Asteraceae (Succisa pratensis). It is considered a pollinator of orchards and it nests solitary in sandy soils (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. bimaculata may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through intensive forestry, changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following six European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2008), Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Sweden (Vulnerable; Gärdenfors 2010) and Slovenia (Endagered; Anonymous 2002). There are no conservation actions in place for this species.It occurs in protected areas such as Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998).   Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,binominata,,Andrena binominata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, and presumed large population. Although the overall trends are not clear, it is thought that even if the trend is one of general decline, this would still be insufficiently severe to place this in a threatened category at the continental scale.",Unknown,"Andrena binominata is found across the western Mediterranean region. It is known from Spain (including the Balearic Islands), southern France, mainland Italy, Sicily and Malta. In north Africa, it is restricted to the Maghreb (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013).",There are no details of either the overall population size or any population trends.,"The species is found through ruderal lands, banks, vineyards and urban waste ground, and it is always associated with Diplotaxis erucoides (Brassicaceae). It is a bivoltine species, in that it has two generations per year: the first brood emerges in late January or early February and flies until April or May, and the second brood emerges in June (D. Genoud pers. comm. 2013). In Spain, the first generation has been reported to fly from mid March to mid April, while the second generation flies from August to the beginning of October (Warncke 1976).","The specific threats to the species are unknown, but as it is dependent on Diplotaxis erucoides (Brassicaceae) flowers, which often grow in ruderal situations, herbicide application in agricultural areas could have a negative impact on forage provision. A favoured foraging site in towns and cities for this species is urban waste ground, which is subject to housing and industrial infrastructure development.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. Likewise, it is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research is needed to establish full details of population size and trends, to determine and identify any specific threats and to establish further details of the ecology and life history.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,bisulcata,,Andrena bisulcata,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and overall large population although it is declining in the marginal edges of its distribution. The status of the species has to be monitored closely.,Unknown,"Andrena bisulcata is widely distributed in southern and central Europe from Italy (Warncke 1967, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002) to eastern Europe, including Austria (Pittioni and Schmidt 1943, Gusenleitner 1984, Schwarz et al. 1996, Pachinger 2003, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), Hungary (Friese 1887, Warncke 1967, Moczar and Warncke 1972, Józan 2011), Czech Republic, Slovakia (Kocourek 1966), Albania, southern Serbia (Warncke 1973), Greece (Warncke 1965a, 1966a, 1973), Bulgaria (Warncke 1973, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), Romania (Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980, Moczar and Warncke 1972), Poland (this species is indicated for Poland in different databases, without precise locality (Ascher 2013), but in various publications on the fauna of Poland this species is not specified), Moldova, southern Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977), and Macedonia (Warncke 1973).Outside of Europe it is found eastwards from southern Ural (Lykov 2004), Caucasus (Warncke 1966b, Skhirtladze 2002), Turkey (Warncke 1965b) to Israel (Alfken 1935, Warncke 1969).","This species, throughout its entire area, is very rare. There is little information available on the current population trend and status of this species for most countries in Europe, but declines are noted from the margins of its known range (e.g., of the Czech  Republic, where this species is Regionally Extinct (Farkac et al. 2005)). In Ukraine, it occurs very rarely and in the last 40 years there were only two females collected in Crimea in 2004 (M. Filatov pers. comm. 2013). Recent findings also show that only three females were found in Austria in 2001 (Pachinger 2003), and one female was found in Romania in 2005 (B. Tomozii pers. comm. 2013). From other countries in which this species was previously recorded, there are no data from the last 15-20 years.","Andrena bisulcata occurs mainly in xeric biotopes (a thermophilic steppe species) on dry slopes and fallow lands, and in mountainous regions of Asia (Talysh in Azerbaijan) it has been recorded at an altitude of 1,600 m.A.bisculcata is a bivoltine species (it has two generations per year) whereby the females of the first generation fly from mid-April to May and usually visit flowers of the Brassicaceae family (Barbarea vulgaris). Females of the second generation fly from June to August and collect pollen from Apiaceae spp. (Pimpinella peregrina, Anethum graveolens, Daucus carota). They nest in the soil of xeric areas.","One of the main threats affecting Andrena bisulcata is the reduction of suitable habitats, i.e., plots of virgin land on which the flowering plants have not been mowed. A. bisulcata is able to settle on the fields of entomophilous crops and due to chemical treatments of the plants this can cause death of individuals. Also tillage (ploughing, cultivation, etc.) of the fields can destroy the nests and offspring.","Andrena bisulcata is listed in the Red List of the Czech Republic as Regionally Extinct (Farkac et al. 2005). The species occurs in protected areas and has been recorded from the Nature Reserve Hundsheimer Berge in Austria, as well as the Danube Biosphere Reserve in Ukraine.For the conservation of this species it is necessary to create additional protected areas. Further research should be conducted to establish the population size and trends of this species and if the two generations constitute a single species or two species.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of different plants.","Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Patiny, S., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,blanda,,Andrena blanda,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Andrena blanda is found across the western Mediterranean region, and in Europe, it is restricted to mainland Spain. It is also known from north Africa, where it is found across the Maghreb (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013).",There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.,"There are no details available of either its habitat requirements or ecology. However, in Spain it seems to fly from March to June and it is probably oligolectic on Reseda species (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. Likewise, it is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research is needed to establish full details of population size and trends, to determine and identify any specific threats and to establish further details of the ecology and life history.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,boyerella,,Andrena boyerella,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, and presumed large population. Although the overall trend is not clear, it is thought that even if it is one of general decline, this would still be insufficiently severe to place this in a threatened category at the continental scale.",Unknown,"Andrena boyerella (sensu Warncke 1967) is known from the western Mediterranean region. It is widespread in Spain, Portugal and southern France. There are also records from southern Italy and Sicily. In North Africa, the species is found across the Mediterranean zone in the Maghreb (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","There are no details of either the overall population size or any population trends. However, the species is widespread but localised in the Mediterranean zone and on the coast of Biscay in France. Therefore the subpopulations, even though they are dispersed, they are probably quite large overall (D. Genoud pers. comm. 2013).","Andrena boyerella inhabits a range of thermophilous and dry habitats such as meadows, lawns, track and roadside verges. These habitats support populations of Leucanthemum, Anthemis and Chamomilla, from the Asteraceae family. This species is a specialist forager on this family, as the rest of the species belonging to the sub-genus Chlorandrena.","Specific threats to the species are unknown. However, as it is dependent on Asteraceae flowers, which often grow in ruderal situations, herbicide application could have a negative impact on the provision of forage.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. Likewise, it is not known if it is found in any protected areas, although given its wide distribution, it seems likely. Further research is needed to establish the true taxonomic status of the species, full details of population size and trends, to determine and identify any specific threats and to establish further details of the ecology and life history.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,braunsiana,,Andrena braunsiana,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on the population size and trend and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.,Unknown,"Andrena braunsiana is distributed from central Europe eastwards to the Caucasus region and Asia Minor.  In Europe, the species is recorded from Austria (Warncke 1967, Schwarz and Gusenleitner 1997), Romania (V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2013), Ukraine main part and Crimea (Osytshnjuk 1977), Slovakia (Kocourek 1966), Hungary (Friese 1887, Mocsary 1900, Moczar and Warncke 1972, Jozan 1996), Poland (Stöckhert 1933), European Russia (Pesenko 1974, Kuznetsova 1990), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Ascher and Pickering 2013), Moldova (Andreyev et al. 1986) and Bulgaria (Pittioni 1939, 1941; J.A Kalas pers. comm. 2004).  Outside of Europe, the species occurs in the Caucasus countries such as Azerbaijan (Warncke 1975) and Georgia (Skhirtladze 2002).  In Asia, the species is recorded from south-central Turkey (Warncke 1974b).","The species is rare throughout its range but the size and trend of its population remain largely unknown. However, there are no known modern records from Hungary (V. Radchenko pers. obs. 2013).","This species is found on road sides, steppe habitats up to the mountainous regions. This species is polylectic, in that it takes pollen from a wide variety of plants, and the females forage on flowers of Taraxacum officinale, Lepidium draba, Ranunculus repens, Veronica austriaca, Veronica chamedrys, Sisymbrium altissimum, Linum austriacum, Linum perenne. The species flies from end of May to end of July (Osytschnuk 1977).","The species is rare and, presumably, it is likely to be threatened by the loss of habitat and habitat modification in steppe area through the increase of shrubs and trees caused by the increased rainfall due to climate change (V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2013).","This species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and it is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Additional studies are required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, general aspects of ecology and to identify the existing specific threats. This species was found in protected areas from Russia (Morozova Gora sector of Nature Reserve “Galich’ya Gora”) and Ukraine (Natural Reserve Khomutovsky Steppe).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V., Roberts, S. & Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,breviscopa,,Andrena breviscopa,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is restricted to Spain. Outside Europe, the species is found in Morocco and Algeria (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013).",There are no details on either the overall population size or any population trends.,"There are no details available on either its habitat requirements or ecology. However, females have been recorded visiting flowers of Erysimum popovi in Spain (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. Likewise, it is not known if the species is found in any protected areas, although the distribution map shows that the species is very likely to be present in the Parque Nacional Coto de Doñana, Andalucía (Spain).Further research is needed to establish full details of population size and trends, to determine and identify any specific threats and to establish further details of the ecology and life history.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,brumanensis,,Andrena brumanensis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the populations are quite common. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.",Unknown,"Andrena brumanensis is found across the central and eastern Mediterranean area, with populations ranging from southern France and Corsica, eastwards across the Balkans to Crete and Cyprus. It is also known from Anatolia and the Levant (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","There are no details on either the overall population size or any population trends. However, field work conducted in Attiki (Petanidou 1994) and in Lesvos (Nielsen et al. 2011) reveals the species to be plentiful in these places.","A. brumanensis is widely associated with Mediterranean phryganic shrublands, and is also found in open, hillside Quercus macrolepis woodland. The species is univoltine, flying as a single brood from March to May. It is presumed to be a polylectic species, since it is known to forage at a range of plants in the families Asteraceae, Rubiaceae, Fabaceae, Apiuaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae (S. Roberts pers. obs. 2001).","The specific threats to this species are not known. However, in common with other species associated with phryganic habitats, it may be susceptible to overgrazing and an increase in the incidence of fires.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. Likewise, it is not known if the species is found in any protected areas, although given its wide distribution, it is very likely. Further research is needed to establish full details of population size and trends, to determine and identify any specific threats and to establish further details of the ecology and life history.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,bucephala,,Andrena bucephala,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge of actual population size and trends. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on new updated data recorded from field work.",Unknown,"This European species is distributed through southern England, northern Spain, Italy and central Europe eastwards to Romania, Bulgaria and Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","Although populations are presumed to be small, there is no information available on the size and trends of this species.","Andrena bucephala is found through open deciduous woodland, pastures, calcareous grasslands, parklands, disused gravel pits and gardens (Else 2009). The species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, and females collect pollen from trees and shrubs of Rosaceae (Crataegus, Cerasus), Rhamnaceae (Rhamnus), Salicaceae (Salix) and Aceraceae (Acer). It nests in the soil solitary or in small aggregations (Osysthnjuk et al. 2008).","The species is affected by habitat loss as a result of an intensification of development, agriculture and forestry, and the stabilization of coastal landslips (Falk 1991). The decline in traditional land use has led to scrub encroachment and the loss of nesting and foraging sites. Whilst this species almost certainly requires spring flowering shrubs and trees for foraging, it also needs warm and sunny situations, which favour nesting. In woodlands, the shading out of rides and clearings is likely to prove deleterious. The communal nesting habits and much localized occurrence of A. bucephala at a site make it very easy to wipe out an entire population through indiscriminate disturbance.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008) and Great Britain (Rare; Shirt 1987). It occurs in protected areas, such as Duna Drava National Park in Hungary (Jozan 1998).  Several management actions are proposed by Falk (1991). These include the maintenance of bare or sparsely vegetated soil, or short cropped vegetation, in warm sunny situations to favour nesting, where south facing banks and slopes may prove especially important. A reasonable amount of spring flowering shrubs and trees needs to be ensured, as well as the prevention of shrubs or coarse vegetation encroachment onto open habitats, by continuing any established management (e.g., grazing, cutting), or disturbance that contributes to the overall character and stability of the site. In woodlands, shading out of sunny rides and clearings should be prevented, maintaining the presence of sunny slopes or banks and spring flowering shrubs and trees. Further research is needed in order to determine the population size and trends of the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,bulgariensis,,Andrena bulgariensis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient because the species is known only from a few localities and there is no information available regarding the population size, trends, ecology and the threats affecting it.",Unknown,"Andrena bulgariensis is distributed from eastern Europe eastwards to the Caucasus region (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).  In Europe, the species is known from Ukraine, Crimea Peninsula (Warncke 1965a, Osytshnjuk 1977), Romania (Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980), Moldova (Osytshnjuk et al. 2005, Andreev et al. 2012) and Bulgaria (Warncke 1965a).",There is no information available on the current population trend and status of this species. Only a few specimens of this species have been found in the recorded localities.,"This species is found from steppe areas to mountainous regions up to 1,730 m altitude. The species flies from April to May. The females are known to visit flowers of Lonicera sp. (Caprifoliaceae).",The threats to this species are unknown.,This species is known only from a few specimens. Further research is required to clarify the status of this species throughout its range and to identify any potential threats affecting this species. This species is included in documentation from the Biotica Ecological Society regarding protection of the species in the Republic of Moldova - it appears that this species is considered Vulnerable (Andreev et al. 2012).,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V., Roberts, S. & Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,caneae,,Andrena caneae,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its presumed large population. Although the overall trend is not clear, it is thought that even if it is one of general decline, this would still be insufficiently severe to place this species in a threatened category at the continental scale.",Unknown,"Andrena caneae is found through the eastern Mediterranean, with European populations in mainland Greece, Crete, the Peloponnese (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014) and Cyprus. Outside Europe, it is known from Anatolia and the Levant (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002) and the western part of Turkey (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","There are no details of either the overall population size or any population trends. However, subpopulations are presumed to be large.","The species is found in Mediterranean phryganic shrublands and flies as a single generation from March to May. It is believed to be a polylectic species and flower visitation has been reported from various species in the families Geraniaceae, Brassicaceae, Asteraceae and Papaveraceae (Petanidou 1994), while in Turkey it has been recorded predominantly on Erodium, and sometimes on Salix species (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, in common with other species associated with phryganic habitats, it may be susceptible to overgrazing and an increase in the incidence of fires.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. Likewise, it is not known if the species is found in any protected areas, although given its distribution in Crete, Greece and Cyprus, it is very likely. Further research is needed to establish full details of population size and trends, to determine and identify any specific threats and to establish further details of the ecology and life history.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,caneibia,,Andrena caneibia,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is very little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Andrena caneibia is known only from the island of Crete (Greece) and the Asian part of Turkey. Warncke (1966a) suggested that this species might also be found in Bosnia, Montenegro, Serbia, Macedonia, Albania and Bulgaria, but it has not been found in these regions as of yet. This assumption seems to be explained by the fact that this species was discovered in the extreme north-west of Turkey (Adapazari), close to the Balkan Peninsula.","The current status of Andrena caneibia populations remain unknown as it has only been found from one locality. The latest this species was found dates back to the 1960's. Afterwards, Warncke (1974b) and Ozbek (1976) considered the species as a junior synonym of Andrena alfkenella. This means that the species may have been under recorded due to being identified as A. alfkenella. The population trend is unknown.","The data on the species' habitat and trophical links are absent from the literature, although it can be suspected that, as it occurs in Crete, it inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland. The species flies from May to mid-July.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,canohirta,,Andrena canohirta,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Andrena canohirta is found across the eastern Mediterranean, with European populations occurring in the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia, mainland Greece (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), and doubtfully from Cyprus (Kuhlmann et al. 2013). Outside Europe, the species is known from Anatolia.",There are no details of either the overall population size or any population trends.,"There is no information available on the ecology and habitats of this species, although it is certainly found in Mediterranean phryganic shrublands. The species has been observed in Turkey exclusively on Erodium species, flying from March to April (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","The specific threats to this species are unknown, but similarly to other species associated with phryganic habitats, it may be susceptible to overgrazing and to the increase in the incidence of fires.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. Likewise, it is not known if the species is found in any protected areas, although given its distribution in Greece it is likely. Further research is needed to establish full details of population size and trends, to determine and identify any specific threats and to establish further details of the ecology and life history.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,cantiaca,,Andrena cantiaca,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Andrena cantiaca has only been found on the island of Lesbos (Grace 2010), Samos, and the Greek mainland (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). Outside of Europe it is widely distributed in Turkey (Warncke 1974b, 1975, Özbek 1976) and also it is found in the northern part of Syria and Iran (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. Two males from the Greek mainland (Paleopanagia/ Lakonia, leg. A.W. Ebmer) and one male from Samos (leg. Ebmer) were found. In Turkey, the species is widespread but rare and local.","The species flies from the end of April (Warncke 1975) until mid-July (Özbek 1976). The species was recorded in Turkey visiting the flowers of Anthemis sp. and other Asteroideae (E.Scheuchl pers. obs. 2005). Most of the related species to Andrena cantiace are oligoleges on Asteroideae. Any further data on the species habitat and ecology is unknown, although as it has been found on Lesvos, it can be assumed to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the wider distribution in Europe, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,capillosa,,Andrena capillosa,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"In Europe, it is known only from two localities in the east European Russian region of Bashkortostan in the village of Novo-Zirgan (Nikiforuk 1957) and also in the Perm region (Lykov 2004).Both, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are 4 km2.",The information on the current status of Andrena capillosa populations in Europe is not available. There are no data on population trends.,"This species occurs in mountainous and pre-mountainous regions, at altitudes of 1,200-1,800 m, on steppe and steppe-like grasslands with shrubs. The females collect pollen from flowers of Salix spp. (Salicaceae), Gagea (Liliaceae), Juniperus (Cupressaceae) (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). In the western Tianshan Mountains, Andrena capillosa is an effective pollinator of Crocus alatavicus (Iridaceae) and lives at altitudes up to 2,100 m (Zhang and Tan 2009) and up to 3,000 m in All-Tan (Kazakhstan) where this species flies until mid-June (Shebl and Tadauchi 2009). Generally the species flies from early March to early May.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, distribution, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A., Scott, J.A. & Scheuchl, E.","Kemp, J.R. & Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,caprimulga,,Andrena caprimulga,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient because the distribution of this species remains unclear, it has only been documented from Crimea in Ukraine and there is no information about the population size, trends and threats affecting the species. It is recommended that thorough surveys should be carried out in the wider area to determine its presence and compile further information to assess the species. It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena caprimulga is only found in Alushta, Crimea in Ukraine (Warncke 1975). Outside of Europe, the species occurs in Turkey.Both, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are 4km2.",There is no information available on the current population trend and status of this species. Only three females and one male of this species have been found in Ukraine and they all belong to the type locality.,"This species is found in open woodlands and flies in the early summer, from June. Its trophic links and nesting behaviour remain unknown.",The threats are unknown due to the fact that the species has been so rarely encountered.,"Since this species has been documented in Europe only in the type locality, in the Crimea in Ukraine, a thorough search in the areas in which the species has been found should be performed. It is important to determine the species' occurrence elsewhere in Europe. Further studies should be conducted to identify the ecology, population size and threats affecting the species. Protected areas should also be created.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of steppe plants.","Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Nieto, A., Michez, D., Patiny, S., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,carantonica,,Andrena carantonica,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the existent problems regarding its taxonomic status and the lack of information on population size, trends and specific threats. Further research is needed in order to establish the actual status of this species based throughout its range based on updated data, and solve its taxonomy issues.",Unknown,"Andrena carantonica is widely distributed from Europe to the Caucasus region northwards to western Siberia (Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","Although populations are presumed to be large, there is no information available on their size and trends.","Andrena carantonica occurs in humid habitats, including gardens, orchards, mesophilous grasslands and forest edges up to 1,000 m asl in the Carpathians and the Alps. The species flies from April to August and it is bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year, in the southern part of its distribution area. It is polylectic, so females prefer to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. In Ukraine, the first generation visits flowers of Crataegus, Prunus spinosa, Pyrus communis and Glechoma hederaceae, while the second generation visits Telycrania sanguinea. In Finland, females were recorded on flowers of 22 plant species. In Poland, the females were recorded on 22 species from 10 plant families. The species is communal, nesting in aggregations in the soil of gardens, forest edges and meadows (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. carantonica may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through intensive forestry, changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but due to its wide distribution it is present in protected areas across Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species and clarify its taxonomic status.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,cervina,,Andrena cervina,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information on population size or trends, habitat, ecology or threats. Further research may show that this species, which is a Cyprus endemic, requires listing as threatened as it has a very small extent of occurrence (EOO) and an even smaller area of occupancy (AOO).",Unknown,"Andrena (Micrandrena) cervina is currently known only from Cyprus, from where it is considered to be an endemic species (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"Andrena (Micrandrena) cervina flies from mid-March to mid-June, and is known from the coastal city of Limassol (Warncke 1974b). There is no further information on the habitats or ecology of this species, although it is almost certainly associated with Mediterranean phryganic shrublands and coastal sandy areas. The details of flower visitation and pollen forage plants are likewise not available.","Andrena (Micrandrena) cervina is only known from a small area, within which it is presumably threatened to some degree by habitat loss resulting from commercial logging operations or from general conversion of land to intensive agricultural use. Considering its restricted range, a severe climate warming could lead to habitat alteration and threaten its distribution.","Andrena cervina is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research is needed to establish full details of population size and trends, to determine any specific threats and to identify further details of habitats and ecology of the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,chaetogastra,,Andrena chaetogastra,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information on population size or trends, habitats and ecology. Further research may show that this species, which is restricted to Cyprus, requires listing as threatened as it has a very small extent of occurrence (EOO) and an even smaller area of occupancy (AOO).",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena (Aenandrena) chaetogastra is only known from Cyprus. Outside of Europe, this species is also known from Israel (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species. In Europe, the species is known from a very small area.","In the Troodos mountain range (Cyprus), Andrena (Aenandrena) chaetogastra flies in mid-June (Warncke 1974b). There is no further information on its habitats, although it is known to be a montane species. Details of flower visitation and pollen forage plants are likewise not available.","In Europe, A. chaetogastra is only known from a small area. Being the species montane in Cyprus, severe climate warming could therefore threaten its distribution by reducing the amount of suitable habitat. However, the species is also recorded outside of Europe, and sufficiently large areas of suitable habitat are presumed to remain within the species' overall geographic range.",Andrena chaetogastra is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research is needed to establish the population size and trends and the habitats and ecology of this species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,chalcogastra,,Andrena chalcogastra,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information on population size, trends and habitats of the species. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"Andrena (Taeniandrena) chalcogastra is endemic to the Canary Islands. This species occurs in the four western Islands (La Palma, La Gomera, Tenerife and Gran Canaria) (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).",There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.,"Andrena chalcogastra is a bivoltine species, in that it has two generation per year, that flies from January to April and from May to July (Warncke 1968). Males have been recorded visiting: Asteraceae (Calendula arvensis, Launaea arborescens, Sonchus canariensis, Tolpis laciniata), Boraginaceae (Echium aculeatum, Echium auberianum), Brassicaceae (Descurainia bourgeauana, Hirschfeldia incana), Ericaceae (Erica arborea) and Fabaceae (Chamaecytisus proliferus, Lotus sp., Spartocytisus supranubius). The females have been recorded on Boraginaceae (Echium auberianum), Brassicaceae (Erysimum scoparium), Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbia obtusifolia) and Fabaceae (Chamaecytisus proliferus, Lotus campylocladus, Spartocytisus supranubius) (Hohmann et al. 1993). There is no information available for the habitats of this species although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.","This species is only known from a small area, within which it is presumably threatened to some degree by habitat loss from general conversion of land to intensive agricultural use or through tourist infrastructure development.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research is needed to establish the population size, trends and habitats of the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,chelma,,Andrena chelma,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Further research may show that this species, which is a Greek endemic, requires listing as threatened as it has a very small extent of occurrence (EOO) and an even smaller area of occupancy (AOO).",Unknown,"Andrena (Aciandrena) chelma is an endemic species to Greece. According to Grace (2010), the species occurs in the Chelmos mountains in the Peloponnesos.","There is no information available on the population size, abundance and trend of this species.","There is no information available on the habitats of this species, although it is almost certainly associated with Mediterranean phryganic shrublands. The details of flower visitation and pollen forage plants are likewise not available.","The specific threats to Andrena chelma are not known. However, Mediterranean phryganic habitats are often subject to intense and increasing grazing pressure, and there is also an increase in the threat from uncontrolled fires.","Andrena chelma is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research is needed to establish its population size and trends, habitats and ecology and to identify any specific threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,chersona,,Andrena chersona,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient because of the absence of data on the population size and trend, general ecology and threats affecting the species. Additional research is needed to estimate the status and threats to the species.It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena chersona is only recorded from southern Ukraine, Crimea Peninsula (Warncke 1972, Osytchnjuk  1977). Outside of Europe, the species is found in Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan (Osytchnjuk et al. 2005).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 20,719 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km2.","There are no data available on either the population size or the current population trend, but a number of specimens have been found in recent years in Crimea (V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2013).","This species prefers xeric grassland habitats. It has been found on uncultivated fields, in coastal areas of the Black Sea to the Talysh Mountains (Caucasus region) and semi-desert areas of Turkmenistan (Badkhyz). The species flies from late April to early June. The females forage mainly on Brassicaeae (Cardaria sp., Lepidium draba, Sisymbrium orientale), but also have been found on Asteraceae (Achillea leptophylla) (Warncke 1972, Osytshnjuk  1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005).",The specific threats for this species are unknown.,"There are no direct conservation measures in place and the species is not found in National Red List or Red Data Book. Further studies are needed into the abundance, ecology and threats to this species. This species is found in protected areas such as the Askaniya-Nova Biosphere Reserve (south of Ukraine).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V., Roberts, S. & Tomozei, B",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,chrysopus,,Andrena chrysopus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena chrysospus is present from central Europe eastwards to the Caucasus region, Asia Minor and Central Asia (Kazakhstan) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","Populations are small, but there is no information available on the trend of this species.","Andrena chrysospus occurs in xeric habitats, including steppes and steppe forests. It flies from May to June, and occasionally from late April to July. The females prefer pollen of Asparagaceae (Asparagus officinalis, Asparagus tenuifolius), and they are rarely found on Brassicaceae (Barbarea arcuata) and Rosaceae (Potentilla humifisa), while males have been found visiting flowers of Taraxacum officinale. The species nests solitary in soil (Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).","The main threat to the species is presumed to be related to the reduction of the food source, represented by Asparagus species in their specific habitats. The effect of certain pathogens, such as Fusarium, is one of the influencing factors of this decline (Wong and Jeffries 2006).Additionally, it may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into mono-specific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2008). It is not a target to any conservation actions, but it occurs in protected areas, such as Khomutovskaya Steppe National Reserve in Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,chrysopyga,,Andrena chrysopyga,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena chrysopyga is distributed from southern and central Europe eastwards to European Russia (Bashkiria), the Caucasus region, Asia Minor and Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","Although populations are presumed to be small, there is no information available on their actual size and trend.","Andrena chrysopyga occurs especially in dry habitats, including steppes and steppe forests. In Ukraine, the species was found on the coastal area of the Black Sea (Osytshnjuk 1977). It flies from May to the beginning of July and it is polylectic. Females prefer to forage upon a wide range of flowering plant species, including Aceraceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Campanulaceae, Fabaceae and Geraniaceae (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. chrysopyga may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through intensive forestry, changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008), Estonia (Rare; Lilleleht 2001), Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Sweden (Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010). In Sweden, Andrena chrysopyga is found on the list of the species which will benefit from the Conservation Action Plans prepared for Andrena gelriae and Andrena labialis for 2011 - 2016 (Karlsson 2011). It occurs in protected areas, such as Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998).Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,chrysosceles,,Andrena chrysosceles,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena chrysosceles is distributed from southern and central Europe eastwards to the Caucasus region and Central Asia (western Kazakhstan) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).",There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.,"Andrena chrysosceles occurs in a variety of habitats, although it has preference towards the humid ones, including mesophilous grasslands, forest borders, clearings and plantations (Osytshnjuk 1977). The species flies from May to June on a variety of flowering plants, and the females visit those belonging to the families Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbia sp.), Brassicaceae (Isatis tintoria), Asteraceae (Eryngium campestre), Fabaceae (Onobrychis), Salicaceae (Salix), Rosaceae (Crataegus sp., Prunus) and Scrophulariaceae (Veronica chamaedrys). Males have also been found on Asteraceae (Tussilago farfara) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. chrysosceles may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through intensive forestry, changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists of Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). It occurs in protected areas, such as Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998). There are no conservation actions in place for this species. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,cineraria,,Andrena cineraria,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern since the species is widespread and populations are presumed to be large. However, further research is needed to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena cineraria is widely distributed from Europe to the Caucasus region, southwestern Asia (Turkey, Israel, Iran), Central Asia (Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan), Siberia until Khabarovsk Kray, India, Mongolia and China (Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","Although populations are presumed to be large, there is no information available on the trend of the species.","Andrena cineraria occurs in various habitats from plains to mountains up to 1,700 m asl (Alps) and 2,000 m asl (Pamir) (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). It is present in uncultivated fields, grasslands, road sides, gardens and valleys (Osytshnjuk 1977). The species is found on open sunny areas usually on sandy sites (open woodland, moorland, coastal sites, river banks, old quarries). It is also present on friable chalk, silt and clay sites, and urban areas (garden lawns, golf courses). In southern England, it is mainly found on calcareous grasslands (Archer and Else 2002). The species flies from April to August. It has two generations, although in the northern part of its distribution (Yakutsk region) the species is univoltine, having one generation per year. It is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, and females visit Brassicaceae, Asteraceae, Salicaceae, Apiaceae, Ranunculaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Liliaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Rosaceae and Scrophulariaceae species. It is considered an effective pollinator of fruit trees. It nests isolatelly or in small aggregation in the soil. A small aggregation of 10 nests was found by Osytshnjuk in the Kiev region (Ukraine) on a surface of one square metre on a mound slope (Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. cineraria may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through intensive forestry, changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994) and Slovenia (Regionally Extinct; Anonymous 2002). It occurs in protected areas, such as Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998). There are no conservation actions in place for this species.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,cinerea,,Andrena cinerea,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"Andrena cinerea is distributed from southern Europe, Asia Minor and Caucasus to north Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt) (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","Although populations are presumed to be small, there is no information available on the and trends of this species.","There is not much information about the habitat and ecology of this species. However, it is known that Andrena cinerea is a spring species found in grasslands and forest edges. The species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, and therefore females visit Salix, Taraxacum officinalis, Prunus cerasifera. Males of Andrena cinerea pseudocopulate flowers of Ophrys sicula, Ophrys lutea and Ophrys phryganae (Orchidaceae) (Paulus and Salkowski 2007).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not included in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books of any European countries. There are no conservation actions in place for this species.  It occurs in the following Natura 2000 sites in Italy: Cava Grande del Cassibile, Cava Cinque Porte, Cava e Bosco di Bauli, Cozzo Ogliastri, Valle del Fiume Anapo, Cavagrande del Calcinara, Cugni di Sortino, Monte Lauro, Torrente Sapillone, Grotta Monello, Monti Climiti and Bosco Pisano (European Environment Agency 2014).Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,cinereophila,,Andrena cinereophila,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumably large population. However, further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range.",Unknown,"This species is found from south-eastern Europe, Cyprus (Warncke 1965a), Caucasus Region (Warncke 1966b), Asia Minor (Warncke 1965a, 1965b, 1974b) to Afghanistan (Warncke 1973) and Israel (Warncke 1969). In Europe the species is recorded from Romania (Warncke 1967), Bulgaria (Аtаnаssоv and Vаsilеvа 1990, Warncke 1966a), Macedonia, Greece - Mainland &amp; Aegean Islands (Euboea, Crete, Rhodos, Naxos, Lesbos, Kos) (Warncke 1965a, Paulus and Salkowski 2007), and Cyprus (Warncke 1965a). In the Caucasus region, the species was recorded from Derbent (Dagestan) (Warncke 1966).","The species is presumably locally abundant on the Greek mainland, Aegean Islands and Asia minor. There is no information available on the population trend. Still, further research is necessary in order to assess the size of the populations and current trends.","Andrena cinereophila is found from lower altitudes up to the mountains. It is a spring species and in Greece it flies in March and April, in Turkey from March to mid-May, and in the mountains in early June (Warncke 1965b, 1974b). Females have been found on Fabaceae (Vicia vilosa) (Аtаnаssоv and Vаsilеvа 1990). It is an oligolectic species, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species, specialising in Asteraceae pollen (in common with other Chlorandrena species). Data gathered from specimens and observations list the following forage species: Crepis sancta, Scorzonera sublanata, Scorzonera cana (Asteraceae); Asphodelus ramosus (Liliaceae); Prunus ursina (Rosaceae).Andrena cinereophila males are known for the behaviour of pseudocopulation with the flowers of Ophrys cinereophila (Paulus and Salkowski 2007).","There is no information on the threats regarding this species. A general threat, particularly in Greece, may be the loss of the specific habitat through anthropogenic activities such as reforestation and residential and commercial developments for tourism. Further research is necessary in order to identify the specific threats for this species.","Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V., Roberts, S. & Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,clarkella,,Andrena clarkella,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena clarkella has a Holarctic distribution. In Europe, it is present through the north and central areas eastwards to European Russia. Elsewhere, it is present in the rest of Russia (west Siberia, Yakutia, Transbaikalia, Novosibirsk, Kansk, Chitinskaya Oblast', Khabarovskiy Kray), northern USA (Alaska) and Canada (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","Although populations are presumably large, there is no information available on the trend of this species.","Andrena clarkella occurs in humid biotopes, including woods, heaths, moors and disused sand and gravel pits. This is an early spring species, flying from late March to May. The females collect pollen from flowers of Salix. In Finland, the species was recorded on 18 plant species (15 species of Salix and Acer platanoides, Tussilago farfara, Arabis bellidifolia). In Poland, it was recorded on flowers of 14 plant species from six families, preferably on the Salicaceae (70%) and Asteraceae (21%) ones. The species nests in aggregations in the soil in forest edges, glades and parks. The species Nomada leucophthalma (KBY) is a kleptoparasite of A. clarkella, in that it parasites its nests (Else 2001, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. clarkella may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through intensive forestry, changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008). The species is not subject of any conservation actions but, due to its wide distribution, it does occur in protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,clusia,,Andrena clusia,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient because it is rare and only known from a few specimens while there is a lack of information on the population size, trends and threats affecting the species. Therefore there is insufficient data to evaluate it.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena clusia is only known from the central part of the Balkan Peninsula in Macedonia (Warncke 1973), northern continental Greece (Grace 2010) and the Bulgarian border.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 11,132 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 140 km2.Outside of Europe, Andrena clusia was described from the Ganja-Gazakh Region in north-western Azerbaijan. In Asia it is also known from Turkey, Iran, south Turkmenistan and south-eastern Uzbekistan.",All known European populations of Andrena clusia are located in the central part of the Balkan Peninsula and it is a very rare species as it is only known from a few old specimens. There is no information available on the current population trend and status of this species.,"Andrena clusia is mainly found in xeric mountain biotopes and flies from late March-early April until May, although in the mountains this species was recorded in June. The females collect pollen from flowers of the Rosaceae (Crataegus spp., Pyrus spp., and Prunus spp.) (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). The nesting behaviour of this species is unknown.",The threats to this rare species remain unknown.,"A thorough search in the Mediterranean regions of Europe should be performed to further determine the ecology, distribution and population size, population trends and the threats to this species. The establishment of protected areas in the area of its detection should be designated to ensure greater protection.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of plants.","Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Patiny, S., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,clypella,,Andrena clypella,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of the wide distribution, large overall population and no major threats. However, further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify any existing threats.",Unknown,"Andrena clypella extends eastwards to European Turkey and the Dodecanese island of Rhodos (Warncke 1974b). It is considered to be a member of the sub-Mediterranean element of the fauna (Dylewska 1987).  In Europe, the species was recorded from France (Warncke et al. 1974, Rasmont et al. 1995, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), Austria (Gusenleitner et al. 2001), Italy mainland (Warncke 1973, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), Sardinia (Priore 1982, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), Slovenia (Gogala 1999), Macedonia (Warncke 1973), Slovakia (Warncke 1986, Ascher and Pickering 2013), Hungary (Moczar and Warncke 1972), Romania (Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980), Bulgaria (Warncke 1973), Greece mainland (Warncke 1973), Rhodos, Corfu (Warncke 1973, 1974b), Crete (Strand 1921, Alfken 1942, Mavromoustakis 1956b, Gusenleitner and Warncke 2002), Ukraine and the European part of Turkey (Warncke 1974b).Outside of Europe, the species has been found in Israel (Judean Foothills) and from Asian Turkey (Aydın, Muğla) (E. Scheucl pers. comm. 2013).","The population size and trends for this species are unknown. Some records from Macedonia, Greece (mainland) and the Aegean Islands suggest that the species is locally abundant, but there are no clear data on size of the population throughout its range. Dedicated surveys are necessary in order to establish the current status of this species within its area of distribution.","Andrena clypella is a thermophilous species that prefers xeric habitats. The species is univoltine, i.e., it has one generation, and flies from the end of April to June. It is an oligolectic species, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species, specializing in Asteraceae pollen. There is no information regarding the species' nesting behaviour.",There are no major threats for this species.,This species is included in the National Red List of Slovenia where it is listed as presumably Extinct (EX) (Anonymous 2002). It occurs in protected areas. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify any existing threats.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Patiny, S., Radchenko, V., Roberts, S. & Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,coitana,,Andrena coitana,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena coitana is distributed from Europe to Russia (Amur, Primor'ye, Sakhalin), China and Japan (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","Populations are small, but there is no information available on the trend of this species.","Andrena coitana occurs solely on humid habitats (open woodlands, moorlands, commons, lowlands, fens and coastal habitats), especially in mountainous regions. It is a late summer species flying in one generation from late June to August. The species flies on Asteraceae (Leontodon hispidus, Centaurea carpatica, Cirsium, Hypocaeris radicata), Campanulaceae (Campanula rapunculoides), Rosaceae (Rubus, Potentilla erecta), Apiaceae (Heracleum sphondylium, Angelica sylvestris), Onagraceae (Oenothera), Ranunculaceae (Ranunculus flammula), Caryophyllaceae (Stellaria graminea) and Malvaceae (Malva) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Else 2005).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. coitana may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through intensive forestry, changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into mono-specific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008), Ireland (Vulnerable; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006), Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). The species is listed as a Species of Principal Importance for the Conservation of Biodiversity in Northern Ireland under Section 3 of the Wildlife and Natural Environment Act (2011). It occurs in protected areas such as Piatra Craiului National Park, Romania (Tomozei 2004) and Gauja National Park, Latvia (Pilāts 2007).Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,colletiformis,,Andrena colletiformis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena colletiformis is distributed from south and eastern Europe to the Caucasus region, southwestern Asia (Turkey, Israel, Iran) and Central Asia (Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan). It has also been recorded in north Africa (Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"Andrena colletiformis occurs mainly in dry habitats (grasslands, dry slopes) and occasionally in mountains. The species has two generations flying from April to August, and in southern areas (Israel) from March to July. In northern areas, the species is monovoltine, in that it has one generation per year. The females visit flowers of Brassicaceae, Apiaceae (Ferula tatarica, F. caspica, Chaerophyllum), Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbia virgata), Rosaceae (Potentilla), Asteraceae (Achillea) and Rubiaceae (Gallium), but prefer flowers of Apiaceae (Pimpinella peregrina, etc.) (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. colletiformis may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.",This species is included in the National Red List of Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). There are no conservation actions in place for this species. It occurs in protected areas from Ukraine: Askania-Nova Biosphere Reserve in the Kherson region and Kamennye Mogily Steppe Reserve in the Donetsk region (Osytshnjuk 1977).,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,colonialis,,Andrena colonialis,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient because there is very little information known about this species as it is only known from five localities in the Ukraine and Russia, the data dates back to the 1970s, and there is no information about the threats. It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is known only from the Donetsk region of Ukraine and in the Rostov and Volgograd regions of Russia (Pesenko 1972, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).  Outside of Europe, Andrena colonialis was found in the Ganja-Gazakh region of north-western Azerbaijan (Radchenko 1972).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 45,938 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 196 km2.","Andrena colonialis is a very rare species that occurs extremely locally, and within a restricted geographical range. In Europe it is only known from five localities (two in Ukraine and three in Russia). The last collected material of this species dates back to the year 1977 (Radchenko 1982). There is no information available on the current population trend and status of this species.","Andrena clusia is found in mainly xeric habitats. It is a late summer species and flies from late July until early September. It is oligolectic on Asteraceae species (Pesenko 1975, Radchenko and Pesenko 1994) and has been recorded on the flowers of Cichorium inthybus, Callistephus chinensis, Lactuca spp and Picris spp. The nesting of this species is unknown.",The threats to this rare species remain unknown.,"A thorough search for this species in the areas of its previous findings in Europe should be performed to find further data on the species ecology, distribution and population status, while taking into account that this species flies in late summer and is only found on the flowers of the Asteraceae. Also additional research should be conducted to identify any threats to this species. It occurs in protected areas such as the Ukrainian Steppe Nature Reserve (Radchenko 1982) and is listed as Vulnerable in the regional Red List of the Donetsk region of Ukraine.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of plants.","Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Michez, D., Patiny, S., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,combaella,,Andrena combaella,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena combaella occurs from Austria and Italy eastwards to European Russia. Elsewhere, it is present through the Caucasus region (Azerbaijan, Georgia) and Asia Minor (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","Although populations are presumed to be small, there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","Andrena combaella occurs in xeric habitats (fallow lands, shelter belts, etc). The species flies from May to June on Fabaceae (Lotus corniculatus) and Asteraceae (Leucanthemum vulgare, Achillea millefolium, Artemisia, Anthemis tinctoria, Anthemis vulgaris) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. combaella may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with protected areas, such as Khomutovskaya Steppe Nature Reserve, Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977) and Macin Mountains National Park, Romania (B. Tomozii pers comm. 2014). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,combinata,,Andrena combinata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena combinata is distributed from southern and central Europe and north Africa (Algeria) to the Caucasus region (Armenia, Azerbaijan), southwestern Asia (Turkey, Israel), Central Asia and Siberia (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014) and to China (Wu 1982, Tadauchi and Xu 1995).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"Andrena combinata occurs in a variety of habitats, including vegetation along railroad tracks, roadsides and forests borders. The species flies in two generations from the end of April to August on Fabaceae (Trifolium, Medicago, Lotus corniculatus), Brassicaceae (Barbarea vulgaris), Apiaceae (Aegopodium podagrariae), Campanulaceae (Campanula), Rosaceae (Rubus, Potentilla argentata) and Geraniaceae (Geranium), Asteraceae (Matricaria inodora, Melilotus officinalis, Inula britanica, Ріcris hieracioides) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. combinata may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008) and Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It is not the target of any conservation actions.   The species occurs in protected areas, such as Mecsek Mountains in Hungary (Jozan 1996) and Gauja National Park in Latvia (Pilāts 2007).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,compta,,Andrena compta,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information on population size or trends, habitat and threats. Further research may show that this species warrants listing in a threatened category, as it has disjunct European distribution (Sardinia and Sicily), and could potentially have a small extent of occurrence (EOO) and an even smaller area of occupancy (AOO).",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena (Nobandrena) compta is only known from the large Mediterranean islands of Sardinia and Sicily. In North Africa, the species also occurs from Morocco eastwards across the Maghreb to Libya (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002). There are old records from southern France (Rasmont et al. 2013), but they have been traced back to Dours, 1874 which have definitely proven to be misidentifications (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).",There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.,"Andrena compta seems to prefer yellow Brassicaceae flowers, where both females and males have been recorded (Schmiedeknecht 1900). Moreover, a female was recorded on Reseda alba (Alfken 1914), a male on Reichardia picroides, and both on Sinapis arvensis (Benarfa et al. 2014). The phenology of the species in Algeria, according to Alfken (1914) is from the end of April to the end of May, while according to Warncke (1974a) in the Maghreb is from the end of March to the end of May, and in Cyrenaica (Libya) from the beginning of March.There is no information on the habitat of this species, but Quaranta et al. (2004) report both sexes flying at the end of April in northwestern Sardinia in agricultural landscapes.",The threats to this species remain unknown.,"Andrena compta is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research is required to establish the details of the population size, trends and habitats, and to identify any specific threats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,comta,,Andrena comta,,,No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is 148 km2, the population is severely fragmented and there is a decline in the quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals due to anthropogenic activities such as mowing of wild flowering plants and the ploughing of the soils, which disturbs the nests. The species is therefore listed as Endangered.",Decreasing,"Andrena comta is widely distributed in the Palearctic from central Europe to eastern Europe. In Europe the species is found in: European Russia (Eversmann 1852, Osytshnjuk 1978), Belarus (Arnold 1885, 1901), Hungary, Serbia, Romania (Móczár and Warncke 1972), Austria (Gusenleitner et al. 2012, one single record in 1940) amongst other countries.Outside of Europe the species spreads as far east as Japan, and is also found in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, south Siberia, the far east of Russia, Mongolia, China, and South Korea.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,892,291 km2 and the known area of occupancy is (AOO) is 148 km2, and even if this is an underestimate, it is still likely to be less than 500 km2.","This species is very rare throughout its range. There is no information available on the current population trend and status of this species in most of Europe, with the exception of Hungary (Kovács 2011) and the Ulyanovsk region of Russia (Popova 2008), where this species is decreasing in abundance. Its extant populations now seem to be severely fragmented, with little chance of genetic exchange or recolonization. The most recent data on this species, obtained from other European countries, dates back more than 40 years.","This species occurs in different habitats such as steppe areas, meadow steppe, floodplain meadow, the slopes of gullies and ravines, roadsides, the edges of fields, and areas with ruderal plants. It feeds on the flowers of plants of the family Labiatae, Fabaccae, Rosaceae, Onagraceae, Brassicaceae, Boraginaceae (Echium spp.), but it usually prefers Asteraceae species (such as Carduus, Sonchus, Centaurea, Inula, Mulgedium, Solidago). In Europe, the species flies from May until September and is classed as a bivoltine species i.e., it has two broods or generations per year.","In the European part of Russia, Andrena comta was recorded only for the Ulyanovsk region, where it is included in the regional Red Data Book as a species in decline (Popova 2008). The reason for this decline is due to the loss or degradation of natural habitats due to human activities such as mowing of wild flowering plants and the ploughing of the soils, which disturbs the nests.","This species was proposed for inclusion in the IUCN Red List as an Endangered species by Aliyev et al. (2009) and is listed in the Red Data Book of the Ulyanovsk Region (Popova 2008). The species has been recorded in the protected area Galich’ya Gora in the Lipetsk Region of Russia (Kuznetsova 1990).Research is required on the ecology, current population trend and status of this species in Europe, while additional studies should research the threats.For real conservation of this species it is necessary to create a network of protected areas with a large variety of flowering plants in their habitats. It is also important to prohibit mowing wild species of plants during their flowering and given that this species builds nests in the soil, it is necessary to prohibit ploughing the land near its nests.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of different plants.","Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Patiny, S., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,concinna,,Andrena concinna,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed  as Least Concern as the species is widespread in the southern Balkan region, the population seems quite large and there are no clear current threats to the species at a  continental scale. However, research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.",Unknown,"The south European species of Andrena (Ulandrena) concinna is known from the Balkan peninsula in Macedonia, Albania, Bulgaria and Greece (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species, although it is a regular (if somewhat scarce) species in systematic surveys in Greece (Petanidou 1994). Therefore populations are presumed to be quite large overall.","This species is known to be associated with phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, at least in parts of its range. Andrena concinna is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and flies from April to June, and it has been recorded on various Brassicaceae species according to Warncke (1966a), although this is possibly a mistake. Specimen data from Attiki (Greece) report visitation to various Asteraceae species (Petanidou 1994). Moreover, all related species of A. concinna, largely regarded by Warncke as subspecies of A. concinna, are oligolectic on the Asteraceae subfamily.","The specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased  incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.",The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books    and is not the subject of any targeted conservation actions. It is not   known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research   is required to establish the details of the population size and trends and to identify any current or   likely threats.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,congruens,,Andrena congruens,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed overall large population. However the taxonomic issues require further clarification.,Unknown,"A central and southern European species, ranging from Denmark south to Iberia (Dylewska 1987), and east to Macedonia, Greece, Bulgaria, and Slovakia, Poland (Celary and Wisniowski 2003), Ukraine (Lebedev 1933, Osytshnjuk 1977), Russia (Mocsáry and Szépligeti 1901, Sitdikov 1986, Dylewska 1987, Lykov 2004). Outside of Europe, it has also been found in Turkey (Warncke 1981), Tunisia (Warncke 1981; only 1 female in coll. Schmiedeknecht probably mislabelled the species), and the Levant.","In parts of its range it is rare (e.g., Ukraine) but in other parts of its range it can be locally common (e.g., Germany and Great Britain). The population trends across the whole range are not known. Overall it is assumed that the species has a large population, despite regional and local differences in abundance.","In Ukraine, and other eastern parts of the range, it is known from humid biotopes, and montane regions, whereas in the UK it can be found on calcareous grassland and sandy areas on heathland/woodland edge. It flies in two generations, the spring brood from April to May and the summer brood from July to September. It is broadly polylectic: in Germany, the species forages for pollen from certain species in the families Aceraceae, Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Fagaceae, Plantaginaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Salicaceae and Valerianaceae (Westrich 1989). Celary and Wisniowski (2003) (citing Dylewska 1987) list plants from the following families: Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Salicaceae and Saxifragaceae. Recent records from Poland include females caught at flowers of Libanotis montana (Apiaceae).","General threats include inappropriate grazing regimes which remove flowering plants in the flight period, and development of tree and shrub cover on open sites which shade suitable nesting areas.","The species appears on the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following countries/regions: Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002), Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), and Great Britain (Rare; Shirt 1987). The species is known from protected areas.Further research is required to establish the details of the population size and overall trends, and to identify any specific threats. The taxonomic issues require further clarification.",The species is not exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,corax,,Andrena corax,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed  as Data Deficient as there is little or no information on the population size, trends and threats. As it is seemingly a rare species, further research may show that A. corax warrants listing as threatened.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena (Poliandrena) corax is known from central and western Spain and Portugal (Warncke 1976, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002). Outside of Europe, the species is known from Tunisia in the eastern Maghreb (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","The evidence suggests that this is a rare species (Rasmont et al. 2013), but there is no precise information available on its population size or trend.","Andrena corax is a bivoltine species, in that it has two generations per year; the first one flying from the end of April to mid-May, and the second one from the end of June to early July (Warncke 1976). The species has been collected on Reseda sp., and considering that the closest relatives of A. corax are oligolectic, in that it only forages upon a narrow range of plant species, specifically on Reseda sp., then it is possible that this is also the case for A. corax (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). The full details of the habitats of this species are not known, although it does inhabit temperate grasslands.","The threats to this species are unknown. However, sufficiently large areas of suitable habitat are presumed to remain within the species' geographic range.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books  and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research is required to establish the details of the population size and trends, and to identify any current or likely threats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,cordialis,,Andrena cordialis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"Andrena cordialis occurs from central and southeastern Europe eastwards to the Caucasus region, Asia Minor and Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan) to China (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","Although populations are small, there is no information available on the trend of this species.","Andrena cordialis prefers xeric habitats (grasslands, edges of steppe forests) in both planes and mountains up to 2,000 m asl (such as Bechenaksky Pass and Chatcalsky Range). The species has two generations flying from April to August. The females visit flowers of the Brassicaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Asteraceae, Apiaceae and Euphorbiaceae. The females of the first generation prefer flowers of Brassicaceae, while the ones from the second generation prefer flowers of Apiaceae (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. cordialis may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is not included in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books of any European country. It occurs in protected areas, such as Boronka – Melleki Landscape Protected Area (Jozan 1992), Duna Drava National Park (Jozan 1998) and Latranyi Puszta Nature Conservation Area (Jozan 2003) in Hungary.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,corssubalpina,,Andrena corssubalpina,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed   as Data Deficient as there is little or no information on population size,   trends and threats, and the details of its ecology are also not fully understood. As it is an endemic species with a very restricted extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO),  further research may show that A. corssubalpina warrants listing within a threatened category.",Unknown,"Andrena (Micrandrena) corssubalpina is only known from Corsica, where it is endemic (Theunert 2007).",There is no information available on the population size or trend of this recently described species.,"There is little known about the habitat and ecology of this species. Andrena corssubalpina is montane and inhabits rocky  slopes in the upper sub-alpine to alpine levels. It forages on  the endemic plants Ligusticum corsicum (Apiaceae) and Cerastium  soleirolii (Caryophyllaceae), with pollen collection being, apparently, restricted to the morning in full sunshine and in wind-free conditions (Theunert 2007, 2012).",The threats to this species remain unknown.,"The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books  and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. The entire known population's range of the species overlaps with protected areas in Corsica (such as Parc Naturel Régional de la Corse). Further research  is required to establish the details of the population size and trends, habitats and ecology and to identify any current or  likely threats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,crassana,,Andrena crassana,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed   as Least Concern as the species is widespread in southern Greece and in the eastern Aegean, the population seems strong and there are no clear current  threats to the species at a  continental scale. The subpopulations in the  eastern Greek islands would be subject to a possible rescue effect from  Aegean Turkey. However, research should be conducted to determine further details of the population size, trends and ecology of the species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena (Poecilandrena) crassana is only known from Macedonia and Greece (Kuhlmann et al. 2014). According to Grace (2010), the species occurs on a mainly littoral, mountain range in the Peloponnese (mainland Greece) and on some of the eastern Aegean islands (including Lesvos and Rhodos). Outside of Europe, the species is known from Turkey, Syria and Israel. The subspecies Andrena crassana inka Warncke, 1969 was described from northern Israel and Turkey.","There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species. However, the populations seem to be strong across their European range.","The species is known to inhabit phryganic Mediterranean shrublands in Greece and in the eastern Aegean Sea. In the Peloponnese (mainland Greece), the species occurs on a mainly littoral, mountain range (Grace 2010). In Lesvos, it has been found in open Quercus macrolepis woodland (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). It is unknown whether the species is oligolectic or polylectic, but it has been recorded at low levels on various small Geraniaceae, Asteraceae and Campanulaceae (Petanidou 1994). Andrena crassana flies from mid-April to the end of May and is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year (Warncke 1974b). The specific information on the nesting biology and pollen forage requirements of the species are not known.","The specific threats to the species are unknown. However, given  the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it is known to  inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased  incidence of  fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books   and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not  known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research  is required to establish the details of the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,creberrima,,Andrena creberrima,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed   as Data Deficient as there is little or no information on population size, trends, ecology and threats to the species. Further research may show that A. crebrerrima warrants listing with  a threatened status.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena (Zonandrena) creberrima is known from Crete (Paulus 1997, Grace 2010), Italy and Greece. Some specimens have also been examined from Portugal, and there is also a specimen from Spain in the Warncke collection (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). Elsewhere, the species is present in Algeria, from where it was described (Saunders 1909, Alfken 1914, Alfken 1939, Warncke 1974a, J. Ascher pers. comm. 2014) and Morocco (Nadig and Nadig 1933).",There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species.,"There is little known about the habitat and ecology of this species. However, it is presumed to occur in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, at least in parts of its range. In Crete, the males are pollinators of Ophrys creberrima (Ophrys fusca s. str.) (Paulus 1997).","The details of the specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given   the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is presumed to   inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased  incidence of   fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research is required to establish the details of the population size, trends, ecology and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,cubiceps,,Andrena cubiceps,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed    as Data Deficient as there is little or no information on population size,   trends and threats. Further research may show that A. cubiceps warrants listing with  a threatened status within Europe. The subpopulations in northern Greece and European Turkey would be subject to a  possible rescue effect from  Anatolian Turkey.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena cubiceps is only known from Macedonia, northern Greece and Rhodos (where the type of A. meyeri Alfken, 1940 was described), European Turkey (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002) and Bulgaria (Atanássov and Vasileva 1990). Outside of Europe, the species occurs in the whole of Turkey with the exception of the Black Sea coast, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Syria, Israel and Jordan (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). The variety Andrena cubiceps var fulvopilosa Friese, 1922 was described from Syria and Turkey.",There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species in Europe.,"The habitat details are lacking for the species in Europe, although it is very likely to be associated with phryganic Mediterranean shrublands at least in parts of its range. In the Middle East, it has been found in the Jordan Valley occupying xeric habitats in the Indo-turanian steppe-desert transition formation (S. Roberts pers. obs. 2000). The species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, on Dipsacaceae (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). The bee has been observed foraging on Scabiosa sp. (Dipsacaceae) for pollen (Osytshnjuk et al. 2005) and various Asteraceae species (S. Roberts pers. obs. 2000). The records from Turkey predominantly show visits to Knautia integrifolia, while in Israel it has been recorded on Cephalaria joppensis (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). Andrena cubiceps flies from the end of May to early August  (Warncke 1974b). However, there are museum specimen data (S. Roberts  pers. comm. 2014) that show the species flies from February to August,  and so it is likely to fly in two generations. The nesting details are not available.","There appear to be no major threats to this species. However, given  the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities   it is presumed to  inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased   incidence of  fires may have a negative impact on the species. The species is also present outside of Europe, and so sufficiently large areas of suitable habitat are presumed to remain within the species' geographic range.",The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books    and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not   known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research   is required to establish the details of the population size and trend and specific threats to the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,curiosa,,Andrena curiosa,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Listed as Not Applicable as the population in Europe represents less than 1% of its global population and so it can be regarded as only a marginal European species.,Unknown,"In Europe, this species has only been found on the Greek island of Lesbos in the Aegean Sea (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Grace 2010). The extent of occurrence in Europe (EOO) is 1,636 km².  Outside of Europe, the species has been described from the Caucasus, especially from Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. In Asia it also known from Russia, the Republic of Dagestan, Turkey, Syria and Israel.",There is no information available on the current population trend and status of this species in Europe. In the Caucasus this species is rare and its population is now in decline (Aliyev 2013). It is likely that the population in Europe represents less than 1% of its global population and so it can be regarded as only a marginal European species.,Andrena curiosa is a rare local species that lives mainly in the mountains and in Mediterranean shrublands. The species flies from April to July depending on the altitude above sea level. It most probably prefers moist habitats and has been observed on the flowers of Fabaceae (Özbek 1976) and Lamiaceae (A.Z. Osytshnjuk pers. comm. 2013). In Turkey the females have often been found collecting pollen on Papaver rhoeas (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2013).,The threats to this species are unknown.,"In order to conserve this species it is necessary to create a network of protected areas with a variety of leguminous plants in their habitats while prohibiting the mowing of wild species of plants during their flowering. Research is required on the current population trend, status, life history, ecology and threats to this species in Europe.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of different plants.","Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Patiny, S., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,curtula,,Andrena curtula,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed     as Data Deficient as although the species is widely distributed, there is little or no information available on population size,    trends, habitats and threats. Further research may show that A. curtula requires listing as a threatened species.",Unknown,"Andrena curtula is a European endemic species and is known from Portugal eastwards to Slovakia (Rasmont et al. 2013, Kuhlmann et al. 2014, Pittioni et al. 2014).","There is no precise information available on the population size and current trend of this species. However, it has declined to the point of being regarded as Regionally Extinct in both the Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2005) and Switzerland (Amiet 1994).","Little is known about the habitat or nesting ecology of this species. It is presumed to be polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a large number of flowering plant species, although Dylewska (1987) lists only a narrow range of forage plants: Brassica, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Cardaria draba (Brassicaceae) and Daucus sp. (Apiaceae). Pittioni et al. (2014) report visitation to Prunus sp. (Rosaceae) and Ranunculus ficaria (Ranunculaceae) in France, and to Capsella bursa-pastoris (Brassicaceae) in Austria.Andrena curtula is a bivoltine species, flying in April and May, and (presumably) from late June to August (Dylewska 1987). The first generation prefers to forage upon Brassicaceae species, while the second generation prefers Apiaceae species.","The threats to Andrena curtula are not known. However, as the species is considered as Regionally Extinct in Czech Republic and Switzerland, it is presumably threatened to some degree by habitat loss resulting from commercial logging operations or from general conversion of land to intensive agricultural use.","This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Data Deficient; Westrich et al. 2008, 2011) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). It is  not   known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research is required to establish the details of the population size, trends and habitats, and to identify any specific threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,curvana,,Andrena curvana,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European   regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)   EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge of population size, trends, general ecology and specific threats. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on updated data recorded from field work.",Unknown,"Andrena curvana is endemic to central and south-eastern Europe and has a continuous distribution. It has been recorded from Albania, Austria (Gusenleitner 1984, Ebmer et al. 1994), Italy (Ebmer et al. 1994), Croatia (Ebmer et al. 1994, Jozan 2009), Slovenia, Macedonia (Warncke 1973), Czech Republic (Kocourek 1966), Slovakia (Moczar and Warncke 1972), Hungary (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Ebmer et al. 1994), Romania (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980, Ebmer et al. 1994), Bulgaria (Kocourek 1966, Warncke 1973, Gusenleitner 1984, Ebmer et al. 1994), Ukraine, Serbia (Moczar and Warncke 1972), Montenegro (Ebmer et al. 1994), and mainland Greece (Warncke 1965, Kocourek 1966, Gusenleitner 1984).Recently the species has been found in Stuttgart/Germany by H.R. Schwenninger. Ebmer et al. (1994) mention a specimen from Saxonia from Warncke's collection. They regard it as mislabelled, because it was collected so far away from the known distribution area, but the records of Schwenninger put a different complexion to this.",Most of the records come from Austria and Romania. There is no clear information on population size and trends.,"This species prefers mesophilous habitats, especially grassland. The species is oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species, and specializes on Apiaceae (Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997, Gogala 1999). It flies from June to September.",The threats to this species are unknown.,This species is included in the National Red List of Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005). Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing specific threats and current trends. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V., Roberts, S. & Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,curvungula,,Andrena curvungula,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena curvungula is distributed from Europe to the Caucasus region, Asia Minor and Central Asia (western Kazakhstan) (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pichering 2014).","Presumably populations are small, but there is no actual information available on the population size and trend of this species.","Andrena curvungula occurs in various habitats, preferring humid ones (mesophilous grasslands, forest borders, woodlands, wetlands) in valleys and mountains up to 1,600 m asl in Transcaucasia and 1,700 m asl in the Alps. The species flies from May to June, sometimes to early July in Crimea. The species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, and females forage mainly on flowers of Campanulaceae (Campanula), occasionally visiting flowers of Geraniaceae (Geranium), Rosaceae (Potentilla), Scrophulariaceae (Veronica) and Malvaceae (Lavatera). They nest in large aggregations in the soil (Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. curvungula may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas containing Campanulaceae hosting species into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008), Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). The species is not target of any specific conservation actions. It occurs in protected areas in Romania, such as Piatra Craiului National Park (Tomozei 2004). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,cussariensis,,Andrena cussariensis,,,No,,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE) Listed as Not Applicable as it is considered that the two European  sub-populations host less than 1% of the global  population, so the species has a marginal occurrence in Europe.It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"This species is thought to be centred around central Asia (Tadauchi 2008), with its western range edge reaching the Crimean Peninsula. In Europe the species is only found in Ukraine (Crimean Peninsula) and the European part of Russia.In Ukraine, it is only found in the Crimean mountains: Roman-Kosh Mountain, Yalta Yayla, Ay-Petri Yayla Mt., Chatyrdag plateau, the Angarskyi Pass (Osytshnjuk 1977).In the European part of Russia the species is known from Sarepta, Lower Volga region (Warncke 1967), southern Bashkiria and Orenburg region (Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).Outside of Europe, the species is recorded in the Caucasus region from Georgia (Osytshnjuk 1977), Azerbaijan (Моrаwitz 1886, Wаrnсkе 1966b, Osytshnjuk 1977) and Russian Caucasus (Teberda) (Wаrnсkе 1966b). In Asia, the species was recorded from: Turkey (Warncke 1974b, Özbek 1976), Tajikistan (Popov 1967a), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan (Tadauchi 2008), Iran (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Ascher and Pickering 2013), and north-west India (Cockerell 1917).","Population is presumably small, only a few number of specimens are known from Europe and there is no information available on the population trend of this species. In view of the widespread distribution in Central Asia, and the small size of the two European sub-populations, it is considered likely that less than 1% of the global population is within Europe.","This species occurs in humid biotopes, mainly in mountains (subalpine and alpine meadows, forest edges), recorded at altitudes of 3,000 m. The females collect pollen from flowers of the Rosaeae (Potentilla, Crataegus), Ranunculaceae (Ranunculus acer), Asteraceae (Helianthemum hirsutum), Cistacecea. The flight period is in late May-July, occasionally to early August but usually June-July (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Tadauchi 2008).",The threats are unknown due to the gaps existing in the knowledge of this species.,The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify any existing threats. It occurs in protected areas (Crimean Nature Reserve).,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V., Roberts, S. & Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,cyanomicans,,Andrena cyanomicans,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed      as Data Deficient as, although the species is widely distributed, there is no information available on the population size,    trends or  threats. Further research may show that A. cyanomicans  warrants listing as threatened as its subpopulations are thought to be severely fragmented.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena cyanomicans is only known from Spain and Portugal (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). Outside of Europe, the species occurs in Morocco, Algeria (Benarfa et al. 2014) and Tunisia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), and according to Ascher (pers. comm. 2013) also in Iran.",There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species. The European subpopulations are severely fragmented from one another and from the extralimital centres of distribution in the Maghreb and the Levant.,"In the Iberian Peninsula, the species has been recorded on Mediterranean  coastal areas and on the southern Meseta (Warncke 1976). Andrena cyanomicans is a bivoltine species, in that it has two generations per year; the first one flying from mid-April to early May, and the second one from mid-October to mid-December (Warncke 1976). The species seems to be oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, on Brassicaceae, as its close relative A. suerinensis, even if the males of the second generation are often found on Dittrichia (=Inula) viscosa (Asteraceae) (Warncke 1976, E. Scheuchl, pers. obs. 2014).","There appear to be no major threats to this species. Moreover, the species is also recorded outside of Europe, and sufficiently large areas of suitable habitat are presumed to remain within the species' geographic range. However, these extralimital areas are disjunct, and very unlikely to allow genetic transfer between subpopulations or to provide any rescue effect in the event of local extinctions.",The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books     and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is  not   known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further  research   is required to establish the details of the population size  and trends and identifying any  current or   likely threats.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,cypria,,Andrena cypria,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)   Listed      as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on population size,    trends and specific threats. Further research may show that A. cypria  warrants listing as threatened within Europe.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena cypria is only known from Cyprus. Outside of Europe, the species is known from central and eastern Turkey, Israel, Jordan and Iran.",There is no information available on the population abundance and trend of this species.,"Andrena cypria is restricted to open montane slopes in the Pinus nigra forest zone of Cyprus (1,520-1,680 m asl) from May to mid-June, flying on Alyssum sp. (Brassicaceae) (Mavromoustakis 1953, cited in Grace 2010). The records of flower visits in Turkey include Lonicera sp., Salix sp. (Özbek 1976) and Malus domestica (Özbek 1978); and Vicia (Fabaceae), Borago officinalis (Boraginaceae), Cardaria draba (Brassicaceae) and Haplophyllum (Rutaceae) in Iran (Khodaparast and Monfared 2012). The further details of pollen requirements and nesting behaviour are not known.","This species is only known from a small area, within which it is presumably threatened to some degree by habitat loss resulting from commercial logging operations. This species flies in the montane region, therefore a severe climate warming could threaten its distribution.",Andrena cypria is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books      and is not subject to any targeted conservation actions. It is   not   known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further   research   is required to establish the details of the population size   and trends and to identify any specific threats to the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,cypricola,,Andrena cypricola,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. Further research may show that A. cypricola requires listing as threatened within Europe.",Unknown,Andrena cypricola is an endemic species to the island of Cyprus.,There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species.,"The habitat details are unknown, although it is presumed to inhabit phryganic Mediterranean shrublands. Andrena cypricola flies from March to the end of June, and forages on almond tree flowers, pear tree flowers, plum tree flowers, Sorbus aria cretica, Crataegus azarolus (Rosaceae), Cistus salviifolius (Cistaceae), Ferula communis anatriches (Apiaceae), Sinapis alba (Brassicaceae) and Tamarix sp. (Tamaricaceae) (Mavromoustakis 1952, 1953, 1954). The species has been collected at altitudes ranging from 250-1,680 m asl (Mavromoustakis 1952, 1953). Its nesting requirements are unknown.","This species is only known from a very restricted area, within which it is presumably threatened to some degree by habitat loss resulting from commercial logging operations or from general conversion of land to intensive agricultural use. Considering its restricted range, a severe climate warming could lead to habitat alteration and threaten its distribution.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books       and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is    not   known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further    research   is required to establish the details of the population size    and trends, and to identify any    current or   likely threats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,damara,,Andrena damara,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed      as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on  population size,     trends, habitats and threats. Future  research may show that A. damara  warrants listing in a threatened category, considering that it is endemic to the Canary Islands and therefore it has a small extent of occurrence (EOO) and an even smaller area of occupancy (AOO).",Unknown,Andrena damara is a Canary Island endemic species (Ortiz-Sánchez 2011). The species occurs in the two eastern islands of Fuerteventura and Lanzarote.,There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species.,"Andrena damara has been collected from February to March (Warncke 1968). In common with other members of the sub-genus Chlorandrena, it is probably an oligolectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specialising in Asteraceae pollen, with records from Chrysanthemum coronarium, Sonchus sp. and Sonchus tenerrimus (Hohmann et al. 1993). There is no information on the habitat requirements of this species.",The threats to this species are currently unknown.,"The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books        and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further     research   is required to establish the details of the population  size, trends, habitats and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,danuvia,,Andrena danuvia,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient due to its uncertain taxonomic status and as its distribution, population size, trends and threats are not known. Further research is therefore needed to assess the current status of this species.",Unknown,"Andrena danuvia has been recorded in Vienna, Austria (Pittioni and Schmidt, 1943, Pittioni and Stoeckhert 1950) and although its general distribution is not completely known, it is present through southeastern Europe. It has also been recorded as A. cineraria ssp. danuvia in Turkey (Warncke 1974).","The species seems to be locally abundant, but the overall size and trend it is unknown. Fraberger (2005) recorded more than 21,000 nests in Vienna in 2003.","Andrena danuvia is found in mesophilous biotopes and urban areas as parks and gardens (Fraberger 2005).The species nests in large aggregations and in Vienna it has been recorded nesting in soil beds of maple trees along the avenues in the city centre (Fraberger 2005).It flies during the spring, from mid March to the end of April (Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997). Andrena danuvia is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, and females have been observed foraging on Apiaceae (Pittioni and Schmidt 1943), Salicaceae, Rosaceae (Crataegus crux-galii, Malus floribunda, Prunus serrulata, Sorbus aucuparia), Fabaceae (Cytisus scoparius), Aceraceae (Acer platanoides, Acer pseudoplatanus), Cornaceae (Cornus sanguinea), Caprifoliaceae (Lonicera sp.) and Asteraceae (Taraxacum officinale).",No threats are documented for this species.,"The species is included in the National Red List of Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range.Further research is required to investigate and clarify the taxonomic status of this species, and to establish its current distribution and identify existing threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,dargia,,Andrena dargia,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)   Listed      as Data Deficient as although the species is quite widely  distributed, there is  no information available on the population size,    trends and threats, and  further information is necessary on both the  habitat and ecological  requirements. Further research may show that A. dargia  warrants listing in a threatened status within Europe.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena dargia is only known from Macedonia, Greece and Cyprus. Outside of Europe, the species is present in Turkey (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species, although the species is quite widely distributed.","There is little known about the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to be associated with phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, at least in parts of its European range.","The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given  the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known to  inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased  incidence of  fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books         and it is not the subject of any targeted conservation actions. It  is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas.  Further     research   is required to establish the details of the  population  size    and  overall  trends, in addition to developing a  fuller  understanding  of   the   ecological requirements of the species  and  identifying any    current or   likely threats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,decipiens,,Andrena decipiens,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena decipiens is distributed from south and central Europe to European Russia, the Caucasus region, north Africa and southwestern Asia (Turkey, Iran) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).",There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.,"Andrena decipiens occurs mainly in xerophilous habitats (steppe slopes and grasslands) and is also found in clover crops. The species flies from May to September and the females collect pollen from flowers of Apiaceace, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Rosaceae and Salicaeace species (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. decipiens may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas containing hosting species into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous; 2002). However, it is not target of any specific conservation actions.  It occurs in protected areas, such as Khomutovskaya Steppe Reserve, Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977).Research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,delphiensis,,Andrena delphiensis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed      as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on population size,     trends, habitats, ecology and threats. Future research may show that A. delphiensis  warrants listing as threatened within Europe.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena delphiensis is only known from mainland Greece and the east Aegean islands of Lesvos and Limnos (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). Outside of Europe, the species is known from Turkey (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species, although there are very few specimens in collections.","There is little known about the habitat and ecology of this  species, although it can be assumed to be associated with phryganic  Mediterranean shrublands, at least in parts of its European range. In Turkey, the species prefers to forage on yellow Brassicaceae species (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given   the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known to   inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased  incidence of   fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books          and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It   is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas.   Further     research   is required to establish the details of the   population  size    and  overall  trends in addition to developing a   fuller  understanding  of   the   ecological and habitat requirements of the species, and  identifying any    current or   likely threats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,denticulata,,Andrena denticulata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends, and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena denticulata denticulata is distributed from central and north Europe to the mountainous regions of southwestern Europe, northern Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Russia, including southern Siberia, Primorye and Sakhalin (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014). Andrena denticulata seneciorum Hirashima, 1964 is a valid subspecies distributed through Russia (Kurils, southern Sakhalin, southern Primorye) and Japan (Osytshnjuk et al. 2005).",There is no actual information regarding population size and trends of this species.,"Andrena denticulata occurs in moist habitats (mesophilous grasslands and forest edges), where there is a good representation of yellow Asteraceae flowers. This is a late summer species flying from July to the end of August or beginning of September. Females forage especially on Asteraceae (Solidago virgo aurea, Solidago canadensis, Senecio jacobaea, Achillea millefolium, Heracleum sphondilium, Hypocheris radicata, Tanacetum vulgare, Cichorium intybus, Leontodon, Centaurea jacea, Hieracium pilosella and Senecio species). In Finland, the species was reported on 26 different species of plants (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. denticulata may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas containing Asteraceae hosting species into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2008), Ireland (Vulnerable; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006) and the Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It occurs in protected areas from Hungary such as Duna Drava National Park (Jozan 1998), Boronka-melleki Landscape Protected Area (Jozan 1992) and is also present in Gauja National Park, Latvia (Pilāts 2007). However, there are no conservation actions in place for this species.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,dentiventris,,Andrena dentiventris,,,No,,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Not Applicable because this species is widespread in Central Asia, and it is considered that the European sub-populations host less than 1% of the global population.It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"Andrena dentiventris is distributed from European Russia, the Caucasus Region to Central and south-western Asia (Popov 1958; Warncke 1965b, 1974b). European Russia and Asia Minor could be the westernmost parts of the range of this species.  In the Caucasus region, the species was recorded from Daghestan (Morawitz 1874) and Azerbaijan (Popov 1958).  In Asia, the species was recorded from Turkey, Iran, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan (Popov 1958; Warncke 1965b, 1974b).","Population is presumably small as only a small number of specimens are known from Europe and there is no information available on the population trend of this species. In view of the widespread distribution in Central Asia, and the small size of the European sub-populations, it is considered likely that less than 1% of the global population is within Europe.","This species prefers xeric habitats, being found in steppe areas up to Central Asia. In the southern part of its area of distribution the species flies from the beginning of April; in the northern part of Central Asia the species flies from the end of April and beginning of May. In Turkey the species has been predominantly found upon Brassicaceae (Raphanus, Brassica, Erysimum, Lepidia, Isatis) (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2013).",The threats to this species are unknown.,The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action in its European distribution part. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V., Roberts, S. & Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,derbentina,,Andrena derbentina,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed      as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on  population size,     trends, habitats, ecology and threats. Future  research may show that A. derbentina  requires listing as threatened within Europe.",Unknown,"The east-European species Andrena derbentina is only known from the Greek island of Lesvos (Grace 2010, S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). Outside of Europe, the species is known from the Asian parts of the Russian Federation, eastern Turkey and the Caucasus (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002). It has also been reported from Ashgabat and Kara-Kala in Turkmenistan (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).",There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species in Europe.,"On the island of Lesvos, the bee is known to occur in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, but the details of its nesting requirements are not known. Likewise, nothing is known of its foraging preferences. In Turkey, Andrena derbentina flies in mid-June (Warncke 1974b).","The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given    the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it is known to    inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased  incidence of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. Nevertheless, the species is also recorded outside of Europe, and sufficiently large areas of suitable habitat are presumed to remain within the species' geographic range.",The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books           and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It    is     not found in any protected areas.    Further     research   is required to establish the details of the    population  size    and  overall  trends in addition to developing a    fuller  understanding  of   the   ecological requirements of the species    and  identifying any    current or   likely threats.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,dinizi,,Andrena dinizi,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed       as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on   population size,     trends or  threats, and  further information is   necessary on both the   habitat and ecological  requirements. Future   research may show that A. dinizi  warrants listing in a threatened category within Europe.",Unknown,"Andrena dinizi is only known from the Iberian Peninsula, where it is present in both Spain and Portugal (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species. However, it is very rarely found.","There is very little information on either the habitats or ecological requirements of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland. Andrena dinizi is known to fly in March (Warncke 1976).",The threats to this species remain unknown.,The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books            and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It     is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas.     Further     research   is required to establish the details of the     population  size    and  overall  trends in addition to developing a     fuller  understanding  of   the   ecological and habitat requirements of the species     and to identify any    current or   likely threats.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.","de Meulemeester, T.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,discors,,Andrena discors,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed   as Least Concern because, although the species has a small extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe, the populations seem strong, occur within major protected areas and there are no clear current  threats to the species. The population could be subject to a possible rescue effect from northern Africa. However, research should be conducted to determine fuller  details of the population size, trends and ecology of the species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena discors is only known from Spain in Andalucía, Alicante (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014) and Mallorca (Baldock 2014). Outside of Europe, the species also occurs in the Maghreb, from Morocco to Algeria and Tunisia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","There is no information available on the overall population size and trend of this species. However, the species seems to be quite plentiful in suitable habitat in the south of Andalucía (Spain).","The records from Andalucía are from phryganic Mediterranean shrublands and mature open dehesa. The details of the nesting and forage requirements are not known. The species flies in the spring, with records from late March to May (S. Roberts pers. obs. 1997).","The details of the threats to this species remain unknown, however, given    the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it is known to    inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased  incidence of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. The species is also recorded outside of Europe, and  sufficiently large areas of suitable habitat are presumed to remain  within the species' geographic range.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books             and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is found in protected areas across its range, such as the Parque Natural de Coto Doñana in Andalucía.      Further     research   is required to establish the details of the      population  size    and  overall  trends in addition to developing a      fuller  understanding  of   the   ecological requirements of the  species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,distinguenda,,Andrena distinguenda,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena distinguenda is distributed through south and central Europe eastwards to Romania and Bulgaria. It has also been recorded in north Africa in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, these records referring to A. obsoleta (Dylewska 1987, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","This species is rare and presumably the populations are small, but there is no actual information on its population size and trends.","Andrena distinguenda occurs in mesophilous grasslands and set-aside ﬁelds (Beláková 1972, Steffan-Dewenter and Tscharntke 2001). The species flies from April to June on Brassicaceae (Cardaria draba, Barbarea  vulgaris, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Brassica, Crame tatarica), Asteraceae (Crepis, Leontodon, Taraxacum) and Fabaceae (Melilotus) species (Dylewska 1987).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. distinguenda may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agricultural activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008), Netherlands (Near Threatened; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994), but it is not the target of any specific conservation actions. The species occurs in protected areas such as the Natura 2000 site Monte Lauro in Sicily, Italy (Anonymous 2011).Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, ecology, life history and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,djelfensis,,Andrena djelfensis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)     Listed      as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on  population size,     trends and threats, and  further information is  necessary on both the   habitat and ecological  requirements. Future  research may show that A. djelfensis  warrants listing with  a threatened status within Europe, considering the severe fragmentation of the population.",Unknown,"A southern European species, Andrena djelfensis is known from the Iberian Peninsula, and there is an unverified record of the species from Lazio (Italy). Outside of Europe, it also occurs in the Maghreb, from Morocco eastwards to Tunisia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species, although the subpopulations are severely fragmented across southern Europe, allowing little opportunity for the exchange of genetic material.","The species is assumed to be present in phryganic Mediterranean shrubland. Warncke (1966a, 1976) has mentioned the species at 500 m asl along the Mediterranean coast. Andrena djelfensis is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and flies from March to June (Warncke 1966a, 1976). Details of the nesting biology and forage preferences are lacking.","The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given    the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known to    inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased  incidence of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. The species is also recorded outside of Europe, and sufficiently large areas of suitable habitat are presumed to remain within the species' geographic range.",The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books           and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It    is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas.    Further     research   is required to establish the details of the    population  size    and  overall  trends in addition to developing a    fuller  understanding  of   the   ecological requirements of the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,dorsalis,,Andrena dorsalis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in the knowledge of the species' population size, trends, general ecology and specific threats. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on updated data recorded from the field.",Unknown,"Andrena dorsalis is distributed from central Europe eastwards to Asia Minor (Warncke 1974b, 1967) and central Asia (Turkmenistan) (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).  In Europe, the species is recorded from Austria (Schwarz and Gusenleitner 1997), Italy (Pagliano 1994, Quaranta et al. 2004), Slovenia (Alfken 1932, Vogrin 1955, Gogala 1999), Serbia (Warncke 1967), Slovakia (Warncke 1986), Croatia (Jozan 2009), Hungary (Alfken 1932, Moczar and Warncke 1972, Jozan 2011), Bosnia, Montenegro (Maidl 1922), Romania (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980), Greece (mainland) (Brulle 1832, Warncke 1965a).",There are no data regarding the population size and trends. The species is recorded from European countries based on a small number of specimens.,"This is a polylectic species, in that it takes pollen from a wide variety of plants (A. Gogala pers. obs. 1999). It has a single generation and flies from April to June. The data are lacking on the general ecology. There is information available on the habitat preference for this species.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is included in the National Red List of Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, to investigate its general ecology and to identify any existing threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V., Roberts, S. & Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,dorsata,,Andrena dorsata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Despite its wide distribution and presumably large populations, further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered Regionally Extinct in Sweden.",Unknown,"Andrena dosata is widespread through Europe, except for the northern part, eastwards to the Caucasus region and the Ural Mountains (Bashkiria). It has also been recorded in north Africa (Morocco, Algeria) and southwestern Asia (Turkey, Iran, Israel) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","There is no information available on population size and trends of this species. However, populations are presumed to be large.","Andrena dorsata occurs in a variety of wet, humid habitats such as mesophilous grasslands and dry habitats up to mountainous regions. The species has two generations: the first one flies from April to May and the second one from July and August. The females forage on flowers of 14 different families of plants. They are frequently found on Rosaceae and Brassicaceae, but also on Apiaceae, Asteraceae (Tusilago farfara, Taraxacum officinale), Caryophyllaceae (Stellaria holostea) and Salicaceae (Salix). It is considered a pollinator of fruit and pumpkin crops (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. dorsata may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists of Sweden (Regionally Extinct; Gärdenfors 2010), but it is not the target of any specific conservation action.  Its distribution overlaps with protected areas throughout its range in Europe, including Duna Drava National Park (Jozan 1998) and Latranyi Puszta Nature Conservation Area in Hungary (Jozan 2003) and Vanatori Neamt Nature Park in Romania (Tomozei 2005).Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,dourada,,Andrena dourada,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information on the population size and trends and threats to the species. Further research should be conducted in order to establish the status of this species throughout its range.,Unknown,Andrena dourada has been recently described from several localities in the island of Porto Santo in the Madeiran Archipelago (Kratochwil and Scheuchl 2013).,"The population size and trend of this species are unknown. However, it is assumed to be widely distributed on Porto Santo (Kratochwil and Scheuchl 2013).",Andrena dourada is found throughout a range of altitudes from sea level up to 310 m asl and at the highest point of Pico do Facho (517 m asl). The individuals of the species are primarily found in the infra-Mediterranean and lower thermo-Mediterranean thermotypes (Kratochwil and Scheuchl 2013). It has been reported visiting four plant taxa belonging to two plant families: Calendula arvensis L. and Leontodon taraxacoides (VILL.) MERAT (Asteraceae); and Rapistrum rugosum (L.) ALL. and Sinapis arvensis L. (Brassicaceae). Additionally there is one observation made by Cockerell (1922) on Euphorbia species (Euphorbiaceae).,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not the subject to any conservation action, and it is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas throughout its range. Research should be conducted into the population size and trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Scheuchl, E.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,doursana,,Andrena doursana,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)      Listed      as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on   population size,     trends, habitats, ecology and threats, and  further information is   necessary on both the   habitat and ecological  requirements, and its taxonomic status needs to be clarified as well. Future   research may show that A. doursana  requires listing in a threatened category within Europe.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena doursana ssp. citreola is only known from Spain. Outside of Europe, Andrena doursana ssp. gadira and ssp. bengasia occur in the Maghreb, from Morocco to coastal Egypt. There are reports from Turkey and the Middle East, but they belong to A. mizorhina or A. mucronata, which were treated by Warncke as subspecies of A. doursana.",There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.,The species is assumed to be present in phryganic Mediterranean shrubland. The details of the nesting biology and forage preferences are lacking.,"The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given     the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased  incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. The species is  also recorded outside of Europe, and sufficiently large areas of  suitable habitat are presumed to remain within the species' geographic  range.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books            and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It     is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas.     Further     research   is required to establish the details of the     population  size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species. The taxonomic issues also require further clarification.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,dubiosa,,Andrena dubiosa,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)       Listed      as Data Deficient as there is  no information  available on   population size,     trends or  threats, and  further  information is   necessary on both the   habitat and ecological   requirements. Future   research may show that A. dubiosa  warrants listing with  a threatened status within Europe.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena dubiosa is only known from mainland Greece. Outside of Europe, the species is reported from Turkey and Syria (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).",The lack of records of this species suggests that it is rare. There is no information available on its population size and trend.,"The species is assumed to be present in phryganic Mediterranean  shrubland. The details of the nesting biology and forage preferences are lacking although it is known to visit Carthamus lanatus (Asteraceae) (Warncke 1974b) and Anchusa (Warncke 1965b). Andrena dubiosa is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and flies from the end of May to mid-July.","The specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given      the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased   incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. It is  also recorded outside of Europe, and sufficiently large  areas of  suitable habitat are presumed to remain within the species'  geographic  range.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books             and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It      is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas.      Further     research   is required to establish the details of the      population  size    and  overall  trends and specific threats to the species, in addition to developing a      fuller  understanding  of   the   ecological requirements of the  species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,ebmerella,,Andrena ebmerella,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as the species has only been recently described and it is only known from a single locality (the type locality on Samos). There is  no information   available on   population size,     trends or  threats, and  further   information is   necessary on both the   habitat and ecological    requirements. Future   research may show that A. ebmerella  warrants listing in a threatened category.",Unknown,Andrena ebmerella was recently described from the east Aegean island of Samos (Scheuchl 2011).,There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species.,The type series was collected in phryganic Mediterranean shrubland on the island of Samos at an altitude of 300-350 m asl. The details of the nesting biology and forage preferences are lacking although all specimens captured were found at flowers of Salix (Salicaceae) in March (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).,"The specific threats to Andrena ebmerella are not unknown as the species has only recently described and is currently known from a small area in Samos. However, given       the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it  is presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an  increased   incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the  species. Considering its restricted range, a severe climate warming could also lead to habitat alteration and threaten its distribution.",The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books              and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It       is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas.       Further     research   is required to establish the details of the       population  size    and  overall  trends in addition to developing  an understanding  of   the   ecological requirements of the   species     and  identifying any    current or   likely threats.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,ehnbergi,,Andrena ehnbergi,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Andrena ehnbergi has been classified as Data Deficient due to the fact that in Europe, this species is only known from the Bashkortostan region of Russia and the last recordings of this species was 50 years ago, therefore there is very little recent information on its population size and status.It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"In Europe it is known only from four localities in Russia: three of them are in the Republic of Bashkortostan (Nikiforuk 1957) and one is in Perm Krai, in the southern Urals (Lykov 2007, 2008).Outside of Europe, Andrena ehnbergi has been described throughout Russia (Republic of Buryatia (A. Z. Osytshnjuk, unpublished data), Omsk (Proskuryakova, 2012), Kemerovo (Eremeeva et al. 2011), Irkutsk (Tadauchi &amp; Xu, 1999), Chita, Amur Regions and Primorsky Krai of Russia), Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia and China. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 14,150 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².",There is no information available on the current population trend and status of this species in Europe as it is a rare species throughout its distribution. It was last found in Europe 50 years ago.,"Andrena ehnbergi occurs predominantly on the flowers of Rosaceae, especially on Potentilla spp. It flies from June to August and the nesting of this species is unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"Since this species has only been documented in three localities in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia, a thorough search should be performed in the wider area of where it has been found to establish its distribution and population in Europe. Research should also be conducted into the threats to this species.  This species occurs in protected areas in the far east of Russia (Osytshnjuk 1995) but not in Europe.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of plants.","Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Michez, D., Patiny, S., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,elata,,Andrena elata,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed      as Data Deficient as there is little or no information  available on   population size,     trends, habitats and threats. Future   research may show that A. elata  warrants listing with  a threatened status within Europe, since it is an Spanish endemic species with a small extent of occurrence (EOO) and an even smaller area of occupancy (AOO).",Unknown,"Andrena elata is a Spanish endemic species, and it was described from material collected in Madrid (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","There are only a few records of this species in collections, so it is assumed to be rare. However, there is no information available on the population size or trend of this species.","There is no information on the habitat or nesting requirements of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland. In common with other members of the sub-genus Chlorandrena, this species is presumed to be oligolectic, specialising on Asteraceae. Andrena elata flies as a single generation from April to June.",The threats to this species remain unknown.,"The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books              and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It  is not known if it is found in protected areas.      Further     research   is required  to establish the details of the      population  size, trends and habitats, and to identify any     current or   likely threats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,elegans,,Andrena elegans,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge of population size, trends, general ecology and specific threats. Most of the available records are old, and as there are gaps in the knowledge of this species, further surveys are necessary in order to establish the actual status throughout its range, based on updated field data.",Unknown,"Andrena elegans is distributed from continental Europe to the Caucasus region (Warncke 1966b, Osytshnjuk 1977), Asia Minor (Friese 1921, Warncke 1974b) and central Asia (Khazakstan) (Osytshnjuk 1977).In Europe, the species is recorded from France (Warncke et al. 1974), northern Italy (Giraud 1863, Schmiedeknecht 1882), Slovenia, Croatia (Schletterer 1901), Albania, Macedonia (Warncke 1973), Romania (Warncke 1967, Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980), Bulgaria (Аtаnаssоv and Vаsilеvа 1990), Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977) and the European part of Russia (Osytshnjuk 1977). One female from Slovenia has also been found (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2013).",This species is very rare throughout its distribution range and information is based mainly on old records. Overall population size and trends are unknown.,"This species was found on road sides, uncultivated fields in xeric grassland habitats from the coastline of the Black Sea to the steppe areas of Central Asia. In Ukraine it flies from the end of May to July. In Turkey, it flies from June to September (Warncke 1974b). It is a polylectic species, in that it takes pollen from a wide variety of plants, and the females forage on Melilotus officinalis, Achillea millefolium, Galium sp. (Osytshnjuk 1977), Thymus sp., Chamaedrys sp. (Schletterer 1901). In Turkey the species seems to prefer Anthemis and similar Asteraceae (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2013).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not present in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Further research is required to establish the current population status, trends and ecology of the species throughout its range and to identify any threats. It occurs in protected areas from Ukraine as Voznesensk State Reserve, Khomutovskaya steppe Nature Reserve (Osytshnjuk 1977).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V., Roberts, S. & Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,elmaria,,Andrena elmaria,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)     Listed      as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on  population size,     trends, habitats, ecology and threats. Future  research may show that A. elmaria  requires listing as threatened within Europe.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena elmaria is only known from Cyprus. Outside of Europe, the species also occurs in central and southeastern Anatolian Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014) and Iran (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species. However, it is apparently a rare Levantine species, as there are very few specimens in collections.","There is little is known about the habitat or ecology of this   species, although it can be assumed to be associated with phryganic   Mediterranean shrublands. It is probably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plant species, and it has been recorded from Leontodon tuberosus, Prunus dulcis and Ferula communis in Israel (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","The specific threats to Andrena elmaria in Europe remain unknown. However, given     the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is presumed to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased  incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. The species is  also recorded outside of Europe, and sufficiently large areas of  suitable habitat are presumed to remain within the species' geographic  range.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books            and is not the subject to any targeted conservation action. It     is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas.     Further     research   is required to establish the details of the     population  size, trends, habitats, ecology and to identify any    current or   likely threats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,enslinella,,Andrena enslinella,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena enslinella is found from south and central Europe eastwards to the Caucasus region and the Urals (Bashkiria). The species is also found in Asia Minor (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014) Kazakhstan and the Altai region in Siberia (Sidorov 2010).","There is no information available on the population size and trends of this species, although presumably populations are small.","Andrena enslinella is found especially on xerothermic habitats, including uncultivated lands, fallow lands and steppe forests. The species flies from May to June and it is presumably oligolectic on Brassicaceae (Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997), including Crambe tataris, Sinapis arvensis, Isatis tinctoria, Erucastrum armoracioides, Sisymbrium polimorphum Cardaria draba, Capsella bursa-pastoris and Brassica. However, it is also found on Fabaceae (Medicago), Rosaceae (Fragaria, Potentilla), Asteraceae (Taraxacum, Leontodon, Eryngium), Scrophulariaceae (Veronica) and Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbia) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. enslinella may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005). Its distribution overlaps with protected areas throughout its range, such as Mecsek Mountains Landscape Protection Area in Hungary (Jozan 1996). However, it is not the target of any specific conservation action. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,erberi,,Andrena erberi,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge of the population size, trends and any existing threats. Further research into the status of this species is necessary.",Unknown,"Andrena erberi is distributed from Europe and Transcaucasia to south-western Asia and north-eastern Africa.    In Europe, the species was recorded from Macedonia (Friese 1923, Warncke 1973), Ukraine (Bramson 1879, Osytshnjuk 1977), Romania (Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980), Bulgaria (Nedialkov 1914, Vasileva 1994) and Greece mainland (Schmiedecknecht 1884, Alfken 1927, Mavromoustakis 1960, Warncke 1965a), the Cyclades Aegean islands (Morawitz 1871, Dours 1873, Ascher and Pickering 2013), Rhodos Island (Mavromoustakis 1959), Euboea Island (Warncke 1965a), Crete (Alfken 1927; Warncke 1965a, 1967; Ascher and Pickering 2013).In the Caucasus region, the species is recorded from Azerbaijan (Warncke 1966b), Georgia (Morawitz 1877, Friese 1921).  In Asia, the species is recorded from Turkey (Radoszkowskj 1876, Alfken 1935, Warncke 1974b), Iran and from north Africa (Egypt; Osytshnjuk et al. 2005).",This species is rare throughout its European distribution range. Presumably most of the European populations are small (although some records coming from the mainland of Greece and the Aegean Islands suggest that the species may be locally abundant). There is no clear information available on the population trends.,"This bivoltine species (one that has two generations per year) occurs in xeric biotopes from plains to mountains at altitudes up to 1,500 m. The species is polylectic, in that it takes pollen from a wide variety of plants, and the females forage on flowers of Brassicaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae. It flies from April to May (Osytshnjuk et al. 2005).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"Andrena erberi is not subject to any protection measures and it is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book. This species is found on protected areas such as the Kazantip Nature Reserve on the Crimean Peninsula, Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977) but further protected areas should be created to protect this species.Further research into the taxonomy of this species is necessary, as is data on its ecology, population size, threats and trends.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Patiny, S., Radchenko, V., Roberts, S. & Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,erythrocnemis,,Andrena erythrocnemis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of its debatable taxonomic status and since there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"Andrena erythrocnemis is distributed from southern Europe to southwestern Asia (Turkey, Syria) (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","Although populations are small, there is no information available on the trend of this species.","Due to its uncertain taxonomic status, published information regarding the ecology of the species could be confused with data from Andrena chrysosceles.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to clarify its taxonomic status and to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,espanola,,Andrena espanola,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats. Future research should clarify its uncertain taxonomic status and may show that A. elmaria needs listing in a threatened category.",Unknown,"The European species Andrena espanola is only known from Portugal, Spain and southwestern France (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).",There is no information available on the population abundance and trend of this species.,"The species has been recorded foraging on yellow Brassicaceae species in Spain (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). There is no further information available on the habitats and ecology of this species.",The threats to this species remain unknown.,"The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research is required to establish the details of the population size, trends, habitats, ecology, habitats and to identify any current or likely threats. Its taxonomic status also needs further clarification.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,exigua,,Andrena exigua,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)     Listed      as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size,     trends, habitats, ecology and threats. Future  research may show that A. exigua  requires listing in a threatened category within Europe.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena exigua is only known from Spain. Outside of Europe, the species is reported from Morocco (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species, although it is apparently a rare species and there are very few specimens in collections.","There is little known about the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to be associated with phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, at least in parts of its European range.","The specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given    the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known to    inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased  incidence of    fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books           and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It    is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas.    Further     research   is required to establish the details of the    population  size    and  overall  trends, in addition to developing a    fuller  understanding  of   the   ecological and habitat requirements of the species    and  identifying any    current or   likely threats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,exquisita,,Andrena exquisita,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient because this species is known only from a few localities and there is no information available regarding the population size, trends, ecology and the threats affecting the species.",Unknown,"Andrena exquisita is known in Europe from Bulgaria (Nessebar, Burgas region) (Warncke 1975, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002) and the European part of Turkey (Büyükdere/Istanbul (Warncke 1974b, 1975; Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).In Asia, the species it is known from north-western Turkey (Cagis bei Bigadig/Balikesir) (Warncke 1974b, 1975; Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002). Specimens have also been found from Israel and Jordan (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2013).",There is no information available on the current population trend and status of this species. Only a few females of this species have been found in the recorded localities.,"Andrena exquisita presumably prefers xeric grassland habitats. This species flies in April. The species has been found upon Senecio vernalis in Israel, and on an unidentified yellow Asteraceae (Cichorioideae) in Turkey (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2013).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is known only from a few specimens. Further research is required in Bulgaria and European Turkey in order to clarify the ecological requirements, population status, trends and to identify the potential threats affecting this species. The species should be protected by establishing protected areas in the areas where it is found.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V., Roberts, S. & Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,fabrella,,Andrena fabrella,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)      Listed      as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available  on  population size,     trends and threats to the species. Future   research may show that A. fabrella  requires listing as threatened within Europe.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena fabrella is known from the western and central Mediterranean region, from the Iberian peninsula and the Balearic Islands (Warncke 1976, Hohmann 1984, Baldock 2014) eastwards to Croatia. J. Ascher (pers. comm. 2013) mentions it from Sardinia, but confirmation of this is required. Outside of Europe, the species is reported from Morocco.",There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species.,"There is little known about the habitat of this   species, although it can be assumed to be associated with phryganic   Mediterranean shrublands, at least in parts of its European range. It has been recorded on the following flower species: Cistus ladanifer L., Cistus laurifolius L., Halimium sp. (Pérez-Iñigo Mora 1983), Euphorbia serrata, Sonchus tenerrimus and yellow Compositae (Hohmann 1984). The males of Andrena fabrella fly from early April to early June, and the females fly from mid-April to mid-June (Warncke 1976).","The specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given    the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is assumed to    inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased  incidence of    fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books           and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It    is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas.    Further     research   is required to establish the details of the    population  size, trends and to identify any    current or   likely threats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,falsifica,,Andrena falsifica,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trends of the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena falsifica is distributed through Europe, the Caucasus region, the south of the Urals (Bashkiria) (Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk 1977, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014) and the Altai region in Siberia (Sidorov 2010).","There is no information available on population size and trends of this species, although populations are presumably small.","Andrena falsifica is found in a variety of habitats (forest borders, sub-alpine grasslands, calcareous grasslands, heathlands, moorlands and sunny steppe slopes) up to 1,000 m asl in the Carpathians (Osytshnjuk 1977, Falk 1991). This species flies in April and May, and in the Carpathians from May to June. It visits flowers of Asteraceae (Taraxacum, Crepis, Bellis perenis), Brassicaceae (Lepidium draba, Sisymbrium loeselii, Alyssum tortuosum), Cistaceae (Helianthemum hirsutum), Liliaceae (Тulipa ophiophilla, Аllium jajle), Ranunculaceae (Ranunculus, Ficaria verna, Anemone, Adonis), Rosaceae (Potentilla humifisa, P. erecta, P. anserina, P. argentata, Fragaria vesca, Rosa, Spirea, Prunus spinosa) and Salicaecae (Salix) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987).","The species is threatened by the loss of suitable habitats (moorland, heathlands, grasslands) through development, agriculture and intensive forestry. Also, changes in land use and scrub encroachment lead to the loss of nesting and foraging sites. On unimproved grassland and moorlands, intense grazing and the use of pesticides and fertilizers may threaten this species, through the loss of flower rich areas and other changes in the vegetation (Falk 1991).","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Great Britain (Rare; Shirt 1987) and Norway (Vulnerable; Kålås et al. 2010), although it is not target of any specific conservation action. Its distribution overlaps with protected areas such as Landscape Protected Area of Boronka-melleki, Hungary (Jozan 1992).  Falk (1991) proposes as management for this species the following actions: maintaining sites in a reasonable open state with areas of bare or sparsely vegetated soil in sunny situations for nesting (e.g. banks and south facing slopes), and plenty of flowers for adult foraging. It is also recommended to continue carrying out any established management (e.g., grazing or piecemeal cutting and burning), or disturbance that contributes to the overall character and stability of a site, holding back succession. The introduction of management in unmanaged sites should be considered, especially where succession it is a problem. Light trampling by walkers and poaching by grazing stock may create nesting opportunities for this species, and possibly, encourage the presence of flowers known as a source of pollen and nectar for Andrena falsifica.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,farinosa,,Andrena farinosa,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on population size, trends and threats to the species. Future research may show that A. farinosa, which is endemic to Europe, warrants listing as threatened.",Unknown,The European endemic species Andrena farinosa is only known from France and Spain (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).,"There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species, since this is apparently a rare species and there are very few specimens in collections.","The species is assumed to be present in phryganic Mediterranean shrubland, at least in parts of its range. In Spain, the species has been predominantly found on Doryncium (Fabaceae) (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given      the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased   incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species.",The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books             and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It      is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas.      Further     research   is required to establish the details of the      population  size    and trends and to identify any    current or   likely threats.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,ferox,,Andrena ferox,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and general ecology. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena ferox is distributed from south and central Europe to the Caucasus region, Asia Minor (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk  et al. 2008, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014) and the Middle East in Syria and Jordan (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species, although populations are presumed to be small.","Andrena ferox is mainly found in open, deciduous woodlands and mountain biotopes (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Else 2012). The species flies from April to May. The females collect pollen from Rosaceae (Crataegus oxyachanta, Prunus, Cerasus, Ribes grossularia), Quercianeae (Quercus robur) and Aceraceae (Acer pseudoplatanus) (Kocourek 1966, Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Else 2012).","Andrena ferox is threatened by the loss of open oak woodland and adjacent unimproved open habitats as a consequence of intensive forestry and agricultural development. Scrub invasion in open areas and the shading out of sunny woodland rides and clearings could lead to a loss of suitable nesting sites. As a consequence of the species' communal nesting habits and its very localized occurrence at a site, populations are very easy to wipe out due to these disturbances (Falk 1991). The species is also affected by the use of pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following six European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008), Great Britain (Endangered; Shirt 1987), Netherlands (Near Threatened; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range.  Falk (1991) proposes as management actions for this species to produce a variety of age classes and structural features (especially open rides and clearings) in woodlands in order to accommodate any subtle preferences that the bee might have, including areas with small scrubs, as well as shorter cropped areas, and the presence of spring flowering shrubs such as Crataegus may also be important. Any established management (e.g. grazing, cutting, etc) or disturbance that contribute to overall character and stability of a site and holds back succession should be continued, and where succession is a problem, the introduction of management on unmanaged sites should be considered.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,ferrugineicrus,,Andrena ferrugineicrus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed   as Least Concern as the species is widespread across much of the western Mediterranean  region, the populations seem stable and there are no clear current  threats to the species at a  continental scale. The populations in southern Iberia would be subject to a possible rescue effect from north Africa. However, research should be conducted to determine fuller  details of the population size, trends and ecology of the species.",Stable,"In Europe, Andrena ferrugineicrus is widespread across the western Mediterranean region and is known from the Iberian peninsula, France, Italy, and from most of the larger islands (except for Corsica). Outside of Europe, the species is found in the Maghreb, from Morocco eastwards to Libya (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, S. Roberts pers. obs. 2002).","There is no information available on the overall population size or trend of this species. However, populations are presumed to be stable.","Andrena ferrugineicrus is assumed to be present in phryganic Mediterranean  shrubland, at least in parts of its range. In the Iberian peninsula, the species has been recorded in the Mediterranean coastal area and central Spain (Warncke 1976), and in Italy in semi natural and agricultural sites, alluvial plains with parent material represented by alluvial deposits (Quaranta 2004). It has also been found in unimproved grasslands in the semi-arid zone in the Jbel Akhdar region of eastern Libya (S. Roberts pers. obs. 2002). The species has been observed mainly on flowers of yellow-flowered Brassicaceae species (S. Roberts pers. obs. 2002), including Hirschfeldia incana, Eruca vesicaria and Chrysanthemum coronarium in Ibiza (Hohmann 1984), Prunus dulcis in Spain (Ortiz-Sánchez and Tinaut 1993), and Moricandia cinerea, Brassica napus, Sinapis arvensis, Periderea fuscata in Algeria (Benarfa et al. 2014). Andrena ferrugineicrus flies from early April to the end of May (Warncke 1976).","The specific threats to to this species remain unknown. However, given     the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased  incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. In agricultural areas, the species could be susceptible to the direct application of pesticides, and indirectly, through the use of herbicides which affect the forage plants. The species is  also recorded outside of Europe, and sufficiently large areas of  suitable habitat are presumed to remain within the species' geographic  range.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books     and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is  not   known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further  research   is required to establish the details of the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,fertoni,,Andrena fertoni,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)         Listed      as Data Deficient  as there is little or no  information  available on   population size,      trends and threats. Future   research may show  that A. fertoni  requires listing in a threatened category within Europe.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena fertoni is only known from the Iberian peninsula. Outside of Europe, the species is reported from North Africa, from Morocco to Algeria.","There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species, although the paucity of specimens in collections suggests it is rare.","The species is assumed to be present in phryganic Mediterranean  shrubland, at least in parts of its range. Andrena fertoni has also been recorded along the Mediterranean coast (Warncke 1976). It is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, on the subfamily Asteroidae (Asteraceae), and they have been recorded visiting exclusively yellow Asteroideae blossoms. It is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and flies from the end of May to the end of June (Warncke 1976).","The specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given      the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased   incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books      and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is   not   known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further   research   is required to establish the details of the population size   and trends, and to identify any   current or   likely threats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,figurata,,Andrena figurata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"Andrena figurata is present from southern and eastern Europe to the Caucasus region, Asia Minor, central Asia (western Kazakhstan) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014), Tadjikistan and Siberia (Novosibirsk) (Popov 1958).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species, however the populations are presumed to be small.","Andrena figurata prefers xerothermic habitats, and it has been found on fallow lands and uncultivated fields. In Ukraine, it is present on steppe areas.It is considered oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, and females forage especially on Brassicaceae (Erucastrum armoracioides, Lepidium draba, Sinapis arvensis, Sisymbrium loeselii, Sisymbrium orientale, Barbarea vulgaris, Barbarea arcuata) and rarely on Asteraceae (Achillea leptophylla), Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbia), Fabaceae (Caragana arborescens) and Rosaceae (Potentilla humifisa) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. figurata may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species it is not included in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books of any European country and it is not target of any specific conservation actions. It occurs in protected areas, such as Istria-Sinoe Nature Reserve (Istria Fortress) in Romania (Ban and Tomozei 2006).Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,fimbriata,,Andrena fimbriata,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge of population size, trends, general ecology and specific threats. Further surveys are necessary in south-eastern Europe in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on updated data recorded from the field.",Unknown,"Andrena fimbriata is distributed primarily in south-eastern Europe. So far it has only been recorded from Macedonia (Warncke 1973), the Greek mainland (Brulle 1832, Warncke 1965a) and Bulgaria (Vasileva 1994).","The majority of records are from the mainland of Greece, but there is no clear picture of either the size or trends of the population.","The species has been found foraging upon Cardopatium corymbosum on Lesbos, Greece, and upon Trifolium purpureum in Israel (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2013). It flies from April to June. It can be assumed that the species inhabits Mediterranean-type Shrubland. Judging by the distribution, the species presumably prefers xeric habitats.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Further surveys are required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, to identify the existing threats. The species is likely to be found in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Tomozei, B. & Kemp, J.R.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,flavilabris,,Andrena flavilabris,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to its uncertain taxonomic status and the resulting gaps in knowledge of the population size, trends and specific threats. Further research is needed in order to establish the status of this species throughout its range, based on updated data recorded from field work.",Unknown,"Andrena flavilabris has a disjunct distribution; being found through central and south western Europe but also in Crimea, Cyprus and Asia Minor.",There is no information available on population size and trends of this species.,"Andrena flavilabris is found in mesophilous meadows and forest borders. It is a spring species, and in Germany, it flies from the end of April to the beginning of June on a variety of family plants, including Rosaceae, Brassicaceae, Aceraceae (Acer platanoides), Fabaceae (Hippocrepis comosa, Vicia) and Cornaceae (Cornus sanguinea) (Mandery et al. 2008).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. flavilabris may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine its taxonomic status, the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Nieto, A. & Scheuchl, E.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,flavipes,,Andrena flavipes,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and it is quite common overall.,Increasing,"Andrena flavipes is widely distributed through Europe, north Africa, Asia Minor, Near and Middle East and Central Asia eastwards to India, Nepal and China (Xu and Tadauchi 2008).","Populations of A. flavipes are large and the species has expanded its range during around the past decade (Edwards 2002). This is the most frequent Andrena species in the south of Europe, representing 60 % of the records (Pesenko 1974).","Andrena flavipes is considered one of the most common species of Andrena and it is found in a variety of open habitats, having a slight preference for clay-based or sandy soils, although these do not need to be acidic (Edwards 2002). These habitats include agricultural lands, woodlands, grasslands and rocky areas to a lesser extent.The species has two generations: the first one flies from April to May on Salicaeae (Salix), Asteraceae (Bellis perenis, Tusilago farfara), Rosaceae (Mallus, Pottentila verna), Lamiaceae (Lamium), Ranunculaceae (Ranunculus) and Scrophulariaceae (Veronica chamaedrys), while the second visits Asteraceae and Fabaceae species (Dylewska 1987).","Although the species is common, it may be a affected by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is not included in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books of any European countries. Due to its wide distribution the species occurs in many protected areas, but there are no conservation actions in place for this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,flavobila,,Andrena flavobila,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient EU 27 regional assessment: Data DeficientListed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data regarding the population size, trends and threats affecting this species. Further research is necessary in order to clarify the status of this species in its area of distribution.",Unknown,"Andrena flavobila is recorded from eastern and south-eastern Europe to the Caucasus region, Asia Minor and Iran. In Europe, the species is recorded from Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), Romania (Cerna-Macin National Park) (B. Tomozii pers. comm. 2013), the Greek mainland (Warncke 1965a, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002) and the island of Lesvos (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2013).In the Caucasus region, the species is recorded from Azerbaijan (Talysh Mountains, Diabar Basin) (Osytshnjuk 1977). In Asia, the species is recorded from Turkey (Warncke 1965b, 1974b, 1975; Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002) and the north of Iran (Karadagh) (Warncke 1965a, 1966b).","This is a rare bee species. The sub-populations of this species are disjunct and the population overall is presumably small, but no details are available regarding either the total population size or trend.","Andrena flavobila is a xero-thermophilous species, observed on roadsides and uncultivated fields. The species is found from open steppe areas to mountainous regions of the Caucasus. Females forage on Brassicaeae (Sisymbrium altissimum, Sinapis arvensis, Barbarea arcuata). It flies from the end of April to the end of June.","There are no specific threats documented for this species. Given the habitat of the species, it may be threatened by loss of suitable habitat through human intervention. Overuse of fertilizers and herbicide application, ploughing and re-seeding may damage and destroy some species of Brassicaeae. Overgrazing by sheep, cattle and horses, especially during the summer can adversely affect species-richness of ground flora. Scrub encroachment, when the grazing is absent, can result in a decline in the richness of typical flora species.","The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not found in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, and to identify the existing specific threats. This species was found in protected areas from Ukraine (Askaniya Nova Biosphere Reserve, Ukrainian Nature Steppe Reserve Kamennye Mohily) (Osytshnjuk 1977) and Romania (Cerna-Macin National Park) (B. Tomozii pers. comm. 2013).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V., Roberts, S. & Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,florea,,Andrena florea,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trends. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena florea is distributed from central and southern Europe to European Russia, the Caucasus region, Asia Minor, Central Asia (Turkmenistan) and north Africa (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","Populations are known to be small, however there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","Andrena florea is found in a variety of habitats including open grasslands, edges of heathlands, parklands, open clearings and the margins of woodland, scrublands, and roadside verges where its preferred species of Bryonia is present (Else 2001). It has also been observed in urban areas in Poznan, Poland (Banaszak-Cibicka 2013). The species has a mutualistic association with Bryonia dioica, and a requirement for bare or sparsely vegetated sandy soil in sunny situations (Falk 1991). It is a typical monolectic species, flying in one generation from late May to June or July on Bryonia alba L. and Bryonia dioica Jacq. Males have been found on Asteraceae (Hieracium), Boraginaceae (Echium vulgare) and Rosaceae (Rubus, Crataegus oxyachanta) (Dylewska 1987, Else 2001).","This species is affected by habitat losses as a consequence of agriculture, development and intensive forestry. Changes in land use result into scrub encroachment and loss of foraging and nesting areas, and an excessive removal of scrub and hedges could lead to a loss of Bryonia species (Falk 1991).","Andrena florea is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Great Britain (Rare; Shirt 1987) and Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002). The species is also included into the Wild Bees Action Plans in Switzerland (Neumeyer 2004). It occurs in protected areas in Hungary, such as the Landscape protected area of Boronka-melléki (Jozan 1992). There are no conservation actions in place for this species.  Falk (1991) proposes to maintain a good level of Bryonia species together with plenty of sandy areas (e.g. paths, south facing banks and slopes) in sunny nesting areas. Any established management (e.g., grazing, cutting) or disturbance that contributes to the overall character and stability of the sites and hold back succession should be continued, and where succession is a problem, the introduction of management on unmanaged sites should be considered. Light trampling by walkers or occasional vehicle use will be important in maintaining sandy patches in paths and tracks, which appear to be the preferred nesting sites for the species. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,florentina,,Andrena florentina,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)          Listed      as Data Deficient  as there is little or no   information  available on   population size,      trends and specific threats. Future   research may show  that A. florentina  requires listing in a threatened category within Europe.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena florentina is a species of the western Mediterranean and it ranges through the Iberian peninsula, Italy and Sicily. Outside of Europe, the species also occurs in the Maghreb, from Morocco eastwards to Tunisia.",There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species.,"Andrena florentina is assumed to be present in phryganic Mediterranean   shrubland, at least in parts of its range. The species has been recorded at  flowers of Bellis perennis (Asteraceae) and Brassicae rapa (Brassicaceae) (Schmiedeknecht 1882). Other observations in Algeria include Senecio leucanthemifolia (Warncke 1967), Brassica fructiculosa, Rosmarinus officinalis, Sinapis arvensis and Senecio nebrodensis (Benarfa et al. 2014), and Prunus dulcis in Spain (Ortiz-Sánchez and Tinaut 1993). In Sicily, Andrena florentina males are pollinators of Ophrys panormitana (Paulus 1997). The males of A. florentina fly in March, and the females fly from mid-March to the end of April (Warncke 1976, Pittioni et al. 2014). Warncke (1976) reported a female collected in November, suggesting that the species is probably partially bivoltine.","The specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given       the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is  presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased    incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species.",The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books       and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is    not   known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further    research   is required to establish the details of the population size    and trends and to identify any    current or   likely threats.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,floricola,,Andrena floricola,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena floricola is found through Europe, the Caucasus region, Asia Minor and the Urals (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"Andrena floricola is found in a variety of habitats, preferring the mesophilous ones, including lowland and alpine grasslands, forest borders and clearings. It is also present on steppe areas in valleys and plantations, and steppe forests in mountainous regions, such as Crimea and the Caucasus region. The species has two generations flying from April to August on Brassicaceae (Isatis tinctoria, Arabidopsis thaliana, Capsella bursa pastoris, Brassica, Berteroa incana, Alyssum tortuosum, A. desertorum, Raphanus), Apiaceae (Anethum graveolens, Daucus), Scrophulariaceae (Veronica chamaedrys), Salicaceae (Salix) and Asteraceae (Taraxacum officinale) (Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk 1977).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. floricola may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008), Great Britain (Endangered; Shirt 1987) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). There are no conservation actions in place for this species.  It occurs in protected areas, such as Latranyi Puszta Nature Conservation Area in Hungary (Jozan 2003).Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,florivaga,,Andrena florivaga,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because it is widely distributed although the sub-populations are somewhat scattered. In the eastern part of its range, the species can be plentiful in suitable habitats, so overall it is assumed that the population is fairly large. However the threats to the species are unknown, so further research is needed to identify if there are any major threats.",Unknown,"Andrena florivaga is distributed across central continental Europe, the Caucasus region (Daghestan, Azerbaijan) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008), Russia (Ural) (Eversmann 1852, Lykov 2004) to Asia Minor (Warncke 1974b), Kazakhstan (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008) and Bashkiria (Nikiforuk 1957).In Europe, the species is recorded from France (Warncke et al. 1974), Germany (Blüthgen 1914; Stoeckhert 1933, 1954), Austria (Pittioni and Schmidt 1943), Italy (Piatti and d’Albore 2006), Slovenia (Gogala 1999), Croatia, Czech Republic, Slovakia (Kocourek 1966), Hungary (Moczar and Warncke 1972), Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977), Romania (Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980) and European Russia.Blüthgen (1914) records Andrena florivaga from the Balkan Peninsula, but it is not clear if the records came from Greece or nearby countries (Warncke 1965a).","Population size and trends are unknown. The species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO), but a significantly smaller area of occupancy (AOO) as the sub-populations are somewhat scattered. In the eastern part of its range, the species can be plentiful in suitable habitats, so overall is is assumed that the population is fairly large.","Andrena florivaga prefers xeric habitats of plains and mountains up to altitudes of 2,000 m (Talysh Mt. Caucasus). It is also found on steppic areas and uncultivated fields. The species flies from April to May and June in southern Europe (Osytshnjuk 1977, Gogala 1999). It is a polylectic species, in that its takes pollen from a wide variety of plants, and the females forage on flowers of Rosaceae (Potentilla humifusa), Liliaceae (Tulipa ophiophylla), Ranunculaceae (Paeonia tepuifoia, Ranunculus sp.), Plantaginaceae (Veronica sp.), Brassicaceae (Sinapis arvensis, Sisymbrium loeselii, Lepidium draba, Erucastrum armuracioides, Isatis tinctoria, Barbarea arcuata), Asteraceae (Taraxacum officinale) (Pittioni and Schmiedt 1943, Osytshnjuk 1977). It nests in burrows in the ground (Westrich 1989) and is host to the cleptoparasitic bee, Nomada guttulata (Kocourek 1966).",The threats to this species are unknown.,This species is included in the National Red Lists of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002). The species is found on protected areas in Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977).Further research is required to identify the ecology and existing threats for this species and to establish the overall population size and trends.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V., Roberts, S. & Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,forsterella,,Andrena forsterella,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed    as Least Concern as the species is widespread across much of the central and southeastern Mediterranean  region, the population seems stable and there are  no clear current  threats to the species at a  continental scale. The  populations in the eastern Aegean would be subject to a possible rescue  effect from Aegean Turkey. However, research should be conducted to determine further details of the population size and trends of  the species.",Stable,"Andrena forsterella occurs in southern Europe, from central and southern Italy (Fauna Italia checklist 2013) to Greece and Cyprus (Schonitzer et al. 1995, Grace 2010). Outside of Europe, the species is reported from Turkey, Azerbaijan, Iran, Lebanon and Israel.","There is no information available on the population size of this species. However, the species is widespread throughout the southern Mediterranean and the population is presumed to be stable.","The species is assumed to be present in phryganic Mediterranean    shrubland, at least in parts of its range. In Israel, it has been found foraging at flowers of Sinapis alba (Brassicaceae) (S. Roberts pers. obs. 2000); while in Turkey it has been recorded on Coridothymus cupidatus (Warncke 1967), Salix sp., Prunus sp., Trifolium spp. (Özbek 1976) and Onobrychis viciifolia (Özbek 2011). The species has also been observed on Medicago and Eryngium in Nakhichevan (Maharramov 2009) and in Centaurea solstitialis and Cardopatium corymbosum in Lesbos (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). Andrena forsterella is bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year, and flies from mid-April to early June, and from early July to mid-August (Warncke 1974b, Schonitzer et al. 1995).","The specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given        the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is   presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased     incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. The species is also recorded outside of Europe, and sufficiently large areas of suitable habitat are presumed to remain within the species' geographic range.",The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books        and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further     research   is required to establish the population  size    and trends and to identify any    current or   likely threats.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,freygessneri,,Andrena freygessneri,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed      as Data Deficient  as there is little or no    information  available on   population size,      trends and threats to the species. In addition to this, there are taxonomic issues to be resolved which may have led to identification problems in the past. Future   research may show   that A. freygessneri warrants listing as threatened within Europe.",Unknown,"Andrena freygessneri is a European endemic species, and it is only known from the alpine regions of France, mainland Italy, southern Switzerland and Austria (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002). There are also records from the species in Czech Republic and Germany, but its presence in these countries needs to be confirmed, as these records might correspond to Andrena simillima.",There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species.,"Andrena freygessneri is an alpine species which, in Switzerland, is found between 1,400 m asl and 1,930 m asl. It is presumed to be associated with temperate alpine grasslands. Amiet et al. (2010) suggest that the species may be oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plants, specializing on species of Sempervivum (Crassulaceae), and indeed in Austria it has been recorded collecting pollen predominantly on Sempervivum montanum (Ebmer 2003a, 2003b). In Switzerland, floral records include a preference for Saxifraga aizoides (Frey-Gessner 1904).Andrena freygessneri is a univoltine species, flying as a single generation from mid-June to the end of August (Amiet et al. 2010).",The threats to this species are unknown.,The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books         and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It  is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas.  Further     research   is required to establish the details of the  population  size    and trends and to identify any    current or   likely threats. The taxonomic issues associated with this species also require further clarification.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,fria,,Andrena fria,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on its population size, trends, habitats and threats. Future research may show that this rare Spanish endemic species warrants listing as threatened within Europe.",Unknown,Andrena fria is a very rare Spanish endemic species (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).,"There are very few records of this species, so it is assumed to be rare within its very restricted range. There is no detailed information available on the population size or trend of this species.","Andrena fria is recorded from southern and central Spain from early April to early May (Warncke 1976). E. Scheuchl (unpublised data, pers. comm. 2014) has found the species exclusively on yellow Brassicaceae. There is no information available on the habitat of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland..",The threats to Andrena fria remain unknown.,"The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books          and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It   is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas.   Further     research   is required to establish the details of the   population  size, trends, habitats and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,fucata,,Andrena fucata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena fucata is distributed from Europe to the Caucasus region, Asia Minor, Central Asia (Kazachstan) (Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014) and Siberia in Oblast Kemerowo (Eremeeva et al. 2009a, Eremeeva et al. 2009b) and Transbaikalia (Proshchalykin 2010).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"Andrena fucata prefers humid habitats (mesophilous grasslands, woodlands, heaths, moors and coastal dunes) up to 1,500 m asl in the Carpathians and 2,000 m asl in the Alps (Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005, Else 2005). The species nests in soil on mountainous slopes with southern exposure and forest edges (Kocourek 1966, Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005). It has one generation flying from May to July, exceptionally until early August. The species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. The species was recorded in Poland on flowers of 37 plant species from 16 families, with preference towards Rosaceae (48%), Asteraceae (14%), Brassicaceae (7%) and Apiaceae (5%).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. fucata may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through intensive forestry, changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Ireland (Endangered; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,fuliginata,,Andrena fuliginata,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Listed  as Not Applicable as the only European record (and subpopulation) of the species is from the Italian island of Pantelleria, which is most  likely to represent less than 1% of the global population. The species is elsewhere found across the Maghreb, from Morocco to Tunisia.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena fuliginata is only known from a single record by Pagliano (1994) who mentions one female, collected in April 1985 on the island of Pantelleria, which politically belongs to Italy, but is closer to the Tunisian coast than to Sicily. Outside of Europe, the species also occurs in the Maghreb, from Morocco eastwards to Tunisia. There are no other European records (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).",There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species.,"Little is known about the habitat or ecology of this species although in Pantelleria, it is presumed to be associated with phryganic Mediterranean shrublands.","The specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given      the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased   incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. The species is  also recorded outside  of Europe, and sufficiently large areas of  suitable habitat are  presumed to remain within the species' geographic  range.","The species is not included in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and it is not target of any specific conservation actions. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Further research is required to establish the details of the population size and trends, and to identify any specific threats. Research should also be conducted into the ecology to this species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.","Quaranta, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,fulva,,Andrena fulva,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered extinct in Ireland.",Unknown,"Andrena fulva is distributed through central and southern Europe eastwards to Romania and Bulgaria (Osytshnjuk et al. 2005, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"Andrena fulva occurs in various habitats, including open grasslands, chalk lowlands, pastures, parks and gardens and occasionally open woodlands. The species flies from April to May and it is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. The females collect pollen from flowers of the Brassicaceae, Asteraceae, Salicaceae, Aceraceae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Boraginaceae and Vacciniaceae families. In Poland, the species has been recorded on flowers of 39 plant species from 17 families, preferably Rosaceae (25%), Saxifragaceae (22%), Brassicaceae (8%), Asteraceae, Berberidaceae, Salicaceae (6-8%) and Ericaceae (5%). They nest in large aggregations in the soils of gardens, squares, road walks and roadsides (Else 2005, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. fulva may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through intensive forestry, changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists of Ireland (Regionally Extinct; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it occurs in the protected area of Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,fulvago,,Andrena fulvago,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena fulvago is found up to 60°N, while in the southern area it is only present in mountainous regions up to 2,000 m asl (in the Alps). Elsewhere, it occurs in the Caucasus region, the Ural mountains and northern Turkey (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).",There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species since most of the published records exceed 20 years in age.,"Andrena fulvago occurs in humid biotopes (woods, mesophilous meadows and alpine meadows). The species flies from May to July on flowers of Asteraceae (Hieracium, Taraxacum, Leontodon, Senecio, Crepis, Hypochoeris). It nests in sandy soils, in small aggregations. Grünwaldt et al. (1939) found the nests in the various soil on forest edges, meadows, planes and mountains (Osytshnjuk et al. 2005). According to Grünwaldt et al. (1939), in north of Latvia, the species nests on sandy slopes of southern exposure. A colony area of ​​six square meters, consisting of about 50 nests, was observed on a slope covered by meadow vegetation and moss (Osytshnjuk 1977).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. fulvago may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through intensive forestry, changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following six European countries: Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008), Great Britain (Rare; Shirt 1987), Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Norway (Vulnerable; Kålås et al. 2010), Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010) and Finland (Critically Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010). There are no conservation actions in place for this species.  It occurs in protected areas, such as Nemira Mountains Nature Reserve and Ceahlau National Park in Romania (B. Tomozii pers. comm. 2014).Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,fulvata,,Andrena fulvata,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge of population size, trends and specific threats. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on new updated data recorded from field work, most of the published records being old and coming from disparate sources.",Unknown,"Andrena fulvata is a European species distributed through south and central Europe to eastern Europe (Romania) (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species. The few existing published records, synthesized by Rasmont et al. (2013), are over 20 years old.","Andrena fulvata is found in meadows, alpine grasslands and shrublands up to 1,700 m asl in the Alps (Schmid-Egger 2011). The species has a single generation that flies from May to June. It is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, including flowers of Asteraceae (Taraxacum, Tussilago), Brassicaceae (Brassica rapa), Fabaceae (Cytisus), Polygonaceae (Rumex acetosella), Rhamnaceae (Rhamnus cathartica), Salicaceae (Salix), Ranunculaceae (Anemone nemorosa), Rosaceae (Fragaria vesca) and Scrophulariaceae (Veronica chamaedrys) (Kocourek 1966).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. fulvata may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is not included in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books of any European country. It has been found in Alpi Marittime Park (Piemonte, Italy) (Schmid-Egger 2011).Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,fulvicornis,,Andrena fulvicornis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the lack of existing information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species and previous taxonomic issues. Further research is needed in order to establish the status of this species throughout its range, based on updated data recorded from field work.",Unknown,"Andrena fulvicornis is distributed through the Iberian Peninsula and central Europe. Elsewhere, the species is found in Asia Minor (Schmid-Egger and Doczkal 1995).",There is no information available on the population size and trends of this species.,"Andrena fulvicornis is a xerotermophilic species found in dry habitats, including old vineyards, xerotherm dry slopes and hay meadows. The species has two generations; the first one flying from the end of April to mid June, and the second one from early July to late August. The species is presumably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, on species from the Apiaceae family. The summer generation forages mainly on Heracleum sphondylium, Anthriscus sylvestrism, Falcaria vulgaris and Daucus carota (Schmid-Egger and Doczkal 1995).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. fulvicornis may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomic status, population size and trends, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Nieto, A. & Scheuchl, E.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,fulvida,,Andrena fulvida,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because although the area of occupancy (AOO) is unknown, it is likely to be around 2,000 km2, and there is a decline in the extent of heathland in the distribution range of the species, thus the species is close to qualify as Vulnerable under Criterion B2.",Decreasing,"A trans-Palearctic species, and in Europe it is a member of the boreo-montane element of the bee fauna. The range extends to the far east of Russia.The species is absent from Croatia according to Józan (2011) although it has been listed in Gusenleitner and Schwartz (2002). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,217,824 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is unknown, but is likely to be around 2,000 km2.","An uncommon species. Details of its overall population strength are not known, but as the species has not been found in Poland since 1970, and carries threat statuses in five other countries it is likely that the population trend shows a decline.","A species of open woodlands, woodland rides and heathlands. The flight period is from late May to July. Nests are believed to be constructed singly in sunny places in open sites within its habitat. A polylectic species. Finnish flower records are of: Rubus (Rosacaea) and Rhamnus (Rhamnaceae) (Söderman and Leinonen 2003). Peeters and Reemer (2003) also list Frangula alnus (Rhamnaceae) as a forage source.","In general, heathland sites may be subject to scrub and woodland development as part of the succession process. If woodland and tree cover shade out nesting sites, the habitat will become unsuitable for this species.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich 2011), Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002). The species is known from protected areas.Further research is required to establish the trends and status across the entire range of the species. Appropriate management of sites to prevent succession is important.",The species is not exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,fulvitarsis,,Andrena fulvitarsis,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of the wide distribution and overall large population. However, further research into the specific threats affecting this species is necessary.",Unknown,"Andrena fulvitarsis is distributed across much of southern and south-eastern Europe and Asia. In Europe it is recorded in Croatia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), the Slovenian border, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Warncke 1966), Bulgaria (Warncke 1967), Italy (Warncke 1967,  Priore 1982, Fauna Italia checklist 2013, Comba 2007), Sicily (Priore 1982), Macedonia (Warncke 1967, 1974b) and Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977, Gromenko et al. 2009).","There is no detailed information on the size of the population or the trends. However, given the large extent of occurrence (EOO) and the regularity with which the species has appeared in ecological survey work (in Lesvos and Attiki) it is assumed to have a large population.","A species found in a variety of warm, dry habitats; from sandy coastal regions, Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities to open pasture woodland. Andrena fulvitarsis is recorded visiting Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Brassicaceae. The species flies from April to June.","Details of specific threats are unknown, however, given the habitats this species frequents, general threats would include inappropriate grazing regimes in Mediterranean shrublands and tourist infrastructure development on coastal sand dune systems.","The species does not appear on any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not subject to any targeted conservation action. The species occurs in protected areas. Further research into the distribution, trends and threats are necessary.",This species is not exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,fumida,,Andrena fumida,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed      as Data Deficient  as there  is little or no    information  available on   population size,      trends or     threats,   and  further  information is   necessary on both  the      habitat and   ecological   requirements. Future   research may show    that A. fumida requires listing in a threatened category within Europe.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena fumida is apparently only known from Sicily and the southernmost part of the Italian mainland. Outside of Europe, the species also occurs across the Maghreb, from Morocco eastwards to Tunisia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).",There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species.,The species is assumed to be present in phryganic Mediterranean shrubland. Further details on the habitat or ecology of this species are not known.,"The specific threats to Andrena fumida remain unknown. However, given       the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is  presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased    incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. The  species is  also recorded outside  of Europe, and sufficiently large  areas of  suitable habitat are  presumed to remain within the species'  geographic  range.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books            and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It     is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas.     Further     research   is required to establish the details of the     population  size    and  overall  trends, in addition to developing a     fuller  understanding  of   the   ecological requirements of the species     and  identifying any    current or   likely threats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,funerea,,Andrena funerea,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on population size, trends, habitats and threats. Future research may show that this rare endemic Spanish species requires listing as a threatened species.",Unknown,Andrena funerea is a Spanish endemic species and is apparently only known from central Spain (Warncke 1976).,"There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species. However, since there are very few records of this species, it is assumed to be rare within its very restricted range.","The species has been reported from Lavandula stoechas (Lamiaceae) (Warncke 1976) and Brassicaceae (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). Andrena funerea is a bivoltine species (Warncke 1976), in that it has two generations per year. The males fly from early April to mid-May, and from the end of May to June. The females fly from the end of April to the end of May, and from early June to early July. Its habitat requirements remain unknown, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.",The threats to Andrena funerea remain unknown.,"The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books           and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It    is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas.    Further     research   is required to establish the details of the    population  size, trends, habitat and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,fuscipes,,Andrena fuscipes,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge of population size. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, as most of the published records are old and from disparate sources.",Unknown,"Andrena fuscipes is distributed from Europe to the Caucasus region (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014), Uzbekistan (Vorontsovskiy 1932) and Kazakhstan (Ponomareva 1962).",There is no current information available on the population size and trend of this species. Most of the published records are more than 20 years old.,"Andrena fuscipes occurs in Central Europe in xerothermic habitats, especially in heathlands (Exeler et al. 2010), while in eastern Europe (Ukraine, European Russia) it is found in humid, mainly wooded biotopes (Osytshnjuk et al. 2005). This is a late summer species flying from July to September. The females collect pollen especially from Ericaceae (Calluna vulgaris), but it was also found on Asteraceae, Caryophyllaceae, Fabaceae and Oenotherraceae species (Osytshnjuk et al. 2005). It is considered strongly specialized on heather (Calluna vulgaris) (Exeler et al. 2010).","In Central Europe, the fragmentation and reduction of heathland is considered one of the major threats for Andrena fuscipes (Exeler et al. 2010), as this habitat is threatened by changes in land use, increasing nutrient deposition and rapid succession by shrubs and trees (Sedláková and Chytrý 1999). Also, Andrena fuscipes may be exposed to chemical treatments with herbicides and pesticides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2008), Ireland (Vulnerable; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006), Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). It occurs in protected areas, especially those overlapping with heathland areas in Germany (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014).It is also included into the List of Invertebrate species of principal importance for the conservation of biodiversity in Northern Ireland, which is found within the Wildlife and Natural Environment Act of Northern Ireland (2011).  Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, distribution and trends.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,fuscocalcarata,,Andrena fuscocalcarata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed      as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size,     trends and threats to the species. Future  research may show that this species, which has an extremely restrictive range in Europe, warrants listing with  a threatened status within Europe.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena fuscocalcarata is only known from the Aegean island of Lesvos (Grace 2010). A female has also been collected in Bulgaria (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). Outside of Europe, the species is reported from Turkey, Armenia and Israel (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).",There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species. It is likely that only a very small proportion of the global population is found in Europe.,"There is little known about the habitat of this   species, although it is associated with phryganic   Mediterranean shrublands, both in Lesvos and in the Mt. Carmel massif in Israel (C. O'Toole pers. comm. 2000).Andrena fuscocalcarata distinctly prefers Centaurea cyanoides as a pollen source in Turkey and Israel (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014) and in Samos (A. Ebmer pers. comm. 2014). Warncke (1974b) and Özbek (1976) also recorded only flower visits of Centaurea. However, several females have also been recorded in Turkey collecting pollen from Papaver sp. (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). In Israel, it has also been reported on Picris sp. (Asteraceae) and Vicia hybrida (Fabaceae) (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).The details of the flight period and forage preferences in Europe are not well known, but in Israel the species is active early in the year, flying in March and April.","The specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given    the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known to    inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased  incidence of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. The species is also recorded outside of Europe, and areas of suitable habitat are presumed to remain within the species' geographic range.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books           and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It    is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas.    Further     research   is required to establish the details of the    population  size, trends and to identify any    current or   likely threats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,fuscosa,,Andrena fuscosa,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species, since most of the published records are now old and come from disparate sources and it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena fuscosa is distributed through southern and central Europe, north Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and central and southern Asia, specifically in India (Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","Although populations are presumed to be large, there is no clear information regarding their size and trend. Most of the published records exceed 20 years in age.","Andrena fuscosa occurs in xeric biotopes, through plains and mountains up to 2,000 m asl, such as the Pamir Mountains. The species is bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year, from May to mid September. The females collect pollen from various families, preferring Brassicaceae and Apiaceae, but also Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae and Valerianaceae (Kocourek 1966, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. fuscosa may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994) and Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005). It is found in protected areas, such as the Black Sea Biosphere Reserve, Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977), Parco dell'Etna in Sicily, Italy, and in the Natura 2000 site Pineta de Adrano e Biancavilla (Puglisi et al. 2012). It is also present in the Macin Mountains National Park, Romania (Ban and Tomozei 2006).Further research should be conducted on population taxonomy, size, distribution and trend, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., García, M. & Nieto, A.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,gallica,,Andrena gallica,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because this species has disappeared from many countries and is in significant decline (but probably at a rate of 20-25 % over ten years), based on direct observation on the field and a decline on the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) and extent of the habitat due to anthropogenic activities such as mowing grass during the flowering of key plants, pesticides, and the ploughing of land of which there are nests of bees. Thus the species is close to qualifying as Vulnerable under Criterion A2ac.",Decreasing,"Andrena gallica is a Palearctic species that is widely distributed, although rare, throughout Europe from Iberia to eastern European countries such as Ukraine and European Russia, and from Sweden to Italy in the south.  Outside of Europe, it has been found from the Caucasus to south Siberia to Baikal.","In many regions of Europe, for which data are present, the populations of Andrena gallica have declined sharply in the last ten years. Based on direct observation in the field (V. Radchenko pers. obs. 2013), and the lack of recent data from much of the rest of its range, it is suspected that there has been a decline in the region of 20-25% in the last ten years. Moreover in some European countries this species has completely disappeared, such as in Sweden and Hungary (Linkowski et al. 2004, Jozan 2011), thus reducing the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO).","Andrena gallica occupies different biotopes from xeric to humid such as flood plain meadows, alpine meadows, xeric mountain slope, and forest glades. In the mountains, it is found at altitudes up to 1,500 m (Warncke 1966b). This species shows selectivity in the choice of sites for settlement in that it builds solitary nests in hard sandy soils or creates small aggregations. The nests of A. gallica are parasitized by Nomada italica and Nomada marshamella (Stöckhert 1933, Kocourek 1966). The species flies from April to the end of August. In the southern part of its distribution, it has two generations.   It is a polylectic species, in that it visits a large variety flowers of various plants such as Rosaceae, Ranunculaceae, Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae, Lythraceae, Apiaceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae, Salicaceae, Geraniaceae, Liliaceae, and Valerianaceae species (Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).","The main threat to this species is the sharp reduction in the number of natural habitats. These areas are exposed to damaging anthropogenic activities such as mowing grass during the flowering of key plants, the treatment of fields with pesticides, and the ploughing of land on which there are nests of bees.  Another possible reason for the decrease in this species could be due to the increased amount of rainfall, caused by global climate change as this species prefers to build nests in dry, sandy soils.","It is included in the following national or regional Red Lists or Red Data Books: Germany as Endangered (Westrich et al. 2008, 2011), and in Red Data List of Free State of Saxony as Regionally Extinct (Burger et al. 2004), in the Czech Republic as Critically Endangered (Farkač et al. 2005), in Sweden as Regionally Extinct (Linkowski et al. 2004), in Hungary as Regionally Extinct (Józan 2011).Also this species included in some regional Red Data Books, for example, in Ryazan region of Russia and Volyn region of Ukraine.Now this species is found only in some nature reserves: the Doñana Biological Reserve in Spain (Melián et al. 2009), the Ukrainian Steppe Nature Reserve, and the Nature Reserve, Galich’ya Gora in Russia.It is recommended to conserve suitable open grassland habitats, nesting sites in open, sandy soil and the forage plants of this species.Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of different plants, including a variety of agricultural crops.","Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Michez, D., Kemp, J.R., Nieto, A., Patiny, S., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,gamskrucki,,Andrena gamskrucki,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)              Listed      as Data Deficient  as  there  is little or no    information  available on   population size,       trends and specific threats,   and  further  information is   necessary on  both  the      habitat and   ecological   requirements of the species. Future    research may show    that this rare species warrants listing with  a threatened status within Europe.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena gamskrucki is only known from Macedonia, mainland Greece and the east Aegean islands of Lesvos, Chios and Limnos (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). Outside of Europe, the species is reported from Turkey and Jordan (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species. However, there are very few records and so the species is assumed to be rare within its restricted range.","There is little known about the habitat or ecology of  this   species. However, it is associated with phryganic   Mediterranean  shrublands in Lesvos (S. Roberts pers. comm 2002). Several females have been collected on Hypericum procumbens in Jordan (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). The details of the flight period and  forage preferences are not known, but the species is active  early in the year, flying from March to May (Warncke 1974b).","The specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is known to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.",The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books           and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It    is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas.    Further     research   is required to establish the details of the    population  size    and trends and to develop a    fuller  understanding  of   the   ecological requirements of the species and to identify the specific threats to the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,gelriae,,Andrena gelriae,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species, since most of the published records are old and come from disparate sources and it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena gelriae is distributed through Europe, the Caucasus region and Asia Minor (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014). Its distribution is disjunct, since there are also many records from the Region Chabarowsk, Amur Oblast, Primorje Kraj, Jakutien and Oblast Irkutsk, Russia, in numerous publications (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species, since most of the published records exceed 20 years in age.","Andrena gelriae occurs especially in moist habitats, although it has also been found on xerothermic swards in Poland, steppe forests and areas in Ukraine. The species flies in two generations from May to August, visiting a variety of flowering plants, such as Adoxaceae  (Sambucus), Asteraceae (Leucanthemum vulgare), Boraginaceae (Symphytum), Brassicaceae (Brassica nigra), Fabaceae (Melitotus, Vicia, Trifolium, Medicago, Anthylis vulneraria, Lathyrus montanus, Cytisus, Lotus corniculatus), Scrophulariaceae (Veronica) and Rosaceae (Potentilla) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Banaszak et al. 2006).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. gelriae may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008), Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Sweden (Critically Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010). Andrena gelriae has its own Species Action Plan in Sweden. Its distribution overlaps with protected areas.Further research should be conducted regarding the species' taxonomy status, the population size, distribution and trends and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,glandaria,,Andrena glandaria,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)               Listed      as Data Deficient  as   there  is little or no    information  available on   population size,        trends and threats,   and  further  information is   necessary on   both  the      habitat and the ecological   requirements of the species. Future     research may show    that this rare species requires listing as threatened within Europe.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena glandaria is only known from a handful of the southernmost of the east Aegean Islands and the Peloponnese (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014, leg. Ebmer). Outside of Europe, the species also occurs in south and eastern Turkey and Israel (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species. However, there are very few records and so the species is assumed to be rare within its restricted European range.","Little is known about the habitat and ecology of this species, although it is presumably associated with phryganic Mediterranean shrublands in the Greek islands. Andrena glandaria flies from the end of April to early June (Warncke 1974b).","The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given     the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased  incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. The species is also recorded outside of Europe, and areas of suitable habitat are presumed to remain within the species' geographic range.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books            and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It     is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas.     Further     research   is required to establish the details of the     population  size    and trends, to developing a better understanding  of   the   ecological requirements of the species     and to identify any    current or   likely threats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,glidia,,Andrena glidia,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed      as Data Deficient  as    there  is little or no    information  available on the population size,         trends and threats to the species. Future      research may show    that this rare species warrants listing with  a threatened status within Europe.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena glidia is only known from the southern Balkans, the islands of the Aegean Sea, Crete and Cyprus. Outside of Europe, the species also occurs in southern coastal Turkey (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002) and Israel (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species. However, there are very few records and so the species is assumed to be rare within its restricted European range.","Andrena glidia is presumably associated with phryganic    Mediterranean   shrublands. It is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plant species, including Erica, Hedera, Leontodon, Reichardia, Crocus and Sternbergia species, and it nests in small to large aggregations up to several hundreds nests (Standfuss et al. 2011). The species is bivoltine, with the first generation flying from April to May and the second generation from September to November. Warncke (1974b) mentioned one female collected in mid-November, and other specimens of the second generation have also been collected from Greek mainland, Crete and Israel (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given      the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased   incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species.",The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books             and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It      is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas.      Further     research   is required to establish the details of the      population  size    and trends and to identify the specific threats to the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,gordia,,Andrena gordia,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed      as Data Deficient  as     there  is little or no    information  available on   population size,          trends and threats. Future       research may show    that this rare species requires listing in a threatened category within Europe.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena gordia is only known from Cyprus. Outside of Europe, the species is known from southern Turkey.","There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species. However, there are very few records and so the species is assumed to be rare within its very restricted European range.","The species is presumably associated with phryganic     Mediterranean   shrublands. Andrena gordia, in common with other members of the sub-genus Chlorandrena, is presumed to be oligolectic, specialising in collecting Asteraceae pollen. Andrena gordia flies in April (Warncke 1974b).","The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given       the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is  presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased    incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species.",The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books              and is not the subject to any targeted conservation action. It       is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas.       Further     research   is required to establish the details of the       population  size    and  overall  trends and to identify its specific threats.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,graecella,,Andrena graecella,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Andrena graecella is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, general ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine its status.",Unknown,"Andrena graecella has been recorded in Bulgaria, Macedonia, Greece (Warncke 1965a, 1973, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Rasmont et al. 2013), Hungary, Romania (Móczár and Warncke 1972), Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977) and Italy (Warncke 1967).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species is presumed to prefer xeric habitats and, while there is no information available regarding its life history and ecology of the species, Warncke (1965) collected some specimens during April.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species it is not included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of any European countries. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas and there are no conservation actions in place for A. graecella. There is a need for research in order to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,grandilabris,,Andrena grandilabris,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)From Europe, this species is known from the old data that was received about 50 years ago. Therefore, there are insufficient data to evaluate it. Further research is needed to determine the population status, trends and threats to this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, this rare species is only known from eight localities in Cyprus: Amathus, Ayia, Phyla, Limassol, Pissouri, Pygos, Saettas, Sina (Warncke 1974).Andrena grandilabris was originally described from Mardin in the south-eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. In Asia this species is also found in Israel (Warncke 1969, Potts et al. 2005), Lebanon and Iran (Gusenleitner and Schwartz 2002).",This species is known only from eight localities in Cyprus. All of this material was collected before 1960. There is no information available on the current population trend and status of this species in Cyprus.,"Andrena grandilabris flies from April to May. It is a polylectic species and is known to visit a very wide range of plants (Potts et al. 2005). Any data about the trophic links of this species in Europe are absent and its nesting behaviour is unknown. Outside Europe, the species is closely associated with Mediterranean shrublands (phrygana and maquis).","The threats to this species remain unknown, although in the National Reserve on Mt. Carmel (Israel) Andrena grandilabris is one of the dominant species (Potts et al. 2005).","A thorough search for this species in Cyprus and further afield should be performed in order to determine the population status, trends and threats to this species. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas in Europe.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Patiny, S., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,granulosa,,Andrena granulosa,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and has a large EOO and AOO. However, the species is severely declining at least in parts of its range, and there is also a presumed decline in the habitat quality in the Mediterranean region. Furthermore, the eastern subpopulation is disjunct so that  there is little chance of genetic exchange between this and the other subpopulations. Andrena granulosa is not declining fast enough to qualify for a higher category of threat, but further research should be conducted in order to clarify the status of the species throughout its range.",Decreasing,"A widespread species in Europe, Andrena granulosa is known from Portugal northeastwards to the Czech Republic, and sporadically eastwards to northwestern mainland Greece. Outside of Europe, the species occurs in the western Maghreb in Morocco. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,483,173.91 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 3,080.00 km2.","There is no information available on the overall population size of the species. The population appears to be decreasing. The species is clearly very rare in Germany and the Czech Republic, and the subpopulation in northern Greece is highly disjunct and likely to be genetically isolated from the western and central European subpopulations.","Quaranta et al. (2004) found the species in semi-natural and agricultural environments in Italy. It is also presumed to inhabit phryganic Mediterranean shrublands in part of its range. Andrena granulosa is presumed to be polylectic, in that it forages upon a wide range of flowering plant species, and it is known to forage on Helianthemum (Cistaceae), Thymus (Lamiaceae) and Sedum species (Crassulaceae). However, in central Europe the species is strictly oligolectic on Helianthemum (Westrich 1989), and in the Mediterranean region maybe on other Cistaceae species. As Helianthemum does not provide nectar to pollinators, A. granulosa has to visit other flowers, and this is the reason why the impression of the species being polylectic has been created (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). The species is regarded as univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, flying from the end of March to mid-May (Warncke 1976) in the Iberian peninsula, and into June and early July elsewhere (Westrich 1989).","The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given      the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known  to     inhabit (at least in parts of its range), inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased   incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. In  agricultural areas, the species could be susceptible to the direct  application of pesticides, and indirectly, through the use of herbicides  which affect the forage plants.",The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008). It is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It        is     not   known if the species is found in any protected  areas.       Further     research   is required to establish the details  of the       population  size    and  overall  trends in addition to  developing  a      fuller  understanding  of   the   ecological  requirements of the   species     and  identifying any    current or    likely threats to the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,gravida,,Andrena gravida,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species, since most of the published records are old and come from disparate sources and as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena gravida is found through Europe, Asia Minor and Central Asia (Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. Most of the published records exceed 20 years in age.,"Andrena gravida is found through a variety of habitats, including open grasslands, forest borders and forest clearings. The species flies in one generation from April to May, visiting flowers of Asteraceae (Taraxacum, Tussilago, Bellis), Brassicaceae (Lepidium, Capsella, Brassica, Sysimbrium), Geraniaceae (Geranium), Lamiaceae (Lamium), Rosaceae (Malus, Potentilla verna, Ribes, Prunus, Crataegus) and Salicaceae (Salix). The species is widely polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, and it is considered to be an important pollinator of apple crops in central Europe (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. gravida may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Great Britain (Endangered; Shirt 1987), Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Sweden (Data Deficient; Gärdenfors 2010). Andrena gravida is found under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan, for which there is a Species Action Plan (UK Biodiversity Group 2007).The species was found in the protected areas of Duna Drava National Park (Jozan 1998) and Latranyi Puszta Nature Conservation Area (Jozan 2003). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, distribution, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,gredana,,Andrena gredana,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as information is lacking regarding the species' taxonomic status, population size and trends, habitat and ecology and specific threats. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on updated data recorded from field work.",Unknown,Andrena gredana is present through north and central Iberia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).,There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.,"There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species. A male of this species was found on May (Warncke 1975). It is presumably a xerothermic species and polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of plant species.","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. gredana may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomic status, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Nieto, A. & Scheuchl, E.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,grossella,,Andrena grossella,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient because even though this species has a small area of occupancy (AOO), there are not enough data to determine the population size, trend and threats to this species. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"Andrena grossella is found in the southern part of the Peloponnese Region of Greece in the following areas: Anargyroi, Kerasea, Sparta, Areopolis (Grünwaldt 1976). Quite recently this species was also found in Volos of the Thessalia region, on the Greek island of Chios, situated in the Aegean Sea, and in Agioi Anargyroi of the Attica Region (Standfusset al. 2011, Devalez 2013, GBIF Data Portal 2013). It is most likely an endemic species to Greece.The extent of occurrence in Europe (EOO) is 53,574 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km².","There are about 100 specimens of this species which were collected in 1975 from four localities in the southern part of the Peloponnese region of Greece. Quite recently it was also found in one locality on the island of Chios, although the number of specimens collected is unknown, and another locality in Agioi Anargyroi of the Attica Region. There is no information on population trends.","Andrena grossella inhabits areas with very dry soil and thin vegetation cover. It prefers to forage on the flowers of Crocus, Sternbergia lutea, and possibly other bulbous host plants. It also occurs on Asteraceae (Hieracium spp., Taraxacum spp.) and Amaryllidaceae (Sternbergia sicula) from which it collects nectar. This species flies in autumn from late October to the end of November. The nesting of this species is unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"Given that this is a very interesting endemic species - with an unusual labio-maxillar complex - protected areas should ideally be created. However, it is important to protect the plants, such as the Crocus, upon which the species forages.Research should be conducted to determine the complete distribution, population trends, habitat and any threats to this species. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but it is valued as a pollinator of plants.","Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Michez, D., Kemp, J.R., Nieto, A., Patiny, S., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,grozdanici,,Andrena grozdanici,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient because the species is only know from nine specimens that were collected more than 40 years ago from one locality in Serbia. Further research is needed on the population size and trend, habitat and ecology and threats. It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"Andrena grozdanici was described from former Yugoslavia, especially from the neighbourhood of Belgrade that now is the capital of Serbia. The species has also been found in Turkey in Warncke/Linz's collection (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2013).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².",There are known only nine specimens of this species that were collected more then 40 years ago from one locality in Serbia.,"Andrena grozdanici flies in the spring as all known nine specimens were collected in May on the flowers of Anchusa barrelieri (Boraginaceae). It is probably an oligolectic species, in that it forages upon the Boraginaceae family, as with all other members of subgenus Hamandrena (Dubitzky et al. 2010). The species' nesting behaviour is unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"Given that this is a very interesting, probably, endemic species, in the places where it is found, protected areas should be created. First of all, necessary protection should be given to the plants which it forages upon, such as those of the Anchusa genus.Further research on the species population size, trends and status, and threats should also be conducted.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of plants.","Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Patiny, S., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,haemorrhoa,,Andrena haemorrhoa,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumably large population. However, further research is required to establish the trend of the population and to identify the specific threats.",Unknown,"Andrena haemorrhoa is widely distributed in Europe. Outside of Europe, it can be found in north Africa, the Caucasus region, Asia Minor, Central Asia and the Far East to Kamchatka and Japan (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","Populations are presumed to be large, but there is no clear information available on the population trend of the species.","Andrena haemorrhoa occurs in several habitats up to 2,000 m asl. The species flies early in the spring, usually from the end of March to May, although in the Carpathian Mountains specimens have been collected during June and early July. Females forage on different flowers plants, such as Apiaceae (Carum carvi), Asteraceae (Taraxacum, Tussilago, Petasites), Brassicaceae (Rapistrum, Barbarea arucata), Campanulaceae (Campanula patula), Ericaeae (Vaccinium), Ranunculaceae (Ficaria verna), Rosaceae (Potentilla, Malus, Rubus, Prunus, Crataegus, Pyrus) and Salicaeae (Salix) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987).","There are no specific threats documented for this species, but it may be a target of general threats affecting European bees. These include reduction of suitable habitats by land use change, such as the transformation of large plant diversity areas into mono-specific agricultural ones, or inappropriate field management, which includes cutting the vegetation before or during the peak of the flowering period. This leads to loss of proper nesting sites due to agricultural activities such as tillage or chemical exposure to pesticide and herbicide treatments.","This species is included in National Red List of Ireland (Least Concern; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006). Its distribution overlaps with protected areas, including the Duna Drava National Park (Jozan 1998) and Latranyi Puszta Nature Conservation Area (Jozan 2003) in Hungary. It was also found in Vanatori Neamt Natural Park (Tomozei 2005) and Macin Mountains National Park in Romania (Ban and Tomozei 2006). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,hattorfiana,,Andrena hattorfiana,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened in view of the small size of the population, with an estimated AOO of 2,000 km2 and a decline in the number of mature individuals, thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Research should be conducted in order to establish the population size and status of the species based on updated data, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Decreasing,"Andrena hattorfiana is distributed throughout Europe, the Caucasus region and Asia Minor (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2,000 km2.","Although populations are small and very locally distributed, there is no information available on the size of the population, since most of the published records are older than 20 years.In western Europe, A. hattorfiana has been facing a dramatic decline for the last 60 years (Pekkarinen 1997) and therefore the trend of this population is thought to be decreasing (Larsson 2006).","Andrena hattorfiana occurs in moist meadows and pastures next to forest habitats, for example in Romania and Ukraine. It is also found in open grasslands, calcareous and sandy soils in inland and coastal habitats, such as fixed dunes in the United Kingdom (Else 2001). They also appear on flower-rich road sides and alpine grasslands up to 2,000-2,500 m asl. The species it is monovoltine, in that it has one generation per year flying from June to July, although in mountains and northern areas they fly from June to early August. The species is strictly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, and the females mainly collect pollen from flowers of Knautia arvensis and occasionally from Scabiosa species (Osytshnjuk 1977, Osythsnjuk et al. 2005).","This species and its pollen provider plant Knautia arvensis are dependent on extensively managed pastures, field margins and traditional meadows. The decline in the population may be the result of reduced and fragmented plant resources due to an intensive agriculture development. This includes larger farm units, inappropriate grazing management, fewer traditional flower-rich types of grassland and road sides. These threats have been present for the last 50 years (Westrich 1990, Falk 1991, Pekkarinen 1999, Larsson 2006).","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the seven following European countries: Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008, Westrich et al. 2011), Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987), Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Norway (Critically Endangered; Kålås et al. 2010), Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010) and Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi 2010). In Finland the species is listed in the Annex 4 - Threatened species of the Nature Conservation Decree no.160/1997, while in the United Kingdom it has its own Species Action Plan for Cornwall. This species occurs in protected areas, such as Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998), Piatra Craiului National Park, Romania (Tomozei 2004), Vanatori Neamt Natural Park, Romania (Tomozei 2005) and Mercantour National Park, France (Schmid-Egger 2011).Research is needed regarding the population size, distribution and trends.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,hedikae,,Andrena hedikae,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent records and the lack of information on the threats affecting the species. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.,Decreasing,"Andrena hedikae was described from Podčetrtek in the sub-Pannonian region of Slovenia. In Europe this rare Mediterranean species is also known from Portugal, Spain (Ortiz-Sánchez 2011), Italy (south part) (Priore 1982), France (Warncke 1967, Rasmont et al. 1995), Corsica (Warncke 1967); Serbia, Slovakia (Kocourek 1966, Přidal 2004, Straka et al. 2007), Slovenia (Jaeger 1934, Gogala 1999), Romania (Móczár &amp; Warncke 1972, Warncke &amp; Scobiola-Palade 1980), Poland (Dylewska 1987), Hungary (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Józan 2011), Moldova (Osytshnjuk 1977, Andreyev et al. 1986), southern part of Ukraine (except Crimea) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Radchenko 1982), Moldova (Osytshnjuk 1977), south-east of European part of Russia (Warncke 1967). This species was also found in Asia: Caucasus (Azerbaijan), Turkey (Warncke 1975), Iran, Kazakhstan. It is also present in north Africa: Morocco, Algeria (Warncke 1974a).","In all regions of Europe, from which data are present, the populations of Andrena hedikae are very small, and in Slovenia, the species is probably extinct. From each locality where it is found, it is known only from one or a few specimens that in most cases were collected more than 40 years ago.  The disappearance of the species from some areas suggests that there may be a declining trend.","Andrena hedikae flies from May to August with two generations. The first generation flies from May to June (in the mountains from June to July). The second generation flies from late June to early August. This species occurs mainly in xeric grassland biotopes. The females visit the flowers of the Brassicaceae (Isatis tinctoria, Cardaria draba) and Apiaceae (Chaerophyllum), sometimes single specimens were found on Rubiaceae (Galium) and Fabaceae (Medicago) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005).","The reason why Andrena hedikae is very rare throughout its wide range remains unknown. Specific threats to the species are not known although, generally, given the habitat it frequents, it is possible that the disappearance of this species in some regions can be connected with a sharp reduction in the number of natural areas that are not exposed to anthropogenic activities: mowing grass during their flowering period, treatment of fields with pesticides and ploughing land on which the species nests. Another possible reason for the decrease in populations may be connected with global climate change. In particular, the increased amount of rainfall, because this species prefers dry xeric biotopes.","Andrena hedikae is listed in Red List of Slovenia as probably extinct (Anonymous 2002). Also this species is included in regional Red List of Rostov region of Russia as a rare species (not IUCN category). This species is found in some nature reserves in Ukraine (Ukrainian Steppe Nature Reserve and Biosphere Reserve ""Askania-Nova"").For effective conservation of this species, it is necessary to create a network of protected areas with a large variety of flowering plants in their habitats. Prohibit mowing and pesticide treatment of wild species of plants during their flowering period. Given that this species build nests in the soil, it is necessary to modify ploughing land near its nests.Further research is necessary to establish the reasons for the scarcity of this bee, to assess overall population strength and trends, and to identify any specific threats.",The species is not exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,heinrichi,,Andrena heinrichi,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)                 Listed      as Data Deficient  as     there  is little or no    information  available on   population size,          trends and threats,   and  further  information is   necessary on     both  the      habitat and   ecological   requirements. Future       research may show    that this rare species requires a threatened category within Europe.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena heinrichi is only known from the eastern Aegean island of Samos (Grace 2010). Outside of Europe, the species also occurs in Aegean Turkey (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species. However, there are very few records and so the species is assumed to be rare within its very restricted known European range.","There is little known about the habitats and ecology of this species. However, it is presumably associated with phryganic Mediterranean shrublands. Both sexes of Andrena heinrichi are on the wing in April and May (Grace 2010).","The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given its very restricted European range and the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is  presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased    incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books              and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It       is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas.       Further     research   is required to establish the details of the       population  size    and  overall  trends, to develop a fuller understanding  of   the   ecological requirements of the   species     and to identify the specific threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,helenica,,Andrena helenica,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed      as Data Deficient  as     there  is little or no    information  available on   population size,          trends, ecology and threats. Future       research may show    that this rare species warrants listing with  a threatened status within Europe.",Unknown,"Andrena helenica is only known from continental Greece and the island of Lesbos (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Grace 2010).","There is no information available on the population size or trend of this European endemic species. However, there are very few records and so the species is assumed to be rare within its restricted range.","There is little known about the habitat or ecology of  this      species, although it is presumably associated with phryganic     Mediterranean   shrublands. It is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, flying from March to April (Standfuss et al. 2011).","The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given       the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is  presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased    incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books              and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It       is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas.       Further     research   is required to establish the details of the       population  size    and trends, ecology and specific threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,helvola,,Andrena helvola,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species throughout its range, based on new updated data, since most of the published records are old and come from disparate sources.",Unknown,"Andrena helvola is found through Europe, the Caucasus region, Asia Minor and Central Asia (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014), Siberia (Eremeeva et al. 2009a) and China (Xu and Tadauchi 2012).","Although populations are presumed to be large, there is no current information on the size and trends of the species, since most of the published records exceed 20 years in age.","Andrena helvola occurs especially in moist habitats such as forest edges and clearings, meadows and steppe biotopes along river valleys. This spring species flies in one generation between April to May, visiting flowers of Asteraceae (Taraxacum, Tussilago, Hieracium), Berberidaceae (Berberis vulgaris), Caryophyllaceae (Stellaria media), Grossulariaceae (Ribes), Paeoniaceae (Paeonia), Ranunculaceae (Anemone), Rosaceae (Crataegus, Fragaria, Prunus, Rosa) and Salicaceae (Salix). It is known as one of the main pollinators of apple, cherry, gooseberry and blackcurrant in the Kiev region, Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. helvola may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red List of the Ireland (Data Deficient; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006), and it is found within protected areas, such as Duna Drava National Park (Jozan 1998) and Latranyi Puszta Nature Conservation Area in Hungary (Jozan 2003). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,hesperia,,Andrena hesperia,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and although there is no detailed picture of the overall population strength, it is  regularly recorded in ecological survey work in parts of its range and this suggests that the population is large. Further research is needed to identify possible threats.",Stable,"Andrena hesperia is a Mediterranean species, common in southern Europe (from Spain to the Caucasus), north Africa (Warncke 1974a), Turkey and Israel (Warncke 1969, 1974b) and central Asia.","This species can be abundant in suitable locations in the Mediterranean biome. Although there is no detailed picture of the overall population strength, it is regularly recorded in ecological survey work in parts of its range (Attiki, Crete, Spain) and this suggests that the population is large.There is no evidence of any decline in this species.","Andrena hesperia has only one generation per year flying from late April to June (Warncke 1973). The species is found in a range of habitats although it seems to prefer humid areas, with records from damp coastal sites in Crete (S. Roberts pers. obs. 1991), and Mediterranean shrublands around Athens (Petanidou 1991) and in Sardinia (Quaranta et al. 2004). Females visit the flowers of Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Rosaceae and Tamaricaceae (Pittioni and Stoeckhert 1950). Males are known to pollinate Ophrys sp.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red List of Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002).Further research is necessary to establish the overall population strength, and to see if there are any discernible trends or threats to the populations. The species occurs in protected areas.",The species is not exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,hillana,,Andrena hillana,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is only one known described specimen of this species. Therefore, there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species.",Unknown,Andrena hillana is endemic to the Canary Islands. The species is described and only known from Fuerteventura (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).,"There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species. However, there is only a single known record and so the species is assumed to be very rare within its extremely restricted range.","There is little is known about the habitat and ecology of  this      species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland. According to Warncke (1968), Andrena hillana flies in March, but Hohmann et al. (1993) state that it flies from January to March.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books              and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It       is     not   known if the species is found in any protected areas.       Further     research   is required to establish the details of the       population  size    and trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,hispania,,Andrena hispania,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because, although  full details of population size, trends and threats are missing, the species is widespread in  distribution and seems plentiful in suitable habitats, including those that are disturbed by human activity.",Unknown,"Andrena hispania is known from France and the Iberian Peninsula. Outside of Europe, the species occurs in the northernmost part of Morocco (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species. However, the European range of the species is quite large, covering Iberia and parts of France, and the number of specimens in museum collections suggests that the species is not particularly rare (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). It seems to be plentiful in suitable habitats and it is widespread through its range.","In the Iberian Peninsula, the species has been found on sandy soil near the southern coast, including areas where pine and poplar are cultivated (V. Jacinto pers. comm 2014, J. Ortiz-Sanchez pers. comm. 2014). A male was recorded in Granada (Spain) during June in a locality composed of cultivated trees to produce wood and paper (Populus sp.) (Ortiz-Sanchez pers. comm. 2014). In France, it is associated with Mediterranean shrublands (Garrigue) and ruderal habitats (D. Genoud pers. comm. 2014, J. Ortiz-Sanchez pers. comm 2014). The details of nesting biology and pollen requirements are not known, but the species is presumed to be polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plant species, although the pollen sources are unconfirmed. Visitation has been reported from Asphodelus microcarpus (Liliaceae), Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) (N.J. Vereecken, pers. comm. 2010, D. Genoud pers. comm 2014), Cistus crispus, Cistus salvifolius (Cistaceae) (J. Ortiz-Sanchez pers. comm 2014), Armeria velutina, Rosmarinus officinalis, Rubus ulmifolius and Thymus mastichina (Herrera 1988). Andrena hispania flies from the end of April to mid-June (Warncke 1976).","The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given      the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased   incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. In  agricultural and ruderal areas the species could be susceptible to the direct  application of pesticides, and indirectly, through the use of herbicides  which affect the forage plants.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books               and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. Its distribution overlaps with protected areas throughout its range, such as Costa Vicentina Natural Park in Portugal.       Further     research   is required to establish the population  size    and trends and to identify the specific threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Genoud, D. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,humabilis,,Andrena humabilis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)                  Listed      as Data Deficient  as      there  is little or no    information  available on the population size,           trends and threats to the species. Future        research may show    that this rare species warrants listing with  a threatened status within Europe.",Unknown,"The south European species Andrena humabilis is known from Bulgaria and Greece, including the Aegean island of Lesvos. Outside of Europe, the species is reported from Turkey, Israel (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002) and Jordan (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).",There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.,"The species is presumably associated with phryganic      Mediterranean   shrublands, at least in parts of its range. In common with other members of the subgenus Chlorandrena, it is presumed to be oligolectic, specialising on Asteraceae pollen. The specific details of its pollen sources are not available, but in Turkey the species visits Crepis sp. (Asteraceae) (Warncke 1974b). Andrena humabilis flies from early April to mid-June (Warncke 1974b).","The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given        the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is   presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased     incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. The species is also recorded outside of Europe, and areas of suitable habitat are presumed to remain within the species' geographic range.",The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books               and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It        is     not   known if the species is found in any protected  areas.       Further     research   is required to establish the population  size    and trends and specific threats to the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,humilis,,Andrena humilis,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of recent information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena humilis is found through Europe, north Africa, the Caucasus region, Asia Minor and Far East (Dylewska 1987, Ostshnjuk et al. 2005, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","Although populations are presumed to be large, there is no actual information available on the size and trends of the species, since most of the published records exceed 20 years in age.","Andrena humilis occurs in humid biotopes, including forest edges, glades, meadows of river valleys and mountainous meadows, up to 1,800 m asl in the Caucasus and the Alps. The species usually flies from May to July, although in the mountains of Eastern Europe it flies from June to mid August. The species is bivoltine in the south of Europe, in that it has two generations per year; while in the north of Europe it is univoltine, having only one generation per year (Dylewska 1987). The species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, and therefore females collect pollen from flowers of the Asteraceae family (Taraxacum, Leontodon, Tragopogon, Crepis, Hieracium). However, according to Dylewska and Wlsniowski (2003), the females occasionally visit flowers of Fabaceae (Melilotus), Ranunculaceae (Ranunculus), Rosaceae (Crataegus, Prunus) and Scrophulariaceae (Veronica) (Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. humilis may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas containing Asteraceae species into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following six European countries: Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2008), Ireland (Critically Endangered; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006), Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Norway (Regionally Extinct; Kålås et al. 2010), Sweden (Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010) and Finland (Endangered; Rassi 2010). Andrena humilis is target of a Species Action Plan in Sweden.It occurs in protected areas, such as Mercantour National Park, France (Schmid-Egger 2011) and Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,hungarica,,Andrena hungarica,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European   regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)   EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)       Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps existing in data  regarding the status of the various subspecies, population size, trends  and threats affecting this species.",Unknown,"This rare species is found from western Europe to the Caucasus region and Asia Minor.  In Europe, it is recorded from Austria (Pittioni and Schmiedt 1943, Zettel et al. 2008, Schwarz et al. 2005), Slovakia (Kocourek 1966), Hungary (Friese 1887, Moczar and Warncke 1972), Serbia (Dylewska 1987), and Romania (Ascher and Pickering 2013).   In the Caucasus region, the species it is recorded from Armenia, Azerbaijan (Osytshnjuk 1994).  In Asia, the species it is recorded from Turkey (Alfken 1935; Warncke 1974b, 1975).","This species, throughout its entire range, is very rare, and presumably the population is small, but there is no information available on the population trend. The species is known only from a few old records. Further surveys are necessary in order to have an accurate picture of the population size and trend.","Andrena hungarica is a strongly termophilous species that has been found in the steppe habitats up to 2,000 m altitude (Caucasus Mt.). The females are foraging on Brassicaceae (Erysimum, Sinapis, Brassica, Sisymbrium, Meliotus) (Kocourek 1966) and Scrophulariaceae (Pedicularis) (Warncke 1974b). It flies from the end of May to July.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the taxonomic status of the described subspecies, and current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V., Roberts, S. & Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,hyacinthina,,Andrena hyacinthina,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)                  Listed      as Data Deficient  as      there  is little or no    information  available on   population size,           trends and threats to the species. Future        research may show    that this rare species warrants listing with  a threatened status within Europe.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena hyacinthina is only known from Cyprus. Outside of Europe, the species also occurs in southeast Turkey, Lebanon and Israel (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).",There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species.,"Andrena hyacinthina is presumably associated with phryganic      Mediterranean   shrublands and coastal sand dunes. The species appears to be oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, as it has only been observed visiting the flowers of Hyacinthus trifoliatus (Asparagaceae) (Mavromoustakis 1958). The species flies from end of February to end of March (Warncke 1974b).","The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given        the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is   presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased     incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. Nevertheless, the species is also recorded outside of Europe, and areas of suitable habitat are presumed to remain within the species' geographic range.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books               and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It        is     not   known if the species is found in any protected  areas.       Further     research   is required to establish the population  size, trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,hybrida,,Andrena hybrida,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information regarding the population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.  It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"Andrena hybrida is only found in Crimea, Ukraine. Outside of Europe, it is also also found in Turkey (Warncke 1975).","No recent information on population size or trends, although field data from Ukraine suggests that the species is not rare (V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2013).","Andrena hybrida flies in May and June. Males and females have been collected on Asteraceae, Brassicaceae and Ornithogalum. It is associated with mesic and anthropogenic grasslands rather than steppes.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed on any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is found in protected areas in Ukraine.Further research to establish population size, trends and threats, as well as detailed ecological data, is required.",The species is not exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,hyemala,,Andrena hyemala,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)The species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is required on taxonomy, general ecology and threats to the species.",Unknown,"Andrena hyemala is found through south and eastern Europe, Asia Minor and Central Asia.   In Europe, the species was recorded in mainland Italy (Warncke 1973, Dylewska 1987), Slovenia (Gogala 1999), Albania (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), mainland Greece (Warncke 1973, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002) and the Isle of Crete (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), Hungary (Móczár and Warncke 1972, Warncke 1973), Romania (Warncke and Scobiola Palade 1980), Bulgaria (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013), Ukraine (Warncke 1973, Osythsnjuk 1977, Gusenleitner and  Schwarz 2002) and European Russia (Osytshnjuk 2008).  Regarding its distribution in Hungary and Romania, Andrena hyemala was initially recorded by Móczár and Warncke (1972) as Andrena graecella, while the same happened in Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977) (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014)  In Asia, the species has been recorded in Turkey (Warncke 1966a, 1974b, 1975), Israel (Warncke 1975), Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"This species is mainly found on xeric biotopes, both in lowland and mountainous areas, on fallow lands and dry slopes. The female visits flowers of Brassicaceae, Rosaceae, Apiaceae and Ranunculaceae (Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). After Gogala (1999) the species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, which will represent Brassicaceae species, being specialized on Alyssum. The species is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, flying from April to June.",There are no documented threats for this species.,"This species is included in the National Red List of Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002).This species is found in protected areas from Ukraine, such as Khomutovskaya Steppe Reserve (Donetsk region) and Askania-Nova Biosphere Reserve (Kherson region) (Osytshnjuk 1977), but there are no conservation actions in place for it.  Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,hypopolia,,Andrena hypopolia,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena hypopolia is found through central and southern Europe, the Caucasus region and Asia Minor (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","Although populations are presumed to be small, there is no current information available on the trend of this species, since most of the published records exceed 20 years in age.","Andrena hypopolia is found in a variety of habitats, such as xerothermic swards (Banaszak et al. 2006). The species flies from May to September in two generations. Females forage on different species, such as Apiaceae (Aegopodium podagraria), Asteraceae (Taraxacum, Inula, Xeranthemum, Cirsium pannonicum), Brassicaceae (Berteroa incana, Erucastrum armoracioides, Sysimbrium loeselii, S. polymorphum, S. altissimum, Sinapis arvensis Raphanus), Boraginaceae (Sisymbrium orientale), Fabaceae (Trifolium, Robinia pseudoacacia), Lamiaceae (Salvia nemorosa), Lythraceae (Lythrum salicaria) and Resedaceae (Reseda lutea) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. hypopolia may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008), Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). Its distribution overlaps with protected areas, including the Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998), Latranyi Puszta Nature Conservation Area, Hungary (Jozan 2003) and the Sengiley Mountains landscape reserve in Ulyanovsk Oblast, European Russia (Artemyev et al. 2011), but there are no specific conservation measures in place for the species.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,hystrix,,Andrena hystrix,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"Andrena hystrix is mainly distributed around the west of the Mediterranean basin, northwards to southern Switzerland (Stöckhert 1930, Warncke 1967), however, outlying, disjunct sub-populations occur in Turkey (Osytshnjuk et al. 2005) and southern Ukraine. It is present in Asia: Georgia (Osytshnjuk 1977, Skhirtladze 2002), Azerbaijan (Osytshnjuk 1977), and Turkmenistan (Osytshnjuk et al. 2005). Ascher (2013) indicates the species is present in Slovakia and the Czech Republic but these data are not consistent with national check lists and have no reference.","There is no information available on the size of the population or any indication of population trends in the main part of the range. In Russia, the species is regarded as very rare.","Andrena hystrix flies from May to July. This species prefers xeric grassland biotopes of plains and mountains and occurs at altitudes of up to 1,600 m (Caucasus). The females visit flowers of the Brassicaceae and Asteraceae.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is proposed for inclusion in the Red List of Moldova (Vulnerable; Andreev 2004) and it is listed in the National Red List of Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). It occurs in protected areas.Further research is necessary into the details of the population size, trends and threats.",There is no commercial exploitation of this species.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,icterina,,Andrena icterina,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)                   Listed      as Data  Deficient  as      the species is only known from a few specimens. Further research is needed on the population size,           trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena icterina is only known from Spain. Outside of Europe, the species is reported from Algeria.","There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species. However, there are very few specimens known and so the species is assumed to be very rare within its extremely restricted range.","There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books               and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It        is     not   known if the species is found in any protected  areas. Further     research   is required to establish the population  size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,illyrica,,Andrena illyrica,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed      as Data  Deficient   as      the species is only known from a few specimens. Further research is needed on the population size,            trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species.",Unknown,"The European endemic species Andrena illyrica is known from continental Greece, Romania and Ukraine (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Grace 2010).","There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species. However, only a few specimens are known and so the species is assumed to be very rare within its range.","There is no information available about the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It         is     not   known if the species is found in any protected   areas.       Further     research   is required to establish the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,impunctata,,Andrena impunctata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,A circum-Mediterranean species with additional populations in the Danube region of central and eastern Europe and in Ukraine.,"The species is regularly recorded in ecological surveys in the southern parts of its range e.g., Attiki (Petanidou 1991) and Italy (Quaranta et al. 2004). In the more northern parts of its range it is less common and carries a threat status in the Czech Republic. Because of the large extent of occurrence (EOO), and the lack of threat statuses generally across its range, it is assumed that the population overall is large. Information on the population trends is not available.","Forest belts, grasslands, meadows and gardens in Moldova (Andreev et al. 1986), phryganic habitats in Greece (Petanidou 1991) and agroecosystems in Italy (Quaranta et al. 2004). Polylectic species, visiting mainly Brassicaceae, Asteraceae and Apiaceae. The species nests in burrows in the ground (Dylewska 1987). It is bivoltine and flies from April-May and again from June-July.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"Listed in the Red List of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005). It is recorded from protected areas.Further research is required to provide details of population size, trends, threats and general ecology.",The species is not commercially exploited.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,incisa,,Andrena incisa,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of the species.,Unknown,"Andrena incisa occurs in most of Europe. It occurs in Spain (Gogorza 1882, Ceballos et al. 1956,  Luna de Carvalho 1972, Warncke 1976), Italy (Warncke 1967), Macedonia (Kinel and Noskiewicz 1930), Hungary (Friese 1893, Móczár and Warncke 1972), Poland (Noskiewicz 1924, Dylewska and Zablocki 1972), Ukraine (Bramson 1879, Kinel and Noskiewicz 1930).  It also occurs in Asia: Tajikistan (Morawitz 1876, Morawitz 1893), Kazakhstan (Osytshnjuk et al. 2005, Tadauchi 2006), Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia (Osytshnjuk et al. 2005) and Turkey (Warncke 1974).",There is no information on the population size or trends.,"The species flies from late May to August. There are two generations. This species occurs in various biotopes in both plains and mountains, but it prefers xeric, steppe biotopes, recorded at altitudes of up to 2,000 m (Pamir). The females collect pollen mainly from flowers of the Apiaceae (Ferula, Trinia, Chaerophyllum, Libanotis, Ęryngiumm, Orlaya), and occasionally visit flowers of the Brassicaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Rosaceae, Fabaceae.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"Andrena incisa is considered as Possibly Extinct in Hungary (Jozan 2011), Vulnerable in Poland (Banaszak et al. 2006) and Extinct in Switzerland (Amiet 1994, Amiet et al. 2011). There is no targeted conservation action directed towards this species. It is, however, presumed to occur in protected areas.Further research is required to clarify the population size, trends, threats and general ecology of the species.",The species is not exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,intermedia,,Andrena intermedia,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of the wide distribution and overall large population although the species is considered threatened in some countries.,Unknown,Andrena intermedia is present across Europe from the Atlantic coast of France and the Netherlands to Ukraine. It is also recorded in Turkey and Iran.,"There is no precise information about the strength and size of the population across the entire species' range. However, the species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) and despite being rare in parts of its range (Germany, Czech Republic) it is likely that the population is large overall. The details of the population trends are lacking.","Females of Andrena intermedia collect pollen on Fabaceae only (e.g., Trifolium sp., Genista sp.). The habitats of Andrena intermedia are primarily forest edges and clearings in woodlands, flowery meadows and sandy heathlands. The species flies as a single brood from early May to July. It is the host of the bee Nomada striata.","The specific threats to this species are unknown, but given that it favours open sandy habitats, and especially heathland in the Atlantic biome, it is likely to be impacted negatively by habitat degradation caused by scrub and woodland succession.","Andrena intermedia is Red Listed in Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich 2011), Netherlands (Peeters and Reemer 2003), and the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkač et al. 2005). In Baden-Württemberg (Westrich et al. 2000) as ""very rare"" and ""endangered"".Conservation actions would need to promote flowering of Fabaceous herbs in May and June. Mowing roadsides at this time lead to reduction in available forage resources and should be avoided at this time of year.The species occurs in protected areas. Further research is necessary to establish the full details of the population size, trends and any threats.",There is no commercial exploitation of this species.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,isis,,Andrena isis,,,No,,,Yes,,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Listed  as Not Applicable as the European population of the species is most  likely to be less than 1% of the global population. In Europe it has only  been found on the Canary Islands, while it is widespread across the whole of North Africa.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena isis is only known from the Canary Islands of Tenerife and Fuerteventura. Outside of Europe, the species also occurs in North Africa, from Morocco to Egypt (except Libya), in Jordan (Gusenleitner and Schwartz 2002) and Israel (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). The Canarian taxon is regarded as a distinct subspecies within A. isis, and the subpopulation is separated from the nominate form in North Africa.","There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species. However, there are only a few specimens known and so the species is assumed to be rare within its European range.","There is no information available on the habitat of this species.Andrena isis, in common with other members of the sub-genus Chlorandrena, is presumed to be oligolectic, specialising in collecting Asteraceae pollen. Pollen sources include Launaea angustifolia and Launaea mucronata in Israel, Launaea arborescens and Leontodon species in Morocco and Sonchus species in Fuerteventura (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). The species flies from the end of January to early May (Warncke 1968), although according to Moustafa and Ibrahim (1966) it flies from February to October.",The threats to Andrena isis remain unknown.,"The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It         is     not   known if the species is found in any protected   areas.       Further     research   is needed on the population size, trends, habitats and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,ispida,,Andrena ispida,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due the gaps in knowledge of population size, trends, general ecology and specific threats. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on updated data recorded from field work.",Unknown,"Andrena ispida is distributed from south-eastern Europe to Transcaucasia and Asia Minor (Warncke 1965b, 1974b; Özbek 1976). In Europe, the species is recorded from Albania (Warncke 1965b, 1966a), Macedonia (Warncke 1973), Hungary (Warncke 1965b, Moczar and Warncke 1972), Romania (Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980) and Bulgaria (Warncke 1973) Greek mainland (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, map erroneously referred to as A. incisa). In the Caucasus region, the species was recorded from Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).The maps of Gusenleitner and Schwarz (2002) show that Andrena ispida also appears to be recorded from the Alps, Spain, Ukraine, European Russia to central Asia. However, no record of this species appears on the last Spanish checklist of Ortiz-Sánchez (2011); the species is not recorded by Osytshnjuk (1977) and Osytshnjuk et al. (2008) from Ukraine, European Russia or central Asia; or in Switzerland by Amiet et al. (2010) and until confirmation is received, it is assumed that these records are erroneous.","This species is rare throughout its range, but no clear information regarding population size and trends is available.","This species occurs in mountainous biotopes, mainly xeric grasslands, recorded at altitudes of 1,300-2,000 m (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). The flight period is from late May to mid July. This species is probably polylectic, i.e., it takes pollen from a wide variety of plant species, and has been found on Onobrychis sativa, Anchusa sp., Trifolium sp. (Özbek 1976).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action, and is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research is urgently needed to establish the full details of its range, population size and ecology, and to identify any trends and threats.It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V., Roberts, S. & Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,kamarti,,Andrena kamarti,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)                     Listed      as Data  Deficient    as      there  is little or no    information  available on the population  size,            trends, habitats, ecology and specific threats to the species. Future        research may show    that this rare species warrants listing with  a threatened status.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena kamarti is only known from Sicily. Outside of Europe, the species also occurs in North Africa, from Western Sahara to Tunisia (Warncke 1967, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species. However, there are very few records and so the species is assumed to be very rare within its restricted European range.","The species is presumably associated with phryganic      Mediterranean   shrublands in Sicily. It is presumably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, on Asteraceae like other members of the subgenus Chlorandrena.","The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given     the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased  incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. The species is  also recorded outside of Europe, and sufficiently large areas of  suitable habitat are presumed to remain within the species' geographic  range.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                 and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It          is     not   known if the species is found in any protected    areas.       Further     research   is required to establish the population  size, trends, habitats, ecology and specific threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.","Quaranta, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,korleviciana,,Andrena korleviciana,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed      as Data  Deficient    as      there  is little or no    information  available on    population  size,            trends and specific threats to the species. Future        research may well show    that this rare species requires listing as a threatened species.",Unknown,"The European endemic species Andrena korleviciana is only known from Italy, Slovenia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002) and Croatia, from where it was described. Nobile et al. (2005) reported one male from Sicily, but there are no other records of the species to confirm is presence.","The population size and trends for this species are not known. In Slovenia, the species is considered to be rare.","The species is presumably associated with phryganic       Mediterranean   shrublands and grasslands. Andrena korleviciana is a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plant species (A. Gogala, pers. obs. 2014). It is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, flying from April to June (Gogala 1999).","The specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given        the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is   presumed  to     inhabit (at least in parts of its range), inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased     incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                 and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It          is     not   known if the species is found in any protected    areas. Further     research   is required to establish the details    of the       population  size, trends and specific threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,kornosica,,Andrena kornosica,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data  Deficient     as      there  is little or no    information  available on    population   size,            trends and specific threats to the species. Future        research may show    that this species requires listing as a threatened species.",Unknown,Andrena kornosica is endemic to Cyprus.,"There is no information available on the population size or trend of this endemic species. However, there are only a few records of this species, and so it is assumed to be very rare within its restricted range.","Andrena kornosica is an early flying bee, having both sexes been recorded from January to early March, often in montane habitats from 460-1,220 m asl (Mavromoustakis 1954c, 1957; Grace 2010). It is also presumed to be associated with phryganic shrublands throughout its range. The details of pollen requirements are not known, but Mavromoustakis (1954c, 1957) mentioned it visiting by Sinapis alba (Brassicaceae) and Crocus hartmanianus (Iridaceae), which is an endemic Cyprian plant.","The specific threats to the species are unknown. However, given        the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is   presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased     incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. Since this species flies in montane habitats, a severe climate warming could therefore threaten its distribution.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                  and is not the subject of any targeted conservation  action. It          is     not   known if the species is found in any  protected    areas.       Further     research   is required to  establish the details    of the       population  size, trends and specific threats to the species identifying  any    current or      likely threats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,kriechbaumeri,,Andrena kriechbaumeri,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed      as Data   Deficient     as      there  is little or no    information  available on     population   size,            trends and specific threats to the species. Future        research may well show     that A. kriechbaumeri requires listing as threatened.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena kriechbaumeri is only known from the Balkans, from Croatia to Greece. It is also reported from the island of Sicily and the Aegean island of Lesbos. Outside of Europe, the species also occurs in Turkey (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).",There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.,"The species is presumably associated with phryganic     Mediterranean   shrublands. Andrena kriechbaumeri is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and if flies from May to June, at altitudes between 200-400 m asl (Warncke 1966a). In Greece, the species flies from April to June (Standfuss et al. 2011). It is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, on Asteraceae, preferring yellow Cichorioidae species like its close relatives A. polita and A. westensis (E. Scheuchl pers. obs. 2014).","The specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given        the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is   presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased     incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species.",The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books               and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It        is     not   known if the species is found in any protected  areas.       Further     research   is required to establish the population  size    and trends and the specific threats to the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,labialis,,Andrena labialis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena labialis is found through Europe, north Africa, Asia Minor, the Middle East (Lebanon, Jordan, Iran), the Caucasus region, Central Asia (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014) and Siberia (Eremeeva et al. 2009a).","Although populations are presumed to be large, there is no information on the species' trend and most of the published records exceed 20 years in age. Aggregations of 600 nests have been recorded through a surface of 40 m2, with a density ranging from 12 to 43 nests per m2 (Osytshnjuk et al. 2005).","Andrena labialis occurs in a variety of dry and moist habitats, from mountain mesophilous grasslands to dry steppe slopes of the Crimean plateau and desert areas in southwestern Kazakhstan. The species flies from May to late July and it has been found especially visiting flowers of Fabaceae (Trifolium, Melilotus, Medicago, Coronilla varia, Lathyrus, Vicia), but also on flowers of Adoxaceae (Viburnum), Asteraceae (Erysimum, Knautia, Taraxacum), Brassicaceae (Sinapis arvensis, Ballota nigra), Compositae, Liliaceae, Rosaceae (Crataegus, Fragaria) and Scrophulariaceae (Veronica) (Kocourek 1966, Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. labialis may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994), Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2008), Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Sweden (Vulnerable; Gärdenfors 2010) and Finland (Endangered; Rassi 2010). The species is listed in the Annex 4 of Threatened Species of the Nature Conservation Decree no. 160/1997, based on the Nature Conservation Act of Finland, and it is the target of a Species Action Plan in Sweden.Its distribution overlaps with protected areas, including the Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998), Latranyi Puszta Nature Conservation Area, Hungary (Jozan 2003) and Black Sea Biosphere Reserve, Romania (Uzlina) (Ban and Tomozei 2006).Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,labiata,,Andrena labiata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena labiata is found through Europe, Asia Minor, the Caucasus region, Central Asia and east Asia, specifically in north Manchuria (Kocourek 1966, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","There is no current information available for the population size and trend of this species, since most of the published records exceed 20 years in age.","Andrena labiata occurs in a variety of habitats, but it prefers moist ones such as mesophilous grasslands, forest borders and clearings. It can be found up to 2,000 m asl in the Alps. The species flies from the end of April to June. It is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, including Aceraceae (Acer tataricum), Asteraceae (Hieracium pilosella, Taraxacum officinale, Crepis tectorum), Brassicaceae (Barbarea vulgare, Alyssum trichostachium), Caryophyllaceae (Stellaria), Cistaceae (Helianthemum obscurum), Fabaceae (Trifolium), Lamiaceae (Thymus, Stachys), Ranunculaceae (Ranunculus), Rhamnaceae (Rhamnus), Rosaceae (Potentilla verna, Potentilla argentea, Potentilla humifusa, Fragaria vesca) and Scrophulariaceae (Veronica chamaedrys) (Kocourek 1966, Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. labiata may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Great Britain (Rare; Shirt 1987), Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010) and Finland (Regionally Extinct; Rassi 2010).Its distribution overlaps with protected areas, including the Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998), Latranyi Puszta Nature Conservation Area, Hungary (Jozan 2003) and Mercantour National Park, France (Schmid-Egger 2011). However, there are no conservation actions in place for this species.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,labiatula,,Andrena labiatula,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Critically Endangered because the species is only known from three specimens from the type locality found in 1963, even though the area is often sampled and well known. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km2, the species occurs at one location as the main threat for the species is urbanization which is likely to happen in the area where the species was found and caused a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat. The species is therefore listed as Critically Endangered under Criteria B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).  It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,The species is known from a single site in Crimea (Ukraine) and is an endemic species of the region (Osytshnjuk 1993). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km2.,"As the species is known from only three specimens from a single locality, the population is presumed to be very small and no trend is known. It is known only from its type locality, and further specimens have not been found since 1963, despite the large number of surveys conducted in the Crimea.",Its only locality is on dry calcareous grasslands. The species has been found visiting flowers of Allium (Alliaceae) and Phlomis (Lamiaceae) (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). All specimens were found in June.,The species is threatened by urban expansion and development.,"Despite its extreme rarity and localisation it is not listed in the Red List of Ukraine. It is not the subject of targeted conservation action.Urgent work is needed to attempt to refind this species and to establish its status and ecology, both in the type locality and nearby. Threats also need to be understood.",There is no commercial exploitation of this species.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,lagopus,,Andrena lagopus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed    as Least Concern as the species is widespread across much of western and central Europe, the population is presumed to be stable and there are  no specific threats to the species at a  continental scale. Moreover, the subpopulations in southern Iberia would be subject to a possible rescue  effect from North Africa. However, research should be conducted to  determine the population size, overall trend and specific threats to the species.",Stable,"As a European species, Andrena lagopus occurs in southwestern Europe, from Portugal northeastwards to Czech Republic (Straka et al. 2007) and eastwards to Serbia. It is also present on the island of Sicily. Outside of Europe, the species also occurs in the Maghreb, from Morocco eastwards to Tunisia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","Andrena lagopus is capable of exploiting and colonising new forage habitats very quickly and therefore is considered to be a pioneer species. The species is considered widespread and adaptable through its distribution. As the species has increased in population density in recent years, it is no longer considered Endangered in Germany (Westrich and Schwenninger 1997). While there appears to be no recent information available on the abundance, population size and trends of this species elsewhere in its range, populations are presumed to be stable overall.","Andrena lagopus is a thermophilic species which is almost exclusively distributed in habitats below 500 m asl. Its habitats include Mediterranean dwarf shrublands, rapeseed fields, set-aside arable fields, ruderal sites, meadows and gardens, where it forages.This oligolectic species is specialized on Brassicaceae, and its main pollen sources are Brassica napus, Sinapius arvensis, Barbarea vulgaris and Cardamine pratensis. It nests in burrows in the ground, and it is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, flying from early March to mid June (Westrich and Schwenninger 1997, A. Gogala pers. comm. 2013). However, one female has been recorded from mid-August in Tossa de Mar (Spain), indicating that the species is probably at least partly bivoltine (Warncke 1976).","The specific threats to the species remain unknown. However, given      the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known  to     inhabit in parts of its range, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased   incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. In  agricultural areas, the species could be susceptible to the direct  application of pesticides, and also be indirectly affected through the use of herbicides  which affect the forage plants. The species is  also recorded outside  of Europe, and sufficiently large areas of  suitable habitat are  presumed to remain within the species' geographic  range.","The species is listed in the National Red List of Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002), but is not the subject of any targeted conservation   action. Its distribution overlaps with protected areas throughout its range, such as the Parque Nacional de Coto Doñana in Spain.       Further     research   is required to   establish the details    of the       population trends and specific threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,lamiana,,Andrena lamiana,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because, although the full details of population size, trends and threats are missing, the species is widespread in  distribution, it seems plentiful in suitable habitats and the population appears to be stable.",Stable,"In Europe, Andrena lamiana is known from Macedonia, Bulgaria (Atanássov and Vasileva 1990), Cyprus and Greece. There are subpopulations on the Greek islands of Lesvos, Limnos, Thasos and Crete. Outside of Europe, the species is widespread across Anatolian Turkey (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002) and Syria (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","The species frequently appears in biodiversity surveys (e.g., Petanidou 1994, Nielsen et al. 2011) and so it is presumed to have a large population overall. The subpopulations are presumed to be stable.","The species is known to inhabit phryganic Mediterranean shrublands in Attiki (Greece) and on the Aegean island of Lesvos. The details of the nesting and pollen forage requirements are not known, but visitation has been observed at Cardaria draba, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Sisymbrium orientale (Brassicaceae), Reseda alba (Resedaceae), Chamomilla recutita (Asteraceae), Cistus parviflorus, Cistus creticus (Cistaceae) and Coridothymus capitatus (Lamiaceae) (Petanidou 1994, Nielsen et al. 2011).Andrena lamiana is bivoltine and flies from mid-May to mid-June, and from the end of July to mid-August (Warncke 1974b). However, Standfuss et al. (2011) found the species in Thessalia only from April to June, so it is possible that the species is bivoltine only in some parts of its distribution range (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given        the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is   presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased     incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species.",The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books               and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It        is     not   known if the species is found in any protected  areas.       Further     research   is required to establish the population  size    and trends and to identify the specific threats to the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,langadensis,,Andrena langadensis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because, although   full details of the population size, trends and threats are missing and the subpopulations are severely fragmented, the species is widespread in   distribution, seems plentiful in suitable habitats, populations appear stable and an important subpopulation lies within a large protected area. However, further research should be conducted fill in the gaps in the knowledge of this species.",Stable,"In Europe, Andrena langadensis is only known from disjunct subpopulations in Spain, mainland Greece, and the islands of Corfu, Lesvos and Crete. Outside of Europe, the species is also reported from the western Maghreb in Morocco, in eastern North Africa in Libya and Egypt and in the Middle East in Turkey and Israel (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002). The nominal species was described from Greece, while the subspecies A. l. oblonga was described from Libya, the subspecies A. l. albipila from Spain, and the subspecies A. l. clanga from Turkey. A male specimen has also been reported from Popovka in Krym (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","There is no information available on the overall population  size and trend of this species. However, the European subpopulations are severely fragmented and this would limit the chances of either rescue effect in the event of catastrophic loss, or of successful genetic exchange. The population is presumed to be stable overall and it appears to be plentiful in suitable habitats.","Andrena langadensis is known to inhabit phryganic Mediterranean shrublands in Crete and open sandy dehesas in Andalucía (Spain). Nests have been found densely aggregated in low south-facing coastal soft-rock cliffs in Crete (S. Roberts pers. obs. 1991). Pollen requirements are not known but visitation has been observed on various Brassicaceae (S. Roberts pers. obs. 2003). The subspecies Andrena (Notandrena) langadensis clanga Warncke, 1966 flies from the end of March to the end of May (Warncke 1974b). The subspecies Andrena (Notandrena) langadensis albipila Warncke, 1967 is recorded from Central Spain, from mid-April to mid-June (Warncke 1976).","The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given         the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased      incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. The subpopulations are severely fragmented and this imposes a risk should there be a catastrophic crash in the population in one centre of distribution as there would be no chance of any rescue effect.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. Its distribution overlaps with protected areas throughout its range, such as the Parque Nacional de Coto Doñana in Spain.       Further     research   is required to establish the details   of the       population  size    and trends, and to identify the specific threats to the species. The taxonomic issues also require further clarification.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.","Radchenko, V.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,lapponica,,Andrena lapponica,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern because it has a wide distribution and is a very common species.,Stable,"Andrena lapponica is a widespread Palearctic species distributed from Ireland eastwards to Japan. In the south of Europe, it is recorded from the Spanish mountains to Ukraine.",Andrena lapponica is a very common species and it can be the dominant in suitable habitats. There is no evidence of a decline and so it is assumed that the populations are stable.,"Andrena lapponica is mainly specialized on pollen of Vaccinium. This species is therefore associated with open woodlands including patches of Vaccinium. It can be dominant in this kind of habitat. The females can also collect pollen from the Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Rosaceae and Salicaceae (Osytshnjuk 1977). It flies from May to June, and in the mountains to July and August. The nest burrows seem to be widely scattered, rather than in close aggregations. As such they are rarely encountered. Regarded as the host of Nomada fusca and small forms of N. panzeri.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"Andrena lapponica is listed as Least Concern in the Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2005), Ireland (Fitzpatrick et al. 2006) and Norway (Kålås et al. 2010). It is Red Listed in Moscow region of Russia as Vulnerable (Levchenko 2010).It is known from protected areas. Further research is needed to identify the possible threats affecting the species.",The species is not exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,lateralis,,Andrena lateralis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend and the threats to this species. The population of this species is highly disjunct with some sub-populations being isolated so further research is needed to assess the status of this species as it could turn out to be threatened.,Unknown,"Andrena lateralis shows a disjunct distribution in southern Europe on the Iberian and the Balkan peninsula. It is recorded from Spain and Portugal (Warncke 1976), and from Macedonia (Friese 1923, Warncke 1973) and Greece (Warncke 1965), respectively. The main part of its distribution is in Asia, from Turkey to central Asia and Israel. Records from Moldova are of dubious provenance (V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2013).","Details of the population size and trends are not known. The European sub-populations are highly disjunct, and the Iberian sub-population is extremely isolated from the core areas.","Andrena lateralis flies from May to June, but in Turkmenistan and southern Tajikistan from mid-April; in mountains of Transcaucasia and Uzbekistan also in July; and in Turkey from May to August (Warncke 1974b). This species inhabits various biotopes including grasslands and Mediterranean shrublands. The females mainly collect pollen from flowers of Apiaceae, but occasionally visit flowers of the Asteraceae and Brassicaceae.",The specific threats to this species are unknown.,"Andrena lateralis is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is, however, known from protected areas.Further research is necessary to establish the details of population size and trends, and to identify any threats. As the European sub-populations are highly disjunct, with the Iberian sub-population extremely isolated from the core areas, special attention need to be paid to it this particular sub-population.",The species is not exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,lathyri,,Andrena lathyri,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena lathyri is distributed through Europe, Asia Minor and Far East Russia, in Khabarovsk and Primor'ye (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","Populations are presumed to be small, but there is no information available on the species' actual size and trend since most of the published records exceed 20 years in age.","Andrena lathyri is a rare species found in tall swards of calcareous or mesotrophic grasslands, supporting large populations of vetches up to 2,000 m asl of altitude. The species is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, flying from May to June. The species is oligolectic of flowers of Lathyrus (Lathyrus vernus, Lathyrus montanus, Lathyrus pratensis) and Vicia (Vicia sepium, Vicia cracca) species, but was also recorded on other Fabaceae (Trifolium) and only exceptionally was found on flowers of Asteraceae (Taraxacum officinalis, Leontodon), Boraginaceae (Symphytum), Brassicaceae (Brassica), Lamiaceae (Thymus sp. Ajuga reptans) and Salicaceae (Salix aurita) (Stoeckhert 1933, Pittioni and Schmidt 1943, Kocourek 1966, Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Westrich 1989, Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997).","The threats for this species are related to loss of habitat by the transformation of open grassland areas, which support a large diversity of flowering plants including vetches, into intensive agricultural areas. Also, scrub encroachment by mismanagement of open grasslands, destruction of nesting sites by agricultural activities such as tillage and chemical exposure, including pesticides and herbicides, constitute other threats.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Great Britain (Endangered; Shirt 1987), Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010) and Finland (Endangered; Rassi 2010). The species is target of a Species Action Plan in the United Kingdom.Its distribution overlaps with protected areas, including the Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998).Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,lepida,,Andrena lepida,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened and Regionally Extinct in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena lepida is distributed through Europe, north Africa, the Caucasus region, and southwestern Asia in Turkey, Israel, Iran (Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014) and Syria (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl  pers. comm. 2014).","There is no current information available on the overall size and trends of the population, since most of the records date from before 1950 (Rasmont et al. 2013).","Andrena lepida is found in a variety of habitats, including grasslands and forest borders, up to 1,500 m asl in the Caucasus mountains. This species has two generations flying from April to August on flowers of the Anacardiaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Fabaceae and Rosaceae families (Kocourek 1966, Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. lepida may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2008), Great Britain (Endangered; Shirt 1987) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). Also, it is included in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (1995).It occurs in protected areas from Ukraine, such as the Crimean Nature Reserve in Chatyrdag plateau (Osytshnjuk 1977).Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,leptopyga,,Andrena leptopyga,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)                        Listed      as Data    Deficient     as      there  is little or no    information  available on      population   size,            trends and threats to the species,   and  further     information is      necessary  on     both  the      habitat and      ecological      requirements. Future        research may well show      that this rare species requires listing as threatened.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena leptopyga is only known from the Iberian peninsula and southern France. Outside of Europe, the species is reported from the western Maghreb, from Morocco to Algeria (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","There is no information available on the overall population size and trend of this species. However, D. Genoud (pers. comm. 2014) states that the species is rare in France.","There is little known about the habitat or ecology of this species, although D. Genoud (pers. comm 2014) reports its presence in open Mediterranean valley forests in southern France (Durance, Rhône). The species flies in France in May (and probably into June). In Morocco, the species has been found in semi-arid conditions near the Oued Massa fort in late March (G.R. Else pers. comm. 1989). The species has been recorded on Diplotaxis species, Launaea arborescens and Vicia faba in Morocco (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species remain unknown.,"The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It         is not known if it is found in any protected  areas.       Further     research   is required to  establish the population  size, trends and threats to the species, and to develop a      fuller  understanding  of    the habitat and ecological  requirements of the   species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.","Genoud, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,leucolippa,,Andrena leucolippa,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed          as Least Concern as the species is apparently widespread across the  western  Mediterranean basin and biodiversity fieldwork suggests that  the   populations are strong and presumed to be  stable in France.  There  are   no clear current  threats to the species at a      continental scale and the key forage plants (Asteraceae) are widespread,  and often abundant, in a range of habitats.  Research  should be still  be conducted  to  determine the taxonomy, population  size, trends and threats to the species.",Unknown,"The species of the western Mediterranean Andrena leucolippa is known from Iberian Peninsula, France, Italy and Sicily (D. Baldock pers. comm. 2014). However, records from Italy and Sicily most probably belong to A. boyerella (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014), since there have traditionally been taxonomic issues with this species and A. boyerella (see taxonomic notes).","There is no information available on the population size or trend of        this species. However, there are few specimens known and so the      species is    assumed to be rare within its restricted range. In France, populations are presumed to be stable.","In France,  the species is generally found on sandy and dry soil. Habitats include  roadside verges, meadows, lawns and grassy woodland edge, dry meadows,  scrub edge and floristically diverse ruderal sites. In common with other members of the sub-genus Chlorandrena, the species is oligolectic, specialising on Asteraceae, although not on Cichorioidae like the other Chlorandrena species, but on Asteroidae (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). There are flower records from Leucantheum, Chamomilla (and related genera), Tanacetum, occasionally Achillea and very often on Helichrysum in Spain (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). D. Baldock (pers. comm 2014) states that in Portugal the species flies from May to early June, and D. Genoud reports a similar flight period in southern France with specimens still on the wing in July (D. Genoud pers. comm 2014).","The specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given         the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is    presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased      incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                 and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It          is found in protected  areas, such as RNN de la Massane and the Massif des Albères RNN (France). Further     research   is required to  establish the details  of the        population  size    and trends and specific threats to the species. Research into the taxonomy of this species and A. boyerella is urgently needed so that details of their ecology and distribution can be clearly understood.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M. & Scheuchl, E.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.","Genoud, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,leucophaea,,Andrena leucophaea,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)                         Listed      as Data     Deficient     as      there  is little or no    information  available on the population   size,            trends, habitats and threats. Further research may show       that this rare species warrants listing with  a threatened status.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena leucophaea is only known from Spain (including the Balearic Islands) and Sicily. There is an old and doubtful record from southern France. Outside of Europe, the species also occurs in Algeria (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species. However, there are few specimens known and so the species is assumed to be rare within its limited European range.","There is little known about the habitat or ecology of  this       species. However, it is presumably associated with phryganic      Mediterranean   shrublands. The species has been recorded visiting Bellis annua L., B. silvestris L., Taraxacum lævigatum DC and Romulea bulbocodium, and it has also been recorded collecting pollen from Bellis silvestris L. (Alfken 1914).","The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given        the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is   presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased     incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                  and is not subject to any targeted conservation  actions. It          is not known if it is found in any protected   areas.        Further     research   is required to  establish the population  size, trends, habitats and specific threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S.","de Meulemeester, T.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,leucopsis,,Andrena leucopsis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)                          Listed      as Data      Deficient     as      there  is little or no    information  available on the population   size,            trends, and specific threats,   and  further       information is      necessary  on     both  the      habitat and        ecological      requirements. Future        research may well show        that this rare species warrants listing with  a threatened status.",Unknown,"The east Mediterranean species Andrena leucopsis is only known from mainland Greece, Macedonia, Bulgaria and the Romanian coast of the Black Sea. Outside of Europe, the species also occurs in Turkey, Lebanon (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002) and Iran (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species. However, there are few specimens known and so the species is assumed to be rare within its limited European range.","The species is presumably associated with phryganic       Mediterranean   shrublands, at least in parts of its range. In Romania, there are unpublished reports from the Black Sea coast, where it is found in dry, sandy habitats. It is presumed to be a xerothermic species (B. Tomozei pers. comm 2014). Andrena leucopsis flies from mid-May to mid-June (Warncke 1974b), although in Thessalia it has been reported to fly in April (Standfuss et al. 2011).","The details of the threats to this species are unknown. However, given         the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is    presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased      incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                   and it is not the subject of any targeted conservation   actions. It          is not known if it is found in any protected    areas.        Further     research   is required to  establish the population  size    and trends, to develop a      fuller  understanding  of    the     ecological  requirements of  the   species     and to identify any       current or    likely threats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.","Tomozii, B.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,limassolica,,Andrena limassolica,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)                           Listed      as Data       Deficient     as      there  is little or no    information  available on the population   size,            trends and threats to the species. Future        research may show         that this rare species warrants listing with  a threatened status.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena limassolica is present only in Cyprus (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002). One female was also found in Jordan in 2002.","There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species. However, there are few specimens known and so the species is assumed to be rare within its limited European range","There is little known about the habitat or ecology of  this         species. However, it is presumably associated with phryganic        Mediterranean   shrublands, at least in parts of its range. Andrena limassolica flies from mid-January to mid-March, and is known to visit Gagea chlorantha (Liliaceae) (Mavromoustakis 1952, Warncke 1974b).","Andrena limassolica is only known from a small area, but details of the threats to this species remain unknown. However, given          the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is     presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased       incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species.",The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                    and is not the subject of any targeted conservation    action. It          is not known if it is found in any protected     areas.        Further     research   is required to  establish the    details  of the        population  size    and trends and to identify the specific threats to the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,limata,,Andrena limata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of its controversial taxonomic status and the resulting lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened and Regionally Extinct in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena limata is found through southern and central Europe, the Caucasus region, north Africa, southwestern Asia and Central Asia (Kocourek 1966, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","In the light of its controversial taxonomic status, and the fact that the data for this species date back from before 1950, information on its population size and trend are unknown.","Andrena limata occurs in various biotopes, including meadows, glades, edge of forests and roadsides up to 2,000 m asl. The species has two generations flying from April to September. The species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, therefore females visit flowers of the Aceraceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Salicaeae and Scrophulariaceae families (Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. limata may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008) and Slovenia (Endangered, Anonymous 2002).  It occurs in protected areas. It was found in the Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998), Latranyi Puszta Nature Conservation Area, Hungary (Jozan 2003) and the Mercantour National Park in France (Schmid-Egger 2011). However, the species is not target of any conservation actions.Research is needed in order to establish the taxonomic status of the species, especially through the use of molecular techniques (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014), and also regarding the population distribution, size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,limbata,,Andrena limbata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge regarding the population size, trends and specific threats. Further research is needed in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"Andrena limbata is found through the southern and central part of Europe, the eastern part of the Caucasus region, Asia Minor and Central Asia (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"Andrena limbata is distributed through dry steppe habitats, forest borders and clearings, calcareous slopes, dry slopes on coastal areas of the Azov Sea (Crimea) and mountains up to 2,000 m asl in the Caucasus region. This species has a single generation flying from May to June, visiting Campanula species in central and southern Europe, but also Eurphorbia sp., Knautia arvensis, Phlomis and Hirschfeldia incana in Ukraine and Moldova (Kocourek 1966, Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. limbata may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and does not appear in any National Red List or National Red Book of any European country. Research is needed regarding the population size, distribution and trend and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,limonii,,Andrena limonii,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is only found in the Volgograd region of European Russia and outside of Europe, it is found in Kazakhstan (Osytshnjuk 1983).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km2.",The information on the current status of Andrena limonii populations in Europe (as well as in Asia) is not available. All material of this species was collected more than 50 years ago.,"This species inhabits steppic biotopes, xeric areas and salt-marsh meadows. The females visit the flowers of Limonium gmelinii (Plumbaginaceae) (Osytshnjuk 1983, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005). The flight period is from July to mid August.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, distribution, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A., Scott, J.A. & Scheuchl, E.","Radchenko, V., Kemp, J.R. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,lindbergella,,Andrena lindbergella,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)                            Listed      as Data        Deficient     as      there  is little or no    information  available on the population   size,            trends and threats,   and  further         information is      necessary  on     both  the      habitat and          ecological      requirements. Future        research may show         that this rare species warrants listing with  a threatened status.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena lindbergella is only known from Cyprus. The species is also reported from the Middle East.","There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species. However, there are few specimens known and so the species is assumed to be rare within its extremely limited European range.","There is little known about the habitat or ecology of  this          species, although it is presumably associated with phryganic         Mediterranean   shrublands. In Cyprus, Andrena lindbergella flies in mid-June, and is mentioned from the Troodos mountain range (Warncke 1974b).","Although Andrena lindbergella is only known from a small area, the details of the threats to this species remain unknown. However,  given          the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities   it is     presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and  an increased       incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on  the species.",The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                     and is not the subject of any targeted conservation     action. It          is not known if it is found in any protected      areas.        Further     research   is required to  establish the     details  of the        population  size    and trends in     addition to  develop a      fuller  understanding  of    the       ecological  requirements of  the   species     and  to identify the specific threats to the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,lineolata,,Andrena lineolata,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend and the threats affecting the species. However the species has a very restricted range so further research is needed to assess the status of the species as it could be threatened.,Unknown,"Andrena lineolata is endemic to the Canary Islands (Hohmann et al. 1993, Báez and Ortega 1978, Ortiz-Sánchez 2011). It has been recorded in Tenerife only.","There are several different sub-populations recorded across Tenerife: Las Cañadas, San Juan de la Rambla, Montaña Negra-Montaña Abejera, La Orotava and Caramujo. There are no data on the size of the population or of trends.","Andrena lineolata flies in April and May, and is known to visit Erysimum scoparium (Brassicaceae).The habitat of the species is unknown.",The threats to the species are unknown.,"Despite the extreme restriction of the range (Tenerife only), the species is not Red Listed or subject of targeted conservation action.Further research is necessary to determine the ecology of the species, and to understand the details of the population size, trends and threats. It is likely to be present in protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,livens,,Andrena livens,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed     as Least Concern as the species is widespread across much of western  and central Europe, the population is presumed to be stable and there  are  no specific current  threats to the species at a  continental scale.  The subpopulations in southern Iberia would be subject to a possible  rescue  effect from North Africa. However, research should be conducted  to  determine fuller  details of the population size, trends and threats to the species.",Stable,"In Europe, Andrena livens is known from the Iberian peninsula, Italy, France and Switzerland. Four females have also been collected in Dalmatien, Hvar (Croatia).Outside of Europe, the species is found in the Maghreb, from Morocco to Tunisia. The subspecies A. l. algeria is described from North Africa, while the subspecies A.l. gruenwaldti is described from Sicily.","There is no information available on the population size or trend of             this species. However, the species is well represented in collections and is regularly found in biodiversity surveys (e.g., Quaranta et al. 2004), which suggests that there is a large population overall. The population trend is presumed to be stable overall.","In the Iberian peninsula, the species has been mostly recorded on Mediterranean coastal areas (Warncke 1976) and in phryganic shrublands (S. Roberts pers. obs. 1997). In Italy, it is widely reported from both semi-natural and agricultural environments (Quaranta et al. 2004). The details of the nesting biology are not known but, as a member of the sub-genus Chlorandrena, it is presumed to be oligolectic, specialising on collecting pollen from various species of Asteraceae. The species has been found exclusively on yellow Cichorioideae in Spain (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). Andrena livens flies from April to early June (Warncke 1976).","The specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given      the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased   incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. In  agricultural areas, the species could be susceptible to the direct  application of pesticides, and indirectly, through the use of herbicides  which affect the forage plants. The species is  also recorded outside  of Europe, and sufficiently large areas of  suitable habitat are  presumed to remain within the species' geographic  range.",The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                      and is not the subject of any targeted conservation      action. It          is not known if it is found in any protected       areas.        Further     research   is required to  establish the population  size    and trends and to identify the specific threats to the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,longibarbis,,Andrena longibarbis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment:  Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats. Further studies are needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"Andrena longibabis is mainly distributed in north Africa and the Middle East, from Morocco to Israel. It is recorded in Europe only in Iberia (both Spain and Portugal) (Warncke 1976, Ortiz-Sánchez 2011).",There is no information on population size or trends.,"There is no information about the ecology of Andrena longibarbis. Given the distribution, the species is likely to be found in Mediterranean phrygana and maquis.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed on any National Red List or Red Data Book and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is, however, likely to be present in protected areas.Further research is necessary to determine the details of the ecology, and to establish information on population size, trends and threats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,lonicera,,Andrena lonicera,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)                             Listed      as Data         Deficient     as      there  is   no    information  available on           population   size,            trends, habitats, ecology and threats. Future         research may show         that this rare species warrants listing with  a threatened status. It does not occur in the EU 27.",Unknown,Andrena lonicera is an extremely rare European endemic species only known from seven specimens in Macedonia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).,"There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species. However, there are only a few specimens known and so the species is assumed to be rare within its extremely limited European range.","There is no information available habitat or ecology of this species. However, all seven known specimens have been collected on Lonicera species, at an altitude of 1,800 m asl (Warncke 1973).","Andrena lonicera is a species only known from a small area. However, details of the threats to this species remain unknown.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                       and is not the subject of any targeted conservation       action. It          is not known if it is found in any protected        areas.        Further     research   is required to  establish the        population  size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M. & Scheuchl, E.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,macroptera,,Andrena macroptera,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)                             Listed      as Data         Deficient     as      there  is little or no    information  available on           population   size,            trends, habitats, ecology and threats. Future         research may show         that this rare species requires listing in a threatened category.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena macroptera is only known from Spain. One female has also been collected in Montemor-o-Novo in Portugal by Baldock in 2011 (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). Outside of Europe, the species is reported from Morocco (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002)","There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species. However, there are few specimens known and so the species is assumed to be rare within its extremely limited European range.","There is no information about the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be presumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.","In Europe, this species is only known from a small area. However, the details of the threats to this species remain unknown.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                        and is not the subject of any targeted conservation        action. It          is not known if it is found in any  protected        areas.        Further     research   is required to   establish the       details  of the        population  size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,maderensis,,Andrena maderensis,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern as the species is common in Madeira, the population seems to be stable and it has a broad tolerance of habitats. However, research should be conducted on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.",Stable,"Andrena (Suandrena) maderensis is endemic to the island of Madeira (Kratochwil and Scheuchl 2013, Kratochwil et al. 2014).","There is no information available on the population size and trend of the species. However, the species is widely distributed across Madeira and the population there is presumed to be quite large and stable overall.","Andrena maderensis is quite ubiquitous on the island of Madeira and it is thought to have a catholic choice of habitats, being present in dune areas, fallow lands and ruderal sites with suitable pollen sources. The range of altitudes extends from sea level up to 950 m asl. According to the differentiation into thermotypes and ombrotypes (Capelo et al. 2004), the localities where A. maderensis has been recorded correspond mainly to the temperature zones 1 and 2 (infra-Mediterranean), but also to frequency zones 3 and 4 (lower and upper thermo-Mediterranean). High abundances were reached in humidity class 1 (dry), 2 (lower subhumid), 3 (upper subhumid) and 4 (lower humid). The main vegetation zones are zone 1 (Mayteno umbellatae-Oleo maderensis sigmetum), zone 2 (Helichryso melaleuci-Sideroxylo marmulanae sigmetum), and zones 3 and 4 (Semele androgynae-Apollonio barbujanae sigmetum) (Kratochwil et al. 2014).The nesting and pollen foraging biology is not known but the species is reported to visit Brassica, Rapistrum rugosum, Raphanus raphanistrum (Brassicaceae) (Fellendorf et al. 1999), Oxalis pes-caprae (Oxalidaceae) and Calendula species (Asteraceae) (Cockerell 1922). Andrena maderensis is one of the principal pollinators of cabbage plants on Madeira.The flower visitation include records of 43 females on Brassicaceae (Sinapidendron angustifolium, Raphanus raphanistrum ssp. raphanistrum, Rapistrum rugosum, Brassica oleracea, Sinapis arvensis), five females on Asteraceae (Crepis vesicaria ssp. haenseleri, Sonchus oleraceus) and one female on Geraniaceae (Geranium maderense). The species is therefore assumed to be oligolectic on Brassicaceae (Kratochwil et al. 2014).While, A. maderensis flies from March to June, the latest literature states that flight activity lasts from February to May. The highest abundances of males and females are in April (Kratochwil et al. 2014).","Andrena maderensis is only known from a small area. However, the specific threats to this species remain unknown. Given its presumed catholic choice of habitat within the Madeira island group, the threats are likely to be minimal as the localities where the species is found represent a wide range of habitats.",The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                         and is not the subject of any targeted conservation         action. It          is not known if it is found in any   protected        areas.        Further     research   is required to    establish the       details  of the        population  size    and trends and specific threats to the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,magna,,Andrena magna,,,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  Listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km2, the species has a severely fragmented population with three isolated sub-populations with little chance of genetic exchange, and there is a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat due to anthropogenic activities at the coast and global climate change, in particular the increased rainfall converting the steppe habitat to shrub and woodland.",Unknown,"Andrena magna is disjunctly distributed from eastern Europe to the Caucasus region and Asia Minor (Warncke 1974b).  In Europe, this species it is recorded from southern Ukraine (Crimea Peninsula) (Warncke 1965a, Osytshnjuk 1977), south-east Romania (Warncke 1965a, Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980, Ban and Tomozei 2006) and the Greek mainland (Warncke 1965a).   In the Caucasus region, the species is recorded from Armenia and Georgia (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 299,291 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km2.","There is a scarcity of data available on the population abundance of this species, but it is rare throughout its range and there are only three sub-populations in Europe which are separated from each other with little chance of exchange in genetic material or recolonisation. The species is therefore regarded as severely fragmented. The current population trend is unknown. Further research is necessary in order to clarify the status of this species and its current distribution range.","Andrena magna prefers steppic habitats (Osytshnjuk 1977, Radchenko 2009). The species is polylectic, in that it takes pollen from a wide range of plants, and the females have been found to forage on various plants from the steppe regions. In Romania, Andrena magna has been found foraging on Cirsium sp. (B. Tomozii  pers. obs. 2001). It flies from April to July. It is possibly a bivoltine species, in that it has two generations per year.",This large species is rare throughout its range and maybe the target of illegal collection. The rarity of the species may be the result of the reduction of specific steppe habitats caused by an increase of shrubs and trees that has occurred due to increased rainfall from climate change (Radchenko 2009).,"This species is included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (Radchenko 2009). The species occur in the following Ukrainian protected areas: Opuksky, Karadag and Kazantip Nature Reserves were the species it is subject to protection measures.Further research is necessary to establish its ecological requirements, population size and trends across its range. It may also require specific protection.",This species is traded and exploited commercially in Crimea in the souvenir trade.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Patiny, S., Radchenko, V., Roberts, S. & Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,magunta,,Andrena magunta,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge of population size, trends, general ecology and specific threats. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on updated data recorded from the field.",Unknown,"This species is distributed from eastern and south-eastern Europe to the Caucasus region and Asia Minor (Kohl 1905; Fahringer and Friese 1921; Warncke 1965b, 1974b). In Europe, the species is recorded from Ukraine, Crimean Peninsula (Osytshnjuk 1977), Romania (Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980), Macedonia (Warncke 1973) and the mainland of Greece (Warncke 1965a).  In the Caucasus region, the species was recorded from Dagestan (Russian Federation), Georgia and Azerbaijan (Osytshnjuk 1977).","This species is known only from a few specimens. Presumably the population is small, but there is no information available on the overall population size and trends.",This species prefers xeric habitats such as grasslands and shrublands. The females forage on Brassicaceae and Rosaceae. The males have been found on Asteraceae species. It flies from May to June in Ukraine and Romania and from April to June in Greece and Turkey.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the ecology, current status of the species throughout its range and to identify any existing threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V., Roberts, S. & Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,majalis,,Andrena majalis,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)  Listed as Not Applicable because this species is principally recorded from Central Asia and is only known in Europe from one locality in Hungary, which is dubious, so the European population hosts less that 1% of the total population, thus the species has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Further research is needed to identify if the species is actually present in Europe and detailed work will be necessary to determine the ecology, the size of the population and if there are any existing threats.",Unknown,"Andrena majalis is principally recorded from central Asia; Turkmenistan. Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan (Shebl and Tadauchi 2009). There is only one dubious record in Europe (Hungary) with a specimen determined by Warncke (Moczar and Warncke 1972). This record is regarded as questionable (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).","No information is available on either the population size or trends. The majority of the range lies in Asia and, even if its presence in Hungary is confirmed, it is likely to represent less than 1% of the global population.","Andrena majalis flies from April to May. Outside Europe, this species occurs in plains and mountains, mainly in river valleys. The females collect pollen from flowers of Tamarix.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Research is necessary to establish the status of this species in Europe. If its presence in Hungary can be confirmed, detailed work will be necessary to determine the ecology, the size of the population and if there are any existing threats. It is not known from any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,marginata,,Andrena marginata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trends. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena marginata is widely distributed through Europe, the Caucasus region, Asia Minor, Central Asia, Siberia and China (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Xu and Tadauchi 2008, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","Populations are presumably small, but there is no information available on actual population size and trends of this species.","Andrena marginata is found in calcareous grasslands, heaths, moors, woodlands, coastal dunes and virgin lands where flower species of Dipsacaeae family occurs. This oligolectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, is strongly associated in Central Europe with Succisa pratensis, Knautia arvensis and Scabiosa columbaria. However, in Eastern Europe (Ukraine) and European Russia, it was also found on Dipsacus laciniatus, Cephalaria uralensis and Scabiosa ochroleuca, while in Central Asia (Turkmenistan) it was found on Scabiosa isatensis. This species also forages on Rubus, Spirea ulmaria, Epilobium sp., Leontodon, Jasone montana and Tanacetum vulgare. This summer species flies from July to September, rarely until October (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987).","Andrena marginata is threatened by changes in agricultural practices, particularly through intensification in the use of grasslands (e.g., mowing before the flowering peak). This species is also exposed to chemical treatments of the fields. This has reduced the area of suitable habitats and availability of floral resources for this species.Ekstam et al. (1998) states that Succisa pratensis, to which Andrena marginata is strongly linked and found through calcareous open grasslands, moist meadows and pastures, has suffered a notable decline due to changes in land management. As a result, this specialist bee has declined in most areas in central and northwestern Europe (Westrich 1990, Falk 1991, Pekkarinen 1999).","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following seven European countries: Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008), Ireland (Critically Endangered; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006), Finland (Vulnerable; Rassi et al. 2010), Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Norway (Endangered; Kålås et al. 2010) and Sweden (Vulnerable; Gärdenfors 2010). Andrena marginata is also included in the List of Invertebrate species of principal importance for the conservation of biodiversity in Scotland (Nature Conservation Act - Scotland 2004).  Although there are no conservation actions in place, this species is found in protected areas throughout its range, such as Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, distribution and trends, as well as the threats to this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,mariana,,Andrena mariana,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on population size, trends and threats to the species. Although, A. mariana has a severely fragmented European population, the extra-limital subpopulations across the Maghreb could provide a rescue effect to the species both in Sicily and Spain.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena mariana ssp. alma and A. m. ssp. tenostra are known from the Iberian peninsula, and A. m. ssp. solda is known from Sicily. The nominal subspecies is endemic to the Canary Islands. Outside of Europe, the species is reported from North Africa, from Morocco to Egypt and in the Levant, in southern Israel and Jordan (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","There is no precise information available on the population size or trend of this species. The two major European centres of distribution are disjunct from each other, and the subpopulations are therefore severely fragmented.","The species is presumed to inhabit phryganic Mediterranean shrublands in Europe. In Libya it has been found foraging at floristically diverse field margins in the Mediterranean zone of the Jbel Akhdar (S. Roberts pers. obs. 2002). The species has been recorded on Brassica, Anthemis, Raphanus sativus and Eruca sativa in Egypt (Moustafa 1986); Cakile maritima and Lotus lancerottensis in Lanzarote and Fuerteventura (Hohmann et al. 1993); Moricandia arvensis and Moricandia fuscata in Algeria (Benarfa et al. 2014); Moricanda arvensis, Zilla spinosa and Sinapis species in Morocco (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014); and Zilla spinosa, Erucaria rostrata, Diplotaxis harra, Tamarix nilotica and Gymnocarpos decandrum in Israel (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). Andrena mariana has been reported to be a univoltine species, in that it has one generation per year, flying from February to mid-May (Warncke 1968, 1976). The details of the nesting behaviour are not known.","The specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given        the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is   presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased     incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                          and is not the subject of any targeted  conservation         action. It          is not known if it is found  in any   protected        areas.        Further     research   is  required to    establish the       details  of the        population   size, trends and specific threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,medeninensis,,Andrena medeninensis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is also little or no information available on population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Although this species has a severely fragmented  European population, the extra-limital subpopulations across north Africa  and Anatolian Turkey could act as focal points for a rescue effect to the species in both Spain and Cyprus and the Aegean islands respectively.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena medeninensis is only known from disjunct subpopulations in Spain, Cyprus and the Aegean islands of Lesbos and Limnos. Outside of Europe, the species also occurs across North Africa, from the Maghreb to Egypt, and also in Anatolian Turkey (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).",There is no precise information available on the population size or trend of this species. The two major European centres of distribution are disjunct from each other and the subpopulations are therefore severely fragmented.,"The species is presumed to inhabit phryganic Mediterranean shrublands in both Spain and Cyprus. In Libya, it has been found in the Mediterranean coastal zone (S. Roberts  pers. obs. 2002). The species has been recorded visiting Sinapis arvensis in Algeria (Benarfa et al. 2014). In Turkey and Cyprus, the subspecies Andrena medeninensis usura Warncke, 1967 flies from early March to early May (Warncke 1974b). In the Iberian peninsula, the two subspecies Andrena medeninensis donata Warncke, 1967 and Andrena medeninensis citreola Warncke, 1975 fly from mid March to end of April (Warncke 1976). The details of the nesting behaviour are not known.","The specific threats to the species are unknown. However, given         the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is    presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased      incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species.",The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                           and is not the subject of any targeted   conservation         action. It          is not known if it is found   in any   protected        areas.        Further     research   is   required to    establish the population    size    and trends  and to identify the specific threats to the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,mediovittata,,Andrena mediovittata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is  listed      as Data Deficient  as       there  is also little or no    information   available on   population size,            trends and specific threats to the species. Future         research may show     that A. mediovittata requires listing in a threatened category.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena mediovittata is only known from the Canary Islands. Outside of Europe, the species also occurs in the Maghreb, from Morocco eastwards to Algeria.",There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species.,"The details of the habitat and  foraging behaviour in the Canary Islands are not  known, although perhaps it can be found Mediterranean-type shrubland. However, in Morocco the species is found in arid semi-desert regions where it was found foraging on Launea arborescens (Asteraceae) (S. Roberts  pers. obs. 1993). Andrena mediovittata (as Andrena arvensis Warncke, 1968) has been observed flying from the end of March to early April (Warncke 1968). The floral records of the species include Asteriscus stenophyllus, Launaea arborescens, Launaea nudicaulis, Schizogyne sericea (Asteraceae) and Hirschfeldia incana (Brassicaceae) in the Canary Islands (Hohmann et al. 1993).","In Europe, this species is only known from a small area. However, the specific threats to this species remain unknown. The species is also recorded outside of Europe, and areas of suitable habitat are presumed to remain within the species' geographic range.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                            and is not the subject of any targeted    conservation         action. It          is not known if it is found    in any   protected        areas.        Further     research   is    required to    establish the       taxonomy, population     size, trends  and specific threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,mehelyi,,Andrena mehelyi,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information on the population size, trends and threats to the species. Further research should be conducted to establish the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"The distribution of this species is unclear because data are confused with the distribution of Andrena (Simandrena) combinata Christ, 1791. The species occurs in most part of eastern Europe, from Austria to the Urals and the Caucasus region (Gogala 1999), and to Greece and Cyprus. It is also present in Iran (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). However, Grace (2010) mentions the species only from Turkey for its east Mediterranean distribution, without any mention of Greece and Cyprus.",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"Andrena (Simandrena) mehelyi is a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plant species. The species is bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year; the first one flying in May and June, and the second one in July and August (Gogala 1999), and until September in Austria (Pittioni and Schmidt 1943). In Cyprus, it has been observed from February to May at Tamarix sp., Achillea santolina L., Calendula persica C. A. Mey, Anthemis arvensis L., Trifolium, and Chrysanthemum segetum L. (Mavromoustakis 1948c, 1952, 1954, 1957). According to Kocourek (1966), the first generation visits Brassicaceae and Centaurea species, and the second one Solidago canadense, Achillea millefolium and Apiaceae species. It nests in burrows in the ground, excavated by itself (Westrich 1990), in loamy soil and in steppe biotopes (Kocourek 1966).",The threats to this species remain unknown.,"The species is included in the National Red List of Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005). It is not the target of any specific conservation actions, and it is unknown whether it appears in protected areas throughout its range. The taxonomic issues require further clarification, and further research is required to establish the details of the population size and overall trends, and to identify any specific threats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,merula,,Andrena merula,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed      as Data          Deficient     as      there  is little or no    information  available on            population   size,            trends and specific threats to the species. Future          research may well  show         that A. merula warrants listing with  a threatened status.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena merula is known from mainland Greece and the Aegean islands, Crete and Cyprus. Outside of Europe, the species is reported from Turkey, Israel (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002) and Afghanistan (Warncke 1974).",There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species.,"The species is known from phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, open Quercus macrolepis woodlands and trackways within Pinus brutia plantations (S. Roberts, pers. obs. 2001). Flower records include Scorzonera sublanata and Crepis commutata (Asteraceae) (Nielsen et al. 2011). Another pollen source in Israel is Crepis aspera (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). The species seems to be oligolectic on the subfamily Cichorioidae (family Asteraceae) (E. Scheuchl pers. obs. 2014). The males of A. merula are pollinators of Ophrys cressa in Crete (Paulus 2007) and of Ophrys sicula in Lesbos (Paulus and Salkowski 2007) by pseudocopulation. Andrena merula flies from April to the end of May (Warncke 1974b), occasionally from the end of March (S. Roberts pers. obs. 2001); and from March to May in Thessalia (Standfuss et al. 2011). The details of the nesting behaviour are unknown.","Andrena merula is only known from a small area, but the specific threats to this species remain unknown. However,  given          the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities   it is     presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and  an increased       incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on  the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                           and is not the subject of any targeted   conservation         action. It          is not known if it is found   in any   protected        areas.        Further     research   is   required to    establish the       details  of the        population    size, trends and specific threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,metallescens,,Andrena metallescens,,,No,,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Not Applicable because the species is only known in Europe from one locality from the lower Volga region and the European sub-population represents less than 1% of the global population, thus the species has a marginal occurrence in Europe.  It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,Only recorded in Europe from a single locality in the lower Volga region of Russia. The range of this Asiatic species is known from the Caucasus and Kazakhstan. The European sub-population will represent less than 1% of the global population of the species.,There is no information about population size or trends. However the European sub-population will represent less than 1% of the global population of the species.,"The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year); flying from mid-March to early June. In montane regions it can be found at altitudes of 1,600 m. It is polylectic, and visits Spiraea (Rosaceae), Salix (Salicaceae) and various Brassicaceae (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). It is a species of xeric habitats.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed on National Red Lists or Red Data Books, and neither is it the subject of targeted conservation action.Further research is necessary to clarify the exact status of the species in Europe, and any trends and threats. Details of its ecology in Europe are also unknown and require work. It is not known from any protected area.",The species is not exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,microthorax,,Andrena microthorax,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)                               Listed      as Data           Deficient     as      there  is little or no    information  available on the population   size,            trends and specific threats,   and     further         information is      necessary  on     both  the         habitat and          ecological      requirements. Future           research may well  show         that A. microthorax requires listing in a threatened category.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena microthorax is restricted to southern Andalucia (Spain). Outside of Europe, the species also occurs in the Maghreb in Algeria and Tunisia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species. However, there are very few records and so the species is assumed to be rare within its extremely restricted European range.","There is little known about the habitat and ecology of  this          species, although it is presumably associated with phryganic         Mediterranean   shrublands. Andrena microthorax flies in early May in Spain (Warncke 1976), and from February to March in Algeria. The floral records include Moricandia cinerea and Moricandia arvensis (Saunders 1909).","The specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given        the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is   presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased     incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                            and is not the subject of any targeted    conservation         action. It          is not known if it is found    in any   protected        areas.        Further     research   is    required to    establish the population     size, trends and specific threats to the species, in      addition to  developing   a         fuller    understanding  of     the        ecological  requirements   of   the     species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,miegiella,,Andrena miegiella,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed      as Least Concern as the species is widespread across much of the western Mediterranean Basin, the population is presumed to be stable  and there  are  no clear current  threats to the species at a   continental scale.  The subpopulations in southern Iberia and Sicily would be subject  to a possible  rescue  effect from North Africa. However, research  should be conducted into the population size, trends, habitats and threats to the species.",Stable,"Andrena miegiella is predominantly a species of the the western Mediterranean Basin, and is known from the Iberian peninsula, France, Italy, and the from the islands of Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and Malta (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002). Grace (2010) additionally reports the species from Lesvos, but gives no further supporting information. Outside of Europe, the species also occurs in Turkey and North Africa, from Morocco to Egypt (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","There is no information available on the population size or  trend of             this species. However, the species is represented in collections and is regularly found in biodiversity  surveys (e.g., Quaranta et al. 2004), which suggests that there is a large  population overall. The population is presumed to be stable.","The species is presumed to occupy phryganic Mediterranean shrublands. In Italy and Sardinia it has been reported from both  semi-natural and agricultural environments (Quaranta et al. 2004). The details of the nesting biology and pollen preferences are not known. Andrena miegiella is a bivoltine species, in that it has two generations per year, the first one flying from mid-April to the end of May, and the second one at end of June (Warncke 1976).","The specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given       the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known   to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased    incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. In   agricultural areas, the species could be susceptible to the direct   application of pesticides, and also indirectly through the use of herbicides   which affect the forage plants. The species is  also recorded outside   of Europe, and sufficiently large areas of  suitable habitat are   presumed to remain within the species' geographic  range.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                             and is not the subject of any targeted     conservation         action. It          is not known if it is found     in any   protected        areas.        Further     research   is     required into the population size, trends, habitats and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,minapalumboi,,Andrena minapalumboi,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as, even if subpopulations appear to be large overall, there is no information available on population size, trends and threats to the subpopulations in Spain. Further information is also necessary on both the habitat and ecological requirements.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena minapalumboi is only found in Mediterranean Spain. Outside of Europe, the species is known from across the whole of North Africa, from Morocco to Egypt (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","There is no specific information available on the population size or   trend of             this species in Europe. However, the species is well represented  in collections from North Africa and Israel, which suggests that there is a large  global population.","The specific habitats occupied by the species in Spain are unclear, but it is  presumed to occupy phryganic Mediterranean shrublands. In Libya and Israel, it has been found in a range of habitats including regenerating post-fire Mediterranean maquis, and as a ruderal in fallow fields and disturbed places (S. Roberts pers. obs. 2002). The details of the nesting biology and  pollen preferences are not known, although visitation in Libya is reported from Sinapis alba and various yellow-flowered Brassicaceae (Brassicaceae), and it has also been recorded nectaring on Chrysanthemum coronarium (Asteraceae) (S. Roberts pers. obs. 2002). Other floral records include Diplotaxis (Saunders 1908), Sinapis arvensis and Rosmarinus officinalis (Benarfa et al. 2014). Andrena minapalumboi flies in June in Spain (Warncke 1976), and in north Africa in March and April (S. Roberts pers. obs. 2002).","The specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given        the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known    to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased     incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. The species is  also recorded outside    of Europe, and sufficiently large areas of  suitable habitat are known to remain within the species' geographic  range.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                              and is not the subject of any targeted      conservation         action. It          is not known if it is found      in any   protected        areas.        Further     research   is      required to    establish the       details  of the        population       size, trends, habitats, ecology and specific threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,minutula,,Andrena minutula,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient since there is no information on threats, population size and trend, and most of the available records exceed 20 years in age. Further research is required to establish the status of the species throughout its range.",Unknown,"Andrena minutula is widely distributed in Europe, the Caucasus region, north Africa, Asia Minor and Central and east Asia (China, Japan) (Kocourek 1966, Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","Populations are thought to be large, but there is no information available for the population trend of this species.","Andrena minutula is found in a variety of humid and dry habitats, mesophilous grasslands, xerothermophilous shrubs, limestone areas, roadsides, field margins and border forests. It is present from plains to mountains up to 2,000 m asl in the Alps and Caucasus Mountains; and from dry southern slopes of the Southern Crimean Plateau to mountain meadows and edges of the upper forest in the Carpathian Mountains. The species has two generations flying from April to August: the first one from April to May and the second one from July to August. The species it is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. The females forage on species of the Aceraceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Rosaceae, Salicaeae and Scrophulariaceae families (Kocourek 1966, Osythshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Schmid-Egger 2011).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. minutula may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red List of Finland (Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010). Although there are no conservation actions in place, this species occurs in protected areas throughout its range, for example in the Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998), Latranyi Puszta Nature Conservation Area, Hungary (Jozan 2003), Mercantour National Park (France) and Alpi Marittime Natural Park (Italy) (Schmid-Egger 2011).Further research should be conducted in order to determine the population size and trends, along with its possible threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,minutuloides,,Andrena minutuloides,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment:  Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of updated information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"Andrena minutuloides is distributed from Europe to Asia Minor, north Africa (Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014) and Siberia (Eremeeva et al. 2009)","Presumably the populations are large, but there is no information available for the population trends of this species.","Andrena minutuloides is found in a wide variety of habitats, mesophilous grasslands, xerothermophilous shrub vegetation, forest borders, roadsides, river valleys, limestone areas, from plains to mountains up to 2,000 m asl in the Caucasus. The species has two generations: the first one flies from April to May, while the second one does it from July to August, sometimes until September. The species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. Females forage therefore on Brassicaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Rosaceae and Scrophulariaceae species (Kocourek 1966, Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Schmid-Egger 2011).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. minutuloides may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is not included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of any European countries. It occurs in protected areas across the Europe, such as Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998), Latranyi Puszta Nature Conservation Area, Hungary (Jozan 2003), Mercantour National Park (France) and Alpi Marittime Natural Park (Italy) (Schmid-Egger 2011). There are no conservation actions in place for this species. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and the threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,mistrensis,,Andrena mistrensis,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)                                Listed      as Data            Deficient     as      there  is little or no    information  available on              population   size,            trends, habitats and threats. Future            research may show         that A. mistrensis requires listing in a threatened category.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena mistrensis is only known from continental Greece and the Aegean island of Lesvos (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002). The reports of the species from Ukraine in Kuhlmann et al. (2014) are apparently a mistake (V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2014). Outside of Europe, A. mistrensis occurs on the Aegean coast of Turkey (Hazir et al. 2014).",There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species in Europe.,"The details of the habitat in Europe are unclear, although it is known to  occupy phryganic Mediterranean shrubland on the island of Lesvos. The nesting biology and  pollen preferences of the species are not known, although one female has been collected in Turkey on yellow Brassicaceae and another one on Salix sp. (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). Andrena mistrensis can be seen on the wing from late March (Grace 2010), and until the end of April in Turkey (Hazir et al. 2014).","The specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given         the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is  known    to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased      incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                               and is not the subject of any targeted       conservation         action. It          is not known if it is found       in any   protected        areas.        Further     research   is       required to    establish the population        size, trends, habitats and specific threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.","Radchenko, V.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,mitis,,Andrena mitis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena mitis is distributed from central and southern Europe to the Caucasus Region and Asia Minor (Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"Andrena mitis prefers humid biotopes, and in southern areas it is usually found in mountains. This species has been collected in sunny slopes, in the coastal area of the Black Sea in Crimea, and also along river valleys, meadows and floodplain forest edges. This spring species visits flowers of the Salicaeae, Ranunculaceae (Ficaria), Asteraceae (Taraxacum), Rosaceae (Crataegus, Prunus, Cerasus) and Fabaceae (Trifolium, Cytisus) families (Kocourek 1966, Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005). As shown by Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl (1997), the species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, especially on Salix species.","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. mitis may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2008). There are no conservation actions in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with protected areas, including the Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998) and Latranyi Puszta Nature Conservation Area, Hungary (Jozan 2003). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,mocsaryi,,Andrena mocsaryi,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed       as Least Concern as the species is widespread across much of the  central and southeastern Europe (particularly within the Pannonian region) and subpopulations are presumed to be large overall and stable with  no clear identified threats to the species at a    continental scale. However,  research  should be conducted  to  determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.",Unknown,"Andrena mocsaryi is known from eastern Europe, Italy, the Carpathians, Bulgaria and Greece. Outside of Europe, the species also occurs in Turkey.","There is no detailed available on the population size and trend of             this species in Europe. It is widespread, and although population is presumed to be stable overall, there have been local declines, such as in the Czech Republic where the species is considered now extinct.","There is little known about the habitat of  this       species although it is clearly associated with phryganic      Mediterranean   shrublands in Attiki (Greece) (Petanidou 1994). It is oligolectic, specialising on pollen collecting from Ornithogalum (Liliaceae) (Westrich 2010, Dylewska 1987). In Attiki, it visits Ornithogalum exscapum/O. graecum. Males are known to visit Salix (Salicaceae) for nectar in addition to Ornithogalum. Other visitation records are from Salvia verbenacea, Thymelaea hirsuta (Lamiaceae), Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae), Geranium rotundifolium (Geraniaceae), Euphorbia acanthothamnos (Euphorbiaceae) and Veronica persica (Plantaginaceae). The males are regularly found visiting orchids of the genus Ophrys, such as Ophrys lutea ssp lutea, Ophrys tenthredinifera and Ophrys sphegodes ssp spegodes (Orchidaceae) (Petanidou 1994). Andrena mocsaryi flies from end of March to early May (Warncke 1974b). In Thessalia, it flies from February to March (Standfuss et al. 2011).","The specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given          the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is   known    to     inhabit in parts of its range, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased       incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species.  In   agricultural areas (such as the Great Hungarian Plain) the species could be susceptible to the direct    application of pesticides, and also indirectly through the use of  herbicides   which affect the forage plants.","The species is listed in the National Red List of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005) but is not the subject of any targeted        conservation         action. It          is not known if it is found        in any   protected        areas, although this is likely.        Further     research   is        required to    establish the population        size, trends and specific threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,monacha,,Andrena monacha,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)                            Listed      as Data        Deficient     as      there  is little or no    information  available on          population   size,            trends and threats to the species. Future        research may show         that A. monacha requires listing in a threatened category.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena monacha is only known from the Greek islands of Lesvos (Grace 2010) and Samos (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014) and from Cyprus. Outside of Europe, the species also occurs in west and southern coastal Turkey, Syria and Lebanon (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).",There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species in Europe.,"There is little known about the habitat of  this        species, although it is presumed to be associated with phryganic       Mediterranean   shrublands in both Cyprus and Lesvos. Andrena monacha flies from the end of February to mid-June, and visits small yellow-flowered Fabaceae (Warncke 1974b). As the species has a lengthy flight period, it is probably bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year. The species has been recorded on Cyprus include Vicia, Hymenocarpus circinnatus, Medicago marina, Trifolium physodes, Calendula persica and Erodium species (Mavromoustakis 1949, 1951, 1952, as A. clypeata Br.). The details of the nesting behaviour are not known.","Andrena monacha is only known from a small area, but details of the threats to this species remain unknown. However,  given          the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities   it is     presumed  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an  increased       incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on  the species.",The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                                and is not the subject of any targeted        conservation         action. It          is not known if it is found        in any   protected        areas.        Further     research   is        required to    establish the population        size    and trends  and the specific threats to the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,monilia,,Andrena monilia,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)                             Listed      as Data         Deficient     as      there  is little or no    information  available on           population   size,            trends and threats,   and  further          information is      necessary  on     both  the      habitat and           ecological      requirements. Future        research may show         that A. monilia requires listing in a threatened category.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena monilia is only known from Spain. In the Maghreb, the species occurs in Algeria and Tunisia. The species also occurs in the Middle East, from southeastern Turkey to Iran, Jordan and southern Israel (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species. However, there are very few records and so the species is assumed to be rare within its restricted range.","There is little known about the habitat or ecology of  this       species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland. Both sexes of Andrena monilia are known to fly from mid-April to the end of May (Warncke 1974b, 1976). In Algeria all specimens (females) were collected on Sinapis arvensis (Benarfa et al. 2014).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                                 and is not the subject of any targeted         conservation         action. It          is not known if it is  found        in any   protected        areas.        Further      research   is        required to    establish the       details  of the          population        size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,montana,,Andrena montana,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient, despite its wide range across many of the southern alpine regions of Europe, as there is no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species, and further information is necessary on the ecological requirements. Future research may show that this rare species requires listing as a threatened species.",Unknown,"The European endemic species Andrena montana is only known from Switzerland, northwards to Germany and eastwards to Austria, and across the Balkans to Greece (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","There is no information available on the population size or trend of this European endemic species, although Amiet et al. (2010) state that it is rare in Switzerland.","Andrena montana is an alpine species known from the upper montane zone, being present above 2,000 m asl and at least up to 2,500 m asl (Warncke 1988). It can be assumed to occur on grasslands, rocky areas, fens, and other alpine type habitats. The details of its nesting biology and pollen forage preferences are unknown, but Amiet et al. (2010) suggest that it is polylectic and will collect pollen from a range of different plant families. The species is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and flies from mid-June to mid-August (Grace 2010, Warncke 1973a).","The threats to Andrena montana remain unknown. However, since this species flies in the upper montane zone, a severe climate warming could therefore threaten its distribution.","The species is listed on the National Red List of Germany (Data Deficient; Westrich et al. 2008), but it is not the subject of any targeted          conservation         action. It          is not known if it is   found        in any   protected        areas.        Further       research   is        required to    establish the       details  of the           population        size, trends, ecology and specific threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,montarca,,Andrena montarca,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data          Deficient     as      there  is little or no    information  available on            population   size,            trends and threats,   and   further          information is      necessary  on     both  the       habitat and           ecological      requirements. Future         research may show         that this extremely rare species requires listing as a threatened species.",Unknown,Andrena montarca is endemic to Spain.,"There is no specific information available on the population size or trend of this species. However, there are very few records and so the species is assumed to be rare within its very restricted range.","Andrena montarca is recorded from central Spain from the end of April to mid-May (Warncke 1976). No further details are available on habitat or ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.",The threats to Andrena montarca remain unknown.,The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                                  and is not the subject of any targeted          conservation         action. It          is not known if it is   found        in any   protected        areas.        Further       research   is        required to    establish the       details  of the           population        size    and overall   trends  in        addition to   developing    a           fuller    understanding  of       the         ecological     requirements   of   the     species     and     identifying  any             current or       likely threats. The taxonomic issues concerning the true status of the described subspecies require further clarification.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,morio,,Andrena morio,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered Regionally Extinct in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena morio is found through southern and central Europe, the Caucasus region, north Africa, southwestern Asia and Central Asia, reaching the Himalaya mountains (Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008,  Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","There is a presumably large population, although there is no information available for the trends of this species.","Andrena morio occurs in different xeric and humid biotopes, including steppes and mountainous habitats up to more than 2,000 m asl within the Pamir mountain range. The species is bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year, and their flight period is from April to September.  It is a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. The females collect therefore pollen from flowers of the Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae and Rosaceae families (Osytshnjuk  1977, Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk  et al. 2008).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. morio may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists of two European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2008). Its distribution overlaps with some protected areas, but there are no conservation actions in place for this species.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,mucida,,Andrena mucida,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends, ecology and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena mucida is distributed from central and southern Europe to the Caucasus region, southwestern Asia and north Africa (Kocourek 1966, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species, although the population is presumed to be small.","Andrena mucida is a thermophilous species, preferring warm habitats found in pastures, grasslands, meadows and roadsides. It has two generations flying every year: the first one from April to June and second one from July to August. The females of the first generation collect pollen from Salix and Muscari species, and the second generation from Knautia and Scabiosa species (Kocourek 1966, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005).","There are no specific threats documented for this species, but it may be a target of general threats affecting European bees. These include reduction of suitable habitats by land use change, such as the transformation of large plant diversity areas into mono-specific agricultural ones, or inappropriate field management, which includes cutting the vegetation before or during the peak of the flowering period. This leads to loss of proper nesting sites due to agricultural activities such as tillage or chemical exposure to pesticide and herbicide treatments.","This species is included in the National Red Lists of Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2008) and its distribution overlaps with some protected areas throughout its range. There are no conservation actions in place for this species.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,mucronata,,Andrena mucronata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed       as Least Concern as the species is widespread across much of Greece. Biodiversity fieldwork suggests that the subpopulations are strong and they are presumed to be  stable, and there are no current identified threats to the species at the continental scale. However,  research  should be conducted  to  determine fuller  details of the  population  size, trends and ecology  of  the species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena mucronata is known from southern Italy (Calabria, Puglia), continental Greece and the island of Corfu. Outside of Europe, the species occurs in North Africa, throughout Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya, and in the Levant in Israel, Jordan and Libya (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002). The reports from Spain are misidentifications (J. Ortiz-Sanchez pers. comm 2014).","There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species. However, there are very few records and so the species is assumed to be rare within its very restricted range. It is widespread throughout the Balkan region.","The habitats where this species is found across its entire range are unknown, but it is known to occupy phryganic Mediterranean shrublands in Attiki (Greece). The species visits the flowers: Erodium malacoides, Erodium cicutarium ssp cicutarium (Geraniaceae), Papaver rhoeas (Papaveraceae) and Sisymbrium orientale (Brassicaceae) (Petanidou 1994). The species is oligolectic on Geraniaceae (Geranium, Erodium) (Standfuss et al. 2011, W. Grünwaldt pers. comm. 2014). Andrena mucronata flies from March to May in the environs of Athens (Petanidou 1994). In northern Africa, it flies in February (Warncke 1974a); in Israel in March (Warncke 1970), although E. Scheuchl (unpublished data, pers. comm. 2014) recorded it from the beginning of March to beginning of April. In Greece, the species flies in April (Standfuss et al. 2011, Mavromoustakis 1961, Schmiedeknecht 1884), and from the end of March to the end of April according to unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014); and in Italy in mid-May (Warncke 1967, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). The details of the nesting biology are not known.","The specific threats to this species remain unknown. However,  given           the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities   it is known  to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and  an  increased       incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on   the species. The species is also recorded outside of Europe, and sufficiently large areas of suitable habitat are presumed to remain within the species' geographic range.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                                   and is not the subject of any targeted           conservation         action. It          is not known if it is    found        in any   protected        areas.        Further        research   is        required to    establish the population        size, trends and threats to the species, in         addition to   developing    a           fuller    understanding  of        the         ecological     requirements   of   the     species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,murana,,Andrena murana,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed       as Data          Deficient     as      there  is little or no    information   available on the population   size,            trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Future         research may show         that this extremely rare species warrants listing with  a threatened status.",Unknown,Andrena murana is an Iberian endemic species and is found in Spain and Portugal (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).,"There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species. However, there are very few records and so the species is assumed to be rare within its very restricted range.","Andrena murana flies from early May to mid-June (Warncke 1976). There is no further information available on the habitats and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.",The threats to this species remain unknown.,"The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                                   and is not the subject of any targeted           conservation         action. It          is not known if it is    found        in any   protected        areas.        Further        research   is        required to    establish the population        size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,muscaria,,Andrena muscaria,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed        as Data          Deficient     as      there  is little or no    information    available on the population   size,            trends, habitats and threats. Future         research may show         that A. muscaria requires listing as a threatened species.",Unknown,"Andrena muscaria is endemic to continental Greece, from where it has been rarely recorded.","There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species. However, there are very few records and so the species is assumed to be rare within its very restricted range.","Andrena muscaria is presumed to occupy phryganic Mediterranean shrublands. The species flies from the end of January to mid-March. Voeth (1989) reports that females of Andrena muscaria were observed visiting Ophrys aesculepii (Orchidaceae), presumably in the early Spring in Greece. It is oligolectic on early flowering Liliaceae, and females collect pollen predominantly on Muscari commutatum Guss., and to a far lesser extent on Gagea peduncularis Pascher. At the end of the flight season, they visit Ornithogalum umbellatum L. Females take nectar for self-provisioning on Euphorbia apios L. (Standfuss and Standfuss 2009).","Andrena muscaria is only known from a small area, but the specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given          the nature of the  Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is     presumed  to      inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased       incidence   of    fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                                    and is not the subject of any targeted            conservation         action. It          is not known if it  is    found        in any   protected        areas.        Further         research   is        required to    establish the       details  of  the            population        size, trends, habitats and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,nana,,Andrena nana,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and large overall population. However further research is needed to establish the main threats affecting this species.,Unknown,"Andrena nana is a widespread species. It is present in Europe from Portugal to Sweden, and from France to east towards Ukraine. This species is also present in northern Africa (Maghreb) and Asia (e.g., India).Both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are large.","There are no precise details of the population size or trends. However, both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are large and so it can be assumed that the overall population is large too.","Andrena nana is a polylectic species (i.e., pollen generalist). There are two generations. They fly from April to June and in July and August. The species is present in moist grassland and in steppe biotopes (Kocourek 1966). Females collect pollen on Euphorbiaceae, Salicaceae, Ranunculaceae and Rosaceae, but females show a marked preference for Brassicaceae (first generation) and Apiaceae (second generation). In Switzerland, the species can be found up to altitudes of 1,500 m (Amiet et al. 2010).",The threats to this species are not known,"Andrena nana is Red listed in Germany and the UK as Vulnerable (Westrich 2011, Shirt 1987), and in the Czech Republic as Endangered (Farkac et al. 2005). The species is found in protected areas.Research is needed to establish the size of the population across the range, any population trends and existing threats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,nanaeformis,,Andrena nanaeformis,,,No,LC,,No,VU,B2ab(v),EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(v)At the European level, this species is listed as Least Concern because the species is widespread and overall it has a large population, with stable sub-populations in the eastern part of its range.At the EU 27 level, the species has an area of occupancy (AOO) of 136 km2, the populations are considered severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, though the reasons for this decline remain unknown. The species qualifies as Endangered under B2ab(v), however there is a possible rescue effect from populations in eastern Europe so the category is downlisted to Vulnerable B2ab(v).",Unknown,"Andrena nanaeformis is widely distributed in Europe from France through to eastern Europe, and its presence in both Spain and Poland is uncertain. It is also found within parts of Asia such as south Siberia, Azerbaijan and north Kazakhstan.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,273,525 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 136 km2.","In most of Europe the status and population trend of this species is unknown. In the Czech Republic over the past 30 years it is only known from one locality (Bogusch et al. 2007). In the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine the population of Andrena nanaeformis is now relatively stable (V. Radchenko pers. obs. 2013). In France, the most recent findings date back to 1973, in Bulgaria 1963 (University of Kansas Biodiversity Institute 2013), and Macedonia to 1961 (Warncke 1966a). In southern Siberia (Russia), this species is relatively common (Sidorov 2010). In western parts of the range, the population is severely fragmented allowing no genetic exchange or recolonization, however, there is a possible rescue effect from populations in eastern Europe.","This species mainly lives in wet habitats such as the valleys and banks of rivers, forest glades, steppe, and water meadows. This species visits flowers of various plants: Rosaceae (Potentilla humifusa) Brassicaceae (Sinapis arvensis, Sinapis alba, Alyssum tortuosum, Barbarea vulgaris), Salicaceae (Salix spp.), Asteraceae (Taraxacum officinale, Tussilago farfara), Ranunculaceae (Ficaria verna, Anemone spp.), Crassulaceae (Sedum spp.). The species flies from April to July and it is known to nest in the soil.","The reasons for the decline, and perhaps the local disappearance, of this species are not clear. In Ukraine there are no major threats affecting the species because it occurs in different regions of forest-steppe and has a wide range of host plants.","Andrena nanaeformis is listed in the Czech Republic as Critically Endangered (Farkac et al. 2005) and in Germany as Regionally Extinct (Burger et al. 2004, Westrich et al. 2008, 2011).It is known from different protected areas, at least in the forest-steppe and steppe zones, of Ukraine.It is important to conduct further research into the distribution, population and threats to this species as very little data has been published in recent times.For the real conservation of this species, it is necessary to create a network of protected areas with a large variety of flowering plants. It is also crucial to prohibit mowing of wild species of plants during their flowering periods. Given that this species builds nests in the soil, it is also necessary to prohibit the ploughing of land at the place of its nesting.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of different plants.","Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Patiny, S., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,nanula,,Andrena nanula,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend and the threats affecting the species. Even if the species has a wide distribution, the population size is believed to be small and further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"Andrena nanula is widely distributed from France to European Russia, and from Spain to Finland. It occurs in Asia, in Siberia and the Russian Far East (Primorski Kraj, Burjatia). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are both large.","Andrena nanula is a rare species but precise details of its population size and trends are unknown. Although both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are large, the species is seldom recorded and the overall population size is believed to be small.","A species of open grasslands. The females are pollen specialists on Apiaceae and have been recorded principally at Daucus carota. There are two generations with the first flying in May, and the second in July and August. The species nests in burrows in the ground, which have been excavated by itself (Westrich 1989).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"Andrena nanula is listed in the Red Data Book and National Red Lists of Germany (Data Deficient; Westrich 2011), the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Great Britain (Regionally Extinct; Shirt 1987). Although it is regarded as Extinct in Great Britain, this is based on a single specimen found in the late 19th century, and so no trend can be inferred.The species is found in protected areas.Further research is needed to establish the size of the population, and to identify any trends or threats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,nasuta,,Andrena nasuta,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends, habitats and ecology and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena nasuta is distributed through central and southeastern Europe, the Caucasus region and Asia Minor (Kocourek 1966, Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","Although presumably populations are small, there is no actual information available on the population size and trend of this species.","Andrena nasuta prefers wooden biotopes, including forest glades and clearings. The species flies from May to June, sometimes until July. The females forage on Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae and Fabaceae species (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl (1997) states that the species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, on Anchusa species.","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. nasuta may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","Andrena nasuta is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008) and Lithuania (Rare; Rašomavičius 2007). Its distribution overlaps with some protected areas throughout its range, but there are no conservation actions in place for this species.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,nebularia,,Andrena nebularia,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed        as Data          Deficient     as      there  is little or no    information    available on            population   size,            trends, habitats, ecology and threats. Future         research may show         that this very rare species warrants listing with  a threatened status.",Unknown,Andrena nebularia is endemic to Spain (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).,"There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species. However, there are very few records and so the species is assumed to be rare within its very restricted range.","Andrena nebularia is known from central and southern Spain, and flies from the end of March to the end of May (Warncke 1976).  There is no further information on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.",The threats to this species remain unknown.,"The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                                     and is not the subject of any targeted             conservation         action. It          is not known if  it  is    found        in any   protected        areas.        Further          research   is        required to    establish the population        size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,neocypriaca,,Andrena neocypriaca,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed        as Least Concern as the species is widespread across the eastern Mediterranean Basin, subpopulations are presumed to be strong and stable in Lesvos and there are no clear identified threats to the species at the continental scale. In addition, the Anatolian subpopulations offer the prospect of a rescue effect should there be a catastrophic loss of the subpopulations in the Aegean islands or in northern Greece. Research  should be still be conducted  to  determine the  population  size, trends and threats to the species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena neocypriaca is known from Thrace (Greece), several of the Aegean islands and Cyprus. Outside of Europe, the species also occurs in Turkey along the western and southern coasts (Grace 2010).","There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species. However, the species appeared plentiful in a recent biodiversity survey in Lesvos and so the subpopulations (at least there) are likely to be strong, and probably stable.","The details of the habitat of this species are unclear, but it is known to occupy phryganic Mediterranean shrublands in Lesvos and is probably found in similar habitats elsewhere. It has been recorded visiting Crepis commutata (Nielsen 2011), Anthemis arvensis and Crepis aspera (Asteraceae) (Mavromoustakis 1957, Warncke 1974b, Grace 2010). E. Scheuchl (pers. comm. 2014) has also recorded the species in the Aegean islands on Anthemis arvensis, Chrysanthemum coronarium, Calendula arvensis, Crepis commutata, Crepis sancta, Scorzonera sublanata, Urospermum picroides and Lavandula stoechas. The species is probably oligolectic on Asteraceae (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). Andrena neocypriaca flies from mid-March to mid-June. The details of the nesting biology seem to be unknown.","The specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given           the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is    known    to     inhabit in parts of its range, inappropriate grazing  regimes and an increased       incidence  of    fires may have a  negative impact on the species.",The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                                      and is not the subject of any targeted              conservation         action. It          is not known if   it  is    found        in any   protected        areas.        Further           research   is        required to    establish the population        size    and trends and to identify the specific threats to the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,neovirida,,Andrena neovirida,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed         as Data          Deficient     as      there  is little or no     information    available on            population   size,             trends and threats,   and   further          information is       necessary  on       both  the       habitat and           ecological       requirements.   Future         research may show         that A. neovirida requires listing as a threatened species.",Unknown,Andrena neovirida is endemic to mainland Greece (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).,There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.,"The species is presumed to occupy phryganic  Mediterranean shrublands. Details of the nesting biology and pollen  requirements seem to be unknown. Andrena neovirida flies during March and April (Grace 2010). The floral records of the species include Veronica chamaedrys (Standfuss et al. 2011). It may be oligolectic on Veronica like its close relative A. viridescens; as in fact, A. neovirida and A. viridescens have both been collected together on Veronica chamaedrys in Thessalia, Greece (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","The specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given            the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is presumed    to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing   regimes and an increased       incidence  of    fires may have a   negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                                       and is not the subject of any  targeted              conservation         action. It          is not  known if   it  is    found        in any   protected        areas.         Further           research   is        required to    establish the         details   of  the            population        size, trends and threats, in           addition to   developing    a            fuller      understanding  of         the         ecological      requirements   of     the     species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,nigriceps,,Andrena nigriceps,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena nigriceps is distributed from north and central Europe, in mountainous parts of southern Europe to the Caucasus region, Asia Minor and Central Asia (Kocourek 1966, Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"This species occurs in humid and mountainous biotopes, up to 2,100 m asl in the Alps, but it is also found in grasslands and forest borders. This late summer species flies from July to September, and the females forage on flowers of the Asteraceae, Polygonaceae, Brassicaeae, Rosaceae, Fabaceae, Ericaceae and Lamiaceae families (Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005, Dylewska 1987, 2000).","The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, A. nigriceps may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008), Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010) and Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,nigroaenea,,Andrena nigroaenea,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumably large population. However, further research is required to establish the trend of the population and to identify the specific threats.",Unknown,"Andrena nigroaenea is distributed through Europe to the Caucasus region, north Africa, Asia Minor, Central Asia (Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014), Iran and Afghanistan (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","Although presumably populations are large, there is no information available about the actual population size and trends of this species.","Andrena nigroaenea occurs in humid biotopes, shrublands, woodlands and alpine grasslands up to 2,000 m asl, for example in the Alps and the Caucasus mountains. Its flight period has been reported from mid April/May to July (Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk 1977) and the species has been reported to have two generations in the extreme south of Ukraine, in Crimea (Osytshnjuk 1977). The species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. Therefore, females collect pollen on a variety of plant families, such as Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Boraginaceae, Fabaceae, Geraniaceae, Grossulariaceae, Lamiaceae, Papaveraceae, Rosaceae, Ranunculaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Salicaceae, Tamaricaeae and Vaccinaceae (Kocourek 1966, Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Schmid-Egger 2011).","The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, A. nigroaenea may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","Andrena nigroaenea is included in the National Red List of Ireland (Vulnerable; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006). Its distribution overlaps with protected areas such as the Crimean Nature Reserve in Chatyr-Dag plateau, Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977), the Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998), Latranyi Puszta Nature Conservation Area, Hungary (Jozan 2003), Mercantour National Park in France and Alpi Marittime Natural Park in Italy (Schmid-Egger 2011), although there are no conservation actions in place for this species. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,nigroolivacea,,Andrena nigroolivacea,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed         as Least Concern as the species is widespread across the western  Mediterranean Basin and biodiversity fieldwork suggests that the subpopulations are strong and stable in Italy.  There  are   no clear current  threats to the species at a     continental scale and the key forage plants (Asteraceae) are widespread, and often abundant, in a range of habitats.  Research  should be still be conducted  to  determine the population  size, trends and threats to the species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena nigroolivacea is known from the Iberian peninsula northwards to France and eastwards to the Balkan Peninsula. In the Balkan peninsula, the species is known from Croatia to continental Greece and the Aegean islands (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). It is also found on the Mediterranean islands of Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and Malta. Outside of Europe, the species also occurs in the Maghreb, from Morocco to Tunisia.","There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species. Andrena nigroolivacea was regularly encountered across Italy (Quaranta et al. 2004) in a range of habitats. It is presumed that the subpopulations are generally strong overall and, with few exceptions, stable.","In the Iberian peninsula, the species has been mostly recorded in Mediterranean coastal areas (Warncke 1976). Quaranta et al. (2004) found it in  a range of semi-natural and agricultural environments across Italy and Sardinia. The species is presumed to be oligolectic, specialising in collecting pollen from Asteraceae species. in common with other members of the sub-genus Chlorandrena. Flower visitation has been observed at Sonchus terrimus (Asteraceae) (Warncke 1976), Calendula arvensis and Hyoseris radiata in Corsica (Ferton 1901), Crepis clausonis (Saunders 1909), Taraxacum lævigatum (Alfken 1914) and Senecio nebrodensis (Benarfa et al. 2014) in Algeria, Sonchus terrimus in Mallorca (Warncke 1976) and Hirschfeldia incana, Ononis natrix, Cistus albidus, Chrysanthemum coronarium and Sonchus tenerrimus in Ibiza (Hohman 1984). The males are pollinators of Ophrys lutea s.lat. in southern Italy, Algeria and Kefalonia (Greece) (Paulus and Salkowski 2007), and also of Ophrys fusca ssp. fusca in Spain (Vázquez Pardo 2009). Andrena nigroolivacea flies from the end of March to mid-May. Details of its nesting biology seem to be unknown,","The specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given       the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known   to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased    incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. In   agricultural areas, the species could be susceptible to the direct   application of pesticides, and indirectly, through the use of herbicides   which affect the forage plants. The species is  also recorded outside   of Europe, and sufficiently large areas of  suitable habitat are   presumed to remain within the species' geographic  range.","The species is listed on the National Red List of Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet et al. 1994)                                        and is not the subject of any   targeted              conservation         action. It          is not   known if   it  is    found        in any   protected        areas, although it is very likely given its wide range.          Further           research   is        required to    establish the          details   of  the            population        size, trends and specific threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,nigroviridula,,Andrena nigroviridula,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on population size, trends and threats, and further information is necessary on both the habitat and ecological requirements. Future research may show that A. nigroviridula requires listing in a threatened category. Although the European subpopulations are severely fragmented, the extra-limital subpopulations across the Maghreb could act as source for a rescue effect in the event of a catastrophic crash in either of the European subpopulations.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena nigroviridula is only known from the Iberian Peninsula, central Italy (Lazio, Emilia Romagna; E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014) and Sicily. Outside of Europe, the species also occurs in the Maghreb, from Morocco eastwards to Tunisia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","There is no information available on the population size and trend of          this species. However, there are few specimens known and so the        species is    assumed to be rare within its European range. The European centres of distribution are disjunct and the population is severely fragmented, which means there is little chance of genetic exchange between subpopulations.","The details of the habitats occupied by this species are not known, but it is presumed to inhabit phryganic Mediterranean shrublands in at least parts of its range. The details of both the nesting biology and the pollen preferences seem to be unknown. Andrena nigroviridula flies from mid-April to early June (Warncke 1976).","The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given            the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is presumed to     inhabit in parts of its range, inappropriate grazing   regimes and an increased       incidence  of    fires may have a   negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red List or in any Red Data Book,                                         and is not the subject of any   targeted              conservation          action. It          is not   known if   it  is    found        in  any   protected        areas.          Further           research   is         required to    establish the          details   of  the             population        size, trends and specific threats, in            addition to   developing    a             fuller      understanding  of          the         ecological       requirements   of     the      species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,nilotica,,Andrena nilotica,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed         as Data           Deficient     as      there  is little or no     information     available on the population   size,             trends and threats,   and   further          information is       necessary  on        both  the       habitat and           ecological       requirements.    Future         research may show         that A. nilotica requires listing as a threatened species.",Unknown,Andrena nilotica is endemic to Spain.,"There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species. However, there are few specimens known and so the species is assumed to be rare within its limited European range.","Andrena nilotica has been recorded along Mediterranean coastal areas and presumably Mediterranean-type shrubland from mid-April to mid-June (Warncke 1976). One female has been collected on yellow Asteraceae species (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). There are no further details of the habitat and ecology of this species.","This species is only known from a rather restricted range, but the details of the threats are not available. Mediterranean coastal Spanish localities are prone to touristic, leisure and infrastructure development which could pose a threat to the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                                   and is not the subject of any targeted           conservation         action. It          is not known if it is    found        in any   protected        areas.        Further        research   is        required to    establish the       details  of the            population        size, trends and threats, in         addition to   developing    a           fuller    understanding  of        its ecological     requirements.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,nisoria,,Andrena nisoria,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Listed  as Not Applicable as the European population of the species is most  likely to be less than 1% of the global population. The species has only  been found once on Cyprus, and it is widespread (if not common) across the Levant.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena nisoria is only known from southern Cyprus. Outside of Europe, the species also occurs in the Middle East, from southeast Turkey to Lebanon and Israel. It also occurs in Iran (Khodaparast and Monfared 2012). There are some incorrect records from the Maghreb, Algeria and Tunisia which actually belong to A. tebessana (Scheuchl et al. 2011).","There is no information available on the population size or trend of            this species. However, there are few specimens known and so the          species is    assumed to be extremely rare within its limited European  range, and may constitute less than 1% of the global population.","Andrena nisoria flies from the end of March to mid-May (Warncke 1974b). In Cyprus, this species is known from the coastal city of Limassol, so it can assumed to occur on coastal sand dunes. The floral records in Iran include Brassica species, Brassica napus, Matthiola (Brassicaceae) and Astragalus species (Fabaceae) (Khodaparast and Monfared 2012).","In Europe, the threats to this species are not known.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                                    and is not the subject of any targeted            conservation         action. It          is not known if it  is    found        in any   protected        areas.        Further         research   is        required to    establish the population        size, trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,nitida,,Andrena nitida,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are quite common and there are no major threats to the species. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.",Unknown,"Andrena nitida is widespread and common through Europe, the Caucasus region, north Africa, southwestern Asia (Turkey, Iran), Central Asia and west Siberia (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","Although the population is presumed to be large, there are no actual data regarding the trend of this species.","Andrena nitida may be found in a variety of habitats, including mesophilous grasslands and shrub vegetation, from plains to mountains up to 1,700-2,500 m asl in the Alps and the Carpathians Mountains. The species is widely polylectic, being found on flowers of the Asteraceae, Brassicaeae, Boraginaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Geraniaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Ranunculaceae, Papaveraceae, Rosaceae and Salicaceae families. It is considered as an effective pollinator of fruit trees and Cucurbitaceae species. It has two generations flying from April to September (Kocourek 1966, Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).","The species may be exposed to the general threats affecting the bees as reduction of habitats supporting host flowers, destruction of nesting sites by agriculture and overuse of insecticides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists of two European countries: Norway (Endangered; Kålås et al. 2010) and Sweden (Vulnerable; Gärdenfors 2010). It occurs in protected areas, such as the Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998), Latranyi Puszta Nature Conservation Area, Hungary (Jozan 2003) and the Alpi Marittime Park (Piemonte) in Italy (Schmid-Egger 2011).   The species is not target to any conservation actions, and research is needed regarding the population size, distribution, trend and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,nitidiuscula,,Andrena nitidiuscula,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least concern in view of its wide distribution and presumably large population. However, further research is needed in order to identify the population trend and main threats affecting this species.",Unknown,"This species is found in central and southern Europe. Outside of Europe, it is found within the Caucasus region, north Africa and Central Asia eastwards to Japan (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","Although populations are presumed to be large, there is no information available about the actual population size and trend of this species.","Andrena nitidiuscula is found in varied open habitats, with preference for dry ones including grasslands, forest borders, field margins and roadsides. Osytshnjuk (1977) has recorded this species in steppes and forest-steppes from Ukraine and Moldova.The species has two generations: the first one flies from April to May, and the second one from July to August. The females visit  flowers of Anacardiaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Campanulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae and Salicaceae families, although the first generation seems to prefer flowers of the Brassicaeae family and the second one has been found more on Apiaceae species (Kocourek 1966, Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987). Some authors suggests that the species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, on Apiaceae (Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. nitidiuscula may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008) and Great Britain (Rare; Shirt 1987). The species was viewed as Extinct in Netherlands (Peeters and Reemer 2003), but Raemakers (2005) recorded it in 2005 near Maastricht (Limburg). There are no conservation actions in place for this species. The species was found in Isles of Portland and Purbeck Natural Area, UK, the Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998), Latranyi Puszta Nature Conservation Area, Hungary (Jozan 2003). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,nitidula,,Andrena nitidula,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)   Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend and the threats affecting the species. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.,Unknown,"Andrena nitidula is endemic to western Europe. It is recorded from Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Portugal.",Information on population size and trends is not available. This appears to be a poorly known species.,"There is little information on the habitat or ecology of this species, although it is apparently univoltine (it has one generation per year), with a long flight period. It flies from April to July.",The threats to this species are not known.,Andrena nitidula is recorded as Data Deficient in Germany (Westrich et al. 2011). It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas.Research is necessary to establish the ecology and size of the population and to establish any trends and existing threats.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,niveata,,Andrena niveata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"This species is found through Europe to the Caucasus region, Tunisia in north Africa, and Turkey in southwest Asia (Kocourek 1966, Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"This species is found in various habitats, including uncultivated fields, forest margins and dry slopes. It nests by itself in steppe slopes, rarely in sandy soils (Kocourek 1966, Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987). It flies from May to June on Brassicaceae (Lepidium draba, Isatis tinctoria, Barbarea vulgaris, Brassica napus, Brassica sinapistrum, Capsella bursa pastoris, Sisymbrium, Raphanus, Sinapis arvensis, Descurainia sophia), Asteraceae (Matricaria chamomilla, Bellis, Taraxacum, Centaurea, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum), Fabaceae (Anthyllis vulneraria, Trifolium minus, Trifolium pratense), Crassulaceae (Sedum acre), Asparagaceae (Asparagus), Apiaceae (Daucus carota) and Ranunculaceae species (Ranunculus polyanthemus).","The specific threats for this species are not documented, but the species may be exposed to general threats affecting bees such as reduction of preferred habitats, destruction of nesting sites by agriculture activities and overuse of insecticides.","Andrena niveata is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following seven European countries: Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008), Great Britain (Rare; Shirt 1987), Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Sweden (Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010) and Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002).  This species was found in the protected areas of Khomutovskaya Steppe Nature Reserve and Black Sea Biosphere Reserve in Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977), the Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998), but there are no specific conservation actions in place.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, distribution, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,nobilis,,Andrena nobilis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered extinct in Czech Republic.",Unknown,"The species is distributed through central Europe, European Russia, the Caucasus region to Turkey, Iran, Central Asia (Turkmenistan) (Warncke 1966b, Kocourek 1966, Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Schmid-Egger and  Scheuchl 1997, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014) and Siberia (Transbaicalica) (Proshchalykin 2010).","Although populations are presumed to be small, there is no information available for the actual population size and trend of this species.","This species is found in dry steppe areas, uncultivated and ruderal lands. It nests on its own and forages mainly on Brassicaceae (Cardaria draba, Erysimum, Brassica, Sinapis, Erucastrum, Sisymbrium, Barbarea), although it is also found on Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbia gerardiana, Euphorbia agraria), Fabaceae (Robinia pseudoacacia, Vicia villosa, Trifolium repens), Echinaceae (Echium italicum), Convolulaceae (Convolvulus arvensis) and Asteraceae species (Crepis foetida) (Kocourek 1966, Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987).","There are no specific threats known for this species, although it may be affected by the reduction of habitat through transformation of steppe areas into intensive agricultural land. Besides, the overuse of pesticides may also affect the species.","This species is included in the National Red List of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005). This species has been found in protected areas in Ukraine, such as the Black Sea Biosphere Reserve (Osytshnjuk 1977) and in Hungary in the Latranyi Puszta Nature Conservation Area (Jozan 2003) although there are no conservation actions in place for it.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,notata,,Andrena notata,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information on the population size, trends, habitats and threats to the species. Further research should be conducted to establish the status of the species throughout its range.",Unknown,"Andrena notata is endemic to the islands of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura (Canary Islands, Spain) (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","There is no information on the population size and trends of this species. However, it is a rather rare species, represented by only a few specimens in museum collections (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","There is no information available on the habitats of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland. It is on the wing from the beginning of February (Hohmann et al. 1993) until the end of April (Warncke 1968). The species is probably oligolectic on Brassicaceae like other related species, and the  flower records for the species include Cakile maritima (Hohmann et al. 1993).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not included in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not the target of any specific conservation action and it is not known whether it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted in order to establish the population size, trends, habitats and threats to the species.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Scheuchl, E.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,nucleola,,Andrena nucleola,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)                                    Listed         as  Data            Deficient     as      there  is little or no     information       available on the population   size,             trends, habitats and threats.    Future         research may show         that A. nucleola warrants listing with a threatened category.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena nucleola is only known from mainland Greece, where it is rarely recorded. Outside of Europe, the species also occurs in northern Turkey and Azerbaijan (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species. However, there are few specimens known and so the species is assumed to be extremely rare within its limited European range.","Andrena nucleola flies in May, and is known to visit Salix sp. (Salicaceae) and can be assumed to occur Mediterranean-type shrubland (Warncke 1974b). According to E. Scheuchl (pers. comm. 2014), the species seems to be polylectic like its close relative A. dorsata. Most of the collected females have been found on Apiaceae and Brassicaceae (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). There is no information available on the habitats of the species.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books                                     and is not the subject of any targeted             conservation         action. It          is not known if  it  is    found        in any   protected        areas.        Further          research   is        required to    establish the       details   of  the            population        size, trends and threats to the species, in           addition to   developing    a           fuller     understanding  of         the         ecological     requirements   of    the     species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Scheuchl, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Roberts, S. & de Meulemeester, T.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,numida,,Andrena numida,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trend, habitats and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe the species is only found in Italy and Sicily (Strand 1921).  Outside of Europe, the species is found in the Caucasus, Turkey (Özbek 1976, 2011), Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt (Moustafa 1986).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 195,234 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 440 km2.","Andrena numida is known from 11 localities in Italy (Warncke 1981, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Hellrigl 2006). There is no further information available on the current population trend and status of this species in Europe.","The species flies from the end of May until mid-August. It can be found foraging on the flowers of Fabaceae spp. (especially, Onobrychis viciifolia) and Brassicaceae spp. (Raphanus sp., Sinapis sp.) (Özbek 1976, 2011). There is no further information on the species.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed on any national Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, distribution, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any current threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Scott, J.A. & Scheuchl, E.","Kemp, J.R., Nieto, A. & Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,nuptialis,,Andrena nuptialis,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern because it has a wide distribution, can be abundant in some parts of its range and the overall population size is presumed to be large, although the sub-populations are rather small. The species is regarded as threatened in some countries and further research is needed to identify the threats to this species.",Unknown,"Andrena nuptialis is endemic to Europe. It is distributed from from Spain to Ukraine, and from Croatia northwards to Germany. Both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are large.","No detailed information of the population overall, or of population trends is available. However, both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are large, and, apart from Germany where it is listed as Endangered (Westrich et al. 2011), there are no other threat statuses listed. In suitable habitats it can be abundant. In view of this, it is assumed that the population in general is substantial.","Andrena nuptialis has two generations. The first generation flies from April to May and collects pollen on Rosaceae (Prunus domestica, Malus sp., and Cerasus sp.). The second generation flies from July to August and the females collect pollen on Apiaceae (Eryngium campestre). They live in xeric grassland habitats.","The threats to this species are unknown, but as it forages at the unpalatable Eryngium campestre (Apiaceae) in its summer brood, it is unlikely to be affected by overgrazing of grasslands.","Andrena nuptialis is Red Listed in the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011). The species is found in protected areas.Further research is needed to determine the overall size of the population and to identify trends and existing threats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,nycthemera,,Andrena nycthemera,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena nycthemera is found through central Europe, European Russia and Central Asia, in Kazakhstan (Kocourek 1966, Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","It is possible that the species might be locally abundant in some places, but the overall trend in Europe and exact size of the population is unknown. However, Schönitzer and Klinksik (1990) recorded a large aggregation of A. nycthemera in southern Germany near the village of Hebertshausen. This aggregation of 100 females and 100 nests was located in a sandy slope.","Andrena nycthemera prefers humid biotopes, being found in uncultivated fields, ruderal areas with sandy embankments, sand pits, canals and ditches where the nests are placed. It nests in aggregation in slopes and cliffs, but also in horizontal surfaces as roadsides. The species has one generation flying from late March to early May, and the females are oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, collecting pollen from various species of  Salix (Osytshnjuk 2005, Schönitzer and Klinksik 1990) and Tussilago farfara (Dylewska 2000).","The specific threats for this species are not documented, but the species may be exposed to the general threats affecting the bees, such as destruction of habitats and nesting sites by agriculture, overuse of insecticides and river banks regulation.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008), Sweden (Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). Moreover, Andrena nycthemera is target of a Species Action Plan in Sweden.It was found in protected areas from Hungary, including Duna Drava National Park (Jozan 1998) and Latranyi Puszta Nature Conservation Area (Jozan 2003). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,olympica,,Andrena olympica,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient due to the lack of information on the species current population size, trends, and threats. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species as it is only found in a small area and may well be threatened.",Unknown,"This species is known only from six localities in continental Greece (Sparta, Olympia, Kalavryta, Kalamata, Vytina, and Mistra) (Grünwaldt et al. 2005). Eleven specimens from five different localities, all from the Peloponnese, have also been identified (Grünwaldt et al. 2005, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,834 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2.","The current status of Andrena olympica populations has not been investigated. The population trend is unknown. However, during the five years from 1965-1970 almost 200 specimens were collected (150 females and 36 males) (Grünwaldt et al. 2005).","It is a spring species with a flight period from mid March until end of April. Further information on the habitat and ecology of the species is absent in the literature, although as it occurs in Greece, it can be suspected to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,optata,,Andrena optata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Andrena optata is a ponto-east-Mediterranean species. In Europe, it is known from Albania (Warncke 1966a, 1975), Croatia (Warncke 1967), Greece (mainland: central Greece, west Greece, the Peloponnese and Attica regions - Warncke 1965a, 1966a, 1974b, 1975; Crete - Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002; some Aegean islands - Grace 2010), Macedonia (Warncke 1973a), Serbia (Vojvodina province, Deliblato - Warncke 1967, Moczar and Warncke 1972) and Montenegro (one male, 1933, Dalmatien, Kotor in coll. ETH Zürich).The species is also present in European Turkey (Istanbul - Warncke 1974b) and Ukraine (Donetsk, Kherson region and Crimea – Warncke 1974b, Osytshnjuk 1977, Radchenko 1982).   Warncke (1967) erroneously indicated this species from Hungary, because Deliblat shows a Hungarian locality that is in fact located in Serbia (former Yugoslavia – Moczar and Warncke 1972). Most likely, based on the same erroneous data, Warncke in 1974 again pointed to distributing Andrena optata in southern Hungary. These mistaken data have unfortunately been included in some monographs (e.g., Osytshnjuk 1977) and widely known databases (Fauna Europaea, Discover Life, Check list of Western Paleartic Bees). This species is also included in the checklist posted on the website “Bees of Romania” without any real data, but it is absent in the checklist of the Andrenidae family published by B. Tomozii in 2010. It has not been found in Romania but it is possible due to its occurrence in neighbouring countries (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014).  In Asia, Andrena optata was found in Azerbaijan and Turkey (Warncke 1975, Hazir et al. 2014).  All reports of Andrena rufomaculata from Europe belong to A. optata, with the exception of Cyprus, where the species is replaced by the A. paramythensis. The true A. rufomaculata only occurs in the Middle East where it is sympatrically distributed with Andrena optata, although there is only a small area in southeast Turkey in which both species occur.","The population size and trend of this rare species remain unknown, since the most recent findings are from around 40 years ago.","Andrena optata inhabits mostly plains and prefers dry biotopes, such as steppic areas and roadsides. It is narrowly oligolectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Brassicaceae (Radchenko and Pesenko 1994). Mavromoustakis (1957) states that it is a monolectic bee visiting the flowers only of Sinapis alba L. (Cruciferae). However, E. Scheuchl (pers. comm. 2014) states that it is not monolectic but at least oligolectic on Brassicaceae. It is univoltine, flying in one generation from the beginning of March until end of May on Cyprus.",The main threats to this species remain unknown.,"In order to protect this species it is necessary to prohibit: the grazing, cutting or burning of the species' forage; the use of insecticides and the ploughing of the land in which the species builds its nests. The species occurs in protected areas and has been recorded at some nature reserves in European countries. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of cruciferous plants.","Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,oralis,,Andrena oralis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena oralis is distributed from continental Europe eastwards to the Caucasus region in Dagestan (Osytshnjuk 1977), Asia Minor and Central Asia.  In Europe the species was recorded from Austria (Pittioni and Schmidt 1943, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Zettel et al. 2002), Czech Republic, Slovakia (Kocourek 1966), Hungary (Friese 1887, Mocsary 1900, Móczár and Warncke 1972, Jozan 2011), Macedonia (Pittioni and Schmidt 1943), Serbia (Móczár and Warncke 1972), Romania (Iuga 1960, Warncke 1967a, Warncke and Scobiola Palade 1980, Ban and Tomozei 2006), Moldova (Osytshnjuk 1977), European Russia (Nikiforuk 1957, Kocourek 1966, Osytshnjuk 1977) and Greece (Warncke 1965a).  In Asia, the species was recorded from Turkey (Warncke 1967a, 1974), Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan (Popov 1954b, 1967a, Morawitz 1876) and Kyrgyzstan (E. Scheuchl, unpublished data, pers. comm. 2014).","The species it is rare, but the population size and trend are unknown.","Andrena oralis is a steppe species found on uncultivated fields. Females forages especially on Brassicaceae (Barbarea vulgaris, Isatis tinctoria, Erucastrum armoracioides, Sisymbrium, Brassica, Sinapis, Erysimum, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Cardaria draba) (Pittioni and Schmidt 1943, Osytshnjuk 1977, Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997), but they have also been observed on Convolvulaceae (Popov 1967a) and Ranunculaceae (Osytshnjuk 1977). Males are found on Brassicaceae (Crambe tatarica) and Rosaceae (Fragaria vesca). Nests are placed on sunny slopes and exceptionally in sandy places. The species is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, flying from the end of April to mid June.","The threats to this species are unknown. However, A. oralis may presumably be threatened by the reduction of suitable habitat through changes in land use (transformation of rich flower areas into monospecific agricultural fields), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of the flowering period and overgrazing), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (such as tilling) and chemical exposure due to the treatments with pesticides and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red List of Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005). There are no conservation actions in place for this species.It occurs in protected areas in Ukraine (Streltsovskaya Steppe Nature Reserve, Khomutovsky Steppe Nature Reserve, Provalskyy steppe in Lugansk Natural Reserve and Kamyani Mohyly Steppe Nature Reserve) (Osytshnjuk 1977) and Romania (Macin National Park) (Ban and Tomozei 2006). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,orana,,Andrena orana,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is restricted to southern Iberia, where its range extends across the coastal regions of Andalucía (Spain) northwards into Portugal. Outside Europe, the species is found widely in Morocco and Algeria (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).",There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.,"Little is known of the habitats or ecology of this species. However, it is known to inhabit vegetated sandy areas near the coast (and presumably adjacent Mediterranean type shrublands), and to fly early in the year, from late March to May. Details of flower visitation and pollen forage plants are not available.","Details of specific threats to the species are unknown, but given that it is found in sandy coastal areas in southern Spain and Portugal and on the margins of Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it could be impacted negatively by the development of tourist infrastructure and also from an increased incidence of fires.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is present in any protected area, but it is very likely to be, especially in the Parque Nacional Coto de Doñana, Spain. Further research is needed to establish full details of population size and trends, to determine and identify any specific threats and to establish further details of the ecology and life history.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,orbitalis,,Andrena orbitalis,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern because, although full details of threats are missing, the bee is widespread in distribution and seems plentiful in suitable habitats. It it is also present in large protected areas where threats are reduced or absent.",Stable,"Andrena orbitalis is known from the western Mediterranean region. It is widespread in Spain, Portugal, southern France, southern Italy and Sicily. In north Africa, the species is known from across the Mediterranean zone in the Maghreb (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013).","There are no firm data on either overall population size or trends. However, in southern Andalucía (Spain), the species is plentiful in stabilized sandy areas near the coast and in Mediterranean shrublands. The populations there are assumed to be substantial and stable (S. Roberts pers. obs. 2003).","Andrena orbitalis is found in open sandy areas in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities and Pistacia lentiscus/Quercus suber dehesas in Spain (S. Roberts pers. obs. 2003). The bee has a single flight period each year and is on the wing from March to May, although there are some records from June and July as well, possibly indicating a second generation (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). Females have been observed collecting pollen from Plantago species (Plantaginaceae) in Spain (S. Roberts pers. obs. 2014, E. Scheuchl pers. obs. 2014).","Details of the specific threats to the species are unknown. However, given that it is found in sandy coastal areas and on the margins of Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it could be impacted negatively by the development of tourist infrastructure and also from an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. Andrena orbitalis is found in both the Parque Nacional Coto de Doñana and the adjacent Parque Natural. Further research is needed to establish full details of population size and trends, to determine and identify any specific threats and to establish further details of the ecology and life history.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., García, M. & Nieto, A.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,orientana,,Andrena orientana,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern because this species is widely distributed and is commonly recorded in ecological surveys so the population is assumed to be large. There are no major threats affecting the species.,Unknown,"Andrena orientana is distributed in the south-eastern part of Europe, from Cyprus to Macedonia and Bulgaria. There is an outlying sub-population in Crimea. It also occurs in Israel and Turkey.","There is no detailed information on the overall size of the population or of trends. However, it is commonly recorded in ecological surveys in phryganic habitats (Attiki and Lesvos) and so the population is assumed to be large.","Andrena orientana inhabits Mediterranean shrublands (maquis and phrygana) and open woodland (Petanidou 1991, Nielsen et al. 2011). It flies from April to May. Females forage for pollen on Asteraceae: data gathered from specimens and observations list the following forage species: Anthemis arvensis, Calendula arvensis, Chrysanthemum segetum, Crepis commutata, Crepis sancta, Scorzonera sublanata, Urospermum picroides (Asteraceae); nectaring visits have been observed on Cistus salvifolius (Cistaceae); Asphodelus ramosus (Liliaceae). Males pollinate the orchid Ophrys lutea (Orchidaceae).","The threats to this species are unknown, although, given that its preferred habitat is phrygana, there is a potential problem with inappropriate grazing regimes that remove the floral resources necessary for this species. Nevertheless, Asteraceae are abundant in these habitats, and so threats are considered to be slight.",The species does not appear on any National Red List or Red Data Book and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. The species does occur within protected areas.Further research is necessary to establish the size of the population and to identify any trends or existing threats.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,ornata,,Andrena ornata,,,No,CR,B2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Andrena ornata is listed as Critically Endangered because it has a restricted range. Over the past 30 years in Europe, this species is known only from three localities in the eastern part of Crimea (Ukraine) on the Kerch Peninsula, where its total extent of occurrence (EOO) is approximately 300 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km². The species is severely fragmented, and a clear decline in habitat quality due to the increase in the number of shrubs and trees, which is thought to be associated with changes in the global climate, and this reduces the area and quality of suitable habitat available for the species. It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,Andrena ornata is only found in the eastern part of Crimea (the Kerch Peninsula) and Russia. Outside of Europe it is found in the southern part of the Caucasus and Kazakhstan.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 300 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km2.,"Populations of Andrena ornata in Crimea are very small and within the last 30 years it is only known from three localities, within 5 km2. It is a rare species and only a few specimens per year are found so there is little information available on the population trend of this species. In the neighbouring regions of Crimea this species has not been found, despite a systematic search for it. Even if rediscovered in Russia, the population will still be severely fragmented, allowing no genetic exchange or recolonisation.The information about current population status in other territories of Europe is absent. This species was last found in Russia more than 50 years ago (Nikiforuk 1957).","This steppe species occurs in different habitats, but prefers xeric ones (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). In Crimea this species is associated with the open steppe grasslands, especially with the flowers of Crinitaria villosa (Asteraceae). In other regions it also forages on Salicaceae, Brassicaceae, Rosaceae, Geraniaceae, Apiaceace, Valerianacecae and Ranunculus species. Based on the data of collection materials from different regions of Europe, it can be assumed that Andrena ornata has two generations per year (V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2013). The first generation of this species flies from May to June, and the second from late July to early September. The nesting of this species is unknown.","A decrease in the population of this species can be connected with the decrease in the number of steppe plants. In the southern steppe regions of Ukraine and Russia the rainfall has started to increase in the past decade. This has caused the steppes to turn into meadows due to increased succession and even become overgrown with shrubs and trees, therefore reducing the amount of suitable habitats for this species (V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2013).","This species is listed in the Red Data Book of the Ukraine as Rare (Radchenko and Ivanov 2009). In Crimea, it occurs within the protected area, Kazantip Nature Reserve. For the conservation of this species new nature reserves should be created and the plants it feeds upon, and thus pollinates, should also be protected. Research should be conducted into the population status and trends for this species.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of steppe plants.","Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Patiny, S., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,osychniukae,,Andrena osychniukae,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient because the species is known only from a few localities and there is no information available regarding the population size, trends and the specific threats affecting it. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"Andrena osychniukae is distributed through south eastern and eastern Europe, the Caucasus region and Asia Minor and Iran (Isfahan) (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).  In Europe, the species has been recorded in Greece, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Romania and Ukraine (Warncke 1973, Osytshnjuk 1977, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).  In the Caucasus region, the species has been recorded in Azerbaijan (Osytshnjuk 1977). As for Asia Minor, the species has been recorded in Turkey (Warncke 1974b).",There is no information available on the population size and trends of this species.,"Andrena osychniukae prefers dry steppe habitats, being found on the Crimean coast of the Black Sea on fallow lands, shelter belts and dry slopes. It has one generation flying from May to June, and the females visit mainly Asteraceae flowers (Anthemis ruthenica, Achilea Ieptophyla, Pyrethrum, Senecio), but rarely Brassicaeae (Osytshnjuk 1977).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, reduction of specific habitats is presumably caused by general threats, such as land use change, converting them into intensive agricultural land. This results into a reduction of wild flowers diversity, due to mowing of the meadows during the flowering period and extensive use of pesticide.","This species is not included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of any European country.  It occurs in the protected areas as Askaniya-Nova Biosphere Reserve and Black Sea Biosphere Reserve in Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977) and the Macin Mountains National Park (Ban and Tomozei 2006), although there are no conservation actions in place for this species.Further research is required regarding the population size, distribution and trends so as to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, identifying specific threats, and investigating its taxonomy.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Tomozei, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,oulskii,,Andrena oulskii,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is found in montane regions of the southern Balkans in Macedonia and Bulgaria (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002). It also occurs further east in Anatolia and Azerbaijan (Kuhlmann et al. 2013), the Caucasus, Turkey, Syria, Iran, Afghanistan, Algeria and Morocco.",There is no information on the population size and trend of this species.,"The species lives mainly in dry mountainous habitats. Adults are known to be active from May to July in Bulgaria (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014), and females were seen visiting only the flowers of Cruciferous species (unpublished data, A. Osytshnjuk).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the distribution, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,ovatula,,Andrena ovatula,,,No,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Listed as Near Threatened as the species' population is suspected to have declined by almost 30% over the past 10 years. As the species is an important pollinator of alfalfa and other crops and is currently threatened by agricultural practices such as the use of insecticides and the ploughing of the species' nests, it may require placing in a threatened category with further data available. Research should therefore be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. The species qualifies as Near Threatened based on Criterion A2.",Decreasing,"Andrena ovatula is one of the most widespread species of bees in Europe. The species is found throughout Europe (except at the extreme north), North Africa, Asia Minor, Israel, the Caucasus (Warncke 1966a, b, 1969b, 1974b, Wafa et al 1972), Central Asia, Iran and Afghanistan (Popov 1967a, Ponomareva 1960, Warncke 1973b), Siberia, and it reaches the Far East of Russia and China (Yasumatsu 1941). It has also been recorded once from the USA, Illinois, Champaign, Tolono (GBIF 2014).","Andrena ovatula populations in most European countries might be decreasing, although this is only estimated from the amount of specimens in different collections over the past 10 years. This species is suspected to have declined by around 30% (V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2014), and this also follows from the estimates of the amount of collected specimens in the different European collections over the past 10 years. A particularly strong decline in the number is observed in the northern regions of Europe. For example, it is included in the Red list of Netherlands as Vulnerable (Peeters and Reemer 2003; De rode lijst 2012) and in the Red List of Finland as Regionally Extinct (Rassi et al. 2010).","Andrena ovatula inhabits many different biotopes, both natural and cultural, and it is found on flower-rich grasslands, as well as heathlands. It is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, but with a large preference for flowers of leguminous plants in all parts of its range. However many specialists consider this species as oligolectic, i.e., it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on leguminous plants (Stöckhert 1933, Pittioni and Schmidt 1943, Ponomareva 1960, Kocourek 1966, Warncke 1966a, Popov 1967a, Pesenko 1972, Osytshnjuk 1977, Westrich 1989, Radchenko and Pesenko 1994). In reality, females also collect pollen from the flowers of other different plants, including species of the following families: Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Brassicaceae, Ranunculaceae, Lamiaceae, Boraginaceae and Scrophulariaceae. It flies from March until September, and has two generations per year.This species builds nests in the ground, including fields, and they create aggregations, sometimes numbering up to several thousand nests (Wafa et al. 1972). In some places the density of nests can reach up to 100 per square metre. However, in most parts of Europe, they settle in very small aggregations or alone. Each nest consists of a main burrow (length of about 20 cm) and lateral burrows at the end of which is located a single cell. Inside the cell, the female stores a spherical pollen loaf, on which she lays a single egg. The cell walls are coated with a moisture-resistant secretary waxy substance that is produced from Dufour gland. Its nest can be parasitized by the kleptoparasitic bee, Nomada rhenana (Stöckhert 1933, Popov 1967a).",The main threats to the species are the ploughing and the application of pesticides and insecticides to fields on which the species build their nests. The mowing of flowering plants during the time in which adult bees forage is also a threat to the species' access to nutrients.,"This species is included in the Red List of Finland (Regionally Extinct; Rassi et al. 2010), Ireland (Data Deficient; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006), the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2008, 2011) and the Free State of Saxony (Endangered; Burger et al. 2004). The species occurs in protected areas and has been recorded at many Nature Reserves in most European countries. Further research is required to confirm the population size and trends of this species.As the species is useful for the pollination of crops that honey bees do not pollinate, such as alfalfa, it is necessary to preserve the plants during their flowering, prohibiting the use of insecticides on the fields during flowering and avoiding ploughing the fields immediately after their use in order to protect the species. There are are a number of techniques that can be used to increase the species on alfalfa fields (see Radchenko 1982, Pesenko and Radchenko 1993).","In most regions of the Palaearctic this species is one of the main pollinators of leguminous plants, especially alfalfa, which are not pollinated by honey bees (Popov 1956, Pesenko and Radchenko 1994).","Kemp, J.R., Scheuchl, E. & García, M.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,oviventris,,Andrena oviventris,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitats, ecology, or threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Andrena oviventris is known from the western Mediterranean region, being widespread in Spain and Portugal. Additionally, there are some records indicating that the species is also present in France (Kuhlmann et al. 2013, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). In North Africa, the species is known from across the Mediterranean zone in Morocco and Algeria (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).",There is no information available on either overall population size or trends of this species.,"There is no information available on the habitats and ecology of this species, and details of flower visitation and pollen forage plants are likewise not available. However, the phenology of this species is recorded from March to May (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,paganettina,,Andrena paganettina,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitats, ecology, or threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Andrena paganettina is found through the eastern Mediterranean, being known from Greece (including Crete and the Eastern Aegean Islands). Outside of Europe, it is present in Anatolia and the northern Levant (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013).",There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.,"There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it is almost certainly associated with Mediterranean phryganic shrublands. Details of flower visitation and pollen forage plants are likewise not available.","Details of specific threats to the species are not known, but given that it is most likely found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research is needed to establish full details of population size and trends, to determine and identify any specific threats and to establish further details of the ecology and life history.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,pallidicincta,,Andrena pallidicincta,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on population size or trends, habitats, ecology, or threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Andrena pallidicincta is found through the eastern Mediterranean, and it is known from the Balkan Peninsula and Crete. Outside of Europe, it is present in Anatolia and the Levant (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013).",There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.,"There is no information available on the habitats and ecology of this species, although it is almost certainly associated with Mediterranean phryganic shrublands. Details of flower visitation and pollen forage plants are likewise not available. However, some records indicate that the species flies from March to May in Greece (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","Details of specific threats to this species are not known, but given that it is most likely found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,pallitarsis,,Andrena pallitarsis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as, although the species is threatened by agricultural practices, there is little information available on the population size and trends. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species as it may well require categorising in a threatened category.",Decreasing,"Andrena pallitarsis is mainly distributed throughout central Europe (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), but it is also known from the eastern regions of European Russia and the adjacent area of western Kazakhstan (unpublished data Osytshnjuk, V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2014). In Asia, it is found in western Siberia (Eremeeva et al. 2011, Krainov 2013) and Azerbaijan (Yunusov 2012), although the latter finding is dubious as it has not been confirmed by specialists.In Europe, it is known from Austria (all states except Vorarlberg, Gusenleitner et al. 2012), Switzerland (Mittelland West, Alpensüdseite) (Warncke 1967a, 1981, Schwartz et al. 1996), Czech Republic (Bohemia and Moravia), Slovakia (Kocourek 1966, Přidal 2004, Straka et al. 2007), Spain (only Catalonia: Barcelona - Ceballos et al. 1956; Provincia de Tarragona, Calafell - Warncke 1976), southern Germany (Westrich and Dathe 1997, Westrich et al. 2000, Mandery et al. 2003), France (east, south and southwest: Stoeckhert 1924, Warncke et al. 1974, Rasmont et al. 1995), Hungary (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Józan 2011), Slovenia (Gogala 1999), north Italy (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Hellrigl 2006, Pagliano 1995), Luxembourg (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), Romania (Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980) and Russia (Republic of Bashkortostan, Tolbazy - Warncke 1967a; Lipetsk Oblast, Orenburg Oblast, Tyul’gan, Perm Krai, Bulgakovo, Taush -unpublished data Osytshnjuk, V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2014).It is suspected to occur in Belgium and northern France although there are no point data (Patiny and Terzo 2010).","Andrena pallitarsis populations in many European countries are in decline. For example, until 2000 this species was known from 14 different localities in Slovenia, but in a recent survey it was not found anywhere in Slovenia (Gogala 2014). The species has experienced a strong long-term decline and a moderate short-term decline in Germany (Westrich et al. 2011). The main reason for the decrease in the number of populations is associated with the sharp reduction in the area of habitats in which the species can live. At the same time, the reduced abundance of its major food plants, Apiaceae species, with which the species is trophically associated, can be related to potential declines in this species. In other countries within its range, this species is known to be very rare.","Andrena pallitarsis inhabits different biotopes, but predominantly xerophytic areas such as steppes, mountain slopes, wastelands or brownfield sites and other places where its host plants are flowering. It is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage on a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically upon the flowers of Apiaceae species (Warncke 1981, Gogala 1999). In particular, Andrena pallitarsis was recorded on the flowers of Bupleurum falcatum (Lukáš et al. 1999), Libanotis intermedia, Pimpinella saxifraga, Ferula songorica, Ferula tatarica, Chaerophyllum proscottii, Libanotis montana and Falcaria rivini (data from the collection of Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St-Petersburg). However, this species also sporadically occurs on Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbia virgata), Asteraceae (Carduus acanthoides) and Lamiaceae (Stachys palustris) (unpublished data Osytshnjuk, V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2014). In the temperate zone, this species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies in July and August (Gogala 1999), but in more southern regions it has two generations, with the first beginning at the end of April (Stoeckhert 1924, Warncke 1976). The species is parasitised by Nomada errans, which lay their eggs in the cells of Andrena pallitarsis (Celary 1995).","The main threats to this species include the ploughing of fields, the application of insecticides and pesticides to the fields on which they build their nests, and grazing pressure from domestic livestock on flowering plants during the time when adult bees forage.","The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994). It is also included in the Regional Red List of Carinthia in Austria (Vulnerable; Ebmer 1999) and the Regional Red Data Book of Kuznets-Salair mountain region of Russia as Vulnerable (Eremeeva et al. 2011). The species occurs in protected areas and has been recorded at nature reserves in some European countries (especially in Hungary, Italy, Slovakia and Russia). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.In order to protect the species, it is necessary to preserve the wild plants that they feed upon and prohibit the use of insecticides and pesticides during the flowering of the wild plants.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of Apiaceae species.","Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,palumba,,Andrena palumba,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on population size or trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species, especially considering its restricted distribution. Further research could improve the existent knowledge and warrant a more accurate threat status.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena palumba is apparently restricted to the island of Sicily (Italy). Outside of Europe, it is found in Tunisia and Morocco (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013).",There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.,"There is no information available on the habitats and ecology of this species, although it is almost certainly associated with Mediterranean phryganic shrublands. Details of flower visitation and pollen forage plants are, likewise, not available. However, there is evidence of a female individual visiting Hippocrepis species in Morocco (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","Details of specific threats to the species are not known, but given that it is most likely found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it could negatively be impacted by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitats, ecology and life history, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,pandellei,,Andrena pandellei,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the population is stable.,Stable,"Andrena pandellei is predominantly a Mediterranean species that is found from the Iberian peninsula east towards Ukraine and Greece. It is found as for north as southern England. It can be found from Austria (from all regions; Warncke 1981, Schwarz et al., 1996, Ebmer 1999, Schwarz and Gusenleitner 2000, Artmann-Graf 2008), Belgium (Patiny and Terzo 2010, Koel 2014), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Warncke 1966a), Bulgaria (Atanasov 1972), Czech Republic (Kocourek 1966, Kula and Tyrner 2003, Přidal 2004, Straka et al. 2007, Bogusch et al. 2009), Croatia (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Józan 2009), France (mainland and Corsica: Warncke 1967a, Rasmont et al. 1995, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), Germany (all Federal States except Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Schleswig-Holstein: Burger and Winter 2001, Dathe 2001, Burger 2011, Kroupa et al. 2012), Greece (mainland: Mavromoustakis 1960, Warncke 1965a, Grace 2010), Hungary (Moczar and Warncke 1972), Italy (mainland: Quaranta et al. 2004, Hellrigl 2006; Sicily: Warncke 1967a), Luxembourg (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), Macedonia (Warncke 1966a), Montenegro (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), Netherlands (Peeters and Reemer 2003, Raemakers 2009, Koel 2014), Poland (Banaszak 2000, Pawlikowski 2001, Wiśniowski and Werstak 2009), Portugal (Saunders 1881, Warncke 1976), Romania (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980), Slovakia (Lukáš et al. 1999, Přidal 2004, Straka et al. 2007), Slovenia (Gogala 1991, 1999), Spain (Warncke 1976, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Ortiz-Sánchez 2011, Ruiz 2012), Switzerland (Schwarz et al. 1996, Artmann-Graf 2008, Kohli 2008) and Ukraine (only Kyiv, Lviv and Transcarpathian regions: Lebedev 1933, Noskiewicz 1934, Kuntze and Noskiewicz 1938, Osytshnjuk 1977; Crimea: A.Z. Osytshnjuk unpublished data V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2014).  The species is also indicated for Moldova (de Jong 2013), but it is absent in the literature for this country.Andrena pandellei is also known from Azerbaijan (Osytshnjuk 1977), Turkey (Warncke 1974b, Özbek 1976), Algeria (Pérez 1895) and Morocco (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","The populations of Andrena pandellei in most European countries are stable as it has been collected from a number of European countries in the last 10 years. It is listed as Least Concern in the National Red Lists of Poland (Banaszak 2002; Wiśniowski and Werstak 2009) and the Czech Republic (Bogusch 2014), and not included as threatened in Slovenia (Anonymous 2002) or Slovakia (Lukáš 2001, Farkac et al. 2005), despite its obvious presence. The relative stability of Andrena pandellei is associated with the fact that this species is able to forage upon a broad number of plant species and is not so reliant on bluebells, although they are the species' preferred food source.","Andrena pandellei inhabits different biotopes but prefers moist forested areas including mountain meadows, forest edges and glades. It also occurs on dry meadow slopes. In the mountains it was recorded at altitudes between 1,400-1,600 m asl (Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). In most parts of its area this species flies from the end of April until the end of June. It is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, and it is associated with bluebells (Campanulaceae; Westrich 1989, Radchenko and Pesenko 1994) such as Campanula patula, C. rapunculoides and C. sibirica. However, sometimes the females visit flowers of the Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Serophulariaceae, Rosaceae and Brassicaecae (Kocourek 1966) so perhaps the species is broadly oligolectic. The relative stability of Andrena pandellei populations could be associated with the fact that this species is not so closely linked with bluebells and can therefore survive in the absence of such flowers. The males of Andrena pandellei have been recorded pollinating Ophrys sphegodes (Orchidaceae) by pseudocopulation (Devillers and Devillers-Terschuren 2004). It nests primarily on clay soils, forming the small aggregations, although Kocourek (1966) observed a colony, numbering more than 100 nests. The nests are parasitized by Nomada braunsiana Schmiedeknecht, 1882 (Stöckhert 1933).","The main threats to this species comes from the ploughing of fields, the application of insecticides and pesticides to the fields on which they builds their nests and grazing pressure from domestic livestock on flowering plants during the time when adult bees forage. Of particular importance is the overgrazing of dry slopes that leads to the disappearance of bluebell meadows that usually appear in mid-May.","In order to protect the species, it is necessary to preserve the bluebells that they feed upon, prohibit the use of insecticides and pesticides during the flowering of these bluebells, and prevent grazing from livestock upon bluebells. The species occurs in protected areas and has been recorded at nature reserves in some European countries. The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003, De rode lijst 2012 - although the species was found in Limburg province in 2006 and 2009 by Koel (2014)) and Switzerland as Endangered (Amiet 1994, BAFU 2009).","The species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is considered to be an important pollinator of bluebells (Campanula) (Radchenko and Pesenko 1994).","Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,pandosa,,Andrena pandosa,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitats, ecology, or threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species, especially considering its small European distribution.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is restricted to the Canary Islands, mainland Spain and Portugal. Elsewhere, it is known from the Maghreb, Anatolian Turkey and the Levant (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).",There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.,"There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species. However, it has been reported to fly from April to May in both Spain and Tunisia (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).",The specific threats to the species are unknown.,"The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,panurgimorpha,,Andrena panurgimorpha,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern because although the species has relatively a restricted distribution in Europe, it is commonly recorded in ecological surveys so the population is assumed to be large. There are no major threats affecting the species.",Unknown,"Andrena panurgimorpha is present in the Mediterranean islands (Kriti, Lesvos and Cyprus), Crimea, and possibly Italy (Mavromoustakis 1957, Warncke 1969, Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005, Grace 2010). It is also present in Asia from Turkey to Iran and Israel.","No details of the overall population size or threats are available. However, the species appears regularly in ecological surveys (Attiki and Lesvos) and so the population is assumed to be large.","Andrena panurgimorpha lives in xeric biotopes, and particularly in Mediterranean shrublands (maquis and phrygana). It flies from March to April. Females are specialists on Asteraceae but species of  Brassicaceae (Sisymbrium orientalis) and Fabaceae (Medicago sativa) are visited for nectar (Özbek 2008). Data gathered from specimens and observations in the Greek islands list the following forage species: Crepis commutata, Crepis sancta, Reichardia picroides, Scorzonera sublanata (Asteraceae); Anthyllis hermanniae (Fabaceae). Males pollinate Ophrys in Greece (Borg-Karlson et al. 1985).","The threats to this species are unknown, although, given that its preferred habitat is phrygana, there is a potential problem with inappropriate grazing regimes that remove the floral resources necessary for this species. Nevertheless, Asteraceae are abundant in these habitats, and so threats are considered to be slight.",The species does not appear on any National Red List or Red Data Book and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. The species does occur within protected areas.Further research is necessary to establish the size of the population and to identify any trends or existing threats.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,panurgina,,Andrena panurgina,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern because, although complete details of threats are missing, the bee has a very broad distribution and the population is assumed to be large overall. However, further research is needed to determine the precise population size and trends, habitat and ecology and specific threats to the species.",Unknown,"Andrena panurgina is found across the western and central Mediterranean region. It is widespread in Spain, Portugal, southern France, southern Italy and Sicily. There is an isolated subpopulation in Attiki (mainland Greece). In North Africa, the species is known from the Mediterranean zone in the Maghreb (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013).","There are no specific data on the population size and trends of this species, although with such a wide distribution, the overall population is likely to be large.","Little is known about the habitats and ecology of this species, although there is information on the species being associated with Mediterranean phryganic shrublands. Andrena panurgina is known to visit flowers of Brassicaceae such as Hirschfeldia incana in Greece (Petanidou 1994), but whether this is a pollen source is unknown. E. Scheuchl (unpublished data, pers. comm. 2014) lists visitation to Raphanum raphanistrum (Brassicaceae), and various Geraniaceae and Asteraceae in Spain. Specimen data reveals the species is univoltine, in that it has a single flight period each year, and is on the wing from February to May.","Details of specific threats to the species are unknown. However, given that it is found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it could be negatively impacted by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas, but given the breadth of its range, it is very likely to. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,paramythensis,,Andrena paramythensis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little to no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Andrena paramythensis has only been found in Cyprus (Mavromoustakis 1957) and the Osmaniye Province in southern Turkey (Hazir et al. 2014). Also this species was noted in Turkey by Grace (2010) but without any specific data.,"The current status of the populations of this species in Cyprus remains unknown, since its latest findings here are dated from more then 40 years ago (Warncke 1974b) and only one specimen is known from Osmaniye Province in southern Turkey that collected in 2005 (Hazir et al. 2014).","The habitats and trophical links of Andrena paramythensis are unknown, although it may occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland. The flight period in Cyprus is from early March to mid-April (Warncke 1974b), and until mid May in Turkey (Hazir et al. 2014).",The main threats to this species are unknown.,"In order to protect this species it is necessary to prohibit: the grazing, cutting or burning of the species' forage; the use of insecticides and the ploughing of the land in which the species builds its nests. The species occurs in protected areas and has been recorded at some nature reserves in European countries. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Scheuchl, E. & García, M.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,pareklisiae,,Andrena pareklisiae,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitats, ecology or threats. Further research is needed in order to establish the actual status of this species, especially considering its small extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) and the fact that it is a Cyprus endemic.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the island of Cyprus (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013).","There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species. However, both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are small.","There is little information available on the habitats and ecology of this species, although it is likely to be associated with Mediterranean phryganic shrublands. Andrena pareklisiae is known to visit flowers of Sinapis alba and Alyssum campestre hirsutum (Brassicaceae) in Cyprus (Mavromoustakis 1957, Grace 2010), but whether this is a pollen source is unknown. The species is univoltine, in that it has a single flight period each year, and is on the wing from February to May.","Details of specific threats to the species are unknown. However, given its presence in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected area throughout its range.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,parviceps,,Andrena parviceps,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution although its population is rather small and the species is rare. The species forages in a number of plants though the threats to this species are unknown.,Unknown,"Andrena parviceps is distributed across Europe from Spain to Ukraine, predominantly in the south. In Asia, it is present in the Caucasus, Iran and Turkey. Both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are large.","Andrena parviceps is very rare across its range, but over the entire range, the overall population is assumed to be quite large. Precise details of overall population size and trends are lacking.","Andrena parviceps is polylectic and forages at a wide range of plants, including Salix sp. (Kocourek 1966, Osytshnjuk 1977) and Prunus divaricata (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). It flies in two generations, from early spring to summer (Warncke 1974). Usually occurs in woodland edge in montane biotopes.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed on any National Red List or Red Data Book, although it is listed as Extinct in the checklist of Hungarian Sphecidae and Apidae species (Jozan 2011) and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is, however, likely to be found in protected areas.Further research is necessary to establish details of the population size, trends and threats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,passerina,,Andrena passerina,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on population size and trends, habitats, ecology, or threats to the species. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species, especially considering its very small European distribution.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena passerina is restricted to the island of Sicily (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013). Elsewhere, it is found in the Maghreb where it occurs in both Algeria and Tunisia.",There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.,"There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it is likely to be associated with Mediterranean phryganic shrublands.","The threats to this species are unknown. However, given that it is found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected area throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,pastellensis,,Andrena pastellensis,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient because the species has only recently been identified and the population trends and threats are not known. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species, while determining if it occurs elsewhere in Europe.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in Switzerland and in the north of Italy, predominantly on the southern edge of the Alps, where it is found at altitudes up to 1,200 m. It has mainly been found at altitudes of 500 m. The species is endemic to Europe.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 88,814 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 80 km2.",There is no information on the population size and trend for this species.,"The species inhabits mountain slopes covered with grass. The species flies in spring, from early April until end of May. There are very few observations on flower-visiting. Two females were found when collecting pollen on Taraxacum officinale. Males were also observed in patrolling or nectar-feeding on Taraxacum officinale and willows (Salix sp.) (Schwenninger 2007).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It has been found within protected areas such as Parco Naturale del Monte Avic, Italy. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Scheuchl, E.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,paucisquama,,Andrena paucisquama,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size and trends for this species. The species may require placing in a threatened category as the species is an important pollinator of bluebells and is currently threatened by agricultural practices such as the ploughing of its nests, overgrazing of its preferred habitat, the loss of bluebells and the use of insecticides and pesticides. Research should therefore be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Decreasing,"Andrena paucisquama is primarily an eastern European steppic species that occasionally occurs in the western Mediterranean (Ebmer 2009). The overall area of this species covers Austria (from all regions except Salzburg, Tirol and Vorarlberg - Schwarz et al. 1996), Bulgaria (Warncke 1967a), Czech Republic (only Moravian Region - Kocourek 1966, Přidal 2004, Bogusch et al. 2007, Straka et al. 2007), Croatia (Józan 2009), France (only the south-east - Rasmont et al. 1995, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), Germany (Rhineland-Palatinate and Brandenburg States - Westrich and Dathe 1997), Greece (mainland; Noskiewicz 1924), Greece (Lesbos, Rodos, Samos; Grace 2010), Macedonia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), Moldova (Osytshnjuk 1977, Andreyev et al. 1986), Montenegro (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), Poland (Banaszak 1980, Pawlikowski 2001, Banaszak et al. 2006), Romania (Moczar and Warncke 1972), Russia (Republic of Mordovia - Ruchin 2008; the Ulyanovsk region, the Sursky, Melekessky, Cherdaklinsky, Kuzovatovsky and Ulyanovsky districts - Blagoveshchenskaya and Popova 1994, Popova 2008; the Nature Reserve “Galich’ya Gora” - Kuznetsova 1990; and Bashkortostan - Osytshnjuk 1977), Slovakia (Přidal 2004, Bogusch et al. 2007), Slovenia (Gogala 1999), Spain (only Andalusia; Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Ortiz-Sánchez 2011), Ukraine (Donetsk, Ivano-Frankivsk, Kyiv, Lugansk, Lviv, Mykolaiv, Odessa, Ternopil, Transcarpathian regions and Crimea; Kinel (Noskiewicz 1924, 1930, Osytshnjuk 1977, Radchenko 1982).It was indicated for Switzerland (de Jong 2013), but it is absent in any checklist covering this country (see: Amiet 1994, Schwarz et al. 1996, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).Andrena paucisquama is known from Asia, where it is found in Armenia, Georgia (Osytshnjuk 1977), Azerbaijan (Osytshnjuk 1977, Maharramov 2009) and Turkey (Warncke 1974b, 1975).","Andrena paucisquama populations in many European countries are thought to be strongly declining. The main cause of the decline is the sharp reduction in the area of habitats in which this rare species can reside. The abundance of bluebells, its major food source, has also decreased throughout Europe.","Andrena paucisquama inhabits a variety biotopes, such as meadows, forests, grasslands, semi-deserts and rocky areas, sub-alpine and alpine mountain zones, although it prefers the forest edge habitats. In southern Europe, it lives in man-made forests and ravine forests, especially near bluebells with which it is trophically related. It is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, and the females collect pollen from different species of Campanulaceae. The males and young females spend the night inside the flowers of these plants (usually in Campanula sp.). However, it has been occasionally observed on the flowers of other plants: Rosaceae (Potentilla pimpinelloides), Geraniaceae (Geranium sp.), Plantaginaceae (Veronica sp.), Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbia semivillosa), Asteraceae (Inula hirta), Fabaceae (Trifolium europaeus), Brassicaceae (Bunias orientalis), Ranunculaceae (Ranunculus repens) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Radchenko 1982, Kuznetsova 1990). The males of Andrena paucisquama have been recorded as a pollinator of Ophrys aesculapii (Orchidaceae) through pseudocopulation (Paulus 2001). In most parts of its area, this species flies from May until June. The nesting behaviour is unknown.","The main threats to this species come from the ploughing of land in which the species builds its nests, the use of insecticides and pesticides on fields, and overgrazing of bluebells by domestic livestock during the time when the adult bees forage. According to Ebmer (2009), females could not be found because small-flowered bluebell meadows had disappeared in mid-May due to the overgrazing of this habitat. The loss of the species' habitat and preferred food source are thought to be causing the species to decline throughout Europe.","Andrena paucisquama is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Poland (Vulnerable; Witkowski et al. 2003), the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkač et al. 2005) and Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011). It has also been listed in the Regional Red List of Brandenburg State of Germany (Critically Endangered; Dathe et al. 2000) and the Regional Red Data Book of Ulyanovsk Region of Russia (Popova 2008). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,pauxilla,,Andrena pauxilla,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information on the population size, trends, habitats and threats to the species. Further research is needed in order to establish the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"Andrena pauxilla is a European endemic species. It has been recorded from the Czech Republic, France (mainland), Germany, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain (including the Balearic Islands) and Switzerland, but due to past taxonomic issues it is uncertain whether all these records belong to A. pauxilla (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).",There is no information on the population size and trend of this species.,"Andrena pauxilla is bivoltine (Stöckhert 1935, Kocourek 1966, Warncke 1976), in that it has two generations per year. In Central Europe, it flies from April to May and from the end of June to August (Stöckhert 1935, Kocourek 1966). In Spain, it is on the wing from the beginning of March to the end of May/beginning of June and from mid-May to mid/end of June (Warncke 1976). The first generation visits predominantly Brassicaceae species (Capsella bursa-pastoris, Cardaria draba, Brassica, Thlaspi), and the second generation visits predominantly Apiaceae (Kocourek 1966). There is no further information on the habitats that this species inhabits, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not included in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not the target of any specific conservation action and it is not known whether it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted in order to establish the population size, trends, habitats and threats to the species.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Scheuchl, E.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,pellucens,,Andrena pellucens,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Andrena pellucens is regarded by Gusenleitner and Schwarz (2002) to be a European endemic species that is widely, but sparingly distributed across Europe, from northern Spain north-eastwards to Hungary. Additionally, it has recently been discovered in Slovenia (Gogala 2011) and Greece (Standfuss et al. 2011, Kuhlmann et al. 2013). Kuhlmann et al. (2014) also shows the presence of the species in Algeria, but E. Scheuchl (pers. comm. 2014) regards this as extremely doubtful.",There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.,"The species is found in grasslands, and is also likely to be associated with Mediterranean phryganic shrublands. A large nesting aggregation in a cart track crossing a meadow on a sunny slope in Slovenia has also been reported (Gogala 2011). Andrena pellucens is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, and collects pollen from Colchicum, Smilax and related plants of the Liliaceae and Iridaceae families (Standfuss and Standfuss 2010). Gogala (2011) also lists Leontodon, Cichorium and Crepis (Asteraceae) as probable pollen sources in Slovenia, but whether this is a pollen source is unknown. The species is univoltine, in that it has a single flight period each year, and is on the wing from August to October.","Details of specific threats to the species are unknown. However, given that it is found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes. Grasslands are also prone to inappropriate grazing.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected area, but given its range, it is quite likely.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,pelopa,,Andrena pelopa,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species has only been found in Europe from Greece and Ukraine (Warncke 1975, E. Scheuchl pers. comm 2014).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. It has been found from the Peloponnese, Chelmos (Warncke 1975), five males were identified from Thessaloniki, one male from Ioannina, both in Greece, and three females, three males from Amvrosievka/Donezk Oblast in Ukraine (E. Scheuchl pers. comm 2014).","This species flies in June and was found on mountain slopes. The specimens from Ukraine were collected on Alyssum tortuosum, and the male from Ioaninna in Greece was found on Salix sp.. There is no further information the species' habitat and ecology.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,phoenicura,,Andrena phoenicura,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is indicated for Greece but there are no published records in the literature. However, in the R.W. Grünwaldt in Munich there are six specimens of Andrena phoenicura, and it is possible that some of them could have been collected in Europe. One male was identified as Andrena phoenicura from the Langada-pass/ Lakonia on the Peloponnese (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).  Outside of Europe the species is found in central, southern and eastern parts of Turkey (Warncke 1974b, 1975, Özbek 1976, Grace 2010).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"As the species is only known from Greece, it can be assumed to occur in Mediterranean-type shrubland. The species is thought to fly from mid May until the end of June. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,pilipes,,Andrena pilipes,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are presumed to be stable in most European countries and because it prefers a wide range of habitats. However, research should be conducted to determine future population trends of the species.",Stable,"One of the most widespread species of bees globally. Andrena pilipes is found throughout Europe (except the northern regions of Sweden, the United Kingdom and European Russia) (Stöckhert 1933, Popov 1967a, Warncke 1976, Osytshnjuk 1977). It is also found in North Africa (Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Libya) (Warncke 1967a, 1967b), Asia Minor (Warncke 1969a, 1974b), Israel, Jordan (Grace 2010), the Caucasus region (Bogachev 1951, Aliyev 2013), Kazakhstan (Tadauchi 2008), Central Asia (Popov 1967a), Iran (Radoszkowski 1871), Afghanistan (Warncke 1973b, Dunford et al. 2014), Siberia (Sidorov 2010), the Far East of Russia, Mongolia, China, Japan (Yasumatsu 1941, Wu 1965, Osytshnjuk 1995), India and Pakistan (Tadauchi 2008, Xu and Tadauchi 2011). It has been found in North America (USA - Illinois, Champaign, Tolono - GBIF 2014).  In addition, this species was indicated in Finland (Vikberg 1986), where it was included in the National Red List as Endangered (Rassi et al. 2001), while the actual species occurring in Finland is Andrena nigrospina, which is considered here as a separate species (Rassi et al. 2010).","The populations of Andrena pilipes in most European countries are stable, apart from the northern parts of its range in Europe where this species is very rare and even decreasing in abundance.","Andrena pilipes is an ubiquitous species, found in urban and rural, wet and dry regions but it rarely occurs in mountainous regions of the temperate zone. In the southern part of Asia it is found in the high mountains, as in Kyrgyzstan at an altitude of 2,240 m asl (Tadauchi 2008) and up to 5,000 m asl in India (Ascher and Pickering 2013). The species flies from April to August and has two generations per year. It is widely polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (Popov 1967a, Osytshnjuk 1977, Pesenko et al. 1982, Beil et al. 2008). For example, in Ukraine the females visit flowers of more than 50 plant species from 19 families. It is known as one of the main pollinators of different fruit and pumpkin crops (Filov 1935, Nevkryta 1950, Rymashevskiy and Rymashevskaya 1958, Rasulov 1966). The males pollinate different species of Orchids (especially Ophrys exaltata, O. garganica and O. sphegodes) through pseudocopulation (Xu et al. 2012). It nests in different soils and creates relatively large aggregations of nests (Nevinson 1902). The main burrow of the nest is meandering and descends almost vertically down to a depth of 20 cm where there are several cells, one behind the other in a plane, parallel to the ground surface. The inner walls of cells are covered with wax-like lining. Inside the cell the female lays one egg on the pollen ball (Marikovskaya 1972). The nest is parasitised by Nomada fulvicornis (Stöckhert 1933).","The main threats to this species are the ploughing of fields on which it builds its nests, the processing of the fields with insecticides and pesticides, and the mowing of flowering plants during the time when adult bees forage. In some areas, where this species was once widely distributed, its habitat has been extensively modified and reduced, and therefore the species is no longer seen in the regions (Ronayne 2006).","To protect the species, as it is an important pollinator of fruits and crops, it is necessary to preserve wild plants during their flowering period and to prohibit the use of insecticides and pesticides on fields when wild plants are flowering. Andrena pilipes has been recorded from many protected areas in many European countries.   This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Ireland (Data Deficient; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006), Finland (Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Sweden (listed as a synonym of A. nigrospina as Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994). Ronayne (2006) thinks that the species may now be extinct in Ireland (latest find dates back to 1977). Andrena pilipes is also included in some Regional Red Lists or Red Data Books such as the Red List of Carinthia (Austria) (Extinct; Ebmer 1999), the Red Data Book of the Ryazan Region of Russia (Vulnerable; Anan’eva and Nikolaeva 2011), Republic Karelia of Russia (Data Deficient, Ivanter and Kuznetsov 2007) and the Red Lists of the 10 States of Germany (Thuringia and the Free State of Saxony as Critically Endangered; Burger 2005, 2011). Further research is needed to develop population trends in order to determine any population declines of this important pollinator.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of many different plants, including those that are cultivated by man, such as fruit and pumpkin crops (Filov 1935, Nevkryta 1950, Rymashevskiy and Rymashevskaya 1958, Rasulov 1966) and alfalfa (Radchenko 1982).","Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,polemediana,,Andrena polemediana,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitats, ecology, or threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species, especially given its restricted distribution.",Unknown,"Andrena polemediana is probably an endemic to the island of Cyprus (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013), although Grace (2010) also lists Turkey.",There is no information available on either overall population size or trends for this species.,"Little information is available regarding the habitats and ecology of this species, although it is likely to be associated with Mediterranean phryganic shrublands. It has been recorded from April and May, and it is an oligolectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, on Asteraceae species such as Anthemis (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","Details of specific threats to the species are unknown. However, given that it is found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it could be negatively impacted by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected area throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,polita,,Andrena polita,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are presumed to be large and stable despite being rare, and it inhabits a broad range of habitats. However, research should be conducted to determine the future population trends of the species.",Stable,"The overall range of the species covers the central and southern parts of Europe. In the north it can be found from England, the Netherlands and northern Poland to Moscow in Russia. In the south, it is present from the Pyrenees to Sicily (Italy), Crete (Greece) and further east to the Urals.  Andrena polita is known from Albania (Warncke 1966a), Austria (all states except Salzburg and Vorarlberg - Gusenleitner 1985, Schwarz et al. 1996, Ebmer 1996, 1999, Dubitzky 2005), Belgium (Rasmont et al. 1993, 1995), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Warncke 1966a), Bulgaria (Atanássov and Vasileva 1990, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), Croatia (Moczar and Warncke 1972), Czech Republic (Bohemia and Moravia - Přidal 2004, Dvořák et al. 2008, Přidal and Vesely 2011), France (Rasmont et al. 1995), Germany (except most of Federal States on the north part of Germany, especially, Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein - Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997, Burger et al. 2004, Westrich et al. 2008, Burger 2011), Greece (mainland and Aegean Islands Lesbos and Rhodes - Warncke 1965a, 1966a, Grace 2010), Hungary (most part of territory except Great and Little Hungarian Plain - Moczar and Warncke 1972, Józan 2011), Netherlands (Peeters et al. 1999, Koel 2014), Italy (mainland and Sicily - Pagliano 1995, Vicidomini 1999, Quaranta et al. 2004, Hellrigl 2006), Luxembourg (Rasmont et al. 1995), Macedonia (Warncke 1973), Moldova (Andreyev et al. 1986), Montenegro (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), the Netherlands (only in Limburg province - Lefeber 1995, Koel 2014), Poland (Banaszak 2000, 2010, Pawlikowski et al. 2008), Romania (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980), Russia (Bashkortostan - Nikiforuk 1957; Perm Krai - Demyanova et al. 2007, Lykov 2008; Moscow - Levchenko 2010; Rostov - Pesenko 1972; Ulyanovsk - Popova 1983; Belgorod - Wu 1960; Lipetsk - Kuznetsova 1990; Volgograd, Saratov, Samara regions and Tatarstan - Osytshnjuk 1977), Serbia (Moczar and Warncke 1972), Slovakia (Lukáš et al. 1999, Přidal 2004), Spain (probably on the Spanish side of the Pyrenees - Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Ortiz-Sánchez 2011), Switzerland (Warncke 1967a, Schwarz et al. 1996, Artmann-Graf 2008), Ukraine (steppe, forest-steppe zones and the Crimea - Kuntze and Noskiewicz 1938, Warncke 1967a, Osytshnjuk 1977, Radchenko 1982) and the United Kingdom (south-east England, but the last finding is dated from 1938 - more than 75 years ago - Falk 1991, Alexander 2003).  Outside of Europe, Andrena polita has been found in Siberia, Stavropol Krai, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Dagestan, Iran, Israel, Lebanon, Turkey, Egypt and Libya.","The populations of this rare species in most European countries appears to be stable and overall can be presumed to be large in Europe. This is evidenced as the species has been found in different countries over the past 10 years. However, in countries at the northernmost part of its range, it appears to be threatened or extinct, which is to be expected.","It is a rare species that lives in different habitats, both urban and rural, in dry and wet regions, although it prefers moist areas. In the mountains, it can be found at altitudes above 2,000 m asl (Nature Reserve Theberda, Nakhichevan,  Azerbaijan: Osytshnjuk unpublished data V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2014). It is a summer species that has one generation per year. Andrena polita flies from early June until mid-August, although sometimes it appears in May. It is broadly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily of Asteraceae species, but it also rarely occurs on Rosaceae, Cucurbitaceae (Osytshnjuk 1977), Fabaceae (Radchenko 1982) and Apiaceae (Demyanova et al. 2007).   The nesting of this species was described by Popova (1983). It nests in small colonies and is parasitised by Nomada pleurosticta and N. mutabilis (Stöckhert 1933).","The main threats to this species are the ploughing of fields on which it builds its nests, processing of fields with insecticides and pesticides and mowing flowering plants during the time when adult bees forage.","In order to conserve this species, the species' preferred plants need to be preserved by prohibiting the use of insecticides on the fields during flowering and by preventing livestock from grazing on the flowering plants.   The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Straka 2005, Bogusch 2014), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Great Britain (Regionally Extinct; Falk 1991), the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003, although Koel (2014) only mentioned that this species is rare), Poland (Vulnerable; Banaszak 2002) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). The species occurs in protected areas and has been recorded at nature reserves in some European countries. Further research should be conducted to determine the future population trends for the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,pontica,,Andrena pontica,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as the species is rare and there is little information available on the population size and trends. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.,Unknown,"A central European species that is distributed throughout Austria (lower Austria and upper Austria – Gusenleitner 1984, Schwarz et al. 1996), the Czech Republic (Moravia – Warncke 1972, Kocourek 1989, Přidal 2004, Bogusch et al. 2009; Bohemia – Bogusch et al. 2011), Germany (the Free State of Bavaria - Scheuchl 2011), Hungary (central Transdanubia and northern Hungary regions - Warncke 1972, Józan 2011), Poland (lesser Poland Voivodeship - Dylewska 1987, Celary and Wiśniowski 2003, Moroń et al. 2009), Romania (Hunedoara, Satu Mare, Sălaj and Bistrița-Năsăud Counties – Warncke 1972, Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980), Slovakia (Celary and Wiśniowski 2003) and Slovenia (Gogala 1999). Outside of Europe, Andrena pontica has been found in eastern Turkey (Warncke 1974b, Özbek 1976, Grace 2010).","Over the past 10 years, only single specimens of Andrena pontica have been observed in Poland (Moroń et al. 2009), Czech Republic (Bogusch et al. 2009, 2011) and Germany (Scheuchl 2011, Schanowski 2013). It is unknown why this species is so rare. There is no further information on the population size and trends of the species.","Andrena pontica inhabits dry meadow slopes, other xerothermic grasslands and orchards. It is probably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, and females visit blooming plants of the families Apiaceae, Asteraceae and Brassicaceae (Dylewska 1987, Gogala 1999, Celary and Wiśniowski 2003, Moroń et al. 2009). It is a bivoltine species, in that it has two generations per year: the first one flying from May until June, and the second from July until August (Gogala 1999). In central Europe (at least in Germany and Austria) it seems to have only one generation. Even in localities which have been observed through the whole vegetation period, and in which the species was common in May and June, no specimens were caught outside of these two months (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","The main threats for this species are ploughing lands in which it builds its nests, processing of fields with insecticides and pesticides, and overgrazing of flowering plants by domestic livestock at the time when adult bees begin to forage.","In order to conserve this species, the species' preferred plants need to be preserved by prohibiting the use of insecticides and pesticides on the fields during flowering and by preventing livestock from grazing on the flowering plants.   The species occurs in protected areas and has been recorded at nature reserves in some European countries. Andrena pontica is listed in the Red List of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005, Bogusch 2014), Poland (Data Deficient; Banaszak 2002, Głowaciński and Nowacki 2009) and Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002). Further research is required to determine the population size and trends of this species.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but it is valued as a pollinator of some plant species.","Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,potentillae,,Andrena potentillae,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  The species is listed as Data Deficient due to the fact that it is very rare in Europe, despite its widespread distribution, and that there are not enough population data to fully assess the species. It is also dependent upon Potentilla, or cinquefoil, species and the habitat in which they grow may be threatened. Further research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.",Decreasing,"The species is found throughout most of Europe from France to Lithuania, south to Italy and Greece, extending east to the Urals.  Andrena potentillae is known from Austria (Burgenland, lower Austria and Tirol - Pittioni and Schmidt 1943, Gusenleitner 1984, 1985, Schwarz et al. 1996, Zettel 2008), Belgium (Rasmont et al. 1993, 1995), Croatia (Józan 2014), Czech Republic (Bohemia and Moravia - Přidal 2004, Přidal and Vesely 2011), France (mainland - Warncke et al. 1974, Rasmont et al. 1995), Germany (most part of territory except northern States Bremen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein, and also North Rhine-Westphalia and Saxony - Wolf 1982, Westrich 1989, Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997), Hungary (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Jozan 2003), Italy (northern Italy, south Tyrol, south Italy - Warncke 1967a, Hellrigl 2006), Lithuania (southern part - Monsevičius 1995), Luxembourg (Rasmont et al. 1995), Moldova (Andreyev et al. 1986), Poland (most regions; Kuntze and Noskiewicz 1938, Dylewska 1987, 2000, Pawlikowski and Hirsch 2002, Banaszak 2010), Romania (Warncke and Scobiola 1980), Russia (Perm Krai - Lykov 2004; Volgograd - Warncke 1967a; Ulyanovsk region - Popova 2008; Bashkortostan - Osytshnjuk 1977), Slovakia (Přidal 2004), Slovenia (only coastal–Karst region; Gogala 1999), Switzerland (only western Swiss Plateau - Schwarz et al. 1996) and Ukraine (Lviv region - Noskiewicz 1923; Lugansk and Vinnitsa regions - Osytshnjuk 1977; Donetsk region - Radchenko 1982; Kharkiv region - M. Filatov pers. comm. 2014; Sumy region - Dugina 2009). This species has also been recorded in Spain (Andalusia, Cadiz - Ceballos 1956), but its presence here needs to be confirmed (Ortiz-Sánchez 2011). The same applies for the Gibraltar, where Andrena potentillae was recorded almost 150 years ago by J. Sichel in 1868.  Outside of Europe, it has been found in Asian Russia, western Siberia (Krainov 2013), Stavropol, Krai, Kislovodsk and Kazakhstan (unpublished data Osytshnjuk, V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2014).","The populations of this rare species in most European countries seem to have decreased (Pressehintergrund 2012). This is evidenced by the fact that only single findings of Andrena potentilla have been found over the past 10 years. Most likely, this is due to a decrease in the population of its main forage, cinquefoil (Potentilla sp.).","Andrena potentillae is perhaps a steppic species, living mainly in dry habitats (Osytshnjuk 1977), although it occurs in other habitats where its forage plant, Potentilla sp., grows such as on the outskirts of forest belts, meadows and fallow lands. It is narrowly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, and the females usually visit flowers of different species of Potentilla (Radchenko and Pesenko 1994). It flies from April to May and has one generation per year.","The main threats for this species are ploughing the land in which they builds their nests, processing fields with insecticides, as well as the mowing and eating of flowering plants by humans and domestic livestock, respectively, at the time when adult bees begin to fly.","In order to conserve this species, the species' preferred plants need to be preserved by prohibiting the use of insecticides on the fields during flowering and by preventing livestock from grazing on the flowering plants. The species occurs in protected areas and has been recorded at nature reserves in some European countries. Andrena potentilla is listed in Red List of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002) and Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994, BAFU 2009). It is also listed in the Regional Red Data Book of Ulyanovsk region of Russia (Rare; Popova 2008). Further research is required to determine the population size and trends of this species.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but it is valued as a pollinator of cinquefoil plants.","Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,praecox,,Andrena praecox,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are stable and it can live in a wide range of habitats.",Stable,"Andrena praecox is a broadly boreo-alpine species. The overall range of the species covers most of Europe, from the northern parts of Finland and Sweden to the central parts of Spain and Italy, and from Ireland east to the Urals.Andrena praecox is known from Austria (Schwarz et al. 1996, Ebmer 1999); Belarus (Arnold 1902, Hvir 2013); Belgium (Rasmont et al. 1993, 1995); Croatia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002; but absent in check lists published by Józan (2009, 2014)); Czech Republic (Bohemia, Moravia; Halada and Halada 1992, Přidal 2004, Přidal and Vesely 2011); Denmark (Calabuig and Madsen 2009); Estonia (Sagemehl 1882); Finland (southern part; Söderman and Leinonen 2003, Paukkunen and Malinen 2014); France (Warncke et al. 1974, Rasmont et al. 1995); Germany (Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997, Dubitzky 2005; East Frisian Islands - Theunert 2008); Hungary (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Józan 2003); Ireland (Ronayne 2006, Fitzpatrick et al. 2006); Italy (northern Italy - Pagliano 1995; north Tyrol and south Tyrol - Hellrigl 2006; Lazio - Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002); Latvia (Tumšs 1972, Kalniņš 2003); Lithuania (Monsevičius 2004); Luxembourg (Rasmont et al. 1995); Liechtenstein (Bieri 2002); Moldova (Andreyev et al. 1986); Netherlands (Peeters et al. 1999); Norway (Artsdatabanken 2014); Poland (Dylewska 1987, 1991, Pawlikowski and Hirsch 2002, Dylewska and Bąk 2005, Pawlikowski et al. 2008, Wiśniowski and Werstak 2009, Moroń et al. 2009, Banaszak and Jaroszewicz 2009); Romania (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Warncke and Scobiola 1980); Russia (Moscow region - Levchenko 2010; Perm Krai - Lykov 2004; Volgograd - Warncke 1967; neighbourhood of St. Petersburg - Morawitz 1869; Mordovia - Ruchin 2008; Penza region - Shibaev and Polumordvinov 2012; Karelia - Leinonen et al. 2006; Bashkortostan - Osytshnjuk 1977); Slovakia (Přidal 2004); Slovenia (Gogala 1999); Spain (Warncke 1976); Sweden (Franzén and Nilsson 2008, Antonelli et al. 2009); Switzerland (Rasmont et al. 1995); Ukraine (mainland and Crimea - Osytshnjuk 1977, Radchenko 1982) and the United Kingdom (Perkins 1919, Edwards and Telfer 2002).Furthermore, Andrena praecox was found in Asia through Armenia (Morawitz 1877), Georgia (Morawitz 1876), Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan (Osytshnjuk et al. 2005) and Turkey (Grace 2010).",The current population status of this widely distributed bee seems to be stable. This is evidenced from the many findings of Andrena praecox from different European countries over the past 10 years. It is usually listed in National Red Lists as Least Concern.,"Andrena praecox occurs mainly in moist habitats such as forest edges and clearings, in river valleys, floodplain forests and meadows, but it prefers heathlands and open woodlands where there is sufficient willow species (Salix), with which it is associated trophically. It inhabits the Swiss mountains, at altitudes up to 2,000 m asl (Beaumont 1958). It is oligolectic, in that it prefers to collect pollen from a narrow range of species, in this case from Salix sp. (Warncke 1981). It was also noted as an effective pollinator of the orchid Cypripedium calceolus through pseudocopulation (Antonelli et al. 2009). It flies from March to May and has one generation per year. The species usually creates small nesting aggregations in sparsely vegetated deciduous woodland (Edwards and Telfer 2002). Perkins (1919) mentions that the species nests in large aggregations in England, however on mainland Europe the species is reported to nest solitarily (Kocourek 1966, Dylewska 1987, Westrich 1989). It is parasitised by Nomada ferruginata Linné, 1767 (Stöckhert 1933).",The main threats to this species are from the ploughing of the land for agriculture and the processing of fields on which the bees builds their nests with insecticides.,"The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Ireland (Vulnerable; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994, BAFU 2009). The species occurs in protected areas and has been recorded at many nature reserves in European countries.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but it is valued as a pollinator of Salix species and noted as an effective pollinator of the orchid Cypripedium calceolus (Antonelli et al. 2009).","Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,probata,,Andrena probata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)LThis species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitats, ecology, or threats. Further research may warrant listing with an increased threat status for this species, whose population is severely fragmented and has a small distribution.",Unknown,"Andrena probata has a disjunct distribution, and is known from the Alpine regions of Switzerland and northern Italy, including the Aosta valley (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014), and the southeastern Balkans. Outside of Europe, it is found in Turkey and Armenia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013). Scheuchl (pers. comm. 2014) also lists it from several mountains in Greece and the Peloponnese.","There is no information on the overall population size or trends of this species. However, the species has a severely fragmented population. The Alpine populations in Switzerland and northern Italy are isolated from subpopulations in the Balkans and (outside Europe) from those in eastern Anatolia and Armenia. This severe fragmentation will ensure that there is little chance of exchange of genetic material between subpopulations or of recolonization should populations become extinct or depleted.","Andrena probata appears in grassland habitats, and it is known to be an oligolectic species, specialising only in the pollen of various Brassicaceae. Ebmer (2011) cites Erysimum pusillum (Brassicaceae) as a pollen forage source in the Peloponnese where it occurs in montane meadows above the tree line. The species is univoltine, and flies as a single generation from mid-May to the beginning of July (Amiet et al. 2010). In Switzerland, it is found at altitudes ranging from 1,000 m to 2,000 m asl (Amiet et al. 2010).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected area throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,producta,,Andrena producta,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the lack of sufficient data on the population status, trends and threats to this species. However, it has been included in Red List of Threatened Species for the Czech Republic as Critically Endangered. Despite this, its status in the other regions of Europe is unknown.",Unknown,"This species is distributed from central Europe (Austria and the Czech Republic) eastwards to Romania and Ukraine. Outside of Europe the species is found in Turkey and Azerbaijan (Warncke 1974b, Osytshnjuk 1977).",It is a rare species. There is no information available on the current population trend and status of this species.,"Andrena producta lives mainly in moist habitats, predominantly on shrubs and woody plants. It is oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of  flowering species. The females prefer the flowers of Fabaceae (Genista, Trifolium, Lotus, Medicago, Anthyllis, Vicia, Melilotus, etc), and is sometimes found (presumably nectaring) on other plants, such as Brassicaceae (Brassica nigra), Asteraceae (Leucanthemum vulgare), Rosaceae (Potentilla sp.) and Caprifoliaceae (Sambucus sp.). It flies from late May to the end of July.",The threats to this rare species remain unknown.,This species is listed in the National Red list or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005). It has been found in a Nature Reserve in the Czech Republic. Further research is needed to establish the population size and trend and to identify any existing trends.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,propinqua,,Andrena propinqua,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as this species was included as a synonym of Andrena dorsata and therefore the separate populations of Andrena propinqua have been poorly studied. There is currently little or no information available on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is found throughout most of Europe, except in northern Europe. It is known from Austria (Warncke 1981, Dubitzky 2005, Gusenleitner et al. 2012), Belgium (Leclercq 1972, Rasmont et al. 1995, Pauly 1999), Croatia (Warncke 1969, Moczar and Warncke 1972), the Czech Republic (Straka et al. 2007, Přidal and Vesely 2011), Denmark (Calabuig and Madsen 2009), France (Warncke et al. 1974, Rasmont et al. 1995, Baliteau et al. 2013), Germany (in Bavaria, Hesse, Rhineland-Palatinate, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein and Thuringia States - Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997, Burger 2011, Kroupa et al. 2014), Hungary (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Józan 2011), mainland Italy and Sicily (Warncke 1967, Pagliano 1995, Zandigiacomo et al. 2013), Latvia (Tumšs 1972, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, although it is absent from the checklist prepared by Kalniņš (2003)), Lithuania (Monsevičius 2004), Luxemburg (Rasmont et al. 1995), Moldova (Andreyev et al. 1986), Netherlands (Van den Assem 1951, Lefeber 1969, although it is not included in Koel (2014), probably because it was considered as a synonym), Poland (Dylewska 1974, Banaszak 1991, Banaszak et al. 2006), Portugal (Warncke 1976), Romania (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980, Tomozei 2002), Serbia (Warncke 1966, 1967, Moczar and Warncke 1972), Slovakia (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Lukáš 1998, Straka et al. 2007), Spain (Ceballos 1956, Warncke 1976, González et al. 1999, Ortiz-Sánchez 2011), Switzerland (Rasmont et al. 1995, Oertli et al. 2005) and in all regions in Ukraine (Warncke 1967, Osytshnjuk 1977, Radchenko 1982). Furthermore, it is present in Russia in the Belgorod region (Kohl 1913, Wu 1960), in Perm Krai (Lykov 2004, 2008), the Moscow region (Mosolov 1905), the Volgograd region (Warncke 1967) and the Lipetsk region (Kuznetsova 1990), It has also been mistakenly recorded from the United Kingdom by Osytshnjuk (1977).It has also been found in North Africa, Asia Minor, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, and possibly China. It is likely that the distribution of this species is much wider, since it may have been misidentified with Andrena dorsata.","The current status of Andrena propinqua populations in most European countries is unclear due to the fact that in many articles this species is considered as a synonym of Andrena dorsata. However, in all regions where it is listed as a separate species, it appears to be stable, but it seems less present than Andrena dorsata.","Andrena propinqua inhabits different biotopes, both natural and agricultural, such as field crops, gardens, shelterbelts, forest edges and dry meadows. It is rarely found in the steppe zone and it is even rarer to find in mountainous areas. It flies from April to August and has two generations. It is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plant species, with females visiting flower of plants from 11 families, but mostly recorded on the flowers of Brassicaceae and Rosaceae (Osytshnjuk 1977, Radchenko 1982, Kuznetsova 1990). It is a pollinator of fruit crops (Muzichenko 1937, Nevkryta 1957, Breitbach et al. 2012), some cultivated plants of Brassicaceae and alfalfa (Wu 1960, Kocourek 1966). Its nest parasite is Nomada zonata Panz. (Kocourek 1966).","The main threats to this species are the sharp decrease of true steppes and other similar habitats, ploughing of fields where the nests are present, processing of fields with insecticides, and mowing and/or eating of flowering plants by domestic livestock at the time when adult bees begin to fly.","This species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. However, it is listed in the regional Red Lists of different states of Germany. In particular, it is listed as Extinct in the Schleswig-Holsteins state (van der Smissen 2001) and as Critically Endangered in the Thuringia state (Burger 2011). It is has a lower threat category in some other states where it is distributed (Burger and Winter 2001, Mandery et al. 2003, Burger et al. 2004). It is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, distribution, population size, trends and specific threats to the species.In order to protect the species, its preferred wild plants need to be preserved by prohibiting the use of insecticides on the fields during flowering and by preventing livestock from grazing on the flowering plants.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of different plants. It is an especially important pollinator of fruit crops (Muzichenko 1937, Nevkryta 1957, Breitbach et al. 2012), some cultivated plants of Brassicaceae and alfalfa (Wu 1960, Kocourek 1966).","Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,proxima,,Andrena proxima,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as the distribution, population size, trends and threats are unknown for this species as its taxonomic status has yet to be resolved. All previous records of the species need to be re-examined before a different Red List category can be assigned.",Unknown,"Andrena proxima is a central-European species that distributed in Albania (Warncke 1966a), Austria (all regions except Vorarlberg: Móczár and Warncke 1972, Warncke 1981, Gusenleitner 1985, Schwarz et al. 1996, Ebmer 1999, Schwarz and Gusenleitner 2000, Zettel et al. 2013), Bulgaria (Drenowski 1936, Warncke 1966a, Atanasov 1972), Belgium (Rasmont et al. 1993, 1995); Belarus (Prishchepchik 2000), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Warncke 1966a), Croatia (Móczár and Warncke 1972, Józan 2003, 2009, 2014), Czech Republic (Bohemia and Moravia; Halada and Halada 1992, Přidal 2004, Dvořák et al. 2007, Přidal and Vesely 2011), Denmark (Calabuig and Madsen 2009), France (Warncke et al. 1974, Rasmont et al. 1995), Germany (all States: Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997, Dubitzky 2005, Kovács-Hostyánszki et al. 2013), Greece (mainland and island Corfu in the Ionian Sea (Warncke 1965a, 1966a, Schmid-Egger 2005, Grace 2010), Hungary (Mocsar and Warncke 1972, Józan 2003, Schmid-Egger 2005, Kovács-Hostyánszki 2013), Italy (Northern and Southern Italy and Sicily: Quaranta et al. 2004, Schmid-Egger 2005, Hellrigl 2006, Puglisi et al. 2012), Latvia (Kalniņš 2003), Liechtenstein (Bieri 2002, Schmid-Egger 2005), Lithuania (Monsevičius 2004), Luxembourg (Rasmont et al. 1995), Macedonia (Warncke 1966a, 1973a), Moldova (Andreyev et al. 1986); Montenegro (Warncke 1966a, 1967a), Norway, Netherlands (Peeters et al. 1999), Poland (Pawlikowski and Hirsch 2002, Wiśniowski and Werstak 2009, Pawlikowski et al. 2008), Romania: (Mocsar and Warncke 1972, Warncke and Scabiola 1980, Ban-Calefariu and Matache 2008), Russia (Moscow region - Levchenko 2010; Perm Krai - Lykov 2004, 2008; Kazan and Orenburg regions - Eversmann 1852, Penza region - Shibaev and Polumordvinov 2012; Mordovia - Ruchin 2008; Kursk region - M.Filatov pers. comm. 2014; Lipetsk region - Kuznetsova 1990; Bashkortostan - Nikiforuk 1957; Ulyanovsk - Blagoveshchenskaya 1983), Serbia (Warncke 1966a), Slovakia (Lukáš 1998, Lukáš et al. 1999, Přidal 2004), Slovenia (Gogala 2011), Switzerland (Schwarz et al. 1996, Augstburger and Zetiel 2002, Schmid-Egger 2005, Gusenleitner et al. 2012), Ukraine: (Cherkasy region and Crimea - Osytshnjuk 1977; Chernivtsi region - Śnieżek 1910; Dnipropetrovsk region - Bramson 1879; Kharkov region - M. Filatov pers. comm. 2014; Kiev region - Lebedev 1933; Lviv region - Noskiewicz 1922; Transcarpathian region - Mocsar and Warncke 1972, Osytshnjuk 1977; Ternopol region: Wisniowski and Partyka 2010) and the United Kingdom (only southern part - Horsley et al. 2013).Outside of Europe the species may reach as far as eastern Russia. However, indications of Andrena proxima for the Asian part of Russia (Krainov 2013, Sidorov 2010), the Caucasus (Skhirtladze 2002, Yunusov 2012) and Central Asia (Morawitz 1876, Popov 1951) appear to belong to another species.","Due to the taxonomic uncertainty with this species, the current population of the species remains unknown. If Andrena proxima was to retain its current taxonomic status then it would have a wide ranging and possibly stable population. However, if the species is split into several distinct species then it would be necessary to re-examine all previous records of this species to know the appropriate occurrence of each new species.","Andrena proxima occurs mainly in moist habitats, meadows, forest edges and clearings, and alpine and sub-alpine meadows. In the Alps, it is found at altitudes up to 2,000 m asl (Frey-Gessner 1911). It settles mostly on grasslands, but also on other warm, dry, and open sites. It nests either on its own or in small aggregations, generally avoiding sandy soils (Kocourek 1966, Westrich 1989). Its kleptoparasite, or nest parasite, is Nomada conjungens (Friese 1926).Andrena proxima is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, such as the flowers of Apiaceae from which it gathers pollen and nectar (Friese 1926, Kocourek 1966, Warncke 1966a, 1981, Osytschnjuk 1977, Howe 2002). It also visits flowers of Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Campanulaceae and Euphorbaceae, but only rarely. It is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and it flies from mid-April until late June.","The main threats to this species are the ploughing of land on which the species builds its nests, the processing of fields with insecticides, and the mowing and/or eating of flowering plants by domestic livestock when adult bees begin to fly. Any potential population declines may be attributable to the deterioration of habitats rich in umbellifers (Apiacaea). In different sites, this may be due to urbanisation, or agricultural and forestry intensification.","In order to conserve this species, the species' preferred plants need to be preserved by prohibiting the use of insecticides on the fields during flowering, preventing the ploughing of lands on which the species builds its nests, and by preventing livestock from grazing on the flowering plants.   The species occurs in protected areas and has been recorded at many nature reserves in European countries. If we assume that for central European countries that the species has been correctly identified then the species is only listed as Vulnerable in the Red List of Great Britain (Shirt 1987). Elsewhere it is classified as Least Concern for Poland (Banaszak 2002), the Netherlands (Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Germany (Westrich et al. 2011).Further research should be conducted to determine whether the taxonomy of this species should remain the same or if the species should be split into a number of separate species. Additional research would then be required to determine the correct distribution, population, habitat, ecology and threats to the species.","The species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of Apiaceae.","Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Radchenko, V.","Roberts, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,pruinosa,,Andrena pruinosa,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on population size, trends or threats, and little is known regarding the species' habitat or ecology in Europe. Further research is needed in order to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"Andrena pruinosa is primarily a north African species, where it is known from Morocco eastwards to the Levant. In Europe, it is restricted, although widespread, to Iberia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013). Rasmont et al. (2013) show a record from Corsica, but this is of dubious provenance.","There is no information available on either overall population size or trends of this species. However, although in Europe the species is restricted to Spain, it does have a wide distribution across north Africa eastwards to the Levant.","Andrena pruinosa is mainly present on dry grasslands. Outside Europe, it is found in floristically diverse roadside deserts and semi-deserts, along with areas of small scale cultivation. It is probably a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of plant species, including Reseda decursiva (Resedaceae) and Asphodelus species (Xanthorrhoeaceae). It is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year flying from March to June (S. Roberts pers. obs. 1995, 2003).","The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given the fact that they inhabit dry grasslands, inappropriate grazing regimes may have a negative impact on the species through the removal of vital floral resources.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected area throughout its range.Further research is needed to establish full details of population size and trends, to determine and identify any specific threats and to establish further details of the ecology and life history.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,pusilla,,Andrena pusilla,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient (DD) as the taxonomic status of this species is still unclear and the data for the distribution and population need to be reassessed once the taxonomic status has been confirmed. The species is also rare in Europe and there may not be enough current data to fully assess the species.,Unknown,"The existing taxonomic problems with Andrena pusilla has led to much confusion in the determination of its real area of distribution. Here we accept this species from Gusenleitner and Schwarz (2002) with the inclusion of Andrena pseudasuniensis as a junior synonym of Andrena pusilla.   From such a viewpoint, Andrena pusilla is a central-European species that is distributed in Albania (Warncke 1966b); Austria (only in Burgenland, Styria, Upper Austria and Salzburg states - Schwartz et al. 1996, Gusenleitner 1984); Belgium (Rasmont et al. 1995); Bosnia and Herzegovina (Warncke 1966b); Croatia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002; but it is absent in the checklists by Jozan (2009, 2014)); Czech Republic (Bohemia and Moravia; Přidal 2004, Straka et al. 2007, Dvořák et al. 2007); France (mainland and Corsica - Warncke et al. 1974, Rasmont et al. 1995, Chifflet et al. 2011); Germany (mostly in southern part: Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Hesse, North Rhine-Wesyphalia, Saxony, Rhineland-Palatinate, Saarland and Saxony-Anhalt States - Schmid-Egger et al. 1995, Dathe et al. 1995, Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997, Burger and Winter 2001); Greece (only Continental Greece - Warncke 1966b, Grace 2010); Hungary (only in Great Hungarian Plain, Transdanubian Hills and Transdanubian Mountains - Moczar and Warncke 1972, Józan 2011); Italy (mainland, Sicily and Sardinia - Strand 1921, Comba and Comba 1991, Pagliano 1995, Quaranta et al. 2004); Luxembourg (Rasmont et al. 1995); Netherlands (Peeters et al. 1999, Peeters and Reemer 2003, Koel 2014, Raemakers et al. 2004); Poland (Dylewska 2000, Banaszak 2000); Romania (Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980); Slovakia (Přidal 2004) and formally Switzerland, now extinct (only Jura and Mittelland West states - Rasmont et al. 1995; Schwartz et al. 1996).  The records of Andrena pusilla from the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain) must be re-examined and confirmed in new investigations (Dardón et al. 2010). This undoubtedly applies to the recent indications of Andrena pusilla for Spain that were examined by Ortiz-Sánchez (2011).  The species has also been recorded in Asia and north  Africa.","It is necessary to re-examine most occurrences of this species due to the associated taxonomic problems, therefore the current status of the Andrena pusilla populations are unknown.","Andrena pusiila inhabits different biotopes, both natural and cultural, and it is found on flower-rich grasslands, as well as heathlands. It is a bivoltine species, in that it has two generations. The first generation flies from April to May, while the second generation flies from July to August (Dardón 2010). This species mainly visits the flowers of Brassicaceae (Brassica napus, Brassica nigra, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Cochlearia anglica, Diplotaxis muralis, Raphanus raphanistrum, Sisymbrium orientale, Isatis sp.), although it has also been registered on Asteraceae (Bellis perennis, Chamaemelum fuscatum, Sonchus maritimus), Rosaceae (Prunus spinosa), Caryophyllaceae (Stellaria media) and Plantaginaceae (Veronica chamaedrys) (Dylewska 1987). Andrena pusiila build its nests in clay soils.","The main threats for this species are from ploughing lands in which it builds its nests, processing of fields with insecticides, as well as the mowing and eating of flowering plants by humans and domestic livestock, respectively, at the time when adult bees begin to fly. The loss of flowering plants in different sites may also be due to urbanisation, agricultural and forestry intensification.","In order to conserve this species, the species' preferred plants need to be preserved by prohibiting the use of insecticides on the fields during flowering and by preventing livestock from grazing on the flowering plants. The species occurs in protected areas and has been recorded in nature reserves in some European countries. The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Data Deficient; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Poland (Vulnerable; Banaszak 2002) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994, BAFU 2009). Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, distribution, population size and trends for the species.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but has a value as a pollinator of different plants. In France it has been recorded as a pollinator of oilseed rape Brassica napus (Chifflet et al. 2011).","Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,pyropygia,,Andrena pyropygia,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern because although the European population is restricted and the sub-populations are disjunct, recolonization into the Greek islands from the Turkish mainland is possible and overall the population size is presumably large. The threats to this species are unknown so further research is required to establish if there are any major threats.",Unknown,"Andrena pyropygia is present in the south-east of Europe (Cyprus, Greece and Ukraine). It is mainly recorded in Asia, from Turkey to the Caucasus, Iran and Israel.","There is no detailed information about the overall population size and trend. The European sub-populations are disjunct, and the sub-population in Crimea is isolated from the core Anatolian population. Recolonization is only possible into the Greek islands from the Turkish mainland.","Andrena pyropygia has two generations. It flies from April to July. It could be found in various biotopes – mainly premountains and mountainous xeric grassland areas and areas of extensive agriculture. There are records of specimens foraging on Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Rosaceae and Tamaricaceae (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). The species is a pollinator of melons and various vegetables.",The threats to this species are unknown.,The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is likely to occur in protected areas.Further research is needed to establish the population size and to identify trends and existing threats.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,pyrozonata,,Andrena pyrozonata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitats, ecology, or threats. Further research may list this species with an increased threat status, especially considering its distribution in Europe, where it is restricted to Cyprus.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is restricted to the island of Cyprus. Outside of Europe, it is known from Anatolian Turkey (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013).",There is no information available on either overall population size or trends.,"Little information is available regarding the habitats and ecology of this species, although it is likely to be associated with Mediterranean phryganic shrublands. All the type specimens of A. perapedica (15 females and 18 males) have been collected on Quercus lusitanica infectoria (Mavromoustakis 1958, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","Details of the specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given that it is found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected area throughout its range.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,quadrimaculata,,Andrena quadrimaculata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitats, ecology, or threats. Further research may provide this species with an increased threat status, especially considering that in Europe, the species is restricted to a small isolated subpopulation in a single montane area in the Balkans, counting with a small extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO).",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena quadrimaculata has a narrow range, and is restricted to montane regions of the southern Balkans. Elsewhere, and widely separated from the European subpopulations, the species is found from central Anatolia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013) and Azerbaijan (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","There is not available information on either population size or trends. The European subpopulations are widely disjunct from the core Anatolian subpopulations, which would mean that there is little chance of any genetic exchange or recolonization. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are presumed to be small.","Little is known about the habitats and ecology of this species, although it is likely to be associated with montane grasslands.","The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given the nature of the montane grasslands it is likely to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes may have a negative impact on the species through the removal of vital floral resources.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected area throughout its range.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,ranunculi,,Andrena ranunculi,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern because, although full details of threats and trends are not available, the species is widespread in distribution, and it has a presumed overall large population.",Unknown,"Andrena ranunculi is known from the western Mediterranean region. In Europe, it is widespread through Spain and southern France, and there are also records from southern Italy and Sicily. In north Africa, the species is found across the Mediterranean zone in the Maghreb (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013).","There is no information available on the overall population size and population trends. However, since the species is widespread in the Mediterranean zone and in the southern parts of both the Atlantic and continental climatic regions of France, the population is probably quite large overall.","In Spain, the species is found in Mediterranean vegetation with open, floristically rich areas (S. Roberts pers. obs. 2003). Andrena ranunculi is univoltine, in that it has a single generation per year, and is on the wing in April and May. It has been recorded visiting flowers of Ranunculus species (Pérez 1890, unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014) and Calendula arvensis (Asteraceae) (E. Schecuchl pers. comm. 2014).","The specific threats to this species are not known. However, given the nature of the dry grasslands and Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities that it is known to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have negative impacts on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected area throughout its range, although given its broad distribution, it is very likely. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,ranunculorum,,Andrena ranunculorum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Andrena ranunculorum is rare species that is locally distributed across the middle of Europe, from the Pyrenees to the Urals. In Europe, it is known from Greece (one female - Achaia; E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014), Italy (Kuhlmann et al. 2014, but absent in the last checklists of bees of Italy prepared by Pagliano 1995, 2003), Romania (Warncke 1967, Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980), Russia (Republic of Bashkortostan: Osytshnjuk 1977; Volgograd region: Warncke 1967), Spain (Aragon: Ceballos 1956, Warncke 1976, Ortiz-Sánchez 2011), Switzerland (Canton of Valais: Schwarz et al. 1996, Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997, Oertli et al. 2005) and Ukraine (Crimea: Osytschnjuk 1977). It is doubtful that it is found from the Aquitaine region in France as the highest elevation in this province does not reach 150 m asl (Ascher and Pickering 2014).  In Asia, Andrena ranunculorum has been found in the Caucasus (Armenia, Republic of Dagestan in Russia, Azerbaijan and Georgia), Turkey, Iran, Turkmenistan, the southern part of west Siberia, Kemerovo region of Russia, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan.",The current population status of this rare species is unknown.,"Andrena ranunculorum mainly inhabits foothill and mountain habitats that are both wet and dry. It has been recorded as a pollinator of fruit trees. It is probably widely oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of plant species, with a preference for cruciferous plants (Brassicaceae), but it has also been found on Rosaceae, Umbelliferae, Asteraceae, Ranunculaceae and Cistaceae (unpublished data Osytshnjuk, V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2014). In Turkey and Italy, A. ranunculorum is narrowly oligolectic on Brassicaceae, preferring yellow flowering species (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). It is a univoltine species, in that it has one generation per year, flying from April to June.",The main threats to this species are unknown.,"In order to protect this species, it would be useful to prohibit: grazing, cutting or burning of flowering plants in the locality of the bee; the use of insecticides and ploughing agricultural land on which the species builds its nests.The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.  The species has been recorded in the Crimean Nature Reserve, Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977).","This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but it is valued as a pollinator of different plants. It was also recorded as pollinator of fruit trees (Özbek 2008).","Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,relata,,Andrena relata,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"This speies is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on population size and trends, habitat, ecology, or threats to the species. Further research may increase its threat status, especially considering that this is a Spanish endemic species with a relatively small extent of occurrence (EOO) and a smaller area of occupancy (AOO).",Unknown,"Andrena relata is an Iberian endemic, and its distribution is restricted to Spain (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013).",There is no information available on either overall population size or trends of this species. It has a relatively small extent of occurrence (EOO) and a smaller area of occupancy (AOO).,"Little information is available regarding the habitats or ecology of this species. However, it is almost certainly associated with Mediterranean phryganic shrublands. The species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of plant species, on Reseda species (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014), including Reseda lutea (Warncke 1976). The species is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and flies from mid-March (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014) to mid-June (Warncke 1976).","Details of specific threats to the species are unknown. However, given that it is most likely found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes. As for the coastal regions, the species could be affected by development of tourist infrastructure.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected area, but given its wide distribution in Spain, this is very likely.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,reperta,,Andrena reperta,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient since there is no information available on population size and trends, habitats, ecology, or threats to the species. Further research may increase its threat status, especially considering that this species, which in Europe is restricted to Spain, has a relatively small distribution.",Unknown,"Andrena reperta is a west Mediterranean species restricted to Spain and the Maghreb (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013).",There is no information available on the overall population size and trends of this species.,"Little information is available regarding the habitats or ecology of this species. However, it is almost certainly associated with Mediterranean phryganic shrublands and xeric grasslands. Details of flower visitation and pollen forage plants are likewise not available. Specimen data shows that Andrena reperta is a very early flying species and flies from February to March (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013). Scheuchl (pers. comm. 2014) citing Warncke (1976) and his own data from Spain reports the bee flies from the beginning of April to the beginning of May.","The specific threats to this species are not known. However, given the nature of the dry grasslands and Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is known to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may well have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected area throughout its range.  Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,resoluta,,Andrena resoluta,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size and trends, habitat, ecology, or threats to the species. Further research may increase its threat status, especially considering that in Europe the species is restricted to a small area in the Balkans, and has a relatively small extent of occurrence (EOO) and a smaller area of occupancy (AOO).",Unknown,"Andrena resoluta is a Balkan endemic species, where it appears to be known from Bulgaria and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013). However, a male has been collected from Florina (Greece) and a female from Istanbul (European Turkey) (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).",There is no information available on either overall population size or trends.,"While there is no information available on the habitats and ecology of this species, it is probably oligolectic on Asteraceae (Asteroidae) species, or at least has a certain preference for them (E. Scheuchl pers. obs. 2014).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected area throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,rhenana,,Andrena rhenana,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient since there is no information on population size and trends, and specific threats to the species. This species is clearly rare in Germany, and if research shows that this situation is widespread, it is possible that the species may qualify for an increased threat status.",Unknown,"Andrena rhenana is widely, although sparingly distributed through western Europe, from Iberia north eastwards to Baden-Württemberg (Germany) (Westrich 1989, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013).","There are no data available on either overall population size or trends, but in southern Germany the species is regarded as Rare (Westrich 1989).","Details of the habitat of this species are scarce, but it is known from a complex of wet and dry meadows in the Upper Rhine Valley (Westrich 1989). In southern France, it is likely to be associated with Mediterranean shrublands. As it is typical for the members of the sub-genus Chlorandrena, this is an oligolectic species, specializing in Asteraceae pollen, and indeed Ricciardelli d'Albore and Intoppa (2000) list Taraxacum as a forage source. Its flight period is typically in April and May (Westrich 1989).","The specific threats to this species are not known. However, given that it is found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities in parts of its range, it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.","The species is listed on the National Red Lists of Germany as Rare (Westrich et al. 2011) but is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,rhypara,,Andrena rhypara,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitats, ecology, or threats. Further research may list the species with an increased threat status, especially considering that in Europe the species is restricted to Spain and Sicily, and has a relatively small distribution.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena rhypara is restricted to southernmost Andalucía (Spain) and Sicily (Warncke 1976). However, the species is widespread in the Maghreb, with a range extending from Morocco to Tunisia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013).",There is no information available on either the overall population size or trends.,"Details of the habitats and ecology are not known but it is presumed to occur in phryganic mediterranean shrublands. Records indicate that the species flies from the end of April to the beginning of June in northern Africa (Warncke 1974a), May in Spain (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014) and June in Sicily (Warncke 1967a).","The specific threats to this species are not known. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is likely to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may well have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,rhyssonota,,Andrena rhyssonota,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern because, although complete details of threats and trends are missing, the species is widespread in distribution and it has a presumed overall large population.",Unknown,"This is a species of the western Mediterranean basin, where it is found across the Iberian Peninsula and in Sicily. The species is also present in the Maghreb in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013).","There are no details on either the overall population size or any population trends. However, the species is widespread in the western Mediterranean and therefore, the population is probably quite large overall.","There are few details on habitats or ecology. However, since Andrena rhyssonota belongs to the sub-genus Chlorandrena, it will be a specialist forager on various Asteraceae flowers. In Spain, it has been found nesting in large dispersed aggregations in sandy soil within open grassy dehesas (S. Roberts and G. R. Else pers. obs. 2003) and in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands. The species flies as a single generation from March to May.","The threats to this species are not known. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is known to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. Its distribution overlaps with at least one protected area (Parque Nacional Coto de Doñana, Spain), and given its very wide distribution, it is likely to be found in others as well. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,robusta,,Andrena robusta,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is found on the island of Rhodes, Greece, in the mountains at an altitude of 400-600 m (Warncke 1975), continental Greece in the Thessaly region, Volos, Plataniá (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Standfuss et al. 2011), the Peloponnese, and in Greek Aegean on Lesbos and Samos (Grace 2010). A single specimen has also been identified from Lebanon.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 44,923 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2.","A very rare species. A number of specimens have been identified from Greece: one female from Mystras/Lakonia on the Peloponnes; one female from Girne/N-Cyprus; one female from Besparmak/N-Cyprus, and several specimens from Rhodos. In the Warncke collection one female from Lebanon was found (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). No further population information is known about this species.","The flight period for this species is from mid April until mid May (Warncke 1974, 1975). As the species is found in Greece, it can be presumed to inhabit Mediterranean type shrub land. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species. Data from Standfuss et al. (2011) suggest that the species is bivoltine with a very early first generation in February and the second generation in April and May.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,rogenhoferi,,Andrena rogenhoferi,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern because, although the species is considered threatened in some European countries, the species has a widespread distribution across the Alps (with a large extent of occurrence (EOO) and an area of occupancy (AOO) of similar size). However, further research should be undertaken in order to establish full details of population size, trends and threats to the species.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is typical of alpine habitats in Austria, France, Switzerland, Germany, Italy and Slovenia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2013).",There is no information available on either overall population size or trends.,"Andrena rogenhoferi is found through alpine grasslands above the tree line, and indeed Gogala (2011) reports that the species can be found up to an altitude of 2,700 m asl in Slovenia. It is a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants, and it will visit the flowers of Laserpitium siler (Apiaceae), Potentilla nitida, Rosa (Rosaceae) and Salix (Salicaceae). Pittioni et al. (2014) noted visitation to Gentiana kochiana (Gentianaceae) and Kalmia (as Loiseleuria) procumbens (Ericaceae) in Austria. Müller (1881) observed the species collecting pollen of Gentiana lutea, while Westrich (1989) recorded Acer pseudoplatanus and Rhododendron as pollen sources. The species was also observed on Salix reticulate and Salix waldsteinia (Ebmer 1997), Helianthemum (Ebmer 2003), Dryas and Astrantia species (Zettel et al. 2008). Additional observations of flower visits include Senecio doronicum (Müller 1881), Saxifraga aizoides (Frey-Gessner 1890), Berberis (Friese 1893), Rhododendron (Frey-Gessner 1903); Saxifraga aizoïdes, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Rhododendron (Frey-Gessner 1905), Gentiana acaulis (Alfken 1942), Salix helvetica (Schedl 1982), Potentilla nitida (Gogala 1991); Saxifraga oppositifolia, Saxifraga rudolphiana (Kreisch 1996); Cardamine, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Taraxacum (Ebmer 1997) and Dryas octopetala (Ebmer 2003).This species is univoltine, in that it has a single generation per year, and is on the wing over an extended flight period, from May to August.","The specific threats to this species are not known, but given that it is found in alpine grasslands, it could be impacted negatively by inappropriate grazing, mowing regimes and winter sport infrastructure development.","The species is listed in the following National Red Lists or Red Data Books: Germany (Rare; Westrich et al. 2011) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas, but given its distribution range it is likely.Further research is needed to establish full details of population size and trends, to determine and identify any specific threats and to establish further details of the ecology and life history. As this species is an alpine endemic, a watching brief should be kept to assess the status in the future.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,roripae,,Andrena roripae,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on the species' population size, status and threats. The last known specimens were found in 1964. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,Andrena roripae is only known from a few localities in Asian Russia and Crimea (Alushta). The male is not described.,There is no information on the overall size of the population or of trends. No specimens have been found since 1964.,Females visit Asteraceae (Taraxacum) and Brassicaceae (Roripa). They fly from April to May. It is only known from riverine habitats and in forest glades (V. Radchenko pers.comm. 2013).,The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite the lack of records in the last 50 years, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. The species was not found in any protected area.Further research is urgently necessary to determine the status of this bee, to understand its ecology and to establish the existing threats.",The species is not used or in trade.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,rosae,,Andrena rosae,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as the species is rare and the population trend is unknown, despite the fact that it is widespread and has been found in many countries in the past. Research should be conducted to determine the status of the species.",Unknown,"Andrena rosae is a widely distributed but rare trans-palaearctic species. Its range extends from Ireland as far east as Japan. In southern Europe it is found mainly in mountainous areas. In Europe it known from Austria (all states except Vorarlberg - Schwarz et al. 1996, Ebmer 1999, Warncke 1981, Gusenleitner 1985, Gusenleitner et al. 2012), Belarus (Arnold 1902), Belgium (Rasmont et al. 1993, 1995), Croatia (Moczar and Warncke 1972), Czech Republic (Bohemia and Moravia -  Přidal 2004, Přidal and Vesely 2011), Estonia (Sagemehl 1882), France (Warncke et al. 1974, Rasmont et al. 1995), Germany (all States except north Rhine-Westphalia - Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997, Theunert 2008, Kroupa et al. 2012), Greece (mainland and Crete - Warncke 1965a, 1966a), Hungary (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Józan 2003), Ireland (Ronayne 2006), Italy (Northern Italy, North Tyrol; South Tyrol, Napoli, Sicily - Pagliano 1995, Vicidomini 1999, Hellrigl 2006), Latvia (Tumšs 1972, Kalniņš 2003), Lithuania (Monsevičius 1995, Budrys 2009), Luxemburg (Rasmont et al. 1995), Moldova (Andreyev et al. 1986), Netherlands (Peeters et al. 1999, Meer van der et al. 2006, Reemer et al. 2008, Koel 2014), Poland (Banaszak 1980, Dylewska 1991, Banaszak 2000, Pawlikowski and Hirsch 2002, Moroń et al. 2009, Celary and Wisniowski 2009, Wiśniowski and Werstak 2009), Romania (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980), Russia (Perm Krai - Lykov 2004, 2008, Moscow region - Mosolov 1905, Levchenko 2010, Ulyanovsk – Popova 2008; Republic of Mordovia - Ruchin 2008; Penza region - Shibaev and Polumordvinov 2012; Republic of Bashkortostan - Nikiforuk 1957; Belgorod and Kursk regions - M. Filatov pers. comm. 2014; Lipetsk region - Kuznetsova 1990; St. Petersburg - Morawitz 1869; Republic of Tatarstan, Volgograd, Orenburg and Saratov regions - Eversmann 1852; Tula region - Dankov 1915), Serbia (Warncke 1966a), Slovakia (Lukáš 1998, Lukáš et al. 1999, Přidal 2004). Slovenia (Gogala 1994, 1999), Spain (Northern and Central parts, on the south to Extremadura region; Balearic Islands - Warncke 1976, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Ortiz-Sánchez 2011); Switzerland (only in Mittelland West, Mittelland Ost and Graubünden - Rasmont et al. 1995, Schwarz et al. 1996); Ukraine (Cherkasy, Kharkiv, Kyiv, Lviv, Poltava, Volyn regions and Crimea – Osytshnjuk 1977; Ternopil region - Wierzejski 1874; Dnipropetrovsk region – Bramson 1879) and the United Kingdom (southern part, on the north to the northwest England region - Rothney 1881, Fowles 1996, Howe 2002, Horsley et al. 2013). Andrena rosae also included in the checklist of Finland bees (Paukkunen and Malinen 2014), but without any specific data. Therefore, this information must be confirmed.  In Asia it noted for Turkey, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Iran, Mongolia, China, Japan, South Korea, In the Asian part of Russia, the species has been recorded from Siberia, Yakutia, Zabaykal'ye, Amur, Irkutsk, Sakha, Khabarovsk, Curiles and Sakhalin.",The current status of the populations of this widely distributed but rare species in Europe remains unknown for most regions. It has not been collected in many countries over the past 10 years.,"Andrena rosae inhabits different biotopes, but it mainly prefers moist habitats, meadows, forest edges and clearings, river valleys and floodplain forests. In the mountains, it was recorded at altitudes up to 2,000 m asl (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). It is bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year. The first one flies from April to June, and the second from July to the end of August. It is a polylectic species, in that in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. The females visit flowers of different plants. For example, in the Lipetsk region of Russia this species was registered on 28 plant species from 13 families (Kuznetsova 1990). However, females of the first generation prefer flowers of willow (Salix) and Rosaceae (such as Prunus spinosa, Potentilla verna, Crataegus oxyacantha, Ribes grossularia, R. aureum, Cerasus sp., Malus sp., Rosa sp., Fragaria vesca, etc.), while the second generation occurs predominantly on flowers of Apiacea, more rarely on Asteracee (Osytshnjuk 1977), Campanulaceae (Celary and Wisniowski 2009) and Fabaceae (Tadauchi 2008). The nest parasite is Nomada marshamella (Stöckhert 1933).","The main threats to this species are the ploughing of the habitat in which it builds its nests and the processing of fields with insecticides. Habitat loss and deterioration of the mosaic of habitats necessary for nesting and foraging of both generations of this species is a particular problem. This is a result of urbanisation, intensive agriculture, afforestation and succession (Popova 2008, Horsley et al. 2013).","In order to conserve this species, the species' preferred plants need to be preserved by prohibiting the use of insecticides on the fields during flowering and by preventing livestock from grazing on the flowering plants. The species occurs in protected areas and has been recorded at many nature reserves in European countries. The species is listed in Ireland as Regionally Extinct (Fitzpatrick et al. 2006; Ronayne 2006). However, its junior synonym, Andrena stragulata, is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Estonia (Vulnerable; Lilleleht 2001), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Great Britain (Vulnerable; Falk 1991, Howe 2002, Horsley et al. 2013), the Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Switzerland (Endangered; BAFU 2009) and Slovenia (Rare, Anonymous 2002).","This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of different plants, especially of fruit trees.","Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,roseipes,,Andrena roseipes,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species as it may well require listing under a threatened category with more evidence.",Unknown,"The species is found in Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, the south of Ukraine (Crimea, Donetsk region) and the south-east of European Russia in the Volgograd region (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Osytshnjuk 1977, Jozan 2000, Pawlikowski 2001, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). As Pawlikowski just listed the species without giving any sources, it is not clear, if it has ever been recorded in Poland.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 373,705 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2.","In the early 1970's in the southern Ukraine, 30 specimens of this species were collected. Over the past 20 years in the Ukraine only one specimen has been found. In Hungary and Slovakia this species is only known from old collections. The population trend is unknown.","This species occurs in river valleys and other humid biotopes. It flies from April until May. In Hungary and Slovakia it was recorded in late March. The females collect pollen from flowers of Salicaceae (Salix alba, S. triandra, S. fragilis), Paeoniaceae (Paeonia lenuifolia), Ranunculaceae (Ficaria verna, Anemone, Adonis) (Alfken 1933, Kocourek 1966, Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"Andrena roseipes is included in Red List of Slovakia as Endangered (EN) (Lukáš 2001). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but has a value as a pollinator of plants.","Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,rotundata,,Andrena rotundata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size, trends, habitats, ecology, or threats to the species. Further research may list this species with an increased threat status, especially considering that in Europe is restricted to the Mediterranean islands of Sardinia and Corsica, and consequently has a relatively small distribution.",Unknown,"This is a species of the western Mediterranean basin, where Gusenleitner and Schwarz (2002) state that it is restricted to Sardinia. The species is present in the Maghreb in Algeria and Tunisia. In his description of A. rotundata ssp. diomedia, Warncke (1975) mentions that this subspecies may also appear on Corsica, but also through Tunisia and Sardinia (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). As for A. rotundata ssp. rotundata, it is recorded from Algeria and Tunisia (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).",There is no information available on either overall population size or trends of this species.,"There is no information available of the habitats and ecology of this species. However, it is presumed to occur in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands.","The threats to this species are unknown. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is likely to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected area throughout its range.  Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,rudolfae,,Andrena rudolfae,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is only found in the Bashkortostan region of European Russia in the village of Novo-Zirgan. Outside of Europe, the species is found in Kazakhstan: Akmola Province and Karagandy Province (Jezkazgan) (Osytshnjuk 1986).Both, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are 4 km2.",The information on the current status of Andrena rudolfae populations in Europe is not available. All specimens were collected more than 50 years ago. There are no data on population trends.,"This species predominantly inhabits humid biotopes i.e., meadows and river valleys. The females prefer to forage upon Ranunculaceae (Ranunculus polyrhizus, Ranunculus repens) but also collect pollen from flowers of Liliaceae (Fritillaria), Rosaceae (Spiraea hypericifolia, Spiraea crenata), Amaryllidaceae (Allium), Asteraceae (Scorzonera, Taraxacum), Caryophyllaceae (Stellaria), Caprifoliaceae (Lonicera) (Osytshnjuk 1986, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). The species flies from mid-May until June.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, distribution, while any threats to the species should be determined. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not utilized or traded commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R. & Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,ruficrus,,Andrena ruficrus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and overall large population. However the threats to this species are unknown, so further research should be carried out.",Unknown,"Andrena ruficrus is a widespread species in Europe, from the UK to the Moscow region of Russia, and from Finland south to the Balkans. Stoeckhert (1933) regarded this species as part of the boreo-alpine element of the fauna. It is largely absent from the Mediterranean zone. It also occurs in Asia from Turkey to South Korea and Japan.","Details of the population size and trends are unknown but as the species has a very large extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO) and is regularly encountered in ecological survey work, it is therefore assumed that the population is large overall.","Andrena ruficrus is an oligolectic species specializing in Salicaceae, however it will forage for nectar at other plant species including Asteraceae and Ranunculaceae. The bee flies early in the year to coincide with the flowering period of its forage plant species and is on the wing from late March to the end of April or early May. It nests either solitarily or in small, loose aggregations. It is host to the cleptoparasitic bee Nomada obscura.It is found on the edges of damp woodlands and in woodland glades and on the edges of sandy heathlands.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"Andrena ruficrus is considered to be Rare in Great Britain (Macadam et al. 2012, Shirt 1987). It is also listed in Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002) and in Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011). It is found in protected areas.Further research is needed to establish population size and to identify trends and any threats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,rufizona,,Andrena rufizona,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional species assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional species assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species, despite the fact that this species is widely distributed throughout Europe. Given that this species appears to be Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic and Germany, further research should be conducted to determine the status of this species more widely, as it may actually be threatened at the European level.",Unknown,"Andrena rufizona is found throughout Europe, from Spain eastwards to Poland, Ukraine and European Russia.Outside of Europe, the species is found in the Caucasus, Kazakhstan and the Asian parts of Russia.",No information is available for the population size and trend of this species.,"Andrena rufizona is regarded as a boreal-alpine species and occurs more frequently in the mountains at altitudes up to 2,000  m (in the Alps and the Caucasus). It inhabits forested areas of plains, steppe, edge of the forest steppe, oak forest, and meadow steppe. The species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage mainly upon Campanula (Campanulaceae) but it is also found on Geranium pratense (Geraniaceae), Veronica spicata, (Plantaginaceae) and Anthericum ramosum (Asparagaceae).",The main threat to this species is the inappropriate mowing of areas with Campanula species which therefore reduces the amount of forage available.,"The species occurs in the Red List of Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011). Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, and to ascertain if there are any further threats to the species. The species is found in Mercantour National Park of France.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Radchenko, V. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,rufula,,Andrena rufula,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the population in Europe is estimated to be more or less stable and there are no specific threats to the species. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.",Stable,"The total area of Andrena rufula covers the northern Mediterranean zone. In Europe, it is known from Austria (Burgenland, Lower Austria, Upper Austria, Styria and Vienna states - Alfken 1915, Schwarz et al. 1996, Schwarz and Gusenleitner 1997, Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997, Zettel et al. 2005, 2013, Gusenleitner et al. 2012), Croatia (Alfken 1915, Móczár and Warncke 1972, Korlević 1890), France (Schmiedeknecht 1883, Warncke et al. 1974, Rasmont et al. 1995), Greece (only mainland - Warncke 1965a, 1966a, Grace 2010, Standfuss et al. 2011), Hungary (most part of territory - Friese 1886, Móczár and Warncke 1972, Józan 2011), Italy (mainland – Gräffe 1895, Alfken 1915, Warncke 1967, Pagliano 1995, Zandigiacomo et al. 2013), Romania (Móczár and Warncke 1972, Warncke and Scabiola-Palade 1980, Mocsáry 1900, Tomozii 2010), Serbia (Móczár and Warncke 1972), Slovakia (Móczár and Warncke 1972, Přidal 2004, Straka et al. 2007), Slovenia (Slovene Littoral region - Gogala 1999, 2014), Spain (Province of Barcelona - Ceballos 1956, Ortiz-Sánchez 2011, Province of Zaragoza - Blasco-Zumeta 2014) and Switzerland (all cantons except Jura and the territory of the eastern Swiss Plateau - Schwarz et al. 1996, Rasmont et al. 1995) and Ukraine (Ukrainian Carpathians - Osytshnjuk 1967, Osytshnjuk 1986).  This species is supposed to occur in Macedonia (Ascher and Pickering 2014), but it is likely to come from erroneous data, as this species is not indicated in any scientific publication for this locality. The situation is similar for Poland, where it was listed in the checklist of Pawlikowski (2001), but this species has not been found in this country (Dylewska 2000).   In Asia, Andrena rufula is recorded in Turkey (Warncke 1974b, Grace 2010). Records for China and Mongolia (Ascher and Pickering 2014) should be considered as erroneous, since it is absent in the recent revision of the subgenus Euandrena of Eastern Asia by Xu and Tadauchi (2012).","The current status of the European populations of this rare species remains unclear, although it seems more or less stable, because over the past 10 years, in most countries where Andrena rufula is distributed, some specimens were collected: e.g., in Austria (Zettel et al. 2005, 2013), Greece (Standfuss et al. 2011), Hungary (Molnár et al. 2011), France (Le Féon 2010), Slovenia (Gogala 2014) and Spain (Blasco-Zumeta 2014).","Andrena rufula mainly occurs in dry habitats, such as steppic biotopes, however it is also found in gardens (Gräffe 1895, Gogala 1999). In the mountains of Turkey it is found at altitudes up to 1,300 m asl (Warncke 1974b). It is a spring species that flies from March to May, but in Greece the females also fly in June (Standfuss et al. 2011), and it possibly has two generations per year. It is probably a polylectic species, visiting trees and bushes, especially found on Prunus (Rosaceae) (Gogala 1999), Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae) (Blasco-Zumeta 2014) and Acer (Sapindaceae) (Friese 1886, Knuth 1908), although it has also been observed on grasses, e.g., on oilseed rape (Brassicaceae) (Le Féon 2010). Andrena rufula has been noted as a pollinator of orchids through pseudocopulation (Molnár et al. 2011). More detailed ecological information about this species still lacking (Zettel et al. 2013).","The main threats to this species is the sharp decrease of true steppes and other similar habitats, ploughing of fields where the species' nests are present, processing of fields with insecticides, and mowing and/or eating of flowering plants by domestic livestock at the time when adult bees begin to fly.","In order to protect the species, it is necessary to preserve the wild plants that they feed upon and prohibit the use of insecticides, pesticides, grazing, cutting or burning during the flowering of the wild plants. Andrena rufula is listed in the Red List of Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994, BAFU 2009) and Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002). It is included on the list of priority species for conservation in Slovakia (Vyhláška 2006). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted into the population trends and specific threats to the species.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but it is valued as a pollinator of different plants. It is noted as a pollinator of oilseed rape crops (Le Féon 2010).","Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,rugothorace,,Andrena rugothorace,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern because, although the species has a relatively restricted distribution in Europe, it seems plentiful in suitable habitat.",Unknown,"Andrena rugothorace is found across Greece and its islands, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Warncke 1973) and European Turkey, and there is a disjunct subpopulation in Sicily. Outside of Europe, its range extends across Anatolian Turkey to the Levant. The species is apparently unknown in Cyprus (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).","There is no information available on either overall population size or trends, although research projects in Attiki and Lesvos (Greece) show the bee to be plentiful in phryganic habitats.","Andrena rugothorace is known to be associated with Mediterranean phryganic shrublands. The bee is known to visit a wide range of flower species in Attiki (Greece) (Petanidou 1994), but whether these are pollen sources is unknown. Specimen data reveals the species to be univoltine, in that it has a single generation per year, and is on the wing from March to May.","The threats to this species are not known. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is known to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas, but given its wide distribution it is likely.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species, especially in the disjunct Sicilian subpopulation.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,rugulosa,,Andrena rugulosa,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. In Europe this species is very rare and therefore its population has been poorly studied. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Andrena rugulosa is a rare north Mediterranean species that is distributed in Europe from the northwestern part of the Alps to Crimea. In Europe, it is known from Austria (only Burgenland, Carinthia and Lower Austria - Gusenleitner 1984, Schwarz et al. 1996; Gusenleitner et al. 2012), Bulgaria (Warncke 1973a), Czech Republic (Bohemia - Přidal 2004, Moravia - Přidal and Vesely 2011), Greece (Warncke 1965a, 1966a, Gusenleitner 1984), Germany (only southern part: Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg, Hesse, Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland States - Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997, Schwarz et al. 1996, Kroupa et al. 2012), Hungary (only Great Hungarian Plain and Transdanubian Mountains - Moczar and Warncke 1972, Józan 2011), Italy (mainland - Gusenleitner 1984, Pagliano 1995, Zandigiacomo et al. 2013), Lithuania (Monsevičius 1995, 2007), Macedonia (Warncke 1966a, 1973a), Moldova (Andreyev et al. 1986), Romania (Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980), Serbia (Móczár and Warncke 1972), Slovenia (Gogala 1999), Switzerland (northern Switzerland, Jura and west Mittelland  – Schwarz et al. 1996) and Ukraine (only Crimea - Osytshnjuk 1977). Andrena rugulosa is also included in the checklist of bees for Poland (Pawlikowski 2001), but there are no concrete data and this species is absent in other publications on Polish fauna. Dylewska (2000) includes it in the identification keys of Polish Andreninae and writes that Andrena rugulosa can be found in Poland.   In Asia, Andrena rugulosa has been found in Turkey (Warncke 1974b, Özbek 1976), the Caucasus (Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980), especially in Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia and Republic of Dagestan in Russia (Osytschnjuk unpublished data) and it was recently discovered in Iran (Khodaparast and Monfared 2012).","The populations size and trend of this rare species remain unknown for most regions in Europe. This is largely due to the fact that it mainly inhabits mountainous terrains, where surveying is difficult. Only in Moravia (Czech Republic) is Andrena rugulosa unusually dominant in the Steppe (Přidal and Vesely 2011). However, this is contrary to its inclusion in the Red List of this country.","Andrena rugulosa occurs in different biotopes, but mainly in the mountains on grasslands and shrublands at altitudes up to 2,300 m asl in the Transcaucasus (Osytshnjuk unpublished data V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2014), 1,900  m asl in Greece (Gusenleitner 1984) and 1,800 m asl in Macedonia (Warncke 1973a). In Moravia (Czech Republic) it is a steppic species (Přidal and Vesely 2011). Westrich (1990) considers this species to be polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, but in most regions the females mainly collect pollen from Brassicaceae, although they rarely occur on Asteraceae, Cistaceae, Fabaceae and Rosaceae. It is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and it flies from April to June (Osytshnjuk 1977), and in the mountains until early July (Warncke 1973a).","The main threats to Andrena rugulosa in most of Europe remain unknown. However in Lithuania, Monsevièius (2007) considers that the main threat to the species is habitat change from further afforestation or natural plant succession.","The species is included in the National Red List of Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Lithuania (Endangered; Monsevièius 2007), Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002) and Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994, BAFU 2009). It occurs within a number of protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. In order to protect the species, it is necessary to preserve the wild plants that they feed upon and prohibit the use of insecticides, pesticides, grazing, cutting or burning during the flowering of the wild plants.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but it is valued as a pollinator of Brassicaceae plant species.","Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,rugulosella,,Andrena rugulosella,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"In the Europe, the species is only found in the Volgograd region and outside of Europe, it is found in Kazakhstan (Osytshnjuk 1993).The area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km2.",The information on the current status of Andrena rugulosella populations in Europe is not available. The latest recording of this species in Europe dates back to 1972. There are no data on population trends.,"The species is inhabits meadows and steppic grasslands. It flies from May until June. It is oligolectic on Brassicaceae (Lepidium perfoliatum, Lepidium draba, Rorippa amphibia, Alyssum spp.) (Osytshnjuk 1993).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, distribution, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A., Scott, J.A. & Scheuchl, E.","Kemp, J.R. & Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,russula,,Andrena russula,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on population size or trends, habitats, ecology, or threats. Its taxonomic status is yet to be clarified, especially regarding the historic confusion between this species and A. similis (=A. ocreata).",Unknown,"Many old records of this species are likely to have been confused with those of Andrena similis (=A. ocreata), since there has historically been some confusion over the taxon's true status. However, Kuhlmann et al. (2014) have presented a map which suggests that verified records of A. russula are known from Spain and Sardinia, and also from north Africa (from Morocco eastwards to Libya) (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).",There is no information available on either overall population size or trends.,"There is no information available on the habitats or ecology of this species. However, given its European distribution, it is assumed to be found in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, at least in parts of its range.","The threats to this species are not known. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is likely to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may well have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to clarify its taxonomic status and in order to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,saettana,,Andrena saettana,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is very little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is known from Rhodes and Samos in Greece, Cyprus and southern Turkey (Warncke 1974b, 1975, Grace 2010). It has also been found in Jordan (E.Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 94,115 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2.","The current status of Andrena saettana populations remains unknown, although it is very rare. The population trend is unknown.","The species flies from mid-April until the end of May. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although as it is found on the islands of Rhodes and Samos, it can be assumed to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,sagittaria,,Andrena sagittaria,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitat, ecology, or threats. Further research may increase the threat status of this species, which is restricted to the Canary Islands in Spain, and has a relatively small extent of occurrence (EOO) and a smaller area of occupancy (AOO).",Unknown,"Andrena sagittaria is endemic to Tenerife and La Gomera (Canary Islands, Spain) (Kuhlmann et. al 2013).",There is no information available on either overall population size or trends.,"There are few details of habitat or ecology of this species. However, since Andrena sagittaria belongs to the sub-genus Chlorandrena, it will be a specialist forager on various Asteraceae flowers.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,sandanskia,,Andrena sandanskia,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitat, ecology, or threats. Further research may list this species with an increased threat status, especially considering that is endemic to the eastern Balkans, and has a relatively small extent of occurrence (EOO) and a smaller area of occupancy (AOO).",Unknown,"Andrena sandanskia is a Balkan endemic species, with records from Bulgaria and Greece (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).",There is no information available on either overall population size or trends of this species.,Details of the habitats and ecology of this species are not known.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,sardoa,,Andrena sardoa,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is listed as Least Concern because, although it relies on restricted forage resources, the species is widespread. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.",Unknown,"Andrena sardoa is a species of the western Mediterranean basin. In Europe, it is found through Iberia, France, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica and the Balearic Islands. It is also found in the Mediterranean regions of the Maghreb, from Morocco to Tunisia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Westrich 2008, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).",There is no information available on either overall population size or trends of this species.,"Andrena sardoa is found in Mediterranean shrublands and habitats that support plants of the genus Asphodelus, upon which it is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of plant species. Moreover, Westrich (2008) states that from all the investigated 17 pollen loads from 16 locations sampled, all contained, exclusively, the pollen of Asphodelus species (Liliaceae). The species flies early in the year, from February to April, mirroring its flight period with the flowering period of its forage plant (Asphodelus).","The threats to this species are not known. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is known to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected area, although given its range, this seems likely. Further research is needed to establish full details of population size and trends, and to identify any specific threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,savignyi,,Andrena savignyi,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient since there is no information on population size or trends, habitats, ecology, or threats within the European part of its range. Further research may list the species with an increased threat status, especially considering its very restricted European range.",Unknown,"Andrena savigny is largely found across north Africa (including the Nile Valley) and the Levant, ranging eastwards to northern India and southeastwards to the Arabian  peninsula. In Europe, there are subpopulations in Corsica, Malta and the Canary Islands. The subpopulations are severely fragmented, including the European outliers, allowing no opportunity for genetic exchange (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).",There is no information available on either overall population size or trends of this species.,"There are no specific details of the habitat of this species. However, given its European distribution, it is assumed to be found in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands. In the Maghreb and Levant, it is found in desertic habitats. The species flies as a single generation in the spring, from March to May, and is on the wing from February to late April (S. Roberts pers. obs. 1995). Flower visitation in Morocco has been observed at Zygophyllum spp. (Zygophyllaceae). The species has been recorded visiting the following flower species: Moricandia (Fuerteventura, Morocco, United Arab Emirates), Zilla spinosa (Morocco, Israel), Diplotaxis, Launaea arborescens, Zygophyllum sp. (Morocco), Physorrhynchus chamaerapistrum (United Arab Emirates), Sinapis arvensis (Algeria), Malva parviflora and Erucaria rostrata (Israel) (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","The threats to this species are not known. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is likely to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species. The subpopulations are severely fragmented, allowing no opportunity for genetic exchange or a rescue effect in the event of local extinctions.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas throughout its range.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,saxonica,,Andrena saxonica,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge of the actual population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on new updated data recorded from field research.",Unknown,"Andrena saxonica is distributed from south and central Europe eastwards toward Asia Minor (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","It presumably has a small population, but there is no clear information available on the actual population size and trend of this species.","Andrena saxonica inhabits temperate grasslands. It is considered an oligolectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species (Kocourek 1966, Gogala 1999), and it is specialised on Ornithogalum (Liliaceae), although Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl (1997) consider it polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. However later, E. Scheuchl (pers. comm. 2014) considered Andrena saxonica to be oligolectic on Ornithogalum in Germany and Turkey. It has also been recorded on Scrophulariaceae (Veronica chamaedrys) and Rosaceae (Fragaria vesca) (Kocourek 1966). Westrich (2010) analysed the pollen loads of 66 specimens, collected from 1926 to 2007 in 23 localities in Germany, Greece, Italy, Austria, Slovenia, Spain, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Among the Ornithogalum species, A. saxonica prefers O. umbellatum, O. pan­nonicum and O. kochii. The species is univoltine, it has one generation per year. It flies from the end of April to June (Gogala 1999). In the mountains, it can be found at altitudes up to 1,700 m asl (Warncke 1973a) and 1,900 m asl in the Peloponnese, Chelmos (Gusenleitner 1984).","There are no specific threats documented for this species; presumably this species may be a target of general threats affecting European bees as the reduction of suitable habitats by changes in land use (transformation of permanent flower rich areas into mono-agricultural landscapes), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak flowering period), losing proper nesting sites due to agricultural activities (tilling and ploughing), and chemical exposure due to pesticide and herbicides treatments.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). It occurs in protected areas such as the Duna Drava National Park in Hungary (Jozan 1998). Research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Tomozii, B. & Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,schencki,,Andrena schencki,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as the species is rare and there is no further information on its population size and trends, despite the species being widespread across Europe. Research should be conducted to determine the status of the species.",Unknown,"Andrena schencki is a quite rare but widely distributed species in most parts of Europe except for the northernmost regions. Its range extends from Portugal in the west to the Urals in the east of Europe, and beyond to Turkmenistan (western Kopet Dag) in Asia.In Europe, the species is known from Albania (Warncke 1966a), Austria (all states except Vorarlberg - Warncke 1981, Gusenleitner 1985, Schwarz et al. 1996, Ebmer 1999, Gusenleitner et al. 2012), Belarus (Prishchepchik 2000), Bulgaria (Warncke 1967, 1973a), Belgium (Warncke et al. 1974; Rasmont et al. 1993, 1995), Croatia (Moczar and Warncke 1972), Czech Republic (Bohemia and Moravia - Přidal 2004, Přidal and Vesely 2011), Denmark (Calabuig and Madsen 2009), France (most part except western regions Bretagne and Basse-Normandie - Warncke et al. 1974; Rasmont et al. 1995), Germany (all states except north Rhine-Westphalia, Schleswig-Holstein, Bremen and Hamburg - Warncke et al. 1974, Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997, Kroupa et al. 2012), Greece (mainland - Warncke 1965a, 1966a; Lesbos, south Aegean islands – Grace 2010), Hungary (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Józan 2003), Italy (mainland and Sicily - Bonelli 1966, Warncke 1973a, Priore 1983, Comba and Comba 1991, Pagliano 1995, Hellrigl 2006, Quaranta et al. 2004, Zandigiacomo et al. 2013), Lithuania (Monsevičius 1995), Luxembourg (Warncke et al. 1974, Rasmont et al. 1995), Macedonia (Warncke 1966a, 1973a), Netherlands (Peeters et al. 1999, Peeters and Reemer 2003, Koel 2014), Poland (most part of territory - Banaszak 1980, 2010, Dylewska 1991, Dylewska and Bąk 2005, Wiśniowski and Werstak 2009), Portugal (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), Romania (Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980, Tomozei 2003), Russia (only Orenburg region - Morawitz 1866; and Belgorod region - Kohl 1913), Serbia (Moczar and Warncke 1972), Slovakia (Přidal 2004, Lukáš et al. 1999), Slovenia (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Gogala 1999), Spain (most territory except south-eastern part - Warncke et al. 1974, Warncke 1976, Ortiz-Sánchez 2006, 2011), Switzerland (except northern Alps, southern Alps and Canton of Graubünden - Warncke et al. 1974, Artmann-Graf 1993, 2008, Rasmont et al. 1995, Schwarz et al. 1996), Ukraine (only Kyiv – Lebedev 1933; Lviv - Noskiewicz 1922; Kharkov - M. Filatov pers. comm. 2014; Transcarpathian and Volyn regions - Osytshnjuk 1977).Additionally, Kuhlmann et al. (2014) list Andrena schencki for United Kingdom and the USA (state Georgia), but this species is absent in any checklists prepared for the United Kingdom. As for USA, they had mixed up the country Georgia, located in the Caucasus, with the U.S. state of Georgia. Also Ascher and Pickering (2014) noted Andrena schencki for Sweden but this species is absent in this country and more then 10 years ago it was deleted from the Swedish checklist of bees (Nilsson 2003).  In Asia, Andrena schencki was found in Azerbaijan, Georgia, Israel, Iran, Lebanon, Asian Russia, Syria, Turkey and Turkmenistan. The report from Morocco (Benoist 1961, as A. labiata Schenck) is almost certainly a misidentification (cf. Warncke 1967).","The population size and trends of this of this rare species in Europe species remain unknown for most regions, although it can be assumed that the population of this species is reduced. This is evidenced by the fact that it is threatened or Regionally Extinct in the national red lists of four European countries.","Andrena schencki occurs in different biotopes, but it mostly prefers moist habitats such as forests and grassland edges, alpine meadows and grasslands in the valleys (Osytshnjuk 1977), and it has also been found on dry meadow slopes. In the mountains it rises up to 2,000  m asl (Pereval Bichenekskiy, Caucasus, Azerbaijan; unpublished data Osytshnjuk, V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2014). It is a monovoltine species that flies from May until mid July. The females are known to collect pollen from different plant families: Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Brassicaceae, Rosaceae, Ranunculaceae, and preferably Fabaceae (Ponomareva 1960, 1967, Warncke 1966a, Osytshnjuk 1977). It nests solitary, in small or large aggregations (up to 100 nests with a density of 40 nests per 5 m2), preferably in solid clay soil, although it may settle in sandy soil. The females dig their nests in grassy and slightly inclined ground. The nest consists of a vertical burrow (8-9 mm in diameter) that extends down to a depth of 5-7 cm up to 12-14 cm, ending with one to three horizontally oriented cells which are adjacent to the main burrow (Friese 1923, Bonelli 1966). The species has two nest parasites: Nomada stigma Fabricius, 1804 and Nomada goodeniana (Kirby, 1802) (Stöckhert 1933, Kocourek 1966, Celary 1995).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"It would be useful to prohibit: the grazing, cutting or burning of flowering plants in the locality of the bee; the use of insecticides; and the ploughing of agricultural land on which the species builds its nests.The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to the species.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of different enthomophylous plants like Trifolium spp. (Warncke 1966a, Osytshnjuk 1977).","Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,schlettereri,,Andrena schlettereri,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as the species is rare and there is no further information on its population size and trends, despite the species being widespread across Europe. Research should be conducted to determine the status of the species.",Unknown,"Andrena schlettereri is a rare northeastern Mediterranean species. In Europe it is known from Albania (Schönitzer 1997), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Warncke 1966a), Croatia (Warncke 1967, Moczar and Warncke 1972, Józan 2009, Zandigiacomo et al. 2013), Czech Republic (only one point in Moravia - GBIF 2014; but this species is absent in recent checklist of bee fauna of Czech Republic - Přidal 2004, 2014), Greece (mainland, islands Lesbos and Corfu - Warncke 1965a, 1966b, 1967, Grace 2010), Hungary (Warncke 1967, Moczar and Warncke 1972, Józan 2003), Montenegro (one male, April 1933, Dalmatien, Kotor - in coll. ETH Zürich), Romania (Warncke 1967, Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980, Ban-Calefariu and Matache 2008), Serbia (Warncke 1966a, 1967), Slovakia (Kocourek 1966, Přidal 2004) and Turkey (European part - Hazir et al. ‎2014). This species was also found in the Asian part of Turkey (Warncke 1967, 1974b, Hazir et al. ‎2014).","The population size and trends of this rare species are unknown. In most countries where Andrena schlettereri is distributed, the species was collected more than 50 years ago.","Andrena schlettereri occurs in different biotopes, but prefers moist habitats such as forests and grassland edges, alpine meadows and grasslands in valleys, although it has also been found on dry meadow slopes. In the mountains, it can be found at altitudes up to 1,500 m asl (in Turkey). It is a monovoltine (one generation per year) spring species that flies from March until mid-June. It is probably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for flowers of Brassicaceae and Asteraceae (Knuth 1908, Ruszkowski and Gosek 1999, Zandigiacomo et al. 2013).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"In order to preserve the species, it would be useful to prohibit: the grazing, cutting or burning of flowering plants in the locality of the bee; the use of insecticides; and the ploughing of agricultural land on which the species builds its nests.The species is listed in the National Red List of Slovakia as Endangered (Lukáš 2001). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to the species.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but it is valued as a pollinator of different enthomophylous plants.","Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,schmiedeknechti,,Andrena schmiedeknechti,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern because, although full details of threats and trends are missing, the bee is widespread in distribution and it has a presumed large overall population.",Unknown,"Andrena schmiedeknechti has a widespread distribution. Its European range extends from Italy eastwards across the Balkans and the Greek islands. Outside of Europe, the species is found in the Maghreb and Anatolia, but is apparently absent from the Levant and Cyprus (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).","There are no details of either the overall population size or any population trends. However, the species is widespread in the central Mediterranean and Balkan regions and so the population is probably quite large overall.","Full details of the habitats and ecology are not known. However, it is presumed to occur in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, at least in large parts of its range. In Crete, it has been found in vegetated stabilised coastal sand dunes (S. Roberts pers. obs. 1991). The species is presumed to be polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants, perhaps with a preference for Brassicaceae. Flower visitation has been recorded at a range of plant species including Hirschfeldia incana (Brassicaceae) (S. Roberts pers. obs. 1991), Erysimum pusillum (Brassicaceae) (listed in Grace (2010) as an undated record of Mavromoustakis), Sinapis arvensis in Italy and Brassica nigra and Anthemis arvensis in Lesbos, Greece (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). Specimen data from labels show that the species flies in the spring from March to May.","The specific threats to this species are not known. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is known to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species. Coastal habitats may come under threat as well from tourist infrastructure development.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitats and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,schulzi,,Andrena schulzi,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern because, although full details of threats and trends are missing, the species is widespread in distribution and it has a presumed large overall population.",Unknown,"Andrena schulzi has a restricted distribution in southern Europe, where it is found in the central Mediterranean and Balkan regions (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002). If this is the entire range, then the species should be regarded as a European endemic. However, Kuhlmann et al. (2014) also include Turkey, from where it appears only on the Aegean coast (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","There are no details of either the overall population size or any population trends. However, the species is widespread in the central Mediterranean and Balkan regions and so the populations are probably quite large overall.","Details of the habitats and ecology of Andrena schulzi are not fully known. However, it occurs in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, at least in large parts of its range. The species is presumed to be polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants, although it has perhaps a preference for Asteraceae. Flower visitation has been recorded at a range of plant species including Calendula spp. (Asteraceae) (S. Roberts pers. obs. 2001). Specimen data from labels show that the species flies in the spring from February to May.","The specific threats to this species are not known. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is known to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas throughout its range, but given the extent of the range, it is quite likely. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,schwarzi,,Andrena schwarzi,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the absence of information on the population size, trend, and threats to the species. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"Andrena schwarzi is found in eastern European countries such as Ukraine and Russia (Warncke 1975, Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). There are also records in Turkey and Kazakhstan.",There is no information on either the population size or trends.,"Andrena schwarzi flies from April to June. It is presumed to be polylectic as the females visit the flowers of Brassicaceae (Lepidium draba), Rosaceae (Potentilla humifusa, Prunus stepposa), Salicaceae (Salix triandra), Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbia). This species prefers steppe habitats (Osytshnjuk 1977).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"Andrena schwarzi occurs in protected areas in Ukraine, but it is not Red Listed neither is it the subject of any targeted conservation action.Further research is required to establish the status of the bee in Ukraine and Russia, and the size of the population. It is also important to identify trends and any threats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,scita,,Andrena scita,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size and trends of the species, despite its wide distribution. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Andrena scita is a rare northeastern Mediterranean species that is distributed in southern Europe from the south of Italy to the east to the Volga (Volgograd and Saratov regions) and Ural (Perm Krai). The northern boundary of the range passes through Thuringia, the Czech Republic, forest-steppe zone of Ukraine, Bashkortostan and Perm Krai of Russia, and in Asia it reaches Turkmenistan and Afghanistan. In Europe, it is known from Austria (Burgenland, Lower Austria, Wien - Schwarz et al. 1996, Dubitzky 2005, Zettel et al. 2008, Zettel et al. 2013, Gusenleitner et al. 2012; and Carinthia states - Zandigiacomo et al. 2013), Bulgaria (Atanassov 1962, Warncke 1966a, 1967, Banaszak and Dochkova 2014), Croatia (Vogrin 1918, indicated by Kuhlmann et al. 2014 but it is absent in Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Jozan 2009, 2014), Czech Republic (Moravia - Kocourek 1966, Přidal 2004, Bogusch et al. 2011; additionally Ascher and Pickering 2014 indicated that this species occurs in Bohemia without specifying any concrete data, however Přidal 2004 removed it from the list of Bohemia bee fauna, since there are no real finds from this part of the Czech Republic), Greece (mainland - Warncke 1965a, 1966a; Crete - Alfken 1928; Lesbos - Grace 2010; Rhodos - Mavromoustakis 1959; other Aegean islands - Grace 2010; Ionian Islands - Warncke 1965a), Hungary (Schmiedeknecht 1882, Friese 1914, Moczar and Warncke 1972, Tanács et al. 2011), Italy (southern part of mainland - Comba and Comba 1991, Pagliano 1995, Vicidomini 1999, Zandigiacomo et al. 2013, Sicily – Warncke 1967), Macedonia (Warncke 1966a, 1973a), Moldova (Osytshnjuk 1977, Andreyev et al. 1986), Romania (Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980, Tomozei 2003, Ban and Tomozei 2006), European Russia (Rostov region - Pesenko 1972; Saratov region - Morawitz 1866; Perm Krai - Lykov 2004, 2008; Volgograd region - Eversmann 1852, Warncke 1967, Mukhin and Kuzmina 2000; Bashkortostan - Ascher and Pickering 2014; Astrahan region), Serbia (Warncke 1966a, Moczar and Warncke 1972), Slovakia (Warncke 1967 [found in Szomotor – K. Warncke erroneously indicated this place for Hungary], Přidal 2004), European part of Turkey (Hazir et al. 2014) and Ukraine (Kherson, Lugansk, Mykolaiv, Odessa regions – Osytshnjuk 1977; Cherkassy region - Lebedev 1933; Poltava region - Nevkryta 1953; Donetsk region - Osytshnjuk 1977, Radchenko 1982; Kharkiv region - M. Filatov pers. comm. 2014; Crimea - Popov 1958, Osytshnjuk 1977).   Andrena scita also was found in Asia: Afghanistan (Warncke 1973b, Dunford et al. ‎2014), Armenia (Morawitz 1876, 1877), Azerbaijan (Warncke 1966c), Iran (Popov 1967), Kazakhstan (Popov 1952b), Asian part of Russia (Daghestan - Becker 1882; western Siberia - Krainov 2013), Asian part of Turkey (Kohl 1905, Warncke 1966b, Özbek 1976; Hazir et al. 2014), Turkmenistan (Popov 1952a, Ponomareva 1960).","The population size and trends of this rare species remain unknown. Andrena scita is included in the checklist of Polish bees by Pawlikowski (2001) but without specific data, however according to Dylewska (2000) this species has not been found in Poland. It is thought that the species can be found in southern Poland (V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2014).","Andrena scita is a steppic species that is found almost exclusively in dry habitats such as grassland plains, and in mountainous areas – in the Caucasus and Taurus Mountains, where it raises up to 1,850 m asl (Hazir et al. 2014), but mainly on the dry southern slopes. It flies from May until early July and has one generation, however Alfken (1914) suggested the existence of a second generation in southern Hungary, which flies from the end of July to August. It is an oligolectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species. The females prefer cruciferous flowers (Brassicaceae) (Friese 1914, Pittioni and Schmidt 1943, Kocourek 1966, Ponomareva 1960, Osytshnjuk 1977, Radchenko and Pesenko 1994, Zettel et al. 2013). Females have also been recorded on the flowers of Fabaceae, Liliaceae, Asteraceae, Cucurbitaceae, Malvaceae and Dipsacaceae. It nests in large aggregations (up to 150 females) in the vertical walls of abandoned rabbit burrows. Its nest parasite is Nomada cruenta (Kocourek 1966).","The very rare occurrence of this species may be related to a sharp decline of true steppes and other steppic habitats as a result of increased summer rainfall. An increase in summer rainfall will cause the xeric steppe to become more like a meadow, and will encourage scrub succession and changes in grazing pressure.","Andrena scita is included to the Red List of the Czech Republic as Regionally Extinct (Farkac et al. 2005), but recently in 2009 it was found in Moravia (Bogusch et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species. It would be useful to prohibit: the grazing, cutting or burning of flowering plants in the locality of the bee; the use of insecticides; and the ploughing of agricultural land on which the species builds its nests.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of different enthomophylous plants but primarily Brassicaceae species.","Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,semilaevis,,Andrena semilaevis,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge of the actual population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on new updated data recorded from field research.",Unknown,"Andrena semilaevis is distributed throughout Europe (except southern Europe) to the Urals (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Krainov 2013, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014). In the southern part of its range it is found in the mountains, in the valleys or forests (Osytshnjuk 1977). It appears to be a strictly European species that does not occur to the east of the Urals.",There is no clear information available on the actual population size and trend of this species.,"Andrena semilaevis occurs mostly in humid habitats (woods edge, valleys, nutrient-rich meadows and grasslands, ruderal field borders and fences, and plantations) up to 1,800 m in the Swiss Alps (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Calabuig and Madsen 2009). It has two generations per year in its southern range, flying from April to August. The species is a generalist, and females visit flowers of Ranunculaceae (Ranunculus), Scrophulariaceae (Veronica), Apiaceae (Carum carvi, Aegopodium podagraria, Anthriscus sylvestris), Asteraceae (Taraxacum officinale), Brassicaceae (Isatis tinctoria), Salicaceae (Salix) and Rosaceae (Fragaria vesca) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987). In western Europe, the females visit flowers of different plants; while in Finland this species is marked on the flowers of 37 species (Elfving 1968). The species nests singly in clay soil and is parasitised by Nomada flavoguttata (Kocourek 1966).","There are no specific threats documented for this species; presumably this species may be a target of general threats affecting European bees as reduction of suitable habitats by changes in land use (transformation of permanent flower rich areas into mono-agricultural landscapes), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak flowering period), losing proper nesting sites due to agricultural activities (tilling and ploughing), and chemical exposure due to pesticide and herbicides treatments.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008); Ireland (Vulnerable; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006); Poland (Vulnerable; Głowaciński 2002); and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). It occurs in protected areas such as Èepkeliai Nature Reserve, Lithuania (Monsevièius 2004). Research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Scheuchl, E. & García, M.","Tomozii, B. & Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,seminuda,,Andrena seminuda,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size and trends for the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.,Unknown,"Andrena seminuda is a very rare northeastern Mediterranean species that is distributed in southern Europe from the south of Italy to Ukraine. The northern boundary of its range passes through Moravia in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and the Lugansk region of Ukraine, and in Asia it is found in Azerbaijan and Iran. In Europe, it is known from Austria (only Burgenland, Steiermark and Wien - Schwarz et al. 1996, Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997, Schwarz and Gusenleitner 1999, Schwarz et al. 2005, Gusenleitner et al. 2012), Bulgaria (Atanassov 1972), Croatia (Friese 1896, Józan 2014), Czech Republic (south Moravian - Bogusch et al. 2011), Greece (mainland - Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002; Lesbos - Grace 2010), Hungary (Alfken 1911, Moczar and Warncke 1972, Józan 2009, 2011), Macedonia (Warncke 1966a, 1967a), Romania (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980), Serbia (Warncke 1966a, Kuhlmann et al. 2014, Mesaroš 2014), Slovakia (Lukáš 2001, Přidal 2004, Straka et al. 2007), Slovenia (Gogala 1999), the European part of Turkey (Warncke 1974b) and Ukraine (Lugansk region and Crimea - Osytshnjuk 1977).Andrena seminuda has also been found in Asia: Krasnodar Krai of Russia, Azerbaijan (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), Georgia (Osytshnjuk 1977) and Turkey (Warncke 1965a, 1974b, Hazir et al. 2014).",The population size and trends of this very rare species remain unknown.,"Andrena seminuda is a very rare local species that prefers wet and mainly forested habitats (the edge and the clearing of forests), grassland plains and mountains. It flies from April until May, and in mountains until June, and it only has one generation per year. The females predominantly collect pollen from the flowers of Ranunculaceae (e.g., Ranunculus polyanthemum and Ficaria verna), but it is also found on Asteraceae (Taraxacum officinale), Fabaceae (Trifolium repens, Trifolium campestre, Genista sagittalis, Lotus corniculatus), Rosaceae (Crataegus, Filipendulа) and Campanulaceae (Campanula expansa) (Atanassov 1972, Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Ruszkowski and Gosek 1999). It nests alone at a considerable distance from other nests of the same species (Kocourek 1966).","The very rare occurrence of this species may be related to a sharp decline of true steppes and other steppic habitats as a result of increased summer rainfall. This increase will cause the xeric steppe to become more meadow-like, encouraging scrub succession and changes in grazing pressure.",Andrena seminuda is included in the Red List of Slovakia as Endangered (Lukáš 2001) and of Slovenia as Rare (Anonymous 2002). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.,"This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of different enthomophylous plants, primarily Ranunculaceae.","Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,semirubra,,Andrena semirubra,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on the population status and trends, and specific threats to the species. Further research should be conducted to determine the status of the species.  It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"Andrena semirubra is mainly recorded in Asia (the Caucasus, Israel and Turkey). In Europe it is found in Ukraine (Crimea) and south European Russia (Rostov region).","The species is considered to be rare in Ukraine, although there are no precise details of population size or trends.","Andrena semirubra is present in mountain habitats (e.g., subalpine meadows). The species flies from April to July. It is believed to be polylectic as it visits Asteraceae, Brassicaceae and Rosaceae.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"Aliyev et al. (2009) consider this species as rare and endangered in Azerbaijan, but in Europe the species is not Red Listed and neither is it subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas.Further research is needed to establish the ecology, status and population size of the bee and to identify any trends or existing threats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,senecionis,,Andrena senecionis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern because, although full details of threats and trends are missing, the bee is widespread in distribution and it has a presumed large overall population.",Unknown,"Andrena senecionis is widespread across the western Mediterranean basin, ranging from Iberia eastwards to Italy. It is absent from the larger Mediterranean islands with the exception of Sicily. In North Africa, it is found through the Maghreb, from Morocco to western Libya (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).","There is no information on the population size or trends of this species. However, it is widespread in the western Mediterranean region, and so the population is probably quite large overall.","There are few details of habitat or ecology for this species. However, given its range, the species is presumed to occur in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands (at least, in parts of its range). Since it belongs to the sub-genus Chlorandrena, it will be a specialist forager on various Asteraceae flowers. E. Scheuchl (pers. comm. 2014) notes that he has only ever seen this species on yellow Cichorioideae. Data from specimen labels show that the species is univoltine, in that it has a single flight period each year, and is active as an adult in the spring from late March to May (Pittioni et al. 2014).","The threats to this species are not known. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is known to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may well have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas, but given the very wide distribution it is likely. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,sericata,,Andrena sericata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge of the actual population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on new updated data recorded from field research.",Unknown,"Andrena sericata is distributed from central and southern Europe eastwards to European Russia (Volvograd, Bashkortostan), the Caucasus region (Armenia, Georgia), and Asia Minor to the Ural Mountains (Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).",There is no clear information available on the actual population size and trend of this species.,"Andrena sericata is found mainly in humid habitats such as meadows, grassland slopes, and road sides. It is an early spring species flying from April to May. The species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, visiting different flowers blooming in early spring plants: Salix sp., Taraxacum officinale, Cerasus, Hieracium, Lepidium draba, Viburnum, Pyrus communis, Armeniaca vulgaris, Cerastium and Cardaria draba (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987).E. Scheuchl (pers. comm. 2014) states that Andrena sericata seems to be oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Salix. In Turkey, a huge nest aggregation was observed and females were recorded collecting only on Salix; visits of other plants took place just for self provisioning with nectar. Also, Westrich (1989) analysed the pollen loads of A. sericata and could only find the pollen of Salix. Maybe, if the abundance of Salix is reduced, then the species is able to fall back upon other pollen sources, similarly to Colletes cunicularius.","There are no specific threats documented for this species; presumably this species may be a target of general threats affecting European bees as reduction of suitable habitats by changes in land use (transformation of permanent flower rich areas into mono-agricultural landscapes), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak flowering period), losing proper nesting sites due to agricultural activities (tilling and ploughing), and chemical exposure due to pesticide and herbicides treatments.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008) and Poland (Endangered; Głowaciński 2002). It occurs in protected areas such as Duna Drava National Park in Hungary (Jozan 1998) and the Karadag Nature Reserve in Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977). Research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Tomozii, B. & Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,serraticornis,,Andrena serraticornis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient since there is no information on population size and trends, habitats, ecology, or threats within the European part of its range. Further research may list this species in a threatened category, especially considering its restricted range in Europe.",Unknown,"In Europe, Andrena serraticornis is restricted to mainland Greece. Elsewhere, it is known from Anatolia and the Levant (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).",There is no information available on either the overall population size or trends of this species.,"There are no details available on the habitats or ecology of this species. However, given its European distribution, it is assumed to be found in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands. In Israel, it has been found in abandoned agricultural areas and in regenerating and open maquis (S. Roberts pers. obs. 1999). Data from specimen labels at the Oxford University Museum collections suggest that the bee is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of plant species, as flower visitation has been observed at Chrysanthemum coronarium, Centaurea cyanoides (Asteraceae) and Papaver subpyriforme (Papaveraceae). It flies as a single generation in the spring and is active as an adult from March to May (S. Roberts pers. obs. 1999).","The specific threats to this species are not known. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is known to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas, although given the wide distribution within mainland Greece, it is very likely. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,sibthorpi,,Andrena sibthorpi,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Data Deficient since there is no information on population size and trends, habitat, ecology, or threats to the species. Further research may list Andrena sibthorpi with an increased threat status, especially considering that it is a Cyprus endemic with a very small extent of occurrence (EOO) and an even smaller area of occupancy (AOO).",Unknown,"Andrena sibthorpi is a poorly known species that is endemic to the island of Cyprus (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).",There is no information available on either overall population size or trends.,"There is little information on the habitats and ecology of this species, although it is almost certainly associated with Mediterranean phryganic shrublands. The species is oligolectic on Colchicum hiemale (Colchicaceae) (Mavromoustakis 1952) and its phenology is described from November to December (Mavromoustakis 1952, Warncke 1974b, unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is likely to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.","Andrena sibthorpi s is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,siciliana,,Andrena siciliana,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as it has not been found since its original description from two female specimens in 1858. Thus, there is very little information available  on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the  species. Research should be conducted in order to determine if the status of this  species as it may have already gone extinct.",Unknown,"This species was described on the basis of two females collected in Sicily back in 1858. In subsequent studies, in Sicily (Quaranta et al. 2004), as well as in other regions, it has not been found, though it is mentioned in the current check-list of bees for Italy (Sicily) (Checklist italiana Hymenoptera 2005). Therefore the species may have gone extinct, though repeated surveys have not been carried out to confirm whether it has gone extinct.",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,"As the species may have gone extinct, there must have been a threat that drove the species towards extinction although this is not known.",The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine if the species has gone extinct.,The species has not been traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Radchenko, V.","Nobile, V.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,sillata,,Andrena sillata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed overall large population and no major threats.",Stable,"This species is distributed in the eastern Aegean Islands of Greece (Rhodes), south to the south-east of Ukraine, possibly the European side of the Urals (Russia) (Warncke 1975, Radchenko 1982, Grace 2010, Osytshnjuk 1977). Outside of Europe, the species is found in west and south-central Turkey, the north Caucasus and northern Kazakhstan. In Turkey, it occurs in the mountains at altitudes up to 2,000 m.  For some paratypes of this species, Warncke (1975) mistakenly named the locality as Smolensk (Ukraine) whereas, this type material was collected in the village Smolenskaya (Russia, Krasnodar Krai) (Radchenko unpublished data, Osytshnjuk 1977).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 297,610 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 52 km2.","The populations of Andrena sillata, at least in Ukraine, are likely to be stable.","The species occurs on different habitats of plains and mountains such as virgin steppe land, forest edges and glades, dry rubble slopes, alpine meadows and mountain pasture. The species can be found in mountains up to 2,000 m above sea level (Warncke 1974b, 1975). It flies from mid April to mid July. The species has been recorded on Brassicaceae (Alyssum murale, Barbarea vulgaris, Barbarea arcuata, Rorippa austriaca, Sisymbrium volgense), Rosaceae (Potentilla humifusa; Fragaria viridis, Crataegus sp., Prunus spinosa), Ranunculaceae (Ranunculus polyanthemos) and Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbia sp.) (Osytshnjuk 1977) but it predominantly prefers the cruciferous flowers (Radchenko 1982).",There are no known major threats to the species.,The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,similis,,Andrena similis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to to the gaps in knowledge of the actual population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on new updated data recorded from field research.",Unknown,"Andrena similis is distributed throughout Europe (except in the extreme north) east towards the Caucasus region (Armenia, Georgia), southwestern Asia (Turkey, Israel, Syria), Central Asia (Afghanistan, Turkmenistan) and China (one specimen) (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Tadauchi and Xu 2003, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014). Also, Tadauchi and Xu (2003) recorded one male from China. As the subgenus Taeniandrena is one of the most difficult of Andrena, it is not recommendable to assign it to an otherwise strictly west-palearctic species on the base of the single specimen (E. Scheuchl pers. com. 2014).",There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.,"Andrena similis occurs in dry and humid habitats (grassland slopes and meadows) up to 1,440 m asl in Turkey (Warncke 1969a, Osytshnjuk 1977). It usually flies from May to July (Dylewska 1987). In the south of Europe the species has two generations per year. It is considered to be an oligolectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specialized on Fabaceae (Lotus corniculatus, Trifolium pretense, Genista anglica, Coronilla varia, Medicago falcate, Doricnium herbaceum), but visited by many other plants: Rosaceae (Malus domestica, Potentilla), Tamaricaceae  (Tamarix), Salicaceae (Salix), Brassicaceae (Alyssum desertorum) and Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbia petrophilla) (Warncke 1966a, Andreyev et al. 1986, Osytshnjuk 1977, Gogala 1999, Calabuig and Madsen 2009). Its nests are built into the ground in sandy or clay soil. Its kleptoparasite, or nest parasite, is Nomada striata Fabricius, 1793 (Amiet et al. 2011). The males are pollinators of Ophrys lojaconoi in Puglia (Italy) through pseudocopulation (Paulus 2007).","There are no specific threats documented for this species; presumably this species may be a target of general threats affecting European bees as reduction of suitable habitats by changes in land use (transformation of permanent flower rich areas into mono-agricultural landscapes), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak flowering period), losing proper nesting sites due to agricultural activities (tilling and ploughing), and chemical exposure due to pesticide and herbicides treatments.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following six European countries: the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Finland (Endangered; Rassi 2010), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008), the Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Poland (Data Deficient, Głowaciński 2002) and Sweden (Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010). It occurs in protected areas such as Mohelno Serpentine Steppe National Nature Reserve in the Czech Republic (Přidal and Vesely 2011) and the Karadag Nature Reserve in Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977). Research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Tomozii, B. & Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,simillima,,Andrena simillima,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern because it has a wide distribution and is a generalist species, able to survive in a wide variety of habitats. However the species has a patchy distribution and has disappeared from several countries. Further research is needed to establish the population size and trend for this species and identify the threats.",Decreasing,"Andrena simillima is widespread in Europe, from the UK to Ukraine, and from Greece to Sweden. It also occurs in Asia (Russia and Azerbaijan).","This species is very widely, but patchily, distributed and rarely frequent. Although precise details are lacking, there is a clear decline of populations in parts of the range, and this is reflected in the Red List statements from four countries.","Andrena simillima is a generalist species. It flies from July to September and prefers open wooded biotopes and extensive calcareous grasslands. The females collect pollen from flowers of Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Lamiaceae, Campanulaceae, and Ericaceae. The nests are constructed solitarily in exposed ground (S. Roberts pers obs. 2013).","The specific threats to this species are not known, although in extensive calcareous grasslands (e.g., in the UK), inappropriate summer grazing can reduce the availability of forage.","Andrena simillima is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data books of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003), and Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987). The species is also known from protected areas.Further research is necessary to establish the size of the population, where the bee still occurs, and to identify trends and threats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,simontornyella,,Andrena simontornyella,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern because, although full details of threats and trends are missing, the bee is extremely widespread in distribution and it has a presumed large overall population. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.",Unknown,"Andrena simontornyella is very widely distributed across southern and central Europe, from Portugal eastwards to the Black Sea. The species seems to be rare or absent in Slovenia (Gogala 1991, Gogala 1994, Gogala 1999), Croatia and Bosnia. Outside of Europe, there are isolated subpopulations in Morocco, Tunisia, the Levant (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014) and Anatolia (Warncke 1974b, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).","There is no information on either the overall population size or any population trends. However, the species is widespread across much of central and southern Europe and so the population is probably large overall.","Andrena simontornyella is found in a range of habitats, including phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, agricultural land, set-aside and in towns and city parks (Petanidou 1994, Quaranta et al. 2004, Kovács-Hostyánszki et al. 2010, Zettel et al. 2013). The species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. Flower visitation is reported from Veronica (Plantaginaceae) and Linum (Linaceae) by Pittioni et al. (2014). Ornithogalum, Galium, Cistaceae (Helianthemum) and Apiaceae (Orlaya grandiflora) are described as pollen sources by Westrich (2010). Specimen data labels show the bee is bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year: the first brood flies from March to May, while the summer generation flies from late June to August (Pittioni et al. 2014).","The direct threats to this species are unknown. However, for the populations present in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species. Given the wide range of habitats that A. simontornyella can occupy, the species seems resilient and adaptable, and can cope well with human-induced environmental change.","Andrena simontornyella is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Book of Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002), but is not subject of any targeted conservation action. The species is found in protected areas, such as Hevesi Grass Steppes Protected Area in Hungary, and given the broad distribution across much of the continent, it is extremely likely to be present in others as well.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,solenopalpa,,Andrena solenopalpa,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitat, ecology, or threats. Further research may list this species with an increased threat status, especially considering that is a European endemic with a restricted and fragmented distribution.",Unknown,"Andrena solenopalpa is a European endemic with a narrow and fragmented distribution, being confined to Spain and southern France (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).",There are no details of either the overall population size or any population trends.,"There are few details of habitat or ecology. However, given its European distribution, it is assumed to be found in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, at least in parts of its range. D. Genoud (pers. comm. 2014) reports that the species is vernal, and flies in March and April in southern France. Flower visitation is reported at Taraxacum species (Asteraceae), but the species is probably polylectic, and will visit a wider range of species. E. Scheuchl (pers. comm. 2014) has no flower records, but suggests that the highly modified mouth parts indicate that A. solenopalpa is probably an oligolectic species.","The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is known to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",Andrena solenopalpa is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,soror,,Andrena soror,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species.  The latest findings date back to the 1970s. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe this species is known only from Spain. It is also found in Morocco, Algeria and Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 43,045 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km2.",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. The latest findings date back to the 1970s.,"The species is found on meadows, mountain slopes and pastures. It flies from the end of April until early July. The females collect pollen from Fabaceae (Onobrychis sativa, Trifolium spp.) and Brassicaceae (Sinapis arvensis, Raphanus sp.) (Özbek 1976). It is parasitised by Stylops giganteus (Luna de Carvalho 1974).",The threats to this species are unknown.,The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends and threats to the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,sphecodimorpha,,Andrena sphecodimorpha,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on the species’ population status and trends, while there is no information on any specific threats to the species. Further research is required to determine its status within Europe, with particular emphasis on the threats to the species as it is not very widely distributed.",Unknown,"Andrena sphecodimorpha occurs around the Black Sea and in Greece. It is recorded in Bulgaria, mainland Greece, European Russia and Ukraine. It also occurs as an outlier in Israel.","Andrena sphecodimorpha is a rare species but there is no indication of decline, at least in Ukraine (V. Radchenko pers. obs. 2013). Overall the details of the population and trends are not known.","Andrena sphecodimorpha occurs in different biotopes, but favours the drier grasslands and Mediterranean shrublands. It flies from April to May. Females collect pollen at Brassicaceae (Alyssum dasertorum) and Rosaceae (Potentilla humifusa).",The threats to the species are unknown.,"Andrena sphecodimorpha occurs in natural reserves in Ukraine, but it is not Red Listed anywhere, neither is it the subject of targeted conservation action.Further research is required to determine the overall population size and to identify the trends and any threats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,spolata,,Andrena spolata,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient since there is no information on population size or trends, habitats, ecology, or threats. Further research may list this species with an increased threat status, especially considering its restricted European distribution.",Unknown,"As a European species, Andrena spolata is restricted to the Canary Islands. Elsewhere, it is found in a few widely scattered localities across North Africa (from Morocco eastwards to the Nile Delta in Egypt) and in the Levant (Israel) (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).",There are no data available on either overall population size or trends.,"While habitat details are not available, Andrena spolata is known to visit Chrysanthemum coronarium, Launaea arborescens (Asteraceae) and Hirschfeldia incana (Brassicaceae) flowers (Hohmann et al. 1993). The flight period is from March to the beginning of May on the Canary Islands (Warncke 1965).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitats and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,spreta,,Andrena spreta,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to to its problematic taxonomic status and the gaps in knowledge of habitat preferences, ecology, actual population size, trends and specific threats. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on new updated data recorded from field research.",Unknown,"Andrena spreta is distributed from southern Europe to southwestern Asia (Turkey, Israel, Iran Lebanon, Syria), Central Asia (Afghanistan) and north Africa (the Canary Islands, Morocco, Algerian, Tunisia, Egypt and Libya) (Alfken 1913, Blüthgen 1919, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","The populations are presumably small across Europe, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","There is not much information regarding the habitat preferences and ecology of this species. It is presumably xerothermophilous, occurring mostly on xeric habitats. On the Canary Islands, the species was found between March and April (presumably the first generation) and October (Warncke 1968). In north Africa (Egypt) and Turkey, it was found from the end of May to the beginning of June (Warncke 1967). In east Afghanistan, it has been recorded from February to April (Warncke 1973b).","There are no specific threats documented for this species; presumably this species may be a target of general threats affecting European bees as reduction of suitable habitats by changes in land use (transformation of permanent flower rich areas into mono-agricultural landscapes), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak flowering period), losing proper nesting sites due to agricultural activities (tilling and ploughing), and chemical exposure due to pesticide and herbicides treatments.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It occurs in protected areas such as Natural Reserve of the Mount Etna  Park (Puglisi et al. 2012). Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and specific threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Tomozii, B. & Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,stabiana,,Andrena stabiana,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed overall large population and no major threats.",Stable,"A Mediterranean species with its area limited to Italy and Corsica (France) (Morice 1899, Perez 1903, Warncke et al. 1974, Rasmont et al. 1995, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002). Based on the fact that Andrena emarginata is a synonym of Andrena stabiana, this indicates that the species can also be found in Switzerland, Marcel (France) and Mallorca (Spain) as there have been records of A.emarginata found in these countries (Schwenninger 2007). Therefore, it can be assumed that the area of Andrena stabiana is somewhat broader than that reported by Gusenleitner and Schwarz (2002) and Schwenninger (2007). The species was also found in Tunisia in 1994 (Schwenninger 2007). The specimen from Tunisia belongs to a close related, but different species, whose description will be published in the near future (H.R. Schwenninger pers. comm. 2014).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 611,136 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 72 km2.","The current status of Andrena stabiana populations in Europe, at least in Italy, are likely to be stable. In particular, during 2005, it was found from eight localities in Italy (Schwenninger 2007). The stability of the species' populations can also be associated with the fact that it may exist within urbanized environments. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.","Andrena stabiana lives in a variety of habitats, such as road embankments, sand and gravel beaches, slopes, parks and other urbanized territories. The species flies from April to May, although in Tunisia it starts to fly in mid-February. The females collect pollen from Asteraceae species.",There are no known major threats to the species.,The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,standfussorum,,Andrena standfussorum,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as the species has been described from only 20 specimens, and in view of the lack of information regarding the population trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to establish the status of this species, as its host plant has declined in the last few years.",Unknown,"This species is known only from its initial description, which was made on the specimens collected in 2005-2006 from a single locality in the Thessaly region, Volos, Greece (Scheuchl 2010, Standfuss at al. 2011). Until further specimens are found, it can be considered as an endemic species to Greece. The estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km2.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown, since the species has only been described from 20 specimens in one locality. The species' population is dependent upon the availability of its host plant, Veronica glauca (Plantaginaceae) and thus the species could easily come under threat if the host plant is affected.","All specimens (20 exemplars) were collected from one locality at the end of February and in March from the flowers of Veronica glauca (Scrophulariaceae) (Scheuchl 2010). Andrena standfussorum is limited to the area of pseudo steppe (Standfuss et al. 2011). Veronica glauca (Scrophulariaceae) is a Balkan endemic found only in the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula (Greece, Greek Aegean islands (eastern), Crete, Albania and in south of Bulgaria).","Andrena standfussorum may be threatened by a decline in its host plant species, Veronica glauca, which may lead to a decrease in the quality of the species' habitat, as its primary food source is less abundant. This plant in the past was much more numerous than how it currently is. Veronica glauca  inhabits areas with strong anthropogenic pressure, and active  agriculture. The species is treated as a weed and therefore it is often removed.  In Bulgaria this plant is included in Red Data Book as Critically  Endangered (CR B2ab(i,ii,v)) (Peev and Tsoneva 2011).","This species could benefit primarily from the protection of its host plant species, Veronica glauca. The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and further threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,stepposa,,Andrena stepposa,,,Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Endangered because the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2, the population is severely fragmented with little genetic exchange, and there is a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat and the number of mature individuals due to the increase in the summer rainfall. Therefore the species is listed as Endangered.It does not occur within the EU 27.",Decreasing,"Andrena stepposa is only found in the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine, in the Donetsk and Sumy regions, and in the Lipetsk region of Russia and may well be endemic there.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 71,208 km2 and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2. Although the AOO may be actually larger, it certainly is less than 500 km2.","This species is known from four localities. All known populations of Andrena stepposa are from the Ukrainian Steppe Nature Reserve and Nature Reserve Galich’ya Gora of Russia, are very small and rare, but there is no information available on the current populations trend and status of this species. The original description of the species was from three females and one male found in the Ukrainian Steppe Nature Reserve. Also, 13 females and one male were found in Galich’ya Gora Nature Reserve, Russia. The three sub-populations are severely fragmented and there is little chance of recolonization or genetic exchange.There is no firm information on the trends of this species although decreases are possible as a result of decline in the sole known forage plant.","This species is associated with the open steppe, meadows, and grasslands with the flower Nonnea pulla (Boraginaceae). This species only collects pollen from flowers of this plant in Ukraine and Russia. Its nesting is unknown and it flies in spring (April-May).","The very rare occurrence of this species may be related to a sharp decline of true steppes and other natural territories (in which the host plant Nonnea pulla grows) as a result of increased summer rainfall. An increase in summer rainfall will cause the xeric steppe to become more like a meadow, and will encourage scrub succession and changes in grazing pressure.",This species is listed in the Red Data Book of the Ukraine as Rare (Monchenko et al. 2009). It is known from the following protected areas: the Steppe Nature Reserve in the Donetsk region of Ukraine and the Nature Reserve Galich’ya Gora in the Zadonsky district of Lipetsk region of Russia.Further research is required to understand the population size and trends and the precise nature of the threats.,"This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of steppe plants.","Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Patiny, S., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,stigmatica,,Andrena stigmatica,,,No,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)",No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Andrena stigmatica is listed as Endangered because it has a restricted range. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,300 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 250 km2. A. stigmatica occurs in two locations as the main threat affecting the species is the increase in the number of shrubs and trees, which is thought to be associated with increases in summer rainfall as a result of climate change; this reduces the area and quality of suitable habitat available for the species, the EOO and AOO. The species is therefore listed as Endangered.It does not occur within the EU 27.",Decreasing,"Andrena stigmatica is only found in the Opuksky, Karadag and Kazantip Nature Reserves in Crimea, Ukraine. Outside of Europe, it is known from its original description of females from Turkmenistan and also from Erzurum, Turkey (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2013). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,300 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 250 km2.","Sub-populations of Andrena stigmatica in Crimea are very small and rare. The species is known from five localities and field observations suggest that the populations are decreasing, and in three localities it has disappeared. There is little chance of recolonization or enhancement of the Crimean  sub-populations from outside of Europe as the population is severely  fragmented.There is no recent information on the populations of this species in Turkmenistan and Iran.","In Crimea, this species is associated with the open steppe grasslands with the flowers from the Teasel family (Dipsacaceae). This species flies in late summer and early autumn. The species nests in the ground but the details of the nesting biology is not known. It is strongly associated with foraging at Dipsacaceae species (e.g., Cephallaria uralensis and Scabiosa taurica).","The main threat affecting the species is the sharp decline in the number of host plants (Cephalaria and Scabiosa) caused by climate change. A decrease in the population of this species can be connected with the decrease in the number of steppe plants. In the southern steppe regions of Ukraine the rainfall has started to increase in the past decade. This has caused the steppes to turn into meadows (due to increased succession) and even become overgrown with shrubs and trees, therefore reducing the amount of suitable habitats for this species (V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2013). Due to this threat, the number of locations is two.","This species is listed in the Red Data Book of the Ukraine as Rare (Monchenko et al. 2009). It occurs in the protected areas of Opuksky, Karadag and Kazantip Nature Reserves in Crimea.  Further research should be conducted to determine details of the ecology and population size and to investigate the trends and threats to this species.New nature reserves should be created to protect the species and the plants on which it feeds and pollinates.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially. Although, given the relatively large size of its body, it could act as a target for collectors.","Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Patiny, S., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,stoeckhertella,,Andrena stoeckhertella,,,No,DD,,Yes,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population status, trends, and threats to this species. Further research is required to determine the status of this species in eastern Europe.  It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"Andrena stoeckhertella is distributed in the eastern part of Europe in countries such as Moldova, Russia and Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977, Pesenko 1972, Radchenko 1982). It also occurs in Asia from Dagestan to Turkey.",There is no information on either the overall population size or the trends.,"Andren stoeckhertella is a species of the steppe zone and prefers dry coastal habitats in Ukraine, and it is found in forest glades in Russia. It flies from May to July. Females visit flowers of Brassicaceae (Erysimum canescens) (Osytshnjuk 1977). In Asia it is found at altitudes up to 2,000 m (Maharramov 2009).",The threats to this species are not known.,"Andrena stoeckhertella is present in natural reserves in Ukraine and Russia (Osytshnjuk 1977, M.A. Filatov pers. comm. 2013). It is, however, not Red Listed or the subject of targeted conservation action.Further research is needed to establish the size of the population and to identify the trends and existing threats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,strohmella,,Andrena strohmella,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern because, although full details of threats and trends are missing, the species is widespread in distribution, with a large extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO), and it has a presumed large overall population.",Unknown,"Andrena strohmella is a European endemic species with a widespread distribution across much of central and western Europe. Its range extends from France and the Low Countries, eastwards to Hungary, and south to the Mediterranean coast of France and northern Italy (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).","There are no details of either the overall population size or any population trends. However, the species is widespread across much of western and central Europe and therefore the populations are probably quite large overall.","A. strohmella is found in a range of habitats, including warm waste ground in river floodplains (Peeters et al. 2012), urban areas (Pittioni et al. 2014) and grasslands (M. Kuhlmann pers. comm. 2004). Andrena strohmella is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, in parts of its range, such as the Netherlands (Peeters et al. 2012), and bivoltine elsewhere (Dylewska 1987). The species can be found on the wing from late March to May (where it is double brooded) and more generally, in July and August for the univoltine species. Dylewska (1987) also states that the species is probably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. The first generation visits flowers of Salix (Salicaceae), Brassica rapa, Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae), Euphorbia species (Euphorbiaceae), Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae) and Veronica chamaedrys (Plantaginaceae). The summer brood visits Fragaria vesca, Potentilla verna (Rosaceae) and Ranunculus species (Ranunculaceae). N.J. Vereecken (in litt. 2013) has observed the females collecting pollen on Daucus carota (Apiaceae) and they have also been recorded on Buxus sempervirens (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","The specific threats to this species are not known. However, widespread vegetational succession on grasslands could threaten the species.","A. strohmella is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002) but is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. The species is found in protected areas, such as NSG Wulsenberg in Germany (M. Kuhlmann pers. comm. 2004), and given its broad distribution across much of the continent, it is extremely likely to be present also in others.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,subopaca,,Andrena subopaca,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumably large population. The threats and population trends are poorly documented and should be further researched.,Unknown,"Andrena subopaca is widely distributed from Europe, Asia Minor to far eastern Russia (Siberia, Kamchatka, Kuril Islands), China and Japan (Tadauchi 1985, Prishchepchik 2000, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Sidorov 2010, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","The populations are presumably large across Europe, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","Andrena subopaca mostly inhabits moist areas such as forest edges, clearings in floodplains, mountain and sub-alpine meadows. In the south of its range it occurs mostly in mountains or river valleys. In Crimea, it may have two generations per year (beginning in April) whereas in other regions of Ukraine it is predominantly found from May to June and only has one generation. It is widely polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a broad range of flowering plants species. The females visit flowers of many plants of the families Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassiaceae, Campanulaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Ericaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Plantaginaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae and Scrophulariaceae, but more often on Rosaceae and Asteraceae. It nests in small colonies, often in open fields. Its nest parasite, or kleptoparasite, is Nomada flavoguttata (Kocourek 1966, Osytshnjuk 1977).","There are no specific threats documented for this species; presumably this species may be a target of general threats affecting European bees as reduction of suitable habitats by changes in land use (transformation of permanent flower rich areas into mono-agricultural landscapes), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak flowering period), losing proper nesting sites due to agricultural activities (tilling and ploughing), and chemical exposure due to pesticide and herbicides treatments.","This species is not included in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books of any European country. It occurs in protected areas as Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998), Piatra Craiului National Park, Romania (Tomozei 2004), Alpi Marittime Park, Italy (Schmid-Egger 2011). Further research is required to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Tomozii, B. & Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,suerinensis,,Andrena suerinensis,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge of population size, trends and specific threats. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on new updated data recorded from field research as most of the published records are old and come from disparate sources.",Unknown,"Andrena suerinensis is distributed from south-western and central Europe to eastern Europe (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014). It is not found outside of Europe.",The populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"Andrena suerinensis lives mainly in moist habitats. It flies from May until June and has one generation per year. The females visit flowers of Brassicaceae (Raphanis raphanistrum, Sisymbrium), but also flowers of Asteraceae (Taraxacum officinale, Hieracium pilosella), Rosaceae (Crataegus) and Ranunculaceae (Ranunculus polyanthemus). The males have been found on Senecio vernalis, Sinapis arvensis, Taraxacum officinale, and Tragopogon pratensis (Monsevičius 1995). It is considered to be oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Brassicaceae (Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997). It is considered to be one of the most important pollinators of oilseeds. It nests in small colonies and its nest parasite, or kleptoparasite, is Nomada calimorpha (Kocourek 1966).","There are no specific threats documented for this species; presumably this species may be a target of general threats affecting European bees as reduction of suitable habitats by changes in land use (transformation of permanent flower rich areas into mono-agricultural landscapes), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak flowering period), losing proper nesting sites due to agricultural activities (tilling and ploughing), and chemical exposure due to pesticide and herbicides treatments.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Czech Republic (Near Threatened; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008), Lithuania (Rare; Monsevièius 1995), Poland (Vulnerable; Głowaciński 2002) and Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994). It appears in protected areas such as the Duna Drava National Park in Hungary (Jozan 1998). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Tomozii, B. & Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,susterai,,Andrena susterai,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. The species is very rare and from most countries it is known only from single records/specimens. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Andrena susterai is a central European species that is distributed from the north of Italy to eastern Ukraine. The northern boundary of its range passes through Bohemia in the Czech Republic, the southern part of Poland and the Lugansk region of Ukraine while the southern boundary of its range passes through northern Greece and southern Bulgaria. In Europe, it known from Austria (Burgenland, Lower Austria, Upper Austria, Styria and Vienna states - Pittioni and Schmidt 1943, Warncke 1967, Gusenleitner 1984, Schwarz et al. 1996, Schwarz 2011, Gusenleitner et al. 2012), Bulgaria (Dochkova et al. 1981, GBIF 2014), Croatia (Józan 2009, 2014), Czech Republic: (Bohemia, Moravia; Alfken 1914, Kocourek 1966, Přidal 2004, Straka 2005, Straka et al. 2007, Přidal and Vesely 2011), Germany (only Bavaria - Scheuchl 2011), Greece (only northern continental Greece, especially central Macedonia region – Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Grace 2010), Hungary (Alfken 1914, 1933; Kocourek 1966, Moczar and Warncke 1972, Józan 2003, 2011, Pálfy et al. 2009), Italy (only Friuli-Venezia Giulia region - Zandigiacomo et al. 2013), Moldova (Andreyev et al. 1986), Poland – (only southeastern part: Lublin Province<a href=""https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lublin_Voivodeship#cite_note-1#cite_note-1""> - Dylewska 2000; Świętokrzyskie Province - Banaszak et al. 2006; Banaszak 2000, 2002), Romania (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980), Slovakia (Lukáš 1998, Přidal 2004), Slovenia (Gogala 2011) and Ukraine (Donetsk region – Radchenko 1982; Lugansk, Khmelnitsky, Mykolaiv, Zhytomyr, Transcarpathia, Vіnnytsia regions, Crimea - Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk unpublished data V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2014).  Andrena susterai has been found in the Krasnodar region of Asian Russia (Osytshnjuk 1977). It should be noted that Kuhlmann et al. (2014) erroneously indicated that this species occurs in European Russia, but actually the species is known only from the Asian part of this country in the Caucasus region (the mistake occurred due to the different definitions of the boundary between Europe and Asia by Russian and western specialists).",The population size and trends of this very rare species remain unknown. From most countries it is only known from single records/specimens.,"Andrena susterai occurs mostly in moist forest habitats (including edges and clearings), gardens and river valleys. It is usually a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, 2000; Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997), but locally (for example, in the Kras plateau in Slovenia) the females prefer to collect pollen from the flowers of only one plant species (especially Cotinus coggygria from Anacardiaceae - Gogala 2011). In Bulgaria, it was recorded as a pollinator of alfalfa (Dochkova et al. 1981). It has two generations per year: the first flies from April until May, and the second from July until August (Kocourek 1966).",The threats to the species are unknown.,"Andrena susterai is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Straka 2005; but Straka et al. 2007 and Přidal and Vesely 2011 published recent data on this species from Moravia), Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002) and Poland (Data Deficient; Banaszak 2002).It would be useful to prohibit: the grazing, cutting or burning of flowering plants in the locality of the bee; the use of insecticides; and the ploughing of agricultural land on which the species builds its nests. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but it is valued as a pollinator of different entomophilous plants, including cultivated crops, such as alfalfa and fruit crops.","Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,symphyti,,Andrena symphyti,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge of actual population size, trends and specific threats. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on new updated data recorded from field research.",Unknown,"Andrena symphyti is distributed in central and southern Europe eastwards to the Caucasus region and southwestern Asia (Turkey, Iran) (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).",There is no clear information available on the actual population size and trend of this species.,"Andrena symphyti occurs in humid biotopes such as the banks and valleys of rivers, alpine and sub-alpine meadows. In the mountains, it was recorded at up to more than 2,000 m asl. It flies from April until June, and occasionally until July. The females collect pollen from flowers of various plant families such as Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Brassicaceae, Ranunculaceae, but they prefer Symphytum species (S. tuberosum, S officinale). It is considered to be oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, on Symphytum (Boraginaceae) (Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997). Its nest parasite, or kleptoparasite, is Nomada symphyti (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).","There are no specific threats documented for this species; presumably this species may be a target of general threats affecting European bees as reduction of suitable habitats by changes in land use (transformation of permanent flower rich areas into mono-agricultural landscapes), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak flowering period), losing proper nesting sites due to agricultural activities (tilling and ploughing), and chemical exposure due to pesticide and herbicides treatments.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Rare; Westrich et al. 2008) and Poland (Vulnerable; Banaszak 2002). It occurs in protected areas such as the Duna Drava National Park in Hungary (Jozan 1998) and the Hagieni Forest Nature Reserve in Romania (Ban and Tomozei 2006). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Tomozii, B. & Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,synadelpha,,Andrena synadelpha,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as the species is usually very rare and therefore its population size and trends are not known. However, its population is stable in three well surveyed countries (Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom) and with further population data from other countries it could be listed as a Least Concern species in Europe.",Unknown,"Andrena synadelpha is a central and western European species that is distributed from Spain and the United Kingdom to the west to Hungary, Slovakia and Poland in the east. To the north it reaches Scotland, and to the south, central Spain. In Europe, it is known from Austria (Burgenland, Lower Austria and Upper Austria - Gusenleitner 1984, Schwarz et al. 1996, Gusenleitner et al. 2012), Belgium (Warncke et al. 1974; Rasmont et al. 1993, 1995), Czech Republic (Ústí nad Labem Region in Bohemia - Kocourek 1966, Pádr and Tyrner 1990, Přidal 2004, Bogusch et al. 2007; south Moravian Region in Moravia - Straka et al. 2004), Denmark (Rasmussen 2014 states this species for Denmark without concrete data, although Calabuig and Madsen (2009) propose that the species is present based on the recent findings from the Schleswig-Holstein and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern states in north Germany meaning that it is most likely to occur in Denmark), France (Warncke et al. 1974; Rasmont et al. 1995), Germany (most States except Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia – Stoeckhert 1933, 1954; Warncke et al. 1974, Schwarz et al. 1996, Herrmann 1997, Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997, Westrich et al. 2000, 2011, Kroupa et al. 2012), Hungary (only region of Transdanubian Hills – Moczar and Warncke 1972, Józan 2011), Luxembourg (Warncke et al. 1974, Rasmont et al. 1995), Netherlands (Brakman 1968, Nieuwengiessen et al. 1999, Peeters et al. 1999, Reemer and Meer van der 2001, Rond de 2013, Koel 2014), Poland (Dylewska 2000, Witkowski et al. 2003, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005, Banaszak 2006, 2010; Kowalczyk et al. 2009), Romania (Tomozii 2008, 2010), Slovakia (Přidal 2004), Spain (Warncke 1976, Jordano 1990, Ortiz-Sánchez 2011), Switzerland (northern Switzerland, Mittelland West and Wallis – Warncke et al. 1974, Rasmont et al. 1995, Schwarz et al. 1996) and the United Kingdom (Perkins 1919, Fowles 1996, Archer 1996, 2008, Cheeseborough et al. 2007, Falk 2010).Andrena synadelpha has also been found from western Turkey in Asia (Warncke 1974a).","There is little information available for the population size and trends of this rare species in Europe. However, in Germany (Westrich et al. 2000, 2011; Esser et al. 2010), some regions of the Netherlands (Rond 2013) and in the United Kingdom (BWARS 2014) its population seems to be stable.","Andrena synadelpha inhabits meadows, open glades, sheltered shrubs and gardens (Peeters et al. 1999). In addition, it was recorded on steppic zones (Straka et al. 2004). The flight period of the species is from late April to mid-June. A polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. The females visits flowers of Salicaceae (Salix cinerea), Rosaceae (Rosa sp, Berberis vulgaris, Prunus spinosa, Crataegus sp.), Asteraceae (Taraxacum sp.), Caprifoliaceae (Lonicera sp.) and Rhamnaceae (Rhamnus sp.) (Jordano 1990, Peeters et al. 1999, Dylewska 2000, Banaszak 2010). Its nest parasite is Nomada panzeri Lepeletier, 1841 (Scheuchl 1995).",The threats to the species are unknown.,"Andrena synadelpha is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Poland (Data Deficient; Banaszak 2002) and Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994, BAFU 2009). The species occurs in protected areas and has been recorded at several nature reserves in a number of European countries. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species. In order to protect the species, it would be useful to prohibit: the grazing, cutting or burning of flowering plants in the locality of the bee; the use of insecticides; and the ploughing of agricultural land on which the species builds its nests.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but it is valued as a pollinator of different entomophilous plants, including cultivated fruit crops.","Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,taprobana,,Andrena taprobana,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Andrena taprobana was described from Turkey (Warncke 1975). In Europe, this species is only known from southern continental Greece (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Grace 2010).","In Europe, this species is known from one specimen in southern continental Greece. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.","The species flies from the end of May until June (Warncke 1974b, 1975, Özbek 1976). It can be assumed that it inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland as it is found on southern continental Greece. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the wider distribution, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,taraxaci,,Andrena taraxaci,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Andrena taraxaci is widely distributed throughout the Transpalaearctic, its range extends from eastern Bavaria and north eastern Italy eastwards to Japan. In southern Europe, it is found mainly in mountainous areas.In Europe it is known from Austria (all states except Carinthia, Tyrol and Vorarlberg - Morice 1899, Warncke 1986, Schwarz et al. 1996, Schwenninger 2007, Schwarz 2011, Gusenleitner et al. 2012, Zettel et al. 2013), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Warncke 1966a), Bulgaria (Drenowski 1934), Croatia (Schwenninger 2007, Józan 2014), Cyprus (Srour 2013), Czech Republic (Schwenninger 2007, Přidal and Vesely 2011, Heneberg 2010, Heneberg et al. 2013), France (only Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur - Rasmont et al. 1995), Germany (only Free State of Bavaria - Warncke 1986, Scheuchl 1993a, Schwarz et al. 1996, Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997, Schwenninger 2007, Kroupa et al. 2012), Greece (mainland - Schwenninger 2007, north Aegean on Lesbos - Grace 2010), Hungary (Morice 1899, Moczar and Warncke 1972, Sárospataki and Fazekas 1995, Józan 2003, 2011, Schwenninger 2007, Kovács 2011), Italy (only Friuli-Venezia Giulia region - Schwenninger 2007, Zandigiacomo et al. 2013; information about finding of this species in other parts of Italy including Sicily and Sardinia needs to be confirmed, see below), Macedonia (Warncke 1973a), Poland (only southern part: Lower Silesian, Lublin, Lesser Poland, Podkarpacie and the western Carpathians  – Banaszak 1991, 2010, Dylewska 2000), Romania (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980, Schwenninger 2007, Tomozii 2010), Russia (Bashkotostan – Nikiforuk 1957; Perm Krai - Lykov 2008; Saratov region - Morawitz 1866; Volgograd region - Warncke 1967), Serbia (Warncke 1966a, Moczar and Warncke 1972), Slovakia: (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Lukáš et al. 1999), Slovenia (Gogala 1994, 1999), Switzerland (Morice 1899, Rasmont et al. 1995), Turkey (European part - Warncke 1974b, Schwenninger 2007) and Ukraine (Lviv - Noskiewicz 1922а, Schwenninger 2007; Ternopil - Kuntze and Noskiewicz 1938; Transcarpatian - Vikhanskaya 1973; Donetsk, Kherson, Lugansk, Zaporozhye regions and Crimea - Osytshnjuk 1977).  In Asia it is recorded from Turkey, Republic of Dagestan, Georgia, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, western Siberia, China, Russian Far East, Japan, North and South Korea.","The current status of the European populations of this widely distributed but rare species remain unknown for most regions. In many countries of its range, Andrena taraxaci has not been collected over the last 10 years.","Andrena taraxaci inhabits different biotopes – natural, agricultural and urban - and it prefers meadows and slopes that are covered with Compositae plants. It is an oligolectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae suych as Cichorioideae (Radchenko and Pesenko 1994). It has aslo been recorded on Ranunculus, Potentilla, Prunus (Moczar and Warncke 1972), Salix (Scheuchl 1993a, Dylewska 2000) and Stellaria (Xu and Tadauchi 2002). The males of Andrena taraxaci are pollinators of Ophrys lutea through pseudocopulation (Oddone 2013). It is an early spring species that flies from March to May, and in the mountains until June. The females create large aggregations of nests in loosely planted clay soils (Kocourek 1966). Its nest parasites or kleptoparasites are Nomada integra Brullé, 1832 (Scheuchl 1993b), Nomada stigma Fabricius, 1804 (Dylewska 2000) and Nomada trispinosa Schmiedeknecht, 1882 (Kuntze and Noskiewicz 1938, Scheuchl 2000).","The main threats to this species are the sharp decrease of true steppes and other similar habitats, ploughing of fields where the species' nests are present, processing of fields with insecticides, and mowing and/or eating of flowering plants by domestic livestock at the time when adult bees begin to fly.","It is included in the Red List of Poland (Vulnerable; Banaszak 2002) and Germany (Very Rare; Westrich et al. 2011). The species occurs in protected areas and has been recorded in many nature reserves in a number of European countries. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. In order to protect the species, it would be useful to prohibit: the grazing, cutting or burning of flowering plants in the locality of the bee; the use of insecticides; and the ploughing of agricultural land on which the species builds its nests.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but it is valued as a pollinator of Asteraceae plants.","Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,tarsata,,Andrena tarsata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge of actual population size and trends. It is rare, threatened or extinct in the National Red Lists of seven countries. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on new updated data recorded from field research.",Unknown,"Andrena tarsata is distributed from Europe (except the extreme south) to the Caucasus Region (Azerbaijan, Georgia), Asia Minor, Central Asia (Kazakhstan), Siberia, far-eastern Russia, Mongolia and China (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","The populations are small, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","Andrena tarsata is found primarily in moist habitats such as mesophilous meadows and forest glades. In the mountains it can be found at altitudes up to 2,000 m asl. It is a summer species, flying from June to early September with its peak early in August depending on its latitude or altitude location. In central Europe, it is mentioned from sandy heathland areas with sparse grasslands (Peeters and Reemer 2003). In England, the species nests in sparsely vegetated sand and peats on heaths and moorlands (Fowles 1996).  It is considered oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Potentilla species (Potentilla cinerea, P. erecta, P. fruticosa) (Peeters and Reemer 2003), but it is also found on Orobanchaceae (Melampyrum nemorosum) (Osytshnjuk 1977). In Finland, it has been recorded on the flowers of 12 species (Elfving 1968), in the former Czechoslovakia it was recorded visiting flowers of many species from different families (Kocourek 1966), and in England pollen was found from the females of Potentilla erecta and Spirea ulmaria (Chambers 1968). The males have been found on Crataegus sp. and Calluna sp. (Dylewska and Bąk 2005, Warncke 1981). Its nest parasites are Nomada obtusifrons and N. tormentillae (Stöckhert 1933, Kocourek 1966).","Despite the species being widespread, in England the sites where this bee has been recorded have dropped by around 50% since 1970 (JNCC 2010).  The primary explanation for the decline of A. tarsata in central Europe is likely to be loss, fragmentation and degradation of the heathland and moorland habitats that it is found on and, as a consequence, its crucial food plant Potentilla may have declined. This can be linked to the widespread and rapid intensification of agricultural practices and urban and industrial development that has taken place in the last 60 years.  In upland habitats, afforestation and changes in grazing pressure are important drivers of habitat loss. On lowland heathland, there are a variety of pressures, including afforestation, mineral extraction, urban development, and the growth of scrub.  Research has also shown that even at some sites where there are large stands of Potentilla, the bee is often absent. This may be a reflection of the heathland and moorland deterioration seen over the last couple of decades (JNCC 2010).","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following seven European countries: the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008), Great Britain (Rare; Falk 1991), Hungary (Regionally Extinct; Józan 2011), Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Poland (Vulnerable; Banaszak 2002) and Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002). It occurs in protected areas such as the Mercantour National Park in France (Schmid-Egger 2011).  Andrena tarsata is on the England Biodiversity Strategy S41 Species List 1 (previously the UK List of Priority Species and Habitats under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UK BAP)). The potential strategies to conserve A. tarsata and consequently, its regionally endangered cuckoo bee Nomada roberjeotiana in the UK can be found in Evans and Potts (2013). The local authorities should record any important sites (either already in existence or identified by further survey work) for the bee in their local plans and ensure policies and mitigation plans are then in place to protect these populations. In Yorkshire, a local recorder noticed that there was planning permission to test drill for minerals 10 ft from a nesting aggregation of A. tarsata and, after raising awareness of the bee and some persuasion, permission to drill was then refused for most of the flight period of the bee.  UK Government and local authorities need to encourage developers to include bee-friendly habitats in new developments. This would be in-line with the National Planning Policy Framework which aims to achieve biodiversity gain.  Local people in the region could also join local habitat creation campaigns such as Friends of the Earth ‘Bee Worlds’ project and also sign their petition for a Bee Action Plan.Andrena tarsata has been recorded on Potentilla fruticosa in Norway, where it is widely planted as an amenity plant. In order to provide extra forage, local authorities, members of the public and wildlife reserve managers should plant Potentilla fruticosa in towns adjacent to sites at which the bee is found.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Tomozii, B. & Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,taxana,,Andrena taxana,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitat, ecology, or threats. Further research may list this species with an increased threat status, especially considering that it is a very poorly known Spanish endemic with a small extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO).",Unknown,"Andrena taxana is an Iberian endemic species, and is confined to Spain (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014). Only 14 specimens are known, all from the province of Madrid.",This is a very rare species and there are no details available of either the population size or trends.,"While details of the habitats and ecology of this species are unknown, all specimens have been collected in May (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).",Details of specific threats to the species are unknown.,"The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected area.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,tenuiformis,,Andrena tenuiformis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitats, ecology or threats. Further research may result in a threatened status, especially considering that in Europe the species is restricted to Cyprus.",Unknown,"As a European species, Andrena tenuiformis is restricted to the island of Cyprus. Elsewhere, the species is found in Anatolia and the northern Levant (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002), although neither of these latter two areas are listed by Kuhlmann et al. (2014). E. Scheuchl (pers. comm. 2014) has examined numerous specimens from Israel, and some from Turkey.",There are no details available of either the population size or trends of this species.,"There is no information available on the habitats or ecology of this species, although it is almost certainly associated with Mediterranean phryganic shrublands. A. tenuiformis visits flowers of Brassicaceae (Pittioni 1950), and its phenology is described from May to June (Pittioni 1950).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is likely to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.","A. tenuiformis is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,tenuistriata,,Andrena tenuistriata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern because, although full details of threats and trends are missing, the bee is widespread in distribution and it has a presumed large overall population.",Unknown,"Andrena tenuistriata is widespread across the western Mediterranean basin, ranging from Iberia eastwards to Italy. It is absent from the larger Mediterranean islands, with the exception of Sicily. In North Africa, the species is distributed across the Maghreb, from Morocco to western Libya (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).","There are no details of either the overall population size or any population trends. However, the species is widespread in the western Mediterranean region and locally common in parts of Mediterranean France (D. Genoud. pers. comm. 2014) and so the population is probably quite large overall.","There are few details of either the habitats or ecology of this species. Quaranta et al. (2004) reports the species in agricultural habitats in the Po Valley (Italy) and, given the overall range, it is also presumed to occur in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, at least in parts of its range. D. Genoud (pers. comm. 2014) reports that this is a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Brassicaceae. A. tenuistriata is bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year: the first one from March to May, and the summer generation from late June to August.","The threats to this species are unknown. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is likely to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas, but given its very wide distribution, this seems likely. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitats and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,thomsonii,,Andrena thomsonii,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on the population status and trends, while the threats are unknown. Further research should be conducted to determine the status and any threats that affect the species.",Unknown,Andrena thomsonii has a scattered distribution around the northern part of the Mediterranean basin. It also occurs in Asia from Turkey to Caucasus and Iran.,Details of the population size and trends are not known.,"Andrena thomsonii is a generalist species foraging on Rosaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Apiaceae, Salicaceae (Ducke 1898). There are two generations that fly from March to May and from June to July. There are no details of habitat preferences.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not listed on any National Red List or Red Data Book, nor is it the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas.Further research is necessary to establish the population size, and ecological preferences, and to identify trends and treats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,thoracica,,Andrena thoracica,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge of actual population size, trends and specific threats. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on new updated data recorded from field research.",Unknown,"Andrena thoracica is a trans-palaearctic species. Its area covers all of Europe, except the extreme north to the Caucasus region (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia), Russia (from Moscow to Amur), southwestern Asia (Turkey, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Iran) and Central Asia (Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan) and to the far east of China and Korea. It is also found in North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia) (Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","The population is presumably large, but there are no clear data on its actual size and trends. Although it is widespread, it is rarely common in Europe (Edwards 2006).","Andrena thoracica occurs in a variety of habitats from dry slopes, sandy-grassland habitats to the glades in humid forests. In the Caucasus and Central Asia it is confined to foothill and mountain areas, rising above 2,000 m asl. It flies from late March to September, depending on weather conditions and regions. It has two generations per year. It is widely polylectic and the females visit flowers of many plants of different families such as Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Boraginaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Onagraceae , Rosaceae, Salicaeae and Tamaricaceae (Warncke 1966a, Gusenleitner 1985, Tanács et al. 2008, Osytshnjuk 1977). In Ukraine, it is known as a pollinator of fruit and pumpkin crops (Osytshnjuk 1977).  It nests in different soils as a solitary or colonial species. Its nest parasite, or kleptoparasite, is Nomada fulvicornis (formally N. lineola Kocourek 1966). Emeis (1955) observed many thousands of nests of this species on the island of Amrum (northern Germany) on sand dunes, an area of 2.5 km long and 0.5 km wide. Individual colonies numbered from six to 120 nests located from each other at a distance of a few centimetres to several metres, sometimes entrance holes of nests almost merged.The males of the species are pollinators of Ophrys panormitana in Sicily (Paulus 1997).","There are no specific threats documented for this species; presumably this species may suffer from general threats affecting European bees such as the reduction of suitable habitats by change of land use (transformation of permanent flower rich areas into monotonous agricultural ones), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of flowering period), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (tilling and ploughing), and the chemical exposure due to treatments with pesticide and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following seven countries: the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkač 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008), the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Norway (Regionally Extinct; Hansen et al. 2010), Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002), Sweden (Regionally Extinct; Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It occurs in protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the specific threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Tomozii, B. & Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,tiaretta,,Andrena tiaretta,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitats, ecology, or threats. Further research may increase the threat status of this species, especially considering that it has a very restricted European range.",Unknown,"As a European species, Andrena tiaretta is restricted to southern Andalucía (Spain). Elsewhere, it is found in a few widely scattered localities across North Africa (Morocco and Algeria, the Jbel Akhdar region of eastern Libya and the Nile Delta in Egypt) (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014) and in the Levant in Israel and Syria (Warncke 1974a, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).",There are no details of the population size or trends. The Spanish subpopulation is situated on the northern edge of the known range.,"There are few details regarding the habitats and ecology of this species. However, given its overall range, the species is also presumed to occur in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands. A. tiaretta has recorded visiting flower of Bellis sylvestris and Prunus dulcis in Israel (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014), and the bee flies from the end of March to mid-April (Warncke 1974a).","The threats to this species are not known, but given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is likely to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may well have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitats and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,tibialis,,Andrena tibialis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumably large population, although the threats and population trends are poorly documented.",Unknown,"Andrena tibialis is distributed throughout most of the Palaearctic from Spain to the far-east of Russia (Primorsky region); the northern limit of its range runs through southern England, southern Norway and southern Finland, the southern Urals, Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan), Krasnoyarsk (Siberia); the southern limit goes through the Balkans and Asia Minor, Transcaucasus, Iran and north China (Osytshnjuk 1977, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).It is formerly known as having four subspecies in the southern part of its range: ssp. concreta – Taurus Mountains; ssp. corvina - Spain; ssp. porzana – central and eastern Turkey, and ssp. vindobonensis - Balkans, Carpathians, southern Ukraine (Warncke 1974b, Osytshnjuk 1977, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002).",The population is presumably large but still there is no information available on the trend of this species.,"Andrena tibialis occurs in a variety of habitats, natural and cultural, moist and dry (meadows, plantations, roadsides, etc). In the Alps, it occurs at altitudes of 1,400 - 1,450 m asl. It flies in Ukraine from April to late July, with two generations. It is polylectic, and the females forage on a variety of family plants: Rosaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Salicaceae, Cruciferae, Compositae, Umbelliferae, Papaveraceae and Hypericaceae. It is known as one of the main pollinators of fruit crops. It nests in small colonies and its nest parasites, or kleptoparasites, are Nomada lineola and N. goodeniana (Osytshnjuk 1977).","There are no specific threats documented for this species; presumably this species may suffer from general threats affecting European bees such as the reduction of suitable habitats by change of land use (transformation of permanent flower rich areas into monotonous agricultural ones), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of flowering period), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (tilling and ploughing), and the chemical exposure due to treatments with pesticide and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Great Britain (Rare; Shirt 1987), the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Slovenia (Regionally Extinct; Anonymous 2002). It has a wide distribution and therefore it should occur in protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Tomozii, B. & Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,toelgiana,,Andrena toelgiana,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitats, ecology, or threats. Further research may increase the threat status of this species, especially considering that in Europe it is restricted to the Eastern Aegean islands, and has a small extent of occurrence (EOO) and an even smaller area of occupancy (AOO).",Unknown,"As a European species, Andrena toelgiana is restricted to the eastern Aegean islands, and is known from Lesvos. Elsewhere, it is found in Anatolian Turkey and the northern Levant (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).",There are no data available on either overall population size or trends.,"Little is known of the habitats or ecology of this species. However, it is associated with Mediterranean phryganic shrublands in Lesvos. Specimen label data show that the flight period is in the spring, and the adults are on the wing from March to May. Warncke (1974) presumed there was a second generation, and E. Scheuchl (pers. comm. 2014) has found specimens from the middle of June to July which supports this view. E. Scheuchl (pers. comm. 2014) reports flower visitation to Alyssum umbellatum (Brassicaceae) in Israel.","The threats to this species are unknown. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is likely to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,tomora,,Andrena tomora,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, and little on the habitats, ecology, or threats. Further research may increase the threat status of this species, especially considering its rarity and small area of occupancy (AOO).",Unknown,"Andrena tomora is known from Albania, where it was recorded as A. djelfensis by Warncke (1966), Greece and its islands (including Crete), and European Turkey. There is a disjunct subpopulation in Sicily, although these records need to be confirmed since they might belong to A. djelfensis. Outside Europe, its range extends across Anatolian Turkey (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).",There are no data available on either overall population size or trends.,"There is little information on either the habitat preferences or ecology of this species. However, data from specimen labels reveal that it occurs in Mediterranean phryganic shrublands, and flies during April and May. Flower visitation has been observed in Attiki (Greece) at Cistaceae species (Petanidou 1994), and males are pollinators of Ophrys parvula in Rhodes (Paulus 2007). According to Warncke (1974), its phenology is described from the end of May to mid of June in Turkey and the Aegean coast.","The threats to this species are unknown. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it inhabits, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,torda,,Andrena torda,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is distributed in the Aegean Islands of Greece, Crete and in the southern part of Cyprus. Also it is known from the Middle Eastern countries such as Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Iran and Israel. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 96,570 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2.","A rare species. The current status of Andrena torda populations in Europe is unknown. In a previous survey on the island of Lesbos during 2004, only one specimen was collected (Nielsen et al. 2011). In previous years, only five specimens have been collected from Cyprus and Turkey.","Andrena torda prefers habitats composed of low shrubs and olive groves. The species flies from March until early June. The main trophical links of Andrena torda remain unknown. In Cyprus, it is noted as a pollinator of Ophrys sicula (Orchidaceae) through the pseudo-copulation of the male (Paulus and Gack 1990).",A possible threat may occur from the loss of habitat through the creation of olive plantations. The soil is cultivated and this can lead to the destruction of the species' nests and host plants.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,transitoria,,Andrena transitoria,,,No,VU,A2c,Yes,VU,A2c,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)Listed as Vulnerable as it is suspected that there has been at least a 30% continuing decline, over 10 years or more, in the species' area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) and habitat quality across Europe suggesting a population reduction of similar magnitude. Only Turkey has a population that could be considered stable. The species is threatened by the loss and degradation of its steppic habitat.",Decreasing,"A predominantly eastern Mediterranean species that spreads from the southeast of western Europe (Sicily) to central Europe, east to the Donetsk region of Ukraine, the Rostov region of European Russia and towards Central Asia and Afghanistan.   In Europe, it is known from Austria (only in Burgenland, Lower Austria and Wien States - Schwarz et al. 1996, Gusenleitner et al. 2012), Bulgaria (Warncke 1973a), Cyprus (Srour 2013), Czech Republic (only Moravia - Přidal 2004, Straka et al. 2007), Greece (mainland and South Aegean islands - Morawitz 1871, Mavromoustakis 1960, Warncke 1965a, 1966a, Grace 2010), Hungary (only Great Hungarian Plain - Moczar and Warncke 1972, Józan 2011), Macedonia (Warncke 1966a), Moldova (Osytshnjuk 1977), Romania (Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980), Russia (Rostov region - Pesenko 1972), Slovakia (Moczar and Warncke 1972, Přidal 2004) and Ukraine (Odessa, Mykolaiv, Kherson, Donetsk and Crimea - Osytshnjuk 1977, Radchenko 1982, Kharkov region - M. Filatov pers. comm. 2014). It is also included in the checklist of Polish bees by Pawlikowski (2001), but this species is not really found in Poland (Dylewska 2000).  In Asia it has been recorded in the Asian part of Russia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Turkey, Syria, Israel, Lebanon, Palestine, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan.","The species is thought to be in decline in Europe as, in the middle of the last century, this species was common in some European countries. For example, 120 exemplars of Andrena transitoria of R.W. Grünwaldt were deposited in the the Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, and more than 400 exemplars were deposited in the collection of the Zoological Institute of RAS, St.-Petersburg and the Institute of Zoology NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv. All were collected between 30-60 years ago, whereas now there have only been a few records of the species over the past 20 years, despite the systematic collecting of bees within these countries. In the western part of its range, this species has almost disappeared. In particular, it is listed as Extinct for the Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2005) and Hungary (Józan 2011), as well as in Austria where it has not been found in the last few decades (Gusenleitner et al. 2012). At the same time, it can be characterized as vulnerable in the eastern part of its range, in particular, from the steppic regions of Ukraine where it can be connected to a strong reduction in steppic habitats (unpublished data, V.G. Radchenko pers. comm. 2014).It is suspected that there has been at least a 30% continuing decline in the species' AOO, EOO and habitat quality across Europe. Only Turkey has a population that could be considered stable.","Andrena transitoria is a steppic species occurring only in dry habitats. In the Caucasus mountains, it rises up to a height of 800 m asl. In the far south of its range, it is predominantly found in the mountains. It is a bivoltine species (it has two generations per year) that flies from April until August. It is a polylectic bee, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. It visits the flowers of plants from 11 families: Brassicaceae (Barbarea vulgaris, Sinapis arvensis, Lepidium draba, Erucastrum armoracioides, Crambe tataria, Sisymbrium orientale, Berteroa incana, etc.), Asteraceae (Xeranthemum annuum, Coreopsis grandiflora), Labiatae (Salvia nemorosa), Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbia), Fabaceae (Robinia pseudoacacia), Papaveraceae (Papaver rhoeas), Limoniaceae (Limonium), Apiaceae (Eryngium campestre, Aegopodium podagraria, Falcaria, Daucus, Anthriscus, etc.), Boraginaceae (Cynoglossum), Lythraceae (Lythrum salicaria) and Campanulaceae (Campanula rapunculoides) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Radchenko 1982, Dylewska 2000), but it is thought to prefer Brassicaceae, Asteraceae and Apiaceae. In Greece, the males of Andrena transitoria have been recorded as pollinators of Ophrys melena through pseudocopulation (Paulus and Salkowski 2007).",The main threats to this species are: the sharp decrease of true steppes and other similar habitats; the ploughing of fields where the species nests; the processing of fields with insecticides; and mowing and/or eating of flowering plants by domestic livestock at the time when adult bees begin to fly.,"In order to protect the species, it is necessary to preserve the wild plants that they feed upon and prohibit the use of insecticides, pesticides, grazing, cutting or burning during the flowering of the wild plants. The species is listed as Extinct in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2005) and Hungary (Józan 2011). It occurs within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of different plant species.","Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,tricuspidata,,Andrena tricuspidata,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient as  the species is known only from the original description of two type specimens in Ukraine so there is very little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. The species does not occur in the EU 27.",Unknown,"This species is only known from one locality in Crimea, Kerch Peninsula, Michurino (Ukraine) (Scheuchl 2010).Both, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are 4 km2.",The current status of Andrena tricuspidata populations remain unknown. This very rare species is known only from the original description of two type specimens (both are male).,The data on its habitats and trophical links is absent. The species was found to inhabit steppic areas. It is a spring species that was found in April.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,tridentata,,Andrena tridentata,,,No,CR,B2ab(v),No,CR,B2ab(v),EU27,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)Listed as Critically Endangered because the species is known from only a very few specimens, none of which is recent, and is very likely to have gone extinct and therefore to be absent across its entire known European distribution; if it is extant it is most likely found in only a very few isolated sites, and thus has an extremely small area of occupancy (AOO) and would be severely fragmented. Despite repeated searches in the UK (its centre of distribution) of apparently suitable  habitat, within the known range and in ideal conditions, the species has not been found again and there are no recent records; a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is therefore suspected. Surveys should be carried within the range of the species within and outside the UK to determine if the species actually occurs anywhere in Europe.",Decreasing,"Andrena tridentata is very sparingly distributed from the United Kingdom eastwards to Ukraine. It was also reported to occur in Asia (Kazakhstan and Russia). Stöckhert (1933) describes this bee as an ""Atlantic"" species with its centre of distribution in Britain but the shortage of records makes this no more than a guess. There are no recent records from anywhere in Europe, and the last from the UK was in 1944; this suggests that the occurrence of the species both within and outside of the UK is uncertain (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013). Outside of Europe it is found in the Perm region of Russia (Lykov 2004) and Kuznetsk-Salair in Siberia (Sidorov 2010).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is large but the area of occupancy (AOO) is likely to be extremely small. Indeed, the species is very likely to have gone extinct and therefore to be absent across its entire known European distribution, or found in only a very few isolated sites; if any subpopulations remain, it is highly unlikely that there is any genetic exchange between them, therefore the species range is considered severely fragmented.","Andrena tridentata is an exceedingly rare species throughout its range, and information about it is based on very few specimens, none of which is recent. Britain was regarded as the centre of its distribution by Stöckhert (1933), and yet it has not been seen there since July 1944. What few records there are suggest it is very scattered in distribution. It has not been found again in the UK despite repeated searches of apparently suitable habitat, within the known range and in ideal conditions. Given the lack of recent records, it is suspected that there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals. Indeed, the species may well have gone extinct.","Andrena tridentata flies from mid-June to September. This species occurs in humid habitats. The females collect pollen from flowers of Asteraceae (Picris spp., Leontodon spp., Inula spp., Senecio spp.). Few details of ecology is known, but several other members of this species group are closely associated with the flowers of Asteraceae. The known areas where it has been found have sandy soils present (UK: in Suffolk and at Norden, near Corfe, Dorset).","Details of the threats to this species are unknown, however, in the UK it is associated with the edges of sandy heathland and so is vulnerable to shading out of nesting sites and forage areas as a result of the succession to scrub and woodland.","Despite the extreme rarity of Andrena tridentata, the species is only listed on the National Red List of Great Britain (Endangered; Shirt 1987). It was found on areas that are now protected, but were not at the time of discovery. Surveys should be carried out within the range of the species both within and outside the UK to determine if the species actually occurs elsewhere. If rediscovered, further research will be needed to establish the ecology and current status of this species and to identify any threats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Scheuchl, E.","Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,trikalensis,,Andrena trikalensis,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitat, ecology, or threats. Further research may increase the threat status of this species, especially considering that is endemic to mainland Greece, and has a very small extent of occurrence (EOO) and an even smaller area of occupancy (AOO).",Unknown,"This is a Balkan endemic species, restricted to the montane regions of mainland Greece (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).",There are no data available on either overall population size or trends.,"Little is known of the habitats or ecology of this species, although it has been reported to fly in April and May (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).",The specific threats to the species are not known.,"The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,trimmerana,,Andrena trimmerana,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge of actual population size, trends and specific threats. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on new updated data recorded from field research.",Unknown,"Andrena trimmerana is a common species in central Europe (in the north it reaches England, Denmark and northern European Russia in St. Petersburg) and it is also found in southern Europe eastwards towards the Caucasus (Azerbaijan), southwestern Asia (Turkey, Iran) and Central Asia (Turkmenistan). It is also found in north Africa (Morocco, Algeria) (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008).  Some data indicate records from China and the Far East (Osytshnjuk 1977).",There is no clear information available on the actual population size and trend of this species.,"Andrena trimmerana species occurs in various biotopes but prefers humid ones (river valleys, mountain meadows, forest edges and clearings). It flies from April until August. It is bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year. In Ukraine the females collect pollen from flowers of Amygdalus communis, Prunus spinosa, P. cerasus, Salix purpurea, Taraxacum officinale, Lamium purpureum (first generation), Thelycrania sanquinea, Stachys and species of the Asteraceae family (second generation) (Osytshnjuk 1977). In the former Czechoslovakia, the females were recorded on flowers of Salix, Rhamnus cathartica, Taraxacum officinale, Ribes grossularia, Berberis vulgaris, Brassica napus, Acer campestre, Vaccinium myrtillus, Crataegus oxyacantha, Potentilla verna, Tussilago farfara, Cerasus and Spiraea (Kocourek 1966). It is a solitary species that nests in the soil. Its kleptoparasites, or nest parasites are Nomada marshamella and Nomada flava (Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). In southern Europe, the males are pollinators of Ophrys fusca and Ophrys lutea through pseudocopulation (Vázquez Pardo 2009).","There are no specific threats documented for this species; presumably this species may suffer from general threats affecting European bees such as the reduction of suitable habitats by change of land use (transformation of permanent flower rich areas into monotonous agricultural ones), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of flowering period), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (tilling and ploughing), and the chemical exposure due to treatments with pesticide and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005; but it was recently found in Moravia, as per Bogusch et al. (2009)) and Ireland (Critically Endangered; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006). It occurs in protected areas such as the Karadag Nature Reserve, Yalta jajla Nature Reserve, Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Tomozii, B. & Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,tringa,,Andrena tringa,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern due to the fact that the current populations of this species are stable, and at least in the steppic zone of Ukraine, the species now is one of the most numerous, according to Radchenko (2007) and unpublished data. Such stability of this species is related to the fact that it is trophically associated with widespread cruciferous plants, as well as its ability to settle in the cultural habitats including agricultural land.",Stable,"Andrena tringa is only distributed in the pontic steppe zone. In Europe it is known from Bulgaria (Warncke 1973a, Banaszak and Dochkova 2014), Macedonia (Warncke 1973a), Moldova (Osytshnjuk 1977, Andreyev et al. 1986), Romania (Warncke 1973a, Warncke and Scobiola-Palade 1980, Ban-Calefariu and Matache 2008), Russia (Volgograd, Rostov - Osytshnjuk 1977; and Lipetsk regions - Kuznetsova 1990) and Ukraine (Donetsk, Kharkiv, Kherson, Kirovograd, Kyiv, Lugansk, Mykolaiv, Odesa, Poltava, Vinnitsa, Zaporozhye regions and Crimea - Warncke 1973a, Osytshnjuk 1977, Radchenko 1982, 2007).   This species is erroneously indicated for Greece on Fauna Europaea (Polaszek 2004) and DiscoverLife (Ascher and Pickering 2014) without any indication of real data. The absence of Andrena tringa in Greece is recently stated in a special study by Grace (2010), although it is possible that it can still be found here.  In has also been found in Asian Russia (Krasnodar Krai, Stavropol Krai, Dagestan), south Osetia, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Turkey.","The current status of the European populations of Andrena tringa can be characterized as stable. At least in the steppic region of Ukraine, this species is now one of the most numerous (Radchenko 2007, V. Radchenko unpublished data). Such stability of this species is related to the fact that it is trophically associated with widespread cruciferous plants, as well as its ability to settle in cultural habitats including agricultural land.","Andrena tringa occurs only in dry and steppic biotopes, mainly on flat landscapes and rarely in the foothills and lower mountain regions. It is a common species that is numerous in steppe reserves. It settles on the fields of entomophilous crops, the ones that rely on insects for pollination, especially rape, white mustard and radish (Radchenko 1982, Banaszak and Dochkova 2014). The females almost exclusively visit flowers of the cruciferous plants: Lepidium draba, Isatis tinctoria, Erucastrum armoracioides, Crambe tataria, Sinapis arvensis, Barbarea arcuata, B. vulgaris, B. oralis, Alyssum tortuosum, A. gmelinii, A. murale, Sisymbrium altissimum, Draba sibirica, Brassica napus, Raphanus sativus, etc. (Osytshnjuk 1977, Radchenko 1982, Kuznetsova 1990). It is thought to be oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Brassicaceae (Radchenko and Pesenko 1994), although it has been recorded on some species of Asteraceae (for example Taraxacum officinale), Rosaceae (Potentilla humifusa), Apiaceae (Pimpinella spp.) and Crassulaceae (Sedum spp.). The species flies from April until mid-August and has two generations per year. It builds its nests among the thickets of plants (Radchenko 2007).",The main threats to this species are: the sharp decrease of true steppes and other similar habitats; the ploughing of fields where the species' nests are present; processing of fields with insecticides; and mowing and/or eating of flowering plants by domestic livestock at the time when adult bees begin to fly.,"In order to protect the species, it is necessary to preserve the wild plants that they feed upon and prohibit the use of insecticides, pesticides, grazing, cutting or burning during the flowering of the wild plants. The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Andrena tringa occurs within some protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.","The species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of different cruciferous plants. It is an important pollinator of rape and radish crops (Banaszak and Dochkova 2014).","Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,troodica,,Andrena troodica,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as all specimens from Europe were collected more than 40 years ago so there is no recent information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Andrena troodica is known in Europe only from three points located in the southern part of Cyprus (Warncke 1974b). The species is also found in south-eastern Turkey (Warncke 1974b, 1975, Grace 2010).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 15 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2.",There is no information on the current status of Andrena troodica populations in Europe. All specimens from Europe were collected more than 40 years ago.,"The species has been found on slopes and areas that are covered by shrubs. In the mountains (in Turkey) it is found at altitudes up to 1,300 m. It is a spring species that flies from the end of February and mid-April. The females collect pollen from Salicaceae (Salix sp.) and Rosaceae (Prunus sp.) (Warncke 1974b).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,truncatilabris,,Andrena truncatilabris,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge of actual population size, trends and specific threats. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on new updated data recorded from field research.",Unknown,"Andrena truncatilabris is distributed from the southern part of Europe and European Russia to the Caucasus region, southwestern Asia (Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Iran), Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan) and north Africa (Algeria, Libya) (Warncke 1967, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Shebl and Tadauchi 2011, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).",There is no clear information available on the actual population size and trend of this species.,"Andrena truncatilabris occurs mainly in xeric habitats such as the steppes and forest-steppes of Ukraine. It flies from May to June (July) and in the south of Europe from April to June (it rarely flies in July and here there are probably two generations; Warncke 1976). The females forage primarily on Brassicaceae plants (Sysimbrium, Brassica, Sinapis, Erysimuym, Rapistrum regulosusm, Barbarea vulgaris, Berteroa incana, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Cardaria draba), but are also found on Asteraceae (Carduus), Boraginaceae (Phacelia tanacetifolia), Fabaceae (Medicago) and Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbia) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987). The males of Andrena truncatilabris are pollinators of Ophrys lindia in western Turkey and Rhodos through pseudocopulation (Paulus 2007).","There are no specific threats documented for this species; presumably this species may suffer from general threats affecting European bees such as the reduction of suitable habitats by change of land use (transformation of permanent flower rich areas into monotonous agricultural ones), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of flowering period), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (tilling and ploughing), and the chemical exposure due to treatments with pesticide and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005; but recently it was recorded from Moravia (Bogusch et al. 2009)) and Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002). It occurs in protected areas such as the Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Tomozii, B. & Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,tscheki,,Andrena tscheki,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to the gaps in knowledge of actual population size, trends and specific threats. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the actual status of this species throughout its range, based on new updated data recorded from field research.",Unknown,"Andrena tscheki is distributed from central and southeastern Europe to the Caucasus region (Armenia, Azerbaijan) and southwestern Asia (Turkey, Israel) (Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","The population is presumably small, but there is no clear information available on the actual population size and trend of this species in most European countries, although it should be noted that at least in the Czech Republic this species unusually highly dominant in the steppe (Přidal and Vesely 2011).","Andrena tscheki is a spring species found on temperate grassland and flying from the end of March to May. It forages primarily on Brassicaceae (Capsella bursa-pastoris, Alyssum montanum, Cardamine pratensis, Barbarea vulgaris), but also on Salicaceae (Salix caprea), Asteraceae (Tussilago farfara, Taraxacum offcinalis), Liliaceae (Gagea) and Rosaceae (Potentilla verna) (Kocourek 1966, Dylewska 1987). It is considered to be oligolectic, in that it forages upon a narrow range of plant species, specifically on Brassicaceae (Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997).","There are no specific threats documented for this species; presumably this species may suffer from general threats affecting European bees such as the reduction of suitable habitats by change of land use (transformation of permanent flower rich areas into monotonous agricultural ones), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of flowering period), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (tilling and ploughing), and the chemical exposure due to treatments with pesticide and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). It occurs in protected areas such as the Duna Drava National Park in Hungary (Jozan 1998) and Mohelno Serpentine Steppe National Nature Reserve in Czech Republic (Přidal and Vesely 2011). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Tomozii, B. & Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,tuberculifera,,Andrena tuberculifera,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)This species is listed as Not Applicable since the species is only present in a single known European locality, and considering that the species is widespread across much of North Africa, it is likely that the European population represents less than 1% of the total population.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is only known from southern Sicily. Elsewhere, Andrena tuberculifera is widespread across North Africa, from Morocco eastwards to the Jbel Akhdar region of eastern Libya (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).","There are no data available on either overall population size or trends. Given that there is a single known European locality, and that the species is widespread across much of north Africa, it is likely that the European population represents less than 1% of the total population.","Although there is no information of the habitats and ecology of this species in Europe, it is almost certainly associated with Mediterranean phryganic shrublands. In north Africa, the species is found in Mediterranean habitats in eastern Libya, and in Morocco, it is present in the higher vegetational zones in the High Atlas mountains. The flight period in north Africa is from mid-March to the end of June (Warncke 1974a).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is likely to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,tunetana,,Andrena tunetana,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern because, although full details of threats and trends are missing and the two major European subpopulations are fragmented, the bee is widespread and often plentiful within the two disjunct areas, and it has a presumed large overall population.",Unknown,"Andrena tunetana is widely distributed across the Mediterranean basin, but the European subpopulations are severely fragmented. There is a large subpopulation in Iberia, and other subpopulations in Greece and in the islands. Outside Europe, the bee is found in the Maghreb, Anatolia and the northern Levant (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).","There are no data available on either overall population size or trends. However, the bee is locally very plentiful in Spain and Crete and the subpopulations are likely to be large. The Iberian and Balkan populations are widely disjunct, and this fragmentation means that there is no realistic chance of genetic exchange between them.","Andrena tunetana is found in Mediterranean shrublands, and is associated with sandy areas. Spanish records include data from vegetated coastal sand dunes and open dehesa areas (in the Parque Nacional Coto de Doñana and the adjacent Parque Natural). In Crete, the bee has been found nesting in dense aggregations in a low, earthy maritime cliff. The species is probably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, and is associated with various Brassicaceae species. Its flight period is in the spring and the adults are active from March to May (S. Roberts pers. obs. 1991, 2003).","The threats to this species are not known. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is known to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species. Coastal sandy sites in Spain and Crete are prone to development for tourism.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is found in protected areas, such as Parque Nacional and Parque Natural Coto de Doñana, Spain, and given its distribution, it is likely to be found in others. Further research should be conducted to clarify its taxonomic status and to determine the population size and trends, habitats and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,ungeri,,Andrena ungeri,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern because, although full details of threats and trends are missing, the bee is widespread in distribution and it has a presumed large overall population.",Unknown,"Andrena ungeri is widely distributed across eastern Europe and the Balkans (Dylewska 1987, based on records of Warncke (1967a, 1969a, 1974b)).Warncke and Scobiola-Palade (1980) added Romania, while Moczar and Warncke (1972) added Hungary, Serbia and Romania. Other records are from Bulgaria (Warncke 1967a), Cyprus (Mavromoustakis 1952, 1957, Mavromoustakis on Pittioni collection), and Macedonia (Warncke 1967a). It is also found on the Aegean island of Lesvos (J. Devalez pers. comm. 2014). Outside of Europe, it is found in Anatolian Turkey and the Levant (Warncke 1967a, 1969a, 1974, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).","There are no data available on either overall population size or trends. However, Andrena ungeri is well represented in the collections of Gruenwaldt in the Zoological Museum, Munich, and so is likely to have large overall population.","There are few details available on the ecology or habitats of this species. However, it is known from Israel and Lesvos on phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, and is very likely to inhabit similar habitats elsewhere in the Mediterranean region. The species is bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year, with the first generation flying in May and June, and the summer generation in August (Dylewska 1987). In Macedonia, Andrena ungeri has been reported foraging at Euphorbia seguieriana ssp. niciciana (as E. niciciana) (Euphorbiaceae) in June (Warncke 1973). It has also been reported visiting Apiaceae species, on which is probably oligolectic, as are many of its closest relatives (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014), such as Ammi majus (Mavromoustakis 1952), Daucus carota (Mavromoustakis 1957), Ammi visnaga (Warncke 1967a) and Angelica silvestris (Józan 1992).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is likely to inhabit in parts of its known range, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas, but given the wide distribution it is likely. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitats and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,urdula,,Andrena urdula,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern because, although full details of threats and trends are missing, and the two major European subpopulations are fragmented, the bee is widespread at least in eastern Europe, and it has a presumed large overall population.",Unknown,"Andrena urdula has a strangely fragmented distribution. According to Gusenleitner and Schwarz (2002), it is widespread across much of eastern Europe and the Balkans, although supporting data are not available. B. Tomozei (pers. comm. 2014) reports that the species is listed as present in Romania (Ascher and Pickering 2014), but no specimen of this species is displayed in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). No evidence is found for the presence of the species in Croatia, Slovenia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Macedonia or Ukraine, and it is not recorded from Turkey (Warncke 1965b, 1974b, 1975) or Israel (Warncke 1969b). The only confirmed records seem to be from Greece (Warncke 1965b), southern Morocco (Warncke 1974a) and Spain (Warncke 1976). There are some uncertainties regarding the distribution of Andrena urdula due to the lack of data (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014) and there are indeed confusions regarding distribution maps of A. urdula and A. ungeri (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","There are no data available on either overall population size or trends. However, the bee is widespread in eastern Europe, and it is likely that to have large subpopulations. The Iberian and east European subpopulations are widely disjunct, and this fragmentation means that there is no realistic chance of genetic exchange between them.","There are no details available on the ecology or habitats of this species. However, it is very likely to inhabit phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, at least in parts of its range. In Spain, it flies from mid-April to the beginning of June, with males only until the beginning of May (Warncke 1976). In Morocco, it flies earlier and is on the wing from March to May (Warncke 1974a). In Spain, the species has been collected on Brassicaceae species (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","The threats to this species are not known. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is likely to inhabit in parts of its known range, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to clarify its taxonomic status and to determine the population size and trends, habitats and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,vacella,,Andrena vacella,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitat, ecology, or threats. Further research may list this species with an increased threat status, especially considering that it is a poorly known Spanish endemic species with a small extent of occurrence and a smaller area of occupancy (AOO).",Unknown,"Andrena relata is an Iberian endemic species, and is restricted to Spain (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).",There are no data available on either overall population size or trends.,"There is no information available of the habitats or ecology of this species. However, it is known to fly from the end of April to mid-May (Warncke 1976).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,vachali,,Andrena vachali,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as the species populations are presumed to be stable, it occupies a broad range of habitats, and there are no major threats affecting the species.",Stable,"A southern Mediterranean species, which is distributed mainly in north Africa. In Europe it is known only from the island of Crete (Greece) and the Canary Islands (Spain) (Strand 1915, 1921, GBIF 2013). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 221,551 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 104 km2.",The populations of Andrena vachali are likely to be stable. This is probably due to the fact that the species has a wide range of trophical links.,"The species occurs mainly on slopes with shrubs and on meadows. It flies from mid-February until April. The females collect pollen from different plants such as Asteraceae (Helichrysum sp., Chrysanthemum coronarium), Fabaceae (Retama raetam) and Boraginaceae (Echium creticum). In Crete (ergo A. creticola) it has been recorded as a pollinator of Ophrys cretensis (Orchidaceae) through the pseudo-copulation of the male (Kretzschmar et al. 2002). The flower visits the following species on the Canary  Islands according to Hohmann et al. (1993): Asteriscus intermedius, Asteriscus sericeus, Chrysanthemum coronarium, Helichrysum gossypium, Launaea arborescens, Reichardia sp., Reichardia tingitana, Sonchus bourgeaui, Sonchus cf. bourgeaui, Heliotropium ramosissimum, Hirschfeldia incana, Euphorbia obtusifolia and Lotus lancerottensis.",There are no known major threats to the species.,The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,vaga,,Andrena vaga,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumably large population, although the specific threats and population trends are poorly documented. Research should be conducted to determine the actual population size, trend and specific threats to the species as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena vaga is distributed through Europe, Asia Minor and the Caucasus region to southwest, central and east Siberia to Yakutia (Russia) and Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan) (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","The populations are presumably large, but there is no clear information available on the actual population size and trend of this species.","Andrena vaga is found mainly on humid biotopes such as edge lawns and woodlands, river banks and meadows. It is a spring species, flying in one generation from March to May. The species is considered oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Salix species (S. purpurea, alba, caprea aurita, pentandra, nigricans), although it was found also on Apiaceae (Heracleum sibiricum), Asteraceae (Taraxacum officinale), Caryophyllaceae (Dianthus carthusianorum, Silene otites), Poaceae (Koeleria glauca), Ranunculaceae and Rosaceae (Cerasus, Crataegus, Malus, Spiraea). The species nests in large colonies in bare or sparsely vegetated soil in warm and sunny conditions (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Falk 1991, Banaszak 2010). Westrich (1989) cites an exceptional case where ten thousand nests at one site were recorded along the river Rhine in Germany. A large aggregation of up to 4,000 nests was found recently in northwest Germany (Exeler et al. 2006). Andrena vaga is host to the kleptoparasite, or nest parasite, Nomada lathburiana, and of the Coleoptera Meloe decorus, Meloe proscarabaeus and Meloe violacea.","There are no specific threats documented for this species; presumably this species may suffer from general threats affecting European bees such as the reduction of suitable habitats by change of land use (transformation of permanent flower rich areas into monotonous agricultural ones), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of flowering period), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (tilling and ploughing), and the chemical exposure due to treatments with pesticide and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Great Britain (Endangered; Shirt 1987) and Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010).It occurs in protected areas such as the Duna Drava National Park, Hungary (Jozan 1998), the Latranyi Puszta Nature Conservation Area, Hungary (Jozan 2003), and the Vanatori Neamt Nature Park, Romania (B. Tomozii pers. obs. 2014). For the conservation of this species, Falk (1991) recommends maintaining sites in reasonable open states with plenty of bare soil in warm, sunny localities for nesting (e.g., south facing banks and slopes) with plenty of fallow land for foraging upon.  Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Tomozii, B. & Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,variabilis,,Andrena variabilis,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information on the actual population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the status of this species throughout its range, based upon updated field research.",Unknown,"Andrena variabilis is distributed from southern Europe through part of central Europe eastwards towards the Caucasus region (Armenia, Azerbaijan), southwestern Asia (Israel, Lebanon, Iran) and central Asia (Kazakhstan, west Turkmenistan). It is also known from north Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia) (Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","The population size of this species is presumably small, but there is no clear information available on the population size and trend of this species.","Andrena variabilis occurs mainly in xeric biotopes, both in plains and pre-mountainous areas, and occasionally in mountainous habitats up to 1,500 m altitude. The species is bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year, with the first flying from the end of May to mid-June, and the second from August to beginning of October. The females collect pollen from flowers of Fabaceae (Trifolium sp., Coronilla varia, Onobrychis sp., Medicago sp., Vicia sp., Hippocrepis sp., Astragalus sp.), Asteraceae (Eryngium campestre, Carduus sp., Xeranthemum anuum) and Brassicaceae (Erucastrum armuracioides, Crambe tatarica, Barbarea vulgaris) (Kocourek 1966, Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). The males of Andrena variabilis are pollinators of Ophrys kedra on Crete (Paulus 2007). On Cyprus Nomada stigma cypricola is a kleptoparasite, or nest parasite, of A. variabilis (P.A. Ebmer pers. comm. 2014).","There are no specific threats documented for this species; presumably this species may suffer from general threats affecting European bees such as the reduction of suitable habitats by change of land use (transformation of permanent flower rich areas into monotonous agricultural ones), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of flowering period), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (tilling and ploughing), and the chemical exposure due to treatments with pesticide and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists of Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002) and the List of Specially Protected Species of Slovakia (Ministry of Environment of the Slovak Republic 2006). It occurs in protected areas such as Mohelno Serpentine Steppe National Nature Reserve in Czech Republic (Přidal and Vesely 2011). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Tomozii, B. & Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,varians,,Andrena varians,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumably large population although the threats and population trends are poorly documented. Research should be conducted to determine the population size, trend and specific threats to the species as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Andrena varians is distributed across southern, central and northern Europe, European Russia (Kazan, Lutsk, Moscow, Orenburg, Saratov, Simbirsk Provinces, Perm Krai and Republic of Mordovia), Caucasus (Azerbaijan) and Central Asia (Kazakhstan) (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Lykov 2004, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005, Hellrigl 2006, Levchenko 2010, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Yunusov 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","The population of the species is presumably large, but there is no clear information on the population size and trend of this species. It is listed in the National Red List of Germany as Least Concern and has not changed status from 1998 until 2011 (Westrich et al. 1998, 2011). It is also listed as Least Concern in the Red List of Sweden (Cederberg 2010).","Andrena varians occurs in various habitats (virgin land, fallows, meadows, forest edges, roadsides, gardens and parks) at altitudes up to and over 1,000 m asl. In Ukraine it is found on forest steppes and steppe plains. It is a spring species that flies from April to early June. The species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plant species. The females collect pollen from flowers of the Salicaceae, Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Ranunculaceae and Valerianaceae. It is known as a good pollinator of fruit crops. It nests in the soil of gardens and forest edges. Its nest is parasitised by N. panzeri (Osytshnjuk 1977, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005).","There are no specific threats documented for this species; presumably this species may suffer from general threats affecting European bees such as the reduction of suitable habitats by change of land use (transformation of permanent flower rich areas into monotonous agricultural ones), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of flowering period), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (tilling and ploughing), and the chemical exposure due to treatments with pesticide and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Germany (Least Concern and has not changed status from 1998 until 2011 - Westrich et al. 1998, 2011), the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002), Sweden (Least Concern; Cederberg 2010) and Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994). It occurs in protected areas such as Duna Drava National Park in Hungary (Jozan 1998), “Khomutovsky Step” nature reserve in Ukraine (Osytshnjuk 1977) and the Wolin National Park in Poland (Banaszak 2010). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Tomozii, B. & Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,vaulogeri,,Andrena vaulogeri,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on population size or trends, habitats, ecology, or threats. Further research may increase the threat status of this species, since it is poorly known and in Europe it is restricted to Spain.",Unknown,"There is only one record of this species in Europe, one female from Adradas (province of Soria, Castilla y León, Spain) (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). Elsewhere, it is known from a series of scattered localities across the Maghreb, from Morocco eastwards to Tunisia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).",There are no data available on either overall population size or trends. The species is clearly very rarely encountered.,"There is no information available on the habitats and ecology of this species. However, there are records of the species visiting flowers of Reseda lutea, and it is on the wing in mid-June in Spain (Warncke 1976) and from May to June in the Maghreb (Warncke 1974a).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,ventralis,,Andrena ventralis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information on the actual population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further surveys are necessary to establish the status of this species throughout its range, based upon updated field research.",Unknown,"Andrena ventralis is distributed throughout Europe (except in the north) from Spain to Ukraine and European Russia. Outside of Europe, it is found in the Caucasus region, Asia Minor, Central Asia (Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan), south of Siberia (to Baikal), Far East of Russia, China, South Korea and Japan (Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","The population is presumably large, but there is no clear information on the population size and trend of this species. It is listed in the National Red List of Germany as Least Concern and has not changed its status from 1998 until 2011 (Westrich et al. 1998, 2011).","Andrena ventralis is found mainly in moist habitats (meadows, river banks and woodlands edge) at altitudes up to 1,800 m asl. It is an early spring species that flies from late March until May, common in April. The species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. It prefers Salix, but is able to use the pollen of other plants too (cf. Westrich 1989). The females visit flowers of Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Rosaceacae, Ranunculaceae, Salicaceae and Euphorbiaceae. It is known as a good pollinator of fruit trees. It nests in small aggregations in sandy and clay soil. Its nest are parasitised by Nomada ruficornis, N. zonata, N. panzeri (Kocourek 1966, Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008), Sphecodes pellucidus and Nomada alboguttata.","There are no specific threats documented for this species; presumably this species may suffer from general threats affecting European bees such as the reduction of suitable habitats by change of land use (transformation of permanent flower rich areas into monotonous agricultural ones), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of flowering period), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (tilling and ploughing), and the chemical exposure due to treatments with pesticide and herbicides.","It is listed in the National Red List of Germany as Least Concern and has not changed its status from 1998 until 2011 (Westrich et al. 1998, 2011). It occurs in the protected area such as Duna Drava National Park in Hungary (Jozan 1998) and Èepkeliai Nature Reserve in southern Lithuania (Monsevièius 2004). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Tomozii, B. & Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,ventricosa,,Andrena ventricosa,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information on the actual population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further surveys are necessary to establish the status of this species throughout its range, based upon updated field research.",Unknown,"Andrena ventricosa is distributed across southern Europe, from Spain to Bulgaria and Romania. Outside of Europe it is found in Asian Russia (Dagestan), the Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan), southwestern Asia (Turkey, Israel, Jordan, Iran) and North Africa (Morocco, Tunisia) (Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014).","The population size is small in Europe, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","Andrena ventricosa occurs mainly in xeric biotopes, in both planes and mountains. In Israel it has been recorded up to 1,650 m altitude. The species flies from April to June, recorded also in March (Israel) and July (Italy, Hungary). It is monovoltine, in that it has one generation per year. In its southern range it is bivoltine (it has two generations per year), with the second flying from mid-July to August. The females of the first generation collect pollen from flowers of Thymus serpyllum (Lamiaceae) and the second generation collect from flowers of the Apiaceae (Dylewska 1987, Osytshnjuk et al. 2005). The kleptoparasite, or nest parasite, of A. ventricosa is Nomada tridentirostris (Kocourek 1966).","There are no specific threats documented for this species; presumably this species may suffer from general threats affecting European bees such as the reduction of suitable habitats by change of land use (transformation of permanent flower rich areas into monotonous agricultural ones), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of flowering period), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (tilling and ploughing), and the chemical exposure due to treatments with pesticide and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red List of Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002) and in the List of Specially Protected Species of Slovakia (Ministry of Environment of the Slovak Republic 2006). It occurs in protected areas although they have not been documented. Further research should be conducted to determine the actual population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Tomozii, B. & Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,verae,,Andrena verae,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient as it is only known from 16 specimens that were collected before 1960. There are no further data on the species' population or threats. It does not occur within the EU 27.,Unknown,"In Europe, this very rare species is known only from Russia and Ukraine, in the Astrakhan and Lugansk regions, respectively. Outside of Europe, it has only been found in Kazakhstan.","Within Europe, this species is known only from 16 specimens, from three localities. The specimens were all collected before 1960. There is no information available on the current population trend and status of this species.","Andrena verae inhabits grassland biotopes and flies from late April until early June. The females collect pollen from flowers of different plants such as: Salicaceae, Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Brassicaceae, Valerianaceae, Liliaceae, Ranunculaceae species (Osytshnjuk 1994, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). The species' nesting behaviour is unknown.",The threats to this species remain unknown.,"A thorough search for this species in the south-eastern regions of the European part of Russia and Ukraine should be performed to determine the population status, trends and threats to this species. The species is found in the Ukraine protected areas including the Streletskaya steppe Natural Reserve and the Proval'skaya steppe Natural Reserve. However, the establishment of more protected areas in the field of its detection should be created.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of plants.","Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Patiny, S., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,verticalis,,Andrena verticalis,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern because, although full details of threats and trends are missing, the bee is widespread in distribution and it has a presumed large overall population.",Unknown,"This is a species of the western Mediterranean basin, where it is found across the Iberian Peninsula and in the Balearic Islands, Sicily, southern France and possibly Corsica. The species is also present in the Maghreb, through Morocco eastwards to western Libya (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).","There are no details of either the overall population size or any population trends. However, the species is widespread in the western Mediterranean and, although the species is very likely to be under-recorded because of its small size (D. Genoud in litt. 2014), the population is probably quite large overall.","Andrena verticalis is known to occur in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, at least in large parts of its range. It is also found in agricultural environments in Italy and Sicily (Quaranta et al. 2004). D. Genoud in litt. (2014) states that the species is most commonly found on the interface between agricultural and semi-natural land. He further reports that the species visits various Apiaceae, and that it is probably bivoltine, with a spring and a summer generation. According to Warncke (1976), in south and east Iberia, the first generation flies from the end of March to the beginning of May, and from end of May to mid of June for the second one. As for central Spain, the first generation flies from end of March to mid of May, and the second generation from the end of May to end of June. The species has been recorded visiting flowers of Daucus carota (France),  Acacia retinoides, Prunus dulcis, Crepis vesicaria, , Crataegus monogyna, Biscutella, Pirus Reseda and Diplotaxis species, Euphorbia guynoniana (Morocco) and Leontodon species (Spain). It seems to prefer Apiaceae and Brassicaceae (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","The threats to this species are not known, but given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is likely to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may well have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas, although, given its wide distribution range, it is likely. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,vetula,,Andrena vetula,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are considered stable within part of its range and there are no major threats to the species. However, research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.",Unknown,"A southern European species that is found in Portugal, Spain, France, Italy and Cyprus (Ceballos et al. 1956, Warncke 1967a, Warncke 1974b, Warncke 1976, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Rasmont et al. 2005, Quaranta et al. 2004, Vereecken 2007, 2008, Baldock and Smit 2013, GBIF 2013). The species is present in the whole Mediterranean with a strange gap in the Aegean and the Balkan Peninsulas. The easternmost records are from Iran and Turkmenia.Müller (1944) indicated this species for Dresden (Germany), but Warncke (1967a) has denied this information. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,949,201 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 132 km2.",The populations of Andrena vetula in Italy and Portugal are likely to be stable. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"This species lives in different habitats, such as slopes with shrubs, meadows, road embankments, gravel beaches and dunes. It can be found at an altitude of 1,400-1,600 m in Turkey (Warncke 1969a) and up to 2,650 m in Morocco (Grünwaldt 1976). The species is bivoltine (it has two generations per year); the first generation flies from March to April, and the second generation flies from May to June. Females usually collect pollen only from Brassicaceae (Sinapis alba, Scandix pectenveneris, Rapistrum rugosum), although single specimens were recorded on Anacyclus radiatus (Asteraceae) (Warncke 1980). Furthermore, in Tunisia and eastern Algeria it is noted as a pollinator of Ophrys battandieri (Orchidaceae) through pseudo-copulation by the male (Paulus and Salkowski 2007, Paulus 2007).",There are no known major threats to the species.,The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. This species occurs in a number of nature reserves. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,villipes,,Andrena villipes,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern because, although full details of threats and trends are missing, the bee is widespread in distribution and it has a presumed large overall population.",Unknown,"According to Gusenleitner and Schwarz (2002), the species is endemic to southwestern Europe, where it is known from Iberia and southern France. However, Kuhlmann et al. (2014) also list Algeria, although this record might be uncertain, and there is a female record from northern Morocco (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","There are no details of either the overall population size or any population trends. However, the species is widespread in south western Europe and so although the species is never record in large numbers (D. Genoud in litt. 2014) the subpopulations are probably quite large overall.","Full details of the habitats and ecology are not available. However, the species is known to occur in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, and it seems to prefer open areas in mature garrigue. The bee is a late spring species and is active as an adult from the end of April and through May or June in the case of Spain (Warncke 1976). It is probably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species as a pollen resource, and a male has been recorded visiting Helianthemum appeninum (Cistaceae) (D. Genoud in litt. 2014). In Spain, there are records of the species visiting Rosmarinus officinalis and Brassicaceae species (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","The threats to this species are not known. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is likely to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may well have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas, although, given its wide distribution range, it is likely.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,viridescens,,Andrena viridescens,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information on the actual population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the status of this species throughout its range, based upon updated field research.",Unknown,"Andrena viridescens is distributed throughout Europe from Spain to Perm Krai (south Ural) in Russia, including the European part of Turkey and Anatolia (cf. Hazir et al. 2014), and as far north as Denmark. Outside of Europe it is found from the Caucasus to Iran (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Lykov 2007, Spek van der and Raemakers 2009, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014). There is also an extremely doubtful record of this species in India (Tamil Nadu province) (Ascher and Pickering 2014).","The population is presumably small, but there are no clear data on population size and trend.","Andrena viridescens is found in forested habitats (forest edges, clearings and glades). In Ukraine, it is found in steppe forests. It flies from the end of April to June. It is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Veronica species (Scrophulariaceae), but it also found on Asteraceae (Taraxacum officinale), Fabaceae (Medicago falcata), Lamiaceae (Lamium purpureum) and Rosaceae (Crataegus, Potentilla, Fragaria vesca). It is a solitary nesting species in forest soil (Kocourek 1966, Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl 1997). Its kleptoparasite, or nest parasite, is Nomada atroscutellaris (Kocourek 1966).","There are no specific threats documented for this species; presumably this species may suffer from general threats affecting European bees such as the reduction of suitable habitats by change of land use (transformation of permanent flower rich areas into monotonous agricultural ones), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of flowering period), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (tilling and ploughing), and the chemical exposure due to treatments with pesticide and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2008), the Netherlands (Near Threatened; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Poland (Vulnerable; Banaszak 2002) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It occurs in protected areas such as Beda Karapancsa Landscape Protected Area and Boronka-melléki Landscape Protected Area in Hungary (Jozan 1992), Mohelno Serpentine Steppe National Nature Reserve in Czech Republic (Přidal and Vesely 2011) and Swabian Alb Biosphere Reserve in Germany (Anonymous 2014). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Tomozii, B. & Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,volgensis,,Andrena volgensis,,,No,DD,,Yes,NE,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient as it has only been described from one region in European Russia. There are no further data on the species' population status or threats. It does not occur within the EU 27.,Unknown,Andrena volgensis has only been found in the Volgograd and Karaganda regions of European Russia.,"From Europe, this species is known from one example (holotypus). There is no information available on the current population trend and status of this species.","Andrena volgensis inhabits xeric biotopes and flies in May. The females collect pollen from flowers of Brassicaceae (Alyssum) and Rosaceae (Spiraea) species (Osytshnjuk 1994, Osytshnjuk et al. 2008). The nesting behaviour of this species is unknown.",The threats to this very rare species are unknown.,"A thorough search for this species in the south-eastern regions of the European part of Russia should be performed to determine the population status, trends and threats to this species. Once its population status and distribution have been determined, protected areas should be established in these areas.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially, but is valued as a pollinator of plants.","Scheuchl, E. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A., Patiny, S., Radchenko, V. & Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,vulcana,,Andrena vulcana,,,No,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (NT)This species is listed as Near Threatened (NT) because, although full details of threats and trends are missing, this species is clearly very rarely encountered, the European subpopulations are small and believed to have an area of occupancy (AOO) of less that 500 km2 (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). Although the subpopulations are also severely fragmented with little chance of any rescue effect from outside of Europe, we can not be certain if there is a continuing decline in subpopulations or habitat quality or extreme fluctuations in numbers within the population. Thus, the species is close to quantifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Further research may require the threat status of this species to be upgraded.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is confined to a small handful of sites in Portugal and Spain. Elsewhere, it is known from a series of scattered localities across the Maghreb, from Algeria eastwards to Tunisia (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002). Kuhlmann et al. (2014) additionally list Morocco.  The area of occupancy (AOO) is unknown but it is probably less than 500 km2 (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).","There are no details of either the overall population size or any population trends. However, the species is rarely encountered and appears to be very sporadic in occurrence. Both European subpopulations are widely separated from each other and the nearest known subpopulations are located in north Africa. Therefore, the distribution can be regarded as severely fragmented (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).","Full details of the habitats and ecology are not known. However, it is presumed to inhabit phryganic Mediterranean shrublands in Iberia. The species has been recorded in Algeria visiting Sinapis arvensis (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). The species flies in March in Spain (Warncke 1976) and it is reported to be active from April to May in the Maghreb (unpublished data, E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).","The threats to this species are not known. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is likely to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species. It is possible that the populations in the Canary Islands might be threatened by the development of tourist infrastructures.","The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to clarify its taxonomic status and to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Roberts, S.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,vulpecula,,Andrena vulpecula,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information on the actual population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the status of this species throughout its range, based upon updated field research.",Unknown,"Andrena vulpecula is distributed in southern Europe to north Africa (Morocco, Tunis, Algeria) and southwestern Asia (Israel) (Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014). It has relatively recently been recorded from the Russian Far East (Proshchalykin 2004), but this seems rather doubtful.","The population is presumably small, but there are no clear data on population size and trend.","Andrena vulpecula probably prefers xeric habitats (grasslands). In Slovenia, the species is univoltine (one generation per year), flying from May to June. The species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, and it is mainly specialized on Cistaceae species, in particular on Helianthemum (Gogala 1999), Cistus (E. Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014), Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae; Blasco-Zumeta 2014) and Anchusa officinalis (Atanasov and Vasileva 1990). In Israel, females have been found on Colchicum species (Warncke 1969b). The biology and ecology of the species is poorly documented. The males of Andrena vulpecula are widely known as pollinators of different species of Orchids through pseudocopulation: Ophrys lucentina in Spain; Ophrys numida in Tunisia, Sicily and south Italy; and Ophrys fusca, O. omegaifera and O. sicula (Arnold 1999, Paulus 2007).","There are no specific threats documented for this species; presumably this species may suffer from general threats affecting European bees such as the reduction of suitable habitats by change of land use (transformation of permanent flower rich areas into monotonous agricultural ones), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of flowering period), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (tilling and ploughing), and the chemical exposure due to treatments with pesticide and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists of Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). It is found in protected areas in Italy such as the Parco Nazionale del Vesuvio (Comba 2007). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and specific threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Tomozii, B. & Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,westensis,,Andrena westensis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread in Greece, and there appears to be no major threats affecting the species. However, further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends and habitat and ecology of the species.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is only found in Greece, on the mainland and on the island of Lesbos (Warncke 1965b, Gerdenitsch and Mazzucco 2000, Nielsen et al. 2011, Standfuss et al. 2011), Rhodes (Warncke 1974b), Chios, Samos, Kos, Naxos (unpublished data, E.Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014). It is known in Asia from Turkey.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 32,599 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km2.","The species does not seem to be rare. In particular, during one survey in 2004 at only one locality (Lesbos, Mytilene) 76 specimens of Andrena westensis were collected (Nielsen et al. 2011). The population trend is unknown.","Andrena westensis can be found to inhabit low shrubs and olive groves. The species flies from March to May. The closely related A. polita species is oligolectic on Asteraceae, preferably on Cichorioideae (Standfuss et al. 2011).",There are no known major threats to the species.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and habitat and ecology of the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,wilhelmi,,Andrena wilhelmi,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"An eastern Mediterranean species found in Italy including Sicily, Macedonia, Greece, Greek Islands, Cyprus, Turkey and Israel (Schuberth 1995, Nielsen et al. 2011) This species is very closely related to Andrena forsterella, therefore some of the data on its distribution may be confused and so Andrena wilhelmi may occupy a wider area than is currently thought. It is also found in the Caucasus. A male has been found from the Crimea (E.Scheuchl pers. comm. 2014).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 900,244 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km2.","The current status of Andrena wilhelmi populations remain unknown as it is a rare species. Over the past 20 years in Europe, only two specimens have been collected and they were from the island of Lesbos (Greece) in 2004 (Nielsen et al. 2011).","The species lives in low, soft-leaved scrubland regions, Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and semi-natural scrub (phrygana). It is a bivoltine species (it has two generations per year); the first generation fly from the end of March to the end of June and the second generation fly in October. The exact trophical links of this species are not known; there have only been a few records on Fabaceae (Trifolium sp.). The females possibly visit flowers of Salicaceae (Salix sp.) and Rosaceae (Prunus sp.) (Schuberth 1995).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,wilkella,,Andrena wilkella,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information on the actual population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further surveys are necessary in order to establish the status of this species throughout its range, based upon updated field research.",Unknown,"Andrena wilkella has a holoarctic distribution, with a range extending throughout Europe to Asia Minor, Central Asia, Siberia, Far Eastern Russia and China. It is also known from north Africa (Morocco), Canada and the USA (Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Gusenleitner and Schwarz 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2014, Rasmont et al. 2013, Ascher and Pickering 2014). In Canada and USA the species was accidentally introduced in the 18th century. The boundaries of the species' range are difficult to determine due to misidentifications with Andrena ovatula.","The population is presumably large, but there are no clear data on the species' population size and trend. It is listed in the National Red List of Germany as Least Concern and has not changed status from 1998 until 2011 (Westrich et al. 1998, 2011). It is also noted as Least Concern in the Red List of Finland (Nieminen and Sundell 2005).","Andrena wilkella prefers moist habitats and is found in mesophilous grasslands and road borders. In the Alps, it can be found at altitudes up to 2,500 m asl. The species flies from April to mid-August especially on Fabaceae (Trifolium, Medicago sativa, Lotus corniculatus), Brassicaceae (Sinapis arvensis), Apiaceae (Daucus), Berberidaceae (Berberis vulgaris), Rhamnaceae (Frangula alnus) and Dipsacaceae (Knautia arvensis) but usually prefers flowers of legumes. It is a solitary nesting species in sandy and clay soils and is parasitised by Nomada striata (Kocourek 1966, Osytshnjuk 1977, Dylewska 1987, Peeters and Reemer 2003). The kleptoparasite, or nest parasite, of Andrena wilkella is Nomada striata (Westrich 1989), and probably Sphecodes ephippius (Bogusch et al. 2006). The males of Andrena wilkella are pollinators of Ophrys sulcata in south France, north Italy and Istria (Paulus 2007).","There are no specific threats documented for this species; presumably this species may suffer from general threats affecting European bees such as the reduction of suitable habitats by change of land use (transformation of permanent flower rich areas into monotonous agricultural ones), inappropriate field management (cutting the vegetation before or during peak of flowering period), losing proper nesting sites due to agriculture activities (tilling and ploughing), and the chemical exposure due to treatments with pesticide and herbicides.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Finland (Least Concern; Nieminen and Sundell 2005), Germany (Least Concern and has not changed status from 1998 until 2011; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011), Ireland (Data Deficient; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006, but simultaneously it is noted for Ireland as Vulnerable, according to National Status IUCN Category; Ronayne 2006) and the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It occurs in Beda-Karapancsa landscape protection area in Hungary (Jozan 1992), Natural Reserve of the Mount Etna Park in Italy (Puglisi et al. 2012), Mohelno Serpentine Steppe National Nature Reserve in Czech Republic (Přidal and Vesely 2011) the and Èepkeliai Nature Reserve in Lithuania (Monsevièius 2004). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & García, M.","Tomozii, B. & Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,wolfi,,Andrena wolfi,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,The species in Europe is known only from Sicily in Italy (Nobile 2000). It has also been found in Israel (Gusenleitner and Scheuchl 2000). The species was described on the basis of two females from Israel.,The current status and trend of Andrena wolfi populations remain unknown.,The data on the species' habitats are absent although it can be presumed to inhabit Mediterranean shrub lands. It was found in March on Brassicaceae (at least two specimens were collected from this plant family).,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Andrena,wollastoni,,Andrena wollastoni,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread throughout the Macaronesian Islands, the populations are presumed to be stable and there are no major threats to the species. .",Stable,"An endemic species to Macaronesia: the Canary Islands (El Hierro, La Gomera, La Palma, Tenerife and Gran Canaria) as well as Madeira (Saunders 1904, Cockerell 1922, Alfken 1940, Lieftinck 1958, Warncke 1967b, Warncke 1968, Báez and Ortega 1978, Warncke 1993, Fellendorf et al. 1999, Valido and Olesen 2010, Kratochwil and Scheuchl 2013). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 141,258 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 192 km².","The populations of Andrena wollastoni are likely to be stable. In Madeira and the Porto Santo Islands, 37 specimens in 2005, and eight specimens (during only four days) in 2007 were collected.","Andrena wollastoni occurs throughout a wide spectrum of habitats from the coast line to the hilltop of Pico do Arieiro (Madeira) at an altitude of 1,750 m. This species occurs on sand beaches, slopes covered with shrubs, dry rocky grasslands, ruderal sites and abandoned fields. It is a bivoltine species (it has two generations): the first generation flies from mid January until March while the second generation flies from May until July, and in the mountains until mid-August. The females and males have been detected on 26 plant taxa belonging to 11 plant families: Apiaceae (Melanoselinum decipiens), Asteraceae (Argyranthemum frutescens, Agyranthemum pinnatifidum succulentum, Ageratina adenophora, Chrysanthemum segetum, Crepis vesicaria haenseleri, Leontodon taraxacoides, Sonchus oleraceus), Boraginaceae (Echium candicans and Echium nervosum), Brassicaceae (Cakile maritima, Raphanus raphanistrum, Rapistrum rugosum, Sinapis arvensis, Sinapis sp., Sisymbrium officinale), Crassulaceae (Aeonium glandulosum, Aichryson villosum), Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbia sp.), Geraniaceae (Geranium maderense) and Resedaceae (Reseda luteola). Females are thought to give some preference to flowers of Asteraceae species. Females also collect pollen predominantly from native and endemic plants compared with introduced and cultivated plant species (Valido and Olesen 2010, Kratochwil and Scheuchl 2013).",There are no known major threats to the species.,The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Scheuchl, E., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Anthidiellum,breviusculum,,Anthidiellum breviusculum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as it has a wide distribution, although it is a locally rare species, and occupies a wide range of habitats. Further research is required to determine the population size and trends of the species.",Unknown,"A Mediterranean species that reaches Iran in the east. According to Warncke (1980, 1981), the nominate subspecies occurs in Spain, France and Tunisia, and A. breviusculum troodicum Mavromoustakis, 1948 occurs in the eastern Mediterranean basin in Turkey, Israel, Lebanon and Iran (Warncke 1980, Ascher 2013).","This species is not frequent, but its population seems to be continuous throughout its range. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.","The species inhabits Mediterranean-type and temperate shrubland, temperate grassland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. It visits Crassulaceae, Fabaceae, Boraginaceae, Lamiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Campanulaceae and Asteraceae species (Herrera 1990, Müller 1996).","This species is generally threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing and tourism, and herbicide and pesticide use. The direct conversion of land to agricultural use and the use of agrochemicals have severe impacts on many bees including this species.",The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Ornosa, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Anthidiellum,strigatum,,Anthidiellum strigatum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the population is presumed to be large. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.",Unknown,"Anthidiellum strigatum is a Palearctic species, and it is present throughout Europe, north Africa, towards the Middle East, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Iran and Russia (Dusmet 1908, Mavromoustakis 1954b, 1954c, Warncke 1980, Diniz 1989, Ortiz-Sánchez 1990, Amiet 1994, Rasmont et al. 1995, Comba and Comba 2001, Ornosa et al. 2008, Ban-Călefariu and Matache 2008, Grace 2010, Madsen and Calabuig 2010, Peeters et al. 2012).  Anthidiellum strigatum strigatum is a Palearctic subspecies; Anthidiellum strigatum contractum is found in the western Mediterranean and it is distributed across Spain, Portugal, France, north Africa and Sicily; Anthidiellum strigatum luteum is distributed in southeastern Europe, the eastern Mediterranean (continental Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, continental Greece, Crete, Rhodes), Asia Minor, the Caucasus and Iran; Anthidium strigatum crassepunctatum occurs in Cyprus, Israel, Syria, Iraq and Turkmenistan (Mavromoustakis 1954b, c, Warncke 1980, Ornosa et al. 2008, Grace 2010).  Another subspecies exists outside of Europe, in Libya and Tunisia (Mavromoustakis 1954b, 1954c, Warncke 1980, Grace 2010).  The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be at least 8,000 km2.","There is no information available for the size and trend of the European population, because many of the records are old. However, it has been collected recently (2004, 2008-2012) from different sites in Europe (Denmark, Greece, Romania, Spain, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany, the Netherlands). It seems to be quite abundant and the population across Europe is presumed to be large.","Anthidiellum strigatum is found in boreal forests, boreal, temperate and Mediterranean shrublands, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. It has a flight period from May to September. It is polylectic, with a strong preference for Fabaceae, according to Müller (1996), but Grace (2010) found the species on Hypericum prolificum, Onobrychis, Lotus corniculatus, Centaurea solstitialis and Melilotus officinalis with the range of flowers visited much greater than the other members of Anthidiellum in the eastern Mediterranean and Near East.  This bee is a host to the kleptoparasitic bee Stelis signata (Dusmet 1908).","This species is generally threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing and tourism, and herbicide and pesticide use. The direct conversion of land to agricultural use and the use of agrochemicals have severe impacts on many bees including this species.","Anthidiellum strigatum is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species. It occurs in some protected areas. It was listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Austria, the Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2005), Slovakia (Belakova 1996), Switzerland (Amiet 1994, Amiet et al. 2004) as Least Concern, in Germany as Vulnerable (Westrich et al. 2008, 2011) and in Finland as Near Threatened (Rassi et al. 2010).  .",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Anthidium,cingulatum,,Anthidium cingulatum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the populations are quite common. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.",Unknown,"Anthidium cingulatum is a western Paleartic species (Ornosa et al. 2008). In its nominal form, it is distributed across central and meridional Europe, from the Iberian Peninsula and north Africa, along the Mediterranean area, up to the Caucasus, Turkestan and Siberia (Warncke 1980, Ornosa et al. 2008, Grace 2010).   Anthidium cingulatum rufispinum is endemic to Sardinia (Warncke 1980, Ornosa et al. 2008).The minimum estimate for the area of occupancy (AOO) is 5,500 km2.",This species is quite common but there is no further information on the population size and trends.,"Anthidium cingulatum is found in temperate forest, temperate grassland, Mediterranean shrubland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. It has been collected from March until August. It is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarily on Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae and Scrophulariaceae (Grace 2010, Vargas et al. 2010).","This species is generally threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing and tourism, and from herbicide and pesticide use. The direct conversion of land to agricultural use and the use of agrochemicals have severe impacts on many bees, including this species.",Anthidium cingulatum is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It occurs in some protected areas. The species is listed as Regionally Extinct (RE) in the Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2005) and Switzerland (Amiet 1994). Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Anthidium,dalmaticum,,Anthidium dalmaticum,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 800 km2 and its population is considered to be severely fragmented, in that there is little chance of genetic transfer between subpopulations. Thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Further research is required as the species may warrant listing in a threatened category in the future with additional data.",Unknown,"A northeastern Mediterranean species, found from continental Greece, Lesbos, Rhodes, Corfu, Dalmatia, Croatia, Turkey, Lebanon and Israel (Mavromoustakis 1958, 1960, Warncke 1980, Standfuss et al. 2003, Ornosa et al. 2008, Ascher and Pickering 2013).  The subspecies Anthidium dalmaticum syriacum is found in southeastern Turkey, through Lebanon to Palestine and Israel (Grace 2010).The estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 800 km2.","It   is a rare species throughout its range and currently its   population trend is unknown, although it is considered to be severely fragmented, in that there is little chance of genetic transfer between subpopulations. The last records of the species were from Warncke (1980) and Standfuss et al. (2003).","The species is found on temperate and Mediterranean-type shrubland, temperate grassland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.","This species is generally threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing and tourism, and from herbicide and pesticide use. The direct conversion of land to agricultural use and the use of agrochemicals have severe impacts on many bees including this species.","The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, ecology, and specific threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Anthidium,diadema,,Anthidium diadema,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Anthidium diadema has a western Palearctic distribution, from the Iberian Peninsula to eastern Europe via central Europe. The species is also found in Morocco and Algeria towards Central Asia (Dusmet 1908, Benoist 1950, Warncke 1980, Ortiz-Sánchez and Zanden 1991, Diniz 1989, Ornosa et al. 2008, Grace 2010, Güler 2011).","It is not common but there have been recent records in some places in Europe such as in Spain (unpublished data 2009, F.J. Ortiz-Sanchez pers. comm. 2014), Greece (Grace 2010) and outside of Europe, in Turkey from 2006-2008 (Güler 2011). There is no further information available on the population trend of this species.","The species inhabits temperate forest, temperate and Mediterranean shrubland, grassland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. It flies from May to August and according to Müller (1996) it is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Cardueae (Asteraceae), although it has been also recorded on Onopordu (Asteraceae), Medicago (Fabaceae) and others (Grace 2010).","The threats to this species are not known; however, it is presumably threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and habitat degradation because of human activities. The use of agrochemicals severely impacts many bees including this species and could lead to a population decline.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and specific threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Anthidium,florentinum,,Anthidium florentinum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.",Unknown,"The nominate subspecies is Palearctic and distributed across north Africa, southern Europe, the warm parts of central Europe, the Middle East, central Siberia, the Caucasus, Iran and China, up to 2,600 m asl (Warncke 1980, Ornosa et al. 2008, Ebmer 2010, Ascher and Pickering 2013).  Anthidium florentinum subspinosum is a subspecies from the eastern Mediterranean, distributed across Greece, Cyprus, the Italian Alps, Syria and Lebanon (Mavromoustakis 1958, Comba and Comba 2001, Grace 2010).","The species is quite common but there is no information available on the European population trend and most of the records are old. However, it has recently been collected from a number of different sites: Switzerland in 2008 (Kouakou et al. 2008), eastern Mediterranean and Near East in 2010 (Grace 2010), and Spain from 2007-2012 (unpublished data, F.J. Ortiz-Sanchez pers. comm 2014) and Slovenia in 2012 (Gogala 2012).","Anthidium florentinum inhabits boreal and temperate forest, boreal, temperate and Mediterranean shrubland, tundra, temperate grassland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. It has a flight period from June to October. It is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarily on Asteraceae, Boraginaceae and Crassulaceae, with preference for Lamiaceae, Fabaceae and Rosaceae (Ornosa and Martínez 1995, García-González and Ornosa 1999, Grace 2010).","The species is generally threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing and tourism, and herbicide and pesticide use. The direct conversion of land to agricultural use and the use of agrochemicals have severe impacts on many bees including this species.",Anthidium florentinum is not subject to any targeted conservation action apart from the general actions of habitat preservation. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species. It occurs in some protected areas.,This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Anthidium,loti,,Anthidium loti,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its population size, threats and specific threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Anthidium loti is a Euro-asiatic species, distributed from central Europe, across the north Mediterranean, from the Iberian Peninsula to Turkey, the Urals, the Middle East, Iran, to Central Asia (Turkmenistan, Kopet-Dagh and Transcapia) (Maidl 1922, Mavromoustakis 1958, Warncke 1980, Standfuss et al. 2003, Ornosa et al. 2008, Grace 2010).The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 2,500 km2.","Most of the records are old, but a few individuals have recently been collected in certain sites from Greece between 1999-2002 (Standfuss et al. 2003), and Spain in 2008, 2010 and 2012 (unpublished data, F. Ortiz-Sanchez 2014). There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.","Anthidium loti inhabits temperate forest, temperate and Mediterranean shrubland, temperate grassland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. It has a flight period from June to August and is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarily on the Asteraceae and Boraginaceae families, with a preference for Fabaceae.","This species is generally threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing and tourism, and herbicide and pesticide use. The direct conversion of land to agricultural use and the use of agrochemicals have severe impacts on many bees including this species.","Anthidium loti is not subject to any targeted conservation action, apart from the general actions of habitat preservation. It is listed as Regionally Extinct (RE) in the Red List of Switzerland (Amiet 1994). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas.",This species is nor traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Anthidium,manicatum,,Anthidium manicatum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are presumed to be large and there are no specific threats. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.",Unknown,"Anthidium manicatum is distributed throughout Europe (except at the highest latitudes), from the Iberian Peninsula, the United Kingdom, the Azores and Balearic Islands towards eastern Europe. It is also found in north Africa, the Middle East, north Asia, the Caucasus and Iran (Ornosa et al. 2008). It was a Palearctic species but it was introduced in the United States and it is now established there, as well as in South America and New Zealand (Ascher and Pickering 2013, González and Griswold 2013).  In the U.S., Anthidium manicatum is considered as an invasive species (González and Griswold 2013).",A widely represented species within its range. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"Anthidium manicatum inhabits boreal and temperate forest, boreal, temperate shrubland and grassland, temperate grassland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. It was collected from March to September in the Palearctic area. It is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarily on the Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Crassulaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae and Scrophulariaceae (Grace 2010, Vargas et al. 2010).   The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, and in particular, Stelis punctulatissima (Amiet et al. 2004).","This species is generally threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing and tourism, and herbicide and pesticide use. The direct conversion of land to agricultural use and the use of agrochemicals have severe impacts on many bees including this species.",The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Anthidium,montanum,,Anthidium montanum,,,No,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 1,600 km2 and the species is severely fragmented, in that there is little genetic exchange between subpopulations. Thus, the species is close to qualifying  as threatened under Criterion B2. Research is required to determine the population trends of this species as it may become threatened in the future due to its isolated mountainous distribution.",Unknown,"Anthidium montanum is a rare montane species located in isolated European subpopulations in Picos de Europa, Sierra Nevada, Pyrenees, Alps, Carpatians, Tatra, in Germany, Denmark and three localities from Asia, in Kyrgyzstan and in China (Warncke 1980, Schwarz et al. 1996, Ornosa et al. 2008, Ortiz-Sanchez et al. 2013, Ebmer 2010).The estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is c. 1,600 km2.","Anthidium montanum is rare throughout its range but its population size is unknown. It is also severely fragmented, in that there is little chance of genetic transfer between subpopulations, as it is located in mountainous areas. It is extremely rare and fragmented in Spain (Ortiz-Sanchez et al. 2013).   Some records appear recent although they use old data (Comba and Comba 2001, Ebmer 2010). However, new records were recorded from Spain in two localities; four from Picos de Europa in 2010 and one from Sierra Nevada in 2011. The previous records come from 1993 and 1997 and most of the others are older.","A montane species that is found in open areas in mountain pine forests, grasslands and alpine meadows. It has a flight period from June to September. It feeds on flowers of the Fabaceae and Crassulaceae families.","This species is threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for tourism, and the use of herbicides and pesticides. If these current threats continue, they will affect the population in future.","Anthidium montanum is not subject to any targeted conservation action. The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008, 2011).Special conservation actions through site/area protection, resource and habitat management, and policies and regulations should be taken to preserve the species' rare distribution and isolated subpopulations. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends and specific threats to the species.  It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Anthidium,oblongatum,,Anthidium oblongatum,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large population. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and any specific threats to the species.",Unknown,"At present, Anthidium oblongatum has a Holarctic distribution.  It is a native western Palearctic species, that spreads from the Iberian Peninsula to the Middle East, the Caucasus and Central Asia (Warncke 1980, Ornosa et al. 2008, Westrich et al. 2008, 2011, Grace 2010), and it was also introduced in North America (Ascher and Pickering 2013).    In Europe, the only subspecies is Anthidium oblongatum oblongatum (Illiger, 1806). Anthidium oblongatum berberum Warncke, 1980 can be found in Morocco (Dusmet 1915, Warncke 1980, Ornosa et al. 2008).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species, although it is presumed to have a large overall population in Europe.","The species is found in temperate forests, temperate and Mediterranean shrubland, temperate grassland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. Stelis punctulatissima has been recorded as its kleptoparasite, a species that parasitises the nests of other bee species (Amiet et al. 2004). It flies from May to October. It is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarily on the Asteraceae, Crassulaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, and Boraginaceae (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).","This species is generally threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing and tourism, and herbicide and pesticide use. The direct conversion of land to agricultural use and the use of agrochemicals have severe impacts on many bees. including this species.","The species was listed as in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Germany as Vulnerable (Westrich et al. 2008, 2011). It occurs in some protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and specific threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Anthidium,punctatum,,Anthidium punctatum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as it has been recorded over a very wide area and it inhabits a wide range of habitat types. The species was classified as Least Concern (LC) in Austria, the Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2005) and Slovakia (Belakova 1996); and as Vulnerable in Germany (Westrich et al. 2008, 2011), the Netherlands (Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Switzerland (Amiet 1994).",Unknown,"Anthidium punctatum is a Palearctic species distributed throughout most of Europe. It is also introduced in Ecuador (Warncke 1980, Ornosa et al. 2008, Ascher and Pickering 2013).  Anthidium punctatum ssp. punctatum presents a Palearctic distribution and spreads from Spain to the northern Europe countries such as Belgium, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Finland and southeast towards eastern Europe, the Middle East, the Caucasus, Central Asia and Mongolia (Warncke 1980, Rasmont et al.1995, Amiet et al. 2004, Ban-Călefariu and Matache 2008, Ornosa et al. 2008, Grace 2010, Peeters et al. 2012).  It is also found in north Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia).  Anthidium punctatum ssp. fulvipes is a subspecies from Hungary, the Austrian Alps and Italy (Warncke 1980, Comba and Comba 2001).","There is no information available on the size and trend of the population, because many of the records are old. However, it has recently been collected in Germany (Westrich et al. 2008, 2011) where its population is in moderate decline.","Anthidium punctatum is found on boreal and temperate forest, boreal, temperate and Mediterranean shrubland, temperate grassland, temperate desert, arable land and pasture land. It has a flight period from May to July. It is polylectic, in that it forages upon a wide range of flowering plant families, mainly on Asteraceae, Crassulaceae, Dipsacaceae, Fabaceae and Lamiaceae. It is well adapted to the tropical area where it has been introduced (Ascher and Pickering 2013).","This species is generally threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing and tourism, and herbicide and pesticide use. The direct conversion of land to agricultural use and the use of agrochemicals have severe impacts on many bees including this species.","It is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Books of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008, 2011), the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). The species was classified as Least Concern (LC) in Austria, the Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2005) and Slovakia (Belakova 1996).It occurs in protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Anthidium,septemspinosum,,Anthidium septemspinosum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"It is a Eurasian species that spreads from Spain to Siberia, the Urals, Central Asia, China, Mongolia, Korea and Japan (Dusmet 1908, Warncke 1980, Schwarz et al. 1996, Ornosa et al. 2008, Grace 2010, Ascher and Pickering 2013).","There is no information available on the population abundance and its distribution is fragmented. There are quite recent records from Austria (2001-2003), where it seems common (Hausl-Hofstätter 2004).","The species inhabits boreal and temperate forests, Mediterranean and temperate shrubland, grassland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. It flies from June to August. It is a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarily on Lamiaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Lythraceae, Rosaceae (Gogala 1999, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001).","The threats to this species are not known. However, it is presumably threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and habitat degradation because of human activities. The use of agrochemicals produces severe impacts in this and other bees and could lead to a population decline.",The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Rare; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends and specific threats to the species.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Anthidium,spiniventre,,Anthidium spiniventre,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened as the species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 1,200 km2 and it is severely fragmented, in that there is little genetic exchange between subpopulations. Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Further research is required to determine the population size, trends and specific threats in case the species needs to be upgraded to a threatened category.",Unknown,"It is a northeastern Mediterranean and Asiatic species. In its   nominal form it spreads from continental   Greece to Croatia, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Iran up to 1,800 m asl (Friese 1899, Mavromoustakis 1956, Grace 2010, Ascher and Pickering 2013).   Anthidium   spiniventre melanopygum is found in Turkey, Crete, Caucasus and Turkmenistan   (Warncke 1980).The approximate area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,200 km2.","It is an uncommon species and it is severely fragmented, in that there is little chance of genetic exchange between subpopulations. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.","Anthidium spiniventre inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland and semi-desert. It was collected from April to July and it is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on thistles species from the Asteraceae family (Müller 1996a, Grace 2010).","This species is generally threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing and tourism, and herbicide and pesticide use. The direct conversion of land to agricultural use and the use of agrochemicals have severe impacts on many bees including this species.",The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends and specific threats to the species.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Anthidium,taeniatum,,Anthidium taeniatum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This is a circum-Mediterranean species that also spreads to Iran and Turkmenistan (Mavromoustakis 1958, Tkalců 1975a, Warncke 1980, Ornosa et al. 2008, Standfuss et al. 2003, Ascher and Pickering 2012).",There is no information available on the current population trend of this species.,"Anthidium taeniatum inhabits Mediterranean-type and temperate shrubland, temperate grassland, arable land, pasture land and semi-deserts. It has a flight period from May to August and is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarily on flowers of the Leguminosae and also on Asteraceae, Lamiaceae and Scrophulariaceae (Müller 1995, Standfuss et al. 2003, Grace 2010).","The threats to Anthidium taeniatum are not known, however, it is presumably threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and habitat degradation because of human activities. Agrochemicals produce severe impacts in this and other bee species and could lead to a population decline.","The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and specific threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Anthidium,undulatiforme,,Anthidium undulatiforme,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 600 km2 and the species is severely fragmented, meaning there is little genetic exchange between subpopulations. Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.",Unknown,"Anthidium undulatiforme is known from Romania, Bulgaria, continental Greece (Lamia), Turkey, Armenia, Palestine and Israel (Mavromoustakis 1939b, 1953, Warncke 1980, Grace 2010).The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated as 600 km2.",Anthidium undulatiforme is a very rare species that is severely fragmented into isolated Euro-Asiatic subpopulations with little chance of genetic exchange between them.,"The species inhabits Mediterranean type shrubland and semi-desert. According to Müller (1996) and Grace (2010), it is a polylectic bee, in that it forages upon a wide range of plant species, but it may have a predilection for Labiatae. It flies during May and is found on Phlomis viscosa (in Palestine) (Grace 2010).","This species is generally threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing and tourism, and herbicide and pesticide use. The direct conversion of land to agricultural use and the use of agrochemicals have severe impacts on many bees including this species.","The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of any European country and it is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research is required into the species' population size, trends and specific threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Anthidium,undulatum,,Anthidium undulatum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. Research however should be focused on determining the population trends of the species.,Unknown,"Anthidium undulatum is a Mediterranean and Asiatic species, that spreads from France and Algeria, in the west towards the north-eastern Mediterranean and the Caucassus (Mavromoustakis 1939b, 1948b, 1948c, 1956a, 1956b, 1958, Warncke 1980, Grace 2010).  Anthidium undulatum undulatum appears in southern France, Algeria, continental Greece, Corfú, Lesbos, Crete, Dalmatia (Croatia), Macedonia and Azerbaijan; Anthidium undulatum holozonicum spreads widely in Rhodes, Cyprus, eastern Turkey, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon; Anthidium undulatum wahrmanni was recorded in Greece (Attica), Cyprus, Israel, Palestine and Iran; Anthidium undulatum creticum appears in Crete (Morawitz 1874, Mavromoustakis 1939b, 1948a, 1948b 1956a, 1956b, 1958, Warncke 1980, Al–Ghzawi et al. 2006, Ascher and Pickering 2012).The estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,000 km2.","There is no quantitative information on the population size or trends, but it seems to be a fairly abundant species in some of its populations in Greece and the Middle East. It is presumed to have a large overall population.","Anthidium undulatum is found on temperate and Mediterranean shrubland, temperate grassland and semi-desert. It has been collected from May to October, but mainly during June and July (Grace 2010). It is polylectic, in that it forages upon a wide range of plant species with a strong preference for Fabaceae but it was also collected on Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Rosaceae (almond and cherry trees) and Scrophulariaceae (Mavromoustakis 1948b, Müller 1996a, Al–Ghzawi et al. 2006, Grace 2010).  According to Grace (2010), on Cyprus it is found visiting Calycotome villosa, Carlina lanata, Linaria elatine, Satureia incana,Teucrium polium micropodioides, Teucrium cyprium, Marrubium vulgare apolum, Heliotropium villosum and Alhagi maurorum; these flowers typically include members of the montane summer phryganic (East Mediterranean shrub) community.","This species is generally threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing and tourism, and herbicide and pesticide use. The direct conversion of land to agricultural use and the use of agrochemicals have severe impacts on many bees including this species.",The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known from any protected areas and it is not listed as threatened in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of any countries in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Anthidium,wuestneii,,Anthidium wuestneii,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of recent information on its population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and specific threats. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species as it may be threatened due to its low estimated area of occupancy (AOO).",Unknown,"This species occurs only in two countries in the European area, Greece and Turkey, but it is also found in Syria, Armenia and Iran (Mavromoustakis 1960, Warncke 1980). However, there is no recent   information on this species' wider distribution.   The estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 600 km2.",Anthidium wuestneii is a rare species. There is no recent information available on the population size and trends.,"Anthidium wuestneii is found on Mediterranean shrubland, temperate grassland and semi-desert. It was collected in June on Centaurea sp. (Asteraceae) by Mavromoustakis (1960). There are no other records about its flight period or flower preferences.","This species is generally threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing and tourism, and herbicide and pesticide use. The direct conversion of land to agricultural use and the use of agrochemicals have severe impacts on many bees including this species.",The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known from any protected areas and it is not listed as threatened in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of any countries in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,aestivalis,,Anthophora aestivalis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are presumed to be large and because, despite being threatened and scarce in certain European countries, it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. However, research should be conducted to determine the population size of the species.",Decreasing,"This species can be found from northern Spain north eastwards to northern Germany, and eastwards to Lake Baikal in eastern Russia (Rasmont 2014).","Even though this species remains very abundant in large areas of its distribution, it is nevertheless decreasing in other areas. It is considered Extinct in the Netherlands and it has nearly disappeared from northern France and Belgium.","Anthophora aestivalis utilises a broad range of habitats. In the Mediterranean Basin, it is associated with phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, mature Pinus brutia woodlands with open areas and trackways, abandoned olive groves, open hillside pasturelands with Quercus macrolepis and vegetated sandy upper beaches (S. Roberts pers. obs. 2001); while in Italy Quaranta et al. (2004) report it from a range of semi-natural and agricultural habitats. Iuga (1958) states that A. aestivalis appears to have a preference towards dry grasslands and woodlands edges. The species is assumed to be polylectic, in that it forages upon a wide range of plant species, such as Trifolium pratensis (Fabaceae), Lamium purpureum, Ajuga reptans (Lamiaceae) and Borago officinalis (Boraginaceae) (Iuga 1958). The flight period extends from early April to June. The details of the nesting biology are unknown.","The specific threats to this species are unknown. However, given      the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known  to     inhabit in parts of its range, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased   incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. In  agricultural areas, the species could be susceptible to the direct  application of pesticides, and indirectly, through the use of herbicides  which affect the forage plants. P. Rasmont (pers. obs. 2014) states that the main threats to this species are the removal of clovers (Trifolium sp.) and weeds.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002) and Switzerland (Vulnerable, Amiet 1994).There are no conservation actions in place for A. aestivalis, but clover (Trifolium) seeding could be useful to preserve the species (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014). It is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas, although given its large extent of occurrence, it is very likely. Further research should be conducted to determine the overall population size of the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,affinis,,Anthophora affinis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the confusion in the literature surrounding the taxonomy of the species, and the lack of information on the population trend and threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range. Future        research may well show    that Anthophora affinis warrants listing with  a threatened status.",Unknown,"The species is present throughout the Mediterranean region, with the exception of Egypt (Priesner 1957), and the observations from Germany and Italy need to be confirmed. Outside of Europe, it appears in southern Russia, Turkey, the Caucasus and Central Asia (Rasmont 1995, Rasmont 2014).","Anthophora affinis is scattered throughout its known range, but it can be locally abundant (P. Rasmont pers. obs. 2014). There is no information available about the population trend of the species.","This species lives along wood edges and forages mainly on flowers with very long corollae such as Silene italica (Caryophyllaceae), Buglossoides purpurocaerula, Echium spp. (Boraginaceae), Melittis melissophyllum (Lamiaceae), Lonicera spp. and Centranthus ruber  (Caprifoliaceae) (Rasmont 1995).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Switzerland as Anthophora biciliata (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trend and threats to the species and to elucidate the taxonomy further.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,agama,,Anthophora agama,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and current threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species, which is unclear due to the lack of information.",Unknown,"This species occurs widely through the Mediterranean Basin. It is also present in southern Russia, the Near East and Central Asia (Rasmont 2014).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species, although specimen data suggest that the species can be locally abundant in suitable habitat (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).","The species is associated with phryganic Mediterranean shrublands. The details of its nesting behaviour and forage requirements are unknown, but it shows a clear preference for Boraginaceae species. The species has been recorded visiting Echium angustifolium, Anchusa undulata (Boraginaceae); Muscari comosum (Liliaceae); Cistus parviflorus (Cistaceae) and Stachys cretica (Lamiaceae) (Petanidou 1994). It is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and it flies from April to early June.","The specific threats to this species remain  unknown. However, given      the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub  communities  it is known  to     inhabit in parts of its range,  inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased   incidence  of     fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trend and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,albosignata,,Anthophora albosignata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species, which is unclear due to the lack of information.",Unknown,"In Europe, Anthophora albosignata is only known from the mainland of Italy, Sicily and Greece (Friese 1896, Rasmont 2014). Elsewhere, it is present through the Near East and North Africa, where it seems to be quite common in Libya (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).",This is a rare and poorly known species. There is no information available on the population size and trends of A. albosignata.,"There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,alluaudi,,Anthophora alluaudi,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern since it is the most widespread of the Anthophora species from the Canary Islands and it has a presumably large population, foraging on a wide range of plant species. However, research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",Unknown,Anthophora alluaudi is endemic to the Canary Islands (Rasmont 2014).,"This species is the most widespread Anthophora of the Canary Islands. However, there is no information available about its population trend.","There is little information available on its habitat preferences, but A. alluaudi is found in open Pinus canariensis forests at 2,000 m asl in Tenerife, having been recorded up to 2,300 m asl (Hohmann et al. 1993).It is believed to be polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plant species, and it has been observed on the following families: Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Cistaceae, Convolvulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Geraniaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Oxalidaceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae, Theaceae and Verbenaceae (Hohmann et al. 1993, Ollerton et al. 2007).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it is present in at least one protected area, the Teide National Park (Tenerife). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P., Dehon, M. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,altaica,,Anthophora altaica,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. It does not occur in the EU 27.",Unknown,"In Europe, this rare and poorly known species has been observed in eastern Ukraine (Donetsk Region) and in southeastern European Russia (Orenburg Region) (Rasmont 2014). Outside of Europe, the species is present in Central Asia.","This is a rare and poorly known species, and there is no information available for its population size and trend.",There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species although it can expected to occur on temperate or Mediterranean-type shrubland.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,andalusica,,Anthophora andalusica,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Anthophora andalusica seems to be endemic to Spain (Rasmont 2014).,"There is no information available for the population size and trends of this species. However, it is considered to be rare.","There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be suspected to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P., Dehon, M. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,atriceps,,Anthophora atriceps,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is present through France and Spain. Elsewhere, it appears in North Africa and the Near East (Rasmont 2014).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. However, it can be very abundant locally in Mediterranean shrublands where it forages.","This species can be locally very abundant in Mediterranean shrubland, where it forages mainly on Lavandula spp. (Lamiaceae) (P. Rasmont pers. obs. 2014).","The specific threats to this species remain  unknown. However, given      the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub  communities  it is known  to     inhabit in parts of its range,  inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased   incidence  of     fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,atricilla,,Anthophora atricilla,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. It does not occur in the EU 27.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is only known from Crimea (Ukraine) and the Volgograd region in Russia. Elsewhere, it is present from the Caucasus, the Near East, Uzbekistan and North Africa (Rasmont 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species although it can be assumed to occur on steppic type habitats.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Ukraine (Rare; Akimov 2009). However, there are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is  unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas  within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the  population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the  species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,atroalba,,Anthophora atroalba,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and it is presumed to have a large population overall. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trend and threats to the species.",Unknown,"Anthophora atroalba is found across the Mediterranean and former Yugoslavia (Rasmont 2014). It has also been recorded from Central Asia by Friese (1896), but these records could be the result of confusion with A. erschowi.","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. However, in a number of major biodiversity studies in Greece and Lesvos, the species has appeared to be a very common component of the the apifauna in phryganic ecosystems (Petanidou 1994, Nielsen et al. 2011). It is therefore presumed to have a large population overall.","This species can be found in many open landscapes, including phryganic Mediterranean shrublands in Greece (Petanidou 1994) and in both semi-natural and agricultural habitats in Italy (Quaranta et al. 2004). The details of the nesting behaviour and precise forage requirements are not known; however it is probably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of plant species, and it is known to visit Asphodelus ramosus, Muscari comosum (Liliaceae); Trifolium angustifolium, Trifolium stellatum (Fabaceae); Crepis commutata, Crupina crupinastrum (Asteraceae); Cistus creticus (Cistaceae); Prasium majus, Salvia verbenaca (Lamiaceae) and Echium angustifolium (Boraginaceae) (Petanidou 1994).The species is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and flies from March to May (and a bit earlier in North Africa) (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).","The specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given       the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known   to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased    incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species. In   agricultural areas, the species could be susceptible to the direct   application of pesticides, and indirectly, through the use of herbicides   which affect the forage plants.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range, although it is likely given its large extent of occurrence (EOO). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,balearica,,Anthophora balearica,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Spain (Ortiz-Sánchez and Jimenéz-Rodríguez 1992), being best represented in the Balearic Islands (J. Ortiz-Sánchez pers. comm. 2014). There are some records from the eastern part of Spain that would need to be confirmed, as the species can be easily mistaken with other species such as A. leucophaea (J. Ortiz-Sánchez pers. comm. 2014).","The species is presumed to be locally common. However, there is no information available on the population size and trend of the species.","There is no information available on the habitat requirements of the species although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland. Anthophora balearica forages on Salvia sp. and Fabaceae species (Montero-Castaño et al. 2014, Friese 1896).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P., Dehon, M. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,balneorum,,Anthophora balneorum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and it is presumed to have a large overall population. However, research should be conducted to determine whether there are any specific threats to the species.",Stable,"This montane species is known from the Alps, the Massif Central, the Pyrénées, the mountains of central Spain and Portugal, mainland Italy and Sicily. Outside Europe, the species is found in the western Maghreb (Morocco) (Rasmont 2014).","The species is presumed to be generally abundant in mountain meadows, its preferred habitat, and remains stable.","The species is present in montane meadows, and it is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species. It is reported to forage on Echium vulgare (Boraginaceae).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,bimaculata,,Anthophora bimaculata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern because, even if it seems to be decreasing in certain countries (such as Switzerland, Slovenia and the Netherlands), it is also recovering in others, such as Belgium. The species is widespread, the populations are presumed to be large and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough overall to qualify for listing in a threatened category. However, research should be conducted to determine the specific threats to the species at the continental scale.",Stable,"This species can be found in most parts of Europe, reaching its northernmost distribution in southern England, Belgium, central Germany and Poland. It is also present all along the west Mediterranean countries, although it seems absent from most of the eastern Mediterranean such as the Balkans, Lebanon, Israel, Egypt, Libya and Tunisia. Anthophora bimaculata can be found through Central Asia and North Africa (Rasmont 2014).","This species is one of the most widespread of the Anthophora and it can be locally very abundant. While it is decreasing in certain European countries, such as Switzerland, Netherlands and Slovenia, it is also recovering in others, such as Belgium. Therefore, its overall trend is presumed to be stable. However, it could be under-represented in collections as it flies quite fast, making the species rather difficult to sample.","This species can be found in open areas, shrublands, grasslands, lowland heathlands, coastal soft-rock cliffs and undercliffs. Female Anthophora bimaculata usually nest gregariously in level soil, sandy banks and cliff faces, and aggregations may be extensive. The nest architecture and immature stages are unknown.It is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plant species, although it is specially attracted by the Common Lavender (Lavandula x intermedia). A female has been seen collecting Echium vulgare pollen (Boraginaceae) in England (S. Roberts pers. obs. 1995). Pawlikowski and Kruszynski (1997) additionally list Echium vulgare (Boraginaceae), Centaurea rhenana (Asteraceae), Chamerion angustifolium (Onagraceae) and Potentilla arenaria (Rosaceae) as forage sources in Poland.The species is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and flies from late June to mid-September.","Heathland habitats are subject to a number of pressures ranging from widespread commercial forestry, urban and infrastructure development, mineral extraction and military training (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014), making the species potentially threatened.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Germany (Vulnerable, Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002) and Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994).There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it does occur in protected areas such as Swanscombe NNR, Iping Common NNR, Ashurst (New Forest NP), RSPB Cliffe and Holt Heath NNR in the UK. Further research should be conducted to determine the threats to the species at a continental scale.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,borealis,,Anthophora borealis,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is presumed to be around 2,000 km2 and there has been a decline in the number of mature individuals in certain parts of its range. It is also fragmented throughout Europe, although not severely enough to be regarded as a threat in its own right. Therefore, it qualifies as Near Threatened under Criterion B2b(v). Research is required to determine the population trends and any further threats to the species.",Decreasing,"This is the only Anthophora species with a distinctly northern distribution, and in Europe the southernmost known locations seem to be Slovakia and Hungary. However, the species also occurs in the Caucasus (Rasmont 2014). To the north, the species is found in St.Petersburg and the are surrounding Moscow, Russia, but the northernmost limits are not clearly defined, and it is presumed that it may even reach the Arctic Circle. To the east, it spreads through Siberia to reach the Amur Basin (Levchenko 2011).The area of occupancy (AOO) is presumed to be around 2,000 km2.","This species is rare in all of its localities. The population is presumed to be decreasing since the species has completely disappeared from Belgium, France, Germany and the Netherlands (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014).","Anthophora borealis was formerly found in sandy places in the central and southern Netherlands, occupying the edges of open pine forests, clear-felled areas and old clay quarries (Peeters 2012, citing Westrich 1989). The nests are constructed in sunny, bare sandy places, often in small aggregations of up to a dozen nests (Westrich 1989). It is a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plant species, and Iuga (1958) cites Trifolium (Fabaceae), Stachys and Teucrium (Lamiaceae). Levchenko (2011) also adds Stachys palustris (Lamiaceae) and Echium vulgare (Boraginaceae). It flies in the summer as a single generation in July and August. This species is the host of the kleptoparasitic bee Thyreus orbatus (Westrich 1989).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"Anthophora borealis has completely disappeared from its westernmost locations, including France, the Netherlands and Belgium. Although it was observed in one station near Bayern after 1990 (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014), it is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany as Regionally Extinct (Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005).There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, habitat and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,calcarata,,Anthophora calcarata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern because, although it is quite rare in France, it seems to be very abundant in other parts of its range and the overall population size is presumed to be large and stable. However, research should be conducted to determine the threats to the species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is present in Spain, Sicily (where it is abundant), and the Mediterranean coast of France, where it is extremely rare. Elsewhere, it is abundant in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia and is also reported from Libya (Rasmont 2014).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. However, it is known to be abundant throughout Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Spain and Sicily, and extremely rare in France.","This species typically lives in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, where it forages mainly on Lamiaceae species such as Lavandula, Rosmarinus, Ballota and Thymus species (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014).","The specific threats to this species remain unknown. However, given        the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities  it is known    to     inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased     incidence  of    fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,canescens,,Anthophora canescens,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is found across the Mediterranean. Outside of Europe, it is present in North Africa and the Levant (Rasmont 2014).",There is no information available for the population size or trend of this species.,"This species occurs in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands across its range (P. Rasmont pers. obs. 2014), and in open hillside pasturelands with Quercus macrolepis and abandoned hillside olive groves in Lesvos (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The details of the nesting behaviour and pollen forage requirements are unknown, although visitation has been observed at Asphodelus aestivus (Liliaceae), Anchusa hybrida, Echium sp. (Boraginaceae) (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The species is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and flies in March and April in Europe, and earlier in North Africa and the Levant (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,cincreus,,Anthophora cincreus,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. It does not occur in the EU 27.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is only known from the Volgograd region in southern Russia. Outside of Europe, it also occurs in Siberia where its distribution is not yet defined (Rasmont 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on steppic-type habitats.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,crassipes,,Anthophora crassipes,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population trends, ecology and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"This species occurs mainly in the west European Basin, including Normandy in France and Nordrhein-Westfalen and Franconia in Germany, although it seems that the species has become extinct in this country. It is also present in Ukraine, southern Russia and Israel to the east, but it does not seem to reach Central Asia (Rasmont 2014).","Even though the range of the species is quite large, it is always in scattered localities where it is rare. There is no information available for the trend of this species.","The species occurs at high altitudes in the mountains and in sub-alpine areas where few other Anthophora species occur (P. Rasmont pers. obs. 2014). The details of the nesting behaviour and pollen forage requirements are unknown. However, Friese (1896) and Iuga (1958) only list Echium vulgare (Boraginaceae) as a forage plant.The data from Bulgaria show that the species flies from late May to early July (Z. Karas pers. comm. 2004).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2011). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends, ecology and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,dalmatica,,Anthophora dalmatica,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,This species is only known from the former Yugoslavia and Greece (Rasmont 2014).,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,This species is poorly known and has been found in very few localities but can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,deserticola,,Anthophora deserticola,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. It does not occur in the EU 27.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is only known from Ukraine and southern Russia. Outside of Europe, this species is present through the Near East and Central Asia (Rasmont 2014).","In Europe, the species is considered to be rare. There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.","Anthophora deserticola lives in steppic habitats. However, there is no information available on the ecology of the species.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, ecology and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,dispar,,Anthophora dispar,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as it is the most abundant Lophanthophora species from Europe and the overall population is presumed to be large and stable. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is present in Hungary, France, the Iberian Peninsula and Italy. Outside of Europe, it appears throughout the whole of North Africa and the Near East (Rasmont 2014).","Anthophora dispar is abundant in southern France, the Iberian peninsula, Italy and the whole of North Africa, and is the most abundant from the Lopanthophora species in Europe. Presumably, the populations must be quite common. There is no information available for the population trend of this species, although they are presumed to be stable.","The species lives in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, where it forages widely on Rosmarinus species (Lamiaceae). The data from Israel suggest that the species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plant species, and it has been recorded on a range of plant species within the families Boraginaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae and Liliaceae (C. O'Toole pers. comm. 2004). It is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and flies (in Israel at least) from February to April (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).","The specific threats to this species remain  unknown. However, given      the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub  communities  it is known  to     inhabit,  inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased   incidence  of     fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,dubia,,Anthophora dubia,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. It does not occur in the EU 27.",Unknown,"This species occurs in Ukraine, southern Russia and the Caucasian region (Rasmont 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,Anthophora dubia lives in steppic habitats. There is no information available about the ecology of the species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, ecology and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,dufourii,,Anthophora dufourii,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs in Mediterranean countries, including the island of Lesvos (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014), former Yugoslavia, Ukraine and southern Russia. Elsewhere, it is present in the Caucasian area and the Near East (Rasmont 2014).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species, although in Israel it is often abundant in suitable habitat (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).","The species is known from phryganic Mediterranean shrublands in Lesvos and Israel (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The details of the nesting behaviour and the pollen forage requirements are unknown but it is known to visit Salvia (Iuga 1958, Grace 2010) and various Boraginaceae species (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).The species is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, flying from March to May.","The specific threats to this species remain   unknown. However, given      the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub   communities  it is known  to     inhabit,  inappropriate grazing  regimes and an increased   incidence  of     fires may have a negative  impact on the species.","This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its European range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,erschowi,,Anthophora erschowi,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient due to a lack of certainty regarding its taxonomy, population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is known from a very low number of specimens from North Africa, Ukraine and Near East (Rasmont 2014). There are some specimens determined by Donald Baker from Israel and Crete, and there are also records in the literature from Libya (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species is known to be associated with dry phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, at least in parts of its range. The details of the nesting biology are unknown. Anthophora erschowi seems to be polylectic, in that it forages on a wide range of flowering plant species (Grace 2010) and visitation has been observed at various Asteraceae, Lamiaceae and Boraginaceae species (C. O'Toole pers. comm. 2004). The flight period is from February to late April (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).","The specific threats to this species remain    unknown. However, given      the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub    communities  it is known  to     inhabit,  inappropriate grazing   regimes and an increased   incidence  of     fires may have a negative   impact on the species.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine its taxonomy, population size, trends,ecology and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,femorata,,Anthophora femorata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This is a western Mediterranean species. In Europe, it occurs in the Iberian peninsula, southern France and Italy. Elsewhere, it is present in Morocco (Rasmont 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,This species appears in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands and it seems to be specialized in foraging on Echium spp. (Boraginaceae) (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014).,"The specific threats to this species remain     unknown. However, given      the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub     communities  it is known  to     inhabit,  inappropriate grazing    regimes and an increased   incidence  of     fires may have a negative    impact on the species.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,ferruginea,,Anthophora ferruginea,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is restricted to southern Spain and Sicily. Elsewhere, it is present in Morocco and Algeria (Rasmont 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available for the habitats of this species. Anthophora ferruginea mainly forages on Lamiaceae (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014) and it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,fulvipes,,Anthophora fulvipes,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species, especially considering that the species probably has a small area of occupancy (AOO), the populations are fragmented and there is no chance of a rescue effect between them.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is known from Italy, Sicily, Ukraine and southern Russia. Elsewhere, it is present in Turkey (Rasmont 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. The European subpopulations appear to be severely fragmented.,"In Turkey, Grace (2010) reports records of A. fulvipes on Centaurea, Onopordum (Asteraceae) and Salvia (Lamiaceae). There is no information available for the habitat of this species although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland and temperate grasslands.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,fulvitarsis,,Anthophora fulvitarsis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species occurs all around the Mediterranean area and in central Europe, reaching its northernmost distribution at the latitude of Paris (Rasmont 2014).","This is a rare species everywhere throughout its range. There is no information available on its population trend, but the subpopulations in Romania and Ukraine appear to be fragmented from the rest.","Despite the species' widespread occurrence, there is no information available on the habitat of this species, although it can assumed to occur on temperate grassland and Mediterranean-type shrubland. Iuga (1958) lists Trifolium pratense (Fabaceae) as the main foraging plant for A. fulvitarsis, but it has also been observed on various other plants in several families (P. Rasmont and M. Dehon pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,fulvodimidiata,,Anthophora fulvodimidiata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs in western Mediterranean countries (Portugal, Spain, Italy and southern France). Elsewhere, it appears in Morocco and Egypt (Rasmont 2014).","This is a rare and localized species, and it could be under-represented in collections since it flies quite fast, making it rather difficult to sample. There is no information available on the population trend of the species.","This is a small, fast flying species which lives in open areas, steppes and dry grasslands. There is no information available on its ecology.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, ecology and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,furcata,,Anthophora furcata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and it has large, strong and stable populations.",Stable,"The species occurs through the whole of Europe, reaching its northern-most distribution to the latitude of Helsinki. In European Russia, it is present from the Caucasus to the Arctic Circle (Rasmont 2014). Outside of Europe, it is present through the eastern Palaearctic and it is also known from Alaska.","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species, although it appears to have strong and stable populations at least in parts of its range (S. Roberts pers. comm 2014).","The species is present in a range of habitats as long as there is dead wood present in which to nest. This can include woodland, urban parks and gardens and heathland edges. This species is unusual among Anthophora species in excavating its nesting burrows in dead wood, including trees, fencing and even driftwood on the shoreline (G. Else pers. comm. 1995).It is oligolectic, in that it forages upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, with females exhibiting a marked preference for Lamiaceae (Westrich 1989). In the Netherlands, Peeters et al. (1999) additionally list Boraginaceae as important forage plants, and Pawlikowski and Kruszynski (1997) list Lamium purpureum (Lamiaceae) as a forage source in Poland. Pekkarinen (1998) lists the following genera as pollen sources in Finland: Ballota, Galeopsis, Hyssopus, Lamium, Prunella, Satureija, Scutellaria and Stachys (all Lamiaceae).Anthophora furcata is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, flying from late May to August or early September.The bee Coelioxys alata is cited as a kleptoparasite of Anthophora furcata (Celary 1989, Warncke 1992, Scheuchl 1996).",There are no current threats known for this species.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2011) and the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but its distribution overlaps a number of protected areas such as Dunwich Heath NT, Durlston Head SSSI, Gait Barrows NNR and Ynyslas Dunes (Dyfi NNR) in the UK, and NSG Littfelder Grubengebiet in Germany.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,gallica,,Anthophora gallica,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species occurs in the Iberian Peninsula, southern France and Hungary (Rasmont 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"There is no information available on the habitats of this species. Anthophora gallica has been observed mainly on Lavandula x intermedia, on road sides in anthropogenic Mediterranean mixed landscapes (P. Rasmont pers. obs. 2014).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range, although given the size of its extent of occurrence (EOO), it is likely. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,gracilipes,,Anthophora gracilipes,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. It does not occur in the EU 27.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs in southern Russia. Elsewhere, it is present in the Caucasian region and Central Asia (Rasmont 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,Anthophora gracilipes lives in steppic areas. There is no information available about the ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its small European range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, ecology and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,harmalae,,Anthophora harmalae,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is only known from southern Russia and Cyprus. Outside of Europe, this species is known from the Near East, North Africa and Central Asia (Rasmont 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. The populations appear to be severely fragmented across the European range.,"This species lives in steppic habitats. It is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, being specialized in Peganum harmala (Zygophyllaceae) (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,hispanica,,Anthophora hispanica,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs in the Iberian Peninsula. Elsewhere, it is present throughout North Africa eastwards to the Levant (Rasmont 2014).",There is no information available for the population size or trend of this species.,"This is a very large species which occurs mainly in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands and steppes. In Libya, the species is often plentiful in the Mediterranean zone in the Jbel Akhdar where it forages in floristically diverse fallow and arable fields. In Israel, it is a desertic species and it is restricted to the Negev (C. O'Toole pers. comm 2014). Anthophora hispanica is almost certainly polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plant species, and it has been reported from Caryophyllaceae, Asteraceae, Zygophyllaceae, Fabaceae, Boraginaceae and Lamiaceae species (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014, C. O'Toole pers. comm. 2014).Anthophora hispanica is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and flies as a single generation from February to April (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species in Europe are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its European range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,ireos,,Anthophora ireos,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. It does not occur in the EU 27.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs in southern Russia. Elsewhere, it appears in Central Asia and western Siberia (Rasmont 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species appears in steppic areas. It is apparently monolectic, in that it is strictly adapted to a single species of plant, on Phlomis tuberosa flowers (Osytchnyuk 1978).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,laevigata,,Anthophora laevigata,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to clarify its taxonomic situation and to determine the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,This species is endemic to Italy (Rasmont 2014).,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its restricted range. Further research should be conducted to determine its taxonomic status, the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,lanata,,Anthophora lanata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs in Greece and Cyprus. Elsewhere, it is present in Egypt (Rasmont 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be suspected to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,lanzarotensis,,Anthophora lanzarotensis,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. In view of its very restricted global distribution, future research may show that A. lanzarotensis warrants a threatened status.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Lanzarote, Canary Islands (Spain) (Rasmont 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species has been recorded on Asteriscus intermedius (Asteraceae) in altitudes up to 600 m asl, from February to May and then in September (Hohmann et al. 1993).There is no information on the habitat preferences of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its very restricted range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P., Dehon, M. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,larvata,,Anthophora larvata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the taxonomic status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs in the western Mediterranean (Spain, southern France, Italy, Sicily) and in Romania. Outside of Europe, it is present in Turkey and the Caucasian region (Rasmont 2014).","This is a very rare species. However, there is no information available for its population size and trend.",The species occurs in steppic habitats. There is no information available on its ecology of the species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to establish the taxonomy of this taxon and to determine the population size, trends, ecology and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,leucophaea,,Anthophora leucophaea,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the taxonomic and conservation status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs in the western Mediterranean area (Spain, France and Sicily). Elsewhere, it occurs in Algeria (Rasmont 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species seems to be related to Mediterranean shrublands, where it is a generalist forager (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014).","The specific threats to this species remain     unknown. However, given      the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub     communities  it is known  to     inhabit,  inappropriate grazing    regimes and an increased   incidence  of     fires may have a negative    impact on the species.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size, trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,lieftincki,,Anthophora lieftincki,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitats and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. In view of its very restricted global distribution, future research may show that A. lieftincki warrants a threatened status.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, Canary Islands (Spain) (Hohmann et al. 1993, Rasmont 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species has been recorded nearly all year-round in altitudes up to 400 m asl, collecting on Aizoaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae and Brassicaceae species (Hohmann et al. 1993).There is no information available on the habitat of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its very restricted range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, ecology and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P., Dehon, M. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,monacha,,Anthophora monacha,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. It does not occur in the EU 27.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is present through southern European Russia. Elsewhere, it occurs in Kazakhstan (Rasmont 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"Anthophora monacha is found in steppes (Osychnyuk 1978). However, there is no information available for the ecology of this species.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, ecology and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,mucida,,Anthophora mucida,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats. Research should be conducted in order to clarify its taxonomic situation and to determine the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"Following Rasmont (1995), in Europe this species inhabits the Mediterranean region and Eastern Europe. The observations from Germany currently require confirmation. Elsewhere, it is also present in southern Russia, Ukraine, Turkey and Central Asia (Rasmont 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"This species lives along wood edges. It mainly forages on Buglossoides purpurocaerula, Echium spp. (Boraginaceae); Trifolium spp, Astragalus spp. (Fabaceae); Silene italic (Caryophyllaceae) and Muscari spp. (Liliaceae) (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to elucidate the taxonomy of this species and its close congeners, and to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,nigriceps,,Anthophora nigriceps,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the taxonomic and conservation status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is found in Bulgaria and southern Russia. Elsewhere, it is present in the Levant (Israel and Syria), central Asia and the Caucasus region (Rasmont 2014), which is the locus typicus of this species, as it is the place where the holotype or type specimen was found.","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species, although in Israel it is often extremely common in Mediterranean habitats (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).","There is no information on either the habitat or ecology of this species in Europe. However, Grace (2010) states that this species is abundant in montane habitats. In Israel, it is associated with dry phryganic Mediterranean shrublands, and this habitat is likely to be utilised also in Europe. There is no information available on the nesting behaviour or the precise pollen foraging requirements of the species, but it is presumed to be polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plant species, and records include Asphodelus sp., Gagea chlorantha (Liliaceeae), Ballevalia flexuosa (Asparagaceae), Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia sp. (Lamiaceae); Onobrychis, Trifolium spp.(Fabaceae) and Anchusa spp. (Boraginaceae) in Israel (C. O'Toole pers. comm. 2014).The data labels from specimens show that the species flies from late February to May (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size, trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,nigrovittata,,Anthophora nigrovittata,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is only present in Corsica and Sardinia (Rasmont 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"Habitat information is lacking but it is presumed to occur in dry phryganic Mediterranean shrublands. There is not much information available about the ecology of this species. Nevertheless, it has been observed near the sea level in Sardinia and Corsica, foraging on Echium plantagineum (Boraginaceae), Vicia villosa and Trifolium sp. (Fabaceae) (P. Rasmont and S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).","The specific threats to this species remain     unknown. However, given      the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub     communities  it is known  to     inhabit,  inappropriate grazing    regimes and an increased   incidence  of     fires may have a negative    impact on the species.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species and to elucidate further details about the habitats and ecology of the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,orientalis,,Anthophora orientalis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is only present through Spain, Sicily, former Yugoslavia and Greece. Elsewhere, it also occurs in the Near East and the Caucasus region (Rasmont 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"There is not much information available on the habitat and ecology of this species in Europe, although Grace (2010) indicates that it often forages in orchards on Prunus and Salix species. In Israel, the species forages on various plants in the families Boraginaceae, Fabaceae, Asphodelaceae and Lamiaceae (C. O'Toole pers. comm. 2014).It is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and flies from March to May.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,orotavae,,Anthophora orotavae,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. In view of its very restricted global distribution, future research may show that A. orotavae warrants being placed in a threatened category.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Tenerife and Gran Canaria, Canary Islands (Spain) (Hohmann et al. 1993, Rasmont 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species has been recorded up to 1,500 m asl on Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Frankeniaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Nyctagynaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Solanaceae species (Hohmann et al. 1993). It is on the wing from January to June and from November to December, so it is probably bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year. There is no further information available on the habitat of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its very limited global range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, habitat and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P., Dehon, M. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,pedata,,Anthophora pedata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs in Bulgaria, Ukraine and southern Russia. Elsewhere, it is also known from the Near East and the Caucasus region (Rasmont 2014).",There is no information available for the population size or trend of this species.,"There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can assumed to occur on temperate grassland associated with steppic habitats.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,plagiata,,Anthophora plagiata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because, although the species is strongly decreasing in large parts of its European distribution and it could be regionally very threatened, it still subsists without apparent regression across the rest of its geographical range. Research is urgently required to determine the threats to the species, as it is considered threatened and even extinct in several European countries.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is widely distributed, reaching its southernmost distribution in North Africa, spreading northwards to Sweden. Nevertheless, it is absent from islands such as the British Isles, Corsica, Sardinia, Crete and Cyprus. Outside of Europe, it is present through the Near East and the Caucasus region (Rasmont 2014).","This species seems to be strongly regressing in some areas of its distribution, and it has already disappeared, or nearly, in certain central and occidental temperate European countries. However, it seems to remain abundant in many countries. Nevertheless, there is no specific information available on its population size and trends.","This species is considered to be able to live in a variety of different habitats by Iuga (1958 - “hylophyl euryoic”) such as temperate grasslands. Whilst it is a generalist forager, it is very frequently observed foraging Echium vulgare, Anchusa spp., Salvia pratensis, Trifolium pratense, Vicia cracca and Astragalus spp.",The causes of the declines of this species in certain parts of Europe remain unknown.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following six European countries: Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Finland (Regionally Extinct; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Lithuania (Endangered; Rašomavičius 2007), Slovenia (Probably Extinct; Anonymous 2002), Sweden (Critically Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Vulnerable, Amiet 1994).It is also extinct in Belgium since 1963 and appears to have vanished in the Netherlands, since the last record goes back to 1961.There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,plumipes,,Anthophora plumipes,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and it is abundant through all its distribution. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.",Unknown,"Anthophora plumipes is very widespread through all Europe with the exception of Ireland, Norway and Finland. Outside of Europe, it is present in North Africa, and the Near East reaching the Pacific Ocean to the east. It has also been recently observed in Washington D.C., North America (Rasmont 2014).","Anthophora plumipes is, by far, the most abundant Anthophora species in all the western Palearctic. However, its population trend is unknown.","Anthophora plumipes is quite polymorphic. It could appear all black in some populations, and all grey or all brown in others. The biogeographical background of these variations has not yet been studied. It is a very generalist forager. Nevertheless, as it is a long-tongued species, it generally prefers flowers with long corollae like Lamiaceae, Fabaceae and Boraginaceae species. It often hosts the kleptoparasite Melecta albifrons (Iuga 1958). The species is a very unspecialised inhabitant of different temperate landscapes, including forests, shrublands, grasslands and urban areas and gardens.",There are no specific threats to this species.,"This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Sweden (Critically Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trend and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,podagra,,Anthophora podagra,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs through the Mediterranean area, former Yugoslavia and Eastern Europe. Outside of Europe, it is present in the Caucasus, the Near East, Morocco, Central Asia and inner Mongolia (Rasmont 2014).",Anthophora podagra is a rare species everywhere. There is no information available on the population size and trends of this species.,"Anthophora podagra is restricted to dry grasslands and steppic vegetation. This species seems to be a generalist forager, and while Iuga (1958) gives Salvia and Lamium album as foraging plants, it has also been observed on thistles (Onopordum, Centaurea, Carduus) (P. Rasmont and M. Dehon pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,ponomarevae,,Anthophora ponomarevae,,,No,DD,,Yes,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is very little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. It does not occur in the EU 27.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is only known from Crimea (Ukraine) (Rasmont 2014). Elsewhere, it is present in Israel (Grace 2010) and Central Asia.",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"Grace (2010) lists Anchusa strigosa as a foraging plant in Israel. However, there is no further information available on the habitats and ecology of this species although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitats and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Nieto, A., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,porphyrea,,Anthophora porphyrea,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Canary Islands (Spain), where it is known from the islands of Fuerteventura and from Lanzarote (Hohmann et al. 1993, Rasmont 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"There is little information available on the habitat and ecology of this specie, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland. It has been recorded at low altitudes (up to 150 m asl) in February and March (Hohmann et al. 1993).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Nieto, A., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P., Dehon, M. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,pruinosa,,Anthophora pruinosa,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,This species is endemic to Sicily and Malta (Rasmont 2014).,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species although it can assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Nieto, A., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,pubescens,,Anthophora pubescens,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species occurs in a large area of Europe, reaching its northernmost distribution in Germany, the Czech Republic and Poland, although it is absent from Belgium, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. To the south, it reaches southern Spain and Italy, but it does not occur in the Balkans, Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. Outside of Europe, it could be found in Morocco and Algeria (Rasmont 2014).","The populations of this species are very scattered. However, it could be very abundant in some localities. The trend of the populations is unknown.","This species seems to occur in very different landscapes, including temperate grasslands. Regarding its foraging choices, it is quite generalist, and Iuga (1958) lists as foraging plants Anchusa officinalis, Salvia pratensis, Ballota nigra and Galeopsis tetrahit. It has also been observed on Ballota hirsuta, Nepeta sp. and Echium spp. (P. Rasmont and M. Dehon pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Slovenia (Probably Extinct; Anonymous 2002) and Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Nieto, A., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,pulverosa,,Anthophora pulverosa,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Canary Islands (Spain) (Rasmont 2014), and it has been recorded in Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura and Lanzarote (Hohmann et al. 1993).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"Anthophora pulverosa has been recorded on Heliotropium ramosissimum (Boraginaceae) and Lotus sessilifolius (Fabaceae) (Hohmann et al. 1993) in altitudes up to 500 m asl. It is on the wing from January to June and from November to December (Hohmann et al. 1993), and it is probably bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year. There is no information available on the habitat of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Nieto, A., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P., Dehon, M. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,punctilabris,,Anthophora punctilabris,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is present through France (Rasmont et al. 1995), Spain (F. J. Ortiz pers. comm. 2014) and Portugal (D. Baldock pers. comm. 2014, Rasmont 2014).","This is an extremely rare species, and it is currently known by only a dozen specimens.","In southern France, all the specimens were collected on Rosmarinus officinalis, in chalky shrub lands.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Nieto, A., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,purpuraria,,Anthophora purpuraria,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the taxonomy, population size, trends, habitat and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, Canary Islands (Spain) (Rasmont 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"Anthophora purpuraria has been recorded at low altitudes (up to 400 m asl). There is no further information on the habitats of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland. It has been reported to forage on Echium species (Westrich 1993), Lannaea arborescens and Asteraceae and Boraginaceae species from December to February (Hohmann et al. 1993).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Nieto, A., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P., Dehon, M. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,quadricolor,,Anthophora quadricolor,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is present in Italy and Sicily. Elsewhere, it occurs in Morocco (Rasmont 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,This species occurs mainly in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It has been observed foraging mainly on Echium and Anchusa species (P. Rasmont and M. Dehon pers. obs. 2014).,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Nieto, A., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,quadrimaculata,,Anthophora quadrimaculata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is widely distributed through the whole of Europe, from 45° to 68° latitude, reaching the Arctic Circle in Sweden. To the south, it occurs in Sicily but not in southern Spain and the Balkans (Rasmont 2014). Outside of Europe, it can be found in Siberia and northern China.","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. However, it is quite rare and scattered around its distribution.","The species forages on a large number of plants, showing a clear preference for Lamiaceae, such as Lavandula x intermedia and Cymbalaria muralis (Scrophulariaceae) (P. Rasmont and M. Dehon pers. obs. 2014). It hosts very often the species Thyreus orbatus and sometimes also Thyreus scutellaris (Iuga 1958). The habitat of this species is unknown, although it has a widespread distribution and is potentially ubiquitous in its habitat preferences, but it almost certainly inhabits temperate grassland and shrublands.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2011), Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Norway (Vulnerable; Kålås et al. 2010) and Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Nieto, A., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,retusa,,Anthophora retusa,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and prevalent enough, despite declines in a number of regions in the western part of Europe. However, research should be conducted to determine the population size, trend and specific threats to the species.",Unknown,"This species is widely spread over Europe, being present from central Spain, Sardinia and Sicily to the south, northwards to southern Sweden and Estonia (Rasmont 2014). Outside of Europe, the species occurs in Central Asia, Siberia, Mongolia and north China.","Even if the species has a wide distribution and was considered one of the most common species in western Europe, it seems to be significantly regressing in some parts of its distribution, including southern Sweden, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, Czech Republic and the UK, and even extinct in some places like Switzerland. However, it remains abundant in eastern Europe.","According to Iuga (1958), the species is ""euryoic eremophile"", in that it shows a preferences for open areas such as grasslands. It forages on a large number of plants, but it seems to have a noticeable preference for Lamiaceae and Fabaceae (unpublished data, P. Rasmont and M. Dehon pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following eight European countries: the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Estonia (Critically Endangered; Lilleleht 2001), Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2011), Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987), Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002), Sweden (Vulnerable; Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Nieto, A., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,robusta,,Anthophora robusta,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is present throughout much of southern Mediterranean Europe, reaching its northernmost location in Croatia and Romania (Rasmont 2014). Outside of Europe, it occurs in Morocco, Algeria, the Near East and the Caucasus region.","This species has a scattered distribution. It is generally very rare, but it can be abundant in some of its locations. It seems to be regressing in Ukraine, but its overall trend is unknown.","While the species does not seem to have habitat preferences, it seems to be more abundant in mountainous areas and it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland. Grace (2010) lists various foraging plants, and it has also been observed mainly on all species of Anchusa and Echium (P. Rasmont and M. Dehon pers. obs. 2014).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Book of Ukraine (Rare; Akimov 2009). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Nieto, A., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,rogenhoferi,,Anthophora rogenhoferi,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats. Research should be conducted in order to establish its taxonomy and to determine the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is only known from Sicily, Greece and Cyprus (Rasmont 2014). Outside of Europe, the species occurs in the Near East, the Caucasus region and Central Asia.",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"According to Grace (2010), the species nests in gullies. It forages on various plants, including Anchusa and Echium species and can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomic status, population size, trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Nieto, A., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,romandii,,Anthophora romandii,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitats and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species only occurs in southern Spain (Rasmont 2014). Outside of Europe, it is present through Morocco, Algeria and Israel.",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"According to Grace (2010), in Israel the species nests in agglomerations in vertical banks of gullies. It forages on Alkanna, Anchusa, Echium, Cistanche and Moricandia species. It can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Nieto, A., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,rubricrus,,Anthophora rubricrus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species occurs in Greece, including the East Aegean islands (Grace 2010) and in Cyprus. Elsewhere, it is only known from Israel (Rasmont 2014).","The species is widespread through its distribution. However, there is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.","Anthophora rubicrus is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. In Cyprus and Israel, it is a habitat generalist species (Grace 2010), and it has been found in sand dunes in Cyprus by Mavromoustakis (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, habitats and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Nieto, A., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,rutilans,,Anthophora rutilans,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is present in Greece and the East Aegean islands (Grace 2010), Cyprus and southern Russia. Elsewhere, it can be found in the Caucasus region, Turkey and Israel (Rasmont 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"Anthophora rutilans is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (Grace 2010). There is no information available on the habitat preferences of the species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Nieto, A., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,salviae,,Anthophora salviae,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species occurs in all the Mediterranean countries (including the Iberian Peninsula, Greece, Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica), reaching its northernmost distribution in Germany and the Czech Republic. Elsewhere, it is known from Morocco, Algeria and the Near East (Rasmont 2014).","Despite the species being very scattered throughout its distribution, it can be very abundant locally. However, there is no information available for its population trend.","According to Iuga (1958), the species is ""euryoic eremophil"", in that it mainly flies in grasslands and meadows. It forages primarily on Anchusa officinalis, Borago officinalis, Echium vulgare and several Lamiaceae species (Iuga 1958). Moreover, Friese (1897) indicates that the species is very abundant on Anchusa and Borago. Apart from Anchusa, Grace (2010) also cites a dozen of other species from various plant families. It has also been observed very frequently in southern France foraging on Muscari comosum (P. Rasmont and M. Dehon pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books, as Anthophora crinipes, of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Nieto, A., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,senescens,,Anthophora senescens,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is only present in France, Spain, Italy and Sardinia (Rasmont 2014). Elsewhere, it is known from North Africa, Israel and northern China.","Despite being widespread, the species is very scattered and rare. There is no information available on its population trend.","Anthophora senescens seems to be a generalist regarding its habitat preference, and can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland. While it does not show specific foraging preferences, it is one of the rare Anthophora species that willingly forages on Brassicaceae species (Grace 2010, P. Rasmont and M. Dehon pers. obs. 2014).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Nieto, A., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,senicula,,Anthophora senicula,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,This species is endemic to the Balearic Islands (Spain) (Rasmont 2014).,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Nieto, A., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P., Dehon, M. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,senilis,,Anthophora senilis,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.It does not occur in the EU 27.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is only present in Ukraine and southern Russia (Rasmont 2014). Elsewhere, it is also known from Central Asia.",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on temperate grassland associated with steppic habitats.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Nieto, A., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,sichelii,,Anthophora sichelii,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the taxonomy, population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,This species is endemic to Corsica and Sardinia (Rasmont 2014).,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,Anthophora sichelii occurs on Mediterranean-type shrublands. There is no information available on the ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Nieto, A., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,socia,,Anthophora socia,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is only present in Greece. Elsewhere, it is only known from Syria (Rasmont 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"There is little or no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Nieto, A., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,thomsoni,,Anthophora thomsoni,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the taxonomy, population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,This species is only known from southern Portugal and Spain (Rasmont 2014).,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Nieto, A., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,uniciliata,,Anthophora uniciliata,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the taxonomy, population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,This species is only known from Sicily (Rasmont 2014).,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Nieto, A., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,ventrilabris,,Anthophora ventrilabris,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is only known from southern Spain, where its occurrence is dubious according to Ortiz-Sánchez and Jiménez-Rodriguez (1992), Sicily and Greece. Elsewhere, it is present in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia (Rasmont 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands..",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Nieto, A., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Anthophora,vernalis,,Anthophora vernalis,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. It does not occur in the EU 27.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is only present in southern Russia. Elsewhere, it occurs in the Caucasus region, Israel and Central Asia (Rasmont 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"In Israel, A. vernalis was observed foraging on Leontice leontopetalum, Bellevalia stepporum and on two species of Astragalus (Grace 2010). There is no information available on the habitat of the species, although it can be assumed to occur on temperate grasslands..",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Nieto, A., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Apis,mellifera,,Apis mellifera,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)The species is known to have a native distribution throughout much of Europe, except Iceland, the Faeroe Islands, the Azores, and northern Scandinavia, with numerous subspecies described across its range in Europe. However, it is not known whether or not the species currently still occurs in the wild, due to the introgression of managed and feral colonies with wild colonies and the fact that the wild population may not be self-sustaining. The impact of threats such as the transfer of pathogens and parasites from managed and feral colonies to wild colonies, detrimental bee-keeping practices, loss of forage and nesting habitat, invasive alien species, the lack of pest control, and other anthropogenic impacts such as the use of agrochemicals may have resulted in the loss of the wild population.   Some colonies that are found in the wild e.g., in tree cavities, may have escaped from a managed colony and therefore they may not be wild and may not survive to reproduce; therefore it is unlikely that there are any truly wild subpopulations left in Europe due to this gene flow.It is important to state that the managed bee population cannot be considered as wild, as in most areas there have been hundreds of years of selection by humans for positive traits such as producing better quality honey or less aggressive bees. Most Apis mellifera colonies are not considered to be self-sustaining as veterinary treatments against the mite Varroa destructor amongst other parasites is often provided.Numerous studies indicate that A. mellifera has undergone significant declines in Europe; however, it is not clear if they refer to population reduction of wild or managed colonies.The Western Honey Bee is therefore assessed as Data Deficient until further research enables us to differentiate between wild and non-wild colonies in order to determine the conservation status of the species in the wild. Research is also required to understand the impacts of the threats to the species at the colony level, in particular from Varroa destructor and its associated pathogens, malnutrition and herbicides, pesticides and fungicides. Action should be taken to prevent further declines of the species in Europe, if it is not already too late.",Unknown,"Apis mellifera is native to Europe, Africa, the Middle East and western Asia.The species has a native distribution throughout the whole of Europe (Ruttner 1988), except Iceland, the Faeroe Islands, the Azores and northern Scandinavia (although managed colonies have been introduced to these areas). Throughout Europe, there are many distinct subspecies that are locally adapted to their environment (Ruttner 1988, De la Rúa et al. 2009), however, it is difficult to know where the species currently occurs in the wild, if at all, due to the introgression of managed and feral colonies with wild populations (De la Rúa et al. 2001a,b, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2009; Radloff et al. 2001, Jensen et al. 2005, Muñoz et al. 2009, Jaffé et al. 2010, Thompson et al. 2010, Oleksa et al. 2011, Muñoz and De la Rúa 2012; Muñoz et al. 2012, 2013, 2014, submitted; Pinto et al. 2014).","It is currently not possible to quantify the population size and trends of all wild subpopulations of Apis mellifera (defined in this Red List assessment as self-sustaining colonies (e.g., they do not receive veterinary treatment or other management interventions) that are not affected by introduced genetic material). It is problematic to differentiate between wild, feral, and managed colonies of A. mellifera in Europe for the purposes of this assessment as the data is not readily available. However, there are indications that the species is rare, if not extinct in the wild (Moritz et al. 2007, Jaffé et al. 2010). Numerous studies indicate that A. mellifera has undergone significant declines in Europe; however, it is not clear if these studies refer to population reductions of wild, feral or managed colonies. For the whole of Europe, the population size and trend of A. mellifera remains unknown.  In relation to Honey Bee colony losses there are an increasing number of articles and special issues of scientific journals from the last decade dedicated to this topic. One of the most comprehensive was a study by Neumann and Carreck (2010) addressing the possible causes of colony losses in 16 countries. Many of these causes are briefly addressed in the threats section of this assessment.","The species lives predominantly in managed bee colonies throughout Europe, although there are potentially feral and wild bee colonies found in a wide range of habitats. Feral colonies are ones that were once managed and escaped into the wild, where they are self-sustaining (the term 'feral' is associated more with Africanized bees in the New World), while wild colonies are self-sustaining colonies (e.g., they do not receive veterinary treatment or other management interventions) that are not affected by introduced genetic material.  Generally, the species can be found to inhabit temperate forests, grasslands and even semi-deserts. Wild (and feral) colonies are also dependent on the availability of suitable natural and anthropogenic nesting sites such as tree cavities, cavities in walls and in the roofs of buildings.  In northern Europe, Apis mellifera seems to have a preference for mass-flowering crops such as oilseed rape and sunflower (Rollin et al. 2013); however, this may be due to a lack of other plant resources being available in the required quantities at the right time of year. In the Iberian Peninsula, A. mellifera forage upon other plants (many wild shrubs) such as Lavandula stoechas, Erica spp, Castanea sativa, Rosmarinus officinalis, Arbutus unedo, Echium plantagineum, Mentha pulegium, Citrus sinensis, Carlina racemosa, and Eucalyptus spp. (introduced from Australia, so has only become a food plant fairly recently).A. mellifera are eusocial insects resembling a superorganism with sophisticated communication among nest mates. A. mellifera has a particular reproductive system termed polyandry, where one queen mates with 1 to 49 males/drones (Neumann et al. 1999, Palmer and Oldroyd 2000, Hernández-García et al. 2009). They also exhibit prime swarming, in which the existing queen together with part of or the entire colony leaves to form a new colony elsewhere. This is the most common event where about 60% of the worker bees leave the original hive location with the old queen. Secondary afterswarms may occur and they are usually smaller and accompanied by one or more virgin queens (Winston 1991). Mating takes place during a nuptial flight by the virgin queen in the spring and summer months (from as early as March in southern countries), preferentially on sunny days with little wind.   Queens can live between three to four years, drones for several months (they die after successful or unsuccessful mating during drone aggregations) and workers between two to three weeks in Summer and six or seven months in Winter.","Wild populations of Apis mellifera in Europe have been greatly impacted by: habitat loss (decline in availability of natural nest sites and food sources); displacement from food sources and nest sites by managed/feral colonies; disease and parasites originating from managed/feral bees; the use of pesticides, herbicides and fungicides; invasive alien species; detrimental beekeeping practices and the lack of adequate pest control.  The primary threats to the species are listed below:  Habitat loss and malnutrition  Intensive land use for agriculture, commercial and residential development has led to a decrease in the range of suitable habitats available for wild and feral populations of pollinators (Kremen et al. 2002, Biesmeijer et al. 2006, Flynn et al. 2009). The lack of floral resources (pollen and nectar) in the environment may impact upon colony reserves and therefore the colony’s survival, especially over Winter. However, in parts of Europe commercial food crops (for example oil seed rape Brassica napus in the United Kingdom) may have replaced wild food and pollen sources for the Honey Bee, although it is not known whether commercial food crops are nutritionally equivalent to replace wild crop sources.  Pathogens and parasites  Varroa destructor and its associated pathogens (viruses) are considered to be the greatest threat causing declines in Europe of both managed and feral/wild colonies of A. mellifera. They have been implicated in causing colony decline in managed colonies and have most probably decimated the wild population of A. mellifera across Europe (Moritz et al. 2007, Jaffé et al. 2010, Moritz et al. 2010).  Managed colonies and therefore wild colonies are also impacted by many viruses (20 have been described to date) some of which are associated with and transmitted by Varroa destructor (e.g., Deformed Wing Virus), pathogens and parasites (Nosema spp. and Acarapis woodi (Honey Bee tracheal mite)), foulbroods and a range of other brood disorders (Moritz et al. 2010).  Fürst et al. (2014) demonstrated the transfer of disease from managed A. mellifera colonies to Bombus spp., an occurrence that can certainly apply to wild colonies of A. mellifera.  Pollution - pesticides, herbicides and fungicides  The most widely used pesticides are those of the neonicotinoid family and, along with herbicides and fungicides, these may impact upon the forage availability of	 A. mellifera as well as having a direct impact upon their health (Izuru 1999, Blacquiere et al. 2012). The evidence on the damage these insecticides cause is conflicting for now (Henry et al. 2012, Fischer et al. 2014).  The Asian Hornet  The Asian Hornet (Vespa velutina) was first introduced in south-western France. This is a new threat as it preys upon A. mellifera and it has spread from France to neighbouring countries in Europe such as Spain, Portugal and Belgium. The species is now established, at least in France, and eradication is no longer possible (Rortais et al. 2010).  Detrimental beekeeping practices  Detrimental beekeeping practices create problems for A. mellifera colonies and, potentially, other flower visitors/pollinators (Evison et al. 2012, Fürst et al. 2014,). These unfavourable practices include: migratory beekeeping, the trade in queens, large scale selective breeding, and the incorrect application of disease treatments all contribute to the loss of genetic diversity and resilience of bee populations, both managed and wild (De la Rúa et al. 2009). The Buckfast Bee (a man-made race combining a number of sub-species from Europe and Africa) may also be a threat because it contributes to the destruction of local ecotypes as it is a man-made bee race from many different strains of bees.  Lack of adequate pest control  Varroa destructor control is currently unsustainable as the chemicals that are used are short-term effective as the mite develops (evolves) resistance. The chemicals are therefore no longer very effective.","Further research is needed to be able to differentiate between wild and non-wild colonies in order to determine the conservation status of the species in the wild (Jaffé et al. 2010). However, Thompson et al. (2014) conducted conducted research on feral and managed Apis meillifera in England and Wales and found no wild specimens while feral bees showed close similarities to managed Honey Bees (2.5%). Further research is required to determine the continued existence, distribution, and trends of wild colonies. Identification of colonies that survive without beekeeping management would be a significant step, as would the genetic characterisation of those populations. Research is also required to understand the effects of the threats to the species, both at the species level and colony levels, in particular from Varroa destructor and associated pathogens, malnutrition, herbicides, pesticides and fungicides.  Most of the current conservation actions have not differentiated between wild and managed bees but as both forage in the wild, the positive effects will be felt by both population types.  The most recent action for the conservation of Apis mellifera was an EU-wide ban on three neonicotinoids pesticides (clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam) applied to ""crops attractive to bees"". This was approved by the European Union and came into force in December 2013 (Official Journal of the European Union 2013). The restriction will last for up to two years, with a scientific review of the ban taking place as soon as new information is available. Much more research is expected to emerge on the topic in the coming years.   Agri-environmental schemes are important in order to provide vital resources for A. mellifera to utilize. The reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) includes a section on the greening of agricultural practices and this will involve three basic measures: maintaining permanent grassland, crop diversification, and maintaining an ecological focus area of at least 5% of the arable area of the holding. It is expected to improve the quality and extent of habitats available for A. mellifera.   Other measures include promoting the use of native A. mellifera subspecies for honey production and the restriction on importation of non-native queens in order to slow down the rate of introgression and allow for natural genetic resistance to develop within populations.   In addition, there are currently three main networks and projects working for the conservation of the A.mellifera which are summarised below:  The COLOSS network (prevention of honey bee COlony LOSSes), an international, non-profit association head-quartered in Bern, Switzerland, is currently working on improving the well-being of the Honey Bee at a global level. It is composed of scientific professionals, including researchers, veterinarians, agriculture extension specialists, and students from over 60 countries.   As part of the COLOSS network the Research Network for Sustainable Bee Breeding (RNSBB) whose aim is to improve Honey Bee welfare by developing and disseminating comprehensive breeding strategies that include colony vitality and the conservation of locally adapted populations.  The project Status and Trends of European Pollinators aims to document declines in managed European Honey Bee populations and, though it focuses on pollinators, it aims to understand the drivers of decline in honey bees.  Recently another network, the Super-B (Sustainable Pollination in Europe: joint Research on Bees and other pollinators), has been set up to integrate knowledge and develop methods that underpin sustainable pollination services in Europe.","Apis mellifera is considered to be one of the most important pollinators of crops and other plant species (Delaplane et al. 2000).   However, the scale of pollination services provided by wild colonies is unclear because of the lack of data on the size and distribution of the wild population of the Apis mellifera in Europe (Jaffé et al. 2010).Honey is not known to be harvested from wild colonies in Europe.","Neumann, P., Nieto, A. & Hilton-Taylor, C.","De la Rúa, P., Paxton, R.J., Roberts, S., Pinto, M.A., Cauia, E., Fontana, P., Kryger, P., Bouga, M., Buechler, R., Costa, C., Crailsheim, K., Meixner, M., Kosmus, P., Siceanu, A., Allen, D.J. & Kemp, J.R.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Biastes,brevicornis,,Biastes brevicornis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as this species is widespread in Europe and it is thought to be common where its host species aggregates. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to this species.,Unknown,"The species is found from south Europe to Lithuania and north Germany, east to Russia (Ural), Turkey, and the Caucasus (Warncke 1982). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,170,255 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 392 km2 for Europe.","This species is widely distributed, although it is only found locally throughout Europe. This species can be very common at some localities, because its hosts often nest in large aggregations. The population trend is not known, but it seems to be relatively stable at this time, when considering Europe as a whole.","The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species such as Systropha curvicornis and S. planidens. It inhabits ruderal locations, pastures and sandy sites with bare ground (Warncke 1982). There is no further habitat information.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Straka 2005), Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population trends, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Biastes,emarginatus,,Biastes emarginatus,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is widespread in Europe with a very large extent of occurrence (EOO) with numerous localities known and a suspected stable population. Research should be conducted to determine the future population trends and threats to the species.,Stable,"The species is found from central Europe to north Germany, Lithuania, and Russia. In the south it is rarer, and absent in Greece and southern Italy. Outside of Europe it is found in Turkey and the Caucasus (Warncke 1982). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to 4,858,459 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is at least 468 km2.","The population trend of this rare species is not known, but it seems to be relatively stable at this time.","It is known to inhabit temperate shrubland and grassland, semi-desert; pasture land, rural gardens and open habitats with bare patches such as steppe and forest steppe. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Rophites quinquespinosus and probably R. algirus are the hosts of this species (Warncke 1982).","The threats to this species are uncertain, but the conversion of bare open habitats to more shaded ones is likely to be an important threat to this species.","This species is listed in the National Red List of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Straka 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trends, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Biastes,truncatus,,Biastes truncatus,,,No,VU,"B2ab(i,ii,v)",No,VU,"B2ab(i,ii,v)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)The species is listed as Vulnerable because, although the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 312 km2, the AOO is probably higher, but not larger than 1,500 km2. The remaining populations are severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), the AOO and the number of mature individuals, as the species has gone extinct in the Netherlands and the number of collected individuals has declined, especially recently, when compared to the number of old records in the collections. The threats to this species remain unknown, and further research is needed.",Decreasing,"The species is found in central Europe, north to Denmark, Finland, Sweden and Estonia, while elsewhere in Europe such as, Ukraine, Russia, and Turkey, the species is very rare (Warncke 1982). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 2,977,189 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 312 km2, although this is suspected to be larger, although no more than 1,500 km2.","This is a very local and rare species. The number of collected individuals is very small, especially recently, when compared to the number of old records in the collections (J. Straka and P. Bogusch pers. obs. 2000-2013). For example, the Czech Republic population has almost completely disappeared in the past 20 years (J. Straka and P. Bogusch pers. obs. 2000-2013). Remaining populations seem to be isolated from each other and thus, the species is considered severely fragmented. Records from Italy, Finland, and Hungary are more than 50 years old. However, the species remains in relatively good condition in the Alps and locally in Germany and northern Europe.","The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Dufourea dentiventris and D. inermis are the host species (Warncke 1982), both of which are pollen forage specialists (oligolectic) on various species of Campanulaceae. This species prefers open, sloped habitats on sandy or rocky acidic substrate. The species can inhabit grassland, shrubland, or forest. Its most preferred habitat is probably a mosaic of various biotopes at a single site.","The threats to this species are uncertain, but it is bound to its host bee species (and the various Campanula plants they depend on for pollen), which can help identify potential threats.","This species is listed in the National Red List of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Straka 2005), Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct, with latest record in 1952; Peeters and Reemer 2003). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population trends, habitat, ecological requirements and threats, both to the bee itself and its hosts. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,alpinus,,Bombus alpinus,,,Yes,VU,"B2b(i,ii,iii,v)c(iv)",No,VU,"B2b(i,ii,iii,v)c(iv)",EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)Listed as Vulnerable, because although the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,288 km², it is believed that the species occupies a larger area, though less than 2,000 km². There is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence, the area of occupancy, the extent and quality of the habitat and the number of mature individuals, especially in the southern mountains due to climate change. The species is experiencing extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals.",Decreasing,"All the species of the subgenus Alpinobombus are restricted to the  northern tundra or the higher alpine stages of some mountains. Among them, the  best known is Bombus alpinus. Whereas the three other west-Palearctic Alpinobombus species are restricted to the Arctic tundra and spread  eastwards to the tundra of northern Russia, B. alpinus is not found east of the  Kola Peninsula (Pittioni 1942), but spreads southwards to the alpine regions of the Alps and the Carpathians. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is  3,711,722 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,288 km².",A boreal-alpine species favouring higher altitudes. Decreasing in both the Alps and probably also in Fennoscandia. No recent records from the Carpathians. The species is susceptible to severe fluctuations in abundance (B. Cederberg pers. comm. 2012).,"A species of open situations in alpine regions. In the northern parts of its range, it is found in subalpine mountain meadows (Finland), Salix biotopes, Vaccinium heaths and mountain meadows and tundra (Norway).Pollen analysis of nest contents of a Norwegian nest show the species is polylectic, collecting pollen from Salix (Salicaceae); Vaccinium uliginosus (Ericaceae); Lotus corniculatus (Fabaceae); and Pedicularis sp. (Orobanchaceae) (Løken 1973).","Southern mountain populations are threatened by climate change. This is likely to cause a decline in the amount of suitable habitat available (Manino et al. 2007, Franzen and Ockinger 2011, Franzen and Molander 2012, B. Cederberg pers. comm. 2013, Rasmont et al. 2014).",The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.Further research is required to establish the current status of the species in European Russia and Ukraine and to identify the existing threats. It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,argillaceus,,Bombus argillaceus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, its presumed large overall population with a stable population trend and no major threats.",Stable,"Bombus argillaceus is a typical east-Mediterranean species. Its distribution has  been drawn by Reinig (1939) and may be compared with that of its sibling-species  B. ruderatus. To the west, the range of B. argillaceus extends in France to the upper valleys of the Alps and in Switzerland to the upper Rhone.  It is found throughout northern Italy and in most of Austria. The northern limit  of its range runs through Slovakia. In Hungary, it is found everywhere. In  Romania, it extends to the region of Cluj. It has been found in Moldova and in  Russia to Kursk and Volgograd. To the east, Skorikov (1931) mentions it from  eastern Kazakhstan. In the south and southeast, B. argillaceus is found throughout the Balkan Peninsula, in Crete, Cyprus, Turkey, Caucasus, Transcaucasia and northern Iran, including the Kopet-Dag. Despite ancient erroneous citations, the species  is totally absent from the Iberian Peninsula. There may be a geographical  exclusion between B. argillaceus and B. ruderatus; however, there are  restricted zones of sympatry, as in some valleys of southern France and Switzerland  and in Hungary.","The populations seem to be stable. Where it is present, it is often abundant.","A species that exploits a wide range of mesic habitats, including dry grasslands, anthropogenic habitats in towns and cities and flowery hillsides within the Mediterranean climate zone. It is known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.",There are no direct threats to this species.,This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Hungary (Critically Endangered; Sárospataki et al. 2005); Moldova (Endangered; Anonymous 2002) and Ukraine (Vulnerable; Monchenko et al. 2009). It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,armeniacus,,Bombus armeniacus,,,No,EN,A3c,No,EN,A3c,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed as Endangered because the population is likely to decline by at least 50% in the next ten years, based on a decline in the area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) due to agricultural intensification, and the increasing impacts of climate change (including habitat alteration, droughts and especially the increasing frequency of heat waves) which are believed likely to cause local population collapses. The species has likely already declined by more than 30% in the past 10 years.",Decreasing,"The range of Bombus armeniacus is restricted to true steppes. It  extends discontinuously from the surroundings of Vienna (Austria) to the west to  Ulan-Bator (Mongolia) to the east and from the Mazandaran (northern Iran) to the  surroundings of Kazan, in the Volga basin (Russia). A very isolated  population is found in Burgenland and Nieder-Österreich (Austria) and south Moravia  (Czech Republic). Another, larger population thrives in Bulgaria. One specimen is  mentioned from Rijeka (Croatia) by Pittioni (1938), but this may be a mistake.  Two specimens were collected in southern Macedonia. Curiously, the species is  not mentioned from Hungary or from Romania. It is found in Ukraine, in Crimea and in the lower valleys of the Dniepr and Don Rivers. In European Russia, it  is particularly present in the Volga valley, between Kazan and Volgograd. Further east, it is found in Bashkiria and in the surroundings of Novosibirsk. In northern Anatolia, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia and northern Iran, it is quite common. To the east, it is widely spread in the Alai, the Altai and in the upper Yenissei  valley. Isolated specimens have also been found near Irkutsk and Ulan-Bator. A  subspecific differentiation has been suggested but is barely visible. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,919,405 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 412 km².","The species has disappeared from much of Eastern Europe. The population has likely declined by more than 30% in the last ten years, as the intensification of agriculture throughout its range led to widespread habitat loss. In addition, there was evidence of strong declines after the heat wave in 2003 and the following drought in 2004-2007; field observations revealed that the species was missing from many localities where it occurred 10 years previously (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2013). Given past rates of habitat transformation and the impact of escalating threats, experts expect the rates of population decline to continue and even intensify in the future; the population is likely to decline by more than 50% in the next ten years, as a result of ongoing habitat loss and particularly the increasing impacts of climate change causing local population collapses (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012, P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2013, V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2013). The species is now apparently confined to one major population in the Volga valley, with smaller, disjunct relict subpopulations in Ukraine and the Balkans.","A species of open, dry steppic grasslands. It is polylectic (that is, it collects pollen from a wide range of flowering plants) and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen, particularly favouring Fabaceae.","The intensification of agriculture has greatly reduced the area of available habitat; this species inhabits primary steppes, most of which have been converted to intensive agriculture across the species' range. This habitat transformation is expected to continue into the future at rates at least as high as those currently seen. In addition, the impacts of climate change, including habitat alteration, droughts and especially the increasing frequency of heat waves, are believed to cause local population collapses (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012).","Bombus armeniacus is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005) and Ukraine (Endangered; Monchenko et al. 2009). Further research is required to establish the current status of the species in European Russia and Ukraine. This species occurs in protected areas. Its habitats should be adequately protected in order to prevent further habitat transformation, and public education and communication should be undertaken to raise awareness of its situation.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,balteatus,,Bombus balteatus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, its presumed large overall population with a stable population trend and no major threats.",Stable,"The distribution of Bombus balteatus is circumboreal, like Bombus polaris. However, B. balteatus is not strictly restricted to the Arctic area as it also occurs in the northern part of the taiga (Løken 1973). In continental Russia and Siberia, it  is restricted to the coast of the Arctic Ocean. It is also present on Novaya  Zemlya, Wrangel and some other Siberian islands (Berezin 1995). In Asia, this species also occurs in Mongolia. It also occurs in the North American arctic tundra and in the Rocky Mountains (Williams et al. 2014).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,366,721 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,308 km².",Populations are apparently stable and the species can be plentiful in good years and in ideal habitats.,"A species of the high boreal and arctic regions, extending to the northern margin of the taiga, where it is found in Salix biotopes, Vaccinium heaths, mountain meadows and mountain pastures (Norway), and generally in the fjell area (Finland) north to the Barents Sea. A polylectic species, exploiting a range of flowers for both nectar and pollen.","No obvious immediate threats to this species but climate change may reduce the area of suitable habitat available for all boreal and arctic species in the future (Franzen and Ockinger 2011, Franzen and Molander 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014).",The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,barbutellus,,Bombus barbutellus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because, although the species is declining across its range, overall the species has a large presumed population size and is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category.",Decreasing,"Bombus barbutellus has a distribution extending from southern Spain to central Finland, and from Ireland to the Far East of Russia. There are two  subspecies that have been considered as two separated species by most authors.  Lecocq et al. (2011) demonstrated that they are conspecific. The subspecies barbutellus  is more abundant in the north of the distribution, while the subspecies maxillosus occurs  mainly in the south. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 9,456,695 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 11,344 km².","A declining species and seldom common. As a parasitic species, it is always less abundant than its host(s).","Like its hosts, it is found in a wide variety of habitats, from mixed woodlands to open grasslands and steppes. Bombus barbutellus is social parasite of other Bombus. It is an inquiline in the nests of B. hortorum, B. ruderatus and B. argillaceus.","As a parasitic species, any reduction in population sizes of host populations within its range will have an adverse effect on this species.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Denmark (Endangered; Wind and Pihl 2010), Finland (Critically Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010), Ireland (Endangered; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006) and Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003).The subspecies ssp. maxillosus (as Bombus maxillosus) is included in the National Red List of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005).Further research is required to monitor the status of the species across its range, especially in northern and central Europe. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,bohemicus,,Bombus bohemicus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population with a stable population trend and no major threats.",Stable,"Bombus bohemicus is one of the most common cuckoo-bumblebees of Europe. It is  widespread from the north of Spain, the south of Italy and the Balkans in the south to beyond  the Arctic Circle in the north. It extends eastwards to the Far East of Russia. This species is widespread in many parts of China. It also occurs in the northern part of North America. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 9,701,817 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 17,736km².",Common to abundant over most of its range. The populations seem to be stable in Europe; nevertheless the species is declining rapidly in North America (Williams et al. 2014).,"Bombus bohemicus is a social parasite of other Bombus species. It is an inquiline primarily in the nests of B. lucorum. Like its host, it can be found in a wide variety of habitats, from open grasslands, to sand dunes, heather moorland, woodland edge and subalpine grasslands",No apparent threats although any reduction in population sizes of host populations will have an adverse effect on this species.,This species is included in the National Red Data Book of Ireland (Near Threatened; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006). It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,brodmannicus,,Bombus brodmannicus,,,No,EN,B2ab(iii)c(iv),No,EN,B2ab(iii)c(iv),EU27,,European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  Listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is very small (156 km2) and all individuals are in one location. The species is threatened by the increased frequency of heatwaves and the extent and quality of its habitat is  declining due to the development of ski and tourist infrastructure. The species  is experiencing extreme fluctuations in the number of mature  individuals.,Stable,"Bombus brodmannicus is rather poorly known. This is mainly due to its quite  singular distribution: two areas separated by more than 2,500 km. The nominal  subspecies lives in the western Caucasus, Armenia and northeastern Anatolia. The  subspecies B. brodmannicus delmasi (Tkalcu) is found in the south of the French  Alps and in a few nearby Italian locations. Besides, their altitudinal range is  restricted and even where they are present, they stay uncommon. They are the smallest of west-Palearctic bumblebees. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 14,369 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 156 km².","An extremely rare species in Europe, where it is restricted to the southern Alps. In the few localities in which it has been regularly sampled, the populations appear stable overall, despite the possibility of severe annual fluctuations.","The species is found on southern slopes of the southwestern Alps in subalpine and alpine zones supporting large patches of Cerinthe, the principal forage plant (Dellicour et al. 2012). Polylectic in the Anatolian parts of its range, but strongly oligolectic in the Alps, foraging on Cerinthe glabra or C. minor (Boraginaceae). The species is active very early in the morning and at sunset.","Climate change (primarily through warming) is likely to reduce the area of suitable habitat available (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2013, B. Cederberg pers. comm. 2013). Increasing frequency of heat waves could cause a collapse of the population within its single location (Iserbyt and Rasmont 2012, Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012). A rise in early spring temperatures may cause a phenological mismatch between the bee and its key forage plant (Cerinthe; Boraginaceae).There are also threats from future development of ski and tourist infrastructure within the extremely restricted area of occupancy (AOO) which may reduce extent of habitat and habitat quality.","The species is not currently subject to any targeted conservation action but would benefit from future consideration, especially within protected areas. The species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,campestris,,Bombus campestris,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population with a stable population trend and no major threats.",Stable,"Bombus campestris is one of the most common cuckoo-bumblebees of Europe. This species is  widespread from northern Spain, southern Italy and the Balkans in the south reaching  to central Fennoscandia in the north. It extends eastwards to the far east of Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,327,914 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 17,436 km².","This is often a common species, however there are no precise details of population trends in this species. It is, however, generally less plentiful than its host(s).","As with its host species, it is found in a wide range of habitats, including grasslands, woodlands, urban and suburban areas and heathlands. Bombus campestris is a social parasite of other Bombus species. It is an inquiline primarily in the nest of B. pascuorum, other species of the subgenus Thoracobombus and of the subgenus Subterraneaobombu (Løken 1984).","There are no apparent direct threats, although any reduction in population size of hosts will have an adverse effect on this species.",This species is included in the National Red Data Book of Ireland (Vulnerable; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006) and Denmark (Near Threatened; Wind and Pihl 2010). This species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,cingulatus,,Bombus cingulatus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, its presumed large overall population with a stable population trend and no major threats.",Stable,"Bombus cingulatus is found between the 60th and 70th  parallels. Further east, its range extends to the Pacific, where it is found along  the coast down to the latitudes of Khabarovsk and southern Sakhalin (ca 46°N). The  limits of its distribution are rather poorly known, due to the common identification mistake  between B. cingulatus and B. hypnorum. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,238,122 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,636 km².","The populations are probably stable overall, and the species can be plentiful at times in parts of its range.",A boreal species of the taiga including meadows and pastures. It is polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen. It is often associated with Ericaceae and Rubus species (Rosaceae).,There are no obvious immediate threats.,"The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.Further research is required to establish the current distribution of the species, especially in northern Russia. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,confusus,,Bombus confusus,,,No,VU,A2c+3c+4c,Yes,VU,A2c+3c+4c,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)Listed as Vulnerable because the population is believed to have declined by more than 30% over the last ten years, and is projected to decline by at least 30% in the next ten years, based on a decline in suitable habitat due to changes in agricultural practices (especially the increase in nitrogen deposition associated with increasing intensification) which have reduced the availability of Fabaceae in the agricultural landscape. In addition, the increasing frequency of heat waves, habitat alteration and droughts caused by ongoing climate change are believed likely to cause local population collapses (Iserbyt and Rasmont 2012, Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012).",Decreasing,"The distribution of Bombus confusus is centred on central Europe. The  species does not reach the Italian, Iberian or Balkan Peninsulas, or the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The distribution of the subspecies B. c. paradoxus is much more restricted than B. c. confusus; the only recent observations of B. c. paradoxus are from Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is 4,910,210 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4,336 km². The species has been recorded recently in China.","The population is currently declining. This decline, calculated to be more than 30% in the last ten years, has been a long term trend and is still ongoing. Given past rates of habitat transformation in Europe, the fact that agricultural transformation of landscapes is likely to continue, and the increasing impacts of climate change (Iserbyt and Rasmont 2012, Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014), the population decline is expected to continue into the future at least at the current rate.","Found sparingly in a variety of habitats, including dry places, bare waste ground and vineyards, and (in Ukraine) forest-steppe. This species is polylectic (it collects pollen from a wide range of flowering plants), but particularly associated with Fabaceae (females) or thistles (males).","The main threats to this species are changing agricultural practices which cause habitat change, especially the increase in nitrogen deposition associated with increasing agricultural intensification, which has reduced the availability of Fabaceae (especially Trifolium) in the agricultural landscape. Reforestation of open habitats also poses a threat to the survival of the species. In addition, the impacts of climate change, including habitat alteration, droughts and especially the increasing frequency of heat waves, are believed likely to cause local population collapses (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012).","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following eight European countries; Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008); Estonia (Vulnerable; Lilleleht 2001); Hungary (Critically Endangered; Sárospataki et al. 2005); Latvia (Endangered; Anonymous 1992); Lithuania (Vulnerable; Rašomavičius 2007) and Moldova (Near Threatened; Anonymous 2002).Currently unpublished studies of COI barcode sequences support B. confusus being conspecific with B. paradoxus. Further work is needed to establish the genetic diversity of the remaining populations. It occurs in protected areas. This species’ habitats should be adequately protected in order to prevent further habitat transformation, and public education and communication should be undertaken to raise awareness of its situation.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,consobrinus,,Bombus consobrinus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and a presumed large overall population with a stable population trend.,Stable,"In Fennoscandia, between the 59th and the 69th parallels. In Russia, the  species extends further southwards: to the 51st parallel in the region of Saratov  (Efremova 1991). In Asia, the species is found throughout Siberia, to Kamchatka, in Mongolia, in north China, Korea  and Japan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,089,395 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,544 km².",Populations are apparently stable. It can be regularly found in association with large stands of Aconitum septentrionale (Ranunculaceae).,"Bombus consobrinus is a species of boreal Taiga, frequenting the Betula forest zone, ravines and riversides, and moist open spruce forests, and, according to Løken (1973), its range in Fennoscandia is entirely included in that of the plant Aconitum septentrionale (its principle forage plant).","Direct threats to this species are unknown, but climate change is likely to reduce the area of suitable habitat available.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Finland (Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010) and Hungary (Data Deficient; Sárospataki et al. 2005). However, data from Hungary are definitively erroneous. Further research is required to understand the genetic diversity of the species and the precise nature of its association with Aconitum septentrionale. Work is also needed to understand the distribution of the species in European Russia. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,cryptarum,,Bombus cryptarum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population and no major threats. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trend of this species.",Unknown,"Bombus cryptarum is hard to recognise and has been regarded as a valid  species only recently - and then not by everyone. This explains why it has been  explicitly dealt with in relatively few articles. For Rasmont (1984), B.  cryptarum is a rather continental species. It has been found as far east as  the Ussuri (eastern Siberia) (Rasmont et al. 1986). In the west, it is absent from  the Pyrenees and the Iberian and Italian Peninsulas. It has been recognised only  recently in the British Isles and in Ireland. Along the Atlantic coast, B.  cryptarum often coexists with B. magnus, the species being difficult  to separate from one another. North of the 45th parallel, populations live in the plains, mainly  in Ericaceae dominated habitats; further south, it is a montane species. Concerning  northern Europe, few ecological data are available. The species may exist up to the  north of Fennoscandia. According to Pamilo et al. (1987) and as a result of many personal  observations, B. cryptarum may totally supplant B. lucorum north  of the Arctic Circle. Its global range has been mapped and includes north China and north western North America (Williams et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,372,833 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4,784 km².","Due to the difficulty in recognising this species and its relatively recent redescription, there is no useful information available on the population trends in this species.","Apparently found in a range of habitats, including town parks and gardens, moorland and heathland. In Lithuania, it is recognised as being widely distributed but more abundant in the forest landscape, especially in forest bogs, and areas with Calluna vulgaris (Monsevicius 2004).","In view of the difficulty in differentiating this taxon from its sibling species, it is not possible to determine any direct threats to this species.",This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Data Deficient; Westrich et al. 2008).Further research is needed to establish the status more accurately. This species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,cullumanus,,Bombus cullumanus,,,No,CR,A2c,No,CR,A2c,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR) EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)  Listed as Critically Endangered because the population has declined by more than 80% over the last ten years, based on a decline in the area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) due to the impacts of climate change and changes in farming practices.",Decreasing,"Historically, this species was discontinuously distributed in western Europe from Spain to the south of Sweden in the north, and from the UK to central and eastern Europe. Currently the species has vanished from most countries in western Europe except for Spain and in some central European countries (e.g. Hungary, Poland). In eastern Europe, the species is scattered in steppic landscapes of Serbia, Montenegro, Romania, Belarus, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine. Outside of Europe, the species can be found in northern  Caucasus, central and southern Ural, Kazakhstan, western Siberia,  Turkestan and Afghanistan (Løken 1973). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,547,161 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 964 km².","This is historically an uncommon species over much of its range. The western European populations have declined to the verge of extinction and now remain as a single isolated subpopulation in northern Spain (Williams et al. 2012). There was evidence of strong declines after the heat wave in 2003 and the following drought in 2004-2007; field observations revealed that the species was missing from many localities where it occurred ten years previously (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2013). Declines are estimated to have been greater than 80% over the last ten years, due to the impacts of climate change and changes in farming practices, and the species is now virtually confined to a few localities in Spain, Ukraine and Russia (Williams et al. 2012). Despite this severe population decline in Europe, this species has recently been recorded as dominant or subdominant at a third of sites in parts of Siberia and northeastern Turkey (Williams et al. 2012).","This bumblebee is associated with a range of open grassy habitats such as unimproved chalk grassland (Great Britain), dry fields, cultivated land and upland pastures (Pyrenees) and forest-steppe and steppes (Ukraine). Although it is a polylectic species (it collects pollen from a wide range of flowering plants), it is strongly associated with various species of Fabaceae. These plants provide resources for both nectar and pollen.","Habitat change, changing farming practices (removing its main food plant Trifolium from rotations), reafforestation of grasslands and even urbanization have reduced the area of suitable habitat available. In addition, climate change, especially the increasing frequency of heat waves, is believed likely to have caused local population collapses (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012).The tongue length is very similar to that of the honeybee (Apis mellifera) and competition between this species and Apis is believed likely to have caused declines in Sweden.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Denmark (Regionally Extinct; Wind and Pihl 2010), Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2008); Great Britain (Regionally Extinct; Shirt 1987); Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Sweden (Regionally Extinct; Gärdenfors 2010). It is extinct from Belgium since 1918, and it is likely to be extinct as well in France since the last observation was in 2004 (Rasmont et al. 2012).Further research is required to establish the current taxonomic status of the species and to identify the threats on the few remaining populations. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area. Its habitats should be adequately protected in order to prevent further habitat transformation, and public education and communication should be undertaken to raise awareness of its situation.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,deuteronymus,,Bombus deuteronymus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient since, although the species is declining and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is small (188 km2), it is likely that the species occurs in other areas and the threats to this species remain unknown. It is recommended that surveys are carried out to determine the status of this species.",Decreasing,"The distribution of Bombus deuteronymus is very discontinuous. The subspecies bureschi  is found in Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia, Bulgaria and Romania. This subspecies is  very uncommon and no more than a score of specimens have been observed. The west-Palearctic region distribution of subspecies superequester is restricted to  Russia, between the 53rd and 59th parallels. Due to the high probability of  mistakes, many observations of ""subbaicalensis"" from Russia cannot be reliably  related with a precise species. They may belong as well to B. humilis  subbaicalensis, to B. deuteronymus superequester, to B. veteranus or to B.  pseudobaicalensis. For this reason, only the observations of Skorikov (1922), Kazanskii (1925) and Levchenko (2012), as well as other personal observations (P. Rasmont 2014) have been included in the species' map. The  nominal subspecies lives in eastern Siberia, Mongolia, the Ussuri basin and  Japan. Recently, this species has been found to be widespread and common in north China, in some areas together with very similarly coloured B. humilis subbaicalensis and B. pseudobaicalensis. Identification of these species has been improved (P. Williams pers. comm. 2012). The known extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,827,028 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 188 km².","Believed to be declining, especially in European Russia, from where there are few recent records. The lack of records over much of its range suggests that the species is only ever present in low densities within Europe.",A species of open steppic grasslands and mixed forests. It is believed to be polylectic and will therefore be likely to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.,Direct threats to this species are currently unknown.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, to identify the existing threats and to investigate the taxonomy. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,distinguendus,,Bombus distinguendus,,,No,VU,A2c,No,VU,A2c,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  Listed as Vulnerable because of a population decline, estimated to be more than 30% over the last ten years, calculated from a decline in the area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) due to habitat change and changes in agricultural practices (especially removing most clover fields that this species needs for forage).",Decreasing,"In the west-Palearctic region, the range of Bombus distinguendus spans from the  45th parallel to hardly beyond the Arctic Circle. The most southerly observations  are from the French Jura Mountains, northern Lombardy (Italy) and a few places in the  south of the Carpathian Mountains (Romania). The location in Croatia, cited by  Handlirsch (1888), is dubious. Further east, it can be found throughout Siberia, to the Ussuri River, the Kamchatka,  Sakhalin Islands, Mongolia, inner Mongolia, the Altai and the Sayan Mountains. It is common in western Siberia, around Novosibirsk (N. Bogatyrev pers. comm. 2012). The global range of this species has been mapped (Williams et al. 2011) and includes mainland Alaska, so it is a Nearctic as well as Palearctic species. Populations in different parts of the range show especially strong genetic differentiation in COI barcodes (Williams et al. 2011). The extent of occurrence (EOO) within Europe is 7,921,424 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 8,864 km².","This bumblebee is declining strongly in the southern parts of its range, almost to the point of extinction. Populations are more stable in the north. Declines in this species' distribution indicate that the population has likely declined by more than 30% in the past ten years (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2010-2012). The species is seldom plentiful.","A species of open flowery grasslands and woodland edge. Records are from woodlands, woodland edge, and coastal habitats (Germany), meadows, Fabaceae fields and pastures (Norway), and open terrain, flower-rich hay meadows and grasslands, light woodland and woodland edge (Netherlands). In Ireland and Scotland it is associated with the distinctive flower rich shell sand dunes (known as machair), and dry calcareous grassland. The bee is a strong flier and can readily move between islands. It is strongly associated with Clover (Trifolium sp.) for forage.","Changes in agricultural practice (particularly through intensification typified by increasing nitrogen deposition, swapping from hay production to silage, and reduction of Fabaceae cropping systems) have reduced the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability. The impacts of climate change, especially the increasing frequency of heat waves for species with late phenology such as B. distinguendus (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012), may have played a role in past declines and could contribute to future declines. This species seems to decline more dramatically in the southern parts of its distribution in relation to climate change (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2013).Genetic bottle-necking is a threat in isolated populations.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following eleven European countries: Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005); Denmark (Critically Endangered; Wind and Pihl 2010), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008); Estonia (Near Threatened; Lilleleht 2001); Great Britain (Endangered; Shirt 1987); Hungary (Data Deficient; Sárospataki et al. 2005); Ireland (Endangered; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006); Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Norway (Endangered; Kålås et al. 2010) and Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010). It is extinct in Belgium since 1976 (Rasmont 1988).It occurs in protected areas. This species’ habitats should be adequately protected in order to prevent further habitat transformation, and public education and communication should be undertaken to raise awareness of its situation. Further research is required to more fully understand the population decline, and the population trends should be monitored.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,flavidus,,Bombus flavidus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, its presumed large overall population with a stable population trend and no major threats.",Stable,"Bombus flavidus is restricted to the boreal taïga in the north (nominal subspecies) of  its distribution and to the subalpine level in the Pyrenees (subspecies lutescens) and  in the Alps (subspecies alpium). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,960,464 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,304 km².","Populations are probably stable, but subject to fluctuations. As a parasitic species, it is generally less abundant than its host(s).","It can be found in subalpine and low alpine habitats and, in the north, boreal forest. Bombus flavidus is a social parasite of other Bombus species. The host of this cuckoo-bumblebee is not precisely known.",There are no direct threats to this species given that it has a number of probable host species.,This species is included in the National Red List of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008). It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,fragrans,,Bombus fragrans,,,No,EN,A2c+3c+4c,No,EN,A2c+3c+4c,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  Listed as Endangered because the population is calculated to have declined by more than 50% over the last ten years, and is projected to continue to decline by at least 50% in the next ten years, based on a decline in the area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) due to agricultural intensification, the impacts of climate change believed to cause local population collapses, and the effects of collection.",Decreasing,"Bombus fragrans is the largest bumblebee of the west-Palearctic and is easy to  recognize. It extends from lower Austria in the west to inner Mongolia in the  east, and from the regions of Kazan (Russia) and Moscow to the Great Taurus in  Anatolia. In Europe, its distribution is discontinuous, formerly with isolated populations in lower Austria and Hungary and further east in the Ukraine and in Russia. The global range of this species has been mapped (Williams et al. 2011) and includes China (with recent records), where it has often been confused with B. amurensis. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,128,849 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 944 km².","The species is rare, and appears to be in serious decline over much of its European range. The population is calculated to have declined by more than 50% in the last ten years, due to agricultural intensification reducing the amount of available habitat, the increasing impacts of climate change causing local population collapses (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012, P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2013, V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2013, Rasmont et al. 2014), commercial collection (V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2012) and population declines in Susliks who create habitat for this bee species. These threats are expected to continue and could likely intensify; the population decline is therefore projected to continue at a similar rate over the next ten years.","A species of steppic habitats with abundant (flowering) vegetation (Romania and Ukraine). Nests are associated with the burrows of ground-burrowing Susliks (Spermophilus spp.) (Mammalia; Sciuridae). It is presumed to be polylectic (a species that collects pollen from a wide range of flowering plants) and to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen, particularly favouring Fabaceae.","In common with many steppic species, the intensification of agriculture has reduced the area of available habitat. The impacts of climate change, including habitat alteration, droughts and especially the increasing frequency of heat waves, are believed likely to cause local population collapses (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012). Reductions in populations of Susliks (Spermophilus spp.) (Mammalia; Sciuridae) also pose a threat, as this bee’s nests are associated with the burrows of ground-burrowing Susliks.This species is also subject to commercial collection.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005); Hungary (Critically Endangered; Sárospataki et al. 2005); Moldova (Critically Endangered; Anonymous 2002) and Ukraine (Endangered; Monchenko et al. 2009). It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area. This species’ habitats should be adequately protected in order to prevent further habitat transformation, and public education and communication should be undertaken to raise awareness of its situation. Further research is required to more fully understand the population decline, and both commercial trade and population trends should be monitored.",This species is subject to commercial collection in Ukraine and Russia (V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2012).,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,gerstaeckeri,,Bombus gerstaeckeri,,,No,VU,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  Listed as Vulnerable, because its area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,436 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented as the subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange, and there is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat.",Stable,"The distribution of B. gerstaeckeri is restricted to the mountains  of southern and central Europe where its distribution is highly patchy: in some places, the species may look common, but then,  most specimens are from the same locality (Ponchau et al. 2006). Only six specimens have been collected in the Caucasus and their location is dubious. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 914,838 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,432 km².","The populations are extremely localised and severely fragmented with little opportunity for genetic exchange between subpopulations. Ponchau et al. (2006) stressed that the species could show a very low number of workers in some localities. They hypothesized that it could even live solitarily, while obviously most queens continue to forage themselves during the whole season. These authors also measured population densities of this species that are extremely low.",A montane species of woody sub-alpine regions in areas supporting large stands of Aconitum and in sub-alpine pastures in the Carpathians (Ukraine). Bombus gerstaeckeri forages exclusively on Aconitum spp.,"Low population density, patchy distribution and extreme forage specialisation impose threats to the species. In common with other alpine species, climate change is likely to reduce the area of suitable habitat available (Franzen and Ockinger 2011, Franzen and Molander 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014).Inappropriate livestock management may also remove the forage resources through trampling and thereby reduce habitat quality.",This species is included in the National Red List of Germany (Rare; Westrich et al. 2008). Further research is required to investigate genetic bottle-necking and to monitor the fluctuations in localised populations. The future of this species is dependent on sympathetic management of the specialised montane habitats (which are primarily in protected areas). It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,glacialis,,Bombus glacialis,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE) Listed as Data Deficient since, although the species is declining and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is small (32 km2),  it is likely that the species occurs in other  areas, thus there is not  enough information available on the status of  this species. It is  recommended that surveys are carried out to determine the status of this  species. It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"Bombus glacialis belongs to the group of Bombus lapponicus. It is often  considered as a subspecies of B. monticola. However, B. glacialis seems above all very  poorly known. The distribution of Bombus  glacialis is quite special: it is the most northern of the west-Palearctic  bumblebees and is found only on Novaya Zemlya, on Wrangel Island and on Kolguyev  Island. These islands are more than 3,000 km apart and, nevertheless, the resemblance  between the populations from Novaya Zemlya and Wrangel is quite striking. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 32,640 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km².",There are no records of this species in Europe since 1942. There are no details of population trends in this species.,A species of the high Arctic.,"Its main habitat in Europe (Novaya Zemlya) has been target of several important atomic bomb essays in the sixties. Climate change (especially through warming and melting of permafrost) is likely to reduce the area of suitable habitat available (Franzen and Ockinger 2011, Franzen and Molander 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014).","The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action, however, further research is required to establish the current status of the species in European Russia and to identify the existing threats. It does not occur within protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,haematurus,,Bombus haematurus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population with an increasing population trend and no major threats.",Increasing,"The range of Bombus haematurus is of the Pontic type, but its habitat is restricted to  the rainy forest zones. It is found in Albania, east of Yugoslavia, Macedonia,  Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, the Caucasus, Armenia, Azerbaijan and northern  Iran. It is mostly encountered in Bulgaria and northern Turkey, but nowhere common. It  reaches the extreme southeast of the west-Palearctic region in the Kopet-dag,  at the border between Iran and Turkestan. It recently extended its distribution  toward the west, reaching now Croatia, Slovenia, Slovakia and Austria (Jenic et  al. 2010). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 605,721 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 248 km².","Formerly considered a rare species, but it is currently expanding its range westwards across the Balkans, reaching Slovenia in 2010 (Jenic et al. 2010) and Austria. In Ukraine there is a northward spread.",It is typically found in woodland and woodland edge habitats and adjacent orchards and agricultural land. It is polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.,No obvious threats. The species is expanding. Climate change is expected to increase its suitable climatic area (Rasmont et al. 2014).,The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research will be necessary to establish future range expansions. It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,hortorum,,Bombus hortorum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population with a stable population trend and no major threats.",Stable,"Bombus hortorum is common in the main part of the west-Palearctic region and is  mentioned in many articles. In the north of Scandinavia, it extends up to the  70th parallel, but is not found in the tundra. Westward, it has been found in  Iceland – where it may have been imported (Prys-Jones et al. 1981) – but not in  the Azores, Canary and Madeira Islands. To the south, it extends to the latitude of  Madrid in the Iberian Peninsula and to Calabria in southern Italy. In Anatolia, the  species is common in the north. Eastwards, it extends over the whole Siberian  region, to the Ussuri River and the Altai Mountains. Southeast, in northern Iran, it reaches  the Mazandaran province, but not the Kopet-Dag Mountains. It is absent from northern Africa  and from the Mediterranean islands, except Corsica and Sicily. There are several subspecies described, the most conspicuous one being B. hortorum jonghei from Corsica, that shows a completely different colour pattern.",This species is widespread and often abundant. The number of observations suggests that populations remain strong over much of the known range.,"It is found in many different habitats, including towns and cities. It tends to avoid barren, open moorlands and heaths.It is broadly polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen favouring species with long corollas.","There are no obvious immediate threats to this species as it remains common and widespread. However, widespread intensification of agriculture and changes in agricultural practice may have a negative impact in parts of its range. Climatic factors and the impacts of climate change have been shown to cause local population fluctuations and could have significant impacts on bumblebee populations in the future (Iserbyt and Rasmont 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014).",The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. This species occurs in protected areas.,Bombus hortorum was successfully imported to New Zealand in 1885 to pollinate imported clover (Trifolium spp.).,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,humilis,,Bombus humilis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Listed as Least Concern because, although the species is declining and it is threatened by agriculture intensification, overall the species has a wide distribution and a presumed large population.",Decreasing,"Bombus humilis is a widespread species. In the west, it is found in England and  Wales (subspecies anglicus) but neither in Ireland nor Scotland and in the Iberian Peninsula, north of the 39th parallel (subspecies paraurantiacus and quasimuscorum)  but not in Portugal. In Fennoscandia B. humilis halsahlianus is present up  to the 62nd parallel, with some more northern locations in Sweden, along the  Gulf of Bothnia. In Russia, the northern limit of B. humilis subbaicalensis lies  at about the 60th parallel. In Italy, it extends southwards to Calabria (39th parallel) (subspecies propeaurantiacus) and in Greece, to central Peloponnese (about  38th parallel) (forms aurantiacus and tristis). The subspecies insipidus extends in  Turkey to the Hakkari region and down to the 36th parallel in the Iranian  Mazandaran. It is common in the Caucasus. Bombus humilis is absent from all the  major Mediterranean islands and from northern Africa. It is very uncommon to absent on  the Mediterranean littoral. In some regions, the coat of B. humilis is quite  constant, e.g. in central and western France (subspecies quasimuscorum), in the United  Kingdom (subspecies anglicus) and in the Caucasus region (subspecies insipidus). In other  places, the variability is much higher, with three to four colour coexisting forms.  This is the case in Belgium and the Netherlands, in most of central and east  Europe, in the Balkan and in western Anatolia. This species is widespread to the Russian Far East and north China.","The local population densities are variable. The distribution of the species is patchy (as for B. ruderarius and B. sylvarum), and the species may be quite common in one place and absent from surrounding areas - especially in places with the most intensive agriculture and urbanisation. The species can be particularly abundant in landscapes rich in leguminous plants.","Found in many open flower-rich grassland habitats throughout its range. In southern England it is also frequent on lowland heathland.It is polylectic (it collects pollen from a wide range of flowering plants) and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen, including leguminous fodder crops such as Trifolium, Lotus corniculatus and Medicago sativa.","Intensification of agriculture (especially increases in N2 deposition, reduction in leguminous crops and increases in pesticide use) and changes in agricultural practice have reduced the area of suitable habitat available. The impacts of climate change, especially local droughts and heat waves, have been shown to cause local population fluctuations and may contribute to population declines (Iserbyt and Rasmont 2012, Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014).","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following eight European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005); Denmark (Vulnerable; Wind and Pihl 2010), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008); Estonia (Vulnerable; Lilleleht 2001); Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010); Hungary (Endangered; Sárospataki et al. 2005); Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Norway (Vulnerable; Kålås et al. 2010). This species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,hyperboreus,,Bombus hyperboreus,,,No,VU,"B2b(i,ii,v)c(iv)",No,VU,"B2b(i,ii,v)c(iv)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  Listed as Vulnerable, because although the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 420 km², it is believed that the species occupies a larger area, though less than 2,000 km². There is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence, the area of occupancy and the number of mature individuals. The species is experiencing extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals.",Decreasing,"Bombus hyperboreus is uncommon in collections and mentioned in few  writings. The species lives at latitudes nowhere lower than 60°N. Its distribution  is more strictly arctic than for B. polaris and in North America. It  reaches the far north of Ellesmere Island and Greenland, well beyond the 80th  parallel. In the west-Palearctic region, the range of B. hyperboreus  is the same as that of B. polaris, including Novaya Zemlya, Wrangel and  some other islands of northern Russia and Siberia. However, it is always less  common than the latter species. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 962,757 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 420 km².","A scarce species which is possibly in decline, can suffer severe fluctuations of populations (B. Cederberg pers. comm. 2012) and has a restricted area of occupancy. It is a facultative inquiline in the nests of several species including the declining B. polaris (that is, in can optionally live in the nests of other species without harming them).","A species of the Arctic, where it is found north of the tree-line and in the alpine zone of the Scandinavian mountains. It currently seems restricted to higher altitudes. It is presumed to be polylectic (it collects pollen from a wide range of flowering plants) and to exploit a range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen. The inquiline behaviour of Bombus hyperboreus is quite remarkable: this is one of the two bumblebee species, outside of the sub-genus Psithyrus, for which inquilinism is a well documented practice. In northern Canada, Greenland and Novaya Zemlya, B. hyperboreus appears as a workerless obligate parasite (Richards 1973, Løken 1973). In Norway and in Wrangel Island, some queens of this species are able to forage and to produce some workers, even if most queens act as inquilines (Løken 1973, Berezin 1990, Gjershaug 2009).","As this is an inquiline species (one that lives in the nests of other species), any reduction in population sizes of hosts will have an adverse effect on this species. In common with other arctic species, climate change (especially through warming) is likely to reduce the area of suitable habitat available (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2013, B. Cederberg pers. comm. 2013, Rasmont et al. 2014). Loss of genetic diversity could increase the risks of extinction.",This species is included in the National Red List of Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010). Further research is required to establish the current status of the species in European Russia and to establish the range of genetic diversity within existing subpopulations. Great care is needed in the identification of this species because of similar colour patterns in other Alpinobombus species. This species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,hypnorum,,Bombus hypnorum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population with an increasing population trend and no major threats.",Increasing,"Bombus hypnorum is quite common in a large part of continental Europe. It is  found from Normandy (western France) to Kamchatka and from the Pyrenees to the  northern tree-line. It is completely absent from the Mediterranean region. In  the Iberian Peninsula, it is only found in some montane localities of the  Pyrenees. In Italy, it does not live south of Tuscany. It is absent from the  Balkans, as from the steppic regions of Romania, Ukraine and southern Russia. It has not  been found in Asia Minor. It seems to expand toward the west for one century  (Rasmont 1989). It was completely absent from Britain until recently  but it was first observed in England in 2001, it extended then very  quickly reaching now Scotland and Wales. It is now expanding  in Iceland where it was first observed in 2008. The species is present in China and the Himalaya at least as a complex of related taxa (Williams et al. 2009).","A species that is generally common, and with expanding populations. Recently colonised Iceland, Brittany, Great Britain and Gotland.","A widespread species, associated primarily with wooded or shrubby habitats, these include gardens, wooded farmland, woodland glades and edges. More strongly associated with areas inhabited by people than most other bumblebees (Løken 1973). Nests are usually constructed in large aerial cavities, and it is well known to utilise bird nest-boxes. It is broadly polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen. It is especially fond of visiting Rubus idaeus (Raspberry) and R. fruticosus agg (Bramble), and is an important pollinator.",There are no obvious threats to this species.,The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. This species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not currently traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,inexspectatus,,Bombus inexspectatus,,,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (364 km2), the population is severely fragmented and the quality of its habitat is declining due to the development of tourism infrastructure and climate change.",Decreasing,"The distribution of Bombus inexspectatus is confined and discrete. The species  lives in the Cantabrian Mountains in Spain and on the southern side of the southern  Alps. It seems to be absent from the Pyrenees, as no valid observation  has yet been reported from these mountains (the specimens reported by Ornosa  Gallego (1984) have all been invalidated and revised as B. ruderarius; L.  Castro pers. comm. 2012). This distribution is clearly relict. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 230,166 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 368 km².","Bombus inexspectatus is very uncommon. Yarrow (1970) reports 36 specimens only among a sample of 10,000 bumblebees collected in its Cantabrian locations. Quite clearly, in the absence of such thorough samplings, the species will remain undetected. There are no recent records from Spain or some parts of the central Alps. Existing populations are severely fragmented limiting the exchange of genetic material.","A species of open areas and woodland edge in alpine and sub-alpine biotopes, mainly on the southern slopes of mountains. Bombus inexspectatus is a workerless species that is an inquiline of B. ruderarius (Yarrow 1970, Müller 2006).","Climate change is likely to reduce the area of suitable habitat available (Franzen and Molander 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014). Any reduction in population sizes of its host will have an adverse effect on this species.Development of tourist infrastructure negatively impacts habitat quality.",The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.Further research is required to document further the inquilinism of the species and its relationship with host bee(s). It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,jonellus,,Bombus jonellus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population with a stable population trend.",Stable,"The distribution of Bombus jonellus is very wide: from Iceland and the Sierra  Cantabrica (ssp. yarrowianus) in the west to the Anadyr on the Pacific. In the  north, the species is present beyond the Arctic Circle. According to Løken (1973), it is as common as B. pratorum throughout Scandinavia (subspecies subborealis).  In the British Isles, Alford (1975) notes that B. jonellus is more common than B.  pratorum in Scotland. In Russia, the distribution of B. jonellus is continuous  north of the 55th parallel and rather patchy south of this latitude. In the  south of Europe, the range of B. jonellus is restricted to more particular, most  often montane biotopes, reaching the highest mountains of the Iberian Peninsula  where it is very rare. Several subspecies that are inconspicuously marked are  currently recognized (hebridensis, jonellus, martes, monapiae, subborealis,  vogtianus, yarrowianus). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 10,896,084 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 19,892 km².","Common to abundant in the northern parts of its range. In the south, its distribution is patchy and the species is less abundant. Populations appear stable across the range.","A species of ericaceous moorland and lowland heath, and more rarely in other habitats. Although it is a polylectic species, it is particularly associated with various ericaceous plants as forage resources.",Destruction of lowland heathland in the Atlantic climate zone has caused a decrease in the available habitat. Widespread loss of ericaceous species could pose a threat.,This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008) and Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003). Conservation of this species is related to the conservation of its ericaceous habitats in the Atlantic biome. This species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,laesus,,Bombus laesus,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Listed as Near Threatened because there are signs of decline which could be close to 30% in the last ten years, the known area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is small (504 km2), and the number of mature individuals is declining due to agricultural intensification, thus making the species close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion A2 and B2.",Decreasing,"Bombus laesus s.s. is present in southeastern Poland, Hungary, a few isolated specimens in Serbia  and Macedonia, in Ukraine, the Volga basin, Kazakstan, the Caucasus region,  Anatolia and northwestern Iran. Within this wide range, the species is common only in  some rather restricted zones, as Hungary and the region extending from Turkey to  Iran. It is also widespread in north China and is therefore an oriental as well as a western Palearctic species. The steppic distribution of Bombus laesus s.s. is similar to that of another steppe species Bombus fragrans.","Generally uncommon, but there are signs of decline which could be close to 30% in the last ten years.",It is a species of open grassland and steppic habitats. It is presumed to be polylectic and to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.,"In common with many species of the steppes, the intensification of agriculture has reduced the area of available habitat.",This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Estonia (Data Deficient; Lilleleht 2001); Hungary (Critically Endangered; Sárospataki et al. 2005) and Ukraine (Vulnerable; Monchenko et al. 2009). Further research is required to establish the current distribution of the species throughout its range and also the taxonomic status of B. laesus and B. mocsaryi. This species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,lapidarius,,Bombus lapidarius,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population with an increasing population trend and no major threats.",Increasing,"Bombus lapidarius is very widespread throughout central Europe and is one of the  most common species. Northwards, it extends up to the Arctic Circle in Finland and Sweden,  but is uncommon beyond the latitude of Stockholm. Southwards, it is a common  lowland species down to the 45th parallel. Further south, it becomes a montane and  even alpine species. The most southern observation is in Morocco (ssp.  atlanticus), in the alpine zone of Jbel Siroua (orig. data), between the  High-Atlas and the Anti-Atlas. It is found in the west, in the Cantabrian Mountains (ssp. decipiens) and in Ireland.  In the east, it lives in the plains of Russia, up to the 60th parallel and,  according to Panfilov (1981), it reaches Orenburg, south of the Ural Mountains. The  same author reports a single location in Siberia, northwest of Novosibirsk. In the southeast, B. lapidarius is present in the Caucasus (subspecies eriophorus), in northern Anatolia and in the mountains of Georgia and Armenia (subspecies caucasicus). It  has not been reported from Iran. Throughout the plains of mid-Europe, the  species is represented by its nominal subspecies lapidarius, black with a red-tipped  abdomen. The same holds for the Balkan and western Anatolia mountains. Most of  the populations from the southern mountains belong to subspecies with  light-coloured stripes: atlanticus in the Atlas Mountains, decipiens in the Iberian and Italian Peninsulas, caucasicus in northeastern Anatolia  and Transcaucasia and eriophorus in the Caucasus. Whereas the lapidarius  subspecies is common in most of its range, the southern, more or less montane  light-striped subspecies are uncommon taxa.",It is common over much of its range and expanding northwards in Scotland. The species is subject to considerable fluctuations from year to year.,"A bee of open habitats, meadows and pastures, roadsides and gardens, preferring dry, well-drained soils. It is most numerous on open calcareous grassland and on coastal dunes and cliff sites. In the southern parts of its range, it can inhabit open woodland and forest. It is broadly polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.",The species does not appear to be threatened. Climatic factors and the impacts of climate change have been shown to cause local population fluctuations and could have significant impacts on bumblebee populations in the future (Iserbyt and Rasmont 2012).,"This species is included in the National Red Data Book of Ireland (Near Threatened; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006). Elsewhere, no action is necessary. This species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,lapponicus,,Bombus lapponicus,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution within its restricted range, its presumed large overall population and no major threats.",Unknown,"Since the recent distinction between Bombus lapponicus s.s. and B. monticola  (Svensson 1979, Pekkarinen 1982), most of the older data are obsolete. As B.  monticola is absent from northern Russia and northern Siberia, we may assume that the  ancient data from these region are about B. lapponicus. The range of the species  extends approximately between the 65th and 70th parallels in Europe and the 60th  and 72nd parallels in Siberia. It extends from the north of the taiga to the  tundra, except for its colder parts (Taymyr Peninsula). In Fennoscandia, the  ranges of B. lapponicus and B. monticola will remain questionable, as long as  the material studied by Løken (1973) has not been revised. According to Svensson  (1979, 1980), B. lapponicus is found throughout the mountains of Fennoscandia  to the Atlantic coast of Norway. According to Pekkarinen et al. (1981), who take  both species in account, B. lapponicus is found from the northern shores of the Gulf of Bothnia, at 65°N, to the shores of the Barents sea and in the east, southwards as far as western China. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,262,491 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,968 km².","Common in many parts of its range, but in view of the historic difficulty in differentiating this taxon from its sibling species, there are no reliable details of population trends across the known range.",This species is found from boreal forests to tundra. It is polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.,There are no apparent direct threats to this species.,The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.Further research is required to establish the current status of the species in the southern parts of its range.This species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,lucorum,,Bombus lucorum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population with a stable population trend.,Stable,"Bombus lucorum is very widespread in Europe, reaching the  coast of the Barents Sea to the north. However, in the southern countries, it  remains in the hills and the mountains, never reaching the Mediterranean  coast. Though very widespread, B. lucorum has not been as well studied as B. terrestris. Its global range has been mapped and includes China, almost to the Pacific, and is now confirmed in Iceland (Williams et al. 2012).","In view of the difficulty in discriminating this taxon from its sibling species it is not possible to determine long term trends in populations. It is, however, generally regarded as both common and widespread and subject to local fluctuations in abundance in parts of its range.","This species is virtually ubiquitous, found in many habitats including woodland, grasslands, heathland, coastal localities and urban parks and gardens.","Apparently, the increasing frequency of heat waves causes local population collapses (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012). Climatic factors and the impacts of climate change have been shown to cause local population fluctuations and could have significant impacts on bumblebee populations in the future (Iserbyt and Rasmont 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014).",The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. This species occurs in protected areas.,"As its colonies are smaller than B. terrestris, its diapause longer and its ecological requirements more restrictive, it has never been domesticated, traded or exploited commercially.","Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,magnus,,Bombus magnus,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern because, although the increasing frequency of heatwaves and droughts are causing local population collapses, overall the species has a wide distribution and a presumed large population.",Unknown,"Bombus magnus seems the most abundant in the Atlantic region. The species could be  common in the maritime moors, from central Portugal (Serra de Estrela) to  Narvik, in Norway. Unlike B. cryptarum, it is present in the  Pyrenees, and in the Iberian Peninsula (Rasmont 1984). It is less common  eastwards, away from the Atlantic, though it has been found in a few places in southern Finland (Pamilo et al. 1987) and in Poland (Banaszak and Rasmont 1994).  Scattered specimens are found even further east, near St Petersburg and Moscow. Reports from further east could refer to  other species. Bombus magnus has not been found in the Balkans, nor in Asia  Minor. Its global range has been mapped (Williams et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,389,279 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 6,008 km².",The data are somewhat patchy and the true status of this species is unclear. This is partly because of the difficulty in discriminating this taxon from its sibling species.,Found in a range of habitats but more strongly associated with upland heathlands and moorlands. It is presumed to be polylectic (it collects pollen from a wide range of flowering plants) and to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.,The increasing frequency of heatwaves and droughts causes local population collapses (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012). Future climate changes are expected to reduce the suitable climatic area of this species (Rasmont et al. 2014).,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Data Deficient; Westrich et al. 2008); Ireland (Data Deficient; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006) and Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003). Further research is necessary to establish accurately the status of this taxon, and if there are any conservation issues associated with it. This species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,mendax,,Bombus mendax,,,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because the known area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is small (2,236 km²), the species is considered severely fragmented and the number of mature individuals is declining due to climate change, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable under Criterion B2.",Decreasing,"Bombus mendax is a high mountain species from the Alps and the Pyrenees, where it lives in the highest altitude levels. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 436,333 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,236 km².","The populations seem to be in decline, and these can also be severely fragmented, with no or little genetic exchange between them. The species is never abundant.","A species of mountain regions where it is associated with alpine and subalpine grasslands, particularly on southern slopes. It is polylectic (it collects pollen from a wide range of flowering plants) and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen. It is particularly associated with flowers with long corollas.","Climate change is likely to reduce the area of suitable habitat available; climatic factors and the impacts of climate change have been shown to cause local population fluctuations and may likely contribute to population declines (Franzen and Molander 2012, Iserbyt and Rasmont 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014).).",This species is included in the National Red List of Germany (Gefährdung unbekannten Ausmaßes; Westrich et al. 2008) (Approximating to Data Deficient). It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,mesomelas,,Bombus mesomelas,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because, although the species is declining and the known area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is 4,428 km², overall the species has a large presumed population size and is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category.",Decreasing,"Within the west-Palearctic region, Bombus mesomelas is a  species from the southern mountains. Bombus mesomelas mesomelas is found in the Cantabrian Mountains (Spain), the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Appennine Mountains, the  Tatra Mountains, the Krkonoše Mountains (Czech Republic) and the Carpathians. The range of  Bombus mesomelas alboluteus is discontinuous, with a western population in the  mountains of southern Bosnia, and the Balkans and an eastern population in eastern Anatolia, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia and northern Iran. In the north of its  range, B. mesomelas has been found in the hills and lower mountains of Thüringia (Germany), southern Poland and Bohemia (Czech Republic). All these findings are  historic. In the Cantabrian Mountains, the Pyrenees, the western and central  Alps, the species is quite common. On the other hand, in the eastern Alps and in  the mountains of central-east and eastern Europe, as well as in Iran, mesomelas  is uncommon and its distribution is patchy. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,215,144 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4,428 km².","The populations are apparently in decline in parts of its range, especially in the lower mountain foothills. It can be extremely numerous in suitable localities but is subject to severe fluctuations in abundance.","A species found in a range of habitats, from open areas and clearings in Abies, Fagus and Quercus woodlands (Spain), warm flowery sub-alpine meadows (Bulgaria) and formerly on sunny mountain sides (Germany).","The impacts of climate change are reducing the area of suitable habitat available (Rasmont et al. 2014). These impacts, especially local droughts and heat waves, have been shown to cause local population fluctuations and may contribute to population declines (Iserbyt and Rasmont 2012, Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012).","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2008). This species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,mlokosievitzii,,Bombus mlokosievitzii,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the threats affecting this species and the population size and trend of this species. However this species has a very small area of occupancy (AOO) of 44 km2 and further research is needed to determine the status of this species.,Unknown,"The nominal subspecies of Bombus mlokosievitzi lives mainly in the mountains of northeastern Anatolia, but some specimens have been encountered in the northwest of this  region. The subspecies vogtiellus is found in the Balkan Mountains, in Macedonia,  Greece and Bulgaria and in the mountains of northern Anatolia, from the Bursa region  in the west to the surroundings of Erzincan in the east. The subspecies convergens  lives in the Caucasus. In Anatolia and seemingly in the Caucasus, Bombus  mlokosievitzi is common. It is always uncommon in the Balkan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 39,609 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km².",This species is uncommon within Europe and restricted to the Balkans. Details of population trends in this species are unclear but it is possibly in decline.,Forest edge and meadows in sub-alpine areas. It is presumed to be a polylectic species and to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.,Details of current threats are unclear. Climate change (especially through warming) is likely to reduce the area of suitable habitat available (Rasmont et al. 2014) and inappropriate forest management or fires within the known European range could accentuate threats.,"The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.Further research is required to establish the detailed ecology of the species in Europe, its present distribution and to identify the existing threats. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,mocsaryi,,Bombus mocsaryi,,,No,EN,A2a,No,EN,A2a,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed as Endangered because of a population decline, calculated to be more than 50% over the last ten years, caused by population collapses due to an increasing frequency of heat waves. This species also has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO) of 1,012 km² with a severely fragmented population and therefore also meets the criteria for listing as Vulnerable under criterion B (VU B2ab(v)), but is listed under the higher category.",Decreasing,"The taxon Bombus mocsaryi is very widely distributed: North Africa (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia), Spain, southern France, eastern Austria, Hungary, Poland, Baltic states, Belarus, northern Ukraine and Russia (mainly between the 50th and 60th parallels). Scattered specimens have been collected in Croatia, Serbia, Macedonia, Greece and Romania. Curiously, the species is known neither from Italy nor from Bulgaria. There is a gap between the western populations (Spain, France and northern Africa) and the populations from eastern Europe. Further east, B. mocsaryi is found here and there, from western Siberia to the Pacific coast of Asia. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,817,510 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,012 km².","This species is clearly rare and declining over much of its range, and the declines are ongoing. This population decline is estimated to be in excess of 50% in the last ten years, likely due to the impacts of climate change, especially the increasing frequency of heat waves, causing local population collapses (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012, P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2013, V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2013). There was evidence of strong declines after the heat wave in 2003 and the following drought in 2004-2007; field observations revealed that the species was missing from many localities where it occurred 10 years previously (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2013). It is still present in Spain, but recent data are lacking. On occasions the species can be very abundant, but it appears vulnerable to sudden population collapses. Populations are severely fragmented.",This bee is a species of wooded steppe and xeric grasslands. It is a polylectic species (one which collects pollen from a wide range of flowering plants) that is particularly associated with Asteraceae (Carduaeae).,"Climate change, especially the increasing frequency of heat waves, is believed likely to cause local population collapses (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012). Steppic species, such as B. mocsaryi, are of concern as there are very strong signs of population declines due to climatic factors (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2013, V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2013).","The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Czech Republic as Bombus sidemii (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005). It is not subject to any specific targeted conservation action (although it may have been covered under B. laesus with which it has been commonly confused). Further research is required to establish the taxonomic status of the  species across its range, and particularly its relationship to taxa in  the far east of Russia. Work is also required to reassess the current  distribution and status. If published evidence shows conclusively that B. mocsaryi is conspecific with B. laesus, then the status will need to be reviewed. The species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,modestus,,Bombus modestus,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE) Listed as Data Deficient since, although the species is declining and the known area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is small (60 km2), it is likely that the species occurs in other  areas, thus there is not enough information available on the status of  this species. It is recommended that surveys are carried out to determine the status of this species. It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"Bombus modestus is a taiga species, like B. cingulatus, B. sporadicus, B.  semenoviellus, B. schrencki and B. patagiatus. More  east, it is known from western Siberia to Sakhalin and north China. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 586,946 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km².","It is far less common than its close congeners and is, indeed, among the rarest and least known species of the west-Palearctic region. Only few specimens have been collected in Europe. In view of its extreme rarity, there are no details of population trends in this species.",A boreal species found in taiga regions of Eurasia.,"Direct and immediate threats to this species are unknown, but, in common with other boreal species, climate change, especially the increasing frequency of droughts, and the consequent forest fires are suspected of being responsible for local extinctions and declines (Rasmont et al. 2014).More data are required to establish the current situation.","The species is not currently subject to any targeted conservation action, however, further research is required to establish the current status of the species in European Russia and to identify the existing threats. It is unknown if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,monticola,,Bombus monticola,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because, although the species is declining and it is threatened by climate change and overgrazing, overall the species has a wide distribution, a presumed large population, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category.",Decreasing,"As Bombus monticola is widespread in most of the mountain ridges of Europe and as its attractive coat colours make it quite conspicuous, it is  often mentioned in the literature, mostly under the name ""lapponicus"". The  recent separation between B. monticola and B. lapponicus s.s. makes the  interpretation of these older data rather difficult (Svensson 1979, Pekkarinen 1982).In  the north of the continent, it lives in the mountains of Scandinavia and down to  the sea level in the north of Norway and the Kola Peninsula. In Finland, it is  only found in a few places along the Norwegian border (contrary to B. lapponicus  s.s., which extends south to the Gulf of Bothnia) (Pekkarinen et al. 1981). The  populations from Fennoscandia belong to the subspecies scandinavicus. The  rather dark populations from the British Isles, belong to the nominal subspecies. The populations from the Alps and the Balkans belong to the subspecies alpestris. The subspecies rondoui lives in the Cantabrian Mountains and in the  Pyrenees, the subspecies konradini, in the Apennine Mountains. Both subspecies are  specially light and colourful. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,194,822 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 9,492 km².",A boreo-alpine species in which the populations seem stable in the north but it is clearly retreating up mountains in the south of its range. It is known that the species has successfully invaded Ireland on two separate occasions in the last 40 years.,"A boreal-alpine species that is, in the northern parts of its range, associated with Vaccinium moorland, particularly in upland and montane terrain. It is known from upland bog and moorland (Ireland), Salix biotopes, Vaccinium heaths, pastures, mountain meadows (Norway) and subarctic Betula zone and south facing mountain slopes above the tree line (Finland). In the south, within its restricted range, it will be found in a number of sub-alpine and alpine biotopes. It is polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen, although Salix and Vaccinium (in the spring) are very commonly visited by queens.","In common with other arctic species, climate change (especially through warming) is likely to reduce the area of suitable habitat available (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2013, B. Cederberg pers. comm. 2013). The impacts of climate change, especially local droughts and heat waves, may contribute to population declines (Manino et al. 2007, Iserbyt and Rasmont 2012, Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014). Overgrazing may, in some parts of its range, reduce the amount of forage.",The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. This species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,mucidus,,Bombus mucidus,,,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because the known area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is small (2,468 km²), the mountain species is considered severely fragmented and the number of mature individuals is declining due to climate change, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable under Criterion B2.",Decreasing,"Bombus mucidus is restricted to the south European mountains: Sierra  Cantabrica, Pyrenees and western Alps for the subspecies mollis, rest of the Alps,  central Apennines, Balkan Mountains (Bosnia, Crna Gora and Macedonia),  central Carpathians for the subspecies mucidus. The subspecies pittioniellus, of yet  unsettled status, is restricted to the mountains of Crna Gora and Macedonia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,223,997 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,468 km².","A species of the southern mountain ranges of Europe. Generally in decline and populations may be severely fragmented. The local density of B. mucidus is highly variable. In some mountains, e.g. in the eastern Pyrenees, it may be quite common whereas it is very rare in a large part of the Austrian Alps.","It is found at high altitude biotopes, including mountain sides and subalpine grasslands with a preference for warm areas on south-facing slopes. It is polylectic (it collects pollen from a wide range of flowering plants) and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.","Climate change is likely to reduce the area of suitable habitat available across the range; climatic factors and the impacts of climate change have been shown to cause local population fluctuations in some bumblebees and may likely contribute to population declines (Manino et al. 2007, Iserbyt and Rasmont 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014).",The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.Inappropriate livestock management may cause negative impacts on the key habitats. It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,muscorum,,Bombus muscorum,,,No,VU,A2c,No,VU,A2c,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)Listed as Vulnerable because the population has declined by more than 30% over the last ten years, inferred from a decline in the species' preferred habitat due to changing agricultural practices and habitat change, in particular the increase in nitrogen deposition associated with increasing agricultural intensification.",Decreasing,"Bombus muscorum includes two well marked subspecies: B. m. muscorum and B. m. bannitus. The distribution of B. m. muscorum is  remarkably wide. The species is found from Ireland to Mongolia and from the  latitude of Stockholm to Crete. The northernmost location of the subspecies is  in the surroundings of Vyborg, in Russian Karelia and in Orkney Islands. Further north, we find B. m. bannitus. Bombus muscorum bannitus is a strictly coastal subspecies throughout its western  distribution. Its highest observation is at 330 m asl, in the Scottish Highlands  (Richards 1935). The specimens reported from eastern Anatolia, the Caucasus and  Transcaucasia are always isolated workers and it is not unlikely that they are,  indeed, faded B. laesus workers. This species occurs eastwards to China. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 12,504,130 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 17,296 km².","Bombus muscorum is generally uncommon to very uncommon in all its continental locations. On the other hand, it may be quite common in its maritime locations, especially along the Atlantic coasts. It is very uncommon in the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula and the south of Italy and extremely uncommon in Turkey, the Caucasus and Transcaucasia. It has never been encountered in southern Greece, northern Africa or Iran. The populations appear to be in decline over much of the range, caused by a reduced availability of habitat due to changing agricultural practices and increasing agricultural intensification; declines from within the last ten years are in excess of 30%.","This species is found in a range of flower-rich habitats, particularly those rich in Fabaceae (especially Trifolium), including parks and gardens, dry calcareous grassland, damp ditchsides, sandy coastal grasslands, salt marshes (Great Britain, Ireland), Erica marshes and sandy fields (Norway), wet raised shores and flooded river valleys (Finland), warm places, fields and meadows, woods, market gardens and gardens (Spain) and pastures, flower-rich grasslands and heathlands (Netherlands). It is polylectic (it collects pollen from a wide range of flowering plants) and although it is known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen, the species is particularly associated with Trifolium.","Changing agricultural practice and habitat change, especially the increase in nitrogen deposition associated with increasing intensification, have reduced the availability of Fabaceae (especially Trifolium) in the agricultural landscape. A lack of genetic diversity and inbreeding in isolated populations can increase extinction risks (Darvill et al. 2006, 2007). Like other species with late phenology, Bombus muscorum may also be sensitive to heat waves, which can lead to local extinctions and may play a role in population declines (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012).","This bumblebee is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following 13 European countries: Belarus (Vulnerable; Prischchepchik 2008); Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008); Estonia (Vulnerable; Lilleleht 2001); Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010); Hungary (Critically Endangered; Sárospataki et al. 2005); Ireland (Near Threatened; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006); Moldova (Near Threatened; Anonymous 2002); Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010); Sweden (Vulnerable; Gärdenfors 2010) and Ukraine (Rare; Monchenko et al. 2009).  It occurs in protected areas.Protection of flower rich calcareous and coastal grasslands would benefit this species. Isolated island populations might be particularly susceptible to competition from other species, especially honeybees (Apis mellifera).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,niveatus,,Bombus niveatus,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable population and no major threats.",Stable,"The range of Bombus niveatus vorticosus is centred around the Aegean Sea. This  subspecies is especially common in the Balkan (Montenegro, Kosovo, Macedonia,  Bulgaria, Greece) and in western Anatolia. It has also been found in Crete, on  Cyprus, and in the mountains of Lebanon and western Syria. It is much less common in  Anatolia, Caucasus and northern Iran where it is mostly replaced by the nominal subspecies niveatus. Most authors separate B. vorticosus from B. niveatus as good  species. Nevertheless, Rasmont et al. (2005) have shown that they are conspecific.  While the yellowish ssp. vorticosus s.s. occurs on both sides of the Aegean, the  ssp. niveatus only occurs in near Asia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 829,223 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 480 km².",It is always quite uncommon in Europe. Populations apparently stable over much of its range but precise details of population trends in this species are lacking.,"Found in a variety of habitats from montane beech (Fagus) forest and uncultivated fields (Greece), woodland edge with Cytisus hirsutus scrub and Cirsium ligulare, Galeobdolon luteum in damper places, dry places with Epilobium angustifolium and Scabiosa balcanica, taller vegetation including Carduus carduelis and Cirsium appendiculatum (Bulgaria), Oro-Mediterranean habitats, with coniferous forests (Pinus spp., Cedrus libani, Juniperus spp.) and woody milk-vetch (Astragalus spp.) steppes (Iran). It is polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.",There are no direct or immediate threats to this species.,"The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action, however, further research is necessary to establish its current status. This species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,norvegicus,,Bombus norvegicus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population with a stable population trend and no major threats.",Stable,"Bombus norvegicus occurs from the Pyrenees in the south to the Arctic Circle in the north. It occurs at the Far East of Russia to the east but to the west, it  barely reaches the Atlantic coast, being absent from the British Isles. This species occurs eastwards to China and the Pacific coast of Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,622,879 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 3,836 km².","It is patchily distributed and generally rather uncommon where it occurs. As a parasitic species, it is always much less abundant than its host[s].","Bombus norvegicus is a social parasite of other Bombus. It inquilines mainly Bombus hypnorum (Løken 1984). In common with its host, it is found in a wide variety of habitats.",There are no apparent direct threats to this species. Bombus norvegicus has an expanding host.,"This species is included in the National Red List of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005). Further research is needed to check for its presence across the known range of its primary host, B. hypnorum. This species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,pascuorum,,Bombus pascuorum,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of the wide distribution, presumed large and increasing population and no major threats.",Increasing,"Bombus pascuorum is, by far, the most abundant bumblebee species in the west-Palearctic. Its distribution is very wide. Northwards, it avoids the  true tundra and it is absent from the Arctic islands, as well as from the Shetlands, the Hebrides and the Faeroes. Southwards, it  avoids steppic as well as warm Mediterranean surroundings: it is absent from  the south of the Iberian Peninsula, of Italy and of the Balkan. It is found in  Corsica and Sicily, though not in Sardinia and it is absent from the other large  Mediterranean islands. It is also absent from northern Africa, Syria, Lebanon and  Israel. Eastwards, it avoids the steppic regions of southern Ukraine, southern Russia,  Anatolia and Iran but extends in Siberia to the Baikal region and south-eastern Yakutia. This species occurs eastwards to China and has recently been found in both Iceland and the Orkneys. Bombus pascuorum includes as many as 23 subspecies (pascuorum;  melleofacies; intermedius; dusmeti; bofilli; maculatus; freygessneri;  rufocitrinus; rufostriatus; septentrionalis; siciliensis; vulgo; floralis;  gotlandicus; pallidofacies; paphlagonicus; rehbinderi; mniorum; smithianus;  moorselensis; olympicus; sparreanus; taleshensis). They are often brightly  coloured and conspicuously different.","In most of its area, the species is abundant and probably the most abundant bumblebee species in Europe.","In the Mediterranean region, it is confined to forests, irrigated fields and some urban surroundings. Elsewhere, it is ubiquitous and found in many habitats, including gardens and parks in towns and cities. It is polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.","There are no direct and immediate threats to this species. Climatic factors and the impacts of climate change have been shown to cause local population fluctuations and could have significant impacts on bumblebee populations in the future (Iserbyt and Rasmont 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014).",The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. This species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,patagiatus,,Bombus patagiatus,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient since, although the species is declining and the known area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is small (104 km2), it is likely that the species occurs in other areas, thus there is not enough information available on the status of this species. It is recommended that surveys are carried out to determine the status of this species.It does not occur within the EU 27.",Decreasing,"Much confused with other species in Asia, its global range has now been mapped from genetic data and includes China (Williams et al. 2012). The most western collections of B. patagiatus are from the region of Petrozavodsk, near Lake  Onega, in eastern Karelia (Russia) (Pekkarinen et al. 1981). From the map drawn by  Tkalcu (1967), we can see that there were hardly more observations west of the  Ural. Krüger (1956) mentions a few places in the Perm region. The species is  also known from the regions of Moscow, Ivanovo, Kirov, Ul'yanovsk and  Kazan. According to Tkalcu (1967), B. patagiatus ""extends its range  over the whole taiga of the former SSSR, to the Ussuri, Sakhalin and Korea, but  is absent from Kamchatka and, most probably, from Japan. The northern limit of  its range lies clearly south of the northern borderline of the taiga"". The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,101,520 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 104 km².","Extremely abundant in parts of Siberia, but in Europe it is restricted to central and northern Russia. There are few recent observations but it seems that the species is declining in the European parts of its range.",A species of the boreal taiga.,"Climate change, especially the increasing frequency of droughts, and the consequent forest fires are suspected of being responsible for local extinctions and declines but more data is required to establish the current situation (Rasmont et al. 2014).",The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.Further research is necessary to establish the detailed distribution within European Russia and the precise nature of current threats. It is unknown if the species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,perezi,,Bombus perezi,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution within its restricted range, its presumed large overall population with a stable population trend.",Stable,"Bombus perezi is endemic to Corsica and Elba Islands (Rasmont and Adamski 1995). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 9,523 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 188 km².","There are no details of population trends in this species, however, as a parasitic species, it is always less abundant than its host(s).",Bombus perezi is a social parasite of other Bombus. It is likely that it is the inquiline of the local subspecies of Bombus terrestris.,Any reduction in population sizes of hosts will have an adverse effect on this species.,The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,pereziellus,,Bombus pereziellus,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its presumed large overall populations with a stable population trend within a restricted range.,Stable,"Bombus pereziellus is endemic to Corsica (Rasmont and Adamski 1995). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,870 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 216 km².",Populations of this species are believed to be stable although subject to fluctuations.,"It lives at low altitude, along the sandy sea coast and in the low level matorrals, avoiding the rocky coasts (Rasmont and Adamski 1996).","Climate change, especially the increasing frequency of heatwaves, is believed likely to cause local population fluctuations.","The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.Bombus pereziellus has not been accepted universally as a separate species and therefore further studies are needed. Research is also required to establish the ecology of the species, the trends and possible threats to populations.This species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,polaris,,Bombus polaris,,,No,VU,"B2b(ii,iii,v)c(iv)",No,VU,"B2b(ii,iii,v)c(iv)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)The species has a moderately wide distribution within northern parts of Pan Europe, found in Norway, Sweden, Finland and European parts of Russia, although restricted to areas above the tree line, in tundra and open habitats. The species is listed as Vulnerable because its area of occupancy (AOO) is 700 km2 and 328 km2 for Europe and the EU 27 respectively, based on currently known records. Although the species is believed to occupy a larger area, the AOO for both Europe and EU 27 is certainly less than 2,000 km2. Moreover, there is a continuing decline in AOO, the extent and quality of habitat, and in the number of mature individuals. The species has experienced a strong decline in its population in Scandinavia since 2010, a decline that may have been repeated in parts of European Russia (Filippov 2014). The species is considered to be undergoing extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals due to the unpredictable occurrence of heatwaves in Arctic Scandinavia; the situation in European Russia is not known, but is expected to be similar.Research is required to establish the current distribution of the species throughout its range, and to better understand climate change impacts on the species' populations and distribution. Further research is needed to identify the range of genetic diversity. The species should be reassessed when further population trend and distribution data become available.",Decreasing,"The overall range of Bombus polaris is circumpolar (Richards 1973, Rasmont and Iserbyt 2010-2012), mainly confined to the Arctic tundra.In North America,  it stays north of the 60th parallel, except in a few places in Labrador, on the  Hudson Bay and in Quebec, but always beyond and above the tree line. It is also found in  the islands: on Baffin and Ellesmere, and even in the far north of  Greenland, i.e. well above the 80° N. In continental Russia and Siberia, it  is restricted to the coast of the Arctic Ocean. It is also present on Novaia  Zemlia, Wrangel and some other Siberian islands (Berezin 1995). As in Greenland, B. polaris can be found up to the 83rd parallel. In northwestern Europe the species is distributed from southern Norway (Hardangervidda) throughout the Scandinavian mountain chain to the Kola Peninsula and Arctic Russia (including the Novaia Zemlia archipelago). The known extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is very large (1,493,904 km2) however the area of occupancy (AOO) is 700 km2 based on currently known records; although the species is believed to occupy a larger area, the AOO is certainly less than 2,000 km2. In the EU 27, the known EOO is 195,871 km2 and the AOO is 328 km2. Likewise, the species is believed to occupy a larger area, but not much larger than 500 km2.The altitudinal range of the species varies according to the vegetation zone and latitude, and differs both within countries and across the species European distribution. For example, the tree line in southern Norway might be at about 900 m asl at the most, and close to sea level in north. The species has been recorded at 900-1,400 m asl in southern Norway but only occasionally at sea level in the north (B. Cederberg pers. comm. 2014).","There is strong evidence that the species' populations have dramatically decreased since 2010 in northern Scandinavia (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014). Also during this period, the species has become extremely rare in the mountains of southern Norway (A. Mjelde pers. comm. 2014). In the northeast of Russia (Komi Republic) the bee has only been observed at four sites over the past ten years, with a single queen observed at each site (Filippov 2014).Due to the increased frequency of heatwaves in Arctic Scandinavia (e.g. 34°C during two weeks at Kevo, June 2013, P. Rasmont pers. obs. 2014), the species is undergoing extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. After the heatwaves of 2013 and 2014, only very few remaining specimens were found (P. Rasmont pers. obs. 2014).Overall, the population trend of this species is decreasing.","An Arctic species, associated with Salix biotopes, Vaccinium heaths and mountain meadows (in Norway and Sweden).It is polylectic, in that it collects pollen from a wide range of flowering plants for both nectar and pollen, but it seems particularly associated with Bartsia and Pedicularis (Orobanchaceae) in the summer.  Bombus polaris  is subject to inquilinism from B. hyperboreus.","Climate change, especially through warming and the increased occurrence of extreme temperature events (heatwaves) and local droughts impacts the bee both directly through reduced reproductive capacity and indirectly on habitat area and habitat quality (Franzen and Ockinger 2011, Franzen and Molander 2012, P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2013, B. Cederberg pers. comm. 2014). In addition, local droughts and heatwaves may contribute to population declines (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012). Higher temperatures may directly cause mortality to the species; research has found that Alpinobombus are especially sensitive to raised temperatures, compared, for example, with Bombus monticola (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014).Boreoalpine species such as this bee that are adapted to cold climate will be overheated and become inactive when the temperature rises too high. During longer periods of high temperature the shallow-rooted alpine plants will stop producing nectar and wilt. Longer term, warmer summers are changing the vegetation structure. Wood-forming processes increase and in the lower alpine area, rooted dwarf plants such as birch, juniper and different scrubs have already been observed to be growing higher, and the treeline altitude is rapidly increasing. This causes a shift in the bee community, with higher competition from woodland species on the alpine fauna (B. Cederberg pers. comm. 2014)In fact, notable heatwaves in northern Scandinavia in 2013 and 2014 dramatically reduced the bees populations (P. Rasmont pers. obs. 2014). Modelling of future available suitable climatic areas shows that the species is extremely threatened by climate change (Rasmont et al. 2014).",The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.Further research is required to establish the current distribution of the species throughout its range and to identify the range of genetic diversity. Further research into the impacts of climate change and monitoring of the species' populations and distribution in Europe is needed. This species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & García, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,pomorum,,Bombus pomorum,,,No,VU,A2c,No,VU,A2c,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  Listed as Vulnerable because of a population decline, estimated to be more than 30% over the last ten years, inferred from a decline in the area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) due to land use change and the impacts of climate change.",Decreasing,"Bombus pomorum pomorum lives in the plains and hills of west and central Europe and western Anatolia. The subspecies B. pomorum uralensis is found in the plains and the  southern hills of the Ural region; the subspecies B. pomorum canus is in the  subalpine and alpine steppes of eastern Anatolia, Armenia and the Caucasus region. The distribution of B. pomorum pomorum is restricted in latitude. Its  southern limits are: in Massif Central (France), in northern Greece, and in northern Anatolia. The most northerly records are from the Danish Jutland, with one  ancient location in southern Sweden, southern Latvia and, in Russia, the Novgorod and  Molotov (Ural) regions. In longitude, the subspecies ranges from Normandy  (France) to the Perm region (Russia). Only one specimen is known from the  British Isles and it has never been caught in the Pyrenees. All the southern  locations are in the mountains; many northern ones are ancient. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,768,224 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4,152 km².","Formerly abundant in many places, but now much rarer everywhere, this species is in decline over most of its range (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2010-2012). The population has declined by more than 30% the past ten years as a result of land use change, which has reduced the area of suitable habitat available, and the impacts of climate change which have caused local population collapses in many bumblebee species (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012).","This bumblebee is found in a variety of habitats, from forest edges, river sand banks, and open country (Germany), sand dunes, alpine meadows (Bulgaria), and the forest-steppe zone (Ukraine). It is polylectic (it collects pollen from a wide range of flowering plants) and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen, favouring plants with long corollas.","Land use change and changes in agricultural practice are likely to have reduced the area of suitable habitat available. The impacts of climate change, especially the increasing frequency of heat waves, is believed likely to cause local population collapses (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014).","Bombus pomorum is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following 12 European countries: Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005); Denmark (Regionally Extinct; Wind and Pihl 2010), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008); Great Britain (Regionally Extinct; Shirt 1987); Hungary (Critically Endangered; Sárospataki et al. 2005); Lithuania (Vulnerable; Rašomavičius 2007); Latvia (Critically Endangered; Anonymous 1992); Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Sweden (Regionally Extinct; Gärdenfors 2010) and Ukraine (Vulnerable; Monchenko et al. 2009).Further research is required to establish the genetic diversity of the remaining populations and the relationship between B. pomorum and sibling taxa from outside the European range. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,pratorum,,Bombus pratorum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population with an increasing population trend and no major threats.",Increasing,"Bombus pratorum is one of the most widespread bumblebees of the west-Palearctic  region. It is one of the most common species after B. pascuorum, B. terrestris  and B. lapidarius. Its range extends from the shores of the Arctic Ocean to very  close to those of the Mediterranean. In Anatolia and Iran, it is found  only in the northern mountains. It is absent from the steppes of Ukraine and southern  Russia but present in Crimea. East of the Ural, it is found by places in western Siberia and in the Altai, but does not extend east of the Ienissei. One could  recognize the ssp. skorikowi from northeastern Turkey and Caucasus, and the spp. santonae  from the Iberian Peninsula. All other subspecies seem inconsistent.","Although B. pratorum is very common and almost ubiquitous in central Europe and at higher latitudes, in the south, it is clearly a mountain species. It is uncommon and very localised in the south of the Iberian peninsula, Italy and the Balkans. Elsewhere, there are clear indications of increases in range and relative abundance.","Bombus pratorum is found in a wide variety of habitats, including boreal subalpine forests, woodland (preferring shrubby areas), pastures, meadows, gardens, roadsides, agricultural land, grasslands, coastal habitats and urban parks and gardens, orchards, roadsides, mixed forest, flooded woodlands and forest-steppe zones. It is polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen",There are no immediate or direct threats to this species.,The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. This species occurs in protected areas.,"This species is not traded or exploited commercially, although it is an important pollinator of raspberries in Scotland (Rubus idaeus) and other soft fruit.","Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,pyrenaeus,,Bombus pyrenaeus,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Although the species is threatened by climate change and has a relatively restricted distribution, it is considered Least Concern as overall the species has a stable population trend and a presumed large population.",Stable,"Bombus pyrenaeus is restricted to the high mountains of central and southern Europe, between the 40th and the 50th parallels. It shows conspicuously different subspecies among Pyrenees (ssp. pyrenaeus), Alps (ssp. tenuifasciatus), Tatras (ssp. afasciatus), Carpathian and Balkan mountains (ssp. balcanicus). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,586,074 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 3,900 km2.","An alpine species, absent from boreal regions. Although it appears to be declining in parts of the range, the species can occasionally be very plentiful.","Found in a wide variety of higher montane habitats including alpine pastures and subalpine woods (Spain), forest clearings in the subalpine zone (Poland), subalpine grasslands (France), alpine and sub-alpine pastures in the Carpathians (Ukraine) and alpine and sub-alpine meadows (Bulgaria). It is polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.","In common with other montane species, climate change (primarily through warming) is likely to reduce the area of suitable habitat available. Climatic factors and the impacts of climate change have been shown to cause local population fluctuations and could have significant impacts on bumblebee populations in the future (Iserbyt and Rasmont 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014).",The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. This species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,quadricolor,,Bombus quadricolor,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern because, although the species is declining across its range, overall the species has a large presumed population size and is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category.",Decreasing,"Bombus quadricolor lives from the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian Mountains to the south to  the middle of Fennoscandia to the north. Its eastern limit is not well known,  likely in the Altai. To the west, it barely reaches the Atlantic coast, being  absent from the United Kingdom. It shows several subspecies with a somewhat complicated distribution and unclear status. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,601,066 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,908 km².","Strongly declining in much of its range, there are no recent records from Norway or Finland. As a parasitic species, it is always less abundant than its host.",Follows its host and is found in montane grasslands and woodland and forest edge (including open Pinus woodland). Bombus quadricolor is a social parasite of other Bombus. It is an inquiline in nests of B. soroeensis (Løken 1984).,Any reduction in population sizes of hosts will have an adverse effect on this species.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005); Denmark (Regionally Extinct; Wind and Pihl 2010), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008); Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010) and Norway (Data Deficient; Kålås et al. 2010). Maintenance of strong host populations is essential for the conservation of this species. It occurs within protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,reinigiellus,,Bombus reinigiellus,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D,No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D,EU27,,"Listed as Endangered because its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 265 km², the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km², with all individuals in less than five locations and the quality of its habitat is declining due to afforestation of steppe biotopes and development of tourist infrastructure. The population size is estimated to be less than 250 mature reproductive individuals.",Decreasing,"The species is restricted to the Spanish Sierra Nevada, where it is very uncommon (Rasmont 1983, Castro 1988, Ornosa Gallego 1991). This bumblebee has the smallest geographical distribution of all the west-Palearctic species. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 265 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km2.",A very uncommon species even within its restricted distribution. It is extremely localised and narrowly endemic and prone to reduction in habitat quality. The population size is estimated to be less than 250 mature reproductive individuals (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2010).,Typical of Oro-Mediterranean steppe biotopes.Presumed polylectic but lacking in data.,"Afforestation of steppe biotopes and development of tourist infrastructure pose threats to this species. Small populations and narrow distribution range threatens genetic diversity through bottle neck effects. As the species is already limited to the highest level of an isolated mountain, climate change could lead the species at the verge of extinction (Rasmont et al. 2014).","Despite the extreme localisation of this species, it is not subject to any specific targeted conservation action, however, habitat restoration would clearly benefit the species.Bombus reinigiellus has not been accepted universally as a separate species and therefore further studies are needed to establish its true status. Further research is also required to establish the genetic relationships of this species with its close congeners and also the degree of genetic variability. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,ruderarius,,Bombus ruderarius,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern because, although it has a declining population trend, it has a wide distribution, has a presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category.",Decreasing,"The range of Bombus ruderarius extends over a large part of the west-Palearctic  region. In the Iberian Peninsula, it is found in the northern mountain  ridges, where the form montanus coexists with the nominal subspecies. The  nominal subspecies is present in Ireland, Great Britain and in Fennoscandia,  around the Gulf of Bothnia, where it reaches the Arctic Circle. In Russia, the  nominal subspecies and the form montanus are found, grossly, between the 50th  and 60th parallels. The eastern limits of the species are in southwestern Siberia and in  the mountains of eastern Turkestan (ssp. sartus). Southwards, the range of B.  ruderarius extends to the south of the Italian Peninsula and in the Balkans, to  the Parnassos Mountains (Greece) without including, however, the Mediterranean  littoral and the large Mediterranean islands. The subspecies B. ruderarius  tunensis is endemic to eastern Algeria and northern Tunisia. The nominal subspecies is  found in western Anatolia, whereas B. ruderarius simulatilis lives in the mountains  of Anatolia, the Caucasus region and northern Iran. There appears to be a wide  discontinuity between the populations of this region and those of the southern Russia  plains. This species occurs eastwards to western China.","As for B. sylvarum, the abundance of B. ruderarius is variable; ranging from very low (as in northern Africa), to very common: in some places in the eastern Pyrenees, the species may account for more than half of all the observed bumblebees. There is clear evidence of decline in relative abundance in parts of western Europe.","The species is most associated with flower-rich open grassland, including coastal dunes, heaths and moors, parkland and orchards, woodland edge and clearings in woodlands. It can also occur in sub-alpine areas. It is polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.",Intensification of agriculture and increasing urbanisation are likely to continue to reduce the area of suitable habitat available.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Denmark (Near Threatened; Wind and Pihl 2010), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008); Ireland (Vulnerable; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006); Netherlands (Near Threatened; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010). This species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,ruderatus,,Bombus ruderatus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern because, although the species is declining and is threatened by land use change and changes in agricultural practice, overall the species has a wide distribution and a presumed large population.",Decreasing,"Bombus ruderatus is common in western Europe, especially in the Mediterranean zone.  In latitude, its distribution ranges from the Moroccan Atlas, northern Algeria, northern Tunisia and southern Italy to the south of Sweden, Lithuania and Belarus. To the west,  the species extends to the whole Iberian Peninsula, Madeira, the Azores, and  England. It is very rare in Wales and probably absent from Ireland. The eastern  limit of its range is less clear, though it includes Poland, Hungary and  Slovakia and seems to reach Ukraine. Efremova (1991) mentions some findings in  the upper Volga (Ulyanovskaya Oblast, Kuybyshevskaya Oblast), i.e. largely  beyond the main range of the species. In southeastern France, Switzerland, Austria and  Hungary, its distribution appears to be limited by that of B. argillaceus. Bombus ruderatus is also present in most of the Italian Peninsula, south of Tuscany.  In addition, B. ruderatus has been imported in New Zealand and in Chile. Within  this vast area, the species includes several subspecies. The nominal subspecies  is the common form on Madeira and in the greater part of the Iberian Peninsula.  Bombus ruderatus siculus is found in the far-south of Spain, in the north of  Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, in Sicily and the south of the Italian Peninsula.  Bombus ruderatus perniger is found in the British Isles and is probably the origin of  the populations exported to New Zealand and Chile. Bombus ruderatus autumnalis lives  in the larger part of western Europe. The well differentiated subspecies corsicola  and sardiniensis live respectively in Corsica and in Sardinia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 10,241,627 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 9,800 km².","Common in parts of the range, but in serious decline in other parts (e.g. Sweden, Netherlands).","The species is found in flower-rich marshes, tall calcareous and coastal grassland, and heathland. It also occurs in flower-rich low-intensity farmland, damp stream- and ditch-sides rich in forage, sub-alpine meadows and forest-steppe and steppe zones.It is polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen, especially those with long narrow corollas.",Land use change and changes in agricultural practice have reduced the area of suitable habitat available.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following nine European countries: Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Denmark (Critically Endangered; Wind and Pihl 2010), Germany (Data Deficient; Westrich et al. 2008); Hungary (Endangered; Sárospataki et al, 2005); Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Sweden (Critically Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010); and Ukraine (Rare; Monchenko et al. 2009). Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range (it is similar to, and easily confused with B. hortorum). It occurs in protected areas.",This species is no longer traded or exploited commercially although historically it was taken to New Zealand (in the late 19th century) and Chile (in early 1990s) in order to pollinate clover (Trifolium) and other crops.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,rupestris,,Bombus rupestris,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population although its population trend and the threats remain unknown, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category.",Unknown,"Bombus rupestris is found from the centre of the Iberian Peninsula, southern Italy  and the Balkans to southern and central Scandinavia to the north. It can be  found from Ireland to the west, eastwards to China and Siberia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,959,527 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16,320 km².","Precise details of population trends across its entire range are lacking, but in Great Britain it has experienced periods of great scarcity (1970s-1990s) and periods of abundance (early 20th century and early 21st century). In some countries, particularly in more intensively farmed and urbanised areas, it is declining, but in other countries there are increases. As a parasitic species, it is always less abundant than its host[s].",Bombus rupestris is a social parasite of other Bombus. It is an inquiline primarily in the nests of B. lapidarius but also B. sichelii and likely other species from the subgenus Melanobombus.,"Direct threats to this species are unknown, but any reduction in population sizes of hosts will have an adverse effect on this species.",This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Ireland (Vulnerable; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006) and Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003). Further research is needed to establish the trends in populations in this species across its range. This species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,saltuarius,,Bombus saltuarius,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE) Listed as Data Deficient since, although the species is declining and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is small (28 km2),  it is likely that the species occurs in other  areas, thus there is not  enough information available on the status of  this species. It is  recommended that surveys are carried out to determine the status of this  species. It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"Bombus saltuarius is found mainly in northern Russia: Arkhangelsk region,  Bolshezemelskaya tundra, Pechora basin, north of the Ural Mountains, but also in  Asia: Sayan Mountains (Siberia) and Gan Su Province (China). Bombus saltuarius is the  least known of the west-Palearctic bumblebees. The most recent specimens that  the authors could find in museums had been collected before 1928 and there is little information on the current situation of the species. Indeed, the region where it  lives was barred by the GULAG to any natural history investigation for more than  half a century. T. Keskulä collected three females in north Urals in 1992 (determined by P. Rasmont in collaboration with the University of Mons). Levchenko and Tomkovich (2014) rediscovered one specimen in the polar Urals in 2012, meaning that the species has not vanished from Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 246,320 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km².",It appears to be rarely recorded and there are no records from Europe since 1927. There are no details of population trends in this species.,"A species of the high tundra, although precise habitat requirements are lacking. It is presumed to be polylectic and to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.","There are no details of precise threats to this species. However, in common with other species of the high Tundra, climate change (primarily through warming and melting of permafrost) is likely to reduce the area of suitable habitat available. As the species is already limited to high latitude and altitude, it could be led to the verge of extinction by climate change (Rasmont et al. 2014). Oil exploitation in the only known area of this species is a well known source of pollution, that leads to destruction of habitats.","Despite the apparent rarity of this species, it is not subject to any targeted conservation action, however, further research is required to establish the current status of the species in European Russia and to identify the existing threats. Bombus saltuarius has not been accepted universally as a separate species and further studies are needed. It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,schrencki,,Bombus schrencki,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, its presumed large overall population with an increasing population trend and no major threats.",Increasing,"Bombus schrencki is found from Wigry (northeastern Poland) (Krzysztofiak 1992), through the  whole Russian and Siberian taiga, to the Pacific coast, Kamchatka, Japan,  Sakhalin and Kuril Islands, and more recently southeastern Finland (Pyhtää Hirvivoulle 2000; Söderman and Leinonen 2003). This species occurs eastwards to north China. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,901,790 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 452 km².","A species that appears to be extending its range westwards in the last 20 years. It can be a common species locally as Mänd et al. (1999) found B. schrencki profusely in several locations in Estonia, in natural surroundings as much as in cultivated areas.","Found in a variety of habitats including pastures, forest clearings (Romania), agricultural and urban biotopes (Estonia) and in the mixed forest regions of Ukraine.",There are no apparent threats to this species.,This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Belarus (Vulnerable; Prischchepchik 2008) and Latvia (Near Threatened; Anonymous 1992). No conservation measures are needed for this species. This species occurs in a protected area.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,semenoviellus,,Bombus semenoviellus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, its presumed large overall population with an increasing population trend and no major threats.",Increasing,"The information about Bombus semenoviellus is rather scanty. Until recently, it had  been found between the 50th and 65th parallels, from Lithuania in the west to  the Sea of Okhotsk in the east. Quite recently (12.VIII.1998), Mrs Jane van der  Smissen collected a male, on Cirsium sp., at Lübeck-Walkenkrug, 53°55'N 10°44'E  (Schleswig-Holstein, northern Germany) (van der Smissen and Rasmont 2000). More  specimens have been collected here and there in Germany. It has also been found  in Czech Republic, in Estonia, in Latvia and in Poland. In Finland, it is  extending its distribution westwards and northwards. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,594,399 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 600 km².",A species that is spreading westward from its core area in the Moscow region of Russia.,"A species found in a variety of habitats, from mixed-forest and forest-steppe biotopes, to flowery meadows, upland moorland and anthropogenic habitats. It is presumed to be polylectic and to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.",There are no apparent threats to this species.,This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Estonia (Vulnerable; Lilleleht 2001). This species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,sichelii,,Bombus sichelii,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution and presumed large overall population with a stable population trend.,Stable,"The distribution of Bombus sichelii is discontinuous. The northern limit of its  range is that of a taiga species. Its most western observations are in the  regions of Arkhangelsk and Ivanovo; it does not reach St Petersburg. Eastwards,  the species extends to the Anadyr and Kamchatka Peninsulas. The southern  part of its distribution includes various subspecies, isolated on high mountains: B. sichelii flavissimus in the Pyrenees and the western Alps, B. sichelii  alticola in the central and eastern Alps, B. sichelii drenowskii and dinibengis  in the Balkan, B. sichelii cazurroi in north-eastern Anatolia and Caucasus. Bombus  sichelii has never been observed in the northern European mountains, nor in  Fennoscandia. This species occurs eastwards to north China. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,630,379 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 3,824 km².",The population is apparently stable but there are very few records from Russia. It can be very abundant in the Alps and Pyrenees.,"Found in a variety of montane and boreal habitats from pastures and meadows, mountain sides to alpine and subalpine grasslands within a wooded landscape matrix. It is polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.","In common with other boreo-alpine species, the impacts of climate change (especially through warming) are likely to reduce the area of suitable habitat available (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2013, B. Cederberg pers. comm. 2013). In addition, local droughts and heat waves have been shown to cause local population fluctuations and could have significant impacts on bumblebee populations in the future (Iserbyt and Rasmont 2012, Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014).",This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Gefährdung unbekannten Ausmaßes; Westrich et al. 2008) (approximates to Data Deficient). Further research is required to establish the current status of the species in European Russia and Ukraine and to identify the existing threats. This species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,soroeensis,,Bombus soroeensis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category.",Decreasing,"Bombus soroeensis is present, and locally very common, in a large part of the west-Palearctic region. It has been much published about. To the north, its range  extends to the 70th parallel in Scandinavia and to the 60th in Russia. South,  the species is present in the mountains of northern Spain, southern France, Italy and the Balkans.  West, it extends to the Atlantic coast in Norway, and in the Sierra de Ancares  in Spain. It is absent from Ireland and from the Hebrides, but present  throughout the British mainland. East, its range extends to the south of central  Siberia (around Lake Baykal) and to Mongolia. Southeast, in Anatolia, it  includes the Taurus, the mountains in the north of the Hakkari province, the  Caucasus and the mountains of northern Iran, except the Kopet-dag. Bombus soroeensis  includes several well differentiated subspecies that makes its identification  sometimes tricky. This species occurs eastwards to China. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,448,437 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 18,980 km².","Widespread and locally common but clearly in decline in parts of its range, especially areas with the most intensive agriculture and urbanisation.","The species is associated with heathlands and moorlands, but populations also exist in other biotopes, including pine forests, wooded meadows, chalk grassland, woodland and coastal cliffs and dunes, meadows, pastures and roadside, open clearings, and in the sub-alpine regions light woodland, and open hillsides. In the southern parts of its range, it is more montane. It is polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.","Intensification of agriculture and expanding urbanisation threaten this species. Climatic factors and the impacts of climate change have been shown to cause local population fluctuations and could have significant impacts on bumblebee populations in the future (Iserbyt and Rasmont 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014).",This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2008); Estonia (Near Threatened; Lilleleht 2001); Hungary (Vulnerable; Sárospataki et al. 2005); and Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,sporadicus,,Bombus sporadicus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, its presumed large overall population with a stable population trend and no major threats.",Stable,"In the west-Palearctic region, its range is rather strictly limited by the 69th  and 70th parallels, i.e. to the taiga. In Asia, it occurs with different  subspecies, with a wider latitudinal range, extending southwards beyond the  limits of the taiga (Tkalcu 1967). Bombus sporadicus is known from a large  part of Fennoscandia. Its global range has been mapped and includes China (Williams et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,448,397 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,632 km².",Populations are probably stable although they are subject to fluctuations. It is widely distributed and often common in the northern boreal region. A species that may well benefit from intermittent forest fires.,"A boreal species associated with pastures, meadows and roadsides in the taiga, occasionally in tundra.",There are no apparent threats.,The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.Further research is required to establish the current status of the species in European Russia.It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,subterraneus,,Bombus subterraneus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because, although the species is declining and is threatened by changes in agricultural practice and habitat degradation, overall the species has a large presumed population size and is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category.",Decreasing,"The distribution of Bombus subterraneus is very wide. However, as its population  densities are generally low, it may be locally overlooked. In the west, it has  been found in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, in the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian Mountains. In the British Isles, it is restricted to England and a few  places in Wales. In Fennoscandia, it is found in many places up to the 60th  parallel. It is found in every country of western and central Europe, but in the  Mediterranean regions, it is restricted to the montane stages. It is found  throughout Italy, but always in the mountains and not in Sicily. In the Balkan,  it extends south to the Olympus and Pilion Mountains. In eastern Europe, the species  has been signalled in Estonia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Romania and, in  Russia, up to the 60th parallel. Panfilov (1957) mentions it in Crimea, the  Caucasus, the south of the Ural Mountains, south and east of Kazakhstan, the Tien Shan Mountains,  the Altai, the Baykal'sk and northern Mongolia. In Asia Minor, it has been encountered  on the Anatolian plateau, in Transcaucasia and northern Iran. The darker forms  (subspecies subterraneus) are restricted to southern Scandinavia and to Switzerland, northern Italy and south-eastern France. Its global range has been mapped and includes China (Williams et al. 2011). The light-coloured forms (subspecies latreillellus) are found  elsewhere. Bombus subterraneus latreillellus has been introduced in New Zealand,  where it is restricted to the South Island and remains much less common than the  other imported species. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,694,298 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 8,292 km².","Clearly declining across western and central Europe, but increasing in some parts of its range (e.g. Norway and Sweden). Population densities of Bombus subterraneus are generally low so it may be locally overlooked.","The species is known from a very broad range of habitats, favouring open biotopes including heathland, chalk grassland, saltmarshes and coastal shingle meadows and Trifolium pratense fields, alpine and sub-alpine meadows and forest-steppe and steppe. It is polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen, favouring species with long corollas, especially Fabaceae and Boraginaceae.","Changes in agricultural practice and habitat degradation have reduced the area of suitable habitat available. The impacts of climate change, especially local droughts and heat waves, may contribute to population declines (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014).","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following eight European countries: Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005); Denmark (Near Threatened; Wind and Pihl 2010), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008); Estonia (Near Threatened; Lilleleht 2001); Hungary (Vulnerable; Sárospataki et al, 2005); Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003); and Norway (Critically Endangered; Kålås et al. 2010). Habitat restoration and appropriate agri-environment schemes could benefit this species. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially although it was introduced into New Zealand in the late 19th century to pollinate introduced clover (Trifolium sp.).,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,sylvarum,,Bombus sylvarum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern because, although the species is declining and it is threatened by agriculture intensification, overall the species has a wide distribution and a presumed large population.",Decreasing,"Bombus sylvarum is widely distributed in the west-Palearctic region. It may be  quite common and in some places, it is the predominant bumblebee species. West,  its range extends in the Iberian Peninsula to the parallel of Madrid. It is  present in England, Wales and southeastern Ireland but completely absent from Scotland.  North, it extends in Fennoscandia to the 63rd parallel and in Russia to the 60th  parallel. East, it hardly extends beyond the southern part of the Ural Mountains, to  Cheliabinsk. Southeast, B. sylvarum is present throughout eastern Anatolia, where it  is present as its steppic daghestanicus form, in the Caucasus, Georgia, Armenia  and northwestern Iran. In the latter country, it does not reach the Mazandaran region. In  the southern part of its range, B. sylvarum is clearly a montane species. It  reaches the Etna in Sicily and the Taurus and Amanaus in Anatolia. In the  Balkans, its limits are more northern: the mountains in northern Albania, Macedonia,  Bulgaria and Pindos Mountains, in northern Greece. It is absent from the large  Mediterranean islands (except Sicily) and from northern Africa.","The local population densities are variable. The distribution of the species is patchy (as for B. ruderarius and B. humilis), and the species may be quite common in one place and absent from surrounding areas - especially in places with the most intensive agriculture and urbanisation. The species can be particularly abundant in landscapes rich in leguminous plants.","Found in a range of open xerophilous short grassland, rich in Lamiaceae and Orobanchaceae, woodland rides and orchards, pastures, derelict vineyards, town parks and gardens, clearings in Pinus, Fagus and Quercus woodlands, railway embankments, chalk grassland, woodland, heathland, abandoned quarries and coastal shingle. Flower-rich heathland and tall grassland, sub-alpine meadows. Also in mixed-forest, forest-steppe and steppe zones. It is polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen, including leguminous fodder crops such as Trifolium, Lotus corniculatus and Medicago sativa.","Intensification of agriculture (especially increases in N2 deposition, reduction in leguminous crops and increases in pesticide use) and changes in agricultural practice have reduced the area of suitable habitat available. Climatic factors and the impacts of climate change, especially local droughts and heat waves, have been shown to cause local population fluctuations and could have significant impacts on bumblebee populations in the future (Iserbyt and Rasmont 2012, Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014).","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Denmark (Near Threatened; Wind and Pihl 2010), Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2008); Hungary (Endangered; Sárospataki et al. 2005); and Ireland (Vulnerable; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006). It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,sylvestris,,Bombus sylvestris,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population with a stable population trend and no major threats.",Stable,"Bombus sylvestris is the second most abundant cuckoo-bumblebee in Europe. It occurs from central Iberia, southern Italy and the Balkans to the south and crosses  the Arctic Circle to the north. It can be found from Ireland in the west to the  Far East of Russia to the east. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 9,388,485 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16,472 km².","This can be a very common species although, as a parasitic species, it is always less abundant than its host[s].","In common with its primary host, this species is found in a wide variety of habitats, including boreal subalpine forests, woodland (preferring shrubby areas), pastures, meadows, gardens, roadsides, agricultural land, grasslands, coastal habitats and urban parks and gardens, orchards, roadsides, mixed-forest, flooded woodlands and forest-steppe zones. Bombus sylvestris is a social parasite of other Bombus. It is an inquiline primarily of the very common B. pratorum (Løken 1984).",There are no apparent threats although any reduction in population sizes of hosts will have an adverse effect on this species.,The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. This species occurs in protected areas.,"This species is not traded or exploited commercially, although it is well known as an important pollinator of Raspberry (Rubus idaeus).","Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,terrestris,,Bombus terrestris,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population with an increasing population trend and no major threats.",Increasing,"Bombus terrestris is common in a large part of Europe and has been  successfully domesticated since 1987. Bombus terrestris is the only  bumblebee species with a Mediterranean-centred distribution: the only country of  the region from which it is absent is Egypt. It is not restricted to this  region, however: to the north, it extends to the latitude of Stockholm and east,  to the Altai but it is absent from the alpine stage, the deserts and the arid,  sub-desertic steppes. Bombus terrestris evolved into well differentiated  subspecies (audax in British Isles, canariensis in the Canary Islands,  sassaricus in Sardinia, xanthopus in Corsica, africanus in northern Africa, dalmatinus in south-eastern Europe and Near-Orient,  lusitanicus in Iberian Peninsula, terrestris in the remaining west and central Europe and in southern Scandinavia).Some subspecies that are endemic to particular islands are considered to be separate species by some authors (e.g. see recent data collected from the Azores Islands (Flores; P. Noger 2010), southern Iran (Shiraz; N. Shagei 2007), and northern Sweden near the Arctic Circle (Ragvaldsträsk, E. Sjödin 2008)). The species is also known from Libya (Cyrenaica) (Gribodo 1925, Roberts pers. obs. 2002). Its global range has been mapped and includes China and Mongolia (Williams et al. 2012).","Common and widespread, and extending its range northwards in Scotland and Fennoscandia.","Found in a wide range of habitats, including anthropogenic biotopes.It is broadly polylectic and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.",The most likely threats come from genetic contamination of local (and especially island) gene pools by escapes from commercial greenhouses. It is worth noting that introductions of this species both inside and outside its known range are widely considered at least a potential threat to other bumblebees (Peredo-Alvarez et al. 2014).,"There are control measures in place in the Canary Islands, Ireland, Norway and UK that restrict the commercial importation of non-indigenous colour morphs for pollination. Other distinctive local (and especially island) taxa should be considered as targets for protection from genetic contamination by alien introductions.Further research is necessary to establish the true status and threats of and to the various island taxa.It occurs in protected areas.","Bombus terrestris has been domesticated since the late 1980s, and is now reared commercially, for widespread use in commercial fruit and vegetable pollination.","Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,vestalis,,Bombus vestalis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population with an increasing population trend and no major threats.",Increasing,"Bombus vestalis is the most meridional cuckoo-bumblebee in Europe. It can be  found from northern Africa to the south of Sweden in the north. It  lives from the United Kingdom to the west to northern Iran to the east. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,710,044 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 13,980 km².","A common bee and expanding in parts of its range, but, as a parasitic species, it is generally less abundant than its host[s].",Bombus vestalis is a social parasite of other Bombus. It is an inquiline primarily of Bombus terrestris and also B. lucorum and is found in a very wide range of habitats.,"There are no obvious threats to this species, however, any reduction in population sizes of hosts will have an adverse effect on this species.",This species is included in the National Red Data Book of Ireland (Not Evaluated; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006). It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,veteranus,,Bombus veteranus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern because, although the species is declining and is threatened by changes in agricultural practices and habitat change, overall the species has a wide distribution and a presumed large population.",Decreasing,"The distribution of Bombus veteranus is highly patchy. The species lives in  the plains of northern Europe. The most southern confirmed observations are in the  south of the French Massif Central, about the 44th parallel. As some old data  concerning locations in Italy are dubious as they refer to isolated and maybe  wrongly identified individuals, Bombus veteranus has not been reliably reported  south of the Alps and the Carpathians. West, B. veteranus reaches the coasts  of French Brittany but not the British Isles, nor the Pyrenees, nor the Iberian Peninsula. North, B. veteranus does not extend beyond the 60th parallel, except  in Finland where its range appears to be rapidly expanding, and recently (2000) into Sweden north of the Baltic. In Russia, it  extends east to Irkutsk, including the Altai and the Sayan Mountains. It also extends eastwards to western China. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,734,093 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 6,356 km².","The abundance of the species is highly variable in time and space. In most places, it is uncommon but it may abound in some, without any obvious ecological reason. To give examples, it was one of the most abundant bumblebees in Belgium one century ago, but it is now nearly vanished there. On the other hand, according to Söderman (1999) the species has recently become common in a large part of southern Finland, expanding northwards. Nevertheless, the population trend overall is of a strong decline.","This species is typical of coastal biotopes, open grasslands and shrubby wood-edge. Associated primarily with zygomorphic flowers e.g. Trifolium, Lamium album, Veronica longifolia for pollen forage.According to Voveikov (1953), Bombus veteranus is a facultative social parasite of other Thoracobombus species, as B. sylvarum, B. muscorum, B. humilis and B. ruderarius. A complete description of a Dutch nest was investigated by Den Boer and Vleugel (1949). It consisted of about 40-50 workers and about 80 worker brood cells. In addition to the founding queen, the nest still produced one new female cocoon and two emerging males. It is a pocket-maker.","Changes in agricultural practice and habitat change (including urbanisation and coastal infrastructure development) have reduced the area of suitable habitat available. Any reduction in population sizes of hosts will also have an adverse effect on this species. The southernmost population could be threatened by climate change (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014).","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Denmark (Vulnerable; Wind and Pihl 2010), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008); Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003); and Sweden (Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010). Further research is required to establish the population dynamics of the species and the precise ecological drivers of population change. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,wurflenii,,Bombus wurflenii,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, its presumed large overall population and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category.",Decreasing,"Bombus wurflenii is confined to the mountains and hills of Europe; it is  absent from the British Isles and in Russia, it is known from the Ural and the  Caucasus. Its presence in Finland is unlikely. As this species is rather  widespread in central Europe and Scandinavia, it has been the topic of many  articles and is a well known bumblebee (Reinig and Rasmont 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,362,610 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12,268 km².","Populations are in decline, especially at lower altitudes. Often plentiful in parts of its range.","This species is typical of sub-alpine habitats, where it can be found in grasslands and open woodland. It is a polylectic species and known to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen.","In common with other montane species, climate change is likely to cause a decline in the amount of suitable habitat in the southern parts of its range. Climatic factors and the impacts of climate change have been shown to cause local population fluctuations and could have significant impacts on bumblebee populations in the future (Iserbyt and Rasmont 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014).",This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2008). Further research is required to establish the current status of the species in European Russia and southern Norway. It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Bombus,zonatus,,Bombus zonatus,,,No,EN,"B2b(i,ii,iii,v)c(iv)",No,EN,"B2b(i,ii,iii,v)c(iv)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  Listed as Endangered, because the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 384 km², there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence, the area of occupancy, the extent and quality of the habitat and  the number of mature individuals and the species is experiencing extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals.",Decreasing,"Bombus zonatus is common in Greece, Macedonia, Bulgaria, European Turkey,  Anatolia and Armenia. Some locations are reported from Albania, Romania,  Crimea, Caucasus, Georgia, Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran. The most northern locality  known is near Volgograd (Russia). The most easterly populations (Anatolia,  Transcaucasia, Caucasus, northern Iran) refer to the subspecies apicalis, the other ones  are from the nominal subspecies. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,437,020 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 388 km².","Apparently decreasing over most of its European range, and the species is prone to extreme fluctuations in numbers (P. Rasmont. pers. comm. 2012). There was evidence of strong declines after the heat wave in 2003 and the following drought in 2004-2007; field observations revealed that the species was missing from many localities where it occurred 10 years previously (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2013).","Dry grasslands and steppes, particularly in maritime areas in southeastern Europe.It is presumed to be polylectic and to exploit a wide range of floral resources for both nectar and pollen associated regularly with Thistles (Asteraceae; Cardueae).","Climatic factors and the impacts of climate change, especially the increasing frequency of heat waves, is believed likely to cause local population fluctuations (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012, P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2013, V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2013, Rasmont et al. 2014). In common with many other steppic species, the intensification of agriculture has reduced the area of available habitat.",This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Moldova (Critically Endangered; Anonymous 2002) and Ukraine (Rare; Monchenko et al. 2009).Further research is required to establish the current status of the species in European Russia and Ukraine. It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Williams, P. & Bilz, M.","Rasmont, P., Roberts, S., Cederberg, B., Radchenko, V. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Camptopoeum,friesei,,Camptopoeum friesei,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and overall presumed large and stable population.,Stable,"Camptopoeum friesei is widely distributed in Mediterranean and central Europe. Camptopoeum friesei euzonum (Warncke, 1972) is a subspecies endemic to Spain. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,324,692 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 124 km².",This species is rare throughout its range and the population trend is considered stable.,"This species lives in open fields, scrub and farm road borders. It forages on Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Lamiaceae, etc.",This species is threatened by deforestation and the destruction of crop and road edges.,"There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. Additional studies are needed into the abundance, and general ecology of this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Camptopoeum,frontale,,Camptopoeum frontale,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size, threats and conservation status.",Unknown,"Camptopoeum frontale is locally abundant in Turkey, the eastern Mediterranean and central Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,880,014 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 196 km².",The population abundance of this species is not known. The population trend is unknown.,"This species lives in open fields, scrubs and farm and road borders. It is stated to be oligolectic on Centaurea (Asteraceae) (Patiny 2001).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008).  Additional studies are needed into the population size and trends, status and threats of this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Camptopoeum,nasutum,,Camptopoeum nasutum,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,"Camptopoeum nasutum is distributed in northern Italy, Sicily and south-eastern France. The data in Spain is doubtful. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 601,209 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km².",This species is rare and populations are small throughout its range. Its population trend is unknown.,There is no information available about the habitat and ecology for this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"Additional studies are needed into the population size and trends, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Camptopoeum,variegatum,,Camptopoeum variegatum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,"Camptopoeum variegatum is a species that is abundant in Turkey and the Middle East. The range extends somewhat into Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 82,959 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km².",This species is rare throughout its range and its population trend is unknown.,There is no information about the habitat and ecology for this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"Additional studies are needed into abundance, trends, general ecology and threats to this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ceratina,acuta,,Ceratina acuta,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"The distribution of Ceratina acuta is centred on the Aegean Sea. The species is mainly present in the Balkans and in Anatolia. To the northwest, it reaches southern Germany and the Czech Republic. To the northeast, it reaches the south of the Urals. Although more common at low altitudes, C. acuta is one of the two species, (with Ceratina zwakhalsi) which occurs up to nearly 3,000 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,106,340 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 380 km².","Populations of Ceratina acuta appear to be declining everywhere in Europe but Greece. Nevertheless, this decline could be just an artefact due to a lack of recent data (University of Mons 2012).","Ceratina acuta nests in dried stems of Rubus. So, within its distribution range, it can live anywhere where Rubus can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type, shrubby and temperate grassland vegetation and also in rural and suburban habitats. The few known ecological data on this species (four specimens) only provide information on visitation to Inula sp. (Asteraceae), Scabiosa atropurpurea L. (Dipsacaceae) and an undetermined Apiaceae. In Ukraine, however, Osychnyuk (1959) has also observed the species on Lamiaceae (Salvia, Stachys), Asteraceae (thistles, Matricaria), Boraginaceae (Echium), Fabaceae (Robinia) and Rosaceae (Rubus).","The apparent decline of the species is not currently explicable.Traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) are rather favourable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles (Rubus) and their cutting offer many possible nesting sites. On the contrary, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities.","No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species overall.A monitoring of the population trends in the northern part of the species distribution would confirm the current status of the species in that region. It is almost certainly present in natural reserves, natural parks and other protected areas.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Terzo, M. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ceratina,albosticta,,Ceratina albosticta,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient since its presence in Spain is uncertain and there is still very little information on its extent of occurrence, status, population size, threats and ecological requirements.",Unknown,Ceratina albosticta is endemic to the Maghreb but a single specimen has been observed in Spain (Merida) one century ago (Terzo 2000). Its current presence in Spain is thus uncertain.,The population of Ceratina albosticta seems to be stable in the Maghreb. No recent data confirms the presence of the species in Europe.,"Ceratina albosticta nests in dried stems of Rubus, Rosa and some other herbaceous plants (Daly 1983, M. Terzo pers. comm. 2012). So, within its distribution range, it can live anywhere those plants  can be found, such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type,  shrubby and temperate grassland vegetation and also in rural and  suburban habitats. The few known ecological data on this species only provide information on visitation to thistles (Asteraceae).","The threats to this species in Spain are unknown. In the Maghreb, traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) are rather favourable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles and their cutting offers many possible nesting sites. On the contrary, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities and the presence of thistles in or along agricultural fields.","No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species but continued searching in Spain would confirm its possible presence in Europe. In Europe, the species is not known in any natural reserve or natural park.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Nieto, A. & Terzo, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ceratina,bispinosa,,Ceratina bispinosa,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"Ceratina bispinosa is abundant throughout the thermo-Mediterranean climate crescent centred on the Cukurova plain of Turkey (Terzo et al. 1999), including Cyprus. To the east, its distribution extends to the Mediterranean coast of Greece (including Crete) and Croatia (where no observations have been made for the last 20 years). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 467,420 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 104 km².","Populations of Ceratina bispinosa appear to be declining everywhere in Europe and Anatolia. Nevertheless, this decline could just be an artefact due to a lack of recent data (University of Mons 2012). This lack could be due to the very small size of this black and discrete species.","Ceratina bispinosa nests in dry stems of Rubus (Terzo 2000) and herbaceous plants (Mavromoustakis 1949). So, within its distribution range, it can live anywhere where those plants  can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type,  shrubby and temperate grassland vegetation and also in rural and  suburban habitats. Ceratina bispinosa visits flowers of thistles (Asteraceae), Dipsacaceae, Fabaceae and Lamiaceae.","The apparent decline of the species in Europe and Anatolia is not currently explicable and could just be an artefact due to the lack of recent data.Traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) are rather favourable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles (Rubus) and their cutting offers many possible nesting sites. On the other hand, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities and the presence of thistles.",No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species. A monitoring of the population trends in Europe would confirm the current status of the species in that region.The species is not known from any natural reserve or natural park but its presence in European protected areas is possible.,This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Terzo, M. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ceratina,callosa,,Ceratina callosa,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, it occurs in protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"The distribution of Ceratina callosa follows the Mediterranean climate zone (distribution of the olive tree) but is restricted to the western Mediterranean basin and extends from the Atlantic coast of Morocco and Portugal to the Adriatic coast in northern Italy. The species is present in Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily but is absent from the Balearic Islands. In Europe, the species is mainly present at low altitude while it can reach 2,000 m in the Atlas mountains of Morocco. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,458,300 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 420 km².",Population of Ceratina callosa seems to be stable even if there are no recent observations from Portugal (University of Mons 2012).,"Ceratina callosa nests in dry stems of Rubus and some herbaceous plants (Daly 1983). So, within its distribution range, it can live anywhere that Rubus  can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type,  shrubby and temperate  grassland vegetation and also in rural and  suburban habitats. The species mainly visits flowers of thistles (Carduus, Centaurea, Onopordum) and Lamiaceae (Lavandula) (Terzo 2000).","No past or ongoing threats exist to this species at continental scale. Traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) are rather favourable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles (Rubus) and their cutting offers many possible nesting sites. On the other hand, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities.","The species is included in the National Red List of Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species. It is quite common in western Europe, including in natural reserves and natural parks.",The species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Nieto, A. & Terzo, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ceratina,chalcites,,Ceratina chalcites,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"Ceratina chalcites is a Mediterranean species present from Spain to Iran. It is absent in the Maghreb and there is only one observation in northern Portugal. Concerning the main Mediterranean islands, it is present only in Corsica and Sicily. To the north, its distribution extends to southern Switzerland only and to southern Russia (Terzo 2000). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,509,361 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,414 km².","Populations of Ceratina chalcites seem to be stable, at least in France (Terzo and Rasmont 1995). However, in Spain the population may be declining as there are few recent observations over the last 20 years; this possible decline could be just an artefact due to the lack of data (University of Mons 2012).","Within its distribution range, Ceratina chalcites lives in every sunny place where preferred flowers and nesting sites are present, such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type,  shrubby and temperate grassland vegetation and also in rural and  suburban habitats. The species nests in dried stems with large diameter of woody or herbaceous shrubs (Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Liliaceae, Rosaceae). Information on the nesting of the species can be found in Carrière (1995) and Grandi (1957). The species is broadly polylectic and visits flowers of Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Campanulacea, Dipasacaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Malvaceae, Oleaceae, Simaroubaceae, Rutaceae, Rosaceae (Terzo 2000).","No past or ongoing threats exist to this species at continental scale. The apparent decline of the species in Spain is not currently explicable but could be just an artifact due the lack of recent data over the last 20 years.Traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) are rather favorable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles (Rubus) and their cutting offers many possible nesting sites. On the other hand, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities or even destroy the occupied nests.","No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species, however, excessive clearing of the roadsides should be avoided in order to prevent destruction of nests present in the dry stems of herbaceous plants. Monitoring of the population trends in Spain would confirm the current status of the species in the country.The species is common in all Mediterranean countries, probably also in nature reserves, natural parks and other protected areas.",The species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Nieto, A. & Terzo, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ceratina,chalybea,,Ceratina chalybea,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"Ceratina chalybea is a Mediterranean species present from the Atlantic coast of Portugal and the Atlas Mountains of Morocco eastwards to the Caspian Sea. The species is present in Corsica, Sicily and Crete but absent from the Balearic Islands, Sardinia and Cyprus. To the north, its distribution reaches northern France and southern Germany to southern European Russia through Central Europe (Terzo 2000). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,298,660 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,780 km².","It is a very common and abundant species. Populations of Ceratina chalybea seem to be stable, at least in France (Terzo and Rasmont 1995).","Ceratina chalybea nests in dry stems of Rubus (Malyshev 1913) and some herbaceous plants (J. Leclercq pers. comm. 2012). Within its distribution range, it can live anywhere where Rubus   can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type,   shrubby and temperate grassland vegetation and also in rural and   suburban habitats. The species is broadly polylectic (Terzo 2000).","No past or ongoing threats exist to this species at continental scale. Traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) are rather favourable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles (Rubus) and their cutting offers many possible nesting sites. On the other hand, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities.","Ceratina chalybea is regarded as Vulnerable in Germany (Westrich et al. 2008) and Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2005). No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species. The species is very common in western Europe, including in nature reserves, natural parks and other protected areas.",The species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Terzo, M. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ceratina,chrysomalla,,Ceratina chrysomalla,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its abundance, presumed large overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"Ceratina chrysomalla is an eastern Mediterranean species that is abundant in Anatolia and Cyprus. Its distribution range extends from Greece to the Caspian Sea. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 22,263 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².","Ceratina chrysomalla seems to be rare and localised in Greece, although its population could be underestimated. In Cyprus and in Anatolia, this species is common. Therefore the population in Europe is considered stable.","Ceratina chrysomalla nests in dry stems of Rubus (Terzo et al. 1999). So, within its distribution range, it can live in any place where Rubus   can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type,   shrubby vegetation and also in rural and   suburban habitats. The species is polylectic (Mavromoustakis 1949).","No past or ongoing threats exist to this species at a continental scale. Traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) are rather favourable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles (Rubus) and their cutting offers many possible nesting sites. On the other hand, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities.",No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species. It possibly occurs in protected areas.,The species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Nieto, A. & Terzo, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ceratina,cucurbitina,,Ceratina cucurbitina,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"Ceratina cucurbitina is a very common and abundant Mediterranean species, present from the Atlantic coast of Morocco, Portugal, Spain and France to the Near East, eastern Anatolia and Caucasus. To the north, its distribution reaches southern Germany, Austria and Crimea. The species is also present in all Mediterranean islands except Cyprus (Terzo 2000). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,675,585 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 3,980 km².","This species is very common and abundant in Europe. The population of Ceratina cucurbitina seems to be stable, at least in France (Terzo and Rasmont 1995).","Ceratina cucurbitina nests in dry stems of Rubus and some herbaceous plants (Daly 1983, Carrière 1995, Terzo 2000). So, within its distribution range, it can live in any place where Rubus can be found such as in natural habitats with Mediterranean-type, shrubby and temperate grassland vegetation and also in rural and suburban habitats. The species is broadly polylectic (Terzo 2000) and is a well known pollinator of cucurbits.","No past or ongoing threats exist to this species at continental scale. Traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) are rather favourable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles (Rubus) and their cutting offers many possible nesting sites. On the other hand, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities.","Ceratina cucurbitina is regarded as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2005). No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species. The species is very common in southern Europe, including in nature reserves, natural parks and other protected areas.",The species is not utilized but attempts at domestication have been undertaken in order to use the species for pollination of various Cucurbitaceae in small greenhouses (Terzo et al. 1994).,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Nieto, A. & Terzo, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ceratina,cyanea,,Ceratina cyanea,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"Ceratina cyanea is the most widespread species of the genus. The species is present in all Mediterranean countries but is rare in the Maghreb and Anatolia and absent from the Near East and Cyprus. To the north, its distribution extends to southern England and Norway. To the east, the species is present eastwards to Central Asia, Iran and Kazakhstan. It is absent from the Balearic Islands. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,536,889 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4,336 km².",This species is very common and abundant. The population of Ceratina cyanea seems stable at the continental scale.,"Ceratina cyanea nests in dry stems of Rubus and  some herbaceous plants and is broadly polylectic (Terzo 2000). So,  within its distribution range, it can live in any place where Rubus    can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type,    shrubby and temperate grassland vegetation and also in rural and    suburban habitats.","No past or ongoing threats exist to this species at continental scale. Traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) are rather favourable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles (Rubus) and their cutting offers many possible nesting sites. On the other hand, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities.","Ceratina cyanea is considered as Vulnerable in the United Kingdom (Shirt 1987) where it is at the edge of its range. No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species. The species is very common in Europe, and can certainly be found in nature reserves, natural parks and other protected areas.",The species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Terzo, M. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ceratina,cypriaca,,Ceratina cypriaca,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information about its status, population size and threats. The species has a very restricted distribution with a very small area of occupancy.",Unknown,"Ceratina cypriaca is endemic to Cyprus. It is likely present throughout the island but the data are summarized for observations made by Mavromoustakis around Limassol. The species is present at coastal sites and on the slopes of Mount Troodos up to nearly 1,500 m. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 899 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km².",No recent observation has been made since Mavromoustakis (1949). But the species is probably still present on the island since its habitat still exists.,The species visits flowers of Salvia (Lamiaceae) and Marrubium (Lamiaceae) (Mavromoustakis 1949).There is no information on nesting substrates nor on habitat but it is highly probable that the species nests in dry stems of Rubus as do all other species of the genus and is present in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type   shrubby vegetation and maybe also in rural and   suburban habitats.,"The threats to this species are unknown.Traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) could be rather favourable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles (Rubus) and their cutting offers many possible nesting sites. On the other hand, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities.",The species is not known from any protected area. Further studies are needed into the population size and trend and the threats affecting this species. Monitoring of the population should be recommended as it has not been observed for the past 60 years.,The species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Nieto, A. & Terzo, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ceratina,dallatorreana,,Ceratina dallatorreana,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"Ceratina dallatorreana is mainly a thermo-Mediterranean species present from southern Portugal and the Maghreb to eastern Iran (Kopet Dag). The species is present in all the main Mediterranean islands, including Malta. To the north, its distribution is restricted to the thermo-Mediterranean climate except to the east were the species is present all along the Black Sea coast. The species has also been accidentally introduced in the United States of America, in California (Daly 1966). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,434,630 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 944 km².","It is a widespread species, common but discreet. The population of Ceratina dallatorreana seems to be stable at a continental scale, at least in France (Terzo and Rasmont 1995).","Ceratina dallatorreana is one of the few species of Apoidea which reproduces by thelytokous parthenogenesis (Daly 1966). The species nests in dry stems of Rubus and some other herbaceous plants (Daly 1966, Daly 1983, Terzo 2000). Within its distribution range, it can live in any place where Rubus    can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type,    shrubby vegetation and also in rural and   suburban habitats. It is polylectic but shows a preference for thistles (e.g. Carduus, Centaurea, Onopordon) (Terzo 2000).","No past or ongoing threats exist to this species at continental scale. Traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) are rather favourable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles (Rubus) and their cutting offers many possible nesting sites. On the other hand, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities.","No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species. It is common in southern Europe and can be found in nature reserves, natural parks and other protected areas.",The species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Nieto, A. & Terzo, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ceratina,dentiventris,,Ceratina dentiventris,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"Ceratina dentiventris is  mainly a thermo-Mediterranean species present from Spain (but not Portugal) and the Atlas mountains of Morocco eastwards to the Caucasus. The species is present in all the main  Mediterranean islands except the Balearic Islands and Cyprus. To the north, its distribution is restricted to the thermo-Mediterranean climate zone except to the east were the species reaches the southern coast of the Black Sea and eastern Anatolia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,810,757 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 596 km².","This is a widespread species but not very abundant. The population of Ceratina dentiventris seems to be stable at the continental scale but there is no recent data from central and southern Spain, Corsica and Sardinia.","Ceratina dentiventris nests in dry stems of Rubus and is polylectic (Terzo 2000). Within its distribution range, it can live in any place where Rubus    can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type    shrubby vegetation and also in rural and   suburban habitats.","No past or ongoing threats exist to this species at continental scale. Traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) are rather favourable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles (Rubus) and their cutting offers many possible nesting sites. On the other hand, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities.","No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species. It occurs in nature reserves, natural parks and other protected areas.",The species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Terzo, M. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ceratina,gravidula,,Ceratina gravidula,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its distribution, presumed large overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"Ceratina gravidula has a very special distribution, which does not match any of the three west Palaearctic post-glacial dispersal  centres known for the genus, namely the Maghreb, Turkey and Central Asia. Its distribution is centred on the Italian Peninsula. It is particularly abundant in Italy and southern France. One observation in the Spanish Pyrenees confirms its presence in the Iberian Peninsula since Dusmet y Alonso (1923) discovered it in the province of Barcelona. The species is present in Sicily and Malta, but absent from all other Mediterranean islands. The species is also present, but rare and localised, in the northern Balkans and around the Black Sea. In the Alps it reaches altitudes approaching 2,000 m. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,234,276 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 496 km².",The species in very abundant in southern France and Italy and localised everywhere else in Europe. The population of Ceratina gravidula seems to be stable at the continental scale.,"Ceratina gravidula nests in dry stems of Rubus (Terzo 2000). So, within its distribution range, it can live in any place where Rubus   can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type   shrubby vegetation and also in rural and   suburban habitats. The species is polylectic but shows a preference for the genus Centaurea (Asteraceae) (Terzo et al. 2007).","No past or ongoing threats exist to this species at continental scale. Traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) are rather favourable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles (Rubus) and their cutting offers many possible nesting sites. On the other hand, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities.","No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species as a whole. The species is quite common in Italy and southern France, including in nature reserves, natural parks and other protected areas.",The species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Nieto, A. & Terzo, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ceratina,loewi,,Ceratina loewi,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend of this species and the threats.,Unknown,"Ceratina loewi has a distribution centred on, and mainly restricted to, the Aegean Sea. In Europe, the species is present in the Aegean coast of Greece and Crete and it is only known from one observation in Romania. It is essentially a highly thermophilic species, mainly present in lowland areas, but can reach almost 1,500 m altitude in the Taurus Mountains (Turkey). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 254,748 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 184 km².",This species seems to be very common in Crete and East Aegean Islands and more localised elsewhere.,"Ceratina loewi nests in dry stems of Rubus (Terzo 2000). So, within its distribution range, it can live in any place where Rubus   can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type   shrubby vegetation and also in rural and   suburban habitats. The species is known to visit flowers of Asteraceae (Carthamus), Boraginaceae (Echium) and Brassicaceae (Sinapis).","The threats to this species are unknown.Traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) are rather favourable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles (Rubus) and their cutting offers many possible nesting sites. On the other hand, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities.","No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species. It is quite common in Greece and Crete, probably also occurs in nature reserves, natural parks and other protected areas.   Further studies are needed into the population size and trend and the threats affecting this species.",The species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Terzo, M. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ceratina,mandibularis,,Ceratina mandibularis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its localized abundance, no major threats and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"Ceratina mandibularis is extremely abundant throughout the crescent of thermo-Mediterranean  climate centred on the Cukurova plain in Turkey (Terzo et al. 1999), including Cyprus. It is rarer and localised outside of this crescent where it is confined to altitudes below 1,000 m. By its presence in southern Egypt (Luxor), Ceratina mandibularis is the most southern species of the subgenus Euceratina. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,665 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km².","Although there is no new data for 20 years from Cyprus, the populations of Asia Minor and Near East are large and the population seems to be stable.","Ceratina mandibularis nests in dry stems of Rubus (Terzo 2000). So, within its distribution range, it can live in any place where Rubus   can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type   shrubby vegetation and also in rural and   suburban habitats. Mavromoustakis (1949) observed the species foraging on flowers of Ballota nigra L. (Lamiaceae), Eryngium creticum Lam. (Apiaceae), Inula  crithmoides L. (Asteraceae) Lotus sp. (Fabaceae), Mentha longifolia  Huds. (Lamiaceae) and Rubus ulmifolius anatolicus Focke (Rosaceae).","It appears that there are no major threats affecting this species in Cyprus.  Traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) are rather favourable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles (Rubus) and their cutting offers many possible nesting sites. On the other hand, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities.","No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species as a whole. The species is quite common in Cyprus, probably also in the nature reserves, natural parks and other protected areas.",The species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Terzo, M. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ceratina,mocsaryi,,Ceratina mocsaryi,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its distribution, presumed large overall population, and no major threats reported.",Stable,"Ceratina mocsaryi has a  distribution centred on the western Mediterranean area. The species is  mainly present and abundant in the Maghreb, the Iberian Peninsula and southern  France, including Corsica. Out of this range, two observations mention the  presence of the species in northern Italy and Croatia (Terzo 2000, Terzo et al. 2007). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 937,479 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 248 km².",This species is never abundant and very often localised. The population trend of Ceratina mocsaryi seems to be stable at the continental scale.,"Ceratina mocsaryi nests in dry stems of Rubus. So, within its distribution range, it can live in any place where Rubus   can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type,   shrubby vegetation and also in rural and   suburban habitats. The species visits flowers of Asteraceae (Centaurea), Boraginaceae (Echium), Convolvulaceae (Convolvulus), Dipsacaceae (Scabiosa), Lamiaceae (Lavandula), Liliaceae (Muscari), Lythraceae (Lythrum) (Terzo 2000).","No past or ongoing threats exist to this species at continental scale. Traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) are rather favourable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles (Rubus) and their cutting offers many possible nesting sites. On the other hand, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities.",No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species. It occurs in protected areas.,The species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Terzo, M. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ceratina,moricei,,Ceratina moricei,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its presumed large overall population, no major threats and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"With the exception of one observation in eastern Anatolia, Ceratina moricei is only present throughout the crescent of thermo-Mediterranean  climate centred on the Cukurova plain in Turkey and the Near East (Terzo et al. 1999), including Cyprus. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 205 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².","In Cyprus the species seems to be rare and localised and there have been no recent observations of the species in Cyprus for 20 years. Population of Ceratina moricei seems to be stable in Turkey, so it is assumed that the species is also stable in Cyprus.","Ceratina moricei nests in dry stems of Rubus (Terzo 2000). So, within its distribution range, it can live in any place where Rubus    can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type    shrubby vegetation and also in rural and   suburban habitats.  Mavromoustakis (1949) saw the species foraging on flowers of Rubus ulmifolius anatolicus Focke (Rosaceae), Centaurea silicica Boiss.  (Asteraceae), Eryngium creticum Lam. (Apiaceae), Statice sp.  (Plumbaginaceae) and Lotus sp. (Fabaceae).","No past or ongoing threats exist to this species at continental scale. Traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) are rather favourable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles (Rubus) and their cutting offers many possible nesting sites. On the other hand, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities.","No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species. It is present in Cyprus, probably also in the nature reserves, natural parks and protected areas.",The species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Terzo, M. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ceratina,nigroaenea,,Ceratina nigroaenea,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its local abundance, presumed large overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"Ceratina nigroaenea is present from Greece and Crete to the Near East and Caspian Sea and southern Caucasus with a single observation in Russia, in the northern Caucasus (Terzo 2000). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 727,280 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km².",This species is locally abundant. The population of Ceratina nigroaenea seems to be stable at the continental scale.,"Ceratina nigroanea nests in dry stems of Rubus (Terzo 2000). So, within its distribution range, it can live in any place where Rubus    can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type    shrubby vegetation and also in rural and   suburban habitats. The species visits flowers Asteraceae (Centaurea, Onopordum), Lamiaceae (Stachys) and Simaroubaceae (Ailanthus).","No past or ongoing threats exist to this species at continental scale. Traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) are rather favourable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles (Rubus) and their cutting offers many possible nesting sites. On the other hand, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities.","No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species. There are few data for Europe but the species could be present in nature reserves, natural parks and other protected areas.",The species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Terzo, M. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ceratina,nigrolabiata,,Ceratina nigrolabiata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"Ceratina nigrolabiata is a  Mediterranean species present from Portugal eastwards to the western border of Iran. The species is absent from the Maghreb. On the Mediterranean islands, the species is present only in Corsica, Sicily and Crete. To the north, its distribution extends to southern Austria and Russia, including northern coast of the Black Sea (Terzo 2000). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,290,710 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 584 km².","It is a widespread species, locally abundant. The population of Ceratina nigrolabiata seems to be stable at the continental scale.","Ceratina nigrolabiata nests in dry stems of Rubus and visits flowers of Apiaceae (Daucus, Eryngium), Asteraceae (Centaurea, Echinops), Brassicaceae (Sinapis), Dipsacaceae (Scabiosa), Malvaceae (Malva) and Scrophulariaceae (Linaria) (Terzo 2000). Within its distribution range, it can live in any place where Rubus     can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type     shrubby vegetation and also in rural and   suburban habitats.","No past or ongoing threats exist to this species at continental scale. Traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) are rather favourable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles (Rubus) and their cutting offers many possible nesting sites. On the other hand, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities.",No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species. It occurs in protected areas.,The species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Terzo, M. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ceratina,parvula,,Ceratina parvula,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"Ceratina parvula is restricted to the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, except for the isolated populations in the Canary Islands, Atlas Mountains, central Spain, eastern Anatolia and northern Iran. Unlike C. cucurbitina, the species is very abundant in the Cukurova plain (Terzo et al. 1999). Everywhere else, it seems to be rare and localized. For the Iberian Peninsula, Terzo (2000) could not confirm observations of  Dusmet y Alonso (1923) in central Spain (Le Goff and Terzo 1999). Paradoxically, C. parvula is the only species of the genus  present on the Canary Islands. Data from eastern Turkey and the Kopet Dag seem to indicate a disjunct distribution, relics of a past wider distribution. Kocourek (1998) provides observations made in Egypt, that Terzo (2000) could not confirm, but its presence is not unlikely. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,938,716 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 276 km².","Populations of Ceratina parvula seem to be stable at the continental scale. Locally, there are no observations for the last 20 years for a number of isolated populations such as those of central Spain, Croatia, Cyprus, Sardinia, etc. This apparent decline could be just an artefact due to the lack of data as the species is of very small size which makes it difficult to observe.","Ceratina parvula nests in dry stems of Rubus and some other herbaceous plants (Le Goff 1995, Le Goff and Terzo 1999). Within its distribution range, it can live in any place where Rubus    can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type    shrubby vegetation and also in rural and   suburban habitats. The  species is polylectic and shows a preference for thistles (Centaurea) and Lamiaceae (Lavandula) (Terzo 2000).","No past or ongoing threats exist to this species at continental scale. Traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) are rather favourable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles (Rubus) and their cutting offers many possible nesting sites. On the other hand, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities.",No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species. It occurs in protected areas.,The species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Terzo, M. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ceratina,sakagamii,,Ceratina sakagamii,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient since it has only recently been discovered, and there is still very little information on its extent of occurrence, status, threats and ecological requirements.",Unknown,"Ceratina sakagamii has been recently described (Terzo 1998). Therefore, there are still few observations available and the extent of its distribution range may be underestimated. Until now, its distribution range extends from Anatolia to Kopet Dag (Iran) with a single observation made outside this range, in Crete.","Because the species has been recently described, there is not enough data to estimate the current population size and trend.","In Crete, Ceratina sakagamii seems to live in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type   shrubby vegetation. There is no information about the nesting or foraging habits of the species, although it is likely to nest in dry exposed stems of brambles (Rubus) and Foeniculum.","There is no information on the threats affecting this species.Traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) are rather favourable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles (Rubus) and their cutting offers many possible nesting sites. On the other hand, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities.","There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, potential threats and general ecology of this species.",The species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Terzo, M. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ceratina,saundersi,,Ceratina saundersi,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its local abundance, presumed large overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"Ceratina saundersi is mainly present in the Maghreb, southern Spain and Portugal and southern Sardinia. Out of this range, Terzo and Rasmont (1997) also found it to be present in the Italian Peninsula, an observation that is confirmed recently by A. Müller pers. comm. (2012) in Puglia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 970,964 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 132 km².","This species is rare and localised in Europe, more abundant in the Maghreb. The population of Ceratina saundersi seems to be stable at the continental scale.","Ceratina saundersi nests in dry stems of Rubus. So, within its distribution range, it can live in any place where Rubus    can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type    shrubby vegetation and also in rural and   suburban habitats (Daly 1983). In Tunisia, C. Schmid-Egger observed this species foraging on Eryngium (Apiaceae) (Terzo 2000).","No past or ongoing threats exist to this species at continental scale. Traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) are rather favourable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles (Rubus) and their cutting offers many possible nesting sites. On the other hand, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities.","No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species. It is abundant in the Maghreb and Spain, and probably also occurs in nature reserves, natural parks and protected areas.",The species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Terzo, M. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ceratina,schwarzi,,Ceratina schwarzi,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its presumed large overall population, no threats and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"Ceratina schwarzi is abundant throughout the thermo-Mediterranean climate crescent centered on the Cukurova plain of Turkey (Terzo et al. 1999), from Greece to Iran, including Crete and Cyprus, and from Romania to the Near East. Out of this range, one observation has been made in the Italian Peninsula. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 9,916,436.71 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 108 km².",This species is abundant where it occurs. The population of Ceratina schwarzi seems to be stable at the continental scale.,"Ceratina schwarzi nests in dry stems of Rubus (Terzo  2000). So, within its  distribution range, it can live in any place where brambles  can  be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type  shrubby  vegetation and also in rural and  suburban  habitats. The species visits flowers of Rubus and Vitis (Terzo 2000).","No past or ongoing threats exist to this species at continental scale. Traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) are rather favorable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles (Rubus) and their cutting offers many possible nesting sites. On the other hand, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities.",No direct conservation measure are currently needed for this species as a whole. The species probably occurs in protected areas.,The species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Terzo, M. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ceratina,tarsata,,Ceratina tarsata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the distribution of this species in Europe. Research is needed to confirm its presence in Europe.,Unknown,"Ceratina tarsata is a widespread species in the Ethiopian region which reaches the northern limit of its Afro-eremian distribution in the Palearctic region. To the west, the species is present in Morocco, south of the Anti-Atlas. To the east, it goes up the Nile to the Mediterranean region and even reaches the Middle East. It seems that this is the only species of the genus present in the Hoggar massif, in the heart of the Sahara. Dusmet y Alonso (1923) and Daly (1983) reported its presence in Sicily and the locus typicus is in Crete. These data are not verified by Terzo (2000). In the African region, C. tarsata lives in plain and is not found up to 250 m altitude.","Besides the type locality, no observations confirm the presence of the species in Europe. The populations of Morocco and Egypt seem to be stable.",There is no ecological data about the nesting or foraging habits of the species for Europe.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation measures in place; it is not known if the species is present in any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the distribution, abundance and ecology of this species. Research is needed to confirm the presence of this species in Europe.",The species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Nieto, A. & Terzo, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ceratina,teunisseni,,Ceratina teunisseni,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and threats to this species.,Unknown,"Ceratina teunisseni is endemic to Crete. The species seems to live everywhere in the island up to 1,250 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,270 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 100 km².","Because the species has been recently described (Terzo 1997), there is not enough data to estimate the current population size and trend.","Ceratina teunisseni nests in dry stems of Rubus and visits flowers of Echium italicum L. (Boraginaceae) and Satureia thymbra L. (Lamiaceae) (Terzo 1997, 2000). So, within its limited distribution range, it can live in any place where Rubus      can be found such as in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type      shrubby vegetation and also in rural and   suburban habitats.","The threats to this species are unknown.Traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) are rather favourable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles (Rubus) and their cutting offers many possible nesting sites. On the other hand, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities.",There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the abundance and threats of this species.,The species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Terzo, M. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ceratina,zandeni,,Ceratina zandeni,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the distribution, population size, ecology and threats to this species.",Unknown,Ceratina zandeni is known only by a male and two females captured in Greece (Sithonia Peninsula) and by another male captured in Israel.,"Because the species has been recently described (Terzo 1998), there are not enough data to estimate the current population size and trend.",There is no data about the nesting and foraging habits of Ceratina zandeni. The species seems to live in natural habitats with Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation and maybe also in rural and suburban habitats.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, natural history, and threats to this little-known species.",The species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Terzo, M. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Ceratina,zwakhalsi,,Ceratina zwakhalsi,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and threats of this species.It does not occur within the EU 27.,Unknown,"Ceratina zwakhalsi seems to have a disjunct distribution from the mountains along the east coast of the Mediterranean (Taurus, Mont Anti-Lebanon) to the mountains bordering Central Asia via the mountains of eastern Turkey, Caucasus and the Kopet Dag. It is also one of the two species, (with C. acuta), that reaches 2,750 m. In Europe, the species is present in southern Russia, near the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea (Terzo and Rasmont 1997).",There is no information on the population size and trend of this species in Europe. However the population of Ceratina zwakhalsi globally seems to be stable.,"There is no data about the nesting habits of Ceratina zwakhalsi but the species probably nests in dry stems of Rubus, as it is the case for all other species of the subgenus. The species is polylectic but shows a preference for Asteraceae and Lamiaceae. It lives in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type     shrubby vegetation and also in rural and   suburban habitats.","The threats to this species are unknown. Traditional human activities (extensive agriculture, construction and maintenance of roadsides and paths) are rather favourable to the species because they are usually followed by the appearance of brambles (Rubus) and their cutting offers many possible nesting sites. On the other hand, intensive agriculture and roadside clearing can reduce the nesting possibilities.","It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, and threats to this species.",The species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Terzo, M. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Ceylalictus,variegatus,,Ceylalictus variegatus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"In Europe, Ceylalictus variegatus is distributed around the Mediterranean basin. Some populations are recorded in the north of France and Austria (Pesenko and Pauly 2005). In the eastern part of its distribution, there are records around the Caspian Sea. This species is also present in North Africa and southwards to Kenya, Gambia, Burkina Faso, Cameroon and Senegal; and in steppes and deserts of western Asia to northern China, northern India and Mongolia in the east. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,504,419 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 408 km².",There is no information available on the population abundance of this species. The species is common in southern Europe and the species has a stable population trend.,"Ceylalictus variegatus is solitary. Females are generalist in pollen collection (Pesenko and Pauly 2005). Specimens are recorded on Amaranthaceae, Balanitaceae, Boraginaceae, Burseraceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Rubiaceae, Sterculiaceae, Pedaliaceae, Rhamnaceae and Tamaricaceae. The species nests in sandy soils. In northern Europe the species only occurs in warm localities.",There appear to be no major threats to this species.,This species is included in the National Red List of the Czech Republic as Endangered (Farkac et al. 2005). The species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Chelostoma,aegaeicum,,Chelostoma aegaeicum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Chelostoma aegaeicum is only known from Lesvos and Crete, in Greece (Müller 2012a). This species has also been found in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).",The population size and trend of Chelostoma aegaeicum is not known. Only a few specimens have been collected.,"This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Chelostoma aegaeicum is currently unknown. According to Müller (2012a) this species is probably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Campanulaceae species.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Chelostoma,campanularum,,Chelostoma campanularum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Chelostoma campanularum is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Chelostoma campanularum is known from most of Europe but seems to be absent from Wales, Scotland and Ireland in western Europe (Medvedeva 1978, Scheuchl 1996, Schwarz and Gusenleitner 2000, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Torres et al. 2012). This species is also known from northern Africa (Algeria), southwestern Asia (Turkey) and has also been introduced to Canada and the USA (Eickwort 1980).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population. However, it is considered as common in cities.","Chelostoma campanularum can be found in several habitats such as temperate grasslands and forest edges, but also in rural gardens and urban areas. It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows in dead wood or hollow stems (e.g., Phragmites). The cell partitions and nest plug are made of mud. Small pebbles are added to  the outside of the plug (Ferton 1895, Benoist 1929, Westrich 1989, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Campanula spp.(Campanulaceae) and possibly on other closely related genera (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004, Sedivy et al. 2008).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Chelostoma,diodon,,Chelostoma diodon,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Chelostoma diodon is known from Greece and Cyprus but this species is also present in several countries of southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).",The population abundance and trend of Chelostoma diodon is not known. Only a few specimens have been collected.,"Chelostoma diodon possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. It nests in old dried wood (Mavromoustakis 1951). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae, with a clear preference for Asteroideae (Sedivy  et al. 2008, A. Müller pers. comm. 2013).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Chelostoma,distinctum,,Chelostoma distinctum,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Chelostoma distinctum is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Chelostoma disctinctum is known from south, eastern and central Europe until the Caucasus (Medvedeva 1978, Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Torres et al. 2012). This species is also known from southwestern Asia.","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Chelostoma distinctum possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows and drilled bore holes in dead wood, hollow stems or old galls of Diplolepis mayri on Rosa species. The cell partitions and nest plugs are made of mud (Stöckhert 1929, Westrich 1989, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Campanula spp. (Campanulaceae) and possibly on other closely related genera (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004, Sedivy et al. 2008).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red List of the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Chelostoma,edentulum,,Chelostoma edentulum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Chelostoma edentulum has only recently been discovered in Europe, in a few localities in Spain and Portugal. This species is mostly found in northern Africa (Ortiz-Sanchez et al. 2008, Torres et al. 2012).",The population abundance and trend of Chelostoma edentulum is not known. Only a few specimens have been collected.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Chelostoma edentulum is unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Brassicaceae (Sedivy et al. 2008, A. Müller pers. comm. 2013).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Chelostoma,emarginatum,,Chelostoma emarginatum,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Chelostoma emarginatum is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Chelostoma emarginatum has a wide Mediterranean distribution. This species is present in central and southern Europe, but is also known from southwestern Asia in Iran and Turkey (Scheuchl 1996, Amiet et al. 2004, Torres et al. 2012).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Chelostoma emarginatum is unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Ranunculus spp. (Ranunculaceae) and possibly on other closely related genera (Amiet et al. 2004, Sedivy et al. 2008).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Chelostoma,florisomne,,Chelostoma florisomne,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Chelostoma florisomne is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Chelostoma florisomne is known from most of the European countries but it is also present in southwestern Asia and northern Africa (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Chelostoma florisomne possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows and bore holes in dead wood, hollow stems (e.g., Phragmites, Triticum) and bore holes in stems, clay walls or even in glass tubes. The cell  partitions and nest plug are made of mud. Small pebbles, sand grains, small  snail shells and other particles are embedded in the outer plug  surface. Nectar is added to the mud for the construction of partitions  and plug (Ferton 1895, Friese 1923, Maréchal 1933, Stöckhert  1933, Grünwaldt  1939, Van Lith 1957, Grandi 1961; Bonelli 1967, 1968; Käpylä 1978,  Brechtel  1986, Westrich 1989, Ruszkowski et al. 1995, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Ranunculus spp. (Ranunculaceae) and possibly on other closely related genera (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004, Sedivy et al. 2008).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Chelostoma,forcipatum,,Chelostoma forcipatum,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Chelostoma forcipatum is only known from Greece but its distribution extends into southwestern Asia (Warncke 1991c).",The population size and trend of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Chelostoma forcipatum is currently unknown.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Chelostoma,foveolatum,,Chelostoma foveolatum,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Chelostoma foveolatum is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large population.,Unknown,"Chelostoma foveolatum has a Mediterranean-centred distribution. This species is present in most of the central and southern European countries and extends to the Caucasus and southwestern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Chelostoma foveolatum is unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Campanula spp. (Campanulaceae) and possibly on other closely related genera (Amiet et al. 2004, Sedivy et al. 2008).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Chelostoma,grande,,Chelostoma grande,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Chelostoma grande is endemic in Europe and it is mostly known from central European mountains (Westrich 1993). It is confined to European higher alpine areas like the Dinaric Alps and the Alps, where it is only found between 1,000 and 2,000 m asl.",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"The natural habitat of the species are mountain woodlands and their surroundings. It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows in dead wood and hollow stems. The cell  partitions and nest plugs are made of mud mixed with small pebbles  (Frey-Gessner 1880, Friese 1923, Westrich 2002, A. Müller pers.  obs. 2013). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Dipsacaceae (Westrich 1993, Amiet et al. 2004, Sedivy et al. 2008).",Chelostoma grande could possibly be threatened by climate change due to its occurrence being restricted to high alpine areas.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Chelostoma,handlirschi,,Chelostoma handlirschi,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Chelostoma handlirschi has a Mediterranean-centered distribution and is known from very few countries in Europe. This species is also present in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,The population size and trend of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Chelostoma handlirschi is currently unknown. The species is probably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Campanulaceae (A. Müller pers. comm. 2013).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Chelostoma,hellenicum,,Chelostoma hellenicum,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Chelostoma hellenicum is endemic to the Greek mainland and Crete (Müller 2013).,The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Chelostoma hellenicum is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Campanula spp. (Campanulaceae) and possibly on other closely related genera (Sedivy et al. 2008).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Chelostoma,incognitum,,Chelostoma incognitum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,The only observations of Chelostoma incognitum in Europe are from the Greek mainland and the islands of Rhodes and Lesvos. This species is also known from Turkey in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,The abundance and population size of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Chelostoma incognitum is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Campanula spp. (Campanulaceae) and possibly on other closely related genera (Müller 2012a).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Chelostoma,laticaudum,,Chelostoma laticaudum,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Chelostoma laticaudum is endemic to Greece (Müller 2013).,The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Chelostoma laticaudum is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Campanula spp. (Campanulaceae) and possibly on other closely related genera (Sedivy et al. 2008).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Chelostoma,longifacies,,Chelostoma longifacies,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Chelostoma longifacies is only known from the Greek mainland and the islands of Rhodes, Lesvos and Samos in Greece (Müller 2012a). This species is also found in southwestern Asia.",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Chelostoma longifacies is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Campanula spp. (Campanulaceae) and possibly on other closely related genera (Müller 2012a).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Chelostoma,lucens,,Chelostoma lucens,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Chelostoma lucens is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Chelostoma lucens has a Mediterranean-centred distribution and is known from Greece, Bulgaria and possibly Cyprus. This species is also present in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Chelostoma lucens is unknown. This species is probably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Dipsacaceae (A. Müller pers. comm. 2013).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Chelostoma,mocsaryi,,Chelostoma mocsaryi,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Chelostoma mocsaryi is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Chelostoma mocsaryi is known from several European countries but it is also present in southwestern Asia (Medvedeva 1978, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Chelostoma mocsaryi possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in pre-existing  cavities like insect burrows in dead wood and hollow stems (Banaszak and  Romasenko 2001). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Ornithogalum spp. (Hyacinthaceae) (Gogala 1999, Sedivy et al. 2008).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Chelostoma,nasutum,,Chelostoma nasutum,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Chelostoma nasutum is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,Chelostoma nasutum is known from several European countries but it is also present in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,"The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Chelostoma nasutum is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Campanula spp. (Campanulaceae) and possibly on other closely related genera (Sedivy et al. 2008, Ebmer 2009).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Chelostoma,proximum,,Chelostoma proximum,,,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Chelostoma proximum is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. It does not occur within the EU 27.,Unknown,"Chelostoma proximum is known from Ukraine and European Russia but is also present in northern and south-western Asia (Medvedeva 1978, Romankova 1995, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Wu 2006).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Chelostoma proximum is currently unknown. This species is probably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Campanulaceae (A. Müller pers. comm. 2013).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Chelostoma,rapunculi,,Chelostoma rapunculi,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Chelostoma rapunculi is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Chelostoma rapunculi is widespread throughout Europe. This species is also present in northern Africa, northern and southwestern Asia and has been introduced in northern America (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Chelostoma rapunculi possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges). It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows, bore holes in dead wood or bark or stems and in hollow stems (e.g., Phragmites). The cell  partitions and nest plugs are made of mud. Small pebbles, sand grains and  other particles are embedded in the outer plug surface. Nectar is added  to the mud for the construction of partitions and plug (Benoist 1929,  Stöckhert 1933, Bonelli 1967, Käpylä 1978, Brechtel 1986, Westrich 1989, Ruszkowski et al. 1995). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Campanula spp. (Campanulaceae) and possibly on other closely related genera (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004, Sedivy et al. 2008).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Chelostoma,siciliae,,Chelostoma siciliae,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Chelostoma siciliae is endemic to Sicily (Italy) (Müller 2012a).,The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"It probably inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland. The nesting biology of Chelostoma siciliae is currently unknown. This species seems polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plant species, with preferences for Ranunculus spp. (Ranunculaceae) and Helianthemum spp. (Cistaceae) (Müller 2012a).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Chelostoma,styriacum,,Chelostoma styriacum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Chelostoma styriacum is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Chelostoma styriacum is a Mediterranean-centred species, that is also found in southwestern Asia (Schwarz and Gusenleitner 2000).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Chelostoma styriacum is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Campanula spp. (Campanulaceae) and possibly also on closely related genera (Sedivy et al. 2008).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Chelostoma,transversum,,Chelostoma transversum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Chelostoma transversum is present in Bulgaria and Greece and is possibly present in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Chelostoma transversum is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Dipsacaceae (Sedivy et al. 2008, Ebmer 2009).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Chelostoma,ventrale,,Chelostoma ventrale,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Chelostoma ventrale is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Chelostoma ventrale is present in central and eastern Europe and is also present in southwestern Asia (Medvedeva 1978, Schwarz and Gusenleitner 2000, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Chelostoma ventrale is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteroideae (Asteraceae) (Sedivy et al. 2008).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic as Critically Endangered (Farkac et al. 2005). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Chiasmognathus,orientanus,,Chiasmognathus orientanus,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because it is a very rare species in spite of numerous localities of the host Nomioides minutissimus in all Europe. Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2 and the population is considered to be severely fragmented. Further research is needed to establish the threats affecting this species.,Unknown,"This species is only known from a few specimens from Palestine (Grace 2010), Israel, Crete, Turkey and Bulgaria (Warncke 1983). Records from mainland Greece, Cyprus and Romania have also been found in various collections (P. Bogusch and J. Straka pers. comm. 2013). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to 520,843 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is at least 24 km2 for Europe.","The population size and trend of this species are uncertain. The species seems to be much rarer than its host, which is locally very common. This parasitic bee can be largely overlooked because of its minute size, however this seems to be only a small part of the explanation of its enormous rarity. Data from only 12 localities are known in Europe, where mostly only single records exist (J. Straka pers. comm. 2013). Localities of this species seems to be distant and isolated, thus the population is considered severely fragmented. Population declines have not been observed from few old and recent collecting events available, so it is not possible to estimate the population trend of this species.","This species inhabits sandy biotopes, semi deserts and deserts. The species is a kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The hosts are unknown; according to Warncke (1983) Nomioides minutissima and/or Ceylalictus (as Panurgus) variegatus can be hosts. According to Engel (2007) only the bees of tribe Nomioidini are the hosts of Chiasmognathus. Chiasmogmathus orientanus prefers warm opened sandy biotopes with sparse vegetation.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Allen, D.J.","Straka, J. & Bogusch, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Clavipanurgus,sculpturatus,,Clavipanurgus sculpturatus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,"Clavipanurgus sculpturatus is abundant in Turkey and the Balkans. It is also found in the steppe regions of Ukraine - Lugansk, Donetsk, Odessa and Crimea regions (Osytshnjuk 1977, Radchenko 1982).  It is the largest and a readily identifiable species of Clavipanurgus. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 457,612 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 144 km².",This species is rare throughout its range and its population trend is unknown.,"There is little information about the habitat and ecology for this species. According to Filatov et al. (2006), it is a univoltine species flying in May and June in the Ukraine. This species inhabits shrublands and grasslands. Females forage on Brassicaceae.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"Additional studies are needed into taxonomy, trends, abundance, general ecology and threats to this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J., Patiny, S. & Radchenko, V.,",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Coelioxys,acanthopyga,,Coelioxys acanthopyga,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Coelioxys acanthopyga is distributed in the eastern Mediterranean. In Europe, it occurs in Cyprus (one locality) (Alfken 1940), Greece and Crete (number of localities not specified) (Ascher and Pickering 2013), and in Asia it has been recorded from Israel (one locality) (Warncke 1992). Its presence in Jordan (Ascher and Pickering 2013) is wrong and probably confused with a record from Israel. The species is found between five and 805 m asl.",This species’ population trend is unknown. There are thought to be several geographically separated subpopulations but the total size of the population has yet to be studied.,"The habitat where this species has been recorded is Mediterranean Quercus spp. forests and as this is degraded it is found in shrublands, grasslands and even cultivated areas.   The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, and its hosts are unknown yet. However, they most likely belong to the genus Megachile as is the rule with the Coelioxys genus (Michener 2007).","This species is threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development, large-scale logging, and recreational activities. The loss of Quercus spp. forests negatively affects this species.",There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species or its hosts. The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Ornosa, C.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Coelioxys,acanthura,,Coelioxys acanthura,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because it has a relatively wide distribution and there appear to be no major threats. Research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends for the species.,Unknown,"The species is widely distributed throughout the western Palearctic region, from Spain east to Cyprus via Hungary and Ukraine. The species is also found in Turkey and north Africa.","The species is found regularly throughout its range, although the population size and trends are unknown.","The species is known to inhabit temperate forest, temperate and Mediterranean shrubland, temperate grassland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. The species flies from May to August (Grace 2010). The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, in this case, the Megachile genus (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Grace 2010). It has been recorded foraging upon Asteraceae (Cardopatium corymbosum, Centaurea cilicica, C. hyalolepis) and Plumbaginaceae (Limonium virgatum) (Grace 2010).","There currently appear to be no major threats to this species, although generally it may be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, habitat shifting and alteration, droughts and temperature extremes.",The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Ornosa, C.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Coelioxys,afra,,Coelioxys afra,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the populations are presumed to be large. However, research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.",Stable,"The species is distributed in the west-Palearctic, from Portugal to Lithuania, and from the UK to Greece and Turkey, Iran and Oman. In Africa, it is found from Morocco to Tunisia.","The species inhabits many countries but its population is relatively small at the local level due to its kleptoparasitic behaviour, which is when a species parasitises the nests of other bee species. The population trend is considered stable.","It prefers open and sandy ground, cultivated areas, temperate and Mediterranean shrubland, temperate forest, grassland and semi-deserts. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The hosts are Megachile apicalis, M. leachella and M. pilidens (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, C. Praz pers. comm. 2014). Some of the plant species visited are Fabaceae (Onobrychis viciifolia, Lamiaceae (Thymus sp., Teucrium polium, T. cyprium), Asteraceae (Carduus sp., Cardopatium corymbosum), Plumbaginaceae (Limonium), Rosaceae (Rubus ulmifolius) and Scrophulariaceae (Linaria elatine).","This species is generally threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing timber harvesting, recreational use, and herbicide and pesticide use. The direct conversion of land to agricultural use and the use of agrochemicals have severe impacts on many bees including this species.","The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Vulernable; Westrich et al. 2011), Great Britain (Regionally Extinct; Shirt 1987), and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Ornosa, C.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Coelioxys,alata,,Coelioxys alata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because, although it is seldom recorded, it is widespread and occurs in an area of extensive, suitable habitat which appears not to be under threat. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.",Unknown,"This species is distributed throughout the Palearctic but it is rare in the majority of countries. It is mainly found in central and northern Europe. There are also records from China, Japan, Russia and Turkey.",A rare and infrequent species that inhabits a wide area. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"It lives in wetlands, sometimes in forests, flood plains, riverbank woodlands, in high lands. It can also be found in forests on dry lands. It flies from June-September. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Its hosts are Megachile ligniseca and Anthophora furcata (Warncke 1992, Amiet et al. 2004). The species visits Lamiaceae, Lythraceae, Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae, Fabaceae and Rosaceae (Devalez 2010).","There currently appear to be no major threats to this species, although generally it may be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, abstraction of surface water for commercial and agricultural use, abstraction of ground water agricultural use, herbicides and pesticides and droughts. As it is a kleptoparasitic species, one that parasitises the nests of other bee species, it is dependent upon their hosts and therefore what threatens the host threatens the kleptoparasite.","The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011) and the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Ornosa, C.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Coelioxys,argentea,,Coelioxys argentea,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because it has a relatively wide distribution and has a presumed large and stable population. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.,Stable,"This species is distributed throughout the Mediterranean, from Spain to Cyprus, via eastern Europe. It is also found in north Africa towards Turkey, Dagestan and Turkmenistan.",The population is continuous throughout its wide range and the species has a presumed large and stable population.,"The species inhabits temperate and Mediterranean shrubland, grassland, semi-desert and arable land. It flies from May until September. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The host of this species is the Megachilid bee Creightonella albisecta (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). It has been recorded on Chrozophora verbascifolia (Euphorbiaceae), Cardopatium corymbosum, Carlina lanata, Centaurea cilicica (Asteraceae), Marrubium vulgare, Mentha longifolia (Lamiaceae), Heliotropium europaeum (Boraginaceae), Eryngium creticum (Apiaceae) and Limonium virgatum (Plumbaginaceae) (Grace 2010).","There currently appear to be no major threats to this species, although generally it may be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, habitat shifting and alteration, droughts and temperature extremes.",The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends for the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Ornosa, C.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Coelioxys,artemis,,Coelioxys artemis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as the species has only recently been described and only collected recently from Greece. Research should be conducted in order to determine the wider distribution, population size, trends and threats to this species in Europe.",Unknown,This species is distributed in the eastern Mediterranean from Greece until Central Asia (Schwarz 2001).,"The species is poorly known as it has only recently been described but it seems to be well established within its range. In Greece and Crete it was found in nine localities, in Turkey in 16 localities and sporadically throughout the Middle East.","Coelioxys artemis has been collected in xeric and temperate areas, in a varied range of habitats: temporal streams, cultivated land, shrublands, anthropogenic habitats, olive tree plantations, degraded forest and steparian high plateaus. It is probably kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, much like the rest of the species in the genus (Michener 2007). Therefore, its pollinator activity is rather low. There is nothing known about the hosts and plants visited by the bee. It has been collected from below sea level (-360 m in the Jordan Valley) to high altitudes (2,100 m asl in Turkey). It is univoltine (e.g., it has one generation per year) and the flying period is from April to July.","The threats to this species are unknown, but it is likely to be threatened by deforestation and habitat loss.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the wider distribution, population size, trends and threats for the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Ornosa, C.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Coelioxys,aurolimbata,,Coelioxys aurolimbata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the populations are presumed to be large, stable and continuous. However, research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.",Stable,"The species is widely distributed throughout Europe from Spain, north to the Netherlands and Poland, east to Greece and European Russia. It reaches as far east as Central Asia.",The population is large and continuous throughout its geographic range. The population trend is stable.,"The species inhabits temperate forests and grassland, temperate and Mediterranean shrubland, wetlands, semi-deserts, arable land and pasture land. It flies from May to September. It has been recorded visiting Asteraceae (Cirsium sp.), Lythraceae, Lamiaceae (Stachys sp., Origanum sp.), Rosaceae and Fabaceae (Onobrychis viccifolia) (Grace 2010). The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The identified host species are Megachile ericetorum (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014), Chalicodoma ericetorum, C. levebvrei, Anthophora parietina, and A. plagiata.","There seems to be no major threats to this species, although generally the species could be threatened by residential and commercial development, habitat loss, herbicides and pesticides, and climate change.","The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Finland (Critically Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), and the Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Ornosa, C.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Coelioxys,brevis,,Coelioxys brevis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, ubiquitous in its habitat preferences and there are no major threats to the species.",Unknown,"The species is widely distributed in the western Palearctic, from the Iberian Peninsula to the Caucasus and northern Asia. It is also found on the Channel Islands.","There is no information available on the population size and trend for this species. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, and therefore its population is difficult to evaluate.","The species is known to inhabit forest, Mediterranean and temperate shrubland, grasslands, semi-desert, sand dunes, arable land and pasture land. It flies from June (some female specimens from April) to October. The species has been recorded on Crassulaceae, Boraginaceae, Lamiaceae, Asteraceae (Carduus sp.), Apiaceae (Eryngium creticum) and Fabaceae (Onobrychis viciifolia) (Stöckhert 1933, Grace 2010). As the species is kleptoparasitic, the hosts are thought to be Megachile leachella, M. pilidens (Warncke 1992) and possibly M. apicalis (Amiet et al. 2004).","The species is vulnerable to substantial changes to its environment and/or fluctuations of its host species. Generally the species may be threatened by residential commercial development, agriculture and logging, herbicides and pesticides, and droughts, although there are no major threats to the species.","The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Ornosa, C.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Coelioxys,caudata,,Coelioxys caudata,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species spreads throughout the western Palearctic region, occupying a wide range from southern Europe and north Africa to Turkey, Israel until Central Asia.",The population size and trends for this species are not known.,"The species prefers montane habitats and can be also found on Mediterranean and temperate shrubland, temperate grassland, hot and temperate desert and arable land (Grace 2010). It flies from June until August. There is no information on hosts or flowers visited, although it is a kleptoparasitic species, that parasitises the nests of other bee species. It is assumed that it prefers the same vegetation and environments as its relatives.","Coelioxys caudata is generally threatened by habitat loss due to human activities such as construction of housing, roads and railroads, herbicides and pesticides from agriculture and also climate change causing droughts and shifting habitats.",The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends and any specific threats to the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Ornosa, C.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Coelioxys,conoidea,,Coelioxys conoidea,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, the broad habitat range, and its presumed large population. It is however listed as threatened in the National Red Lists of six countries, predominantly in northern Europe.",Unknown,"The species is distributed throughout Europe from the Iberian Peninsula and the United Kingdom, east towards Greece, Cyprus and European Russia. It is absent from the northernmost and easternmost areas of Europe. It is also found in Turkey and north Africa.","The overall population of this species is presumed to be large, taking into account its wide distribution. There is no further information on the species' population size and trends.","This species lives in several different environments, such as boreal and temperate forests, boreal, temperate and Mediterranean shrubland, coastal sand dunes, arable land, plantations and semi-deserts. It flies from May to September. The host species are Megachile lagopoda, M. maritima, M. (Chalicodoma) ericetorum, Anthophora plagiata (Warncke 1992, Proshchalykin 2006, C. Praz pers. comm. 2014). It has been recorded on Ericaceae, Rosaceae (Rubus ulmifolius), Plumbaginaceae (Statice = Limonium) and Fabaceae (Vicia cracca) (Grace 2010).","There appear to be no major threats to this species. The species may generally be threatened by residential, commercial and transport development, herbicides and pesticides, and droughts.","The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Finland (Critically Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Sweden (Critically Endangered; Gardenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends for the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Ornosa, C.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Coelioxys,coturnix,,Coelioxys coturnix,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as the species occurs in a large area, ubiquitous in its habitat preferences and there are no major threats to the species.",Unknown,"A Palearctic species, known from France and Spain, north Africa and India (Ornosa et al. 2007, Rozen and Kamel 2008, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2013). Its presence in Portugal needs to be confirmed. It was introduced to the USA.","With the current knowledge of this species, there are three subpopulations: in southwestern Europe, northern Africa and in Asia. However, with further research into the species' distribution the known population will inevitably increase.","The species prefers open fields, mixed forests with shrubs and herbs, and even crop edges. More generally the species is found in temperate forest, Mediterranean and temperate shrubland, temperate grassland, semi-desert, arable land, pasture land and rural gardens. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species such as Megachile minutissima in Egypt, M. rotundata in USA and M. atratula in Spain. It flies from May to September.","There appears to be no major threats to this species. The species may generally be threatened by residential and commercial developments, recreational activities, herbicides and pesticides, and climatic changes.",The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Ornosa, C.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Coelioxys,decipiens,,Coelioxys decipiens,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because, although it is seldom recorded, it has a relatively wide distribution, is tolerant of a broad range of habitats and has a presumed large population. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends of this species.",Unknown,"Coelioxys decipiens is distributed from north Africa towards Cyprus, Crete, Turkey, Asia Minor and Central Asia, until the Himalayas (Ornosa et al. 2007, Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2009, Grace 2010).",The population size and trends for this species are not known although it is presumed to have a large population.,"Generally the species is thought to inhabit temperate forest, temperate and Mediterranean shrubland, temperate grassland, semi-desert and arable land. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species such as Megachile nigripes (Warncke 1992) and probably Megachile flavipes (Mavromoustakis in Grace 2010). Rozen and Kamel (2006) studied its larvae biology. The species has been recorded on Asteraceae (Onopordum sp.), Verbenaceae (Vitex sp.), Fabaceae (Alhagi maurorum, Trifolium sp., Medicago sp.) and Scrophulariaceae (Linaria elatine) (Nadimi et al. 2013, Grace 2010). It flies in June (Nadimi et al. 2013, Grace 2010).","Generally, the species is threatened by anthropogenic activities such as residential and commercial development, shifting agriculture, soil erosion, sedimentation and herbicides and pesticides as well as through climatic change. All of these threats cause habitat loss which could negatively affect this species.",The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Ornosa, C.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Coelioxys,echinata,,Coelioxys echinata,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are continuous and there are no major threats to the species. However, research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends for the species.",Unknown,"The species is distributed throughout Europe from Portugal to European Russia and as far north as Belgium, Germany and Poland (Rasmont et al. 1995, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Farkac et al. 2005, Westrich et al. 2011). It is also found in Africa and Asia Minor until the Caspian sea. It is found throughout the western Palearctic region except in the coldest countries and regions in the north.",The population appears to be continuous throughout its range. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"This species prefers environments with no tree cover, as well as shrub and herbaceous vegetation. More generally the species inhabits temperate forest and shrubland, Mediterranean type shrubland, temperate grassland, semi-desert and arable land. It flies from May to September. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as Megachile apicalis and M. rotundata (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004). There are no records of any particular plant species visited by this bee.","There appear to be no major threats to this species. Although there are some more general threats from climate change and anthropogenic activities such as residential and commercial developments, shifting agriculture and herbicides and pesticides, and these are thought to be causing the loss of the species' preferred habitat.","The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Vulnerable, Westrich et al. 2011). It is thought to occur within protected areas as it has a very wide distribution. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Ornosa, C.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Coelioxys,elegantula,,Coelioxys elegantula,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient because it has seldom been recorded and is only known from Greece and Cyprus. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.,Unknown,"This species is present in the eastern Mediterranean basin and Asia Minor from Algeria eastwards towards Greece, Crete, Cyprus, Turkey, Palestine, Israel, Egypt and probably Libya (Warncke 1992, Ornosa et al. 2007, Grace 2010).Some of the data come from different authors so the distribution may vary and should be revised and confirmed.",The species is rare. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"Generally the species is known to inhabit temperate and Mediterranean type shrubland, temperate grassland, semi-desert and arable land. It flies from May to August. The species was recorded on Plumbaginaceae (Statice = Linaria), Asteraceae (Cardopatum), Lamiaceae (Teucrium) (Grace 2010).","The threats to this species are unknown, although there are some more general threats from climate change and anthropogenic activities such as residential and commercial developments, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, and recreational activities. These threats may be causing habitat loss.",The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Ornosa, C.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Coelioxys,elongata,,Coelioxys elongata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats and the lack of major threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of species.",Unknown,"The species is distributed from the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain) east towards Poland, Ukraine, and Greece and as far north as Scandinavia. Outside of Europe, it is found in Turkey and Iran (Ornosa et al. 2007, Grace 2010).",Its range is very large although it is not commonly found in the field. There is no further information on the population size and trends for this species.,"The species has mainly been recorded from sandy soils and coastal dunes (Burn 2012). It is also found on temperate forest, grassland, and shrubland, arable land and pasture land. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species such as Megachile bombycina, M. centuncularis, M. circumcincta, M. leachella, M. ligniseca, M. pyrenaea and M. willughbiella (Warncke 1992, Amiet et al. 2004, Proshchalykin 2006). It flies from May to September. It has been recorded foraging on Fabaceae and Asteraceae (Centaurea, Cirsium).","There appear to be no major threats to this species, however the species may generally be threatened by anthropogenic activities and climate change that cause habitat loss. These threats come from residential and commercial development, shifting agriculture, recreational activities, herbicides and pesticides, and droughts.","The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Finland (Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010), Ireland (Endangered; Fitzpatrick 2006), and the Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Ornosa, C.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Coelioxys,elongatula,,Coelioxys elongatula,,,No,VU,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)Listed as Vulnerable because its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km2, its population is severely fragmented, in that there is little chance of genetic exchange between subpopulations, and there is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat due to tourism developments and construction in the region with a huge number of tourists every year. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends and ecology of the species.",Unknown,"This species is present in the eastern Mediterranean basin from continental Greece and Crete to Cyprus, Turkey, Palestine and Israel (Ornosa et al. 2007, Grace 2010).The area of occupancy (AOO) is thought to be under 2,000 km2.","The species is severely fragmented, in that there is little genetic transfer between the populations within Europe. There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.","The species is thought to prefer environments with scarce vegetation and hot climates. Generally, it can be found on temperate grasslands, semi-deserts, Mediterranean-type shrubland and arable land. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. There is no further information available on the habitat, ecology or hosts of this species.","This species has a relatively restricted range, within which it is presumably threatened to some degree by habitat loss resulting from residential and commercial development for tourism, logging operations and the general conversion of land to agricultural use. Tourism in the region is thought to be causing a continuing decline in the quality of the species' habitat. Other threats include housing construction, recreational activities, herbicides and pesticides, and droughts.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and ecology of this species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Ornosa, C.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Coelioxys,elsei,,Coelioxys elsei,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is very little information available on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is found in the eastern Mediterranean from Bulgaria and Greece to Jordan and Turkey. It is known from only a few localities: seven in Turkey, one in Bulgaria, three in Greece and one in Jordan (Schwarz 2001).","This species is extremely rare throughout its range and the population trend is unknown. It has only been recorded from four localities in Europe (seven in Turkey) but, due to the low number of specialists in its geographic range and the difficulty to identify it, its real distribution, and therefore population, will most likely be larger.","The species' preferred habitat is unknown, but the areas where it has been collected are Mediterranean forest and shrubs, xeric and anthropogenic areas (cultivated lands) and temporal streams. It has been collected from the sea level (Bulgaria) up to approximately 2,150 m asl (Turkey). The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, like every other Coelioxys species (Michener 2007), although the host is unknown. The species flies from April to July.","Generally the species may threatened by habitat loss, deforestation of shrublands and grasslands, and the degradation of streams from construction for housing, rails and roads, and shifting agriculture.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species. Additional studies are needed into the taxonomy and distribution as it has only recently been described. If the host species become known, it will be possible to understand more about the ecology of Coelioxys elsei.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Ornosa, C.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Coelioxys,emarginata,,Coelioxys emarginata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. Further research should be conducted on the population trends of this species.,Unknown,"The species spreads from Spain and France north to Belgium and east towards Ukraine. Outside of Europe it occurs in Morocco and Western and Central Asia (Ornosa et al. 2007, Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2009, Nadimi et al. 2013). A very doubtful record from far eastern Russia (Proshchalykin 2006) needs to be confirmed.",It can be presumed to have a large overall population due to its wide distribution and ubiquitous nature. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species inhabits temperate forest, grassland and shrubland, semi-desert, shrub dominated wetlands, coastal sand dunes and arable land. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, and its host is Megachile leucomalla (Stoeckhert 1933). There is no specific information on the flowers visited but we suppose that this species prefers open flower plants.","There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and somewhat adaptable species. Generally the species may be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, habitat shifting and alteration, droughts, and temperature extremes.",The species is listed in the National Red Lists of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends and future threats to the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Ornosa, C.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Coelioxys,haemorrhoa,,Coelioxys haemorrhoa,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.,Unknown,"A widely distributed species in the south of Europe, from Iberia to Greece and Romania via Austria. It is also found in the north of Africa east until Central Asia (Ornosa et al. 2007).",This widely distributed species occurs continuously across its range and it presumably has a large overall population. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"This species is found in the eastern Mediterranean basin and Asia Minor and has a tendency to reside at higher altitudes (Grace 2010). Generally the species inhabits temperate forest, grassland, temperate and Mediterranean-type shrubland, semi-desert, arable land and plantations. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species such as Megachile rotundata (Grace 2010). The species has been recorded visiting the flowers of Lamiaceae (Vitex, Thymus), Plumbaginaceae (Linaria), Boraginaceae (Heliotropium), Asteraceae (Anthemis), Apiaceae (Eryngium) and Malvaceae (Malva) (Grace 2010, Nadimi et al. 2013).","There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and somewhat adaptable species. Generally the species may be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, habitat shifting and alteration, droughts, and temperature extremes.",The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Ornosa, C.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Coelioxys,inermis,,Coelioxys inermis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of this species.,Unknown,A widely spread Palearctic species found in most countries in Europe although it is absent in the most northern and southeasterly areas. The species is also found in north Africa (Morocco and Algeria) and Turkey.,"The species is rare at the local level, but widely distributed in Europe. There is no further information on the species' population size or trends.","Taking into account the species' wide range, the environments where it lives must be varied. In the UK, it has been recorded in coastal sand dunes (Collins 2008). It is thought to inhabit temperate grassland and forest, boreal, temperate, and Mediterranean-type shrubland, alpine and tundra wetlands, arable land and pasture land. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as Megachile alpicola, M. bombycina, M. centuncularis, M. leachella, M. ligniseca (not confirmed), M. maritima, M. versicolor, Hoplitis papaveris (Westrich 1989, Warncke 1992, Amiet et al. 2004, Proshchalykin 2006, Collins 2008) and Megachile lapponica (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014). It flies from April to September (sometimes in October). It has been recorded visiting the flowers of Fabaceae and Caprifoliaceae (Collins 2008).","There appear to be no major threats to this species. Generally, the species may be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing, shifting agriculture, recreational activities, herbicides and pesticides, habitat shifting and alteration and droughts.","The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010), Ireland (Data Deficient; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006), the Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Norway (Near Threatened; Kalas 2010) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Ornosa, C.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Coelioxys,lanceolata,,Coelioxys lanceolata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because, although it is seldom recorded and listed as threatened or Near Threatened in the National Red Lists of six countries, it occurs in an area of extensive, suitable habitat which appears not to be under threat and it has a continuous population. However, further research should be conducted to determine the species' population size and trends.",Unknown,"The species is found from Spain to European Russia, but it is found predominantly in central and northern Europe (Erlandsson 1991, Ornosa et al. 2007, Romankova 2003). It is found as far east as the eastern coast of Russia.","The population is continuous from the Pyrenees until the eastern coast of Russia. It is typically a boreo-montane species and in the south of its range it only occurs in the mountains (the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Carpathians).","The species inhabits boreal and temperate forest and shrubland, temperate grassland and tundra. It flies from May to August. It has been recorded visiting the flowers of Boraginaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Onagraceae and Rosaceae (Celary 1995, Warncke 1992). The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Its host is Megachile nigriventris (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014).","The species is generally threatened by deforestation, the conversion of land for agriculture or housing developments, herbicides and pesticides use, droughts and any threats against its host species.","The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Finland (Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Norway (Endangered; Kålås et al. 2010), Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994). In view of its wide distribution, the species is presumably present within a number of protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Ornosa, C.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Coelioxys,mandibularis,,Coelioxys mandibularis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because it has a relatively wide distribution, a presumed large and stable population and is tolerant of a broad range of habitats. However, further research should be conducted to determine the status of the species population size and trends.",Stable,"This species is distributed throughout Europe, from the Pyrenees (although it is absent in the Iberian and Italian Peninsulas) towards European Russia. Outside of Europe the species is found as far east as Mongolia.",This species' overall population is presumed to be large as the species inhabits a very large extent of land. The population trend is considered stable.,"This species lives in a huge range of habitats such as boreal and temperate forest and shrubland, Mediterranean-type shrubland, temperate grassland, tundra, shrub dominated wetlands, semi-desert, coastal sand dunes, arable land, pasture land and rocky areas. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as Megachile circumcincta, M. centuncularis, M. leachella, M. versicolor, M. pyrenaea, Hoplitis papaveris and Hoplitis villosa (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004). It flies from June to September.","There appear to be no major threats to this species. Generally, the species may be threatened by residential and commercial development, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, and droughts.",The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987) and the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Ornosa, C.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Coelioxys,obtusa,,Coelioxys obtusa,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because, although it is seldom recorded, it has a relatively wide distribution, is tolerant of a broad range of habitats and has a presumed large population. However, further research should be conducted to determine the population size and threats to the species.",Unknown,"The species is distributed from Spain to Greece in the south and found as far north as Belgium. Outside of Europe, it is found east towards Turkmenistan (Ornosa et al. 2007).","The species has a wide range, so the overall population could be large although the species is locally rare. There is no further information on the species' population size and trends.","The species lives in a broad range of habitats, such as temperate forests, temperate and Mediterranean shrublands, temperate grasslands and semi-deserts. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species such as Megachile giraudi (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). It flies from June until September. It has been recorded visiting the flowers of Apiaceae species (Ornosa and Martínez 1995).","There appear to be no major threats to this species. Generally, the species may be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing, shifting agriculture and herbicides and pesticides.",The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Ornosa, C.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Coelioxys,obtusispina,,Coelioxys obtusispina,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The distribution of this species is very poorly known. It has been recorded from Sweden on the island of Gotland but it is extinct on the mainland of Sweden (Warncke 1992, B. Cederburg pers. comm. 2014). There are two records from the northwest and far east of Russia (Proshchalykin 2006) but these need to be confirmed.",There is no information available on the population size and trends for this species.,"From the limited data available, the species lives in boreal and temperate forests, boreal shrublands and tundra. It flies from June to August. The species is presumably kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species.","As there are little data on this species, the threats remain unknown. Although generally it may be threatened by residential and commercial developments for housing and by herbicides and pesticides.","The species is listed in National Red List of Sweden as Vulnerable (Gärdenfors 2010). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the wider distribution, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and specific threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Ornosa, C.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Coelioxys,osmiae,,Coelioxys osmiae,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and ecology. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This is a western Mediterranean species that was described from specimens collected in Tunisia (Alfken 1928) and it has recently been recorded in Algeria and Spain (Schwarz 2009, Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2009). Due to its current distribution and the difficulty to identify it correctly, the species probably has a wider range. It is likely to occur in the north of Morocco and Italy when taking into account its host species' range.",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species is thought to inhabit temperate forest, Mediterranean-type shrubland and temperate grassland. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The species within the genus of Coelioxys usually parasitise species from the genus Megachile (Michener 2007). However, the only known host is the Osmiine bee Osmia anceyi (Alfken 1928). Coelioxys osmiae has been seen in the wild from April to June but there are no data about its floral preferences (Alfen 1928, Schwarz 2009).",Coelioxys osmiae is threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation through human activities such as logging and residential or commercial development for housing and tourism. The loss of grasslands affects the species and its hosts. Both direct conversion of grassland for agricultural use and the use of agrochemicals produce severe impacts in many bees including this species.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. The Spanish subpopulation is found in the protected areas of Sierra de Grazalema Natural Park and Sierra de las Nieves Natural Park. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and ecology of the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Ornosa, C.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Coelioxys,polycentris,,Coelioxys polycentris,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)It is listed as Least Concern because, although it is seldom recorded, it has a relatively wide distribution and presumed stable population. However, further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.",Stable,"The species is distributed in central and southern Europe, including Cyprus. Outside of Europe the species reaches Dagestan, Iran and Mongolia. Records from Spain need to be confirmed.",An infrequent but stable species. There is no further information on the species' population size and trends.,"It is thought to inhabit temperate forest, shrubland and grassland, Mediterranean-type shrubland, and inland wetlands such as rivers, streams, creeks and freshwater lakes. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as Megachile pilicrus, M. deceptoria and possibly Tetraloniella nana (Amiet et al. 2004, Scheuchl 1996, Warncke 1992). The species flies in June and July and visits the flowers of Asteraceae.","Generally, the species may be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, and climate change. As the species is kleptoparasitic, it is bound to its host and is therefore threatened by the same factors that affect its host.",The species is listed in the National Red List of the Czech Republic as Regionally Extinct (Farkac et al. 2005). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends to the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Ornosa, C.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Coelioxys,quadridentata,,Coelioxys quadridentata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. However, further research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.",Unknown,"A Euro-Anatolian species that is widely distributed from Spain and Portugal, as far north as the United Kingdom, and east towards Turkey and Siberia in Asia.","This rare species occupies a very broad range and the population, as a whole, must be large as a consequence. There is no further information on the species' population size and trends.","The species inhabits boreal and temperate forest, boreal, temperate and Mediterranean-type shrubland, tundra, temperate grassland, inland wetlands such as rivers, stream and creeks, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. It flies from May to September and has been found on Fabaceae and Cucurbitaceae (Collins 2011). The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species such as Trachusa byssina, Megachile centuncularis, M. circumcincta, M. leachella, M. willughbiella, Anthophora bimaculata, A. furcata, A. parietina, A. plagiata and probably A. quadrimaculata (Warncke 1992, Amiet et al. 2004, Proshchalykin 2006, Baldock 2008).","The species has no specific threats, but generally, the species may be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, and climate change.","The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987), and the Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends for the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Ornosa, C.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Coelioxys,rufescens,,Coelioxys rufescens,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as it has a wide distribution and it is tolerant of a broad range of habitats. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species.",Unknown,"The species is distributed in the Palearctic region, from Spain north towards Scandinavia and the United Kingdom, and east towards European Russia. The species is also found in north Africa and the Asian part of Russia.","Like other kleptoparasitic bees, this species, though present in a large range, is rare throughout its range and its abundance depends on that of its hosts.","The species inhabits boreal and temperate forest, boreal, temperate and Mediterranean-type shrubland, temperate grassland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as Megachile centuncularis, M. circumcincta, M. willughbiella, M. ericetorum, Anthophora bimaculata, A. borealis, A. fulvitarsis, A. furcata, A. parietina, A. pilipes, A. plagiata and A. quadrimaculata (Grace 2010, Collins 2009, Amiet et al. 2004, Standfuss and Standfuss 1998, Warncke 1992). It flies from April to September. The species has been recorded visiting plants of the family Asteraceae such as Onopordum, Centaurea, and Carduus species.","There appear to be no major threats to this species as a whole. Generally the species may be threatened by residential and commercial developed for housing, herbicides and pesticides, climatic effects such as habitat shifting and altering, and droughts.","The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Norway (Vulnerable; Kålås et al. 2010), and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Ornosa, C.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,abeillei,,Colletes abeillei,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because this species still seems to be widespread and common within its large European range.,Unknown,"Colletes abeillei occurs in southwest Europe from Italy to Portugal and it is also known from higher altitudes in the Moroccan Atlas Mountains (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 1,326,721 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 480 km².",Little is known about the populations of this species but it seems to be widespread and is regularly recorded within its range. There is no detailed information about trends.,"The habitats used by Colletes abeillei are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Asteraceae (it is broadly oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,acutiformis,,Colletes acutiformis,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Listed as Not Applicable because the European range of Colletes acutiformis is   restricted to small areas in the southern Iberian Peninsula   and Sicily representing less than 1% of the total range of this  species that is   widespread in north Africa and the Middle East.,Unknown,"Colletes acutiformis is mainly distributed in the Middle East and north Africa. The species is only marginally occurring in Europe and it is only known from Sicily and southern Portugal (Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 1,910 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².","No information is available about the populations or the trends for this species, but from the available records it is likely that populations are small and isolated.","The habitats used by Colletes acutiformis are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g. Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a flower visitor that preferably collects pollen on Brassicaceae (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants, but with strong preference for Brassicaceae) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host forage plants.","This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,acutus,,Colletes acutus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because this species still seems to be widespread and common within its range.,Unknown,"Colletes acutus has been recorded from north-west Africa and in Europe from Italy to the Iberian Peninsula (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 664,293 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 104 km².",Little is known about the populations or trends of this species but it seems to be widespread and is regularly recorded within its range.,"The habitats used by Colletes acutus are unknown in detail but likely are open vegetation types (e.g. Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a flower visitor that preferably collects pollen on Brassicaceae and Asteraceae (mesolectic) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g. agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action.It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.    The species is plentiful in the Parque National de Doñana and in the surrounding Parque Natural in Andalucia, southern Spain.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,albomaculatus,,Colletes albomaculatus,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (620 km²), it is disappearing from the northern limits of its range and there is likely to be a decline in the habitat of the species due to anthropogenic pressure, thus making this species close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B2.",Decreasing,"Colletes albomaculatus is widely distributed in north Africa, southern and south-central Europe towards the Middle East and Central Asia (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann 2005, Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007, Roberts et al. 2011, Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 3,946,279 km² and in the EU 27 is 3,173,130 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 620 km² and in the EU 27 is 508 km².",Little is known about the populations of Colletes albomaculatus but it is likely to be in decline due to anthropogenic pressure on its habitats. At the northern limits of its range this species is disappearing for unknown reasons but change in habitat size and quality is a likely cause.,"The habitats used by Colletes albomaculatus are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a flower visitor that preferably collects pollen on Resedaceae (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants, but with strong preference for Resedaceae) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (agriculture, habitat destruction, change in land use) of habitat (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005) and Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,anchusae,,Colletes anchusae,,,No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed  as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (Europe 60  km², EU 27 16 km²), populations generally seem to be small and isolated  and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, and the quality of the habitat of the species is declining due to  anthropogenic pressure and changes in land use affecting its sole host  plant, thus qualifying the species for Endangered under Criterion  B2.",Decreasing,"Colletes anchusae occurs from the Balkans to Ukraine and Turkey (Müller and Kuhlmann 2003, Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007, Roberts et al. 2011, Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 349,083 km² and in the EU 27 is 100,510 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 60 km² and in the EU 27 is 16 km².",Populations of Colletes anchusae generally seem to be small and  isolated. Genetic exchange between populations is likely to be very limited or missing so this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented. Because of its high degree of flower specialization (only Cynoglottis barrelieri is visited for pollen collecting) this bee species is likely to be particularly prone to anthropogenic loss of habitats and decline in population size. The lack of records in recent decades confirm that there is a decline in the area of occupancy (AOO).,"The habitats used by Colletes anchusae are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g. grasslands, steppe habitats). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Cynoglottis barrelieri (Boraginaceae) (it is narrowly oligolectic) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2003, 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g. agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,brevigena,,Colletes brevigena,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because this species is still widespread and common within its range.,Unknown,"Colletes brevigena has been found in southern and south-central Europe towards Turkey and the Caucasus (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007, Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 4,263,765 km² and in the EU 27 is 3,481,227 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 252 km² and in the EU 27 is 224 km².",Little is known about the populations of this species but it is widespread and regularly recorded within its range.,"The habitats used by Colletes brevigena are unknown in the southern part of its range but likely are open vegetation types (e.g. Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). In south-central Europe it can be found in warm and open, preferably semi-natural grassland sites. The species is a flower visitor without a preference for a certain group of plants (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,canescens,,Colletes canescens,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient because there are some taxonomic uncertainties about the status and identification of this species and there is very little known about its ecology and distribution.,Unknown,"Colletes canescens is known from the western Mediterranean region (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The species also occurs in northern Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 396,174 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².","Little is known about the populations of this species but given that it has been very rarely recorded, populations seem to be very small and fragmented.","The habitats used by Colletes canescens are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g. Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). No information is available on flower visitation (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change in land use) of habitat (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,carinatus,,Colletes carinatus,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because within its range it is widespread and regularly recorded.,Unknown,"Colletes carinatus is distributed from Italy and the Balkans to Central Asia (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann 2005, Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007, Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 2,618,103 km² and in the EU 27 is 1,835,548 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 136 km² and in the EU 27 is 80 km².",Little is known about the populations of this species but it is widespread and regularly recorded within its range.,"The habitats used by Colletes carinatus are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a flower visitor that preferably collects pollen on Allium (Amaryllidaceae) (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants, but  with strong preference for Allium) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002).      It  is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g. open vegetation  types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this  species.   Further research is required to establish the  current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the  existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,cariniger,,Colletes cariniger,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because this species still seems to be widespread and common within its range.,Unknown,"Colletes cariniger occurs from the Balkans and Middle East to the Caucasus (Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 217,156 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 124 km².",Little is known about the populations of this species but it seems to be widespread and is regularly recorded within its range.,"The habitats used by Colletes cariniger are include open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Asteraceae (it is broadly oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008). Nests are constructed in loose aggregations in lightly vegetated ground (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,caskanus,,Colletes caskanus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed  as Data Deficient because this species has been very rarely recorded in Europe and is only known  from a few places. More information is required on the distribution and ecology before the species can be assessed.,Unknown,"Colletes caskanus has been recorded from the Balkans and the Middle East towards Turkey and Iran (Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 97,338 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km². Within the EU 27 this species has only been found in two places in Greece. Here its EOO is 349 km² and the AOO is 8 km².",Little is known about the populations of Colletes caskanus but they seem to be small and isolated. In Europe the species is at the north-western edge of its range and populations seem to be fragmented.,"The habitats used by Colletes caskanus are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a flower visitor without a preference for a particular group of plants (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,caspicus,,Colletes caspicus,,,No,EN,"B2ab(i,iii)",No,EN,"B2ab(i,iii)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (108 km²), there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO) and suitable habitat of the species, the populations are fragmented and presumably there is a strong anthropogenic pressure on habitats especially in coastal areas, qualifying the species for Endangered under Criterion B2.",Decreasing,"Colletes caspicus has been recorded from north Germany where it is now extinct (Westrich et al. 2008) to Central Asia (Kuhlmann 2005, Kuhlmann and Proshchalykin 2011, Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 1,676,621 km² and in the EU 27 is 511,237 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 108 km² and in the EU 27 is 40 km².","Little information is available about this species but populations seem to be fragmented, small and isolated. Colletes caspicus is now extinct in the western parts of its former range (Westrich et al. 2008) indicating that further declines are very likely.","The habitats used by Colletes caspicus are not well understood but the species seems to have a preference for open sandy habitats and was found in coastal dunes. The species is a flower visitor that preferably collects pollen on Fabaceae (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants, but  with strong preference for Fabaceae) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (agriculture, tourist developments in coastal areas, habitat destruction) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2008, Westrich et al. 2011) and Lithuania (Vulnerable; Rašomavičius 2007).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,chengtehensis,,Colletes chengtehensis,,,No,VU,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii))EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN B2ab(iii))For Europe, Colletes chengtehensis  is listed as Vulnerable because the area of occupancy (AOO) is small (188 km²), the populations are severely fragmented and isolated and there is continuing decline in the suitable steppe habitat due to anthropogenic pressure (agriculture, change in land use). However a rescue effect is possible because the eastern  populations are closer to Central Asia where this species still seems  to be quite common, so it is appropriate to downlist the Red List category from Endangered to Vulnerable. For the EU 27 Colletes chengtehensis  is listed as Endangered because the area of occupancy (AOO) is small (64 km²), the populations are severely fragmented and isolated and there is  continuing decline in the suitable steppe habitat due to anthropogenic  pressure (agriculture, change in land use). There is no possible rescue effect.",Decreasing,"Colletes chengtehensis is widely distributed in steppe-like regions from eastern Austria and Greece to north-eastern China (Kuhlmann and Dorn 2002; Kuhlmann 2005, 2009a,b; Kuhlmann and Proshchalykin 2011; Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012; Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 1,700,536 km² and in the EU 27 is 176,417 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 188 km² and in the EU 27 is 64 km².","Within Europe, and at the edge of its range, Colletes chengtehensis seems to be restricted to steppe habitats that are generally under anthropogenic pressure. Remaining suitable habitats are fragmented and it is likely that its populations are in decline. The sub-populations seem to be isolated, presumably with no or little genetic exchange between them, and are thus considered to be severely fragmented.",In the European part of its range Colletes chengtehenis seems to have a preference for open steppe habitats. No information is available on flower visitation (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).,"Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.  It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,collaris,,Colletes collaris,,,No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (Europe 168 km², EU 27 166 km²), there is a continuing decline in the numbers of populations,   populations are isolated and fragmented and  decline of suitable habitat   as documented by the Red List status in three European  countries, thus   qualifying the species for Vulnerable under Criterion  B2ab(ii,iii).",Decreasing,"Colletes collaris has a very wide range from Spain to Japan (Kuhlmann and Dorn 2002; Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002; Kuhlmann 2005, 2009; Kuhlmann and Proshchalykin 2011; Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 642,741 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 168 km² and in the EU 27 is 166 km².","Populations of Colletes collaris seem to be generally small and isolated. Within its entire range, populations seem to be fragmented with clear signs of decline in central Europe.","The habitats used by Colletes collaris are little known but in central Europe it prefers warm and open grassland sites (Westrich 1997). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Asteraceae (it is broadly oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008, Westrich 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants. Warm and open grassland sites, which are the preferred habitat of C. collaris, are generally in decline because traditional land use (like sheep grazing) is in decline so sites are used in different ways or are overgrown by bushes and trees as a result of natural succession.","This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the following three countries: Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994), Germany (Rare; Westrich et al. 2008, Westrich et al. 2011) and Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,creticus,,Colletes creticus,,,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"Listed as Near Threatened because its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,185 km², its area of occupancy (AOO) is 136 km² and there seems to be a continuous decline in the likely habitats of the species (open grasslands and Mediterranean shrublands) due to touristic developments and agriculture but populations are likely to be stable, thus making this species close to qualifying for Vulnerable under Criterion B.",Unknown,"Colletes creticus is endemic to the island of Crete (Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 7,185 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 136 km².","The populations of Colletes creticus are likely to be small and fragmented given the extent of agricultural land transformation and  touristic developments in large parts of Crete, but  little information is currently available. The population trend of the species is unknown.","The habitats used by Colletes creticus are largely unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a flower visitor without a preference for a certain group of plants (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g. agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use, touristic developments) of habitat (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,cunicularius,,Colletes cunicularius,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because despite declines in populations, particularly in western Europe, Colletes cunicularius is still widespread and can be common in suitable habitats including man-made sites like sandpits.",Decreasing,"Colletes cunicularius has a very wide distribution range from Spain, Britain and Scandinavia in the west to the Pacific coast of Siberia and north-eastern China in the east (Kuhlmann and Dorn 2002, Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007, Kuhlmann and Proshchalykin 2011, Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 7,495,992 km² and in the EU 27 is 6,182,927 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 1,016 km² and in the EU 27 is 656 km².","Populations of this species seem to be in decline, at least in western Europe, but the species is still widespread and regularly found in suitable habitats.","Colletes cunicularius has a strong preference for open sandy places especially in alluvial areas but can also be found in man made habitats like sandpits (Westrich 1989). The species is a flower visitor without a preference for a certain group of plants (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change in land use) of habitat (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the following three countries: Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994), Great Britain (Rare; Shirt 1987) and Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    The species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,cyprius,,Colletes cyprius,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Listed as Near Threatened because its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,506 km², its area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km² but the species is under-recorded so its EOO and AOO are certainly larger (though less than 20,000 km² and 2,000 km², respectively). There seems to be a continuous decline in the likely habitats of  the species (open grasslands and Mediterranean shrublands) due to touristic developments and agriculture but  populations are likely to be stable, thus making this species close to  qualifying for Vulnerable under Criterion B.",Unknown,"Colletes cyprius is endemic to the island of Cyprus (Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The known extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,506 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km².  However, the species is under-recorded on Cyprus so its EOO and AOO are certainly larger although the EOO is less than 20,000 km² and the AOO is less than 2,000 km².","The populations of Colletes cyprius are likely to be small and  fragmented given the extent of agricultural land transformation and   touristic developments in large parts of Crete, but  little information  is currently available. The population trend of the species is unknown.","The habitats used by Colletes cyprius are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g. Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a flower visitor without a preference for a certain group of plants (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g. agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use, touristic developments) of habitat (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g. open vegetation  types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this  species.    Further research is required to establish the current  status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing  threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,daviesanus,,Colletes daviesanus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because this species is still widespread and common within its range.,Stable,"Colletes daviesanus has a wide distribution range occurring from Portugal, the British Isles and Scandinavia to Siberia and north-eastern China (Kuhlmann and Dorn 2002; Kuhlmann 2005, 2009; Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007; Kuhlmann and Proshchalykin 2011; Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012; Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 8,027,635 km² and in the EU 27 is 5,417,366 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 2,068 km² and in the EU 27 is 1,500 km².",Populations of Colletes daviesanus seem to be stable at least in most of its range. Within its range it is one of the most common species of the genus.,"Colletes daviesanus is known from a range of different habitats including anthropogenic environments like parks and gardens in cities (Westrich 1989). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Asteraceae (it is broadly oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Ireland (Data Deficient; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,dimidiatus,,Colletes dimidiatus,,,Yes,VU,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",Yes,VU,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",EU27,,"Listed as Vulnerable because its extent of occurrence (EOO) is probably less than 20,000 km², its area of occupancy (AOO) is probably less than 2,000 km² and there is a continuing decline in the AOO and the habitat of the  species due to strong anthropogenic pressure (agriculture, tourism),  thus qualifying the species for Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"Colletes dimidiatus is endemic to the Canary Islands where it is known from the islands of Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Gomera, El Hierro and La Palma (Hohmann et al. 1993, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 22,196 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 124 km². However the EOO includes unsuitable habitat (e.g., ocean) so the EOO is smaller (less than 20,000 km²). The AOO is probably larger (though less than 2,000 km²), as the species has probably been under-recorded.","The populations of Colletes dimidiatus are likely to be small    and seem to be isolated, presumably with no or little genetic  exchange  between them. This species is therefore considered severely  fragmented given the extent of agricultural land transformation and    touristic  developments in lower parts of the Canary Islands; however,  little information   is  currently available.  A continuous decline in the habitat and also  of  the population size of the species can be assumed.","The habitats used by Colletes dimidiatus are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands) that are declining on the Canary Islands. No information is available on flower visitation (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (agriculture, touristic developments) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants, particularly on the dry southern parts of the Canary Islands that are prime tourist destinations.","This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,dinizi,,Colletes dinizi,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,Listed as Data Deficient because too little is known about the distribution and ecology of Colletes dinizi.,Unknown,"Colletes dinizi has only been recorded from Portugal (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 9,209 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².","No information is available about either the populations of this species, or population trends, but from the available records it is likely that populations are small and isolated.","The habitats used by Colletes dinizi are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands) including sandy coastal (dune) areas. No information is available on flower visitation (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (change in land use, habitat destruction, touristic developments in coastal areas) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.   Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,dusmeti,,Colletes dusmeti,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because this species still seems to be widespread and common within its range.,Unknown,"Colletes dusmeti occurs in north-eastern Africa, the Iberian Peninsula and south-eastern France (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 555,311 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 188 km².",Little is known about either the populations or population trends of this species but it seems to be widespread and is regularly recorded within its range.,"The habitats used by Colletes dusmeti are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a flower visitor without a preference for a certain group of plants (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,eous,,Colletes eous,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because this species is still widespread and common within its range.,Unknown,"Colletes eous is widespread and has been recorded from Tunisia, all of southern Europe to Central Asia and north-western India (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002; Kuhlmann 2005, 2009; Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007; Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012; Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 5,362,609 km² and in the EU 27 is 3,534,617 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 808 km² and in the EU 27 is 600 km².","Little is known about either the populations, or population trends of this species, but it is widespread and regularly recorded within its range.","The habitats used by Colletes eous are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a flower visitor without a preference for a certain group of plants (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,escalerai,,Colletes escalerai,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Listed as Not Applicable because the European range of Colletes escalerai is restricted to a small area in the southern Iberian Peninsula representing less than 1% of the total range of this  species, which is widespread in north-western Africa.",Unknown,"Colletes escalerai occurs from north-eastern Tunisia to northern Morocco and it has a few populations in the southern Iberian Peninsula (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). Therefore the European range of Colletes escalerai is restricted to a small area  in the southern Iberian Peninsula representing less than 1% of the total  range of this  species, which is widespread in north-western Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 629 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².",No information is available about the populations for this species but from the available records it is likely that populations are small and isolated.,"The habitats used by Colletes escalerai are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a specialized flower visitor that almost exclusively collects pollen on Fabaceae (it is broadly oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,floralis,,Colletes floralis,,,No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii)",No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)Listed as Vulnerable because its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is small (636 km², 500 km²),  there is a continuing decline in the AOO and extent of suitable habitat due to anthropocentric pressures and climate change (populations in the alpine zone of mountains) and the populations are isolated and fragmented, thus qualifying the species for Vulnerable under Criterion  B2.",Decreasing,"Colletes floralis has a very wide distribution from Spain, Ireland, the British Isles and Scandinavia in the west to Japan in the east (Kuhlmann and Dorn 2002; Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002; Kuhlmann 2005, 2009a,b; Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007; Kuhlmann and Proshchalykin 2011; Kuhlmann et al. 2012). While its distribution seems to be more or less continuous in the north of its range living in lowlands, this species has a disjunct distribution pattern in the remaining area. In north-western Europe C. floralis is mostly confined to some coastal areas but is restricted to the alpine zone of mountains in the south from the Sierra Nevada, Pyrenees and the Alps in the west to the Himalayas and Tian Shan in the east. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 7,815,340 km² and in the EU 27 is 5,564,654 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 636 km² and in the EU 27 is 500 km².","The populations of Colletes floralis are highly fragmented and isolated not only in the central European coastal populations, where this species has largely disappeared, but also at its western part of the range in the British Isles (Davis et al. 2010). The situation is likely to be similar in the alpine zone of mountains of central and southern Europe, where C. floralis is only found locally, but probably is less severe in the northern parts of its range where it occurs in lowland areas.","The coastal populations of Colletes floralis are often associated with sand dunes or cliffs (Davis et al. 2010); while little is known about the habitats in northern Europe and the alpine zone of mountains, it likely is associated with open grassland communities. The species is a flower visitor without a preference for a certain group of plants (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (habitat destruction, touristic developments at coastal and alpine zone of mountain areas) of habitat (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants. Both coastal and mountain populations might be negatively affected by climate change causing loss of habitat.","This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the following six European countries: Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2008, Westrich et al. 2011), Ireland (Vulnerable; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006), Spain (Least Concern; Verdú and Galante 2008) and Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010). The species has been the subject of targeted conservation action in Great Britain, and is listed in section 41 of The Natural Environment and Rural Communities (NERC) Act (2006).It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.    The species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,fodiens,,Colletes fodiens,,,No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii)",No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)Listed as Vulnerable because its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is small (1,092 km², 824 km2 ), the species is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the AOO and extent of suitable habitat due to anthropocentric pressures, thus qualifying the species for Vulnerable under Criterion B2.",Decreasing,"Colletes fodiens has a wide distribution range from the Iberian Peninsula and western Europe through Asia Minor and Central Asia eastwards to Mongolia, western China and Pakistan (Kuhlmann and Dorn 2002; Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002; Kuhlmann 2005, 2009; Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007; Kuhlmann and Proshchalykin 2011; Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012; Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 7,005,838 km² and in the EU 27 is 5,243,657 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 1,092 km² and in the EU 27 is 824 km².","The populations of this species are generally in decline in western and central Europe, while in southern Europe Colletes fodiens is widespread but not common and populations seem to be isolated.","In central Europe and Great Britain Colletes fodiens is mainly found in open and warm sandy areas (Westrich 1989, S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013) but little is known about its habitats in other parts of its range. The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Asteraceae (it is broadly oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change in land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the following six European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008, Westrich et al. 2011), Ireland (Data Deficient; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006), Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010) and Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    The species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,foveolaris,,Colletes foveolaris,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because this species is still widespread and common within its range.,Unknown,"Colletes foveolaris is distributed from north-western Africa through southern Europe to western Turkey (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 1,798,918 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 300 km² and in the EU 27 is 296 km².","Little is known about either the populations or population trends of this species, but it is widespread and is regularly recorded within its range.","The habitats used by Colletes foveolaris are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g. Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a flower visitor that preferably collects pollen on Resedaceae (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants, but with strong preference for Resedaceae) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,gallicus,,Colletes gallicus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because within its range it is widespread and regularly recorded.,Unknown,"Colletes gallicus is a species with a western Mediterranean distribution, occurring in north Africa from Tunisia to Morocco and in Europe from the Iberian Peninsula to Italy (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 1,628,472 km² and in the EU 27 is 1,630,027 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 200 km² and in the EU 27 is 172 km².","Little is known about either the populations, or population trends of this species, but it is widespread and regularly recorded within its range.","The habitats used by Colletes gallicus are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a flower visitor without a preference for a certain group of plants (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,graeffei,,Colletes graeffei,,,No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (Europe 192 km², EU 27 160 km²), populations generally seem to be small and isolated, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO and extent and quality of the habitat of the species due to anthropogenic pressure and changes in land use affecting its host plants.",Decreasing,"Colletes graeffei has been recorded from Italy, Austria and the Czech Republic in the west through parts of the Balkans and the Ukraine to the Caucasus area in the east (Schmid-Egger and Kuhlmann 2008, Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 1,365,179 km² and in the EU 27 is 618,508 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 192 km² and in the EU 27 is 160 km².","Populations  of Colletes graeffei generally seem to be small and isolated, presumably with no or little genetic  exchange between them and therefore the species is considered to be severely fragmented. Because of the special habitat requirements (warm, open grassland sites) and forage plants (large flowered Allium species) of this species, anthropogenic loss of habitats and decline in population size is likely.","Colletes graeffei has a preference for open and warm (limestone) grassland sites (Schmid-Egger and Kuhlmann 2008). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Allium (Amaryllidaceae) with large flowers (it is narrowly oligolectic) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008, Schmid-Egger and Kuhlmann 2008), which seem to be in decline.","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants. The preferred habitats of C. graeffei, open and warm (limestone) grassland sites with its Allium host plants are in decline as traditional land use, like sheep grazing, is disappearing. Thus, sites are overgrown by bushes and shrubs (as part of natural succession) or get used in different ways unsuitable for this species.","This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002).      It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.   Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,halophilus,,Colletes halophilus,,,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"Listed as Near Threatened because its area of occupancy (AOO) is relatively small (420 km²), its preferred habitats (salt marshes including dry sandy areas for nesting) are in continuous decline due to  anthropogenic  pressure (e.g., coastal development) and impact of climate change (sea level rise), thus the species is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B2.",Decreasing,"Colletes halophilus is a coastal species only known to occur from the Atlantic coast of southern France to the North Sea in north-western Germany and along parts of southern and south-eastern England (Kuhlmann et al. 2007, 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 369,667 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 420 km².","Many sub-populations of Colletes halophilus seem to be isolated, though they are continuous in much of the range. Populations often appear to be small, particularly since the preferred habitat (salt marshes) are under threat from coastal management schemes. Thus, population declines are likely.","Colletes halophilus almost exclusively occurs at the sandy margins of salt marshes (Kuhlmann et al. 2007). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Asteraceae (it is broadly oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species) with a special preference for Aster tripolium (Kuhlmann et al. 2007, Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (habitat destruction, coastal management, urban and infrastructure development) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants. An additional threat might be climate change induced sea level rise.","This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Rare; Westrich et al. 2008, Westrich et al. 2011). The species has been the subject of targeted conservation action in Great Britain, and is listed in section 41 of The Natural Environment and Rural Communities (NERC) Act (2006).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., coastal salt marshes, coastal grasslands with open vegetation and bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants (principally Aster tripolium) of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    The species occurs in a number of protected areas.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,hederae,,Colletes hederae,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because this species can be locally very common and it is spreading its range into western and central Europe.,Increasing,"Colletes hederae has been recorded from Cyprus and many parts of southern and western Europe where it is currently rapidly extending its range northwards (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002; Bischoff et al. 2005; Kuhlmann et al. 2007, 2012; Roberts et al. 2011). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 3,271,208 km² and in the EU 27 is 3,180,515 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 1,200 km² and in the EU 27 is 1,120 km².","At least in western and central Europe populations are often very large and the species is rapidly extending its range northwards and westwards (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002; Bischoff et al. 2005, Kuhlmann et al. 2007, 2012; Roberts et al. 2011).","Colletes hederae occurs in a wide range of open habitats including anthropogenic habitats like gardens or sand pits. The species is a flower visitor that preferably collects pollen on Hedera (Araliaceae) (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants, but with strong preference for Hedera) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008, Westrich 2008).","This species occupies anthropogenic habitats and is expanding its range, thus, is tolerant of habitat degradation.","This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.    The species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,hethiticus,,Colletes hethiticus,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed  as Data Deficient because this species has been very rarely recorded in Europe and is only known  from a few places. More information is required on the distribution and ecology before the species can be assessed.,Unknown,"Colletes hethiticus occurs from the Balkans eastwards to Turkey, north-western Iran and the Caucasus region (Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 379,908 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km².",Little is known about the either the populations or population trends of Colletes hethiticus but they seem to be small and isolated. In Europe the species is at its north-western edge of its range and populations seem to fragmented.,"The habitats used by Colletes hethiticus are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrublands, grasslands). The species is a flower visitor that preferably collects pollen on Fabaceae (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants, but with strong preference for Fabaceae) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,hylaeiformis,,Colletes hylaeiformis,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because despite being considered threatened on the Red Lists of some central European countries it still is one of the most  widespread species of this genus in Europe.,Decreasing,"Colletes hylaeiformis is known from most parts of southern and south-central Europe through the Ukraine and Asia Minor to the southern parts of Central Asia (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann 2005, Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007, Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 4,941,372 km² and in the EU 27 is 3,839,161 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 760 km² and in the EU 27 is 560 km².","While populations at the edge of its range in central Europe are decreasing, the  situation in southern Europe is less clear; however, declines in southern Europe are likely, due to loss of habitat. Nevertheless, Colletes hylaeiformis still is one of the most widespread European species of this genus and is regularly recorded.","Details of the habitats used by Colletes hylaeiformis are unknown but but it is known from open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Eryngium (Apiaceae) (it is narrowly oligolectic) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the following four European countries: Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008, Westrich et al. 2011) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    The species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,impunctatus,,Colletes impunctatus,,,No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii)",Yes,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)Listed as Vulnerable because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (576 km²),   there is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy and extent and quality of the habitat due to anthropocentric pressures, and the populations are isolated and fragmented, thus  qualifying the species for Vulnerable under Criterion  B2.",Decreasing,"Colletes impunctatus has a wide distribution from western and central Europe and Scandinavia in the west to Siberia and Mongolia in the east (Kuhlmann and Dorn 2002, Kuhlmann 2009, Kuhlmann and Proshchalykin 2011, Roberts et al. 2011, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). While its distribution seems to be more or less continuous in the north of its range, this species has a disjunct distribution pattern in the remaining area. In north-western Europe C. impunctatus is confined to some coastal areas but is restricted to some mountain areas in the south (parts of the Alps, Tatra Mountains). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 2,493,597 km² and in the EU 27 is 2,240,136 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 576 km² and in the EU 27 is 312 km².","The populations of Colletes impunctatus are highly fragmented and  isolated in the central European coastal populations, where  this species has disappeared or is in decline in many places. The situation is likely to be similar in the Alps and Tatra Mountains, where C. impunctatus is only found locally, but probably is less severe in the northern parts of its range.","The coastal populations of Colletes impunctatus are associated with sand dunes and in the mountains the species can be found in sparsely vegetated and often stony areas (Westrich 1989). Little is known about the habitats in northern Europe. The species is a flower visitor that preferably collects pollen on Fabaceae (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants, but with strong preference for Fabaceae) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (habitat destruction,  touristic developments at coastal and mountain areas) of habitat (e.g.,  open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.  Both coastal and mountain population might be negatively affected by  climate change causing loss of habitat.","This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the following five European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008, Threatened but level unknown, Westrich et al. 2011 ), Netherlands (Near Threatened; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010) and Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,inexpectatus,,Colletes inexpectatus,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed  as Least Concern because despite declines at the western edge of its range this species seems to be widespread and at least locally common within the rest of its range.,Decreasing,"Colletes inexpectatus is known from south-eastern Poland, Slovakia, eastern Austria and the Balkans to Central Asia (Kuhlmann and Dorn 2002, Kuhlmann 2005, Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 1,323,964 km² and in the EU 27 is 631,064 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 224 km² and in the EU 27 is 164 km².","While populations at the western edge of its range in central Europe seem to be in decline, the  situation in eastern Europe is less clear; however, declines there are likely due to loss of habitat. Nevertheless, Colletes inexpectatus still seems to be widespread within its range.","The habitats used by Colletes inexpectatus are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., steppe areas, grasslands). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Asteraceae (it is broadly oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005)    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,intricans,,Colletes intricans,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Listed as Not Applicable because the European range of Colletes intricans is  restricted to a small area in the southern Iberian Peninsula  representing less than 1% of the total range of this  species, which is  widespread in north Africa.",Unknown,"Colletes intricans occurs in north Africa from Egypt to Morocco and in Europe it is only known from two sites in the southern Iberian Peninsula (Kuhlmann and Ortiz-Sánchez 2007, Kuhlmann et al. 2012), representing less than 1% of the total range of this  species. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 679 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².",No information is available about the populations or population trends for this species but from the available records it is likely that populations are small and isolated.,"The habitats used by Colletes intricans are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a moderately specialized flower visitor that prefers to collect pollen on Fabaceae and Resedaceae (mesolectic) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,ligatus,,Colletes ligatus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because this species still seems to be widespread and common within its range.,Unknown,"Colletes ligatus is known from Tunisia to Morocco, the Iberian Peninsula and southern France (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 541,302 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 104 km².",Little is known about either the populations or population trends of this species but it seems to be widespread and is regularly recorded within its range.,"The habitats used by Colletes ligatus are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Apiaceae (it is broadly oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,maidli,,Colletes maidli,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because this species is still widespread and common within its range.,Unknown,"Colletes maidli has a wide distribution from the Iberian Peninsula through southern Europe to Ukraine and Egypt, the Middle East to Asia Minor and Central Asia (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann 2005, Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007, Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 5,082,642 km² and in the EU 27 is 3,616,986 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 580 km² and in the EU 27 is 480 km².",Little is known about either the populations or population trends of this species but it is widespread and regularly recorded within its range.,"The habitats used by Colletes maidli are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a flower visitor without a preference for a certain group of plants (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,marginatus,,Colletes marginatus,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because this species seems to be widespread and at least locally common within its range.,Decreasing,"Colletes marginatus occurs from southern Scandinavia, Britain and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Balkans, Ukraine and the Altai Mountains in the east (Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007, Kuhlmann and Proshchalykin 2011, Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 6,451,248 km² and in the EU 27 is 5,630,178 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) is 724 km² and in the EU 27 is 616 km².","While populations in northern and central Europe are decreasing, the  situation in southern and eastern Europe is less clear; however, declines there are likely due to loss of habitat. Nevertheless, Colletes marginatus still is one of the most widespread (although not common) European species of this genus.","In central Europe and Great Britain Colletes marginatus only occurs in sandy areas (Westrich 1989, S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013) but little is known about habitat preferences in other parts of Europe. The species is a flower visitor without a preference for a certain group of plants (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the following six European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008, Westrich et al. 2011), Great Britain (Rare; Shirt 1987), Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010), Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010) and Finland (Vulnerable; Rassi et al. 2010).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    The species occurs in  protected areas.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,merceti,,Colletes merceti,,,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"Listed  as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (24  km²), populations generally seem to be small and isolated  and there is a continuing decline in the habitat of the species due to  anthropogenic pressure (intense agriculture) and changes in land use,  thus qualifying the species for Endangered under Criterion B2ab(iii).",Decreasing,"Colletes merceti is endemic to a small arid area in south-eastern Spain (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,118 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km².","The populations of Colletes merceti  appear to be very small, localized in an intensely used agricultural  landscape, and seem to be isolated presumably with no or little genetic  exchange between them. This species is therefore considered severely fragmented. The population trend of the species is declining.","The specific habitats used by Colletes merceti are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands) and semi-desert environments. Within its entire range the natural habitats have been transformed on large scale by agriculture, particularly. No information is available on flower visitation (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (habitat destruction by intense agriculture) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is listed in the Spanish Red Data Book as Least Concern (Verdú and Galante 2008).It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.  It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,meyeri,,Colletes meyeri,,,No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed  as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (Europe 76  km², EU 27 68 km²), populations generally seem to be small and isolated  and there likely is a continuing decline in the AOO and extent of habitat due to  anthropogenic pressure and changes in land use (overgrazing) affecting its host  plants, thus qualifying the species for Endangered under Criterion  B2.",Decreasing,"Colletes meyeri is only known from the Balkans, Turkey and the Caucasus region (Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 382,851 km² and in the EU 27 is 180,708 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 76 km² and in the EU 27 is 68 km².","The populations of Colletes meyeri  seem to be small and isolated presumably with no or little genetic  exchange between them; this species is therefore considered severely fragmented. Because of its high degree of flower specialization (only Campanula and Asyneuma species  are  visited for pollen collecting), this bee species is likely to be   particularly prone to anthropogenic loss of habitats due to overgrazing and decline in   population size. Thus, it is likely that the population of this species is declining.","The habitats used by Colletes meyeri are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands) in higher altitudes (800 - 2,500 m). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Campanulaceae (Asyneuma, Campanula) (it is oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,mlokossewiczi,,Colletes mlokossewiczi,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because this species is still widespread and common within its range.,Unknown,"Colletes mlokossewiczi occurs in southern and south-central Europe eastwards via Ukraine and Asia Minor to Central Asia (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002; Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007; Burger and Kuhlmann 2008; Kuhlmann 2005, 2009; Kuhlmann and Proshchalykin 2011; Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012; Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 5,417,612 km² and in the EU 27 is 3,335,377 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 504 km² and in the EU 27 is 272 km².",Little is known about either the populations or population trends of this species but it is widespread and regularly recorded within its range.,"The habitats used by Colletes mlokossewiczi are little known but in central Europe it seems to prefer warm calcareous grassland sites (Burger and Kuhlmann 2008). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Asteraceae (it is broadly oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008, Westrich 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,moricei,,Colletes moricei,,,Yes,VU,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",No,VU,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",EU27,,"Listed  as Vulnerable because its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 10,342 km², the  area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km² (species is under-recorded so AOO is probably larger, although less  than 2,000 km²), the species is severely fragmented and there is a continuing  decline in the AOO and extent and quality of the habitat of the species due to strong anthropogenic  pressure (agriculture, tourism).",Unknown,"Colletes moricei is endemic to the Canary Islands where it is known from the islands of Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Gomera and La Palma (Hohmann et al. 1993, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 10,342 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km². However, the AOO is probably larger (though less  than 2,000 km²), as the species has most likely been under-recorded.","The populations of Colletes moricei are likely to be small  and fragmented given the extent of agricultural land transformation and  touristic developments on the lower parts of the Canary Islands, but  little information is currently available. The population trends are unknown.","The specific habitats used by Colletes moricei are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands). Within its range the natural habitats have been transformed on  large scale as a result of anthropogenic  pressure (particularly agriculture and tourism). No information is available on flower visitation (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (agriculture, touristic developments) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,nasutus,,Colletes nasutus,,,No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed   as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (Europe 400   km², EU 27 288 km²), populations generally seem to be small and isolated   and there is a continuing loss in the AOO and in the extent and quality of the habitat of this species due to   anthropogenic pressure and changes in land use affecting its host   plants, thus qualifying the species for Endangered.",Decreasing,"Colletes nasutus has been found in parts of central Europe, the Balkans, Ukraine and Asia Minor to the Caucasus region and Iran (Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007, Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 2,172,610 km² and in the EU 27 is 1,116,999 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 400 km² and in the EU 27 is 288 km².","The populations of Colletes nasutus generally seem to be small and  isolated presumably with no or little genetic  exchange between them; this species is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. A rapid and continuous decline of this species has been observed in central and eastern Europe. Because of its high degree of flower specialization (only Anchusa species are  visited for pollen collecting) this bee species is likely to be  particularly prone to anthropogenic loss of habitats and decline in  population size. Thus, it is likely that the population of this species is declining.","The habitats used by Colletes nasutus are largely unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., grasslands, steppe habitats), and sandy soil seems to be required for nesting (Westrich 1989). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Anchusa (Boraginaceae) (it is narrowly oligolectic) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008, Westrich et al. 2011).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,nigricans,,Colletes nigricans,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because this species is still widespread and common within its range.,Unknown,"Colletes nigricans is a western Mediterranean species occurring from Tunisia to Morocco and from the Iberian Peninsula to the western part of the Balkans (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Roberts et al. 2011, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 2,470,361 km² and in the EU 27 is 2,453,025 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 1,084 km² and in the EU 27 is 960 km².",Nothing is known about either the populations or the population trend but within its range Colletes nigricans is one of the most common species of the genus.,"The habitats used by Colletes nigricans are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a flower visitor without a preference for a certain group of plants (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,noskiewiczi,,Colletes noskiewiczi,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because this species still seems to be widespread and common within its range.,Unknown,"Colletes noskiewiczi has been recorded from the Iberian Peninsula and northern Morocco (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 367,292 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 76 km².",Little is known about either the populations or population trends of this species but it seems to be widespread and is regularly recorded within its range.,"The habitats used by Colletes noskiewiczi are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Asteraceae (it is broadly oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,pannonicus,,Colletes pannonicus,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Colletes pannonicus is listed as Least Concern because although it has a very restricted area of occupancy (AOO) (4 km²), the only known population is in a National Park and seems to be reasonably safe. The distribution and habitat preferences of the species are quite well understood, but the population should be monitored.",Stable,"Colletes pannonicus has recently been described and is only known from a single locality (the type locality) near the Neusiedler See lake in eastern Austria (Hölzler and Mazzucco 2011, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².",Little is known about the population or population trends of Colletes pannonicus but given its habitat and occurrence in a National Park the population is likely to be stable.,Colletes pannonicus seems to be restricted to steppic pastures and meadows at the margins of saline ponds. The species seems to have a strong preference for Tripolium pannonicum (Asteraceae) (Hölzler and Mazzucco 2011). Distribution and habitat preferences of the species are quite well understood due to the work of local entomologists.,Given its habitat and occurrence in a National Park there are no obvious threats to this species.,"This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.    The species occurs in a National Park area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,perezi,,Colletes perezi,,,No,VU,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",No,VU,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)Listed as Vulnerable because although its known extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,107 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km² (qualifying it as Endangered), the species is under-recorded on Crete  so its EOO and AOO are certainly larger (though less than 20,000 km² and 2,000 km², respectively). The populations are likely to be small   and severely  fragmented and there seems to be a continuous decline in the AOO and the  habitat of  the species, thus qualifying this  species for  Vulnerable.Although less than 1% of the global population of C. perezi is found in Europe, it is possible that the population on Crete is a different species, and therefore a precautionary approach was taken and the species was assessed in Europe. If the population on Crete does turn out to be C. perezi, then the species would be assessed as NA (Not Applicable) because &lt;1% of the global population will be present in Europe.",Unknown,"Colletes perezi is known from the Middle East, the Arabian Peninsula, north Africa and Crete (Frommer and Kuhlmann 2009, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The known extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 3,107 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km². However the species is under-recorded on Crete  so its EOO and AOO are certainly larger, though less than 20,000 km² and 2,000 km² respectively.","The populations of Colletes perezi are likely to be small    and appear to be isolated, presumably with no or little genetic  exchange  between them. Considering this, and given the extent of agricultural land transformation and    touristic  developments in large parts of Crete, this species is believed to be severely  fragmented; however,  little information   is  currently available.  Given rapid land transformation in Crete, a continuous decline in the habitat and also  of  the population size of the species can be assumed.","The habitats used by Colletes perezi are unknown but likely are open vegetation, desert and semi-desert environments. The species is a flower visitor without a preference for a certain group of plants (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008, Frommer and Kuhlmann 2009).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (agriculture, tourism) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,pulchellus,,Colletes pulchellus,,,Yes,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii)",Yes,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii)",EU27,,"Listed   as Vulnerable because it still seems to be widespread although  its area of occupancy (AOO) is 92   km² (likely to be under recorded but can be assumed to be less than 2,000 km²), populations generally seem to be small, severely fragmented and there likely is a continuing decline in the AOO and the habitat of the species due to   anthropogenic pressure and changes in land use also affecting its host   plants, thus qualifying the species for Vulnerable under Criterion   B2ab(ii,iii).",Decreasing,"Colletes pulchellus so far has only been found in Spain and France (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 364,645 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 92 km². However, the species likely is under recorded so its AOO is certainly larger, but can be assumed to be less than 2,000 km².","Little is known about either the populations or population trends of Colletes pulchellus. The species seems to be relatively widespread but populations are likely to be generally small and isolated, with little or no genetic exchange, thus the populations are considered severely fragmented. Given that the likely habitats are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands) and these areas are under threat and declining across Europe, it can be assumed that the population of this species is declining.","The habitats used by Colletes pulchellus are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a flower visitor that preferably collects pollen on Fabaceae (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants, but with strong preference for Fabaceae) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008). Given the combination of habitat requirements (Mediterranean shrub lands/grasslands  and host plants) necessary for this species to occur and that  suitable  habitats of this type are generally under threat, it is likely  that the  area of occupancy is declining.","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,punctatus,,Colletes punctatus,,,No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed  as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (Europe 160  km², EU 27 96 km²) and populations generally seem to be small and isolated (presumably with no or little genetic  exchange between them). Furthermore, given the combination of habitat requirements (shrub lands/grasslands and host plants) necessary for this species to occur and that   suitable habitats of this type are generally under threat (also  affecting its host   plants), it is likely  that the AOO is  declining along with the extent and quality of habitat, thus qualifying the species for Endangered.",Decreasing,"Colletes punctatus occurs from Poland, Slovakia and Austria in the west through the Ukraine and the Balkans to the Middle East, Asia Minor to the Caucasus region in the east (Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007, Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 1,085,238 km² and in the EU 27 is 572,813 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 160 km² and in the EU 27 is 96 km².","The populations of Colletes punctatus generally seem to be small and  isolated presumably with no or little genetic  exchange between them. This species is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. Because of its high degree of flower specialization (only Nigella species are  visited for pollen collecting), this bee species is likely to be  particularly prone to anthropogenic loss of habitats and decline in  population size.","The habitats used by Colletes punctatus are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Nigella (Ranunculaceae) (it is narrowly oligolectic) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008). Given the combination of habitat requirements (shrub lands/grasslands and host plants) necessary for this species to occur and that  suitable habitats of this type are generally under threat, it is likely  that the area of occupancy (AOO) is declining.","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,schmidi,,Colletes schmidi,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Colletes schmidi is listed as Least Concern because despite its very small extent of occurrence (EOO) (318 km²) and area of occupancy (AOO) (40 km²), there are no immediate threats recognizable in the National Park area where much of the population seems to exist. The species needs to be closely monitored because although there is no specific evidence that climate change is currently impacting the area where the species is found, it could be a serious potential threat in the future. This species is listed as Vulnerable in the Spanish Red Data Book (Verdú et al. 2011) based on the suggested negative impact of tourism and human development in the Sierra Nevada. Given that the species is known from a National Park, it is assumed here that C. schmidi is fairly well protected and not threatened.",Stable,"Colletes schmidi is an endemic species of higher altitudes in the Spanish Sierra Nevada (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 318 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km².","No detailed data is available about this but the size of the populations of this species but Colletes schmidi generally is not abundant. The species seems to be restricted to high alpine habitats in a National Park area, so no declines are expected.","The habitats used by Colletes schmidi are not well known but likely are open vegetation types (e.g. Alpine meadows) and the species seems to prefer areas near streams and high mountain lakes. The species is a flower visitor without a preference for a certain group of plants (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Potential threats are the anthropogenic loss of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants by touristic activities (trampling, building of facilities for winter sports) and potentially change in habitat caused by climate change because Colletes schmidi just occurs in the highest parts of the Sierra Nevada.","This species is listed as Vulnerable in the Spanish Red Data Book (Verdú et al. 2011). It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends. The species occurs in a National Park area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,senilis,,Colletes senilis,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed  as Data Deficient because this species has been very rarely recorded and is only known  from a few places. More information is required on the distribution and ecology before the species can be assessed.,Unknown,"Colletes senilis has been found from Italy, the Balkans and Asia Minor to Central Asia (Kuhlmann 2005, Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007, Kuhlmann and Proshchalykin 2011, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 1,896,629 km² and in the EU 27 is 102,804 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 28 km² and in the EU 27 is 16 km².",No information is available about the populations for this species but from the few available records it is likely that populations are small and isolated.,"The habitats used by Colletes senilis are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Asteraceae (it is broadly oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,sidemii,,Colletes sidemii,,,No,,,No,NE,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE) Listed as Not Applicable because the European range of Colletes sidemii is restricted to a small area in the east of the European part of the Russian Federation representing less than 1% of the total range of this species that is widespread in Asia.It does not occur within the EU 27.,Unknown,"Colletes sidemii is a species with an eastern Palearctic distribution that has mainly been found in the Asian part of Russia, Mongolia, China and Central Asia with only two records from the eastern part of European Russia (Kuhlmann and Dorn 2002; Kuhlmann 2005, 2009; Kuhlmann and Proshchalykin 2011; Kuhlmann et al. 2012). Therefore the European population represents less than 1% of the total range of this species. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 591 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km² but it does not occur within the EU 27.",No information is available about the either the European populations or population trends of Colletes sidemii.,"The habitats used by Colletes sidemii are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., grasslands). No information is available on flower visitation (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,sierrensis,,Colletes sierrensis,,,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed   as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (Europe 44   km², EU 27 16 km²) and populations generally seem to be small and isolated  (presumably with no or little genetic  exchange  between them). Furthermore, given the combination of habitat requirements (grasslands/light  forests and host plant) necessary for this species to occur and that  suitable habitats of this type are generally under threat (also affecting its host   plants) it is likely  that the AOO is declining along with the extent and  quality of habitat, thus qualifying the species for Endangered.",Unknown,"Colletes sierrensis has only been recorded from Spain, France and Switzerland (Kuhlmann and Ortiz-Sánchez 2005, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 56,837 km² and in the EU 27 is 16,640 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 44 km² and in the EU 27 is 16 km². Given the combination of habitat requirements (grasslands/light  forests  and host plants) necessary for this species to occur and that  suitable  habitats of this type are generally under threat, it is likely  that  the area of occupancy is declining.","The populations of Colletes sierrensis generally seem to be small and  isolated, presumably with no or little genetic  exchange between them; this species is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. Because of its high degree of flower specialization (only Odontites species, with a special preference for O. viscosus, are  visited for pollen collecting) this bee species is likely to be  particularly prone to anthropogenic loss of habitats.","Colletes sierrensis can be found in open grasslands and light forests where its principal host-plant Odontites viscosus occurs (Westrich and Westrich 2006). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Odontites (Orobanchaceae) (it is narrowly oligolectic) (Westrich and Westrich 2006, Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,similis,,Colletes similis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because despite being on the Red List of some northern and central European countries, it still is one of the most common species of this genus in Europe and it occurs in a range of places including anthropogenic habitats.",Decreasing,"Colletes similis is present in Europe from southern Scandinavia to the Mediterranean, in parts of north Africa, the Middle East, Asia Minor to Central Asia and western China (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002; Kuhlmann 2005, 2009; Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007; Kuhlmann and Proshchalykin 2011; Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012; Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 8,154,514 km² and in the EU 27 is 7,177,061 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 2,256 km² and in the EU 27 is 1,772 km².","While populations in northern and central Europe are decreasing, the situation in southern Europe is less clear; however, declines are likely there due to loss of habitat. Nevertheless, Colletes similis still is one of the most widespread and common European species of this genus.","Colletes similis has been found in a range of open vegetation types, such as various forms of grassland and shrub lands, including anthropogenic habitats like sand pits and quarries (Westrich 1989). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Asteraceae (it is broadly oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g. agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the following three European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2008, Westrich et al. 2011) and Ireland (Near Threatened; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.The species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,squamulosus,,Colletes squamulosus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Colletes squamulosus is listed as Data Deficient because within Europe only a single record of this species is known, from Cyprus at the margin of its distribution range. More information is required on the distribution and ecology before the species can be assessed.",Unknown,"Colletes squamulosus is only known from single records from Cyprus, the Middle East and the Caucasus region (Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 4 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².",No information is available about either the population or population trends of Colletes squamulosus.,"The habitats used by Colletes squamulosus are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). No information is available on flower visitation (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.      Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.   It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,standfussi,,Colletes standfussi,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient because this species has been recently described and too little is known about its taxonomy, distribution and ecology.",Unknown,"Colletes standfussi has been described recently and is only known from a single specimen from the type locality in Greece (Kuhlmann 2003, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².",Nothing is known about the population or population trends of Colletes standfussi.,"The habitats used by Colletes standfussi are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g. Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). No information is available on flower visitation (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic (e.g. agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) loss of habitat (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.      Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.   It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,succinctus,,Colletes succinctus,,,No,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because its area of occupancy (AOO) is relatively small (1,296 km²),  populations are in continuous decline in central and southern Europe and there is a decline in the extent and quality of the habitat of the species (heath lands) due to anthropogenic  pressure, natural succession on heath lands by trees and eutrophication. However, in western and northern parts of its range the situation is better for C. succinctus, thus making this species close to qualifying for Vulnerable  under Criterion B2.",Decreasing,"Colletes succinctus occurs from the Iberian Peninsula, the British Isles and southern Scandinavia in the west to Greece, western Caucasus and western Kazakhstan in the east (Kuhlmann and Dorn 2002, Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann 2005, Kuhlmann et al. 2007, Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 9,212,447 km² and in the EU 27 is 6,723,398 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 1,296 km² and in the EU 27 is 1,096 km².","Populations are decreasing at least in central Europe due to the loss of heath lands caused by changes in land use and agriculture. However, in larger heathland sites in sandy areas, Colletes succinctus still seems to be frequent, though further declines and fragmentation of populations at least in agriculturally intensely used areas can be expected.","Colletes succinctus occurs mainly in moorland, heath lands and other sandy habitats where its host-plants grow (Westrich 1989). The species is a flower visitor that prefers to collect pollen on Calluna and Erica (Ericaceae) (it is polylectic, taking pollen from a wide variety of plants, but with strong preference for Ericaceae) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008). Heath lands are in continuous decline in central  and southern Europe with respect to extent and quality due to anthropogenic  pressure, natural succession on heath lands by  trees and eutrophication. In the west and north of its range C. succinctus also occurs in wetter moorlands and not just sandy lowland heath lands. In these areas C. succintus can be still quite common. In some parts of its range, the species nests in large and dense aggregations.","Threats are the anthropogenic loss (eutrophication of heathlands, change of heathland management, transformation of heathland into agricultural land or for use in commercial forestry, natural succession on heathland by trees) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the following five European countries: Ireland (Least Concern; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006), Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2008, Westrich et al. 2011) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002).    It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats like open heathlands, nesting sites in open, sandy soil and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    The species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,tardus,,Colletes tardus,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient because of the uncertain taxonomic status of this species. In addition, the last record of this species is from 1929 so surveys need to be carried out in to determine the status of this species.It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"Colletes tardus has only been found in the Ukraine and does not occur within the EU 27 (Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 803 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².","No information is available about the either the populations, or population trends, of Colletes tardus.","The habitats used by Colletes tardus are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g. shrub lands, grasslands). No information is available on flower visitation (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change in land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, to identify the existing threats and its taxonomic status and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,tuberculatus,,Colletes tuberculatus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed  as Least Concern because this species still seems to be widespread and common in the core area of its range and marginal populations are likely to be stable given the preferences for lower mountain areas.,Unknown,"Colletes tuberculatus occurs in Sicily (only on Mt. Etna), the Balkans and the Ukraine through Asia Minor and the Middle East to Central Asia and Pakistan (Kuhlmann 2005, 2009; Kuhlmann and Özbek 2007; Proshchalykin and Kuhlmann 2012; Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 1,457,897 km² and in the EU 27 is 305,972 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 124 km² and in the EU 27 is 48 km².","Little is known about either the populations, or population trends, of Colletes tuberculatus but they seem to be small and isolated. In Europe the species is at its western edge of its range and populations seem to fragmented. However, the species seem to be common in places where it is found and populations are likely to be stable.","The habitats used by Colletes tuberculatus are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g. Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). Lower mountain areas seem to be preferred. The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Asteraceae (it is broadly oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g. agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,tuberculiger,,Colletes tuberculiger,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,Listed as Least Concern because this species still seems to be widespread and common within its range.,Unknown,"Colletes tuberculiger is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula (Ortiz-Sánchez et al. 2002, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 218,567 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 52 km².",Little is known about either the populations or population trends of this species but it seems to be widespread and is regularly recorded within its range.,"The habitats used by Colletes tuberculiger are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g. Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Asteraceae (it is broadly oligolectic, in that it collects pollen from only a small number of flowering species) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g. agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g. open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Colletes,wolfi,,Colletes wolfi,,,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",EU27,,"Listed  as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (52  km² in both Europe and the EU 27), the two known populations are small and isolated from each other and there is a continuing decline in the AOO and extent of habitat of the species due to  anthropogenic pressure and changes in land use affecting its sole host  plant, thus qualifying the species for Endangered.",Decreasing,"Colletes wolfi is endemic to Italy (Müller and Kuhlmann 2003, Roberts et al. 2011, Kuhlmann et al. 2012), where it occurs in 2 disjunct sub-populations. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 29,043 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 52 km².","The two known populations of Colletes wolfi are small and disjunct, with no exchange between them. The species is thus considered to be severely fragmented. Because of its high degree of flower specialization (only Cynoglottis barrelieri is  visited for pollen collecting), this bee species is likely to be  particularly prone to anthropogenic loss of habitats and decline in  population size.","The habitats used by Colletes wolfi are unknown but likely are open vegetation types (e.g., Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands). The species is a specialized flower visitor that only collects pollen on Cynoglottis barrelieri (Boraginaceae) (it is narrowly oligolectic) (Müller and Kuhlmann 2003, 2008).","Likely threats are the anthropogenic loss (e.g., agriculture, habitat destruction, change of land use) of habitat (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and host plants.","The species is not included in any National Red List and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (e.g., open vegetation types with bare soil), nesting sites and the host plants of this species.    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.    It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Miller, R.M., Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Kuhlmann, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Cubitalia,morio,,Cubitalia morio,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on either the population size or trends of the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species given that it apparently has a restricted range.,Unknown,"The species occurs in mainland Greece, Albania, former Yugoslavia, and Ukraine (Krym) (Radchenko et al. 2009, Akimov 2009). According to Kuhlmann et al. (2012), the species occurs within Macedonia, a part of former Yugoslavia. Outside of Europe the species occurs in Turkey and the Caucasus.",The species is considered rare but there is no further population information.,"The species inhabits temperate grasslands (steppe), and flies from April to August (Grace 2010, Akimov 2009). It is presumed to be oligolectic on the genus Onosma (Boraginaceae), but it has also been recorded on Anchusa leptophylla (Boraginaceae) and it is considered important for the conservation of the family Boraginaceae (Akimov 2009) within its restricted range.","The species is considered to be threatened by the reduction of virgin steppe through the overgrazing of sheep and goats, and the use of pesticides (Akimov 2009).",Cubitalia morio is listed as Rare in the Red Data Book of Ukraine and is protected (Akimov 2009). It is not known whether it occurs in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Cubitalia,parvicornis,,Cubitalia parvicornis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its population size, trends and threats. Research should be conducted to determine the status of the species.",Unknown,"The species occurs in central and southern Europe. According to Kuhlmann et al. (2012), the species also occurs within Austria, Ukraine and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Outside of Europe, the species is found in Turkey and in the eastern Mediterranean countries (Kuhlmann et al. 2012).","There is little information available on the abundance of this species. It was stated ""not rare"" in Hungary (Friese 1896). However, it is considered to be ""rare"" in a more recent statement in Slovakia (Belakova 1996). Further studies are needed into both the abundance and population trend of this species.","The species is on the wing from May to July in central Europe, where it has mainly been recorded on various Boraginaceae spp. and Cynoglossum officinale, Anchusa italica, Nonea pulla (Boraginaceae), Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae), Reseda lutea (Resedaceae) and Thymus spp. (Lamiaceae) (Iuga 1958). On mainland Greece it found on Anchusa undulata and Alkanna graeca from March to May (Standfuss 2009). Boraginaceae are fairly common in the Mediterranean region, especially in open, dry and stony or sandy meadows.",The threats to this species are not known. Further studies are needed into its apparently limited foraging habits.,"The species is considered rare in Slovakia (Belakova 1996). It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Dasypoda,albimana,,Dasypoda albimana,,,No,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)This species is listed as Near Threatened in view of its small area of occupancy (AOO) of 44 km² and because it occurs in several small, widely separated subpopulations, thus making the species close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B2.",Unknown,"Dasypoda albimana is recorded in Europe (Spain and France) and north Africa (Morocco and Tunisia) (Warncke 1973; Michez 2003; Michez et al. 2004a,b,c). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is 30,1476 km²  and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km² based on user defined cell width (2x2 km). The populations of this species are isolated from each other.",There appears to be no information available on the population abundance of this species but the species is rare. The current population trend of this species is unknown.,"This species lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. Females are pollen generalists. They collect nectar and pollen on Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Cistaceae, Crassulaceae, Malvaceae, Resedaceae and Rosaceae (Michez et al. 2008).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the abundance, ecology, and threats to this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Dasypoda,argentata,,Dasypoda argentata,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (632 km²), there is a continuing decline in the habitat of the species and in the number of mature individuals due to strong anthropogenic pressure and overgrowing of vegetation in nesting places, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable under Criterion B2.",Decreasing,"Dasypoda argentata is present in Europe and Asia. It is the second most widespread species of the genus Dasypoda (Warncke 1973; Michez and Patiny 2002; Michez et al. 2004a,b). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,323,678 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 632 km².","The populations are mainly composed of a small numbers of  individuals. The population is currently decreasing. For example, it is one of the rarest species of Melittidae in Poland. Today it is known from only three places (Kujawy, Nida River Valley, Kraków-Częstochowa Upland), though it was formerly reported from seven localities in other regions of the country (Głowaciński and Nowacki 2009).","Dasypoda argentata lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby and grassland temperate vegetation where there are large areas covered by its pollen host-plant Cephalaria, Succisa and Scabiosa (Dipsacaceae) (Celary 2002, 2005; Michez et al. 2008). These habitats are declining. The presence of sandy soils is necessary for this species for nesting (Celary 2002, 2005).",A decline in population numbers and loss from certain localities is attributed to strong anthropogenic pressure and overgrowing of vegetation in nesting places. Grasslands with host-plant are also declining.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Lithuania (Vulnerable; Rašomavičius 2007), Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008), Poland (Critically Endangered; Głowaciński and Nowacki 2009), Sweden (Extinct; Gardenfors 2010).It is recommended to extend legal protection to the sites where Dasypoda argentata occurs. It is also recommended that known sites are managed to prevent or arrest vegetational succession that covers the nesting areas of this species. In countries where the population is declining or is either extinct, or almost extinct e.g. Sweden, Poland, reintroduction attempts could be beneficial for this species.It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Nieto, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Dasypoda,braccata,,Dasypoda braccata,,,No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii,v)EU 27 regional assessment:  Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii,v)  Listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (148 km²), its distribution is severely fragmented, and the extent of its habitat and number of mature individuals is probably declining due to land use change.",Decreasing,"Dasypoda braccata is mainly present around the Black Sea. Some isolated populations are recorded in the Balkans, Italy and Hungary (Warncke 1973; Michez et al. 2004a,b; Praz et al. 2008) and there is no or little genetic exchange between them; the species is therefore considered as severely fragmented. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,631,776 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 148 km².","The population size of this species is unknown, however its habitat seems to be declining.","Dasypoda braccata is associated with Mediterranean-type shrubby and grassland temperate vegetation with big patches of Scabiosa (Dipsacaceae), its host-plant. Females collect pollen on Scabiosa (Dipsacaceae) (Michez et al. 2008). This habitat is declining.",The main threat to this species is the decline of its habitat due to land use change.,"There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected area. Further studies are needed into the abundance of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Dasypoda,cingulata,,Dasypoda cingulata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern since, although its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (416 km²), and it is  known from isolated records in the north and eastern part of its distribution, it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. The population size and threats are unknown and require further research.",Unknown,"Dasypoda cingulata is present in the western part of the Mediterranean basin (France, Italy, Morocco, Spain) (Warncke 1973; Michez 2003; Michez et al. 2004a,b). Some isolated populations are recorded in the centre of France. Eastern populations are recorded in Greece and the Balkans. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,412,198 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 416 km².",There appears to be no information available on the population abundance of this species. The population trend of this species is unknown.,"Dasypoda cingulata lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby and grassland temperate vegetation. Females mainly forage on pollen of Cistaceae and Malvaceae. But there are many records on Asteraceae, Boraginaceae and Resedaceae. This species can be considered as forage generalist with strong preference for Cistaceae (Michez et al. 2008). Recent records are from the Mediterranean area where strong populations of Cistus albidus and Cistus monspeliensis occur. Females nest in sandy soil.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place. The species is present in the Coto Doñana (Parque Nacional and Parque Regional, Spain) but it is not known if the species is present within any other protected area. Further studies are needed into the abundance and threats to this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Dasypoda,crassicornis,,Dasypoda crassicornis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern since, although its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (360 km²),  and it has a restricted distribution, the population size and threats are unknown, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Unknown,"Dasypoda crassicornis is recorded in the western part of the Mediterranean basin (France, Morocco and the Iberian Peninsula). Isolated populations are present in more temperate habitats such as central France or in mountain areas such as the Pyrenees and Atlas (Warncke 1973; Michez et al. 2004a,b). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 767,851 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 360 km².",There is no information available on the population abundance of this species. The current population trend of this species is unknown.,"Dasypoda crassicornis lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby and grassland temperate vegetation. Females forage on pollen of Cistaceae (genera Cistus and Helianthemum). But there are some records on Asteraceae, Brassicaceae and Rosaceae (Michez et al. 2008). The species nests in sandy areas.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the abundance and threats to this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Dasypoda,dusmeti,,Dasypoda dusmeti,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern since, although its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (276 km²),  and it has a restricted distribution, the population size and threats are unknown, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Unknown,"Dasypoda dusmeti is recorded in the western part of the Mediterranean basin (France, Morocco and Iberia) (Warncke 1973; Michez et al. 2004a,b). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 701,154 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 276 km².",There is no information available on the population abundance of this species. The current population trend of this species is unknown.,This species lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. This species is specialized on pollen of Asteraceae (Michez et al. 2008). Recent records are mainly from sandy littoral areas.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the abundance and threats to this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Dasypoda,frieseana,,Dasypoda frieseana,,,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii)EU 27 regional assessment:  Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii)  Listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (52 km²), it has a restricted distribution with severely fragmented subpopulations, and the extent of its habitat is probably declining due to land use change.",Decreasing,"Dasypoda frieseana shows a restricted distribution in Greece, Albania and Macedonia where the subpopulations seem to be isolated from each other (Warncke 1973; Michez et al. 2004a,b) and there is no or little genetic exchange between them; the species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 103,436 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 52 km².",There is no information available on the population abundance of this species. However its habitat is known to be declining.,Dasypoda frieseana lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation with many Cephalaria and Scabiosa (Dipsacaceae) (Michez et al. 2008). This species is known to forage pollen only on Cephalaria and Scabiosa plants (Dipsacaceae). This type of habitat is decreasing.,The main threat to this species is the decline of the grasslands where its host-plant occurs due to land use change.,"There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the abundance of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Dasypoda,hirtipes,,Dasypoda hirtipes,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and no major threats.",Stable,"Dasypoda hirtipes is the most widespread species of the genus. This species is present from the United Kingdom to China. In the northern part of its range, it occurs in Finland, Sweden and Norway (Warncke 1973; Michez et al. 2004a,b). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 9,743,065 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,992 km².","Populations of Dasypoda hirtipes are declining in some countries like Switzerland (Amiet 1994). However, the species seems stable at the continental scale.","Dasypoda hirtipes lives in natural habitats with Mediterranean-type shrubby and grassland temperate vegetation but the species is also common in urban and suburban habitats. D. hirtipes collects pollen on Asteraceae, mainly on the common genera Crepis and Hypochoeris (Michez et al. 2008). Females nest in open areas with sandy soil (Pouvreau and Loublier 1995).",No past or ongoing threats exist to this species at continental scale.,"Dasypoda hirtipes is red listed in five European countries: (i) Near Threatened in Germany and Sweden (Westrich et al. 2008, Gärdenfors 2010); (ii) Vulnerable in Switzerland (Amiet 1994); (iii) Endangered in Norway and Slovenia (Anonymous 2002, Kålås et al. 2010). No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species overall.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Dasypoda,iberica,,Dasypoda iberica,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient because there is no information on the population size or threats to this species. However the species has a very restricted distribution with a very small area of occupancy (AOO) of 20 km², qualifying almost under Vulnerable D2.",Unknown,"Dasypoda iberica is known from a few specimens collected in Spain (Warncke 1973; Michez et al. 2004a,b). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 62,789 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².",There appears to be no information available on the population abundance of this species but the species is quite rare. The current population trend of this species is unknown.,Dasypoda iberica lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. No information about the ecology is available for this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place. It occurs in a protected area. Further studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, taxonomy, ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Dasypoda,morotei,,Dasypoda morotei,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern because, although the species has a restricted distribution and its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (128 km²) and its threats are unknown, it has a presumed large overall population, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Unknown,"Dasypoda morotei is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula (Warncke 1973; Michez et al. 2004a,b). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 328,297 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 128 km².",There is no information available on the population abundance of this species. The current population trend of this species is unknown.,"The species lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. Females of Dasypoda morotei forage pollen on Cistaceae (genera Cistus and Helianthemum). But there are some records on Asteraceae, Brassicaceae and Crassulaceae (Michez et al. 2008).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the abundance and threats to this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Dasypoda,pyriformis,,Dasypoda pyriformis,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern because, although the species has a restricted distribution and its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (192 km²) and its threats are unknown, it has a  presumed large overall population, and it is unlikely to be declining  fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Unknown,"Dasypoda pyriformis is present in the north-eastern part of the Mediterranean basin. Most of the records are in Greece (Warncke 1973; Michez et al. 2004a,b). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 348,793 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 192 km².",There is no information available on the population abundance of this species. The current population trend of this species is unknown.,This species lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. Females are specialized on pollen of Asteraceae (Michez et al. 2008).,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the abundance and threats to this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Dasypoda,pyrotrichia,,Dasypoda pyrotrichia,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern since, although its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (84 km²), it has a disjunct distribution, and the population size and threats are unknown, it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Unknown,"Dasypoda pyrotrichia shows a disjunct distribution. Three subspecies are recognized in three different areas around the Mediterranean basin: Spain, Greece/Bulgaria and Anatolia (Warncke 1973; Michez et al. 2004a,b). Some isolated records are known from the Pyrenees (Michez 2003). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,359,361 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 84 km².",The current population trend of this species is unknown.,This species lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. Females seem to be specialized on pollen of Cistaceae (genera Cistus and Helianthemum) but there are records on Malvaceae (Michez et al. 2008).,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the abundance and threats to this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Dasypoda,sinuata,,Dasypoda sinuata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information about the population size and trend and the threats affecting the species. However the species has a very restricted distribution in Europe with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 24 km², qualifying almost as Vulnerable D2.",Unknown,"The main distribution of Dasypoda sinuata is in northern Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt). In Europe, it only occurs in the Canary Islands, in Lanzarote and Fuerteventura (Warncke 1973; Michez and Patiny 2002; Michez et al. 2004a,b). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 359 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km².",There is no information available on the population abundance of this species. The current population trend of this species is unknown.,This species lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. Females forage on pollen of Asteraceae (Michez et al. 2008).,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the abundance and threats to this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Dasypoda,spinigera,,Dasypoda spinigera,,,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii)Listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (92 km²), it has a restricted distribution with severely fragmented subpopulations, and the extent of its habitat is probably declining due to land use change.",Decreasing,"Dasypoda spinigera is mainly present around the Black Sea (Ukraine and Turkey). Some isolated populations are recorded in Italy and Hungary (Warncke 1973; Michez et al. 2004a,b) and there is no or little genetic exchange between them; the species is therefore considered as severely fragmented. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,249,635 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 92 km².","This species is associated with grassland with strong populations of Scabiosa (Dipsacaceae), its host-plant. This kind of habitat is decreasing.",Dasypoda spinigera lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. This species is pollen specialized on Scabiosa and Cephalaria (Dipsacaceae) (Michez et al. 2008): habitat supporting these plants seems to be declining.,The main threats to this species is the declining of its host-plant due to land use change.,"The species is considered threatened in Ukraine (Monchenko et al. 2009).   There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the abundance of species.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Dasypoda,suripes,,Dasypoda suripes,,,No,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii, iv, v)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii, iv, v)Listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is small with 208 km², it has a restricted distribution with severely fragmented subpopulations, the species is already extinct in the northern part of its distribution (Denmark, Sweden, Germany and the Czech Republic) and there is a continuing decline in the extent of its habitat, the number of subpopulations and in the number of mature individuals due to land use change.",Decreasing,"Dasypoda suripes is recorded in eastern Europe, from Sweden to Turkey with severely fragmented subpopulations (Warncke 1973; Michez et al. 2004a,b).   It is considered that the population of Dasypoda suripes is severely fragmented as this species is specialized on Scabiosa sp. (Dipsaceae) and Knautia sp. (Dispacaceae), and these plants are known to be fragmented (Frazén et al. 2009). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,532,922.93 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 208 km².",There is no information available on the population abundance of this species. It is inferred that the population trend is declining as its habitat is declining.,"Dasypoda suripes lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby and temperate grassland vegetation. This species is pollen specialized on Scabiosa (Dipsacaceae) (Michez et al. 2008), which appears to be declining.",The main threat to this species is the declining of grasslands with its host-plant due to land use change.,"Dasypoda suripes is considered Extinct in three European countries: Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Westrich et al. 2008) and Sweden (Gärdenfors 2010). It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas. There is need to manage the habitats where this species occurs and it is recommended that a reintroduction programme should be considered.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Dasypoda,visnaga,,Dasypoda visnaga,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed  as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed overall large population, and because it is  unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more  threatened category.",Unknown,"Dasypoda visnaga is present around the Mediterranean basin, from Greece to Spain (Warncke 1973; Michez et al. 2004a,b). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,258,190 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 564 km².",There is no information available on the population abundance of this species. The current population trend of this species is unknown.,"Dasypoda visnaga lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. Females forage on pollen of Asteraceae, mainly the genus Scolymus (Michez et al. 2008). They nest in sandy areas.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the abundance and threats to this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Dioxys,ardens,,Dioxys ardens,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species occurs in the south of Spain and north Africa (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia) (Ornosa et al. 2008). A citation from Israel (Ascher and Pickering 2012) needs to be confirmed.",There is little information available on the population size and trends of this species but it is assumed to be rare.,"This species is a kleptoparasite of other bees, like all the species of the genus (Michener 2007). Presumably, it is found in semi-desert areas and temperate and Mediterranean-type shrubland. Very little else is known about the biology, habitat and ecology of this species.","The threats to this species are not known, although they might be similar to the other species in the genus and include habitat loss due to human activities, droughts, high temperatures, as well as any threat that affects the flowers this species feeds upon on.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the wider distribution, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and specific threats to the species.",This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Ornosa, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Dioxys,atlantica,,Dioxys atlantica,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Dioxys atlantica is endemic to the Canary Islands (Hohmann et al. 1993). It is found on Tenerife, Gran Canaria and Lanzarote, up to 900 m (Saunders 1904, Hohmann et al. 1993).  Warncke (1977) also included a record (as subspecies) from Luxor (Egypt), but it has not been recorded in the region since (Hohmann et al. 1993, Ascher and Pickering 2012).","There is no information available on the current population abundance of this species as the latest records are from the late eighties (Hohmann et al. 1993).  It is a rare species and due to its island distribution (Tenerife, Gran Canaria and Lanzarote), the population is fragmented and can be said to occur in three localities.","Dioxys atlantica is found on sub-tropical grassland and shrubland. It is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, possibly of Osmia submicans (Saunders 1904).  The flight period runs from February to May (Hohmann et al. 1993) and it was first collected on Echium sp. (Saunders 1904).","The threats to this species are not known, however, it is presumably threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and habitat degradation through human activities. Agrochemicals produce severe impacts in this and other bees and could lead to a population decline.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and specific threats to the species. It occurs within protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Dioxys,cincta,,Dioxys cincta,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)It is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats and presumed large population. However, research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.",Unknown,"A species with a western Palearctic distribution known from central and southern Europe from Portugal towards Greece and Romania. Outside of Europe, it is found from north Africa, Israel and as far east as the Caucasus (Dusmet 1921, Popov 1936, Warncke 1977, Standfuss et al. 2003, Ornosa et al. 2008, Gusenleitner et al. 2012, Ascher and Pickering 2012).","The population is continuous throughout its range although in some areas such as peninsulas, valleys or regions separated by high mountains, geographical sub-populations have been described. Some of them were placed as synonyms of the nominate species but others have been recognised as distinct species. It can be presumed to have a large overall population.","Dioxys cincta is thought to inhabit temperate and Mediterranean-type shrubland, temperate grassland, semi-desert and arable land. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species such as Hoplitis adunca, H. anthocopoides, H. benoisti, H. pallicornis, Megachile (Chalicodoma) parietina, M. (Ch.). pyrenaica, M. sicula (Westrich 1989, Gogala 1999, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Le Goff 2004b). There is little information on its floral preferences. Grace (2010) recorded it visiting flowers of Fabaceae and it is thought to visit mainly open-flower plants, such as Asteraceae. Its flight period is from April to August (Amiet et al. 2004).","There are no specific threats known for this species. Generally, this species is threatened by global habitat loss, due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities. The direct conversion of land for agricultural use and the use of agrochemicals affect this species and many other bee species. Also, as it is a kleptoparasitic species, its abundance depends on the availability of its host.",The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Dioxys,lanzarotensis,,Dioxys lanzarotensis,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Dioxys atlantica is an endemic species to the island of Lanzarote (Tkalců 2001).,This species has been discovered quite recently and there is still no other information apart from where the holotype was found.,"Dioxys lanzarotensis is a kleptoparasitic species, in that parasitises the nests of other bee species, living on a volcanic island (Tkalců 2001). There is no further information on the habitat or ecology.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to investigate the taxonomy, distribution, population size and trends, ecology and to identify the existing threats. It was found in a protected area.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Dioxys,moesta,,Dioxys moesta,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This is a Mediterranean species, described from Sardinia, that is found from Spain to Croatia. Outside of Europe, it is found in north Africa, from Morocco to Tunisia, and Israel (Ornosa et al. 2008).",The population size and trends of this species are not known but it is rare throughout its range.,"This species is a kleptoparasite, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as the other members of the genus Dioxys (Michener 2007). Presumably, it is found in semi-desert areas and shrublands, both temperate and Mediterranean. The habitats and ecology of the species are unknown, however they must be similar to those of the other Dioxys species.","The threats to this species are not known, but they must derive from human activities and the climatic changes that affects temperate and arid areas.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat, ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Ornosa, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Dioxys,pumila,,Dioxys pumila,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This is a western Palearctic species. The nominate subspecies occurs in the east Mediterranean basin (Greece, Cyprus, Turkey) and spreads towards Asia Minor (Israel, Syria) and Iran. The subspecies D. p. varipes occurs in the west Mediterranean basin (Sicily, Spain, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia).","The exact extent of this population is not known, but the subpopulations seem to be isolated from one another.","The species flies from April to July and visits the flowers of Boraginaceae. It is unknown where it occurs but it can be presumed to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland. The maximum altitude at which it has been recorded, 2,300 m asl, was in Iran (Grace 2010).","Generally, the species is threatened by residential and commercial development for housing, urban areas, and tourism, herbicides and pesticides, climatic changes causing droughts, temperature extremes and habitat shifting and alteration.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Ornosa, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Dufourea,alpina,,Dufourea alpina,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed overall large population and no major threats.",Unknown,"Dufourea alpina is distributed across the European mountain ranges, from the Pyrenees and Alps (France, Switzerland, Germany, Austria) to the Balkans (Ebmer 1993) at heights between 1,300 m and 2,500 m. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,291,667 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 392 km2. The species is endemic to Europe.",It is a common species within its restricted habitat. There are no data available regarding the trend of the subpopulations.,"The species occurs in montane grasslands and shrublands. Westrich (1989) reports nesting in eroded footpaths. The pollen foraging status of this species is uncertain, but likely to be a polylectic species. It is recorded visiting Campanula species, Phyteuma orbiculare (Campanulaceae), Hieracium, Solidago virgaurea (Asteraceae), Acinos and Thymus (Lamiaceae) (Ebmer 1984). It is a univoltine species, flying as a single generation late in the summer from the end of July to late August.",No specific threats have been identified for this species.,"The species appears on the National Red List of Germany (Rare; Westrich et al. 2011). Research is required into the population size and overall trends, and to identify if there any specific threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas, but given the extent of its range, it is very likely.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Pauly, A. & Nieto, A.","Patiny, S., Michez, D., Roberts, S. & Rasmont, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Dufourea,coeruleocephala,,Dufourea coeruleocephala,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"Dufourea coeruleocephala is recorded in southern Russia and Ukraine (Ebmer 1984). There are no precise described localities. As far as is known, the species is endemic to Europe.",There is no information on the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information on the habitat and ecological requirements of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not included in any National Red List or Red Data Book and is not the subject of targeted conservation action. Research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecology and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Pauly, A. & Nieto, A.","Patiny, S., Michez, D., Roberts, S. & Rasmont, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Dufourea,cypria,,Dufourea cypria,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,Dufourea cypria is recorded from Cyprus (Mavromoustakis 1952) and Turkey (Ebmer 1999). There is only one record in Europe for this species.,There is no information on either the population size or trend for this species.,There is no information regarding the habitat and ecology for this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not included in any National Red List or Red Data Book and is not the subject of targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Pauly, A. & Nieto, A.","Patiny, S., Michez, D., Roberts, S. & Rasmont, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Dufourea,dentiventris,,Dufourea dentiventris,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)This species is listed as Near Threatened because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,004 km2 and the populations are severely fragmented given that the populations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange. Thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. The species is considered threatened in several European countries and the habitat of the species and host plants are threatened by agricultural practices.",Unknown,"Dufourea dentiventris is recorded from Spain to Sweden and Finland (Ebmer 1993). It is also present in Russia, the Caucasus and China. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,089,453 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,004 km2.","The species is very rare. Populations of Dufourea dentiventris are highly fragmented, as the subpopulations are far from each other with little genetic exchange among them and little dispersal capacity (S. Patiny pers. comm. 2014). The population trend is unknown although Söderman and Leinonen (2003) report that it has dramatically declined in Finland in the last 35 years.","The species inhabits grasslands and shrublands. Westrich (1989) reports nests in pathways in sandy and clay soils. Females of this species are specialists (oligolectic) and forage on pollen of the genus Campanula. In the Netherlands, they prefer Campanula trachelium and Campanula rotundifolia (Peeters et al. 2012). Elsewhere the species also forages at Campanula patula (Pesenko et al. 2000, Banaszak 2000). Other flower records are for Hieracium pilosella (Asteraceae), Dryas octopetala (Rosaceae) and Calluna vulgaris (Ericaceae) (Ebmer 1984); and Campanula rotundifolia, Campanula cochleariifolia, Campanula glomerata (Campanulceae) (Westrich 1989). This is a univoltine species, flying as a single brood in June, July and August, occasionally into early September. It is the reported to be the host of the cleptoparasitic bee Biastes truncatus (Westrich 1989).","Habitats and host-plants of this species are threatened by changing agricultural practices (e.g., increase of nitrogen deposition, herbicides and the trend to replace hay with silage). These changes in practice have caused a decline in the essential forage plant species.","The species appears on the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following countries: Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010), Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010). It occurs in protected areas (e.g., Parc régional naturel du Queyras). Research should be carried out into providing a detailed picture of the threats and trends in population, and in monitoring trends in habitat quality and availability.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Pauly, A. & Nieto, A.","Patiny, S., Michez, D., Roberts, S. & Rasmont, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Dufourea,fortunata,,Dufourea fortunata,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Data Deficient because the species is only known from the type specimen collected in the type locality and so there is lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,Dufourea fortunata is endemic to the Canary islands. There is only one known record (Ebmer 1993).,"There is no information on the population size or trend for this species, as the species is only known from the type specimen collected in the type locality.",There is no information regarding the habitat and ecology for this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not included in the Spanish Red Data Book. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecology and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Pauly, A. & Nieto, A.","Patiny, S., Michez, D., Roberts, S. & Rasmont, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Dufourea,gaullei,,Dufourea gaullei,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"Dufourea gaullei is recorded in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) and Morocco (Ebmer 1993). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 156,413 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 100 km2.",There is no information on the population size and trend for this species.,"The species is recorded in Mediterranean areas, and these include grassland and shrubland habitats (including sandy open areas and pathways within mature Pistacia lentiscus/Pinus pinea dehesa (ES)) (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The species is almost certainly a univoltine species with a flight period from mid-April to June. Sexually this species is highly dimorphic. Pollen preferences are unknown, but Spanish females were found at flowers of Spergularia (Caryophyllaceae).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not included in any National Red List or Red Data Book. Research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. The species occurs in protected areas and is plentiful in the sandy landward areas of the Parque Nacional de Coto Doñana and the surrounding Parque Natural.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Pauly, A. & Nieto, A.","Patiny, S., Michez, D., Roberts, S. & Rasmont, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Dufourea,graeca,,Dufourea graeca,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"Dufourea graeca is recorded in Greece (between 1,400 and 2,500 m asl) and in Bulgaria and Turkey (Ebmer 1993). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 80,295 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km2.",There is no information available on either the population size or trends.,"There is little information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it is believed to be oligolectic on Campanula (Campanulaceae). Individuals have been found visiting Campanula glomerata (Campanulaceae) (Ebmer 1999).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not included in any National Red List or Red Data Book and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Pauly, A. & Nieto, A.","Patiny, S., Michez, D., Roberts, S. & Rasmont, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Dufourea,halictula,,Dufourea halictula,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)This species is listed as Near Threatened because although the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 632 km2, the actual value of the AOO is probably higher around  2,500 km2 as only few entomologists  collect this species. The species has strongly declined and the remaining populations are severely fragmented. There is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals due to habitat modification, thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Further research is needed to monitor the population trends of this species.",Decreasing,"Dufourea halictula is present across much of Europe, including European part of Russia and northern Europe (to 62°N). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,526,309 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 632 km2. The value of AOO is probably an underestimate because few entomologists collect this species as it is rare, small and easily overlooked. The actual AOO may be around 2,500 km2.",Subpopulations have strongly declined in northern part of the distribution of Dufourea halictula. The remaining subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and are therefore the species is considered to be severely fragmented.,"The species inhabits grasslands and shrubland. Westrich (1989) states that in Germany, the species is characteristic of sandy places; inland mobile dunes, sandy heathlands, sunny woodland rides and sand pits. Females are specialist (oligolectic) on the plant Jasione montana (Pekkarinen 1998) but Pesenko et al. (2000) recorded some females foraging on other Campanulaceae such as Campanula trachelium. It is apparently found on Jasione montana (Campanulacae) in both Britain and on the Continent (Mortimer 1913, Schmiedeknecht 1930, Stöckhert 1933, Ebmer 1984, Westrich 1989). Mortimer (1913) describes the species as being protandrous. The males he found were locally abundant and were usually observed at rest on stones or low-growing plants. Within a week the females appeared in equal abundance and excavated their nesting burrows between stones, chiefly on a hard sandy pathway, less frequently in an adjoining sandy, moss-covered bank. The species is univoltine, flying as a single brood from late June to the end of July. There are records from Germany as late as mid-August.","The habitat and host-plants of Dufourea halictula are threatened by shifting agricultural practice (e.g., increase of nitrogen deposition, herbicides). Habitat modification results in fewer of the essential forage plants.","The species appears on the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following countries: Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Sweden (Vulnerable; Gärdenfors 2010), and the United Kingdom (Critically Endangered; Shirt 1987). It occurs in protected areas (e.g., Parc national du Mercantour (FR); Parley Heath SSSI, Ferndown Common SSSI (UK)). Further research is needed into the population size and trends.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Pauly, A. & Nieto, A.","Patiny, S., Michez, D., Roberts, S. & Rasmont, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Dufourea,inermis,,Dufourea inermis,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)This species is listed as Near Threatened because although the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 440 km2, the actual value of the AOO is probably higher around 2,500 km2 as only few entomologists collect this species. The species has declined and the remaining subpopulations are severely fragmented. There is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals due to changing agricultural practices, thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Further research is needed to monitor the population trends of this species.",Decreasing,"Dufourea inermis is present in Europe from the Pyrenees to 62°N (Finland) (Ebmer 1999). It is also recorded in Russia, the Caucasus and Armenia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,112,356 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 440 km2. The AOO is probably underestimated because few entomologists collect this species which is rare, small and easily overlooked; the actual AOO may be around 2,500 km2.",Subpopulations of Dufourea inermis are decreasing in the northern part of its distribution. The remaining subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and the species is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.,"Females are specialists (oligolectic) on the plant genus Campanula (Pesenko et al. 2000, Pekkarinen 1998, Peeters et al. 2012). Westrich (1989) also states that the species is strongly oligolectic on Campanulaceae, and lists Campanula rotundifolia and Campanula trachelium as key forage plants. The species nests in open habitats in temperate grassland and shrubland with nests reported in Loessic soils (Westrich 1989).","Habitats and host-plants of this species are threatened by changing agricultural practices (e.g., increase of nitrogen deposition, herbicides and the trend to replace hay with silage). These changes in practice have caused a decline in the essential forage plant species.","The species appears on the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following countries: Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Finland (Vulnerable; Rassi et al. 2010); Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), and Sweden (Critically Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010). It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas. Additional research is needed into the population size and trend and its ecological requirements.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Pauly, A. & Nieto, A.","Patiny, S., Michez, D., Roberts, S. & Rasmont, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Dufourea,iris,,Dufourea iris,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"Dufourea iris is recorded in mountains in Greece and Bulgaria (Ebmer 1993). The species is endemic to Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,782 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2.",There is no information on the population size and trend for this species.,There is little information on the habitat or ecology for this species. It is reported visiting Acinos alpinus (Lamiaceae) (Ebmer 1993) although this may be a nectar resource. It is a univoltine species flying as a single brood in late July and into August.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not included in any National Red List or Red Data Book. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Pauly, A. & Nieto, A.","Patiny, S., Michez, D., Roberts, S. & Rasmont, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Dufourea,longiglossa,,Dufourea longiglossa,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,Dufourea longiglossa is endemic to the Sierra Nevada mountains of southern Spain. There are two records only (Ebmer 1993).,There is no information on the population size and trend for this species.,Females collect pollen on Lamiaceae (Ebmer 1993). They live in open habitats in grasslands and shrublands. It is probably a univoltine species. The type series was collected in June.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"Research is needed into the population size and trend, ecology and threats. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Pauly, A. & Nieto, A.","Patiny, S., Michez, D., Roberts, S. & Rasmont, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Dufourea,lusitanica,,Dufourea lusitanica,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Data Deficient in in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,Dufourea lusitanica is recorded in Portugal and Spain (Ebmer 1999). The species is endemic to Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 197 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km2.,There is no information on the population size and trend for this species.,"The species is poorly known, but it has been observed in Spain in sandy open areas within mature Pistacia lentiscus/Pinus pinea dehesa. It is almost certainly a univoltine species, and Spanish specimens of both sexes were found flying in April. There is considerable variation in colour. The females may be entirely dark brown, or with well marked reddish areas on the abdomen (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. The species is plentiful within the protected area of the Parque Nacional de Coto Doñana and the surrounding Parque Natural.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Pauly, A. & Nieto, A.","Patiny, S., Michez, D., Roberts, S. & Rasmont, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Dufourea,merceti,,Dufourea merceti,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Data Deficient  because the species is only known from the type specimen collected in the type locality and so there is lack of information on the  population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.  Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,Dufourea merceti is known from Spain (Ebmer 1984). There is one record only (Madrid).,"There is no information on the population size and trend for this species, as the species is only known from the type specimen collected in the type locality.",The habitat and ecology of this species are unknown.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Pauly, A. & Nieto, A.","Patiny, S., Michez, D., Roberts, S. & Rasmont, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Dufourea,minuta,,Dufourea minuta,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)This species is listed as Near Threatened because although the area of occupancy (AOO) is 460 km2, the actual value of the AOO is probably higher around 2,500 km2 as only few entomologists collect this species. The species has declined and the remaining populations are severely fragmented. There is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals due to changing in agricultural practices, thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Further research is needed to monitor the population trends of this species.",Decreasing,"Dufourea minuta is a widespread species in Europe (Ebmer 1993, 1999). It is distributed from Spain to southern Sweden and over the whole of central Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,667,758 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 460 km2. The AOO is probably underestimated because a few entomologist collect this species which is rare, small and easily overlooked. The actual value of the AOO is probably around 2,500 km2.",The subpopulations of Dufourea minuta are declining in much of its range. The remaining subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and are therefore considered to be severely fragmented.,"Females collect pollen on Asteraceae (Hieracium, Lactuca, Leontodon). They live in open habitats such as in grasslands and shrublands having a preference for sandy soils in UK (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014), woodland edges, glades and clearings and sandy heathland in Germany (Westrich 1989) and in metropolitan areas in Helsinki (Söderman and Leinonen 2003). The species makes nesting aggregations on shallow exposed slopes. The nesting biology has been studied by Vasiljeva (1973), who found three such aggregations. The nest burrows reached a maximum density of 64/m2, and favoured sites are used year after year. The species builds simple nests with lateral burrows, and the nest can reach a depth of 15 cm. Dufourea minuta is univoltine. British specimens have been found from early to mid August, but in continental Europe the species flies from the end of July to the beginning of September. In Poland, the bee Sphecodes divisus is cited as a cleptoparasite of this species (Pesenko et al. 2000). Biastes truncatus is reported as a cleptoparasite of this species (Westrich 1989).","The habitats and host-plants of Dufourea minuta are threatened by changing agricultural practices (e.g., increase of nitrogen deposition, herbicides and the trend to replace hay with silage). These changes in practice have caused a decline in the essential forage plant species.","The species appears on the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following countries: Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Finland (Vulnerable; Rassi et al. 2010); Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Norway (Regionally Extinct; Kålås et al. 2010), Sweden (Regionally Extinct; Gärdenfors 2010), Switzerland as Dufourea vulgaris (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994) and United Kingdom (Critically Endangered; Shirt 1987). Further research is needed to monitor the population trends and habitat of this species. The species occurs in protected areas, such as in the Parc naturel du Queyras.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Pauly, A. & Nieto, A.","Patiny, S., Michez, D., Roberts, S. & Rasmont, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Dufourea,paradoxa,,Dufourea paradoxa,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern  in view of its very wide distribution and presumed large and stable population. However, the threats to the species are unknown and so further research is needed.",Stable,"Dufourea paradoxa is a Eurosiberian species restricted to mountains (Ebmer 1999). It is recorded in the European Alps (Switzerland, Austria), the Pyrenees (France, Spain) and the Balkans (Greece).",Subpopulations of Dufourea paradoxa are stable in many parts of its distribution.,"Dufourea paradoxa lives in montane grasslands. Westrich (1989) states that the species is polylectic, with pollen foraging from species of  Asteraceae, Caryophyllaceae and Lamiaceae. Material from the Russian Far East was all caught at flowers of Veronica incana (Plantaginaceae) (Pesenko et al. 2000). Ebmer (1984) lists Euphrasia rostokoviana, Veronica spicata (Plantaginaceae), Silene rupestris (Caryophyllaceae), Thymus serpyllium (Lamiaceae) and Phyteuma scheuchzeri (Campanulaceae), Hieracium (Asteraceae). The nominate subspecies is univoltine, flying as a single generation from the end of July to mid-August occasionally early September.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species appears on the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Rare; Westrich et al. 2011). The species occurs in protected areas, such as in the Parc National du Queyras (France). Research is needed into the threats and ecological requirements.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Pauly, A. & Nieto, A.","Patiny, S., Michez, D., Roberts, S. & Rasmont, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Dufourea,styx,,Dufourea styx,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitats, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"Dufourea styx is endemic to the Balkans and occurs in Macedonia, Kosovo and Greece (between 1,300 m and 1,900 m asl) (Ebmer 1993). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 106,014 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 72 km2.",There is no information on the population size and trend for this species.,"The habitat and ecology of this species are largely unknown. It is a univoltine species and is known to fly in FYR Macedonia in June, and in Greece the males from mid-July with the females a little later (Ebmer 1984). Its lectic status is uncertain. The only available flower record is Acinos alpina (Lamiaceae) (Ebmer 1984).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"Research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Pauly, A. & Nieto, A.","Patiny, S., Michez, D., Roberts, S. & Rasmont, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Dufourea,trautmanni,,Dufourea trautmanni,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"Dufourea trautmanni is recorded in Spain and Portugal (Ebmer 1999). This species is endemic to Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 335,288 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 176 km2.",There is no information on the population size and trend for this species.,The species inhabits grasslands and shrublands including open areas and clearings in Pistacia lentiscus/Pinus pinea dehesa within the Parque Nacional de Coto Doñana and the surrounding Parque Natural. Nests are constructed in large dense aggregations in sandy soil with the nest entrances are turreted.Dufourea trautmanni is apparently oligolectic on various yellow-flowered Asteraceae (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The males can be found sleeping at night curled up in the flowers of Erodium species (Geraniaceae). It is a univoltine species. Spanish specimens of both sexes were found in April.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"Research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. The species occurs in protected areas and is plentiful in the sandy landward areas of the Parque Nacional de Coto Doñana and the surrounding Parque Natural.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Pauly, A. & Nieto, A.","Patiny, S., Michez, D., Roberts, S. & Rasmont, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Dufourea,wolfi,,Dufourea wolfi,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"Dufourea wolfi is distributed in Turkey and the Aegean islands (Ebmer 1993). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 9,420 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2.",There is no information on the population size and trend for this species.,"There is relatively little  information on the habitat and ecology for this species across its range, although on Lesvos it is found in Mediterranean sclerophyllous scrub in Pinus brutia/Quercus ilex zone (A. Grace pers. comm. 2008). It is almost certainly univoltine. Records from Chios and Lesvos show it flies in April and May. Females have been found collecting pollen at flowers of Sedum (Crassulaceae). Other flower records (from Samos) include a small species of Campanula (Campanulaceae) and a species of Lamiaceae (Acinos?) (Ebmer 1999).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"Research is needed in to the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Pauly, A. & Nieto, A.","Patiny, S., Michez, D., Roberts, S. & Rasmont, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Ensliniana,bidentata,,Ensliniana bidentata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is only known to occur in Spain (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and possibly Portugal (Ascher and Pickering 2012). It was described from Israel (Jericho and Oran). There is no further information from Europe.Outside of Europe, it is known from Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Turkey, Syria, Israel and Jordan (Grace 2010).The subspecies E. b. anatolica Heinrich, 1977 occurs in Turkey.",The population size and trends of the species are not known.,"The species flies in May (Grace 2010). There is no further information on the habitats, ecology and biology of this species.",The threats to the species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Eoanthidium,clypeare,,Eoanthidium clypeare,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends, ecology and specific threats to the species. As the species occupies a fragile habitat and has a small area, it may require listing as threatened or Near Threatened with further data. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Eoanthidium clypeare spreads over the northeastern Mediterranean basin, including continental Greece, the Aegean Islands of Lesbos and Rhodes, the Dalmatian coast, Turkey at about 2,300-2,600 m asl, the Middle East and the Caucasus (Mocsary 1884, Mavromoustakis 1948c, 1958, 1960, Warncke 1980, Müller 1996). Eoanthidium clypeare ssp. hoplostomum is distributed in Syria, Israel and Jordan (Mavromoustakis 1948b, Warncke 1980). The approximate area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,100 km2.","This bee is locally common in Palestine and Greece (Mavromoustakis 1958, 1960, Müller 1996) but there is no recent information the population size and trends.","Eoanthidium clypeare is found upon Mediterranean type shrubland, temperate grassland and semi-desert. It has a flight period from May to July (Mavromoustakis 1948c, 1960, Warncke 1980). In Attica, it was strongly associated with Allium hymettium (Mavromoustakis 1958) and in Rhodes with Thymus capitatus (Mavromoustakis 1960). Müller (1996) recorded this bee flying about on hot xeric slopes amongst stands of Allium sphaerocephalon.","Eoanthidium insulare is generally threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation from human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing, urban areas, commercial developments and tourism, herbicides and pesticides, climatic changes causing droughts, temperature extremes and habitat shifting and alteration.",The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends for the species.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Eoanthidium,insulare,,Eoanthidium insulare,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the populations are locally common in the eastern Mediterranean. However, further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.",Unknown,"The species is distributed on northeastern Mediterranean basin, including Greece, Cyprus, Aegean islands of Lesbos and Rhodes, Turkey, the Balkans, southwestern Asia, then east to Iran (Mocsary 1884, Maidl 1922, Mavromoustakis 1948c, 1958, 1960, Pasteels 1969, Warncke 1980, Michener 2007, Grace 2010, Ascher and Pickering 2012).   The subspecies Eoanthidium insulare persicolum has been recorded in Cyprus, southwestern Iran and Israel.The approximate area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,700 km2.",Eoanthidium insulare is an uncommon species that is distributed into isolated Euro-Asiatic subpopulations. It is more abundant locally in the eastern Mediterranean.,"Eoanthidium insulare inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland, semi-desert and arable land. It has its flight period from May to October. It is bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year (Standfuss et al. 2003).  It is a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarily on Asteraceae, Caprifoliaceae and Labiatae (genera Lavandula, Carthamus, Centaurea and Cephalaria and the species Carlina involucrate, Ballota undulate, Satureia thymbra and Thymus capitatus) (Mavromoustakis 1958, 1960, Müller 1996, Grace 2010).","Eoanthidium insulare is generally threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation through human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing, urban areas, commercial developments and tourism, herbicides and pesticides, climatic changes causing droughts, temperature extremes and habitat shifting and alteration. The direct conversion of land for agricultural use and the use of agrochemicals, in particular, produce severe impacts in this species and many other bees.",The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Epeoloides,coecutiens,,Epeoloides coecutiens,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread in Europe and it is abundant in Finland. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends as this species was once thought to be the rarest cuckoo bee in Europe.",Unknown,"The species is sporadically distributed throughout Europe from southern Europe north to Finland, although it is absent from Britain and Ireland. It has also been found in Russia (Bogusch 2005).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,544,549 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 716 km2.",The species was previously considered to be the rarest European cuckoo bee (Schmiedeknecht 1930) but in some parts of Europe it is clearly quite common. It is rare in southern Europe but reaches Scandinavia where it is very numerous in Finland. It does not occur in eastern Europe except for two localities in Russia (Bogusch 2005).,"Bogusch (2005) described the whole ecology of this species. It occurs on dry sunny slopes near to wet marshes or meadows with the hosts' provisioning plants (Lysimachia spp - Primulaceae) are available. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Macropis europaea and M. fulvipes are the hosts of this cuckoo bee.","This species needs co-occurrence of various biotopes i.e. a high biotope complexity. Such biotopes are vulnerable to changes caused by anthropogenic activities, and also by insufficient habitat management regimes. For example the conversion of wetlands to fields for agriculture through drying, draining or a lack of management such as in the Czech Republic.","The species is the National Red Lists of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Straka 2005) and Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas, although given the extent of the range, it is extremely likely to. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Epeolus,alpinus,,Epeolus alpinus,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because although the distribution of this species is restricted to alpine biotopes and the cold regions of northern Europe, the population size of the species has remained stable in the last 100 years and there seem to be no major threats.",Stable,"This species is distributed across northern Europe and at high altitudes in other parts of the continent. It is not rare in some countries, especially in the Alps, Pyrenees and Scandinavia (Scheuchl 2000, Amiet et al. 2007). It is probably an endemic species to Europe.","The species seems to be currently as abundant as it has been in the last 100 years. However, no exact population studies have been carried out.","This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. This species occurs in open habitats especially on sandy substrates. It was also collected at post-industrial sites and artificially open habitats. Colletes impunctatus and C. floralis are known as hosts (Scheuchl 2000, Amiet et al. 2007).",There are no major threats affecting this species.,This species is considered as Rare in the Red List of Bees of Germany (Westrich et al. 2011). It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.","Radchenko, V.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Epeolus,aureovestitus,,Epeolus aureovestitus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient because this species is only known from a few records and there is a lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,This species occurs in south-eastern Europe and north Africa. It is recently known only from a few findings from Spain and Portugal.,This species is only known from a few records from Europe and its population trend is unknown.,"This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species (host or hosts unknown). The species inhabits open habitats with a sandy substrate.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not included in any National Red List or Red Data Book. Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. The species does not occur in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Epeolus,compar,,Epeolus compar,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient because this species is only known from a few records from Sardinia and there is a lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,This species is only known from few findings from Sardinia in Italy.,The population size and trend of this species are unknown.,"This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. This species probably occurs in open sandy biotopes.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not listed in any National Red List of Red Data Book. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Epeolus,cruciger,,Epeolus cruciger,,,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because although the area of occupancy (AOO) is unknown it is probably not much larger than 2,000 km2 and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, as this species was previously quite common in most of its distribution area, and recently has become rare or very rare in most countries; thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Also its main host, Colletes succinctus has become rarer and heathlands, the most preferred biotope for this species, are very threatened across Europe.",Decreasing,"This species is widely distributed in Europe from south to north. However, most of the records are based on old findings. It is probably endemic to Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are unknown but the AOO is probably not much larger than 2,000 km2.","This species was previously more abundant than it is recently and most countries have reported much lower numbers of captured individuals than before (Amiet et al. 2007 for Switzerland, P. Bogusch pers. comm. 2014 for the Czech Republic, S. Kaluza pers. comm. 2014 for Germany) and now is more rare than it used to be. The population trend is considered to be decreasing.","Epeolus cruciger inhabits sandy open biotopes and very often heathlands. This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. It attacks nests of Colletes succinctus, a species bound to Calluna vulgaris as its main provision source (Scheuchl 2000, Amiet et al. 2007). Populations attacking nests of Colletes marginatus at different biotopes (open sandy sites and postindustrial sites) were classified as separate species E. marginatus, which was mentioned as synonym to E. cruciger. Recently, some authors have considered it as a separate species (M. Kuhlmann pers. comm. 2013). Information about Colletes hederae as a host of E. cruciger (Amiet et al. 2007) is not trustworthy.In addition, heathlands, the species most preferred biotope, are very threatened in the whole Europe.","The main threat affecting the species is the significant decrease in the abundance of the main host (Colletes succinctus) of the species in southern and especially central Europe. The disappearance of the host species is due to the loss of heathlands through succession as well as afforestation and conversion of sandy sites into farmland. Thus, the previously very common Colletes succinctus and quite common Epeolus cruciger have become much rarer, and even extinct in some places. In the Czech Republic, both species are considered Critically Endangered: Colletes succinctus is now only known from six localities; E. cruciger was recorded recently at two localities after 40 years' absence (P. Bogusch and Jakub Straka  pers. comm. 2014).  According to information from other researchers, the situation in Germany, Poland and Switzerland is similar. Populations invading nests of C. marginatus in Hungary are not strong but look stronger than those from the Czech Republic.","This species is considered Vulnerable in Germany and Switzerland and Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic (Amiet 1994, Farkač et al. 2005, Westrich et al. 2011). It is not known if its distribution overlaps with protected areas throughout its range.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.","Radchenko, V.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Epeolus,fallax,,Epeolus fallax,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern because the species is locally common and its only known host, Colletes hederae, is currently expanding its range and there are no major threats affecting the species.",Unknown,This species is known from four countries in southern Europe. It is probably endemic to Europe.,"According to the findings from some localities, the species is locally common (P. Bogusch pers. comm. 2014). Its host, Colletes hederae, is currently expanding its range. The population trend of this species is unknown.","This species occurs probably in open habitats with sandy substrate, also in gardens and towns (P. Bogusch pers. comm. 2014). This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Colletes hederae is reported as the only host. However, the parasite is known only from some countries where the host species occurs.",There appears to be no major threats affecting the species.,This species is not listed in any National Red List of Red Data Book. It is not known if the species occur in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Epeolus,fasciatus,,Epeolus fasciatus,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient because most of the records of this species are from the beginning of the 20th Century and there is no information available on the population size and trend, habitats, ecological requirements and threats. The species is very rare and further research should urgently be carried out as the species could be threatened.",Unknown,This species is only known from a few records in southern and central Europe.,This species is very rare and the population trend is unknown. Most of the records are from the beginning of the 20th Century.,"The ecology of this species is poorly known, but it does inhabit open biotopes with sandy substrate. This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The only known host is Colletes punctatus (Scheuchl 2000).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not included in any National Red List or Red Data Book. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if it occurs in any protected area.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.","Radchenko, V.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Epeolus,flavociliatus,,Epeolus flavociliatus,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient because the species is only known from a few records in the Canary Islands and there is no information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,This species is only known from Gran Canaria and Tenerife in the Canary Islands.,The population size and trend for this species are unknown. The species is only known from a few records.,"There is no information on the habitat or ecological requirements of this species. This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The host is unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not included in any National Red List of Red Data Book. It is not known if the species occur in any protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Epeolus,intermedius,,Epeolus intermedius,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the uncertain taxonomic status and lack of information on the population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,This species is only known from several findings from south-western Europe. It is probably endemic to Europe.,There is no information on the population size and trend for this species.,"This species probably inhabits sandy open habitats (P. Bogusch pers. comm. 2014). This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The hosts are unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not included in any National Red List or Red Data Book. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the taxonomy, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Epeolus,julliani,,Epeolus julliani,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, and presumed large overall population. However further research is needed to establish the population size and trend, habitat, ecology and threats to the species.",Unknown,This species occurs in south-western and eastern Europe. The species probably also occur in the Near East and north Africa.,"Recent records suggest that the species is quite common in southern Europe. However, the population trend is unknown.","This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species (hosts unknown). This species, as other members of the genus, occurs on open sandy habitats.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not included in any National Red List or Red Data Book. It is not known if the it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.","Radchenko, V.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Epeolus,minutus,,Epeolus minutus,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats, and the species was only recorded from very old materials in European Russia. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"Epeolus minutus is only known from the Orenburg region in European Russia (Radoszkowski 1888). In the collection of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg, Russia) there is also one very old specimen available from the Volgograd (formerly Sarepta) region (with the label Sarepta, undated). Furthermore, Epeolus minutus was found in the steppes of Kyrgyzstan in Asia (Radoszkowski 1888).",Epeolus minutus is only known from very old records that were collected in the Orenburg and Volgograd regions in the 19th century. The species might have disappeared.,There is no information available for the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Nieto, A. & Straka, J.","Radchenko, V. & Bogusch, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Epeolus,productulus,,Epeolus productulus,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,This species is known from a few records in central and south-eastern Europe. Most of the central European records are old.,This species is very rare and the population trend is unknown.,"The species inhabits open sandy habitats. This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The host of this species is unknown, only Colletes mlokossewiczi is reported as a likely host (Amiet et al. 2007). C. mlokossewiczi is a species known to inhabit sand dunes, occurring recently also in postindustrial sites.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not included in any National Red List or Red Data Book. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.","Radchenko, V.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Epeolus,schummeli,,Epeolus schummeli,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because although the area of occupancy (AOO) is unknown, it is probably not much larger than 2,000 km2 and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals,  inferred from the  decline of the host species and the habitats where the species is found  (open sandy sites with Anchusa officinalis as host plant); thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in southern and central Europe. It is only known from a few records from each country. The species also occurs in Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are unknown, however the AOO is probably not much larger than 2,000 km2.","This species has always been rare. There is no information on the population size and trend, but the population trend can be suspected to be decreasing based on the decline of the host species and the habitats where the species is found (open sandy sites with Anchusa officinalis as host plant).","This species inhabits open sandy and rocky habitats. This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Colletes nasutus is the confirmed host (Scheuchl 2000) but Bogusch (2003) found this species at a locality in Slovakia where C. nasutus does not occur but C. graeffei is very common. However, the association of these two species has not been studied. Colletes nasutus is bound to Anchusa officinalis in open sandy biotopes and Colletes graeffei is bound to Allium flavum, a very rare steppe species.","Succession, afforestation, changes to fields and pollution are causing the disappearance of the host species (Colletes nasutus).","This species is considered Extinct in the Czech Republic and Poland and Critically Endangered in Germany (Farkač et al. 2005, Glowacinski and Nowacki 2009, Westrich et al. 2011). It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.","Radchenko, V.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Epeolus,siculus,,Epeolus siculus,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient because this species is only known from a few records from Sicily, and there is no information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,This species is endemic to Sicily (Italy).,The species is only known from a few records and the population size and trend are unknown (P. Bogusch pers. comm. 2014).,"There is no information regarding the habitat of this species but probably inhabits open sandy habitats. This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species (host unknown).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitats, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Epeolus,sigillatus,,Epeolus sigillatus,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient because this species is only known from a few records in Crete and there is no information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,This species is endemic to Crete (Greece).,There is no information on the population size or trend for this species (P. Bogusch pers. comm. 2014).,"The species probably inhabits open sandy habitats but there is no published data on its habitat. This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The host of this species is unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if it occurs in any protected area.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Epeolus,tarsalis,,Epeolus tarsalis,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because although the area of occupancy (AOO) is unknown, it is certainly not larger than 2,000 km2 and there is a continuing decline in the AOO as it has nearly disappeared from all inland localities, along with its host. Recently, it only occurs in a few coastal localities. Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Further research is needed to understand the threats affecting the species.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in central and southern Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are unknown, although the AOO is certainly less than 2,000 km2. It is probably also distributed outside of Europe.",The species in most countries is very rare or extinct. The population trend is unknown.,"This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. This species inhabits both coastal and inland salt marshes, parasitizing the nests of Colletes halophilus in coastal areas. In central Europe the species was previously parasitizing in nests of C. collaris.  However, the species has disappeared from nearly all inland localities, along with its host, and currently it is only known from a few coastal localities.","The threats to this species are unknown.However, populations of its host, Colletes halophilus, are under severe threat from rising sea levels, especially in the Dutch Delta, where coastal sea dykes are being strengthened and saltmarsh is being squeezed between the dykes and the rising sea. The Delta has lost a huge percentage of its saltmarshes since the devastating floods of 1953 (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).","This species is classified as Extinct in the Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005). It is found in the Natura 2000 sites Westerschelde and Saeftinghe in the Netherlands and at Het Zwin in Belgium. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.","Radchenko, V.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Epeolus,transitorius,,Epeolus transitorius,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient because the species has an uncertain taxonomic status and there is no information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,The species is distributed in southern Europe and Russia. It is probably endemic to Europe.,There is no information on the population size or trend for this species (P. Bogush pers. comm. 2014).,"This species inhabits open sandy biotopes. This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The hosts are unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not included in any National Red List or Red Data Book. Further research is needed into the taxonomy, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.","Radchenko, V.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Epeolus,variegatus,,Epeolus variegatus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution (the species is present in many countries), presumed overall large population and no major threats.",Stable,"This species is widely distributed across Europe (Scheuchl 2000, Amiet et al. 2007). Its distribution probably extends into Asia.","The species is quite common; it is more common in central and northern Europe (Scheuchl 2000, Amiet et al. 2007). The population trend is considered stable.","This species occurs in open sandy habitats, it is also common at post-industrial sites (military areas, sandpits, spoil heaps, etc.). This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Colletes daviesanus is the main host of this species, C. fodiens and C. similis are other known hosts (Scheuchl 2000, Amiet et al. 2007). In England it has been recorded parasitizing on C. halophilus (Guichard 1974).",There are no major threats affecting this species although the species is considered threatened in some European countries.,"This species is considered Vulnerable in the Czech Republic and Switzerland (Farkač et al. 2005, Amiet 1994) and Near Threatened in Germany (Westrich et al. 2011). It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.","Radchenko, V.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,albofasciata,,Eucera albofasciata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends, and threats, and the continuing uncertainty as to its taxonomic status. Research needs to be conducted to determine the status of the species.",Unknown,"Eucera albofasciata is found in Greece, including the East Aegean Islands (Friese 1896), Italy, Bulgaria, and European Russia (Kuhlmann et al. 2013). Outside of Europe it is found in northern Africa, Turkey, and eastern Mediterranean countries such as Syria.",No information is available on the population size and trend of this species.,"An early season species, found in Mediterranean shrubland, flying from February to May in Greece. It has been recorded foraging on Boraginaceae e.g., Rindera tetraspis (Friese 1896), Alkanna graeca and A. tinctoria (Standfuss 2009).",The threats to this species are not known.,"It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the taxonomy (with regards to synonymous species), distribution, population size and trends, natural history, and threats to this little-known species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,algira,,Eucera algira,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Eucera algira is distributed throughout southern Europe, in the countries of the Mediterranean basin, from the Iberian Peninsula to Greece and Crete (Kuhlmann et al. 2013). It is also reported from the Canary Islands (Báez and Ortega 1978). Outside of Europe, the species occurs in Tunisia (Friese 1896), Algeria (Saunders 1908) and eastward (Kuhlmann et al. 2013).",No information is available on the population size and trend of this species.,"The species is found on Mediterranean shrubland in March and April and has been recorded on Spergula spp. (Saunders 1908). Males have been associated with flowers of Ophrys bombyliflora, O. grandiflora and O. tenthredinifera which employ sexually-deceptive mating strategies (Gaskett 2011).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population status and trends, the ecology, and also any threats to this species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,alternans,,Eucera alternans,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient since, although it has been recorded over a very wide area and exploits a broad range of feeding sources, there is no information on the species' population size, trends and threats and there appears to be continuing doubts over its taxonomic validity.",Unknown,"Eucera alternans is distributed throughout southern Europe, in the countries of the Mediterranean basin, from the Iberian Peninsula to Greece. In Europe, the species is considered extinct from Hungary (Jozan 2011). According to Kuhlmann et al. (2013) the species also occurs within Serbia, Macedonia and Bulgaria. Outside of Europe, the species is found in North Africa, e.g., Algeria (Friese 1896), and to the east in Turkey and Iran (Grace 2010).",No information is available on the population size and trend of this species.,"The species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland and exhibits a long flight period, flying from March to July. It appears to be polylectic. In Turkey it has been recorded on Centaurea spp. (Asteraceae) (Özbek 2010), on Dorycnium hirsutum (Fabaceae) in Greece (Standfuss 2009) on Geranium sanguineum (Geraniaceae) (Friese 1896) and Alkanna tinctoria, Anchusa spp. (Boraginaceae) and Salvia patula (Lamiaceae) (Saunders 1908) in Algeria. It has been associated with the sexually deceptive orchid Ophrys heldreichii (Gaskett 2011).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe, although it is considered as Extinct in the Hungarian checklist of bees (Jozan 2011). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to this species. In addition some taxonomic studies would be needed to ascertain its validity. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,barbiventris,,Eucera barbiventris,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trend, and threats to the species. Further research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is known from Spain and Portugal. Outside of Europe, it is found in Morocco (Tkalcu 1984).",This species is rare but the population status and trend of this species are unknown.,Eucera barbiventris is on the wing from April to May (Banaszak and Ortiz-Sànchez 1993). It inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland and is associated with the orchid Ophrys apiformis and O. picta through the sexually deceptive behaviour the plant exhibits (Gaskett 2011).,The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population status and trends, the ecology, and also any threats to this species. It is not known whether it occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Quaranta, M. & Kemp, J.R.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,bidentata,,Eucera bidentata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient since, although this species is tolerant of a broad range of food sources, it is seldom recorded and there is still little information on its population size, trends, and threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species occurs in Italy, Greece and Cyprus. Outside of Europe, it occurs in western Turkey and Israel.",There is no information on the population size and trends of the species.,"The species is found on Mediterranean shrubland. It flies from February to May and is considered polylectic as it was recorded foraging on Calendula persica, Achillea santolina, Cichorium pumilum (Asteraceae), Fumaria (Fumariaceae), Erodium spp., Geranium rotundifolium (Geraniaceae), and Sinapis spp. (Brassicaceae) (Mavromoustakis 1951, 1952, 1957), Bellis sylvestris, Crepis neglecta and Anthemis chia (all Asteraceae) (Standfuss 2009). It is also associated with the orchid, Ophrys villosa (Gaskett 2011). Petanidou (1994) recorded the species foraging at flowers of various Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Geraniaceae, Resedaceae, Dipsacaceae and Papaveraceae species.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population status and trends, and any threats to this species. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Quaranta, M. & Kemp, J.R.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,brachycera,,Eucera brachycera,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is only known from Spain and, outside of Europe, from several north African and Middle Eastern countries, from Morocco to Syria (Kuhlmann et al. 2012), including Algeria (Friese 1896, Saunders 1908).",There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.,The species is associated with Mediterranean-type shrubland and has been collected in March on Anthirrhinum ramosissimum (Plantaginaceae) in Algeria (Saunders 1908).,The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, the habitats and ecology, and also any threats to this species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,caerulescens,,Eucera caerulescens,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size and trends, while little is known about the threats to the species. Further research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species occurs in Cyprus and in other countries of the eastern Mediterranean area including Turkey and Israel, and, further east, Iran (Ascher and Pickering 2013).","The population status and trends of this species are unknown, although in suitable places in northern Israel, it can be locally plentiful (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).","The species is found on Mediterranean shrubland and has been recorded on Lonicera sp. (Ozbek 2010), Medicago denticulata, Melilotus messanensis, Calendula persica, Trifolium sp. It flies from March to May (Mavromoustakis 1951, 1952, 1957).","The threats to this species in Cyprus are unknown. In Israel, repeated burning of maquis can reduce the amount of suitable habitat and forage resources. Inappropriate grazing regimes can also adversely affect forage availability (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).","This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and also any threats to this species. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Quaranta, M. & Kemp, J.R.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,caspica,,Eucera caspica,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",Unknown,"Eucera caspica is distributed throughout southern and central Europe to the Caucasus (Friese 1896), including Turkey (Grace 2010), Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan (Risch 2001) and it has been collected at high altitude (Banaszak and Ortiz-Sanchez 1993). Saunders (1908) reports three females collected in Algiers in April, but this finding needs to be confirmed. According to Kuhlmann et al. (2012), the species also occurs within the Russian Federation.","Due to the species wide distribution, it can be presumed to have a large overall population. This species has been reported as ""not rare"" in southern Europe (Friese 1896). However, more recently it is quoted as rare in the Red List of  Slovenia (Anonymous 2002) and Regionally Extinct in the Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005). The population trend is unknown.","Eucera caspica inhabits Mediterranean type shrublands and grasslands. This species flies from February to May in southern Spain (Banaszak and Ortiz-Sanchez 1993), and from May to July in Romania (Iuga 1958). It has been recorded on Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae), Leopoldia (=Muscari) comosa (Asparagaceae) (Friese 1896), Onobrychis viciifolia (Fabaceae) (Dusmet and Alonso 1926), Anchusa officinalis (Broraginaceae), Nepeta cataria and Salvia spp. (Lamiaceae) (Iuga 1958). Males of this species have been found to be abundant on Ophrys scolopax (Orchidaceae) (Vereecken et al. 2007) due to the sexually deceptive flowers of this species.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species has been reported as Regionally Extinct in the Red List of the Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005). As the species has a wide distribution and has a presumed large overall population, the species probably occurs in protected areas, but no data are available. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to this species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,chrysopyga,,Eucera chrysopyga,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.",Unknown,"Eucera chrysopyga is found throughout southern and central Europe to the Caucasus. Outside of Europe is found in Algeria and Lebanon (Friese 1896). According to Kuhlmann et al. (2012), the species also occurs within the Balkans, Ukraine and the Russian Federation and, outside of Europe, in Turkey.","Within its geographic range, the species is particularly common in Hungary (Friese 1896). However, it is considered Endangered in Slovakia (Belakova 1996). Due to the species wide distribution, it can be presumed to have a large overall population. There is no further information available on the population size and trend of this species.","This species inhabits Mediterranean type shrublands and grasslands. It appears to be polylectic, since it has been collected while foraging on Anchusa spp., Nonea spp. (Boraginaceae), Cirsium spp., Galactites spp. (Asteraceae), Echium spp. (Boraginaceae), Trifolium spp. and Vicia spp. (Fabaceae) (Friese 1896, Dusmet and Alonso 1926). It may be found from lowland areas to moderate altitudes (800 m asl) in May (Banaszak and Ortiz-Sanchez 1993). Many different authors report biological and distributional notes on its synonym Eucera pollinosa e.g., Gogala (1999), Farkač et al. (2005) and Iuga (1958), the latter reporting a number of additional forage plants.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002). Further studies are needed into the population trend and to identify any threats to this species. As the species has a wide distribution and has a presumed large population, the species probably occurs in protected areas, but no data are available.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,cineraria,,Eucera cineraria,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trend and threats to the species.",Unknown,"Eucera cineraria is found throughout southern and central Europe to the Caucasus (Friese 1896), including Ukraine and the Russian Federation (Kuhlmann et al. 2012). Outside of Europe the species is found in Turkey, Iran (Grace 2010), Syria and Israel (Kuhlmann et al. 2012).",The species was considered common throughout the whole of southern Europe and it was especially abundant in Hungary and Russia (Friese 1896). As the species has a wide distribution it is presumed to have a large population. The population trend is unknown.,"The species is especially abundant in the steppe habitat and has been recorded on Vicia spp. (Friese 1896) and flies in Greece from April to June (Standfuss 2009).Many different authors report biological and distributional notes on the synonym Eucera cinerea e.g., Dusmet and Alonso (1926) (does not list E. cineraria) reports the same distribution as E. cineraria. The plants that the species has been found foraging upon are: Trifolium spp., Echium spp., Vicia spp., Coronilla varia, Melissa officinalis, Medicago sativa, Lotus corniculatus, Symphytum officinale, Salvia nemorosa and Echium altissimum (Iuga 1958). Comba and Comba (1991) collected E. cinerea in Italy from May to September. The species appears pretty polyphagous with some preference for Leguminosae spp.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species has been reported as Regionally Extinct in the Red List of the Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005) and Germany (Westrich et al. 2008, 2011). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to this species. As the species has a wide distribution and a presumed large population, the species probably occurs in protected areas, but no data are available.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,clypeata,,Eucera clypeata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because it is a common species that is locally abundant and occurs in an area of extensive, suitable habitat which appears not to be under threat.",Unknown,"Eucera clypeata is a western Palearctic species found from the Iberian Peninsula eastwards towards Ukraine and Russia. It is not found in any northern European countries. Outside of Europe, the range stretches from north Africa, to the Middle-East, and Pakistan. It has also been recorded at high altitudes, i.e., in Kyrgyzstan at 2,500 m (Risch 2003).","Eucera clypeata is a common species (Risch 1999) and may be locally abundant (Dafni and Ivri 1981, Benedek 1973), although this species is considered threatened in some countries. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.","This species inhabits Mediterranean type shrublands and grasslands. The species flies from March to June in the eastern Mediterranean area and from March to July in southern Europe (J. Smit pers. comm. 2013). The flowering plants which the species visits are Anchusa spp., Nonnea spp., Trifolium spp. (Friese 1896); Orchis caspia, Medicago sativa (Benedek 1973); Ophrys spp. (gracilis, holoserica, neglecta, serotina, tenthredinifera, untchjii) (Gaskett 2011). It is an important pollinator of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), and is associated with several other species within the Fabaceae family (Trifolium repens, Trifolium pratense, Lotus corniculatus, Ononis repens, Vicia sp.). It is reluctant to collect on families other than Fabaceae (Tasei 1978).","While the threats to this species are poorly known, the species is probably not threatened as it has been widely recorded within its geographic range and sufficiently large areas of suitable habitat are presumed to remain for this species.","This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkač et al. 2005) and Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002). Further studies are needed into the abundance, population trend, and to identify any future threats to this species. As the species has a wide distribution and has a presumed large population, the species probably occurs in protected areas, but no data are available.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R. & Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,codinai,,Eucera codinai,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size and trends, while little is known about the detailed habitat requirements, ecology and threats to the species. Further research should be conducted to determine the status of this species across its range.",Unknown,"The species is only known from Spain and Portugal (Dusmet y Alonso 1926). It is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, and therefore Europe.","The population status and trends for this species are unknown, although in suitable areas in Analducia (e.g., within the Parque Natural de Coto Doñana) it can be plentiful.",This species is found in Mediterranean-type shrubland and it flies from April to August (Dusmet and Alonso 1926).,"The details of threats to this species are unknown, however, its habitat in southern Spain is under some pressure from over-grazing and from the development of tourist infrastructure.","This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, ecology and threats to this species. The species does occur in protected areas (e.g., in the Parque Natural de Coto Doñana, Andalucia).",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Quaranta, M. & Kemp, J.R.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,collaris,,Eucera collaris,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is found in France, Spain and Portugal. Outside of Europe, the species occurs in Algeria, from where was it initially described, and Tunisia (Sonet and Jacob-Remacle 1987).","In northern Tunisia, the species is the most abundant wild pollinator of Hedysarum coronarium, a crop that is cultivated for forage (Sonet and Jacob-Remacle 1987).","This species seems to have a fairly long flight period in that males fly in March, April and May, while the females fly from May to July. The species prefers foraging on Echium spp. (Banaszak and Ortiz-Sanchez 1993, Banaszak and Rasmont 1994) and legumes (Sonet and Jacob-Remacle 1987). In the Parque Nacional de Coto Doñana it is associated with Mediterranean-type shrublands and open grasslands (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and any threats to this species. It does occur in at least one major protected area (Parque Nacional de Coto Doñana, Andalucia).",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Quaranta, M. & Kemp, J.R.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,commixta,,Eucera commixta,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, while little is known about the habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Further research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species occurs in southern France and southern Spain (Friese 1986). Outside of Europe the species occurs in Algeria.The finding from Italy reported by Pagliano (1993) as Tetralonia nigrifacies (Dours 1873) collected by Grandi (1934) and probably taken up by Ascher and Pickering (2013) is wrong because Grandi (1934) refers to Tetralonia nigrifacies Lep. (syn. nov.), currently Eucera nigrifacies Lep. however this needs to be verified.",There is no information on the species' population status or trends.,"This species is found in Mediterranean-type shrubland and flies from May to July (Friese 1896, Saunders 1908, Grandi 1934). No further information on the habitat or ecology of the species is known.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, ecology and any threats to this species, while taxonomic research should be conducted to look at specimens from Italy. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R. & Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,curvitarsis,,Eucera curvitarsis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is found in several countries from central and southern Europe to eastern Europe. Kuhlmann et al. (2012) states that the species is also found in Turkey, Israel, Syria and Jordan.","There is little information available for this species and the population trend is unknown. The species appears to be rare (Friese 1896, Iuga 1958).","This species inhabits Mediterranean type shrublands and grasslands and flies from May to July. It has been collected on Anchusa officinalis (Boraginaceae) (Friese 1896) and Salvia pratensis (Lamiaceae) (Iuga 1958). In Greece, it has been reported to fly from March (Standfuss 2009). Males have been recorded on Ophrys bucephala and O. villosa (Orchidaceae) (Gaskett 2011).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, ecology and threats to this species. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,cypria,,Eucera cypria,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. Further research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Eucera cypria is a little known species described by Alfken (1933) from Cyprus. Outside of Europe, it is also known from Israel and Iran (Ascher and Pickering 2013) and Iraq (Grace 2010).",There is no information available on either the population status or trends for this species.,"This species is found in Mediterranean-type shrubland and has been recorded upon Ophrys heterochila (Orchidaceae). The bee flies early in the year, and Mavromoustakis (1948c, 1951, 1953) recorded this species on the wing from January to March in Cyprus. He also recorded the species foraging upon Lithospermum hispidulum (Boraginaceae), Mandragora officinarum (Solanaceae), Asphodelus ramosus micropodioides (Xanthorrhoeaceae), Oxalis corniculata (Oxalidaceae), Lamium amplexicaule (Lamiaceae) and Lathyrus annuus (Fabaceae) and so the species is probably polylectic.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, ecology and threats to this species. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R. & Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,dalmatica,,Eucera dalmatica,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is listed as Least Concern because, although it is seldom recorded, it has a relatively wide distribution and is tolerant of a broad range of habitats.",Unknown,"The species occurs in southern Europe and the steppes of Ukraine, Romania and Hungary (Banaszak and Ortiz-Sanchez 1993). According to Kuhlmann et al. (2012), the species also occurs within Spain, Macedonia, Bulgaria, former Yugoslavia and the Russian Federation. It is also found in the Middle East and western north Africa.",The species is seldom recorded. There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.,"Eucera dalmatica inhabits Mediterranean type shrublands and grasslands. The species flies from May to July (Ban Calefariu and Matache 2008) or earlier in Cyprus (April-June) (Mavromoustakis 1948, 1952, 1957) and later in Romania (August) (Iuga 1958). It has been recorded on the sexually deceptive orchid Ophrys calypsus (Gaskett 2011) and has been found foraging on Stachys cretica (Lamiaceae) (Mavromoustakis 1957), Cirsium lanceolatum (Asteraceae) (Iuga 1958) and Pisum arvense (Fabaceae) (Ozbek 2010). However, the species appears to be foraging principally upon Echium (Boraginaceae) (Banaszak and Rasmont 1994, Iuga 1958).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and any threats to this species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,decolorata,,Eucera decolorata,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Further research should be conducted to assess the status of the species.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is only known from Spain, where specimens have been collected and described as Eucera bolivari (Dusmet y Alonso 1926), but these have then been placed in synonymy with E. decolorata (Risch 1999).Outside of Europe, this species is known from Algeria, from where it was described (Gribodo 1924), Tunisia (Sonet and Jacob-Remacle 1987) and Libya (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).",The population size and trend for this species are unknown.,"The species may be associated with Mediterranean-type shrubland, however this requires confirmation for Spain. Specimens in the Natural History Museum, London, collected in Cyrene (Jbel Akhdar region of eastern Libya) are certainly from this habitat type (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to this species. It is not known whether it occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Quaranta, M. & Kemp, J.R.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,digitata,,Eucera digitata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of the species abundance on the island of Lesvos, and its preference for foraging upon a broad range of plant species. Research should be conducted into the species population size and trends, while any direct threats that may affect the species need to be studied.",Unknown,"Eucera digitata occurs in Europe on the Aegean Islands. Outside of Europe it is found in the Middle East, in Turkey, Jordan, Syria and Iran. It has never been found in its locus typicus (Catania, Sicily) after it was described by Friese (1896) from specimens which were supposed to be collected there. Therefore the presence of this species in Sicily is to be considered doubtful (Risch 2003).","Eucera digitata is quite commonly found in the Middle East (Risch 2003) and is very plentiful in Lesvos in a range of Mediterranean habitats (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013). However, the population trends are not known within Europe.","The species is associated with Mediterranean-type shrubland. It is presumed to be polylectic, in that it forages upon a wide range of plant species such as Alkanna tinctoria (Boraginaceae), Lavandula stoechas (Lamiaceae), Brassica nigra (Brassicaceae), Asphodelus ramosus (Xanthorrhoeaceae), Anthemis arvensis, Calendula arvensis, Scorzonera sublanata (Asteraceae), Muscari commutatum (Asparagaceae), Trifolium repens, Trifolium angustifolium, Trifolium scabrum, Trifolium stellatum, Trifolium grandiflorum, Trifolium pillulare, Vicia villosa, Hymenocarpos circinnatus (Fabaceae), Gynandriris sisyrinchium (Iridaceae), Gagea graeca (Liliaceae) (Nielsen et al. 2011).The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies from March to April.","The threats to this species are not known, but are likely to include over-grazing of suitable habitat.","The species does not occur in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species' population size and trends, and to ascertain if there are any direct threats to the species. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R. & Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,dimidiata,,Eucera dimidiata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Unknown,"The species is only found on the islands of Crete (Greece) and Cyprus in Europe.Outside of Europe, the species is reported from Turkey, Iran (Ascher and Pickering 2013, Grace 2010) and from Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Israel, Saudi Arabia and Afghanistan (Ascher and Pickering 2013).","The species can nest in ""very dense monospecific nesting aggregations"" (Vereecken et al. 2012). On Cyprus, it has been reported as the most abundant bee species foraging on the observed flora (Nachtigall 1994). No further information is available for the population size and trend of this species.","Eucera dimidiata inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland and sandy areas adjacent to the coast. In Cyprus the species flies from February to March and has been recorded while foraging on Calendula persica (Asteraceae), Salvia verbenacea (Lamiaceae) Fumaria sp.(Fumariaceae), Echium sericeum (Boraginaceae), Gagea chlorantha (Liliaceae), Sinapis alba (Brassicaceae) (Mavromoustakis 1951, 1953), Echium angustifolium, Erucaria myagroides and Hyosciamus albus (Nachtigall 1994). Male bees have been found nectaring on Medicago marina (Fabaceae) on a beach in Crete (B. Jacobi pers. comm. 2010). The species has been reported on Ophrys flavomarginata (Paulus and Gack 1988).","The threats to this species are not known but, considering the habitat, are likely to include over-grazing, and in coastal areas of Crete, the expansion of tourist infrastructure.","This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to this species. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R. & Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,distinguenda,,Eucera distinguenda,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe the species is known from Romania and Ukraine, although in Ukraine the presence is indicated but with no precise locality (Iuga 1958, Litvinenko 1992). Outside of Europe, the species was found by Friese (1896) from the Kyzyl Kum desert which is divided between Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, in Central Asia. The species also occurs in the Caucasus and Pakistan (Ascher and Pickering 2013).",The population trend for this species is unknown.,"The species was described from the Kyzyl Kum desert and, given its distribution, it may be associated with desert and dry savanna-type vegetation or temperate grassland vegetation. The species flies in July and forages on Malvacee (Iuga 1958). There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology for this species.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population status and trends, and also any threats to this species. It is not known whether it occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Quaranta, M. & Kemp, J.R.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,ebmeri,,Eucera ebmeri,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient since it has only recently been described, and there is still very little information on its population size, trends, threats. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This recently described species is found on the island of Lesvos in Greece. Outside of Europe, it is found in Turkey and Israel (Risch 1999, Grace 2010).",This species was fairly abundant when field work was conducted in 2004 (S. Roberts. pers. comm. 2013). It was described from five specimens by Risch (1999) from the island of Lesvos. No further information is available for the population size and trend of this species.,"Eucera ebmeri inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland biotopes, including olive groves and semi-natural phrygana. The species has been reported to be on the wing from February to May. Flower visitation has been reported from Muscari commutatum (Liliaceae), Brassica nigra (Brassicaceae), Trifolium stellatum, Trifolium angustifolium, Vicia villosa (Fabaceae) (Nielsen et al. 2011).","The threats to this species are not known, but in common with other species associated with phryganic habitats, it may be susceptible to overgrazing and an increase in the incidence of fires.","This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to this species. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R. & Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,elongatula,,Eucera elongatula,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size and trends, while little is known about the threats to the species and there is continuing uncertainty as to its taxonomic status. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe the species was recorded on the Iberian Peninsula and in the Balearic islands, under the name of Eucera trivittata (Friese 1896), and also in southern France (Banaszak and Rasmont 1994, Vereecken et al. 2007). Outside of Europe, the species is widely distributed in north-western Africa in Algeria and Morocco (from where it was described), and Tunisia.",The species can be locally abundant (Vereecken et al. 2007). There is no information on the population trend of the species.,"The species is associated with Mediterranean-type shrubland and open, floristically diverse, Quercus suber / Fraxinus / Pinus pinea grassland. E. elongatula has been recorded visiting Asteraceae species on the Balearic Islands (Friese 1896), and Muscari neglectum (Liliaceae), Salvia sp., Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae) and the the sexually deceptive orchid Ophrys scolopax in the south of France (Vereecken et al. 2007).It is a univoltine species (it has one generation per year) and flies from March to May (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).","The threats to this species are not known, but in common with other species associated with phryganic habitats, it may be susceptible to overgrazing and an increase in the incidence of fires. In the dehesas of Andalucia, suitable habitat has been subjected to conifer plantation and thus been converted.","This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to this species while further research should be conducted on the taxonomy to separate findings from records of similar species. The species is known to occur in at least one protected area (Parque Nacional de Coto Doñana, Andalucia).",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R. & Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,eucnemidea,,Eucera eucnemidea,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because it has a relatively wide distribution and a presumed large population, at least in part of its geographic range. However the threats to this species are unknown so further research is required.",Unknown,"Eucera eucnemidea is found in the western Mediterranean region from the Iberian Peninsula to the Adriatic coast. It is the only species showing a western Mediterranean distribution from within its subgenus, Pteneucera (Tkalcu 1984), which has seven other species all distributed in the eastern Mediterranean sea (Risch 1997). The species has been recently reported as new in Croatia (Jozan 2009). Outside of Europe, the species is found in Algeria and Tunisia.","There is little information available for this species and the population trend is unknown. It is frequently recorded in Spain (Ornosa 1993), but stated as threatened with extinction in Slovakia (Belakova 1996). In Italy, it seems that it is most frequently found in Sicily (Quaranta et al. 2004).","Eucera eucnemidea inhabits Mediterranean shrubland, lowland plains and can be found at altitudes up to 1,450 m (Banaszak and Ortiz-Sanchez 1993). It is associated with the orchid Ophrys lacaitae through the sexually deceptive behaviour the plant exhibits (Gaskett 2011). It has also been recorded while foraging on Cirsium tuberosum (Ornosa 1993).","The threats to this species are unknown, but are not presumed to present any concern as the species remains widespread and plentiful throughout its range.","The species is considered threatened with extinction in Slovakia (Belakova 1996).The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action but it is present in at least one protected area (Parque Nacional de Coto Doñana - Arroyo de Partido). Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, research the population size and trends, and identify any existing threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R. & Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,excisa,,Eucera excisa,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient since there are only very few records and nothing is known on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is presently known only from southern Hungary (from where it was described) and Turkey (Özbek 2010). However, the boundaries of the geographic area of the species have changed and the area is now in Croatia (Risch 2003). The findings in the former Czechoslovakia and Romania, reported by Iuga (1958) have to be confirmed.","The species is not common and is only known from a small number of specimens, from two distinct sub-populations. Further information on the population size and trends are not known.",This species has been recorded in June on Onobrychis sativa (Fabaceae) (Ozbek 2010) and therefore can be associated with pasture land as this species is usually grown for the cultivation of forage. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, habitat, ecology, and threats to the species. It is not known whether it occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R. & Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,fasciata,,Eucera fasciata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient since it has only recently been described, and there is not enough information on its population size, trends, threats and ecological requirements. Research needs to be carried out to determine the status of the species.",Unknown,"In Europe the species occurs in Greece (Risch 1999). Outside of Europe the species is found in Turkey including the western provinces, Syria, Jordan and Iran.",This species is apparently not rare. Risch (1999) has recognized this new species based on 91 specimens collected. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species is univoltine, in that the species only has one generation per year, and it is on the wing from late-May to mid-July. The peak of the flight season is in June (Risch 1999). It inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland and temperate grassland vegetation.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and also any threats to this species. It is not known whether it occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R. & Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,fedtschenkoi,,Eucera fedtschenkoi,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species.It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species occurs in European Russia (Sitdikov 1988, Sitdikov and Pesenko 1988, Pesenko and Sitdikov 1990). Outside of Europe, the species is found in the Kyzyl Kum desert which is divided between Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, in Central Asia.",There is no information on population size and trends for this species.,The species was described from the desert. There is no further information on the habitat and ecology of the species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and also any threats to this species. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R. & Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,furfurea,,Eucera furfurea,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is known from Greece. Outside of Europe the species is known from Turkey and Israel.",This species is rare (Risch 2003). Twenty two individuals were recorded from Attiki on mainland Greece (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013). There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland and has been recorded on Tremastelma palaestinum and Teucrium divaricatum (Standfuss 2009) and at various species in the families Dipsacaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceea, Cistaceae and Malvaceae) (Petanidou 1994). The species flies from April to July.","The threats to this species are not known, but in common with other species associated with phryganic habitats, it may be susceptible to overgrazing and an increase in the incidence of fires.","This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to this species. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Quaranta, M. & Kemp, J.R.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,gaullei,,Eucera gaullei,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern due to the the species' common occurrence on Cyprus, its wide distribution outside of Europe and a broad preference for a range of plant species. There may also be a rescue effect from the nearby mainland countries. However, research should be conducted to determine if there are any threats to the species on the island.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is only known from Cyprus. Outside of Europe the species is known from Israel, Syria, Jordan, Turkey, Armenia and Azerbaijan (Risch 2003).",The species is commonly found within its distribution range (Risch 2003). No information is known on the species' population trends.,"The species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland (including post-fire maquis and abandoned vineyards) and has been recorded on Statice sinuata, Cistus spp., Anchusa spp., Trifolium spp, Calendula persica, Fumaria spp. and Erodium (Mavromoustakis 1951) as well as on the Orchid Ophrys umbilicata (Gaskett 2011). The species flies from March to July (Vachal 1907).Specimen label data from Israel shows that the bee will visit Lamium moschatum (Lamiaceae), Alkanna strigosa, Anchusa undulatum, Echium angustifolium (Boraginaceae), Lathyrus blepharicarpus, Medicago polymorpha (Fabaceae), Asphodelus fistulosus (Xanthorrhoeaceae) (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).","The threats to this species are not known, but in common with other species associated with phryganic habitats, it may be susceptible to overgrazing and an increase in the incidence of fires.","The species does not occur in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species' population size and trends, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Quaranta, M. & Kemp, J.R.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,gracilipes,,Eucera gracilipes,,,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Near Threatened because, although it is relatively abundant within its small range, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be less than 8,890 km2, the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,740 km2 and the species is severely fragmented as it has two subpopulations on the islands of Tenerife and La Palma.",Unknown,"The species is endemic to the Canary Islands and has been recorded only on Tenerife and La Palma, although all the islands of the archipelago have been surveyed (Báez and Ortega 1978). The maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is approximately 8,890 km2 and the maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is no more than the combined area of Tenerife and La Palma, 2,740 km2. The species is found from sea level to 2,150 m above sea level.","Although the species has been recorded only from a restricted area in the Canarian Archipelago, it may be locally abundant (Dupont et al. 2003). The population trend is unknown. The species occurs in two localities as it is only found on Tenerife and La Palma, and can therefore be said to be severely fragmented, with very little chance of genetic exchange between these two subpopulations.","The species inhabits a temperate-type shrubland in a typical high-altitude sub-alpine desert, and visits endemic plant species on Tenerife, such as Erysimum scoparium, Spartocytisus supranubius (Fabaceae), Nepeta teydea (Lamiaceae) (Dupont et al. 2003) and several Aeonium species (Crassulaceae) (Esfeld et al. 2009). It is a major pollinator of the endemic Echium wildpretii (Boraginaceae) (Dupont et al. 2004).","This native Canary Island species could be threatened by the invasive and competitive introduced honey bees, possibly resulting in exploitative competition (Dupont et al. 2004).",This species occurs within the protected area of the Teide National Park on the Canary Islands. The species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends and further threats to the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,helvola,,Eucera helvola,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and certain threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is only found on the Greek mainland and on the island of Lesvos. Outside of Europe, it is found in Turkey, Syria, Lebanon and Iran (Grace 2010). It also has been reported from Romania (Iuga 1958, Ban-Calefariu and Matache 2008) but this needs to be confirmed.",In Turkey the species may be locally abundant (Ozbek 2010). No further information is available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species may be associated with Mediterranean-type shrubland or grassland. Both sexes are on the wing during May and June in Lebanon, from May to July in Mainland Greece (Standfuss, 2009) and it has a strong preference for Cirsium syriacum (Grace 2010). In Turkey, from the end of May to mid-August, the species especially contributes to the pollination of Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia), Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Clover spp. and other leguminous plants that are important as fodder (Ozbek 2010).","A potential threat to the species could be the decline in the cultivation of leguminous species, which the bee forages upon, due to other plant species being planted. In common with other species associated with phryganic habitats, it may be susceptible to overgrazing and an increase in the incidence of fires.","The species does not occur in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, and to ascertain if there are any further threats to the species. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R. & Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,hispaliensis,,Eucera hispaliensis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size and trends, while little is known about the threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is presently known only from France (S. Risch pers. comm. 2013), Italy (Comba and Comba 1991), Portugal and Spain (Kuhlmann et al. 2012) in the western Mediterranean region (Banaszak and Ortiz 1993). Outside of Europe it is also found in north Africa.",No information is available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland and flies from May to June (Comba and Comba 1991). In Andalucia, it inhabits mature mattoral on stabilized dune with Lavandula stoechas and Halimium commutatum, and typical Mediterranean phryganic habitats. The bee is univoltine, in that it only has one generation per year, and it flies in March and April. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.","The threats to this species are not known, but in common with other species associated with phryganic habitats, it may be susceptible to overgrazing and an increase in the incidence of fires, and the coastal dune habitats are under pressure from the development of tourist infrastructure.","This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and definite threats to this species. It occurs in at least one protected area (Parque Nacional de Coto Doñana, Andalucia).",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R. & Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,hispana,,Eucera hispana,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of sufficient information on its population size and trends, threats and conservation status and the continuing uncertainty as to its taxonomic status. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This is a very variable species with many infra-specific forms, which makes identification complicated. Consequently, the distribution is uncertain. Friese (1896) reports a wide distribution: north Africa, southern Europe, Hungary and Russia, and east to Central Asia. In recent years the species is mentioned in Spain (Banaszak and Ortiz-Sanchez 1993), Italy (Pagliano 1993), France (Rasmont et al. 1995), and Turkey (Ozbek 2010).",No information is available for the population size and trend of this species.,"This species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland, and temperate shrublands and grasslands. In Spain, the species flies from April to June and has been collected at altitudes over 1,500 m asl (Banaszak and Ortiz-Sanchez 1993). In Algeria, it shows an even longer flight period, from March to July, where it has been recorded while foraging on Teucrium flavum, Marrubium candidissimum, Salvia bertolonii (Lamiaceae), Onopordon illyricum (Asteraceae) and Dorycnium (=Bonjeania) hirsutum (Fabaceae) in Istria (Schletterer 1895). It was also collected in Turkey on Althaea hohenackeri (Malvaceae) (Ozbek 2010). Males have been recorded on the sexually deceptive orchid Ophrys candica (Gaskett 2011).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy and thus correct distribution, population size and trends, the ecology, and also any threats to this species. As the species has a wide distribution it probably occurs in protected areas, but no data are available.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,hungarica,,Eucera hungarica,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends and the current and potential threats to the species.,Unknown,"Eucera hungarica is a western Palearctic species found from the Iberian Peninsula eastwards towards Russia. It has never been found in France, though it probably occurs there. It is not found in any northern European countries. Outside of Europe the species has been found in Armenia (Friese 1896). According to Kuhlmann et al. (2012), the species also occurs within Ukraine and, outside of Europe, in Turkey.","The species may be locally abundant in Mediterranean areas and thus the populations are presumed to be large (Ozbek 2010), but it is considered rare in Slovakia (Belakova 1996). There is no further information available on the population size and trend of this species.","Eucera hungarica inhabits Mediterranean-type shrublands and grasslands. The species appears to be a polylectic species, in that it forages for pollen at a wide variety of wild plants. In Turkey (Ozbek 2010) it has been recorded while foraging on Anchusa angustissima, A. italica, Echium vulgare (Boraginaceae); Ajuga chia, A. orientalis, Salvia aethiopis, S. candidissima, S. frigida, Stachys spp., (Lamiaceae); Centaurea calcitrapa, C. carduiformis, C. solstitialis, Cychorium inthybus, Cirsium spp., Carduus spp. Onopordun spp. (Asteracerae); Pedicularis tuberosa, P. comosa (Orobanchaceae) and is especially abundant on Onobrychis sativa (Fabaceae) (Ozbek 2010). Males have been recorded in Italy in April-May and they visit Anchusa and Nonea (Boraginaceae) during May while the females visit Centaurea cyanea (Asteraceae) during June (Quaranta et al. 2004). Medicago sativa (Fabaceae) is also a forage plant (Friese 1896, Tasei 1978). Females are still on the wing in July in Spain (Dusmet y Alonso 1926). In Romania it has also been recorded on Anchusa officinalis, Cerinthe minor, Nonea pulla (Boraginaceae); Trifolium pratense, Astragalus onobrychis, Coronilla (Fabaceae); Centaurea cyanus (Asteraceae); Knautia arvensis (Dipsacaceae); Syringa vulgaris (Oleaceae); Papaver rhoeas (Papaveraceae) and Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) (Iuga 1958).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Slovakia (Rare; Belakova 1996) and Switzerland as Tetralonia hungarica (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,interrupta,,Eucera interrupta,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is listed as Least Concern as it has been recorded over a very wide area, it is polylectic (forage generalist) and occurs over a broad range of habitats. However the species is declining and further research should be conducted to determine the threats to the species.",Decreasing,"Eucera interrupta is distributed in southern, central and eastern Europe, including European Russia (Popova 1990). According to Kuhlmann et al. (2012) the species is also found within Bulgaria, Macedonia and Ukraine. The northern limit for this species may be northern Germany (Friese 1896) although more recent reports may exist which could change the known northern limit. Outside of Europe the species is found in Turkey and the Caucasus.","The species was considered very common in central Europe at the end of the 19th century (Friese 1896), particularly on roadsides and hedges (Schletterer 1895) and the specimens of this species are abundant in the ancient collections. Recently it has been found to be common only in Hungary (Jozan 2011). Today, the species is reported as rare in Spain (Ornosa 1993) and Slovenia (Anonymous 2002). It is also also threatened in the Czech Republic and Germany (Farkac et al. 2005, Westrich et al. 2008, 2011). The population trend is considered to be decreasing.","The species is found in Mediterranean shrublands and temperate grasslands. It is polylectic and recorded in central Europe mainly on Fabaceae species (Amiet 1994) such as Medicago sativa, Pisum sativum, Coronilla varia, Astragalus spp., Vicia spp., Trifolium spp. (Iuga 1958), Vicia varia, Vicia hybrida and Coronilla emerus (Schletterer 1895). It is also found visiting Boraginaceae such as Nonea spp. (Friese 1896), Anchusa officinalis, Cynoglossum officinale, Symphytum officinale; and on other plants including Lythrum salicaria (Lythraceae); Phlomis pungens, Nepeta cataria and Marrubium peregrinum (Lamiaceae) (Iuga 1958).   In the Mediterranean shrubland of Croatia it is more common on Lamiaceae such as Ajuga genevensis, Thymus dalmaticus, Thymus chamaedrys, Stachys recta, Salvia bertolonii and Asteraceae (Helichrysum angustifolium) or Caryophyllaceae (Lychnis flos-cuculi) (Schletterer 1895). In Turkey it is found on Lamiaceae such as Salvia aethiopis, S. frigida, Stachys lavandulaefolia, Teucrium orientale and Asteraceae such as Carduus crispus, C. nutans, Centaurea calçitrapa, C. solstitialis, Cichorium intybus and Carduus crispus (Özbek 2010). Males of the species are also associated with the orchid Ophrys scolopax through the sexually deceptive behaviour the plant exhibits (Gaskett 2011).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008, 2011), Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It occurs within protected areas, although the details are not known. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,kullenbergi,,Eucera kullenbergi,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species occurs in Greece (Crete and the East Aegean islands) (Tkalcu 1984, Grace 2010). Outside of Europe, the species' range includes Turkey and northern Iran. It is also reported from Israel (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013 - specimen labelled as this species in the Oxford University Museum).",There is no information on the population size and trends for this species although data from Lesvos suggest that the species is encountered there in small numbers in suitable habitat.,"The species occurs on Mediterranean-type shrubland and disturbed areas such as managed olive groves and roadside verges (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013). Information from specimen data labels shows that the species is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and it flies from March to May. Individuals have been found visiting Anthemis arvensis (Asteraceae) and Salvia fruticosa (Lamiaceae). Further work is necessary to establish key pollen forage plants.","The threats to this species are not known although, given the nature of the phryganic habitats that the species utilises, it is probably susceptible to overgrazing and any increase in the incidence of fires.","This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and current and future threats to this species. It is not known whether it occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R. & Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,lanuginosa,,Eucera lanuginosa,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species as it is only found on the Canary Islands in Europe and may well be threatened due to the low extent of occurrence (EOO) and/or area of occupancy (AOO).",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is only known from Canary Islands (Ortiz-Sanchez 2011). Outside of Europe it is found in Egypt (Baker 1997) and Morocco (Kuhlmann et al. 2012).",No information is available on the population size and trend of this species.,It is thought to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands. No further information is available on the habitats and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population status and trends, the ecology, and also any threats to this poorly known species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,laxiscopa,,Eucera laxiscopa,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population distribution, size and trends, while little is known about the habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species was described by Alfken (1935) from Palestine. Few findings have been reported to date, and the only ones in Europe are from Grace (2010), for the Aegean Islands in Greece. It is also found in Israel.","It appears to have a fragmented population as it is only known from the east Aegean Islands, Israel and Palestine, however further research is necessary. The species occurs plentifully on the island of Lesvos in a variety of suitable habitats.","The species inhabits a variety of Mediterranean-type shrublands in the Greek islands. It is univoltine, in that it only has one generation per year, and it flies from March to May. The flower visitation has been observed, and includes a variety of species in a number of plant families (Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Xanthorrhoeaceae and Liliaceae). Precise details of pollen sources are currently unknown.","The threats to this species are not known, but in common with other species associated with phryganic habitats, it may be susceptible to overgrazing and an increase in the incidence of fires.","This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, distribution, habitat and ecology (pollen sources) and threats to this species. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R. & Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,longicornis,,Eucera longicornis,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. It is worth noting that the species is listed as Near Threatened or threatened in the National Red Lists of Germany, the Netherlands and Norway and changes in agricultural practices are posing a threat to this species.",Unknown,"Eucera longicornis is a Palearctic species recorded in almost all European countries, including those in Scandinavia. Outside of Europe, the species is found in China, Kazakhstan and central Asian Russia.","The species  is mostly recorded from individual observations, although in some cases it can be abundant i.e., in cultivated areas (Tasei 1978). Fluctuations in the population of this species and a moderate decline in the long- and short-term population trend have been reported in the Red Data List of the Bees of Germany (Westrich et al. 2008, 2011). In Great Britain, the species has declined markedly since 1990 (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013). The current population trend elsewhere is unknown.","The species is one of the main pollinators of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and is associated with Fabaceae meadows and grasslands, although it also visits Lamiaceae, Brassicaceae and Campanulaceae (Tasei 1978). Like many Eucera sp, it is associated with sexually deceptive orchids like the Ophrys spp. (fuciflora, helenae, holoserica, scolopax) (Gaskett 2011). The species is univoltine and the flight period is from April to July.","While the threats to this species are poorly known, it has been widely recorded globally, and sufficiently large areas of suitable habitat are presumed to remain within the species' geographic range. In Great Britain, shifts in agricultural practice are regarded as a driver of decline and these include moving from hay cropping to silage (which removes the floral resources before flowering) and nitrogen enrichment of grasslands (which tends to suppress Fabaceae). Ecologist Professor John Rodwell stated in a recent interview (2013): ""Over England and Wales, the last reliable overall survey showed us that in the last century we have lost about 97% of the hay meadows that we had.""","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008, 2011), the Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010). There appear to be few direct conservation measures in place for this species although it is listed as a species of Principal Importance on Section 41 of the Natural Environment and Rural Communities (NERC) Act (2006) in the UK. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, to research the population size and trends and to identify any future or potential threats. The species is present in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R. & Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,lucasi,,Eucera lucasi,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population status and trend, while little is known about the habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The geographic range of this species is hard to define, due to potential misidentifications. In Europe, the species is thought to occur only in Greece (Grace 2010, Kuhlmann et al. 2013) and potentially Germany (GBIF 1950). Outside of Europe, the species occurs in Algeria, from where it was described by Gribodo (1893) (Ascher and Pickering 2013, Kuhlmann et al. 2013), Morocco (GBIF 2001, Kuhlmann et al. 2013), Turkey, Israel, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Western Sahara (Kuhlmann et al. 2013).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,The species inhabits Mediterranean-type phryganic shrublands in Greece and the Greek islands. It has been found in Lesvos on vegetated sandy shorelines and in managed hillside olive groves and flies from March to May (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013). There appear to be no data on flower visitation or pollen sources.,"The threats to this species are not known although, in common with other species associated with phryganic habitats and sandy shorelines in the Mediterranean area, over grazing and an increased incidence of fire are potential threats as is the development of tourist infrastructure.","This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Research should be conducted to determine the population distribution, size, trends, habitat and ecology (flower visitation or pollen sources) and threats to this species. It is not known whether it occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R. & Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,maroccana,,Eucera maroccana,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is only known from the Canary Islands (Ortiz-Sánchez 2011). Outside of Europe it is found in Morocco.",No information is available on the population size and trend of this species.,This species inhabits Mediterranean type shrublands. No further information is available on the habitats and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitats and ecology, and any potential threats to this poorly known species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,mastrucata,,Eucera mastrucata,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size and trend, while little is known about the habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"This species is known from European Russia (Sitdikov 1988, Sitdikov and Pesenko 1988, Pesenko and Sitdikov 1990). Outside of Europe it is also know from the Kyzyl Kum desert which is divided between Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, in Central Asia (Friese 1986).",There is no information on the population size and trends for this species.,The species is inhabits desert biotopes. There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, habitat, ecology, and also any threats to this species. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R. & Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,maxima,,Eucera maxima,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population status and trend, while little is known about the habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe the species is found on the island of Lesvos (Grace 2010) and outside of Europe, in Turkey and Syria. (Tkalcu 1987, Risch 1999).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,The species is active on the wing from mid May to early July (Risch 1999). The species inhabits Mediterranean-type phryganic shrubland on the island of Lesvos.,"The threats to this species are not known although in common with other species associated with phryganic habitats, it may be threatened by over grazing and an increased incidence of fires.","This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, habitat, ecology, and threats to this species. It is not known whether it occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R. & Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,mediterranea,,Eucera mediterranea,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size and trends, while little is known about the habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is known by few records, only at the edges of the Mediterranean, such as Spain, Italy (Sicily) and Greece (East Aegean islands) (Friese 1896, Zavattari 1913). Outside of Europe, the species' range includes Syria, Tunisia (Friese 1896) and Israel (Ascher and Pickering 2013).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species flies from March to May (Friese 1896, Zavattari 1913) and is found in a variety of Mediterranean-type phryganic shrubland habitats, including olive groves and vegetated sandy beaches (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).Flower visitation by males has been observed at Asphodelus (Xanthorrhoeaceae), but the pollen sources remain unknown.","The threats to this species are not known although, in common with other species associated with phryganic habitats and sandy shorelines in the Mediterranean area, over grazing and an increased incidence of fire are potential threats, as is the development of tourist infrastructure.","This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to this species. It is not known whether it occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R. & Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,microsoma,,Eucera microsoma,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. However, research should be conducted to determine the species' population trends and threats.",Unknown,"In Europe this species has been recorded from Bulgaria and the East Aegean islands of Greece (Risch 2003, Grace 2010) and, outside of Europe, from Syria, Israel and Turkey (Grace 2010, Ascher and Pickering 2013, Risch 2003).",The species is apparently common as it is abundant in the collections that have been studied (Risch 2003) but the population trend is unknown.,"This euryoecious species has been recorded from sea-level to altitudes up to 1,900 m (Risch 2003) and it flies from April to June. It is also associated with Mediterranean-type shrublands (such as abandoned olive groves) or grassland.","The threats to this species are not known but in common with other species associated with phryganic habitats, it may be susceptible to overgrazing and an increase in the incidence of fires.",The species does not occur in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population trends and threats. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R. & Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,nigrescens,,Eucera nigrescens,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. It is worth noting that the species is considered Regionally Extinct in Great Britain and Critically Endangered in the Netherlands.,Unknown,"The species is known from central and southern Europe, but it is not found in Scandinavia or the Baltic States. It has been recorded at altitudes of up to 800 m (Quaranta et al. 2004). Outside of Europe it occurs in Turkey (Özbek 2010), Jordan (Al-Ghzawi et al. 2006) and Iran (Grace 2010).","There is little information available on the abundance and trend of this species although repeated collecting indicates a constant presence (Quaranta el al. 2004; Westrich et al., 2008).","Eucera nigrescens inhabits temperate grasslands and is known to specialize on Fabaceae species (Friese 1896, Tasei 1978, Standfuss 2009), while it is also associated with the sexually deceptive orchids from the Ophrys genus (fuciflora, parvimaculata, scolopax) (Gaskett 2011).  This species flies from April to June.","The changes in agricultural practices, particularly the reduction of Fabaceae farming, may reduce the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability and therefore threaten this species. Several studies have highlighted a correlation between the decrease of legume crops and the decline of specialist legume bees (e.g., species of bumblebees (Bombus spp.) and leaf cutter bees (Megachile spp.) (Patiny et al. 2009)). A possible threat to the species is from habitat loss due to commercial and residential development on the species' habitat.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 2008, 2011), Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Great Britain (Regionally Extinct; Shirt 1987). Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, to research the population size and trends and to identify any further threats. It is not known if the species is present within any protected area. No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Quaranta, M. & Kemp, J.R.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,nigrifacies,,Eucera nigrifacies,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because of the species' wide distribution, presumed large population in the southern part of its geographic range and its tolerance of a broad range of habitats. However research is needed to establish the threats to this species.",Unknown,"Eucera nigrifacies is widely distributed from the Iberian Peninsula to eastern Europe but only as far north as France. Outside of Europe, this species ranges from north Africa to the Middle East.","Eucera nigrifacies is the most abundant species of the genus in central and southern Europe and the only species of the northern Mediterranean region, within its subgenus, Pteneucera (Risch 1997). The population trend for this species is not known. Outside of Europe, it is abundant in the Middle-East, the Caucasus and north Iran.","Eucera nigrifacies inhabits Mediterranean shrubland vegetation. The species shows a long flight period, from March to August, within its geographic range (Quaranta et al. 2004, Risch 1997) and has been recorded foraging on different plant families, including Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, and Malvaceae species (Özbek 2010).","The threats to this species are unknown, but are not presumed to present any concern as the species remains widespread and plentiful throughout its range.","The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, understand the population size and trends, and to identify any existing threats. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Quaranta, M. & Kemp, J.R.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,nigrilabris,,Eucera nigrilabris,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status. Further research is required to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Eucera nigrilabris is distributed throughout southern Europe, in the countries of the Mediterranean Basin, from the Iberian Peninsula to Greece. Outside of Europe, the species occurs in north Africa, Israel and Turkey.",The populations are small and there is no information available on the population trend of this species. Repeated collecting on same plot over a three year period show a small but constant presence (Quaranta et al. 2004).,"Eucera nigrilabris inhabits Mediterranean shrubland but there is little information about its foraging preferences although, like many Eucera sp., it is associated with the sexually deceptive orchids Ophrys aprilia, O. tenthredinifera, and O. villosa (Gaskett 2011). In Greece it has been recorded while foraging on Vicia dasycarpa (Grace 2010), Alkanna graeca (Standfuss 2009) and Alkanna tinctoria (T. Petanidou pers. comm. 2001). This species flies from February to May. In Romania it has been recorded on Vicia sp.and Lamium sp., and flies also in June (Iuga 1958).",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is unknown whether this species occurs in any protected areas and does not appear in any National Red List. Further research is required to establish the current status throughout its range, to understand the ecology and to identify any existing threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Quaranta, M. & Kemp, J.R.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,nigripes,,Eucera nigripes,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the continuing uncertainty on the species' taxonomic status, the absence of information on its population size, trends, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status. Research is required to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is only known from Italy (Pagliano 1994), Syria (Baker 1997) and Israel (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013). There are many synonyms, therefore further taxonomic research is absolutely necessary.",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"It is thought to possibly occur in desert habitats in parts of its range, however, specimen data from Israel show it to be present in Mediterranean-type shrublands associated with abandoned vineyards. The flight period is from late March to May and flower visitation has been observed at Anchusa undulata (Boraginaceae) and Silybum marianum (Asteraceae). There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species within the European parts of the range.","The threats to this species are not known in Europe, however, in common with other species associated with phryganic habitats, it may be susceptible to overgrazing and an increased incidence of fires.","This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Research should be conducted to determine the population distribution, size, trends, taxonomy, habitat, ecology and threats to this species. It is not known whether it occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R. & Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,notata,,Eucera notata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient since it has only been described from a small number of records, and due to the lack of information on the population size and trend, threats and conservation status of this species. Further research is required to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Eucera notata is found in Portugal, Spain and the islands of Italy and also on Crete (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013) and knowledge of the species is based on only a small number of records. Outside of Europe, the species is found in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia eastwards to the Negev Desert in southern Israel (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).",The populations are small and knowledge of the species is based on only a small number of records. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"Eucera notata inhabits Mediterranean shrubland and has been recorded on Ophrys sphegifera (Gaskett 2011). This species flies in Spring, from March to August in Spain and favours the flowers of Echium sp., Carduus sp., Lavandula sp., Calendula sp., Oxalis sp., and Erodium sp. (Dusmet y Alonso 1926).",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and does not appear in any National Red Lists. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, to identify any existing threats and to investigate the ecological requirements. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R. & Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,numida,,Eucera numida,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. However, further research is required to further investigate the ecological requirements of this species.",Unknown,"The species is distributed within southern Europe, in Portugal, Spain, France, Italy and Malta. Outside of Europe, the species is found in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.","Eucera numida shows locally abundant populations that have been recorded on cultivated Fabaceae species. On isolated plots, populations can reach high densities of up to 100-150 individuals per square meter (Benachour et al. 2007). However, no data are available about current population trend of this species.","The species is associated with xeric Mediterranean shrubland habitats, such as those found in southern Spain, Sardinia, and the north African coast. It is strongly associated with Fabaceae for foraging, and has been recorded as the main pollinator of Hedysarum coronarium in Tunisia (Sonet and Jacob-Remacle 1987) and of Vicia faba in southern Spain and Algeria (Benachour et al. 2007). The flight period is short, from April to May.","The changes in agricultural practices, particularly the reduction of Fabaceae farming, may reduce the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability and therefore threaten this species. Several studies have highlighted a correlation between the decrease of legume crops and the decline of specialist legume bees like species of bumblebees (Bombus spp.) and leaf cutter bees (Megachile spp.) (Patiny et al. 2009).A possible threat to the species is from habitat loss due to commercial and residential development on the species habitat.",It is not known if the species is present in any protected area and no direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species. Additional research is required to further investigate the ecological requirements of this species.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Quaranta, M. & Kemp, J.R.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,obliterata,,Eucera obliterata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is limited to the western Mediterranean area, occurring on the Iberian Peninsula (Banaszak and Ortiz-Sanchez 1993) and in the western north African countries (Risch 2003).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,The species is presumably thought to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland. There is no further information available on either the habitat or ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, ecology, and threats to this species. It is not known whether it occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R. & Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,obsoleta,,Eucera obsoleta,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Eucera obsoleta occurs in Europe on the Aegean Islands of Greece (Grace 2010). According to Kuhlmann et al. (2012), the species also occurs in Italy. Outside of Europe it is found in the Middle East, Turkey, Jordan, Syria and Israel (Kuhlmann et al. 2012).",No information is available on the population size and trend of this species.,This species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrublands. No further information is available on the habitats and ecology of this species. Specimen label data from Israel shows that it flies in March and April (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).,The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population status and trends, the ecology, and also any threats to this species. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,oraniensis,,Eucera oraniensis,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Eucera oraniensis is found in the western Mediterranean region from the Iberian Peninsula to the Adriatic coast (Comba and Comba 1991, Rasmont et al. 1995, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). Outside of Europe, the species is found in all north African countries.",No information is available on the population size and trend of this species.,The species is found on Mediterranean shrubland and has been recorded on the sexual deceptive orchid Ophrys bombyliflora (Gaskett 2011). It flies as a single brood from March to May (Quaranta et al. 2004).,The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy (as it may be a synonym of other species), population size, trends, habitats, ecology and any threats to this species. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,palestinae,,Eucera palestinae,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Eucera palestinae occurs in Europe on Cyprus. Outside of Europe it is found in the Middle East, in Turkey, Jordan, Syria and Israel (Kuhlmann et al. 2012).",No information is available on the population size and trend of this species.,This species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrublands. No further information is available on the habitats and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population sizes and trends, the ecology, and also any threats to this species. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,pannonica,,Eucera pannonica,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The geographical distribution of Eucera pannonica is poorly known. The species is found in the Iberian Peninsula, France, Italy, Austria, Romania, Hungary and European Russian Federation (Kuhlmann et al. 2012). Outside of Europe it is known from Algeria (Aouar-Sadli et al. 2012) and Turkey (Kuhlmann et al. 2012).",The species is considered as rare in Algeria (Aouar-Sadli 2012). There is no further information available on the population size and trend of this species.,There is little information available on the habitats and ecology of this species. It is thought to occur in Mediterranean type shrubland and temperate grassland and it has been reported on Hedysarum coronarium (Fabaceae) and Ranunculus spicatus (Ranunculaceae) (Aouar-Sadli et al. 2012).,The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted into the taxonomy, the population size and trends, ecology, and any threats to this species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,paraclypeata,,Eucera paraclypeata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size and trend, while little is known about the habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species' range includes south-eastern European countries such as Bulgaria and Greece (Risch 2003). Outside of Europe it is found in western Asia (Turkey, Jordan, Israel and Syria) and the Caucasus (Daghestan).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,The species can be presumed to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland. The species flies from April to July (Risch 2003).,The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the distribution, population size, trends, ecological requirements, and threats to this poorly-known species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R. & Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,parnassia,,Eucera parnassia,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its common population in Greece and its preference for a wide range of plant species. Research however should be conducted in order to understand the population trends and treats to this species.,Unknown,"In Europe the species has only recently been recorded from the Greek mainland (Petanidou 1994, Standfuss 2009) and the Aegean Islands (Grace 2010). Outside of Europe, the species has been reported in Iran (Ascher and Pickering 2013).",The species is common in Greece (Standfuss 2009). There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"This species is the first to come out at the end of winter and flies during February, March and April. It has been recorded visiting Bunias erucago and Salvia triloba (Standfuss 2009) and various other plants in the families Xanthorrhoaceae, Lamiaceae, Brassicaceae, Orobanchaceae, Fabaceae and Liliaceae (Petanidou 1994) and is generally associated with Mediterranean-type phryganic shrubland.","The threats to this species are not known, but in common with other species associated with phryganic habitats, it may be susceptible to overgrazing and an increase in the incidence of fires.",This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the population trends and threats to this species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R. & Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,penicillata,,Eucera penicillata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient since it has only recently been described, and there is still very little information on its population size, trends, threats and ecological requirements. Research should be conducted on the status of the species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is only found in the Eastern Aegean islands (Lesvos) and in Cyprus. Outside of Europe, it is found in southern Turkey and Israel (Risch 1997).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species although field work in Lesvos has shown the species to be common in a range of Mediterranean shrubland habitats (S. Roberts. pers. comm. 2013).,"The species inhabits Mediterranean-type phryganic shrublands, roadside verges and vegetated sandy beaches. It is univoltine, in that is only has one generation per year, and it flies from late March to May. The flower visitation has been observed at Dorycnium hirsutum (Fabaceae) (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013), although there are no data available on pollen forage sources. Eucera penicillata is associated with the orchids Ophrys bornmuelleri and O. umbilicata relating to the well known sexual deceptive behaviour (Gaskett 2011).","The threats to this species are not known although, in common with other species associated with phryganic habitats and sandy shorelines in the Mediterranean area, over grazing and an increased incidence of fire are potential threats as is the development of tourist infrastructure.","This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, habitat, ecology, and threats to this species. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R. & Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,plumigera,,Eucera plumigera,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Eucera plumigera is a poorly known species, found in the eastern Mediterranean region, mainly Greece and Romania (Kuhlmann et al. 2012). It occurs in the northern high mountains of Turkey, from where it was described (Kohl 1905), as well as in Israel (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).",No information is available on the population size and trend of this species.,"The species is known from phryganic Mediterranean shrublands in Israel (including areas of post-fire regeneration), and has been recorded in March and April on Iris spp. flowers (O'Toole 2003) and also on Salvia fruticosa and S. hierosolymitana (Lamiaceae), Papaver subpyriforme (Papaveraceae), Echium angustifolium, Anchusa strigosa (Boraginaceae) and Cercis siliquastrum (Fabaceae) (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The species has also been found in June on the high mountains of Turkey, from where it was described (Kohl 1905).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitats and ecology, and threats to the species. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,pollinaris,,Eucera pollinaris,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species occurs in eastern European countries such as Hungary, Ukraine and Romania and Turkey (Kuhlmann et al. 2012).",No information is available on the population size and trend of this species.,This species inhabits Mediterranean type shrublands. No further information is available on the habitats and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitats and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,proxima,,Eucera proxima,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Eucera proxima is a western Palearctic species found from the Iberian Peninsula eastwards towards Ukraine and Russia. Outside of Europe the species is found in Turkestan (Friese 1896), Turkey, Syria and Iran (Grace 2010).","There is little information available on this species and the population trend is unknown, mainly because of its uncertain taxonomic status.","This species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrublands and grasslands. In Cyprus the species appears on the wing in March, visiting Fumaria (Fumariaceae) and Anchusa hybrida (Boraginaceae) (Grace 2010). Friese (1896) noted that in Europe the males visit Borago spp. and Nonea spp. while the females fly to Anchusa spp. (all Boraginaceae) during the month of May. The species is also frequently found on Fabaceae e.g., Coronilla spp., Onobrychis sativa, Cytisus hirsutus, C. laburnum, Lathyrus niger, L. sativus, L. tuberosus and Vicia cracca; and also Carduus spp. (Asteraceae) (Ozbek 2010). The species has been recorded on the sexually deceptive orchids Ophrys celiensis, O. lyciensis and O. oxyrrhynchos (Gaskett 2011).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted into the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,pseudeucnemidea,,Eucera pseudeucnemidea,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient since it has only recently been described and although it has been recorded over a very wide area, there are only very few records and there is still very little information on its status, threats and ecological requirements.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species has only recently been described and is only known from Italy and Greece. Outside of Europe, its geographic range includes middle eastern countries, such as Turkey, Israel, Syria and Iran (Grace 2010).","Although it has been recorded over a very wide area, there are relatively few records and there is still very little information available on the population size and trend of this species.","There is little detailed information available for this species. However, it is found in xeric Mediterranean shrubland areas, olive groves, vegetated sandy beaches and in open, hillside Quercus macrolepis woodland (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013). The flight period is from March to June (Risch 1997).",The threats to this species are not known.,"There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, ecology and threats to this little-known species. This species does not appear in any National Red List or Red Data Book in Europe.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Quaranta, M. & Kemp, J.R.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,puncticollis,,Eucera puncticollis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population status and trend, while little is known about the habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Further research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe the species is found in Greece, and possibly Bulgaria (Z. Karas pers. comm. 2004). Outside of Europe it has been reported from a number of locations in Turkey (Risch 2003, Grace 2010) and from a specimen collected in Armenia (Friese 1896).",There is no information on either the population size or trends for this species.,"The species has been recorded visiting Teucrium orientale (Friese 1896) and is active from May to early July (Grace 2010). It may be associated with Mediterranean-type shrubland or grassland, however this requires confirmation.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, the ecology, and also any threats to this species. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Quaranta, M. & Kemp, J.R.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,punctulata,,Eucera punctulata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"According to Kuhlmann et al. (2012) the species occurs in eastern and southern Europe, although literature on the species has only been found from Greece (Standfuss 2009). Outside of Europe it is found in Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and Israel.",No information is available on the population size and trend of this species.,This species inhabits Mediterranean type shrublands. The species flies from April to June and has been reported while foraging on Asphaltium bituminosum and Cistus creticus (Standfuss 2009). The species is found visiting the sexually deceptive orchid species Ophrys apifera and O. cornutula (Gaskett 2011).,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitats and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,pythagoras,,Eucera pythagoras,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient since it has only recently been described, and there is still very little information on its status, threats and ecological requirements. Research should be conducted to determine the status of the species.",Unknown,This species occurs on the East Aegean islands of Greece (Samos). Outside of Europe this species occurs in Turkey (Risch 2003).,The species appears to be not very common in its geographic range (Risch 2003).,"The species may be associated with Mediterranean-type shrubland, however this requires confirmation.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, habitat, ecology, and also any threats to this species. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Quaranta, M. & Kemp, J.R.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,quilisi,,Eucera quilisi,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size and trend, while little is known about the taxonomy, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Eucera quilisi is known only from Spain and Portugal (Dusmet y Alonso 1926, Albaladejo and Izquierdo Moya 2006, F. Ortiz pers. comm. 2013).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,The species is thought to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, habitat, ecology, and threats to the species. Taxonomic research should be carried out on this poorly known species, as it is known only from the description by Dusmet and Alonso (1926) and the presence of syntypes has only recently been confirmed (Albaladejo and Izquierdo Moya 2006). It is not known whether it occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R. & Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,radoszkovskii,,Eucera radoszkovskii,,,No,DD,,Yes,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size and trends, while little is known about the habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"Eucera radoszkovskii Morawitz, 1872 was described from the Saratov region of Russia, and later this species was noted from Sarepta, Volgograd, Russia (Friese 1896). The species is also found in middle Asia (Popov 1967).",There is no information on the population size and trends for this species.,"This species is confined to plains and foothills. In Middle Asia a male was collected from the flowers of Sophora alopecuroides (Fabaceae). It is a spring species that flies from late April to late May (Popov 1967). In Turkmenistan, it is also noted to occur in August (Kohl and Handlirsch 1889). There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Studies are needed into the distribution, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Quaranta, M.","Radchenko, V.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,rufa,,Eucera rufa,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species, and little on its habitats and ecology. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is found from Spain to Greece (Rasmont et al. 1995, Ortiz-Sanchez 2011). Outside of Europe the species is found in all north African countries (Kuhlmann et al. 2012), Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Algeria, Syria and Iran (Friese 1896).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"Eucera rufa is found on Mediterranean-type shrubland and abandoned olive groves (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014), and is associated with the orchids Ophrys apulica and O. heldreichii through the sexually deceptive behaviour the plant exhibits (Gaskett 2011). Both sexes have been observed visiting Asphodelus ramosus (Xanthorrhoeaceae) on the island of Crete. The species has a single flight period each year (univoltine) and flies from March to May (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted into the taxonomy, population size and trends, the ecology, and also any threats to this species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,rufipes,,Eucera rufipes,,,No,DD,,Yes,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size and trends, while little is known about the habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"The species is known from Ukraine (Kharkiv, Donetsk, Luhansk and Dnipropetrovsk regions) and Russia (Belgorod, Rostov, Voronezh, Ryazan, Orenburg, Chelyabinsk, Krasnoyarsk, and Altai regions), Mongolia, and western Kazakhstan (M. Filatov pers. comm. 2013, Sitdikov 1988).",There is no information on the population size and trends for this species.,"The species inhabits fields of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) and sweet clover (Trifolium spp.), and can be found in shelter belts, gullies, road sides, everywhere where there are remnants of the meadow steppe (grasses). It has been recorded that the males fly from 25th April until 21st June; and the females fly from 27th April until 21st May. The species prefers leguminous plants and forages upon  Caragana spp., Vicia spp. (Fabaceae) but will also visit Taraxacum spp., Carduus spp. (Asteraceae), Nonea spp., (Boraginaceae), Muscari spp. (Liliaceae), and Salvia spp. (Lamiaceae) (M. Filatov pers. comm. 2013).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, although it is known to occur within the Khomutovskaya steppe, Streltsovskaya steppe and Provalsky steppe Natural Reserves in Ukraine. Research into the population size, trends and threats to this poorly-known species is required.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Scott, J.A. & Roberts, S.","Quaranta, M.","Radchenko, V.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,seminuda,,Eucera seminuda,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large population at least in part of its geographic range.,Unknown,"This species is distributed in southern-central Europe, from France to Greece and east to Moldova and Ukraine. Outside of Europe, the species is found in Armenia, Turkey and Tunisia.","The species is common in southern Europe (Risch 2003), but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","Eucera seminuda can be found in Mediterranean shrubland habitats and flies from March to August (Iuga 1958) in central Europe, while in the Mediterranean area it flies from March to July. It has been recorded  foraging on Fabaceae (Trifolium pratense), Boraginaceae (Anchusa officinalis) (Friese 1896) and Lamiaceae species. In Romania it has been recorded on Onobrychis sativa, Vicia pannonica, Ajuga genevensis, Glechoma hederacea, Muscari racemosum and Lychnis flos-cuculi (Iuga 1958) and is associated with sexually deceptive orchids, Ophrys attica and O. umbilicata (Gaskett 2011).","The threats to this species are unknown, but are not presumed to present any concern as the species remains widespread and plentiful throughout its range.","This species is included in the National Red list of threatened species in the Czech Republic as Regionally Extinct (Farkač et al. 2005). However it is still considered present in Moravia and Slovakia (Bogusch et al. 2007).Other than general research activity on the threats and population size and trends, no direct conservation measures are needed for this species. It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Quaranta, M. & Kemp, J.R.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,spectabilis,,Eucera spectabilis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Eucera spectabilis shows an Indian-Turanic distribution extended to Turkey and the Caucasus. According to Kuhlmann et al. (2012) the species is found in European Russia. It was described from ""Sarafschan"" (probably today's Zarafshan, Uzbekistan) and also collected in ""Borshom"" probably in Georgia (Morawitz 1875). Outside of Europe the species is known from Turkey (Grace 2010), Turkestan (Friese 1896), India and Pakistan (Dover 1925).",No information is available on the population size and trend of this species.,The species inhabits temperate grassland and has been recorded while foraging on Malva spp. (Morawitz 1875).,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitats and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,squamosa,,Eucera squamosa,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Eucera squamosa occurs in Europe on mainland Greece and the Aegean Islands (Grace 2010). Outside of Europe the species is found in Algeria (Friese 1896) and Turkey (Grace 2010). According to Kuhlmann et al. (2012) the species also occurs in Bosnia and Romania, as well as northern African and eastern Mediterranean countries.",No information is available on the population size and trend of this species.,This species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrublands and has been recorded while foraging on Centaurea calcitrapa in July (Özbek 2010).,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitats and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,syriaca,,Eucera syriaca,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Eucera syriaca only occurs in Cyprus within Europe. Outside of Europe it is found in Turkey, Jordan, Syria, Israel (Kuhlmann et al. 2012) and Iran (Ascher and Pickering 2013).",No information is available on the population size and trend of this species. As it only occurs in Cyprus in Europe there is little chance of any rescue effect from the extra-limital populations in the Middle East.,This species inhabits Mediterranean type shrublands. No further information is available on the habitats and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitats and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,taurica,,Eucera taurica,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of continuing uncertainty as to its taxonomic status, the lack of information on the species' population size and trends, while little is known about the habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Further research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is found in France (mainland and Corsica) (Banaszak and Rasmont 1994, Rasmont et al. 1995), Hungary (Jozan 2011), Romania (Iuga 1858) and Spain. Outside of Europe, it is found in central Asia, northern Africa and Turkey (Grace 2010).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species is thought to inhabit grassland, forest, and Mediterranean-type shrubland, and it flies from May to August. The species is found visiting the sexually deceptive orchid species Ophrys aegirtica and Ophrys tardans (Gaskett 2011). The preferred flowers for females are Anchusa officinalis, Cynoglossum officinale (Boraginaceae), Vicia spp., Lotus corniculatus (Fabaceae), Euphorbia sp. (Euphorbiaceae), while the males prefer Centaurea cyanus, Cirsium lanceolatum, Carduus spp. (Asteraceae).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size, trends, habitat, ecology, and threats to this species. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R. & Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,transitoria,,Eucera transitoria,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population status and trend, while little is known about the habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Further research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"In Europe the species is known from European Russia (Sitdikov 1988, Sitdikov and Pesenko 1988, Pesenko and Sitdikov 1990). Outside of Europe it is only known from a single record (Friese 1896) from Sarafschan in Turkestan.",There is no information on either the population size or trends of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat or ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Research is needed into the distribution, abundance, ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Quaranta, M. & Kemp, J.R.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,tricincta,,Eucera tricincta,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern because it has a relatively wide distribution, is tolerant of a broad range of habitats and has a presumed large population. However, further research is required to determine the population trends of this species.",Unknown,"Eucera tricincta is a western Palearctic species found from the Iberian Peninsula eastwards towards Ukraine and possibly southern European Russia. Outside of Europe the species is found in Algeria (Saunders 1908), all north African countries, Turkey (Kuhlmann et al. 2012), Caucasus, Palestine and Israel (Grace 2010).","The species has been found in wide nesting populations (Friese 1896). As the species is widespread and widely cited in the literature, it is presumed that it has a large population. There is no further information available on the population size and trend of this species.","The species is associated with Mediterranean-type shrubland and open, floristically diverse, Quercus suber/Fraxinus spp./Pinus pinea grassland. It has been found on Salvia sylvestris (Lamiaceae) (Friese 1896); Echium vulgare, Anchusa officinalis (Boraginaceae); Ononis spinosa, Onobrychis sativa (Fabaceae); Stachys recta (Lamiaceae) and Carduus spp. (Asteraceae). It is on the wing from May to August (Banaszak and Ortiz-Sanchez 1993, Iuga 1958, Ozbek 2010), even in April in north Africa on Peganum harmala (Nitrariaceae) (Saunders 1908). Other recorded forage plants are Ballota spp. (Lamiaceae) (Grace 2010), Knautia integrifolia (Dipsacaceae) (Ornosa 1993) and Corydothymus capitatus (Lamiaceae) (Standfuss 2009).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and also any threats to this species. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,velutina,,Eucera velutina,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size and trend, while little is known about the habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe the species is found in Cyprus, Ukraine (Donetsk, Mykolaiv, Odessa, and Crimea), and European Russia (Volgograd) (M. Filatov pers. comm. 2013). Outside of Europe, the species is found in Israel (Ascher and Pickering 2013) and Turkey (Grace 2010).",There is no information on the population size and trends for this species.,"The species has been reported visiting Anthemis arvensis, Calendula persica (Asteraceae) (Mavromoustakis 1951) and Geranium tuberosum (Geraniaceae) (Mavromoustakis 1957). The females of Eucera velutina collect pollen from Stachys spp. (Lamiaceae) and Malus spp.(Rosaceae) (V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2013).The species flies from March to May. In Israel and Palestine, it is associated with desertic conditions in the Negev and east of Jerusalem, and in Mediterranean shrublands on Har Karmel (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013). In Russia it is found on steppic habitats and found foraging on Salvia tescuicola and Caragana frutex (Pesenko 1974).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, although it is known to occur with the Ukrainian Steppe Nature Reserve. Further studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Nieto, A., Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Quaranta, M.","Radchenko, V.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,vernalis,,Eucera vernalis,,,No,DD,,Yes,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size and trends, while little is known about the habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species occurs in European Russia (Sitdikov 1988, Sitdikov and Pesenko 1988, Pesenko and Sitdikov 1990; Kuhlmann et al. 2012). Outside of Europe, the species is present in Turkestan and Uzbekistan (Friese 1896).",There is no information on the population size and trends for this species.,The species is thought to inhabit grasslands. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known whether the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the distribution, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R. & Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,vittulata,,Eucera vittulata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species occurs in Greece, Turkey and the Caucasus, as well as the eastern European countries from the former Yugoslavia to Ukraine (Sitdikov and Pesenko 1988, Kuhlmann et al. 2012).",No information is available on the population size and trend of this species.,This species inhabits Mediterranean type shrublands. It flies from May until June and has been reported while foraging on Crepis neglecta (Asteraceae) in May (Standfuss 2009).,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitats and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,vulpes,,Eucera vulpes,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species and little on the habitats or ecology of the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Eucera vulpes is distributed throughout southern Europe, in the countries of the Mediterranean basin, from the Iberian Peninsula to Greece and its islands (Standfuss 2009, Grace 2010, Ortiz-Sanchez 2011, Kuhlmann et al. 2012). Outside of Europe, it has been reported in Israel (Mavromoustakis 1939), Turkey, Syria and Jordan (Kuhlmann et al. 2012).",No information is available on the population size and trend of this species.,"This species inhabits Mediterranean type shrublands, including abandoned olive groves. The species is on the wing from April to June and has been reported foraging upon Bellis sylvestris (Standfuss 2009).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitats and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Eucera,zeta,,Eucera zeta,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Eucera zeta occurs in Europe on the Aegean Islands and Cyprus (Grace 2010). Outside of Europe it is found in the Middle East, Turkey, Jordan, Syria, Israel, Iran and Turkmenistan (Kuhlmann et al. 2012, Ascher and Pickering 2013).",No information is available on the population size and trend of this species.,This species inhabits Mediterranean type shrublands. It flies in February and March on Cyprus and it is suggested that it is an oligolectic species. Grace (2010) reports foraging at Prunus dulcis and Crataegus azarolus (Rosaceae).,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Flavipanurgus,flavus,,Flavipanurgus flavus,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of the presumed overall stable population. However, the species has a restricted distribution with a small area of occupancy.",Stable,"Flavipanurgus flavus is endemic to western Spain. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 155,982 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km².",This species is rare and the populations seem small. The population trend is considered stable; however further studies are needed to determinate the actual population size and trend.,This species is found in Mediterranean cleared forests (Quercus spp.) and in scrub. It also nests in field margins.,This species is sensitive to alteration of the Mediterranean ecosystems that it inhabits. In particular alteration in the edges of roads and crops poses a threat to this species.,"Additional studies are needed into taxonomy, trends, abundance and population trend of this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Flavipanurgus,fuzetus,,Flavipanurgus fuzetus,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,Flavipanurgus fuzetus is only known from its locus typicus in Portugal. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².,The population size and trend are unknown.,There is no information about the habitat and ecology for this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"Additional studies are needed into taxonomy, trends, abundance, general ecology and threats to this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Flavipanurgus,granadensis,,Flavipanurgus granadensis,,,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"Listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km², its distribution is severely fragmented, and the extent and quality of its Mediterranean habitat is declining due to ploughing, forest fires and reforestation with non-native species.",Unknown,"Flavipanurgus granadensis is distributed in south-eastern Spain and in the Algarve in Portugal. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 104,375 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².","This species is rare. The populations are isolated due to the fragmentation of the Mediterranean forests where the species lives, with no or little genetic exchange between them; this populations of this species are therefore considered to be severely fragmented. Its population trend is unknown.",It is found in scrub adjacent to Mediterranean forest (Quercus spp.). It has been seen foraging on Cistaceae.,"This species is threatened by the disappearance of Mediterranean forests due to ploughing, reforestation with non-native species, forest fires etc.","Additional research is needed in taxonomy, general abundance and trends.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Flavipanurgus,ibericus,,Flavipanurgus ibericus,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its overall presumed large and stable population and no major threats. However, this species is sensitive to alterations in the habitat.",Stable,"Flavipanurgus ibericus is distributed in central and western Spain and Portugal. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 156,229 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km².",This species is rare and its population trend is considered stable.,This species is found in scrub adjacent to Quercus spp. forests.,"This species is sensitive to alterations in the habitat due to ploughing, forest fires and reforestation with non-native species which may result in fragmentation of the species populations.",No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species except taxonomic research.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Flavipanurgus,merceti,,Flavipanurgus merceti,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size, trend and status.",Unknown,Flavipanurgus merceti is endemic to Spain and is only known from two localities in the centre of the country. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².,This species is rare and its population trend is unknown.,This species inhabits scrub.,"Deforestation and the elimination of Mediterranean scrub due to ploughing, forest fires and reforestation with non-native species is a threat to this species, which may result in fragmentation of the species populations.","Additional studies are needed into taxonomy, abundance, trends, general ecology and threats to this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Flavipanurgus,venustus,,Flavipanurgus venustus,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern because although this species has a very small extent of occurrence and area of occupancy, it is suspected that the species overall has a presumed large and stable population.",Stable,"Flavipanurgus venustus is distributed in southern Spain and Portugal. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,263 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².",The species is rare and its population trend is considered stable.,It is found in scrubland on Cistaceae.,Deforestation and the reforestation with non-native species and the elimination of Mediterranean scrub due to ploughing and forest fires are threats to this species.,"Additional research is needed on taxonomy, general abundance and trends of population, and ecology of this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Habropoda,ezonata,,Habropoda ezonata,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is only known from Albania, Sicily, Greece and the East Aegean islands (Grace 2010, Rasmont 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Habropoda,tarsata,,Habropoda tarsata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is abundant and populations are thought to be stable. However, research should be conducted to determine the habitat and specific threats of the species.",Stable,"Habropoda tarsata is found scattered from southeast to west France all along the Mediterranean region, eastwards until Iran (Rasmont 2014).","This is the most abundant of the Habropoda species. While its distribution is quite scattered, it is generally very abundant where it has been found (P. Rasmont pers. obs. 2014), and the populations are presumed to be stable.","The males of the species can be found on the flowers of Prunus persica and Prunus amygdalus, while the females can be found on Coronilla varia, Anchusa and Ajuga (Iuga 1958). It also forages very frequently on Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and Cytisus species (P. Rasmont pers. obs. 2014). It hosts Melecta obscura (Lieftinck 1969, 1972), and it could also presumably host the kleptoparasite Melecta albifrons (Iuga 1958), but this could be a mistake. There is no information available on the habitat of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands..",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Habropoda,zonatula,,Habropoda zonatula,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is quite abundant through the Balkan region and Greece, the Caucasus and north Iran. It can also be found in Italy and Sicily and in a very isolated subpopulation in central Spain. It has been recorded in one locality in southeast France, where it now seems to have disappeared (Rasmont 2014).","This species is quite abundant throughout the Balkan region and Greece. However, it seems to have disappeared in southeastern France. There is no information on the overall population size and trends of the species.","The males of this species often forage on Robinia pseudaccacia, while females forage on Salvia and Vicia (Iuga 1958). It is the host of the kleptoparasitic species Melecta funeraria. There is no information available on the habitats of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on temperate grasslands.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Haetosmia,circumventa,,Haetosmia circumventa,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Haetosmia circumventa is only known from the Canary Islands in Spain. This species is mostly distributed in southwestern Asia, northern Africa and the Afro-tropics (Peters 1974, 1975).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Haetosmia circumventa is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Heliotropium spp. (Boraginaceae) (Hohmann et al. 1993, unpublished data, A. Müller  pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Haetosmia,vechti,,Haetosmia vechti,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Haetosmia vechti is only known from Greece (Peters 1974). This species is mostly distributed in southwestern Asia.",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Haetosmia vechti is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Heliotropium (Boraginaceae) (Mavromoustakis 1954b).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,adjikenticus,,Halictus adjikenticus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.",Unknown,"Halictus adjikenticus is recorded in southern France, Austria, former Yugoslavia and eastward in the Caucasus (Ebmer 1975, Pesenko 2004). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 557,629 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km².",This species is very rare and very localized and possibly has a fragmented population. The species population trend is unknown.,There is no information about the habitat and ecology for this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,alfkenellus,,Halictus alfkenellus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.",Unknown,"Halictus alfkenellus is recorded in Sicily, Greece and Russia. The main part of the distribution is to the east of the Mediterranean basin (Pesenko 2005). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 658,200 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km².","This species is rare, localized and possibly has a fragmented population. There is no information about the current population trend.",It is a steppe species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,asperulus,,Halictus asperulus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.",Unknown,"Halictus asperulus is recorded in the south-western Palearctic, from Spain to Iran and Israel (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,329,455 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 180 km².",The population abundance of this species is not known but the species is rare. The current population trend is unknown.,It inhabits Mediterranean habitats such as shrublands and grasslands.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, breeding biology and general ecology of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,brunnescens,,Halictus brunnescens,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.",Unknown,"Halictus brunescens is distributed in the south-western Palearctic, from Morocco to northern Pakistan (Ebmer 1988). This species is recorded in Czech Republic,  Hungary, Austria and Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,477,197 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 184 km².",This species is common in eastern Europe (e.g. Ukraine) but has a relict population in central and western Europe. The population trend is unknown.,There is no information about the habitat and ecology for this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,carinthiacus,,Halictus carinthiacus,,,Yes,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii)",No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii)",EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km², its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, quality of the habitat and number of mature individuals due to climate change, land use change and urbanisation.",Decreasing,"Halictus carinthiacus is endemic to Europe and is restricted to the Alps: Austria, France, Italy, Slovenia and Switzerland (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 189,890 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km².",The species is localized as it is restricted to alpine areas. The populations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented. The species has a declining population.,"Specimens are collected in beech forests, in sub-Mediterranean and pre-alpine regions in addition to woodland edges, sparse grassy areas and waste places. Males fly in July and August.",The species is affected by climate change as it inhabits alpine areas. Land use change due to agricultural activities and urbanization are the major threats affecting this species.,This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994); Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002). There is no information available about its presence in a protected area. It is recommended to monitor the population of this species.,This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,centaureae,,Halictus centaureae,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.",Unknown,"Halictus centaureae is endemic to Europe and is restricted to the coast of former Yugoslavia and Greece (Ebmer 1985). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 78,476 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km².",The species is rare. There is no information about the current population trend.,The species inhabits coastal areas.,The threats to the species are unknown.,"There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the taxonomy, distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,cephalicus,,Halictus cephalicus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable population, it occurs in protected areas, and there are no major threats.",Stable,"Halictus cephalicus is distributed from the eastern part of the Mediterranean basin to Iran (Ebmer 1987). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 417,789 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 140 km².",This species is not rare in Greece. The population trend is stable.,It is an east Mediterranean species and it can be found in shrublands and grasslands.,No major threats are affecting this species.,The species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,cochlearitarsis,,Halictus cochlearitarsis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, it occurs in protected areas and there are no major threats.",Stable,"Halictus cochlearitarsis is present around the Mediterranean basin, from Spain to European Turkey (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,460,290 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 208 km².",This species is not common. The population trend seems to be stable.,It inhabits Mediterranean habitats such as shrublands and grasslands.,"There appear to be no major threats affecting the species. However, the species occurs in coastal areas and urbanization could become a threat.",The species probably occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,compressus,,Halictus compressus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"Halictus compressus is distributed in the Palearctic region (Ebmer 1988, Pesenko et al. 2000). The nominal subspecies is present from south England to the Volga River, and from southern Italy to Gotland. The subspecies transvolgensis is distributed from the Volga River to Lake Baikal. The subspecies gissaricus is restricted to Tajikistan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,340,948 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,068 km².","This species is not common and is considered threatened in some countries. However, the overall population trend is stable.",The species inhabits shrublands and grasslands. It is found in warm areas.,There are no major threats affecting this species.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: United Kingdom (Regionally Extinct; Shirt 1987), Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010).  The species has been rediscovered in the United Kingdom since the publication of the UK Red List (Falk 2011) and so its UK status will need revision.It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,concinnus,,Halictus concinnus,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its overall stable population. However, the species has a small area of occupancy (AOO) of 52 km² and is potentially threatened by urbanization.",Stable,"Halictus concinnus is endemic to the Canary Islands (Ebmer 1972). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 38,124 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 52 km².",The species is not rare. The population trend is possibly stable.,This species inhabits sandy soils in coastal areas.,The species is probably threatened by urbanization.,"There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the taxonomy, distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,confusus,,Halictus confusus,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"Halictus confusus has an Holarctic distribution. The nominal subspecies is from the Nearctic region. The subspecies perkinsi  occurs in the sandy plains of Europe, from south-western France to southern  England and to southern Scandinavia, eastward to the Ural; the subspecies alpina  inhabits the Alps, the subspecies glacialis the mountains of central Iberia  (Sierra de Guadarrama). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,650,619 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,012 km².",The species is common in many parts of its range and the population trend overall is probably stable.,"Halictus confusus is polylectic and social. The species inhabits shrublands (including lowland heath) and grasslands. The species nests in sandy soils with the females constructing their nests in the ground. Overwintered females appear in April, males fly from July to  September.","Destruction of sandy areas, that the species inhabits, due to urbanization, infrastructure development (including for tourism), afforestation and mineral extraction could affect this species.",This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994); Finland (Vulnerable; Rassi et al. 2010); Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002); United Kingdom (Rare; Shirt 1987) and Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010). The species occurs in protected areas.Genetic work in North America is being undertaken to establish the taxonomic status of the taxon in the Nearctic.,This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,consobrinus,,Halictus consobrinus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.",Unknown,"Halictus consobrinus is distributed in the western part of the Mediterranean basin (Portugal, Spain, Morocco and Algeria) (Blüthgen 1955, Ebmer 1975). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 229,270 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km².",This species is rare and there is no information about the current population trend.,There is no information about the habitat of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,constantinensis,,Halictus constantinensis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.",Unknown,"Halictus constantinensis is only recorded from one population in Sicily (Blüthgen 1923a,b; Pesenko 2004). The main part of the distribution is in the Maghreb (Morocco and Algeria). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are 4 km².",There is no information available on the population abundance of this species. The population trend is unknown.,There is no information about the habitat and ecological requirements of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,crenicornis,,Halictus crenicornis,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.",Unknown,"Halictus crenicornis is distributed in the north-western part of the Mediterranean basin (Blüthgen 1923, 1924). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 605,952 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 296 km².",This species is rare and the current population trend is unknown.,The habitat of this species is unknown.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. It possibly occurs within protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,cypricus,,Halictus cypricus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, the habitat of the species and the threats affecting it. However, based on its restricted range in Europe it could be classed as Endangered (under Criterion B) and search for further information and a re-assessment are priorities.",Unknown,"Halictus cypricus is distributed in the east of the Mediterranean basin (Cyprus, Turkey, Israel and Iran). The species is known from three localities (Blüthgen 1937). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,808 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km².",The species is not common. The population trend is unknown.,The species possibly inhabits coastal areas.,This species is possibly threatened by urbanization.,"It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected area. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, and general ecology of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,fatsensis,,Halictus fatsensis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.",Unknown,"Halictus fatsensis is recorded in Cyprus in one locality (Pesenko 2005). Other data are from Syria, Turkey and Israel. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are 4 km².",There is no information available on the population abundance of this species. The population trend is unknown. The possible rescue effect from populations outside the assessment area is low as the species is small in size.,There is no information about the habitat or ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,frontalis,,Halictus frontalis,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of a presumed stable population and no major threats affecting the species. However, the species has a very restricted area of occupancy.",Stable,Halictus frontalis is endemic to Madeira (Pesenko 2004). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 78 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².,The species is common within its limited range. The population trend is considered stable.,The species is found in clearings (such as along roadsides and levadas) in the Laurel Forest zone in Madeira (Fellendorf et al. 1999).,There are no apparent threats to this species.,"There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. The species is present within protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology of this species and to establish if there are future threats to its survival given its restricted distribution.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,fulvipes,,Halictus fulvipes,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"Halictus fulvipes is distributed in the western part of the Mediterranean basin, from the Canary Islands to Montenegro (Ebmer 1974). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,066,855 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 632 km².",This species is common and the population trend is stable.,It inhabits Mediterranean habitats such as shrublands and grasslands.,There are no major threats affecting the species.,This species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,fumatipennis,,Halictus fumatipennis,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.",Unknown,"Halictus fumatipennis is endemic to Spain (Blüthgen 1923, 1924). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 47,555 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².",This species is very rare. The population trend is unknown.,There is no information about the habitat or ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,gavarnicus,,Halictus gavarnicus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable population, and no major threats. However, the species has a small area of occupancy (AOO).",Stable,"Halictus gavarnicus is distributed in the mountains of southern Europe, from the Pyrenees and the Alps to Greece, eastward  to Bashkiria, the Caucasus and north-eastern Turkey. The subspecies gavarnica  inhabits the Pyrenees, the subspecies delphinalis the Alps, the subspecies  longigenae the mountains of Greece and the subspecies tatarica is found in the  Caucasus. Two isolated populations of the subspecies gavarnica have been  recently found in maritime heathlands in the French departments La Manche (on Erica  cinerea, A. Pauly pers. comm. 2006) and Les Landes (D. Genoud pers. comm. 2006). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,993,463 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 252 km².<span skype_menu_props=""{'numberToCall':'+3299346279' , 'isFreecall':false, 'isMobile':false, 'isRtl':false}"" onmouseout=""SkypeClick2Call.MenuInjectionHandler.hideMenu(event);"" onmouseover=""SkypeClick2Call.MenuInjectionHandler.showMenu(this, event);"" tabindex=""-1"" dir=""ltr"" class=""skype_pnh_container"">","The species is not common but the overall population trend is considered stable. In Germany, it is extremely rare and the subpopulations have been declining. Populations from the French Atlantic coast are isolated.","It occurs in mountain areas (above 2,000 m) although there are two records of the species being found on the coast of France (University of Mons 2012).",There are no major threats affecting this species.,This species is included in the National Red List of Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011). The species probably occurs in protected areas. It is recommended that the isolated French coastal population is studied in detail.,This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,gemmeus,,Halictus gemmeus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"Halictus gemmeus is distributed all around the Mediterranean basin (Ebmer 1987). It is also present in many Mediterranean islands: Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sicily and Sardinia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,705,149 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 960 km².",This species is common and the population trend is stable.,It is found in Mediterranean habitats such as shrublands and grasslands.,There are no major threats affecting this species.,It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,graecus,,Halictus graecus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.",Unknown,"Halictus graecus is recorded in Croatia, Greece and Turkey (Pesenko 2005). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 526,799 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km².",This species is rare and the population trend is unknown.,There is no information about the habitat or ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,grossellus,,Halictus grossellus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.",Unknown,"Halictus grossellus is found in Greece and Turkey (Ebmer 1978). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,314 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².",There is no information about the population size of this species and the population trend is unknown.,There is no information about the habitat or ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,gruenwaldti,,Halictus gruenwaldti,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.",Unknown,"Two records of Halictus gruenwaldti are known, one from south of France, and one from the northwest of Italy (Ebmer 1975).",This species is rare and the population trend is unknown.,There is no information about the habitat or ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,holomelaenus,,Halictus holomelaenus,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.",Unknown,"Halictus holomelaenus is endemic to Crete (Blüthgen 1936). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,888 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km².",There is no information about the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information about the habitat or ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,inpilosus,,Halictus inpilosus,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.",Unknown,"Halictus inpilosus is endemic to Greece (Ebmer 1975). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 43,284 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².",There is no information about the population size and trend of this species.,The species inhabits coastal areas.,The threats to this species are unknown. It probably may be negatively affected by urbanization in coastal areas.,"It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,jaramielicus,,Halictus jaramielicus,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.",Unknown,Halictus jaramielicus is only known from its locus typicus in Spain (Blüthgen 1924). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².,This is a very rare species. The population trend is unknown.,There is no information about the habitat or ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,kessleri,,Halictus kessleri,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"Halictus kessleri is mainly distributed in southern Europe. Eastwards, the species reaches eastern Turkey, westwards the Alps and  southwards Calabria (Italy). Some relict populations inhabit the Pyrenees. The  subspecies hakkarius is found in south-eastern Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,085,440 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 544 km².",This species is not common but the population trend is believed to be stable.,"Halictus kessleri is polylectic and social. The species inhabits shrublands and grasslands. In the Alps, the species is found in the valleys, not at high altitudes. Females nest in the ground. Overwintered females appear in April, males fly from July.",There are no major threats affecting this species.,This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). The species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,langobardicus,,Halictus langobardicus,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"Most of the populations of Halictus langobardicus are recorded in France (Ebmer 1975, 1988). It reaches Serbia in the east and Sicily in the south. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,637,128 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 340 km².",This species is not common but the population trend is believed to be stable.,The species inhabits shrublands and grasslands. It occurs in warm localities in central Europe.,There are no major threats affecting this species.,This species is included in the National Red List of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005). It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,leucaheneus,,Halictus leucaheneus,,,No,VU,"B2ab(iii,v)",No,VU,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)Listed as Vulnerable because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 748 km², its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals due to urbanization.",Decreasing,"Halictus leucaheneus is a Palearctic species with a discontinuous distribution. In temperate Europe, the species is represented by the subspecies arenosus. The subspecies nivalis is confined to the Sierra Nevada in southern Spain. The subspecies occipitalis occurs in the Caucasus and Turkey. The nominal subspecies leucaheneus is found around the Lake Balkash to Harbin, Northeast China. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,881,324 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 748 km².","Halictus leucaheneus is very rare but females nest locally in extremely large aggregations in sandy areas. Recent records of populations are known in only few places in Sweden, the Pyrenees and Poland. The species is localized but is common where it is found. The population trend of this species is strongly decreasing.   The populations are isolated, with little, or no, genetic exchange between them and the distribution of this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.",The species inhabits inland sandy areas and dry grasslands.,The habitat of this species is very fragmented and the main threats come from destruction of the habitat due to urbanization.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008); Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Sweden (Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010). The species occurs in protected areas.It is recommended that the areas where this species occurs are protected. Further research into the population sizes, distribution and trends are required.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,luganicus,,Halictus luganicus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.",Unknown,"Halictus luganicus is distributed in eastern Europe, and is known from Ukraine and Russia (Ebmer 1975, 1978). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 435,834 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².",This species is rare. The population trend is unknown.,There is no information about the habitat or ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is included in the National Red List of Ukraine (Rare; Monchenko et al. 2009).   It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.","Radchenko, V.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,lussinicus,,Halictus lussinicus,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",Unknown,"Halictus lussinicus is recorded from Croatia and southern Russia (Ebmer 1978). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 119,065 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².",The current population trend is unknown.,There is no information about the habitat and ecology for this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,maculatus,,Halictus maculatus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"Halictus maculatus is distributed in the west Palearctic region (Ebmer 1975, 1988; Madsen and Calabuig 2011). The nominal subspecies is recorded from Portugal to the Caspian Sea, and from Sicily to Finland. In the south, the species is mainly present in the mountains. The subspecies priesneri is described from Anatolia, Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Israel in the south. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,350,815 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,080 km².",This species is common with a stable population trend.,"Halictus maculatus is polylectic  and social. The species inhabits shrublands and grasslands. Females nest in the ground, and in large, loose aggregations (Perkins 1919). Overwintered females appear in April, males fly from July to October. The species is found in the north in calcareous grasslands.",There are no major threats affecting this species.,This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010); United Kingdom (Regionally Extinct; Shirt 1987); Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,mediterranellus,,Halictus mediterranellus,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.",Unknown,"Halictus mediterranellus has a disjunct distribution, with isolated subpopulations in Portugal and Sicily (Ebmer 1985). There are two records from Sicily and a single record from Portugal. The EOO is 44,053 km² and the AOO is 12 km².",There is no information about the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information about the habitat or ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,microcardia,,Halictus microcardia,,,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",No,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU27,,"Listed as Endangered, because its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,276 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km², the species occurs in three locations, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and the number of mature individuals due to urbanization. The species also qualifies as Vulnerable under Criterion D2.",Decreasing,"Halictus microcardia is endemic to the Balearic Islands and it occurs in three localities. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,276 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².",The species is not common. The population trend is possibly declining.,"The species inhabits coastal dunes, a habitat which is declining due to urbanization.",The species is threatened by urbanization.,"There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species and no records in protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,mucoreus,,Halictus mucoreus,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status. This species could also be assessed as Not Applicable as the species may have a marginal distribution in Europe; however there is not enough information available on the proportion of the populations in Europe compared to its global distribution and therefore DD seems the more appropriate category. It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,This species is distributed from the Urals to Turkmenistan and Afghanistan (Ebmer 1975). There is only one record in Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².,There is no information available on the population abundance of this species. The population trend is unknown.,It inhabits steppe areas.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,nicosiae,,Halictus nicosiae,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.",Unknown,Halictus nicosiae is distributed in Crete and Cyprus (Blüthgen 1923). There is only one record in each island.,There is no information about the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information about the habitat or ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,patellatus,,Halictus patellatus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"Halictus patellatus is distributed in Europe and Morocco (Ebmer 1988). The subspecies taorminicus is ponto-Mediterranean, from Morocco to the Caucasus. The subspecies patellatus is recorded in Caucasus and Iran. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,888,858 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 556 km².",This species is not common but the population trend is regarded as stable.,It inhabits Mediterranean habitats such as shrublands and grasslands.,There are no major threats affecting this species.,This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,pollinosus,,Halictus pollinosus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"In Europe, Halictus pollinosus is a Mediterranean species but it also occurs in central Asia to Mongolia; the  nominal subspecies is endemic to Sicily; various subspecies have been  described: balearicus endemic to the Balearic Islands; theseus endemic to Crete;  thevestensis in north Africa; cariniventris in Europe, Asia to Mongolia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,855,123 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 664 km².",This species is not common but the population trend is considered to be stable.,The species inhabits shrublands and grasslands. It is found in warm Mediterranean areas.,There are no major threats affecting this species.,This species is included in the National Red List of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005). It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.","Radchenko, V.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,ponticus,,Halictus ponticus,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"Halictus ponticus is predominantly distributed around the Black Sea with one isolated subpopulation in Croatia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 374,415 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km².",There is no information about the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information about the habitat or ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,pseudomucoreus,,Halictus pseudomucoreus,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of  information on population size and trend, ecological requirements,  threats and conservation status. This species could also be assessed as Not Applicable as the species may have a marginal distribution in Europe; however there is  not enough information available on the proportion of the populations in  Europe compared to its global distribution and therefore DD seems the more  appropriate category. It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,The species is distributed around the Caspian Sea (Ebmer 1975). There is only one record in Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².,There is no information about the population size and trend of this species.,It inhabits steppe areas.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,pseudotetrazonius,,Halictus pseudotetrazonius,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.",Unknown,Halictus pseudotetrazonius is only known from its locus typicus in Sicily (Ebmer 1975). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².,There is no information about the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information about the habitat or ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,pyrenaeus,,Halictus pyrenaeus,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, threats and conservation status. The species has never been seen since 1903 so it might be even Extinct.",Unknown,This species is endemic to the Pyrenees. It is known from one locality (Gripp). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².,"Old literature suggests that the species is common (Pérez 1903), however the species has never been found since (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2012). The population trend is unknown.",The species inhabits grasslands in mountain areas.,The current threats to this species are unknown. The species is possibly threatened by climate change since it inhabits mountain areas. There is a potential threat due to changes in agricultural practices.,"There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,quadricinctus,,Halictus quadricinctus,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened since the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,320 km², the northern populations are declining and fragmented, the extent and quality of its habitat and the number of mature individuals are declining, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable under Criterion B2.",Decreasing,"Halictus quadricintus is trans-Palearctic, and is found from Morocco to southern Manchuria, in northern Europe to southern Finland (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 9,159,982 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,320 km².",The species is common in southwest Europe while in northern Europe the subpopulations are localized and fragmented. The population trend is probably declining.,"Halictus quadricinctus is polylectic and solitary. The species inhabits shrublands and grasslands. Females prefer to forage on Carduae (Asteraceae) and nest in the ground, sometimes in extensive aggregations. Overwintered females appear in April, males fly from July to  September.",Urbanization is a major threat to this species. The preferred host plants where this species forage (Carduae) are declining due to agricultural activities.,This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following seven European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008); Estonia (Vulnerable; Lilleleht 2001); Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Sweden (Critically Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). The species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,quadripartitus,,Halictus quadripartitus,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.",Unknown,Halictus quadripartitus is endemic to Spain (Blüthgen 1924). This species has been recorded in only two localities.,There is no information about the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information about the habitat or ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"Despite this being a narrowly endemic species, it is not currently listed on any National Red List.It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,resurgens,,Halictus resurgens,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall and stable population and no major threats.",Stable,"Halictus resurgens is an east Mediterranean and west Asian species, from Dalmatia (Croatia) and Romania to Kashmir (Ebmer 1974, 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,879,180 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 176 km².",This species is common and the population trend is stable.,It is found in Mediterranean habitats such as shrublands and grasslands.,There appear to be no major threats affecting this species.,The species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,rossicus,,Halictus rossicus,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"Halictus rossicus is known from Ukraine and Russia (Pesenko 2005). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 46,7425 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km².",There is no information about the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information about the habitat or ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,rubicundus,,Halictus rubicundus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall and stable population and no major threats.",Stable,"Halictus rubicundus is a Holarctic species. In the Palearctic, this species is recorded from Ireland to northern Japan (Hokkaido) (Ebmer 1996). In  Europe, it is present northward to the Arctic Circle in Scandinavia but in southern Europe it is montane: in Spain in Sierra Nevada; in Italy in Calabria and Aspromonte; Greece  (Timfrissos, 1,700 m). In North Africa H. rubicundus was collected only in the High Atlas (Jebel Ayachi  near Midelt). In the eastern Palearctic this species is not common. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 10,835,096 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 11,328 km².",This species is very common and the current population trend is stable.,"Halictus rubicundus is polylectic and social (at least in the warmer parts of its range). Females nest in the ground, and where the insect is non-social, large nesting aggregations can be formed.  Overwintered females appear in April, males and young females in July. It is found in forests, grasslands, gardens, and urban areas.",There are no threats affecting this species.,It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,sajoi,,Halictus sajoi,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.",Unknown,"Halictus sajoi is a pontic species distributed from Austria to Kazakhstan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,621,695 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 120 km².",There is no information about the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information about the habitat or ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2008).   It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,scabiosae,,Halictus scabiosae,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"Halictus scabiosae is a west Palearctic species (Ebmer 1988). In the west Mediterranean part of its distribution, this species is recorded from Morocco to Rhodes and the  Bosphorus (Turkey). On the Atlantic coast, it is present in Jersey and Belgium. In central Europe, it is found northward to Hessen in Germany. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,962,731 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 3,048 km².","This species is not common but the population trend is generally stable, and even with some expansion towards the north.","Halictus scabiosae is polylectic and social. Females nest in the ground, and in favourable locations, in large aggregations. The species is typically found in sparse, warm grasslands. Overwintered  females appear in April, males fly from July. It forages in Carduae (Asteraceae) and Scabiosa (Dipsacaceae).",There are no obvious environmental threats to this species although parasitism may cause the disappearance of colonies locally.,This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Netherlands (Near Threatened; Peeters and Reemer 2003). The species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,seladonius,,Halictus seladonius,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"This species occurs in the steppe zones of Eurasia, from Portugal to the Tienshan Mountains in Kyrgyzstan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,349,809 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 508 km².",This species is not common but the population trend is possibly stable.,It is a steppe species. The phenology suggests that the species may be primitively eusocial (Pesenko et al. 2000),There appears to be no major threats affecting this species.,This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002). It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.","Radchenko, V.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,semitectus,,Halictus semitectus,,,No,EN,B2ab(v),No,EN,B2ab(v),EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed as Endangered because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 108 km², its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals. Further studies are needed into the threats affecting this species.",Decreasing,"Halictus semitectus is a rare and steppic species, occurring in Eurasia from central Germany and eastern Austria to south-eastern Mongolia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,514,285 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 108 km².",It is known from few localities in Europe. The species is rare and localized. The populations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.  The population trend is decreasing.,The species inhabits deciduous forests (Poland) and steppe habitats.,The threats to this species are unknown.,This species is included in the national red lists of the Czech Republic as Critically Endangered (Farkac et al. 2005) and in Germany as threatened with an unknown level of threat (category G; Westrich et al. 2011). It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas. Further studies are needed into the threats affecting this species.,This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,senilis,,Halictus senilis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.",Stable,"Halictus senilis is a steppe species. In Eurasia, it is recorded from southeast Russia to Turkestan; in Asia in Pakistan, Iraq and Israel; in northern Africa, in Tunisia and Egypt (Ebmer 1975, 2005). The species is also present in Spain and in the Canary Islands. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,740,489 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km².",This species is not common but the population trend is probably stable as there are recent records.,The species is found in desert habitats.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,sexcinctus,,Halictus sexcinctus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population and no major apparent threats.",Stable,"Halictus sexcintus is a west-Palearctic species (Ebmer 1988). The subspecies sexcinctus is recorded in Europe from Iberia to Urals and from  southern Sweden to Crete. The subspecies albohispidusis occurs in the Near East, from Turkey to  Iran, southward to Israel. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,269,268 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,392 km².",This species is not common but the population trend is believed to be stable.,"Halictus sexcinctus is polylectic and communal. The species inhabits shrublands and sparse grasslands, woodland edge, inland mobile dunes, sand-, gravel- and clay pits. Females nest in the ground. Overwintered  females appear in April, males fly from July.",There appear to be no major threats affecting this species.,This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008); Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Sweden (Regionally Extinct; Gärdenfors 2010). This species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,simplex,,Halictus simplex,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall and stable population and no major threats.",Stable,"Halictus simplex is a west-Palearctic species (Ebmer 1975, 1988; Pesenko et al. 2000). It has been recorded from Iberia to Kazakhstan, northward to northern Germany (not  common), central Poland and Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,291,424 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 960 km².",This species is not common but the population trend is probably stable.,"The species inhabits shrublands, dry warm waste places, and sparse grasslands (in Belgium including calcareous grasslands).",There appear to be no major threats affecting this species.,The species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,smaragdulus,,Halictus smaragdulus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall and stable population and no major threats.",Stable,"Halictus smaragdulus is a west-Palearctic and circum-Mediterranean species occurring from Morocco to Kyrgyzstan. Isolated populations are found northward in the department de La Manche (France) and  central Germany. Accidentally introduced in Australia (Upper Hunter region)  (Gollan et al. 2008) where it is considered invasive. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,761,121 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,092 km².",The species is common and the population trend is stable.,"Halictus smaragdulus is polylectic and social. It inhabits Mediterranean habitats such as shrublands and dry grasslands. Females nest in the ground. Overwintered females appear in April, males fly from June.",There are no major threats affecting this species.,This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). Taxonomic work is needed since this species could actually be five separate species. It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,subauratus,,Halictus subauratus,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall and increasing population and no major threats.",Increasing,"Halictus subauratus occurs in warm localities of the west-Palearctic, from central Europe to Barnaul in  Siberia. In the south, the species is recorded from Spain to Kashmir. The subspecies corsus is endemic to  Corsica and Sardinia. The subspecies meridionalis occurs from Turkey to  Iran. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,351,265 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,424 km².",The species is very common in southern Europe and less common in the north. The population trend is increasing as the species is expanding its range northwards.,"Halictus subauratus is polylectic and social. It inhabits warm areas in all kind of habitats including gardens. Females nest in the ground. Overwintered females appear in April, males fly from June.",There are no major threats affecting this species.,This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); United Kingdom (Regionally Extinct; Shirt 1987). The species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,tetrazonianellus,,Halictus tetrazonianellus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.",Stable,"Halictus tetrazonianellus is mainly distributed around the Black Sea (Blüthgen 1923). In Europe, it is recorded in Greece, Ukraine and southern Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,273,187 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 96 km².",This species is not common. The current population trend is probably stable as there are recent records.,There is no information about the habitat or ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,tetrazonius,,Halictus tetrazonius,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.",Unknown,"Halictus tetrazonius is a south-western Palearctic species, ranging from France, Italy (Piedmont), Austria, to the Caucasus and Israel (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,024,898 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 176 km².",This species is rare. The population trend is unknown.,It is found in mountain and coastal areas. It is a polylectic species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,tridivisus,,Halictus tridivisus,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.",Unknown,"Halictus tridivisus is endemic to northern Spain (Blüthgen 1924). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 79,286 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².",This species is rare. The current population trend is unknown.,There is no information about the habitat or ecology of this species. It probably inhabits mountain areas.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,tuberculatus,,Halictus tuberculatus,,,No,DD,,Yes,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"The species occurs in Asia Minor and has a marginal occurrence in Europe (though more than 1% of the total distribution). In Europe, it only occurs in Crimea (Ukraine) and south European Russia.",It is a rare species. The population trend is unknown.,It inhabits steppic areas.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,tumulorum,,Halictus tumulorum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall and stable population and no major threats.",Stable,"Halictus tumulorum is a Palearctic species. The nominal west-Palearctic species is  common and widespread in northern Europe, from Ireland to Bachkiria, in  Scandinavia up to the 67th parallel. In southern Europe the species inhabits the  Pyrenees and the Alps. The subspecies kyrnos is endemic to the mountains of  Corsica. The subspecies oros is endemic to the mountains of Greece. The subspecies  higashi occurs in Japan (Hokkaido and north Honshu Island), Russia (Ussuri, Primorskiy Kray), southern Sakhalin Island, China and North Korea. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,593,187 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 6,560 km².",This is a very common species and has a stable population trend.,"Halictus tumulorum is polylectic and social. Females nest in the ground. Overwintered females appear in April, males fly from July. It is found in a wide range of habitats including open grasslands, forests and urban areas.",There are no major threats affecting this species.,This species is included in the National Red Data Book of Ireland (Near Threatened; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006). The species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Halictus,vestitus,,Halictus vestitus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"Halictus vestitus occurs in the steppes of Eurasia, from Iberia to Mongolia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,857,482 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 552 km². This species is considered invasive in North America.",This species is common and has as stable population trend.,It inhabits steppes and Mediterranean habitats.,There are no major threats affecting this species.,This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005). It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Heriades,clavicornis,,Heriades clavicornis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Heriades clavicornis is only known from Greece. This species is mainly distributed in northern and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Heriades clavicornis is currently unknown. This species is probably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Heriades,crenulata,,Heriades crenulata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Heriades crenulata is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Heriades crenulata is present in several countries in southern, central and eastern Europe. This species is also present in northern Africa and from northern and southwestern Asia (Medvedeva 1978, Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Heriades crenulata possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows and bore holes in dead wood and stems and also in hollow stems (e.g., Phragmites). The cell  partitions and nest plugs are made of resin. Small pebbles, sand grains,  wood fibres and other particles are embedded in the outer plug surface  (Ferton  1895, Benoist 1929, Grandi 1961, Brechtel 1986, Westrich 1989, Ruszkowski et al. 1995, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Switzerland as Vulnerable (Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Heriades,labiata,,Heriades labiata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Heriades labiata in only known from Spain in Europe and from Algeria in northern Africa (Müller 2013).,The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. There are no data available on the ecology of Heriades labiata.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Heriades,punctulifera,,Heriades punctulifera,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Heriades punctulifera in only known from southern Europe, from Croatia, Sicily, Malta, Greece, Bulgaria and Cyprus. It is also found in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. There are no data available on the ecology of Heriades punctulifera.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Heriades,rubicola,,Heriades rubicola,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Heriades rubicola is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Heriades rubicola is known from several countries in central and southern Europe. This species is also present in northern Africa and from northern to southwestern Asia (Amiet et al. 2004, Müller 2013).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Heriades rubicola possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in hollow stems (e.g., Phragmites, Rubus). The cell partitions and nest plugs are made of resin (Ferton 1894, Benoist 1929). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae spp. (Amiet et al. 2004).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Heriades,truncorum,,Heriades truncorum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Heriades truncorum is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Heriades truncorum is very widespread throughout Europe. This species is also present in northern Africa and northern and southwestern Asia (Medvedeva 1978, Romankova 1995, Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Heriades truncorum possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges). It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows and bore holes in dead wood or stems, in hollow stems (e.g., Phragmites, Rubus, Vitis), insect burrows in soil (e.g., Odynerus) or holes in walls. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of resin (mainly from coniferous trees but also from Prunus avium).  Small pebbles, sand grains, wood fibres (gnawed by the females from  wood) and other particles are embedded in the outer plug surface, rarely  also in the partitions. Resin is also used to smooth out irregularities  or to partially line the cell walls (Ferton 1894, Friese 1923, Benoist 1929, Enslin 1933, Stöckhert 1933, Grandi  1961, Bonelli 1967, Käpylä 1978, Maciel de Almeida Correia 1980,  1981b, Brechtel 1986, Westrich 1989, Bosch et al.  1993, Ruszkowski et al. 1995, Müller et al. 1997, Banaszak and Romasenko  2001, Le Goff 2003b). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae with a distinct preference for the subfamily Asteroideae  (Käpylä 1978,  Maciel de Almeida Correia 1981a, Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Great Britain as Vulnerable (Shirt 1987). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hofferia,schmiedeknechti,,Hofferia schmiedeknechti,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hofferia schmiedeknechti is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Hofferia schmiedeknechti is known from few countries in southern Europe and is also present in southwestern Asia (Tkalcu 1984b, Müller 2013).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Hofferia schmiedeknechti possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows in dead wood. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae, with a distinct or even exclusive preference for  Carduoideae species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,abnormis,,Hoplitis abnormis,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Hoplitis abnormis is only known from Greece. It is also found in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Hoplitis abnormis is currently unknown. Only a few males have ever been discovered and described.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,acuticornis,,Hoplitis acuticornis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis acuticornis is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Hoplitis acuticornis is largely distributed across Europe, except  in Great Britain and northern Europe. This species is also known from northern Africa, northern Asia and southwestern Asia (Medvedeva 1978, Warncke 1991h, Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Hoplitis acuticornis occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges). It nests in excavated burrows in pithy stems (e.g., Ferula, Rubus, Scilla, Vitis and others). The cell partitions consist of pressed particles of pith. The nest plug  is made of a thick layer of pith and covered by a thinner layer of  chewed leaves (rarely also petals). Sometimes the nest plug consists  only of pith. Typically, the brood cells are slightly constricted at  their apex (Benoist 1931, Enslin 1933, Mavromoustakis 1939b, Stoeckhert  1954, Grandi 1961, Westrich 1989, Le Goff 1997, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). The species is known to be strictly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on  Fabaceae (Westrich  1989, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004) but it might be better classified as polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a  strong preference for Fabaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland as Osmia acuticornis (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is likely to occur within some protected areas due to its wide distribution. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,adunca,,Hoplitis adunca,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis adunca is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Hoplitis adunca is largely distributed across Europe, except in Great Britain and northern Europe. This species is also known from northern Africa, northern Asia and southwestern Asia (Medvedeva 1978, Warncke 1992a, Romankova 1995, Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Hoplitis adunca occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges). It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows and bore holes in dead wood, hollow stems (e.g., Phragmites) and bore holes in stems, abandoned cells and burrows of other aculeates (e.g., Megachile parietina, Colletes, Anthophora, Odynerus), holes and crevices in clay and stone walls and in banks. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of mud without addition of  pebbles. The outer surface of the nest plug is often covered with wood  fibres, sand and dust. There is a clear tendency to line the burrow  walls completely or partially with mud. In the most extreme case, the  nest consists of a uniform mud cylinder containing several cells.  The cells are delimited both in front and in the rear by two mud  partitions glued together, which might indicate remains of the habit to  build entire cells (Friese 1923, Benoist 1931, Malyshev 1937, Grandi 1961, Brechtel 1986, Westrich 1989, Bosch et al. 1993, Müller et al. 1997, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Le  Goff 2004b). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Echium (Boraginaceae) (Westrich 1989, Gogala 1999, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Sedivy et al. 2013a).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,agis,,Hoplitis agis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Hoplitis agis is only known from Greece. This species is also found in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Hoplitis agis is currently unknown.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,albatera,,Hoplitis albatera,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Hoplitis albatera is endemic to Spain (Müller 2013).,The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Hoplitis albatera is currently unknown.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy (as only females have been described), population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,albiscopa,,Hoplitis albiscopa,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Hoplitis albiscopa is only known from Spain and Portugal. This species is also known from northern Africa (Müller 2013).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The only nest of Hoplitis albiscopa found so  far was in a three cm long and vertical burrow in the ground, which was  either excavated by the female bee herself or by an aculeate wasp. It  contained three linearly arranged cells. The  cells were entirely constructed from several layers of pink and blue  petal pieces. The partitions between adjacent cells were made of a thin  wall of mud (C. Sedivy, C. Praz and A. Müller pers. obs. 2014). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Asteraceae (Cichorioideae, Carduoideae,  Asteroideae), Convolvulaceae, Papaveraceae, Ranunculaceae, Brassicaceae  and Linaceae (unpublished data A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,anipuncta,,Hoplitis anipuncta,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Hoplitis anipuncta is only known from Cyprus. This species also occurs in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis anipuncta is unknown. This species is possibly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Carduoideae (Asteraceae) (unpublished data A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,annulata,,Hoplitis annulata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis annulata is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Hoplitis annulata is a Mediterranean-centered species known from most southern European countries. This species is also present in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Le Goff 2003c, Müller 2013).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to its wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Hoplitis annulata possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The species nests in excavated burrows in rather hard soil. The nests are two to eight centimetres deep and  contain one to four cells at the end of the main burrow or of side burrows. The brood cell partitions and nest plug are built from mud, the cells are  excavated from the ground, their walls are smoothed and hardened on the  inside but apparently not newly constructed. The nest burrow sometimes  circumvents obstacles such as small stones. The nest entrance is  hardened and little narrowed, often hidden near a plant base or under a  stone (Ferton 1892, Mavromoustakis 1957, Le Goff 2010). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Echium spp. (Boraginaceae) (Sedivy et al. 2013a).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,anthocopoides,,Hoplitis anthocopoides,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis anthocopoides is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Hoplitis anthocopoides is largely distributed across Europe,  except  in Great Britain and northern Europe. This species is also known  from northern Africa and has been introduced in northern America (Eickwort 1970, Medvedeva 1978, Warncke 1992, Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Hoplitis anthocopoides occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges). It nests in depressions, cracks or  surface irregularities of stones, rocks or walls where the brood cells  are more or less exposed and in small rock cavities containing one to three hidden  cells. The nests contain can contain up to 33 cells, but mostly three to eight cells. The brood cells and nest plug built from rather coarse pebbles cemented  together with mud. Exposed cells finally covered by a continuous layer  of mud and small pebbles (Gerstaecker  1869, Friese 1923, Benoist  1931, Bonelli 1971, Eickwort 1973, Westrich 1989, Müller et al. 1997, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Le Goff 2004b). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Echium  (Boraginaceae) (Eickwort 1973, Westrich 1989, Gogala 1999, Banaszak and Romasenko  2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Sedivy et al. 2013a).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland as Osmia anthocopoides (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,antigae,,Hoplitis antigae,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Hoplitis antigae is only known from France, Spain and Portugal. This species is also present in northern Africa (Müller 2013).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis antigae is unknown. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Asteraceae (Carduoideae), Campanulaceae, Cistaceae, Convolvulaceae and Echium (Boraginaceae) (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,batyamae,,Hoplitis batyamae,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Hoplitis batyamae is only known from Portugal. This species is also present in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"Hoplitis batyamae possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated vertical burrows (c. 4 cm deep) in horizontal, hard-packed sandy soil with two linearly arranged cells at its end. The two cells, which were separated by a thin earthen layer, were entirely built from the yellow petals of Campanula sulphurea (C. Praz and C. Sedivy pers. obs. 2014). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a probable preference for Asteraceae (Asteroideae, Carduoideae, Cichorioideae). Additional pollen sources come from Brassicaceae, Resedaceae and Convolvulaceae species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,benoisti,,Hoplitis benoisti,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis benoisti is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Hoplitis benoisti is Mediterranean-centered species known from several central and southern European countries. This species is also present in northern Africa (Warncke 1992, Müller 2013).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nests of Hoplitis benoisti are exposed on rock or stone surface, in small rock cavities containing one to three hidden cells, or exceptionally in insect burrows in the ground. The brood cells and nest plug are made of mud without addition of pebbles (Benoist 1931, Le Goff 2004). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Echium (Boraginaceae) (Benoist 1931, Sedivy et al. 2013a).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,bicallosa,,Hoplitis bicallosa,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Hoplitis bicallosa is only known from Greece. This species is also present in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"Hoplitis bicallosa possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It has been observed nesting in insect burrows (Morawitz 1876). This species is possibly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Fabaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,bihamata,,Hoplitis bihamata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Hoplitis bihamata is only known from Corsica (France) and Sardinia (Italy). This species also occurs in northern Africa (Müller 2013).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"Hoplitis bihamata possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in small rock cavities containing in one case a single brood cell. The brood cells are built from mud intermixed with small pebbles (Ferton 1901b, Benoist 1931). This species is mesolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon several plant families, primarily on Boraginaceae (Echium), Lamiaceae and Fabaceae (Benoist 1931, Sedivy et al.  2013a). The females are equipped with a specialized pilosity on the  clypeus composed of stiff and apically twisted bristles, which are  probably used to remove pollen from the raised anthers of Lamiaceae  (Sedivy et al. 2013a).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,bispinosa,,Hoplitis bispinosa,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Hoplitis bispinosa is only known from Greece. This species is also present in northern Africa (Müller 2013).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis bispinosa is currently unknown. This species is possibly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Campanulaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,bisulca,,Hoplitis bisulca,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis bisulca is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,Hoplitis bisulca is Mediterranean-centred species known from the southern European countries. This species also occurs in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,"The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Hoplitis bisulca possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated burrows in  mostly hard soil with one to five cells either arranged linearly one behind the  other or singly at the end of small ramifications. The females sometimes  also use pre-existing insect burrows in the ground, e.g., burrows  of Cicindela larvae. The cells are entirely constructed from finely masticated leaves (rarely petals) of Scabiosa, sometimes also of Dorycnium. The inner surface of the cells is lined with about two layers of petal pieces (e.g., Papaver, Sisymbrium, Matthiola, Convolvulus, Glaucium, Scabiosa). The nest burrow is closed immediately below the soil surface by a partition made of masticated leaves (e.g., Sanguisorba) and/or petals (e.g., Cichorium),  this partition is eventually hidden below earth crumbs. In sandy soils,  the nest plug is sometimes lacking when it cannot be properly fixed due  to the loose substrate (Ferton 1894, 1897,  1901a, 1905, 1908, 1909; Benoist 1931). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Dipsacaceae (e.g., Scabiosa, Cephalaria)  (Ferton 1895, Benoist 1931, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,brachypogon,,Hoplitis brachypogon,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis brachypogon is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"In Europe, Hoplitis brachypogon is known from most of the southern European countries. This species also occurs in southwestern Asia (Amiet et al. 2004, Müller 2013).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis brachypogon is currently unknown. This species is possibly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Fabaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,cadiza,,Hoplitis cadiza,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Hoplitis cadiza is only known from Spain. This species also occurs in northern Africa (Müller 2013).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis cadiza is currently unknown. This species is possibly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Fabaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,campanularis,,Hoplitis campanularis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis campanularis is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,Hoplitis campanularis is a Mediterranean-centred species present in most of southern Europe. This species also occurs in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,"The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis campanularis is currently unknown. This species is probably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Campanulaceae (e.g., Asyneuma) (Morawitz 1877, unpublished data A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,carinata,,Hoplitis carinata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis carinata is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,Hoplitis carinata is present in southeastern Europe but it also occurs in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,"The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis carinata is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Fabaceae with a strong preference for Hedysareae (Özbek 1979b,  Özbek and Zanden 1992, Sedivy et al. 2013a).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,caularis,,Hoplitis caularis,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. This species is Not Evaluated in the EU 27 region as it does not occur in the EU.",Unknown,"Hoplitis caularis is present in eastern Europe but also in northern and southwestern Asia (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Wu 2006).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"Hoplitis caularis occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated burrows in pithy stems. The cell partitions are made of leaf pulp (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is possibly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Fabaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,ciliaris,,Hoplitis ciliaris,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis ciliaris is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,Hoplitis ciliaris is present in several southern European countries. This species also occurs in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,"The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis ciliaris is currently unknown. This species is probably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Fabaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014), Echium spp. (Boraginaceae) and Helianthemum (Cistaceae) (Nadimi et al. 2013).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,claviventris,,Hoplitis claviventris,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis claviventris is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Hoplitis claviventris is widespread all across Europe. This species is also present in northern and southwestern Asia (Romankova 1995, Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Wu 2006).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Hoplitis claviventris occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges). It nests in excavated burrows in pithy stems (e.g., Rosa, Rubus, Sambucus, Verbascum, Artemisia, Onopordum, Cirsium, Arctium) or in decaying wood and twigs (e.g., Fagus), insect burrows in dead wood or hollow stems. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of masticated leaf material (e.g., Rosa).  The space (8-12 mm long) between outermost cell partition and nest plug  is sometimes filled with pebbles or grass spikes (Schmiedeknecht 1886, Friese 1923, Enslin 1925, Benoist 1931, Stoeckhert 1933, Grandi 1961, Westrich 1989, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Le Goff 2001, Amiet et al.  2004). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Fabaceae. The additional pollen sources include  Cistaceae, Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Crassulaceae,  Hypericaceae and Rosaceae (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A.  Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,cretaea,,Hoplitis cretaea,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Hoplitis cretaea is an endemic species to Crete (Greece) (Müller 2013).,The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"The nesting biology of Hoplitis cretaea is currently unknown. This species is possibly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Dipsacaceae (unpublished data A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,cristatula,,Hoplitis cristatula,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis cristatula is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Hoplitis cristatula is Mediterranean-centred species present in several southern European countries. This species is also present in northern Africa, northern and southwestern Asia (Wu 2006, Müller 2013).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Hoplitis cristatula possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated  burrows (two to six centimetres deep) in horizontal or vertical hard soil with one to three  linearly arranged cells. The females sometimes also use pre-existing  insect burrows in the ground. The cells are entirely built of two to three layers of petals mainly from Malva, Althaea, Lavathera, and occasionally Ononis. The  partitions between adjacent cells and between the last cell and the  nest plug are three-layered: a layer of mud and small pebbles between  two walls made of chewed petals, these partitions sometimes also consist  of masticated petals intermixed with mud and small pebbles. The nest  burrow is closed immediately below the soil surface by a wall built in  the same way as the cell partitions, sometimes however larger pieces of  petals are used than for the cell partitions, this wall is eventually  hidden below earth crumbs. The space between the last cell partition and  the nest plug is loosely filled with crumpled petals (Ferton 1892, 1897, Benoist  1931, Grandi 1961). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Malvaceae (Ferton 1892).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,curtula,,Hoplitis curtula,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Hoplitis curtula is only known from France and Spain. This species also occurs in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Hoplitis curtula is currently unknown.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,curvipes,,Hoplitis curvipes,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis curvipes is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,Hoplitis curvipes is a Mediterranean-centred species present in several southern European countries. This species also occurs in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,"The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","The nesting biology of Hoplitis curvipes is only known from two brood cells which had been built side by side on the ground under a stone. The brood cells consisted entirely of leaves and leaf fragments, which  were intricately glued together, forming a cone-like structure as in Hoplitis (Alcidamea) mitis (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). This species is probably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Allium spp. (Alliaceae) (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,cypriaca,,Hoplitis cypriaca,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Hoplitis cypriaca is a southwestern Asian species known from Cyprus, Israel, Syria and Jordan (Müller 2013).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"Hoplitis cypriaca possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated burrows in hard soil (four to five centimetres deep) with up to six ramifications containing one to three cells each. The cells are entirely constructed from flowers of Papaver spp. (Mavromoustakis 1938, 1954c). This species is possibly  oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Carduoideae (Asteraceae) (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,dalmatica,,Hoplitis dalmatica,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis dalmatica is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Hoplitis dalmatica is present in southern and central European countries. This species also occurs in southwestern Asia (Amiet et al. 2004, Müller 2013).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Hoplitis dalmatica occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in pre-existing cavities as vertical or horizontal fissures of rocks or between stones. The cells, which are generally built side by side, are two-layered: the  outer layer is made of rather coarsely chewed leaf pieces (e.g., Helianthemum), and the inner layer consists of petals (e.g., Geranium, Linum, Lactuca) (Westrich 1989, Müller et al. 1997). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Dipsacaceae (Westrich 1989,  Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,fabrei,,Hoplitis fabrei,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Hoplitis fabrei is only known from Greece (Müller 2013).,The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"Hoplitis fabrei possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in small rock cavities containing in one case two brood cells. The cells are closed with mud (G. Le Goff pers. comm. 2014). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Echium (Boraginaceae), Campanulaceae and Fabaceae (Sedivy et al. 2013a).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,fasciculata,,Hoplitis fasciculata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Hoplitis fasciculata is only known from Greece (mainland and Crete), Cyprus and Sardinia (Italy). This species also occurs in southwestern Asia (Mavromoustakis 1948c, Müller 2013, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"Hoplitis fasciculata possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated burrows in hard soil (Mavromoustakis 1948c). This species is probably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Carduoideae (Asteraceae) (Mavromoustakis 1948c, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,fertoni,,Hoplitis fertoni,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Hoplitis fertoni is only known from Spain and Sicily (Italy). This species also occurs in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"Hoplitis fertoni occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in pre-existing cavities lie empty snail shells (e.g., Eobania, Otala, Theba) with one to eight cells. The cell  partitions and nest plug are made of mud, sometimes mixed with small  pebbles. After the shell is closed, the nest is neither transported to a  protected place nor is the shell opening turned towards the ground  (Ferton 1890, 1908, Le Goff 2003a, Sedivy et al. 2013a). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Echium spp. (Boraginaceae) (Le Goff 2003a, Sedivy et al. 2013a).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,fulva,,Hoplitis fulva,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis fulva is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Hoplitis fulva is present in several eastern European countries but mainly occurs from southwestern to northern Asia (Romankova 1995, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Müller 2013).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Hoplitis fulva possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. Nests are built in loose scarps within pre-existing cavities, as for example in burrows of other bees (Xylocopa  and others) or in natural cavities, the females sometimes excavate  their own cavities. The nests contain six to 15 cells, which are glued  together or arranged in a linear series. The brood cells are entirely built from chewed leaves of Sophora alopecuroides.  The passage running from the cell cavity towards the nest entrance is  filled with small packages of coarsely gnawed green leaves and closed by  a plug made of mud, sometimes this plug is lacking (Marikovskaya 1968, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Fabaceae (Marikovskaya 1968, Warncke 1991h, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, unpublished data, A.  Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,furcula,,Hoplitis furcula,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Hoplitis furcula is known from Greece (mainland and Crete). This species also occurs from southwestern to northern Asia (Müller 2013).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"Hoplitis furcula possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated short burrows in the ground with one cell (of one centimetre length) at the end at a depth of two centimetres. The cells are entirely built of seven to eight layers of petals of Geranium. The burrow leading to the cell is partly lined with two to three layers of Geranium petals (Marikovskaya 1995). This species has no known flower preferences.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,galbula,,Hoplitis galbula,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Hoplitis galbula is only known from Greece in Europe and Turkey in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Hoplitis galbula is currently unknown.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,graeca,,Hoplitis graeca,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Hoplitis graeca is endemic to Greece (Müller 2013).,The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"Hoplitis graeca possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in pre-existing cavities such as rock fissures or between stones. The cells,  which are built singly or in loose aggregations, are entirely  constructed from several layers of petals cemented together with sand or  mud. This species is probably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Asteraceae (unpublished data A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,grandiscapa,,Hoplitis grandiscapa,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Hoplitis grandiscapa is a northern African species that might also occur in Sardinia (Italy) (Müller 2013).,The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"The ecology of Hoplitis grandiscapa is currently unknown. This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,grossepunctata,,Hoplitis grossepunctata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Hoplitis grossepunctata is only known from Greece in Europe and in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis grossepunctata is currently unknown. This species is possibly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Allium spp. (Alliaceae) (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,grumi,,Hoplitis grumi,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Hoplitis grumi is only present in Spain and probably also in Portugal. This species also occurs in northern Africa and from northern to southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"Hoplitis grumi possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated burrows in vertical loose scarps. The nest burrow enters more  or less horizontal (about five centimetres), then turns vertically. The vertical  portion contains two to three linearly arranged cells one above the other. The cells are entirely built from three to four layers of petals of Geranium. The  burrow in front of the cells is also lined with petals. A two millimetre thick  earth wall is constructed between the cap of one cell and the bottom of  the following one. The horizontal part of the burrow is loosely filled  with pieces of petals, often also with particles of earth up to the soil  surface. The nest entrance is usually open, but sometimes blocked with  mud (Marikovskaya 1968). This species is possibly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Carduoideae (Asteraceae) (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014) but it has also been recorded on Origanum, Salvia and Sophora (Marikovskaya 1968).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,haemi,,Hoplitis haemi,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Hoplitis haemi is known from Greece and Bulgaria in Europe and from Turkey in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Hoplitis haemi is currently unknown.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy (the females of the species have yet to be caught and described), population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,hilbera,,Hoplitis hilbera,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Hoplitis hilbera is endemic to Spain (Müller 2012a).,The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis hilbera is currently unknown. This species is mesolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon several plant families, and in this case within the Fabaceae, Boraginaceae (Echium) and Brassicaceae (Müller 2012a).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,holmboei,,Hoplitis holmboei,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Hoplitis holmboei is endemic to Greece and Cyprus (Müller 2013).,The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis holmboei is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on the Boraginaceae (Onosma, Echium, Lithodora)  (Mavromoustakis 1948c, Sedivy et al. 2013a).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,idaensis,,Hoplitis idaensis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Hoplitis idaensis is only known from Crete (Greece) in Europe and from Turkey in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis idaensis is currently unknown. This species is possibly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Fabaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,illyrica,,Hoplitis illyrica,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis illyrica is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Hoplitis illyrica is known from several southeastern European countries and from southwestern Asia (Gogala 2009b, Müller 2013).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis illyrica is currently unknown. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Lamiaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,insularis,,Hoplitis insularis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Hoplitis insularis is known from Spain (mainland and the Balearic Islands) and Italy (Sardinia and Sicily). This species also occurs in northern Africa (Müller 2013).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis insularis is currently unknown. This species is mesolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon several plant families, primarily on Boraginaceae (Echium) and Fabaceae (Sedivy et al. 2013a).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,jakovlevi,,Hoplitis jakovlevi,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis jakovlevi is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Hoplitis jakolevi has a widespread Palearctic distribution. In Europe it is known from France and Italy, but it also occurs in northern Africa and from southwestern to northern Asia (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Müller 2013).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Hoplitis jakovlevi possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated  short burrows in horizontal or vertical hard soil with one to two linearly  arranged cells at the end. The females sometimes also use pre-existing  insect burrows in the ground, for example burrows of cicad larvae. The cells are entirely built of petals of Althaea. The petals  used to line the nest burrow in the beginning are used in the end to  close the cell. In long pre-existing insect burrows, a basal plug is  constructed consisting of Althaea petals (Gutbier 1915, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is probably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Malvaceae (Popov 1967a, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,jheringii,,Hoplitis jheringii,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis jheringii is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,Hoplitis jheringii is known from several southern European countries and is also present in northern Africa (Müller 2013).,"The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis jheringii is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Fabaceae with a strong preference for Loteae (Ducke 1900, Sedivy et al. 2013a).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,laboriosa,,Hoplitis laboriosa,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Hoplitis laboriosa is a northern Asian species that extends to south European Russia (Müller 2013).,The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. The habitat and ecology of Hoplitis laboriosa is currently unknown.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,laevifrons,,Hoplitis laevifrons,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis laevifrons is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Hoplitis laevifrons has a widespread distribution ranging from northern Africa and Europe to southwestern Asia with an extra-limital oriental distribution in India. In Europe, this species occurs in central and eastern countries (Müller 2013).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis laevifrons is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Fabaceae (Popov 1952b, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,lepeletieri,,Hoplitis lepeletieri,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis lepeletieri is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Hoplitis lepeletieri is endemic to Europe and it is distributed from Spain to Russia in the east, and from Italy to Germany in the north (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Hoplitis lepeletieri possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. It nests in  depressions, cracks or surface irregularities of stones, rocks or walls  where the brood cells are more or less exposed. The nests contain two to eight cells. The brood cells are made from  pebbles cemented together with mud. Exposed cells are finally covered by  a continuous layer of mud and small pebbles (Ferton 1901a, Friese 1923, Benoist 1931, Bonelli 1969, Gogala  1999, Banaszak and Romasenko  2001, Westrich 1989, Sedivy et al. 2013b). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, and in this case only upon Echium spp. (Boraginaceae) (Benoist 1931, Westrich 1989, Gogala 1999, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Sedivy et al. 2013a).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland as Osmia lepeletieri (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,leucomelana,,Hoplitis leucomelana,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis leucomelana is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Hoplitis leucomelana is widespread across Europe. This species also occurs in northern Africa and from southwestern to northern Asia (Romankova 1995, Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Wu 2006).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Hoplitis leucomelana occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated burrows in pithy stems or twigs (e.g. Rubus, Rosa, Verbascum, Onopordum, Artemisia, Acer, Fraxinus, Corylus and others), or pre-existing cavities of deserted reed galls of Lipara flies. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of masticated leaf material.  Occasionally, the space between the outermost cell and the nest plug is  filled with pebbles, sand grains, particles of pith and parts of dry  insects. This barricade is sometimes interrupted by one to two walls of leaf  pulp (Benoist 1931, Enslin 1933, Stoeckhert 1933, Malyshev 1937, Grünwaldt  1939, Grandi 1961, Danks 1970, Bonelli  1971, Müller et al. 1997, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Westrich 2008). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Fabaceae. The additional pollen sources for the bee include: Crassulaceae, Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Lythraceae and Rosaceae  (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004, Quest 2009, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Norway (Vulnerable; Kålås et al. 2010) and Great Britain (Regionally Extinct; Shirt 1987). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,limassolica,,Hoplitis limassolica,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Hoplitis limassolica is distributed from northern Africa to southwestern Asia and only occurs in Cyprus in Europe (Müller 2013).,The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"Hoplitis limassolica possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in dry stems of Asphodelus species. The cells are separated by double partitions (Mavromoustakis 1948c). This species is possibly mesolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon several families of plant species, primarily on Fabaceae and Boraginaceae (Echium, Anchusa)  (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). The females possess long and  curved bristles on the tarsi of their forelegs, which serve to extract  pollen from the narrow-tubed flowers of Anchusa (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,lithodorae,,Hoplitis lithodorae,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Hoplitis lithodorae is endemic to Spain (Müller 2012a).,The abundance and population size of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis lithodorae is currently unknown. This species is probably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Lithodora  (Boraginaceae). The females are equipped with conspicuous hooked  bristles on the galeae of their proboscis. These specialized bristles  probably serve to scrape pollen out of the narrow-tubed flowers of Lithodora (Müller 2012a).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,loti,,Hoplitis loti,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis loti is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Hoplitis loti is endemic to Europe and is widely distributed from Spain to Russia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Hoplitis loti occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges). It nests in  depressions, cracks or surface irregularities of stones, rocks or walls  where the brood cells are more or less exposed, sometimes in abandoned  cells of Hoplitis lepeletieri or in small rock cavities where the cells are hidden. The nests mostly contain three to four cells. The brood cells  and nest plug are made from pebbles cemented together with mud. The exposed  cells are finally covered by a continuous layer of mud and small  pebbles (Blüthgen  1920, Friese 1923, Benoist 1931, Micheli 1931, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Sedivy et al.  2013b). This species is mesolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon several families of plant species, and in this case upon Fabaceae, Crassulaceae and Boraginaceae (Echium) with a strong preference for Loteae (Benoist 1931, Westrich 1989, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al.  2004, Sedivy et al. 2013a).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,lysholmi,,Hoplitis lysholmi,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Hoplitis lysholmi is mainly distributed in southwestern Asia but is also present in Greek Aegean islands (Chios, Lesbos and Rhodos). This species has also been recorded in Spain, however this was probably by mistake (Müller 2013).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. Three females were observed to close the entrance of nests of the masarid wasp species Ceramius palaestinensis with mud, indicating that pre-existing burrows in the ground serve as nesting site (Mauss et al. 2010). This species is possibly  oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Fabaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,manicata,,Hoplitis manicata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis manicata is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Hoplitis manicata has a Mediterranean-centred distribution. This species is present in several southern European countries but also in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Hoplitis manicata occurs in temperate grasslands and forest edges. It nests in pre-existing cavities like hollow dry stems of Arundo. The nest  plug, the cell partitions and large parts of the cell walls, sometimes  entire cells, are made of mud without addition of pebbles. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Echium spp. (Boraginaceae) (Sedivy et al. 2013a).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,manuelae,,Hoplitis manuelae,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Hoplitis manuelae is endemic to Spain (Müller 2012a).,The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"The ecology of Hoplitis manuelae is currently unknown. This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,marchali,,Hoplitis marchali,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis marchali is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Hoplitis marchali is only known from western Mediterranean countries including Spain, Portugal, Corsica (France) and Sicily (Italy) in Europe. This species also occurs in northern Africa (Müller 2013).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Hoplitis marchali possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in small cavities in rocks with one to two brood cells. The brood cells and nest plug are made of mud without addition of pebbles (Le Goff 2005b). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Echium spp. (Boraginaceae) (Sedivy et al. 2013a).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,maritima,,Hoplitis maritima,,,No,DD,,Yes,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed  as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the  population size, trends and threats to the species.  Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this  species. It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"In Europe, Hoplitis maritima is only known from Ukraine. This species is also present in northern Asia (Romankova 1995).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"Hoplitis maritima occurs in temperate grasslands and forest edges. It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows in dead wood. The cell partitions are made of chewed leaves (Romankova 1985a, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is possibly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Rosaceae (Fragaria, Potentilla) (Quest 2009).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,mazzuccoi,,Hoplitis mazzuccoi,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis mazzuccoi is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,Hoplitis mazzuccoi is present in eastern Europe and southwestern Asia (Gogala 2009b).,"The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Hoplitis mazzuccoi possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. It nests in insect burrows in dead wood and in dry stems of Rubus (Gogala 2009b). The flower preferences of this species are unknown. The females of H. mazzuccoi  possess a specialized pilosity on clypeus and frons composed of  apically twisted bristles (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). Similar facial combs  occur in several unrelated bee taxa where they serve to remove pollen  from the nototribic anthers (structures used to deposit pollen on the back of  visiting insects) of Lamiaceae and Antirrhineae (Müller 1996b, Houston  2000, Thorp 2000). Therefore, the flowers of the Lamiaceae may be  important pollen sources for this species.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,mitis,,Hoplitis mitis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis mitis is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Hoplitis mitis is widely distributed across Europe and is also present in northern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Hoplitis mitis occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges). It nests below stones, in rock crevices, in grass tussocks, between dried leaves  or in old cells of other bees. One nest consisting of six loosely  attached cells was found in the angle of the lowest crotch of a 0.8 cm  tall pine tree. The brood cells, which are built singly or in small groups of up to 12, entirely consist of leaves or leaf fragments (e.g., Helianthemum, Potentilla, Hieracium, Sarothamnus, Fragaria, Cytisus,  grasses) intricately glued together, forming a cone-like structure. The  cell closure is made of leaf pulp (occasionally reinforced by sand  grains) and leave fragments (Maneval 1925, Benoist  1931, Koller and Hamann 1950, Westrich 1989, Marikovskaya 1995, Müller et al. 1997, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Campanulaceae (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011) and Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,mocsaryi,,Hoplitis mocsaryi,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis mocsaryi is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Hoplitis mocsaryi is widely distributed across Europe and is also present in southwestern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Hoplitis mocsaryi occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in excavated burrows in the ground (about five centimetres deep) with up to four ramifications containing one to two cells each. The cells are entirely built of several layers of petals exclusively from Linum spp.. The burrows are lined with Linum spp.  petals as well, sometimes a thin wall of mud is built between adjacent  cells. The nest entrances are not closed by a nest plug, but remain  open (Westrich 1989, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, A. Müller pers. obs. 2009). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Linum spp. (Linaceae) but with flexibility  in its choice of pollen (Westrich  1989, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,mollis,,Hoplitis mollis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Hoplitis mollis is only known from Bulgaria. This species also occurs in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis mollis is currently unknown. This species is possibly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Fabaceae (Özbek 1979b, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,monticola,,Hoplitis monticola,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Hoplitis monticola is only known from Greece. This species also occurs in southwestern Asia (Müller 2012a).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,Presumably the species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland. The species forages upon Fabaceae (Müller 2012a) but no further information is known.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,moricei,,Hoplitis moricei,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Hoplitis moricei is only known from the Canary Islands (Spain). This species mainly occurs from northern Africa to southwestern Asia with an extra-limital oriental distribution in India (Müller 2013).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis moricei is currently unknown. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Resedaceae (Reseda), Nitrariaceae (Peganum),  Zygophyllaceae and Fabaceae. The most important pollen sources are  Resedaceae in Morocco, Zygophyllaceae in Israel and Fabaceae on the  Canary Islands (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,mucida,,Hoplitis mucida,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis mucida is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Hoplitis mucida has a Mediterranean-centred distribution. This species is present in several southern European countries but also in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Amiet et al. 2004, Müller 2013).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Hoplitis mucida possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forest edges. It nests in cavities in rocks containing in one case a single cell. The brood cells and nest plug are made of mud without addition of pebbles (Le Goff 2005b). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Echium spp. (Boraginaceae) (Benoist 1931, Amiet et al. 2004, Sedivy et al. 2013a).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Switzerland as Osmia mucida (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,nicolaei,,Hoplitis nicolaei,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Hoplitis nicolaei is only known from Greece (Müller 2012a). This species also occurs in southwestern Asia.",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis nicolaei is currently unknown. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Convolvulaceae,  Caryophyllaceae, Asteraceae (Carduoideae, Cichorioideae), Linaceae and  Lamiaceae (Müller 2012a).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,nitidula,,Hoplitis nitidula,,,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Hoplitis nitidula is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. It does not occur within the EU 27.,Unknown,"In Europe, Hoplitis nitidula is found in European Russia but this species is mainly distributed in northern and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","This species possibly occurs in temperate shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis nitidula is currently unknown. This species is possibly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Peganum spp. (Nitrariaceae) (Popov 1952b, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,obtusa,,Hoplitis obtusa,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Hoplitis obtusa is known from southern Europe (Albania, Greece and possibly Croatia), but it is mainly distributed in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis obtusa is currently unknown. This species is known to forage upon  Carduoideae and Cichorioideae (Asteraceae) (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,occidentalis,,Hoplitis occidentalis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Hoplitis occidentalis has been found in France, Spain and Sardinia (Italy). This species also occurs in northern Africa (Müller 2013).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"The nesting biology of Hoplitis occidentalis is currently unknown. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Fabaceae, Cistaceae and Campanulaceae species (Müller 2012a).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,ochraceicornis,,Hoplitis ochraceicornis,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis ochraeicornis is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Hoplitis ochraceicornis is endemic to southern Europe, from Portugal to Italy (Müller 2013).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Hoplitis ochraceicornis possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in cavities in rocks and the cells are built from mud (Benoist 1931). The species is mesolectic, in that it collects pollen from several plant families, such as Echium (Boraginaceae), Fabaceae and Lamiaceae (Sedivy et al. 2013a).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,pallicornis,,Hoplitis pallicornis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis pallicornis is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,Hoplitis pallicornis is present in southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,"The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Hoplitis pallicornis possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in holes in stones. The cells are built from mud and small pebbles (Gogala 1999). The species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. It has a preference for Boraginaceae (mainly Echium), Fabaceae and Campanulaceae (Sedivy et al. 2013a).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,papaveris,,Hoplitis papaveris,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis papaveris is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Hoplitis papaveris is widespread in Europe except in Great Britain and in Scandinavia. This species also occurs in northern and southwestern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Wu 2006).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Hoplitis papaveris possibly occurs in temperate grasslands. It nests in excavated  burrows in hard or sometimes sandy ground (generally three to eight cm, sometimes  10-15 cm deep) with generally only one cell (occasionally two to several  cells) at the end of the burrow. The nests are usually excavated in  horizontal ground, occasionally also in vertical scarps. The females  sometimes also use pre-existing cavities, e.g., holes in stones and  abandoned cells and burrows of the own species or of Anthophora. This species sometimes nests in huge colonies. The cells are entirely built of several layers of petals of Papaver (rarely also of Althaea, Centaurea, Malva, Genista or Helianthemum).  The nest burrow is lined with large pieces of petals, which are  eventually used to close the cell. Directly after this first cell  closure, a three millimetre thick mud plug is built and/or the entrance burrow is  filled with sand (Ferton 1908, Friese 1923, Benoist 1931, Pashina 1971, Müller et al. 1997, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, and the pollen sources include Asteraceae, Campanulaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Cistaceae, Convolvulaceae, Papaver (Papaveraceae), Echium (Boraginaceae) and Melilotus  (Fabaceae) (Benoist  1931, Pashina 1948, Westrich 1989, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic as Anthocopa papaveris (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003), and Switzerland as Osmia papaveris (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,parnesica,,Hoplitis parnesica,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Hoplitis parnesica is endemic to Greece (Müller 2013).,The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"The ecology of Hoplitis parnesica is currently unknown. This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,peniculifera,,Hoplitis peniculifera,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Hoplitis peniculifera is endemic to Spain (Müller 2012a).,The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis peniculifera is currently unknown. The flower preferences of this species are also unknown. The only pollen sample analysed so far contained pollen of Cistaceae species (Müller 2012a).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,perezi,,Hoplitis perezi,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis perezi is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,Hoplitis perezi is present in southern Europe but also occurs in northern Africa and in northern and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,"The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Hoplitis perezi possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forest edges and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated burrows in hard and generally horizontal soil (about two to three centimetres deep) with one to three linearly arranged cells. The cells are entirely built of several layers of petals of Convolvulus (occasionally Papaver). The petals of Convolvulus  are also used to build partitions between adjacent cells and to line  the entrance burrow. The nest entrance is filled with sand in the end (Ducke 1900; Ferton 1901, 1908; Benoist 1931, A.  Müller pers. obs. 2009). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Convolvulaceae (Ferton 1897, Ducke 1900, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,pici,,Hoplitis pici,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis pici is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,Hoplitis pici is present in a few countries of southeastern Europe and also occurs in southwestern Asia (Müller 2006).,"The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Hoplitis pici possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in exposed nest on the surface of a large rock. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Muscari  (Hyacinthaceae) (Müller 2006, Sedivy et al. 2013a). The females are  equipped with conspicuous hooked bristles on the galeae of their  proboscis. These specialized bristles serve to scrape pollen out of the  urn-shaped Muscari flowers, which have a very small opening only (Müller 2006).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,pomarina,,Hoplitis pomarina,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Hoplitis pomarina is present in Greece and Macedonia but also occurs in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting biology of Hoplitis pomarina is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Carduoideae (Asteraceae) (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. obs. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,praestans,,Hoplitis praestans,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis praestans is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Hoplitis praestans has a widespread distribution in southern Europe but also occurs in northern Africa and from southwestern to northern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Hoplitis praestans possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated burrows in pithy stems. The cell partitions are made of leaf pulp (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Campanulaceae (Ducke 1900, Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,princeps,,Hoplitis princeps,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Hoplitis princeps is known from Hungary, Ukraine and southwestern Russia. This species extends its distribution through northern Asia (Medvedeva 1978, Romankova 1995, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Wu 2006).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Hoplitis princeps is currently unknown. This species is probably  polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Fabaceae (Warncke 1991h, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy (as there are difficulties in differentiating this species from Hoplitis dorni), population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,pulchella,,Hoplitis pulchella,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Hoplitis pulchella is only known from Spain in Europe but its distribution extends through northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Hoplitis pulchella is currently unknown. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Asteraceae (Asteroideae and Cichorioideae), Brassicaceae and Papaver (Papaveraceae) (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,quinquespinosa,,Hoplitis quinquespinosa,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis quinquespinosa is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,Hoplitis quinquespinosa is only known from Spain in Europe but its distribution extends through northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"Hoplitis quinquespinosa possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated  vertical burrow (c. 12 cm deep) in hard and horizontal soil with 22  brood cells closely grouped together at its end. The brood cells, which  are not placed at the end of side burrows but open directly into the  main burrow, are spirally arranged around the main burrow with their  longitudinal axis being oriented horizontally to 45 degrees downwards. In contrast to other Pentadentosmia  species, neither the main burrow nor the brood cells are lined with a  contiguous layer of chewed leaves. Instead, the walls of both main  burrow and brood cells appear to be constructed with a mixture of soil  and chewed leaves. The cell cap (c. 2 mm thick) consists of two adjacent  layers made of earth and small quantities of chewed leaves. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Reseda spp. and possibly other related genera of the Resedaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,ravouxi,,Hoplitis ravouxi,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis ravouxi is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Hoplitis ravouxi is endemic to Europe and has a large distribution from Portugal to Russia in the east and from Italy to the Netherlands in the north (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","This species occurs in temperate grasslands and in Mediterranean-type shrublands.Hoplitis ravouxi nests in  depressions or surface irregularities of stones, rocks or walls where  the brood cells are more or less exposed, in small rock cavities where  the cells are hidden. Nests contain two to eight cells. The brood cells  and nest plug are made from pebbles cemented together with mud. Exposed  cells are finally covered by a continuous layer of mud and small  pebbles, in small stone or rock cavities. The orifice is closed with a  layer of mud (Blüthgen 1920, Benoist 1931, Westrich 1989, Sedivy et al. 2013b). This species is mesolectic, in that the species prefers to forage upon several plant families, within the Fabaceae, Echium spp. (Boraginaceae) and Crassulaceae with a strong preference for Loteae  (Benoist 1931,   Westrich 1989, Gogala 1999, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Sedivy et al. 2013a).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red List of Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,robusta,,Hoplitis robusta,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis robusta is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Hoplitis robusta is widely distributed in Europe and is also found throughout northern Asia and in the Nearctic (Canada and USA) (Romankova 1995, Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Wu 2006).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Hoplitis robusta possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows and drilled bore holes in dead wood. The nest  plug is made of masticated leaves, sometimes with small pieces of wood  embedded in the leaf matrix (Clement and Rust 1975). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (Hurd and Michener 1955, Peters 1970, Clement and Rust 1975, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in National Red Lists of Finland (Vulnerable; Rassi et al. 2010). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,saundersi,,Hoplitis saundersi,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis saundersi is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"In Europe, Hoplitis saundersi is only found in Portugal but its distribution extends through northern Africa and southwestern Asia, with an extra-limital distribution in India (Müller 2013).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Hoplitis saundersi possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated  burrows in hard-packed and sandy soil. After two to three centimetres the entrance burrow  ramifies in five to six branches, each containing one single cell or two cells  separated one to two centimetres from each other at about six to eight centimetres below soil surface. Sometimes the nests contain only one cell at the end of the nest burrow. The cells are entirely built of several layers of small to large pieces of sterile flowers of Centaurea or of petals of Scabiosa, Convolvulus, Anthemis or Cistus (Cros 1927, A. Müller pers. obs. 2013). The species is possibly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Carduoideae (Asteraceae) (e.g., Centaurea) (Ferton 1890, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,saxialis,,Hoplitis saxialis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Hoplitis saxialis is present in southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Hoplitis saxialis is currently unknown.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,serainae,,Hoplitis serainae,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Hoplitis serainae is only found in Greece but its distribution extends to southwestern Asia (Müller 2012a).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Hoplitis serainae is currently unknown. The flower preferences of this species are also unknown and the only two pollen samples analysed so far contained pollen from Linaceae species (Müller 2012a).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,stellaris,,Hoplitis stellaris,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,In Europe Hoplitis stellaris is only found in Greece but its distribution extends to southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Hoplitis stellaris is currently unknown. The flower preferences of this species are also unknown and the only pollen sample available so far consists of pollen from Allium (Alliaceae) (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,strymonia,,Hoplitis strymonia,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Hoplitis strymonia is only found in Bulgaria but its distribution extends to southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Hoplitis strymonia is currently unknown. The flower preferences of this species are also unknown. The only two pollen samples available so far consist of pollen of Fabaceae (e.g., Trifolium) (unpublished, data A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,subbutea,,Hoplitis subbutea,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,In Europe Hoplitis subbutea is only found in Greece but its distribution extends to southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"The nesting behaviour of Hoplitis subbutea is currently  unknown. The flower preferences of this species are also unknown. The  only pollen sample available so far consists of pollen of Campanulaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,submanicata,,Hoplitis submanicata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Hoplitis submanicata is only found in Sicily, Italy. The species is also present in northern Africa (Müller 2013).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Hoplitis submanicata is currently unknown. The species is probably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Echium spp. (Boraginaceae) (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,tenuispina,,Hoplitis tenuispina,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Hoplitis tenuispina is endemic to France and Italy (Schwarz et al. 2005).,The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Hoplitis tenuispina is currently unknown. The females  possess a specialized pilosity on clypeus and frons composed of  apically twisted bristles (unpublished data A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). Similar facial combs  occur in several unrelated bee taxa where they serve to remove pollen  from the nototribic anthers (the structures in the flower that allow for the collection of pollen from insects) of Lamiaceae and Antirrhineae flowers (Müller 1996b, Houston  2000, Thorp 2000). Therefore, the flowers of the Lamiaceae may be  important pollen sources for this species.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,tigrina,,Hoplitis tigrina,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Hoplitis tigrina is only found in Greece but its distribution extends to northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Hoplitis tigrina is currently unknown. This species is probably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Carduoideae (Asteraceae) (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,tkalcuella,,Hoplitis tkalcuella,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Hoplitis tkalcuella is endemic to Spain (Le Goff 2003c).,The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"Hoplitis tkalcuella possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated burrows in rather hard soil. The entrance burrow ramifies  after a length of around one centimetre into four branches, each containing one to three linearly arranged cells separated from each other by a layer of mud. The cell partitions and nest plug are built from mud (Le Goff 2003c, 2010). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Echium (Boraginaceae) (Le Goff 2003c, unpublished data A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,tridentata,,Hoplitis tridentata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis tridentata is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Hoplitis tridentata is widely distributed across Europe and is also present in northern Africa and from southwestern to northern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Hoplitis tridentata occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in excavated burrows in pithy stems (e.g., Ferula, Cirsium, Cynara, Verbascum, Onopordum, Dipsacus, Rubus, Artemisia and others). The females are able to enter the pithy core of the stems by biting a hole from the side through the wooden wall. The cell partitions are made of masticated leaves, sometimes mixed with  pith. The nest plug consists of several layers of leap pulp alone or of  leaf pulp mixed with pith. The emergence of the adults often takes  place through a holes chewed in the side of the stem (Enslin 1925, Benoist 1931, Grandi 1961, Westrich 1989, Le Goff  1997, Müller et al. 1997, Banaszak and  Romasenko 2001). The  species is said to be a strict oligolege of Fabaceae (Westrich 1989, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al.  2004) but it might be  better classified as polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a strong preference for Fabaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland as Osmia tridentata (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,tuberculata,,Hoplitis tuberculata,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis tuberculata is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Hoplitis tuberculata is widely distributed in central and northern Europe and extends its distribution through northern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Wu 2006).",The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour it is presumed to have a large population.,"Hoplitis tuberculata possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows in dead wood. The cell partitions  are made of mud, sometimes also of leaf pulp. The nest plug is made of small  stones, masticated leaves and pieces of rotten wood. The particles in  the end plug are not cemented together and pieces can easily fall  off (Friese 1923, Stoeckhert 1933, Grünwaldt 1939, Käpylä 1978, Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Fabaceae and additional pollen sources from Ranunculaceae (Westrich 1989, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), and Lithuania (Endangered; Rašomavičius 2007). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,villosa,,Hoplitis villosa,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis villosa is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Hoplitis villosa is endemic in Europe and is widely distributed across Europe except in Great Britain (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).",The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour it is presumed to have a large population.,"Hoplitis villosa possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in pre-existing  cavities like fissures and holes in rocks, stones and cinder, between  stones, in abandoned nests of Megachile parietina and between pieces of  bark. The cells, which are built singly or in small groups, are entirely constructed from several layers of petals (Geranium, Helianthemum, Hieracium, Meconopsis, Rosa, Ranunculus, Papaver)  cemented together with sand or mud in varying quantities; the extremes  are pure petal cells on the one hand, and mud cells with petals only on  the outside on the other hand (Friese 1923, Benoist  1931, Stoeckhert 1933, Petit  1970, Westrich 1989, Müller et al. 1997, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, and in this case upon Asteraceae with a preference for Cichorioideae (Westrich 1989, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et  al. 2004).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,yermasoyiae,,Hoplitis yermasoyiae,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Hoplitis yermasoyiae is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,Hoplitis yermasoyiae is present in southeastern Europe but also in several countries of southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,"The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Hoplitis yermasoyiae possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated  burrows in the ground. One nest excavated in hard-packed horizontal  ground consisted of a single horizontally oriented brood cell at the end  of a short burrow of about one to two centimetres length. The cells are constructed from petals of Cistus and Papaver. The  nest burrow is also lined with petals. At the end, the nest entrance is  plugged with small stones and mud (Mavromoustakis 1938, 1954b; Standfuss et al. 2003). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Asteraceae (Asteroideae, Cichorioideae), Cistaceae, Papaver (Papaveraceae) and monocots (Mavromoustakis 1938, 1952, 1956a; unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,zaianorum,,Hoplitis zaianorum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Hoplitis zaianorum is only known from Spain and Portugal. This species is also found in northern Africa (Müller 2013).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Hoplitis zaianorum is currently unknown. This species is possibly  oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Carduoideae (Asteraceae) (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Book. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Hoplitis,zandeni,,Hoplitis zandeni,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Hoplitis zandeni is endemic to the Canary Islands (Spain) (Teunissen and van Achterberg 1992).,The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Hoplitis zandeni is currently unknown. This species has been found on the following flowers: Launaea arborescens, Phagnalon spp., Heliotropium ramosissimum and Ononis spp. (Hohmann et al. 1993).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,absolutus,,Hylaeus absolutus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient because there is very little information available on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats to this species. Further research is needed to establish the current status of this species.",Unknown,The species is restricted to the western Mediterranean area. The distribution is centred in north Africa.,"An infrequent species, with small populations, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","Details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",The threats to this species are not known.,This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,adriaticus,,Hylaeus adriaticus,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the current status of this species.",Unknown,This species is restricted to the mountains of the east Mediterranean area along the coast from Croatia to Greece.,"Locally, populations of this species are not small, however, there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","Details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Hylaeus adriaticus is listed as Rare on the Slovenian Red List (Anonymous 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas but it is likely that it occurs.Additional studies are needed into the abundance, general ecology and threats to this little-known species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,alpinus,,Hylaeus alpinus,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information regarding its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"Hylaeus alpinus is distributed from the Pyrenees to the Alps and from the Tatra mountains to the Balkans. It lives at high altitudes from 1,000 m to 2,100 m.","This species is frequent in its range and the populations there are not small, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.",Hylaeus alpinus is an alpine species. There are no detailed data available on the habitat and ecological requirements of this species.,"Given the restricted distribution of this species to alpine areas, it is likely that global warming will restrict the distribution area of this species. In addition global warming may lead to the species to evade into rather unfavorable areas due to competitive pressure. However there is no  published scientific information to support these statements.","Hylaeus alpinus is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Rare; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011), Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002), and Spain (Least Concern; Verdú   et al. 2011).The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas but it is likely that it occurs. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and to better understand the threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,angustatus,,Hylaeus angustatus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, and no major threats.",Unknown,"Hylaeus angustatus is recorded in Europe from the Mediterranean to about 60° N. It is found from Spain to eastern Europe and from Greece as far north as Norway and Finland. It is found at high altitudes such as in the Alps at 1,700 m.Outside of Europe, it is also found in Morocco, the Caucasus, Asia, Lebanon, Iran (Chalus).","It is an abundant species in much of the west Palearctic, however, there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","Hylaeus angustatus is found in a variety of habitats including woodland edge, sand- and gravel pits, hedgerows, waste ground, built-up areas (Westrich 1989), and dry, grazed coastal meadows (Söderman and Leinonen 2003). This species nests in hollow plant stems and other cavities in wood. Nests of this species have been found in the stems of blackberry, related shrubs, and the rotten wood of a dead apple tree, which was destroyed by xylophagous beetles (Janvier 2012). The species is presumably polylectic (in that it forages on different plants) and found at Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Campanulaceae, Crassulaceae, Fabaceae, Resedaceae and Rosaceae species.","Despite the fact that this species is considered threatened in at least one European country, there appear to be no major threats affecting this species.","Hylaeus angustatus is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Estonia (Data Deficient; Lilleleht 2001), Finland (Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010) and Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011). It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas but it is likely that it occurs.  The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Additional studies should be carried out to establish the population size and trend of this species and identify any possible threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,annularis,,Hylaeus annularis,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, ecological requirements and threats. Further studies are needed into the abundance, ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.",Unknown,"Hylaeus annularis is found across most of Europe from the western Mediterranean region to eastern Europe, as far as Bulgaria and European Russia; and north-west to the Dutch Atlantic coast and west Germany. Outside of Europe it occurs in north Africa.","Hylaeus annularis is an infrequent species in the west Palearctic. Populations are small, there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","The nests of Hylaeus annularis are found in the stems of Eryngium spp. and blackberry bushes (Rubus fruticosus agg.) (Janvier 2012). Further details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",The threats to this species are not known.,This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats. It is not known if it occurs in any protected area.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,annulatus,,Hylaeus annulatus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient because although it has a wide distribution, there is no information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirement and threats. Further research is needed to establish the current status of this species.",Unknown,"Hylaeus annulatus is found throughout central and northern Europe and as far east as Ukraine and Russia. It is found in the high mountains of central Europe (from 800 to 2,000 m altitude) and the Pyrenees. It is an Holarctic species that reaches as far north as the Arctic Circle. In the Nearctic, it is spread from Alaska to Nova Scotia, south to New Mexico. It is also found as far east as Kamchatka.","Although widely distributed, it is an infrequent species and populations are small. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.",There is no information regarding the habitat and ecological requirements of this species.,"As this species is found in high mountains, it may be presumably threatened to some degree by climatic factors. It is likely that global warming will restrict the distribution area of this species. In addition global warming may lead to the species to evade into rather unfavorable areas due to competitive pressure. However there is no published scientific information to support these statements.","Hylaeus angustatus is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Estonia (Data Deficient; Lilleleht 2001), Finland (Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010) and Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al.1998, 2011). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas but it is likely that it occurs.  Further studies are needed into the abundance, habitat and ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,ater,,Hylaeus ater,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern because, although it has a restricted distribution, it is nearly present in all the islands of the Canary Island archipelago and the species is relatively common and abundant. However there is no information regarding the habitat, ecological requirements and threats to this species, so further research is needed.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Canary Islands, and is present in nearly all the islands of the Canary Island archipelago (Dathe 1993).","A relatively frequent and common species, found in many collections. Populations are not small, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",The threats to this species are not known.,This species is not included in the Spanish Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas but it is likely that it occurs.  Further research is required to establish the habitat and ecological requirements and to identify the existing threats.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,azorae,,Hylaeus azorae,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient because this species was described in 1992 and there is little information regarding its status. Additional research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,This species is endemic to the Azores Islands and was described in 1992 (Warncke 1992c).,The populations are probably small as the species is described from only one male. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.","The threats to this species are not known. This species has a relatively restricted range, within which it is presumably threatened to some degree by climatic factors. The introduced species, Hylaeus signatus, may compete with it.",This species is not included in the Portuguese National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the habitat and ecological requirements and to identify the threats to this species.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,biarmicus,,Hylaeus biarmicus,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements and threats. Additional studies are needed to establish the current status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is only found in Spain. Outside of Europe, it has been recorded only from Egypt and Morocco. The distribution is centred in north Africa and the occurrence in Europe seems to be at the edge of its range.","Populations are probably very small, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not included in the Spanish Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the population size and trend, the habitat and ecological requirements and to identify the existing threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,bifasciatus,,Hylaeus bifasciatus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the current status of this species.",Unknown,"Hylaeus bifasciatus occurs in southern Europe and is found in France, Italy, Croatia (Dalmatia), Greece and southern Ukraine. Historic records mention that it was found sporadically in southern Switzerland; most recent records from Switzerland are from 1946. Outside of Europe, it is found in Iran (Tabriz) and Israel.","It is a very rare pontic species, and populations are probably very small. However there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Hylaeus bifasciatus is considered in the National Red List of Switzerland as Extinct (Amiet 1994). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.   Additional studies are needed into the abundance, habitat and general ecology and threats to this little-known species. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,brachycephalus,,Hylaeus brachycephalus,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the current status of this species.",Unknown,This species is distributed in the west and central Mediterranean region. The reports from eastern Europe (Poland and Ukraine) need verification (H. Dathe pers. comm. 2013).,It is an infrequent species with small populations. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.   Additional studies are needed into the distribution (e.g., to verify if the species occurs in Portugal and Ukraine), abundance, habitat and general ecology and threats to this little-known species. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,breviceps,,Hylaeus breviceps,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements and threats. Further research is required to establish the current status of this species.It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,This species is found in the eastern European countries of Ukraine and Russia. The species also occurs in Turkestan.,Populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected area. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, to identify the existing threats and to investigate the taxonomy.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,brevicornis,,Hylaeus brevicornis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, and no major threats. However further research is needed into the population size and trend and into the taxonomy.",Unknown,"Hylaeus brevicornis is widespread throughout Europe, from Iberia towards eastern Europe and from the Balkans north to Scandinavia and Great Britain. It is found at altitudes as high as 1,900 m, in the Alps and Pyrenees. Outside of Europe it is found in Morocco and Iran (Mazanderan). Since the taxonomy of the H. brevicornis group is unclear and not uniformly applied by all authors, the information on the distribution differs (H.H. Dathe pers. comm. 2013).","A very abundant species in the whole west Palearctic. The populations are probably large, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","Westrich (1989) lists the habitats in which this species occurs: pasture woodland, woodland edge, hedgerows, bramble thickets, sand-, gravel- and clay pits, sunny dry wasteground, and town and village parks and gardens. Most known records in Ireland are from coastal or woodland sites and in Great Britain from heathland edges. Hylaeus brevicornis nests in hollow plant stems and other cavities in wood. The nests are usually found in the pith of twigs such as blackberries (Rubus), ash (Fraxinus), willow (Salix), elder (Sambucus), buckthorn (Rhamnus), mulberry (Morus), fennel (Foeniculum), and also in the stems of Eryngium spp. (Janvier 2012). The species is polylectic (in that it forages on different plants)   and is found at Apiaceae, Crassulaceae, Fabaceae and Rosaceae species.","Despite the fact that this species is considered threatened in Ireland, there appear to be no major threats affecting the species.","Hylaeus brevicornis is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Estonia (Data Deficient; Lilleleht 2001), Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011) and Ireland (Endangered; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas but it is likely that it occurs.  Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, to identify any future threats and to investigate the taxonomy.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,canariensis,,Hylaeus canariensis,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information regrading its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Additional studies are needed to establish the current status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Canary Islands and occurs at high altitudes (above 1,000 m) (Dathe 1993).","This species is abundant within its restricted range and therefore populations are probably large, however there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","The details about the habitats, the bionomics and the ecological requirements of this species are not known.","The threats to this species are not known. This species has a relatively restricted range and occurs at high altitudes, so it is presumably threatened to some degree by climatic factors. It is likely that global warming will restrict the distribution area of this species. In addition global warming may lead to the species to evade into rather unfavorable areas due to competitive pressure. However there is no published scientific information to support these statements.","This species is not included in the Spanish Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas but it is likely that it occurs.  Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, its habitat and ecological requirements and to identify the existing threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,cardioscapus,,Hylaeus cardioscapus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient because although it has a wide distribution, its populations are rather small, and there is little information on its population size and trend, status, and threats. Further research is needed to establish the current status of this species.",Unknown,"Hylaeus cardioscapus is predominantly found in eastern Europe and Russia and it is found as far west as Spain and north as Scandinavia. It is also present in lower and upper Austria (along the Danube towards the Linz area), and in eastern Germany.The species was first described from Far East Asia.","This species is widely distributed throughout Europe, but it is rare at the edge of its range. The populations are small and there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and obviously adaptable species but threats at the local level are unknown.,"Hylaeus cardioscapus is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkač et al. 2005), Estonia (Data Deficient; Lilleleht 2001), Poland (Data Deficient; Banaszak 2002) and Germany (Rare; Westrich et al. 2011). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas but it is likely that it occurs.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,clypearis,,Hylaeus clypearis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, and no major threats.",Unknown,"Hylaeus clypearis is a circum-Mediterranean species, sporadically found in central Europe, north to Denmark. It is well established also in Austria (lower Austria and southern Styria).The species also occurs in north Africa.","A very abundant species, particularly in the southern parts of Europe, around the Mediterranean Sea. The populations are obviously large, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","Hylaeus clypearis inhabits woodland edges, hedgerows, bramble brakes, vineyards and waste ground (Westrich 1989). It nests in hollow plant stems and other cavities in wood. Nests have been found in the pith of rose stems and in the stems of Bougainvillea (Janvier 2012). The species is presumably polylectic (in that it forages on different plants)   and found at Apiaceae, Boraginaceae, Campanulaceae and Resedaceae species.","The threats to this species are not known locally although the species is often, or at least regularly, found in collections so therefore it appears not to be threatened.","Hylaeus clypearis is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011), Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Poland (Endangered; Banaszak 2002) and Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas but it is likely that it occurs.  Research should be conducted into the the population status and trends of this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,communis,,Hylaeus communis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"Hylaeus communis is found throughout Europe, from Spain to Ukraine and Russia, and from Greece to Sweden. It is also found at altitudes up to 1,600 m in the Alps. Outside of Europe it is found in the Urals, the Caucasus, and in Iran (Mazandaran).","The species occurs very frequently in the whole west Palearctic, and it is probably the most common species in northern and central Europe. Populations are large and although there is no information available on the population trend of this species, it is likely to be stable.","Hylaeus communis is an almost ubiquitous species and is found in habitats such as woodland edge, hedgerows, gravel-, sand- and claypits, bramble thickets, roadside embankments, and a variety of man-made habitats such as parks, gardens and waste ground (Westrich 1989). The majority of known records are from urban environments in Ireland and man-made habitats in Finland (Söderman and Leinonen 2003).The species preferably nests in old wood. The nests have been found in twigs of raspberry (Rubus idaeus) and wild plum (Prunus sp.), in the roots of Arundo donax, in the bark of pine (Pinus) trees, in the dry branches of old Elder (Sambucus) and the pith of blackberry (Rubus) twigs (Janvier 2012).  The species is broadly polylectic (in that it forages on different plants), and is found at Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Campanulaceae, Crassulaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Lythraceae and Resedaceae species.",There appear to be no major threats affecting this species.,"Hylaeus communis is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Estonia (Data Deficient; Lilleleht 2001), Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011) and Ireland (Least Concern; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006). It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas but it is likely that it occurs.  Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, to identify the existing threats and to investigate the taxonomy.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,conformis,,Hylaeus conformis,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, status, habitat and ecological requirements and threats. Additional studies are needed to establish the current status of this species.",Unknown,The occurrence of Hylaeus conformis is centered in northern Africa and in Europe it is mainly restricted to the Mediterranean parts of western Europe (including Portugal and Sicily).,"This species is infrequent. The populations found in Europe are small, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.",H. conformis has been found at flowers of Resedaceae species. There are no further data available on the habitat and ecological requirements.,The threats to this species are not known.,"Hylaeus conformis is listed in the National Red List of Red Data Book of Switzerland as Near Threatened (Amiet 1994). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, the habitat and ecological requirements and to identify the existing threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,confusus,,Hylaeus confusus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, and no major threats.",Unknown,"Hylaeus confusus is a trans-Palearctic species across all of Europe, as far north as 66° and as far south as the Katara Pass in northern Greece. In the Alps it occurs up to 2,000 m altitude. Outside of Europe, the species is found as far east as the Kuril Islands of Russia.","A very common species in the west Palearctic, but less abundant in the east. The known populations are large, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","Hylaeus confusus exploits a wide range of habitats including woodland edge, open areas, river levees, sandy heathland, sand- and gravel pits, vineyards and waste ground (Westrich 1989). It nests in hollow plant stems and other cavities in wood. The nests have been found in reed (Phragmites) straws, the pith of several other plant stems, the dead wood of trees and shrubs such as willow (Salix), lilac (Syringa) (Janvier 2012). The species is presumably polylectic (in that it forages on different plants)   and is found at flowers of Apiaceae, Campanulaceae, Resedaceae and Rosaceae.",There appear to be no major threats affecting the species. The species is often found in collections and is therefore presumably not threatened.,"Hylaeus confusus is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011) and Ireland (Least Concern; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research would be recommended to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, to identify any possible threats and to investigate the taxonomy. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas but it is likely that it occurs.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,convergens,,Hylaeus convergens,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further studies are needed to establish the current status of this species.",Unknown,"Hylaeus convergens is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and is only known from a few sites in Portugal and Spain, especially at high altitudes (Sierra de Guadarrama at 1,500 - 2,100 m).",A very rare species which has possibly been overlooked. Its populations are small and there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, the habitat and ecological requirements and to identify the existing threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas but it is likely that it occurs.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,coriaceus,,Hylaeus coriaceus,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements, and threats. Further research is needed to establish the current status of this species and to investigate the taxonomy.",Unknown,The “pure” form is described from the Iberian Peninsula and France. The presence in the Balkans need to be examined. The species also occurs in northern Africa.,A not very abundant species. Its populations are small and there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"Details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, the habitat and ecological requirements, to identify the existing threats and to investigate the taxonomy.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,cornutus,,Hylaeus cornutus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because, although it is seldom recorded, it has a wide distribution, is tolerant of a broad range of habitats, has a presumed large population, and there are no major threats affecting the species.",Unknown,"Hylaeus cornutus is almost a circum-Mediterranean distributed species, that is found in Europe from Spain to eastern Europe, and as far north as Denmark. It is also found at altitudes of up to 1,300 m in the Alps. Outside of Europe, the species is found as far as east as Turkmenistan, and south to Israel.",A widely distributed species but not frequent. Its populations are small and there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"Hylaeus cornutus is a species of calcareous grassland. In Germany, it is associated with river levees, roadside banks and verges, hillside vineyards, sand pits and waste ground (Westrich 1989). The species nests in plant stems or in loose walls. The nests have been found primarily in the stems of Rumex, but also in Eryngium campestre and Dipsacus silvestris (Janvier 2012). The species is probably polylectic (in that it forages on different plants)  and found at Apiaceae and Asteraceae species.",There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and obviously adaptable species.,"Hylaeus cornutus is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkač et al. 2005), Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011), Slovenia (Rare; Anonymus 2002), Great Britain (Rare; Shirt 1987), and Poland (Data Deficient; Banaszak 2002).The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas but it is likely that it occurs.  Further research is required to establish the population size and trend of this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,crassanus,,Hylaeus crassanus,,,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because the area of occupancy (AOO) is probably less than 2,000 km2, and the populations are severely fragmented. However further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements and to understand better the threats affecting the species.",Unknown,"Hylaeus crassanus has a disjunct distribution from Spain and Portugal east to Italy and the Balkans. The population is severely fragmented as the species has been recorded from isolated localities where there is no chance for genetic exchange. The area of occupancy (AOO) is possibly less than 2,000 km2 (H.H. Dathe pers. comm. 2013).","Rarely recorded species, which might be influenced by the disjunct distribution pattern of the species. The populations are probably small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","H. crassanus is an alpine species, living at extreme locations at high altitudes. There is not any detailed data about the habitat and ecological requirements of H. crassanus.","This species has a relatively restricted range, within which it is presumably threatened to some degree by climatic factors. It is likely that global warming will restrict the distribution area of this species. In addition global warming may lead to the species to evade into rather unfavourable areas due to competitive pressure. However there is no published scientific information to support these statements.","Hylaeus crassanus is included in the National Red list or Red Data Book of Switzerland as Near Threatened (Amiet 1994). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area although it is possible it occurs. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, the habitat and ecological requirements and to better understand the existing threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,cypricola,,Hylaeus cypricola,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to determine if the species occurs outside of Europe and to understand better the ecology of this species and the existing threats.",Unknown,"Hylaeus cypricola is described as restricted to Cyprus, possibly as a local endemic. A single record from Egypt exists but it is difficult to assess its true status there (Warncke 1992c) .","An infrequent species, even within its restricted range. The populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.","This species has a relatively restricted range, within which it is presumably threatened to some degree by climatic factors. It is likely that global warming will restrict the distribution area of this species. In addition global warming may lead to the species to evade into rather unfavorable areas due to competitive pressure. However there is no published scientific information to support these statements.","This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occur in any protected area. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, the habitat and ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,deceptorius,,Hylaeus deceptorius,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirement and threats. Further research is needed to establish the current status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is found mainly on the Mediterranean isles of France, Italy and Greece, although it is also found on the French and Greek mainland.",Most records of this species are from the Greek isles of the Mediterranean Sea. A scarce species with rather small populations but there is no further information available on the population trend of this species.,"The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, its distribution, population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirement, to identify the existing threats and to investigate the taxonomy.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,difformis,,Hylaeus difformis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern because it has a wide distribution, is tolerant of a broad range of habitats, has a presumed large population, and no major threats.",Unknown,"Hylaeus difformis is a trans-Palearctic species that ranges from Portugal and Spain towards eastern European, and north from the Balkans to Scandinavia. It is also found at altitudes up to 1,100 m in the Alps.Outside of Europe the species occurs in northern Africa and in Asia (Far East).","An infrequent species, despite its wide distribution, with the occurrence centred in Europe. The populations are rather small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","The habitats in which Hylaeus difformis is found are not yet fully understood but from the information from Germany it is thought that they inhabit woodland edge, clay pits and inland dune systems (Westrich 1989). The species nests in plant stems or in loess walls. The species is polylectic (in that it forages on different plants)  and found at Apiaceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Campanulaceae, Crassulaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae and Rosaceae species.","Despite the fact that this species is considered threatened in several European countries, at the European level there appear to be no major threats to this widespread and obviously adaptable species.","Hylaeus difformis is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkač et al. 2005), Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Norway (Regionally Extinct; Kålås et al. 2010), the Netherlands  (Near Threatened; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010), Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002), Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011) and Estonia (Data Deficient; Lilleleht 2001). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas but it probably does. Further research is needed into the population size and trends of this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,dilatatus,,Hylaeus dilatatus,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern because it has a wide distribution, is tolerant of a broad range of habitats, has a presumed large population, and no major threats.",Unknown,"Hylaeus dilatatus is distributed in the whole of Europe northwards to 62° N in Sweden, and east to central Asia (Kazakhstan). The species also occurs in northern Africa (Morocco, Tunisia).",An abundant and widely spread species in Europe. The populations are not small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"Hylaeus dilatatus lives in a broad range of habitats such as inland and mobile dune systems, sandy heaths, vineyards, bramble hedges, waste ground, sand- and clay pits, woodland edges, riverside levees (Westrich 1989) and in flower-rich meadows (Levchenko 2009). The nests of H. dilatatus are found in hollow plant stems, such as those of brushwood stems, and also in the cavities of wood (Janvier 2012). The species is presumably polylectic (in that it forages on different plants)  and found at Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Campanulaceae, Crassulaceae, Lamiaceae and Rosaceae species.",There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and obviously adaptable species. It is regularly found in collections.,"Hylaeus dilatatus is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Finland (Least Concern; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011), and Estonia (Data Deficient; Lilleleht 2001). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action although it does occur in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trends of this species and to investigate the taxonomy.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,duckei,,Hylaeus duckei,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"Hylaeus duckei is found from central France to the Balkans and eastern Europe. In Germany, Austria and Switzerland it is detected only sporadically. It is missing on all islands in the Mediterranean Sea, in Iberia and in southern Italy. Outside of Europe it occurs in Asia Minor.",This species is not abundant and populations seem to be small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"From the few German records, the habitat requirements of this species are not fully detailed but the species has been found in vineyards, a scrubby dry hillside and from waste ground (Westrich 1989). H. duckei is probably polylectic (in that it forages on different plants)   and it is found at Apiaceae and Crassulaceae. There are no further data available to its ecological requirements.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Hylaeus duckei is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Switzerland (Extinct; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkač et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al.1998, 2011) and Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and to identify any existing threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,euryscapus,,Hylaeus euryscapus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, status, and the threats across the European range. Further research is needed to establish the current status of this species.",Unknown,"Hylaeus euryscapus is mainly distributed in central and east Europe, reaching also north Africa and Central Asia.",This species is not very abundant in Europe. Its populations are probably small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"H. euryscapus nests in small dry stems of honeysuckle (Lonicera) (Janvier 2012). It is associated with dry, coastal habitats, and in the UK is found on coastal shingle and sand dunes. The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies in summer from June to August.","The threats to this species are not known, although development of tourist infrastructure, and coastal shingle extraction may well be important in parts of the range.","Hylaeus euryscapus is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Switzerland (Extinct; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkač et al. 2005), the Netherlands (Near Threatened; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Germany (Rare; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011), Great Britain (Rare; Shirt 1987) and Poland (Data Deficient; Banaszak 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. The species does occur in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, to identify the threats to this species and investigate the taxonomy.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,friesei,,Hylaeus friesei,,,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because its area of occupancy (AOO) is probably close to 2,000 km2 and its population is severely fragmented. However further research is needed to establish if the population is decline and the threats to this species.",Unknown,"Hylaeus friesei is only found in a few high mountains in Italy and the Balkans. The exact area of occupancy (AOO) is unknown but it is probably close to 2,000 km2.","A very rare, unusual and specialized species, that is restricted to a few sites only in mountain areas. Those populations are certainly small and are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them; therefore this species is considered as severely fragmented. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.","Details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, its habitat and ecological requirements and to identify the existing threats. It is not known if the species is found in any protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,garrulus,,Hylaeus garrulus,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the current status of this species.",Unknown,This species is only known from the Iberian Peninsula.,"The populations are very small, it is an infrequent species but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",The threats to this species are not known.,This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the habitat and ecology and to identify the existing threats and trends.It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,gazagnairei,,Hylaeus gazagnairei,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Listed as Not Applicable (NA) as the species has a marginal occurrence in Europe. The European population host less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"The distribution of Hylaeus gazagnairei is strongly centred in north Africa, but there are also single records from Spain. It is therefore considered that the European population host less than 1% of the global population and this species is therefore considered of marginal occurrence in Europe.",A frequent species in north Africa but very seldom found in Europe. Its population in Europe is small and there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.Further research is necessary to establish the current status of the species in Europe, the extent of its range, details of its habitat and ecology and to identify any existing threats and trends. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,gibbus,,Hylaeus gibbus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, and no major threats.",Unknown,"Hylaeus gibbus is widely distributed throughout Europe, from Iberia to eastern Europe, and from Crete to Scandinavia. It mainly prefers coastal areas. It has been found at altitudes up to 1,900 m in the Alps and Pyrenees.Outside of Europe it is found in the Caucasus.","An abundant species in Europe, although individual sub-populations are small. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.","Hylaeus gibbus is found in habitats such as woodland edges, river levees, vineyards, sheep-grazed juniper heath, anthropogenic areas in villages and towns (Westrich 1989) and at the coast (Söderman and Leinonen 2003). This species nests in hollow plant stems and other cavities in wood. Nests have been found in the soft dead wood of a young cherry tree and also in a branch of ash (Janvier 2012). The species is presumably polylectic (it forages in several plant species) and is found at Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Campanulaceae, Fabaceae, Resedaceae and Rosaceae species.",There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and obviously adaptable species. It is regularly found in collections.,"Hylaeus gibbus is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Norway (Near Threatened; Hansen et al. 2010), Great Britain (Rare; Shirt 1987), Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011), and Estonia (Data Deficient; Lilleleht 2001). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the population size and trend of this species. The species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,glacialis,,Hylaeus glacialis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. However the species has a limited distribution in Europe and further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"Hylaeus glacialis is distributed widely mainly in high mountain regions of Europe. It is found in the Pyrenees, the Alps (1,500-2,000 m), France, Italy (south Tyrol), Switzerland, and Greece (Ioannina, Pindos). Outside of Europe it is found in eastern Turkey (Hakkari).","In Europe, the species is limited to a narrow ecological zone and is only rarely recorded. It is a rare species, but more frequent at the higher altitudes. The population trend is unknown.","Hylaeus glacialis is an alpine species, living at extreme locations at high altitudes. It nests in plant stems. It is a univoltine species (it has one generation per year) and flies from mid-June to the end of September (Amiet 1999). There are no further data available on its precise habitat requirements.","The detailed threats to this species are not known. However, this species has a relatively restricted range, within which it is presumably threatened to some degree by climatic factors which would modify the alpine habitats by allowing less cold-tolerant species to flourish.","This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, to identify the existing threats and to investigate the habitat and ecology. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas, although its presence is highly likely.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,gracilicornis,,Hylaeus gracilicornis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed overall population and no major threats.",Unknown,"Hylaeus gracilicornis is a trans-Palearctic species that ranges across much of Europe, although it is most typical of central and eastern Europe. The species also expands to Asia.",This is not an abundant species despite its wide distribution. Detailed knowledge of the population size and trends is unknown.,"Hylaeus gracilicornis occupies a wide range of habitats including woodland edge, hedgerows, bramble thickets, vineyards, reed beds, waste ground (Westrich 1989), dry and wet meadows, roadsides (Söderman and Leinonen 2003), and montane habitats (Ornosa and Ortiz-Sánchez 2004). The species has been found to nest in bramble twigs. There are no further data available on its ecological requirements.",There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and obviously adaptable species.,"Hylaeus gracilicornis is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Sweden (Regionally Extinct; Gärdenfors 2010), Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkač et al. 2005), Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011) Estonia (Data Deficient; Lilleleht 2001) and Poland  (Data Deficient; Banaszak 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.Further research is necessary to establish the current population size and trends across the range. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas, although it is considered likely.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,gredleri,,Hylaeus gredleri,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, and no major threats.",Unknown,"Hylaeus gredleri is widespread throughout Europe, in the Alps up to 1,500 m (Carinthia), south to Sicily and Samos. There is also evidence that the species occurs in Morocco and in western Kazakhstan (Tien Shan) in the east. The taxonomy of the species group (H. gredleri, H. kahri, H. intermedius and H. imparilis) is difficult and therefore not uniformly applied by the authors, so that the information on the distribution differs.","A very abundant species, spread throughout most of the west Palearctic. The distribution is presumably centred in Europe.","This is typically a species of warm and dry habitats, where it is most numerous on sand dunes and also post-industrial sites (e.g., sandpits, quarries, gravel pits, and spoil heaps). It also occurs in steppes and open shrubby habitats and along hedgerows and woodland edge (P. Bogusch pers. comm. 2013, A. Müller pers. comm. 2013). In the National Reserve of l'Estagnol (France), it is found on dry bauxite banks surrounding Phragmites australis dominated wetland (D. Genoud pers. comm. 2013).Hylaeus gredleri is an aerial nesting species, with nests being found in the pith of dry Rubus stems (Janvier 2012), in wooden walls and fence posts (Celary 1999) and probably also in the stems of Phragmites australis (D. Genoud pers. comm. 2013). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies from May to September.",There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and obviously adaptable species. This common species is often found in collections.,"Hylaeus gredleri is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011) and Poland (Data Deficient; Banaszak 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the population size and trend and to investigate the taxonomy.The species occurs in at least one protected area (National Reserve of l'Estagnol - FR).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,hellenicus,,Hylaeus hellenicus,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. The species has a restricted distribution and further research should be carried out to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is limited to higher mountain regions in Greece at 1,700-2,300 m altitude.","An infrequent and specialized alpine species, restricted to the high mountains of Greece. There is no information about the population size or trend of this species.","The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is necessary to establish the size of the population, the details of the habitat and ecology, and to identify any threats and trends.It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas although it is very likely that it does.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,hohmanni,,Hylaeus hohmanni,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Canary Islands (Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria and Tenerife).",The species appears abundant in the Canary Islands. There is no information about population trends.,"The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is necessary to establish the size of the population, the habitat and ecological requirements and also to identify any existing threats.It is not known if this species occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,hyalinatus,,Hylaeus hyalinatus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, and because there appear to be no major threats affecting the species.",Unknown,"Hylaeus hyalinatus is common and widespread, from Spain to Greece and as far north as Sweden. The focus of the distribution is mainly in the central and northern regions of Europe. It is also found at altitudes up to 1,800 m. Outside of Europe it is found in the Caucasus.",A very abundant species of the whole west Palaearctic with its distribution centred in Europe.,"Hylaeus hyalinatus is found in habitats such as the dry faces of sand-, clay- and gravel pits, vineyards and orchards, woodland edge, waste ground (Westrich 1989), a range of habitats most commonly associated with coastal sites, dunes, heaths, river banks, railway embankments, woodland rides, parks and gardens (Peeters et al. 1999), deciduous woodland margins, and agricultural habitats (Söderman and Leinonen 2003). This species nests in plant stems, sand and loose stone walls. The nests are mainly found in the sand but sometimes in the marrow of blackberry stems (Janvier 2012). The species is presumably polylectic (it forages in several plant species) and is found at Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Campanulaceae, Crassulaceae, Resedaceae and Rosaceae species.",There are no major threats affecting this species. The species is often found in collections.,"Hylaeus hyalinatus is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Ireland (Vulnerable; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006) and Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011).The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. The species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,hyperpunctatus,,Hylaeus hyperpunctatus,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of very little information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is widely spread throughout the Mediterranean, particularly on islands of the Mediterranean Sea.",This species not very frequent within its range and its populations are small. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.","The threats to this species are not known. This species has a relatively restricted range, within which it is presumably threatened to some degree by climatic factors.","This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required into the population size and trend, the habitat and ecological requirements and to identify the existing threats. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,ibericus,,Hylaeus ibericus,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is restricted to high mountain regions in Spain at altitudes between 1,800-3,100 m.",The populations are small and there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Hylaeus ibericus is red listed in Spain (Data Deficient; Verdu et al. 2011). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and to identify the existing threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,imparilis,,Hylaeus imparilis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, and no major threats.",Unknown,"Hylaeus imparilis is frequent in the Mediterranean, and spreads from Iberia, north to the Alps and to Hungary, and south to Crete and Cyprus. Outside of Europe it is found in Morocco, Tunisia and Iran (Minudasht, Ardabil). The taxonomy of the species group (H. gredleri, H. kahri, H. intermedius and H. imparilis) is difficult and therefore not uniformly applied by the authors, so that the information on the distribution differs.",It is a very abundant species in the Mediterranean area and also in the Near East. There is no information on the population trends for this species.,"Hylaeus imparilis nests have been found in dry stalks of Ailantus glandulosa (Janvier 2012). Any further details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and obviously adaptable species.,"Hylaeus imparilis is red listed in the Czech Republic as Regionally Extinct (Farkač et al. 2005). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements and to investigate the taxonomy. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,incongruus,,Hylaeus incongruus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of continuing uncertainty as to its taxonomic status. Further research is needed to establish its distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,"As a result of previous admixture of this species with H. gibbus and H. stigmorhinus, the distribution has to be generally re-examined. As secured occurrence, the following countries can be given preliminarily: Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Romania, Slovakia, Switzerland, Russia (Straka and Bogusch 2011).","A moderately abundant and widespread species probably in the whole west Palearctic (Straka and Bogusch 2011, Proshchalykin and Dathe 2012). The population trend is unknown.","The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the distribution of the species, its habitat, ecological requirements and threats and to investigate the taxonomy. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,intermedius,,Hylaeus intermedius,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of continuing uncertainty as to its taxonomic status, also the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"Hylaeus intermedius is found in southern France, the Mediterranean and the Black Sea countries, and as far south as Crete. In central Europe it is still insufficiently known apart from in Poland (Ratibor in Silesia, locus typicus) and Austria. The taxonomy of the species group is difficult and therefore not  uniformly applied by the authors, so that the information on the  distribution differs.","An infrequent species of the whole west Palearctic, with its distribution probably centred in Asia minor and the Near East. The population trend is unknown.","The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required into the population size and trend, the habitat, ecological requirements and threats and to investigate the taxonomy. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,kahri,,Hylaeus kahri,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of continuing uncertainty as to its taxonomic status and the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"Hylaeus kahri is found in the Mediterranean and Black Sea countries, from Iberia to the Balkans and eastern Europe. It is also found at altitudes up to 1,600 m in the Alps. Outside of Europe, the species is found in Iran (Ardabil).",This species is abundant in central and south-eastern Europe. The populations of Hylaeus kahri are scattered but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Hylaeus kahri is listed in the National Red List of Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994) and Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats and to investigate the taxonomy. It is unknown if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,koenigsmanni,,Hylaeus koenigsmanni,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. The species has a very restricted range and further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is limited to higher mountain regions of Crete at altitudes between 1,400-2,100 m.",The species is limited to a narrow distribution area and is only rarely recorded. The population trend is unknown.,"The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,leptocephalus,,Hylaeus leptocephalus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, and no major threats.",Unknown,"Hylaeus leptocephalus is widespread throughout Europe from northern Spain towards eastern Europe, north to Denmark (57° North), and south to Crete. It has also been described from Russia (Saratov) and Asia Minor.",Hylaeus leptocephalus is an abundant species in the whole west Palearctic. The populations are not small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"Hylaeus leptocepalus nests in the soil and in plant stems. The species is probably polylectic (it forages in several plant species) and is found at Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Campanulaceae, Fabaceae and Rosaceae species. There is no further information regarding the habitat of this species.",There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and obviously adaptable species. It is regularly found in collections.,"Hylaeus leptocephalus is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002), Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011) and Poland (Data Deficient; Banaszak 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend and the habitat of this species. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,lineolatus,,Hylaeus lineolatus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed overall large population and no major threats.",Unknown,"Hylaeus lineolatus is a Mediterranean species, distributed throughout southern Europe from west in Iberia to the east in the Balkans. It reaches as far north as Germany (Brandenburg) and Austria (Burgenland). The distribution is centred in Asia Minor and north Africa from Morocco (Marrakech, High Atlas), Algeria, Cyprus, Lebanon, Israel, Asia minor, the Black Sea area, Azerbaijan, and east to Iran (Mazandaran).",Hylaeus lineolatus is an abundant species in the whole west Palearctic. Populations are probably numerous but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"Hylaeus lineolatus is known from inland dune systems, sand-pits and sunny woodland edges (Westrich 1989). This species has been found to nest in plant stems and plant galls. The species is probably polylectic (it forages on several plant species) and found at Apiaceae and Campanulaceae species.","There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and obviously adaptable species, although locally the threats are not known.","Hylaeus lineolatus is listed in the National Red List of Red Book of Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkač et al. 2005), and Germany (Threatened but category unknown; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend of this species. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,longimaculus,,Hylaeus longimaculus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because it is frequently collected and there appear to be no major threats.,Unknown,"In Europe Hylaeus longimaculus was mainly recorded from the Greek islands, maybe at the edge of the distribution area. It continues east to Asia Minor and south to the Middle-East and Egypt. The distribution is centred in Asia Minor.","A frequently collected species from the Greek isles along the Turkish coast, rather seldom found on the European mainland. Populations are certainly not small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",There appear to be no major threats to this species.,This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas. Further research is required into the population size and trend.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,maderensis,,Hylaeus maderensis,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, and threats affecting the species. However the species has a restricted distribution and further research is needed to establish the status of the species.",Unknown,The species is endemic to Madeira.,"This is an infrequent species. The populations are small, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","This bee has been found in uncultivated areas bordering fields on Madeira where it is reported to visit the flowers of bramble (Rubus fruticosus agg.). The bee almost certainly nests in the pith of dead, dry bramble stems (Fellendorf et al. 1999). Full details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this endemic species are not known. It is probably competing with the introduced species Hylaeus signatus and H. taeniolatus.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas. Further study is needed into the population size and trend, habitat and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,meridionalis,,Hylaeus meridionalis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)The species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, status, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"Hylaeus meridionalis is a ponto-Mediterranean species that spreads from Iberia to the Balkans and eastern Europe. The northernmost localities are in Switzerland (Valais) and in Austria (Lower Austria, Burgenland). Outside of Europe, it spreads from Morocco to Central Asia (Kyrgyzstan). The distribution is centred in Asia Minor.",A moderately frequent species of the whole west Palearctic region. The populations are seemingly not very small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Hylaeus meridionalis is listed in the National Red List of Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if it occurs in any protected area. Further research is needed to study the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,milossus,,Hylaeus milossus,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,The species is reported from a narrow distribution area in Greece only.,It is a very rare species only found in its type locality. The populations are probably small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"Due to the species' occurrence in Greece, it can be presumed to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland. Details about the habitat, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, distribution, taxonomy, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,moricei,,Hylaeus moricei,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed overall large population and no major threats.",Unknown,"Hylaeus moricei is a pontic species with a wide distribution that ranges from Spain, south to Crete to the east up to Iran (Demavend). In central Europe it occurs north to the Berlin area, in Switzerland at Lake Constance, and in Austria (Vorarlberg, Burgenland, Lower and Upper Austria). The nominal form was described from Suez (Egypt).",Hylaeus moricei is a rare species. The populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"Hylaeus moricei has been found to inhabit water meadows, oxbow lakes and old river channels, sea walls, and reed beds in old sand pits (Westrich 1989). The species is probably polylectic (it forages on several plant species) and is found at Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae and Rosaceae species.","Even if the species appears to be threatened at the national level in some countries, there appear to be no major threats to this species at the European level.","This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkač et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 1998, Threatened but level unknown; Westrich et al. 2012), Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002), Spain (Vulnerable; Verdu et al. 2011) and Poland (Vulnerable; Banaszak 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend of this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,nigritus,,Hylaeus nigritus,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed overall large population. However further research is needed to establish the threats affecting the species.,Unknown,"Hylaeus nigritus is widespread in the central regions of Europe (40-62° North), from the Iberian Peninsula (south of Sierra Nevada 37° North) to eastern Europe. It is found in the Alps at altitudes up to 1,600 m. Outside of Europe the species extends from Morocco to the Caucasus, Asia minor, Iran to Siberia.",An abundant species that is easy to recognize and is regularly recorded. Populations are possibly small and there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"Hylaeus nigritus occupies a variety of habitats such as sand-, clay- and gravel pits, quarries, in exposed sandy and loessic areas in vineyards, waste ground and in parks and gardens (Westrich 1989). The species has been found to nest in rock crevices and walls, as well as in spherical oak galls of Cynips argentea (Janvier 2012). The species is oligolectic and is found at Asteraceae species only.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Hylaeus nigritus is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book for Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002), Finland (Least Concern; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011), and Estonia (Data Deficient; Lilleleht 2001). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas. Further research is need to establish the population size and trend and the threats to this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,nivaliformis,,Hylaeus nivaliformis,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"There is an isolated finding of Hylaeus nivaliformis in Piedmont (Alpe Marittime), otherwise, this pure alpine species is distributed in the eastern Alps at 1,200-2,000 m altitude, Austria (Carinthia, Carnic Alps and Karavanke, Kremsmauer in Upper Austria ), Tyrol (above Meran Schlern at 2,000 m), Trentino (Monte Baldo), Slovenia (Julian Alps, Karavanke). It is also found isolated on Mount Olympus in Greece at 2,500 m altitude.","A rare and specialized species of high mountain areas. Populations are locally not small, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","Hylaeus nivaliformis is an alpine species, living at extreme locations at high altitudes. There are no further data available to its ecological requirements.","The threats to this species are unknown, but as it is a high alpine species with a relatively restricted range, it may presumably be threatened to some degree by climatic factors.","Hylaeus nivaliformis is listed in the National Red List or Data Book of Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,nivalis,,Hylaeus nivalis,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements, and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"Hylaeus nivalis is an alpine species of the western Alps found at altitudes up to 1,000-2,500 m in France (Drôme, Mt Ventoux, Alpes Maritimes, Auron), Italy (Piedmont, South Tyrol), Switzerland, Austria (east to upper Carinthia).","A rare and specialized species of high mountain areas. The populations are locally not small, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","Hylaeus nivalis is an alpine species, living at extreme locations and high altitudes. It nests in rock crevices. There are no further data available as to its ecological requirements.","The threats to this species are unknown, but as it is an alpine species with a relatively restricted range, it may be presumably threatened to some degree by climatic factors.","Hylaeus nivalis is listed in the National Red List or Data Book of Germany (Rare; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,paulus,,Hylaeus paulus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed overall large population and no major threats.",Unknown,"Hylaeus paulus is found in Austria, Hungary, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Germany, Poland and European Russia. The distribution information must be verified because of the previous mixing with H. gracilicornis (Morawitz, 1867). The species is an original Siberian species and outside of Europe it is found in Mongolia, Primorye and Japan.",This is an infrequent species. There is no information on the population status of this species.,Hylaeus paulus nests in plant stems. There are no further data available on its ecological requirements or habitat.,There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and obviously adaptable species. The threats to this species are not known locally.,"Hylaeus paulus is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011) and Poland (Data Deficient; Banaszak 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,pectoralis,,Hylaeus pectoralis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend and threats. The species is considered threatened in several European countries and further research is needed to establish the status of this species.,Unknown,"Hylaeus pectoralis is distributed throughout the Palearctic, but due to the special nesting in galls it is only locally present, predominantly in central and northern Europe. Outside of Europe its range extends eastwards to Japan.",This species is not very abundant. Its populations are not small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"Hylaeus pectoralis inhabits damp ditchsides, landward edges of coastal saltmarshes, drying reed bed margins, water meadows, sea walls, dune slacks and heathlands (Westrich 1989, Peeters et al. 1999, Söderman and Leinonen 2003). The species is known to nest in reeds (Phragmites communis), particularly as a tenant in the spindle-shaped galls next to the gall fly Lipara lucens (Janvier 2012). The offspring are mostly reared from Phragmites galls which serve as brood nests. The species is polylectic (it forages on several plant species) and found at Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Lythraceae, Rosaceae and Scrophulariaceae species.","The threats to this species are unknown. This species has a relatively restricted ecological range, within which it is presumably threatened to some degree by climatic and other factors (which may include water quality and land reclamation).","Hylaeus pectoralis is listed in the National Red Book or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkač et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011), Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994) Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Estonia (Data Deficient; Lilleleht 2001) and Poland (Data Deficient; Banaszak 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend and the threats affecting the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,penalaris,,Hylaeus penalaris,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,Hylaeus penalaris is restricted to a few mountain areas of the Iberian Peninsula.,A rare and unusual species in its area. The populations are very small and there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",This species is threatened by changes in agricultural practices particularly through: intensification typified by increasing nitrogen deposition; swapping from hay production to silage; and reduction of Fabaceae cropping systems. This has reduced the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability. Genetic bottle-necking is also a threat in isolated populations.,"Hylaeus penalaris is red listed in Spain as Least Concern (Verdu et al. 2011). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,pfankuchi,,Hylaeus pfankuchi,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed overall large population and no major threats.",Unknown,"Hylaeus pfankuchi is a Transpalearctic-Eurosiberian species. There are only individual recordings from France, Germany, Poland, Switzerland, Austria, Hungary, Italy, and Ukraine. It is found in Sweden at 55° North, and in Switzerland at altitudes up to 500 m. Outside of Europe it stretches as far as Primorsky Kraj and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu).",This is very widespread species but is rare - nowhere are populations abundant. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"Hylaeus pfankuchi has been found to inhabit reed beds, fens and wet meadows (Westrich 1989). This species is known to nest in reed beds. There are no further data available on its ecological requirements.",There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and obviously adaptable species. The threats to this species are not known at a local level.,"Hylaeus pfankuchi is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkač et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002), the Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994), Finland (Neat Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010) and Poland (Data Deficient; Banaszak 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trends.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,pictipes,,Hylaeus pictipes,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed overall large population and no major threats.",Unknown,"Hylaeus pictipes inhabits Europe from Portugal to the Balkans and eastern Europe, to 60° North in Sweden. It also occurs in the Caucasus.","An abundant and widespread species, the distribution is centred in central and north-west Europe. Populations are not large but there is no reliable information available on the population trend of this species.","Hylaeus pictipes is known to inhabit river banks, woodland edge, orchards, clay pits, waste ground, village and town environments such as parks and gardens (Westrich 1989). This species nests in the soil and in plant stems, such as the branches of honeysuckle, Ailanthus glandulosa and blackberry (Janvier 2012). The species is presumably polylectic (it forages on several plant species) and is found at Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Campanulaceae, Liliaceae, Resedaceae and Rosaceae species.","There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and obviously adaptable species, although the threats to this species at a local level are not known. The species is not seldom found in collections.","Hylaeus pictipes is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Norway (Regionally Extinct; Hansen et al. 2010), Slovenia (Regionally Extinct; Anonymous 2002), Sweden (Vulnerable; Gärdenfors 2010), Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkač et al. 2005), Finland (Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011), Estonia (Data Deficient; Lilleleht 2001), Poland (Data Deficient; Banaszak 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trends.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,pictus,,Hylaeus pictus,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the current status of this species.",Unknown,Hylaeus pictus is distributed mainly throughout the Mediterranean.,The species is not very abundant (less frequent than Hylaeus gibbus and H. incongruus) and populations are probably small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"Hylaeus pictus nests have been found in the vicinity of wetlands, particularly in stems of Arundo donax (Janvier 2012).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,pilosulus,,Hylaeus pilosulus,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)The species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its population size and trend, habitat and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"Hylaeus pilosulus is widespread in western Mediterranean countries such as Portugal, Spain and France. It is found locally in central Europe in Belgium, Germany, and Switzerland. The species also occurs in northern Africa.",Populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"Hylaeus pilosulus nests in sandy slopes. They are found in abandoned cavities created by other Hymenoptera in sandy walls, pits and slopes with compact hard surfaces (Janvier 2012). The species is presumably polylectic (it forages on several plant species) and is found at Asteraceae and Resedaceae species.",The threats to this species are not known.,Hylaeus pilosulus is listed in National Red List of Germany as Extinct (Westrich et al. 2011). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,praenotatus,,Hylaeus praenotatus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view in of continuing uncertainty as to its taxonomic status and the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species has been reported from southern Spain, France and Italy (Sicily). It also occurs in the Asian part of Russia.",Records of this species are rare and populations are probably small. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats and to investigate the taxonomy. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,punctatus,,Hylaeus punctatus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, and no major threats.",Unknown,"Hylaeus punctatus is a common species especially in the Mediterranean region, that ranges from southern France in the west through Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily to eastern Europe. The species is increasingly encroaching into central Europe, currently up to northern Germany (Brandenburg).","A very abundant species and the distribution is centred in southern Europe. In recent years in Germany a trend of spreading northward was noted (H.H Dathe pers. comm. 2013). The populations are probably not small, but there is no sufficient information available on the population trend of this species.","Hylaeus punctatus is found in habitats such as woodland edge, waste ground and in towns and villages (Westrich 1989) It is presumably polylectic (it forages on several plant species) and found at Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Crassulaceae and Resedaceae species. Further details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",There appear to be no major threats to this species.,"Hylaeus punctatus is listed in the National Red List of Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011) and Poland (Vulnerable; Banaszak 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,punctulatissimus,,Hylaeus punctulatissimus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, status, and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"Hylaeus punctulatissimus is found in the southern Palearctic, from Iberia to eastern Europe and north to Denmark (55° North). Outside of Europe, the species is found in the Caucasus, Turkey, Israel and Iran (Chalus).","A conspicuous but not a very abundant species, which is widespread but not often found. The populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","Hylaeus punctulatissimus inhabits inland dunes, vineyards, anthropogenic habitats such as onion fields and market-gardens (Westrich 1989). It is a species of warm, sunny places, also found in gardens and roadside embankments (Peeters et al. 1999). It nests in hollow plant stems and other cavities in wood. The species is oligolectic and found only at Allium spp. (Liliaceae).",The threats to this species are not known.,"Hylaeus punctulatissimus is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of United Kingdom (Regionally Extinct; Shirt 1987), Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkač et al. 2005), Germany (Threatened but level unknown; Westrich et al. 2011) and Poland (Data Deficient; Banaszak 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,punctus,,Hylaeus punctus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements, and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"The distribution of Hylaeus punctus is limited to south-east of Europe, in the Balkans and Greece. Outside of Europe the species occurs in Asia Minor and the Middle East (Lebanon, Israel).",A rare species which has only been recorded infrequently. The populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"Details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",The threats to this rare species are not known.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,pyrenaicus,,Hylaeus pyrenaicus,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is restricted to the Pyrenees where is fund at 1,300-2,300 m altitude; with an isolated record from Mt. Ventoux in France at 1,800 m altitude.","A rare species, only locally recorded. The populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.","The threats to this species are not known. This species has a relatively restricted range, within which it is presumably threatened to some degree by climatic factors.","This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,rinki,,Hylaeus rinki,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The species is listed as Least Concern because, although it is seldom recorded, it has a relatively wide distribution, has a presumed large population, and no major threats.",Unknown,Hylaeus rinki is a Transpalearctic-Eurosiberian species that spreads from France (Yvelines) east to Russia and Ukraine and north to Scandinavia (63° North) but not towards the south of Europe.,A well marked and widespread species but it does not occur frequently. The populations are probably small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"Hylaeus rinki lives in forests and nests in bramble twigs (Janvier 2012). The species is presumably polylectic (it forages on several plant species) and is found at Apiaceae, Asteraceae and Rosaceae.",There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and obviously adaptable species but the threats to this species are not known at a local level.,"Hylaeus rinki is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book in the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkač et al. 2005), Poland (Vulnerable; Banaszak 2002), Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011), and in Estonia (Data Deficient; Lilleleht 2001). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research into the population size and trends should be carried out. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,rubicola,,Hylaeus rubicola,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,The distribution of this species is centred in southern Europe from Spain to Greece and Cyprus.,A very rare species. The populations are small and there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"Hylaeus rubicola nests in dry blackberry branches (Janvier 2012). Further details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,rugicollis,,Hylaeus rugicollis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe the species occurs in the Balkans. Outside of Europe it occurs in Palestine, Asia Minor and stretches to Central Asia.",A rare species. The populations thus are small and there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,scutellaris,,Hylaeus scutellaris,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its distribution in Europe, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,The species' distribution is centred in Central Asia. In Europe the species is only present in European Russia but this is questionable and needs to be checked (H.H Dathe pers. comm. 2013).,Nothing is known on the population of this species and there is also no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed to confirm the occurrence of this species in Russia, and into the population size, trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,scutellatus,,Hylaeus scutellatus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"There are records of Hylaeus scutellatus from European areas of the eastern Mediterranean. Outside of Europe, the range of this species extends from Egypt and Palestine to Turkey, while the distribution is centred in Asia Minor.","A rare species in Europe, and obviously existing on the edge of its range. Therefore the populations are small and there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,sidensis,,Hylaeus sidensis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements, and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"Hylaeus sidensis is only known from some east Aegean Isles in Greece. Outside of Europe, it is found in the Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Asia Minor where its distribution is centred.","The species is frequent in its main areas outside of Europe. However populations are small in Europe, and there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,signatus,,Hylaeus signatus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, and no major threats.",Unknown,"Hylaeus signatus is recorded across Europe, from the Iberian Peninsula to eastern Europe, and from the Balkans north to Sweden (at 59° North). It is also found at altitudes up to 1,500 m in the Alps. It has also probably been introduced to Madeira.","An abundant species in the whole west Palearctic, usually found in xerothermic places. The populations are not abundant, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","Hylaeus signatus is found in a variety of habitats which support the flowering plants that it forages upon such as disturbed ground on calcareous soils, waste ground, sand and clay pits, quarries, vineyards, riverside levees, road embankments, road verges, gardens, montane areas, railway stations, harbour installations, river banks and dykes and in dune systems (Shirt 1987, Peeters et al. 1999, Westrich 1989). This species nests in the soil, in the plant stems of Phragmites communis and in the feeding aisles of xylophagous insects living in the dead wood of an oak (Janvier 2012). The species is strictly oligolectic at Reseda (Resedaceae) species.",There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and obviously adaptable species. It is regularly found in collections.,"Hylaeus signatus is listed in the National Red List and Red Data Book of Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010), Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011) and Poland (Data Deficient; Banaszak 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend of this species. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,sinuatus,,Hylaeus sinuatus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The species is listed as Least Concern because it has a relatively wide distribution, is tolerant of a broad range of habitats, has a presumed large population, and it appears to be no major threats affecting the species.",Unknown,"Hylaeus sinuatus is distributed across the western Palearctic from Spain to the Balkans and from Crete north to Sweden (55° North). It is found in the Alps at altitudes up to 1,500 m. Outside of Europe it is found in the Caucasus and Iran.","A frequent species in the temperate areas of Europe, but seldom found in western Europe (here possibly replaced by Hylaeus soror). The populations are not large and there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","Hylaeus sinuatus inhabits woodland edge and clearings, hedges and scrub, bramble thickets and waste ground (Westrich 1989). It is presumably a polylectic species (it forages on several plant species) and is found at Apiaceae, Asteraceae and Campanulaceae species. Further details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and obviously adaptable species. The threats to this species are not known at a local level.,"Hylaeus sinuatus is listed in the National Red List of Germany as Least Concern (Westrich et al. 1998, 2011). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend of this species. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,soror,,Hylaeus soror,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is distributed in the southern parts of Europe from Spain to Greece along the Mediterranean Sea. Outside of Europe, the whole range of occurrence includes north Africa, the Middle East, Asia Minor and Iran.",A not very frequent species in the southern areas of Europe and the populations are not large. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The nests of Hylaeus soror were found in a stem of Ferula communis, associated with Osmia acuticornis (Janvier 2012). The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,stigmorhinus,,Hylaeus stigmorhinus,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"As a result of taxonomic ambiguities, the occurrence of the species must be re-evaluated and therefore the only safe records are available from France (Gascony) only.",The species appears locally abundant and the populations are not small however there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"Hylaeus stigmorhinus usually nests in bramble bushes, reeds, in the twigs of elder, and in abandoned Cynips argentea galls (Janvier 2012). Further details about the habitat and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species does not occur in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, distribution, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,styriacus,,Hylaeus styriacus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"Hylaeus styriacus is a widely distributed species which occurs in France (Haute-Savoie) to the west, north to Germany (Brandenburg), east to Russia (Ural), and south to Greece (Kalavrita). Outside of Europe, the species has been recorded from Lebanon, Asia Minor, Azerbaijan and Iran.",A rare species in in Europe. The populations are rather small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"Hylaeus styriacus has inhabits clearings and rides in woodlands, woodland edge, scrubby areas, vineyards, bramble thickets and waste ground (Westrich 1989). The species is presumably polylectic (it forages on several plant species) and found at Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae and Liliaceae species.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Hylaeus styriacus is listed in the National Red List of the Netherlands (Near Threatened; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011), Estonia (Data Deficient; Lilleleht 2001) and Poland (Data Deficient; Banaszak 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,sulphuripes,,Hylaeus sulphuripes,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, and no major threats.",Unknown,"In Europe, Hylaeus sulphuripes is limited to the Iberian Peninsula and France. Outside of Europe its distribution is centred in northwest Africa (Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia).",The species shows trends in south-eastern Europe to spread northward. The populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"Hylaeus sulphuripes is known to inhabit flower rich roadside verges in rocky gorges in Morocco, but there is no habitat data from Europe. This species' nests have been found in the soil of protected sites at chalk cliffs and sandy loam (Janvier 2012). Further details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",There appear to be no major threats to this species.,This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the habitat of this species in Europe. It is not known if if occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,taeniolatus,,Hylaeus taeniolatus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and no major threats.",Unknown,"Hylaeus taeniolatus is common and widespread throughout the Mediterranean, and southern Ukraine. It is also found in isolated populations in central Europe, such as in Switzerland, Austria (Vorarlberg), and Germany (Baden-Württemberg).","The species is widely spread and common almost everywhere, especially in the Mediterranean area and its islands. The populations are large and probably stable, but there is nearly no information available on the population trend of this species.","The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not available.",There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and obviously adaptable species. It is regularly found in south European collections.,"Hylaeus taeniolatus is listed in the National Red List of Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002) and Germany (Data Deficient; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known whether it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,teruelus,,Hylaeus teruelus,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"Hylaeus teruelus is recorded from Spain and Portugal, especially from high altitudes (1,300-2,100 m).","A rare species, specialized to higher altitudes of mountain areas on the Iberian Peninsula. The populations are probably small, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.","The threats to this species are unknown. As it inhabits alpine areas, it may be presumably threatened to some degree by climatic and other factors.","This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,trifidus,,Hylaeus trifidus,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"Hylaeus trifidus is found in some East Aegean Isles (Greece) at the edge of the distribution, as this species has its centre of distribution in the Middle East (Israel, Syria) and Asia Minor.",The populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,trinotatus,,Hylaeus trinotatus,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements, and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"Hylaeus trinotatus is a Mediterranean species, distributed from Spain (Valencia) in the west to Romania in the east, south to Sicily, and north to Hungary and Austria (Burgenland). A single discovery in Germany (Uckermark) has been document recently.",The populations are small and there is no information available on the population trend of this species. Perhaps the increasing records in central Europe point to a tendency to spread.,"Hylaeus trinotatus nests are in abandoned reed galls (Phragmites communis), similar to H. pectoralis (Janvier 2012). Further details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Hylaeus trinotatus is red listed in Germany as Data Deficient (Westrich et al. 2011). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known whether the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,tyrolensis,,Hylaeus tyrolensis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"Hylaeus tyrolensis is found from France towards south-east Europe, through central Europe. In Switzerland it is found at altitudes up to 700 m. It is also found outside of Europe in Turkey (Hakkari, Mersin) and Israel.",The populations are conspicuously small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The details about the habitats, the bionomics and ecological requirements of this species are not known.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Hylaeus tyrolensis is listed in the National Red List of Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002), Germany (Not Evaluated; Westrich et al. 2011). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,COLLETIDAE,Hylaeus,variegatus,,Hylaeus variegatus,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed overall large population. However the species is dependent on a suitable constellation of food  plants with dry, xerothermic sand areas, which seem to be in decline in some countries.",Unknown,"Hylaeus variegatus is a trans-Palearctic species, that spreads from the Iberian Peninsula to the Balkans and eastern Europe. The only places in Europe that it is not found is on the British Isles and Scandinavia. Outside of Europe, it stretches from Morocco to the Amur river.","A frequent but not common species, that is well recognized because of its striking appearance. The populations are locally not small, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","The species is dependent on a suitable assemblage of forage plants within xerothermic habitats, where it is typically a species of nutrient-poor, dry sandy grasslands (Peeters et al. 2012). These habitats are locally in decline, e.g., in Germany and Poland.Hylaeus variegatus uses old bee nests in the ground. The females dig their breeding caves in sandy, eroded walls, which can be very compact (Janvier 2012). The species is presumably polylectic (it forages on several plant species) and found at Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Campanulaceae, Onagraceae and Rosaceae species.","Changes in agricultural practices have reduced the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability. Genetic bottle-necking is also a threat in isolated populations. The species is dependent on a suitable constellation of food plants with dry, xerothermic sand areas. These habitats are locally in decline, e.g., in Germany and Poland.","Hylaeus variegatus is listed in the National Red List of the Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Poland (Vulnerable; Banaszak 2002), and Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 1998, 2011). Further research is needed into the population size and trend and to further investigate on the threats. It is not known whether the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Dathe, H.H.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Icteranthidium,cimbiciforme,,Icteranthidium cimbiciforme,,,No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii)",No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  Listed as Endangered because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2, the species range is considered severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO) and AOO, as the species has probably disappeared from Sicily and Albania in the past 100 years.The species is threatened by modification in its habitats as it has very specific needs for nesting. Further research is needed to better understand threats to this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species was collected in Albania, Italy (Sicily) and the Aegean part of Greece. Outside of Europe, it is known to occur in Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Caucasus and Iran (Warncke 1980). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to 190,988 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2 for Europe. Recent EOO and AOO will probably be much smaller, because the findings from Italy and Albania are more than eighty years old.","The population size and trend of this species are both uncertain. However, there have only been a few individuals ever collected in Europe. There are only very old records from Albania and Sicily; the specimen from Sicily was collected in 1898 (Warncke 1980). Thus, the only recent records are from the population in the Greek islands of Milos and Naxos (Grace 2010). The populations of this species are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.","This species inhabits open habitats of steppe and forest steppe character as well as pastureland. This species visits flowers from various plant families. However, Mueller (1996) lists this as an oligolectic species, specialising in Cardueae (Asteraceae) pollen.Female collect resin from pines (Pinus spp) to form free standing cells in old burrows made from various rodents or in cracks in loose soil and walls (J. Straka pers. obs. 2014). It is evident that this species has very specific resource needs that includes sufficient nectar and pollen sources, resin from trees and large burrows in the soil for nesting.","The threats to this species are uncertain. However, the species is probably threatened by modifications of its habitats as it has very specific needs for nesting and it is very sensitive to environmental conditions.","This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and it is not known if the species occurs in protected areas. However, traditional agriculture is probably highly positive to create specific suitable conditions for the species (J. Straka pers. comm. 2014).Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats, together with monitoring of the population and habitat trends.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Icteranthidium,ferrugineum,,Icteranthidium ferrugineum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species occurs in southern Spain and Cyprus in Europe. Outside Europe is the species widely distributed from Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia to Egypt, Israel, Syria, Turkey and the Arabian Peninsula (Warncke 1980).",The population size and trend of this species are unknown.,"This species occurs in open biotopes with desertic character. Muller (1996) reports that the species is polylectic, in that it will forage for pollen from a wide range of plant families.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Icteranthidium,grohmanni,,Icteranthidium grohmanni,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and numerous localities known, especially in southern Europe. The populations seem to be stable. Further research is needed into the population size and threats to this species.",Stable,"This species is widespread in the whole Mediterranean region. It occurs in Portugal, Spain, southern France, Italy, Croatia (Dalmatia), southern Greece, Bulgaria (southern coast of Black Sea), Crete, Cyprus and the Ukraine (Crimea). Outside of Europe, it occurs in north Africa from Morocco to Egypt, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon and Israel (Warncke 1980). This species is known also from Malta, Slovenia, Armenia, Iran and Kyrgyzstan (Ascher and Pickering 2013). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to 2,565,165 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) to 152 km2.","Population trends of this species are uncertain, but it seems to be stable. The species is quite common at some southernmost localities in Europe.","This species prefers steppe and forest-steppe biotopes. Icteranthidium grohmanni is a polylectic species, in that it collects pollen from a wide range of plant species (Muller 1996).",The threats to this species are unknown.,This species is listed in the National Red List of Slovenia (Anonymous 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Icteranthidium,laterale,,Icteranthidium laterale,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large and stable overall population. However further research is needed into the population size and threats affecting the species.,Stable,"This species occurs in Portugal, Spain, Southern France, northern Italy, southern Switzerland, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Ukraine and European Russia. Outside Europe, the species is known from Morocco, Caucasus, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Iran, Kazakhstan and Siberian Russia (Warncke 1980, Ascher and Pickering 2013). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to 3,036,986 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to 216 km2 in Europe.",The population size and trend of this species are uncertain. Icteranthidium laterale seems to be locally abundant and relatively stable.,This species inhabits open or sparsely forested sandy biotopes of steppe character. The species collects resin for building of brood cells in pre-existing cavities in sandy soil. It is oligolectic on Cardueae; however Mueller (1996) states that the species is polylectic with a distinct preference for Cardueae (Asteraceae).,The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not listed in any Red Data Books or National Red Lists. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size, trend and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Icteranthidium,ovasi,,Icteranthidium ovasi,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Icteranthidium ovasi is assessed as Near Threatened because it has a very small extent of occurrence (EOO) (34 km2) and area of occupancy (AOO) (12 km2) in Europe. Despite the fact that its population at the Black Sea coast in Bulgaria seems stable over several decades, the open coastal sandy biotopes where it inhabits are experiencing a continuing decline due to the development of tourism infrastructure. Protection of these biotopes is therefore very much needed. Thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2.",Unknown,This species occurs only in Bulgaria (Black Sea coast) and Turkey (Warncke 1980). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to 34 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is at least 12 km2 for Europe.,"The population size and trend of this species are uncertain. Population trend seems to be relatively stable from 1960 to 1990, however the most recent data are missing.",This species occurs at opened coastal sandy biotopes along the Black Sea. It is oligolectic on Fabaceae (Muller 1996).,"This species occurs at open coastal sandy biotopes which can be influenced by inappropriate management, transition for holiday resorts, beaches and hotels. Protection of biotopes is needed.","This species is not included in any National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas. Monitoring of the population trend is recommended, because of possible decline when changes in its biotopes will occur. Conservation of the species' biotope is needed, together with research on the species' ecological requirements, population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,acephaloides,,Lasioglossum acephaloides,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population status, trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to this species. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"Lasioglossum acephaloides is distributed in Italy (Blüthgen 1931), potentially south European Russia, Turkey, western Asian Russia and the Caucasus. There is only one population that has been recorded in Europe, in the south of Italy. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².","It is a rare species in Europe, although there is no further information available on either the population size or population trend of the species.","In view of the distribution, it is possible that this species occurs in Mediterranean dry grasslands. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted on the population status, trends, habitat, ecology, and threats to this species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,aegyptiellum,,Lasioglossum aegyptiellum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population status, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to this species. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"Lasioglossum aegyptiellum is a south-eastern Mediterranean species. According to Ebmer (1988) it has been recorded from Spain to Iran. However, it is believed that the records of Spain, France and Italy are dubious and belong to Lasioglossum discum fertoni (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013). It is most likely that this species occurs elsewhere in Europe and has therefore been under recorded.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 470,775 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km².",There is no information available on the population size or population trends of the species.,"The females are polylectic, in that they forage upon different plant families. It is suspected to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrublands.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted on the population status, trends, taxonomy, habitat, ecology, and threats to this species.",The species is not traded or commercially exploited.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,aeratum,,Lasioglossum aeratum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and it is ubiquitous in its habitat preference, although it is locally rare. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends and potentials threats to the species.",Unknown,"A Euro-siberian species ranging from southern England to Greece and Turkey and from Spain northeast towards Finland (61°N). Outside of Europe it is found as far east as Kyrgyzstan (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,101,330 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,888 km².",The species is rare. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species is widespread and presumably ubiquitous in its habitat preferences, although it prefers warmer localities. It may be found on grasslands including inland mobile dunes, sand pits and sandy waste places and occasionally in sandy loess (Westrich 1989). It is also found in montane habitats. It is polylectic, in that it collects pollen from a wide range of flowering plant species, including Daucus carota (Apiaceae), Senecio vulgaris and Achillea millefolium (Asteraceae) (Westrich 1989). In Austria, the females emerge relatively late (end of May). The males fly from the end of July (Westrich 1989) and in Switzerland, Amiet et al. (2001) state that the females fly from the beginning of April to the end of August, and the males emerge at the end of June.The species is a ground nester but both the social status and nest architecture are apparently unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Finland (Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010), and Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and potential threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,akroundicum,,Lasioglossum akroundicum,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is endemic to Cyprus (Blüthgen 1937). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,661 km² and the area of occupancy is (AOO) is 40 km².",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,The species is endemic to the Cypriot mountains (Grace 2010). It most likely inhabits Mediterranean shrubland amongst other habitat types. There is no precise information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,albipes,,Lasioglossum albipes,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are locally common and it has a broad preference of habitat types. Despite the fact that this species is listed as Least Concern, further research should be conducted to determine the population trends.",Unknown,"A transpalearctic species that is widespread across Europe from Ireland to European Russia and as far north as 66° in Sweden (Ebmer 1995). It is found as far east as Japan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,657,258 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 14,652 km².",The species is common throughout Europe. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species inhabits plains with grassland and forest in the north of Europe and in the south it inhabits mountainous habitats. These include woodland edge and scrubby areas, clearings and glades, orchards, old vineyards and river levees (Westrich 1989). In the UK and Ireland it is found in a range of habitats, including agricultural areas, parks and gardens. The species is univoltine, with an extended flight period. The females fly from mid April to mid September, males from the beginning of July to late September. In Switzerland, the species may persist into mid-October (Amiet et al. 2001). Lasioglossum albipes often nests in small aggregations and is reported by Knerer (1987) to be primitively eusocial, in common with its very close relative Lasioglossum calceatum. The nesting biology is discussed in detail in Pesenko et al. (2000). The males often spend the night in clusters on vegetation. The species is broadly polylectic, in that it will forage on a wide range of wild and garden flowers. In mainland Europe, Sphecodes monilicornis has been recorded as a the species' kleptoparasite, in that parasitises the nests of other bee species (Alfken 1913), and this association may exist in the United Kingdom and Ireland.",There are no major threats to the species.,The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is found in many protected areas as it is so widespread. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,albocinctum,,Lasioglossum albocinctum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of the wide distribution, suspected stable populations and the lack of threats. However, this species is Endangered in two European countries and further research is needed into the population status and trends, while determining any future threats to this species.",Stable,"Lasioglossum albocinctum occurs mainly in the western Mediterranean region, and in Europe it is found from the Iberian Peninsula eastwards to Greece (Ebmer 1988). Outside of Europe, it is also recorded from Morocco and Algeria. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,551,310 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 672 km².","It is apparently a stable species in Europe, although there is no detailed information available on either the population size or trend of the species (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).","This species is a habitat generalist and typically occurs in Mediterranean shrub land and urban areas, although no detailed information is available on the habitat and ecology of this species (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013). It has been recorded visiting flowers of commercially grown Cucumis melo (Cucurbitaceae) in France (B. Vaissière pers. comm. 2005).","Despite the fact that this species is considered threatened in Germany and the Czech Republic, there are no major threats to this species. However it is thought that in these countries the species is at the edge of its range and this may have contributed to the species' threatened status in those countries.","This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted on the population status, trends, habitat, ecology, and threats to this species.",The species is not traded or commercially exploited.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,albovirens,,Lasioglossum albovirens,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km2 and the quality and extent of the sandy coastal habitat in it range are in continual decline and threatened by tourism and recreational developments. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under B2b(iii). Further research is required to determine the population trends, ecology and further threats to the species as it could be classified as threatened with more data available.",Unknown,"The species is found on the sandy beaches of southern Spain, the Canary Islands and the Maghreb (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia). Two subspecies are endemic to the Canary Islands: Lasioglossum albovirens lajarense on Fuerteventura and Lanzarote islands, Lasioglossum albovirens belisarium on Gran Canaria and Tenerife (Ebmer 1979, 1993). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 257,943 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km².",It is a rare species throughout its range. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,The species inhabits coastal habitats such as sand dunes. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The species may be threatened by tourism as this impacts upon their coastal habitats. Residential and recreational developments upon the beaches and dunes is leading to a continuing decline in the quality and extent of the species' habitat.,The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends and habitat and ecology of the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,algirum,,Lasioglossum algirum,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is very small (44 km2) and the population is severely fragmented between five or six localities, such that there is little chance of genetic exchange between subpopulations. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under B2a. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and further threats to the species as it could be classified as a threatened species with more data available.",Unknown,"The species has a distinct distribution in Europe and is found in Corsica, Sicily, Greece, Bulgaria and Macedonia. The nominal subspecies has a disjunct distribution in the mountains of the southern palearctic region, from Morocco to Nepal (Ebmer 1976, 1978, 2004, 2005). The subspecies pseudoannulipes inhabits southern China, Manchuria and Japan (Ebmer and Sakagami 1985). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 598,472 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km².","The species is very rare and the population is severely fragmented, in that there is very little chance of genetic exchange between the five or six known subpopulations.",The species is thought to occur in the mountains such as the Greek Chelmos (Grace 2010). It is likely that the species inhabits temperate grassland and Mediterranean-type shrubland. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends, habitat and ecology, and further threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,alinense,,Lasioglossum alinense,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.This species does not occur in the EU 27.",Unknown,"In Europe, only two populations of Lasioglossum alinense have been recorded in Belarus (Blüthgen 1931). Outside of Europe it has been found in Asian Russia.The area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².",This species is rare and it has only been found in two localities in Belarus. No further information is available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species' population size, trends, distribution, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,alpigenum,,Lasioglossum alpigenum,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the suspected populations are locally large. The species is not found outside of Europe. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and future threats to the species.",Stable,"An alpine species that is found from the Alps to the mountains of Greece (Ebmer et al. 1994, Ebmer 1996). The species is not found outside of Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 503,028 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 284 km².","The species is predominantly found in the Swiss Alps and it is not present in the Red List of Switzerland, therefore it can be assumed that the population is stable and healthy as this is the central location of the species distribution.","An alpine species found in high alpine meadows. As with all Lasioglossum species, there is an extended flight period, and the species flies from mid-June to the beginning of October. The males emerge in mid-July (Amiet et al. 2001). The species is likely to be oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically yellow-flowered Asteraceae, but there has been no pollen analysis on pollen loads of this species. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.",There are no major current threats to the species.,"This species is listed in the Red Data Book of Germany as Rare (Westrich et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and habitat and ecology of the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,anellum,,Lasioglossum anellum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"A species of the western palearctic found in southeastern Europe from Croatia to Cyprus. Outside of Europe the species is found in Israel, Turkey, Caucasus, Iran, Azerbaijan, Syria and Jordan (Blüthgen 1924, Ebmer 1995). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 703,405 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 64 km².",A rare species in southeastern Europe. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species can be presumed to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland. It is a summer flying bee recorded on Statice (Plumbaginaceae). In Crete, it flies from May into August (Grace 2010). There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,angusticeps,,Lasioglossum angusticeps,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is small (208 km2), although this is suspected to be an underestimate due to the probable misidentification of females, and because the species' population is severely fragmented in that there is little chance of genetic transfer between subpopulations. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under criteria B2a. The nesting habitat of the species is potentially threatened due to its specific and localised nature. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends and further threats to the species as with more data it could classify as a threatened species.",Unknown,"Lasioglossum angusticeps has been recorded in England, France, Switzerland, Austria, Spain, Italy, Croatia, Serbia and Corfu in Greece (Ebmer 1974, 1988). The species has also been found in Anatolian Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,566,422 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 208 km².","The species is rare and the population is severely fragmented, in that there is little chance of genetic exchange between subpopulations. It is possibly common in some localities where suitable habitat is available.","The species is known to inhabit rough coastal landslips in the south of the UK. The females fly from late May to at least August while the males fly from the end of July to late September. The females usually nest gregariously in burrows excavated in clay exposures at the base of cliffs and slopes above the beach (Spooner 1929). Males have been recorded visiting the flowers of Daucus carota (Apiaceae) and yellow-flowered Asteraceae. A female Lasioglossum, provisionally identified as L. angusticeps (there have been cases of misidentification of females) has been observed on several occasions visiting common bird’s-foot-trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) flowers (G. Else pers. comm. 2012, A. Pauly pers. comm. 2014). A few males collected at two sites in Dorset have been stylopised (S.P.M. Roberts pers. obs. and pers. comm. 2014). These appear to be the only stylopised specimens known, the strepsipteran perhaps being the same unidentified Halictoxenos species which very occasionally parasitizes the closely related Lasioglossum punctatissimum.","If there was a known threat to the species, the species could be significantly at risk as it can be very localised within an area and because it nests in a specific type of habitat, such as clay exposures at the base of cliffs and the slopes above beaches.","This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (threatened but level unknown; Westrich et al. 2011) and Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987). It occurs within protected areas in southern England. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,angustipes,,Lasioglossum angustipes,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is found in Greece and Bulgaria. Outside of Europe, the species is known from Israel and Turkey (Ebmer 1997). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 166,241 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km².",A rare species. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,The species is presumed to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,annulipes,,Lasioglossum annulipes,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)  Listed as Not Applicable as there is only one record of this species in Europe and this is thought to constitute &lt;1% of it's global population. Therefore the species is Not Applicable for further assessment in Europe.,Unknown,"In Europe, the species is only known from one record in Bulgaria. Outside of Europe, the species is found in Turkey, Armenia, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Iran, Afghanistan and Manchuria (Warncke 1982, Ebmer 1990).",It is only known from a single locality in Europe. It is also uncommon in Iran and Turkey.,The species was found in Pirin National Park which is mainly a montane ecosystem. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. The only recording of this species was in Europe in the Pirin National Park, Bulgaria. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,apostoli,,Lasioglossum apostoli,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is only known from Greece and Macedonia (ssp. apostoli). Outside of Europe it is found in Turkey (ssp. pistis) (Ebmer 1985). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 42,270 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 52 km².",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,It occurs in the mountainous regions of Greece and Macedonia and can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland and montane rocky areas although confirmation of this is required. There is no further information on the habitat and ecology for this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,arctifrons,,Lasioglossum arctifrons,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and thought to be quite common on the Canary Islands. Despite the fact that this species is listed as Least Concern, data are still very much lacking and research should be conducted to determine the population trends and any future threats to the species as it is endemic to the Canary Islands.",Unknown,"The species is endemic to the Canary Islands and is found on Tenerife (subspecies arctifrons), Hierro (subspecies glandarium), La Palma (subspecies glandarium), and Gran Canaria (subspecies optatum) (Ebmer 1974, 1993, Warncke 1975, Hohmann et al. 1993). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 20,021 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km².","The species is quite common on the Canary Islands (La Roche unpublished data, A. Pauly pers. comm. 2014).","There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although as it is endemic and quite common on the Canary Islands it can be assumed to be found on Mediterranean-type shrubland amongst other habitat types.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,ariadne,,Lasioglossum ariadne,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species as it may be threatened as it is endemic to Crete.",Unknown,"The species is endemic to Crete, Greece (Ebmer 1981). There is only one record of this species.",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,The only specimen of this species was found in the mountains of Crete and it presumably inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland and/or mountainous grasslands. There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It was found in the National Park of Lefka Ori (White Mountains) protected area. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,articulare,,Lasioglossum articulare,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species as it may be threatened due to its narrow distribution.",Unknown,The species is found in the south of Spain and the Canary Islands (Ebmer 1995). There are two records only. Outside of Europe the species is distributed across north Africa.,The species is very rare and has a very restricted European range. There are only two data points known. In Morocco the species is not threatened. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"In Morocco, the species is found in shrubland areas near the desert so it can be said to prefer dry areas, albeit in north Africa. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species in Europe.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,aureimontanum,,Lasioglossum aureimontanum,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species as it has a small distribution and may only occur on the island of Corsica, France.",Unknown,"The species is reported from Spain (Sierra de Guadarrama, 1,900-2,200 m asl), although this record is dubious, so it may be an endemic species to Corsica (Ebmer 1979). It is endemic to Europe and the EU 27. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 48,049 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².",A very rare species. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"It is only found in mountainous regions and as it is certainly found on Corsica and perhaps in Sierra de Guadarrama, it is fair to assume it occurs on Mediterranean-type shrubland. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,aureolum,,Lasioglossum aureolum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is fairly widespread and the populations are locally common in areas of suitable habitat. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and any potential threats to the species as it seems to have a preference for nesting in sand.",Unknown,"A western Mediterranean species that is sporadically found in Portugal, Spain and southern France. Outside of Europe, it is found in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya in North Africa (Blüthgen 1924, Ebmer 1976). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 807,319 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 200 km².","A localised species as it nests in sand, and, within its range, is abundant wherever there is suitable habitat available. There are no further data available on the population size and trends of the species.","The species nests in sandy areas, on the coast and in central Spain. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.",There are no major threats to the species.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,bavaricum,,Lasioglossum bavaricum,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the populations in the Swiss Alps are thought to be healthy and stable. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and any potential threats to the species.",Stable,"An alpine species, found in central and southern Europe in the Alps, the Tatra mountains, and the mountains of Macedonia and Bulgaria. The subspecies olympicum occurs in the mountains of Greece (Ebmer et al. 1994). The species is endemic to Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,792,151 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 276 km².",The species is not listed in the national Red List of Switzerland and therefore the population can be thought to be healthy and perhaps stable in the Swiss Alps. There is no further information available for the population size or trend of this species.,"The species is a montane species that can be found in alpine meadows. The nests can be found in lightly compacted chalk rubble. The social behaviour of the species is unknown (Westrich 1989). Lasioglossum bavaricum is a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarilly Mentha spp. (Lamiaceae), Carduus defloratus, Senecio spp. (Asteraceae), and Campanula spp. (Campanulaceae) (Westrich 1989). Celary (1986) (citing Ebmer 1970) lists the following forage plants in Poland: Stellaria media (Caryophyllaceae), Potentilla anserina (Rosaceae), Geranium pratense (Geraniaceae) and Galeobdolon luteum (Lamiaceae). The overwintering females emerge at the end of May to mid-July. The males fly from the beginning of August (Westrich 1989).",There are no major threats to the species.,"This species is listed in the Red Data Book of Germany as Data Deficient (Westrich et al. 2011). The species occurs within protected areas in the Alps such as the Swiss National Park. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,bicallosum,,Lasioglossum bicallosum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"Lasioglossum bicallosum is found in south-eastern Europe, in Bulgaria, Greece, southern Ukraine (Crimea, Kherson and Kharkov Provinces) (Blüthgen 1931), Donetsk (Radchenko 1982), Kiev and Nikolaev Provinces (Collection of Institute of Zoology NAS Ukraine, Kiev), Rostov Province (Pesenko 1972).Outside of Europe the species is found in Turkey (University of Mons 2012), Daghestan (Morawitz 1874, Blüthgen 1925), south-western Asia, Israel, Asia Minor (Blüthgen 1931, Warncke 1975), Armenia (Blüthgen 1931), Iran (Blüthgen 1931, Ebmer 1978, Warncke 1982). There are records of the species (under the name Halictus dmitriewi) from Middle Asia but they belong to Evylaeus quadrinotatulus.",This species is rare. No further information is available for either the population size or population trend of this species.,"This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage on a wide range of plant species. There is no further information available on the habitat or ecology of this species.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, distribution, taxonomy, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Michez, D. & Pauly, A.","Radchenko, V.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,bimaculatum,,Lasioglossum bimaculatum,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, suspected stable populations in part of its range and the lack of threats to this species.",Unknown,"Lasioglossum bimaculatum is recorded in Portugal, Spain, the south of France, and Corsica. Outside of Europe, the species occurs in Morocco and Algeria.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 677,996 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 224 km².","The species is apparently stable and common in the south of France, although there is no detailed information available on the population size or trend of the species elsewhere in Europe.","The species is found on Mediterranean shrub lands and is clearly polylectic, foraging upon Cistus spp. (Cistaceae) and Euphorbia spp. (Euphorbiaceae), (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013), and a range of herbaceous phrygana species in the families Ranunculaceae, Plantaginaceae, Geraniaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Apiaceae, Liliaceae, Dipsacaceae, Cucurbitaceae and Lamiaceae (Petanidou 1994).",There are no known major threats affecting this species.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted on the population status, trends, habitat, ecology, and to identify any future threats to this species.",The species is not traded or commercially exploited.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,bischoffi,,Lasioglossum bischoffi,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"Lasioglossum bischofi is recorded in Croatia, Serbia, Cyprus and Greece (Ebmer 1988). Outside Europe, it is known from Turkey and Israel.The extent of occurrence is (EOO) is 266,130 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km².",This species is rare. No further information is available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the either the habitat or ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, taxonomy, distribution, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,bluethgeni,,Lasioglossum bluethgeni,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and it is spreading north, despite the fact that it is not very common. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends and potential threats to the species.",Unknown,"The species is distributed from France southeast towards Greece, Bulgaria and European Turkey. It is also found in Algeria, Anatolian Turkey and the Caucasus (Ebmer 2000). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,701,012 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 256 km².",The species is widely distributed but is not very common. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species was originally thought to be a steppic species on temperate grassland but it is now migrating further north into the lowland areas of France. The few records from Baden-Württemburg were from dry loessic margins, exposed south facing slopes and warm hillsides (Westrich 1989). N.J. Vereecken (pers. comm. 2014) observed this species foraging for pollen at flowers of Limodorum abortivum (Orchidaceae). This is a very unusual observation of orchid pollen being collected as forage. Pauly (in litt.) lists Sonchus asper (Asteraceae) as a forage plant in Greece, and Sinapis arvensis (Brassicaceae) in Algeria. The flight period is from the beginning of May to early October, with the males emerging in August (Amiet et al. 2001).",There are no major threats to this species.,"This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Threatened but level unknown; Westrich et al. 2011). It is thought to occur in some protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,boreale,,Lasioglossum boreale,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species as it may well be under threat from climate change as a result of it being a boreal species.",Unknown,"A holoarctic boreal species that is found in the Arctic areas of Sweden, Norway, Japan and Canada (Svensson et al. 1977). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 38,926 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km².",A rare species within its distribution. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species is found in the boreal habitats of northern Scandinavia in heath/birch forest, bare ground of Empetrum sp. and Vaccinium sp. moorland some 200 m below the timberline and in sandy inland areas. The nests are aggregated with a minimum distance between the nest entrances of about 10 cm. The nesting density may lie between 10-20 nests per square metre. Some nests have been found on SSW directed slopes and the adjacent flat ground. The surface of the ground was bare with small stones and lichen crusts. The nests are constructed in fine sandy soil of morainic origin. At the Abisko nesting sites in Arctic Sweden, the sun is above the horizon permanently between 31st May and 14th July, which presumably facilitates longer flying and flowering periods for bees and flowers respectively. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species (Svensson et al. 1977).Lasioglossum boreale is apparently a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. The flower records from Sweden include Chamerion angustifolium (Onagraceae), Achillea millefolia (Asteraceae), Astragalus alpinus (Fabaceae), Salix glauca, Salix lanata, Salix phylicifolia (Salicaceae) and Vaccinium vitis-idaea (Ericaceae). The overwintered females start to emerge in early May, and females are on the wing until late July. The males emerge from late July to late August. It is probable that Sphecodes hyalinatus is a kleptoparasite of this species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species (Svensson et al. 1977).","The threats to this species are unknown. However, it may be under threat from climate change as a result of it being a boreal species.","This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010) and Sweden (Data Deficient; Gärdenfors 2010). It occurs within the Abisko National Park protected area. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,brevicorne,,Lasioglossum brevicorne,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,054 km2 and the quality and extent of the species' sandy habitat is in continuing decline as it is threatened by urbanisation, afforestation and extractive industries. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under criteria B2b(iii). Research should be conducted to determine the population trends and further threats to the species.",Unknown,"Lasioglossum brevicorne is distributed from England to the Don river in European Russia, and from Spain to Sweden (56°N) (Ebmer 1988). There is one endemic sub-species in the Canary Islands (Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera), Lasioglossum brevicorne gomerense. This species is also present outside of Europe, from Morocco to Afghanistan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,425,718 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,052 km².",It is a rare and localised species despite being very widespread. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species is found on lowland heathland (including chalk heath) and coastal and inland dunes, although details of the social behaviour and nesting habits remain unknown (Westrich 1989). The species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on yellow-flowered Cichorioidae (Asteraceae) flowers. In Germany, females of this bee have been seen collecting pollen from various Asteraceae, such as Hieracium pilosella, Taraxacum officinale and Leontodon autumnalis (Westrich 1989). Lasioglossun brevicorne is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, but with an extended flight period. The females emerge from the beginning of May to early August, and males from late July to at least mid-August. In Switzerland, the females persist into early October (Amiet et al. 2001). Von Grandi (1931) and Stoeckhert (1933) state the possibility of Sphecodes puncticeps being a kleptoparasite of this species, in that parasitises the nests of other bee species.","The species' sandy habitat may be threatened by commercial forestry planting, urbanisation and the extraction of sand for construction for residential, commercial or tourism development. This can lead to a continuing decline in the quality and extent of the species' sandy habitat.","This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987), the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Sweden (Vulnerable; Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). The species occurs in a number of protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,breviventre,,Lasioglossum breviventre,,,Yes,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,v)",EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed as Endangered because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 128 km2, the species is severely fragmented and restricted to alpine areas, and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) as the species has become extinct in part of its range. There is also a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals. Further research is needed into the threats affecting this species.",Decreasing,"Lasioglossum breviventre is endemic to Europe. It is present in the mountains of southern Europe (Balkans, Massif Central, Alps, Pyrenees, Sierra de Guadarrama) (Pauly 2007). The species has become Extinct in part of its range, for example in Belgium, northern France and Germany. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,414,899 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 128 km².",The populations of this rare species are severely fragmented. They are isolated in alpine regions with little genetic exchange between sub-populations. The population trend of this species is one of decline (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).,"The species occurs in alpine habitats such as meadows and rocky slopes, but has now become extinct in some lowland plains. From the few specimens collected, it is known to forage upon Brassicaceae spp. It has been recorded at altitudes at 1,300-1,400 m.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), and Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994). The species occurs in a number of alpine protected areas. In order to protect this species, alpine habitats such as meadows and forests should be the subject of conservation action (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013). Further research should be conducted into the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, while determining the threats affecting this species.",The species is not traded or commercially exploited.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,buccale,,Lasioglossum buccale,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. However, the species may be threatened in Europe as a whole as it is rare and listed in the National Red Lists of the Czech Republic, Germany, and Switzerland. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Lasioglossum buccale is distributed from Portugal to central Asia (Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan) and from Greece to Baden-Wurtemberg (Germany) (Ebmer 1974). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,286,732 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 296 km².",A rare species. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"It is a steppic species throughout the Mediterranean. There are insufficient data to establish its full phenology (Westrich 1989), however, records from Switzerland show that the species flies from early April to early September (Amiet et al. 2001). There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Rare; Westrich et al. 2011), and Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,calceatum,,Lasioglossum calceatum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are common and it occurs in a broad range of habitats.",Unknown,"The species is transpalearctic and found throughout Europe from Ireland southeast towards Bulgaria and Greece and north towards 68° in Finland. Outside of Europe the species is found as far east as Japan and also in China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Siberia (Ebmer 1995). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,316,071 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 19,692 km².",The species is very common throughout central Europe. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species is ubiquitous, but perhaps most plentiful in dry and open habitats such as swards, dry meadows, roadsides, arable field margins, forest fragments, woodland glades and margins. It is common in parks and gardens (Westrich 1989). The nesting aggregations are probably small and, despite the local abundance of this bee, are rarely found. Such an aggregation has been found in a roadside bank on Dartmoor, England (J.P. Field pers. comm. 2010). It is a primitively eusocial species which in warm climates has a summer brood of workers. The latter are smaller than their mother. Brood cells are closed following provisioning and oviposition. Gynes (the primary reproductive female caste of social insects) and males emerge from mid summer to autumn. The males sometimes emerge from queen-built brood cells, but are usually raised from those provisioned by the workers. Mating occurs inside the nest. Mated females overwinter together. In cold climates (as on mountains in northern Japan) the species is solitary, with no worker brood (Sakagami and Munakata 1972). Males of this species frequently spend the night in clusters on low vegetation (sometimes in company with those of Lasioglossum albipes) (O’Toole 1985). The species is broadly polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, and in Germany it is known to collect pollen from species in at least fifteen plant families (Westrich 1989). Lasioglossum calceatum is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and with an extended flight period. The females are active from late March or early April to mid-October, and males from mid-July to mid-October. The bee Sphecodes monilicornis, is known to attack the brood cells of this species (Perkins 1945, Guichard and Yarrow 1948). Specimens of S. ephippius have been seen at its nest entrances (Chambers 1949). The species is occasionally stylopized (parasitised by Stylops spp., a genus of flying insects) from the flower Halictoxenus  cylindrici (Perkins 1918b).",There are no major threats.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It occurs within many protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and to identify any threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,callizonium,,Lasioglossum callizonium,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, suspected common and stable populations, its preference for a wide range of habitats, and the lack of major threats.",Stable,"Lasioglossum callizonium is distributed in the western part of the Mediterranean basin. In Europe, there are records in Portugal, Spain, France and Italy (University of Mons 2012). Outside of Europe, the species occurs from Morocco to Israel. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 576,236 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 116 km².","The species is common and stable in the Mediterranean, although further details on the species' population size and trends are not known.","The species is thought to occur in a diverse range of Mediterranean type habitats such as forest edge, grassland, rural areas, and urban gardens. It forages upon a wide range of Asteraceae spp. (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).",There are no known major threats to this species.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. The species is known to be present in at least one protected area (Parque Nacional de Coto Doñana). Further research should be conducted on the population size, trend, and future threats to this species.",The species is not traded or commercially exploited.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,capitale,,Lasioglossum capitale,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is only found in Spain. Outside of Europe the species is found in Morocco and Tunisia (Ebmer 1995). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 150,489 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km².",The species is restricted to southern Spain although it is fairly common and localised in the region. There are no further data on the population size and trends.,The species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,castilianum,,Lasioglossum castilianum,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species as it is restricted to Spain and may be at high risk of extinction.",Unknown,"The species is endemic to Spain (Ebmer 1972). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 121,088 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km².",The species is restricted to Spain and is rare. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,The species inhabits Mediterranean shrubland. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,chalcodes,,Lasioglossum chalcodes,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its suspected stable populations, its preference for a wide variety of habitats, and the lack of threats to the species.",Stable,"Lasioglossum chalcodes is endemic to the Canary Islands (Ebmer 1993, F. la Roche pers. comm. 1992).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 12,850 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2.",The species is not common but is thought to be stable (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).,"The species inhabits a wide variety of habitats including Mediterranean shrublands and gardens, and is polylectic, in that it forages upon a wide range of plant species.",There are no major threats affecting the species.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is occurs in protected areas on the Canary Islands. Further research should be conducted on the population status, trends, and future threats to this species.",The species is not traded or commercially exploited.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,clypeare,,Lasioglossum clypeare,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy is 280 km2 and the quality and extent of calcareous grasslands, the species' preferred habitat, are thought to be in decline. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under criteria B2b(iii). It is also fragmented throughout Europe, although not severely enough to be threatened. Research is required to determine the population trends and any further threats to the species.",Unknown,"The species is distributed across the Mediterranean from Spain to Greece and found as far north as southern Germany and Poland, and as far east as Ukraine and Russia. Outside of Europe, the species is found from Algeria to Iran and Kyrgyzstan (Ebmer 1974, 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,374,509 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 288 km².","The species is rare (e.g., last recorded in Baden-Württemburg in 1936 (Westrich 1989)) and its population is fragmented, although not severely enough for the subpopulations to be completely isolated from one another. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.","The species is Mediterranean and occurs in some warm biotopes in central Europe, for example, dry hillsides and warm, dry wastelands. Lasioglossum clypeare is a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, and it is known to forage on Centaurea jacea, Centaurea scabiosa, Centaurea cyanus (Asteraceae), Echium vulgare (Boraginaceae), Stachys recta, Ballota nigra (Lamiaceae) and Salix sp. (Salicaceae) (Westrich 1989). Although it is polylectic, the species shows a preference for Lamiaceae spp. which occur on calcareous grasslands, and it can be assumed that the species resides nearby. The records from Switzerland indicate that the species flies from the beginning of June to the beginning of August, and that the males fly from mid-July (Amiet et al. 2001).",The species has a strong preference for Lamiaceae such as Ballota sp. and Stachys sp. and these plant species are in decline in many areas of Europe through the loss of calcareous grasslands. The species is very much dependent upon these plants as a food source and they are not widely available thus threatening L. clypeare.  In central Europe the decline of calcareous grasslands is probably due to the gradual abandonment of pastoralism and reforestation.,"This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,clypeiferellum,,Lasioglossum clypeiferellum,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is found on the Greek mainland, Crete, Macedonia, Cyprus and European Turkey. Outside of Europe the species is found in Israel, Egypt, Turkestan, Tajikistan, Iran, Afghanistan and Mongolia (Ebmer 1974). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 471,768 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km².","The species is rare in Greece, but it is common in Asia Minor and the Middle East. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.","As the species is found in Greece, the species is thought to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland. The species is univoltine (there is one generation per year) but with a long flight period. It flies from March to August, with males flying from late May onwards. Lasioglossum clypeiferellum is probably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. It is known to visit Asteraceae species in Cyprus. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,collopiense,,Lasioglossum collopiense,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is only know from two localities in southern Spain and several data points in the Canary Islands. It is also found throughout north Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 460,962 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km2.",A rare species. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,It is a Mediterranean species that is potentially found on Mediterranean-type shrubland. The full details of its habitat and ecology are unknown,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,convexiusculum,,Lasioglossum convexiusculum,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 288 km2 and the quality and extent of the species' habitat is thought to be in decline through the loss of available food sources on calcareous grasslands which are in decline. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under criteria B2b(iii). The population of the species is also fragmented throughout Europe, although not severely enough to be threatened. Research is required to determine the population trends and any further threats to the species.",Unknown,"The species is found from southern Spain northeast through Austria to Ukraine and south to Greece and Cyprus (Ebmer 1974, 1988). It is also found in Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,177,708 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 288 km².",The species is rare and localised. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species inhabits dry, warm hillsides, old vineyards and bare grassy areas in Germany (Westrich 1989). It is a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarily from Centaurea scabiosa, Centaurea cyanus, Picris hieracioides (Asteraceae), Campanula rotundifolia (Campanulaceae), Salvia pratensis (Lamiaceae) and Galium verum (Rubiaceae) (Westrich 1989). Pesenko and Banaszak et al. (2000) state that the species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Lamiacae. However, there are very few Polish records, and none appears to support this statement, and no further reference is given. In Switzerland, it is stated to have a preference for Salvia pratensis (Lamiaceae) (Amiet et al. 2001) and Ebmer (1971) lists Salvia pratensis, Thymus sp. and Stachys sp. (Lamiaceae) as forage plants. These plants species occur on calcareous grasslands and it can be assumed that the species resides nearby. The overwintering females emerge at the beginning of May, and the males follow in mid-July. There is no further information available on the social status of the species or of any parasites.","Although a polylectic species, L. convexiusculum shows a distinct preference for foraging on Salvia sp., Thymus sp. and Stachys sp. and these plant species are in decline in many areas of Europe through the loss of calcareous grasslands. The species is largely dependent on these plants as a food source and they are not widely available thus threatening L. convexiusculum. In central Europe the decline of calcareous grasslands is probably due to the gradual abandonment of pastoralism and reforestation.","This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,corsicanum,,Lasioglossum corsicanum,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment:Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species as it is endemic to the island of Corsica and therefore at risk of extinction due to its small area of distribution. It has been found to be abundant in the protected area of Vizzavona.",Unknown,The species is endemic to the mountains of Corsica (Blüthgen 1931). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 993 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².,"The species has only been collected in five localities, four of which are in the mountains. In one of these localities, Vizzavona, the species was found in abundance. However it is not common elsewhere.",It has mainly been found in the mountains of Corsica although not exclusively. There is no further information available on either the habitat or ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is occurs within the protected areas Vizzavona and Foret de Valdu Niellu of Corsica. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,corvinum,,Lasioglossum corvinum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the populations are locally common. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends, habitat and ecology of the species.",Unknown,"The species is sporadically distributed throughout Europe from Spain and France east towards Ukraine and Greece (Ebmer 1974). It has also been found in a few localities in Morocco, Turkey and Armenia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,280,594 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 292 km².",The species is locally common in Mediterranean habitats and in some warm localities in central Europe. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,The species inhabits some warm biotopes in the Mediterranean and central Europe. It prefers to forage upon Scabiosa sp. and Knautia sp. (Dipsacaceae) and these are found in grasslands so the species can be assumed to reside nearby. Ebmer (1971) lists Rubus (Rosaceae) as a forage plant.,There are no known major threats to the species.,"This species is listed in the Red Data Book of Germany as Regionally Extinct (Westrich et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends, habitat and ecology of the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,costulatum,,Lasioglossum costulatum,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Listed as Near Threatened because the species is rare and localized, the area of occupancy (AOO) is 748 km2, there is a continuing decline in the extent of its habitat and it seems that anthropogenic activities are converting or degrading the habitat which is restricting the species' population. The species is also threatened in at least three countries in the centre of its range.",Unknown,"Lasioglossum costulatum is a Palearctic species, that ranges from the Iberian Peninsula east towards Macedonia and Turkey, and as far north as Belgium and Poland. Outside of Europe, the species ranges from Morocco to Iran, and far eastern Russia (Ebmer 1988).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,025,297 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 752 km².","The species is localized and rare in its distribution (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013). The population size and trends of this species are not known, although it is possibly declining in some countries.","The species inhabits forest edges and grasslands. The females have a short flight period (June to August) and are oligolectic, in that they prefer to forage upon a narrow range of plant species such Campanula spp. (Campanulaceae) (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).","The species is threatened by anthropogenic activities that cause the loss of suitable habitat, although the specific nature of these activities remain unknown. As the species is rare, localized and oligolectic on Campanula spp. it is susceptible to habitat loss through increasing urbanisation and changes in agricultural practice (shifting grazing and mowing regimes, intensification and succession) (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).","This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). The species is known to occur in protected areas such as the Torny nature reserve in Belgium (D. Michez pers. comm. 2013). Habitats in which this species is found should be protected and maintained in order to conserve this species. Further research should be conducted on the population size and trends, while the nature of the threats to the species also need investigating.",The species is not traded or commercially exploited.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,crassepunctatum,,Lasioglossum crassepunctatum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as the species is rare, localised and fragmented and there is little information available on the population trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species despite its wide distribution. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Lasioglossum crassepunctatum is distributed in the steppic areas of Europe and Asia (Blüthgen 1925, Ebmer 2000). This species is present from Spain to Ukraine, from Cyprus to the Czech Republic. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,205,626 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 356 km².","The species is rare, localised and the subpopulations are fragmented, although it is uncertain as to what degree of fragmentation the species suffers. There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.",It is a steppic species within the Mediterranean and warm localities of central Europe. There is no further information on the habitat and ecology.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,cristula,,Lasioglossum cristula,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"Lasioglossum cristula has been recorded in Greece and Macedonia (Ebmer 1976). Outside of Europe its range stretches from Morocco to Iran. The main populations have been recorded in Anatolia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,772 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².",This species is rare. No further information is available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species is known to occur in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands in Attiki (Mainland Greece) where it is known to visit a range of plant species in the families of Geraniaceae, Papaveraceae, Asteraceae, Plantaginaceae, Resedaceae and Apiaceae in the Spring (Petanidou 1994).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species does not occur in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, distribution, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,cupromicans,,Lasioglossum cupromicans,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread in the mountainous areas on mainland Europe and populous on the British Isles at lower altitudes. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and potential threats to the species.",Unknown,"The nominal subspecies has been described from the Pyrenees and is predominantly found in the north of England, Scotland and Ireland (Blüthgen 1924, Ebmer 1970, 1972, Warncke 1982, 1984). The subspecies tirolense inhabits the Alps, the Tatra Mountains, the Balkan mountains and the Carpathians. The subspecies pangaeum occurs in the mountains of northern Greece, while the subspecies gevriense is found outside of Europe in Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,907,958 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 760 km².",The species is quite common throughout its range. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"Lasioglossum cupromicans is a montane species in central Europe and it is typically found in alpine meadows. However, in Britain and Ireland it can be found at lower altitudes in woodland, heathland, urban habitats and coastal regions. In Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire, Spooner (1946) describes the species as nesting in the earth crevices of stone walls and rocks, and also, in company with Lasioglossum smeathmanellum, round the stonework of a farm building. The full details of the nesting biology and sociality of this species are not available. British and Continental pollen sources not known, but it is probably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. The flowers it is known to visit are: Brassica rapa (Brassicaceae), Potentilla sp. (Rosaceae), Sedum sp.(Crassulaceae), Calluna vulgaris (Ericaceae), Jasione montana (Campanulaceae), Cirsium sp., Hypochoeris sp, Leontodon sp. and Crepis sp. (Asteraceae) (G.R. Else pers. comm. 2014). P. Harvey (pers.comm. 2014) has suggested that this species may have a close association with the flowers of Chamerion angustifolium (Onagraceae) in lowland Britain. In Germany, Westrich (1989) lists Campanula sp. (Campanulaceae), Acinos arvensis (Lamiaceae) and Euphrasia sp. (Orobanchaceae). The females are active from late April to the end of October while the males fly from mid-August to the beginning of October. Sphecodes geoffrellus [as S. affinis] females have been seen investigating probable nest burrows of this species in Ireland (Stelfox 1927) and therefore it could possibly be a kleptoparasite, in that it parasitises the nests of L.cupromicans.",There are no major threats to the species.,"This species is listed in the Red Data Book of Germany (Threatened but level unknown; Westrich et al. 2011). It occurs in a number of protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,damascenum,,Lasioglossum damascenum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is very little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species occurs in the Balkans, Greece and European Turkey. Outside of Europe it is found in Asian Turkey, Syria and Israel (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 725,758 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km².",The species is rare in Europe but it is most common in the Middle East. There is no further information the population size and trends.,"Lasioglossum damascenum can be found on steppic habitats. It is probably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, although the details are scarce. Ebmer (1971) lists Erodium spp. (Geraniaceae) and Tamarix spp. (Tamaricaceae). There is no further information on the species' habitat and ecology.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,danuvium,,Lasioglossum danuvium,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"A species of steppes in central and south-eastern Europe, known only from a few localities. It has been found in the chalky hills of Vienna, Austria, and in the Učka mountain range in Istria, Croatia, southern Bosnia and Montenegro (Ebmer 1970, 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,337 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².",A rare species only known from a few localities in Europe. There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,The species is found on steppic habitats. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It occurs in the Nature Park of Učka in Croatia. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Nieto, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,debilior,,Lasioglossum debilior,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Listed as Not Applicable as there is only one record of this species in Europe and this is thought to constitute &lt;1% of it's global population. Therefore the species is Not Applicable for further assessment in Europe.,Unknown,"In Europe, the species is found only on the island of Crete, and there is a single record only. Outside of Europe the species is found in Israel, Lebanon, Asia Minor (Anatolia), and Iran (Ebmer 1972, 1995).",A very rare species with only one record from Crete. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,The species can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland as it has been found on the island of Crete. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,denislucum,,Lasioglossum denislucum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is found in Macedonia, Greece, Ukraine and European Turkey. Outside of Europe it is found in Asia Minor (Anatolia), the Caucasus and Kazakhstan (Ebmer 2000). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 394,036 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².",A rare species. There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species although as it is found in Greece and Ukraine it can be presumed to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland and steppic areas.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,discum,,Lasioglossum discum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of the wide distribution, preference for a wide variety of habitats, stable and abundant populations and the lack of major threats to the species. However, it is threatened at the edge of its distribution in a number of countries.",Stable,"Lasioglossum discum is distributed across southern Europe from the Iberian Peninsula eastwards to Romania and Bulgaria. Outside of Europe it is known from Morocco to Iran. The subspecies L. discum discum is recorded in the north of the Mediterranean basin, in Corsica, Sardinia, Israel, Asia Minor and Afghanistan. The subspecies L. discum fertoni is recorded in the north west of Africa (Morocco and Tunisia), in Spain, Sicily, Calabria and the south of France. The two subspecies are present in the French region of Var (loc: Flassans-sur-Issole, Rouvède). They mix in the Alps and Piemont (Ebmer 1988, Baker 1993). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,628,095 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 824 km².","The species is common and population trend is stable (A.Pauly pers. comm. 2013). There is no further, more detailed, information available on the population size and trend of the species.","The species inhabits a wide variety of habitats including Mediterranean-type shrublands, grasslands, urban and rural gardens. The species is polylectic, in that the species forages upon a wide variety of plant species, but it prefers Asteraceae spp. (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).","There are no known major threats although it is considered threatened at the edge of its distribution range, in the Czech Republic and Switzerland, possibly due to the lack of ideal habitat and climate.","This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994). The species most probably occurs in a protected area. Further research should be conducted on the population status, trends, and future threats to this species.",The species is not traded or commercially exploited.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,dolichocephalum,,Lasioglossum dolichocephalum,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km2 and the quality and extent of the species' habitat is thought to be in decline due to the decrease in its known forage plant species, Mentha sp. and Ballota sp. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under criteria B2b(iii). Research is required to determine the population trends for this species.",Unknown,"The species is found in Croatia, Macedonia, Greece, Cyprus and European Turkey. Outside of Europe it is found in Asia Minor, Israel and Lebanon (Ebmer 1972, 1974). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 629,578 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km².",The species is rare. There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland. The specific forage requirements of this species are not known but it has been reported visiting Ballota sp, Mentha sp. (Lamiaceae) and Digitalis sp. (Plantaginaceae). There is no further information on the species' habitat and ecology.","The species is known to visit Ballota sp., Mentha sp., and Digitalis sp. and these plant species are in decline in many areas of Europe. Ballota sp. are declining through the loss of calcareous grassland and for Mentha species, as they grow by the riverside, they are declining through the eutrophication of its habitat caused by surface run-off from agricultural effluents. If there is a decline in the availability of suitable forage then this will threaten L. dolichocephalum.  In central Europe the decline of calcareous grasslands is probably due to the gradual abandonment of pastoralism and reforestation.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, habitat and ecology of the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,duckei,,Lasioglossum duckei,,,No,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km2 and the population is severely fragmented in Europe, such that there is little chance of genetic exchange between the subpopulations. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under criteria B2a. Research is required to determine the population trends and any threats to the species.",Unknown,"A ponto-Mediterranean species that is sporadically found in Spain, France, Italy, Slovenia, Montenegro, Greece and Ukraine. It is also found in Asia Minor (Ebmer 1981, 1985). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,747,938 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km².","A locally abundant species but the population is severely fragmented, in that there is little chance of genetic exchange between subpopulations. There is no further information on the population size and trends.","It has been found on Mediterranean-type shrubland at high altitudes between 700-2,000 m asl (Ebmer 1985). There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.","The threats to this species are unknown although as the overall population of the species appears to be severely fragmented, this makes the species very susceptible to local extinctions.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It occurs within protected areas such as the Mercantour National Park in France. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,dusmeti,,Lasioglossum dusmeti,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this very poorly known species.",Unknown,"The species has only found in Spain and Portugal (Ebmer 1995) and may therefore be endemic to the region. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 464,601 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km².",A very rare species. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,The species can be presumed to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland due to the available point data from Spain and Portugal. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,elegans,,Lasioglossum elegans,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is found from Spain to central European countries such as Austria and Hungary, and southeast towards Greece and Cyprus. Outside of Europe it is found from Algeria to Iran and Asia Minor (Ebmer 1974, 1988, 2003). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,243,468 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 188 km².",The species is rare throughout its range. There is no further information available on the population size and trends for the species.,"It has been found in warm localities in valleys, perhaps on grasslands, and has been recorded on a number of Salvia species. The species has been recorded on the wing in May and June visiting Ballota integrifolia and Vitex agnus-castus (Grace 2010). There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although as it partly has a Mediterranean distribution, the species can be presumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,ellipticeps,,Lasioglossum ellipticeps,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Listed as Not Applicable as the European population of the species is most likely to be less than 1% of the global population. The species has only been found once on the eastern edge of the European assessment area while it is common in Siberia, Mongolia and Korea.",Unknown,"An eastern palearctic species, that has been found from one locality in Perm, Russia. It extends towards Siberia, Mongolia and Korea (Ebmer 1978, 1982, 1996, 2005).","In Europe, the species is at its limit of distribution. It is common in the eastern palearctic but the population is known from Perm, Russia.",The species can be found in tundra and steppic habitats including boreal and temperate shrubland and grassland. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,There are no major threats to this species.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,erraticum,,Lasioglossum erraticum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is found in Greece, including Crete and the East Aegean Islands. It is also found in Turkey and Armenia (Ebmer 1974). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 20,396 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².",The species is rare. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"Lasioglossum erraticum is a crepuscular species, in other words one that forages at dawn and dusk (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2014). As it is only found in Greece in Europe, it can be presumed to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology (in particular its crepuscular nature as this is a rare trait in bees), and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,euboeense,,Lasioglossum euboeense,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"A widespread species found from Iberia eastwards to the Volga river in Russia (Ebmer 1988). The species is also found in Turkey and Algeria (Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,999,508 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 208 km².",The species is rare. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species occurs in steppic habitats, including dry warm sparse grasslands in Switzerland (Amiet et al. 2001). The species has one flight period a year (univoltine), but with an extended flight period. It flies from the end of April to early October, with the males emerging in early July. The details of the social and nesting behaviour are unknown, although Pesenko et al. (2000) suggest that the species might be eusocial.There are insufficient data to confirm the foraging requirements of L. euboeense, however, specimens have been found in Switzerland at flowers of Asteraceae (Amiet et al. 2001). Ebmer (1971) lists Carduus sp., Jurinea sp. and Tragopogon sp. (Asteraceae). Francois Dittlo has a specimen of a male (det. A. Pauly) caught whilst nectaring at flowers of Sonchus arvensis (Asteraceae) in the Atlas of north Africa (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2014). In France, A. Pauly (in litt. 2009) lists Centaurea paniculata, Sonchus arvensis (Asteraceae) and Cistus monspeliensis (Cistaceae).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,eurasicum,,Lasioglossum eurasicum,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"Lasioglossum eurasicum is endemic to Europe as the only known populations to be recorded are in Greece and Macedonia (Ebmer 1972, 1975).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 66,973 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km2.",This species is rare. No further information is available on either the population size or trend of this species.,In Greece the species is found in alpine grasslands. There is no further information available on the ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, distribution, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,euxinicum,,Lasioglossum euxinicum,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"Lasioglossum euxinicum is found in Italy, Greece, and the Crimea in Ukraine. Outside of Europe it is found in Morocco, Azerbaijan and Iran. The subspecies atlas is recorded in Morocco and Italy (Ebmer 1975). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 278,927 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².",There are a few recorded populations and they are highly isolated. This species is rare but no further information is available for the population size and trend.,There is no information available on the habitat or ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species does not occur in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, distribution, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,fratellum,,Lasioglossum fratellum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are common and stable, and there are no known major threats at the continental scale. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species.",Stable,"A boreo-alpine species that is found from western England east towards Bashkortostan, Russia, and as far north as 69°N in Finland and Sweden. Outside of Europe, the species is found in the Caucasus and China (Ebmer 1995, 1996). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,133,488 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 8,144 km².",The boreal population in the north is fragmented from the southern alpine population. The species is common and stable in both populations.,"The species occurs in boreal and alpine habitats such as tundra, heathlands and alpine meadows. The nests are rarely found, but the species has been observed nesting in small aggregations (G.M. Spooner pers. comm. 1989). In Dartmoor, Devon, J.P. Field (pers. comm. 2004) found aggregations of 20-30 nests in bare, near vertical faces of roadside edges. He has also encountered nest sites in semi-vertical banks in northeast England. The species is probably polylectic, with a number of plant species known to provide forage. In Germany it has been reported to collect Vaccinium myrtillus and V. vitis-idaea (Ericaceae) pollen (Westrich 1989) and Ebmer (1971) lists Arabis (Brassicaceae), Salix (Salicaceae), Vaccinium, Calluna (Ericaceae), Solidago and Tussilago (Asteraceae).Lasioglossum fratellum is univoltine (one generation per year) with an extended flight period. The females fly from mid-April to mid-October, while the males fly from early July to the beginning of October. The bee Sphecodes hyalinatus is a kleptoparasite of this species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species (Perkins 1923, 1945). On the continent, Sphecodes crassus is cited as a possible cleptoparasite of this species (Söderman and Leinonen 2003).",There are no known major threats to the species.,The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It occurs within protected areas in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,fulvicorne,,Lasioglossum fulvicorne,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are large and common, and there are no known major threats to the species at a continental scale. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.",Stable,"Lasioglossum fulvicorne is a transpalearctic species found from England to the Urals, and as far north as Sweden and Finland at 64°N. In the south of Europe, it is found in the mountains. Outside of Europe, the species is found from Turkey to Taiwan (Ebmer 1995, 2005). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,034,431 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 8,888 km².",A very common and stable species throughout much of its distribution. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"A common species which is virtually ubiquitous in its choice of habitats: woodland edged, mobile sand dunes, bare grounds, Juniper heathland, orchards, river levees, old vineyards, sand and gravel pits, roadside verges, and many anthropogenic sites (Westrich 1989). In England the species is typically found in dry calcareous grasslands (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). Although sometimes locally abundant, nests are not easily located, suggesting that it does not usually nest in large aggregations. Westrich (1989) suggests that larger aggregations can be found occasionally. Lasioglossum fulvicorne is a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarily on Tanacetum vulgare, Solidago canadensis, Cichorium intybus, Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae); Brassica napus (Brassicaceae); Calluna vulgaris (Ericaceae); Potentilla verna, Potentilla reptans, Potentilla fruticosa, Malus domestica (Rosaceae); Salix sp. (Salicaceae) (Westrich 1989). Ebmer (1971) lists: Salix (Salicaceae); Potentilla (Rosaceae); Pastinaca (Apiaceae); Arabis (Brassicaceae); Ranunculus (Ranunculaceae); Ajuga, Mentha (Lamiaceae); Taraxacum, Solidago (Asteraceae); Pulmonaria (Boraginaceae); Globularia (Campanulaceae). Pawlikowski and Kruszynski (1997) list Potentilla argentea (Rosaceae) as a forage source in Poland. In Finland, it is reported to visit: Hieracium umbellatarum, Leontodon autumnalis (Asteraceae); Pimpinella saxifraga (Apiaceae), Succisa pratensis (Dipsacaceae) (Söderman and Leinonen 2003). L. fulvicorne is univoltine (one generation per year), with an extended flight period. The females fly from early April to mid-October while males fly from early July to mid-October. R.C.L. Perkins (1923) recorded the bees Sphecodes hyalinatus and S. ferruginatus as kleptoparasites of L.fulvicorne, bees that parasitise the nests of others, in England. Elsewhere in Europe, Sphecodes crassus is cited as a cleptoparasite (Söderman and Leinonen 2003).",There are no known major threats to the species.,The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It occurs within protected areas in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species to determine any population declines.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,glabriusculum,,Lasioglossum glabriusculum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are large and there are no known major threats at the continental scale. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.",Stable,"The species is found from Iberia to Greece and Ukraine in the east and as far north as Belgium and Germany. Outside of Europe, the species is found in Jordan, Iran, Morocco and Tunisia (Ebmer 1985, 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,322,425 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 704 km².",A common and stable species that is probably expanding northwards (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2014). There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"An ubiquitous species that is known from gravel and clay pits, orchards, and dry grasslands in Germany (Westrich 1989) and it may inhabit steppic areas in the southeastern part of its distribution (Grace 2010). The species is eusocial (Knerer 1969). Lasioglossum glabriusculum is almost certainly a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, although the details of its forage requirements are lacking (Westrich 1989). Ebmer (1971) lists the following plants as forage species: Achillea, Solidago (Asteraceae) and Mentha (Lamiaceae). The overwintering females emerge at the beginning of May (occasionally April) and fly to the beginning of October. The males emerge in August and September. The bee Nomada sheppardana is cited as a possible kleptoparasite of this species, in that is parasitises the nests of L. glabriusculum (Westrich 1989). Amiet et al. (2001) also cite Nomada posthuma as a possible kleptoparasite.",There are no known major threats to the species at a continental scale.,"This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas, but given the wide extent of its range, it is very likely. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,glaciegenitum,,Lasioglossum glaciegenitum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"Lasioglossum glaciegenitum has only been recorded in Iran and Greece (Ebmer 1972, 1978). There is one record in Greece.The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km2.","Only one population is recorded in Greece and another in Iran, therefore its range is severely fragmented. The trend and size of this population is unknown.",The species is found in alpine grassland in Greece. There is no further information available on the ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, distribution, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,gorkiense,,Lasioglossum gorkiense,,,No,,,No,NE,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Not Applicable as there is only one record of this species in pan-Europe and this is thought to constitute &lt;1% of it's global population. Therefore the species is Not Applicable for further assessment in Europe.,Unknown,"Lasioglossum gorkiense is mainly distributed in eastern Palearctic region. There is one record from Belarus in Mahilyow, Gorki. It is also recorded in the eastern part of Russia, Manchouria, China (Shanxi province), Korea and Japan (Ebmer 1978, 1998).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,griseolum,,Lasioglossum griseolum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are quite large and it forages upon a wide range of plant species. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats.",Unknown,"The species is found from throughout the Mediterranean from Spain to Cyprus, and as far north as Germany. Outside of Europe the species is found until Afghanistan (Ebmer 1974, 1976, 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,410,825 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 476 km².",The species is quite common. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species inhabits a wide range of habitats. It particularly favours dry places including sparse grasslands and anthropogenic habitats in towns (Amiet et al. 2001, Westrich 1989). It is almost certainly polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, although the only published flower visits are to Phyteuma orbiculare (Campanulaceae) (Westrich 1989), Thistles (Asteraceae) and Mentha (Lamiaceae) (Ebmer 1971). There are a shortage of data on flight periods but in Switzerland, overwintered females emerge in mid-April and fly until September. The males emerge at the end of June (Amiet et al. 2001).The details of nesting and social behaviour are apparently not known.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Threatened but level unknown; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends, and further details of both habitat and ecology of the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,haesitans,,Lasioglossum haesitans,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats as it has only been recorded from one locality in Greece. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Lasioglossum haesitans has only been recorded on the island of Lesvos, Greece. Outside of Europe the species has been found in Caucasus and Turkey (Grace 2010).The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km2.",This species is rare. No further information is available for the population size and trend of this species.,"There is no information available on the habitat and ecology for this species, although presumably if it is found on Lesvos, Greece, then it can be found on Mediterranean-type shrubland.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species' population size, trends, distribution, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,hilare,,Lasioglossum hilare,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Lasioglossum hilare is recorded in Macedonia, Greece (mainland and Crete), Turkey, Iran and Afghanistan (Ebmer 1972, 1974, 1978). There are only three records from Europe.",The species is only known from three localities in Europe. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,The species can be presumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland due its occurrence in Macedonia and Greece. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,ibericum,,Lasioglossum ibericum,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Lasioglossum ibericum is recorded from Spain and the south of France only (Ebmer 1997). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 204,845 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km².",A very rare species. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,It is possible that the species occurs on Mediterranean-type shrubland as the species is predominantly found in Spain. There is no further information available on either the habitat or ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Garcia, S.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,imbecillum,,Lasioglossum imbecillum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is found in Greece and Bulgaria. Outside of Europe, it is reported from Turkey and Jordan (Ebmer 1978, 1985, 1988, 1995).","There are only point data from two localities in Greece, although it is also known to occur in Bulgaria, therefore it is assumed to be a rare species. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.",The species may occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland as it is found in Greece. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,immunitum,,Lasioglossum immunitum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, and threats to the species. There is little information on either habitat or ecology. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is found in Spain, Italy, Sardinia, Sicily and Lipari island. It is also found in Morocco and Tunisia (Ebmer 1995). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 548,627 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km².","The population of this species is fragmented as there are two isolated subspecies. The subspecies sillatum (Warncke 1982) occurs in southern Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, and Lipari island whereas the nominal subspecies is found in Spain. There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.",A Mediterranean species found on Mediterranean-type shrubland and sandy dehesa (a type of agroforestry) in southern Andalucia (ES). There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is known to occur within the Parque Nacional de Coto Doñana and the surrounding Parque Natural. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,intermedium,,Lasioglossum intermedium,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 372 km2 and the quality and extent of the species' sandy habitat is thought to be in continuing decline due to construction for residential, commercial or touristic developments. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under criteria B2b(iii). Research is required to determine the population trends and any further threats to the species.",Unknown,"The species is distributed from the north of Spain to Lithuania in the north east of Europe. Outside of Europe it extends to Iran (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,122,528 km² and the known area of occurrence (AOO) is 372 km².",A rare species (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2014). There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"A species of sandy areas, and in Switzerland it is found on sandy areas along the river banks, and in northern Europe it can be found on inland sand dunes. Lasioglossum intermedium is probably a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. Its known pollen sources are Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae) and Salix sp. (Salicaceae) (Westrich 1989). Ebmer (1971) lists Apiaceae as providing forage. It is univoltine (it has one generation per year) but with an extended flight period. The overwintering females emerge in April and fly until late August, and the males emerge at the beginning of July (Westrich 1989). There is no information available on the either the nesting or social behaviour.","The extent and quality of the species' preferred sandy habitats, such as inland dunes, are thought to be in decline due to construction or urbanisation for residential, commercial or touristic developments.","This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011) and the Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,interruptum,,Lasioglossum interruptum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are large and apparently stable, and there are no major threats at a continental scale. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.",Stable,"In Europe, the species is distributed from Iberia east to the Volga river. It is found as far north as northern Germany and Lithuania. Outside of Europe, it is found in Morocco, Egypt, Turkey, Armenia, Iran and Syria (Ebmer 1976, 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,341,979 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,344 km².",The species is common and stable throughout its distribution. There is no further information on the species' population size or trends.,"The species is ubiquitous and can be found on a wide range of habitats such as temperate grasslands, rural gardens, urban areas, dry grasslands, sparse grassy places, river levees and sandy road embankments (Westrich 1989). The nests are built in sandy and loessic soils. The species is eusocial, nesting in the spring and regularly polygynous (Knerer 1968). Lasioglossum interruptum is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with flower records from several plant families, such as Asteraceae: Achillea millefolium, Taraxacum officinale; Boraginaceae: Echium vulgare; Brassicaceae: Brassica napus; Crassulaceae: Sedum acre and Rosaceae: Potentilla verna. (Westrich 1989). Ebmer (1971) lists Lotus (Fabaceae); Pulsatilla (Ranunculaceae); Potentilla (Rosaceae) and Taraxacum (Asteraceae). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) with an extended flight period. The overwintering females emerge in the first half of April, and the males fly from the end of July to the beginning of October. The bee Sphecodes croaticus is cited as a probable kleptoparasite of this species, in that it parasitises the nest of  L. interruptum (Westrich 1989).",There are no major threats to the species at a continental scale.,This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is most likely to occur in protected areas due to its wide distribution. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,kotschyi,,Lasioglossum kotschyi,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the population status of this species.",Unknown,Lasioglossum kotschyi is endemic to Cyprus. There is only one record of this species (Ebmer 1981).The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km2.,This species is rare. No further information is available for either the population size or trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species does not occur in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, distribution, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,kussariense,,Lasioglossum kussariense,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the population status of this species.",Unknown,"Lasioglossum kussariense is distributed around the Black Sea and the range extends to the north of Italy. It has been recorded in Croatia, Hungary, Romania, Switzerland and Macedonia (Ebmer 1988). Outside of Europe, it is found in the Caucasus.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 308,865 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km².",This species is rare and has a disjunct distribution. No further information is available for the population size or trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat or ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, distribution, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,laetum,,Lasioglossum laetum,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread within the Canary Islands, the populations are large and believed to be stable and there are no known major threats to the species. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species as it is endemic to the Canary Islands and it is important to understand if there are any significant declines.",Stable,"Lasioglossum laetum is endemic to the Canary Islands (Ebmer 1993). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 48,171 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 156 km².",A common and stable species within its very restricted range. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species has a sub-tropical habitat and is ubiquitous throughout, including sub-tropical grassland, sub-tropical and Mediterranean-type shrubland. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.",There are no known major threats to this species.,The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It occurs within protected areas on the islands. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,laeve,,Lasioglossum laeve,,,No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iv)",No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iv)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)The species is listed as Endangered as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 296 km2, the populations of the species are severely fragmented in that there is no genetic transfer between subpopulations, and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), the AOO and the number of subpopulations as it is now extinct in Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as once being quite populous in Germany and Poland. It is thought that urbanisation and the loss of pasture has been driving the decline of this species over the last century. Research is required to determine the population trends and any further threats to the species. The species is suspected to have a healthy population in Turkey and the Middle East.",Decreasing,"The species has been found from England (although not since the early 19th Century) and Spain in the south, eastwards to European Russia (Ebmer 1995). Outside of Europe, it is found in Israel, Iran and Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,005,251 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 296 km².","The species is extremely rare and the remaining populations are severely fragmented, in that there is little chance of genetic exchange between subpopulations. This species is one of the most threatened bee species in Europe. It is very rarely collected, compared to the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century when it was much more common. This indicates a long-term decline from previous populations over the 20th century and it is expected to continue. There are current populations within the Alps and a recent finding from near Moscow, Russia. It is very localised.","There is little information available on the habitat and ecology of this species. The current records come from the Alps so it can be said to like alpine habitats and it has also been found near Moscow, which suggests it can cope with colder climes. The British records both came from sandy areas in eastern England. The details of the nesting habits are not known. There is no confirmation of the social status either, but it is probably a solitary species (Westrich 1989).In Germany, females fly from April to early August and the males from August to September (Stöckhert 1933). Westrich (1989) suggests a slightly different flight period, with the females emerging in early May and the males from mid-July.It is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, such as Daucus carota (Apiaceae), Cichorium intybus, Taraxacum officinale, Leontodon autumnalis (Asteraceae) and Succisa pratensis (Dipsacaceae) (Westrich 1989).","The causes of the species' continuing decline are unfortunately unknown, although perhaps urbanisation and the loss of alpine pastures are threatening the species. This species is considered to be one of the most threatened bees in Europe (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2014).","This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Great Britain (Regionally Extinct; Shirt 1987), the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994). It is also Regionally Extinct in Belgium (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2014). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,laevidorsum,,Lasioglossum laevidorsum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is found from Spain eastwards to Greece and Cyprus. It is also found in Turkey and Israel (Ebmer 1975). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,474,012 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 120 km².",A rare species. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,A montane species potentially found on Mediterranean-type shrubland. There is no further information on the habitat and ecology of the species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,laevigatum,,Lasioglossum laevigatum,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,776 km² and there is a continuing decline in the extent of the habitat and number of mature individuals due the intensification of agriculture. Further research should be conducted on the population status and trends, while the threats to this species need to be better understood.",Decreasing,"Lasioglossum laevigatum is distributed from the UK, east to Lithuania and from Spain, east to Greece (Ebmer 1988). Outside of Europe it reaches as far east as Iran.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,638,094 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,776 km².","The species is not very common, and has apparently suffered from a decline in the population (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).","The species inhabits forest edge and meadows. It is particularly associated with dry calcareous grassland, occasionally open woodland on chalk, wooded heathland and fenland. It is polylectic, in that it forages upon a wide range of plant species, such as Ranunculus spp. and Rubus spp. (Westrich 1989). The females fly from mid April to late September; the males fly from early July to September.","The species' habitat, at the edge of forests, is threatened by the intensification of agriculture and thus the conversion of its natural habitat into farmland (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).","This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011) and the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It occurs in protected areas. The areas that it inhabits, such as meadows and forest edges, should be protected and maintained. Further research should be conducted on the population status and trends, while the threats to this species need to be better understood.",The species is not traded or commercially exploited.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,laterale,,Lasioglossum laterale,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the population status of this species.",Unknown,"Lasioglossum laterale occurs in the Mediterranean, and ranges from Spain to Turkey, and from Switzerland to Hungary in the north (Ebmer 1988, J. Ascher pers. comm. 2008). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,042,737 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km².",This species is very rare and it has a disjunct distribution. No further information is available for the population size or trend of this species.,"In Slovenia, the species is restricted to highly xerothermic south-facing slopes which are protected from the cold Bora winds by the karst escarpment. The vegetation consists mostly of deciduous shrubs and trees (Prunus mahaleb is very common). In the rock faces some evergreen Mediterranean shrubs grow such as Quercus ilex (Gogala 2009, A. Gogala pers. comm. 2013). In early Spring, females have been observed foraging on Prunus mahaleb (Mahaleb Cherry).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, distribution, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,laticeps,,Lasioglossum laticeps,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are large and there are no major threats to the species at a continental scale. However, further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.",Stable,"The species is widespread throughout Europe from the south of England and Iberia in the west until Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria and Greece. Outside of Europe the species is found in Israel and Iran (Ebmer 1995). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,141,040 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 3,488 km².",The species is common in much of its range and the populations are believed to be stable. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.,"The species is widespread throughout Europe and ubiquitous in a variety of habitats. In the UK, at the edge of its range, it inhabits south-facing unstable clay and sand sea-cliffs with associated flower-rich grasslands (BWARS 2014). In Belgium, it is often present on calcareous soils but it is also present in quarries and mines. Lasioglossum laticeps is a gregarious species, nesting in very localised aggregations. Nevinson (1904) encountered males near burrows in the joints of a stone wall, but nesting burrows are more usually excavated in the soil.The following details are adapted from Packer (1983), who studied the species in some detail on the Charmouth-Lyme Regis landslip, Dorset (UK). He found an aggregation nesting in a 30° slope and occupying an area of about 15 square metres. The burrows were begun in dessication cracks in the clay soil, the excavated spoil being packed into these surface fissures and not forming conical tumuli surrounding the nest entrances (as in many other Lasioglossum species). As a result, nesting aggregations are difficult to locate. Spring and summer broods are reared in cells which are constructed in comb-like clusters, each of these surrounded by a cavity which is enlarged as the number of cells increases; nest development is figured by Packer. The gynes (the primary reproductive female caste of social insects) do not seem to overwinter in their natal nests. This is a eusocial species with workers being on average about 7% smaller than the gynes. There is a high proportion of males (24%) in the first brood and pupal counts from excavated cells indicated a ratio of 3:1 males to females. The species is polylectic, in that it collects pollen from a wide range of flowers species. It prefers Umbelliferae species such as Eryngium campestre and Heracleum sphondylium (Pauly 2011). In Germany, it visits: Anthriscus sylvestris, Daucus carota (Apiaceae); Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae); Brassica napus, Cardamine pratensis (Brassicaceae); Ranunculus acris (Ranunculaceae); Potentilla verna, Fragaria vesca, Malus domestica (Rosaceae) and Salix sp. (Salicaceae) (Westrich 1989). Ebmer (1971) lists: Taraxacum, Hieracium, Centaurea, Tussilago (Asteraceae); Ribes (Grossulariaceae); Salix (Salicaceae); Daucus, Pastinaca, Angelica (Apiaceae); Papaver (Papaveraceae); Arabis (Brassicaceae); Potentilla (Rosaceae); Origanum (Lamiaceae); Scabiosa (Dipsacaceae).The females fly from mid-April to the end of September, while males fly from early July to late September. Packer (1983) observed female Sphecodes ephippius flying low over a nesting aggregation of Lasioglossum laticeps, and he dug out a female of this kleptoparasite (one that parasitises the nests of others) from a nest of L. laticeps. He also discovered larvae of the conopid fly genus Thecophora in the gasters of 10% of workers collected in August. Many individuals of a race of small Sphecodes monilicornis have been found flying over a nesting aggregation of L. laticeps (G.R. Else pers. obs. 1987), and it is possible that the latter is also a kleptoparasite of this species. Sphecodes ferruginatus is also cited as a possible kleptoparasite of this species (Westrich 1989).",There are no major threats to the species at a continental scale.,This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Great Britain (Endangered; Shirt 1987). It occurs within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,lativentre,,Lasioglossum lativentre,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of the wide distribution and suspected stable populations. However, this species is listed as threatened in the National Red Lists of at least five countries and this is thought to be caused by a reduction of Fabaceae spp. Further research should be conducted to monitor the status of this species in case it becomes threatened in other countries.",Stable,"Lasioglossum lativentre occurs from Ireland and Spain eastwards towards Lithuania and the Greek island of Rhodes. Outside of Europe it is found in Iran (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,516,929 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 3,584 km².","The species in not very common within its range, although the population trend overall is thought to be stable (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).","The species inhabits humid meadows and other grasslands. The females are polylectic, in that it forages upon a wide range of plant species. However it prefers to collect pollen on Fabaceae spp. (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013). It is believed to be a solitary species.",There has been a decline in the quality of habitat due to the reduction of Fabaceae spp. caused by an increase in the use of fertilisers on agricultural land (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).,"This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Ireland (Critically Endangered; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006), the Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is thought to occur in protected areas. Further research should be conducted on the population status, trends, and to determine any future threats to this species.",The species is not traded or commercially exploited.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,leucomontanum,,Lasioglossum leucomontanum,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the population status of this species.",Unknown,"Lasioglossum leucomontanum is endemic to the island of Crete, Greece (Ebmer 1981). It was recorded from two sub-populations on the island. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².",This species is rare. No information is available for either the population size or trend of this species.,"The species is only known from Crete, (Greece) so it presumably inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland. There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, distribution, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,leucopus,,Lasioglossum leucopus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are common, there are no major threats to the species at the continental scale. However, research should be conducted to determine details of the population trends and ecology of the species.",Stable,"A widespread European species that is found from Ireland to northern Sweden and Finland at 64°N. In the southern European countries it is found in the hills and mountains from northern Iberia to the Peloponnese (Chelmos) in Greece. Outside of Europe, it reaches as far as Siberia and northern Iran. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,222,388 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 9,128 km².",The species is common and therefore the population trend of the species is assumed to be stable.,"The species is widespread and ubiquitous and occurs in a wide variety of habitats including sand and gravel pits, sparse grasslands, woodland clearings and margins, and in towns and villages (Westrich 1989). In the south of Europe it is found in mountainous regions from Iberia to the Greek Peloponnese. Nothing is known about its nesting habits apart from the fact that it nests in the ground. The social habits are also unknown, but it is probably a solitary species (Westrich 1989). Lasioglossum leucopus is most probably polylectic, but it has only been seen to collect pollen from Potentilla verna (Rosaceae); Leontodon autumnalis and Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae) (Westrich 1989). The females are active from mid-May to mid-October while the males fly from the beginning of July to late September. The kleptoparasitic bee (one that parasitises the nests of others), Sphecodes geoffrellus has been reported to attack the nests of this species (Stöckhert 1933, Westrich 1989). Nomada furva is also cited as a possible kleptoparasite (Söderman and Leinonen 2003).",There are no major threats to the species at the continental scale.,The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It occurs within a number of protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends and ecology of the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,leucozonium,,Lasioglossum leucozonium,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, stable and abundant populations and the lack of threats to this species. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, and trends, and to identify any future threats to this species.",Stable,"Lasioglossum leucozonium is recorded throughout the whole Holarctic region (Ebmer 1988, 1996, 1998, 2005). The subspecies L. leucozonium leucozonium is the common form in Europe. It is present from England to Finland and Lithuania, and from Spain to Bulgaria. Outside of Europe it is found in Iran, Russia, Siberia (Akmolinsk, Barovoye), China and Mongolia. The subspecies L. l. cedri is present in Morocco (Haut Atlas), Tunisia, southern Spain, Sicily, Kriti, Cyprus. The subspecies L. l. clusium is from Anatolia. The subspecies L. l. elysium is present in Spain (Sierra Nevada). The subspecies L. l. mandschuricum is recorded from Manchuria. The subspecies L. l. satschauensis is known from north-western, western and north-eastern China, Mongolia and Russia (Krasnojarsk, Burjatija, Amur, Chabarovsk and Primorski Kraj). The subspecies L. l. xylopedis is endemic in Iran (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,946,285 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 11,276 km².",The species is common throughout its range and its population trend is currently believed to be stable. Further specific information on the species' population size and trend is not available.,"Lasioglossum leucozonium is found in open areas, mainly on sandy and calcareous soils, and more scarcely on heavy clay. Females can be found from late March to late October or early November and collect pollen on Asteraceae spp.. The male appears by mid-July but possibly earlier.",There are no major threats to this species.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It occurs in protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, and trends, and to identify any future threats to this species.",The species is not traded or commercially exploited.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,limbelloides,,Lasioglossum limbelloides,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, and threats to the species. The full details of the habitat and ecology are also lacking. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Lasioglossum limbelloides is recorded in Greece, Turkey, Lebanon and Iran (Ebmer 1995). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 28,071 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².",A rare species in Greece. There is no further information available for the population size and trends for this species.,"It is a steppic species and it inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland in Attiki (Greece). Data from specimen labels show that the females are active over a long period, with records from March to September.Lasioglossum limbelloides is presumed to be polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarily on Drimea maritima, Asparagus acutifolius, Scilla autumnalis (Asparagaceae); Hypericum triquetrifolium, Hypericum empetrifolium (Hypericaceae); Cyclamen graecum (Myrsinaceae); Capparis spinosa (Capparaceae); Chondrilla ramosissima (Asteraceae); Cistus parviflorus (Cistaceae) and Scandix australis (Apiaceae) (Petanidou 1994). There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.","The threats to this species are unknown. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is known to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to the species. Research is also required to elucidate the full details of habitat and ecology.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,limbellum,,Lasioglossum limbellum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as not enough is known to about the population trends, or threats to the species despite the fact that it is rare and listed as threatened in the National Red Lists of the Czech Republic, Germany and Switzerland. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is found throughout Europe from the south of Spain, north to Guernsey, Germany and Poland, and east towards Ukraine (Ebmer 1988). Outside of Europe the species is found as far east as China. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,312,553 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 456 km².",A rare species throughout it range. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.,"A species of warm biotopes on temperate grassland, shrubland, sand-, clay- and gravel pits, in loess exposures, vineyards and river banks (Westrich 1989). Lasioglossum limbellum nests in bare ground, in loess, sandy-clay or sand and is probably a solitary species (Westrich 1989).It is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, foraging from species in the families of Asteraceae (Hieracium, Cichorium intybus, Taraxacum officinale, Picris hieracioides) and Salicaceae (Salix sp.) (Westrich 1989). Ebmer (1971) lists Campanula (Campanulaceae) and Papaver (Papaveraceae). In central Europe, the females fly from early April (sometimes March) to mid October while the males fly from mid August to mid October.",The threats are unknown at the continental scale.,"This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,lineare,,Lasioglossum lineare,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is found from France and Germany towards southeastern Europe and European Russia. Outside of Europe the species is found in Asia Minor, Syria, Israel, Jordan, Armenia, Georgia and Iran (Ebmer 1974, 1995). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,913,497 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 624 km².",It is locally abundant in certain areas of Europe but overall it is rare. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,"The species is found on temperate grasslands and shrublands, dry hillsides, sand and clay pits, vineyards, river levees and waste places (Westrich 1989). In Greece, the species is known from phryganic Mediterranean shrublands. Lasioglossum lineare is a eusocial species. The species can nest in large aggregations (over 100 nests). The species may be either monogynous or polygynous. The workers in the summer brood are considerably smaller than the gynes (the primary reproductive female caste of social insects) (Westrich 1989).It is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarily on Asteraceae: Achillea millefolium, Cichorium intybus, Taraxacum officinale, Hieracium pilosella; Brassicaceae: Brassica napus; Ranunculaceae: Ranunculus bulbosus; Rosaceae: Potentilla reptans; Salicaceae: Salix sp .(Westrich 1989). Ebmer (1971) additionally cites Potentilla (Rosaceae); Origanum (Lamiaceae); Salix (Salicaceae) and Achillea (Asteraceae). In central Europe, females fly from mid-March to mid September; males from the end of July (Westrich 1989).","The threats to this species are unknown at a continental scale. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is known to inhabit in parts of its range, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.","This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,lissonotum,,Lasioglossum lissonotum,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species as it is rare, localised, and listed in the National Red Lists of three countries as it may require listing as threatened or Near Threatened in the future.",Unknown,"A predominantly steppic species found in central Europe, the Balkans, Greece and Romania (Ebmer 1988). It is not found outside of Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,112,528 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 280 km².",A rare species whose populations are fragmented in central Europe but less so in the Alps. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.,"A predominantly steppic species, it is associated with dry and warm localities such as sparse grasslands and dry hillsides on shelly-limestone (Westrich 1989). It is probably a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. The only confirmed pollen records are of Campanula (Campanulaceae) (Westrich 1989). Lasioglossum lissonotum is univoltine (it has one generation per year) but with an extended flight period. The females are active from the end of May to the beginning of August, with the males emerging from early July.",The threats to this species are unknown at a continental scale.,"This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,littorale,,Lasioglossum littorale,,,No,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) The species is listed as Near Threatened as the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 164 km2 and the quality and extent of the species' habitat is thought to be in decline due to developments for tourism and recreational activities. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under criteria B2b(iii). The subpopulations are also fragmented throughout Europe, although not severely enough to be considered threatened. Research is required to determine the population trends, ecology and any further threats to the species.",Unknown,"A Mediterranean species that is found from Spain east towards Greece and Ukraine. The subspecies colchicum occurs in Romania, Crimea (Ukraine), Rhodes (Greece) and Turkey; while the subspecies midas is found in Crete and the subspecies occitanum on the Balearic Islands and Spain (Blüthgen 1923, 1924; Ebmer 1972, 1976). Outside of Europe it is also found in Western Sahara, Morocco, Tunisia, and Libya (Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,403,173 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 164 km².","A rare species. The subpopulations are fragmented throughout Europe, although not severely enough to be threatened. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.","The species nests on sandy soils, mostly on the coast on sand dunes. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.","The extent and quality of the sandy habitats that are available for this species, in particular coastal dunes, are in continual decline due to developments for tourism and recreational activities.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, ecology, and further threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,lucidulum,,Lasioglossum lucidulum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, quite common, and there are no major continental scale threats to the species. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and ecology of the species.",Unknown,"A Euro-Siberian species, found from the south of Spain, as far north as Finland (65 °N) and as far east as Greece (Ebmer 1988). Outside of Europe the species is found from Morocco to Mongolia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,699,117 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,132 km².",A quite common species throughout its range. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.,"The species nests in sandy soils and can be found in most habitats that have these soil types such as coastal and inland dunes, sparse sandy grassland, sand-, clay- and gravel pits, waste places and woodland edges (Westrich 1989). The species is reported to be polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarily on Potentilla sp. (Rosaceae) and Pilosella officinarum (Asteraceae) (Söderman and Leinonen 2003). In Germany, Westrich (1989) lists: Daucus carota (Apiaceae); Achillea millefolia, Centaurea jacea, Taraxacum officinale, Leontodon hispidus (Asteraceae); Brassica napus (Brassicaceae) and Potentilla erecta (Rosaceae). Ebmer (1971) lists the following plants as forage species: Daucus (Apiaceae); Senecio, Achillea, Solidago (Asteraceae) and various Brassicaceae. The species is active from late April or early May to the end of September. The males emerge from mid-July. The bees Sphecodes niger and Nomada sheppardana are both cited as kleptoparasites of this species, in others words those that parasitise the nests of other species (Westrich 1989, Söderman and Leinonen 2003).",There are no known major threats to the species at a continental scale.,The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not known whether it occurs within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends and ecology of the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,majus,,Lasioglossum majus,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is no more than 2,000 km2 and the quality of habitat is in decline due to the increased use of fertilisers which has reduced the availability of suitable forage. The species is also listed as Vulnerable in three countries. Further research into the species' population size and trends should be conducted to determine if the species may be threatened.",Unknown,"Lasioglossum majus is widespread in Europe (Ebmer 1988) and is distributed from Spain as far east as Poland and Greece. According to Ebmer (1988), this species occurs in Ural and Tunisia but this is very dubious.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,487,169 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 484 km², however, the AOO is more likely to be closer to 2,000 km2.",The species is localized and not common but the population trend of this species is unknown.,"The species is known to inhabit meadows and grasslands. It is presumably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of plant species.",The species is threatened by the intensification of agriculture which causes the reduction of suitable habitat available to the species. The increase of fertiliser usage causes the reduction of forage available and thus reduces the habitat suitability.,"This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas although it would be good to create to protected areas to conserve this species. Further research should be conducted on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology, and threats to this species.",The species is not traded or commercially exploited.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,malachurum,,Lasioglossum malachurum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, it is very common, and there are no major continental scale threats to the species. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species to monitor for any potential declines in the species.",Stable,"A widespread species found from the Azores and the Canary Islands north to England and Denmark, and east towards Greece and Cyprus. Outside of Europe, it is found in north Africa, Asia Minor, the Caucasus and the Middle East (Ebmer 1995). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,681,109 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 6,476 km².","It is a very common species in central and southern Europe. In England, the species has increased in range (a marked northward spread), frequency and abundance in the last 25 years (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). There is no further information available for the population size or trend for this species.","A eusocial species that nests in aggregations. It is the most studied of the Halictid bees and there is a lot of information available on its behaviour and ecology in the literature (Westrich 1989, Wyman and Richards 2003). In the UK, it inhabits coastal cliffs and landslips, abandoned quarries, commons, chalk grassland and private gardens (BWARS 2014). Elsewhere it can be found on temperate grasslands and shrublands. It is univoltine (it has one generation per year) with an extended flight period, and it is broadly polylectic, in that it prefers to forage for pollen at a very wide range of plant species.",There are no major threats to the species at a continental scale.,This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It occurs within many protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,mandibulare,,Lasioglossum mandibulare,,,No,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 120 km2 and the population is also severely fragmented, in that there is little chance of genetic exchange between subpopulations throughout Europe due to its reliance upon salt marshs and other saline habitats. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under criteria B2a. Research is required to determine the population trends and any further threats to the species.",Unknown,"The species is found in Spain, Switzerland, Greece (including the East Aegean Island of Lesvos), Bulgaria, Romania, the former Yugoslavia (Bosnia and Macedonia), and Cyprus. Outside of Europe the species is found in Turkey, the Caucasus and the Middle East (Ebmer 1974, Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,253,678 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 120 km².","A rare and very localised species, with a severely fragmented population, in that there is little chance of genetic transfer between subpopulations, due to its reliance upon salt marshes and other saline habitats.","The species is found along the coast and perhaps inland, but most of the populations are found in salt marshes and around salinas. It is probably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, and has been observed at flowers of Tamarix (Tamaricaceae) on Lesvos (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). Ebmer (1971) lists Inula (Asteraceae) and Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) as forage plants. Lassioglossum mandiblare is univoltine (it has one generation per year), with an extended flight period from April to October. The details of its nesting behaviour and sociality are unknown.","The species may be threatened as it relies upon specific saline habitats in most areas of its known distribution and the population is severely fragmented which makes the species susceptible to any threats that may occur (this may include rising sea-levels which could impact negatively on the species). Beyond this, there is no further information available about the threats to these habitats at a continental scale.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,marginatum,,Lasioglossum marginatum,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are large, and there are no major threats to the species at a continental scale. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species to monitor for any potential declines in the species.",Unknown,"The species is found from Iberia, north to Germany and Austria, and east to Greece (Ebmer 1995, 2004). The species has also been found in southern European Russia. Outside of Europe, the species is found from Israel, Armenia, Pakistan, Indian Kashmir and Nepal. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,419,266 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 356 km².",It is a common species in much of southern Europe. Further details of the populations size and trends are not available.,"The species is found on steppic areas, Mediterranean-type shrubland, temperate grasslands and shrublands. The species will nest in bare ground in loess or clay soils, and in aggregations numbering over 100 nests. It is eusocial, and the gynes (the primary reproductive female caste of social insects) can live for up to five to six years. In the first year, the gynes raise a few workers (two to six). These long-lived workers then assist the gyne in enlarging the nest and in pollen foraging. The second season will raise further workers (up to 18). In the third year the colony can be increased in size to produce between up to 54 workers, in year four up to 162 workers, and in the fifth year to as many as 486. In the sixth year after establishment, colony sizes can increase up to 1,458 workers (see Westrich 1989). The males emerge in Autumn in much of the range but are active in early Spring in the Levant. Lasioglossum marginatum is broadly polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, and many flower visitation records have been noted. It is an important pollinator of alfalfa in the steppes of Eurasia (Pesenko et al. 2000). In the Levant, the spring-flying males are pollinators of the localised orchid Orchis galilea through pseudo-copulation (N. Machouka pers. comm. 2013). Knerer (1968) has suggested that the bee Sphecodes ruficrus is a kleptoparasite of this species (one that parasitises the nests of other species) but in Germany (and in many other parts of its known range) there are no known parasites (Westrich 1989).","It can possibly be threatened by the destruction of their nesting sites much more quickly as opposed to solitary species as they aggregate in large populations. Given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is known to inhabit in parts of its range, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species through the degradation of its habitat. However, throughout Europe the species is not threatened as it is quite common.","This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Rare; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,marginellum,,Lasioglossum marginellum,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 228 km2 and the species' population is severely fragmented, with little possibility of genetic transfer between subpopulations. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under criteria B2a. The species may qualify for listing as Endangered as it could be in continual decline due to a potential decrease in the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy and number of subpopulations/locations as it has rarely been found since the majority of the data was collected prior to the 1950s. It has also become extinct in Switzerland. Further research on the species population trends and threats should be conducted as the species may need to be uplisted to a threatened category in the future.",Unknown,"The species is found in central Europe and the Balkans. It has also been found in European Russia (Ebmer 1975, 1997). Outside of Europe, it has been found in Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,372,906 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 228 km².","It is very rare in some warm areas of central Germany, Austria and the Czech Republic. In the south, it is also localized and very rare from France to Macedonia and Bulgaria. The most recent records of the species are from Poissy near Paris, France in 2010 and 2011. However, most of the data in Europe were recorded prior to the 1950s. The population of the species is severely fragmented, in that there is little chance of genetic exchange between subpopulations.","A species of warm and steppic biotopes such as temperate shrubland and grassland, and Mediterranean-type shrubland. It is a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. Westrich (1989) lists the following pollen sources: Bellis perennis, Taraxacum offficinale, Hieracium pilosella (Asteraceae) and Salvia pratensis (Lamiaceae). Westrich (2006) adds the following pollen sources: Achillea millefolium (Asteraceae); Daucus carota (Apiaceae); Sinapis arvensis (Brassicaceae); Medicago lupulina, Onobrychis viciifolia (Fabaceae); Salvia pratensis (Lamiaceae); Papaver rhoeas (Papaveraceae). It has been recorded on Trifolium (Westrich 1990). Males have been recorded visiting Cirsium arense and Picris hieracioides. It has been found in the lower valley of the Don river and Pesenko (1972) reports occurrences upon Salvia tesquicola, Convolvulus arvense, Heracleum sibiricum and Brassica junceum. The species is possibly solitary (Westrich 1989). In Germany, more than 60 females were observed nesting in a vertical, easterly exposed clay cliff, created in 1988 by an excavator doing earthworks (Westrich 2006). The overwintering females emerge from early April and are active until the end of August. The males emerge from the end of July and fly to the end of September. Alfken (1909) cites the bee Sphecodes longulus as a kleptoparasite of this species, in other words a bee that parasitises the nests of other species. Amiet et al. (2001) suggest that Nomada bluethgeni might also be a kleptoparasite of L. marginellum. Westrich (2006) states that the bees Nomada sheppardana and Sphecodes geofrellus are kleptoparasites of this species.","The species may have suffered declines in its extent of occurrence and area of occupancy as there have been no recent recordings of the species and it has become extinct or near extinct in some countries. However, the causes are unknown and therefore the threats cannot be specified.","This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trend and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,maurusium,,Lasioglossum maurusium,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 52 km2 and the quality and extent of the species' habitat (calcareous grasslands), where its host plants, Salvia, are thought to be in continual decline. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under criteria B2b(iii). Research is required to determine the population trends and any further threats to the species.",Unknown,"The species is found in southern France and Spain including the Balearic Islands. It is also found in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia (Ebmer 1974). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 422,702 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km².",The species is rare. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.,"It inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland. It is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Salvia spp. (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2014). These plants occur on calcareous grassland, meso-Mediterranean and xerophytic habitats. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.","The species is oligolectic upon Salvia and these plant species are in decline in many areas of Europe through the loss of calcareous grasslands (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2014). The species is very much dependent on these plants as a food source and they are not widely available thus threatening L. maurusium. In central Europe, the decline of calcareous grasslands is probably due to the gradual abandonment of pastoralism and reforestation across Europe.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends, and further threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,mediterraneum,,Lasioglossum mediterraneum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread in the western Mediterranean, the populations are large and there are no major threats to the species at the continental scale. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.",Unknown,"This species is found in Spain and France and eastwards to Attica in Greece. It is also found in Morocco and Algeria (Packer et al. 1992, Ebmer 1995). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,595,832 km² and the area of occurrence (AOO) is 280 km².",This species is quite common in the western Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean. There is a disjunct subpopulation in Attiki (Greece). There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.,"The species appears to be predominantly found on the coast although there are some records inland in mountainous regions such as the Pyrenees. In Attiki (Greece), and doubtless elsewhere, it can occur in phryganic Mediterranean-type shrublands, temperate grasslands and semi-deserts. The details of the nesting biology and sociality of this species are unknown.It is probably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, and visitation has been observed at flowers of Thymelaea hirsuta (Thymelaeaceae), Scandix australis (Apiaceae), Cistus salvifolius (Cistaceae), Eruca vesicaria (Brassicaceae), Euphorbia acanthothamnos (Euphorbiacea), Salvia verbenacaeae (Lamiaceae) and Matricaria sp.(Asteraceae) (Petanidou 1994). Lasioglossum mediterraneum is a univoltine species (it has one generation per year), flying from April to August.","There are no major threats to the species, however, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities that it utilises in parts of its range, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends, habitat and ecology of the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,mesosclerum,,Lasioglossum mesosclerum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"A widespread species from Iberia to Greece, Turkey, Ukraine and European Russia (Ebmer 1988). It is also found in Asia Minor, the Caucasus and the Middle-East. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,884,257 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 372 km².",A rare species throughout its range. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.,"It occurs in steppic habitats such as Mediterranean-type shrublands, temperate shrublands and grasslands. In Libya, it has been observed in a floristically diverse disturbed ground with ruderals (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The species is probably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, and has been recorded visiting Medicago sativa, Trifollium sp. (Fabaceae), Stachys sp. and Thymus sp, (Lamiaceae). It is a univoltine species (it has one generation per year) with an extended flight period. It is active from April until the late summer.","The threats to this species are unknown, however, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities that it utilises in parts of its range, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.","This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,minutissimum,,Lasioglossum minutissimum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are common and there are no major threats to the species at the continental scale. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends.",Stable,"A widely distributed species throughout western Europe, from north to south, from England and Sweden (58°N) to the Azores, the Canary Islands and Sicily. Outside of Europe it can be found in Turkey and as far south as the Sahara (Ebmer 1974, 1976, 1985, 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,522,355 km² and the known area of occurrence (AOO) is 3,592 km².",A common species in Europe. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.,"The species mostly nests in sandy soils and can be found on grasslands, semi-deserts and Mediterranean-type shrublands. Westrich (1989) lists sand-, gravel- and clay-pits, mobile dunes, dry grasslands, open areas and a variety of ruderal and anthropogenic habitats in Germany. Perkins (1923) describes the species as often forming considerable nesting aggregations, although these are found today only very rarely. It is probably a solitary species (Knerer and Schwarz 1976).The species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarily on Salvia pratensis (Lamiaceae), Bellis perrennis, Taraxacun officinale and Hieracium pilosella (Asteraceae) (Westrich 1989). Knuth (1906) citing himself and others, reports pollen collecting at Ranunculus aquatilis (Ranunculaceae). It is a univoltine species (it has one generation per year), with an extended flight period. The females fly from mid April to early October, while the males fly from early July to the end of September. The bee Sphecodes longulus is reported to be a kleptoparasite of this species, in other words it parasitises the nests of other species (Stöckhert 1933). Smith (1848, 1876) reports a stylopised female, parasitised by the flying insect of the genus Stylops.",There are no major threats to the species at the continental scale.,The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It occurs within many protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,minutulum,,Lasioglossum minutulum,,,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"The species is listed as Near Threatened as the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 512 km2 and the quality and extent of the species' calcareous grassland habitat is known to be in continual decline from the decline in pastoralism and the increase in reforestation. The species is classified as Near Threatened under B2b(iii). The population is fragmented throughout Europe, although not severely enough to be threatened. Research is required to determine the population trends and any further threats to the species.",Unknown,"This species is distributed from northern Spain to the Netherlands, Belgium and Poland, and southeast towards Greece (Ebmer 1988). It is not found outside of Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,328,044 km² and the area of occurrence (AOO) is 512 km².",A rare species. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.,"The species occurs on calcareous soils and it nests in open areas, in particular on grasslands and rocky areas. Westrich (1989) lists vineyards, sheep grazed Juniper heathlands, and dry and sparse grasslands. The details of the nesting behaviour are unknown, but it is presumed to be a solitary species (Westrich 1989). Lasioglossum minutulum is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. Westrich (1989) lists the following species as pollen sources: Anthriscus sylvestris (Apiaceae); Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae); Ranunculus acris (Ranunculaceae); Frangula alnus (Rhamnaceae) and Salix sp. (Salicaceae). The overwintering females emerge from the beginning of April, and the males from the beginning of August.","The species relies largely upon calcareous soils and grassland and these areas, that are mostly restricted to protected areas, are in continual decline in Europe. In central Europe, the decline of calcareous grasslands is probably due to the gradual abandonment of pastoralism and the increase in reforestation.","This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is occurs within protected areas such as the Mercantour National Park in France. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and further threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,montivolans,,Lasioglossum montivolans,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species has only been found in Chelmos, the Peloponnese, Greece (Warncke 1982, 1984, Ebmer 1985). It may have also been found elsewhere in the Balkans, Turkey (Kuhlmann et al. 2014) and Iran.",A very rare species as there is currently only one confirmed record. There is no further population information on the species.,The species was found in the mountains of Greece. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,morio,,Lasioglossum morio,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the species is very common and there are no major threats at the continental scale. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends of species in the future.",Stable,"A widespread species throughout Europe, from the Azores and Iberia to Scandinavia, and from Great Britain to Greece (Ebmer 1988). Outside of Europe the species is found in the Caucasus. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 10,065,914 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 11,128 km².",A very common species throughout Europe. The population is believed to be stable.,"The species is ubiquitous and its habitats include anthropogenic places such as town parks and gardens, roadside verges, limestone grassland, chalk grassland, town parks and gardens, and disturbed waste ground (Westrich 1989). A gregarious species sometimes nesting in large aggregations. Chambers (1949) reported that in a Bedfordshire site the females were so numerous that the air was strongly pervaded by their scent for a distance of several feet from the bank in which they nested. The species is presumably eusocial with a summer brood of workers (Knerer 1968, 1969). The species is broadly polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. In Germany, Westrich (1989) lists the following species as pollen sources: Leucanthemum vulgare, Bellis perennis, Achillea millefolium, Taraxacum officinale, Hieracium pilosella (Asteraceae); Echium vulgare (Boraginaceae); Brassica napus, Brassica oleracea, Sinapis alba, Lobularia maritima, Berteroa incana (Brassicaceae); Jasione montana, Phyteuma nigrum, Campanula rotundifolia (Campanulaceae); Silene dioica (Caryophyllaceae); Convolvulus arvensis (Convolvulaceae); Hypericum perforatum (Hypericaceae); Lythrum salicaria (Lythraceae); Ranunculus acris, Pulsatilla vulgaris (Ranunculaceae); Potentilla verna, Potentilla reptans and Malus domestica (Rosaceae). The females fly from late March to the end of October, while the males fly from late June to late October (and rarely in early November). The species may occasionally be bivoltine (it has two generations per year) as R.C.L. Perkins (G.M. Spooner pers. comm. 1989) reported ""a colony in a Paignton [Devon] garden produced males and females in June: these females paired and provisioned cells, and gave a second brood in August"". G.H.L. Dicker (in. litt. 1985) has observed the bee, Sphecodes niger, around the nests of this species in Kent, and S.P.M. Roberts (pers. comm 2014) made similar observations in Middlesex, Wiltshire and in Oxfordshire. In Germany, Westrich (1989) records Sphecodes geoffrellus, S. niger, and Nomada furva as possible kleptoparasites of this species, or in other words bees that parasitise the nests of other bee species. Alfken (1913) additionally lists S. miniatus.",There are no major threats to the species at the continental scale.,"This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Finland (Critically Endangered; Rassi et al. 2001). However, the species is right at the northern edge of its extensive European range in Finland. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species in the future. The species occurs in many protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,musculoides,,Lasioglossum musculoides,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is found from Portugal to Morocco (Ebmer 1976, 1979, A. Pauly pers. obs. 2013). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 22,678 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².",The species is rare as it is only found in Portugal and Spain from three localities.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species but perhaps it is found on Mediterranean-type shrubland and temperate grassland.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,nigripes,,Lasioglossum nigripes,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the species is quite common and there are no major threats to the species at a continental scale.",Stable,"The species is predominantly found from Spain to the Balkans and to Germany and Austria (Ebmer 1995). The species is also found in Turkey, Israel and Syria. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,792,563 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,020 km².",The species is quite common and stable within its European range.,"It occurs within Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean habitats and it can be found in montane and lowland habitats such as temperate grasslands and Mediterranean-type shrublands. In Germany, Westrich (1989) reports sand and gravel pits, embankments, sparse grasslands and waste places. Nests may be constructed in sand or loess, and form small aggregations (two to six nests). The species is eusocial, with the gynes (the primary reproductive female caste of social insects) establishing their nests in the spring. The brood of workers and a few males emerge in the summer. Later in the season, the new generation of gynes and a cohort of larger males are produced (see Westrich 1989). It is a polylectic bee, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. Westrich (1989) lists the following species as pollen sources: Leucanthemum vulgare, Centaurea jacea, Cichorium intybus, Taraxacum officinale, Leontodon autumnalis, Picris hieracioides, Hypochoeris radicata (Asteraceae); Brassica napus, Sinapis alba (Brassicaceae); Convolvulus arvensis (Convolvulaceae); Lotus corniculatus (Fabaceae). Ebmer (1971) lists Lotus (Fabaceae); Taraxacum, Hieracium, Carduus, Centaurea (Asteraceae); Salvia (Lamiaceae) and Anchusa (Boraginaceae). Lasioglossum nigripes is univoltine (it has one generation per year), with an extended flight period. The overwintering females emerge at the end of April or early May, and the males fly from the beginning of August to the end of October. Knerer and Plateaux-Quénu (1970) cite the bee Sphecodes alternatus as a possible kleptoparasite of this species, in other words, one that parasitise the nests of other bee species. Grandi (1931) additionally reports seeing S. pellucidus entering a nest.",There are no major threats to the species at the continental scale.,"This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It has been found in Mercantour National Park in France and the Swiss Alps. Further research could be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,nitidiusculum,,Lasioglossum nitidiusculum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are often quite large in central Europe and there are no major threats to the species. It is listed as threatened in five National Red Lists, however most of these are at the limits of the species' distribution. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species.",Unknown,"A widely distributed species found from northern Spain as far north as 65 °N in Finland. The species spreads as far east as the Urals and Iran (Ebmer and Sakagami 1985). The subspecies pseudocombinatum is endemic to the island of Sardinia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,402,621 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,884 km².","The species is quite common in Europe. In Great Britain, there is evidence of decline since the late 1980s and it has been rarely encountered in the last 15 years (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species at a broad scale.","The species is considered to be a solitary mining bee. It is found in meadows, forests, amongst crops and some sandy habitats. In Great Britain, the species is usually associated with sandy soils, being mainly found in sand pits and on coastal dunes. It uses inland and coastal sites, although in southern England it is predominantly coastal (G.R. Else pers. comm. 2014). R.C.L. Perkins (1923) and Stelfox (1927) describe this bee in Devon (UK) and Ireland respectively as nesting in large aggregations. In Fife (Scotland) and near Arbroath, L. nitidiusculum is nesting in earth banks where the underlying geology is red sandstone. There is a preference for the lighter soil types in Fife, where in some areas concentrations of burrows can be found along a line of lighter sandy material, avoiding more dense soils (B. Little in litt. 2013). This is a solitary species (Westrich 1989). It is broadly polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, although it is most often found with pollen from yellow-flowered Asteraceae and Brassicaceae species. In Germany it forages from: Anthriscus sylvestris, Daucus carota (Apiaceae); Centaurea jacea, Taraxacum officinale, Leontodon autumnalis, Hypochoeris radicata (Asteraceae); Echium vulgare (Boraginaceae); Brassica napus, Sinapis alba, Alyssum montanum (Brassicaceae); Salix sp. (Salicaceae) and Veronica chamaedrys (Plantaginaceae) (Westrich 1989). Lasioglossum nitidiusculum is univoltine (it has one generation per year), with an extended flight period. The females fly from mid-March or early April to September or October, and males fly from mid-June to mid-September.",There are no major threats to the species at the continental scale.,"This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Finland (Vulnerable; Rassi et al. 2001), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Ireland (Vulnerable; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006), the Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Sweden (Vulnerable; Gärdenfors 2010). It does occur within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,nitidulum,,Lasioglossum nitidulum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, very common and there are no major threats to the species at the continental scale.",Stable,"A widespread species throughout Europe with a number of subspecies. The nominal subspecies is found in western Europe, except the Atlantic coast and British Islands, and north to Sweden (56°N) and southward to Calabria in Italy. The subspecies aeneidorsum occurs in the steppes of central Germany (Berlin), eastwards to the Urals and southwards to the northern Balkans. The subspecies fudakowskii inhabits the Mediterranean zone of the Balkans, from Istria to Asia Minor (Bursa). The subspecies hammi is insular on the Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily; it has also been found on a small island near Benidorm (Spain) and on the island Guiglio on the Italian coast. The subspecies cretense is endemic to Crete. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,544,335 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 3,944 km².",The species is very common and the populations are stable within Europe.,"It nests in the crevices between rocks on calcareous landscapes and also in old walls in towns and cities. Westrich (1989) lists dry waste places, sunny vineyards, dry walls and earthy banks. Details of nest architecture are unknown and the true social status is also uncertain. Westrich (1989) states that it is probably a solitary species. Pesenko et al. (2000) however suggest that phenological data indicates that the species is primitively eusocial. Lasioglossum nitidulum is a broadly polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, known to visit plants in 12 families. The pollen sources include: Anthriscus sylvestris (Apiaceae); Leucanthemum vulgare, Inula ensifolia, Cirsium vulgare, Centaurea jacea, Cichorium intybus, Taraxacum officinale, Picris hieracioides, Hieracium pilosella (Asteraceae); Echium vulgare (Boraginaceae); Brassica napus, Sinapis alba, Isatis tinctoria, Alyssum saxatile, Alyssum montanus, Bunias orientalis (Brassicaceae); Campanula poscharskyana, Jasione montana, Jasione laevis (Campanulaceae); Heliantheum numularium (Cistaceae); Nepeta cataria, Salvia nemorosa (Lamiaceae); Allium porrum (Alliaceae); Papaver rhoeas (Papaveraceae); Ranunculus acris, Ranunculus repens, Consolida regalis (Ranunculaceae); Potentilla reptans (Rosaceae) and Verbascum thapsus (Plantaginaceae). A univoltine species (it has one generation per year) with an extended flight period. The overwintering females emerge from the end of March or early April, and the males form the beginning of July.",There are no major threats to the species at a continental scale.,This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Research could be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,niveocinctum,,Lasioglossum niveocinctum,,,No,,,No,NE,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Not Applicable as there is only one record of this species in pan-Europe and this is thought to constitute &lt;1% of it's global population. Therefore the species is Not Applicable for further assessment in Europe. The species does not occur in the EU 27 area.,Unknown,"Lasioglossum niveocinctum is recorded from southern European Russia. There is one record only (Astrakhan). The species is mainly distributed throughout Siberia, central Asia and Mongolia.",The species is rare as it is only known from one locality in the pan-European region.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species but perhaps it occurs on temperate grassland.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,obscuratum,,Lasioglossum obscuratum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little to no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"A predominantly eastern European species with a continento-pontic distribution. It is found from Poland south towards Greece and Cyprus. It is also found in the Middle East and central Asia (Ebmer 1995). There are two subspecies: the nominal one and L. o. acerbum. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,013,215 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 148 km².",It is a rare species in Europe. There is no further information on the population size and trends.,"A steppic species of eastern Europe most probably inhabiting Mediterranean-type shrubland, temperate shrubland and temperate grassland. The details of the social and nesting behaviour are unknown, although Pesenko et al. (1999) suggest that the species might be eusocial.The species is presumed to be polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. Flower records are only available from the southern part of the species' range. Mavromoustakis (cited in Ebmer 1971) lists the following forage sources in Cyprus: Mentha longifolia, Nepeta troodi, (Lamiacae); Berberis cretica (Berberidaceae); Gagea chlorantha (Liliaceae); Lithospermum hispidulum (Boraginaceae); Thymelaea hirsuta (Thymeleaceae); Calendula persica (Asteraceae) and Tamarix (Tamaricaceae). In Lesvos, it is known to visit Cistus (Cistaceae) and Anthemis (Asteraceae). A univoltine species (it has one generation per year) with an extended flight period, active from February to August (on Cyprus).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,orihuelicum,,Lasioglossum orihuelicum,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species has only been found in southern Spain and Portugal (Ebmer 1974, 1979, Warncke 1982). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 60,772 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².",A very rare species possibly with a fragmented distribution. There are no further details on the population size and trends.,"The species has been found in damp places in localities in Spain. In the Parque Nacional de Coto Doñana and the surrounding Parque Natural, L. orihuelicum was found flying over exposed sandy paths in areas of mature dehesa (S. Roberts pers. comm 2014). It is almost certainly nesting in the sand in these areas. There is no further information on the habitat and ecology of the species.","The specific threats to this species are unknown although the sandy coastal areas of much of southern Spain and Portugal are under pressure from tourism and leisure developments, in addition to increased market gardening to supply early season soft fruit and therefore increasing habitat loss.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It occurs within the Parque Nacional de Coto Doñana and the surrounding Parque Natural protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,pallens,,Lasioglossum pallens,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of the wide distribution and stable populations. However the species is threatened by warmer winters caused by climate change, and it is also considered threatened in two countries and appears on their National Red Lists.",Stable,"Lasioglossum pallens is a western Palearctic species that is found in western and central Europe (Ebmer 1988). Outside of Europe, it is found from Morocco to Iran. The subspecies L.p kantharae has been described from Cyprus.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,100,824 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 504 km².","Overall, this species is common, although it is very rare in Belgium (where it is at the northern limit of its range). The population trend is stable.","The species inhabits meadows and forest edges. The phenology of L. pallens is quite particular as males and females fly in spring while most of Lasioglossum fly in summer. The species is polylectic, in that it forages on wide range of plant species. The females are known to visit Ranunculus spp. (Ranunculaceae), Tarxacum spp. (Asteraceae), Salix spp. (Salicaceae) and Prunus spp (Rosaceae). The species nests in aggregations (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).","The species is threatened by climate change as sometimes the males emerge in winter (rather than spring) and, at that time of year, there is not enough forage available for the species. This mismatch in phenology between the insects and potential forage plants will prevent successful breeding. As the species aggregates when nesting this means that any threat or change in habitat can affect a larger proportion of nesting individuals.","This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted on the population size, trends, and any further threats to this species should be determined.",The species is not traded or commercially exploited.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,parvulum,,Lasioglossum parvulum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are common and stable, and there are no major threats to the species. However, research should be conducted to consider the trends in population and to identify any threats.",Stable,"A west palearctic species from Iberia to Bulgaria and as far north as southern England. In the south it is predominantly found in the mountains such as the Sierra Nevada range in Spain, Aspromontes in Calabria, Italy, mountains in Greece, and the Taurus Mountains in Turkey. Outside of Europe, it is found as far as Iran (Ebmer and Sakagami 1985). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,685,049 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4,160 km².",The species is quite common and the populations are believed to be stable in central Europe.,"Lasioglossum parvulum can be found in meadows, forest edges, montane habitats and presumably Mediterranean-type shrublands. Westrich (1989) lists open areas, dry hillsides, diverse landscapes with vineyards, fields and orchards, sand and gravel pits. The species nests in banks and vertical earth faces and seems to normally nest in small, rather compact aggregations, these having been observed in an open, steep, sandy slope, in the soil adhering to the roots of a fallen tree in woodland (G.R. Else pers. comm. 2014). Its social status is not known but it is probably a solitary species (Westrich 1989).This species is polylectic foraging from: Leucanthemum vulgare, Tussilago farfara, Taraxacum officinale, Picris hieracioides (Asteraceae); Campanula rotundifolia (Campanulaceae); Ranunculus bulbosus (Ranunculaceae) and Salix sp. (Salicaceae)(Westrich 1989). Ebmer (1971) lists Salix (Salicaceae); Campanula (Campanulaceae); Tussilago (Asteraceae) and Salvia (Lamiaceae).Lasioglossum parvulum is univoltine (it has one generation per year), with an extended flight period. Females fly from late March or April to late September, and males from late July to mid-September. The bees Sphecodes geoffrellus and Nomada sheppardana are possible kleptoparasites of this species, in that they parasitise the nests of other bee species (Perkins 1923). Westrich (1989) additionally cites the bee Nomada distinguenda as a possible kleptoparasite.",There are no major threats to the species at a continental scale.,"This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is found within the Sierra Nevada National Park in Spain and Aspromonte National Park in Italy. Further research should be conducted to identify any threats to the species and to study the trends in population.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,pauperatum,,Lasioglossum pauperatum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread in western Europe, the populations are strong in the Mediterranean area, and there are no known major threats to the species at a continental scale. However, research should be conducted to define the habitat and ecology of the species and to keep populations under surveillance in areas where the species is considered threatened.",Unknown,"A widespread species in western Europe, from Iberia to Greece and Bulgaria, and as far north as southern England (Ebmer 2000). In the south it can found at high altitudes, for example in Spain it is found up to 2,000 m asl in Sierra de Guadarrama. Outside of Europe it is found in the Maghreb from Morocco to Tunisia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,923,112 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,028 km².",The populations are strong in the Mediterranean area. There is no information on population size and trends.,"It can be found in Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean habitats such as Mediterranean-type shrubland and lowland heathland. In southern England, this species shows a strong preference for sandy soils, both inland and on the coast (S. Roberts pers. obs. 2000).  The details of the nesting habits and social status are unknown. Lasioglossum pauperatum is probably polylectic (Westrich 1989) and is known to visit Echium plantagineum (Boraginaceae); Senecio jacobaea, S. integrifolius, Crepis (Asteraceae) and Centaurium tenuifolium (Primulaceae) but it is not known if these are pollen sources. The bee is univoltine (it has one generation per year), but with an extended flight period. The females fly from mid-April to mid-October, and the males from mid-July to early October.",There are no known major threats to the species at a continental scale.,"This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987) and Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994). Lasioglossum pauperatum occurs within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the habitat and ecology of the species and to monitor the status in those countries where it is threatened.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,pauxillum,,Lasioglossum pauxillum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, often very common, there are no major threats to the species at a continental level and because it is apparently increasing in both range and abundance in the northerly parts of its range.",Stable,"A widespread species from Iberia and southern England to Poland and southeastern Europe. Outside of Europe, it is found from Morocco to Tunisia, and to the Middle East, the Caucasus, Asia Minor and central Asia (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,533,180 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 6,256 km².",A very common species that is known to be significantly expanding its range northwards in Britain (S. Roberts pers. comm 2014). There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.,"An ubiquitous species that can be found in meadows, chalk grasslands and woodlands. It nests individually in small to large aggregations, mainly on level, sparsely vegetated soil. The turret-like nest entrance is illustrated by Westrich (1989). Lasioglossum pauxillum is a eusocial species (Knerer 1968, Knerer and Plateaux-Quénu 1966a, 1966b). The colonies can be mono- or polygynous and can contain from three to 25 individuals (Westrich 1989). It is a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. In Germany, records include: Acer campestre (Aceraceae); Aegopodium podagraria (Apiaceae); Leucanthemum vulgare, Erigeron annuus, Tripleurospermum inodorum, Tanacetum vulgare, Cirsium vulgare, Cirsium arvense, Cichorium intybus, Taraxacum officinale, Leontodon autumnalis, Picris hieracioides, (Asteraceae); Brassica napus, Sinapis alba, Cardamine pratensis (Brassicaceae); Stellaria holostea, Lychnis flos-cuculi (Caryophyllaceae); Helianthemum nummularium (Cistaceae); Lotus corniculatus, Medicago lupulina (Fabaceae); Geranium pratense (Geraniaceae); Hypericum perforatum (Hypericaceae); Salvia pratensis (Lamiaceae); Ornthogalum umbellatum (Liliaceae); Linum tenuifolium (Linaceae); Ranunculus acris, Ranunculus repens, Consolida regalis (Ranunculaceae); Reseda lutea (Resedaceae); Potentilla verna, Potentilla reptans (Rosaceae) and Galium mollugo (Rubiaceae) (Westrich 1989). It is univoltine (it has one generation per year), but with an extended flight period. The females fly from mid-April to late September, and males from July to October. Two possible kleptoparasites of L. pauxillum (species that parasitise the nests of other species) in continental Europe are the bees Sphecodes crassus (Stöckhert 1933) and S. ferruginatus (Westrich 1989).",There are no major threats to the species at a continental scale.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It has been found in Mercantour National Park (France), throughout the Alps and parts of the Pyrenees and in many other protected areas elsewhere in its broad range.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,perclavipes,,Lasioglossum perclavipes,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the population status of this species.",Unknown,"Lasioglossum perclavipes is a Mediterranean species that occurs in Spain, Italy (mainland, Sicily, Sardinia), Greece, Crete and European Turkey (Ebmer 1972). Outside of Europe, it is also present in Morocco and Algeria.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,383,844 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 76 km2.",This species is rare and has a fragmented distribution. No further information is available on either the population size or trend of this species.,"In Sicily, Quaranta et al. (2004) states that the species can occur in both agricultural landscapes and in coastal sand dunes. There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, distribution, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,peregrinum,,Lasioglossum peregrinum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. At the limits of its distribution in Switzerland, it appears threatened. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"A central to eastern Mediterranean species found from Switzerland to Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey, Israel, Georgia, Armenia and Iran (Ebmer 1997). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 965,584 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 104 km².",A rare species within Europe. There is no further information available for the population size and trends for this species.,The species inhabits Mediterranean habitats such as Mediterranean-type shrublands. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,phoenicurum,,Lasioglossum phoenicurum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"A Macaronesian species found on the Canary Islands, Cape Rhir (Morocco) and on the Atlantic coast of the Sahara (Ebmer 1993, LaRoche in Pesenko and Pauly 2005). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,701 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².",A rare species on the Canary islands. There is no information about the overall size of the population or any indication in trends.,A sub-tropical species that has been found on the coast so it probably nests in sand and possibly in Mediterranean-type shrubland. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,pleurospeculum,,Lasioglossum pleurospeculum,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species as it has been recently described. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is found in Germany, Switzerland and Austria (Herrmann 2001). It has not been found outside of Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,407 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km², although these values may be underestimated as it is a recently described species.",A rare species. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.,It has been found in valleys and it probably nests within sandy soils. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Data Deficient; Westrich et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,podolicum,,Lasioglossum podolicum,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 100 km2 and it is a severely fragmented species with little chance of genetic exchange between subpopulations. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under criteria B2ba. Research is required to determine the population trends and any threats to the species as it may require uplisting to a threatened status.,Unknown,"A steppic species found in Spain, Switzerland, Sicily, Croatia, Hungary, Greece and Ukraine. Outside of Europe, it is found in Turkey and Iran (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,514,614 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 100 km².","A rare species with a severely fragmented population, with little or no chance of genetic exchange between the subpopulations.",This steppic species has been found on the slopes of mountains and valleys. There is no further information on the habitat and ecology.,The threats to this species are unknown apart from the fact that the population in Europe is severely fragmented.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,politum,,Lasioglossum politum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, very common, and there are no major threats to the species at a continental scale.",Stable,"The nominal subspecies is transpalaearctic, from Iberia to the Urals, north to Berlin and Belgium. The subspecies atomarium lives in west Asia, Turkey, Israel, Turkestan, Iran, and Egypt. The subspecies pekingense inhabits the north of China and Japan (Ebmer 1985, 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,316,484 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,268 km².","A very common and apparently stable species, especially in Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean areas.","The species occurs in open areas, river levees, sparsely vegetated areas, and diverse landscapes with vineyards, sand and gravel pits and man-made habitats (Westrich 1989) as well as Mediterranean-type shrublands. The nests are constructed in bare ground in sandy or loessic banks (Westrich 1989), and can form large aggregations. The species is eusocial with monogynous nest establishment and a strongly differentiated worker caste. The workers are probably responsible for the rearing of the males in the summer generation as well as the young gynes (the primary reproductive female caste of social insects).A polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. Westrich (1989) lists the following plant species as pollen sources: Anthriscus sylvestris, Daucus carota (Apiaceae); Leucanthemum vulgare, Tanacetum vulgare, Achillea millefolium, Cichorium intybus, Picris hieracioides, Taraxacum officinale, Hieracium pilosella (Asteraceae); Echium vulgare (Boraginaceae); Brassica napus, Sinapis alba (Brassicaceae); Jasione montana (Campanulaceae); Lythrum salicaria (Lythraceae); Ranunculus polyanthemos (Ranunculaceae); Potentilla reptans, Malus domestica (Rosaceae) and Veronica chamaedrys (Plantaginaceae). Ebmer (1971) lists the following plants as forage species: Achillea, Taraxacum, Solidago (Asteraceae); Heracleum, Daucus (Apiaceae); Filipendula, Potentilla (Rosaceae); Campanula (Campanulaceae); Sedum (Crassulaceae); Papaver (Papaveraceae); Salix (Salicaceae); Mentha, Salvia (Lamiaceae); Veronica (Scrophulariaceae) and Saxifraga (Saxifragaceae). A bivoltine species (it has two generations per year). The overwintering females emerge at the beginning of April, and the males fly from the beginning of July to the end of September.","There are no major threats to the species at a continental scale, however, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is known to inhabit in parts of its range, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.",The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,prasinum,,Lasioglossum prasinum,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,292 km2, and there is a continued decline in the extent and quality of habitat, and the number of individuals. The coastal and inland dunes need to be conserved in order to protect this species as does sandy lowland heathland.",Decreasing,"Lasioglossum prasinum is a western Palearctic species. The nominal subspecies, Lasioglossum prasinum prasinum is present in southern England, France, and Morocco. The subspecies L. p. haemorrhoidale occurs along the Mediterranean basin, the Belgian coast, Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Croatia and Greece (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,816,147 km² and the area of occupancy is (AOO) is 1,292 km².","The species is locally common in suitable habitat. As the habitat is decreasing, the population is suspected to be decreasing too. Further information on the population size and trend is unknown.","The species mainly inhabits coastal dunes and is known to inhabit inland dunes, in particular those that are covered by bryophytes or are dominated by Erica tetralix, Vaccinium spp., and in the Mediterranean, Cistus spp. In Great Britain and the Netherlands, the species is very closely associated with lowland heathland, dominated by Calluna vulgaris and other Ericaceous dwarf shrubs. The species is polylectic, in that it forages upon a wide range of plant species, but it prefers the above stated forage plants. It likes to nest in compacted sandy soils and can form loose aggregations in suitable places (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).","The coastal dunes are threatened by the urbanization and tourist development and lowland heathland by succession to woodland, urban and infrastructure development, afforestation and mineral extraction.","This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), and Lithuania (Vulnerable; Rašomavičius 2007). It occurs in protected areas but more coastal and inland dunes should be protected and maintained as should lowland heathland. Further research should be conducted on the population status, trends, and threats to this species.",The species is not traded or commercially exploited.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,pseudocaspicum,,Lasioglossum pseudocaspicum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the population status of this species.",Unknown,"Lasioglossum pseudocaspicum is distributed in south-eastern Europe (Croatia, Greece, Hungary) and Turkey (Blüthgen 1925, 1931; Ebmer 1974, 1988). It is also found a far north as the Czech Republic. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 45,656 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km².",This species is rare. No further information is available for either the population size or trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, distribution, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,pseudoplanulum,,Lasioglossum pseudoplanulum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is found in southern France, Portugal, Spain, the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands. Outside of Europe the species is found from Morocco to Libya (Ebmer 2000). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 923,362 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 184 km².","The species is quite common in southern Spain, but less so elsewhere. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.",A Mediterranean species that probably inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,punctatissimum,,Lasioglossum punctatissimum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, common and there are no major threats to the species at a continental scale.",Stable,"The species is found from Ireland eastwards to the Urals, and as far north as Finland (62°N). Outside of Europe, it is found from Morocco to Iran. The subspecies angustifrons occurs in southern Iberia and North Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,990,523 km² and the area of occurrence (AOO) is 5,732 km².",A common species thoroughout central and northern Europe. There is no detailed information on overall population size or trends,"The species inhabits grasslands, semi-deserts, Mediterranean-type shrublands and heathlands. In Germany it is associated with vineyards, and dry hillsides on limestone and loessic soils, diverse landscapes with orchards, woodland rides and man-made habitats (Westrich 1989). It nests in sandy or clay soils but details of the nesting habits and social status are unknown. In Germany the species is recorded from: Tanacetum vulgare, Achillea filipendulina, Cichorium intybus, Taraxacum officinale, Hieracium sp. (Asteraceae); Vaccinium myrtillus (Ericaceae); Lotus corniculatus, Trifolium repens (Fabaceae); Allium cepa (Liliaceae); Ranunculus acris (Ranunculaceae); Potentilla reptans, Rubus fruticosus (Rosaceae) and Veronica chamaedrys (Scrophulariaceae) (Westrich 1989). Ebmer (1971) lists Potentilla (Rosaceae) and Erica (Ericaceae) as forage plants. It is univoltine (it has one generation per year), with an extended flight period. The females fly from early April to October, whereas the males fly from mid-July to September. Söderman and Leinonen (2003) suggest that the bee Sphecodes miniatus and, possibly, Nomada furva may be kleptoparasites (species that parisitises the nests of others) of this species in continental Europe. Westrich (1989) cites Sphecodes crassus and Nomada furva as kleptoparasites.",There are no major threats to the species at the continental scale.,This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010). It occurs within protected areas.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,puncticolle,,Lasioglossum puncticolle,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, quite common and there are no major threats to the species at the continental level.",Stable,"Lasioglossum puncticolle is found from Spain to Poland and from southern England to Greece (Ebmer 1988). The species was also recorded in north Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,828,108 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,172 km².",The species is quite common. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.,"The species occurs in meadows, in open woodlands and on the coast (limestone and soft rock cliffs, grazing marshes) (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). It is considered to be a eusocial species, with a brood of workers which cannot be distinguished from the gyne (the primary reproductive female caste of social insects) (Westrich 1989). The social behaviour requires further investigation. Ebmer (1971) states that the species is often found in large colonies (aggregations) in the banks of clay pits. In Germany, the species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with pollen being obtained from Ranunculus (Ranunculaceae), Cirsium vulgare, Taraxacum officinale, Leontodon autumnalis and Hieracium pilosella (Asteraceae) (Westrich 1989). In the summer, the species shows a preference for yellow flowered Asteraceae. Lasioglossum puncticolle is univoltine (it has one generation per year), with an extended flight period. The females fly from late May to late September, the males from mid-August to the end of September.",There are no major threats to the species at the continental scale.,This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994). It occurs within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the habitat and ecology of the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,pygmaeum,,Lasioglossum pygmaeum,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 904 km2 and the quality and extent of the species' calcareous habitat is thought to be continually in decline. The species would qualify as Near Threatened under criteria B2b(iii). The population is somewhat fragmented throughout Europe, although not severely enough to be threatened. Research is required to determine the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and any further threats to the species.",Unknown,"The subspecies pygmaeum is often found on limestone soil and is found from Morocco to Tunisia, and from Portugal, northwards to southern Netherlands, eastwards into the Carpathians and the Balkans where it meets with the subspecies pattulum. The subspecies pattulum spreads from the Balkans and Carpathians to Asia Minor, Afghanistan and Kashmir, and its centre of abundance is in Greece and Turkey (Ebmer 2000). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,283,256 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 904 km².",A rare species. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.,"This solitary species occurs on calcareous soils in meadows, forest glades and edges, dry places and extensive vineyards (Westrich 1989). The details of nesting behaviour and sociality are unknown. Lasioglossum pygmaeum is almost certainly polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. There are records of it collecting pollen from Betula sp. (Betulaceae), Onobrychis viciifolia (Fabaceae) and Salvia pratensis (Lamiaceae) (Westrich 1989). It is a univoltine species (it has one generation per year) and the overwintering females appear at the beginning of May and the males in July.","The species inhabits calcareous grasslands, most of which are now found in protected areas, and are now in decline. Therefore, as the species is rare, it is most probably threatened as a result of declining habitat availability and quality. In central Europe, the decline of calcareous grasslands is probably due to the gradual abandonment of pastoralism and reforestation.","This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Threatened but level unknown; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and further threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,quadrinotatulum,,Lasioglossum quadrinotatulum,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy is 788 km2 and the quality and extent of the species' sandy soil habitat is thought to be in steady decline. The population is also fragmented throughout Europe, although not severely enough to be a threat in itself. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under criteria B2b(iii). Research is required to determine the population size, trends and any further threats to the species.",Unknown,"The species is found from Spain, Italy and Greece in the south and as far north as Finland at 62°N. It is also found in Siberia and Baikal (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,888,883 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 788 km².","The species is quite common in the Netherlands because of the extensive sandy areas available in which the species nests. In the rest of Europe, it is rare and localised. Many of the records are old with some dating back to the 1950s.","The species inhabits temperate shrublands and is typically found in sandy areas such as mobile dunes, sand and gravel pits, sandy waste grounds and sandy heathlands. In the Kaiserstuhl, it occurs at the edges of vineyards on loessic soils (Westrich 1989). A solitary species which can form large nesting aggregations of over 100 nests (Westrich (1989). Lasioglossum quadrinotatulum is probably a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, although no pollen analysis has yet been undertaken (Westrich 1989). It is a long lived, but univoltine species (it has one generation per year). The flight period is from mid-May to late August in Finland (Söderman and Leinonen 2003), In Germany, the females emerge in April and the males fly from the end of July to the beginning of October (Westrich 1989). The bees Sphecodes ephippius and S. hyalinatus have been cited as kleptoparasites of this species (Westrich 1989, Söderman and Leinonen 2003).",The species is threatened through the reduction in availability of its sandy soil habitats. The extent and quality of the species' sandy habitats within its range are thought to be in continual decline through reforestation and urbanization after the extraction of sand. This habitat loss therefore threatens this species.,"This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Finland (Vulnerable; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Norway (Endangered; Kålås et al. 2010), Sweden (Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and any further threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,quadrinotatum,,Lasioglossum quadrinotatum,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,300 km2, and the extent and quality of the habitat is in decline as the lowland heath is threatened by succession to woodland, urban infrastructure developments, afforestation and mineral extraction, while the population of the species is considered as declining. The species is also threatened in three countries.",Decreasing,"Lasioglossum quadrinotatum is a western Palearctic species that occurs from the UK and Spain, in the west, to Lithuania and Estonia in the east (Ebmer 1988), and as far north as Öland island and as far south as Greece. Outside of Europe, it occurs in Iran and central Asia.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,179,027 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,300 km².","Lasioglossum quadrinotatum is rare but used to be common in the past, therefore the population trend of the species can said to be in decline (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).","A species of sandy heaths, chalk grassland and woodland (Westrich 1989, S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013, Peeters et al. 2012), and in Poland it is known from open dry areas such as dry meadows and roadsides (Pasenko et al. 2000). It is univoltine (it has one generation per year), with an extended flight period. The females are active from late March or April to late September, and the males from late July to the end of September. The nesting habits are apparently unknown, although Westrich (1989) states that it is probably a solitary species. It is a broadly polylectic species, and forages at a wide range of plant species.","The specific threats to this species are unknown, however, lowland heathland is generally threatened by succession to woodland, urban and infrastructure development, afforestation and mineral extraction.","This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Critically Endangered/Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994). It occurs in protected areas. Further research should be conducted on the population status, trends, habitat, ecology, and threats to this species.",The species is not traded or commercially exploited.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,quadrisignatum,,Lasioglossum quadrisignatum,,,No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii)",No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)The species is listed as Endangered (EN) as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 356 km2, the species is severely fragmented in that there is little chance of genetic transfer between subpopulations, and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of the species as it is declining in Germany, extinct in Switzerland and no recent records of the species have been found. Research is required to determine any further threats to the species.",Decreasing,"The species is found in southern and central Europe, from Spain north to Germany and east to Ukraine, Bulgaria and Greece. Outside of Europe, the species is found in Turkey, the Caucasus and Iran (Ebmer 1997). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,042,751 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 356 km².","A very rare and localised species. Most of records are very old and are from before the 1950s. There have only been a few recent recordings all from the south of Europe. This would indicate a serious long-term decline in the population in central Europe. This is also justified by the fact that it is has become extinct in Switzerland and is declining in Germany. Overall it seems as though the species population is in continuing decline. Its population is now also severely fragmented, in that there is little chance of genetic exchange between subpopulations.","The species is thought to occur on steppic habitats such as temperate grasslands and Mediterranean-type shrublands, including dry bare areas and woodland edges (Westrich 1989). The details of the nesting behaviour and sociality are unknown.It is a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. Westrich (1989) lists the following plant species as pollen sources: Echium vulgare (Boraginaceae); Sedum reflexum (Crassulaceae); Onobrychis viciifolia; and Trifolium repens (Fabaceae). Ebmer (1971) additionally lists Ballota (Lamiaceae) as a forage plant.Lasioglossum quadrisignatum is a univoltine species (it has one generation per year). The females are active from early April. The details of the phenology of the males are unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown apart from the fact that the population is severely fragmented and in continuous decline.,"This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine any further threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,ragusanum,,Lasioglossum ragusanum,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the population status of this species.It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,Lasioglossum ragusanum is endemic to Europe. There are only two records from Croatia and Montenegro (Ebmer 1975). The area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².,This species is rare. No further information is available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, distribution, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,rostratum,,Lasioglossum rostratum,,,No,,,No,NE,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Not Applicable as there is only one record of this species in pan-Europe and this is thought to constitute &lt;1% of it's global population. Therefore the species is Not Applicable for further assessment in Europe.,Unknown,"Lasioglossum rostratum is distributed from European Russia to China (Ebmer 1982, 1998). There is only one record in the pan-European region.",The species is rare as it is only known from one record in the pan-European region.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,rufitarse,,Lasioglossum rufitarse,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are large and stable in northern and central Europe, and there are no major threats to the species at a continental scale.",Stable,"A widespread palaearctic boreo-alpine species found from Great Britain east to Kamchatka and as far north as Finland at 67°N. It is also found at low altitudes, often in the forest, between the Alps and Scandinavia. It does not reach the mountains in the far south of Europe, the southernmost occurrences are in the Alps and the Pyrenees (Ebmer and Sakagami 1985, Ebmer 1988). Outside of Europe, the species is found in the Caucasus, northwest Iran, Central Asia (one known location: Kazakhstan, Alma Ata), northwest China, North Korea and Kamchatka. In the Nearctic it is found from Alaska to Labrador, south to Ontario and Michigan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,409,189 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 5,432 km².",The species is common in northern and central Europe.,"A boreo-alpine species found in alpine meadows, wooded areas in the mountains, woodland edges and clearings, and upland moorlands (Westrich 1989). In Charnwood Forest, UK, Spooner (1946) observed the species nesting in all sorts of earth exposures, including the soil attached to the roots of fallen trees. Gardner (1901c) states that in Lancashire and Cheshire the nesting burrows are excavated gregariously, generally in banks at the sides of ditches. In Warwickshire, Morice (1889) also noted the species nesting in the side of a ditch. It is considered to be a solitary species (Knerer and Schwarz 1976). Lasioglossum rufitarse is a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, and in Germany, pollen records are from the following species: Hieracium pilosella (Asteraceae); Vaccnium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea (Ericaceae); Ranunculus acris (Ranunculaceae) and Rubus fruticosus (Rosaceae)(Westrich 1989). Ebmer (1971) additionally lists Solidago (Asteraceae). It is a univoltine species (it has one generation per year) with an extended flight period. The females fly from early April (later in the mountains of central Europe) to the beginning of October, and the males from mid-July to at least late August.",There are no major threats to the species at a continental scale.,This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Ireland (Vulnerable; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006). It occurs within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the ecology of the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,rupestre,,Lasioglossum rupestre,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Lasioglossum rupestre was found in Delphi in Greece and also in Turkey (Warncke 1984, Ebmer 1995). There is one record only from Europe.",It is a rare species as it has only been found in one locality in Greece.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species but presumably it can inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,sabulosum,,Lasioglossum sabulosum,,,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 292 km2 and the quality and extent of the species' habitat is thought to be in decline due to habitat loss from reforestation and urbanisation after extraction of sand. It is also fragmented throughout Europe due its specific nesting habitat, although it is not fragmented enough to be severe and therefore listed in a threatened category. Research is required to determine the population trends and any further threats to the species.",Unknown,"The species is found in Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland (Herrmann and Doczkal 1999). The species is not found outside of Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 477,831 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 292 km².",A rare species. There is no further information available for either the population size or trend for this species.,It can be found on sandy soils and requires a large area of habitat such as heathlands with Calluna sp. (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The species is restricted by its specific habitat which is decreasing in both extent and quality in central Europe due to reforestation and urbanisation after the extraction of sand. It is also rare and therefore it can be considered to be threatened by the loss of habitat.,"This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Data Deficient; Westrich et al. 2011) and Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, ecology and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,samaricum,,Lasioglossum samaricum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is known from Budapest in Hungary, Ukraine, Crimea and eastern European Russia. Outside of Europe, the species is found in Turkey and Turkmenistan (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 752,247 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) 20 km².",A rare species only known from four localities across Europe. There is no further information on the population size or trends of the species.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species but it is presumably a steppic species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,semilucens,,Lasioglossum semilucens,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as the species is quite widespread, generally common, and there are no major continental scale threats to the species.",Stable,"A Euro-Siberian species found from England and Sweden at 60° N, south to central Spain, Italy, the Balkans and northern Greece (Chanta Pass in the mountains of Vermion, 1,300 m asl). The species is found outside of Europe in Turkey, the Caucasus, Tajikistan and Afghanistan (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,694,945 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,408 km².",The species is quite common and the population is believed to stable in central Europe.,"This solitary species nests in sandy soils and can be found on heathland, temperate grassland, and coastal and inland sand dunes, and in Germany, on dry sparsely vegetated areas, clay pits and vineyards (Westrich 1989). The details of the nesting habits and social behaviour are unknown. Lasioglossum semilucens is probably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (Westrich 1989) but there are no confirmed pollen forage records. Ebmer (1971) lists Taraxacum (Asteraceae) as a forage species. A univoltine species (it has one generation per year) with an extended flight period. The females fly from mid-May to early September, and the males fly from the beginning of August to early September.","There are no major threats to the species at a continental scale, although in sandy habitats, the species may be threatened through habitat loss due to reforestation and urbanisation after the extraction of sand for construction.",This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987). It occurs within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the ecology of the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,setulellum,,Lasioglossum setulellum,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) The species is listed as Near Threatened as the known area of occupancy (AOO) is only 72 km2 and the species has a severely fragmented population, in that there is little genetic exchange between subpopulations. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under criteria B2a. Research is required to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species as with more data the species may need to be listed in a higher threat category in the future.",Unknown,"The species is found in the steppes of Eurasia and in Europe it is found from Spain, southwest France, Sicily, central Europe, Ukraine (Crimea) and Russia (Ufa, Bashkortostan). Outside of Europe it is found in Turkey, Iran and Syria (Ebmer 1988, 1995). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,195,020 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 72 km².","A very rare species with a severely fragmented population in Europe, where it is suspected that there is little genetic transfer between subpopulations. It has only been found from one or two regions in each country of its distribution.",The species occurs in steppic habitats such as temperate grasslands and shrublands. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,setulosum,,Lasioglossum setulosum,,,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 84 km2 and the species has a severely fragmented population, in that there is little chance of genetic exchange between subpopulations. Research is required to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species as with more data the species may need to be listed in a higher threat category in the future.",Unknown,"The species is found across central Europe, from Switzerland, Austria, Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Bulgaria, to Ukraine (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,020,498 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 84 km².",A very rare species with a severely fragmented population in that there is little genetic exchange between subpopulations. There is no further information about the population size and threats.,"A steppic species that may inhabit temperate grasslands and shrublands. In the Volyn region of Ukraine, it has also been found in mountain forest areas on the flowers Ranunculus polyanthemus (Ranunculaceae) and Roripa silvestris (Brassicaceae) (Osytshnjuk 1964). In Ukraine, the females have been found on the flowers of Scrophulariaceae (Osytshnjuk 1967) and on Helianthus (Asteraceae) (Radchenko 1982). There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A., Michez, D. & Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,sexmaculatum,,Lasioglossum sexmaculatum,,,No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed as Endangered as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 356 km2, the sub-populations are severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of open sandy habitats and the number of individuals. It is necessary to manage the species' preferred habitat to increase the number of nesting areas available for the species.",Decreasing,"Lasioglossum sexmaculatum is thinly distributed across central Europe and Sweden. Outside of Europe, the species has been found in Siberia (Ebmer 1988). There are also records of populations in the mountains of Switzerland: Graubünden, Ardez-Lavin, and St Maria im Münstertal. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,028,230 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 356 km².","The species is very rare and only found sporadically, while the population trend of the species is decreasing. The sub-populations are severely fragmented and isolated with little chance of genetic exchange or recolonization (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).","The species inhabits high alpine meadows, tundra, heathland, clearings, embankments, and sand dunes. It nests in sandy soils and flies in April and May while a second generation flies from July-September. The information on males is sparse but indicates that they are relatively short-lived and emerge slightly later than females. The species has been recorded pollen collecting on numerous herbs and shrubs including Salix spp. (Salicaceae) and heather Calluna vulgaris (Ericaceae), indicating that it is polylectic i.e., forages upon a wide range of plant species (Gärdenfors 2010).",The species is threatened in Sweden through the degradation of flower rich coastal heathland that has become overgrown (through succession) in many places or developed for recreational purposes. The surfacing of sandy forest roads within the species' distribution area with tarmac (or otherwise) eliminates potential nesting sites for the species (Gärdenfors 2010).,"This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Threatened but level unknown; Westrich et al. 2011), Norway (Regionally Extinct; Kålås et al. 2010), Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). It is not known whether this species occurs in any protected areas. To improve the status of this species it is important to restore the species' former habitat by clearing the overgrown vegetation and thus making more sand available for nesting. Further research should be conducted to determine the threats to the species in countries other than Sweden. Further research is required on the population size and also on the threats to this species in countries other than Sweden.",The species is not traded or commercially exploited.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Michez, D., Kemp, J.R., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,sexnotatulum,,Lasioglossum sexnotatulum,,,No,EN,B2ab(v),No,EN,B2ab(v),EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed as Endangered as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 264 km2, the sub-populations are severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals. It is Critically Endangered in Sweden and Finland. Protected areas should be created to conserve the species and further research should be conducted to understand the species' population, habitat, ecology and threats.",Decreasing,"Lasioglossum sexnotatulum is distributed from northern Europe (Sweden, Finland and Poland) to Siberia (Ebmer 1988, Pesenko et al. 2000). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 659,534 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 264 km².","The species is rare and the populations are sporadic, severely fragmented and in decline (Gardenfors 2010, A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013). It is known from two recent localities in Sweden (Gardenfors 2010).",The species is found in sandy flower-rich meadows. There is no further information on the ecology of the species.,"The threats listed in the Red List of Finnish species are the overgrowing of meadows and other open habitats, and also by the construction of housing, business, traffic and recreation, road construction, earthmoving and disposal operations relating to construction (Rassi et al. 2010). Elsewhere the threats to the species are unknown.","This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Finland (Critically Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010) and Sweden (Critically Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010). It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas however as it is Critically Endangered in two countries protected areas should be created to conserve the species. Further research should be conducted on the population status, trends, habitat, ecology, and threats to this species.",The species is not traded or commercially exploited.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,sexnotatum,,Lasioglossum sexnotatum,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,824 km2, and there is a continuing decline of the extent and quality of the habitat and the number of individuals. The restoration or protection of hedgerows is required to conserve this species.",Decreasing,"Lasioglossum sexnotatum is a widespread species and occurs in most countries in Europe (University of Mons 2012). Outside of Europe it occurs in Turkey and the Caucasus.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,348,668 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,824 km2.",The species is widespread but uncommon and the population trend for the species is apparently decreasing due to the decline in habitat quality (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).,"Lasioglossum sexnotatum primarily inhabits hedgerows and the associated habitats. The females forage on Rubus sp.(Rosaceae) in June, and also visits Scrophularia nodosa (Scrophulariaceae) and Impatiens glandulifera (Balsaminaceae). It is therefore considered polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of plant species. The females fly from the end of May/June, and the males fly in summer but they are rarer than females (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).",The species is threatened by the intensification of agriculture that has led to more open landscapes and the destruction of hedgerows.,"This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Great Britain (Critically Endangered; Shirt 1987), the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994). The species occurs in protected areas. Hedgerows should either be restored or protected to conserve this species. Further research should be conducted on the habitat and ecology of this species, in particular its nesting behaviour.",The species is not traded or commercially exploited.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,sexstrigatum,,Lasioglossum sexstrigatum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, common in central Europe and there are no major threats to the species. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species.",Unknown,"A central European species that spreads east towards the Urals, north towards Sweden, and southwest towards to the Pyrenees. It was recently recorded in 2011 from England for the first time (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). Outside of Europe it is known from Japan (Sakagami and Ebmer 1996, Herrmann and Doczkal 1999). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,099,938 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,260 km².",A common species in central Europe and a recent arrival in southern England. The full details are not known and there is no further information on the population and trends.,"A common species in central Europe in a wide range of sandy habitats, including mobile inland dunes, sand pits and sandy waste places, light woodland and man-made habitats (Westrich 1989). The species can form small to large aggregations (up to 34 nests per square metre). The species is solitary (Westrich 1989). The species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. Westrich (1989) lists the following plant species as pollen sources: Hypochoeris radicata (Asteraceae); Bryonia dioica (Cucurbitaceae); Potentilla verna, Potentilla anserina, Potentilla reptans, Malus domestica, Pyrus communis, Prunus armeniaca (Rosaceae); Salix cinerea and Salix aurita (Salicaceae). Ebmer (1971) lists Centaurea (Asteraceae) and Scabiosa (Dipsacaceae) as forage species. Knuth (1906) citing himself and others, reports pollen collecting at Ranunculus aquatilis (Ranunculaceae). L. sexstrigatum is a univoltine species, i.e. there is one generation per year. The overwintering females emerge at the beginning of April, and the males appear in late July. The bee Nomada sheppardana is cited as a kleptoparasite of this species, in that it parasitises the nests other bee species (Vegter 1971).",There are no major threats to the species at a continental scale.,"This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It occurs within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,smeathmanellum,,Lasioglossum smeathmanellum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is often common within its area of distribution and there are no known major threats to the species. However, research should be conducted to determine the ecology of the species.",Stable,"An Atlantic species, on the Atlantic coast of Morocco, Portugal, Spain and France (Brittany), Ireland and southern England. It also occurs in the Azores (Ebmer 1988) and rarely in the Czech Republic. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,887,038 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 680 km².","A common species of southern England and Brittany, France. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.","It is found in a variety of habitats including temperate grasslands, rocky habitats and crevices in old walls. This species nests gregariously in the soil and in fissures in soft, crumbling mortar joints. The species is presumed to be solitary, but this needs to be verified. The pollen sources are not recorded, but it is considered to be polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. It visits numerous plant species, including Geranium sanguineum (Geraniaceae); Rubus, Potentilla (Rosaceae); Smyrnium olusatrum, Crithmum, Angelica, Oenanthe (Apiaceae); Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae); Veronica chamaedrys (Scrophulariaceae); Senecio, Pulicaria dysenterica, Solidago, Bellis perennis, Achillea, Matricaria, Sonchus and Taraxacum (Asteraceae) (G. Else pers. comm. 1997). It is a univoltine species, in that it has one generation per year. The females are active from late March or early April to late September, while the males from the beginning of July to early September.",There are no known major threats to the species.,This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Ireland as Data Deficient (Fitzpatrick et al. 2006) and Czech Republic as Endangered (Farkac et al. 2005). It occurs within protected areas.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,soror,,Lasioglossum soror,,,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  The species is listed as Endangered as the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 88 km2, the populations of this species are severely fragmented such that there is little genetic exchange between subpopulations, and the extent and quality of the species' habitat are thought to be in decline by habitat from tourism, agriculture and construction. Research is required to determine the population size, trends and any further threats to the species.",Unknown,"The species is found in Spain, the Balearic islands, Corsica, southern France, Sicily, Dalmatia, Crete, Algeria, Cyrenaica (eastern Libya), Turkey, Israel and Iran (Bytinski-Salz and Ebmer 1974, Warncke 1975, 1984). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,642,804 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 88 km².","The species is very rare and the populations are severely fragmented, in that there is little genetic exchange between subpopulations. However, it has been found regularly in the Bouches-du-Rhône, France.","The species inhabits Mediterranean coastal areas such as the Camargue National Park, a Ramsar Wetlands site in France. The Camargue is predominantly a wetland area of saline lakes and lagoons. It is not known where else the species occurs although it is certainly a coastal species. The details of the nesting behaviour, sociality and pollen preferences are unknown.","The species is thought to be threatened as it inhabits coastal areas which are threatened by tourism, conversion of land for agricultural use and construction. The extent and quality of the species' habitat are thought to be in continuing decline as it is now suspected to be restricted to specific habitats only occurring in protected areas such as the Camargue National Park in the south of France.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It occurs within protected areas such as the Camargue National Park. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, ecology, and further threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,sphecodimorphum,,Lasioglossum sphecodimorphum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is found in the western Mediterranean in Portugal and Spain including the Balearic Islands, and it is also found from Morocco eastwards to Libya (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 347,483 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km².",It is rare in Portugal and Spain. There is no further information available on either the population size or trend for this species.,A species of Mediterranean-type shrubland. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,"The threats to this species are unknown. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is known to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.","This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994), however the locality in which this category was based upon is dubious, and the species may never have occurred there. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,strictifrons,,Lasioglossum strictifrons,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is found in Spain, the south of France and Sardinia, as well as Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia (Ebmer 1974). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 585,425 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 52 km².",A very rare species. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.,A west Mediterranean species presumably found on Mediterranean-type shrubland. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,"The threats to this species are unknown. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is known to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,subaenescens,,Lasioglossum subaenescens,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 64 km2 and the species is severely fragmented, in that there is little genetic exchange between subpopulations. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under criteria B2a. Research is required to determine the population trends and any further threats as this species may need to be listed in a higher threat category.",Unknown,"The species is distributed throughout the Mediterranean. The subspecies subaenescens has been found in a few localities from central Spain to Montenegro. The subspecies asiaticus occurs in Macedonia, Bulgaria, Greece (Crete and East Aegean islands), Ukraine, Turkey (in Europe and Asia), Israel, Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, China and Mongolia (Ebmer 1975, 1988, 1997, 2005). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,551,366 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 64 km².","The species is very rare and the population is severely fragmented, in that there is little genetic exchange between subpopulations. The species has only been found from one or two localities in each country of its known distribution.",The species inhabits Mediterranean-type habitats presumably ones such as Mediterranean-type shrubland. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,"The threats to this species are unknown. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is known to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,subfasciatum,,Lasioglossum subfasciatum,,,No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,v)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed as Endangered as the area of occupancy (AOO) is probably less than 500 km2, the populations are severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), the AOO (as it has disappeared from many countries) and in the number of mature individuals. The habitat that the species occurs in should be protected and maintained while research should be conducted on any major threats.",Decreasing,"Lasioglossum subfasciatum is distributed from Spain to Greece, with the distribution being centred around Switzerland and Germany (Ebmer 1988). Outside of Europe, the species is found in Turkey and Iran.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,444,330 km2 and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 516 km². The given value of AOO includes old records so the current AOO is probably less than 500 km2.","The species is very rare and the population trend is decreasing. The populations are severely fragmented and the sub-populations are isolated with little genetic exchange between them and little chance of recolonisation, should sub-populations become extinct.The species is only known from recent records, i.e., after 1990, from the eastern Pyrenees (Sansa) (D. Genoud pers. comm. 2013) and the Alps (Val d'Aoste in Saint Pierre) (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013). All other localities were identified pre-1990.","The species inhabits alpine meadows and forages upon Eryngium bourgati (Apiaceae). Westrich (1989) lists the following plant species as pollen sources: Acer pseudoplatanus (Aceraceae); Anthriscus sylvestris (Apiaceae); Centaurea scabiosa, Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae); Brassica napus, Cardamine pratensis (Brassicaceae); Knautia arvensis (Dipsacaceae); Ligustrum vulgare (Oleaceae); Potentilla verna, Fragaria vesca (Rosaceae); Salix alba (Salicaceae); Valeriana officinalis (Valerianaceae). Ebmer (cited in Grace 2010) lists Tussilago (Asteraceae); Salix (Salicaceae) and Gentiana cruciata (Gentianaceae) as floral hosts.In the past the species possibly used to inhabit extensive pasture land which has now disappeared from much of Europe. The species has also been found at altitudes of 1,800 m.Details of the nesting biology and behaviour are not known, however, the species is presumed to be solitary (Pesenko et al. 2000).","The threats to this species are unknown but it is suspected that due to the disappearance of once extensive pasture land caused by agricultural intensification through fertilisers, that this has caused a decrease in the population and in the area of suitable habitat.","This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It occurs in protected areas, such as the Reserve Naturelle de Norede, but the habitats of the species should be further protected and maintained to ensure the conservation of this species. Further research should be conducted on the threats to this species.",The species is not traded or commercially exploited.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,subfulvicorne,,Lasioglossum subfulvicorne,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are quite strong in the Alps and there are no major threats to the species at a continental scale.",Stable,"The subspecies austriacum is found from Belgium and France (Massif Central), south east to Bulgaria and north to Sweden at 68° N. Outside of Europe, it is found in Turkey (Bursa), the Caucasus and Kazakhstan (Alma Ata). The subspecies subfulvicorne is found outside of Europe and inhabits China, Mongolia, North Korea and eastern Russia (Ebmer 1995, 1996, 2005). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,486,189 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 272 km².",It is quite common at high altitudes in the Swiss and Austrian Alps but rare elsewhere in Europe. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.,"The species is predominantly found in the Swiss and Austrian Alps, in the Haute Fagnes in Belgium and in the boreal areas of Sweden. It may be found in temperate and boreal forests and shrublands, alpine meadows and grasslands, and Westrich (1989) states specifically that it is found in wooded areas, clearings, glades and woodland edges in Germany. The details of the nesting habits and social behaviour are unknown (Westrich 1989). Lasioglossum subfulvicorne is a univoltine species (it has one generation per year), active from mid-May to mid-September in Finland (Söderman and Leinonen 2003). It is probably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, although this requires confirmation. It is reported to visit Senecio sp., Solidago virgaurea (Asteraceae) and Vaccinium sp. (Ericaceae) (Westrich 1989, Söderman and Leinonen 2003).",There are no known major threats to the species at a continental scale.,"This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Rare; Westrich et al. 2011). It occurs within the Swiss Alps and the Haute Fagnes National Park in Belgium. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,subhirtum,,Lasioglossum subhirtum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are quite strong and there are no major continental scale threats to the species. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species.",Stable,"The species is found from the Maghreb and Iberia into southwestern Germany, Luxembourg and Belgium (Ebmer 1976, 1995). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,490,044 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 384 km².",The species is quite common and it could be expanding into the north of France. The last records from Belgium are from over 100 years ago but as the species appears to be moving north it may repopulate its former range in the future. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.,"A Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean habitat. It occurs within the Sierra de Guadarrama mountain range and the Mercantour National Park therefore it presumably inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland, temperate forests, flower rich meadows and temperate grasslands. The details of the nesting habits and social behaviour are unknown (Westrich 1989). Lasioglossum subhirtum is a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. The pollen samples from the Mediterranean area show pollen of Asteraceae (Cirsium and Helianthus type), Brassicaceae and Cistaceae (Westrich 1989).",There are no major threats to the species at the continental scale.,This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). It occurs within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,tarsatum,,Lasioglossum tarsatum,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) The species is listed as Near Threatened as the known area of occupancy (AOO) is only 332 km2 and the quality and extent of the species' sandy soil habitat is thought to be in decline due to the impacts from tourism and construction. The species qualifies as Near Threatened under criteria B2b(iii). The populations are somewhat fragmented throughout Europe, although not severely enough to list the species as Endangered. Research is required to determine the population trends and any further threats to the species as it may warrant listing in a threatened category with further data.",Unknown,"A Eurasian species found on sand from Belgium and southwest Switzerland east to Afghanistan (Kandahar), and from Macedonia north to southern Finland and St Petersburg in European Russia (61°N) (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,491,430 km² and the known area of occurrence (AOO) is 332 km².","A rare species with a fragmented population throughout Europe, although not severely enough to threaten the species. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.","The species is found on sandy soils on the coast of the Netherlands and Germany in habitats such as temperate grasslands and mobile dunes, sand and gravel pits. In northern Germany, it has been found on coastal dunes (Westrich 1989). It has also been found on the sandy soils of river banks in the Alps. The details of the nesting habits and social behaviour are unknown (Westrich 1989). Lasioglossum tarsatum is almost certainly a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. Westrich (1989) lists the following plant species as pollen sources: Tussilago farfara, Taraxacum officinale, Leontodon autumnalis and Hypochoeris radicata (Asteraceae). It is a univoltine species, in that it has one generation per year, with an extended flight period. The flight season extends from May to September.",The species occurs on coastal dunes in northern Europe and the quality and extent of these habitats are threatened and in continuing decline due to the impacts from tourism and construction.,"This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and further threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Quaranta, M. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,tauricum,,Lasioglossum tauricum,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"The species has only been found in Crimea, Ukraine (Ebmer 1988). There is one record only and therefore it is endemic to the region.",The species is rare as it is only known from a single record. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species although it is presumably a steppic species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the distribution, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,transitorium,,Lasioglossum transitorium,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are quite large and there are no major threats to the species at a continental scale. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and ecology of the species.",Stable,"The species is widespread throughout the Mediterranean and has three subspecies. The subspecies transitorium occurs from Trieste and Croatia to Greece and Bulgaria; the subspecies planulum occurs in the western Mediterranean (Iberia, southern France, Switzerland, Italy, large islands of the western Mediterranean, Lampedusa, Malta, Ischia, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya); the subspecies uncinum inhabits the coasts of the eastern Mediterranean (eastern Aegean, Crete, the continental islands of Samos, Rhodes, Cyprus, south Asia Minor, west of Syria, Israel, Jordan and Egypt) (Ebmer 1974, 2000). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,778,756 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 460 km².",A quite common species throughout its range. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.,"It inhabits phryganic Mediterranean-type shrubland (for example, in Attiki, Greece). It is probably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species but confirmation of pollen forage requirements are still not available. The specimen label data show that the bee has been recorded at flowers of Ruta gravaeolens (Rutaceae) (Petanidou 1994). There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.","There are no major threats to the species. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is known to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.",The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends and ecology of the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,trichopygum,,Lasioglossum trichopygum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"A pannonian species found in eastern Austria, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, the Balkans, east to Ukraine (Kiev), south east to Greece and Turkey (Ebmer 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 902,348 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 144 km².",A rare species. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.,"A steppic species, that presumably inhabits Mediterranean-type shrublands, temperate grasslands and shrublands. The details of the lectic status and type of pollen preference of this species are not available. However, Ebmer (1971) lists Mentha (Lamiaceae) as a forage plant. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.","The threats to this species are unknown. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is known to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.","This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,tricinctum,,Lasioglossum tricinctum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The subspecies tricinctum is found in the western Palaearctic sub-Mediterranean zone, from the Pyrenees to Ukraine, south to the Crimea, Greece, Crete, and as far north as central Germany. The subspecies muganicum inhabits west Asia (Turkey, Azerbaijan, Iran) (Ebmer 1972, 1995). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,115,380 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 532 km².",The species is potentially quite common in the Alps but rare throughout the rest of its distribution. The full details of population size and trends are not available.,"The species occurs in alpine valleys and warm localities of central Europe so presumably it occurs on temperate grasslands, alpine meadows and forests. It is a univoltine species, in that it has one generation per year, with an extended flight period. The overwintering females emerge in April, and the males are active from July to August. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It occurs within the Mercantour National Park in France. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,truncaticolle,,Lasioglossum truncaticolle,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"A southwestern Palaearctic species, from Iberia to Greece, north to Ukraine (Kiev region) and Hungary (Ebmer 1988). Outside of Europe the species is found in Algeria and Kazakhstan, south to Israel. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,732,366 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 224 km².",A rare species. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.,A Mediterranean species. It forages upon Asteraceae in fallow land. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,tschibuklinum,,Lasioglossum tschibuklinum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"A species from Macedonia, Greece, the Bosporus, Iran, Pakistan and Kashmir (Ebmer 1983). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 139,550 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².",A rare species. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.,"There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it is presumably a steppic species inhabiting Mediterranean-type shrublands and temperate type grasslands.","The threats to this species are unknown. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is known to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,vergilianum,,Lasioglossum vergilianum,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Lasioglossum vergillanum is endemic to Spain and Portugal (Ebmer 1995). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 222,991 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 68 km².",A rare species. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.,It inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland and forages upon Brassicaceae species. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,"The threats to this species are unknown. However, given the nature of the Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities it is known to inhabit, inappropriate grazing regimes and an increased incidence of fires may have a negative impact on the species.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,villosulum,,Lasioglossum villosulum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, very common and there are no major threats to the species. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends.",Stable,"A widespread species found from the Azores and the Canary Islands east to Ukraine and Greece and north to Finland (64° N) (Ebmer 1988). Outside of Europe, the species is found from north Africa to Arabia and Mongolia, Japan, northeast China, Russia (Primorskij Kraj), India (Himachal Pradesh), Taiwan and south to Malaysia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,789,528 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 11,416 km².",A very common species. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.,"A generally ubiquitous species that inhabits dry places, river levees, woodland edges, waste grounds, field margins, roadside embankments and man-made habitats (Westrich 1989). Plateaux-Quénu et al. (1989) state that females sometimes nest in extensive aggregations in hard, sparsely vegetated patches of soil. Most nests are inhabited by only a single female; multi-female nests are uncommon. The cells are excavated singly at the end of lateral burrows and, when provisioned, are sealed with plugs of soil. The above authors consider this species to be largely solitary, although it exhibits a reduced size in the daughters of overwintered females and a female biased sex ratio, both of which are characters associated with eusociality. Lasioglossum villosulum is a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. In Germany, records of pollen sources include Leucanthemum vulgare, Centaurea jacea, Senecio jacobaea, Cichorium intybus, Picris hieracioides, Crepis biennis, Taraxacum officinale, Leontodon autumnalis, Hypochoeris radicata, Hieracium pilosella, Hieracium umbellatum (Asteraceae); Echium vulgare (Boraginaceae); Convolvulus arvensis (Convolvulaceae); Ranunculus acris (Ranunculaceae) and Verbascum sp. (Plantaginaceae) (Westrich 1989). Ebmer (1971) lists Achillea, Buphthalmum, Senecio, Solidago (Asteraceae); Papaver (Papaveraceae) and Heracleum (Apiaceae). The females fly from mid-April to late October (occasionally early November), while males from early July to mid-October. The species is bivoltine in Paris, in that it has two generations per year (Plateaux-Quénu et al. 1989). In Ireland, large females of the bee Sphecodes geoffrellus have been noted near the burrows of this bee (Stelfox 1927). Bischoff (1927) lists Sphecodes puncticeps as a kleptoparasite of this species, in that it parasitises the nest of other bee species, on continental Europe and Westrich (1989) and Söderman and Leinonen (2003) add Nomada distinguenda.",There are no major threats to the species at a continental scale.,This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2001). It occurs within many protected areas as it is a very common and widespread species. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,virens,,Lasioglossum virens,,,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)The species is listed as Endangered as the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 44 km2, the population is severely fragmented in that there is little genetic exchange between subpopulations, and the extent and quality of the species' habitat (coastal wetlands, saline lakes and lagoons) are thought to be in decline. Research is required to determine the population size and trends, ecology and any further threats to the species.",Unknown,"This species is confined to the coastal sands of Spain, Portugal, southern France (Herault: Palavas) and Morocco (Blüthgen 1924). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 400,496 km² and the area of occurrence (AOO) is 44 km².","A localised and very rare species that has a severely fragmented population, in that there is little genetic exchange between subpopulations.",The species inhabits coastal wetlands and saline lagoons of Spain and Portugal. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,"The species is restricted to its specific coastal wetland habitat in Spain and Portugal and this habitat, in some locations, only occurs in protected areas. This indicates that there could be a decline in the extent and quality of this habitat as it is now only restricted to protected areas. Habitat loss from urbanisation and touristic developments could be a cause of decline in the habitat which is threatening this species.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is occurs within protected areas such as the Albufera Nature Reserve in Spain. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, ecology, and further threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,viride,,Lasioglossum viride,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern as the species is common in the Canary Islands and there are no major threats to the species. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and ecology of the species.",Stable,"An endemic species to the Canary Islands. The subspecies viride occurs on Tenerife, La Gomera and El Hierro; the subspecies cabrerai on Lanzarote and Fuerteventura; the subspecies palmae on La Palma; and the subspecies unicolor on Gran Canaria (Warncke 1975, Ebmer 1993 in Hohmann et al. 1993). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 51,699 km² and the area of occurrence (AOO) is 268 km².",A common species on the islands. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.,"The species occurs in sub-tropical habitats such as temperate and sub-tropical grasslands, Mediterranean-type shrublands, sub-tropical shrublands and coastal dunes amongst a variety of others.",There are no major threats to the species.,The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It occurs within protected areas such as Teide National Park on Tenerife. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends and ecology of the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,wollastoni,,Lasioglossum wollastoni,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern as the species is common on the Madeira island group, has a broad tolerance of habitats and there are no clear threats to the species. Despite the fact that this species is listed as Least Concern, data are still very much lacking and research should be conducted to determine the population trends and any future threats to the species as it is endemic to Madeira and Porto Santo.",Unknown,The species is endemic to the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo (Cockerell 1922). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 894 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km².,The species is considered to be quite common on these islands (Fellendorf et al. 1999). There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species inhabits a suite of Macaronesian sub-tropical habitats, being found in open bare areas and sand dunes (Fellendorf et al. 1999). The nests are constructed in loose aggregations in bare ground. The details on the social status of this species are not available. It is almost certainly a polylectic species, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. The details of pollen gathering are lacking but the following are recorded as forage plants: Euphorbia paralias (Euphorbiaceae) and Aeonium glutinosum (Crassulaceae) (Fellendorf et al. 1999).Lasioglossum wollastoni is probably univoltine (it has one generation per year), but with year round activity. The specimens are known from January and February, and from May to September. It almost certainly flies in March and April, although records are lacking.",There are no clear threats to this species.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, further details of the habitat and ecology, and future threats.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,xanthopus,,Lasioglossum xanthopus,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,872 km2, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and the number of mature individuals due to general agricultural intensification and possibly climatic change. It is necessary to protect and restore the species natural habitat especially the species' forage plants.",Decreasing,"Lasioglossum xanthopus is a widespread species in Europe, ranging from Spain to Sweden, and England to Turkey (Ebmer 1988). This species also occurs in northern Africa and Asia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,787,668 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,872 km².",The species is generally rare and the population trend is decreasing (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013). There is no further information on the population status of this species.,"Lasioglossum xanthopus is mainly encountered on calcareous grassland, coastal landslips and cliffs, and occasionally on arable field margins. The females are active from early April to at least August while the males emerge later than most other halictines, usually from August to mid October, with a peak in late September. There is no record of pollen collected but the species is probably polylectic, in that they forage upon a wide range of plant species (Westrich 1989). In some parts of the range, males can be found flying with the females in early Spring (e.g. in Morocco and in Lesvos- S. Roberts pers comm 2013).Its nest burrows are rarely found, suggesting they often occur singly and are obscured by low vegetation. This species was recorded on Sea Campion (Silene uniflora), Bramble (Rubus fruticosus agg.), Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), clover (Trifolium spp.), Ground-ivy (Glechoma hederacea), knapweed (Centaurea spp.) and Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale). Males have been collected from knapweed and Field Scabious (Knautia arvensis) (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013).","Details of the threats are not fully understood, but agricultural intensification, (for example the increased application of fertilisers and herbicides) decreases the number of available forage plants as they are out-competed and therefore there is less food available for this species.","This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Norway (Regionally Extinct; Kålås et al. 2010) Sweden (Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). The species occurs in protected areas. To conserve the species, the use of herbicides should be reduced and the habitat in the host plants range should be protected and/or restored. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, to establish if, and how, changing climate may affect the phenology of the males and also if there are any other threats affecting the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Lasioglossum,zonulum,,Lasioglossum zonulum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, stable and abundant population, and the lack of threats to this species.",Stable,"Lasioglossum zonulum is widespread in the Palearctic region (Ebmer 1988). In Europe it occurs from Spain to Greece and Finland. Outside of Europe the species is found in north Turkey, Azerbaijan, Iran, Siberia, and China.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,603,501 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 5,704 km².",This species is common and the population trend is stable (A. Pauly pers. comm. 2013). No further information on the species' population trend is available.,"Lasioglossum zonulum shows a preference for woodland rides, forest edges, meadows, rural gardens and sometimes coastal habitats. There is one generation per year. The females fly from early April to October, males from June to September. The males are widely polylectic, in that they forage upon a wide range of plant species, however it prefers Asteraceae sp., Ranunculus sp.(Ranunculaceae), and Lysimachia sp. (Primulaceae). They nest in areas exposed to the sun (Pesenko et al. 2000).",There are no major threats to this species.,The species is not listed in the any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It occurs in protected areas. Further research is required into the species' population size and trends while any future threats need to be identified.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R., Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Lithurgus,chrysurus,,Lithurgus chrysurus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large and stable overall population. However, further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.",Stable,"The species is distributed in the western Palearctic, from the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco to the Caucasus (Ornosa et al. 2007). It has been introduced to the USA (Roberts 1978) but it has probably disappeared there in recent times (Michener 2007).",This species' population is stable as it is distributed across a large range and it is also found to be locally abundant.,"This species appears in mixed landscapes of sparse forests and shrubs, next to rivers and springs, and the borders of crops and roads. It flies from May to August. The species visits flowers of Fabaceae and Asteraceae (Amiet et al. 2004).","There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and somewhat adaptable species. Although, generally it may be threatened by shifting agriculture, recreational activities, herbicides and pesticides, habitat shifting and alteration and droughts.","The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Ornosa, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Lithurgus,cornutus,,Lithurgus cornutus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)It is listed as Least Concern because it occurs in an area of extensive, suitable habitat which appears not to be under threat, it is presumed to have large population and it is locally abundant. However, further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.",Stable,"Lithurgus cornutus is spread throughout the Mediterranean basin and north to the Czech Republic and east towards Romania and European Russia. Outside of Europe, it reaches the Caucasus and Iran. The subspecies L. cornutus fuscipennis lives in the Mediterranean basin, whereas the nominative subspecies is found in northwestern Africa.",This species occupies a large range and can be locally abundant. The population is probably stable.,"This species lives in a mosaic of forest, shrubland and open fields, as well as around crop and road borders. It prefers humid places, next to fountains and other watering systems. It flies from June to August. The species has been recorded visiting at least eight families of plants with the most important being Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Apiaceae. Stelis punctulatissima and Stelis simillima are thought to be kleptoparasitic upon this bee species (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001).","There appear to be no major threats to this species. Generally the species may be threatened by residential development for housing, herbicides and pesticides, and habitat shifting, alteration and droughts caused by climatic changes.",The species is only listed in the National Red List of the Czech Republic as Regionally Extinct (Farkac et al. 2005). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Ornosa, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Lithurgus,tibialis,,Lithurgus tibialis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because the population is distributed across most of the Mediterranean, it considered to be continuous and it lives in a wide range of habitats. However, further research should be conducted to determine the population trends.",Unknown,"The species is distributed from Portugal and Spain towards Greece and Cyprus (Alfken 1927, Mavromoustakis 1958). Outside of Europe, it is found towards Turkmenistan and in the north of Africa.","The population of this species appears in a continuous range from Portugal towards Pakistan. Although there are not records for all countries in the Mediterranean, the whole population appears to be connected naturally (F.J. Sanchez-Ortiz pers. comm. 2013).","It lives in open field, shrubs, Quercus forests, semi-deserts and rocky areas. Some of the specimens have been collected in seasonal creeks or in irrigation systems next to arable lands (F.J. Ortiz Sanchez pers. comm. 2013).","The species is generally threatened by the loss of autonomous vegetation and the risk of human actions such as residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, shifting agriculture, livestock farming and ranching, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration and droughts caused by climatic changes.",The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends and ecology of the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Ornosa, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Macropis,europaea,,Macropis europaea,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. However, this species' habitat is declining.",Decreasing,"Macropis europaea is present in Europe from the United Kingdom to the Moscow region of Russia, and from Finland southwards to Italy (Warncke 1973, Michez and Patiny 2005, Bassin et al. 2011). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,916,269 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,004 km².",There is no information available on the population abundance of this species. However its habitat appears to be declining throughout its range.,"Macropis europaea lives in many different habitats with temperate vegetation, including grasslands, shrublands and wetlands. Females collect pollen exclusively on the genus Lysimachia (Myrsinaceae) (Pekkarinen et al. 2003, Celary 2005). Species of this plant genus need freshwater habitats, e.g. banks of rivers. Suitable areas are declining in many countries of Europe.",The main threat to this species is the decline of the host-plant habitat (Lysimachia spp.) due to land use change.,Macropis europaea is considered as Vulnerable in the United Kingdom (Shirt 1987). There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place. The species occurs in protected areas. Further studies are needed into the abundance of this species.,This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Macropis,frivaldszkyi,,Macropis frivaldszkyi,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Listed as Near Threatened in view of its  restricted distribution and small area of occupancy (AOO) of 116 km² and a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat, thus making the species close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B2.",Decreasing,"Macropis frivaldszkyi is present in Anatolia and the south-eastern part of Europe (Warncke 1973, Michez and Patiny 2005, Bassin et al. 2011). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,178,177.97 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 116 km².","There is no information available on the population abundance of this species. However, its habitat appears to be declining throughout its range.","Macropis frivaldszkyi lives in many different habitats with temperate vegetation,  including grasslands, shrublands and wetlands. Females collect pollen  exclusively on the genus Lysimachia (Myrsinaceae) (Bassin et al. 2011). Species of this plant genus need freshwater habitats, e.g. banks of rivers but suitable areas are declining in many countries of Europe.",The main threat to this species is the decline of the host-plant habitat (Lysimachia spp.) due to land use change.,"There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the abundance of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Macropis,fulvipes,,Macropis fulvipes,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution,  presumed large overall population, and because it is unlikely to be  declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened  category. However, the species' habitat is declining.",Decreasing,"Macropis fulvipes is present in most parts of Europe, except in the United Kingdom, Sweden and Norway (Warncke 1973, Michez and Patiny 2005, Bassin et al. 2011). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,556,392.74 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,128 km².","There is no information available on the population abundance of this species. However, its habitat appears to be declining throughout its range.","Macropis fulvipes lives in many different habitats with temperate vegetation,  including  grasslands, shrublands and wetlands (Bassin et al. 2011). Females collect pollen  exclusively  on the genus Lysimachia (Myrsinaceae) (Pekkarinen et al. 2003). Species of this plant genus need freshwater habitats (e.g. banks of rivers), but suitable areas are declining in many countries of Europe.",The main threat to this species is the decline of the host-plant habitat (Lysimachia spp.) due to land use change.,Macropis fulvipes is considered as Near Threatened in Germany (Westrich et al. 2008) and in the Netherlands (Peeters and Reemer 2003). There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place. The  species occurs in protected areas. Further studies are needed into the  abundance of this species.,This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,albisecta,,Megachile albisecta,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its distribution, abundance, habitat and ecology, and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"This species is present from northern Africa, through southern Europe to the east Palearctic (Ascher and Pickering 2014).",This species appears to maintain stable populations in the southern parts of its range; its northern populations appear very isolated and more likely to be threatened. The population trend is unknown.,"The habitat of this species has not been described. The nesting biology of this species has been described by Ferton (1901a). Megachile albisecta nests in burrows in the ground. It uses preexisting burrows or cavities in the ground, but it is possible that it also digs its own burrows. The brood cells are made of a combination of leaf discs and masticated leaf pulp into which small pebbles are incorporated. The nest is closed with a thick plug of masticated leaf pulp. Megachile albisecta is oligolectic and collects pollen only from plants of the Asteraceae family, possibly only from the Cardueae subfamily.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Nieto, A. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,albocristata,,Megachile albocristata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, and because it is locally abundant in southern Europe.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in the eastern Mediterranean, from Italy eastwards to the Caucasus (Ascher and Pickering 2014).",This species is locally very abundant in southeastern Europe. Some of its northern populations are isolated. The population trend is unknown.,"This species is polylectic, in that it forages on a wide variety of plants, with a preference for flowers of the Lamiaceae family (unpublished data, C. Praz pers. comm. 2014, Müller 1996). Its nesting behavior is unknown. Megachile albocristata inhabits open habitats with suitable host plants such as dry grasslands, shrublands and rocky areas.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine its taxonomic status, the population size and trend, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,albohirta,,Megachile albohirta,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient because the only published record in the literature refers to the type specimen and the rest of records are unpublished. There is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is only known from a few localities in the Canary Islands (Ascher and Pickering 2014). Outside of Europe, it is present in Morocco (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat of this species and its ecological requirements.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine its taxonomic status, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,albonotata,,Megachile albonotata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is distributed from Spain to Central Asia through southern Europe, Turkey and the Middle East (Ascher and Pickering 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the biology or habitat of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,alpicola,,Megachile alpicola,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,The species is found across Europe from France eastwards to Finland and southern Russia (Ascher and Pickering 2014).,"There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. In the Alps, this species is widespread and probably is not threatened there.","It is found on woodlands and clearings (Dorn 1988). This species builds its nest in existing burrows or cavities in dead wood. The cells are built with leaf discs and the nest is closed with a plug made of masticated leaf pulp. It is host of the cuckoo bee species Coelioxys inermis (Westrich 1989). It is polylectic, in that it forages in a wide variety of plant species (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,analis,,Megachile analis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species throughout its range, especially since the species is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"The distribution of this species is limited to the Palearctic, from Spain to Mongolia, possibly also in Siberia (Ascher and Pickering 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"In northern Europe the species inhabits heathlands and sandy coastal areas (Westrich 1989), while in central and southern Europe the species is found in alpine grasslands and forest clearings. This species places its brood cells in burrows in the soil or under stones (Amiet et al. 2004). The cells are made of leaf discs or thin pieces of bark.It is polylectic, in that it forages upon a wide variety of plant species, and shows a preference for Fabaceae, Campanulaceae and Ericaceae (Erica tetralix) (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004, Peeters et al. 1999, Müller et al. 1997, C. Praz pers. obs. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,apennina,,Megachile apennina,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient since the species' taxonomic status is unclear and there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,This species is only known from a few localities in Italy (Ascher and Pickering 2014).,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat or biology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomic status, the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,apicalis,,Megachile apicalis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed overall large population.,Unknown,"Megachile apicalis is present throughout Eurasia, from western Europe northwards to Ukraine and eastwards to Uzbekistan (James and Pitts-Singer 2008). It has been introduced into the New World.","In southern Europe, this species is abundant. The population trend is unknown.","This species nests in pre-existing cavities and uses leaf discs to build its brood cells. It is host to the cuckoo bees species Coelioxys echinata, and possibly also of C. afra and C. brevis (Amiet et al. 2004). It is polylectic, in that it forages upon a wide variety of plants, with marked preference for the Asteraceae (Müller and Bansac 2004) and in particular for Centaurea (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014). The species inhabits open habitats with suitable host plants such as grasslands and shrublands.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). The species was found in Switzerland after the Red List was published (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014).There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,atlantica,,Megachile atlantica,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient since its taxonomic status is unclear and there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species has been described from Morocco and is mentioned from Sicily (Ascher and Pickering 2014). The taxonomic status of this species is unclear, and if it is a valid species, the identity of the Sicilian populations would require confirmation (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the biology or habitat of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,baetica,,Megachile baetica,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as its taxonomic status is unclear and there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,The species is distributed in the Iberian Peninsula and France (Ascher and Pickering 2014).,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. The species has not been recently observed in France (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014).,There is no information available on the habitat or biology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,basilaris,,Megachile basilaris,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the distribution, population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,The subspecies M. basilaris posti has been described from Cyprus; the nominal form is restricted to Central Asia (Grace 2009).,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. This species is known only from the type series and from a few specimens collected more than 50 years ago.,There is no information available on the habitat or biology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,benoisti,,Megachile benoisti,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as its taxonomic status is unclear and there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Megachile benoisti occurs in Italy (Ascher and Pickering 2014, C. Praz pers. comm. 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat or biology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,binominata,,Megachile binominata,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,The species is only known from the Canary Islands (Ascher and Pickering 2014).,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat or biology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,bioculata,,Megachile bioculata,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as its taxonomic status is unclear and the species is only known from the type specimens. There is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,The species is only known from Spain from the type specimens (Ascher and Pickering 2014).,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat or biology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,bombycina,,Megachile bombycina,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as the species is only known from a few records and there is no recent information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species, especially since it is very rare and is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"The species is distributed from Siberia to eastern and northern Europe (Ascher and Pickering 2014). There are only a few records of this species in western Europe. Probably the records of Italy are erroneous (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014) and no recent records for Hungary, Poland or Finland exist (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014).",This is a very rare species. It is large and conspicuous and thus unlikely to be unnoticed. The population trend is unknown.,"The species is oligolectic on the flowers of Asteraceae (Radchenko and Pesenko 1994). This species lives in meadows, edges of forest belts and man-made forests. This species nests in above-ground cavities such as burrows in wood and uses leaf discs to build its cells (Malysheva 1958). The main limitation is the availability of suitable cavities for their nests (V.G. Radchenko pers. com. 2014). The species flight period is in June-July.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Finland (Critically Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010) and Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2011).In Russia, Megachile bombycina is included in regional Red Data Books of Ryazan region (Anan'eva and Nikolaeva 2011) and Republic of Tatarstan (Sapayev 1995) as a rare species (equal to NT).  There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A., Praz, C. & Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,breviceps,,Megachile breviceps,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient since the species is only known from the type specimen. There is lack of information on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,The species is known from Spain (Ascher and Pickering 2014). It is known only from the type specimen.,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat or biology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Michez, D., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,burdigalensis,,Megachile burdigalensis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is known from mainland France and Slovenia (Ascher and Pickering 2014). According to Gogala (1998), the species is also found in Kazakhstan.","It is a rare species with a fragmented population, having very isolated populations in Europe with little demographic exchange. The population trend is unknown.",There is no information available on the habitat of this species. This species has been observed on Lotus (Gogala 1998).,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Michez, D., Nieto, A. & García, M.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,canariensis,,Megachile canariensis,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,The species is known only from the Canary Islands (Ascher and Pickering 2014).,The species is considered rather common and the population trend is unknown.,There is no information available on the habitat or biology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,canescens,,Megachile canescens,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,This species is endemic to the Canary Islands (Tkalcu 1993b).,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat or biology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,centuncularis,,Megachile centuncularis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of its widespread distribution and presumably large overall population. However, further research is urgently needed on the population size, trends, and specific threats to the species in order to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"Megachile centuncularis is distributed in the east Palearctic and Nearctic regions, and through north Africa (Ascher and Pickering 2014).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. However, the species is presumed to have a large overall population.","Megachile centuncularis inhabits forest edges, forest clearings, open areas and fallow lands. It nests in existing cavities in wood or in hollow stems and its brood cells are made of leaf discs. It is host of the cuckoo bee species Coelioxys inermis, and possibly also of C. elongata and C. mandibularis (Amiet et al. 2004). The species is polylectic (Peeters et al. 1999, Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004) in that it forages upon a wide variety of plant species.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Finland (Critically Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2011), Ireland (Near Threatened; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006) and Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeter and Reemer 2003).There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,circumcincta,,Megachile circumcincta,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed overall large population.,Unknown,"Megachile circumcincta is present throughout the Holoarctic, from western Canada through subarctic areas. It is widely distributed in Europe (Ascher and Pickering 2014).","There is no information available on the population size of this species. While in Germany the species is uncommon, in the Alps it is common. It is considered to have an overall large population. Nevertheless, it is undoubtedly decreasing in southern England (Else 2012).","The brood cells are made with leaf discs and placed in underground burrows or existing cavities (Amiet et al. 2004, Westrich 1989, Nielsen 1902). The species flies from late May to early August, and is polylectic (Amiet et al. 2004). The cuckoo bee species Coelioxys elongata, C. mandibularis, C. quadridentata and C. rufescens (Megachilinae) are kleptoparasites of this species (Amiet et al. 2004, Else 2012).In northern Europe M. circumcincta nests in coastal dunes and inland heaths, by excavating burrows in the soil and  in wood (Erlandsson 1955); populations still exist on the extensive coastal dune systems of eastern Scotland (G.R. Else pers. obs. 1982). In Germany, the species is mostly found in sandy areas, in quarries or in fallow lands in agricultural areas (Westrich 1989); while in the Alps the species is found in diverse open habitats.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2011), Ireland (Data Deficient; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006) and Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003).There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,concinna,,Megachile concinna,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Megachile concinna has a Palearctic distribution, possibly Afrotropical, and it also occurs in southeast Asia. The species has also been introduced into the New World. In Europe, it occurs through southern Europe (Ascher and Pickering 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,cressa,,Megachile cressa,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as the species is only known from the type specimens and there is no information available on population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,This species is endemic to Crete (Grace 2010).,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,cypricola,,Megachile cypricola,,,No,CR,D,No,CR,D,EU27,,"Global, Mediterranean and European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)EU regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)This very conspicuous species has not been observed since 1950. Thus, it is reasonable to infer that there are less than 50 mature individuals in the population. Sampling efforts are needed to  determine if the species is actually extinct and research should be  conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and  ecology, and threats to the species.",Decreasing,"In Europe, the species in known only from Cyprus. Tkalcu (1970) mentions this species from Afghanistan, although possibly the specimens from Afghanistan belongs to another species as no record is known between these widely separated localities (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014). In Cyprus, the species is known from 11 specimens from the following localities: Limmassol, Ayia Napa, Paramytha, Pano Kivides and Chirokitia.   The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 577 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2.","This very conspicuous and easily identifiable species has not been observed since 1950, despite considerable sampling efforts (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014). Thus, it is reasonable to infer that there are less than 50 mature individuals and that the population trend in declining.","Mavromoustakis (1938) states that the species is oligolectic on Onobrychis and that it builds exposed nests on large stones. The habitat of the species has not been described but it probably inhabits open habitats, such as grasslands.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Sampling efforts are needed to determine if the species is actually extinct and research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species. Monitoring of the population is needed.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,dacica,,Megachile dacica,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as the species is only known from the type specimen and there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,The species is only known from Hungary (Ascher and Pickering 2014).,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,deceptoria,,Megachile deceptoria,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The distribution of this species spreads from northern Africa to southern and central Europe, eastwards to Iran (Ascher and Pickering 2014).",It is a rare species with isolated populations. The population trend is unknown.,"There is no information available on the biology or habitat of this species. However, it is known to be the host of the cuckoo bee species Coelioxys polycentris (Zettel et al. 2004).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,diabolica,,Megachile diabolica,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2, the species is rare and it occurs in very isolated populations in southern Europe. The species is potentially threatened by grazing. Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Further research is needed into the population trends.",Unknown,"The species is known from Italy through southeastern Europe, eastwards to the Caucasus (Ascher and Pickering 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 101,213 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2.",This rare species has a severely fragmented distribution with very isolated populations (Hartmann and Arens 1998). The population trend is unknown.,"Females have been observed exclusively on Asyneuma limonifolium (Campanulaceae) (Hartmann and Arens 1998). Females of M. diabolica build nests in the soil, coating its brood cells with leave pieces of Prunus mahaleb (Hartmann and Arens 1998). The habitat is unknown.","The species is potentially threatened by intensive grazing, which could alter the vegetation and may reduce the presence of the flowers where it forages.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,ericetorum,,Megachile ericetorum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed overall large population. However, research should be conducted into the species' population trend and threats.",Unknown,"Megachile ericetorum is limited to the western Palearctic, where it is present from southwestern to northern Europe and north Africa (Ascher and Pickering 2014).","Although the species is considered threatened in some countries, it presumably has an overall large population. The population trend is unknown.","This species inhabits open habitats with suitable host plants, including grasslands, shrublands, forest edges, clearings and road sides (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014). Females of M. ericetorum nest in preexisting cavities (Westrich 1989, Peeters et al. 1999, Amiet et al. 2004) and it is the host of the cuckoo bee Coelioxys aurolimbata (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014). They build cells made of mud that are lined with resin. Females are probably oligolectic on Fabaceae (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Finland (Critically Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010), Great Britain (Regionally Extinct; Shirt 1987) and the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003).There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,farinosa,,Megachile farinosa,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is distributed in Greece and Cyprus (Ascher and Pickering 2014). Outside of Europe, the species also occurs in Turkey, Syria, Iraq (Grace 2010) and Iran (Ascher and Pickering 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat or biology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,fertoni,,Megachile fertoni,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is present in France, Sardinia and Spain, including the Balearic Islands. Outside of Europe, it is present in north Africa (Ascher and Pickering 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,flabellipes,,Megachile flabellipes,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"The species is present throughout Europe from France eastwards to Slovakia (Ascher and Pickering 2014). Outside of Europe, it is present in Turkey and Israel.",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,This species is oligolectic on Centaurea (Müller and Bansac 2004). The species inhabits open habitats such as grasslands and shrublands.,The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,foersteri,,Megachile foersteri,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as the species has not been observed in Europe for more than 100 years and there is no information available on population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"This species is known from Crete, Turkey and the Middle East eastwards to Iran (Grace 2010, C. Praz pers. comm. 2014).",It is a large and rare species. This species has not been observed in Europe for more than 100 years (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014). The population trend is unknown.,This is the largest Megachile species from Europe so it requires large pollen quantities. There is no information available on the habitat of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,fuerteventurae,,Megachile fuerteventurae,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the global distribution, population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,This species is endemic to the Canary Islands (Ascher and Pickering 2014).,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,fulvimana,,Megachile fulvimana,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,The species is known only from Romania and European and central Russia (Ascher and Pickering 2014).,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,genalis,,Megachile genalis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Megachile genalis is present from western Europe in France eastwards to Ukraine and Russia (Ascher and Pickering 2014). Outside of Europe, it is present in Kazakhstan (Marikovskaya 1972), Kyrgyzstan (Tarbinskiy 1962), Tajikistan (Popov 1967, Kadamshoyev and Edgorshoyev 1981) and Far East of Russia (Roman’kova 1995).","This rare species is very localized, and in central Europe the populations are not connected at all (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014). The population trend is unknown. In the southern regions of Ukraine, the species is considered to be common (V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2014).","The brood cells are made of leaf pieces (Ruhnke 2000). Ruhnke (2000) found some nests of M. genalis in newly grown plant stems and additional breeding cells were often found in the upper nest hole. Additionally, Megachile genalis usually builds the nests inside onion flower stems (Dudich 1884, Tarbinskiy 1962, Marikovskaya 1972, Kadamshoyev and Edgorshoyev 1981). Due to this, it was considered a pest of onion (Titov 1937, Paliy and Kartashov 1970).  There is no information available on the habitat of this species.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994).Further research is needed into the population size and trend and threats affecting the species. It occurs in protected areas, such as Karadag Natural Reserve in Ukraine (Filatov 2001).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A. & García, M.","Dewulf, A., Praz, C. & Radchenko, V.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,ghilianii,,Megachile ghilianii,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as the species is only known from the type material which has been lost and there is no information available on the distribution, population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,This species was described from a female in Spain (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014).,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any Red Data Books or National Red Lists. It is not known if its distribution overlaps with protected areas throughout its range. Research is needed into the taxonomy,             distribution, population size and trends, habitat, ecology, and threats to this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,giraudi,,Megachile giraudi,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,The species is present in Europe from Spain and France eastwards to Hungary and Greece (Ascher and Pickering 2014).,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat or ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Ukraine (Rare; Monchenko et al. 2009). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,gothalauniensis,,Megachile gothalauniensis,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as the species is only known from the type specimens and there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,The species is endemic to Spain (Ascher and Pickering 2014). The species is only known from the type series (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014).,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,hohmanni,,Megachile hohmanni,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,The species is endemic to the Canary Islands (Ascher and Pickering 2014).,It is a rare species known from only few localities. The population trend is unknown.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,hungarica,,Megachile hungarica,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as the taxonomy of this species remains unclear and there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is known from Hungary, Slovakia (Tkalcu 1973), Bulgaria (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014), Greece and the East Aegean Islands (Grace 2010).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,lagopoda,,Megachile lagopoda,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its widespread distribution and presumably large populations. However, research should be conducted on the population size, trends and threats in order to determine the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in certain European countries.",Unknown,Megachile lagopoda is widespread throughout Europe (Ascher and Pickering 2014).,"In southern Europe, this species is quite common. The population trend is unknown, although populations are presumed to be abundant.","This species nests in underground burrows or cavities, with cells made of leaf discs (Westrich 1989, Gogala 2013). It is host of the cuckoo bee Coelioxys conoidea (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014). Megachile lagopoda is polylectic (Westrich 1989), in that it forages upon a wide variety of plant species, mainly on Asteraceae (Westrich 1990). It inhabits open habitats with abundant host-plants, including grasslands and shrublands. In central Europe it is found mostly in dry grasslands. The species is univoltine (the species has one generation per year) and it flies from July to September (Gogala 2013).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Norway (Critically Endangered; Kålås et al. 2010), Sweden (Vulnerable; Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,lanigera,,Megachile lanigera,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Megachile lanigera is known from the Canary Islands and Morocco (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014).,This rare species is only known from a few localities. The population trend is unknown.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,lapponica,,Megachile lapponica,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trends, and threats to the species. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,This species is present through the west Palearctic (Ascher and Pickering 2014) and it is found across Europe from France eastwards to Russia.,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,The nests of M. lapponica are built in soil or wood cavities (Peeters et al. 1999) and the species uses leaf pieces of Chamerion angustifolium. It is host of the cuckoo bee Coelioxys inermis (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014). The species has a strong preference to forage on Epilobium species. The species is found in forest clearings and forest edges.,The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005) and Great Britain (Regionally Extinct; Shirt 1987). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,leachella,,Megachile leachella,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern since the species is widespread and populations are presumed to be quite large overall. However, research should be conducted on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"This species is widely distributed from Spain to Central Asia, including central and northern Europe, UK and Scandinavia (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. However, the species is widespread and populations are presumed to be quite large overall.","The species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, and it forages on Crassulaceae, Fabaceae and Lamiaceae families (Westrich 1989), with preference for Lotus corniculatus (Peeters et al. 1999).   Nest burrows are excavated in the soil and the brood cells are made with leaf discs from various plant species (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004). There are several cells aligned in one nest, and its entrance is covered by leaves (Meng and Xu 2008). For the construction of one cell, 11 to 14 pieces of leaves are needed (Meng and Xu 2008). Megachile leachella makes six to nine pollen and nectar trips for each cell (Meng and Xu 2008).  In northern Europe, M. leachella is mainly found on coastal sand dunes, from June to late August (Westrich 1989, Else 2012). In central Europe, M. leachella is mostly found in sandy habitats.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct, Amiet 1994).There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trend and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,lefebvrei,,Megachile lefebvrei,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends, habitats, ecology and specific threats to the species. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is present in France, Spain (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014), Ukraine (Monchenko et al. 2009) and it might be present in Greece (Grace 2010).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is included in the Red Data Book or National Red List of Ukraine (Endangered, Monchenko et al. 2009). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,leucomalla,,Megachile leucomalla,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"M. leucomalla is known from Spain, France to south-eastern Europe, eastwards to the Middle East and to Iran (Ascher and Pickering 2014).","This species is rare throughout Europe, and the population trend is unknown.",There is no information available on the habitat or biology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,ligniseca,,Megachile ligniseca,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends, habitat and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"The distribution of this species is limited to the west Palearctic (Ascher and Pickering 2014), where it is present in Europe from France eastwards to Russia.",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species is polylectic (Westrich 1989, Gogala 2014), in that it forages in a wide variety of plant species. The nests are built in various pre-existing cavities, mainly in wood burrows, with cells built with leaf discs (Westrich 1989, Müller et al. 1997, Amiet et al. 2004). It is host of the cuckoo bee Coelioxys alata, and possibly also of C. elongata (Amiet et al. 2004). The species inhabits forest clearings and forest edges (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Ireland (Data Deficient; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006), Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Norway (Regionally Extinct; Kålås et al. 2010) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994).There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,lucidifrons,,Megachile lucidifrons,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as the species is only known from the type specimen and there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,The species is only known from the type specimen in Corsica (Ascher and Pickering 2014).,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat or ecological requirements of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,maackii,,Megachile maackii,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The distribution area is limited to the west Palearctic, where it is present in Lithuania, Slovakia, Russia and Siberia (Ascher and Pickering 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2011). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,manicata,,Megachile manicata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,This species is distributed in south-eastern Europe and in the Middle East (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014).,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The nest walls are relatively thin and made of mud and pebbles, probably mixed with salivary secretions. The species may be oligolectic on Fabaceae (Le Goff 2012, C. Praz pers. obs. 2014). There is no information available on the habitat of this species.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,maritima,,Megachile maritima,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"The distribution area is limited to the west Palearctic, where it is present in Europe from Spain north and eastwards until Russia (Ascher and Pickering 2014). Outside of Europe, the species occurs in Central Asia, Siberia and Mongolia.",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"Although O.W. Richards found a nest in a wall (Croyde, Devon in August 1944), the nest burrows are dug on the soil (Else 2012). The different cells are built from neatly cut sections of green leaves provided from various plants (e.g., Salix species) (Else 2012).  The species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, as in Germany (Westrich 1989).   This leaf-cutter bee is mainly found on the coast, especially where there is light, sandy soil. Other populations occur on lowland heaths and sometimes on chalk grasslands (Else 2012).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Ireland (Near Threatened; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006), Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994).There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,mavromoustakisi,,Megachile mavromoustakisi,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as the species is only known from the type specimens and there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,The species is endemic to Cyprus (Ascher and Pickering 2014).,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,melanogaster,,Megachile melanogaster,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trend, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Megachile melanogaster is limited to the west Palearctic, and is distributed from Spain to southern Russia (Ascher and Pickering 2014). The species also occurs in northern Africa.",This species is very rare and the population trend is unknown.,This species may be oligolectic on Centaurea (Müller and Bansac 2004). There is no information available on the habitat of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A. & García, M.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,melanopyga,,Megachile melanopyga,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and because it is common in southern Europe.,Unknown,"Megachile melanopyga is distributed in the east Palearctic and the Near East (Ascher and Pickering 2014). In Europe, the species is present from Spain eastwards to Russia.","In southern Europe, this species is common. The population trend is unknown.","Megachile melanopyga is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, mainly collecting pollen from Asteraceae by the ventral hair-bands on their abdomens (Michener        2007, Gogala 2013). Partly bivoltine, the species flies from May to September (Gogala 2013) and their nests are made in grass tussocks (Gogala 2013). The brood cells are made of leaf discs (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004).  The species inhabits open habitats such as grasslands, shrublands etc.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,montenegrensis,,Megachile montenegrensis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is known from the Balkans, Greece, the Middle East and Turkey eastwards to Iran (Ascher and Pickering 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,nigriventris,,Megachile nigriventris,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"The species is present throughout Europe, from Spain northeastwards to Scandinavia and eastern Russia (Ascher and Pickering 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"Megachile nigriventris is probably oligolectic, with a specialization on Fabaceae (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004). The species is found in open forests and forest edges. It nests in burrows excavated in decaying wood, where cells are made of scraps of leaves (Gogala 2013). It is host of the cuckoo bee Coelioxys lanceolata (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014).The species is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and it flies from June to July (Gogala 2013).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005).There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,octosignata,,Megachile octosignata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"The distribution of this species is limited to the west Palearctic, where it is present from the west of Europe in Spain eastwards to Russia (Ascher and Pickering 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"Megachile octosignata is probably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plant species, with a preference for Asteraceae species (Müller and Bansac 2004). The habitat of the species is unknown.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005).There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,opacifrons,,Megachile opacifrons,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,The species is endemic to France and Spain (Ascher and Pickering 2014).,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,parietina,,Megachile parietina,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed overall large population, especially in southeastern Europe. However, the species has undergone significant declines in central Europe and it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,Megachile parietina is present from western Europe in France eastwards to Ukraine (Ascher and Pickering 2014).,"This formally widespread species has suffered a dramatic decline in central Europe during the last century. In France, it is now restricted to the southern parts of the country (Vereecken et al. 2010), but was once present over the entire country (Rasmont et al. 2003). In Spain, the species may be restricted to mountainous areas (Ortiz-Sanchez et al. 2012). In southeastern Europe, the species is still widespread and present in large populations (e.g., Greece). The population trend is unknown.","This species builds very hard nests of mud probably mixed with salivary secretions (Westrich 1989, Müller et al. 1997). It is host to the cuckoo bees Stelis nasuta, Dioxys tridentata and Dioxys cincta (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004).Although polylectic, it shows a strong preference for Fabaceae species, especially Onobrychis. Müller et al. (2006) demonstrated that this species requires a large number of flowers to maintain its populations. The species inhabits grasslands.","Changes in agricultural practices, in particular the cease of Onobrychis cultivation as fodder, has probably led to the decline of the species in central Europe. According to Rasmont et al. (2003), the reduction in cultivation of Fabaceae species in the last century in France and Belgium has affected this species. In addition, Müller et al. (2006) demonstrated that the high pollen  requirements of this species may underline its decline in central Europe.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Norway (Regionally Extinct; Kålås et al. 2010) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994).There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,picicornis,,Megachile picicornis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is present in south-western Europe and Albania (Ascher and Pickering 2014), as well as Central Asia.",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species, as well as some taxonomic studies to determine what is the valid name of this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,pilicrus,,Megachile pilicrus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"This species is distributed through the east Palearctic, and it is found from western Europe in Spain eastwards to Russia (Ascher and Pickering 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"This species is oligolectic on Asteraceae (Müller and Bansac 2004) (e.g., on Centaurea; Gogala 2013) and nests in hollow stems (Amiet et al. 2004, Gogala 2013). The species inhabits open habitats such as fallow land in agricultural habitats and dry grasslands. The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and it flies from July to September (Gogala 2013).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005).There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,pilidens,,Megachile pilidens,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed overall large and stable populations.,Stable,Megachile pilidens is present from western Europe in Spain eastwards to Russia (Ascher and Pickering 2014). The species is also found in Morocco and Central Asia.,"In southern Europe, this species is abundant. The species may be in expansion in northern and central Europe, following climatic change (Peeters et al. 2006). Overall the population trend may be stable.","In northern and central Europe the species is found in dry and warm habitats (dry grasslands, fallow areas). In southern Europe, it is found in various open habitats.    Megachile pilidens is polylectic, and visits mainly Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Dipsacaceae and Asteraceae (Gogala 2013). Its nests in pre-existing cavities, especially crevices between stones, where cells are made of scraps of leaves (Gogala 2013). It is host of the cuckoo bee Coelioxys afra (C. Praz pers. comm. 2014). The species is bivoltine (it has two generation per year), the first generation flies from June to August, and the second in August and September (Gogala 2013).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994).There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,pugillatoria,,Megachile pugillatoria,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as the species in only known from the type specimen and there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,The species is endemic to Italy (Ascher and Pickering 2014).,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,punctatissima,,Megachile punctatissima,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,The species is endemic to Italy (Ascher and Pickering 2014).,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,pusilla,,Megachile pusilla,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as the species is only known from the type specimen and there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,The species is endemic to Portugal (Ascher and Pickering 2014).,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,pyrenaea,,Megachile pyrenaea,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size, trends, and specific threats to the species. Further research is urgently needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"The species is found across the west Palearctic, from western Europe in Spain northeastwards to Scandinavia (Ascher and Pickering 2014). The species also occurs in Turkey.",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"This species is associated to dry and warm habitats (Westrich 1989); in southern Europe it inhabits various open habitats. It is a polylectic species (Peeters et al. 1999, Gogala 2013) in that it forages in a wide variety of plant species. It nests in the soil under stones or in the ground, where cells are made of scraps of leaves (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004, Gogala 2013). It is possibly a host of the cuckoo bees Coelioxys elongata and C. mandibularis (Amiet et al. 2004). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year), and it flies from July to September (Gogala 2013).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Finland (Vulnerable; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (threatened but category unknown; Westrich et al. 2011), Norway (Regionally Extinct; Kålås et al. 2010) and Sweden (Vulnerable; Gärdenfors 2010).There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,pyrenaica,,Megachile pyrenaica,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,Megachile pyrenaica is present from western Europe in Spain eastwards to Central Asia (Ascher and Pickering 2014).,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"This species makes hard, exposed brood cells with mud probably mixed with secretions. The cells are placed on various substrate, sometimes even on branches. It is host of the cuckoo bees Stelis nasuta and Dioxys cincta (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004). The species may be oligolectic on Fabaceae (Müller et al. 1997), although Gogala (2013) mentions that this species visits both Fabaceae and Lamiaceae. The species inhabits mountainous open areas such as grasslands and rocky areas.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,rhodosiaca,,Megachile rhodosiaca,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as the species is only known from the type specimen and there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,The species is endemic to Greece (Ascher and Pickering 2014).,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat or ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,roeweri,,Megachile roeweri,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as its taxonomic status is unclear and there is no information available on its distribution, population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is known from Greece and Cyprus (Grace 2010, Ascher and Pickering 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat or ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,rotundata,,Megachile rotundata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is present from Spain northeastwards to Finland and eastwards to Central Asia (Ascher and Pickering 2014). The species has been introduced to various regions of the globe for the pollination of alfalfa.","Megachile rotundata is very common in the places where it has been introduced, but it is less common in Europe. There is no information available for the population trend of this species.","This species places its brood cells made of leaf discs in various pre-existing cavities. It is host of the cuckoo bee Coelioxys echinata (Amiet et al. 2004). It is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of plant species, although it has a distinct preference for Fabaceae species. It is managed in various regions as a pollinator of alfalfa (Pitts-Singer and Cane 2011). The species is present in temperate grasslands.",The threats to the species are unknown.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Moldova (Endangered; Anonymous 2002) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends and threats to the species.","Megachile rotundata is commercially used to pollinate alfalfa in many areas, particularly in North America, where the bee was deliberately imported to pollinate the food crops (Milius 2007). This species was also introduced to New Zealand in 1971 and Australia in 1987, and it has now become widespread (Milius 2007). <a href=""http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megachile_rotundata#cite_note-6"">","Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,rufescens,,Megachile rufescens,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as its taxonomic status is unclear and there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this European endemic species.",Unknown,The species is present in France and possibly in Spain (Ascher and Pickering 2014).,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat or ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,rufitarsis,,Megachile rufitarsis,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Listed as Not Applicable because the European population represents less than one percent of the overall population.,Unknown,"This species is distributed from Morocco to Algeria. It has only been recorded once from the Balearic Islands (Spain), and this record requires confirmation (Ascher and Pickering 2014). Thus, the European regional population represent less than one percent of the global population.","In north Africa, populations are very rare. There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.",There is no information available on the habitat of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Further research should be conducted in order to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology and threats to the species. It is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected area throughout its range.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,schmiedeknechti,,Megachile schmiedeknechti,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is present in Italy, Corsica and Sardinia. Elsewhere, it is found in north Africa (Ascher and Pickering 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the ecology or habitat of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,semicircularis,,Megachile semicircularis,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,The species is only known from Greece (Ascher and Pickering 2014).,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,semipleta,,Megachile semipleta,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as the species is only known from the type specimen and there is no information available on population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this European endemic species.",Unknown,The species is endemic to Madeira (Ascher and Pickering 2014).,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the ecology or habitat of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,sexmaculata,,Megachile sexmaculata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as the taxonomy is unclear and there is no information available on population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is present in southeastern Europe. Elsewhere, it occurs in Turkey and northern Africa (Ascher and Pickering 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the ecology or habitat of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,sicula,,Megachile sicula,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,Megachile sicula is present through the Mediterranean area and the Canary Islands (Spain) (Ascher and Pickering 2014). The species also occurs in northern Africa and the Middle East.,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The nests are made from a sort of compact mud in walls or trees (Vereecken et al. 2010), and it can be observed flying from April to June. The species inhabits open habitats such as grasslands, shrublands, and fallow lands.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,troodica,,Megachile troodica,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,The species is endemic to Cyprus (Ascher and Pickering 2014).,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,versicolor,,Megachile versicolor,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,Megachile versicolor is found widespread through Europe and Russia. It is also present in western Siberia and the provinces of Russian Far East (Ascher and Pickering 2014).,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The bee is usually active from June until September, having one generation per year (Else 2013). Megachile versicolor cuts leaves in a semicircular form used to coat the nest galleries (Else 2013). The species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flower species (Peeters et al. 2012) It is host of the cuckoo bee Coelioxys inermis (Amiet et al. 2004). There is no information available on the habitat of this species.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,walkeri,,Megachile walkeri,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is present in Cyprus. Elsewhere, it is found in north Africa (not including the Sinai Peninsula) (Ascher and Pickering 2014).",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Megachile,willughbiella,,Megachile willughbiella,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and seems abundant through its European distribution. However research should be conducted into the population trends and threats to the species.,Unknown,Megachile willughbiella is widespread through the east Palearctic region including Japan (Ascher and Pickering 2014).,The species seems to be abundant through its European distribution. There is no information available for the population trend of this species.,"Megachile willughbiella is polylectic (Gogala 2013), in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species. It nests in burrows excavated in decaying wood, or in pre-existing cavities, where cells are made of scraps of leaves (Gogala 2013). Nests are often built in gardens, in sunny, sheltered locations in crevices on dead wood or on the ground (Else 2013). It is host of the cuckoo bees Coelioxys quadridentata and C. elongata (Amiet et al. 2004). The species is partly bivoltine (it has two generations per year), and it flies from June to September (Gogala 2013). The species can be observed from June to August (Else 2013). This species inhabits forest edges, forest clearings, grasslands, rural gardens and parks in urban areas.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Ireland (Near Threatened; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Dewulf, A. & Praz, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Melecta,aegyptiaca,,Melecta aegyptiaca,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,The species is found in very scattered localities along the Mediterranean basin and in the Canary Islands (Rasmont 2014).,"There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. It is very rare, as are the rest of the Melecta species.","There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although as it is widespread it can be assumed to occur in temperate grasslands. It is a kleptoparasitic species whose host is unknown.",The specific threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Research is needed to determine the population size and trends, habitats, ecology and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Melecta,albifrons,,Melecta albifrons,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and there are no major threats to the species. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends, habitat and ecology of the species.",Unknown,"This species is the most widespread Melecta in Europe. The limits to its distribution are North Africa to the south, and Denmark and Latvia to the north. It does not occur in Scotland, Ireland, Fennoscandia and northern Russia (Rasmont 2014).","There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species. However, since its host Anthophora plumipes is abundant, the species is presumed to be common.","There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species. However, it is known that Melecta albifrons is a kleptoparasitic species (nest parasite) of the following host species: Anthophora plumipes (Pallas), Anthophora fulvitarsis Brullé, Anthophora plagiata Illiger, Anthophora salviae (Panzer), Anthophora mucida Gribodo and Habropoda tarsata (Spinola). As it is kleptoparasitic, it's habitat mirrors that of its host.",There are no major threats to the species.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Least Concern; Westrich et al. 2011) and Netherlands (Endangered; Peeter and Reemer 2003). There are no conservation actions in place for this species and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology of the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Melecta,baeri,,Melecta baeri,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and specific threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,The species is found in the arid steppes of southern Russia and central Asia (Rasmont 2014).,"There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. It is very rare, as are the rest of the Melecta species.","There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on temperate grasslands. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, although its host is unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"Melecta baeri is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Melecta,canariensis,,Melecta canariensis,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. The species has a restricted distribution with an area of occupancy (AOO) probably less than 2,000 km2, so further research is needed to assess the status of this species as it could be threatened.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Canary Islands (Spain) (Hohmann et al. 1993, Rasmont 2014). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is probably smaller than 2,000 km2.","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. It is very rare, as are the rest of the Melecta species.","There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species. Melecta canariensis is known to be a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but its host is unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P., Dehon, M. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Melecta,caroli,,Melecta caroli,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species, as it has a restricted distribution and it could be threatened.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Canary Islands of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura (Spain) (Hohmann et al. 1993, Rasmont 2014).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. It is very rare, as are the rest of the Melecta species.","There is no information available on the habitat of this species, although it has been recorded in altitudes up to 600 m asl (Hohmann et al. 1993).The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but its host is unknown. Its host plants include Aizoaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Frankeniaceae and Oxalidaceae (Hohmann et al. 1993). It is probably bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year, since it has been recorded from February to May and from September and November.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitats and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P., Dehon, M. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Melecta,curvispina,,Melecta curvispina,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Canary Islands (Rasmont 2014), where it occurs in La Palma, La Gomera, Tenerife and Gran Canaria (Hohmann et al. 1993).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. It is very rare, as are the rest of the Melecta species.","There is no information available on the habitat of this species, although it has been recorded in altitudes up to 2,300 m asl (Hohmann et al. 1993) and it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands.The species is probably kleptoparasite, as other species of the genus Melecta. The host plants include the families Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Cistaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Oxalidaceae and Rubiaceae (Hohmann et al. 1993).It has been recorded from October to June (Hohmann et al. 1993).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P., Dehon, M. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Melecta,duodecimmaculata,,Melecta duodecimmaculata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Melecta duodecimmaculata is found in warm Mediterranean countries, from southwestern to eastern Europe (Rasmont 2014). Outside of Europe, it is present in North Africa, the Near Orient and Central Asia.","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. It is very rare, as are the rest of the Melecta species.","There is no information available on its habitat and ecology, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but its host is unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Melecta,festiva,,Melecta festiva,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is found through Mediterranean countries (Rasmont 2014). Outside of Europe, it is present eastwards into Turkey and Central Asia.","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. It is very rare, as the are rest of the Melecta species.","There is no information available on its habitat and ecology, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but its host is unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Melecta,fulgida,,Melecta fulgida,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is present through the Balkans and west Asia, with one record from France (Rasmont 2014).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. It is very rare, as are the rest of the Melecta species.","There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but its host is unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Melecta,funeraria,,Melecta funeraria,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"Melecta funeraria is a Mediterranean species with a scattered distribution. Outside of Europe, it is present in the Caucasian region (Rasmont 2014).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. It is very rare, as are the rest of the Melecta species.","There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, and its host is most likely to be Habropoda zonatula Smith, 1854.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Melecta,gracilipes,,Melecta gracilipes,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. The species has a restricted distribution, so further research is needed to assess the status of this species as it could be threatened.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the island of Menorca (Balearic Islands, Spain) (Rasmont 2014).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. It is very rare, as are the rest of the Melecta species.","There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but its host is unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P., Dehon, M. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Melecta,grandis,,Melecta grandis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Melecta grandis is a Mediterranean species. In Europe, it is found through the Iberian Peninsula and Sicily, while outside of Europe it is present in Israel and North Africa (Rasmont 2014).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. It is very rare, as are the rest of the Melecta species.","There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but its host is unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Melecta,guichardi,,Melecta guichardi,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is found in Spain, Romania, Greece and the Near East (Rasmont 2014).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. It is very rare, as are the rest of the Melecta species.","There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but its host is unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Melecta,guilochei,,Melecta guilochei,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats of the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is only found in Greece and the east Aegean islands (Grace 2010). Outside of Europe, it is present in Morocco (Rasmont 2014).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. It is very rare, as are the rest of the Melecta species.","There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but its host is unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Melecta,italica,,Melecta italica,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species and to clarify its taxonomic status.",Unknown,"Melecta italica is found across the Mediterranean region. Outside of Europe, it is present in North Africa and the Near Orient (Rasmont 2014).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. It is very rare, as are the rest of the Melecta species.","There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but its host is unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Melecta,leucorhyncha,,Melecta leucorhyncha,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of the species.",Unknown,The species is found from North Africa and the Balearic Islands (Spain) to the eastern Mediterranean countries and the Near Orient (Rasmont 2014).,"There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. It is very rare, as the rest of Melecta species.","There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but its host is unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Melecta,luctuosa,,Melecta luctuosa,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread through its range and the species is not declining fast enough to qualify for a higher category of threat. However, research has to be conducted in order to determine the population size and threats to the species, as it has shown a strong decline in Europe.",Decreasing,"In Europe, this species is widely distributed under 60° latitude (Rasmont 2014). Outside of Europe, it is present in North Africa and the Near East.","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. However, populations are thought to be in decline and the species is becoming extremely rare in some parts of its area, such as the United Kingdom, Belgium (Leclerq et al. 1980) and the Netherlands, and it has also been declining in Sweden (B. Cederberg pers. comm. 2014), where it is now considered extinct (Gärdenfors 2010).","Melecta luctuosa is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, being its host Anthophora retusa (Linnaeus, 1758) in most of its distribution. Other hosts include Anthophora plagiata (Illiger, 1806) and Anthophora aestivalis (Panzer, 1801). It has recently been observed in temperate grasslands in Belgium (D. Michez pers. comm. 2014), but there is no further information on the habitat of this species.","In some parts of its area, the decline of its host species has led M. luctuosa to scarcity or even local extinction. Its host Anthophora plagiata is decreasing in western Europe, although not in eastern Europe. The causes of this decline are not clear, and hypothesis include that it could be related to its foraging plants, which include clover (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014) or that it could be related to the nesting behaviour of the species (B. Cederberg pers. comm. 2014).","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Great Britain (Critically Endangered; Shirt 1987), Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeter and Reemer 2003), Sweden (Regionally Extinct; Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is also listed as being in regression in the first Red List of Belgian insects (Leclercq et al. 1980).There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Melecta,mundula,,Melecta mundula,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is found scattered through east Mediterranean areas, southeast Russia and Central Asia (Rasmont 2014).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. It is very rare, as are the rest of the Melecta species.","There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but its host is unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Melecta,obscura,,Melecta obscura,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is found through eastern and north Mediterranean areas, from Italy to Turkey and the Caucasus (Rasmont 2014).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. It is very rare, as are the rest of the Melecta species.","There is no information available on the habitat of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, and its host is likely to be Habropoda tarsata (Spinola, 1838). Its habitat preference is likely to mirror that of its host.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Melecta,prophanta,,Melecta prophanta,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is only one specimen known of this species. Moreover, there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is only known from one specimen on Lanzarote, Canary Islands (Spain). However, it seems likely that the species could also occur in Morocco (Rasmont 2014).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. It is very rare, as are the rest of the Melecta species.","There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but its host is unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Melecta,tuberculata,,Melecta tuberculata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The distribution of this species is disjunt. In Europe, it is present in the Mediterranean part of the Iberian peninsula and southern France, Bulgaria, Greece, Crete, Cyprus and southern European Russia and the Near Orient (Rasmont 2014).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. It is very rare, as are the rest of the Melecta species.","There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but its host is unknown. Males pollinate the orchid Ophrys kotschyi by pseudocopulation (Paulus and Gack 1990).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Melitta,aegyptiaca,,Melitta aegyptiaca,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed  as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information about the  population size and trend and the threats affecting the species. However  the species has a restricted distribution in Europe with an area of occupancy (AOO) of  112 km².,Unknown,"Melitta aegyptiaca is mainly distributed in northern Africa (Morocco and Egypt). In Europe, the species occurs in the Canary Islands, in Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Tenerife and Gran Canaria (Warncke 1973, Michez and Eardley 2007). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 23,649 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 112 km².",There is no information available on the population abundance of this species. The current population trend of this species is unknown.,Melitta aegyptiaca lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. Females of M. aegyptiaca forage mainly on Fabaceae but they are overall regarded as a generalist species (Michez et al. 2008).,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the abundance and threats to this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Melitta,budashkini,,Melitta budashkini,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient because there is no information on the population size or threats to this species. However, the species has a very restricted distribution with a very small area of occupancy (AOO) of 4 km², qualifying almost under Vulnerable D2.   It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"Description of Melitta budashkini is based on the collection of 26 specimens from only one locality in Ukraine (Crimea, Feodosia, Cape Chauda, 45°00’17’’N 35°49’49’’E) (Michez et al. 2012). The area of occupancy (AOO) is therefore 4 km².",There appears to be no information available on the population abundance of this species but the species is quite rare. The current population trend of this species is unknown.,Specimens have been collected in steppe area on Limonium meyeri (Plumbaginaceae) and Linosyris villosa (Asteraceae) in September (Michez et al. 2012).,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place. Further studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, taxonomy, ecology, and threats to this poorly known species. The species does not occur in a protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Melitta,budensis,,Melitta budensis,,,No,LC,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Least Concern in Europe in view of its stable population in Ukraine. However, the area of occupancy (AOO) is small and the threats to this species are unknown.Listed as Data Deficient in the EU 27 in view of the absence of information about the population size and threats to this species in Hungary. However, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is small.",Stable,"Melitta budensis is present all around the Black Sea, in both the European and the Asian parts (Maréchal 1935, Warncke 1973, Michez and Eardley 2007). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 614,295 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km².",Main part of the recorded populations are present in Ukraine where they are stable. The population in Hungary is unknown.,Melitta budensis lives in grassland temperate vegetation. Females are pollen specialized on Campanulaceae (Michez et al. 2008).,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the abundance and threats to this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Melitta,dimidiata,,Melitta dimidiata,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened in view of the small area of occupancy (AOO = 344 km²) and continuing decline in the quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals. Populations in parts of its range are isolated (UK and Germany) and the species is already extinct in some countries.,Decreasing,"Melitta dimidiata has a wide distribution and is recorded from the United Kingdom (restricted to southern England) eastwards to Afghanistan (Baker 1965, Warncke 1973, Michez and Eardley 2007). It is considered that the population of Melitta dimidiata is severely fragmented as this species is specialized on Onobrychis sp. (Fabaceae), and these plants are known to be fragmented (Rasmont and Meersch 1988). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,638,438 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 344 km².","This is a species that can be common where it occurs, but its population trend is one of decline. Populations in England are relictual and isolated. The species was recorded in Belgium in the 19th century but it is now Extinct in this country.",Melitta dimidiata lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby and grassland temperate vegetation. Females collect pollen from Onobrychis (Fabaceae) and nest in the soil. This plant was cultivated in the past as forage crop and as a soil fertilizer. This crop is now declining.,"The host-plant used by Melitta dimidiata is declining due to land use change and intensification of agriculture, including the use of chemicals and fertilizers.","Melitta dimidiata is included in the national red lists of five European countries: (i) Endangered in United Kingdom (Shirt 1987)); (ii) Critically Endangered in Germany (Westrich et al. 2008); (iii)  Extinct in Belgium, Czech Republic and Slovenia (Michez and Eardley 2007, Farkac et al. 2005, Anonymous 2002).  There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place. The United Kingdom populations are all within protected areas, but it is not known if the species is present within such areas in other parts of its range. Further studies are needed into the abundance of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Melitta,haemorrhoidalis,,Melitta haemorrhoidalis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable population, and no past or ongoing threats.",Stable,"Melitta haemorrhoidalis is one of the most common and widespread Melittidae species. There are records in the north of Europe, in Scotland and Finland (Warncke 1973, Michez et al. 2004, Michez and Eardley 2007). In the south, the species is present in mountains such as the Pyrenees, Alps and Balkans. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,677,247 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,852 km².",The abundance and population size of this species are not known but the species is considered common. The current population trend is stable all around Europe.,"Melitta haemorrhoidalis lives in temperate grassland vegetation. Females forage on the genus Campanula (Campanulaceae) (Celary 2005, Michez et al. 2008).",There are no past or ongoing threats to this species.,There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place. The species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Melitta,hispanica,,Melitta hispanica,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species is listed as Vulnerable because its area of occupancy (AOO) is very small (16 km²) and the species occurs close to an area where tomato crops are being grown intensively, which could drive the taxon Extinct in a very short time.",Unknown,"Melitta hispanica is restricted to the Spanish mountain range of the Sierra Nevada (Warncke 1973, Ornosa and Ortiz-Sanchez 2003, Michez and Eardley 2007). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,367 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².",The abundance and population size or the population trend of this species are not known.,Melitta hispanica lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. Females seem to be pollen specialists on Fabaceae but there is just one recent observation (D. Michez pers. comm. 2010).,"The species occurs on top of a mountain where climate change can pose a threat in the future. In addition, the species occurs close to an area where tomato crops are being grown intensively, causing a possible threat to this species.","There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into abundance and threats to this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Melitta,iberica,,Melitta iberica,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient because of the absence of information on the population size and trend, and threats affecting the species. However, the species has a very restricted and fragmented distribution with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 36 km².",Unknown,"Melitta iberica is endemic to Spain and it is mainly recorded in two Spanish mountain ranges: Sierra Nevada and Sierra de Guadarrama (Warncke 1973, Michez and Eardley 2007). The species shows a fragmented distribution. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 124,235 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km².",There appears to be no information available on the population abundance of this species but the species is rare. The current population trend of this species is unknown.,Melitta iberica lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. There is no information available about the ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown. The subpopulations occurring in the mountains will possibly be threatened by climate change in the future.,"There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the abundance and threats to this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Melitta,kastiliensis,,Melitta kastiliensis,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,Listed as Vulnerable because the species has a very restricted distribution with a very small area of occupancy (AOO) of 12 km² and urbanisation is a future threat to the remaining individuals in the population.,Unknown,"Melitta kastiliensis is endemic to Spain and there are only three records of the species: Cartagena, Montarco and Alicante (Warncke 1973, Michez and Eardley 2007). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 15,768 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².",There appears to be no information available on the population abundance of this species but the species is clearly rare. The current population trend of this species is unknown. The last record in Cartagena is recent (Michez and Eardley 2007) but the Montarco population is probably extinct (D. Michez pers. comm. 2010).,Melitta kastiliensis lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. There is no information available about the ecology of this species.,The species might be threatened by urbanisation.,"There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the abundance, ecology and threats to this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Nieto, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Melitta,leporina,,Melitta leporina,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and no past or future threats.",Stable,"Melitta leporina is the most widespread species of the genus. It occurs from the United Kingdom eastwards to Vladivostok and from Finland to Spain (Warncke 1973, Michez and Eardley 2007). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,159,367 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 3,164 km².","There is no information available on the population abundance of this species, however the species is very common. The current population trend of this species is stable overall, although in certain parts of its range it is declining (e.g. Finland, Sweden, Slovenia, Norway and the Netherlands).","Melitta leporina lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby and temperate grassland habitats. Small populations can be found in urban areas with clovers. Females forage on pollen of various common Fabaceae like Melilotus, Trifolium and Medicago (Michez et al. 2008, Dellicour and Michez 2010). They make individual isolated nests in soil (Celary 2006).",There are no past or ongoing threats to this species at continental scale.,"Melitta leporina is included in the national red lists of the following five countries: (i) Near Threatened in Finland and Sweden (Rassi et al. 2001, Gärdenfors 2010); (ii) Vulnerable in the Netherlands and Norway (Peeters and Reemer 2003, Kålås et al. 2010); (iii) Endangered in Slovenia (Anonymous 2002).  No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species as a whole. The species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Melitta,maura,,Melitta maura,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed  as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information about  the  population size and trend and the threats affecting the species.  However,  the species has a restricted distribution in Europe with a very small area of occupancy (AOO) of 20 km².",Unknown,"Melitta maura is mainly a northern African species, populations are recorded from Israel to Morocco (Warncke 1973, Michez and Eardley 2007). In Europe, the species only occurs in Spain. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,780 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².",There appears to be no information available on the population abundance of this species but the species is rare. The current population trend of this species is unknown but records from Spain are all old records.,Melitta maura lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. This species seems to mainly forage on pollen of Brassicaceae (Michez et al. 2008).,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into abundance, ecology and threats to this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Melitta,melanura,,Melitta melanura,,,No,EN,"B2ab(ii,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,v)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(ii,v)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(ii,v)  Listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is very small (64 km²), its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO of the species and in the number of mature individuals.",Decreasing,"Melitta melanura has a very widespread but fragmented distribution from Siberia to Germany (Warncke 1973, Michez and Eardley 2007). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,462,055 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 64 km².",Records are very rare and populations seem isolated. Main part of the recorded populations are present in Ukraine where they are declining. This species is considered threatened in Ukraine.,Melitta melanura lives in temperate grassland vegetation. Females forage on pollen of Campanulaceae (Michez et al. 2008).,The threats to this species are unknown.,"Melitta melanura is considered as Vulnerable in Lithuania (Rašomavičius 2007), Endangered in Ukraine (Monchenko et al. 2009), Critically Endangered in Sweden (Gärdenfors 2010) and Extinct in Germany (Westrich et al. 2008).   There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the abundance and threats to this species. It is necessary to create natural reserves in locations of their isolated populations and to protect the host-plants (Campanulaceae) (Monchenko et al. 2009).",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Melitta,murciana,,Melitta murciana,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient because of the absence of information on the population size and trend, and threats affecting the species. However, the species has a restricted distribution with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 48 km².",Unknown,"Melitta murciana is endemic to Spain. Populations are recorded along the Mediterranean coast (Warncke 1973, Michez and Eardley 2007). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 50,661 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km².",There appears to be no information available on the population abundance of this species but the species is rare. The current population trend is unknown.,Melitta murciana lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. Females forage on pollen of Fabaceae (Michez et al. 2008).,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the abundance, ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Melitta,nigricans,,Melitta nigricans,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and no past or future threats.",Stable,"Melitta nigricans is a common species distributed across much of Europe but its range does not extend to northernmost parts of the continent (Warncke 1973, Michez and Eardley 2007). This species is not recorded in Fenno-Scandinavia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,947,442 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,092 km².","The species is common and the current population trend of this species is stable, although in some parts of its distribution the species is declining.","Melitta nigricans lives in a number of temperate habitats which support strong populations of its pollen host-plant, Lythrum salicaria. Suitable habitats include river banks and ditches. Females nest in the soil.",There appear to be no major threats affecting this species.,Melitta nigricans is considered as Vulnerable in the Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2005) and Endangered in Slovenia (Anonymous 2002) and Switzerland (Amiet 1994).  No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species as a whole. The species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Melitta,schmiedeknechti,,Melitta schmiedeknechti,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed   as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information about the   population size and trend and the threats affecting the species. However,   the species has a restricted distribution in Europe with an area of occupancy (AOO) of   20 km².",Unknown,"Melitta schmiedeknechti is present in all north African countries and in Israel (Warncke 1973, Michez and Eardley 2007). In Europe it only occurs in the Canary Island of Fuerteventura. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 169 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².",There appears to be no information available on the population abundance of this species but the species is rare. The current population trend is unknown.,Melitta schmiedeknechti lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. The main host-plants are from the family Resedaceae (Michez et al. 2008).,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the abundance and threats to this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Melitta,seitzi,,Melitta seitzi,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information about the population size and trend and the threats affecting the species. However, the species has a restricted distribution with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 44 km².",Unknown,"Melitta seitzi is endemic to Spain. Populations are recorded north of Madrid (Warncke 1973, Michez and Eardley 2007). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 81,219 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km².",There appears to be no information available on the population abundance of this species but the species is rare. The current population trend is unknown.,Melitta seitzi lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. There is no information available about the ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the abundance, ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Melitta,tomentosa,,Melitta tomentosa,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed    as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information about  the    population size and trend and the threats affecting the species.  However,    the species has a very restricted distribution with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 24 km².",Unknown,"Melitta tomentosa shows a very narrow distribution. It is mainly recorded from the region of Istria, close to the borders of Slovenia, Italy and Croatia (Warncke 1973, Michez and Eardley 2007). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,289 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km².",There appears to be no information available on the population abundance of this species but the species is rare. The current population trend is unknown.,Melitta tomentosa lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. Females forage on pollen of Campanulaceae (Gogala 2009).,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the abundance and threats to this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Melitta,tricincta,,Melitta tricincta,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened  (NT)Listed as Near Threatened in view of the small area of occupancy (AOO = 1,076 km²)  and continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and in the number  of mature individuals. Populations in parts of its range are isolated  (e.g. Sweden).",Decreasing,"Melitta tricincta is widespread in Europe, from the United Kingdom eastwards to Kazakhstan, and from Sweden to southern Italy (Warncke 1973, Michez and Eardley 2007, Dellicour and Michez 2010). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,090,311 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,084 km².",The abundance and population size of this species are not known and it is considered rare over much of its range. However the habitat supporting strong populations of the host-plant of Melitta tricincta (Odontites spp.) is declining.,"Melitta tricincta lives in Mediterranean-type shrubby and temperate grassland vegetation. Females forage on pollen of Odontites vernus and O. lutea (Orobanchaceae) (Celary 2005, Michez et al. 2008). They nest in soil.",The main threat to this species is the decline of the its host-plant (Odontites spp.) due to land use change.,"Melitta tricincta is regarded as Near Threatened in Germany (Westrich et al. 2008), Vulnerable in the Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2005), the Netherlands (Peeters and Reemer 2003), Sweden (Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Amiet 1994), and Endangered in Slovenia (Anonymous 2002).  There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place. Further studies are needed into the abundance of this species. The species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MELITTIDAE,Melitta,udmurtica,,Melitta udmurtica,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed    as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information about   the    population size and trend and the threats affecting the species.   However,    the species has a very restricted distribution with an area of occupancy (AOO)  of 20 km².",Unknown,"Melitta udmurtica is only present in Poland and Russia (Michez and Eardley 2007). This species is only known from four isolated populations. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,506 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².",There appears to be no information available on the population abundance of this species but the species is rare. The current population trend of this species is unknown.,"Melitta udmurtica lives in temperate grassland vegetation. Females forage on pollen of Fabaceae (Celary 2000, 2005).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the abundance and threats to this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Melitturga,caudata,,Melitturga caudata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall and stable population.,Stable,"Melitturga caudata is abundant throughout the western Mediterranean. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 668,327 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 184 km².",This species is abundant throughout its range and its population trend is stable.,"This species is widespread and forages on many plant species, such as on Thymbra capitata, Genista hirsuta and Bituminaria bituminosa (=Psoralea bitumunosa). It prefers edges of crops and roads.","This species is threatened by alteration of the habitat, and elimination of edges in crops and roads.",No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Melitturga,clavicornis,,Melitturga clavicornis,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)    Listed as Near Threatened because its area of occupancy (AOO) is 468 km² and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, thus making the species close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.",Decreasing,"Melitturga clavicornis is abundant in the whole Palearctic region eastwards to Mongolia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,815,026 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 468 km².",This species is rare throughout its range and its population trend is declining.,"This species is found in crops and road borders and grasslands; it is a spring species. Females forage on Lavandula spp., Anchusa spp., Medicago spp., Onobrychis spp., Vicia spp., etc .",The elimination of flowers from edges of crops and road borders and the inappropriate use of pesticides can pose a threat.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of  the following seven European countries: Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet  1994); Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Regionally  Extinct; Westrich et al. 2008); Latvia (Endangered;  Anonymous  1992); Moldova (Near Threatened; Anonymous 2002); Slovenia (Regionally  Extinct; Anonymous 2002); Ukraine (Vulnerable; Monchenko et al. 2009). Further research is needed into the population size, habitat and ecological requirements and threats to this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Melitturga,praestans,,Melitturga praestans,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,"Melitturga praestans ranges in Turkey and the neighbouring areas, notably in the Balkans. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,606,552 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km².",This species is rare throughout its range and its population trend is unknown.,"The species can occur in abandoned olive groves, Mediterranean scrub communities and on road and track sides. It seems to be closely associated with various species of spring-flowering Fabaceae.","Changes in agricultural practice and olive grove management, along with abandonment will negatively affect this species.","This species is included in the National Red List of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005). Additional studies are needed into abundance, general ecology, trends and threats to this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Melitturga,spinosa,,Melitturga spinosa,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,Melitturga spinosa is only known from two localities in Bulgaria and Macedonia. The species is also recorded in Israel and Anatolia (Patiny 2001).,There is no information available on the population abundance of this species.,Patiny and Gaspar (2000) mention it on Centaurea solstitialis and Marrubium parviflorum.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"Additional studies are needed into abundance, trends, general ecology and threats to this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Melitturga,syriaca,,Melitturga syriaca,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,"Melitturga syriaca is known from one locality in Bulgaria and two localities in Cyprus. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 17,413 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².",There is no information available on the population abundance or trends of this species.,This species forages on Trifolium purpureum (Patiny and Gaspar 2000).,The threats to this species are unknown.,"Additional studies are needed into abundance, trends, general ecology and threats to this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Melitturga,taurica,,Melitturga taurica,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,"Melitturga taurica is recorded in Europe from two localities in Bulgaria and one in Greece. It is also found in Iran and Turkey (where it is very frequent). The extent of occurrence (EOO) 70, 232 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².",There is no information available on the population abundance or trends of this species.,"There is no information about the habitat and ecology for this species in the Europe. In Anatolia, Patiny and Gaspar (2000) mention females foraging on Hedysarum syriacum and Ebenus cappadocica.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"Additional studies are needed into abundance, trends, general ecology and threats to this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Metadioxys,graeca,,Metadioxys graeca,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is found in Greece (Thessaly and Crete), Asiatic Turkey (Konya), Morocco and Israel (Warncke 1977, Grace 2010, Ascher and Pickering 2012, Kuhlmann et al. 2012).","There is no information available on the current population trend of this species, but the known subpopulations are small and fragmented in that there is little chance of genetic exchange between subpopulations.","The species is thought to occur on Mediterranean-type shrubland and semi-desert. The species has a flight period from May to July (Warncke 1977, Asher and Pickering 2012). The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species such as those of the tribes Osmiini, Megachilini and the Megachilini subgenus (Dusmet 1921).","The threats to this species are not known. Generally, it may be threatened by global habitat loss, due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing, commercial, industrial, tourism and urban areas, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the wider distribution within Europe, the population size and trends, ecology, and specific threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,accentifera,,Nomada accentifera,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats. The most recent records date from 1984 and 1974 in Portugal and Spain respectively and the species may be extinct in both countries.",Unknown,"Nomada accentifera occurs in Portugal and Spain and it also extends to north-western Africa. There are four specimens known from Portugal: one from 1968, three from 1984 (Baldock and Smit in litt.). Two specimens are known from southern Spain, one from 1975 and one without year. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 67,823 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2.",There is no information available on the population abundance or trends of this species.,Nothing is known about the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and, despite its scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, its ecology and to identify the existing threats and trends. It is recommended that a survey is being carried out to determine if the species is extinct, because the only available data are old, from more than 25 years ago.It is not known if the species is present in any protected area.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,agrestis,,Nomada agrestis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Europe regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its rather wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"Nomada agrestis has a wide distribution (Alexander and Schwarz 1994), and is distributed across southern Europe as well as in northern Africa and the Near East (Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Syria and Israel). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 153,5104 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 216 km2.","The species is generally abundant in the countries where it occurs, only in southern France it is very rare. The population trend of this species is considered stable.","Nomada agrestis occurs in grasslands, gardens and pasture land, especially when they are rich in flowers. The species is a broodparasite of bees of the genus Eucera, probably Eucera nigrilabris (Vereecken et al. 2008).",There are no major threats to this species.,"This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action.It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,alboguttata,,Nomada alboguttata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and overall presumed large and stable population. However the species is threatened by the destruction of the sandy habitats which inhabits and is considered threatened in some European countries.,Stable,"Nomada alboguttata is widespread in the Palearctic region (Alexander and Schwarz 1994).It is not known from the following countries, but probably also occurs in: Albania, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Moldova, Montenegro, Slovakia, Russia.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,665,306 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 852 km2.","The species is abundant in most countries of Europe. The population is stable in most countries, but it is declining in Switzerland, Norway and Slovenia.","Nomada alboguttata usually flies above bare sand: on sandy roads, inland sandy areas and on sandpaths in woods and heathland. The female lands on the sand in which she has detected a nest of a host by smell and digs herself into the sand towards the nest of its host, Andrena barbilabris, and like its host is a partly bivoltine species (it has two generations per year) and flies from the beginning of April to the middle of June, and again from the end of July to the end of September.",Nomada alboguttata is adversely affected by the pavement of sandy roads as well as when sandy areas are being overgrown by grasses and other plants. In addition this species is also negatively affected when sandpaths are covered by wood chops.,This species is included in the Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Norway (Vulnerable; Kålås et al. 2010); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002).The species occurs both in non-protected and protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,alpigena,,Nomada alpigena,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient since it is only known from six localities and there is very little information on its status, ecological requirements and threats. However the species is listed as threatened in one of the countries in which it occurs.",Unknown,"Nomada alpigena has a very restricted distribution and is confined to the mountains of Italy, Austria and Slovenia, so it is an endemic species to Europe. It is only known from six localities: three in Italy (two in southern Tirol and one in Piemonte), two in Austria (eastern Tirol) and one in Slovenia  (Ljubljana). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 40,578 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2.","Considering the number of collected specimens, the population of Nomada alpigena is probably very small. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.","The habitat of this species is unknown. This bee is a brood parasite of another bee species, but there is no information available about the host. The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year), and the type specimens were caught in July and August.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red List of Slovenia (Endangered, Anonymous 2002). It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.There is more research needed for the habitat, biology, possible threats, trends and conservation of this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,argentata,,Nomada argentata,,,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)The species is listed as Near Threatened because its area of occupancy (AOO) is 388 km2, and there is a continuing decline of the quality of the grasslands where the species occurs due to agricultural intensification. The species is considered threatened in many countries as well as extinct in others. The habitat of this species needs to be protected and conserved.",Decreasing,"Nomada argentata is endemic to Europe, it is distributed in many countries of central and eastern Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,331,122 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 388 km2.","This species is very rare and populations have always been small, and there are not many recent records. In all the countries where it occurs, the species has declined or is extinct.","This species inhabits grasslands (both wet and dry), which seem to be in decline. Nomada argentata is a brood parasite and its host is Andrena marginata. Possibly Andrena pellucens is also a host (Standfuss and Standfuss 2010). Its primary host bee, A. marginata, is a specialist foraging on flowers of Scabiosa columbaria and Succisa pratensis, and is itself, widely red-listed across Europe.  The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies in July and August.",Changes in agricultural practice (particularly through intensification in the use of grassland) have reduced the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability for the host (Andrena marginata).,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following eight European countries: Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011); Ireland (Critically Endangered; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006); Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Norway (Regionally Extinct; Kålås et al. 2010); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002); Sweden (Critically Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010); Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994).The species is present in protected areas. There is conservation needed for the specific kind of grasslands (wet grasslands supporting host forage plant Succisa pratensis, and dry grasslands supporting both Succisa pratensis and Scabiosa columbaria), where the species occurs as well as monitoring of the population of this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,argentea,,Nomada argentea,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient since it is only known from one locality in Greece and in view of the absence of recent information on its status, ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,Nomada argentea occurs in Turkey and in mainland Greece. From Greece the species is known from one locality. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km2.,"Since there has been only one specimen found in Greece, nothing is known of the population size or population trend. Probably the population is small.","There is no information about the habitat of this species. The species is a brood parasite, Warncke found it in 1965 in Turkey in a colony of Andrena cubiceps, probably this is the host (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2013). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and despite its scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.  Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,ariasi,,Nomada ariasi,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the overall population size and trend, the habitat and ecological requirements and the main threats affecting the species.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, it is known from six localities in Spain and one in Greece. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 553,908 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2.","The population of this species is probably small, since there are so few specimens known. From the little known information, it would appear that the sub-populations are severely fragmented, allowing no genetic exchange or rescue effect. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.","There is no information about the habitat of this species. This bee is a brood parasite of another bee species, but nothing is known about the host.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.  Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats, trends and ecology.It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,armata,,Nomada armata,,,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because, in spite of its wide distribution, the area of occupancy (AOO) is 696 km2, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and the number of mature individuals due to changes in agricultural practice (particularly through intensification in the use of grasslands) which have reduced the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability for the host (meeting VU B2b(iii)). In addition this species is in significant decline (but at a rate between 10-20% in the past ten years), inferred from the degradation of its habitat.",Decreasing,"Nomada armata is endemic to Europe. It is widely distributed across Europe, but it is rare everywhere. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,114,703 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 696 km2.","The species is rare and the population trend of the species is decreasing. This species is in significant decline inferred by the degradation of the habitat, though the decline is probably less than 30% in the past ten years (J. Smit pers. comm. 2013).","The habitats of this species are extensively used grasslands, grasslands, dikes along rivers and calcareous grasslands (Westrich 1989, Peeters et al. 2012). Nomada armata is a brood parasite and the host is Andrena hattorfiana. The host flies especially on Knautia arvensis and Scabiosa columbaria. The species is univoltine: the generation length of this species is one year (it is active from mid May until the end of July).",Changes in agricultural practice (particularly through intensification in the use of grasslands) have reduced the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability for the host.,This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following eight European countries / regions: Finland (Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010); Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011); Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Norway (Regionally Extinct; Kålås et al. 2010); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002); Sweden (Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010); Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Great Britain (Endangered; Shirt 1987).  The species is present in protected areas.Conservation actions are needed to protect the areas where the species occurs.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,arrogans,,Nomada arrogans,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,"Nomada arrogans is endemic to Europe, it is known from five localities: three in Greece (Peloponnese), one in Romania and one in Ukraine. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 117,792 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2.",The population size and trend of this species is not known. Only few specimens have been collected.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known about the host, or about the habitat of this species.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.There is more research needed for the habitat, biology, trends and possible threats of this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,atroscutellaris,,Nomada atroscutellaris,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because, although it is  seldom recorded, it has a relatively wide distribution, and because it  is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. However the species is listed as threatened in some countries.",Unknown,"Nomada atroscutellaris is endemic to Europe, it is distributed across central and eastern Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,860,136 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 220 km2.","The species is rare, there are only a few records from most countries. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.","The species occurs in grasslands with many flowers of Veronica chamaedrys. Nomada atroscutellaris is a brood parasite, the host is probably Andrena vridescens. This host collects especially pollen from Veronica chamaedrys, Nomada atroscutellaris also often flies on this plant. The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies from the beginning of May to the end of June (Celary 1995).","The area of the host is declining due to changes in agricultural practice, particularly through intensification in the use of grasslands.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2011).It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.Further research is needed to determine the overall population size, and to identify population trends and any existing threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,babiyi,,Nomada babiyi,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its status, ecological requirements and threats to this species.",Unknown,"Nomada babiyi occurs in south-east Europe, mainly in Greece and Cyprus, and also in Turkey and Syria. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 400,772 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km2.","The abundance, population size and trend for this species are not known.",There is no information available about the habitat or ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not included in any National Red List or Red Data Book. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.There is more research needed on the population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirement and main threats affecting this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,baccata,,Nomada baccata,,,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because its area of occupancy (AOO) is 280 km2,  it is a rare species, and there is a continuing decline in the extent of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals due to the disappearance of the species' host.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Europe, it is distributed across central and northern Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,005,843 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 280 km2.","Populations of Nomada baccata are small in the countries where it occurs, it is a rare species. In many countries there are strong population declines (Rassi et al. 2010, Gärdenfors 2010, Westrich et al. 2011, Peeters et al. 2012).","Nomada baccata is a brood parasite of the bee Andrena argentata, this host nests in open sandy areas, with a loose, uncompacted substrate. It is a univoltine species (it has one generation per year) flying from mid or late July to the end of August or early September.It occurs in inland heathland, especially on the sandy areas and in dunes.","The host of this species (Andrena argentata) is decreasing, and although the full suite of threats of this host are not known, in some areas, excessive erosion caused by motor bike and horse riding causes disturbance to the host nesting areas.",This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Finland (Vulnerable; Rassi et al. 2010); Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011); Sweden (Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010).  The species occurs in non-protected areas and in protected areas.More research is needed to identify the threats and the population trend of this species.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,barcelonensis,,Nomada barcelonensis,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of recent information about the status of the species, and the threats.",Unknown,"Nomada barcelonensis is endemic to Spain and it is known from five localities. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 48,882 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2.","Probably the populations are small, because not many specimens have been collected. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.",There is no information available for this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats. It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,basalis,,Nomada basalis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall and stable population and no major threats.",Stable,"Nomada basalis is present in south and south-eastern Europe, northern Africa, the Near East (Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Israel) and Asia (until Kazakhstan). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,464,420 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,500 km2.","The species is abundant in most countries, in these countries the populations seem to be stable. The species has disappeared from some countries, in particular from the countries at the northern edge of the distribution of the species (Czech Republic, Slovenia, Switzerland).","The species is a brood parasite of other bee species, and Andrena rufomaculata (synonymised with A. optata) is probably one of the hosts (Standfuss and Schwarz 2007). Nomada basalis occurs in grassland areas, verges, temporarily non-used land.",There appear to be no major threats to this species.,This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005); Slovenia (Regionally Extinct; Anonymous 2002).     It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,beaumonti,,Nomada beaumonti,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its rather wide distribution, overall large and stable population and because it does not appear to be in decline.",Stable,"Nomada beaumonti is known from the south of Portugal, Spain, the south-east of France, northern Italy, Sicily and north-west Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,187,588 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 132 km2.","The species is rather abundant in Spain and south-east France, but it is rare in Portugal and Italy. The populations seem to be stable.","The habitat is dry open grassland (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013). Nomada beaumonti is a brood parasite of other bees, but nothing is known about the host. The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year). More investigation is needed on the ecology of this species.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not included in any National Red List or Red Data Book of any European country, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas. Further research is needed to identify the threats to this species and the ecological requirements.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,bifasciata,,Nomada bifasciata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The species is listed as Least Concern in view of its rather wide distribution and because it does not appear to be in decline.,Stable,"The species is present in central and south Europe and in north Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,748,460 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 732 km2.",The species is rather abundant in the countries where it occurs. The populations seem to be stable.,"Nomada bifasciata is a brood parasite of bees of the genus Andrena. Andrena gravida is a host (Stoeckhert 1933, Westrich 1989) and probably in Spain also Andrena savignyi.  Nomada bifasciata occurs in grasslands: such as water-meadows, on dikes and grass verges of unpaved roads.   The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year).",Changes in agricultural practice (particularly through intensification in the use of grasslands) can reduce the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability for the host.,This species is included in the National Red List of the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003). The species occurs in at least one protected area.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,bispinosa,,Nomada bispinosa,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and because it does not appear to be in decline.,Stable,"Nomada bispinosa occurs in southern Europe, reaching Poland in the north, and in the Asian part of Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,546,213 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 264 km2.",There is no information available on the population abundance of this species; regarding the number of data of this species it is probably rather rare but the species does not seem to be in decline.,"This species is a brood parasite of other bees, probably a species of the genus Lasioglossum is one of the hosts (Standfuss and Schwarz 2007). Nomada bispinosa is bivoltine (it has two generations per year); flying from May to July (Celary 1995).The habitat of this species is unknown.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Data Deficient; Westrich et al. 2011). It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.There is more research needed on the biology, habitat requirements, threats and trend of this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,blepharipes,,Nomada blepharipes,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, population size, ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,"This species is distributed across southern Europe, reaching the Czech Republic in the north and extending to Turkey and Kazakhstan in Asia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,550,236 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 204 km2.","The species is rare in most countries, except in Spain, where it is rather abundant.The trends of the populations are not known.","The habitat of this species is unknown. Nomada blepharipes is a brood parasite of other bees, however, nothing is known of the host. The species is bivoltine (it has two generations per year).",The threats to this species are not known.,This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.  Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,bluethgeni,,Nomada bluethgeni,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall and stable population.,Stable,"This species is endemic to Europe, it occurs in central, eastern and southern Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,382,524 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 246 km2.",It seems that at least in southern Europe the populations are stable.,"The habitat is verges of unpaved roads, dry open grasslands (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013). Nomada bluethgeni is a brood parasite of other bees and Lasioglossum marginellum is probably one of the hosts (Stoeckhert 1943). The species is bivoltine (it has two generations per year); the first generation flies in May, and the summer generation in July and August.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2011); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002).   It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.  More research is needed on the biology, trends and possible threats of the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,bolivari,,Nomada bolivari,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, ecological requirements and threats. The species was last seen in 1913 and surveys should be carried out to determine if the species is extinct.",Unknown,"Nomada bolivari is endemic to Spain, there are only two males known from Madrid.",There is no information available on the population abundance of this species. The species has not been found since 1913.,"Nomada bolivari is a brood parasite of other bees. Nothing is known about the host, or the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range,the habitat and ecological requirements and to identify the existing threats.  It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas. There is more research needed to determine if the species still exists or if it is extinct.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,bouceki,,Nomada bouceki,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its status, ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,"Nomada bouceki occurs in three countries in south-eastern Europe; Slovakia, Bulgaria and Greece; and in Turkey and Israel. It is (in Europe) only known from four localities. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 29,906 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2.","The population is probably small, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","Nomada bouceki is a brood parasite of other bees, possibly Andrena atrata is one of the hosts (Kocourek 1985). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year). Nothing is known about the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats. It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,braunsiana,,Nomada braunsiana,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because its area of occupancy (AOO) is 196 km2, and its populations are probably in decline due to the widespread habitat loss through much of its range.",Decreasing,"The species occurs in central and southern Europe. It also occurs in Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,371,796 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 196 km2.","There is little information available on the abundance of this species. In some countries it is declining, from other countries this is not known.","This species inhabits grasslands, and on Lesbos, open, hillside Quercus macrolepis woodland. Nomada braunsiana is a brood parasite of bees of the genus Andrena; Andrena pandellei is a host (Kocourek 1966, Westrich 1989), possibly also Andrena curvungula (Westrich 1989) and Andrena paucisquama (Standfuss and Schwarz 2007). These host bees collect pollen at Campanula, usually in rather dry and warm areas.The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and in central Europe flies from the middle of May to the end of June.","The hosts of this species are in decline, due to changes in agricultural practice and reforestation. Further studies are needed to identify the threats of this species.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011); Poland (Critically Endangered, Glowacinski and Nowacki 2009); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002); Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994).  It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,cadiza,,Nomada cadiza,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,The species is known from one locality in Spain and one in northern Africa (Morocco).,Populations are very small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required into the population size and trend, the habitat and ecological requirements of this species and to identify any existing threats.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,calimorpha,,Nomada calimorpha,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,"This species occurs in south-east Europe and western Asia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 639,754 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 108 km2.",There is no information available on either the population abundance or trend of this species.,"Nomada calimorpha is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known about the host of this species. A specimen was recorded in Attiki (Greece) nectaring at flowers of Hirschfeldia incana (Brassicaceae) in typical phryganic habitat (Petanidou 1991).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005).  It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.Research is needed to determine the habitat, biology and possible threats of this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,carnifex,,Nomada carnifex,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its rather wide distribution, and overall large and stable populations.",Stable,"Nomada carnifex occurs in south-west Europe and in northern Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,411,120 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 272 km2.","There is not much information available on the abundance of this species, however the populations seem to be rather stable.","This species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the possible host or the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red Data Book of Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994) It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.There is more research needed on the biology, trend and possible threats of this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,caspia,,Nomada caspia,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"The species occurs in south-east Europe and western Asia (Turkey, Lebanon, Israel). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 409,585 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 232 km2.",The species is rather abundant in Greece. The trend of the populations is not known.,"This species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the possible host. Data from specimens indicates that the species is found in Mediterranean dwarf-shrub communities (phrygana and maquis), and in areas of extensive olive cultivation (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013). It will visit various species of Asteraceae as nectar sources.The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies in the spring.",The threats to this species are not known.,This species is not included in any National Red List or Red Data Book.  It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.  Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,castellana,,Nomada castellana,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, and presumed overall large population. However further research is needed to identify the threats affecting the species.",Stable,"The species occurs in central, eastern and southern Europe, more rarely in the west. And in Kazakhstan (Mitai and Tadauchi 2008).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,474,733 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 448 km2.","The species has a presumed overall large population, and the populations seem to be stable.","Nomada castellana is a brood parasite of other bees, possibly Andrena anthrisci and Andrena alfkenella are hosts (Amiet et al. 2007). Celary (1995) states that the host is Andrena semilaevis in Poland.The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year). The habitat of the species is unknown.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011); Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002).   It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.More research is needed on the biology, trend and possible threats of this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,cherkesiana,,Nomada cherkesiana,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient on the basis of a restricted area of occupancy (64 km2) with unknown threats and very limited data on population size and trend.,Unknown,"The species occurs in south-east Europe, Turkey, Israel. In Europe, its distribution is limited to Cyprus, Rhodes and Lesbos. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 94,976 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 64 km2.","There is little information available on the abundance of this species, however, it does not seem to be in decline.","This species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known about the host. In Cyprus it is often visiting Hymenocarpus circinnatus (Mavromoustakis 1955). In Lesbos, it has been found in Mediterranean shrublands (phrygana). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying in the spring.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action.  Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, and to identify the existing threats.   It is not known whether it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,concolor,,Nomada concolor,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its rather wide distribution and abundance in some countries where it occurs.,Unknown,"The species is an endemic of southern Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,150,585 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 216 km2.","The species is, at least, abundant in Italy. The population trend is unknown.","This species is a brood parasite of other bees, possibly Andrena impunctata is a host (Kocourek 1966). This host lives in steppes and in sunny edges of ditches along roads (Kocourek 1966).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action.  Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, its biology, and to identify the possible threats.  It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,confinis,,Nomada confinis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its status, ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,"The species occurs in south, central and eastern Europe. It is not known if it occurs in Turkey, which seems rather probable, because of the occurrence in Greece and Cyprus. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 779,838 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 96 km2.",There is little information available on the abundance or trends of this species. There are no known data from after 2000.,"This species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat. The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red List of Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.More research is needed on the biology, trend and possible threats to this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,conjungens,,Nomada conjungens,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall and stable population.,Stable,"This species occurs in south, central and eastern Europe, in north Africa (Algeria) and Kazakhstan (Mitai and Tadauchi 2008). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,921,674 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 924 km2.",The species seems to be rather abundant and the overall population trend is considered stable. However in the Netherlands this species is strongly increasing (Peeters et al. 2012).,"This species is a brood parasite of other bees, the host is Andrena proxima, this species is oligolectic on Apiaceae (Westrich 1989). The habitat is rich flowering areas; grass verges, banks of ditches, dikes and so on.Nomada conjungens is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying in April and June.",Changes in the management of grasslands can be a threat to the host.,This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries / regions: Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011); Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987). It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,connectens,,Nomada connectens,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, and because it does not seem to be in decline.",Unknown,"The species occurs in southern Europe and in Israel. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,837,107 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 152 km2.","The species is rather rare but does not seem in decline, though the population trend is unknown.","The species inhabits verges, waste land, edges of fields (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013). This species is a brood parasite of other bees, probably Andrena atrata is a host (Amiet 2007).",The threats to this species remain unknown.,This species is included in the National Red List of Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas.More research is needed on the biology and possible threats of this species.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,corcyraea,,Nomada corcyraea,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its status, ecological requirements and threats affecting the species.",Unknown,"This species occurs in south and south-east Europe, it is probably endemic to Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 887,755 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 76 km2.",Populations are probably small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"This species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.  Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, to investigate the biology, and to identify the existing threats.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,coronata,,Nomada coronata,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,Listed as Least Concern in view of its distribution and presumed large and stable overall population.,Stable,"This species is an endemic of south-west Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 463,461 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 180 km2.","In Spain and southern France the species is rather abundant, from Portugal only few data are available. Overall the population trend is considered stable.","The species inhabits rich flowering verges (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013). This species is a brood parasite of other bees, however, nothing is known about the host.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action.  Further research is required on the biology, to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, and to identify the existing threats.   It not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,coxalis,,Nomada coxalis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its status, ecological requirements, habitat and threats affecting the species.",Unknown,"In Europe Nomada coxalis only occurs in Greece. Outside of Europe the species extends to Turkey, the Caucasus region, Iran, Israel and Pakistan.",Populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"This species is a brood parasite of other bees, although nothing is known of the host or the habitat for this species.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.  Further research is required on the biology, to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, and to identify the existing threats.  It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,cretensis,,Nomada cretensis,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Listed as Near Threatened, because the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,317 km2, the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km2 and the species is threatened by changes in agricultural practice, which can reduced the area of suitable habitat and floral  resource availability for the host (meeting VU B2 b(iii)). However the species does not seem to be decreasing. Designation of protected areas to protect this species are recommended.",Stable,"The species is endemic to the island of Crete, in Greece. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,317 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km2.",Populations are small but the species does not seem to be decreasing.,"This species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known about the host. It occurs among others in olive orchards with many flowers (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013).","Changes in agricultural practice, particularly through cleaning the soil in olive orchards, can reduced the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability for the host.","This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. As the species does not occur in protected areas, it is recommended that the areas where it occurs receive some kind of protection.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,cristata,,Nomada cristata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, status, and threats.",Unknown,"The species occurs in the Iberian Peninsula and north-western Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 329,770 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 64 km2.",There is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known about the possible host or about the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.  Further research is required on the biology, to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.  It not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,cruenta,,Nomada cruenta,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population in Greece, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category.",Unknown,"The species occurs in south-east Europe and Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,509,459 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 216 km2.",At least in Greece the species is rather abundant. In the Czech Republic the species is strongly decreasing.,"The species inhabits dry river beds with many flowers, verges (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013). The species is a brood parasite of other bees, Andrena scita is a host (Schmiedeknecht 1930, Standfuss and Schwarz 2007).",The threats to this species are not known.,This species is included in the National Red Lists of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005). Further research is needed to identify the threats and trends of this species. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,cypriaca,,Nomada cypriaca,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its status, ecological requirements, habitat and threats affecting the species.",Unknown,"The species occurs in Cyprus, Greece (Kos, Rhodes) and Israel. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 36,500 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km2.","Probably the populations are small, there are only few data known from this species and no data from after 1995. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, there is no information about the possible host or the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action.  Further research is required on the biology, to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,cypricola,,Nomada cypricola,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of recent information on the habitat, ecological requirement, population trend and threats. However the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is very small (20 km2) and the species has not been found since 1990. Further research is needed to assess the status of the species.",Unknown,"The species is endemic to Cyprus. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,509 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2.","The populations are probably small, there are only few data known from this species and no data since 1995. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, Andrena polemediana is probably a host (Mavromoustakis 1958). It is an univoltine species (it has one generation per year). Nothing is known about the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action.  Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, and to identify the existing threats.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,diacantha,,Nomada diacantha,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, status, and threats.",Unknown,"This species occurs in south-east Europe and the Near East (Turkey, Syria). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 169,307 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2.",Populations are probably small because there are only a few data of this species known. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, both the host and habitat are unknown. The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,dira,,Nomada dira,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"The species occurs in south Europe and north Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,107,238 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 140 km2.","The species has a presumed large overall population, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known about the host. This species inhabits rich flowering verges (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats and trends.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,discedens,,Nomada discedens,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its rather wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category.",Stable,"The species is an endemic of south-western Europe; it occurs in southern France, Portugal and Spain. Recently it has also been found at two localities in Germany. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 923,224 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 240 km2.",The species seems to be rather abundant. The population seem to be rather stable.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, Lasioglussum prasinum is a host (Westrich 2007, Tischendorf 2008). The species lives in habitats like verges and deserted quarries (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013).",The threats to this species are not known.,This species is included in the Red Data Books of Germany (Data Deficient; Westrich et al. 2011). Further research is needed to identify the threats affecting the species. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,discrepans,,Nomada discrepans,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large and stable overall population.,Stable,"The species occurs in south Europe, on the Canary Islands, in north Africa and Israel. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,629,614 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 408 km2.",The species is rather abundant. The populations seem to be rather stable.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host. The species is bivoltine (it has two generations per year).The habitat of this species is among others, broad verges with many flowers (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013).",The threats to this species are not known.,This species is included in the National Red Lists of Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994).   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas. Further research is necessary to determine population size and ecology and to identify any existing threats and trends.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,distinguenda,,Nomada distinguenda,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, large overall and stable population, and no major threats.",Stable,"The species occurs in Europe, north Africa and Asia eastwards to Afghanistan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,754,270 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,136 km2.",The species is abundant in many countries. The populations seem to be stable in most countries.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, host is Lasioglossum villosulum (Schmiedeknecht 1930, Stoeckhert 1933, Stoeckhert 1943, Standfuss and Schwarz 2007) and probably also Lasioglossum parvulum (Westrich 1989).   The habitat of this species is, among others verges, waste land, banks, dikes, deserted quarries (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013). The species is bivoltine (it has two generations per year).",There appear to be no major threats to this species.,This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011); Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Poland (Vulnerable; Glowacinski and Nowacki 2009).  It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,dolosa,,Nomada dolosa,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its status, ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,"The species occurs in south-western Europe and north west Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 261,051 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2.","As the species has only been found six times, it is assumed that the populations are probably small. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known about the host or the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and is not the subject of any targeted conservation action.  Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, its habitat and to identify the existing threats and trends.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,duplex,,Nomada duplex,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, habitat and ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,"The species occurs in south-western Europe and north-western Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 944,677 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 80 km2.",There is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, the host is unknown. The habitat of this species is not known. A univoltine species (it has one generation per year), flying from mid-February to mid-march. In north Africa it flies somewhat earlier.",The threats to this species are not known.,The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.  Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and details of its ecology and to identify the existing threats and trends.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,emarginata,,Nomada emarginata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, overall large and stable population and no major threats. However the species is considered threatened in some countries.",Stable,"The species occurs in central and eastern Europe as well as in south-western Asia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,781,088 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 652 km2.","Populations are small and even though the species is considered threatened in some European countries, the population trend is presumably stable.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, probably Melitta haemorrhoidalis is a host (Westrich 1989). This species inhabits edges of forests, rich flowering grasslands and gardens. Nomada emarginata is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies from July to August (Celary 1995).","There seem to be no major threats to this species, although the species is considered threatened in some European countries.",This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011); Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002).   It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,eos,,Nomada eos,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of its rather wide distribution and presumed overall large population. However further research is needed on the population size, trends and threats affecting the species.",Stable,"The species occurs in south east Europe, in Turkey and Israel. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 293,762 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 112 km2.","The species is abundant in Greece, from the other countries it is only known from single data points. At least the Greek population seems to be stable.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, the host is unknown. It is a univoltine species (it has one generation per year), flying in April, May and June.It is known from Mediterranean shrublands (phrygana and maquis) in Attiki; Greece (Petanidou 1991).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. More research is needed on the biology, trends and the possible threats. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,errans,,Nomada errans,,,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Listed as Near Threatened because the area of occupancy (AOO) is very small (36-168 km2), and there is a decline in the number of mature individuals due to changes in agricultural practices, in particular by the intensification of  grazing, and inadequate management which have reduced the area of suitable  habitat; thus the species is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B2. However there is lack of data on the status of the species in most countries, so research is needed to establish the current population size and trend as the species may actually be threatened.",Decreasing,"The species occurs in western and central Europe and it is endemic to Europe. Considering old records (prior to 1988) and recent records from the last 25 years, the extent of occurrence (EOO) could range from 82,162 km2 to 1,641,800 km2 respectively, and the area of occupancy (AOO) could range from 36 km2 to 168 km2 respectively.","In most countries no specimens have been found in the last 25 years. In some countries there are no data from the last 15 years.The species is in decline and it is considered probably extinct in the Netherlands (Peeters et al. 2012). In England it has not been found since 1982 in the only locality where it used to occur, despite several searches (www.bwars.com). In Germany it is also in decline and has probably vanished from some localities (Westrich 1989).","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, Andrena nitidiuscula is a host (Enslin 1922, Stoeckhert 1933, Stoeckhert 1954), probably also Andrena pallitarsis (Enslin 1922, Stoeckhert 1924, Schmiedeknecht 1930). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies from early July to the beginning of August.  The species inhabits dry grasslands that are rich in wild flowers, as well as abandoned diggings and abandoned vineyards.","Changes in agricultural practice, in particular by the intensification of grazing, and inadequate management (leading to natural succession) have reduced the area of suitable habitat for this species, posing a threat to this species.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following seven European countries / regions: Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011); Great Britain (Endangered; Shirt 1987); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002); Poland (Vulnerable; Glowacinski and Nowacki 2009, Netherlands (Not Evaluated; Peeters and Reemer 2003).   The species does occur in protected areas.Research is needed to confirm the occurrence of the species in the countries where it is considered possibly extinct and to find out what the population size and trend of this species are.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,erythrocephala,,Nomada erythrocephala,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, threats, habitat and ecological requirements.",Unknown,"The species occurs in southern Europe and Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,556,692 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 228 km2.",Populations are rather small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host. It has been found in Mediterranean shrublands (phrygana and maquis) in Attiki; Greece (Petranidou 1991).",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, to expand knowledge of its biology, and to identify the existing threats and trends.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,fabriciana,,Nomada fabriciana,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall and stable population, and no major threats.",Stable,"The species occurs widely in western, southern and central Europe and it is endemic to Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,263,989 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 8,500 km2.","The species is very abundant all over the range, the populations are stable.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, Andrena bicolor is a host (Schindler 2004), also Andrena chrysoceles (Schindler 2008). Probably also Andrena angustior (Perkins 1919, Tscharntke 1984) and Andrena allosa (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2013).  Nomada fabriciana is bivoltine (it has two generations per year). The spring brood flies from early March to the beginning of June, the summer one from June to mid August (the two broods may overlap). The second brood is considerably less plentiful than the first. In Ireland, Stelfox (1927) detected no evidence of a second brood.   The main host (Andrena bicolor) lives in all kind of habitats: edges of forests, abandoned vineyards, verges, parks and gardens.  Possibly the male scent marks by putting pheromones on the edges of leaves of bushes (Smit 2005).",There seem to be no major threats to this species.,The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,facilis,,Nomada facilis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and overall large population. However the species is considered threatened in some countries.,Unknown,"The species occurs in central and southern Europe, and the Asian part of Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,786,398 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 416 km2.",Populations are rather small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, possibly Andrena humilis is a host (Amiet et al. 2007). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year).The species inhabits verges with many flowers and open vegetation (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013).",Reforestation and changes in land use can reduce the flower sources for the host.,This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002); Sweden (Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010).   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,fallax,,Nomada fallax,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Listed as Least Concern in view of its rather wide distribution and locally abundant populations. Further research is needed to identify the threats to this species.,Unknown,"The species occurs in south-western Europe and north-western Africa (Algeria). The extent of occurence (EOO) is 1,007,146 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 152 km2.","Populations can be locally abundant (J. Smit pers obs. 2013), but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the possible host. The species occurs in rich flowery grasslands, and verges along unpaved roads.",Nothing is known about the possible threats of this species.,"The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required on the biology, and to identify the existing threats. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,femoralis,,Nomada femoralis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population. However the species is considered threatened in some European countries.",Stable,"The species occurs in central and southern Europe and Minor Asia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,497,979 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,644 km2.","In a number of countries the species is rare, in other countries (France, Spain) it can be locally abundant (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013). The overall the population trend is considered stable.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, Andrena humilis is a certain host (Stoeckhert 1933). Possibly also Andrena nigroolivacea (Standfuss and Schwarz 2007), Andrena cinerea (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2013), Andrena fulvago (Kocourek 1966).  The hosts inhabit all kinds of grasslands with many flowers, abandoned diggings, edges of forests (Westrich 1989), verges of unpaved roads (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013), and Mediterranean shrublands (phrygana) (S. Roberts pers obs. 1991).  Nomada femoralis is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies from mid May to the end of June or early July.",Reforestation and changes in land use can reduce the flower sources for the host.,This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011); Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002).   It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,fenestrata,,Nomada fenestrata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species in more detail.",Unknown,"The species occurs in south-west Europe, north Africa and Asia eastwards to Afghanistan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 643,663 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 64 km2.",There is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known about the host or the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required on the biology of the species, to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, and to identify the existing threats and trends.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,ferghanica,,Nomada ferghanica,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient because the species is only known from four specimens and there is lack information on its status, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,"The species occurs in south-east Europe, the Middle East and in Central Asia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 111,297 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2.","There is no information available on the population trend of this species, it is only known from four specimens from Europe.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat in Europe. In Israel, the species is found in Mediterranean shrublands (phrygana and Maquis), and flies in the Spring",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required on the biology and habitat of the species, and to identify the existing threats and trends. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,ferruginata,,Nomada ferruginata,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall and stable population and no major threats.",Stable,"The species is endemic to Europe, it occurs in north and central Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,165,497 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,500 km2.",The populations of this species seem to be stable. In the Netherlands there is no negative trend in the last ten years (Peeters et al. 2012).,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, and the only known host is Andrena praecox (Alfken 1913, Perkins 1919, Stoeckhert 1933).   The host collects pollen only at Salix species. The habitat is along rivers, dykes, abandoned diggings, waste land near water (Westrich 1989, J. Smit pers. obs. 2013).  The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies from March to May.",There are no major threats to this species.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries / regions: Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005); Great Britain (Endangered; Shirt 1987); Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Sweden (Data Deficient; Gärdenfors 2010). The Great Britain listing would be revised downwards possibly to Least Concern  (LC), as the bee is doing reasonably well at the moment, after a period  of extreme rarity (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013). It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,flava,,Nomada flava,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, and no major threats.",Stable,"The species is a European endemic that occurs in north and central Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,718,651 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 5,576 km2.",The species is abundant and populations are stable.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, probable Andrena nitida and A. carantonica are hosts (Stoeckhert 1933, Westrich 1989) possibly also Andrena nigroaenea (Stoeckhert 1933, Westrich 1989).  The species occurs in all kind of habitats: rich flowering grasslands, verges, dykes, edges of woods, diggings, heathland, railway areas, parks, gardens (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013).  Nomada flava is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies in the spring; from late March to late June, rarely July.",There are no major threats to this species.,This species is included in the National Red List of Sweden (Data Deficient; Gärdenfors 2010). It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,flavigenis,,Nomada flavigenis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species occurs in Greece and Azerbaijan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 47,454 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2.",There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, probably Andrena muscaria is a host (Standfuss and Schwarz 2007). The species inhabits olive grooves (Standfuss and Schwarz 2007). It is probably univoltine (one generation per year). There are records of a female from early June.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish the ecology and current status of the species throughout its range, and to identify the existing threats and trends.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,flavilabris,,Nomada flavilabris,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.,Unknown,"The species occurs in south-west Europe and south-west Asia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 306,158 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km2.",Populations are very small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, possibly Andrena nuptialis is a host (Kocourek 1966). This host lives in edges of forests, dry open grasslands and abandoned vineyards.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.  Further research is required to establish the ecology and current status of the species throughout its range, and to identify the existing threats and trends.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,flavinervis,,Nomada flavinervis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats to this species. Further research is needed to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species occurs in south east Europe, Turkey and Israel. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 158,671 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km2.",There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host. The species was found in Bulgaria in a verge of an unpaved road with dry open grassland (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.  Further research is required on the biology, to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, and to identify the existing threats and trends.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,flavoguttata,,Nomada flavoguttata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, and no major threats.",Stable,"The species occurs in Europe, northern Africa and Asia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,259,606 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 9,000 km2.",Populations can be very large and the population trend is considered stable.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, the hosts are various Micrandrena: Andrena falsifica, Andrena minutula, Andrena minutuloides, Andrena semilaevis, Andrena subopaca (Perkins 1919, Stoeckhert 1933, Kocourek 1966, Westrich 1989).  The species is partly bivoltine (it has two generations per year).  The species occurs in all kind of habitats: edges of forests, dry open grassland, dykes, waste land, diggings, railway areas, parks and gardens (Westrich 1989).",There appear to be no major threats to this species.,The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,flavopicta,,Nomada flavopicta,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, and no major threats.",Stable,"The species occurs in Europe and Asia (Georgia, Kazakhstan). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,269,758 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 3,500 km2.",The species is rather abundant and the populations seem to be stable.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, the most important host is Melitta leporina (Stoeckhert 1933, Westrich 1989, Wolf 1950). Other probable hosts are Melitta haemorrhoidalis and Melitta tricincta (Westrich 1989). Amiet (2007) also mentions Melitta nigricans as a host.  The species inhabits dry calcareous grasslands (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013) verges, dykes, railway areas and water meadows. The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies from late June to mid September, occasionally into October.","There appears to be no major threats to this species. However one of its probable hosts (Melitta tricincta) is classed as Near Threatened at the European level, and is considered threatened in some European countries.",This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011); Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002).   It also occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,fucata,,Nomada fucata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, and no major threats.",Stable,"The species occurs in Europe, north Africa, the Near East, and eastwards across Asia to Pakistan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 11,138,073 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 7,850 km2.",The populations of this species seem to be stable.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, Andrena flavipes is the host (Schindler 2004).  The species is bivoltine (it has two generations per year), like the host.  It inhabits all kind of habitats: dry grassland, dykes, diggings and quarries, railway areas, waste land, edges of forests, parks and gardens (Westrich 1989).  It also occurs on heathland (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).",There are no major threats to this species.,The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,fulvicornis,,Nomada fulvicornis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, large and stable overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"The species occurs in Europe, north Africa and in Asia, eastwards toward Japan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,614,383 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4,500 km2.","Populations are small, but in most countries the populations of this species are stable.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, a number of probable hosts are known: Andrena agilissima, Andrena bimaculata, Andrena pilipes, Andrena thoracica, Andrena tibialis (Alfken 1913, Perkins 1919, Stoeckhert 1933, Kocourek 1966, Standfuss and Schwarz 2007).  Nomada fulvicornis is partly bivoltine (it has two generations per year).  The species inhabits waste land, dykes, railway areas, verges, natural areas in river beds that are dry in summer, heathland, olive grooves.","There appear to be no major threats affecting this species. However two of the major hosts (Andrena pilipes, A. tibialis) are in decline and are considered threatened in some countries.",This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following six European countries / regions: Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011); Finland (Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010); Norway (Near Threatened; Kalas et al. 2010); Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987); Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002).   It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,furva,,Nomada furva,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its threats and conservation status. Further research is needed to establish the current status of this species.,Unknown,"The species occurs in central, south and east Europe. Outside of Europe the species occurs in north Africa (Algeria). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,427,381 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 536 km2.","Nomada furva is rare everywhere, the populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, Lasioglossum minutulum is a host (Perkins 1919), probably also Lasioglossum leucopus, Lasioglossum morio and Lasioglossum punctatissimum (Schmiedeknecht 1930, Stoeckhert 1933, Perkins 1919). Westrich (1989) suspects even more Lasioglossum species as a host.  Nomada furva is bivoltine (it has two generations per year).","The threats to this species are not known, the species is very small and can easily be overlooked. The hosts are doing well.",This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994); Germany (Data Deficient; Westrich et al. 2011); Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Slovenia (Regionally Extinct; Anonymous 2002). Further research is needed to establish the population size and trend and to identify any existing threats.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,furvoides,,Nomada furvoides,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to established the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species occurs in central and east Europe, as well as in Turkey.",Populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, probably Lasioglossum politum and Lasioglossum semilucens are hosts (Scheuchl 2000). The habitat of the hosts is dry open grassland, dykes, vineyards, diggings and quarries.",The threats to this species are not known.,This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). Further research is needed to establish the population size and trend of this species and to identify any existing threats.  It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,fusca,,Nomada fusca,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of its rather wide distribution, presumed large overall and stable population, and no major threats. Further research is needed into the habitat and ecological requirements of this species.",Stable,"The species is endemic to northern Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,142,628 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 392 km2.",The species is rather abundant in Sweden and Finland and based on the number of species collected every year the populations seem to be rather stable (J. Smit pers. comm. 2013).,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat.",There seem to be no major threats to this species.,"The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size, habitat, ecological requirements and to identify any future threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,fuscicornis,,Nomada fuscicornis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, stable population and no major threats.",Stable,"The species occurs in central, north, south and east Europe and Asia (Kazakhstan). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,240,620 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 940 km2.","Populations are small but the host is doing well, the populations seem to be rather stable.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, the host is Panurgus calcaratus (Stoeckhert 1933, Standfuss and Schwarz 2007).The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year).    The host species inhabits verges, diggings, dykes, railway areas, industry areas, vineyards, dry open grasslands, and can also be found in urban areas (Westrich 1989).","The species is rather rare, but the host is doing well. There seem to be no major threats.","Although the populations are small, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,glaberrima,,Nomada glaberrima,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the current status of the species.",Unknown,"The species occurs in south-eastern Europe and the Near East: Turkey, Lebanon, Syria. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 277,839 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 156 km2.",Populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, Andrena humilis is probably a host (Standfuss and Schwarz 2007).The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year).    The habitat of the host is diggings and quarries, verges, dykes, edges of forests and dry open grasslands (Westrich 1989).",The threats to this species are unknown.,The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is unknown if it occurs in protected areas.More research is needed to identify the threats and the population trend of this species.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,glaucopis,,Nomada glaucopis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, and no major threats.",Stable,"The species occurs in southern Europe, northern Africa, the Near East (Israel) and Asia (Kazakhstan). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,348,676 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 684 km2.","Populations seem to be rather stable. The species is rather abundant in south-western Europe, also in the Canary Islands (Hohmann 1993).","The species inhabits olive grooves, dry open grasslands and verges rich in flowers (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013). The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host.",There seem to be no major threats to this species.,The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the ecological requirements of this species. It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,goodeniana,,Nomada goodeniana,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, and no major threats.",Stable,"The species is widely distributed in the whole of Europe to the the Near East and Asia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,521,111 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 8,500 km2.",In most countries the species is rather abundant and populations are rather stable.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, the probable hosts are: Andrena tibialis (Alfken 1913, Stoeckhert 1933), Andrena nigroaenea (Perkins 1919, Kocourek 1966), Andrena nitida (Alfken 1913), Andrena cineraria (Kocourek 1966, Gebhart and Roehr 1987). Possibly also Andrena thoracica (Perkins 1919).  The species is univoltine, but partly bivoltine so it can have one or two generations per year.  The species inhabits dry open grasslands, dykes, heathland, diggings and quarries, floodplains, dunes, waste land, edges of forests, abandoned vineyards, gardens and parks (Westrich 1989, J. Smit pers. obs. 2013).","There are no major threats to this species at the European level, though this species is considered threatened in some European countries.",This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Finland (Vulnerable; Rassi et al. 2010); Ireland (Endangered; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006); Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003).   It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,gransassoi,,Nomada gransassoi,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its habitat, ecological requirements, population size and trend and threats. Further research is necessary to establish the current status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is endemic to Europe and it occurs in Switzerland and Italy. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 55,052 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km2.","The species is very rare, populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species (J. Smit pers. comm. 2013).","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known about the host or the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.  Further research is required on the habitat and biology, to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,gredosiana,,Nomada gredosiana,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,The species is probably endemic to Spain and is known from only two localities.,Populations are very small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat. The species is probably univoltine (it has one generation per year) (J. Smit pers. comm. 2013).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.  Further research is required into the population size and trend, the  habitat and ecological requirements of this species and to identify any existing threats.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,gribodoi,,Nomada gribodoi,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the   population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further   research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species occurs in southern Europe, Turkey and north-western Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,663,963 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km2.",Populations are very small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.   Further research is required into the population size and trend, the   habitat and ecological requirements of this species and to identify the   existing threats.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,gruenwaldti,,Nomada gruenwaldti,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,This species is endemic to mainland Greece and is known from only one locality.,The population is small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host. The type locality (Delphi) is characterised by phryganic Mediterranean shrublands.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.    Further research is required into the population size and trend, the    habitat and ecological requirements of this species and to identify the    existing threats.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,guttulata,,Nomada guttulata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, stable populations and lack of major threats.",Stable,"This species is widely distributed in Europe and Asia (Kazakhstan, Japan). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,082,704 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,108 km2.","The species is rare and populations are small but the species does not seem to be in decline in most countries, the populations seem to be rather stable. In Germany, latest investigations have proved that the species is present in many more localities as known before, therefore it has been removed from the National Red List. In the Netherlands there is no decline (Peeters et al. 2012). There has been an increase in the number of records from Great Britain since the early 1990s (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013).","The species inhabits dry open grassland, dykes, edges of forests, parks, railway areas and waste land (Westrich 1989, J. Smit pers. obs. 2013). The species is a brood parasite of Andrena labiata (Alfken 1913, Perkins 1919, Raemakers 2000, Stoeckhert 1933, Westrich 1989). Possibly there are some more hosts: Andrena potentillae (Stoeckhert 1933), Andrena sphecodimorpha (Standfuss and Schwarz 2007) and Andrena florivaga (Kocourek 1966). Nomada guttulata is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies in the spring.","There seem to be no major threats affecting this species, the host is doing rather well in most countries.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries / regions: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Great Britain (Endangered; Shirt 1987); Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Sweden (Vulnerable; Gärdenfors 2010), Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). The Great Britain Red List assessment is old and in need of revision in view of the increase of records (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2013). It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,hera,,Nomada hera,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, stable populations and lack of major threats.",Stable,"The species occurs in south-eastern Europe and the Near East (Turkey, Israel). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 161,842 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 64 km2.",Populations seem to be rather stable (J. Smit pers. comm. 2013).,"The habitat of this species is among others dry open grassland, open shrubland, olive groves and quarries (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013, Nielsen et al. 2011). The species is a brood parasite of other bees, the host is not known. The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies in April and May.",There seem to be no major threats to this species.,The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,hirtipes,,Nomada hirtipes,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed overall population, although the species is rare. However the species is considered threatened in some countries and further research is needed to establish the possible existing threats affecting this species.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in central, south-eastern Europe and the UK. It is endemic to Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,155,823 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 484 km2.",The species is rare and populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species inhabits limestone grassland, dry open grassland, open shrubland and quarries (Westrich 1989, Edwards and Roy 2009). The species is a brood parasite of other bees, the host is Andrena bucephala (Schmiedeknecht 1930, Kocourek 1966, Perkins 1919). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies in April and May.","The threats to this species are unknown. The host is rather rare as well, but does not seem to be in decline.",This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries / regions: Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011); Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). The species does occur in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend and the threats to this species.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,hispanica,,Nomada hispanica,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is endemic to south-west Europe, it occurs in Portugal and Spain and in the Pyrenees of France. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 408,483 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 882 km.",Populations are small but there is no information available on the trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, but nothing is known about the host or the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and does not appear on any national Red Lists or Red Data Books.  Further research is required into the population size, biology, habitat, ecological requirements, to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, and to identify the existing threats.   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,hungarica,,Nomada hungarica,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species occurs in south and south-east Europe, and Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,644,046 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 108 km2.",Populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, but nothing is known about the host or the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. This species is included in the Red List of Hungary as Extinct (Jozan 2011).  Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,illustris,,Nomada illustris,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is a European endemic. It is found in south-western Europe, but with populations also in Italy (Stoch 2003) and Croatia (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,334,596 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 124 km2.",Populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and does not appear on any national Red Lists or Red Data Books. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,immaculata,,Nomada immaculata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species occurs in south-east Europe, northern Africa and Asia. The extent of occurrence is 673,213 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km2.",There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, the host and the habitat are not known.",Details of specific threats to the species are not known.,"The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action.  It is included in the Red List of Hungary as Extinct (Jozan 2011).  Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,imperialis,,Nomada imperialis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its presumed large and stable overall population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. However further research is needed into the ecological requirements and possible threats.",Stable,"The species occurs in south-east Europe and the Near East (Turkey). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 663,728 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 120 km2.",The populations in Greece seem to be rather stable.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, but details of the preferred host species are not known. The habitat of this species is unpaved roads, riverbanks and dry grassland (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013) and Mediterranean phryganic shrubland in Attiki (Greece) (Petanidou 1994).","The threats to this species are not known, but given that it is found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes. Grasslands are also prone to inappropriate grazing.","The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is included in the Red List of Hungary as Extinct (Jozan 2011).  Further research is required on the biology of the species throughout, and to identify the existing threats. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,incisa,,Nomada incisa,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species occurs in south-east Europe and Asia (Turkey). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,555,873 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 84 km2.",Populations are very small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat. The species is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). It is not known if it occurs in protected areas and there are no conservation actions in place for this species.  Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,insignipes,,Nomada insignipes,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"The species occurs in southern Europe and the Near East (Turkey, Syria, Israel). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,118,771 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 144 km2.","Populations are small, and although the species is rare everywhere, it does not seem to be in decline. The population trend is therefore considered stable.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host. The habitat of this species is among others river banks and dry open grassland (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013) and Mediterranean phryganic shrubland in Lesvos (Greece) (Nielsen et al. 2011) and Israel (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The species is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and flies in the spring from March to May.",There seems to be no major threats to this species.,The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas. Further research is required on the biology of the species.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,integra,,Nomada integra,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. However, the species is declining and considered threatened in several European countries, having already gone extinct in others. Careful surveillance of the species and its presumed host(s) is advised to monitor the trends across the entire range.",Decreasing,"The species occurs across Europe, north Africa, the Near East and Asia until Kazakhstan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,495,825 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,678 km2.","Populations are small and the species is rare everywhere, in a number of countries the species is in decline.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees. Andrena humilis is probably a host (Alfken 1913, Perkins 1919, Stoeckhert 1933, Westrich 1989) and possibly also Andrena taraxaci (Scheuchl 1995).  The species inhabits dry open grassland, dykes, meadows, quarries, diggings, verges (Westrich 1989). The species is univoltine, in that it has one generation per year, and flies from late April until June.",Changes in agricultural practice and management of verges and dykes by application of pesticides which remove Asteraceae species (host forage) can reduce the floral resource availability for the host. The host is in decline in a number of countries.,"This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the following six European countries: Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011); Finland (Regionally Extinct; Rassi et al. 2010); Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003); Norway (Regionally Extinct; Kålås et al. 2010); Sweden (Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010). It occurs in protected areas, such as Hartslock Reserve, Salisbury Plain Trining Area SSSI and Gentleshaw Common SSSI in Great Britain.  Careful surveillance of the species and its presumed host(s) is advised to monitor the trends across the entire range.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,italica,,Nomada italica,,,No,EN,B2ab(v),No,EN,B2ab(v),EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)    Listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km2, the species is only known from very old records and probably now there are only a few isolated localities with small populations, so the species is considered severely fragmented. There is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals as the species is disappearing in many countries and considered threatened in others. However the threats to this species are unknown, so priority should be given to identify what threats are affecting this species.",Decreasing,"The species occurs in Europe and Asia (Turkey and Kazakhstan). In Europe, it has isolated populations in Spain, in four countries in central Europe and in Greece until the Aegean islands (Stoch 2003, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,528,934 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km2.","Populations are very small and the species is considered to be rare. Most data of this species are much older than 25 years with only a few from the last 15 years. In Germany it is extinct, in Switzerland it is probably extinct, the only known specimen from this country is from 1885. Probably there are now a few isolated localities with small populations.The populations seem to be decreasing.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, Andrena assimilis is probably a host (Westrich 1989, Standfuss and Schwarz 2007), possibly also Andrena gallica (Schmiedeknecht 1930, Stoeckhert 1933).  The habitat of the host is mainly sandy areas (Westrich 1989). The species is bivoltine (it has two generations per year) flying from April to May, and again from July to August,",The threats to this species are not known.,This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the following two European countries: Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2011); Poland (Vulnerable; Glowacinski and Nowacki 2009). Further research is needed into the threats to this species.  It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,jaramense,,Nomada jaramense,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species occurs in south-west Europe; in a few localities in Spain and south-east France (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 163,909 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2.",Populations are very small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed in any national Red List or Red Data Book.  Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,kervilleana,,Nomada kervilleana,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as the species is only known from one locality in the island of Lesvos (Greece). Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,"In Europe the species is only known from one locality in the island of Lesvos, Greece (Grace 2010). Outside of Europe, it occurs in the Near East: Israel, Syria, Turkey.",Populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed in any national Red List or Red Data Book. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required to establish the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,kohli,,Nomada kohli,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large and stable overall population.,Stable,"The species occurs in western, central, eastern and southern Europe and north-west Africa. From northern France eastwards until central Romania and east Bulgaria, and in southern Europe from Spain eastwards over Sicily, Malta and the Aegean islands until Cyprus (Grace 2010, Jozan 2011, Stoch 2003, Gogala 2013, M. Schwarz, J. Straka and E. Dufrêne pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,709,681 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 468 km2.","The species does not seem to be in decline, at least in the south of Europe (J. Smit, pers. obs. 2014).","Nomada kohli is a brood parasite of other bees, and Lasioglossum puncticolle is probably the host (Stoeckhert 1919, Schmiedeknecht 1930, Standfuss and Schwarz 2007). The species is bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year, and the flight period is from the end of April to the end of June, and from the end of July to the end of August  It inhabits dry open grasslands, vineyards, dykes, verges and river banks (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013).","Certain agricultural practices, such as the application of pesticides, lead to the removal of wild flowers, reducing the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability for the host.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,kornosica,,Nomada kornosica,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species was thought to be endemic to Cyprus where it has been found at a number of localities (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), but is has also recently been found at Lesvos, Greece (Grace 2010). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 39,074 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km2.",Populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,kriesteni,,Nomada kriesteni,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is endemic to Spain, it has been found on four localities in southern Spain (Andalucía) and on one in central Spain (Schwarz and Gusenleitner 2013). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 88,455 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2.",Populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees and it is probably univoltine, in that it has one generation per year. There is no information available about the host or the habitats.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on the Spanish Red List. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,lamellata,,Nomada lamellata,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient because the species is only known from two specimens collected in two localities. Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, and it has been found in central Spain and in central-east Portugal (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The species is only known from two specimens from two localities (one in Spain and one in Portugal).",The species is very rare and populations are very small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed in any national Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,lateritia,,Nomada lateritia,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"The species occurs in south-east Europe in Lesvos (Greece) (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014) and in Bulgaria at the coast of the Black Sea, and the Near East; Turkey, Israel (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,347 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2.",Populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host. It is found in Mediterranean phryganic shrubland in Lesvos (Greece) (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2001, Nielsen et al. 2011) and Israel (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).","The threats to this species are not known, but given that it is found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.","Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed in any national Red Lists of Red Data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,lathburiana,,Nomada lathburiana,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, and no major threats.",Stable,"The species occurs in south-west, central, north and east Europe, it is rather abundant in western Europe (Peeters et al. 2012), central Europe (Schwarz et al. 1996, Celary 1995, Amiet et al. 2007) and east Europe (Monsevicus 1995, Jozan 2011, Levchenko 2013). It rarely occurs in south Europe (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). In Asia, it is known from Georgia, Armenia and Kazakhstan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,627,187 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 5,000 km2.","Populations can be locally very large, and the population trend is stable. There is clear evidence of spread in southern UK and an increase in abundance of both parasite and host (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).","The species is a brood parasite of other bees; there are two hosts, the main host is Andrena vaga (Friese 1923) and the second host is Andrena cineraria (Gebhart and Röhr 1987). Another possible host is Andrena barbareae (Kocourek 1966, Amiet et al. 2007).  The species mainly inhabits sandy areas, like heathland, riverbanks, sandpits, quarries, sometimes in clay, e.g., dykes (Westrich 1989). In the UK it is associated solely with A. cineraria and occurs in many habitats, including calcareous grasslands, town parks and gardens and in the farmed environment (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).  The species is partially bivoltine (it has two generations per year). The Spring generation flies from late March to late May.","There seems to be no major threats to this species at the European level, despite the species being threatened in some countries.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002); Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987); Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003). The UK status is in need of revision as there has been a considerable increase in both range and abundance since the mid-1980's (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).  It occurs in many protected areas, such as Town Common SSSI, Coombe Bissett Down, Gentleshaw Common SSSI and Barnaby Sands Marsh NR in the UK. In The Netherlands, it occurs at Klompenwaard, Millingerwaard (floodplains), Rozendaalse veld, Planken Wambuis, de Plateaux (all three heathland).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,laticrus,,Nomada laticrus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed as Data Deficient because the species is only known from two localities and there is no information available on the distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats to the species. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is only know from two localities, one in Croatia and one in Slovenia (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The species also occurs in the Near East (Turkey).",Populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, and probably Andrena elegans is a host (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2013). There is no information available on the habitat of this species.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and does not appear on any national Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,leucophthalma,,Nomada leucophthalma,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large and stable overall population. However, reforestation can be a threat to this species as it can disturb edges of  forests and destroy the open areas in forests, where both this species and  its host live.",Stable,"The species occurs in north and central Europe and in Asia (Russia: Eastern Siberia, Russian Far East; Japan). In Europe, it is present from western Europe (Peeters et al. 2012), through central Europe (Schwarz et al. 1996, Celary 1995, Amiet et al. 2007) to Lithuania (Monsevicus 1995) and Latvia in east Europe and in Scandinavia (except Iceland) (Madsen and Calabuig 2012, Janzon et al. 1991, Stenlokk 2011).",Populations are generally rather small but there seems to be no decline in the populations of this species. The population trend is thus considered stable.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, being Andrena clarkella a host (Gebhart and Röhr 1987), and probably also Andrena apicata (Alfken 1913, Chambers 1968, Möschler 1938, Perkins 1919) and Andrena nycthemera (Alfken 1913, Chambers 1968, Möschler 1938, Perkins 1919, Kocourek 1966). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies very early, from March to early May. The host species are all specialists on Salix (Salicaceae) pollen.  The species inhabits edges of forests and woodlands, sand pits, waste land and heathland (Westrich 1989).","Reforestation can be a threat to this species, as it can disturb edges of forests and destroy the open areas and glades, where this species and its host live.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011) and Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003).  It occurs in protected areas such as Holt Heath NNR (UK) and Rozendaalse veld, Deventer: Wechelerveld. Elp: Holmers in the Netherlands (all heathland).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,limassolica,,Nomada limassolica,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to established the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"The species occurs in south-east Europe and the Near East (Turkey, Israel). In Europe it occurs at a number of localities in Cyprus, and on the Greek islands of Lesvos, Rhodos, Samos and at two localities in mainland Greece (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 242,511 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km2.",Populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host. It is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies in April and May.It is found in Mediterranean phryganic shrublands in Lesvos (Greece) (Nielsen et al. 2011).","The threats to this species are not known, but given that it is found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.","Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed in any national Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the distribution, population size, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,linsenmaieri,,Nomada linsenmaieri,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its presumed large and stable overall population, and no major threats.",Stable,"The species occurs in south-west Europe. It is rather abundant in Spain and Portugal (M. Schwarz and D. Baldock pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014). It is known from some localities in south-east France, in western Italy near the coast, one locality in Sicily (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). From central Europe it is known from some localities in Switzerland (Amiet et al. 2007). It also occurs in north-west Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,380,913 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 508 km2.","The species is abundant in Spain and Portugal, where it is not in decline. The population trend is considered stable.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host. The species inhabits open grasslands, unpaved roads and river banks (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013).",There seems to be no major threats to this species.,The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any national Red Lists or Red Data Books.It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,litigiosa,,Nomada litigiosa,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed as Data Deficient because the species is only known from one locality in Sicily and further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,"The species occurs in southern Europe, at just one locality in the north of Sicily (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The species also occurs in northern Africa (Algeria).",Populations are very small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed in any national Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,lucidula,,Nomada lucidula,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of its rather wide distribution. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,"The species occurs in south-east Europe, in Cyprus, the Aegean islands, the Greek mainland, Albania and Bulgaria (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz and S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). Elsewhere, it is present in the Near East (Turkey, Israel). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 206,620 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 68 km2.",There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, but the host(s) are not known. The habitat of this species includes Mediterranean phryganic shrubland in Attiki (Greece) (Petanidou 1994) and on Mt Carmel (Israel) (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies from March to May.","The threats to this species are not known, but given that it is found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.","The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed in any national Red List or Red Data Book. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,maculicornis,,Nomada maculicornis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species occurs in southern Europe, in a few localities in Portugal, Spain, the south-east of France, in one locality in western France, and all over Italy, including Sicily (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). It also occurs in northern Africa (Algeria, Morocco). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,477,732 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 184 km2.",Populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any national Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, and to identify the existing threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,mandibularis,,Nomada mandibularis,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is probably endemic to Europe, occurring in south-western Europe at scattered localities in central and east Spain and one locality in south-east France (Schwarz and Gusenleitner 2013).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 182,972 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km2.",Populations are very small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any national Red List or Red Data Book. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,marshamella,,Nomada marshamella,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, and no major threats.",Stable,"The species is widely distributed in the Palearctic region. In Europe, it occurs in Portugal and Spain in the south-west (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), in western Europe (Peeters et al. 2012, E. Dufrêne and P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014), north-west Europe, central Europe (Schwarz et al. 1996, Amiet et al. 2007, Bieri 2002, Celary 1995, Jozan 2011, Bogusch et al. 2007, B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014), east Europe (Monsevicius 1995, Levchenko 2013) and in Scandinavia (Madsen and Calabuig 2012, Janzon et al. 1991, Stenlokk 2011).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,859,425 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 7,700 km2.","The species is abundant in most European countries, and does not appear to be in decline.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, being the most important host Andrena carantonica (Stoeckhert 1933, Westrich 1989). The species has also been dug out of the nest of Andrena ferox, but this is certainly a rare host (Smit 1996). Other probable hosts are Andrena rosae (Stoeckhert 1933) and Andrena nigroaenea (Moeschler 1938, Stoeckhert 1933).  The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year), and flies from late March to June. Data from August may indicate a small second generation (Van der Vecht 1930, Lefeber 1971, Westrich 1989).  The species lives in all kind of habitats, including gardens and cities.",There are no major threats to this species.,"This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Finland (Vulnerable; Rassi et al. 2010).   It occurs in protected areas such as Nosterfield LNR, Branscombe, Stockham's Hill NT and Coombe Bissett Down LNR (all in the UK), Knocksink Wood NNR (Ireland), and Planken Wambuis, Biesbosch, Millingerwaard, Thorn Koningssteen, Arnhem Meinerswijk and Merum Isabellegreend in the Netherlands.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,mauritanica,,Nomada mauritanica,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed overall large and stable population.,Stable,"The species occurs in southern Europe, north Africa and Asia (Turkmenistan). In Europe, it is prseent in the south from Spain (M. Schwarz and J. Smit pers. comm. 2014) until Greece, the Aegean islands and Crete (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz and J. Smit pers. comm. 2014), northwards into central Europe (Amiet et al. 2007, Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). In eastern Europe, it occurs in Romania (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,871,102 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 252 km2.","Populations are rather small. In the northern area of its occurrence the species is in decline, but in southern Europe it appears to be stable. Overall the population can be considered to be stable.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees. Probable hosts are Andrena rutila (Schmiedeknecht 1930, Stoeckhert 1933) and Andrena fuscosa (Kocourek 1966, Standfuss and Schwarz 2007).  It inhabits verges, dry river banks, dry open grasslands (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013) and Mediterranean phryganic shrubland in Lesvos (Greece) (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2001). The species flies from March to May.","The threats to this species are not known, but given that it is found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities (at least in parts of its range), it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2011). It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,mavromoustakisi,,Nomada mavromoustakisi,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its abundance within its restricted distribution, its presumed large population, and because its habitat is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"The species occurs has a limited European range, occurring only in mainland Greece (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014) where it is rather abundant. Elsewhere, it is present in the Near East (Turkey). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 26,046 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km2.",The species is plentiful in Greece (Standfuss and Schwarz 2007) and the populations seem to be stable.,The species is a brood parasite of other bees but nothing is known about the host. The species is known from olive groves (Standfuss and Schwarz 2007) and Mediterranean phryganic shrubland in Attiki (Greece) (Petanidou 1994).,"The threats to this species are not known, but given that it is found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.",The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed in any national Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.Further research is required into the ecological requirements and precise threats to this species.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,melanopyga,,Nomada melanopyga,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species occurs in Europe, in the eastern part of central Europe (Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), in Romania (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014) and in Greece in Lesvos (Grace 2010). It also occurs in the Near East (Turkey) (Grace 2010). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 386,610 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km2.",Populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees but nothing is known of the host. The species flies from March to May. On the island of Lesvos (Greece), the species has been found in abandoned olive groves and in Mediterranean phryganic shrubland (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2001).","The threats to this species are not known, but given that it is found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.","Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any national Red List or Red Data Book. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,melathoracica,,Nomada melathoracica,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large and stable overall population. However the species is threatened by changes in agricultural practice and it is considered threatened in some countries.,Stable,"The species is a European endemic. It occurs in south-west Europe (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014), western Europe until the south of the Netherlands (E. Dufrêne, P. Rasmont and J. Smit pers. comm. 2014), and in central Europe until Hungary (Amiet et al. 2007, Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,117,452 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 380 km2.","In southern Europe the species can be locally abundant (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013), and overall, the populations seem to be stable.","Nomada melathoracica is a brood parasite of other bees, and its hosts are probably Andrena agilissima (Westrich 1998) and Andrena pilipes (Petit 1975).The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year).  The species inhabits dry open grassland, rich flowering verges, olive grooves and rich flowering grasslands (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013).","Changes in agricultural practices, particularly through intensification in the use of grasslands may reduce the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability for the host.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994) and Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011).   It occurs at least in one protected area (e.g., in the Netherlands: Curfs groeve).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,merceti,,Nomada merceti,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, and no major threats.",Stable,"The species is a European endemic, it occurs in south-west Europe. In Spain it is abundant (M. Schwarz pers. obs. 2014, J. Smit pers. comm. 2014), in Portugal it is known from a number of localities (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and there are few data from the south-east of France (Pyrénées-Orientales) (M. Schwarz and J. Smit pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 504,240 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 316 km2.",The species does not seem to be in decline and the population trend is considered stable (J. Smit pers. comm. 2013).,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host. The species inhabits dry open grassland, and flower-rich verges (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013).",There seem to be no major threats to this species.,The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed in any national Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas. Further research is required into the ecological requirements of this species.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,mocsaryi,,Nomada mocsaryi,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species occurs in southern Europe and Asia (Turkey, Iran). In Europe the species is widespread, but rather rare, and in most countries is found in only a few localities. It occurs in south west Europe (not in Portugal, and in France only in the south east) (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), in central Europe (Jozan 2011, M. Schwarz, B. Tomozei, J. Smit pers. comm. 2014) and in the Balkan Peninsula on to the Aegean islands and Crete (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz and S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,509,983 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 136 km2.",Populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat. The species flies in May and June.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is considered as Extinct in Hungary (Jozan 2011). It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,moeschleri,,Nomada moeschleri,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, large and stable overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"The species occurs in central and northern Europe and in Asia (eastern Siberia). In Europe, it is present in central Europe from Slovenia (Gogala 2012) and Switzerland (Amiet et al. 2007) northwards (Schwarz et al. 1996, Bogusch et al. 2007, Celary 1995), in east Europe (Monsevicius 1995, Levchenko 2013) and in Scandinavia (Madsen and Calabuig, 2012, Janzon et al. 1991, Stenlokk 2011). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,718,293 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4,436 km2.",Populations are small but they seem to be stable in most countries (J. Smit pers. comm. 2013).,"Nomada moeschleri is a brood parasite of other bees. Andrena haemorrhoa is a host (van der Smissen 1995), possibly also Andrena helvola and Andrena fucata (Saure 1995). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and has a flight period from the end of April to the middle of June.  The species inhabits edges of forests, edges of roads in forest areas and open areas in forests (Saure 1995).","Although the species seems to be threatened in some countries, there appears to be no major threats to this species at the European level.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Finland (Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010), Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002) and Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010).   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,mutabilis,,Nomada mutabilis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed overall large population. However the species is in decline and threatened in some countries by changes in agricultural practice, particularly through intensification  in the use of grassland have reduced the area of suitable habitat and  floral resource availability for the host.",Decreasing,"The species occurs rather rarely and scattered in south-west Europe (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), western Europe (Peeters et al. 2012, E. Dufrêne and P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014),  from Scandinavia there is only one finding in Denmark (Madsen and Calabuig 2012), central Europe (Amiet et al. 2007, Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011, Celary 1995), eastern Europe (Monsevicius 1995, Levchenko 2013) and in south-east Europe the species is more abundant, especially in Greece and on the Aegean islands and Crete (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz and S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014). In Asia it occurs in Turkey, Iran, Georgia, Turkmenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,443,605 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 420 km2.",Populations are small and the species is in decline in a number of countries. Overall the populations are decreasing (J. Smit pers. comm. 2014).,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees. Andrena chrysopyga is very likely the main host (Alfken 1913, Enslin 1922, Kocourek 1966, Sanders 1950, Stoeckhert 1933), and possibly also Andrena labialis (Moeschler 1938, Kocourek 1966), Andrena gravida (Standfuss and Schwarz 2007) and Andrena polita (Kocourek 1966, Amiet et al. 2007). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from May to mid-August.    The species inhabits dry open grassland, dykes, unpaved roads and heathlands (Westrich 1989). On the islands of Crete and Lesvos, it is found in Mediterranean phryganic shrublands (S. Roberts pers. comm. 1991, Nielsen et al. 2011).","Changes in agricultural practice, particularly through intensification in the use of grassland have reduced the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability for the host. Given that it is also found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.  The host is also in decline in a number of countries.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011) and the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003).  It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,mutica,,Nomada mutica,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)    Listed as Near Threatened because the area of occupancy (AOO) is small (316 km2), and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals due to changes in agricultural practice, particularly through intensification  in use, which can reduce the area of suitable habitat and floral resource  availability for the host. The host is also in decline in a number of  countries.",Decreasing,"The species is found in south-west Europe, in central and north-east Spain (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), in western Europe in France until the central part of the Netherlands (Smit 1996, E. Dufrêne and P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014). In central Europe, it occurs from Germany until the west of Hungary (Amiet et al. 2007, Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2013). In eastern Europe, the species is known from a few localities in Romania (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014), in south-east Europe, it is known from Lesvos (Grace 2010) and Cyprus (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). It also occurs in the Near East (Turkey). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,922,374 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 316 km2.","The species is rare in Europe, populations are small and in a number of countries the species is in decline.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, probably Andrena ferox is the host (Stoeckhert 1933, Kocourek 1966, Smit 2006).  The species inhabits edges of forests, extensively grazed meadows (Smit 2006) and quarries (I. Raemakers pers. obs. 2013). On the island of Lesvos (Greece) it has been found in open, hillside Quercus macrolepis woodland.  The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from the end of April to the beginning of June.","Changes in agricultural practice, particularly through intensification in use, can reduce the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability for the host. The host is also in decline in a number of countries.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011,; Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002) and the Netherlands (Near Threatened; Peeters and Reemer 2003).   It occurs in protected areas (e.g., in the Netherlands in Berg en Dal – Ons erf, and Berg -Curfs Groeve).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,nausicaa,,Nomada nausicaa,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, and no major current threats. However, research should be conducted to clarify the ecological requirements of the species.",Stable,"The species occurs in south-eastern Europe and the Near East (Turkey, Israel). In southern Europe it occurs from central Italy southwards, including Sicily (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), in Greece, including the Aegean islands (it is not yet known from Crete) (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz and S. Roberts pers. comm.2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014), and in the Balkan Peninsula in Macedonia and Bulgaria (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 809,191 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 140 km2.",The populations of this species seem to be stable.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host. It is a univoltine species (one flight period a year), flying in April and May.  The species inhabits dry open grassland, river banks and verges of unpaved roads (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013). In Lesvos, it is found in phryganic communities and open, hillside Quercus macrolepis woodlands (S Roberts pers. comm. 2014).","There seems to be no major threats to this species, but given that it is found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities in parts of its range, it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.",The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any national Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas. Further research is required on the biology of the species.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,nesiotica,,Nomada nesiotica,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species. The area of occupancy (AOO) for this species is extremely small and it is possible that further research may warrant a threat status in the future.",Unknown,"The species is possibly endemic to Europe, it occurs in south east Europe; in Cyprus and in the eastern part of mainland Greece (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 23,504 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2.",Populations are very small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat. The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year).",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any national Red Lists or Red Data Book. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,nigrovaria,,Nomada nigrovaria,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Stable,"The species occurs in south-western Europe and north-western Africa. In Europe the species is known from a few localities in central Spain, mainly in south-eastern France and central and north west Italy and a locality in south Italy (Stoch 2003, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 566,984 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 108 km2.","Populations are small but this species does not seem to be in decline, the populations are stable.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any national Red List or Red Data Book.  Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,nobilis,,Nomada nobilis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, and no major threats. However the species  is probably threatened at the local level as it is considered  threatened in some countries.",Stable,"The species occurs in southern Europe, north Africa (Algeria), the Near East and Iran. In western Europe, the species is found in Portugal (Baldock and Smit in litt.), Spain (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014) and southern France (P. Rasmont and E. Dufrêne pers. comm. 2014). In central Europe, it occurs in Italy including Sicily (Stoch 2003, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), Switzerland (Amiet et al. 2007), Austria (Schwarz 1996), Hungary (Jozan 2011), and Poland (Celary 1995). In eastern Europe (M. Schwarz and J. Smit pers. comm. 2014), it can be found in the Balkan Peninsula until the Aegean islands (Jozan 2009, Grace 2010, M. Schwarz, B. Tomozei, S. Roberts and J. Smit pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,566,240 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 496 km2.","The species is locally abundant and does not seem to be in decline, except in the northern countries of its distribution. In the southern parts of its range it is abundant. Overall the population trend is stable.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, a host is probably Andrena nasuta (Schmiedeknecht 1930, Standfuss and Schwarz 2007) and there is probably another host (Standfuss and Schwarz 2007), possibly Eucera interrupta (Amiet et al. 2007). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies from March to early June.The species inhabits unpaved roads, dry open grassland and dry river banks (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013). In Lesvos, it is found in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands (S Roberts pers comm. 2014).","There seems to be no major threats to this species, although the species is probably threatened at the local level as it is considered threatened in some countries. It could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2011), Poland (Vulnerable; Glowacinski and Nowacki 2009) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002).  It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,noskiewiczi,,Nomada noskiewiczi,,,Yes,VU,B2ab(v),Yes,VU,B2ab(v),EU27,,"Listed as Vulnerable because populations of this species are very small, and in the last fifty years the species has  not been found, although it is believed that exhaustive surveys have not  been carried out to determine where the species is extinct. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km2, and although the threats affecting this species remain unknown, the species is known from fewer than ten locations. There is continuing decline in the number of mature individuals.",Decreasing,"The species is endemic to eastern Europe, it occurs in Slovakia and Hungary (Jozan 2011, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The species is known from ten localities (J. Smit pers. comm. 2013). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 40,210 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km2.","Populations are very small, and in the last fifty years the species has not been found, although it is believed that exhaustive surveys have not been carried out to determine whether the species is extinct. The population trend of this species is considered declining.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005). Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.  It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,numida,,Nomada numida,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, and no major threats.",Stable,"The species occurs in southern Europe and north Africa. In Europe it occurs in the Iberian Peninsula (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), it is rare in southern France, but abundant in Corsica (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. comm. 2014) and Sicily (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), it is rare in southern Italy, Greece including the Aegean islands and Crete, Cyprus (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). It is known from a few localities in the north of the Balkan Peninsula (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and in Hungary, where it is now considered extinct (Jozan 2011). The occurrence in Germany is very doubtful (Westrich 1989). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,021,660 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 304 km2.","Populations are rather small, but the species does not seem to be in decline.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, Andrena morio is probably a host (Stoeckhert 1933, Schmiedeknecht 1930, Standfuss and Schwarz 2007), probably also Andrena fuscosa (Standfuss and Schwarz 2007). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year).  It inhabits dry open grassland and verges of unpaved roads (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013).",There seem to be no major threats to this species.,"The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any national Red List or Red Data Book. However, Jozan (2011) states that the species is extinct in Hungary. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,obscura,,Nomada obscura,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall and stable population, and no obvious major threats. However, this species is considered threatened in some European countries.",Stable,"The species occurs in northern, central and eastern Europe as well as in Asia (Russian Far East). In north-western Europe the species in found in Belgium and the Netherlands (Peeters et al. 2012, P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2013). In central Europe the species is distributed from Switzerland (Amiet et al. 2007) eastwards until Hungary (Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011) and north until Germany and Poland (Celary and Wisniowski 2007). The species is also found in eastern Europe (Mosevicius 1995, Levchenko 2013) and in Scandinavia (Janzon et al. 1991, Noren et al. 1999, Stenlokk 2011, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,391,948 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 544 km2.","Populations are rather small. In northern Europe the species can be abundant, but in central Europe the species is regarded as a relic from the last glacial period (Westrich 1989) and is rare. The population trend is considered stable overall.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, and the very probable host is Andrena ruficrus (Benno 1948, Perkins 1919, Stoeckhert 1933, Kocourek 1966).The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from the end of March to the end of May.  It inhabits edges of forests (Westrich 1989), dry heathland (Reemer et al. 1999) and sand diggings (Cölln and Jakubzik 2009).","There seems to be no major threats affecting this species at the European level, although it is considered threatened in some countries.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2011), Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Poland (Vulnerable; Glowacinski and Nowacki 2009).   It occurs in protected areas (e.g., Winterswijk - Willinks Weust, Deurne - Deurnese Peel in the Netherlands).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,obtusifrons,,Nomada obtusifrons,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)    Listed as Near Threatened because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 788 km2 and although the species is widely distributed in Europe, the populations are small and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals. In addition, the species is considered threatened in many countries where it occurs. Thus the species is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B2. Further research is needed to identify the precise threats to this species.",Decreasing,"The species occurs in northern, central and eastern Europe as well as in Asia (Russia: Eastern Siberia, Kazakhstan). In western Europe the species is known from a few localities in France (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2013), United Kingdom and Ireland (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014), Belgium (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014) and Netherlands (Peeters et al. 2012). In central Europe the species is distributed from northern Italy (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) east until Romania (Amiet et al. 2007, Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011, B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014) and north until northern Germany and Poland (Celary 1995). In eastern Europe the species occurs from Lithuania (Monsevicius 1995) into Russia (Proshchalykin and Lelej 2010) and in Scandinavia (Madsen and Calabuig 2012, Stenlokk 2011, Janzon et al. 1991, S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,744,641 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 788 km2.","The populations are small, and the species is in decline in a number of countries. The host (Andrena coitana) is also in decline in a number of countries.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, the very probable host is Andrena coitana (Alfken 1913, Perkins 1919, Stoeckhert 1933). Perkins (1919) also mentions A. tarsata as a possible host. The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from the end of June to late August, occasionally September.  It inhabits edges of forests (Reemer et al. 1999) and felled areas (Baugnee 2003). In UK it has been found recently in a post-industrial sites on fluvial sand in Lancashire (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are unknown but it is considered threatened in many European countries.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following nine European countries: Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Finland (Vulnerable; Rassi et al. 2010), Ireland (Endangered; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006), Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010), Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). Further research is needed to identify the threats to this species.  It is not known if it occurs in protected areas, but given the wide distribution of the species, it would appear likely.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,oculata,,Nomada oculata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species occurs in south-east Europe and the Near East (Turkey, Israel). In Europe it occured in two localities in Hungary (although it seems now extinct) (Jozan 2011), one in Romania (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014) and in Greece including the Aegean islands (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 563,859 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km2.",Populations are very small but there is little information available on the population trend of this species. In Hungary it is extinct (Jozan 2011) and the specimen in Romania has been found 150 years ago.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat in Europe. In Palestine it has been found in desertic conditions east of Jerusalem.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. The species is considered Extinct in Hungary (Jozan 2011). It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,opaca,,Nomada opaca,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)    Listed as Near Threatened because although the extent of occurrence (EOO) is large, the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 212 km2, the populations are small and the species is rare everywhere, like the host. There is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals in a number of countries, thus the species is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B2.",Decreasing,"The species occurs in north-western and central and Asia (North Korea, Russia: Russia Far East, eastern Siberia). In western Europe the species is found from northern France (E. Dufrêne, M. Schwarz and J. Smit pers. comm. 2014) to the Netherlands (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014, Peeters et al. 2012). The species is also present in southern Scandinavia (Madsen and Calabuig 2012, Janzon et al. 1991, S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). In central Europe the species occurs from Switzerland and Germany (Amiet et al. 2007) eastwards into Hungary (Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011) and from Slovenia northwards into Poland (Gogala 2013, Celary 1995, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). In eastern Europe it occurs in Lithuania (Monsevicius 1995) and Latvia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,569,303 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 212 km2.","Populations are small and the species is rare everywhere, like the host (Andrena fulvida). In a number of countries the species is in decline. The overall population trend is decreasing.","Nomada opaca is a brood parasite of other bees, and the host is probably Andrena fulvida (Kocourek 1966, Stoeckhert 1933). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from the beginning of May till the end of June, sometimes the beginning of July.  It inhabits edges of forests (Reemer et al. 1999), and the host also lives in felled areas within forests (Westrich 1989).","The threats are not clear, but the host is also rare and in a number of countries in decline.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following nine European countries: Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Norway (Not Evaluated; Kålås et al. 2010), Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010), Finland (Critically Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010), Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002) and Poland (Vulnerable; Glowacinszki and Nowacki 2009).   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed to identify the threats to this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,orbitalis,,Nomada orbitalis,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitats, ecological requirements, and threats. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is a European endemic, it occurs in south-west Europe, found at one locality in north Portugal, one in south east Spain and two in south east France (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 358,076 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2.","Populations are very small and the species is very rare, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any national Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,pallispinosa,,Nomada pallispinosa,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species occurs in south-eastern Europe and south-western Asia (Turkey, Israel). In Europe, it occurs in north-east Italy (Schwarz 1967), the north of the Balkan Peninsula (Gogala 2013) down into Greece including the Aegean islands and Cyprus (Grace 2010, Schwarz 1967, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 954,045 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 112 km2.",Populations are rather small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat in Europe. It is found in Mediterranean phryganic shrubland in Israel (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from February (in Israel) to May.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats  It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,panurgina,,Nomada panurgina,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, and no major threats.",Stable,"The species occurs in south-western Europe and north-western Africa. In Europe it occurs in central and north-east Spain (M. Schwarz and J. Smit pers. comm. 2014), Andorra (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014), France (M. Schwarz and E. Dufrêne pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014), in south-west Switzerland (Amiet et al. 2007) and in western Italy (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), including one locality in Sicily (Stoch 2003). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,030,928 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 184 km2.","The species can be abundant, and the populations are considered to be stable (J. Smit pers. comm. 2013).","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, Panurgus dentipes is probably a host (Amiet et al. 2007). Nomada panurgina is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies from June to August.  It inhabits dry open grassland and olive groves (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013).",There seem to be no major threats to this species.,This species is included in the Red Data Book of Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,panzeri,,Nomada panzeri,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, and no major threats.",Stable,"The species occurs in Europe and Asia, until Siberia (Japan, Korea, Russia: Russian Far East, eastern Siberia). In western Europe it occasionally occurs in the south in Portugal, Spain (M. Schwarz and J. Smit pers. comm. 2014), in France (E. Dufrêne pers. comm. 2014) until the Netherlands (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014, Peeters et al. 2012) in Great Britain and Ireland (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). In central Europe the species is found from north Italy eastwards until Hungary (Amiet et al. 2007, Bieri 2002, Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and north until north Germany and north Poland (Celary 1995, J. Straka pers. comm. 2014). In the Balkan Peninsula the species is known from a number of localities in Romania (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014), incidentally in Bulgaria and Greece (M. Schwarz and J. Smit pers. comm. 2014) and in eastern Europe. The species is also present in Scandinavia (Madsen and Calabuig, 2012, Janzon et al. 1991, Stenlokk 2011, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and Russia (Monsevicius 1995, Levchenko 2013, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,680,822 km2 and area of occupancy (AOO) is 9,500 km2.",The populations of this species are stable in most countries.,"Nomada panzeri is a brood parasite of other bees, Andrena fulva is a certain host (Paxton and Pohl 1999). Probably A. varians, A. helvola, A. synadelpha, A. fucata and A. lapponica are also hosts (Perkins 1919, Richards 1946, Stoeckhert 1933, Westrich 1989).It is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from mid April (sometimes earlier) to late June or early July, the long flight period resulting from the staggered emergences of individuals parasitizing different hosts.  The species lives in all kind of habitats; gardens, parks, dry open grassland, edges of forests, dykes, unpaved roads, quarries, floodplains, railway areas (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013).","There seem to be no major threats to this species at the European level, although the species is considered threatened in some countries.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011); Ireland (Near Threatened; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006); Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002).   It occurs in protected areas, such as Strumpshaw Fen RSPB, Powerstock Common LNR, Gait Barrows NNR and Gentleshaw Common SSSI in the UK.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,pastoralis,,Nomada pastoralis,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)    Listed as Data Deficient because the species is only known from one locality in Albania, and there is no information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is only known from one locality in Albania in 1961. The species principally occurs in Asia, from Turkey eastwards to Siberia.",Populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and it is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,pectoralis,,Nomada pectoralis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species occurs in in southern Europe, north Africa (Morocco, Tunisia) and the Near East (Turkey). In western Europe the species is found in a number of localities in Spain (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and southern France (E. Dufrêne and M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), in three localities in Italy and one in Sicily (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). In central Europe, the species is present in  Slovakia and Hungary (Jozan 2011, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). In the Balkan Peninsula the species occurs in Romania (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014), Croatia, Bulgaria, Macedonia and Greece including Crete (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,581,566 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 132 km2.",Populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. However, Jozan (2011) states that the species is extinct in Hungary. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecology and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,piccioliana,,Nomada piccioliana,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. However the species is declining in some countries, and is threatened by changes in agricultural practice, particularly through  intensification in management of grassland as it may reduce the area of  suitable habitat and floral resource availability for the host.",Decreasing,"The species is an European endemic. It occurs in western Europe from the south of Spain until the south of the Netherlands (M. Schwarz and P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014), in central Europe from the south of Italy into Germany (Amiet et al. 2007, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and eastwards until Hungary and Slovakia (Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011, M. Schwarz and J. Straka pers. comm. 2014), and in a few localities in the Balkan Peninsula, including Romania, Serbia and Greece (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz and B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,440,415 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 316 km2.",Populations are small and this species seems to be in decline in a number of countries.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, Andrena combinata is probable a host (Stoeckhert 1941, Stoeckhert 1954, Kocourek 1966, Standfuss and Schwarz 2007). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from the end of May to the beginning of July.  The habitat of the host is dry open grasslands, mostly on south exposed slopes (Westrich 1989).","Changes in agricultural practice, particularly through intensification in management of grassland may reduce the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability for the host. The host is also in decline or extinct in a number of countries.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011) and Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003).  It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,platythorax,,Nomada platythorax,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed as Data Deficient as the species is only known in Europe from two localities in Hungary and there is no information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,In Europe this species is only known from two localities in Hungary (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). Outside of Europe the species is found in the Near East (Turkey).,Populations are very small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the population size, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,pleurosticta,,Nomada pleurosticta,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)                  Listed as Near Threatened because although the extent of occurrence (EOO) is very large, the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 236 km2 and the species and its host are in decline in a number of countries. There is, therefore, a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals; thus the species is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B2.",Decreasing,"The species occurs in Europe, mostly in central Europe, in north Africa (Tunisia) and in Asia (Turkey, Iran). In western Europe the species is found from the north of Spain until the central-east of the Netherlands (M. Schwarz, E. Dufrêne and P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014). In central Europe the species is known from Switzerland (Amiet et al. 2007) eastwards until Hungary (Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011) and north into Germany (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and the Czech Republic (M. Schwarz and J. Straka pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,890,668 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 236 km2.",Populations are small and in a number of countries the species is in decline.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, and it is probable that Andrena polita is the host (Alfken 1913, Enslin 1922, Morawitz 1872, Müller 1944, Stoeckhert 1933, Kocourek 1966, Westrich 1989). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) lying from late June or the beginning of July to mid-August.  The species inhabits dry open grasslands, dry waste lands, verges of unpaved roads (Westrich 1989).",Changes in agricultural management of dry grasslands can reduce the available pollen sources for the host (Andrena polita). The host of this species is also in decline.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994 - although there are data known of this species from Switzerland from the last ten years (J. Smit pers. comm. 2013)), Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011).  It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially,"Roberts, S.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,polemediana,,Nomada polemediana,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,The species is endemic to Cyprus. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 19 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2.,Populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"N. polemediana is a brood parasite of other bees, Andrena panurgimorpha is probably a host (Mavromoustakis 1957). It is univoltine (it has one generation per year). The habitat of this species is unknown.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,posthuma,,Nomada posthuma,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species occurs in central Europe and Asia (Nepal, Russia: Russian Far East). In central Europe the species occurs in the south of Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Hungary (Amiet et al. 2007, Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 165,138 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km2.",Populations are very small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, possibly Lasioglossum glabriusculum is a host (Westrich 1989). The species flies from may until the end of July (Amiet et al. 2007).  The habitat of the host is sand excavations and quarries, and dry open grasslands (Westrich 1989).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red List of Germany (Data Deficient; Westrich et al. 2011). Further research is needed into the population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,priesneri,,Nomada priesneri,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its presumed large and stable overall population. However the threats to the species are unknown, so further research should be conducted.",Stable,"The species is endemic to Crete (Greece). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,362 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 144 km2.","Despite its restricted range, this Cretan endemic species does not seem to be in decline and the populations seem to be stable.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host. The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and both sexes are found in May. The species inhabits dry open grasslands (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013).",The threats to this species are not known.,The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the ecology of this species and to identify the existing threats.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,propinqua,,Nomada propinqua,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large and stable population. However the species has vanished in the northern part of its range, and research is needed to study the threats that the species faces as well as to better understand the biology of the species.",Stable,"The species occurs in south-east Europe and in the Near East (Israel). There is one record from north-east Italy (Gräffe 1890), it occurs on the Balkan peninsula at one locality in Montenegro and one in Macedonia (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), it is abundant in Greece including the Aegean islands and Crete (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014) and on Cyprus (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 573,942 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 244 km2.",Populations can be sizeable in Greece; here the species is stable. In the northern range of the area the species has apparently vanished. The overall population trend is considered stable.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known about the host. The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) and flies in March and April.  The species inhabits verges, dry open grasslands, river banks (J. Smit pers. obs. 2013) and in Mediterranean phryganic shrubland in mainland Greece and Lesvos (Greece) (Petanidou 1994, S. Roberts pers. comm. 2001).","The threats to this species are not known, but given that it is found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.",This species is included in the National Red List of Slovenia (Regionally Extinct; Anonymous 2002).   It is not known if it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed to identify the threats affecting the species and into the ecological requirements of the species.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,pruinosa,,Nomada pruinosa,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status and ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.,Unknown,"The species occurs in Europe only in the Canary islands (Hohman et al. 1993, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). Elsewhere, it is present in north Africa (Libya, Morocco). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,680 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2.",Populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on the Spanish Red List. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,pulchra,,Nomada pulchra,,,No,EN,"B2ab(ii,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,v)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)    Listed as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) is very small (24 km²), its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO of the species and in the number of mature individuals. The host species is also in decline. However the threats to the species are unknown and further research is needed. It is necessary to create natural reserves in areas where the species  inhabits and to protect the plants (Campanulaceae) that the hosts (Melitta melanura) visit to collect pollen.",Decreasing,"The species occurs very rarely in western and eastern Europe and is also present in Asia  eastwards to Siberia. In Europe this species has a scattered distribution and its populations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them, thus it is considered severely fragmented.  In western Europe it is  known from one locality in France (P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014); in eastern Europe it is known from one  locality in Lithuania (Monsevicius 1995), one in Romania (B. Tomozei  pers. comm. 2014) and the European part of  Russia (Levchenko 2013, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The species has disappeared from central Europe: it used to be present in Germany (Wolf 1950) and Hungary (Jozan 2011) but now this species is considered Extinct in these countries (Westrich et al. 2011, Jozan 2011). The extent of  occurrence (EOO) is 1,036,888 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2.","Populations are very small and it seems to be in strong decline, it is extinct in Germany (Westrich et al. 2011) and Hungary (Jozan 2011). The most recent record from Lithuania is 85 years old. The host species is also in decline.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, probably Melitta melanura (as M. wankowiczi) is a host (Wolf 1950). Melitta melanura collects pollen from Campanulaceae species (Monchenko et al. 2009). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year).   Nothing is known about the habitat.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is included in the National Red List of Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2011), and it is also considered extinct in Hungary (Jozan 2011). Research is needed into the current distribution, habitat and threats affecting the species. There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place. It is necessary to create natural reserves in areas where the species inhabits and to protect the plants (Campanulaceae) that the hosts (Melitta melanura) visit to collect pollen (Monchenko et al. 2009).  It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,pygidialis,,Nomada pygidialis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, and no major threats.",Stable,"The species occurs in central and south-east Europe and in the Near East (Turkey). In central Europe, the species is found in Hungary and Slovakia) (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and in eastern Europe it occurs in Ukraine (M. Schwarz and J. Smit pers. comm. 2014) and in the Balkan Peninsula in Bulgaria and Greece, including the Aegean islands (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,265,710 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 116 km2.",The populations are not very large but they do seem to be stable.,"N. pygidialis is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host. The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year). It inhabits dry open grassland, dry river banks, unpaved roads and olive groves (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014).",There seems to be no major threats to this species.,The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas. Further research is required into the biology and ecology of this species.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,rhenana,,Nomada rhenana,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)    Listed as Near Threatened because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 696 km2, and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. The species has become extinct in several European countries and is considered threatened in others. Further research is needed to understand the threats affecting this species, especially as its presumed host (Andrena ovatula) remains common and widespread.",Decreasing,"The species occurs in  Europe and north-west Africa. In west Europe the species is found from the south of Portugal and Spain (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) until the south of the Netherlands (Peeters et al. 2012, E. Dufrêne, M. Schwarz and P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014). In central Europe it is rather abundant in Italy (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) north into Germany (Amiet et al. 2007, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), eastwards until Hungary (Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011) and north into Poland (Celary 1995, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). In eastern Europe the species occurs in Lithuania (Monsevicius 1995) and in some scattered localities in the Balkan Peninsula (Gogala 2013, B. Tomozei and M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,800,488 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 696 km2.","Populations are small and in a number of countries the species is in decline (Farkac et al. 2005, Westrich et al. 2011, Glowacinski et al. 2009) or even extinct (Amiet 1994, Peeters and Reemer 2003, Anonymous 2002). The population trend of this species is apparently decreasing.","N. rhenana is a brood parasite of other bees, the probable host is Andrena ovatula (Stoeckhert 1941, Stoeckhert 1933). The species is bivoltine (it has two generations per year) flying from the middle of May to the end of June and from the end of July to mid-September.  It inhabits heathland (Reemer et al. 1999). Westrich (1989) mentions for the host a number of habitats: dry open grassland, dykes, quarries, sand pits and dry wastelands.",The threats to this species are unknown. The host is doing well in many countries.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following six European countries: Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Slovenia (Regionally Extinct; Anonymous 2002) and Poland (Vulnerable; Glowacinski and Nowacki 2009). Further research is needed into the population size and trend and the threats affecting this species.  It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,roberjeotiana,,Nomada roberjeotiana,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)    Listed as Near Threatened because its area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,130 km2 and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, thus this species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. The species seems to have become extinct in some countries and is considered threatened in others. Further research is needed to study the threats affecting this species and its hosts.",Decreasing,"The species occurs in central, northern and eastern Europe, and in Asia (Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, Russia: Russian Far East, Eastern Siberia). In western Europe the species is distributed from the Pyrenees (M. Schwarz and J. Smit pers. comm. 2014), north until the Netherlands (Peeters et al. 2012, P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014) and the United Kingdom. In central Europe the species is found from the north of Italy to the north of Germany (Amiet et al. 2007, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and eastwards until north Poland (Schwarz et al. 1996, Celary 1995, J. Straka, and M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). In eastern Europe the species is present from the Baltic States (Monsevicius 1995, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) until European Russia (Proshchalykin and Lelej 2010, Levchenko 2013) and in Scandinavia (Madsen and Calabuig 2012, Stenlokk 2011, Janzon et al. 1991, Proschalykin and Lelej 2010, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,948,658 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,130 km2.","Populations are small and the species is extinct in two European countries (Peeters and Reemer 2003, Farkac et al. 2005) and in a number of countries the species is in decline (Amiet 1994, Farkac et al. 2005, Westrich et al. 2011, Shirt 1987). The population trend in Europe is considered to be decreasing.","N. roberjeotiana is a brood parasite of other bees; the most probable host is Andrena tarsata (Alfken 1913, Perkins 1919, Stoeckhert 1933), but also possibly Andrena coitana (Alfken 1913, Stoeckhert 1933, Petit 1977). Brechtel (1986), Schmid-Egger et al. (1995), Stoeckhert (1933) and Scheuchl (1995) mention Andrena fuscipes as a possible host. Venne and Bleidorn (2003) and Smit and van der Meer (2007) suggest that A. denticulata is a possible host. It is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from the end of June to late August.  This species inhabits dry heathland (Reemer et al. 1999). The habitat of the host Andrena tarsata is in cleared areas in forests, woodland glades and lowland and upland heathland (Westrich 1989).","The direct threats to this species remain unknown. The host, Andrena tarsata (and other possible hosts), is in decline in a number of countries. In England, heathland remains under threat from afforestation, expansion of towns and cities, mineral extraction, peat extraction and improved drainage (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014)","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following six European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987), Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Norway (Data Deficient; Kålås et al. 2010). Further research is needed to understand the threats to this species.The form of Nomada roberjeotiana montana is listed as Nomada montana in the National Red List of Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005).It occurs in protected areas (e.g., Allerthorpe Common SSSI, New Forest NP, Holt Heath NNR (all in the UK)).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,rostrata,,Nomada rostrata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species occurs in Europe and the Near East (Turkey). In Europe, the species is present in central Europe in Germany and Austria (Schwarz et al. 1996), Hungary (Jozan 2011, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and Slovakia (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). It also occurs in eastern Europe in Lithuania (Monsevicius 1995) and in the Balkan Peninsula from Romania (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014) over Bulgaria into Greece (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,002,941 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 76 km2.","Populations are very small, but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, probably Andrena morio is a host (Kocourek 1966, Scheuchl 2000), and possibly also Andrena nasuta (Scheuchl 2000). The hosts are extinct in both the Czech Republic and Germany.  Nothing is known of the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2011). It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,rubiginosa,,Nomada rubiginosa,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, and no major threats.",Stable,"The species occurs in south-west Europe from southern Spain (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014) until France (E. Dufrêne and M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). It is also present in north Africa (Tunisia) and the Near East (Turkey, Israel). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 533,994 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 64 km2.",The species can be locally abundant and the populations seem to be stable.,"N. rubiginosa is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host. The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year). There are records of specimens from Israel in February and March. In western Europe it will fly until early May.  The species inhabits verges of unpaved roads and rich flowering dry open grasslands (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014).",There seems to be no major threats to this species.,The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas. Further research is required on the biology and ecology of this species.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,rubricollis,,Nomada rubricollis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, and no major threats.",Stable,"The species occurs in south-east Europe in Greece including the Aegean islands (Grace 2010, S. Roberts and M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and the Near East (Turkey, Syria, Israel, Jordan). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 214,409 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 208 km2.",Populations of this species are often large and they seem to be stable.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host. The habitat of this species includes Mediterranean phryganic shrubland in Attiki (Greece) (Petanidou 1994) and on Lesvos (Greece) (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014, Nielsen et al. 2011).The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from February (in the southernmost parts of its range) to June.","There seems to be no major threats to this species, but given that it is found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities, it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.",The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas. Further research is required on the biology of the species.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,rubricoxa,,Nomada rubricoxa,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitats, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula (M. Schwarz and J. Smit pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 236,867 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 116 km2.",Populations are probably small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat. The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year).",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any National Red List or Red Data Book. It occurs in at least one protected area, such as Reserva Natural Paul de Arzila in Portugal.   Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,rubriventris,,Nomada rubriventris,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species occurs in south-east Europe at two localities in Bulgaria and one in Greece (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The species also occurs in Asia (Turkey, Turkestan, Uzbekistan). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 284 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2.",Populations are very small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,ruficornis,,Nomada ruficornis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, and no major threats.",Stable,"The species occurs in western, central, eastern and northern Europe and in Asia (Russia: Russian Far East, Eastern Siberia). In western Europe the species is known from a few localities in the south (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), it is abundant from France (E. Dufrêne pers. comm. 2014) to the north of the Netherlands (Peeters et al. 2012, P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014) and Great Britain and Ireland (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). In central Europe it is distributed from the south of Italy to the north of Germany and Poland (Amiet et al. 2007, Bieri 2002, Celary 1995, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and eastwards into Hungary (Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011, J. Straka pers. comm. 2014). In eastern Europe, the species occurs in the Balkan Peninsula in Slovenia (Gogala 2013), Romania (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014) and Montenegro (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014); it is also present in Lithuania (Monzevicius 1995) into European Russia (Levchenko 2013), and in Scandinavia (Madsen and Calabuig, 2012, Stenlokk 2011, Janzon et al. 1991, S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,556,655 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 9,250 km2.",Populations of this species are stable.,"N. ruficornis is a brood parasite of other bees, probably Andrena haemorrhoa is the only host (Alfken 1913, Perkins 1919, Stoeckhert 1933, Westrich 1989). It is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from mid April to mid June (rarely late June, early July).  This species inhabits parks, gardens, waste land, railway areas, dykes, edges of forests, along rivers, dry open grasslands.",There seems to be no major threats to this species.,"The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book.  It occurs in protected areas, such as Merthyr Mawr Warren SSSI, Thorne Moor NNR, Dawcombe; Betchworth SWT in the UK. It is also present in Knocksink Wood NNR and Ballyteige Burrows NNR in Ireland, and in the Netherlands it is found in Arnhem Meinerswijk, Dordrecht Hollandse Biesbosch, Gendt Gendtsche Polder, Millingerwaard, Beek Filosofendal, Rheden Veluwezoom.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,rufipes,,Nomada rufipes,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. However, the species is declining in several European countries and the degradation of heathlands is an important threat to this species as it leads to less pollen available for the host.",Decreasing,"The species occurs in Europe and in north Africa (Algeria) and Asia (Russia: Russian Far East, Eastern Siberia). In Europe the species is present in south-western Europe (M. Kuhlmann and M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), in the north until the north of the Netherlands (Peeters et al. 2012, E. Dufrêne and P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014) and in England and Ireland (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The species is also found in central Europe, from the north of Italy to the north of Poland and Germany (Amiet et al. 2007, Celary 1995, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and eastwards until Hungary (Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011, J. Straka pers. comm. 2014). The species is distributed in the Balkan Peninsula from Slovenia (Gogala 2013) east wards until central Romania (M. Schwarz and B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014) and it is known from one locality in Greece (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). In eastern Europe the species occurs from Lithuania (Monsevicius 1995) until European Russia (Levchenko 2013, Proschalykin and Lelej 2010) and in Scandinavia (Madsen and Calabuig 2012, Stenlokk 2011, Janzon et al. 1991). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,250,559 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 7,800 km2.","Populations can be locally abundant, but in a number of countries the species is in decline, it is strongly decreasing in the Netherlands (Peeters et al. 2012). Overall the species is decreasing.","N. rufipes is a brood parasite of other bees, the most important host is Andrena fuscipes (Alfken 1913, Stoeckhert 1933, Westrich 1989). Other probable hosts are Andrena denticulata (Perkins 1919, Theunert 2006), Andrena simillima (Kocourek 1966, Amiet 2007) and Andrena nigriceps (Theunert 2006). On Salisbury Plain (UK), Nomada rufipes occurs on calcareous grassland and has been observed investigating the nest burrows of Andrena nitidiuscula (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).  The species inhabits heathlands, and very rarely, calcareous grassland.  The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from mid July to mid September. In the Netherlands, the species flies from the end of June.","The devaluation of many heathland by means of air pollution like ammonia and nitrogen deposition, improved drainage and leaching of trace elements changes the floristic composition, which is a threat to the main host, leads to less pollen available for the host. The main host is also in decline in a number of countries.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002).  It occurs in protected areas, such as Eelmoor, Farnborough DRA SSSI, Salisbury Plain SSSI and Dawlish Warren NNR in the UK. In the Netherlands, it is present in Deelerwoud, Ede Planken Wambuis, Ootmarsum Paardenslenkte and De Plateaux.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,rufoabdominalis,,Nomada rufoabdominalis,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is endemic to Italy (Schwarz 1963, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 135,429 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km2.",Populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any National Red List or Red Data Book. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,sabulosa,,Nomada sabulosa,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is only known from one locality in Spain. The species also occurs in northern Africa (Egypt, Libya, Algeria, Morocco) and the Near East (Israel).",The European population is small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on the Spanish Red List. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,sanguinea,,Nomada sanguinea,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, and no major threats.",Stable,"The species occurs in south-west Europe, in Portugal (Diniz 1959, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), Spain (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014), in a few localities in south-east France (M. Schwarz and J. Smit pers. comm. 2014), in one locality in west Italy and in one locality in central west Italy (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The species also occurs in north-west Africa (Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 871,233 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 316 km2.",Populations can be large and the population trend is stable.,"N. sanguinea is a brood parasite of other bees but nothing is known of the host. The species is univoltine (it has one generations per year) flying in March and April, and into May.  This species inhabits dry open grasslands and verges of unpaved roads (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014).",There seems to be no major threats to this species.,The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,scheuchli,,Nomada scheuchli,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species occurs in south-east Europe, only in mainland Greece (Standfuss and Schwarz 2007) and in Asia eastwards to Iran. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 23,121 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2.",Populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat. The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year).",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,serricornis,,Nomada serricornis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species occurs in south-west Europe and in north-Africa (Morocco). In Europe, the species is known from a number of localities in Portugal and Spain (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. comm. 2014) and a few localities in south east France (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and one in northern France (E. Dufrêne pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 523,676 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 80 km2.",Populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees but nothing is known of the host. The species is univoltine (it has one generations per year) flying in March, April and May.  The species inhabits waste land, verges of unpaved roads (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014), floristically diverse Quercus suber / Ash/ Pinus pinea dehesa and open Pinus pinea woodland (S. Roberts pers. obs. 2003).",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It occurs in at least one protected area, such as Parque Nacional Coto de Doñana (Spain).  Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,sexfasciata,,Nomada sexfasciata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, and no major threats. However, the species is considered threatened in some European countries.",Stable,"The species occurs in western, central and southern Europe, north Africa, the Near East and Asia. In western Europe, the species is found from southern Portugal and Spain (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) northwards until the south of England (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014) and the centre of the Netherlands (Peeters et al. 2012, E. Dufrêne and P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014). In central Europe, the species is present from Sicily (Nobile 1990) to northern Germany and Poland (Amiet et al. 2007, Bieri 2002, Celary 1995, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and east until Hungary (Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011, J. Straka pers. comm. 2014). It occurs in the Balkan Peninsula from Slovenia (Gogala 2013) and Romania (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014) south until Rhodes (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz and S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). In eastern Europe, it occurs in European Russia (Levchenko 2013) and in Scandinavia in Sweden (Janzon et al. 1991). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,302,775 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 3,500 km2.","Populations are rather small, in the northern part of its range it is in decline, but in central and southern Europe populations are stable.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, and probable hosts are Eucera nigrescens, E. longicornis (Alfken 1913, Stoeckhert 1933, Westrich 1989) and Eucera interrupta (Westrich 1989).  This species inhabits dykes, floodplains, verges, dry open grasslands (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014) and soft rock cliffs along the coast (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).  The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year). It flies in the UK from late May to mid July, rarely August. Freshly emerged females have surprisingly been found on the wing in late July. In continental Europe, it can be found on the wing at the end of April, and, very rarely, as late as August.","There seems to be no major threats to this species at the European level, although the species is considered threatened in some European countries, probably as a result of the reduction in legume-rich grasslands, upon which its hosts depend for forage.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Great Britain (Endangered; Shirt 1987), Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Sweden (Regionally Extinct; Gärdenfors 2010).   It occurs in protected areas (e.g., in the Netherlands: Bemelen - Bemelerberg and Doornenburg – Klompenwaard, Maastricht – St. Pietersberg, Thorn – Koningssteen).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,sheppardana,,Nomada sheppardana,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, and no major threats.",Stable,"The species occurs in western, central and southern Europe, and in north Africa (Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco). In western Europe the species is found from the south of the Iberian Peninsula (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014) to the north of the Netherlands (Peeters et al. 2012, E. Dyfrêne and P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014) and the southern part of England. The species is also found in Denmark  (Madsen and Calabuig 2012). In central Europe, the species is known from Sicily (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) to the north of Germany (Amiet et al. 2007) and eastwards until Hungary (Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011), Czech Republic and Slovakia (M. Schwarz and J. Straka pers. comm. 2014) with one locality in Poland (Celary 1995). In the Balkan Peninsula, the species occurs in some localities in Croatia (Jozan 2009), Bulgaria (J. Smit pers. comm. 2014) and the Greek mainland (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,417,648 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4,000 km2.",Populations can be large and the population trend of this species is stable. In the Netherlands the species is increasing (Peeters et al. 2012).,"N. sheppardana is a brood parasite of other bees, probably Lasioglossum nitidiusculum (Enslin 1922, Stoeckhert 1933, Westrich 1989), Lasioglossum sexstrigatum (Haeseler 1982; Vegter 1971, 1977), Lasioglossum glabriusculum (Noskiewicz 1930), L. politum (Stoeckhert 1944), L. lucidulum (Blüthgen 1944) and L. semilucens (Pittioni and Schmidt 1943).   The species inhabits all kind of habitats: dry open grassland, dykes, railway areas, verges, edges of forests, floodplains, sandpits, quarries, parks and gardens (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014).  A bivoltine species in parts of its range (it has two generations per year). According to Guichard and Yarrow (1948) in UK the species is univoltine, flying from the end of April or May to late July. In Germany, the second brood flies from the beginning of July to the end of August (Westrich 1989).",There seems to be no major threats to this species.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Ireland (Regionally Extinct; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006).Although this species is considered Regionally Extinct in the Czech Republic (Farkac et al.  2005), data from this country from the last ten years  are available.  It occurs in protected areas (e.g., in the UK some protected areas include: Denny Wood; New Forest NP, Charmouth/Lyme Regis landslips NNR etc; in the Netherlands, protected areas include: De Plateaux, Bergen – Bergerhei, Deelen – Deelerwoud, Merum – Isabellegreend, Tilburg - Huis ter Heide).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,siciliensis,,Nomada siciliensis,,,Yes,CR,D,Yes,CR,D,EU27,,Listed as Critically Endangered and Possibly Extinct because this species has not been found in Sicily since its original collection in 1885 although there has been a lot of collecting at the island. It is suspected that the number of mature individuals is less than 50 but repeated surveys should be carried out to determine whether the species is actually extinct.,Unknown,"This species is only known from the type specimen and the type locality in Sicily, Italy (Santa Ninfa, Province of Trapani) (Dalla Torre and Friese 1895).","It is suspected that the number of mature individuals is less than 50  and possibly the species has gone extinct, because it has only been found once, in 1885 (Dalla Torre and Friese 1895, M. Comba pers. comm. 2014). It appears that there has been a lot of bee collecting at the island (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and the species has not been found again.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Surveys should be carried out to determine if the species is extinct. It it not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,sicula,,Nomada sicula,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is endemic to Sicily (Italy) (Schwarz 1974). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 12,625 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km2.",Populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, to identify the existing threats and to investigate the taxonomy.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,signata,,Nomada signata,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, and no major threats.",Stable,"The species is a European endemic, and is distributed in western, central and eastern Europe. It is found in a few localities in the Iberian peninsula (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), it is more abundant from southern France to north of the Netherlands (Peeters et al. 2012, E. Dufrêne and P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014) and in the southern part of England (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). In central Europe, the species is known from a few localities in Italy (Schwarz 1963, Stoch 2003) to the north of Germany (Amiet et al. 2007) and Poland (Celary 1995) and eastwards until Hungary (Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011, pers. comm. J. Straka). In the Balkan Peninsula, the species is known from a few localities in Slovenia (Gogala 2013) and Romania (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014). In eastern Europe the species is known from Lithuania (Monsevicius 1995) and from a few localities in Denmark (Madsen and Calabuig 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,923,830 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 3,500 km2.","Populations are rather small, however in some countries (Germany, Netherlands) they are increasing. Overall the populations are stable.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, the host is probably Andrena fulva (Gusenleitner 1983, Perkins 1919, Schroeder 1922, Stoeckhert 1933, Kocourek 1966, Westrich 1989). It is generally much less plentiful and widespread than its host. The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from the beginning of April to late May. In the Netherlands it is reported to fly until early July (Smit 2004).  The species inhabits edges of forests, heathland, grasslands, quarries and sand workings and urban areas.",There seems to be no major threats to this species.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). Since the GB Red List was published, there has been a considerable increase in reports of this species and so its status will need to be reviewed (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).  It occurs in protected areas (e.g., Martin Down NNR and Gentleshaw Common SSSI (UK)).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,similis,,Nomada similis,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. However, the species is threatened in various countries by changes in agricultural practice (particularly through  intensification) which can reduce the area of suitable habitat and floral  resource availability for this species. In addition, reforestation can also reduce the suitable nest  sites of the host.",Decreasing,"The species is an European endemic that is distributed in western, central and eastern Europe. In western Europe, the species is present from the south of the Iberian Peninsula (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014) until the north of the Netherlands (Peeters et al. 2012, E. Dufrêne, P. Rasmont and M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014) including the Channel Islands (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). In central Europe, the species is found from central Italy (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) until the north of Germany and Poland (Amiet et al. 2007, Schwarz et al. 1996, Celary 1995, M. Schwarz and J. Straka pers. comm. 2014). The species also occur in the Balkan Peninsula in a few scattered localities in Romania (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014) until the Greek mainland and Albania (M. Schwarz and S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,698,041 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,240 km2.","Populations are rather small and in a number of countries the species is in decline (Farkac et al. 2005, Westrich et al. 2011, Głowaciński and Nowacki 2009, Peeters and Reemer 2003, Gärdenfors 2010). Overall the population trend is decreasing.","N. similis is a brood parasite of other bees and the host is probably Panurgus banksianus (Stoeckhert 1933, Westrich 1989). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from mid June to August or September. In the Netherlands, Smit (2004) states that the species will fly from early May to August.  The species inhabits dry open grasslands (Reemer et al. 1999), heathland, sand and gravel pits and edges of forests (Westrich 1989).","Changes in agricultural practice (particularly through intensification) can reduce the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability (the host, Panurgus banksianus, is a specialist forager on flowers of Asteraceae). Reforestation can also reduce the suitable nest sites of the host.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Poland (Vulnerable; Głowaciński and Nowacki 2009), Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Sweden (Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010).   It occurs in protected areas (e.g, in the Netherlands: Zeddam – Bergherbos, Ede – Planken Wambuis).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,standfussi,,Nomada standfussi,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this endemic species.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Greece (Standfuss and Schwarz 2007). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,549 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2.",Populations are very small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, the possible host is Andrena mocsaryi (Standfuss and Schwarz 2007). It is univoltine (it has one generation per year). Nothing is known of the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, its habitat and ecological requirements and to identify the existing threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,stigma,,Nomada stigma,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, and overall presumed large population. However, changes in agricultural practice (particularly through intensification  in grassland managing) can reduced the area of suitable habitat and  floral resource availability for the host.",Stable,"The species occurs in Europe, north Africa (Algeria) and Asia (Turkey, Kazakhstan, Russia: Eastern Siberia). In Europe, the species is distributed through western, central and eastern Europe. In western Europe the species is present from the south of the Iberian Peninsula (Schwarz 1967, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014) to the center of the Netherlands (Feitz et al. 2001, Peeters et al. 2012, E. Dufrêne and P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014). In central Europe the species is found from Sicily until the north of Germany and  Poland (Amiet et al. 2007, Celary 1995) and eastwards until Hungary and Slovakia (Schwarz 1967, Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011). In the Balkan Peninsula the species occurs from Slovenia (Gogala 2013) eastwards until Romania (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014) and south until Greece, including the Aegean Islands and Crete (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014) and Cyprus (Grace 2010). The species also occurs in eastern European Russia (Levchenko 2013) and Ukraine (J. Smit pers. comm. 2014). In Scandinavia the species is found in Denmark (Madsen and Calabuig 2012) and the south of Sweden (Svensson and Nilsson 2006) and Finland (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,760,324 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,210 km2.","Populations are small and in a number of countries the species is in decline, but in some countries the species is increasing (Peeters et al. 2012, Svensson and Nilsson 2006). Overall the populations are probably rather stable.","N. stigma is a brood parasite of other bees, the host is Andrena labialis (Enslin 1922, Lefeber 1973, Moeschler 1938, Stoeckhert 1933, Kocourek 1966, Standfuss and Schwarz 2007), AND probably also Andrena schencki (Alfken 1913, Kocourek 1966), Andrena decipiens (Stoeckhert 1933, Mandery et al. 2008), Andrena fimbriata (Standfuss and Schwarz 2007) and Andrena flavilabris (Mandery et al. 2008). Moreover, Celary (1995) suggests that Andrena taraxaci and A. humilis are possible hosts.  The species inhabits sand and gravel pits (Reemer et al. 1999), floodplains (Raemakers 2000), dykes (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014).  It is partially bivoltine (it has two generations per year) the forms of the Nomada found on Andrena labialis are univoltine, and those on the bivoltine host A. decipens have two flight periods.",Changes in agricultural practice (particularly through intensification in grassland managing) can reduced the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability for the host. The main host (Andrena labialis) is also in decline in a number of countries.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following six European countries: Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994), Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Finland (Critically Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010), Netherlands (Near Threatened; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Slovenia (Regionally Extinct; Anonymous 2002) and Sweden (Vulnerable; Gärdenfors 2010).   It occurs in protected areas (e.g., in the Netherlands at: Doornenburg – Klompenwaard, De Plateaux, Ooij – Groenlanden, Eys – De Piepert).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,stoeckherti,,Nomada stoeckherti,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species occurs in central and south-eastern Europe. In central Europe the species is known from one locality in Italy (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), one in Germany (Esser 2008), a few localities in Austria (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and one in both Hungary (Jozan 2011) and Slovakia (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). In the Balkan Peninsula the species is known from one locality in Romania, Bulgaria, mainland Greece and Crete (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The species is also known from one locality in Ukraine (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). Outside of Europe, the species is distributed in south-west Asia: Turkey, Israel, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,380,172 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km2.",Populations are very small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, the host is probably Andrena impunctata (Pittioni 1951). Nothing is known of the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed on any National Red List or Red Data Book. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,striata,,Nomada striata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, and presumed large and stable overall population. However, the species is threatened in some countries and major threats include changes in agricultural practice (particularly through intensification  in the use of land) which can reduce the area of suitable habitat and floral  resource availability for the hosts.",Stable,"The species occurs in Europe and in Asia (the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Russia: Russian Far East, Eastern Siberia). In west Europe from the south of the Iberian peninsula (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) to the north of the Netherlands (Peeters et al. 2012, E. Dufrêne and P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014) and United Kingdom and Ireland (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014), in central Europe from Sicily (Nobile 1990) to the north of Germany and Poland (Amiet et al. 2007, Bieri 2002, Celary 1995) and eastwards until Hungary (Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011, J. Straka pers. comm. 2014), on the Balkan peninsula from Slovenia (Gogala 2013) eastwards until Romania (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014) and south until Greece including the Aegean islands (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), in east Europe from Lithuania (Mosevicius 1995) until European Russia (Levchenko 2013), in Scandinavia in Denmark (Madsen and Calabuig 2012) and the southern half of Norway (Stenlokk 2011), Sweden (Janzon et al. 1991) and Finland (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,811,357 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 7,795 km2.",Populations are generally rather small but the population trend of this species is apparently stable.,"N. striata is a brood parasite of other bees, the host is probably Andrena wilkella (Alfken 1913, Kocourek 1966, Perkins 1919, Stoeckhert 1933, Westrich 1989). Probably A. gelriae, A. similis and A. ratisbonensis are also hosts (Stoeckhert 1933, Westrich 1989). Possibly A. intermedia and A. pandellei are also hosts (Westrich 1989). It possibly also attacks A. fucata (Stoeckhert 1933).  The species inhabits heathland (Reemer et al. 1999), edges of forests, sand and gravel pits, floodplains (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014) and in UK, calcareous grasslands (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).  It is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from mid May to mid July, exceptionally August. In Germany, the species may be on the wing from mid-April (Westrich 1989).","Changes in agricultural practice (particularly through intensification in the use of land) can reduce the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability for the hosts (the primary host, Andrena wilkella is a specialist on the pollen of various Fabaceae). The hosts are in decline in a number of countries.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Ireland (Endangered; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006), Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010).   It occurs in protected areas (e.g., in the UK: Tilshead (Salisbury Plain SSSI), Gait Barrows NNR, Hod Hill LNR, Hartslock LNR; in the Netherlands: Merum – Isabellegreend, Winterswijk – Willinksweust, De Plateaux, Bargerveen).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,succincta,,Nomada succincta,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, and no major threats.",Stable,"The species occurs in Europe, north Africa (Algeria) and Asia (Russia: Russian Far East). In Europe, the species occurs in western Europe from the south of the Iberian Peninsula (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014) to the north of the Netherlands (Peeters et al. 2012, Feitz et al. 2006, E. Dufrêne and P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014). In central Europe, the species is present from Sicily (Nobile 1990) to the north of Germany and Poland (Amiet et al. 2007, Bieri 2002, Celary 1995), eastwards until Hungary (Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011, J. Straka pers. comm. 2014). In the Balkan Peninsula, the species is found from Slovenia (Gogala 2013) and Romania (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014) southwards until Greece, including Crete (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). In eastern Europe, the species occurs in Lithuania (Monsevicius 1995), Latvia (Celary 1995) and European Russia (Celary 1995). In Scandinavia, the species is only found in Denmark (Madsen and Calabuig 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,428,444 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 7,795 km2.",Populations are often large and seem to be stable.,"N. succinta is a brood parasite of other bees, the most important host is Andrena nitida (Stoeckhert 1933, Westrich 1989). Other probable hosts are Andrena nigroaenea (Stoeckhert 1933) and Andrena curvungula (Kocourek 1966). It is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from late April to the end of June.  The species inhabits railway areas, dykes, floodplains, diggings, edges of forests, heathlands (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014).",There seems to be no major threats to this species.,"This species is included in the Red Data Book of Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010).   It occurs in protected areas (e.g., in the Netherlands: Deelen – Deelerwoud, Ede – Planken Wambuis, Bergen – Bergerhei, Millingerwaard, Rheden – Nationaal Park Veluwezoom; in Luxemburg: Naturschutzgebiets ""Baggerweieren"").",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,sybarita,,Nomada sybarita,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its status, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. The existing data for this species dates from more than 25 years ago. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Decreasing,"The species occurs in central and south-eastern Europe and in the Near East (Turkey). In central Europe the species is only known from one locality in the Czech Republic and Slovakia (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and two from Hungary (Jozan 2011). In the Balkan Peninsula the species is known from one locality in Albania (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014) and three localities from mainland Greece (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 150,747 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km2.","Populations are very small, and the population trend is probably decreasing. All the data are from more than 25 years ago.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host. The Albanian record is from a meadow in the Beech (Fagus sylvatica) (1,400-1,500 m) zone.Details of the flight period are not known, but the Albanian specimen was recorded in July (Schwarz 1967).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005). It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,symphyti,,Nomada symphyti,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Listed as Near Threatened because although the extent of occurrence (EOO) is large, the area of occupancy (AOO) is very small (144 km2), and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. The species is considered threatened in some European countries and further research is needed to study the habitat of the species and the threats. The host of the species is in decline and threatened by drainage and re-seeding of grasslands.",Decreasing,"The species occurs in Europe and the Near East (Turkey). In Europe the species is known from one locality in eastern France (E. Dufrêne pers. comm. 2014), north Italy, the southern part of Germany, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia (Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011,  M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), one locality in Croatia (Jozan 2009) and one in Greece (Standfuss and Standfuss 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 821,843 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 144 km2.","Populations are small and the species is in decline in a number of countries (Anonymous 2002, Farkac et al. 2005, Westrich et al. 2011). Overall the species is decreasing.","N. symphyti is a brood parasite of other bees, the host is probably Andrena symphyti (Schmiedeknecht 1930, Kocourek 1966, Stoeckhert 1933). It is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from May to June.  The habitat is not known for certain although the host is a specialist forager on the flowers of various Boraginaceae, especially those associated with damp areas within meadows.","The threats to this species are not known. The host is also in decline in some countries, that species is oligolectic on Boraginaceae, especially Symphytum - a plant of damp places, threats to this host can be drainage and re-seeding of grasslands.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.Further research is needed into the habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,tenella,,Nomada tenella,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)    Listed as Near Threatened because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km2, and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. However the data available for this species is rather old, and further research is needed into the population size and threats to this species.",Decreasing,"The species occurs in Europe and south-west Asia. In Europe, the species is present in central Europe, in one locality in the Czech Republic and a few in Slovakia and Hungary (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The species is also found in the Balkan Peninsula in one locality in Serbia and in Ukraine (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 373,038 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km2.","Populations are very small but there is no information available on the population size of this species. All the available data are from more than 25 years ago, probably the species is in decline.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, the host is probably Andrena enslinella (Kocourek 1966).  Nothing is known of the habitat but its host is known to be a forage specialist on various species of Brassicaceae (Westrich 1989).Details of the flight period are not available, but the host is univoltine (has a single generation each year) and is flying in the spring, from late April through May to June.","The threats to this species are not known. The host of this species is in decline in some countries, and is oligolectic on Brassicaceae, which are prone to removal by herbicides in agricultural areas.","Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,thersites,,Nomada thersites,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, and a shortage of data on habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species occurs in the southern Mediterranean area and in the eastern part in Ukraine and Russia. Elsewhere, it is present through the Near East (Turkey, Israel, Iran) and Asia (Kazakhstan, Kirghistan). In south-western Europe, it is present in a few localities in Spain (M.  Schwarz pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014), in one locality in  Sicily (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), in the Aegean Islands and Crete  (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz and S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The species  seems to be more abundant in Cyprus (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz pers. comm.  2014). It is also present in two localities in Hungary (Jozan 2011, M.  Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), and in one locality in Ukraine and in one in  European Russia in eastern Europe (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,192,341 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 68 km2.",Nomada thersites is rare and populations are very small. There is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"Nomada thersites is a brood parasite of other bees, although there is no information available about the host. The species is bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year.The habitats where the species is present include verges (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014) and Mediterranean phryganic shrublands on the island of Crete (S. Roberts pers. comm. 1991).","The threats to this species are not known, but given that it is found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities in parts of its range, it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and there are no conservation actions in place for this species, despite its general scarcity. It is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat, ecological requirements and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,transitoria,,Nomada transitoria,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern because, although it has a very small area of occupancy (AOO) (28 km²), the species is not in decline and can be locally abundant. However, research should be conducted regarding the ecological requirement of the species, since it is threatened by changes in agricultural practices, which can reduce the area of suitable  habitat and floral resource availability.",Stable,"In Europe, the species is known from two localities in Hungary (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), Rhodes (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014) and from one locality in European Russia (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). Elsewhere, it is present in the Near East in Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,338,685  km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km2.","Populations are small but can be locally abundant, and the population trend of this species is stable.","N. transitoria is a brood parasite of other bees, although there is no information available about the host. The species is present in olive groves and quarries (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014).","Changes in agricultural practices, particularly through intensification on the management of olive groves, can reduce the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and it is not the target of any conservation actions, despite its scarcity. It is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the ecological requirements of the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,trapeziformis,,Nomada trapeziformis,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)    Listed as Near Threatened because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km2, and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and of the host of this species, mainly by changes in agricultural practice (particularly through intensification in the managing of grassland) which can reduce the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability for the hosts. Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2.",Decreasing,"In Europe, the species occurs in one locality in northeast France, in the southern half of Germany and the eastern part of Austria (Schwarz et al. 1996, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). It is also present eastwards in one locality in Hungary (Jozan 2011), another in Lithuania (Monsevicius 2004) and two in European Russia (Levchenko 2013). Elsewhere, it occurs in Asia (Kazakhstan).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,054,797 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km2.","Populations are small and the species is in decline in some countries. The overall population trend is decreasing, although nearly all the data are older than 40 years ago (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014).","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, and its hosts are probably Andrena limata (Stoeckhert 1954, Kocourek 1966), and Andrena barbareae (Kocourek 1966, Amiet et al. 2007). The species is bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year, flying the first generation from the beginning of April to mid-May and the second one from the end of July to the beginning of September.The habitat of the hosts include dry open grasslands and dykes (Westrich 1989).",Changes in agricultural practice (particularly through intensification in the managing of grassland) can reduce the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability for the hosts. The hosts are also in decline.,This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2011).  It occurs in at least one protected area (e.g. in Lithuania: Cepkeliai Strict Nature Reserve).,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,tridentirostris,,Nomada tridentirostris,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population, and no major current threats.",Stable,"The species occurs in Europe, north Africa and the Near East (Turkey, Israel). In western Europe it is distributed from the south of Spain (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014, J. Smit pers. obs. 2014) until the north of France (E. Dufrêne pers. comm. 2014); in central Europe from Sicily and Sardinia (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) north until Switzerland (Amiet et al. 2007) and eastwards until Hungary (Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011) and one locality in south Poland (Celary 1997); in the Balkan Peninsula from Slovenia (Gogala 2013) south until Greece including the Aegean Islands (Jozan 2009, Grace 2010, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and Cyprus (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,623,443 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 324 km2.",The species can be locally abundant and the population trend of this species appears to be stable.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, the host is probably Andrena ventricosa (Kocourek 1966, Amiet et al. 2007).  The species inhabits verges of unpaved roads and rich flowering grasslands (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014). On the island of Lesvos (Greece) it is found in Mediterranean phryganic shrubland (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).The species is bivoltine (it has two generations per year) in the southern parts of its range where it flies from March to May and the second generation flies from June to July. In northern Europe the bee flies as a single generation from May to July (Celary 1995).","There seems to be no major threats to this species, but given that it is found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities in parts of its range, it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.",This species is included in the National Red Data Books of Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002) and Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994). It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,trispinosa,,Nomada trispinosa,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population. However the species is in decline in some countries and the threats to this species remain largely unknown.",Stable,"The species occurs in Europe, and in Asia (China). In central Europe it is distributed from the eastern half of Austria (Schwarz et al. 1996) until Hungary (Jozan 2011) and north until south east Poland (Celary 1995, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014); in the Balkan Peninsula it is known from Slovenia (Gogala 2013) east until Romania (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014) and south until Greece including the Aegean islands (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz and S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014); in eastern Europe it is known from one locality in Ukraine (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,533,146 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 184 km2.",Populations are small and in some countries the species is in decline; overall the population trend of this species appears stable.,"N. trispinosa is a brood parasite of other bees, the host is probably Andrena taraxaci (Kocourek 1966, Standfuss and Schwarz 2007). Andrena humilis is cited as a host by Celary (1995). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from March through to May and even July (Celary 1995).  It inhabits olive groves (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014) and Mediterranean phryganic shrubland in Attiki (Greece) (Petanidou 1994) and on Lesvos (Greece) (Nielsen et al. 2011).","The host is not in decline and the specific threats to this species are not known. However, given that it is found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub communities in parts of its range, it could be impacted negatively by an increased incidence of fires and inappropriate grazing regimes.",This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). Further research is needed to study the current threats to this species.  It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,umbrosa,,Nomada umbrosa,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on the population size and trend, habitats, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess this species as it is severely fragmented and all data known is rather old.",Unknown,"The species occurs in Europe and the Near East (Turkey). In Europe, the species is distributed in one locality in Hungary (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) and in Greece mainland (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 84,445 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km2.","Populations are small and isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them, and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented. All the known data are from more than 25 years ago. So possibly the species is in decline.","The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the distribution, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,unispinosa,,Nomada unispinosa,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species occurs in Europe, and the Near East (Turkey). In Europe this species is known from one locality in north east Italy (Schwarz 1981) and some localities in the south of the Balkan Peninsula (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,863 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2.",Populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"The species is a brood parasite of other bees, nothing is known of the host or the habitat.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Despite its general scarcity, the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.  Further research is required into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,verna,,Nomada verna,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is endemic to Europe, it occurs in central Europe from Sicily (Nobile 1990), north-eastwards until Hungary and the Czech Republic (Quaranta et al. 2004, Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014), on the Balkan Peninsula from Slovenia (Gogala 2013) eastwards until Romania (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014) and southwards until Greece including Crete (Jozan 2009, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,305,437 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 128 km2.",Populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,"N. verna is a brood parasite of other bees, the host is possibly Andrena tscheki (as Andrena nigrifrons) (Schmiedeknecht 1930). The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year). The habitat is not known.",The threats to this species are not known. The possible host is not in decline.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002). Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.  It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,villosa,,Nomada villosa,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)    Listed as Near Threatened because the extent of occurrence (EOO) is considerable but the area of occupancy (AOO) is small (588 km2), and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals in a number of countries and the host is also in decline. Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. The species is threatened by changes in agricultural practice (particularly through intensification  in the management of grassland) which can reduce the area of suitable habitat  and floral resource availability for the host.",Decreasing,"The species occurs in Europe and the Near East (Turkey). In Europe, the species is distributed in western Europe from the south of the Iberian Peninsula (M. Schwarz  pers. comm. 2014) until the south of the Netherlands (Petit 1969, Peeters et al. 2012, E. Dufrêne and P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014). In central Europe it ranges from the north of Italy (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) northwards until Germany (Amiet et al. 2007, Schmalz and Flügel 2009) and eastwards until Slovakia (M. Schwarz and  J. Straka pers. comm. 2014) and Hungary (Jozan 2011). In the Balkan Peninsula, the species occurs from Slovenia (Gogala 2013) until Bulgaria and Greece (Standfuss and Standfuss 2012, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). In Scandinavia, the species is present in Denmark (Madsen and Calabuig 2012) and the south of Norway (Stenlokk 2011) and Sweden (Norén 1999, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,713,587 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 588 km2.","Populations are very small and this species is in a number of countries in decline (Anonymous 2002, Farkac et al. 2005, Westrich et al. 2011, Kålås et al. 2010, Gärdenfors 2010).","N. villosa is a brood parasite of other bees, Andrena lathyri is probably the host (Stoeckhert 1933).  The species inhabits waste land, sand and gravel pits, rich flowering grasslands (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014). The host (Andrena lathyri) is a specialist forager on Fabaceae.  The species is univoltine (it has one generation per year) flying from mid-April to the end of May.","Changes in agricultural practice (particularly through intensification in the management of grassland) can reduce the area of suitable habitat and floral resource availability for the host. The host (A. lathryi) is also in decline in a number of countries, this species is a specialist forager on various Fabaceae and threatened by various forms of agricultural improvement, especially through Nitrogen application.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Slovenia (Regionally Extinct; Anonymous 2002), Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Norway (Endangered; Kålås et al. 2010) and Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010).   It occurs in protected areas (e.g., in the Netherlands: Maastricht – St. Pietersberg, Hoge Fronten (Peeters et al. 2012)).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Nomada,zonata,,Nomada zonata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, locally large and stable population, and no major threats.",Stable,"The species occurs in Europe, north Africa (Morocco) and Asia (Turkestan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan. Russia: Eastern Siberia). In western Europe, the species ranges from north-east Portugal and central-east Spain (M. Schwarz and J. Smit pers. comm. 2014) until the north of the Netherlands (Peeters et al. 2012, Feitz et al. 2001, E. Dufrêne and P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2014). In central Europe, the species is present from Sardinia (Italy) (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014) northwards until Germany and Poland (Amiet et al. 2007, Celary 1995) and eastwards until Hungary (Schwarz et al. 1996, Jozan 2011, J. Straka and M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). In the Balkan Peninsula, the species is known from Romania (B. Tomozei pers. comm. 2014) until Greece including the Aegean Islands (Grace 2010, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2014). In eastern Europe, it is known from Lithuania (Monsevicius 2004) and Ukraine (M. Schwarz and J. Smit pers. comm. 2014) eastwards into European Russia (Levchenko 2013). The species has recently being recorded for the first time on the island of Jersey (T. Ransome pers. comm. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4.723,112 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,140 km2.","Populations can locally be large, although in some countries this species is in decline. In the Netherlands it has strongly increased (Peeters et al. 2012). Overall, the populations seem to be stable.","N. zonata is a brood parasite of other bees, the host is probably Andrena dorsata (Bluethgen 1951, Kocourek 1966), and possibly also Andrena confinis (Amiet et al. 2007).  Its habitats include dykes, quarries, waste land, edges of forests (Westrich 1989), nature development areas in floodplains, sand and gravel pits and gardens (J. Smit pers. obs. 2014).  The species, like its host, is bivoltine (it has two generations per year). The first generation flies from mid-April to mid-June, and the second generation from mid-July to the beginning of September.","Although the species is considered threatened at the national level in several European countries, there appears to be no major threats to this species at a continental scale.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of five European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2011); Netherlands (Near Threatened; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Slovenia (Endangered; Anonymous 2002).   It occurs in protected areas (e.g., in Lithuania: Cepkeliai Strict Nature Reserve; in the Netherlands: Arnhem – Meinerswijk, Duiven – Loowaard, Merum – Isabellegreend, Tolkamer – Tolkamerdijkje, Millingerwaard).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Smit, J.","Schwarz, M.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Nomiapis,bispinosa,,Nomiapis bispinosa,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"Nomiapis bispinosa is distributed around the Mediterranean basin in Portugal, Spain, southern France, Italy, Sardinia, former Yugoslavia, Greece. This species is also recorded in Hungary and southern Russia. In Asia, it is present from Turkey to Pakistan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,918,025 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 236 km².",This species is not common. The population trend is stable.,Nomiapis bispinosa is polylectic and communal. It inhabits Mediterranean habitats such as shrublands and grasslands. Males and females fly from May to September.,There are no major threats affecting this species.,The species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Nomiapis,diversipes,,Nomiapis diversipes,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"Nomiapis is mainly distributed in southern Europe. Eastward the species goes to Hungary, southern Ukraine and southern Ural, in the  south to Israel. In Asia, it is recorded in Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan,  Turkmenistan, Iran, Pakistan and Mongolia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,549,265 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 548 km².",This species is common and has a stable population.,Nomiapis diversipes is polylectic. The species inhabits Mediterranean habitats such as shrublands and grasslands. Females and males fly from June to September.,There appear to be no major threats to this species.,This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005). The species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Nomiapis,equestris,,Nomiapis equestris,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.",Unknown,"Nomiapis equestris is distributed from the eastern part of the Mediterranean basin (Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Lebanon, Israel) to Caucasus, Iran and Turkestan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 23,031 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².",This species is rare. The current population trend is unknown.,There is no information about the habitat or ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Nomiapis,femoralis,,Nomiapis femoralis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.",Unknown,"Nomiapis femoralis is distributed in warm regions of the west-Palearctic, from Spain to Ural. This species is recorded in Germany  (Upper Rhine), Austria, Istria, Croatia (Dalmatia), Greece, Hungary and Ukraine  (Kiev). It is present in Asia, in the Ural, Bashkortostan, Kazakhstan, China and Mongolia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,212,966 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 96 km².",This species is rare and localized. The current population trend is unknown.,There is no information about the habitat or ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2008).   It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Nomiapis,monstrosa,,Nomiapis monstrosa,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.",Unknown,"This species occurs in south-eastern Europe with one record in Spain. It has a discontinuous distribution. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,362,116 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 100 km².",There is no information about the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information about the habitat or ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"It is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Nomiapis,valga,,Nomiapis valga,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on population size and trend, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status.",Unknown,"The species is found in Anatolia and has a relict population in Europe in Spain, Czech Republic, Macedonia, Greece and Cyprus. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,284,938 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km².",The species is very rare in Europe with isolated populations. The population trend is unknown.,There is no information about the habitat or ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species occurs in protected areas. Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Nomioides,deceptor,,Nomioides deceptor,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its presumed large and stable overall population and no major threats.,Stable,"Nomioides deceptor is distributed in northern Africa (Pesenko and Pauly 2005). In the geographical framework, it is recorded in the Canary Islands. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 26,243 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km².",In the Canary Islands this species is common. The population trend is stable.,It nests in sandy soils.,There appear to be no major threats affecting this species.,It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Nomioides,facilis,,Nomioides facilis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"Nomioides facilis is distributed all around the Mediterranean basin, from Portugal to Greece (Pesenko and Pauly 2005). There is one record in Romania. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,163,680 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 296 km².",The species is common and the population trend is stable.,"The species inhabits sandy soils, shrublands and grasslands.",There appear to be no major threats to this species.,The species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Nomioides,fortunatus,,Nomioides fortunatus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its overall stable population. However the species has a small area of occupancy (AOO) of 88 km² and is threatened by urbanization.,Stable,"Nomioides fortunatus has a very particular distribution as it occurs in the Canary Islands and Morocco (La Roche 1992, Pesenko and Pauly 2005). The main part of the distribution is in the Canary Islands. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 48,549 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 88 km².",The species is not common in the Canary Islands. The population trend is possibly stable.,The species inhabits coastal areas and nests in sandy soils.,The species is threatened by tourism and urbanization.,It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Nomioides,minutissimus,,Nomioides minutissimus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"Nomioides minutissimus is distributed from southern Europe, to Poland (Torun) and Udmurtia (Izhevsk) in the north (Pesenko and Pauly 2005). This species is also recorded in southwest Asia, in steppes and deserts of central Asia to Mongolia and northern China. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,894,684 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 476 km².",This species is common and the population trend is stable.,The species nests in sandy soils.,There appear to be no major threats affecting this species.,This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008). It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Michez, D., Nieto, A. & Pauly, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,aeruginosa,,Osmia aeruginosa,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Osmia aeruginosa is only known from Greece, but this species also occurs in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Osmia aeruginosa is currently unknown. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). The females are equipped with a specialized  pilosity on the clypeus composed of curved bristles, which are certainly  used to comb pollen from the nototribic anthers (structures that facilitate the transfer of pollen to insects) of Antirrhineae and  probably Lamiaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). The males of the species are not known.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,alfkenii,,Osmia alfkenii,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Osmia alfkenii is only found in Sardinia but this species also occurs in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"Osmia alfkenii possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It can be reared from a nest of Eumenes species (van der Zanden 1989). This species is probably mesolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon several plant families, with a preference for Fabaceae, Lamiaceae and Antirrhineae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). The  females are equipped with a specialized pilosity on the clypeus  composed of curved bristles, which are most probably used to comb pollen  from the nototribic anthers (structures that facilitate the transfer of pollen to insects) of Lamiaceae and Antirrhineae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,alticola,,Osmia alticola,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia alticola is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia alticola is endemic to the mountains of southern Europe in Spain, France, Switzerland and Austria (Haeseler 1999, Amiet et al. 2004).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia alticola possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated short burrows (six to seven centimetres deep) in the ground with one cell at the end. The cells are entirely built of chewed leaves. Fragments of rootlets are glued to the whole cell surface (Benoist 1922, 1931). This species is possibly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, and in this case upon Fabaceae (Amiet et al. 2004).",The threats to this species are not known.,The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the habitat and if there are any threats to the species.,There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,amathusica,,Osmia amathusica,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Osmia amathusica is present in Italy, Greece and Cyprus, and it is also found in southwestern Asia (Mavromoustakis 1948c, Müller 2013, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).",The population size and trends of this species are not known.,"Osmia amathusica possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in pre-existing cavities like crevice in a stone containing two cells. The cells are constructed with very small pebbles and chewed leaves (Mavromoustakis 1948c). The flower preferences are unknown.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,anceyi,,Osmia anceyi,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia anceyi is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia anceyi is present in several European countries but also occurs in northern Africa (Amiet et al. 2004, Müller 2013).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia anceyi possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrub lands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows in dead wood and pithy stems (e.g. Asphodelus). The cell  partitions and nest plug are made of mud, sometimes mixed with  particles of pith (Amiet et al. 2004). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae and with a probable preference for Carduoideae (Amiet et  al. 2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,andrenoides,,Osmia andrenoides,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia andrenoides is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia andrenoides is widespread in most of the European countries, this species also occurs in southwestern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia andrenoides possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in pre-existing cavities like empty snail shells of small to medium size (e.g. Cepaea, Cernuella, Helicella, Helix, Pomatias, Theba) which are hidden under stones. The few nests observed so far contained only one cell. The cell is closed with a partition of leaf pulp (e.g. from Helianthemum, Potentilla).  The nest plug consists of two walls of leaf pulp (with few intermixed  pebbles and earth crumbs on their inside) constructed immediately behind  each other at the shell opening. The space between cell partition and  the inner plug wall is loosely filled with small pebbles, earth crumbs  and small plant sticks (Ducke 1900, Ferton 1908, Benoist 1931,  Westrich 1989, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Lamiaceae (e.g. Acinos, Ajuga, Stachys, Teucrium) and Fabaceae (Müller 1996b,  Müller et al. 1997, Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). The females are  equipped with a specialized pilosity on clypeus and frons composed of  curved bristles, which are used to comb pollen from the nototribic  anthers (structures that facilitate the transfer of pollen to insects) of Lamiaceae and Antirrhineae (Müller 1996b, Müller et al.  1997).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,apicata,,Osmia apicata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia apicata is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,Osmia apicata is present in several southern European countries and also occurs in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,"The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia apicata possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in pre-existing cavities like crevices in stone walls (Ducke 1900, Graeffe 1902). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Onosma (Boraginaceae) and possibly on other closely related genera (Teppner 1996, Gogala and Surina 2011, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,argyropyga,,Osmia argyropyga,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia argyropyga is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia argyropyga is present in southwestern European countries and also occurs in northern Africa (Haeseler 2005, Müller 2013).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia argyropyga possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in abandoned cells of Megachile pyrenaica. Several females have been collecting leaf material on Helianthemum (Grandi 1962). This species is probably  oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Fabaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,ariadne,,Osmia ariadne,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Osmia ariadne is endemic to Crete (Greece) (Müller 2013).,There is no information available for the population size and trend for this species.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Osmia ariadne is currently unknown.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,aurulenta,,Osmia aurulenta,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia aurulenta is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia aurulenta is widely distributed throughout Europe and it is also present in southwestern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia aurulenta possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in pre-existing cavities like empty snail shells of medium to large size  with up to 17, but mostly four to five cells. The cell partitions and plug are made of chewed leaves (e.g., from Fragaria, Helianthemum, Glaucium, Sanguisorba, Ononis, Salix).  In large shells, the cells are sometimes arranged side by side with the  cell walls partially consisting of leaf pulp. The shell surface is  plastered with patches of leaf pulp. After nest closure, the shell is  neither turned nor moved (Westrich 1989, Müller et al. 1997, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Fabaceae and Lamiaceae (Westrich 1989, Müller 1996b, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). The  females are equipped with a specialized pilosity on the clypeus  composed of curved bristles, which are used to comb pollen from the  nototribic anthers (structures that facilitate the transfer of pollen to insects) of Lamiaceae and Antirrhineae (Müller 1996b).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Ireland (Near Threatened; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006), the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Norway (Endangered; Kålås et al. 2010). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,balearica,,Osmia balearica,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Osmia balearica is endemic to Spain (mainland and Baleares) (Haeseler 2005, Müller 2013).",The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"Osmia balearica possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated  burrows (three to five centimetres deep) in loose sandy ground with one cell at the end or  with several cells constructed closely side by side. The burrows are  often near dead plants whose roots serve to attach the cells in to the  ground. The cells are entirely made of chewed leaves (e.g. from Lotus, Medicago, Convolvulus, Cistus and Ononis spp.) (Haeseler 2005, 2008). This species is probably oligolectic, in that it has a narrow preference for plant species, primarily on Fabaceae (Haeseler 2008).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any of the National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,bicolor,,Osmia bicolor,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia bicolor is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia bicolor is very widespread all across Europe and is also present in northern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia bicolor possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in empty and generally medium-sized snail shells   with mostly one cell, in rare cases with up to five cells. The closed shell  is turned so that the shell opening is directed towards the ground  before it is hidden under hundreds of pine needles, dry grass blades,  fragments of dead leaves, scales from beech buds or wood particles.  Occasionally, the females dig the shell 1.5 cm deep into the ground  before it is covered with vegetable matter. The cell partitions between two cells are made of chewed leaves.  The outermost cell is closed by a one to two centimetre long nest plug consisting of  one (rarely several) compartment with small pebbles, earth,  broken snail shells, pieces of chalk and wood particles densely packed  between two partitions of leaf pulp. The shell surface is plastered with  patches of leaf pulp (Grozdanic and Vasic 1965, Amiet 1973, Westrich  1989, Müller et al. 1997, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (Westrich 1989,  Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,bicornis,,Osmia bicornis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia bicornis is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia bicornis is very widespread all across Europe and also occurs in northern Africa and northern and southwestern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia bicornis possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in pre-existing  cavities of most diverse form and size like insect burrows in dead wood and  drilled bore holes in wooden blocks, hollow stems (e.g., Arundo, Phragmites) and pithy stems, abandoned cells in exposed nests of other aculeates (e.g., Chalicodoma), insect burrows in horizontal or vertical ground (e.g., of Anthophora, Colletes),  crevices in walls, cracks between shingles on house walls, key holes or empty snail shells. The cell  partitions and nest plug are made of mud. Irregularities  inside the nests are often smoothed with mud (Benoist 1931, Grandi 1961, Bonelli 1968, Tasei 1973, Olifir 1980, Westrich 1989, Vicens et al. 1993, Müller  et al. 1997, Banaszak and Romasenko  2001, Ivanov 2006, Le Goff 2006). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,bidentata,,Osmia bidentata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia bidentata is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia bidentata is widespread in Europe and also occurs in northern Africa and northern and southwestern Asia (Romankova 1995, Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001).","The population size and trends of this species are not known but, due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia bidentata possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows in dead wood, hollow stems (e.g., Phragmites) or cavities in the soil. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of mud (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is oligolectic, in that it forages upon a narrow range of plant species, specifically on Asteraceae with a clear or even exclusive preference for Carduoideae  (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red List of the Czech Republic as Hoplosmia bidentata (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,bischoffi,,Osmia bischoffi,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia bischoffi is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,Osmia bischoffi occurs from southeastern Europe to southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,"The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia bischoffi possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in empty snail shells. The shell surface is plastered with patches of leaf pulp, suggesting  that chewed leaves are also used to close the nest (Atanassov 1938). This species is polylectic, in that it in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,breviata,,Osmia breviata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Osmia breviata is only present in Greece. This species is also found in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).",The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Osmia breviata is currently unknown. This species could be oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Fabaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,brevicornis,,Osmia brevicornis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia brevicornis is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia brevicornis is present in most of the southern and central European countries and is also found in northern Africa and northern to southwestern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia brevicornis possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in insect burrows in dead wood and bore holes in wooden  blocks; hollow stems and bore holes in pithy stems; and holes and  cavities in walls. The nest  plug is made of chewed leaves. Generally the cell partitions are lacking and the  eggs are evenly distributed in the pollen mass, which completely fills  the nest cavity (Radchenko 1978,  Brechtel 1986, Westrich 1989, Bosch et al. 1993, Müller et  al. 1997, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Brassicaceae (Westrich  1989, Müller et al. 1997, Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (threatened but category unknown; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,caerulescens,,Osmia caerulescens,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia caerulescens is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia caerulescens is a very common and widespread species present throughout most of Europe. This species also occurs in northern Africa, southwestern to northern Asia and has an extra-limital distribution in India and in the Nearctic (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Wu 2006).",The population size and trends of this species are not known but the species is common so it is presumed to have a large population.,"Osmia caeruslescens possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows in dead wood and drilled boreholes in wooden blocks; hollow stems and bore holes in pithy stems; insect burrows in the ground (e.g., from Odynerus, Anthophora, Colletes); abandoned cells in exposed nests of other aculeates (e.g., Sceliphron, Hoplitis); or cavities in banks or holes and crevices in walls. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of chewed leaves, sometimes chewed petals are used as well. Irregularities  in the nest burrows are lined with leaf pulp (Benoist  1931, Bonelli 1968, Tasei 1972, Olifir  1980, Romasenko 1980,  Brechtel 1986, Westrich 1989, Vicens et al. 1993, Müller et al. 1997, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, and collects pollen nearly exclusively on Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Boraginaceae and Antirrhineae (Raw  1974, Tasei 1976, Westrich 1989, Müller 1996b, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). The  females are equipped with a specialized pilosity on the clypeus  composed of curved bristles, which are used to comb pollen from the  nototribic anthers (structures that facilitate the transfer of pollen to insects) of Lamiaceae and Antirrhineae (Müller 1996b).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red List of the Netherlands as Vulnerable (Peeters and Reemer 2003). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,cephalotes,,Osmia cephalotes,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia cephalotes is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia cephalotes is a Mediterranean-centred species occurring in southern Europe, but also in northern Africa and southwestern to northern Asia (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Müller 2013).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia cephalotes possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and  in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in insect burrows in dead wood. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of chewed leaves. Females were  also observed to collect pebbles and mud on the ground, indicating either that  this species occasionally uses a mixture of leaf pulp and pebbles as  nest building material, as many other Pyrosmia species do, or that the pebbles are used to barricade the nest entrance, a behaviour that is also known from other Pyrosmia species (Ferton 1895, Benoist 1931). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Fabaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,cerinthidis,,Osmia cerinthidis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia cerinthidis is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,Osmia cerinthidis is mostly present in central Europe but also occurs in northern and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,"The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia cerinthidis possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in pre-existing cavities like drilled bore holes in wooden blocks and hollow stems. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of mud (Olifir 1980, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Cerinthe  (Boraginaceae) (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,cinctella,,Osmia cinctella,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Osmia cinctella only occurs in Greece. This species is also present in northern Africa (Müller 2013).",The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Osmia cinctella is currently unknown. The species is probably  oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,cinnabarina,,Osmia cinnabarina,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Osmia cinnabarina is only present in the Canary islands. This species is mainly found in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Tkalcu 1993b, Müller 2013).",The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Osmia cinnabarina is currently unknown. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,clypearis,,Osmia clypearis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia clypearis is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,Osmia clypearis is distributed in southern Europe and also occurs in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,"The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. One nest of Osmia clypearis was detected in an empty snail shell. The nest plug consisted of masticated leaves (A. Müller, C. Praz and C. Sedivy unpublished data A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). This species is probably  oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,corniculata,,Osmia corniculata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Osmia corniculata is only found in Spain. This species is mainly distributed in northern Africa (Müller 2013).",The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Osmia corniculata is currently unknown.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,cornuta,,Osmia cornuta,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia cornuta is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia cornuta is a very widespread species that occurs in most of central and southern European countries. This species is also present in northern Africa and from southwestern to northern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia cornuta occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in pre-existing cavities like drilled bore holes in wooden blocks, hollow stems and in pithy stems, crevices and holes in walls, rocks or stones, insect burrows in the soil (e.g., of Anthophora) or empty snail shells. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of mud. In larger cavities,  cells are partially or entirely made of mud (Benoist 1931, Mavromoustakis 1948c, Tasei 1973,  Olifir 1980, Brechtel  1986, Westrich 1989, Vicens et al. 1993, Müller et al. 1997, Gogala 1999). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red List of the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,croatica,,Osmia croatica,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia croatica is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,Osmia croatica occurs in southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,"The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia croatica possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in empty snail shells. The only nest recorded so far contained a  single brood cell and was hidden below stones. The nest architecture  appears to be exactly the same as in Osmia spinulosa. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of chewed leaves (e.g., from Scabiosa). The species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily on Asteraceae (unpublished data A. Müller pers. comm. 2014 ).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,cyanescens,,Osmia cyanescens,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.  It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,Osmia cyanescens is known from European Russia and is also found in northern Asia (Müller 2013).,The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Osmia cyanescens is currently unknown. The  females are equipped with a specialized pilosity on the clypeus  composed of curved bristles, which are probably used to comb pollen from  the nototribic anthers (structures that facilitate the transfer of pollen to insects) of Lamiaceae and Antirrhineae species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,cyanoxantha,,Osmia cyanoxantha,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia cyanoxantha is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia cyanoxantha is a Mediterranean-centred species present in southern Europe but also in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Amiet et al. 2004, Müller 2013).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia cyanoxantha possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It uses both pre-existing cavities and stone surfaces as  nesting sites. The cell  partitions are made of chewed leaves intermixed with small pebbles or  occasionally of chewed leaves only. The nest plug is made of two to four  layers of small pebbles (1-2 mm in diameter) cemented together with leaf  pulp, its convex surface expanding 2-3 mm to the adjacent rock surface. The cells of exposed nests are entirely constructed from very small pebbles  cemented together with chewed leaves and covered by an  additional layer of the same material (Ferton 1920, Benoist 1931, Mavromoustakis 1948c). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,dilaticornis,,Osmia dilaticornis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Osmia dilaticornis is only present in Greece. This species also occurs from southwestern to northern Asia (Müller 2013).",The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Osmia dilaticornis is currently unknown. This species is possibly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Fabaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,dimidiata,,Osmia dimidiata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia dimidiata is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia dimidiata is mainly present in southern Europe but also in northern Africa and from southwestern to northern Asia (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Müller 2013).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. The nesting behaviour of Osmia dimidiata is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,distinguenda,,Osmia distinguenda,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia distinguenda is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"In Europe, Osmia distinguenda is present in Greece. This species also occurs in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia distinguenda possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in small cavities in rocks. The brood  cells are entirely or partially built from chewed leaves, the nest plug is made of  leaf pulp as well (unpublished data, G. Pisanty pers. comm. 2014). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae with a clear or even exclusive preference for Carduoideae  (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,dives,,Osmia dives,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia dives is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,Osmia dives is present in southeastern Europe but also in northern Africa and from southwestern to northern Asia (Müller 2013).,"The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia dives possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in pre-existing  cavities in the ground, in general four to eight brood cells per nest, which are  linearly arranged or form clusters depending on the form of the cavity. The cells are entirely built of leaf pulp. The entrance of the nest burrow (diameter of eight to nine mm) is closed by a plug of leaf pulp (Mavromoustakis 1948c, Popov 1967a, Pashina 1948, 1971). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Carduoideae (Asteraceae) (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,dlabolae,,Osmia dlabolae,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Osmia dlabolae occurs in southwestern Asia. The presence of this species in Greece is uncertain (Müller 2013).,The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The males of Osmia dlabolae have not been recorded. The ecology of Osmia dlabolae is currently unknown.",The threats to this species are not known.,Further research is needed to establish if conservation measures are needed for this species.,There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,dusmeti,,Osmia dusmeti,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Osmia dusmeti is endemic to the Spanish mainland (Müller 2013).,The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"The ecology of Osmia dusmeti is currently unknown. This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,elegans,,Osmia elegans,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Osmia elegans is only found on the island of Lesbos in Greece. This species also occurs in southwestern Asia (Tkalcu 1992, Müller 2013).",The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Osmia elegans is currently unknown.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,emarginata,,Osmia emarginata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia emarginata is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia emarginata is mainly present in western Europe but also occurs in northern Africa (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Müller 2013).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia emarginata possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in pre-existing cavities like fissures between stones and cavities in rocks and stones. The  cells, which are built side by side, are entirely built from chewed  leaves. The outermost layer of the nest consists of empty cells. Often,  several females communally nest in the same fissure or cavity (Benoist 1931, Tkalcu 1971, Banaszak  and Romasenko 2001, Weigand 2010). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,erythrogastra,,Osmia erythrogastra,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia erythrogastra is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,Osmia erythrogastra is present in southern Europe but it also occurs in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,"The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Osmia erythrogastra is currently unknown. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, but with a preference for nototribic flowers (Lamiaceae,  Antirrhineae) and Fabaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). The females possess a specialized  pilosity on clypeus and frons to remove pollen from nototribic anthers (structures that facilitate the transfer of pollen to insects) (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,fallax,,Osmia fallax,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Osmia fallax is only known from Spain. This species also occurs in northern Africa (Müller 2013).",The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"Osmia fallax possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in empty snail shells with one to four cells per shell (Moreno-Rueda et al. 2008). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a probable preference for Cistaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,ferruginea,,Osmia ferruginea,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia ferruginea is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,Osmia ferruginea is present in southern Europe but also in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,"The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia ferruginea possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in empty snail shells of small to large size with up to 10 cells per shell and also in hollow stems. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of chewed leaves (e.g., of Convolvulus, Lavathera). The space between the partition of the  outermost cell and the nest plug is loosely filled with small pebbles,  earth crumbs, seeds or leaflets. The closed shells are neither moved nor  covered with patches of leaf pulp (Ferton 1905, Benoist 1931, Mavromoustakis  1952, Grandi 1961, Haeseler 1997, Moreno-Rueda et al. 2008). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Fabaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,forticornis,,Osmia forticornis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Osmia forticornis is known from southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Osmia forticornis is currently unknown. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,frieseana,,Osmia frieseana,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Osmia frieseana is known from southern Europe and northern Africa (Müller 2013).,The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"The nesting behaviour of Osmia frieseana is currently unknown. This species is probably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on  Asteraceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,gallarum,,Osmia gallarum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia gallarum is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia gallarum is present in most of central and southern Europe. This species also occurs in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia gallarum occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows in dead wood and bore holes in wooden blocks, hollow stems and holes in pithy stems or cavities within abandoned galls. The cell  partitions are made of chewed leaves. The nest plug consists of three  to four partitions of leaf pulp separated by 0.5-1.0 mm from each other  (Ferton 1920, Benoist 1931,  Enslin 1933, Westrich 1989, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Fabaceae (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994) and Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,hellados,,Osmia hellados,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Osmia hellados occurs in southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"The ecology of Osmia hellados is currently unknown. This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,heteracantha,,Osmia heteracantha,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia heteracantha is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,Osmia heteracantha is present in southwestern Europe and northern Africa (Müller 2013).,"The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia heteracantha possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in insect burrows in the ground and abandoned cells in exposed nests of Hoplitis. The nest  plug, cell partitions and cell walls are entirely built from leaf pulp,  sometimes mixed with chewed petals (C. Sedivy, C. Praz and A. Müller unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). This species is probably mesolectic, where a species collects pollen from three or four plant families, and in this case from Fabaceae, Boraginaceae (Echium)  and Lamiaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). The females are equipped with a  specialized pilosity on clypeus and frons composed of curved bristles,  which are most probably used to comb pollen from the nototribic anthers (structures that facilitate the transfer of pollen to insects) of Lamiaceae and possibly Antirrhineae as well (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,iberica,,Osmia iberica,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Osmia iberica is endemic to Spain and Portugal (Müller 2013).,The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Osmia iberica is currently unknown. This species is possibly polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,inermis,,Osmia inermis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia inermis is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia inermis occurs in most of Europe but also in northern Asia and in the Nearctic (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Müller 2002, Amiet et al. 2004, Wu 2006).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia inermis possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in pre-existing cavities. The brood cells (up to 200) are attached to the  underside of stones, to the walls of small cavities in rocks and stones. The cells  are entirely built of chewed leaves. The nest stones are sealed by a  wall of sand towards the ground. Often, several females communally build  their brood cells under the same stone (Grandi 1962, Westrich 1989, Müller et al. 1997). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Fabaceae (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A.  Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011) and Great Britain (Endangered; Shirt 1987). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,jason,,Osmia jason,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia jason is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,Osmia jason occurs in southeastern Europe but also in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,"The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia jason possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described.nests in empty snail shells (e.g., Helix)  with two cells. The closed shell is buried into the ground and the place  where the shell is buried is covered with dried vegetable matter. The partitions between the cells are made of chewed leaves (e.g., from Crataegus).  The outermost cell is closed by a long nest plug consisting of four  compartments each limited by walls made of leaf pulp: the first  compartment is empty, the second is filled with sandy earth and the  third and fourth are filled with pebbles and earth crumbs. The shell  surface is plastered with patches of leaf pulp (Grozdanic 1971). The flower preferences of this species are unknown.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,kohli,,Osmia kohli,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Osmia kohli is known from Italy and Malta and it possibly occurs in Corsica and northern Africa (Müller 2013).,The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Osmia kohli is currently unknown.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,labialis,,Osmia labialis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia labialis is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia labialis is present in most of central and southern Europe. This species also occurs in northern Africa (Amiet et al. 2004, Herrmann 2005).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Osmia labialis is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae  (Amiet et al. 2004, Herrmann 2010, Kraus 2010, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,larochei,,Osmia larochei,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Osmia larochei is endemic to the Canary Islands (Tkalcu 2000a).,The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Osmia larochei is currently unknown.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,laticauda,,Osmia laticauda,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Osmia laticauda is known from southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Osmia laticauda is currently unknown. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,laticeps,,Osmia laticeps,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia laticeps is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia laticeps is present in northern Europe and also in the Nearctic (Haeseler 1999, Amiet et al. 2004, Nilsson 2009).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Osmia laticeps is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Vaccinium spp. (Ericaceae) (Nilsson 2009).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is only listed in the National Red List of Germany as Data Deficient (Westrich et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,latreillei,,Osmia latreillei,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia latreillei is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia latreillei is a Mediterranean-centred species present in southern Europe but also in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Amiet et al. 2004, Müller 2013).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia latreillei possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows in dead wood and bore holes in wooden blocks, hollow stems or insect burrows in the soil (e.g., from Proxylocopa, Anthophora). The cell partitions and nest plug are made of chewed leaves (e.g., from Lavathera).  The nest plug occasionally consists of several walls of leaf pulp,  sometimes particles (e.g., pieces of grass blades) are glued to its outer  surface (Ferton  1905, Vicens et al.  1993). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae (Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is only listed in the National Red List of Switzerland as Regionally Extinct (Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,leaiana,,Osmia leaiana,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia leaiana is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia leaiana is a very widespread species present in most of Europe but also in northern Africa and from southwestern to northern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia leaiana occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows in dead wood and bore holes in wooden blocks, hollow stems and holes in pithy stems or holes in stones and walls. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of chewed leaves (e.g., from Rosa) (Benoist 1931, Romasenko 1980, Westrich  1989, Müller et al. 1997, Banaszak  and Romasenko 2001). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae (Westrich 1989, Müller et al. 1997, Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Finland (Vulnerable; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), and Switzerland as Osmia fulviventris (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,ligurica,,Osmia ligurica,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia ligurica is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia ligurica is a Mediterranean-centred species present in southern Europe but also in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia ligurica possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in hollow stems or insect burrows in pithy stems. The cell  partitions and nest plug are made of chewed leaves (Benoist 1931, Mavromoustakis 1939b, Grandi 1961). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically upon Asteraceae with a preference for Asteroideae (Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed only in the National Red List of Switzerland as Regionally Extinct (Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,lobata,,Osmia lobata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Osmia lobata is only known from Portugal and Spain but this species also occurs in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).",The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"Osmia lobata possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in pre-existing cavities like empty snail shell of Helix with three cells, abandoned cells in exposed nests of Megachile parietina or in the ground. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of chewed leaves (Ferton 1914, van der Zanden 1991a). The flower preferences are unknown.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,lunata,,Osmia lunata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia lunata is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"In Europe, Osmia lunata is only known from Spain and France but this species is also present in northern Africa (Müller 2013).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia lunata presumably occurs on Mediterranean-type shrubland. It nests in excavated  burrows in the ground. The burrow entrances are hidden under small  shrublets. For each cell, a more or less vertical burrow (1.5 cm deep) is  excavated in rather hard soil. Up to 10 cells are built immediately  beside each other separated by a few millimetres only. The cells of a  single nest, when removed from the soil, partly adhere to each other  by small earthen bridges. The cells (c. 1.5 cm long) are entirely built of petals (e.g., of Helianthemum)  and mud. The cell walls are usually three-layered: the outer layer  consists of small to large petal pieces glued together with mud, rarely  with small pebbles as well, the central layer consists of a thin layer  of mud, which is sometimes only weakly developed, the inner layer is  composed of six to ten layers of large petal pieces without any addition of  mud. After egg deposition, the cell is closed by folding over the inner  layer of petals. Afterwards, the cell cap is built which is composed of  two layers: the inner layer is rather thick and consists of small petal  pieces glued together with mud and small pebbles, the outer layer  consists of a thin wall of petal pieces neatly glued together.  In the end, the  cell cap is hidden under a thin and loose layer of sand and small  pebbles (Rozen et al. 2010, A. Müller pers. obs. 2013). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically upon Fabaceae (Rozen et al. 2010, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,madeirensis,,Osmia madeirensis,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Osmia madeirensis is endemic to island of Madeira (van der Zanden 1991b).,The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Osmia madeirensis is currently unknown.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,maritima,,Osmia maritima,,,No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,v)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Osmia maritima is      listed  as Endangered as the species has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of 300 - 500 km2; it is severely fragmented, in that there is little chance of genetic exchange between subpopulations, due to its specialisation on fragmented coastal dune habitats; and there is a continuing observed decline in the area of occupancy (AOO), number of mature individuals, and the area, extent and quality of coastal dune habitats in its recorded range.",Decreasing,"Osmia maritima is present in the west and east Frisian Islands of the Netherlands and Germany respectively, the west coast of Jutland in Denmark, the provinces of Skåne and Halland in Sweden and the south coast of Norway. The status of the species on the Kola Peninsula in northern European Russia (an old record near Kuzomen) is uncertain. It also occurs in northern Asia and in the Nearctic (Scheuchl 1996, Haeseler 1999, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, B. Cederberg pers. comm. 2014). The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at between 300-500 km2.","The abundance and population size of this species are not known, although it is thought that the species is severely fragmented, such that there is little chance of genetic transfer between subpopulations. This is due to the loss of its coastal dune habitat that it is specialised upon. In Sweden the population is estimated to be between 50-250 reproducing individuals from ten known recent localities (Cederberg et al. 2010). Some of these localities are only based on single individuals and so some of these populations may have been lost. Conversely, a few subpopulations may remain undetected. In Norway, the species is known from five recent and five historical localities, although the species has been re-found in one of the historical localities. The estimated population size of the species in Norway is no more than 100 reproducing individuals (Odegaard 2012). This species has disappeared from the eastern island sites Själland, Lolland and probably Bornholm in Denmark and is now only found along the west coast of Jylland from Skagern and southwards on few recorded recent sites (Madsen and Calabuig 2010, B. Cederberg pers. comm. 2014).From the Netherlands there are only two known recent localities (after 1980) on the west Frisian Islands (Peeters et al. 1999). The species is extremely rare in Germany and only known from the east Frisian Islands (Westrich et al. 2011). This species has disappeared from the only known locality in Poland near Dartovo (W. Celary pers. comm. 2005). The population trend is decreasing.","Osmia maritima occurs in coastal white and grey sand dunes throughout its range. It nests in excavated burrows in sandy soil with one cell (occasionally up to four to 10 cells) at the end. The cells are entirely built from chewed leaf pieces (e.g. from Oenothera, Viola)  intermixed with sand grains. Dead rootlets are generally incorporated  into the cell walls (Haeseler 1982, Westrich 1989, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Fabaceae (Lathyrus, Lotus) (Westrich 1989).","In Sweden, when the species was suggested for an action plan (2005-2007), four of the eight previously known sites had been destroyed for the development of a harbour and a golf course, exploited by beach tourism and overgrown by rose bushes. The area of the remaining four sites were severely reduced by tourism exploitation, afforestation and invasive vegetation. That can be interpreted as a 50% reduction of sites and a reduction of habitat quality by 80-90%. Nitrogen deposition and the resulting habitat conversion/degradation also impact upon the species. The habitat in Sweden suitable for this species (EUNIS codes 2110 - White dunes and 2130 - Grey dunes) has declined. The decline in the area of EUNIS code 2110 is 50% (from 8 km2 to 4 km2) and for EUNIS code 2130 30% (from 17 km2 to 12 km2) over the last 20 years (B. Cederberg pers. comm. 2014).The coastal dune habitats in Norway, Denmark and the west and east Frisian Islands are also threatened and in decline, presumably from similar threats to those in Sweden.","Cederberg et al. (2010) propose the restoration and management of the coastal dune areas to which Osmia maritima might migrate and establish new populations and to continue the research to increase the knowledge of the species distribution. The species is recorded from within three protected areas, one in Sweden and at least two in Norway.The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Rare; Westrich et al. 2011), Norway (Endangered; Kålås et al. 2010) and Sweden (Endangered; Gärdenfors et al. 2010). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, further threats and also to monitor the decline in it's preferred habitat.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P. & Cederberg, B.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,melanogaster,,Osmia melanogaster,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia melanogaster is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia melanogaster is present in central and southern Europe but also occurs in northern Africa and from southwestern to northern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Wu 2006).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia melanogaster possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in pre-existing cavities like empty snail shells in the herb or in fissures of stone walls with several cells per shell, insect burrows in dead wood or hollow stems. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of chewed leaves (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically upon Carduoideae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is only listed in the National Red List of the Czech Republic as Endangered (Farkac et al. 2005). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,melanura,,Osmia melanura,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia melanura is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia melanura is present in southern Europe and southwestern Asia (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Müller 2013).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia melanura possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in empty snail shells (e.g. of Theba spp.)  with one cell per shell. After the shell is closed, it is transported  over a short distance of up to 50 cm and then buried into the sandy  ground (about one to two cm deep). The shells  are closed two to three mm behind shell opening with a partition made of chewed  leaf pulp, this partition is then used as the base for the thick nest  plug which is built by embedding broken pieces of snail shells into a  matrix of leaf pulp (Müller 1992). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (Müller 1992, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,mirhiji,,Osmia mirhiji,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Osmia mirhiji is endemic to Lesbos island in Greece (van der Zanden 1992b).,The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Osmia mirhiji is currently unknown.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,moreensis,,Osmia moreensis,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Osmia moreensis is endemic to Greece (Müller 2013).,The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Osmia moreensis is currently unknown.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,mustelina,,Osmia mustelina,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia mustelina is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia mustelina is present in several central and southern European countries. This species also occurs in southwestern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia mustelina occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in pre-existing  cavities like fissures between stones and cavities in rocks, stones and  walls. The cells, which are built side by side, entirely consist of chewed leaves (e.g., of Helianthemum, Cytisus).  While in larger cavities the entire cells are built from leaf pulp,  only the side walls are built in narrow cavities. The outermost layer of  the nest consists of empty cells. Often, several females communally  nest in the same fissure or cavity (Westrich 1989, Grandi 1961,  Bonelli 1967, Müller et al. 1997, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,nana,,Osmia nana,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Osmia nana is present in southeastern Europe, but also from southwestern to northern Asia (Müller 2013).",The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Osmia nana is currently unknown. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a strong preference for Fabaceae  (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,nasoproducta,,Osmia nasoproducta,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Osmia nasoproducta is known from a few countries in southern Europe but also from northern Africa (Müller 2013).,The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Osmia nasoproducta is currently unknown. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a probable preference for Cistus  (Cistaceae) (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). The male of the species has never been recorded.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,nasuta,,Osmia nasuta,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Osmia nasuta is only known from Spain and France. This species also occurs in northern Africa (Müller 2013).",The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Osmia nasuta is currently unknown. This species is possibly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically upon Fabaceae (e.g. Lotus) (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,nigriventris,,Osmia nigriventris,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia nigriventris is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia nigriventris is widespread in central and northern Europe. This species also occurs in northern Asia and in the Neartic (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Wu 2006).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia nigriventris occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in insect burrows in dead wood. The cell partitions and nest plug  are made of chewed leaves (Benoist 1931, Westrich 1989, Banaszak and Romasenko  2001, Amiet et al. 2004). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Vacciniumv spp. (Ericaceae) (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Lhomme, P. & Nieto, A.","Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,nigrohirta,,Osmia nigrohirta,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Osmia nigrohirta is known from southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Osmia nigrohirta is currently unknown. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,niveata,,Osmia niveata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia niveata is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia niveata is present in most of Europe and also occurs in northern Africa and from southwestern to northern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Wu 2006).",The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"Osmia niveata occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in pre-existing cavities like insect burrows in dead wood and bore holes in wooden blocks, hollow stems (e.g., Arundo spp.) and holes in pithy stems, cavities, rocks, stones or walls. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of chewed leaves (e.g., from Phlomis, Malva)  (Benoist 1931, Westrich 1989, Brechtel 1986, Vicens et al.  1993, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae with a distinct preference for Carduoideae (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al.  2004, unpublished data A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,niveocincta,,Osmia niveocincta,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Osmia niveocincta is known southern Europe but also from northern Africa (Müller 2013).,The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Osmia niveocincta is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,notata,,Osmia notata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia notata is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,Osmia notata is a Mediterranean-centred species present in southern Europe but also in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,"The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia notata possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in pre-existing cavities like linear cavity in a stone 30 cm above ground with two cells, insect burrow in the ground, empty snail shells with up to 18 cells. The nest  plug, cell partitions and (part of) cell walls made of chewed leaves.  The plug of the nest in the stone cavity extended along the interior  walls. In large snail shells, the cells are linearly arranged in the  inner and narrower part, but arranged side by side in the outer and  larger part, where the cell walls partially or entirely consist of leaf  pulp  (Ferton 1914). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,olgae,,Osmia olgae,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Osmia olgae is only known from Bulgaria. This species also occurs in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).",The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Osmia olgae is currently unknown.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,padri,,Osmia padri,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Osmia padri occurs in south-eastern Europe but also in south-western Asia (Müller 2013).,The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"Osmia padri possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in insect burrows in dead wood (Tkalcu 1974a). This species is probably  oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, primarily upon Asteraceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,palmae,,Osmia palmae,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Osmia palmae is endemic to the Canary Islands, Spain (Tkalcu 2001).",The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Osmia palmae is currently unknown.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,parietina,,Osmia parietina,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia parietina is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia parietina is a widespread species known from most of Europe. This species also occurs in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Haeseler 1999, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia parietina occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in pre-existing  cavities like insect burrows in dead wood and bore holes in wooden  blocks, abandoned nests of other aculeates, small cavities and fissures  in stones, rocks and dry-stone walls or empty bore holes of Hiatella (Mollusca) in limestone rocks. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of chewed leaves (Benoist 1931, Westrich 1989, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Fabaceae (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011) and Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,picena,,Osmia picena,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Osmia picena is endemic to Italy (Tkalcu 1999).,The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Osmia picena is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically upon Asteraceae with a preference for  Carduoideae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,pilicornis,,Osmia pilicornis,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia pilicornis is      listed  as Least Concern in view of  its wide distribution and presumed     large  overall population. However the species is considered threatened in some European countries.,Unknown,"Osmia pilicornis is endemic to Europe and it mainly occurs in central and northern Europe (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Müller 2002, Amiet et al. 2004, Wu 2006).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia pilicornis occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges). It nests in insect burrows in dead wood. The nest cells are made of chewed leaves (e.g. of Fragaria spp.)  (Amiet et al. 2004). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plant species, but with a preference for Pulmonaria spp. (Boraginaceae) (Westrich  1989, Müller 1995, Amiet et al. 2004). The  females possess hooked bristles on the galeae of the proboscis which  serve to extract pollen from the narrow-tubed flowers of Pulmonaria spp. (Müller 1995, Müller et al. 1997).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (threatened but level unknown; Westrich et al. 2011), Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,pinguis,,Osmia pinguis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia pinguis is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"In Europe, Osmia pinguis is only known from Spain. This species also occurs in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia pinguis possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in empty snail shells of small to medium size (e.g., Helix) with one to four, but mostly two to three, cells per shell. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of chewed leaves (Ferton 1920,  Mavromoustakis 1948b). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically upon Asteraceae with a clear preference for Cichorioideae and  Asteroideae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,rhodoensis,,Osmia rhodoensis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia rhodoensis is listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"In Europe, Osmia rhodoensis is only known from Greece. This species also occurs in southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' relatively wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia rhodoensis possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in cracks and holes in rocks and stones. The two only nests  recorded so far contained one single cell and two cells closely beside  each other, respectively. The cells,  which are not glued to the substrate, are three-layered: the outer and  inner layer consist of large pieces of petals (e.g., of Geranium, Linum), the central layer is built of mud (Warncke 1988b, Rozen et al. 2010). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Fabaceae (e.g., Onobrychis) (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,rufohirta,,Osmia rufohirta,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia rufohirta is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia rufohirta is present in most of central and southern Europe. This species also occurs in northern Africa and from southwestern to northern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Wu 2006).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia rufohirta possibly occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. It nests in empty snail shells of small to medium size with one cell per shell. The closed shells are transported over a  distance of up to 2.2 m to a sheltered place, e.g., underside of a stone,  below leaves or in grass tussocks. The shells are closed  with a three-layered plug consisting of a layer of small stones and  earth crumbs delimited on both sides by a partition made of chewed  leaves (e.g., Helianthemum) or petals (e.g., Lotus). The  shell surface is densely plastered with patches of leaf pulp (Ferton 1905, Benoist 1931, Bonelli 1971, Westrich 1989, Müller et al. 1997, Gogala 1999, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Fabaceae (Westrich 1989, Müller et al. 1997,  Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994) and in the Czech Republic as Hoplitis rufohirta (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,rutila,,Osmia rutila,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Osmia rutila is only known from Spain. This species also occurs in northern African (Müller 2013).",The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"Osmia rutila possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in empty snail shells (e.g., Helicella)  with one cell per shell. The closed shells are transported over a  distance of up to three metres and then buried into the sandy ground (c. 3.0-3.5 cm  deep). The shells are closed a few  millimetres behind the shell opening with a partition made of chewed  leaf pulp, this partition is then used as the base for the thick nest  plug which is built by embedding broken gastropod and mussel shells,  sometimes also small stones, into a matrix of leaf pulp (Haeseler 1997). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Fabaceae (Haeseler 1997, 2008; unpublished data A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,saxicola,,Osmia saxicola,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia saxicola is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,Osmia saxicola is present in southern Europe but also from southwestern to northern Asia (Müller 2013).,"The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia saxicola possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in the gaps underneath stones. The cells are entirely constructed with very small pebbles cemented  together with chewed leaves. The small orifice between the stone and the  soil was observed to be sealed with the same material (Mavromoustakis  1948c). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a probable preference for Fabaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,scutellaris,,Osmia scutellaris,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia scutellaris is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia scutellaris is a Mediterranean-centred species present in southern Europe but also in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Tkalcu 2000a, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia scutellaris possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in hollow stems (e.g., Rubus) (Benoist 1931). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically upon Asteraceae with a preference for Cichorioideae (Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is only listed in the National Red Lists of Switzerland as Near Threatened (Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,signata,,Osmia signata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia signata is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia signata is present in southern Europe but it also occurs in northern Africa and from southwestern to northern Asia (Wu 2006, Müller 2013).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia signata possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in hollow stems (e.g., Arundo), abandoned cells of exposed nests of other aculeates (e.g., Sceliphron, Chalicodoma), insect burrows in the soil (e.g., from Anthophora), cavities  and holes in rocks, stones, clay scarps or walls. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of masticated plant material. In  rock or other spacious cavities, the whole cells may be constructed  with leaf pulp (Vereecken  et al. 2010). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically upon Asteraceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,spinigera,,Osmia spinigera,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Osmia spinigera is known from southern Europe but also from northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Osmia spinigera is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically upon Asteraceae with a preference for Carduoideae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,spinulosa,,Osmia spinulosa,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia spinulosa is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia spinulosa is a Mediterranean-centred species occurs in southern Europe but also in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia spinulosa inhabits temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in empty snail shells of small to medium size with mostly two cells per shell. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of chewed leaves (e.g., from Potentilla, Sanguisorba) (Westrich 1989, Müller et al. 1997, Banaszak  and Romasenko 2001). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteraceae (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al 2010). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,steinmanni,,Osmia steinmanni,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this restricted endemic alpine species.",Unknown,"Osmia Steinmanni is endemic to the Alps in Italy and Switzerland (Müller 2002, Amiet et al. 2004).",The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"This species occurs in sub-alpine and alpine stony slopes and grasslands (Müller 2002). The nesting behaviour of Osmia steinmanni is currently unknown. This species is probably polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a strong preference for Fabaceae (Amiet et al. 2004, Müller 2002).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,subcornuta,,Osmia subcornuta,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia subcornuta is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,Osmia subcornuta is present in southeastern Europe but also from southwestern to northern Asia (Müller 2013).,"The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia subcornuta possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in hollow stems (e.g., Rubus, Echium). The cell partitions are made of chewed leaves (Marikovskaya 1995). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for Fabaceae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). The  females possess curved bristles on the clypeus, which are most probably  used to comb pollen from the nototribic anthers (structures that facilitate the transfer of pollen) of Lamiaceae and  Antirrhineae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,submicans,,Osmia submicans,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia submicans is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia submicans is present in southern Europe but also occurs in southwestern Asia and northern Africa (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia submicans possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in insect burrows in dead wood and bore holes in wooden blocks, hollow stem, cavities and small holes in rocks or walls. The cell partitions are made of chewed leaves. The nest plug is made of  leaf pulp alone or of a mixture of small pebbles (mainly on the inner  side of the plug) and leaf pulp. In larger  cavities, the cells are sometimes arranged side by side with the cell  walls partially or entirely built of leaf pulp (Benoist 1931, Westrich 1989, Vicens et al. 1993,  Gogala 1999, Banaszak and Romasenko  2001). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, but with a strong preference for Fabaceae (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,svenssoni,,Osmia svenssoni,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Osmia svenssoni is endemic to Finland and Sweden (Nilsson 2009).,The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in boreal grasslands and forests (or forest edges), although the habitat has not been described. Specimens of Osmia svenssoni have been found nesting on the underside of a flat stone (Nilsson 2009). The flower preferences of this species are unknown.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,sybarita,,Osmia sybarita,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia sybarita is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,Osmia sybarita is present in southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,"The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia sybarita possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in empty snail shells (e.g., Helicella) with one cell per shell.  The shells are sealed by embedding broken pieces of snail shells into a  matrix of leaf pulp (Mavromoustakis 1939b, 1948c; Haeseler 1997). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,tergestensis,,Osmia tergestensis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia tergestensis is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia tergestenisis is present in southern Europe but also occurs in northern Africa and from northern to southwestern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia tergestenisis possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in cavities under or between stones and rock fissures, in dense  grass tussocks. The cells are built singly or in small groups of up to  five or more cells closely beside each other. The  cells, which are not glued to the substrate, are three-layered: the  outer and inner layer consist of large pieces of petals (e.g., of Geranium, Helianthemum, Hieracium, Ononis),  the central layer is built of mud intermixed with small pebbles. In  narrow cavities, the space in front of the cells is sometimes filled  with earth crumbs up to a length of 0.5 cm (Benoist 1931, Müller et al. 1997,  Banaszak  and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Rozen et al. 2010). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Fabaceae (Müller et al. 1997, Amiet et al. 2004, Rozen et al. 2010).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red List of Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,teunisseni,,Osmia teunisseni,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Osmia teunisseni is known from southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia (Müller 2013).,The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Osmia teunisseni is currently unknown. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,tricornis,,Osmia tricornis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia tricornis is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,Osmia tricornis is known from southern Europe and northern Africa (Müller 2013).,"The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia tricornis possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in insect burrows in dead wood and bore holes in wooden blocks, hollow stems (e.g., Phragmites), insect burrows in the ground, empty snail shells (Cepaea), in the fissure of a stone wall or within abandoned cells of exposed Chalicodoma nests. The cell  partitions and nest plug are made of mud (Benoist 1931, Vicens et al. 1993, 1994). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a possible preference for Cistaceae (Vicens et al. 1994,  unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,tunensis,,Osmia tunensis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia tunensis is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,Osmia tunensis is known from southwestern Europe but also from northern Africa (Müller 2013).,"The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia tunensis possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in empty snail shells (e.g., Helix) (Alfken 1914). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014). The  females are equipped with a specialized pilosity on the clypeus  composed of curved bristles, which are probably used to comb pollen from  the nototribic anthers (structures that facilitate the transfer of pollen to insects) of Lamiaceae and Antirrhineae (Müller 1996b).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,uncicornis,,Osmia uncicornis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia uncicornis is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"In Europe, Osmia uncicornis is only known from Spain and Portugal. This species also occurs in northern Africa (Haeseler 2005).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia uncicornis possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in excavated  burrows (three to five cm deep) in loose sandy ground with one cell at the end or  with several cells constructed closely side by side. The burrows are  often near dead plants whose roots serve to attach the cells in the  ground. The cells are entirely made of chewed leaves (e.g., from Lotus, Medicago, Convolvulus, Cistus) (Haeseler 2005, 2008). This species is probably oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Fabaceae (Haeseler 2008, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,uncinata,,Osmia uncinata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia uncinata is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia uncinata is present in most of Europe but also in northern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Haeseler 1999, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia uncinata occurs in temperate grasslands and forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in insect burrows in dead wood or bark and bore holes in  wooden blocks, between the thick bark of pine trees. The cell  partitions and nest plug are made of chewed leaves (Westrich 1989, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001,  Amiet et al.  2004). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (Westrich 1989, Amiet  et al. 2004, Quest 2009, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (threatened but category unknown; Westrich et al. 2011), Great Britain (Endangered; Shirt 1987) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,versicolor,,Osmia versicolor,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia versicolor is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia versicolor is a Mediterranean-centred species found in southern Europe but also in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia versicolor possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in empty snail shells of small to medium size with usually several cells per shell. The cell  partitions and nest plug are made of chewed leaves without addition of  pebbles. The space between the partition of the outermost cell and the  nest plug is densely filled with small pebbles, earth crumbs or pieces  of dry blades. The closed shells are neither moved nor covered with  patches of leaf pulp (Benoist 1931, Westrich 1989, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Moreno-Rueda et al. 2008). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a strong preference for Fabaceae (Amiet et al. 2004,  Westrich 1989, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is included in the National Red List of Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011) and in Switzerland as (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,viridana,,Osmia viridana,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia viridana is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia viridana occurs in southern Europe but is also present in northern Africa and from southwestern to northern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia viridana inhabits temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and Mediterranean-type shrublands. It nests in empty snail shells of small to medium size with usually several cells per shell, and holes in the rocks. The cell  partitions and nest plug are made of chewed leaves mixed with small  pebbles. The space between the partition of the outermost cell and the  nest plug is loosely filled with small pebbles, earth crumbs or pieces  of dry blades (Benoist 1931, Mavromoustakis 1948c, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001,  Amiet et al. 2004). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a strong preference for Fabaceae (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al.  2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red List of Germany as Endangered (Westrich et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Osmia,xanthomelana,,Osmia xanthomelana,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia xanthomelana is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Osmia xanthomelana occurs all across Europe and is also present in northern Asia (Scheuchl 1996, Haeseler 1999, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Osmia xanthomelana inhabits temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests between litter, in decaying stumps, below shelves or in  depressions of stones and rocks. The cells are entirely  built of mud. Roots or grass blades are often incorporated into the cell  walls (Benoist 1931, Westrich 1989, Müller et al. 1997,  Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Fabaceae (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004, unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Great Britain (Critically Endangered; Shirt 1987) and the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Panurginus,albopilosus,,Panurginus albopilosus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats and presumed large and stable population. However, this species can locally  disappear due to the elimination of flowers next to crops and roads due  to the intensive use of pesticides.",Stable,"Panurginus albopilosus is abundant in the western Mediterranean basin. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 416,438 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 128 km².",This species is very abundant and widespread. Its population trend is stable.,"It is a generalist species but prefers agricultural landscapes, living in crop and road edges. Females forage usually on Brassicaceae and Asteraceae.","Even if this species is very abundant and frequent, it can locally disappear due to the elimination of flowers next to crops and roads as a result of the intensive use of pesticides.",No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species except taxonomic research.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Panurginus,alpinus,,Panurginus alpinus,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, population size and trend, and threats.",Unknown,"Panurginus alpinus is restricted to the western part of the Alps and eastern part of the French Pyrenees. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 75,557 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km².",Populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,It is a mountain species that inhabits Alpine grasslands. Females collect pollen on Asteraceae.,This species is possibly threatened by global warming.,"Additional studies are needed into taxonomy, abundance, trends, general ecology and threats to this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Panurginus,annulatus,,Panurginus annulatus,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend and status. It is also needed to clarify and study further the distribution of this species.,Unknown,"Panurginus annulatus is distributed in central and southeast Spain; however the range of this species is not well defined up to now. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 73,451 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km².",This species is rare and its population trend is unknown.,"It is found in agricultural landscapes, living on plants flowering in crop and road margins.",This species is threatened by the elimination of wild flowers in crops and the intensive use of pesticides.,"Additional studies are needed into the taxonomy, distribution, abundance, and population trend of this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Panurginus,brullei,,Panurginus brullei,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend and status. It is needed to clarify and study further the distribution of this species.,Unknown,"Panurginus brullei is present in the Canary Islands and likely also present in northern Africa; the range of this species is not well defined up to now. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 395,128 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².",This species is rare and its population trend is unknown.,It inhabits agricultural landscapes and lives on plants flowering in crops and road margins.,This species is threatened by the elimination of wild flowers in crop margins and the intensive use of pesticides.,"Additional studies are needed into taxonomy, abundance and population trend of this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Panurginus,herzi,,Panurginus herzi,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,"Panurginus herzi is restricted to the Alps in the European part of its distribution. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 12,346 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 72 km².","Populations are small but there is no information available on the population abundance of this species over its European range. In Germany, it is considered extremely rare but with a stable long- and short-term population trend (Westrich et al. 2011).",There is no information about the habitat and ecology for this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"Additional studies are needed into taxonomy, abundance, general ecology and threats to this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Panurginus,labiatus,,Panurginus labiatus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,"Panurginus labiatus is a Palearctic-Medio European species. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,920,921 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 176 km².",There is no information available on the population abundance or trends of this species.,"There is little information about the habitat and ecology of this species. It is an oligolectic species, specialising in Brassicaceae (Banaszak 1995).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005); Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2008). Additional studies are needed into taxonomy, abundance, general ecology and threats to this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Panurginus,lactipennis,,Panurginus lactipennis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,"Panurginus lactipennis ranges across Turkey and the neighbouring areas (including the Balkans, Syria, Jordan, etc.). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 51,489 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².",There is no information available on the population abundance or trends of this species.,"There is little information about the habitat, although it is stated to be an oligolectic species, specialising in Brassicaceae (Banaszak 1995). Mavromoustakis (1949-1954) lists Alyssum troodi (Brassicaceae) in Cyprus.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"Additional studies are needed into taxonomy, abundance, trends, general ecology and threats to this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Panurginus,montanus,,Panurginus montanus,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,"Panurginus montanus is endemic to the Alps. After the work of several reviewers, some taxonomic confusion could exist regarding this species, and therefore a review of the species is needed. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 89,921 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 376 km².",There is no information available on the population abundance of this species.,There is no information about the habitat and ecology available for this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"Additional studies are needed into taxonomy, abundance, trends, general ecology and threats to this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Panurginus,romani,,Panurginus romani,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,"Panurginus romani is endemic to Scandinavia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 324,205 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km².",There is no information available on the population abundance or trends of this species.,"Reported to be a species of the Taiga. It is probably a polylectic species. In Finland, it is reported to visit Geranium sylvaticum (Geraniaceae) (Söderman and Leinonen 2003). Nilsson (2008) states that the principal forage plant is Rubus idaeus (Rosaceae).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is included in the National Red List of Finland (Least Concern; Rassi et al. 2010). Additional studies are needed into the taxonomy, abundance, trends, general ecology and threats to this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Panurginus,schwarzi,,Panurginus schwarzi,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,Panurginus schwarzi is recorded from two localities in Greece. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are 4 km².,Populations are small but there is no information available on the population trend of this species.,There is no information about the habitat and ecology for this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"Additional studies are needed into taxonomy, abundance, trends, general ecology and threats to this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Panurginus,sericatus,,Panurginus sericatus,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the doubts about its taxonomy, and the absence of information on its status, population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,"Panurginus sericatus is mainly distributed in the Alps (Patiny 2003). After the work of several reviewers, some taxonomic confusion could exist regarding this species,  and therefore review of the species status is needed. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 200,220 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km².",Populations are small but there is no information available on the population trends of this species.,There is no information about the habitat and ecology for this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"Additional studies are needed into taxonomy, abundance, trends, general ecology and threats to this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Panurginus,tyrolensis,,Panurginus tyrolensis,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the very few records that exist for this species and the absence of information on the general status, population size and trend.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in the Alps and its presence in Macedonia is uncertain (Patiny 2001). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,192 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².",This species is locally abundant and its population trend is unknown.,This species inhabits alpine grasslands.,This species is threatened by changes in agricultural practices. Climate change is also likely to threaten the species through causing shifts and alterations to the habitat.,It is recommended that research is carried out to study the population size and trend as well as the general status of this species.,This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Pauly, A., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Panurgus,banksianus,,Panurgus banksianus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large and stable population.,Stable,"Panurgus banksianus is very abundant in all of Europe, from the United Kingdom to Bulgaria. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,152,227 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,072 km².",This species is very abundant and the population trend is stable.,"It is found in open fields, lowland heathland and in crop and road edges. Females forage on Asteraceae.","This species is threatened by the elimination of flowers in edges, the intensive use of pesticides and the exploitation of heathland for commercial forestry, mineral extraction and infrastructure development.",This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Norway (Endangered; Kålås et al. 2010); Sweden (Vulnerable; Gärdenfors 2010).   No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Panurgus,calcaratus,,Panurgus calcaratus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable population, and no major threats.",Stable,"Panurgus calcaratus is abundant in the whole west-Palearctic. It is more widely distributed in the eastern Palearctic too, but less data have been collected and compiled for this area. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,519,466 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,788 km².",This species is widespread and abundant. Its population trend is stable.,"This species lives in open areas, shrublands (including lowland heathland) and grasslands. Females nest in sandy soils and forage on Asteraceae.","The exploitation of heathland for commercial forestry, mineral extraction and infrastructure development pose threats to the species in parts of its range.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following three European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Norway (Near Threatened; Kålås et al. 2010); Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010). Additional studies are needed into the taxonomy, abundance, and general ecology of this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Panurgus,canarius,,Panurgus canarius,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its overall large population and no major threats. However, the species has a very restricted range with a very small area of occupancy.",Unknown,"Panurgus canarius is present in the Canary Islands (Tenerife and Lanzarote) and North Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,418 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km².",This species is abundant in the Canary Islands. In northern Africa more information is needed but it seems to be scarce. The population trend is unknown.,"This species lives in open areas, grasslands and shrublands. Females forage on Asteraceae.",There are no major threats affecting this species.,No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Panurgus,canescens,,Panurgus canescens,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable population, and no major threats.",Stable,"Panurgus canescens is abundant in Spain and Portugal. The species expands east into France, Italy, Corsica, along the Mediterranean coasts (Patiny et al. 2005). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,604,944 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 292 km².",This species is abundant and its population trend is stable.,"It is found in scrub, margins of crops and roads, preferably in agricultural landscapes.",There are no major threats affecting this species.,No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Panurgus,cephalotes,,Panurgus cephalotes,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable population, and no major threats.",Stable,"Panurgus cephalotes is abundant in the Iberian Peninsula and also present in France and North Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 730,084 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 536 km².",This species is widespread and abundant. Its population trend is considered stable.,"It lives in open areas, shrublands and grasslands. Females forage on Asteraceae.",There are no major threats affecting this species.,No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Panurgus,corsicus,,Panurgus corsicus,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,"Panurgus corsicus is endemic to Corsica and Sardinia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 46,977 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 204 km².",There is no information available on the population size or trends of this species.,There is no information about the habitat and ecology for this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"Additional studies are needed into abundance, trends, general ecology and threats to this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Panurgus,dargius,,Panurgus dargius,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on the population size and trend, the threats and the status of this species in Spain.",Unknown,"Panurgus dargius ranges in the western Iberian Peninsula and North Africa (Patiny 2005). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 199,985 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km².",This species is rare. The population trend is unknown and this species is poorly known in Spain.,"This species is found in open fields, edges of forests, roads and crops. It forages on Asteraceae.",The threats to this species are unknown.,Additional studies are needed into abundance and trends of this species and the major threats to this species.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Panurgus,dentipes,,Panurgus dentipes,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)	Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed overall and stable population and no major threats.",Stable,"Panurgus dentipes is very abundant in much of western Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,656,951 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,356 km².",This species is abundant and its population trend is stable.,"This species prefers crops and road margins, and grasslands where they exist. Females forage on Asteraceae.",There are no major threats affecting this species.,This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994); Germany (Near Threatened; Westrich et al. 2008).  No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Panurgus,meridionalis,,Panurgus meridionalis,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Listed as Least Concern in view of its presumed large overall and stable population. However, this species has a restricted distribution with a small area of occupancy.",Stable,"Panurgus meridionalis is a narrow endemic to south-eastern Spain (Patiny et al. 2005). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,471 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km².",This species is rare but its population trend is considered stable.,"This species forages on flowers growing on edges of crops and roads and in volcanic landscapes (Cabo de Gata, Almeria).",This species is threatened by the elimination of flowers in crop and road edges and the intensive use of pesticides.,No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Panurgus,perezi,,Panurgus perezi,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of the presumed overall stable and large population, and no major threats.",Stable,"Panurgus perezi is abundant in the Iberian Peninsula and present in north Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 484,217 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 260 km².",This species is abundant and the population trend is considered stable.,It lives in open areas in shrublands and grasslands. Females forage on Asteraceae.,There are no major threats affecting this species.,No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Panurgus,pici,,Panurgus pici,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its distribution, status, population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,Panurgus pici is recorded in one locality in the Iberian Peninsula (Gibraltar) and in Ceuta. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².,There is no information available on the population abundance of this species.,There is no information about the habitat and ecology for this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"Additional studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, trends, general ecology and threats to this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Panurgus,siculus,,Panurgus siculus,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its status, population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,"Panurgus siculus is mainly present in Sicily. The data from Corsica and northern Sardinia are doubtful and could be the consequence of former revisions and taxonomical confusion. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 337,042 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 104 km².",There is no information available on the population abundance of this species.,There is no information about the habitat and ecology for this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"Additional studies are needed into the taxonomy, abundance, trends, general ecology and threats to this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Paradioxys,pannonica,,Paradioxys pannonica,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Dioxys pannonica was described from Hungary and is a Euro-Asiatic species that spreads from central Europe to the northeastern Mediterranean, and outside of Europe towards the Middle East and Iran (Popov 1936, Warncke 1977, Straka et al. 2007, Gusenleitner et al. 2012, Ascher and Pickering 2012).",It is a rare species and there is no information available on the current population size or trend.,"It is known to inhabit temperate forest, temperate and Mediterranean-type shrubland, temperate grassland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Gusenleitner et al. (2012) included Megachile (Chalicodoma) parietina as its host. Its flies in June.","The threats to this species are not known. Generally, it may be threatened by global habitat loss, due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing, commercial, industrial, tourism and urban areas, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes. The use of agrochemicals severely impacts this species and many other bees, and could lead to a population decline in them.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and specific threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Parammobatodes,maroccanus,,Parammobatodes maroccanus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is very little data about Parammobatodes maroccanus for the assessment of the species. Only a single locality is known from Europe. No information about population trends, habitats and ecology or threats are known. Research should be conducted to determine the status of the species especially as its range is likely to be only very small.",Unknown,"Warncke (1983) described this species from type material collected in Morocco. Additional material from the Canary Islands (Gran Canaria) was also recorded (Hohmann et al. 1993). Both, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are 4 km2.",The population size and trend of this species are unknown.,"There is no information regarding the habitat of this species and the ecology is also not well known. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. According to Warncke (1983) Camptopoeum nadigi is the host of this species.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Parammobatodes,minutus,,Parammobatodes minutus,,,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed as Endangered as the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 320 km2, although the actual value may be larger; the population of the species is severely fragmented due to its specific habitat; and there is an observed decline in the extent and quality of salt marshes, where the species' host primarily resides. Salt marshes are threatened biotopes in general, because they are considered a wasteland, not useful for utilization by man. Changes in the surface water regime like the drying of the marshes, water balance stabilization, overgrowing of bare salt soil, and the absence of grazing regimes cause a decline in the quality of the salt marshes.",Stable,"This species is distributed sporadically across central and eastern Europe. Outside of Europe, the species is found in Turkey and the Caucasus (Warncke 1983). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 857, 520 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 320 km2.","This species is very rare throughout its entire range. Due to the species' strict ecological (host and biotope) specialization, the populations seem to be distinctly separated and thus severely fragmented to several isolated sub-populations. Though the species is rare, the populations and distribution range seems to be relatively stable.","This species inhabits salt marshes and sandy sites. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Camptopoeum friesei and C. frontale are believed to be the hosts (Warncke 1983), one of which (C. frontale) is specialised in foraging at flowers of Centaurea (Asteraceae) (Banaszak 1995), the former has been confirmed (Rozen 2009).","The threats to this species have not been proved, but changes in the management of the species' primary habitat, salt marshes, are thought to threaten the species. Changes in the surface water regime such as the drying of the marshes, water balance stabilization, succession on bare salty soil, and the absence of grazing regimes cause a decline in the quality of the salt marshes. The grazing of cows, buffaloes, and pigs in overgrown alkaline salt marshes are used for the stabilization of the biotope in Kiskunsagi Nemzeti Park in Hungary (F.P. Szabó pers. comm. 2013).","This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trends, habitat and ecological requirements. The species was confirmed in three national Parks in Europe: National Park Neusiedler See-Seewinkel in Austria (Rozen 2009), Danube Delta in Romania, and Kiskunsagi National Park in Hungary (J. Straka pers. obs. 2013).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Pasites,maculatus,,Pasites maculatus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is widespread and locally common, while the threats are not strong at present, especially in the southern parts of Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the species' population trends and further threats.",Stable,"The species distributed in south and central Europe, north to Kazan in Russia and it is also found in north Africa (Warncke 1983). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 6,056,849 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is at least 1,616 km2 for Europe.","This species is widely distributed, however it is very local throughout Europe. This species can be very common at some localities, because its hosts often nest in large, dense aggregations. The population trends are not confirmed, but seems to be stable at this time.","The species is found in warm open biotopes with bare substrate.The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Pseudapis diversipes, P. femoralis, P. unidentata and probably other species of this genus are the hosts. The reported host association with Melliturga clavicornis is unlikely (Warncke 1983).","Plant succession on bare soil is very likely to reduce the suitability of nesting habitats for the host species. However the threats are currently not very prevalent, especially in southern Europe.","This species is included in a National Red List of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Straka 2005) and Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Protosmia,asensioi,,Protosmia asensioi,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Protosmia asensioi is endemic to Spain and Portugal (van der Zanden 1994b).,The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"Protosmia asensioi possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in bore holes in pithy stems. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of resin (Griswold 1985). The flower preferences of this species are unknown.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Protosmia,capitata,,Protosmia capitata,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Protosmia capitata is endemic to Spain and Portugal (Müller 2013).,The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"Protosmia capitata possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in insect burrows in dead wood. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Protosmia,exenterata,,Protosmia exenterata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Protosmia exenterata is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,Protosmia exenterata occurs in southwestern Europe but also in northern Africa (Müller 2013).,The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"Protosmia exenterata possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in empty snail shells (e.g., Bulimus) with up to five cells per shell. The cell partitions and nest plug are made of resin (Ferton 1894). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Protosmia,glutinosa,,Protosmia glutinosa,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Osmia glutinosa is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Protosmia glutinosa is a Mediterranean-centred species occurring in southern Europe but also in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Amiet et al. 2004, Müller 2013).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Protosmia glutinosa possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests abandoned cells in exposed nests of other aculeates, insect burrows in the ground, empty snail shells with one cell per shell. The cell partitions are made of resin (Benoist 1931,  Popov 1961, Moreno-Rueda et al. 2008). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Protosmia,longiceps,,Protosmia longiceps,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Protosmia longiceps is only known from Greece. This species also southwestern Asia (Mavromoustakis 1955b).",The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"Protosmia longiceps possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in insect burrows in dead wood (Morawitz 1876). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Protosmia,minutula,,Protosmia minutula,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Protosmia minutula is endemic to central and southern Europe (Griswold and Parker 1987, van der Zanden 1994b, Amiet et al. 2004).",The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Protosmia minutula is currently unknown. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, with a preference for small-flowered Lamiaceae (e.g., Teucrium spp.) (Müller 1996b, unpublished data A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).  Pollen-collecting females climb the filaments of the stamina of Teucrium montanum,  the flowers of which lack an upper lip, until the head is beyond the  uppermost anthers, by rapidly see-sawing the underside of the abdomen  against the anthers, the bees then directly picks up the pollen into the  abdominal scopa (Müller 1996b, Müller et al. 1997).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Protosmia,monstrosa,,Protosmia monstrosa,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Protosmia monstrosa is only known from Greece and Cyprus. This species also occurs in northern Africa and in southwestern Asia (Mavromoustakis 1939b, Mavromoustakis 1955b, Griswold and Parker 1987, van der Zanden 1994b, Kuhlmann et al. 2014)",The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"Protosmia monstrosa possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in small crevices in large stones and probably also in insect bore holes in dead wood (Mavromoustakis 1939b). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Protosmia,montana,,Protosmia montana,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Protosmia montana is only known from Greece in Europe and Turkey in southwestern Asia (Müller 2012a).,The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Protosmia montana is currently unknown. This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (Müller 2012a).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Protosmia,paradoxa,,Protosmia paradoxa,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Protosmia paradoxa is only known from Greece and Cyprus. The species also occurs in southwestern Asia (Mavroumoustakis 1939b, Popov 1961, Tkalcu 1978, Kuhlmann et al. 2014).",The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"Protosmia paradoxa possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in empty snail shells (e.g., Eobania, Helicella) (Mavromoustakis 1939b). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Protosmia,sideritis,,Protosmia sideritis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Protosmia sideritis occurs in southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia (Tkalcu 1978).,The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"Protosmia sideritis possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in empty snail shells (e.g., Helicella) (Tkalcu 1978). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Protosmia,stigmatica,,Protosmia stigmatica,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, Protosmia stigmatica is only known from France, Spain and Greece. This species also occurs in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Ducke 1900, Stanek 1969a).",The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The ecology of Protosmia stigmatica is currently unknown. The males of the species have never been recorded.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Protosmia,tauricola,,Protosmia tauricola,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Protosmia tauricola is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Protosmia tauricola is known from southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia (Medvedeva 1978, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Protosmia tauricola possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in empty snail shells (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). The flower preferences of this species are unknown.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Protosmia,tiflensis,,Protosmia tiflensis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Protosmia tiflensis is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population.,Unknown,"Protosmia tiflensis occurs in southern Europe and southwestern Asia (Popov 1961, Medvedeva 1978, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001).","The population size and trends of this species are not known although due to the species' wide distribution and solitary behaviour, it is presumed to have a large population.","Protosmia tiflensis possibly occurs in temperate grasslands, forests (or forest edges) and in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. It nests in insect burrows in dead wood, probably also in holes in stones (Schmiedeknecht 1890, Ducke 1900). This species is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Michez, D., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Pseudoanthidium,alpinum,,Pseudoanthidium alpinum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Anthidium alpinum was described from the Caucasus (Dagestan) and it has a northeastern Mediterranean distribution, north to central Europe (Hungary and Romania) (Warncke 1980, Ornosa et al. 2008, Grace 2010). Ascher and Pickering (2012) included Sicily in the species map, presumably based on Pseudoanthidium alpinum ssp. gregoriense, a subspecies that later Nobile (1995) considered a mistake and raised it to the species level.",The population size and trends for this species are not known because the records are scarce and old.,"There is little recent information available for this species. It is presumed to inhabit temperate forest, shrubland and grassland, Mediterranean-type shrubland, arable land and pasture land. According to Müller (1996) and Grace (2010), it is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Cardueae species (Asteraceae).","The threats to this species are not known. Generally, it may be threatened by global habitat loss, due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing, commercial, industrial, tourism and urban areas, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes. The use of agrochemicals severely impact this species and many other bees and could lead to a population decline in them.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Pseudoanthidium,canariense,,Pseudoanthidium canariense,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Pseudoanthidium canariense is an endemic species to the Canary Islands. It occurs on the islands of La Gomera, Tenerife and Gran Canaria, up to 1,800 m asl (Hohmann et al. 1993).","It used to be a relatively common species, but there is no information available on the current population abundance of this species because the records are old; the last records were from the late eighties or early nineties (Hohmann et al. 1993).Its population is fragmented, in that there is little chance of genetic exchange between the separate island subpopulations of La Gomera, Tenerife and Gran Canaria.","The species is thought to occur on volcanic landscapes, subtropical grassland and shrubland. The flying period runs from February to June (Hohmann et al. 1993).","The threats to this species are not known. Generally, it may be threatened by global habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing, commercial, industrial, tourism and urban areas, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes. The use of agrochemicals severely impacts this species and many other bees, and could lead to a population decline in them.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and specific threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Pseudoanthidium,cribratum,,Pseudoanthidium cribratum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, ecology and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species as it has only been found on a few Greek islands so it may well require listing as threatened in Europe.",Unknown,"This species has a northeastern Mediterranean distribution, spread over continental Greece and the Aegean islands (Lindos, Lesbos and Rhodes), Turkey, Israel, the Caucasus, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Iran (Stanek 1968, Warncke 1980, Grace 2010, Ascher and Pickering 2012).",There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.,"Pseudoanthidium cribratum inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland, temperate grassland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. It has a flight period from May to July and has been collected on Centaurea species (Grace 2010).","The threats to this species are not known. Generally, it may be threatened by global habitat loss, due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing, commercial, industrial, tourism and urban areas, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes. The use of agrochemicals severely impact this species and many other bees and could lead to a population decline in them.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, ecology and specific threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Pseudoanthidium,eximium,,Pseudoanthidium eximium,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 700 km2 and the species' population is severely fragmented, in that there is little chance of genetic transfer between subpopulations. Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Further research is required to determine the population trends and any specific threats as this species may need upgrading to a threatened category in the future.",Unknown,"The species has a western Palearctic distribution, found in Spain, France, Italy and Bulgaria. Outside of Europe it is found in the Caucasus and Iran (Warncke 1980, Ornosa et al. 2008, Grace 2010, Ascher and Pickering 2012). The approximate area of occupancy (AOO) is 700 km2.","There is no information available on the population trend of this species, but it is rare and has a severely fragmented population, in that there is little chance of genetic exchange between subpopulations, with very few recent records. For example, in France there is a record (Massif du Queyras) from 2001 (Bonneau 2001) and in Spain, only two individuals were collected from the last 24 years (Ortiz-Sánchez 1990, Ornosa and Martínez 1995).","The species inhabits temperate and Mediterranean-type shrubland, temperate grassland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. It forages upon Asteroideae within the Asteraceae family, Onopordon sp. and Lythrum sp. of the Lythraceae family, and Apiaceae such as Eryngium campestre (Ornosa and Martínez 1995, Müller 1996, Grace 2010). In Spain it appears to have a preference for mountain habitats.","The threats to this species are not known. Generally, it may be threatened by global habitat loss, due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing, commercial, industrial, tourism and urban areas, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes. The use of agrochemicals severely impacts this species and many other bees, and could lead to a population decline in them.","Pseudoanthidium eximium is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Specific conservation actions to preserve its current rare and fragmented distribution and its isolated and small subpopulations should be taken. The species is found in protected areas. It is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Pseudoanthidium,melanurum,,Pseudoanthidium melanurum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and presumably large overall.,Unknown,"This species has a western Palearctic distribution, spread over the Mediterranean basin, from Portugal up to Germany, Bulgaria and Romania in central Europe, to Turkey, north Africa, the Middle East and the Caucasus (Dusmet 1908, 1915, Warncke 1980, Ortiz-Sánchez 1990, Ornosa et al. 2008, Grace 2010, Comba and Comba 2010, Ascher and Pickering 2012).","The population size and trends for this species are not known, because most of the records are quite old. However, a few individuals have been collected in different sites fairly recently: two in Greece (1999-2000, Standfuss et al. 2003) and five in Spain (unpublished data from 2009 and 2012, F.J. Ortiz-Sanchez pers. comm. 2014). The entire population is presumably large despite appearing locally small.","The species inhabits temperate forest, shrubland and grassland, Mediterranean-type grassland, semi-desert, arable land and pastureland. It flies from May to July. The flowers it visits are from the Asteraceae family, principally Centaurea and thistles (Cardueae) (Müller 1996, Grace 2010).","The threats to this species are not known. Generally, it may be threatened by global habitat loss, due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing, commercial, industrial, tourism and urban areas, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes. The use of agrochemicals severely impacts this species and many other bees, and could lead to a population decline in them.","The species is listed in the National Red List of Germany as Regionally Extinct (Westrich et al. 2011). It occurs in protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, wider distribution, population size and trends, specific threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Pseudoanthidium,nanum,,Pseudoanthidium nanum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and has a presumably large population overall.,Unknown,"Pseudoanthidium nanum is a native northwestern Palearctic species, distributed across Europe, from the north Mediterranean, the Middle East, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Iran and Pakistan (Warncke 1980, Comba 1991, Rasmont et al. 1995, Gogala 1999, 2013, Grace 2010, Gusenleitner et al. 2012, Kuhlmann et al. 2014). The species has been introduced in the United States (Ascher and Pickering 2012).",This species is quite common. There is no further information available on the current population size and trend.,"Pseudoanthidium nanum inhabits temperate forest, shrubland and grassland, Mediterranean-type shrubland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. It has been collected from June to November. It feeds principally on flowers of the Asteraceae, and its nests are constructed in hollow stems and the cell partitions are made of cottony plant down (Gogala 1999, 2013; Grace 2010, Ascher and Pickering 2012).","The threats to this species are not known. Generally, it may be threatened by global habitat loss due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing, commercial, industrial, tourism and urban areas, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes. The use of agrochemicals severely impacts this species and many other bees, and could lead to a population decline in them.","Pseudoanthidium nanum is not subject to any targeted conservation action. The species is listed in the National Red List of Germany as Vulnerable (Westrich et al. 2011). It occurs in some protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size, trends, and specific threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Pseudoanthidium,reticulatum,,Pseudoanthidium reticulatum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This is a western Palearctic species, distributed from southern and central Europe along the Mediterranean basin to Turkey, north Africa and the Middle East, up to the Caucasus (Dusmet 1908, Mavromoustakis 1954, Tkalců 1975a, Warncke 1980, Ornosa and Martínez 1995, Ornosa et al. 2008, Ascher and Pickering 2012).","There is no information available on the global population trend of this species, but it is rare and apparently it has a fragmented distribution, with very few recent records. For example, in Algeria three individuals have been recorded (2005 and 2008) (Aguib et al. 2010) and in Spain, other three individuals have been recently collected (2008 and 2012; unpublished data, F.J. Ortiz-Sanchez 2014).","Pseudoanthidium reticulatum inhabits temperate forest, shrubland and grassland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. The flight period runs from May to September. According to Müller (1996) and Grace (2010) it is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, on thistles within the Cardueae, but it has been also collected feeding on Rosaceae, Rubus ulmifolius (Ornosa and Martínez 1995) and other Asteraceae, as well as Centaurea algeriensis, Centaurea nicaeensis, Cucurbitaceae and Cucumis melo (Aguib et al. 2010). In Spain it appears to prefer montane habitats.","The threats to this species are not known. Generally, it may be threatened by global habitat loss, due to deforestation and degradation because of human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing, commercial, industrial, tourism and urban areas, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes. The use of agrochemicals severely impacts this species and many other bees, and could lead to a population decline in them.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size, trends and specific threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Pseudoanthidium,scapulare,,Pseudoanthidium scapulare,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as the only recent records in Europe are from Spain and the population size and trends of the species are unknown. The species is currently taxonomically valid although this may change as there are differing opinions on its taxonomic and genetic status. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.,Unknown,"A western Mediterranean species that occurs in Spain, France, Morocco and Algeria (Tkalců 1975a, Ornosa et al. 2008, Aguib et al. 2010, Ascher and Pickering 2012). It has also been found in Switzerland, Italy and Slovenia (Gogala 1999, Comba and Comba 2001, Amiet et al. 2004).","The population size and trends for this species are not known, as most of the records are from the eighties (Dusmet 1908, Tkalců 1975a, Comba and Comba 2001). However, recently, some individuals have been collected in Algeria (2002 and 2008) (Aguib et al. 2010) and Spain (2008-2011) (unpublished data, F.Ortiz-Sanchez pers. comm. 2014). Some subpopulations may be locally common, but on the whole the population is small and fragmented.","The species inhabits Mediteranean-type shrubland, temperate and hot desert, arable land and pasture land. The species flies from June to September (Amiet et al. 2004). It has been recorded visiting Asteraceae species. Its nests are constructed in hollow stems, mostly in Rubus sp. and it is kleptoparasitised,  by Stelis punctulatissima and S. ornatula, in that these bee species lay their eggs with those of Pseudoanthidium scapulare (Dusmet 1908, Gogala 1999, Amiet et al. 2004).","Although it is only known from a small and fragmented area, there appear to be no immediate threats to the species. Generally the species may be threatened by global habitat loss, due to deforestation and degradation through human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes.","The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends and future threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Pseudoanthidium,tenellum,,Pseudoanthidium tenellum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species was described from Hungary (Mocsáry 1881) and then reported from Austria, Germany (Schwarz et al. 1996), Slovakia and  Romania (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). Outside of Europe, it has been found in Algeria (Tkalců 1975a) and the central Asian part of the former USSR (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). Ornosa et al. (2008) considered the Algerian record very doubtful although Aguib et al. (2010) have included the species in their paper on Algerian Megachilids, basing that distribution only on Tkalců’s reference from 1975, but they did not add new records. Ascher and Pickering (2012) did not include the Central Asian and Algerian records.","The abundance and population size and trends for this species are not known because all of the records are scarce and old from the 19th century, 1935, 1957, 1971 or they are unconfirmed (Mocsáry, 1879, Tkalců 1975a, Schwarz et al. 1996, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Pridal 2004).","It is thought to inhabit temperate forest, shrubland and grassland, Mediterranean-type shrubland, arable land and pasture land. The species has been recorded visiting Asteraceae species (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). It flies from June to August (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001).","The threats to this species are not known. Generally, it may be threatened by global habitat loss, due to deforestation and degradation through human activities such as residential and commercial development for tourism and recreational areas, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes. The use of agrochemicals severely impacts this species and many other bees, and could lead to a population decline in them.","The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size, trends, and specific threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Rhodanthidium,acuminatum,,Rhodanthidium acuminatum,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)The species is listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be no more than 400-500 km2 and the populations are severely fragmented, meaning there is little chance of genetic exchange between subpopulations. Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Research is required to determine the population trends and any further threats to the species as it may require listing in a threatened category in the future.",Unknown,"This is a scarce Mediterranean species, described from Turkey (Mocsáry 1884), that spreads from Sicily in Italy, central Greece towards Asia Minor and Morocco (Warncke 1980, van der Zanden 1996, Ornosa et al. 2008, Grace 2010, Ascher and Pickering 2012). The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be no more than 400-500 km2.","The species is only found on mainland Greece and Sicily, and its population can be said to be severely fragmented, as there is little chance of genetic transfer between subpopulations. Grace (2010) pointed out that it is a scarcely recorded bee. There is no further information available on the population trend of this species.","The species is thought to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland, temperate grassland, semi-desert, arable land and pasture land. There is little information available for this species. The flight period runs in June (Warncke 1980) and it is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, but with preference for Liliaceae (Müller 1996).","The threats to this species are not known. Generally, it may be threatened by global habitat loss, due to deforestation and degradation through human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing, urban areas, commercial and industrial areas, and tourism and recreational areas; herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes. The use of agrochemicals severely impacts this species and many other bees, and could lead to a population decline in them.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Rhodanthidium,caturigense,,Rhodanthidium caturigense,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species as it has a restricted and fragmented population which means it could be classified as threatened or Near Threatened in the future.",Unknown,"Rhodanthidium caturigense is a rare montane species distributed into isolated subpopulations in the Pyrenees (Spain) and the Alps (France, Italy and Switzerland) (Rasmont et al. 1995, Ornosa et al. 2008). Other southern records from Spain need to be confirmed. The species also spreads to Asia Minor.","There is no information available on the current population trend of Rhodanthidium caturigense, but the species is rare and its population is small and fragmented, in that there is little chance of genetic exchange between the isolated subpopulations.","It is an orophilous species, i.e. it thrives in sub-alpine or mountainous regions. It flies from May to August (Ornosa et al. 2008, Grace 2010). It prefers open areas in mountain pine forests, grasslands and alpine meadows. Müller (1996) and Amiet et al. (2004) stated that it is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarily on Boraginaceae, Cariofilaceae, Cruciferae, Lamiaceae, with a strong preference on Fabaceae species.   According to Grace (2010), Rhodanthidium caturigense jerusalemicum seems to be strongly oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Fabaceae species.","The threats to this species are not known. Generally, it may be threatened by global habitat loss, due to deforestation and degradation through human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing, urban areas, commercial and industrial areas, and tourism and recreational areas; herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes. The use of agrochemicals severely impacts this species and many other bees, and could lead to a population decline in them.","The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Switzerland as Anthidium caturigense (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It has been recorded within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Rhodanthidium,ducale,,Rhodanthidium ducale,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Rhodanthidium ducale is a rare montane species distributed into isolated subpopulations in the Balkans (Albania, Greece), Bulgaria, Turkey and the Caucasus (Pasteels 1969, Warncke 1980, Ornosa et al. 2008).","There is no information available on the current population trend of this species, but the population is small and fragmented, in that there is little chance of genetic transfer between subpopulations.","There is very little known about the habitat or ecology of this montane species, although it is thought to inhabit temperate forest and shrubland, as well as forest and grassland with a boreal climate. It flies from May to June (Morawitz 1876, Grace 2010). There is no other information available.","The threats to this species are not known. Generally, it may be threatened by global habitat loss, due to deforestation and degradation through human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing, urban areas, commercial and industrial areas, and tourism and recreational areas; herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes. The use of agrochemicals severely impacts this species amongst many other bees, and this could lead to a decline in their population.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and specific threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Rhodanthidium,infuscatum,,Rhodanthidium infuscatum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends, ecology and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"It is a western Mediterranean species that spreads across the north Mediterranean, from Spain to Croatia (Dalmatia and the island of Korcula), and across the south Mediterranean, from Morocco to Tunisia (Dusmet 1908, Mavromoustakis 1947, 1954; Diniz 1989, Warncke 1980, Ortiz-Sánchez 1990, Ornosa et al. 2008).  Rhodanthidium infuscatum bellicosum (Lepeletier, 1841) is distributed in Spain, Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia (Dusmet, 1908, Tkalců 1975a, Ornosa et al. 2008).  Rhodanthidium infuscatum infuscatum (Erichson, 1835) appears in the Iberian Peninsula (including Andorra), France and Croatia (Warncke 1980, Ornosa et al. 2008, Ascher and Pickering 2012).",It is a rare species and the European records are old. Further research is needed to identify its real area of occupancy and population size. There is no further information available on the population trend for this species.,"Rhodanthidium infuscatum inhabits temperate and Mediterranean-type shrubland, temperate grassland, arable land, pasture land and semi-desert regions. It flies in June and July. There is little information available for this species.","The threats to this species are not known. Generally, it may be threatened by global habitat loss, due to deforestation and degradation through human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing, urban areas, commercial and industrial areas, and tourism and recreational areas; herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes. The use of agrochemicals severely impacts this species amongst many other bees, and this could lead to a decline in their population.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, ecology, and specific threats to the species.",This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Rhodanthidium,septemdentatum,,Rhodanthidium septemdentatum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species has a northwestern Palearctic distribution, from Portugal to Iran and the Caucasus (Mavromoustakis 1948c, 1958, Standfuss et al. 2003, Ornosa et al. 2008).  The nominal subspecies, Rhodanthidium septemdentatum septemdentatum, presents a western Paleartic distribution (Warncke 1980, Ornosa et al. 2008). Rhodanthidium septemdentatum rufocinctum (Alfken, 1930) is endemic to Crete (Greece) (Mavromoustakis 1948c, 1958, Warncke 1980). Rhodanthidium septemdentatum faciale is found in Turkey, Cyprus, Lebanon, Rhodes and Israel (Warncke 1980, Grace 2010) and also in Palestine (Mavromoustakis 1948c) and in the Caucasus (Azerbaijan) (Warncke 1980).  The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 3,600 km2.","Many of the records are old, although it has recently been collected in certain sites in Greece (Standfuss et al. 2003) and Spain (F. Ortiz-Sanchez, C. Ornosa and F. Torres pers. obs. 2008-2012). There is no further information available on the population size and trend of this species.","Rhodanthidium septemdentatum inhabits temperate forest, shrubland and grassland, Mediterranean-type shrubland, arable land, pasture land and possibly semi-deserts. It has a flight period from March to September, and it is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarily on the flowers of the Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Labiatae and Leguminosae. Females collect resin from the trunks of the evergreen forest tree Pinus halepensis and make their brood cells in empty shells of the land snails (Mavromoustakis 1948c, Grace 2010).","The threats to this species are not known. Generally, it may be threatened by global habitat loss, due to deforestation and degradation through human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing, urban areas, commercial and industrial areas, and tourism and recreational areas; herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes. The use of agrochemicals severely impact this species amongst many other bees and this could lead to a decline in their population.","The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.",This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Rhodanthidium,siculum,,Rhodanthidium siculum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"It is a western Mediterranean species, although it is more prominent in north Africa than it is in Europe. It spreads across Portugal, Spain, France, Sicily and continental Italy (Dusmet, 1908, 1915, Diniz 1989, Ortiz-Sánchez 1990, Ornosa et al. 2008, Ascher and Pickering 2012). Outside of Europe it found in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya (Benoist 1950, Tkalců 1975a).",This is a rare species and the records from Europe are old. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"Rhodanthidium siculum inhabits temperate and Mediterranean shrubland, temperate grassland, arable land, pasture land and semi-desert regions. It has a flight period from April to July and it is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, primarily on the flowers of Asteraceae, Cruciferae, Lamiaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae and Rubiaceae species.","The threats to this species are not known. Generally, it may be threatened by global habitat loss, due to deforestation and degradation through human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing, urban areas, commercial and industrial areas, and tourism and recreational areas; herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes. The use of agrochemicals severely impacts this species amongst many other bees, and this could lead to a decline in their population.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Rhodanthidium,sticticum,,Rhodanthidium sticticum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"A Mediterranean species that spreads across the Iberian Peninsula, France, Italy and Croatia, north Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya) and the Middle East (Dusmet 1908, 1915; Tkalců 1975a, Warncke 1980, Diniz 1989, Ortiz-Sánchez 1990, Ornosa et al. 2008). The species is found at altitudes up to 1,500 m asl.  There is another subspecies from north Africa, Rhodanthidium sticticum ordonezi (Dusmet 1915), that is endemic to Morocco (Dusmet 1915).","It seems to be relatively common locally, although the subpopulations may be severely fragmented as they are small and isolated with little chance of genetic exchange. There is no information available on the size and trend of the global population because many of the records are old. Nevertheless, some recent records have been found from France (Vereecken et al. 2007) and Spain (F. Ortiz-Sanchez et al. pers. obs. 2008-2012, Vargas et al. 2010, 2013).","Rhodanthidium sticticum inhabits temperate shrubland and Mediterranean-type shrubland, temperate grassland, arable land, pasture land, urban areas, introduced vegetation and semi-desert regions. It has a flight period from April to August. It is polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plant species, and feeds principally on flowers of the Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Malvaceae, Orchidaceae (through pseudocopulation), Resedaceae, Rosaceae and Scrophulariaceae families (Vereecken et al. 2007, Vargas et al. 2010, 2013). The species makes their brood cells in the empty shells of land snails (Dusmet 1908, 1915, Moreno-Rueda et al. 2008).","The threats to this species are not known. Generally, it may be threatened by global habitat loss, due to deforestation and degradation through human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing, urban areas, commercial and industrial areas, and tourism and recreational areas; herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes. The use of agrochemicals severely impacts upon this species amongst many other bees and this could lead to a decline in their population.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.","Romero, D.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Rhophitoides,canus,,Rhophitoides canus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large and stable overall population.,Stable,"Rhophitoides canus is distributed from Belgium to European Russia and from Bulgaria to Poland. This species is also recorded outside Europe to Bashkiria in the east, in Asia as far in the east as Transbaikalia, Mongolia (Hovd, Töv, Selenge, Dornod), Korean Peninsula (first record), and northwestern China (Pesenko and Astafurova 2006). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,820,137 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 504 km2.",There is no information available on population size but the populations are large and seem more or less stable.,"Rhophitoides canus lives in steppic habitats including dry meadows, xerothermic slopes and forest edges (Pesenko et al. 2000). Also it occurs in agricultural landscapes. The species nests in open places with sparse vegetation. It nests gregariously, sometimes in vast nesting aggregations of up to 100,000 nests at a density of about 130 nests/m2 in suitable habitat. Unusually, in mown sites, the nests are found in the denser grassy area (Pesenko et al. 2000). Females collect pollen on Fabaceae, mainly Medicago (Westrich 1989). It is an important pollinator of Fabaceae crops. It is known to collect pollen from Coronilla varia and Medicago sativa (Fabaceae). Pesenko et al. (2000) state that the species specialises in Fabaceae pollen and lists Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens, Medicago sativa, Medicago falcata, Medicago media and Lotus corniculatus. They also report visits to Knautia arvensis (Dipsacaceae); Convolvulus arvensis (Convolvulaceae); Symphytum officinale (Boraginaceae); Scrophularia nodosa (Scrophulariaceae); Ballota nigra (Lamiaceae); Plantago media (Plantaginaceae); Allium cepa (Liliaceae); Centaurea cyanus, Taraxacum officinale, Cirsium arvense and Tanacetum vulgare (Asteraceae). These latter species probably represent nectar sources.",There appear to be no major threats to this species.,"The species appears on the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Moldova (Vulnerable; Dectiu 2002) and Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994). Further research is needed into the population size and trend and the main threats affecting this species.",This species is not traded but Zharinov (1979) highlights the possibility of increasing the abundance of the species for pollination of commercial alfalfa. Its colonies readily nest on specially prepared platforms and propagate rapidly.,"Pauly, A. & Nieto, A.","Patiny, S., Michez, D., Roberts, S. & Rasmont, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Rhophitoides,epiroticus,,Rhophitoides epiroticus,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)The species is known from Greece, Macedonia and Sicily. Although it has a large extent of occurrence, its area of occupancy, based on available records, is restricted (24 km2). Given the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats, the species is assessed as Data Deficient. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is endemic to Europe, where it is recorded from Greece, Macedonia and Sicily (Schwammberger 1975). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 190,754 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2 based on available records.",There is no information on the population size and trend for this species.,The habitat and ecology of this species are unknown.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"Research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Pauly, A. & Nieto, A.","Patiny, S., Michez, D., Roberts, S. & Rasmont, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Rophites,algirus,,Rophites algirus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This spcecies is listed as Data Deficient because, although the species has a wide distribution, there is no information on the population size and trend, and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species, in particular because it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"The species is widely distributed throughout central and southeastern Europe, from Switzerland, east to European Russia, north to Poland and south to Greece (Ebmer and Schwammberger 1986). It is found in northern Africa in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, and in the Middle East in Israel and Lebanon. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,317,577 km2 and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 380 km2 (although this is very likely a severe underestimate).",There is no information on the population size and trend for this species.,"The species inhabits grasslands and shrublands, including dry, sparse grasslands, path verges (Westrich 1989). Females are oligolectic, foraging on pollen of Lamiaceae (genera Clinopodium, Stachys and Ballota) (Ebmer and Schwammberger 1986, Westrich 1989). It is a univoltine species, flying as a single generation from mid-June to mid-July. The bee Biastes emarginatus is cited as a cleptoparasite of this species (Pesenko et al. 2000).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species appears on the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Pauly, A. & Nieto, A.","Patiny, S., Michez, D., Roberts, S. & Rasmont, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Rophites,clypealis,,Rophites clypealis,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,Rophites clypealis is distributed in Turkey and Crimea. There is one record only in Europe.,There is no information on the population size and trend for this species.,The habitat and ecology of this species are unknown.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"Research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Pauly, A. & Nieto, A.","Patiny, S., Michez, D., Roberts, S. & Rasmont, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Rophites,foveolatus,,Rophites foveolatus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,Rophites foveolatus is mainly recorded in Turkey (Ebmer and Schwammber 1986). There is one described population in Europe (Greece).,There is no information on the population size and trend for this species.,The habitat and ecology of this species are unknown.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"Research is needed into the population size and and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Pauly, A. & Nieto, A.","Patiny, S., Michez, D., Roberts, S. & Rasmont, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Rophites,hartmanni,,Rophites hartmanni,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is present in central and southeastern Europe: Austria, Poland, Ukraine, Greece, Hungary, Czech Republic, Greece, Bulgaria and Russia. It is also recorded in Israel and Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,108,314 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 176 km2.",There is no information on the population size and trend for this species.,"Rophites hartmanni inhabits grasslands and was recorded to visit different plant families. It is believed to be an oligolectic species, specialising in Lamiaceae (Banaszak 1995). A. Pauly (pers. comm. 2014) lists Origanum (Lamiaceae), and Melilotus (Fabaceae) and other Fabaceae are cited by Ebmer and Schwammberger (1986). It flies from July to September (Pesenko et al. 2000). The species will nest in aggregations. Details of the nest architecture are outlined in Malyshev (1925) and reiterated in Pesenko et al. (2000)",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is included in the National Red List of Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005). Research is needed into the population size and trend, and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Pauly, A. & Nieto, A.","Patiny, S., Michez, D., Roberts, S. & Rasmont, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Rophites,hellenicus,,Rophites hellenicus,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"Rophites hellenicus is present in Bulgaria, Greece and Macedonia (Ebmer and Schwammberger 1989). It is distributed in mountains (between 1,500 m and 1,800 m asl in Greece). The species is endemic to Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 34,988 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km2.",There is no information on the population size and trend for this species.,The habitat and ecology of this species are unknown.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"It is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book. Research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occur in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Pauly, A. & Nieto, A.","Patiny, S., Michez, D., Roberts, S. & Rasmont, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Rophites,leclercqi,,Rophites leclercqi,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements, and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"Rophites leclercqi is recorded in Greece, Bulgaria and Turkey (Ebmer and Schwammberger 1989). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 14,493 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2.",There is no information on the population size and trend for this species.,The habitat and ecology of this species are unknown.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"It is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book. Research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Pauly, A. & Nieto, A.","Patiny, S., Michez, D., Roberts, S. & Rasmont, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Rophites,quinquespinosus,,Rophites quinquespinosus,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)This species is listed as Near Threatened because although the area of occupancy (AOO) is 896 km2, the actual value of the AOO is probably higher around 2,500 km2 as only few entomologists collect this species. The species has declined and the remaining populations are severely fragmented. There is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals due to changing agricultural practices, thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Further research is needed to monitor the population trends of this species.",Decreasing,"Rophites quinquespinosus is recorded from Greece to Sweden and from the Pyrenees to Estonia (Ebmer and Schwammberger 1989). The species is also recorded in Siberia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,331,882 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 896 km2. The AOO is probably underestimated because a few entomologists collect this species with rare, small and dark specimens. The actual value of the AOO is probably around 2,500 km2.",Many subpopulations of Rophites quinquespinosus are decreasing or going extinct in a significant part of its range. The remaining subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and are therefore considered to be severely fragmented.,"Rophites quinquespinosus flies from June to the end of August (Pesenko et al. 2000). Floral visits are recorded on Ballota nigra, Betonica officinalis, Stachys sylvatica, Stachys recta and Campanula rotundifolia (Ebmer and Schwammberger 1989). The females are specialists on the pollen of Lamiaceae. Habitat is restricted to steppe and dry areas such as dry meadows, glades, roadsides and xerothermic swards in open woodland (Pesenko et al. 2000). The species nests in small aggregations (Pesenko et al. 2000) in bare ground. The bee Biastes emarginatus is cited as a cleptoparasite of this species (Pesenko et al. 2000).","Habitats and host-plants of this species are threatened by changing agricultural practices (e.g., increase of nitrogen deposition, herbicides and the trend to replace hay with silage). These changes in practice have caused a decline in the essential forage plant species.","The species appears on the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Sweden (Regionally Extinct; Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994). Research is needed into the population size and trend and to better understand the threats affecting the species. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Pauly, A. & Nieto, A.","Patiny, S., Michez, D., Roberts, S. & Rasmont, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Rophites,thracius,,Rophites thracius,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,Rophites thracius is endemic to Bulgaria and is only known from two localities (Ebmer 1993).,There is no information on the population size and trend for this species.,The habitat and ecology of this species are unknown.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"It is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book. Research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Pauly, A. & Nieto, A.","Patiny, S., Michez, D., Roberts, S. & Rasmont, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Schmiedeknechtia,oraniensis,,Schmiedeknechtia oraniensis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient because the species is only known from one doubtful record in Europe. Further research is needed to estimate the population size and trend, habitat ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is only known from a single old record from Spain (Granada). This record is considered as doubtful (Schwarz 1993). Elsewhere, the species is known only from a few records from Algeria and Tunisia (Schwarz 1993).",The population size and trend of this species are unknown.,"The habitat and ecology of this species is unknown, but it probably occurs at sandy sites with bare surface, including ruderal areas. The species is a kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The host of this cuckoo bee is Camptopoeum variegatum Morawitz, 1876 (Schwarz 1993) (as Epimethea variegatum).",The threats to this species are unknown in Europe.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Allen, D.J.","Straka, J. & Bogusch, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,ANDRENIDAE,Simpanurgus,phyllopodus,,Simpanurgus phyllopodus,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, status and threats.",Unknown,Simpanurgus phyllopodus is described from only one locality in central Spain. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².,There is no information available on the abundance or population trends of this species.,This species inhabits grasslands supporting Eryngium (Apiaceae).,The threats to this species are unknown.,"Additional studies are needed into taxonomy, abundance, trends, general ecology and threats to this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,,,"Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Patiny, S.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,albilabris,,Sphecodes albilabris,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of the species' widespread distribution and the fact that locally it is highly abundant. However research should be conducted to determine the species' population trends.,Unknown,"Sphecodes albilabris is found throughout much of Europe, from the Iberian Peninsula towards eastern Europe, and north towards Denmark, Estonia, southern Finland and Sweden. The species is absent from Norway, Britain and Ireland. Outside of Europe, the species' range extends to Asia (Westrich 1989, Warncke 1992, Bogusch and Straka 2012).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,090,968 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 5,232 km2.",The species is locally highly abundant (Bogusch and Straka 2012). There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species usually occurs in warmer regions and can be found on sandy sites, sand dunes, river banks and semi-deserts. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Colletes cunicularius (Linnaeus) is the main host of this specialized bee (Blüthgen 1934, Westrich 1989). It has only one generation per year. It is highly probable that the females survive for a long time and fly in early summer, when Colletes is no longer available. In this situation Sphecodes albilabris can accept another (secondary) host. Old worn females have been observed entering nests of Melitturga clavicornis and the larvae of S. albilabris were excavated and described from its nest by Rozen (1965). Blüthgen (1934) also stated Halictus quadricinctus as an unconfirmed host. Females of S. albilabris have been observed invading nests of Halictus quadricinctus at the exact same site as Rozen’s (1965) observation of this species parasitizing Melliturga clavicornis. This was observed at Stroupeč Natural Monument in the Czech Republic (P. Bogusch and J. Straka pers. obs. 2011).The suggested parasitic activity of the second generation, e.g., in the nests of Dasypoda hirtipes, seems to be highly unlikely (A. Přidal pers. comm. 2013). Adult females and males emerge in July, mate, and the females find shelter overwinter. There is no place for parasitic activity before overwintering (Bogusch and Straka 2012).",There are no known major threats for this species.,"The species is listed in National Red Lists of Switzerland as Vulnerable (Amiet et al. 1994). Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. The species occurs in at least one protected area (Stroupeč Natural Monument - CZ)",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,algeriensis,,Sphecodes algeriensis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe the species is only found in Spain and Portugal. Outside of Europe the species is found in the Maghreb region of north Africa - Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia (Warncke 1992).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 27,655 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 144 km2.",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,alternatus,,Sphecodes alternatus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of the species' widespread distribution and the fact that it is common throughout most of its range i.e., in southern Europe.",Unknown,"A southern European species ranging from the Iberian Peninsula, to Switzerland, Slovakia and Hungary in central Europe, and Ukraine and European Russia, in the east. Outside of Europe, the species is found from Turkey to Turkmenistan, and it is also present in north Africa (Warncke 1992, Amiet 1999, Bogusch and Straka 2012).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,644,710 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 992 km2.",It is quite a common species in various warm biotopes in southern Europe and is an abundant species in extensive sandy sites. In central Europe it is rare (Bogusch and Straka 2012). There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"This species prefers warm sites, especially sand dunes and it is thought to inhabit Mediterranean-type and temperate shrubland, temperate and subtropical grassland, temperate deserts, pastureland, rural gardens, and rocky areas (Bogusch and Straka 2012). It is an abundant species in extensive sandy sites such as military training areas or larger sand quarries. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The hosts are unconfirmed. It was observed in association with Halictus compressus in Hungary (P. Bogusch pers. obs. 2000-2011). Blüthgen (1934) recorded Halictus patellatus as the likely host and Halictus langobardicus is another likely host.It is a univoltine species, i.e., it has one generation per year.",There are no main threats important for this species.,"The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,anatolicus,,Sphecodes anatolicus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species was described by Warncke (1992) although further taxonomic research is needed. This species was formerly recorded only from Turkey (Warncke 1992), however it has been found in Spain and Sicily (Italy) although these records are unpublished. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 449,844 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 80 km2.",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, distribution, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,atlanticus,,Sphecodes atlanticus,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species as it could become threatened especially as the species is only known from Gran Canaria.",Unknown,"The species was described by Warncke (1992) and is endemic to Gran Canaria, the second largest island of the Canary Islands (Warncke 1992). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,560 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 80 km2.",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. There is no further information available on either the habitat or ecology (including hosts) of this species.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,barbatus,,Sphecodes barbatus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as the species is only known in Europe from one old unpublished record from Greece and there is lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is known only from Turkey (Warncke 1992) however, one old unpublished record from Greece was found in collections. It is very similar to S. majalis and further taxonomic research is needed to establish the true status of the two taxa.",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species does not occur in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ taxonomy, population size, trends, distribution, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,combai,,Sphecodes combai,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is found in Italy, including Sardinia and Sicily, and Greece (Nobile and Turrisi 2004). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 829,577 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 336 km2.",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"It can be assumed that this species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. There is no further information available on the habitat or the ecology of this species.","The threats to this species are not known, but in common with other species associated with phryganic habitats, it may be susceptible to overgrazing and an increase in the incidence of fires.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ taxonomy, population size, trends, distribution, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or utilised commercially.,"Roberts, S., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,crassanus,,Sphecodes crassanus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Although this species has only been described recently, studies on the material show that it is common in south-western and south-eastern Europe, as well as the Near East and north Africa. There are no major threats to this species. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.",Unknown,"This species is found in southern Europe from Spain to Greece, and only found as far north as Switzerland (Warncke 1992, Amiet 1999). Outside of Europe it is found in Algeria (Bogusch and Straka 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,835,592 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 204 km2.",A common species in open biotopes. There is no further information available for the either the population size or trend of this species.,"The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The species can be found in open biotopes of south Europe, both east and west. It probably occurs at warm sites with sandy or loose soils.",There are no known major threats.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,crassus,,Sphecodes crassus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern due to the species wide distribution and presumed large and stable overall population throughout most of its range. Research should be conducted to determine any future threats to this species.,Stable,"This species is distributed in Europe north to 64° N in Sweden, Finland and Norway and the British Isles. Outside of Europe, it occurs in Turkey, Iran, and north Africa (Warncke 1992). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,054,010 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,220 km2.","This is one of the most numerous Sphecodes species in western and central Europe, but relatively rare in southernmost parts of Europe (Bogusch and Straka 2012). The population trend can be considered stable.","The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. It usually occurs in semi-open biotopes with shrubs, forest-steppes, steppes, and forest margins. It can also occur in orchards, gardens and other urban areas. This species is a nest kleptoparasite of smaller species of Halictidae. Sick et al. (1994) experimentally proved Stoeckhert’s (1933) finding of Lasioglossum pauxillum (Schenck) as a host, Westrich (1989) and Vegter (1993) mentioned also L. punctatissimum (Schenck) as a confirmed host. Other similar species are likely to be hosts as well: L. quadrinotatulum (Schenck) recorded as likely host by Alfken (1912), L. nitidiusculum (Kirby) by Stoeckhert (1933) and L. prasinum (Smith) by Vegter (1993). The hosts can be different in parts of the distributional area, as L. prasinum is rare in central but quite common in north-western Europe (Bogusch and Straka 2012).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is listed in the National Red List of Ireland (Data Deficient; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the threats affecting this species.It is present in protected areas throughout its range, such as Glynde, Mount Caburn NNR, Lullingston Heath NNR, Old Winchester Hill NNR, Southaven and Studland Heath NNR in the United Kingdom.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,creticus,,Sphecodes creticus,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"Sphecodes creticus is only known from the Greek island of Crete (Warncke 1992). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,548 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 112 km2.",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species can be assumed to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland as that is the predominant habitat on Crete. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,cristatus,,Sphecodes cristatus,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Listed as Near Threatened as the area of occurrence (AOO) is 364 km2 and the quality and extent of the species' preferred habitat, i.e., sandy semi-desert sites, are in decline. Thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Research should be conducted to determine the host species as well the study of the population trends.",Unknown,"The species is widespread throughout most of Europe, north to Sweden, but absent from the British Isles and Balkan Peninsula. Outside of Europe it is known from Turkey, Tajikistan and Mongolia (Westrich 1989, Warncke 1992, Bogusch and Straka 2012).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,984,303 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 364 km2.",A very rare species and in most countries it is only known from a few records (Bogusch and Straka 2012). There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species is known to inhabit sand dunes, larger sandy sites and possibly rural gardens. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Blüthgen (1934) mentioned Lasioglossum nigripes (Lepeletier) as the likely host, but this species differs in ecology. Westrich (1989) mentioned Halictus confusus and H. subauratus as likely hosts, without any evidence. In our observations, the most likely host is H. leucaheneus and probably also H. seladonius (P. Bogusch and J. Straka pers. obs. 2013). Few specimens of Sphecodes cristatus were collected at places with common occurrence of H. leucaheneus in Slovakia, Hungary and Mongolia and the association seems to be possible (P. Bogusch and J. Straka pers. obs. 2001-2011). However, the most likely host, H. leucaheneus, and the kleptoparasite, S. cristatus are both rare in central Europe, and to prove the host association is difficult.","This species is dependent on its hosts as it is kleptoparasitic, but unfortunately, the host has not been conclusively identified so we cannot make any clear statement on the likely threats. The main threat to this species is likely to be through the loss of habitat, in particular, sandy areas including inland dune systems. It is thought that these areas are in decline due to natural habitat conversion through succession.","The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Threatened but level unknown; Westrich et al. 2011), Sweden (Critically Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010), and Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet et al. 1994). Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, habitat and ecology (in particular the host-parasite relationship), and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,croaticus,,Sphecodes croaticus,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Listed as Near Threatened as it has an area of occupancy (AOO) of 588 km2, and it is specialised on habitats that are threatened by the encroachment of invasive plants and shrubs and the extent and quality are therefore in decline. Thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Future research on the population trends is important as this may lead to the species being classified as threatened.",Unknown,"The species is found in southern Europe as far south as Cyprus, and it reaches central Europe. Outside of Europe, it is found in Russia, Turkey and Morocco (Warncke 1992). Due to the confusion with Sphecodes pseudofasciatus and Sphecodes zangherii, and therefore the misidentification of the species, the distribution may be incorrect. Material was examined from: Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain and Turkey (Bogusch and Straka 2012).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,965,719 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 588 km2.",A rare species of warm open habitats and very rare in the warmest parts of central Europe (Bogusch and Straka 2012). There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"A rare species of warm open habitats, usually steppes or on loose walls, or sandy dunes. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Lasioglossum interruptum is the only published host (Blüthgen 1934, P. Bogusch and J. Straka pers. obs. 2001-2011, M. Herrmann pers. comm. 2013).","This species is specialized to inhabit loose walls (or similar habitats) and steppe biotopes, which are threatened throughout Europe because they are overgrown by invasive plants and shrubs. These steppe habitats are thought to be in decline (P. Bogusch pers. comm. 2013).","The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011). Research should be conducted on the species’ taxonomy (to correct the misidentifications and therefore the details of the geographic range), population size, trends, and threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,cypricus,,Sphecodes cypricus,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Cyprus (Warncke 1992).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,614 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2.",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"It can be presumed to inhabit Mediterranean shrubland due to its occurrence on Cyprus. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.","The threats to this species are not known, but in common with other species associated with phryganic habitats, it may be susceptible to overgrazing and an increase in the incidence of fires.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,dusmeti,,Sphecodes dusmeti,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is found in southern Europe from Iberia to the Balkans, Greece and Bulgaria. Outside of Europe it is found in Morocco, Algeria and Turkey (Warncke 1992). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,087,505 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 148 km2.","Based upon the species' area of occupancy, we can say the species is rare within its known geographic range (P. Bogusch pers. comm. 2013). There is no further information available for the either the population size or trend of this species.","The species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland, temperate grasslands, rocky areas, pasture land, and rural gardens (Bogusch and Straka 2012). The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. There is no further information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, and the hosts remain unknown.",The threats to the species are unknown.,"The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994). Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,ephippius,,Sphecodes ephippius,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern due to the species wide distribution, abundant population in most of its range, and the lack of any major known threats. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends and future threats to this species, especially in the Netherlands (where it is Red Listed).",Unknown,"The species is found throughout most of Europe, from Iberia east towards Ukraine and European Russia and from Greece, as far north as 62°N, in Norway and Finland. Outside of Europe the species is found from Morocco to Egypt and Turkey, through Asia to Japan (Warncke 1992, Bogusch and Straka 2012).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 9,767,011 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,064 km2.","A dominant species in central Europe but it is not quite as common in south Europe probably because of competition with other species of the genus (Sphecodes gibbus, S. nomioidis). There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.","The species has no preferred habitat and occurs nearly everywhere, in grasslands, shrublands, semi-desert and sandy areas, agricultural areas (arable land, plantations, pasture land), urban areas, and rural gardens. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. It is a generalist with 18 known hosts. Bogusch et al. (2006) recorded the following species as confirmed hosts with complete references: Halictus tumulorum, Lasioglossum laticeps, L. leucozonium, L. malachurum, L. pauxillum and L. quadrinotatulum. In addition Andrena barbilabris, A. flavipes, A. chrysopyga, A. labialis, A. minutula, A. wilkella, Halictus maculatus, H. rubicundus, Lasioglossum fratellum, L. lativentre, and L. prasinum were published as likely, unconfirmed hosts. The same authors also proved the individual specialization of the females of this species, in that females in certain areas only parasitise the nests of one host species. It could be one of the reasons why this species is so numerous and widespread. Additionally, Andrena argentata was observed as a host of S. ephippius.",There are no major threats to this species.,The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Netherlands as Vulnerable (Peeters and Reemer 2003). Research should be conducted to determine the population trends and if there are any threats to the species. The species certainly occurs in protected areas.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,ferruginatus,,Sphecodes ferruginatus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern due to the species wide distribution and the lack of any major known threats. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends and future threats to this species.,Unknown,"The species is widespread throughout Europe, from the United Kingdom to Greece, and from Spain north-east towards Finland. Outside of Europe, it is found in Turkey (Warncke 1992) and also Kazakhstan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,962,016 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,792 km2.",In central Europe the species is widespread but rare and uncommon in its localities. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species usually inhabits grasslands, shrublands and sunny slopes, but not in warm areas. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Lasioglossum fulvicorne is the only known documented host (Stoeckhert 1933). Similar species such as L. laticeps and L. pauxillum have been published as likely hosts of this species (Stoeckhert 1933, Westrich 1989). Surveys on localities with these species present did not support this as the females of S. ferruginatus were invading only nests of L. fulvicorne (Bogusch and Straka 2012).",There are no known major threats to this species.,"The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010), Ireland (Vulnerable; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006) and the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003). Research should be conducted on the species’ population trends and threats to the species. The species occurs in protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,geoffrellus,,Sphecodes geoffrellus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern due to the species wide distribution, abundant population throughout most of its range, and the lack of any major known threats. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends and any future threats to this species.",Unknown,"The species is widespread throughout much of Europe from southern Spain and Greece, north to Scotland and Finland. Outside of Europe it is also present in Morocco, Tunisia, Turkey, and the Near East (Warncke 1992).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,847,547 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,088 km2.","A very common species in southern Europe while in central Europe it is also widespread and numerous, although recently it has become sparser, probably due to the spread of similar species such as Sphecodes miniatus and Sphecodes nomioidis (Bogusch and Straka 2012). Potentially decreasing in central Europe, although this is not certain.","The species has no strong habitat preference but it can be found on termperate grassland and shrubland, Mediterranean-type shrubland, rocky areas, pasture land and rural gardens. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. It is a generalist that parasitises several hosts: Lasioglossum leucopus, L. morio and L. nitidiusculum (Westrich 1989) and L. pauxillum (Bogusch 2003). There are other possible hosts such as L. fratellum (Field 1996), L. rufitarse (Neumeyer and Obrist 2000), L. sexstrigatum (Vegter 1993) and L. marginellum (Westrich and Westrich 2006). It is possible that this species invades nests of various smaller Lasioglossum species, and the females are individually specialized, as Bogusch et al. (2006) have confirmed in S. ephippius and S. monilicornis (Bogusch and Straka 2012).",There are no known major threats to the species.,The species is not included in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population trends. The species occurs in many protected areas.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,gibbus,,Sphecodes gibbus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern due to the species wide distribution, abundant population throughout most of its range, and the lack of any major known threats. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends and any future threats to this species.",Stable,"A widespread species throughout much of Europe, from Iberia east to Ukraine and European Russia, from Crete north to Scandinavia (63° N). Outside of Europe, the distribution area goes far into the Asian mainland and it is also present in north Africa (Warncke 1992).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 10,011,759 km2 but the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,220 km2.",One of the most numerous Sphecodes species in southern and central Europe (Bogusch and Straka 2012). The population trend is considered stable.,"This species prefers warm open or bushy habitats such as grasslands, shrublands, semi-desert, pasture land, and rural gardens. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. This species is very variable in appearance and also in host spectrum. The main hosts are larger or medium sized species of the genus Halictus such as H. quadricinctus, H. rubicundus, and H. sexcinctus (Westrich 1989), H. simplex (Bogusch 2003). Bogusch (2003) also confirmed Lasioglossum malachurum as a likely host. Other records of likely hosts are difficult to accept: Andrena vaga (Möschler 1938) and Colletes cunicularius (Riemann 1987). A nesting site of A. vaga was observed for several years, but no attempt to enter the nest by this cuckoo bee was observed, even though the activity of S. gibbus was observed few times in the area. Westrich (1989) also put Halictus maculatus as likely host, which can be accepted. The list of hosts is probably larger than recently known and individual specialization to various hosts across the distribution area is likely.",There are no known major threats to this species.,The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Ireland (Critically Endangered; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006) and the Netherlands (Near Threatened; Peeters and Reemer 2003). Research should be conducted on the species’ population trends and future threats to the species. The species occurs in protected areas.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,gomerensis,,Sphecodes gomerensis,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, habitat and if there are any threats to the species as it has such a small extent of occurrence and require a threatened status.",Unknown,"This species is known to be endemic to the island of Gomera, Canary Islands (Warncke 1992).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 20 km2 and the area of occupancy is 20 km2.",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The habitat of this species is unknown although Andrena chalcogastra is likely to be the host of this cuckoo bee (Warncke 1992).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not included in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. The species occurs in the Garajonay National Park.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,hirtellus,,Sphecodes hirtellus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. Research should be conducted to determine the status of the species.",Unknown,"The species is found in Portugal, Spain and the Canary Islands. It is also found in north Africa from Morocco to Egypt (Warncke 1992).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 977,570 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 96 km2.",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species inhabits grassland, semi-deserts, pasture land, and rural gardens. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. There is no further information available on the habitat or ecology of this species.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not included in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, habitat and ecology, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,hyalinatus,,Sphecodes hyalinatus,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,248 km2 and the species' habitat in submontane and montane regions are threatened by afforestation, succession and pollution and the extent and quality are thought to be in decline. Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends and any future threats to this species as it may become threatened in the future.",Unknown,"This species is widespread throughout much of central and northern Europe and it reaches as far north as northern Sweden and Finland, while it is rare in southern Europe (Westrich 1989, Warncke 1992).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,066,061 km2 but the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,248 km2.","In central Europe the species is locally rare, while it is rare in southern Europe. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.","The species inhabits sunny sites in cooler regions, and is usually found in boreal and temperate shrubland, temperate grassland, semi-deserts, and rocky steppes on non-basic substrate. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species such as Lasioglossum fratellum (Field 1996, P. Bogusch pers. comm. 2013) and L. fulvicorne (Westrich 1989, P. Bogusch pers. comm. 2013). The biology of L. fratellum and S. hyalinatus was studied by Heide (1992) and Field (1996). The abundance of this species is usually bound to the abundance of the hosts.","The main threat to the species is habitat alteration and loss of biotopes such as sunny hillsides in submontane and montane regions. Pollution caused by acid rain and aerosols, succession and afforestation all have a detrimental effect on the aforementioned habitats and the extent and quality of them are thought to be in decline due to this.","The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Ireland as Vulnerable (Fitzpatrick et al. 2006). Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, and threats to the species. The species occurs in protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,intermedius,,Sphecodes intermedius,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened due to the the area of occupancy (AOO) being 112 km2, although this is thought to be an underestimate, and the species' sporadic and severely fragmented distribution. Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends and any threats to this species as it may become threatened in the future.",Unknown,"In the Europe the species is known from the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Spain, Ukraine, and European Russia. Outside of Europe it is found in Turkey, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Algeria (Warncke 1992). Recently, the species was recorded at Bratčice in south Moravia (Czech Republic) in 2011 (Bogusch and Straka 2012).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,123,920 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 112 km2.","In all countries only one to several records are known, and most of them are very old. The species is very rare and with severely fragmented populations, in that there is little opportunity for genetic exchange between the sub-populations (P. Bogusch pers. comm. 2013). The population trend is unknown.","The biology of the species is poorly known but it is presumed to prefer warm and dry biotopes such as semi-deserts and rural gardens. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Two specimens were found on sand walls in Bratčice (Bogusch and Straka 2012). The host(s) of this cuckoo-bee remain unknown, but Halictus kessleri could possibly be a host (P. Bogusch and J. Straka pers. comm. 2013).",The threats to this species are not well known but its populations are considered to be severely fragmented thus exposing it to a greater risk of extinction in the presence of any threats.,"The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic as Regionally Extinct (Farkac et al. 2005) but Bogusch and Straka (2012) published a new record. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & Kemp, J.R.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,larochei,,Sphecodes larochei,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species especially as it is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria and because it could be classified as threatened due to the low extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria, the Canary Islands, Spain (Warncke 1992).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 860 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km2.",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,longuloides,,Sphecodes longuloides,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is only found in Spain, Portugal and Sicily (Warncke 1992). It is also found in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia in the Maghreb.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 773,203 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 68 km2.",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,longulus,,Sphecodes longulus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and there are no major threats to the species, although it is rare throughout Europe. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and any potential threats to the species.",Unknown,"The species is found throughout most Europe, from Iberia through central Europe towards eastern Europe and the Balkans. It is found as far north as the United Kingdom, Denmark and Finland. Outside of Europe it is found eastwards towards Tajikistan (Westrich 1989, Warncke 1992, Sörensson et al. 2009, Madsen and Calabuig 2011, Bogusch and Straka 2012).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,813,596 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,808 km2.",It is a rare species of sandy sites and is uncommon where it is found in Europe. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species inhabits sandy sites, shrubland, grassland, semi-desert, pasture land and rural gardens. This species is kleptoparasitic on small species of Lasioglossum: L. minutissimum is a confirmed host (Alfken 1912b). Vegter (1993) brought evidence of two additional hosts: L. leucopus and L. zonulum, which is possible. Other likely hosts are the following: L. lucidulum and L. sexstrigatum published by Vegter (1993) and L. morio mentioned by Westrich (1989). During our observations nests of L. punctatissimum and L. semilucens were also invaded by females of this species (Bogusch and Straka 2012).",There are no major threats to this species.,"The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005) and Sweden (Data Deficient; Gärdenfors 2010). It occurs within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,majalis,,Sphecodes majalis,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) Listed as Near Threatened (NT) because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 304 km2, although this is suspected to be an underestimate, and the extent and quality of the species' habitat is in decline through afforestation and vegetational succession. The species is also bound to its rare host species, Lasioglossum pallens. Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Further research is required to determine the population trends to be able to estimate a population decline as this species may well be threatened.",Decreasing,"The species is predominantly found in central Europe as well as the Mediterranean. The species also occurs in Asian Russia and Algeria (Warncke 1992).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,283,270 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 304 km2.","A very rare species of steppes and sunny sites whose population is dependent upon its host, Lasioglossum pallens. The population of both species is decreasing and both are very rare (Herrmann et al. 2003, Bogusch et al. 2007).","A very rare species of steppes, sunny sites, both temperate and sub-tropical grassland and shrubland, and also pasture land. It is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, and it is bound to its host, Lasioglossum pallens. Herrmann et al. (2003) described the biology of both the host and the parasite. The species is only around when its host occurs in spring (both males and females), so it is only recordable during a few days or weeks from March to May, therefore it seems to be rarer than it is (Bogusch and Straka 2012).","It occurs upon hill slopes and steppes where the host is abundant and occurs only a few weeks a year. These habitats are in decline and are threatened throughout Europe by afforestation and vegetational succession. Both the host and S. majalis are becoming rarer (Herrmann et al. 2003, Bogusch et al. 2007).","The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005) but this species were collected by P. Bogusch, J. Straka and other hymenopterists in the years 2006-2011, and Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,marginatus,,Sphecodes marginatus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern due to the species wide distribution and presumed large overall population in sandy biotopes. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends and any threats to this species.,Unknown,"This species seems to be atlanto-Mediterranean (absent from eastern Europe, Scandinavia and the British Isles). S. marginatus is confirmed in the following countries: Belgium, France, Germany (except the north), Denmark, Italy (Sicily), Portugal, Spain, Morocco and Tunisia (Bogusch and Straka 2012). The species occurs also in the Netherlands and Lithuania. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,504,159 km2 large and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 400 km2.",A very common species in much of western Europe while in central Europe it is very local and rather rare. The population trend of the species is unknown.,"A species of warm open biotopes, usually sandy sites. In central Europe it is associated with heathlands and sandpits and other open sandy biotopes. This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Regarding known hosts, Vegter (1993) cited Dufourea minuta Lepeletier as a likely host. However, the biology of both species is quite different, so this cannot be accepted. According to Bogusch and Straka (2012), small species of Lasioglossum occurring in sandy localities will be the hosts, e.g., L. lucidulum, L. punctatissimum, L. semilucens, L. sexstrigatum or L. sabulosum, but this needs further study (Bogusch and Straka 2012).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is listed in the National Red List of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the threats to this species, as well as into the trend of the population, together with monitoring. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,miniatus,,Sphecodes miniatus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern due to the species wide distribution, and presumed overall large population. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends and any future threats to this species.",Unknown,"This species occurs in most of Europe (north to southern Sweden and Finland). It is present in southern England, but is rare or absent in southern Europe (confirmed only in the Peloponnese). Outside of Europe, the species also occurs in the Caucasus but it is absent from north Africa (Warncke 1992, Bogusch and Straka 2012).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,723,854 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 956 km2.","It is a common species, especially of warmer and sandy sites in central Europe (Bogusch and Straka 2012), but it seems to be rare in south and north Europe. The population trend is unknown.","A species of warm open sandy sites. This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Westrich (1989) mentioned Lasioglossum nitidiusculum as confirmed host and Lasioglossum morio as likely host of this cuckoo bee. Vegter (1993) suggested L. sexstrigatum and Bogusch (2003) L. politum Schenck as a likely host. Females of this species have also been observed in association of L. pauxillum and L. punctatissimum. However, females of S. miniatus are similar to S. marginatus, and other small Sphecodes, so study of the specialization in the field is difficult (Bogusch and Straka 2012).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is listed in the National Red List and Red Data Book of Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010), Sweden (Vulnerable; Gärdenfors 2010) and Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002). The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size, trend and threats, together with monitoring to identify its future trend. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,monilicornis,,Sphecodes monilicornis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and common within its range.,Unknown,"The species is distributed throughout most of Europe, south to Crete and Cyprus and north to 64°N in Finland. Outside of Europe the species spreads towards the east through Asia to Japan, and it is also present in north Africa (Westrich 1989, Warncke 1992).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 10,826,046 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,596 km2.","A common species, especially in warm habitats. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.","A common species, especially in warm habitats that inhabits temperate grasslands and temperate and Mediterranean-type shrublands. It occurs mainly on steppes and sandy sites. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, and it seems to be a generalist with many hosts. Bogusch et al. (2006) summarized all known hosts of this species. The confirmed hosts are the following: Halictus rubicundus, Lasioglossum albipes, L. calceatum, L. leucozonium, L. quadrinotatulum and L. zonulum. L. malachurum is another confirmed host by our research. Vegter (1993) brought data of possible parasitisation in nests of L. prasinum, while Bogusch (2003) of Andrena flavipes, Halictus maculatus, H. tumulorum, Lasioglossum laticeps, L. pauxillum and L. villosulum. Thus the number of hosts of this species is high and the females are individually specialized. Most of the hosts are primitively eusocial and the females of Sphecodes monilicornis lay eggs either into their nests within the solitary phase in spring or summer worker phase (Westrich 1989).",There are no major threats to this species.,The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It occurs within many protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of this species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,niger,,Sphecodes niger,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as it is fairly widespread in Europe and there are no major threats to the species. However, it is not very commonly found in collections despite the abundance of its host and it being numerous in warm biotopes. Research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species, while determining if there are any future threats.",Unknown,"The species is predominantly found in central Europe from north-east Spain to Ukraine, and north to Latvia. Outside of Europe it is found in Turkey and north Africa (Westrich 1989, Warncke 1992, Bogusch and Straka 2012).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,336,957 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 964 km2.","The species can be common in warm biotopes, although it is usually not a very common species despite the fact it is widespread (P. Bogusch pers. obs. 2000-2013). There has been a marked increase of records in the UK since the mid 1990's (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The population trend is unknown.","The species inhabits temperate grasslands and shrublands, pasture lands, rural gardens, and rocky areas. The species is kleptoparasitic and the only confirmed host is Lasioglossum morio. Alfken (1912) also thought L. lucidulum could be a host. However, this species occurs mainly in sandy sites, where Sphecodes niger is uncommon (Bogusch and Straka 2012).",There are no major threats to this species.,"The species is listed in National Red List or Red Data Book of Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987), the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003), and Sweden (Vulnerable; Gärdenfors 2010). It occurs within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,nomioidis,,Sphecodes nomioidis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern in view of the species wide distribution and presumed large overall and increasing population. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends and any future threats to this species.,Increasing,"Sphecodes nomioidis seems to be ponto-Mediterranean species (absent from western Europe and north Africa). The occurrence of S. nomioidis was confirmed in the following countries: Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Jordan and Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,087,382 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 164 km2.",A common species in south-eastern Europe while in central Europe it occurs relatively locally. The species is currently expanding northwards and becoming more common at sandy sites in central Europe (Bogusch and Straka 2012).,"Ecology of this species is poorly known, because of confusion with S. marginatus. It occurs in warm sandy and loessic biotopes. It is a kleptoparasitic bee parasitising on other bees, however hosts are unknown (Bogusch and Straka 2012).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats, together with monitoring of the population trends. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,olivieri,,Sphecodes olivieri,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species especially as it has a relatively small range which means it could become listed as threatened.",Unknown,"The species is only found in Portugal, Spain, south France (Provence), and Sardinia (Warncke 1992). Outside of Europe the species occurs in north Africa.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 599,376 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km2.",There is no information available for the population size or trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,pellucidus,,Sphecodes pellucidus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the populations are locally common. Research however should be conducted to determine the population trends of this species.,Unknown,"The species is widely distributed throughout much of Europe. It is found in across the Mediterranean from southern Portugal and Spain to Crete and as far north as 66°N, in Sweden and Finland (Westrich 1989, Warncke 1992, Bogusch and Straka 2012). Outside of Europe the species is found in parts of Asia and north Africa.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 9,282,863 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,512 km2.","The species is locally common (Bogusch and Straka 2012). There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species, although on sandy lowland heathland sites in Britain the bee can be extremely plentiful (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).","The species is known to inhabit sandy sites, sand dunes and semi-desert biotopes. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Alfken (1913) confirmed the host, Andrena barbilabris. Witt (1992) described the biology of this host and the kleptoparasite. Schönitzer and Klinksik (1990) confirmed also A. nycthemera; Sick et al. (1994) confirmed Lasioglossum leucozonium as hosts of S. pellucidus. Other bee species of sandy biotopes were usually published as likely hosts: Andrena argentata, A. bicolor, A. humilis, A. ventralis and A. wilkella. Vegter (1993) mentioned also Lasioglossum prasinum as likely host. This species was probably common in the localities investigated by this author, because it was considered a likely host of many Sphecodes species. S. pellucidus was usually observed in association with A. barbilabris, and S. ephippius from the same localities invaded nests of A. argentata. S. pellucidus is thought to be specialized with A. barbilabris while other hosts are unlikely (Bogusch and Straka 2012).",There are no major threats to this species.,"The species is listed in National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Ireland (Vulnerable; Fitzpatrick et al. 2006) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It occurs within many protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of this species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,piceohirtus,,Sphecodes piceohirtus,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,The species is endemic to Tenerife in the Canary Islands (Warncke 1992).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 177 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2.,There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species, especially as it is an island endemic.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Straka, J. & Bogusch, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,pinguiculus,,Sphecodes pinguiculus,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is extremely small (100 km2) and the species' distribution is severely fragmented, in that there is little genetic exchange between sub-populations. Thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Further research is required to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",Unknown,"In Europe the species is only found in Spain, Hungary, Slovakia, Italy (Sicily), Ukraine, Cyprus, European Turkey and south European Russia. Outside of Europe the species occurs in north Africa, Mongolia (Warncke 1992) and Cape Verde (Bogusch and Straka 2012).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,792,233 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 100 km2.","This species is widely distributed in desert and semi-desert regions, where it can be quite abundant, but in Europe is very rare (Bogusch and Straka 2012). The population trend is unknown. The species distribution is severely fragmented, and there is little genetic exchange between sub-populations.","The species usually inhabits warm sandy areas and is widely distributed in semi-desert regions, where it can be quite abundant. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. This species is almost surely a parasite of Halictus lucidipennis on the Cape Verde Islands. It is the only available common bee at the sites with occurrences of S. pinguiculus. Possibly, H. lucidipennis is the main host in most areas of its occurrence, because this Halictus is a common species in desert and semi-desert areas from Mongolia, through the Mediterranean region to Cape Verde. H. smaragdulus is a possible host for the central European region, where the similar H. lucidipennis does not occur (Bogusch and Straka 2012).",The threats to this species are unknown.,The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,pseudocrassus,,Sphecodes pseudocrassus,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula (Warncke 1992).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 220,004 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 80 km2.",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,pseudofasciatus,,Sphecodes pseudofasciatus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The distribution is poorly known, because of the previously mistaken synonymisation of this species under S. croaticus by Warncke (1992). Material was examined and thus the distribution confirmed from Austria, Czech Republic, France, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Morocco, Turkey and Ukraine.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,078,588 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 360 km2.",This species is collected in low numbers and only a few records are known from each country. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland, temperate grassland, pasture land, and rural gardens. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The host of this kleptoparasite is unknown (Bogusch and Straka 2012). There is no further information available on either the habitat or ecology of this species.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Data Deficient; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the distribution, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,puncticeps,,Sphecodes puncticeps,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the populations are abundant in the species' favoured habitat. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.",Unknown,"The species is widespread throughout of Europe, as far south as southern Portugal and Spain, Crete and Cyprus and north to the United Kingdom, Sweden and Finland. Outside of Europe, the species is found in Asia, Egypt, Israel (Westrich 1989, Warncke 1992) and Iran (Bogusch and Straka 2012).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 10,534,254 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 8,768 km2.",In southern Europe the species is quite common and in central Europe it is usually abundant in sandy localities. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species inhabits warm sandy biotopes, Mediterranean-type shrubland and temperate grassland. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species and the only confirmed host is Lasioglossum villosulum, published by Alfken (1913). Bischoff (1927) put L. brevicorne as a likely host. Both hosts have been confirmed and S. puncticeps has also been observed in association with L. politum and L. sabulosum, but with no evidence (Bogusch and Straka 2012).",There are no major threats on this species.,"This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Finland (Vulnerable; Rassi et al. 2010), Norway (Endangered; Kålås et al. 2010) and Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010). It is known to occur within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,reticulatus,,Sphecodes reticulatus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as it is a quite common and widespread species in Europe. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends of this species.",Unknown,"The species is widespread throughout and is found as far south as Greece and Sicily and as far north as 62°N, present in south Sweden, Finland, and the British Isles. In the Mediterranean it is very rare, and known from Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey (Westrich 1989, Warncke 1992, Bogusch and Straka 2012). Outside of Europe it is found east towards Turkestan in Central Asia.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,357,494 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,448 km2.",The species is rare within much of its distribution area. There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species inhabits various biotopes, usually sandy sites, heathlands and sandpits. It is also present in other open or semi-open habitats such as steppes and shrubby sites (Bogusch and Straka 2012). The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Andrena barbilabris was mentioned as a confirmed host by Stoeckhert (1933) and Blüthgen (1934) mentions A. argentata, A. wilkella, Lasioglossum prasinum and L. leucozonium cedri as likely hosts (Blüthgen 1934, Vegter 1993, M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2012).",There are no major threats to this species.,"This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010), Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987), Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is known to occur within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of these species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,rubicundus,,Sphecodes rubicundus,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Listed as Near Threatened because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,276 km2 and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, as in recent years a large decline of its population  has been observed. In addition, there appears to be a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat; coastal grasslands in part of its distribution are declining due to industrial infrastructure and port development and, quarries, sandpits and mining where the species has been found recently, are susceptible to vegetational succession once they are no longer in use by humans. Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. A number of National Red Lists have listed the species as threatened (including Regionally Extinct (RE)). However, there is little information available on the population size and trends of the species so further research should be directed towards this.",Decreasing,"The species is widespread throughout Europe and is found as far south as southern Portugal and Spain to Crete, and as far north as 56° N, in England and Latvia. Outside of Europe it is found in the Urals, Armenia and Turkey (Westrich 1989, Warncke 1992).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,692,652 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,276 km2.","This species occurs in sandy open habitats and steppe habitats. It was always rare but in recent years a large decline of its population has been observed (Bogusch and Straka 2012). More recently, the species population has improved but in most cases it has only been found at post-industrial sites (Heneberg et al. 2013, P. Bogusch pers. obs. 2008-2013).","The species has been found to inhabit open habitats such as sandy sites, sand dunes, coastal grasslands, Mediterranean and temperate shrubland, pasture land and steppes. Recently, the species has been found at quarries, sandpits and mining areas. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, and Sowa and Mostowska (1978) have described the biology of Andrena labialis and confirmed it as a host of this species. Blüthgen (1934) also confirmed A. labialis and A. nigroaenea as a likely host of Sphecodes rubicundus. Torka (1925) reported on the possible parasitisation in the nests of A. agilissima. Currently, the above mentioned hosts mostly occur in different biotopes from S. rubicundus (Bogusch and Straka 2012), although S. rubicundus and Andrena labialis have been found flying together in coastal grassland in southern England (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The species is unusual in that the males fly early in the year (May) whereas most Sphecodes species produce males in July and August.","The species is possibly threatened due to the fact that its suspected host species are not often found in the same habitats as Sphecodes rubicundus. The species has recently been found in quarries, sandpits and mining areas, and these habitats are susceptible to vegetational succession once they are no longer in use by humans (Heneberg et al. 2013, P. Bogusch pers. obs. 2013). Coastal grassland sites in UK are threatened by industrial infrastructure and port development (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014).","This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Critically Endangered/Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). It occurs within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,rubripes,,Sphecodes rubripes,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is only found on the Spanish mainland, the Balearic Islands, and on Sicily, Italy (Warncke 1992, Nobile and Campadelli 1998). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 520,580 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 124 km2.",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species is thought to inhabit Mediterranean grassland and shrublands. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. There is no further information available on the habitat or ecology of this species.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,ruficrus,,Sphecodes ruficrus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern because it is a common and widespread species with no major threats.,Unknown,"The species is found in south and western European countries such as Spain, France, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, Hungary, European Russia. This species extends its distribution area to north-east Europe (Westrich 1989, Warncke 1992). The species is also known from north Africa and the Near East.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,948,256 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 560 km2.",The species is common on sandy sites in southern Europe. There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species inhabits sandy sites in southern Europe as well as Mediterranean shrubland, grassland, desert, pastureland and rural gardens. Herrmann (2006) described the biology of the hosts. The main host is Andrena humilis, while other possible host species are A. livens and A. taraxaci (Bogusch and Straka 2012). Westrich (1989) also reported Andrena decipiens as a host, but with no further details.",There are no known major threats to this species.,The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of this species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,rufiventris,,Sphecodes rufiventris,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the populations are common in the species' favoured habitat. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends of this species.",Unknown,"The species is widespread throughout much of Europe and it is found as far south as southern Spain and Cyprus and as far north as Estonia. It is absent from Scandinavia and Britain (Warncke 1992). Outside of Europe the species is found as far east as the Ural River. It is also present in Morocco, Algeria (Warncke 1992).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,330,729 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,496 km2.",The species is common on loose walls in warmer climates. In central Europe it is quite rare but more abundant in xerothermic habitats. The population trend is unknown.,"The species inhabits warm, open or shrubby habitats (forest steppes) and also grasslands, pastureland, plantations and rural gardens. The only known host is Halictus maculatus, recorded by Stoeckhert (1933) and Blüthgen (1934). Sphecodes rufiventris has only been observed in association with H. maculatus (Bogusch and Straka 2012).",There are no major threats to this species.,This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic as Vulnerable (Farkac et al. 2005). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of this species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,scabricollis,,Sphecodes scabricollis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population trends or threats. However, it is very rare in Europe and is listed on a number of National Red Lists. Urgent research should be conducted in order to determine the current status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is found throughout Europe as far south as Sicily, Italy and as far north to Finland. It is present in England and Wales but absent from the Balkan Peninsula and Turkey (Westrich 1989, Warncke 1992, Bogusch and Straka 2012). Outside of Europe it is possibly found in Azerbaijan and Georgia (Kuhlmann et al. 2012).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,751,664 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,060 km2.",A very rare species of sandy wetlands and in most countries it is endangered or extinct (M. Herrmann. pers. comm. 2011). The population trend is unknown.,"This species occurs in sandy wetlands; a habitat that is endangered or extinct in many countries (M. Herrmann pers. comm. 2011). It is also thought to inhabit temperate grasslands and semi-deserts. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, and the main host is Lasioglossum zonulum (Blüthgen 1934). Blüthgen (1934) also recorded Halictus compressus, H. quadricinctus and Lasioglossum prasinum as likely hosts.","The threats to this species are unknown, although in Britain it is susceptible to vegetational succession and afforestation in healthy grasslands and coastal grazing marshes (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014)","This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Threatened but level unknown; Westrich et al. 2011), Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987), the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994). It is known to occur within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,schenckii,,Sphecodes schenckii,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Listed as Near Threatened because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,032 km2, the species has a rare occurrence within its whole range, and it is thought that its preferred habitat is in decline. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species as it could become a threatened species.",Unknown,"The species is widespread throughout central and southern Europe from north-east Spain, east towards Ukraine and European Russia. Outside of Europe it is found in Turkey and Iran (Warncke 1992, Bogusch and Straka 2012).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,573,005 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,032 km2.",A rare species of warm localities and in most countries it is only noted from a few records (Bogusch and Straka 2012).,"A rare species of warm localities that is known to inhabit warm temperate grasslands and Mediterranean-type shrublands. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Lasioglossum discum is thought to be a host due to the similar distribution area, size and appearance (Blüthgen 1934). Grozdanić (1971) confirmed that this species is a host of S. schenckii. In northern Switzerland and in Germany L. discum is missing, so there has to be one or more other hosts, most probably Halictus simplex (M. Herrmann pers. comm. 2011) (Bogusch and Straka 2012).",The species is rare and only a few records are known from each country. This is possibly due to the threat from habitat loss through afforestation and vegetational succession.,"This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Germany (Critically Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,spinulosus,,Sphecodes spinulosus,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Listed as Near Threatened as the area of occupancy (AOO) is 824 km2 and the extent and quality of the species' preferred habitat - xerothermic grasslands, steppes, sunny hill slopes - is in decline. It is also a rare species and listed in four National Red Lists. However, there is no information available on the population trends and research should be conducted in order to determine if this species should be listed as threatened.",Unknown,"The species is widespread throughout Europe from the south of Spain and Greece north to England and the south of Sweden. It is found as far east as European Russia. Outside of Europe it is found in Turkey and north Africa and the distribution area probably extends east to Asia (Warncke 1992, Edwards and Telfer 2001).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,165,201 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 824 km2.","It is a rare species of warm biotopes. In central Europe, only a few records have come from recent years. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species. In Britain, it is far less plentiful than its host, and absent from many localities in which the host is found (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). The population trend is unknown.","A rare species of warm biotopes, usually steppes but also Mediterranean shrubland and grassland, semi-desert, pasture land and rural gardens. In central Europe, it has been recorded only a few times in recent years. The only known host is Lasioglossum xanthopus recorded by Stoeckhert (1933) and Blüthgen (1934). The species is unusual in that the males fly in May rather than later in the year (July and August) as is typical of most Sphecodes species.","The main threat to the species is through the loss of its preferred habitats - xerothermic grasslands, steppes, sunny hill slopes - by the succession from grassland to shrubland. These particular habitats are threatened throughout Europe and are thought to be in decline. Thus, the species is rare within its range.","This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), the Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Sweden (Endangered; Gärdenfors 2010) and Switzerland (Near Threatened; Amiet 1994). It is known to occur within protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Sphecodes,zangherii,,Sphecodes zangherii,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The distribution is poorly known due to the taxonomical problems with this species in the past. Warncke (1992) suggested a wide distribution in south and central Europe, from France to Asian Turkey and north to Germany and the Czech Republic. However, a large part of Warncke’s material was examined and only a few specimens from the Alps in France and Switzerland, north and central Italy and the mountains of Greece and Asian Turkey were found. All other specimens of S. zangherii determined by Warncke were mis-identified as Sphecodes croaticus (Bogusch and Straka 2012).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,412,105 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 240 km2.","A rare species in the mountains of warmer localities, but sometimes also found at lower altitudes. The population trend is unknown.","A rare species of warmer localities in mountains, but it is also found in low altitudes on temperate grassland and shrubland. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. The details of its biology are unknown (Bogusch and Straka 2012).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Kemp, J.R. & Nieto, A.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Stelis,aegyptiaca,,Stelis aegyptiaca,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"A Mediterranean species that has two subspecies. The nominal subspecies is found in Greece, while Stelis aegyptiaca canaria is found on Fuerteventura in the Canary Islands (Warncke 1992, Hohmann et al. 1993, Tkalců 1993, Ortega 2005, Ornosa et al. 2008, Dathe 2009). The most recent records of S. a. canaria are from 1982 and 1984, while the rest come from 1926-1935. The nominal subspecies is also found outside of Europe in Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Israel and United Arab Emirates. Grace (2010) noticed that this bee may be present in Libya, but it does not seem to have been found there; nevertheless, it was included in the Ascher and Pickering (2013) map. There are no recent data on this species as most of the records are old or because they do not contain dates and the sex of the material (Warncke 1992).","Stelis aegyptiaca is rare throughout its range and currently its population size is unknown. It was recorded from a few localities with a small number of individuals from each (12 in Canary Islands, Spain, and no more than 15-20 in the others, altogether). The most recent recordings come from 1993 and 1997 while most of the records are older. It is fragmented and there is little change of genetic exchange between subpopulations.","The species is thought to occur in Mediterranean-type shrubland and semi-deserts. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. It flies from March to May. In Algeria, it visits flowers from species with in the Scrophulariaceae and Asteraceae families (Aguib et al. 2014).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The island of Fuerteventura was declared a Biosphere Reserve and therefore the species occurs in a protected area. The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Stelis,annulata,,Stelis annulata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Decreasing,"Stelis annulata is distributed throughout the Mediterranean basin and it reaches Turkey, the Crimean Peninsula in Ukraine and Algeria in north Africa (Mavromoustakis 1960, Ornosa et al. 2008, 2009).","This species is rare throughout its range and the population trend is unknown, but it is probably decreasing. In Spain, the last records were included by Warncke (1992), but were probably from older records, as Ornosa et al. (2009) include data from 1932. The same seems likely for the other European records from Warncke (1992). In Ukraine the last record was from 2008 (Radchenko et al. 2009).","The species inhabits Mediterranean-type and temperate shrubland and temperate grassland. It is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, in particular, Trachusa interrupta and Trachusa pubescens (Amiet et al. 2004, Grace 2010). The species flies from July to September (Amiet et al. 2004).","The threats to this species are not known. Generally, it may be threatened by global habitat loss, due to deforestation and degradation through human activities such as residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, recreational activities, and large scale logging and wood harvesting.","There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species but it is recorded in the last edition of Red Data Book of Ukraine (Akimov 2009) and Radchenko et al. (2009) explained the necessity of additional protection measures in Crimea. It is also listed as Regionally Extinct in the Red List of Switzerland (Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Stelis,breviuscula,,Stelis breviuscula,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Although it is a rare species (mainly due to kleptoparasitism and its reliance upon its host species), it is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population and there are no known major threats. Research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.",Unknown,"A northern Palearctic species, found everywhere except in Japan. In Europe, it spreads from Scandinavia south to the Iberian Peninsula and east towards European Russia. It has been recorded from Algeria and Egypt (Ornosa et al. 2008, Grace 2010). It spreads eastwards until Central Asia (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001).","There appears to be no information available on the population size and trend of this species, although as it has very wide distribution it can presumed to have a large overall population.","This species occurs throughout a huge geographic range and therefore it lives in a varied range of habitats, from sea level to at least 2,450 m asl. It is thought to inhabit temperate and boreal forests and shrubland, tundra and temperate grassland, Mediterranean-type shrubland, semi-deserts, arable land and pasture land. It flies from May to September (Amiet et al. 2004). The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as Heriades crenulatus, H. truncorum (Amiet et al. 2004), Chelostoma sp. and Hoplitis adunca (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001).","There appear to be no known major threats to this widespread and somewhat adaptable species. Although it may generally be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes.",The species is listed as Vulnerable in the National Red List of the Netherlands (Peeters and Reemer 2003). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends for the species.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Ornosa, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Stelis,franconica,,Stelis franconica,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on the species' population size and trends. It is Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic and Extinct within Germany and this represents a large proportion of its known range so it may require listing as threatened in the future with more data available. Research should be conducted to determine the conservation status of the species.,Unknown,"The species is distributed in central and southern Europe (Amiet et al. 2004, Ornosa et al. 2008). It is not found outside of Europe.",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species inhabits temperate grassland, shrubland and forest, arable land and pasture land. It flies from May to July. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as Osmia mustelina (Amiet et al. 2004) and O. emarginata (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001).","It has been widely recorded in Europe, and sufficiently large areas of suitable habitat are presumed to remain within the species' geographic range. However, it may generally be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes.","In view of its wide distribution, the species is presumably present within a number of protected areas. The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2011). Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, population size, trends and specific threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Ornosa, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Stelis,gigantea,,Stelis gigantea,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there are little data on its distribution range, population size and trends, habitat, ecology and specific threats. Research should be conducted to determine the status of the species.",Unknown,"Stelis gigantea occurs in the eastern Mediterranean basin (Greece, Turkey) and the Middle East (Armenia and Iran) (Grace 2010, Ascher and Pickering 2013).",There are very few records for this species therefore the population size and trends are unknown.,"There is little information on this species, although it is thought to inhabit temperate forest and shrubland, Mediterranean-type shrubland, rocky areas and arable land. It flies in June and July, and some specimens have been seen visiting Boraginaceae flowers (Grace 2010). The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as Trachusa pubescens.","The particular conditions that this species requires are still poorly known but it is assumed that it must be threatened by habitat loss, due to human activities and climatic conditions (for example desertification as it occurs in very fragile habitats). Generally, it may be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing, urban areas, tourism and recreational areas, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes and severe weather.","There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place. The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.",This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Ornosa, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Stelis,hispanica,,Stelis hispanica,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is very little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in the north Mediterranean (Spain, Italy, Croatia, Bulgaria and Turkey) in isolated subpopulations (Warncke 1992, Ornosa et al. 2008, 2009, Schwarz and Gusenleitner 2010).","This species is extremely rare throughout its range and the population trend is unknown. It is clearly severely fragmented, in that there is little chance of genetic exchange between subpopulations. It was found in nine localities (four in Spain, two in Turkey, one in Italy, Croatia and Bulgaria each) and with a total of ten individuals. Only two of the records are recent (1993 and 2000) while the others, except the holotype, are dated from 1953 to 1979.","The habitat of the species is unknown, but most of the localities are from coastal areas in the Mediterranean. Only one of them was collected at a higher altitude in Turkey, at c. 1,200 m asl. It flies from April to July. The species is most probably kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species.","Generally, the species is threatened by habitat loss through the clearance of suitable shrubland and grassland habitats, and the degradation of coastal habitats. These are due to urban pressure from residential and commercial developments for residential and urban areas and tourism and recreational areas.","There are no direct conservation measures in place for Stelis hispanica. The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, habitat and ecology, population size and trends, and specific threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Stelis,iugae,,Stelis iugae,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in central and eastern temperate Europe and Turkey (Warncke 1992, Grace 2010).",There is no information on the population size and trend of this species.,"The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as Heriades truncorum (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001). It flies from July and August (Grace 2010). There are no specific record of flowers visited perhaps because it is a kleptoparasitic bee. The floral choices must be similar to the other species within the genus.","There appear to be no major threats to this species. However, it may generally be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes and severe weather.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and specific threats to the species.",This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Ornosa, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Stelis,minima,,Stelis minima,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the overall population is presumed to be large. However, research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends for the species.",Unknown,"The species is widely distributed throughout northern and central Europe, but it is not found in the southern European countries. It is also found in the Asiatic part of Russia.","This species is rare and infrequent, but it seems to be well distributed throughout its range, and therefore the overall population can be presumed to be large.","The species inhabits boreal forest, temperate forest, shrubland, grassland and arable land. It is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as Chelostoma campanularun, C. distinctum and Heriades truncorum (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004, Grace 2010). It flies from June to July (Amiet et al. 2004).","The species may generally be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes and severe weather.","The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005) and the Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, ecology of the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Ornosa, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Stelis,minuta,,Stelis minuta,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the overall population is presumed to be relatively large. However, research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.",Unknown,"A western Palearctic species found throughout Europe from Spain until the Baltic states and as far east as Romania and European Russia. In the southern part of its range, it is found in montane habitats, from the Pyrenees to north Italy, Macedonia, Greece, Turkey, Lebanon and Armenia. In the north of Africa, it is found in Morocco and Algeria (Warncke 1992, Comba and Comba 2001, Ornosa et al. 2008).",This is a rare species but its population seems to be continuous throughout its range. The overall population is presumed to be relatively large for a parasitic bee.,"This species prefers open land in xeric habitats such as temperate grassland and Mediterranean-type shrubland. In the southern part of the species' range, it is found in montane habits. It flies from June to September. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as Osmia leucomelana, Osmia gallarum, Hoplitis claviventris, Heriades truncorum, Chelostoma campanularum, Chelostoma florisomne and C. rapunculi (Grace 2010).","There appear to be no major threats to this species as a whole. However, the species may generally be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes and severe weather.","The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010) and the Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003). Stelis minuta has not been recorded from Denmark since 1980 (Madsen and Calabuig 2010). It probably occurs within protected areas due to its wide distribution, especially in montane habitats. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends for the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Ornosa, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Stelis,nasuta,,Stelis nasuta,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the overall population is presumed to be relatively large. However, research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.",Unknown,"The species is distributed throughout the western Palearctic and is found in central and southern Europe, north Africa, the Near East, the Caucasus and Central Asia until Uzbekistan and Iran (Ornosa et al. 2008).","Stelis nasuta has recently been recorded in Spain, but only through old museum exemplars (Ornosa et al. 2009). The overall population is presumed to be relatively large for a parasitic bee. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.","It should prefer open land habitats such as semi-deserts, shrubland, arable land and rocky areas with bare or semi-bare ground and agricultural landscapes nearby. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as Megachile (Chalicodoma) parietina and M. (Ch.) pyrenaica (Westrich 1989, Amiet et al. 2004). The species flies from May to August.","There appear to be no major threats to this species as a whole. However, the species may generally be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes and severe weather. Moreover, the success of this species depends on the success of the host.","The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2011), and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Ornosa, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Stelis,odontopyga,,Stelis odontopyga,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the overall population is presumed to be relatively large. However, research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.",Unknown,"The species is found in central and southern Europe, from Spain towards Ukraine and as far north as Belgium and Poland. Outside of Europe it is found within Turkey.","Though the species is rare throughout its range, the populations are continuous and there are no subspecies or subpopulations. The overall population is presumed to be relatively large for a parasitic bee, although in Spain it has not been collected since 1992 (Ornosa et al. 2008). There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.","The species inhabits temperate forest, shrubland and grassland, Mediterranean-type shrubland, arable land and pasture land. It flies from June to August (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004). The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species such as Osmia spinulosa (Amiet et al. 2004).","There appear to be no major threats to this species, however the species may generally be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes and severe weather.",The species is listed in the National Red List of Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.,This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Ornosa, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Stelis,orientalis,,Stelis orientalis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,The species is found from the eastern Mediterranean (Corfu in Greece) to the Middle East (Iran) (Grace 2010).,"There is very little known about this species as it has not been found since its original description by Warncke (1992). It has only been recorded from two localities and so the subpopulations are isolated, although there is only one known population in Europe.",The species inhabits temperate or Mediterranean-type shrubland and arable land. It was collected in flight in August (Warncke 1992).,"There appear to be no major threats to this species, however the species may generally be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, shifting agriculture and herbicides and pesticides.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and specific threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Ornosa, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Stelis,ornatula,,Stelis ornatula,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the overall population is presumed to be relatively large. However, research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends for the species.",Unknown,"The species is distributed throughout the western Palearctic. In Europe, it spreads from Spain, as far north as Norway and the United Kingdom, and eastwards to Romania and Greece. Outside of Europe it is found in north Africa, northern Russia, Turkey and Iran (where there is a distinct subspecies).",The species is rare yet widely distributed throughout its range. The overall population is presumed to be relatively large for a parasitic bee. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species inhabits temperate forest, grassland and shrubland, Mediterranean-type shrubland, rocky areas, arable land and pasture land. It flies from April to August (Amiet et al. 2004). The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as Anthidium lituratum, Hoplitis acuticornis, H. claviventris, H. tridentata, Osmia caerulescens, O. leucomelana and Ceratina cucurbitina (Amiet et al. 2004, Aguib et al. 2014).","The species may generally be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes and severe weather.","The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Finland (Endangered; Rassi et al. 2010), Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987), and the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and specific threats to the species.",This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Ornosa, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Stelis,ortizi,,Stelis ortizi,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as this species is only known from two females and possibly one male which is currently being described. There is no further information available on the distribution, population size, trends, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Stelis ortizi is an Iberian endemic, recently established (Schwarz and Gusenleitner 2010). This species is only known from two females, the type material, and a male which is being described from another Spanish locality (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2013).","This species is extremely rare and its population trend is unknown. There have only been two females collected, in 1989 and 2003. Recent trips to its typical area in order to collect new exemplars have not been productive. However, a male is being described from another locality in the centre of Spain (M. Schwarz pers. comm. 2013).","Stelis ortizi was collected in Mediterranean-type shrublands in pine forest on Teucrium similatum. It is surely a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, like the rest of the species of the genus (Michener 2007).",The species is potentially threatened by deforestation and habitat loss caused by human disturbance from recreational activities in Spain.,"There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species, but it has been found in the Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas Natural Park, which is a Biosphere Reserve. Even though there are little data on this species, its scarce distribution and potentially small population make it necessary to protect Stelis ortizi through site and area protection and habitat and natural process restoration. Research should be conducted to determine the species' wider distribution, population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Stelis,pentelica,,Stelis pentelica,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little on its  distribution range, population size and trends, habitat, ecology and specific threats to this species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The range of this poorly known species is within the eastern Mediterranean, but further information is required. Grace (2010) gathered records from continental Greece, Turkey and Israel. It is also suspected to occur in Iran (Ascher and Pickering 2013).Its altitude has been recorded at ""under sea level"" from Jericho, Israel.",The size and trend of the population of Stelis pentelica is unknown apart from the fact it is a very rare species.,"The species is thought to occur in Mediterranean-type shrublands, arable land and pastureland. There is no further information known about the species' habitat and ecology.","The species may generally be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes and severe weather.","There appear to be no direct conservation measures in  place, and it is not known if the species is present within any  protected areas. Further studies are needed into the distribution,  population size and trends, ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.",This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Ornosa, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Stelis,phaeoptera,,Stelis phaeoptera,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient despite the species' wide distribution as there is little information available on the population size, trends, and specific threats to the species. The species is threatened or Near Threatened in six countries in northern Europe. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species as it could be listed in a threatened category with further data available.",Unknown,"This is a western Palearctic species that reaches Denmark in the north and Central Asia (Kazakhstan) in the east. There are two different subspecies besides the nominal one. Stelis phaeoptera murina is widely spread throughout the Mediterranean, including the Canary Islands, from the Iberian Peninsula, where it is abundant, to Turkey and Israel. It also appears on the islands of Corsica, Sicily, Crete and Cyprus and in north Africa (from Algeria to Egypt) (Warncke 1992, Ornosa et al. 2008, 2009, Grace 2010). Stelis phaeoptera meridionalis occurs in Cyprus (Mavromoustakis 1957, Grace 2010). The nominal subspecies is found in Europe between 43º and 63º N (including European Russia), the Caucasus and Central Asia (Warncke 1992).","The whole population size is unknown but it is suspected to be decreasing. Stelis phaeoptera has recently been recorded in Denmark (1997), Egypt (2009), Spain (the last records from 2004 and 2008) and Tunisia (2009) (Ornosa et al. 2009, Rozen and Kamel 2009, Madsen and Calabuig 2010, Ascher and Pickering 2013). In Germany it is thought to be declining (Westrich et al. 2011). In view of these facts, the population trend of Stelis phaeoptera points to an unstable situation and additional studies are needed.","The species is found within boreal, temperate, and Mediterranean-type shrubland and temperate grassland. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as Osmia leaiana, O. niveata, O. spinulosa, Hoplitis anthocopoides and H. tuberculata (Dusmet 1921, Mavromoustakis 1957, Warncke 1992, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Rozen and Kamel 2009, Grace 2010).   Stelis phaeoptera have been collected from March to September and it feeds upon Asteraceae, Geraniaceae, Lamiaceae, Malvaceae and Umbelliferae (Dusmet 1921, Ornosa et al. 2009, Ascher and Pickering 2012).","The species may generally be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, shifting agriculture, roads and railroad construction, logging and wood harvesting and recreational activities. The loss of suitable grasslands caused by these threats negatively affects the species and its hosts. Both, the direct conversion of land to agricultural use and the use of agrochemicals, produce severe impacts in this and other bee species.","The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), Great Britain (Vulnerable; Shirt 1987), the Netherlands (Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003), Norway (Data Deficient; Kålås et al. 2010) and Sweden (Near Threatened; Gärdenfors 2010). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and specific threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Stelis,punctulatissima,,Stelis punctulatissima,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)It is rare throughout its distribution but it is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large overall population. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends for the species.,Unknown,"This species spreads from central and southern Europe, through the Mediterranean basin to the Caucasus. In Europe, there are two subspecies: S. p. hellenica Mavromoustakis, 1960, with a Mediterranean distribution towards the Caucasus (Warncke 1992); and S. p. punctulatissima (Kirby 1802) from central Europe (France included) until northern Asia.","Although the species is widely distributed, it is never common. However, it can be presumed to have a large overall population. There are two subspecies which can be classed as separate subpopulations.","The species inhabits temperate forest, shrubland, and grassland, Mediterranean-type shrubland, arable land and rocky areas. It flies from May to September. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as Anthidium lituratum, A. manicatum, A. oblongatum, Osmia aurulenta, O. leaiana, O. niveata, O. brevicornis (Baldock 2008), Hoplitis adunca and Megachile (Chalicodoma) parietina (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001).","The species may generally be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes and severe weather.",The species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of Finland (Near Threatened; Rassi et al. 2010) and the Netherlands (Vulnerable; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends for the species.,This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Stelis,rhodia,,Stelis rhodia,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species as it may require listing in a threatened category due to its small range and most likely small population.",Unknown,"It is a northeastern Mediterranean species that is found in Greece, including the Aegean islands of Lesbos and Rhodes, and Turkey (Mavromosutakis 1960, Warncke 1992, Grace 2010).","Stelis rhodia is a rare and fragmented species. Its population trend is unknown. The records are rather old, for example ten individuals (the type material) were recorded in 1958 and two in 1992 (Warncke 1992).","The species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrubland. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as Eoanthidium clypeare (Morawitz, 1873). It flies in June.","The species may generally be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes and severe weather.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and specific threats to the species. There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species. Even though there are little data for this species, its scarce distribution and small population would make it necessary to protect Stelis rhodia.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ornosa, C. & Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Stelis,ruficornis,,Stelis ruficornis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and specific threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species as due to its small range and suspected small population in Europe it may require listing in threatened category.",Unknown,"This species occurs in the eastern Mediterranean basin in Greece, Turkey and Lebanon (Warncke 1992, Grace 2010). The specimens from Lebanon were described as the subspecies S. r. lebanensis Mavromoustakis, 1963 but its taxonomic validity is unclear and the status should be revised.","The population is fragmented into three main subpopulations: Greece, Lebanon and Turkey, although only one is within Europe. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.","Stelis ruficornis is known to inhabit temperate grassland, Mediterranean-type shrubland, arable land, rural gardens and possibly semi-desert regions. The species flies from April to July (Warncke 1992). The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species.","The species may generally be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes and severe weather. In general, the habitats it occurs in are vulnerable due to anthropogenic activities.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy (and presence of the subspecies S. r. lebanensis), population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Ornosa, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Stelis,scutellaris,,Stelis scutellaris,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient (DD) as the species is only known from Romania and is poorly understood in this region. Very little is known on the taxonomic status, distribution, population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species, however it is widely spread from the Caucasus to Central Asia. Research should be conducted in order to determine the taxonomic status of this species because if the subspecies in Romania is actually a separate species, then it may require listing in a threatened category due to its small range and suspected small population in Europe.",Unknown,"It is primarily an eastern Palearctic species that is found in Romania, the Caucasus, Transcaucasus, Iran, Turkey, Central Asia (Grace 2010). The subpopulation occurring in Romania has been described as the subspecies S. s. inamoena Popov, 1932.","This population must be large, but it is very scarce in Europe, with the only known subpopulation being restricted to Romania.","This species very probably inhabits montane ecotypes including temperate forest, shrubland and grassland, Mediterranean-type shrubland, rocky areas and arable land. It flies in July and August. This species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species (Michener 2007).","Globally, there appear to be no major threats to this widespread and somewhat adaptable species. However, it is only known from Romania in Europe, which is at the western edge of its range so it could be threatened by wood and pulp plantations, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes and severe weather.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomic status of the subspecies in Europe, the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Stelis,signata,,Stelis signata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are continuous across its range despite being rarely caught and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in the west Palearctic region. Three subspecies have been described, with different ranges: S. s. signata is found from the Iberian Peninsula to the north of Europe and, eastwards to Asia; S. s. flavescens Friese, 1925 is found in the eastern Mediterranean basin (Greece, Turkey), North Africa (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia) and the Caucasus; and S. s. eremica Alfken 1938 is found in Cyprus, Israel, Lebanon and Iraq.","A rare species whose populations seem to be continuous along its range. As commented in the taxonomy, the interpretation of the three subspecies should be revised by means of molecular analysis.","The species inhabits boreal and temperate forest and shrubland, temperate grassland, Mediterranean-type shrubland, tundra, arable land and semi-deserts. The species flies from May to August. It is found on Lamiaceae plant species. The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, such as Anthidiellum strigatum (Madsen and Calabuig 2010).","There appear to be no major threats to this species as a whole. However, it may generally be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, shifting agriculture, and herbicides and pesticides.","The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Finland (Vulnerable; Rassi et al. 2010), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Critically Endangered; Peeters and Reemer 2003). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy and population trends for the species.",This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Ornosa, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Stelis,simillima,,Stelis simillima,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the populations are presumed to be large. However, research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends for the species.",Unknown,"The species is widespread throughout Europe (except for the northernmost areas) (Rasmont et al. 1995, Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Ornosa et al. 2008). It is also found outside of Europe in the Caucasus, Turkmenistan, Transcaucasus, and Morocco and Algeria in the north of Africa (Aguib et al. 2014).","This species has a continuous population across a widespread range, although it is a locally rare species.","The species inhabits temperate shrubland and grassland, Mediterranean-type shrubland, arable land, urban areas and semi-desert regions. It flies from July-August and in Algeria from May-June (Aguib et al. 2014). The species is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species such as Lithurgus chrysurus and L. cornutus (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001, Amiet et al. 2004). There are not many records on the species floral preferences, but it is assumed that this species feeds on the same botanical families as its related ones, such as Asteraceae species (Aguib et al. 2014).","Apart from those related to human activity and climatic change, there appear to be no major threats to this widespread and somewhat adaptable species. The species may generally be threatened by residential and commercial development for housing and urban areas, shifting agriculture, herbicides and pesticides, and also habitat shifting, alteration, droughts and temperature extremes caused by climatic changes and severe weather.",The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends for the species.,This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Michez, D.","Ortiz Sánchez, F.J. & Ornosa, C.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Stenoheriades,asiaticus,,Stenoheriades asiaticus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Stenoheriades asiaticus occurs in southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia (Mavromoustakis 1955b, Tkalcu 1984b).",The trend and population size of this species are not known.,"This species possibly occurs in Mediterranean-type shrublands, although the habitat has not been described. The nesting behaviour of Stenoheriades asiaticus is currently unknown. This species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, specifically on Asteroideae (unpublished data, A. Müller pers. comm. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Stenoheriades,hofferi,,Stenoheriades hofferi,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Stenoheriades hofferi is known from Bulgaria in Europe and Turkey in southwestern Asia (Tkalcu 1984b).,The trend and population size of this species are not known.,The ecology and habitat of Stenoheriades hofferi is currently unknown although it possibly occurs on steppic grasslands.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",There is no current exploitation that could represent a threat to the species as a whole.,"Kemp, J.R., Michez, D. & Nieto, A.","Lhomme, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Systropha,curvicornis,,Systropha curvicornis,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)This species is listed as Near Threatened because although the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 584 km2, the actual value of the AOO is probably higher around 2,500 km2 as only few entomologists collect this species. The species has declined and the remaining populations are severely fragmented. There is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals due to changing agricultural practices, thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2.  Further research is needed to monitor the population trends of this species.",Decreasing,"Systropha curvicornis is distributed from Spain to Germany and from Greece to Poland (Baker 1996). The species is also recorded in Turkey and non-European Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,061,237 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 584 km2. The AOO is probably underestimated because a few entomologists collect this species with rare, small and dark specimens. The actual value of the AOO is probably around 2,500 km2.",The subpopulations of Systropha curvicornis seem to be decreasing in a significant part of its range (S. Patiny pers. comm. 2014). The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and are therefore considered to be severely fragmented.,"In common with all members of the genus, females are specialists on Convovulaceae. They collect pollen exclusively from Convolvulus (Patiny and Michez 2006) and Convolvulus arvensis is of particular importance (Westrich 1989, Pesenko et al. 2000). The species inhabits grasslands, margins of arable fields and shrublands but the habitat of the species is linked to the host-plant. Systropha curvicornis constructs its nests in sandy soils, often making relatively large aggregations with a high density of nests. (Pesenko et al. 2000). Details of the nest architecture are also summarised in Pesenko et al. (2000). It is a univoltine species, flying as a single brood from Late June to mid August (Pesenko et al. 2000). The bee Biastes brevicornis is a cleptoparasite of this species (Westrich 1989).",Habitats and host-plants of this species are threatened by changing agricultural practices (especially increases in herbicide application). These changes in practice have caused a decline in the essential forage plant species.,"The species appears on the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2011), and Switzerland (Critically Endangered; Amiet 1994). Research is needed into the population size and trend and threats. Monitoring of population and habitat trends is recommended. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Pauly, A. & Nieto, A.","Patiny, S., Michez, D., Roberts, S. & Rasmont, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Systropha,planidens,,Systropha planidens,,,No,VU,B2ab(v),No,VU,B2ab(v),EU27,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)This species is listed as Vulnerable in view of the small area of occupancy (AOO) (304 km2 - this is an underestimate but the true value is below 2,000 km2), the populations are severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals due to agricultural modification and the use of pesticides, which reduce the availability of forage.",Decreasing,"Systropha planidens is widely recorded from Spain to Ukraine. The species occurs around the Mediterranean basin, including Turkey (Baker 1996). The known extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,818,656 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 304 km2. Although the value of AOO is probably an underestimate, the actual AOO is probably not be larger than 2,000 km2.",The subpopulations of Systropha planidens seem to be decreasing in a significant part of its range (S. Patiny pers. comm. 2014).   The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and are therefore considered to be severely fragmented.,"The species is oligolectic. In common with all members of the genus, females are specialists on Convovulaceae. They collect exclusively pollen of Convolvulus (Patiny and Michez 2006) and Westrich (1989) lists the following forage sources: Convolvulus arvensis, Convolvulus cantabrica (Convolvulaceae). Records from Greece (Petanidou 1991) exist for Convolvulus althaeoides ssp. tenuissimus. The species inhabits grasslands and shrublands (including bare ground in field and vineyard margins) but the habitat of the species is linked to that of the host-plant. Systropha planidens constructs its nests in clay soils, usually making scattered aggregations (Pesenko et al. 2000). Details of the nest architecture are also summarised in Pesenko et al. (2000). The bee Biastes brevicornis is cited as a cleptoparasite of this species (Westrich 1989).",Habitats and host-plants of this species are threatened by changing agricultural practices (especially increases in herbicide application). These changes in practice have caused a decline in the essential forage plant species.,"The species appears on the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). Further research is needed into the population size and monitoring of the population and habitat trends is recommended. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Pauly, A. & Nieto, A.","Patiny, S., Michez, D., Roberts, S. & Rasmont, P.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Tarsalia,ancyliformis,,Tarsalia ancyliformis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is only present in Sardinia and Cyprus (Rasmont and Dehon 2014). Outside of Europe, it is known from Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkey and Iran.","There is no information about the population size and trend of the species, since it is an extremely rare species, and it is only known by a very few specimens in Europe. However, Popov (1967a) lists it as a quite abundant species in Central Asia.","In Cyprus, this species is reported as bivoltine, in that it has two generations per year. While in June it forages on Centaurea hyalolepis and Eryngium creticum, the August generation forages on Carlina lanata (Grace 2010).  The species is oligolectic (Popov 1944), in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species. In Central Asia, it forages on Centaurea species, including C. iberica and C. squarosa, and also on Cynara scolymus, although the main foraging species is clearly Centaurea solstitialis (where 402 specimens were observed) (Popov 1967a). Outside of the Asteraceae family, a very few specimens have been observed on various other plants.  It hosts the kleptoparasitic bee Ammobates mavromoustakisi Popov, 1944 (cited as Ammobates rubens Popov) (Popov 1967a).There is no information available on the habitat of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Nieto, A., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Tarsalia,hirtipes,,Tarsalia hirtipes,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Only the subspecies Tarsalia hirtipes ssp. cypricus can be found in Europe, specifically in Cyprus (Rasmont and Dehon 2014). Outside of Europe, this species is known from Turkey, Iran, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species, as it is an extremely rare species only known by a very few specimens in Europe.","In Cyprus, this species forages on Scolymus hispanicus (Grace 2010). In Turkestan, Popov (1967a) lists the next foraging plants: Alhagi kirghisorum, Capparis sp., Centaurea solstitialis, Centaurea squarosa, Chrosophora tinctoria, Citrullus vulgaris, Eryngium coeruleum, Onopordon acanthium and O. olgae.There is no information available on the habitat of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M., Nieto, A., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Tetralonia,malvae,,Tetralonia malvae,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, it is found in a variety of habitats, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. It is estimated that the area of occupancy (AOO) far exceeds in 20,000 km2. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.",Unknown,"Tetralonia malvae is a western Palearctic species found from the Iberian Peninsula eastwards towards Ukraine and Russia. Outside of Europe the species is found in Iraq and Caucasus (Friese 1896), Turkey, Syria and Egypt (Grace 2010). The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be much greater than 20,000 km2.","The species was frequently found in Switzerland (Friese 1896) although this is too far in the past to make any statements about the species' current population. It is very rare in Germany (Westrich et al. 2008, 2011) and in Ukraine (Ivanov et al. 2009). However, it is considered to be common, much more recently, in Turkey (Ozbek 2010). The population trend is unknown.","Tetralonia malvae is found on Mediterranean-type shrublands and grasslands, on sandy soils (Grandi 1954). Its nesting habits have been carefully described (Malyshev 1930, Grandi 1954). The species has been reported on Malva alcea from June to August in central Europe (Friese 1896). The species also visits Campanula and Cichorium (Dusmet and Alonso 1926) as well as Althaea honenackeri, Malva neglecta, Echium vulgare, Carduus crispus, C. nutans, Centaurea calcitrapa, C. solstitialis, Glycyrrhiza echinata, G. glabra, Salvia spp. (Ozbek 2010), Lavatera thuringiaca, Althaea officinalis, A. pallida, Malva sylvestris, Knautia arvensis, Scabiosa ochroleuca, Ballota nigra and Echium altissimum. It is parasitised by Triepeolus tristis (Iuga 1958).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book (sometimes as Eucera macroglossa) of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkač et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008, 2011), Slovakia (Possibly Extinct; Straka et al. 2007), Slovenia as (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct, Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Tetraloniella,alticincta,,Tetraloniella alticincta,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and it is found in a variety of habitats. It is estimated that the area of occupancy (AOO) far exceeds in 20,000 km2. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.",Unknown,"The species is known from central and southern Europe, but it is not found in the Iberian Peninsula nor in the UK, Scandinavia or the Balkan States. Outside of Europe the species is found in Algeria (Pagliano 1994) and, according to Kuhlmann et al. (2012) also in Tunisia, Morocco and Turkey. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be much greater than 20,000 km2.","There is little information available for this species and the population trend is unknown, although it may be in decline as it is listed as threatened or Extinct in the National Red Lists of five countries in Europe.","This species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrublands and grasslands. Females of this bee have an area of specialised pollen-collecting hairs on metasomal sternites three to five which are adapted for gathering pollen efficiently from the flowers of Inula spp. and Pulicaria spp. (Asteraceae) (Müller 2008). This bee is oligolectic on Inula ensifolia, Inula germanica and Pulicaria dysenterica (Grace 2010) and flies from July to September (Gogala 1999).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is included in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkač et al. 2005), Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2011), Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002) and Switzerland (Possibly Extinct; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Tetraloniella,cinctella,,Tetraloniella cinctella,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size and trends, as well as no information available about the habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is found in Spain and Portugal (Kuhlmann et al. 2012). Outside of Europe, the species is also known from Tunisia and Algeria (Ascher and Pickering 2013).",There is no information on the population size and trends for this species.,There is no information available on the habitats and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Research is needed into the population size and trends, habitats and ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Tetraloniella,dentata,,Tetraloniella dentata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, it is found in a variety of habitats, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.",Decreasing,"Tetraloniella dentata is a west Palearctic species distributed from the Iberian Peninsula, through central and southern Europe (Friese 1896, Kuhlmann et al. 2012) to eastern European Russia (Popova 1990). Outside of Europe it is found in Algeria and Morocco (Pagliano 1994), Syria and Turkey (Kuhlmann et al. 2012). The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be much greater than 20,000 km2.","It has been considered abundant in central Europe although rare in southern Europe (Iuga 1958). In Germany it is considered to be very rare and moderately in decline (Westrich et al. 2008, 2011). Overall the population trend is considered decreasing.","This species inhabits Mediterranean type shrublands and grasslands and has been recorded on Centaurea arenaria (Friese 1896), Centaurea cyanus, Cirsium lanceolatum, Onopordum acanthium (Asteraceae); Coronilla varia, Medicago sativa (Fabaceae); Anchusa officinalis (Boraginaceae); Salvia nemorosa (Lamiaceae) as well as Achillea spp., Aster sp., Artemisia sp., Carduus crispus, C. nutans, Centaurea calcitrapa, C. carduiformis, C. diffusa, C. repens, C. solstitialis, Cichorium intybus (Asteraceae) (Ozbek 2010) and Limoniastrum guyonianum (Plumbaginaceae) (Saunders, 1908). It is parasitised by the bee Ammobates vinctus, it may nest in aggregation of hundreds individuals (Iuga 1958) and flies from May to August (Banaszak and Ortiz-Sanchez 1993, Dusmet and Alonso 1926, Gogala 1999).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkač et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2008, 2011), Slovakia (Possibly Extinct; Straka et al. 2007), Slovenia (Possibly Extinct; Anonymous 2002) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Tetraloniella,fulvescens,,Tetraloniella fulvescens,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. Research is needed to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Tetraloniella fulvescens is a Palearctic species found in Europe from the Iberian Peninsula eastwards towards Ukraine and Russia. Outside of Europe the species is found in northern Africa, the Caucasus, Central Asia (Tkalcu 1979) and Turkey (Ozbek 2010).",There is little information available on this species and the population trend is unknown.,"This species inhabits Mediterranean type shrub lands and grasslands. Its on the wing from May to August and is specialized on Asteraceae (Dusmet and Alonso 1926, Gogala 1999) like Pulicaria odorosa (Standfuss 2009). The species is associated with visiting the sexually deceptive orchid species Ophrys tetraloniae (Gaskett 2011).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Endangered; Farkač et al. 2005) and Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Tetraloniella,glauca,,Tetraloniella glauca,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its ecological requirements and threats.,Unknown,"According to Kuhlmann et al. (2012), Tetraloniella glauca is found through the Balkan Peninsula countries, Greece and Cyprus. Outside of Europe it occurs in Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Iraq and northern Africa.",No information is available on the population size and trend of this species.,The species is found on Mediterranean shrubland and is on the wing from June to August. In the Eastern Aegean Islands it has been found foraging on Centaurea solstitialis (Asteraceae) (Grace 2010).,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitats and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Tetraloniella,graja,,Tetraloniella graja,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. Though the species' range is large, it is seldom recorded, and research is strongly needed to determine if this species should be listed within a threatened category.",Unknown,"Tetraloniella graja is a central and south European species that extends to Turkey and Syria (Friese 1986) and North Africa (Saunders 1908). According to Kuhlmann et al. (2012), the species also occurs within European Russia.",The species is considered rare in Slovakia (Belakova 1996). There is little information available on this species and the population trend is unknown.,"This species inhabits Mediterranean type shrublands and grasslands in sandy soils. The species is on the wing from June to August and forages at Cynara cardunculus, Centaurea napifolia (Asteraceae) (Saunders 1908) and Centaurea arenaria (Asteraceae) (Friese 1896). It has also been reported on Centaurea cyanus, C. moscata, Carduus nutans and Onopordum acanthium (Asteraceae). It is parasitised by the bees Ammobates vinctus and A. oraniensis (Iuga 1958).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population status and trends, the ecology, and also any threats to this species. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Tetraloniella,hohmanni,,Tetraloniella hohmanni,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. The species is found only on the island of Tenerife, which, with an area of 2,034 km2 and approximately one million inhabitants, is the largest and most populated of the Canary Islands. Research is strongly needed to determine if this species warrants a threatened category.",Unknown,"The species is known only from Tenerife, the largest island among the Canary Islands (Tkalcu 1993, Ortega 2005). It is endemic to the island. Tenerife has an area of 2,034 km2 and approximately one million inhabitants, and is the largest and most populated of the Canary Islands. The maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) can only be 2,034 km2.",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The islands have a subtropical climate, with long warm summers and moderately warm winters. The species is thought to inhabit sub-tropical forests. The species flies from mid-April to the end of June. There is no further information on the habitat and ecology of this species.",The threats to this species are not known.,"There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, but it does occur in the Teide National Park on Tenerife. Research is required to understand the population size and trends, while the habitat, ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species also need to be studied.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Tetraloniella,iberica,,Tetraloniella iberica,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size and trend, while little is known about the habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is known from Spain, where it was described by Dusmet and Alonso (1926) but according to Kuhlmann et al. (2012), it is also known from France and Tunisia.",There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.,The species is thought to inhabit Mediterranean-type shrubland and flies from July to September.,The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species’ population size, trends, local distribution, habitats and ecology, and threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Tetraloniella,inulae,,Tetraloniella inulae,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its population size and trends, ecological requirements and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species occurs in Europe from France to central and southern Europe. Outside of Europe, it is found in Turkey (Ozbek 2010) and Iran (Grace 2010).",No information is available on the population size and trend of this species.,"This species inhabits Mediterranean type shrublands and grasslands. It is typically active in high summer, the species is recorded from June to August. This bee inhabits open calcareous rocky hill slopes with phryganic vegetation where Inula spp. grows. Original observations by Tkalcu in Albania (cited in Grace 2010), discovered that Inula ensifolia, Inula germanica and Inula oculuschristi (Asteraceae) were all host flowers. Gogala (1999) also records Buphthalmum spp. as a visited plant. Müller (2008) also adds Inula spiraeifolia to the list of known hosts of this bee (Grace 2010). The species is found visiting the sexually deceptive orchid species Ophrys tetralonia (Gaskett 2011). It is parasitised by the bee Ammobates vinctus (Tkalcu 1979).",The threats to this species are not known.,This species is listed in the National Red List of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkač et al. 2005) and Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002).,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Tetraloniella,julliani,,Tetraloniella julliani,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Tetraloniella julliani is a western Palearctic species found from the Iberian Peninsula eastwards towards Russia. The subspecies T.j. biroi Mocsáry, 1879 is found in Turkey; a further subspecies, T.j.ebmeri Tkalcu, 1979 is found in the Iranian mountains at altitudes up to 2,000 m asl (Grace 2010).",No information is available on the population size and trend of this species.,"The species is found on Mediterranean-type shrubland and is active from June to August on Centaurea spp. (Asteraceae) (Grace 2010, Ozbek 2010).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, the ecology, and also any threats to this species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Tetraloniella,lanzarotensis,,Tetraloniella lanzarotensis,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. Due to the species' small range, research is strongly needed to determine if this species should be categorized within a threatened category.",Unknown,"The species is known only from the island of Lanzarote, the most eastern and arid among the Canary Islands (Tkalcu 1993, Ortega 2005). Lanzarote has an area of 845.94 km2, approximately 150,000 inhabitants and is the fourth largest of the Canary Island group. The maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) is 846 km2.",There is no information on the population size and trends for this species.,"The Canary Islands have a subtropical climate, with long warm summers and moderately warm winters. Lanzarote has the most arid climate and it can presumed that the species inhabits dry subtropical/tropical shrubland and hot desert. The species has been recorded flying in April.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species does not occur in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Quaranta, M. & Kemp, J.R.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Tetraloniella,lyncea,,Tetraloniella lyncea,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional and Global assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. The species seems to be related to a particular habitat (a variety of inland wetlands) and is uncommon and therefore susceptible to any future threats. Therefore, further research is needed to determine if this species should be categorized as a threatened species.",Unknown,"The geographic range of this Pannonian species is rather small and is restricted to an area of central Europe, including Hungary (Jozan 2011), Romania (Iuga 1958), Crimea in Ukraine (Ivanov et al. 2009) and possibly Serbia and Slovakia (Belakova 1996, Straka et al. 2007). Its occurrence in Algeria (Saunders 1908) is uncertain.",The species is uncommon and was considered rare in Slovakia (Belakova 1996) but has recently been removed from the Slovakian fauna list (Straka et al. 2007). There is no further information available on the population size and trend of this species.,"It is thought that this species inhabits various inland wetlands such as shrub dominated wetlands, bogs, marshes, swamps, fens and peat lands. Throughout its rather small geographic range the species is associated with the psammophilous (sand-loving) vegetation alongside these wetland habitats (Belakova 1996), where its principle forage plants belong to the Asteraceae family (Banaszak 1995). It was recorded on Carduus species (Friese, 1896) and flies in July and August (Ivanov et al. 2009).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, and it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas. Further studies are needed into the population size and trends, distribution, ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Tetraloniella,nana,,Tetraloniella nana,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient since, although it has been recorded over a very wide area and is tolerant of a broad range of food resources, there are only very few records, and very little is known about its population size and trends and threats.",Unknown,"Tetraloniella nana is a western Palearctic species found from the Iberian Peninsula eastwards towards Ukraine. According to Kuhlmann et al. (2012), the species also occurs within Greece. Outside of Europe, the species is found in Turkey, the Caucasus, Lebanon and in the central Asian lowlands east of the Caspian Sea.",Friese (1896) defined this species as rare albeit locally abundant and it is considered a common species in Turkey (Ozbek 2010). The population trend is unknown.,"Tetraloniella nana is associated with open, floristically diverse, grassland. This species digs its nest into clay-like soils and is considered polylectic as it was recorded foraging on Inula spp. (Asteraceae) (Dusmet and Alonso 1926, Graeffe 1895), Malva sylvestris, M. rotundifolia, Lavatera thuringiaca, Althaea officinalis, Althaea hohenackeri, (Malvaceae); Lythrum salicaria (Lythraceae); Arctium lappa, Carduus spp., (Asteraceae); Euphorbia spp (Euphorbiaceae); Ajuga chia, Salvia spp, (Lamiaceae) and Onobrychis sativa (Fabaceae). It is parasitised by the bee Coelyoxis polycentris (Iuga 1958, Ozbek 2010). It flies from July to September (Gogala 1999).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is listed in the National Red List or Red Data Book of the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered; Farkač et al. 2005) and Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002). Further studies are needed into the population size and abundance, and threats to the species. As the species has a wide distribution, the species possibly occurs within protected areas, but no data are available.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Tetraloniella,pollinosa,,Tetraloniella pollinosa,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Tetraloniella pollinosa is a western Palearctic species found from the Iberian Peninsula eastwards towards Ukraine and Armenia in the Caucasus (Friese 1896). Outside of Europe the species is found in Algeria (Saunders 1908) Turkey and Israel (Kuhlmann et al. 2012).,No information is available on the population size and trend of this species.,"Tetraloniella pollinosa is found in open grasslands associated with sandy landscapes and has been recorded in July and August on Scabiosa ochroleuca, Knautia arvensis (Dipsacaceae); Mentha spp. (Lamiaceae) (Friese 1896), Lavatera thuringiaca (Malvaceae) and Centaurea solstitialis (Asteraceae) (Iuga 1958).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Tetraloniella,ruficornis,,Tetraloniella ruficornis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European species assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 species assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species has a wide geographic range and is found in Austria, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Spain, and Switzerland (Friese 1896).Outside of Europe, the species occurs in Algeria, from where it was described, Turkey (Ozbek 2010) and the Caucasus (Friese 1896).",The species is not rare throughout Europe (M. Quaranta pers. comm. 2013). There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"The species is thought to inhabit forest, grassland, and temperate and Mediterranean-type shrubland. In Spain the species flies from May (Ornosa 1993) to the end of September (Banaszak and Ortiz-Sanchez 1993). However, in Romania it has been recorded only from July to September (Iuga 1958). It forages on a large number of flowers: in Spain on Echium vulgare (Ornosa 1993); in Romania on Melissa officinalis, Calamintha officinalis, Origanum vulgare, Origanum majorana, Carduus kerneri, Centaurea cyanus, Thymus serpyllum, Echium vulgare, Inula britannica, Cirsium canum (Iuga 1958); and in Turkey on Althaea honehackeri and Centaurea solstitialis (Ozbek 2010).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species does not occur in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Research should be conducted on the species' population size and trends, and to ascertain if there are any threats to the species. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S., Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Kemp, J.R. & Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Tetraloniella,salicariae,,Tetraloniella salicariae,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. Though the species' range is large, it is seldom recorded, and research is strongly needed to determine if this species should be listed within a threatened category.",Decreasing,Tetraloniella salicariae is a western Palearctic species found from the Iberian Peninsula eastwards towards Ukraine and Armenia in the Caucasus. Outside of Europe it has also been found in Algeria (Friese 1896) and Turkey (Ozbek 2010).,"The species is reported as rare and moderately in decline in Germany (Westrich et al. 2008, 2011) where it was once considered more common. It is also less frequently recorded in Austria and Slovenia (Graeffe 1890, 1902) and in southern Europe than at the end of the 19th Century (Friese 1896).","The species is found on shrubland-type wetlands. Friese (1896) reports the species as not rare in midsummer on Lythrum salicariae (Lythraceae). Though this is its preferred foraging source, it has also been reported on Thymus serpyllum (Lamiaceae); Odontites vernus (Orobanchaceae); Melilotus albus (Fabaceae); Cicuta virosa, Daucus carota (Apiaceae); Malva sylvestris (Malvaceae); Inula britannica (Asteraceae) (Iuga 1958), Lotus spp., Cytisus spp., (Fabaceae) and Teucrium spp. (Lamiaceae) (Dusmet and Alonso 1926). Like many Eucera spp. and Tetraloniella spp., it is associated with sexually deceptive orchids, such as Ophrys elatior (Gaskett 2011). It is on the wing from June to August.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct; Farkač et al. 2005), Germany (Vulnerable; Westrich et al. 2008, 2011) and Switzerland as Tetralonia salicariae (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends and threats to the species. As the species has a wide distribution, the species probably occurs in protected areas, but no data are currently available.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Tetraloniella,scabiosae,,Tetraloniella scabiosae,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of sufficient information on its population size, trends, ecological requirements and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,The species is known from central and southern Europe (Friese 1869). Outside of Europe the species also occurs within Turkey (Kuhlmann et al. 2012).,The species was regarded as rare in the 19th Century (Friese 1896). There is no further information available on the population size and trend of this species.,"Tetraloniella scabiosae is found in open grasslands and is frequently found on Scabiosa ochroleuca (Dipsacaceae) in August (Friese 1896), Cephalaria transylvanica, Dipsacus pilosus (Dipsacaceae) and Centaurea solstitialis (Asteraceae) (Iuga 1958).",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is reported as Possibly Extinct in the National Red List of Switzerland (Amiet 1994). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, the ecology, and threats to this species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Tetraloniella,strigata,,Tetraloniella strigata,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size and trend, while little is known about the habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"Tetraloniella strigata is found in the western Mediterranean region in the Iberian Peninsula and France. Outside of Europe, the species is found in Algeria (Dusmet and Alonso 1926).",There is no information is available on the population size and trend of this species.,The species inhabits Mediterranean-type shrublands and flies from May to July (Dusmet and Alonso 1926). It has been reported on Calaminth spp. (Lamiaceae) (Saunders 1908).,The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, the ecology, and also any threats to this species. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Roberts, S. & Nieto, A.","Quaranta, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Tetraloniella,vicina,,Tetraloniella vicina,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)  Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the species' population size, trends, and threats. Research should be conducted to assess the status of the species.It does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is known from Ukraine (Kharkiv, Donetsk, and Lugansk regions) and European Russia (Rostov region) (Radchenko 1982, M. Filatov pers. comm. 2013, Pesenko 1974, 1975). Outside of Europe, the species is only known from the Caucasus.",There is no information on the population size and trends for this species.,"The species is found on steppe areas, roadsides and edges of artificial forest belts in the steppe zone. The females of Tetraloniella vicina are narrowly oligolectic, in that they only collect pollen from Carduus crispus (V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2013). It is thought to inhabit temperate grasslands.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species does not appear in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books in Europe. There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place, although it known from the Streletskaya steppe Natural Reserve, the Proval'skaya steppe Natural Reserve, and the Stanichno-Lugansk Natural Reserve, all in Ukraine. Further studies are needed into the population size, trends, habitat, ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Nieto, A., Roberts, S. & Scott, J.A.","Quaranta, M.","Radchenko, V.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,HALICTIDAE,Thrincohalictus,prognathus,,Thrincohalictus prognathus,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Listed as Not Applicable as there is only one record of this species in Europe and this is thought to constitute &lt;1% of it's global population. Therefore the species is Not Applicable for further assessment in Europe.,Unknown,"The species is found in Greece (Aegean Islands), Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Armenia, Iran (Bluthgen 1955). There is one record in Europe.",A rare species with only one record in Europe. There is no further information available for the population size and trend for this species.,"There is little information available on the habitat and ecology of this species although it is suspected to occur in the mountains of eastern Mediterranean, perhaps on Mediterranean-type shrubland. In Israel, the species is found in phryganic shrublands (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). It is believed to be a polylectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a wide range of flowering plants species, and there is a record from Israel of visitation to flowers of Nepeta parviflora (Lamiaceae) (S. Roberts pers. comm. 2014). Despite having an unusually elongated head, the species visits a wide range of flowers which generally do not possess a long corolla (Packer 2000). Thrinocohalictus prognathus is a univoltine species, in that it has one generation per year. The females emerge from hibernation in mid-March, and males emerge no earlier than mid-May (Packer 2000).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Roberts, S. & García, M.","Pauly, A. & Michez, D.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Thyreus,affinis,,Thyreus affinis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is present in all Mediterranean countries and former Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. However, it is absent from the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia and Crete (Friese 1895, Beaumont 1939, Iuga 1958, Lieftinck 1968, Rasmont 2014).","This is a rare species like all the Thyreus. However, there is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.","Thyreus affinis is kleptoparasitic (Iuga 1958), in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, and its host is Amegilla (Zebramegilla) salviae (Morawitz, 1876). It visits Centaurea cilicica (Asteraceae), Thymus capitatus (Lamiaceae) and Echium sericeum (Boraginaceae), and it flies from May to July (Grace 2010).There is no information available on the habitat of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Thyreus,elegans,,Thyreus elegans,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is found in the south Mediterranean region and northeast Africa, west and Central Asia as far east as Mongolia (Friese 1895, Lieftinck 1968, Rasmont 2014).",This is a rare species like all the Thyreus. There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but its host is unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is very likely that its distribution overlaps with protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species. In order to preserve this species, conservation actions should be implemented for its host.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Thyreus,hellenicus,,Thyreus hellenicus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is present in Spain, France, Greece, Ukraine, and southern European Russia (Lieftnick 1968, Rasmont 2014).",This is a rare species like all the Thyreus. There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but its host is unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species. In order to preserve the species, care should be taken to maintain the host's preferred habitat.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M. & Michez, D.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Thyreus,hirtus,,Thyreus hirtus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"The species is present through the Mediterranean area and western Asia (Beaumon 1939, Lieftinck 1968, Rasmont 2014).",This is a rare species like all the Thyreus species. There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but its host is unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is likely that its distribution overlaps with protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species. In order to preserve the species, care should be taken to maintain the preferred habitat of its host.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Thyreus,histrionicus,,Thyreus histrionicus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as it is one of the most abundant Thyreus species and being found widespread. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and specific threats to the species, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"The species is widely distributed across southern Europe and the Mediterranean area, including the former Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, to central Russia and Central Asia (Friese 1895, Beaumont 1939, Iuga 1958, Lieftinck 1968, Rasmont 2014).","Even though Thyreus histrionicus is one of the most widespread Thyreus species, it remains rare in all its localities. The population trend is unknown.","Thyreus histrionicus is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, and its host is Amegilla quadrifasciata (Villers), which is one of the most common digger bee species. It is on the wing from April to October in Cyprus, and it has been recorded visiting Echium sericeum, Inula viscosa, Marrubium vulgare apolum, Statice virgata, Heliotropium europeum, Nepeta troodi, Cirsium syriacum, Centaurea cilicica, Centaurea hyalolepis and Eryngium creticum (Grace 2010).There is no information available on the habitat of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands.","The threats to this species are unknown. However, the species is considered Extinct in several European countries.","This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: the Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct, Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Extinct; Westrich et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is likely to overlap with protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Thyreus,hohmanni,,Thyreus hohmanni,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain) (Schwarz 2003, Rasmont 2014). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be less than 2,000 km2.","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. However, it is considered to be rare.","Thyreus hohmanni has been recorded feeding on Asteraceae, Boraginaceae and Plumbaginaceae species (Hohmann et al. 1993).There is no information available on the habitat of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is likely to occur within protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Thyreus,orbatus,,Thyreus orbatus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as it is the most widespread Thyreus species in Europe, the populations are quite common and there are no major threats to the species. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"The species is found in west, central and southern Europe, including part of former Yugoslavia, and as far east as Anatolia (Beaumont 1939, Liefticnk 1968, Rasmont 2014). It is also found in Iceland.","This is the Thyreus species with the largest distribution area, being the most widespread and abundant through Europe. However, it remains very rare in most of its localities. There is no information available for the population trend of this species.","There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands and temperate grasslands. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, and its hosts include Anthophora quadrimaculata (Panzer, 1798), Anthophora borealis Morawitz, 1864 and Anthophora plagiata (Illiger, 1806). Thyreus orbatus occurs therefore in the same habitats as these host species.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following European countries: Czech Republic (Vulnerable; Farkac et al. 2005), Germany (Endangered; Westrich et al. 2011), Netherlands (Regionally Extinct; Peeters and Reemer 2003) and Switzerland (Vulnerable; Amiet 1994). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is likely that its distribution overlaps with protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species. In order to preserve this species, care should be taken to maintain the preferred habitats of the host species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Thyreus,picaron,,Thyreus picaron,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"The species is present through the Iberian Peninsula and southern central Europe, including former Yugoslavia, to west Asia (Lieftinck 1968, Rasmont 2014).","This is an extremely rare species, and only a few specimens are known. There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.","There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but its host is unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Thyreus,ramosus,,Thyreus ramosus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, the populations are quite common and its host species is abundant. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends, habitats and ecology and threats to the species, as it is considered threatened in some European countries.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is found in central and southern Europe, including the Canary Islands and former Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. Outside of Europe, it is present in northeast Africa, Arabia, west Asia, Himalaya and China (Beaumont 1939, Friese 1895, Iuga 1958, Lieftinck 1968, Rasmont 2014).","Even if Thyreus ramosus is the kleptoparasite of one of the most widespread Thyreus species, it still remains rare in most of its localities. It is present where its hosts are abundant.There is no information available for the population trend of this species.","Thyreus ramosus is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, and its hosts are Amegilla albigena (Lepeletier, 1841) and maybe also Anthophora pubescens (Fabricius, 1781). The species is present where its hosts are abundant and can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands. The species has been recorded mainly from May to September on Cyprus, with some later autumn records, visiting Marrubium vulgare apolum, Inula viscosa, Carlina lanata, Teucrium polium micropodioides, Heliotropium europeum, Echium sericeum and Statice virgate (Grace 2010).There is no further information available on the habitat of this species.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Switzerland (Endangered; Amiet 1994). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is likely to occur in protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Thyreus,scutellaris,,Thyreus scutellaris,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is found in Portugal, Italy, former Yugoslavia, Ukraine and southern European Russia, central and west Asia, Siberia and China (Friese 1895, Iuga 1958, Lieftinck 1968, Rasmont 2014).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. However, it is rare like the other Thyreus species.","There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but its host is unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Thyreus,tricuspis,,Thyreus tricuspis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the species is present in Italy. Outside of Europe, it occurs in north Africa and west Asia (Friese 1895, Lieftinck 1968, Rasmont 2014).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. However, it is a very rare species.","There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, but its host is unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Thyreus,truncatus,,Thyreus truncatus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as there is little or no information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species throughout its range, as it is considered extinct in Switzerland.",Unknown,"The species is present from southwestern and central Europe, including former Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia, to southern European Russia. Outside of Europe, it is found across North Africa, west Asia and Arabia (Beaumont 1939, Friese 1895, Iuga 1958, Lieftinck 1968, Rasmont 2014).","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. However, it is a rare species like the other Thyreus species.","There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species, although it can be assumed to occur on Mediterranean-type shrublands and temperate grasslands. It is kleptoparasitic, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species, and its host is Amegilla garrula (Rossi, 1790).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is likely that its distribution overlaps with protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A., García, M., Michez, D. & Kemp, J.R.","Rasmont, P. & Dehon, M.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Trachusa,byssina,,Trachusa byssina,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Listed as Least Concern due to the species' wide distribution and the abundant population throughout most of its range. Research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to this species.,Unknown,"This species occurs in the whole of continental Europe between 42° and 64° latitude. Outside of Europe, the distribution of this species reaches Armenia, Mongolia, and Russian Siberia in the east (Warncke 1980, Ascher and Pickering 2013). It is absent from the British Isles.","The population size and trend of this species are not documented. The species is the most common species in Europe (Warncke 1980) and, at least in central and northern European countries, as well as in some southern European countries (e.g. Portugal) the species is locally abundant. However, the population trend is unknown.","Trachusa byssina prefers shrubland, forest margins, or sparsely forested biotopes and is found from lowland up to high altitudes (up to 2,100 m in the Alps). The flight period is from mid-May to the end of September. Females build 10-15 cm long burrows in soil. Brood cells are made from leaf pieces and resin. The species is oligolectic on Fabaceae (Muller 1996).",The threats to this species are unknown.,This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research and monitoring into the population size and trend and threats are needed. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Trachusa,dumerlei,,Trachusa dumerlei,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of the populations been stable over the past 60 years. However the species has a restricted distribution and the threats to the species remain unknown.,Stable,"This species occurs in Greece, Macedonia and Bulgaria. Outside of Europe, it occurs in Turkey (Warncke 1980, Ascher and Pickering 2013). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 97,766 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km2.","Trachusa dumerlei is a rare species, but its population seems to be stable over the past 60 years.","This species inhabits Mediterranean shrublands, sparsely forested mosaics in agricultural landscapes (small fields and orchards) and pastureland. The species uses resin for nest building. It is probably oligolectic on Carduae (Asteraceae) (Muller 1996).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size, trend and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Trachusa,interrupta,,Trachusa interrupta,,,No,EN,B2ab(v),No,EN,B2ab(v),EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Listed as Endangered because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 286 km2, the species is very localized, is considered severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, especially in Hungary and Slovakia. As the species is oligolectic on Dipsacacae flowers, any local decline of these flowers including any biotope changes may affect the species directly.",Decreasing,"A widespread species in southern Europe, from Portugal to Greece in the east and Slovakia in the north. Outside of Europe, the species occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Turkey, Syria and the Caucasus (Warncke 1980, Ascher and Pickering 2013). The presence in Austria is uncertain (Schwarz et al. 1996). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,138,212 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 256 km2.","This species is very rare within its entire European distribution, except for a few areas in the western Alps. In some areas, the species is distinctly declining (e.g., Hungary, Slovakia), according to collected data and personal observation (Petr Bogush and J. Straka pers. obs. 2014). The populations can be considered severely fragmented, as the species is very local and distant populations are slightly morphologically distinct, which suggest long-term separation of populations.","This species prefers open steppe and forest steppe habitats. The species is oligolectic, in that it prefers to forage upon a narrow range of flowering plant species, on Dipsacasae, mainly on Scabiosa species (Muller 1996). Female build short burrows in soil. Their brood cells are made of leaf pieces and resin (Banaszak and Romasenko 2001).","The specific threats to this species are uncertain, although one of the main threats is probably caused by vegetational succession of steppe vegetation, which is likely to cause a decline in amount and quality of the available forage plants (Scabiosa). Even a small decline in the availability of forage can cause either declines, or serious population fluctuations of this bee species.","This species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat preferences and trend, ecological requirements and threats, together with the monitoring of the population and habitat trends. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Trachusa,laeviventris,,Trachusa laeviventris,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species occurs in Portugal, Spain and France in Europe. Outside of Europe, it occurs in Morocco and Algeria (Warncke 1980). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to 505,530 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is at least 68 km2 for Europe.",The population size and trend of this species are unknown.,"This species inhabits Mediterranean shrubland, forest and forest-steppe biotopes. It also occurs in man-managed areas, like gardens, orchards and other urban areas. Female build nests cells with leaves and resin.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats, together with the monitoring of the population and habitat trends. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Trachusa,laticeps,,Trachusa laticeps,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 56 km2 and although populations in the Balkan Peninsula seem rather stable, elsewhere the species is definitely declining and it may have even become extinct in some countries. Thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Monitoring of its population trend and identification of possible threats are recommended.",Unknown,"This species occurs in the east-Mediterranean region, but the findings from Spain and France are probably exceptional. There is only a single old record from Spain and one old record from France. Recent records are from Croatia, Montenegro, Macedonia and Greece. Outside of Europe, this species has been recorded in Algeria and Turkey (Warncke 1980). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to 1,163,965 km2, although it is probably distinctly smaller. The area of occupancy (AOO) is at least 56 km2 for Europe.","The population size and trend of this species are probably stable in the area of the Balkan Peninsula. However, populations are certainly decreasing in the west Mediterranean, and the species may be even extinct in some countries like France and Italy (J. Straka pers. comm. 2014).","This species occurs at open biotopes, Mediterranean shrublands, sparsely forested mosaic in agricultural landscapes (small fields and orchards) and pastureland. The species use resin for nest building. T. laticeps forages from species of Lamiaceae and several other plant families, especially Fabaceae (Mueller 1996).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research and monitoring are needed into the population size, trend and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,MEGACHILIDAE,Trachusa,pubescens,,Trachusa pubescens,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species occurs in the Great Hungarian Plain and Transdanubian Mountains (Józan 2011), Romania (Kuhlmann et al. 2012), Crimea (Ukraine), Bulgaria, Macedonia and Greece. Recent records are only from Greece and Macedonia,  but Józan (2011) does not consider this species as extinct in Hungary. Outside of Europe, it occurs in the Caucasus, Turkey, Syria and Israel (Warncke 1980) as well as in Jordan and Iran. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to 694,587 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is at least 44 km2 for Europe.",The population size and trend of this species is unknown.,"This species occurs in open steppe biotopes, Mediterranean shrublands, sparsely forested mosaic in agricultural landscapes (small fields and orchards) and pastureland. The species use resin for nest building. T. pubescens is considered to be oligolectic on Lamiaceae (Muller 1996).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not included in a National Red List or Red Data Book. The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Further research and monitoring are needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Triepeolus,tristis,,Triepeolus tristis,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 27 regional assessment: Near threatened (NT)Listed as Near Threatened because although the area of occupancy (AOO) is unknown, it is probably not much larger than 2,000 km2 and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, as in the past this species used to be more common and it has become extinct in some countries and is now considered rare generally. Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B2. Further research is needed to understand the threats affecting the species.",Decreasing,"This species is distributed in southern and central Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are not known, although the AOO is probably not much larger than 2,000 km2. It also occurs in Turkey.","In the past this species used to be more common, it is now considered rare and has gone extinct in some countries. The population trend is decreasing.","A species of rocky steppes and xerothermic habitats. This is a kleptoparasitic species, in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species. Tetralonia macroglossa, T. dentata and T. salicariae are the hosts of this species (Scheuchl 2000, Amiet et al. 2007).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is listed in the National Red Lists of Slovenia (Vulnerable; Anonymous 2002) and Switzerland (Regionally Extinct; Amiet 1994). Further research is needed into the population size, trend and threats. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nieto, A. & Roberts, S.","Bogusch, P. & Straka, J.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Xylocopa,cantabrita,,Xylocopa cantabrita,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its presumed large overall population and no major threats.,Stable,"Xylocopa cantabrita is mainly present in the Iberian Peninsula (Ortiz-Sanchez 1989). A small isolated population exists in France, in the Var department, in the locality ""Massif de la Sainte-Baume"" (Terzo and Rasmont 2003, Terzo et al. 2007). A second isolated population is more widely distributed in Morocco, in the Middle Atlas. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 553,346 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 292 km².",The population of Xylocopa cantabrita seems to be stable in the two isolated populations of France (Terzo and Rasmont 2003) and Morocco as well as in its main distribution area of the Iberian Peninsula. It is widespread in Spain although not abundant and it is very localised in France.,"Xylocopa cantabrita lives in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type woody, shrubby and temperate grassland vegetation. The species collects pollen almost exclusively on Asphodelus (Liliaceae) and Ortiz (1997) adds Phlomis and Salvia (Lamiaceae). Females nest in dead wood: in Cedar (Cedrus sp.) in Morocco (Rasmont et al. 1994)  and probably in Yew (Taxus baccata) L. and in Beech (Fagus sylvatica) L. in France (Terzo and Rasmont 2003).","There appear to be no major threats affecting this species. Nevertheless, the isolated populations in France are very small and seem to depend strictly on the joint presence of Asphodelus for foraging and of the yew forest for nesting. The French populations could be threatened by urban expansion.","No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species overall. In France, the ""Massif de la Sainte-Baume"", including the yew forest, should be protected. It occurs in protected areas in other parts of its range.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Terzo, M. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Xylocopa,iris,,Xylocopa iris,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"Xylocopa iris is a west-Palearctic species, very widespread west to east all around the Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas, from the Atlantic coast to Central Asia. It is present on the main Mediterranean islands apart from the Balearic Islands. To the north, in Europe, its distribution reaches the latitude of Paris and southern Poland. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,988,136 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,908 km².","Populations of Xylocopa iris appears to be declining in the north-eastern part of its distribution (Poland, Ukraine, Russia) where the most recent observations have been made there over 60 years ago but this decline could just be an artefact due to a lack of recent data (Terzo and Rasmont 1997). In the Mediterranean region and Anatolia, the populations seem to be stable (Terzo and Rasmont 1995).","Xylocopa iris lives in natural habitats with   Mediterranean-type shrubby and temperate grassland vegetation but  the  species is also present in urban and suburban habitats where it can find flowers and suitable nesting sites. The species is polylectic and collects pollen mainly on Fabacae, thistles (Asteraceae) and Lamiaceae. It also shows a special attraction for the genus Eryngium (Apiaceae) (Terzo and Rasmont 1997, Terzo et al. 2007). Females nest in dried stems of various plants such as those of large Apiaceae (Popov and Ponomareva 1961).",No past or ongoing threats exist to this species at continental scale.,"Xylocopa iris is considered as Extinct in two European countries: Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2005) and Germany (Westrich et al. 2008). It is regarded as Endangered in Switzerland (Amiet 1994) and Slovenia (Anonymous 2002). No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species as a whole. Monitoring of the population trends in the north-eastern part of the species distribution would establish the status of the species in that region. The species is common in the Mediterranean region, including in nature reserves, natural parks and other protected areas.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Terzo, M. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Xylocopa,olivieri,,Xylocopa olivieri,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its presumed large overall population and no major threats.,Stable,"Xylocopa olivieri is present from the Balkans to the eastern coast of  the Caspian Sea, and from Romania and European Russia to Israel and Iran (Alfken 1930).  The species is also present in Crete and Cyprus. In Europe, the  distribution seems to be restricted to the thermo-Mediterranean climate zone. Northern observations (Romania, Macedonia, European Russia) have been made more than 60 years ago. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,492,469 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 92 km².",This species is common but not abundant. The population of Xylocopa olivieri seems stable.,"Xylocopa olivieri lives in natural habitats with  Mediterranean-type shrubby and temperate grassland vegetation. The species is polylectic but shows a preference for Fabaceae, Lamiaceae and thistles (Asteraceae). Females nest in dried soil while all other European species of the genus nest in dried stems or wood.",No past or ongoing threats exist to this species at continental scale.,"No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species. Monitoring of the population trends in the northern part of the Balkans would establish the boundaries of its distribution. The species is common in the eastern Mediterranean region, including in nature reserves and natural parks.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Terzo, M. & Nieto, A.",,,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Xylocopa,valga,,Xylocopa valga,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large and stable overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"Xylocopa valga is a west-Palearctic species that extends throughout western and central Europe, from the Maghreb and Spain to Iran. The species is absent from the Atlantic coast apart from two localities in Morocco. In France, Spain and Turkey, the species clearly prefers the continental climate zones, being more abundant in the hinterland and on the mountains than in coastal sites and at low elevation where it is replaced by Xylocopa violacea (Terzo et al. 2007). In Central Europe, Xylocopa valga is also more common than Xylocopa violacea. It is believed that the species is also distributed and common in eastern Europe (M. Terzo pers. comm. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,021,383 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 936 km².","This species is widespread and locally common. Populations of Xylocopa valga are stable in France (Terzo and Rasmont 1995) and at a continental scale. In Ukraine, the population has decreased due to the reduction of available breeding sites (dead trees) caused by cutting and burning of shelter belts, xerophytic woodlands and steppe slopes of the mountains, especially in the south of Ukraine and Crimea.","Xylocopa valga lives in natural habitats with   woody, shrubby and temperate grassland vegetation. It is less common than Xylocopa violacea in rural or suburban areas. The species seems to prefers the continental climate zone and higher elevations than Xylocopa violacea.Imago occurs from mid-April to late September. There is one generation per year, and the adults overwinter. Old females die in the autumn, but sometimes hibernate a second time and again build a nest in the spring. It nests in wood, e.g. in dead trees, telegraph poles, buildings, the roots of perennial plants on slopes and ravines. The females excavate galleries, and build up to 10-12 brood cells. The cell partitions are made of wood dust. Females collect pollen mainly on large flowers of Fabaceae, thistles (Asteracedae) and Lamiaceae. They nest in dead wood and, maybe, also in the ground (Popov 1947). Each cell contains a quantity of pollen in the form of an elongated tetrahedron, on which an egg is deposited. After completion of the nest the female remains inside the entrance. She protects and controls the development of offspring, till their emergence in the autumn. Young males and females overwinter in tunnels in wood.",No past or ongoing threats exist to this species at continental scale.,"Xylocopa valga is considered as Extinct in Latvia (Spuris 1998) and Lithuania (Rašomavičius 2007); Critically Endangered in Poland (Głowaciński and Nowacki 2009), Endangered in Germany (Westrich et al. 2008) and in Slovenia (Anonymous 2002); Vulnerable in Moldova (Dectiu 2002), Switzerland (Amiet 1994) and Ukraine (Monchenko et al. 2009). No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species at European scale. Monitoring of the population trends in the north-eastern part of the species' distribution would confirm the presence of the species in that region. The species is common in the Mediterranean region, including in nature reserves and natural parks. In Ukraine, the species is present in protected reserves of steppe and forest-steppe zones.",This species is not utilized.,"Bilz, M. & Roberts, S.","Terzo, M. & Nieto, A.","Radchenko, V.",,
Bees,2015_April,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,HYMENOPTERA,APIDAE,Xylocopa,violacea,,Xylocopa violacea,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population and no major threats.",Stable,"Xylocopa violacea is a west-Palearctic species, and is very abundant in the Mediterranean region. Its distribution extends throughout western and central Europe. To the east, it is present around the Black Sea and reaches the Caspian Sea south of the Caucasus. The species is also present in all Mediterranean islands and in the Maghreb. To the north, the species is known from very few localities in Great Britain (as a vagrant) and old data (before 1950) also mentions it in southern Finland and Poland. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,743,314 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 5,936 km².","Populations of Xylocopa violacea appears to be declining in parts of central and northern Europe where the most recent observations have been made over 20 years ago but this decline could just be an artefact due to a lack of recent data. Conversely, in countries such as Belgium, the species seems to be nesting again, with established nests lasting for several years (M. Terzo pers. comm. 2012). In France, the populations are stable (Terzo and Rasmont 1995).","Xylocopa violacea lives in natural habitats with  Mediterranean-type woody, shrubby and temperate grassland vegetation but the  species is also common in urban and suburban habitats. The species collects pollen mainly on large flowered Fabaceae (Genista, Lathyrus, Glycine, etc), large thistles (Asteraceae) and Lamiaceae such as Lavandula and Salvia. It is one of the main pollinators of flowers like Iris. Females nest in dead wood  (tree trunks or beams in homes) where they excavate themselves a long gallery with their powerful mandibles. Hurd and Moure (1963) quote 20 entomologists who have written on the nesting habits of Xylocopa violacea since Réaumur (1742).",No past or ongoing threats exist to this species at continental scale.,"Xylocopa violacea is considered as Extinct in Poland (Głowaciński and Nowacki 2009); Vulnerable in Moldova (Dectiu 2002), the Netherlands (Peeters and Reemer 2003), Switzerland (Amiet 1994) and Ukraine (Monchenko et al. 2009). No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species at European scale.Monitoring of the population trends in the northern part of the species distribution would establish the current status of the species in that region.The species is common in the Mediterranean region, including in nature reserves, natural parks and other protected areas.",This species is not utilized.,"Roberts, S. & Bilz, M.","Terzo, M. & Nieto, A.",,,
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,FRINGILLIDAE,Acanthis,flammea,,Acanthis flammea,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","<em>Carduelis flammea</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) was split into <em>C. flammea,</em> Common Redpoll and <em>C. cabaret,</em> Lesser Redpoll (Knox 1988, Knox <em>et al.</em> 2001; see Sangster <em>et al.</em> 2002) but this treatment is not adopted by the BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group following Ottvall <em>et al.</em> (2002). The Hoary or Arctic Redpoll (form <em>hornemanni</em>) is described <em></em>as differing from <em>flammea</em> ‘in measurements, structure and plumage’, but in reality the differences reflect the more northerly distribution of <em>hornemanni</em>   (larger size, whiter plumage). Moreover, there is variation within the   plumages of both taxa and they interbreed. Thus the BirdLife Taxonomic   Working Group regard them as conspecific.",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia (&gt;50% of the European breeding population) and Fennoscandia, with small but significant numbers also in Ireland, the United Kingdom and Greenland.","The European breeding population is estimated at 4,500,000–9,550,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 9,010,000–19,100,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 875,000–2,090,000 pairs, which equates to 1750,000–4,180,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In the north of this species' range it breeds in lowland treeless tundra and dry heath with dwarf birch (<em>Betul</em>a) and stunted shrubby osiers (<em>Salix</em>), as well as open taiga of pine (<em>Pinus</em>) and spruce (<em>Picea</em>) and scrub. Further south it prefers wooded slopes, swampy hollows and riverine thickets with birch, willow (<em>Salix</em>), juniper (<em>Juniperus</em>), alder (<em>Alnus</em>) and rowan (<em>Sorbus</em>), along with mixed birch and pine.<br/><br/>In Iceland, it also breeds in introduced conifer plantations and parks. Breeding occurs from late-April to August. Nests are generally built up to five metres above ground in a shrub or tree and frequently on branches close to the trunk and are a cup constructed of grasses, small twigs, plant fibres and roots, bark strips, moss, animal hair and feathers. Clutches are four to six eggs.<br/><br/>It feeds mainly on seeds and buds, as well as small invertebrates (Clement 2016) which are usually taken in the breeding season (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>In northern Europe small numbers are resident but most migrate to non-breeding grounds in Fennoscandia and European Russia (Clement 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",In Poland afforestation and disturbance from recreational activities pose a threat (Jakubiec 2001). This species may also be affected by future climate change (Marthinsen <em>et al.</em> 2008).,"<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known specific conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Locally, protection of important areas of habitat should be protected from change and disturbance. Research should be undertaken to assess the effects and impacts of climate change.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ACCIPITRIFORMES,ACCIPITRIDAE,Accipiter,badius,,Accipiter badius,"(Gmelin, 1788)",0,No,NT,D1,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT°)<br/>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>This species has a large global range that only barely extends into easternmost Europe. This species has a small range within the region, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population trend appears to be stable, and therefore does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is very small, and meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion D, but given the large, apparently stable neighbouring population there is significant potential for rescue from outside the region and the final category is downlisted by one step to Near Threatened (NT°).<br/><br/>This species does not occur in the EU28 and is therefore considered Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe, the population size trend is suspected to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species has a predominantly Asian and African distribution that just extends into south-easternmost Europe, where it has small resident populations in Azerbaijan and Armenia (Kemp and Kirwan 2014).","The European breeding population is suspected to be 100-510 pairs, which equates to 200-1,100&#160;mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is found in dry areas with trees: deciduous woodland, from arid steppe to mesic woodland with closed canopy. It prefers broadleaf woodland and is rarely found in coniferous forest, but also occurs in small plantations of exotic trees, including suburban gardens. Egg-laying occurs from May to June, and it typically lays three or four eggs. The nest is built by both sexes and is a small, saucer-shaped stick nest thickly lined with bark flakes, sometimes leaves, in a multi-branched outer fork or on a horizontal branch. It feeds mainly on&#160; lizards, geckos, skinks and small birds including Budgerigar (<em>Melopsittacus undulatus</em>), bee-eaters (<em>Merops</em>), rollers (<em>Coracias</em>/<em>Eurystomus</em>), small gamebirds and African Palm Swifts (<em>Cypsiurus parvus</em>) as they leave their nests, as well as nestlings, eggs, gerbils, bats, rodents, frogs and insects. The species is migratory (Kemp and Kirwan 2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments, giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Although globally there are no major threats to this species, the European population is small and on the edge of its global range so is more vulnerable to the potential threats that face small populations (BirdLife International 2004).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. CITES Appendix II. CMS Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Research is needed on the potential threats to this species as well as its population dynamics in order to inform future conservation measures.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ACCIPITRIFORMES,ACCIPITRIDAE,Accipiter,brevipes,,Accipiter brevipes,"(Severtsov, 1850)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong><br/></strong>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is small, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is small, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds notably in Greece, Russia, Azerbaijan, Romania, Turkey and Bulgaria.","The European breeding population is estimated at 3,800-7,700 pairs, which equates to 7,700-15,300&#160;mature individuals. The&#160;breeding&#160;population in the EU28 is estimated at 1,700-3,400 pairs, which equates to 3,400-6,800 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information..","This species breeds mainly in fragmented deciduous forests along river basins but may also use broad-leaved forests on foothills and mountain slopes, usually below 1,000 m but up to 2,000 m (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). It arrives at its breeding grounds in April or early May and eggs are laid in May or early June. It nests in tree branches, preferring deciduous trees such as alder, poplar or aspen. The nest is a smallish platform of sticks (30 cm wide, 15 cm deep), lined with twigs and sometimes leaves. Occasionally it will use the old nests of other birds. Clutch size is three to five eggs (Orta and Marks 2014). It feeds mainly on lizards, fledgling birds and large insects such as dragonflies, grasshoppers and cicadas (Tucker and Heath 1994). The species is a migrant, probably wintering in sub-Saharan Africa (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001, Orta and Marks 2014). Birds leave their breeding grounds in September, returning in April and May. On migration it frequently flies at night using flapping flight and travels in flocks which become especially large at certain bottlenecks (Orta and Marks 2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments, giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","It is highly vulnerable to the impacts of potential wind energy development (Strix 2012). This species is considered undesirable for falconry in Georgia, and many are killed after being captured by falconers who are attempting to catch other, more desirable species (Orta and Marks 2014).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. CITES Appendix II. The species is listed as threatened in Croatia and Bulgaria. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Key areas should be identified and protection put in place, particularly from construction of windfarms. Awareness campaign directed at falconers aimed at reducing unnecessary deaths should be launched. Studies on species's ecology and monitoring of populations should be developed to inform conservation measures.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ACCIPITRIFORMES,ACCIPITRIDAE,Accipiter,gentilis,,Accipiter gentilis,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing in recent years, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is suspected to be decreasing by less than 25% in 24 years (three generations), based on the information given in the EBBA2 (Keller <em>et al. </em>2020). In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 10% (best estimate) over the same period. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.<br/>In the past, although the species underwent significant declines in some countries in the 1990s, these were exceeded by increases in other countries during the same period and in the 2000s. The declines seen now are recent (as confirmed in EBBA 2 (Keller <em>et al.</em> 2020)), although not yet rapid enough to approach any thresholds.","This species breeds in most countries in Europe, largely in Russia, but also notably in Spain, Germany, Ukraine and Sweden.","The European breeding population is estimated at 117,000-190,000 pairs, which equates to 234,000-380,000&#160;mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 56,500-95,500 pairs, which equates to 113,000-191,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is mainly resident, but its northernmost populations in Scandinavia and Russia migrate south between September and November, returning in March and April (Snow and Perrins 1998, Squires&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020). Soaring flight is used frequently (Snow and Perrins 1998). It is always seen singly or in pairs (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). It inhabits mature woodland, preferring areas near clearings and the forest edge. Small birds and mammals make up the vast majority of its diet, with grouse, pheasants and partridges being especially important in boreal zones. Nests are built on the forks or branches of large trees and are made of sticks, lined with twigs and fresh leaves. Clutches are usually two to four (Squires&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments, giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Significant declines in Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries are thought to have resulted from persecution and deforestation, with later declines in the 1950s and 1960s a result of poisoning from pesticides and heavy metals. Persecution continues to be a threat, as is nest robbing for falconry (Squires&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020). It is also highly vulnerable to the impacts of potential wind farm developments (Strix 2012).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. CITES Appendix II. CMS Appendix II. Subspecies <em>A. g. arrigonii </em>is listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive. The species benefits from natural and managed reafforestation, for example in Ukraine, it is expanding southwards in plantations (Squires <em>et al. </em>2020).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Restrictions on hunting and nest robbing should be implemented and enforced where they are lacking. Important areas of optimal habitat, consisting of farmland interspersed with mature forest should be preserved (Squires&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ACCIPITRIFORMES,ACCIPITRIDAE,Accipiter,nisus,,Accipiter nisus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds largely in Russia, but also notably in Sweden, the United Kingdom, France, Poland, Germany and Ireland.","The European breeding population is estimated at 364,000-571,000 pairs, which equates to 728,000-1,150,000&#160;mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 198,000-342,000 pairs, which equates to 397,000-684,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is migratory in the north of its range, with these birds wintering in southern Europe, southern Asia and less commonly in Africa (Meyburg and Marks 2014). Further south, birds tend to be resident or dispersive (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001, Meyburg and Marks 2014). Migrants move south between July and November, returning between March and June (Snow and Perrins 1998). Birds are generally solitary, except when nesting, and tend to migrate singly although large concentrations do form at narrow sea crossings (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). It mainly inhabits forest, although preferring this to be interspersed with open areas. Small birds make up the vast majority of its diet. The nest is built in the lower crown of trees, on a fork or branch. A new nest is built each year by both sexes and is a platform of sticks with little or no greenery. It typically lays three to six eggs (Meyburg and Marks 2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Widespread persecution, especially from gamekeepers, in the 20th century caused large numbers of the birds to be killed (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001, Meyburg and Marks 2014). Sharp declines in Europe in the 1950s and 1960s were driven by the use of harmful organochlorine pesticides, which causes direct mortality of adults as well as reduced breeding success. The species is still trapped in its thousands annually in Turkey, where it is used by falconers, but habitat alteration is thought to be the major contemporary threat (Meyburg and Marks 2014). It is also highly vulnerable to the impacts of potential wind energy developments (Strix 2012).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. CITES Appendix II. CMS Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. The species has recovered in range and numbers from 1970 to 1990 due to the ban on organochloride pesticides. It has also recovered in areas where persecution has been controlled (Meyburg and Marks 2014) and illegal killing is no longer a serious threat.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Pesticide use should be reduced and maintained and agricultural practices should support large populations of songbirds. Trapping and hunting restrictions should be enforced. During the breeding season, forestry operations should be avoided. The placement of wind turbines should considered carefully to minimise mortality in this and other species.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,ACROCEPHALIDAE,Acrocephalus,agricola,,Acrocephalus agricola,"(Jerdon, 1845)","<em>Acrocephalus agricola</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) has been split into <em>A. agricola</em> and <em>A. tangorum</em> contra Alstrom <em>et al.</em> (1991) but following Helbig and Seibold (1999).  <p></p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, although this species may have a small range, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size may be small, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population size trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be stable. In the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species stronghold is in Russia, with significant numbers also in Ukraine and Romania.","The European breeding population is estimated at 233,000–352,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 466,000–703,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 3,000–20,200 pairs, which equates to 6,100–40,400 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in reeds (<em>Phragmites</em>), chiefly low-growing and open, as well as reedmace (<em>Typha</em>) and neighbouring bushes or tamarisks (<em>Tamarix</em>), often on the landward edges of lakes and in river valleys.<br/><br/>Around the Black Sea, breeding begins in mid-May. Three to six eggs are laid in a cylindrical, rather tall and deep nest, which is loosely constructed from reed and grass stems and leaves and reed inflorescences, woven around vertical stems of water plants and lined with finer grasses, reed flowers and occasionally plant down. It is suspended over land or water, 10–200 cm up among vertical stems of emergent aquatic or semi-aquatic vegetation (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020).<br/><br/>It feeds mainly on insects (Snow and Perrins 1998) but also takes spiders (Araneae) and earthworms (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020).<br/><br/>The species is migratory, wintering in the Indian subcontinent (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",In Bulgaria this species has been adversely affected by large-scale reed-cutting and burning (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Important areas of habitat should be protected and maintained from habitat alteration and disturbance.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,ACROCEPHALIDAE,Acrocephalus,arundinaceus,,Acrocephalus arundinaceus,"(Temminck &amp; Schlegel, 1847)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D).&#160;The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is suspected to be stable. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to have decreased by approximately 12% (best estimate) in the past 10 years. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is present in most countries in Europe, and breeds notably in Russia, Romania, Ukraine, Spain, Hungary and Poland.","The European breeding population is estimated at 2,380,000-4,440,000 pairs, which equates to 4,760,000-8,880,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 1,250,000-1,970,000 pairs, which equates to 2,510,000-3,940,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds mainly in beds of reed (<em>Phragmites</em>), locally in stands of reedmace (<em>Typha</em>), growing in fresh or brackish water and rarely, in willow bushes (<em>Salix</em>). It shows a preference for tall reeds with thick stems, especially next to open water. In western and central Europe, egg-laying occurs from mid-May to July but begins earlier in southern Europe from early May. It lays three to six eggs in a nest, which is a deep, cylindrical cup of coarsely woven grass, reed and other plants stems and leaves, some plant down, spider webs and reed flowers and lined with finer plant material, sometimes also hair and feathers. It is built 10–200 cm above water and attached to several reed stems. The diet is mainly insects but also includes spiders (Araneae), some snails and small vertebrates. Outside the breeding season it also rarely takes fruit and berries. The species is migratory, wintering in sub-Saharan Africa (Dyrcz 2006).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The reasons of declines in Europe are not clear but may be due to climate change and habitat loss. Drainage and irrigation, decreasing reed quality, lower arthropod densities (Dyrcz 2006), land reclamation, eutrophication and reedbed die-back may be causes (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Habitat may be managed for the species through the restoration of natural water level fluctuations, restoration of early successional wetland stages and the reduction of water nutrient loads (Graveland 1998).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,ACROCEPHALIDAE,Acrocephalus,dumetorum,,Acrocephalus dumetorum,"Blyth, 1849",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is suspected to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information","In Europe, the species stronghold is in Russia, with small numbers also found in the north and east of Europe, particularly in Latvia, Finland and Estonia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 3,120,000–5,420,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 6,240,000–10,900,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 120,000–313,000 pairs, which equates to 240,000–626,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species has adapted to varied habitats and is not necessarily found close to water; it is more arboreal than most members of the genus (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). It breeds in a wide range of shrubby growth with tall herbage, young forests, overgrown clearings, birch (<em>Betula</em>) and willow (<em>Salix</em>) scrub in floodland groves, forest steppes, bush-encroached farmland and swamp and other waterside margins (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>The breeding season is from the end of May to July. It lays three to six eggs is a nest, which is a neat and compact cup of dry grass stalks and leaves, rootlets, plant fibres, spider web, lined with finer stems and hair and suspended 10–150 cm above ground in a dense herbaceous layer, or sometimes in a shrub or small tree.<br/><br/>It feeds mainly on insects but also consumes spiders (Araneae), harvestmen (Opiliones), snails and occasionally seeds.<br/><br/>The species is migratory and the entire population winters in the Indian Subcontinent (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There are not thought to be any current significant threats to this species.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Martin, R., Piggott, A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,ACROCEPHALIDAE,Acrocephalus,melanopogon,,Acrocephalus melanopogon,"(Temminck, 1823)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small to large, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is suspected to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia, Turkey and Romania, with significant numbers also in Azerbaijan, Austria, Hungary, Georgia and France.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 36,900–93,800&#160;pairs, which equates to 73,800–-188,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 10,800–38,200 pairs, which equates to 21,600–76,300 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occupies low aquatic vegetation, especially reedbeds, but also rush stands, sedges, reedmace (<em>Typha</em>) and others, often with admixture of bushes or tamarisks (<em>Tamarix</em>). Its optimal habitat appears to be old reedbeds containing a high proportion of dead material and a complex lower stratum, with tall reeds above. In addition, it is found along lake margins, ditches, beside freshwater and brackish marshes, and in very small reed marshes in the steppe zone.<br/><br/>In Europe, egg-laying begins in late March and continues to mid-June. The nest is a deep cup, sometimes with a partial roof and is made of loosely woven leaves and stems of aquatic plants, lined with fine plant material and some feathers. It is suspended 30–130 cm above water from several vertical plant stems. Clutches are usually from three to six eggs.<br/><br/>The diet is almost entirely small arthropods, especially small beetles but the fruits of cherry (<em>Prunus</em>) and elder (<em>Sambucus</em>) are also taken.<br/><br/>The species is sedentary, partially migratory and migratory in Europe (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","This species is threatened locally by fires caused by humans. Although burnt reedbeds are quickly recolonized, the complex lower stratum that this species favours is lost (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). The modification of wetland habitats, water abstraction (Martí del Mora 2003, Madroño <em>et al.</em> 2005) and the mowing and cutting of reeds (Flitti <em>et al.</em> 2009) also pose a risk to this species.","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The following actions have been proposed for Spanish populations:<ul><li>Measures should be taken to maintain the water level of wetlands where this species breeds. In addition, these areas should be protected from disturbance, particularly from fire, which should only be used as a means of management under very controlled conditions.</li><li>Water quality should be maintained and improved and eutrophication avoided and vegetation should be managed to promote diversity.</li><li>Populations should also be regularly monitored (Madroño <em>et al.</em> 2005).</li></ul>",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,ACROCEPHALIDAE,Acrocephalus,paludicola,,Acrocephalus paludicola,"(Vieillot, 1817)",0,Yes,VU,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",No,NT,C2a(ii),EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Near Threatened (NT)</strong><strong><br/></strong><br/>In Europe, despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is moderately small to large, and, combined with the ongoing decline, approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion C. This species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km²) but it has a small area of occupancy (AOO) (smaller than 2,000 km²), which, combined with a continuing decline and a small number of locations (smaller than 10), meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the range size criterion B, and&#160;is therefore assessed as such in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is small, and meets most of the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion C, but there is no more ongoing decline. The species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by approximately 15% in 10 years. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing.&#160;&#160;These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","The species breeds exclusively in Europe, across a highly fragmented range, primarily in Belarus, Poland and Ukraine.&#160;<br/><br/>On migration, it has been recorded in c.15 European countries, mainly in the west and southwest of the continent (U. Malashevich <em>in litt.</em> 2012). It winters in the Sahelian belt of sub-Saharan West Africa, mainly along the lower Senegal River (Bargain <em>et al.</em> 2008, Flade 2008, U. Malashevich<em> in litt.</em> 2012). The Hungarian population has collapsed and the tiny West Siberian population has probably already disappeared, in which case the species has become a European endemic breeder (M. Flade and L. Lachmann <em>in litt.</em> 2007).","The European breeding population is estimated at 9,100-14,300 calling males, which equates to 18,300-28,500 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 3,200-4,800 calling males, which equates to 6,500-9,500 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in large open lowland marsh habitats with low grassy vegetation (mostly sedge fen mires) with water mostly less than 10 cm deep (Aquatic Warbler Conservation Team 1999). On migration, it favours coastal habitats with low stands of sedge and reed near open water (Flade <em>et al.</em> 2011). The species has an unusual reproductive system close to promiscuity, the female raising young without male help. This strategy is possibly explained and facilitated by high density of potential prey (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). Nests are often concentrated in loose clusters at places where food resources are rich. The nest is a cup constructed of grass, plant stems and leaves, spider webs and plant down and lined with finer material, placed 3–30 cm above swampy ground or water, often under roof of dead sedges. Clutch size ranges from three to six eggs. In studies in north-east Poland, the earliest clutch started 9th May and the mean first-egg date in consecutive years was between 15th and 22nd May. Second broods are less synchronous. It feeds on a wide variety of species of spiders and insects as well as small water snails (Dyrcz e<em>t al.</em> 2013). The species is migratory. Central European populations migrate south-west in the autumn to wintering grounds in western Sahelian wetlands, from Senegal and Mali to Ghana, but extent of wintering area poorly known (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). Departure from breeding grounds begins in Poland in late July and continues during August (Dyrcz <em>et al.</em> 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The most important threats are loss of breeding habitat owing to drainage for agriculture and peat extraction, damming of floodplains, unfavourable water management and the canalisation of rivers. Habitat degradation is widespread where traditional fen management has ceased allowing succession to unsuitable overgrown reedbed, scrub or woodland (Aquatic Warbler Conservation Team 1999). Commercial reed cutting can maintain suitable breeding habitat for the species in central Europe, but this is threatened by changes that are likely to occur along with the implementation of the Common Agricultural Policy (Tanneberger <em>et al.</em> 2009). Uncontrolled fires in spring and summer pose a direct threat to birds and nests, and can burn out the upper peat layer of fens (Aquatic Warbler Conservation Team 1999). In the wintering grounds, agricultural cultivation and irrigation, drought, wetland drainage, intensive grazing, succession to scrub, desertification and salinisation of irrigated soils are all potential threats (Aquatic Warbler Conservation Team 1999, M. Flade and L. Lachmann <em>in litt.</em> 2007).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix I and II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. It is legally protected in all countries of its breeding range except Ukraine and Russia (U. Malashevich <em>in litt. </em>2012). All key breeding sites in Belarus, Germany, Hungary and Poland are located within protected areas (Aquatic Warbler Conservation Team 1999, U. Malashevich <em>in litt.</em> 2012). Habitat is actively managed in Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Lithuania, Hungary and Germany. All breeding range states but Russia have monitoring programmes (Aquatic Warbler Conservation Team 1999, M. Flade and L. Lachmann <em>in litt.</em> 2007). Studies on halting succession have been conducted in Belarus, Poland and Ukraine (M. Kalyakin <em>in litt. </em>1999). A European action plan was published in 1996 and updated in 1998, 2003 and 2008 (Flade and Lachmann 2008). The species was put into the agenda of the Conference of Parties for the CMS in November 2011, where a special resolution on African-Eurasian landbirds was adopted, which applies to Aquatic Warbler (U. Malashevich <em>in litt.</em> 2011).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Implement a monitoring programme in Russia. Protect key breeding sites and develop management plans. Promote protection of the species along the migration route. Ensure full legal protection.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,ACROCEPHALIDAE,Acrocephalus,palustris,,Acrocephalus palustris,"(Bechstein, 1798)",0,Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)<br/>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population size trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A).&#160;The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by approximately 18% (best estimate) in 10 years. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in most countries in Europe, largely in Russia, but also notably in Poland and Romania.","The European breeding population is estimated at 5,850,000-8,490,000 pairs, which equates to 11,700,000-17,000,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 2,640,000-4,020,000 pairs, which equates to 5,280,000-8,030,000&#160;mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species favours rank, tufty and fairly tall herbage, especially nettles (<em>Urtica</em>), meadowsweet (<em>Filipendula</em>), brambles (<em>Rubus fruticosus</em>) and others, often in the vicinity of taller bushes or trees. It also occurs in corn fields and other agricultural land surrounded with a belt of low bushes or hedgerows as well as in wasteland with tall grass, herbs and small bushes, in tall herbaceous vegetation along ditches, in marsh vegetation at edges of swamps, in reeds on dry ground and even in gardens. In western and central Europe, breeding occurs from the second half of May to July. It lays three to six eggs in a nest which is a deep, cylindrical cup of leaves and stems of nettles, grass and other plants, lined with finer plant fibres, plant down and hair. The structure is supported on two to five plant stems, usually 30–70 cm high (Dyrcz 2006). It feeds mainly on insects and arachnids, with some snails and occasionally berries in late summer and autumn (Snow and Perrins 1998). The species is migratory, wintering in south-east Africa (Dyrcz 2006).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In the U.K., declines during the 1950s and 1960s may have been due to climate change and habitat loss as a result of activities such as bank tidying (Batten <em>et al.</em> 1989). The species is likely still affected by climate change (Both <em>et al.</em> 2010).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Sites should be protected and managed and in Britain the control of birdwatchers to reduce disturbance may be necessary (Batten <em>et al.</em> 1989).,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,ACROCEPHALIDAE,Acrocephalus,schoenobaenus,,Acrocephalus schoenobaenus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)<br/>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population size trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A).&#160;The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by approximately 13% (best estimate) in 10 years. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in most countries in Europe, largely in Russia but also notably in Belarus and Poland.","The European breeding population is estimated at 4,580,000-6,810,000 pairs, which equates to 9,170,000-13,700,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 1,540,000-2,380,000 pairs, which equates to 3,090,000-4,760,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","During the breeding season this species is found in a variety of low dense vegetation, often near water or in moist depressions, including shore vegetation around freshwater pools, along rivers and canals, and lowland swamps and marshes with reed and bush thickets. It can also breed in dry situations offering suitable cover, such as neglected orchards, hedgerows, nettlebeds, dense scrub, crop fields. In western Europe egg-laying occurs mainly from the end of April, from early May in central Europe and from mid-May in Finland.&#160; Clutches are from four to seven eggs and are laid in a rather deep cup with a loosely woven outer structure of grass, plant stems and leaves, moss and sedges, often with spider webs and a thick inner layer of finer leaves and stems, lined with reed flowers, hair and plant down. It is generally placed low over marshy ground (rarely above water) among grasses and tall weeds or in low bush. The diet is mainly insects and their larvae but it also takes spiders (Araneae), harvestmen (Opiliones), small slugs and snails. The species is migratory, wintering in sub-Saharan Africa (Dyrcz 2006).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Declines in this species in Europe have been attributed to severe droughts in the west African wintering quarters (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997, Dyrcz 2006).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><strong><br/>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Important areas of habitat should be protected and maintained for this species in order to help mitigate declines from natural causes.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,ACROCEPHALIDAE,Acrocephalus,scirpaceus,,Acrocephalus scirpaceus,"(Hermann, 1804)","<em>Acrocephalus scirpaceus</em> and <em>A. baeticatus</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) have been lumped into <em>A. scirpaceus</em> following Dowsett and Forbes-Watson (1993).<em>  <p></p></em>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)<br/>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in almost all European countries, notably in Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, the Netherlands, Romania, Germany, Poland, the United Kingdom and Russia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,940,000-3,320,000 pairs, which equates to 3,890,000-6,630,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 1,550,000-2,650,000 pairs, which equates to 3,100,000-5,290,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds mainly in mature beds of reed (<em>Phragmites</em>) on the shores of lakes and fish ponds, and along rivers and ditches and locally, breeds in willow bushes in marshland, in reeds on edges of brackish lakes, exceptionally in corn fields. It also forages in adjacent herbaceous vegetation, scrub and low trees, such as willows (<em>Salix</em>). In western and central Europe, breeding occurs from May to July or August. The nest is a deep cup neatly woven from split reed blades, reed inflorescences, plant down and grass stems and lined with finer material. It is suspended from two to eight vertical reed stems, usually 15–200 cm over shallow water. Clutches can be three to five eggs but are most commonly four. The diet is mainly insects and their larvae, spiders (Araneae) and occasionally fruit, seeds and flowers. The species is entirely migratory, wintering in Africa south of the Sahara (Dyrcz <em>et al.</em> 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species has declined in some areas due to habitat destruction and the phenomenon of reedbed die-back, caused partly by over-eutrophication (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). Reclamation of marshland has contributed to local declines (Dyrcz <em>et al. </em>2015).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Although this species is not currently threatened it would benefit from the conservation and maintenance of wetlands.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,SCOLOPACIDAE,Actitis,hypoleucos,,Actitis hypoleucos,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)<br/>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the breeding population size is suspected to have decreased by less than 25% in the past 13 years (three generations). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds across Europe, except for in Iceland where it is not present (Hagemijer and Blair 1997). More than a half of the European breeding population occurs in Russia, with significant populations also in Fennoscandia. Outside the breeding season, its populations can be found wintering in Western Europe (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996).","The European population is estimated at 1,030,000–1,490,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 2,060,000–2,980,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 260,000–395,000 pairs, which equates to 521,000–789,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","During the breeding season this species shows a preference for pebbly,  sandy or rocky margins of fast-flowing rivers (Van Gils and Wiersma  1996, Snow and Perrins 1998), as well as small ponds, pools (Snow and  Perrins 1998) and dams (Urban <em>et al.</em> 1986), clear freshwater lake shores, sheltered sea coasts with rocky or sandy beaches, tidal creeks and estuaries (Urban <em>et al.</em>  1986), and often forages in patches of dry meadow (Van Gils and Wiersma  1996). In its winter range this species inhabits a wide variety of  habitats, such as small pools, ditches, riverbanks (Van Gils and Wiersma  1996, Snow and Perrins 1998), streams, dam shores (Yalden 1992), marshy  areas (Johnsgard 1981), estuaries, freshwater seeps on coastal shores  and saltmarshes, harbours, docks (Yalden 1992, Snow and Perrins 1998)  and filtration tanks of sewage works (Yalden 1992). It will also forage  on grassland along roadsides and occasionally in gardens (Yalden 1992,  Van Gils and Wiersma 1996), but it generally avoids large coastal  mudflats (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996).<br/><br/>The species breeds from May to June in scattered single pairs 60-70 m apart in optimal breeding habitat, and migrates singly or in small flocks (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996), although it usually remains solitary in its winter range (Urban <em>et al.</em> 1986). It forages diurnally (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996) and may aggregate at night (Johnsgard 1981) into roosts of over 100 individuals (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996). The nest is a shallow depression, sometimes amongst shrubs and trees (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996).<br/><br/>The diet of this species consists of adult and larval insects (such as beetles and Diptera), spiders, molluscs, snails, crustaceans, annelids, and occasionally frogs, toads, tadpoles and small fish, as well as plant material (including seeds) (Urban <em>et al. </em>1986, Van Gils and Wiersma 1996).<br/><br/>This species is a full migrant, migrating at night overland on a broad  front across both deserts and mountains (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996).  Small numbers may also remain in the northern maritime climatic zone  (e.g. the British Isles and Mediterranean) throughout the year (Van Gils  and Wiersma 1996, Snow and Perrins 1998). The European population that  overwinters in West Africa migrates south between mid-July and August  (juveniles following one month later, and returns to the breeding  grounds from late March to April (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996, Snow and  Perrins 1998). Immature individuals may also remain in the winter range  throughout the summer breeding season (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The size of the breeding population in England is threatened by disturbance from recreational anglers (Yalden 1992).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Recreation at breeding sites needs to be controlled.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,AEGITHALIDAE,Aegithalos,caudatus,,Aegithalos caudatus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Spain, Turkey and European Russia, with significant numbers also in Italy, Portugal, Romania, France and the United Kingdom.","The European breeding population is estimated at 8,190,000–14,600,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 16,300,000–29,200,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 6,010,000–9,650,000 pairs, which equates to 12,000,000–19,300,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species prefers deciduous and mixed woodland with a well-developed shrub layer, especially willows (<em>Salix)</em> and favouring edge habitats. It is also found in riverine woodland, scrub heathland with scattered trees, bushes and hedges in farmland and well-wooded suburban parks, cemeteries and gardens. In the Mediterranean it also uses maquis and open pine (<em>Pinus</em>) forest. Otherwise, avoids pure stands of conifers in west of range, but noted in open forests of spruce (<em>Picea</em>), fir (<em>Abies</em>), larch (<em>Larix</em>) and Siberian stone pine (<em>Pinus sibirica</em>) in central Siberia.<br/><br/>It breeds from mid-March to June. The nest is a compact, domed, oval ball of moss, cobweb and hair, covered with up to c. 3000 flakes of lichen for camouflage and with an entrance hole at one side near the top. It is lined with small feathers and adults may continue to add feathers during the laying period. It is usually found in a low thorny bush, but a few are built up in a tree fork or against a trunk, or hanging among terminal twigs of conifer (Harrap 2008). Normally eight to twelve eggs are laid.<br/><br/>It feeds mainly on arthropods although plant matter is taken occasionally during autumn and winter. <br/><br/>The species is resident in temperate and Mediterranean areas, but irruptive movements occur farther north (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Declines in Sweden and Finland are likely as a result of modern forestry practices and the replacement of old-growth habitats with commercial monocultures. During the winter flocks require large territories and habitat fragmentation and degradation can thus threaten local populations. It is vulnerable to severe winters, which can cause numbers to decline by up to 80%, and it can take years for populations to recover. Reproductive success can be suppressed by predation of nests, most commonly by crows (Corvidae), weasels (<em>Mustela</em>) and snakes (Harrap 2008).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>A wide-scale approach to the preservation of suitable habitat for this species is important. Increasing the amount of old deciduous forests close to existing habitats has been shown to be an effective strategy for this species (Lindbladh <em>et al.</em> 2011). In some areas, predator control may be appropriate and research should investigate the effectiveness of this in increasing populations.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,STRIGIFORMES,STRIGIDAE,Aegolius,funereus,,Aegolius funereus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)<br/>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be fluctuating, and hence does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is suspected to be fluctuating. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds in the majority of countries, but mainly in Russia and Sweden.","The European breeding population is estimated at 94,600-236,000 pairs, which equates to 189,000-471,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 20,900-128,000 pairs, which equates to 41,900-255,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","<p>The species occupies coniferous (taiga) forests, breeding mainly in spruce (<em>Picea</em>) forests but also uses mixed forests of pine (<em>Pinus</em>), birch (<em>Betula</em>) and aspen (<em>Populus tremula</em>) and even uses pure pine forests (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). Breeding may begin in February, in good vole years (Mikkola 1983) and continue until July (Holt<em> et al.</em> 1999) but most eggs are laid in April. It nests in holes, such as disused woodpecker holes or where these are not available it will use nest boxes. No nest is made and eggs are laid directly onto debris, although if there is soft material in the hole it will make a shallow depression (Mikkola 1983). Clutches are usually three to seven eggs. It feeds principally on small voles as well as mice, shrews and small birds (Snow and Perrins 1998), but also recorded taking flying squirrels, bats, frogs and beetles (Mikkola 1983). This species is generally a year-round resident within a stable home range, but it disperses in years when prey is scarce (Holt<em> et al.</em> 1999).</p><br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","<p>The breeding population of this species fluctuates with vole cycles and the depth of annual snow cover, which inhibits foraging. Forestry can reduce primary prey populations, remove forest structure necessary for foraging, and eliminate nest cavities (Holt<em> et al.</em> 1999). At one time the species frequently used old Black Woodpecker (<em>Dryocopus martius</em>) holes but declines in the species has resulted in less nesting opportunities (Mikkola 1983). Tawny owls (<em>Strix aluco</em><em>)</em> and martens (<em>Martes </em>spp.) are serious predators of this species and in some years the latter can destroy a high percentage of broods and kill many females on the nest. In Germany, the Nuthatch (<em>Sitta europea</em>) may reduce the size of nest-hole entrances with plastered mud and has even been known to wall in brooding females, resulting in the birds starving to death. It is also vulnerable to pesticides (<span class=""addmd"">König <em>et al.</em> 2008).</p>","<p><span class=""addmd""><strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/></p><p>CITES Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. Nest boxes have been employed extensively in Europe to help mitigate loss of nest-sites and to monitor demographic characteristics, for example by ringing nestlings; Around 11,000 boxes have been installed in Finland from which fledglings ringed annually (Holt<em> et al.</em> 1999).<strong></strong>  </p><p><span class=""addmd""><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong></span></p>  <p>Careful forestry management is required for this species. Selective harvesting may allow tree removal while maintaining suitable habitat for the species. In addition, because forest succession is slow in spruce-fir forest, practices must acknowledge that clear-felled sites will remain unsuitable for roosting or foraging for up to a century, and new nest trees will not develop for up to two centuries (Holt<em> et al.</em> 1999). The provision of nest boxes has proved effective <span class=""addmd"">and this practice should continue. Predation by martens can be reduced by placing a strip of metal or plastic c. 50 cm wide above and below nest holes and the use of ‘anti-marten’ boxes can be effective (<span class=""addmd"">König <em>et al.</em> 2008).</span></p>",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ACCIPITRIFORMES,ACCIPITRIDAE,Aegypius,monachus,,Aegypius monachus,"(Linnaeus, 1766)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)<br/>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size may be small, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D).&#160;The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds primarily in Spain, but also notably in Turkey.","The European breeding population is estimated at 2,900-3,400 pairs, which equates to 5,800-6,700 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 2,600-2,700 pairs, which equates to 5,200-5,400 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species inhabits forested areas in hills and mountains at 300–1,500 m. Two different eco-geographical categories occur in Europe: lowland sierras covered by dense Mediterranean maquis (Spain and Greece) and sub alpine forests (Spain) (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). It forages over many kinds of open terrain, including forest, bare mountains, steppe and open grasslands (Batbayar <em>et al.</em> 2006).<br/><br/>Egg-laying occurs February to April, often in loose colonies or nuclei. It builds a very large (145–190 cm wide, 95–300 cm deep) stick nest, mainly in evergreen oak (<em>Quercus</em>) or pine (<em>Pinus</em>) in Spain and in Armenia and Azerbaijan mainly in juniper (<em>Juniperus</em>). Nesting on rock is extremely rare in Europe. Clutch size is typically one egg (Meyburg and Christie 2013). Its diet consists mainly of carrion from medium-sized or large mammal carcasses, although snakes and insects have been recorded as food items. Live prey is rarely taken (Batbayar <em>et al</em>. 2006). The species is largely resident although some small scale dispersive movements occur in Europe (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The two main threats to the species are direct mortality caused by humans (either accidentally or deliberately) and decreasing availability of food. The main cause of unnatural death is the use of poisoned baits for predator extermination (Anon. 2004b), although shooting and destruction of nests also occurs (Anon. 2004b; N. Batbayar <em>in litt. </em>2005). There are fears that veterinary application of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Diclofenac, which has caused the near-extinction of several <em>Gyps </em>vultures in India, may have a negative impact on this species (N. Batbayar <em>in litt.</em> 2005). A study in central Spain during 2003-2005 found high concentrations of antibiotics in blood samples from 57% of nestlings tested (Lemus <em>et al. </em>2008). The same study found two antibiotics in the liver samples of all dead nestlings that were tested. It is hypothesised that antibiotic residues, particularly quinolones, cause liver and kidney damage, and deplete lymphoid organs and alter bacterial flora, facilitating pathogenic bacterial and fungal infections (Lemus <em>et al.</em> 2008). In Europe, decreased food availability was formerly caused by European Union legislation on carcass disposal (Anon. 2004b); however, recently passed regulations will allow the operation of feeding stations for scavengers (A. Brunner <em>in litt. </em>2010). In eastern Europe, particularly in the former Soviet Union, changes in agricultural practices and human migration from the countryside to the cities have greatly reduced numbers of domestic livestock. In Georgia and Armenia, declines may be linked to the loss of subsidies for sheep-herding in the post-Soviet era (M. McGrady <em>in litt.</em> 2007). Additionally, there have been steep declines in many populations of wild ungulates which provide a major food source for the species. Habitat loss is also thought to be important (Anon. 2004). Outside of Europe, the majority of brood losses occur during the incubation period and it is suspected this may be partially due to low and fluctuating temperatures (Batbayar <em>et al. </em>2006) and so changes in air temperatures resulting from climate change may be a potential future threat to the species.","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CITES Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I.  A European Action Plan for the species was published in 1996 (Heredia 1996). The EU Birds Directive has contributed to the recovery and conservation of the species in Europe, particularly Spain, where the population increased from an estimated 290 pairs in 1984 to a minimum of 1,845 pairs in 2006 (De la Puente <em>et al. </em>2007). Co-operation between Spanish government agencies and conservationists under the 'Antidote Programme' also appears to have been effective in mitigating the effects of poisoned baits. Both the Spanish and the Andalusian Governments have produced anti-poisoning strategies, but the former still remain to be financially supported while the latter need more decisive official endorsement. A reintroduction project in Grands Causses, southern France has resulted in the establishment of a small breeding population (16 pairs were breeding in 2006 (Eliotout <em>et al.</em> 2007)) with good prospects. Supplementary feeding programmes have been initiated in Spain and France to provide a safe, poison-free food source, although there are concerns that the species may be not very prone to feeding at conventional feeding stations. Captive breeding populations have also been established (Tewes <em>et al. </em>1998).  In the Balkans, the species has only one stable colony in the Dadia forest reserve in northern Greece, where WWF has long been involved. Supplementary food is also provided in Bulgaria for breeding birds (Anon. 2007). In eastern Europe, fewer conservation actions are known, although the species occurs within a number of protected areas in the region. The Balkan Vulture Action Plan aims to transfer expertise and technology relating to the conservation of the species from western to eastern parts of Europe (Anon. 2004b). <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Survey to determine the species's status and population trends on breeding grounds outside Europe and on wintering grounds (Anon. 2004b). Research threats, particularly the decline in abundance of prey species. Carry out reintroductions to link up the western and the eastern sub-areas of the present range, following the recommendations of IUCN and the Black Vulture Conservation Foundation.  Develop the captive breeding programme to support both this and future reintroduction and supplementation efforts.  Restore wild rabbit (<em>Oryctolagus cuniculus</em>) populations in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands (Spain) as this may help to increase food availability, particularly during the breeding period. Promote cooperation and information exchange among people working on the species, both at a national and international level. Strengthen and enforce legislation regulating trade in pesticides that are used to poison meat baits. Increase the rate of prosecution and the severity of judicial sentences for illegal poisoning.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,ALAUDIDAE,Alauda,arvensis,,Alauda arvensis,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)<br/>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Although the population trend appears to be decreasing, it is not believed to be declining sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 15% in the past 10 years.&#160;In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 16-24% with a best estimate of 20% over the same period. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds mainly in Russia, Poland and Romania, with small but relevant numbers also in Belarus, Ukraine, France, Spain, the United Kingdom and Germany. The species also breeds to a smaller extent in most other countries in Europe.","The European breeding population is estimated at 43,900,000–65,700,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 87,800,000–132,000,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 28,000,000–36,100,000 pairs, which equates to 56,100,000–72,200,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is found in most open habitats and has a strong association with farmland throughout its range, but it also occurs on heathland and moorland, meadows, grassland, steppe, edges of marshes, dunes and even in extensive forest clearings.<br/><br/>Breeding occurs from late March or early April to August and September. It is monogamous, but the female builds the nest alone. It is in an excavated scrape or natural depression on the ground among short vegetation filled with a thick layer of grass and lined with finer vegetation. Clutches are normally three to five eggs.<br/><br/>It feeds on invertebrates, seeds and other plant material. The diet is seasonal; primarily insectivorous in summer and herbivorous in the winter (Donald and Garcia 2014).<br/><br/>The species shows a graduation from being entirely migratory in the north and east of its range to being resident in the south (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The main cause of decline in this species is agricultural intensification. Recent research indicates the principal causes are changes in management of cereal-growing and grassland, leading to reduced nesting and foraging opportunities, and diminution of food resources (Donald and Garcia 2014). In grasslands high fertiliser applications lead to vegetation that is too tall and dense for nesting. The heavy use of pesticides and herbicides is thought to negatively impact this species too (Tucker and Heath 1994). High hunting pressure in some countries poses an additional threat (Donald and Garcia 2014).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex II. An EU Species Management Plan was developed in 2007. The species is listed as threatened on the national Red Lists of Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands and the U.K. and is legally protected in 14 countries within the EU (Petersen 2007).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>This species requires wide-scale conservation measures. These include the maintenance of crop diversity, leaving stubble fields over winter and reductions in the use of fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides. In the U.K., it was found that cutting and cultivation of set aside land should be delayed until July to avoid destroying nests (Tucker and Heath 1994). Data on the numbers of this species harvested annually should be collected to ensure numbers are sustainable and the sex ratio of birds collected should also be monitored to prevent an imbalance (Petersen 2007).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,ALAUDIDAE,Alauda,leucoptera,,Alauda leucoptera,"(Pallas, 1811)",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>The bird is considered vagrant in the EU28 and is therefore assessed as Not Applicable (NA) for this region.","In Europe, the population size is suspected to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Russia holds the entire European breeding population of the species. The wintering population is though more widely distributed in the steppe region to the north and west of the Black Sea, with Europe holding more than 50% of the global wintering range.","The European breeding population is estimated at 20,000–55,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 40,000–110,000 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is found mainly on flat or slightly undulating, dry grass steppe or wormwood (<em>Artemisia</em>) steppe and less often in cultivated fields. Outside the breeding season it is found in a wider range of grassy habitats, including stubble fields.<br/><br/>The breeding season occurs from late April or early May until early August. The nest is made from dry grass and <em>Artemisia</em>, lined with finer grass. It is built in a depression in the ground, usually sheltered by a tussock or other plant. Clutches are from three to six eggs.<br/><br/>It feeds on insects and seeds with insects as the principal food source during the summer.<br/><br/>The species is migratory, wintering in the southwest part of its global breeding range and north of the Black Sea (Alström 2004).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","This species has declined in some areas due to cultivation of its steppe habitat (Alström 2004). In addition, the creation of shelter belts aided the spread of corvids which prey on the species' eggs and young (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Although this species is not threatened its habitat should be protected from conversion to agriculture.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,ALAUDIDAE,Alaudala,rufescens,,Alaudala rufescens,"(Vieillot, 1820)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by less than 25% in 10 years. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds mainly in Spain, Russia and Turkey.","The European breeding population is estimated at 852,000–1,540,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 1,700,000–3,070,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 240,000–281,000 pairs, which equates to 480,000–561,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species favours open land with shrubs and grasses, and with a high percentage of bare ground. In the Mediterranean basin it selects areas with average shrub height of 50 cm and bare ground c. 60%, and it often prefers saltmarshes with glasswort (<em>Salicornia</em>) in the winter (de Juana and Suárez 2004).<br/><br/>Egg-laying occurs from April to June, although begins in March in the Canary Islands (Snow and Perrins 1998). The nest is a small scrape on the ground beside a small shrub or tuft, or in the open and lined with vegetation. Normally three to four eggs are laid.<br/><br/>The diet varies seasonally between invertebrates and seeds. In the spring it feeds mostly on invertebrates and in winter mostly seeds with a mix of the two consumed in summer. Fruits and bulbs are also taken.<br/><br/>In Iberia, the species is sedentary although post-breeding it groups into flocks that move erratically (de Juana <em>et al.</em> 2004). In the east, it behaves similarly, although it can leave large parts of Russia in the winter (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The main threat to this species is habitat loss as a result of agricultural expansion, touristic developments (de Juana<em> et al. </em>2004), the abandonment of traditional grazing and urbanisation. Along the Iberian coast, the commercial extraction of sand is also a threat (Tucker and Heath 1994). In some areas heavy predation is a threat, for example on Tenerife introduced predators such as rats (<em>Rattus</em>), cats and hedgehogs (<em>Erinaceus</em>) are a problem (de Juana <em>et al.</em> 2004).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The area of suitable habitat which is either under protection or covered by management agreements should be increased. Actions that destroy habitat, such as human developments and sand extraction should be restricted. The afforestation of areas of high conservation interest should be prevented and no grants for forestry schemes should be available for these areas. The maintenance of traditional grazing practices would prevent excessive shrub regeneration. The effects of predators should be monitored (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,ALCIDAE,Alca,torda,,Alca torda,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)<br/>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds on northern Atlantic coasts, in Greenland and in western Europe from north-western Russia to northern France. Eurasian birds winter at sea, with some moving south as far as the western Mediterranean (Nettleship 1996).<br/>In Europe, this species breeds primarily in Iceland and the United Kingdom, but also notably in Sweden and Norway.","The European breeding population is estimated at 519,000-1,070,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 262,000-515,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species lives on rocky sea coasts, breeding on cliff ledges and under boulders. Northern populations migrate outside the breeding season, while southern ones are both migratory as far as the Mediterranean (mainly immatures) and dispersive (adults). Iceland holds over two-thirds of the European total, followed in importance by the U.K. and Norway, these three countries together supporting over 90% of the European population (Tucker and Heath 1994). <br/><br/>The species is a pursuit diver that propels itself through the water with its wings. They are capable of diving to 120 m depth, but mostly forage nearer the surface. They spend most of their lives at sea, only arriving ashore to reproduce. They are known to consume Krill, Sprat (<em>Sprattus sprattus</em>), Sandeels (<em>Ammondytes</em> <em>spp.</em>) and Capelin amongst other prey (Nettleship 1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","This species is threatened by the current and future impacts of climate change, including temperature extremes, sea temperature rises and shifts and reductions in prey availability (Sandvik <em>et al.</em> 2005). The species is vulnerable to extreme weather, with severe winter storms causing large scale mortality across north-western Europe in the past (Underwood and Stowe 1984). As a pursuit diver the species is at risk from being caught in gillnets and driftnets, with gillnet fisheries in the North and Baltic Seas known to catch significant numbers (Zydelis <em>et al.</em>&#160;2013; Skov <em>et al.</em> 2011). As the species spends much of its life at sea, including at and below the sea surface, it is vulnerable to both chronic oil pollution and oil spill events. Offshore renewable energy, such as wind farms are also likely to pose a threat to this species, including through habitat displacement (Furness <em>et al. </em>2013) and collision, although collision risk is currently considered low (Bradbury <em>et al.</em> 2014). Disturbance from shipping lanes and marine constructions occurs in coastal and offshore areas with high human presence, and habitat degradation at sea from mining and aggregate extraction also threatens this species. On land during its breeding season this species is exposed to invasive mammalian predators (e.g. rats, cats, mink), which could increase in severity as climate change allows their northward movement. The species is also vulnerable to disturbance from recreational and tourism activities. It is hunted in the Faroe Islands (Thorup <em>et al.</em> 2014).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on the African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement. There are 91 Important Bird Areas across the region for this species. Within the EU there are 91 Special Protected Areas for this species, recognised as a regularly occurring migratory species. The species is considered in the Nordic Action Plan for seabirds in Western-Nordic areas. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Further identification of important sites for this species, particularly in offshore regions and designation as marine protected areas; Identify the risks of different activities on seabirds, and locations sensitive to seabirds. Continue eradication of invasive predators from breeding colonies. Management of fisheries to ensure long term sustainability of key stocks (e.g. sand eels). Establish observer schemes for bycatch and prepare National/European Community plans of action on seabird bycatch. Develop codes-of-conduct for more organised activities (e.g. tourism). Ensure that appropriate protection (national laws and international agreements) applies to new areas and times in case of changes in seabird migration routes and times.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Dierschke, V., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CORACIIFORMES,ALCEDINIDAE,Alcedo,atthis,,Alcedo atthis,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)<br/>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong><br/></strong>In both Europe and the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to have decreased by less than 10% in the past 14 years (three generations). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is breeds in most countries in Europe, notably in France, Russia, Ukraine, Portugal, Germany, Italy, Spain and Romania.&#160;Birds breeding in eastern Europe are migratory, moving into western and southern Europe in winter, with some wintering around the Mediterranean (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).","The European breeding population is estimated at 89,700–220,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 179,000–440,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 58,700–157,000 pairs, which equates to 117,000–313,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species prefers still or gently flowing water with plenty of small fish, and with reeds, rushes or shrubs on the banks for perches. Streams, small rivers, canals and ditches are favoured to open waterbodies, but it also uses lakes, ponds and flooded gravel pits. In winter, it becomes more coastal, also using estuaries, harbours and rocky seashores.<br/><br/>Egg-laying occurs from March to July, with laying time peaking in April in Britain and in May in Sweden. Suitable banks for nesting required in breeding season, but nest-sites can be over 250 m from foraging waters and can occur infrequently in walls, rotten tree stumps, concrete tunnels in canal banks, terrestrial termitarium, or in the burrow of Sand Martin (<em>Riparia riparia</em>) or water vole (<em>Arvicola terrestris</em>). Clutch size can be from three to ten eggs, but typically six or seven.<br/><br/>In Europe, the main prey is fish but will also consume aquatic insects, flies (Diptera), butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera), amphibians (<em>Rana</em>), crayfish (<em>Astacus</em>), prawns (<em>Palaemon</em>), shrimps (<em>Gammarus</em>) and isopods in winter. Very occasionally it feeds on berries (<em>Rubus, Sambucus</em>) and stems of reed (<em>Phragmites</em>).<br/><br/>In areas where freezing conditions occur in winter, it regularly migrates south, but generally stays within the species' breeding range. Southern populations are usually sedentary (Woodall 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Hard winters are thought to be a significant threat to this species (Tucker and Heath 1994), particularly northern populations (Woodall 2016). Severe winters in 1961–1962 and 1962–1963 caused the species to be almost entirely extirpated from parts of Europe. Long term declines are thought to be due to chemical and biological river pollution. The two main sources of this are most likely industrial waste disposal and agricultural chemical runoff. Canalisation of streams and clearance of emergent vegetation to improve drainage result in loss of nesting and feeding habitat and declines in fish numbers (Tucker and Heath 1994). It is also at risk locally from persecution to protect fish stocks (Woodall 2016).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. There are no known current conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Preservation of rivers and streams must be mediated through industry, agriculture and water authorities (Tucker and Heath 1994). Research to investigate the importance of individual threats and mitigation measures against these is also important.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,GALLIFORMES,PHASIANIDAE,Alectoris,barbara,,Alectoris barbara,"(Reichenow, 1896)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)<br/>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species may have a restricted range, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population size trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds mainly in Italy, but also notably in the Canary Islands with a small population also present in Gibraltar.","The European breeding population is estimated at 7,700-20,500 pairs, which equates to 15,500-41,000 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is found in predominantly dry, open country with scrubby cover (Tucker and Heath 1994). It uses steep slopes, rocky areas and arid hillsides, stony terraces, unimproved agricultural land, open or degraded maquis and woodland, including open pine forest (Tucker and Heath 1994, McGowan and Kirwan 2013). The species lays between March and May although eggs have been reported in December on the Canary Islands (Clarke 2006, McGowan and Kirwan 2013). It can lay six to twenty seven eggs (Znari 1998). It breeds earlier in the lowlands than in the mountains. In very dry years it may not breed at all in semi-arid habitats (McGowan and Kirwan 2013). The nest is a depression in the ground which is usually lined and sheltered by long grass, bushes or boulders (Madge and McGowan 2002, Mocci Demartis and Massoli-Novelli 1978). It has a varied diet but predominantly feeds on leaves, shoots, fruits and seeds of a wide range of grasses and herbs with insects such as ants forming an important supplement. The species is mainly sedentary (McGowan and Kirwan 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The main threat in Europe is hunting. In Sardinia regulatory measures exist but are not enforced due to a sufficient number of wardens. In the Canary Islands the remaining population is restocked annually to enable sport hunting (McGowan and Kirwan 2013), however this increases the risk if introducing disease and genetic contamination. Other threats are intensive use of pesticides, outbreaks of fire and the abandonment of cultivated land (Tucker and Heath 1994).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex I, II and III. Mace Lande: Safe. The reinforcing of populations continues, such as in the Canaries where local populations are restocked annually to accommodate sport hunting. In Gibraltar, over 200 birds hatched locally from eggs supplied from northern Morocco were released progressively in 2014; Prior to this habitat improvement measures, involving scrub clearance, and cat control, preceded these releases (McGowan and Kirwan 2013).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/> In order to alleviate pressure from hunting, legislation should be enforced where it exists and protected areas where shooting is banned should be created to provide safe areas and preserve suitable habitat. In the Canaries a moratorium on hunting should be introduced for one or two years to allow numbers to recover. Low-intensity farming should be promoted to protect and restore suitable habitats (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,GALLIFORMES,PHASIANIDAE,Alectoris,chukar,,Alectoris chukar,"(Gray, 1830)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population size trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species may have a restricted range, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species in its native range breeds mainly in Turkey, but also notably in Greece and Cyprus.&#160;<br/>It has also been introduced locally in many countries, including the United Kingdom, France, mainland Greece and some Greek islands (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).","The European breeding population is estimated at 678,000-1,950,000 pairs, which equates to 1,350,000-3,900,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 260,000-374,000 pairs, which equates to 521,000-747,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is found on barren arid and semi-arid hillsides with low vegetation cover and occasional stunted trees and bushes (Watson 1962, Papaevangelou 1980). At lower altitudes it is found on rocky slopes with shrubs and bushes adapted to dry conditions, in vineyards, olive groves and on agricultural land (Pantelis 1980, Papaevangelou 1980, Serez 1992). It has also been found on forested slopes up to 2,800 m in the Turkish mountains bordering the Black Sea (Serez 1992).<br/><br/>Laying occurs mid-April to May in the Mediterranean with 7–12 eggs laid. The nest consists of a scrape sometimes lined with grass or leaves and is found under the shelter of bushes or overhanging grasses. It feeds on plants and insects, taking bulbous roots, grains and shoots of grasses and cereals (McGowan and Kirwan 2016) as well as leaves, buds, flowers and berries (Watson 1962, Cramp and Simmons 1980). Availability of water influences population density even though birds will move up to 10 km to access water (Watson 1962). They undergo seasonal altitudinal movements moving to lower altitudes during the winter (McGowan and Kirwan 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",Severe winters are known to affect the Turkish populations and pesticides may now be a cause for concern. It is also suffering from habitat degradation in some areas (McGowan and Kirwan 2016).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex II. Protected in Turkey since 1990 (McGowan and Kirwan 2013).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Assessment of the impacts of pesticides is needed to inform appropriate conservation measures. Identify key areas of habitat for this species and take steps to protect and expand them.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,GALLIFORMES,PHASIANIDAE,Alectoris,graeca,,Alectoris graeca,"(Meisner, 1804)","<span style=""font-style: italic;"">Alectoris graeca </span>(Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) was split into <span style=""font-style: italic;"">A. graeca</span> and <span style=""font-style: italic;"">A. whitakeri</span> by Corso (2010). The case for recognising Sicilian Rock Partridge <span style=""font-style: italic;"">Alectoris (graeca) whitakeri</span> as a separate species rests on:&#160; more pronounced, warmer ear-coverts (2); darker undertail-coverts (1); vermiculated uppertail-coverts and grey parts of tail (1). No other characters are consistently distinct. <span style=""font-style: italic;"">whitakeri </span>is therefore considered a moderately well-marked subspecies by the BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group.",Yes,NT,A2bcd+3bcd+4bcd,No,NT,A2bcd+3bcd+4bcd,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)<br/>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Near Threatened (NT)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a moderately rapid rate which approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A) and is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT) within both Europe and the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside either region, and therefore the final categories remain unchanged.","In Europe and the EU28, this species is estimated to have decreased at a rate approaching 30% over the past 10 years (three generations), and is expected to continue declining at a similar rate between 2011-2021 and over the next three generations. This is based on the discussions and decisions taken on the BirdLife Globally Threatened Bird Forum 2020, which takes into account evidence of population declines approaching or exceeding rates of 30% in 10 years from various countries, including the species' classification as Near Threatened or Vulnerable in many existing and forthcoming National Red Lists. It also factors in the decline in hunting bags and hunting opportunity as indicators of population abundance, as reported by experts in several key countries, and the contraction in range reported by the compilers of the EBBA2 (Keller <em>et al.</em> 2020). For details of national estimates, the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds notably in Italy, Greece, Croatia, Montenegro, Switzerland, Bosnia and Herzegovina and North Macedonia.","The European breeding population is suspected to be&#160;37,600-61,400 pairs, which equates to 75,300-123,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is suspected to be&#160;25,500-37,700 pairs, which equates to 51,100-75,400 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species utilises a variety of habitats and different altitudes, up to 3000 m in the Alps and almost down to sea level in Sicily and Greece. Generally they prefer open, mountain habitats with grassy patches, low scrub or scattered conifers (Griffin 2011). Winter flocks begin to break up from February and territories are established March to April with eggs laid from mid-May to June in the Alps and late-April to June in Greece. It is normally monogamous, forming long-term pair-bonds although some instances of successive bigamy and some exchange of partners have been reported. The nest site, believed to be chosen by the male, is a scrape excavated by the female. Clutches are normally eight to fourteen eggs. It is predominantly vegetarian, eating seeds, fruits and green material, but also some terrestrial invertebrates. Chicks, and females in spring, consume relatively high proportions of invertebrates, mainly adult and larval insects. Foraging continues day-round in winter, but is concentrated in the early morning and late afternoon in summer. This species is sedentary however, altitudinal movements are reported in mountain breeding areas, initially moving higher immediately post-breeding, then lower as winter advances. Birds may remain at breeding altitude of 1,900–2,700 m in winter, if snowfall is not too heavy (McGowan and Kirwan 2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Studies in different parts of the species' range (summarised in Griffin 2011) indicate that it is affected by a wide variety of threats, including habitat loss and degradation (Bernard-Laurent and de Franceschi 1994), abandonment of traditional agro-pastoral activities (Budinski <em>et al.</em> 2010, Rippa <em>et al.</em> 2011), reduced connectivity between metapopulations (Cattadori <em>et al.</em> 2003), disturbance, poaching, unsustainable hunting, extreme climatic events (Bernard-Laurent and Leonard 2000), hybridisation with released captive-bred Chukar (<em>Alectoris chukar</em>) and Red-legged Partridge (<em>Alectoris rufa</em>) (Barilani <em>et al.</em> 2007, Randi 2008), and the transfer of pathogens and parasites from these species (Manios <em>et al.</em> 2002, Rosà <em>et al.</em> 2011). Additional threats include the increase of tourism in mountain areas, predominantly in the French and Austrian Alps (A. Bernard-Laurent <em>in litt.</em> 2012) and climate change (Knaus <em>in litt.</em>&#160;2020).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex I and II. The species is classified as Threatened or Near Threatened in Red Data Books in Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, France, Greece, Italy and Switzerland.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/> Conduct surveys to determine population size and trends across the species's range. Improve knowledge on the effects of hunting on the species. Implement measures to reduce abandonment of traditional agro-pastoral activities. Safeguard the species's habitat. Improve legislation and enforcement to reduce unsustainable hunting and poaching. Investigate hybridisation with captive-bred <em>A. chukar</em> and <em>A. rufa</em> and pathogen and parasite transfer from these species.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Celada, C., Dowell, S., Gassios, A., Ieronymidou, C., Keller, V., Knaus, P., Lentner, R., Pople, R., Portolou, D., Riga, F., Rubinić, B., Selmani, J., Sorrenti, M., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,GALLIFORMES,PHASIANIDAE,Alectoris,rufa,,Alectoris rufa,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,Yes,NT,A2bcde+3bcde+4bcde,No,NT,A2bcde+3bcde+4bcde,EU28,,"<strong>Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)<br/>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Near Threatened (NT)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a moderately rapid rate which approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A) and therefore the species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) within both Europe and the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing at a rate approaching 30% in 10 years, and is expected to decline at a similar rate between 2011-2021 and over the next three generations.&#160;<br/>These trends are based on data given during the discussions and the conclusions on BirdLife's Globally Threatened Bird Forum (2020) which takes into account trends from common bird monitoring schemes (such as SACRE in Spain) and data reported by EU Member States under Article 12 of the Birds Directive (as seen in the national estimates in the Supplementary Information, but also including recent hunting bags in Spain and Portugal), and also reflects the ongoing threats to the species from intensive agriculture, insecticides, hybridisation and other factors, as reported by multiple respondents. The fact that some areas of suitable habitat holding significant and potentially more stable populations may be inaccessible to volunteer bird surveyors is also acknowledged, but value is still placed on a national trend derived from standardised counts at more than 1,200 sample points across Spain.","In Europe, this species breeds primarily in Spain, but also notably in Portugal, with small populations also present in France, Italy, the Canary Islands and Andorra.&#160;<br/>This species has been introduced to the United Kingdom, Madeira (Portugal), the Azores (Portugal), and the Canary Islands (Spain).","The European breeding population is estimated at 4,970,000-6,850,000 pairs, which equates to 9,950,000-13,700,000 mature individuals. Almost the entire population, apart from a very small population in Andorra (2-28 pairs), is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is found in open habitats ranging from Mediterranean to humid temperate zones but not in boreal, oceanic or arid zones (Tucker and Heath 1994, McGowan and Kirwan 2013). It prefers lowland areas and avoids forest and wet areas if possible. It uses habitats with a wide variety of soils and land uses including dry hilly land with scattered bushes up to about 1,300 m (occasionally up to 2,000 m) in montane foothills, inhospitable dry terrain on lower mountain slopes and marginal cultivation, cropland, orchards or woodland (McGowan and Kirwan 2013). Over most of its range it is associated with arable farming, using low-intensity cropping with a mixture of cultivated, fallow and uncultivated ground (Tucker and Heath 1994). Laying dates vary between countries; April to early May in Portugal, late April to May in England and May to mid-June in France. The nest is a scrape in the ground lined with a few pieces of vegetation. Clutch sizes average 11.2–12.7 eggs. It feeds on seeds, leaves and roots with grasses and legumes particularly important in winter. It will also eat insects. The species is mostly sedentary but may descend to lower ground during the winter (McGowan and Kirwan 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The disappearance of uncultivated land due to changes in agricultural practice has resulted in the loss of nesting cover and chick food. In pastoral areas, pastures have been agriculturally improved and areas of low, herb-rich scrub converted to grassland and further habitat loss has occurred through the loss of arable farming from open hill areas, if livestock are removed (leading to encroachment of tall scrub and forest) (Tucker and Heath 1994). Urbanization and agricultural expansion have also caused habitat fragmentation. In the Iberian Peninsula, hunting has led to steep declines; in Portugal over 60% of estimated potential population may be shot each year (McGowan and Kirwan 2013). Also illegal importations of <em>A. graeca</em> and <em>A. chukar</em> may also be causing problems through hybridization and competition (Tucker and Heath 1994,&#160;McGowan and Kirwan 2013).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex II and III. In 1993, the release of any Alectoris species other than A. rufa was discontinued in the U.K. (Tucker and Heath 1994).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The promotion of low-level agriculture in the lowlands and the maintenance of of traditional farming practices in marginal hill areas should be put in place. Releases of other Alectoris species should be stopped in the rest of Europe. Sustainable hunting practices should be developed and adopted and promoted by hunting organisations and their members (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Barbanera, F., Brusland, S., Burfield, I., Dowell, S., Gustin, M., Hidalgo, S., Ieronymidou, C., López-Jiménez, N., Nadal, J., Pople, R., Sánchez, C., Traba, J., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,ALCIDAE,Alle,alle,,Alle alle,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,NE,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)<br/>EU28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population size trend is not known, but it is not believed to be approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>The species is Not Evaluated (NE) for the EU28 region, as winter (non-breeding season) data were not available.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds almost entirely in Greenland, with small populations also present in Svalbard and Jan Mayen, Russia and Iceland.<p></p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 38,000,000-38,500,000 pairs, which equates to&#160;76,000,000-77,000,000 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28 in the breeding season, and its wintering population is not well monitored, therefore no population size can be given for this region. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is migratory, expanding its range in winter to include the North Atlantic Ocean as far south as the U.K. This species feeds mainly on small invertebrates such as amphipods and euphausiids and on fish larvae. The precise timing of its spring arrival at breeding colonies is variable from late February to early May. Immense colonies are formed on sea coasts in the high Arctic, usually nesting in crevices in rock scree of maritime slopes and on coastal cliffs. Colonies are abandoned in August with individuals seeking waters in the low Arctic and boreal zones, rarely further south, often associated with the edge of packice (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em> 2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","This species is threatened by the current and future impacts of climate change, including temperature extremes, sea temperature rises and shifts and reductions in prey availability (Stempniewicz <em>et al.</em> 2007, Hovin <em>et al.</em> 2014). As a pursuit diver the species is at risk from being caught in gillnets and driftnets (Zydelis <em>et al.</em> 2013), with the lumpsucker fisheries in Greenland estimated to catch significant numbers (Merkel <em>et al.</em> 2011). As the species spends much of its life at sea, including at and below the sea surface, it is vulnerable to both chronic oil pollution and oil spill events. Recent tracking research has indicated that important foraging grounds for the species overlap with expanding oil and gas extraction activities and shipping, which could lead to habitat degradation and displacement (Fort <em>et al.</em> 2013). On land during its breeding season this species is exposed to predation from invasive alien predators, which could increase in severity as climate change allows the northward movement of predators.","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed under the African Eurasian Waterbird Agreement.  It is one of the species considered within the Action Plan for Seabirds in Western-Nordic Areas (Nordiska Ministerrådet 2010). There are 18 marine Important Bird Areas across the European region for this species. Within the EU there are three Special Protection Areas which include this species. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Further identification of important sites for this species, particularly in offshore regions and designation as marine protected areas; Identify the risks of different activities on seabirds, and locations sensitive to seabirds. Management of fisheries to ensure long term sustainability of key stocks. Establish observer schemes for bycatch &amp; prepare National plans of action on seabird bycatch. Develop codes-of-conduct for more organised activities (e.g. tourism). Ensure that appropriate protection (national laws and international agreements) applies to new areas and times in case of changes in seabird migration routes and times.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,ALAUDIDAE,Ammomanes,deserti,,Ammomanes deserti,"(Lichtenstein, 1823)",0,No,EN,D,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)<br/>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, although this species may have a small range, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population trend appears to be decreasing but at an unknown rate, and therefore the population size reduction criterion (criterion A) cannot be applied. The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population size is very small, hence it meets the thresholds for Endangered (EN) under the population size criterion D. As the continuing decline is only suspected, criterion C cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Endangered in Europe.<br/><br/>This species does not occur in the EU28 and is therefore considered Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe, the breeding population size is suspected to be undergoing a continuing decline. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is found predominately across Africa and the Middle East (de Juana and Suárez 2016). Its range just extends into south easternmost Europe, where a small population is present in Turkey.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 20–100 pairs, which equates to 40-200 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occurs in desert or semi-desert, mainly in lowlands and is found on rocky or stony hill slopes and flanking escarpments. It avoids flat and sandy landscapes, although sometimes seen in undulating terrain with rocks and stones. It is mostly found in lowlands, but occurs to at least 2,000 m in mountains.<br/><br/>Egg-laying occurs from March to May. The species is monogamous and territorial. Both sexes build the nest which is placed on the ground beside a rock, grass tuft or small shrub, or in an exposed site. It is made from grass stems and other fine plant material, lined with softer material and with a rampart of small stones on the exposed side, or surrounded by small stones when in an open site. Clutches can be between one and five eggs.<br/><br/>It has a mixed diet of small seeds and insects taken in highly variable proportions, according to area and season. Hard food items are broken against rocks or other hard surfaces before consumption. Chicks are fed mainly with insects.<br/><br/>This species is mainly sedentary, although some irregular movements recorded and altitudinal movements occur in mountain areas. It has been recorded as an accidental in Cyprus (de Juana and Suárez 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The European population is on the edge of its world range, conditions may well be suboptimal for the species within the region making it particularly vulnerable to habitat change. Habitat degradation from factors such as irrigation, overgrazing and erosion as well as&#160; are recorded in areas where the species in present (Ozturk <em>et al.</em> 2012) and may be a threat to this species. The use of pesticides may also be a problem (Ozturk <em>et al.</em> 2012).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are no known conservation measures currently in place for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Due to the restricted range of this species in Europe, important sites should be protected, including legislation to guard them from development. Research into the species' ecology and habitat needs should be undertaken to inform future conservation measures as well as help assess potential threats and impacts in order to develop appropriate responses.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,GALLIFORMES,PHASIANIDAE,Ammoperdix,griseogularis,,Ammoperdix griseogularis,"(Brandt, 1843)",0,No,VU,C2a(ii),No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)<br/>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, although this species may have a restricted range, it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the rate of decline is not known and therefore the population size reduction criterion (criterion A) cannot be applied. The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population size is small, and, combined with the continuing decline, meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion C and is therefore precautionarily assessed as such in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.<br/><br/>This species does not occur in the EU28 and is therefore considered Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe, this species habitat is undergoing a significant change, due to its conversion to irrigated agricultural land (Özuslu <em>in litt.</em> 2021, Keller <em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). Based on this ongoing decline in suitable habitat, it is inferred that the population size is also undergoing a continuing decline, although the rate of decline is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds almost entirely in Turkey, and also notably in Azerbaijan, with a small population also present in Armenia.","The European population is suspected to be 3,900-6,800 pairs, which equates to 7,900-13,600 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is found on dry and stony foothills that are lightly vegetated or bare, occasionally on plateaux up to approximately 2,000 m. It is found in warmer, lower areas than Alectoris chukar where they are sympatric (McGowan and Kirwan 2014). It prefers flatter terrain often close to water (Madge and McGowan 2002). It is not found in narrow ravines, around crags or amongst thick tree cover (McGowan and Kirwan 2014). Typically six to nine eggs are laid from mid-April in south-east Turkey (Madge and McGowan 2002). It nests on exposed ground sheltered by grass or rocks. The nest is occasionally in a small hollow and sometimes lined with grass. Birds feed on shoots, leaves, seeds and berries and also take insects. The species is usually sedentary (McGowan and Kirwan 2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is widespread with little human disturbance (Fuller <em>et al.</em> 2000). Studies have found traces of toxic metals in the feathers of this species (Zolfaghari  <em>et al.</em> 2007, Norouzi <em>et al. </em>2012). Also, possibly threatened by development of dams (Biricik and Karakas 2012).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Least Concern (Fuller <em>et al.</em> 2000).  Mace-Lande: Insufficient information. Hunting is banned in Turkey and recent surveys there revealed the species to be rather more numerous than previously thought. Only recently (2003) discovered in southern Armenia (McGowan and Kirwan 2014).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The protection of important sites, including legislation to protect them from development should be developed. Research should be undertaken into the species's ecology and habitat needs, and assessments of potential threats made in order to develop appropriate responses.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Anas,acuta,,Anas acuta,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,VU,A2bcde+3bcde+4bcde,No,EN,A2bcde+3bcde+4bcde,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/>EU28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A) and is therefore assessed as such in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/>&#160;<br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small to large, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a very rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Endangered (EN) under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A) and is therefore assessed as such in the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the breeding population size is estimated to have decreased by 38% (best estimate) in 17 years (three generations), is expected at the same rate between 2004-2021, and is projected to decrease by 34% over the next three generations. In the EU28, the breeding population size is estimated to have decreased by 46-93% with a best estimate of just under 80% over the past three generations, is expected to decline at the same rate between 2002-2021, and is projected to decline by 76% over the next three generations. In winter, both the European and EU28 populations are estimated to be increasing. These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","The species has a more northern range than other dabbling ducks and it covers northern and temperate regions across Europe although it avoids Arctic islands.  In more southerly countries, its distribution is extremely patchy (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/>In Europe, is breeds almost entirely in Russia, but also notably in Finland. In winter, it occurs notably in Spain, Azerbaijan, the Netherlands, Greece, Portugal, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy and France.","The European breeding population is estimated at 155,000-201,000 pairs (310,000-401,000 mature individuals), and the wintering population is estimated at 173,000-395,000 individuals (115,000-263,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 4,500-18,800 pairs (9,100-37,600 mature individuals), and the wintering population is estimated at 145,000-274,000 individuals (96,600-183,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species shows a preference for open lowland grassland (Snow and Perrins 1998), prairie or tundra habitats (Johnsgard 1978) containing freshwater, brackish and saline wetlands with shallow water to facilitate dabbling (Kear 2005). Wetland habitats include shallow freshwater marshes, small marshy lakes, slow-flowing rivers (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014) and wet meadows (Madge and Burn 1988), especially favouring ponds with low, dense marginal vegetation and wetlands interspersed with brushy thickets or copses (Johnsgard 1978). During the winter it also frequents large inland lakes (Scott and Rose 1996), brackish coastal lagoons, brackish (Madge and Burn 1988) and saline marshes (Steele <em>et al.</em> 1997), shallow fresh or brackish estuaries (Johnsgard 1978, Brown <em>et al.</em> 1982, Snow and Perrins 1998), tidal flats (Madge and Burn 1988) and river deltas (Scott and Rose 1996) with adjacent agricultural land and scattered impoundments (Johnsgard 1978).<br/><br/>It breeds in solitary pairs or loose groups from April to June (Madge and Burn 1988). The nest is a slight hollow on the ground amongst vegetation (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014) and can be close to or more than 1 km away from water (Kear 2005). This species is omnivorous (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014) and opportunistic (Johnsgard 1978), its diet consisting of algae (Brown <em>et al.</em> 1982), seeds (Hockey <em>et al.</em> 2005) and rice (Brown&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;1982), tubers, and the vegetative parts of aquatic plants, sedges (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014) and grasses (Brown&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;1982, Hockey&#160;<em>et al.</em>2005), as well as aquatic invertebrates, amphibians and small fish. This species is strongly migratory throughout its northern range (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by wetland habitat loss on its breeding and wintering grounds (Scott and Rose 1996). Reclamation of coastal areas for industrial development poses a threat in Europe (Scott and Rose 1996). The species is also threatened by petroleum pollution, wetland drainage, peat-extraction, changing wetland management practices (decreased grazing and mowing in meadows leading to scrub over-growth) and the burning and mowing of reeds in Russia (Grishanov 2006). It suffers from over-exploitation in Europe (Kear 2005). The species is predated by feral cats (<em>Felis catus</em>) and rats (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>) on islands (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), and is susceptible to avian botulism (Rocke 2006) and avian influenza (Melville and Shortridge 2006, Gaidet <em>et al.</em> 2007) so may be threatened by future outbreaks of these diseases. The species is hunted recreationally in Denmark (Bregnballe <em>et al. </em>2006) and the Po delta, Italy (Sorrenti <em>et al.</em> 2006). The eggs of this species used to be (and possibly still are) harvested in Iceland (Gudmundsson 1979).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex II and III. An EU management plan for the species was published in 2007. The important sites for the species are protected in Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Sweden, U.K., Spain, Portugal and Greece (Jensen 2007). <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Hunting of this species should be banned during migration and at the end of the breeding season and annual data on bag numbers should be collected for all countries where the species is hunted. Breeding sites should be identified, preserved and managed to increase reproductive success and colonising ability and all internationally important staging and wintering sites should be designated as SPAs and managed favourably. Censusing of winter populations and breeding populations, to provide an assessment of breeding productivity, should be carried out annually. Ringing on breeding and wintering sites should also be carried out and existing ringing data analysed to identify population units and provide annual estimates of mortality (Jensen 2007).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Anas,crecca,,Anas crecca,"Linnaeus, 1758","Common Teal&#160;<em>A. crecca&#160;</em>(del Hoyo&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2014) has been split into&#160;Common Teal&#160;<em>A. crecca </em>and Green-winged Teal&#160;<em>Anas carolinensis</em><em>&#160;</em>(Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International 2020).<br/>&#160;&#160;<br/>This change follows a revision to the scoring of the&#160;males' vertical white breast-side line, due to its role as a signal in display. As such the revised scoring is as follows:&#160;male&#160;<em>A. carolinensis</em>&#160;differs from <em>A. crecca</em>&#160;male in its vertical white breast-side line, replicated on rear flank (3),&#160;lack of white horizontal scapular stripe (2), and lack of narrow buff supercilium (above broad green “eyestripe”) (1); various other very minor differences cannot be scored (plumage characters capped at three), differences in measurements do not exist, behavioural differences are matters of frequency rather than type, and genetic evidence, while suggesting paraphyly involving&#160;<em>A. flavirostris</em>, indicates that hybridization is relatively widespread in Beringia (allow 1 for broad hybrid zone), indicating that&#160;<em>carolinensis&#160;</em>does warrant species status.&#160;<br/><br/>Aleutian race <em>nimia</em> remains treated as a synonym of a monotyic <em>A. crecca</em>.",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, based on winter population data, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D).&#160;&#160;The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not&#160;&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the breeding population size trend is unknown, and the wintering population trend is estimated to be increasing. In the EU28, the breeding population size is estimated to be decreasing by 8-33% with a best estimate of 21% over 13 years (three generations), and the wintering population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in many countries in Europe,&#160;mainly in Russia, and also notably in Finland and Sweden.<br/>In winter, the species occurs mainly in the United Kingdom, Spain and Italy, but also notably in Azerbaijan, France, Greece and Turkey.","The European breeding population is estimated at 770,000-1,220,000 pairs (1,540,000-2,440,000 mature individuals), and the wintering population is estimated at 1,570,000-2,460,000 individuals (1,040,000-1,640,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 234,000-367,000 pairs (469,000-734,000 mature individuals), and the wintering population is estimated at 1,420,000-1,750,000 individuals (946,000-1,170,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species&#160;breeds in a a wide variety of habitats, and&#160;occurs in small freshwater lakes, pools, slow-flowing rivers and shallow marshes with abundant fringe vegetation,&#160;favouring eutrophic waters with dense herbaceous cover surrounding edge of water.&#160;<br/>Its stopover and wintering sites include shallow inland wetlands, such as flooded open-marsh areas, riparian areas of sloughs and river backwaters, and dead-tree habitats in forested wetlands,&#160;brackish wetlands and reservoirs, coastal marshes, including saltmarshes, and large estuaries, but continues to favour shallow, sheltered waters,&#160;typically with heavy vegetation and muddy bottoms (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020).<br/><br/>Migration usually occurs at night, in large groups. In spring, migration starts from the wintering sites in mid-January / late February, but mostly occurs in March and April.&#160;In the autumn,&#160;migration starts in July, but mostly occurs in October and November. Migration occurs mainly from Iceland move to Britain and Ireland, and from northern mainland Europe to countries around the North Sea, with some individuals moving further south to Iberia and north Africa depending on the weather conditions. In eastern Europe, the species moves down to Greece and turkey, whereas in western and southern Europe, the species is mainly resident. The species can migrate in Africa as far south as the equator&#160;(Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020).<br/>This species feeds mainly in shallow water,&#160;near shorelines, and on mudflats, as well as agricultural areas during the winter. It is considered to be an opportunistic forager, with its diet comprises the&#160;seeds of sedges, grasses, and aquatic vegetation as well as aquatic invertebrates and larvae (such as chironomid midges, Nematoda, Ostracoda, and harpacticoid copepods, molluscs, crustaceans, etc.). It feeds&#160;by dabbling, filtering mud, head dipping and upending and very rarely dives (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Pressure on this species population mainly comes from hunting, habitat degradation and the use of lead ammunition, with nest disturbance potentially having a small effect (Billerman <em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). In addition to the threats above, according to the latest article 12 reporting data, recreational activities also affect a large proportion of the population in the EU28, as do illegal killing and drainage and conversion of wetlands to a lesser extent (https://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/)",The effects of conservation actions on this species tend to come indirectly from the protection of habitats for other species (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). This species is listed on Annex II of the EU Birds Directive.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Hermes, C.","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Anas,platyrhynchos,,Anas platyrhynchos,"Linnaeus, 1758","<em><em>Anas platyrhynchos</em></em> and <em><em>A. </em></em><em><em><em><em><em>fulvigula</em></em></em></em></em> (incorporating <em><em><em><em><em>diazi</em></em></em></em></em>) (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) were previously treated as <em>A. <em>platyrhynchos</em></em> (incorporating <em><em><em><em><em><em><em>diazi</em></em></em></em></em></em></em>) and <em><em>A. fulvigula</em></em> following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)<br/>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, based on winter population data, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D).&#160;The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the breeding population size is estimated to be stable. In winter, the European population is estimated to be decreasing by approximately 19% (best estimate) over 15 years (three generations)and in the EU28 by 7-23% with a best estimate of 16% over the same period. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds over the whole of Europe, except for Svalbard and Jan Mayen. In Europe, it breeds notably in Russia, Poland, the Netherlands, Finland and Germany.<br/>It winters notably in Germany, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Spain and France.","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,540,000-2,440,000 pairs (3,250,000-5,000,000 mature individuals) and in winter is estimated at 4,250,000-5,650,000 individuals (2,830,000-3,770,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 1,930,000-3,170,000 pairs (3,860,000-6,330,000 mature individuals), and in winter is estimated at 3,770,000-4,440,000 individuals (2,510,000-2,960,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species occurs in almost every wetland type, although it generally avoids fast-flowing, oligotrophic (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), deep, exposed, rough, rockbound waters and hard unvegetated areas such as rocky ground, sand dunes and artificial surfacing (Snow and Perrins 1998). It requires water less than 1 m deep for foraging (Snow and Perrins 1998) and shows a preference for freshwater habitats (Madge and Burn 1988). Habitats commonly frequented include flooded swampy woodlands, seasonal floodlands (Snow and Perrins 1998), wet grassy swamps and meadows, oxbow lakes (Flint <em>et al.</em> 1984), open waters with mudflats, banks or spits, irrigation networks, reservoirs, ornamental waters (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), canals and sewage farms (Snow and Perrins 1998). During the winter the species may also be found in saline habitats along the coast (Madge and Burn 1988) where water is shallow, fairly sheltered and within sight of land (Snow and Perrins 1998). The species breeds between March and June although the exact timing varies with latitude (Madge and Burn 1988). The nest is a shallow depression (Snow and Perrins 1998) or bowl of vegetation that can be situated in many different locations such as within vegetation on the ground, in natural tree cavities (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), under fallen dead wood, on tree stumps and even in abandoned nests of other species (Flint <em>et al.</em> 1984). Clutch size is generally nine to thirteen eggs. The species is omnivorous and opportunistic, feeding on seeds and the vegetative parts of aquatic and terrestrial plants, as well as terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates such as insects, molluscs, crustaceans, worms and occasionally amphibians and fish (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014). In temperate regions breeding populations of this species are sedentary or dispersive, often making local movements during severe weather (Scott and Rose 1996). Other populations are fully migratory (Kear 2005).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by wetland habitat degradation and loss from pollution (e.g. petroleum (Grishanov 2006) and pesticide pollution (Kwon <em>et al.</em> 2004)), wetland drainage, peat-extraction, changing wetland management practices (e.g. decreased grazing and mowing in meadows leading to scrub over-growth) and the burning and mowing of reedbeds (Grishanov 2006). The species also suffers mortality as a result of lead shot ingestion (e.g. in Spain (Mateo <em>et al.</em> 1999) and France (Mondain-Monval <em>et al.</em> 2002)). It is also susceptible to duck virus enteritis (DVE) (Friend 2006), avian influenza (Melville and Shortridge 2006) and avian botulism (Rocke 2006) so may be threatened by future outbreaks of these diseases (although it may be able to withstand sporadic losses due to its high reproductive potential) (Rocke 2006). The species is predated by American Mink (<em>Neovison vison)</em> (Opermanis <em>et al.</em> 2001). The species is hunted throughout its range (Kear 2005) mainly for sport (Evans and Day 2002, Bregnballe <em>et al.</em> 2006, Mondain-Monval <em>et al. </em>2006, Sorrenti<em> et al.</em> 2006). The eggs of this species were (and possibly still are) harvested in Iceland (Gudmundsson 1979).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II.  EU Birds Directive Annex II and III. Studies have revealed some of the species's requirements. Extensive grazing of wetland grasslands (c. 0.5 cows per hectare) was found to attract a higher abundance of the species in Hungary (Baldi <em>et al.</em> 2005). Studies in Danish coastal wetlands found that the spatial restriction of shore-based shooting was more successful at maintaining waterfowl population sizes than was the temporal restriction of shooting, and therefore that wildfowl reserves should incorporate shooting-free refuges that include adjacent marshland in order to ensure high waterfowl species diversity (Bregnballe <em>et al.</em> 2004). The cyclical removal of adult fish from an artificial waterbody (gravel pit) in the U.K. resulted in an increase in invertebrate food availability and an increase in the growth of submerged aquatic macrophytes, which in turn led to an increased use of the habitat for brood rearing by the species (Giles 1994). The removed fish (dead or alive) were sold to generate funds (Giles 1994). However, no conservation measures are currently targeted at this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The species is not threatened and does not require any immediate conservation action but is likely to benefit for conservation measures implemented for other wetland species.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,SULIFORMES,ANHINGIDAE,Anhinga,rufa,,Anhinga rufa,"(Daudin, 1802)","<em>Anhinga melanogaster</em>, <em>A. novaehollandiae</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) and <em>A. rufa</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993, Dowsett and Forbes-Watson 1993), species occurring in Asia, Australasia and Africa, are retained as separate species <em>contra</em> Christidis and Boles (1994), Turbott (1990), Cramp and Simmons (1977-1994), Vol. I and AERC TAC (2003), who all include <em>rufa</em> and <em>novaehollandiae</em> as subspecies of <em>A. melanogaster</em>.  <p></p>",No,RE,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Regionally Extinct (RE)<br/>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>This species was once abundant in southern Turkey, but disappeared during the second half of 20<sup>th</sup> century (1960s–70s) due to the drying out of its breeding grounds. It is therefore classified as Regionally Extinct (RE) in Europe.<br/><br/>This species does not occur in the EU28 and is therefore considered Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","The species became regionally extinct in Europe during the second half of the 20th century. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.",This species is found predominately across Africa. A small breeding population used to exist in southern Turkey at Lake Amik but went extinct when the area was drained (between the 1960s and 1970s). This species is no longer thought to be present in Europe.,"This species' European population is considered to be extinct. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species prefers still, shallow inland waters, such as freshwater or alkaline lakes, slow flowing rivers, swamps and reservoirs and requires scattered emergent trees, forested margins or islets with dense vegetation. It is less commonly found in estuaries or tidal inlets and coastal zones.<br/><br/>It feeds principally on fish, including Cichlidae and Cyprinidae but also takes amphibians, water snakes and aquatic invertebrates, including insects, crustaceans and molluscs.<br/><br/>The species is generally sedentary, with sporadic movements usually related to drought conditions (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Formerly, this species was abundant in southern Turkey but became extinct there when its breeding grounds at Lake Amik were lost (Kirwan <em>et al.</em> 2010) due to drainage and land reclamation (Smith <em>et al.</em> 2014).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are no current conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>There are no proposed conservation measures for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Anser,albifrons,,Anser albifrons,"(Scopoli, 1769)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)<br/>EU28 regional assessment: </strong><strong>Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, in winter, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D).&#160;The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, in winter, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, both the breeding and wintering population sizes are estimated to be stable. In the EU28, the wintering population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds almost entirely in Russia, with a small population also present in Greenland.<br/>It winters largely in the Netherlands, but also notably in Germany, Romania and Hungary.","The European breeding population is estimated at 280,000-331,000 pairs (561,000-662,000 mature individuals) and the wintering population is estimated at 1,770,000-2,960,000 individuals (1,180,000-1,970,000 mature individuals). The species only occurs in the EU28 in winter, where the population is estimated at 1,570,000-2,350,000 individuals, which equates to 1,040,000-1,570,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds in open (Carboneras and Kirwan 2013), low-lying, shrubby tundra (Snow and Perrins 1998) on the coast and inland, in close proximity to marshes, lakes, pools, rivers (Carboneras and Kirwan 2013), and willow- and shrub-lined ponds and streams (Johnsgard 1978). It requires dry slopes, banks, mounds, hummocks or patches of sand or clay for nesting sites, especially those commanding good views of the surrounding area (Snow and Perrins 1998). The species winters in open country on steppe and agricultural land (Carboneras and Kirwan 2013) and wet meadows (Johnsgard 1978)), or in brackish (Kear 2005) and freshwater marshy habitats (Carboneras and Kirwan 2013). It may also roost on tidal marshes, in sheltered bays or in estuaries and frequents inland lakes and reservoirs in North America (Kear 2005). The species breeds from late-May or early-June in single pairs or loose groups (Carboneras and Kirwan 2013). The nest is a shallow construction of plant matter on the ground (del Hoyo<em> et al.</em> 1992) amongst vegetation such as grass or dwarf scrub heath, often on raised hummocks or slopes to reduce the risk of flooding and provide a vantage point of the surrounding area (Kear 2005). Usually five to six eggs, although larger clutches are thought to be laid by more than one female. The species is herbivorous, its diet consisting of the roots, leaves, stems, seeds and fruits of terrestrial plants such as herbs, grasses and sedges (Carboneras and Kirwan 2013), as well as agricultural grain, wheat, rice and barley (Johnsgard 1978), potatoes and sprouting cereals (especially in the winter). This species is fully migratory (Carboneras and Kirwan 2013), travelling in stages via several stop-over sites between separate breeding and wintering grounds (Madge and Burn 1988).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by intense hunting pressure (Carboneras and Kirwan 2013) resulting in mortality and disturbance at staging (Nikolaeva <em>et al.</em> 2006) and moulting sites (Glahder and Walsh 2006). It is also susceptible to poisoning by pesticides used on agricultural land (Kwon <em>et al.</em> 2004). The species is susceptible to avian influenza so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006). Climatic changes are likely to cause range contractions in this species's already highly restricted breeding range (Kear 2005), and are already causing other species (e.g. Canada Geese (<em>Branta Canadensis</em>)) to move northward, increasing competition for resources (Kear 2005, Fox <em>et al.</em> 2006). Oil exploration in the tundra habitat poses a threat to the species's breeding (Kear 2005a) and moulting sites (Glahder and Walsh 2006) through oil spills and chronic oil pollution (Grishanov 2006, Nikolaeva <em>et al.</em> 2006), by direct habitat destruction (influencing breeding site selection and reducing reproductive success) (Kear 2005) and through human disturbance (Glahder and Walsh 2006). Wetland habitat degradation due to drainage, peat-extraction and changing management practices (decreased grazing and mowing in meadows leading to scrub over-growth) is also a problem in areas of Russia (Grishanov 2006).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex I, II and III. CMS Appendix II. Race flavirostris is amongst least numerous subpopulation, but it is increasing, with active protection on its wintering grounds in the U.K. since 1982/1983 (although hunting was only finally banned completely in 2006) (Carboneras and Kirwan 2013). In 2012 an International Species Action Plan for <em>A. a. flavirostris</em> was published (Stroud<em> et al.</em> 2012).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The protection of winter roost sites is extremely important for the overall conservation of species (Carboneras and Kirwan 2013). Thus key areas should be protected from habitat alteration and disturbance. Strict legislation should be developed and enforced with regards to oil exploration and transportation and the promotion of less intensive farming methods undertaken. Research and monitoring programmes should be maintained and developed to provide data and inform conservation of the species (Stroud <em>et al. </em>2012).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Anser,anser,,Anser anser,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)<br/>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, in winter, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D).&#160;&#160;The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, in the breeding season, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe and the EU28, the population size in both the breeding and wintering seasons is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in most countries in Europe, notably in the Netherlands, Germany, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Iceland and Norway.<br/>It winters largely in the Netherlands but also notably in Spain, Germany, Denmark and the United Kingdom.","The European breeding population is estimated at 277,000-398,000 pairs (554,000-795,000 mature individuals), and the wintering population is estimated at 1,190,000-1,470,000 individuals (797,000-975,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 224,000-326,000 pairs (448,000-652,000 mature individuals), and the wintering population is estimated at 1,160,000-1,350,000 individuals (773,000-900,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Material.","During the breeding season the species inhabits wetlands surrounded by fringing vegetation in open grassland (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), sedge or heather moorland (Johnsgard 1978), arctic tundra, steppe or semi-desert from sea-level up to 2,300 m (Snow and Perrins 1998). It nests near streams, saltmarshes (Kear 2005), river flood-plains, reedy marshes, grassy bogs, damp meadows, reed-lined freshwater lakes and estuaries (Johnsgard 1978) close to potential feeding sites such as meadows, grasslands, stubble fields and newly sown cereal fields (Kear 2005). It requires isolated islands out of reach of land predators for nesting. In the autumn (before migration) the species also frequents agricultural land (Kear 2005). In the winter the species inhabits lowland farmland in open country, swamps, lakes, coastal lagoons (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), reservoirs and estuaries (Madge and Burn 1988).<br/><br/>The species breeds from May or April in loose colonies (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014, Kear 2005). The nest is a shallow construction of plant matter placed among reedbeds, on the ground (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), in or at the base of trees, under bushes or in sheltered hollows on isolated wooded islands on lakes or along coasts (Johnsgard 1978, Kear 2005), as well as on rafts of vegetation in rivers (Snow and Perrins 1998). Usually four to six eggs are laid (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014). The species is herbivorous, its diet consisting of grasses, the roots, shoots, leaves, stems, seedheads and fruits of other herbaceous marsh vegetation (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), aquatic plants (Johnsgard 1978), and agricultural grain and potatoes. This species is fully migratory although some populations in temperate regions are only sedentary (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014) or locally dispersive (Scott and Rose 1996), occasionally making irregular movements in very icy winters (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","This species is threatened by considerable hunting pressures across much of its range (Madge and Burn 1988, Carboneras and Kirwan 2014) and is susceptible to poisoning from lead shot ingestion (Mateo <em>et al.</em> 1998). It is also persecuted by farmers as it can cause considerable crop damage (Madge and Burn 1988, Carboneras and Kirwan 2014). The destruction and degradation of wetland habitats due to drainage (Madge and Burn 1988, Grishanov 2006, Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), conversion to agriculture (Madge and Burn 1988, Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), petroleum pollution, peat-extraction, changing wetland management practices (e.g. decreased grazing and mowing in meadows leading to scrub over-growth) and the burning and mowing of reeds is also a threat, especially in breeding areas (Grishanov 2006). The species is susceptible to avian influenza so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Directives Annex II. CMS Appendix II. The species has been successfully reintroduced or introduced in some areas, for example Austria, Belgium, parts of Germany, Ireland and the Netherlands (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Accurate monitoring of bag numbers in countries where the species is hunted should be implemented. The integration of farming and conservation measures along with protection of key wetland sites is needed to ensure the population remains stable.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Anser,brachyrhynchus,,Anser brachyrhynchus,"Baillon, 1834",0,Yes,LC,0,Yes,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, in winter, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D).&#160;&#160;The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In Europe, the breeding and wintering population sizes are estimated to be increasing. In the EU28, the wintering population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds primarily in Iceland, and also notably in Greenland and Svalbard, with one pair also recorded in Norway.<br/>It winters almost entirely in the United Kingdom, and also notably in Belgium.","The European population is estimated at 68,500-128,000 pairs (137,000-255,000 mature individuals) and the wintering population is estimated at&#160;555,000-566,000 individuals (370,000-377,000 mature individuals). The species occurs only in the EU28 in winter, where almost all the European wintering population is found, the population is estimated at 555,000-566,000 individuals, which equates to 370,000-377,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds on rocky outcrops, crags and steep river gorges in open arctic tundra (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), especially near seabird colonies. The species overwinters on extensive areas of saltmarsh (Kear 2005) in estuaries and on flat agricultural land (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014) (e.g. improved or fertilised grasslands, stubble fields, pastures and newly sown cereal fields) (Kear 2005). In Scotland favoured winter daytime roosting sites include estuarine mudflats, lochs and reservoirs (Madge and Burn 1988).<br/><br/>It breeds from mid-May to late-June or early-July (Kear 2005) in territorial pairs which may form loose colonies (Madge and Burn 1988). The nest is a low mound of vegetation on cliffs, rocky outcrops or snow-free hummocks (Kear 2005). Three to five eggs are usually laid. The species is herbivorous (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014) and an opportunistic forager (Kear 2005). During the breeding season its diet includes leaves, stems, roots, berries and seed-heads of sedges, mosses, lichens, and grasses. In its wintering areas the species is more reliant on grass, grain, vegetables and potatoes grown on agricultural land. This species is fully migratory travelling on a narrow front between separate breeding and wintering grounds (Kear 2005, Carboneras and Kirwan 2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is hunted illegally in the spring in Iceland which may become a threat. Disturbance from hunting on spring staging grounds in Norway has major negative impact on breeding success, and persecution (shooting and disturbance) of the species by farmers is likely to increase in the future if populations increase (due to the species's impact on agricultural grassland) (Kear 2005). The species is subject to hunting in Svalbard and Denmark as well as Norway, although mortality due to hunting does not seem to be a major factor controlling population sizes (O'Connell <em>et al.</em> 2006). Disturbance from farmers discouraging foraging individuals from their land in the winter has been shown to reduce the species's reproductive success in the spring (Madsen 1995), and the species is also threatened by general disturbance (e.g. from helicopters surveying areas for oil exploration) (Mosbech and Glahder 1991). It may be threatened by land-management changes (such as a reduction in the intensity of management and land abandonment) (Tombre<em> et al.</em> 2005), and by future habitat loss such as the development of hydroelectric projects on interior rivers in Iceland (which would flood a major moulting area) (Kear 2005). The nesting success of breeding pairs in Svalbard is greatly reduced as a result of Arctic Fox (<em>Vulpes lagopus</em>) predation (Madsen <em>et al.</em> 1992).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex II. CMS Appendix II. In the Netherlands and the UK and some other areas in Europe, governments compensate farmers in relevant goose areas to further conservation. Recent population increases are most likely due to the protection of sites, changed behaviour (birds using inland roosting sites such as reservoirs), improved food supplies and a reduction of hunting. Although the species is considered legitimate quarry in all range states, special restrictions are in force throughout, for example in Denmark goose shooting is only permitted early mornings during a short autumn season and recreational hunting in spring is banned everywhere (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014). In 2012 an International Species Management Plan was developed for the Svalbard population (Madsen and Williams 2012).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Compensation schemes for farmers should be continued and improved. Research in Norway has suggested the current compensation scheme can be made ten times more efficient through strategic prioritization. Careful management in important areas is needed to maintain the current population. In the UK, one study suggested that the manipulation of sward height and fertiliser application provides suitable habitat for this and other species of geese (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014). Hunting should be monitored and sustainable hunting levels ensured where hunting is in practice. Spatial management should be enhanced and maintained (Madsen and Williams 2012).",0,"Burfield, I. & Piggott, A.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Anser,caerulescens,,Anser caerulescens,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",<em>Anser caerulescens</em>&#160;(del Hoyo and Collar 2014)&#160;was previously placed in the genus <em>Chen</em>.,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, although this species may have a restricted range, it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size may be small, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D).&#160;The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>This species is an introduced non-native species (in the UK) and / or a vagrant in the EU28, and is therefore considered Not Applicable (NA) for the region.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds entirely in Greenland.","The European population is estimated at 1,000-5,000 pairs, which equates to 2,000-10,000 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is found on low, grassy tundra, generally in close association with water (ponds, shallow lakes or river deltas) or on stony ground. Breeding begins in June usually as soon as areas become free of snow and generally within 7-10 days of arrival on nesting grounds. It is monogamous, often for life, although extra-pair copulations have been recorded. The nest is built by the female, who chooses the site as well and is a shallow depression filled with moss and lined with grass and down on the ground. Normally five or six eggs are laid. The diet is principally vegetarian, comprising of roots, tubers, leaves, grasses, stems and seed heads of various aquatic plants and sedges. The species is migratory (Carboneras <em>et al. </em>2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",Despite hunting pressure this species is increasing in numbers (Kear 2005). Climatic effects may impact the species in the future (Murphy-Klassen <em>et al.</em> 2005).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II.  There are no known conservation measures currently in place for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/> No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Anser,erythropus,,Anser erythropus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,VU,D1,No,CR,D,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)</strong><strong><br/></strong><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A), and in addition, the decline is not ongoing. The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is small, and meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size criterion D and is therefore assessed as such in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A).&#160;The population size is extremely small, and meets the thresholds for Critically Endangered (CR) under the population size criterion D and is therefore assessed as such in the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the breeding population size is estimated to have decreased by approximately 10% (best estimate) in 29 years (three generations), however in the shorter term (11 years) the species population size is estimated to be increasing. In the EU28, the breeding population size is estimated to be decreasing by 36% in 29 years (three generations). In winter, the population size in Europe is estimated to be stable and in the EU28 it is estimated to be decreasing by 28% (best estimate) over three generations. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds primarily in Russia, and also notably in Norway and Sweden.&#160;<br/><br/>In winter, it occurs almost entirely in Azerbaijan, with small numbers spread out mainly across eastern and southeastern Europe.","The European breeding population is estimated at 170-270 pairs, which equates to 340-530 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 15-30 pairs, which equates to 30-60 mature individuals. In winter, the European population is estimated at 5,100-8,700 individuals, which equates to 3,400-5,800 mature individuals. The population in winter in the EU28 is estimated at 80-530 individuals, which equates to 50-360 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in low-lying bogs, scrub-covered tundra and taiga-forest edges close to wetlands, up to 700 m Asl (Kear 2005). It can also be found on the slopes by the lower parts of mountain streams, on mountain foothills, mountain lakes and on alpine precipices, often in thawing boggy areas or on stone fields (Cramp and Simmons 1977, Johnsgard 1978). It often nests on snow-free patches available early in the breeding season (such as rocky outcrops or prominent hummocks) hidden amongst vegetation or in boggy hollows (Madsen 1996, Kear 2005), usually in close proximity to open water or marshy areas (Kear 2005). The nest is a shallow depression on the ground lined with grass, moss and down and frequently the same site is used in subsequent seasons. Clutch size is normally four to six (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014). This species is herbivorous, feeding on grasses, roots, stems, leaves, fruits and the green parts of aquatic and terrestrial plants. During the winter the species supplements its diet with winter agricultural grains. This species is fully migratory (Kear 2005). The species departs from its breeding grounds in northern Scandinavia and arctic Russia in late August to early September and travels to wintering grounds in south-east Europe and the Middle East (Alerstam 1990, Snow and Perrins 1998). Small wintering populations, originating from the reinforcement of the breeding population in Sweden, are now established in the Netherlands and Germany (Hornman <em>et al. </em>2012, Kruckenberg and Krüger 2013). The return passage to the breeding grounds begins in February, with the species arriving from early May (Snow and Perrins 1998) to late June (Madsen 1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Illegal spring hunting and round-ups of moulting birds are taking place on the Russian breeding grounds (Jones 2011) and illegal shooting continues in Norway (T. Aarvak <em>pers. comm.</em> 2007). In the western Palearctic at least 20–30% of the population are shot each year (Mooij 2010) often accidentally during the hunting of other species. Habitat deterioration, as a result of land cultivation and increased water-levels in the Caspian Sea, is a further threat (Madsen 1996), as is habitat loss through the creation of reservoirs for hydroelectric power in Scandinavia (Madsen 1996). The species may also be threatened by nest predation from the Red Fox (<em>Vulpes vulpes</em>) (Madsen 1996) and the restocked population in Sweden has suffered from predation by White-tailed Eagle (<em>Haliaeetus albicilla</em>) and Golden Eagle (<em>Aquila chrysaetos</em>) (Jones <em>et al.</em> 2008). Disturbance on breeding grounds (e.g. from increasing tourism and angling) causes much disruption to nesting birds (Madsen 1996). Climate change and associated habitat shifts are expected to impact negatively on this species and others dependent on tundra habitat for breeding. Modelling indicates that 28% of the habitat for this species could be lost by 2070 (Zöckler and Lysenko 2000).<br/>&#160;<br/>Outside of the breeding season, high mortality in autumn and winter is caused by illegal hunting, and accidental shooting on the staging and wintering grounds is the most important threat (Madsen 1996, Aarvak<em> et al. </em>1997, Lorentsen <em>et al.</em> 1998, Kear 2005, Morozov 2006, Jones 2011). Disturbance of roosting and feeding birds by hunters is a potentially significant limiting factor on survival and breeding output (Ebbinge and Spaans 1995, N. Petkov <em>in litt.</em> 2007). In the Kaliningrad region of Russia, important migratory stop-over points on the Baltic Sea coastline are being degraded through petroleum pollution, wetland drainage for agriculture, changes in wetland management leading to scrub and reed overgrowth, peat extraction, and the burning and mowing of reed beds (Grishanov 2006).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix I and II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. It is protected by law in all key range states. Satellite telemetry studies have improved knowledge of its ecology and the key threats (Aarvak <em>et al.</em>1997, Tolvanen<em> et al.</em> 1999). Satellite tracking was also carried out as part of a recent European LIFE project, which also enabled the preparation of National Action Plans for Norway, Finland and Estonia, habitat management and restoration in Estonia and Hungary and awareness campaigns, especially targeting hunters and farmers (Tonlaven <em>et al.</em> 2009).&#160; A European Action Plan was published in 1996 (Madsen 1996) and an updated International Single Species Action Plan for the western Palearctic population was published in 2008 (Jones <em>et al.</em> 2008). Several captive breeding populations exist (AEWA). A restocking programme in Sweden was ongoing until 2000, when concerns were raised regarding the presence of Great White-fronted Goose (<em>Anser albifrons</em>) mtDNA in the released captive bred birds (Ruokonen <em>et al.</em> 2007, Marchant and Musgrove 2011). At least 3-7% of birds released in Sweden until that time were estimated to be carrying DNA from Greater White-fronted Goose.&#160;Releases in Sweden of birds from a stock originating from Russia resumed in 2010 (Naturvårdsverket 2011).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Reduce illegal hunting pressure in key wintering and staging areas. Locate, monitor and protect key areas. Continue satellite tracking and other research. Prevent habitat loss and manage habitats in staging and wintering areas. Promote international and national legal protection and develop captive breeding programmes. Promote public awareness.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Ramirez, I., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Anser,fabalis,,Anser fabalis,"(Latham, 1787)","<em>Anser fabalis</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) has been split into <em>A. fabalis</em> and <em>A. serrirostris</em> by Sangster and Oreel (1996) and <em>A. fabalis</em> and <em>A. middendorfi</em> by Ruokonen <em>et al</em>. (2008). Given that these two treatments are contradictory and undermine one another's evidence we reject both treatments and retain one polyphyletic species <em>A. fabalis</em>. <p></p>",No,LC,0,No,VU,C1+2a(ii),EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, in winter, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D).&#160;The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, in the breeding season, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size trend criterion (criterion A).&#160;The population size is small, and, combined with the ongoing decline, meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size criterion C and is therefore assessed as such in the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be stable. In the EU28, the population size trend is estimated to be undergoing a decline of at least 18% over 24 years (three generations). In the wintering season, both European and EU28 populations are estimated to be increasing. These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","In Europe, this species breeds almost entirely in Russia, with small populations also present in Finland, Sweden and Norway.<br/>In winter, it occurs largely in Germany, and also notably in the Netherlands, Poland and Sweden.","The European breeding population is estimated at 183,000-208,000 pairs (366,000-415,000 mature individuals) and the wintering population is estimated at 703,000-971,000 individuals (468,000-647,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 1,200-3,100 pairs (2,500-6,200 mature individuals), and in wintering population is estimated at 703,000-970,000 individuals (468,000-647,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds near lakes, pools, rivers and streams in high Arctic tundra or the taiga forest zone (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014). Taiga nesting populations show a preference for scrubby birch (<em>Betula spp.</em>) forest and dense spruce forest with bogs or mires (Madge and Burn 1988), whereas tundra-based populations nest on damp tundra of moss, grass, sedge or scrub (Johnsgard 1978) near river flood-plains (but above flood levels) on Arctic islands and in Arctic coastal regions (Madge and Burn 1988). During the winter and on passage the species inhabits marshes, agricultural land (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), damp steppe grassland (Madge and Burn 1988), flood-lands, rivers and coastal shallows (Snow and Perrins 1998) in open country. It also roosts on lakes, rivers and flood-lands in Europe during this season. Populations that breed in the taiga nest in early-May, with those breeding in the tundra nesting one month later in early-June (Kear 2005). The species builds a nest of vegetation in a shallow scrape on the ground and clutch size is generally four to six eggs. The species is herbivorous, its diet consisting of herbs, grasses, sedges (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014) and mosses (Johnsgard 1978), complemented during the breeding season by berries. During the winter it feeds predominantly on agricultural land taking grain, beans, potatoes (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014) and sprouting winter cereal crops (Kear 2005). This species is strongly migratory and travels between breeding grounds in the high Arctic to wintering grounds in the temperate and subtropical zones (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species declined in the past due to hunting (resulting in mortality, injury and disturbance) (Kear 2005, Nikolaeva <em>et al.</em> 2006, Carboneras and Kirwan 2014) and habitat loss (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014). Habitat degradation due to oil pollution (Grishanov 2006, Nikolaeva <em>et al.</em> 2006), drainage, peat-extraction, changing management practices (decreased grazing and mowing in meadows leading to scrub over-growth) and forest clearance is a threat to breeding areas in Russia (Grishanov 2006), Norway and Sweden (Madge and Burn 1988). The species also suffers from human persecution (Madge and Burn 1988) and is susceptible to poisoning by pesticides used on agricultural land (Kwon <em>et al.</em> 2004). Climate change poses a potential threat longer term on breeding grounds, most likely particularly to tundra populations (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Directives Annex II. CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix III. The species is listed on the African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbird Agreement.  Compensatory payments are paid to farmers in the Netherlands; as a result research has been undertaked focusing on minimizing damage by altering land use in agricultural areas and restoring original habitats for wintering geese (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014). In many countries, counts of the species and monitoring are carried out each year. International protection of key wetland habitats for the species is provided by Special Protection Areas, Ramsar and the Bern Convention (Hearn 2004).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Better quality and more widespread monitoring is needed for this species, particularly to assess the impact of hunting. A Flyway Management Plan is essential for international co-ordination of monitoring (Hearn 2004). More key sites should be protected and management and conservation needs should be integrated. Stricter regulation on hunting and persecution should be implemented.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,GRUIFORMES,GRUIDAE,Anthropoides,virgo,,Anthropoides virgo,"Linnaeus, 1758","<em>Grus virgo</em> and <em>G. paradisea</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993; AERC TAC 2003) have been transferred to the genus <span style=""font-style: italic;"">Anthropoides</span>,  a treatment adopted by Dowsett and Forbes-Watson (1993), Cramp and  Simmons (1977-1994) and Collar and Andrew (1988), following the  phylogenetic analysis presented by Krajewski <span style=""font-style: italic;"">et al. </span>(2010). <p></p>",No,EN,A2bcd+3bcd+4bcd,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is small, and combined with the ongoing decline, meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion C. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a very rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Endangered (EN) under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A) and is therefore assessed as such in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/>This species does has only a limited passage presence in the EU28 and is therefore considered Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 79% (best estimate) in the past 34 years (three generations), is expected to decrease at a similar rate between 1987-2021 and is projected to decrease at a similar rate over the next three generations. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds almost entirely in Russia, with small populations also present in Ukraine and Turkey.","The European population is estimated at 4,600-6,000 pairs, which equates to 9,300-11,900 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In both its breeding and wintering ranges this species shows a preference for grassland habitats in close proximity to streams, shallow lakes and other wetlands, also frequenting desert areas where water is available (Archibald&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2013). In its breeding range the species inhabits grassy steppes of feather grass (Stipa) and fescue (Festuca), and dry areas dominated by wormwood (Artemisia), the essential habitat requirement being access to water for drinking. It can be found on hilly steppes along wide river valleys, shrubby steppes and semi-desert, forest edge habitats, and occasionally unvegetated alkaline flats, or large expanses of rock or gravel. It will often forage in damp marshes and swamps, and is regularly found in cultivated areas (Johnsgard 1983). It returns in flocks from its wintering areas to breed in March and April (sometimes as late as early-June in the north) (Archibald&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2013). The nest is a shallow scrape (Urban&#160;<em>et al.</em>1986, Snow and Perrins 1998) (although often no attempt is made to find or construct a cavity) (Johnsgard 1983), on dry ground, lined or surrounded by pebbles and plant materials (eggs may be laid directly onto the ground). The nest may be placed on gravel (Archibald&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2013) in areas partially or entirely free of vegetation (Johnsgard 1983), or in open patches of grass and cultivation, usually less than 1-2 km away from a source of water (Johnsgard 1983, Urban&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;1986). Clutches are usually two eggs (Archibald&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2013). The diet of this species consists mainly of plant material (Snow and Perrins 1998), although lizards and small invertebrates such as large insects and worms (Archibald&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2013) are also taken during the summer (Snow and Perrins 1998). The species will forage in cultivated fields (Johnsgard 1983), feeding on ripening cereal crops in its breeding grounds (Johnsgard 1983) and peanuts, beans and other crops on migration (Meine and Archibald 1996). This species is fully migratory (Archibald <em>et al.</em> 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Habitat loss and degradation from agriculture (e.g. agricultural conversion of steppe grassland (Ellis&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;1996, Archibald&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2013), intensification of agricultural methods and changes in agricultural practices such as increased spring ploughing) (Meine and Archibald 1996) is the primary threat to this species throughout its range. Other threats include disturbance due to rising human populations (Ellis <em>et al.</em> 1996), intensive use of pesticides (Ellis <em>et al.</em> 1996, Meine and Archibald 1996, Archibald <em>et al.</em> 2013), and shooting and intentional poisoning in some areas where crop damage occurs (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996, Ellis <em>et al. </em>1996, Meine and Archibald 1996). Many migratory habitats have also been lost through the building of dams and the drainage of wetlands (Meine and Archibald 1996).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. CMS Appendix II. A European Crane Working Group has been established. The species was included in the IUCN conservation action plan for cranes (Meine and Archibald 1996). The species is legally protected in Russia and Ukraine. The species is mostly found outside of protected areas. In recent years, only one pair from the Black Sea population has bred within a protected area, at Azov-Sivash National Park in Ukraine.  Conservation programmes such as those in the Ukraine, have thus far, focused on analyzing the factors affecting the species in agricultural settings, and identifying methods to reduce negative impacts. Surveys have been undertaken in areas such as Ukraine and Georgia. In 1992, the Azov-Black Sea Ornithological Station in Ukraine established ""The Virgo Programme"" to monitor this and other rare and disappearing bird species of the Ukrainian steppes. Research  has focused on distribution, population numbers, biology, flock movements, breeding ecology and migration patterns from various portions of its main breeding range. Education programs involving the species have also been initiated in Ukraine (Meine and Archibald 1996).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/> The species would benefit from stronger protection of the Black Sea population and its habitats by strengthening the network of protected areas, as well as the  protection of breeding habitat outside of protected areas by working with landholders to implement conservation measures. Long term monitoring should be continued and expanded and surveys conducted to determine the size of the Turkish population, assess its habitat and potential threats. Continue research, focusing on the breeding biology, range, migration, habitat requirements and threats to the species. Organize migration watches in the Balkan Peninsula and Cyprus. Educational programs for use throughout the population?s range should be developed. Examine the historic range and habitats of the Black Sea population, and the potential for its eventual re-establishment in areas from which it has been extirpated or now occurs only during migration. Enforcement of of existing hunting restrictions in Georgia should be strengthened (Meine and Archibald 1996).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MOTACILLIDAE,Anthus,berthelotii,,Anthus berthelotii,"Bolle, 1862",0,Yes,LC,0,Yes,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is endemic to Europe, where it only occurs in the Canary Islands (Spain) which holds approximately 67% of the total population, and Madeira (Portugal) which holds approximately 33% of the total population.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 30,000–150,000 pairs, which equates to 60,000–300,000 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is found in the Canary Islands and Madeira where it is sedentary (Tucker and Heath 1994). Birds are found from sea level to over 2,000 m in all habitats except dense woodland and wetter areas. In the eastern Canaries it uses dry, sparsely vegetated semi-desert areas of volcanic rock and other open habitats such as tracks. In the western Canaries it is found in mountainous areas and on rocky hillsides. In Madeira, it is most frequently found in the high sierras, but can also be found on cliffs and fields near the sea.<br/><br/>It breeds from late January to August, probably producing two broods of two to five eggs. The nest of dry grass and roots lined with hair, wool or feathers is built in the shelter of a small bush or stone. <br/><br/>It feeds mainly on insects and other invertebrates but also consumes seeds (Tyler 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","There are currently no known threats to this species, however future large-scale developments may impinge on its habitats (Tyler 2016).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There have been studies on aspects of the species such as breeding ecology, population history and prevalence of disease (Garcia-del-Rey and Creswell 2007, Illera <em>et al.</em> 2008).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Key sites should be identified and legal protection from development ensured. Populations should be monitored and research continued.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MOTACILLIDAE,Anthus,campestris,,Anthus campestris,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In Europe, the breeding population size trend is unknown. In the EU28, the breeding population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Romania, Spain and Turkey, with significant numbers also in the European part of Russia and Ukraine.","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,120,000–2,030,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 2,240,000–4,050,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 794,000–1,300,000 pairs, which equates to 1,580,000–2,600,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is found in open dry habitats, from sand dunes, sandy heaths, dry grassland and clear-felled areas to artificial habitats such as gravel pits, favouring areas with dwarf shrubs and low-growing trees for songposts. The breeding season is from mid-April to mid-August; although it is later in Northern Europe, beginning in mid-June in Sweden.<br/><br/>It is monogamous, and the nest is a cup of grass stems, leaves and roots, lined with finer plant material and hair and built in a scrape or a hollow on the ground or in a tuft of grass. Usually four to five eggs are laid.<br/><br/>The diet is mainly insects, although other invertebrates and seeds are also taken, as well as rarely small vertebrates (Tyler and Christie 2012).<br/><br/>The species is essentially migratory (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In western and Central Europe the species is threatened by habitat loss as a result of afforestation of open habitats, scrub encroachment, intensification of agriculture (Tyler and Christie 2012) and eutrophication of cultivated land (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). In addition, the use of pesticides may also be a threat through the reduction of food availability (Tucker and Heath 1994). Climate change may also have an impact on this species (Tyler and Christie 2004).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. In Sweden, a national species action plan was published in 2001 (Löfgren and Elfström 2001).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Low-intensity grazing practices should be maintained in order to restrict the development of dense vegetation cover which is unsuitable for this species. In addition, the abandonment of marginal crops in flat areas and the conversion of these sites to sheep grazing could benefit this species. Conversion of such areas to forestry plantation should be avoided. Research should be undertaken on the causes of declines in areas where habitat loss is not a significant threat (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MOTACILLIDAE,Anthus,cervinus,,Anthus cervinus,"(Pallas, 1811)",0,No,LC,0,No,EN,C1,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a very rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion (criterion A).&#160;The population size is small, and combined with the very rapid decline, the species is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN) under the population size criterion C. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the breeding population size trend is unknown. In&#160;the EU28, the breeding population size trend is estimated to be decreasing by 46% over the past 10 years, calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, based on national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates)..","Almost the entire European breeding population is found in Russia, with very small numbers breeding also in Fennoscandia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,100,000–2,120,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 2,210,000–4,240,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 880–1,800 pairs, which equates to 1,700–3,600 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in the arctic tundra. It favours willow (<em>Salix</em>) mires with small creeks, sedge (<em>Carex</em>) marshes and peat mounds, both above the treeline and in the mountain birch (<em>Betula</em>) forest (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>It arrives at its breeding grounds in late May and egg-laying occurs early to mid-June. The nest is built by the female, although the initial hollow is made by the male and both sexes bring material. It is a cup of grass leaves and stems, some moss and dead leaves at the base, lined with finer grass, hair and feathers and sited on the ground on a hummock or bank. It is also sometimes at the end of a short tunnel. Clutches can be between two and seven eggs but usually five or six.<br/><br/>It forages on the ground and its prey is mainly insects but also other invertebrates, and some vegetable matter (Tyler 2018).<br/><br/>The species is migratory and European populations mostly winter in sub-Saharan Africa but scattered wintering sites exist in south-east Italy, Turkey and North Africa (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The reasons for Finnish decline unknown (Tyler 2018). The species is vulnerable to future climate change (Virkkala <em>et al.</em> 2008).,"<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known current conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Studies are needed on the ecology, reproductive biology and food, with particular focus on causes of decline and species conservation. Identification and protection of key areas should also be undertaken.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MOTACILLIDAE,Anthus,gustavi,,Anthus gustavi,"Swinhoe, 1863",0,No,CR,D,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>This species has a large global range which only barely extends into northeasternmost Europe. Over the past ten years, there have not been any records of this species breeding within the region, and the population is estimated to have declined by 100%, leading to this species being considered as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) in Europe.<br/><br/>The bird is considered vagrant in the EU28 and is therefore considered Not Applicable (NA) for this region.","In Europe, the population size trend declined by 100% before the ten-year period and is considered possibly extinct in the region. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in Siberia, with its range historically extending just west of the Urals into northern European Russia (Tyler 2004).<br/><br/>This species has not been recorded in Europe since 1995, however the remote area in which it was historically present has not been thoroughly investigated. Further survey work would therefore be needed to confirm its presence or absence in the region.","The European breeding population is considered to be possibly extinct, with zero pairs recorded between 2007 and 2018. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In the breeding season this species inhabits bushy tundra and taiga swamps with tall dense sedges, reeds, shrubs and even trees, in the zone between tundra to the north (inhabited by <em>Anthus cervinus</em>) and taiga forest to&#160; the south (inhabited by <em>Anthus hodgsoni</em>).<br/><br/>It breeds from late June to July in Siberia. The nest is a cup of grass and other leaves, lined with finer material and built on the ground in low vegetation or in the shelter of a tuft of grass. Clutches are generally four to five eggs (Tyler 2016).<br/><br/>It feeds mainly on invertebrates.<br/><br/>The species is migratory and the wintering range is poorly known (Tyler 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The size of the European population does make it vulnerable to the risks faced by small populations; however, it is marginal to a much larger population (Birdlife International 2004).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>As little is known about this species’s requirements and populations status, it would benefit from more research, surveying and monitoring.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MOTACILLIDAE,Anthus,hodgsoni,,Anthus hodgsoni,"Richmond, 1907",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>This species is considered vagrant in the EU28 and is therefore assessed as Not Applicable (NA).","In Europe, the breeding population size trend is unknown. This species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds only in Russia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 80,000–140,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 160,000–280,000 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds on the edge of taiga, on grassy and bracken-covered slopes, rocky ground and in glades in open forest of oak (<em>Quercus</em>), birch (<em>Betula</em>), alder (<em>Alnus</em>), fir (<em>Abies</em>) or pine (<em>Pinus</em>). It is also found in secondary growth and wooded or abandoned cultivation and scrub with isolated trees, and on barren lava areas and around marshes. Also frequents dwarf juniper (<em>Juniperus</em>) or other scrub above the timber-line.<br/><br/>In Europe, it breeds from June to August. The nest is a cup of moss and dry grass, lined with finer grass and a few hairs and sited on the ground under a tuft of grass or a rock, or in a shallow depression. Clutches are usually from three to five eggs (Tyler 2004).<br/><br/>It feeds on mostly insects in the summer and seeds in the winter. <br/><br/>The species is a long-distance migrant (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There are currently no known significant threats to this species.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><strong><br/>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MOTACILLIDAE,Anthus,petrosus,,Anthus petrosus,"(Montagu, 1798)",0,Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160;&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species only breeds in Europe, mainly in coastal areas in the northern and western parts of the region. The majority of the population breeds in Norway, with notable populations also present in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Small populations also exist in France, Sweden, the Faroe Islands, Finland, Russia, Denmark and Estonia.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 167,000–286,000 pairs, which equates to 334,000–571,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 64,700–82,300 pairs, which equates to 129,000–165,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occupies exposed rocky sea coasts and islands with low vegetation. It occasionally breeds away from the coast, such as on St. Kilda (western Scotland), or on islands in large inland lakes, such as in southern Sweden. It can also occur inland along estuaries and at various wetlands or along less rocky coasts, during migration and in winter.<br/><br/>Breeding occurs from mid-March to August and varies with latitude. The nest is built by the female in a crevice in a cliff, in a small cavity on a bank or grassy slope, or under a rock or clump of vegetation. It is as a bulky cup of grass stems, leaves and seaweed and rather flimsily lined with finer material. Clutches are four to six eggs.<br/><br/>It feeds primarily on invertebrates, but will also take seeds.<br/><br/>The species is resident and migratory: the nominate race is largely resident, with some short-distance dispersal; <em>kleinschmidti</em> may move short distances inland to rivers and lakes or to sandy shores; <em>littoralis</em> is migratory (Tyler 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","There are few threats to this species' habitat. Locally, oil pollution  on rocky shores can have an adverse, although generally temporary, effect  on this species' invertebrate prey (Tyler 2016).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Locally, the enforcement of stricter legislation on oil transportation would be beneficial to this species.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MOTACILLIDAE,Anthus,pratensis,,Anthus pratensis,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 5-12% with a best estimate of 7% in the past 10 years. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is widespread across Europe. It breeds notably in Norway, the United Kingdom, Iceland, Russia, Sweden and Ireland.","The European breeding population is estimated at 54,500,000–84,000,000 pairs, which equates to 109,000,000–168,000,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 39,000,000–58,000,000 pairs, which equates to 78,000,000–116,000,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in a wide range of open habitats, such as tundra, moorland and heathland, bogs, saltmarshes, dunes, coastal meadows, hillsides, forest clearings, fallow land and occasionally in arable land. In northern Europe peatland is a preferred habitat, while in the British uplands it favours a mosaic of heather (<em>Calluna</em>), bog and grassland. In the winter it is also found along seashores.<br/><br/>It breeds from late March to August. The nest is a neat cup of grass, lined with finer grass and hair, and is concealed amongst vegetation on the ground. Clutches range from two to seven eggs and clutch size increases with latitude (Tyler 2020).<br/><br/>It feeds mainly on invertebrates but does consume some plant seeds in the autumn and winter (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>The species is mainly resident or a partial migrant in western Europe. Birds from Greenland and Iceland migrate to western Europe. Northern and eastern populations are generally medium-distance migrants (Tyler 2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The main cause of declines is thought to be agricultural intensification (Tyler 2020). Populations undergo large annual fluctuations dependent on the severity of the weather on migration and in its wintering areas (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The maintenance and promotion of low-intensity farming methods may benefit this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Aghababyan, K., Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Coulson, J., Herremans, M., Ieronymidou, C., Kuzmenko, T., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MOTACILLIDAE,Anthus,spinoletta,,Anthus spinoletta,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the breeding population size is suspected to have decreased by less than 25% in the past 10 years. In the EU28, the breeding population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia, Georgia, Romania and Switzerland, with significant numbers also in Italy and Austria, amongst other countries.","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,050,000–2,640,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 2,100,000–5,280,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 342,000–650,000 pairs, which equates to 685,000–1,300,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds on alpine pastures and high-lying mountain meadows with short grassland and scattered rocks, bushes or trees, usually with some wet areas and often on mountain slopes. In the winter it is found on coastal saltings, lagoons, marshes, grassy edges of lakes and rivers, sewage farms, watercress farms, rice fields and other irrigated cultivation.<br/><br/>In Europe, egg-laying occurs from the end of April to early June. The nest is a cup made of grass stems and leaves with some moss incorporated and lined with finer material and some hairs. It is sited on the ground in the side of a bank or hollow, usually well concealed by vegetation or sometimes at the end of a tunnel. Normally four to six eggs are laid.<br/><br/>It feeds mainly on invertebrates but also takes some plant material.<br/><br/>The species is chiefly a short-distance or altitudinal migrant (Tyler 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In some areas, grazing animals have been shown to have a significant negative impact on the nesting success of this species (Pavel 2004). It is also thought to be threatened by climate change (Ebenhoh 2003, Melendez and Laiolo 2014). In addition, the spread of ski pistes has also been shown to be detrimental to this species (Caprio <em>et al.</em> 2014).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>In some areas, low-intensity grazing should be promoted. Important areas should also be protected from disturbance from skiing activities.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MOTACILLIDAE,Anthus,trivialis,,Anthus trivialis,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is suspected to have decreased by less than 25% in the past 10 years. In the EU28, the population is estimated to be stable over the same period. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Half of the European breeding population occurs in Russia, with significant populations also in Fennoscandia, Belarus, Poland and Ukraine, and smaller populations present in most other countries in Europe.","The European breeding population is estimated at 19,400,000–35,100,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 38,900,000–70,100,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 6,950,000–11,600,000 pairs, which equates to 13,900,000–23,100,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in woodland edges, open woodland, cleared woodland and young conifer plantations, often with isolated remaining tall trees. It also uses heathland or grassland with developing scrub and trees.<br/><br/>The breeding season occurs from April to August in north-west Europe. The species is mainly monogamous, however polygamy does occasionally occur. The nest is built in a depression in the ground and is a substantial cup of dry grass, often with moss foundation, lined with finer grasses. Normally four to six eggs are laid. <br/><br/>The diet includes a variety of invertebrates but is mostly insects. Some plant material is also taken during the winter.<br/><br/>The species is a long-distance migrant (Tyler 2004).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Local declines have been attributed to the changing nature of its habitats, such as in northern and central Europe where aging plantations become increasingly unsuitable for the species, but it will quickly recolonize when mature stands are felled (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CAPRIMULGIFORMES,APODIDAE,Apus,affinis,,Apus affinis,"(Gray, 1830)",0,No,NT,A2bc; C1,No,VU,D,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU</strong><strong>°°</strong><strong>)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong><br/></strong>In Europe, although this species may have a small range, it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rate approaching the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The population size is small, and combined with the declining trend, approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion C, but does not meet it, as the trend is only suspected. For these reasons, the species qualifies as Near Threatened (NT) in this region. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged. <br/><br/>In the EU28, this species is a recent colonist, and although this species may have a very small range, it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population size is extremely small, and meets the thresholds for Critically Endangered under the population size criterion D.&#160;However, considering its status as recent colonist, its increasing trend and its potential to spread further, the final category is adjusted two steps down to Vulnerable (VU°°) in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is suspected to have decreased by around 25% in the past 12 years (three generations). In the EU28, the population size has increased over the same period. These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","This species is found predominantly across Africa and the Middle East. Its breeding range extends into southern Europe, mainly in Turkey, but also in very small numbers in Spain.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 770–2,400&#160;pairs, which equates to 1,500–4,800 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is suspected to be 22 pairs, which equates to 44 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occurs over a wide range of habitats and latitudes, though less frequently in truly arid regions, and usually close to human habitation (Chantler and Boesman 2016).<br/><br/>In Europe, it breeds in Turkey (Snow and Perrins 1998). In Turkey, nesting occurs from April to September (Kirwan <em>et al.</em> 2010). It typically nests on man-made structures in the angle between the roof and wall; eviction by House Sparrows (<em>Passer domesticus</em>) has been recorded (Chantler and Boesman 2016). Cliff sites and abandoned swallow (<em>Hirundo</em>) nests can be employed, and forcible eviction has been noted (Chantler and Boesman 2016). The nest is a sturdy, untidy, yet internally neat and smooth, hemispherical 'bag' of vegetable matter, mainly grass, down and small twigs, with feathers, agglutinated with saliva; built in dense, often overlapping clusters with up to three entrances, sometimes communal (Chantler and Boesman 2016). It needs a perch to cling to while building (Chantler and Boesman 2016).<br/><br/>It feeds on invertebrates, foraging as far as 15–20 km from the nest site on occasions (Chantler and Boesman 2016).<br/><br/>It is migratory and only present in Turkey from March to September (Chantler and Boesman 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",Dam construction leading to habitat loss may lead to the decrease of populations in Turkey (Kiziroglu 2008) and large declines (50%) (BirdLife International 2004).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no conservation measures known to be in place for this species.   <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Protection of important sites including legislation to protect them from development. Research into the species's ecology and habitat needs. Assess potential threats and develop appropriate responses.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CAPRIMULGIFORMES,APODIDAE,Apus,apus,,Apus apus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,NT,A2bc+3bc+4bc,No,NT,A2bc+3bc+4bc,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Near Threatened (NT)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a moderately rapid rate which approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). For this reason it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) within both Europe and the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue, therefore the final categories remain unchanged.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by a rate approaching 30% in the same period, and is suspected to decline at the same rate between 1997-2021 and over the next three generations, based on data from the PECBMS (EBCC 2018).&#160;For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Spain, and also notably in European Russia and Turkey.","The European breeding population is estimated at 16,100,000–28,400,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 32,200,000–56,700,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 12,400,000–19,800,000 pairs, which equates to 24,800,000–39,500,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species inhabits a wide range of habitats from arid steppe, desert, temperate, Mediterranean and boreal zones.<br/><br/>It breeds between March and June. In the United Kingdom, it breeds mid-May to late July and a week earlier and later in Switzerland and Fenno-Scandia respectively. It typically lays one to four eggs. It nests mainly in buildings, but in remote parts of the range it also uses tree hollows and rock crevices. The nest cup is constructed of small pieces of vegetable matter and feathers, agglutinated with saliva.<br/><br/>It feeds on insects and spiders.<br/><br/>It is a long-distance migrant wintering in Africa mainly from the Democratic Republic of Congo and Tanzania south to Zimbabwe and Mozambique, it is present on the African wintering grounds from September (Chantler and Boesman 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Although widespread, the species is thought to be in decline due to the loss of nest sites through building renovation, re-roofing or demolition (Mayer 2008).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed as 'amber' on both the U.K. and Irish national Red Lists (Lynas <em>et al.</em> 2007,&#160;Eaton <em>et al.</em> 2009).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The species should be considered when repairing or replacing roofs, ensuring that holes and eaves that it uses for nesting are maintained and work does not take place during the breeding season (Mayer 2008). Nest boxes or nest bricks should be incorporated into new buildings or added to existing ones (RSPB 2012).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CAPRIMULGIFORMES,APODIDAE,Apus,caffer,,Apus caffer,"(Lichtenstein, 1823)",0,No,NT,D1,No,NT,D1,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT°)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT°)</strong><br/><br/>This species is widespread across sub-Saharan Africa but extends into Europe and the EU28 only in very small numbers in Spain and Portugal. At both European and EU28 scales, this species has a moderately small to large range, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2).&#160;The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population size within the region is very small, and meets the threshold for classification as Vulnerable under the small population criterion. However, this species is a relatively recent coloniser in the Iberian Peninsula, with a much larger neighbouring African population present. Given this colonisation and spread within the region, and the fact that the population appears to be increasing, there is clearly significant potential for rescue from outside the region. The final category is therefore downlisted by one category to Near Threatened (NT° D1) in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species has a predominantly resident African distribution, however a small number of migratory birds breed in southern Spain and eastern Portugal. The winter range of migratory populations is unknown (Chantler and Boesman 2013).","The European population is suspected to be 250–350 pairs, which equates to 500–700 mature individuals. The entire population is found within the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is found over a wide range of habitats including Mediterranean scrub (Chantler and Boesman 2013). It is found in rural areas, close to woodland adjacent to meadows and fields and generally uses similar habitats to Red-rumped Swallow (<em>Hirundo daurica</em>) (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). The species is loosely colonial or solitary.<br/><br/>In Spain, it breeds from late May. It typically uses disused Little Swift (<em>Apus affinis</em>) or certain swallow (Hirundo) nests, though niches in rock-faces or buildings are sometimes used. In disused nests, it uses feathers and down adhered with saliva as lining; in rock sites it makes a shallow cup of feathers and vegetable matter agglutinated with saliva. Typically, it lays one to three eggs (Chantler and Boesman 2013).<br/><br/>It feeds on small flying insects (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>The species is migratory; the Spanish population is present from early May to August–October and some birds are recorded into early December, with autumn migration through the Straits of Gibraltar occurring mid-August to mid-October (Chantler and Boesman 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The size of the European population renders it susceptible to the risks affecting small populations; however it is adjacent to a much larger non-European population (Birdlife International 2004).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently required for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CAPRIMULGIFORMES,APODIDAE,Apus,pallidus,,Apus pallidus,"(Shelley, 1870)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population size trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds mainly in Portugal, Spain and Greece, with significant numbers also in Italy, Croatia, Turkey, France and Bulgaria, among others.","The European breeding population is estimated at 76,100–212,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 152,000–-424,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 71,400–194,000 pairs, which equates to 142,000–387,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Material.","The species is typically associated with coastal sites, especially islets. Typically, it is found around cliff-faces and gorges, though in many parts of the range it is also found in urban areas, where it commonly breeds. It forages over many habitats.<br/><br/>In Gibraltar the first clutch is produced from mid-April, peaking late May with second clutches from late July and last fledging mid-October. It lays two to three eggs. It nests in a variety of sites such as caves, cliff faces, niches, eaves, under tiles, holes in palms, and on Gibraltar forcibly vacated fresh nests of House Martins (<em>Delichon urbica</em>). The round nest is made of straw and feathers agglutinated and adhered to the substrate with saliva.<br/><br/>It feeds on insects and spiders.<br/><br/>The species is a medium-distance migrant, wintering in west and Central Africa. It is present in France from early April to mid-November, Gibraltar from late February to October and the Canaries from January to September. It migrates through north-west Africa from late February to early May and August/November (Chantler <em>et al.</em> 2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Currently, there are no known threats to this species.",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently required for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CAPRIMULGIFORMES,APODIDAE,Apus,unicolor,,Apus unicolor,"(Jardine, 1830)",0,Yes,LC,0,Yes,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size may moderately small to large, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species' population is found almost entirely in Madeira and the Canary Islands, which hold approximately 60% and 40% of its population, respectively.","The European breeding population is estimated at 7,500–20,000 pairs, which equates to 15,000–40,000 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species uses sea cliffs and is never found very far from the sea. It occurs over all habitats in Canaries from sea-level to 2,500 m; especially common in deep coastal gulleys. On Madeira it occurs from sea-level to the highest summit, Pico Ruivo, breeding on rocky islets.<br/><br/>It breeds between March and August and lays two eggs. It nests in a variety of natural sites, such as caves and cliffs, where suitable rock niches occur, or under tiles or in holes in man-made structures. The saucer-shaped nest is constructed largely from downy seed cases with other plant matter or man-made items less frequently incorporated, agglutinated with saliva with occasional feathers adhered to the surface.<br/><br/>It feeds on insects.<br/><br/>Numbers are reduced in winter on the Canary Islands; migrants probably winter mainly in north-west Africa, as there are winter records from Mauritania and northern Morocco for the species there (Chantler and Boesman 2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There are currently no known threats to this species.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently required for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ACCIPITRIFORMES,ACCIPITRIDAE,Aquila,adalberti,,Aquila adalberti,"Brehm, 1861",0,Yes,VU,D1,Yes,VU,D1,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is small, and only exceeds the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size criteria (criteria C and D) since 2017. Therefore the species remains as Vulnerable under the 5-year rule within both Europe and the EU28. As the species is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, there is no potential for rescue from outside either region, and therefore the final categories remain unchanged.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds in Spain in the Sierras of Guadarrama and Gredos, the plains of the Tajo and Tiétar rivers, the central hills of Extremadura, Montes de Toledo, the Alcudia valley, Sierra Morena and the Guadalquivir marshes, with occasional nesting in Salamanca (González 1996). The species has not been recorded as breeding in Málaga province since at least the early 1970s (J. R. Garrido <em>in litt.</em> 2013). The species recolonised Portugal in 2003, after an absence of breeding activity for over 20 years (S. Cabezas-Díaz, J. C. Atienza <em>et al</em>. <em>in litt.</em> 2013).","The European breeding population is estimated at 530-540 pairs, which equates to 1,000-1,100 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the <span style=""background-color: white;"">Supplementary Information.</span>","This species occurs in alluvial plains and dunes in the Guadalquivir marshes, plains and hills in central Spain, and high mountain slopes in the Sistema Central and other areas of Portugal, where there is an absence of irrigated farmland (Fernández <em>et al. </em>2009). It nests only on trees, typically in the crown (Meyburg and Kirwan 2013). Data from Doñana National Park in Spain show that the most important variables explaining nest site selection are height of tree and distance from human activity (Bisson <em>et al.</em> 2002). Both adults construct the nest, a large structure of twigs with a cup lined with green twigs, fur, grass and debris. Each pair has between two to six nests, but reuse of same nest in consecutive seasons fairly common. Clutch size is between one to four eggs (Meyburg and Kirwan 2013). The abundance and distribution of rabbits, its favoured prey, influences population density, range (Fernández <em>et al.</em> 2009) and reproductive performance. Indeed, its evolutionary dependence on rabbits has been suggested as permanently limiting its abundance and distribution (Ferrer and Negro 2004), although a recent study has suggested the species exhibits a certain dietary plasticity, at least during the non-breeding season, adapting its diet when rabbits are scarce (Sánchez <em>et al.</em> 2010). Many recently-colonised territories are in marginal areas, and several of the occupying pairs include at least one sub-adult bird (González and Oria 2004, González <em>et al.</em> 2006b, Margalida <em>et al.</em> 2007). Adults are sedentary but young birds, when they become independent disperse in all directions (strongly influenced by prevailing winds at time of departure), regularly travelling up to 350 km (Meyburg and Kirwan 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The analysis of 267 records of non-natural mortality in this species over a 16-year period (1989-2004) shows an average annual rate of 15.1 individuals found dead annually, and that electrocution (47.7%) and poisoning (30.7%) were the most frequent causes of mortality (González <em>et al.</em> 2007). Juveniles are frequently killed through electrocution by powerlines, and this has increased in recent years (L. M. González <em>in litt.</em> 2005). This remains the primary threat in Andalucía, with six birds found to have died this way in 2011 and three found dead in 2012 where mitigation measures had been attempted (J. R. Garrido <em>in litt.</em> 2013). Renewable energy development poses another potentially significant threat. Habitat fragmentation has occurred as a result of deforestation for agriculture and timber, having negative impacts on nest site preferences in particular. Suitable habitat in breeding and dispersal areas has also declined as a consequence of urban development and land-use changes (e.g. new irrigation schemes in Huelva (B. Sánchez <em>in litt.</em> 2007)). Mortality from intentional poisoning has risen sharply, particularly in hunting reserves where game is commercially exploited. Between 1990 and 1999, 57 birds died from poisoning and this is thought to be the primary cause of declines in the late 1990s (J. Criado <em>in litt.</em> 1999). In Doñana National Park in particular, the population has been seriously affected by the illegal use of poisoned bait, especially during the 1990s (Ortega <em>et al. </em>2009). Rabbit populations have declined in both Spain and Portugal, as a result of viral haemorrhagic disease, and this is believed to have reduced breeding success (Margalida <em>et al.</em> 2007; S. Cabezas-Díaz, J. C. Atienza <em>et al. in litt.</em> 2013). In addition, changes in the management of hunting estates in both Spain and Portugal to favour larger quarry species, such as deer and boar, rather than rabbits and partridges, has further reduced prey availability (B. Sánchez <em>in litt.</em> 2007, S. Cabezas-Díaz, J. C. Atienza <em>et al. in litt. </em>2013). In spring 2009, a male bird was shot and killed in Portugal, highlighting the current threat of hunting to this species. Human activities in the vicinity of active nests can disturb incubating adults and reduce hatching success (González <em>et al. </em>2006, Margalida <em>et al.</em> 2007). The ingestion of lead shot embedded in the flesh of prey items may be a problem in certain areas (González and Oria 2004, Pain <em>et al.</em> 2005). Recent modelling suggests no subpopulations are currently at risk of extinction, provided that active management is maintained (L. M. González <em>in litt.</em> 2005).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CITES Appendix I. CMS Appendix I and II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. There are 24 Important Bird Areas identified for the species, 22 in Spain and 2 in Portugal. Altogether, there are 107 areas protected by Law (national and EU Special Protected Areas,) containing c.70% of the total breeding population (Barov and Derhé 2011). Since 1987, national and regional governments have been implementing a coordinated conservation plan for the species. A European action plan was published in 1996 and updated in 2008 (Sánchez<em> et al. </em>2008), and a national plan is being implemented. From 1991-1999, 14,370 dangerous electric towers were modified, considerably reducing deaths from electrocution (L. M. González <em>in litt.</em> 2005) and more recently, work has been carried out to isolate dangerous powerlines on private farms (Cabezas 2011). It is thought that nearly €2.6 million were spent on the mitigation of bird electrocution in Andalucía during 1992-2009, although not all mitigation measures have proved to be totally effective for this species (J. R. Garrido <em>in litt.</em> 2013). A supplementary feeding programme has been established to mitigate the effects of rabbit decreases, and has significantly increased breeding success (L. M. González<em> in litt.</em> 2005). Nest monitoring has reduced disturbance and improved reproductive success. The Flying High Programme created by SEO/BirdLife in 2006, begun its second phase in 2009 until 2012, based on a large land stewardship network (of municipalities, land-owners and schools). This network focuses on habitat management, species conservation, awareness and information activities covering the species’s entire distribution. So far, 54 municipalities have joined the network. Work is on-going to raise awareness and support on private land where the species breeds, including improving habitat management (García 2007), and nearly 50% of breeding pairs are covered by such projects (L. M. González <em>in litt. </em>2005). From 2002 to 2011, 73 young birds were released in Cádiz as part of a reintroduction project, and by 2012 five breeding pairs had become established in the province; however, mortality associated with powerlines appears to be high amongst these birds (M. Pandolfi <em>in litt.</em> 2003, B. Sánchez <em>in litt.</em> 2007, J. R. Garrido <em>in litt.</em> 2013). Nevertheless, the establishment of a breeding population in Cádiz further reduces the overall probability of extinction (Muriel <em>et al.</em> 2011). Two birds originating from a reintroduction project in Andalucía are known to have bred in Portugal (J. R. Garrido <em>in litt.</em> 2013).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Continue with actions to reduce mortality, particularly from poisoning and electrocution (González and Oria 2004). Survey the breeding population annually.&#160; Approve regional recovery plans (González and Oria 2004).&#160; Maintain an adequate area of legally protected habitat (e.g. within the Natura 2000 network (González and Oria 2004)).&#160; Protect and manage breeding sites and key dispersal areas.&#160; Continue the successful nest monitoring and supplementary feeding programmes&#160; and develop a captive breeding programme to support future reintroduction and supplementation efforts.&#160; Promote the recovery of the rabbit population (González and Oria 2004). Modify dangerous powerlines.&#160; Avoid the construction of wind farms in key areas for the species (B. Sánchez <em>in litt.</em> 2007). Increase coordination between private landowners, NGOs and government (González and Oria 2004, B. Sánchez <em>in litt.</em> 2007).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ACCIPITRIFORMES,ACCIPITRIDAE,Aquila,chrysaetos,,Aquila chrysaetos,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size may be moderately small to large, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D).&#160;The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds notably in Turkey, Spain, Norway, Russia, Sweden, Italy and France.","The European breeding population is estimated at 9,600-12,800 pairs, which equates to 19,200-25,600 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 5,200-6,300 pairs, which equates to 10,400-12,500 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This is the most widespread of the Aquila eagles, ranging across the Nearctic and Palearctic (70°N to 20°S). It is uncommon to scarce across its range. In general, the species is sedentary, with juveniles dispersing as far as 1,000 km in their first few years. Birds occupying the mostly northerly regions (&gt;65°N), such as Fennoscandia and northern Russia, migrate south. In the Palearctic, movements occur in a broad front to wintering areas in south-east Europe and the Russian steppes. Juveniles and immatures will go as far as North Africa (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). The species occupies a wide range of flat or mountainous, largely open habitats, often above the tree line (Watson 2010), from sea level to 4,000 m (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). The species’s diet is very broad, taking mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, amphibians, insects and carrion variously, depending on the regional prey availability. Prey taken are usually 0.5–4.0 kg and the species can hunt in pairs or small groups (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). Nesting occurs on cliff ledges and where these are not available, in large trees or similar artificial structures. Nests are constructed from sticks and are added to in successive years, growing to 2 m in diameter. The breeding season spans March – August throughout the majority of its range, and in southern areas begins as early as November; whilst in the most northerly regions it will start as late as April (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species was heavily persecuted in the 19th Century, and although this threat has diminished significantly with populations now generally stable, the species is still deliberately poisoned, shot and trapped, and it is declining in Spain (Katzner <em>et al.</em> 2012a).&#160; In the past the species was affected by the use of organochlorine pesticides although this is not a significant problem today. There are records of mortality as a result of electrocution when perching on power lines, but no data to suggest any substantial demographic impact. Wind energy developments are a source of direct mortality for the species (Watson 2010). Future developments in flyways may affect migrating adult eagles, and locally may cause effective habitat loss and lead to collisions (Katzner <em>et al.</em> 2012b). In addition, afforestation, long term changes in food supply, including reduced livestock carrion through changing management practices and climate change, may threaten the species in the future (Watson 2010).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. CITES Appendix II. CMS Appendix II. The banning of poisons and the introduction of legal protection in some areas of its range have permitted the species to increase or at least stabilize in many countries (Orta <em>et al.</em> 2013).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Enforcement of protection against illegal killings and egg-collecting is needed in many countries. Education programmes demonstrating the benefits and desirability of maintaining healthy populations of this species should be implemented. In remote upland areas, general land-use policies should not compromise key feeding and nesting requirements. There is a particular need to protect extensive areas of wooded peatland in north-east Europe. Further information is required on numbers and the stability of unmonitored populations (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ACCIPITRIFORMES,ACCIPITRIDAE,Aquila,fasciata,,Aquila fasciata,"(Vieillot, 1822)",<em>Aquila fasciata </em>(del Hoyo and Collar 2014) was previously listed as&#160;<em>A. fasciatus.</em><p></p>,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size may be small, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D).&#160;The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.",This sedentary species's distribution stretches from the Iberian Peninsula east through the Mediterranean (Orta <em>et al.</em> 2016).,"The European breeding population is estimated at 1,000-1,300 pairs, which equates to 2,100-2,500 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 1,000-1,200 pairs, which equates to 2,100-2,400 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species occupies garrigue, maquis, rocky habitats and pine and evergreen forests alternated with small dry fields of low intensity farming from sea level to 1,500 m (Tucker and Heath 1994, Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). Juveniles often occupy areas near large water bodies (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). In the Mediterranean region egg-laying occurs mainly from February to mid-March (Orta <em>et al.</em> 2016). The nest is up to 2 m in diameter, composed of sticks and located on remote cliff ledges or in a large tree. The nest is re-used in successive years (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001) and pairs will often have several nests. Clutch size is normally one or two eggs but very occasionally three (Orta <em>et al.</em> 2016). The eagle's prey principally comprises of small or medium-sized birds, but it will also take mammals, some reptiles, insects and rarely, carrion (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). The species is resident throughout its range, although juveniles will disperse up to 200 km and individuals occasionally wander further afield and pass through key migration routes (Shirihai <em>et al.</em> 2000, Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Since the 1950s the species has declined throughout its range. It was affected by pesticide use in the mid-20th Century and since then populations have not recovered to their pre-organochlorine levels. The species is persecuted by hunters and pigeon-fanciers in the west of its range and juveniles suffer high mortality from collisions with power lines (Rollan <em>et al.</em> 2010). Declining prey availability, increasing human disturbance and poaching at nest sites, and agricultural intensification are thought to be key factors in the species's decline (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001, Orta <em>et al.</em> 2016).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. CITES Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. In France most nests are wardened during the breeding season and in southern France and Catalonia artificial food sources have been successfully provided for some breeding pairs. Research on species demography including juvenile dispersal, mortality and adult recruitment has been undertaken in eastern Spain and southern France (Tucker and Heath 1994).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The implementation of access restrictions and legal habitat protection is required in nesting areas to avoid disturbance and habitat destruction. Dangerous electricity pylons should be modified or buried. Game crops should be used to enhance prey populations, extensive pastoral farming should be maintained and hedges bordering fields preserved. These measures could be promoted in the EU under agri-environmental regulation. In addition, undertaking education campaigns with the active involvement of hunting associations and the continuation of research and monitoring, extending into Portugal and eastern Mediterranean countries would help preserve the species (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ACCIPITRIFORMES,ACCIPITRIDAE,Aquila,heliaca,,Aquila heliaca,"Savigny, 1809","<br/>   <span class=""says"">",No,LC,0,No,NT,D1°,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT°)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size may be small, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is very small, and meets the threshold for Vulnerable under the population size criterion D. However, as the population size is increasing in both this region and in Europe, there is considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region and the final category is therefore downlisted one step to Near Threatened (NT°).","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds in Austria, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Czechia, North Macedonia, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Turkey, Ukraine (Heredia 1996) and Russia, reaching to 55°N (Meyburg and Kirwan 2013). Breeding has not been proved but possibly occurs in Albania, Armenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Moldova and Romania and it is thought that the species is extinct in Cyprus (Demerdzhiev <em>et al. </em>2011). Wintering birds occur in southern Turkey (Meyburg and Kirwan 2013).","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,900-3,000 pairs, which equates to 3,900-6,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 270-390 pairs, which equates to 540-770 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This is a lowland species that has been pushed to higher altitudes by persecution and habitat loss in Europe. In central and eastern Europe, it breeds in forests up to 1,000 m and also in steppe and agricultural areas with large trees, and nowadays also on electricity pylons. In Turkey it is known to very rarely nest on the ground or on cliffs. In the Caucasus, it occurs in steppe, lowland and riverine forests and semi-deserts (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001, Meyburg and Kirwan 2013). Wetlands are apparently preferred on the wintering grounds. From late-February to early-May adults return to breeding areas. Both sexes construct a large stick nest, typically 100-150 cm in diameter with the nest cup lined with green sticks and other materials such as grass, fur and wool. Clutches are usually two to three eggs (Meyburg and Kirwan 2013). It hunts small to medium-sized mammals as well as birds and carrion. In the Caucasus the main prey include hare, tortoises, lizards and carrion (Tucker and Heath 1994). Adults in central Europe, the Balkan Peninsula, Turkey and the Caucasus are usually residents, whilst most immatures move south. (Meyburg and Kirwan 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Breeding sites are threatened primarily by intensive forestry in the mountains, and by the shortage of large indigenous trees in the lowlands. Other threats are loss and alteration of feeding habitats, shortages of small and medium-sized prey species (particularly ground-squirrels Spermophilus <em>spp.</em>), human disturbance of breeding sites, nest robbing and illegal trade, shooting, poisoning and electrocution by powerlines. Habitat alterations associated with agricultural expansion threaten historical and potential breeding sites in former range countries. Hunting, poisoning, prey depletion and other mortality factors are also likely to pose threats along migration routes and in wintering areas.","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway </strong><br/>CITES Appendix I. CMS Appendix I and II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. It is legally protected in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Croatia, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Turkey and Ukraine. The Eastern Imperial Eagle Working Group was established in 1990. A European action plan was published in 1996 and its implementation reviewed in 2010 (Barov and Derhé 2011). Regional Action Plans have been published for the Balkan Peninsula (Stoychev <em>et al. </em>2004) and for the Southern Caucasus (Horváth <em>et al.</em> 2006). The Eastern Imperial Eagle Management Guidelines for Hungary were published in 2005 (Kovács <em>et al.</em> 2006) and for Slovakia in 2007 (Demeter and Maderič 2007). <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Conduct surveys to identify breeding and wintering sites, and migration routes. Improve protection of species and sites. Implement beneficial forestry policies. Maintain large trees in open land and protect old woodland on slopes (B. Hallmann <em>in litt.</em> 1999). Prevent mortality from nest robbing, nest destruction, illegal trade, poisoning and electrocution on medium-voltage powerlines, as well as persecution in wintering grounds and migratory routes. Maintain feeding habitats by preserving traditional land use. Increase the availability of prey species by habitat management. Raise public awareness and involve stakeholders in conservation activities.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ACCIPITRIFORMES,ACCIPITRIDAE,Aquila,nipalensis,,Aquila nipalensis,"Hodgson, 1833",0,No,CR,A2abcd+3bcd+4abcd,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><p></p>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is small and meets the thresholds for Endangered under the population size criterion C1. The population trend appears to be decreasing at an extremely rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Critically Endangered (CR) under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A) and is therefore assessed as such within the region. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/>This species does not occur in the EU28 and is therefore considered Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to have decreased by c. 88% (best estimate) in the past 42 years (three generations), and is expected to continue declining at the same rate between 1975-2021 and over the next three generations.&#160;&#160;These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","Although this species once bred in Moldova, Romania and Ukraine (Hagermeijer and Blair 1997), in Europe, this species now breeds almost entirely in European Russia, with a small population in Turkey.","The European breeding population is estimated at 750-1,200 pairs, which equates to 1,500-2,300 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe this species inhabits virgin plain or hill-steppes, semi-deserts and remote steppic valleys amongst mountains, preferably where feather grass (<em>Stipa pennata</em>) or wormwood (Artemisa) are present and especially where rodents such as suslik are common (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). It returns to its breeding grounds between January and May (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001) and breeding occurs April to July. Birds time their arrival for spring and the start of breeding is highly dependent on availability of its chief prey species. The nest is constructed of sticks with the nest cup lined with smaller twigs and many other materials, such as old rags, bones, moulted feathers and camel dung. Nests have traditionally been built as large platforms on the ground, although recent habitat alterations seem to have caused a shift to building a few metres higher in bushes or trees. It feeds mainly on small mammals on its breeding grounds, with susliks forming the vast majority of its diet in some areas (Meyburg and Boesman 2013). When susliks are scarce they will feed on middle-sized mammals or dead saiga antelope (Tucker and Heath 1994). The species is migratory, with birds wintering in south-east Africa and southern Asia (Meyburg and Boesman 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species has declined in the west of its breeding range, including extirpation from Romania, Moldova and Ukraine, as a result of the conversion of steppes to agricultural land combined with direct persecution (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001, Meyburg and Boesman 2013). It is also adversely affected by power lines and is very highly vulnerable to the impacts of potential wind energy developments (Strix 2012, Meyburg and Boesman 2013). Young eagles are taken out of the nest in order to sell them to western European countries (Mebs and Schmidt 2006). This species is also vulnerable to the veterinary drug diclofenac (Sharma <em>et al.</em> 2014).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. CITES Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no conservation actions known to be in place for this species.   <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Establish large nature reserves and other kinds of protected areas within the remaining grassland steppes of Europe. Dangerous electric powerline constructions should be replaced or fitted with protective devices. Educate herdsmen and other locals in the ecological value and vulnerability of this species (Tucker and Heath 1994). Continue research into the impacts of diclofenac and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to establish the sensitivity of this species to veterinary drugs. Promote a ban on the use of diclofenac in Europe.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PELECANIFORMES,ARDEIDAE,Ardea,alba,,Ardea alba,"Linnaeus, 1758","<em>Ardea alba</em>&#160;(del Hoyo and Collar 2014)&#160;was previously placed in the genus <em>Casmerodius</em> as <em>C. albus. Casmerodius albus</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) was previously retained as a cross-regional species contra Christidis and Boles (2008) who moved&#160;<em>C. albus</em> into the genus <em>Ardea </em>and split it into two cross-regional species <em>A. alba </em>and <em>A. modesta</em> (note gender agreement of specific name for <em>alba</em>).  <p></p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D).&#160;&#160;The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large, (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds largely in Russia, but also notably in Belarus, Ukraine and Hungary.","The European breeding population is estimated at 39,900-65,700 pairs, which equates to 79,800-132,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 7,900-11,400 pairs, which equates to 15,900-22,800 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","All populations of this species undergo post-breeding dispersive movements (Martínez-Vilalta <em>et al.</em> 2020). Palearctic populations are migratory (Flint <em>et al. </em>1984, Martínez-Vilalta<em> et al. </em>2020). The timing of the breeding season varies geographically (Martínez-Vilalta <em>et al.</em> 2020) although temperate breeders tend to nest in the spring and summer (Kushlan and Hancock 2005). The species typically breeds in colonies of tens, hundreds or even a thousand pairs (Kushlan and Hancock 2005, Martínez-Vilalta <em>et al. </em>2020), sometimes with other species. Some populations also show a tendency to breed solitarily or in small groups (Martínez-Vilalta <em>et al. </em>2020). The species is a diurnal feeder (Martínez-Vilalta <em>et al.</em> 2020) but is most active at dawn and dusk (although in coastal environments its feeding habits are determined by tidal stages) (Kushlan and Hancock 2005), and roosts at night in trees (Brown <em>et al.</em> 1982) alongside lakes or rivers or in mangroves, often with other species (Langrand 1990). The species inhabits all kinds of inland and coastal wetlands (Martínez-Vilalta<em> et al. </em>2020) although it is mainly found along the coast in the winter (Snow and Perrins 1998). It frequents river margins, lakes shores, marshes, flood-plains (Martínez-Vilalta <em>et al.</em> 2020), oxbows, streams (Snow and Perrins 1998), damp meadows (Kushlan and Hancock 2005), rice-fields, drainage ditches (Martínez-Vilalta <em>et al.</em> 2020), aquaculture ponds, reservoirs (Marchant and Higgins 1990, Kushlan and Hancock 2005) and sewage works (Marchant and Higgins 1990, Hockey <em>et al.</em> 2005) inland, and the shallows of salt-lakes (Marchant and Higgins 1990), saltpans, mudflats, coastal swamps, (Martínez-Vilalta <em>et al.</em> 2020), saltmarshes, seagrass flats, lagoons (Kushlan and Hancock 2005) and estuaries when in coastal locations (Martínez-Vilalta <em>et al. </em>2020). In aquatic habitats its diet consists of fish, amphibians, snakes, aquatic insects and crustaceans although in drier habitats terrestrial insects, lizards, small birds and mammals are more commonly taken (Martínez-Vilalta <em>et al.</em> 2020). The nest is constructed from sticks (Kushlan and Hancock 2005) and vegetation (Brown<em> et al.</em> 1982) and is normally positioned over water at a height of 1–15 m (Kushlan and Hancock 2005) in reedbeds (Kushlan and Hancock 2005), bushes, trees (Martínez-Vilalta <em>et al.</em> 2020) and other plants near water or on islands in sites that are protected from ground predators (Kushlan and Hancock 2005). The species usually nests colonially in single- or mixed-species groups where nests may be less than one metre apart or touching, although they are usually placed more spread out in reedbeds (Kushlan and Hancock 2005). Breeding pairs may also reuse nests from previous years (Kushlan and Hancock 2005).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by wetland habitat degradation and loss (Marchant and Higgins 1990, Martínez-Vilalta <em>et al. </em>2020) for example through drainage, grazing, clearing, burning, increased salinity, groundwater extraction and invasion by exotic plants (Marchant and Higgins 1990). The species previously suffered from intense persecution for the plume trade (Martínez-Vilalta<em> et al.</em> 2020).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive, Annex II of the Bern Convention and Annex II of the Convention on Migratory Species, under which it is covered by the African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement (AEWA).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Breeding site conservation should include colony protection, control of disturbance and vegetation management, and the conservation of feeding areas should include the management of hydrology, salt intrusion, contaminants and disturbance (Kushlan and Hancock 2005). An artificial island nesting site created in the Camargue, France succeeded in attracting nesting pairs to the area (Hafner 2000). Freshwater habitats need to be sustainably managed.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PELECANIFORMES,ARDEIDAE,Ardea,cinerea,,Ardea cinerea,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the breeding population size is suspected to have decreased by less than 25% in the past 24 years (three generations). In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds in most countries, notably in Russia, Ukraine, France and Germany.","The European breeding population is estimated at 246,000-350,000 pairs, which equates to 492,000-700,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 132,000-160,000 pairs, which equates to 264,000-320,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Most Palearctic populations of this species are fully migratory, dispersing widely in September and October after the breeding season and returning to breeding grounds in February (Kushlan and Hancock 2005). This species is a generalist in its habitat use, although shallow water, relatively large prey, and four or five months of ice-free breeding season are among the essential characteristics of its habitat (Kushlan and Hancock 2005). It occurs from sea-level up to 500 or even 1,000 m, occasionally breeding much higher (Snow and Perrins 1998) (2,000 m in Armenia), inhabits any kind of shallow water, either fresh, brackish or saline, both standing or flowing, and shows a preference for areas with trees as it is commonly an arboreal rooster and nester. Some degree of isolation and protection are also typical of places chosen for roosting and nesting (Kushlan and Hancock 2005). The species is found inland on broad rivers, narrow streams, lake shores, ornamental ponds, fish-ponds, marshes, flood-plains, reeds swamps, rice-fields and other irrigated areas (Brown et al. 1982, Snow and Perrins 1998, Kushlan and Hancock 2005), river oxbows, reservoirs, ditches, canals, sewage farms, inland deltas, and on islets and emerging rocks (Snow and Perrins 1998). On the coast the species also frequents deltas, salt-marshes (Brown <em>et al.</em> 1982, Kushlan and Hancock 2005), estuaries, tidal mudflats, muddy and sandy shores, and sand-spits (Snow and Perrins 1998). Its diet consists predominantly of fish and eels 10–25 cm long, as well as amphibians, crabs, molluscs, crustaceans, aquatic insects, snakes, small rodents, small birds (Brown&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;1982, Snow and Perrins 1998, Kushlan and Hancock 2005) and plant matter (although this may be incidental, or only to aid in pellet formation) (Brown&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;1982, Snow and Perrins 1998, Kushlan and Hancock 2005). The nest is a stick platform that is often re-used over successive years (Kushlan and Hancock 2005), usually positioned high in a tall tree up to 50 m, but also on the ground or on cliff edges, in reedbeds or in bushes. In reed-beds nests may be built of reeds, and ground nests may be reduced to a slight scrape, ringed with small stones and debris (Snow and Perrins 1998). The species commonly nests in colonies and nesting sites are typically situated 2–38 km (convenient flying distance) from preferred feeding areas (Kushlan and Hancock 2005).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In Europe the species was heavily persecuted in the nineteenth century due to its consumption of fish, which resulted in competition with fishermen and fish farmers (Kushlan and Hancock 2005). Although killing at aquaculture farms has not reduced the global population so far (possibly because it is young birds that are mostly killed) (Kushlan and Hancock 2005), 800 herons are estimated to have died per year at Scottish fish-farms between 1984 and 1987 (Carss 1994, Kushlan and Hancock 2005) by being shot, drowned or poisoned by fish farmers (Carss 1994). Renewed hunting poses a threat to Bavarian populations by decreasing numbers to levels that inhibit recovery following severe winters (severe winters increase mortality rates for juveniles) (Kushlan and Hancock 2005). Timber harvesting is a threat throughout much of the species range by removing trees used by nesting colonies and/or disturbing nearby colonies (Kushlan and Hancock 2005).<br/><br/>The species is also susceptible to avian influenza (Melville and Shortridge 2006) and avian botulism (van Heerden 1974), so may be threatened by future outbreaks of these diseases.",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is not listed on priority lists of the Conventions. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Freshwater habitats need to be sustainably managed. Establish non-intrusion zones and stop logging around colonies.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PELECANIFORMES,ARDEIDAE,Ardea,purpurea,,Ardea purpurea,"Linnaeus, 1766","<em>Ardea purpurea</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) was split into <em>A. purpurea</em> and <em>A. bournei</em> by Hazevoet (1995). This treatment is not followed by the BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group although we do recognise consistent behavioural differences and that <em>bournei</em> is paler overall in colouration. <p></p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D).&#160;&#160;The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large, (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be increasing. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by less than 25% in 18 years (three generations). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds notably in Ukraine, Russia, Romania, Spain, France and Italy.","The European breeding population is estimated at 28,800-48,700 pairs, which equates to 57,700-97,300 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 11,700-19,100 pairs, which equates to 23,500-38,100 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Populations breeding in the western Palearctic are migratory (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em> 2020) and travel on a broad front between breeding and wintering grounds (Kushlan and Hancock 2005). The species breeds from April to June in the western Palearctic. It is a colonial breeder (Hancock and Kushlan 1984, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020, Turner 2000, Kushlan and Hancock 2005) and although nesting group sizes are usually small and rarely exceed 50 pairs (Turner 2000), colonies of up to 1,000 pairs have been recorded in some areas (Hancock and Kushlan 1984, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). It often also nests on the periphery of colonies of other heron species such as Grey Heron (<em>Ardea cinerea</em>) (Kushlan and Hancock 2005). In migratory populations the autumn migration occurs from August to October (Hancock and Kushlan 1984), with the return passage in the spring beginning in March (Hancock and Kushlan 1984). The species is mainly crepuscular, but may also feed diurnally. The species inhabits wetlands from sea level to 1,800 m (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020), showing a preference for dense, flooded, freshwater reedbeds (<em>Phragmites spp.</em>) in temperate areas (occupying <em>Typha</em>, <em>Scirpus</em> and <em>Papyrus</em> swamps elsewhere) (Kushlan and Hancock 2005). It also utilises lake shores, river margins (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020), ditches, canals, brackish water lagoons (Kushlan and Hancock 2005), rice-fields and coastal mudflats (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). Its diet consists of fish 5–15 cm long (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020) (occasionally up to 55 cm), salamanders (Kushlan and Hancock 2005), frogs, insects (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020) (e.g. beetles, dragonflies, hemiptera (Kushlan and Hancock 2005) and locusts (Hancock and Kushlan 1984)), crustaceans (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020), spiders (Kushlan and Hancock 2005) and molluscs (Hancock and Kushlan 1984) as well as small birds and mammals, snakes and lizards (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). The nest is a platform of reeds stems or sticks (Kushlan and Hancock 2005) positioned over or beside water up to three metres high in flooded reedbeds (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020), three to four metres high in thickets (Kushlan and Hancock 2005) or up to 25 m high in trees (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). The species usually nests in loose single- or mixed-species colonies with <em>A. cinerea</em>, and although colony sizes are usually small, large groups of up to 1,000 pairs have been recorded (Hancock and Kushlan 1984, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The main threat to this species in Europe is the loss of reedbeds though direct elimination (to reduce sedimentation) (Kushlan and Hancock 2005), agricultural encroachment (Hockey <em>et al. </em>2005), water management practices (Kushlan and Hancock 2005) (e.g. drainage) (Hockey <em>et al. </em>2005) and reed cane harvesting (Kushlan and Hancock 2005).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive, Annex II of the Bern Convention and Annex II of the Convention on Migratory Species, under which it is covered by the African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement (AEWA).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Studies in southern France have shown that the overall conservation of this species in Europe is favoured by maintaining large uncut reedbeds with relatively high spring water levels (Barbraud <em>et al.</em> 2002). Freshwater habitats need to be sustainably managed and non-intrusion zones established around colonies.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PELECANIFORMES,ARDEIDAE,Ardeola,ralloides,,Ardeola ralloides,"(Scopoli, 1769)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large, (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D).&#160;&#160;The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small to large, and is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be stable. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 5-6% with a best estimate of 5% in 16 years (three generations). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds notably in Azerbaijan, Russia, Romania, Turkey, Spain and Ukraine.","The European breeding population is estimated at 18,300-33,500 pairs, which equates to 36,600-67,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 6,500-11,000 pairs, which equates to 13,100-22,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In the Palearctic this species is migratory and dispersive (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em> 2020), travelling on a broad front between breeding and wintering areas (Kushlan and Hancock 2005). The species breeds from April to July in Eurasia in single- or mixed-species colonies that can be up to 2,000 pairs in size. After breeding Palearctic populations migrate south from August to November (Kushlan and Hancock 2005, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020), returning to the breeding colonies between February and May (Kushlan and Hancock 2005). The species feeds solitarily (Kushlan and Hancock 2005) or in small groups of 2–5 individuals during the breeding season (Kushlan and Hancock 2005) although in winter and on migration large feeding flocks may form (Kushlan and Hancock 2005). The species is mainly crepuscular (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020), roosting by day and night in large (Kushlan and Hancock 2005) often mixed-species (Brown <em>et al.</em> 1982) groups in sheltered woods and reedbeds (these roosts may draw in herons feeding up to 80 km away) (Kushlan and Hancock 2005). The species inhabits permanent or temporary wetlands (Brown <em>et al. </em>1982) showing a preference for fresh waters with abundant marsh vegetation (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020), reedbeds, nearby bushes, trees and scrub (Kushlan and Hancock 2005). Habitats frequented include swampy plains, river valleys, deltas, lakes, ponds, canals, ditches and rice paddyfields (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). On migration (Kushlan and Hancock 2005) the species may also occur on estuaries, inshore reefs or islets (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). It generally avoids dry habitats and those with very high rainfall (Kushlan and Hancock 2005), and usually breeds in the lowlands although it has bred on montane lakes up to 2,000 m. Its diet consists predominantly of larval insects although fish and amphibians (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020) (e.g. frogs and tadpoles) (Kushlan and Hancock 2005) up to 10 cm long, grasshoppers, beetles, butterflies, spiders, crustaceans, molluscs and exceptionally small birds may also be taken. The nest is a well-constructed platform usually placed less than two metres (occasionally up to 20 m) high near or over water in reedbeds (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020) or in dense thickets of trees or shrubs (Kushlan and Hancock 2005) (e.g. of willow (<em>Salix spp.</em>) or poplar (<em>Populus spp.</em>)) (Hafner and Didner 1997), preferring nesting sites within five kilometres of feeding areas (Kushlan and Hancock 2005). The species breeds in single- or mixed-species colonies that can be up to 2,000 pairs in size (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020), neighbouring pairs building nests 5–10 m apart (occasionally as close as 0.5 m) (Kushlan and Hancock 2005).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The greatest threat to this species is the loss and deterioration of natural and man-made freshwater habitats (e.g. through changes to flood regimes in rice paddyfields) and wet woodlands (e.g. through woodcutting and burning) (Hafner and Didner 1997).,"<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive, Annex II of the Bern Convention and Annex II of the Convention on Migratory Species, under which it is covered by the African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement (AEWA).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Reed marshes and freshwater habitats need to be sustainably managed, including the reduction of water pollution and fish overexploitation.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,SCOLOPACIDAE,Arenaria,interpres,,Arenaria interpres,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,EN,A2bce+3bce+4bce,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population size is small and meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion C, but the population trend appears to be decreasing at a very rapid rate and is therefore assessed as Endangered within the EU28 under the population size reduction criterion. Since the wider European population is also decreasing, there is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region and the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the breeding population size is estimated to have decreased by 4-14% with a best estimate of 8% in the past 18 years (three generations) and the wintering population is estimated to be stable. In the EU28, the breeding population size is estimated to have decreased by 43-63% with a best estimate of 53% over the same period, and is expected to decline between 2003-2021 and is suspected to decline over the next three generations at the same rate. In winter, the population size is estimated to be stable. These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, based on national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","In Europe this species breeds in Fennoscandia and Russia, as well as Greenland, where the majority of the population occurs. It winters along the coastlines of the Baltic and western Europe (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996).","The European breeding population is estimated at 34,600–68,900&#160;pairs (69,300–138,000 mature individuals). The wintering population is estimated at 85,900–101,000 individuals (57,200–67,300 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 1,400–3,400 pairs (2,800–6,800 mature individuals). The wintering population in the EU28 is estimated at&#160;84,800–97,800 individuals (56,500–65,200 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds near the coast or up to several kilometres inland (Snow and Perrins 1998) in the high Arctic (Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986), nesting on coastal plains, marshes and tundra (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996) and showing a preference for mosaics of bare rock, clay or shingle and vegetation near water (Snow and Perrins 1998) or in areas that remain damp until late summer (Johnsgard 1981). Outside the breeding season the species is mainly coastal, although on migration it may occur inland along dykes or on lake shores (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996). During the winter it frequents productive rocky and shingle shores (Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986, Van Gils and Wiersma 1996), breakwaters, short-grass saltmarshes, sheltered inlets, estuaries, mudflats with beds of molluscs (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996), sandy beaches with storm-wrecked seaweed (Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986, Van Gils and Wiersma 1996).<br/><br/>It breeds from May to early-August (Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986),  although several pairs may nest close together in optimal habitats  (Johnsgard 1981) along coasts or on islands (Snow and Perrins 1998). The  nest is a shallow depression (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996) in mud,  peat or on dry ground (Johnsgard 1981) with dense vegetation (Van Gils  and Wiersma 1996), often positioned on a slight ridge, hummock or  tussock, or in a cleft or shallow fissure (Snow and Perrins 1998). The  species usually nests solitarily, although neighbouring pairs may nest  as little as 15 m apart along coasts or on islands (where abundant  feeding habitats are available) (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>On its Arctic breeding grounds the species takes Diptera (especially adult and larval midges) as well as larval Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera and spiders, occasionally also taking vegetable matter early in the season. Outside the breeding season its diet consists of insects, crustaceans, molluscs, annelids, echinoderms, small fish, carrion and birds eggs.<br/><br/>This species is fully migratory (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996). The species  migrates in large flocks (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996) and is gregarious  and sociable when feeding or roosting in winter (Snow and Perrins 1998),  often foraging in close flocks of 10-100 or more individuals,  especially in tidal areas (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species suffers nest predation from feral American Mink (<em>Neovison vison</em>) in some regions (Nordstrom <em>et al.</em> 2003), and is susceptible to avian influenza so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Removing feral American Mink (<em>Neovison vison</em>) from a large archipelago with many small islands in the Baltic Sea had the result of increasing the breeding density of this species in the area (Nordstrom <em>et al.</em> 2003).,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,LEIOTRICHIDAE,Argya,altirostris,,Argya altirostris,"(Hartert, 1909)",0,No,NT,D1,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Near Threatened (NT°°)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>This species has a large global range in Iran, Iraq and Syria which just extends into southeastern-most Europe, in Turkey, therefore the species' range in Europe is small. The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size within the region is very small and meets the thresholds for classification as Endangered, but given the large neighbouring population there is considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region and the final category is downlisted by two categories to Near Threatened (NT°°).<br/><br/>The species does not occur within the EU28 and is therefore assessed as Not Applicable (NA) for this region.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. This species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species has a predominantly Middle Eastern range, which just extends into southern Turkey along the River Euphrates in the area of Birecik (Collar and Robson 2007).","The European population is estimated at 40–80 pairs, which equates to 80–160 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occurs in the reedbeds of the Mesopotamian marshes, and is also found in rural habitats along rivers and irrigation canals (Stattersfield <em>et al.</em> 1998). It prefers dense reedbeds, palm groves, date gardens and poplar trees (<em>Populus euphratica</em>) lining waterways, adjacent cultivated fields and thickets.<br/><br/>In Europe, it breeds from May and is monogamous, with occasional cooperative breeding. The nest is a rather untidy deep cup of stems, lined with grass, dead leaves, rootlets, fibres, reeds and feathers. It is set in a leaf-sheltered fork of a tree (poplar, tamarisk) or in reeds. Clutches are three or four eggs.<br/><br/>It feeds on invertebrates, mostly insects and spiders (Araneae).<br/><br/>The species is resident (Collar and Robson 2007).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","There has been considerable loss of wetlands within its range due to large-scale projects for flood control, drainage and irrigation (Maltby 1994). The increase in settlement and improvement in access has resulted in further disturbance, with levels of pollution increasing substantially through the use of insecticides (Stattersfield <em>et al.</em> 1998).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>This species would likely benefit from the protection and preservation of its marshland habitat, including the restriction of access to important areas. In addition a ban on the widespread use of insecticides would assist recovery.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,STRIGIFORMES,STRIGIDAE,Asio,flammeus,,Asio flammeus,"(Pontoppidan, 1763)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be fluctuating, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is small to large, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be fluctuating, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be fluctuating. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds in the majority of countries, but primarily in Russia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 84,900-142,000 pairs, which equates to 169,000-284,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 2,100-21,600 pairs, which equates to 4,300-43,200 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","<p>The species occupies open country such as, tundra, marsh, grassland, moorland, as well as montane forest. In Europe, this species breeds mainly on tundra, moorland, marshes and bogs, in newly cleared forest and young evergreen plantations, in uncultivated grassland and in steppe (Olsen <em>et al.</em> 2013). It breeds between late march and June and generally lays seven to ten eggs (König 2008). It nests on the ground on a dry site, sometimes in wetter situation and female shows tendency to build nest (almost unique behaviour among Strigidae) (Olsen <em>et al.</em> 2013). It feeds mostly on small mammals but also other small vertebrates and insects (König 2008), but usually relies on rodent populations which can determine its spatial distribution and nesting success (Hagemejer and Blair 1997). In the north of its range it is thought to be highly migratory although migration may be confused with nomadic food searches and juvenile dispersal. Wintering areas may also become breeding areas if food is plentiful (Olsen <em>et al.</em> 2013).</p><br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","<p>Due to its nesting habits and nomadic nature, the species is vulnerable to habitat loss at any season; conversion of open habitats to agriculture, grazing, recreation, housing and resort development is a key factor in decline, as well as reforestation in some areas. Wind-turbine developments may also impact the species. In central Europe declines have been caused by drainage and the intensification of agriculture, together with persecution, rodenticide poisoning, urbanization and traffic mortality. It does not always occupy apparently suitable habitat, which may be due to levels of prey or predation or the effects of distribution and abundance. Domestic and feral cats and dogs cause disturbance (Olsen <em>et al.</em> 2013).</p>","<p><span class=""addmd""><strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/></p><p>CITES Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I.&#160; The protection of nesting cover for waterfowl and reclaimed and replanted strip-mines and dyke land, which provide nesting and foraging cover has indirectly benefited this species (Olsen <em>et al.</em> 2013).  </p><p><span class=""addmd""><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong></span></p>  <p>Large continuous tracts of habitat should be maintained (Olsen <em>et al.</em> 2013); importantly marshlands and moorlands need to be protected from destruction, drainage and afforestation and agricultural habitats such as meadows and old pasturelands should be managed for conservation (Tucker and Heath 1994). Other management suggestions have included establishing a standardized survey protocol, monitoring predation and human disturbance and public education and research (Olsen <em>et al.</em> 2013).</p>",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,STRIGIFORMES,STRIGIDAE,Asio,otus,,Asio otus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","<em>Asio otus</em> and <em>A. abyssinicus</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) are retained as separate species <em>contra</em> Cramp (1985) and Dowsett and Forbes-Watson (1993) who include <em>abyssinicus</em> as a subspecies of <em>A. otus.   <p></p></em>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population size trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in almost all countries in Europe, notably in Russia, Ukraine, France and Germany.","The European breeding population is estimated at 312,000-512,000 pairs, which equates to 624,000-1,030,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 128,000-243,000 pairs, which equates to 256,000-485,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in dense vegetation adjacent to open areas such as grassland or shrubland, including open forest, nesting and roosting in forest. In mainland Europe, breeding occurs in edge woodland and scrub and in Britain it favours shelterbelts, small groves and thickets surrounded by moorland, grassland, marshes or farmland. Outside the breeding season it is found in similar habitats, including farmland with hedgerows. The breeding season is from February to July (Olsen 1999). It uses the abandoned stick nests of other species, such as crows (<em>Corvus</em>), magpies (<em>Pica</em>), raptors, herons (<em>Ardea</em>) (König and Weick 2008). It also accepts artificial baskets, and sometimes lays in cavities in trees or cliffs, or on the ground. Clutches are generally five to seven eggs. It feeds principally on small mammals, although some studies have found birds to be important (Olsen 1999). The species is mainly migratory in Fennoscandia and Russia but further south in Europe it is more sedentary (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Declines in Britain are thought to be due to the expanding population of Tawny Owl (<em>Strix aluco</em>), competing for space, food and nest sites (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997,&#160;Olsen 1999). Agricultural intensification and declining vole populations are also driving declines in Europe (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). Locally, threats include pesticide use, persecution and road traffic collisions (König and Weick 2008).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CITES Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II.  In Britain the species has benefited from the provision of artificial nesting sites (Marks <em>et al</em>. 1994).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>It is suggested that road collisions could be decreased by reducing the availability of small rodents in close proximity to roads, through allowing vegetation to grow naturally or by planting short bushes (Baudvin 1997). Management to prevent vole declines should involve the creation of a mosaic of different habitat types with grassland mown at different times of the year together with undisturbed strips (Aschwanden <em>et al.</em> 2005). Breeding can be encouraged through the provision of artificial nesting platforms and open fronted nestboxes (Olsen 1999). In addition in harsh winters, food supplies can be augmented through the provision of feeding stations near day roosts (König and Weick 2008).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,STRIGIFORMES,STRIGIDAE,Athene,noctua,,Athene noctua,"(Scopoli, 1769)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population size trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population size trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in a majority of countries in Europe, mainly in Turkey, but also notably in Italy, Portugal and Spain.","The European breeding population is estimated at 577,000-1,070,000 pairs, which equates to 1,150,000-2,140,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 206,000-339,000 pairs, which equates to 413,000-678,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","<p>The species is found in a variety of habitats, ranging from parkland, orchards and cultivated fields with hedges to rocky, semi-desert regions and steppes (Mikkola 1983) and extends from boreal to tropical areas. It is monogamous and breeds from March to August. The nest is built in a cavity and the hole is cleaned and scraped but will also use nest boxes. Clutches are usually three to six eggs (Holt <em>et al.</em> 2014). It feeds on insects, small rodents and plant matter. Birds and frogs are an important food source during the nesting season (Mikkola 1983). The species is sedentary although large displacements do occur (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).</p><br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","<p>Population levels can suffer marked decreases after severe winters. Its range has contracted locally in many parts of Europe, which is thought to be mainly due to habitat changes, including the loss of suitable nest-sites and, less often, the use of pesticides. Industrialised farming practices have resulted in a reduction of prey items such as voles and earthworms. Agricultural intensification, ground clearance, excessive use of toxic chemicals and road traffic deaths all contribute to declines as well (Holt <em>et al.</em> 2014). The loss of nest holes from the felling of old hollow trees and the restoration of old buildings is also likely to affect the species (Tucker and Heath 1994).</p>","<p><strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/></p><p>CITES Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. The species is listed as ‘endangered’ on the Dutch national Red List (Hustings <em>et al. </em>2004). The provision of nest boxes and pollarding of old nesting trees has been successful in Belgium and Germany at offsetting declines (Holt <em>et al.</em> 2014).</p>  <p><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed </strong></p>  <p>Measures should address conservation at the wider countryside scale. The preservation of the species’s habitat, including old trees and hedges, as well as the reduction in the use of pesticides are important. Organochloride pesticides should be replaced with less aggressive products or biological pest control methods. The provision of nest boxes should continue. The maintenance of perches near roads (2 m high, 10–15 m apart and 5 m from the road), is advisable to help reduce car-collisions. Further research into habitat requirements, population size and trends and threats is required (Tucker and Heath 1994). </p>",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Aythya,ferina,,Aythya ferina,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,VU,A2abcd+4abcd,No,VU,A2abcde+3bcde+4abcde,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/><br/>In Europe, in winter, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size reduction criterion A and is therefore assessed as such in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/>In the EU28, in the breeding season, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size reduction criterion A and is therefore assessed as such in the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the breeding population size is suspected to be decreasing by over 30%&#160;in the past 16 years (three generations) and is suspected to continue declining at a similar rate between 2004-2021. In the EU28, the breeding population size is estimated to have decreased by 33-64% with a best estimate of 41% in the past three generations, is expected to decline by 39% (best estimate) between 2004-2021. In winter, the population size in Europe is estimated to be decreasing by 30-50% over three generations and expected to continue declining at the same rate (taken from IWC trends in Nagy and Langendoen 2020), and in the EU28, it is estimated to be decreasing by 42-51% with a best estimate of 45% over the same period. These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","In Europe, this species breeds mainly in Russia, with notable populations also present in Czechia, Ukraine and Romania.<br/>European migratory populations winter mostly in north-western and western Europe, the eastern Mediterranean, Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, as well as in Turkey, the Middle East and Africa (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). Notable wintering countries include Azerbaijan, Turkey, Germany, France, Greece, Switzerland and the Netherlands.","The European breeding population is estimated at 89,700-151,000 pairs (179,000-302,000 mature individuals), and the wintering population is estimated at 560,000-1,020,000 individuals (373,000-679,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 28,500-55,000 pairs (57,000-110,000 mature individuals) and the wintering population is estimated at 317,000-446,000 individuals (211,000-298,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species requires well-vegetated eutrophic to neutral swamps, marshes, lakes and slow-flowing rivers with areas of open water and abundant emergent fringing vegetation. It also breeds on saline, brackish and soda lakes and occasionally even in sheltered coastal bays (Kear 2005). The breeding grounds are reoccupied from early March (in the south) to early May (in Siberia) (Scott and Rose 1996) with breeding starting from April-May.<br/><br/>The nest is a depression or shallow cup in a thick heap of vegetation positioned on the ground or over water and concealed in thick waterside vegetation (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), or on floating mats of reeds or other vegetation (Johnsgard 1978). Clutches are usually eight to ten eggs. The species is omnivorous, its diet consisting of seeds, roots (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), rhizomes (Kear 2005) and the vegetative parts of grasses, sedges and aquatic plants, as well as aquatic insects and larvae, molluscs, crustaceans, worms, amphibians and small fish (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014). Northern populations of this species are highly migratory, with those breeding in the milder parts of western or southern Europe being sedentary or only making short-distance dispersal movements (Snow and Perrins 1998) governed by harsh weather conditions (Scott and Rose 1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by disturbance from hunting (Evans and Day 2002, Kear 2005, Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), water-based recreation (Fox <em>et al.</em> 1994, Kear 2005) and from machinery noise from urban development (Marsden 2000). It is also threatened by habitat destruction (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014) on its wintering grounds due to eutrophication (partially as a result of nutrient run-off from agricultural land) (Kear 2005). The species suffers from nest predation by American Mink (<em>Neovison vison</em>) in Poland (Bartoszewicz and Zalewski 2003), and adults are poisoned by ingesting lead shot (Spain) (Mateo <em>et al.</em> 1998). The species is also susceptible to avian influenza, so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the disease (Melville and Shortridge 2006). This species is hunted in Northern Ireland (Evans and Day 2002), Spain (Mateo <em>et al.</em> 1998) and Italy (Sorrenti <em>et al.</em> 2006), and the eggs of this species used to be (and possibly still are) harvested in Iceland (Gudmundsson 1979).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex II. CMS Appendix II. The cyclical removal of adult fish from an artificial waterbody (gravel pit) in the U.K. attracted nesting pairs to the area by causing an increase in invertebrate food availability and an increase in the growth of submerged aquatic macrophytes. The removed fish (dead or alive) were sold to generate funds (Giles 1994). In the Trebon Basin Biosphere Reserve, Czech Republic, it was found that artificial islands and wide strips of littoral vegetation are the most secure breeding habitats that can be created for the species (nest survival in littoral habitats was improved by reduced nest visibility, increased water depth, and increased distance from the nest to the habitat edge, and nest survival on islands was improved with increased distance to open water) (Albrecht <em>et al. </em>2006). The use of lead shot in Europe is being phased out.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>This species would benefit from the protection and maintenance of wetland habitat. Lead shot use should continue to be prohibited and legislation properly enforced. Accurate monitoring of bag numbers in countries where this species is hunted should be implemented and maintained.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Aythya,fuligula,,Aythya fuligula,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,NT,A2bcde,No,VU,A2abcde+4abcde,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be decreasing at a moderately rapid rate which approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion A and is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size reduction criterion A and is therefore assessed as such in the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 25% (best estimate) in the past 18 years (three generations). In the EU28, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 21-43% with a best estimate of 34% in the past three generations and is expected to decline by 33% between 2003-2021.&#160;&#160;These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","In Europe, this species breeds mainly in Russia, with notable populations also present in Sweden and Finland.<br/>It winters notably in Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Azerbaijan and Denmark.","The European breeding population is estimated at 439,000-618,000 pairs, which equates to 879,000-1,240,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 166,000-288,000 pairs, which equates to 333,000-575,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds in lowland regions and shows a preference for eutrophic waters (Kear 2005) with open water, islands for breeding (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014) and abundant marginal and emergent vegetation. It is common on large, freshwater lakes, ponds, reservoirs, gravel-pits and quiet stretches of wide slow-flowing rivers during this season. During the winter the species frequents large freshwater lakes (Kear 2005), reservoirs (Snow and Perrins 1998) and sheltered coastal locations such as brackish inland seas (Kear 2005) brackish lagoons, tidal bays (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014) and estuaries (Snow and Perrins 1998). Migratory populations arrive on their breeding grounds from late-April (Kear 2005) where they breed in single pairs or loose groups (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014). The nest is constructed of vegetation and is placed in water (Kear 2005) on floating mats or islets (Flint <em>et al. </em>1984), or on the ground on islands (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014) in rush or grass tussocks (Snow and Perrins 1998), under bushes or in the open amidst marsh-nesting gull or tern colonies (Kear 2005). The species is omnivorous (Kear 2005), feeding mainly on molluscs, gastropods, crustaceans and aquatic insects, as well as seeds and vegetative parts of aquatic plants (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014) and grain (Kear 2005). In central and north-west Europe this species is mainly sedentary (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014) although other populations are chiefly migratory (Madge and Burn 1988).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by habitat degradation due to oil pollution, drainage, peat-extraction and changing land management practices (e.g. decreased grazing and mowing in meadows leading to scrub over-growth (Grishanov 2006) and agricultural intensification (Kear 2005)) in breeding areas (Kear 2005, Grishanov 2006). It also suffers decreased reproductive success as a result of disturbance from increased recreational use of inland waterbodies (Kear 2005), machinery noise from urban development (Marsden 2000), hunting (Evans and Day 2002) and predation by American Mink (<em>Neovison vison</em>) on islands (Nordstrom <em>et al.</em> 2002). The species is susceptible to avian influenza so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006). The species is hunted for sport in Denmark (Bregnballe <em>et al.</em> 2006) and Italy (Sorrenti <em>et al.</em> 2006). The eggs of this species were (and possibly still are) harvested in Iceland (Gudmundsson 1979).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex II and III.&#160; Experimental removal of the nest predator American Mink (<em>Neovison vison</em>) in the outer archipelago of south-west Finland resulted in an increase in the breeding density of this species (Nordstrom <em>et al.</em> 2002). The cyclical removal of adult fish from an artificial waterbody (gravel pit) in the U.K. resulted in an increase in invertebrate food availability and increases in the growth of submerged aquatic macrophytes, which in turn led to an increase in brood use of the habitat by the species and increased species survival (Giles 1994). The removed fish (dead or alive) were sold to generate funds (Giles 1994).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Large scale conservation measures should look to protect key breeding sites from habitat alteration and look to promote low-intensity farming. Hunting should be monitored to ensure numbers harvested are sustainable. Predator control should be considered in breeding areas.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Aythya,marila,,Aythya marila,"(Linnaeus, 1761)",0,No,LC,0,No,EN,A2abcde+4abcde; C1,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be decreasing at a very rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Endangered (EN) under the population size reduction criterion A and is therefore assessed as such in the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, although this species has been shown to be declining by over 30% between 2015-2018 (Marchowski 2020) in the north-west of the region, which could be partially caused by a redistribution of the species&#160;the breeding population size in the whole of Europe is estimated to be overall decreasing by approximately 15% (best estimate) in 15 years (three generations). In the EU28, the breeding population is estimated to have decreased by 27-87% with a best estimate of 56% over the past three generations, is expected to decrease by 53% between 2006-2021 and by 32% in the next three generations. In winter, the population size in both Europe and the EU28 is estimated to be increasing.&#160;&#160;These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on data from the Icelandic Red List (Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands&#160;2018) and the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","This species breeds across the northern limits of Europe, although its population is almost entirely concentrated in Russia, with small populations found in other northern European countries such as Iceland and Sweden.<br/><br/>It winters further south, reaching the Adriatic Sea, northern Black Sea and western Caspian Sea in Europe (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014). Countries with notable wintering populations include the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, Ukraine and Denmark.","The breeding population in Europe is estimated at 48,200-84,800 pairs, which equates to 96,400-170,000 mature individuals. In the EU28 the breeding population is estimated at 1,000-1,500 pairs, which equates to 2,100-3,000 mature individuals. In winter, the European population is estimated at 147,000-318,000 individuals, which equates to 98,400-212,000 mature individuals. The winter population in the EU28 is estimated at 133,000-281,000 individuals, which equates to 88,600-188,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds in tundra, moorland regions (Kear 2005) and wooded tundra (Scott and Rose 1996) in the high Arctic, occupying small, shallow (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), freshwater lakes, pools and rivers (Kear 2005) with grassy shorelines and high densities of invertebrate life (Johnsgard 1978). It shows a preference for water less than 6 m deep (usually 2 m) for diving. The species winters on shallow coastal waters (Kear 2005) less than 10 m deep (Scott and Rose 1996) as well as sheltered bays, estuaries and brackish coastal lagoons. It is also found inland on large lakes (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014) and reservoirs during this season (Madge and Burn 1988). It breeds in the high Arctic from late-May or early-June (depending on the timing of the Arctic thaw) (Kear 2005) in single pairs or loose groups (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), often with colonies of nesting gulls or terns (Kear 2005) although it is not itself a colonial species (Snow and Perrins 1998). The nest is a shallow depression on the ground close to water, either in thick vegetation (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), in cracks in rocks, under woody shrubs or under perennial herbaceous vegetation less than 50 cm high (Iceland) (Johnsgard 1978). Clutch size is normally 8–11 eggs. The species is omnivorous. Its diet consisting predominantly of molluscs but also includes laver shells (Hydrobia), insects, aquatic insect larvae, crustaceans, worms, small fish, and the roots, seeds and vegetative parts of aquatic plants such as sedges and water weeds. This species is fully migratory (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014). The autumn migration begins after the moulting period in mid-August (Scott and Rose 1996), with males tending to remain much further north than females or immatures (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014) leading to some sexual segregation during the winter (Madge and Burn 1988).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is susceptible to oil pollution (Kirby <em>et al.</em> 1993, Kear 2005) when moulting and in winter and may be threatened by high levels of organochloride contaminants (Kear 2005). Its habit of congregating around coastal sewage outlets in the winter also puts it at risk from other pollution types (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014). Oil and gas exploration have caused habitat loss in European Russia and losses of feeding opportunities in some wintering areas through the over-harvesting of mussels and cockles, eutrophication and offshore windfarms are also considered possible threats. (Jensen 2009). Large numbers often drown due to entanglement in fishing nets (Kirby <em>et al.</em> 1993). It is susceptible to avian influenza, so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006). The species is hunted legally for sport in seven countries of the European Union (Kear 2005) (e.g. Denmark [Bregnballe et al. 2006]) and suffers from disturbance from hunting (Evans and Day 2002). In Sweden the presence of Mink (<em>Mustela vison</em>) has probably contributed to the decline of birds on the Stockholm archipelago (Jensen 2009).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II.  This species is listed on Annex II (and III) of the EU Birds Directive and can only be hunted in those ten Member States specifically mentioned in the Birds Directive: Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece, France, Ireland, Latvia, Netherlands, Romania and U.K.. There are management plans to reduce fishery activity at two sites in the Netherlands (Ijsselmeer and Waddenzee) and in Finland a large-scale eradication of Mink (<em>Mustela vison</em>) in the Quark as an EU LIFE project (Jensen 2009) began in 2001 (Anon. 2005). <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Preservation of large areas of breeding habitat in northern Europe and its highly localised north-west European wintering grounds. Identify Important Bird Areas and protect habitats and sites. Implement stricter regulations on oil exploitation and transportation. Restrict hunting.  Conduct further research on the effects of disturbance from hunting and the nomadic habits of the species outside the breeding season (Tucker and Heath 1994). Continue Mink eradication programme.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Aythya,nyroca,,Aythya nyroca,"(Güldenstädt, 1770)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small to large, (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population size trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds largely in Romania, and also notably in Azerbaijan, Croatia, Hungary, Serbia and Russia.<br/>It winters largely in Azerbaijan, and also notably in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece and Italy.","The European breeding population is estimated at 9,000-23,500 pairs, which equates to 18,000-47,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 4,900-15,200 pairs, which equates to 9,900-30,300 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species shows a strong preference for fresh standing water (Snow and Perrins 1998, N. Petkov <em>in litt.</em> 2008). It frequents shallow pools and marshes with abundant emergent, floating and shoreline vegetation such as reeds, willows and alders. In the breeding season, it also frequents saline, brackish or alkaline lakes in some areas, e.g. in Hungary, also well-managed fishponds are important summer habitat locally. Outside breeding season, it may frequent larger lakes, including inland seas, reservoirs, lagoons and coastal marshes (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014). Generally breeding commences April to May in central Europe and Turkey, but can commence as early as February in southern Europe and as late as end of June in northern areas of its range (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014). It breeds in single pairs or loose groups. The nest is a low platform (Snow and Perrins 1998) of reeds, grass and leaves (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014) placed on the ground or on an islet or hummock in thick vegetation close to water (Johnsgard 1978, Kear 2005). Alternatively nests may be placed over water on floating mats of vegetation or in dense reedbeds along the shoreline (Johnsgard 1978). Clutches are usually 8-10 eggs. Although the species is omnivorous, plant material such as seeds, roots and vegetative parts of aquatic plants dominates its diet. Animal matter taken includes worms, molluscs, crustaceans, insects and larvae, amphibians and small fish. This species is chiefly migratory (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), although little is known about its migratory routes (Scott and Rose 1996). Adults undertake a wing moulting period on the breeding grounds between July and August (Robinson and Hughes 2006) and departure from the breeding grounds begins in mid- to late-August (N. Petkov<em> in litt.</em> 2008). The return migration to the breeding grounds begins in early March (Scott and Rose 1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by the degradation and destruction of well-vegetated shallow pools and other wetland habitats (Vinicombe 2000, Kear 2005, Robinson and Hughes 2006, Carboneras and Kirwan 2014) (e.g. changes to the vegetation community, disruption of water regimes, siltation, and increased water turbidity (Robinson and Hughes 2006)) as a result of excessive drainage and water abstraction (Vinicombe 2000, Grishanov 2006, Robinson and Hughes 2006), peat extraction (Grishanov 2006), eutrophication (from inadequate sewage treatment and nutrient run-off (Robinson and Hughes 2006)), oil pollution (Grishanov 2006), dam and barrage construction, the building of infrastructure on flood-plains (Vinicombe 2000, Robinson and Hughes 2006) and river canalisation (Kear 2005). Changing land management practices such as reed cutting and burning during the breeding season (Petkov 2006), over-grazing (Robinson and Hughes 2006) decreased grazing and mowing of wet meadows (Grishanov 2006), and abandonment (causing succession to scrub) or intensification (causing reversion to open water) of extensively managed fishponds (Vinicombe 2000, Kear 2005, Petkov 2006, Robinson and Hughes 2006) also threatens the species. The introduction of non-native species has caused further habitat degradation. For example the stocking of lakes with and accidental introduction of Grass Carp (<em>Ctenopharyngodon idella</em>) has resulted in reductions in macrophyte biomass and corresponding reductions in invertebrate biomass (Kear 2005, Robinson and Hughes 2006), and in Bulgaria an introduced shrub (Desert False Indigo (<em>Amorpha fruticosa</em>)) is changing the ecological character of wetlands (Robinson and Hughes 2006). Increased drought due to global climate change may pose a threat to the species in part of its range (Vinicombe 2000, Robinson and Hughes 2006). Disturbance by fishing boats and anglers alongside fringe vegetation could cause abandonment of the breeding sites or disrupt the timing of breeding (N. Petkov <em>in litt.</em> 2008). Hunting is another serious threat to the species (Vinicombe 2000, Robinson and Hughes 2006, Carboneras and Kirwan 2014). Large numbers are shot on passage in the autumn (e.g. through the Volga delta) (Kear 2005, Balmaki and Barati 2006). Illegal and accidental hunting also persists in most European countries. Other lower-level threats include lead poisoning (from ingestion of discarded lead shot), fires in areas of reed thickets, peat bogs and woods (Grishanov 2006), entanglement and drowning in fishing nets (Robinson and Hughes 2006) and hybridisation with native species (e.g. Tufted Duck (<em>Aythya fuligula</em>) and Common Pochard (<em>Aythya farina</em>) in Switzerland (Leuzinger 2010)).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is fully protected in Belarus, Bulgaria, Czechia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Moldova, Netherlands, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Switzerland, and is protected from hunting in Austria, Belgium, Greece, Poland, Turkey and Ukraine. It is listed on Annex I of the European Union Directive on the Conservation of Wild Birds, on Appendix III of the Bern Convention and on Appendices I and II of the Bonn Convention. The species has received little international conservation action, although a number of national initiatives have been developed recently, notably habitat management in Bulgaria and re-introduction schemes in Italy (Berezovikov and Samusev 1998). An International Single Species Action Plan has been adopted by the Bern Convention, CMS and AEWA, which lays out a framework for conservation action throughout the species's range (Robinson and Callaghan 2003). A restoration project for two key breeding sites on the Danube in Bulgaria is underway, funded by the World Bank (N. Petkov <em>in litt.</em> 2003). <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Promote the full legal protection of the species and its habitat through national and international legislation; promote environmentally friendly management of fishponds in eastern Europe; promote adequate protection and management of key sites; promote conservation in the wider environment for the benefit of the species and its habitat; prevent mortality and disturbance caused by hunting; monitor the remaining population and develop census techniques; investigate productivity and mortality; investigate ecology and limiting factors; investigate the impact of <em>C. idella</em> on the species and its habitat; develop and implement education programmes for the conservation of <em>A. nyroca</em> and its habitats.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,BOMBYCILLIDAE,Bombycilla,garrulus,,Bombycilla garrulus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species stronghold is in Russia, with significant numbers also in Fennoscandia (mainly Sweden and Finland).","The European breeding population is estimated at 650,000–1,270,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 1,300,000–2,540,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 150,000–265,000 pairs, which equates to 300,000–529,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","<p>The species breeds in boreal forest and muskeg, usually relatively open forest or edge, usually coniferous, but occasionally in birch (<em>Betula</em>) forest or mixed forest. It prefers well-drained areas near major rivers, normally including dense growth of fruiting plants. In the non-breeding season it is found in a wide variety of habitats with fruiting plants and at least scattered trees, including roadsides, gardens, farmland and the edges of deciduous forest.<br/><br/>The breeding season is relatively late with egg-laying beginning in late May. The nest is an open cup of fine twigs and coarse grasses, lined with finer material including grasses, mosses, plant fibres and feathers or mammal fur and usually placed on the horizontal branch of a tree, often close to the trunk. Clutches are from three to seven eggs.<br/><br/>Its diet is predominantly fruits and insects but also includes buds of various trees, flowers, tree sap, bark, shoots and leaves, moss and lichens, spiders, snails, and varied table scraps from feeders.<br/><br/>The species is a partial migrant, withdrawing from its breeding range in winter (Mountjoy 2018).</p><br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",<p>Collisions with windows and ingestion of road salt have been suggested as threats to this species (Töpfer 2010).</p>,"<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Planned</strong><br/>Although this species is not threatened, research into the impact of road salt poisoning may inform future conservation measures (Töpfer 2010).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,GALLIFORMES,PHASIANIDAE,Bonasa,bonasia,,Bonasa bonasia,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,VU,A2bcd+3bcd+4bcd,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population size trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rapid rate, which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A), and is therefore assessed as such in the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 38-50% with a best estimate of 44% over the past 10 years, is expected to decline by 43% between 2011-2021 and projected to decline by 42% over the next three generations.&#160;&#160;These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","In Europe, this species breeds mainly in Russia, and also notably in Finland and Belarus.","The European breeding population is estimated at 2,000,000-3,480,000 pairs, which equates to 4,010,000-6,960,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 558,000-949,000 pairs, which equates to 1,110,000-1,900,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is found in mixed coniferous deciduous woodland, both in plains and mountains. It seems to avoid pure coniferous stands and occurs in areas without conifers (de Juana and Kirwan 2013). It generally prefers large, dense forests with rich, varied undergrowth (up to c. 2 m tall) and occasional clearings (Madge and McGowan 2002). Laying occurs in April and May in central Europe and May to June in Scandinavia (de Juana and Kirwan 2013). It lays seven to eleven eggs. The nest is a shallow scrape lined with plant material and well concealed by undergrowth or under roots of fallen trees (Madge and McGowan 2002). Its diet changes seasonally, feeding on catkins, buds and twigs of <em>Alnus</em> and <em>Betula</em> in winter; leaves, flowers and newly sprouted vegetation in spring (Swenson 1994); berries and fruits in summer and autumn; and nuts, acorns and seeds in autumn. Chicks feed almost exclusively on arthropods during the first ten days before becoming more vegetarian. The species is highly sedentary (de Juana and Kirwan 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is hunted but it has secretive habits and it is unlikely to be significantly affected by this, although in the 1970s some annual bag totals reached c. 10,200 birds in Norway, c. 18,000 in Sweden and 28,000?69,600 in Finland. It is more intensively hunted in European Russia and Siberia where perhaps as many as two million birds taken per annum during early 1990s (de Juana and Kirwan 2013). It has very specific habitat structure requirements (Madge and McGowan 2002) and so is very sensitive to habitat changes, particularly modern forestry trends (Schäublin and Bollmann 2011,&#160;de Juana and Kirwan 2013). Although small-scale timber work could have positive effects, as could permitting natural reforestation of areas subject to natural events such as avalanches, insect calamities, fires and erosion. In countries where harvesting is important, e.g. Finland it is often easier promoting management practices that favour the species. The species has an enormous range, so protected areas play only a very limited role in its protection, although conservations units can be locally important in the preservation of subpopulations, e.g. in Greece, Hungary and Belgium) (de Juana and Kirwan 2013).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex I and II. Reintroductions have been attempted in some areas such as west Germany (de Juana and Kirwan 2013). Hunting of this species is banned in several countries. A small proportion of its range is covered by protected areas and their role is generally considered limited, however they can be important in countries at the edge of its range (e.g. Greece, Hungary and Belgium). Monitoring is common in Fennoscandia for the purpose of harvest planning. Elsewhere monitoring and surveys are mostly regionally restricted and irregular. In some part of Europe habitat management, such as maintaining coppice woodlands, favouring deciduous trees and shrubs within coniferous forests and planting patches of conifers for cover within extensive deciduous forests does occur (Storch 2007).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Forest practices should be integrated with habitat conservation and habitats for the species need to be considered at a landscape scale, maintaining and restoring spatial connectivity among populations. In countries on the edge of its range, protected areas may be effective in preventing declines as well. Monitoring of populations should be undertaken to ensure numbers are stable and exploitation is sustainable. Better law enforcement is needed in countries where it is threatened and illegal hunting is common (e.g. Bulgaria and Greece) (Storch 2007).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PELECANIFORMES,ARDEIDAE,Botaurus,stellaris,,Botaurus stellaris,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D).&#160;The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large, (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be stable. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by approximately 5% (best estimate) in 12 years. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds in the majority of countries, but mainly in Russia, and also notably in Ukraine.","The European breeding population is estimated at 73,700-103,000 calling or lekking males, which equates to 147,000-206,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 12,700-18,600 calling or lekking males, which equates to 25,400-37,100 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Populations breeding on the Atlantic coast of Europe and in the Mediterranean are largely sedentary due to the relatively mild winters (Newbery <em>et al. </em>1996) (although they may make local dispersive movements related to rainfall) (Hancock and Kushlan 1984). Continental populations are mainly migratory however (Newbery <em>et al.</em> 1996, Kushan and Hancock 2005) with a marked post-breeding dispersal of immatures (Kushan and Hancock 2005). The species breeds from March to June in Eurasia. The species has highly restrictive breeding habitat requirements (Billerman&#160;<em>et al. </em>2020). It shows a strong preference for quiet lowland marshes around lakes and rivers (less than 200 m Asl) (Kushan and Hancock 2005) with extensive dense young reedbeds of Phragmites spp. (e.g. with one to three years worth of new growth (Marion <em>et al.</em> 2000, Puglisi <em>et al.</em> 2005) but still maintaining some old or dead stems) that are flooded but are fairly shallow (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020) (less than 30 cm deep) (Newbery <em>et al.</em> 1996), have few fluctuations in water-level (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020), have low acidity (Kushan and Hancock 2005) and are surrounded by clear open areas (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020) of deeper water, which is maintained into the driest part of the breeding season (Gilbert <em>et al.</em> 2005). Breeding adults are more attracted to unfragmented (Puglisi <em>et al. </em>2005) reedbeds over 20 ha in area, although smaller sites with networks of reed-fringed waterways or open wetland habitats with a number of small reedbeds (Newbery <em>et al.</em> 1996) (greater than 100 m) (Gilbert <em>et al.</em> 2005) over a wide area may also be used (Newbery <em>et al.</em> 1996). The species frequents a more varied range of habitats outside of breeding season, foraging on rice-fields, watercress beds, gravel pits, fish farms, ditches, sewage farms (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020), small ponds and wet grassy areas (Kushan and Hancock 2005) as well as marshes and reedbeds (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020). It also forages in running water when still waterbodies freeze during the winter (Hancock and Kushlan 1984). Its diet varies depending on the site and season although it predominantly takes fish (particularly cyprinids and eels) and amphibians as well as adult and larval insects, spiders, crustaceans, molluscs, snakes, lizards, birds, nestlings and small mammals (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020). The nest is a pad of reeds and other vegetation (Kushan and Hancock 2005) constructed close to or floating on water (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020) amidst dense reedbeds (Kushan and Hancock 2005, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened mainly by the loss of Phragmites reed marshes (Kushan and Hancock 2005) owing to habitat alteration through drainage (Kushan and Hancock 2005), direct destruction (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020), changes in traditional management (e.g. changes to reed harvesting regimes) (Marion <em>et al.</em> 2000), sea level rise and salt water intrusion (Newbery <em>et al.</em> 1996), the effects of wave action from boat traffic at the edge of open water (Marion <em>et al.</em> 2000), and pollution (Marion <em>et al.</em> 2000, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020) (either eutrophication which modifies fish populations within reedbeds or pesticides which may reduce the species's survival) (Marion <em>et al.</em> 2000). Disturbance from humans during the nesting period is also a threat (Newbery <em>et al.</em> 1996, Marion <em>et al.</em> 2000, Kushan and Hancock 2005) (e.g. disturbance from reed cutting (Kushan and Hancock 2005), noisy recreation and water-sports (Newbery <em>et al. </em>1996, Marion<em> et al.</em> 2000, Kushan and Hancock 2005), motor vehicles and hunting (Kushan and Hancock 2005)). The hunting of adults and collecting of eggs and chicks still occurs in some areas (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020), and the species may suffer high mortalities in very cold winters (especially in sedentary populations) (Marion <em>et al. </em>2000).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive, Annex II of the Bern Convention and Annex II of the Convention on Migratory Species, under which it is covered by the African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement (AEWA). European Union International Action Plan for the Conservation of this species was published in 1996 (Newbery <em>et al.</em> 1996).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Breeding adults in Europe may be more attracted to unfragmented (Puglisi et al. 2005) reedbeds over 20 ha in area, although smaller sites with networks of reed-fringed waterways or open wetland habitats with a number of small reedbeds over a wide area may also be used (Newbery <em>et al. </em>1996). There is evidence that females in Britain preferentially nest in locations surrounded by less scrub but more vegetated open water, with a higher proportion of Phragmites spp. than other plant species, and in areas where deeper water is maintained into the driest part of the breeding season (Gilbert <em>et al.</em> 2005). The European Action Plan for this species recommends raising water levels, harvesting and burning reeds, cutting invasive scrub, or digging out reedbeds on a rotational compartmental basis as methods of slowing reedbed succession (Newbery <em>et al. </em>1996). It also recommends the regular cutting of small areas of reedbed to maintain <em>Phragmites spp.</em> monocultures (Newbery <em>et al.</em> 1996), to provide a range of multi-age reed stands (Kushan and Hancock 2005) and to favour the retention of water levels in spring and summer (promoting rapid growth, preventing a build-up of reed litter and providing foraging sites) (Newbery <em>et al. </em>1996). Large-scale reed cutting should be prohibited in the late-winter however (Kushan and Hancock 2005). Wetlands should also be managed to enhance the carrying capacity of fish and eel populations (thus increasing food resources for bitterns) (Noble&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>&#160;2004, Self 2005, Gilbert&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2007). In Britain it was found that suitable habitats should be provided for all fish life stages (including spawning, refuge and overwintering), the movement of fish throughout reedbeds should be promoted (e.g. by changes in hydrological management regimes and sluice design) (Noble&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2004) and issues relating to water quality, zooplankton and macrophyte community structures should be addressed (Self 2005). Measures should include sustainably managing river valleys and reed marshes, including the reduction of water pollution and fish overexploitation. Disturbance at the breeding sites by recreation should be minimized.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Branta,bernicla,,Branta bernicla,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","<em>Branta bernicla </em>(Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) was putatively split into <em>B. bernicla</em>, <em>B. hrota</em> and <em>B. nigricans</em> by Shields (1990) but this treatment is not followed by the BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group. <p></p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, in winter, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In Europe, the breeding population size trend is unknown. In winter in the EU28, which represents the whole of the European wintering population, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds primarily in Svalbard and Jan Mayen, with smaller populations also present in Greenland and Russia.<br/>It winters largely in France and the United Kingdom, and also notably in the Netherlands and Ireland.","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,300-1,400 pairs (2,600-2,800 mature individuals). The species only occurs in the EU28 in winter, where the population is estimated at 298,000-337,000 individuals (198,000-225,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds in coastal Arctic tundra (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2014) in or close to wet coastal meadows with abundant grassy vegetation (Kear 2005) and on tundra-covered flats with tidal streams (only just above the high tide line). In some parts of its range it shows a preference for nesting on small grassy islands (Johnsgard 1978) in tundra lakes and rivers. High Arctic nesters may also breed widely dispersed over icy tundra, well-away from water (Kear 2005). Outside of the breeding season the species becomes predominantly coastal, inhabiting estuaries, sandy shores (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2014), tidal mudlflats (Madge and Burn 1988), coastal saltmarshes, and shallow muddy bays (Kear 2005). In recent years the species has taken to grazing on coastal cultivated grasslands (Madge and Burn 1988) and winter cereal fields (Scott and Rose 1996), but rarely occurs on freshwater wetlands except on passage. It arrives on the breeding grounds in early June where it may breed in small, loose colonies (Madge and Burn 1988) or dispersed in single pairs (Snow and Perrins 1998). The nest is a shallow depression on the ground. Although the species often nests close to water (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2014) typically within a few hundred metres of the tideline (Snow and Perrins 1998), high Arctic nesters may breed on icy tundra well away from water (Kear 2005). Clutch size is typically three to five eggs. The species is mainly herbivorous although it may take animal matter. In its breeding habitat the diet of the species generally consists of grasses, mosses, lichens and aquatic plants (Carboneras<em> et al. </em>2014), although the young may also take insects and aquatic invertebrates (Johnsgard 1978). Breeding success is highly dependent on the lemming cycle. Effectively only once every three years (the lemming peak years) is breeding success relatively high. Outside of the breeding season the species predominantly takes marine algae, seaweeds and other aquatic plants linked with salt or brackish water (Carboneras<em> et al.</em> 2014). This species is fully migratory, the main routes of migration being along Arctic coastlines (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","This species is threatened by hunting (Kear 2005) which has caused severe declines in the past, although hunting bans have allowed it to begin to recover (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2014). It is susceptible to disturbance from vehicles in the U.K. (Burton<em> et al.</em> 2002) (although it is relatively tolerant of human disturbance, e.g. walkers, compared to other species) (Vickery and Gill 1999, Burton<em> et al.</em> 2002). In its winter range the species may be persecuted by farmers as in recent years it has increasingly taken to grazing on cultivated grasslands and winter cereal fields near the coast (Scott and Rose 1996). The species may also be threatened in the future by reductions in abundance of sea lettuce (<em>Ulva lactuca</em>) and eelgrasses (<em>Zostera</em>) (Clausen <em>et al. </em>2012). It can use alternative feeding sources as demonstrated following the collapse of eelgrasses in the Netherlands (1930-1940), but these need to be highly nutritious and diverse. It has been shown that nest success is dependent on fat reserves that have been acquired in the staging areas (Ebbinge and Spaans 1995). The nesting success of breeding pairs in Svalbard is greatly reduced as a result of Arctic fox (<em>Vulpes lagopus</em>) predation (Madsen <em>et al. </em>1992), and the species is susceptible to avian influenza so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006). Inbreeding depression has also been identified as a threat to current population growth (Harrison <em>et al.</em> 2011).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex II. In England and the Netherlands alternative feeding sites have been established to prevent conflict with agriculture.  Dutch farmers who suffer damage from geese are paid compensation and in the German Wadden Sea farmers are subsidized to accept foraging geese (Tucker and Heath 1994).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>International management plan including policies on crop damage and shooting should be agreed upon (Tucker and Heath 1994). An assessment of methods of predator control in Svalbard should be undertaken. Alternative feeding sites should continue to be provided.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Branta,canadensis,,Branta canadensis,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","<p><em>Branta canadensis</em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) was previously split as <em>B. canadensis</em> and <em>B. hutchinsii</em> following AOU (2004), and before then lumped as B. <em>canadensis </em>following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).</p>  <p></p>",No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large, (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>This species is considered as vagrant or introduced in the EU28 and is therefore evaluated as Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe, the population size is suspected to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Although present as a non-native species in a large part of Europe, as a native species, it breeds only in Greenland.","The European breeding population is suspected at 10,000-50,000 pairs, which equates to 20,000-100,000 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occurs in a wide diversity of habitats, from tundra to semi-desert and in wooded or open country and is frequently found in agricultural or urban areas in Europe although almost always found near water. The species is generally monogamous and egg-laying begins in mid-March. It builds a shallow nest of vegetation, lined with down and feathers, on ground, frequently near waterbodies. Clutches are usually four to seven eggs (Carboneras <em>et al. </em>2014). The diet is primarily plant materials, including stems, leaves, tubers, fruits and seeds (Snow and Perrins 1998). Natural populations found in Greenland are mainly migratory, wintering in the southern states of the USA and along coasts of North America (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2014). In Europe, it is sedentary in some areas and migratory in other, and a moult migration takes place (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Temperate breeders are frequently in conflict with human activities, for example, they may cause fouling of parks, golf courses or other recreational areas but also cause considerable crop damage in spring-winter to wheat and hayfields, and in the autumn to unharvested grains. As a result in Europe, farmers are permitted to scare or exceptionally shoot geese. In Sweden numbers killed rose from 17,000 in 1990 to 20,000-25,000 in 1996, with smaller numbers shot in Denmark, Germany and Norway. In addition, local governments with nuisance problems can request permission to destroy nests and eggs (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2014). Although hunting and other direct mortality takes a substantial toll, this species has increased its range and population since the 1940s (Mowbray <em>et al.</em> 2002).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive AnnexI I. CMS Appendix II. The species is not legal quarry in the Netherlands or Belgium (Kear 2005).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/> No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Grice, H., Hermes, C., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Branta,leucopsis,,Branta leucopsis,"(Bechstein, 1803)",0,Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing in both the breeding and wintering seasons. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds primarily in Russia, with smaller populations found mainly in countries around the Baltic and the north Atlantic.<br/>It winters mainly in the Netherlands and Germany, and also notably in Denmark.","The European breeding population is estimated at 359,000-544,000 pairs, which equates to 719,000-1,090,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 29,700-38,900 pairs, which equates to 59,400-77,700 mature individuals. The entirety of the wintering population is found within the EU28, where the population size is estimated at 1,310,000-1,520,000 individuals, which equates to 873,000-1,020,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds in Arctic semi-desert tundra (fjellmark) (Kear 2005) on crags, rocky outcrops (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020), cliffs, rocky slopes (Johnsgard 1978) and coastal islands (Svalbard) (Kear 2005) near wetlands such as lakes, rivers, marshes, the upper parts of fjords, coastlines (Johnsgard 1978), wet meadows and mudflats (Kear 2005). In years when the snow is slow to melt the species first forages on grassy vegetation on south-facing mountain slopes fertilised by the droppings of cliff-nesting seabirds before moving down to breeding areas (Kear 2005a). During the non-breeding season the species frequents tidal mudflats, saltmarshes and adjacent coastal meadows (Johnsgard 1978), with agricultural fields becoming increasingly more important as winter feeding areas (Scott and Rose 1996). It is present on its breeding grounds from May or June to August or September (Kear 2005) where it breeds in small but often closely packed colonies (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020) of 5-50 pairs, occasionally singly or in groups of up to 150 pairs (Snow and Perrins 1998). It uses the same nesting sites year after year (Johnsgard 1978). The nest is a shallow depression lined with grass, moss, lichen and down, with thick layer of droppings around rim found on cliff ledges or on ground on coastal islands, although Svalbard birds also traditionally nested on cliffs or hillsides in larger valleys. Usually three to five eggs are laid. The species is herbivorous; its diet consisting of the leaves, stems and seed-heads of grasses, sedges, aquatic plants. It may also take agricultural grain and vegetables during the winter (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020). This species is fully migratory and travels on a narrow front (Kear 2005) between extremely localised breeding and wintering areas (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Adults of this species, eggs and down were once exploited by humans (Kear 2005), and the species may be disturbed by shooting even though it is not directly hunted (Peberdy 1991). The species faces possible threats from persecution (disturbance) by farmers as in winter it favours grasslands and pastures used for grazing livestock (Cope<em> et al.</em> 2003). The species also suffers from nest predation by arctic fox (<em>Vulpes lagopus</em>) in Svalbard (Madsen <em>et al.</em> 1992).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. CMS Appendix II. Today the species is fully protected throughout its range (Kear 2005). The Barnacle Goose Management Scheme (BGMS) awards payments to farmers who manage pastures outside of established reserves for reducing the level of disturbance (e.g. scaring away feeding flocks) on their land. Its efforts, integrating conservation and agricultural aims, have succeeded in increasing goose populations around the Solway Firth, U.K. (Cope <em>et al.</em> 2003). The species is also listed on the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The expansion and quality of measures that integrate conservation and agricultural aims, should be expanded and the dedicated reserve network increased (Cope <em>et al.</em> 2003). Research should be undertaken to investigate the impacts of Arctic Fox predation on Svalbard.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Branta,ruficollis,,Branta ruficollis,"(Pallas, 1769)","<p><br/></p>          <a name=""_msocom_1""></a>",No,VU,A2abcd+3bcd+4abcd,No,VU,A2bcd+3bcd+4bcd,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><p></p>At both European and EU28 scales, in winter, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small to large, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A) and is therefore assessed as such within both Europe and the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In both Europe and the EU28, although the population size counts in winter have in places increased in recent years, this is not considered a genuine increase, rather the result of a slight improvement in survey cover/methods. Declines recorded over the past 30 years (three generations) are also subject to debate, as it has been suggested that individuals may have been overlooked or may have wintered further east than expected and therefore not included in the surveys at the time. It is thought that a significant number of birds may winter outside the surveyed areas, particularly during mild winters which have become more frequent in recent years, partly explaining the decreasing trend. It is possible that this may continue in the near future, owing to the warming climate (Cranswick <em>et al.</em> 2012.). Trends are therefore difficult to determine for this species, but it is precautionarily considered, until further more reliable data is available, to be suffering a rapid continuing decline of over 30%. For details of national estimates, see&#160;the Supplementary Information.","In winter many birds migrate to south-east Europe. Prior to the 1950s, much of the population occurred along the western coast of the Caspian Sea, mainly in Azerbaijan. The wintering area then rapidly shifted to the western Black Sea coast, and 80-90% of birds now congregate in January/ February at 5–10 roost sites on the Black Sea coast, particularly at Shabla Lakes and Durankulak Lake, Bulgaria, Razelm-Sinoe lagoons, Romania, and in the coastal area between the rivers Danube and Dniester in Ukraine (Cranswick <em>et al.</em> 2010, Rusev <em>et al.</em> 2008, A. Mikityuk <em>in litt.</em> 1999). Small numbers also winter in Hungary, Moldova, Azerbaijan, Greece, Serbia, Turkey and Czechia. The precise distribution in winter varies according to the severity of the weather from the Crimean peninsula to the Dobrudzha region of Bulgaria. In cold weather, small numbers are occasionally on the Aegean shore of Greece and Turkey (Cranswick <em>et al.</em> 2010); during prolonged mild periods, significant numbers may remain in Kalmykya, Stavropol and Rostov districts in Russia (S. Rozenfeld <em>in litt.</em> 2012). Migration is believed to follow a relatively narrow route south down the Ob to Kazakhstan and then east to the Black Sea. The known main staging areas include the Kumo-Manych depression in Russia and they are also regularly recorded in small numbers on passage in Hungary (e.g., Pigniczki 2008). There may be other, currently unknown, staging sites and knowledge of the migration route should therefore be considered incomplete. It is also possible that some wintering grounds remain undetected (perhaps in eastern Ukraine and southwest Russia), and use of these areas during mild weather may account for the variation in winter survey totals in recent years.<br/>There has been no evidence of this species breeding in Europe (Russia) since 2006 (Mischenko <em>in litt.</em>&#160;2019).","The minimum European population in winter is estimated at 15,000-74,100 individuals, which equates to 10,000-49,400 mature individuals. The species only occurs in the EU28 in winter, where the minimum population is estimated at 2,800-51,800 individuals, which equates to 1,800-34,600 mature individuals. Although a marginal breeding population was reported in the 2015 regional assessment update, this species is not believed to have bred in Europe since 2006.&#160;For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in northern Siberia to the east of the Urals and winters along the coast of the Black Sea (Tucker and Heath 1994). It winters in low arable land near lakes and reservoirs (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014) which they use to roost at night.  It arrives October to November and departs between March and early May. The species feeds on grasses, sedges and some aquatic plants, particularly in winter, as well green sprouts of cereals, grain and tubers.<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Deliberate hunting of birds occurs in Russia (Rozenfeld 2009, 2011b). Following land privatization, and especially the residential and tourist development boom in winter roosting and feeding areas, the quality of roosting areas has decreased. In addition, the low profitability of agriculture has reduced the area under winter wheat cultivation which, together with conversion to other crops, has decreased the availability of food. Some key feeding sites have been lost in Bulgaria (S. Dereliev<em> in litt.</em> 1999). Hunting pressure on waterfowl as a whole is substantial in Bulgaria and Romania, including illegal shooting of Red-breasted Goose (Simeonov <em>in litt. </em>2007). There are no effective hunting-free areas around roost sites in Bulgaria (hunting is only prohibited for 100 m around the lake edge and this rule is regularly ignored). However, conservation activities in the area of Shabla and Durankulak lakes reduced deliberate shooting of the species in 2010-2012 (N. Petkov <em>in litt.</em> 2012). Disturbance in the lakes used for roosts is also caused by poachers and fishermen (Dereliev 1997, D. Hulea<em> in litt.</em> 2006). Disturbance/chasing of feeding birds by hunters (because they associate with White-fronted Geese (<em>Anser erythropus</em>), a legal quarry species) is a significant limitation on foraging behaviour and prenuptial accumulation of fat reserves, which has a negative effect on survival during spring migration and breeding (N. Petkov <em>in litt. </em>2007). Hunting by tourists in Ukraine poses an increasing threat (WWT TWSG News 10 1997) and birds are shot at staging grounds in Russia. Other threats in wintering areas include the use of rodenticides and displacement by windfarms. Windfarms have undergone a major expansion in the wintering areas since 2008. Many thousands of wind turbines have been proposed in Dobrudhza area both in Bulgaria and Romania, including large complexes adjacent to IBAs and SPAs. Data analysis from wintering grounds in Bulgaria suggest that the constructed windfarms are already having an impact, leading to displacement and shifting of the foraging areas (Petkov <em>et al.</em> 2012).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CITES Appendix II. CMS Appendix I and II. It is legally protected in key states (Hunter <em>et al.</em> 1999). It is listed in the (national and regional) Red Book of Russia and Red Book of Bulgaria. Principal wintering roost sites are protected (some qualifying as Ramsar sites), including the implementation of hunting regulations and hunting-free areas in Russia, although hunting occurs in many feeding areas. A management plan is being implemented for roosting lakes in Bulgaria (S. Dereliev <em>in litt.</em> 1999). Wintering sites in Bulgaria and Romania are monitored and research and public awareness projects are ongoing (S. Dereliev <em>in litt.</em> 1999; D. Hulea <em>in litt.</em> 1999; Hunter <em>et al.</em> 1999). An International Action Plan was published in 2010 (Cranswick <em>et al.</em> 2010). An International Species Working Group is active and a coordinator is in place. In 2010 an EU Life project began in Bulgaria, which aims to address many of the key threats operating on the wintering grounds. A study of geese distribution, movements and feeding preferences will enable a sensitivity map to be developed and goose-sensitive guidance provided to authorities to help guide development proposals. A payment for the species has been included in the national agri-environmental programme of Romania. In Bulgaria, an agri-environmental payment to farmers for seeding winter wheat in key wintering areas for geese was introduced in 2012. Spring-hunting of wildfowl was prohibited in south-west Russia in spring 2012. Since 2010, a joint Bulgarian-U.S. project has been initiated to consolidate research into the species's ecology and to promote its conservation via engagement with local stakeholders, including landowners and farmers (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Study migration patterns and determine species's non-breeding range using satellite telemetry. Expand monitoring and research programmes, especially in Ukraine and Romania to determine whether more birds are overwintering there. Implement a Strategy for Hunting and Waterbird Resource Management (Rozenfeld 2011b). Regulate hunting in key sites (particularly spring hunting in Russia). Monitor and reduce disturbance and illegal hunting. Identify and protect key staging areas. Prevent loss of roosting lakes to urbanization. Monitor changes in agriculture and propose measures (in EU agri-environmental measures) to ensure suitable foraging habitat is available. Promote beneficial agricultural policies and spatial crop rotation planning around roosting areas. Continue public awareness initiatives. Lobby for full designation of qualifying wetlands and feeding areas as Natura 2000 sites, ensure hunting is not allowed within them and ensure they are properly managed.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,STRIGIFORMES,STRIGIDAE,Bubo,bubo,,Bubo bubo,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","<em>Bubo bubo</em> and <em>B. ascalaphus</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) are retained as separate species <em>contra</em> AERC TAC (2003) and Dowsett and Forbes-Watson (1993) who include <em>ascalaphus</em> as a subspecies of <em>B. bubo. <p></p></em>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large, (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D).&#160;&#160;The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in most countries in Europe, notably in Russia, Germany, Spain and France.","The European breeding population is estimated at 18,500-29,800 pairs, which equates to 37,100-59,500 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 13,000-18,200 pairs, which equates to 26,000-36,400 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits mainly rocky country with cliffs and ravines, caves, patches of woodland, scattered trees or groves, generally in undisturbed wilderness areas. It also uses open forest, taiga and other types of woodland, wooded steppe, river valleys with gorges, overgrown quarries and farmland with suitable rocky areas or cliffs. The species is monogamous and breeds from February to August in Scandinavia, however egg-laying occurs in December in France. It nests on sheltered cliff ledges or in crevices, in a cave entrance, on the ground on steep slope or on flatter ground in taiga. Occasionally it uses old tree nests of other species and rarely in hole in tree. The same site is often used for several years or in rotation with other favoured sites. Clutches are usually two to four eggs (Holt <em>et al.</em> 2013). It feeds mostly on mammals from small rodents to hares and birds to the size of herons and buzzards, but it also consumes reptiles, frogs, fish and larger insects. It also preys on other owl species in its range (König 2008). The species is resident in most of its range and juveniles disperse over variable distances (Holt <em>et al. </em>2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Most declines are due to human activity. It is extremely sensitive and the slightest disturbance can cause the abandonment of the nest. Unfortunately cross-country skiing, mountaineering, alpinism and other leisure activities often take people unknowingly near nests (Tucker and Heath 1994). It suffers from human persecution and poisoning from mercury seed-dressings, and deaths through road traffic, barbed wire (Holt <em>et al.</em> 2013) and overhead wires (Tucker and Heath 1994) are not insignificant (Holt <em>et al.</em> 2013). These threats still persist despite its protected status in most countries (König 2008). A significant decline in Mediterranean countries in the 1960s is thought to be due to the effects of myxomatosis on rabbit populations (Holt <em>et al. </em>2013). Egg-collectors impose a relatively high level of nest-robbing on the species (Tucker and Heath 1994).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CITES Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. The species is protected in most countries within its range (König 2008). Extensive reintroduction programmes, especially in Germany, France, Belgium, Switzerland and Scandinavia aided by protection have enabled recovery in parts of Europe since the 1970s. The species is also likely to have benefited from an increased food supply created by the proliferation of refuse tips and large clearfell areas, which have increased prey species populations (Holt <em>et al.</em> 2013).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Nesting territories, and potential territories, should be protected from development and from extensive logging (Holt <em>et al.</em> 2013). Awareness should be raised of the species's susceptibility to disturbance, particularly with the public, birdwatchers and photographers (Tucker and Heath 1994). Enforcement of protection should be strengthened.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,STRIGIFORMES,STRIGIDAE,Bubo,scandiacus,,Bubo scandiacus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",<em>Bubo scandiacus </em>(del Hoyo and Collar 2014) was previously listed as <em>B.</em><em>&#160;scandiaca.</em><p></p>,No,LC,0,No,CR,D,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is small, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be fluctuating, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a small range, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population trend appears to be fluctuating, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is extremely small, and meets the thresholds for Critically Endangered (CR) under the population size criterion D and is therefore assessed as such in the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the population size is suspected to be fluctuating. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be fluctuating. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds from western and northern Scandinavia, mainly in Russia, but also notably in Greenland, with small populations also present in Iceland and Finland.&#160;<br/>Breeding has occasionally been recorded in northern Britain (Shetland Islands). In winter some occasionally travel south to the southern Baltic region of Europe (Holt <em>et al</em>. 2017).","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,200-2,700 pairs, which equates to 2,400-5,400 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 0-47 pairs, which equates to 0-100 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in open tundra or quasi-tundra  from sea level up to 1,500 m Asl (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997), with hummocks, rocks or other low prominences, and sparse low vegetation and dwarf shrubs and lichen. In winter it also occupies marshes, fields and dunes. It breeds between May and September and is monogamous, often pairing for life but occasional incidents of polygyny and polyandry occur. The male performs an undulating courtship flight; a series of flaps followed by glide with wings held in dihedral. The nest is a shallow scrape on ground, usually in slightly elevated site providing a good view. Clutch size varies with food supply, generally 3–5 eggs when limited, 7–11 when plentiful (Holt <em>et al.</em> 2017). It feeds principally on small and medium-sized rodents such as lemmings (<em>Lemmus lemmus</em>) (Tucker and Heath 1994). Other prey taken according to availability and includes birds to the size of ptarmigans (<em>Lagopus</em>), ducks and medium-sized geese, occasionally fish, amphibians, crustaceans and beetles. The species is mostly migratory and nomadic (Holt <em>et al.</em> 2017). Juvenile wintering areas lie south of the adult areas and females winter further north than males. Some birds may sometimes move as far south as central Europe (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Harvesting of species for food, feathers and claws by native peoples may have local impact on population, but unlikely to have any wider effect on total numbers. Electrocution and airplane strikes may also threaten this species (Holt <em>et al</em>. 2017). Climate change has a significant impact on the onset of spring and snowmelt in the breeding areas which may change the availability of prey for the species (International Snowy Owl Working Group 2010).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. CITES Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. An International Working Group was set up in 2007 to collect and share information on the species and to initiate research on the ecology, movement patterns, habitat needs, population size and threats. Several satellite tracking studies have been undertaken (International Snowy Owl Working Group 2010). Protective measures currently prohibit the shooting and trapping of owls for any reason and policies enacted to protect large birds from electrocution and airplane strikes should benefit this species (Holt <em>et al</em>. 2017).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Continue research into movements of the species and its ecology and habitat requirements. An International Species Action plan should be developed and implemented. Monitoring should be developed to ensure that subsistence harvesting is sustainable.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PELECANIFORMES,ARDEIDAE,Bubulcus,ibis,,Bubulcus ibis,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds largely in Spain, but also notably in Portugal, Italy, France and Azerbaijan.","The European breeding population is estimated at 73,500-91,700 pairs, which equates to 147,000-184,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 64,400-77,800 pairs, which equates to 128,000-156,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Most populations of this species are partially migratory, making long-distance dispersive movements related to food resources in connection with seasonal rainfall (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020). It breeds colonially, often with other species, in groups that number from a few dozen to several thousand pairs (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020). The nesting effort of the species is related to rainfall patterns, leading to an annual variation in productivity (Kushlan and Hancock 2005). Outside of the breeding season the species remains gregarious (Brown <em>et al. </em>1982, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020), feeding in loose flocks of 10–20 individuals (Brown <em>et al.</em> 1982) and often gathering in flocks of hundreds or even thousands of individuals where food is abundant (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020). The species is a diurnal feeder (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020) and commonly associates with native grazing mammals or domesticated livestock (Kushlan and Hancock 2005) and may follow farm machinery to capture disturbed prey. The species inhabits open grassy areas such as meadows (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020), livestock pastures (Kushlan and Hancock 2005), semi-arid steppe (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020), dry arable fields (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020), artificial grassland sites (e.g., lawns, parks, road margins and sports fields) (Kushlan and Hancock 2005), flood-plains (Hancock and Kushlan 1984), freshwater swamps, rice-fields, wet pastures (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020), shallow marshes (Kushlan and Hancock 2005) and irrigated grasslands (with ponds, small impoundments, wells, canals, small rivers and streams) (Kushlan and Hancock 2005). It rarely occupies marine habitats or forested areas (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020). It occurs from sea-level up to c. 1,500 m (Kushlan and Hancock 2005). Its diet consists primarily of insects such as locusts, grasshoppers (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020), beetles, adult and larval Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, dragonflies (Hancock and Kushlan 1984) and centipedes but worms (Brown <em>et al.</em> 1982), spiders (Hancock and Kushlan 1984), crustaceans, frogs, tadpoles, molluscs, fish, lizards, small birds, rodents and vegetable matter may also be taken (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020). The nest is constructed of twigs and vegetation (Kushlan and Hancock 2005) and is positioned up to 20 m high in reedbeds (Kushlan and Hancock 2005, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020), marshes, dense thickets (Kushlan and Hancock 2005), bushes or trees (Kushlan and Hancock 2005), usually over or surrounded by water (Kushlan and Hancock 2005). The species nests colonially in single- or mixed-species groups with the nests placed close or touching (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Large colonies nesting in urban areas are perceived as a public nuisance and may be persecuted (e.g. by disturbance to prevent colony establishment, removal or direct killing) (Kushlan and Hancock 2005). In its breeding range the species is threatened by wetland degradation and destruction such as lake drainage for irrigation and hydroelectric power production (Balian <em>et al.</em> 2002), and in some parts of its range it is susceptible to pesticide poisoning (organophosphates and carbamates) (Kwon <em>et al. </em>2004).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is not listed on priority lists of the Conventions. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The species can adversely affect the trees and bushes it uses for nesting, which may lead to the abandonment of the colony site if it is not managed (Kushlan and Hancock 2005). Freshwater habitats need to be sustainably managed. Establish non-intrusion zones around colonies.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,FRINGILLIDAE,Bucanetes,githagineus,,Bucanetes githagineus,"(Lichtenstein, 1823)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size may be moderately small to large large, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size may be moderately small to large large, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.","In Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Almost the entire European population breeds on the Canary Islands (Spain), with small numbers occurring also on mainland Spain, Turkey, Azerbaijan and Armenia.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 10,600–22,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 21,300–44,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 10,300–20,600 pairs, which equates to 20,600–41,200 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species uses areas without tree cover but with sparse scrub (less than 100 cm), including erosion-prone, poorly vegetated uncultivated areas. In the Canary Islands, it also nests on sandy plains with halophytic and xerophytic scrub (Tucker and Heath 1994).<br/><br/>The breeding season is February to June and the species is monogamous. The nest is built by the female and is a loose collection of twigs, plant stalks, down and fibres, grass, animal hair and occasionally feathers. It is set in a shallow depression in the ground, under a rock, shrub or grass tussock, or up to six metres above ground in a pipe or the wall of a house, derelict building or old tomb. Clutches are four to six eggs.<br/><br/>The diet is mostly small seeds, shoots and buds of grasses and low ground-loving plants as well as some insects and their larvae, mostly grasshoppers (Orthoptera) (Clement 2016).<br/><br/>The species is resident and dispersive or nomadic (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In Europe the species is vulnerable owing to the small size and probable isolation of the population. Illegal trapping with nets at water sources is a problem in south-east Iberia (Tucker and Heath 1994) and poaching is widespread, affecting the whole Iberian distribution. In Spain, it is also threatened by the spread of agriculture, urban development, reforestation and the abstraction of water (Madroño <em>et al.</em> 2004). In areas such as the Canary Islands, the development of the tourist industry and uncontrolled use of four-wheel-drive vehicles are a threat to its habitat (Tucker and Heath 1994).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>A large proportion of the island population is found in Special Protection Areas and in the Canary Islands it occurs in many Important Bird Areas (Tucker and Heath 1994).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The continued protection of Cabo de Gata Níjar Natural Park together with the enlargement of the Tabernas Desert and Sierra de Alhamilla Natural Area in Almería would assist in protecting the greatest density of the species in the Peninsula. A ban on the capture of finches along with improved enforcement measures against trappers (Tucker and Heath 1994) and the implementation of awareness campaigns amongst hunters would be beneficial. In addition, the species' nesting areas should be protected as SPAs and afforestation limited in these areas (Madroño <em>et al.</em> 2004).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,FRINGILLIDAE,Bucanetes,mongolicus,,Bucanetes mongolicus,"(Swinhoe, 1870)","Gender agreement of species name follows David and Gosselin (2002b). <em>Rhodopechys mongolicus</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) has been transferred into the newly erected genus <em>Eremopsaltria</em> following Kirwan and Gregory (2005) who argue that all four 'desert-finches' warrant treatment within their own monospecific genera (though note Kirwan and Gregory 2005 treat <em>mongolicus</em> initially as a member of <em>Bucanetes</em>).  <p></p>",No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>This species has a large breeding range across central Asia, extending into Europe only in small numbers in Turkey, Azerbaijan and Armenia.&#160;In Europe, this species has a small range, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size may be small, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>The species does not occur within the EU28 and is therefore assessed as&#160;Not Applicable (NA) in this region.","In Europe, the breeding population size trend is unknown. This species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The majority of the European population breeds in Turkey, with the remaining population distributed in Azerbaijan and Armenia.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 580–1,600 pairs, which equates to 1,100–3,200 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits montane and submontane, arid, desolate and semi-desert areas with slopes, cliffs, screes, ravines and steep valleys, as well as open stony, sandy areas with grassy patches or low scrub (e.g. <em>Caragana</em>). It is also occasionally found on the edge of alpine meadows and cultivated fields. It occupies similar habitats at lower altitudes outside the breeding season.<br/><br/>It breeds from mid-April to late July or August and lays four to six eggs. The nest is a loose foundation of twigs, plant stalks, down and fibres, leaves, grass and animal hair. It is usually placed in a shallow saucer or depression on the ground, under a low bush or grass tussock, in scree slope, between rocks or boulders, in a crevice or niche in a cliff or rock face, or in the wall of a building, well or ruin.<br/><br/>The diet is mainly small seeds, but buds and shoots are also taken (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020).<br/><br/>The species makes short-distance and altitudinal migratory movements (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The size of the European population makes it vulnerable to the risks faced by small populations; however it is adjacent to a large non-European population (BirdLife International 2004).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known specific conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Bucephala,clangula,,Bucephala clangula,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing between 20-25% in 21 years (three generations). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds largely in Russia, with notable populations also found in Finland and Sweden.<br/>In winter, this species occurs notably in Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Norway, Poland and the United Kingdom.","The European breeding population is estimated at 385,000-495,000 pairs, which equates to 770,000-990,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 187,000-241,000 pairs, which equates to 374,000-481,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is restricted to water close to the shore and less than 10 m deep (Scott and Rose 1996). When breeding the species shows a preference for oligotrophic lakes devoid of fish (Kear 2005) but with abundant invertebrate life (Johnsgard 1978), and requires tree-holes (or artificial nestboxes) for nesting. Suitable habitats include freshwater lakes, pools, rivers (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2014) and deep marshes (Johnsgard 1978) surrounded by coniferous forest (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2014). The species winters mainly at sea (Scott and Rose 1996) on inshore waters, estuaries, coastal lagoons (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2014) and shallow bays (Kear 2005), especially in the vicinity of sewage outfalls (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2014). Further to the south and on migration the species may also frequent large rivers, lakes and reservoirs (Scott and Rose 1996). The species breeds from April in solitary pairs. The species nests in hollows of mature trees (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2014) formed by woodpeckers or by bacterial or fungal heart-rot invasions (Kear 2005). The species will also nest in artificial nest boxes. Clutches are usually between eight and eleven. It feeds predominantly on aquatic invertebrates such as molluscs, worms, crustaceans, aquatic insects and insect larvae, as well as amphibians, small fish and some plant material (mainly in the autumn) such as seeds, roots and the vegetative parts of aquatic plants (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2014). Most of this species is fully migratory although it may only travel short distances (Kear 2005), but certain populations in the north-west of Europe may also be sedentary (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is very sensitive to habitat alterations. In the winter, the main threats for this species are from major oil incidents near the coast or from eating contaminated food (organochlorines and polychlorinated biphenyls are elevated in some important wintering areas), as large flocks will often gather to feed around sewer outfalls. The species is hunted sustainably in Denmark (Bregnballe <em>et al.</em> 2006); however the impact of hunting of this species across its range is unknown, although an estimated 100,000–250,000 were once shot annually in north-west and central Europe. Lead shot ingestion however, does not appear to be a significant risk, at least compared to some other species of seaducks (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2014). Modern forestry management work is limiting as it does not favour the retention of old and decaying trees with likely nest holes (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex II. In some areas nestbox erection programmes have been shown to cause significant range expansions and population increases (Dennis 1987, Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2014), although an experiment in southern Finland found that even though nestbox provision increased breeding numbers of the species there was a negative density-dependent effect on reproductive output (i.e. the number of fledged young did not increase despite an increase in breeding pairs) (Poysa and Poysa 2002). <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>In general nesting habitats may benefit from a more extended rotation of timber harvesting (Kear 2005) and the species may benefit from the introduction of strict legislation on oil transportation. Monitoring and research should be introduced to determine the impact of hunting on this species.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Bucephala,islandica,,Bucephala islandica,"(Gmelin, 1789)",0,No,NT,D2,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/><br/>In Europe, this species' population size may be small, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A).&#160;The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;This species has a restricted range range, breeding only in Iceland where it is largely restricted to a small area which is at risk from future development for hydroelectric and geothermal energy, which could cause rapid future declines. Although it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion B but due to its small number of locations it does approach the thresholds for criterion D2 and therefore&#160;classified as Near Threatened in Europe. As there is not considered to be any exchange between the Icelandic population and other populations (Billerman 2020), there is therefore no significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/>This species does not occur in the EU28 and is therefore considered Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe, the population size estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species only breeds in Iceland. Contrary to the populations found in North America, the Icelandic population is sedentary. The species may have previously bred in south-west Greenland, but it has not been sighted there since 1966 (Billerman 2020).","The European breeding population is estimated at 800-900 pairs, which equates to 1,600-1,800 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species uses relatively productive lakes and rivers in Iceland. It is a hole-nesting species using natural holes in lava fields and nest boxes erected on farmhouses at the edge of the breeding area (Tucker and Heath 1994).  It winters mainly on ice-free fresh water in the breeding area but small numbers winter on other partly ice-free fresh waters, mostly within the volcanic zone (Gardarsson 1978). Laying is usually from mid-May although slightly earlier if using nest boxes. It lays 8 to 11 eggs (Carboneras and Kirwan 2018). It feeds mainly on benthic invertebrates (Tucker and Heath 1994). It is largely sedentary in Iceland (Carboneras and Kirwan 2018)<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In Europe this species is mainly confined to NE Iceland, where 85–90% of the local population occurs at Lake Mývatn and on the River Laxá, and c. 50% of population disappeared in 1989 due to a crash in foraging resources (Carboneras and Kirwan 2018). Plans to introduce Atlantic salmon (<em>Salmo salar</em>) into the river system (Einarsson and Magnúsdóttir 1993), along with sediment dredging that occurs, could negatively affect future food availability (Kear 2005). Eggs are harvested by local people but this is considered sustainable as each nest is subject to a quota. There is a comparatively large sexual imbalance in the Icelandic population with rarely more than 400 females available in any given breeding season (Carboneras and Kirwan 2018).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. CMS Appendix II. The species is fully protected from hunting in Iceland (Carboneras and Kirwan 2018).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Research should be undertaken into the species's ecology, habitat and foraging needs. An assessment of the impacts of S. salar introduction and sediment dredging should be made as well as ensuring the sustainability of local egg harvesting. Research studies into the causes of the population sexual imbalance should be developed.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PROCELLARIIFORMES,PROCELLARIIDAE,Bulweria,bulwerii,,Bulweria bulwerii,"(Jardine & Selby, 1828)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population size trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds almost entirely in Madeira (Portugal), with small populations also present in the Canary Islands (Spain) and the Azores (Portugal).<p></p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 46,000-51,100 pairs, which equates to 92,100-103,000 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is marine and highly pelagic, usually being found far from land except during the breeding season. Nests can be burrows, crevices, cracks or caves, under debris or vegetation cover. Its diet comprises mainly of fish and squid, with minor proportions of crustaceans and sea-striders, feeding largely at night by surface-seizing (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Predation by cats, rats and endemic invertebrates occurs at breeding colonies in the North East Atlantic (Cabral <em>et al.</em> 2005, Matoas <em>et al.</em> 2009). A large colony in Desertas Island (Madeira) suffers intense human exploitation for food or fish bait, which also occurs in other North East Atlantic sites although not in Salvage Island (Madeira), since the declaration of the island as a national park (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2014). Light pollution at night might be important cause of mortality in some areas. Habitat loss at colony sites is also considered a threat to this species in the Canary Islands, Madeira and Azores (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2014). The species is vulnerable to oil spills and marine pollution. It is at risk of being caught as bycatch in fishing gear including pelagic longlines (Waugh <em>et al.</em> 2012).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>It is listed under Appendix II of the Bern Convention, and under Annex I of the EU Birds Directive. It is currently listed as occurring in 26 marine Important Bird Areas. In the EU it is listed within 23 Special Protection Areas. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Ongoing management and eradication of invasive predators at breeding colonies; enforcement and regulation of human exploitation;  mitigation and reduction of light pollution from shipping and human settlements; bycatch monitoring on board vessels and reduction and mitigation on fishing vessels where appropriate.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,BURHINIDAE,Burhinus,oedicnemus,,Burhinus oedicnemus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","<em>Burhinus oedicnemu</em>s and&#160;<em>B. indicus</em>&#160;(del Hoyo and Collar 2014) was previously lumped as&#160;<em>B. oedicnemus</em>&#160;following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is unknown, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is suspected to be decreasing at a rate of less than 25% over the past 21 years. In the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Spain and France, with significant numbers also in Italy and Turkey.","The European breeding population is estimated at 61,600–96,500&#160;pairs, which equates to 123,000–193,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 56,200–86,000 pairs, which equates to 112,000–172,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species inhabits lowland heath, semi-natural dry grassland, infertile agricultural grassland, steppe on poor soil, desert and extensive sand-dunes (Tucker and Heath 1994). It breeds on open, bare ground or areas with little vegetation (Batten <em>et al.</em> 1990), and has adapted to arable land but only where crops are short or have an open structure during the breeding season, such as maize, carrots, sugar beet and sunflowers (Green 1988); intensively grown cereals are normally too tall and dense in spring to be used (Tucker and Heath 1994). Communal daytime roosts in autumn and winter in Spain occupy traditional sites which have some cover (e.g. shrubland, gravel pits, vineyards) and include both local birds and winter visitors (Barros 1995).<br/><br/>It breeds in spring in most of its range (Hume and Kirwan 2013), with egg-laying from early April to June or early July (Snow and Perrins 1998). Breeding occurs between February and June in the Canary Islands and from April in the United Kingdom. The nest is a scrape on the ground, lined with a little grass or unlined, but often with a ring of stones or shells and pieces of vegetation around the rim. It usually lays two eggs (Hume and Kirwan 2013).<br/><br/>Northern and eastern European populations migrate in autumn to Southern Europe, the Middle East and Africa (Snow and Perrins 1998, Hume and Kirwan 2013). Populations in Iberia are resident whilst the Canary Islands population remain within the island group, but sometimes move from island to island (Hume and Kirwan 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Pressures from habitat loss and disturbance have affected this species, particularly those associated with forestry, agricultural intensification, decline in sheep rearing in places, and human recreational pressure on coasts. Many birds are shot and trapped on migration in the Mediterranean region but numbers and effects on populations uncertain; collisions with overhead wires and fences, and predation by foxes also cause numerous losses (Hume and Kirwan 2013).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. In the U.K. this is a Biodiversity Action Plan species and is the subject of a Species Recovery Programme carried out by English Nature and the RSPB, under which nests on arable farmland have been located and protected with the help of farmers and landowners. Agri-environment schemes such as the Countryside Stewardship Scheme are creating nesting areas for the species. Most important sites for the species are protected as Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), National Nature Reserves (NNRs) or Ministry of Defence training areas (Batten <em>et al.</em> 1990).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Careful management of important sites, including grazing by sheep or rabbits is needed. Continuation and expansion of agri-environment schemes and management would benefit this species (Batten <em>et al.</em> 1990). Conservation in Europe largely depends on future modifications of land-use policies and also on mutual understanding with farmers (Hume and Kirwan 2013). International legislation on hunting should be enforced. Make overhead wires and fences more visible. The impacts of predation and hunting  should be assessed and suitable responses developed.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ACCIPITRIFORMES,ACCIPITRIDAE,Buteo,buteo,,Buteo buteo,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","<em>Buteo buteo</em>, <em>B. japonicus</em> and <em>B. refectus</em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) were previously lumped as <em>B. buteo</em> following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D).&#160;&#160;The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28,&#160;the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in most countries in Europe, notably in Russia, France, Germany and the United Kingdom.","The European breeding population is estimated at 882,000-1,230,000 pairs, which equates to 1,760,000-2,460,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 551,000-807,000 pairs, which equates to 1,100,000-1,620,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Populations in Scandinavia and most of the former Soviet Union are migratory, wintering in Africa and southern Asia. Those elsewhere are resident (Orta <em>et al. </em>2015). Migrants move south between August and November and make the return journey between February and May. Birds tend to occur singly or in pairs, sometimes forming small family groups at roosts. However, they can migrate in groups, and as birds avoid sea crossings (and even freshwater bodies) as far as possible, they form huge concentrations at peninsulas and narrow straits (Brown <em>et al.</em> 1982, Snow and Perrins 1998, Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). Migration is strictly diurnal, and also often follows mountain ranges and ridges (Brown <em>et al.</em> 1982). It inhabits a wide variety of habitats but requires at least some tree cover for nesting and roosting; ideal habitat appears to be forest edge, or mosaics of forest and open areas. It is versatile depending on the prey animals available, with small mammals usually predominating, but in some areas invertebrates making up the majority. The nest is built on a fork or branch of a large tree, usually near to forest edge. It is a bulky platform of sticks and twigs, lined with greenery near trunk 3–25 m above ground, or on cliff ledge. Clutches are normally two to four eggs (Orta <em>et al. </em>2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In the U.K., it suffered a significant reduction in available prey in the 1950s when a myxomatosis epidemic killed off c.99% of the rabbit population. The most important historical threat though has been from persecution, including through poisoned bait traps, with pesticides and habitat loss also causing some declines (Orta <em>et al. </em>2015). It is highly vulnerable to the impacts of potential wind energy developments (Strix 2012).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CITES Appendix II. CMS Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Although this species is not threatened, populations should be monitored for declines. Suitable habitat should be protected and trees preserved for breeding (Orta<em> et al.</em> 2015). Artificial perches or planted bushes in meadows can increase habitat quality.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ACCIPITRIFORMES,ACCIPITRIDAE,Buteo,lagopus,,Buteo lagopus,"(Pontoppidan, 1763)",0,No,LC,0,No,VU,A2bcd+3bcd+4bcd; C1,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D).&#160;&#160;The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The population size is small and, combined with the rapid declining trend, also meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion C. The species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable within the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be stable. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to have decreased by approximately 40% (best estimate) in the past 22 years (three generations), is expected to continue declining at the same rate between 1999-2021, and is projected to decline by approximately 38% (best estimate) in the next three generations. These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).",The species is is a widespread breeder in Fennoscandia and northern Russia. Wintering populations can be found in central and southern Europe east through Russia (Bechard&#160;<em>et al.</em> 2015).,"The European breeding population is estimated at 28,800-58,200 pairs, which equates to 57,600-117,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 1,800-8,200 pairs, which equates to 3,600-16,400 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is typically found in tundra, mainly treeless, although also wooded tundra and even extreme northern taiga, particularly in years of lemming and vole abundance. In the winter, it is often in areas more modified by humans, such as pastures, hayfields and croplands, but still mainly in open terrain such as prairies, marshes and shrublands. Egg-laying normally occurs from May to June. Nests are built on vantage points; normally high on cliffs, rocky outcrops or riverbanks, preferring protected ledges but infrequently uses trees and slopes.&#160; The nest is a bulky nest of sticks or twigs, lined with grass, sedges, hair and feathers. Clutches are usually three to five eggs. It feeds principally on mammals, mainly voles and lemmings. It will also take small birds, fish, insects and carrion. The species is migratory (Bechard&#160;<em>et al. </em>2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",In Sweden many birds were recovered in the area where they were rung due to hunting; illegal shooting may be a problem in some areas. It also suffers mortality from collisions with cars and electrocution from powerlines (Mebs and Schmidt 2006). The species may also suffer reduced reproductive success from fluctuating weather caused by climate change (Pokrovsky <em>et al.</em> 2012).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CITES Appendix II. CMS Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The conservation of suitable habitat and sufficient prey is important. Roads should not be built through these areas to minimise collisions and disturbance. Illegal hunting should be stopped and powerlines modified to make them safe (Mebs and Schmidt 2006).,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ACCIPITRIFORMES,ACCIPITRIDAE,Buteo,rufinus,,Buteo rufinus,"(Cretzschmar, 1827)","<em>Buteo buteo</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) was split into <em>B. buteo </em>and <em>B. bannermani</em> by Hazevoet (1995) but Clouet and Wink (2000) and Hazevoet (1995) noted that <em>bannermani</em> has a close genetic affinity with <em>B. rufinus</em>: <em>bannermanni </em>and <em>rufinus</em> are thus currently treated as conspecific pending further study. A previously unnamed <em>Buteo </em>from Socotra (formerly included within <em>B. rufinus</em> by the BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group) has now been formally named <em>Buteo socotraensis </em>(Porter and Kirwan 2010), and has been recognised as a species by the BTWG.  <p></p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is small (&lt;10,000 but &gt;1,000 mature individuals), but the population trend is estimated to be decreasing by less than 5%, and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D) or the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is estimated to be increasing. In the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be decreasing by 4.6%. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Turkey and Russia, with significant numbers also in Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania and Armenia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 13,800–22,900 pairs (27,600–45,800 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 1,100–2,100 pairs (2,300–4,200 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits uncultivated and dry scrubby areas near to suitable nest sites on crags, gorges and mountains up to 1,600 m. Nests are built mainly on cliffs, but it does sometimes use trees in rural regions (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997) and electricity pylons (Tucker and Heath 1994). Both adults build a nest of twigs and sticks lined with green leaves, wool or other materials. Nests can be re-used, and it will also use the old nests of other birds. Clutch size is normally two to four eggs (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020).<br/><br/>It feeds preferentially on small mammals such as susliks (<em>Citellus</em>) but its diet is diverse, including lizards, snakes, small birds and large insects (Tucker and Heath 1994).<br/><br/>In Europe, it is uncertain if it is completely or partially migratory in the north of its range, but it is sedentary in the south. Those that do migrate move south to North Africa and southern Asia, leaving their breeding grounds in August and September and returning in March and April (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020). It is generally observed singly, in pairs or in small family groups, but is more gregarious on migration when larger flocks can form (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",It is very highly vulnerable to the impacts of potential wind energy developments (Strix 2012). The species is also threatened by habitat destruction though agricultural intensification which may also reduce prey species. Electrocution has also caused fatalities (Mebs and Schmidt 2006).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. CITES Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are no known conservation measures currently in place for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Environmental impact assessments should be made for new windfarm developments and powerlines should be made more visible. Ensure the preservation of its steppe habitat and populations of prey species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,ALAUDIDAE,Calandrella,brachydactyla,,Calandrella brachydactyla,"(Leisler, 1814)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds mainly in Turkey. It also notably breeds in Spain and Romania.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 4,650,000–8,700,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 9,300,000–17,400,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 1,470,000–2,340,000 pairs, which equates to 2,950,000–4,680,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species prefers dry areas with low and sparse vegetation cover, on level or undulating terrain, with sandy or stony soils. In the Mediterranean basin it breeds mostly in fallow lands but also on dry pastures, tobacco fields, dirt tracks and olive groves. In Russia, it also uses more densely covered pastures but is absent in true steppe, and it is sometimes present in semi-arid areas but avoids true desert.<br/><br/>It breeds in Europe, leaving its wintering grounds in late January, although arrival on its breeding grounds in the north of its range is often not until April or May. In south-west Europe it lays in May–July and in south-east Europe from mid-April. The nest is built by the female, of grasses, rootlets and similar vegetation, lined with softer material and placed in a shallow scrape on the ground, usually beside a shrub or grass tuft. It often has a small rampart of sticks or stones. Clutch size ranges from two to five eggs.<br/><br/>It feeds mainly on invertebrates in the spring, supplementing them with seeds and the green parts of plants in the other seasons and nestlings are fed solely on invertebrates.<br/><br/>The species is migratory and departs on a broad front from mid-August through to September and October (de Juana <em>et al</em>. 2012). European populations winter in Africa between 10° and 20°N (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Main threats are from agricultural intensification (leading to loss of fallows, increased number of irrigation schemes, increase in surface area covered by crops, etc.) and afforestation of wastelands (de Juana <em>et al</em>. 2012). In Iberia the construction of residential areas may also be a threat (Tucker and Heath 1994).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix I. EU Birds Directive Annex I. A small proportion of the population occurs in Important Bird Areas (IBAs), although much of the population in Russia and the Iberian Peninsula is not covered by any conservation measures (Tucker and Heath 1994).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>More research on the behaviour and habitat of this species should be undertaken in order to inform future conservation measures (Tucker and Heath 1994, Serrano and Astrain 2005). The maintenance and expansion of dry areas of grasslands and low intensity croplands as well as the reintroduction of temporary areas of fallow land, through agri-environment regulation should be developed. (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,CALCARIIDAE,Calcarius,lapponicus,,Calcarius lapponicus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,VU,A2b+3b+4b,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend isnot known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be undergoing a rapid decline and is therefore assessed as Vulnerable (VU) within the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing between 4-65% with a best estimate of 37% in the past 10 years, expected to decline by 37% (best estimate) between 2011-2021 and projected to decline at the same rate over the next 10 years. These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, based on national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","The species breeds from western and northern Fennoscandia east across northern Russia (including the southern third of Novaya Zemlya) and in western and southern Greenland. It winters in on southern North Sea shores, central-eastern Europe and east into Russia (Rising and Christie 2016). Russia and Greenland hold the majority of the European breeding population.","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,560,000–2,590,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 3,120,000–5,170,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 163,000–358,000 pairs, which equates to 326,000–716,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in tundra at the edge of the tree-line, where it is found in sedges (<em>Carex</em>) and grasses (<em>Poaceae</em>) interspersed with heather and small trees such as Lapland rhododendron (<em>Rhododendron lapponicum</em>), tamarack (<em>Larix laricina</em>), spruce (<em>Picea</em>) and willow (<em>Salix</em>). In Greenland, it is more often found inland than on the coast and prefers wet swampy land in a low carpet of heath, with crowberry (<em>Empetrum</em>) and dwarf birch (<em>Betula glandulosa</em>). On migration and in winter it is found in open areas and farmland (Rising and Christie 2016).<br/><br/>Egg-laying generally occurs between the end of May and mid-July but is timed so that the young leave the nest during the peak abundance of adult flies (Snow and Perrins 1998). The nest is a cup of dry grass, leaves and moss, lined with hair and feathers, placed on the ground, usually near a clump of vegetation or occasionally under a tipped rock, and generally concealed in vegetation. Clutches are normally four to six eggs.<br/><br/>In the breeding season it feeds principally on invertebrates and mainly on seeds in the winter (Rising and Christie 2016).<br/><br/>The species is migratory with European birds wintering mainly in south European Russia and Ukraine and those from Greenland in North America and north-west Europe (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","As this species feeds in agricultural lands, some mortality may result from the ingestion of pesticides (Rising and Christie 2016). In addition, the species may be threatened by future climate change (Virkkala <em>et al.</em> 2008).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II.&#160; EU Birds Directive Annex II and III. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>To reduce the impact of climate change, large areas of continuous habitats should be conserved and protected in a connected network of protected areas (Virkkala <em>et al.</em> 2008). Research should investigate the potential impact of pesticide use.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,SCOLOPACIDAE,Calidris,alba,,Calidris alba,"(Pallas, 1764)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, based on wintering data, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, based on wintering data, tthis species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be stable. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds almost entirely in Greenland, with a very small population also present on Svalbard and Jan Mayen. It winters mainly in France and the United Kingdom, and also notably in the Netherlands and Ireland.","The European breeding population is estimated at 25,000–-50,100 pairs, which equates to 50,100–101,000 mature individuals, and the wintering population is estimated at 75,300–101,000 individuals, which equates to 50,200–66,800 mature individuals. The species occurs in the EU28 only in winter and the population is estimated at&#160;75,100-99,000 individuals, which equates to 50,000–66,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds in the high Arctic on barren, stony tundra with well-drained ridges (Johnsgard 1981, Del Hoyo&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>1996), gentle slopes or level alluvial plains supporting scattered vegetation of willow <em>Salix </em>spp., <em>Dryas</em> spp. and saxifrage <em>Saxifraga</em>  spp. usually lower than 200 m above sea-level (Johnsgard 1981). On  passage the species may occur on inland freshwater or saline lakes (Del  Hoyo&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>1996) but it is largely coastal during the winter,  inhabiting open sandy beaches exposed to the sea, the outer reaches of  estuaries, rocky and muddy shores and mudflats (Del Hoyo&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>1996).<br/><br/>It breeds from June to mid-July in solitary pairs (Del Hoyo <em>et al.&#160;</em>1996), departing the breeding grounds between mid-July and early-September (Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986). The species usually occurs in small flocks on migration (Johnsgard 1981) although it may aggregate into larger flocks at stopover sites (Hayman <em>et al</em>. 1986), and in winter it forages in small to very large flocks (Del Hoyo&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>1996). The nest is a shallow depression on bare earth (Del Hoyo&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>1996) of stony well-drained ridges, gentle slopes or level alluvial plains (Johnsgard 1981).<br/><br/>When breeding the species takes insects (especially adult and larval Diptera, Coleoptera and Lepidoptera) as well as spiders and crustaceans (Del Hoyo 1996). On arrival on the breeding grounds the species may also complement its diet with plant matter (e.g. seeds, saxifrage buds, moss and algae) (Del Hoyo&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>1996) before invertebrate prey becomes available (Johnsgard 1981). During the winter its diet consists of small molluscs, crustaceans, polychaete worms and adult, larval and pupal insects (e.g. Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera and Hymenoptera), as well as occasionally fish and carrion.<br/><br/>This species is a full long-distance migrant that travels mainly via  offshore and coastal routes using a number of favoured stopover sites.<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is sensitive to disturbance on beaches (Del Hoyo&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>1996) (e.g. from recreational activities and free-running dogs (Thomas <em>et al.</em> 2003)), and is susceptible to avian influenza so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Recreation at staging and wintering areas needs to be controlled. Land reclamation, infrastructure development at key staging areas should be controlled.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,SCOLOPACIDAE,Calidris,alpina,,Calidris alpina,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature  individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for  Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28 this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature  individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for  Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is estimated to be increasing. In the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Turkey, with small numbers in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 52,100–76,600 pairs (104,000–154,000 mature individuals), and the European wintering population is estimated at 374,000–497,000 individuals (249,000–332,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 34,700–49,800 pairs (69,500–99,600 mature individuals), and the wintering population in the EU28 is estimated at 361,000–443,000 individuals (240,000–296,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In the breeding season this species frequents moist boggy ground interspersed with surface water, such as tussock tundra and peat-hummock tundra in the arctic, as well as wet coastal grasslands, salt marshes and wet upland moorland (Cramp and Simmons 1977, Del Hoyo&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>1996). In the non-breeding season this species mainly prefer estuarine mudflats, but also frequent a wide variety of freshwater and brackish wetlands (Cramp and Simmons 1977, Del Hoyo&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>1996), both coastal and inland, including lagoons, muddy freshwater shores, tidal rivers, flooded fields, sewage farms, salt-works, sandy coasts (Cramp and Simmons 1977, Del Hoyo&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>1996), lakes and dams (Hockey <em>et al</em>. 2005). For roosting during high tides and at night this species prefers large fields of naturally fertilised short pasture or soil-based crops with few vertical structures that could be used by predators (Shepherd and Lank 2004).<br/><br/>Its nest is a scrape or shallow depression in the ground, concealed in vegetation and sometimes in a tuft or tussock (and thus raised slightly off the ground) (Cramp and Simmons 1977, Del Hoyo&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>1996).<br/><br/>This species is omnivorous during the breeding season, consuming mostly  adult and larval insects (dipteran flies, beetles, caddisflies, wasps,  sawflies and mayflies), and also spiders, mites, earthworms, snails,  slugs and plant matter (usually seeds) (Cramp and Simmons 1977, Del  Hoyo&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>1996). It is also omnivorous during the  non-breeding season, consuming mostly polychaete worms and small  gastropods, as well as insects (dipteran flies and beetles),  crustaceans, bivalves, plant matter and occasionally small fish (Cramp  and Simmons 1977, Del Hoyo&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>1996). <br/><br/>This species is a fully migratory circumpolar breeder with several  sub-populations that employ a number of migration strategies, from short  coastal flights to long, non-stop flights overland on a broad front.  The subpopulation that breeds in north-east Greenland migrates through  Iceland, Britain and western France to arrive in its West African  wintering grounds (specifically Banc d'Arguin in Mauritania) from  late-July, returning again between March and early-April (Del Hoyo&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","This species is significantly threatened by the loss of its breeding habitat though afforestation of moorland (Del Hoyo&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>1996, Lavers and Haines-Young 1997). It may also suffer from nest predation by introduced mammals (e.g. European hedgehog&#160;<em>Erinaceus europeaus</em>) on some islands (Jackson 2001). In the winter this species is restricted to a small number of estuaries, so it is vulnerable to any changes in this habitat for example through land reclamation (drainage) (Del Hoyo&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>1996), and the invasion of alien plant species (such as the grass <em>Spartina anglica</em> which has spread on British mudflats, resulting in the reduction in size of feeding areas available) (Del Hoyo&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>1996). The species is also threatened by disturbance on intertidal mudflats from construction work (UK) (Burton <em>et al.</em> 2002a) and foot-traffic on footpaths (Burton <em>et al.</em> 2002b). Important migratory stop-over habitats on the Baltic Sea coastline adjacent to the Kaliningrad region of Russia are threatened by petroleum pollution, wetland drainage for irrigation, peat-extraction, reedbed mowing and burning, and abandonment and changing land management practices leading to scrub and reed overgrowth (Grishanov 2006). The species is also susceptible to avian influenza (strain H5N1 in particular) and is therefore threatened by outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive and Annex II of the Bern Convention.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The provision of well-surfaced paths in breeding areas that receive &gt; 30 visitors a day has been shown to reduce the impact of human disturbance on this species' reproductive performance (Pearce-Higgins<em> et al.</em> 2007). It is also known to show increased hatching success when ground predators have been excluded by erecting protective fences around nesting areas (Jackson 2001). Recreation, pollution of wetland habitats, drainage and afforestation of wetland areas at key breeding and staging areas should be controlled.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,SCOLOPACIDAE,Calidris,bairdii,,Calidris bairdii,"(Coues, 1861)",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC°</strong>°<strong>)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>This species has a large breeding range across Arctic North America, extending into Europe only in western-most Greenland. In Europe therefore, although this species has a small range, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is very small (&lt;1,000 mature individuals) and it therefore meets the threshold for Vulnerable under the population size criterion D1. However, given the large, apparently stable neighbouring population there is significant potential for rescue from outside the region and the final category is downlisted by two categories to Least Concern (LC°°).<br/><br/>The species does not occur within the EU28 and is therefore assessed as Not Applicable (NA) for this region.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species only breeds in Greenland.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 100–500 pairs, which equates to 200–1,000 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds on low mountain tops, river terraces and coastal  barren areas and bluffs in high Arctic tundra; dry, high-lying lichen  tundra and stony ridges. On migration and in winter the species occurs  from inland wetlands to coastal habitats, including grassland, ditches,  irrigated or rain-soaked fields, pools in desert, sand dunes;  occasionally in upper littoral zone of estuaries, mudflats and beaches;  usually on higher parts of the shore or dry fringes of wetland sites,  often among vegetation.<br/><br/>Eggs are laid in June. It is a monogamous species. The nest is relatively exposed; it consists of a simple, shallow depression in bare ground, or among short vegetation, filled with bits of lichens or other vegetation (Van Gils <em>et al. </em>2015).<br/><br/>During the breeding season the diet consists mainly of insects, such as  chironomid and cranefly larvae and adults, and beetles; also spiders. On  migration, the species feeds on adult and larval beetles, larval  Diptera. It is less gregarious than most other calidrines; in winter it  can be found in flocks of 20–30 birds; some individuals defend feeding  territory. <br/><br/>This species is fully migratory. Many migrate inland, across North  American prairies, te Rockies and northern Andes, often staging at high  altitude lakes. Adults depart on autumn migration early July, females  slightly preceding males. Juveniles migrate later from the breeding  grounds, from late July, in more leisurely fashion, and over a broader  front. Northwards migration occurs largely along the same route. It is a  vagrant to several European countries, especially Britain and Ireland,  and also to Turkey, the Azores, Madeira, Canary and Cape Verde Islands.<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species may be vulnerable to climate change, driving a mismatch between breeding and peak cranefly abundance (Green and Pearce-Higgins 2014).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is not listed on priority lists of the Conventions. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are thought to be currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,SCOLOPACIDAE,Calidris,canutus,,Calidris canutus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In both Europe and the EU28, based on wintering data, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/> <br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In Europe, the breeding population size is estimated to be stable. In both Europe and the EU28, the wintering population size is estimated to be decreasing by 12-27% with a best estimate of 18% in 19 years (3 generations). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds almost entirely in Greenland, with a very small population also present on Svalbard and Jan Mayen. It winters mainly in the United Kingdom, and also notably in the Netherlands, France and Germany.","The European breeding population is estimated at 15,000–30,100&#160;pairs (30,000–60,100 mature individuals), and the wintering population is estimated at 403,000–487,000 individuals (268,000–325,000&#160;mature individuals). The species occurs in the EU28 only in winter and the population is estimated at 403,000–487,000 individuals, (268,000–325,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds in the high Arctic (Van Gils and Wiersma 2017) on dry upland tundra including weathered sandstone ridges, upland areas with scattered willows (<em>Salix</em> spp.), <em>Dryas</em> spp. and poppy, moist marshy slopes and flats in foothills, well-drained slopes hummocked with <em>Dryas</em> spp. (Johnsgard 1981) and upland glacial gravel close to streams or ponds. Outside the breeding season the species is strictly coastal, frequenting tidal mudflats or sandflats, sandy beaches of sheltered coasts, rocky shelves, bays, lagoons and harbours, occasionally also oceanic beaches and salt marshes.<br/><br/>The species breeds from June to August (Hayman <em>et al. </em>1986) in solitary pairs (Van Gils and Wiersma 2017, travelling in flocks on migration (Hayman <em>et al.</em>  1986) and remaining highly gregarious in winter often foraging in  flocks of 300–10,000 individuals (Van Gils and Wiersma 2017) at select  feeding and roosting sites (Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986). The nest is an open shallow depression (Flint <em>et al.</em> 1984)  either positioned on hummocks surrounded by mud and water or on stony or  gravelly ground (Johnsgard 1981) on open vegetated tundra or stone  ridges (Van Gils and Wiersma&#160;2017).<br/><br/>During the breeding season the species' diet consists predominantly of insects (mainly adult and larval Diptera, Lepidoptera, Trichoptera, Coleoptera and bees) as well as spiders, small crustaceans, snails and worms (Van Gils and Wiersma&#160;2017). When it first arrives at the breeding grounds however, the species is dependant upon vegetation (including the seeds of sedges, horsetails (<em>Equisetum</em> spp.) and grass shoots) owing to the initial lack of insect prey (Johnsgard 1981). Outside the breeding season the species takes intertidal invertebrates such as bivalve and gastropod molluscs, crustaceans (Van Gils and Wiersma&#160;2017) (e.g. horseshoe crab (<em>Limulus</em> spp.) eggs) (Karpanty <em>et al.</em> 2006), annelid worms and insects, rarely also taking fish and seeds (Van Gils and Wiersma&#160;2017).<br/><br/>This species is a full long-distance migrant that utilises few stopover sites or staging areas (Van Gils and Wiersma 2017).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is vulnerable to extensive land reclamation projects that encroach upon staging areas in Western Europe (Van Gils and Wiersma 2017), and is threatened by the over-exploitation of shellfish (Van Gils and Wiersma&#160;2017, Goldfeder and Blanco 2006) which leads directly and indirectly to reductions in prey availability (Van Gils and Wiersma&#160;2017). The species also suffers from disturbance in the non-breeding season as a result of tourism (Goldfeder and Blanco 2006), foot-traffic on beaches (Burton <em>et al.</em> 2002), recreational activities and over-flying aircraft, which together reduce the size of available foraging areas (Van Gils and Wiersma&#160;2017). It is susceptible to avian influenza so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Annex II (B) of the EU Birds Directive.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Shellfish fishing at wintering and stop-over habitats needs to be sustainably managed. Recreation, pollution of wetland habitats, land reclamation, infrastructure development and human disturbance at key staging areas needs to be stopped.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,SCOLOPACIDAE,Calidris,falcinellus,,Calidris falcinellus,"(Pontoppidan, 1763)",<em>Calidris falcinellus</em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) was previously placed in the genus <em>Limicola</em>.,No,VU,A2bc+3bc+4bc,No,VU,A2bc+3bc+4bc,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Vulnerable (VU</strong><strong>)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rapid rate, and is therefore assessed as Vulnerable within both Europe and the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from out side either region and hence the final categories remain unchanged.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 14-70% with a best estimate of 48% over the past 13 years (3 generations), is expected to decline by 47% between 2007-2021, and is projected to decline by 39% over the next three generations. Within the EU28, the population size trend is estimated to be decreasing by 45% (best estimate) over the past 13 years (3 generations). is expected to decline by 47% between 2009-2021, and is projected to decline by 39% over the next three generations. These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Fennoscandia (mainly Finland) with a small population also present in Russia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 20,200–35,400&#160;pairs, which equates to 40,500–70,700 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 18,300–32,900 pairs, which equates to 36,700–65,800 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in the wettest parts of bogs (Snow and Perrins 1998) and on open peatland; the Scandinavian and north-west Russian populations breeding in the subarctic montane and lowland zones above 200 m (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996) (around 1,000 m in Norway) (Snow and Perrins 1998), and the Siberian population breeding in wet Arctic tundra (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996).<br/><br/>Breeding occurs in early- to late-June in Fennoscandia, and between  mid-June and early July in Russia, pairs nesting in loose colonies of  2–10 nests, usually spaced 80–100 m apart. The nest is a cup on top of a  wet sedge or moss cushion, well raised above the water level (Johnsgard  1981).<br/><br/>This species is omnivorous, its diet consisting of marine nereid worms, small bivalves and snails, crustaceans (e.g., amphipods), adult and larval insects (e.g., beetles, flies, grasshoppers, ants) (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996), as well as the seeds of aquatic plants (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>The species is a full migrant, and migrates on a broad front (Van Gils  and Wiersma 1996) by making short flights between a series of stop-over  sites (Verkuil <em>et al.</em> 2006). Adults breeding in Fennoscandia  leave the breeding grounds in July (juveniles departing in August), and  stop-over in substantial numbers in Sivash, southern Ukraine, on the  Middle Eastern coasts, Caspian Sea and Bulgarian seaboard, before  arriving in wintering grounds in Africa, Pakistan and south India  between August and early-October (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996). A few  non-breeding birds also remain at the wintering sites during the summer. The species migrates singly or in small groups, although during the  spring migration flocks of up to several hundred can occur (Van Gils and  Wiersma 1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Local extinctions have occurred in Norway as a result of habitat changes (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996), most likely through drainage and flooding of its breeding habitats. In Finland some of the most suitable peatland areas have been flooded to create artificial lakes but over all there do not appear to be any large-scale threats to the species or its breeding habitats (Tucker and Heath 1994).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The conservation of wet fens is most important, with no management to keep them as natural as possible. Cenussing and monitoring programmes should be implemented to reliably determine the species' distribution, population size and trends. Further research on its habitat requirements on the breeding grounds and wintering quarters should be undertaken in order to help inform conservation actions (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,SCOLOPACIDAE,Calidris,ferruginea,,Calidris ferruginea,"(Pontoppidan, 1763)","<em>Calidris paramelanotos</em> (Hayman <em>et al.</em>1986) was treated as a subspecies of <em>C. melanotos</em> following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993) but is now considered a hybrid of  <em>C</em>. <em>melanotus</em> and <em>C</em>. <em>ferruginea</em> following Higgins and Davies (1996). <em>Calidris cooperi</em> was described by Baird in 1858 based on a specimen collected on Long Island, New York, USA in May 1833 (Cox 1990b). There is a possible Australian record of a bird captured at Stockton, New South Wales, Australia, in March 1981 (Cox 1990a), but studies of the type suggest that the form is of hybrid origin, Curlew Sandpiper <em>C. ferruginea</em> and Sharp-tailed Sandpiper <em>C. acuminata </em>(Cox 1990b). <p></p>",No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>In both Europe and the EU28, this species does not breed in the region and is assessed on the basis of its small wintering population. Although this species may have a small range, it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population size is small, and meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion D and is assessed as such in both Europe and the EU28. Given the fact that the wider west-African population appears to be decreasing, there is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside either region, and therefore the final categories remain unchanged.","In Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species only occurs outside the breeding season, with wintering populations present primarily in Spain but also in Portugal.<br/><br/>The species migrates across Europe from it breeding grounds in Siberia to its wintering grounds in sub-Saharan Africa through the Middle East.  In the western Palearctic there are three major routes: to White Sea, down western European coasts to west Africa; across eastern Europe via the Black Sea and Tunisia to west Africa, following the north African coast or flying via Mali; and via Black and Caspian Seas and across the Middle East and Rift Valley lakes to eastern and southern Africa (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996).","The species only occurs in winter in Europe and the EU28. The minimum European population in winter is estimated at 160–1,600&#160;individuals, which equates to 100–1,100 mature individuals. The entire population recorded occurs in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is gregarious outside the breeding season, occurring in small parties or larger flocks of up to several hundreds on the coast, but usually in smaller numbers inland (although gatherings of hundreds can occur locally on passage) (Urban <em>et al</em>. 1986). It forages both diurnally and nocturnally (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996). It breeds on slightly elevated areas in the lowlands of the high Arctic (Johnsgard 1981, Van Gils and Wiersma 1996) especially on southward-facing slopes (Johnsgard 1981), as well as along the coast and islands of the Arctic Ocean (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996). It shows a preference for open tundra with marshy, boggy depressions and pools (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996, Snow and Perrins 1998) from melting permafrost and snow (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>The nest is a cup positioned on the margins of marshes or pools, on the slopes of hummock tundra, or on dry patches in <em>Polygonum</em> tundra (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996).<br/>On the breeding grounds the diet of this species consists mainly of insects, such as the adults, pupae and larvae of Diptera (e.g. midges, craneflies (Johnsgard 1981)) and beetles, as well as bugs and leeches (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996). In the winter its diet consists of polychaete worms, molluscs, crustaceans (such as amphipods, brine shrimps and copepods), and occasionally insects and seeds.<br/><br/>This species is a full migrant, moving long distances by well-travelled  routes (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996, Snow and Perrins 1998). On migration,  the species crosses Europe in July, reaching Africa from mid-July to  September. The return migration to the breeding grounds begins  late-April to May, with arrival in the Arctic beginning in early June,  and breeding stretching from June to July. Many 1st-year birds remain on the wintering grounds, and non-breeding  adults remain just south of the breeding grounds in central Siberia  during the summer (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","This species is susceptible to avian influenza (Melville and Shortridge 2006, Gaidet <em>et al. </em>2007) and avian botulism (Blaker 1967, van Heerden 1974) so may be threatened by future outbreaks of these diseases. In Europe, only a tiny proportion of its global population overwinters in Iberia, making it particularly vulnerable to any threats.",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are thought to be currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,SCOLOPACIDAE,Calidris,maritima,,Calidris maritima,"(Brünnich, 1764)",0,No,LC,0,No,NT,A2abc+3bc+4abc; C1,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, based on wintering data, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, based on wintering data, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is small, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The species is undergoing a moderately rapid decline which approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). Therefore, the species qualifies as Near Threatened (NT) in the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe and the EU28, the breeding population size trend is unknown. In winter, the European population size trend is unknown, but in the EU28 it is estimated to be decreasing at a rate approaching 30% in 21 years (three generations). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds almost mainly in Iceland and Greenland, and also notably in Svalbard and Jan Mayen, and Russia. It winters notably in Norway and Iceland, with smaller wintering populations found in other countries along the Baltic and western European coasts.","The European breeding population is estimated at 38,200–60,300&#160;pairs, which equates to 76,500–121,000 mature individuals, and the wintering population is estimated at 269,000–294,000&#160;individuals (179,000–196,000 mature individuals). The population in the EU28 is estimated at 710–3,000 pairs, which equates to 1,400–5,900 mature individuals and the wintering population in the EU28 in winter is estimated at 14,100–17,300 individuals, which equates to 9,400–11,600 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is fully migratory (Snow and Perrins 1998). It arrives on the breeding grounds from mid-May to mid-June where it nests in solitary pairs and forages in small loose groups (Del Hoyo&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;1996, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020, Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>The species breeds on Arctic coasts and in upland areas (Johnsgard 1981, Flint <em>et al. </em>1984, Hayman <em>et al. </em>1986), nesting close to the fringes of snow and ice, on wet moss or barren rocky tundra with patches of lichen and <em>Dryas</em> spp., on rocky islands and islets or on shingle beaches (Del Hoyo&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;1996, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). It forages on dry tundra or along the moist margins of ponds, at the edges of melting snow-drifts and in areas of thick moss (Hayman <em>et al</em>. 1986). During the winter and on passage the species shows a preference for tidal rocky shores with strong wave action and suitable high-tide roosting areas, often utilising artificial structures such as concrete sea defences and breakwaters (Del Hoyo&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;1996, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020, Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986). In some northern areas (e.g. Svalbard) the species frequents mudflats, shingle beaches and coastal lagoons before and after breeding but before migrating south (Del Hoyo&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;1996, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020).<br/><br/>During the breeding season its diet consists largely of insects (e.g., adult, larval and pupal Diptera, <em>Ichneumon</em> wasps and aphids) and Collembola (springtails), as well as spiders, gastropods, annelid worms and some plant material (e.g. leaves, buds, berries and seeds) (Del Hoyo&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;1996, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). On the coast the species feeds predominantly upon molluscs (especially gastropods <em>Littorina </em>spp. and mussels <em>Mytilus</em> spp.) as well as insects (e.g. beetles and Diptera), small crustaceans (e.g. amphipods), annelid worms, small fish and algae (<em>Enteromorpha</em> spp.) (Del Hoyo&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;1996, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020, Johnsgard 1981).<br/><br/>The nest is a small scrape positioned in the open on tundra moss, in hummocky tundra close to tufts of <em>Dryas</em> spp. or <em>Arctostaphylos </em>spp., or in rocky or pebbly areas between cliffs (Del Hoyo&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;1996, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020, Johnsgard 1981, Flint <em>et al.</em> 1984).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The species is likely to be affected by climate change (Rehfisch <em>et al.</em> 2004). It is also vulnerable to disturbance (Burton <em>et al.</em> 1996).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The species must be protected from disturbance by humans.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,SCOLOPACIDAE,Calidris,minuta,,Calidris minuta,"(Leisler, 1812)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, based on wintering data, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small to large, and is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In Europe, the breeding population size trend is unknown, and the wintering population is estimated to be decreasing by 2% (best estimate) in 13 years (3 generations). In the EU28, the breeding population is suspected to be stable and the wintering population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds almost entirely in Russia, with a very small populations also present in Norway and Finland. It winters mainly in Spain and Turkey, and also notably in Greece, Azerbaijan, Albania, Italy and France.","The European breeding population is estimated at 80,200–122,000 individuals, which equates to 80,200–122,000 mature individuals, and the wintering population is estimated at 19,100–44,400 individuals, which equates to 12,700–29,600&#160;mature individuals. Very few pairs are present in the breeding season in the EU28, with the breeding population size suspected to be 0–10 pairs. The species occurs in the EU28 mainly in winter and the population is estimated at 12,800–21,300 individuals, which equates to 8,500–14,200 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","During the breeding season this species inhabits low altitude tundra in the high Arctic (Billerman&#160;<em>et al</em>. 2020) (although it exceptionally occurs above 1,000 m in the west of its range) (Snow and Perrins 1998). It shows a preference for dry ground among dwarf willows near swampy areas or saltmarshes (Billerman&#160;<em>et al</em>. 2020), or areas where mosses and sedges are interspersed with hummocks covered by <em>Empetrum</em> (Johnsgard 1981). It avoids areas where annual rainfall exceeds 250 mm (Billerman&#160;<em>et al</em>. 2020). On migration this species is found along the muddy edges of small inland lakes, reservoirs, sewage farms (Johnsgard 1981), riverbanks (Billerman&#160;<em>et al</em>. 2020) and seasonal pools (Snow and Perrins 1998), as well as on coastal mudflats and seashores (Johnsgard 1981, Billerman&#160;<em>et al</em>. 2020). In its winter range the species mainly inhabits coastal areas such as estuarine mudflats and sandflats (Billerman&#160;<em>et al</em>. 2020, Hockey et al. 2005), enclosed lagoons, tidal creeks (Billerman&#160;<em>et al</em>. 2020) and saltpans (Urban <em>et al.</em> 1986), but it also occurs at inland freshwater wetlands such as open pools in marshes, paddyfields, jheels (and other small bodies of water covered with vegetation) (Billerman&#160;<em>et al</em>. 2020), small dams, floodwater margins and sandbanks along rivers (Urban <em>et al.</em> 1986).<br/>The nest is a shallow cup (Snow and Perrins 1998) on the ground in the open (Billerman&#160;<em>et al</em>. 2020, Snow and Perrins 1998), sometimes covered with vegetation (Billerman&#160;<em>et al</em>. 2020).<br/><br/>The diet of this species consists chiefly of invertebrates (Billerman&#160;<em>et al</em>. 2020, Snow and Perrins 1998). During the breeding season larval and adult Diptera and small beetles are the primary foods (Billerman&#160;<em>et al</em>. 2020), particularly the larvae of mosquitoes and craneflies (Johnsgard 1981). Outside the breeding season the diet becomes more varied, with ants, Hymenoptera, waterbugs, annelids, small molluscs, crustaceans, freshwater mites and plant material being taken as well as Diptera and beetles (Billerman&#160;<em>et al</em>. 2020).<br/><br/>This species is a full long-distance migrant that migrates overland on a broad front (Billerman <em>et al</em>. 2020) (or by utilising a great many routes) (Snow and Perrins 1998) across much of the Western Palearctic (Billerman&#160;<em>et al</em>. 2020, Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","This species is susceptible to avian malaria (Mendes<em> et al.</em> 2005) and avian botulism (Blaker 1967, van Heerden 1974), so may be threatened by future outbreaks of these diseases.",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are thought to be currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,SCOLOPACIDAE,Calidris,pugnax,,Calidris pugnax,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",<em>Calidris pugnax</em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) was previously placed in the genus <em>Philomachus</em>.,No,NT,A2abcde+3bcde+4abcde,No,NT,A2abc+3bc+4abc,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Near Threatened (NT)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population is undergoing a moderately rapid decline which approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A), therefore it qualifies as Near Threatened (NT) in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population is undergoing a moderately rapid decline which approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A), therefore it qualifies as Near Threatened (NT) within the EU28. As the wider European population is also declining, there is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe and the EU28, the breeding population size is estimated to be decreasing at rate which approaches 30% in 19 years (three generations). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds primarily in Russia, and also notably in Sweden.","The European breeding population is estimated at 513,000–1,380,000 individuals, which equates to 513,000–1,380,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 41,500–94,700 individuals, which equates to 41,500–94,700 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species inhabits tundra habitats from the coast to the Arctic treeline&#160;during the breeding season, requiring adjacent foraging, lekking and nesting areas (Johnsgard <em>et al. </em>1981, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). It shows a preference for dry mounds and slopes with low willow (<em>Salix</em> spp.) and dwarf birch (<em>Betula</em> spp.) as lekking areas, and dry patches of tall sedge as nesting sites (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020, Snow and Perrins 1998). Suitable foraging habitats include littoral belts, deltas, coastal salt marshes and extensive lowland freshwater wetlands such as small shallow lakes with marginal vegetation, grassy hummocky marshes, and damp swampy grasslands, with shallow pools or ditches (Johnsgard <em>et al.</em> 1981, Hayman et al. 1986, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020, Snow and Perrins 1998). During the non-breeding season the species occupies the muddy margins of brackish, saline and alkaline lakes, ponds, pools, rivers, marshes and flood-plains, as well as freshly mown or grazed short-sward grasslands and wheat fields, usually roosting at night in the shallow waters of lake shores (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020).<br/><br/>It breeds from May to August with males gathering in suitable lekking areas to display and females nesting solitarily or in semi-colonial groups (Hayman <em>et al</em>. 1986). The nest is concealed in marsh plants or meadow grass and is a shallow scrape lined with grass, leaves and stems. Clutches are generally four eggs but sometimes three.<br/><br/>During the breeding season it feeds on mainly terrestrial and aquatic insects. Outside of the breeding season its diet is more varied, including small crustaceans, spiders, small molluscs, annelid worms, frogs and small fish (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020).<br/><br/>This species is fully migratory and the bulk of the population winters in sub-Saharan Africa. However, small numbers do winter in Northwest Europe, in southern Germany, the Netherlands and Great Britain (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997)<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by petroleum pollution (Grishanov 2006), wetland and flood-plain drainage (Grishanov 2006, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020) (for irrigation and water management) (Grishanov 2006), peat-extraction, and land abandonment and changing land management practices that lead to scrub and reed overgrowth (Grishanov 2006). The species may also suffer future population declines and range contractions as a result of global climate change (Zöckler 2002), and is susceptible to avian influenza (Melville and Shortridge 2006, Gaidet <em>et al. </em>2007), avian botulism (Blaker 1967, van Heerden 1974, Hubalek <em>et al.</em> 2005) and avian malaria (Mendes <em>et al.</em> 2005), so may be threatened by future outbreaks of these diseases.",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I and II.  An EU Life project in Denmark has succeeded in improving conditions for this species (Marsbøll and Aaser 2009) and another EU LIFE project in Germany aims to restore numbers of this species (2012).This species is also included in the International Multi-Species Action Plan for the conservation of Breeding Waders in Wet Grassland Habitats in Europe (Leyrer <em>et al.</em>&#160;2018).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Continue ensuring adequate protection of important breeding and wintering sites and promote favourable land management practices. It should be ensured that suitable legislation on petroleum drilling transportation is in place and enforced.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,SCOLOPACIDAE,Calidris,temminckii,,Calidris temminckii,"(Leisler, 1812)",0,No,LC,0,No,NT,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is small, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population is undergoing a moderately rapid decline, which approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A).&#160; The species therefore qualifies as Near Threatened (NT) within the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 20-34% with a best estimate of 27% in 12 years (3 generations). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds primarily in Russia, and also notably in Sweden, with smaller populations also present in Norway and Finland.","The European breeding population is estimated at 83,300–124,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 166,000–248,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 6,600–9,000 pairs, which equates to 13,200–18,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in arctic tundra, shrub tundra and forest tundra along flood-plains (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020), although it avoids extremely cold conditions and exposed coasts (Snow and Perrins 1998). It is mainly found near coastal inlets, fjords, deltas, rivers or streams from sea level to 250 m, but also occurs up to 1,200 m inland (Snow and Perrins 1998) on flat, clear ground with little vegetation, areas covered with short grass and interspersed with patches of scrub (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020), areas with grasses, sedges or Empetrum, and scrub willow or birch thickets with sandy or gravelly stretches (Johnsgard 1981). Both dry and wet areas are used, but habitats with elevated locations such as boulders or buildings are preferred because of their use as song perches (Johnsgard 1981). In Scandinavia the species also breeds near fishing huts and houses, and in industrial workings (Ronka 1996). Outside of the breeding season the species inhabits inland freshwater wetlands such as flood-lands, irrigated fields, sewage farms, densely vegetated wetlands (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020, Snow and Perrins 1998), ditches, muddy marshes and lake edges (Urban <em>et al. </em>1986), and on the coast shows a strong preference for mudflats in sheltered inlets, estuaries and saltmarshes, whilst tending to avoid open and sandy beaches (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>The nest is a shallow cup (Snow and Perrins 1998) on the ground in the open or amongst low vegetation (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020, Snow and Perrins 1998), often at the base of small willows, junipers or other shrubs (Johnsgard 1981).<br/><br/>On the breeding grounds and in inland habitats the diet of this species consists primarily of insects and their larvae (especially beetles and Diptera such as craneflies and midges) (Johnsgard 1981, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020), as well as the occasional plant matter. On the coasts the species takes annelids, crustaceans (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020) (such as sand fleas) (Johnsgard 1981) and small molluscs (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020).<br/><br/>This species is a full migrant, migrating on a broad front (Billerman <em>et al.</em>&#160;2020) overland across the full width of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","This species is threatened by nest predation (Koivula and Ronka 1998, Ronka <em>et al.</em> 2006) from Common Gull (<em>Larus canus</em>) and Ruddy Turnstone (<em>Arenaria interpres</em>) (Ronka <em>et al.</em> 2006), as well as from Hooded Crow (<em>Corvus corone cornix</em>), weasel (<em>Mustela nivalis</em>), American Mink (<em>Mustela vison</em>) and fox (<em>Vulpes vulpes</em>) in Finland (Ronka 1996). It is also threatened in its Scandinavian breeding range by shrinkage and deterioration of suitable habitats (due to eutrophication and the overgrazing of shore meadows), and by increased human recreational disturbance due to the building up of breeding sites (trampling and disturbance often lead to increased hatchling predation and abandonment of nests) (Ronka 1996). The species is also susceptible to avian influenza and may therefore be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Recreation, pollution of wetland habitats, land reclamation, infrastructure development and human disturbance at shore meadows needs to be stopped.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MUSCICAPIDAE,Calliope,calliope,,Calliope calliope,"(Pallas, 1776)",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, although this species may have a restricted range, it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size may be small (&lt;10,000 but &gt;1,000 mature individuals), but it is not believed to approach the thresholds and conditions for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. <br/><br/>This species is considered vagrant in the EU28 and is assessed as Not Applicable (NA) for this region.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species only breeds in Russia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 900–1,600 pairs, which equates to 1,800–3,200 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","During the breeding season this species is found in lowland taiga and subalpine shrubbery, clearings in forests by meadows and rivers, windfall gaps, regenerating burns with tall grass and bushes, birch coppices, clumps and stands of willow and aspen in bogs, patches of montane dwarf pine, krummholz above tree-line, overgrown forest edges and tangled thickets near mountain streams. It favours areas with fallen trees, dense bushes and stands of bird cherry (<em>Prunus padus</em>) and dog rose (<em>Rosa canina</em>), usually near fir (<em>Abies</em>) and spruce (<em>Picea</em>) stands and riverine meadows.<br/><br/>In Russia, it breeds from May to July and possibly August. The nest is a loose cup or dome made of fine grasses and roots, usually lightly lined with hair and plant down, placed on the ground in the shelter of a bush or dense tuft of herbage. Clutches are four to six eggs.<br/><br/>It is insectivorous, taking flies and their larvae, ants, wasps and beetles and also some plant material.<br/><br/>The species is migratory, wintering in south-east Asia (Collar 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The size of the European population could render it susceptible to the risks affecting small populations; however it is adjacent to a much larger non-European population (Birdlife International 2004).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PROCELLARIIFORMES,PROCELLARIIDAE,Calonectris,borealis,,Calonectris borealis,"(Cory, 1881)","<em><em><em>Calonectris diomedea</em></em></em> and <em><em><em>C. borealis</em></em></em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) were previously lumped as <em><em>C. diomedea</em> </em>following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993), which was also formerly lumped with<em> C. edwardsii</em> following Hazevoet (1995), <em>contra</em> Brooke (2004).<p></p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population size trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds almost mainly in the Azores (Portugal) but also notably in the Canary Islands (Spain) and Madeira (Portugal), with small populations also present in mainland Portugal and Spain.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 251,000-253,000 pairs, which equates to 503,000-506,000 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is marine and pelagic, usually keeping well away from land, except at colonies (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 2014). It breeds on barren offshore islands, occupying cliffs, caves and boulder fields; sometimes inland on rocky slopes and also under <em>Myrica faya</em> trees in the Azores (Thibault <em>et al.</em> 1997). It returns to colonies at the start of February and breeding starts in April (del Hoyo <em>et al. </em>2014). The species is colonial, often nesting near other tubenoses (Thibault <em>et al.</em> 1997). It nests in burrows, rock crevices, natural hollows or cracks, with or without some nesting material (Ramos<em> et al.</em> 1997). Clutch size a single egg. There are few if any known differences in diet and foraging behaviour from <em>Calonectris diomedea</em> (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 2014), with fish, squid, crustaceans and occasionally zooplankton taken (Monteiro <em>et al. </em>1996). The species is migratory, regularly recorded mainly from July and October between the Bay of Biscay and south-west Ireland, with sometimes 1,000s reported in single year off British Isles (Fraser and Ryan 1992, White and Kehoe 2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by the impacts of introduced mammals and shows marked increases in breeding success following mammal control actions (Zino <em>et al.</em> 2008). Other threats on the Azores include the poaching of chicks on one island (500–1,500 chicks taken annually on Santa Maria island (J. Bairos <em>pers comm.</em>, Fontaine <em>et al.</em> 2011)) and mortality of fledglings caused by artificial lights (Fontaine <em>et al.</em> 2011). The population on Selvagem Grande is not thought to be suffering unsustainable mortality from fisheries bycatch, although it may not be representative of other Atlantic islands occupied by the species (Granadeiro <em>et al. </em>2006). A study by Ramos <em>et al.</em> (2012) utilising long-term capture-recapture data and year-round tracking data for birds on Selvagem Grande suggests that incidental bycatch by long-line fisheries contributes to a decrease in adult survival probability during the breeding season. The species may also suffer the impacts of bycatch in its non-breeding range (e.g. Granadeiro <em>et al.</em> 2006).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>In Europe most important breeding areas are in protected areas (Madroño et al 2004, Cabral et al. 2005). In Spain, sporadic counts of breeding populations occur in some colonies, mostly in the Balearic Islands but in the Columbretes, counts are more regular. Reproductive success is also monitored in the Chafarinas (Madroño et al 2004). A study of the incidental mortality of seabirds in waters around the Columbretes Islands (SEO/BirdLife, General Secretariat of Fisheries) found high numbers of this species were killed by longline fisheries, however mortality could be reduced by avoiding setting lines around sunrise and sunset (Belda and Sanchez 2001). Research projects and awareness campaigns, some of which were financed through the LIFE Programme have taken place in Portugal (Cabral <em>et al.</em> 2005).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Adequate protection (e.g. through SPAs) of all breeding areas both current and historical should be ensured. Actively managing the breeding colonies (eliminating predators, recreating the breeding habitat) and removing predators from the former breeding colonies to promote the natural return of the species, will also help secure the species. The proper use of corrective measures in longline fisheries to avoid accidental capture of birds should be promoted and specific corrective measures to prevent accidental capture of the species in longline fisheries should be developed, in collaboration with the fishing industry. Marine areas which are important for the conservation of the species should be designated SPAs  and assessments of the environmental impact of new developments and activities that are planned need to be established. Conduct national censuses of this species and monitor breeding colonies to determine accurate populaton trends. Water sports in the vicinity of breeding colonies should be regulated, especially at night, in order to avoid disturbing the birds. The regulation of artificial lighting in the breeding areas and adjacent coastal areas, to minimize their impact particularly on young birds at the time of fledging, is also important (Madroño <em>et al.</em> 2004).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PROCELLARIIFORMES,PROCELLARIIDAE,Calonectris,diomedea,,Calonectris diomedea,"(Scopoli, 1769)","<em><em><em>Calonectris diomedea</em></em></em> and <em><em><em>C. borealis</em></em></em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) were previously lumped as <em><em>C. diomedea</em> </em>following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993), which was also formerly lumped with<em> C. edwardsii</em> following Hazevoet (1995), <em>contra</em> Brooke (2004).<em> </em>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population size trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds largely in Italy and Greece, and also notably in Spain and Malta.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 28,500-47,200 pairs, which equates to 57,000-94,300 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is suspected to be 28,500-47,100 pairs, which equates to 57,000-94,200 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is marine and pelagic usually keeping well away from land, except at colonies (Carboneras <em>et al. </em>2014). It breeds on barren offshore islands, occupying cliffs, caves and boulder fields; sometimes inland on rocky slopes, up to 435 m above sea-level (Thibault <em>et al.</em> 1997). Birds return to colonies in February and breeding starts April (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2014). It is colonial, nesting in burrows, rock crevices, natural hollows or cracks, sometimes in caves up to c. 20 m deep (Carboneras <em>et al. </em>2014). Clutch size a single egg (Thibault <em>et al.</em> 1997). It feeds mainly on fish, squid, crustaceans, other zooplankton and offal at least during the breeding season (Brooke 2004). The species is migratory, generally departing the breeding grounds in mid to late October (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2014). It is known to winter mainly in the Canary Current (Navarro <em>et al. </em>2009). Mediterranean birds exit into the Atlantic, where they move rapidly south, but also uncommon to rare off eastern North America (mainly May-October) (Howell 2012), and some birds occasionally range northwards in the north-east Atlantic, to British Isles (Fisher and Flood, 2010) and Sweden (Erterius 2005), with other accidental records from Czech Republic, Austria, Switzerland and Ukraine (Thibault <em>et al.</em> 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The main threats to this species include the impacts of invasive, non-native mammals and mortality from fisheries bycatch (Derhé 2012, Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2013). Recent studies have highlighted the pressures imposed by introduced mammal species, and colonies have shown marked increases in breeding success during mammal control measures (e.g. Igual <em>et al.</em> 2006, Pascal <em>et al.</em> 2008). This species is one of the most frequent seabird species to occur in bycatch in the Mediterranean (Valeiras and Caminas 2003, García-Barcelona et al. 2010, Laneri <em>et al. </em>2010), with estimates of the number of individuals killed annually by Spanish fleets ranging from 200 (García-Barcelona <em>et al.</em> 2010) to 467-1,867 (estimated 4-6% of the local breeding population; Belda and Sanchez 2001). There have been fewer assessments of the impacts of long-line and other national fisheries on this species. Results from a questionnaire suggest an annual bycatch of up to 1,220 individuals of this species by Maltese fleets (8.5-10% of the breeding population), although this is likely to be an over-estimate skewed by high bycatch in a small number of vessels (Dimech <em>et al.</em> unpubl. per Derhé 2012). The species may also suffer significant bycatch in its non-breeding range (e.g. Granadeiro <em>et al.</em> 2006).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. In most areas human exploitation has ceased or is only occasional and some breeding islands have been declared reserves. Feasibility of eradicating <em>Rattus rattus</em> from Italian islands with breeding seabirds has been evaluated, but would apparently be of much greater benefit to <em>Puffinus yelkouan</em>&#160;than the present species, while an intensive rat-control programme was successfully initiated at two subcolonies on Chafarinas Is (Spain) in 1999-2004 (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2014). In addition, censuses, monitoring, creation of protected areas and studies of the species's biology and ecology have all taken place. At colonies mammal control, provision of artificial nest sites and management to reduce disturbance have also been implemented (Anselme &amp; Durand 2012).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Rat control programmes appear to deliver only a small increase in the population growth rate whereas change in adult survival has a much larger impact. Therefore increasing adult survival is of greater importance and rat eradication programmes can only be used to 'buy' time (Igual <em>et al.</em> 2009). Further research and monitoring is required and the continuation of measures to reduce disturbance. Actions to reduce the impact of L. michahellis where appropriate should be implemented. An international network with the aim to prioritize conservation actions and monitoring programmes should be developed. Mortality in longline fishing should be monitored and measures such as setting longlines only at certain times of the day to reduce the accidental catch should be followed (Belda and Sanchez 2001).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CAPRIMULGIFORMES,CAPRIMULGIDAE,Caprimulgus,europaeus,,Caprimulgus europaeus,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds largely in Russia and Turkey, and also notably in France and Belarus.","The European breeding population is estimated at 597,000-1,110,000 calling or lekking males, which equates to 1,190,000-2,220,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 180,000-336,000 calling or lekking males, which equates to 360,000-671,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species nests on bare or sparsely vegetated ground, often on free-draining soils (Cramp 1985). It uses mainly dry, open country including lowland heaths with scattered trees and bushes, commons and moorland, forest and woodland (especially glades, clearings and edges), recently felled woodland and young forestry plantations. It also uses chalk downland, industrial waste tips, wooded or scrub-covered steppe, sparsely forested or stony hillsides, oak scrubland, dense coppices, shingle, sand dunes, semi-deserts and deserts. It breeds between late May and August. It usually lays one to two eggs. Eggs are laid directly on the ground on leaf litter, pine needles or bare soil. It feeds on flying insects. It hunts over open country in clearings, along woodland edges and borders, in woodland glades and rides, in gardens and orchards, over wetlands, in meadows and farmland, around grazing animals, and over stagnant ponds. The species is highly migratory wintering mainly in south and east Africa, although small numbers may winter in west Africa (Cleere and Christie 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The main threats to this species are the reduction of insect availability due to pesticide use (Tucker and Heath 1994, Cleere and Christie 2013) and habitat loss or degradation, generally caused through the grazing of heathlands and pastoral woodlands and conversion of such habitats to agricultural land, vineyards, commercial forestry and urban areas. Disturbance from recreational use of heathlands and road deaths may also contribute to its decline (Tucker and Heath 1994). The species has numerous predators, especially of eggs and chicks, including: crows (<em>Corvus</em>), Magpies (<em>Pica pica</em>), Jays (<em>Garrulus glandarius</em>), owls (Strigidae), Sooty Falcon (<em>Falco concolor</em>), hedgehogs (<em>Erinaceus europaeus</em>), weasels (<em>Mustela nivalis</em>) and domestic dogs (Cleere and Christie 2013). Nitrogenous pollutants in rain may lead to eutrophication of dry-land breeding areas and unsuitable vegetation structure. Also, climate change may change the geographic range of the species in the future (Tucker and Heath 1994).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. In some areas, such as Britain, creation of habitat through commercial forestry has seen increase in numbers in recent years, though habitats are not permanent and stability of higher population levels is not guaranteed (Cleere and Christie 2013). It is a U.K. Biodiversity Action Plan species. Conservation actions targeted at the nightjar will also likely help the woodlark (<em>Lullula arborea</em>) (Langston <em>et al.</em> 2007).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The maintenance and enhancement of existing forest and heathland habitats is essential. Further work should be undertaken to restore heathlands, including those in planted forests to prevent fragmentation and increase spatial connectivity and agri-environment schemes to help provide foraging habitat should be developed. Visitor numbers to important heathland areas should be minimised to reduce disturbance and the development of urban areas near by prevented. Research should focus on the role of foraging habitat on population processes (Langston <em>et al.</em> 2007).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CAPRIMULGIFORMES,CAPRIMULGIDAE,Caprimulgus,ruficollis,,Caprimulgus ruficollis,"Temminck, 1820",0,No,NT,A2bc+3bc+4bc,No,NT,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be undergoing a moderately rapid to rapid decline, which approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under (criterion A).&#160; <br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Near Threatened (NT) within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 28% in the past 10 years (three generations) and is expected to continue decreasing at the same rate between 2011-2021 and over the next three generations. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds almost entirely in Spain, with a small population also present in Portugal.","The European breeding population is estimated at 101,000–135,000 calling or lekking males, which equates to 202,000–270,000 mature individuals. The entire population is found within the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species typically uses lowlands and hillsides, with scattered vegetation and bare ground, in pine woodland, coastal forest, eucalyptus or olive plantations, vineyards, open scrubland with cork oak (<em>Quercus suber</em>), prickly pear (<em>Opuntia</em>) or scattered trees, and dense thickets of broom, gorse (<em>Ulex</em>), bramble (<em>Rubus fruticosus</em>), tree heath (<em>Erica arborea</em>) or pistachio (<em>Pistacea lentiscus</em>) (Cleere <em>et al.</em> 2013). In south-west Spain it is attracted towards the warmth of paved roads during migration and during cool weather (temperature below 20 °C) or low temperatures (below 14 °C), with paved roads providing significantly warmer substrate than gravelled or sandy areas (Camacho 2013).<br/><br/>It breeds from early May to late August in Spain and Portugal (Cleere<em> et al.</em> 2013). It usually lays one to two eggs (Cuadrado and Domínguez 1996). The eggs are laid directly on the ground, on leaf litter or pine needles.<br/><br/>It feeds on flying and flightless insects.<br/><br/>The species is migratory, wintering in West Africa, although the exact range is unclear (Cleere <em>et al</em>. 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In the Algarve region of Spain the species is declining due to habitat loss and disturbance from the tourist industry. More broadly loss of habitat due to urbanization or agriculture probably is the biggest threat. In cultivated areas, nests are often at risk from agricultural activities. The impacts of predation are poorly documented, but in southern Spain eggs and chicks may be taken by lizards (<em>Lacerta lepida</em>), snakes and foxes (<em>Vulpes vulpes</em>). Their habit of perching on tarmac in cooler weather makes them vulnerable to collision with vehicles (Cleere <em>et al.</em> 2013).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are no known current conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Research on the species's biology and ecology is needed to help inform conservation measures (Forero <em>et al</em>. 2001). In addition, the impacts and extent of predation should be investigated.  Key sites for the species should be identified and protection from development and disturbance ensured.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,FRINGILLIDAE,Carduelis,carduelis,,Carduelis carduelis,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU2</strong><strong>8 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong><br/></strong>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be increasing.&#160;In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds largely in Spain, and also notably in Turkey and Russia, with smaller populations occurring in most other countries in Europe. It also occurs as a non-native species in the Azores.","The European breeding population is estimated at 28,000,000–44,400,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 56,100,000–-88,700,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 24,000,000–34,700,000 pairs, which equates to 48,000,000–69,400,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits open or sparse deciduous woodland and mixed deciduous and conifer woods, forest edges, thickets, heaths, hedgerows, streams, riverine and marshy areas with bushes and trees, roadside verges, steppe grasslands with scattered trees to edges of semi-desert areas, scrub, orchards, edges of cultivation and parks and gardens.<br/><br/>Breeding occurs from April to early August. The nest is a compact small cup of grasses, moss, plant fibres and down, cobwebs, animal hair and feathers, a few aromatic flowers on the outside, placed up to 10 m from the ground, concealed beneath foliage. Clutches are four to six eggs.<br/><br/>It feeds mostly on seeds (ripe and unripe), buds, flowers and the fruits of plants but also takes arthropods (Clement 2016).<br/><br/>The species is partially migratory, wintering almost entirely within its breeding range and some Mediterranean populations may be sedentary (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The species is caught over most of its range and is popular as a cage bird (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).,"<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II.&#160; The decline of commercial bird catching may have been responsible for population increases in Britain, Ireland and Belgium since 1950 (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,FRINGILLIDAE,Carduelis,citrinella,,Carduelis citrinella,"(Pallas, 1764)","<em>Serinus citrinella</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) has been split into <em>citrinella</em> and <em>corsicana</em> following Sangster <em>et al.</em> (2002) and moved to the genus <em>Carduelis</em> following Dickinson (2003). <em>  <p></p></em>",Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be fluctuating, and hence it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be fluctuating. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is endemic to Europe, where is principally breeds in Spain, but also notably in Switzerland and France, with small populations also present in Italy, Austria, Andorra, Germany, Liechtenstein and Slovenia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 251,000–285,000 pairs, which equates to 502,000–569,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 240,000–263,000 pairs, which equates to 480,000–525,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is generally found in montane and submontane woods of spruce (<em>Picea</em>), larch (<em>Larix</em>) and pine (<em>Pinus</em>), usually along the edges and in clearings. It also inhabits scattered clumps of conifers in otherwise open areas, as well as alpine meadows, ski-runs, roadside edges, and around alpine huts and gardens in towns. In the non-breeding season it is found in similar habitats in sheltered valleys at lower levels.<br/><br/>Breeding begins at the end of March to mid-April and continues until August. The nest is a cup of dry grass, plant fibres, lichens, animal hair, feathers and occasionally wool or paper and usually placed up to 30 m above the ground against the trunk of a tall tree or at the tip of strong horizontal branches. Clutches are three to five eggs (Clement and de Juana 2016).<br/>It feeds on small to medium-sized seeds and sometimes green material from a wide range of plants and some insects (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>The species is a partial short-distance migrant and an altitudinal migrant (Clement and de Juana 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",This species is threatened by the future effects of climate change (Maggini <em>et al.</em> 2014).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known specific conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,FRINGILLIDAE,Carduelis,corsicana,,Carduelis corsicana,"(Koenig, 1899)","<em>Serinus citrinella</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) has been split into <em>citrinella</em> and <em>corsicana</em> following Sangster <em>et al.</em> (2002) and moved to the genus <em>Carduelis</em> following Dickinson (2003). <em> <p></p></em>",Yes,LC,0,Yes,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, although this species may have a restricted range, it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large, (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is endemic to Europe, where it is only found on the islands of Corsica (France) and Sardinia (Italy), which hold approximately 78% and 22% of the global population, respectively.","The European breeding population is estimated at 13,000–25,500 pairs, which equates to 26,000–51,000 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits lowland maquis to montane dry scrub and open to semi-open conifer forests, mainly of European black pine (<em>Pinus nigra</em>) and maritime pine (<em>Pinus pinaster</em>), and heathland with tree-heath (<em>Erica</em>) and bushes, mainly <em>Genista</em> and bramble (<em>Rubus</em>), also alder (<em>Alnus</em>) groves and areas of lightly scattered conifers. In subalpine zones it is found in low juniper (<em>Juniperus</em>). Outside the breeding season it moves to maquis and scrub vegetation in lower-level valleys, plains and coastal areas.<br/><br/>Breeding begins at the end of March to mid-April and continues until at least June. The nest is a loose and shallow cup of fine grasses, plant fibres and down, moss, animal hair and feathers and usually placed up to three metres above the ground in low tree-heath, <em>Genista</em>, bramble, evergreen oak (<em>Quercus ilex</em>) or juniper. Clutches are two to five eggs.<br/><br/>It feeds on the seeds of European black pine, grasses (<em>Poa</em>, <em>Briza</em>) and herbs and on Sardinia it also takes larval and pupal ermine moths (Parahyponomeutidae).<br/><br/>The species is an altitudinal migrant (Clement 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There are not thought to be any current significant threats to this species.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known specific conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,FRINGILLIDAE,Carpodacus,erythrinus,,Carpodacus erythrinus,"(Pallas, 1770)",0,No,LC,0,No,NT,A2bce+3bce+4bce,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a moderately rapid rate which approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A), and hence this species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT). As the wider European population is also decreasing, there is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the breeding population size is suspected to have decreased by less than 25% in the past 10 years. In the EU28, the breeding population size is estimated to be decreasing by 16-40%, with a best estimate of 29% over the same period, calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, based on national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","In Europe, the species stronghold is Russia, with small populations occurring Latvia, Finland and Ireland, among other countries.","The European breeding population is estimated at 3,410,000–6,990,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 6,830,000–14,000,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 368,000–587,000 pairs, which equates to 736,000–1,180,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is found in lowland to montane moist forests, woodlands and thickets of willows (<em>Salix</em>), alder (<em>Alnus</em>), poplar (<em>Populus</em>), tamarisks (<em>Tamarix</em>), scrub and bushes in taiga forest edges and clearings. It also occurs in riverine thickets, reedbeds and patches of bushes in meadows, forest edges, hedges, orchards, cherry (<em>Prunus</em>) trees and the edges of cultivation. In forest-steppe and higher areas of montane foothills it found in bracken (<em>Pteridium</em>), dwarf willows, juniper (<em>Juniperus</em>) and on bush-covered slopes with isolated birch (<em>Betula</em>) and firs (<em>Abies</em>).<br/><br/>The breeding season is from May to August and the species in monogamous. The nest is a loose or untidy cup of twigs, plant stems and fibres, grass, flower heads, plant down, moss, lichens and animal hair. It is set low down in a bush, juniper or spruce or willow sapling and is well hidden in a tangle of foliage or against a trunk, occasionally in scrub tangle and rarely on the ground. Clutches are four to six eggs. <br/><br/>The diet is mainly plant and tree seeds, buds, catkins, shoots, leaves, fruit and berries, but it will also take nectar, insects and their larvae and other arthropods (Clement and Christie 2013).<br/><br/>The species is migratory, with most populations being long-distance migrants (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There are not thought to be any current significant threats to this species.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Research to identify the drivers of population declines and appropriate conservation measures.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,FRINGILLIDAE,Carpodacus,rubicilla,,Carpodacus rubicilla,"(Güldenstädt, 1775)",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><strong><br/></strong><br/>In Europe, although this species may have a restricted range, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size may be small, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>This species does not occur in the EU28 and is therefore assessed as Not Applicable (NA) for this region.","In Europe, the breeding population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds primarily in Georgia and Russia, with a small population also present in Azerbaijan.","The European population is estimated at 2,900–11,800&#160;pairs, which equates to 5,800–23,600 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is found in alpine and subalpine areas with stunted and sparse vegetation, montane and submontane plateaux, usually above the rhododendron (<em>Rhododendron</em>) zone, in barren, desolate and windswept hillsides, around rock faces and valleys with occasional dwarf birch (<em>Betula</em>), juniper (<em>Juniperus</em>) and willow (<em>Salix</em>) thickets and boulder-strewn and rock-strewn screes. It also occupies the edges of glaciers and ice-fields, alpine meadows, and open fields at edges of cultivation. Outside of the breeding season it is found at lower levels in similar habitat (Clement 2016).<br/><br/>In Europe breeding is from July to August (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). The nest is constructed mainly from thin twigs, plants stalks and root fibres, grass, moss, animal hair, wool and feathers. It is set in a crevice in a rock face or in a low bush on a cliff face and exceptionally in a deserted building. Clutches are four to five eggs.<br/><br/>Its diet is chiefly seeds, buds, shoots and flowers of small alpine plants, but it sometimes takes berries and small insects as well.<br/><br/>The species is resident and an altitudinal migrant, moving to lower levels from October to March (Clement 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In Europe, declines are attributed to the destruction of habitats rich in Sea Buckthorn (<em>Hippophae rhamnoides</em>) scrub and predation by Alpine Couch (<em>Pyrrhocorax graculus</em>) (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). During the winter and increasing number of the species are being trapped as cagebirds (Tucker and Heath 1994). The size of the European population could also render it susceptible to the risks affecting small populations (Birdlife International 2004).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Essential, is the conservation of winter habitats rich in <em>Hippophae rhamnoides</em>, especially in the river valleys bordering the Kabardino-Balkarian and North Ossetian highland reserves, where the majority of the species winters. Sustainable exploitation of <em>Hippophae</em> berries should also be ensured. A complete ban on catching and keeping birds should be implemented until it effects can be investigated. Accurate monitoring of the species and its population trends should also be undertaken as well as an assessment of the impacts of predation by Alpine Chough (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PASSERIDAE,Carpospiza,brachydactyla,,Carpospiza brachydactyla,"(Bonaparte, 1850)",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small to large, and is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>This species is considered vagrant in the EU28 and is assessed as Not Applicable (NA) for this region.","In Europe the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds primarily in Armenia, and also notably in Turkey, with a small population also present in Azerbaijan.","The European breeding population is estimated at 6,300–12,100&#160;pairs, which equates to 12,700–24,100 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in arid regions with sparse bushy vegetation, often in sparsely grassed hilly and mountainous areas, and rocky ravines.<br/><br/>In the north of its range, breeding occurs in July. It nests in loose colonies and the nest is an open, bulky, untidy hemisphere of thorny twigs, plant stems and grass, lined with plant down and animal hair. It is set in a bush or sometimes in a crevice in a rock or a hole in a building. Clutches are three to six eggs.<br/><br/>Its diet is mostly plant matter, mainly seeds, including cultivated cereals and the green parts of plants but is also known to take insects in the breeding season.<br/><br/>The species is migratory, wintering mainly in western Saudi Arabia and north-east Africa (Summers-Smith 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The size of the European population could render it susceptible to the risks affecting small populations; however it is adjacent to a much larger non-European population (Birdlife International 2004).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,STERCORARIIDAE,Catharacta,skua,,Catharacta skua,"(Brünnich, 1764)","<em>Catharacta skua</em>&#160;(del Hoyo and Collar 2014) was previously placed in the genus&#160;<em>Stercorarius</em>.<br/><em><em><br/></em>Catharacta skua, </em><em>C. antarctica&#160;</em>and&#160;<em>C. maccormicki</em>&#160;(Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993), cross-regional species, are retained as separate species&#160;<em>contra</em>&#160;Christidis and Boles (1994) and Turbott (1990) who include&#160;<em>lonnbergi</em>&#160;and&#160;<em>antarctica</em>&#160;as subspecies of&#160;<em>C. skua&#160;</em>and AERC TAC (2003) who include&#160;<em>C. maccormicki</em>&#160;as a subspecies of&#160;<em>C. skua</em>.<p></p>",Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large, (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds mainly in the United Kingdom, and also notably in the Faroe Islands, Iceland and Svalbard and Jan Mayen, with small populations also found in Norway, Russia and Ireland.","The European breeding population is estimated at 12,900-15,000 pairs, which equates to 25,800-30,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 9,600-9,700 pairs, which equates to 19,200-19,300 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This marine species avoids land during migration and winter, aggregating in winter in areas where it can scavenge from fisheries. It breeds on islands, usually avoiding areas frequented by humans and favours flat ground with some vegetation cover, but less than 20 cm tall. Breeding begins in May and it is loosely colonial but highly territorial. The nest is a scrape typically lined with dead grass. Clutches are normally two eggs, but inexperienced birds may only lay one. It has a hugely varied diet owing to being a highly opportunistic feeder. Individuals regularly show individual specialisations in diet and feeding with some colony-specific learning. The species is migratory; wintering mostly off the coast of Iberia but younger birds will travel further (Furness 1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Declines in Shetland have been due to a recent reduction in sand eel stocks that have resulted in reduced breeding success and less birds at the largest colonies. Changes in fishing practices could also have serious impacts as more than half the summer diet at Shetland is made up of discards from fisheries (Furness 1996) and when discard rates are reduced this species will switch to predating other birds, especially if small shoaling pelagic fish are scarce (Votier <em>et al.</em> 2004). Fishing activities also pose a threat through drowning in fishing nets or being caught on hooks. Human persecution (often illegal) has limited the size of some colonies although harvesting for food has now nearly ceased (Furness 1996). The species is also affected by climate change (Oswald <em>et al.</em> 2008).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known significant conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>As it is not desirable to maintain current rates of fish discard, conservation measures are needed to conserve sandeel stocks in order to provide an alternative food source for this species and avoid a switch to preying on other bird species, which may impact populations of other seabirds (Votier <em>et al.</em> 2004).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,HIRUNDINIDAE,Cecropis,daurica,,Cecropis daurica,"Linnaeus, 1771","<em>Hirundo daurica</em> and <em>H. domicella</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) have been lumped into <em>H. daurica</em> following Dowsett and Forbes-Watson (1993). <em>Hirundo daurica</em> (Dowsett and Forbes-Watson 1993) and <em>H. striolata</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) including ssp. b<em>adia </em>(given specific status by Turner 2004) have been lumped into <em>H. daurica</em> because examination of morphological differences suggests size and boldness of streaking are clinal characters and evidence for sympatric breeding and reported vocal differences is inadequate. This arrangement is given greater coherence by the extreme similarity in plumage of the more rufous taxa <em>badia</em> and <em>hyperythra</em>, which corresponds to the deep saturation of the disjunct taxa <em>savignii</em> (Egypt) and <em>saturata</em> (E Russia) of Barn Swallow <em>H. rustica</em>.<br/><br/>The BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group is aware that phylogenetic analyses have been published which have proposed generic rearrangements which may affect this species, but prefers to wait until work by other taxonomists reveals how these changes affect the entire groups involved.    <p></p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has a very large range this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. <br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds primarily in Spain and also notably in Greece.","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,430,000–3,340,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 2,860,000–6,680,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 1,370,000–3,190,000 pairs, which equates to 2,740,000–6,380,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is found in open hilly country and mountains, river gorges, valleys, sea cliffs, as well as in cultivated areas and human habitations, including towns.<br/><br/>In Europe, breeding occurs from April to September and is usually solitary although sometimes in loose groups. The nest is built by both sexes and is enclosed with a tunnel entrance. It is made of mud pellets sometimes mixed with a little dry grass and lined with a mixture of white feathers, hair, plant down, leaves, pine (<em>Pinus</em>) needles or dry grass. Clutch size varies regionally but is normally four or five in Europe (Turner 2004).<br/><br/>The species feeds on insects, taking airborne prey in aerial pursuit (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>The species is migratory and European populations are thought to winter in the savanna zone of the northern Afrotropics (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The species may be threatened by competition with other birds which use its nests (Martí and del Moral 2004).,"<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Population sizes within Europe are poorly known (Turner 2004), so monitoring programmes should be implemented across its range to more accurately determine its status. Research should focus on potential threats to this species.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,ALCIDAE,Cepphus,grylle,,Cepphus grylle,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, the range size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be decreasing by 18% over 29 years (three generations), hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is unknown. In the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be decreasing by 18% over 29 years (3 generations). For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species stronghold is Iceland, with significant numbers also in Norway, Svalbard and Jan Mayen, the United Kingdom and the European part of Russia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 368,000–397,000 individuals (368,000–397,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 76,000–93,700 individuals (76,000–93,700 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds along cliffs and rocky shores. The species is exclusively marine and is a pursuit diver that propels itself through the water using its wings. The species is probably primarily a benthic forager, since much of the prey consists of benthic fish and invertebrates, including crustaceans (Bradstreet and Brown 1985, Cairns 1987a). Various studies find sandeels (<em>Ammodytes </em>spp.) (Harris and Riddiford 1989, Ewins 1990) and blennies (particularly butterfish <em>Pholis gunnellus</em>) (Harris and Riddiford 1989, Ewins 1990) to be the most important prey species of fish, although the relative contributions of each of these to the overall diet differs. Flatfish (Harris and Riddiford 1989) and gadoids (Ewins 1990) are also sometimes important. Adults tend to consume a higher proportion of invertebrates than the chicks do (Ewins 1990). The few data on winter food suggest that invertebrates are of greater importance during the winter than during the summer (Ewins 1990).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","This species is likely to be susceptible to the impacts of climate change, such as sea temperature rise and shifts in prey distribution and abundance. The species is vulnerable to oil spills and other marine pollution (HELCOM 2013, Nettleship <em>et al. </em>2014). At the breeding colonies the species is vulnerable to invasive predators, such as rats, cats, and American Mink (<em>Neovison vison</em>) (HELCOM 2013). The species is susceptible to being caught in gillnets (Fangel <em>et al.</em> 2011, Zydelis <em>et al.</em> 2013), although other fishing gears may also catch significant numbers. Increasing numbers of offshore wind farms may result in displacement from habitat, and a low risk of collision (Bradbury <em>et al</em>. 2014). It is hunted for consumption in parts of Scandinavia (Mendel<em> et al</em>. 2008).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed within the African Eurasian Waterbird Agreement. There are 91 marine Important Bird Areas which include this species. Within the EU the species is listed within 29 Special Protection Areas. It is listed as Near Threatened by the HELCOM Convention.&#160; <br/><strong><br/>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Further identification of important sites for this species, particularly in offshore regions and designation as marine protected areas; Identify the risks of different activities on seabirds, and locations sensitive to seabirds. Continue eradication of invasive predators from breeding colonies. Management of fisheries to ensure long term sustainability of key stocks (e.g. sandeels). Establish observer schemes for bycatch and prepare National/European Community plans of action on seabird bycatch. Develop codes-of-conduct for more organised activities (e.g. tourism). Ensure that appropriate protection (national laws and international agreements) applies to new areas and times in cases of changes in seabird migration routes and times.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MUSCICAPIDAE,Cercotrichas,galactotes,,Cercotrichas galactotes,"(Temminck, 1820)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. <br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by less than 25% in 10 years.&#160;For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds primarily in Spain, but also notably in Turkey and Azerbaijan.","The European breeding population is estimated at 135,000–388,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 270,000–775,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 102,000–272,000 pairs, which equates to 204,000–544,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe the species breeds mainly in artificial habitats such as olive and almond groves, vineyards, young pine (<em>Pinus</em>) plantations, citrus plantations, parks and orchards. On migration and in winter it is found in similar habitats, often around human settlements. The species breeds in Europe from mid-May to June and pairs in Spain are commonly double-brooded.<br/><br/>The nest is a loose flat cup of dry grass stems, rootlets, twigs, bark and leaves, often incorporating shed snakeskin and lined with fine fibres, hair and feathers. It is built in dense vegetation, often spiny, in a reed clump, small tree (commonly <em>Olea europaea </em>or <em>Pinus halepensis</em> in SE Spain), shrub or grapevine or in a crevice in a building. When nesting on rubbish tips it shows a preference for human artefacts (e.g. oil drum, breeze blocks) over bushes. Clutches are three to six eggs (mean in SE Spain 3.6).<br/><br/>It forages mainly on the ground, feeding on insects, spiders centipedes, millipedes and earthworms as well as fruit, berries and seeds (Collar 2015).<br/><br/>The subspecies found in Europe are migratory, occupying their breeding grounds between April and September and wintering in central, eastern and sub-Saharan Africa (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The population is modest in Armenia and semi-desert habitats there are under threat of agricultural and urban development (Collar 2015).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are no known current conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The conservation of suitable habitat for this species should be developed. Research into the species's ecology and monitoring programmes should be developed. Threat assessments in other European countries should be undertaken to help develop conservation measures.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,CERTHIIDAE,Certhia,brachydactyla,,Certhia brachydactyla,"Brehm, 1820",0,Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Europe holds the majority of this species' global population. It breeds notably in Spain, France, Portugal and Germany.","The European&#160;breeding&#160;population is estimated at 5,060,000–8,390,000 pairs, which equates to 10,100,000–16,800,000 mature individuals. The&#160;breeding&#160;population in the EU28 is estimated at 4,780,000–7,750,000 pairs, which equates to 9,570,000–15,500,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occupies mixed and broadleaf deciduous woodland, particularly oak (<em>Quercus</em>), favouring edge habitats, as well as pine (<em>Pinus</em>) forest, riverine willows (<em>Salix</em>) and poplars (<em>Populus</em>), copses, orchards and parks, well-wooded farmland and suburban areas. In addition, it is sometimes found in plantations of rough-barked exotic conifers.<br/><br/>The species breeds from April to mid-June. The nest foundation is made from twigs, conifer needles, grass, bark, plant fibres, cloth and paper, lined with feathers, hair, down, rootlets, moss and lichen. It is placed up to 16 m above ground behind a flap of loose bark or in a crevice on a tree trunk, in a building or stone wall and occasionally hidden among or behind vegetation. Clutches are usually five to seven eggs.<br/><br/>The diet is chiefly insect larvae and pupae, and spiders (Araneae) but also some seeds.<br/><br/>The species is resident, with some altitudinal movements (Harrap 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",It is thought that the disappearance of old forests due to intensive forestry activities and the replacement of deciduous woodland with conifer plantations may drive declines in this species (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).,"<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/><em>Certhia brachydactyla dorotheae</em> is listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>This species would benefit from the promotion and expansion of forest managed under low-intensity practices, as well as the preservation of old deciduous woodland.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,CERTHIIDAE,Certhia,familiaris,,Certhia familiaris,"Linnaeus, 1758","<em>Certhia familiaris</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) has been split into <em>C. familiaris</em> and <em>C. hodgsoni</em> following Tietze <em>et al</em>. (2006).  <p></p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. <br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, small populations of this species occur in most countries. It breeds notably in Russia, Sweden, Romania, Germany, Czechia and Belarus.","The European breeding population is estimated at 5,490,000–9,570,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 10,900,000–19,200,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 3,810,000–6,290,000 pairs, which equates to 7,630,000–12,600,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits forest and woodland, generally requiring well-grown trees with many cracks and crevices in the bark for foraging, roosting and nesting. It tends to favour older stands of spruce (<em>Picea</em>), but habitat preferences are complex and apparently affected by presence or absence of <em>Certhia brachydactyla</em>.<br/><br/>In the western Palearctic breeding occurs from late March to June. The species is monogamous and both sexes build the nest from conifer needles, bark fibres, grass, moss, lichen, wood chips and the like and the lining, which is added by the female alone, includes feathers, hair, wool, lichen, spider webs, eggs and cocoons. It is placed up to 16 m above ground behind a flap of loose bark or in a crevice on a tree trunk, in a building or stone wall and occasionally hidden among or behind vegetation. Clutches are typically five or six eggs.<br/><br/>The diet is mostly insects, spiders (Araneae) but also takes some seeds, particularly pine and spruce, in the winter (Harrap 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In Europe, populations may be exhibiting declines owing to habitat fragmentation and the loss of older-growth woodland (Harrap 2015) through modern forestry management practices (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). The species is susceptible to the effects of severe winters, especially extended periods of glazed frost or freezing rain. In the north and east of its range populations fluctuate in an irregular pattern, which may be linked to variations in the crop of spruce seeds (Harrap 2015). The species may also suffer from the effects of future climate change (Felton <em>et al.</em> 2014).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>This species would benefit from the promotion and expansion of forest managed under low-intensity practices, particularly the preservation of older woodland growth.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CORACIIFORMES,ALCEDINIDAE,Ceryle,rudis,,Ceryle rudis,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,VU,D1,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: &#160;Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at an unknown rate, and hence the population size reduction criterion (criterion A) cannot be applied. The population size is small, and meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion D. As the species decline is suspected, criterion C cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Vulnerable (VU) in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/>This species does not occur in the EU28 and is therefore considered Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe, the population size is suspected to be undergoing a continuing decline. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species has a predominantly African and Asian distribution (Woodall 2016), which just extends into south-eastern Europe, where a small population is present in Turkey.","The European breeding population is estimated at 300–500 pairs, which equates to 600–1,000 mature individuals, according to the EBBA2 (Keller <em>et al.&#160;</em>2020).&#160;The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits small and large lakes, large rivers, estuaries, coastal lagoons and sandy and rocky coasts, dams and reservoirs with either fresh or brackish water. It is also found by streams and smaller fast-flowing rivers and marshes. It requires waterside perches such as trees, reeds, fences, posts, huts and other man-made objects for hunting.<br/><br/>In Turkey, it lays from August to September and breeds in pairs or in family groups consisting of primary helpers and/or secondary helpers. It can be colonial or solitary. The species nests in earth banks over or up to 1 km from water or occasionally in flat grassy ground. Tunnels are excavated by jabbing at the soil with the bill partially open and kicking soil backwards with the legs. Short holes are dug but the nest-tunnel is typically 1-2.5 m long with an unlined chamber at the end. Clutch size can range from one to seven eggs, but usually four or five.<br/><br/>Its diet is primarily fish possibly supplemented by aquatic insects, and frogs, tadpoles and molluscs have also been recorded. It hunts from perches, diving into the water to catch prey. Small fish may be swallowed on the wing, but larger ones are taken back to the perch and bashed repeatedly. It also regularly hovers before plunging down to take prey in water. <br/><br/>The species is generally sedentary, with some local movement in response to changes in food availability. However, movements can extend over several hundred kilometres. There are a few records of birds from Cyprus, Greece, south-east Russia, Spain, Sicily and Poland (Woodall 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The construction of dams such as the Ilısu dam project in Turkey poses a risk to the nesting habitat of this species (Biricik and Karakas 2012). They are also at risk of poisoning through bioaccumulation of pollution and toxins in the fish they prey on (Brooke&#160;<em>et al.</em> 1991).,"<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II.  No Red List in Cyprus. Listed as Critically Endangered on Turkish Red List (Kiziroglu 2008).  There are no known conservation measures specifically targeting this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Research should be developed into the species's range, ecology, habitat requirements and movements to inform future conservation measures. Also, the investigation of potential threats and their impacts is important, particularly looking at pollutants and toxins in the species. Legal protection of the species and key sites should be developed and implemented as well as a Regional Action Plan for the species.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,SCOTOCERCIDAE,Cettia,cetti,,Cettia cetti,"(Temminck, 1820)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In both Europe and the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be stable, hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Spain, with smaller numbers in Italy and Turkey.","The European breeding population is estimated at 2,040,000–3,280,000 pairs (4,080,000–6,550,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 1,790,000–2,710,000 pairs (3,580,000–5,420,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species favours swampy lowland areas with thick cover of reeds and sparse bushes (rarely in uniform reedbeds standing in water), willows (<em>Salix</em>), and brambles (<em>Rubus</em>) or blackthorn (<em>Prunus spinosa</em>). It is also found in overgrown ditches and streams with thick tangles of cover, areas of damp meadows, tall grass stands, hedgerows and overgrown orchards. In non-breeding areas, it occurs in variably wet or dry scrub of plains, foothills, valley bottoms, bramble patches, overgrown orchards, and dense cover near water, marshes, swamps and reeds (Clement 2006).<br/><br/>Breeding occurs mainly from mid-April to June (Snow and Perrins 1998) and it lays two to four eggs. The nest is a large untidy cup of leaves, dry grass, plant fibres, feathers, animal hair and reed mace (<em>Typha</em>). It can be sited up to two metres from the ground in a thick tangle of vegetation, among the twigs or thin branches of a bush or stems of reeds or nettles (Urtica) (Clement 2006).<br/><br/>It feeds mainly on insects but also takes other invertebrates.<br/><br/>The species varies from sedentary to migratory in different parts of its range (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Particularly in the north-west of its range, it is susceptible to severe cold winters (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997, Robinson <em>et al. </em>2007).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><strong><br/>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,CHARADRIIDAE,Charadrius,alexandrinus,,Charadrius alexandrinus,"Linnaeus, 1758","<p><em>Charadrius alexandrinus, C. dealbatus </em>and<em> C. nivosus </em>(del Hoyo and Collar<em> </em>2014) were previously lumped as <em>C. alexandrinus </em>following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993)<em>. </em></p><p><em></em></p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size may be moderately small, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by less than 25% in 12 years (three generations). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds largely in Turkey, but also notably in Spain, Portugal, Azerbaijan, Greece and France. It winters notably in Spain, Greece, Turkey and Portugal.","The European breeding population is estimated at 17,400–33,700&#160;pairs (34,900–67,400 mature individuals) and the wintering population is estimated at 9,200-17,600 individuals (6,100–11,800 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 6,800–14,500 pairs (13,600–28,900 mature individuals), and the wintering population is estimated at 7,400–13,500 individuals (4,900–9,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Although some populations of this species are sedentary or only disperse short distances, most inland and northern coastal populations are fully migratory and have distinct separate breeding and wintering ranges (Billerman <em>et al.</em>&#160;2020, Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986). The species occupies its breeding grounds chiefly from March to October (Hayman <em>et al</em>. 1986); dispersing from late-June immediately after the young fledge, with the southward migration peaking in September (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020).<br/><br/>During all seasons the species is predominantly coastal,&#160;and is usually found on sand, silt or dry mud surfaces, generally avoiding very exposed oceanic coastlines and rocky or broken ground (Johnsgard 1981, Hayman <em>et al</em>. 1986, Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020, Snow and Perrins 1998). It also shows a preference for sparsely vegetated and sandy areas when breeding (Johnsgard 1981). Typical habitats include sandy, pebbly or muddy shores, dunes, coastal lagoons, estuaries and tidal mudflats (Johnsgard 1981, Hayman <em>et al</em>. 1986, Grimmett <em>et al</em>. 1998, Urban<em> et al</em>. 1986, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). It is uncommon on freshwater, even when migrating, but frequently occurs on inland habitats not far from the coast such as seasonal watercourses, open flats near brackish or saline lakes, salt-pans, salty steppes with scattered grasses, sandy deserts, pebbly or muddy plains, gravel pits, and less frequently sandy riverbanks, sandy pond margins and barren reservoir shores (Hayman <em>et al</em>. 1986, Johnsgard 1981, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020, Grimmett <em>et al</em>. 1998, Urban <em>et al.</em> 1986).<br/><br/>The nest is a shallow scrape positioned near water on bare earth or in sparse vegetation, often on slightly raised ground and partly sheltered by plants or near conspicuous objects such as grass clumps or shrubs (Johnsgard 1981, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020,&#160;Snow and Perrins 1998). The species nests in semicolonial groups, with nests spaced between two and five metres (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Its diet consists mainly of insects and their larvae, gammarids, crabs,  other crustaceans and brine shrimps, bivalve and univalve molluscs,  polychaete worms, spiders and small pieces of seaweed (Johnsgard 1981,  Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020, Urban <em>et al.</em> 1986).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by the disturbance of coastal habitats (e.g. tourists trampling nests and disturbing roosts on beaches) (Lafferty <em>et al.</em> 2006). It is also threatened by the degradation and loss of wetland habitat through environmental pollution, land reclamation, declining river flows (from water abstraction), unsustainable harvesting of benthic fauna, urbanisation and a reduction in the amount of sediment being carried into coastal areas by rivers (Barter 2006, Kelin and Qiang 2006, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). The species is susceptible to avian botulism, so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the disease (Blaker 1967).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive and Annex II of the Bern Convention.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Recreation at breeding sites needs to be controlled. Pollution of wetland habitats, land reclamation, infrastructure development and human disturbance at breeding sites needs to be stopped. Abandonment of salt pans should be reversed.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,CHARADRIIDAE,Charadrius,asiaticus,,Charadrius asiaticus,"Pallas, 1773",0,No,EN,D,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Endangered (EN</strong><strong>⁰</strong><strong>)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an unknown range size, and hence the range size criteria (criteria B and D2) cannot be applied. The population size trend is not known, and the population size reduction criterion A cannot be applied. The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is extremely small, and meets the thresholds for Critically Endangered under the population size criterion D. This species, however, is migratory, with a stable neighbouring population. There therefore considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and hence the final category is downlisted one step to Endangered (EN⁰).&#160;<br/><br/>This species does not occur in the EU28 and is therefore considered Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species has a predominantly central Asian breeding distribution (Wiersma and Boesman 2016), which just extends into Europe&#160;where it breeds mainly in Russia, but also in smaller numbers in Azerbaijan.","In Europe, the breeding population is estimated at 3–30 pairs, which equates to 6–60 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in desert and desert steppe near water amongst sparse shrub vegetation (Wiersma and Boesman 2016) up to about 800 m (Snow and Perrins 1998). It is primarily associated with saline habitats such as saltpans, saline soils subject to seasonal flooding (Wiersma and Boesman 2016), inland saltmarshes (Johnsgard 1981) and alkali flats (Flint <em>et al.</em> 1984). The species concentrates in flocks after breeding ready for migration on the banks of lakes, rivers, water-holes trampled by cattle (Wiersma and Boesman 2016) and cultivated land (Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986). During migration the species has been recorded on damp sandbanks and pebble beds (Hockey <em>et al. </em>2005).<br/><br/>The birds arrive at their breeding grounds from late-March to early-May, and egg-laying begins in April. The nest of this species is a shallow scrape, sparsely lined with vegetation and debris, on open ground or amongst low vegetation. Clutch size is three eggs (Wiersma and Boesman 2016).<br/><br/>The species is primarily carnivorous throughout both the breeding and non-breeding seasons. Whilst breeding the species takes mainly adult and larval insects (Johnsgard 1981, Wiersma and Boesman 2016), although it will occasionally take plant material. During the non-breeding season beetles, termites, grasshoppers and small snails are the main contributors to this species' diet, and it is often observed hunting for insects in town refuse heaps and cattle dung.<br/><br/>This species is fully migratory. It winters in Africa between August and October (Wiersma and Boesman 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The main threat to this species is the destruction of natural steppe and grassland though overgrazing and conversion to intensive agricultural practices, especially within the European (breeding) part of its range (Wiersma and Boesman 2016). The European population is on the edge of its world range, conditions may well be suboptimal for the species within the region, making it particularly vulnerable to habitat change (Tucker and Heath 1994).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no conservation actions known to be in place for this species.   <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The maintenance of large areas of suitable habitat and establishing areas of desert steppe reserves would ensure population viability.  In addition, there is a need to moderate agricultural intensification and avoid overgrazing within areas of breeding birds. Research should be conducted into population ecology, distribution and the habitat and feeding requirements of the species (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,CHARADRIIDAE,Charadrius,dubius,,Charadrius dubius,"Scopoli, 1786",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is unknown, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 10% (best estimate) in 11 years (three generations). In the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds mainly in Russia. It also breeds notably in Spain, with smaller populations in most other countries in Europe.","The European breeding population is estimated at 212,000–317,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 425,000–634,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 72,500–109,000 pairs, which equates to 145,000–217,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is fully migratory in much of its range. The European population migrates across the Sahara Desert between late-July and early September (leaving breeding grounds June to mid-July) to reach wintering grounds in tropical Africa from late-August onwards. These populations return to their breeding grounds from mid-March, where they breed April-June (Europe) (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020).<br/><br/>This species is mainly solitary throughout the non-breeding season and on migration, occasionally occurring in flocks of not more than 10 individuals (Cramp and Simmons 1983, Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020). It also breeds singly or in loose neighbourhood groups spaced 7–200 m apart (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020).<br/><br/>During the breeding season this species shows a preference for bare or sparsely vegetated sandy and pebbly shores of shallow standing freshwater pools, lakes or slow-flowing rivers, including river islands, dry, stony riverbeds, sand and shingle or silt flats (Cramp and Simmons 1983, Grimmett <em>et al.</em> 1998, Johnsgard 1981, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020). This species may also utilise temporary artificial habitats such as gravel pits, sewage works, industrial wastelands&#160;and refuse tips, and may use open arable land on clay soil in exceptional circumstances (Ratcliffe 1974, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020, Cramp and Simmons 1983, Hayman <em>et al</em>. 1986, Johnsgard, 1981). The species prefers lowland habitats and is rarely found above 800 m in Europe (Cramp and Simmons 1983, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020).<br/><br/>The nest is a shallow scrape on loose sand, dry mud or on flat, bare  rocks surrounded by mud or sand, sometimes amongst sparse vegetation&#160;in  the vicinity of water, and often on small islands or adjacent farmland  (Johnsgard, 1981, Urban <em>et al</em>. 1986, Grimmett <em>et al.</em> 1998, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020, Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986). Nesting pairs have also been recorded on flat gravelled roofs (Cramp and Simmons 1983).<br/><br/>The species is carnivorous, its diet consisting mainly of insects such as beetles, flies (especially larvae and pupae), ants, bugs, mayfly and dragonfly larvae, caddisflies, crickets and larval Lepidoptera, as well as spiders, freshwater shrimps and other small crustaceans, mussels, worms and snails (Johnsgard, 1981, Cramp and Simmons 1983, Urban <em>et al</em>. 1986, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020). Vegetation (such as the seeds of grasses, sedges, Polygonum and Compositae) is taken rarely and is likely to be ingested incidentally along with animal matter (Cramp and Simmons 1983).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The main primary threats to this species are the degradation and loss of its preferred habitats (Barter 2002, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020). Many of the species' breeding sites are also disturbed by human recreational activities (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020). Increased flood regulation and pollution from oil and tar along the Mediterranean coast has resulted in the degradation of the breeding sites in those areas (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020). The species may also be susceptible to outbreaks of avian botulism (Hubalek <em>et al.</em> 2005).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Recreation at breeding sites needs to be controlled.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,CHARADRIIDAE,Charadrius,hiaticula,,Charadrius hiaticula,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds mainly in Russia, Greenland and Iceland, and also notably in Sweden, Norway and Finland. It winters notably in the UK, France, Spain, Ireland and Portugal.","The European breeding population is estimated at 130,000–200,000&#160;pairs (261,000–399,000 mature individuals) and the wintering population is estimated at 79,700–95,400 individuals (53,100–63,600 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 27,300–40,400 pairs (54,600–80,800 mature individuals), and the wintering population is estimated at 79,500–93,800 individuals (53,000–62,600 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This is a gregarious species, often roosting communally in flocks of several hundred close to its feeding areas, occurring singly, in small (up to 50 individuals) or large flocks (up to 1,200–1,500 individuals) during the non-breeding season (Hayman <em>et al</em>. 1986, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020, Urban <em>et al.</em> 1986). The species breeds primarily on sand or shingle beaches either along the Arctic coast&#160;or around coastal tundra pools or lakes (Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986, Snow and Perrins 1998, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020, Johnsgard 1981). In the south of its range it may also breed inland on the Arctic tundra&#160;on muddy plains with stones or pebbles, on shores and sandbars of inland rivers, lakes, gravel pits or reservoirs, or on short grassland, farmland and other well-drained sites&#160;&#160;(Johnsgard 1981, Hayman <em>et al</em>. 1986, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020, Snow and Perrins 1998). Outside the breeding season the species inhabits muddy, sandy or pebbly coasts in the tropics and subtropics including estuaries, tidal mudflats and sandflats (Johnsgard 1981,&#160;Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). It also frequents mudbanks or sandbanks along rivers and lakes, lagoons, saltmarshes, short grassland, farmland, flooded fields, gravel pits, reservoirs, sewage works and saltpans during this season (Urban <em>et al</em>. 1986, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020, Hockey <em>et al</em>. 2005).<br/><br/>The species starts to breed from April until June, nesting in solitary  pairs or loose semi-colonial groups (especially in undisturbed areas)  (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). The nest is a shallow scrape positioned near the high-water mark on shingle or sandy beaches (Johnsgard 1981,&#160;Hayman <em>et al</em>. 1986, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020).  The species is a solitary nester, although it may breed at quite high  densities in undisturbed areas, neighbouring nests spaced between 5 and  100 m apart (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020).<br/><br/>Its diet consists of small crustaceans, molluscs, polychaete worms, isopods, amphipods, insects (e.g., ants, beetles, flies and fly larvae) and millipedes.<br/><br/>The majority of this species is fully migratory (Hockey <em>et al</em>. 2005, Billerman <em>et al.</em>&#160;2020)  and travels either on a broad or narrow front depending on the location  of each population's breeding and wintering grounds.<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Important migratory stop-over habitats for this species on the Baltic Sea coastline are threatened by petroleum pollution, wetland drainage for irrigation, land abandonment and changing land management practices leading to scrub overgrowth (Grishanov <em>et al</em>. 2006). The species is also susceptible to avian botulism (so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the disease) (Blaker 1967), and suffers predation from feral American Mink (<em>Neovison vison</em>) in some regions (Nordstrom <em>et al</em>. 2003).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Removing feral American Mink (<em>Neovison vison</em>) from a large archipelago with many small islands in the Baltic Sea resulted in an increase in the breeding density of this species in the area (Nordstrom <em>et al</em>. 2003). Pollution of wetland habitats, wetland drainage for irrigation, land abandonment and changing land management practices at breeding sites needs to be stopped.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,CHARADRIIDAE,Charadrius,leschenaultii,,Charadrius leschenaultii,"Lesson, 1826",0,No,NT,D1,No,CR,C2a(i);D,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Near Threatened</strong><strong>&#160;(NT)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species may have a restricted range, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be declining, but at an unknown rate, and hence the population size reduction criterion (criterion A) cannot be applied. The population size is small, and approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under population size criterion D, and is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside either region, and therefore the final categories remain unchanged.<br/><br/>In the EU28, in winter, this species has a very small range, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be declining, but at an unknown rate, and hence the population size reduction criterion (criterion A) cannot be applied. The population size is extremely small which meets the thresholds for Critically Endangered (CR) under population size criterion D,&#160;and combined with the ongoing decline also meet the thresholds for Critically Endangered under the population size criterion C. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside either region, and therefore the final categories remain unchanged.","In Europe, the current breeding population size trend, as well as the European and EU28 wintering population are estimated to be undergoing a continuous decline of unknown magnitude. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species has a predominantly Asian distribution, although it also occurs as a summer visitor in Europe, principally in Turkey, but also notably in Azerbaijan and in small numbers in Russia. In winter, it only occurs in Cyprus.","The European breeding population is estimated at 650–1,200 pairs, which equates to 1,300–2,400 mature individuals. The species only occurs in the EU28 in winter, and the entire European wintering population is found within the EU, where the minimum population is estimated at 15-25 individuals, which equates to 10-17 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","During the breeding season this species is predominantly found in open, dry, treeless, uncultivated areas up to 1,000 m (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997, Wiersma&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020), including dried mud, silt and clay flats, hard salt-pans overgrown with halophytic plants (Johnsgard 1981, Snow and Perrins 1998), and rocky plains near mountains in desert or semi-desert (Johnsgard 1981, Flint <em>et al.</em> 1984, Wiersma&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). In Turkey the species frequents heavily grazed saline steppe. The species usually breeds near water (Wiersma&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). During the non-breeding season this species shows a preference for littoral habitats (Urban <em>et al.</em> 1986) with mixed sand and mud substrata (Hockey <em>et al.</em> 2005). It is generally found on sheltered sandy, shelly or muddy beaches, large intertidal mudflats, sandbanks, salt-marshes, estuaries, rocky islands (Wiersma&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020), tidal lagoons (Hockey<em> et al.</em> 2005) and dunes near the coast (Urban <em>et al. </em>1986). Whilst on migration the species will occasionally utilise inland habitats such as salt-lakes and brackish swamps, usually roosting on sandbanks and spits (Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986, Wiersma&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). In Turkey, egg-laying occurs from late April to late May and in Armenia unfledged chicks have been recorded in late June. It is a solitary breeder. The nest is a shallow scrape in the ground, variably lined with plant fragments and situated in the open or among low vegetation. Clutch size is usually three eggs (Wiersma&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). This species is carnivorous: during the breeding season its diet consists mainly of terrestrial insects and their larvae (especially beetles, termites, midges and ants), and occasionally lizards. In the non-breeding season its diet contains mainly marine invertebrates such as molluscs (snails), worms and crustaceans (Johnsgard 1981). This species is fully migratory, wintering on the shores of Australasia and the Indian Ocean, but relation between breeding and non-breeding quarters poorly known. It is probable it migrates without stopping on a broad front between breeding and non-breeding areas (Wiersma&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In some parts of its breeding range this species is threatened by the destruction of wetlands and bordering fallow steppe through drainage and water extraction for irrigation (Turkey) (Snow and Perrins 1998, Wiersma&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). Favoured migration staging posts, such as the Çukurova delta in southern Turkey are under increasing pressure from hunting, tourism and industrial activities and are often polluted along the coast with oil (Tucker and Heath 1994).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no conservation actions known to be in place for this species.   <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Preserve large areas of steppe habitat bordering wetlands to maintain breeding populations as well as maintaining low-intensity sheep farming at some sites to preserve the optimum vegetation structure. Prevent the drainage of wetland sites frequented by the species, including IBAs, and give these sites national protection (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,ALAUDIDAE,Chersophilus,duponti,,Chersophilus duponti,"(Vieillot, 1820)","Traditionally two subspecies are recognised (Cramp and Simmons 1988; De Juana<br/>and Suárez 2004): <span style=""font-style: italic; "">Chersophilus duponti duponti</span> (Vieillot,1820) living in the Iberian Peninsula, Morocco and Northern Algeria and Tunisia and <span style=""font-style: italic;"">C. duponti margaritae</span>, to which the southernmost populations of Algeria and Tunisia belong, as well as those of Libya and Egypt. The geographical separation of both subspecies is not clear in some regions and overlapping of ranges is recorded in Tunisia (Garcia et al, 2008).",No,VU,A2bc+3bc+4bc; C1+2a(i),No,VU,A2bc+3bc+4bc;C1+2a(i),EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><p></p>In both Europe and the EU28, although this species is restricted to Spain, it has a relatively large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population trend appears to be decreasing, at a rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The population size is small, with several small populations present, and combined with the fact that it is declining, it meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion C. Considering the species is relatively sedentary, there is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside either region, and therefore the final categories remain unchanged.&#160;&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Vulnerable in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 32% (best estimate) in the past 10 years, and is suspected to continue declining at the same rate between 2011-2021 and over the next 10 years.&#160;&#160;These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","In Europe, the species is currently only found in continental Spain; mainly in east Castilla y Leónand Aragón, also west Castilla y Leónnear Portugese border, east Castilla-La Mancha and south-east Andalucía. It is sparsely distributed and uncommon in most areas of its relatively small and fragmented range (de Juana and Suárez 2004).","The European breeding population is estimated at 2,300–2,400 pairs, which equates to 4,600–4,700 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species prefers open plains with shrub-steppe or feather-grass (<em>Stipa</em>) steppe, on flat or rolling terrain. In Spain, it prefers land with shrubs, mainly 40–60 cm tall, and medium-high percentage of bare ground. It also occurs in cereal fields outside the breeding season. It is found between 50–1,550 m, but mostly at 1,000–1,400 m.<br/><br/>Breeding takes place in March and July and pairs will often have more than one brood. Song-flighting males often rise to considerable height (100–150 m) and remain aloft, singing continuously, for 30 minutes or more before suddenly descending rapidly and vertically to the ground; wing-clapping has been recorded during song flights at lower levels. The nest is a scrape on the ground, beside a small shrub or tuft or in the open, lined with twigs, vegetable fibres and hair, orientation mainly in NE-NW quarter. Clutch size three to five eggs in Spain (de Juana and Suárez 2004).<br/><br/>The species feeds principally on insects (beetles and Lepidoptera larvae) and seeds. The chicks are fed only on invertebrates, predominantly Lepidoptera larvae, grasshoppers (Acrididae) and spiders (Tucker and Heath 1994).<br/><br/>This species is sedentary, although probably irregular movements occur during winter. In Spain, it has been observed in winter flocks with other lark species. Vagrants recorded east and north in Italy, Malta, Greece (Crete) and Cyprus (de Juana and Suárez 2004).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In parts of its range, overgrazing or undergrazing and agricultural development have caused a reduction in its preferred habitats and a considerable decrease in numbers (Isenmann <em>et al.</em> 2005). Reforestation schemes also lead to a loss of suitable habitat and infrastructure development has led to fragmentation of habitat, particularly by the construction and development of wind farms in Spain. The limited dispersal capabilities of the species reduces the exchange of individuals between populations and increases their extinction risk. Since gene flow between Iberian and African populations is extremely low (García <em>et al.</em> 2008) it is important that conservation plans for Iberian populations do not rely on the existence of the African populations of the same subspecies. A recent Spanish study has shown that the species' occurrence is principally determined by geographic isolation (extinction events were exclusively related to isolation), landscape matrix and patch size, rather than habitat quality (Vögeli <em>et al.</em> 2010). Isolation of local populations and reduced patch size has a compounding effect on population density since smaller populations suffer reduced singing repertoires which in turn reduces the rescuing effect from others (receiving immigrants), thus compromising population persistence (Laiolo and Tella 2008).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex I.  Bern Convention Appendix II. An EU Species Action Plan was published in 2008 (Inigo <em>et al.</em> 2008). The species has been studied in Spain and is included as Endangered in the Spanish Red Data Book. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Continue monitoring Spanish populations. Determine appropriate levels of grazing to maintain habitat. Work with farmers and pastoralists to ensure that levels of grazing benefit the species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,OTIDIFORMES,OTIDIDAE,Chlamydotis,macqueenii,,Chlamydotis macqueenii,"(J.E. Gray, 1832)","<p><em>Chlamydotis undulata </em>and<em> C. macqueenii </em>(del Hoyo and Collar 2014) were previously lumped as <em>C. undulata </em>following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).<em> &#160;</em></p>  <p></p>",No,CR,D,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Critically Endangered&#160;(CR)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species appears to&#160;have declined as a breeder by 100% before the three generation length period, with no confirmed records of breeding in the last decades (Belik 2005), with possibly only limited or sporadic occurrences in the southeasternmost areas of Europe (Goriup 1997). The species is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) in the region.<br/><br/>This species is a vagrant in the EU28 and is therefore considered Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 100% before the three generation period and this species is now considered to be as possibly extinct in the region. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is found principally from Egypt east of the Nile, through the Middle East and central Asia to China. There are no recent records of this species breeding in Europe, with the suggestion of a few last birds breeding in Russia in the 90s, but no evidence for this (Belik 2005).","The European breeding population is estimated at zero mature individuals and is therefore considered to be possibly extinct. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits open, arid and sparsely vegetated steppe and semi-desert (Launay <em>et al.</em> 1997, Osborne <em>et al</em>. 1997, Mian 2003, Yang <em>et al.</em> 2003). It favours scattered shrubby vegetation, typically comprising xerophytic or halophytic plants (Billerman 2020). On the breeding grounds, nesting females may also favour sites away from vegetation patches, which could provide cover for predators (Yang <em>et al.</em> 2003, Aghanajafizadeh <em>et al.</em> 2012).<br/><br/>Outside of Europe, in Syria, the species breeds mainly from March to May (Billerman 2020). Males attract their mates with an extravagant courtship display, which they perform at the same site each year. The display begins with a period of strutting and culminates with the male retracting his head within an ornamental shield of erected neck feathers and then running at speed in either a straight or curved line. The display is often accompanied by a series of subsonic booming calls (Gaucher <em>et al</em>. 1996). Females create a shallow scrape in the ground in which they typically lay two to three eggs (Billerman 2020).<br/><br/>The species feeds throughout the day, but is most active at dawn and dusk (Combreau and Launay 1996). It has an eclectic diet, mainly comprising plants and invertebrates (especially ants Formicidae and beetles Tenebrionidae (Tigar and Osborne 2000)), but also including vertebrates such as rodents, lizards, small snakes and even young birds (Billerman 2020, Tourenq <em>et al.</em> 2003).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The principal threat is from hunting (primarily using falconry), largely but not exclusively on the species' wintering grounds (Judas <em>et al</em>. 2009). In parts of the region, fast-paced development related to the growth of the petroleum industry has reduced the availability of undisturbed habitats and further exacerbated the species' decline. Oil exploration, road building, oil and water pipelines, mining and quarrying activities, powerlines and the general disturbance caused by four-wheel drive vehicles have all been identified as significant auxiliary threats. Powerlines in particular may prove to be a major threat in the near future. Livestock grazing is reported to have a negative impact on the species, both indirectly, by degrading the desert vegetation on which birds rely for food and concealment, and directly, through the trampling of nests and disturbance of nesting females (Lavee 1988).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CITES Appendix I. CMS Appendix II. Studies have been conducted into the status, ecology and migration of the species in various parts of its range, most notably Kazakhstan (Combreau <em>et al</em>. 2001, 2002, Tourenq <em>et al</em>. 2004, O. Combreau and M. Lawrence<em> in litt</em>. 2004, F. Launay pers. comm. 2004, Riou <em>et al</em>. 2011). Through its network of breeding facilities in the U.A.E., Morocco and Kazakhstan, the International Fund for Houbara Conservation (IFHC) has a long-term goal to produce 35,000 Asian Houbaras each year for reintroduction into the wild (IFHC 2014). The first releases were made in Mahazat as-Sayd Protected Area in central Saudi Arabia in 1991. This population is currently estimated to number 250-300 individuals. Further releases have taken place elsewhere in Saudi Arabia and also in U.A.E., Qatar, Kuwait, Yemen, Jordan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. It is not yet clear what impact the releases of captive-reared birds have on the demographics and genetic integrity of the overall population. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The most urgently needed conservation measures are those that will reduce exploitation to a biologically sustainable level. This will require precautionary and scientifically determined limits on the number of birds that can be harvested legally and stricter enforcement of bans on illegal forms of trade and hunting; it also requires in-depth studies of natural productivity in Asian Houbaras in relation to habitat selection and predator abundance. Carry out further surveys to gain an improved estimate of the overall population size and trend; continue research to determine the migration routes, schedules and strategies of all populations. Produce a range-wide action and recovery plan, based on agreement under the Convention on Migratory Species. Create managed protected areas. Where they can be shown to be detrimental, reduce grazing and other farming pressures (Goriup 1997, Combreau <em>et al</em>. 2001, O. Combreau and M. Lawrence <em>in litt</em>. 2004, F. Launay pers. comm. 2004). Establish long-term, range-wide population monitoring studies. Study the overall demographic and genetic consequences of releasing captive-reared birds.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,OTIDIFORMES,OTIDIDAE,Chlamydotis,undulata,,Chlamydotis undulata,"(Jacquin, 1784)","<p><em>Chlamydotis undulata </em>and<em> C. macqueenii </em>(del Hoyo and Collar 2014) were previously lumped as <em>C. undulata </em>following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).<em> &#160;</em></p>",No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>Within the region this species is restricted to the eastern Canary Islands (Spain), and therefore has a small range, however it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2).&#160;The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is very small, and meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion D1. The Canarian population is a distinct subspecies and there is not considered to be any potential rescue effect from the mainland North African population, therefore the final category remains unchanged. The species is classified as Vulnerable in both Europe and the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be increasing.&#160;The entire European population is found within the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species occurs across a wide range in North Africa, however it extends into Europe, where the subspecies <em>fuertaventurae</em> is confined to the eastern Canary Islands, Spain (Carrascal <em>et al.</em> 2006).","The European breeding population is estimated at 610–620&#160;mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Within Europe this species is confined to the eastern Canary Islands. It inhabits sandy and stony semi-desert and is specialised to arid conditions where trees are absent and both shrub cover and herb layer are sparse (Collar 1979, Goriup 1997, Snow and Perrins 1998, Martí and del Moral 2003).<br/><br/>The breeding season runs from November to June, with peak activity in March and April (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). Typically, it lays two to four eggs in a scrape on the ground, usually near some cover (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). Eggs and young are susceptible to ground predators. Males attract their mates with an extravagant courtship display which they perform at the same site each year. Males defend these display areas which are approximately 500–1,000 m apart (Tucker and Heath 1994). The display begins with a period of strutting and culminates with the male retracting his head within an ornamental shield of erected neck feathers and then running at speed in either a straight or curved line. The display is often accompanied by a series of subsonic booming calls (Gaucher <em>et al. </em>1996).<br/><br/>It feeds on invertebrates, small vertebrates and green shoots (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>The species is sedentary (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The European population is considered threatened by collisions with power lines (González and Lorenzo <em>in litt.</em> 2007, Lowen 2007), as well as habitat degradation caused by tourist facilities, off-road vehicles, military exercises, overgrazing, sand extraction and road development. It is also possible nest predation by introduced mammals and illegal hunting have an adverse impact (Martín&#160;<em>et al.</em> 1997, Martín and Lorenzo 2001, Martí and del Moral 2003). Recent evidence suggests that the impacts of military exercises and hunting have reduced considerably in recent years, but mortality from power lines may still be significant (González and Lorenzo <em>in litt.</em> 2007).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CITES Appendix I. EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. National legislation protects the species or controls hunting in most range states, however hunters are often able to circumvent these laws (Azafzaf <em>et al.</em> 2005). In the Canary Islands the species has received improved protection from poaching as well as the reduction of grazing (agricultural decline) and habitat management within protected areas (Martín <em>et al.</em> 1997, Martín and Lorenzo 2001, Martí and del Moral 2003). SEO/BirdLife purchased a 209-ha reserve to protect the species on Fuerteventura in 2005.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Designate new and expand existing special protected areas under European law. Increase wardening of key areas. Ensure safe power line positions; conduct a rigorous census every five years. Undertake local awareness campaigns (Martín <em>et al.</em> 1997, Martín and Lorenzo 2001, Martí and del Moral 2003).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,LARIDAE,Chlidonias,hybrida,,Chlidonias hybrida,"(Pallas, 1811)",Gender agreement of species name follows David and Gosselin (2002a).  <p></p>,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be increasing, hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is estimated to be increasing. In the EU28 the breeding population size is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia, Azerbaijan, Romania and Ukraine, with smaller numbers in Belarus, Spain, Turkey and France.","The European breeding population is estimated at 58,900–147,000 pairs (117,000–294,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 19,100–41,500 pairs (38,300–82,900 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species utilises a variety of wetland habitats but shows a preference for freshwater marshlands with scattered pools, particularly where the surrounding vegetation is grazed by cattle or horses (Richards 1990). It frequents inland lakes, rivers, marshes, artificial fish-ponds and drainage-ponds covered with water-lilies (e.g. in Italy), swamps, river pools, reservoirs, large dams, sewage-ponds, flooded saltmarshes&#160;and rice-fields (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020, Higgins and Davies 1996). The species breeds from May to early-June (Richards 1990) in monospecific colonies of 10–100 pairs.<br/><br/>The nest is a heap of aquatic vegetation or dry grass, placed either on floating and emergent vegetation over water 60–80 cm deep or resting on the bottom of very shallow water. Clutches are two or three eggs.<br/><br/>Its diet consists of terrestrial and aquatic insects (e.g. Dytiscidae, adult and larval Odonata, Orthoptera, flying ants and mosquitoes), spiders, frogs, tadpoles, small crabs, shrimp&#160;and small fish (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020,&#160;Richards 1990).<br/><br/>Northern breeding populations of this species are fully migratory (del Hoyo <em>et al.&#160;</em>1996). After breeding, it departs for the wintering grounds from late-July to September, returning again between April and May (Richards 1990). The species sometimes forages singly, but is more common in small groups or larger mixed-species flocks on passage and in the winter (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","This species suffers from the loss of natural wetlands to land reclamation, dry seasons and an increase in drainage schemes (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997), as well as the canalization of rivers (Tucker and Heath 1994). The species suffers nest destruction from the invasive rodent species <em>Myocastor coypus</em> in Italy (Arduin 1997). Increasing tourism and water sports near breeding colonies result in disturbance and the loss of nesting sites (Tucker and Heath 1994) and many nests are lost to adverse weather. Fishermen collect eggs in Ukraine (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). It is affected by water quality and so pollution from insecticides and eutrophication are a threat (Martí and Moral 2004). In addition, the intensification of fisheries and bycatch in fishing nets are issues (Golemanski 2011).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. The species has been included as a target species in three EU LIFE Projects.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The species requires the maintenance of a network of water-bodies with well-developed emergent and floating vegetation to provide sufficient breeding habitat. These areas should be protected from disturbance by the establishment of buffer zones around them. Artificial, anchored rafts may be useful in providing nesting sites on intensively managed water-bodies (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,LARIDAE,Chlidonias,leucopterus,,Chlidonias leucopterus,"(Temminck, 1815)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is small, but not enough to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is fluctuating, hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is unknown. In the EU28 the breeding population size is fluctuating. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species stronghold is Russia, with significant numbers in&#160; Azerbaijan, Belarus and Ukraine.","The European breeding population is estimated at 88,000–216,000 pairs (176,000–432,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 500–5,900 pairs (1,000–11,700 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds inland on freshwater lakes, swampy standing water, rivers and shallow naturally flooded grassland, with areas of open water bordered by stands of reeds, sedge and other aquatic vegetation (Billerman <em>et al.</em>&#160;2020, Richards 1990, Snow and Perrins 1998). It generally avoids fish-ponds, rice-fields and ornamental waters (Richards 1990) but may feed over wet fields, dry farmland and steppe grassland. It breeds from April to August in small colonies of between 3 and 100 pairs (mostly 20–40 pairs) that may contain other species.<br/><br/>The nest is a shallow cup in a mound of aquatic vegetation usually placed over water 30–120 cm deep on floating mats of vegetation, or on dry shores or resting on the bottom in shallow water. Clutches are two or three eggs. The species nests in single- or mixed-species colonies, neighbouring nests usually widely spaced (10–30 m apart) but may be as close as 2.5 m.<br/><br/>Its diet consists predominantly of aquatic insects (especially Diptera, Odonata and Coleoptera) as well as adult and larval terrestrial insects, small fish and tadpoles.<br/><br/>This species is strongly migratory (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). Throughout the year the species feeds in flocks and migrates and overwinters in large flocks of up to tens of thousands of individuals (Snow and Perrins 1998, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The main threats to this species are habitat destruction and water regulation in wetlands.  In the west of its range the reclamation of wetlands is causing declines and in Russia and the Ukraine dry breeding seasons and an increasing number of drainage schemes pose a threat (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). In Poland, it is threatened by recreational activities causing disturbance (Górski 2004). It is also susceptible to avian influenza so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>This species would likely benefit from the protection and conservation of its preferred wetland habitats. Restrictions on access and exclusion zones would help prevent disturbance at key sites.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,LARIDAE,Chlidonias,niger,,Chlidonias niger,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small, but not enough to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be stable, hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is unknown. In the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species stronghold is Russia, with smaller numbers in Belarus, Ukraine and Lithuania.<p></p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 112,000–178,000 pairs (225,000–355,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 11,500–17,800 pairs (23,000–35,500 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds on fresh or brackish wetlands (Richards 1990) such as small pools, lakes, marshes (Richards 1990, Gochfeld and Burger 1996), ditches, overgrown canals, quiet reaches of rivers, swampy meadows (Richards 1990), peat bogs and rice-fields, showing a preference for well-vegetated areas with sparse, open emergent vegetation (Gochfeld and Burger 1996) (e.g. <em>Typha </em>spp., sedge or reeds) (Flint <em>et al.</em> 1984) and floating water-lilies. It generally avoids small marshland areas less than 4 ha in area.<br/><br/>It breeds between May and June in colonies, usually of less than 20 pairs (rarely more than 100 pairs) (Gochfeld and Burger 1996) and often close to other species (Flint <em>et al</em>. 1984, Snow and Perrins 1998). The nest may be a low compressed mound of plant matter (Flint <em>et al</em>. 1984, Snow and Perrins 1998) placed in very shallow water (Snow and Perrins 1998) or on a floating mat of aquatic vegetation (Flint <em>et al.</em> 1984) over water more than 50 cm deep (Gochfeld and Burger 1996). The nest may also be a shallow scrape (Snow and Perrins 1998) on the ground amongst marsh vegetation (Snow and Perrins 1998). The species breeds in small colonies and may forage up to two to five kilometres from breeding sites. Clutches are two or three eggs.<br/><br/>During the breeding season, the diet consists predominantly of insects (e.g. chironomids, Odonata, Ephemeroptera and Coleoptera) as well as small fish (Gochfeld and Burger 1996) and amphibians (Snow and Perrins 1998) (e.g. tadpoles and frogs).<br/><br/>This species is strongly migratory (Gochfeld and Burger 1996) and travels both over land and over sea (Snow and Perrins 1998). After breeding, it departs for its wintering grounds from July onwards (Richards 1990), returning north again from late-March (Snow and Perrins 1998). The species is gregarious throughout the year (Snow and Perrins 1998), foraging in small groups during the breeding season and congregating in large flocks offshore on passage and in the winter over shoals of predatory fish (Richards 1990, Gochfeld and Burger 1996, Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","On its breeding grounds the species is threatened by reductions in food availability due to the eutrophication of surface waters (which reduces the diversity of large insects), the acidification of lakes (which leads to the death of fish) (Beintema 1997) and pesticide pollution (which may also lead to direct mortality from poisoning) (Gochfeld and Burger 1996).&#160;<br/><br/>When breeding the species is also threatened by fluctuating water levels (Snow and Perrins 1998), the loss and deterioration of freshwater nesting habitats (Gochfeld and Burger 1996, van der Winden 2005), e.g. through drainage for agriculture (Gochfeld and Burger 1996, Snow and Perrins 1998) and overgrowth of <em>Typha </em>spp. beds (Gochfeld and Burger 1996, Linz and Blixt 1997), and human disturbance (Gochfeld and Burger 1996, Snow and Perrins 1998, van der Winden 2005), especially where this forces breeding pairs to leave the nest before the young are fully fledged (van der Winden 2002).<br/><br/>Nests may be lost through storms and wave action (Gochfeld and Burger 1996). The intensification of fish farming has resulted in encroachment on water bodies, which has reduced the extent of floating vegetation, and it suffers competition from other species (e.g. gulls, ducks or swans) which may be exacerbated by other threats (Tucker and Heath 1994). The species is also susceptible to avian influenza so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. CMS Appendix II. The species has been included as a target species in two EU LIFE Projects. In the Netherlands the provision of anchored artificial nesting rafts has been partly successful as a conservation measure (van der Winden <em>et al. </em>2004, 2005), especially in habitats where unstable nest substrates (such as floating water-lilies) result in poor breeding successes (van der Winden <em>et al. </em>2004). In the Netherlands there have also been successful programmes to reduce disturbance and improve habitat quality in agricultural areas, which has benefited the species (van der Winden 2005). <br/><strong><br/>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The application of glyphosphate-based herbicides to combat and prevent the overgrowth of Typha spp. in wetlands may also benefit the species (Linz and Blixt 1997).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,FRINGILLIDAE,Chloris,chloris,,Chloris chloris,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 9% (best estimate) over the past 10 years. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 9-13% with a best estimate of 11% over the same period. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Europe holds the majority of this species' global population, where it breeds in almost every country (with the main exception of Iceland). Countries where this species is notably present include Spain, Russia, Germany and France. It is also worth noting that a very small population exists in the Azores, where it is non-native.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 20,700,000–32,200,000 pairs, which equates to 41,500,000–64,400,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 16,500,000–23,200,000 pairs, which equates to 33,100,000–46,400,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits a wide variety of habitats in boreal, temperate, steppe and Mediterranean zones, including the edges of lowland forest, deciduous and mixed forests, woods, plantations, copses and groves, orchards, churchyards, hedgerows, parks, edges of cultivation and gardens. Outside the breeding season it is found in similar habitats, but also in open fields, marshes and along the shoreline of open coasts.<br/><br/>It breeds from mid-March to mid-August and is principally monogamous, although occasionally polygamous. The nest is built 1–20 m from the ground in a bush, hedge, tree, creepers and occasionally in old or disused nests of other species or sometimes in an artificial site. It is a well-made cup of dry twigs, grasses, moss, lichens, plant fibres and down, animal hair, feathers and occasionally some man-made material. Clutches are four to six eggs.<br/><br/>The diet is made up of a wide range of seeds, buds, flowers, berries and fruit as well as some arthropods.<br/><br/>Some populations of the species are migratory while others are sedentary (Clement and de Juana 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species has suffered significant declines in the U.K. from trichomonosis, caused by the protozoan parasite <em>Trichomonas gallinae</em>, which lead to a fall in the population of ca. 35% between 2005 and 2010 (Lawson <em>et al.</em> 2012). The species is trapped in some parts of its range.",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known specific conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Research on how trichomonosis developed as an emerging infectious disease is required to determine if and how outbreaks would occur in the future (Lawson <em>et al.</em> 2012).,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CICONIIFORMES,CICONIIDAE,Ciconia,ciconia,,Ciconia ciconia,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds in the majority of countries in Europe, notably in Poland, Ukraine, Spain, Belarus, Lithuania and Latvia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 251,000-282,000 pairs, which equates to 502,000-563,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 156,000-168,000 pairs, which equates to 313,000-335,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This is a large charismatic species with close associations to human culture, and is a flagship species for conservation. This species is a Palearctic migrant (Elliott <em>et al.</em> 2020) that travels with the assistance of thermal updrafts, the occurrence of which restricts the migratory routes the species can take (Hancock <em>et al.</em> 1992). It breeds from February to April in the Palearctic (Elliott <em>et al.</em> 2020). It nests in loose colonies of up to 30 pairs (Hancock et al. 1992, Elliott <em>et al.</em> 2020) or solitarily (Elliott <em>et al.</em> 2020). The main departure from the European breeding grounds occurs in August (Hancock <em>et al. </em>1992) with the species travelling in large flocks (Brown <em>et al.</em> 1982, Hancock <em>et al.</em> 1992), generally arriving in Africa by early October (Brown <em>et al. </em>1982). The species inhabits open areas, shallow marshes, lakesides (Hancock <em>et al.</em> 1992, Elliott <em>et al.</em> 2020), lagoons (Elliott <em>et al.</em> 2020), flood-plains, rice-fields and arable land (Snow and Perrins 1998) especially where there are scattered trees for roosting (Elliott <em>et al.</em> 2020). It generally avoids regions with persistent cold, wet weather or large tracts of tall, dense vegetation such as reedbeds or forests (Hancock <em>et al.</em> 1992, Elliott<em> et al.</em> 2020). During the winter the species shows a preference for drier habitats (Hancock <em>et al.</em> 1992) such as grasslands, steppe and cultivated fields (Elliott <em>et al.</em> 2020), often gathering near lakes, ponds (Hancock <em>et al.</em> 1992), pools, slow-flowing streams, ditches (Elliott et al. 2020) or rivers (Hancock <em>et al.</em> 1992). The species is carnivorous and has a varied and opportunistic diet. It takes small mammals (Elliott <em>et al.</em> 2020) (e.g., voles, water voles, mice, shrews, young rats (Hancock <em>et al.</em> 1992)), large insects (e.g. beetles, grasshoppers, crickets and locusts), adult and juvenile amphibians, snakes, lizards, earthworms, fish (Elliott<em> et al.</em> 2020), eggs and nestlings of ground-nesting birds, molluscs and crustaceans (Hancock&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;1992). The nest is constructed of sticks (Elliott&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020) and is commonly positioned up to 30 m above the ground (Brown&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;1982) in trees or on the roofs of buildings, as well as on pylons, telegraph poles, stacks of straw and other anthropogenic sites (including specially erected nesting structures), cliffs and occasionally among rushes on the ground (Elliott&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). The species nests solitarily or in loose colonies, often using traditional nesting sites (there are records of individual nests being used every year for 100 years) (Hancock&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;1992, Elliott&#160;<em>et al.</em>2020). Nesting sites are usually situated near foraging areas, but may be up to 2–3 km away (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by habitat alteration including the drainage of wet meadows (Goriup and Schulz 1990, Elliott <em>et al. </em>2020), prevention of floods on flood-plains (by dams, embankments, pumping stations and river canalisation schemes) (Goriup and Schulz 1990), conversion of foraging areas (Elliott <em>et al.</em> 2020), development, industrialisation and intensification of agriculture (Hancock<em> et al.</em> 1992) (e.g. mechanised ploughing of rough pastures to sow fertilised crops or swards of more productive grass varieties) (Goriup and Schulz 1990). It is also threatened by a shortage of nesting sites in some areas (Elliott <em>et al.</em> 2020) as, for example, the roofs of new rural buildings do not support nests and nest structures on pylons are frequently destroyed during maintenance work (Goriup and Schulz 1990). The species may also suffer as a result of the excessive use of pesticides  (Elliott <em>et al.</em> 2020, Hockey <em>et al.</em> 2005) and through eating poisoned baits put out to catch large carnivores (Elliott <em>et al.</em> 2014). Another serious threat is collision with and electrocution from overhead powerlines (Bairlein 1991, Elliott <em>et al. </em>2020), especially whilst on migration in Europe (Hancock <em>et al.</em> 1992). The species is hunted for food and sport (Elliott <em>et al.</em> 2020), mainly on migration (Hancock <em>et al.</em> 1992) and in its winter quarters (Goriup and Schulz 1990).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>This species is listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive, Annex II of the Bern Convention and Annex II of the Convention on Migratory Species, under which it is covered by the African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement (AEWA). The eastern and western populations are currently listed in columns C (category 1) and A (category 3b) in the AEWA Action Plan, respectively. The international population of the species is censused and monitored every 10 years (Schulz 1999).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Intensively grazed (&gt;1 cow per hectare) unfertilised grassland was found to attract a higher abundance of this species in Hungary (Baldi <em>et al.</em> 2005), and traditional livestock-farming practices such as creating herb-rich meadows for stock grazing and hay production are thought to be beneficial (Goriup and Schulz 1990). A model used to study the impact of different land use patterns on the species found that sequential (asynchronous) mowing of grasslands may increase the food supply for nestlings, thereby increasing reproductive success (as sequential mowing generates a small number of high-quality foraging patches throughout the breeding season) (Johst <em>et al.</em> 2001). A report by the International Council for Bird Preservation (ICBP) suggests that habitat management for the species should include the periodic flooding of meadows, the creation of a mosaic of native grasslands and meadows, and the retention or creation of ditches, ponds and lakes (Goriup and Schulz 1990). The report also advises management strategies in relation to electricity pylons (e.g. burying or marking aerial cables and preventing disturbance to nests during maintenance) to reduce the threats of electrocution and collision (Goriup and Schulz 1990). Due to the species's habit of defecating on its legs to regulate its body temperature in hot climates it is inadvisable to fit individuals with leg-rings for tracking purposes (dry uric acid builds-up on the legs and hardens around leg-rings, tightening them and leading to injuries) (Goriup and Schulz 1990). Other methods of monitoring movements such as satellite telemetry or patagial wing-tags are therefore advised (Goriup and Schulz 1990). Other measures should: Monitor breeding, migrating, wintering numbers, age composition and ecological changes at key sites and habitats; Sustainably manage river valleys and wet grasslands; Abandonment of pastoral grassland, afforestation of farmland and drainage of wet meadows and inland wetlands in key breeding areas should be stopped; Bury power-lines or replace with more visible cables.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CICONIIFORMES,CICONIIDAE,Ciconia,nigra,,Ciconia nigra,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small, but not enough to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small, but not enough to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be increasing, hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is unknown. In the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species largest populations breed in Romania and Poland, with significant numbers also in Belarus, Turkey, Ukraine, Germany and Bulgaria.","The European breeding population is estimated at 10,100–16,200 pairs (20,200–32,400 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 6,600–10,400 pairs (13,300–20,700 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species inhabits old, undisturbed, open forests&#160;from sea-level up to mountainous regions (e.g. 2,000–2,500 m in altitude) (Snow and Perrins 1998, Billerman<em>&#160;et al.</em>&#160;2020, Hancock <em>et al</em>. 1992). It forages in shallow streams, pools, marshes, swampy patches, damp meadows, flood-plains, pools in dry riverbeds and occasionally grasslands especially where there are stands of reeds or long grass (Hockey <em>et al. </em>2005, Hancock <em>et al.</em> 1992, Snow and Perrins 1998, Billerman<em>&#160;et al.</em>&#160;2020, Brown <em>et al.</em> 1982). It generally avoids large bodies of water and dense forest, but non-breeding birds may frequent the estuaries of tidal rivers (Billerman<em>&#160;et al.</em>&#160;2020, Hancock <em>et al.</em> 1992).<br/><br/>The species is a solitary nester, the timing of breeding varying  between populations but generally coinciding with spring in the  Palearctic Region (Billerman<em>&#160;et al.</em>&#160;2020). The nest is a large construction of sticks positioned between 4–25 m high in large forest trees or on cliffs (Spain) (Lohmus and Sellis 2003, Hancock <em>et al.</em> 1992, Billerman<em>&#160;et al.</em>&#160;2020). The species shows a preference for nesting in trees that have canopies large enough to hold the nest away from the main trunk (e.g. trees 25 m high, 120 years old and with a diameter at breast height of 66 cm) (Lohmus and Sellis 2003). It nests solitarily, with pairs spread out in the landscape at a distance of no less than one kilometre (even where the species is most numerous) (Hancock <em>et al</em>. 1992). The species may occupy the nests of other bird species and commonly reuses nests in successive years (Billerman<em>&#160;et al.</em>&#160;2020).<br/><br/>It is predominantly piscivorous, although it may also take amphibians,  insects, snails, crabs, small reptiles, mammals and birds. <br/><br/>Most populations of this species are fully migratory and travel on a narrow front along well-defined routes (Billerman<em>&#160;et al.</em>&#160;2020, Brown <em>et al</em>. 1982, Hancock <em>et al</em>. 1992). Some breeding populations (e.g. in Spain) are also sedentary (Billerman<em>&#160;et al.</em>&#160;2020).  On migration the  species may travel singly or in small groups of up to 100 individuals,  and on its wintering grounds it is normally observed singly or in small  groups of fewer than 30 individuals (Snow and Perrins 1998, Brown <em>et al.</em> 1982).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The main threat to this species is habitat degradation (Hancock<em> et al. </em>1992, Balian <em>et al. </em>2002, Lohmus and Sellis 2003, Diagana <em>et al.</em> 2006, Billerman<em>&#160;et al.</em>&#160;2020). The area of suitable habitat available for breeding is being reduced in Russia and eastern Europe through deforestation (particularly the destruction of large traditional nesting trees), the rapid development of industry and farming, the building of dams and lake drainage for irrigation and hydroelectric power production (Hancock <em>et al.</em> 1992, Lohmus and Sellis 2003, Diagana <em>et al. </em>2006, Billerman<em>&#160;et al.</em>&#160;2020, Balian<em> et al.</em> 2002).<br/><br/>The species' wetland wintering habitats in Africa are further threatened by conversion, agricultural intensification, desertification and pollution caused by the concentration of pesticides and other chemicals. The species is also occasionally killed by collisions with power-lines and overhead cables, and hunting in southern Europe (especially during migration) has caused population declines (Hancock <em>et al</em>. 1992, Diagana <em>et al.</em> 2006, Hockey <em>et al.</em> 2005).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive, Annex II of the Bern Convention, Annex II of the Convention on Migratory Species, under which it is covered by the African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement (AEWA) and on Annex II of the Cites Convention. Wetlands International has published a Conservation Action Plan for the species in Africa, focusing on the wintering conditions of the birds breeding in Europe (Diagana <em>et al.</em> 2006).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>A study in Estonia found that the retention of large older trees during forest management is important in providing nesting sites for the species (Lohmus and Sellis 2003). Conservation measures aimed at increasing the species' breeding success and population density should cover large territories of predominantly deciduous woodland and should focus on managing the river quality as far as 20 km away from nesting sites, protecting and managing feeding habitats, and improving food resources by establishing shallow artificial pools in grasslands or along rivers (Jiguet and Villarubias 2004). Other measures should: Monitor breeding, migrating, wintering numbers, age composition and ecological changes at key sites; Sustainably manage rivers and small streams; Establish non-intrusion zones around nest locations; Protect nesting trees (also in plantations) and rocks; Bury power-lines or replace with more visible cable; Prevent poaching and overexploitation of fish.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,CINCLIDAE,Cinclus,cinclus,,Cinclus cinclus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is suspected to be decreasing by 8% (best estimate) in 10 years. In the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds in most countries, notably in Norway, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Russia, Sweden and Bulgaria.<span style=""font-style: italic;""></span>","The European breeding population is estimated at 111,000–274,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 222,000–547,000&#160;mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 73,400–161,000 pairs, which equates to 146,000–322,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occupies fast-flowing, clear-water rocky streams and rivers with riffles and exposed rocks, and with abundant invertebrate prey. It also uses shallow watercourses in broadleaf woodland, in semi-natural forest and on open moorland and glacial lakes. It requires rocky cliffs or artificial sites, such as bridges, for breeding. During the non-breeding season it is sometimes found around slower-flowing lowland rivers and seashores.<br/><br/>Egg-laying occurs from February to June in the British Isles, mid-March to May in north-West and Central Europe and early May to early June in Scandinavia. The nest is a large globular structure with a side entrance hole, made mainly of moss and lined with dry leaves. It is set in a rock crevice or cliff ledge, in masonry or on a ledge in wall or under bridge, sometimes behind a waterfall and rarely in a tree but almost invariably over running water.  Clutches are generally three to six eggs.<br/><br/>It feeds on freshwater insects and larvae and rarely on marine invertebrates in coastal areas.<br/><br/>The species is resident (Ormerod <em>et al.</em> 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The status and abundance of this species is strongly reflected by the water quality and habitat structure of rivers. Pollution that adversely affects aquatic prey also has an impact on dippers. Chemical pollution, as from acidification (""acid rain""), industry, organic effluent, sheep dips and other xenobiotic substances, are potential threats. Recovery from pollution can take decades, even centuries. In Germany and Poland, declines have been directly attributed to industrial pollution. In Southern Europe and elsewhere, hydro-electric and irrigation schemes are thought to be causing declines by reducing flow rates in watercourses. Also, habitat degradation, water abstraction and water impoundment are also threats in parts of its range (Ormerod <em>et al.</em> 2015).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Although the species is not currently threatened it would likely benefit from the protection of its favoured water courses and the prevention of water management in these areas.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ACCIPITRIFORMES,ACCIPITRIDAE,Circaetus,gallicus,,Circaetus gallicus,"(Gmelin, 1788)","<em>Circaetus gallicus</em> (including <em>beaudouini</em>) and <em>C. pectoralis</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) were previously  lumped into <em>C. gallicus</em> following Dowsett and Forbes-Watson (1993).<em> </em> Following a review by the BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group all three are now considered distinct species based on evidence provided by Clark (1999) and Kemp (1994).  <p></p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In both Europe and the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small, but not enough to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in France, Spain and Turkey, with significant numbers also in Italy, Romania, Portugal, Belarus and the European part of Russia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 9,900–16,000 pairs (19,800–31,900 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 6,800–10,400 pairs (13,700–20,700 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Birds breeding in the Palearctic are migratory. Most migrants winter in tropical North Africa (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001, Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020), with small numbers staying in Southern Europe (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). Migrants move south between August and November, and north between February and May (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). Birds are usually observed singly or in pairs, even on migration, though migrants will sometimes form groups of up to 12 (Snow and Perrins 1998, Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). They soar at <em>ca</em> 20–100 m above the ground (Brown <em>et al.</em> 1982). It uses a variety of habitats within warm temperate and tropical environments, and is recorded up to 1,200 m.<br/><br/>The species specialises in feeding on reptiles, particularly snakes.<br/><br/>The nest is almost always built in low trees, usually on the crown and is constructed of sticks and twigs, and lined with green leaves or grass, occasionally even pine needles. Usually only a single egg is laid (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Changes in agriculture and land use have reduced the extent of suitable hunting habitat. In addition snake populations have been reduced by increased cultivation of monocultures, hedge destruction, use of pesticides and the abandonment of traditional farmland and subsequent afforestation. Habitat fragmentation has resulted from forest fires and road construction. The species is often shot and nests destroyed and it suffers mortality from powerlines (Tucker and Heath 1994). It is also very highly vulnerable to the effects of potential wind energy development (Strix 2012).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CITES Appendix II. CMS Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. The species is legally protected in almost all countries within its range (Tucker and Heath 1994). It is listed in the Red Data Books for the Moscow region and the Russian Federation (Kalyakin and Voltzit 2006) and is listed as vulnerable in Croatia (Radovíc <em>et al.</em> 2003).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Wide-scale habitat conservation measures are required, including the maintenance of low-intensity farming with the preservation of hedges and a reduction of pesticide use. Appropriate management of woodlands should maintain old trees, prevent fires and limit road construction. Education campaigns aimed at hunting organisations should be undertaken to limit illegal shooting. Powerlines should be flagged, moved or buried to reduce collisions, particularly in important areas. Species monitoring should be maintained and improved (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ACCIPITRIFORMES,ACCIPITRIDAE,Circus,aeruginosus,,Circus aeruginosus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D).&#160;&#160;The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds largely in Russia, and also notably in Ukraine, Romania and Latvia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 151,000-243,000 breeding females, which equates to 303,000-485,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 53,200-88,000 breeding females, which equates to 106,000-176,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","It is mainly migratory, although populations in western Europe are generally resident (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001, Orta <em>et al.</em> 2020). Migrant birds leave their breeding grounds in September and October, wintering from France south as far as sub-Saharan Africa (Orta <em>et al.</em> 2020). They begin their return journey in February and March, arriving in March and April (Snow and Perrins 1998, Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001, Orta <em>et al.</em> 2020). Migration is generally on a broad front, although there is some concentration at a few sites (Brown <em>et al.</em> 1982). Hundreds of birds occasionally gather at roosting sites, sometimes with other harriers such as <em>C. pygargus</em>, but otherwise they are usually solitary, associating only temporarily at especially rich feeding sites (Snow and Perrins 1998, Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001, Orta <em>et al.</em> 2020). They have a slightly greater tendency to be gregarious while on migration but the above still generally applies. Birds fly c.10–30 m above the ground (Brown <em>et al.</em> 1982). The species inhabits extensive areas of dense marsh vegetation, in fresh or brackish water, generally in lowlands (Orta <em>et al.</em> 2020), up to 400 m (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). It is a generalist predator taking a variety of prey types, with small birds generally preferred but mammals such as voles, rabbits and rats being more important in parts of its range. The nest is a pile of reeds built in dense marsh vegetation. Typically lays three to six eggs (Orta <em>et al.</em> 2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Major threats include wetland desiccation and drainage; persecution by shooting; pollution, especially from excessive pesticide use in and around wetlands, and poisoning by heavy metals, notably the consumption of lead-shot through feeding on contaminated waterbirds (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001, Orta <em>et al.</em> 2020). The historical threat of hunting in southern Europe has mostly subsided, but illegal shooting is still rife locally, notably on Malta (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). The species is also highly vulnerable to the effects of potential wind energy development (Strix 2012).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. CITES Appendix II. CMS Appendix II. The widespread ban of persistent pesticides has allowed the recovery of populations in some areas (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997, Orta <em>et al. </em>2020). In the Netherlands, parts of the Ijsselmeer have been reclaimed, providing huge reedbeds and thus breeding and feeding habitat for the species (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). The use of lead shot has been completely banned in Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands and Norway and partial bans are in place in many other countries (AEWA 2009).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Conservation of this species' wetland habitat is most important; existing wetlands should be legally protected and degraded wetlands restored. In agricultural areas, an unharvested area should be left around active nests of 30 m x 30 m until the chicks have fledged (Mebs and Schmidt 2006). Lead ammunition should be banned completely across the species’ range.",0,"Butchart, S. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ACCIPITRIFORMES,ACCIPITRIDAE,Circus,cyaneus,,Circus cyaneus,"(Linnaeus, 1766)","<p><em>Circus cyaneus</em> and <em>C. hudsonius</em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) were previously lumped as <em>C. cyaneus </em>following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).</p>",No,LC,0,No,VU,A2bcd+3bcd+4bcd,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)<br/>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A) and is therefore assessed as such within the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the population size is suspected to be decreasing by approximately 10% in 19 years (three generations). In the EU28, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 35% (best estimate) over the past 19 years, and is expected to decline at a similar rate between 2005-2021. These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","In Europe, this species breeds from Ireland in the west to European Russia in the east (Orta <em>et al.</em> 2014). However it does not breed in the Balkans, Italy, Switzerland and Austria (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).","The European breeding population is estimated at 56,300-86,600 breeding females, which equates to 112,000-174,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 10,500-15,200 breeding females, which equates to 21,100-30,300 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits open country with some grass or shrub cover, especially grassland, steppe, meadows, moorland, scrub and cultivation and it is also found in wetlands and young conifer plantations. In the winter it becomes more widespread, for example occurring over ploughed land. Egg-laying begins in mid-April and continues until early July but varies with latitude; in Europe it peaks in May. It nests on the ground, in dense grass or scrub, crops or marshy vegetation. The nest is a pile of small sticks and grass, 30–60 cm wide. Clutch size is usually three to six eggs. It feeds mostly on vertebrates, especially mammals such as voles, mice and ground squirrels. It also takes birds of open habitats like wetlands and grasslands, particularly passerines. Birds are often the principal prey in the breeding season. The species is completely migratory in northern and north-east Europe and is partially migratory and dispersive elsewhere (Orta <em>et al. </em>2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The current main threat is the transformation of habitat owing to intensified agriculture, disappearance of marshes and reafforestation. Persecution is still severe locally, for example on managed grouse moors of Scotland; in 2013 not a single pair successfully nested in England (Pitches 2013), despite the fact that there is estimated habitat for more than 300 pairs (Fielding <em>et al. </em>2011). The species is also shot illegally in central and eastern Europe (Tucker and Heath 1994).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. CITES Appendix II. CMS Appendix II. A range of conservation initiatives have been launched in the U.K. (Fielding <em>et al. </em>2011).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Large areas of open country should be preserved for this species, particularly lowland and upland heath and heather moorland, steppe, damp marsh and unimproved and marginal grassland with low-intensity grazing. The afforestation of heather moorland and montane scrubland should be banned in countries where these habitats are under threat. Both sporting and conservation interests need to address the issue of illegal killing in the U.K. (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ACCIPITRIFORMES,ACCIPITRIDAE,Circus,macrourus,,Circus macrourus,"(Gmelin, 1770)",0,No,LC,0,No,EN,D°,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN°)</strong><br/><p></p>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size may be small, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D).&#160;&#160;The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, although this species may have a small range, it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is very small, and meets the thresholds for Critically Endangered under the population size criterion D. However, given the increasing trend and the large and stable neighbouring European population, there is considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region and therefore the final category has been downlisted one step to Endangered (EN°).","In Europe, the population size is suspected to be stable. In&#160;the EU28, the population size trend is suspected to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, small populations breed in Azerbaijan, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine, and it breeds irregularly farther west to Sweden and Germany. A minority winter in south-east and central Europe but most migrate to the Afrotropics and the Indian subcontinent (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020).","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,000-2,200 breeding females, which equates to 2,000-4,300 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is suspected to be 10-50 breeding females, which equates to 20-100 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in uncultivated grasslands. It evidently avoids very dry open sites and selects wetter areas for nesting, preferably with sparse shrubs and weeds (Tucker and Heath 1994). It will nest above 1,000 m in the Caucasus (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). The species returns to its breeding grounds in March and April and nests in loose colonies. The nest consists of a pile of grass placed on the ground and protected by vegetation. Clutch size can be from three to six eggs but usually four or five (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). Birds fly at c. 1.9 m above the ground when hunting (Snow and Perrins 1998, Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). The principal prey is small rodents (mostly voles and mice), lizards, and small birds, especially fledglings but it is also quite capable of taking larks and other passerines, in flight as well as on the ground (Tucker and Heath 1994). The species is migratory, with most birds wintering in sub-Saharan Africa or south-east Asia. They leave their breeding grounds between August and November and return in March and April (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). Birds migrate on a broad front, with only minor concentrations at bottleneck sites (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). Although birds are most often seen singly, females and juveniles can form parties of 10–15 on migration (Snow and Perrins 1998, Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In its breeding range it is primarily threatened by the destruction and degradation of steppe grasslands through conversion to arable agriculture, burning of vegetation, intensive grazing of wet pastures and the clearance of shrubs and tall weeds (Galushin <em>et al.</em> 2003, E. Bragin <em>in litt.</em> 2007). Fires are started by farmers, arsonists and dry thunderstorms (E. Bragin <em>in litt.</em> 2007).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>It is listed in Appendix II of CITES, Annex II of the Bonn and Bern Conventions and Annex I of the EU Birds Directive. It is also listed in the Red Data Books of Belarus, Ukraine, Russia and Turkey (Galushin <em>et al.</em> 2003, Kiliç and Eken 2004). It occurs in five state nature reserves in Russia (Galushin <em>et al.</em> 2003). An International Action Plan for the species was produced in 2003 (Galushin <em>et al.</em> 2003).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Encourage conservation of wetlands and ponds in typical steppe grassland and semi-desert. Support moderate grazing and conservation of grasslands. Develop survey methodology (including GIS) and carry out surveys, primarily in the core breeding range and, secondarily, to establish its northern and southern range limits as well as to search for new nesting places outside core breeding grounds. Carry out research into diet and foraging range size, and their role in the movement of populations. Lobby for enactment and enforcement of legislation in the recovering agricultural economy in the breeding range. Encourage full legal protection and education in countries on migration routes (Galushin <em>et al.</em> 2003).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ACCIPITRIFORMES,ACCIPITRIDAE,Circus,pygargus,,Circus pygargus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,VU,A2bc+3bc+4bc,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A), and is therefore assessed as such within the EU28. Considering the wider European population is also decreasing, there is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the population size estimated to have decreased by over 10% but less than 25% in the past 17 years (three generations). In the EU28, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 36% over the same period, and is expected to decline by 35.6% between 2004-2021. These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","In Europe, this species breeds mainly in Russia, but also notably in Spain and France.","The European breeding population is estimated at 69,700-110,000 breeding females, which equates to 139,000-219,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 14,300-20,200 breeding females, which equates to 28,600-40,400 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This is a migratory species, wintering in sub-Saharan Africa (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001, Orta <em>et al.</em> 2020). It leaves its breeding grounds in August and September, beginning their return in March and April (Snow and Perrins 1998, Orta <em>et al.</em> 2020). Birds tend to migrate on broad fronts, but there are concentrations in Gibraltar and along the Rift Valley (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001, Orta <em>et al.</em> 2020). Nevertheless it will readily migrate over expanses of water (Brown <em>et al.</em> 1982). Birds tend to hunt alone, although they do gather at high prey concentrations and will roost in groups of often over 50, sometimes communally with <em>C. macrourus</em> and <em>C. aeruginosus</em> (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). It is a bird of open country, usually in lowlands. Small birds and mammals form the majority of its diet; voles are a particularly dominant food source locally in abundant areas. It nests in tall vegetation on the ground. The nest is a small, narrow platform, 20–40 cm wide, made of grass stems or thin twigs. Clutches are normally three to five eggs (Orta <em>et al.</em> 2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In the past, the use of organochlorine pesticides seemed to cause a decline in Europe (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). It is currently in decline owing to the conversion of its habitat to agricultural land, an environment in which crop gathering by combine harvesters causes frequent breeding failure in the species (Orta <em>et al.</em> 2020). Intensification on this land increases this threat (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). It is commensal with some forms of agriculture, and changes in these practices could leave it potentially vulnerable by depleting its supply of small birds and mammals to prey on (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001, Orta <em>et al.</em> 2020). It is highly vulnerable to the impacts of potential wind energy developments (Strix 2012).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. CITES Appendix II. CMS Appendix II. Successful conservation programmes in Bavaria resulted in the population there growing from only a few pairs in the 1990s to 153 in 2008. Across Europe, particularly France and Spain, important protection measures have benefited the species. These measures include the rescue of nestlings from combine harvesters, chicks being moved to safety during harvesting and a small area around the nest being left untouched by the farmer. Mediterranean populations are highly dependent on these measures owing to high nest-failure rates in the absence of intervention (Orta <em>et al.</em> 2020). Satellite tracking of this species began in 2005 (Trierweiler <em>et al. </em>2007).<br/>&#160;<br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Tall vegetation must be left during the breeding season, with high rates of chick mortality when this is harvested on agricultural land. The key management practices that include moving nestlings to safe places during harvesting, and leaving areas unharvested around the vicinity of nests should be continued (Orta <em>et al.</em> 2020). In addition research on migration routes and the location and structure of stopover sites and wintering quarters of the species would assist the development of conservation measures (Trierweiler 2010).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,CISTICOLIDAE,Cisticola,juncidis,,Cisticola juncidis,"(Rafinesque, 1810)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In both Europe and the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be stable, hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species stronghold is Spain, with major populations occurring also in Portugal, Italy, Cyprus and France.","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,130,000–1,840,000 pairs (2,270,000–3,680,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 1,130,000–1,830,000 pairs (2,270,000–3,660,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species occupies open grasslands, including seasonally flooded and grassy wetlands, meadows, fallow lands and cultivated croplands and is occasionally found in urban areas. It prefers to forage in areas where there is <em>Typha</em> and <em>Phragmites</em> reedbeds and <em>Salicornia</em> saltmarsh as well as some bare ground, but breeding pairs require live, narrow-bladed grasses, sedges or plants with similar structure for nest-sites. It is usually found where vegetation is less than 1 m tall.<br/><br/>Mostly the species breeds from March to September in Europe. The male builds the nest (Ryan 2006) low down in marshy vegetation, and it is an elongated pear or bottle shaped structure with an entrance at or near the top. It is made of grasses bound together with cobwebs and lined with more cobwebs, flowers, hair and down. Usually four to six eggs are laid (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>It feeds mainly on insects and small invertebrates as well as some grass seeds.<br/><br/>This species is largely resident throughout most of its range, but is subject to local movements often linked to seasonal changes in habitat suitability (Ryan 2006).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The main threat to this species is habitat loss through drainage, irrigation, land reclamation and conversion of meadows to plantations. Winter conditions restrict its range and it is very sensitive to periods of cold weather (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997), however populations recover quickly after cold winters (Martí and del Moral 2004). The species is also likely to be affected by climate change (BirdLife International and Durham University 2015).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Although this species is not threatened, populations should be monitored to ensure habitat loss does not become a major threat.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CUCULIFORMES,CUCULIDAE,Clamator,glandarius,,Clamator glandarius,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,VU,A2bcd+3bcd+4bcd,No,VU,A2b+3b+4b,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Vulnerable (VU</strong><strong>)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be undergoing a rapid decline, and is hence assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in both Europe and the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside either regions and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe and the EU28, the breeding population size is estimated to be decreasing by 33% (best estimate) over the past 10 years. These trends were calculated using the difference between the average PECBMS population indices between 2007-2012 and 2013-2017 (EBCC 2018), and are suspected to continue at a similar rate in the future. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species stronghold is in Spain, with small numbers in Cyprus, Portugal, Turkey and France.","The European breeding population is estimated at 146,000–158,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 293,000–316,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 144,000–152,000 pairs, which equates to 289,000–304,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species favours savanna-like heathland, often with cork oak (<em>Quercus suber</em>) or stone pine (<em>Pinus pinea</em>), as well as olive groves.<br/><br/>In the Mediterranean it breeds between late April and early June. It is a brood parasite of crows and magpies in the Mediterranean, particularly Black-billed Magpie (<em>Pica pica</em>), Azure-winged Magpie (<em>Cyanopica cyanus</em>) and Carrion Crow (<em>Corvus corone</em>) in Spain. The female can lay 12–25 eggs in one season, often laying several eggs per nest.<br/><br/>It feeds on insects, mainly large hairy caterpillars, also termites, grasshoppers, moths and small lizards.<br/><br/>The species is migratory. Most birds migrate to Africa, wintering north of 10°N, but possibly many will move south of the Sahara; small numbers winter in southern Spain (Payne 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",Hunting and traffic accidents are the main causes of mortality in Southern Europe. In Crete it is preyed upon by Eleonora's Falcon (<em>Falco eleonorae</em>) (Erritzøe <em>et al.</em> 2012).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures in place for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Research should be undertaken to assess the impact of hunting and traffic accidents to inform future conservation measures.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ACCIPITRIFORMES,ACCIPITRIDAE,Clanga,clanga,,Clanga clanga,"(Pallas, 1811)",<em>Clanga clanga</em>&#160;(del Hoyo and Collar 2014)&#160;was previously placed in the genus <em>Aquila</em>.,No,VU,A2abcde+3bcde+4abcde,No,CR,C1+2a(i); D,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population size is small, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion D, and as the decline in the population is suspected, Criterion C cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A) and is therefore assessed as such in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A).&#160;The population size is extremely small, and meets the thresholds for Critically Endangered (CR) under the population size criterion D and, combined with the rapid decline, also meets the thresholds for Critically Endangered under criterion C, and is therefore assessed as such within the EU28. Considering the wider European population is also declining, there is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the population size is suspected to have decreased by over 30% in the past 28 years (three generations), is expected to decline at a similar rate between 1993-2021 and is suspected to decline by 32% over the next three generations. In the EU28, the population is estimated to have decreased by 36% (best estimate) over the past three generations.&#160;&#160;These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","The species occupies a fragmented range across Europe, breeding in Estonia (Lõhmus 1998), Poland, Belarus, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine (Meyburg <em>et al.</em> 1999), with some individuals possibly still breeding in Finland, Latvia and Lithuania (Database of the Lithuanian Ornithological Society 1999), although this has not been confirmed recently. Passage or wintering birds occur in small numbers over a vast area, including central and eastern Europe.","The European breeding population is estimated at 960-1,300 pairs, which equates to 1,900-2,500 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 18-31 pairs, which equates to 36-70 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occurs in lowland wet forests near wetlands, away from human settlements (Tucker and Heath 1994). It nests 5–25 m above ground in tall, usually broad leaf, trees inside the forest, a few 100 m from the edge. Both sexes construct a large platform of sticks with a central cup lined with fresh green sprigs or grass. The nest is often used in successive years and may therefore become very large, although many pairs have two or three nests used alternately. Clutch size normally two but second chick rarely survives due to cainism (Meyburg <em>et al.</em> 1999). It feeds on unretrieved quarry, small mammals, waterbirds, frogs and snakes. It hunts over swamps, wet meadows and, in Europe, over extensively managed agricultural land (A. Lõhmus <em>in litt.</em> 1999); birds soar to c.100 m high when hunting.<br/><br/>It is a migratory species, with birds leaving their breeding grounds in October and November to winter in southern Europe, southern Asia and north-east Africa (Meyburg <em>et al.</em> 2014). They generally return in February and March. Birds migrate on a broad front, tending to pass in singles, twos and threes with the occasional larger group (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). They do not concentrate at bottleneck sites to the extent of many other raptors such as Lesser Spotted Eagle (<em>Clanga pomarina</em>) (Meyburg&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","There is strong evidence of hybridisation between this species and <em>C. pomarina</em> (Bergmanis <em>et al.</em> 1997, Lohmus and Vali 2001, Dombrovski 2002, Vali <em>et al.</em> 2010). In some European countries mixed pairs can constitute 50% of pairs of this species (Maciorowski and Mizera 2010) or even more (Vali 2011). It is unclear whether this represents a new phenomenon or a conservation concern, but <em>C. pomarina</em> is far more numerous than <em>C. clanga</em> in the zone of overlap, and the range of <em>C. pomarina</em> appears to be spreading east, further into the range of <em>C. clanga</em>. Other key threats are habitat destruction and disturbance, also poaching and electrocution can be considered important. Suitable habitat mosaics have been lost as a result of afforestation and wetland drainage.&#160;<br/><br/>In eastern Europe, agricultural intensification and the abandonment of traditional floodplain management have reduced habitat quality (A. Lõhmus <em>in litt.</em> 1999). Birds are intolerant of permanent human presence in their territories. Forestry operations are a major cause of disturbance. Shooting is a threat in Russia and the Mediterranean (P. D. Round <em>in litt.</em> 1998, P. Mirski <em>in litt.</em> 2012), together with deliberate and accidental poisoning across much of its range.","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CITES Appendix II. CMS Appendix I and II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. It is legally protected in Belarus, Estonia, France, Greece, Latvia, Poland, Romania and Russia. An International Lesser and Greater Spotted Eagle Working Group has been established and a European action plan was published in 2000 (Meyburg <em>et al.</em> 1999). The first national census was conducted in Belarus during 2000-2002. Research into hybridisation and habitat requirements began in Belarus in 2003. National Action Plans for the species have been produced in Belarus (Dombrovski <em>et al.</em> 2002), Estonia and Ukraine (Domashevsky 2000). Site protection measures have been initiated at key Belarusian, Polish and Estonian sites, including restricting forestry activities at nest sites during the breeding season. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Survey range and population. Establish long-term monitoring schemes to improve understanding of population trends. Improve understanding of breeding habitat requirements. Protect breeding areas from drainage and rising of infrastructure. Maintain traditional wet meadows. Regulate forestry to minimise disturbance and protect potential nesting trees. Investigate potential threat of hybridisation with <em>C. pomarina</em>. Prevent illegal shooting, poisoning and electrocution. Investigate lead poisoning from feeding on quarry. Raise awareness.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ACCIPITRIFORMES,ACCIPITRIDAE,Clanga,pomarina,,Clanga pomarina,"(Brehm, 1831)","<em>Clanga pomarina</em>&#160;(del Hoyo and Collar 2014)&#160;was previously placed in the genus <em>Aquila</em>.<br/><br/><em>Aquila pomarina</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) has been split into <em>A. pomarina</em> and <em>A. hastata</em> following Parry <em>et al</em>. (2002).  <p></p>",Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28,&#160;the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds notably in Latvia, Belarus, Romania, Poland, Russia, Lithuania and Ukraine.","The European breeding population is estimated at 10,800-15,200 pairs, which equates to 34,200-46,200 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 10,800-15,200 pairs, which equates to 21,700-30,400 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This is a migratory species, with migrants leaving their breeding grounds between August and November, and returning in March and April (Snow and Perrins 1998, Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001, Meyburg <em>et al.</em> 2014). It relies heavily on soaring flight using thermals, and thus avoids large bodies of water (Meyburg <em>et al.</em> 2014). Birds are generally observed singly or in pairs, but will congregate at plentiful food sources, and migrate in flocks (Snow and Perrins 1998, Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001, Porter and Aspinall 2010). It breeds near forest edges, preferring moist woodland; most nest in lowlands but it is recorded breeding up to 2,200 m in montane areas. Mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians are all taken as prey, with different prey types predominating in different parts of its range. Egg-laying occurs in late April and early May. Nests are built in trees, usually close to the forest edge and are a large stick construction, lined with green twigs and sometimes grass. Eyries are often reused over several years. Normally two eggs are laid (Meyburg <em>et al.</em> 2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The main threats posed to this species are through habitat loss (notably the draining of wet forests and meadows, and on-going deforestation) and hunting (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001, Meyburg <em>et al. </em>2014). The latter is especially prevalent on migration, with possibly thousands of birds shot annually in southern Europe (Tucker and Heath 1994). It is also very highly vulnerable to the impacts of potential wind energy developments (Strix 2012).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex I. CITES Appendix II. CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. A European Union Species Action Plan was published in 1997 (Meyburg <em>et al.</em> 1997) and was reviewed in 2010. There are 98 Important Bird Areas designated for this species in its breeding range. The species is in the Red Data Books of several countries and is legally protected in all countries where the action plan applies. National action plans have been developed in Estonia, Slovakia and Ukraine (Barov and Derhé 2010).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Research should focus on monitoring population numbers during migration, identifying major migratory roosting sites and investigating the habitat requirements, food diversity and conservation measures for this species. Major roosting areas along the migratory route should be protected and disturbance near nests should be prevented (Barov and Derhé 2010). Wide-scale conservation measures are needed to protect the breeding and foraging habitats (Tucker and Heath 1994). Agricultural and farming policies should be sympathetic to the conservation of this species (Barov and Derhé 2010).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Clangula,hyemalis,,Clangula hyemalis,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)<br/>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, in winter, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. <br/><br/>For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, both the breeding and wintering population sizes are estimated to be declining by less than 25% in 17 years (three generations), indicating a slowing down of the decrease observed in the previous assessment. These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the 2019 Red List of Finnish Species (Hyvärinen&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2019), and the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","The species is circumpolar, breeding on the Arctic coasts primarily of Russia, but also of Greenland and other northern European countries such as Iceland and Norway.&#160;<br/>It winters at sea further south and within Europe can be found as far as south the United Kingdom and other areas including the Black Sea and Caspian Sea (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014). Countries with notable population sizes in winter include Sweden, Germany, Poland, Estonia, Latvia and Iceland.","In Europe, the breeding population is estimated at 181,000-251,000 pairs, which equates to 362,000-502,000 mature individuals. In the EU28, the breeding population is estimated at 2,200-3,200 pairs, which equates to 4,400-6,400 mature individuals. In winter, the minimum European population is estimated at 1,290,000-2,410,000 individuals, which equates to 865,000-1,610,000 mature individuals. The minimum winter population in the EU28 is estimated at 1,160,000-2,130,000 individuals, which equates to 773,000-1,420,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds on small tundra lakes, pools, bogs, rivers and coastal sites of the high Arctic. It generally avoids wooded tundra, although in north Scandinavia it does reach the arctic-alpine zone among willows and dwarf birch. It winters mostly at sea, generally far offshore, but also inland in large, deep, freshwater lakes or brackish lagoons (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014).<br/><br/>It breeds from late-May onwards (Madge and Burn 1988) in single pairs or loose groups (Kear 2005, Carboneras and Kirwan 2014). The nest is a natural depression, or rock crevice, lined with surrounding plant matter and down, among vegetation or in the open and frequently close to water. Clutches are normally six to nine eggs (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014). The species shows a preference for marine foods (Johnsgard 1978). Its diet consists predominantly of animal matter (Snow and Perrins 1998) such as crustaceans, molluscs, other marine invertebrates, fish, and in fresh water, insects and their larvae; also a little plant material. The species is migratory, moving in large flocks at night. Many birds winter at sea in the far northern regions, generally as far south as Britain, the Danube River and the Black Sea. Birds leave their breeding grounds in the first half of October and return mid-March (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by wetland habitat degradation and loss from petroleum pollution, wetland drainage and peat-extraction (Grishanov 2006). It is also threatened with direct mortality from oil pollution (Gorski <em>et al. </em>1977, Kirby <em>et al.</em> 1993, Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), drowning through entanglement in fishing nets (Kirby <em>et al.</em> 1993, Carboneras and Kirwan 2014) and from hunting on migration routes over certain regions of the Arctic (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014). The species has previously suffered heavy losses from an outbreak of avian cholera (Friend 2006) and is susceptible to avian influenza (Melville and Shortridge 2006) so may be threatened by future outbreaks of these diseases. There is evidence that the species is experiencing low reproductive success on its Arctic breeding grounds. The results of autumn migration monitoring at various Baltic sites shows that juveniles now represent a very low proportion of the population (e.g. Hario<em> et al.</em> 2009, Ellermaa <em>et al.</em> 2010), indicating that insufficient young are being raised to compensate for adult mortality. The breeding success of this (and other) species seems to have declined since the mid-1990s, when the formerly distinctive 3-4 year cycle in the abundance of Arctic rodents collapsed, probably due to climate change. With fewer rodents around, Arctic predators now take a heavier toll on breeding birds every year, instead of only once every 3-4 years. However, the main reason for low breeding productivity seems likely to be connected mainly with skipped breeding, rather than with increased predation pressure, possibly owing to worsened female body condition (A. Kondratyev<em> in litt.</em> 2012). A decline in breeding productivity is supported by unpublished data on the age ratio of gillnet victims in the southern Baltic, which suggest a decline in breeding success by c.75% from prior to 1990 until c. 2000 (J. Bellebaum <em>in litt. </em>2012). Drastic declines on the tundra of eastern European Russia since 1973 are thought to be connected to the natural cycles of the species, pollution from oil and gas extractions, and pollution from the deposition of nuclear and chemical waste in northern seas (Y. and O. Mineev<em> in litt. </em>2012). In 2006-2007, on the Hatpudirskaya Bay coast (Barents Sea), several thousand dead C. hyemalis were found washed-up on beaches (Y. and O. Mineev <em>in litt.</em> 2012). The species is hunted for sport in several countries including Denmark (Bregnballe <em>et al.</em> 2006).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex II. Some of the species's habitat is protected. Efforts are on-going to monitor populations of this species in many parts of its range.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Continue to assess trends in Europe. Carry out research to identify the causes of the decline in the Baltic Sea. React to improved knowledge of threats to the species by implementing actions to mitigate their impacts. Study the causes of reduced breeding productivity.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,FRINGILLIDAE,Coccothraustes,coccothraustes,,Coccothraustes coccothraustes,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. <br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occurs in most countries in Europe, notably in Romania, Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Germany, Croatia and Belarus.","The European breeding population is estimated at 3,640,000–6,020,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 7,280,000–12,100,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 2,460,000–4,070,000 pairs, which equates to 4,920,000–8,130,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species prefers broadleaved forest, in particular oak-hornbeam, and also mixed forest. Besides more natural forests it also occupies parks and gardens, (cherry) orchards and olive groves in some areas of its range. In the drier southern parts of its range it inhabits steppe-woodlands and thorn thickets. It breeds up to 1,300 m in Central Europe and up to 2,200 m asl in the Caucasus (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997, Calladine and Morrison 2010, Clement <em>et al. </em>2016). Although northern populations of the species are partly migratory, it is resident in large parts of its European range. Short distance seasonal movements can take place, depending on food availability. Generally it breeds between March and mid-August.<br/><br/>The species is monogamous, forming pair-bonds for more than one year. It occasionally breeds in small colonies. The nest is built by both parents, in a tree up to 14 m. The clutch size is normally three to five eggs but may be even larger in some areas with optimal habitat conditions. The eggs are incubated by the female for 11–13 days. The chicks are reared by both parents and leave the nest after 11–13 days and become independent after about 30 days (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997, Clement <em>et al</em>. 2016).<br/><br/>The diet of the species consists predominantly of seeds, buds and shoots of trees and shrubs. In particular the nestlings are fed by small invertebrates. Food is collected at all levels in trees and also on the ground (Clement <em>et al.</em> 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Generally there is no evidence for substantial threats. Since the 1990s the species has expanded its European range. Now the population is suspected to be stable. Declines in some countries are possibly related to destruction of deciduous forest, removal of old orchards and increased predation (Clement <em>et al.</em> 2016, BirdLife International 2015).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species was added to the British list of Birds of Conservation Concern in 2009 (Eaton <em>et al.</em> 2009).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Further research is needed to determine the factors which are affecting this species and then identify potential management methods to counter these (Eaton <em>et al.</em> 2009).,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H., Wright, L & van Kleunen, A.","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,COLUMBIFORMES,COLUMBIDAE,Columba,bollii,,Columba bollii,"Godman, 1872",0,Yes,LC,0,Yes,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, although this species may have a small range it is not believed to approach&#160;the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is small, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population size trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.",This species is endemic to Europe and can only be found in the Canary Islands (Spain).,"The European population is suspected to be 2,500-10,000 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species typically inhabits areas of closed-canopy laurel forest (containing Lauraceae, Ericaceae and Rosaceae species, with <em>Laurus azorica </em>and <em>Ocotea foetens</em> particularly dominant) preferring ravines and passes (Tucker and Heath 1994,&#160;Baptista <em>et al.</em> 2020). It also uses heath vegetation consisting of <em>Myrica faya </em>and <em>Erica arborea.</em> It is sometimes found in open, degraded habitats including cultivated areas (Tucker and Heath 1994). It is typically present in the uplands.<br/><br/>It breeds between January and September with a peak in February-May. It lays one egg and may have two to three broods. The nest is made of sticks and is typically placed in the most abundant tree species: <em>E. arborea, L. azorica, Ilex canariensis </em>and <em>M. faya.</em> It feeds mainly on fruit but also takes grain, buds, leaves, shoots and invertebrates. It will feed on cabbages and other crops when berries are limited. The species is sedentary but moves to lower altitudes in late summer for feeding (Baptista <em>et al.</em> 2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Historical declines resulted from intensive exploitation of laurel forests. The extent of forest loss has slowed, although fragmentation has continued in some areas as forests are exploited for poles and tool handles. A small amount of illegal hunting occurs at drinking sites. As it is a tree-nesting species, predation by introduced mammals including rats is of less significance than for<em> C. junoniae </em>but it remains a potential threat, the impact of which has not been fully assessed (Hernández <em>et al. </em>1999). Grazing pressure from sheep is leading to habitat degradation on La Gomera and at El Hierro. Forest fires also pose a moderate threat to its habitat (BirdLife International 2010). Recreational activities cause some disturbance in the breeding season. The species is potentially threatened by outbreaks of Newcastle Disease and Tuberculosis (BirdLife International 2010).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. A European action plan was published in 1996 and reviewed in 2010. The majority of areas inhabited by this species are now protected under regional or national law (BirdLife International 2010). Hunting has only been a residual threat since hunting-free zones (coinciding with reserves) were implemented. The restoration of pine forest and thermophile forest is still pending full implementation. As part of a LIFE project (2005-2008), work has been carried out to eradicate exotic plant species, plant native species, raise public awareness and increase knowledge of the survival of different native species present in thermophilous forests. Tenerife has undertaken a major effort in eradicating Monterey pine and replanting with native species. Also in Tenerife, Canarian pine tree plantations are partly cleared (thinned) which makes them more suitable for the species. Some islands have rat control plans in place (BirdLife International 2010).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Continue to monitor the population and potential threats. Protect remaining areas of laurel forest. Establish an invasive species control plan. Implement awareness-raising campaigns.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,COLUMBIFORMES,COLUMBIDAE,Columba,junoniae,,Columba junoniae,"Hartert, 1916",0,Yes,NT,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,NT,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><br/><br/>This species, endemic to Europe and the EU28, has a small population size, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population size trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. This species has a very small range, within which it is restricted to just four islands on which threats remain that could negatively impact the species in the future&#160;hence it approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion B.&#160;It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT) within both Europe and the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside either region, and therefore the final categories remain unchanged.","In Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is endemic to the Canary Islands, Spain, where it occurs on the islands of La Palma, La Gomera, Tenerife and El Hierro (González 1996, Martín and Lorenzo 2001), and formerly on Gran Canaria (Barov and Derhé 2011), where it is now being reintroduced. The largest subpopulation is found on La Palma, where it occurs across much of the northern half of the island. The species is common on La Gomera, where it is found primarily in the north, and also occurs patchily on the northern slopes of Tenerife. It has recently also been recorded on El Hierro; however, breeding there has not yet been confirmed (Martín and Lorenzo 2001, Martín <em>et al</em>. 2000).","The European population is suspected to be 1,000-2,500 mature individuals, although recent comments during the reporting of species data through the Birds' Directive Article 12 reporting process suggest the population size could now be higher than this (2,500-10,000 mature individuals), however, there is no evidence yet to support this. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species prefers thermophilous forest, with a potential altitudinal range of 200–500 m Asl on the north slopes of the islands, and 600–1,000 m in the south (Nogales <em>et al.</em> 2009) and occurs in areas with steep slopes, escarpments and gullies, as well as in laurel forest and Canary pine forest, and cultivated areas (Martín <em>et al.</em> 2000). The breeding season varies between islands, but extends from January to September, with a peak between April-June. At least on Tenerife, breeding success appears to be low, as a consequence of intense nest predation (Hernández <em>et al. </em>1999, Martín <em>et al.</em> 2000). Nests are on the ground (in fissures, holes or small ledges, at the bases of trees, and under rocks or fallen tree trunks) in steep, rocky, shady areas with abundant shrubby vegetation (Martín <em>et al. </em>2000). Clutch is one, occasionally two eggs. It feeds mostly on fruit, buds, some grain and flowers. A large part of its diet is made up of fruits of <em>Ocotea foetens</em> and <em>Persea indica</em>. It forages both in trees and on the ground and locally also feeds in orchards. The species is sedentary but sometimes moves from upland forests to lowland agricultural areas to feed (Baptista <em>et al.</em>&#160;2017).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Habitat loss has been extensive. Dry and laurel forests have been intensively exploited since the 15th century, and some areas of remaining forest continue to be felled and fragmented owing to the demand for wooden stakes and poles for agriculture, particularly vine-growing (Martín <em>et al.</em> 2000, Hernández 2004). Grazing by livestock, notably sheep, is degrading habitat on El Hierro and La Gomera. Predation of eggs and chicks by rats, and of nesting adults by feral cats (<em>Felis catus</em>), are important threats (Hernández 2004), particularly on Tenerife where five of seven nests monitored were predated, primarily by black rats (<em>Rattus rattus</em>) (Hernández<em> et al. </em>1999, Martín <em>et al.</em> 2000). Illegal hunting remains a threat, especially when birds concentrate at drinking and feeding sites (Hernández 2004). Recreational activities such as climbing, abseiling, quad-biking, mountain-biking and motocross may disturb nesting birds (Hernández 2004, Barov and Derhé 2011). The species is potentially threatened by outbreaks of Newcastle Disease and Tuberculosis (Barov and Derhé 2011).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Bird Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. It is fully protected under Spanish law. Many protected areas have been established, including Garajonay National Park (La Gomera), and El Canal and Los Tiles (La Palma). The majority of areas inhabited by the species now have protected status under regional or national law (Barov and Derhé 2011). There have been several projects focused on the conservation of this species since the 1980s. An action plan was published in 1996 and reviewed in 2010 (Barov and Derhé 2011). The restoration of pine forest and thermophile forest is still pending full implementation (Barov and Derhé 2011). As part of a LIFE project (2005-2008), work has been carried out to eradicate exotic plant species, plant native species, raise public awareness and increase knowledge of the survival of different native species found in thermophilous forest. Rat control programmes are in place on some islands. There are on-going efforts to reintroduce the species to Gran Canaria using birds from La Palma (Barov and Derhé 2011).<br/><strong><br/>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Conduct a population census and initiate monitoring. Ensure the adequate protection of key sites, particularly as yet unprotected ones on La Gomera and La Palma. Continue to promote the restoration of dry and laurel forests. Avoid further damage to laurel forest from commercial forestry. Control introduced predators at breeding sites, particularly on Tenerife. Control illegal hunting, especially at drinking sites. Continue on-going education and awareness campaigns.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,COLUMBIFORMES,COLUMBIDAE,Columba,livia,,Columba livia,"Gmelin, 1789",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is suspected to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size trend is unknown. In the EU28 the breeding population size is suspected to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.",Both forms of the species—the original <em>Columba livia</em> and the feral <em>C. livi</em>a f. <em>domestica</em>—are widely distributed across Europe up to <em>ca</em> 60°N. The distribution is increasingly less continuous north of this latitude (Keller <em>et al.</em> 2020).,"The distinction between the original <em>Columba livia</em> and the feral <em>C.  livia</em> f. <em>domestica</em> in the field is notoriously difficult, and even in  countries with presumably wild populations, data could not be collected and reported separately (Keller <em>et al</em>. 2020). The European breeding population of the original <em>C. livia</em> is estimated at 3,420,000–7,070,000 pairs (6,840,000–14,200,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 2,450,000–4,740,000 pairs (4,910,000–9,470,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species' natural habitat consists usually of rock faces, ledges in caves and sea cliffs where birds nest. The feral form is commensal with man and is particularly abundant in cities. It avoids areas of tall and dense vegetation.<br/><br/>Breeding season varies between regions. It breeds year round in the U.K. and Ireland with peak breeding in April. In the Mediterranean it breeds between March and July and in Cyprus from March to May. The nest is a cup loosely fashioned from stems, leaves, roots, driftwood, seaweed and feathers. It lays two eggs and may produce up to five broods each year.<br/><br/>Typically, this species feeds on grains but may also take some invertebrates.<br/><br/>Natural populations are resident and sedentary (Baptista <em>et al.</em> 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","It is difficult to evaluate the conservation status and security of ""natural"" populations due to the confusion concerning the degree of mixing with feral birds. Natural populations are threatened by interbreeding with feral pigeons in many areas and pure populations are already confined to the remoter cliffs and islands, e.g. off north and west Scotland, but even here feral birds join the flocks (Baptista<em> et al.</em> 1997).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex II. There are no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Management is needed to keep feral birds geographically isolated from natural populations and monitoring is needed to determine the extent of natural populations (Johnson <em>et al.</em> 1988).,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,COLUMBIFORMES,COLUMBIDAE,Columba,oenas,,Columba oenas,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds in most countries, largely in the United Kingdom, but also notably in Germany, Spain, the Netherlands and Romania.","The European breeding population is estimated at 683,000-1,150,000 pairs, which equates to 1,360,000-2,290,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 641,000-1,060,000 pairs, which equates to 1,280,000-2,110,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is found in generally fairly open country (Baptista<em> et al.</em> 1997). It uses woodland-edge habitat, parks and farmland with mature trees or other habitats offering suitable nest-hole sites (Tucker and Heath 1997). It mainly breeds between April and October, nesting in holes in old trees, rock crevices, rabbit burrows, buildings, old Black Woodpecker (<em>Dryocopus martius</em>) nest holes and nest boxes. It may also nest in clumps of dense vegetation or under bushes. The nest is usually a twig platform but eggs may sometimes be laid on bare wood. It normally lays two eggs. It mostly feeds on the ground taking seeds, grain, green leaves, buds, flowers and some invertebrates (Baptista <em>et al.</em> 1997). It is wholly migratory in northern Europe and mainly resident in southern Europe (Tucker and Heath 1994,&#160;Baptista <em>et al.</em> 1997). Birds winter in Iberia and in the southern half of France, as well as the rest of the northern Mediterranean basin (Baptista <em>et al. </em>1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In parts of its range, the species underwent severe declines after the 1950s with the introduction new herbicides, although populations have recovered to a limited extent (Baptista <em>et al.</em> 1997).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex II. There are no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,COLUMBIFORMES,COLUMBIDAE,Columba,palumbus,,Columba palumbus,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in almost all countries in Europe, notably in the United Kingdom, Spain, Germany, France and Ireland.<span style=""font-weight: bold;""></span>","The European breeding population is estimated at 20,700,000-28,800,000 pairs, which equates to 41,400,000-57,600,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 19,200,000-26,400,000 pairs, which equates to 38,500,000-52,700,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is found in a mosaic of woodland and open ground, notably farmland, parks and suburban gardens (Tucker and Heath 1997). It is typically a species of ecotone in deciduous or coniferous woodland. Its breeding season varies between regions, ranging from late February to early September. It normally lays two eggs. The nest is built of twigs and lined with more twigs, grasses and leaves usually 1.5-2.5 m above ground in trees and on building ledges or occasionally in thick vegetation or under a hedge. It takes food from the ground and also feeds in trees, mainly taking plant matter such as green leaves, buds, flowers, seeds, berries, grain and occasionally invertebrates. It is mainly migratory in northern and eastern Europe and partially migratory or resident in the rest of Europe (Baptista <em>et al. </em>1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There are currently no known significant threats to this species.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex II and III; <em>C. p. azorica</em> on Annex I. There are no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,COLUMBIFORMES,COLUMBIDAE,Columba,trocaz,,Columba trocaz,"Heineken, 1829",0,Yes,LC,0,Yes,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, although this species may have a small range, it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.",This species is endemic to Europe and can only be found on Madeira (Portugal).,"The European breeding population is estimated at 10,000-14,000 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is dependent on laurel (Laurus) forest on Madeira, which is mainly found on the north-facing slopes of the island although there are also isolated pockets of forest in the south (Tucker and Heath 1994). It occurs in the high forest zone which is often covered in clouds. The species nests all year round but mainly between February and June. It lays one egg. The nest is an untidy heap of sticks placed in crevices and caves in inaccessible cliffs and occasionally in heather and laurels (Baptista <em>et al.</em> 1997). It feeds mainly on the berries of <em>Laurus azorica </em>which is the most common tree in the laurel forest (Tucker and Heath 1994). It also eats the fruit of <em>Ocotea foetens</em>, <em>Persea indica</em>, <em>Appolonias barbujana</em>, <em>Myrica faya</em>, <em>Clethra arborea</em> and<em> Piconia exelsa</em> (Zino and Zino 1986, Jones 1988, Tucker and Heath 1994). When food resources in the forest are scarce the species moves to agricultural areas where it feeds on cabbages, watercress and fruit trees (Tucker and Heath 1994). The species is sedentary but may move from cliffs to lowland areas to feed (Baptista <em>et al.</em> 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Habitat loss threatens this species as laurel forests have been reduced to only 13.5% of surface area of Madeira (Baptista <em>et al.</em> 1997). Fires, as result of burning to improve pasture, destroy or degrade forest (Gibbs <em>et al.</em> 2001) and goats and pigs also cause some destruction (Baptista <em>et al.</em> 1997). It is regarded as a pest by farmers and is still shot when it invades arable land during food shortages. The species also suffers losses to predation by Black Rat (<em>Rattus rattus</em>) (Gibbs <em>et al. </em>2001).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex I. The species now protected under European law, and farmers are provided with bird-scarers. Its native laurel forests are now protected (Baptista<em> et al.</em> 1997). A Species Action Plan was published in 1996 (Oliveira and Heredia 1996) and reviewed in 2010 (Barov and Derhé 2010). <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Continued survival of species depends directly on protection of habitat and strict control of hunting, and perhaps also of rats (Baptista <em>et al.</em> 1997). The implementation of the management plan should be maintained and improved and monitoring schemes should be continued. Ensure authorities have appropriate means to prevent and extinguish fires in the Laurel forest. Awareness campaigns and increased funding should be provided for the scaring devices project. Research on breeding success, habitat preferences and factors contributing to expansion movements outside laurel forest areas should be conducted. In addition investigation into the impact of rats and their population dynamics should be carried out. Continue monitoring rat control (Barov and Derhé 2010).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CORACIIFORMES,CORACIIDAE,Coracias,garrulus,,Coracias garrulus,"Linnaeus, 1758","The Roller <span style=""font-style: italic;"">Coracias garrulus</span> is a polytypic species with two subspecies: the nominate <span style=""font-style: italic;"">C. g. garrulus</span> breeds from Morocco, south-west and south-central Europe and Asia Minor east through north-west Iran to south-west Siberia (Russia); <span style=""font-style: italic;"">C. g. semenowi</span>, breeds in Iraq and Iran (except northwest where the nominate race occurs) east to Kashmir and north to Turkmenistan, south Kazakhstan and northwest China (west Sinkiang) (Fry &amp; Fry 1999).",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by less than 25% in 11 years (three generations). In the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds notably in Turkey, Georgia, Russia, Azerbaijan, Romania and Ukraine, with smaller populations in other countries in southern, southeastern and eastern Europe.","The European breeding population is estimated at 51,000–104,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 102,000–208,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 13,200–22,000 pairs, which equates to 26,500–44,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds throughout temperate, steppe and Mediterranean zones characterized by reliable warm summer weather. It prefers lowland open countryside with patches of oak (<em>Quercus</em>) forest, mature pine (<em>Pinus</em>) woodland with heathery clearings, orchards, mixed farmland, river valleys, and plains with scattered thorny or leafy trees. The species is monogamous and performs a rolling and diving aerial display. Typically, four to five eggs are laid between May and July (Billerman <em>et al.&#160;</em>2020).<br/><br/>In Europe, the species mainly breeds in abandoned Green Woodpecker (<em>Picus viridis</em>) cavities in white poplar (<em>Populus alba</em>), especially in riparian forests, less often in <em>Salix </em>spp., or infrequently in natural cavities of plane trees (<em>Platanus orientalis</em>), walls or sand-banks. They mostly forage in agricultural habitats, especially meadows (May and August) and in cereals in June-July. Fallow land is always favoured. Vineyards can be attractive if the soil keeps some vegetation cover. Hedgerows (as well as fences and powerlines) are essential perches while looking for prey (Tron <em>et al.</em> 2006).<br/><br/>This species is an intercontinental migrant with almost the entire world population wintering in Africa south of the Sahara (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020)<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Threats include persecution on migration in some Mediterranean countries. The loss of suitable breeding habitat due to changing agricultural practices, conversion to monoculture, loss of nest sites, and use of pesticides (reducing food availability) are considered to be the main threats to the species in Europe (Kovacs <em>et al.</em> 2008). It is sensitive to loss of hedgerows and riparian forest in Europe which provide essential habitats for perching and nesting.","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II and it was added to Appendix I of the Bonn Convention at the eleventh Conference of the Parties to the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals in 2014. An International Species Action Plan is in place (Kovacs<em> et al.</em> 2008) and species action plans have been developed in Hungary, Latvia, and Andalusia (Spain); similar documents are being drafted in Slovakia and Catalonia (Spain). Working groups are present in Austria, Belarus, France, Latvia, Lithuania, Serbia and Slovakia. There are a number of national monitoring schemes within its range and it has been the focus of targeted study.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Continue monitoring population trends. Tackle specific threats such as hunting. Address threats in Europe relating to the Common Agricultural Policy and integrate appropriate measures into agri-environment schemes.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,CORVIDAE,Corvus,corax,,Corvus corax,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds throughout Europe, notably in Russia, Norway and Spain.","The European breeding population is estimated at 589,000–1,790,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 1,170,000–3,570,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 291,000–554,000 pairs, which equates to 583,000–1,110,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is a habitat generalist, breeding throughout forested and open coastal, steppe, mountain, tundra and cliff regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It generally occupies more open habitat in the south and north portions of range where cliffs, sparse trees provide nest locations. In middle latitudes it is generally found in coniferous and broadleaf forests, where tree-nesting often more common than cliff-nesting (Marzluff 2009).<br/><br/>Egg-laying begins in late February over most of its range, although further north in Greenland and Siberia it begins later in April (Madge and Burn 1993). The nest is a large and bulky platform, made from dead sticks, lined with fine roots, grass, string and other bits of rubbish, and with mammal fur to make an inner cup. It is placed in the stout, lower branches of a tree, on a steep cliff, or on an artificial structure such as a utility pole, building, sign, radio tower, abandoned vehicle, oil derrick, bridge, irrigation pipe or windmill. Clutch size is typically four to six eggs.<br/><br/>This species is an opportunistic scavenger, consuming a huge variety of animals and plants. It preys on adult and nestling birds, eggs, small mammals, sick and dying larger mammals, toads, snakes, juvenile turtles, fish and invertebrates. It also scavenges garbage and slaughterhouse offal, dung, and nearly any kind of carrion and some plant matter is also consumed (Marzluff 2009).<br/><br/>The species is mostly sedentary, but northern populations are liable to move south in winter (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","From the mid-1600s to mid-1900s or later this species was widely persecuted due to fear and superstition, resulting in European populations being reduced, often to the point of creating gaps in the species' distribution (e.g. throughout much northern and Central Europe). Persecution still continues in Iceland and Greenland but throughout the rest of Europe it is much reduced, allowing the species to recolonize areas it was previously extirpated from (Marzluff 2009). Currently, intensive farming, the removal of woodland and human disturbance may affect the species (Hagemejer and Blair 1997).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Active reintroduction efforts and increased subsidization, have aided its return to parts of Germany, Netherlands (Marzluff 2009) and Czech Republic (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Although this species is not threatened the continuation in fall of persecution and the preservation of woodland stands within the landscape would help this species recover from past declines.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,CORVIDAE,Corvus,corone,,Corvus corone,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be stable. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing.&#160;For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occurs across most of Europe, and breeds notably in Russia, the United Kingdom, France, Turkey, Germany and Italy.","The European breeding population is estimated at 8,140,000–13,800,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 16,200,000–27,500,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 5,430,000–8,360,000 pairs, which equates to 10,800,000–16,800,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is only really absent from dense forests and is found in most other habitats (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). It prefers mixed farmland, parks and gardens, also forest clearings, and equally at home on moorland and on inshore islands, coastal cliffs and estuarine flats.<br/><br/>It breeds from late March and forms a long-term monogamous pair-bond. Both sexes build the nest which is a rather large structure based on sticks and twigs, often mixed with rabbit (<em>Oryctolagus</em>) bones or wire and heather (Ericaceae) twigs. Mud pushed into base gives a solid foundation and a deep cup is thickly lined with soft materials such as wool, animal fur, soft grasses, feathers and paper. Usually it is built in the crown of a tall tree but in more open habitats electricity pylons are used, whilst on exposed coasts a cliff ledge or stunted shrub may be used and some nests are built on old buildings, in reedbeds, or even on the ground. Clutch size is typically four eggs.<br/><br/>The species is omnivorous, but it is mainly a carnivorous scavenger. The diet varies according to local habitats, but usually includes invertebrates, especially earthworms (Lumbricidae), small mammals, frogs, bird eggs and nestlings, as well as carrion. In addition, small amounts of grain and weed seeds are taken.<br/><br/>This species is resident, although some populations do migrate (Madge 2009).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",Historically this species has been persecuted by gamekeepers and farmers because of its habit of raiding nests; however gamekeeper activity has reduced since the 1920s allowing it to recover (Madge 2009).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently required for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,CORVIDAE,Corvus,frugilegus,,Corvus frugilegus,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,VU,A2bcde+4bcde,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The species is undergoing a rapid decline (&gt;30%) and is therefore assessed as Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the category remains unchanged.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, it is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 25-42% with a best estimate of 33% in 17 years (three generations).&#160;In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 11-20% with a best estimate of 16% over the same period. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occurs across the majority of Europe, and breeds notably in Russia, Ireland, the United Kingdom and Ukraine.","The European breeding population is estimated at 5,730,000–10,700,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 11,400,000–21,300,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 2,920,000–5,530,000 pairs, which equates to 5,850,000–11,100,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species prefers agricultural land, wooded steppe and riverine plains with fragmented woodland or stands of trees. It is also found in the fringes of cities, towns and villages with large trees (Madge and Burn 1993), and in city parks and churchyards (Madge 2009). In the winter it can also be found along the sea shore.<br/><br/>It is a highly colonial species and breeds as early as late February in Britain but can breed as late as mid-April in European Russia (Madge and Burn 1993). Both sexes build the nest, which is a bulky structure of twigs and sticks and the cup is lined with roots, dry grasses and dead leaves. A nest may be repaired and reused for many years. Usually four eggs are laid but can range from two to seven.<br/><br/>It is an omnivore; main food items are earthworms (Lumbricidae) and grain, but it does take a wide variety of other invertebrates as well as vertebrates such as small lizards, frogs and small mammals, and eggs and nestlings of small birds (Madge 2009). It is less of a carrion-feeder than other northern corvids (Madge and Burn 1993).<br/><br/>This species is resident over western and southern parts of its range and migratory in the north and east (Madge 2009).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Populations of this species have fluctuated since 1900 and now appear to be declining. The main causes of this are changing agricultural land-use (notably the loss of extensive pasture), the application of pesticides and seed dressings (mercury) and persecution through shooting (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997, Madge 2009).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Monitoring implemented to assess population fluctuations and research into the impact of threats should be undertaken.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,CORVIDAE,Corvus,monedula,,Corvus monedula,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. <br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occurs across most of Europe, notably in Turkey, Spain, the United Kingdom, Russia and Ireland.","The European breeding population is estimated at 8,920,000–18,100,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 17,800,000–36,200,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 5,760,000–10,100,000 pairs, which equates to 11,500,000–20,100,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits a great variety of open country, preferably with scattered trees, and it favours mixed farmland, parks and gardens, churchyards, wooded steppe, quarries and coastal cliffs (Madge and de Juana 2014). Across Europe, it is only absent from high mountain plateaux, tundra, extensive wetland or afforested areas and a few small islands (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>The species forms a long term pair bond. Egg-laying occurs from late April in Britain and Northern Europe, mid-April in Central Europe, and the first half of May in north-west Russia. The nest varies in size, but can be massive as a fresh nest is built each year on top of older ones. The foundation is a mass of branches and twigs, interspersed with mud and dung and the inner cup is quite deep and thick and constructed of mosses, rotten wood, feathers and fur and wool, usually in some cavity of some kind. Clutches can be from three to eight eggs but usually four.<br/><br/>It feeds mostly on the ground and is omnivorous. During the breeding season it is mainly carnivorous, feeding on a wide variety of invertebrates, eggs and household scraps (Madge and de Juana 2014).<br/><br/>The species is sedentary in Britain, but continental birds will undergo extensive south-westerly movements in autumn (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is now extinct in Malta, where it was formerly common, as a result of persecution (Madge and de Juana 2014).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Although this species is not threatened, monitoring and hunting restrictions should be implemented to prevent local extinctions.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,GALLIFORMES,PHASIANIDAE,Coturnix,coturnix,,Coturnix coturnix,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,NT,A2bcde+3bcde+4bcde,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be decreasing by at least 25% over 10 years, hence it nearly meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Near Threatened (NT A2bcde+3bcde+4bcde) in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the breeding population size is estimated to be decreasing by at least 25% over the past 10 years and is suspected to continue decreasing at a similar rate between 2011-2021 and over the next three generations. In the EU28, the breeding population size is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Romania, Russia, Turkey and Spain, with small numbers in Ukraine, France and Portugal.","The European breeding population is estimated at 2,500,000–4,520,000 calling or lekking males (5,000,000–9,030,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 1,420,000–2,510,000 calling or lekking males (2,850,000–5,020,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is found in open habitats including agricultural land (Tucker and Heath 1994, McGowan <em>et al</em>. 2013) where it prefers fields of clover, winter wheat and other cereals as well as hay, rough grass and overgrown fallow (Tucker and Heath 1994). It avoids bare soils (McGowan<em> et al</em>. 2013), trees and scrub (Cramp and Simmons 1980, Aubrais<em> et al. </em>1986), preferring areas with a dense herb layer less than 1 m tall.<br/><br/>Egg-laying occurs from mid-May to August in Northern Europe and late March to mid-June in Southern Europe. Typically, 8–13 eggs are laid. The nest consists of a scrape with grassy material added and is found in herbaceous vegetation or grasses.<br/><br/>These birds feed mainly on the seeds of grasses, weeds and grain but will also eat ground-dwelling invertebrates.<br/><br/>The species is migratory, with most of the western Palearctic population wintering south of the Sahara mainly in the Sahel zone; however birds may winter as far north as the British Isles and Germany or around the Mediterranean (McGowan <em>et al.</em> 2013). Birds may also winter in north-west Africa and remain to breed in March-April before migrating into Europe where they breed once again (Guyomarc'h and Saint-Jalme 1986, Guyomarc'h 1992, Rodriguez-Teijeiro <em>et al.</em> 1992). Migration routes are thought to vary between individuals and years (McGowan <em>et al</em>. 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Agricultural intensification has led to the loss of rough grass and uncultivated land and an increase in the use of herbicides and insecticides which have led to a reduction in the availability of weeds, seeds and insects (Tucker and Heath 1994). Hybridization with Japanese Quail (<em>Coturnix japonica</em>) is a serious danger in Southern Europe (Tucker and Heath 1994, Chazara <em>et al</em>. 2010).  Other potential threats driving declines in Europe are hunting, long-term climactic fluctuations and drought in the sub-Saharan wintering grounds (Tucker and Heath 1994).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II.  EU Birds Directive Annex II.  Hunting legislation in Europe is in place but is poorly enforced (Tucker and Heath 1994). A European Species Management Plan was published in 2009 (Perennou 2009).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/> The introduction of wide-scale habitat conservation measures is needed. The maintenance and promotion of low-intensity farming methods and the avoidance of ploughing or cutting in the nesting period would benefit this species. Existing hunting legislation should be enforced and hunters and trappers made aware of the dangers of excessive mortality.  In addition the further release of <em>C. japonica </em>should be prevented (Tucker and Heath 1994). Adequate population monitoring to assess hunting pressure and population trends should be implemented and research to investigate population dynamics undertaken (Perennou 2009).,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,GRUIFORMES,RALLIDAE,Crex,crex,,Crex crex,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,NT,A2bcde+3bcde+4bcde,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Near Threatened (NT)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population trend appears to be decreasing at a moderately rapid rate which approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened in the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the population trend is estimated to be decreasing by approximately 16% (best estimate) in 10 years. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 20-38% with a best estimate of 29% over the past 10 years, is expected to decline by 28% between 2011-2021 and is projected to decline by 25% over the next three generations. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds in most countries in Europe, but principally in Russia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,150,000-1,720,000 calling or lekking males, which equates to 2,310,000-3,430,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 127,000-269,000 calling or lekking males, which equates to 254,000-537,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds in open or semi-open habitats, mainly meadows with tall grass. It is strongly associated with agricultural grassland managed for the production of hay (Barnes 2000). Suitable habitats include moist, unfertilised grassland and regularly cut meadows in areas of low-intensity agriculture where vegetation grows tall in summer. Across its European range, hay or silage fields in valleys liable to flooding seem of most importance, but birds also breed in hay and silage fields in subalpine areas. Wetlands and marsh edges may act as important refuges when drier habitats are unsuitable (Schäffer and Mammen 1999). It avoids very marshy areas, standing water, river and lake margins and open ground with rocks, stones and gravel (Taylor and de Juana 2014), and also those areas with a thick layer of dead grass or very dense vegetation above 50 cm tall (Cramp and Simmons 1980). During migration it occurs in a variety of habitats including wheat fields and on golf courses. It breeds from April to August (Taylor and van Perlo 1998). The nest is on the ground in dense vegetation and is constructed from dead stems and leaves (Green <em>et al.</em> 1997). The average clutch-size is c.10 eggs and two broods may be raised per season (Green <em>et al.</em> 1997). It feeds on a wide range of invertebrates including insects, snails and slugs, arachnids, millipedes, earthworms. It is also known to consume young frogs, green parts of plants, young shoots and seeds and possibly even small mammals and birds (Cramp and Simmons 1980). The species is a long-distance migrant (de Hoyo<em> et al.</em> 2014), wintering in central and southern Africa (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Chick mortality due to mechanized mowing and consequent increased predation is considered to be the primary threat in Europe (Koffijberg and Schäffer 2006). Intensification of grassland management and the loss of hay meadows and wetlands are considered as the critical threats to its habitats (Koffijberg and Schäffer 2006). Following privatisation, potential changes to land-use and management of agricultural land in the species's core breeding range in Russia and eastern Europe are also possible threats (Schäffer and Mammen 1999). Land abandonment temporarily favours the species, but areas become unsuitable as vegetation becomes too dense and scrub develops. Intensified management of hay meadows, or their conversion to arable, is resulting in widespread habitat loss (Schäffer and Mammen 1999). Across western and central Europe, intensification of grassland management, leading to earlier and rapid mowing of hay and silage, is the main threat (N. Schäffer <em>in litt.</em> 2003). Early mowing and the use of mechanised methods results in the destruction of nests and chicks (Koffijberg and Schäffer 2006). It is a quarry species in Russia, Ukraine and Georgia, but hunting pressure is considered low. Illegal hunting of the species during the Common Quail (<em>Coturnix coturnix</em>) hunting season has been reported from Bulgaria and Croatia, and 0.5-2.7% of the European population may be susceptible to capture in netting set up for <em>C. coturnix </em>in Egypt each autumn. Introduced mammals, such as domestic cats and the American mink (<em>Mustela vison</em>), are reported to be predators of the species's nests, in addition to native species. The species may be disturbed by recreational activities and developments, such as motorways (Koffijberg and Schäffer 2006). Late spring floods can reduce local populations by around 50% (Donaghy 2007).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS (Bonn Convention) Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. The species is legally protected from hunting in most of the countries in its breeding range (Koffijberg and Schäffer 2006). Conservation measures have been taken in 14 European range states. National action plans have been prepared in Switzerland, Norway, the Netherlands, Czech Republic, Hungary, Germany, Denmark, U.K. and Slovakia. Appropriate habitat management techniques have been researched, and local repeat surveys in Russia show relative stability of the population (A. Mischenko <em>in litt.</em> 2006). A European action plan was published in 1996 and a revised version published in 2006 (Koffijberg and Schäffer 2006), and a Corncrake Conservation Team was established in 1998. There is an ongoing reintroduction programme in England, U.K. (Newbery (2006). <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Monitor numbers through regular coordinated surveys, and improve monitoring in key countries (e.g. Russia, Belarus) (Doga Dernegi 2006, Koffijberg and Schäffer 2006). Monitor habitat condition and extent (Doga Dernegi 2006, Koffijberg and Schäffer 2006). Ensure that agri-environmental measures for the species in the EU are well targeted and implemented, and focus on mowing date and methods suitable for the species. Increase the area of suitable habitat with protected status. Restore lost habitat where possible. Conduct further research into the species's ecology and demography (Koffijberg and Schäffer 2006). Work with farmers and land managers to ensure that traditional farming methods are retained, areas of grass are left uncut and harvest times are delayed (Doga Dernegi 2006). Monitor levels of illegal trapping and hunting (Koffijberg and Schäffer 2006). Lobby governments in remaining countries where it is not protected to afford the species legal protection (Koffijberg and Schäffer 2006).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CUCULIFORMES,CUCULIDAE,Cuculus,canorus,,Cuculus canorus,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. <br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by less than 25% in 11 years (3 generations). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds largely in Russia, and also notably in Spain, Romania and Turkey, with smaller populations in most other countries in Europe.","The European breeding population is estimated at 4,320,000–6,800,000&#160;calling or lekking males, which equates to 8,640,000–13,600,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 2,240,000–3,650,000 calling or lekking males, which equates to 4,490,000–7,290,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species inhabits forests and woodlands, both coniferous and deciduous, second growth, open wooded areas, wooded steppe, scrub, heathland, meadows, reedbeds, lowlands and moorlands.<br/><br/>In Northwest Europe it breeds between May and June. It is a brood parasite; host species include many insectivorous songbirds such as flycatchers, chats, warblers, pipits, wagtails and buntings. Over 100 host species have been recorded.<br/><br/>The species feeds on insects, spiders and snails and rarely on fruit.<br/><br/>Individuals of the nominate race breeding from the British Isles and Scandinavia east to Russia winter in central and Southern Africa. Individuals of the <em>bangsi</em> race that breed in Iberia spend the winter south of the equator from West Africa to Lake Tanganyika (Payne and Christie 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Declines in Northern Europe have been attributed to the intensification of agriculture, resulting in fewer insects and hosts. Climate change is also an important factor where short-distance migrating host species have advanced their arrival more than the cuckoos resulting in a mismatch of nesting times (Erritzøe <em>et al</em>. 2012).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed as 'red' on the U.K. National Red List (Eaton <em>et al.</em> 2007).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Traditional farming methods that protect and create habitats and food sources for host species should be promoted. Further research on the effects of climate change and monitoring of populations should be undertaken.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CUCULIFORMES,CUCULIDAE,Cuculus,optatus,,Cuculus optatus,"Gould, 1845","<em>Cuculus saturatus</em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) was previously split as <em>C. saturatus</em> and <em>C. optatus</em> following Payne (2005). Prior to that, <em>C. lepidus</em> (Payne 2005, del Hoyo and Collar 2014), <em>C. saturatus</em> and <em>C. optatus </em>had been lumped as <em>C. saturatus </em>following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).",No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species only occurs as a vagrant and is therefore considered Not Applicable (NA) for this region.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds only in Russia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 120,000–155,000&#160;calling or lekking males, which equates to 240,000–310,000&#160;mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is found in forest canopy, open wooded areas and orchards, often in hill country, also in coniferous forest and in birch (<em>Betula</em>) above the tree-line (Payne 1997). In Russia, it favours high coniferous forests of spruce (<em>Picea</em>), pine (<em>Pinus</em>), silver fir (<em>Abies alba</em>) and mixed coniferous and broad-leaved trees such as birch and aspen (<em>Populus</em>). It is sometimes found in pure broad-leaved forests, steppe birch copses, riverside willows, and thickets. It also uses northern taiga to forest edge, riversides, ravines, wetland fringes and slopes of wooded hills and mountains.<br/><br/>In central Russia the eggs are laid in June and July in nests belonging to Arctic Warbler (<em>Phylloscopus borealis</em>), Common Chiffchaff (<em>P. collybita</em>), Willow Warbler (<em>P. trochilus</em>) or other <em>Phylloscopus</em> species, as well as Olive-backed Pipit (<em>Anthus hodgsoni</em>) (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>It feeds on insects, mainly caterpillars, and some fruit.<br/><br/>It winters in the Malay Peninsula and Philippines and south through Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, Moluccas, Lesser Sundas and New Guinea, to the coastal parts of northern and eastern Australia (Payne 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There are currently no known serious threats to this species.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures for this species are currently needed.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,SYLVIIDAE,Curruca,balearica,,Curruca balearica,"(von Jordans, 1913)","<em>Sylvia sarda </em>and<em> S. balearica</em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2016) were previously lumped as <em>S. sarda</em> following Cramp <em>et al</em>. (1977-1994) and Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).",Yes,LC,0,Yes,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>This species was not assessed for the 2015 Europe regional assessment project because at that time it was included as a subspecies of <em>Sylvia sarda</em>; it was split out as a separate species in 2016. Since then—in 2016—<em>S. balearica</em> was globally assessed as Least Concern. This regional reassessment refers to the 2016 global assessment of this European endemic species as the previous published Europe assessment.<br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, although this species may have a small range, it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large, (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is endemic to Europe, where it only occurs in the Balearic Islands (Spain).","The European breeding population is estimated at 14,000–25,000 pairs, which equates to 28,000–50,000 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species habitat ranges from densely forested areas, such Aleppo pine (<em>Pinus halepensis</em>) forests, through <em>Olea europaea</em>, <em>Pistacia lenticus</em>&#160;and <em>Juniperus </em>maquis, to<em> Ampelodesmos mauritanica </em>grassland characteristic of poor soils in the Balearic Islands and early successional habitats; it is found from sea-level to approximately 1,200 m in altitude. It mainly occurs, however, in low, dry, treeless but thick scrub.<br/><br/>This species breeds mainly between March and June, when it typically produces two broods of 2–4 eggs. Its nest is a deep cup made of grasses, stems and leaves, lined with finer grass, hair and roots, usually in low scrub.<br/><br/>It forages mainly on the ground and in low scrub, eating small arthropods and fruits in the autumn from shrubs such as <em>Rhamnus ludovici-salvatoris</em> and <em>Pistacia lenticus</em>.<br/><br/>It is mostly resident, with some autumn dispersal of juveniles to mainland Spain, and some weather-driven altitudinal movements (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The threats to this species are not known.,No known conservation actions.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Wheatley, H.","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,SYLVIIDAE,Curruca,cantillans,,Curruca cantillans,"(Pallas, 1764)","<p><em>Sylvia cantillans </em>and<em> S. subalpina</em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2016) were previously lumped as <em>S. cantillans</em> following AERC TAC (2003), Cramp et al. (1977-1994), Dowsett &amp; Forbes-Watson (1993) and Sibley &amp; Monroe (1990, 1993).</p>  <p>&#160;</p>",Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Europe holds a large proportion of this species' global breeding population. Within the region, it breeds mainly in Spain, but also notably in Croatia and France, with smaller populations present in most countries in the Mediterranean basin.","The European breeding population is estimated at 3,520,000-5,320,000 pairs, which equates to 7,040,000-10,700,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 3,490,000-5,230,000 pairs, which equates to 6,980,000-10,500,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species prefers tall and dense heterogeneous maquis with sparse tree cover in dry Mediterranean areas, particularly maquis of holm oak (<em>Quercus ilex</em>) and those dominated by strawberry tree (<em>Arbutus</em>) and tree-heath (<em>Erica</em>). It is also frequently found in young cork oak (<em>Quercus suber</em>) forest and in dense but treeless bushy areas. It uses bushy formations dominated by brambles (<em>Rubus fruticosus</em>) along sunny ravines and valley bottoms and prefers the intermediate stages of post-wildfire succession. Breeding occurs from late March to late June and the species is monogamous. The male constructs several ‘cock nests’ but both sexes build the breeding nest which is a deep, robust cup of grasses, thin roots and leaves and lined with finer grasses, rootlets and hair. It is placed in low scrub, bush or a small tree, c. 30–130 cm above the ground. Clutches are three to five eggs. The diet is mostly small insects and their larvae but outside of the breeding season berries and fruits are also taken. The species is a long distance migrant, wintering in sub-Saharan Africa (Aymí&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There are not thought to be any current significant threats to this species within its European range.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species within its European range.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species within Europe.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Wheatley, H.","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,SYLVIIDAE,Curruca,communis,,Curruca communis,"(Latham, 1787)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is estimated to be increasing. In the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in the European part of Russia, with significant numbers in Poland, Romania, Ukraine, Belarus, the United Kingdom, France and Germany.","The European breeding population is estimated at 19,600,000–29,600,000 pairs (39,200,000–59,200,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 10,200,000–14,300,000 pairs (20,400,000–28,500,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occupies open country in a wide variety of landscapes, mostly sunlit areas with scattered bushes and shrubs close to grassy patches. It breeds in plantation clearings, orchards, hedgerows along roads or railway lines, shrubs near watercourses, pastures with junipers (<em>Juniperus</em>) and in steppes. It is also found in hedges around field crops, especially those of appropriate height such as cereals or lucerne (<em>Medicago</em>).<br/><br/>The species breeds mostly from April to July and generally lays four to five eggs. The nest is a fairly deep cup constructed from grass, leaves, rootlets, spider cocoons and hair and is concealed low down in a bush or tall grass (Aymí and Gargallo 2015).<br/><br/>During the breeding season it feeds mainly on insects but in the late summer the proportion of fruit taken increases and in autumn and winter it feeds primarily on berries (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>The species is migratory and winters in sub-Saharan Africa (Aymí and Gargallo 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In the past, central and western populations have declined due to drought in the Sahel zone of West Africa from 1968 to 1975. In Europe, suitable breeding habitat has been lost to changes in land use through the intensification of agriculture, combined with the destruction of hedgerows and bushes (Aymí and Gargallo 2015). The species is also sensitive to severe winters, such as that of 1968–1969 (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><strong><br/>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The maintenance or increase of structural heterogeneity of linear habitats may be beneficial for this species (Szymański and Antczak 2013).,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,SYLVIIDAE,Curruca,conspicillata,,Curruca conspicillata,"(Temminck, 1820)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In both Europe and the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is suspected to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size is suspected to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species stronghold is Spain, with small numbers in Italy, Cyprus, Portugal and other Mediterranean countries.","The European breeding population is estimated at 163,000–446,000 pairs (327,000–891,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 163,000–445,000 pairs (326,000–889,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is often found in very low scrubland in mostly dry warm Mediterranean areas, and it favours the lowest and sparser scrubby areas characteristic of less developed garrigue, saltflats and semi-desert. It inhabits the first stages of post-wildfire succession, and can recolonize habitat one year after a fire. On Atlantic islands, race <em>orbitalis</em> occupies a wider range of habitats, from scrub to cultivated or semi-cultivated areas.<br/><br/>It breeds from February to June across most of its range; however race <em>orbitalis</em> breeds in most months except for June and July. The male sometimes builds “cock nests” but both sexes build the breeding nest, which is a deep cup loosely built from grasses, stems and leaves and lined with soft plant down, thin roots and some hair. It is sited in low scrub or bush, usually from ground level to <em>ca</em> 60 cm. Clutches are three to five eggs.<br/><br/>The diet is mostly small arthropods and insect larvae and eggs but also takes berries and occasionally nectar, mostly outside the breeding season.<br/><br/>The species is resident and migratory; race <em>orbitalis</em> is mostly sedentary, most south-west European populations are migratory and those from Malta, southern Sicily, Cyprus and parts of Levant and southeast Spain are partially migratory (Aymí and Gargallo 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Local declines are thought to be due to urbanization, the conversion of steppes into irrigated lands, and afforestation. Those populations that are resident are also sensitive to severe cold winter weather (Aymí and Gargallo 2015).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>This species would likely benefit from the protection of key areas and restoration of habitat in areas where it is declining.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,SYLVIIDAE,Curruca,crassirostris,,Curruca crassirostris,"(Cretzschmar,1827)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species stronghold is Turkey, with significant numbers in Croatia, Azerbaijan, Greece and North Macedonia.","The European breeding population is suspected at&#160;65,900–206,000 pairs (131,000–411,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is suspected at 16,000–62,000 pairs (32,000–124,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occurs mainly in open or semi-open broadleaf woodland with bushy cover (often in&#160;<em>Carpinus</em>&#160;and&#160;<em>Pistacia</em>), and maquis,&#160;but it can also be found in open coniferous forest, and olive groves or&#160;abandoned orchards, gardens, or the forest edges of vineyards and ravines. It breeds from April to July, laying one clutch of three to six eggs in a cup-shaped nest made of a variety of materials including plant material, vegetable and animal fibres, moss and cobwebs, located in a shrub or low tree, often, where applicable, near a nest of Woodchat Shrike&#160;(<em>Lanius senator</em>).&#160;It migrates towards its wintering grounds from July onwards, reaching non-breeding areas in eastern Africa and southern Asia in the autumn (August to November, depending on the location). In spring, it migrates from late February to May reaching its breeding grounds in March onwards&#160;(Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020).&#160;<br/>This species mainly feeds on arthropods, adults and larvae, and berries.&#160;This species has also been observed to occasionally take nectar from flowers. It forages by&#160;extracting prey from crevices and behind bark, and by picking food items from branches and leaves, but only occasionally takes items from ground&#160;(Billerman&#160;<em>et al</em>.&#160;2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",This species' main potential threats stem from habitat loss and degradation because of agricultural intensification and decreased grazing. (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed&#160;</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently known to be proposed for this species.,There are no known uses and trade information for this species.,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,0,"Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,SYLVIIDAE,Curruca,curruca,,Curruca curruca,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","<em>Sylvia curruca</em> (AOU [1998 and supplements]; Dowsett and Forbes-Watson [1993]; Sibley and Monroe [1990, 1993]), <em>S. minula </em>and<em> S. althaea</em> (Sibley and Monroe [1990, 1993]) have been lumped into <em>S. curruca</em> following del Hoyo and Collar (2016).",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in the European part of Russia, Romania and Poland, with small numbers in Finland, Germany, Denmark and Ukraine.","The European breeding population is estimated at 4,870,000–8,320,000 pairs (9,750,000–16,700,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 2,980,000–4,130,000 pairs (5,960,000–8,260,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in open country or near forests in a wide range of habitats rich in dense cover and lower-level foliage, such as shrubland, hedgerows and plantations with small trees. It is also found in gardens, parks, cemeteries, orchards, young conifer plantations and forest edges.<br/><br/>Breeding occurs from late April to early August and normally three to seven eggs are laid. The nest is a deep cup of grass made of rootlets and small twigs, moss and spider webs and cocoons and usually lined with hair. It is placed in a thorny bush or shrub, or in a small tree and occasionally in herbal vegetation.<br/><br/>The diet is made up of mostly insects in the breeding season and fruits at other times of the year, although it is generally considered less frugivorous than many congeners.<br/><br/>The species is a long-distance migrant (Aymí and Gargallo 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The intensification of modern agricultural techniques has driven habitat loss and declines in this species in western Europe (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).,"<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species within Europe.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>This species would benefit from the maintenance and promotion of low-intensity, traditional farming techniques within Europe.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,0,"Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,SYLVIIDAE,Curruca,hortensis,,Curruca hortensis,"(Gmelin, 1789)","<p><em>Sylvia hortensis </em>and<em> S. crassirostris </em>(del Hoyo and Collar 2016) were previously lumped as <em>S. hortensis</em> following Cramp et al. (1977-1994); Dowsett &amp; Forbes-Watson (1993); Sibley &amp; Monroe (1990, 1993).</p>  <p>&#160;</p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species stronghold is Spain, with notable populations in France and Portugal.","The European breeding population is estimated at 123,000–247,000 pairs (247,000–493,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 123,000–246,000 pairs (247,000–492,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is found in various types of open or semi-open woodland with variable bushy cover, such as maquis with cork oak (<em>Quercus suber</em>) and holm oak (<em>Quercus ilex</em>), dehesa-like forest of&#160;<em>Argania spinosa</em>, olive groves and park-like pine (<em>Pinus</em>) forest. It is also found in abandoned orchards, suburban gardens, and forested margins of vineyards and ravines. In its non-breeding range it uses semi-arid savanna and steppe-like habitats with sparse tree cover and some scrubby vegetation, mostly acacia (<em>Acacia</em>) woodland or scrub as well as tamarisk (<em>Tamarix</em>) thickets and along bushy riversides.<br/><br/>Breeding occurs from mid-April to July. It is monogamous and both sexes build the nest which is a rather robust cup of grass and plant material with vegetable down, moss and cobwebs, lined with finer grasses and fibres. It is placed <em>ca</em> 0.5–3.5 m above the ground in a bush or tree; frequently close to nests of Woodchat Shrike (<em>Lanius senator</em>). Clutches are typically three to five eggs.<br/><br/>The diet is mainly arthropods, especially insects and their larvae, but it also takes berries outside the breeding season.<br/><br/>This species is a medium-distance to long-distance migrant (Aymí and Gargallo 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Habitat loss and deterioration of its woodland habitat have been caused mainly by agricultural intensification and decreased grazing. Wildfires can have adverse effect in the short term but may be beneficial by helping to open up forested areas (Tucker and Heath 1994, Aymí and Gargallo 2015). The species is likely to suffer negative impacts from climate change (Doswald&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2009).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species within Europe.<br/><strong><br/>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Low-intensity land-use practices and traditional management of olives, fruit trees and orchards should be maintained within Europe. Research should focus on the species’s habitat requirements to help ascertain causes of decline and to inform suitable future conservation measures (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,0,"Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,SYLVIIDAE,Curruca,melanocephala,,Curruca melanocephala,"(Gmelin, 1789)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","<span style=""font-style: italic;"">Sylvia melanocephala</span> ranges throughout the Mediterranean region, with almost half of its population in Spain. Portugal, Turkey, Italy and Greece also hold significant numbers of breeding pairs.","The European breeding population is estimated at 7,730,000–16,100,000 pairs (15,400,000–32,100,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 6,920,000–13,700,000 pairs (13,800,000–27,300,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","As probably one of the most generalist of the Mediterranean warblers, this species is present in all types of warm habitat at low altitudes, and up to <em>ca</em> 1,200–1,300 m. It is found in maquis, garrigue, dry coastal habitats, urban and suburban environments, abandoned farmland and dry coast sites. It will also inhabit Mediterranean cultures such as olives, almonds, orchards, citrus groves, vineyards, but favours mosaic landscapes with hedgerows, bushes and stands of pine. The species is also frequently found in holm oak (<em>Quercus ilex</em>) forests.<br/><br/>Breeding occurs mainly from March to June. The nest is a grass cup usually placed 30–60 cm above ground in scrub or bush or, less frequently, among dense herbs or in a small tree. Most nests in Spain are in kermes oak (<em>Quercus coccifera</em>) at low height. Clutches are three to five eggs.<br/><br/>It feeds mostly on arthropods but also takes a significant amount of fruit in the autumn and winter.<br/><br/>Island and coastal populations appear to be mostly sedentary but the proportion of migrants increases inland and to the north, especially in the east (Aymí and Gargallo 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Particularly in the north of its range, extremely harsh winters can affect the survival of this species, in some cases with declines in breeding numbers of up to 50%. While it is thought global climatic warming could benefit this species in Europe, there is evidence it has caused decline in body mass and body conditions outside of Europe (Aymí and Gargallo 2015).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Monitoring of this species should be carried out along with more detailed ecological studies (Pomeroy and Walsh 2002).,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,SYLVIIDAE,Curruca,melanothorax,,Curruca melanothorax,"(Tristram, 1872)",0,Yes,LC,0,Yes,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, although this species may have a small range, it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","During the breeding season, this species is endemic to Europe, where it is only found in Cyprus.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 60,000–90,000 pairs, which equates to 120,000–180,000 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in a rather wide range of scrub and maquis, favouring medium-height maquis, such as that formed by <em>Cistus</em>, <em>Pistacia lentiscus</em>, juniper (<em>Juniperus</em>) and cypress (<em>Cupressus</em>); It is also found in more sparse and lower scrubby vegetation, as well as openings in woodland, bushy areas with sparse tree cover, and open pine (<em>Pinus</em>) woodland with considerable amount of undergrowth. It will use rocky hillsides and agricultural areas, so long as there is enough bush cover present.<br/><br/>Breeding occurs from late March to June. The nest is a strong cup of grass and stems bound with cobwebs, lined with finer grass, cobwebs and hair and often with juniper bark in the outer wall. Normally it is placed <em>ca</em> 30–120 cm above the ground, inside a low bush. Clutches are typically four to five eggs.<br/><br/>It is thought to feed mainly on invertebrates, but the diet is poorly known, and it may take berries outside the breeding season.<br/><br/>The species is a partial migrant, with most birds migrating to north-east Africa (Aymí <em>et al.</em> 2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by the abandonment of traditional grazing practices, the intensification of agriculture, homogenization of farmland and coastal and urban development (Ieronymidou <em>et al. </em>2012). In addition, the overuse of pesticides could also be a potential threat. It is also subject to pressure from liming, netting and shooting (Tucker and Heath 1994).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Monitoring of this species should be carried out along with more detailed ecological studies (Pomeroy and Walsh 2002). Farmland management needs carful targeting and the development of appropriate prescriptions, including incentives to preserve scrub vegetation and boundary features and to support extensive grazing (Ieronymidou <em>et al.</em> 2012). Legislation on hunting of the species should be enforced properly. The development of tourism should be strictly monitored and environmental impact assessments carried out for any new tourist or industrial project (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,SYLVIIDAE,Curruca,mystacea,,Curruca mystacea,"(Ménétries, 1832)",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>The bird is considered vagrant in the EU28 and is assessed as Not Applicable (NA) for this region.","In Europe the breeding population size is suspected to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in the European part of Russia and Turkey, with Azerbaijan and Armenia also holding significant numbers.","The European breeding population is estimated at 53,800–127,000 pairs (107,000–254,000 mature individuals). The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","During the breeding season this species occupies arid or semi-arid areas dominated by scrub and bush. It prefers treeless scrub covering valley bottoms and dry mountain slopes, and bushy tamarisk (<em>Tamarix</em>) formations along riverbanks. It is also found in scrub in sparsely wooded areas, and in more anthropogenic landscapes such as palm groves, gardens and orchards.<br/><br/>The breeding season is from early April to July and the species is monogamous. Both sexes build the nest, which is a deep cup made of twigs, stems and grasses and lined with down and hair. It is usually sited in low grass, scrub, small bushes or young trees, from ground level to <em>ca</em> 70–90 cm. Normally four to six eggs are laid.<br/><br/>It feeds mainly on small arthropods, especially insects and their larvae and eggs but outside the breeding season it also takes various berries and fruits (mostly autumn) and seeds (winter) (Aymí and Gargallo 2015).<br/><br/>The species is migratory, wintering in north-east Africa, Arabia and southern Iran (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There are not thought to be any current significant threats to this species.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,SYLVIIDAE,Curruca,nana,,Curruca nana,"Ehrenberg, 1833",0,No,VU,D1,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU</strong><strong>⁰</strong><strong>)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species' range is not known, and therefore the range size criteria (criteria B and D2) cannot be applied. The population trend is not known, and the population size reduction criterion (criterion A) cannot be applied. The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population size is very small, and meets the thresholds for Endangered (EN) under the population size criterion D and is therefore assessed as such in Europe. As the species is migratory, and there is a larger neighbouring population, there is considered to be a significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category has been downlisted one step to Vulnerable (VU⁰).&#160;<br/><br/>This species does not occur in the EU28 and is therefore considered Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species has a predominantly North African and Central Asian breeding distribution, which just extends into Europe in Russia, where the entirety of the European population is found.&#160;The population is small and is situated around the Caspian Sea (Aymí and Gargallo 2016).","The European breeding population is estimated at 40–70 pairs, which equates to 80–140 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits steppe-desert and semi-desert areas covered with <em>Artemisia</em>, low scrub and grasses and is usually found in sandy terrain but less frequently on stony soils. <br/><br/>Egg-laying occurs in the nominate race from late April and clutches are usually four to six eggs (Aymí and Gargallo 2016). The nest is a strong, thick-walled cup made of twigs, grass stems, leaves, plant down and cobwebs, lined with finer grasses and fibres and usually down. It is built in low scrub up to 110 cm above the ground (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>The diet is thought to be mostly small insects, with some seeds and berries taken as well. <br/><br/>In Europe the species is a long distance migrant (Aymí and Gargallo 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The species is affected by habitat loss driven by overgrazing and agricultural intensification (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The restoration of suitable habitat is needed for this species. Traditional low-intensity farming and grazing methods should be restored and promoted.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,SYLVIIDAE,Curruca,nisoria,,Curruca nisoria,"(Bechstein, 1795)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is estimated to be increasing. In the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be increasing, considering the data reported for Romania under Art.12 of the EU Birds Directive for the period 2013-2018. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Romania, Poland, Ukraine and Russia, with notable numbers in Belarus, Hungary, Georgia, Moldova and Serbia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 579,000–1,060,000 pairs (1,150,000–2,110,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 334,000–593,000 pairs (669,000–1,190,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This is a forest species but can occur in open woodland with a variety of structured vegetation: woodland margins, dense thorny bushes, clearings with rich undergrowth, isolated tree stands, young plantations, riverine thickets, hedgerows at rail sides and roadsides, pastures, meadows, parks and orchards.<br/><br/>Breeding occurs from May to July. The nest is an open elaborate cup-shaped structure coated externally with spider webs and the silk of caterpillar cocoons. It is usually hidden in dense thorny bush such as <em>Rubus</em>, rose (<em>Rosa</em>) or hawthorn (<em>Crataegus</em>), occasionally in juniper (<em>Juniperus</em>), <em>ca</em> 30–200 cm above ground. Clutches are three to six eggs.<br/><br/>The diet is mainly made up of insects during the breeding season, but fruits become steadily more important once breeding has finished and just before and during migration. <br/><br/>The species is migratory, wintering in east Africa (Aymí <em>et al.</em> 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In eastern Germany, the intensification of agriculture, ploughing of grassland and disappearance of large areas of low-intensity pastures and unproductive grassland have driven habitat loss. Fluctuations of populations and range may have climatic causes, as the species does not tolerate damp, cool, early-summer weather.&#160; The disappearance of <em>Lanius collurio</em> may have also caused declines through the interdependence of both species (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Habitat management for this species should include extensive grazing as this keeps vegetation varied and well structured and thus suitable for this species (Aymí <em>et al.</em> 2015).,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,SYLVIIDAE,Curruca,ruppeli,,Curruca ruppeli,"(Temminck, 1823)",0,Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is small, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. In the EU28, the population size estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Europe holds a large proportion of this species' global breeding population. Within the region, it breeds almost entirely in Turkey, which holds approximately 98% of the total European population, with a small population (2%) present in Greece and two pairs recorded in Albania (Keller 2020).","The European breeding population is suspected to be 103,000–511,000 pairs, which equates to 206,000–1,030,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 3,000–10,000 pairs, which equates to 6,000–20,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in dry and warm rocky areas and hillsides covered with scrub and maquis. It is found in a broad spectrum of dry Mediterranean habitats, from forested areas with sufficient undergrowth to maquis with sparse tree cover, such as open bushy woods of oak (<em>Quercus</em>) and cypress (<em>Cupressus</em>) and grassy and rocky terrain with rather dense to sparse scrub cover.<br/><br/>In Greece, egg-laying is from mid-April to mid-May and clutches are usually four or five eggs (Aymí and Gargallo 2006). The nest is a strong cup of grass leaves and stems and some vegetable down, lined with finer materials and sited in thick, often thorny scrub, 45–75 cm above ground (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>It is thought to feed on adult and larval insects, although it is likely other arthropods are also taken, and it also consumes berries outside the breeding season.<br/><br/>The species is a long distance migrant (Aymí and Gargallo 2006).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",This species may be threatened by the future effects of climate change (Doswald <em>et al. </em>2009).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,SYLVIIDAE,Curruca,sarda,,Curruca sarda,"(Temminck, 1820)",0,Yes,LC,0,Yes,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales&#160;this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species' breeding population is endemic to Europe, where it only breeds in Corsica (France) and Sardinia (Italy), which hold approximately 89% and 11% of the total population, respectively.","The European breeding population is suspected to be&#160;60,000–65,000 pairs, which equates to 120,000–130,000 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occupies uniform, low Mediterranean scrubland, such as&#160;<em>Cistu</em>s garrigue and low to medium-height maquis of tree-heath <em>Erica arborea</em>, strawberry-tree <em>Arbutus unedo</em> and&#160;<em>Pistacia lentiscus</em>. It is also found in more sparse scrubby grassland and degraded garrigue, as well as in areas of the very first stages of wildfire succession.<br/><br/>Breeding occurs mostly from March-July and the species is monogamous. The male constructs several “cock nests” but both sexes build the breeding nest, which is a strong deep cup with a broadened rim, made from grasses, stems and leaves and lined with finer grass, hair and roots. It is normally placed in low bush or dense scrub, 60–140 cm above ground. Clutches are three to five eggs.<br/><br/>It feeds mainly on spiders (Araneae) and small insects and their larvae.<br/><br/>The species is migrant, wintering in north Africa (Aymí and Gargallo 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",0,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Wheatley, H.","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,SYLVIIDAE,Curruca,subalpina,,Curruca subalpina,"(Orlando, 1937)","<em>Sylvia cantillans </em>and<em> S. subalpina</em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2016) were previously lumped as <em>S. cantillans</em> following AERC TAC (2003), Cramp <em>et al</em>. (1977-1994), Dowsett and Forbes-Watson (1993) and Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).",Yes,LC,0,Yes,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeding population is endemic to Europe, where it is only found in Italy (which holds approximately 98% of the total population), Corsica (France, 2% of the total population) and the Balearic Islands (Spain, less than 1% of the population).","The European breeding population is estimated at 51,000–133,000 pairs, which equates to 102,000–265,000 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",0,0,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Wheatley, H.","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,SYLVIIDAE,Curruca,undata,,Curruca undata,"(Boddaert, 1783)",0,Yes,NT,A2bc+3bc+4bc,No,NT,A2bc+3bc+4bc,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a moderately rapid rate, which approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). Therefore, the species has been assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in both Europe and the EU28. As this species breeding range is restricted to western and southwestern Europe, there is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing at a rate approaching 30% in 10 years, based on trends taken from PECBMS (EBCC 2018), and is suspected to continue at the same rate between 2011-2021 and over the next ten years.&#160; For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Europe holds the majority of this species' global breeding population, where it is restricted to the southern and western parts of the region. It breeds mainly in Spain, and also notably in Portugal, with small populations present in France and Italy, and very small populations in the United Kingdom and Andorra.","The European breeding population is estimated at 597,000–1,430,000 pairs, which equates to 1,190,000–2,860,000 mature individuals. Almost the entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species favours dense, homogeneous scrub, garrigue and low maquis ca 0.5–1.5 m in height and dominated by species such as <em>Ulex</em>, <em>Erica</em>, <em>Rosmarinus</em>, <em>Genista</em>, <em>Cistus</em> and <em>Quercus coccifera</em>. It is primarily a lowland species in the north of its range, but occurs to 1,800–2,000 m in the Pyrenees.<br/><br/>The species breeds mostly from mid-March to August, with time of egg-laying getting later further north. It usually has two broods, however in England it sometimes has up to three (rarely four) and is apparently single-brooded in Sardinia and parts of southern France. Males build flimsy “cock nests”, one of which sometimes completed by females for breeding, but generally the breeding nest is constructed by both sexes. The nest is a deep cup of grass, vegetable down and cobwebs, lined with finer rootlets and hair, placed <em>ca</em> 0.25–0.5 m above ground in low dense scrub or bush. Clutches are three to six eggs, normally four or five.<br/><br/>It feeds mostly on arthropods, which are the sole food fed to nestlings. Fruits taken in late summer and winter include those of genera <em>Rubus</em>, <em>Daphne</em>, <em>Myrtus</em>, <em>Rhamnus</em>, <em>Myoporum</em>, <em>Pistacia</em>, <em>Vaccinium</em>, <em>Phyllirea</em> and <em>Phytolacca</em>.<br/><br/>It is largely sedentary but undertakes some short-distance dispersive movements and some European birds spend the non-breeding season in north-west Africa (Aymí and Gargallo 2006).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Reasons for the recent Spanish decline are still unclear. It is vulnerable to severe winters, particularly in the northern part of its range (Aymí and Gargallo 2006). Cold spells in December 2001 and the winter of 2004–2005 caused high mortality in Spain (J. J. R. Encalado <em>in litt.</em> 2007), while the U.K. population was reduced to 11 pairs after the severe winter of 1962-1963 (Aymí and Gargallo 2006). Increasing densities of cattle on the Spanish dehesa are causing severe habitat degradation through overgrazing (J. J. R. Encalado <em>in litt</em>. 2007), which may be affecting the species. Afforestation has decreased the amount of suitable habitat in parts of France and Iberia (Shirihai <em>et al.</em> 2001). Changes in the pattern and frequency of wildfires may be a threat, although the species often colonises early successional habitat created by such fires (Aymí and Gargallo 2006). Post-fire forest management can negatively affect the species through the removal of burnt trees as the species has been shown to favour a moderate coverage of logging remnants after fires (Herrando <em>et al. </em>2009).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. CMS Appendix II. Population trends are monitored in parts of the species's range and it occurs in a number of protected areas.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>In fire-prone, abandoned Mediterranean landscapes, conservation plans must integrate fire management programmes in order to preserve sparsely forested and early-succession habitats for this species (Regos <em>et al. </em>2015). Other actions include carrying out specific research on drivers of declines, particularly the link with habitats. Also the research of trends elsewhere within its range is needed, particularly in France. Programmes which subsidise farming practices which promote healthy populations of the species should be developed.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,GLAREOLIDAE,Cursorius,cursor,,Cursorius cursor,"(Latham, 1787)","<em>Cursorius cursor </em>(Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) has been split into <em>C. cursor</em> and <em>C. somalensis</em> (including <em>ssp. littoralis</em>) following Pearson and Ash (1996) owing to morphological differences. <p></p>",No,NT,D1,No,NT,D1,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><br/><br/>Within Europe this species is primarily restricted to the eastern Canary Islands (Spain), with small numbers also in Turkey. In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). In the EU28, although the species has a small range, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria. At both European and EU28 scales, the population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population size is moderately small and approaches the thresholds for classification as Vulnerable, and hence the species is classified as Near Threatened (D1) within both Europe and the EU28. There is not considered to be any significant potential for rescue from neighbouring populations, therefore the final category in both regions is unchanged.","In Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species has a predominantly African and Asian distribution, which just extends into south-eastern Europe, in southern Turkey. It is also present in the Canary Islands, Spain (Maclean 1996), where the majority of the European breeding population is found.","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,300–1,600 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 1,100–1,200 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species lives in semi-desert, sandy-rocky plains and sand-dunes, preferring areas with a sparse cover of herbaceous vegetation or low shrubs (Tucker and Heath 1994). Typically, these habitats are dominated by <em>Frankenia spp.</em>, <em>Salsola vermiculata</em>, <em>Launaea arborescens</em> and <em>Lycium intricatum</em>, together with <em>Atriplex glauca</em>, <em>Aizoon canariense</em> and annual grasses (Tucker and Heath 1994). On Tenerife during the winter it occurs on sandy plains with a sparse vegetation cover of <em>Frankenia laevis</em>, <em>Polycarpaea nivea</em>, <em>Heliotropium ramossisimum</em> and <em>Launaea arborescens</em>; occasionally it has also been observed in fields of <em>Mesembryanthemum crystallinum</em> and <em>M. nodiflorum</em> (Tucker and Heath 1994). <br/><br/>The first eggs are laid early February, but mostly March to early April in the Canary Islands (Snow and Perrins 1998). The nest is a shallow unlined scrape on bare ground (Maclean 1996). Clutch size is usually two eggs (Maclean 1996).<br/><br/>It feeds mostly on adult and larval insects but also takes molluscs, isopods, arachnids and seeds (Maclean 1996).<br/><br/>Its movements in the Canary Islands are poorly known (Martín and Lorenzo 2001 in Madroño <em>et al.</em> 2004). There may be two populations on Lanzarote, one resident the other migratory (Concepción 2000b in Madroño <em>et al.</em> 2004). The nominate race (Canary Islands population part of this race) makes extensive movements with much of the northern population crossing the Sahara for winter (Maclean 1996). However, birds are present on Tenerife during the winter (Tucker and Heath 1994). Birds from the <em>bogulubovi</em> race (including Turkish population) are mainly winter visitors to Pakistan and north-west India (Maclean 1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In the past, heavy egg-collecting pressure contributed to the species' rarity on the Canary Islands. Now the main threats are the destruction and alteration of habitat through development of tourist resorts and the building of new roads (Maclean 1996). In addition, overgrazing may cause a problem through soil loss and desertification. Disturbance has increased as a result of an increase in off-road tourist vehicles and military manoeuvres (Gonzalez 1999). There is a need for site protection and this would also benefit the endemic race of Houbara Bustard (<em>Chlamydotis undulata fuertaventurae</em>) (Maclean 1996). Other potential threats include collision with power lines, introduced mammals and illegal hunting (Gonzalez 1999).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is categorised as Endangered on the Spanish Red List. It is also listed in the National Catalogue of Threatened Species in the category Sensitive to Habitat Alteration. Annex I of the Birds Directive. Annex II of the Bern Convention. This species has benefited from conservation measures taken for the Houbara Bustard (<em>Chlamydotis undulata fuertaventurae</em>), such as the designation of two SPAs (Jandía and Dunas de Corralejo e Isla de Lobos) in 1986.  The Canary Island Countryside Act passed in 1986 and 1994 declared two areas, Corralejo and Jandía, as national parks to protect the species (Gonzalez 1999).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>This species would benefit from the designation of SPAs that cover the best habitat areas and the creation of new protected areas to enlarge the network, as well as the implementation of management plans for the species in these areas. Areas in the eastern islands important to the species should be defined. In critical areas, avoid holding military manoeuvres and restrict and control vehicle movement. An awareness campaign of the restrictions should be implemented. In addition, in these areas power lines should be laid underground, grazing should be controlled and habitat alteration prevented. Regular monitoring and censuses of the population should take place and research programmes on the species should be set up (Gonzalez 1999).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MUSCICAPIDAE,Cyanecula,svecica,,Cyanecula svecica,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds primarily in Russia, and also notably in Norway, Ukraine and Sweden.","The European breeding population is estimated at 3,960,000-7,400,000 pairs, which equates to 7,930,000-14,800,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 235,000-485,000 pairs, which equates to 471,000-969,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","For breeding, this species appears to require copious low dense vegetation with patches of open ground. It breeds in ecotone habitats between forest and plain or open areas at tree-line, including wooded tundra, mountain steppe, subalpine scrub, marshland with low woody cover, clumps of willow (Salix), alder (Alnus) and birch (Betula) on floodplains, riverbank thickets, reedy and shrub-dominated lakeshores, bushy sites near water. The breeding season is from late April to July in central Europe, from late May in Scandinavia and early April to June in Armenia. The nest is a deep cup of leaves, small twigs, dry grass, rootlets, plant down and moss, which is occasionally lined with animal hair. It is placed among grass and scrub on wet ground and is commonly associated with topographic features such as a hummock, gulley, lip of a bank, or tussock. Clutches are four to seven eggs. The diet is principally invertebrates, particularly insects but it does take some seeds and fruit in the autumn (Collar 2015). The species is mainly migratory, with west Palearctic populations wintering in patches across the Mediterranean Basin and the northern Afrotropics and eastern populations in the Indian subcontinent (Snow and Perris 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In Europe, this species experiences pronounced but largely unexplained population fluctuations (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997, Collar 2015). Some negative trends appear to be explained by natural succession in marshland, drainage and management practices such as reed-cutting, seedling removal and cattle grazing (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997), but recovery has taken place without the reversal of these circumstances. In Spain, during the 1990s it may have suffered from degradation of habitat through grazing and in Austria, significant losses have occurred during the 19th century due to drainage and it now faces threats there due to stabilization of lake levels, successional loss of reed-belt, and occupation of secondary habitats on arable land (where nest predation elevated) (Collar 2015).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>In Bavaria, growing numbers may collapse unless succession is contained through habitat management (Collar 2015). This species would benefit from further research on the causes of population fluctuations.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PARIDAE,Cyanistes,caeruleus,,Cyanistes caeruleus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","The BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group is aware that phylogenetic analyses have been published which have proposed generic rearrangements which may affect this species, but prefers to wait until work by other taxonomists reveals how these changes affect the entire groups involved.  <p></p>",Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be increasing. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable.&#160;For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Europe holds most of this species' global population, where it breeds in almost every country within the region; notably in Spain, Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Russia and Portugal.","The European breeding population is estimated at 29,800,000–47,600,000 pairs, which equates to 59,700,000–95,100,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 25,800,000–40,100,000 pairs, which equates to 51,600,000–80,100,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits broad-leaved woodland, as well as coppices, parks and gardens. In the Canary Islands it also frequents montane conifer woodland. Provided suitable nest-holes are present, this species will even occur in inner cities.<br/><br/>Egg-laying begins late April to early May (Snow and Perrins 1998). The nest is built by the female and is mostly a cup of moss, dried grass, fine bark strips, plant fibres, leaves, animal hair and feathers, placed in a hole or a cleft in a tree or post or other artificial site. Nest boxes are widely used. In Europe, clutches are generally seven to thirteen eggs (Gosler <em>et al.</em> 2013).<br/><br/>It feeds primarily on insects and spiders, as well as fruits, seeds, nectar and pollen. The diet varies with seasonal and other changes in food abundance.<br/><br/>The species is essentially resident, though in the centre and north of its range it makes irregular eruptive movements (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is subject to high annual and local fluctuations driven by habitat carrying capacity, breeding success, winter mortality (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997) and competition from <em>Parus major</em> (Gosler <em>et al.</em> 2013).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Currently no conservation measures are needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PARIDAE,Cyanistes,cyanus,,Cyanistes cyanus,"(Pallas, 1770)","<em>Parus cyanus</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) and <em>P. flavipectus</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) have been lumped into <em>P. cyanus</em> following Eck and Martens (2006). The authors molecular analysis is supported by a lack of significant differences between plumage characters, except the obvious yellow breast in <em>flavipectus</em>. <p></p>",No,NT,C1,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is small and its population trend appears to declining sufficiently to meet the threshold for Vulnerable under the population size criterion C, but not sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). However, the declining trend is only suspected, and therefore the species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) under criterion C. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/>This species is considered vagrant in the EU28 and is assessed as Not Applicable (NA) for this region.","In Europe, the population size is suspected to be decreasing by 13-17% with a best estimate of 15% in 10 years. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds primarily in Russia, but also notably in Belarus, with a very small population also present in Ukraine.","The European population is suspected to be 2,500–7,900&#160;pairs, which equates to 5,000–15,700 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits a wide variety of lowland forested habitats, including light deciduous and mixed woodlands with shrubby underlayer, also riverine thickets of willow (<em>Salix</em>), birch (<em>Betula</em>) or poplar (<em>Populus</em>). It is also found in trees along ditches at edges of cultivation, orchards, marshland edges and bushy or shrubby areas. In more upland areas it breeds in birch forest with willow and larch (<em>Larix</em>) thickets and stands of spruce (<em>Picea</em>) or juniper (<em>Juniperus</em>) (Gosler <em>et al.</em> 2007).<br/><br/>In European Russia, eggs are laid from mid-May (Snow and Perrins 1998). The species is monogamous and the female builds the nest, which is mostly a cup of dry grasses, moss, plant down, animal fur and wool, in a hole or cavity in a tree, sometimes among rocks or in a hole in a building, occasionally in a pole. Clutches are usually seven to eleven eggs (Gosler <em>et al.</em> 2007).<br/><br/>It mainly feeds on invertebrates, including adults, pupae, larvae and eggs, as well as spiders, seeds and fruit.<br/><br/>The species is resident over much of its range (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",<p>The threats to this species are currently unknown<br/></p>,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Currently no conservation measures are needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PARIDAE,Cyanistes,teneriffae,,Cyanistes teneriffae,"(Lesson, 1831)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has a large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species occurs almost entirely (99% of the total European population) in the Canary Islands (Spain), with a small population also recorded in Italy.","The European breeding population is estimated at 20,300–101,000 pairs, which equates to 40,600–201,000 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","During the breeding season, in the arid islands (Fuerteventura, Lanzarote)&#160;this species breeds mostly in low-lying mixed ­tamarisk-palm (<em>Tamarix-Phoenix</em>) scrub-woodland and well-developed vegetation in grassy areas. On the other islands in Canaries, it breeds in variety of wooded habitats, from laurel (Lauraceae) woodland, tree-heath, wooded gulleys (barrancos), through euphorbia scrub and parks and gardens (particularly those with fruit trees) to montane pine (<em>Pinus</em>) forests. It is found up to <em>ca</em> 1,300 m on Gran Canaria and to 1,800 m on Tenerife (Billerman <em>et al.</em>&#160;2020).<br/><br/>The breeding season is from&#160;February to July (and also possibly from October to January) where this species usually lays between 3 to 6 eggs. The nest usually consists of moss, pine needles, leaves and feathers, placed up to 3 m high in a hole or a crevice in a tree, wall or rock face, but also can be on the ground (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020).<br/><br/>This species diet is similar to that of&#160;<em>C. caeruleus, </em>although&#160;it is suspected to take a larger number of small butterflies (Lepidoptera), aphids (Aphidoidea) and small beetles (Coleoptera), and it actively forages at all levels in trees and undergrowth. In the non-breeding season, this species forages mainly in palms (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020).<br/><br/>This is a non-migratory species.<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",Threats to this species are not known.,There are no known conservation actions in place for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Wheatley, H.","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,CORVIDAE,Cyanopica,cooki,,Cyanopica cooki,"Bonaparte, 1850","Gender agreement of species name follows David and Gosselin (2002a). <em>Cyanopica cyana</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) was split into <em>C. cyana</em> and <em>C. cooki</em> by Fok <em>et al.</em> (2002) on the basis of minor (subspecific-type) morphological differences and a 6.06% difference in mtDNA, but this treatment has not been adopted by the BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group.  This is because although this level of genetic differentiation is indeed high, the BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group does not consider it in itself sufficient grounds for assuming a species-level distinction.   <p></p>",Yes,LC,0,Yes,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it breeds in both Spain and Portugal.","The European breeding population is estimated at 356,000–896,000 pairs, which equates to 713,000–1,800,000 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species frequents open woodland and evergreen stands of both cork oak (<em>Quercus suber</em>) and holm oak (<em>Quercus rotundifolia</em>), as well as pine-oak stands. At the edge of its distribution it also breeds in deciduous open woods of Pyrenean oak (<em>Quercus pyrenaica</em>) and in Mediterranean almond (<em>Prunus dulcis</em>) and olive (<em>Olea europaea</em>) groves (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>It nests in loose colonies (Madge and Burn 1993) and egg-laying occurs from May to June. The nest is a mass of twigs and rootlets, often domed by naturally amassed twigs. The deep cup is lined with soft plant material, particularly animal fur, and it is placed inside the outer foliage of a long branch and rarely more than two metres above the ground, sometimes at ground level itself.<br/><br/>It is omnivorous and takes a wide variety of food items, especially insects and their larvae, and quite a number of fruits and nuts (Madge 2009).<br/><br/>The species does not undertake migration but shows complex post-breeding dispersal movements (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",This species suffers from the destruction of extensive stands of holm oaks (Madge 2009) as well as variable and inappropriate management in this habitat (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). Competition with increasing numbers of <em>Pica pica</em> may have caused local decreases (Madge 2009).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known specific conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Cygnus,columbianus,,Cygnus columbianus,"(Ord, 1815)",0,No,VU,A4abcde,No,VU,A4abcde,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population trend, after a period of increase in the long-term, has undergone rapid declines since approximately 1995, and the population is projected over three generations from that year to decline at a rate which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size reduction criterion A and is therefore assessed as such in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population trend, after a period of increase in the long-term, has undergone rapid declines since approximately 1995, and the population is projected over three generations from that year to decline at a rate which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size reduction criterion A and is therefore assessed as such in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the breeding population is suspected to have decreased by approximately 24% (best estimate) over the past 35 years (three generations). The species does not occur in the EU28 in the breeding season. In both Europe and the EU28, the wintering population, following a long-term increase, began undergoing rapid declines since 1995. When extrapolating the trends from the main European countries, using population data taken from Beekman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2019 (as it is considered more accurate than the national estimates in the Supplementary Information), and allowing for considerable uncertainty given the long trend period&#160;to extrapolate to, it is estimated that the population size trend will have decreased by approximately 30% (best estimate) between 1995-2032 (three generations). These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool. For details of national estimates, although not used for the calculations, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds across the northern Russian Palearctic, and therefore in Europe is found breeding exclusively in Russia, from the Kanin to the Ural Mountains.&#160;<br/>The species migrates southwest along the White Sea and Baltic coasts to winter in northwest Europe (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997), mostly in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Germany, and also notably in Turkey and Denmark.","The breeding population in Europe is estimated at 3,500-4,000 pairs (7,000-8,000 mature individuals), and the wintering population is estimated at 17,500-35,300 individuals (11,700-23,500 mature individuals). The species only occurs in the EU28 in winter and the minimum population is estimated at 17,200-24,100 individuals, which equates to 11,400-16,100 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds near shallow pools, lakes and broad slow-flowing rivers with emergent littoral vegetation and pondweeds (e.g. <em>Potamogeton </em>spp.) connected to coastal delta areas in open, moist, low-lying sedge-grass or moss-lichen Arctic tundra (Kear 2005, Carboneras and Kirwan 2016). It rarely nests in shrub tundra, and generally avoids forested areas (Kear 2005). On migration the species frequents shallow ponds, lowland and upland lakes, reservoirs, riverine marshes, shallow saline lagoons and sheltered coastal bays and estuaries (Madge and Burn 1988, Kear 2005). During the winter it inhabits brackish and freshwater marshes (Madge and Burn 1988), rivers, lakes, ponds and shallow tidal estuarine areas with adjacent grasslands, flooded pastures or agricultural arable fields (Carboneras and Kirwan 2016, Kear 2005) below 100 m (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>It arrives on the breeding grounds from early-May to late-June (Madge and Burn 1988) (depending on local conditions (Kear 2005)) where it breeds well-dispersed (Snow and Perrins 1998) in single pairs (Carboneras and Kirwan 2016), occasionally nesting semi-colonially in optimum habitats (Madge and Burn 1988, Kear 2005). The nest is a large mound of plant matter positioned on elevated ground (Carboneras and Kirwan 2016) such as a ridge or hummock, often at some distance from feeding pools to reduce the risk of flooding (Kear 2005). Clutch size is generally three to five eggs. The species is predominantly herbivorous, feeding on seeds, fruits, leaves, roots, rhizomes and stems of aquatic plants (e.g. Potamogeton, <em>Zostera </em>and <em>Glyceria</em> spp.), grasses (Carboneras and Kirwan 2016), sedge and herbaceous tundra vegetation (Kear 2005). This species is fully migratory and travels on a narrow front via specific routes using well-known stop-over sites (Madge and Burn 1988) between its Arctic breeding and temperate wintering grounds (Carboneras and Kirwan 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by the degradation and loss of wetland habitats due to drainage (Kear 2005) (e.g. for agriculture (Grishanov 2006)), petroleum pollution, peat extraction, changing wetland management practices (e.g. decreased grazing and mowing in meadows leading to scrub overgrowth), the burning and mowing of reeds (Grishanov 2006) and eutrophication (Kear 2005). The NW European population is thought to be particularly sensitive to land-use change as well as climate change due to its narrow breeding distribution across the Russian high Arctic and its high dependency on a small number of stop-over sites during spring and autumn migration (Nagy <em>et al.</em> 2012).  Its Arctic breeding habitat is also threatened by oil and gas exploration (Kear 2005). The species is threatened by mortality from oil pollution (oil spills) in moulting and pre-migrational staging areas, from collisions with powerlines and wind turbines, and from lead poisoning as a result of lead shot (Kear 2005, Carboneras and Kirwan 2016) and fishing weight ingestion during migration and on wintering grounds (Kear 2005). The species suffers from poaching in north-west Europe and is hunted considerably for subsistence throughout its range (Carboneras and Kirwan 2016). The species is also susceptible to avian influenza, so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the disease (Melville and Shortridge 2006).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I (subspecies found in Europe). Bern Convention Appendix II. Category A(2) of the African Eurasian Waterbird Agreement (AEWA). Listed in the Red Data Book of Russia (2000) under the category ""rehabilitating species"".  Part of its breeding areas and stop-over sites in Russia are protected as nature reserves. In spring, at least 60% of the population passes through the Dvinskoi sanctuary in the south-east corner of the White Sea. Natura 2000 network protects some of the key staging and wintering wetlands in the EU, but most feeding sites are on arable and grasslands outside of these sites. In all range countries it is protected from direct persecution by national law. In Estonia and Lithuania active site management programmes are in place for this species at key stop-over sites. Important wintering sites are managed in the U.K. (by the RSPB and WWT) and in the Netherlands. The EU's environmental and nature conservation financial instrument LIFE has co-financed several targeted demonstration and best practice projects in countries such as Finland, Latvia and the Netherlands, aimed at the conservation of coastal inlets and wetlands which are habitats used by the species. Monitoring of populations and breeding success in most countries within its European range and intensive research on its ecology has been carried out in the Netherlands and at various stop-over sites in recent decades (Nagy<em> et al.</em> 2012).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The protected status of the species across the range of the population should be maintained. Key stop-over and wintering sites should be maintained and, if necessary, restored, ensuring suitable aquatic macrophyte availability through managing water levels and water quality. In addition, measures should be implemented to prevent the negative impacts of infrastructure and industrial development by avoiding key sites, or by mitigating any potential negative impacts in the absence of alternative locations. Where necessary, develop and implement emergency plans by companies involved in the exploitation and transportation of petrochemicals on the flyway to reduce mortality in case of accidents. Monitoring and research of population changes and demographic parameters should continue and dead bird surveillance should be expanded to cover the entire flyway of the species. Introduce compensatory payments and other site management measures and increase efforts to reduce illegal shooting (Nagy <em>et al.</em> 2012).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Cygnus,cygnus,,Cygnus cygnus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable underthe population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia, Finland, Sweden and Iceland.","The European breeding population is estimated at 33,400–50,600 pairs (66,800–102,000 mature individuals), and the European wintering population is estimated at 374,000–497,000 individuals (249,000–332,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 170,000–207,000 pairs (113,000-138,000 mature individuals), and the wintering population in the EU28 is estimated at 158,000-181,000 individuals (105,000–121,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds on islands in or along the banks of shallow freshwater pools, lakes, slow-flowing rivers, marshes, swamps and bogs, showing a preference for habitats with abundant emergent vegetation and reedbeds in taiga (coniferous forest) zones, birch forest zones and shrub/forest tundra (Johnsgard 1978,&#160;Kear 2005,&#160;Billerman&#160;<em>et al</em>. 2020). Non-breeders may also be found in flocks on lakes, river channels and coastal bays (Johnsgard 1978, Kear 2005, Billerman&#160;<em>et al</em>. 2020). On migration the species frequents lakes, estuaries and sheltered coasts. It traditionally winters on freshwater lakes and marshes, brackish lagoons and coastal bays, floodlands, although low-lying coastal agricultural land&#160;and wet pastures are now used increasingly (Snow and Perrins 1998, Billerman&#160;<em>et al</em>. 2020, Kear 2005).<br/><br/>It breeds from mid-May in solitary pairs with well-defined territories. The nest is a large mound of plant matter built on dry ground or in reedbeds on small islands in or along the edges of lakes, pools or rivers (del Hoyo <em>et al. </em>1992, Billerman&#160;<em>et al</em>. 2020, Madge and Burn 1988). The same nest mound may be used over several years, although it is often repaired and new material is added (Kear 2005). Clutch size is typically four or five eggs, although it can be up to 12.<br/><br/>The species is predominantly herbivorous, its diet consisting of grasses, the leaves, stems and roots of aquatic plants, sedges and horsetails (<em>Equisetum</em> spp.) (Billerman&#160;<em>et al</em>. 2020, Johnsgard 1978, Kear 2005). During the winter the species also takes agricultural grain, vegetables (e.g. potatoes and turnips and acorns), and on the breeding grounds young birds often take adult and larval insects (Billerman&#160;<em>et al</em>. 2020, Johnsgard 1978). <br/><br/>This species is predominantly migratory (Billerman&#160;<em>et al</em>. 2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by habitat degradation and loss. Threats to its habitats include agricultural expansion, wetland drainage for irrigation, overgrazing by livestock (e.g. sheep), the development of roads (Kear 2005) and chronic oil pollution from oil exploration and transportation. The species may suffer heavy losses from future oil spills (Nikolaeva <em>et al.</em> 2006), flying accidents (such as collisions with overhead lines (Kear 2005) or wind turbines (Larsen and Clausen 2002)), poisoning (Kear 2005) from lead shot ingestion (Spray and Milne 1988) and it is susceptible to avian influenza, so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the disease (Melville and Shortridge 2006). The species is also threatened by hunting, nest destruction and by subsistence egg collecting (Billerman&#160;<em>et al</em>. 2020, Gudmundsson 1979, Nikolaeva<em> et al</em>. 2006).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. CMS Appendix II. In the U.K., the species is listed as Amber on the national Red List (Eaton <em>et al.</em> 2009).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Key sites should be identified and protected by legislation against all forms of development and habitat alteration. Strict legislation should also be enforced with regards to oil drilling and transportation. Power lines should be made more visible or moved and careful assessment made during planning of wind farm construction. Protection from hunting and persecution should also be implemented and enforced.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Cygnus,olor,,Cygnus olor,"(Gmelin, 1789)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be increasing, hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species largest populations breed in Russia and Germany, with significant numbers also in the Netherlands, Sweden, France, Poland, the United Kingdom and Finland.","The European breeding population is estimated at 84,600–118,000 pairs (169,000–236,000 mature individuals), and the European wintering population is estimated at 209,000–299,000 individuals (139,000–200,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 67,100–94,600 pairs (134,000–190,000 mature individuals), and the wintering population in the EU28 is estimated at 182,000–225,000 individuals (121,000–150,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species inhabits a variety of lowland freshwater wetlands (Carboneras and Kirwan 2013) such as shallow lakes (Kear 2005), ponds (Madge and Burn 1988), lagoons, marshes (Carboneras and Kirwan 2013), reedbeds (Snow and Perrins 1998, Carboneras and Kirwan 2013) and slow-flowing rivers (Kear 2005) (showing a preference for clean, weed-filled streams over larger, polluted rivers) (Johnsgard 1978). It is also common on artificial waterbodies such as reservoirs, gravel-pits, ornamental lakes (Carboneras and Kirwan 2013), ditches (Snow and Perrins 1998) and canals (Scott and Rose 1996), and will graze on grassland and agricultural land (e.g. arable cereal fields) (Kear 2005). Moulting congregations of adults and non-breeders (Snow and Perrins 1998) may also utilise brackish or saline habitats (Johnsgard 1978) including brackish marshes (Kear 2005), estuaries and sheltered coastal sites (Carboneras and Kirwan 2013) and bays (Madge and Burn 1988).<br/><br/>The species breeds during the local spring as isolated pairs in well-defended territories. The nest is a large mound of aquatic vegetation placed close to or floating on shallow water or amongst reeds (Carboneras and Kirwan 2013). Breeding pairs often re-use nesting sites from previous years if it was successful (Johnsgard 1978). Usually five to seven eggs are laid at two-day intervals.<br/><br/>Its diet consists predominantly of leaves and the vegetative parts of aquatic plants and grasses (Carboneras and Kirwan 2013) as well as algae (Johnsgard 1978) and grain, occasionally also taking small amphibians and aquatic invertebrates (e.g. molluscs, insects and worms).<br/><br/>Truly wild populations of this species are migratory (particularly where displaced by cold weather) (Carboneras and Kirwan 2013) although European and feral populations are essentially sedentary or only locally migratory or nomadic (Scott and Rose 1996, Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species suffers heavy losses from lead poisoning due to ingested lead fishing weights (Kelly and Kelly 2004), lead shot (Spray and Milne 1988) and lead-contaminated sediments from mining and smelting activities (Day <em>et al.</em> 2003). Heavy losses have also been recorded from local incidences of copper poisoning (Kobayashi <em>et al.</em> 1992). The ingestion of or entanglement in fishing lines and/or hooks can also cause severe injury or mortality (Kelly and Kelly 2004) as can collisions with overhead lines (Carboneras and Kirwan 2013), although European and feral populations are essentially sedentary or only locally migratory. The species may be threatened by future oil spills (which can cause death by oil saturation) (Berglund <em>et al.</em> 1963). The species is also susceptible to avian influenza (e.g. strain H5N1) (Melville and Shortridge 2006, Nagy <em>et al</em>. 2007) so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus. Significant mortality can occur with prolonged freezing weather in winter which prevents birds from feeding (Carboneras and Kirwan 2013).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex II. CMS Appendix II. In the U.K. management to decrease competition has shown to be successful (Giles 1994). <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Legislation to ban the use of lead weights in fishing and measures to minimise mortality from fishing lines and nets should be introduced. The creation and protection of wetland habitats, particularly from mining waste would also benefit the species. Powerlines should be moved or made more visible.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,HIRUNDINIDAE,Delichon,urbicum,,Delichon urbicum,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",Gender agreement of species name follows David and Gosselin (2002b).  <p></p>,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be stable. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 3-6% with a best estimate of 4% in 10 years. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occurs in most of Europe, notably in Spain, Turkey, Ukraine, Portugal, Czechia, France and Russia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 11,500,000–24,100,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 23,000,000–48,100,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 8,550,000–18,600,000 pairs, which equates to 17,100,000–37,200,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occupies open areas, coastal cliffs, cultivation, and human habitations, including towns and cities.<br/><br/>In north-west and Central Europe, egg-laying occurs from May and in northern and north-east Europe from the end of May. In southern Spain laying occurs from March to May. The nest is built by both sexes and is enclosed with a small entrance hole near the top. It is made of mud pellets, lined with vegetable fibres and feathers and is attached to the outside of a building or, less often, a bridge, usually under an overhang and sometimes inside buildings. It will also occasionally use a natural sea cliff or rock face and rarely a cave or tree (Turner 2004). Clutches are normally three to five eggs.<br/><br/>It feeds almost entirely on flying insects, almost always taken by aerial-pursuit (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>The species is migratory, with European birds wintering south of the Sahara (Turner 2004).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The species is affected by adverse weather which can have significant impacts during breeding and migration. It is also thought to compete for nest sites with House Sparrows (<em>Passer domesticus</em>) and a study conducted in Poland attributed recent changes in breeding sites to this (Turner 2004).,"<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. The species has benefited from building developments which provide additional nesting sites. Reductions in air pollution resulting in increased numbers of insects in cities have also lead to an increase in population numbers in some cities (Turner 2004). The Clean Air Act in the U.K. saw increases of this species in London, Birmingham and Manchester and in Berlin (Germany) there was a 36% increase between 1979 and 1983-1984 (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>It is known to readily use specially designed nestboxes (Tuner 2004). Although the species is not threatened, populations should be monitored to detect changes in numbers. Continued reductions in air pollution are likely to benefit the species.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PICIFORMES,PICIDAE,Dendrocopos,leucotos,,Dendrocopos leucotos,"(Bechstein, 1803)","<p><em>Dendrocopos leucotos </em>and<em> D. owstoni </em>(del Hoyo and Collar 2014) were previously lumped as <em>D. leucotos </em>following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).</p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 16% in 11 years (3 generations). In the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds primarily in Russia and also notably in Romania.","The European breeding population is estimated at 210,000–411,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 420,000–822,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 36,400–88,000 pairs, which equates to 72,900–176,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species occurs in broad-leaved forest. In central and Southern Europe it is found in forests dominated by beech (<em>Fagus</em> spp.), hornbeam (<em>Carpinus betulus</em>) and oak (<em>Quercus</em> spp.) and in northern and Eastern Europe forests dominated by birch (<em>Betula</em> spp.) and aspen (<em>Populus tremula</em>) (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>Courtship begins in February and egg-laying from late April to May or June. Both sexes excavate the nest in the soft wood of a dead or decaying tree, stump or branch, or in a utility pole. Clutch size generally three to five eggs (Winkler and Christie 2002).<br/><br/>It is highly insectivorous and only occasionally takes plant matter. It specialises on wood-boring beetle larvae, particularly longhorn species (Coleoptera) but also feeds on flies, carpenter moths and carpenter ants (Gorman 2014).<br/><br/>The species is generally resident with some local movements (Winkler and Christie 2002).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Intense forest management, leading to a reduction of dead wood or the introduction of conifers results in a reduction in population size (Winkler and Christie 2002, Håpnes 2003), accompanied by loss of genetic diversity (Winkler and Christie 2002).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. The species is listed as Critically Endangered on the Swedish Red List (Gärdenfors 2010) and a national Species Action Plan was published in 2005 (Mild and Stighäll 2005). Norwegian birds were translocated to Sweden (Håpnes 2003) and a captive breeding programmes set up in order to supplement the dwindling population there. Some reserves were established as was successful management to create dead wood, however the achievement of the targets planned in 2005–2008 was on average much lower than planned (Blicharska <em>et al. </em>2014).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Everywhere, this species' survival is dependent on preservation of reasonably large areas of unmanaged deciduous forest (Winkler and Christie 2002, Håpnes 2003), including dead wood. Restoration of natural habitats is also important (Håpnes 2003).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PICIFORMES,PICIDAE,Dendrocopos,major,,Dendrocopos major,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 7% (best estimate) in 10 years. In&#160;the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds largely in Russia, and also notably in Germany and Poland with smaller populations occurring in most other countries in Europe.","The European breeding population is estimated at 8,630,000–13,700,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 17,200,000–27,300,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 4,570,000–6,970,000 pairs, which equates to 9,140,000–14,000,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is found in trans-Palearctic coniferous and deciduous forests between the northern taiga and the Mediterranean (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). It is also common in copses, tree avenues, parks and gardens.<br/><br/>Courtship begins in December and egg-laying from mid-April to June (later in the far north and at higher altitude). The species is monogamous and both sexes excavate a new hole each year, in a dead or living tree of a wide variety of species. Occasionally utility poles are used and nest boxes as well. Clutches can be four to eight eggs but normally five to seven.<br/><br/>Its diet is varied and displays clear seasonal changes in more seasonal habitats. It feeds mainly on invertebrates but will also take crustaceans and mussels, coniferous seeds, nuts, acorns, buds, tree sap, berries, fruit and possibly nectar. It is also notorious for taking the eggs and young of other birds.<br/><br/>This species is mostly resident and dispersive, although northern populations are also subject to eruptive migration (Winkler and Christie 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Harsh winters can cause significant mortality in this species. Fragmentation of habitat is a threat locally. The Canary Island races <em>canariensis </em>and <em>thanneri </em>are currently probably the most vulnerable, especially the former, which may be at some risk because of human exploitation of Canarian pine forest (Winkler and Christie 2015).  Air pollution, causing die-back in forests, in central and Eastern Europe appears to have mixed effects; where damage is heavy nesting possibilities, food supply and food quality deteriorate causing a decline in woodpeckers, although the impact of this is unknown. Hybridization is known to occur with Syrian Woodpeckers (<em>Dendrocopos syriacus</em>) (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II.  Canary Island races canariensis and thanneri are listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Action Proposed</strong><br/>Protection of areas of Canarian pine from exploitation would help secure this species in the Canary Islands. Research in to the long term effects of air pollution on forests in central and eastern Europe is needed in order to determine its impact on this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PICIFORMES,PICIDAE,Dendrocopos,syriacus,,Dendrocopos syriacus,"(Ehrenberg, 1833)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. <br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds largely in Turkey and also notably in Romania, Ukraine and Hungary.","The European breeding population is estimated at 322,000–767,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 645,000–1,540,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 86,400–193,000 pairs, which equates to 172,000–386,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occurs in open country with wooded areas. It is often found in plantations of all kinds, including olive, pecan (<em>Carya</em>) and avocado in the south, and vineyards in Central Europe, where it is also seen in roadside trees and groups of trees, mainly near habitations, as well as forest edges, parks and gardens. It inhabits oak (<em>Quercus</em>) woodland and light montane forest in the southeast and breeds in coniferous forest at lower levels in Turkey. <br/><br/>Egg-laying occurs from mid-April to May, rarely to June. The nest-hole is excavated by both sexes, but mostly by the male, in a trunk or large branch of a tree, or occasionally in a utility pole or similar structure. Old nests are sometimes reused. Clutch size is three to seven eggs (Winkler <em>et al.</em> 2014).<br/><br/>This is an omnivorous species, feeding on various insects, snails, earthworms, fruit, berries, sap, nuts and seeds (Gorman 2014).<br/><br/>The species is resident and dispersive; sometimes long distances are covered during dispersal (Winkler <em>et al.</em> 2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Hybridization is known to occur with Great Spotted Woodpecker (<em>Dendrocopos major</em>), however once sufficient females of <em>D. syriacus </em>colonize an area, the extent of hybridization becomes insignificant (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PICIFORMES,PICIDAE,Dryobates,minor,,Dryobates minor,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",<em>Dryobates   minor</em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) was previously placed in the genus   <em>Dendrocopos</em>.,No,LC,0,No,NT,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be undergoing a moderately rapid decline which approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A), therefore it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region and therefore the category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be increasing. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by over 25% in 13 years (3 generations). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds mainly in Russia, with smaller populations occurring in most other countries in Europe.","The European breeding population is estimated at 757,000–1,510,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 1,510,000–3,020,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 188,000–395,000 pairs, which equates to 376,000–789,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is present in temperate and boreal deciduous woodland in lowlands. It prefers open forest with softwood deciduous trees in vicinity of lakes or rivers, as well as forest edge, parks, orchards and gardens. It requires a good number of thin snags, as in old stands or in riparian woodland.<br/><br/>Courtship begins in February and laying takes place from April to May (June in the north). Clutches are usually five or six eggs. It is monogamous and the pair-bond may continue for several years. The nest is excavated by both sexes, in soft wood of a dead or decaying trunk, a stump or the underside of a branch.<br/><br/>Its diet comprises mainly of small insects; in the summer mostly caterpillars, aphids, ants, beetles, and other surface-dwelling arthropods and in the winter, wood-boring larvae and those living under the bark become important (Winkler and Christie 2002).<br/><br/>The species is essentially sedentary but dispersal movements in August and November may give rise to eruptive movements in the north (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","This species has declined due to a loss of deciduous habitats, especially riverine forest and old orchards and due to the admixture of conifers (Winkler and Christie 2002). It is sensitive to forest fragmentation due to its large home range (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II.  Monitoring of the species is generally poor with some exception; declines of the species have been well observed in Finland, Sweden and England (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Most important is the conservation of adequate suitable habitat remains for this species (Winkler and Christie 2002).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PICIFORMES,PICIDAE,Dryocopus,martius,,Dryocopus martius,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. In the EU28 the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds mainly in Russia, with smaller populations occurring in most other countries, with the main exception of westernmost Europe (including Portugal, the United Kingdom, Faroe Islands, Iceland and Greenland).","The European breeding population is estimated at 622,000–1,140,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 1,240,000–2,270,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 208,000–354,000 pairs, which equates to 416,000–707,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is found in all types of mature forest, so long as it is not extremely dense and gloomy, and it also uses forest edges. In Scandinavia and Siberia it occupies spruce (<em>Picea</em>) and pine (<em>Pinus</em>) forests with larch (<em>Larix</em>), birch (<em>Betula</em>), aspen (<em>Populus</em>) and alder (<em>Alnus</em>). In Poland all habitat types in primeval forests; in Central Europe occurs in all types of not over-dense deciduous, mixed or coniferous forest, from riparian woodland to subalpine forest.<br/><br/>Mating behaviour may begin in mid-January although egg-laying is generally from mid-March to mid-May. The nest is excavated in a tall tree, usually living and either coniferous or deciduous. Clutch size is typically three to five eggs.<br/><br/>Its diet consists mainly of ants (<em>Camponotus, Formica, Lasius</em>) and their brood. Wood-boring beetles and bark beetles and their larvae (e.g. Cerambycidae, Elateridae) are also taken, as well as various other arthropods, and occasionally snails, fruits and berries. It has been reported to break into beehives.<br/><br/>In most areas the species is resident and even northern populations only partially migratory (Winkler and Christie 2002).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is not threatened across its range (Winkler and Christie 2002), however locally logging and forestry management do pose a risk (Garmendia <em>et al.</em> 2006,&#160;Zhelezov 2010).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are no known current conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Monitoring should be established to ensure logging and forest management does not become a serious threat.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PELECANIFORMES,ARDEIDAE,Egretta,garzetta,,Egretta garzetta,"(Linnaeus, 1766)","<em style=""margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"">Egretta gularis&#160;</em>(del Hoyo and Collar 2014) contains the taxon&#160;<em style=""margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"">dimorpha</em>, which was previously included within&#160;<em style=""margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"">E</em><em style=""margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"">. garzetta&#160;</em>following Kushlan and Hancock (2005)<em style=""margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"">.&#160;</em>Prior to that, all three taxa were treated as separate species following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be decreasing by <em>ca</em> 9% over 15 years (three generations), hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be decreasing by <em>ca</em> 11% over 15 years (three generations), hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","The breeding population size is estimated to be decreasing by c. 9% in Europe, and by c. 11% in the EU28 over 15 years (3 generations). For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in the European part of Russia, France, Spain and Italy, with significant numbers also in Romania, Ukraine and Azerbaijan.","The European breeding population is estimated at 60,800–94,900 pairs (121,000–190,000 mature individuals), and the European wintering population is estimated at 33,700–47,700 individuals (22,500–31,800 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 39,100–48,000 pairs (78,300–95,900 mature individuals), and the wintering population in the EU28 is estimated at 32,300–42,700 individuals (21,500–28,500 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits fresh, brackish or saline wetlands and shows a preference for shallow waters (10–15 cm deep) in open, unvegetated sites where water levels and dissolved oxygen levels fluctuate daily, tidally or seasonally, and where fish are concentrated in pools or at the water's surface (Billerman<em>&#160;et al.</em>&#160;2020, Kushlan and Hancock 2005). Habitats frequented include the margins of shallow lakes, rivers, streams and pools, open swamps and marshes, flooded meadows, flood-plains, lagoons, irrigation canals, aquaculture ponds, saltpans and rice fields (which are especially important in areas with few remaining natural wetland habitats) (Billerman<em>&#160;et al.</em>&#160;2020, Hancock and Kushlan 1984, Kushlan and Hancock 2005). The species also occupies dry fields and cattle pastures and some populations are almost entirely coastal, inhabiting rocky or sandy shores, reefs, estuaries, mudflats, saltmarshes and tidal creeks (Billerman<em>&#160;et al.</em>&#160;2020).<br/><br/>The timing of breeding varies geographically (Billerman<em>&#160;et al.</em>&#160;2020)  although, in general, European populations breed in spring and summer  (March to July). The species usually nests in colonies sometimes of  thousands of pairs and often with other species. Some populations also  breed solitarily or in small single-species groups of under 100 pairs.  The species may nest on the ground in protected sites or up to 20 m high  on rocks, in reedbeds, bushes or trees (Kushlan and Hancock  2005,&#160;Billerman<em>&#160;et al.</em>&#160;2020). It usually nests in single- or  mixed-species colonies (Kushlan and Hancock 2005). It may feed up to  7–13 km away from breeding colonies during the breeding season  (Billerman<em>&#160;et al.</em>&#160;2020).<br/><br/>It is a highly opportunistic feeder, taking mainly small fish under 20 g in weight and less than 10 cm long, aquatic and terrestrial insects (e.g. beetles, dragonfly larvae and crickets) and crustaceans as well as amphibians, molluscs (snails and bivalves), spiders, worms, reptiles and small birds (Kushlan and Hancock 2005, Billerman<em>&#160;et al.</em>&#160;2020).<br/><br/>All populations of this species undergo post-breeding dispersive movements (Billerman<em>&#160;et al.</em>&#160;2020). Populations breeding in the Palearctic are highly migratory (Hancock and Kushlan 1984).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by wetland degradation and loss through drainage for agriculture, changes in current management practices and contamination from agricultural and industrial operations (Kushlan and Hancock 2005). The species is also susceptible to avian influenza so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Ellis <em>et al.</em> 2004, Melville and Shortridge 2006), and it previously suffered from hunting for the plume trade (although this is no longer a threat) (Kushlan and Hancock 2005, Billerman<em>&#160;et al.</em>&#160;2020).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive and Annex II of the Bern Convention.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>An artificial island nesting site created in the Camargue, France succeeded in attracting nesting pairs to the area (Hafner 2000). A study in north-west Italy suggests that existing nesting sites should be protected and that breeding habitats should be actively managed in order to maintain suitable habitat characteristics (Fasola and Alieri 1992). The creation of a network of new nesting sites spaced at 4–10 km in relation to available foraging habitats in zones currently without suitable nesting sites is also recommended (Fasola and Alieri 1992). Freshwater habitats need to be sustainably managed. Establish non-intrusion zones around colonies.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Martin, R., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ACCIPITRIFORMES,ACCIPITRIDAE,Elanus,caeruleus,,Elanus caeruleus,"(Desfontaines, 1789)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In both Europe and the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is small (&lt;10,000 but &gt;1,000 mature individuals), but the population trend is estimated to be stable, and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D) or the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Portugal, Spain and France, with very small population also in Turkey.","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,300–2,900 pairs (2,600–5,700 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 1,300–2,800 pairs (2,600–5,600 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is widely distributed across the Afrotropical and Indomalayan regions, with marginal occurrence in the Western Palearctic (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). Numbers are increasing in Iberia (Snow and Perrins 1998), coinciding with the clearance of oak woodlands and understory vegetation (Shirihai <em>et al. </em>2000). The species is generally sedentary, with some movements to more open habitats during winter (Snow and Perrins 1998). Juveniles will generally disperse from natal grounds. It occupies relatively open habitats at a range of altitudes, ranging from semi-desert to forest margins and clearings within densely forested areas. It is generally absent in continuous forest tracts and steep mountainous areas and will opportunistically use areas cleared after fires (Snow and Perrins 1998). In the non-breeding season, it forms communal roosts in trees or reed beds, with birds dispersing to individual territories during the day (del Hoyo<em> et al.</em> 1994).<br/><br/>The species’ prey comprises small grassland mammals (up to 90 g), reptiles, birds and insects, hunting its quarry from both a perch and hovering vantage, as well as quartering the ground and hawking insects in flight. It will often hunt during dawn and dusk (del Hoyo <em>et al. </em>1994).<br/><br/>Nests are made of small twigs lined with finer material, and are located in tree branches 3-20 m above the ground, usually in open areas (del Hoyo <em>et al</em>. 1994). The same tree may be occupied in successive years, although new nests are usually built each year. The breeding season spans February to August (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). It is able to exploit disturbed or cleared areas and increase its breeding productivity under favourable prey conditions.<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","There are no major threats to the species within its range (Kemp<em> et al.</em> 2015), but locally, it may be threatened by the use of rodenticides and pesticides (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001).",0,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,EMBERIZIDAE,Emberiza,aureola,,Emberiza aureola,"Pallas, 1773",0,No,CR,A2bcd+3bcd+4bcd,No,CR,D (Possibly Extinct),EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)</strong><br/><p></p>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at an extremely rapid rate, which meets the thresholds for Critically Endangered under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The population size is small and, combined with the continuing decline, also meets&#160;the thresholds for Critically Endangered under the population size criterion C.&#160; For these reasons the species is evaluated as Critically Endangered (CR) in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species used to only breed in Finland, where it now appears to have declined by 100% in the past three generations. This species was last recorded as possibly breeding in this region in 2007 (singing male) and is now considered Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to have decreased by over 80% in the past 10 years and is expected to continue declining at the same rate between 2011-2021 and over the next 10 years. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 100% over the past 10 years and is therefore considered possibly extinct in the region.&#160;&#160;These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","The species breeds across the northern Palaearctic. In Europe, it is primarily found in Russia, from the Ural Mountains in the east (Copete and Sharpe 2020), continuing through to Ukraine and then Finland in the west. Only very small populations are present in these two latter countries.","The European breeding population is estimated at 600–1,300 pairs, which equates to 1,200–2,500 mature individuals. The breeding&#160;population in the EU28 is considered to be possibly extinct in this region, with zero pairs recorded between 2007 and 2018. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Within Europe this species breeds in a wide range of moist or wet, fragmented habitats including river valleys, wet scrub-meadows and bogs. It also inhabits cultivated areas, light conifer plantations and dry meadows. Preferentially it occupies open wet meadows where willow, alder or birch are mixed with sedge, grass, marsh cinquefoil or similar vegetation. In the winter it is found in flocks on cultivated or poor-quality arable land and grassland (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>The nest is built by the female alone and is placed either on the ground in a depression under tussocks or roots or slightly above ground in well covered vegetation. It is constructed of dry grass and stalks lined with soft grass, rootlets and sometimes hair. Clutch size can vary between three and seven, but most commonly four to five.<br/><br/>During breeding, it feeds principally on invertebrates and seeds at other times of the year. Plant material is taken all year round.<br/><br/>The species is migratory and has a very short breeding period, arriving at its breeding grounds late June and leaving at the end of July. It winters in south-east Asia (Copete and Sharpe 2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Since many populations on pristine breeding grounds have dropped rapidly, the decline is likely to be driven by excessive trapping at migration and, in particular, wintering sites (Chan<em>&#160;</em>2004). Declines caused by pressures on the wintering grounds are compounded by a reduction in habitat quality on the breeding grounds in parts of its range, particularly drying of meadows caused by changes in the flow pattern of rivers, a result of dam construction upstream (Kamp <em>et al.</em>&#160;2015).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix I. It is counted occasionally as part of on-going IBA monitoring in a few sites. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Implement a programme of co-ordinated range-wide monitoring at breeding, passage and non-breeding sites, in order to quantify the rate of decline. Through awareness campaigns, reduce the demand for the species as a food item, mascot and merit-bird. Research its precise habitat requirements on the wintering grounds. Protect sites which still hold large numbers on the wintering grounds.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,EMBERIZIDAE,Emberiza,bruniceps,,Emberiza bruniceps,"Brandt, 1841",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, although this species may have a restricted range, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is small (potentially &lt;10,000 but &gt;1,000 mature individuals), but with an increasing population trend, it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>This species is considered vagrant in the EU28 and is assessed as Not Applicable (NA) in this region.","In Europe, the population size is suspected to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds only in Russia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 4,200–12,500&#160;pairs, which equates to 8,400–25,000 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is characteristic of irrigated farmland where it occurs in areas of scrub, along field borders, groves, canal banks, river valleys and in tree shelterbelts (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>The breeding season starts in May. The nest is built by the female, usually in a shrub, near the ground. The clutch, normally two to five eggs, is incubated by the female. The chicks hatch after 10–14 days. They are fed by both parents and leave the nest after 12–13 days. <br/><br/>The species takes seeds throughout the year. However, during the  breeding season it mainly feeds on a wide variety of small invertebrate  species (Copete 2016).<br/><br/>The species is migratory and leaves the breeding grounds to winter in the Indian subcontinent from the second half of July through to August.<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There is no evidence of substantial threats (BirdLife International 2015).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H., Wright, L & van Kleunen, A.","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,EMBERIZIDAE,Emberiza,buchanani,,Emberiza buchanani,"Blyth, 1844",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small, but not enough to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>This species is considered vagrant in the EU28 and is assessed as Not Applicable (NA) in this region.","In Europe the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds mainly in Turkey, with small populations also present in Armenia and Azerbaijan.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 6,900–20,200&#160;pairs, which equates to 13,800–40,300 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","During the breeding season this species utilises dry, rocky mountainous terrain and upland plateaux with some grassy and weedy vegetation, at an altitude of 900–1,400 m, occasionally up to 2,400 m asl (Madge 2016, Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>Its breeding season starts in April. The nest is built by the female and is well hidden under vegetation or a sheltering boulder, on the ground. Usually three to six eggs are laid between April and late May. Little is known about the rest of the breeding process.<br/><br/>The species forages on seeds and shoots of dry-country plants. During  the breeding season the chicks are fed small invertebrates, in  particular weevils, other beetles, bugs, ants, grasshoppers and snails  (Madge 2016).<br/><br/>In July and August the species flocks in small groups prior to migration which commences in August. Wintering areas are situated outside of Europe, mainly in India (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997, Madge 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",No substantial threats have been reported (BirdLife International 2015) besides overgrazing of sparse vegetation by domestic animals that may lead to habitat degradation (Madge 2016).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H., Wright, L & van Kleunen, A.","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,EMBERIZIDAE,Emberiza,caesia,,Emberiza caesia,"Cretzschmar, 1828",0,Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large, (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. In the EU28, the population size is suspected to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","A large proportion of this species' population breeds in Europe. In this region it is found primarily in Turkey, and also notably in Cyprus and Greece, with a very small population also present in Albania.","The European breeding population is estimated at 115,000–226,000 pairs, which equates to 230,000–451,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 15,000–40,000 pairs, which equates to 30,000–80,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species favours dry barren habitats with some low-lying vegetation, on hillsides, rocky islands as well as on cultivated land, up to 1,300 m asl, often near the coast (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997, Madge 2016).<br/><br/>Nesting is reported from mid-April to mid-June. The nest is made by the female, and it is placed on the ground against a rock or amongst the roots of a shrubby plant. The clutch, usually four to six eggs, is incubated mainly by the female. Hatching takes place after 12–14 days. Nestlings are reared by both parents. They leave the nest after 12–14 days. <br/><br/>The species forages almost entirely on the ground. The diet consists of small seeds, in particular of grasses and small  invertebrates are also taken, in particular ants (Madge 2016).<br/><br/>The species is migratory; breeding areas are vacated in July and August. Wintering areas are situated outside Europe, in north-eastern Africa (Madge 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There is no evidence for substantial threats (BirdLife International 2015).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H., Wright, L & van Kleunen, A.","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,EMBERIZIDAE,Emberiza,calandra,,Emberiza calandra,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, it is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. <br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be&#160;declining by 7% in 10 years, and the EU28 the population size is estimated to be declining by 8-10% over the same period. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds largely in Spain and also notably in Turkey, Romania and Poland.","The European breeding population is estimated at 21,100,000–33,900,000 pairs, which equates to 42,200,000–-67,800,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 17,500,000–23,000,000 pairs, which equates to 35,100,000–46,000,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In the northern part of its range this species is confined mainly to cereal fields and hay meadows. In Southern Europe it has a broader habitat array occupying several types of open country, including grasslands and steppes. It avoids extensive bush cover.<br/><br/>The breeding season starts relatively late, from late May onward in north-western populations, but probably earlier in southern European populations. The nest is placed on the ground, hidden among vegetation. It is entirely built by the female. The clutch, usually four to six eggs, is incubated by the female alone. The incubation period is 12–14 days. The chicks are fed by the female (with the male in attendance) and leave the nest after 9–13 often before being able to fly (Madge 2017).<br/><br/>Its diet consists mainly of plant seeds, but during the breeding season it includes a high percentage of invertebrates, primarily small insects (Madge 2017).<br/><br/>The species is mainly sedentary. During winter, it gathers in flocks and  may show rather short distance displacements to favourable feeding  grounds, often fallow or stubble fields (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997, Bos  and van Noorden 2010, Madge 2017).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The strong decline of the species in north-western Europe is mainly a consequence of agricultural intensification. Cropped areas of spring-sown cereals have decreased, mowing of hay has been advanced and the use of pesticides has increased. Winter food supplies have decreased as a consequence of the loss of spring tillage, increased pesticide usage and improved harvesting and storage techniques. The increase of winter-sown cereal cropland has affected the species adversely through increased nest losses, as a consequence of early harvesting and the early ploughing of winter cereal stubble fields (Donald and Forrest 1995, Hagemeijer and Blair 1997, Madge 2017). The abolition of the European set-aside scheme is of great concern, not only for birds. Set-aside has provided valuable food and nesting sites for many farmland birds whose populations were declining due to agricultural intensification (BirdLife International 2008). The species may be vulnerable to climatic extremes along its northern range limits (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997, Madge 2017).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is classified as Critically Endangered on the Dutch Red List (Hustings <em>et al. </em>2004) and Vulnerable on the Swiss Red List (Keller 2010). The species is on the British list of Birds of Conservation Concern (Eaton <em>et al.</em> 2009).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Measures related to the restoration of the species' habitat in farmland should be taken and effectively carried out in agri-environment schemes/targeted management interventions. Specific measures include: increasing invertebrate availability by providing grassy margins or beetle banks and by selective spraying of headlands (Brickle <em>et al.</em> 2000); providing early summer and late summer nesting habitat close to each other to give the species the opportunity to rear two broods in a season; winter barley or late mown hay grown alongside weed-rich or undersown spring cereals would be a good combination; set-aside or similar agri-environment crop types should remain uncut and unsprayed during the breeding season and should preferably be offered close to song-posts, such as overhead wires (Perkins <em>et al.</em> 2012); the provision of unharvested, extensively managed cereal crops as an agri-environment option where intensively managed cereal crops are the main nesting habitat (Setchfield <em>et al.</em> 2012); delayed mowing (as part of agri-environment schemes) in areas where the species still breeds in meadows could significantly improve its breeding performance (Perkins <em>et al.</em> 2013); measures aimed at providing winter food habitat, including stubble fields with cereal seeds (Bos &amp; van Noorden 2010).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H., Wright, L & van Kleunen, A.","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,EMBERIZIDAE,Emberiza,cia,,Emberiza cia,"Linnaeus, 1766",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. <br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 4% in 10 years. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds mainly in Spain, and also notably in Turkey and Portugal.","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,940,000–4,290,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 3,880,000–8,580,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 1,580,000–2,940,000 pairs, which equates to 3,160,000–5,870,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species utilises semi-arid, sparsely vegetated areas at lower and middle altitudes. It prefers sunny hill sides with rocky outcrops and scattered bushes or trees. Locally it also occurs in quarries, vineyards and other terrains with an alternation of bare soil or rocks and sparsely vegetated areas (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997, Copete 2016).<br/><br/>The breeding season starts in March and ends in August, although occasionally it finishes in mid-September. The nest is built by the female. It is placed on the ground, protected by vegetation or at the base of a rock. The clutch, usually three to five eggs, is incubated by the female. The chicks hatch after 13–15 days. They are fed by both parents. They leave the nest after 9–13 days and become independent three weeks later (Copete 2016).<br/><br/>The species feeds mostly on a wide variety of small invertebrate prey during the breeding season. Outside the breeding season the diet consists mainly of seeds of herbs or other plants (Copete 2016).<br/><br/>The species is considered resident over most of its range.<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Habitat loss as a consequence of agricultural intensification, urbanisation and reforestation led to a decline in the past between 1970–1990 (Copete 2016).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H., Wright, L & van Kleunen, A.","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,EMBERIZIDAE,Emberiza,cineracea,,Emberiza cineracea,"Brehm, 1855",0,Yes,NT,C1,No,EN,C2a(i);D,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A).&#160;The population size is small, and combined with the decline, approaches meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion C, however the decline is suspected, therefore the species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/>In the EU28, although this species may have a small range, it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A).&#160;The population size is very small, and meets the thresholds for Endangered (EN) under the population size criterion D and, combined with the continuing decline, also&#160;&#160;meets the thresholds for Endangered under the population size criterion&#160;C. It is therefore assessed as such in the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, based on the Supplementary Information, the EBBA2 (Keller 2020) and the known ongoing threats to this species, the population size is suspected to be decreasing by over 10% (best estimate) in 10 years. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be undergoing a continuing decline, with an uncertain magnitude. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds almost entirely in Turkey (western Turkey (ssp.&#160;<em>cineracea</em>), as well as in south-east Turkey (ssp. <em>semenowi</em>) (Cramp and Perrins 1994, Byers <em>et al.</em> 1995)), with a small population also present in Greece&#160;(islands of Skyros (Hölzinger 1995), Lesbos and Chios).","The European breeding population is suspected to be 2,600-5,200 pairs, which equates to 5,300-10,400 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 80-200 pairs, which equates to 160-400 mature individuals (with a best estimate of 250). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds on dry rocky slopes and uplands with shrubby vegetation and sometimes conifers. Migrating birds are regularly recorded in lowland agricultural land and semi-deserts (Albayrak <em>et al. </em>2003). Not much is known of the breeding habits of this species. Eggs have been reported in western Turkey in late April and in eastern Turkey in late May, where recently fledged young have been noted as late as mid-August. The nest is probably built by the female only and is a foundation of grass seed-heads, stalks and thistle leaves, lined with hair and rootlets, placed on the ground against a rock or concealed by a tuft of vegetation. Clutch size is four to six eggs (Madge <em>et al. </em>2020). There is little information on the species's diet but it appears to be principally small invertebrates in the breeding season and seeds outside the breeding season (Tucker and Heath 1994, Madge&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020). The species is migratory, with all breeding areas vacated from late August onwards. The two races differ somewhat in their migration routes and winter ranges, although a certain amount of intermingling takes place at passage stopovers.<em> E. c. cineracea</em> winters in Sudan, Eritrea and southern Saudi Arabia while <em>E. c. semenowi </em>is thought to winter in south-west Arabia (Madge&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Changes in grazing pressure by sheep and goats could affect the population size. High grazing pressure could result in the trampling of nests, whereas too little grazing could reduce the area of open feeding sites (Albayrak <em>et al.</em> 2003). Remaining habitat in western Turkey is being developed rapidly for tourism (Tucker and Heath 1994). Suitable habitats in south-east Turkey have been flooded by dam construction, resulting both in direct habitat loss and the relocation of displaced villagers to new, currently unpopulated areas (Albayrak <em>et al.</em> 2003).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. The species is legally protected under Greek and Turkish law (Albayrak <em>et al.</em> 2003). One of the breeding sites on Lesbos is partially protected as a Natural Monument and Wildlife Refuge (Albayrak <em>et al.</em> 2003). An International Action Plan was published in 2003 (Albayrak <em>et al.</em> 2003). The species's potential winter distribution has been modelled using GIS-based techniques (Walther <em>et al.</em> 2004). <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Develop a species action plan. Develop a monitoring programme to assess population trends. Develop a research programme to determine habitat distribution, migration routes and wintering areas. Promote national and international policies and legislation which favour long-term conservation of the species and its habitat. Assess threats to the species and develop appropriate responses.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,EMBERIZIDAE,Emberiza,cirlus,,Emberiza cirlus,"Linnaeus, 1766",0,Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 4% over the past ten years. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The majority of this species' global population can be found in Europe, mainly in the southern half of the region. In Europe, this species breeds largely in Spain, but also notably in Greece, Italy, France and Portugal.","The European breeding population is estimated at 2,450,000–4,580,000 pairs, which equates to 4,910,000–9,150,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 2,340,000–4,290,000 pairs, which equates to 4,690,000–8,580,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The breeding habitat of this species is characterised by bushes and small woodlands, surrounded by open landscape up to 1,500 m asl. It also occupies forest edges and orchards. The highest densities are reached in small-scale heterogeneous, extensively managed farmland in a sunny climate.<br/><br/>The breeding season is between mid-April and early-September. The nest  is usually built in shrubs and occasionally in trees. The clutch,  usually two to five eggs, is incubated by the female. The chicks hatch  after 12–13 days. They are raised by both parents and leave the nest  after 11–13 days (Copete 2016).<br/><br/>During the breeding season the species  mainly takes a wide variety of small invertebrates, but during the rest  of the year it mainly feeds on seeds of herbs and grasses (Copete 2016).<br/>In the northern part of its range, the species is partially migratory. In the southern part it is sedentary showing short distance, often altitudinal, movements. In winter, it requires fallow fields or stubble fields with weeds (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997, Brambilla<em> et al.</em> 2008, Copete 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Past declines in the species' population were related to habitat changes, as a result of intensification and scale enlargement of farming practices and forestation. Intensive research into the causes of the decline of the small British population of the species in the past revealed a complex of factors affecting the population: loss of winter food due to the shift from spring- to winter-sown crops, the general loss of arable cropping in grass-dominated landscapes; the loss of large insect food for chicks in the breeding season due to the intensification of grassland management; and the loss of suitable nest sites due to the removal of hedges and unsympathetic management of those that remained (Evans 1997, Evans<em> et al. </em>1997). High input of herbicides results in the reduction of food availability for the species (Bradbury <em>et al. </em>2008).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is on the British list of Birds of Conservation Concern (Eaton <em>et al.</em> 2009). It is classified as Near Threatened on the Swiss Red List (Keller 2010). The small population in south-west England has recovered as a result of successful conservation efforts, such as agri-environment schemes targeted at the species by providing food-rich habitats in farmland (Peach <em>et al.</em> 2001, MacDonald <em>et al.</em> 2012). <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Implement agri-environment schemes, with measures targeted at the species in areas where its numbers are declining.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H., Wright, L & van Kleunen, A.","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,EMBERIZIDAE,Emberiza,citrinella,,Emberiza citrinella,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by less than 25% in 10 years. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in most of Europe, notably in Poland, Russia, Czechia, Ukraine, Belarus and Germany.","The European breeding population is estimated at 19,500,000–27,000,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 39,000,000–54,000,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 13,700,000–18,900,000 pairs, which equates to 27,400,000–37,700,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This is a characteristic species of the transition zone between woodland and open country, such as (extensively managed) farmland with hedges, forest clearings, young plantations, scrubs, heath and natural grasslands. The species can occur op to 2,100 m asl. During winter, it gathers in flocks, often in farmland on stubble fields or other weedy habitats (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997, Copete 2016).<br/><br/>Normally the breeding season starts in April and late broods may even be started in September. The nest is built by the female. It is placed on the ground, often in field boundaries or ditches, well hidden among the vegetation, or in hedges or isolated bushes. The clutch, usually three to five eggs, is normally incubated by the female alone. The chicks hatch after 12–14 days. They are brooded by the female, the male delivering food. The nestling period is 11–13 days (Bradbury<em> et al. </em>2000, Copete 2016).<br/><br/>The species mainly takes seeds and other plant materials from a variety of tree, herb and grass species. During the breeding season it shifts to invertebrates, which it feeds to nestlings (Copete 2016).<br/><br/>The species is completely migratory in the northern part of its breeding  range; elsewhere it is partially migratory or sedentary.<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The population is suspected to be in decline owing to a reduction in cultivation of cereal crops and the intensification of farmland management. Agricultural efficiency measures such as removal of hedgerows, filling or clearing of ditches and grazing or ploughing right up to the field edge are likely to have adversely affected the species (Bradbury <em>et al.</em> 2000, BirdLife International 2015). Furthermore the species suffers indirectly from the use of insecticides and herbicides, as these reduce the abundance of arthropods and the availability of weedy patches rich in seeds (Perkins <em>et al.</em> 2002, Morris 2005, Hart <em>et al.</em> 2006). The species interbreeds with <em>Emberiza leucocephalos</em> in the contact zone of both species in the most western part of its range. According to Panov <em>et al.</em> (2003) the hybridisation process will intensify in the contact zone of both species as they are very similar in behaviour and habitat choice. The long-term impact of this process is unclear (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997, Copete 2016, BirdLife 2015).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Implement agro-environmental schemes that effectively support beneficial management of field margin habitats and retention of winter-feeding sites (set-aside fields, manure heaps) such as stubbles (Bradbury <em>et al</em>. 2000, Perkins <em>et al</em>. 2002, Whittingham <em>et al</em>. 2005, Orlowksi <em>et al</em>. 2014). Ban or minimise the application of insecticides and herbicides. In particular minimise the applications of persistent broad-spectrum insecticides from March to June, or provide alternative unsprayed foraging habitat. Advice on mitigating indirect effects of pesticides should be given to advisers and users (Morris <em>et al</em>. 2005).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H., Wright, L & van Kleunen, A.","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,EMBERIZIDAE,Emberiza,hortulana,,Emberiza hortulana,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,NT,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population appears to be undergoing a moderately rapid decline, which approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). Therefore, the species as Near Threatened (NT) in the EU28. The wider European population also undergoing a decline, there is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and hence the category remains unchanged.","In Europe the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 21% (best estimate) in 10 years, and in the EU28 the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 19-37% with a best estimate of 27% over the same period. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds largely in Russia, and also notably in Romania, Turkey and Spain.","The European breeding population is estimated at 36,100,00–5,630,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 7,220,000–11,300,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 1,030,000–1,750,000 pairs, which equates to 2,060,000–3,500,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see&#160;the Supplementary Information.","This species utilises a variety of breeding habitats, preferably situated in areas with a continental climate (many hours of sunshine and low rainfall). In the northern part of its range it occurs mainly on cultivated land, preferring low-intensity, mixed farmland on light soils, with sparsely vegetated spots and scattered or lines of trees or bushes. In forested areas of Fenno-Scandinavia and Russia, it occupies forest margins, clearings and clear fells. In the southern areas of its breeding range it occurs in rugged open mountainous areas with some shrubs up to 2,400 m asl (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997, Madge 2016, BirdLife International 2015).<br/><br/>The species arrives in the breeding areas from its wintering grounds in Africa from April. Eggs are laid from mid-April until early June. The species is mostly monogamous and pair-bonds last for one season. The nest is built by the female, often on the ground in a field of growing crops. The clutch consists of four or five eggs. The chicks hatch after 11–12 days, are tended by both parents and leave the nest after another 12–13 days. <br/><br/>During the breeding season the species mainly feeds on small invertebrates such as ants, beetles and grasshoppers, both on the ground and in bushes or the canopy of trees. Outside the breeding season it mainly forages on seeds (Madge 2016).<br/><br/>Autumn migration usually takes place from mid-August to mid-September (Madge 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The main pressure affecting populations of the species in Europe is the replacement of small-scale mixed farming by large-scale agricultural intensification, including the use of insecticides and herbicides. Ongoing conversion of relatively extensively used habitat to crop fields for biofuel is another issue. Other threats include isolation of the remaining populations (increased risk of extinction) as a consequence of habitat fragmentation as well as hunting and trapping of the species during migration (Hagemeijer &amp; Blair 1997, Bernardy 2009).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex I. The species is classified as Critically Endangered in the Red Data Book in the Netherlands (Hustings <em>et al</em>. 2004) and Switzerland (Keller 2010) and as Vulnerable in France (UICN France, MNHN, LPO, SEOF &amp; ONCFS 2011). In Germany, Switzerland and Austria small-scale habitat restoration measures have been undertaken (Bernardy 2009).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Implement measures directed to the conservation/establishment of extensively used farmland areas outside protected areas. Compose an international species action plan including protection during migration and on wintering areas. Establish a ban on hunting and trapping of the species. Evaluate effectiveness of conservation measures (Bernardy 2009).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H., Wright, L & van Kleunen, A.","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,EMBERIZIDAE,Emberiza,leucocephalos,,Emberiza leucocephalos,"Gmelin, 1771",0,No,RE,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Regionally Extinct (RE)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>There is no evidence of this species breeding in Europe over the last couple of decades. The population size is estimated to have declined by 100% before the ten-year period. Therefore, the European breeding population is considered to be Regionally Extinct (RE).<br/><br/>This species is considered an irregular / vagrant in winter in the EU28 and is therefore considered Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to have declined by 100% before the ten year period and this species is now considered extinct in the region. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species has a predominantly Asian breeding distribution. This used to extend into European Russia, but no evidence of breeding has been recorded in this region in the past decades, with the species appearing to experience an eastward range shift (Keller <em>et al.</em>&#160;2020).","There is no evidence of this species breeding in Europe over the last couple of decades, and therefore the European breeding population is considered to be extinct. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species prefers forest edges, thinned out coniferous or mixed forests, forest-fragments and forest clearings as result of logging or fire (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997, Copete 2020). Its wintering grounds are situated outside Europe, although it is sometimes irregularly recorded outside of the breeding season in the Camargue in France and Toscana in Italy. In Toscana, in Italy it favours flat or gently undulating coastal dunes with herbs and shrubs and nearby groves of pines and in the Camargue, France it  winters in old sand dunes with shrub and tree cover that occur as islands in cultivated fields (Occhiato 2003).<br/><br/>The species breeds between late-April and the end of July, with most birds starting breeding in May. The nest is built by the female in vegetation on the ground. The clutch, usually four or five eggs, is incubated by the female and chicks hatch after 13 days. Nestlings are fed by both parents, and they are fully fledged after 10–13 days (Copete 2020).<br/><br/>During the breeding season, the species mainly feeds on small invertebrates, such as grasshoppers, bugs, beetles, caterpillars, flies, spiders and snails. Outside the breeding season it mainly forages on seeds of cereals, grasses and herbs (Copete 2020).<br/>The species is migratory; leaving its breeding grounds in August and September and returning in late-March and April.<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Generally there is no evidence for substantial threats (BirdLife 2015). The species interbreeds with <em>Emberiza citrinella</em> in the contact zone of both species in the most western part of its range. According to Panov <em>et al.</em> (2003) the hybridisation process will intensify in the contact zone of both species, as they are very similar in behaviour and habitat choice. The long-term impact of this process is unclear (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997, Copete 2020, BirdLife 2015).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H., Wright, L & van Kleunen, A.","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,EMBERIZIDAE,Emberiza,melanocephala,,Emberiza melanocephala,"Scopoli, 1769",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds primarily in Turkey, with smaller populations in other countries in southeastern Europe.","The European breeding population is suspected at 2,470,000–8,940,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 4,940,000–17,900,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 280,000–561,000 pairs, which equates to 561,000–1,130,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in open rather dry terrain with scattered trees, shrubs and hedges. It favours low-intensity farmland with cornfields or vineyards or olive groves, but also more natural habitats such as mountain slopes with scrub vegetation. It can occur up to 2,100 m asl (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997, Copete 2016).<br/><br/>The species returns to the breeding grounds in May and starts nesting from mid-May with a peak in June. The nest, built by the female, is placed in shrubs. The clutch, usually four to five eggs, is incubated by the female. The chicks hatch after 13–14 days. The nestling period is 14–16 days. The young birds stay near the nest for another three to four days, before they disperse. The species leaves the breeding grounds in late June to early August (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997, Copete 2016).<br/><br/>During the breeding season they mainly feed on invertebrates and to a lesser extent on seeds and other plant materials (Copete 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The population underwent a strong decline in Europe between 1970 and 1990 (BirdLife International 2004). The trend 1990–2011 is uncertain (BirdLife International 2015). It is likely that the long-term decline is related to the intensification of farming practices: scale-enlargement (destruction of hedgerows and shrubs), heavy pesticide use and changes in land-use: replacement of olive groves by maize fields and cornfields by commercial fruit-growing (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is classified as Near Threatened in the Italian Red List Data Book (Peronace 2011).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Maintain crop mosaic farmland in the species's breeding areas (Brambilla 2015).,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H., Wright, L & van Kleunen, A.","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,EMBERIZIDAE,Emberiza,pallasi,,Emberiza pallasi,"(Cabanis, 1851)",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, although this species has a restricted range, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small to large, and is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>This species is considered vagrant in the EU28 and is assessed as Not Applicable (NA) for this region.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species only breeds in Russia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 10,000–17,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 20,000–34,000 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In its European breeding range this species inhabits zonal dwarf birch tundra in watersheds and on mountain slopes. In the polar Urals it occurs up to 300 m asl. It normally occurs in drier and cooler regions than those favoured by <em>Emberiza schoeniclus.</em> Wintering grounds are situated outside Europe, mainly in China and Korea (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997, Copete 2016).<br/><br/>Breeding takes place in June and July. The nest is placed on the ground or low in a bush. The clutch, usually three to five eggs, is incubated by the female. The incubation period is 11 days; nestlings are fed by both parents and leave the nest after 11 days.<br/><br/>During the breeding season the species is reported to take seeds, beetles, caterpillars and also berries (Copete 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The population is suspected to be stable (BirdLife International 2015). Hunting of bunting flocks for food in its Chinese wintering range may be a threat to the species.  The melting of glaciers as a consequence of global warming may have adverse effects on the species' breeding habitat in the future (Copete 2016).,"<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Study the pressures in its wintering range, in particular the impact of trapping and hunting on the whole population.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H., Wright, L & van Kleunen, A.","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,EMBERIZIDAE,Emberiza,pusilla,,Emberiza pusilla,"Pallas, 1776",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see&#160;the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds almost entirely in Russia, with smaller populations in Finland and Sweden and a very small population also present in Norway.","The European breeding population is estimated at 2,510,000–3,540,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 5,020,000–7,070,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 12,600–33,200 pairs, which equates to 25,300–66,400 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in the northern taiga and tundra zone. It prefers moist, shrubby terrain and forests with dwarf birch and willow (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997, Copete 2016).<br/><br/>The breeding season of this northern, migratory species is relatively late and starts in June. Some pairs are still nesting in August when autumn migration to the Asian wintering grounds has already started. The nest is built by the female, on the ground hidden under grassy vegetation. The clutch, usually four to six eggs are incubated by both sexes and hatch after 11–12 days. The chicks are raised by both parents and are fully fledged after 14–17 days (Copete 2016).<br/><br/>The species feeds both on seeds and a variety of small invertebrate prey. Outside the breeding season it feeds predominantly on seeds (Copete 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",BirdLife (2015) reports habitat shifting and alteration as a consequence of climate change as a future pressure for this species.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H., Wright, L & van Kleunen, A.","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,EMBERIZIDAE,Emberiza,rustica,,Emberiza rustica,"Pallas, 1776",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is suspected to have decreased by 11-18% with a best estimate of 14% in the past 10 years. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds mainly in Russia, and also notably in Finland and Sweden, with a small population also present in Norway.","The European breeding&#160;population is estimated at 417,000–819,000 pairs, which equates to 834,000–1,640,000 mature individuals. The&#160;breeding&#160;population in the EU28 is estimated at 167,000–319,000 pairs, which equates to 334,000–638,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In the Scandinavian part of its range, this species prefers mires dominated by spruce and birch and an undergrowth of shrubs and grasses. It also inhabits damp coniferous forests and birch dominated heaths interspersed with juniper. It may benefit from the construction of dams by beavers (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997, Copete <em>et al.</em> 2020, Dale and Hansen 2013).<br/><br/>The breeding season starts late, ends May to early June. The nest is usually placed on the ground, often near water, among grassy vegetation. Occasionally it is built in a low tree. The clutch, usually four to six eggs, is incubated by both the male and female. The chicks hatch after 11–13 days. They are fed by both parents and leave the nest after 7–10 days. Then they are fed by the parents for another 15 days before they are able to fly.<br/><br/>During the breeding season it mostly feeds on seeds and a wide variety of invertebrate species (Copete <em>et al.</em> 2020).<br/><br/>The species is migratory; they leave the breeding grounds between late July and mid-September to travel to the wintering grounds in Asia.<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The numbers of this species have declined in the Scandinavian part of its range since 1980. This decline is associated with forest logging and draining of swamps, leading to habitat degradation or even destruction. However, the habitat of the species in Norway where it has also declined has remained rather unchanged (Dale and Hansen 2013). It is suggested that habitat destruction and hunting and trapping, taking place in the east Asian wintering grounds, may be the cause of the species' decline in Norway.",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Conduct research into the causes of the species decline in its breeding area and in particular its non-breeding area.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H., Wright, L & van Kleunen, A.","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,EMBERIZIDAE,Emberiza,schoeniclus,,Emberiza schoeniclus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 5% (best estimate) in 10 years, and in the EU28 the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 13% (best estimate) over the same period. For details of national estimates, see&#160;the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds largely in Russia, and also notably in Belarus, Poland, Sweden and Norway.","The European breeding population is estimated at 4,750,000–8,320,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 9,500,000–16,700,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 1,780,000–2,880,000 pairs, which equates to 3,570,000–5,760,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Generally this species inhabits marshy areas with dense low vegetation types in (small) wetlands, such as fens, bogs, reed marshes, riversides and other inland waters. In Siberia, it breeds in willow thickets in floodplains. In some regions the species has colonised drier habitats such as young woodland and farmland (maize, cereals and oil-seed rape fields) (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997, Copete 2016). Oil-seed rape fields have even become the most important breeding habitat for the species in lowland Britain (Gruar <em>et al.</em> 2006).<br/><br/>The breeding season starts in early April and ends in August, depending on latitude and altitude. The species is mostly monogamous. The nest is built by the female, mostly on the ground, but sometimes in shrubs. The clutch, usually four or five eggs is incubated by both sexes. The chicks hatch after 12–15 days. They are fed by both parents and leave the nest after 9–12 days.<br/><br/>The diet consists mainly of invertebrates during the breeding season and mainly seeds and other plant material at other times of the year.<br/><br/>The species is partly migratory, in particular the northern and western European breeding birds, depending on the mean winter temperature. During the winter the species is also found in open fields, agricultural areas and woodland clearings (Copete 2016). Nowadays, in Central Europe it favours fallow and stubble fields overgrown with <em>Chenopodium album</em> and <em>Amaranthus retroflexus</em> forming important winter food sources for the species (Orlowki and Czarnecka 2007).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Agricultural intensification is considered the main cause of the decline of the species in Europe and especially the endangered subspecies <em>E. s. witherbyi </em>and <em>E. s. lusitanica</em> (Vera <em>et al.</em> 2014). In particular the availability of winter food in farmland has declined as a consequence of crop change and the use of herbicides, resulting in the disappearance of weed-rich stubbles, and the use of advanced technologies reducing the amount of spilled grain (Peach <em>et al</em>. 1999, Orlowki and Czarnecka 2007). In addition, the destruction of wetlands and unfavourable management (e.g. intensive reed cutting) is another important threat to the species, including the endangered subspecies <em>E. s. witherbyi </em>and <em>E. s. lusitanica</em> (Vera <em>et al.</em> 2014).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The Mediterranean subspecies (<em>E. s. witherbyi</em>) and the north-western Iberian subspecies (<em>E. s. lusitanica</em>) are classified as Endangered in the Spanish Red List (Atienza &amp; Copete 2014). The species has been moved from the Red to the Amber list of Birds of Conservation Concern in Britain (Eaton <em>et al.</em> 2009).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Implement marsh bird-friendly management of wetlands, for example avoid complete mowing or burning of older reed beds (Pasinelli and Schiegg 2012, Vera <em>et al. </em>2014). Wintering habitat should be improved by preserving stubble fields. In addition, the presence of heavily overgrown root crop and vegetable stubbles should be allowed to ensure the spontaneous regeneration of plant cover on fallows. These objectives should be promoted as part of agri-environmental schemes or within set-aside land options (Orlowski and Czarnecka 2007).<br/><br/>Special attention should be paid to safeguard the small remaining populations of the endangered subspecies<em> E. s. witherbyi </em>and <em>E. s. lusitanica</em> by conducting annual censuses of the subspecies' population numbers, protecting all wetlands where it still occurs and conducting research on its taxonomy and ecology, in particular the species habitat requirements and pressures limiting the population. Other measures include compiling a national subspecies action plan; promoting extensive agricultural practices in areas surrounding the species' habitat in particular with regard to the use of insecticides; and maintaining fallow and stubble fields near its breeding areas as wintering feeding habitat (Atienza and Copete 2014).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H., Wright, L & van Kleunen, A.","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,ALAUDIDAE,Eremophila,alpestris,,Eremophila alpestris,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,NT,C1,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160; approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is small (potentially &lt;10,000 but &gt;1,000 mature individuals) and declining at a rate which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion C. However, as the declines is only suspected, the species is classified as Near Threatened (NT). There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the EU28, therefore the final category is unchanged.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. In the EU28, the population size is suspected to be decreasing between 8-18% with a best estimate of 13% in 10 years. These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","In Europe, this species breeds almost entirely in Turkey, with very small populations scattered across other countries in southeastern, eastern and northern Europe.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 2,060,000–6,110,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 4,130,000–12,300,000 mature individuals. The population in the EU28 is estimated at 3,100–6,700 pairs, which equates to 6,300–13,300 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is the only lark to have successfully colonized tundra and alpine habitats. Throughout its range it prefers mainly barren terrain with very short vegetation. In Eurasia, it breeds mainly in arctic tundra, dry stony patches in lichen tundra, barren steppes and arctic-alpine zones.  Also, it occupies open coasts and dunes in the non-breeding season.  In Western Europe, migrants of race <em>flava </em>are largely confined to open coastal habitats around the North Sea in winter.<br/><br/>In Eurasia, it breeds from late May to mid-July in Scandinavia, but from mid-June in arctic Russia. The female builds the nest in an excavated cavity or natural depression on the ground, which is filled with woven plant material, lined with feathers or other fine material and has stones, bark, clods of earth, animal dung and other materials placed around it. It is usually positioned in such a way as to reduce wind flow across it to as little as a tenth of ambient wind speed and to maximize shade. Clutches can be from one to eight eggs but generally two to five, although clutch size increases with latitude.<br/><br/>It feeds on a wide range of invertebrates in summer and plant material in winter and nestlings are fed almost entirely with invertebrates.<br/><br/>The species is migratory or partially migratory in the north and mostly resident or an altitudinal migrant in the south. Across the Holarctic Region, races in the far north are wholly migratory, with much or all of breeding range abandoned in winter (Donald and de Juana 2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In Europe, drastic declines noted since 1950s in northern Fennoscandia, especially Finland, which were believed to be possibly due to overgrazing of lichen by reindeer (<em>Rangifer tarandus</em>) (Donald and de Juana 2014).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are no known current conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Ensure careful management and protection of breeding sites, in particular from overgrazing as well as the protection of wintering sites. Research into the species' ecology and habitats should be undertaken to help inform future conservation management.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MUSCICAPIDAE,Erithacus,rubecula,,Erithacus rubecula,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","<em>Erithacus rubecula</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) was split into <em>E. rubecula</em> and <em>E. superbus</em> following Bergmann and Schottler (2001), but this treatment has not been adopted by the BirdLife Taxonomic Working because it considers the levels of morphological and vocal differentiation to be small.  <p></p>",Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is widespread across Europe, which holds a large proportion of this species' global breeding population. Within the region, it breeds notably in Russia, the United Kingdom, Spain, France, Sweden and Germany.","The European breeding population is estimated at 39,000,000–58,000,000 pairs, which equates to 78,000,000–116,000,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 54,500,000–84,000,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 109,000,000–168,000,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is found in forest undergrowth and edge, preferring conifer tracts in some parts of its range and deciduous woodland in others. It uses copses and adjacent open land, farmland woodlots, thickets along watercourses, hedgerows with some tall trees, orchards, gardens and parks and is also found in urban areas in parts of Europe. It requires cool shade, medium-height cover with perches, and patches of bare ground.<br/><br/>Breeding occurs from mid-March to August, however timing varies with population across Europe. The nest is a cup of moss, grass, leaves and twigs and lined with fine grass and hair. It is placed on a bulky mat of leaves and is always sited in a recess, usually in low undergrowth, a hedge, grass bank, wall, rock face, tree cavity, tree roots or a nest box. Typically, this species lays four to seven eggs.<br/><br/>The diet is mainly invertebrates, fruits and seeds, but it will also take very small vertebrates, carrion, left-overs and bird table foods.<br/><br/>Migration in this species is poorly understood, but in general it is thought eastern populations are migratory while more western populations are resident or partially migratory (Collar 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is subject to hunting for food around the Mediterranean basin (Collar 2015). Population fluctuations are normally driven by severe, hard winters (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,CHARADRIIDAE,Eudromias,morinellus,,Eudromias morinellus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28,this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is small, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds mainly in Norway, Russia and Sweden, and also notably in Finland.","The European breeding population is estimated at 10,500–21,600&#160;males, which equates to&#160;21,100–43,100 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 3,700–7,800 males, which equates to&#160;7,500–15,600 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds on flat open uplands, on mountain ridges and plateaux with sparse vegetation, and on coastal and inland Arctic tundra of moss, short grass or lichen and bare patches of rock (Hayman<em> et al.</em> 1986, Wiersma and Kirwan 2013). On passage the species stages in exposed areas with short vegetation, such as heathlands and fallow or ploughed fields, and during the winter its habitats include stony and shrubby steppe, semi-desert, ploughed farmland and the margins of cultivation. Its wintering grounds are less well known, but include stony steppe, ploughed farmlands, semi-desert, including marginal cultivation and shrubby steppe (Wiersma and Kirwan 2013).<br/><br/>The species breeds from May to August (Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986) in solitary well-dispersed pairs (Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986, Wiersma and Kirwan 2013). The nest is a shallow scrape on bare ground or in short vegetation. The species is a solitary nester but where suitable habitat is restricted it may also breed in loose groups of two to five.<br/><br/>Its diet consists of insects (e.g. beetles, adult and larval Diptera, larval Lepidoptera, grasshoppers, crickets, earwigs and ants), spiders, snails and earthworms, as well as plant matter such as leaves, seeds, berries and flowers.<br/><br/>This species is fully migratory and travels non-stop on a broad front across Europe, staging first at a number of traditional sites (Wiersma and Kirwan 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Predicted climate change now presents a potentially catastrophic threat to the species, as this and many other boreal land birds are wholly dependent on the ecological conditions currently prevailing in northern Eurasia. The cause of recent declines in Europe might be heavy persecution in North Africa; amelioration of climate in breeding area may also be a significant factor. The species has appeared incapable of truly colonizing northern England as a breeding bird, despite availability of seemingly suitable habitat, presumably due to number of sheep, degree of recreational use and increasing acidification of soils. Wintering populations poorly known. Numbers declined in Britain in the late 19th century due to hunting and egg-collecting (Wiersma and Kirwan 2013).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II.  EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are no known current conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Research into the species's ecology, biology and habitat requirements should be undertaken and monitoring of species's trends to inform conservation measures. Identify important areas and ensure protection from habitat destruction and degradation as well as disturbance. Legislation to protect the species from persecution should be developed and enforced.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Martin, R., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,FALCONIFORMES,FALCONIDAE,Falco,biarmicus,,Falco biarmicus,"Temminck, 1825",0,No,NT,D1,No,EN,C1,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Endangered (EN)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size trend is not known, and therefore the population size reduction criterion (criterion A) and the population size criterion (criterion C) cannot be applied. The population size is small, approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion D, and&#160;is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A).&#160; The population size is very small, and, combined with the rapid decline, also meets the thresholds for Endangered (EN) under the population size criterion C. It is therefore assessed as such in the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. In the EU28, the population size is suspected to have declined by 36% (best estimate) in 15 years (three generations) and by 25% (best estimate) in two generations.&#160;These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","In Europe, this species breeds mainly in Turkey but also notably in Italy, Azerbaijan and Greece.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 420-820 pairs, which equates to 840-1,700 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is suspected to be 140-170 pairs, which equates to 280-330 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species typically frequents open dry grassland and steppe and requires large areas of stony, bare or dry grassland for hunting and cliffs for nesting. In the northern Apennines where the mountainous habitat is largely forested, the species occurs in areas comprising at least 50% open landscapes. Coastal areas are generally avoided, with most pairs holding inland territories 200–600 m above sea-level, and in Sicily more frequently approaching 1,000 m (Tucker and Heath 1994).<br/><br/>Eggs are laid between February and May. It frequently nests on the old structures of corvids, other raptors or herons, usually in trees or on electricity pylons. Alternatively it uses scrapes on cliffs, the ground, quarries or buildings. Clutch size is usually three or four eggs (Kemp 1994). The diet is mostly small to medium-sized birds as well as some small mammals, reptiles and large insects (Tucker and Heath 1994). It will hunt by fast aerial pursuit from a stoop or horizontal chase, often around a water-hole and often with a pair combining in attack (Kemp 1994). Birds are usually recorded singly or in pairs, but are known to gather in groups of up to 20 at concentrated feeding sites (Kemp 1994, Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). Most birds are resident and migration is only recorded outside of Europe (Kemp 1994).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In the mid-20<sup>th</sup> century the species underwent severe declines in Europe, driven by poisoning, shooting and trapping for falconry (Kemp 1994). These threats have subsided, though persecution and the collection of eggs and chicks for falconry still probably constitute the most serious threats to the species. In Italy it is still threatened by illegal shooting (Snow and Perrins 1998, Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001) and in other countries where Skylarks (<em>Alauda arvensis</em>) are hunted (Gustin <em>et al.</em> 2000). It is also vulnerable to the effects of potential wind energy development (Strix 2012). Habitat loss through urbanisation, modification of agricultural practices, construction of roads, open-cast mining, agricultural expansion into steppe and grasslands and afforestation has caused a reduction in hunting areas and prey species.  It also suffers from human disturbance, such as rock-climbers, pesticides, electrical powerlines and interspecific competition with Peregrine Falcon (<em>Falco peregrinus</em>) (Gustin <em>et al. </em>2000).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. CITES Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. An international Species Action Plan was published in 2000. The species is protected by national legislation in Albania, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Serbia and Turkey and appears in the Red Books of Albania (DD), Italy (EN), Turkey and the Red Data book of the former Yugoslavia (Gustin <em>et al.</em> 2000). <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Habitat protection should be ensured through the promotion of appropriate agricultural and forestry policies, including reduction of pesticides, protection of steppe and grassland habitat, and the promotion of zoned forestry management. Legal protection of key sites, especially breeding sites (e.g. designation of IBAs as SPAs in CEE countries) is also required. Wardening schemes to combat theft of eggs and chicks, and illegal shooting of adults should be promoted as should reductions in human disturbance at breeding sites (e.g. climbing, quarrying and building work). National action plans for the species should be developed as should research studies, especially in areas where data on breeding seasons and population sizes and trends are unknown (Gustin <em>et al.</em> 2000).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,FALCONIFORMES,FALCONIDAE,Falco,cherrug,,Falco cherrug,"Gray, 1834",0,No,EN,C1,No,EN,C2a(ii),EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Endangered (EN)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The population size is small, and, combined with the rapid decline, also meets the thresholds for Endangered (EN) under the population size criterion C. It is therefore assessed as such in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The population size is very small, and, combined with the continuing decline, also meets the thresholds for Endangered (EN) under the population size criterion C. It is therefore assessed as such in the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 48% in 17 years (three generations) and by 32% in two generations. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 15% over the same period.&#160;&#160;These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","The species breeds mainly in central and south-east Europe, which holds only a tiny proportion of its global breeding population.&#160;In Europe, this species breeds mainly in Ukraine and Hungary, and also notably in Austria, Slovakia and Russia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 430-630 pairs, which equates to 860-1,300 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 210-310 pairs, which equates to 430-620 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","It is physically adapted to hunting close to the ground in open terrain, combining rapid acceleration with high manoeuvrability, thus specialising on mid-sized diurnal terrestrial rodents of open grassy landscapes such as steppes and arid montane areas; in some areas, particularly near water, it switches to birds as key prey, and has recently substituted domestic pigeons (<em>Columba livia</em>) for rodents in parts of Europe. It uses copses or cliffs for nest sites (sometimes even the ground), occupying the old nests of other birds. Clutch size varies from two to six, with means from 3.2-3.9 in different circumstances. Breeding success varies with year (especially in areas where rodents cycle) (Baumgart 1991, Snow and Perrins 1998). The species usually occurs singly or in pairs (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). Birds are sedentary, part-migratory or fully migratory, largely depending on the extent to which the food supply in breeding areas disappears in winter (Baumgart 1991, Snow and Perrins 1998). Migrating central European adults travel as far as the Mediterranean. Juveniles are mainly migratory with central and eastern European birds wandering from the Balkans to Turkmenistan, Egypt and north-west India (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). Migrating birds generally leave their breeding grounds in September and October, returning between February and May (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1994).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In Europe, this species has suffered mainly from the loss and degradation of steppes and dry grasslands through agricultural intensification, plantation establishment and declines in sheep pastoralism, causing a decline in key prey species; offtake for falconry is a serious problem, which has caused local extinctions (Baumgart 1991, 1994, K. Ruskov i<em>n litt. </em>2007). In eastern Hungary, landscape reversion following the abandonment of agriculture could have a negative influence, as most prey species require short swards that are maintained by agricultural practices (S. Nagy <em>in litt. </em>2007). Elsewhere, declines are mainly attributable to offtake for falconry, although persecution, pesticide use and agrochemical deployment play a lesser part (Baumgart 1991, Riddle and Remple 1994, Barton 2000, Eastham <em>et al.</em> 2000, Fox 2002, Haines 2002, ERWDA 2003). Hybridisation with escaped or released hybrid falcons could influence the genetic integrity of wild populations (S. Nagy <em>in litt.</em> 2007, Nittinger <em>et al.</em> 2007).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>This is a protected and Red-listed species in many range states, particularly in the western parts of its range (Baumgart 1991, 1994). It is listed on CMS Appendix I and II (as of November 2011, and excluding the Mongolian population) and CITES Appendix II, and in 2002 CITES imposed a trade ban on U.A.E., strongly affecting the unregulated market there (Fox 2002). It occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. Intensive wardening and management has produced a steadily rising population in Hungary (Baumgart 1994). Controls of illegal trade were implemented in various countries in western range in the 1990s (Baumgart 1994). Captive breeding has developed strongly in some countries as a means of substituting farmed for wild-caught birds (Riddle and Remple 1994, N. Fox <em>in litt. </em>2002). New research programmes in many parts of the range have begun to establish baseline data on distribution, population, ecology and threats. As a product of the resolution resulting from CMS COP10 in November 2011, a Saker Falcon Task Force was established and met for the first time in March 2012 in Abu Dhabi (U.A.E.). The task force has the objective of involving range states, partners and interested parties in the development of a coordinated Global Action Plan for the species's conservation, including a management and monitoring framework. Conservation efforts in Europe have resulted in positive population trends (A. Dixon <em>in litt.</em> 2012).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Maintain or implement programmes of population and habitat management throughout the range. Maintain or improve systems of wardening and customs control (including DNA sampling to check provenance of traded birds). Continue key biological research (Baumgart 1991, 1994). Enforce CITES regulations. Improve exportation standards including meeting IATA transportation specifications. Improve import regulations, staff capacity and practices (quarantine facilities). Monitor markets to quantify falcon trade. Develop existing microchipping schemes to help monitor and regulate trade and quantify its effects. Increase awareness of health and conservation issues among falconers. Continue studying, monitoring and censusing the species throughout its range. Maintain ecologically and socially sustainable grazing systems to ensure long-term survival of key prey species. Bring greater protection (against conversion, degradation and pollution) to key breeding environments (Baumgart 1991, Bailey <em>et al.</em> 2001, Fox 2002, ERWDA 2003).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,FALCONIFORMES,FALCONIDAE,Falco,columbarius,,Falco columbarius,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,VU,A2bce,No,VU,A2bc+3bc+4bc,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is suspected to be decreasing by at least 30% over 13 years (three generations), and hence meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Vulnerable (VU A2bc) in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small (&gt;10,000 but &lt;50,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be decreasing by more than 40% over 13 years (three generations), hence meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Vulnerable (VU A2bc+3bc+4bc) in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is decreasing by at least 30% over 13 years (3 generations). In the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be decreasing by more than 40% over 13 years (3 generations). For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia, with significant numbers in Finland, Sweden, Norway, Iceland and the United Kingdom.","The European breeding population is estimated at 20,000–41,700 pairs (40,100–83,400 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 6,700–14,400 pairs (13,400–28,700 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is found in a wide variety of habitats, from sea level up to the tree line in some mountain ranges, from boreal forest and tundra to parkland with deciduous trees, shrub steppe, moorland, open prairies and steppes. It generally prefers areas with some trees or scrubby vegetation. On migration, it inhabits an even broader range of habitats, often along sea coasts.<br/><br/>It breeds from March to June and does not build a nest. Instead, it uses old stick nests of other species especially corvids (<em>Corvus, Pica</em>) in trees but also uses tree cavities, cliff ledges or stick nests on ledges and the ground. Clutches are usually three to six eggs.<br/><br/>It feeds principally on small birds, bats and insects, small rodents and shrews.<br/><br/>The species is migratory except for those populations in Iceland and the British Isles (White <em>et al. </em>2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The use of chlorinated hydrocarbons between the 1960s and 1970s caused some reproductive failure and eggshells in Europe showed 13% thinning. With the banning of these pesticides their impact has fallen as indicated by breeding densities and distributions, migration counts and wintering distributions and numbers. The species also suffers collisions with man-made objects (White<em> et al. </em>2015). Population declines have also been attributed to loss of suitable habitat through overgrazing, insensitive management, and increased tourism disturbing nest sites. Predation by Red Fox (<em>Vulpes vulpes</em>) is also a threat (Mebs and Schmidt 2006).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. CMS Appendix II, CITES Appendix II. The ban of organochlorine pesticides, which were used heavily during the 1960s and 1970s has allowed this species to recover in some areas (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Action Proposed</strong><br/>Habitat should be protected and restored. As the species often suffers more heavily from pesticide poisoning than other raptors, the use of pesticides should be minimised (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,FALCONIFORMES,FALCONIDAE,Falco,eleonorae,,Falco eleonorae,"Géné, 1839",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has a large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2).&#160;The population size is large, (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds principally in Greece, but also notably in Spain and Italy.","The European breeding population is estimated at 14,200-14,500 pairs, which equates to 28,400-28,900 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 14,100-14,400 pairs, which equates to 28,300-28,800 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is fully migratory, leaving its Mediterranean breeding grounds in October and November to winter in Madagascar, East Africa and the Mascarene Islands. The return journey begins in late April and May (Orta and Kirwan 2014). Birds are known to fly as high as 1,000 m during the breeding season (Snow and Perrins 1998). They are generally gregarious (though sometimes solitary), tending to move in small and loose flocks, and on migration often associating with other species flying at high altitudes, including <em>F. subbuteo</em> (Snow and Perrins 1998, Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). They hunt mainly at twilight (Orta and Kirwan 2014). Birds usually breed and stop over on small islands and islets, wintering mainly in open woodland on Madagascar. It feeds on large flying insects and small birds. Birds nest in the holes and ledges of sea cliffs, or on the ground. Clutches are usually two or three eggs (Orta and Kirwan 2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The species has historically suffered from exploitation and persecution brought about by local people. Human disturbance associated with tourism development has also been shown to negatively influence birds’ breeding success (Orta and Kirwan 2014). Predation by rats is also possibly important on some breeding islands (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). The species is vulnerable to the effects of potential wind energy development (Strix 2012).,"<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. CITES Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. In addition the species is protected by national laws in many countries within its range. An International Species Action Plan was published in 1999 (Ristow 1999) and was reviewed in 2010. A national action plan is established in Italy and regional action plans are in place in Spain. Monitoring programmes exist in most countries at a national level and in protected areas in Greece, Spain and Cyprus (Barov and Derhé 2010). Private research on the species has been conducted on an archipelago off Crete for three decades, in collaboration with the University of Heidelberg and the area became an SPA in 1997 (Ristow 1999). An EU LIFE Nature project, ‘Conservation measures for <em>Falco eleonorae</em> in Greece’ was set up in 2003, which met with much success performing the first ever global population census of Eleonora’s falcon, undertaking many public awareness campaigns, and reducing nest predation through rat eradication programmes (Hellenic Ornithological Society 2008).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Effective actions to protect coastal areas should be implemented and&#160; Environmental Impact Assessments conducted on all developments in coastal areas. National and international coastal tourism policies should discourage the development of new resorts and favour environmentally friendly, sustainable tourism. Colonies should be protected by non-intrusion zones. Wintering areas and their ecological requirements and threats should be identified and protection implemented for these and areas of migration habitat. The impacts of rat predation should be investigated. Awareness of the species should be raised and the value of its habitat promoted (Barov and Derhé 2010).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,FALCONIFORMES,FALCONIDAE,Falco,naumanni,,Falco naumanni,"Fleischer, 1818",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be decreasing by 6%, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be decreasing by less than 3%, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe and the EU28 the population size is estimated to be decreasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","<p>In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Spain, Italy and Greece, with small numbers in Azerbaijan, the European part of Russia, Turkey and Portugal.<br/></p>  <br/><em></em><p></p>","The European population is estimated at 32,900-42,600&#160;pairs (65,900-85,200&#160;mature individuals). The population in the EU28 is estimated at 29,000-32,500 pairs (58,000-65,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","It is usually a colonial breeder, often in the vicinity of human settlements. It forages in steppe-like habitats, natural and managed grasslands, and non-intensive cultivation. It is mainly migratory, with most breeders overwintering in sub-Saharan Africa, although some travel to parts of north-west Africa, southern Europe and southern Asia. Migrants leave their breeding grounds in September and return between February and April (Orta and Kirwan 2020). It migrates in flocks of varying sizes, usually tens to low hundreds, often with other falcons such as <em>F. tinnunculus</em>,<em> F. vespertinus</em> and<em> F. amurensis</em> (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). Large numbers, sometimes up to thousands, gather at roosts on migration (Orta and Kirwan 2020). They cross water bodies readily on a broad front, flying high enough to be barely detectable; they fly lower over land (often c.20–30 m), particularly on northward migration (Brown <em>et al.</em> 1982, Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). It breeds colonially and egg-laying occurs mainly in May, nesting mainly in human constructions, such as large old buildings, houses, walls and ruins, in towns or on the outskirts but also uses natural sites, for example rock faces, clay banks and quarries, and occasionally old corvid nests. The nest is placed in a hollow or below eaves, and it has also taken readily to artificial nesting boxes in some areas. Clutches are normally three to six eggs. It feeds mostly on aerial and terrestrial insects. It is a trans-Saharan migrant although some birds winter in southern Europe and northern Africa (Orta and Kirwan 2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The main cause of its decline was habitat loss and degradation in its western Palearctic breeding grounds, primarily a result of agricultural intensification, but also afforestation and urbanisation. The use of pesticides may cause direct mortality, but is probably more important in reducing prey populations. The neglect or restoration of old buildings has resulted in the loss of nest-sites (Davygora 1998, J.-P. Biber <em>in litt.</em> 1999). At La Crau in southern France, where such nest sites are rare, a population increase in the 1990s may be linked to the progressive selection of ground nests in stone piles, reducing interspecific and intraspecific competition (Prugnolle <em>et al.</em> 2003).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CITES Appendix II, CMS Appendix I and II. Research and management of the species, its sites and habitats have been carried out in France, Spain, Portugal, Gibraltar, Italy, Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey, Israel, Jordan and South Africa. A European action plan has been published.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Encourage surveys and monitoring. Research limiting factors and habitat management. Promote national action plans. Promote appropriate agricultural policies, control of pesticides and zoned forestry. Construct artificial nests. Protect colonies. Encourage legal protection.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,FALCONIFORMES,FALCONIDAE,Falco,peregrinus,,Falco peregrinus,"Tunstall, 1771","<em>Falco peregrinus </em>(del Hoyo and Collar 2014) was previously split as <em>F. peregrinus</em> and <em>F. pelegrinoides</em> following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe and the EU28 the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","<p>In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Greenland, Spain, Turkey, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, the European part of Russia and Norway.</p>","The European population is estimated at 14,900-28,800 pairs (32,200-62,100&#160;mature individuals). The population in the EU28 is estimated at 16,100-31,100&#160;pairs (32,200-62,200 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","<p>Birds are highly migratory in the temperate and Arctic parts of its range, moving from Europe to Africa. Those breeding at lower latitudes tend to be resident (White <em>et al.</em> 2013). Migrating birds leave their breeding sites between August and November, and return between March and May (Snow and Perrins 1998). Migrants readily fly over expanses of sea and ocean. Most birds travel singly or in pairs, even on migration (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). It inhabits a wide variety of habitats, tolerating wet and dry, hot and cool climates. Birds make up most of its diet, principally pigeons and doves. Egg-laying occurs from February to March in northern temperate zones and eggs are usually laid in a scrape or depression in a rock face, with no nest being built (White <em>et al.</em> 2013). Clutches are usually three to four eggs (Snow and Perrins 1998).</p><br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Historically, the species was affected by shooting in the U.K., notably during the Second World War (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). Persecution throughout its range was the major threat in the 19<sup>th</sup> and early 20<sup>th</sup> centuries (Snow and Perrins 1998). Severe population declines in the 1960s–1970s were driven by eggshell breakage and mortality of adults and embryos from the hydrocarbon contamination associated with pesticides of that time (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001, White <em>et al.</em> 2013). The species is used extensively in falconry, although the population-level impacts of this are uncertain (White <em>et al.</em> 2013). It is highly vulnerable to the effects of potential wind energy development (Strix 2012).","<p><strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong></p><p>Bern Convention Appendix II. CMS Appendix II. CITES Appendix I. EU Birds Directive Annex I. The tree-nesting population in central and eastern Europe declined from c. 4,000 pairs to extirpation, before restoration efforts in Germany and Poland returned it to c. 20 pairs. Populations recovered following the ban of harmful hydrocarbons in most countries, which appears important to the birds' survival (White <em>et al.</em> 2013). Surveillance of nests and other direct protection measures have been successful in permitting population increases (Tucker and Heath 1994).</p><p><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong></p><p>Significant further efforts are needed to fully restore it across its former range, which included Germany, Poland, Russia, Belarus and the Baltic States (European Peregrine Falcon Working Group <em>in litt.</em> 2007). Most importantly, harmful food-chain pollutants should be eliminated and the release of new potentially damaging chemicals prevented; the ban on organochlorine and other highly toxic pesticides should be enforced. Nest surveillance and other direct protection measures should be continued. Monitoring of breeding populations and exposure to toxic pollutants should also continue (Tucker and Heath 1994).</p>",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,FALCONIFORMES,FALCONIDAE,Falco,rusticolus,,Falco rusticolus,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,EN,C1+2a(i),EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is small (&lt;10,000 but &gt;1,000 mature individuals), but the population trend appears to be stable, hence does not meet the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D) or the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population trend appears to be declining at a rapid rate, which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The population size is very small, and combined with the continuous decline, all within the same (sub)population, meets the thresholds for Endangered (EN) under the population size criterion C. It is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the EU28 and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe the population size is estimated to be stable. In the EU28 the population is estimated to be declining by 46%.&#160; For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","The species is circumpolar, occupying the arctic regions of Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997, White <em>et al</em>. 2013).","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,000-1,800 pairs (2,000-3,500&#160;mature individuals). The population in the EU28 is estimated at 90-130 pairs (180-260 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","<p>The species occupies three basic habitats for breeding, which are maritime, riverine and montane. It is found widely over tundra and taiga and in the winter, migrants moving south often frequent farm and agricultural land, coasts and native steppe habitat. It breeds from March to July and the eggs are laid in an unlined scrape or depression in a cliff ledge, a disused stick nest of another species on cliff, or occasionally a stick nest in tree or on man-made structure. Clutches are usually three or four eggs. It feeds mainly on birds, with mammals making a lesser portion of the diet. The species is mainly sedentary, especially in Iceland and Scandinavia although juveniles are generally more dispersive than adults and move farthest south (White <em>et al. </em>2013).</p><br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","<p>The species is threatened by the collection of eggs and young for the falconry market (Tucker and Heath 1994) with an unknown number collected each year (White <em>et al. </em>2013). Illegal shooting also occurs in some areas such as Norway and Sweden. In parts of Fennoscandia, intensive hunting of grouse (Tucker and Heath 1994), such as Ptarmigan (<em>Lagopus muta</em>) and Willow Grouse (<em>Lagopus lagopus</em>) may affect numbers of this species. Disturbance of nests through tourism is also a problem (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). The species is also threatened by climate change (Matz <em>et al. </em>2011).</p>","<p><strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong></p>  <p>Bern Convention Appendix II. CMS Appendix II. CITES Appendix I. EU Birds Directive Annex I. The species is protected in all countries in Europe (Tucker and Heath 1994). The species is now bred in captivity for falconry and research in Europe and Russia, which should alleviate pressure caused by the taking of wild birds (White <em>et al.</em> 2013). An international species action plan was published in 1999 (Koskimies 1999).</p>  <p><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong></p>  <p>Co-operative efforts between national authorities and non-governmental conservation bodies should look to stop the illegal collection of eggs and young. In some areas of Fennoscandia, more rigorous controls on snow mobile traffic is needed as this has facilitated the collection of wild birds. The legal trade of birds should be more strictly controlled. Important sites for this species should be protected from hydroelectric power dams, roads and tourist establishments. Finally, the effects of acid rain, overgrazing and hunting pressure on grouse populations should be monitored to ensure healthy populations (Tucker and Heath 1994). National species action plans should be developed in range countries and research should be developed on population viability and limiting factors, wintering populations and migration routes and the feasibility of reintroductions. Awareness of the species’s status should also be raised (Koskimies 1999).</p>",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,FALCONIFORMES,FALCONIDAE,Falco,subbuteo,,Falco subbuteo,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In both Europe and the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","<p>In Europe, the species breeds primarily in the European part of Russia and Ukraine, with significant numbers in France, Romania, Germany and Turkey.<br/></p>","The European population is estimated at 140,000-219,000 pairs (280,000-437,000 mature individuals). The population in the EU28 is estimated at 40,600-77,300 pairs (81,200-155,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","Most individuals of the species are migratory, with western birds mainly wintering in Africa (Orta and Kirwan 2014). Birds leave their breeding grounds between August and October, arriving at wintering quarters from late October onwards. The return journey begins in March and April, and breeding territories are occupied again in May and June.&#160; Birds are usually seen singly or in pairs or family groups, even on migration, with larger groups being rare except at roosts and especially rich feeding sites (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). It migrates in broad fronts and does not generally concentrate at narrow sea crossings as do many other migratory raptors (Snow and Perrins 1998, Orta and Kirwan 2014). It is mainly diurnal although partly crepuscular and even nocturnal to some extent on migration (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). It occurs in open wooded areas, including wooded steppes, pastures, cultivation or scrub with clumps of trees, scattered trees or copses; fields with hedges, edges of woods. Flying insects form the main part of its diet, although birds are often taken in the breeding season. It uses unoccupied nests of corvids or other raptors, or squirrel dreys, but does not add material and is almost always in trees, preferring pines, but also in other conifers and broad-leaved trees; exceptionally on cliffs. Clutches are typically three eggs (Orta and Kirwan 2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The cutting of old growth forest patches in Ukraine is thought to have caused local declines (Orta and Kirwan 2014). Some are shot, notably in Malta where hunters are thought to kill 500–1,000 individuals each year. A growing threat is human disturbance, which facilitates nest predation by crows and squirrels. Pesticide use has likely had only minor impacts, as has egg-collecting, which tends to be a local issue (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). The species is highly vulnerable to the effects of potential wind energy development (Strix 2012).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. CMS Appendix II, CITES Appendix II. Measures such as reducing pesticide output, ensuring the availability of nesting trees, and expanding insect-rich habitats have been beneficial to this species, although not specifically aimed at it (Sergio and Bogliani 1996).<br/><strong><br/>Conservation Action Proposed</strong><br/>Wide-scale management should include the preservation of trees in which to nest, as although preferring generally open areas in the breeding season it will avoid those that are completely deforested (Orta and Kirwan 2014). Pesticide use should be minimised and legislation against illegal hunting along migration routes enforced. The provision of artificial nests can also help this species when there is a lack of natural nests of other species for it to use (Mebs and Schmidt 2006).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,FALCONIFORMES,FALCONIDAE,Falco,tinnunculus,,Falco tinnunculus,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be decreasing by 6%, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be decreasing by less than 3%, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe and the EU28 the population size is estimated to be decreasing. For details of national estimates, see&#160; the supplementary information.","<p>In Europe, the species breeds primarily in France, the European part of Russia and Germany, with significant numbers in Romania, the United Kingdom, Ukraine and Spain.</p>","The European population is estimated at 411,000-631,000&#160;pairs (823,000-1,270,000&#160;mature individuals). The population in the EU28 is estimated at 308,000-477,000&#160;pairs (617,000-954,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see&#160;the supplementary information.","Populations in the northern part of the species’s range tend to be migrant, with others resident (Orta <em>et al.</em> 2020). Migrant birds leave their breeding grounds between August and October and those arriving in sub-Saharan Africa do so from October onwards (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). The return journey begins from February through until April (the exact time probably dependent on food availability), and is often undertaken in small mixed groups with<em> F. naumanni </em>and occasionally <em>F. vespertinus</em> (Brown <em>et al. </em>1982, Snow and Perrins 1998, Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). The species can be solitary or gregarious, being most often seen singly but sometimes travelling in flocks of up to 10 individuals, especially on migration. Larger groups may congregate at sources of abundant food. It is mainly diurnal (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). The species tolerates a wide range of open and partially forested habitats. It feeds mainly on small mammals, particularly in northern Europe, with insects possibly more important in the Mediterranean. The locations of nests are variable, with rock ledges, buildings and abandoned corvid nests being commonly reported sites. Typically lays three to six eggs (Orta <em>et al.</em> 2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Past population declines resulted from the heavy use of organochlorine and other pesticides in the 1950s–1960s (Orta <em>et al.</em> 2020). In Malta, the species was exterminated by shooting, though it has since returned (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). The population in much of the rest of Europe has shown a more recent steady decline, thought to be due to agricultural intensification (Snow and Perrins 1998). The species is vulnerable to the effects of potential wind energy development (Strix 2012).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. CITES Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. The ban of organochlorine pesticides, which were used heavily during the 1960s and 1970s has allowed this species to recover in some areas (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>This species requires wide-scale conservation, which alleviates agricultural intensification. Policies should encourage mixed farming and high crop diversity and maintain non-cultivated marginal habitats, which decrease stocking rates and pesticide use (Tucker and Heath 1994). Management should also ensure suitable perches and roosting sites, usually provided by trees, telegraph poles, buildings or rock faces are maintained (Orta <em>et al.</em> 2020). Kestrel populations should be monitored, particularly with regards to the effects of modern farming (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,FALCONIFORMES,FALCONIDAE,Falco,vespertinus,,Falco vespertinus,"Linnaeus, 1766",0,No,VU,A2abcde+4abcde,No,VU,C1,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The  population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The  population trend is undergoing rapid population size declines (&gt;30% over three generations), and it is therefore classified as Vulnerable under the  population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For  these reasons the species is evaluated as Vulnerable (VU A2acbde+3bcde+4abcde) in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). Its small population size (&lt;10,000 mature individuals) is declining rapidly (&gt;10% within three generations), and hence it meets the  thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion C1. The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For  these reasons the species is evaluated as Vulnerable (VU C1) in the EU28.<p></p>","In Europe, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 38% (best estimate) in the past 12 years (three generations), and is expected to decline by approximately 37% (best estimate) between 2009-2021. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by approximately 11% (best estimate) over the same period. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","The species breeds in eastern Europe, with its main range stretching from Belarus south to Hungary, northern Serbia and Montenegro, Romania, Moldova and east Bulgaria, eastward through Ukraine and north-west and south Russia. It winters in southern Africa (Palatitz <em>et al.</em> 2009, Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020).","The European population is estimated at 57,800–84,800 pairs (115,000–170,000 mature individuals). The population in the EU28 is estimated at 2,500–4,000 pairs (5,000–8,000&#160;mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","The species breeds in open lowlands with trees and plenty of insects, including steppe and forest-steppe, open woodland, cultivation and pastureland with tall hedgerows or fringing trees, agricultural areas with shelterbelts and, in the north-east, boggy areas and taiga edge. It is found from sea-level to c.300 m. It is often crepuscular (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). The breeding season occurs from mid-April to August (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). It is usually colonial but can also be solitary, breeding in disused nests of other birds (most commonly <em>Corvus frugilegus</em>). It prefers the upper part of trees but sometimes nests in cliffs or tree holes, in hedgerows or isolated bushes (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001, Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). Usually lays four to five white or pale buffish-brown eggs variably marked with dark reddish brown. The diet comprises of large insects, especially Orthoptera but also beetles, dragonflies, butterflies, moths and cicadas. During breeding, chicks may be mainly fed with vertebrates, such as fledglings of small birds, voles, mice, shrews, amphibians, lizards. In Hungary, mice and toads are important. The species is migratory, with birds travelling great distances to their wintering grounds in southern Africa (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). Most leave their breeding grounds in August and September, making the return journey between February and May (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001, Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). Birds migrate in a broad front across the Mediterranean Sea, not concentrating at bottleneck sites to the extent that many other raptors do (Brown <em>et al</em>. 1982, Snow and Perrins 1998, Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). On migration they form mixed flocks often over 100 strong with other falcons such as <em>F. naumanni</em>, and tend to stay at very high altitudes for the majority of the journey (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Threats include destruction of suitable nest-sites when rookery trees are felled for agricultural expansion or timber (Ferguson-Lees <em>et al</em>. 2001, Anon. 2007) and, more significantly, the widespread use of pesticides is affecting the food supply (Ferguson-Lees <em>et al</em>. 2001). In central Europe, agricultural intensification is causing habitat loss, and a decrease in extensive grassland management especially grazing is affecting the species's food supply (Palatitz <em>et al. </em>2009). From 1980 to 1999 intensive poisoning of <em>Corvus frugilegus</em> in Hungary forced the species to change its nest site selection habits, and large colonies have nearly disappeared there as a result, with only 38% of the population breeding colonially (Palatitz <em>et al. </em>2009). As productivity is generally greater in larger colonies, further decreases may occur. The species appears to be hunted opportunistically during migration. Illegal killing and poisoning, as well as electrocution on power lines have also been reported as thread is some countries. In October 2007, 52 birds that had been roosting at Phasouri, Cyprus, were found shot, with 46 already dead and 6 wounded (Palatitz <em>et al</em>. 2009).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CITES Appendix II. CMS Appendix I and II. Bern Convention Appendix II. Added to Annex I of EU Birds Directive in 2004. Recent conservation measures in Hungary have shown that birds will occupy artificial colonies, meaning that this could be a useful mid-term conservation tool to stop population fragmentation (Palatitz <em>et al.</em> 2009). The species is also included in agro-environmental programs in Hungary. Following surveys in Bulgaria, which indicated a decline in the number of suitable breeding sites, over 100 nest boxes were constructed and installed in suitable places during 2006; however, none were used by the species in 2007 (Anon. 2007). Anti-poaching patrols have been increased in the Akrotiri area of Cyprus, following the unprecedented loss of a migratory flock to hunters in October 2007 (Palatitz <em>et al</em>. 2009). Sporadic irregular population surveys have been carried out and are implemented in Serbia, while a nation-wide census of the species was concluded in 2009 in Ukraine (Kostenko 2009). A European Action Plan for the species has been in place since 2010 (Palatitz <em>et al</em>. 2009).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Continue to carry out regular surveys to monitor population trends. Conduct further research into the effects of changes in agriculture and land management. Change farming and land-use practices in central Europe through EU policy and/or national schemes. Provide more artificial colonies for the species. Prevent hunting in problem areas through law enforcement, prosecution and awareness campaigns.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MUSCICAPIDAE,Ficedula,albicollis,,Ficedula albicollis,"(Temminck, 1815)",0,Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be stable. In the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Europe holds a large proportion of this species' global population, mainly in the eastern and central parts of the region. Within Europe, it breeds largely in Romania, and also notably in Ukraine, Russia and Slovakia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,600,000–2,570,000 pairs, which equates to 3,210,000–5,130,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 869,000–1,430,000 pairs, which equates to 1,730,000–2,850,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits open forest, forest edges, moist woodland, open country with scattered trees, and well-timbered parks and avenues. It is also found secondarily in gardens and orchards, which it vacates to return to woods immediately after breeding. It requires old trees offering nest-holes high enough above ground and prefers deciduous woodland.<br/><br/>Egg-laying occurs from mid-April to early July in central Europe and from late April in Ukraine. The nest is a cup of dry grass, leaves and stalks, lined with fine grass and placed 3-32 m (usually 10-15 m) above ground in a hole in a tree, wall or building. Clutches can be from one to nine eggs, but typically five to seven.<br/><br/>The diet is mostly flying insects and other arthropods, but it also takes some seeds and fruits of currant (<em>Ribes</em>), rowan (<em>Sorbus</em>) and elder (<em>Sambucus</em>).<br/><br/>The species is migratory, but migration routes and wintering areas are poorly known (Taylor 20015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",This species is known to hybridize with <em>Ficedula hypoleuca</em> (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds directive Annex I. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Action Proposed</strong><br/>The provision of nest boxes has been shown to increase populations (Taylor 2015).,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MUSCICAPIDAE,Ficedula,hypoleuca,,Ficedula hypoleuca,"(Pallas, 1764)","<em>Ficedula hypoleuca</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) was split by Sætre <em>et al</em>. (2001) into <em>F. hypoleuca</em> and <em>F. speculigera</em> but this treatment is not followed by the BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group because Sætre <em>et al</em>. (2001) fail to compare <em>speculigera</em> with the geographically and morphologically intermediate form <em>iberiae</em>. Upon inspection of published literature and museum specimens we find that <em>iberiae</em> appears to be more closely allied to <em>speculigera</em> than <em>hypoleuca</em> and overall these forms do not warrant specific status.  <p></p>",Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is suspected to have decreased by 14% (best estimate) over the past 11 years (three generations). In the EU28, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 22% (best estimate) over the same period. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Europe holds a large proportion of this species' global breeding population. Within the region, it breeds mainly in Russia, and also notably in Sweden, Norway and Finland.","The European breeding population is estimated at 7,750,000–12,500,000 pairs, which equates to 15,500,000–24,900,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 2,220,000–3,080,000 pairs, which equates to 4,440,000–6,160,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in most well-wooded and forest habitats, so long as suitable cavities for nest-sites are present. It prefers deciduous forests (which contain more natural cavities) over coniferous forest. In Europe, its typical habitat is deciduous and mixed, sunny, open mature woodland, supplemented by orchards, avenues, parks, and even gardens in low-density human settlements. <br/><br/>Breeding occurs from late April to the end of June. The nest is a loose cup of dead leaves, plant stems and moss, which is lined with rootlets, fine grasses, hair and (sometimes) feathers. It is sited 1.8–10 m above the ground in a hole in a tree, wall or building. In western Europe it mainly uses nest boxes. Clutches can be from three to ten eggs, but usually four to eight.<br/><br/>The diet is mostly insects, both flying and non-flying, but it will take other invertebrates and some fruit and seeds.<br/><br/>The species is migratory, wintering in west Africa (Taylor and Christie 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The main threat to this species is earlier peaks of invertebrate populations resulting in a mismatch with breeding as a result of climate change (Both <em>et al</em>. 2006).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The provision of nestboxes can assist in significantly increasing population densities  (Taylor and Christie 2015).,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MUSCICAPIDAE,Ficedula,parva,,Ficedula parva,"(Bechstein, 1792)","<em>Ficedula parva</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) has been split into <em>F. parva </em>and <em>F. albicilla</em> following Svensson <em>et al</em>. (2005).  <p></p>",Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence  (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is  much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the  thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and  D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is suspected to be increasing. In the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds primarily in Russia, and also notably breeds in Romania.","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,790,000-3,440,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 3,590,000-6,870,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 305,000-621,000 pairs, which equates to 610,000-1,250,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in forest and woodland, mainly mixed deciduous stands, especially with beech (<em>Fagus</em>), but also in oak (<em>Quercus</em>) forest; also in spruce (<em>Picea</em>) forest in the north of its range. It favours tall trees with much undergrowth, light canopy, and an open zone with perching twigs between canopy and undergrowth layer as well as glades, clearings and areas near water. It also occurs in orchards and vineyards. In central and eastern Europe it nests from mid-May to the end of June. The nest is a cup of moss, dry grass stalks and leaves, root fibres and hair, lined with hair and sometimes with lichen woven into the outside. It is normally placed in a hole in a tree or wall, among the side shoots of a trunk, sometimes on a branch close to the trunk, or even in a fork in the branches. Nestboxes are also accepted. Clutches are typically five or six eggs. It feeds mainly on insects and other invertebrates (Taylor 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","As the species relies on old, diversified forests it is vulnerable to modern forestry practices in Europe, such as shorter rotations and the felling of old trees. As a result it may face a shortage of nesting sites in the future (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds directive Annex I. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Although this species is not currently threatened it may benefit from the maintenance of low-intensity forestry practices and the provision of nestboxes in the future.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MUSCICAPIDAE,Ficedula,semitorquata,,Ficedula semitorquata,"(Homeyer, 1885)","The Semi-collared Flycatcher <span style=""font-style: italic;"">Ficedula semitorquata</span> is a monotypic species with scattered distribution across its range. In the past the species was wrongly regarded as subspecies of the Collared Flycatcher <span style=""font-style: italic;"">F. albicollis</span> but recent genetic studies confirmed its taxonomic status as a separate species (Hogner 2008).",Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size may be moderately small to large, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Europe holds a large proportion of this species' global breeding population. Within the region, it breeds mainly in Azerbaijan, and also notably in Russia and Bulgaria, with small populations present in other countries in the east and southeast of Europe.","The European breeding population is estimated at 30,100–149,000 pairs, which equates to 60,300–297,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 3,900–11,500 pairs, which equates to 7,800–23,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Within its breeding range it favours forest belts mainly on mountain slopes up to about 2,000 m, occupied by mature deciduous trees (notably oak <em>Quercus </em>and hornbeam <em>Carpinus</em>) as well as temperate riverine and swamp forests of <em>Fraxinus oxycarpa</em>; and in plane (<em>Platanus orientalis</em>) galleries (Handrinos 1997). Occasionally the species breeds in old or abandoned orchards, groves and tree plantations, urban parks and large gardens or forested peripheral parts of towns, villages and industrial sites (Iankov 2007).<br/><br/>Breeding takes place from mid-April to mid-July. The female builds the nest; a cup of dead leaves, dead plant stems, lichens and moss, lined with fine rootlets, grasses or bark fibre, sometimes hair, feathers or plant down, placed in a hole in a tree, commonly an old woodpecker hole. Clutches are normally five to six eggs.<br/><br/>The diet consists mainly of flying insects as well as spiders and snails (Taylor and Christie 2015). <br/><br/>This species is migratory, although its movements are poorly understood. It moves south in the autumn to its main wintering area in south and central Africa (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997)<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species suffers from habitat destruction in some areas, which is likely to be responsible for recent declines. Lowland oak (<em>Quercus </em>spp.) forests in Bulgaria (its favoured habitat in this country) have been overexploited for timber, and riparian forests have been cleared for riverbed corrections. In eastern Turkey, its riparian forest habitat is threatened by ongoing dam projects and the rapid loss of other <em>Quercus </em>forests may also be having a negative impact (Isfendiyaroglu <em>in litt.</em> 2005).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex I. CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. A European Union Species Action Plan was published in 2009 (Georgiev and Iankov 2009).  It is listed as Vulnerable in the National Red Books of Bulgaria and Turkey, and it is legally protected in Bulgaria and Greece, but there are no national species action plans (Georgiev and Iankov 2009). BirdLife International project mapping Biologically Important Forests in Bulgaria and Romania. Similar project implemented in Greece in 2008.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Develop a monitoring programme to assess population size and trends. Assess threats to the species and develop appropriate responses. Ensure forest management practices within the distribution area of the species take into account the habitat requirements of the species. Ensure Natura 2000 sites and protected areas that include the species are protected from damage and have management plans under implementation.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H., Wright, L & Symes, A.","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,GALLIFORMES,PHASIANIDAE,Francolinus,francolinus,,Francolinus francolinus,"(Linnaeus, 1766)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be fluctuating, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, although this species may have a small range, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small, but it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the population size is estimated to be fluctuating. In the EU28 the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see attached the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Cyprus, Azerbaijan and Turkey, with small numbers in Georgia and Armenia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 10,700-18,900&#160;pairs (21,400-37,700&#160;mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 3,600-7,600 pairs (7,200-15,200 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","The species is found mainly in low-lying coastal areas but also in wide shallow valleys at altitudes of up to 400 m, up to 20 km inland in Cyprus and 60 km inland in southern Turkey. The species uses agricultural land as well as dense scrub mainly alongside rivers with reeds (Tucker and Heath 1994). In southern Turkey, it breeds from March to May (McGowan and Kirwan 2013). It lays seven to twelve eggs (Harrison and Castell 2002). The nest is a shallow hollow or depression, sometimes lined with a few scraps of plant material and concealed amongst vegetation. It feeds on seeds of grasses, weeds and cereal crops, shoots, leaves, tubers, berries and figs as well as insects. The species is sedentary (Madge and McGowan 2002).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","This is species is threatened by hunting in Turkey and Cyprus (Johnsgaurd 1988,&#160;Tucker and Heath 1994).  It has also suffered from loss of habitat through intensification of agriculture (McGowan and Kirwan 2013). In Cyprus habitat destruction as a result of the removal of citrus and tobacco plantations and other suitable vegetation cover, primarily for tourist industry developments (Tucker and Heath 1994).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex II. In Turkey, the species is fully protected and in Cyprus a ban on hunting was implemented 1984-1985 but this was lifted again after lobbying by the Hunting Association (Tucker and Heath 1994).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Hunting of the species needs to be controlled and it should be added to Appendix II of the Bern Convention (Tucker and Heath 1994). Key areas of suitable habitat should be identified and protected from development and the restoration of low-intensity farming encouraged.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,ALCIDAE,Fratercula,arctica,,Fratercula arctica,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,Yes,EN,A2abcde+4abcde,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Endangered (EN)</strong><strong><br/>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a very rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Endangered (EN) under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The species is therefore assessed as such in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to have decreased by approximately 68% (best estimate) over the past 51 years (three generations) and is expected to decline at a similar rate between 1970-2021.  In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands&#160;2018 and Fauchald <em>et al.</em>&#160;2015, and on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","The species can be found throughout the North Atlantic Ocean. In Europe, it occurs in north-west Greenland (to Denmark), and from north Norway down to the Canary Islands, Spain in the east (Nettleship <em>et al.</em> 2014), and breeds primarily in Norway and Iceland, and also notably in the United Kingdom and the Faroe Islands.","The European breeding population is estimated at 3,700,000-4,120,000 pairs, which equates to&#160;7,400,000-8,240,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 601,000-602,000 pairs, which equates to 1,200,000-1,210,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The breeding range is restricted to colder parts of the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, with its southernmost colonies in Brittany (France).&#160; Breeding colonies are located in Iceland, Norway, Faroe Islands, the U.K., Ireland and France on islands or high cliffs.<br/><br/>The species nests on grassy maritime slopes, sea cliffs and rocky slopes (Nettleship <em>et al.</em> 2014). During the winter the species is highly pelagic and is dispersed widely across the sea from the Azores to the western Mediterranean and Canary Islands. When feeding chicks, birds generally forage within 10 km of their colony, but may range as far as 50 to 100 km or more (Harris 1984, Rodway and Montevecchi 1996). Birds of this species are pursuit-divers that catch most of their prey within 30 m of the water surface (Piatt and Nettleship 1985). They prey on 'forage' species, including juvenile pelagic fishes, such as herring (<em>Clupea harengus</em>), juvenile and adult capelin (<em>Mallotus villosus</em>), and sand eel (<em>Ammodytes </em><em>spp.</em>) (Barrett <em>et al. </em>1987). At times, they also prey on juvenile demersal fishes, such as gadids (Harris and Hislop 1978, Martin 1989, Rodway and Montevecchi 1996). Sand eels usually form the majority of the prey fed to chicks (Corkhill 1973, Hislop and Harris 1985, Harris and Wanless 1986, Harris and Riddiford 1989, Martin 1989), and many chicks starve during periods of low sand eel abundance (Martin 1989).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","This species is highly susceptible to the impacts of climate change, such as sea temperature rise and shifts in prey distribution and abundance (Durant <em>et al.</em> 2003, Sandvik <em>et al. </em>2005). This is a particularly important threat when prey species are exploited unsustainably, leading to prey reductions and subsequent unsuccessful breeding. The species is vulnerable to oil spills and other marine pollution. The species is also vulnerable to extreme weather events and storms, with large wrecks recorded following severe winter storms at sea. At the breeding colonies the species is vulnerable to invasive predators, such as rats, cats, and American Mink (<em>Neovison vison</em>). The species is susceptible to being caught in gillnets, although other fishing gears may also catch significant numbers. Increasing numbers of offshore wind farms may result in displacement from habitat, although the risk of collision is considered very low (Bradbury <em>et al.</em> 2014). The species is hunted for human consumption in Iceland, and in the Faroe Islands (Thorup <em>et al.</em> 2014).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed under the African Eurasian Waterbird Agreement. The species is included in the Action plan for seabirds in Western-Nordic areas (2010). There are 76 marine Important Bird Areas identified across the European region. Within the EU there are 40 Special Protection Areas which list this species as occurring within its boundaries. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Further identification of important sites for this species, particularly in offshore regions and designation as marine protected areas; Identify the risks of different activities on seabirds, and locations sensitive to seabirds. Continue eradication of invasive predators from breeding colonies. Management of fisheries to ensure long term sustainability of key stocks (e.g. sand eels). Establish observer schemes for bycatch and prepare National/European Community plans of action on seabird bycatch. Continue AMAP monitoring of seabird contaminants; include new contaminants and secure communication between seabird and contaminants research. Increase the level of understanding among the public of introducing hunting restrictions. Develop codes-of-conduct for more organised activities (e.g. tourism). Ensure that appropriate protection (national laws and international agreements) applies to new areas and times in cases of changes in seabird migration routes and times.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,FRINGILLIDAE,Fringilla,coelebs,,Fringilla coelebs,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. <br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within Europe and the EU28.","In Europe and in the EU28, the breeding population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occurs in most of Europe, notably in Russia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 154,000,000-231,000,000 pairs, which equates to 308,000,000-462,000,000&#160;mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 85,400,000-121,000,000 pairs, which equates to 170,000,000-242,000,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits lowland and lower montane deciduous, mixed and conifer woods with a slight preference for beech (<em>Fagus</em>), hornbeam (<em>Carpinus</em>), mature oak (<em>Quercus</em>), spruce (<em>Picea</em>) and pine (<em>Pinus</em>). It also uses forest edges and glades, copses, heaths, edges of tundra and agricultural areas, hedgerows, orchards, parks and gardens. In the Canary Islands it is found in laurel (<em>Lauraceae</em>) forest and areas of dense vegetation (Clement 2016). Egg-laying occurs mainly from late-April to mid-July but clutches can be found from mid-March to mid-July (Snow and Perrins 1998). The nest is placed up to 35 m above ground on a branch, against a trunk or in the fork of a tree or bush. It is a deep cup made of plant fibres, grass, fine roots, lichens, moss, bark strips, animal hair and feathers. Clutches are four to five eggs. The diet is varied and is mostly small invertebrates and their larvae, seeds and buds. The species is resident, partially migratory and migratory, with populations in the north and northeast moving south and southwest between mid-September and the end of November (Clement 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Particularly in northern areas populations may fluctuate in response to weather conditions, with cold conditions resulting in temporary declines (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). The species is trapped in some parts of its range. In the Canary Islands the race <em>palmae </em>is threatened by forest fires, wood harvesting and predation by introduced mammals, while race <em>ombriosa</em> is threatened by forest fires, wood harvesting and drought (Madroño and González 2004).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/><em>Fringilla coelebs ombriosa </em>is listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive. In the Canary Islands, both <em>palmae</em> and <em>ombriosa</em> have had much of their habitat protected as Natural and Special Protected Areas and the species has benefited from protection measures for other species (Madroño and González 2004).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Across its range this species is not threatened, however&#160;the races&#160;<em>palmae</em>&#160;and&#160;<em>ombriosa</em>&#160;in the Canary Islands are threatened. It has been recommended that a management plan be produced for these races, in addition to research on reproductive success, impacts of introduced predators and habitat selection. Regular monitoring should also be carried out (Madroño and González 2004).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,FRINGILLIDAE,Fringilla,montifringilla,,Fringilla montifringilla,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The species population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the breeding population size is suspected to be decreasing by 10% in 10 years. In the EU28, the breeding population size is estimated to be stable over the same period. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds in the north and north-east, mainly in Russia, Sweden, Norway and Finland.","The European breeding population is estimated at 7,030,000-13,000,000 pairs, which equates to 14,000,000-26,000,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 2,330,000-4,480,000 pairs, which equates to 4,670,000-8,950,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in birch (<em>Betula</em>) and conifer woodland and also in mixed deciduous and conifer woods. Along the northern edge of the tundra it occurs in dwarf birch and willow (<em>Salix</em>) scrub and farther south in riverine alder (<em>Alnus</em>). During the non-breeding season it is found mainly in areas of deciduous trees, including woods, forests and small copses and shelter-belts, especially those containing beech (<em>Fagus</em>) or hornbeam (<em>Carpinus</em>), along edges of open agricultural fields, as well as in weedy and stubble fields and orchards. It breeds from May to early August and is monogamous. The nest is built above ground in a fork or against the trunk of a tree, or exceptionally low down in scrub or on the ground. It is a large, loose cup of grass, heather, birch or juniper bark strips, moss, lichens, plant down, animal hair or fur, feathers and cobwebs, sometimes with pieces of string or paper added. Normally lays five to seven eggs (Clement and Arkhipov 2016). It feeds on seeds and berries and in the summer on invertebrates as well. In its winter quarters it specialises in beechnuts (Snow and Perrins 1998). The species is migratory, although a small number in Scandinavia are resident (Clement and Arkhipov 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Birds in subalpine Fennoscandia vary annually, apparently alongside the abundance of caterpillars of autumnal moth (<em>Epirrita autumnata</em>) and winter moth (<em>Operophtera brumata</em>) (Clement and Arkhipov 2016).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known specific conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Research to identify the causes of population declines and appropriate conservation measures.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,FRINGILLIDAE,Fringilla,polatzeki,,Fringilla polatzeki,"(Hartert, 1905)",0,Yes,EN,D,Yes,EN,D,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)</strong><br/><br/>This species was not assessed for the 2015 Europe regional assessment project because at that time it was included as a subspecies of <em>Fringilla teydea</em>; it was split out as a separate species in 2016. Since then—in 2016—<em>F. polatzeki</em> was globally assessed as Endangered (EN D). This regional reassessment refers to the 2016 global assessment of this European endemic species as the previous published Europe assessment.<br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has a very small range, and occurs in a small number of locations, therefore it approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion B, and meets the threshold for Vulnerable under criterion D2, as the plausible threat of fire is present in all the areas it inhabits. The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is very small, and approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria C and D. However, the population size has only increased and exceeded the threshold for Endangered under criterion D within the past five years. Considering this and the high risk of fire, which threatens the species' habitat, its previous status of Endangered is maintained under the 5-year rule, in both Europe and the EU28.<br/><br/>This species is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria, so there is therefore no potential for rescue from outside the region, and the final category remains unchanged.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing, For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is endemic to Europe and can only be found on Gran Canaria Island (Canary Islands, Spain).","The European breeding population is estimated at 430 mature individuals, based on Carrascal <em>et al.</em>&#160;2019. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","It is largely dependent on Canary Pine&#160;<em>Pinus canariensis&#160;</em>and will inhabit reforested areas where these fall within the natural distribution of this tree. Although Canary pine seeds constitute its main food source, birds occasionally feed outside pinewoods during severe weather.&#160;It is found in pinewoods at 700-1,800 m with a high proportion of broom&#160;<em>Chamaecytisus proliferus</em>&#160;in the understorey. The breeding season lasts from April to early August. Two eggs are generally laid. The main cause of breeding failure is predation, mostly by the Great Spotted Woodpecker&#160;<em>Dendrocopos majo</em>r&#160;(Rodríguez and Moreno 2008).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Forest fires have been important in the destruction of pinewoods on Gran Canaria, for example in the summer of 2007, when significant areas were destroyed, including at the most important site at Inagua. Protected areas are heavily used for recreation and leisure on Gran Canaria, and this may cause disturbance. Inbreeding may also be a significant threat (Barov and Derhé 2011). It suffers from being captured and kept in cages, and possibly also still from illegal trade, primarily to Italy, Germany and Belgium, which may have an effect on population levels. Its pinewood habitat has been subject to intense commercial exploitation, which has resulted in habitat fragmentation and population isolation. The main cause of breeding failure is predation, mostly by the Great Spotted Woodpecker&#160;<em>Dendrocopos majo</em>r&#160;(Rodríguez and Moreno 2008).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>It has been legally protected from hunting, capture, trade, egg or chick collection since 1980. Key areas have been protected since 1982, and six important areas were designated as National Parks or Natural Areas in 1987. A conservation programme was initiated in 1991 and a captive breeding programme began in 1992. An action plan was published in 1996 (González 1996). Captive breeding started anew in 2005, and the first chicks were released in 2010 (Delgado&#160;<em>et al.</em><em>&#160;</em>2016). Fire prevention measures are implemented, particularly during the summer, and access to suitable habitat is limited. There is also an ongoing project that focuses on the restoration of fire-damaged pine forest.&#160;Cats have been controlled since 1996. Research is being conducted into the potential threat of inbreeding (Barov and Derhé 2011). A new recovery plan has been ongoing since 2013 (F. Rodríguez<em>&#160;</em><em>in litt.</em>&#160;2016), and from 2015 a LIFE+ PINZON Project has been underway and is due to run to 2020, aiming to increase the population and create sustainable population centres through various means, such as captive breeding and the enhancement of ecological corridors (see&#160;<a href=""http://lifepinzon.org/"">http://lifepinzon.org/</a>).<p></p><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Monitoring and research should be continued and expanded. In addition, the species should be included under CITES and adequate protection should be ensured under the Countryside Law and Wildlife Protection Law. Forest management should focus on thinning areas of dense pine trees (as in García-del-Rey&#160;<em>et al</em>.&#160;2010 for the Tenerife Blue Chaffinch <em>Fringilla teydea</em>) where no undergrowth persists and reafforesting areas within the former range of pine forests on the islands (as in García-del-Rey and Cresswell 2005&#160;for the Tenerife Blue Chaffinch&#160;<em>Fringilla teydea</em>). Carry out further work to divert recreational activities from important sites. Conduct public awareness campaigns. Protect drinking sites. Potentially start a new captive breeding programme (E. Garcia-del-Rey&#160;<em>in litt.&#160;</em>2016).","This species is captured and kept in cages. It is possible that illegal trade, primarily to Italy, Germany and Belgium, may still happen.","Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Wheatley, H.","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,FRINGILLIDAE,Fringilla,teydea,,Fringilla teydea,"Webb, Berthelot &amp; Moquin-Tandon, 1841",0,Yes,NT,D2,Yes,NT,D2,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Near Threatened (NT)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species' population size is small, but the population trend appears to be increasing,&#160;and does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D) or under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. This species has a very small range which approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion D2, as there is a high and plausible risk of fire which threatens the species' habitat, although the number of locations is believed to be higher than 5. The species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in both Europe and the EU28.<br/><br/>As the species is endemic to the Canary Islands, there is no potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing, For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is endemic to Europe and can only be found on Tenerife Island (Canary Islands, Spain).","The European breeding population is suspected to be 1,000–2,500 pairs, which equates to 2,000–5,000 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is largely dependent on Canary pine <em>Pinus canariensis</em> and will inhabit reforested areas where these fall within the natural distribution of this tree. Although Canary pine seeds constitute its main food source, birds occasionally feed outside pinewoods during severe weather. During the breeding season, it is found in pinewoods at 1,000–2,000 m with a high proportion of broom <em>Chamaecytisus proliferus</em> in the understorey. The species selects sheltered sites for feeding during the non-breeding period, with the selection of less sheltered sites mediated by pine seed availability (Garcia-del-Rey <em>et al.</em> 2009). It is been recorded from 800 to 2,300 m at other times. The breeding season lasts from April to early August. Two eggs are generally laid, with potentially two broods per pair in a year (F. Rodríguez <em>in litt.</em> 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species suffers from being captured and kept in cages, and possibly also still from illegal trade, primarily to Italy, Germany and Belgium, which may have an effect on population levels. Its pinewood habitat has been subject to intense commercial exploitation, which has resulted in habitat fragmentation and population isolation. Forest fires have been important in the destruction of pinewoods. Predation by feral cats has been observed (F. Rodríguez <em>in litt.</em> 2016).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. It has been legally protected from hunting, capture, trade, egg or chick collection since 1980. El Teide forest on Tenerife was designated as National Parks or Natural Areas in 1987. A conservation programme was initiated in 1991 and a captive breeding programme began in 1992. An action plan was published in 1996 (González 1996). Fire prevention measures are implemented, particularly during the summer. Control measures against alien species are being implemented on Tenerife.<p></p><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Monitoring and research should be continued and expanded. An official governmental action plan should be produced to detail conservation requirements such as habitat restoration, prevention of forest fires and eradication of illegal trade. In addition, the species should be included under CITES and adequate protection should be ensured under the Countryside Law and Wildlife Protection Law. Forest management should focus on thinning areas of dense pine trees (as in García-del-Rey&#160;et al.&#160;2010) where no undergrowth persists and reafforesting areas within the former range of pine forests on the island (García-del-Rey and Cresswell 2005). Carry out further work to divert recreational activities from important sites. Conduct public awareness campaigns. Protect drinking sites.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Wheatley, H.","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,GRUIFORMES,RALLIDAE,Fulica,atra,,Fulica atra,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,NT,A2abcde+4abcde,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a moderately rapid rate which approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A).&#160;The species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 27% (best estimate) in 15 years (three generations), is expected to decline by 26% between 2006-2021. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds in almost every country in Europe, notably in Russia, the Netherlands, Ukraine, Germany, France and Romania.","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,010,000-1,680,000 pairs, which equates to 2,030,000-3,360,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 542,000-860,000 pairs, which equates to 1,080,000-1,720,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species inhabits large, still or slow-flowing waters (Snow and Perrins 1998) and shows a preference for shallow water with adjacent deeper water for diving, and muddy substrates, marginal, emergent, floating or submergent vegetation. Habitats include eutrophic and mesotrophic (Taylor and van Perlo 1998) lakes, pools, ponds, reservoirs, barrages, gravel-pits, canals, drainage ditches, dykes, oxbow lakes (Taylor 1996), fish ponds (Musil 2006), creeks, rivers (Taylor 1996) and river deltas (Taylor and van Perlo 1998), as well as open marshes, freshwater meadows (Taylor and van Perlo 1998), flood-lands, salt-pans, clay-pans (Taylor 1996) and sewage ponds (Taylor and van Perlo 1998). It breeds from February to September.<br/><br/>The nest is a platform of vegetation that may be resting on the bottom of shallow water, floating or on a foundation of trampled plant matter in emergent vegetation. The species may also nest on artificial platforms, islands, rafts, tree stumps, tree forks (Taylor 1996) or in bushes up to 3 m above the water (Taylor and van Perlo 1998). This species is omnivorous, although its diet consists primarily of vegetable matter such as algae, the vegetative parts of aquatic and terrestrial plants, the seeds of waterweeds, sedges, water-lilies, grasses and cereal crops (Taylor 1996), clubmoss and aquatic fungi (Taylor and van Perlo 1998). Animal matter in its diet includes molluscs, adult and larval insects, worms, leeches, shrimps, spiders, small fish, fish eggs, frogs, birds and bird eggs, and small mammals (Taylor 1996). The species is mostly sedentary or a partial migrant, however in Fennoscandia and east of Czechia it is mostly migratory (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","This species suffers disturbance (Evans and Day 2002) and mortality (Azerbaijan) from hunting (Taylor 1996), and is poisoned by ingesting lead shot (France) (Mondain-Monval <em>et al.</em> 2002). It is also threatened by oil and petroleum pollution (Azerbaijan (Taylor 1996) and in the Kaliningrad region, Russia (Grishanov 2006)), wetland drainage, peat-extraction, changing wetland management practices (decreased grazing and mowing in meadows leading to scrub over-growth) and the burning and mowing of reeds (Grishanov 2006). The species suffers predation from American Mink (<em>Neovison vison</em>) (Slonsk Reserve, Poland (Bartoszewicz and Zalewski 2003) and UK (Ferreras and MacDonald 1999)). It is also susceptible to avian influenza, so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006). The species is hunted for sport in the Mediterranean (Taylor and van Perlo 1998), Denmark (Bregnballe 2006), Northern Ireland (Evans and Day 2002) and Iran (Balmaki and Barati 2006), and for food in the Mediterranean (Taylor and van Perlo 1998).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex II and III. The Mediterranean and Black Sea populations are on CMS Appendix II. The species is legally protected in Britain .<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species, although monitoring and  research on the impacts of hunting, pollution and habitat alteration would help inform any future conservation measures.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,GRUIFORMES,RALLIDAE,Fulica,cristata,,Fulica cristata,"Gmelin, 1789",0,No,CR,C2a(ii),No,CR,C2a(ii),EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)</strong><br/><br/>Although widespread in Africa, within Europe and the EU28 regions this species is restricted to Spain. This species has a small range and, combined with the continuing decline, it approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (criterion B). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population size is extremely small, and has been subject to reintroduction projects and intensive conservation management. Combined with the ongoing decline in the population size, it meets&#160;the thresholds for Critically Endangered (CR) under the population size criterion C and is therefore assessed as such in both Europe and the EU28. The potential rescue effect from the relict North African population is considered to be low, and not significant, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 27-57% with a best estimate of 47% in 15 years (three generations).&#160;These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","The species has a predominantly African distribution, which just extends into Europe into Spain (Snow and Perrins 1998), where the entire European population is found.","The European population is estimated at 21-45 pairs, which equates to 42-90 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species requires wetlands with submerged aquatic vegetation and still water for foraging, and waters with fringing or emergent vegetation in which to nest (Taylor 1996). During periods of flightless moult, adults also prefer more permanent open waters rich in submerged aquatic vegetation (Taylor and van Perlo 1998). Suitable habitats include open freshwater or slightly brackish (Langrand 1990, Gomez 2002) lakes, lagoons, ponds, dams, and permanent or temporary pans, flood-plains, sewage ponds, reed and <em>Typha</em> swamps (Urban<em> et al.</em> 1986, Taylor 1996, Hockey<em> et al.</em> 2005), and occasionally rivers and tidal lagoons (Urban<em> et al. </em>1986, Taylor 1996). In Europe this species breeds in May.  Both sexes build the nest; a platform of reeds and other aquatic plant material built either on open water either anchored or on rafts of fresh, green reeds, or within emergent vegetation (Urban <em>et al. </em>1986, Taylor 1996, Taylor and van Perlo 1998) on a foundation of bent and trampled stems (Taylor and van Perlo 1998). No attempt at concealing the nest is made (Urban <em>et al.</em> 1986, Taylor 1996), although the site chosen usually facilitates quick and easy access to open water (Hockey <em>et al.</em> 2005). Clutches are normally five to seven eggs (Taylor 1996). The species is omnivorous, its diet consisting predominantly of the shoots, fruits and seeds of submerged or floating aquatic plants, filamentous and macroscopic algae (Hockey <em>et al.</em> 2005) and grass, as well as molluscs, crustaceans, insects and occasionally carrion (Urban <em>et al. </em>1986, Taylor 1996). This species is both sedentary and nomadic (Urban <em>et al.</em> 1986, Taylor 1996, Hockey <em>et al</em>. 2005), often making local movements (Taylor and van Perlo 1998) in response to rainfall, water levels and the availability of its favoured foods (Urban <em>et al. </em>1986, Taylor 1996, Hockey <em>et al.</em> 2005).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is susceptible to avian botulism (Blaker 1967, van Heerden 1974) so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the disease. It is also threatened by poisoning, both intentionally (pest control) and unintentionally (pesticides used on crops) (Hockey <em>et al.</em> 2005). The species is threatened in Spain (the northernmost range extremes) primarily by habitat loss and degradation due to changes in hydrological regime, over-exploitation of catchments and sedimentation (which are altering the periods of wetland flooding), agricultural, industrial and domestic pollution, overgrazing (cattle herds), the burning of reeds, and the introduction of alien species (e.g. Louisiana Swamp Crayfish (<em>Procambarus clarkii</em>) and Ciprinidae fish which both reduce the availability of food and hence increase competition) (Gomez 2000).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. An International Species Action Plan was published in 2000 (Gomez 2000). It is listed as Critically Endangered on the Red Lists of Spain and Portugal (Madroño <em>et al. </em>2004, Cabral <em>et al.</em> 2005).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Key sites for this species should be restored and conserved to increase the extent of available habitat. Its ecology, habitat requirements and movements should be researched and monitoring of the evolution and state of the population undertaken. Public awareness of the need to protect the species and its habitat should be raised. Development and implementation of the Regional Recovery Plans of the species, as well as legal protection of the species and its key sites are needed. Restrict the hunting of Common Coot (Fulica atra) at sites where the Crested Coot is regularly recorded. Keep a breeding population of the species in captivity to ensure a genetic stock of individuals, in addition to increasing the productivity of the wild population by the systematic reintroduction of captive individuals into its natural habitats (Gomez 2000).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PROCELLARIIFORMES,PROCELLARIIDAE,Fulmarus,glacialis,,Fulmarus glacialis,"(Linnaeus, 1761)",0,No,VU,A4abcde,No,EN,A4abcde,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Endangered (EN)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population trend appears to be declining, at a rate which is expected to meet the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size reduction criterion A, and is therefore assessed as such in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population trend appears to be declining, at a rate which is expected to meet the thresholds for Endangered (EN) under the population size reduction criterion A, and is therefore assessed as such in the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","Since declines began in the mid-1980s (c. 1,5 generations) the population size in Europe is estimated to have undergone rapid declines. Although there is uncertainty in the projected magnitude of the decline owing to the long generation length of the species, the population size in Europe is expected to decrease by approximately 42% (best estimate) between 1985-2061. In the EU28, the population size is expected to decrease by approximately 52% (best estimate) between 1985-2059 (approximate start of decline to three generations into the future). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds mainly in Iceland and Svalbard and Jan Mayen, and also notably in the Faroe Islands and the United Kingdom.","The European breeding population is estimated at 3,170,000-3,830,000 pairs, which equates to 6,350,000-7,660,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 228,000-715,000 pairs, which equates to 457,000-1,430,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species spends large amounts of time in waters over continental shelf; ranging from the Arctic pack ice through to subarctic and temperate waters in the North East Atlantic. The species typically breeds on cliffs and rock faces, occasionally in sand dunes or on flatter ground (e.g., North Rona, Scotland), sometimes &gt; 2 km inland (up to 10 km in Svalbard); in places it nests near habitation, sometimes even on occupied houses along seafronts of towns (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2016). Its diet is variable, but includes fish (e.g., capelin (<em>Mallotus villosus</em>), Norway pout (<em>Trisopterus esmarkii</em>), whiting (<em>Merlangius merlangus</em>)), squid and zooplankton, especially amphipods (<em>Thysanoessa, Hyperia, Gammarus, Themisto</em>) and jellyfish (e.g., <em>Aurelia aurita, Cyanea capillata, Rhizostoma octopus</em>); also fish offal and carrion. In the North Sea its diet includes mainly lesser sandeels (<em>Ammodytes marinus</em>) (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species was subject to intensive exploitation for food in the past, and hunting remains in Greenland, Svalbard and the Faroe Islands (Thorup <em>et al.</em> 2014). In some breeding colonies the species is susceptible to predation from invasive mammals, such as foxes, rats, mice etc. It is vulnerable to oil spills, particularly in the North East Atlantic, but increasingly in its Northern range (Mendel <em>et al.</em> 2008). It is highly susceptible to ingesting marine litter and plastics (Van Franeker <em>et al. </em>2011). Bycatch in fisheries is also a significant threat, with large numbers recorded as caught in longline fisheries in the North East Atlantic and in trawl fisheries (Dunn <em>et al.</em> 2001, Anderson <em>et al. </em>2011) as well as in gillnet fisheries (Žydelis<em> et al.</em> 2013) . It is susceptible to collision and displacement from offshore wind farms, although this is currently considered to be a very low risk (Bradbury <em>et al.</em> 2014). It may also be disturbed and displaced by shipping lanes. Large wrecks of this species in North Sea in Feb 2004 thought to be caused by multiple factors, namely low food abundance, persistent bad weather, higher levels of pollutants, and secondary diseases (Van Franeker 2004).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is covered by the EU Birds Directive as a migratory species. It occurs within 29 marine Important Bird Areas, including in the Faroe Islands, France, Germany, Iceland, Svalbard (Norway) and the United Kingdom. Within the EU it is listed within 46 Special Protection Areas. Under the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive it will be monitored for plastic ingestion. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Identification and protection of important sites at sea, as well as for prey species. Continued monitoring of marine litter ingestion, and increased efforts for removal of plastic from oceans. Monitoring of seabird bycatch across all relevant fishing gears and implementation of bycatch mitigation measures.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,ALAUDIDAE,Galerida,cristata,,Galerida cristata,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. <br/><br/>For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 5% in 10 years. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Spain. It also notably breeds in Turkey.","The European breeding population is estimated at 17,100,000–23,800,000 pairs, which equates to 34,300,000–47,500,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 14,900,000–19,100,000 pairs, which equates to 29,800,000–38,100,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits dry plains with sparse vegetation cover and dry cultivations. It may originally have inhabited warm semi-desert and steppe landscapes, but it has also adapted to human-modified landscapes, such as open farmed countryside in the northern Mediterranean Basin.<br/><br/>The breeding season is from March to June or July in the north of its range and from April in Spain. The species is monogamous and usually lays a clutch of three to five eggs. The nest is a depression on the ground with an untidy lining of grass or other vegetation either beside a shrub or in the open (de Juana and Suárez 2004).<br/><br/>It feeds on invertebrates and plant material such as seeds and leaves.<br/><br/>The species is mainly resident apart from in northern Russia where it is migratory (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","This species is threatened by agricultural intensification and over fertilization which results in overgrown vegetation in wastelands and road margins (de Juana and Suárez 2004). In addition, the use of pesticides has also negatively affected populations (Tucker and Heath 1994). Changes in urbanization practices, such as new housing or industrial areas being rapidly forested along with afforestation schemes and possibly, climatic change are also threats (de Juana and Suárez 2004).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Wide scale conservation measures are required for this species, including the maintenance of traditional low-intensity farming practices. Management should include the maintenance of mosaics of non-irrigated cereal crops, including short-term set-aside lands, arable lands and wide margins between crops without any chemical treatments. In addition, research should focus on the biological processes affecting the distribution and abundance of this species (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H., Wright, L, Symes, A. & Burfield, I.","Rutherford, C.A., Staneva, A., Piggott, A., Fernando, E. & Grice, H.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,ALAUDIDAE,Galerida,theklae,,Galerida theklae,"(Brehm, 1858)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. <br/><br/>For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Spain. It also breeds in Portugal and France.","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,750,000–2,850,000 pairs, which equates to 3,500,000–5,690,000 mature individuals. The entire European breeding population is found within the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits rugged areas with shrubs and a high percentage of bare ground or semi-arid pasture. Typically, it is found in hilly and broken landscapes, with rocky substrates.<br/><br/>It is monogamous and egg-laying occurs from February to June. The nest is a depression on the ground, next to or beneath a shrub or tuft, and it is lined with grass stems. Clutches are three to five eggs.<br/><br/>The diet varies with the season but is mainly insects, with seeds and occasional green plant material also consumed.<br/><br/>The species is resident and generally sedentary (de Juana and Suárez 2004).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Agricultural intensification along with associated irrigation projects (Tucker and Heath 1994) and the afforestation of steppe areas are thought to be driving declines in some parts of Spain. In Las Amoladeras Reserve (Almería), the cessation of hunting has resulted in a large increase in rabbit (<em>Oryctolagus cuniculus</em>) and fox (<em>Vulpes vulpes</em>) populations and thus a rapid decline in this species (de Juana and Suárez 2004). Overgrazing is a threat in parts of southwest Iberia (Tucker and Heath 1994).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><strong><br/>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The maintenance of low-intensity farming practices would benefit this species. Steppe habitat should be recovered and conserved. The maintenance of medium-height scrub through low grazing pressure may also be beneficial and assist the species where populations are fragmented. In addition, afforestation and irrigation developments should be restricted (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,SCOLOPACIDAE,Gallinago,gallinago,,Gallinago gallinago,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","<em>Gallinago gallinago</em> and <em>G. delicata</em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) were previously lumped as <em>G. gallinago </em>following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).<p></p>",No,VU,A2bcde+3bcde+4bcde,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The species is undergoing rapid declines which are projected to continue in the future and is therefore classified as Vulnerable under criterion A (VU A2b+3b+4b).&#160;<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence  (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is  much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the  thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and  D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the breeding population is estimated to have decreased by 36% (best estimate) in the past 12 years (three generations), is expected to decline by 35.7% (best estimate) between 2009-2021 and expected to decrease by 30.8% over the next three generations. In the EU28, the breeding population is estimated to have decreased by 13% over the past three generations.&#160;These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia, with large numbers in Iceland and Sweden. It also notably breeds in Finland, Belarus, Latvia, United Kingdom, Norway and Poland.","The European breeding population is estimated at 2,630,000-3,630,000 pairs (5,270,000-7,260,000 mature individuals). The EU28 breeding population is estimated at 422,000-758,000 pairs, which equates to&#160;844,000-1,520,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is mostly migratory, wintering in Europe and Africa. Some populations are sedentary or partially migratory, e.g. British Isles. The birds move quickly from breeding grounds to moulting areas, and after a few weeks quickly migrate to the wintering grounds. The species shows a high degree of site fidelity at staging sites. Birds wintering in the Afrotropics are thought to be from Russia, crossing the Sahara on a broad front. European and Atlantic birds move to southern and western Europe. The species seems to have shifted its main moulting grounds from continental (particularly Netherlands) to Britain since late 1950s. Autumn passage is from late July to November, with arrival in Northern Africa mainly late September to early October. Most birds leave Africa for spring migration in March; crossing Europe from March to early May. The males typically arrive on the breeding grounds 10–14 days before the females. The species breeds in open fresh or brackish marshland with rich or tussocky vegetation, grassy or marshy edges of lakes and rivers, wet hay fields, swampy meadows and marshy tundra, in forest tundra and extreme northern taiga zones. The species breeds in general in areas providing a combination of grassy cover and moist soils, rich in organic matter. Outside the breeding season, it generally occupies similar habitats, with more use of man-made habitats, e.g. sewage farms and rice fields, upper reaches of estuaries and coastal meadows. Its diet includes larval insects (10–80%), adult insects, earthworms, small crustaceans, small gastropods and spiders. Plant fibres and seeds are consumed in smaller quantities. It feeds by vertical and rhythmic probing in substrate, often without removing the bill from the soil. It typically forages in small groups. Laying April-June. Monogamous, but both sexes show high degree of promiscuity. Territorial; densities up to 10–38 (even 110) pairs/km<sup>2</sup>. Nest usually on dry spot, covered by grasses, rushes, sedges or sphagnum. High proportion of the nests may be predated or trampled by cattle (Van Gils and Wiersma 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The decline noted in breeding populations of Europe is probably chiefly due to habitat changes, especially drainage. In Schleswig-Holstein, northern Germany, a decline was observed from 13,000 pairs in 1970 to 1,500 in 1992. A very high decline of 99–100%, followed the improvement of marginal grasslands in northern England. Low water levels shorten the period of food availability in pastures, due to the lower penetrability of soil, and thereby strongly influence the length of breeding season. Careful manipulation of water levels may allow improvement of breeding success (Van Gils and Wiersma 2015).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Annex II (A) and III (B) of the EU Birds Directive. The species is part of the international Multi-Species Action Plan (MSAP) for the conservation of breeding waders in wet grassland habitats in Europe (2018-2028).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Drainage of freshwater wetland habitats needs to be stopped and reversed. Marginal grasslands need to be restored.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,SCOLOPACIDAE,Gallinago,media,,Gallinago media,"(Latham, 1787)",0,No,LC,0,No,VU,C1,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence  (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is  much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the  thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and  D2). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. This species has a small population in this region which appears to be declining, and meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size criterion C. Since the wider European population is also decreasing, there is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the EU28 and the final category is unchanged.","In Europe, the breeding population trend is estimated to have decreased by 21.1% (best estimate) in the past in 12 years (three generations). In the EU28, the breeding population is estimated to have decreased by 15-44% with a best estimate of 23% over the same period. These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia, with large numbers in Norway and Belarus. It also breeds in Sweden, Estonia, Poland, Latvia, Ukraine, Lithuania and&#160;Finland.","The European breeding population is inferred to be 52,000-90,100 calling or lekking males&#160;(104,000-181,000 mature individuals). The EU28 breeding population is suspected to be 2,200-3,800 calling or lekking males (4,400-7,600 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species' nesting habitats include floodplain and tussock meadows, peatlands and tundra with scattered bushes up to 1,000 m (Snow and Perrins 1998) in lowland interior taiga and wooded tundra (Cramp and Simmons 1983). In the Scandinavian mountains it breeds along the tree line. It shows a preference for habitats rich in sub-surface invertebrates and medium density scrub cover for nesting, often in wide river valleys (Van Gils <em>et al.</em> 2016). It is also tolerant of wooded and on occasion well-drained sites that adjoin bogs or marshes (Cramp and Simmons 1983). On migration it occurs in drier meadows but also on sedge marshes with Common Snipe (<em>Gallinago gallinago</em>).<br/><br/>It breeds from mid-May to early-July and nests solitarily. It has a polygamous mating system, with males forming leks after sunset (Van Gils <em>et al.</em> 2016) from May to July and each lek holding 5–30 males (Johnsgard 1981). The nest is a shallow depression in the ground, filled with some moss or grass, in thick vegetation, usually completely concealed, but sometimes more open. Clutches are normally four eggs. Its diet consists predominantly of earthworms as well as gastropods, adult and larval terrestrial insects (beetles, tipulids), and the seeds of marsh plants. This species is migratory, however, some birds irregularly winter in north-west Europe and southern Scandinavia. It departs from its breeding grounds from early-August onwards and the return, northward migration occurs on a broad front across Africa between March and April (Van Gils <em>et al.</em> 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Rapid declines in the southern forest and forest-steppe zones of Russia and Ukraine are largely a result of the destruction and deterioration of nesting habitats. The main causes of habitat loss are conversion to intensive agriculture (Kålås <em>et al.</em> 1997), wetland drainage and the submergence of river valleys during the creation of reservoirs. It is also hunted in eastern Europe (Kålås 2004), with reports of several thousand killed in just 15-20 days in Amasia, Armenia (L. Balyan in litt. 2008). Habitat loss due to climate change may represent the most severe threat to the Scandinavian population (R. Ekblom in litt. 2007, J. A. Kålås in litt. 2007).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. An International Single Species Action Plan was published in 2004 (R. Ekblom in litt. 2007). National action plans for this species have been published for several countries, including Sweden, Estonia, Ukraine and Latvia (R. Ekblom in litt. 2007).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Establish coordinated monitoring programmes in all countries within the species' distribution range to monitor trends. Research population numbers and trends in Russia. Monitor rates of habitat loss and degradation. Increase the area of suitable habitat with protected status. Investigate the impact of climate change on the species and determine mitigation measures. Work with farmers and land managers to ensure the use of favourable land management. Initiate changes in agricultural practices through EU and national policies.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,SCOLOPACIDAE,Gallinago,megala,,Gallinago megala,"Swinhoe, 1861",0,No,NT,D1,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT</strong><strong>°°</strong><strong>°</strong><strong>)</strong><br/><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><strong><br/></strong><br/>In Europe, this species' range is unknown, but is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population trend&#160;is not known, but it is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is extremely small, and qualifies for Critically Endangered under the population size criterion (criterion D). However, it is part of a much larger non-European population and therefore suspected to be subject to a highly significant rescue effect from this and from its migration to Asia in the winter season. For these reasons, the species is downlisted three categories to Near Threatened (NT°°°) in Europe.<br/><br/>The bird is considered vagrant in the EU28 and is assessed as Not Applicable (NA) for this region.","The European population trend for this species is currently unknown. For detail on national trends, please see the Supplementary Information.","This species has only recently been found breeding in Europe, in the Polar Urals in the northeast of European Russia (Keller <em>et al</em>. 2020).<br/>A distribution map for this species in the region has not yet been produced.","The European breeding population is estimated at 10–30 pairs (20–60 mature individuals). The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","<strong>Behaviour</strong>&#160;<br/>This species is strongly migratory (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996). It breeds from May to August (Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986) in scattered solitary pairs (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996), and forages singly (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996, Coates and Bishop 1997) or in dispersed flocks outside of the breeding season (Coates and Bishop 1997). The species is crepuscular and nocturnal in its foraging activities (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996).&#160;<strong><br/></strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>Habitat&#160;</strong><em><br/></em><em>Breeding</em>&#160;<br/>It breeds in open deciduous or mixed deciduous/evergreen woodland, showing a preference for grassy areas near marshes and streams (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996), clearings (Johnsgard 1981), clear-cut areas (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996), woodland along river valleys (Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986) and open regions of forest with meadows, thickets and young stands of aspen <em>Populus</em> spp. or birch <em>Betula</em> spp. (Flint <em>et al.</em> 1984). It generally avoids very wet or boggy sites during this season (Johnsgard 1981) but may occur on alpine meadows near the treeline (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996). <em><br/><br/></em><em>Non-breeding</em>&#160;<br/>In its non-breeding range the species occurs in dense growths of grass and rushes around the edge of fresh and brackish (Higgins and Davies 1996) marshes (Higgins and Davies 1996, del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996), swamps, pools, small streams, rice paddy-fields, sewage ponds (Higgins and Davies 1996, del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996), rank grassland (Higgins and Davies 1996, Coates and Bishop 1997) and dry cultivated areas (e.g. with crops of rapeseed and wheat) (Higgins and Davies 1996). It may also be observed foraging among hummocks or on mudflats around seepage areas (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996).&#160;<strong><br/></strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>Diet</strong>&#160;<br/>Its diet consists of earthworms, adult and larval insects (e.g. glow-worms, beetles, ants and grasshoppers) (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996), terrestrial molluscs (Johnsgard 1981) and seeds (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996).&#160;<strong><br/></strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>Breeding site</strong>&#160;<br/>The nest is a simple scrape (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996) placed on dry substrates (Johnsgard 1981) with short grass (Flint <em>et al.</em> 1984) on slight elevations (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996) or mounds (Flint <em>et al.</em> 1984) in swamps and bogs (Johnsgard 1981), among bushes, or in the open in forest meadows (Flint <em>et al.</em> 1984, del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In Europe, any threats to this species are currently unknown.",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed&#160;</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently known to be proposed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Wheatley, H.","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,SCOLOPACIDAE,Gallinago,stenura,,Gallinago stenura,"(Bonaparte, 1830)",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small to large, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is unknown, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>The species does not occur within the EU28 and is assessed as Not Applicable (NA) for this region.","In Europe, the population trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species only breeds in European Russia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 10,000-19,000 pairs, which equates to 20,000-38,000 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is fully migratory and travels over land on a broad front between its breeding and wintering grounds (Van Gils and Wiersma 2017). It breeds from late-May to August (Hayman <em>et al. </em>1986) after which it migrates in small flocks of 5–10 individuals (Van Gils and Wiersma 2017). The species also overwinters in small groups (Johnsgard 1981). It breeds in Arctic and boreal wetlands up to 2,300 m above sea-level on damp meadows along river valleys (Johnsgard 1981, Van Gils and Wiersma 1996), in grassy and mossy swamps (Flint <em>et al.</em> 1984), swampy taiga forest (Johnsgard 1981, Flint <em>et al.</em> 1984), sphagnum bogs (Johnsgard 1981) and shrub tundra with patches of dwarf birch (<em>Betula nana</em>) (Van Gils and Wiersma 2017). In its wintering range the species inhabits a wider variety of wetland habitats including flooded paddy-fields, wet grasslands, seepage swamps and marshland (Van Gils and Wiersma 2017), often foraging on the muddy shorelines of swamps and along streams (Johnsgard 1981, Van Gils and Wiersma 2017). Its diet consists of molluscs, adult and larval insects, earthworms and occasionally crustaceans, seeds and other plant matter. The nest is a shallow depression usually well-concealed in dense cover (Van Gils and Wiersma 2017).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The species is subject to some hunting pressure (Van Gils and Wiersma 2017).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is not listed on priority lists of the Conventions. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Hunting should be monitored and regulated to ensure it does not impact this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,GRUIFORMES,RALLIDAE,Gallinula,chloropus,,Gallinula chloropus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","<em>Gallinula chloropus</em> and <em>G. galeata</em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) were previously lumped as <em>G. chloropus</em> following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be decreasing by <em>ca</em> 13%, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence  (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is  much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the  thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and  D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not  approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size  criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be decreasing by <em>ca</em> 15%, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe and the EU28 the population size is estimated to be decreasing. For details of national estimates, see supplementary information.","<p>In Europe, the species breeds primarily in the United Kingdom, France, Italy, with significant numbers in the European part of Russia, Ukraine, Ireland, Spain, Romania, Germany and the Netherlands.<br/></p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 896,000-1,340,000&#160;pairs (1,790,000-2,670,000&#160;mature individuals). The population in the EU28 is estimated at 672,000-921,000&#160;pairs (1,344,000-1,842,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","The species inhabits freshwater wetlands, both still and moving, requiring easy access to open water (Taylor et al. 2014) and showing a preference for waters sheltered by woodland, bushes or tall emergent vegetation. Suitable habitats include slow-flowing rivers, streams, canals, ditches, lakes, reservoirs, sites with small open water surfaces such as pools and ponds only a few metres across, swamps, marshes, disused gravel pits, rice-fields (Taylor and van Perlo 1998, Taylor <em>et al</em>. 2014), seasonally flooded sites (Taylor <em>et al</em>. 2014), sewage ponds, oxbow lakes and occasionally seashores (Azerbaijan) (Taylor and van Perlo 1998). In Europe the species breeds from March to August. The nest varies between a shallow saucer and a deep cup constructed from twigs and waterside vegetation, and can be floating on or positioned up to 1 m above water in emergent vegetation, or positioned on a solid platform of branches in water. Less often the nest is placed in ground vegetation or in low bushes on the bank near water, or in bushes and trees up to 8 m from the ground. Usually five to nine eggs are laid. The species is omnivorous and opportunistic, its diet consisting of earthworms, crustaceans, molluscs, adult and larval insects, spiders, small fish, tadpoles and occasionally birds eggs, as well as plant matter and berries and fruits (Taylor <em>et al</em>. 2014). It is a resident year round through much of its range however northern and north-western populations do migrate to southern and western Europe during the winter months (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In north-west Europe, populations are known to fluctuate significantly owing to severe winters (Taylor <em>et al</em>. 2014). The species is susceptible to avian influenza (Melville and Shortridge 2006, Gaidet <em>et al</em>. 2007) and avian botulism (Rocke 2006) and may be threatened by future outbreaks of these diseases. It is also vulnerable to predation by introduced American Mink (<em>Neovison vison</em>) in the U.K. (Ferraras and McDonald 1999).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Wetland expansion for other species is likely to benefit this species. In areas where American Mink are present, predator control may be needed.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,CORVIDAE,Garrulus,glandarius,,Garrulus glandarius,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. <br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In Europe and the EU28 the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds over most of the region, with large numbers in Spain and Turkey, and also notably in France, Poland, Germany, Russia and Italy.","The European breeding population is estimated at 6,040,000-11,600,000 pairs, which equates to 12,000,000-23,100,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 4,460,000-7,570,000 pairs, which equates to 8,930,000-15,200,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits woodlands and forests of all kinds, especially beech (<em>Fagus</em>) and hornbeam (<em>Carpinus</em>), although oak (<em>Quercus</em>) is preferred. It can also be found in parks, orchards and large gardens.  Northern populations also occur in conifers and birch (<em>Betula</em>) forest. In most of Europe, egg-laying occurs mainly from mid-April. The nest is built by both sexes and is a well-constructed, platform of twigs around a relatively deep cup, lined with soft plant materials. It is usually placed four to six metres above ground and often at the junction of substantial branch and main trunk. Clutches are typically five to seven eggs. It is omnivorous, feeding mostly on invertebrates during the breeding season. It also takes eggs and nestlings of a range of birds up to the size of a sparrowhawk (<em>Accipiter</em>) and a wide variety of seeds and berries, especially in autumn and winter, including grain, beech mast, chestnuts and acorns. Throughout the autumn and into winter it builds up caches of acorns, burying them individually in leaf litter on forest floor or beneath clumps of brambles or ferns, and has been estimated that a single bird could store c. 3000 acorns in one month (Madge 2009). The species sedentary although some subspecies have migratory populations (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species's colourful blue wing feathers became very fashionable in the early 20th century, both as hat decoration and in the making of ""flies"" for salmon-fishing. It was also long persecuted by gamekeepers and farmers due to its habit of raiding nests, although persecution is now much less widespread (Madge 2009).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Appendix II. There are currently no known specific conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,GAVIIFORMES,GAVIIDAE,Gavia,adamsii,,Gavia adamsii,"(Gray, 1859)",0,No,VU,D1,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species is extremely marginal as a breeder, and has here been assessed on the basis of its more important wintering population, which is concentrated almost entirely in Norway. In winter, this species has a large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is small, and meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size criterion D.&#160;It is therefore assessed as such in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/>This species is considered a vagrant in the EU28 and is therefore considered Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe, the breeding population is estimated to have declined by 100% over the past 33 years (three generations) and population size trend in winter is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species occurs in winter at sea, off the coasts of Norway.<br/><br/>The species has not been recorded in the breeding season in Europe (Russia) since 2005.","The minimum European population in winter is estimated at 1,000 individuals, which equates to 670 mature individuals. There also used to exist a marginal breeding population in Europe of at least 20 mature individuals, however this species has not been reported as breeding in the region since 2005. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species may breed on low-lying Arctic coasts and estuaries but is more common on freshwater pools, lakes or rivers in the Arctic tundra (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). Optimum habitats include lakes where the water does not completely freeze, which have dependable supplies of fish, highly convoluted shorelines and aquatic vegetation providing habitats for fish and sites for nesting and brood rearing (Earnst <em>et al.</em> 2006). Outside of the breeding season the species inhabits inshore waters (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020), fjords with muddy substrates (Byrkjedal <em>et al.</em> 2000) and inlets (Snow and Perrins 1998) along sheltered coasts. It breeds from early June (largely depending upon the timing of the spring thaw) in solitary pairs. The nest is a heap of plant matter or turf built near the water's edge, usually on the shore of a clear-water lake with good visibility over surrounding areas. Clutch size is two. Its diet is little known but may consist predominantly of fish as well as crustaceans, molluscs and marine annelids. This species is fully migratory. After breeding it travels southwards and towards the coast (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020) to its wintering grounds, where it is present between October and May (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is vulnerable to coastal oil spills in both its breeding and wintering ranges (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). Wintering individuals are potentially threatened by heavy metal pollution and by drowning in fishing nets (particularly in the north Pacific (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020)). Although rates of harvest are currently thought to be at sustainable levels (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2009), exact harvest numbers are unknown. Climate change is likely to be a future threat to the species (Gavrilo 2008). Threats are exacerbated by a low reproductive rate and very specific breeding habitat requirements (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2009, K. Laing <em>in litt.</em> 2008).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Western Palearctic population is CMS Appendix II. There are no known conservation measures in place.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Update the current population estimate and establish a monitoring programme to elucidate trends. Assess current levels of harvest and initiate control measures should they be unsustainable. Assess comparative ecology and possible impact of climate change.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,GAVIIFORMES,GAVIIDAE,Gavia,arctica,,Gavia arctica,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be decreasing by nearly 30% over three generations, and hence the species nearly meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Near Threatened in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is suspected to be decreasing by less than 25% in 28 years (three generations). In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in the European part of Russia, with smaller numbers in Finland, Sweden and Norway.","The European breeding population is estimated at 71,000-97,000&#160;pairs (142,000-194,000 mature individuals), and the wintering population at 11,800-25,500 individuals (7,900-17,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 14,800-19,500 pairs (29,600-38,900 mature individuals), and the wintering population at 7,700-10,800 individuals (5,100-7,200 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","This specialist breeds on deep, productive, freshwater lakes (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020) or extensive pools with islets, peninsulas and other inaccessible nesting sites (Snow and Perrins 1998). Outside of the breeding season the species is most common on inshore waters along sheltered coasts (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020), occasionally also frequenting large inland freshwater bodies (Flint <em>et al.</em> 1984, Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020) such as natural lakes or barrages, lagoons and large rivers (Snow and Perrins 1998). It breeds in isolated solitary pairs (Snow and Perrins 1998, Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020) from April onwards (Flint <em>et al.</em> 1984), although nesting occurs later further to the north depending on the timing of the thaw. The nest is a heap of plant matter placed near the water's edge (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020) on islets or hummocks emerging from the water, sometimes also on clumps of grass on the shore (Flint <em>et al. </em>1984). Clutches are almost always two. Its diet consists predominantly of fish although aquatic insects, molluscs, crustaceans and some plant matter may also be taken. This species is migratory and dispersive, generally moving south post-breeding (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","During the breeding season the species is threatened by the acidification of breeding waters, heavy metal pollution and water level fluctuations (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020) especially during the incubation period (Gotmark <em>et al.</em> 1989, Hake et al. 2005). It also suffers from lower reproductive success due to human disturbance (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020) (e.g. from tourists or wetland visitors) (Gotmark <em>et al.</em> 1989) and is indirectly affected by breeding habitat alteration (e.g. afforestation) (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). During the winter the species is highly vulnerable to coastal oil spills, especially in rich fishing grounds where large congregation may occur, and is commonly caught and drowned as bycatch in fishing nets (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). The species is also highly sensitive to disturbance from coastal wind farms (wind turbines) (Garthe and Huppop 2004) and is susceptible to avian influenza so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II (Gavia arctica arctica). EU Birds directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. Artificial nesting areas have been created to improve breeding success of this species and in Sweden nesting islands and the surrounding areas have been included in sanctuaries (Sibley and Monroe 1990). <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Key breeding sites should be identified and site protection implemented against development and human disturbance. Tighter legislation should be developed as well as penalties (national and international) associated with oil pollution from offshore developments and transport. Promote the proper use of corrective measures in longline fisheries to avoid accidental capture of birds.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,GAVIIFORMES,GAVIIDAE,Gavia,immer,,Gavia immer,"(Brünnich, 1764)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is small, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/>&#160;<br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is&#160;small, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the breeding population trend is unknown and the wintering population trend is estimated to be stable. In&#160;the EU28, the wintering population is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds, in Greenland (to Denmark), and also notably in Iceland, with a small population also present in Svalbard and Jan Mayen (Norway). It winters on sea coasts or on larger lakes over a much wider area including the Atlantic coast of Europe from Finland to Portugal and the western Mediterranean (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em> 2020), but mainly in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Norway and also notably in Iceland.","In Europe, the breeding population is estimated at 800-1,500 pairs, which equates to 1,600-2,900 mature individuals. The minimum European population in winter is estimated at 8,600-10,700 individuals, which equates to 5,700-7,200 mature individuals. The species only occurs in the EU28 in winter and the minimum population is estimated at 6,900-7,700 individuals, which equates to 4,600-5,200 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is strongly migratory. The species breeds on large, deep freshwater lakes in coniferous forest or on open tundra (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). Some individuals remain in Iceland year-round, although most winter on sea coasts or on larger lakes across the North East Atlantic coast from Finland and Norway to Portugal and in the western Mediterranean. During the winter the species occurs singly, in pairs or in small loose flocks in marine habitats (Godfrey 1979, Snow and Perrins 1998). A pursuit diver, its diet consists predominantly of fish, including cod (<em>Gadus morhua</em>), haddock (<em>Melanogrammus aeglefinus</em>), herring (<em>Clupea harengus</em>), trout (Salmo), suckers (Catostomidae), minnows (Cyprinidae) and perch (Perca) as well as crustaceans, molluscs, aquatic insects, annelid worms, frogs, other amphibians and plant matter (e.g. <em>Potamogeton spp.</em>, willow (<em>Salix spp.</em>) shoots, roots, seeds, moss and algae) (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","When breeding the species is threatened by fluctuating water levels (e.g., due to the building of dams) (Rimmer 1992), acidification of breeding lakes (Piper <em>et al.</em> 2002, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020), heavy metal pollution (Rimmer 1992, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020) (e.g. methylmercury contamination) (Piper <em>et al.</em> 2002) and lead poisoning from ingested lead fishing weights (Scheuhammer e<em>t al.</em> 2003). It is also highly sensitive to human disturbance (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020) such as shoreline development and human recreation (Piper <em>et al.</em> 2002), and may desert lakes after increases in human presence and activities (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). During the winter the species is highly vulnerable to coastal oil spills, especially in areas where large congregations form (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020), and entanglement in monofilament fishing lines (used for sport fishing) and commercial fishing nets causes significant mortality at sea and on larger lakes (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed under Appendix II of the Convention on Migratory Species and is listed under the African Eurasian Waterbird Agreement. It is listed in Article I under the EU Birds Directive. It occurs in 20 IBAs, including in Iceland, Norway (Svalbard and mainland Norway), Ireland, the United Kingdom and in Spain. It is a listed species in 83 Special Protection Areas in the EU Natura 2000 network. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Protect Important Bird Areas across range states and identify and designate additional important sites. Identify sites and areas where high gillnet bycatch is occurring, and develop effective mitigation solutions. Manage coastal and inland developments surrounding important breeding areas. Develop rapid and trans-boundary response plans to coastal oil spills.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,GAVIIFORMES,GAVIIDAE,Gavia,stellata,,Gavia stellata,"(Pontoppidan, 1763)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the population size trend is unknown. In the EU28 the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Greenland and the European part of Russia, with small numbers in Norway, Iceland, Sweden and the United Kingdom.<p></p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 45,500-72,800&#160;pairs (91,100-146,000&#160;mature individuals), and the wintering population is estimated at 56,100-72,200 individuals (37,400-48,100 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 3,000-4,800 pairs (6,000-9,600 mature individuals), and the wintering population at 52,400-66,800 individuals (34,900-44,600 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","On migration this species may form large flocks of 200–1,200 individuals, with similar concentrations occurring on rich marine fishing grounds during the winter (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). The species breeds on freshwater pools or lakes in open moorland, blanket bogs (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020) or open and wet peatland habitats (Campbell 1987). Outside of the breeding season the species frequents inshore waters along sheltered coasts, occasionally occurring inland (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020) on lakes, pools, reservoirs and rivers (Snow and Perrins 1998). Its diet consists predominantly of fish as well as crustaceans, molluscs, frogs, fish spawn (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020), aquatic insects, annelid worms (Snow and Perrins 1998) and plant matter (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). In winter its diet is almost predominantly fish, and in the Baltic Sea they opportunistically feed on spawning Herring, Smelt and Percids.<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","When breeding the species is threatened by water level fluctuations and acidification of breeding waters heavy metal pollution and the afforestation of peatland or moorland habitats (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). It is also sensitive to human disturbance from recreational activities and shoreline development (e.g. construction work near breeding lakes) (Meek e<em>t al.</em> 1993) and will desert sites if there is too much human activity (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). During the winter the species is highly vulnerable to coastal oil spills, especially in areas where large concentrations form (e.g. on rich fishing grounds) (Skov <em>et al. </em>2011, Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). The North, Baltic and Mediterranean Seas have experienced severe oil spill events in the past, and remain regions at risks of future spills particularly with expanding oil exploration activity. This species is also highly sensitive to disturbance from coastal wind farms (wind turbines) during winter, causing a risk for habitat displacement and collision (Garthe and Huppop 2004, Bradbury <em>et al.</em> 2014). The species suffers mortality at sea and on large lakes due to entanglement and drowning in inshore gillnets (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020), with potentially significant impacts on the breeding and wintering population within the Baltic Sea, where large numbers of birds overlap with intensive gillnet fisheries (Žydelis <em>et al.</em> 2013). &#160;It is also highly sensitive to disturbance at sea, particularly from vessel traffic along shipping lanes, a particular problem in North Sea and the Baltic region due to high numbers of vessels passing (Schwemmer <em>et al.</em> 2011) &#160;It is susceptible to avian influenza so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006). As a species which breeds in the Arctic it is likely to be affected by impacts from climate change, including habitat changes and prey availability (Ganter <em>et al.</em> 2014).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Annex II of the Convention on Migratory Species, and is listed under the African Eurasian Waterbird Agreement. Listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention, and Annex I of the EU Birds Directive. Listed as critically endangered on the HELCOM convention. There are 58 Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas for this species. Within the EU it occurs and is protected in 426 Special Protection Areas. Since the 1970s, conservation work in Finland has included building artificial rafts for this species to reduce predation risk, which has led to higher breeding success in some areas. Within the North Sea (Germany) work is underway to test alternative fishing gears to gillnets, while in Lithuania gillnet bycatch mitigation is being trialled. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Development of mitigation measures for gillnet bycatch for commercial and artisanal fishing vessels. Prevention of chronic oil pollution and oil spill events, and development of rapid, trans-boundary plans for oil spill response. Protection of feeding grounds, and regulations for vessel traffic, management of recreational activities at important breeding and non-breeding sites, careful siting of windfarms away from critical habitat or migration pathways.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,LARIDAE,Gelochelidon,nilotica,,Gelochelidon nilotica,"(Gmelin, 1789)","<em>Gelochelidon nilotica </em>and <em>G. macrotarsa</em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) were previously placed in the genus <em>Sterna </em>and lumped as <em>S. nilotica</em> following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small, but not enough to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the population size is estimated to be stable. In the EU28 the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see supplementary information.","<p>In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Spain and Russia, with significant numbers in Portugal, France, Turkey, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Italy.</p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 13,300-18,700&#160;pairs (26,700-37,400&#160;mature individuals). The population in the EU28 is estimated at 8,000-9,900 pairs (16,000-19,800 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","It breeds in a variety of locations with bare or sparsely vegetated islands, banks, flats, or spits of dry mud and sand (Higgins and Davies 1996) including barrier beaches (shoals), dunes, saltmarshes, saltpans, freshwater lagoons (Gochfeld and Burger 1996), estuaries, deltas, inland lakes, rivers and marshes (Snow and Perrins 1998). During this season it may also feed on emerging insects over lakes, agricultural fields, grasslands and even over semi-desert regions (Gochfeld and Burger 1996). On passage the species typically forages over saltpans, coastal lagoons, mudflats, marshes and wet fields, overwintering on estuaries, saltpans (Gochfeld and Burger 1996), lagoons (Snow and Perrins 1998) and saltmarshes (Higgins and Davies 1996) or in more inland sites such as large rivers, lakes (Snow and Perrins 1998), sewage ponds, reservoirs, saltpans and irrigation canals (Higgins and Davies 1996). The species is loosely colonial; usually 5–50 pairs found together. It will often nest in the colonies of other terns or <em>Larus ridibundus</em>. Egg-laying occurs in May and June. The nest is a scrape in dry mud, sand or gravel (Richards 1990) on beaches, dry mudflats, dykes, sea-wrack on the tideline or on floating vegetation (Gochfeld and Burger 1996). It is an opportunistic feeder and is largely insectivorous taking adult and larval terrestrial and aquatic insects (Richards 1990, Gochfeld and Burger 1996) as well as spiders, earthworms, small reptiles, frogs, small fish (6–9 cm long), aquatic invertebrates and rarely voles and small birds. Northern breeding populations of this species are migratory and European birds disperse in all directions after breeding, then migrate across to Spain, Italy and northern Africa to western Africa, the Rift Valley and coastal eastern Africa; others travel east to India, and occasionally Indonesia (Gochfeld and Burger 1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by the deterioration and loss of habitat, e.g. through wetland drainage, agricultural intensification, pesticide pollution, fluctuating water levels (Gochfeld and Burger 1996), beach erosion and the development or modification of foraging sites (Molina and Erwin 2006). It also suffers from reduced reproductive success as a result of human disturbance at breeding colonies (Gochfeld and Burger 1996, Molina and Erwin 2006).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Identify important breeding areas for the species and ensure site protection from disturbance, development and modification. Develop and implement suitable site management plans. Studies should be conducted to investigate the species's population ecology and potential threats and impacts, in order to inform conservation measures.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PELECANIFORMES,THRESKIORNITHIDAE,Geronticus,eremita,,Geronticus eremita,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,RE,0,No,RE,0,EU28,,<strong>European regional assessment: Regionally Extinct (RE)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Regionally Extinct (RE)</strong><strong><br/></strong><br/>This species is listed as Regionally Extinct in both Europe and the EU28 until any reintroductions are considered fully self-sustaining and countable. <p></p> <p></p>,"A small breeding population has been reported in Turkey between 2013-2019, and is estimated to be increasing. However this population is not yet considered self-sustainable. Therefore this species' population in Europe is still considered regionally extinct. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Historically, the species occurred across the Alps of central Europe, and a large captive population has been maintained in zoos, which has been used for release trials and reintroduction work in Austria and Spain, with a long-term aim to re-establish the species in parts of its former range. A semi-wild population exists at Birecik, Turkey (Arihan 1998), where birds are free-flying for five months, but are taken into captivity after the breeding season to prevent them from migrating (Hatipoglu 2010). No wild or self-sustaining populations of this species are currently present in Europe.","The species is considered to be regionally extinct in the EU28. The species became extinct in Germany, Austria and Switzerland during the 16<sup>th</sup> and 17<sup>th</sup> centuries. It is thought that the species also used to breed in Spain more than 500 years ago (Hirschfeld 2008). Since the beginning of the 20<sup>th</sup> century there have been sharp declines in the North African and Middle Eastern populations.&#160;The wild population in Birecik, Turkey, declined from 3,000 birds in 1930 to 400 in 1982 and was declared extinct by 1989 (Akçakaya&#160;<em>et al.</em> 1990), mainly as a result of poisoning by pesticides, loss of feeding habitat due to agricultural intensification, and human disturbance at the colonies, probably as well hunting pressures especially during migration.<br/>Many individuals of this species exist in captivity in Europe, and some populations have been reintroduced in certain regions, such as Spain and the Alps. These populations are not yet considered self-sustainable. In addition to this, small breeding population of 65 pairs (130 mature individuals) has recently been reported in Turkey (see the Supplementary Information), but it is not considered self-sustainable. Therefore the European breeding population remains at 0 and is still considered regionally extinct.","This species inhabits arid and semi-arid plains and plateaux with rocky escarpments as well as cultivated fields and formerly high-altitude meadows or pastures. It roosts and nests in cliffs, adjacent to watercourses or along the sea coast. It is also found nesting on man-made structures such as castles, walls and towers (Matheu <em>et al.</em> 2014). Breeding begins February to March and finishes late June or early July, however dispersal does not start until August (Cramp <em>et al</em>. 1977). It breeds in colonies of up to 40 pairs. Nests are a loose platform of branches lined with grass, straw, wool, rags and other rubbish. Clutch size is usually two to four eggs (Bowden <em>et al</em>. 2003, Matheu <em>et al</em>. 2014). It feeds on invertebrates such as beetles, snails, scorpions and vertebrates such as amphibians, lizards and snakes, and occasionally even small rodents. Its broad high protein diet also includes some vegetation such as berries, shoots, duckweed, and rhizomes of aquatic plants (Hancock<em> et al.</em> 1992, Bowden <em>et al</em>. 2003). The population is mainly migratory.<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","It has declined at least for several centuries, perhaps partly owing to unidentified natural causes. However, the more recent rapid decline was undoubtedly the result of a combination of factors, including land-use change and agricultural intensification (Akçakaya 1990, Bowden <em>et al</em>. 2008, Collar and Stuart 1985). In Turkey, a major historical threat was poisoning and reduced breeding success caused by pesticides (DDT) used against locusts and mosquitoes (Murdoch 2010). Human disturbance (building development) at nest sites was also an important driver of decline in Turkey (Akçakaya 1990). Electrocution by powerlines and poorly designed electricity pylons pose a threat to the population in Birecik, as well as to the Central Europe and Spanish release projects (Fritz 2014, Serra <em>et al</em>. 2013).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CITES Appendix I. CMS Appendix I and II. In 1999 an International Advisory Group (IAGNBI) was created to coordinate efforts and provide scientific advice (Bowden 2001, <a href=""http://www.iagnbi.org"">www.iagnbi.org</a>). An International Species Action Plan was published in 2006. In Turkey, hunting of the species is prohibited and 180 hectares of habitat in Birecik was designated as “Wildlife Improvement Area” in 2011. The management plan has been prepared and waiting for approval (Bowden, C. <em>in litt.</em> 2015). Over 2,000 individuals of the western (Morocco) population exist in captivity worldwide but birds from the eastern population are much rarer in captivity (very small numbers held in Turkish zoos [Böhm 2004]). A European Endangered species captive breeding Programme (EEP) was initiated in 1988 (Boehm and Bowden 2010). An in situ breeding programme at Birecik, Turkey has established a partially captive population of c. 190 birds and a number of unsuccessful trial releases of small numbers of birds have taken place since 2007 (Boehm &amp; Bowden 2010, Serra <em>et al.</em> 2014). Most released birds were tagged or satellite tagged and colour-ringing of young birds at Birecik is ongoing (J. Tavares <em>in litt.</em> 2007, Hatipoglu 2010). Reintroduction programmes have focused on developing methodology, and are underway in Austria and Spain (also involving Germany and Italy) (UNEP/CMS 2008, Fritz 2010, Boehm and Bowden 2010). These trials have more recently evolved into reintroduction efforts on site in each case. In Cádiz, southwestern Spain, a total of 190 birds were released between 2004 and 2009 (Boehm and Bowden 2010). Although juvenile mortality was been high, the first breeding pair was formed on nearby cliffs in 2008 and a small independent non-migratory colony is becoming well established in the area (Matheu <em>et al.</em> 2014). There have been experimental field studies of the feeding ecology of hand-raised individuals in potential summer and winter habitat in Europe (Zoufal <em>et al</em>. 2006). In Austria, a small migratory breeding colony has been established and a European LIFE+ project is in place aiming to establish three self-sustaining breeding colonies north of the Alps by the end of 2019 (http://waldrapp.eu/). In Turkey, efforts have focused on increasing the semi-wild population through better husbandry, and now awareness-raising activities are ongoing, targeting locals and particularly farmers, focusing on the ecological importance of the species and the negative effects of using pesticides (Hatipoglu 2009, Bowden, C. <em>in litt.</em> 2015).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Explore the possibility of conservation translocation and reintroduction of captive-bred birds into previously occupied sites (when detailed information on ecological requirements is available) (Mendelssohn 1994, Brindley <em>et al</em>. 1995, Bowden 2001, Bowden, C. <em>in litt</em>. 2015). Research feasibility of re-establishing wild (preferably migratory) population in Turkey (J. Tavares <em>in litt</em>. 2007). A similar project in Syria has initiated a research and protection programme in collaboration with local communities and better links between the Birecik and Syrian populations and projects could be established; research potential to supplement Syrian colony with birds from Turkey (J. Tavares <em>in litt</em>. 2007, Serra <em>et al.</em> 2009, Bowden <em>et al</em>. 2012). Continue with current husbandry at Birecik to increase colony to 150-200 birds (J. Tavares <em>in litt</em>. 2007). Continue to monitor numbers and breeding success (Bowden <em>et al.</em> 2003). Protect key breeding and roosting sites from disturbance and development (Bowden <em>et al.</em> 2003), making sure to involve local people (Serra <em>et al.</em> 2009). Raise awareness among hunters on the migration route (Anon. 2006). Protect wintering areas in Ethiopia. Conduct research into feeding and breeding biology, and habitat requirements (Brindley <em>et al</em>. 1995). Employ management techniques such as the provision of drinking water (Smith <em>et al</em>. 2009, Serra <em>et al. </em>2009). Common Raven (<em>Corvus corax</em>) populations around breeding sites should be controlled where they are identified as causing significant nest predation (Serra <em>et al. </em>2009).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Bowden, C., Burfield, I., Collar, N., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,GLAREOLIDAE,Glareola,nordmanni,,Glareola nordmanni,"Fischer, 1842",0,No,LC,0,No,RE,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Regionally Extinct (RE)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small to large, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>This species used to breed regularly within the EU28, but underwent a steep decline. No recent records have been reported for this species from within the EU28, and it is now considered Regionally Extinct (RE).","In Europe, the population size is suspected to be stable. In the EU28, the population size trend is unknown, but it is considered to be extinct in the region. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information..","In Europe, this species breeds almost entirely in Russia, with very small populations also present in Turkey and Ukraine. It is considered to be extinct in the EU28.","The European&#160;breeding&#160;population is estimated at 6,000–12,100 pairs, which equates to 12,000–24,200 mature individuals. The&#160;breeding&#160;population in the EU28 is considered to be extinct. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds on grazed short-grass steppe, fallow and ploughed fields as well as on alkaline flats, sandpits, shell ridges and sparsely vegetated Solonchaks (saltpans) in lake depressions and river valleys (Cramp and Simmons 1983, Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986, Belik and Lebedeva 2004, Hockey <em>et al.</em> 2005). Large colonies always occur near water and damp meadows, or marshes overgrown with dense grass (Cramp and Simmons 1983). Non-breeding birds frequent open, high-altitude glassland and mudflats.<br/><br/>It nests in small to large colonies (5 to 500 pairs, occasionally thousands) from May to July (Maclean 1996). This species nests on open ground, usually near water. The nest consists of a shallow depression of about 10 cm diameter lined with small pieces of vegetation (Cramp and Simmons 1983). Clutches are three to four eggs which are incubated by both sexes (Maclean 1996).<br/><br/>It feeds on epigeic and airborne insects, particularly swarming species (Hockey <em>et al.</em> 2005). It takes locusts, orthopterans and coleopterans as well as wasps, bees, dragonflies, ants, termites, flies, ichneumons and cockroaches (Cramp and Simmons 1983, Maclean 1996, Hockey <em>et al.</em> 2005). It forages on the wing and responds quickly to insect emergence after storms (Maclean 1996, Hockey <em>et al.</em> 2005).<br/><br/>Migration is overland at high altitude and occurs September to October and April to May (Maclean 1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Threats are poorly understood. Where declines are occurring the key factors probably relate to changing land-use practices such as conversion of steppe to arable agriculture in some areas, shifts in arable land versus livestock grazing on semi-natural steppe in others, and agricultural operations, such as harrowing. Declines occurring from the end of the 19th century in Ukraine and European Russia have been associated with the increase in ploughed areas and the loss of grazed steppe (Kamp <em>et al.</em> 2009). In some areas, predation by corvids may affect breeding success. Whether regional climate change, affects the species negatively or positively, is largely unknown (A. O Solomatin <em>pers. comm.</em>) but it is likely to influence distribution and abundance.","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. An International Single Species Action Plan has been published for this species (Belik and Lebedeva 2004). <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Conduct further surveys to clarify its population status and trends in Russia. Research population development on breeding and wintering grounds by means of a literature review. Research breeding success and adult mortality. Target promotion of low-disturbance agriculture around nesting colonies, and manage grazing and other disturbance. Ensure development and implementation of appropriate regulations on pesticides and hunting in key range states (Belik and Lebedeva 2004).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,GLAREOLIDAE,Glareola,pratincola,,Glareola pratincola,"(Linnaeus, 1766)",0,No,LC,0,No,NT,C1,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small to large, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size may be small, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In Europe, the populations size is suspected to have decreased by 5-32% with a best estimate of 17% over the past 12 years (three generations). In the EU28, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 2.4-41% with a best estimate of 21% over the same period. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds in southern Europe, notably in Spain, Turkey, Russia, Azerbaijan, Portugal, Greece, Romania and Ukraine.","The European&#160;breeding&#160;population is estimated at 8,700-17,500 pairs, which equates to 17,500-35,000 mature individuals. The&#160;breeding&#160;population in the EU28 is estimated at 4,600-8,300 pairs, which equates to 9,200-16,500 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Northern populations of this species are fully migratory (Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). The species nests colonially in small groups of 10–20 or up to 100 pairs (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020) and is highly gregarious throughout the year. The species breeds on flat open areas (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020) with short or patchy vegetation (Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986) such as fields, steppe plains near water (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020) the margins of alkaline lakes and dried mudflats (Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986) in Eurasia (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). Its diet consists of large insects (e.g. Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera and Isoptera), spiders and molluscs (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). The nest is a shallow scrape or depression on the ground on dry mudflats and sandflats (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by the use of herbicides and insecticides, and by changes to its preferred habitats (e.g., changes in water levels, ploughing of grasslands, artificial irrigation and fertilisation, changes in traditional grazing regimes, increasing urban encroachment and human disturbance) (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive, Annex II of the Bern Convention, Annex II of the Convention on Migratory Species, under which it is covered by the African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement (AEWA).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Sustainably manage river valleys and wet grasslands. Abandonment of pastoral grassland, afforestation of farmland and drainage of wet meadows and inland wetlands in key breeding areas should be stopped.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,STRIGIFORMES,STRIGIDAE,Glaucidium,passerinum,,Glaucidium passerinum,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence  (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is  much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the  thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and  D2). The population size is very large, (larger than 10,000 mature  individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for  Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does  not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size  reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not  been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be  applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe and the EU28 the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see supplementary information.","<p>In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia, with significant numbers in Sweden, Romania, Norway, Belarus, Latvia, Austria, Germany and Finland.</p>","The European population is estimated at 82,900-157,000&#160;pairs (165,000-313,000&#160;mature individuals). The population in the EU28 is estimated at 31,000-69,700 pairs (62,000-139,400 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","<p>The species occupies coniferous and mixed forests and is found mainly in tall forest interior, dominated by conifers and often interspersed with beech (<em>Fagus</em>), aspen (<em>Populus</em>), birch (<em>Betula</em>) and other broadleaved trees used for nesting. It occurs in taiga and montane forest and in lowlands at upper and middle latitudes; in temperate zone ranging from 250–300 m in narrow cool and moist ravines (Holt<em> et al.</em> 1999). It is monogamous and breeds from April to July. The nest is in a tree cavity, either a natural hole or one excavated by a woodpecker; it will also make use of nestboxes. Debris is removed from the hole and no material is added to it (Holt<em> et al.</em> 1999, Mikkola 1983). Clutches are usually four to seven eggs. It feeds on small mammals, especially voles, although also shrews (<em>Sorex</em>), bats (<em>Myotis</em>) and mice (<em>Micromys</em>, <em>Apodemus</em>) and small birds (Holt<em> et al.</em> 1999). The species is mainly resident, although some dispersal occurs during winter and bad weather and low prey numbers can cause irruptive movements (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).</p><br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","<p>Breeding densities and numbers can fluctuate significantly with weather conditions and rodent cycles. Despite large scale deforestation in Finland, there is no evidence of population declines there, however in west Germany its disappearance in many areas has been linked to destruction of forests and the resulting changes in ecosystem, such as increase in population of Tawny Owls (<em>Strix aluco</em><em>)</em> at higher elevations (Holt<em> et al.</em> 1999). It is also thought that acid rain damage in conjunction with increasing forest disease will weaken trees to storm damage and result in changes in the ecosystem and increased predation from <em>S. aluco</em><em> again (</em><span class=""addmd"">König <em>et al.</em> 2008).</p>","<p><strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong></p>  <p>CITES Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. The species became extinct in the Black Forest by 1967 so a captive-breeding programme was initiated in 1968. By 1995, 150 breeding territories had been established in the Black Forest (Holt<em> et al.</em> 1999).</p>  <p><strong>Conservation Action Proposed </strong></p>  <p>The species requires more research to inform conservation measures (<span class=""addmd"">König <em>et al.</em> 2008). Conservation of forest habitats, including the preservation of old trees and provision of nest boxes would be beneficial to this species.</p>",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,GRUIFORMES,GRUIDAE,Grus,grus,,Grus grus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe and the EU28 the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see supplementary information.","<p>In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Finland, Sweden, the European part of Russia and Poland, with notable numbers in Germany, Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.</p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 154,000-212,000&#160;pairs (309,000-423,000&#160;mature individuals), and the wintering population is estimated at 317,000-380,000 individuals (211,000-253,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 124,000-169,000&#160;pairs (248,000-338,000 mature individuals), and the wintering population is estimated at 312,000-352,000 individuals (208,000-235,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","During the breeding season this species utilises a wide variety of shallow wetlands, including high altitude, treeless moors or bogs usually with some standing water, and swampy forest clearings, reedy marshes and rice paddies. The species requires inaccessible ground nesting-sites, so is commonly associated with quaking bogs and other impassible mires, especially in the vicinity of Alnus carr woodland or seasonally flooded riverine forest. The non-breeding wintering and migration habitats of the species include floodland, swampy meadows, shallow sheltered bays, rice paddies (Cramp and Simmons 1980), pastures and savannah-like areas (such as open holm oak woodlands in the Iberian Peninsula) (Meine and Archibald 1996). The species returns to its breeding areas in March (Vegvari 2002), where breeding begins in late April or early May, occasionally up to three weeks earlier in southern areas (Snow and Perrins 1998). The nest is a mound of wetland vegetation (which may be re-used from year to year), generally placed in or near water in inaccessible undisturbed bog, heath, marsh, mire (Cramp and Simmons 1980, Urban <em>et al. </em>1986), or sedge meadow (Malik and Prange 1995). Usually two eggs are laid (Archibald <em>et al. </em>2013). The species is omnivorous in both breeding and non-breeding seasons (Cramp and Simmons 1980). This species is fully migratory, although isolated breeding populations east and south of the Black Sea may be resident or only undertake local movements (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In both its breeding and non-breeding ranges this species is principally threatened by habitat loss and degradation through dam construction, urbanisation and agricultural expansion (including changes in land-use, intensification, expanded irrigation systems and conversion of traditional holm oak pastures) (Meine and Archibald 1996). In parts of its breeding range that are heavily developed the species is threatened by nest disturbance from tourism and recreation which reduces its breeding success by increasing the incidence of successful nest predation by corvids, wild boar and foxes (Meine and Archibald 1996). Egg collecting is also a threat to the breeding population in Turkey (Meine and Archibald 1996). Along its migrational routes and in its wintering grounds the species is particularly threatened by habitat fragmentation and the loss of many smaller traditional feeding and roosting sites, leading to increasing concentrations of large flocks in smaller areas, and therefore increased competition (Cramp and Simmons 1980, Alonso <em>et al.</em> 1994, Meine and Archibald 1996). Pesticide poisoning may also be affecting cranes along migration routes and in some wintering areas, especially where they depend primarily on grain from agricultural fields (Meine and Archibald 1996). Collisions with utility lines are frequent in highly developed areas along migration routes and in winter ranges (collisions being the leading cause of adult mortality at wintering areas in Spain) (Meine and Archibald 1996). Hunting is a significant threat to this species on migration (Meine and Archibald 1996, Nawaz <em>et al.</em> 2006) and illegal shooting has been identified as a problem in other areas (including Portugal and south-east Europe) (Meine and Archibald 1996).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. CMS Appendix II. The species is legally protected across all of its European range, although stronger enforcement is needed in many areas. The European Crane Working Group (ECWG) has coordinated conservation activities including research, monitoring, colour banding, habitat protection, education, and recommended changes in agricultural policy, since the mid-1980s. Some breeding areas are within protected areas in Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Hungary, Spain and Germany. Intensive habitat management in western Europe, including  the creation and restoration of wetlands, agreements with private land owners to protect key resting and wintering habitats, clearing of dense vegetation from roosting areas, development of habitat management plans for protected areas, burial or relocation of utility lines, programs to encourage planting of lure crops and use of waste grain for diversionary feeding; and compensation programs for farmers suffering crop damage have resulted in breeding pairs resettling former breeding habitats. Breeding populations have been most closely monitored in Scandinavia, the Baltic nations, Poland, and Germany and in recent years, surveys have been conducted regularly at key staging and wintering areas in Russia, Spain, Germany, France, Portugal, Hungary, Sweden and Estonia. Intensive research in Europe has focused on demographics, life history, feeding and wintering behaviour, and habitat and conservation needs (Meine and Archibald 1996).  Reintroduction of the species to the southwest U.K. began in 2010 with released birds establishing territories and nests (The Great Crane Project 2014).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/> Legal protection of wetlands and other habitats in the species's breeding grounds, along its migratory routes, and in its wintering grounds should be strengthened. Cooperative international conservation programs involving the countries along main migratory routes should be established and international research expanded. Protected areas at important breeding, staging, resting, and wintering areas should be established or expanded and enforcement and management of existing protected areas strengthened. Other measures include the continuation of research and censusing, addressing crop degradation problems, education and captive propagation and release (Meine and Archibald 1996).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,SULIFORMES,PHALACROCORACIDAE,Gulosus,aristotelis,,Gulosus aristotelis,"(Linnaeus, 1761)",0,Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be decreasing by <em>ca</em> 24%, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is suspected to be decreasing by less than 25% over 27 years (3 generations), while in the EU28, the decline is estimated at approximately 24% (best estimate) over the same period. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","The species can be found along the entire Atlantic coast of Europe as far north as Finland and including Iceland, as far south as the coast of Spain, and ranges in the entire Mediterranean nesting on parts of the coastline of most European (e.g. Italy, Turkey) countries, as well as parts of the Black Sea coast (e.g. Ukraine) (Billerman <em>et al</em>. 2020).","The European breeding population is estimated at 71,200-81,000&#160;pairs (142,000-162,000&#160;mature individuals), and the wintering population is estimated at 3,500-7,300 individuals (2,300-4,900 mature individuals). The population in the EU28 is estimated at 35,400-44,400 pairs (70,800-88,800 mature individuals), and the wintering population is estimated at 2,300-4,800 individuals (1,500-3,200 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","The species is a coastal species that shows high nesting site fidelity. The species breeds in colonies (Billerman <em>et al</em>. 2020) that can hold more than a thousand well-spaced pairs (Snow and Perrins 1998, Nelson 2005). It is largely sedentary (Billerman <em>et al</em>. 2020), although immatures may undergo post-breeding dispersive movements over short distances (Billerman <em>et al</em>. 2020). Some birds undergo short-distance migrations during winter. Individuals often forage alone when away from nesting colonies and in winter (Billerman <em>et al</em>. 2020, Snow and Perrins 1998), but may follow dense shoals of fish in flocks of several hundred individuals (Nelson 2005). It occupies marine habitats but does not usually occur far from land (Billerman <em>et al</em>. 2020). It shows a strong preference for rocky coasts and islands (Billerman <em>et al</em>. 2020) with adjacent deep, clear water (Nelson 2005), and forages over sandy and rocky seabeds (Billerman <em>et al</em>. 2020). The species feeds on a wide range of benthic, demersal and schooling, pelagic fish. Sandeels (<em>Ammodytidae</em>) are the dominant prey of birds in British and some Spanish populations (Wanless <em>et al. </em>1997, Velando and Friere 2002, BirdLife International 2000, Velando <em>et al.</em> 2005), and are consistently present in the species's diet in most other locations studied. These are usually caught at, or near, the sea bed (Wanless <em>et al</em>. 1997). Other prey species include fish of the families <em>Gadidae, Clupeidae, Cottidae, Labridae</em>, and <em>Trisopterus </em>spp. (Billerman <em>et al</em>. 2020), although birds also take small numbers of polychaetes, cephalopods, other molluscs and small benthic crustaceans (Wanless and Harris 1997). Adults provision their chicks with sandeels, but consume a broader variety of prey for themselves (BirdLife International 2000). The Mediterranean subspecies feeds mainly on coastal fishes, caught from the bottom or mid water over rocky or sandy seabeds, but economically important fish seem to form a very small part of the diet (Aguilar and Fernandez 1999).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is persecuted (e.g., shot, intentionally drowned or poisoned) at commercial fisheries and fish farms as it is perceived to be a threat to fish stocks (Carss 1994, Wanless and Harris 1997). It also suffers predation at nesting colonies by introduced American Mink (<em>Neovison vison</em>) (Wanless and Harris 1997), is vulnerable to coastal oil pollution (Wanless and Harris 1997, Velando <em>et al</em>. 2005), locally suffers from accidental entanglement and subsequent drowning in gill-nets (fishing nets) (Wanless and Harris 1997, Velando and Freire 2002), and is susceptible to the Newcastle disease so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Kuiken 1999). Eggs, chicks and adults are taken from colonies for food (Wanless and Harris 1997).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Listed on Appendix II of the Convention for Migratory Species, and Annex II in the Bern Convention and under Annex I of the EU Birds Directive. There are 212 Important Bird Areas for this species across the European region. The species occurs within 96 Special Protection Areas in the EU. Work is underway to identify new Important Bird Areas and Special Protection Areas in Slovenia for the Mediterranean sub-species. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Identification of important sites at sea for this species; and subsequent designation as Marine Protected Areas. Management of key breeding and wintering roosting sites, including eradication of invasive predators. On-board monitoring programmes of fishing vessels to determine high risk areas for gillnet bycatch, and where relevant implement mitigation and protection measures.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PASSERIDAE,Gymnoris,xanthocollis,,Gymnoris xanthocollis,"(Burton, 1838)",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, although this species may have a small range, it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size may be small, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>The species is not known to occur within the EU28 and is assessed as Not Applicable (NA) for this region.","In Europe, the population size is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species marginal and only breeds in Turkey.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 500-2,000 pairs, which equates to 1,000-4,000 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is found in open country and low hills with trees and river bottoms with trees, as well as cultivated areas with scattered trees or hedgerows, villages and inhabited areas with gardens (Summers-Smith 2019). The time of breeding in Europe is not recorded but breeds from late April to late July in Iraq (Snow and Perrins 1998). The nest ranges from being a small pad of hair, feathers and grass to being an untidy mass of dry grass, wool and hair, lined with feathers, that fills the cavity in which it is placed. It is usually sited in a covered site, including a crevice in tree or a hole in a wall or building and also in the old nest of other species. Clutches are generally three to four eggs. It feeds on plant matter, mainly seeds, including those of cultivated cereals, as well as small berries and nectar. In the breeding season it also takes insects (Summers-Smith 2019). The species is migratory in the western Palearctic (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The size of the European population could render it susceptible to the risks affecting small populations; however it is adjacent to a much larger non-European population (Birdlife International 2004).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ACCIPITRIFORMES,ACCIPITRIDAE,Gypaetus,barbatus,,Gypaetus barbatus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,NT,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is small, and approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion D. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is very small, and meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size criterion D, and is therefore assessed as such in the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds mainly in Russia and Turkey, and also notably in Spain, Azerbaijan and France.","The European breeding population is estimated at 630-960 pairs, which equates to 1,200-2,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 220-250 pairs, which equates to 450-500 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occupies remote, mountainous areas, with precipitous terrain, usually above 1,000 m and in particular, areas where large predators such as wolves and Golden Eagles (<em>Aquila chrysaetos</em>) are present, and there are herds of mammals such as Mountain Goats, Ibex, and sheep (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). The species is typically monogamous but polyandrous trios occur in the Pyrenees, probably in response to habitat saturation (Orta <em>et al.</em> 2020). Nesting occurs in December or January and the young hatch in February and March (Tucker and Heath 1994). The species will construct large nests (averaging 1 m diameter), composed of branches and lined with animal remains such as skin and wool, as well as dung and occasionally also rubbish. Nests are located on remote overhung cliff ledges or in caves and will be re-used over the years (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). Clutches are one or two eggs. Both parents take part in nest building, nest defence, incubation, brooding and feeding of chicks (Orta <em>et al.</em> 2020). The species will forage over vast distances, using a soaring flight. Its principle food is carrion, with its diet including a large proportion of bones (as much as 85%) whereupon the bird gets nutrition from the marrow inside. The rest of its diet comprises tortoises, and occasionally also live mammals and birds. It is generally unwilling to compete with vultures at carcasses, and will wait patiently to feed, scavenging older carcasses if fresh meat is scarce. Bones are either consumed whole, broken using the bill, hammered against the ground, or lifted into the air and dropped from 50-80 m high onto hard rock. Tortoises are generally treated in the same way as bones. It is resident where it occurs, but has vast home ranges, and juveniles will wander even more widely than adults (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The main causes of ongoing declines appear to be non-target poisoning, direct persecution, habitat degradation, disturbance of breeding birds, inadequate food availability, changes in livestock-rearing practices and collisions with powerlines and wind turbines (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001, Barov and Derhé 2011, S. Xirouchaki <em>in litt.</em> 2012). Despite the provision of targeted conservation actions, the European population remains susceptible to poisoning, and mortality caused by powerlines (J. A. Gil Gallus <em>in litt.</em> 2011). Since European reintroductions began, mortality from shooting has decreased, however poisoning (both intentional and accidental) has increased (Margalida <em>et al.</em> 2008).Veterinary drugs and livestock pathogens as mortality sources among scavengers that feed on medicated and diseased livestock carcasses have recently emerged as a threat. Three of five failed eggs of this species and four dead nestlings sampled in the Spanish Pyrenees from 2005-2008 had high concentrations of multiple veterinary drugs (especially fluoroquinolones) and evidence of several livestock pathogens (Blanco and Lemus 2010). Rapid increases in grazing pressure and human populations in the mountains of Turkey are causing habitat degradation there (S. Viter <em>in litt.</em> 2014). Suitable habitat is also threatened by pipeline construction through the Caucasus mountains (S. Viter <em>in litt.</em> 2014).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CITES Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. In Europe, captive breeding and reintroduction programmes have been carried out in the Austrian, French, Italian and Swiss Alps with individuals subsequently spreading into other parts of France (Frey and Walter 1989, Snow and Perrins 1998). Reintroduction programmes are underway in parts of Spain (J. A. Gil Gallus in litt. 2011). Feeding stations have been provided in the Pyrenees with resulting increases in numbers of the species, and the provision of similar stations across the species's range could improve its global population density (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Conduct coordinated surveys to monitor the species's population trend. Assess the threat posed by diclofenac and other drugs used in livestock, as well as the impacts of climate change. Reduce disturbance in and around nesting areas. Mitigate against the impacts of wind turbines and powerlines. Combat the threat of persecution through laws and awareness-raising activities. Provide feeding stations throughout the species's range.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ACCIPITRIFORMES,ACCIPITRIDAE,Gyps,fulvus,,Gyps fulvus,"(Hablizl, 1783)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe and the EU28 the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","<p>Spain is the species' stronghold in Europe, while small breeding populations occur in France, Portugal and Italy.<br/></p>","The European population is estimated at 32,400–34,400 pairs, which equates to 69,600–89,400&#160;mature individuals. The population in the EU28 is estimated at 33,700–41,900 pairs, which equates to 67,400–83,800 mature individuals. For details of national estimates,&#160;see the supplementary information.","Some birds are migratory, overwintering in Africa, although many others are resident or nomadic (Orta <em>et al.</em> 2015). It relies heavily on soaring flight, and has been shown to fly at altitudes of 10,000 m and higher. Birds hunt alone but congregate at food sources and roosts; they also tend to migrate singly, but concentrations (usually up to 15 individuals) form at sea crossings and strong thermals (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001,&#160;Orta <em>et al.</em> 2015). It is a species of expansive open areas in a wide array of environments, from mountains to semi-desert, and is recorded regularly from sea level up to c. 2,750 m. It feeds almost exclusively on carrion, mainly that of large mammals. The nest is usually built on a rocky outcrop, with sheltered ledges or small caves preferred, and it is a thin, fairly small platform of branches, sometimes stolen from other large raptors. A single egg is laid (Orta <em>et al.</em> 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","It declined markedly throughout the 19<sup>th</sup>–20<sup>th</sup> centuries in much of Europe, mainly due to direct persecution and ""bycatch"" from the poisoned carcasses set for livestock predators (Snow and Perrins 1998, Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001,&#160;Orta&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2015). In some areas a reduction in available food supplies, arising from changes in livestock management practices, also had an impact (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001,&#160;Orta&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2015). It is very highly vulnerable to the effects of potential wind energy development (Strix 2012).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex I. CMS Appendix II. CITES Appendix II. Five successful reintroductions have occurred in France (Global Raptor Information Network 2015) including in 1981 in the Massif Central as well as in Drôme and Provence (Orta<em> et al.</em> 2015). Additional reintroduction projects have led to the establishment of colonies in Italy, Spain and Austria. During the 1980s, in Serbia, the species benefited from winter feeding stations (Global Raptor Information Network 2015). Increases in recent decades have also been due to the banning of poisoning of carcasses (Le Gouar <em>et al.</em> 2008). European laws prohibiting farmers from leaving dead animals on their land have also been rescinded, benefiting this species (Global Raptor Information Network 2015).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Non-intensive livestock management systems, such as pastoralism, should be maintained and promoted to ensure a food supply for this species; the provision of feeding stations is also beneficial, particularly when food is scarce. Large and continuous areas of afforestation should be avoided to maintain the large areas of habitat needed for foraging (Tucker and Heath 1994). The ban on poisoned carcasses should be enforced and the leaving of dead animals encouraged.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,HAEMATOPODIDAE,Haematopus,ostralegus,,Haematopus ostralegus,"Linnaeus, 1758","<em>Haematopus ostralegus&#160;</em>and&#160;<em>H. finschi&#160;</em>were previously lumped as&#160;<em>H. ostralegus&#160;</em>(del Hoyo and Collar 2014), but have once more been recognised as species following a review of additional material allowing the scoring of the taxa against each other and&#160;<em>H. longirostris</em>,&#160;<em>H. chathamensis</em>, and&#160;<em>H. unicolor&#160;</em>(G. Ehmke&#160;<em>in litt.&#160;</em>2015, Hayman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>1986, Marchant and Higgins 1993). This restores the taxonomic position of the two species prior to del Hoyo and Collar (2014)<em>.</em><em><p></p></em>",No,VU,A4abcde,No,VU,A4abc,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>In both Europe and the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rapid rate which will meet the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A) in the near future, and therefore the species has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in both Europe and the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside either region, and therefore the final categories remain unchanged.","In Europe, the population size is expected to decrease by 47% (best estimate) between 1995-2034 (three generations) and the wintering population is expected to decline by 31% (best estimate) over the same period. In the EU28, the breeding population size is expected to decline by 34% (best estimate) and the wintering population size is expected to decline by 33% (best estimate) over the same period.&#160;These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","In Europe, this species breeds for the most part in the northern half of the region, notably in the United Kingdom, Norway, the Netherlands, Germany and Russia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 263,000–346,000 pairs (526,000–692,000 mature individuals) and the wintering population is estimated at 797,000–852,000 individuals (531,000–568,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at&#160;175,000–197,000 pairs (350,000–394,000 mature individuals) and the wintering population is estimated at 784,000–838,000 individuals (522,000–559,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds on coastal saltmarshes, sand and shingle beaches, dunes, cliff-tops with short grass and occasionally rocky shores, as well as inland along the shores of lakes, reservoirs and rivers or on agricultural grass and cereal fields, often some distance from water (Hayman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;1986,&#160;del Hoyo&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;1996).&#160;Outside of the breeding season the species is chiefly coastal, frequenting estuarine mudflats, saltmarshes and sandy and rocky shores (del Hoyo&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;1996).<br/><br/>The nest is a shallow scrape on the ground often on raised surfaces (e.g. earth banks) in the open or in short vegetation on cultivated or uncultivated land, cliff-tops, rocky outcrops or clearings in taller vegetation including woods and moorland (Hayman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;1986,&#160;del Hoyo&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;1996,&#160;Snow &amp;&#160;Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>The species breeds from April to July (Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986) in solitary pairs or small groups (Flint <em>et al.</em> 1984), during the winter foraging singly or in small groups of up to 10 individuals (Snow and Perrins 1998) and with larger flocks often forming in major bays and estuaries and at roosting sites (Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986, del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996, Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>When foraging on soft intertidal substrates, bivalves and gastropods are the most important food items for this species (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996). Polychaetes and crustaceans are more important in estuaries however, and molluscs (e.g. mussels, limpets and whelks) are most important on rocky shores (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996). When inland, prey such as earthworms and insect larvae (e.g. caterpillars and cranefly larvae) are also taken (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996).<br/><br/>Most populations of this species are fully migratory, inland breeders moving to the coast for the winter (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The main threat to the species is the over-fishing of benthic shellfish and the resulting disappearance of intertidal mussel and cockle beds (Atkinson <em>et al.&#160;</em>2003, Verhulst <em>et al.</em> 2004, Ens 2006, van de Pol <em>et al</em>. 2014). Bait digging has also been identified as a threat through loss of prey species and disturbance to the benthic fauna (van de Pol&#160;<em>et al</em>. 2014). The species is also threatened by habitat degradation on its wintering grounds due to land reclamation (for example in the Yellow Sea [Melville <em>et al</em>. 2014]), pollution, human disturbance (Kelin &amp; Qiang 2006) (e.g. from construction work or recreational activities [Burton <em>et al.</em> 2002, van de Pol <em>et al</em>. 2014]), coastal barrage construction (Burton 2006), industrial development including development of ports and oil extraction, oil spills, wind farms (Melville <em>et al</em>. 2014) and reduced river flows (Kelin &amp; Qiang 2006). Rapid and extensive land reclamation is reported from staging and wintering grounds for the <em>osculans</em> population in South Korea and China and large-scale planting of <em>Spartina alterniflora</em> on the coast of eastern China may cause loss of foraging and nesting habitats (Melville <em>et al</em>. 2014). Intensive agriculture including frequent mowing of grasslands and high densities of grazing livestock threatens chicks, eggs and nests and high levels of fertilizers and pesticides can reduce soil invertebrate biomass (van de Pol&#160;<em>et al</em>. 2014). A reduction in eutrophication is likely to have contributed to declines in some areas, owing to a loss of food resources (van de Pol <em>et al</em>. 2014, Meltofte <em>in litt</em>. 2015).&#160;<br/><br/>Sea level rise leading to increased coastal erosion and flooding is contributing to habitat loss in some areas (Melville <em>et al</em>. 2014, van de Pol <em>et al</em>. 2014). Climate change has advanced the average egg-laying date of the species and is likely to reduce recruitment of bivalves, however warmer winters are expected to benefit the species leading to lower winter mortality (van de Pol <em>et al</em>. 2014). Droughts in some inland areas are likely to lead to a loss of suitable habitat (Melville <em>et al</em>. 2014, Sarychev and Mischenko 2014).&#160;<br/><br/>The species is hunted in France but the effects of hunting at the population level are not known (van de Pol <em>et al</em>. 2014). It may be subject to subsistence egg collection in China (Melville <em>et al</em>, 2014) and illegal hunting elsewhere (Sarychev and Mischenko 2014). Eggs and chicks are known to be predated by Corvidae, gulls, American Mink&#160;<em>Neovison vison</em>, dogs and foxes&#160;<em>Vulpes vulpes</em>&#160;(Sarychev and Mischenko 2014).&#160;The invasive Pacific Oyster <em>Crassostrea gigas</em> has become abundant in the Oosterschelde (Netherlands) and is increasing in the Dutch Wadden Sea (van de Pol <em>et al.</em> 2014). Eurasian Oystercatcher generally does not eat this species of oyster which is reported to be invading mussel beds and may compete with cockles and mussels thus reducing food availability. However Pacific Oyster beds could also provide an area for mussel beds to re-establish. The species is susceptible to avian influenza so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006).<br/><br/>In the northern part of the <em>longipes</em> population breeding range, cessation of grazing in coastal areas leading to development of shrubby vegetation threatens breeding habitats (Sarychev and Mischenko 2014). Conversely, intensive grazing in some areas may pose a threat to this population. Pollution from sewage, heavy metals and organochlorine pesticides have been identified as potential threats for the&#160;<em>osculans&#160;</em>population (Melville&#160;<em>et al</em>. 2014).","<strong>Conservation and Research Actions Underway</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong><br/></strong>The species is listed on Annex II (B) of the EU Birds Directive. Mechanical shellfisheries operations have been severely restricted in the Netherlands (van de Pol&#160;<em>et al</em>. 2014).<strong><br/></strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>Conservation and Research Actions Proposed</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong><br/></strong>Shellfish fishing at wintering and stop-over habitats needs to be sustainably managed.&#160;Ensure key habitat for the species is protected, including implementation of international agreements and ensure legislation protecting the species is enforced.&#160;Removing large numbers of gulls (e.g.&#160;<em>Larus argentatus</em>&#160;and&#160;<em>Larus fuscus</em>) from islands may attract higher breeding numbers of the species but may not improve the overall breeding conditions (Harris &amp;&#160;Wanless 1997). There is also evidence that the creation of large marine protected areas (MPAs) to protect this species from the threat of anthropogenic shellfish over-fishing may not be an effective management or conservation technique on a global scale, especially if over-fishing continues to occur in adjacent areas (Verhulst&#160;<em>et al</em>. 2004). Limit human activities in some areas to prevent disturbance (van de Pol&#160;<em>et al</em>. 2014). Limit hunting in France when cold weather pushes large numbers of birds into France (van de Pol&#160;<em>et al</em>. 2014). Increase awareness of the species. Support traditional farming methods that benefit the species in the range of the&#160;<em>longipes</em>&#160;population (Sarychev and Mischenko 2014).<br/><br/>Monitor populations at wintering and breeding areas throughout its range, and record breeding success. Introduce frequent standardised surveys, particularly in the Nordic countries (van de Pol <em>et al</em>. 2014). Research breeding distribution of the&#160;<em>osculans</em>&#160;population, conduct ringing studies to understand migratory patterns and investigate why Yubu Island in South Korea and southern Shandong/northern Jiangsu in China are key sites for the species (Melville&#160;<em>et al</em>, 2014). Identify stopover sites and wintering areas for the&#160;<em>longipes</em>&#160;population (Sarychev and Mischenko 2014). Assess impacts of land reclamation on the species in South Korea and China (Melville <em>et al</em>. 2014). Further research is needed to investigate the cause of declines in areas such as Germany and Denmark, to model the potential effects of climate change on the species, assess the impact of human disturbance and to look at population dynamics (van de Pol&#160;<em>et al</em>. 2014).","<em>Haematopus ostralegus ostralegus</em>&#160;is not significantly exploited by human populations. Across most of its distribution, the species is legally protected and has not been hunted since the mid-1980s however, hunting remains a major source of mortality for <em>ostralegus</em>&#160;throughout France (van de Pol <em>et al</em>. 2014). Between 1993-99, between 1,800–2,000 (mild winters) and 8,000–17,000 (severe winters where birds wintered in France to avoid more northerly locations) were shot per year (Trolliet 2000, Triplet 2000).","Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CORACIIFORMES,ALCEDINIDAE,Halcyon,smyrnensis,,Halcyon smyrnensis,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","<p><em>Halcyon smyrnensis </em>and <em>H. gularis </em>(del Hoyo and Collar 2014) were previously lumped as <em>H. smyrnensis </em>following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).<em></em></p>",No,VU,D1,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, although this species may have a small range, it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The population size is small, and meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion D.&#160;As the decline is suspected, criterion C cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Vulnerable (VU) in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/>This species does not occur in the EU28 and is therefore considered Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe, the population size is suspected to be undergoing a continuing decline. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species has a predominantly Asian distribution, which just extends into south-eastern Europe&#160;(Woodall and Kirwan 2016), where a small population is present in Turkey.","The European breeding population is estimated at 150–250 pairs, which equates to 300–500 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species uses a wide variety of habitats including dams, ponds, canals, creeks, swamps, mudflats, farmland, large gardens, roadside trees, light industrial sites and dry deciduous forest. It usually avoids dense forest except for clearings and is less common above 2,000 m (Woodall and Kirwan 2016).<br/><br/>Breeding birds have been recorded in April and May in Europe (Kirwan <em>et al. </em>2008). The species is considered monogamous, but the presence of three birds in some areas suggests the possibility of communal breeding. The nest is usually excavated in an earthen bank of a ditch, stream, river, pond or road cutting and can also sometimes be in a termitarium, rock crevice, tree or mudhole. The nest-chamber is normally up to 15–23 cm wide and 13 cm high, at the end of an inclined tunnel 30–150 cm long. Clutches can be between four and seven eggs, but usually five or six.<br/><br/>The diet is widely variable and includes insects, scorpions, centipedes, snails, crustaceans, earthworms, fish, frogs and toads, lizards, chameleons, snakes, birds, voles, mice and squirrels. It hunts from a perch and will batter prey before swallowing it.<br/><br/>Many populations exhibit partial short-distance migration, with seasonal changes in abundance, probably involving mostly juveniles. Vagrants have been recorded in Greece, Cyprus and the former U.S.S.R., and individuals may move more than realized (Woodall and Kirwan 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Little is known about the threats facing this species in Europe. The small population in Turkey is not widely distributed, with 75% of birds concentrated in five localities. Habitat degradation from factors such as irrigation, overgrazing, dam construction and erosion as well as&#160; are recorded in areas where the species in present (Ozturk <em>et al. </em>2012) and may be a threat to this species. The use of pesticides may also be a problem (Ozturk <em>et al.</em> 2012).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are no known conservation measures in place for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Due to the restricted range of this species in Europe important sites should be protected, including legislation to guard them from development. Research into the species's ecology and habitat needs should be undertaken to inform future conservation measures and help assess potential threats and their impacts in order to develop appropriate responses.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ACCIPITRIFORMES,ACCIPITRIDAE,Haliaeetus,albicilla,,Haliaeetus albicilla,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small, but it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe and the EU28 the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","The species has its strongholds in Norway and the European part of Russia (which together hold almost 50% of the European population), and important populations in Poland, Sweden, Germany and Finland.<em></em>","The European breeding population is estimated at 10,400–14,600 pairs (20,900–29,200 mature individuals), and the wintering population is estimated at 10,900–17,600 individuals (7,200–11,700 mature individuals). The population in the EU28 is estimated at 4,800–6,300 pairs (9,600–12,600 mature individuals), and the wintering population is estimated at 9,000–4,400 individuals (6,000–9,600 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species requires large and open expanses of lake, coast or river valley, within the boreal, temperate and tundra zones, near to undisturbed cliffs or open stands of large, old-growth trees for nesting. Its food is vertebrates (fish, mammals and especially birds), from marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments. It is mainly migratory in the north and east of its breeding range, wintering in continental Europe and southern Asia, but sedentary elsewhere. Birds are usually seen singly, or in twos or threes (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Threats that affect this species include loss and degradation of wetlands, human disturbance and persecution, environmental pollution, collision with wind generators (Krone and Scharnweber 2003), and indiscriminate use of poisons (Orta <em>et al. </em>2013) and pesticides (Tucker and Heath 1994). Modern forestry methods reduce the availability of suitable nesting habitat (Orta <em>et al.</em> 2013).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CITES Appendix I and II. CMS Appendix I and II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. Reintroduction programmes have been successful in re-establishing populations in areas including Scotland and southern Bohemia (Orta <em>et al. </em>2013).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Conservation measures should include the prevention of habitat loss from modern forestry and from human developments encroaching on nesting and hunting areas. Nests should also be protected from human disturbance and robbing; action should be taken against illegal shooting as well as the use of poisoned bait for predators. Reintroductions have proven successful and could be used in the future. In some areas the provision of feeding stations would help juvenile survival and increase reproduction rates (Tucker and Heath 1994).,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ACCIPITRIFORMES,ACCIPITRIDAE,Hieraaetus,pennatus,,Hieraaetus pennatus,"(Gmelin, 1788)","<em>Spizaetus nanus</em>,<em> S. lanceolatus</em>,<em> S. philippensis</em>,<em> S. pinskeri</em>,<em> S. nipalensis</em>,<em> S. alboniger </em>and <em>S. bartelsi </em>(Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) and <em>S. cirrhatus</em> and <em>S. floris</em> (Gjershaug <em>et al</em>. 2004) have been transferred into the genus <em>Nisaetus</em> following Haring <em>et al</em>. (2006). <em>S. africanus</em> and <em>Hieraaetus fasciatus</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) have both been transferred into <em>Aquila</em>, also following Haring <em>et al</em>. (2006); and H. kienerii (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) has been transferred into the resurrected genus <em>Lophotriorchis</em>. The BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group is aware that phylogenetic analyses have been published which have proposed moving <em>H. pennatus</em> into <em>Aquila</em> but as not all published studies are concordant we prefer not to take a decision on this until cladogenesis of the 'booted eagles' has been resolved.  <p></p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe and the EU28 the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","<p>In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Spain, with smaller numbers in Portugal, the European part of Russia, Turkey, Ukraine, France and Romania.<br/></p>","The European population is estimated at 23,300–30,300 pairs (46,600–60,500&#160;mature individuals). The population in the EU28 is estimated at 20,300–23,900 pairs (40,600–47,800 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is mainly migratory, although populations in the Balearic Islands are resident. Migratory birds winter in southern Africa; northern birds leave their breeding grounds in September and return in March and April (Orta and Boesman 2013). Migrants are thought to partially cross water on a broad front (assumed from regular occurrence on islands across the Mediterranean), but nevertheless many pass through bottleneck short crossing points each season. Birds tend to be seen singly or in pairs, and even on migration rarely form groups of more than five, and stay away from other raptors (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). Birds soar <em>ca</em> 200–300 m above the ground when hunting (Brown <em>et al.</em> 1982). It is a species of open woodland, preferring patches of forest interspersed with open areas; it is recorded up to 2,000 m. Small birds are the most important part of its diet. Nests are built in trees and are made of sticks and twigs, lined with fresh leaves. They are often reused each year. Normally two eggs are laid (Orta and Boesman 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Threats affecting the species include habitat degradation, direct persecution and human disturbance, each causing some decline in parts of Europe (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001,&#160;Orta and Boesman 2013). Declines in the Ukraine are being driven by deforestation (Orta and Boesman 2013). Habitat loss is also due to urbanization, construction of reservoirs and fire. The accumulation of organochloride pesticides in wintering areas may affect the species' reproductive success (Tucker and Heath 1994). It is also highly vulnerable to the impacts of potential wind energy developments (Strix 2012).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. CITES Appendix II. CMS Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Extensive areas with a mixture of open habitats and mature forests should be maintained and protected. Any unavoidable afforestation or deforestation should occur outside the breeding season and should only be a partial habitat change, not complete. Legislation against shooting should be more firmly enforced and education programmes aimed at reducing illegal persecution and nest-robbing initiated. Electrocution mortality could be reduced by modifying the design of power lines. The species’s distribution, numbers, habitat preferences, population dynamics, and local diets should be researched, as well as the impact of pesticides on fertility (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,RECURVIROSTRIDAE,Himantopus,himantopus,,Himantopus himantopus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","<p><em>Himantopus himantopus</em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) was previously split as <em>H. himantopus, H. leucocephalus </em>and <em>H. mexicanus </em>and  following AOU (1998) and SACC (2006). Prior to that, <em>H. melanurus </em>had been split from<em> </em><em>H. mexicanus</em> following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).&#160;</p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Spain and Russia. It also notably breeds in Romania, Italy, Turkey, Ukraine, Portugal and France.","The European breeding population is estimated at 50,700-135,000 pairs, which equates to 101,000-269,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 24,700-88,600 pairs, which equates to 49,400-178,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","<strong>Behaviour&#160;</strong><br/>Northern populations of this species make long-distance migratory movements, travelling southwards to their wintering grounds between August and November and returning to their breeding areas between March and April (Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986). In more temperate regions the species is sedentary or only locally dispersive however (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996). The species breeds solitarily or in loose colonies of 2-50 or occasionally up to several hundred pairs (Urban <em>et al.</em> 1986, del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996). It is typically a gregarious species, occurring in small groups (Snow and Perrins 1998) (up to 15 individuals) (Urban <em>et al.</em> 1986, del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996) or larger flocks of several hundred up to a thousand individuals on migration, during the winter (Urban <em>et al.</em> 1986, Snow and Perrins 1998) and at nightly roosts (Urban <em>et al.</em> 1986).<strong><br/></strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>Habitat</strong>&#160;<em><br/></em><em>Breeding</em>&#160;<br/>The species typically breeds in shallow freshwater and brackish wetlands with sand, mud or clay substrates and open margins, islets or spits near water level (Snow and Perrins 1998). Suitable habitats include marshes and swamps, shallow lake edges, riverbeds, flooded fields (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996), irrigated areas (Snow and Perrins 1998), sewage ponds (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996) and fish-ponds (Snow and Perrins 1998). The species may also breed around alkaline and high-altitude (montane) lakes (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996) or in more saline environments such as river deltas, estuaries (Snow and Perrins 1998), coastal lagoons (Johnsgard 1981, Snow and Perrins 1998) and shallow coastal pools with extensive areas of mudflats, salt meadows (Johnsgard 1981), saltpans, coastal marshes (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996) and swamps (Snow and Perrins 1998).&#160;<em><br/></em><em>Non-breeding</em><br/>Outside of the breeding season the species occupies the shores of large inland waterbodies and estuarine or coastal habitats (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996) such as river deltas (Snow and Perrins 1998), coastal lagoons (Johnsgard 1981, Snow and Perrins 1998) and shallow freshwater or brackish pools with extensive areas of mudflats, salt meadows (Johnsgard 1981), saltpans, coastal marshes (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996) and swamps (Snow and Perrins 1998).<strong><br/></strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>Diet</strong>&#160;<br/>Its diet is strongly seasonal (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996) but generally includes adult and larval aquatic insects (e.g. Coleoptera, Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Hemiptera, Odonata, Diptera, Neuroptera and Lepidoptera), molluscs, crustaceans, spiders, oligochaete and polychaete worms, tadpoles (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996) and amphibian spawn (Urban <em>et al.</em> 1986), small fish, fish eggs (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996) and occasionally seeds (Urban <em>et al.</em> 1986).<strong><br/></strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>Breeding site</strong>&#160;<br/>The nest is a depression (Flint <em>et al.</em> 1984) or shallow scrape positioned on hard ground near water on a hummock (Flint <em>et al.</em> 1984) or amongst grass and sedge (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996). Alternatively the nest may be a more elaborate platform of vegetation (Snow and Perrins 1998) constructed on a floating mass of aquatic vegetation (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996). The species nests singly or in loose colonies (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996), showing a preference for open areas close to foraging sites with good all-round (360 degree) visibility (Johnsgard 1981).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","This species is threatened by changes in water levels, such as during droughts, or because of drainage of land for agricultural use, and to a lesser extent, for residential or industrial use. It is also sensitive to water pollution from agricultural activities and urban run-off, and to disturbance during the breeding season from leisure activities. This species also suffers from predation form invasive alien species.",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>This species is protected under the EU Birds Directive.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed&#160;</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently known to be proposed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,ACROCEPHALIDAE,Hippolais,icterina,,Hippolais icterina,"(Vieillot, 1817)",0,Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 4.3% in the past 10 years. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Europe holds a large proportion of this species global population. This species breeds in many countries in Europe, largely in Russia, but also notably in Poland, Romania, Latvia and Estonia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 2,360,000–4,220,000 pairs, which equates to 4,720,000–8,430,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 1,150,000–1,830,000 pairs, which equates to 2,300,000–3,660,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits tall-grown woods of oak (<em>Quercus</em>), birch (<em>Betula</em>), beech (<em>Fagus sylvatica</em>), alder (<em>Alnus</em>) and other deciduous trees, but it is also found in larger parks and gardens, and in stands of young pines (<em>Pinus</em>) if mixed with broadleaf trees. It favours open forest, or dense woods with intermixed glades and undergrowth.<br/><br/>Breeding occurs from the end of May to June and clutches are four to five. The nest is a strong cup of grasses, plant stems, moss and soft twigs, often covered with pieces of birch bark, lichens, flowers and similar, partly attached with cobwebs and lined with fine fibres, roots, fur and similar soft material. It is placed in the fork of a tree branch.<br/><br/>The diet is mostly insects and other invertebrates, but in the summer it also takes fruits and berries.<br/><br/>The species is migratory, wintering in Africa, south of the equator (Svensson 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Decreases in the west and south-west of its range may be in part due to competition from <em>Hippolais polyglotta</em>, which has spread north and east to become marginally sympatric (Svensson 2015).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,ACROCEPHALIDAE,Hippolais,languida,,Hippolais languida,"(Ehrenberg, 1833)",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>The bird is considered vagrant in the EU28 and is assessed as Not Applicable (NA) for this region.","In Europe the population size is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds primarily in Turkey and Armenia. It also notably breeds in Georgia.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 18,400–45,100 pairs, which equates to 36,800–90,200 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species favours trees and tall bushes in a variety of habitats: orchards, plantations, maquis on mountain slopes, scattered trees at desert edge, riverine forest in valleys. It is often associated with elevated ground, in mountains and on arid, rocky slopes with sufficient taller vegetation and nearness of water.<br/><br/>Breeding occurs from April to July and clutches are three to five eggs. The nest is a strong, neat cup of grasses, plant stems and soft twigs, often covered with cobwebs, lined with fine fibres, plant down, fur and similar soft material and placed in the fork of a branch. It is thought to feed mainly on insects and other invertebrates. The species is migratory and winters in East Africa (Svensson 2006).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There are not thought to be any current significant threats to this species.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L.","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,ACROCEPHALIDAE,Hippolais,olivetorum,,Hippolais olivetorum,"(Strickland, 1837)",0,Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large, (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In&#160;the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small to large, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in&#160;the EU28.","In Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds largely in Turkey, and also notably in Greece, Bulgaria, North Macedonia and Albania.","The European breeding population is estimated at 10,700–23,900 pairs, which equates to 21,500–47,700 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is suspected to be 4,700–9,500 pairs, which equates to 9,500–19,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits orchards of almond (<em>Prunus dulcis</em>), olive (<em>Olea</em>) and pistachio (<em>Pistacia vera</em>), open oak (<em>Quercus</em>) woods, maquis on mountain slopes, savanna-like open woods and sparse trees on grassland, and similar. The presence of some taller trees is preferred.<br/><br/>Breeding occurs from May to June. The nest is a well-built, deep cup of grasses, plant stems and soft twigs, often covered with cobwebs and lined with fine fibres, plant down, fur and similar soft material. It is sited in the fork of a branch of a tree. Clutches are three or four eggs.<br/><br/>It is thought to mainly feed on insects and other invertebrates, and in the summer it also takes fruits and berries, including figs (<em>Ficus</em>).<br/><br/>The species is migratory, wintering in southern Africa (Svensson 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The ecology of this species is not well known, however it may be threatened by changes in habitat structure, especially from clearance and thinning of woodland and agricultural intensification in olive-groves and fruit plantations. Agricultural pesticide use may decrease insect prey numbers. In addition, bird trapping in Greece may impact the species (Tucker and Heath 1994).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Due to economic and cultural factors, the habitat of this species is likely to remain non-threatened, although it is essential that funding to assist olive production should favour old traditional plantations and management. Studies should look at the impact of the intensification of agriculture and forestry and the use of broad spectrum pesticides should be avoided. A survey of the species’s population status is needed, as well as research on its ecological requirements (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,ACROCEPHALIDAE,Hippolais,polyglotta,,Hippolais polyglotta,"(Vieillot, 1817)",0,Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in the west and south-southwest of Europe and along the western half of the Mediterranean basin. In Europe, it breeds primarily in Spain, and also notably in France.","The European breeding population is estimated at 2,130,000-3,540,000 pairs, which equates to 4,270,000-7,070,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 2,130,000-3,540,000 pairs, which equates to 4,270,000-7,070,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is found in maquis, orchards, large and ill-kept gardens, oak (<em>Quercus</em>) scrub, dense thorny bushes in meadows, thickets in forest glades or at forest edges, overgrown pastureland and riverine forest. It breeds from March to July. The nest is a well-built cup of grasses, plant stems and soft twigs, often covered with pieces of bark and lichens, attached with cobwebs. It is lined with fine fibres, roots, fur and similar materials and placed in the fork of a branch in a tree. Clutches are four to five eggs. The diet is mainly insects and other invertebrates but it also takes some fruits and berries in the summer. The species is migratory, wintering in west Africa (Svensson and Christie 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","This species is threatened by the effects of climate change, which&#160; may reduce its range (Engler <em>et al. </em>2013).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><strong><br/>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,HIRUNDINIDAE,Hirundo,rustica,,Hirundo rustica,"Linnaeus, 1758","The BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group is aware that phylogenetic analyses have been published which have proposed generic rearrangements which may affect this species, but prefers to wait until work by other taxonomists reveals how these changes affect the entire groups involved.    <p></p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 5% in 10 years and in the EU28 the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 12-18% with a best estimate of 14% over the same period. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.",0,"The European breeding population is estimated at 25,900,000-44,800,000 pairs, which equates to 51,900,000-89,500,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 19,100,000-30,500,000 pairs, which equates to 38,300,000-61,000,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in a wide range of climates and over a wide altitudinal range, preferring open country such as farmland where buildings provide nesting sites and where water is nearby. In Europe it is superseded by the House Martin (<em>Delichon urbicum</em>) in urban areas (Turner and Rose 1989). In Britain and Western Europe, egg-laying begins late April or early May but occurs up to two weeks later in Scandinavia and one week earlier in southern Europe (Snow and Perrins 1998). The nest is built by both sexes and is a cup or half-cup, made from mud pellets mixed with fibres such as dry grass, straw and horsehair and lined with dry grass and white feathers. Originally nests were built in caves or on cliffs but now almost always on artificial structures. Clutches are two to seven eggs (Turner and Christie 2012). It feeds almost entirely on flying insects (Snow and Perrins 1998). The species is migratory, wintering in sub-Saharan Africa (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997), although some individuals winter in southern and western Europe each year (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The main threat to the species is the intensification of agriculture. Changes in farming practices such as the abandonment of traditional milk and beef production have resulted in a loss of suitable foraging areas. In addition, intensive livestock rearing, improved hygiene, land drainage and the use of herbicides and pesticides all reduce the numbers of insect prey available. Suitable nest sites are often scarcer on modern farms. The species is susceptible to changes in climate with bad weather in the wintering areas as well as the breeding grounds affecting breeding success (Tucker and Heath 1994). It is occasionally hunted for sport and nests are sometimes removed as a nuisance (Turner and Christie 2012).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Large areas of suitable habitat need to be maintained for this species, through the continuation and promotion of low-intensity, traditional farming. In particular, this requires extensive livestock rearing, a reduction in pesticide use and the preservation of wetland areas and waterbodies (Tucker and Heath 1994). Nesting can be encouraged by providing wooden ledges or artificial nest cups made of cement and sawdust or papier maché (Turner and Christie 2012). Long term monitoring and further research into the impacts of climatic variation is also needed (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Histrionicus,histrionicus,,Histrionicus histrionicus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small to large, but it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>The species is considered vagrant in the EU28 and is assessed as Not Applicable (NA) for this region.","In Europe the population size trend is stable. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary material.","In Europe, this species breeds only in Iceland and Greenland, with the former holding about two thirds of the European breeding population.","In Europe, the species breeding population is estimated at 7,000-9,000 pairs (14,000-18,000 mature individuals), and the species wintering population is estimated at 17,000-26,000 individuals (11,300-17,400 mature individuals). The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary material.","The species is a river specialist during the breeding season and winters along exposed rocky seashores. Laying occurs in May and June. It nests on small islands in rivers (Tucker and Heath 1994). The nest is a thin layer of grass occasionally with a few dry twigs and leaves and lined with down (Carboneras and Kirwan 2013) and is usually concealed in dense vegetation (Tucker and Heath 1994). It usually lays five to seven eggs (Kear 2005). In summer the species occurs at high densities around lake outlets where it feeds on its favoured food resource: blackfly (<em>Simulium vittatum</em>) larvae (Bengtson and Ulfstrand 1971, Gudmundsson 1971). It also takes molluscs (Kear 2005). In summer it feeds on insect larvae and pupae, other invertebrates and small fish (Kear 2005, Carboneras and Kirwan 2013). In winter it forages along exposed rocky seashores where it feeds on intertidal and subtidal invertebrates (Tucker and Heath 1994). In Iceland birds from the north and north-east of the island move to the west and south-west coasts in winter (Carboneras and Kirwan 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In Europe, the species is threatened by the development of hydroelectric schemes which result in the diversion and siltation of rivers (Tucker and Heath 1994,&#160;Carboneras and Kirwan 2013); one colony may have been lost through the diversion of the River Thorisos. The large-scale introduction of Atlantic Salmon (<em>Salmo samar</em>) and Brown Trout (<em>Salmo trutta</em>) can result in competition for blackfly larvae and pupae, the ducks main food source. In the 1930s American Mink (<em>Mustela vison</em>) were introduced and subsequently escaped; these may have reduced breeding success although this has not been studied (Tucker and Heath 1994). Oils spills have been known to cause significant mortality outside of Europe (Carboneras and Kirwan 2013). Also dredging for minerals in Lake Mývatn may affect algae blooms which form an important food source (Tucker and Heath 1994).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. The species is protected against hunting and egg-collecting in Iceland. The core area, River Laxá, is partly protected by law, is an Important Bird Area (IBA) and a Ramsar Site (Tucker and Heath 1994).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The identification of other rivers with high numbers of breeding pairs is needed and these should be protected from development. A study of the effect of the American mink on the species should be undertaken (Tucker and Heath 1994). Research should also be undertaken on resource use on the coast, individual females and the survival of small young and the relationship between breeding, moulting and wintering sites (Gardarsson 2008).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PROCELLARIIFORMES,HYDROBATIDAE,Hydrobates,castro,,Hydrobates castro,"(Harcourt, 1851)","<em>Hydrobates castro&#160;</em>(del Hoyo and Collar 2014) has been split into&#160;<em>H. castro&#160;</em>and&#160;<em>H. jabejabe&#160;</em>(which see)<em>&#160;</em>(Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International 2018).&#160;Previously,&#160;<em>Oceanodroma castro</em>&#160;(Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) was been split into&#160;<em>O. castro</em>&#160;and&#160;<em>O. monteiroi</em>&#160;following Bolton&#160;<em>et al</em>. (2008) and all&#160;<em>Oceanodroma&#160;</em>species were moved to&#160;<em>Hydrobates&#160;</em>(del Hoyo and Collar&#160;2014).",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong><br/></strong>In both Europe and the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small, but not enough to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe and the EU28.<p></p>",The European population trend is unknown.<br/><p></p>,"In Europe, the species breeds on the Berlengas Islands and the Azores (Portugal).","The European breeding population is estimated at 6,600-7,200 pairs (13,200-14,300&#160;mature individuals).<p></p>","This marine species is highly pelagic, occurring in warm waters and rarely approaching land except near colonies. It feeds mostly on planktonic crustaceans, fish and squid but will also feed on human refuse. It mainly feeds in the day on the wing by pattering, dipping and also by surface-seizing. Its breeding season varies locally in colonies on undisturbed islets, in flat areas near the sea or inland on cliffs (del Hoyo <em>et al</em>. 1992)<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","<p>This species is threatened by a number of invasive species, and throughout its range, the species is largely restricted to breeding locations that do not possess invasive mammals. Feral Cats (<em>Felis sylvestris catus</em>) are likely to have restricted this species to remote and largely inaccessible breeding locations in Macaronesian islands (Monteiro <em>et al.</em> 1999).&#160;</p>  <p>This species has been found grounded due to light pollution in the Canary Islands (Rodríguez and Rodríguez 2009, Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2018). Mortality due to striking structures while disorientated has occurred (Slotterback 2002). However, the species appears less prone to 'fallout' than expected, and impacts are therefore likely to be of a lower severity (Rodríguez and Rodríguez 2009, Raine <em>et al.</em> 2017). The threat from introduced predators appears far more severe than that from light pollution at present.</p>  This species is thought to have been hunted on a large scale in the early 16th and 17th century, with accounts from the Azores of a small black and white seabird that was killed nightly by the thousands for food and oil (Bolton<em> et al. </em>2008). However, at present this threat is highly unlikely to return on anything close to this scale.",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>   It is listed in  Appendix II of the Bern Convention and on Annex I of the EU Birds  Directive. It occurs in 21 existing marine Important Bird Areas in Europe and in the  EU it is listed in 17 Special Protection Areas.  <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Continued  management of invasive predators at breeding colonies. Management of  light pollution and shipping traffic to reduce collisions at night.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Butchart, S., Calvert, R., Ekstrom, J., Fjagesund, T., Hermes, C., Martin, R., Miller, E., Stuart, A. & Westrip, J.R.S.","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PROCELLARIIFORMES,HYDROBATIDAE,Hydrobates,leucorhous,,Hydrobates leucorhous,"(Vieillot, 1818)","<em>Hydrobates leucorhous&#160;</em>has been split into&#160;<em>H. leucorhous, H. socorroensis&#160;</em>and&#160;<em>H. cheimomnestes&#160;</em>(which see) (Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International 2018), based on the proposal of Howell (2012).",No,NT,B2b(v),No,VU,B2ab(v),EU28,,"<p><strong>European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong></p><p>In Europe, this species' population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). This species has a small range, and although it has a declining trend, it only approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion B as the number of locations is quite high, and the species is not severely fragmented. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;&#160;</p><p><br/>In the EU28, this species' population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). This species has a very small range, and, combined with the continuing decline in the population size and a small number of locations, meet the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion B, and is therefore assessed as such in the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;&#160;</p>","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is inferred to be decreasing at an unknown rate. For details on national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds mainly in the United Kingdom, but also notably in Iceland, with small populations also present in the Faroe Islands, Norway and Ireland.<br/><br/>This species' Area of Occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be under 2000 km<sup>2</sup>&#160;in both Europe and the EU28.","The European breeding population is estimated at 58,600-87,600 pairs, which equates to 117,000-176,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 36,700-65,200 pairs, which equates to 73,400-131,000 mature individuals. For details on national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is marine and pelagic, often occurring in areas of convergence or upwelling or over continental shelves, rarely coming near land except at colonies. During the breeding season, birds from the western Atlantic are highly pelagic in their foraging habits, travelling to deep (median &gt;1,950 m) and relatively unproductive waters (chlorophyll a concentrations &lt;0.5 mg/m3) over and beyond continental slopes lying, on average, 400 to 830 km from colonies (Pollet <em>et al.</em> 2014, Hedd <em>et al</em>. 2018). Its diet comprises mainly of small fish, squid, planktonic crustaceans and offal which it catches on the wing by dipping, skimming or snatching from the surface. It sometimes follows marine mammals feeding on leftovers or faeces. Its breeding season is variable depending on locality, forming colonies on offshore islands on high ground or slopes, usually among rocks but also in soft soil between trees (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1992).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","<p>Brown Rats&#160;<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>&#160;and House Rats&#160;<em>R. rattus</em>, are considered to exert a considerable predation pressure on the species where they establish on breeding islands, and may be a key determinant of the present breeding distribution, possibly along with cats. Cats&#160;<em>Felis catus</em>&#160;predate large numbers of adult and fledgling Leach's Storm-petrels where present, and may have been responsible for the extirpation of the species from a number of formerly occupied sites. Foxes caused the extirpation of the species from numerous islands in Alaska following their introduction, with their eradication on a number of islands leading to subsequent recolonization by Leach’s Storm-petrel. Mice&#160;<em>Mus musculus&#160;</em>are also suspected to be impacting the species through nest predation, but the effects are unclear.<br/><br/>Leach’s Storm-petrel&#160;<em>Hydrobates leucorhous&#160;</em>experiences high levels of predation from native predators. In 1997, Herring Gulls <em>Larus argentatus&#160;</em>killed almost 49,000 adult petrels during the breeding season on Great Island, Newfoundland, which at the time had a breeding colony of around 270,000 pairs (Stenhouse <em>et al.</em> 2000). Great Skuas <em>Catharacta skua</em>&#160;predate Leach’s Storm-petrels, with around 21,000 individuals killed each year in the St. Kilda colony; however, these primarily represent non-breeding birds that had immigrated from other, larger colonies, hence this is thought to have a relatively small impact on the population (Stead 2010). Great <em>Larus marinus&#160;</em>and Lesser Black-backed Gulls <em>L. fuscus&#160;</em>are also known to predate relatively large numbers of adult Leach's Storm-petrel (Stenhouse <em>et al.</em> 2000), though the extent to which this drives declines is uncertain.</p>  <p>Research activities have been shown to cause considerable disturbance to Leach’s Storm-petrel and represent a cause of reduced reproductive success. In a study by Blackmer (2004), it was found that weekly investigator disturbance halved the hatching success of Leach’s Storm-petrel nests, and daily disturbance caused a 56% reduction. Of all the reproductive failures in this study, egg desertion accounted for 91% and only occurred in pairs in the disturbed treatment groups.</p>  Foraging ranges during the breeding season for five out of seven western Atlantic colonies overlapped with offshore oil and gas operations; three of these colonies have declined in recent decades (Hedd <em>et al.</em> 2018). Attraction to lights and flares and subsequent collisions with oil rigs poses a risk (Hedd <em>et al. </em>2018). Large oil spills represent a relatively unlikely but potentially very severe threat, although due to this bird’s large range, it would be likely to affect only a small portion of the population. Small spills of hydrocarbons and synthetic drilling fluids are relatively common (CNLOPB 2012, McCrary <em>et al.</em> 2003) and contribute to chronic oil pollution in the sea (National Research Council 1985).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>It is listed in  Appendix II of the Bern Convention, and Annex I of the EU Birds  Directive. The following information refers to the species European range only: it is listed as occurring in nine marine Important Bird  Areas in Europe, with sites in Iceland, Ireland and the United Kingdom. In the EU  it is listed within 25 Special Protection Areas in France, Ireland,  Spain and the United Kingdom. Various countries, including the United  Kingdom have introduced artificial nest boxes to breeding colonies to  reduce the predation risk and to facilitate monitoring of breeding  success (Newson <em>et al</em>. 2008). <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Continued monitoring of breeding success at colonies is needed, including the provision of artificial nest boxes, as well as management of invasive predators.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Bond, A., Butchart, S., Calvert, R., Ekstrom, J., Fjagesund, T., Hedd, A., Hermes, C., Martin, R., Miller, E., Moreno, R., Stuart, A. & Westrip, J.R.S.","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PROCELLARIIFORMES,HYDROBATIDAE,Hydrobates,monteiroi,,Hydrobates monteiroi,"(Bolton et al., 2008)","<em>Hydrobates monteiroi</em>&#160;(del Hoyo and Collar 2014)&#160;was previously placed in the genus <em>Oceanodroma</em>. <em>Oceanodroma castro</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) was previously split into <em>O. castro</em> and <em>O. monteiroi</em> following Bolton <em>et al</em>. (2008). <p></p>",Yes,VU,D1+2,Yes,VU,D1+2,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, the population size trend is not known, but it is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. This species is endemic to the Azores (Portugal), where it has a very small population which is restricted to breeding on just two islets. It therefore has a small range which makes it highly susceptible to stochastic events, and to mammalian introductions and avian predators, and hence meets&#160;the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the range size criterion D2.&#160; In addition, the population size is very small, and meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion D, and is therefore assessed as such within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is endemic to the Azores (Portugal), where it breeds on two islets off the island of Graciosa and on further islets off the island of Flores and Corvo. It is thought to remain in the vicinity of the Azores during the non-breeding season, a suggestion which is supported by the analysis of carbon isotopes (Bolton <em>et al. </em>2008).","The European population is estimated at 360-390 pairs, which equates to 720-770 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds on small islets and forages over the open ocean. Breeding occurs during the 'hot season'; females lay eggs between early May (perhaps late April) and early July, incubating a single egg until as late as early August, with the first chicks hatching in early June and the latest chicks fledging in early October. Nests are burrows excavated in the soil (Fjeldså and Kirwan 2014). Its diet is poorly known, but thought to consist of small fish and squid, and it generally feeds on prey of a higher trophic level than Band-rumped Storm-petrel (<em>Hydrobates castro</em>) (Bolton <em>et al.</em> 2008). The movements of this species are virtually unknown but it is thought to forage throughout the year in local seas around the Azores (Fjeldså and Kirwan 2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Threats include predation by Madeiran Wall Lizards (<em>Teira dugesii), </em>which&#160;was assessed by experts as critical (Oliverira 2018). Although the Madeiran Wall Lizard is historically endemic to the Madeira archipelago and, therefore, listed in the annex IV of the Habitats Directive, its accidental introduction to the Azores is now proving to have pervasive negative effects on the productivity of Monteiro's Storm-petrel&#160;<em>Hydrobates monteiroi&#160;</em>(Neves&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2017<em>,</em>&#160;<em>in litt.</em>). Predation by Yellow-legged Gulls&#160;(<em>Larus michahellis)</em>&#160;atlantis was also assessed as a critical threat, once predation may occur on adults, fledglings and chicks (Oliveira 2018). Predation by Long-eared Owls&#160;<em>Asio otus</em>&#160;has also been detected on Praia Islet; up to 40 adults are killed in some seasons (Bolton <em>et al.</em> 2008). The breeding islets are currently free of ground predators, but their close proximity to Graciosa and the large numbers of visitors to one islet in the summer means that the introduction of rodents is a continuing threat (Bolton <em>et al. </em>2008). A cargo ship containing livestock ran aground on one of the breeding islets in 2000, leading to concerns over pollution and rodents escaping ashore (Bolton <em>et al.</em> 2008). Introduced mammals (rats, cats, mice, ferrets and weasels) are probably a problem too (e.g. SPA of Ponta da Barca where birds are heard calling close to Graciosa Island cliffs) (Oliveira 2018).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. Both breeding islets are designated under European legislation as Special Protection Areas and are assigned a full-time warden based on Graciosa (Bolton <em>et al. </em>2008). Recent work to reduce interspecific competition for nest cavities with rabbits and other larger Procellariiform species through the installation of nest boxes has met with considerable success, leading to a large increase in annual productivity (Bolton <em>et al. </em>2008). Nest boxes had higher productivity than natural nest sites, probably due to the greater degree of protection they provided from inclement weather and interspecific competition for nest space (Bried <em>et al.</em> 2009). Data from a MRR (mark-recapture-recovery) ringing study is being analysed, with preliminary results suggesting annual survival is high (F. Jiguet <em>in litt.</em> 2010). <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Obtain an up-to-date population census. Continue constructing artificial nest-sites. Consider re-introducing the species to other islets in the Azores, reducing the potential impact of rodents being introduced to one of the current breeding islets. Monitor the breeding islets for rodent introductions. Assess predation by other potential predators including gulls and reptiles (particularly Madeira Lizard (<em>Teira dugesii</em>)).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PROCELLARIIFORMES,HYDROBATIDAE,Hydrobates,pelagicus,,Hydrobates pelagicus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/><br/>In Europe, this species may have a restricted range, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population size trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species may have a small range, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population size trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds mainly on the Faroe Islands, but also notably in Ireland and the United Kingdom.<p></p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 405,000-424,000 pairs, which equates to 810,000-848,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 135,000-154,000 pairs, which equates to 204,000-308,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This is a marine species feeding mainly on small fish, squid and crustaceans, but it will also feed on medusae and offal. It feeds mainly on the wing by pattering and fishing, and will occasionally follow ships and attend trawlers. Breeding starts in May and June, resulting in the formation of colonies on rocky ground on offshore islands and stacks that are largely free of mammalian predators (Carboneras<em> et al.</em> 2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The accidental introduction of predators, such as rats and cats to breeding colonies is a major threat to this species, particularly in southern Europe and the Mediterranean (Cadiou <em>et al.</em> 2012, Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2014). In some areas, increases in numbers of skuas and large gulls appear to have increased the rate of predation. Reduction of prey, caused by unsustainable fisheries may also impact this species (Madroño <em>et al.</em> 2005). There may be some risk from eating contaminated food items or taking indigestible matter but, by feeding in flight, the species is less vulnerable to oil spills than some other seabirds (Tucker and Heath 1994, Newbury <em>et al.</em> 1998). Coastal development, particularly in the Mediterranean region has caused habitat destruction and disturbance (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2014). The species is also vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, including shifts in prey availability, and storms and extreme weather events. Light pollution from ships and coastal developments may also create a problem at night for this species (Jiménez <em>et al. </em>2009, Sultana <em>et al.</em> 2011). In Molène archipelago, France, population has declined over last two decades due to continuous nest-site destruction (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2014).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species occurs within 88 existing marine Important Bird Areas (IBAs) across the region. Within the EU it is listed in 130 Special Protection Areas, in the Natura 2000 network. Conservation prospects for Mediterranean population recently improved through provision of nestboxes, which has led to increase in numbers breeding through heightened nesting success, while selective culling of gulls on same Spanish islands led to marked reduction (c. 65%) in number of petrels predated, and to relative increase in their survival and breeding success probabilities of 16% and 23%, respectively (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2014). There is active rat eradication and management programme in Britain designed to improve the conservation status of both the present species, H. leucorhous and Manx Shearwater (<em>Puffinus puffinus</em>).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Rats, cats and other invasive mammals should be kept off breeding islands and these species should be removed from islands on which they are present (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,LARIDAE,Hydrocoloeus,minutus,,Hydrocoloeus minutus,"Pallas, 1776",<em>Hydrocoloeus minutus</em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) was previously placed in the genus <em>Larus</em>.,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment:&#160;Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population size trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large, (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds mainly in Russia, but also notably in Finland and Sweden, but can be found breeding throughout northern Scandinavia, the Baltic republics and western Russia. Its distribution expands in winter to include most of the Mediterranean, Black Sea and Caspian Sea coastlines, as well as the Atlantic coast of Europe (Burger and Gochfeld 1996).","The European breeding population is estimated at 32,100-62,200 pairs, which equates to 64,300-125,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 11,700-16,000 pairs, which equates to 23,500-31,900 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Its habitat includes coastal areas, lagoons, sandy beaches, mouths of streams and rivers. It breeds mainly inland, from subarctic to temperate forest, at freshwater lakes, river valleys, marshes and bogs with abundant vegetation; locally at coastal lagoons; nests on sandbanks, in reedbeds and in marsh vegetation. Its diet is varied and includes mostly invertebrates. It is mainly insectivorous when breeding and during migration. During winter it may also prey on fish. Feeds by walking, and swimming; hovers in air and foot-patters on surface. Also feeds tern-like by surface-dipping, flying into wind and dropping to seize insects from surface of water. Occasionally plunge-dives (Burger and Gochfeld 1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by habitat degradation, including changes in hydrographic conditions from damming and irrigation works (Rašomavičius 2007, Ellermaa and Linden 2011). It is vulnerable to oil spills (Mendel <em>et al.</em> 2008) and other types of marine pollution, including agricultural run-off (pesticides, biocides) (Ellermaa and Linden 2011). It is vulnerable to being caught as bycatch in fishing gear, including in gillnets (Zydelis <em>et al.</em> 2013). It is considered moderately vulnerable to collision with offshore wind farms (Bradbury <em>et al.</em> 2014) and can be disturbed at sea by shipping traffic.",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Listed under the African Eurasian Waterbird Agreement and on Appendix II of the Bern Convention. It is listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive. It is listed within 106 marine Important Bird Areas. Within the EU it is listed within 575 Special Protection Areas. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Identification and designation of marine protected areas for important sites at sea. Observer programmes on gillnet fisheries across its range to monitor bycatch rates.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,LARIDAE,Hydroprogne,caspia,,Hydroprogne caspia,"(Pallas, 1770)",<em>Hydroprogne caspia</em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) was previously placed in the genus <em>Sterna</em>.    <p></p>,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment:&#160;Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small, but not enough to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is small, and although it is estimated to be decreasing by 20%, this does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under (criteria C and D) or the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the population size is estimated to be stable. However, in the EU28 the population suffered past declines of 20% in 27 years (three generations) due to high adult mortality and breeding failures due to predation in the Baltic Sea breeding population. For details of national estimates, see supplementary information.","The species has a cosmopolitan but scattered distribution. It breeds locally in Europe, mainly around the Baltic Sea, northern Black Sea and in the northern Caspian region (Cuthbert <em>et al.</em> 2020, Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).","The European breeding population is estimated at 6,300-10,000&#160;pairs (12,700-19,900&#160;mature individuals). The population in the EU28 is estimated at 1,700-2,100 pairs (3,400-4,200 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe the species occurs mostly along the Baltic Sea coast, and in the Black Sea during the breeding season, and with some year round residents in Turkey. Its habitat includes coastal areas, as well as on large inland lakes and reservoirs, breeding on sand, shell or rocky islands. It feeds in freshwater lakes, inland seas, and coastal estuaries and is rarely pelagic. Its winter roosts are around large lakes and estuaries on sandbars, mudflats, shell banks. It feeds mainly on small to medium-sized fish; occasionally eggs and young of other birds, and carrion. In Scandinavia its main prey are roach (<em>Rutilus rutilus</em>) and herring (<em>Clupea harengus</em>) (Cuthbert <em>et al.</em> 2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is currently threatened by the loss and deterioration of breeding habitat through accelerated vegetation succession (possibly through the introduction of exotic plant species) (Shuford and Craig 2002) and may be threatened in the future by habitat loss through inundation as a result of sea-level rise (Shuford and Craig 2002). The species is vulnerable to human disturbance at nesting colonies especially during the early-courtship and incubation periods (Shuford and Craig 2002), and exposure to bioaccumulated contaminants (e.g. organochlorines or methylmercury) in fish could be lowering the species's reproductive success (Cuthbert <em>et al.</em> 2020). Newcastle disease (Shuford and Craig 2002, Kuiken <em>et al</em>. 2006) and avian botulism may also threaten concentrated local populations (Shuford and Craig 2002). It is vulnerable to oil spills and marine pollution. It is susceptible to being caught as bycatch in fishing gears.",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Appendix II of the Convention on Migratory Species. It is covered by the African Eurasian Waterbird Agreement. It is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention. In the EU it is listed on Annex I of the Birds Directive. There are 66 Important Bird Areas identified for this species. Within the EU there are 320 Special Protection Areas which include this species. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Management of existing protected areas for site based threats. On board observer programmes to monitor bycatch events on fishing vessels and implement mitigation measures where appropriate.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,ACROCEPHALIDAE,Iduna,caligata,,Iduna caligata,"(Lichtenstein, 1823)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC</strong><strong>)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>The species extends into the EU28 only in small numbers in Latvia, Estonia and Finland. The population size within the EU28 is small, but does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D).&#160;The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as&#160;Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe and in the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia, with small numbers in Latvia, Estonia, Finland and Belarus.","The European breeding population is estimated at 400,000–502,000 pairs, which equates to 800,000–1,010,000 mature individuals. The population in the EU28 is estimated at 460–1,800 pairs, which equates to 920–3,500 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is found in steppe with low scrub of spirea (<em>Spiraea</em>), pea species (<em>Pisum</em>) and similar species. In the temperate zone it occurs in overgrown pastureland and meadows with dense bushes and weeds (Svensson 2006).<br/><br/>Breeding occurs from May to early July. The nest is a well-built cup of twigs, roots, stems and leaves, lined with finer material including feathers, hair and plant down (Snow and Perrins 1998) and placed on or near ground, or up to 1 m above it, in dense undergrowth.<br/><br/>It feeds principally on insects and other invertebrates.<br/><br/>The species is a long-distance migrant, wintering in India (Svensson 2006).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In some areas of Russia, nest predation by predators such as Common Viper (<em>Vipera berus</em>), Harriers and Corvids has a variable annual pressure but may have a significant impact locally (Shitikov <em>et al.</em> 2012).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><strong><br/>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Although this species is not threatened, further research into the impacts of predators may help inform future conservation measures.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,ACROCEPHALIDAE,Iduna,opaca,,Iduna opaca,"(Cabanis, 1850)","<em>Hippolais pallida </em>(Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) has been split into <em>H. pallida</em> and <em>H. opaca</em> following Ottosson <em>et al</em>. (2005).   <p></p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small to large, but is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. <br/><br/>For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In Europe and the EU28 the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species only breeds in Spain.","The European breeding population is estimated at 5,000 pairs, which equates to 10,000 mature individuals. The entire European breeding population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species favours trees and tall bushes in a wide range of habitats: dense gardens, parks, riverine forest, dense tall bushes or trees at lakesides, orchards and plantations, maquis, and similar. It requires open areas or patchy, broken-up woods with glades and much undergrowth but does not enter closed forest.<br/><br/>Breeding occurs from late April to June, and it lays three to four eggs. The nest is a strong cup of plant stems and soft twigs placed in the fork of a branch, often at one to four metres above ground.<br/><br/>It feeds mainly on insects and spiders, but will also take fruit in the late summer.<br/><br/>The species is migratory, wintering in West Africa (Svensson and Christie 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is mainly threatened by habitat loss and degradation. It suffers from: the elimination of gallery forests, inadequate reforestation and intensive commercial forestry; the intensification of agriculture with changes in crop species, irrigation and crop species; modification and destruction of water courses; industrial and urban development; and finally fires (Madroño <em>et al.</em> 2004).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this specifically for this species, however it is likely to benefit from protected areas (Madroño <em>et al.</em> 2004).<br/><strong><br/>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Conservation and habitat protection are needed in order to maintain an adequate network of favourable sites. The generic protection tarajales (<em>Tamarix</em>) near water bodies would be advisable, given their importance to this and other species. Further research should be undertaken on habitat selection in order to assist in identifying priority sites for protection and to guide management practices. A detailed survey of the population and the severity of threats is also needed (Madroño <em>et al.</em> 2004).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,ACROCEPHALIDAE,Iduna,pallida,,Iduna pallida,"(Ehrenberg, 1833)","<em>Hippolais pallida </em>(Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) has been split into <em>H. pallida</em> and <em>H. opaca</em> following Ottosson <em>et al</em>. (2005).    <p></p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is unknown, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/>&#160;<br/>Within the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds primarily in Turkey.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 3,250,000–6,770,000 pairs, which equates to 6,510,000–13,600,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 168,000–428,000 pairs, which equates to 336,000–55,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species prefers trees and tall bushes in variety of habitats: dense gardens, parks, riverine forest, often of poplars (<em>Populus</em>), also dense tall bushes or trees at lakesides, orchards and plantations, including young pine trees (<em>Pinus</em>). It is also found in maquis of oak (<em>Quercus</em>), roses (<em>Rosa</em>), low pines, brooms (<em>Cytisus</em>) and similar.<br/><br/>Breeding occurs from May to June and clutches are three to five eggs. The nest is a strong cup of plant stems and soft twigs, lined with plant down fur and placed in the fork of a branch, commonly of tamarisk (Svensson 2006).<br/><br/>The diet comprises mainly of invertebrates, but also some fruit in the late summer.<br/><br/>In Europe the species is migratory and winters mainly in the dry areas of Africa north of the equator (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Widespread destruction of its habitat threatens this species in some areas. The clearance and burning of bushes, groves and hedges, and the drainage of land for agricultural expansion has intensified. Pesticide use may also adversely affect populations. Factors in the wintering quarters including droughts and pesticide use may be responsible for the annual fluctuations of populations in Greece (Tucker and Heath 1994).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Traditional, low-intensity farming should be maintained and the retention of a high groundwater-table along river valleys and around lakes along with the conservation of moist scrub habitats in plains is essential.&#160; A programme of census and monitoring studies should be undertaken for this species (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,ACROCEPHALIDAE,Iduna,rama,,Iduna rama,"(Sykes, 1832)",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, although this species may have a restricted range, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small to large, but it is not believed to approach the threshold for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is unknown, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>The bird is considered vagrant in the EU28 and is assessed as Not Applicable (NA) for this region.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this marginal species primarily breeds in Russia. Small numbers also occur in Turkey.","The European breeding population is estimated at 4,000–7,100 pairs, which equates to 8,000–14,100 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is found in sand or clay semi-deserts with scattered vegetation at least two metres tall, preferably taller, such as saxaul (<em>Haloxylon</em>), tamarisk (<em>Tamarix</em>) and willow (<em>Salix</em>).<br/><br/>The breeding season is from April to June or July. The nest is a strong cup made of plant stems, roots and soft twigs and lined with plant down and fur. It is set in the fork of a branch or in dense undergrowth, often at 0.3–2 m. Clutches are typically four to six eggs. <br/><br/>The diet is mostly insects and spiders (<em>Araneae</em>).<br/><br/>The species is migratory, wintering in India, Pakistan, southern Iran and southern Arabia (Svensson and Kirwan 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The size of the European population renders it susceptible to the risks affecting small populations; however it is adjacent to a much larger non-European population.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. CMS Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MUSCICAPIDAE,Irania,gutturalis,,Irania gutturalis,"(Guérin-Méneville, 1843)",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>The bird is considered vagrant in the EU28 and is assessed as Not Applicable (NA) for this region.","In Europe, the population size is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds primarily in Turkey.","The European breeding population is estimated at 404,000-907,000 pairs, which equates to 809,000-1,820,000 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","During the breeding season this species occupies semi-desert, mountain steppe, stony arid hillsides with scrub patches, scrubby valleys, ravines with mountain streams, narrow stony gullies, subalpine vegetation including juniper (<em>Juniperus</em>), <em>Zygophyllum</em>, bushes and tall weed. It is usually found at 1,000–2,200 m. In the Caucasus, breeding occurs from May to June. The nest is a flat cup of twigs and cereal stalks, lined with feathers and/or hair and set low down (average 0.5 m up) in a tree cavity, bush or on a stump or log. Clutches are four to six eggs (Collar 2015). The diet is mainly insects in the breeding season and fruit is also taken in the autumn. The species is migratory, wintering in a rather restricted area of east Africa (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There are not thought to be any current significant threats to this species.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PELECANIFORMES,ARDEIDAE,Ixobrychus,minutus,,Ixobrychus minutus,"(Linnaeus, 1766)","<em>Ixobrychus minutus</em>&#160;and&#160;<em>I. dubius&#160;</em>(del Hoyo and Collar 2014) were previously lumped as&#160;<em>I. minutus</em>&#160;following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).<p></p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the population size is estimated to be stable. In the EU28 the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","<p>In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Romania, Russia and Ukraine, with small numbers in Spain, Serbia, Hungary, Bulgaria and Belarus.</p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 85,900-151,000&#160;pairs (171,000-301,000&#160;mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 20,700-36,500 pairs (41,400-73,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","Palearctic populations of this species undergo extensive post-breeding dispersal movements in all directions and are also fully migratory, travelling southward on a broad front (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020) between August and October and returning to the north from March to April (Kushlan and Hancock 2005). In the western Palearctic the species breeds mainly between May and July. It breeds singly or occasionally in small loose groups in favourable areas (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). The species is most common in freshwater marshes with beds of bulrushes (<em>Typha</em> spp.), reeds (<em>Phragmites </em>spp). (Hockey <em>et al. </em>2005) or other dense aquatic vegetation, preferably also with deciduous bushes and trees (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020) such as willow (<em>Salix</em> spp). or alder (<em>Alnus</em> spp.) (Kushlan and Hancock 2005, Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). It may also occupy the margins of lakes, pools and reservoirs (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020), wooded and marshy banks of streams and rivers (Kushlan and Hancock 2005), peat bogs (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020), wooded swamps, wet grasslands, rice-fields (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020), rank vegetation around sewage ponds (Hockey <em>et al.</em> 2005), and in places the margins of saline lagoons (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020) and saltmarshes (Kushlan and Hancock 2005). Its diet varies with region and season but it is essentially insectivorous and takes aquatic adult and larval insects such as crickets, grasshoppers, caterpillars (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020) and beetles (Kushlan and Hancock 2005). Other food items include spiders, molluscs, crustaceans (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020) (e.g. shrimp and crayfish) (Kushlan and Hancock 2005), fish, frogs, tadpoles, small reptiles and birds. The nest is constructed from reeds and twigs (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020) and is normally placed near open pools in thick emergent vegetation (Kushlan and Hancock 2005) (such as beds of bulrushes <em>Typha</em> spp. or reeds (<em>Phragmites</em> spp.)) (Hockey <em>et al.</em> 2005) close to the surface of the water or up to 60 cm above it (Snow and Perrins 1998). Alternatively nests may be placed in low bushes or trees (e.g. alder or willow) up to two metres above water (Kushlan and Hancock 2005, Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). Preferred nesting sites are usually 5–15 m out from the shore in water 20–30 cm deep (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Since 1970, European populations have fallen, most likely due to habitat destruction and pollution, however these alone do not explain its decline. In Belgium, the species has suffered from pollution and the drainage of wetlands and in the Netherlands building construction has disturbed nesting habitat. High mortality during migration and in the wintering quarters has been attributed to the European declines. Droughts in Africa have led to desertification and loss of wetland areas, which extends the trans-Saharan crossing (Tucker and Heath 1994). Recreational activities such as fishing and swimming are also a threat as is the intensive commercial use of water areas (e.g. reed cutting, fish farming), river regulation measures and eutrophication (Bauer <em>et al.</em> 2006). The species may also be affected by fires (San-Miguel-Ayanz <em>et al.</em> 2009).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive, Annex II of the Bern Convention and Annex II of the Convention on Migratory Species, under which it is covered by the African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement (AEWA).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Although conservation measures in the European breeding grounds are unlikely to reverse declines in this species, wider-scale conservation actions should be taken, for example, the maintenance of reedy fringes to rivers and ditches. Habitat protection in Europe should be undertaken so that sufficient habitat exists for the species should habitat conditions in Africa become more favourable (Tucker and Heath 1994). Other measures should include: Sustainably managing river valleys and reed marshes, including the reduction of water pollution and fish overexploitation; Minimising disturbance at the breeding sites by recreation.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PICIFORMES,PICIDAE,Jynx,torquilla,,Jynx torquilla,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence  (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is  much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the  thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and  D2). The population size is very large, (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the breeding population is suspected to be stable, and in the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be decreasing by 15% over the same period. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia and Belarus. It also notably breeds in Ukraine, Poland, Italy, Romania and Spain.","The European breeding population is estimated at 795,000-1,520,000 pairs, which equates to 1,590,000-3,040,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 314,000-613,000 pairs, which equates to 628,000-1,230,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is widespread over most of lowland Europe, and also occurs in low numbers in mountainous areas. Breeding occurs in a variety of forest-types, from dry pine (<em>Pinus</em>) stands to riparian forest. Dense forest blocks are avoided, the birds tending to settle along south-facing forest edges, or in clear-felled or burned patches. Where summers are relatively cold or humid, localities with dry sandy soil are preferred (Tucker and Heath 1994). It is territorial and partners display by head-swinging with ruffled head feathers. Laying occurs from May to June. The nest-site is selected by both sexes and is usually in a natural cavity, an old hole of another woodpecker, or an artificial nestbox. Typically seven to twelve eggs are laid (Winkler and Christie 2015). It feeds mostly on the larvae and pupae of ants. In northern areas or during bad weather insects, spiders, even tadpoles and berries may be fed to young (Tucker and Heath 1994). Across most of its range, it is fully migratory and winters mainly in south of the Sahara and occasionally in the Mediterranean basin (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Declines have been attributed to climatic changes, resulting in increased rainfall during the breeding season (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997,&#160;Winkler and Christie 2015). Since the 1950s, the loss of important habitats such as orchards and unimproved meadows and the replacement of hardwoods with conifers have also caused declines and the conversion of many areas to agriculture combined with an increase in the use of pesticides have also decreased the abundance of ants (Tucker and Heath 1994).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. It is listed as a priority species in the U.K. Biodiversity Action Plan. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The use of pesticides should be reduced in agricultural areas and orchards and low-intensity management techniques applied to meadows, pastures and orchards in order to help sustain ant populations. These habitats should also be preserved from conversion to intensively managed open fields or commercial forestry plantations. In addition suitable nest-sites in woods and along forest edges should be protected and where nest-sites are limiting, nest boxes should be erected (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,STRIGIFORMES,STRIGIDAE,Ketupa,zeylonensis,,Ketupa zeylonensis,"(Gmelin, 1788)",0,No,EN,D,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2).&#160; The population size trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is very small, and meets the thresholds for Endangered (EN) under the population size criterion D, and is consequently assessed as such in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/><br/>This species does not occur in the EU28 and is therefore considered Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species has a predominantly Asian distribution which just extends into Europe, into south-eastern Turkey, which holds the entire European population, and where it has an extremely small and disjunct range (Holt <em>et al.</em> 2016).","The European breeding population is estimated at 50-80 pairs, which equates to 100-160 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is found in deciduous, semi-deciduous and open evergreen woodland as well as well-vegetated ravines, steep banks and canal sides, old plantations and groves with mature trees. It is almost always found near water. In the Middle East it occupies undisturbed wadis and valleys with trees and bushes in hilly areas. It breeds between November and May (Mikkola and Willis 1983). In Turkey juveniles are seen from June to July.  The species is thought to pair for life. Nests are built in hollows or depressions in trees, rock ledges or steep stream banks, normally near water. Old raptor nests are sometimes used as well. Clutch size is typically two. Its diet is mainly fish, frogs and freshwater crabs. It will also eat crayfish, snakes and lizards and occasionally rodents and birds. It hunts from perches overlooking water from where it swoops down and seizes prey from the water. It will also wade after food. This species is resident (Holt <em>et al.</em> 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In Europe little is known of this species. It is apparent that locals have known of these birds for some time but not of their rarity and as a result, fish farm workers have shot them due to their food preference. Disturbance from humans, such as those wishing to see this rare species is a threat (van den Berg <em>et al.</em> 2010).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. CITES Appendix II. Suggested it be named in Turkish as Yenger Baykuşu (Crab-owl) as opposed Balik Baykuşu (Fish-owl). <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The areas where it resides should also be protected from environmental changes such as logging and infrastructure development (van den Berg <em>et al. </em>2010). Research into European population should continue. Local people could be educated on the rarity of this species and involved in its protection. To minimise disturbance, controlled eco-tours should be developed and protected areas created where the species is found (van den Berg <em>et al.</em> 2010).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,GALLIFORMES,PHASIANIDAE,Lagopus,lagopus,,Lagopus lagopus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D).&#160;&#160;The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is suspected to be stable. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 4% in 10 years. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is a widespread resident across much of northern Europe from Ireland to the Ural Mountains (de Juana <em>et al.</em> 2016). In Europe, this species breeds mainly in Russia, and also notably in the United Kingdom, Norway, Sweden and Finland.<br/>Birds in northern areas on Russian tundra are partially migratory (Snow and Perrins 1998), moving south within its range to forested areas, outside the breeding season (de Juana <em>et al.</em> 2016).","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,280,000-2,030,000 pairs, which equates to 2,560,000-4,050,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 374,000-762,000 pairs, which equates to 749,000-1,530,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is found primarily in Arctic tundra, extending south in alpine mountain ranges and along or below the tree line, in openings of boreal forest. It prefers low, moderately moist areas with low shrubs, mosses, grasses and herbs avoiding rocky or lichen-rich tundra and steep slopes. Males prefer territories in areas with vegetation lower than eye level and elevated sites such as rocks, trees or hummocks for displaying on. Laying mainly occurs in May and June, but slightly earlier in the U.K. in April and May. It normally lays eight to eleven eggs. The nest is a shallow scrape with a thin lining in thick vegetation which usually partially covers it. It feeds on buds and twigs of willow (<em>Salix)</em> and birch (<em>Betula</em>) in winter. From spring to autumn leaves and berries of Vaccinium and Empetrum are important parts of its diet. It is sedentary in Scotland and Scandinavia, only making short-range altitudinal movements (de Juana <em>et al.</em> 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is hunted everywhere except the Baltic Countries and Belarus. In the Russian tundra annual bags estimated at c. 2,000,000 west of the Urals (de Juana <em>et al.</em> 2016). The species seems to withstand such a heavy pressure, however in combination with other pressures, such as reductions in habitat quality and extent it can have adverse effects (Madge and McGowan 2002). Important declines in Finland were attributed to excessive hunting. Range contractions in Europe have been attributed to climatic changes (de Juana <em>et al.</em> 2016). It is also vulnerable to collisions with high-tension powerlines and deer fences (Madge and McGowan 2002).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is protected in the Baltic countries and Belarus (Madge and McGowan 2002), elsewhere the setting of hunting seasons and bag limits is generally the only management activity.  Monitoring does occur in parts of Europe; In Norway several populations are regularly monitored, whereas in other parts of Fennoscandia and Britain, only some populations are monitored. In Britain, intensive habitat management has increased the density of this species well above natural levels in some areas (Storch 2007). There have been many attempted introductions, although most of them failed, (e.g. scoticus in Germany and Belgium) (de Juana <em>et al.</em> 2016). <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Monitoring of populations in areas with potentially high hunting pressures should be undertaken to ensure they are sustainable. Research into the impacts of hunting and habitat alteration on population dynamics should be undertaken. More understanding of its migration and dispersal behaviour and its ability to cope with climate warming in some of its range is needed (Storch 2007).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,GALLIFORMES,PHASIANIDAE,Lagopus,muta,,Lagopus muta,"(Montin, 1776)",Gender agreement of species name follows David and Gosselin (2002b).  <p></p>,No,LC,0,No,LC,A2abcd+3bcd+4abcd,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be stable. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species has a patchy distribution in northern Europe and in alpine areas of south-central Europe. Alpine populations, are thought to be glacial relicts and occur in Scotland, the Pyrenees and the Alps, well south of its main range. Aside from <em>Lagopus lagopus</em> on Kolguev, this species is the only gallinaceous bird that inhabits arctic islands, such as Greenland (up to 83°N, Iceland and Svalbard (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/>In Europe, this species breeds notably in Norway, Sweden, Iceland and Greenland.","The European breeding population is estimated at 309,000-846,000 pairs, which equates to 619,000-1,700,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 113,000-247,000 pairs, which equates to 227,000-494,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species inhabits rocky tundra with fairly sparse vegetation or alpine summits. It is rarely found in areas of high shrubs or below the tree line. It is almost always above 2,000 m in the Alps and Pyrenees. During winter it lives in less snowy regions or uses windswept ridges and slopes due to its dependence on ground vegetation for food. Laying is generally in June, however birds in Scotland lay from late May and those in Spitsbergen from mid-June (de Juana 1994). It typically lays five to eight eggs but sometimes up to twelve (Madge and McGowan 2002). The nest is a shallow depression lined with plant material and some feathers, usually in the open and sheltered by a large stone or shrub. In winter it takes food from the ground, mainly buds and twigs of species including <em>Salix</em>. In the Alps and other southern areas its main winter foods are berry bearing shrubs including Vaccinium and Empetrum. In spring and autumn it has a more varied diet taking leaves, flowers, berries and seeds of a wide range of plants. Most populations make limited movements, which are largely altitudinal and depend on local conditions and weather (de Juana 1994).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species faces some pressures at a local scale, such as habitat degradation and over-hunting (Madge and McGowan 2002). It is particularly susceptible to over-harvesting in the spring. Most habitat loss occurs due to the development of tourist facilities such as ski facilities and collision with cables around ski stations can cause mortality. Human presence may cause disturbance and displace birds from their wintering habitat. It is though that, in Sweden, overgrazing from reindeer is causing declines (Storch 2007). A recent decrease detected in the Swiss Alps, of 30% in a decade, attributed to climatic change (de Juana 1994).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU. Birds Directive Annex I and II. In most of its range, the only management is the setting of hunting seasons and bag limits and in Europe it is only protected in a few countries. A small proportion of its range is covered by protective areas, although these are considered to only have a low role in species survival except in those countries at the edge of the range (e.g., Andorra, France, Spain). Most monitoring is limited to the local scale. In Germany a programme to limit human disturbance by ski-touring has been initiated and in Iceland research into the effects of hunting there is ongoing (Storch 2007).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Monitoring of populations in areas with potentially high hunting pressures should be undertaken to ensure they are sustainable. Measures should be taken in mountain ranges with high tourism to minimise the spatial and temporal overlap between important habitats and recreational activities and their effectiveness monitored. Also, actions to minimize the numbers of generalist predators in these areas should be taken. Research into the impacts of hunting and habitat alteration on population dynamics should be undertaken. More understanding of its migration and dispersal behaviour and the survival of young birds over winter is needed (Storch 2007).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,LANIIDAE,Lanius,collurio,,Lanius collurio,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by&#160;4% in 10 years and in the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 6% over the same period. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds in large numbers in Romania and Russia. It also breeds notably in Poland, Ukraine and Turkey.","The European breeding population is estimated at 8,210,000-13,000,000 pairs, which equates to 16,400,000-26,000,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 5,440,000-7,310,000 pairs, which equates to 10,800,000-14,700,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see&#160;the Supplementary Information.","<p>The species breeds in temperate and Mediterranean climates (Lefranc and Worfolk 1997). It requires sunny, warm, usually dry, and level or gently sloping terrain, with scattered bushes, shrubs or low trees providing hunting posts overlooking areas of short grass, heath or bare soil. High-quality habitats tend to feature mosaic-like grassy vegetation with alternating areas of tall and short growth and bare areas, with perches. In agricultural areas occupies neglected overgrown patches, heaths, open downs, overgrown orchards and gardens, hedgerows, and scrub along railways or roadsides. It is found also in temporary steppe-like habitats, such as military training areas, burned forests, forest clearings and spruce (<em>Picea</em>) plantations (Yosef <em>et al.</em> 2012). Egg-laying occurs from May to July (Lefranc and Worfolk 1997) and clutches are generally three to seven eggs. The untidy-looking nest is&#160; a loose foundation of often green plant stems, roots, grass, lichen, hair, or similar, compactly lined with grass, hair, moss, fur, reed (<em>Phragmites</em>) or reedmace (<em>Typha</em>) flowerheads, plant down and similar material, situated in dense, often thorny bush such as hawthorn (<em>Crataegus</em>), blackthorn (<em>Prunus spinosa</em>), bramble (<em>Rubus</em>) or dog-rose (<em>Rosa</em>) (Yosef <em>et al.</em> 2012). It is an opportunistic feeder, feeding mostly on insects and other invertebrates as well as small mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles. The species is migratory, wintering in eastern and southern Africa (Lefranc and Worfolk 1997). </p><br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","<p>Declines are probably due mainly to the loss and fragmentation of habitat resulting from afforestation and agricultural intensification, and the increased use of pesticides causing loss of food resources (Yosef <em>et al.</em> 2012). The heavy application of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer causing the earlier and denser growth of vegetation may also be a threat (Tucker and Heath 1994). In northern and western edges of range, its breeding is affected by cooler, wetter summers (Yosef <em>et al.</em> 2012). </p>","<p><strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong></p>  <p>Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I.</p>  <p><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong></p>  <p>The species requires wide-scale habitat conservation through the promotion of low intensity farming. Management should include the conservation or creation of open grasslands with a mixture of tall and low vegetation and thorny bushes, conservation of hedges and bushes bordering fields, the planting of bushes in intensively managed orchards and vineyards and the maintenance of fallow areas. In addition the linking of suitable habitat fragments by a series of protected areas would likely benefit the species. The use of broad-spectrum pesticides should also be reduced (Tucker and Heath 1994).</p>",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,LANIIDAE,Lanius,excubitor,,Lanius excubitor,"Linnaeus, 1758","<em>Lanius excubitor, L. borealis </em>and<em> L. meridionalis</em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2016) were previously lumped as<em> L. excubitor</em> following AOU (1998 and supplements), Cramp <em>et al</em>. (1977-1994), Dowsett and Forbes-Watson (1993) and Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).",No,LC,0,No,VU,A2bc+3bc+4bc,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe.&#160;<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be undergoing a rapid decline which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A) and is therefore assessed as such in the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 10-43% with a best estimate of 18% over the past 10 years. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 28-61% with a best estimate of 45% (best estimate) over the same period and between 2011-2021, and is projected to decline by 40% (best estimate) over the next three generations. These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","In Europe, this species breeds largely in Poland, and also notably in Belarus, Russia, Romania, Sweden, the Canary Islands and Finland.","The European breeding population is estimated at 64,400–125,000 pairs, which equates to 128,000–250,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at&#160;41,700–88,700 pairs, which equates to&#160;83,500–178,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds in subarctic and temperate climates in open country with trees, bushes, fence posts and powerlines. Northern populations also use clearings in taiga or in the transition zone from taiga to tundra and forest edge. It is sometimes found on marshland and peat bogs. Sparse and low vegetation is an important habitat characteristic for this species (Yosef and International Shrike Working Group 2016).<br/><br/>The beginning of egg-laying varies with latitude (Lefranc and Worfolk 1997) but is generally from March to early July in Europe, April-May in Alaska and May-July in eastern Canada (Yosef and International Shrike Working Group 2016). The nest is built by both sexes and is a well-made structure with a loose foundation of twigs, grass, rootlets, string, lined with rootlets, feathers and hair. It is generally placed high above ground in a fork or on a lateral branch of a tree, often pine (<em>Pinus</em>) or poplar (<em>Populus</em>) or sometimes in dense shrub. Clutch are usually 3-9 eggs.<br/><br/>It feeds principally on small vertebrates such as small rodents, particularly voles, but also small birds, lizards, amphibians and large insects (Lefranc and Worfolk 1997).<br/><br/>Most populations are migratory or at least partially so, the non-breeding range includes southern parts of the breeding range in addition to more southern areas (Yosef and International Shrike Working Group 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In Europe, habitat for this species has been destroyed and degraded by agricultural intensification. The removal of hedges and trees has reduced the number of available hunting perches and nest sites and reduced food availability. Wide scale use of herbicides and pesticides has also reduced the prey availability. However, the cessation of agricultural activity can also have negative impacts, such as the removal of sheep-grazing may lead to the invasion of scrub, resulting in unsuitable habitat for the species. Destruction of peatbogs with scattered pines is thought to explain declines around Moscow. It may also be adversely affected by bad weather and harsh winters. It is also threatened by the development of industry and road building and disturbance from humans, cars and dogs can increase predation by corvids (Tucker and Heath 1994).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. The species is protected in most European countries and is frequently listed on national red lists; in some listed as 'highly endangered' and in more countries as 'vulnerable' or 'endangered' (Yosef and International Shrike Working Group 2016). A national species action plan has been published in Luxembourg (Biver <em>et al</em>. 2009).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Reducing intensive agricultural management would probably be the most effective conservation measure for this species (Yosef and International Shrike Working Group 2016). Broad habitat conservation measures are required including, the maintenance of low-intensity farming practices, a reduction in the use of agro-chemicals, protection of areas of moorland, heathland, fallow lands and peatbogs, prevention of afforestation of fallow lands or low-quality pastures, restoration of standard orchards and the limiting of access to certain areas to minimise disturbance at nests (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Butchart, S., Derhé, M., Shutes, S., Symes, A. & Wheatley, H.","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,LANIIDAE,Lanius,meridionalis,,Lanius meridionalis,"Temminck, 1820","<p><em>Lanius excubitor, L. borealis </em>and<em> L. meridionalis</em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2016) were previously lumped as<em> L. excubitor</em> following AOU (1998 and supplements), Cramp <em>et al</em>. (1977-1994), Dowsett and Forbes-Watson (1993) and Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).</p>",Yes,VU,A2abc+3bc+4abc,Yes,VU,A2abc+3bc+4abc,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>This species was not assessed for the 2015 Europe regional assessment project because at that time it was included as a subspecies of <em>Lanius excubitor</em>; it was split out as a separate species in 2016. Since then—in 2017—<em>L. meridionalis</em> was globally assessed as Vulnerable (VU A2abc+3bc+4abc). This regional reassessment refers to the 2017 global assessment of this European endemic species as the previous published Europe assessment.<br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A) and is therefore assessed as such in both Europe and the EU28. This species is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and hence there no potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 46% (best estimate) over the past 10 years and is expected to continue declining at the same rate between 2011-2021 and over the next ten years.&#160;These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","This species is endemic to Europe, with almost all of its population (99%) occurring in Spain. Small populations are also present in Portugal and southern France.&#160;It has recently undergone rapid declines across much of the range. At the northern edge of the range, it is now extinct in the Basque Country, where it was still breeding in the 1980s, but there have been no records since 2006 (J. M. Fernández-García <em>in litt.</em> 2017). In Catalonia, the mean annual trend for the period 2002–2016 was -7%, which extrapolates to a 58% decline in  12 years (D. Giralt<em> in litt</em>. 2017).<br/><br/>  <em></em>","The European breeding population is estimated at 360,000–607,000 pairs, which equates to 721,000–1,220,000 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","It inhabits fairly open country dotted with thorny bushes in dry and warm, sunny  lowlands to 1,200 m. Suitable habitat includes cereal-growing land with  groves, hedgerows, bushes, meadows, vineyards, orchards, pasture and  evergreen oak (<em>Quercus</em>) forests (Yosef and International Shrike Working Group 2017).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The main threats are likely to be agricultural intensification, with increased use of  pesticides and herbicides reducing prey availability, and the removal of hedges and trees reducing the number of available hunting perches and nest sites and reducing food availability. However the cessation of agricultural activity can also have negative impacts, and the removal of sheep grazing may lead to  invasion of scrub, leaving habitat unsuitable for the species (Yosef and International Shrike Working Group 2017).",<strong>Conservation and research actions underway</strong><br/>No targeted actions are known.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation and research actions needed<br/></strong>Encourage the  maintenance of low-intensity farming practices and a reduction in the use  of agro-chemicals.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Wheatley, H.","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,LANIIDAE,Lanius,minor,,Lanius minor,"Gmelin, 1788",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is suspected to be decreasing. In the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds in large numbers in Romania, Russia and Turkey. It also notably breeds in Ukraine and Georgia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 376,000-803,000 pairs, which equates to 752,000-1,610,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 118,000-266,000 pairs, which equates to 237,000-532,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occurs in open lowlands and hills in steppe and forest-steppe and Mediterranean zones. Suitable breeding habitats in Europe include orchards, groves, parks, woodland edges and overgrown ditches even if close to human settlement or cultivation (Tucker and Heath 1994). Tall trees are necessary for nesting. It is found up to 700 m, rarely to 900 m in central Europe and to 1,500 m in Russia. It arrives at its breeding grounds from late-April to mid-May and egg-laying occurs May to early June.&#160;<br/><br/>The nest is built by both sexes. It is a well-made structure with a loose foundation of twigs, grass, rootlets, string, etc., often with high proportion of green plants and lined with rootlets, feathers and hair but occasionally it is unlined. Clutch size can be from three to seven eggs but usually five or six. It is a specialized insectivore, although it also feeds on spiders and very rarely vertebrates (Yosef <em>et al.</em> 2008). Prey is taken from the ground and air, although the species requires few perches and often hovers. Unlike other shrikes food hoarding is rare (Tucker and Heath 1994). The species is a long distance migrant and spends less than four months on its breeding grounds. European birds depart in the autumn and overwinter in southern Africa before beginning to return in late February or early March (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Agricultural intensification and an increase in monocultures have driven declines in western and central Europe (Tucker and Heath 1994). Heavy use of fertilizers since the middle of the 20th century has led to an increase in vegetation cover, causing wetter and colder micro-climates close to the soil, this, in turn, has negative effects on the large arthropod fauna on which this species relies (Yosef and International Shrike Working Group 2008). The use of insecticides has also contributed to a decline in prey for this species.  Climatic fluctuations, causing wetter conditions in some areas of Europe and drier in others, are also thought to be a serious threat. The species suffers high losses due to predation by natural predators and human disturbance and in central Europe it is persecuted as a predator of song birds (Tucker and Heath 1994).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. A conservation programme in Spain has shown some success through monitoring, habitat management and the release of captive bred birds (Martínez&#160;2011). Agri-environment schemes have been implemented successfully as seen in France, in Languedoc-Roussillon where in 1996 as special wine was even produced and sold with some of the proceeds going to habitat management for this species (LeFranc and Worfolk 1997).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>This species would benefit from a decrease in use of agricultural pesticides and from the maintenance of traditional, mosaic farming methods, with old orchards (Tucker and Heath 1994, Yosef and International Shrike Working Group 2008), the development of protected areas in suitable habitats and favourable habitat management (LeFranc and Worfolk 1997). Studies should be undertaken into the influence of predators such as corvids on nesting success and post-fledgling survival and censuses and monitoring should be improved in eastern and south-east Europe (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,LANIIDAE,Lanius,nubicus,,Lanius nubicus,"Lichtenstein, 1823",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small to large, but not enough to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend&#160;appears to be stable, and hence the species does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is unknown. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds primarily in Turkey. It also notably breeds in Cyprus.","The European breeding population is suspected to be at 36,200-107,000 pairs, which equates to 72,400-213,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 5,200-14,200 pairs, which equates to 10,400-28,400 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in areas with a warm Mediterranean climate (Lefranc and Worfolk 1997) and favours natural open woodland with bushes and glades or big isolated trees. It nests in a variety of light deciduous, coniferous and mixed forests or in maquis and maquis-like vegetation. It is normally  absent from open areas or those near human habitation, but occurs locally in cultivated land dotted with old trees, citrus and olive (<em>Olea</em>) groves, orchards, small fields with tall hedges and many trees, vineyards, gardens, and poplar (<em>Populus</em>) plantations. It is monogamous and both sexes build the nest. Egg-laying occurs from April to mid-June. The nest is relatively small, open, very carefully constructed from rootlets, twigs, plant down, plant stems and moss, lined with wool, hair or man-made materials, decorated externally with lichen (more or less camouflaged), in a fork or on a lateral branch of a tree, or sometimes in dense (often thorny) bush. Clutches are typically four to six eggs (Yosef <em>et al. </em>2008). Grasshoppers and beetles make up the majority of the diet but it also feeds on other insects and small vertebrates such as lizards and small passerines (Lefranc and Worfolk 1997). The species is migratory and most birds winter in sub-Saharan Africa (Yosef<em> et al</em>. 2008).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In Europe the main likely cause of population decline is degradation of favoured diverse habitats (Yosef <em>et al.</em> 2008), through drainage, afforestation, burning, mature woodland clearance and use of pesticides (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). During migration it suffers from shooting in Turkey and is locally persecuted in Greece as it is considered a bird of ill omen (Yosef <em>et al. </em>2008).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. In most countries in its range the species is protected and is listed as ""rare"" in some national species Red Lists (Yosef <em>et al.</em> 2008).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Recently the species has started to occupy plantations, which have replaced natural woodland, and this adaptation may be of long-term conservation benefit to this species (Yosef <em>et al.</em> 2008). Traditional farmland, managed at low intensity should be maintained within diverse landscapes and old trees and small groves should be preserved. Legal protection from shooting is required and such legislation should be enforced. Population assessments for the species should be conducted throughout its range to help ascertain its conservation needs (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,LANIIDAE,Lanius,senator,,Lanius senator,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,NT,A2bce+3bce+4bce,No,NT,A2bcde+3bcde+4bcde,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Near Threatened (NT)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population trend appears to be decreasing at a moderately rapid rate which approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A) and is hence assessed as Near Threatened in both Europe and the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside either region and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe and the EU28,&#160;the breeding population is estimated to have decreased in the past 10 years, is expected to decline between 2008-2021, and is projected to decline over the next three generations at a rate of 25% (best estimate). These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, based on national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","In Europe, the species stronghold is in Spain (with &gt;90% of the European breeding population), with small numbers also in Greece and Turkey, among other countries.","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,930,000–3,120,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 3,860,000–6,240,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 1,890,000–2,990,000 pairs, which equates to 3,780,000–5,970,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species requires shrub-like or arboreal cover, open ground offering rich supply of large insects, and perches with commanding view of the area. It is commonly found in semi-open areas with bushes and well-spaced trees, such as open woodland, old orchards, olive (<em>Olea</em>) groves, gardens, and parks or hedgerows with large thorny bushes; in Greece it prefers open pine (<em>Pinus</em>) forest. In many areas it occurs in cultivated country with trees; and in the north of its range it is a typical bird of old traditional orchards, particularly when sheep or cattle present (Yosef <em>et al.</em> 2013). <br/><br/>Egg-laying occurs from the end of April through to July, although in Europe second clutches are rare. The nest site is chosen by the male and both sexes build the nest (Lefranc and Worfolk 1997), which is a compact open cup made from twigs and roots and other plant material, lined with rootlets, hair, wool, moss, lichen and spider web. It is generally placed on a lateral branch of a tree, often fruit tree or oak, pine or poplar or in the Mediterranean area, in low dense brush. Clutches are four to eight eggs (Yosef <em>et al.</em> 2013).<br/><br/>It feeds principally on insects but other invertebrates, voles, mice, lizards, frogs and occasionally plant material such as berries are also taken (Lefranc and Worfolk 1997).<br/><br/>The species is migratory, wintering in sub-Saharan Africa, north of the equator (Yosef <em>et al.</em> 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Loss and degradation of habitat through agricultural intensification, afforestation, and large fires are the main threats to this species (Yosef <em>et al.</em> 2013). The abandonment of traditional charcoal-making, the canalization of rivers and heavy use of herbicides and insecticides are also threats (Tucker and Heath 1994). Long-term climatic changes resulting in wetter springs have caused the range of the species to contract southwards (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). It is hunted around ponds in summer and on migration in Italy. In addition, drought in the Sahel and changes to agricultural practices in its wintering grounds may lead to long term population declines (Tucker and Heath 1994).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. The species is legally protected in most countries; in some listed as ""highly endangered"", in others regarded as ""vulnerable"" or ""endangered"" on national Red Lists (Yosef <em>et al.</em> 2013)<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Traditional management of pastoral woodland (Yosef <em>et al.</em> 2013) and livestock-rearing (Tucker and Heath 1994), old orchards and Mediterranean scrub and the prevention of hunting would benefit this species (Yosef <em>et al.</em> 2013). The use of herbicides and insecticides should be controlled, soil-rotation practices used and unploughed field margins with boundaries of trees, shrubs and herbaceous vegetation should be maintained. In addition, the diversification of monoculture crops and the maintenance of woodland at roadsides in rural areas and in irrigated cereal cultivation would benefit the species. Restrictions on hunting should be enforced (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,LARIDAE,Larus,argentatus,,Larus argentatus,"Pontoppidan, 1763","<em>Larus argentatus </em>and <em>L. smithsonianus</em> (the latter including <em>vegae </em>and <em>mongolicus</em>) (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) were previously lumped as <em>L. argentatus</em> following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).",Yes,LC,0,No,VU,A2bcde+3bcde+4bcde,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size reduction criterion A, and is therefore assessed as such in the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be decreased by less than 25% in 37 years (three generations), based on the information provided in the BirdLife Globally Threatened Bird Species Forum (2021) (https://globally-threatened-bird-forums.birdlife.org/topics-archive/). In the EU28, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 42-55% with a best estimate of 47% over the past three generations, and is expected to decline at a similar rate between 1981-2021.&#160;&#160;These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","In Europe, this species breeds notably in the United Kingdom, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, France, the Netherlands and Russia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 531,000-608,000 pairs, which equates to 1,060,000-1,220,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 419,000-479000 pairs, which equates to 839,000-958,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","It winters in north and west Europe. Its habitat includes coastal and near-coastal areas and also inland localities such as large lakes and reservoirs, on fields and at rubbish dumps. It is sometimes found at sea. Its breeding habitats are varied, including coastal cliffs and stacks, rocky and grassy islands, sandy beaches, gravel bars, salt-marshes, limestone outcrops, and buildings. The species also exploits man-altered habitats such as clay pits. It is omnivorous and highly opportunistic, exploiting superabundant food when available; spans the full range of gull dietary items and feeding behaviour; powerful predator. Feeds extensively on fish, earthworms, crabs, and other marine invertebrates (molluscs, starfish) (Burger and Gochfeld 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by coastal oil pollution (Gorski <em>et al. </em>1977) and is susceptible to avian influenza and so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006). It is susceptible to colliding with offshore wind farms (Bradbury <em>et al. </em>2014). It is vulnerable to being caught as bycatch in fisheries, including longlines, trawls and gillnets (Anderson <em>et al.</em> 2011, Zydelis <em>et al.</em> 2013).<strong> </strong> <p></p>","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is covered by the African Eurasian Waterbird Agreement. In the EU it is listed under Annex II of the Birds Directive.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>On-board monitoring programmes for seabird bycatch in fishing vessels, and implementation of mitigation measures where appropriate. Increased understanding of movements to assist placement of offshore wind farms.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Dierschke, V., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,LARIDAE,Larus,armenicus,,Larus armenicus,"Buturlin, 1934","<em>L. michahellis</em> and <em>L. armenicus</em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) were previously lumped as <em>L. michahellis</em> following a review by the BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group. Prior to that, <em>L. armenicus</em> had been split and<em>&#160;</em><em><em>L. cachinnans</em> </em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) had been lumped with <em>L. michahellis</em> as <em>L. cachinnans</em> following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).<em> <p></p></em>",Yes,LC,0,No,VU,VU° D1,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU</strong><strong>°</strong><strong>)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large, (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population size trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2).&#160; The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is very small, and meets the thresholds for Endangered under the population size criterion D. There is considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category has been downlisted by one step to Vulnerable (VU°).","In Europe, the population size is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds almost entirely in Turkey and Armenia, but also notably in Azerbaijan, with a small population also present in Georgia. In Europe, wintering populations are found in the eastern Mediterranean (Burger and Gochfeld 1996).","The European breeding population is estimated at 22,200-35,900 pairs, which equates to 44,400-71,800 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Most of this species undergoes short-distance migratory movements on a narrow front (along the rivers and deltas of Turkey) between separate breeding and wintering grounds. It winters across the south-eastern Mediterranean Sea (Burger and Gochfeld 1996).  It inhabits both inland and coastal waters, but breeding is restricted to mountain lakes, using reedbeds, beaches, and agricultural fields.  The diet of this species is little known, but may consist primarily of fish as well as terrestrial invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles and rodents (Burger and Gochfeld 1996, Adamian and Klem Jr. 1999).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The global population of this species decreased significantly in the past as a result of persecution (due to the damage it inflicted to fisheries) and egg harvesting (Burger and Gochfeld 1996,  Olsen and Larsson 2004). The breeding success of the species was dramatically reduced after the water-level in Lake Sevan (Armenia) was lowered due to extraction for irrigation and hydropower production (Adamian and Klem Jr. 1999).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>It is listed under Appendix II of the Convention on Migratory Species and is covered by the African Eurasian Waterbird Agreement. There are 20 Important Bird Areas for this species across the region. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Identification and designation of important sites for this species. Education programmes to fishers to reduce persecution.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Aghababyan, K., Ashpole, J, Boyla, K., Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,LARIDAE,Larus,audouinii,,Larus audouinii,"Payraudeau, 1826",0,Yes,VU,A3b+4b,No,VU,A3bce+4abce,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Vulnerable (VU</strong><strong>)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has a restricted range, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large, (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size reduction criterion A, and is therefore assessed as such within both Europe and the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside either regions, and therefore the final categories remain unchanged.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be experiencing a rapid decrease, which is expected to be approaching 40% between 2006-2030, and is projected to continue declining at a similar rate over the next three generations.&#160;&#160;These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on, data provided by SEO (Arcos <em>in litt.</em>&#160;2020), in Oro&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2009,&#160;Calado <em>et al.</em>&#160;2018, Payo-Payo <em>et al. </em>2018, Cama <em>et al.&#160;</em>2013 and Genovart <em>et al.&#160;</em>2017,&#160;as well&#160;as the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates). The estimates of declining trends were supported by the comments made on BirdLife's Globally Threatened Bird Forums in 2020 (Selmani J., Arcos J.M., , Portolou D., Fric J., Andrade J.,&#160;Jurinovic L.,&#160;Isfendiyaroglu S.,&#160;Recorbet B.,&#160;Baccetti N.,&#160;Rubinic B.,&#160;Ieronymidou C., Oro D. and Croxall J. <em>in litt </em>2020, https://globally-threatened-bird-forums.birdlife.org/topics-archive/)","In Europe, this species breeds mainly in Spain, but also notably in Portugal and Italy.","The European breeding population is estimated at 15,700-21,000 pairs, which equates to 31,400-42,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 15,600-20,900 pairs, which equates to 31,200-41,700 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This coastal species rarely occurs inland. Colonies are located on exposed rocky cliffs and on offshore islands or islets, normally not more than 50 m above sea level. Characteristics of habitats used differ from region to region and even within the same areas in different years: altitude ranges from close to sea-level to 100 m, vegetation cover from bare rocks to 85% bush cover, and slope from 0–90°. During the non-breeding season the species prefers sheltered bays, either flat with shingle or sand or with cliffed margins (Cramp and Simmons 1983). It breeds in large monospecific colonies ranging from 10 up to 10,000 pairs. Egg-laying takes place in the second half of April until the beginning of May, and peak hatching occurs in late May (Burger and Gochfeld 1996), with fledging mainly in the first two weeks of July (Mañosa&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2004). The nest is a shallow scrape lined with available debris and vegetation (Cramp and Simmons 1983). It is placed among rocks and vegetation. Clutches normally have three eggs (Burger and Gochfeld 1996). It has a large foraging range while breeding, and has been recorded up to 200 km from the colony. The diet consists mostly of epipelagic fish, especially Clupeiformes (Mañosa&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2004). It is also known to take some aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates, small birds and plant material such as the peanut (Arachis), olive (Olea), and grain (Cramp and Simmons 1983).&#160; It is partially migratory and dispersive (Burger and Gochfeld 1996). After breeding the birds disperse widely around the Mediterranean coast (Sanpera&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2007, Burger and Gochfeld 1996). Almost all juveniles and some adults migrate past Gibraltar during July-October (Olsen and Larsson 2003), peaking in August (Guitiérrez and Guinart 2008), to winter on the North African coast (Burger and Gochfeld 1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The trawling fishery off the Ebro Delta is regarded as unsustainable and its collapse would probably result in a decline in the breeding population due to the increase in density-dependence (Oro <em>et al.</em> 2004, Tavecchia <em>et al.</em> 2007, Barov and Derhé 2011). A similar outcome would arise if waste from the trawlers were used industrially to produce food for domestic animals, as occurs in other areas, rather than being dumped near the Ebro colony. More important could be the reduction of small-pelagic fish stocks, the main natural prey for the species, due to increasingly high fishing pressure around the breeding grounds, owing partly to high demand by tuna-farming (Arcos <em>et al. </em>2008). Other important threats include coastal tourism developments, regulation of the river Ebro, mortality due to entanglement in fishing gear (mainly longlines and sporting lines) (Belda and Sánchez 2001, Cooper <em>et al.</em> 2003) and predation by terrestrial predators, such as Red Fox (<em>Vulpes vulpes</em>), Badger (<em>Meles meles</em>) and domestic dogs (Oro <em>et al.</em> 1999, Tavecchia <em>et al.</em> 2007). Predation by sympatric Yellow-legged Gull (<em>Larus michahellis</em>) can be high at some breeding colonies, especially when densities of Audouin's Gulls are low (Bonaccorsi 2003, Travichon 2004, Oro <em>et al.</em> 2006, Paracuellos and Nevado 2010). Predation on chicks by Black Rats (<em>Rattus rattus</em>) has a negative impact at some breeding colonies (Jones <em>et al.</em> 2008). Nevertheless this species shows a very nomadic breeding site selection and high dispersal rates from year to year, probably avoiding large densities of <em>L. michahellis</em> (Genovart <em>et al.</em> 2003, Martínez-Abraín <em>et al.</em> 2003, Oro and Matínez-Abraín 2007). Peregrines (<em>Falco peregrinus</em>), other raptors, some herons and snakes can also prey on adults and nests but only accidentally and locally (Oro 1996, 1997). Very high levels of mercury and other pollutants are found in this species (Sanpera&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2007), partly due to the consumption of discards (Arcos&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2002), thus posing a potential threat, although no negative effects have been demonstrated. Current marine wind-farm projects, particularly around the main breeding colony (Ebro Delta), could also represent a serious threat. Overgrazing of some islets by goats in the east of its breeding range may reduce breeding success. Natal and breeding dispersal are extremely high ensuring genetic mixing and buffering against bad local environmental conditions through emigration and colonisation (Oro and Ruxton 2001, Oro&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2004).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix I and II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. A European action plan was published in 1996 and its implementation reviewed in 2010 (Barov and Derhé 2011). The ecology of this species, particularly its breeding and foraging behaviour, demography and population dynamics, has been extensively studied. Several LIFE Nature projects have been implemented between 1992 and 2006 in Spain and Italy, contributing to successful recolonisation of breeding islands and development of safe line-fishing techniques. Control of invasive Black Rats has been effective at some colonies (Jones <em>et al.</em> 2008). Culling of <em>L. michahellis</em> was conducted from 2000 to 2009 on Alborán Island, Spain, and demonstrated immediate local benefits (Paracuellos and Nevado 2010). However, even in small, remote colonies, culling needs to be continuous to avoid a return to the original situation (Paracuellos and Nevado 2010).<br/><strong><br/>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Continue to monitor breeding colonies. Identify appropriate actions to mitigate against the key threats. Implement strict fishery management policies in the species's range. Increase the area of suitable coastal habitat that is protected from development and degradation. Enforce laws designed to minimise marine pollution. Implement measures to reduce mortality in fishing gear, perhaps facilitated by legislation. Ensure regulation of the river Ebro benefits the species.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Andrade, J., Arcos, P., Ashpole, J, Baccetti, N., Burfield, I., Fric, J., Ieronymidou, C., Isfendiyaroglu, S., Jurinovic, L., Oro, D., Pople, R., Portolou, D., Recorbet, B., Rubinić, B., Selmani, J., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,LARIDAE,Larus,cachinnans,,Larus cachinnans,"Pallas, 1811","<em>L. michahellis</em> and <em>L. armenicus</em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) were previously lumped as <em>L. michahellis</em> following a review by the BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group. Prior to that, <em>L. armenicus</em> had been split and<em>&#160;</em><em><em>L. cachinnans</em> </em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) had been lumped with <em>L. michahellis</em> as <em>L. cachinnans</em> following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).<p></p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small, but not enough to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe and the EU28 the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species' stronghold is in the European part of Russia, with significant populations in Ukraine, Belarus and Azerbaijan.<em></em>  <p></p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 115,000-200,000&#160;pairs (231,000-400,000&#160;mature individuals), and the wintering population is estimated at 24,300-74,000 individuals (16,200-49,300 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 5,600-9,600 pairs (11,200-19,200 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","The species is found along coasts and inland habitats. In Europe, it is largely confined to coastal regions, but locally also rivers and inland lakes (Burger and Gochfeld 1996).  It breeds on rocky and sandy islands, beaches, cliffs, spits, and grassy or shrubby river islands; in flooded areas may nest on bushes; in the Black Sea it nests mainly on islands, ranging from barren to well vegetated (Burger and Gochfeld 1996).  It feeds mostly on fish, invertebrates, mammals, refuse, scraps, offal, bird eggs and chicks, and insects.<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In the Black Sea area, many nests were destroyed and adults shot during the 1940s, to reduce their predation on the 'beneficial' <em>L. melanocephalus</em>. Culling is also considered to protect <em>L. audouinii</em> from expanding <em>L. cachinnans</em> populations and has taken place in parts of Spain. It is a frequent victim of oil pollution in some areas (James 1984, Burger and Gochfeld 1996). Some colonies are affected by egg harvesting/collection activities.",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is covered under the African Eurasian Waterbird Agreement. Within the EU it is listed on Annex II of the Birds Directive. There are 73 Important Bird Areas where this species occurs. In the EU there are 354 Special Protection Areas for this species. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Management of key breeding and feeding sites to reduce human disturbance and habitat destruction.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,LARIDAE,Larus,canus,,Larus canus,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be decreasing by just over 20%, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the population trend is unknown. In the EU28 the population size is estimated to be decreasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","<p>In Europe, the species' stronghold is Russia, with notable numbers in Norway, Sweden, Finland and the United Kingdom.</p><p></p>","The European population is estimated at 964,000-1,300,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 1,920,000-2,600,000&#160;mature individuals. The population in the EU28 is estimated at 221,000-318,000 pairs, which equates to 442,000-636,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","Populations in Iceland, and around the North and Baltic seas are generally year-round residents, while other populations migrate between breeding and wintering grounds (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). During the winter the species expands its range to the North East Atlantic coasts of France and Portugal, the southern and eastern coasts of the Mediterranean, and the entire coasts of the Black Sea (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). Within Europe it inhabits coasts, tidal estuaries, agricultural land, reservoirs and breeds on coastal cliffs and islands, in beaches, bogs, marshes and meadows. It feeds on earthworms, insects, aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates, small fish and grain (in spring). It occasionally kills birds and small mammals (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In its breeding grounds the species is threatened  by predation from introduced ground predators such as American Mink (<em>Neovison vison</em>) (Bukacińska and Bukacińska 2003), and by disturbance from tourism, angling and research activities during the laying period (Bukacińska and Bukacińska 2003). Inland populations breeding in colonies near rivers are also vulnerable to mass outbreaks of Black Flies (<em>Simuliidae</em>) (Bukacińska and Bukacinska 2003). The species is also threatened by the transformation and loss of its breeding habitats through land reclamation, drainage, afforestation (e.g., with conifers) and dam construction (Bukacińska and Bukacińska 2003). In its wintering range the species is potentially threatened by the activities of fisheries (e.g., reductions in fishing effort, increases in net mesh sizes and exploitation of formerly non-commercial fish species) and their effects on competition for prey resources (Bukacińska and Bukacińska 2003). Other threats to wintering sites include land reclamation and drainage (Bukacińska and Bukacińska 2003). Eggs are collected from colonies in Germany, Scotland, and Poland (Bukacińska and Bukacińska 2003).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed under the African Eurasian Waterbird Agreement. In the EU it is listed on Annex II of the Bird’s Directive. 83 Important Bird Areas have been identified for the species across the European region. In the EU it is listed in 381 Special Protection Areas.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Continued invasive predator eradication programmes at breeding sites; monitoring of egg collection activities to ensure sustainability. Management of existing protecting sites and Important Bird Areas to reduce habitat degradation and conversion. On board fisheries observer programmes to monitor levels of fisheries bycatch.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,LARIDAE,Larus,fuscus,,Larus fuscus,"Linnaeus, 1758","<em>Larus cachinnans</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) has been split into <em>L. cachinnans</em> and <em>L. michahellis</em>; <em>L. armenicus</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993; AERC TAC) has been lumped into <em>L. michahellis</em>. These changes to the BirdLife checklist follow examination by the BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group (BTWG) of a recent review of large white-headed gulls in the Holarctic by Collinson et al. (2008) and associated literature referred to therein. The following species level treatment, shown with subspecific placements, has been adopted by the BTWG: <em>L. fuscus</em> (with <em>intermedius</em>, <em>graellsii</em>, <em>heuglini</em>, <em>taimyrensis </em>and <em>barabensis</em>); <em>L. argentatus</em> (with <em>argenteus</em>, <em>smithsonianus</em>, <em>vegae </em>and <em>mongolicus</em>); <em>L. michahellis</em> (with <em>atlantis </em>and <em>armenicus</em>) and <em>L. cachinnans</em>. This treatment is based on evidence of sympatry, and morphological and behavioural differences, but rejects further splits derived from phylogentic analyses based on mtDNA because Collinson <em>et al</em>. (2008) admit that (1) mtDNA lineages can disappear by random events, resulting in misplacements and displacements in phylogenies, and (2) hybridisation, which seems very widespread in these white-headed gulls, can result in ""adoption"" of mtDNA sequences by another taxon, completely obscuring the real situation. Collinson <em>et al.</em> (2008) explicitly state ""these complications do not just make gull phylogenies difficult: they may cause entirely false conclusions to be drawn about species boundaries… it must be recognised that splits or lumps based solely on mtDNA cannot be regarded as robust"". While proposed splits not adopted here are not based solely on mtDNA, the morphological evidence presented is not conclusive, taxa are only diagnosable in some cases and there is hybridisation between them.<em> <p></p></em>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe and the EU28.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the  species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For  these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe and  the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","<p>In Europe, the species breeds primarily in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, with significant numbers in Germany, Norway, France, the European part of Russia, Sweden and Iceland. Seasonal  breeders disperse widely, expanding its range to include the entire  North Sea coast, much of the Mediterranean and Black Sea. </p><p></p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 369,000-414,000&#160;pairs (738,000-828,000&#160;mature individuals), and the wintering population is estimated at 333,000-334,000 individuals (222,000-223,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 308,000-338,000 pairs (616,000-676,000 mature individuals), and the wintering population is estimated at 333,000-334,000 individuals (222,000-223,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","The species inhabits coastal and inland waters, estuaries, harbours, rubbish dumps, fields, but breeds mainly on sandy, rocky or grassy sea coasts, rocky islands, islands of lakes and rivers, buildings, moorland, sea cliffs (heuglini). It tends to avoid cliffs favoured by <em>L. argentatus</em> (Burger <em>et al.</em> 2018).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Some populations of this species have significantly declined due to decreasing food availability caused by competition and predation from <em>Larus argentatus</em> and <em>Larus marinus</em> (Barcena <em>et al.</em> 1984, Olsen and Larsson 2003, Burger <em>et al. </em>2018) and by changes in fishing and refuse disposal practices (Olsen and Larsson 2003, Mitchell <em>et al.</em> 2004) (e.g. closure of landfill sites and the covering of waste) (Barcena <em>et al.</em> 1984, Olsen and Larsson 2003, Mitchell <em>et al.</em> 2004, Burger <em>et al.</em> 2018). Population declines may also have been aided by poisoning from organochlorine pollution (Bustnes <em>et al.</em> 2006).&#160; Colonies have been culled in Britain and Ireland in order to protect other breeding seabirds, such as terns, from predation and competition (Mitchell <em>et al.</em> 2004). The species is hunted unsustainably in Denmark (Bregnballe <em>et al.</em> 2006), and is threatened by egg-collecting and general human disturbance on the Iberian Peninsula (Barcena <em>et al.</em> 1984). The species is susceptible to avian botulism, so may be threatened by future outbreaks of this disease (Mitchell <em>et al.</em> 2004).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is covered within the African Eurasian Waterbird Agreement. In the EU it is listed on Annex II of the Birds Directive. There are 77 Important Bird Areas identified for this species. In the EU there are 391 Special Protection Areas which list this species. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Management of existing protected areas, and monitoring of human activities (egg collection; disturbance etc.). Fisheries management to ensure long term sustainability of fish stocks. Reduction of marine litter on coasts and within the water column.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,LARIDAE,Larus,genei,,Larus genei,"Brème, 1839",0,No,VU,A4bcde,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large, (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend is expected to decrease at a rapid rate, and to meet the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A), and is therefore assessed as such in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species may have a restricted range, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population size trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, based on the trend information from the IWC (http://iwc.wetlands.org/index.php/aewatrends8), the population size is projected to decrease by approximately 38% between 2009-2036 (three generations). In the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds mainly in Ukraine, but also notably in Italy, Russia, Turkey and Spain.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 30,500-36,600 pairs, which equates to 61,100-73,200 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is suspected to be 5,400-8,800 pairs, which equates to 10,900-17,600 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Within Europe this species occurs along the south and east of the Iberian Peninsula, through the Mediterranean and Black Sea. The species breeds on sand-spits, beaches (Burger and Gochfeld 1996) and islands with mudflats and marshes in shallow tidal waters (Richards 1990, Snow and Perrins 1998), and on saline inland seas (Olsen and Larsson 2003). It may also frequent meadows and moist grassland by tidal inlets (Snow and Perrins 1998), and brackish or freshwater lagoons or marshes near river deltas during this season (Richards 1990, Burger and Gochfeld 1996, Snow and Perrins 1998). The species is almost entirely coastal outside of the breeding season, frequenting shallow inshore waters and salt-pans, although it generally avoids harbours (Burger and Gochfeld 1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Eggs and chicks of this species are preyed upon by <em>Larus cachinnans</em> and <em>Larus melanocephalus</em> (especially where colonies are frequently disturbed by humans) (Burger and Gochfeld 1996), and storms or cold weather may threaten breeding colonies by causing nest flooding and chick mortality (Burger and Gochfeld 1996). The species is threatened by pollution from oil (Cooper <em>et al</em>. 1984, James 1984, Burger and Gochfeld 1996) and plastic waste, and is exploited by local people (subsistence egg collecting) in the Mediterranean (James 1984). It also suffers from disturbance caused by local people and tourists casually visiting breeding colonies, and by habitat loss resulting from tourism development (James 1984). The species is susceptible to avian influenza, so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Gaidet <em>et al.</em> 2007).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Listed on Appendix II of the Convention on Migratory Species and listed under the African Eurasian Waterbird Agreement. It is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention. Listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive. It is listed within 45 marine Important Bird Areas within Europe. In the EU it is listed in 131 Special Protection Areas. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Identification of Important Bird Areas and designation as protected areas. Increased management in key breeding areas to prevent disturbance from tourism and recreational activities.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,0,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,LARIDAE,Larus,glaucoides,,Larus glaucoides,"Meyer, 1822","<em>Larus glaucoides </em>and <em>L. thayeri</em>&#160;(del Hoyo and Collar 2014) have been lumped as <em>L. glaucoides </em>(Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International 2018). Chesser <em>et al</em>. (2017) made Thayer’s Gull <em>Larus thayeri</em> a subspecies of Iceland Gull <em>L. glaucoides</em>, with the race <em>L. g. kumlieni</em> retained ‘as a separate group’ although the proposal (<a href=""http://checklist.aou.org/assets/proposals/PDF/2017-C.pdf"">http://checklist.aou.org/assets/proposals/PDF/2017-C.pdf</a>) on which the decision on <em>thayeri</em> was based argued that <em>kumlieni</em> is the product of non-assortative mating between the taxa <em>thayeri</em> and <em>glaucoides</em>; see also Ayyash (2017). The close relationship of <em>thayeri</em> and <em>glaucoides</em> is shown without commentary in Figure 8B in Sonsthagen <em>et al</em>. (2016). We accept <em>Larus thayeri</em> as a subspecies of <em>L. glaucoides</em> but treat <em>kumlieni</em> as an apparent hybrid population having no taxonomic status.<p></p>",No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong><br/></strong>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>The species does not breed in the EU28.","The European population trend estimate is stable. For more information, see the supplementary information.",In Europe this species breeds in Greenland (to&#160;<strong>Denmark</strong>).<br/><p></p>,"The European population is estimated at 50,000-100,000 pairs, which equates to 100,000-200,000&#160;mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28.","<strong>Behaviour</strong>&#160;<br/>Northernmost populations of this species are long-distant migrants moving south in the non-breeding season (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em>  1996, Olsen and Larsson 2003). Other populations, e.g. from Greenland, only disperse locally along the coast after breeding (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996)<strong></strong>. The species breeds from mid May to July <strong></strong> in solitary pairs or in small single- or mixed-species colonies <strong></strong> of up to several hundred pairs (Richards 1990, Gaston 1991, del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996, Snow and Perrins 1998), often near nesting <em>Larus hyperboreus</em> (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996).<strong> </strong>In late July, the species may move to coastal feeding areas. It departs from the breeding grounds in August or September (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996) and arrives on its wintering grounds  between late October and December, where it remains until April  (Alderfer 2006). It is gregarious throughout the year (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em>  1996, Olsen and Larsson 2003) and may occur in large flocks at favoured  sites during the winter (Olsen and Larsson 2003, Sibley 2003),  although it usually occurs in small numbers amongst larger flocks of  other gull species (Sibley 2003). It forages in the intertidal zone, but may also follow fishing  boats with other species of gull (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996).&#160;<strong><br/></strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>Habitat&#160;</strong><em><br/></em><em>Breeding</em>&#160;<br/>For breeding the species requires rocky coasts and fjords with steep cliffs (Richards 1990, Gaston 1991, del Hoyo <em>et al.</em>  1996, Olsen and Larsson 2003). It occurs up to 3 km inland along  Arctic shores, offshore stacks and undisturbed low, rocky islands (Godfrey 1979, Gaston 1991, del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996).<em>&#160;</em><em><br/></em><em>Non-breeding</em>&#160;<br/>During the winter, the species frequents a variety of habitats  surrounding coastal shores and estuaries, often foraging  around fishing harbours, inland reservoirs, refuse dumps and settlements (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em>  1996, Olsen and Larsson 2003, Alderfer 2006). It may also occur on inland freshwater  lakes, rivers,  flooded land and occasionally agricultural fields especially when on migration (Godfrey 1979, Olsen and Larsson  2003), although it generally avoids freshwater habitats (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996)<strong></strong>.&#160;<strong><strong></strong></strong><strong>Diet</strong> Its diet consists predominantly of small fish (e.g. salmon <em>Salmo</em> spp., sprat <em>Sprattus</em> spp. and herring <em>Clupea</em> spp.) and marine invertebrates, as well as bird eggs and chicks (especially of Black-legged Kittiwake <em>Rissa tridactyla</em>)<strong></strong>, seeds and fruits (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996, Snow and Perrins 1998)<strong></strong>. <strong><br/></strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>Breeding site</strong>&#160;<br/>The nest is constructed of dry grass, seaweed and moss. It is placed on large, flat ledges<strong></strong> of steep coastal cliffs greater than 100-200 m in height<strong></strong>, on offshore stacks, surrounding a near-coastal freshwater sites or on the ground on undisturbed low coastal islands (Godfrey 1979, Richards 1990, del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996, Olsen  and Larsson 2003)<strong></strong>. <br/><p></p><br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","<p>The species is extensively hunted by local people in Greenland, and non-native predators could also pose a hazard during the breeding season (Burger and Gochfeld 1996). However, this is not thought to pose a significant threat to the species.</p><strong></strong><p></p>","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The following information refers to the species's European range only: The species is covered under the African Eurasian Waterbird Agreement. In Europe there are two marine Important Bird Areas identified for this species (Greenland). Within the EU, there are two Special Protection Areas (Spain and Portugal).&#160;<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The following information refers to the species's European range only: Identification of important sites for this species and subsequent designation as protected areas. Eradication of invasive predators from breeding sites. Continued monitoring of numbers caught for consumption.",0,"Rutherford, C.A. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Butchart, S., Calvert, R., Ekstrom, J., Hermes, C. & Malpas, L.","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,LARIDAE,Larus,hyperboreus,,Larus hyperboreus,"Gunnerus, 1767",0,No,LC,0,No,NE,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a small range, but the population trend appears to be stable, and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2) or the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>The species does not breed in the EU28.","In Europe the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see supplementary information.","<p>In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Greenland, with significant populations in the European part of Russia, as well as on Svalbard and Jan Mayen, and Iceland.</p>  <p></p>","The European population is estimated at 34,600-123,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 69,200-246,000&#160;mature individuals. The species does not breed in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","This species breeds in the Arctic regions of the northern hemisphere. Birds breeding in northern Europe tend to remain near the colony year-round. Migratory populations also use the Atlantic coast of Europe down to Brittany, France including the United Kingdom and Ireland (Burger and Gochfeld 2014). Preferred habitat includes coasts, bays, harbours, landfill sites and fishing wharves. It breeds on cliffs in the Arctic and subarctic, mainly in the coastal zone or a few kilometres inland, particularly near human settlements, and often near gull or goose colonies; also on islands offshore or in lakes (Burger and Gochfeld 2014).  It feeds on fish, molluscs, crustaceans, rodents, birds, eggs and young of birds (especially ducks, auks, shorebirds), insects, berries, carrion, refuse and offal. In Iceland it consumes blue mussel (<em>Mytilus edulis</em>), <em>Littorina palliata</em>, crabs (<em>Hyas</em>), sea-urchins and sand eels (<em>Ammodytes</em>). In winter, southernmost birds feed mainly at rubbish dumps, behind ships, at sewage outfalls, and on fish offal; also exploits spawning squid, pelagic crabs, mammal carcasses, and occasionally faeces of marine mammals.<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by organohalogen pollution in its Arctic breeding range (Bustnes <em>et al.</em> 2004, Verreault <em>et al.</em> 2007) (there is evidence that organohalogen contaminants alter the species's basal metabolic rate (Verreault <em>et al.</em> 2007) and that organochlorines reduce the efficiency of its immune system (Bustnes <em>et al. </em>2004)). In parts of its breeding range the species is also being displaced by Herring Gull (<em>Larus argentatus</em>) (Burger and Gochfeld 2014). Young birds are hunted in Greenland, mainly between August and November (Evans 1984).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is covered under the African Eurasian Waterbird Agreement. There are 16 Important Bird Areas which include this species. Within the EU there are 3 Special Protection Areas which include this species. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Monitoring of contaminant build up within individuals; Identification of important sites (breeding and at sea) and designation as protected areas.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,LARIDAE,Larus,ichthyaetus,,Larus ichthyaetus,"Pallas, 1773",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>The species is considered vagrant in the EU28 and is assessed as Not Applicable (NA) for this region.","In Europe and the EU28 the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see supplementary information.","<p>In Europe, the species stronghold is the European part of Russia, with significant population in Ukraine and very small numbers in Romania.</p>  <p></p>","The European population is estimated at 17,300-28,200&#160;pairs, which equates to 34,700-56,300&#160;mature individuals. The species is considered vagrant in the EU28, with population size estimated at 70-120 pairs (140-240 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","Its main habitat includes coasts and major rivers, harbours, fish ponds and rubbish dumps. It breeds on barren islands in fresh and saline lakes and in generally arid areas, preferring saline soils. It feeds chiefly on fish (particularly dead fish) and crustaceans, as well as insects, small mammals, birds, eggs and reptiles. It commonly follows fishing boats and takes fish offal in harbours. It often flies long distances from colonies to feed aerially on swarming insects (Burger <em>et al.</em> 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","This species is threatened by increasing predation from Larus cachinnans in its breeding range, and by nest predation by mammals (Burger <em>et al.</em> 2015). It is also still persecuted in some regions due to its depredation on commercial fish, and colonies are often subject to flooding following storms (Burger <em>et al.</em> 2015). The species is susceptible to avian influenza, so may be threatened by future outbreaks of this disease (Melville and Shortridge 2006).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Listed on Appendix II of the Convention for Migratory Species and listed under the African Eurasian Waterbird Agreement. It is listed in 13 Important Bird Areas, in Russia and in the Ukraine. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Identification of Important Bird Areas for this species, and subsequent protection and management of sites.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,LARIDAE,Larus,marinus,,Larus marinus,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,NT,A2bcde+3bcde+4bcde,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be decreasing at a moderately rapid rate which approaches&#160;the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Near Threatened (A2bcde+3bcde+4bcde) in the EU28.","In Europe the population size is estimated to be stable. In the EU28 the population size is estimated to be decreasing by c. 30% in 36.6 years (three generations). For details of national estimates, see supplementary information.","<p>In Europe, the species breeds primarily in France, with significant numbers in the United Kingdom, Sweden, Iceland, France, Greenland, Russia, Ireland and Denmark.<strong></strong></p>","The European population is estimated at 86,400-108,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 172,000-215,000&#160;mature individuals. The population in the EU28 is estimated at 28,100-45,000 pairs, which equates to 56,200-90,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","The species occurs along rocky or sandy coasts, estuaries and open seas, and larger inland waters, fields and moorland. It breeds on vegetated islands, dunes, flat-topped stacks, and sometimes salt-marsh islands among bushes, and locally on buildings (Burger <em>at al.</em> 2018). It is omnivorous and opportunistic, preying on fish, adult and young birds, bird eggs, mammals, marine invertebrates, insects, carrion, rubbish, offal and berries. Fish include cod (<em>Gadus morhua</em>), herring (<em>Clupea harengus</em>), and capelin (<em>Mallotus villosus</em>). It is an aggressive predator, particularly on eggs and chicks of <em>L. argentatus</em>, <em>Rissa tridactyla</em>, ducks, seabirds, and other species (Burger <em>at al.</em> 2018).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is hunted for sport in Denmark (Bregnballe <em>et al</em>. 2006). It is vulnerable to collision with offshore wind farms (Bradbury <em>et al</em>. 2014). It is also vulnerable to being caught as bycatch in fishing gears, including longlines, trawls and gillnets (Anderson <em>et al</em>. 2011, Zydelis <em>et al</em>. 2013).  It is vulnerable to coastal oil spills and other types of surface water pollution.","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is covered under the African Eurasian Waterbird Agreement. In the EU it is listed under Annex II of the Birds Directive. There are 54 Important Bird Areas within Europe for this species. Within the EU there are 111 Special Protection Areas which include this species. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Continued monitoring of numbers hunted. On board observer programmes on fishing vessels to monitor bycatch rates, and appropriate mitigation measures implemented where necessary.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,LARIDAE,Larus,melanocephalus,,Larus melanocephalus,"Temminck, 1820",0,Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by less than 25% in 23 years (three generations). In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds largely in Ukraine, but also notably in Russia and France.","The European breeding population is estimated at 64,400-102,000 pairs, which equates to 128,000-203,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 16,800-25,200 pairs, which equates to 33,600-50,400 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Most populations are fully migratory and travel along coastlines between their breeding and wintering areas. Its preferred habitats include coasts, estuaries, harbours, marshes, inland lakes, fields and grasslands. In the Mediterranean it breeds along coasts, in coastal lagoons, steppe lakes and marshes in open lowland areas, favouring sparse vegetation, but generally avoiding barren sand; sometimes on coastal salt-marshes (NW Europe). It appears able to adapt more readily than many other species to new habitats, both breeding and wintering; in recent years has successfully colonized areas which differ markedly from its original habitats in (e.g., climate and vegetation) (Burger and Gochfeld 1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","This species sustains heavy losses as a result of tourist disturbance at breeding colonies (James 1984, Burger and Gochfeld 1996). The species may also be threatened by habitat loss resulting from tourism development and by marine pollution (e.g., oil spills and chemical discharges) (James 1984). Eggs are collected and adults exploited for food within Mediterranean breeding colonies, targeted by fishermen in the Mediterranean Sea (James 1984).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed under Appendix II of the Convention on Migratory Species, and is covered under the African Eurasian Waterbird Agreement. It is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive. It is listed within 127 Important Bird Areas. Within the EU it is listed as occurring within 424 Special Protection Areas.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Identification of site based threats and management of protected areas.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,LARIDAE,Larus,michahellis,,Larus michahellis,"J. F. Naumann, 1840","<em>L. michahellis</em> and <em>L. armenicus</em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) were previously lumped as <em>L. michahellis</em> following a review by the BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group. Prior to that, <em>L. armenicus</em> had been split and<em>&#160;</em><em><em>L. cachinnans</em> </em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) had been lumped with <em>L. michahellis</em> as <em>L. cachinnans</em> following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).",Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population size trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds notably in Spain, Greece, Croatia, Italy, Turkey, France and Portugal.","The European breeding population is estimated at 415,000-555,000 pairs, which equates to 830,000-1,110,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 383,000-506,000 pairs, which equates to 767,000-1,020,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","During the breeding season the species nests near lakes surrounded by reedbeds (Olsen and Larsson 2003), pastures (Madeira) (le Grand <em>et al.</em> 1984), reservoirs, rivers (de Juana 1984), and on grassy or shrubby river islands (del Hoyo and Collar 2014), also forming colonies on sea cliffs (de Juana 1984), rocky and sandy offshore islands, rocky coasts (Snow and Perrins 1998, del Hoyo and Collar 2014), sandy beaches, spits (del Hoyo and Collar 2014), sand-dunes, and salt-pans (Snow and Perrins 1998), and foraging in intertidal zones (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) and in brackish coastal marshes (Snow and Perrins 1998). Outside of the breeding season the species is more common along the coast (e.g. at harbours and ports) and in other marine habitats (though seldom far from land).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","This species is vulnerable to oil pollution (James 1984, del Hoyo and Collar 2014), and is caught and killed by longlines (fishing lines) in the Mediterranean Sea and Macaronesia (Cooper 2003). It suffers from habitat destruction and disturbance from tourism at breeding sites in the Spanish Mediterranean (le Grand <em>et al.</em> 1984, de Juana 1984), and many colonies are regularly robbed of eggs by local communities (James 1984, de Juana 1984, del Hoyo and Collar 2014). The species was also persecuted in the past (adults were shot and nests destroyed) due to its predation on Mediterranean Gull (<em>Larus melanocephalus</em>) (del Hoyo and Collar 2014), culled in the Spanish Mediterranean (to protect Audouin's Gull (<em>Larus audouinii</em>)) (James 1984, del Hoyo and Collar 2014), and controlled by poisoning due to its predation on White-faced Storm-petrel (<em>Pelagodroma marina</em>) (le Grand <em>et al.</em> 1984). Culling of the species still occurs in the Mediterranean region, resulting in decreases in breeding colony size (mainly due to emigration rather than actual population decrease) (Bosch <em>et al.</em> 2000).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There is a single Important Bird Area identified for this species in Turkey. In the EU there are two Special Protection Areas, in Spain. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No specific conservation measures are proposed.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,LARIDAE,Larus,ridibundus,,Larus ridibundus,"Linnaeus, 1766",0,No,LC,0,No,VU,A2bcde,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be decreasing by almost 18%, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28,this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be decreasing by 45%, and hence the species meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Vulnerable (A2bcde) in the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the population size is estimated to be decreasing. For details of national estimates, see supplementary information.","<p>In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia, with significant numbers in Belarus, the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, Poland, Finland and Denmark.</p><p></p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,400,000-2,060,000&#160;pairs (2,810,000-4,120,000&#160;mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 811,000-1,080,000 pairs (1,622,000-2,160,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Some populations of this species in milder areas of Europe are resident, with the remaining populations wintering to the south over a large range, encompassing much of the southern coast of Europe. It breeds chiefly inland, with much breeding habitat created by rising water levels. It inhabits the temperate zone to the edge of boreal forests of the Palearctic; mainly at low altitudes, and generally near calm, shallow water of coastal or inland waters, including rivers and their estuaries. In winter it tends to occur far more in coastal habitats, but also inland at relatively low elevations. It relies heavily on aquatic and terrestrial insects, earthworms and marine invertebrates, and to lesser extent on fish for prey (Burger <em>at al.</em> 2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The species is susceptible to avian influenza (Melville and Shortridge 2006) and avian botulism so may be threatened by future outbreaks of these diseases (Hubalek <em>et al.</em> 2005). It may also be threatened by future coastal oil spills (Gorski <em>et al.</em> 1977) and has suffered local population declines in the past as a result of egg collecting (Burger <em>at al.</em> 2020). In some areas of its breeding range the species may also suffer from reduced reproductive successes due to contamination with chemical pollutants (Burger <em>at al.</em> 2020).,"<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed under the African Eurasian Waterbird Agreement. Within the EU it is listed on Annex II of the Birds Directive. It is listed within 43 marine Important Bird Areas. In the EU it is listed in 928 Special Protection Areas. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Management plans established for protected sites, including monitoring and enforcement from disturbance and removal of eggs.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PICIFORMES,PICIDAE,Leiopicus,medius,,Leiopicus medius,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",<em>Leiopicus   medius</em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) was previously placed in the genus   <em>Dendrocopos</em>.,Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be increasing. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Europe holds most of this species' global population. It occurs in the majority of countries within the region, notably in Romania, France, Germany, Turkey and Poland.","The European breeding population is estimated at 401,000–695,000 pairs, which equates to 802,000–1,390,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 301,000–531,000 pairs, which equates to 602,000–1,070,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is restricted to mature deciduous forest. It prefers mixed oak (<em>Quercus</em>), on which it depends on in large parts of its range, and hornbeam (<em>Carpinu</em>s) in primeval forest.  Old open orchards bordering deciduous woodland also used, but are of dwindling importance. In the south it occupies beech, mixed oak-beech and oak forest and beech forest in north-east Anatolia and the Caucasus.<br/><br/>Breeding begins from mid-April to the beginning of May. The nest is excavated by both the male and female in the trunk or a larger branch of a deciduous tree, mainly in dead or decaying wood. Clutch size is typically five to six eggs.<br/><br/>It feeds mainly on bark-dwelling arthropods, caterpillars, dipterans and aphids. Small beetles and ants predominate in the adult food, whereas nestlings are fed with caterpillars, bugs, lice, beetles, hymenopterans and dipterans, as well as arachnids. Plant material is taken mainly in the winter (Winkler <em>et al.</em> 2014).<br/><br/>The species is non-migratory (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Declines in the species have mostly been driven by forest management , especially fragmentation of oak forests, elimination of old and decaying trees and the replacement of indigenous deciduous forest with coniferous. The effects of atmospheric pollution may pose a risk (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). Climatic changes and adverse weather also influence populations on a local scale (Winkler<em> et al. </em>2014).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II.  EU Birds Directive Annex I. A species action plan for Switzerland was published in 2008 (Pasinelli <em>et al. </em>2008).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Conservation actions for this species must be taken on several spatial scales. Within areas of forest, sufficient nesting and foraging trees must be maintained and within the landscape the maintenance of traditional sylvopastoral is essential. On the regional scale, adequate areas of land must be preserved for the species (Robles <em>et al.</em> 2007). The effects of atmospheric pollution on the availability and abundance of arthropod prey of the species needs to be fully understood (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,SCOLOPACIDAE,Limosa,lapponica,,Limosa lapponica,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable at the European scale and increasing at the EU28 scale, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In Europe, the breeding population size trend is estimated to be increasing and the wintering population size is estimated to be stable. The EU28 breeding population size trend is estimated to be stable and the wintering population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species winters primarily in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. It also notably winters in Germany and France. It breeds primarily in Russia, Norway and Finland, and also breeds in Sweden.","The European breeding population is estimated at 4,500-11,000 pairs (9,100-22,000 mature individuals), and the European wintering population at&#160;148,000-178,000 individuals (98,600-119,000 mature individuals). The EU28 breeding population is estimated at 1,300-4,500 pairs (2,600-9,000 mature individuals), and the EU28 wintering population at 148,000-176,000 individuals (98,600-119,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds in marshy, swampy areas, in lowland moss and shrub tundra (Johnsgard 1981, Flint et al. 1984, Van Gils and Wiersma 1996) near wet river valleys (Johnsgard 1981), lakes and sedge bogs (Flint <em>et al.</em> 1984), as well as on swampy heathlands in the willow and birch zone near the Arctic treeline (Johnsgard 1981), in open larch <em>Larix </em>spp. woodland close to water (Van Gils and Wiersma), and occasionally on open bogs in the extreme north of the coniferous forest zone (Johnsgard 1981). On passage the species may frequent inland wetlands (Hayman et al. 1986), sandy beaches with pine<em> Pinus</em> spp. stands, swampy lowlands near lakes (Flint <em>et al.</em> 1984) and short-grass meadows, but during the winter it is more common in intertidal areas along muddy coastlines, estuaries, inlets, mangrove-fringed lagoons and sheltered bays (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996) with tidal mudflats or sandbars (Johnsgard 1981). It breeds from late-May to August (Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986). The nest is a depression positioned on a dry elevated site often between clumps of grass (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996) or under a thicket (Flint <em>et al.</em> 1984). When breeding the species feeds on insects, annelid worms, molluscs and occasionally seeds and berries. At other times in intertidal areas the species' diet consists of annelids, bivalves and crustaceans, although it will also take cranefly larvae and earthworms on grasslands and occasionally larval amphibians and small fish.  This species is a full long-distance migrant (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996). After breeding adults disperse to coastal moulting sites, then onwards to their wintering grounds. Birds breeding in Europe mainly winter in western Europe. Birds from the east only use wetlands in western Europe as stop-over sites on their way to Africa (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is vulnerable due to concentration at a few wetlands in the non-breeding season (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996). It is threatened by the degradation of foraging sites due to land reclamation, pollution, human disturbance (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996, Kelin and Qiang 2006) and reduced river flows (Kelin and Qiang 2006). The species is also susceptible to avian influenza so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex I and II. CMS Appendix II.  The removal of<em> Spartina anglica</em> from tidal mudflats using a herbicide has shown benefits for the species (Evans 1986).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Important staging and wintering areas in France and Portugal are not yet protected (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996). Adequate protection and management of all important staging sites  should be ensured, particularly in Germany and the Netherlands. Sustainable fisheries in the Wadden Sea and other important European estuaries should be promoted and the impacts of climate change in the high Arctic investigated. Particular focus should be given to the impact of increasing Red Fox (<em>Vulpes vulpes</em>) abundance, changes in lemming population cycles and the northward encroachment of scrub habitat (Brown <em>et al.</em> 2014).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,SCOLOPACIDAE,Limosa,limosa,,Limosa limosa,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,NT,A2bcde,No,EN,A2bcde+3bcde+4bcde,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)</strong><br/><p></p><p>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, so criterion E cannot be applied. When last assessed in 2015, it was considered to be declining at a rapid enough rate to qualify as Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A).&#160;Since then, the overall population trend may have stabilised, but the increase in the Icelandic population masks a significant ongoing decline and range contraction in the continental breeding population. Furthermore, the available trend data are of variable quality and not very recent for a large proportion of the population, so confidence in the overall trend is low. Given the magnitude and nature of the continental population decline and range contraction, it is suspected that the threats to this species are still present and having a high impact on the regional population. This species is therefore precautionarily assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Europe, reflecting the possibility that it may still be declining at a significant rate.&#160;</p><p>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Endangered (EN) under the population size reduction criterion A and is therefore assessed as such in the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;&#160;</p>","In Europe, the breeding is suspected to be stable, although declines are recorded in most countries (with the main exception of Iceland). The wintering population in Europe is estimated to be increasing.<br/>In the EU28, the breeding population size is estimated to have decreased by 51-61% with a best estimate of 56% over the past 23 years (three generations), and is expected to continue declining at the same rate between 1998-2021 and projected to decrease by 50% over the next three generations. The wintering population is estimated to be increasing.&#160;&#160;These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the Icelandic Red List of Birds (Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands&#160;2018) and the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","In Europe, the species as a whole has a large breeding range extending from Iceland to throughout European Russia (Van Gils <em>et al</em>. 2017). Almost half of the breeding population can be found in Iceland, with large numbers also present in the Netherlands and Russia. The species overall seems to be experiencing a northward shift in its range, potentially due to climate change, as well as an overall range contraction.<br/><br/>Two subspecies are found in Europe, <em>Limosa limosa islandica</em> and <em>L. l. limosa</em>. Subspecies <em>islandica</em> breeds predominantly in Iceland, with much smaller numbers in the Faroe Islands, Shetland (United Kingdom) and the Lofoten Islands (Norway). Significant numbers of this subspecies overwinter in France (Triplet<em> et al.</em> 2007). Subspecies <em>limosa</em> breeds across a wide area extending from western Europe and central Europe and European Russia and then on into central Asia and Asiatic Russia. The European population of this subspecies migrates south through France and Iberia to winter in West Africa (Gill <em>et al. </em>2007, Oomen 2008).","The European breeding population is estimated at 136,000–167,000 pairs (272,000–334,000 mature individuals) and the wintering population is estimated at 127,000–193,000 individuals (85,000–129,000 mature individuals). The&#160;breeding&#160;population in the EU28 is estimated at 37,900–46,700 pairs (75,800–93,400 mature individuals), and the wintering population is estimated at 126,000-186,000 individuals (84,000–124,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In its breeding range this species mostly inhabits areas with high grass and soft soil (Johnsgard 1981, Van Gils <em>et al.</em> 2017). Its preferred habitats include cattle pastures, hayfields (Johnsgard 1981), lowland wet grasslands, grassy marshland, raised bogs and moorland, lake margins and damp grassy depressions in steppes (Van Gils <em>et al</em>. 2017). Extensive farmland habitats are of critical importance for breeding populations in western European. In its non-breeding range, it inhabits wet damp areas around fish-ponds and sewage farms, tidal marshes, mud flats and salt-water lagoons (Cramp <em>et al</em>. 1983, Tucker and Heath 1994). Subspecies <em>limosa</em> tends to winter in freshwater habitats. Subspecies <em>islandica</em>, while it frequents staging sites at inland wetlands and flooded grasslands in the Netherlands, it often winters in brackish habitats (Van Gils <em>et al</em>. 2017). Despite these general differences, there is considerable overlap in wintering habitat between populations of subspecies <em>limosa</em> and<em> islandica</em> (Various 2007).<br/><br/>It breeds from April to mid-June in loose, semi-colonial groups (Gunnarsson <em>et al</em>. 2006). The nest is placed on the ground in short, often luxuriant vegetation (Johnsgard 1981, Cramp <em>et al</em>. 1983, Van Gils <em>et al</em>. 2017). It consists of a shallow scrape 12–15 cm in diameter, lined with a thick mat of stem grass, leaves and other available vegetation (Cramp <em>et al.</em> 1983). Clutch size is normally four (Van Gils <em>et al.</em> 2017).<br/><br/>Its diet consists of adult and larval insects, annelid and polychaete worms, molluscs, ragworms, crustaceans, spiders, fish eggs, and the spawn and tadpoles of frogs (Johnsgard 1981, Van Gils<em> et al.</em> 2017). Particularly during the winter and on migration it will also take plant material including berries, seeds and rice grains (Cramp <em>et al</em>. 1983, Van Gils <em>et al</em>. 2017).<br/><br/>This species is highly gregarious and migrates on a broad front, making long-distance flights, often overland between relatively few staging and wintering areas. The species migrates southwards between late-June and October (Van Gils <em>et al. </em>2017). The eastern Atlantic flyway population has important staging areas on the Iberian peninsula and winters in western Africa.<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Loss of nesting habitat owing to wetland drainage and agricultural intensification, and conversely, abandonment, are the most significant threats (Kentie <em>et al.</em> 2013). Detrimental activities include the conversion of wet meadows to arable land, increased fertilisation and drainage of grassland (Roodbergen and Teunissen 2014), artificial flooding of nesting habitats, earlier and more frequent mowing as farmers adapt to earlier springs, spring burning, overgrowing by scrub, land claiming by businesses and developers, the construction of roads and parks, and disturbance by walkers (Tucker and Heath 1994, A. van Dijk <em>in litt.</em> 2005,  A. Mischenko <em>in litt.</em> 2007, Hayhow 2008, Oomen 2008, Holm and Laursen 2009, Kleijn <em>et al</em>. 2010, Kentie <em>et al.</em> 2013).<br/><br/>Increasing populations of predators to possibly unnatural levels is a significant cause of mortality in the Netherlands, exacerbated by intensive farming reducing available cover for the species (Schekkerman <em>et al. </em>2009). In some areas, grassland turnover from 'natural, flower-rich, diverse and wet' to sillage monoculture leads to a loss of nests with eggs and chicks due to mowing and starvation of chicks due to a lack of food (Schekkerman and Beintema 2007).<br/><br/>Habitat fragmentation may cause particular problems for this species, which nests in dispersed colonies and sub-colonies as protection against predators and may be unlikely to breed successfully in small areas of habitat.<br/><br/>The planned development of a new airport near Lisbon is likely to have negative implications on an important site for migratory birds (Gill <em>et al</em>. 2007, Masero <em>et al</em>. 2011).<br/><br/>Hunting has been another significant threat, although France has now followed the rest of the EU in implementing a five-year ban on hunting of the species, beginning in 2008 (I. Burfield <em>in litt.</em> 2008) which was extended in 2013 for a further five years. Outside the EU, hunting is known to occur, but its scale and impact are unknown.<br/><br/>Water pollution is probably an issue in parts of the species' range (H. Hötker <em>in litt.</em> 2005), and drought in the West African wintering quarters may have had negative impacts on the mainland European population (Tucker and Heath 1994).<br/><br/>The Icelandic population is potentially at risk from the policy of the Icelandic government to encourage afforestation of the lowland habitats where they breed (S. Nagy <em>in litt.</em> 2005).<br/><br/>Threats during migration include pollution, human disturbance, habitat reclamation for tidal energy plants, aquaculture ponds, land conversion for agriculture and urban expansion. <br/><br/>A study in the Netherlands suggests that climate change has driven an advance in agricultural activities to the detriment of this species (Kleijn <em>et al.</em> 2010). Juvenile birds which select good wintering sites also select good breeding sites (Gunnarsson <em>et al</em>. 2005), therefore maintaining high quality wintering sites is crucial to raising productivity on breeding grounds and slowing the rate of decline.<br/><br/>There is a marked decrease in the density of breeding birds near to roads, particularly those with heavy traffic (van der Zande <em>et al</em>. 1980, Reijnen <em>et al</em>. 1996). Natal philopatry means that a decrease in local recruitment could prove catastrophic for individual breeding sites (Kruk <em>et al</em>. 1998). A recent study shows that recruiters from good quality habitats disperse to low quality habitats that act as sinks and so these individuals are considered 'lost' to the population. This has repercussions for the effectiveness of agri-environment measures (Kentie 2015).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex II. An EU management plan for 2007-2009 was adopted, and an AEWA action plan replaced it at the end of 2008 (Anon. 2008). Intensive management of breeding habitat has been carried out in some western European countries (Roodbergen &amp; Teunissen 2014), and a number of agri-environment schemes focus on this species, although results have been mixed (Musters <em>et al.</em> 2001, S. Nagy <em>in litt.</em> 2005,  A. Mischenko <em>in litt.</em> 2007, Verhulst <em>et al</em>. 2007). It occurs in a number of protected areas.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Obtain more quantitative data on status, population trends and conservation requirements outside of Europe. Critically evaluate the effectiveness of current conservation action. In the EU, use a mixture of agri-environment schemes, direct payments to wader-friendly farmers (Musters <em>et al.</em> 2001) and large reserves to secure protection and appropriate management of breeding habitat; the coverage of agri-environment schemes in Europe should be increased (Kleijn <em>et al</em>. 2010) and increases in groundwater depth should be prioritised as an outcome (Verhulst <em>et al.</em> 2007). Establish nature reserves on important breeding sites throughout the species's range. Manage existing reserves appropriately: prescriptions include avoiding drainage of existing wet meadows, raising water tables where necessary, low-level use of organic fertiliser, low intensity grazing, late mowing, and prevention of succession to bushy vegetation; winter flooding is sometimes recommended but may reduce numbers of invertebrate prey (Gunnarsson <em>et al.</em> 2005). Ensure that migratory staging posts and winter feeding habitats and roosts are conserved and monitored, and knowledge of them is improved (Estrella and Masero 2010). Designate a Special Protection Area around Extremadura's rice fields, which is a key stopover site (Masero <em>et al.</em> 2011).  Manage artificial habitats appropriately, e.g. maintain low water levels in salinas such so that they are available to foraging godwits (Estrella and Masero 2010), and block drainage to retain water in Iberian rice fields (Lourenço and Piersma 2008). Engage with governments and local people throughout its migration routes. Effectively enforce the EU-wide ban on hunting until there is clear evidence that the population has returned to a favourable conservation status. Safeguard habitats in Iberia, perhaps by offering support to rice producers (Gill <em>et al</em>. 2007). Collaborate with farmers and hunters, carrying out environmental education and outreach work where appropriate. Prevent afforestation of lowland breeding habitat in Iceland. Prevent a loss of key breeding areas due to abandonment of grasslands and meadows in eastern Europe. Monitor human disturbance as a threat. Ensure recognition as a protected animal throughout range (Hancock 2008).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,FRINGILLIDAE,Linaria,cannabina,,Linaria cannabina,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/> <br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In Europe and the EU28, the breeding population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds mainly in Spain and in Turkey, but occurs in most other countries in Europe.","The European breeding population is estimated at 17,900,000-32,200,000 pairs, which equates to 35,800,000-64,400,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 14,200,000-19,900,000 pairs, which equates to 28,500,000-39,800,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits lowland open heaths and commons, moorlands and hills with scattered trees and light woodlands, open rocky hillsides, mountain slopes, alpine meadows and maquis or valleys with low shrubs. It is also found in woodland and forest clearings and edges, edges of cultivation, fallow fields, scrub and weed patches, plantations, orchards, vineyards, hedgerows, parks and large gardens. During the non-breeding season it also occupies coastal dunes, saltmarshes and shingle banks. Breeding occurs from mid-April to early August and it lays four to six eggs. The nest is built mostly from small twigs, plant fibres and down, roots, moss, animal fur and feathers and is placed low down, in dense bush or shrub, usually in a thorn bush or a hedge or conifer sapling. It feeds mainly on small to medium-sized seeds as well as buds and some invertebrates. The species is partially migratory except for southern European, Mediterranean and Atlantic island races which are entirely sedentary (Clement 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species declined over much of central and north-west Europe in the late 20th century due to the intensification of agriculture, resulting in destruction of hedgerows, improved harvesting of cereals, and the eradication of fallow and weedy fields through application of herbicides (Clement 2016). It is not known if climatic factors are driving the southward range contraction in Finland (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. The species is listed on the national Red Lists of the U.K. and Ireland (Lynas <em>et al.</em> 2007, Eaton <em>et al.</em> 2009). In some countries in southern and eastern Europe, the species has declined less due to the maintenance of traditional farming methods (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The species would benefit from the maintenance and promotion of traditional low-intensity farming methods. The widespread use of herbicides should also be minimised. Research into the effects of climate change would also help inform conservation measures.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,FRINGILLIDAE,Linaria,flavirostris,,Linaria flavirostris,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,VU,A2abc+3bc+4abc,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is unknown, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small to large, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The species is undergoing rapid declines, and it is therefore classified as Vulnerable under criterion A (VU A2abc+3bc+4abc). Although the trend of the wider European population is unknown, there is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the EU28 and the final category is unchanged.","In Europe, the breeding population size is unknown. In the EU28, the breeding population size is estimated to be decreasing by 48% in 10 years. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds mainly in Turkey, but also notably in Armenia, Norway and the United Kingdom.","The European breeding population is estimated at 79,800-274,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 159,000-548,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 6,000-10,800 pairs, which equates to 12,000-21,600 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds on lower montane and submontane plateaux, open moorland, barren hillsides, scree slopes, boulder-strewn areas with little or sparse vegetation, steppes, alpine meadows and areas with stunted bushes and often near boggy areas. Race <em>pipilans</em> breeds mostly on grassy hillsides and moorlands with heather (<em>Erica</em>) and bracken (<em>Pteridium</em>) and also in coastal heather in Scotland (including Shetland). Outside of the breeding season it occupies similar open habitat at lower altitudes. The breeding season is from April to August. The nest is a compact, deep cup of plant fibres and roots, mostly heather, bracken, grass, moss, animal hair and feathers. It is generally sited on the ground or very low down within three metres of the ground in dwarf willow (<em>Salix</em>), heather, bilberry (<em>Vaccinium</em>), bracken, rushes or grass tussocks. Clutches are three to six eggs. The diet is made up mostly of seeds and buds and small numbers of invertebrates. The species is generally migratory although some populations are resident (Clement 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In Scotland, declines are thought to have been caused by overgrazing and agricultural expansion, (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997, Clement 2016) and changes in agricultural management causing habitat degradation and fragmentation. In addition climatic factors may have an impact on the species, influencing warmer or drier summers.&#160; In the Waddenzee area of the North Sea coast the development of large embankments and increased grazing is thought to have driven declines (Clement 2016). Changes in land use and overgrazing also pose a threat in Ireland (McLoughlin 2009).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. The species is listed on the national Red Lists of the U.K. and Ireland (Lynas <em>et al.</em> 2007, Eaton <em>et al.</em> 2009).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>This species requires the preservation and expansion of heterogeneously mixed moorland and the avoidance of agricultural improvement in foraging areas (McLoughlin 2009).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,LOCUSTELLIDAE,Locustella,fluviatilis,,Locustella fluviatilis,"(Wolf, 1810)",0,Yes,LC,0,No,VU,A2bc+3bc+4bc,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D).&#160;&#160;The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rapid rate, which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A) and is therefore assessed as such in the EU28. As the wider European population is also declining, there is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the population size is suspected to have decreased by 10-20% in 10 years. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 32% (best estimate) over the same period, is expected to decline by % between 2011-2021 and projected to decrease by 37% over the next 10 years. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","A large part of this species' global population is found in Europe. Within the region, it breeds primarily in Russia, but also notably in Belarus, with small populations across countries in the northeast and central northern parts of Europe.","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,390,000–2,480,000 pairs, which equates to 2,780,000–4,960,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 160,000–327,000 pairs, which equates to 320,000–653,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","During the breeding season this species is found in dense low vegetation, grass thickets, nettles (<em>Urtica</em>) and tangled herbage in meadows, moist woodland, damp forest clearings and sedge marshes. It also uses riverbanks and abandoned cultivation.<br/><br/>Egg laying begins from end of May and continues to mid-July in East Europe. The nest is a loose cup of grass stems and leaves, lined with finer grasses and hair. It is built in thick vegetation or at the base of a bush, on or very close to the ground and commonly has an approach “run” or corridor. Clutches are typically four to six eggs.<br/><br/>It feeds mainly on insects but also takes spiders (<em>Araneae</em>), small ticks (<em>Acarina</em>), millipedes (<em>Diplopoda</em>) and small molluscs.<br/><br/>The species is a long-distance migrant, wintering in eastern and southern Africa (Pearson 2006).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There are not thought to be any current significant threats to this species.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><strong><br/>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Research to identify causes of population declines and appropriate conservation measures.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,LOCUSTELLIDAE,Locustella,lanceolata,,Locustella lanceolata,"(Temminck, 1840)",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>The bird is considered vagrant in the EU28 and is assessed as Not Applicable (NA) for this region.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species only breeds in European Russia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 20,000-30,000 pairs, which equates to 40,000-60,000 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits damp valleys, especially by streams and on lake and marsh edges, open meadows with scattered bushes, damp woodland clearings and forest-edge scrub. It is also found in clearings in open birch (<em>Betula</em>) and larch (<em>Larix</em>) forest with patches of scrub and scattered bushes Pearson 2006). Egg-laying begins in mid-June and clutches are three to five eggs (Snow and Perrins 1998). The nest is a deep thick-walled cup of dry grass, leaves and moss, which is lined with finer grass. It is typically built in a shallow hollow beneath a grass clump and hidden by grasses and leaves. The diet is mainly adult and larval insects, especially beetles (<em>Coleoptera</em>) and ants (<em>Hymenoptera</em>) but it also takes spiders (<em>Araneae</em>) and seeds. The species is a long distance migrant, wintering in south-east Asia (Pearson 2006).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There are not thought to be any current significant threats to this species (Pearson 2006).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,LOCUSTELLIDAE,Locustella,luscinioides,,Locustella luscinioides,"(Savi, 1824)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size size trend is not known. In&#160;the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Romania, Ukraine, Belarus and Hungary. It also notably breeds in Russia and Poland.","The European breeding population is estimated at 374,000-652,000 pairs, which equates to 749,000-1,310,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 216,000-372,000 pairs, which equates to 433,000-743,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits marshes, fens, lake edges and reedbeds over shallow water. In Russia, it also occupies tall grass and bushes along riverbanks, and reedy canals within sparse forest. Generally it is found in lowlands up to c. 630 m in central Europe (Pearson 2006). Egg-laying begins from late April in western and central Europe and from mid-April in southern Europe (Snow and Perrins 1998). The nest is a deep cup, loosely built from dead water-plant leaves and grass stems and lined with finer leaves and plant fibres. It is well concealed less than 50 cm above water or swampy ground in aquatic vegetation. Clutches are two to six eggs. It feeds principally on insects but also takes spiders (<em>Araneae</em>) and small molluscs. The species is migratory; the whole population migrates to Africa (Pearson 2006).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The species is well-known for short term population fluctuations. These probably result from habitat changes such as drainage and natural changes in water level as well as weather conditions in its African winter quarters (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). The species may also be vulnerable to future climate change (Maggini <em>et al</em>. 2014).,"<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Due to the likely increase in dry periods as a result of climate change, wetland habitats need to be specifically conserved and their water balance should be managed appropriately (Maggini <em>et al.</em> 2014).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,LOCUSTELLIDAE,Locustella,naevia,,Locustella naevia,"(Boddaert, 1783)",0,No,LC,0,No,VU,A2bc+3bc+4bc,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rate which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A) and is therefore assessed as such within the EU28. As the wider European population is also declining, there is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the breeding population size is estimated have decreased by 12% over the past 10 years. In the EU28, based on data from the PECBMS species trends (EBCC 2018), the breeding population size is estimated have decreased by 31% over the same period, is expected to decline at a similar rate between 2011-2021 and suspected to continue declining at a similar rate over the next three generations. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia, with significant numbers also in Poland, Estonia, Lithuania, Germany, Latvia and France.","The European breeding population is estimated at 638,000–1,130,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 1,270,000–2,250,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 318,000–566,000 pairs, which equates to 637,000–1,140,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds at the edges of open woodland, in damp grazing land, in rank grasses, beds of nettle (<em>Urtica</em>) and brambles (<em>Rubus fruticosus</em>), scrubby sedge or reed marshes, at field edges and on upland moorland with willow (<em>Salix</em>) and birch (<em>Betula</em>) scrub.<br/><br/>Egg-laying occurs from late April to mid-July in Western Europe and clutches are typically five to six eggs. The nest is a thick cup of grass, stems and leaves built on a base of dried leaves and lined with finer material, such as feathers or hair. It is usually placed on or near the ground in thick vegetation, often in a grass tussock, bramble or sedge.<br/><br/>The diet is mostly insects but spiders (Araneae) and some small molluscs are also taken.<br/><br/>The species is a long distance migrant, passing through the Iberian Peninsula to winter in West Africa (Pearson and Kirwan 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","This species suffers from changing land-use practices, such as the intensification of agriculture, leading to the destruction of grassland (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997), wetland drainage and scrub clearance (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997, Pearson and Kirwan 2015). The species is also likely to be affected by future climate change (Huntley <em>et al.</em> 2008).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><strong><br/>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>This species would benefit from the preservation and promotion of low-intensity farming methods, which provide much suitable habitat (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PARIDAE,Lophophanes,cristatus,,Lophophanes cristatus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","The BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group is aware that phylogenetic analyses have been published which have proposed generic rearrangements which may affect this species, but prefers to wait until work by other taxonomists reveals how these changes affect the entire groups involved.  <p></p>",Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to have decreasing by 4% (best estimate) in the past 10 years. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is widespread within Europe, which holds most of this species' global population. It breeds in most countries within the region, notably in Spain, Russia, Sweden, Germany, France, Poland Finland and Belarus.","The European breeding population is estimated at 4,610,000–8,220,000 pairs, which equates to 9,230,000–16,500,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 3,530,000–6,440,000 pairs, which equates to 7,070,000–12,900,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds predominately in coniferous woods. In Fennoscandia and western and central Europe it is found in forests of Scots Pine (<em>Pinus sylvestris</em>) or Norway Spruce (<em>Picea abies</em>). In southern Europe it uses mixed-conifer montane forests (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>It breeds from March to June and is monogamous, forming a lifelong pair bond. The nest is a cup of moss, lichens, animal hair, wool, feathers and gossamer, in a hole in a dead or decaying tree trunk, branch or stump, occasionally in a living tree. Occasionally uses a hole in a fence post or in the ground and nestboxes are also regularly used. It usually lays five to eleven eggs.<br/><br/>It feeds mainly on small invertebrates and their larvae and outside the breeding season it will also consume seeds and some fruits.<br/><br/>The species is mostly resident but is nomadic in the winter (Gosler and Clement 2007).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Populations of this species fluctuate in response to severe winter weather. The modernization of forestry practices has resulted in declines in Sweden and Czech Republic. In Scotland, in the 18th century it suffered from the destruction of its native Caledonian pine forest (Gosler and Clement 2007). In central Europe, atmospheric pollution has also lead to declines in this species (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The species would benefit from a reduction in industrial permissions. Management practices for forestry should be encouraged to leave dead or dying trees. In addition, the erection of nest boxes in plantations may be beneficial to this species (Maı́cas and Haeger 2004).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,FRINGILLIDAE,Loxia,curvirostra,,Loxia curvirostra,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the breeding population size is estimated to be stable. In the EU28, the breeding population is estimated to be increasing.&#160;For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds mainly in Russia, and also notably in Finland and Sweden.","The European breeding population is estimated at 2,800,000-7,100,000 pairs, which equates to 5,610,000-14,200,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 726,000-2,730,000 pairs, which equates to 1,450,000-5,460,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This is a species of lowland to submontane conifer forests and woodlands. Northern Palearctic populations are mostly found in taiga forests of spruce (<em>Picea</em>) and southern breeders (southern Britain south to the Mediterranean region) in pines (<em>Pinus</em>), including Scots pine (<em>Pinus sylvestris</em>). Race <em>guillemardi </em>occupies black pine (<em>Pinus nigra</em>) and race <em>corsicana </em>occurs in cultivated Corsican pine (<em>P.n. larico</em>).  It also uses larch (<em>Larix</em>), cedar (<em>Cedrus</em>), alder (<em>Alnus</em>) and birch (<em>Betula</em>). On passage and in the non-breeding season it occurs in pine and deciduous trees in coastal woodlands, parks and gardens, including in suburban areas and city centres, also exceptionally along tideline.&#160;<br/><br/>The breeding season is generally determined by food abundance but is typically from August to April/May in northern and central Europe, mid-January to mid-May in Scandinavia, February to mid-May in northern Russia and March to early November in Cyprus. The nest is a deep cup of conifer twigs, bark or rotting wood strips, plant fibres, grass, moss, lichens, animal hair and feathers. It is sited 3–35 m above the ground, usually beneath the outermost foliage, close to the crown of a tall conifer and often close to the trunk in a spruce or along the branch of a pine. Clutches are three to four eggs.  The species is resident and a partial migrant and is commonly irruptive and nomadic in the non-breeding season (Clement and Christie 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In Finland, the species has declined due to forest fragmentation. This is principally as a result of overall shortening of rotation times leading to a reduction in the average age of forests (Clement and Christie 2016).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Large areas of mature forest should be protected for this species. Management should include increasing rotation times and setting aside core tracts of old-growth forest and be applied over as much as of the species's range as possible, owing to its habit of travelling over extremely large areas (Clement and Christie 2016).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,FRINGILLIDAE,Loxia,leucoptera,,Loxia leucoptera,"Gmelin, 1789","<em>Loxia leucoptera</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) has been split into <em>L. leucoptera</em> and <em>L. megaplaga</em> following AOU (2003).<em>  <p></p></em>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small to large, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe and the EU28, the breeding population size is suspected to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds mainly in Russia, with smaller numbers in Finland, Sweden and Norway.","The European breeding population is estimated at&#160;102,000-307,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 204,000-613,000&#160;mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 2,200-56,000 pairs, which equates to 4,400-112,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occupies dense conifer forests and plantations, mainly larch and larch-pine (<em>Larix-Pinus</em>) forests. It is found predominantly with Siberian Pine (<em>Pinus sibiric</em>a) in central Siberia and also uses fir (<em>Abies</em>) and spruce (<em>Picea</em>), and occasionally resorts to deciduous trees in absence of preferred conifers. In eastern Russia it is mostly found in larches and mainly in Spruce and in north-west Russia and Scandinavia mostly in spruce (Clement 2016). The breeding season is from February to mid-May in years of a good seed crop of pine and spruce, but in poor crop years it is delayed to from June to August (Snow and Perrins 1998). The nest is constructed mostly of conifer twigs, plant stalks, grass stems, lichens, moss, plant fibres and down, animal hair or fur and feathers. It is set 2–20 m above ground against the trunk of a conifer, typically spruce. On occasion it is placed at the end of a branch. Clutches are three to four eggs. The diet consists mainly of conifer seeds, buds, berries and shoots, chiefly of larch and spruce but it also takes a range of invertebrates and larvae (Clement 2016). The species is resident and dispersive but also eruptive in years of poor seed crops (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There are not thought to be any current significant threats to this species.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,FRINGILLIDAE,Loxia,pytyopsittacus,,Loxia pytyopsittacus,"Borkhausen, 1793",0,Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be fluctuating (with a stable background trend), and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe,&#160; the population size is estimated to be fluctuating, and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species' global population occurs largely in Russia, and also notably in Sweden and Finland, with small populations also present in Norway, Estonia, the United Kingdom, Latvia and Belgium.","The European breeding population is estimated at 208,000–479,000 pairs, which equates to 416,000–957,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 105,000–254,000 pairs, which equates to 211,000–507,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This is a species of lowland pine forests and woodlands. It is found predominantly in tall, mature and open woodlands of Scots pine (<em>Pinus sylvestris</em>) and occasionally in mixed conifer forests with larch (<em>Larix</em>), spruce (<em>Picea</em>) and rowan (<em>Sorbus</em>). It also occurs in coastal shelter-belts and introduced conifer plantations, usually of large-coned species. On passage and in wintering areas may occur more widely in mixed conifer and deciduous woodlands.<br/><br/>The breeding season runs from December to late June, and it generally lays three to four eggs. The nest is constructed mostly of dry conifer twigs, bark strips, pine needles, grass, leaves, moss, lichens, plant fibres and down, animal hair or fur, and sometimes also some feathers. It is normally placed close to the trunk, on a branch or in a fork up to 20 m above ground in a conifer at the woodland edge.<br/><br/>It feeds mostly on seeds, buds and shoots, commonly of pines (particularly Scots pine) and spruce (Clement 2016).<br/><br/>The species is resident and dispersive and also occasionally eruptive (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The population is thought to have declined near the end of the 20th century as a result of the commercial removal of mature pine trees, which affected the amount and distribution of conifer seed (Clement 2016).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>This species would likely benefit from the maintenance of low-intensity forestry management practices, including the preservation of mature trees.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,FRINGILLIDAE,Loxia,scotica,,Loxia scotica,"Hartert, 1904","<em>Loxia</em> crossbills are conifer seed specialists for which there is an increasing body of evidence to show that bill morphology and overall body size, the main morphological features by which forms vary, are intimately linked to the cone structure and size of the particular conifer species (or mosaics of species) upon which they feed. There is also increasing evidence that different populations of crossbills show differences in flight and excitement calls which co-vary with bill shape, and hence with the distributions of their main food sources (e.g. Borras <em>et al</em>. 2008, Edelaar 2008a, 2008b).<br/><br/>This evidence is especially well developed in the case of the Scottish Crossbill <em>Loxia scotica</em> by Summers <em>et al</em>. (2002, 2007) to support treatment of <em>L. scotica</em> as a species distinct from both Common Crossbill <em>L. curvirostra</em> and Parrot Crossbill <em>L. pytyopsittacus</em>. In particular, Summers <em>et al</em>. (2007) present data to show that, in areas of broad sympatry in Scotland, these forms largely breed assortatively. Although they do show some degree of hybridisation, in the view of Summers et al. (2007) this is insufficient not to warrant recognition as species, despite overlaps in morphology and the lack of any genetic differentiation.     Some uncertainty remains regarding the status of this form, and an alternative approach is to regard different vocal types as components of a single resource-polymorphic species. Assortative mating by voice-type could prove to be a consequence of post-pairing vocal copying. More generally, increasing numbers of vocal types are being discovered among sympatric populations of crossbills whenever sufficiently detailed studies are carried out.<br/><br/>The American Ornithologists' Union (BirdLife's taxonomic source for North America) has yet to recognise any of the nine North American 'vocal types' as species, although the case for the first of these was made over twenty years ago (Groth 1988).     Nevertheless, given the evidence currently available and associated uncertainties, BirdLife continues to follow the Association of European Rarities Committees in treating <em>L. scotica</em> as a species distinct from <em>L. curvirostra </em>and<em> L. pytyopsittacus.  </em>  <p></p>",Yes,LC,0,Yes,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, although this species may have a small range, it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size may be small, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/><br/>For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is endemic to Europe, with the entirety of its global population occurring in Scotland (United Kingdom).","The European breeding population is estimated at 4,000–11,400 pairs, which equates to 8,100–22,700 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in lowland forests and stands of Scots pine (<em>Pinus sylvestris</em>), including open mature plantations and ancient relict forest trees. During the winter it is mostly found in larches (<em>Larix</em>) and in established plantations of lodgepole pine <em>(Pinus contorta</em>) and sitka spruce (<em>Picea sitchensis</em>) as well as well-spaced pine woodland with heather (<em>Calluna</em>) understorey.<br/><br/>Breeding occurs from January or February to June and the species is monogamous, although occasional polygamy is recorded. The nest is a large bulky cup of twigs (mostly pine, larch or birch), heather, grass, plant fibres, bark strips, moss, lichens, animal hair, leaves and feathers. It is sited six to eight metres above the ground in the upper level of old Scots pine, usually high in the crown or at the end of a spreading branch and very occasionally built in spruce, larch or Douglas-fir. Clutches are three to four eggs.<br/><br/>The diet is mainly made up of seeds of Scots pine (bill shape thought to be better adapted for feeding on cones of this species) and when these are unavailable, it takes seeds, blossom, buds and shoots of larch (<em>Larix</em>), spruce (<em>Picea</em>), fir (<em>Abies</em>), Douglas-fir (<em>Pseudotsuga</em>) and beech (<em>Fagus</em>), and possibly small invertebrates.<br/><br/>The species is resident and locally dispersive (Clement and de Juana 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Suitable semi-natural habitat has declined from approximately 15,000 km² to fragments totalling 160 km² over the last 5,000 years. However, the amount of plantation woodland has increased substantially during the 20th century (Clement and de Juana 2016). Habitat may also be degraded through underplanting with exotic conifers and grazing pressure from high numbers of red deer, which prevents forest regeneration (Tucker and Heath 1994). Climate change may be a threat to the species, through driving changes in habitat, however the provision of habitat through commercial forestry may play a role in mitigating this (Summers and Buckland 2011).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. A U.K. Biodiversity Action Plan is being implemented. A survey was conducted in 2008 to assess the current population size (Summers and Buckland 2011). The species is listed as 'amber' on the U.K. national Red List (Eaton <em>et al.</em> 2009).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Carry out further studies to establish whether the species is best adapted to native Scots pine or to plantations of non-native species (and therefore establish the degree of threat it faces). Monitoring of the species needs to be in place in order to determine population trends (Summers and Buckland 2011). Further loss of habitat, from felling and underplanting, needs to be prevented. Red deer numbers should be controlled and excluded with fences to allow the spread of native pinewood (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,ALAUDIDAE,Lullula,arborea,,Lullula arborea,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 4% over the past 10 years. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in most countries in Europe, notably in Spain, Romania, Poland, Georgia, Turkey and Portugal. This region holds the majority of this species' global population.","The European breeding population is estimated at 2,140,000–4,570,000 pairs, which equates to 4,290,000–9,130,000 mature individuals. The&#160;breeding&#160;population in the EU28 is estimated at 1,760,000–3,180,000 pairs, which equates to 3,530,000–6,360,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits a variety of open and semi-open habitats on well-drained soils, with a preference for acidic, sandy soils. It favours unmanaged or poorly managed habitats such as low-intensity or abandoned farmland, heathland, young forestry plantations, recently felled woodland, open woodland and scrub, orchards, steppes, woodland edges and clearings, wooded coastal dunes and parkland.<br/><br/>It is monogamous and breeds from March to July. The nest is a deep depression in the ground, usually sheltered by a bush or tree stump and lined with leaves, pine needles and moss beneath a top layer of finer grasses. Clutches are typically three to five eggs (Donald 2004).<br/><br/>The species is migratory in the north of its breeding range and in central Europe and southern Russia. In western Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin it is resident (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The main threat to this species is habitat loss and degradation. In central and southern Europe dry grassland, traditional vineyards and orchards and pastoral woodland is disappearing to intensive arable agriculture and fallow land and abandoned pasture are is being lost to invasion by tall grass and scrub. Afforestation is also a threat. In northern Europe as well habitat is being lost to agricultural intensification and afforestation (Tucker and Heath 1994). Winter weather can also cause fluctuations in population numbers (Donald 2004).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex I. This species has benefited from increases in the young coniferous forestry plantations and the creation of further suitable habitat in storm-felled mature woodland (Donald 2004). Targeted conservation action in the UK has led to the species being down listed from ‘red’ to ‘amber’ on the national red list (Eaton <em>et al.</em> 2009).<br/><strong><br/>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The species requires the maintenance of extensive areas of habitat throughout Europe. For this the continuation and promotion of low-intensity pastoral farming is needed. In northwest Europe preferred habitats such as dunes and heath should continue to be protected. Young plantations should be managed for this species (Tucker and Heath 1994).,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MUSCICAPIDAE,Luscinia,luscinia,,Luscinia luscinia,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,VU,A2bc+3bc+4bc,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size reduction criterion A and is therefore assessed as such in the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be increasing. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 33% (best estimate) in 10 years, and is expected to decline by 32% between 2011-2021. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds principally in Russia, but also notably in Belarus and Ukraine.","The European breeding population is estimated at 4,390,000-7,140,000 pairs, which equates to 8,790,000-14,300,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 479,000-782,000 pairs, which equates to 958,000-1,570,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occupies lowland river valleys with deciduous and mixed woodland bordering waterbodies, beech (<em>Fagus</em>) and hornbeam (<em>Carpinus</em>) forest, small woodlots of young deciduous trees, dense thickets in forest edges, regenerating forest on clear-cut land, wet willow (<em>Salix</em>) thickets, alder (<em>Alnus</em>) carrs, lowland orchards, river gorges, urban scrub, parks and cemeteries. It requires deep soft humus with some leaf litter, tall, dense, patchy herbage, and thickets of brambles, bushes, shrubs and low trees typically along riverbanks, near standing water or in damp depressions. Breeding occurs from mid-May to early July. The nest is a loose bulky cup of leaves and grass, lined with fine stems and hair, placed on ground in sheltered position among dead branches, roots or thick leaf litter. Clutches are four or five eggs. The diet is mainly invertebrates with some fruit. The species is migratory, wintering in Africa (Collar 2005).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Fluctuations within populations of the species appear to correlate with changes in habitat composition and climate amelioration. During the 1900s, numbers fell with the decline of slash-and-burn cultivation which produced its preferred young deciduous woodlands (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><strong><br/>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MUSCICAPIDAE,Luscinia,megarhynchos,,Luscinia megarhynchos,"(Brehm, 1831)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: </strong><strong>Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong></strong><br/><br/>In both Europe and the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe and the EU28.","In Europe and the EU28 the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see supplementary information.","<p>In Europe, the species stronghold is Spain, with significant numbers in Turkey, Italy, Romania, France, Croatia, Hungary, Bulgaria and Serbia.</p>","The European population is estimated at 10,200,000-15,400,000&#160;pairs (20,400,000-30,700,000&#160;mature individuals). The population in the EU28 is estimated at 8,750,000-12,700,000&#160;pairs (17,500,000-25,400,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","This species occupies two main habitat types in Europe: lowland open woodland with thickets and dense patches of vegetation of coppice stands, nettles and brambles, bordering waterbodies; and the edges and glades of broadleaf woodland, undergrowth-rich pinewoods and dry maquis, garrigue and shrubbery on sand and chalk (i.e. with no surface water). It is also found in various mixtures of the two, such as cultivated land with mature hedgerows and untended bush-rich suburban gardens and parks with leaf litter. It breeds from late April to mid July. The nest is an occasionally domed bulky cup of dead leaves and grass, lined with fine grasses, feathers and hair. It is sited on or very close to the ground (most are below 0.5 m) in the base of a thicket or in low herbage. Clutches are four to five eggs. It feeds principally on invertebrates but takes berries and seeds in the late summer and autumn (Collar and Christie 2015). The species is migratory, wintering in the Afrotropics (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Declines in the west of its range have been driven since the 1950s by modern agricultural development and an increasing tendency for 'tidying' of gardens and woodland. Nesting habitat along streams and rivers is being lost in Spain (Collar and Christie 2015). The species is also sensitive to climatic variations (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). In the U.K., it is thought that habitat modification as a result of grazing by deer may be a threat to this species (Newson <em>et al</em>. 2012).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>In the UK, deer management plans, including the integrated exclusion and culling of deer, should be coordinated on a large scale and target areas of importance for the species. Further research on the relationship between deer abundance and habitat quality should also be undertaken (Newson <em>et al</em>. 2012). The species would also likely benefit from the maintenance of low-intensity farming practices and areas of woodland and thickets.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,SCOLOPACIDAE,Lymnocryptes,minimus,,Lymnocryptes minimus,"(Brünnich, 1764)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is unknown, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small to large, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the breeding population size trend is unknown. In the EU28, the breeding population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia, Sweden and Finland.<p></p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 15,200-38,900 pairs, which equates to&#160;30,500-77,700 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 8,700-23,400 pairs, which equates to 17,500-46,700 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is fully migratory and crosses Europe on a broad front. It breeds from May to early September (Billerman<em>&#160;et al.</em>&#160;2020) in well-dispersed solitary pairs (Johnsgard 1981, Snow and Perrins 1998), after which (between August and September) adults undergo a flightless moulting period close to the breeding grounds. The autumn south-west migration occurs from mid-September to mid-November, with the species departing its wintering grounds again in March to mid-April. Outside of the breeding season the species remains largely solitary, usually feeding singly or in groups of up to five individuals. Most of its activities are carried out nocturnally or in the early morning and late evening (Billerman<em>&#160;et al.</em>&#160;2020)). The species breeds in the northern taiga and forest tundra zones on open grassy marshes and bogs with swampy ground (Johnsgard 1981, (Billerman<em>&#160;et al.</em>&#160;2020))) on flood-plains (Billerman<em>&#160;et al.</em>&#160;2020))), in swampy coniferous forest, willow (<em>Salix </em>spp.) marshes or wet alder (<em>Alnus</em> spp.) woods (Johnsgard 1981). Outside of the breeding season it inhabits both fresh and brackish wetlands (Billerman<em>&#160;et al.</em>&#160;2020)) showing a preference for mosaics of moist and waterlogged mudflats with soft, silty mud and dense of tussocks vegetation (Hayman et al. 1986, Van Gils and Wiersma 1996). Suitable habitats include swamps, fens (Snow and Perrins 1998), grassy marshes (Johnsgard 1981), the margins of rivers and streams (Billerman<em>&#160;et al.</em>&#160;2020), Snow and Perrins 1998), overgrown flood-lands, sewage farms (Snow and Perrins 1998), rice-fields (Johnsgard 1981), flooded arable fields, damp pastures and water meadows (Snow and Perrins 1998). Its diet consists of adult and larval insects, annelid worms, small freshwater and terrestrial gastropods and the seeds and vegetative parts of aquatic and shoreline plants (Johnsgard 1981). The nest is positioned on hummocks of sphagnum moss or grass tussocks on floating bogs just above the surrounding water (Johnsgard 1981), also on drier ground amongst bushes (Billerman<em>&#160;et al.</em>&#160;2020)) (e.g., dwarf birch (<em>Betula nana</em>) and heather) (Johnsgard 1981).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by the loss and degradation of its wetland habitats through afforestation, peat extraction and drainage for agricultural intensification (Billerman<em>&#160;et al.</em>&#160;2020)). It also suffers from lead poisoning as a result of ingesting lead shot deposited on wetlands (Olivier 2006). The species is hunted during the autumn migration (Billerman<em>&#160;et al.</em>&#160;2020)) (e.g. in Denmark) (Bregnballe <em>et al</em>. 2006).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Annex II (A) and III (B) of the EU Birds Directive. The annual success of reproduction is estimated every year by wing surveys in Denmark since the end of the 1970s, and in France since the mid-1990s. Hunting bags are estimated every year in Denmark (Clausager 2006).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Afforestation, peat extraction and drainage should be stopped. Hunting should be monitored and regulated to ensure it does not impact this species.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,GALLIFORMES,PHASIANIDAE,Lyrurus,mlokosiewiczi,,Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi,"(Taczanowski, 1875)",<em>Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi</em>&#160;(del Hoyo and Collar 2014)&#160;was previously placed in the genus <em>Tetrao</em>.,Yes,NT,A3cde,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Near Threatened (NT)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large, (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population trend is projected to decrease to the point of reaching a moderately rapid rate of decline, which approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A), mainly due to projected loss of habitat but also hunting. The species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/>This species does not occur in the EU28 and is therefore considered Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe, although population trends in most of the species' range are unclear, owing to road construction for tourism development, this species' population size is projected to decline, with the overall rate of decline projected to increase owing to increased hunting, grazing and wood cutting, as well as habitat fragmentation. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds mainly in Georgia, but also notably in Russia, Azerbaijan and Turkey, with a small population also present in Armenia.<p></p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 14,100-28,800 calling or lekking males, which equates to 28,300-57,600 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is found in subalpine and alpine meadows, on north-facing slopes with Rhododendron and juniper (<em>Juniperus</em>), and on the edge of birch forest in spring and winter, at elevations of 1,300–3,000 m (Gavashelishvili and Javakhishvili 2010). Meadows used for hay production are important for breeding birds (Klaus <em>et al.</em> 2003). Lek sites are found above the timber line not far from winter food resources such as birch (<em>Betula litwinowii</em>), oak (<em>Quercus macranthera</em>), beech (<em>Fagus orientalis</em>), juniper and rose <em>Rosa spp.</em> (Klaus and Vitovich 2006). There is strong site fidelity to lek sites and they can be used for up to 10 years. Older males are dominant, occupying clear territories and displaying the longest and most intensely. Displays occur both morning and evening, and females attend leks at both periods, but mating is only observed during mornings. The nest is a shallow scrape lined with grass, leaves and feathers, concealed in bushes (e.g. rhododendron and juniper) or sometimes under a rock. Clutches are normally five to six eggs (de Juana and Kirwan 2020). It feeds on buds and twigs of birch, willow, juniper and other trees and bushes (Tucker and Heath 1994). Insects are rarely taken by adults but are eaten almost exclusively by chicks during the first 10–15 days. The species is sedentary; only limited altitudinal movements of up to 2 km have been recorded although it is suspected to move up to 15 km in Turkey (de Juana and Kirwan 2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Ongoing road building for the construction of holiday homes in the mountains is currently the major threat and is likely to significantly increase the rate of decline by fragmenting habitat, causing disturbance and allowing increased access for hunters and herdsmen (Baskaya 2003, G. Welch <em>in litt. </em>2005, Isfendiyaroglu <em>et al.</em> 2007). Construction of summer homes and wood-cutting for fuel reduces the availability of winter foraging habitat. Habitat loss and deterioration are also likely to be major threats with 40% of subalpine meadows within its range suffering from intensive grazing (WWF/IUCN 1994). The density of birds in grazed areas is low. Grazing livestock disturb and trample nests and birds are killed by herders' dogs (S. Klaus <em>in litt. </em>2007). Illegal hunting is an increasing threat, particularly in the Lesser Caucasus and in Turkey, both by local residents and occasionally by tourists (E. Ménoni <em>in litt. </em>2007). Dam building and subsequent re-settlement of displaced people is likely to cause significant declines in Turkey (Baskaya 2003).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Large-scale research and conservation projects are underway in Georgia and Turkey to improve understanding of the species' biology, develop monitoring and management activities and promote public awareness, and a project to survey the species in Azerbaijan has been carried out (IUCN/SSC/BirdLife/WPA Grouse Specialist Group 2002, Azniashvili 2004, R. Gokhelashvili <em>in litt.</em> 2005, E. Sultanov <em>in litt. </em>2005, Sultanov 2006). Future work to develop a conservation strategy and create a potential distribution map for all range countries is planned. A captive breeding program is being developed in Armenia. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Continue research into its population status, ecological requirements and interactions with different farming and forestry methods. Encourage the development and implementation of national Species Action Plans. Develop a framework for grouse-friendly farming practice, including control of dogs and regulation of hunting. Develop public awareness campaigns. Prevent road construction and inappropriate development in key areas for the species. Review the adequacy of the existing protected area network. Monitor populations at a number of sites throughout its range, especially close to sites which are being developed.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,GALLIFORMES,PHASIANIDAE,Lyrurus,tetrix,,Lyrurus tetrix,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",<em>Lyrurus tetrix</em> (del Hoyo and Collar&#160;2014) was previously placed in the genus <em>Tetrao</em>.,No,LC,0,No,VU,A2bcde+3bcde+4bcde,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population size trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size reduction criterion A, and is therefore assessed as such in the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 40-48% with a best estimate of 44% over the past 11 years (three generations), is expected to continue declining at a similar rate between 2010-2021 and is projected to decline by 43% over the next three generations.&#160;&#160;These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","In Europe, this species breeds mainly in Russia and Finland, but also notably in Sweden.","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,210,000-1,880,000 calling or lekking males, which equates to 2,430,000-3,750,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 523,000-868,000 calling or lekking males, which equates to 1,040,000-1,740,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species occupies mosaics of different habitats requiring open, sparsely vegetated land for display, good shelter for roosting and sometimes shrubs or trees for feeding above the snow in winter (Tucker and Heath 1994). In northern Europe it prefers deciduous or mixed forests to coniferous forest and spare, young stands to older denser ones. In southern European mountains such as the Alps it mainly uses moderately dense forest of spruce and fir, or larch (de Juana and Boesman 2013). It uses logged clearings in boreal forest, but such successional stages are ephemeral, necessitating local shifts in distribution. In western and central Europe the species uses heathland and meadows and in the central European mountains it uses areas around the treeline (Tucker and Heath 1994). It is also known to use bogs and areas of marginal cultivation. It lays between May and June. Laying an average of eight eggs (de Juana and Boesman 2013). Males form leks at traditional sites (Tucker and Heath 1994). The nest is a shallow scrape usually lined with some plant material and feathers. In many places it feeds on birch catkins and buds, shoots, needles, cones and male flowers of conifers in winter. In areas with less snow cover it uses more shrubs and grasses. In spring it switches to berries, stems and shoots of shrubs. It is largely sedentary although eruptive in some northern areas, with flocks moving hundreds of kilometres (de Juana and Boesman 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In western and central Europe, habitat fragmentation and destruction are serious threats (Tucker and Heath 1994), which occur mostly through increased cultivation, afforestation of heathlands, removal of birch stands and the planting of coniferous monocultures (de Juana and Boesman 2013). Intensive grazing of sheep is replacing traditional grazing that normally helped maintain suitable habitat, leading to the destruction of birch (<em>Betula</em>) scrub and heather moorland. In central Europe, heathland is being transformed into grassland by eutrophication through airborne nitrogen deposition (Tucker and Heath 1994). Related to these large-scale land use changes, predation by mammalian and avian predators appears to have increased. (Storch 2007). On a local scale, other threats include hunting and disturbance at leks. In the Italian alps, stress hormone levels have been shown to be increased by disturbance from snow sport, which may reduce resistance to disease (de Juana and Boesman 2013). Collisions with high-tension powerlines may kill many birds in Scandinavia and in Scotland, collisions with deer fences may be a problem. It is also though long-term climate trends may partly explain recent declines (Storch 2007).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex I, II and III.  In general the species is fully and effectively protected in western and central Europe. In other countries (e.g., Austria, Italy and France) hunting is strictly regulated. Only a small proportion of the species range falls within protected areas, most of which are likely too small to sustain a viable population, however locally reserves are seen as essential for the conservation of this species. In areas where it is hunted, regular monitoring occurs to plan harvests and in areas with small remnant populations. In some countries, such as Austria, France, Germany, Switzerland and Belgium, campaigns to limit disturbance have been initiated. These generally use public awareness campaigns, re-routing of hiking and skiing trails and the closure of core areas to the public. The release of captive bred birds to supplement wild populations has been attempted several times with little success (Storch 2007).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The preservation and restoration of suitable habitat through habitat management is needed. The integration of land-use practices and conservation measures is essential. In addition maintaining and restoring spatial connectivity between populations is required. In areas where illegal hunting occurs, better law enforcement is needed. Monitoring should be continued and undertaken in areas where the species is endangered in order to establish population trends and effectiveness of management plans (Storch 2007). Further research is require (Tucker and Heath 1994,&#160;Storch 2007) and should investigate the impacts of hunting, habitat fragmentation and patch isolation, dispersal rates and distances, large-scale habitat relationships and population dynamics. Management experimentation is needed (Storch 2007).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Mareca,penelope,,Mareca penelope,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",<em>Mareca penelope</em>&#160;(del Hoyo and Collar 2014)&#160;was previously placed in the genus <em>Anas</em>.,No,LC,0,No,VU,A2bcde+3bcde+4bcde,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong><br/></strong>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be decreasing by almost 50% in three generations, and hence the species meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A), but may require uplisting in the future if the decline becomes any steeper. The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Vulnerable (VU A2bcde+3bcde+4bcde) in the EU28.","In Europe the population is suspected to be decreasing. In the EU28 the population is estimated to be decreasing by almost 50% in 12.3 years (three generations). For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","The species breeding range extends from Iceland and northern Britain east across northern Europe. Outside the breeding season, populations winter in central and southern Europe (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em> 2020). It breeds in subarctic and boreal zones, overlapping in the arctic tundra and temperate steppes zones, south to c. 50°N (and north to 70°N in Europe)  (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).","The European breeding population is estimated at 225,000-367,000&#160;pairs (451,000-733,000&#160;mature individuals), and the European wintering population at 2,020,000-2,730,000&#160;individuals (1,350,000-1,820,000&#160;mature individuals). The EU28 breeding population is estimated at 41,600-70,100&#160;pairs (83,300-141,000 mature individuals), and the EU28 wintering population at 1,780,000-2,090,000&#160;individuals (1,180,000-1,400,000&#160;mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","This species breeds in lowland freshwater marshes, slow-flowing large rivers (Kretchmar 1994) and shallow lakes and lagoons with ample submerged, floating and emerging vegetation (Kear 2005). Ideal wetland habitats for this species are those surrounded by sparse open forest, woodland and especially agricultural land (Kretchmar 1994, Kear 2005), in the boreal and subarctic zone (Cramp and Simmons 1977, Kear 2005). It avoids tundra, densely forested and mountainous country, as well as fast flowing rivers and streams, but tolerates saline or alkaline steppe lakes and wetlands (Cramp and Simmons 1977, Madge and Burn 1988). In the non-breeding season this species shows a preference for coastal salt-marshes, freshwater, brackish and saline lagoons, flooded grasslands, estuaries, intertidal mudflats (Cramp and Simmons 1977), and other sheltered marine habitats (Kear 2005). The breeding season is from April to June, varying across its range according to latitude, with nests sometimes initiated in April in Scotland, but may not arrive on breeding grounds in northern Russia until the second half of May (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). The nests of this species are shallow depressions in the ground lined with vegetation, usually positioned not far from water and well concealed under overhanging vegetation, in grass tussocks, scrub (Kear 2005), and especially in heather (Jacobsen and Ugelvik 1998). Usually eight or nine eggs are laid (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). It is vegetarian and consumes the leaves, seeds, stems and root bulbs of pond weeds, fine grasses (Myrfyn and Thomas 1979), horsetails (Kretchmar 1994) and eelgrass, as well as algae (Johnsgard 1978). Animal material is taken rarely and usually incidentally along with vegetation or seeds (Myrfyn and Thomas 1979, Kear 2005). The species is strongly migratory, undertaking significant cold weather movements of varying magnitude (Scott and Rose 1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","This species is susceptible to disturbance from freshwater recreational activities (Grishanov 2006, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020) (e.g. tourists walking) (Mathers <em>et al.</em> 2000), pollution, petroleum pollution (Grishanov 2006)), wetland drainage (Grishanov 2006, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020), peat-extraction (e.g. in the Kaliningrad region of Russia), changing wetland management practices (decreased grazing and mowing in meadows leading to scrub over-growth) and the burning and mowing of reeds (Grishanov 2006). Avian influenza virus (strain H5N1) is also a potential threat (Melville and Shortridge 2006, Jonassen and Handeland 2007), as is poisoning from the ingestion of lead shot pellets (Mondain-Monval <em>et al.</em> 2002). This species is hunted for sport (e.g. in the U.K.) (Kear 2005, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020), and although population numbers in an area decrease significantly after a period of shooting, there is no current evidence that such utilisation poses an immediate threat to the species (Vaananen 2001, Bregnballe <em>et al.</em> 2006). The eggs of this species used to be (and possibly still are) harvested in Iceland (Gudmundsson 1979).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II.  EU Birds Directive Annex II and III. Red Foxes (<em>Vulpes vulpes</em>) and Pine Martens (<em>Martes martes</em>)  were removed from regions in Finland resulting in a significant increase in the breeding success of this species (Kauhala 2004).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Suitable areas of wetland habitat should be protected from changing management practices, disturbance and modification. The impact of hunting should be researched and monitored to ensure bag numbers are sustainable and the use of lead shot banned.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Mareca,strepera,,Mareca strepera,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",<em>Mareca strepera</em>&#160;(del Hoyo and Collar 2014)&#160;was previously placed in the genus <em>Anas</em>.,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe and the EU28 the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in the European part of Russia and the Netherlands, with smaller numbers occurring in Belarus, Germany, Poland, Spain and Sweden.","The European breeding population is estimated at 82,400-131,000&#160;pairs (164,000-262,000 mature individuals), and the European wintering population at 207,000-340,000&#160;individuals (138,000-227,000&#160;mature individuals). The EU28 breeding population is estimated at 52,400-77,500 pairs (104,800-155,000 mature individuals), and the EU28 wintering population at 195,000-262,000&#160;individuals (130,000-175,000&#160;mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","The species inhabits highly productive (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020) and eutrophic (Snow and Perrins 1998) freshwater marsh or lake habitats (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2014) in open lowland grassland (Madge and Burn 1988), showing a preference for sheltered, shallow, standing or slow-flowing waters with abundant emergent vegetation (Snow and Perrins 1998, Kear 2005) and grass-covered islands providing cover for nesting. It may also be found on permanent, shallow, slightly alkaline marshes (Johnsgard 1978, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020), as well as on oxbow lakes, channels (Flint<em> et al.</em> 1984), reservoirs and gravel-pits (Kear 2005). After hatching, females move their broods to deeper marshes or to the edges of large impoundments, sometimes more than 1 mile away from the nesting sites (Johnsgard 1978). Breeding begins in April and May, with egg-laying generally from second half of April in northern and central Europe and during early May in Turkey (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). The nest is a well-hidden (Johnsgard 1978) hollow (Snow and Perrins 1998) in grass and leaves positioned on the ground in thick vegetation (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). The species shows a preference for dense, dry herbaceous vegetation (Johnsgard 1978) and often nests far from water (Madge and Burn 1988, Kear 2005). Clutch size is generally eight to twelve eggs. The species is predominantly herbivorous consuming mostly the seeds, leaves, roots and stems of aquatic plants (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020) (submerged and emergent) as well as grasses and stoneworts (Chara spp.). The species is strongly migratory in the north of its range (Kear 2005) although breeding populations in temperate regions are largely sedentary (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by pollution (Kear 2005) and disturbance from recreational use of freshwater wetlands (Kear 2005, Pease <em>et al.</em> 2005). It also suffers mortality as a result of lead shot ingestion (Spain) (Mondain-Monval <em>et al.</em> 2002) and nest predation by American Mink (<em>Neovison vison</em>) (Europe) (Opermanis <em>et al.</em> 2001). The species is susceptible to avian influenza, so may be threatened by future outbreaks (Melville and Shortridge 2006). The species is hunted throughout most of its range, but is rarely taken in large numbers except where it is particularly abundant (Kear 2005). The eggs of this species used to be (and possibly still are) harvested in Iceland (Gudmundsson 1979).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II.  EU Birds Directive Annex II. The cyclical removal of adult fish from an artificial waterbody (gravel pit) in the U.K. (leaving small fish for piscivorous birds) resulted in an increase in the winter use of the habitat by the species as result of an increase in the growth of submerged aquatic macrophytes (Giles 1994). The removed fish (dead or alive) were sold to generate funds (Giles 1994).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Important wetland sites should be protected to minimise degradation and disturbance appropriate predator control undertaken in breeding areas. The impact of hunting should be researched and monitored to ensure bag numbers are sustainable and the use of lead shot banned.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Marmaronetta,angustirostris,,Marmaronetta angustirostris,"(Ménétriés, 1832)",0,No,VU,D1,No,EN,D,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment:&#160;Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Endangered (EN)</strong><br/><p></p>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is small, and in the lower half of its size range meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size criterion D, and is therefore precautionarily assessed as such in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is very small, and meets the thresholds for Endangered (EN) under the population size criterion D. It is therefore assessed as such in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In both Europe and the EU28,&#160;the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species has a fragmented distribution. During the 20th century, its range contracted, as it formerly bred in southern France, central and eastern Europe and possibly Cyprus and the Canary Islands (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). In Europe, it now breeds primarily in Azerbaijan, and also notably in Spain, with small populations also present in Armenia and Italy. In winter it occurs in Azerbaijan and Spain.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 380–1,100 pairs, which equates to 760–2,200 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 70–80 pairs, which equates to 140–160 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species frequents shallow brackish or freshwater pools and marshes with abundant emergent and submergent vegetation in arid country, including seasonal and semi-permanent wetlands (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). It starts breeding between April and July (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020) and usually nests in dense reedbeds although in Spain it also uses clumps of saltmarsh vegetation (Tucker and Heath 1994). The species is monogamous and will nest in single pairs or loose groups. The nest is a slight depression on the ground, lined with grass and down, normally close to water but occasionally over it (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). Clutches range from 5-20 eggs (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). In Spain the mean clutch size was recorded to be 11.8 (Green 1998). Diet varies considerably between seasons and sites and additionally with age. Diptera are an important component of the diet, especially before and during the breeding season. Small seeds become increasingly important after the breeding season with faeces of post-breeding birds in Turkey composing of 95% dry weight Scirpus seeds (Green and Selva 2000, Green and Sánchez 2003, Fuentes <em>et al.</em> 2004). This species is dispersive and partially migratory (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). It shows variable, nomadic movements and is capable of dispersal in search of suitable habitat at any time of year as changing conditions require (Scott and Rose 1996). In winter it can be found at a number of sites around the Mediterranean basin where it does not normally breed (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Over 50% of suitable habitat may have been destroyed during the 20th century. Wetland drainage for agriculture occurs across its range. Hydrological work has severely affected breeding sites in Turkey and Spain. Reed-cutting, reed-burning and grazing commonly reduce the amount of habitat for nesting. Pollution from agricultural, industrial and domestic sources is a threat at many sites. When breeding, it is vulnerable to shooting and egg collection. Further mortality results from birds caught in fishing nets and lead poisoning (Mateo <em>et al.</em> 2001, Svanberg <em>et al.</em> 2006). A lack of habitat following hot, dry summer months probably results in high juvenile and adult mortality post-breeding (Green 2000, 2007). Lack of water availability for the El Hondo reservoirs in Alicante have led to a major decline in Spain since 1998 (Ballesteros <em>et al.</em> 2008).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix I and II.  EU Birds Directive Annex I. It is legally protected in Bulgaria, Spain, Russia and Turkey. Conservation programmes have been carried out in Spain. Survey and research projects have been carried out in Turkey. An updated European action plan was published in 2008 (Iñigo <em>et al. </em>2008).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Conduct regular surveys and monitoring. Research its ecology. Protect habitat at all sites regularly holding the species. Prevent mortality from hunting and other causes. Increase public awareness.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Melanitta,fusca,,Melanitta fusca,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","<em>Melanitta fusca</em> has been split into <em>Melanitta fusca</em>, <em>M. deglandi</em> and <em>M. stejnegeri</em> following a review of recent literature (Livezey 1995, Garner <em>et al</em>. 2004, Sangster <em>et al</em>. 2005, Collinson <em>et al</em>. 2006, AOU 2010) and museum specimens by the BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group.",No,VU,A2abcde,No,VU,A2abcde,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large, (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to have decreased at a rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size reduction criterion A and is therefore assessed as such in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large, (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population trend appears to have decreased at a rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size reduction criterion A and is therefore assessed as such in the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the breeding population size is estimated to have decreased by 31% (best estimate) over the past 17 years (three generations), and in winter, the population size in Europe is estimated to have decreased by 30-49% over the same period. In the EU28, the breeding population is estimated to have decreased by 3-53% with a best estimate of 32% in the past three generations, but the wintering population is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds Scandinavia and Western Siberia, primarily in Russia and Finland and also notably in Sweden with a smaller populations also present in Norway and Estonia. Small breeding populations are also found in Turkey and Georgia.&#160;<br/>It winters mostly in the Baltic Sea and along the coasts of western Europe, mainly in&#160; Poland and Germany, but also notably in Norway and Denmark, accounting for the vast majority of the global population (Delany and Scott 2006). Small populations also occur in winter around the Black Sea (Carboneras<em>&#160;et al.</em>&#160;2020).","In Europe, the breeding population is estimated at 18,400-40,200 pairs, which equates to 36,800-80,300 mature individuals. In the EU28, the breeding population is estimated at 11,000-24,000 pairs, which equates to 22,000-47,900 mature individuals. In winter, the minimum European population is estimated at 221,000-415,000 individuals, which equates to 147,000-277,000 mature individuals. The minimum winter population in the EU28 is estimated at 201,000-384,000 individuals, which equates to 134,000-256,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species winters mainly at sea, most commonly along exposed shores or offshore, although it is occasionally recorded inland during this period. Breeding occurs at middle to high altitudes in boreal forest and wooded tundra near to fresh water (Tucker and Heath 1994) and begins from mid-May (Madge and Burn 1988). A small relict population in Turkey is recorded breeding at around 3000 m on islands in high-altitude water-bodies, including crater lakes. It breeds in solitary pairs or loose groups and is seasonally monogamous (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1992, Kear 2005). Nests are a shallow depression on the ground, poorly lined with plant matter and down and found among vegetation. Clutch size is normally seven to nine eggs (Carboneras<em>&#160;et al.</em>&#160;2020). It feeds on molluscs, crustaceans, echinoderms, annelids, insects and small fish. In addition it may also consume plant material while on its breeding grounds. The species is migratory and small populations winter in the North Sea, the north-west Mediterranean, the Black Sea, along the Atlantic coast to Spain, and less commonly in freshwater lakes in central Europe. However the majority winter in the Baltic Sea (Tucker and Heath 1994).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Moulting and wintering concentrations of this species are very susceptible to oil spills and other marine pollutants (Gorski <em>et al. </em>1977, Kear 2005, UICN France 2011, Carboneras<em> et al.</em> 2020) (an oil spill could destroy a large proportion of the global population if it occurred in a key moulting or wintering area (Madge and Burn 1988)). The species is also susceptible to the effects of commercial exploitation of marine benthic organisms and shellfish (Kear 2005), and is threatened by drowning in fishing nets (Carboneras<em>&#160;et al.</em>&#160;2020, Kear 2005). It is threatened by habitat degradation as a result of the human exploitation of natural resources in the taiga and lower tundra regions of its breeding range (Kear 2005), and by lake drainage for irrigation and hydroelectric power production (Armenia) (Balian <em>et al.</em> 2002). It is susceptible to disturbance from tourism in remote coastal and freshwater habitats in its breeding range (Kear 2005), as well as disturbance from wind farms (wind turbines) (Garthe and Huppop 2004). The species suffers predation from American mink (<em>Neovison vison</em>) on islands (Nordstrom <em>et al.</em> 2002) and is also susceptible to avian influenza, so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006). The species is a target of hunters in some areas (e.g. Bregnballe <em>et al.</em> 2006).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>No targeted conservation actions are known for this species, although numbers in some parts of its range (accounting for most of the population) have received monitoring in recent decades and it occurs in some protected areas. An EU Management Plan for 2007-2009 was published.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Continue to monitor numbers in both its breeding and wintering range. Carry out research into the causes of the recently detected decline. Increase the area of breeding habitat that is protected. Tackle potential causes of mortality in wintering birds, such as drowning in fishing nets.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Bengtsson, D., Burfield, I., Ellermaa, M., Ieronymidou, C., Isfendiyaroglu, S., Marchowski, D., Markones, N., Morkunas, J., Nagy, S., Pople, R., Rouxel, Y., Selmani, J., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Melanitta,nigra,,Melanitta nigra,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","<em>Melanitta nigra</em> has been split into&#160;<em>Melanitta</em><em> nigra</em> and <em>M. americana</em> following a review of recent literature (Livezey 1995, Garner <em>et al</em>. 2004, Sangster <em>et al</em>. 2005, Collinson <em>et al</em>. 2006, AOU 2010) and museum specimens by the BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group.",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small to large, but it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the population size trend is unknown. In the EU28 the population size trend is increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary material.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in the European part of Russia and Sweden, with small numbers in Finland, Iceland and Norway.<p></p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 22,600-35,600&#160;pairs (45,200-71,100&#160;mature individuals), and the wintering population is estimated at 1,430,000-1,960,000 individuals (956,000-1,310,000 mature individuals). In the EU28 the breeding population is estimated at 6,000-9,900 pairs (12,000-19,800 mature individuals), and the wintering population is estimated at 1,420,000-1,950,000 individuals (946,000-1,300,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the supplementary material.","The species breeds on Arctic dwarf heath (Snow and Perrins 1998, Kear 2005) or boggy tundra on pools, small lakes, streams (Carboneras and Kirwan 2017) and slow-flowing rivers (Snow and Perrins 1998). It shows a preference for freshwater habitats (Carboneras and Kirwan 2017) with low banks (Flint <em>et al.</em> 1984), small islets (Kear 2005) and high abundances of aquatic invertebrate and plant life positioned in swampy valleys or among mossy bogs (Flint <em>et al. </em>1984), especially where suitable shrubs (e.g. willow or birch) and herbaceous vegetation are available for nesting cover (Johnsgard 1978, Snow and Perrins 1998, Kear 2005). Although the species may use freshwater lakes on migration the majority moult and overwinter at sea on shallow inshore waters less than 20 m deep with abundant benthic fauna (Kear 2005), generally between 500 m and c.2 km from the shore (Snow and Perrins 1998). It arrives on its breeding grounds between late-April and May and breeds from late-May onwards (Madge and Burn 1988) in highly dispersed (Kear 2005) solitary pairs. The nest is a scrape on the ground hidden amongst vegetation (Carboneras and Kirwan 2017) close to water or placed further away in dwarf heath (Kear 2005). Its diet consists predominantly of molluscs, especially during the winter, although it occasionally takes other aquatic invertebrates such as crustaceans, worms (Carboneras and Kirwan 2017), echinoderms, isopods, amphipods (Kear 2005) and insects as well as small fish (Carboneras and Kirwan 2017) and fish eggs (Snow and Perrins 1998). On the breeding grounds the species may also consume plant matter such as seeds, roots and tubers (Carboneras and Kirwan 2017) and the vegetative parts of aquatic plants (Flint <em>et al.</em> 1984). This species is strongly migratory (Carboneras and Kirwan 2017).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The large concentrations of this species that occur during the moulting period and in winter are highly vulnerable to oil spills (Gorski <em>et al. </em>1977, Nikolaeva <em>et al.</em> 2006), chronic oil pollution, human disturbance and the degradation of food resources as a result of oil exploration (Nikolaeva <em>et al.</em> 2006). The species also suffers disturbance from high-speed ferries (Larsen and Laubek 2005) and populations wintering off the coasts of western Europe are threatened by offshore wind farms (Kear 2005, Fox and Petersen 2006, Petersen 2006). The effects of commercial exploitation of benthic shellfish also poses a threat (through competition for food resources), and the species's breeding habitats are threatened by eutrophication in some areas (Kear 2005). The species is susceptible to avian influenza so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006). The species is hunted in some areas (e.g. Bregnballe <em>et al.</em> 2006) and its eggs used to be (and possibly still are) harvested in Iceland (Gudmundsson 1979).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex II and III. CMS Appendix II. Current measures for the protection of this species are not sufficient and the species suffers from a lack of knowledge and research interest (Kear 2005). In the U.K. the species is listed as Red on the national Red List and is a U.K. Priority Species and Biodiversity Action Plan species. It is also listed as Endangered on the Red List of Baltic Wintering Birds (HELCOM 2013). Research and monitoring has been initiated by several organisations to identify the driving factors behind its decline and better understand the species's movements (WWT 2013).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Management actions at non-breeding sites are essential to maintain the health of this species. Measures should be taken to minimise bycatch in fisheries, regulate shipping traffic, implement and enforce hunting regulations (Bellebaum <em>et al.</em> 2012, HELCOM 2013), prevent accidental and chronic oil pollution and preserve feeding grounds (HELCOM 2013). Research and monitoring should continue, particularly into the effects of climate change on the species and its prey (Bellebaum <em>et al.</em> 2012).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A. & Rutherford, C.A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,ALAUDIDAE,Melanocorypha,bimaculata,,Melanocorypha bimaculata,"(Ménétries, 1832)",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>The bird is considered vagrant in the EU28 and is assessed as Not Applicable (NA) for this region.","In Europe, the population size is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Turkey, with small numbers in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 1,000,000–2,010,000 pairs, which equates to 2,000,000–4,020,000 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Open habitats, usually stony and less grassy terrain (Alström 2004), such as arid heath bordering cultivated land and shrubland (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>The breeding season occurs from late March or early April until mid-August. The nest is a loose cup of grass and rootlets, with thinner material internally than externally; the outside may be clad in pieces of paper, rags and dung. It is built in a depression in the ground, usually sheltered by a tussock or small bush. Clutches are from three to six eggs.<br/><br/>It feeds on insects and seeds, with insects as the principal food source during the breeding season.<br/><br/>The species is migratory, although it may be resident in parts of the extreme south of its range (Alström 2004).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There are currently no known significant threats to this species although land-use changes could potentially be a threat as is common among Asian larks (Alström 2004).,"<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Although this species is not threatened, it should be monitored for population changes and developing threats.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,ALAUDIDAE,Melanocorypha,calandra,,Melanocorypha calandra,"(Linnaeus, 1766)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Least Concern (LC)<br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.","In Europe, the population size is suspected to be decreasing by less than 25% in 10 years. In the EU28,&#160;the population trend is estimated to be stable over the same period. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species occurs around the Mediterranean basin, including Sardinia, Sicily and Crete and is spread eastwards towards the steppes of central Asia. In Europe, the species breeds mainly in Turkey, Russia and Iberia but smaller breeding populations occur elsewhere in southern and south-eastern Europe (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).","The European breeding population is estimated at 9,940,000-19,200,000 pairs, which equates to 19,800,000-38,400,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 4,270,000-6,410,000 pairs, which equates to 8,540,000-12,900,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occupies open plains, from steppes and pastures to extensive dry cereal cultivations and true steppe with dense grass cover. In the Mediterranean Basin it is mainly found in dry pastures and dry cultivations. In cultivated areas, it prefers fallows, long-fallows and field edges and to a lesser extent sown fields, selecting unirrigated legumes and barley fields. The species is monogamous and lays eggs from early April to July. The nest is made from grass stems and small leaves, lined with softer material and built in a shallow depression on the ground, often under a tussock.&#160; Clutches are usually three to six eggs (de Juana and Suárez 2004). Its diet is seasonal, feeding mostly on insects in the summers and seeds and grass shoots in the winter. The species is resident, forming large flocks in the autumn and winter (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","This species suffers declines due to agricultural intensification and the resultant land-use changes, for example the loss of fallows, changes from cereal crops to vineyards or olive groves and new irrigation (de Juana and Suárez 2004). The use of extensive sheep-rearing and afforestation schemes are also threats (de Juana and Suárez 2004). Hunting (Tucker and Heath 1994) and pesticide use (Papp and Fântână 2008) may also have contributed to declines.",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Broad habitats conservation measures are required for this species. Traditional land-use practices should be maintained such as low-intensity cereal cultivation and low-intensity livestock rearing. Research should focus on the biological processes affecting the distribution and abundance of this species (Tucker and Heath 1994).,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,ALAUDIDAE,Melanocorypha,yeltoniensis,,Melanocorypha yeltoniensis,"(Forster, 1767)",0,No,EN,D,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rapid rate, which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A).&#160;The population size is very small, and meets the thresholds for Endangered under the population size criterion D. As the decreasing trend is suspected however, criterion C cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Endangered in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/>This species does not breed in the EU28 and is therefore considered Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe, the population size is suspected to be decreasing by 40% in the past 10 years. It is also suspected to decline at the same rate between 2011-2021 and over the next ten years. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds in south-west Russia from just west of the River Volga east to Kazakhstan. During the winter it migrates to the Black Sea region and Caucasus (Alström 2004).","The European breeding population is estimated at 30–80 pairs, which equates to 60–150 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species frequents dry grassland dominated by Artemisia plants within the southern steppe sub-zone (lying between the typical steppe zone and the semi-desert zone in south Russia) and semi-desert zone. It avoids dense high grasses, preferring to nest in mosaics of short grass with low <em>Artemisia</em> shrubs and solonchaks (salt pans) ideally with water nearby (Tucker and Heath 1994).<br/><br/>The breeding season begins in late-March and ends in August, but starts a month later in the north than the south. The male performs a spectacular aerial display to attract a mate. Females build the nest in a depression in the ground, usually under a tuft of grass or plant. It is made from <em>Artemisia</em> or grass and lined with finer grass. Clutch size is typically four or five, however can be between two and eight eggs.<br/><br/>The diet consists principally of invertebrates and seeds. Reports differ on whether more seeds or invertebrates are consumed during the summer, however in the winter it is known to feed exclusively on seeds, digging through the snow to reach them (Alström 2004).<br/><br/>The species is a partial migrant with some individuals remaining in nomadic flocks through the winter. Others migrate W or WSW in September and October. Western birds winter in the Ukraine and south-east European Russia (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The species is threatened by the loss of steppe to cultivation and livestock farming (Alström 2004). Livestock also pose a threat through trampling (Tucker and Heath 1994).,"<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. The destruction of remaining grassland habitat by cultivation or overgrazing has been prevented in some areas of eastern Europe, but these areas will take some years to regenerate (Tucker and Heath 1994).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Dry grassland areas need to be protected both through nature reserves and with the aid of broader land-use policies (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Mergellus,albellus,,Mergellus albellus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The  population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The  population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does  not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons  the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28,this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). Although the population size  is small, the population trend appears  to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable  under the population size criteria (criteria C and D) or the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least  Concern in the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be stable. In Europe the wintering population size is estimated to be stable. In the EU28 the wintering population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in the European part of Russia, Finland and Sweden.","The European breeding population is estimated at 10,800–17,000 pairs (21,700–34,000 mature individuals), and the European wintering population is estimated at 48,700–166,000 individuals (32,400–111,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 2,800–7,000 pairs (5,600–13,900 mature individuals), and the wintering population in the EU28 is estimated at 28,600–44,600 individuals (19,000–29,800 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","It breeds on freshwater oligotrophic lakes, pools, oxbow lakes, backwaters of large slow-flowing rivers, muskegs (bogs) (Kear 2005) and flooded riverside woods (Johnsgard 1978, Snow and Perrins 1998) in the coniferous and mixed deciduous/evergreen forest zones (Snow and Perrins 1998, Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). It shows a preference for shallow water, and requires mature broadleaved trees with holes in which to nest (Johnsgard 1978). The species overwinters on large freshwater lakes, brackish coastal lagoons, estuaries (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020), reservoirs (Johnsgard 1978), ice-free rivers (Kear 2005) and sheltered coastal bays (Madge and Burn 1988) (although rarely on the open sea) (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020), often resting and feeding on small bodies of water or small streams when on passage (Kear 2005). It arrives on the breeding grounds from April (Kear 2005) or early-May and breeds from mid-May onwards (Madge and Burn 1988). The species nests in tree hollows (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020) up to 10 m or more above the ground (Kear 2005) in mature broadleaved trees (Johnsgard 1978). It may also nest in artificial nest boxes. Typically it lays seven to nine eggs (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). During the breeding season its diet consists predominantly of benthic aquatic invertebrates such as adult and larval, crustaceans, molluscs and polychaete worms, as well as fish (Kear 2005), amphibians and plant matter. During the winter and in early spring however the species mainly feeds on fish. This species is highly migratory (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Where it occurs in large numbers on coastal waters the species is particularly vulnerable to oil pollution (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). Populations declined in Europe throughout the 19th and 20th centuries due to habitat degradation and loss (e.g. the loss of mature trees in river valleys as a result of logging, conversion to agriculture and river canalisation). The species has also suffered local declines as a result of predation by American Mink (<em>Neovison vison</em>) (Kear 2005) and is susceptible to avian influenza, therefore it may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006). The species is susceptible to a certain amount of hunting pressure when on passage and during the winter (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). Climate change is also affecting the range of this species (Pavón-Jordán <em>et al.</em> 2015).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I.  The total population of this species wintering in north-east Europe has increased from 6% to a third in two decades. SPAs have proven effective in accommodating this range shift, with population growth in this region doubling inside EU Birds Directive's SPAs compared to those outside over the last 25 years (Pavón-Jordán <em>et al.</em> 2015).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Gaps in the current network of protected areas need to be filled and national and international assessments of the EU Natura 2000 network should be made regularly (Pavón-Jordán <em>et al.</em> 2015). Strict legislation on oil transportation needs to be implemented and enforced to minimise the risk of spills. Investigation into the impacts of American Mink should be undertaken and suitable eradication methods trialled. In areas where the species is hunted, research and legislation is needed to ensure that it is sustainable.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Mergus,merganser,,Mergus merganser,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The  population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The  population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does  not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons  the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28,this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size  is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears  to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds  for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least  Concern in the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to  be increasing, while the wintering population size is estimated to be  stable. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary  information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Sweden, Finland and Russia, with significant numbers in the United Kingdom and Norway.<br/><p></p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 81,000-134,000 pairs  (162,000-267,000 mature individuals), and the European wintering  population is estimated at 179,000-275,000 individuals (119,000-184,000  mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 63,000-105,000 pairs (126,000-209,000 mature individuals), and the wintering  population in the EU28 is estimated at 160,000-245,000 individuals  (106,000-164,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates,  see the supplementary information.","The species breeds on large clear freshwater lakes, pools, the upper reaches of rivers (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020) and streams in the boreal, montane (Kear 2005) and temperate forest zones (Johnsgard 1978). It requires waters with a fairly high productivity of fish surrounded by mature hardwood trees with holes excavated by woodpeckers or natural cavities for nesting in (Kear 2005). The species winters on large unfrozen lakes, rivers, lagoons, brackish waters and marshes, generally avoiding highly saline waters (Madge and Burn 1988) although it may move to estuaries, coastal lagoons and sheltered sea coasts with waters less than 10 m deep in particularly harsh winters (Scott and Rose 1996). The species arrives on its breeding areas between March and May (Scott and Rose 1996), actually breeding as early as late-March (although often considerably later in more northerly regions) (Madge and Burn 1988).The species nests in holes excavated by large woodpeckers or natural cavities in mature hardwood trees with entry holes more than 15 m above the ground (Kear 2005). When natural tree-nesting sites are not available the species will use artificial nestboxes (Johnsgard 1978, Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020) or may nest in rock clefts (Flint et al. 1984), among tree roots in undercut banks, on cliff ledges or in dense scrub or loose boulders on islands (Kear 2005). Clutches are usually eight to twelve eggs. Its diet consists predominantly of fish, but may also include aquatic invertebrates (such as molluscs, crustaceans, worms, and adult and larval insects), amphibians, small mammals and birds (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). Northern breeding populations of this species are fully migratory (Snow and Perrins 1998) although breeders in temperate regions are sedentary or only travel short distances (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is subject to persecution by anglers and fish-farmers who accuse it of depleting fish stocks (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). The species is also threatened by the degradation of freshwater lakes through drainage and petroleum pollution in Russia (Grishanov 2006). The species is susceptible to avian influenza so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006). The species is hunted in Russia (Grishanov 2006) (although it is not a popular game bird (Kear 2005)), and its eggs used to be (and possibly still are) harvested in Iceland (Gudmundsson 1979).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II.  EU Birds Directive Annex II.  There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The erection of nest boxes may encourage the use of local areas by this species (Kear 2005). Future research to inform the conservation and management of this species should include investigations into its breeding requirements, winter habitats and population size (Mallory and Metz 1999). Strict legislation on petroleum drilling and transport should be enforced and important areas protected from drainage and other habitat modifications. Research into the impact this species has on fish stocks and ways to minimise conflict should be established.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Mergus,serrator,,Mergus serrator,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,NT,A2bcde+4bcde,No,NT,A2bcde+3bcde+4bcde,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D).&#160;&#160;The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a moderately rapid rate, which approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion A, and is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT) within both Europe and the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside either region, and therefore the final categories remain unchanged.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to have decreased at a rate approaching 30% in the past 16 years (three generations) and is expected to decline at the same rate between 2005-2021.&#160;These trends were determined using the calculations made with the IUCN Criterion A tool, and on the information on the declines in parts of Russia. Calculations were based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","In Europe, this species breeds mainly in Finland and Sweden, and also notably in Norway and Russia.<br/>It winters largely in Denmark, and also notably in Norway, the United Kingdom, Greenland, Sweden, Germany, Iceland and the Netherlands.","The European breeding population is estimated at 70,900-141,000 pairs, which equates to 141,000-282,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 44,600-73,900 pairs, which equates to 89,300-148,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds along the wooded shorelines (Kear 2005) of deep lakes, small rivers and streams (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020) with moderate currents, in the tundra, boreal and temperate forest zones, as well as on more saline waters such as sheltered shallow bays, inlets, straits or estuaries with sandy rather than muddy substrates. It shows a preference for narrow channels rather than open expanses of water, with islands or islets and spits, projecting rocks or grassy banks (Snow and Perrins 1998). The majority of the species winters at sea, frequenting both inshore and offshore waters, estuaries, bays and brackish lagoons (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020) but showing a preference for clear, shallow waters not affected by heavy wave action (Johnsgard 1978). It will also utilise large freshwater lakes on passage (Madge and Burn 1988). It breeds from April or May (later in northern populations) (Kear 2005). The nest is constructed within 25 m of water in a variety of locations such as natural cavities on the ground, burrows (Kear 2005, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020), under boulders (Madge and Burn 1988), amongst tree or scrub roots (Snow and Perrins 1998), in tree cavities, artificial nest boxes (Madge and Burn 1988), amongst reeds or on floating reed mats (Flint <em>et al.</em> 1984).  Clutch size is normally eight to ten. Its diet consists predominantly of small, shoaling marine or freshwater fish, as well as small amounts of plant material and aquatic invertebrates. This species is fully migratory (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020) although in temperate regions it only undertakes short distance movements to nearby coasts (Scott and Rose 1996)<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is subject to persecution and may be shot by anglers and fish-farmers who accuse it of depleting fish stocks. It is also threatened by accidental entanglement and drowning in fishing nets (Kear 2005). Alterations to its breeding habitats by dam construction and deforestation, and habitat degradation from water pollution are other major threats to the species (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). It is also susceptible to avian influenza so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006). The species is hunted in Denmark (Bregnballe <em>et al.</em> 2006), although it may not be a popular game species (Kear 2005). The eggs of the species also used to be (and possibly still are) harvested in Iceland (Gudmundsson 1979).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II.  EU Birds Directive Annex II.  The breeding density of this species increased on islands in the outer archipelago of south-west Finland as a result of feral American Mink (<em>Neovison vison</em>) removal (Nordstrom <em>et al.</em> 2002).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The erection of nest boxes may encourage the use of local areas by this species. Strict legislation on petroleum drilling and transport should be enforced and measures to reduce bycatch implemented and enforced. Important areas should be protected from drainage and other habitat modifications. Research into the impact this species has on fish stocks and ways to minimise conflict should be established.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CORACIIFORMES,MEROPIDAE,Merops,apiaster,,Merops apiaster,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. <br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Spain, but also notably in Russia, Romania and Portugal.","The European breeding population is estimated at 3,680,000-5,600,000 pairs, which equates to 7,370,000-11,200,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 3,330,000-4,960,000 pairs, which equates to 6,670,000-9,920,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species inhabits broad river valleys, pasture and cultivated land with shelter-belts and scattered trees; sunny hillsides, meadows, clover fields, plains, dissected steppe, shrubby riverbanks in semi-desert, and practically any open and well-timbered country, such as cork-oak woods, olive groves, tamarisks, rice fields, cereal and root crops, and Mediterranean macchia scrub. Egg-laying is from May to June, in Europe and clutches can be from four to ten eggs. The nest is a burrow, which is occasionally excavated in flat or sloping sandy ground but more often in an earthen cliff (Fry and Boesman 2014). It feeds on flying insects, primarily Hymenoptera, and it hunts from perches. The species is migratory and winters almost entirely within Africa (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In the past the species has been killed as an apiary pest in Moldova, Hungary, Russia and Azerbaijan but present attitudes are unknown. Large numbers are shot in Malta and Cyprus each year (Tucker and Heath 1994). In the long term, greater threats are likely to be depression of insect faunas by the wide scale application of pesticides, increases in large-scale crop monoculture, the canalization of rivers resulting in the loss of riverbank nesting sites, and the development of wilderness land (Fry and Boesman 2014).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known, specific conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Food availability may be difficult to increase and may not be the limiting factor of bee-eater populations in any case; this may be nest-site availability. If so the provision of small sand cliffs free of vegetation, erosion and interference would be beneficial for this species. The implementation and enforcement of legislation could reduce the number of birds shot in Malta, Cyprus and other counties with high levels of hunting (Tucker and Heath 1994). Research should be undertaken to identify the limiting factors of this species to help inform future conservation measures.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CORACIIFORMES,MEROPIDAE,Merops,persicus,,Merops persicus,"Pallas, 1773",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>The species is considered vagrant in the EU28 and is assessed as Not Applicable (NA) for this region.","In Europe, the population size trend is suspected to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds mainly in Azerbaijan, but also notably in Russia, with small populations also present in Turkey and Armenia.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 8,400-27,800 pairs, which equates to 16,900-55,600 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In its breeding grounds, this species occupies semi-desert, steppe, dunes, saline pans, cultivation, thorn woodland and sandy slopes with small gulleys, ravines, quarries, pits and embankments. It breeds mainly in sand deserts near bodies of water fringed with reeds and tamarisks. Eggs generally are laid from March to June, but in any one region all birds lay within three weeks of each other. It nests solitarily, or more commonly in loose colonies (Fry and Kirwan 2012). The nest is a tunnel one to two metres long ending in an enlarged chamber, excavated into sloping ground, vertical bank or even nearly flat ground (Snow and Perrins 1998). Clutch size is typically seven or eight eggs (Fry and Kirwan 2012). It feeds entirely on winged insects, such as dragonflies and damselflies which are important throughout the year. The species is migratory and winters almost entirely within Africa (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species suffers from human disturbance, particularly in colonies near human habitation. Agricultural development can destroy or displace flat-ground colonies (Fry and Kirwan 2012).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known specific conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Nesting sites should be protected from disturbance during the breeding season and as well as the development of agriculture. Research should be undertaken into the impacts posed by agriculture and disturbance as well as studies examining factors of nest site selection (Yuan <em>et al. </em>2006).,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,SULIFORMES,PHALACROCORACIDAE,Microcarbo,pygmaeus,,Microcarbo pygmaeus,"(Pallas, 1773)",<em>Microcarbo pygmaeus</em>&#160;(del Hoyo and Collar 2014)&#160;was previously placed in the genus <em>Phalacrocorax</em>.,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The   population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The   population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does   not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons   the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28 this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population  size  is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The  population trend appears  to be increasing, and hence the species does  not approach the thresholds  for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons  the species is evaluated as Least  Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is estimated to  be increasing, and the wintering population size is estimated to be  stable. In the EU28 both the breeding population size and the wintering population size are estimated to be  increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary  information.","<p>In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Azerbaijan and Romania, with significant numbers also in Russia, Montenegro, Greece, Turkey, Armenia, Ukraine and Italy.</p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 42,300-55,500 pairs  (84,600-111,000 mature individuals), and the European wintering  population is estimated at 53,300-134,000 individuals (35,500-89,000  mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 16,100-18,300 pairs (32,300-36,600 mature individuals), and the wintering  population in the EU28 is estimated at 16,400-38,500 individuals  (10,900-25,700 mature individuals). For details of national estimates,  see the supplementary information.","The species occurs in reedbeds, transition zones between reedbeds and open waters, extensively grazed or mowed shores and wet meadows and, in winter, in coastal wetlands, along rivers, and sometimes on inland lakes (Johnsgard 1993, Crivelli <em>et al.</em> 2000, BirdLife International 2004, Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020The nest is a deep cup of sticks and reeds built near or over water in trees, bushes, reedbeds or on floating islets of vegetation (Johnsgard 1993, Nelson <em>et al.</em> 2005, Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). The species breeds between April and July in large mixed-species colonies, leaving the breeding grounds towards the end of August and returning between March and April (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). The species is sedentary over much of its range with some populations migrating over short distances (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). Throughout the year it normally feeds singly or in small groups (Nelson <em>et al.</em> 2005, Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). Diet consists predominantly of fish up to 15 cm long (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by the degradation of wetlands through drainage for agriculture (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020) and changes in hydrological regimes (Eken and Magnin 1999, Kazantzidis and Nazirides 1999, Crivelli <em>et al.</em> 2000) including increased eutrophication. It also suffers persecution from the aquaculture industry (Eken and Magnin 1999, Kazantzidis and Nazirides 1999, Crivelli <em>et al.</em> 2000, Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). In south-east Europe, conservation measures have ameliorated the most important threats (Crivelli <em>et al.</em> 2000), although concern still exists regarding habitat destruction and persecution in its wintering range (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). It is particularly vulnerable to being caught as bycatch in gillnet fisheries (Žydelis <em>et al.</em> 2013). It is also susceptible to marine pollution, such as biocides and pesticides caused by agricultural run-off.","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Appendix I of the Convention on Migratory Species, and is covered by the African Eurasian Waterbird Agreement. It is listed under Annex II of the Bern Convention and Annex I of the EU Birds Directive. It is currently listed within 182 Important Bird Areas. Within the EU it is currently listed within 189 Special Protection Areas. In 1993 a Greek National Plan of Action was developed for the species (Kazantzidis and Nazirides 1999).  <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Improved management of wetlands and increased regulation of water extraction and water pollution for inshore water bodies. Identification and designation of protected sites. Monitoring of bycatch in inshore coastal areas and application of bycatch mitigation measures where appropriate.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ACCIPITRIFORMES,ACCIPITRIDAE,Milvus,migrans,,Milvus migrans,"(Boddaert, 1783)","<em>Milvus migrans</em> and <em>M. lineatus</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) have been lumped following AERC TAC, a treatment supported by review by the BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group of the <em>Milvus</em> phylogeny presented by Johnson <em>et al.</em> (2005) which nests <em>lineatus </em>within the <em>migrans</em> clade. Johnson <em>et al</em><em>.</em> (2005) show that yellow-billed populations belonging to <em>aegyptius</em> and <em>parasitus</em> do form a separate clade but the authors point out that further studies are needed to help clarify sister relationships within the group. For these reasons it is felt premature to split members of <em>M. migrans</em>. <p></p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><br/>In both Europe and the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The  population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The  population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does  not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/><br/>For these reasons  the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the population size trend is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","<p>In Europe, the species' stronghold is Russia, with smaller but significant numbers breeding in France, Spain and Germany.</p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 186,000-254,000 pairs (372,000-507,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 51,300-63,500 pairs (102,000-127,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","This species is found almost ubiquitously throughout habitats. It inhabits semi-deserts, cultivated areas and fragmented woodland, preferring areas below 1,000 m with adjacent aquatic environments. In Europe, unlike elsewhere in its range, it generally avoids breeding in urban areas (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). It arrives at its breeding grounds between February and May (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001) and can be loosely colonial or a solitary breeder. Eggs are laid between March and June. It normally nests in the fork or on the branch of a tree but will also use cliff ledges and man-made structures.<br/><br/>The nest is constructed from sticks and lined with materials such as rags, plastic, paper, dung or skin and it, or at least the nest site, will be re-used annually. Clutch size is normally two or three eggs. An extremely versatile feeder, it takes carrion as well as live birds, mammals, fish, lizards, amphibians and invertebrates. Also human refuse has become a plentiful food source in many areas. The species is mainly migratory, with birds from Europe wintering in sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East (Orta <em>et al. </em>2020). It is generally a gregarious species, with birds often roosting communally and migrating in scattered flocks (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001, Orta <em>et al. </em>2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species has suffered historically as a result of poisoning, shooting and the pollution of water by pesticides and other chemicals (Orta <em>et al. </em>2020). Carcass poisoning and water pollution continues to drive declines in Europe. Whilst it is well-suited to the presence of humans, particularly in terms of its diet, the modernisation of cities has been shown to reduce available habitat (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). It is very highly vulnerable to the effects of potential wind energy development (Strix 2012).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CITES Appendix II. CMS Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are no known conservation actions currently in place. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Stricter legislation against poisoning, shooting and pollution should be developed and enforced. Suitable impact assessments should be made for wind energy developments.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Piggott, A., Grice, H., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ACCIPITRIFORMES,ACCIPITRIDAE,Milvus,milvus,,Milvus milvus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","<em>Milvus milvus</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) was split into <em>M. milvus</em> and <em>M. fasciicauda</em> by Hazevoet (1995), but for reasons given in Johnson <em>et al</em>. (2005) this treatment has not been adopted by the BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group.<br/><p></p>",Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong><br/></strong>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This is very much a European species (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). It breeds from Spain and Portugal east through central Europe to Ukraine, north to southern Sweden, Latvia and the U.K., and south to southern Italy. Populations winter within the western breeding range, and formerly in isolated patches south and east to eastern Turkey (Knott <em>et al.</em> 2009).","The European breeding population is estimated at 32,500-38,300 pairs, which equates to 65,100-76,600 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 29,700-34,800 pairs, which equates to 59,400-69,600 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds in broadleaf woodlands and forests, mixed with farmland, pasture and heathland. In winter it also occupies farmland without trees, wasteland, scrub and wetlands. Formerly an urban scavenger, it still visits the edges of towns and cities. Eggs are laid between March and May. The nest is a platform of sticks, often with rags or plastic incorporated, and normally lined with wool. It is built in a fork or on a wide side branch of a tree (coniferous or broadleaf), in forests, woods or clump of trees. Each pair normally has several nests, using the same one each year or alternating. Clutches range between one to four eggs, normally two but sometimes three. It takes a wide range of food, but feeds mainly on carrion and small to medium-sized mammals and birds. Reptiles, amphibians and invertebrates are less important prey. Most birds in north-east Europe are migratory, wintering mainly in southern France and Iberia, but with some travelling as far as Africa (Orta <em>et al. </em>2020). Migrants travel south from their breeding grounds between August and November, returning between February and April (Snow and Perrins 1998). Birds are usually seen singly or in pairs, but sometimes form small flocks, possibly family groups, when soaring on migration (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The most pertinent threat to this species is illegal direct poisoning to kill predators of livestock and game animals (targeting foxes, wolves, corvids etc.) and indirect poisoning from pesticides and secondary poisoning from consumption of poisoned rodents by rodenticides spread on farmland to control vole plagues, particularly in the wintering ranges in France and Spain, where it is driving rapid population declines (A. Aebischer <em>in litt.</em> 2009); there is a strong correlation between rapid declines and those populations that winter in Spain (Carter 2007). The Spanish government released more than 1,500 tons of rodenticide-treated baits over about 500,000 ha to fight against a common vole plague in agricultural lands between August 2007 and April 2008; records of Red Kites dying by secondary poisoning in treated areas resulted (J. Vinuela <em>in litt.</em> 2009). Illegal poisoning is also a serious threat to the species in north Scotland, with 40% of birds found dead between 1989 and 2006 having been killed by poisoning (Smart <em>et al. </em>2010). In France, populations disappeared at the same rate as conversion from grasslands to cereal crops (P. Tourret <em>in litt. </em>2009). The decline of grazing livestock and farming intensification leading to chemical pollution, homogenization of landscapes and ecological impoverishment also threatens the species (Knott <em>et al. </em>2009). Wind turbines are a potentially serious future threat (Duchamp 2003, Mammen <em>et al. </em>2009, P. Tourret <em>in litt.</em> 2009) and more research needs to be conducted to assess the level of threat windfarms pose to the species. Other less significant threats include electrocution and collision with powerlines (Mionnet 2007, P. Tourret <em>in litt.</em> 2009),  hunting and trapping (Mionnet 2007, P. Tourret <em>in litt. </em>2009), road-kills, deforestation, egg-collection (on a local scale) and possibly competition with the generally more successful Black Kite (<em>Milvus migrans</em>) (Cardiel <em>in litt.</em> 2000, Ferguson-Lees <em>et al.</em> 2001, Cardiel and Viñuela 2007, Mammen 2007). Another factor implicated in the declines in France and Spain is a decrease in the number of rubbish dumps (Cardiel and Viñuela 2007, Mionnet 2007).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. CITES Appendix II. Annex II Bern Convention. The species is on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive and is the focus of close monitoring and targeted conservation actions across most of its range, including reintroduction to parts of the U.K. since 1989 (English Nature 1995, RSPB 2007). Since 2007, further reintroduction projects are aiming to re-establish the species in Tuscany and in the Marche (Italy), the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland - the first breeding attempt in the Republic was recorded in 2009. An EU species action plan for the Red Kite was published in 2009 (Knott <em>et al.</em> 2009). National species action plans are in place in Germany, France, the Balearic Islands and Denmark, and a draft national action plan is in place in Portugal. Ongoing research in Germany aims to examine further the impact of windfarms on the breeding population of this species. In 2007, for the first time, three young birds in France were fitted with satellite transmitters, although only one provided regular information (Mionnet 2007). In Spain, radio-tracking was carried out in Segovia in 2006-2007.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Continue to monitor population trends and breeding productivity. Continue to manage reintroduction projects. Regulate the use of pesticides, especially in France and Spain. Reduce persecution through law enforcement, prosecutions and awareness campaigns. Carry out further studies into the impact of changing land-use practices. Lobby for changes in EU and national agricultural policies. Increase the area of suitable woodland and forest with protected status. Work with land-owners to protect habitat and prevent persecution. Consider extending supplementary feeding to more areas of low food availability. Ensure national legislation on animal by-products takes into account the needs of scavengers. Promote control on feeding stations to be compliant with sanitary regulations.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Alonso, H., Ashpole, J, Bernardin, C., Burfield, I., David, F., Gustin, M., Ieronymidou, C., Katzenberger, J., Knaus, P., López-Jiménez, N., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MUSCICAPIDAE,Monticola,saxatilis,,Monticola saxatilis,"(Linnaeus, 1766)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. <br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds mainly in Turkey, but also notably in Greece, Armenia and Italy and in smaller numbers in most countries in southern Europe.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 89,500-286,000 pairs, which equates to 179,000-572,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 21,400-38,500 pairs, which equates to 42,800-76,900 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds on wild rocky mountain slopes and stony hills up to 3,800 m near patches of herbs or small shrubs which are used as foraging sites (Tucker and Heath 1994). In Europe it breeds from May to June. It is territorial and the male performs display-flights over its territory. The nest is a neat flat cup of coarse grass, rootlets and moss, lined with moss and fine rootlets. Normally it is placed under a rock overhang or in a horizontal rock crevice, wall or ruin, sometimes under a boulder on steep hillside and occasionally in a tree hole. Nest sites are often used successively, including from year to year. Clutches are typically four to six eggs. It feeds principally on insects but also fruit and berries (Collar and Bonan 2013). Typically it forages by surveying from a perch then flying to the ground to take prey (Tucker and Heath 1994). The species is a nocturnal trans-Saharan migrant (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). European birds begin to leave their breeding grounds from August to September. Aside from a small number wintering in the southern Arabian Peninsula, the entire species overwinters in Africa (Collar and Bonan 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Declines in Europe may be owing to habitat loss in both summer and winter quarters through afforestation and tourism development, as well as succession following pastoral abandonment in Europe. The proportion of upland pasture (i.e. overgrazed, barren hill country) in Franconia fell from 20% in 1850 to 1% in 1995 (Collar and Bonan 2013).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The protection of its mountainous breeding grounds should be ensured by preventing afforestation, regulating tourism and preserving pastoral practices. Monitoring programmes and research into species's ecology will help develop future conservation measures.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MUSCICAPIDAE,Monticola,solitarius,,Monticola solitarius,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds mainly in Turkey, but also notably in Greece, Croatia, Italy and Spain.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 100,000-232,000 pairs, which equates to 201,000-463,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is suspected at 43,300-89,300 pairs, which equates to 86,600-179,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","During the breeding season this species is found on precipitous cliffs, in steep rocky valleys and defiles, ravines and gorges, on crags, outcrops, arid boulder-strewn slopes, sea cliffs and headlands, rocky coasts, ruins, quarries and open mines, isolated stone buildings, churches in rural valleys. In areas of southern Europe where <em>Turdus merula</em> is absent it frequents the roofs of houses, churches, castles and monuments and will occasionally invades urban environments. The key habitat features for this species appear to be vertical faces (cliffs, buildings) and diverse vegetation over 20-80% of area. In Europe, during the winter it may occupy habitats rarely used for breeding, such as olive orchards. In Iberia breeding occurs from the end April to mid-July. The nest is a shallow cup or rough pad of coarse dry grass, rootlets, moss and leaves, loosely constructed and lined with fine soft grass, rootlets and occasional feathers and plant down. It is generally sited under a rock overhang, in a crevice of cliff, rock, bank, cave or building and sometimes in a tree hole, generally two to five metres above ground. Clutches are three to six eggs. It feeds on invertebrates, small vertebrates and fruit. In Europe the species is sedentary and a partial migrant (Collar 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","From 1970 to 1990 the species suffered declines in Spain and Italy as a result of new coastal tourist developments, flooding of canyons and gorges for reservoirs, renovation of old towers and churches, and afforestation and regrowth of matorral following pastoral abandonment. However in Spain these pressures do not explain declines in all areas (Collar 2015). In Malta the species has been driven to occupy inaccessible coastal areas by persecution, such as nest robbing and catching of birds, and human disturbance (Tucker and Heath 1994, Collar 2015).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Conservation measures for this species should include the protection of habitat in coastal regions and long inland river systems. Basic information on population numbers should be obtained through census and monitoring work, especially in Portugal, Italy, Turkey and Greece. Research is needed to investigate reasons for declines in areas where the causes are not apparent (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PASSERIDAE,Montifringilla,nivalis,,Montifringilla nivalis,"(Linnaeus, 1766)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Turkey, with smaller numbers in most countries with mountainous regions in Central and Southern Europe and the Caucasus.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 127,000-560,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 255,000-1,120,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 15,900-28,900 pairs, which equates to 31,800-57,800 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occupies barren rocky ground with cliffs, as well as meadows above the tree-line and up to the snow-line. It is frequently found near buildings where these are present at high altitudes (Summers-Smith and Bonan 2016). Breeding occurs from May to June. The nest is placed in a crevice or cavity in a rock face, boulder scree, earth bank or similar and is a bulky but neat construction of dry grass with roots, plant stalks, moss and lichen, lined with fine plant material, feathers wool and hair. Clutches are four or five eggs (Snow and Perrins 1998). It feeds mainly on seeds in the winter and insects at other times of the year. It also takes scraps at ski resorts. The species is manly resident but descends to lower altitudes in winter (Summers-Smith and Bonan 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",This species is threatened by the future effects of climate change (Maggini <em>et al.</em> 2014).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known specific conservation measures for this species.<br/><strong><br/>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The habitat of this species should be preserved and protected from human disturbance. The current network of protected sites should be reviewed to ensure suitable habitat is contained within these areas now and in the future (Maggini <em>et al.</em> 2014). Little research has been done on this species and more studies would help inform future conservation measures.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,SULIFORMES,SULIDAE,Morus,bassanus,,Morus bassanus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds principally in the United Kingdom, and also notably in Ireland and Iceland.","The European breeding population is estimated at 410,000-412,000 pairs, which equates to 821,000-823,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 360,000-361,000 pairs, which equates to 721,000-722,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species nests in large colonies on cliffs and offshore islands, but also on the mainland. This strictly marine species wanders mostly over continental shelves, feeding on shoaling pelagic fish such as herring (<em>Clupea harengus</em>), mackerel (<em>Scomber scombrus</em>), sprat (<em>Sprattus sprattus</em>) and sandeels (<em>Ammodytes</em>). Prey is mostly caught by plunge-diving from large heights. It also attends trawlers and will form large congregations where food is plentiful. Breeding is highly seasonal starting between March and April. Young birds will migrate to the extreme south of its range, whereas adults range less extensively but still regularly winter in the Mediterranean (Carboneras <em>et al</em>. 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Overfishing and prey depletion is likely to affect this species, although populations in the U.K. and Ireland were not seriously affected by Shetland sandeel stock crash in the mid 1980s (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2013). Incidental capture in fishing gear, including in longlines and purse seines also poses a threat; and the species was the most commonly caught along the Portuguese mainland coast (Oliveira <em>et al.</em> 2015). The species is hunted for food in some places, for example, a small annual harvest is carried out on Sula Sgeir, off north-west Scotland. The small population of northern Norway has suffered local declines and extinctions thought to be mainly due to harassment by White-tailed Eagles (<em>Haliaeetus albicilla</em>). The species is considered at high risk from collisions with offshore wind turbines (Bradbury <em>et al</em>. 2014).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on the African Eurasian Waterbird Agreements. It is covered by the EU Birds Directive as a regularly occurring migratory species. It is currently listed within 34 marine Important Bird Areas. Within the EU it is currently listed within nine Special Protection Areas. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Identification and protection of important sites at sea. Collection of more information on individual movements to assist careful placement of offshore wind farms. On-board monitoring programmes on fishing vessels to determine the number of birds caught across the region, and implementation of bycatch mitigation measures where appropriate.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MOTACILLIDAE,Motacilla,alba,,Motacilla alba,"Linnaeus, 1758","<em>Motacilla alba</em> and <em>M. lugens</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) have been lumped into <em>M. alba</em> following AOU (2005). <em>Motacilla alba</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) was split by Sangster <em>et al</em>. (1998) into <em>M. alba</em>, <em>M. alboides</em>, <em>M. baicalensis</em>, <em>M. leucopsis</em>, <em>M. ocularis</em>, <em>M. personata</em> and <em>M. subpersonata </em>but this treatment is not followed by the BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group because no vocal, morphological or phylogenetic evidence is provided by Sangster <em>et al</em>. (1998) and Alström <em>et al</em>. (2003) notes that all contiguously distributed subspecies of <em>M. alba</em> interbreed. Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993) and Sangster <em>et al</em>. (1998) also split <em>M. lugens</em> from <em>M. alba</em> but these taxa are also lumped following AOU (2005).   <p></p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. <br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds largely in Russia, but also notably in Spain and Belarus, with smaller population in most other countries in Europe.","The European breeding population is estimated at 15,100,000-25,600,000 pairs, which equates to 30,300,000-51,100,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 6,880,000-10,500,000 pairs, which equates to 13,700,000-21,000,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits a very wide variety of non-forested wet and dry habitats, including seashores, rocky or sandy upland rivers and slow-moving lowland rivers, lakeshores, farmland, gardens, parks, short grassland such as that found in vicinity of factories in towns and cities. It is also often found in towns and villages. In southern and south-eastern Europe, it breeds from late April to mid-July. It is monogamous and both sexes build the nest which is a rough cup of twigs, grass stems, leaves, rootlets and mosses, lined with hair, wool or feathers and placed in a hole or crevice in a riverbank, wall or bridge. It also often nests in buildings or even machinery. Clutches are three to eight eggs. It feeds on a wide range of small terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates, as well as fish fry, crumbs and other household scraps. In western and southern Europe some populations of the nominate race and of <em>yarrellii</em> are resident but northern populations of the latter are partial migrants (Tyler 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Climate change is thought to affect the timing of migration for this species (Ahas and Aasa 2006,&#160;Sokolov and Gordienko 2008,&#160;Kullberg&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2015).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Further research into the effects of climate change on this species should be undertaken.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MOTACILLIDAE,Motacilla,cinerea,,Motacilla cinerea,"Tunstall, 1771",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds largely notably in Romania and Spain, with smaller populations in most countries across Europe.","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,120,000-2,380,000 pairs, which equates to 2,240,000-4,750,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 965,000-1,940,000 pairs, which equates to 1,930,000-3,880,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits fast-flowing mountain streams and rivers with riffles and exposed rocks or shoals, often in forested areas. It is also found in more lowland watercourses, even canals, where there are artificial waterfalls, weirs, millraces or lock gates. Outside of the breeding season it occupies a wider variety of habitats, including farmyards, sewage farms, forest tracks and even town centres (Tyler 2016). The breeding season is from the end of March to Early August, however in Europe, most eggs are laid from April to May (Snow and Perrins 1998). It is monogamous and both sexes build the nest which is a typical platform and cup of coarser material, lined with finer grasses, root fibres and often horse hair. It is generally sited on a rock ledge, in a crevice in a riverbank, or often on a ledge in a wall, under a bridge or in a drainpipe. Clutches can be from three to seven eggs. It feeds mainly on insects but also takes freshwater shrimps (<em>Gammarus</em>), terrestrial snails (Mollusca) and spiders (Araneae) (Tyler 2016). The species is mainly a partial migrant in central and Atlantic regions of Europe, a full migrant in northern and eastern Europe and resident or locally dispersive in Britain, Ireland, Belgium, France, Iberia and the Mediterranean (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is vulnerable to severe winters which may produce significant although short term declines (Hagemeijer and Bair 1997, Tyler 2016).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MOTACILLIDAE,Motacilla,citreola,,Motacilla citreola,"Pallas, 1776","<em>Motacilla citreola</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) was split by Pavlova <em>et al</em>. (2003) into two separate species <em>M. citreola</em> and <em>M. werae</em>, nested within <em>M. flava</em>.<br/><br/>The BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group find this treatment counter-intuitive and follow the treatment of Tyler (2004) in recognising <em>flava </em>as one large polytypic species and<em> citreola </em>as one small polytypic species pending a more coherent and complete analysis of the molecular and morphological evidence.  <p></p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC</strong><strong><sup>°</sup>)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is small enough to approach the threshold for Vulnerable under criterion D1, and it therefore qualifies as Near Threatened. However, given the extremely large, increasing neighbouring population, there is significant potential for rescue from outside the region. The final category is therefore downlisted by one category to Least Concern (LC°) within the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia, and also notably in Ukraine.","The European breeding population is estimated at 401,000-574,000 pairs, which equates to 803,000-1,150,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 460-850 pairs, which equates to 920-1,700 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occupies marshes, the edges of lakes, willow (<em>Salix</em>) thickets and wet rough grassland in tundra, also areas of willow bushes on mountain meadows and sometimes in fields near villages. It breeds from April to June with breeding beginning later in the north. The nest is a cup of moss and plant leaves and stems, lined with hair, wool and feathers and sited on the ground in grassy vegetation. Typically it lays three to six eggs. The diet includes a wide variety of invertebrates, often aquatic, and their larvae. The species is migratory, wintering in the Indian subcontinent (Tyler and Kirwan 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There are currently no known significant threats to this species.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Further research focusing on the status and threats to the European populations would help inform future conservation measures.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MOTACILLIDAE,Motacilla,flava,,Motacilla flava,"Linnaeus, 1758","<em>Motacilla flava</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) was split into <em>M. flava</em> and <em>M. tschutschensis</em> by AOU (2004), but this treatment is not followed by the BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group owing to the unresolved relationships of several other subspecies in the <em>flava </em>complex, which means that geographical and taxonomic limits cannot yet be put on the two taxa if classified as separate species. This approach is also in line with the recent treatment by Tyler (2004).  <p></p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. <br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is estimated to be decreasing by 6% (best estimate) in 10 years. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 9% (best estimate) over the same period. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds largely in Russia and Romania. It also breeds notably in Poland, Spain and Ukraine, with relatively smaller populations in most other countries in Europe.","The European breeding population is estimated at 13,300,000-18,000,000 pairs, which equates to 26,700,000-36,000,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 7,900,000-10,600,000 pairs, which equates to 15,800,000-21,200,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occupies a range of damp or wet habitats with low vegetation, from damp meadows, marshes, waterside pastures, sewage farms and bogs to damp steppe and grassy tundra. In the north of its range it is also found in large forest clearings. It breeds from April to August, although this varies with latitude. The nest is a grass cup lined with hair and placed on or close to the ground in a shallow scrape. Normally it lays four to six eggs. It feeds on a wide variety of terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates as well as some plant material, particularly seeds. The species is migratory with European populations wintering in sub-Saharan Africa (Tyler and Christie 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Declines in some countries have been linked to agricultural intensification, especially wetland drainage and the replacement of grasslands with cereals. In addition the use of pesticides and the dumping of manure may also be a threat (Tyler and Christie 2016). Populations breeding in southern Europe are likely to be adversely affected by degradation of the Sahel (Wood 1992).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>This species would benefit from the promotion of traditional, low-intensity farming and a reduction in the use of pesticides and fertiliser. Further research on the effects of threats in the wintering grounds on European populations would also help inform future conservation.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MUSCICAPIDAE,Muscicapa,striata,,Muscicapa striata,"(Pallas, 1764)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. <br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is suspected to be decreasing by 6% in 10 years. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 10% in 10 years. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds largely in Russia. It also notably breeds in Finland and Sweden, with smaller populations in most other countries in Europe.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 10,300,000-18,700,000 pairs, which equates to 20,600,000-37,400,000&#160;mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 4,420,000-8,380,000 pairs, which equates to 8,850,000-16,800,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits almost any open woodland or timbered area with raised perches providing an open view. During the breeding season it favours well-spaced mature trees to younger trees and bushes, and thus has adapted well to avenues, parks, gardens, orchards and other man-made habitats, as well as occupying many types of deciduous or coniferous woodland. It is also found at woodland edges, in forest glades, clearings and burnt patches, and in trees along streams, rivers and edges of standing water. The breeding season in Europe is from mid-May to mid-August. The nest is a bulky cup of loosely piled fine twigs, rootlets, dead leaves, pieces of decaying bark, moss, dry grass, lichens and fibres, bound with hair and lined with hair, feathers and finer material. It is sited above the ground on a natural or artificial ledge, in a niche, at the base of a basket-shaped tuft of twigs against a tree trunk, in a hole in a tree, branch or stump, in creeper against a tree or wall, or on top of a flat branch. Clutches are two to seven eggs, but most commonly four to six. It is insectivorous, feeding mainly on flying insects, especially flies (Diptera) and hymenopterans but will also take other invertebrates and some fruits. The species is migratory, wintering in sub-Saharan Africa (Taylor 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In north-west Europe, it is thought that declines may be due to a long sequence of generally cooler summers, or adverse factors such as biocide-induced reductions or contamination of insect populations, removal of old trees and general habitat deterioration (Taylor 2015).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>As the causes of declines are uncertain, further research is needed to investigate possible factors. The species would also benefit from the protection of its favoured mature woodland habitats, a reduced use of broad-spectrum insecticides and the maintenance of mature trees in farmland, parks and gardens (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ACCIPITRIFORMES,ACCIPITRIDAE,Neophron,percnopterus,,Neophron percnopterus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,VU,C1,No,VU,A2abcde,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population size is small, and combined with the ongoing decline meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size criterion C. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is small and, combined with the declining trend, meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size criterion C, and is therefore assessed as such in the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, based on the Turkish Red List and the EBBA2 (Keller <em>et al.</em> 2020) as well as on the Supplementary Information, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by at least 10% in 40 years (three generations). In the EU28, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 13% (best estimate) in three generations. These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","The species is a widespread but patchily distributed breeder in southern Europe, with an isolated resident population in the  Canary Islands (Ferguson-Lees <em>et al.</em> 2001). Elsewhere, migratory populations are found from Spain in the west, through the Mediterranean, Turkey and the Caucasus in the east (Iñigo <em>et al.</em> 2008).","The European breeding population is estimated at 3,000-4,500 pairs, which equates to 6,100-9,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 1,700-1,900 pairs, which equates to 3,400-3,800 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species forages principally in arid open areas such as steppes, savannas and river banks (Tucker and Heath 1994). Nesting occurs in cliffs or crags, occasionally in trees and it sometimes occupies the old nest of another raptor. Birds usually form monogamous pairs but occasionally polyandrous trios too. Both sexes construct a nest of sticks with a deep central cup, which is usually heavily lined with a range of materials including wool, hair, rags and the remains of food, even excrement, although sometimes scarcely lined at all. Clutches vary from one to three eggs, although normally two (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em> 2020). It has a broad diet including carrion, tortoises, organic waste, insects, young vertebrates, eggs and faeces. It is usually solitary, but will congregate at feeding sites, such as rubbish tips, or vulture restaurants (i.e. supplementary feeding stations). It also scavenges at human settlements, and forms roosts of non-breeding birds (Ceballos and Donázar 1990). This species is migratory and most European birds will winter in sub-Saharan Africa between 14° and 17°N although a few winter in Spain (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","This species faces a number of threats across its range. Disturbance, lead poisoning (from gun shot), direct poisoning, electrocution (by powerlines), collisions with wind turbines, reduced food availability and habitat change are currently impacting upon European populations (Donázar <em>et al. </em>2002, N. Petkov <em>in litt. </em>2005, Kurtev <em>et al. </em>2008, Zuberogoitia <em>et al.</em> 2008, Carrete <em>et al.</em> 2009, Dzhamirzoev and Bukreev 2009, Sara <em>et al. </em>2009, Angelov <em>et al. in prep. </em>2011). Illegal poisoning against carnivores seems to be the main threat operating on the breeding grounds in Spain (Hernandez and Margalida 2009) and the Balkans (I. Angelov <em>in. litt. </em>2012). Within the European Union, regulations introduced in 2002, controlling the disposal of animal carcasses, greatly reduced food availability, notably through the closure of traditional muladares in Spain and Portugal (Donázar 2004, J. C. Atienza <em>in litt.</em> 2007, Lemus <em>et al.</em> 2008, Donázar <em>et al.</em> 2009, Cortás-Avizanda <em>et al.</em> 2010, Donázar <em>et al.</em> 2010a, Cortés-Avizanda 2011); however, recently-passed regulations will permit the operation of feeding stations for scavengers (A. Brunner <em>in litt. </em>2010). Poisoning is a threat to the species, often through the use of poison baits targeted at terrestrial predators (Carrete <em>et al. </em>2007, Carrete <em>et al.</em> 2009, Cortés-Avizanda <em>et al.</em> 2009), and through the consumption of inappropriately disposed of poisoned animals. Recent analyses from many countries such as Spain (Lemus <em>et al.</em> 2008) and Bulgaria (Angelov 2009) have highlighted high levels of contamination of the species leading to increased mortality. Antibiotic residues present in the carcasses of intensively-farmed livestock may increase the susceptibility of nestlings to disease (Lemus <em>et al.</em> 2008) (e.g. avian pox has been reported as a cause of mortality in Bulgaria (Kurtev <em>et al.</em> 2008)). It appears that Diclofenac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) often used for livestock, and which is fatal to Gyps <em>spp.</em> when ingested at livestock carcasses (BirdLife International 2007 news (www.birdlife.org/news)), is driving the recent rapid declines in India (Cuthbert <em>et al. </em>2006, A. Rahmani <em>in litt.</em> 2012). NSAIDs are reportedly toxic to raptors, storks, cranes and owls, suggesting that vultures of other genera could be susceptible to its effects (BirdLife International 2007 news (www.birdlife.org/news)). It seems plausible that this species previously had less exposure to the toxin owing to competitive exclusion from carcasses by Gyps <em>spp.</em> vultures (Cuthbert <em>et al.</em> 2006). Mortality at power lines has been found to be particularly common on the Canary Islands (Donazar <em>et al.</em> 2002, Donazar <em>et al.</em> 2007a) and  potentially risky in other regions of Spain (Donazar <em>et al.</em> 2007b, 2010b). Competition for suitable nest sites with Griffon Vulture (<em>Gyps fulvus</em>) may reduce breeding success in the short-term (Kurtev <em>et al.</em> 2008).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix I and II. Occurs within a number of protected areas across its range. Monitoring programmes, supplementary feeding (Cortés-Avizanda<em> et al. </em>2010) and campaigns against illegal use of poisons, including awareness-raising, are in place for a number of national populations. An International Species Action Plan for the species was published in 2008 (Iñigo <em>et al.</em> 2008). National species action plans are in place in France, Bulgaria and Italy, and the species is included in the Balkan Vulture Action Plan (BVAP). Efforts are being taken to release captive-bred individuals in parts of Italy. In Spain, France, Italy, Bulgaria and Macedonia birds have been fitted with satellite tags to study juvenile dispersion, migratory movements and wintering areas (e.g. García-Ripollés <em>et al.</em> 2010). Nest guarding schemes for pairs that are most threatened by poachers have been implemented in Italy and Bulgaria, where very small populations survive. Expeditions to study the limiting factors in the wintering areas and along the migration flyway have taken place together with local organizations in Turkey and other, non-European countries.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Start and maintain intensive cooperation with local key stakeholders to ensure poison- and poaching-free zones at sites with high densities or congregations of the species throughout the breeding and migration, alongside similar efforts for other threatened species. Build capacity in countries along the migration flyways. Research the causes and extent of current declines across the species's range. Insulate dangerous electricity pylons in areas where high mortality is recorded. Coordinate monitoring to assess trends throughout the range. Relax the European Union animal hygiene regulations in relation to necrophagous birds. Establish supplementary feeding sites where appropriate, especially at sites where congregations of non-breeders can be supported. Effectively reduce risks of poisoning through strict enforcement of poison-bait ban and education. Lobby for the banning of Diclofenac for veterinary purposes throughout the species's range, and support the enforcement of this ban where it has been adopted. Where applicable, establish the impact of wind turbines, and lobby for effective impact assessments to be carried out prior to their construction. Where appropriate, reduce disturbance by guarding nests. Confiscate illegally-kept live birds and use them for the purposes of captive breeding and future restocking and reintroduction programs. In key areas of the species's range, implement long-term and large-scale education and community involvement programmes.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Netta,rufina,,Netta rufina,"(Pallas, 1773)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The  population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The  population trend appears to be decreasing by 18%, and hence the species does  not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons  the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size  is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears  to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds  for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least  Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is estimated to  be decreasing by c. 18%, and the wintering population size is estimated to be  stable. In the EU28 both the breeding and the wintering population sizes are estimated to be  increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary  information.","In Europe, the species stronghold is the European part of Russia, with significant numbers in Spain, Azerbaijan, Turkey and France.","The European breeding population is estimated at 34,600-51,600 pairs  (69,300-104,000 mature individuals), and the European wintering  population is estimated at 165,000-708,000 individuals (110,000-472,000  mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 11,300-15,400 pairs (22,700-30,800 mature individuals), and the wintering  population in the EU28 is estimated at 29,100-53,300 individuals  (19,400-35,600 mature individuals). For details of national estimates,  see the supplementary information.","The species inhabits inland deep fresh or brackish reed-fringed lakes, rivers or saline and alkaline lagoons (Kear 2005, Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020) in open country, also occurring (less often) on estuaries, river deltas and other sheltered coastal habitats (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020) on passage (Madge and Burn 1988) or during the winter (Scott and Rose 1996). It breeds from mid-April to early-June (Madge and Burn 1988). The nest is constructed of roots, twigs and leaves near water (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020) on the ground in dense vegetation or on floating mats of vegetation amidst reedbeds (Johnsgard 1978).  Clutches are usually eight to ten eggs (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). Although the species usually breeds well-dispersed, neighbouring pairs may sometimes nest as close as 30 m apart (Snow and Perrins 1998, Kear 2005). The diet of this species consists predominantly of the roots, seeds and vegetative parts of aquatic plants, although it will occasionally take aquatic invertebrates (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). The species is a short-distance migrant (Tucker and Heath 1994).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The two main threats to this species are habitat degradation (Defos du Rau 2002) (e.g. through land-use changes) and hunting (Kear 2005) (e.g. the species is hunted in France, Portugal and Spain without any official hunting bag monitoring (Defos du Rau 2002)).  Loss of habitat through wetland drainage is also a serious threat (Tucker and Heath 1994). The species also suffers poisoning from lead shot ingestion (Spain) (Mateo <em>et al.</em> 1998). Deterioration in the water quality of wetlands can reduce the abundance of stonewort (<em>Nitellopsis obtuse</em>) which is an important part of the species's diet (Ruiters <em>et al.</em> 1994), and it is susceptible to avian influenza so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II.  EU Birds Directive Annex II.  The species is listed in the Red Book of endangered species in seven countries in the European Union (Defos du Rau 2002).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Long-term monitoring should be continued and extended to cover all potential wintering sites and formal programs for monitoring hunting bags should be introduced. Research is needed on the species's population dynamics and habitat selection to help inform conservation measures, hunting regulation and the restoration of habitat (Defos du Rau 2002). The protection of key wetland sites is also needed (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,CORVIDAE,Nucifraga,caryocatactes,,Nucifraga caryocatactes,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is estimated to be stable. In the EU28, the population size is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds largely in Russia, and also notably in Romania, Sweden, Switzerland and Austria.","The European breeding population is estimated at 298,000-608,000 pairs, which equates to 596,000-1,220,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 130,000-311,000 pairs, which equates to 260,000-621,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occupies coniferous forest and mixed conifer and birch (<em>Betula</em>) forest where conifers predominate and is found from taiga lowlands (Madge 2009) up to 2,300 m in the Alps (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). In continental Europe it mainly inhabits mountain forests, especially where forests broken by clearings and alpine meadows. Prime habitat in Europe is composed of Norway Spruce (<em>Picea abies</em>) and Swiss Pine (<em>Pinus cembra</em>); mixed forests of Silver Fir (<em>Abies alba</em>), Scots Pine (<em>Pinus sylvestris</em>), Black Pine (<em>Pinus nigra</em>) and Macedonian Pine (<em>Pinus peuce</em>) also important, especially if hazel (<em>Corylus</em>) also present (Madge 2009). Breeding begins from March and clutches are usually three or four eggs (Madge and Burn 1993). The nest is a mass of twigs and branches, intertwined with bramble (<em>Rubus</em>) shoots and lichens, with a deep cup, lined with soft plant materials, including willow (<em>Salix</em>) seeds, mosses and lichens. It is normally placed around six metres from the ground close to main trunk of a conifer. Its primary food is pine nuts, particularly those of Siberian pine. It is a specialized nut-eater and has a prominent ridge inside base of lower mandible serving as ideal nut-cracking tool. During the spring and summer it also takes a wide variety of invertebrates, small rodents and small birds (Madge 2009). The species is highly resident in its breeding areas (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There are currently no known significant threats to this species.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known specific conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,SCOLOPACIDAE,Numenius,arquata,,Numenius arquata,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,NT,A2bcde+4bcde,No,NT,A2abcde+4bcde,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Near Threatened (NT)</strong><br/><br/>In both Europe and the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a moderately rapid rate which approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). Therefore, the species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in both Europe and the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside either region, and therefore the final categories remain unchanged.","In Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by between 25-30% in the past 28 years (three generations) and is expected to continue decreasing at the same rate between 1993-2021. In Europe, the wintering population size is estimate to be increasing, whereas in the EU28, the wintering population size is estimated to be decreasing by approximately 16% (best estimate) over the past 28 years (3 generations). These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","This species breeds in the majority of countries in Europe, mainly in Finland, Russia and the United Kingdom.<br/><br/>It winters around the coasts of north-west Europe and the Mediterranean, as well as Africa, the Middle East, parts of Asia (Billerman 2020).","The European breeding population is estimated at 202,000–277,000 pairs (405,000–553,000 mature individuals) and the wintering population is estimated at 495,000–569,000 individuals (330,000–380,000 mature individuals). <br/><br/>The&#160;breeding&#160;population in the EU28 is estimated at 155,000–173,000 pairs (310,000–345,000 mature individuals) and the wintering population is estimated at 494,000–560,000 individuals (329,000–374,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species frequents fens, peat bogs, heathland, coastal marshes, wet grasslands and large river valleys. In boreal Russia and Fennoscandia it prefers tundra, and in areas such as France, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, it has successfully colonised pastures and other agricultural grasslands. European wintering birds mostly gather at large estuaries and other extensive muddy sites (Tucker and Heath 1994). It also utilises wet grassland and arable fields during migration (Billerman 2020).<br/><br/>Most populations breed from April to August in solitary, territorial pairs, occasionally also forming small colonies (Hayman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;1986, Johnsgard 1981,&#160;Flint <em>et al.</em> 1984). The nest is a shallow depression on the ground or on a mound&#160;in the open or in the cover of grass or sedge often far from water (Flint&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;1984, Billerman 2020, Johnsgard 1981). Clutch size is typically four.<br/><br/>Throughout the year the diet includes annelids, arthropods, crustaceans, molluscs, berries and seeds. Vertebrates, including small fish, amphibians, lizards, young birds and small rodents as well as terrestrial insects and earthworms are also consumed, especially in summer (Billerman 2020).<br/><br/>This species is migratory and European populations overwinter in Western Europe, the Mediterranean and in many parts of Africa (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). After breeding adults gather on coasts (from July onwards)&#160;for the post-breeding moult (Hayman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;1986, Snow and Perrins 1998) before migrating south between July and November. Non-breeders may remain in the wintering areas all-year-round (Billerman 2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by the loss and fragmentation of moorland habitats as a result of afforestation&#160;and of marginal grassland habitats as a result of agricultural intensification and improvement (e.g. drainage, inorganic fertilisation and reseeding) (Johnsgard 1981, Baines 1988, Billerman 2020). The species also suffers from high egg and chick mortalities (due to mechanical mowing) and higher predation rates if nesting on improved grasslands (Billerman 2020). It is also susceptible to avian influenza so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006). Wintering populations are threatened by disturbance on intertidal mudflats (e.g. from construction work&#160;and foot-traffic), development on high-tide roosting sites, pollution and the flooding of estuarine mudflats and saltmarshes as a result of tidal barrage construction (Billerman 2020; Burton&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2002a,b; Burton 2006). The species is also threatened by the degradation of migrational staging areas owing to land reclamation, pollution, human disturbance and reduced river flows (Kelin and Qiang 2006). Local populations of this species have also declined owing to hunting pressures (Billerman 2020).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Annex I and II of the EU Birds Directive. A management plan for the species, updated for 2007-2009, was published in 2007, covering the EU portion of the species' range (Jensen and Lutz 2007). A five-year moratorium on hunting the species was implemented in France in July 2008. The species occurs in a large number of protected areas throughout its range and features in several national monitoring schemes. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The Management Plan for Curlew outlines key conservation targets: Protect key wintering sites (Jensen and Lutz 2007) and work to maintain the non-hunting status in France when the hunting (Brown <em>et al</em>. 2014) moratorium ends. Determine the key parameters driving declines in breeding areas and integrate agri-environment measures to counter these. Continue monitoring trends. Minimise disturbance on the wintering grounds (Jensen and Lutz 2007).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,SCOLOPACIDAE,Numenius,phaeopus,,Numenius phaeopus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is estimated to be stable. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds mainly in Iceland, and also notably in Finland and Russia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 337,000-387,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 674,000-774,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at&#160;47,100-67,700 pairs, which equates to 94,300-136,000&#160;mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is fully migratory and travels over land on a broad front utilising few staging areas on route (in autumn no known concentrated staging occurs) (Billerman <em>et al.&#160;</em>2020, Snow and Perrins 1998). It breeds from May to August (Hayman e<em>t al.</em> 1986) either in well-dispersed (Johnsgard 1981) solitary pairs or in loose groups depending on the topography of the land (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020, Snow and Perrins 1998). The autumn migration occurs from July onwards with the return passage to the breeding grounds occurring chiefly between March and May (Hayman <em>et al. </em>1986). The species breeds on dry scrub heathland, moss and lichen tundra with stunted bushes, sedge meadows, wet moorland and mossy hummock bogs in open areas, river valleys, in birch forest near the Arctic treeline, along the shores of tundra lakes, burned areas of forest and open montane forest in the boreal, subarctic and subalpine zones (Snow and Perrins 1998, Johnsgard 1981, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020, Flint <em>et al.</em> 1984). On passage in the autumn and spring the species frequents wetlands, tidal flats, short-sward wet and dry grasslands, farmland and heathland with <em>Empetrum</em> spp., generally occupying coastal habitats in the winter such as muddy, rocky or sandy beaches, tidal mudflats, sandflats, tidal marshes and lagoons (Snow and Perrins 1998, Johnsgard 1981, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020, Flint <em>et al.</em> 1984, Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986, Urban <em>et al.</em> 1986). When inland on migration and during the breeding season its diet consists of adult and larval insects (e.g. Coleoptera, Orthoptera and cranefly larvae), spiders, millipedes, earthworms, snails, slugs, seeds, leaves and berries (e.g. of ericaceous plants) (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020, Johnsgard 1981). On the coast during the winter the species takes crustaceans, molluscs, large polychaete worms and occasionally fish, reptiles or young birds. The nest is a shallow depression often positioned on hummocks or in short heather or grass in dry exposed locations sometimes far from water (Billerman&#160;&#160;<em>et al.</em>2020, Snow and Perrins 1998, Johnsgard 1981, Flint <em>et al</em>. 1984). When the breeding habitat (e.g. tundra or heathland) is flat and open the species nests in solitary pairs, but where irregular features such as hummocks and tall vegetation patches give more visual isolation the species may nest in loose groups (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The species is susceptible to avian influenza so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006).,"<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Annex II (B) of the EU Birds Directive.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>A study in the Shetland Islands, U.K. found that when trying to enhance the grazing quality of heathlands by re-seeding (e.g. with high quality grass-seed mixtures) it is better to apply lime, grass-seed and inorganic fertiliser directly to the surface of the ground rather than ploughing and harrowing the ground first, as the latter maintains more natural vegetation hummocks and heather used by the species for nesting (Grant 1992). Re-seeding of heathland with prior ploughing and harrowing may improve feeding conditions for pre-breeding adults however (Grant <em>et al.</em> 1992).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,SCOLOPACIDAE,Numenius,tenuirostris,,Numenius tenuirostris,"Vieillot, 1817",0,No,CR,D,No,CR,(possibly extinct),EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Critically Endangered (CR)</strong><br/><br/>This species formerly regularly wintered within Europe and the EU28, but have not been any confirmed sightings of this species since the early 2000s, and it is therefore classified as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) within both Europe and the EU28. <p></p> <p></p>","In Europe and the EU28, this species has not been recorded since the start of the three generation length period, and the species is considered to be possibly extinct. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species has only been confirmed breeding near Tara, north of Omsk in Siberia, Russia, between 1909–1925. It used to migrate west-south-west from its presumed breeding grounds in Siberia through central and eastern Europe to southern Europe and North Africa (BirdLife International 1999).<br/><br/>In Europe, this species was only present in winter, however no records have been reported in the region since the early 2000s at the very latest.","The species used to only occur in winter in Europe and the EU28. There have however not been any recent observations of this species (since the early 2000s) in Europe, and the European population is considered to be possibly extinct. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occupies a wide variety of habitats including: saltmarsh, steppe grassland, fishponds, saltpans, brackish lagoons, tidal mudflats, semi-desert, brackish wetlands and sandy farmland next to lagoons. Large coastal wetland complexes may be especially characteristic, and most records come from close to the sea (Buchanan <em>et al</em>. 2010).<br/><br/>Only one reliable nesting description has been recorded, which was in bog-forest transition zones. Very little is known of its breeding habits. The nest is constructed of dry grass and leaves (Gretton 1991). It may nest in colonies and clutch size has been recorded as four eggs.<br/><br/>These birds have been recorded feeding on insects, annelids, molluscs, snails and crustaceans (Billerman 2020).<br/><br/>This species migrates west-south-west (Billerman 2020).  Migration peaks in September and in March (Gretton 1991),<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","There has been extensive drainage of wetlands in the Mediterranean. The conversion of European wetlands and central European steppes to arable farmland may have heavily impacted the species in depriving it of important habitats during migration (Gretton 1991). Historically, hunting was high, and may have been the key factor in its decline. Following the initial decline, breakdown of social behaviour patterns may have prevented recovery. Historically a gregarious species, smaller groups or individuals may have difficulty in locating suitable stop-over sites on migration (Gretton 1991). Individuals may join flocks of Eurasian Curlew (<em>N. arquata</em>), being led to unsuitable wintering habitat and rendered unlikely to find a mate (Gretton 1991).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CITES Appendix I. CMS Appendix I and II. A Memorandum of Understanding, established under the auspices of the CMS, came into effect in 1994, and a working group was established in 1998 (Gallo-Orsi and Boere 2001). An international action plan was published in 1996. National action plans are in place in Italy (Nagy and Crockford 2004), Bulgaria and Ukraine. Several of the sites within the EU where the species has been recorded are designated as Special Protection Areas. There have been several international initiatives to survey passage and wintering sites, collate records, protect key sites, raise public awareness and educate hunters (van der Have&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2001, Azafzaf and Feltrup-Azafzaf 2003, Gallo-Orsi and Boere 2001). Details of a 'last push' to locate any remaining populations (focusing initially on surveys of historical wintering areas) were announced at the Ninth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Migratory Species in December 2008 (BirdLife International 2008, Crockford 2009, RSPB 2010). Surveys across the potential non-breeding range took place in 2009-2011 with a particular focus on wintering and potential moult sites (G. Buchanan &amp; N. Crockford <em>in litt.</em> 2012). The Slender-billed Curlew Working Group has developed a toolkit to assist people to identify and report the species in the field (available at: www.slenderbilledcurlew.net). If any can be found and caught then the sites used during the annual cycle could be determined by satellite tagging. An attempt to narrow down the search for breeding and moulting sites using stable isotope analysis and Strontium analysis of museum skins commenced in 2002 (Hilton 2003); preliminary results suggest that the main breeding area may have extended from southern central Russia into northern Kazakhstan (Nagy and Crockford 2004, G. Buchanan &amp; N. Crockford <em>in litt.</em> 2012). <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Continue to monitor key former and potential wintering and passage sites. Search for breeding grounds (taking into account results of stable isotope analysis). Attach satellite transmitters to captured birds. Provide training in species identification along the migration route. Promote protection of habitat. Provide legal protection for this and similar species. Increase public awareness.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PELECANIFORMES,ARDEIDAE,Nycticorax,nycticorax,,Nycticorax nycticorax,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The  population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The  population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does  not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons  the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28,this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size  is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears  to be decreasing by an average of 14%, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds  for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least  Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is estimated to  be stable. In the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be decreasing by 11-17%. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary  information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Ukraine, the European part of Russia and Italy, with significant numbers in Romania, Turkey, Spain, Serbia, Azerbaijan and France.","The European breeding population is estimated at 57,300-84,400 pairs  (114,000-169,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 25,900-36,100 pairs (51,900-72,100 mature individuals). For details of national estimates,  see the supplementary information.","Northern populations of this species are migratory, with those breeding in the western Palearctic travelling on a broad front across the Sahara (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). Post-breeding southward movements occur from September to October and return northward movements occur from March to May (Kushlan and Hancock 2005). In temperate regions breeding occurs in the local spring (Kushlan and Hancock 2005). The species usually nests in small numbers (Snow and Perrins 1998) in single- or mixed-species colonies, although sometimes groups may reach several thousand pairs (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). When nesting within mixed-species colonies the species tends to form monospecific clusters (Kushlan and Hancock 2005). The species inhabits fresh, brackish or saline waters with aquatic vegetation and trees (e.g. pine, oak) for roosting and nesting in (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020), showing a preference for islands or predator-free areas for nesting sites (Kushlan and Hancock 2005). It occupies the forested margins of shallow rivers, streams, lagoons, pools, ponds, lakes and marshes and may feed on pastures, reservoirs, canals, aquaculture ponds (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020) and rice-fields (Kushlan and Hancock 2005). On migration the species may also frequent dry grasslands or marine coasts (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020) and estuaries (Hockey <em>et al</em>. 2005). It is common at elevations of up to c. 2,000 m (Snow and Perrins 1998). It is an opportunistic feeder taking fish, frogs, tadpoles, turtles, snakes, lizards, adult and larval insects (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020) (e.g. beetles, bugs, grasshoppers, crickets, flies and dragonflies) (Kushlan and Hancock 2005), spiders, crustaceans, molluscs, leeches, small rodents, bats and the eggs and chicks of other bird species (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). The nest is a platform constructed of sticks and vegetation (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1992, Kushlan and Hancock 2005) placed 2–50 m above water or on dry ground near water (Snow and Perrins 1998) in trees, bushes, reedbeds, on cliff ledges and on the ground (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020) in protected sites (Kushlan and Hancock 2005).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by wetland drainage and destruction (Kushlan and Hancock 2005, Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020) and by drought in wintering areas (Hafner and Kushlan 2002). It is highly susceptible to pesticides (Kwon <em>et al.</em> 2004, Kushlan and Hancock 2005, Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020) such as organophosphates, carbamates (Kwon <em>et al.</em> 2004) and DDE (a breakdown product of DDT) which negatively affect hatching success (Kushlan and Hancock 2005). There are also cases of genetic damage to chicks as a result of petroleum contamination (Custer 2000). The species is susceptible to avian influenza (Melville and Shortridge 2006) and Newcastle disease so may be threatened by future outbreaks (Kuiken <em>et al.</em> 2006). It is also persecuted (anti-predation killing) at aquaculture facilities due to its depredation on fish stocks (Kushlan and Hancock 2005), and has suffered declines due to the exploitation of chicks from nesting colonies in the past (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). Chicks of the species are still taken for food in some areas (Hafner 2000, Kushlan and Hancock 2005).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive, Annex II of the Bern Convention and Annex II of the Convention on Migratory Species, under which it is covered by the African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement (AEWA).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>A study carried out in north-west Italy suggests that existing nesting sites should be protected and that breeding habitats should be actively managed in order to maintain suitable habitat characteristics (Fasola and Alieri 1992). The creation of a network of new nesting sites spaced at 4–10 km in relation to available foraging habitats in zones currently without suitable nesting sites is also recommended (Fasola and Alieri 1992). Measures should: Sustainably manage river valleys and reed marshes, including the reduction of water pollution and fish overexploitation and minimize disturbance from recreation at the breeding sites.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MUSCICAPIDAE,Oenanthe,chrysopygia,,Oenanthe chrysopygia,"(de Filippi, 1863)","<em>Oenanthe xanthoprymna</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) has been split into <em>O</em>. <em>xanthoprymna</em> and <em>O</em>. <em>chrysopygia</em> following AERC TAC (2003).  <p></p>",No,VU,D1,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment:&#160;Vulnerable (VU°)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>This species breeds in central Asia, extending into Europe only in very small numbers in Armenia and Georgia.&#160;In Europe, this species has a small range, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population size is very small, and meets the thresholds for Endangered under the population size criterion D. However, given the stability of the population and the large neighbouring population, there is considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region and the final category is therefore downlisted by one category to Vulnerable&#160;(VU°).<br/><br/>This species does not occur in the EU28 and is therefore considered Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe, the population size is suspected to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds only in very small numbers in Armenia and Georgia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 45–60 pairs, which equates to 90–120 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","During the breeding season this species inhabits gently angled to steep arid rocky and stony slopes and screes with scattered boulders, stony mountain ridges and ravines, and dry fallow fields in remote valleys and sometimes on level boulder fields. It is commonly found near small or large perennial streams and favours sparse dwarf montane shrubs.<br/><br/>It breeds from April to June in the Caucasus (Collar 2005). The nest is a loosely constructed, shallow cup of dry grass and coarser plant fibres, lined with finer fibres stripped from plant stems and sometimes placed on a thick base of debris. It is set in a hole in rocks, among stones, or in the wall of a build and occasionally in the burrow of a Bee-eater (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>The diet is mainly invertebrates, principally ants and beetles, but also takes some plant matter (Collar 2005).<br/><br/>The species is migratory, wintering in eastern Africa and south-west Asia (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The size of the European population renders it susceptible to the risks affecting small populations; however, it is adjacent to a much larger non-European population.",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are thought to be needed for this species,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MUSCICAPIDAE,Oenanthe,cypriaca,,Oenanthe cypriaca,"(Homeyer, 1884)",0,Yes,LC,0,Yes,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, although this species may have a small range, it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species' breeding population is endemic to Europe, where it only occurs in Cyprus.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 50,000–100,000 pairs, which equates to 100,000–200,000 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits a wide range of habitats, including mountain pine forest clearings, hills and mountains with rough open ground and scattered trees, broken rocky ground, open natural and farmed lowlands, woodland and plantations, gardens, industrial and suburban areas and house compounds.<br/><br/>The breeding season is from April to July. The nest is a loose bulky cup of grass and roots, placed low down in a hole in an earth bank, stone or mud wall, terrace, roadside, tree, behind loose eucalypt bark or under a stone. It can also be set in a cave or an artificial site, such as a metal pipe, empty can, flowerpot, shed shelves or nest box. Clutches are four to five eggs (Collar 2015).<br/><br/>The diet is almost entirely insects, especially ants beetles and grasshoppers, but will also take berries and has been recorded taking a lizard.<br/><br/>The species is migratory, wintering mostly in Sudan and Ethiopia (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The only known threat to this species in Cyprus is from bird-catchers using lime-sticks and mist-nets and also from shooting at migration times (Tucker and Heath 1994).,"<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The implementation and enforcement of existing laws against trapping is urgently required. Controls are needed on the use of lime-sticks and on the import, sale and use of mist-nets as well as on the trafficking and sale of birds as food in restaurants. In addition, a wider, more systematic system of monitoring the situation and the species' population (Tucker and Heath 1994, Collar 2015).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MUSCICAPIDAE,Oenanthe,deserti,,Oenanthe deserti,"(Temminck, 1825)",0,No,NT,D1,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT°)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>This species extends into Europe only in very small numbers in Azerbaijan and Turkey. In Europe, although this species may have a small range, it is not believed to&#160;&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population trend is not known, it is not believed to&#160;be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population size is small, and meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion D. However, given the large neighbouring population there is considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region. Therefore, the final category is downlisted one step to Near Threatened (NT°).<br/><br/>This species does not occur in the EU28 and is therefore considered Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds in small numbers in Azerbaijan and Turkey. Also, it is thought to have bred in Georgia in the past (Snow and Perrins 1998).","The European population is estimated at 110–1,100 pairs, which equates to 220–2,200 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occupies dry steppes, dry sparsely bushed riverbeds, wadis, ruins and stony and gravel flatlands.<br/><br/>The time of breeding is not recorded but in Israel this species breeds from early April to mid-July. The nest is a rather bulky construction, made of grass and root fibres and lined with finer grass, wool, hair or feathers. It is set in a hole in a roadside or riverbank, rock face, wall, bridge or other building, under a stone, bush or pile of stones, amid exposed roots or down an old rodent burrow. Clutches are three to six eggs.<br/><br/>The diet is principally invertebrates but will also occasionally take seeds (Collar 2005). <br/><br/>The species is migratory, although some populations are only partially migratory (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The size of the European population could render it susceptible to the risks affecting small populations; however it is adjacent to a much larger non-European population (Birdlife International 2004).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are thought to be needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MUSCICAPIDAE,Oenanthe,finschii,,Oenanthe finschii,"(Heuglin, 1869)",0,No,LC,0,No,NT,D,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT°°)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species is only present in winter. This species has a moderately small range, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The population size is very small (&lt;250 mature individuals) and it therefore meets the threshold for Endangered under criterion D. However, given the very large, stable neighbouring population, there is significant potential for rescue from outside the region. The final category is therefore downlisted by two categories to Near Threatened (NT°°) within the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Turkey, with small numbers also in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 102,000-309,000 pairs, which equates to 204,000-617,000 mature individuals. The species occurs in the EU28 only in winter and the population is estimated at 150-300 individuals (100-200 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in rocky sloping country, and particularly limestone canyons and ravines, in and at bases of foothills and low mountains in sparsely vegetated scrubby semi-desert, dry boulder-strewn slopes with outcrops and clefts, screes, talus mounds, empty gulleys and ravines and adjacent dry fields. In the winter it favours more open plains areas. Breeding occurs from April in the west of its range until to July in Armenia and from May to June in the Caucasus. The nest is a shallow cup of twigs and plant stems, lined with grass and hair and set in a shallow ground depression among rocks or under a heap of stones. Clutches are four to six eggs. It feeds on invertebrates, especially ants and beetles, but also takes seeds and other vegetable material. The species is a migrant or partial migrant and, in the south of its breeding range, it is probably sedentary or makes short-distance vertical movements (Collar 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There are not thought to be any current significant threats to this species.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MUSCICAPIDAE,Oenanthe,hispanica,,Oenanthe hispanica,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","<em>Oenanthe hispanica</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) was split into <em>O. hispanica</em> and <em>O. melanoleuca</em> by Sangster <em>et al</em>. (1999) but this treatment is not followed by the BirdLife Taxnomic Working Group because both forms hybridise and intergrade into each other.  <p></p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 15% (best estimate) in 10 years. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds mainly in Turkey, and also notably in Spain and Greece.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 1,260,000-3,630,000 pairs, which equates to 2,530,000-7,250,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 451,000-1,190,000 pairs, which equates to 902,000-2,380,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in warm climatic zones in stony, scrubby, often broken terrain (slopes and foothills) around open woodland of alerce (<em>Tetraclinis</em>), juniper (<em>Juniperus</em>) or oak (<em>Quercus</em>), amid <em>Olea</em> and <em>Pistacia</em> scrub, olive trees, cactus groves, and in fallowland, vineyards, dry maquis steppe and shrub-covered limestone hills. Breeding begins from late April in Spain and from early May in Greece and Armenia. The nest is a rather flat cup of stems, moss and fibres, lined with hair or down and set on the ground under a stone, rocky overhang or tussock, among scree, in burrow or hole in ruin or wadi bank. Clutches are typically four of five eggs. The diet is made up of invertebrates, berries and seeds. The species is migratory and travels on a broad front across the Mediterranean and Sahara to winter in the African Sahel (Collar 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Since 1970 the species has declined in western Europe, most likely due to drought in its wintering quarters and agricultural intensification, as well as afforestation (Collar 2015). It may also be threatened locally by predation from foxes (<em>Vulpes</em>) and feral dogs (Tucker and Heath 1994).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway<br/></strong>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. In Spain the species is nationally red-listed as “Near-threatened” (Collar 2015). Increases in sheep grazing within Iberia have been favourable to this species (Tucker and Heath 1994).<strong><br/><br/>Conservation Action Proposed<br/></strong>Areas of sheep grazing need to be conserved through support for traditional pastoral farming methods (Tucker and Heath 1994).,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MUSCICAPIDAE,Oenanthe,isabellina,,Oenanthe isabellina,"(Temminck, 1829)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2).&#160; The population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Turkey, and also notably in Russia.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 2,310,000-6,580,000 pairs, which equates to 4,620,000-13,200,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at&#160;14,200-43,000 pairs, which equates to 28,400-86,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is found in arid, open, sparsely vegetated country, including dry plains, mountain and lowland steppes, semi-desert, wadis and desert margins, commonly where burrowing rodents, such as gerbil (<em>Rhombomys opimus</em>), occur. In Armenia, it is found in rolling semi-desert with <em>Tamarix</em>, <em>Artemisia</em>, <em>Euphorbia</em>, <em>Alhagi</em>, <em>Atraphaxis</em> and <em>Gypsophila</em>, and in usually on south-facing mountain steppe with <em>Astragalus</em>. Breeding occurs from March to June in Armenia and from March to July in southern Russia. The nest is a shallow, bulky cup of dried grass, roots and hair, lined with hair, wool and feathers. It is set deep in a rodent burrow or burrow of a similar mammal and less often in and old bee-eater (Meropidae) hole or occasionally in a natural hole or crevice. Clutches are four to seven eggs. The diet is mainly invertebrates, particularly insects such as beetles and ants and vegetable matter. The species is migratory (Collar 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is linked to some extent to populations of burrow-nesting rodents, which supply nest-holes. As a result, declines in these species, such as falls in gerbil numbers due to ploughing, may impact this species (Collar 2015).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are thought to be needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MUSCICAPIDAE,Oenanthe,leucura,,Oenanthe leucura,"(Gmelin, 1789)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:</strong><strong>&#160;Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In both Europe and the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small to large, and it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing, as per the data supplied by the SEO SACRE program&#160; (Escandell 2019). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds mainly in Spain, with small populations also present in eastern Portugal and the extreme south of France (Collar 2005).","The European breeding population is estimated at 4,000–16,100 pairs, which equates to 8,100–32,200 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits steep rocky arid landscapes with rock walls, scattered boulders, bare ground and sparse scrub, avoiding flat terrain. It inhabits gorges, ravines, steep-sided wadis, hillsides, screes, scarps, outcrops, sea cliffs, ancient hilltop settlements, ruins and old deserted houses, in wooded, semi-wooded, semi-desert and bare areas.<br/><br/>In southern Spain, nest-building begins mid-February and in the Pyrenees from mid-April. The nest is a bulky cup of grass and rootlets, lined with hair and feathers and sited under a rock or tussock, or up in a hole in rock, wadi bank or a wall. Clutches are three to five eggs.<br/><br/>It feeds on invertebrates, small lizards and plant matter.<br/><br/>The species is largely or strictly sedentary, but movements are variable and may be complex (Collar 2005).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Declines in Iberia have been attributed to severe winters and afforestation as well as the disappearance of derelict buildings and man-made caves (Collar 2005). Nests in man-made structures are safer from predators, which may also be a threat (Tucker and Heath 1994)","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Suitable habitat such as arid stony plateaus, canyons and gullies should be protected from afforestation. In addition abandoned buildings and man-made caves should be preserved (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MUSCICAPIDAE,Oenanthe,oenanthe,,Oenanthe oenanthe,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,NT,A2bcde+4bcde,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population trend appears to be decreasing at a moderately rapid rate which approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A), and the species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 24% (best estimate) in 10 years, and is expected to decrease by 23% between 2011-2021 and is suspected to decline by over 20% in the next three generations. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in most countries in Europe, largely in Turkey, but also notably in Spain, Greenland, Russia and Romania.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 5,410,000–14,700,000 pairs, which equates to&#160;10,800,000–29,300,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 2,030,000–3,820,000 pairs, which equates to 4,060,000–7,630,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","During the breeding season this species occupies open ground including open stony estuarine plains with sparse clumps of vegetation, sand dunes, shingle stretches, clifftops, coastal islands, heavily grazed heathland and downland, moors, meadows, walled fields, stone-studded bogs, open submontane shrubland, rocky alpine meadows, streamside bluffs, lowland and montane tundra above tree-line.<br/><br/>Breeding occurs from early May to June in central and southern Europe, early/mid-April to the end of July or early August in north-west Europe, late May and June in Iceland, and early or mid-May to early July in Scandinavia. The nest is an unlined cup of leaves, stems, moss, lichen, feathers and hair bedded on a cradle and foundation of dried stems and grasses and set in a well-sheltered rock cavity, narrow crevice, rodent burrow, hole in a wall or under stones. Clutches are four to eight eggs.<br/><br/>It feeds on arthropods, particularly insects.<br/><br/>The species is a long-distance migrant (Collar and de Juana 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In many western and central European countries it has declined due to habitat change through agricultural intensification and urbanization. In some countries a reduction in sheep-farming has reduced the amount of short-grass habitat much favoured by species. In the past, droughts in the Sahel wintering quarters may also have caused declines. In Europe, it used to be trapped for food and is still taken in large numbers in parts of the Mediterranean Basin and northern Africa (Collar 2005).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. In Russia and most European countries the species is protected and in some parts of it range, such as in the UK, artificial nesting sites have been created leading to an increase in the number of breeding birds in these areas (Kren and Zoerb 1997).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Research has proposed that landscape management for a mixture of short and tall vegetation would allow the dispersal of arthropods and be beneficial for this species (Oosten <em>et al. </em>2014). It is also suggested the multi-site studies should be undertaken to determine appropriate conservation actions locally and in the short-term (Oosten <em>et al.</em> 2015).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MUSCICAPIDAE,Oenanthe,pleschanka,,Oenanthe pleschanka,"(Lepechin, 1770)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC</strong>°<strong>)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has a large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; The population size is small (&gt;1,000 mature  individuals); it approaches the threshold for Vulnerable under criterion D1, which qualifies the species for Near Threatened.&#160;However, given the very large, neighbouring population, there is significant potential for rescue from outside the region. The final category is therefore downlisted by one category to Least Concern (LC°) within the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia, and also notably in Azerbaijan and Ukraine.","The European breeding population is estimated at 27,200-49,900 pairs, which equates to 54,500-99,700 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 610-1,200 pairs, which equates to 1,200-2,400 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species typically occupies arid rocky desolate semi-desert, stony slopes, rocky outcrops, lightly wooded slopes, hilly pastures and fallow fields in flat and undulating steppe country as well as riverbanks, gulleys, crags and cliffs. Breeding is from early May in the Ukraine. The nest is a loose flat cup of coarse plant stems and rootlets, lined with fine stems, animal hair and wool and typically with a base and/or entrance platform of small twigs. It is set in a small cavity under a stone, or in the wall of a gulley, bank or building. Clutches are four to six eggs. It feeds on invertebrates, especially ants and beetles but supplements with fruit in the autumn (Collar 2015). The species is migratory, wintering in eastern Africa and south-west Arabia (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In Bulgaria, the species is known to hybridize with <em>Oenanthe oenanthe</em> where their ranges overlap, but this is not thought to be a serious threat (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MUSCICAPIDAE,Oenanthe,xanthoprymna,,Oenanthe xanthoprymna,"(Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833)","<em>Oenanthe xanthoprymna</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) has been split into <em>O</em>. <em>xanthoprymna</em> and <em>O</em>. <em>chrysopygia</em> following AERC TAC (2003).  <p></p>",No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, although this species may have a restricted range, it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is small, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>The bird does not breed in the EU28 and is assessed as Not Applicable (NA) for this region.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds mainly in Azerbaijan and also notably in Turkey, but is also present in Georgia.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 1,000-6,000 pairs, which equates to 2,000-12,000 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","During the breeding season this species is found on dry rocky mountain slopes and in valley bottoms where patches of dwarf shrubs and herbs (e.g., <em>Ferula</em>) are interspersed with bare rocks, scattered boulders or stunted trees. In eastern Turkey, nests with young have been recorded in mid-June and early August. The nest is unreported but is presumably similar in type and placement to that of <em>Oenanthe chrysopygia.</em> The diet includes ants, beetles, termites, caterpillars and many other insect species and occasionally small lizards, seeds and fruit. The species is migratory, wintering in Africa (Collar and de Juana 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There are not thought to be any current significant threats to this species.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are thought to be needed for this species,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,LARIDAE,Onychoprion,fuscatus,,Onychoprion fuscatus,"(Linnaeus, 1766)",<em>Onychoprion fuscatus</em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) was previously placed in the genus <em>Sterna </em>as <em>S. fuscata</em>.    <p></p>,No,VU,D,No,VU,D1°°,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU</strong><strong>°°</strong><strong>)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Vulnerable (VU</strong><strong>°°</strong><strong>)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong><br/></strong>This species is a recent breeder in the Azores, where one pair has started breeding regularly for just over a decade.&#160;<br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales therefore,&#160;this species has an extremely small range but not enough is known about it in the region to be able to apply the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is extremely small, and meets the thresholds for Critically Endangered under the population size criterion D. However, this species is a widespread, abundant tropical seabird, which is migratory and highly mobile. There is therefore considered to be highly significant potential for rescue from outside Europe and the EU28, and therefore the final categories are downlisted two steps to Vulnerable (VU°°).","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details on national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Sooty Tern breeds on tropical islands and ranges through most of the tropical oceans (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996). In Europe, this species has only recently started breeding in the Azores (Portugal).","In Europe (and in the EU28), only one breeding pair has been regularly reported breeding in Ilhéu da Vila (Santa Maria, Azores) or on the islet of Praia (Azores) since 2008.&#160; For details on national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","<strong>Behaviour</strong> The species is dispersive and migratory (Higgins and Davies 1996). At most colonies, adults leave for the open sea after breeding and become strongly pelagic for 2-3 months before returning to the breeding grounds (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996, Higgins and Davies 1996). On returning to the breeding colonies, they continue to forage pelagically by day and settle on land at night for a further 2-3 months before beginning to breed (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996). The timing of breeding varies throughout the species's range, with nesting occurring all year round at some colony sites, but seasonally at others (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996). The species nests in very large colonies (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996) and remains gregarious throughout the year (congregating in small to large flocks to feed at sea), although it may be observed singly (Higgins and Davies 1996).<br/>&#160; <strong><br/></strong><strong>Habitat</strong> <em>Breeding</em> It breeds on flat, open, sparsely or heavily vegetated, oceanic or barrier islands of sand, coral or rock in productive tropical and subtropical offshore waters rich in plankton, fish and squid (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996). It is absent from cold current areas and generally avoids islands with terrestrial predators (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996). <em>Non-breeding</em> Outside of the breeding season, the species is highly pelagic, but generally avoids cold current areas (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996).<br/>&#160; <br/><strong>Diet</strong> Its diet consists predominantly of fish up to 18 cm long (usually 6-8 cm) and squid, but it also occasionally takes crustaceans, insects and offal (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996). The species is reliant upon prey driven to the surface by predatory fish (e.g. tuna, Scombidae), especially when breeding (Higgins and Davies 1996).<br/>&#160; <strong><br/></strong><strong>Breeding site</strong> The nest is a slight depression or scrape on the ground (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996, Higgins and Davies 1996). It shows a preference for nesting on flat, bare sand, coral grit or shell amongst low vegetation on beaches above the high-water mark or on coral islands, atolls and sandbanks (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996, Higgins and Davies 1996). Less often, it may nest on rock stacks or other offshore islets, and on ledges or terraces of cliffs (although it avoids sheer cliff-faces) (Higgins and Davies 1996). It nests in dense colonies, within which neighbouring nests may be placed c.50 cm apart (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 1996). Higher nesting densities occur in areas where bare ground predominates but which are vegetated with plants greater than or equal to 15 cm tall (Feare <em>et al.</em> 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",<p>No threats to this species are known yet in Europe.</p><p></p>,<strong>Conservation Actions </strong>No known conservation actions for this species in Europe.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Bennett, S., Butchart, S., Calvert, R., Ekstrom, J., Malpas, L., Martin, R., Stuart, A. & Hermes, C.","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,ORIOLIDAE,Oriolus,oriolus,,Oriolus oriolus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)<br/>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds notably in Russia, Spain, Romania, Turkey and Poland.","The European breeding population is estimated at 4,370,000-7,260,000 pairs, which equates to 8,740,000-14,600,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 2,370,000-3,860,000 pairs, which equates to 4,750,000-7,710,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In western Europe the species is usually found in semi-open, mixed broadleaf woodlands and plantations, riverine forests with tall willows (<em>Salix</em>) and poplars (<em>Populus</em>), forested steppes, groves, copses, orchards, parks, large gardens, windbreaks, avenue trees, and other tree clumps in cultivated areas. It also occurs in larger and more continuous deciduous, coniferous or mixed forests in eastern Europe. Eggs are laid mainly in May and June and the nest is built by the female only, although the male may collect some material. The nest is a shallow to deep open-cup structure woven from grass, sedges, reeds, leaves, twigs, cloth, string, paper and plastic strips, strips of bark and other plant fibres and then lined with fine fibres, roots and grasses, feathers, cocoons, cobweb, down, cotton, fur, wool, moss, lichens, straw and small pieces of paper. It is suspended hammock-like in thin, horizontal forked branch, typically high in outer edge of well-foliaged tree canopy. Clutches are usually three to five eggs. Its diet is mainly small invertebrates and fruits but it occasionally consumes seeds, nectar, pollen and rarely, small lizards, small mammals, eggs and nestlings (Walther and Jones 2008). The species is migratory, wintering in the climatically temperate, equatorial African high woodlands and moist montane forests of East Africa (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Brood size can be severely affected by the weather conditions which may cause large, short-term fluctuations in the population at regional or supra-regional level. The species is persecuted in Greece (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997), as they consume large quantities of fruit and are thus considered a pest by some fruit-farmers (Walther and Jones 2008). In the UK, the loss of large poplar plantations has led to the decline of the species there (Holling <em>et al.</em> 2007). In addition, climate change may pose a threat in the future (Mason and Allsop 2009).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. The species occurs in many protected areas throughout its breeding range (Walther and Jones 2008). <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>In U.K., the restoration of areas of poplar woodland of at least 30 ha with plenty of woodland edges is recommended for the conservation of this species (Milwright 1998). The impact of persecution should be assessed and legislation introduced to minimise this.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,OTIDIFORMES,OTIDIDAE,Otis,tarda,,Otis tarda,"Linnaeus, 1758",<br/><strong></strong><strong></strong>,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be decreasing at an unknown rate, and hence the population size reduction criterion (criterion A) cannot be applied. The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is suspected to be&#160;decreasing at an unknown rate. In the EU28, the population size trend is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Spain. It also breeds notably in Russia and Hungary. According to Keller <em>et al.</em>&#160;2020, the species range appears to have contracted by 23%.<p></p>","The European population is estimated at 35,200-41,800 individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 32,000-37,400 individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species occurs in open, flat, undulating short-grass plains, usually clear of trees, although it uses cork oak (<em>Quercus suber</em>) savanna and olive groves in SW Iberia. A high diversity of low-intensity land-use and lack of disturbance are generally important for year round needs (Billerman <em>et al.&#160;</em>2020). Nest sites are selected in fallow or cereal fields (primarily alfalfa in central Europe) in areas of low patch-type diversity, far from human infrastructure and with good horizontal visibility (Magaña <em>et al.</em> 2010). Females mate with males on lekking grounds (Tucker and Heath 1994) then incubate a clutch of two to three eggs. It nests with or without a scrape, occasionally with fragments of grass stems and crop stems as lining. The diet consists principally of plant material and invertebrates, although small mammals, amphibians and nestling birds are sometimes taken. In Europe the species is generally sedentary but can be dispersive in Iberia, central and eastern Europe to the Ukraine depending on weather, age and sex (Billerman <em>et al.&#160;</em>2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Key threats are increased habitat degradation, fragmentation and loss due to agricultural intensification, land-use changes and infrastructure development which has the potential to increase following land privatisation in eastern Europe (Nagy 2009). Habitat loss and fragmentation continues as a result of ploughing of grasslands, intensive grazing, afforestation and increasing development of irrigation schemes, roads, power-lines, fencing and ditches. Mechanisation, chemical fertilisers, pesticides, fire and predation all contribute to high mortality in eggs, chicks, juveniles and incubating females (Nagy 2009). Hunting is a major threat in Turkey and Ukraine. Collision with power lines and wind turbines are also significant threats (Billerman <em>et al.&#160;</em>2020, Nagy 2009).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CITES Appendix II, CMS Appendix I and II and CMS MoU in place since 2002. EU Birds Directive Annex I, Bern Convention Annex II. A European action plan was published in 1996 and updated in 2009 (Nagy 2009). Agri-environmental and land management programmes have been (successfully) implemented in Spain, Portugal, Austria, Hungary, Germany and Serbia. Artificial incubation and chick rearing projects have been established in Germany and Hungary since the 1970s. A UK reintroduction project began in 2003 with chicks imported from the Russian Federation (Dawes 2008) that has established a small population, although continued monitoring and supplementing is still needed (Burnside <em>et al.</em> 2012). A LIFE Nature project for the species was implemented in Hungary during 2004-2008 with the aim of increasing in-situ protection of the species (Bankovics and Lóránt 2008). Other LIFE projects for the species have been implemented in Spain, Portugal, Germany, Austria and Slovakia. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Conduct nationwide surveys in countries with currently low quality estimates, to confirm worldwide numbers and trends. Research the limiting population factors and the wintering distribution in Russia and Ukraine. Protect and manage breeding and wintering areas. Implement agri-environment measures for low-intensity farming. Prevent steppe fires, illegal hunting and collision with powerlines. Raise public awareness.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,STRIGIFORMES,STRIGIDAE,Otus,brucei,,Otus brucei,"(Hume, 1873)",0,No,EN,D,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Endangered (EN)<br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is very small, and meets the thresholds for Endangered (EN) under the population size criterion D, and is consequently assessed as such in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/><br/>This species does not occur in the EU28 and is therefore considered Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe, the population size is suspected to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species has a predominantly Asian and Middle Eastern distribution, which just extends into Europe in south-eastern Turkey (Holt <em>et al.</em> 1999), which holds the entire European population.","The European breeding population is estimated at 50-250 pairs, which equates to 100-500 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species frequents semi-open areas with trees and bushes, including cultivation, palm groves, orchards, riverine woodland as well as parks and large gardens in towns. It generally prefers more arid areas than <em>Otus scops</em>. Pairing begins on arrival at breeding areas, normally in March with laying occurring April to May. The nest is built 3–6.5 m above ground in a hollow tree or old woodpecker hole. It often favours poplar (<em>Populus</em>), willow (<em>Salix</em>) or mulberry (<em>Morus</em>) but also uses cavities in banks, walls, cliffs or buildings as well as nest boxes. Clutch size is four to six eggs. It feeds on insects, spiders, small mammals, birds and lizards, depending on availability. It hunts from a perch, dropping down to take prey from branches or the ground. Also known to pursue and catch aerial prey such as bats and moths. The species is resident and migratory. In Europe, it is most likely a summer visitor to Turkey arriving late March or April and leaving in September or October (Holt <em>et al.</em> 1999).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The threats to this species are not well known (Holt <em>et al. </em>1999). Pesticides may be a potential danger to this species (König 2008).,"<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. CITES Appendix II. There are no known conservation measures specifically targeting this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Develop research into the species's range, ecology, habitat requirements and movements to inform future conservation work. In particular, investigate potential threats and assess the impacts of pesticide use on the species. Legal protection of the species and key sites is needed, as well as the development and implementation of Regional Recovery Plans.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,STRIGIFORMES,STRIGIDAE,Otus,cyprius,,Otus cyprius,"(von Madarász, 1901)",<em>Otus scops </em>has been split into Eurasian Scops-owl <em>O. scops </em>and Cyprus Scops-owl <em>O. cyprius </em>on the basis on significant vocal differences and minor plumage characteristics following a detailed review by Flint <em>et al. </em>2015).,Yes,LC,0,Yes,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong><br/></strong>This species is endemic to Europe and the EU28. Although it has a restricted range, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small to large, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D).&#160;&#160;The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>This species was split from <em>Otus scops</em>&#160;after the EU28 regional assessment was undertaken, and therefore has not been evaluated as a separate species.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population trend direction is suspected to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is endemic to Cyprus.<strong> </strong>It is believed to be mostly sedentary, though it is now debated that some individuals may migrate (Flint <em>et al.</em>&#160;2015).","The European breeding population is suspected to be less than 10,000 pairs, which equates to less than 20,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","A terrestrial species, Cyprus Scops-owl occupies forest, including pine, scrubland and artificial habitats such as farmland and parks.<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Cyprus Scops-owl is threatened by changes occurring in agricultural management practices, as it is thought that the species relies on structurally diverse vegetation types, occupying forest and scrubland habitats (Ieronymidou 2008).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed&#160;</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently known to be proposed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Elliott, N. & Martin, R.","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,STRIGIFORMES,STRIGIDAE,Otus,scops,,Otus scops,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",<em>Otus scops&#160;</em>has been split into Eurasian Scops-owl&#160;<em>O. scops&#160;</em>and Cyprus Scops-owl&#160;<em>O. cyprius&#160;</em>on the basis on significant vocal differences and minor plumage characteristics following a detailed review by Flint&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2015).,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The    population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The    population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does    not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons    the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population  size  is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds  for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.  For these reasons  the species is evaluated as Least  Concern in the  EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is suspected to  be stable. In the EU28 the breeding population size is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary  information.","<p>In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia, Romania, Spain and Turkey, with smaller but significant numbers in Croatia, Serbia, France, Greece and Bulgaria.</p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 223,000-375,000&#160;pairs  (447,000-749,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at  122,000-189,000 pairs (244,000-377,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates,  see the supplementary information.","Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Declines in this species are most likely down to habitat changes and a reduction in insect populations (Holt&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;1999), probably from the use of pesticides (König 2008). The spread of large-scale farming, modernisation of agricultural methods and the reduction in the number of hollow trees may have driven its extirpation from areas in France and Spain (Holt&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;1999, König 2008). Urban developments may also lead to a loss of habitat (Martínez <em>et al</em>. 2007). In Switzerland, suitable habitat has been fragmented by spread of viniculture and agricultural intensification (Holt&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;1999) and land abandonment leading to loss of grassland habitats favoured by the species is also a threat (Sergio <em>et al</em>. 2009). In Israel pesticide use reduced the population however increases have occurred since the 1970s (Holt <em>et al</em>. 1999). Locally, increases in predator populations, such as Tawny Owls (<em>Strix aluco</em><em>)&#160;</em>may lead to decreases in this species (König 2008). Hunting, along migration routes in Italy and Malta, are also thought to impact the species (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J","Staneva, A. & Rutherford, C.A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Oxyura,leucocephala,,Oxyura leucocephala,"(Scopoli, 1769)",0,No,VU,C1+2a(i),No,VU,D1,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><p></p>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The population size is small, and, combined with the declining trend, meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size criterion C and is hence assessed as such in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population size is very small and meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size criterion D, and is hence assessed as such in the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by approximately 18% in 16 years (three generations). In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be fluctuating.&#160;These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","In Europe, this species breeds primarily in Spain, where it is resident, and Russia, but also notably in Turkey, with a smaller population also present&#160;in Armenia.&#160;<br/>It occurs on passage and in winter primarily in Azerbaijan, with smaller populations present in the eastern Mediterranean, the Caucasus and the Black Sea.<br/><br/>Concurrently, breeding populations have become extinct in Italy, France, and in many countries in central and eastern Europe (Snow and Perrins 1998, Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020).","The European breeding population is estimated at 500-760 pairs, which equates to 1,000-1,600 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 250-310 pairs, which equates to 510-620 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in small, shallow, fresh to brackish wetlands with dense submerged vegetation and extensive reedbeds (Tucker and Heath 1994). Breeding begins in April with broods hatching mostly in June and July (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). Nests are a platform of reed stems and leaves sparsely lined with down and are built in dense vegetation, on the ground or over water, often in old nests of other waterbirds. They are sometimes sited within gull and tern colonies, and birds will use specially constructed nest-boxes. Clutches are usually four to nine white eggs and females may re-lay if the first clutch is lost. As a diving duck, its diet consists of midge larvae and other aquatic invertebrates.  Seeds and the vegetative parts of aquatic plants are also taken (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). Most birds are migratory, wintering in Europe from further east in Russia and Kazakhstan. Breeding in Europe is mostly concentrated in Spain where the population is resident but also occurs in Russia and Turkey (Tucker and Heath 1994).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The greatest long-term threat to the species's survival is thought to be competition and introgressive hybridisation (i.e. genetic swamping) with the non-native North American Ruddy Duck (<em>Oxyura jamaicensis</em>) (Green and Hughes 1996, Green and Hughes 2001, Muñoz-Fuentes <em>et al.</em> 2007). Both male Ruddy Ducks and male hybrids are socially dominant over male White-headed Ducks during courtship (Johnsgard and Carbonell 1996). The threat from the Ruddy Duck is extremely serious, given that, if allowed to proceed beyond a certain point, the Ruddy Duck's spread across the Palearctic will become unstoppable, especially if the species was allowed to become established in White-headed Duck range-states such as Turkey or the Russian Federation, where the huge size and area of the wetlands and their infrequent monitoring would make control impossible (Hughes <em>et al.</em> 2006). Approximately 50% of breeding habitat has been drained during the 20th century. Remaining sites are vulnerable to drainage, filling, pollution and disturbance. Water abstraction for agriculture and other uses has affected water levels in many important sites throughout the range. The genetic diversity of the western European population is low (Muñoz-Fuentez <em>et al. </em>2005) owing to its having suffered a bottleneck in the 1970s and early 1980s when only a few dozen individuals remained in the wild (Johnsgard and Carbonell 1996, Muñoz-Fuentez <em>et al.</em> 2005). This may lessen the adaptive potential of the population, rendering it less able to withstand environmental change (Muñoz-Fuentez <em>et al.</em> 2005). Further threats include drowning in fishing-nets, hunting and ingestion of lead shot (Green <em>et al.</em> 1996, J. Criado <em>in litt.</em> 1999, Mateo <em>et al. </em>2001, A.A. Khan, A. Parveen, and R. Yasmeen<em> in litt. </em>2005). The species is hunted illegally in most of the range states but this has not been quantified, apart from in Turkey. Hunting and egg collection are the most likely reason for extinction in some countries (Hughes <em>et al.</em> 2006).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CITES Appendix II. CMS Appendix I and II. The species is legally protected in many range countries and occurs in a number of protected areas. A conservation programme in Spain has resulted in a significant population increase (J. Criado <em>in litt. </em>1999). Ruddy Ducks (<em>O. jamaicensis</em>) are controlled in 15 western Palearctic countries, including Spain, Portugal and France. A programme was started in 2005 to eradicate the U.K. population of Ruddy Ducks and by 2009, over 6,200 ducks had been culled, resulting in a suggested decrease in the U.K. population of almost 90% (Henderson 2009). Reintroduction schemes are operational in Majorca and Italy (B. Hughes <em>in litt.</em> 1999, A. J. Green <em>in litt.</em> 2012). A European action plan was published in 2006 (Hughes <em>et al.</em> 2006). Sport hunting has been banned on two primary wintering lakes (Burdur Gölü and Yarisli Gölü) in Turkey where hunting from speedboats was threatening the White-headed Duck (Green <em>et al.</em> 1996). <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Survey breeding and wintering grounds and migration sites. Enforce strict protection from hunting. Conduct comprehensive winter monitoring and tracking studies to improve knowledge of migration routes and phenology (Li and Mundkur 1993). Protect and manage key sites and their catchments, including monitoring of hydrology and water pollution (M.A. Tabur <em>in litt.</em> 2005). Reduce disturbance by fisheries. Ensure legislative protection for this species in all range states (Li and Mundkur 1993). Alleviate hunting pressure and ban lead shot throughout its range. Prevent drowning in fishing nets by regulating fisheries. Promote policies to control <em>O. jamaicensis</em> and hybrids.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,LARIDAE,Pagophila,eburnea,,Pagophila eburnea,"(Phipps, 1774)",0,No,VU,C1,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The  population size is small (&lt;10,000 but &gt;1,000 mature individuals) and is in a continuous decline, estimated at 35% over 25 years (three generations), and hence meets the  thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion C (but not criterion D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons  the species is evaluated as Vulnerable (C1) in Europe.<br/><br/>The species is considered vagrant in the EU28 and is assessed as Not Applicable (NA) for this region.","In Europe, the breeding population size is estimated to  be decreasing by at least 10% in 25 years (three generations). For details of national estimates, see the supplementary  information.","<p>In Europe, the species breeds in Greenland, the European part of Russia and on Svalbard and Jan Mayen.</p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 4,300-5,800 pairs  (8,600-11,600 mature individuals).<br/><br/>The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","This species breeds in the high Arctic, north of the July 5°C isotherm (Snow and Perrins 1998) on broad upper ledges of steep, inaccessible coastal or inland cliffs (Billerman e<em>t al.</em> 2020, Snow and Perrins 1998) up to 300 m high (Snow and Perrins 1998), on broken ice-fields or on bare, level shorelines with low rocks (Snow and Perrins 1998, Billerman <em>et al</em>. 2020). Outside of the breeding season it associates with the edges of pack-ice, showing a preference for areas with 70–90% ice cover. It breeds between late-June and August (although most pairs do not lay until early-July, and some pairs may not breed if food conditions are unfavourable) in colonies of 5–60 pairs. The nest is constructed of moss, straw and other debris, lined with dry grass and feathers, on a snow-free area of rock. Its diet consists predominantly of fish, shrimps, shellfish, algae and carrion (e.g. seal placentae) (Billerman e<em>t al.</em> 2020). It feeds mostly by hovering and contact dipping in open leads in ice-filled waters, or scavenging on marine mammal remains (Gilg <em>et al.</em> 2010). This species is migratory. It departs from its breeding grounds between August and October, (Olsen and Larsson 2003) and returns in late-March at Spitsbergen and in April at Franz Josef Land. Sometimes appears as a vagrant in several countries in western and northern Europe (Billerman <em>e</em><em>t al.</em> 2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is thought to be declining due to changes in conditions on its staging or wintering grounds (e.g. more severe winters, changing sea-ice distribution and thickness) (Gilchrist and Mallory 2005). It is also hunted (Gilchrist and Mallory 2005). The species's reliance on seal and whale blubber makes it particularly vulnerable to heavy metal- contamination (Tucker and Heath 1994) as has been found outside of Europe (Braune <em>et al. </em>2006) which may have had a long-term effect on breeding productivity (Miljeteig <em>in litt. </em>2007). The levels of contaminants (e.g. organochlorines, brominated flame retardants, perfluorinated alkyl substances, and mercury) recorded in eggs of the species are among the highest among reported in Arctic seabird species (Miljeteig <em>et al. </em>2009).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Annex II. In Russia, it was listed in the Red Data Book of the U.S.S.R. (1984) and is currently registered as a Category 3 (Rare) species in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation. As a result, the species is listed in regional Red Data Books along its breeding range in Russia (Gilchrist <em>et al.</em> 2008). However there are currently no specific conservation measures in action for this species (Varty and Tanner 2009). A Norwegian-Russian project satellite tagged 31 individuals in 2007/2008 to assess movements at breeding grounds and their dispersal ability (Gilg <em>et al.</em> 2009). <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Monitor population trends throughout the range, with particular emphasis on determining rates of decline in main breeding areas. Research the magnitude of threats facing all populations. Protect colonies from mining action.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ACCIPITRIFORMES,PANDIONIDAE,Pandion,haliaetus,,Pandion haliaetus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","<em>Pandion haliaetus</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993; Christidis and Boles 1994) was split into <em>P. haliaetus</em> and <em>P. cristatus </em>by Christidis and Boles (2008) but this treatment is not followed by the BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group (BTWG) because the authors base their treatment on molecular analyses published by M. Wink outside the peer-reviewed literature; the BTWG adopts the view of Edwards et al. (2005) that intrageneric genetic differentiation alone is an unsatisfactory basis for species recognition and prefer to wait for further validation before accepting this proposed split. <p></p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The  population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The  population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does  not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons  the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size  is moderately small, but it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable  under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears  to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds  for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least  Concern in the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to  be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary  information.","<p>In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Sweden and the European part of Russia, with small numbers in Finland, Germany, Norway, the United Kingdom and Latvia.</p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 9,600-13,600 pairs  (19,200-27,100 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 6,000-7,800 pairs (12,100-15,500 mature individuals). For details of national estimates,  see the supplementary information.","<p>It inhabits the areas around shallow waters, being sufficiently tolerant of human settlement to persist in suburban and sometimes urban environments. It breeds from late May to early September and most pairs are monogamous but polygynous trios form where males can easily defend two nests. The nest is a large collection of sticks and flotsam, lined with grasses and moss where available, usually wedged high (up to 30 m above the ground) in an exposed tree or will also nest on cliff. Clutches are from one to four eggs. Its diet almost entirely consists of live fish (Billerman e<em>t al.</em> 2020). The species migrates on broad fronts and is not dependent on land bridges during migration (Snow and Perrins 1998, Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). Migrants begin moving to lower latitudes in August and arrive by October, returning in March and April (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001).</p><br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Human persecution was the main historical threat, prevalent from the 18th–20th centuries (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). A combination of deforestation and the collection of eggs and live birds drove the species extinct in Azerbaijan (Billerman e<em>t al.</em> 2020). Numbers fell from 1950–1970 as a result of pesticide use, although they are now recovering. Pesticide use has now been reduced to a minor threat. In Scotland the species had been extirpated by collection and hunting but is now recovering (Billerman e<em>t al.</em> 2020, Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001), but shooting still affects many birds on migration in the Mediterranean, notably in Malta. It is very highly vulnerable to the effects of potential wind energy development (Strix 2012).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex I. CMS Appendix II. Reintroduction has helped populations to recover across parts of its range and pesticide use has been reduced, as seen in the Fennoscandian population which increased after a reduction in pollutants (mainly organochlorides and mercury) (Billerman e<em>t al.</em> 2020).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Disturbance during the breeding season can be reduced by establishing protective zones 200–300 m wide around the nest. This, along with nest wardening, rebuilding of damaged nests and the provision of artificial nests in safe locations where necessary, would also assist breeding success. The spread of pollutants should be reduced. Fish-farms visited by migrating birds should use equipment to scare birds and prevent access to fish stocks rather than shoot them (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PANURIDAE,Panurus,biarmicus,,Panurus biarmicus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is suspected to be increasing. In the EU28, the population size is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds largely in Russia, and also notably in Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Romania.","The European breeding population is estimated at 171,000-392,000 pairs, which equates to 343,000-783,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 535,00-108,000 pairs, which equates to 107,000-215,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is found in extensive reedbeds (<em>Phragmites</em>) and is associated with dense non-woody vegetation in and beside fresh and brackish water, or immediately adjoining marshes and swamps. It also uses the tussocky edges of reedbeds, stands of reeds and bulrushes (<em>Typha)</em> in marshes and shores of lakes and rivers. In the western Palearctic it breeds from late March to early September. Both sexes build the nest which is a deep cup-shaped structure of dead reed blades and other marsh-plant leaves, lined with flowering reed-heads and often also feathers and occasionally mammal hair. It is nearly always roofed by sheltering vegetation and is sited amongst close-growing and typically more or less vertical stems of reeds, sedges and other marsh vegetation. Clutches are most commonly four to eight eggs. The diet is mostly invertebrates and their larvae in the summer and vegetable matter in the late autumn and winter. Populations in Europe are mainly fairly sedentary, but are subject to eruptive post-breeding and wintering movements (Robson 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Populations have always been subject to regular annual population fluctuations. However in some areas such as Turkey, the breeding population is thought to be decreasing owing to the drainage of marshland habitat (Robson 2015). Declines have also been reported in the Netherlands as a result of habitat loss (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997), which may also occur due to reedcutting (Burton and Burton 2002). The species is also noted for its sensitivity to severe cold winters (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997) and it has been exploited by the cage-bird trade in the past (Burton and Burton 2002).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>This species will use nestboxes, particularly when nest sites are in short supply (Wilson 2005). The maintenance of reedbeds large enough to sustain populations of this species is necessary and new reedbeds should be created (Bibby and Lunn 1982).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PARIDAE,Parus,major,,Parus major,"Linnaeus, 1758","<em>Parus major </em>(Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) was split by Päckert <em>et al</em>. (2005) into <em>P. major</em>, <em>P. minor</em> and <em>P. cinereus</em> who also transferred <em>P. bokharensis </em>(Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) into <em>P. major</em>. The BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group supports the author's treatment of <em>bokharensis </em>because morphological, vocal and genetic differences are small, but the treatment of <em>minor</em> and <em>cinereus</em> as species is not followed owing to the author's own reservations about recognising <em>cinereus</em> as distinct from <em>minor</em> because of the minor morphological, vocal and genetic differences and due to uncertainty over taxonomic relationships in the westernmost Himalayan region which allows the possibility that <em>major</em> and<em> bokharensis </em>are connected to <em>cinereus</em> and <em>cinereus</em> to <em>minor</em>. Owing to this uncertainty it is not felt there is sufficient evidence to treat any of these taxa as distinct from <em>major</em> at the species level.  <p></p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is estimated to be stable. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds in most countries, notably in Russia, Spain, Germany, France, Romania, Poland, Czechia and Ukraine.","The European breeding population is estimated at 63,600,000-103,000,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 127,000,000-205,000,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 47,000,000-68,800,000 pairs, which equates to 94,000,000-138,000,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occupies mostly open deciduous and mixed forests and edges and clearings in dense forest, including conifer forests and boreal taiga. It is also found more widely in plantations, hedgerows, orchards, parks, gardens, the edges of cultivation, olive groves and almost any group of trees or bushes. In Europe shows preference for oaks (<em>Quercus</em>) (Gosler <em>et al.</em> 2013). Egg-laying begins in March to April in southern lowlands and in May in the north but over most of Europe it begins in April (Snow and Perrins 1998). The nest is built by the female, mostly of plant fibres, grasses, moss, animal hair, wool and feathers, placed at variable height in a hole or a cavity in a tree, occasionally in a wall, rock face or building. Frequently uses nestboxes (Gosler <em>et al.</em> 2013). Clutches are usually six to eleven eggs in Europe. It feeds on a wide variety of insects, as well as spiders, seeds and fruit (Snow and Perrins 1998). The species is generally resident but does undertake seasonal altitudinal movements and is partially eruptive (Gosler <em>et al. </em>2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Increased spring temperatures are resulting in a mismatch between food availability and offspring requirements leading to lowered reproductive success in at least some populations (Visser <em>et al.</em> 1998, Visser <em>et al.</em> 2006).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><strong><br/>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Currently no conservation measures are needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PASSERIDAE,Passer,domesticus,,Passer domesticus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","<em>Passer domesticus </em>and<em> P. italiae</em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2016) were previously lumped as<em> P. domesticus </em>following AERC TAC (2003); AOU (1998 and supplements); Christidis and Boles (2008); Cramp <em>et al</em>. (1977-1994); Dowsett and Forbes-Watson (1993); SACC (2005 and updates); Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993); Stotz <em>et al</em>. (1996); Turbott (1990).",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is estimated to be decreasing by 10% over 14 years (3 generations). In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds largely in Spain but also notably in Russia and Turkey, with relatively smaller numbers in most other countries in Europe.","The European breeding population is estimated at 135,000,000-189,000,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 270,000,000-378,000,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 114,000,000-150,000,000 pairs, which equates to 228,000,000-300,000,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is often associated with man, living around buildings from  isolated farms to urban centres and showing a preference for suburbs. In  the south of its range it is more frequently found in open country, and  has been recorded as breeding in small isolated colonies away from  humans. It breeds from February to September, although timing varies  with latitude. It breeds in loose colonies and nests are constructed  mainly of plant stems, lined with feathers or other soft material. Its  preferred site is a hole in a building, cliff or tree. Clutches are two  to five eggs. The diet is mainly vegetable material, particularly seeds  of grasses, cultivated cereals and low herbs, but also buds, berries and  wide range of household scraps. It does take some animal matter (c. 10%  of the diet in summer months). The species is mostly resident with some limited withdrawal of populations breeding at high latitudes and altitudes to less cold areas in winter  (Summers-Smith <em>et al</em>. 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Declines in western Europe have been attributed to a decrease in  availability of suitable invertebrate food necessary for rearing young  as well as possible reduced fitness of those young that fledge  successfully (Summers-Smith <em>et al</em>. 2015). This may be as a result of  changes in agricultural practices such as the increased use of  pesticides and herbicides and the autumn sowing of cereals, which have  lead to decreases in food for this species (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species was  Red-listed in the U.K. in 2002 and listed as Near-threatened in Germany  as a result of declines (Summers-Smith <em>et al</em>. 2015).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The  conservation and habitat enhancement of even the smallest parks and  gardens may be key in addressing the decline of this species in many  cities (Summers-Smith <em>et al</em>. 2015).,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Wheatley, H.","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PASSERIDAE,Passer,hispaniolensis,,Passer hispaniolensis,"(Temminck, 1820)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population size trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown, and the EU28, the population size trend is suspected to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds largely in Turkey and Spain, but also notably in Italy, Croatia and Romania.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 3,780,000-9,960,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 7,560,000-20,000,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at&#160;2,080,000-6,270,000 pairs, which equates to 4,170,000-12,600,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is found mainly in moist, humid areas near water with trees and shrubs and is normally associated with cultivation, extending in places into more arid steppe and semi-desert and penetrating urban areas where Passer domesticus is lacking. Breeding occurs mainly from April to August in the west of its range and it breeds colonially. The nest is a loosely woven, roughly spherical structure 15–30 cm in diameter and made of grass and other plant stems, lined with finer grasses and feathers. It is firmly attached to branches of a tree, in the lower part of large nest of bird of prey, crow (Corvidae) or heron (Ardeidae), or on a pylon. It is rarely in a hole in a wall or building. Clutches are two to six eggs. It feeds mostly on vegetable matter, especially seeds of grasses, cultivated crops and low herbs, but it also takes invertebrates throughout year. The species is variously resident, nomadic and migratory (Summers-Smith 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","On Madeira, the species has declined almost to extinction as a result of the wide-spread use of pesticides (Summers-Smith 2015).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Locally, this species would benefit from the ban on the indiscriminate use of pesticides.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PASSERIDAE,Passer,italiae,,Passer italiae,"(Vieillot, 1817)","<p><em>Passer domesticus </em>and<em> P. italiae</em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2016) were previously lumped as<em> P. domesticus </em>following AERC TAC (2003); AOU (1998 &amp; supplements); Christidis &amp; Boles (2008); Cramp et al. (1977-1994); Dowsett &amp; Forbes-Watson (1993); SACC (2005 &amp; updates); Sibley &amp; Monroe (1990, 1993); Stotz et al. (1996); Turbott (1990).</p>",Yes,VU,A2bce+3bce+4bce,No,VU,A2bce+3bce+4bce,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>This species was not assessed for the 2015 Europe regional assessment project because at that time it was included as a subspecies of <em>Passer domesticus</em>; it was split out as a separate species in 2016. Since then—in 2018—<em>P. italiae</em> was globally assessed as Vulnerable (VU A2bce+3bce+4bce). This regional reassessment refers to the 2018 global assessment of this European endemic species as the previous published Europe assessment.<br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A) and is assessed as such in both Europe and the EU28. As this species is endemic to Europe, there is no potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 24-38% with a best estimate of 31% over the past 10 years, is expected to decline at the same rate between 2011-2021 and over the next ten years.&#160;&#160;These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","This species is endemic to Europe, where it breeds almost entirely in Italy (91% of the total population), and also notably in France, with small populations also present in Crete (Greece), Switzerland, Slovenia and Austria.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 2,120,000–3,450,000 pairs, which equates to 4,240,000–6,900,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 2,100,000–3,430,000 pairs, which equates to 4,200,000–6,850,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species can occur in a vast array of habitat from farmland and rural areas and the surrounding habitats as well as in urban areas, though it prefers areas of cereal agriculture (Summers-Smith 2017).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The causes behind the species's decline are uncertain. The congeneric House Sparrow&#160;<em>P. domesticus</em>&#160;and Spanish Sparrow&#160;<em>P. hispaniolensis</em>&#160;have suffered declines as a result of changing agricultural practices, such as increased use of pesticides, which reduces the amount of available food (BirdLife International 2015). However, urban populations may also be declining (Brichetti&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2008, Summers-Smith 2017), and so this is unlikely to be the sole cause of population declines in this species.","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><strong><br/></strong>This species was removed from the list of huntable species in Italy in 1997 (M. Sorrenti <em>in litt. </em>2017).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><strong><br/></strong>Conduct research to investigate the potential drivers of the decline in this species, and carry out targeted surveys (C. Celada&#160;<em>in litt.&#160;</em>2017). These can then allow for better assessment of population trends. Attempt to reduce the use of pesticides that could be having harmful effects on food availability for this species, and bring this species in line with other conservation actions for farmland species.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Wheatley, H.","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PASSERIDAE,Passer,moabiticus,,Passer moabiticus,"Tristram, 1864","<em>Passer moabiticus</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) was split into <em>P. moabiticus</em> and <em>P. yatii</em> by Kirwan (2004) but this treatment has not been adopted by the BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group because its assessment of the character differences led it to conclude that <em>yatii</em> is best regarded as a well-marked subspecies.  <p></p>",No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species although this species may have a restricted range, it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size may be small, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>This species is a vagrant in the EU28 and is therefore considered Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species only breeds in Turkey.","The European breeding population is suspected at 1,000–3,000 pairs, which equates to 2,000–6,000 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits riverine or lacustrine areas with trees or scrub, and irrigated semi-desert with flushes of annual grasses. Outside breeding season in cultivated land. Unusually for the genus, it has no association with built-up areas or habitations.<br/><br/>It breeds from March to July. The nest is a large ovoid structure, domed and with an entrance spiralling down from the top. It is strongly constructed from dead twigs, lined with feathers and plant down and built openly in the branches of a tree, often a dead tree standing in water. Clutches are three to five eggs.<br/><br/>The diet is primarily seeds, and it specialises on the smaller seeds of grasses, rushes and sedges, shrubs and trees.<br/><br/>The species is migratory and partially migratory (Summers-Smith 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The size of the European population could render it susceptible to the risks affecting small populations; however, it is adjacent to a much larger non-European population (Birdlife International 2004). Habitat degradation from factors such as irrigation, overgrazing and erosion as well as&#160; are recorded in areas where the species in present (Ozturk <em>et al</em>. 2012) and may be a threat to this species. The use of pesticides may also be a problem (Ozturk <em>et al. </em>2012). In Cyprus, a local extinction occurred at a lake near Akrotiri in the 1980s when the lake dried out (Summers-Smith 2016).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PASSERIDAE,Passer,montanus,,Passer montanus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is estimated to be decreasing by 7% in 10 years (best estimate). In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds largely in Russia, but also notably in Ukraine, Poland, Spain, Romania and Hungary.","The European breeding population is estimated at 26,800,000-38,000,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 53,700,000-76,000,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 12,000,000-17,700,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 24,000,000-35,400,000&#160;mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In the west of its range this species is found mainly in cultivated areas with hedgerow trees, orchards, gardens and farmyards and less commonly in light woodland. In the east it is found increasingly not only in built-up areas, but also in open arid country. In the north of its range the breeding season begins from April or May. It breeds in loose colonies. The nest is constructed of dried grass and rootlets, lined with feathers and animal fur and is domed (even when in a hole), with as entrance on the side. It is mostly sited in a hole in a tree, earth bank, cliff or artificial structure, sometimes in the base of a large nest of heron (Ardeidae), crow (Corvidae) or bird of prey. Occasionally it is a free-standing nest in a tree, but then usually hidden in thick conifer or creepers.  Clutches are two to seven eggs. The diet is mainly seeds and it prefers smaller seeds of low herbs and grasses, including cultivated cereals but it also takes a significant proportion of animal food (Summers-Smith 2016). In Europe the species is largely sedentary (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",Declines in this species may be a result of changes in agricultural practices such as the increased use of pesticides and herbicides and the autumn sowing of cereals which have lead to decreases in food for this species (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).,"<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>In 1996 the species was placed on the U.K. Red List of Species of National Conservation Concern (Summers-Smith 2016).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Management should create invertebrate-rich habitats, such as small-scale wetlands, and aim to increase heterogeneity in land-use type in order to to provide the range of invertebrates at the required abundance for this species (Field <em>et al.</em> 2004).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,STURNIDAE,Pastor,roseus,,Pastor roseus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be fluctuating, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is small, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is estimated to be fluctuating. In the EU28, the population size is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds notably in Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey and Ukraine.","The European breeding population is estimated at 50,700-202,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 101,000-403,000&#160;mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at&#160;1,000-13,500 pairs, which equates to 2,000-27,000&#160;mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","During the breeding season this species is found on open steppes where orthopterans (locusts and other grasshoppers) are abundant. Colonies are normally found near water, often in valleys but after breeding it moves to more wooded areas. The breeding season is short, running from May to July and is closely tied to the availability of food. It is monogamous and breeds in large colonies often from hundreds to several thousand nests. Both sexes build the nest, which is made from grasses and twigs, lined with finer grasses and feathers and the cup may include aromatic plants such as wormwood (<em>Artemisia</em>), giant fennel (<em>Ferula</em>) and the poaceous grass (<em>Aeluropus</em>). It is sited in a hole, most frequently between stones on scree slope and sometimes in a crack in a rock or cliff, among stones on a railway embankment or quarry, in a hole or crevice in a building. Clutches are from three to six eggs. It feeds on insects during the breeding season, mostly locusts and other grasshoppers but more fruit is taken after breeding, and in winter it consumes insects, fruit, seeds and nectar. The species is migratory and also undertakes nomadic post-breeding dispersal (Craig <em>et al.</em> 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The species may be threatened by habitat modification (Birdlife International 2015).,"<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>As the population status is not currently known due to uncertainties over the impacts of habitat modification on population sizes (Birdlife International 2015), the species would benefit from increased monitoring efforts and research.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PROCELLARIIFORMES,OCEANITIDAE,Pelagodroma,marina,,Pelagodroma marina,"(Latham, 1790)",0,No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, the species' population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at an unknown rate, therefore the population size reduction criterion A cannot be applied. This species has a very small area of occupancy (AOO), and combined with its small number of locations and the continuing decline, meets the thresholds for Endangered under the range size criterion B and is therefore assessed as such within both Europe and the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be undergoing a continuous decline of an unknown magnitude. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds almost entirely in Madeira (Portugal) with a small population also present in the Canary Islands (Spain).","The European breeding population is estimated at 77,800-111,000 pairs, which equates to 155,000-222,000 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species uses marine and pelagic habitats (Carboneras <em>et al. </em>2016). It comes ashore only to breed (Jouanin and Roux 1965, Jensen 1981). On the Selvagens (Portugal) egg-laying is reported mid-March to early June, with the clutch a single egg (Carboneras<em> et al. </em>2016). Birds excavate long burrows in sandy soil usually among thick vegetation which conceals the entrance hole (Snow and Perrins 1998). The breeding grounds on the Selvagens have a good covering of vegetation, mostly of ice-plants (<em>Mesembryanthemum cristallinum</em>), the roots of which stabilize the very sandy soil (Tucker and Heath 1994). It is present on breeding islands from March to September and may disperse to areas off the east coast of North America (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2014). It feeds mainly on planktonic crustaceans (Carboneras <em>et al. </em>2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In general this species is highly sensitive to human disturbance and locally subject to exploitation by fishermen. It is also affected by predators such as mice (<em>Mus musculus</em>), rats (<em>Rattus spp.</em>), cats (<em>Felis catus</em>), owls, skuas (<em>Catharacta</em>), large gulls (<em>Larus spp.</em>) and snakes (Carboneras<em>&#160;et al.&#160;</em>&#160;2016). Other threats include: habitat degradation and problems caused by rabbits, disturbance from other birds, attraction to light at night (Madroño<em>&#160;et al.&#160;</em>&#160;2004).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. The species is listed as Vulnerable in the Spanish Red Data Book. The current breeding colonies in Spain are covered by the ENP (Espacios Naturales Protegidos) network. In 1992 the Department of the Environment launched a program to monitor the population and breeding success of the species. The European Union has granted the governing body of Lanzarote funding for a LIFE project in the Natural Park of the Chinijo Archipelago which provided some conservation actions that benefit the species. Chief among them was the eradication of rabbits from Clara Mountain Island, which has been a great success (Madroño <em>et al.</em> 2004).  <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Human exploitation should be terminated and eradication of introduced predators on all breeding islands is also recommended (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2016). Develop and publish a Plan of Conservation for the species and ensure its guidelines are implemented. Planning tools of ENP should be developed and approved to restrict access to breeding sites. Light-reducing mechanisms should be developed in urban areas next to the breeding areas and injured birds recovered (Madroño<em> et al. </em>2004). Programmes of eradication or control of cats and rabbits on islets with the species should be set up (Madroño<em>&#160;et al.&#160;</em>2004, Carboneras<em>&#160;et al.&#160;</em>&#160;2014) and mechanisms established to prevent the spread of potentially dangerous mammals, especially on Clara Mountain Island. Continue regular monitoring of the population and reproductive success, as well as conducting surveys in potential habitats in order to detect new colonies (Madroño<em>&#160;et al.&#160;</em>&#160;2004).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PELECANIFORMES,PELECANIDAE,Pelecanus,crispus,,Pelecanus crispus,"Bruch, 1832",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The  population size is small (&lt;10,000 but &gt;1,000 mature individuals), but the population trend appears to be increasing, and hence it does not approach the  thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D) or the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons  the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, although this species may have a small range, it is not  believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The  population size is small (&lt;10,000 but &gt;1,000 mature individuals), but the population trend appears to be  increasing, and hence it does not approach the  thresholds for Vulnerable  under the population size criteria (criteria C and D), or the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least  Concern in the EU28.","In Europe both the breeding and the wintering population sizes are estimated to be increasing. Similarly, in the EU28 the breeding and the wintering population sizes are estimated to be  increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary  information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Greece, with significant numbers in Russia, Turkey, Romania and Bulgaria.<em></em>  <span class=""quotename""><span class=""quotename""><span class=""quotename""><span class=""quotename""><span class=""quotename""><p></p></span></span>","The European breeding population is estimated at 3,700-4,700 pairs  (7,500-9,400 mature individuals), and the European wintering  population is estimated at 3,200-11,400 individuals (2,100-7,600  mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at  2,200-2,800 pairs (4,400-5,600 mature individuals), and the wintering  population in the EU28 is estimated at 2,400-3,700 individuals  (1,600-2,500 mature individuals). For details of national estimates,  see the supplementary information.","This species occurs mainly on inland, freshwater wetlands but also at coastal lagoons, river deltas and estuaries (Peja <em>et al. </em>1996, Crivelli <em>et al.</em> 1997, Mix and Bräunlich 2000, Billerman<em> et al.</em> 2020). Typically winters on ice-free lakes in Europe (Elliot et al. 2014). It starts to breed in late March and April (Billerman<em> et al.</em> 2020), sometimes solitarily but usually in dense colonies of up to 250 pairs (Cramp <em>et al.</em> 1977, Billerman<em> et al.</em> 2020). Adults form monogamous pair bonds (Mix and Bräunlich 2000). It leaves the colonies between the end of July and September, although a few remain until November (Nelson 2005). It is gregarious during the winter, often occurring in large flocks and foraging communally and cooperatively in small groups (Cramp <em>et al.</em> 1977).&#160; Immature birds and non-breeders may remain in the wintering grounds year round (Nelson 2005), or may stay with the breeding colonies (Cramp <em>et al.</em> 1977).<br/><br/>Birds return to the breeding sites in late-January to April, depending on the region (Nelson 2005). It breeds on small islands in freshwater lakes or in dense aquatic vegetation such as reedbeds (Crivelli 1994, Peja <em>et al.</em> 1996, Pyrovetsi 1997, Billerman<em> et al.</em> 2020), often in hilly terrain (Nelson 2005). A few breed in Mediterranean coastal lagoons (Peja <em>et al. </em>1996, Nelson 2005). Nests typically consist of a pile of reeds, grass and sticks approximately 1 m high and 0.5–1.5 m in diameter (Nelson 2005, Billerman<em> et al.</em> 2020). They are usually situated amongst aquatic vegetation on floating or stationary islands isolated from the mainland to avoid mammalian predators (Crivelli 1994, Peja <em>et al.</em> 1996, Pyrovetsi 1997) but occasionally may be built on open ground (Hatzilacou 1993, Hatzilacou 1999, Nelson 2005). Artificial islands may also be used for nesting (Pyrovetsi 1997, Billerman<em> et al.</em> 2020). It feeds almost entirely on fish (Tucker and Heath 1994). The species is dispersive in Europe, moving only short distances typically within the eastern Mediterranean (Billerman<em> et al.</em> 2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Former declines were primarily caused by wetland drainage, shooting and persecution by fishers (Crivelli 1994, Crivelli <em>et al.</em> 1997, Mix and Bräunlich 2000). Cases of illegal shooting are still reported (e.g. four shootings in 2009 in the Danube Delta) (Billerman<em> et al.</em> 2020). Other continuing threats include disturbance from tourists and fishers, wetland alteration and destruction, water pollution, collision with overhead power-lines and over-exploitation of fish stocks (Crivelli <em>et al.</em> 1999, Hatzilacou 1993, Mix and Bräunlich 2000). Organochloride residues including DDT have been recorded in high levels in the eggs of this species and those of its prey (Albanis <em>et al. </em>1995). Nest predation by wild boar at times of low water levels is the most important threat to the Bulgarian breeding colony (Billerman<em> et al.</em> 2020). The breeding colonies in Mediterranean lagoons in Albania and Turkey are threatened by coastal developments and the alteration of the functioning of the lagoons (Peja <em>et al.</em> 1996).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CITES Appendix I. CMS Appendix I and II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. Conservation efforts have reduced the impact of the major threats in Europe (Crivelli <em>et al.</em> 1997). Marking and dismantling of power-lines (Crivelli <em>et al.</em> 1997), the provision of breeding platforms in Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria and Romania and rafts in Greece and Bulgaria, together with wardening (Hatzilacou 1999), water level management and education programmes at key sites, have reduced mortality and increased breeding success. A first European Action Plan was published in 1996 (Billerman<em> et al.</em> 2020) and reviewed in 2010 (Barov and Derhé 2011). An International Single Species Action Plan was published in 2018 (Catsadorakis and Portolou 2018) under the frameworks of AEWA, CMS and EAAFP.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Monitor breeding, wintering numbers and ecological changes at key sites. Sustainably manage wetlands. Establish wardened non-intrusion zones around breeding colonies. Bury power-lines or replace with more visible cable. Legally protect the species and its habitat in range states. Conduct public awareness campaigns and mediate potential conflicts with fishermen. Prevent poaching and overexploitation of fish.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PELECANIFORMES,PELECANIDAE,Pelecanus,onocrotalus,,Pelecanus onocrotalus,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In both Europe and the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The   population size is moderately small, but it does not approach the   thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The   population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does   not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons   the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to  be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary  information.","<p>In Europe, the species' stronghold is Romania, with small numbers in Greece, the European part of Russia and Ukraine.</p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 9,300-20,400 pairs  (18,700-40,700 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 8,600-19,000 pairs (17,200-37,900 mature individuals). For details of national estimates,  see the supplementary information.","Its regular habitat includes fresh or brackish water of lakes, deltas, lagoons and marshes, often requiring extensive reed beds for breeding.&#160; Within Europe the populations are fully migratory (Billerman<em> et al.</em> 2020) and travel via important stop-over sites (Nelson 2005). The species is entirely piscivorous, and in Europe it prefers carp (<em>Cyprinus carpio</em>) (Billerman<em> et al.</em> 2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by habitat destruction through drainage (Crivelli <em>et al.</em> 1991, Johnsgard 1993, Nelson 2005, Billerman<em> et al.</em> 2020), the divergence of rivers for irrigation (Johnsgard 1993), agriculture development and industry (Billerman<em> et al.</em> 2020). It is also subject to climatic fluctuations that have a strong influence over water-levels in wetlands: floods leading to the inundation of nesting sites (Billerman<em> et al.</em> 2020) and lowering water-levels leading to the death of fish due to increased water salinity (Crivelli 1994). The species is threatened by persecution (Johnsgard 1993, Billerman<em> et al.</em> 2020) and hunting for sport because of its (minimal) depredation of fish from fish-farms (Crivelli <em>et al.</em> 1991, Kostadinova and Gramatikov 2007). It also suffers mortality due to collisions with electric powerlines during migration, dispersal or on its wintering grounds and is often found drowned in fishing nets (Crivelli <em>et al.</em> 1991). Disturbance (Billerman<em> et al.</em> 2020), (e.g., from tourism) threatens breeding colonies (Crivelli <em>et al</em>. 1991), and pesticides, heavy metal contamination and disease could have devastating effects on large colonies in the future (Crivelli <em>et al.</em> 1991, Billerman<em> et al.</em> 2020).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on Migratory Species; Appendix II of the Bern Convention; Annex I of the Birds Directive. It occurs within 43 Important Bird Areas. Within the EU it is listed within 108 Special Protection Areas. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Monitoring and review of water management practices in key habitats.  Protection of breeding and feeding sites. Enforcement and monitoring of persecution, including educational programmes to reduce this threat. Monitoring of heavy metal and pesticide levels, and improved management of water bodies to reduce contaminant loads.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,GALLIFORMES,PHASIANIDAE,Perdix,perdix,,Perdix perdix,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,VU,A2bcde+3bcde+4bcde,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe, however if the species population continues to decline, it may need to be reclassified as Near Threatened in the future.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size reduction criterion A, and is therefore assessed as such in the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by less than 25% in 10 years. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to have decreased by over 30% over the same period, based on the trends from PECBMS (EBCC 2018). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds in most countries, notably in France, Russia, Poland and Ukraine.","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,140,000-1,880,000 pairs, which equates to 2,290,000-3,750,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 687,000-1,240,000 pairs, which equates to 1,370,000-2,470,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is found in the temperate zone, steppe regions and open arable landscapes (McGowan and Kirwan 2013). Its preferred habitat is open, low-intensity mixed farmland with small fields and hedges on grassy banks (Potts 1986, Birkan and Jacob 1988). It is found in large tracts of grassland, or other ground cover that is only slightly taller than the bird itself with some dense shrubby patches at intervals such as hedgerows. Laying occurs from late April in the U.K., early May to June in central Europe and late May to June in Sweden with re-nesting until August or September (McGowan and Kirwan 2013). It typically lays 15–17 eggs in the first clutch but fewer eggs when re-nesting. The nest is a shallow depression lined with plant material at the base of a hedge or other thick vegetation (Madge and McGowan 2002). It feeds on seeds of grains and weeds, cereals and clover and grass leaves as well as insects. The species is mainly sedentary however it is partially migratory in eastern Europe and performs altitudinal migration in the Caucasus moving to the foothills in October and November (McGowan and Kirwan 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Since the early part of the 20<sup>th</sup> century, the species may have declined in all 31 countries in which it is found. In the U.K., the reduction in numbers is believed to be as high as 80%; causes probably include factors such as loss of nesting cover, predation, herbicides (chick survival rates in U.K. declined from 49% to 32% once their use became widespread) and pesticides that reduce insect abundance in the spring. All of these factors are the consequences of intensification of agricultural practices (McGowan and Kirwan 2013).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Mace Lande: Safe. EU Birds Directive Annex II and III, Perdix perdix italica and Perdix perdix hispaniensis Annex I. A national Species Management Plan for the Italian Grey Partridge (<em>P. p. italica</em>) was published in 1999 (Palumbo and Gallo-Orsi 1999). In the U.K., supplementary winter feeding is also being attempted to benefit this, and other declining granivorous birds, on farmland (McGowan and Kirwan 2013).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Specific recommendations to address these problems include: provision of good-quality nesting cover; reduction of nest predation by controlling impact of foxes, stoats and feral cats and improving insect abundance in spring so that chicks have sufficient prey items (McGowan and Kirwan 2013).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PARIDAE,Periparus,ater,,Periparus ater,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","<em>Parus ater </em>(Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) and <em>P. melanolophus</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) have been lumped following Eck and Martens (2006) because they interbreed with and share morphological features with intergrade subspecies <em>P. a. martensi</em>.<br/><br/>The BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group is aware that phylogenetic analyses have been published which have proposed generic rearrangements which may affect this species, but prefers to wait until work by other taxonomists reveals how these changes affect the entire groups involved.  <p></p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28,this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is estimated to be stable. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds in most countries, notably in Spain, Russia, Romania, Italy, Germany and Turkey.","The European breeding population is estimated at 15,700,000-27,900,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 31,500,000-55,700,000&#160;mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 12,300,000-20,500,000 pairs, which equates to 24,700,000-41,000,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see&#160;the Supplementary Information.","This species occupies conifer forests of various compositions and structure (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). In Europe it is often found in conifer plantations and in urban and suburban areas with small numbers of conifers. Outside of the breeding season it uses similar habitats, but is also more frequently found in deciduous woodland, parks and gardens. The breeding season is from the end of March to late July and it breeds later in the north of its range than in the south. The nest is cup-shaped and made almost entirely of moss, some animal hair and wool with some feathers incorporated. It is placed in a hole or cavity in a tree trunk or old stump, but sometimes it also uses a hole or crevice in a wall or rocks, in the ground under stones or a nestbox. Clutches are five to thirteen eggs. It feeds on invertebrates, seeds and sap and will visit bird tables and feeders. It has also learnt to pierce or open milk-bottle tops to take cream. The species is resident (Gosler and Clement 2007).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Declines in central Europe are due to large-scale reductions in arthropods caused by industrial pollution and acid rain (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997, Gosler and Clement 2007).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. Subspecies <em>P. a. cypriotes</em> is listed under Annex I of the EU Birds Directive. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The species would benefit from a reduction in industrial emissions.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,CORVIDAE,Perisoreus,infaustus,,Perisoreus infaustus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend not known, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be fluctuating, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be fluctuating. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds mainly in Russia. It also notably breeds in Finland and Sweden, and smaller numbers also present in Norway.","The European breeding population is estimated at 213,000-415,000 pairs, which equates to 426,000-830,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 70,500-155,000 pairs, which equates to 141,000-310,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","<p>This species occupies boreal forest (taiga zone). It favours dense closed-canopy, mature forest of spruce (<em>Picea</em>), pines (<em>Pinus</em>) and larches (<em>Larix</em>), with stands of birches (<em>Betula</em>) and is found in lowlands and foothills (Madge 2009). It is a solitary nester and in Scandinavia, eggs are laid in late March and April (Madge and Burn 1993). The nest is a rather loose structure of twigs, with well-lined cup of lichens, feathers and reindeer (<em>Rangifer</em>) hairs, placed at base of branch close to the trunk of a tree. Clutches are three or four eggs. It is omnivorous, consuming berries, seeds, various insects and their larvae and a wide variety of other invertebrates. It also feeds on carrion, and scavenges on scraps provided by humans, takes eggs and nestlings of small birds, and small rodents (Madge 2009). The species is highly sedentary (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).</p><br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","<p>In parts of European range it is declining, due to the increased exploitation of its habitat through felling, road-building, settlements and agriculture (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). Forest fragmentation opens up dense forest and allowing such predators such as <em>Corvus corax</em> easier access to nests of this and other bird species (Madge 2009). Other corvids, including other members of this species, are also known to predate nests and the species may suffer from competition from Eurasian Jay (<em>Garrulus glandarius</em>) (Madge and Burn 1993). </p>","<p><strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong></p>  <p>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.</p>  <p><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong></p>  <p>As the species needs mature forest and due to the long recovery time needed for clear-felled areas to regenerate sufficiently, long-term planning of forest exploitation is required, in order to maintain refugia of mature forest. In addition the creation of new forest edges, such as might occur with the construction of power lines should be minimized (Tucker and Heath 1994).</p>",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ACCIPITRIFORMES,ACCIPITRIDAE,Pernis,apivorus,,Pernis apivorus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28,&#160;the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds largely in Russia, and notably in France, Romania and Belarus.","The European breeding population is estimated at 120,000-175,000 pairs, which equates to 241,000-350,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 47,800-75,100 pairs, which equates to 95,600-151,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This is a migratory species, wintering in in tropical Africa. It leaves its breeding grounds in August and September, returning between April and June (Orta <em>et al.</em> 2020). Birds are mostly solitary except on migration, when they flock throughout, gathering in large numbers at preferred crossing points as well as roosting socially (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001, Porter and Aspinall 2010, Orta <em>et al.</em> 2020). They fly chiefly by soaring, although are able to cross wide stretches of water with flapping flight (Snow and Perrins 1998, Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001). The species is diurnal (Snow and Perrins 1998). It is found in forests and woods, preferably deciduous, but also mixed forests in temperate and boreal zones. It also uses a variety of habitats with both wooded and open areas, including heathland and cultivated area. It feeds mainly on wasps and hornets. Nests are built in woods, preferentially in deciduous trees. Typically lays two eggs (Orta<em> et al.</em> 2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Many birds are shot on migration, notably in Italy, Malta and Lebanon (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001, Orta <em>et al.</em> 2020). Population declines in northern Europe have resulted from deforestation, forest conversion and shooting. Human disturbance is also a threat. Pesticide use has not had significant impacts in Europe (due to the species living in woodland and feeding on wasps). It is very highly vulnerable to the effects of potential wind energy development (Strix 2012).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex I. CITES Appendix II. CMS Appendix II.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Illegal hunting should be prevented and low-intensity agriculture and forestry promoted. Disturbance during the breeding season should be minimised.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PASSERIDAE,Petronia,petronia,,Petronia petronia,"(Linnaeus, 1766)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Spain and Turkey.","The European breeding population is estimated at 2,160,000-4,670,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 4,320,000-9,340,000&#160;mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 1,330,000-2,180,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 2,670,000-4,360,000&#160;mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is normally found in bare treeless country, ranging from flat desert steppe to rocky slopes and ravines. In Spain, it is common in open woodland or parkland, such as of maritime pine (<em>Pinus pinaster</em>). It also often forages in large open areas of cultivation, vineyards, olive groves, near old buildings and even penetrates into human settlements. It breeds from March to August in loose colonies or isolated pairs. The nest is an untidy structure, sometimes domed and made from grass, lined with feathers, animal hair and wool. It is set in a crack or crevice in a rock or tree, or in a wall or roof of an isolated and ruined building or occasionally in an occupied building.  Clutches are four to seven eggs. The diet is mostly seeds of low herbs and grasses, as well as small berries and it also takes animal matter in the breeding season, such as termites (Isoptera) and beetles (Coleoptera). The species is resident and a partial migrant, with some post-breeding dispersal and descent to lower altitudes in the winter (Summers-Smith 2009).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",Declines in the Canary Islands are considered due to competition from the introduced <em>Passer hispaniolensis</em> (Summers-Smith 2009).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,SULIFORMES,PHALACROCORACIDAE,Phalacrocorax,carbo,,Phalacrocorax carbo,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The   population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The   population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does   not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons   the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28 this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population  size  is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The  population trend appears  to be increasing, and hence the species does  not approach the thresholds  for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons  the species is evaluated as Least  Concern in the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size and the wintering population size are estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary  information.","<p>In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia and Ukraine, with significant numbers in Sweden, Denmark, Poland, Germany, Finland, the Netherlands, Estonia and Norway.</p><p></p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 414,000-515,000 pairs   (828,000-1,030,000 mature individuals), and the European wintering   population is estimated at 832,000-1,080,000 individuals (554,000-720,000   mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 220,000-267,000 pairs (444,000-533,000 mature individuals), and the  wintering  population in the EU28 is estimated at 602,000-757,000  individuals  (401,000-505,000 mature individuals). For details of national  estimates,  see the supplementary information.","Throughout its range the species is sedentary or locally dispersive, with northerly populations also making strong migratory movements (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). The species frequents both coastal and inland habitats (Brown <em>et al.</em> 1982, Johnsgard 1993, Snow and Perrins 1998, Nelson 2005, Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020). In marine environments it occurs in sheltered coastal areas on estuaries (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020), saltpans, coastal lagoons (Johnsgard 1993, Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020), deltas (Johnsgard 1993) and coastal bays (Brown <em>et al.</em> 1982), requiring rocky shores, cliffs and islets for nesting (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020) but generally avoiding deep water and rarely extending far offshore (Snow and Perrins 1998). It also inhabits fresh, brackish or saline inland wetlands (Nelson 2005) including lakes, reservoirs, wide rivers, flood waters (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020), deep marshes with open water, swamps and oxbow lakes (Johnsgard 1993), requiring trees, bushes, reedbeds or bare ground for nesting (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020) and avoiding overgrown, small, very shallow or very deep waters (Nelson 2005). The species's diet consists predominantly of fish, including sculpins, Capelin, gadids (Gremillet <em>et al</em>. 2004) and flatfish (Leopold <em>et al</em>. 1998) as well as crustaceans, amphibians (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020), molluscs and nestling birds (Brown <em>et al. </em>1982). At sea the species preys mostly on bottom-dwelling fish, occasionally also taking shoaling fish in deeper waters (Billerman <em>et al.</em> 2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is often persecuted by the aquaculture industry and may be shot, drowned or poisoned in attempts to control numbers (Carss 1994, ICN 2006) or for hunting (Bzoma <em>et al.</em> 2011). It may also suffer from disturbance and displacement from coastal wind farms (wind turbines) (Bradbury<em> et al.</em> 2014), and is susceptible to avian influenza (Melville and Shortridge 2006) and Newcastle disease (Kuiken 1999) so may be threatened by future outbreaks of these viruses (Kuiken 1999, Melville and Shortridge 2006). Recreational activities taking place at sea may also cause displacement from critical habitat. The species is susceptible to oil spills across its range.  It is also highly vulnerable to bycatch in gillnets (Žydelis <em>et al.</em> 2013), and the species is also caught in longlines (Bellebaum <em>et al.</em> 2009) and purse seines (Oliveira <em>et al.</em> 2015).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed under the African Eurasian Waterbird Agreement. The species occurs in 242 Important Bird Areas. Within the EU it is listed in 245 Special Protection Areas. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Continued monitoring of population control measures.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,SCOLOPACIDAE,Phalaropus,fulicarius,,Phalaropus fulicarius,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",Gender agreement of species name follows David and Gosselin (2002a).  <p></p>,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, although this species may have a restricted range, it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>The species does not breed within the EU28, where it is a passage migrant, and it is considered Not Applicable for this region.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Greenland, with small numbers also in Svalbard and Jan Mayen, Iceland and Russia.<p></p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 15,200-31,100&#160;pairs, which equates to 30,400-62,200&#160;mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species range includes the coasts of Arctic Ocean, in West Greenland, Iceland, Svalbard. It winters pelagically mainly off western Africa. It breeds near the coast, on marshy tundra with small pools, boggy meadows with moss and grass, marshy river valleys or islets in fjords. Outside of the breeding season it is pelagic in tropical and subtropical upwelling zones where plankton occurs at high concentrations. During breeding season it feeds on invertebrates, including insects and their larvae, such as dipteran flies, caddisflies, beetles and bugs, also molluscs, crustaceans, annelids, spiders and mites, and occasionally plant material, mainly seeds, especially when food is limited. It feeds in or around small pools or lagoons or on <em>Fucus</em> seaweed washed ashore. It is also often at sea and forages by swimming, wading and walking, and quickly lunges forward at prey (Del Hoyo <em>et al.&#160;</em>1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Changes to habitat in the Arctic and sub-Arctic are likely to impact this species during its breeding season. At sea, this species is likely to be vulnerable to being caught as bycatch in gillnet fisheries (Zydelis <em>et al.</em> 2013). The species relies on predator alarm warning from breeding Arctic Terns <em>Sterna paradisaea</em>, and localised populations have decreased rapidly from some breeding colonies in Greenland in the absence of Arctic Terns (Jorgensen <em>et al</em>. 2007).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed under the African Eurasian Waterbird Agreement. It is listed under Appendix II of the Bern Convention. It is listed within nine marine Important Bird Areas.  <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Identification and designation of marine protected areas for important sites at sea. Observer programmes on gillnet fisheries across its range to monitor bycatch rates,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,SCOLOPACIDAE,Phalaropus,lobatus,,Phalaropus lobatus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 3-40%, with a best estimate of 20% in 10 years (3 generations). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds mainly in Russia, but also notably in Greenland and Sweden.","The European breeding population is estimated at 275,000-417,000&#160;males, which equates to 551,000-834,000&#160;mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at&#160;20,000-36,100 males, which equates to 40,100-72,200&#160;mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds from the coast to interior of Arctic on tundra, forest tundra and Scandinavian alpine tundra, at or near lakes and pools with marshy margins, often overgrown with grass, sedges and moss; sparsely vegetated lava deserts in Iceland; coastal moorland; often in floodplains of large rivers or on islets; also Polygonum bogs. During migration, the species uses inland saline and hypersaline lakes. It winters at sea, in upwelling zones and ocean slicks with high availability of plankton. During the breeding season it feeds chiefly on insects, as well as beetles, caddisflies, ants and bugs; also other small invertebrates, and some seeds. On saline lakes it feeds on brine-flies (<em>Ephydra</em>), mostly larval. During its pelagic non-breeding period, it feeds mainly on euphausiids and calanoid copepods. It forages by swimming, wading and walking, pecking at prey at the water surface, from vegetation or mud, or rapidly lunges at prey just below water surface (Billerman <em>et al.&#160;</em>2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species faces ongoing changes to habitat caused by increasing temperatures and impact of climate change (Huntley <em>et al.</em> 2007). Habitat destruction, including from peat extraction could also impact the species during its breeding stage. Coastal dredging could also reduce available habitat and prey while at sea (O'Brien <em>et al</em>. 1997). It is vulnerable to invasive alien predators (Biodiversity in Sweden 2012), as well as human disturbance on its breeding grounds.",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>This species is found on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Key areas of habitat should be protected from alteration and disturbance. Control of alien predators may be necessary in some areas.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,GALLIFORMES,PHASIANIDAE,Phasianus,colchicus,,Phasianus colchicus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","<em>Phasianus colchicus</em> and <em>P. versicolor </em>(del Hoyo and Collar 2014) were previously lumped as <em>P. colchicus </em>following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).",No,LC,0,No,EN,D,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, as a native species, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is small, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D).&#160;The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, as a native species, this species has a very small range, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is very small, and meets the thresholds for Endangered (EN) under the population size criterion D. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Although it has been introduced in most countries in Europe, this species' native populations breed primarily in Russia, and notably in Georgia with small populations also present in Turkey, Greece and Armenia.","The European native breeding population is estimated at 4,800-8,200 pairs, which equates to 9,700-16,300 mature individuals. The native breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 50-100 pairs, which equates to 100-200 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In its natural range, this species shows a considerable variation in its habitat. If it found chiefly in the overgrown edges of rivers, hilly areas close to cultivation and flat land which is under cultivation. In Azerbaijan, egg-laying occurs in April and May. The nest is a shallow depression in the ground, which is lined with plant material from the vicinity of the nest, or unlined. Clutches are nine to fourteen eggs. In its natural range, the species feeds on plant matter such as fruits, seeds, leaves, buds and a small amount of animal matter, for example insects. Where it is introduced it is an opportunistic omnivore, feeding on a diverse range of food, preferring large, energy rich items such as cultivated grains, mast and fruits. Mass migrations may occur in its native range but in its introduced range it is sedentary (McGowan <em>et al. </em>2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",In its introduced range it is very common and wild populations are often augmented by large numbers of captive bred birds for shooting. However in Azerbaijan race <em>talischensis</em> has been brought to the brink of extinction due to habitat loss and uncontrolled hunting (McGowan <em>et al.</em> 2013).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex II and III. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Research and monitoring is needed to determine the status of race <em>talischensis</em> and inform future conservation measures.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PHOENICOPTERIFORMES,PHOENICOPTERIDAE,Phoenicopterus,roseus,,Phoenicopterus roseus,"Pallas, 1811","<em>Phoenicopterus ruber</em> (Sibley and Monroe, 1990, 1993) has been split into <em>P. roseus</em> and <em>P. ruber</em> following Knox <em>et al.</em> (2002), <em>contra</em> SACC (2005).<em>  <p></p></em>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The   population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The   population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does   not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons   the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, although this species may have a restricted range, it  is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the  range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population  size  is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The  population trend appears  to be increasing, and hence the species does  not approach the thresholds  for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons  the species is evaluated as Least  Concern in the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size and the wintering population size are estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary  information.","<p>In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Spain, Italy and Turkey, with small numbers in France and Azerbaijan.</p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 35,900-133,000 pairs  (71,800-265,000 mature individuals), and the European wintering  population is estimated at 234,000-420,000 individuals (156,000-280,000  mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 49,200 pairs (98,300 mature individuals), and the wintering  population in the EU28 is estimated at 168,000-250,000 individuals  (112,000-167,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates,  see the supplementary information.","The species inhabits shallow (Snow and Perrins 1998) eutrophic waterbodies (Hockey <em>et al.</em> 2005) such as saline lagoons, saltpans and large saline or alkaline lakes (Brown <em>et al.</em> 1982, del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 2014). It will also frequent sewage treatment pans, inland dams (Hockey <em>et al.</em> 2005), estuaries (Brown <em>et al.</em> 1982) and coastal waters (Diawara <em>et al.</em> 2007), seldom alighting on freshwater but commonly bathing and drinking from freshwater inlets entering alkaline or saline lakes (Brown <em>et al.</em> 1982). It nests and roosts on sandbanks, mudflats, islands (Brown <em>et al.</em> 1982, del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 2014) or boggy, open shores (Flint <em>et al.</em> 1984). It breeds regularly from March to June in large dense single-species colonies of up to 20,000 pairs (occasionally up to 200,000 pairs).<br/><br/>The species nests in large dense colonies on mudflats or islands of large waterbodies, occasionally also on bare rocky islands (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 2014). The nest is usually an inverted cone of hardened mud (Flint <em>et al.</em> 1984) with a shallow depression on the top (alternatively it may be a small pile of stones and debris when mud is not available). Its diet consists of crustaceans, molluscs, annelid worms, larval aquatic insects, small fish, adult terrestrial insects, the seeds or stolons of marsh grasses, algae, diatoms and decaying leaves. It may also ingest mud in order to extract organic matter (e.g., bacteria) (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 2014). Juveniles, and to a lesser extent adults (Mateo <em>et al.</em> 1998), are prone to irregular nomadic or partially migratory movements throughout the species's range in response to water-level changes (Snow and Perrins 1998, Hockey <em>et al.</em> 2005).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species suffers from low reproductive success if exposed to disturbance at breeding colonies (Ogilvie and Ogilvie 1986, Yosef 2000) (e.g., from tourists, low-flying aircraft (Ogilvie and Ogilvie 1986) and especially all-terrain vehicles (Yosef 2000)), or if water-levels surrounding nest-sites lower (resulting in increased access to and therefore predation from ground predators such as foxes and feral dogs) (Miltiadou 2005). The species also suffers mortality from lead poisoning (lead shot ingestion) (Mateo <em>et al.</em> 1998, Miltiadou 2005), collisions with fences and powerlines (Hockey <em>et al.</em> 2005), and from diseases such as tuberculosis, septicemia (Nasirwa 2000) and avian botulism (van Heerden 1974).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. CITES Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. The removal of sand polluted with lead shot from a salt-lake in Cyprus was successful in significantly reducing the numbers of deaths due to lead poisoning (Miltiadou 2005). At two colonies (one in France and one in Spain) management techniques to counteract erosion and the lack of suitable nesting islands were successfully applied in order to encourage breeding by the species (Martos and Johnson 1996). The species is also kept and does well in captivity (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 2014). The Flamingo Specialist Group was established in 1978 to actively promote flamingo research, conservation and education worldwide.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The conservation of all wetlands used by this species for feeding and breeding is important and breeding sites should be monitored to ensure the continuation of appropriate habitat management techniques (Tucker and Heath 1994). Measures suggested and implemented at the Ebre Delta in Spain include regular surveys and monitoring, raising public awareness, mitigation of damage to rice fields, control of salt pan levels and wardening against disturbance (Curcó <em>et al.</em> 2009).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MUSCICAPIDAE,Phoenicurus,erythrogastrus,,Phoenicurus erythrogastrus,"(Güldenstädt, 1775)",Gender agreement of species name follows David and Gosselin (2002a).  <p></p>,No,NT,C1,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is small (potentially &lt;10,000 mature individuals), and the population trend appears to be decreasing by more than 10% over three generations, but only approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under criterion C1, as the trend is suspected. The species therefore qualifies as Near Threatened (NT). As the European population is isolated and the species is considered only an altitudinal migrant, there is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside Europe and the final category is unchanged.<br/><br/>The species does not breed in the EU28 and is assessed as Not Applicable (NA) for this region.","In Europe, the population size trend is suspected to be decreasing by over 10% in 10 years. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds in Georgia and Russia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,700-7,500 pairs, which equates to 3,400-15,000 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in alpine zones (above upper tree-line and dwarf-scrub zone) near permanent snows, in dry streambeds, boulder-strewn alpine meadows, stonefields and screes with some trees and herbs, flat parts of high passes and mountain gorges. It winters in rocky, scrubby hillsides near streams and riverbeds, rocky moraines, and thickets in valley bottoms. Breeding occurs in June and July in the Caucasus. The nest is a bulky cup of grass and wool, lined with animal hair and feathers and set well inside a crevice in cliff or deep under rocks, amid screes and often adjacent to moraine sediment and near the permanent snow-line. Clutches are three to five eggs. It feeds entirely on invertebrates, especially insects and spiders in the summer but in winter berries are the main food (Collar 2005). The species is mainly a short-distance altitudinal migrant (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In Europe, the main threat to this species is the loss of <em>Hippophae rhamnoides </em>as a result of building development (Collar 2005). In addition local people collect large amounts of berries for food, often removing whole twigs rather than just the berries, which damages the bushes (Tucker and Heath 1994).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The conservation of the species' wintering ground and conservation of Hippophae rhamnoides bushes and berries is of the utmost importance, particularly in the upper Terek basin, where much of the population in the Caucasus winter (Tucker and Heath 1994, Collar 2015).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MUSCICAPIDAE,Phoenicurus,ochruros,,Phoenicurus ochruros,"(Gmelin, 1774)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In both Europe and the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The  population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The  population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does  not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/><br/>For these reasons  the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to  be stable. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary  information.","<p>In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Poland, Germany, Spain and France, with significant populations in Romania, Turkey, Ukraine, Switzerland and the European part of Russia.</p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 6,590,000-10,700,000 pairs  (13,100,000-21,300,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 4,870,000-7,750,000 pairs (9,750,000-15,500,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates,  see the supplementary information.","This species is found in sparsely vegetated rocky areas, including stony slopes with xerophytic vegetation, crags and gullies in high river valleys and rocky mountain tops up to snow-line as well as villages, towns and cities. In the Carpathians, it is mainly found on mountain slopes covered with juniper (<em>Juniperus</em>), scree and boulders. The breeding season runs from mid-April to mid-July in western Europe but can be up to two weeks later in eastern Europe.<br/><br/>The nest is a loose cup of grass, moss, hair, wool and feathers, which is set in a crevice of a wall or rock, or in an earth bank, pile of stones or on the ground. Clutches are four to six eggs. The diet consists of invertebrates and berries. The species is resident, partially migrant, a vertical migrant and fully migrant (Billerman <em>e</em><em>t al.</em> 2020) in different parts of its range and the main wintering area for west Palearctic breeders is the Mediterranean basin (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","It is thought large scale redevelopment and regeneration of city centre sites is causing the loss of suitable breeding habitat for the species. In addition nest sites are vulnerable to accidental removal or disturbance as they also nest in railway-sidings, lorry parks and similar locations (Wildlife Trust 2015).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. The species is a 'Species of Conservation Concern' in the U.K. Biodiversity Action Plan and subject to several local species action plans. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Conservation measures should aim to maintain existing breeding populations and to establish population trends and its conservation status. Public awareness of the species should also be raised (Wildlife Trust 2015).,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MUSCICAPIDAE,Phoenicurus,phoenicurus,,Phoenicurus phoenicurus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In both Europe and the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The  population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The  population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does  not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/><br/>For these reasons  the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to  be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary  information.","<p>In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia, with significant numbers in Sweden, Finland, Poland and Norway.</p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 5,250,000-9,780,000 pairs  (10,500,000-19,600,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 2,270,000-4,120,000 pairs (4,540,000-8,240,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates,  see the supplementary information.","This species inhabits open forest and woodland, including old parkland and park-like gardens, forest clearings and margins, preferably with semi-open undergrowth or herbage. In northern Europe, it occupies subarctic mountain birch and barren pine forests and in central and southern Europe it uses broadleaf forest, as well as many intermediate habitats such as heaths and commons with scattered mature trees, pollard willows (<em>Salix</em>) along streams and ditches, open hilly country with old stone walls and buildings. In Russia, it generally prefers broadleaf and mixed forest, less often pinewoods. The breeding season is from the end of April to mid-July but up to two weeks earlier in southern Europe. The nest is a cup of grass, roots and moss, lined with hair and feathers and usually set one to six metres up in a hole in a tree, wall or old stump, or in a nestbox, commonly with one side with open terrain. Clutches are five to seven eggs. The diet is made up of fruits and berries. The species is migratory (Billerman <em>e</em><em>t al.</em> 2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",Severe declines in central Europe have been attributed to rainfall patterns in the Sahel combined with intensified modern forestry practices (reducing availability of nest holes) and interspecific nest-site competition. However the evidence for these is not strong and a partial recovery in Britain can not be explained by changes in these factors (Billerman <em>e</em><em>t al.</em> 2020). The species may be subject to habitat degradation from pollution effects on forests in this region (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). There is also evidence that in north-west Europe the species is subject to deliberate killing (Billerman <em>e</em><em>t al.</em> 2020).,"<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>This species would benefit from the conservation of mature, fairly open deciduous and mixed forests and mature trees in secondary habitats. Locally, in suitable habitat, population numbers would benefit from the provision of nest boxes (Tucker and Heath 1994). It is recommended that both traditionally managed orchards with tall trees with cavities and areas with sparse vegetation should be preserved.  For this management should preserve patches of sparse vegetation and create new patches close to potential breeding sites. These practices should be promoted though agri-environment schemes. In addition small patches of dense meadow should be mowed throughout the breeding season to maintain suitable foraging areas (Martinez <em>et al.</em> 2010).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PHYLLOSCOPIDAE,Phylloscopus,bonelli,,Phylloscopus bonelli,"(Vieillot, 1819)",0,Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Europe holds most of this species' breeding population. Within the region it breeds primarily in Spain, but also notably in France, with smaller populations present in other countries of southwestern Europe.","The European breeding population is estimated at 2,400,000–3,180,000 pairs, which equates to&#160;4,800,000–6,360,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 2,360,000–3,120,000 pairs, which equates to 4,720,000–6,240,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","During the breeding season this species is found in thick undergrowth, such as dwarf willow (<em>Salix</em>) clumps in damp valleys and riverine thickets, and in forests, principally of birch (<em>Betula</em>), willow, poplar (<em>Populus</em>) and pine (<em>Pinus</em>) forests with occasional spruce (<em>Picea</em>). At higher altitudes, it is also found in rhododendron (<em>Rhododendron</em>) thickets and in montane scrub above the tree-line. In Siberian taiga it frequently uses <em>Alnaster fruticosus</em> thickets.<br/><br/>Breeding occurs from June to August. The nest is made mostly of grass stalks, bits of reeds, moss, plant fibres and horsetail (<em>Equisetum</em>) shoots and is placed on the ground in vegetation among tree roots, grass or reed clumps, tussocks or hummocks. Clutches are five or six eggs.<br/><br/>It feeds mostly on small insects and other invertebrates.<br/><br/>The species is migratory and winters in south-east Asia (Clement and Christie 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The species is threatened by future climate change (Heikkinen <em>et al.</em> 2006).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Research into causes of declines in Europe and into appropriate measures for mitigating climate change threat.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PHYLLOSCOPIDAE,Phylloscopus,borealis,,Phylloscopus borealis,"(Blasius, 1858)",0,No,LC,0,No,VU,C1+2a(i); D1,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is small (potentially &lt;1,000 mature individuals), and the population trend appears to be decreasing by more than 10% over three generations, with all mature individuals found in the same subpopulation; it therefore meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under criteria C and D1 (VU C1+2a(i); D1). Although the European population is increasing, considering the ongoing declines in the EU28 population, there is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the EU28 and the final category is unchanged.","In Europe, the population size trend is suspected to be increasing. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 10-23% with a best estimate of 14% over 10 years. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds almost entirely in Russia, with very small numbers in Finland, Sweden and Norway.","The European breeding population is estimated at 3,000,000-4,010,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 6,000,000-8,010,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is suspected to be 160-830&#160;pairs, which equates to 320-1,700&#160;mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","During the breeding season this species is found in thick undergrowth, such as dwarf willow (<em>Salix</em>) clumps in damp valleys and riverine thickets, and in forests, principally of birch (<em>Betula</em>), willow, poplar (<em>Populus</em>) and pine (<em>Pinus</em>) forests with occasional spruce (<em>Picea</em>). At higher altitudes, it is also found in rhododendron (<em>Rhododendron</em>) thickets and in montane scrub above the tree-line. In Siberian taiga it frequently uses&#160;<em>Alnaster fruticosus</em>&#160;thickets. Breeding occurs from June-August. The nest is made mostly of grass stalks, bits of reeds, moss, plant fibres and horsetail (<em>Equisetum</em>) shoots and is placed on the ground in vegetation among tree roots, grass or reed clumps, tussocks or hummocks. Clutches are five or six eggs. It feeds mostly on small insects and other invertebrates. The species is migratory and winters in south-east Asia (Clement 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The species is threatened by future climate change (Heikkinen 2006).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species within Europe.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Research into causes of declines in Europe and into appropriate measures for mitigating climate change threat.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Wheatley, H.","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PHYLLOSCOPIDAE,Phylloscopus,canariensis,,Phylloscopus canariensis,"(Hartwig, 1886)","<em>Phylloscopus collybita</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) has been split into <em>P. collybita, P. canariensis</em>, <em>P. ibericus</em> and <em>P. sindianus</em> following AERC TAC (2003) (see Sangster <em>et al.</em> 2002). <em>P. sindianus</em> now includes <em>P. lorenzii</em> previously treated as distinct by Sibley and Monroe (1993).<em>  <p></p></em>",Yes,LC,0,Yes,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, although this species may have a small range, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is endemic to Europe, where it only occurs in the Canary Islands (Spain).&#160;<span style=""font-style: italic;""></span>There have been no recent records of the Lanzarote subspecies <span style=""font-style: italic;"">exsul</span>, which is likely to be extinct (del Hoyo <span style=""font-style: italic;"">et al.</span> 2006).","The European breeding population is suspected to be 20,000–100,000 pairs, which equates to 40,000–200,000 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits gardens, bushes, the edges of cultivation, scrub, <em>pine (Pinus</em>) forest and mixed woodland, from sea-level to tree-line. Race <em>exsul</em>&#160;was also found in cultivation, euphorbias, cactus scrub, fig trees (<em>Ficus</em>) and shrubs.<br/><br/>The bird breeds from the end of January until June. The nest is made mostly from grasses, flower petals, dry leaves, plant fibres, animal hair and feathers. It is normally placed in a tree or palm, in a tall bush such as laurel (<em>Laurus</em>) or in creepers but sometimes in a hole, including under the eaves of a house and, very rarely, on the ground. Clutches are four eggs.<br/><br/>The diet is poorly known, but is most likely similar to that of <em>Phylloscopus collybita</em>.<br/><br/>This species is sedentary (Clement 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There are not thought to be any current significant threats to this species.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PHYLLOSCOPIDAE,Phylloscopus,collybita,,Phylloscopus collybita,"(Vieillot, 1817)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is estimated to be stable. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds largely in Russia, and also notably in Germany, France, Romania and Poland.","The European breeding population is estimated at 36,000,000-56,700,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 72,100,000-114,000,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 21,400,000-31,000,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 42,900,000-61,900,000&#160;mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species occupies lowland deciduous forest and woodland with low undergrowth, as well as parks, hedgerows, shelterbelts, overgrown cemeteries, large gardens and reedbeds. In the east of its range it is found in spruce <em>Picea</em> and pine <em>Pinus</em> forests of Siberian taiga. Frequently, it inhabits damp alder <em>Alnus</em> and willow <em>Salix</em> woodland and river valleys and in the south of its range it prefers habitats with at least some tall trees but, exceptionally, breeds in coastal scrub lacking tall trees. It breeds from April until early August and lays five to six eggs. The nest is a ball of dry grasses, leaves, moss, plant fibres and feathers, normally placed on the ground and well concealed in a bramble bush <em>Rubus fruticosus</em>, a patch of nettles <em>Urtica</em>, grass or other thick vegetation. The diet is mostly insects and their eggs and larvae but also includes other arthropods, small molluscs Gastropoda, seeds and berries (Clement 2015). Most populations of the species are migratory (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Fluctuations in the British population are believed to be likely due to droughts in the non-breeding quarters in the West African Sahel (Clement 2015). In Finland, the species suffers from habitat fragmentation, interspecific competition from Willow Warbler <em>P. trochilus</em> and Goldcrest <em>Regulus regulus</em>, and climate change (Lampila&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2009).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species within Europe.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Although this species is not threatened locally it may benefit from protection and restoration of its habitat. Monitoring should be implemented to detect population changes.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Wheatley, H.","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PHYLLOSCOPIDAE,Phylloscopus,ibericus,,Phylloscopus ibericus,"Ticehurst, 1937","<em>Phylloscopus collybita</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) has been split into <em>P. collybita, P. canariensis</em>, <em>P. ibericus</em> and <em>P. sindianus</em> following AERC TAC (2003) (see Sangster <em>et al.</em> 2002). <em>P. sindianus</em> now includes <em>P. lorenzii</em> previously treated as distinct by Sibley and Monroe (1993).<em>  <p></p></em>",Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Europe holds a large proportion of this species' global population. Within the region, it breeds primarily in Spain, and also notably in Portugal, with a small population also present in France.","The European breeding population is estimated at 462,000–768,000 pairs, which equates to 924,000–1,540,000 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In the breeding season this species is normally found in hilly areas in Mediterranean scrub with kermes oak (<em>Quercus coccifera</em>) and Portuguese oak (<em>Quercus faginea</em>), and in open forest of mixed oaks and sweet chestnut (<em>Castanea sativa</em>) with a well-developed layer of cistus scrub. Above the tree-line, it is found in mixed scrub and open heath and may also breed at lower levels in riverine woodland with willow (<em>Salix</em>).<br/><br/>Egg-laying occurs from mid-April to the end of May, and it normally lays four to five eggs. Little is known about its breeding and foraging habitats, but they are most likely similar to <em>Phylloscopus collybita</em>. The species is migratory (Clement 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There are not thought to be any current significant threats to this species.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PHYLLOSCOPIDAE,Phylloscopus,inornatus,,Phylloscopus inornatus,"(Blyth, 1842)","<em>Phylloscopus inornatus</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) has been split into <em>P. inornatus</em> and <em>P. humei</em> following AERC TAC (2003) (see Sangster <em>et al.</em> 2002).<em>  <p></p></em>",No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>This species does not breed in the EU28 and is therefore assessed as Not Applicable (NA).","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species only breeds in Russia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 20,000-30,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 40,000-60,000 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28.&#160;For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in a variety of broadleaf woodlands, including birch (<em>Betula</em>), willow (<em>Salix</em>) and poplar (<em>Populus</em>) groves and the edges of conifer forests, particularly in silver fir (<em>Abies</em>). In the south of its range it is found in mixed birch and larch (<em>Larix</em>), spruce (<em>Picea</em>), stunted cedar (<em>Cedrus</em>), juniper (<em>Juniperus</em>) and rhododendrons (<em>Rhododendron</em>), alders (<em>Alnus</em>) and other shrubs. After breeding it may occur in dwarf birch and stunted bushes above the tree-line. It breeds in June and July and lays two to four eggs. The nest consists of dry grasses, pine needles, moss, strips of rotting wood, fine plant fibres and animal hair and is placed on the ground under the roots of a tree, a fallen branch, against a decaying tree stump or under a bush. It feeds mainly on small invertebrates but may also take some small seeds. The species is migratory, wintering in south-east Asia (Clement 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The size of the European population does make it vulnerable to the risks faced by small populations; however it is marginal to a much larger population (Birdlife International 2004).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PHYLLOSCOPIDAE,Phylloscopus,nitidus,,Phylloscopus nitidus,"Blyth, 1843",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>This species does not breed in the EU28 and is therefore assessed as Not Applicable (NA).","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds mainly in Russia. It also breeds notably in Azerbaijan, and also in smaller numbers in Turkey, Armenia and Georgia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 467,000-932,000 pairs, which equates to 935,000-1,870,000 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28.&#160;For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds from May to late July, when it lays four to five eggs in a ball-shaped nest comprising plant and animal fibres (such as hair, grass, leaves and moss) on the ground sheltered beneath a tall plant on the slope or on a bank in high-altitude forests, mainly comprising beech (<em>Fagus</em>), oak (<em>Quercus</em>) or juniper (<em>Juniperus</em>), with a lot of undergrowth, or in mixed forests in which alder (<em>Alnus</em>) is present, but can also be found in&#160;bushy slopes, ravines and thickets in subalpine meadows. It also breeds in&#160;willows (<em>Salix</em>) along river valleys. This species leave its breeding grounds from August&#160;and arrives at its wintering grounds (mainly in southern India and Sri Lanka) from early September onwards, until it leaves the following March to mid-April, and arrives in its breeding grounds from late April to early May&#160;(Billerman&#160;<em>et al</em>.&#160;2020).<br/>This species feeds mainly on the adults and larvae of small arthropods, such as beetles (Coleoptera), spiders (Araneae), stoneflies (Plecoptera), moths (Lepidoptera), flies (Diptera) and small bugs (Hemiptera). Forages alone or in pairs, sometimes in small mixed species groups at the end of the breeding season. It feeds preferably in the upper canopy of trees the leaves from or close to which it takes its prey, although it can forage at all levels&#160;(Billerman&#160;<em>et al</em>.&#160;2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The threats to this species are not currently known.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed&#160;</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently known to be proposed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Wheatley, H.","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PHYLLOSCOPIDAE,Phylloscopus,orientalis,,Phylloscopus orientalis,"(Brehm, 1855)",0,Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small to large, and it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Europe holds the majority of this species' global population. Within the region, it breeds notably in Turkey, Greece, North Macedonia and Bulgaria.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 29,200–97,700 pairs, which equates to 58,500–196,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 14,000–37,100 pairs, which equates to 28,000–74,100 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","During the breeding season, this species is found between 200 m and 1800 m altitude, in warm deciduous woodland, mainly of oak (<em>Quercus</em>) and beech (<em>Fagus</em>), but also in mixed forest and in pure pine (<em>Pinus</em>) forests, containing good ground vegetation layers. This species migrates from July onwards to Africa for the wintering season, where it can be found in open woodland, bushy savanna and scrub. It starts its return journey in March, arriving to its breeding grounds in April.<br/><br/>The breeding season is likely to be from April to August, with the species usually producing 4 to 6 eggs. The nest is a dome-shaped ball of grass, leaves, moss and hair, well concealed on the ground.<br/><br/>This species forages at all levels from the tree canopy to the undergrowth, eating small invertebrates (and some fruits in the autumn)&#160;(Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",Threats to this species are not known.,No known conservation actions.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Wheatley, H.","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PHYLLOSCOPIDAE,Phylloscopus,sibilatrix,,Phylloscopus sibilatrix,"(Bechstein, 1793)",0,Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is suspected to have decreased by 6-38% with a best estimate of 19% over the past 10 years. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 8% (best estimate) over the same period. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Europe holds the majority of this species' global breeding population. It breeds in most countries within the region, notably in Russia, Belarus, Poland, Ukraine, Latvia and Romania.","The European breeding population is estimated at 8,100,000–14,300,000 pairs, which equates to 16,200,000–28,500,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 3,490,000–5,390,000 pairs, which equates to 6,980,000–10,800,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in lowlands, in moist and shady deciduous woods, typically beech (<em>Fagus</em>), mixed oak (<em>Quercus</em>), hornbeam (<em>Carpinus</em>) and sweet chestnut (<em>Castanea</em>), with closed canopy and sparse undergrowth. It is also found in mixed stands of spruce (<em>Picea</em>), alder (<em>Alnus</em>), birch (<em>Betula</em>), pine (<em>Pinus</em>) or occasionally ash (<em>Fraxinus</em>). The optimal breeding areas are mixed stands with trees of mixed ages spaced well apart.<br/><br/>It breeds from May to July and normally lays five to seven eggs. The female chooses the nest site and builds the nest which is a ball of dry grasses, leaves, plant stems and fibres, bark strips and animal hair. It is usually built on the ground but occasionally found under a fallen tree or roots (Clement 2015).<br/><br/>The diet is mainly insects and other invertebrates, with some fruit taken in the autumn.<br/><br/>The species is migratory and winters in sub-Saharan Africa (Snow and Perrins 1998)<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",In some areas changing forestry management practices have caused declines in this species (Mallord <em>et al.</em> 2012).,"<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><strong><br/>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Habitat quality should be restored through appropriate management, including the introduction of a moderate grazing regime (Mallord <em>et al.</em> 2012).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PHYLLOSCOPIDAE,Phylloscopus,sindianus,,Phylloscopus sindianus,"Brooks, 1879","<em>Phylloscopus collybita</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) has been split into <em>P. collybita, P. canariensis</em>, <em>P. ibericus</em> and <em>P. sindianus</em> following AERC TAC (2003) (see Sangster <em>et al.</em> 2002). <em>P. sindianus</em> now includes <em>P. lorenzii</em> previously treated as distinct by Sibley and Monroe (1993).  <p></p>",No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>This species does not breed in the EU28 and is therefore assessed as Not Applicable (NA).","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia. It also breeds notably in Armenia and Turkey, with small numbers also in Azerbaijan and Georgia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 106,000-322,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 213,000-644,000 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28.&#160;For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","During the breeding season it occupies pine (<em>Pinus</em>) and birch (<em>Betula</em>) forests, willow (<em>Salix</em>) swamps, reedbeds, poplar (<em>Populus</em>) groves, and alders (<em>Alnus</em>) along streams, as well as gardens, orchards, sea-buckthorn (<em>Hippophae rhamnoides</em>), <em>Myricaria elegans</em> bushes and Caucasian rhododendron (<em>Rhododendron</em>) thickets, and on hillsides covered with juniper (<em>Juniperus</em>) in semi-arid mountain and in patches of dwarf birch along tree-line. Breeding occurs from May to early August and clutches are two to five eggs. The nest is a ball of coarse grass stems and dry leaves, plant fibres, animal hair and feathers, well concealed on ground, or up to four metres above it in low thorn-scrub or bush. The diet is poorly known but includes small insects and spiders (Araneae) and probably some small berries in autumn. The species is migratory (Clement 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There are not thought to be any current significant threats to this species.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PHYLLOSCOPIDAE,Phylloscopus,trochiloides,,Phylloscopus trochiloides,"(Sundevall, 1837)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong><br/></strong>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28,this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is estimated to be&#160;decreasing by 6% in 10 years. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing over the same period. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia, with very small numbers in other countries in northern and eastern Europe.","The European breeding population is estimated at 4,040,000-7,630,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 8,080,000-15,300,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 41,100-125,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 82,200-249,000&#160;mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in lowland and montane mixed birch (<em>Betula</em>) and conifer forests, also in broadleaf woods of beech (<em>Fagus</em>), maple (<em>Acer</em>) and lime (<em>Tilia</em>) interspersed with birch and pine (<em>Pinus</em>). It is also found in parks, gardens, riverine thickets and swamp-woodland with willows (<em>Salix</em>) and poplars (<em>Populus</em>). In central Asia it is also found in mixed taiga forests of fir (<em>Abies</em>), in the north-west Himalayas it is mainly found in oak (<em>Quercus</em>) forests, also juniper (<em>Juniperus</em>) and birch subalpine meadows with rhododendrons (<em>Rhododendron</em>) and in dwarf junipers or willows. In the north of the range it breeds in birch clumps and shrubs. The breeding season is from May to mid-August (Clement 2015). The nest is a large, domed structure with a side entrance and is made from grasses, plant fibres, moss, rootlets and leaves and is lined with finer material such as hair, fur, down and feathers. It is sited on the ground in tall vegetation or low scrub, under stones, windfall or tree roots and sometimes in a crevice in a bank, old wall or tree stump. Clutches are three to seven eggs (Snow and Perrins 1998). The diet is mostly small invertebrates but also takes fruits of elder (<em>Sambucus</em>) and some seeds. The species is migratory (Clement 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There are not thought to be any current significant threats to this species within its European range.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species within Europe.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species within its European range.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Wheatley, H.","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PHYLLOSCOPIDAE,Phylloscopus,trochilus,,Phylloscopus trochilus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is suspected to be decreasing by less than 25% in 10 years. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 3% over the same period. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds largely in Russia and Sweden, but also notably in Finland and Norway.","The European breeding population is estimated at 53,300,000-80,300,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 106,000,000-161,000,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at&#160;24,600,000-41,500,000 pairs, which equates to 49,300,000-83,000,000&#160;mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","During the breeding season this species inhabits deciduous and mixed forests in which birch (<em>Betula</em>) largely predominates, but also birches and willow (<em>Salix</em>) thickets and scrub on arctic tundra. In central areas it is found in temperate heathland, forest clearings, damp areas with alders (<em>Alnus</em>) and willows as well as secondary growth, scrub and shrubby areas away from trees. It generally uses a wide selection of locations, including large overgrown gardens, orchards, hedges, railway embankments, and rough pastures with tussock grassland. It breeds from April to July and lays four to eight eggs. The nest is a ball of dry grasses, leaves, plant fibres, moss, strips of bark, animal hair and feathers and is placed on the ground, usually well concealed in vegetation. It feeds mainly on insects and their eggs and larvae and some plant material. The species is migratory and winters in Africa, south of the Sahara (Clement 2006).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is affected by drought conditions in its wintering quarters and habitat alterations due to human population expansion (Thingstad <em>et al.</em> 2014). In the southern U.K., habitat loss linked to modern forest management techniques that alter the woodland vegetation structure is likely to have caused declines (Stostad and Menéndez 2014). In addition, declining oak tree health may have impacted the species as oak is typically a major source of invertebrates (Peach <em>et al.</em> 1995).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><strong><br/>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>This species would benefit the preservation and restoration of its woodland habitat, including the maintenance of traditional management techniques.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,CORVIDAE,Pica,pica,,Pica pica,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. <br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds notably in Spain, Russia, Turkey, Romania, Italy and the United Kingdom, with relatively smaller populations in most other countries in Europe.","The European breeding population is estimated at 9,650,000-15,700,000 pairs, which equates to 19,300,000-31,300,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 7,070,000-10,400,000 pairs, which equates to 14,100,000-20,700,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits a tremendous variety of open country, preferably with at least scattered trees (Madge 2009). It is evenly distributed in urban, rural and natural landscapes and frequents parks, gardens, most farmland, heaths, freshwater, wetland, dunes, woodland and forest fringes (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>The breeding season begins with nest-building as early as December in Britain and mid-April is the peak time for first egg-laying. Breeding dates are similar elsewhere in Europe. The nest is built by both sexes although the female does the majority of construction. It is made from sticks and twigs, with a side entrance protected by thorny twigs. A deep cup is thickly lined with soft materials such as wool, animal fur, soft grasses and feathers, usually placed at variable height in crown of tall tree; normally a fresh nest built each year, although in some cases an old nest may be repaired. It is omnivorous but principally a carnivorous scavenger. The diet varies according to local habitats, but generally consists of invertebrates, small mammals and lizards, frogs, bird eggs and nestlings, as well as carrion. In addition, various seeds, berries and fruits are taken seasonally. The species is resident (Madge 2009).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In the past the species has been persecuted by gamekeepers and farmers due to its habit of raiding nests and also of feeding on ectoparasites on livestock, which sometimes results in aggravated sores for the host animal. However, persecution has fallen since the 1920s (Madge 2009).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex II. There are currently no known specific conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PICIFORMES,PICIDAE,Picoides,tridactylus,,Picoides tridactylus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","<p><em>Picoides tridactylus </em>and<em> P. funebris </em>(del Hoyo and Collar 2014) were previously lumped as <em>P. tridactylus </em>following AOU (2003). <em>P. tridactylus</em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) was previously split into <em>P. tridactylus</em> and <em>P. dorsalis</em> following AOU (2003), and prior to that all three taxa were lumped as<em> P. tridactylus </em>following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).</p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 2-60% with a best estimate of 20% in 10 years (3 generations). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia, and also notably in Finland.","The European breeding population is estimated at 301,000-559,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 603,000-1,120,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at&#160;43,300-91,800 pairs, which equates to 86,600-184,000&#160;mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species inhabits mature conifer forests, particularly spruce <em>Picea</em> spp., and is somewhat irruptive, being found commonly where disturbance such as fire has caused local outbreaks of insects (Winkler <em>et al.</em> 1995). Courtship begins from the second half of March and laying from mid-May, although it can be up to two weeks earlier in southern Europe, to June, occasionally July. The nest-hole is excavated two to ten metres up in a dead tree, or in a dead section of live tree with heart-rot. Spruce and other conifers are preferred but some non-coniferous species (<em>Populus, Betula, Alnus</em>) are also used (Winkler and Christie 2002). Clutch size is generally three or four eggs in the Alps. It feeds primarily on engraver and spruce bark-beetles (<em>Ips</em> and <em>Polygraphus</em> spp.) as well as wood-boring beetles and other invertebrates (Gorman 2014). In the mountains populations are largely resident, but often shift to lower altitudes or move short distances after breeding. Northern Eurasian populations perform eruptive migrations at long intervals (Winkler and Christie 2002).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Large-scale commercial logging and modern forestry management practices, including fire suppression, removal of dead or insect-infested trees (Tucker and Heath 1994) and pesticide use (Winkler and Christie 2002) have led to declines. Widespread death of spruce and fir stands, caused by acid rain in central Europe, may temporarily benefit the species, but may pose a serious threat in the long term (Tucker and Heath 1994).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II.  EU Birds Directive Annex I. There are no known current conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Intensive management of favoured habitats, such as old spruce- or fir-dominated forest with abundant dead wood in mountains or damp lowlands of this species should be avoided. Protected areas should cover at least 50 ha, in order to sustain a single pair. Within intensively managed mature forests, dying or dead trees should be left. If there is insufficient dead wood then cutting single mature trees to around 10 m and leaving to decay, may provide suitable nest sites (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PICIFORMES,PICIDAE,Picus,canus,,Picus canus,"Gmelin, 1788","<p><em>Picus canus, P. guerini </em>and<em> P. dedemi </em>(del Hoyo and Collar 2014) were previously lumped as <em>P. canus </em>following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).</p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is suspected to be increasing. In the EU28, the population size is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds largely in Russia, but also notably in Romania and Ukraine.","The European breeding population is estimated at 182,000-305,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 365,000-609,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at&#160;285,000-139,000 pairs, which equates to 170,000-278,000&#160;mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occupies a wide range of habitats. It uses open country with many copses, in not over-dense forest, floodplain-forest, parks, orchards and gardens. It is associated mostly with deciduous trees, but locally in pine-oak (<em>Pinus-Quercus</em>) woodland, or more open coniferous montane forest with larch (<em>Larix</em>). In Europe it is found in lowlands and hills up to 1,700 m and non-breeders up to 2,000 m. It lays from the end of April to early June and clutches are four to ten eggs. The nest-hole is excavated in dead wood or soft living wood, or in fungus-afflicted hard wood and most often in deciduous trees of variety of species. Its diet is chiefly ants (<em>Myrmica, Lasius</em>), termites (Isoptera) and their brood, which often make up more than 90% of stomach contents but it also feeds on other insects and spiders as well as the nest contents of other birds, fruits, berries, seeds, nuts, acorns and nectar. The species is non-migratory although some local post-breeding movements occur (Winkler and Christie 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The large-scale clearance of old deciduous woodland and conversion to coniferous plantations, resulting in habitat loss and isolation is a major threat. Changes in forestry practice are shortening the rotation period, resulting in the loss of potential nesting trees and a marked reduction in the time-span available for nesting. High levels of nutrient input from agriculture are thought to reduce habitat suitability for ants and thus driving declines in the species main food supply. Orchards are also being lost through the expansion of villages. The extent and quality of riverine forests is also decreasing through flood-prevention schemes, canalization and damming (Tucker and Heath 1994).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are no known current conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The establishment of protected areas is insufficient to conserve this species. Forestry management should be reduced in intensity and the clear cutting of older woodland avoided in order to help build and maintain a network of old deciduous woodland. In addition rotation periods in forestry should be extended and the replacement of deciduous forest with coniferous halted. The reduction of nutrient input into areas outside of forest is required and nutrient poor grasslands should be maintained (Tucker and Heath 1994). There is very little research on this species in Europe. Studies on the species's ecology and population dynamics are needed (Pasinelli 2006). Also research should focus on the influence of modern forestry and agricultural land use on the distribution and frequency of the species (Tucker and Heath 1994).,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PICIFORMES,PICIDAE,Picus,sharpei,,Picus sharpei,"(Saunders, 1872)","<span style=""font-style: italic;"">Picus viridis</span> has been split into <span style=""font-style: italic;"">P. viridis</span> and<span style=""font-style: italic;""> P. sharpei</span>  by the BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group following studies by Perktas  (2011) and Olioso and Pons (2011), based on analysis of morphological  differences between <span style=""font-style: italic;"">viridis</span>, <span style=""font-style: italic;"">sharpei</span> and <span style=""font-style: italic;"">vaillantii</span>, and the narrow intergradation zone between <span style=""font-style: italic;"">viridis </span>and <span style=""font-style: italic;"">sharpei</span>. This analysis also confirms the validity of <span style=""font-style: italic;"">P. vaillantii</span> as a species. <span style=""font-style: italic;"">P. (viridis) innominatus </span>is  also given specific status by Perktas (2011), however this treatment is  not accepted by the BTWG as claimed differences seem small.",Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Least Concern (LC</strong><strong>)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 14% (best estimate) in the past 10 years. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is endemic to Europe, where it is only found in Spain, which holds approximately 93% of the total population and in Portugal (7% of the total population), although a very small population (less than 1%) is also present in southern France.","The European breeding population is estimated at 244,000–469,000 pairs, which equates to 488,000–938,000 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is found in relatively dry open woodland, both deciduous and mixed, as well as plantations, orchards, farmland and pastures, parks and garden and locally in grassy dunes.  It requires some mature trees and clearings with adjacent grassland and is found in the lowlands and hills to mountains up to <em>ca</em> 3,000 m.<br/><br/>It lays from the end of March to June. Both parents incubate the clutch, which is usually five to eight eggs. The nest is excavated at up to 10 m in a tree (del Hoyo <em>et al</em>. 2020).<br/><br/>It feeds on ground-dwelling ants. Other insects are taken on the ground or in trees and occasionally fruit is taken too (Gorman 2014).<br/><br/>The species is resident with some local movements outside the breeding season (del Hoyo <em>et al</em>. 2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","No serious threats have been identified for this species. Habitat loss not yet a great problem, but it is believed that in future years it could become so (del Hoyo <em>et al</em>. 2020). It is thought the intensification of agriculture and forestry, as well as the conversion of pasture to arable land can affect populations of this species by reducing the population of ants. The clearing of wooded hedgerows, copses, isolated and river groves can limit potential nesting sites. Wildfires may have caused a decrease in the populations in Mediterranean regions. Other threats include localized illegal hunting and very cold winters (Martí and del Moral 2004).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are no known current conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Habitat management for this species should include the conservation of old trees for nesting in woodlands, orchards and villages and the maintenance and restoration of feeding grounds such as small meadows, pastures, orchards and heaths (Tucker and Heath 1994). Monitoring and research are needed to inform future conservation measures.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., López-Jiménez, N., Olioso, G., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PICIFORMES,PICIDAE,Picus,viridis,,Picus viridis,"Linnaeus, 1758","<span style=""font-style: italic;"">Picus viridis</span> has been split into <span style=""font-style: italic;"">P. viridis</span> and<span style=""font-style: italic;""> P. sharpei</span> by the BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group following studies by Perktas (2011) and Olioso &amp; Pons (2011), based on analysis of morphological differences between <span style=""font-style: italic;"">viridis</span>, <span style=""font-style: italic;"">sharpei</span> and <span style=""font-style: italic;"">vaillantii</span>, and the narrow intergradation zone between <span style=""font-style: italic;"">viridis </span>and <span style=""font-style: italic;"">sharpei</span>. This analysis also confirms the validity of <span style=""font-style: italic;"">P. vaillantii</span> as a species. <span style=""font-style: italic;"">P. (viridis) innominatus </span>is also given specific status by Perktas (2011), however this treatment is not accepted by the BTWG as claimed differences seem small.",Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/><br/>For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe and in the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Europe holds most of this species' global population, where occurs in the majority of countries within the region; notably in France, Romania, Italy, Germany and the United Kingdom.","The European breeding population is estimated at 603,000–1,030,000 pairs, which equates to 1,200,000–2,050,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 529,000–894,000 pairs, which equates to 1,050,000–1,790,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species uses a great variety of semi-open habitats. It is confined to larger open sections or clearings in extensively wooded areas, forest edges, copses, parks, orchards and residential areas, usually near mature deciduous trees, but often associated with conifers in mountains and in the north.<br/><br/>Laying occurs from early April to June and clutches are usually five to eight eggs. The nest is excavated in dead or soft, living wood in unbroken trees.<br/><br/>It feeds predominantly on ants, with larger ant species generally preferred. Other insects are also taken, as are earthworms and snails and occasionally reptiles, fruits, berries and seeds.<br/><br/>The species is resident, although some local winter movements occur (Winkler and Christie 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The main threats to this species are the intensification of agriculture and forestry, and the conversion of pasture to arable land, which considerably reduces ant populations (Winkler and Christie 2015). Intensive forestry has also resulted in the loss of nest-sites (Tucker and Heath 1994). Harsh winter weather can also cause major mortality, effects of which may last for years (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997,&#160;Winkler and Christie 2015) and can be exacerbated by the impacts from other threats (Tucker and Heath 1994).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are no known current conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Wide-scale habitat conservation needs to be undertaken to maintain nesting and feeding habitats close to each other within structurally diverse landscapes. Actions should include the conservation of old trees for nesting in woodlands, orchards and villages and the maintenance and restoration of feeding grounds such as small meadows, pastures, orchards and heaths (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,FRINGILLIDAE,Pinicola,enucleator,,Pinicola enucleator,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small to large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be fluctuating, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is suspected to be stable. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be fluctuating. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia, with small populations also present in Finland, Sweden and Norway.","The European breeding population is estimated at 127,000-224,000 pairs, which equates to 254,000-448,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 6,800-22,800 pairs, which equates to 13,600-45,500 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits lowland, lower montane and subarctic conifer forests and woods, including larch (<em>Larix</em>), spruce (<em>Picea</em>), cedar (<em>Cedrus</em>) and fir (<em>Abies</em>). It is also found along the tree-line of northern taiga. It occupies mixed deciduous and conifer, in light or open forest, often along forest edge, on hillsides, in clearings and in damp or marshy areas. In the non-breeding season more widely found in deciduous woods, willow thickets and copses in valleys and woodland patches at edges of cultivation, including orchards, as well as mixed scrub, parks and suburban gardens.<br/><br/>The bird breeds from May to July. The nest is a deep untidy or loose cup built mostly of juniper, spruce, birch or pine twigs and occasionally with plant fibres, pine needles, grass, lichen filaments, moss, animal hair and feathers. It is usually placed two to six metres from the ground close to or against the trunk of a tree, in pine, spruce, juniper or birch, and often well hidden in densest part of the tree. Clutches are three or four.  It feeds principally on seeds, buds, shoots and small fruits and takes some invertebrates. The species is resident and a partial migrant and is occasionally irruptive (Clement 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In central Finland, declines during the latter part of 20<sup>th</sup> century, may be due to large-scale deforestation (Clement 2016). The species may also be threatened by changes in habitats driven by climate change (Virkkala <em>et al.</em> 2013a).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>In planning future protected areas, their location should be considered in relation to predicted climate change (Virkkala <em>et al.</em> 2013b).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PELECANIFORMES,THRESKIORNITHIDAE,Platalea,leucorodia,,Platalea leucorodia,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong><br/></strong>In both Europe and the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The     population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D).  The    population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species  does    not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these  reasons    the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.<strong></strong>","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size and the wintering population size are estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary  information.","<p>In Europe, the species breeds primarily in the Netherlands and the European part of Russia, with significant numbers in Spain, France, Germany, Romania, Hungary, Azerbaijan and Portugal.</p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 11,900-18,200 pairs  (23,800-36,300 mature individuals), and the European wintering  population is estimated at 6,200-9,300 individuals (4,100-6,200  mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 8,400-12,000 pairs (16,800-23,900 mature individuals), and the wintering  population in the EU28 is estimated at 5,900-8,600 individuals  (3,900-5,800 mature individuals). For details of national estimates,  see the supplementary information.","Palearctic breeding populations are fully migratory (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020) but may only travel short distances (Snow and Perrins 1998). In the north of its range the species breeds in the local spring (e.g. from April). The species usually nests in monospecific colonies or in small monospecific groups amidst mixed-species colonies (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020). When not breeding the species forages singly or in small flocks (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020) of up to 100 individuals (Hancock <em>et al.</em> 1992) and migrates in flocks of up to 100 individuals (Brown <em>et al</em>. 1982, Snow and Perrins 1998). It is most active during the morning and evening (although in coastal areas it forages at low tide regardless of the time of day) (Hancock <em>et al.</em> 1992), and often roosts communally up to 15 km away from feeding areas (Brown <em>et al.</em> 1982). The species shows a preference for extensive shallow (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020) (less than 30 cm deep) wetlands with mud, clay or fine sand substrates, generally avoiding waters with rocky substrates, thick vegetation or swift currents (Hancock <em>et al.</em> 1992). It inhabits either fresh, brackish or saline (Hancock <em>et al. </em>1992, Snow and Perrins 1998) marshes, rivers, lakes and flooded areas, especially those with islands for nesting or dense emergent vegetation (e.g. reedbeds) and scattered trees or shrubs (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020) (preferably willow (<em>Salix</em> spp.), oak (<em>Quercus</em> spp.) or poplar (<em>Populus</em> spp.)) (Hancock <em>et al.</em> 1992). It may also frequent sheltered marine habitats during the winter such as deltas, estuaries, tidal creeks and coastal lagoons (Hancock <em>et al.</em> 1992, Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020). Its diet consists of adult and larval insects (such as waterbeetles, dragonflies, caddisflies, locusts and flies), molluscs, crustaceans, worms, leeches, frogs, tadpoles and small fish (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020) up to 10–15 cm long (Hancock <em>et al.</em> 1992). It may also take algae or small fragments of aquatic plants (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020) (although these are possibly ingested accidentally with animal matter) (Hancock <em>et al.</em> 1992).<br/><br/>The nest is a platform of sticks and vegetation constructed on the ground on islands in lakes and rivers, or alternatively in dense stands of emergent vegetation (e.g. reedbeds) (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020), bushes or deciduous trees (such as willow, oak or poplar) (Hancock <em>et al.</em> 1992) up to five metres above the ground (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020). The species nests in colonies within which neighbouring nests are usually placed one or two metres apart or touching (Hancock <em>et al.</em> 1992). Breeding colonies are sited within 10–15 km of feeding areas, often much less (although the species may also feed up to 35–40 km away) (Hancock <em>et al.</em> 1992).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by habitat degradation through drainage and pollution (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020) (e.g. chlorinated hydrocarbons) (Hancock <em>et al.</em> 1992), and is especially affected by the disappearance of reed swamps due to agricultural and hydroelectric development (Hancock <em>et al.</em> 1992). Over-fishing and disturbance have caused population declines in Greece (Hancock <em>et al.</em> 1992), and human exploitation of eggs and nestlings for food has threatened the species in the past (Hancock <em>et al.</em> 1992, Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020). Poaching and collisions with overhead electricity cables are the main non-natural causes of death during migration (Triplet <em>et al.</em> 2008). The species is also susceptible to avian influenza so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed in Appendix II of CITES, Annex I of the EU Birds Directive, Annex II of the Bern Convention, Annex II of the Convention on Migratory Species, under which it is covered by the African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement (AEWA). An International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Eurasian Spoonbill was published in 2008 (AEWA technical series no 35) (Triplet et al. 2008). An International Species Action Plan is in place and national or regional Special Action Plans and/or specialist working groups are in place in some countries (Netherlands, Spain, Hungary, Romania, Serbia). Systematic monitoring occurs in most countries in Europe, including an international colour ringing scheme. Wetland restoration and management of breeding colonies and feeding sites is in place in France, Spain, Croatia and Slovakia.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Measures should: Monitor breeding, migrating, wintering numbers, age composition and ecological changes at key sites; Establish non-intrusion zones around colonies; Sustainably manage wetland areas.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,CALCARIIDAE,Plectrophenax,nivalis,,Plectrophenax nivalis,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Greenland, with smaller numbers in other countries of northern Europe, notably in Iceland and Russia.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 1,250,000-2,470,000 pairs, which equates to 2,510,000-4,940,000 mature individuals. The population in the EU28 is estimated at 19,000-43,100 pairs, which equates to 38,000-86,200 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is found in treeless, uncultivated barren rocky terrain, usually near snow. It also uses sea cliffs and commonly nests near or even in human settlements. Outside the breeding season it occupies open fields, shingle beaches, saltmarshes, sand dunes, and stubble fields. In Greenland pair formation occurs by late May. It breeds from mid-May to July in Iceland and begins breeding in late May in Scotland. It is monogamous and the nest is a thick cup of dry grass and moss, lined with finer grasses, fur and feathers. It is sited in a variety of places, often in a crevice or crag in some rocks, but will also use artificial sites such as buildings and nestboxes. Clutches are two to eight eggs. The diet is primarily seeds but in the breeding season it will take small invertebrates. The species is migratory (Rising 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Declines in Europe of birds wintering in coastal areas of the southern North Sea since are attributed to huge embankment projects and intensified grazing, which have destroyed saltmarshes (the preferred foraging habitat of the species) (Rising 2016). The species is also likely to be threatened by future climate change (Virkkala <em>et al</em>. 2008).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II.  Since 1990 grazing around the southern North Sea has been greatly reduced and no further embankment projects are planned, which has allowed this species to begin to recover (Rising 2016).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>To minimise the impacts of climate change large areas of continuous habitats should be preserved and protected in a connected reserve network (Virkkala <em>et al.</em> 2008).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PELECANIFORMES,THRESKIORNITHIDAE,Plegadis,falcinellus,,Plegadis falcinellus,"(Linnaeus, 1766)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The     population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D).  The    population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species  does    not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these  reasons    the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In  the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2).  The population  size  is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The  population trend appears  to be increasing, and hence   the species does  not approach the thresholds  for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.  For these reasons  the species is evaluated as Least  Concern  in the  EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to  be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary  information.","<p>In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia, Spain and Azerbaijan, with notable numbers in Romania, France and Ukraine.</p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 30,100-59,700 pairs  (60,200-120,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 11,200-32,000 pairs (22,400-63,900 mature individuals). For details of national estimates,  see the supplementary information.","All populations of this species undergo post-breeding dispersal movements (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020) and are considerably nomadic (Snow and Perrins 1998). In addition northern breeding populations are fully migratory (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020) and may travel on a broad front (e.g. across the Sahara) (Brown <em>et al. </em>1982). Northern and southern breeding populations breed during the local spring, whilst breeding elsewhere coincides with the rains (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020). The species nests in mixed-species colonies, either in small groups (Brown <em>et al.</em> 1982) or in large aggregations of thousands of pairs, and during the winter or dry seasons the species usually forages in small flocks (Hancock <em>et al. </em>1992, Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020) of up to 30 individuals (Brown <em>et al.</em> 1982). It often roosts communally at night in large groups (sometimes thousands of individuals) with other species, occasionally in trees far from wetland feeding sites (Brown <em>et al.</em> 1982). The species feeds in very shallow water (Hancock <em>et al</em>. 1992) and nests in freshwater or brackish wetlands with tall dense stands of emergent vegetation (e.g. reeds or rushes) and low trees or bushes (Marchant and Higgins 1990, Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020). It shows a preference for marshes at the edges of lakes and rivers (Hancock <em>et al.</em> 1992), as well as lagoons, flood-plains, wet meadows (Marchant and Higgins 1990, Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020), swamps (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020), reservoirs (Hancock <em>et al</em>. 1992), sewage ponds, rice-fields and irrigated cultivation (Marchant and Higgins 1990, Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020). It less often occurs in coastal locations such as estuaries, deltas, saltmarshes (Hancock <em>et al</em>. 1992) and coastal lagoons (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020). Roosting sites are often large trees that may be far from water (Brown <em>et al</em>. 1982, Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020). The diet of the species varies seasonally depending on what is available (Hancock <em>et al.</em> 1992). It takes adult and larval insects (e.g. aquatic beetles, dragonflies, grasshoppers, crickets, flies and caddisflies), worms, leeches, molluscs (e.g. snails and mussels), crustaceans (e.g. crabs and crayfish) and occasionally fish, frogs, tadpoles, lizards, small snakes and nestling birds (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020).<br/><br/>The nest is a platform of twigs and vegetation usually positioned less than one metre above water (occasionally up to seven metres) in tall dense stands of emergent vegetation (e.g. reeds or rushes), low trees or bushes over water (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by wetland habitat degradation and loss (Snow and Perrins 1998, Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020) through drainage (Marchant and Higgins 1990, Hancock <em>et al. </em>1992) for irrigation and hydroelectric power production (Balian et al. 2002), clearing, grazing, burning, increased salinity, groundwater extraction and invasion by exotic plants (Marchant and Higgins 1990). It is also threatened locally by hunting (Snow and Perrins 1998, Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020), disturbance and pesticides (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020), and is susceptible to avian influenza so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive, Annex II of the Bern Convention and Annex II of the Convention on Migratory Species, under which it is covered by the African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement (AEWA).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Measures should: Sustainably manage river valleys and wet grasslands; Abandonment of pastoral grassland, afforestation of farmland and drainage of wet meadows and inland wetlands in key breeding areas should be stopped.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,CHARADRIIDAE,Pluvialis,apricaria,,Pluvialis apricaria,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds largely in Iceland, but also notably in Norway, Finland, Sweden and Russia. It winters largely in the United Kingdom and France, and also notably in the Netherlands and Ireland.","The European breeding population is estimated at 833,000-1,160,000 pairs, which equates to 1,660,000-2,310,000&#160;mature individuals. The wintering population in Europe is estimated at 748,000-1,250,000 individuals (498,000-830,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 207,000-338,000 pairs, which equates to 415,000-676,000 mature individuals. The wintering population in the EU28 is estimated at 746,000-1,220,000 individuals (497,000-814,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is fully migratory but may only move short distances in some regions (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020). It breeds from May to August in solitary pairs, adults leaving the breeding grounds before the juveniles between July and August (Hayman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;1986, Billerman <em>et al.&#160;</em>2020). The return migration in the spring peaks between April and early-May (Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986). The species breeds on humid moss, lichen and hummock tundra, low-lying marshes in moss tundra, shrub tundra, open bogs in forest, peatlands, alpine tundra, highland bogs, moors, and swampy highland heaths with high abundances of sphagnum moss and heather (Johnsgard 1981, Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020). It shows a preference for nesting on short vegetation less than 15 cm tall (Ratcliffe 1977). When on passage and in its winter quarters, the species frequents freshwater wetlands, moist grasslands, pastures, agricultural land (e.g. stubble, ploughed or fallow fields) and highland steppe, also foraging on tidal shores, coastal rocky outcrops, intertidal flats and saltmarshes in shallow bays and estuaries (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020, Urban <em>et al.</em> 1986, Johnsgard 1981). Its diet consists predominantly of insects (especially the adults, pupae and larvae of beetles, larval Lepidoptera, locusts and grasshoppers), as well as earthworms, spiders, millipedes, snails, polycheate worms, crustaceans and some plant material (e.g. berries, seeds and grass) (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020, Urban&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;1986, Johnsgard 1981).<br/><br/>The nest is a shallow scrape on bare ground in flat, sparse areas with short vegetation (less than 15 cm). The species is a solitary nester, although in optimal habitats neighbouring pairs may nest only a few hundred metres apart (Billerman <em>et al.&#160;</em>2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species has suffered minor range contractions due to the cultivation and afforestation of heathlands (Ratcliffe 1977, Billerman <em>et al.&#160;</em>2020), and is susceptible to very cold winter temperatures and severe weather conditions (Ratcliffe 1977). The species is frequently taken by hunters on its wintering grounds (e.g. France) (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Annex I, II (B), III (B) of the EU Birds Directive and Annex III of the Bern Convention. The EU commisioned a Management plan for this huntable bird species considered to be in unfavourable status (Technical Report - 2009 - 034) (Béchet 2009).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Extensive grazing of wetland grasslands (e.g. c.0.5 cows per hectare) was found to attract a higher abundance of the species in Hungary (Baldi <em>et al.</em> 2005), and in the U.K. the species shows a preference for nesting on heathlands and moors managed by rotational burning (a management strategy used to encourage grouse) as this keeps the vegetation short and prevents grasses from being displaced by heathers (Ratcliffe 1977, Johnsgard 1981). Cultivation, drainage and afforestation of heathlands has to be stopped and habitat restored.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,CHARADRIIDAE,Pluvialis,squatarola,,Pluvialis squatarola,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is estimated to be stable. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 12% (best estimate) in 23 years (3 generations). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds only in Russia. The species winters largely in the United Kingdom and France, and also notably in the Netherlands, Germany, Spain and Italy.","The European breeding population is estimated at 13,000-23,000 pairs, which equates to 26,000-46,000 mature individuals. The wintering population in Europe is estimated at 127,000-178,000 individuals, which equates to 84,800-119,000 mature individuals. The species occurs in the EU28 only in winter and the population is estimated at 121,000-149,000 individuals, which equates to 83,300-100,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is fully migratory. It departs its breeding grounds from late July to September (southward movements continuing in winter depending on freezing conditions) (Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986, Billerman <em>et al.&#160;</em>2020) and returns from late May to June (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020). It breeds from May to August (Hayman et al. 1986) in solitary well-dispersed pairs (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020) and forages alone or in small loose flocks (Johnsgard 1981) of up to 30 individuals. It is gregarious during the winter however, often roosting in large flocks containing up to several thousand individuals. The species nests in the high Arctic in both upland and valley locations between the treeline and the coast (Snow and Perrins 1998), utilising dry stony tundra with sedge, moss, lichen, grass or dwarf birch, peat ridges in tundra marshes, dry exposed ridges, riverbanks, raised sand or gravel beaches, and rocky slopes (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020, Johnsgard 1981, Snow and Perrins 1998). Outside of the breeding season the species frequents intertidal mudflats, saltmarshes , sandflats and beaches of oceanic coastlines, bays and estuaries (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020, Johnsgard 1981). During migration it may also be found inland on lakes, pools or grasslands. During the breeding season the diet of this species consists largely of adult and larval insects such as beetles and Diptera as well as some plant matter (e.g. grass seeds). When on the coast in its wintering range the species takes marine polychaete worms, molluscs and crustaceans (e.g. crabs, sand shrimp), occasionally also taking insects (e.g. grasshoppers and beetles) or earthworms when in inland habitats on passage (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2020, Johnsgard 1981). The nest is a shallow scrape on dry ground in exposed, stony sites, neighbouring nests not less than 400 m apart (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020, Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Populations fluctuate from year year to year with poor weather and predator pressure in years of low lemming numbers (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). Warmer temperatures brought about by climate change are thought to affect this species (Maclean <em>et al.</em> 2008). It is also threatened by disturbance from recreational activities (Cutts <em>et al.</em> 2009), intertidal oyster culture (Gittings and O'Donoghue 2012) and urban and industrial development.","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Annex II (B) of the EU Birds Directive. In the U.K. there is evidence that the removal of Spartina anglica from tidal mudflats using a herbicide is beneficial for the species (Evans 1986).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/> Infrastructure development, human disturbance and marine aquaculture at breeding sites needs to be stopped.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PODICIPEDIFORMES,PODICIPEDIDAE,Podiceps,auritus,,Podiceps auritus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,NT,C1,No,VU,C1,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population size is moderately small, and, combined with the declining population trend, approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion C. The species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population size is small, and, combined with the declining population trend, meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size criterion C, and is therefore assessed as such in the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by approximately 14% (best estimate) in 14 years (three generations). In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 13-17% with a best estimate of 15% over the same period. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds largely in Finland and Sweden, and also notably in Russia, Iceland and Norway.<br/><br/>Wintering grounds occur further south, including the North Sea, Adriatic Sea, Black Sea and the Caspian Sea (Llimona <em>et al.</em> 2014).","The European breeding population is estimated at 7,100-9,600 pairs, which equates to 14,200-19,200 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 4,400-5,700 pairs, which equates to 8,900-11,400 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds on small, shallow fresh (Llimona <em>et al</em>. 2014), brackish or slightly alkaline (Fjeldsa 2004) waters between 0.5 and 2 m deep and between 1 and 20 ha in area (Snow and Perrins 1998) with rich floating (Konter 2001), submergent and emergent vegetation (Fjeldsa 2004). Habitats include small pools, marshes with patches of open water and secluded sections of larger lakes and rivers (Llimona <em>et al</em>. 2014). In its wintering range the species frequents coastal inshore waters (Llimona <em>et al</em>. 2014) up to 10?20 m in depth (Fjeldsa 2004) including sheltered bays (Llimona <em>et al</em>. 2014), lagoons and estuaries (Ogilvie and Rose 2003). It may also occur on large lake and river systems south of its breeding range (Llimona <em>et al</em>. 2014, Fjeldsa 2004). The species breeds from April to August, generally in solitary isolated pairs. The nest is a platform of aquatic vegetation either floating and anchored to emergent vegetation, built from the lake bottom (where water is shallow) or built on rocks at water level. Clutch size can be between one to eight eggs but normally four to five in Europe. Its diet consists predominantly of fish and invertebrates such as adult and larval insects, crustaceans (Llimona <em>et al</em>. 2014), crayfish (Fjeldsa 2004) and crabs (Konter 2001), molluscs and worms. Fish and crustaceans are more important components of the diet during the winter when the species is at sea (Llimona <em>et al</em>. 2014). This species is fully migratory (Llimona <em>et al</em>. 2014) and travels over land in stages on a broad front, some populations only moving short distances to the nearest ice-free coast (Fjeldsa 2004).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The main threats to the species are human disturbance, forestry operations around breeding lakes (e.g. afforestation leading to hydrological changes and resulting in reduced numbers of invertebrate prey), fluctuating water levels, and the stocking of lakes with rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) (which competes with the species for aquatic insects) (Llimona <em>et al</em>. 2014). Historical range contractions have also occurred due to acidification and increased humus content of lakes, and the species is vulnerable to hypertrophication (Fjeldsa 2004). It is commonly caught and accidentally drowned in fishing nets (Llimona <em>et al</em>. 2014) and is particularly vulnerable to oil spills in the marine environment during the winter (Llimona <em>et al</em>. 2014, Ogilvie and Rose 2003, Fjeldsa 2004).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II (western Palearctic populations). EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are no known current conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/> Identify sites of international importance for the species and implement site protection. Populations should be closely monitored to determine whether numbers are stable or whether local declines are symptomatic of more widespread problems. Conduct survey work to accurately ascertain the current population sizes of both subspecies of horned grebe. Marginal populations in north-western Europe which have shown strong historical fluctuations should also should be monitored (O'Donnel and Fjeldsa 1997). Stricter legislation on oil drilling and transport should be enforced and mitigation measures against bycatch in fisheries implemented.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PODICIPEDIFORMES,PODICIPEDIDAE,Podiceps,cristatus,,Podiceps cristatus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The    population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The    population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does    not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons    the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population  size  is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The  population trend appears  to be decreasing by 19%, and hence  the species does  not approach the thresholds  for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.  For these reasons  the species is evaluated as Least  Concern in the  EU28.","In Europe the breeding and the wintering population sizes are estimated to be  stable. In the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be decreasing by 19%, and the wintering population size is estimated to be  increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary  information.","<p>In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia, with significant numbers in Finland, Germany, Spain, Sweden, Romania, Ukraine and Poland.</p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 386,000-530,000 pairs  (772,000-1,060,000 mature individuals), and the European wintering  population is estimated at 279,000-381,000 individuals (186,000-254,000  mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 183,000-263,000 pairs (367,000-526,000 mature individuals), and the wintering  population in the EU28 is estimated at 168,000-220,000 individuals  (112,000-147,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates,  see the supplementary information.","The species breeds on fresh or brackish waters with abundant emergent and submerged vegetation, showing a preference for non-acidic eutrophic waterbodies with flat or sloping banks and muddy or sandy substrates (Snow and Perrins 1998) and large areas of open water. Suitable habitats include small pools or lakes, backwaters of slow-flowing rivers and artificial waterbodies (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020). The species overwinters on large exposed ice-free (Fjeldsa 2004) lakes and reservoirs, moving to sheltered coastal inshore waters (Snow and Perrins 1998) less than 10 m deep (Fjeldsa 2004) such as brackish estuaries, deltas, tidal channels and tidal lagoons (Snow and Perrins 1998) during cold spells (Fjeldsa 2004). In Europe, it breeds between April and September. The nest is a platform of aquatic plant matter either floating on water and anchored to emergent vegetation or built from the lake bottom in shallow water (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020). Typical nest sites include reedbeds or flooded thickets as well as more open sites such as floating mats of water-weed or kelp fronds (Fjeldsa 2004). Normally three to five eggs are laid. Its diet consists predominantly of large fish as well as insects, crustaceans (e.g. crayfish, shrimps) and molluscs, occasionally also adult and larval amphibians. The species's invertebrate consumption is highest during the breeding season. The majority of this species is fully migratory although some populations may only undergo local dispersive movements (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species suffered declines in the nineteenth century as a result of hunting for the plume trade (this is no longer a threat). Amelioration of climate has actually helped this species expand in some areas (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020). The species is commonly drowned accidentally in monofilament gill-nets (fishing nets) (Fjeldsa 2004, Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020). It may also be threatened by future coastal oil spills (Gorski <em>et al.</em> 1977), and is susceptible to avian influenza so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species was included in the Grebes Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan published in 1997 (O'Donnel and Fjeldsa 1997).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The conservation of this species relies on the protection of lake habitats, limiting water-based recreation at key sites and enhancing nesting habitat in predator-free environments. Key international sites should be identified and protected. Evaluate the potential of the species as a keystone indicator of wetland health (O'Donnel and Fjeldsa 1997). Mitigation measures to reduce bycatch should be enforced. Strict legislation on the transportation of oil should be implemented to reduce the risk of future spills.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PODICIPEDIFORMES,PODICIPEDIDAE,Podiceps,grisegena,,Podiceps grisegena,"(Boddaert, 1783)",0,No,VU,A2bcde+4bcde,No,VU,A2bcde+3bcde+4bcde,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The    population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The    population trend appears to be decreasing by more than 30%, and hence the species meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons    the species is evaluated as Vulnerable in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population  size  is moderately small, but it does not approach the  thresholds for  Vulnerable  under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The  population trend appears  to be decreasing by more than 30%, and hence  the species meets the thresholds  for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.  For these reasons  the species is evaluated as Vulnerable (VU A2bcde+3bcde+4bcde) in the  EU28.","In Europe, the breeding population size is estimated to  be decreasing by over 30% in 17 years (three generations) and between 2004-2021.&#160;In the EU28, the breeding population size is estimated to be decreasing by over 30% in 17 years (three generations), between 2004-2021 and over the next three generations.&#160;For details of national estimates, see the supplementary  information.","<p>In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Turkey, with significant numbers in Finland, Germany, Ukraine, Sweden, Denmark and Poland.</p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 15,600-29,300 pairs  (31,200-58,500 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 7,300-12,600 pairs (14,600-25,100 mature individuals). For details of national estimates,  see the supplementary information.","The species breeds on small, shallow inland waters with abundant emergent vegetation and stretches of open water, showing a preference for waters in forested areas or in shrub tundra further to the north. Suitable habitats include small pools and lakes, backwaters of large rivers, pools cut off from the sea in estuaries (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020) and coastal lagoons. In coastal locations the species often makes foraging flights to inland lakes or offshore areas, and if foraging at sea it shows a preference for sub-tidal locations down to a depth of 15 m with sand or gravel substrates, scattered rocks and patches of seaweed (Fjeldsa 2004). When moulting, on passage or during the winter the species frequents large inland lakes or shallow coastal areas (Fjeldsa 2004) with abundant fish stocks (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020), often considerable distances from the shore, amongst islands in archipelagos or over drop-off zones (Fjeldsa 2004).<br/><br/>The bird breeds from April or May to June or August. The nest is a floating platform of plant matter anchored to submerged or emergent vegetation. Clutches are normally three or four eggs (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020). Its diet consists predominantly of invertebrates (Snow and Perrins 1998) such as adult and larval aquatic insects, crayfish and molluscs (Konter 2001), although fish are also important locally or seasonally. This species is fully migratory (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by the modification and degradation of lakes and by human disturbance from water-based recreational activities. It may also be threatened by future oil spills at sea during the winter (although during this season the species is widely scattered along coasts, so the effects of oil spills are likely to be small) (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020). The species is also at risk from gillnet fisheries, wind turbines and the reduction of bottom habitats by dredging and coastal development (HELCOM 2012).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. The species was included in the Grebes Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan published in 1997 (O'Donnel and Fjeldsa 1997).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Key breeding and wintering sites should be identified and protected. In addition, boats near nesting areas should be restricted to minimise disturbance of incubating or brooding adults and prevent damage to nests. Research should be undertaken on the wintering and non-breeding activities of the species (Stout and Neuchterlein 1999). The enforcement of strict legislation on oil transportation would help reduce the risk of spills in the future and measures to reduce the impact of bycatch should be enforced. Impact assessments should be undertaken for wind energy development.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PODICIPEDIFORMES,PODICIPEDIDAE,Podiceps,nigricollis,,Podiceps nigricollis,"Brehm, 1831",0,No,VU,A2bce+4bce,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The    population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The    population trend appears to be decreasing by more than 30%, and hence the species meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons    the species is evaluated as Vulnerable in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population  size  is moderately small, but it does not approach the  thresholds for  Vulnerable  under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The  population trend appears  to be decreasing by ca 24%, and hence  the species does  not approach the thresholds  for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.  For these reasons  the species is evaluated as Least  Concern in the  EU28.","In Europe, the breeding population size is estimated to  have decreased by approximately 34% in 15 years (three generations) and is epected to continue declining at a similar rate between 2006-2021.The wintering population size in Europe is estimated to be  stable. In the EU28 the breeding and the wintering population sizes are estimated to be decreasing by c. 24%. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary  information.","In Europe, the species stronghold is the European part of Russia, with significant numbers in Ukraine, Spain, Belarus, France and Poland.<p></p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 35,500-57,900 pairs  (71,100-116,000 mature individuals), and the European wintering  population is estimated at 49,100-129,000 individuals (32,700-85,400  mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 6,900-13,700 pairs (13,800-27,400 mature individuals), and the wintering  population in the EU28 is estimated at 31,600-46,300 individuals  (21,000-30,900 mature individuals). For details of national estimates,  see the supplementary information.","During the breeding season this species frequents permanent and temporary (Snow and Perrins 1998) small, shallow, highly eutrophic pools with lush vegetation, such as freshwater marshes and lakes (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020) with dispersed submergent vegetation and patches of reeds (Konter 2001, Fjeldsa 2004), as well as ponds and fish ponds, sewage farms, quiet river backwaters and newly flooded areas (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020). In southern Russia it shows a preference for variably developed reed swamps and gypsotrophic lakes (alkaline waters with rich submergent vegetation such as Chara and Potamogeton pectinatus) (Fjeldsa 2004). Outside of the breeding season the species moves to salt lakes (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020), hyper-saline industrial evaporation ponds (Fjeldsa 2004) and reservoirs, or to coastal estuaries, arms of the sea, and inshore shallows in bays and channels (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>The breeding season runs from April to August with peak egg-laying in May and June (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020). It usually nests colonially in thinly spaced, emergent marsh vegetation (such as <em>Scirpus</em>, <em>Typha</em> or sedge <em>Carex</em>), or on dense mats of floating waterweed, sometimes far from the shore (Fjeldsa 2004). The nest is a floating platform of aquatic vegetation anchored to emergent vegetation. It usually lays three or four eggs (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020). The species is carnivorous, its diet consisting of adult and larval insects, molluscs, crustaceans, amphibians (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020), midges and brine-flies, nereid worms, small fish (Fjeldsa 2004) and snails (Konter 2001). This species is fully migratory (Snow and Perrins 1998), although the extent of migration varies between populations and some populations remain predominantly sedentary, such as in Spain (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is vulnerable to oil pollution as it frequently winters on the coast (Ogilvie and Rose 2003, Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020), and is susceptible to avian cholera (Ogilvie and Rose 2003, Friend 2006), Erysipelas (Jensen and Cotter 1976, Friend 2006) and avian botulism (van Heerden 1974) so is threatened by future outbreaks of these diseases. Populations have also been known to crash in winter habitats during El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events due to reductions in food availability due to warming sea-surface temperatures, although they afterwards rebound (Jehl <em>et al.</em> 2002). Local declines of this species are also attributed to human disturbance (especially recreational activities on lakes) (Billerman <em>et al. </em>2020), and it is commonly killed by collisions with power transmission lines (Malcolm 1982). The species is predated by American Mink (<em>Neovison vison</em>) in the Slonsk Reserve, western Poland (Bartoszewicz and Zalewski 2003).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species was included in the Grebes Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan published in 1997 (O'Donnel and Fjeldsa 1997).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Key international sites should be identified and protected and monitoring of population fluctuations implemented at these sites. Evaluate the potential of the species as a keystone indicator of wetland health (O'Donnel and Fjeldsa 1997). Power lines should be moved or made more visible to reduce collisions and predator control introduced at important breeding sites. Strict legislation on the transportation of oil should be implemented to reduce the risk of future spills.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PARIDAE,Poecile,cinctus,,Poecile cinctus,"(Boddaert, 1783)","All <em>Parus</em> species (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) are retained in the genus <em>Parus contra</em> AOU who place all North American <em>Parus</em> species in the genus <em>Poecile</em> including the holarctic <em>P. cinctus</em>.<br/><br/>The BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group is aware that phylogenetic analyses have been published which have proposed generic rearrangements which may affect this species, but prefers to wait until work by other taxonomists reveals how these changes affect the entire groups involved.      <p></p>",No,LC,0,No,NT,A2b,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment:&#160;Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very&#160;large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population trend appears to be decreasing at a moderately rapid rate which approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A), and is therefore assessed as Near Threatened within the EU28. As the wider European population is also decreasing, there is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region and hence the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the breeding population size is suspected to have decreased by less than 25% in the past 10 years. In the EU28, Finland holds almost 75% of the total population, with the national Red List (Hyvärinen 2019) indicating a decline approaching 30% in 10 years. Combined with the rapid declines reported in Sweden (40% best estimate between 2007-2018, see the Supplementary Information), which holds approximately 25% of the total EU28 population, it is inferred that the overall trend for this species in the region approaches 30% over the past 10 years. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","More than a half of the European breeding population occurs in Russia, with the remaining population occurring in Fennoscandia (mainly Finland).","The European breeding population is estimated at 253,000–548,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 507,000–1,100,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 71,800–196,000 pairs, which equates to 143,000–391,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is restricted to northern boreal areas where it occurs as far north as the northern forest limit (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). It is found in areas of lowland conifer forest, which is mostly of old-growth spruce (<em>Picea</em>) but also larch (<em>Larix</em>) and pine (<em>Pinus</em>), especially in areas with dead or decaying trees.<br/><br/>The species breeds from May to July and is monogamous. The nest is a platform of decaying wood, moss, grass stems and animal hair or fur, in a hole in a rotting tree trunk or stump; however it will use nest boxes as well. Clutches can be from four to eleven eggs.<br/><br/>The diet is made up mainly of small invertebrates, but it will also consume seeds and scraps from bird tables or refuse scraps.<br/><br/>The species is sedentary, remaining within territories all year; juveniles are more nomadic (Gosler and Clement 2007).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The species declined in Finland and probably Sweden too due to large-scale clearfelling during World War II and has suffered from fragmentation of its habitat. Modern forestry practices remove dead and dying trees and the species suffers poor nesting success in heavily managed forests (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). Climatic changes may also negatively affect its habitat. In severe winters it is often entirely reliant on food provided at human settlements (Gosler and Clement 2007).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Forest management practices should be encouraged to leave dead and dying trees. Restoration of suitable forest would also minimize fragmentation.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PARIDAE,Poecile,hyrcanus,,Poecile hyrcanus,"Sarudny &amp; von Loudon, 1905",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is small (&lt;10,000 but &gt;1,000 mature individuals), but the population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D) or the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>The species does not occur in the EU28, thus it has been classified as Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe the breeding population size is suspected to be stable. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species is only known as a rare breeder in Armenia.","The European breeding population is suspected at 500–2,500 pairs (1,000–5,000 mature individuals). The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occurs in mixed broadleaf montane woodland dominated by beech (<em>Fagus orientalis</em>), hornbeam (<em>Carpinus betulus</em>) as well as oak (<em>Quercus castaneifolia</em>) and maple (<em>Acer hyrcanum</em>), with a rich undergrowth and herbaceous layer, including partially logged and intensively grazed areas. It lays four to seven eggs between April and May, in a nest composed of bark, feathers and plant and animal fibres, located in an excavated tree cavity. It is believed to be a sedentary species (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020).<br/><br/>It feeds on invertebrates, such as caterpillars, beetles and terrestrial molluscs, and seeds, foraging in both canopy and scrub, usually in the thin branches (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","This species' habitat is not at serious risk of extensive modification, and the species itself is not considered to be particularly at risk, due to the comparatively large size of its range (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed&#160;</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently known to be proposed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,0,"Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PARIDAE,Poecile,lugubris,,Poecile lugubris,"(Temminck, 1820)","<em>Poecile lugubris</em> and <em>P. hyrcanus</em> (del Hoyo and Collar   2016) were previously lumped as <em>Parus lugubris</em> following AERC TAC (2003), Cramp <em>et a</em>l. (1977-1994) and Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).",Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160;&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. In the EU28,&#160;the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Europe holds a large proportion of this species' global population, where it breeds primarily in Turkey, with small populations also present in other countries in southeastern Europe.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 451,000–1,340,000 pairs, which equates to 902,000–2,670,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 25,500–84,100 which equates to 51,000–169,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits dry maquis areas of scattered trees and bushes, including olive (<em>Olea</em>) groves, wild plum (<em>Prunus</em>) orchards and other fruit trees and vineyards. It also uses parkland areas of open oak (<em>Quercus</em>) forests including scrub oak, beech (<em>Fagus</em>), willows (<em>Salix</em>) and poplars (<em>Populus</em>) and conifers, particularly spruce (<em>Picea</em>) and cedars (<em>Cedrus</em>),  especially in areas of rocky limestone hills.<br/><br/>It breeds from March to  early August and is monogamous. The nest is a cup of wool, plant  material, bark strips, animal hair and feathers, placed in a hole in a  tree, often in rotting wood in a fruit tree but also among rocks on  banks and will use nestboxes. It normally lays five to seven eggs.<br/><br/>The diet  is principally insects although it does consume seeds as well.<br/><br/>The  species is resident but there is some evidence of altitudinal movements in parts of the range (Gosler and Clement 2007).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","<p>In Armenia, the species is threatened by an increasing number of wild  fires and the use of toxic agricultural chemicals (Aghasyan and  Kalashyan 2010).<br/></p>",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species in Europe.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Although  this species is not currently threatened monitoring should be  implemented to detect population changes and research undertaken to  inform future conservation measures.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Wheatley, H.","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PARIDAE,Poecile,montanus,,Poecile montanus,"(Conrad von Baldenstein, 1827)","<em>Poecile montanus&#160;</em>has been split into Willow Tit&#160;<em>P. montanus</em>&#160;and Sichuan Tit&#160;<em>P. weigoldicus&#160;</em>following evidence of strong differentiation from molecular work (Tritsch&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2017), reinforcing the morphological differences noted by Eck and Martens (2006). All evidence points to the distinctiveness of&#160;<em>P. weigoldicus</em>&#160;and, with the proviso that the case will continue to be studied, the form is accepted as taking species rank.<br/>&#160;	<br/>Previously this treatment&#160;was not followed owing to the apparent overlap in morphological characters between&#160;<em>weigoldicus</em><em>&#160;</em>and parapatric&#160;<em>P. m. affinis</em>, and because it was not possible to find adequate recordings to meaningfully analyse vocal differences. Hence&#160;<em>P. weigoldicus</em>&#160;was considered a subspecies of&#160;<em>P. montanus</em>&#160;(del Hoyo&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em>2016).",No,LC,0,No,NT,A2b,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment:&#160;Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population trend appears to be decreasing at a moderately rapid rate which approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A) and is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT). There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the breeding population is estimated to be decreasing by 5-31% with a best estimate of 13% over the past 10 years. In the EU28, the breeding population is estimated to be decreasing by 18-28% with a best estimate of 24% over the same period, and of 25% between 2004-2017, calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, based on national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates). This&#160;rate is supported by that calculated in the PECBMS (EBCC 2018).","More than a half of the European breeding population occurs in Russia, with significant populations also in Fennoscandia, Belarus, Poland and Romania, amongst other countries.","The European breeding population is estimated at 7,000,000–12,700,000&#160;pairs, which equates to 14,000,000–25,400,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 2,030,000–3,270,000 pairs, which equates to 4,070,000–6,540,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see&#160;the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits lowland, submontane and montane forests and  woodlands, principally coniferous forests of pine (<em>Pinus</em>), larch (<em>Larix</em>)  and spruce (<em>Picea</em>), and in Siberian taiga it is most frequently in  steppe-forest of Siberian stone pine (<em>Pinus sibirica</em>). It is often  found in dense and damp areas, especially Sphagnum bogs and areas of willows  (<em>Salix</em>) or alders (<em>Alnus</em>) and on tundra edge. In Europe, it also occurs in  willows, alders and more shrubby vegetation, including elder (<em>Sambucus</em>)  patches, edges of woods, copses, and hedges, especially along rivers and  beside lakes. In Tien Shan, it occurs in montane conifer forest, also mixed broadleaf  woodland with well-developed undergrowth and willow thickets, and  lowland to submontane birch (<em>Betula</em>) forest. It is also found in riverine and swamp thickets, and occasionally in osier (<em>Salix</em>) beds.<br/><br/>It breeds from April to July and is monogamous, forming a pair-bond for  life. The female builds the nest, which is constructed mostly of bark or  wood strips, grass, plant fibres, animal hair and feathers (rarely, moss  included). It is placed in a hole or crevice up to 3 m (often less than  1 m, exceptionally to 10 m) from the ground in a rotting tree trunk or  old stump. The hole is excavated by both sexes or may be adapted from an  existing one. Clutch size is five to nine eggs.<br/><br/>The species feeds mostly on  invertebrates and larvae, but also on vegetable matter. It may store food  behind loose bark, under branches, in bud capsules or in lichen and  rarely in the ground in a steep bank.<br/><br/>The species is mainly resident (Gosler <em>et al</em>. 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Habitat loss and degradation are implicated in the decline in the U.K. and there is  also recent evidence that increased competition from other parids, which  evict this species from nest-holes, and increased nest predation by  Great Spotted Woodpeckers (<em>Dendrocopos major</em>) are also important  factors, exacerbated by the low dispersal ability of the species that makes  recolonisation difficult after local extinction (Gosler <em>et al</em>. 2013).  The species may also be threatened by future climate change (Harrison <em>et  al</em>. 2003, Siriwardena 2004).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong></strong>Bern Convention  Appendix II. In the U.K. the species is Red listed and is a U.K.  Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) priority bird species and several local  BAPs have been developed. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong></strong>Investigate rates of habitat loss and pressures from other species to determine their  impact on this species. Ensure existing populations are adequately  protected.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Ekstrom, J., Elliott, N., Symes, A. & Wheatley, H.","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PARIDAE,Poecile,palustris,,Poecile palustris,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","<em>Parus palustris</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) has been split into <em>P. palustris</em> and <em>P. hypermelaenus</em> following Eck and Martens (2006) owing to apparent morphological, vocal, genetic and ecological differences between the two taxa. Further confirmation of the vocal and ecological separation between these taxa is desirable.<br/><br/>The BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group is aware that phylogenetic analyses have been published which have proposed generic rearrangements which may affect this species, but prefers to wait until work by other taxonomists reveals how these changes affect the entire groups involved.  <p></p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be decreasing by <em>ca</em> 4% over 10 years, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is estimated to be stable. In the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be decreasing by c. 4%. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in France, Romania, Germany and Croatia, with significant numbers in the European part of Russia, Poland, Italy and Ukraine.","The European breeding population is estimated at 3,740,000–6,620,000 pairs (7,480,000–13,300,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 3,110,000–5,420,000 pairs (6,230,000–10,900,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species inhabits lowland to submontane and montane mature deciduous woodland and forest with relatively high proportion of dead or rotting trees and open undergrowth. It is often found in large areas of oak (<em>Quercus</em>) and beech (<em>Fagus</em>), also mixed forest, riverine alder (<em>Alnus</em>) carr, and forests of poplar (<em>Populus</em>), birch (<em>Betula</em>), willow (<em>Salix</em>) and bird cherry (<em>Prunus padus</em>) and is also occasionally seen in wooded edges of cultivation, orchards, parks and large gardens.<br/><br/>It breeds from late March to June and is monogamous, pairing for life. The nest is a cup or pad of moss, plant material, animal hair and feathers, in a hole in a tree or stump or among upturned tree roots. It also less frequently uses a cavity in a wall or a hole in the ground. Clutches are generally five to ten eggs.<br/><br/>It feeds chiefly on small invertebrates as well as vegetable matter, including fruits and seeds.<br/><br/>The species is mostly resident, although juveniles undertake short-distance post-breeding dispersal (Gosler <em>et al.</em> 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species suffers from habitat loss and fragmentation through urbanisation, agricultural intensification and the replacement of deciduous forest with coniferous. Sever winters cause mortality and are a particular threat to small isolated populations. The species’ extremely low colonization rate means although suitable habitat areas may exist, they may not be colonized for a long time (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). Increased predator pressure (Siriwardena 2006) and competition from other parids may affect the species (Perrins 2003).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. Research has focused on the causes of declines despite high breeding success and apparent improvements in habitat quality (Broughton and Hinsley 2015).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Conservation measures should aim to expand woodland cover to secure and link existing populations and where possible woods should be allowed to reach a natural climax stage. Hedgerows should be conserved and more planted to facilitate dispersal; it is suggested that local measures should ensure gaps of 100 m or more be closed up with new hedgerows or ‘stepping stone’ patches of hedge. Large numbers of nestboxes in a wood may do more to encourage populations of other parids to the detriment of this species. Translocations may be a potential future tool to enable colonisation (Broughton and Hinsley 2015).,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Polysticta,stelleri,,Polysticta stelleri,"(Pallas, 1769)",0,No,LC,0,No,EN,A2bcd+3bcd+4bcd; C1,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment:&#160;Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small to large, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population size trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, although this species may have a restricted range, it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a very rapid rate, which meets the thresholds for Endangered (EN) under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The population size is small, and meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion D. Combined with the rapid decline over two generations, this species also meets the thresholds for Endangered under the population size criterion&#160;C and&#160;is therefore assessed as such within the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the population size trend in winter is unknown. In the EU28, the population size in winter is estimated to have decreased by 37-76% with a best estimate of 59% over the past 23 years (three generations), is expected to continue declining at the same rate between 1999-2021 and over the next three generations. This same population is also estimated to be declining by 45% in 15 years (two generations).&#160;These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","In Europe, this species only occurs in the non-breeding season.&#160;<br/>In winter it occurs almost entirely in Russia, but also notably in Norway.","The minimum European population in winter is estimated at 23,800-27,600 individuals, which equates to 15,800-18,400 mature individuals. A marginal breeding population of 5-10 pairs (10-100 mature individuals) was reported in Europe during the previous assessment update - however this has now been confirmed as an error, with no pairs breeding in Europe, and those counted were likely moulting flocks (Mischenko <em>in litt.</em>&#160;2020). The species only occurs in the EU28 in winter, where the minimum population is estimated at 800-1,600 individuals, which equates to 530-1,100 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species very rarely breeds in Europe (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). Small numbers of birds winter in Europe, mostly at sea, along low-lying rocky coasts and frequenting bays and river mouths (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). It feeds mostly by diving, chiefly consuming molluscs, crustaceans and other marine invertebrates as well as small fish and freshwater insects and larvae. The species is migratory, travelling 3,000 km to its moulting sites (Kear 2005), before some continue migration to more distant wintering sites (Petersen <em>et al.</em> 2006). It arrives at its wintering grounds in Europe between October and November and departs April to May (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020). Some birds remain at wintering sites over the summer (Kear 2005).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Over-hunting in Siberia and in other breeding areas may be impacting the population. Eiders breeding in Russia are subject to human subsistence harvesting and exposure to lead shot. Males are subject to particular hunting pressure as they arrive on the moulting grounds before females (Morse 2009). Increasing human habitation of Arctic regions has increased the range and numbers of ravens (<em>Corvus corax</em>) and some large gulls, leading to a greater risk of predation (Kear 2005). Recent dramatic changes in Arctic sea ice extent and thickness north of Alaska and Russia may affect eiders in unknown ways (Kear 2005). In addition, climate change is causing the loss of Arctic tundra ponds (Andresen  and Lougheed 2015), which could be contributing to declines in this species. Habitat loss also occurs through prospecting for, and the exploitation of, natural resources such as oil and gas (Kear 2005). The increasing traffic of tankers carrying oil from Arctic areas imposes the risk of contamination following spills (Kear 2005). It is not currently clear which of these many factors is driving the overall decline (K. Laing <em>in litt. </em>2004, Žydelis <em>et al. </em>2006).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix I and II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. A European action plan was published in 2000 (Anon. 2001). It is a protected species in Russia. Work has begun in Russia to conduct waterfowl population and subsistence harvest surveys (K. Laing <em>in litt.</em> 2004). <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Survey breeding and wintering grounds (particularly surrounding the Kola Peninsula, Russia) to determine population size and trends. Determine causes of current declines. Work to mitigate threats such as lead poisoning. Ensure subsistence harvest is sustainable.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,GRUIFORMES,RALLIDAE,Porphyrio,porphyrio,,Porphyrio porphyrio,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","<em>Porphyrio porphyrio</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) was split into <em>P. porphyrio</em>, <em>P. indicus</em>, <em>P. madagascariensis</em>, <em>P. melanotus</em>, <em>P. poliocephalus</em> and <em>P. pulverulentus</em> by Sangster <em>et al</em>. (1998), but this treatment is not adopted by the BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group. This is because although there is fair degree of variation between the continental forms of <em>porphyrio</em> (with the race <em>pulverulentus </em>the most distinct), a detailed analysis of character differences is required to determine levels of distinctiveness and variation. Pending such studies, <em>porphyrio</em> is retained as a single polytypic species.  <p></p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is suspected to be fluctuating, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is small (&lt;10,000 but &gt;1,000 mature individuals); nevertheless the population trend appears to be decreasing by less than 25% over 15 years (three generations), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D) or the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding and the wintering population sizes are suspected to be fluctuating. In the EU28 the breeding population size is suspected to be decreasing by less than 25% over 15 years (3 generations). For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Azerbaijan, with notable numbers in Spain, Turkey and Italy.","The European breeding population is estimated at 15,200–56,900 pairs (30,400–114,000 mature individuals), and the European wintering population is estimated at 1,000–50,700 individuals (660–33,800 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 4,000–4,800 pairs (8,100–9,500 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species shows a preference for permanent, fresh or brackish, still or slow-flowing, sheltered, extensive wetlands (Taylor 1996) with floating mats of water-lilies (Taylor and van Perlo 1998), tall, dense emergent vegetation, muddy or sandy shorelines and patches of shallow water (Taylor 1996). Suitable habitats include ponds, lakes, dams, marshes, swamps, rivers, flood-plains, artesian wells, sewage farms (Taylor 1996) and wet rice-fields (Taylor and van Perlo 1998). It also extends into open habitats adjacent to wetlands including grasslands, agricultural land, parks, gardens, hedgerows and forest margins.<br/><br/>The timing of breeding varies geographically (in relation to peaks in local rainfall) but in Europe is March to June. The nest is a shallow cup in a large substantial structure of vegetation built on a platform of vegetation floating on or standing in shallow water and concealed in thick vegetation. Clutches are usually three to five eggs (Taylor 1996).<br/><br/>Its diet consists predominantly of plant matter including shoots, leaves, roots, stems, flowers and seeds. It also takes animal matter including molluscs, leeches, small crustaceans, adult and larval insects (del Hoyo <em>et al</em>. 1996), spiders, fish and fish eggs, frogs and frog spawn, lizards (del Hoyo <em>et al</em>. 1996), earthworms, water snakes (<em>Natrix maura</em>) (Taylor and van Perlo 1998), adult birds, bird eggs and nestlings, small rodents and carrion.<br/><br/>This species is sedentary, nomadic or partially migratory, with many populations making local seasonal movements in response to changing habitat conditions (Taylor 1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The main threats to this species are habitat loss through wetland drainage (Taylor 1996, Taylor and van Perlo 1998), habitat degradation through the introduction of exotic species (e.g. coypu (<em>Myocastor coypus</em>)) (Taylor and van Perlo 1998), direct mortality from pesticide contamination (Taylor 1996, Dowding<em> et al</em>. 1999) (e.g. brodifacoum, a pesticide applied aerially to exterminate rodents) (Dowding <em>et al</em>. 1999), poisoning by cyanobacterial toxins (from dense blooms of cyanobacteria in wetlands) (Alonso-Andicoberry <em>et al.</em> 2002) and hunting (Taylor 1996). The species is also susceptible to avian influenza (Melville and Shortridge 2006, Gaidet <em>et al</em>. 2007) and avian botulism so may be threatened by future outbreaks of these diseases (Galvin <em>et al</em>. 1985).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. The species has full legal protection in France, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Italy and is listed in the national Red Lists of Italy, Portugal and Spain. In Italy a large part of the main sites for the species are now legally protected as SPAs and a reintroduction programme is being prepared in Sicily. In Portugal an EU Life-funded, reintroduction programme has begun in the Baixo Mondego region (Coimbra), in the Paul de Arzila and Paul da Madriz Nature Reserves and three successful reintroduction programmes have been completed in Spain. A European Species Action Plan was published in 1999 (de Vergara and  Ripoll 1999).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>This species should be fully protected, included in the appropriate category in the national catalogues and have a National Recovery Plan for countries within its European range. Key sites should be adequately protected, as should smaller sites and appropriate restoration, conservation and enhancement measures aplied. Reintroduction programmes have been shown to be successful and should be implemented in areas with fragmented populations or where natural population recovery is unlikely. Restrictions on hunting at important sites are also needed.  Monitoring should be standardised throughout its range. Research should focus on mortality caused by lead poisoning and the impact of pesticides. Public awareness of the species and its status should be raised (de Vergara and  Ripoll 1999).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,GRUIFORMES,RALLIDAE,Porzana,porzana,,Porzana porzana,"(Linnaeus, 1766)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is suspected to be decreasing by less than 25% over 10 years, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is suspected to be decreasing by less than 25% over 10 years. In the EU 28 the breeding population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia, with significant numbers occurring also in Ukraine and Belarus.","The European breeding population is estimated at 100,000–145,000 calling males (200,000–289,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 8,500–19,200 calling males (17,100–38,300 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species inhabits similar habitats in both its breeding and winter ranges (Taylor 1996), and generally requires very shallow water (less than c.15 cm deep, typically foraging in water less than 7 cm deep) that is rich in invertebrate food and is interspersed with stands of low vegetation cover (Taylor and van Perlo 1998). The species shows a preference for freshwater wetlands with a range of water depths or where water levels vary seasonally, especially where these have a mixture of muddy, moist and shallowly flooded substrates and a dense covering of grass, sedges, rushes, <em>Polygonum</em>, <em>Iris</em>, <em>Equisetum</em> and other emergents, as well as trees (Taylor 1996). Suitable habitats include seasonal and permanent marshes and fens, bogs, damp meadows, the edges of drainage ditches (Taylor and van Perlo 1998), swamps, seasonally flooded pans (Urban <em>et al.</em> 1986), pools in flooded grassland, grassy margins of reservoirs and lakes, slow-flowing rivers and sewage settling-ponds.<br/><br/>The species breeds in Europe from April to July. The nest is a thick-walled cup of plant matter, usually placed in thick vegetation near or over standing water, or alternatively in a tussock, or built up well above the water level. Clutches are usually eight to twelve eggs. <br/><br/>The species is omnivorous, its diet consisting of small aquatic insect adults and larvae, earthworms, molluscs, arachnids (Taylor 1996) and small stranded fish (Urban <em>et al</em>. 1986), as well as algae and the shoots, leaves, roots and seeds of <em>Panicum</em>, <em>Oryza</em>, <em>Carex</em> and <em>Schoenoplectus</em> (Taylor and van Perlo 1998).<br/><br/>This species is fully migratory (Taylor 1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","This species is vulnerable to changes in water levels, either through artificial wetland modification and drainage, or through climatic changes. Numbers have declined over the past century in Europe due to wetland drainage (Urban <em>et al.</em> 1986, Taylor 1996) and agricultural intensification (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Key sites should be identified and protected and monitoring of populations introduced. The promotion of low-intensity agriculture would likely also benefit this species. Research into the species's population dynamics and habitat requirements would inform future conservation measures.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,CISTICOLIDAE,Prinia,gracilis,,Prinia gracilis,"(Lichtenstein, 1823)",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>Although this species may have a restricted range, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable&#160;under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is small (&lt;10,000 but &gt;1,000 mature individuals), and although the population trend is not known, the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion C or D. The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>The bird is considered vagrant in the EU28 and is assessed as Not Applicable (NA) for this region.","In Europe the breeding population size is unknown. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds only in Turkey.","The European breeding population is suspected at 1,000–4,000 pairs (2,000–8,000 mature individuals). The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits rank vegetation in fairly arid areas, including shrubs and small trees, herbs and forbs, reed beds and riparian scrub.<br/><br/>It is a solitary breeder and monogamous with pairs defending territories throughout the year. In Turkey, fledglings have been recorded from April to September (Kirwan <em>et al.</em> 2008). The male constructs the nest and the female assists by lining the cup. It is an oval structure made of dry grass and other plant material, spider cocoons and spider web and placed 0.15–1.3 m above ground in fairly tall grass or a tree. Occasionally the nest of another bird, such as Zitting Cisticola (<em>Cisticola juncidis</em>) is used. Clutch size normally three to five eggs.<br/><br/>Its diet consists of insects, including beetles and their larvae (Coleoptera), caterpillars and adult lepidopterans, grasshoppers (Orthoptera), flies (Diptera) and spiders (Araneae). It also includes some plant matter.<br/><br/>The species is mainly resident but undergoes local dispersal when not breeding. Vagrants, thought to be from Turkey, have been recorded in Crete and Cyprus (Ryan 2006).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is vulnerable to extreme weather. In Turkey, the population fell by c. 80% following an especially severe winter in 1991/2 (Ryan 2006).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are no known current conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Areas of important suitable habitat for this species should be identified and protection ensured. Research studies on the species's ecology and potential threats and impacts should be developed to inform conservation measures.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PRUNELLIDAE,Prunella,atrogularis,,Prunella atrogularis,"(Brandt, 1844)",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is small (&lt;10,000 but &gt;1,000 mature individuals), and although the population trend is not known, the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly, hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D) or the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>The bird is considered vagrant in the EU28 and is assessed as Not Applicable (NA) for this region.","In Europe the breeding population size trend is unknown. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds only in the European part of Russia.","The European breeding population is suspected at 1,500–2,400 pairs (3,000–4,800&#160;mature individuals). The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","During the breeding season this species favours low, thick, thorny scrub and avoids open habitats. It is found in clumps of stunted spruce (<em>Picea</em>) in subalpine zone in the Urals (Hatchwell and de Juana 2016) as well as in mountain larch (<em>Larix</em>) forests and willow Salix bushes (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>It breeds from May to August and is thought to be monogamous. The nest is a bulky cup of moss, twigs, grasses and stems, lined with fine grass and hairs and placed in a tree or a shrub, most often in spruce or juniper. Clutches are three to five eggs.<br/><br/>It feeds mainly on insects and other small arthropods, worms and snails.<br/><br/>The species is migratory (Hatchwell and de Juana 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The species’ habitat is not threatened and the species is not currently threatened (Tucker and Heath 1994).,"<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. In Russia, its forests are protected by law. The Yugyd Va National Park and the Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve lie within this species’ range (Tucker and Heath 1994).<br/><strong><br/>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Further research on its breeding and wintering ecology are needed in order to clarify the species’ population status, to assess threats and to identify further necessary conservation measures. Future exploitation in the Urals should be monitored (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PRUNELLIDAE,Prunella,collaris,,Prunella collaris,"(Scopoli, 1769)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is suspected to be stable. In the EU28 the breeding population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Switzerland, France, Austria, Italy and Armenia, with significant numbers in Turkey, Russia, Georgia and Romania.","The European breeding population is estimated at 101,000–190,000 pairs (203,000–379,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 48,400–84,100 pairs (96,800–169,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","During the breeding season this species is found principally in areas with low cliffs, screes, rocky mountain slopes and alpine meadows above tree-line and up to snow-line often close to snow patches.<br/><br/>It breeds almost exclusively in mountain ranges; at 1,800–3,000 m in Switzerland, Caucasus and Pyrenees. Outside the breeding season, it usually occurs at lower elevations in rocky and scrubby habitats, often close to human habitation in villages and near livestock, including woodland edges, roadsides, gardens and farms. It breeds from May to August and is polygynandrous. The nest is a cup made from grass, moss and plant stems, lined with hair and feathers and sited in a rock crevice or beneath a rock or grass tussock on a cliff or shallower slope. It lays three to four eggs.<br/><br/>It feeds mainly on insects as well as spiders, small snails, earthworms and some vegetable matter.<br/><br/>The species is resident or an altitudinal migrant, on local scale but in some areas it migrates over a considerable distance (Hatchwell and Christie 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Populations vary greatly annually, most likely as a result of differences in weather conditions and snow cover. Locally, outside the breeding season, predation by cats and other predators is thought to be behind declines (Hatchwell and Christie 2016). The species is also threatened by disturbance from recreational activities and development (Cichocki 2004).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Local control of predators may be necessary in some areas. Important breeding areas should be protected from development and restrictions on access implemented.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PRUNELLIDAE,Prunella,modularis,,Prunella modularis,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/><br/>For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 6% over the past 11 years (three generations). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Europe holds most of this species global population. It breeds within most countries in the region, notably in Portugal, Ireland, Germany, France, Russia and Spain.","The European breeding population is estimated at&#160;11,000,000–18,500,000 pairs, which equates to 22,100,000–37,000,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 9,730,000–16,000,000 pairs, which equates to 19,400,000–31,900,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is found in a wide variety of habitats across its range. It breeds in scrubby habitats, extensive marshlands and in the Mediterranean area, lowlands and semi-arid plains. It is typically a woodland species in much of Europe but in the North Sea countries it is most common in farmland, favouring hedges, scattered bushes and farmsteads&#160; and suburban areas, where it is common in cemeteries, parks, orchards and gardens (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>The species breeds from March to July across Europe except in Russia where breeding is from May to August. The nest is a cup of twigs, stems, roots, grass and moss, lined with hair, wool and sometimes feathers, located above the ground in a bush, hedge or tree. It lays three to six eggs.<br/><br/>It feeds mainly on arthropods but supplements its diet with seeds in the winter (Hatchwell 2016).<br/><br/>In western Europe the species is resident; in western-central Europe it is partially migratory, making altitudinal movements in montane areas; in Fennoscandia and central Europe it is fully migratory (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The decline in the U.K. is thought to be due to changing farming practices which has allowed other passerines to force this species into more marginal sites (Hagemeijer and Blair). However no specific factor has been found for these local declines (Hatchwell 2016).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. The species has been listed as ‘amber’ on the U.K. national red list (Hatchwell 2016).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Research should look into the threats in areas where the species is declining and assess their impact.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PRUNELLIDAE,Prunella,montanella,,Prunella montanella,"(Pallas, 1776)",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Least Concern (LC)<br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>This species has a large global range which only barely extends into northeasternmost Europe, where it has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large, and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>This species is a vagrant in the EU28 and is therefore considered Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species only breeds in Russia. It inhabits the west-facing slopes of the Ural Mountains from the northern end south to Tel'posiz Peak, the foot of Pavdinsky Stone Peak and the Bassegy Range. It also breeds in Bol'shezemel'skaya tundra, the More-Yu River basin and the Chornaya basin and occurs as far west as Inta, Komi Republic (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).","The European breeding population is estimated at 12,200–23,000 pairs, which equates to 24,400–46,000 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in the boreal and subarctic, principally along the northern limits of coniferous and deciduous forests, in valleys, often close to riverbanks in dense tangles of bushes and trees such as willow (<em>Salix)</em>. It is also found in spruce (<em>Picea</em>) taiga, and on mountains to the tree-line in sparse spruce and birch (<em>Betula</em>) woodland.<br/><br/>The breeding season is from June to August. The nest is a compact cup of twigs, moss, leaves and plant stems, lined with fine grasses and hairs and built in the fork of a low tree or in a thick shrub. It lays four to six eggs.<br/><br/>The diet consists mostly of insects, on which the young are fed on as well.<br/><br/>The species is migratory (Hatchwell 2005).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Currently, there are no known significant threats to this species, however due to the size of the European population it is susceptible to the risks affecting small populations (Birdlife International 2004). As a northern breeding species, it is likely vulnerable to the effects of climate change.",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Monitoring of this species should be implemented to detect any population changes.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PRUNELLIDAE,Prunella,ocularis,,Prunella ocularis,"(Radde, 1884)",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>The species does not occur in the EU28, thus it has been classified as Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe the breeding population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Turkey and Armenia. Very small numbers breed in Azerbaijan and Georgia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 14,900–38,200 pairs (29,800–76,300 mature individuals). The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds in rocky pastureland with scattered barberry (<em>Berberis</em>) bushes, in Turkey. In Transcaucasia, it breeds on rocky mountain slopes with scrubby juniper (<em>Juniperus</em>), cedar (<em>Cedrus</em>) and other vegetation and in the winter, it is also found in shrubby areas adjacent to mountain streams. Its breeding habits are not well documented. Nests have been found between June and August, and they are a cup of twigs, leaves and stems, lined with hair, wool, grass and moss, placed low down in low bush. Clutches are three to four eggs.<br/><br/>The diet includes insects and seeds. The species is most likely resident with altitudinal movement and some short-distance migration (Hatchwell 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The main threat to this species is thought to be due to habitat degradation in lower-lying non-breeding areas (Hatchwell 2016) from intensive pastoral farming and the associated increases in burning and cutting of bushes, which serve as the only secure nesting places for the species. Intensive cattle-grazing also increases the risk of nest predation by weasels (<em>Mustela nivalis</em>) and corvids such as Magpies (<em>Pica pica</em>) (Tucker and Heath 1994).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Patches of suitable breeding habitat (in particular scattered clumps of <em>Juniperus</em> or <em>Berberis</em> bushes) in low-intensity traditionally managed montane pastures. The species should be monitored and research into potential threats undertaken (Tucker and Heath 1994).,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PTEROCLIFORMES,PTEROCLIDAE,Pterocles,alchata,,Pterocles alchata,"(Linnaeus, 1766)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In both Europe and the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small, but it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Spain, Turkey, France and Portugal.","The European breeding population is estimated at 7,500–9,400 pairs (15,000–18,800 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 7,400–9,000 pairs (14,900–18,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species inhabits steppe habitats requiring dry, open grassland plains without trees or high bushes (de Juana 1989). It favours lowland plains with a mosaic of natural pastures, arable fields and uncultivated sandy or saline land (Cramp 1985). In Spain, it requires reasonable amounts of fallow and stubble land and this is probably true elsewhere (Suárez <em>et al</em>. 1997). In central Spain it avoids cereal crops, olive groves and vineyards (Martín <em>et al</em>. 2010a). It also avoids dense scrub, tall crops and hilly areas and is typically found below 1,000 m (Madge and McGowan 2002). It often associates with the Little Bustard (<em>Tetrax tetrax)</em> particularly in winter (Martín <em>et al</em>. 2010b).<br/><br/>It lays between April and August but mostly in May-June (Madge and McGowan 2012). On average, it lays three eggs (Urban <em>et al</em>. 1986). The nest is a slight scrape or natural depression in the ground and is usually unlined (Madge and McGowan 2002). It mainly feeds on seeds, but to a lesser extent also green shoots and leaves (de Juana and Kirwan 2015). This species is sedentary and nomadic in Europe (Rasmussen and Anderton 2005).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","This species is declining due to changes in agricultural practices (Madge and McGowan 2002). In Spain, 55% of disturbance to the species came from raptors, although mammalian predators and man were also sources of disturbance (Ferns and Hinsley 1994).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex I. Due to its close positive interactions with Little Bustard (<em>Tetrax tetrax</em>), conservation measures for on species is likely to benefit the other (Martín <em>et al</em>. 2010b).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Low-impact farming methods should be promoted to help preserve and expand suitable habitat. Key sites should be protected to help minimise disturbance. Monitoring programmes should be set up to record species' trends and research into the species' habitat requirements and population dynamics be undertaken.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PTEROCLIFORMES,PTEROCLIDAE,Pterocles,orientalis,,Pterocles orientalis,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,EN,A2bcde+4bc,No,EN,A2bce+3bce+4bce,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small to large, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population trend appears to be decreasing at a very rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Endangered (EN) under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A) and is therefore assessed as such in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size may be small, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population trend appears to be decreasing at a very rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Endangered (EN) under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A) and is therefore assessed as such in&#160;the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the population size is suspected to have decreased by 50-79% in the past 13 years (three generations), and is suspected to continue declining at a rate over 50% between 2008-2021. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 47-76% with a best estimate of 71% in the past 13 years, is expected to continue to decline at the same rate between 2003-2021, and projected to decrease by 69% over the next 3 generations.&#160;&#160;These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","In Europe, this species breeds mainly in Turkey, and also notably in mainland Spain, Azerbaijan and the Canary Islands. Smaller populations are also present in Russia, Portugal and Armenia.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 7,400–18,900 pairs, which equates to 14,900–37,700 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 1,700–4,200 pairs, which equates to 3,400–8,400 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species inhabits dry grassland steppe (Tucker and Heath 1994). It favours open, treeless steppes or pseudo-steppes which incorporate uncultivated areas, fallow land and arable stubbles (Cramp 1985). It tolerates occasional shrubs or trees and occupies foothills and upland plateaux (de Juana and Boesman 2013).<br/><br/>It lays between March and August with timing dependent on latitude, generally laying in April in the Canary Islands and mostly June in Spain and the former USSR with replacement clutches until September (de Juana and Boesman 2013). It normally lays three eggs (de Juana and Boesman 2013). The nest is an uncovered, bare scrape in bare, stony areas such as those found on the edges of ploughed fields (Tucker and Heath 1994).<br/><br/>It often feeds on small or very small seeds, apparently preferring Leguminosae, as well as cereal grain and cultivated legumes (de Juana and Boesman 2013).<br/><br/>This species is sedentary in Iberia and nomadic or partially migratory in Turkey (de Juana and Boesman 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The main threat to this species is the intensification of agriculture. Ploughing of pasture and irrigation have reduced available habitat while the removal of marginal areas of semi-natural vegetation and the increased application of agro-chemicals has reduced food availability and these practices have probably been responsible for the extinctions in some areas. On the remaining grasslands, overgrazing affects the vegetation composition and structure, reducing both food availability and cover for nesting. Conversely, land abandonment is also a major threat, as the open, treeless steppe habitat is quickly lost when grazing is removed. Hunting, which is legal in Turkey during the breeding season, may be a problem; the species' habit of concentrating in large numbers at traditional drinking sites throughout the year means that it forms an attractive and relatively easy target (Tucker and Heath 1994).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. Several EU LIFE programmes have focused on its steppe habitat and the species occurs in some SPAs in Spain. It is listed in the Spanish Red Book as 'vulnerable' (Madroño <em>et al</em>. 2004).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Suitable habitats should be maintained through the continuation of long-established, low-intensity farming systems. These can be maintained through agri-environment schemes. In addition restrictions on grazing rates and the use of herbicides should be implemented and the maintenance of fallow land should be encouraged (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PROCELLARIIFORMES,PROCELLARIIDAE,Pterodroma,deserta,,Pterodroma deserta,"Mathews, 1934","<p></p><p>  </p><p><em></em></p><p>  </p><p><em>Pterodroma feae</em> and <em>P. deserta </em>(del Hoyo and Collar 2014<em></em>) were previously lumped as<em> P. feae </em>following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).</p>  <p></p>  <p></p>  <p></p>",Yes,VU,D1+2,Yes,VU,D1+2,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>This species is endemic to Europe and the EU28. The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;This species breeds on just one small islet in Madeira (Portugal).&#160;It therefore has an extremely small range, and is therefore susceptible to human impacts, including introduced species and stochastic events.&#160;It therefore meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the range size criterion D2. The population size is small, and therefore also meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion D1, and is therefore assessed as such in both Europe and the EU28. As the species is endemic to these regions, there is no potential for rescue from outside the regions, and therefore the final categories remain unchanged.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable, although the species faces a number of threats and is susceptible to stochastic events and human impacts. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species only breeds on Bugio in the Desertas off Madeira, Portugal (Ramírez 2008). Outside the breeding season it is found in the North Atlantic during the pre-laying exodus, incubation and check-rearing periods, and will range further south during the winter (Ramírez <em>et al.</em> 2013).","The European breeding population is estimated at 160-180 pairs, which equates to 320-360 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is marine and pelagic. It breeds at 80-300 m asl, usually in burrows excavated in the soil, although recently nests were found in rock crevices in areas where soil is not present (D. Menezes and P. Oliveira <em>in litt.</em> 2007). Clutch size is a single egg (Fjeldså and Kirwan 2014). Birds return to their breeding grounds in early June and juveniles fledge throughout December (D. Menezes and P. Oliveira in litt. 2007). It feeds on squid and small fish. Outside of the breeding season birds disperse over subtropical waters in the east of the North Atlantic (Fjeldså and Kirwan 2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Historically, the species and its breeding sites have been affected by habitat degradation caused by introduced goats, rabbits and mice (D. Menezes and P. Oliveira<em> in litt.</em> 2007). However, rabbits and mice have been controlled since 2006 (D. Menezes and P. Oliveira <em>in litt.</em> 2007) and goats are reported to only rarely visit the plateau where the breeding sites are located on Bugio (Ramírez&#160;2008). Predation and disturbance by Yellow-legged Gulls (<em>Larus cachinnans</em>) are potential threats on Bugio. Despite mitigation work, soil erosion at nesting areas remains a threat (J. Sultana <em>in litt. </em>2013, I. Ramirez in litt. 2014), with extreme weather events, especially in winter, having the potential for major impacts on the areas of soil used for nesting burrows (I. Ramírez&#160;<em>in litt.</em> 2014).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>A European action plan was published in 1996 (Zino <em>et al.</em> 1996) and its implementation reviewed in 2010 (Barov and Derhé 2011). Since 2006, an eradication programme for rabbits and mice has been in force, and is on-going. As a result, their effect on the most sensitive areas is already negligible. A contingency plan for accidental introductions of invasive species is being developed. A goat eradication programme is on-going and not yet complete. The threat from Yellow-legged Gulls is being monitored (D. Menezes and P. Oliveira <em>in litt.</em> 2007). Natural vegetation has been replanted, anti-erosion blankets installed, wardening and monitoring conducted and artificial burrows installed on Bugio as part of a LIFE Nature project (Menezes 2007, Menezes <em>et al.</em> 2011). Geolocators were attached to some individuals from 2007 to investigate foraging ecology (Ramírez&#160;2008). Monitoring of the species is carried out by staff from the Madeiran Natural Park and other researchers, although such work requires great efforts, as the southern plateau of Bugio is extremely remote (I. Ramírez&#160;<em>in litt.</em> 2014). <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Conduct coordinated surveys to obtain an up-to-date estimate for the total breeding population. Continue annual surveys to monitor population trends. Study the at-sea distribution of the species. Complete control measures against goats. Continue control measures against rabbits and mice. Assess the impact of Yellow-legged Gulls through detailed research.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PROCELLARIIFORMES,PROCELLARIIDAE,Pterodroma,madeira,,Pterodroma madeira,"Mathews, 1934",0,Yes,EN,D,Yes,EN,D,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)</strong><br/><br/><br/>This species is endemic to Europe and the EU28, where in only breeds on six cliff ledges in the central mountain massif of Madeira.&#160;It therefore has an extremely small range, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population size is very small, and meets the thresholds for Endangered (EN) under the population size criterion D in both Europe and the EU28. As the species is endemic to these regions, there is no potential for rescue from outside the regions, and therefore the final categories remain unchanged.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species only breeds in the central mountain massif of Madeira (Portugal), though subfossil remains elsewhere in Madeira and on the neighbouring island of Porto Santo (Zino <em>et al.</em> 2001) suggest that it was formerly more widespread.","The European breeding population is estimated at 60-80 pairs, which equates to 130-160 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds on ledges on inland cliffs at 1600 m. Good vegetation and sufficient earth to dig burrows is essential for nesting (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). During the day it is seen no closer than 3–5 km to the shore and only returns at night (Tucker and Heath 1994). The breeding season begins in early April with egg-laying occurring May to early June. Clutch size is a single egg (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2014). Little is known about the diet but regurgitated material has contained small fish, squid and crustaceans (Tucker and Heath 1994). The species is migratory however there is little information on where it goes outside of the breeding season. Current evidence indicates most birds disperse widely to Mauritania and Senegal, NE Brazil, and the tropical waters along the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge to St Helena and west of the Gulf of Guinea (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Following the removal of all livestock from the breeding areas, the ecosystem had been recovering well prior to the 2010 fire, although breeding only occurs on ledges that were never accessible to grazing animals (D. Menezes and P. Oliveira <em>in litt. </em>2007). The fire in 2010 (see Zino and Biscoito 2011) highlights the vulnerability of the species to such events, since it breeds on only six ledges at one location. As well as having a catastrophic impact on the survival of the year's fledglings and some adults, fires also increase soil erosion and make the habitat more barren, making the chicks more vulnerable to predation (P. Oliveira <em>in litt. </em>2010). Currently, the main threats are predation of eggs and chicks by introduced black rats (<em>Rattus rattus</em>) and of nesting adults by feral cats (<em>Felis catus</em>). The increasing number of visitors at night may also cause disturbance to breeding birds, although this is being carefully monitored by the relevant authorities (D. Menezes and P. Oliveira <em>in litt. </em>2007). The sole remaining breeding site is threatened by the construction of a NATO radar station on the summit of Mt Areeiro which began in November 2009. Although an Environmental Impact Assessment has been conducted to minimise the threat to the species, is it still feared that the construction and presence of the station will have a negative impact (Barov and Derhé 2011). The species is also potentially threatened by climate change because it has a geographically bounded distribution: its altitudinal distribution falls entirely within 1,000 m of the highest mountain top within its range (1,861 m) (BirdLife International unpublished data). Shepherds formerly collected juveniles for food, and egg-collectors have raided nest-burrows in the past.","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is protected under Portuguese law. The breeding sites have been designated a Special Protection Area (SPA) under the EU's Wild Birds Directive and lie within the Parque Natural da Madeira. A European Action Plan was published in 1996 and its implementation reviewed in 2010 (Barov and Derhé 2011). Successful predator control and research has been carried out since 1986 by the Freira Conservation Project and the Parque Natural da Madeira, which has led to increases in the productivity of this species (Zino <em>et al.</em> 2001, Carlile <em>et al. </em>2003). This programme was expanded in 2001 with additional funding provided by a multidisciplinary EU LIFE project, which also enabled the purchase of c. 300 ha of land around the main breeding site (Menezes and Oliveira 2003, Unwin 2004). A project on the identification of marine IBAs in Portugal may allow the species to be studied at sea (I. Ramirez <em>in litt.</em> 2005). Over 2007-2010, dataloggers were attached to 14 breeding birds to determine the distribution of the birds at sea and seasonal changes in distribution from the breeding to non-breeding season (Zino <em>et al.</em> 2011). The Parque Natural da Madeira and SPEA have been monitoring the colony intensively since the 2010 fire and have developed an action plan for the breeding colony which includes immediate emergency measures to mitigate the consequences of the fire along with more long-term activities. As part of the emergency measures following the fires, anti-erosion coconut mesh was installed on the breeding ledges to protect the soil in some of the most critical places and c.100 natural nests were restored, while 60 new artificial nests were built. A protective cordon was also built around the known breeding areas, with cat traps and bait boxes (BirdLife International 2012, D. Menezes <em>in litt.</em> 2012).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Investigate novel methods of cat predator control and continue control of rats. Exclude grazing stock from potential breeding areas. Continue research to determine the species's population status and distribution, such as searching for new breeding ledges. Monitor the known breeding population. Establish a management plan for the Parque Natural da Madeira. Control human access and disturbance to breeding sites. Assess the potential impact of the proposed radar station. Assess the impact of the 2010 fires on the species's population size and trends.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,HIRUNDINIDAE,Ptyonoprogne,rupestris,,Ptyonoprogne rupestris,"(Scopoli, 1769)","The BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group is aware that phylogenetic analyses have been published which have proposed generic rearrangements which may affect this species, but prefers to wait until work by other taxonomists reveals how these changes affect the entire groups involved.  <p></p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In both Europe and the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Turkey, Spain, France, Italy and Armenia, with smaller numbers in Portugal, Bulgaria and Greece.","The European breeding population is estimated at 210,000–408,000 pairs (420,000–816,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 132,000–247,000 pairs (265,000–493,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is found on mountains, crags and coastal cliffs and also around human habitations.<br/><br/>It breeds from May to August. Both sexes build the nest which is an open half-cup made of mud pellets, lined with grass and feathers and the female continues to add lining during incubation. It is placed in a crevice or under an overhang on a cliff face and also sometimes on a bridge or on or in a building. Clutches are generally two to five eggs (Turner 2004).<br/><br/>The species feeds on insects, usually taken in flight.<br/><br/>Northern populations of this species are migratory while elsewhere it is resident, only making altitudinal movements (Snow and Perrins 1998) and post-breeding movements (Turner and Rose 1989).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There are currently no known significant threats to this species.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><strong><br/>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Currently no conservation measures are needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PROCELLARIIFORMES,PROCELLARIIDAE,Puffinus,lherminieri,,Puffinus lherminieri,"Lesson, 1839","<em><em></em></em><em><em></em></em><em><em>Puffinus lherminieri </em></em>(incorporating <em><em>baroli</em></em>),<em><em> </em>P. bannermani</em>, <em>P. persicus</em>, <em>P. subalaris</em> and <em>P. bailloni</em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) were previously lumped as <em>P. lherminieri</em> and <em>baroli</em> was subsumed under <em>P. assimilis</em>, following Brooke (2004), before which <em>P. bannermani</em> and <em>P. persicus</em> where split following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).",No,NT,B2ab(v); C1+2a(ii),No,NT,B2ab(v); C1+2a(i),EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The species' range size has not been quantified, but is probably quite small, within which the species breeds at relatively few locations, and hence may approach the threshold for Vulnerable under the range size criterion B. The population size is small, and, combined with the continuing decline, approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion C. This species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in both Europe and the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing at a rate approaching 10% in three generations, as per the information provided in BirdLife's Globally Threatened Forum (2016) (https://globally-threatened-bird-forums.birdlife.org/topics-archive/), and Rodrìguez <em>et al. </em>(2012). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is found in the tropical and subtropical waters of the eastern Atlantic Ocean (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2014), breeding principally in Madeira (Portugal), the Azores (Portugal) and the Canary Islands (Spain) .","The European breeding population is estimated at 2,500-5,900 pairs, which equates to 5,000-11,800 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is marine and is normally found in offshore waters, but also pelagic and near land in the vicinity of colonies. It breeds on oceanic islands and rocky offshore islets, occupying cliffs and earthy slopes, usually with little more than herbaceous vegetation, or amongst rocks. In the north-east Atlantic it breeds mainly late February to March (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2014). It breeds from late January in the, birds from the Salvages (Madeira) arrive at colonies in July. The species is colonial, often nesting at low densities and in small numbers, sometimes in mixed colonies with other species, for example <em>Calonectris diomedea</em>, which out-competes the present species for burrows in the Azores (Monteiro <em>et al. </em>1996). It nests in rock crevices or self-excavated burrows and clutch size is a single egg. It feeds mainly on fish, squid and crustaceans. Little is known about the species’s movements. Adults are thought to be largely sedentary and immatures probably more dispersive (Carboneras <em>et al. </em>2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","This species is vulnerable to human exploitation; along, with habitat destruction this may be responsible for some local extinctions and near-extinctions. In the Canary Islands, light-induced mortality has been reported (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2014). Other potential threats are marine pollution, predation by introduced species, development for tourism, collection for consumption and bycatch from fisheries (Madroño <em>et al.</em> 2004).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. In Spain, awareness campaigns have been run to promote the conservation of this species (Madroño<em> et al. </em>2004).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Control of invasive rats and cats is needed in colonies. Breeding areas and their surroundings should be protected and new marine reserves created. Censuses and monitoring is needed to ascertain distribution and it population size. In the Canaries, studies on the impact of fisheries would help inform conservation (Madroño <em>et al.</em> 2004).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PROCELLARIIFORMES,PROCELLARIIDAE,Puffinus,mauretanicus,,Puffinus mauretanicus,"Lowe, 1921","<em>Puffinus yelkouan</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) has been split into <em>P. yelkouan</em> and <em>P. mauretanicus</em> following Brooke (2004). <p></p>",Yes,CR,A4abcde,Yes,CR,A4abcde,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Critically Endangered (CR)</strong><br/><br/>This species is endemic to Europe and the EU28 as a breeder. It has an extremely small range, which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is small, and, combined with a continuing decline, meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion C. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rate which is predicted to become extremely rapid and meets the thresholds for Critically Endangered (CR) under the population size reduction criterion A. It is therefore assessed as such within both Europe and the EU28. As this species is endemic as a breeder to these regions, there is no potential for rescue and the final categories remain unchanged.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population trend reported for this species is of a 14% annual decline, which leads to a predicted decrease of 80-99% over 41 years (three generations). It is to be noted however, that these trends are precautionary, as the changes in population size in the past are not very well known and a much higher survey effort is needed to be able to accurately determine the species trends; such new, more accurate data could potentially change the status of the species. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information and the BirdLife Globally Threatened Bird Forums (2020) (https://globally-threatened-bird-forums.birdlife.org/topics-archive/).","The species occurs in the western and central Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic Ocean (del Hoyo&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2014).&#160;It only breeds in the Balearic Islands, Spain, with colonies present on Mallorca, Cabrera, Ibiza and Formentera (Arcos 2011).","The European breeding population is estimated at 2,900-3,000 pairs, which equates to 5,800-5,900 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is marine, usually found around inshore waters (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 2014). It breeds on cliffs and small islets and lays only one egg. Adult birds do not breed until their third year (Oro <em>et al. </em>2004). Breeding occurs between February and June (Ruiz and Martí 2004). The species nests in colonies, in rock crevices or on cave ledges lined sparsely with plant material. It feeds mostly on small shoaling fish, squid and crustaceans (del Hoyo <em>et al.</em> 2014). After breeding, most birds leave the Mediterranean for the Atlantic coast of south-west Europe, mainly Portugal, north-west Spain and the Bay of Biscay (Ruiz and Martí 2004, Ramírez <em>et al.</em> 2008, Arcos <em>et al.</em> 2009).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","This is a long-lived species and therefore immediate threats affect adult mortality rates. Adult survival is the main conservation concern, as this is unusually low for a Procellariiform (Oro <em>et al.</em> 2004). In accordance, the main threats identified are predation by introduced carnivores such as cats, martens and genets in the breeding colonies (Arcos and Oro 2004, Ruiz and Martí 2004, Jones <em>et al.</em> 2008, Arcos 2011) and fisheries by-catch at sea (Arcos 2011). The species's gregarious behaviour and its close association with fishing boats means that occasional mass mortality is likely to occur when long-line boats fish close to flocks (Arcos <em>et al.</em> 2008) and it appears that bycatch is fairly common but often occurs on an irregular basis, suggesting that estimates derived from observations on a limited number of trips onboard fishing vessels could be largely underestimates (Boue <em>et al.</em> 2013). Increasing evidence on this has been compiled in the last few years, with events of up to a hundred or more birds caught in a single event, in occasions involving other fishing gear such as purse-seiners (ICES 2008, Louzao <em>et al. </em>2011). Due to the congregatory behaviour of the species, acute pollution events such as oil spills also pose a very serious threat as a large number of casualties could result from a spill occurring in a congregation area (Ruiz and Martí 2004, Gutiérrez 2011). Other threats include: the reduction of prey due to fishing overexploitation; a potential reduction in fishing discards (an alternative to the overexploited natural prey) and/or anthropogenic environmental change (Arcos 2011); habitat degradation and disturbance in the breeding grounds; background pollution (Oro <em>et al.</em> 2008); the development of marine windfarms (Arcos 2011a); and human harvesting (nowadays a relict activity). Predation by Peregrine Falcons (<em>Falco peregrinus</em>) in the breeding colonies has also been recently reported (García 2009, Wynn <em>et al. </em>2010), though this should be considered as a factor of natural mortality that likely has little influence on the decline of the species. The gradual northward movement of the non-breeding population may be affecting adult survival, and this shift may be due to climate change or alterations in fish distributions as a result of fisheries' activities (Yésou 2003, Wynn and Yésou 2007). The recent demographic decline has not yet decreased the species's genetic variability and connectivity found among colonies at least does not exacerbate the species's extinction risk (Genovart <em>et al.</em> 2007).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix I. All breeding sites are currently protected as Special Protection Areas (SPAs) under the Natura 2000 network, with the unique exception of the colony of Punta Prima in Formentera where new information has revealed that the prevailing colony (50 pp.) lays right outside the SPA (and the overlapping Important Bird Area, IBA) designated for this species. The management plans for the Balearic SPAs have not been yet implemented. Management plans are therefore limited to colonies covered by other designations, such as the National Park of Cabrera and the Natural Park of Sa Dragonera. Rat eradication campaigns have been conducted at several colonies, including Cabrera archipelago and Dragonera Island, but less effort has been directed at the colonies of greatest concern where carnivores are present (e.g. Formentera and Menorca). At sea, the Spanish Government has started the process of SPA designation based on the inventory of marine IBAs conducted by SEO/BirdLife, which, once concluded, will provide protection to the main hotspots for the species in Spanish waters. So far only a few small coastal sites have been designated as SPAs by the regional governments in Spain. Portugal already has an inventory of marine IBAs, but their designation as SPAs is still pending. Finally, France has also proposed a network of SPAs that include hotspots for the species. Management plans for all the marine SPAs are still pending. Action Plans for the species have been published at local, national or international level in 1991, 1999, 2004, and 2005 (Jones <em>et al.</em> 2008). A LIFE project for the species ran from 1991-2001 (Ruiz and Martí 2004), and Spain and Portugal had a joint LIFE project running from 2004-2008 aimed at identifying marine IBAs, including for this species (Ramírez <em>et al.</em> 2008, Arcos <em>et al.</em> 2009). A number of actions are currently being implemented through Species Guardians SEO/BirdLife and SPEA as part of BirdLife's Preventing Extinctions programme. Moreover, research on the species is also being conducted by BirdLife partners in collaboration with several research centres, with funding from EC projects LIFE+ INDEMARES (Spain) and Interreg FAME (Portugal, Spain, France, UK and Ireland). The main initiatives include the assessment of bycatch through questionnaires to fishermen, observers onboard fishing vessels and conducting beached bird surveys, and the identification of hotspots at sea through boat surveys, coastal counts and tracking studies (breeding and non-breeding grounds). <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Control and eradicate introduced predators (with particular emphasis on carnivores) in breeding colonies identified as at risk. Thoroughly study the problem of bycatch by long-line fishing and develop awareness campaigns directed at the fishing sector, in order to mitigate this threat, plus assess and implement the appropriate mitigation measures. Ensure effective protection for nesting sites and marine hotspots, and the implementation of monitoring schemes and management plans. Develop a rapid response plan for a potential oil spill close to main feeding and breeding areas. Raise awareness and stop human exploitation. Study small pelagic fish populations in the western Mediterranean and in the Bay of Biscay to assess extent of over-exploitation and how this affects the species. Assess the impact of pollutants and heavy metals on this species. Improve understanding of at-sea distribution, including during the non-breeding season.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PROCELLARIIFORMES,PROCELLARIIDAE,Puffinus,puffinus,,Puffinus puffinus,"(Brünnich, 1764)",0,Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population size trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population size trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A).&#160;&#160;The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds principally in the United Kingdom, but also notably in Ireland and the Faroe Islands.<p></p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 346,000-390,000 pairs, which equates to 693,000-779,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 315,000-359,000 pairs, which equates to 631,000-718,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Breeding starts in March, and the species forms colonies on coastal or offshore islands, nesting in burrows (Carboneras <em>et al. </em>2014). At sea this species is mainly found on waters over the continental shelf, feeding predominantly on small shoaling fish (<em>Clupea harengus, Sprattus sprattus, Ammodytes marinus</em>) but also on some squid, crustaceans and offal. It feeds mainly by pursuit-plunging and pursuit-diving; also by surface-seizing and pattering either alone or in small flocks (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Considerable human exploitation continues in the Azores and in Islands of Madeira (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2014) and legal harvesting (1,000–5,000 chicks per annum) also continues on the Faeroe Islands (Thorup <em>et al.</em> 2014). The species suffers predation by rats and feral cats at many of its breeding colonies (control programmes are in effect at some, while additional work is planned) (Zonfrillo 2007). Light pollution causing mortality has been recorded at some sites (e.g., Canary Islands) (Carboneras <em>et al. </em>2014) and the species may also be displaced from foraging areas by shipping lanes. Habitat destruction and fire induced damage to breeding colonies within the Canary Islands is believed to impact on the species. The species is vulnerable to oil spills (Votier <em>et al. </em>2005) and to other types of marine water pollution (Camphuysen <em>et al.</em> 2010). The species is vulnerable to being caught as fisheries bycatch, including in longlines and gillnets (Žydelis <em>et al.</em> 2013).&#160; While the increasing number of wind farms may cause collisions or displacement, it is currently considered a very low risk for this species (Bradbury <em>et al. </em>2014).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention. It is covered by the EU Birds Directive as a migratory species. It occurs in 20 marine Important Bird Areas including in the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Ireland, the U.K. and Spain. Within the EU it is listed in 53 Special Protection Areas in France, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain. Current work in the United Kingdom and Ireland is tracking their seasonal movements and identifying foraging hotspots for protection.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Identification and designation of important sites at sea. Management of invasive alien species within breeding colonies and monitoring and enforcement (where appropriate) of human exploitation. Increased observer effort on board fishing vessels to monitor bycatch rates, and implementation where appropriate of bycatch mitigation measures.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PROCELLARIIFORMES,PROCELLARIIDAE,Puffinus,yelkouan,,Puffinus yelkouan,"(Acerbi, 1827)","<em>Puffinus yelkouan</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) has been split into <em>P. yelkouan</em> and <em>P. mauretanicus</em> following Brooke (2004).  <p></p>",Yes,VU,A2abcde,No,VU,A2abcde,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. Although the current population size trend direction is not known, the population trend appears to have until now decreased at a rapid rate which met the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size reduction criterion A, and it is precautionarily assessed as such in both Europe and the EU28, as per the conclusions of the BirdLife Global Red List forums (2020) - with the condition that if in the future there is no evidence of declines approaching or exceeding a rate of 30%, the species will warrant reclassification as Least Concern. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside either region, and therefore the final categories remain unchanged.","In Europe and the EU28 the population size is estimated to have decreased by over 30% in the past three generations, although the current population trend direction is now unknown, as per the BirdLife Globally Threatened Bird Forums (2020) (https://globally-threatened-bird-forums.birdlife.org/topics-archive/). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds mainly in Italy, but also notably in Greece, France and Malta.<p></p>","The European breeding population is suspected at 23,500-40,900 pairs, which equates to 47,000-81,800 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is suspected at 23,500-40,400 pairs, which equates to 47,000-80,700 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is marine, frequenting mostly inshore waters. It breeds on rocky coastal and offshore islets, and on the mainland (Snow and Perrins 1998). It is a colonial breeder, nesting in rock crevices or ledges in caves, occasionally in old rabbit burrows, lined with sparse plant material. It sometimes nests on cliffs. Clutch is a single white egg. The species forages mostly by pursuit-plunging and pursuit-diving. Diet composition varies through the year but consists mostly of fish, squid and crustacea (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2020). In the non-breeding season it disperses widely within the Mediterranean and Black Seas, often congregating in large flocks (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The most serious threat to the species is mortality from incidental fishing bycatch, followed by predation by invasive predators (predominantly rats (<em>Rattus rattus</em>) and to a lesser extent, feral cats (<em>Felis catus</em>)). A study in France and Malta (Oppel <em>et al.</em> 2011) implicated fishing bycatch as a critical cause of mortality for the species, since the majority of the adult mortality of birds breeding in Malta occurred during the non-breeding season. This pattern is consistent with the presumed cause of low adult survival probabilities in the Balearic Shearwater (Oro<em> et al.</em> 2004, Tavecchia <em>et al.</em> 2008). Long-liners in particular affect the species (Arcos <em>et al.</em> 2008, Louzao <em>et al. </em>2011), often on an irregular basis, but impacting fairly large numbers at a time. Since Procellariiforms are generally long-lived, their populations are highly sensitive to changes in adult survival. The increased adult mortality induced by accidental bycatch is therefore a significant danger to them and a highly important threat (Lebreton 2000). These shearwaters have been shown to suffer substantial predation pressure by introduced mammalian predators on breeding grounds (Bourgeois <em>et al.</em> 2008, Bonnaud <em>et al. </em>2009) with observed population declines in Italy being attributed to alien predators, predominantly rats (Sultana and Borg 2006, Capizzi <em>et al.</em> 2010), which heavily limit reproductive success by predation upon chicks and eggs. On the Tavolara archipelago, Italy, the colony size has been much reduced in the last 30 years and vast sectors of the islands have been deserted; breeding success was assessed for the first time in 2006 and it was found to be zero (due to rat predation) in several colonies (J. J. Borg <em>in litt. </em>2006). Feral cats are a major threat. On the Hyères islands (French Mediterranean coast), feral cats have been identified as the primary predator of the species: shearwater remains were found in up to 6% of cat scats, representing hundreds of adults killed each year, especially during the pre-breeding period (Bourgeois and Vidal 2008). Increasing tourism and coastal urbanization in the Mediterranean create sound and light disturbances at colonies and damages fragile breeding habitats (Bourgeois and Vidal 2008, Oppel <em>et al.</em> 2011). Breeding success may be affected by reduced abundance of anchovies and sprats due to competition from fisheries (Bourgeois and Vidal 2008). The gregarious behaviour of this species makes it particularly vulnerable to oil spills and the intense maritime traffic in the Mediterranean and Bosporus increases the risk of oil spills. Less prominent threats include competition for nest sites with Cory's Shearwater, collisions with wind turbines, pollution and contaminants (e.g. plastic (R. Crnkovic <em>in litt. </em>2012)), environmental events (such as toxic algal blooms and geological erosion) and illegal hunting (Derhé 2012).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex I. Annex II of the Bern Convention. A new IBA project has been started in Malta. An EU Life/BirdLife Malta project aimed at conserving a colony of c. 500 pairs at Rdumtal-Madonna, Malta, has recently been completed. A rat eradication project is being implemented at Montecristo Island, Italy during 2011–2012 as part of the 2010 Montecristo LIFE project that aims to eradicate several invasive species from Montecristo and Pianosa (see http://www.montecristo2010.it/index.asp).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Determine whether the species breeds in Turkey. Search for colonies at sites in Turkey and Greece. Carry out population censuses at breeding colonies for which there is currently little reliable, up-to-date population size data, particularly those in Sicily, Sardinia and Greece. Continue breeding and non-breeding period counts at the Bosporus and conduct breeding and non-breeding counts at other bottleneck sites. Research ecological requirements and carry out extensive demographic monitoring. Research the impact of introduced predators across breeding range. Research impact of predator control/eradication programmes on annual survival and breeding success at different sites. As a precaution, control or if possible eradicate feral cats and rats at breeding colonies, according to a priority analysis and at sites with evidence of predation. Quantify extent of mortality from accidental bycatch and encourage policymakers to implement and enforce measures that reduce accidental bycatch of this species and other seabirds in commercial fishing operations in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Identify and implement measures to reduce/mitigate the effects of light pollution on the species (e.g. Raine et al. 2007).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,PYCNONOTIDAE,Pycnonotus,xanthopygos,,Pycnonotus xanthopygos,"(Ehrenberg, 1833)",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small, but it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>The species does not occur in the EU28, thus it has been classified as Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe the breeding population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds only in Turkey.","The European breeding population is estimated at 6,000–18,000 pairs (12,000–36,000 mature individuals). The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occupies a wide range of well-vegetated areas with low trees and bushes, in both natural vegetation and cultivation, including open pine (<em>Pinus</em>) woods, juniper (<em>Juniperus</em>) forest, <em>Ceratonia</em> scrub, oases, orchards, groves, fields, gardens and villages. <br/><br/>The species breeds from the end of March to August and is monogamous. The nest is a cup or small basket of thin twigs, grass stems, moss and leaves with the base constructed of broad leaves (sometimes with newspaper, strips of plastic or cotton wool) and the structure is held together by cobwebs and cotton threads, lined after a fashion with hair, shredded bark and rootlets, apparently sometimes unlined. Clutches are two to four eggs.<br/><br/>It feeds mostly on fruit, as well as seeds and invertebrates and less frequently, nectar, leaves and flowers.<br/><br/>The species is mainly resident, although some local movements occur in search of fruit sources and altitudinal migration may occur in Turkey (Fishpool and Tobias 2005).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The species is considered an agricultural pest in some places; however this has not impacted population numbers (Fishpool and Tobias 2005).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,CORVIDAE,Pyrrhocorax,graculus,,Pyrrhocorax graculus,"(Linnaeus, 1766)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size trend is unknown. In the EU28 the breeding population size is suspected to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Turkey, with significant populations in France, Switzerland, Spain, Austria, Italy, Georgia, and the European part of Russia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 109,000–275,000 pairs (218,000–550,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 41,700–84,600 pairs (83,500–170,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","The species inhabits high-altitude mountain pastures with rocky ravines and cliff faces; above the tree-line in summer and descending into upper valleys in winter. Often it is found around alpine villages and ski resorts in Europe and breeds chiefly between 1,260 m and 2,880 (Madge and Burn 1993). Egg-laying occurs mainly in early May to mid-June. It often forms a lifelong monogamous pair-bond and partners will remain together throughout the year.<br/><br/>The nest is built by both sexes and is a bulky structure of sticks, roots and similar, lined with grasses, feathers and moss, typically on a ledge or shelf near the roof of a cave or rock chimney, rock crevice or cliff face. Larger caves with small entrances are favoured. Occasionally uses roof spaces of old buildings, mine-shafts and similar structures.<br/><br/>Its diet consists primarily of invertebrates in spring and summer, with a more varied diet in autumn and winter. It will also take small amphibians and reptiles, nestling small birds, eggs and small rodents. In autumn and winter an extensive range of seeds, berries and fruits are added to the diet. Also consumes a wide range of discarded human food (Madge 2009).<br/><br/>The species is sedentary (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Currently, there are no known significant threats to this species.",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II.  There are no known current conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently required for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,CORVIDAE,Pyrrhocorax,pyrrhocorax,,Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size trend is unknown. In the EU28 the breeding population size is suspected to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Turkey and Spain, with significant numbers in Russia Azerbaijan, Georgia and France.","The European breeding population is estimated at 42,300–98,100 pairs (84,600–197,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 22,600–25,800 pairs (45,200–51,500 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is found on coastal cliffs in Western Europe and in high mountain pastures with rocky crags elsewhere. Coastal populations such as those found in Ireland, Britain, Brittany, Canaries, and north-west Spain, favour sea cliffs with rocky crags, interspersed with closely grazed grassland. Populations found further inland occur in high mountain pastures above the tree-line, favouring sheep-grazed slopes. The species is monogamous and forms a lifelong pair bond (Madge 2009).<br/><br/>Egg-laying begins in March in Britain and in mid to late April in the Caucasus (Madge and Burn 1993). The nest is a mass of sticks, thickly lined with wool, rarely all wool and built typically in the roof of a cave, rock chimney, or disused quarry, but also uses roof spaces of disused buildings, old mine shafts or similar sites. Clutches are usually four eggs.<br/><br/>It is chiefly insectivorous, particularly in spring and summer, but also feeds on a wide variety of other invertebrates and rarely on small vertebrates such as lizards (Lacertidae) and small mammals. In autumn and winter, when invertebrate food more difficult to find, it takes grain, seeds and small berries, including those of rowan (<em>Sorbus</em>), pear <em>(Pyrus)</em>, juniper (<em>Juniperus</em>), sea-buckthorn (<em>Hippophae</em>) and olive (<em>Olea</em>).<br/><br/>The species is essentially sedentary (Madge 2009).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The most important cause of declines in the species is changes in grazing regimes (Madge 2009) and conversion of grazing habitat to forestry, tourist-related developments or intensive farming (Tucker and Heath 1994). Historically, grazing animals roamed freely over mountain slopes and coastal cliffs, keeping vegetation short and ideal for invertebrates (Madge 2009). In the Alps, it is thought competition with Alpine Chough (<em>Pyrrhocorax graculus</em>) and Eurasian Jackdaw (<em>Corvus monedula</em>) may be detrimental to the species (Madge and Burn 1993). The species has also suffered from persecution (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997) and they were shot for sport during the 19th and 20th centuries (Wilmore 1977). The conversion of grazing land to arable may also be a threat to this species (Batten <em>et al.</em> 1989).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I.  A programme of rough grazing along coastal slopes and the erection of nest boxes in suitable caves or old buildings in Britain has led to the partial recovery of the species there (Madge 2009).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The return of traditional cliff grazing techniques benefits this species (Madge and Burn 1993, Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). The conservation of surviving  areas of traditional extensive pastoral farmland is also essential (Tucker and Heath 1994). Research to determine the impact of competition with other species would help inform future conservation measures.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,FRINGILLIDAE,Pyrrhula,murina,,Pyrrhula murina,"Godman, 1866","<em>Pyrrhula pyrrhula</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) has been split into <em>P. pyrrhula</em> and <em>P. murina</em> following Ramos (1993) <em>contra</em> AERC TAC (2003).  <em> <p></p></em>",Yes,VU,D1+2,Yes,VU,D1+2,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnrable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species' population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;This species has a very small range, but as the trend is stable, it does not meet the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion B or the population size criterion C (although it approaches these thresholds). Due to its small range and the degrading quality of the habitat it inhabits, which could potentially lead to food shortages during the year, and despite its stable population trend, this species is considered to have only one location. It therefore qualifies as Vulnerable under criterion D2. The population size is small, and also meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion D1.<br/><br/>For these reasons, this species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in both Europe and the EU28. As this species is endemic to the Azores, there is no potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is endemic to Europe. Its global population only occurs in the Azores (Portugal), where it is confined to the east of the island of São Miguel (Clement and Christie 2013).","The European breeding population is estimated at 250–850 pairs, which equates to 510–1,700 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species appears to depend on the native laurissilva forest during the winter and spring, although seeds from the exotic <em>Clethra arborea</em> may be a critical food in December and January (Ceia <em>et al.</em> 2011b). In the summer and autumn (May–November) its habitat use is more conservative, and birds utilise bare ground, vegetation less than 2 m high and also forest margins. Exotic vegetation such as plantations of Japanese red cedar (<em>Cryptomeria japonica</em>) within 200 m of native forest is also used during summer (Ceia <em>et al.</em> 2009).<br/><br/>These birds breed from mid-June to late August, with a clutch size of three eggs (Teodósio <em>et al. </em>2009). The nest is a cup of twigs, dry grass, plant fibres and moss, placed up to 5 m above ground in conifer, usually cedar (Clement and Christie 2013). The diet comprises at least 37 different plants, of which 13 are known to be important (Ramos 1995).<br/><br/>The species appears entirely dependent on native forest for food during many months of the year (Ramos 1995, Ceia <em>et al.</em> 2011).<br/><br/>This species is resident but movements of up to 5.8 km between native forest patches have been recorded as birds move to feed on ripening seeds (Ceia 2008).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The historical decline and its extremely small range are believed to be a consequence of the widespread clearance of native forest for forestry plantations and agriculture. The spread of alien invasive plant species (especially <em>Hedychium gardnerianum,</em> <em>Clethra arborea</em> and <em>Pittosporum undulatum</em>), which have largely overrun the remaining patches of natural vegetation, suppress the natural fruit, seed and bud food supply to the species (Hilton <em>in litt.</em> 2006). The species exhibits a preference for non-invaded laurel forest habitat (Ceia <em>et al.</em> 2011), and is entirely absent from highly invaded areas (e.g. <em>P. undulatum</em> copses; Ceia <em>et al</em>. 2009). Food shortages are potentially a problem throughout the year, but are most severe in late winter (Ceia <em>et al.</em> 2011b). Random environmental and demographic factors can affect such small populations, and inbreeding may reduce reproductive output. Predation by introduced rats and mustelids may also be affecting nesting success (Hilton <em>in litt.</em> 2006, Ceia 2008, Teodósio <em>et al.</em> 2009).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is protected under Portuguese law. Pico da Vara/Ribeira do Guilherme has been designated as a Special Protected Area, and this was enlarged to 6,067 ha in 2005 (LIFE Priolo Project 2007). Ecological research was conducted during 1991–1993 and habitat management began in 1995. A short booklet on the species has been distributed to schools in São Miguel. A species action plan was published in 1996, and a second action plan was produced in 2009 (Teodósio <em>et al.</em> 2009). A number of actions have already been implemented as part of an ongoing EU LIFE-Nature project for the species, including the development of a management plan for the SPA, the clearance of invasive plant species and replanting with native species in over 70 ha in the core of the species' range and the planting of traditional fruit trees at lower altitudes (Teodósio 2005, Teodósio 2006, LIFE Priolo Project 2007). During 2005-2007, 156 individuals were captured and colour-ringed (Ceia 2008), and 'visual recapture' monitoring of these birds continues (SPEA 2009).<br/><br/>As part of the BirdLife International Preventing Extinctions programme Species Guardian, SPEA (Sociedade Portuguesa para o Estudo das Aves), are implementing the following actions (SPEA 2009): habitat management including the creation of fruit tree orchards, clearance of alien invasive plant species and planting native species in the core area and buffer zones; raising public awareness through production of a website, CD-ROM, brochures and school kits, and through collaboration with the regional Ministry of Tourism on nature trails and tourist information; evaluating the economic benefits of the project and analysing the ecosystem services offered by the protected area; establishing an interactive Environmental Interpretation Centre with displays about the species, native laurel forest and the threats both face; and researching and monitoring population size, distribution and habitat quality. The first complete census took place in 2008, involving 48 volunteers surveying all suitable habitat in a single day (SPEA 2009). The São Miguel Natural Park, including Pico de Vara SPA, was classified in July 2008, and a management plan is to be developed by the regional government. In September 2006, recently fledged juveniles were seen at Salto do Cavalo (Ceia<em> in litt.</em> 2012). <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Continue and expand the population monitoring scheme. Investigate the possibility of breeding at Salto do Cavalo. Continue the removal and exclusion of exotic flora. Continue the replanting of native vegetation (particularly key food plants). Monitor the species' response to ongoing habitat restoration. Promote land use changes in the buffer areas around the SPA. Investigate the impact of rat predation on nesting success.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,FRINGILLIDAE,Pyrrhula,pyrrhula,,Pyrrhula pyrrhula,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","<em>Pyrrhula pyrrhula</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) has been split into <em>P. pyrrhula</em> and <em>P. murina</em> following Ramos (1993) <em>contra</em> AERC TAC (2003).    <em>  <p></p></em>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia, with notable populations in Sweden, Ireland, the United Kingdom, Finland and Germany.","The European breeding population is estimated at 4,890,000–8,640,000 pairs (9,790,000–17,300,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 2,390,000–4,310,000 pairs (4,780,000–8,620,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits lowland and lower montane deciduous forest and woodlands, thickets and copses, as well as heaths, hedgerows and scrubby areas, parks and the edges of cultivation, including orchards and gardens in towns and cities. It occurs mostly in conifers and mixed and broadleaf forest in Siberia and other parts of Russia. In the Caucasus it favours in pine (<em>Pinus</em>) and tall beech (<em>Fagus</em>) forest, while in Northern Europe it prefers conifer forests with well-developed undergrowth of spruce (<em>Picea</em>), cedar (<em>Cedrus</em>), larch (<em>Larix</em>), also birch (<em>Betula</em>) and yew (<em>Taxus</em>).<br/><br/>The breeding season is typically from late April to mid-September. The nest is generally constructed of dry grass, plant fibres, roots, moss, lichen and leaves set on a loose base of dry twigs and placed up to five metres from the ground in thick bush, brambles and honeysuckle or on a flat low branch of a conifer. Clutches are four to six eggs.<br/><br/>It feeds on a range of seeds, buds and shoots of various plants, as well as some invertebrates (Clement and Christie 2013).<br/><br/>The species is sedentary to migratory, with most populations likely being partially migratory (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Since the late 1970s numbers have declined in Britain owing to changes in agricultural practice, which is thought to adversely affected supply of weed seeds (Clement and Christie 2013). The exact mechanisms, which link land-use change and declines of the species, are poorly understood however (Siriwardena <em>et al</em>. 2001).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>In the U.K. it is a priority species under the U.K. Biodiversity Action Plan.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Further research is needed on the importance of hedgerow structure and woodland understorey vegetation on this species (Siriwardena <em>et al</em>. 2001).,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,GRUIFORMES,RALLIDAE,Rallus,aquaticus,,Rallus aquaticus,"Linnaeus, 1758","<p><em>Rallus aquaticus</em> and <em>R. indicus</em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) were previously lumped as <em>R. aquaticus</em> following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).</p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In both Europe and the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds across much of Europe, with major populations occurring in Ukraine, Spain, Russia, Germany, Poland, Romania and Belarus.","The European breeding population is estimated at 157,000–327,000 pairs (315,000–653,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 81,900–196,000 pairs (163,000–391,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species requires muddy ground for foraging and shows a preference for shallow still or slow-flowing water, surrounded by dense riparian, emergent, submergent or aquatic vegetation (Taylor and Christie 2014). It breeds in reedbeds and other emergent vegetation in fresh and saline swamps, fens and marshes and at the fringes of open fresh or saline lakes. Other habitats include clay pits, gravel pits, peat excavations (Taylor and van Perlo 1998), river oxbows and channels, damp meadows and rice paddy-fields (Taylor and Christie 2014). On migration and in the winter the species frequents riverbanks, canals (Urban <em>et al</em>. 1986), gravel pits, farm sewage outfalls, marshy areas (Iceland), bracken on islands, flooded blackberry (<em>Rubus</em> spp.) thickets and other very small wetland patches.<br/><br/>In western and Central Europe breeding occurs from late March to August (Taylor and Christie 2014). The nest is a substantial cup of vegetation that is usually positioned in thick stands of reeds or rushes on the ground in or near water, or rarely on a tree stump or in the open (Taylor and van Perlo 1998). Clutches are usually six to eleven eggs (Taylor and Christie 2014).<br/><br/>The species is omnivorous, its diet consisting predominantly of animal matter (Snow and Perrins 1998) such as worms, leeches, molluscs, shrimps, crayfish, spiders, terrestrial and aquatic insects and larvae, amphibians (Taylor and van Perlo 1998), fish, birds and mammals. It also takes plant matter including shoots, roots, seeds, berries and fruits (Taylor and Christie 2014).<br/><br/>In Europe, western and southern populations of this species are mainly sedentary, whereas northern and north-eastern populations are mostly migratory, wintering in western and south-western Europe (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is vulnerable to severe conditions (e.g. ice or severe floods) (Taylor and van Perlo 1998, Taylor and Christie 2014). In some areas it suffers from habitat destruction through land reclamation and wetland drainage (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex II. There are currently no known conservation measures in place for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Key sites should be identified and protected and monitoring of populations introduced. Research into the species's population dynamics and habitat requirements would inform future conservation measures.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,RECURVIROSTRIDAE,Recurvirostra,avosetta,,Recurvirostra avosetta,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be decreasing by <em>ca</em> 17% over 19 years (three generations), and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be decreasing ca 23% over 19 years (three generations), and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is estimated to be decreasing by c. 17%, while in the EU28 the decline is estimated at c. 23% over 19 years (3 generations). The wintering population sizes are estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","The species breeds patchily across Europe, with major populations occurring in Spain, Ukraine, the Netherlands, Germany, France and the European part of Russia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 40,600–77,400 pairs (81,200–155,000 mature individuals), and the European wintering population is estimated at 72,100–113,000 individuals (48,100–75,200 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 30,800–61,900 pairs (61,600–124,000 mature individuals), and the wintering population in the EU28 is estimated at 68,000–93,400 individuals (45,300–62,300 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds in flat open areas (Pierce and Boesman 2013) on shallow saline or brackish wetlands (Johnsgard<em> et al</em>. 1981, Hayman <em>et al</em>. 1986, Urban<em> et al.</em> 1986, Snow and Perrins 1998, Pierce and Boesman 2013) with islands, ridges, spits or margins of bare sand, clay or mud (Snow and Perrins 1998) and sparse short vegetation (Hayman<em> et al</em>. 1986), including inland lakes, pools, coastal lagoons, estuaries, saltpans (Pierce and Boesman 2013), saltmarshes, irrigated land and flood-plains in arid areas (Snow and Perrins 1998). The most important characteristics of breeding habitats appear to be water levels which gradually decline over the summer to expose additional feeding areas, and high salt concentrations that prevent the development of excessive emergent and shoreline vegetation (Johnsgard <em>et al</em>. 1981). Outside of the breeding season the species inhabits coastal and inland saline lakes and mudflats, lagoons, pools, saltpans, estuaries (Pierce and Boesman 2013), sandy beaches, river deltas and flood-plains (Urban <em>et al</em>. 1986). It rarely occurs on inland freshwater lakes and rivers (Urban <em>et al.</em> 1986, Pierce and Boesman 2013) but may forage on agricultural land (Pierce and Boesman 2013). <br/><br/>It breeds from April to August in large colonies (Pierce and Boesman 2013) usually of between 10 and 70 pairs (Johnsgard <em>et al</em>. 1981). The nest is a scrape (Pierce and Boesman 2013) that may be positioned in a variety of sites including on bare sand (Johnsgard <em>et al.</em> 1981), dried mud, short grass (Urban <em>et al</em>. 1986), dead vegetation and built-up mounds of debris (Johnsgard <em>et al</em>. 1981). The species nests in large colonies and neighbouring nests are usually one metre apart (Hayman <em>et al. </em>1986) or occasionally as close as 20–30 cm (Urban <em>et al</em>. 1986).<br/><br/>Its diet consists predominantly of aquatic invertebrates 4–15 cm long including aquatic insects (Pierce and Boesman 2013) (e.g. small beetles, midges and brine flies) (Johnsgard<em> et al</em>. 1981), crustaceans (Pierce and Boesman 2013) (e.g. <em>Corophium</em> spp.) (Johnsgard et al. 1981), oligochaete and polychaete worms, and molluscs, as well and small fish (Pierce and Boesman 2013) (e.g. sole) (Urban <em>et al</em>. 1986) and plant matter (Pierce and Boesman 2013) (e.g. seeds and small roots) (Urban<em> et al.</em> 1986).<br/><br/>Northern populations migrate south between August and October and return  to the breeding grounds between March and May, staging on route in  large numbers at certain sites (Pierce and Boesman 2013). The species is  present all year round in parts of Western Europe (Hayman <em>et al</em>. 1986, Pierce and Boesman 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened in Europe by the pollution of wetlands with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), insecticides, selenium, lead and mercury (Pierce and Boesman 2013). Important wintering sites (e.g. in Portugal) are also threatened by infrastructure development (Pierce and Boesman 2013), land reclamation, pollution, human disturbance and reduced river flows (Kelin and Qiang 2006). The species is susceptible to avian botulism (Blaker 1967, Hubalek <em>et al</em>. 2005) and avian influenza (Melville and Shortridge 2006) so may be threatened by future outbreaks of these diseases.","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive and Annex II of the Bern Convention.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Artificially constructed nesting sites in coastal locations such as beaches of bare shingle and islands or rafts covered with sparse vegetation are successful in attracting breeding pairs of this species (Burgess and Hirons 1992). The species responds positively (e.g. breeding numbers increase) to the introduction of cattle grazing on coastal grasslands, possibly as a result of reduced vegetation cover allowing improved predator detection (Olsen and Schmidt 2004). Pollution of wetland habitats, land reclamation, infrastructure development and human disturbance at key breeding sites needs to be stopped.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,REGULIDAE,Regulus,ignicapilla,,Regulus ignicapilla,"(Temminck, 1820)","<em>Regulus ignicapillus</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) has been split into <em>R. ignicapilla</em> and <em>R. madeirensis</em> in line with AERC TAC (2003).  Gender agreement of <em>R. ignicapilla</em> follows David and Gosselin (2002a).  <p></p>",Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Europe holds the most of the species' population. It breeds in the majority of countries within the region, notably in Germany, Spain, France, Italy, Poland, Switzerland and Romania.","The European breeding population is estimated at 4,560,000–8,110,000 pairs, which equates to 9,120,000–16,300,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 4,270,000–7,540,000 pairs, which equates to 8,540,000–15,100,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is found in coniferous forest with spruce (<em>Picea</em>) and fir (<em>Abies</em>) and is fairly common in mixed forest, as well as in deciduous stands with only a few mature conifers interspersed. In the Mediterranean region, it uses cork oak (<em>Quercus suber</em>) and holly oak (<em>Quercus ilex</em>) stands.<br/><br/>Breeding begins in April and continue until August. The nest is a typical regulid cup of three layers, made of moss, lichen, feathers and spider web, inner cushion layer with fewer and larger feathers and outer covering of lichens. It is suspended 9–18 m above the ground in the vertical twigs of a conifer or, if no conifers are present, in a climbing plant or in a deciduous tree, especially oak. Clutches are six to thirteen eggs.<br/><br/>It feeds on arthropods, such as moths and caterpillars (Lepidoptera), aphids (Aphidoidea) and spiders (Araneae).<br/><br/>The species is primarily migratory (Martens and Päckert 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There are not thought to be any current significant threats to this species.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,REGULIDAE,Regulus,madeirensis,,Regulus madeirensis,"Harcourt, 1851","<em>Regulus ignicapillus</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) has been split into <em>R. ignicapilla</em> and <em>R. madeirensis</em> in line with AERC TAC (2003).  Gender agreement of <em>R. ignicapilla</em> follows David and Gosselin (2002a).<em>  <p></p></em>",Yes,LC,0,Yes,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, although this species may have a small range, it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is endemic to Europe, where it only occurs on Madeira (Portugal).","The European breeding population is estimated at 50,000–100,000 pairs, which equates to 100,000–200,000 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is found in laurel (<em>Laurus</em>) forest with large tree-heath (<em>Erica arborea</em>), as well as mixed forests of oak (<em>Quercus</em>) and juniper (<em>Juniperus</em>), and mountain shrub vegetation of low tree-heath, <em>Vaccinium</em> and <em>Genista</em>.<br/><br/>Most records of nests occur in June and July. The nest is a typical regulid cup made of mosses, lichens and spider webs and suspended in the twigs of large tree-heath. The clutch size is not known. <br/><br/>It feeds on arthropods and favours large-sized prey such as moths and caterpillars (Lepidoptera).<br/><br/>The species is resident but does make post-breeding descents to lower areas (Martens and Päckert 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","This species is not currently threatened, however indigenous laurel forest vegetation is being replaced with introduced eucalyptus plantations, which is a matter of conservation concern (Martens and Päckert 2015).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The introduction of non-native plantations should be monitored to ensure this does not become a conservation concern. In the future, it may be necessary to implement protection of areas of native vegetation to conserve this species.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,REGULIDAE,Regulus,regulus,,Regulus regulus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","<em>Regulus regulus</em> and <em>R. teneriffae</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1998) are lumped into <em>R. regulus</em> in line with AERC TAC (2003).<em>  <p></p></em>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be decreasing by <em>ca</em> 7% over 10 years, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is estimated to be decreasing by c. 7% over 10 years, while in the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","The species breeds across much of Europe, with major populations present in Sweden, Russia, Norway, Finland and Germany.","The European breeding population is estimated at 14,500,000–25,200,000 pairs (29,100,000–50,400,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 10,400,000–16,600,000 pairs (20,800,000–33,200,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is found in boreal forests dominated by Norway Spruce (<em>Picea abies</em>) and fir (<em>Abies</em>). On Atlantic islands it uses laurel (<em>Laurus</em>) forest or pine (<em>Pinus</em>) stands with well-developed undergrowth of tree-heath (<em>Erica</em>), but also conifer stands of indigenous short-leaved juniper (<em>Juniperus brevifolia</em>) or introduced Japanese cedar (<em>Cryptomeria japonica</em>). Outside breeding season, and especially during migration, it will use mixed and deciduous forests, shrub vegetation and gardens and parks.<br/><br/>Nesting begins the end of March and both sexes build the nest (Martens and Päckert 2015), which is an almost spherical cup of moss, lichens, cobwebs, feathers, and hair, in three distinct layers and with a small entrance at the top. Clutches are typically nine to eleven eggs (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>It feeds mainly on arthropods and is generally adapted to small-sized prey.<br/><br/>The species is mostly migratory (Martens and Päckert 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Severe winter conditions, particularly if they persist for lengthy periods over wide areas of the non-breeding range, can significantly reduce population levels, however it is capable of rapid recovery (Martens and Päckert 2015).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>As this species is thought to be declining in Europe (Birdlife International 2015), research may be needed to determine it causes and potential conservation measures.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,REMIZIDAE,Remiz,pendulinus,,Remiz pendulinus,"(Linaeus, 1758)","<em>Remiz macronyx </em>has been lumped with Eurasian Penduline-tit <em>R. pendulinus</em>, after detailed molecular analysis (Barani-Beiranvand <em>et al. </em>2017) suggested that there is very little difference between the forms and that <em>R. pendulinus/macronyx,&#160;</em><em>R. coronatus&#160;</em>and<em>&#160;R. consobrinus&#160;</em>form three independent evolutionary lineages.<br/><br/>Further support for the two superficial distinctive types actually belonging to a single species can be found in the taxonomic notes in the Checklist, which mention taxa (<em>bostanjogli, loudoni </em>and <em>altaicus</em>) now known to be hybrids between the two species, while <em>R. m. ssaposhnikowi </em>is so variable that it, too, is probably better considered a hybrid, and the race<strong> </strong><em>R. p. caspius</em> is admitted as possibly better belonging with <em>R. macronyx</em>. Such taxonomic uncertainty suggests a boundary between the two species so porous that the only reasonable course is to treat them as one.&#160;",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is estimated to be increasing. In the EU28 the breeding population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Greece, Russia, Belarus and Turkey, with significant numbers in Romania, Poland, Ukraine and Spain.","The European breeding population is estimated at 259,000–470,000 pairs (518,000–940,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 125,000–218,000 pairs (250,000–436,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species favours lakeside and riverine swampy vegetation and a good mixture of emergent vegetation, including reeds (<em>Phragmites</em>), with reedmace (<em>Typha</em>), poplars (<em>Populus</em>) and willows (<em>Salix</em>).<br/><br/>It can be monogamous, but is often polygamous or polyandrous and egg-laying begins in late April and continues to the beginning of July (Madge 2019). The nest is a large, free-hanging domed pouch-like structure, with a short downward-projecting entrance tube near the top. It is made of plant fibres mixed with plant down and animal hair and lined with plant down and occasionally feathers. Clutches are generally 2-7 eggs (Madge 2019).<br/><br/>The species feeds on small invertebrates, particularly the larvae of small insects and will also consume seeds.<br/><br/>Northern populations are highly migratory while southern populations are generally resident (Madge 2019).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There are no known threats affecting the species at present.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong></strong>There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong></strong>There are currently no conservation measures proposed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Calvert, R. & Smith, D.","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,FRINGILLIDAE,Rhodopechys,sanguineus,,Rhodopechys sanguineus,"(Gould, 1838)","<em>Rhodopechys sanguineus </em>(Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) has been split into&#160;<em>R. sanguineus</em> and <em>R. alienus</em><span style=""font-style: italic;""> </span>following Kirwan <em>et al</em>. (2006) and Tobias <em>et al</em>. (2010), who split the form <em>aliena</em> on the basis of longer bill and tarsus (score 1) and shorter tail (score 2); face less red, none before supercilium, no pink tips to rump, less pink in wing (score 2), male with more restricted black on cap (1), chin and throat grey-white plus breast-band spotted (1), and several other differences which cannot be scored.",No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>Although this species may have a restricted range, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>The species does not occur in the EU28, thus it has been classified as Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe the breeding population size trend is unknown. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species stronghold is Turkey, with small numbers occurring also in Armenia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 53,600–206,000 pairs (107,000–411,000 mature individuals). The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds on montane and submontane slopes and in high-level valleys (Clement 2016). It is generally found on stony slopes and ridges with sparse arid scrub and herbage, in the scrub and juniper zone above the trees and on almost bare, dry, eroded clay hills. It winters at lower altitudes on bare areas and arable cultivation (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>It breeds from April to mid-July. The nest is a neat, loose cup of dry grasses, cereals, plant stems and fibres and sometimes animal hair. It is placed on stony ground on a scree slope, under an overhanging rock, in lava or in a crevice, grass tussock or thorn-scrub, or occasionally in a low bush, on a cliff ledge or in the wall of a derelict house. Clutches are four to five eggs.<br/><br/>The species feeds mainly on small seeds, buds and the shoots of grasses, semi-desert and alpine plants. It also takes some insects.<br/><br/>This species is an altitudinal and short-distance migrant (Clement 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There are not thought to be any current significant threats to this species.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known specific conservation measures for this species.<br/><strong><br/>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,FRINGILLIDAE,Rhodospiza,obsoleta,,Rhodospiza obsoleta,"(Lichtenstein, 1823)",Gender agreement of species name follows David and Gosselin (2002b). <p></p>,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>Although this species may have a restricted range, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (criteria B and D2). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>The species does not occur in the EU28, thus it has been classified as Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe the breeding population size is suspected to be fluctuating. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species stronghold is Turkey (98% of the population), with small numbers in Armenia and Azerbaijan.","The European breeding population is estimated at 3,000–6,200 pairs (6,100–12,400 mature individuals). The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is found in lowland and submontane dry, arid and semi-arid areas of open plains, semi-deserts and wadis with sparse vegetation, low scrub, thickets and scattered trees. It also occurs in irrigated areas and on the edges of cultivation, particularly orchards and vineyards.<br/><br/>The species is monogamous and both sexes build the nest which is an untidy cup constructed mostly of twigs, plant stalks, fibres and down and occasionally also animal hair or fur and scraps of cloth. It is set in the fork of a branch in a shrub or low tree, in semi-desert areas usually tamarisk (<em>Tamarix</em>) or <em>Arthrophytum</em>, in agricultural areas often in orchard and then in <em>Prunus</em>, vine (<em>Vitis</em>) or pistachio (<em>Pistacia</em>) and also in eucalypt (<em>Eucalyptus</em>), acacia (<em>Acacia</em>) or pine (<em>Pinus</em>), poplar (<em>Populus</em>), elm or mulberry (<em>Morus</em>). Clutches are four to six eggs.<br/><br/>Diet is mostly small seeds, buds and shoots, but it also takes some insects (Clement 2010). <br/><br/>This species is mainly sedentary in Europe (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The size of the European population could render it susceptible to the risks affecting small populations; however it is adjacent to a much larger non-European population (Birdlife International 2004).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,LARIDAE,Rhodostethia,rosea,,Rhodostethia rosea,"(MacGillivray, 1824)",0,No,EN,D,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Endangered (EN°)<br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is extremely small, and meets the thresholds for&#160;Critically Endangered (CR)&#160;under the population size criterion D.&#160;&#160;There is however considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category is downlisted by one step to Endangered (EN°).&#160;<br/><br/>This species is considered as a vagrant in the EU28 and is therefore considered Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be fluctuating. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds only in Greenland (to Denmark), wintering mainly in the Arctic. The limits of its range are very poorly understood for all seasons (Burger and Gochfeld 1996). Concentrations of birds have been recorded regularly in Spitsbergen and Franz Josef Land in the late-summer but there are no records of breeding there (Snow and Perrins 1998).","The European breeding population is estimated at 5 pairs, which equates to 10 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds in boggy terrain of the upper taiga and tundra, preferring marshy tundra in river deltas or small ponds with stunted alders (<em>Alnus</em>) and willows (<em>Salix</em>). Often associates with Arctic Terns (<em>Sterna paradisaea</em>) and waders (Burger and Gochfeld 1996). On its breeding grounds it is chiefly insectivorous, whilst during its migration it preys mainly on marine invertebrates (plankton, crustaceans, molluscs, and even priapulids) and small fish. Reported feeding on wave-washed “scum” on the beach, presumably plankton. Occasionally feeds on walrus (<em>Odobenus rosmarus</em>) dung. Forages in small loose flocks or solitarily; may join <em>Xema sabini</em> or phalaropes. Often follows ships through ice, capturing organisms on the undersurface of disturbed ice. It often feeds by aerial dipping; sometimes by walking, also by surface-dipping. Flocks sometimes gather around dead mammals (Burger and Gochfeld 1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Adverse factors on species's numbers include predation on chicks by gulls, skuas and Peregrine Falcons (<em>Falco peregrinus</em>). Oil development across the Arctic is also a potential threat (Burger and Gochfeld 1996).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Listed under the African Eurasian Waterbird Agreement.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Identification of Important Bird Areas in Arctic, including for sites at sea, and subsequent designation as marine protected areas.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,HIRUNDINIDAE,Riparia,riparia,,Riparia riparia,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be decreasing by <em>ca</em> 13% over 10 years, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is estimated to be decreasing by c. 13% over 10 years. In the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species stronghold is the European part of Russia, with significant numbers in Ukraine, Spain and Belarus.","The European breeding population is estimated at 6,700,000–9,870,000 pairs (13,400,000–19,800,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 1,210,000–2,800,000 pairs (2,420,000–5,600,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species nests colonially in newly eroded banks of rivers, streams, lakes, reservoirs and coastal cliffs (Tucker and Heath 1994, Turner 2004). Quarries are important nesting sites (Tucker and Heath 1994) and birds may use other man-made habitats including road and railway cuttings and building work excavations.<br/><br/>Breeding occurs between late April and August usually with two clutches of between three and six eggs. Burrows are excavated by both male and female but male initiates the process. Erosion at breeding sites is vital for creating new nest sites which birds prefer. Sand martins may roost in reed beds.<br/><br/>They forage approximately 15 m above ground (Turner 2004) feeding mainly on insects but also taking spiders (Tucker and Heath 1994, Turner 2004). Important foraging habitats include water-bodies, grassland and farmland (Turner 2004). Urban and forested areas are less important.<br/><br/>This species is migratory with Eurasian birds typically wintering in the Sahel zone and East Africa south to Mozambique (Tucker and Heath 1994). Adult birds migrate soon after breeding. Juveniles roam over a wide area. Most adult birds return to the same breeding colony in subsequent years (Turner 2004).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Breeding sites are generally ephemeral and can often be lost through human activities (e.g. flood control, erosion control on rivers). In Europe, it is often dependent on artificial breeding sites such as quarries (Turner 2004), however quarry work can adversely affect breeding, though workers often take measures to prevent this. The use of pesticides causing declines in prey species, may impact the species (Tucker and Heath 1994). In the past droughts in wintering areas have caused severe large-scale population declines in western Europe (Tucker and Heath 1994, Turner 2004).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. In the U.K. the species is legally protected from disturbance during the working of quarries (Tucker and Heath 1994) and is included in several local Biodiversity Action Plans. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Due to the impermanent nature of breeding sites for the species the artificial sites should be created and old quarry sites should be acquired and protected in order to secure nesting areas. Flood alteration schemes should also be managed to provide breeding areas (Tucker and Heath 1994). Research should be undertaken in order to find out more on its distribution, habitats and behaviour during winter and on migration (Garrison 1999) as should monitoring of populations where possible. Reducing pesticide use is also likely to increase prey items for this species.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,LARIDAE,Rissa,tridactyla,,Rissa tridactyla,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,VU,A4abcd,No,EN,A2abcd+3bcd+4abcd,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)</strong><br/><p></p>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size reduction criterion A, and is therefore assessed as such in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Endangered (EN) under the population size reduction criterion A, and is therefore assessed as such in the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 42% (best estimate) over the past 29 years (three generations), is expected to decline at the same rate between 1993-2021 and is projected to decline by 31% over the next three generations. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 33-65% with a best estimate of 56% over the past three generations, and is expected to decline at a similar rate between 1992-2021. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species nests along coastlines in much of the Atlantic ocean, notably in Iceland, Svalbard and Jan Mayen, Russia, the United Kingdom, the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Norway. It winters at sea, ranging across much of the north Atlantic (Burger <em>et al.</em> 2016).","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,620,000-1,730,000 pairs, which equates to 3,250,000-3,450,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 207,000-294,000 pairs, which equates to 415,000-587,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe this species breeds on cliffs and coastlines in both Arctic and temperate regions. This species is migratory and disperses after breeding from coastal areas to the open ocean (Burger <em>et al.</em> 2016). It returns to its breeding grounds from January where it breeds from mid-May to mid-June in huge single- or mixed-species colonies (Burger <em>et al. </em>2016) that often exceed 100,000 pairs (Snow and Perrins 1998, Burger <em>et al.</em> 2016). Non-breeders may also remain at sea during the breeding season (Snow and Perrins 1998). It nests on high, steep coastal cliffs with narrow ledges in areas with easy access to freshwater (Burger <em>et al.</em> 2016). The species moults on sandy beaches (Olsen and Larsson 2003) and on passage it may concentrate at sea on continental shelves, areas of upwelling (Burger <em>et al.</em> 2016) and at rich fish banks (Olsen and Larsson 2003). During the winter the species is highly pelagic, usually remaining on the wing out of sight of land (Burger<em> et al.</em> 2016). Its diet consists predominantly of marine invertebrates (e.g., squid and shrimps) and fish, although during the breeding season it may also take intertidal molluscs, crustaceans (Burger<em> et al.</em> 2016) (e.g., crayfish) (Flint <em>et al.</em> 1984), earthworms, small mammals and plant matter (e.g., aquatic plants, potato tubers and grain) (Burger <em>et al.</em> 2016). Many species of fish have been recorded in diet, but sandeels (<em>Ammodytes</em>), capelin (<em>Mallotus villosus</em>) and herring (<em>Clupea harengus</em>) are particularly important (Burger <em>et al.</em> 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by the depletion of food resources (e.g. through over-fishing) (Frederiksen <em>et al. </em>2004, Nikolaeva <em>et al.</em> 2006), marine oil spills (Nikolaeva <em>et al.</em> 2006, Burger <em>et al.</em> 2016) and chronic oil pollution (Nikolaeva <em>et al.</em> 2006). It is also susceptible to avian influenza so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006). The species is potentially threatened by climate change because it has a geographically bounded distribution: its global distribution is restricted to within c. 10° latitude from the polar edge of continent and within which 20–50% of current vegetation type is projected to disappear under doubling of CO2 levels (BirdLife International, unpublished data). It is caught as bycatch in longline fisheries, with significant numbers estimated to be caught off the western coast of Ireland and the U.K. The species is considered a high risk for collision with offshore wind farms (Bradbury <em>et al.</em> 2014). The species is hunted in the Faroe Islands and in Greenland (Labansen e<em>t al.</em> 2010, Burger <em>et al.</em> 2016, Thorup <em>et al. </em>2014).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed under the African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement, but is not listed on the Bern Convention, the Convention of Migratory Species or on the EU Birds Directive Annexes. It is protected in some European countries by national legislation, including: France ( ‘Liste des espèces d’oiseaux protégées en France en application de l’article L. 411-1 du code de l’environnement et de la directive 79/409 du 2 avril 1979 concernant la conservation des oiseaux sauvages’); Portugal (D.L. 140/99 de 24 de Abril rectificado pelo D.L. 49/2005 de 24 de Fevereiro; Spain (species listed on the State Catalogue of Threatened Species as a species of “Special Interest” – Royal Decree 439/1990 &amp; under regional legislation and included on the Galician Catalogue of Threatened Species: “Vulnerable” Decree 82/2007 of 19th of April). The species is categorised as Vulnerable in the Norwegian Red List and the All-Ireland Vertebrate Red Data Book (OSPAR, 2010). Population monitoring occurs across much of its breeding range, including Greenland, Norway (Anker-Nilssen <em>et al.</em> 2007), Iceland (Garðarsson 2006) France and the U.K.. The species is considered within the Nordic Action Plan for Seabirds.<br/><strong><br/>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The species could benefit from regional level, international Species Action Plans, a regional monitoring strategy and further research on the effects on climate change and prey reductions. OSPAR recommends creating a network of hunting-free reserves in coastal areas. Monitoring of bycatch of this species through on board observer programmes is needed, and appropriate mitigation measures implemented where necessary. Sustainable manage fisheries to prevent over-fishing.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MUSCICAPIDAE,Saxicola,dacotiae,,Saxicola dacotiae,"(Meade-Waldo, 1889)",0,Yes,NT,"B1ab(ii,iii); C2a(ii)",Yes,NT,"B1ab(ii,iii); C2a(ii)",EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species' population trend is not known, and hence the population size reduction criterion A cannot be applied. The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. This species has a small range which approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion B, owing to a continuing decline in habitat quality and to habitat loss, with a moderately small number of locations. The population size is moderately small, with all the mature individuals in one population, and due to the decline in habitat quality and size, it approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion C.<br/><br/>For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Near Threatened (NT) in both Europe and the EU28. This species is endemic to the Canary Islands and there is therefore no potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is endemic to Europe. It only occurs in the Canary Islands (Spain) where it breeds only on Fuerteventura. The species is also occasional recorded in southern Lanzarote (Martín and Lorenzo 2001).<br/><br/>The subspecies <em>murielae</em> formerly occurred on the islands of Alegranza (where it was fairly common) and Montaña Clara, but it went extinct in the first half of the 20<sup>th</sup> century due to a combination of natural factors and predation by introduced mammals (Bibby and Hill 1987, Martín and Lorenzo 2001, Illera <em>et al. </em>2006).","The European breeding population is estimated at 13,300–15,500 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is found on rocky hillsides and ""barranco"" (= ravine) habitats with shrubby vegetation cover (Illera 2001), typically of aulaga (<em>Launaea arborescens</em>), saltwort (<em>Salsola vermiculata</em>) and box-thorn (<em>Lycium intricatum</em>). These habitats support a high abundance of invertebrates, and provide suitable nesting sites and perches from which the species can forage for arthropods (Illera 2001). It also occurs on the edge of vegetated ""malpaíses"" (= lava flows), dry and flowing watercourses, cultivated areas and gardens (Martín and Lorenzo 2001). Individuals appear to show strong site fidelity, potentially as a consequence of low spatial variance in the habitat characteristics determining reproductive success (Illera and Díaz 2008).<br/><br/>The breeding season is typically from mid- February to late March but is linked to the timing and extent of winter rains so can be as early as January. The nest is a firm cup of plant stems and roots, incorporating much <em>Salsola </em>and lined with goat hair. Generally placed on the (usually sloping) ground among stones and rocks, in cactus thickets, under shrubs (<em>L. intricatum</em>) or bushy grass clumps, or low down (below 0·5 m) in a wall or side of barranco and often sheltered by an overhanging stone or bush. Clutch size can be two to five, but usually four eggs.<br/><br/>It feeds on invertebrates, including caterpillars, ants,<em> ichneumon</em> flies, flies, centipedes, beetles and spiders.<br/><br/>The species is sedentary, although there have been reports of birds possibly dispersing to other islands in the past (Collar 2005).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Recent rapid increases in infrastructural development, such as tourist and residential centres, road building, industrial plants, mineral operations and golf courses are destroying the habitat of this species (particularly on the Jandía peninsula in the south of Fuerteventura) (Illera 2004). Additional threats include excessive and increasing livestock grazing (Iñigo <em>in litt.</em> 2011), including cattle and extensively-ranched, semi-feral ""coastal"" goats (which accelerates desertification and reduces vegetation cover and food availability (Illera and Díaz 2006)), and nest predation by feral cats (<em>Felis catus</em>) (Medina and Nogales 2009) and other introduced mammals such as rats <em>Rattus</em> spp. (Illera 2004, Illera and Díaz 2006). High fidelity to particular sites may exacerbate the problem of the destruction and degradation of optimal habitats (Illera and Díaz 2008).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II.&#160; EU Birds Directive Annex I. An action plan was produced in 1999 (Illera 1999) and partially updated in 2002 (Illera 2002). Various studies of the species's habitat usage (Illera 2001, Illera <em>et al.</em> 2006), breeding biology (Illera and Díaz 2006) and dispersal (Illera and Díaz 2008) have been undertaken since 1998. <br/><strong><br/>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Develop, approve and implement a national Conservation Plan for the species (Illera 2004). Conduct a complete population census and remap the species's distribution (Illera 1999, 2004). Develop a monitoring programme (Illera 1999, 2004). Identify and protect key areas of optimal habitat for the species, and reduce the number of ""coastal goats"" in these areas (Illera 1999, 2001, 2004). Raise awareness of the species among the resident and tourist populations, particularly the threat from off-road driving and introduced mammals (Illera 1999, 2004). Attempt to control predators at key sites where their impact on breeding success is particularly severe (Illera 2004).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MUSCICAPIDAE,Saxicola,rubetra,,Saxicola rubetra,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,Yes,LC,0,No,VU,A2bc+3bc+4bc,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A) and is therefore assessed as such in the EU28. As the wider European population is also declining, there is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 11-16% with a best estimate of 13% in the past 10 years. In the EU28, the population size is estimates to have decreased by 37% (best estimate) over the same period, is expected to decline at the same rate between 2011-2021 and is projected to decrease by 35% over the next ten years. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is widespread in Europe, which holds a large proportion of its global breeding population. It breeds largely in Russia, and also notably in Poland, Belarus, Romania and Ukraine.","The European breeding population is estimated at 7,730,000–10,600,000 pairs, which equates to 15,400,000–21,100,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 2,440,000–3,720,000 pairs, which equates to 4,890,000–7,440,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in wet meadows, pastures, bogs, upland grassland, bracken-covered hillsides, heath, dry or wet open scrub and the fringes of reedbeds. It generally requires scattered shrubs, bushes, trees or man-made perches for songposts and foraging vantages, and low herb cover and bare ground in which to forage (shrubs and herb layer also needed for nesting).<br/><br/>In north-west Europe, breeding occurs from mid-April to early August. The nest is a cup of grass stems, leaves and moss, lined with fine stems and hair and placed in a low bush or tussock. Clutches are four to seven eggs.<br/><br/>The diet is mainly invertebrates, with fruits and seeds also taken in the autumn.<br/><br/>The species is migratory, wintering in tropical Africa (Collar 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The species has declined due to the intensification of agriculture and the advancing of harvesting dates (Collar 2005).,"<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>This species is included on the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) Appendix II, and on the Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Conservation measures for this species should encourage the postponement of mowing to reduce nest losses and promote low-intensity grassland farming (Britschgi <em>et al.</em> 2006).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MUSCICAPIDAE,Saxicola,torquatus,,Saxicola torquatus,"(Linnaeus, 1766)","Gender agreement of species name follows David and Gosselin (2002b).<br/><br/>The number of studies of this taxon is high and the number of conclusions reached varies with each study (see table in Zink <em>et al</em>. 2009: 770). We propose to retain a single continental species until all the representatives of Stonechat have been sampled thoroughly morphologically, acoustically and genetically.<p></p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be decreasing by less than 25% over 10 years, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be decreasing by <em>ca</em> 10% over 10 years, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is estimated to be decreasing by less than 25% over 10 years. In the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be decreasing by c. 10%. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Spain (&lt;50% of the population), with significant numbers in Romania, Portugal, Italy, France and Russia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 5,920,000–9,160,000 pairs (11,800,000–18,400,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 5,530,000–8,470,000 pairs (11,000,000–17,000,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is found in a variety of essentially open, usually rather barren landscapes. In Europe, it occupies open scrubby country where bushes and shrubs of different height, and/or low man-made structures such as stone walls, fence lines, telephone wires and field posts, sit within or adjacent to flat or rolling terrain with uneven herb-rich substrate. It also inhabits alpine moorland, heathland, grassy hillsides, dry plains, bush-studded pastures, woodland edge, sandy forest clearings, field margins and fallows, wide shrubby riverbeds, open garrigue with <em>Cistus</em>, unkempt marshy areas, swamp fringes, roadsides and railway margins and vineyards.<br/><br/>The breeding season is from March to mid-August in north-west Europe and from the end of April to late July in east Europe. The nest is a loose deep cup of rootlets, grass, leaves and plant stems, lined with finer rootlets and sometimes hair, wool and feathers. It is set on the ground or in a low bank, well hidden at the base of tuft of herbage or in the bottom of or under a small bush. Clutches are usually four to six eggs.<br/><br/>The diet is primarily invertebrates, mainly small or medium-sized insects and their larvae, but it occasionally takes small vertebrates, seeds and fruit (Collar 2015).<br/><br/>The species varies from migratory to resident in different parts of its range, being sensitive to cold weather (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Declines in Europe since the 1950s have been driven by a loss of breeding habitats due to agricultural intensification (Collar 2015), including the creation of large open fields, destruction of bushes and hedges, transformation of pastures to arable fields, the afforestation of fallow and moorland and the destruction of structurally diverse vegetation by uncontrolled fire and human disturbance (Tucker and Heath 1994). It has also suffered from the withdrawal of grazing from littoral heaths (Collar 2015). Severe winters have also caused populations to fluctuate (Tucker and Heath 1994).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. In Switzerland, the species has benefited from the creation of strips of wild flowers for Grey Partridge (<em>Perdix perdix</em>).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>In Europe this species requires wide-scale conservation measures to preserve habitat through promotion of non-intensive farming practices. These include retaining scattered trees, bushes and hedges in fields, prohibition of afforestation schemes on moorland and heath, and retention of strips of old grass (mown every 3–4 years only) in intensively managed areas (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,SCOLOPACIDAE,Scolopax,rusticola,,Scolopax rusticola,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size is suspected to be decreasing by less than 25% over 14 years (3 generations). For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species stronghold is the European Part of Russia, with small numbers in Sweden, Finland and Belarus.<p></p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 4,890,000–6,750,000 calling males (9,790,000–13,500,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 707,000–1,470,000 calling males (1,410,000–2,940,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","For breeding the species requires extensive unfragmented areas (Hayman <em>et al</em>. 1986, Van Gils and Wiersma 1996) of broadleaved deciduous or mixed broadleaved/coniferous forest (Johnsgard 1981) containing a dense undergrowth of shrubs and ground cover (Lutz and Pagh Jensen 2005) (e.g. of brambles (<em>Rubus</em> spp.), holly (<em>Ilex aquifolium</em>), hazel (<em>Corylus avellana</em>), gorse (<em>Ulex</em> spp.), bracken (<em>Pteridium </em>spp.) or bilberry (<em>Vaccinium myrtillus</em>)) (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996, Lutz and Pagh Jensen 2005) and with a mosaic (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996) of dry, warm resting places, moist areas for foraging (Johnsgard 1981, Hayman <em>et al</em>. 1986) (e.g. streams, springs or damp, swampy patches) (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996), and clearings or other open areas as flight paths (Johnsgard 1981, Hayman <em>et al</em>. 1986). The species may also nest in swampy forests with mossy ground, brooks and other watercourses or alternatively in coniferous forest with moist leaf litter and an undergrowth of broadleaved shrubs and ferns (Johnsgard 1981). The species' habitats requirements during the daylight hours of the non-breeding season are similar to its breeding habitat requirements but are less restricted (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996). As well as extensive broadleaved or mixed broadleaved/coniferous forest (Johnsgard 1981) the species will also occupy young conifer plantations (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996), hedges with high densities of trees and shrubs (Duriez <em>et al. </em>2005b), smaller woods, areas of scrub (Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986) and coppiced habitats with coppice that is 7–20 years old (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996). It still shows a strong preference for woodlands with rich (e.g. mull) humus types that have high earthworm biomasses, and a dense shrub strata however (Duriez <em>et al.</em> 2005b). At night during this season the species gathers to roost and feed in damp, earthworm-rich, permanent grasslands (Hayman <em>et al. </em>1986, Van Gils and Wiersma 1996, Duriez <em>et al.</em> 2005b), showing a preference for grazed meadows compared to cultivated fields (as the latter contain higher earthworm biomasses) (Duriez<em> et al.</em> 2005b). The species may also feed on intertidal mud during freezing weather (Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986).<br/><br/>Its diet consists predominantly of earthworms, especially during the non-breeding season (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996), but the species may also take adult and larval insects (e.g. beetles, earwigs and millipedes), spiders, slugs and leeches. The distribution of earthworms is an important habitat characteristic for the species throughout the year (Johnsgard 1981). <br/><br/>The species is sedentary on Atlantic islands (Hayman <em>et al.</em>  1986, Van Gils and Wiersma 1996) and in some areas in south-western  maritime countries (Snow and Perrins 1998) but is otherwise strongly  migratory (Hayman <em>et al</em>. 1986, Van Gils and Wiersma 1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The most significant threat to the species in its breeding range is the increased fragmentation of woodlands (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996). Outside of the breeding season the species is threatened by the disappearance of permanent grasslands (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996) and through the intensification of agricultural practices (e.g. the destruction of hedges, decreases in the number of permanent grazed meadows and the impoverishment of soil fauna as a result of ploughing and chemical application) (Duriez <em>et al.</em> 2005b). The species is also susceptible to avian influenza (both in its breeding and wintering range) so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006). The species is widely hunted, with the largest numbers taken in France, Italy, U.K. and Spain.",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Annex II (A) and III (B) of the EU Birds Directive.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Permanent grasslands in key wintering areas need to be sustainably managed and restored.,0,"Burfield, I. & Piggott, A.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,FRINGILLIDAE,Serinus,canaria,,Serinus canaria,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,Yes,LC,0,Yes,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/><br/>For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the population size trend is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is endemic to Europe, where it is mainly found in the Azores (Portugal) with small populations also present in the Canary Islands (Spain) and Madeira (Portugal).","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,190,000–2,490,000 pairs, which equates to 2,380,000–4,970,000 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species inhabits a wide variety of lowland and submontane forests of pine (<em>Pinus</em>), laurel (<em>Lauraceae</em>), the edges of cultivation and wooded valleys (barrancos) with almonds (<em>Prunus</em>), tamarisk (<em>Tamarix</em>) thickets, myrtle (<em>Myrica</em>) hedges, tree-heaths (<em>Erica</em>) and especially areas of broom (<em>Cytisus</em>) It is also found in parks and gardens and on Desertas (Madeira) it breeds in open semi-arid areas with little or no vegetation cover.<br/><br/>Breeding occurs from January to July, and it is monogamous. The nest is a deep compact cup made of twigs, plant fibres and down, grass, moss and lichens, small leaves, animal hair (mainly sheep wool) and feathers, sited above ground in a fork at the end of a thin branch or in the crown of a small tree. Clutches are three to four eggs.<br/><br/>It feeds mainly on seeds, particularly of herbs and grasses, as well as buds and fruit and a small number of insects.<br/><br/>The species is resident, undertaking short-distance dispersive movements (Clement 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There are not thought to be any current significant threats to this species.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>In order to supplement the population there 12–15 individuals were released onto Fuerteventura in 1980. The species is widely kept in captivity in most areas of the world (Clement 2016).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,FRINGILLIDAE,Serinus,pusillus,,Serinus pusillus,"(Pallas, 1811)",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>The bird is considered vagrant (Cyprus) in the EU28 and is assessed as Not Applicable (NA) for this region.","In Europe the breeding population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species stronghold is Turkey, with small numbers in Georgia,&#160; Russia, Azerbaijan and Armenia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 297,000–958,000 pairs (594,000–1,920,000 mature individuals). The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds in montane and submontane forests of birch (<em>Betula</em>), pine (<em>Pinus</em>), juniper (<em>Juniperus</em>), spruce (<em>Picea</em>), willows (<em>Salix</em>) and larch (<em>Larix</em>), usually at or towards the edge of forest, and rarely in dense areas. It also uses areas of dwarf junipers and scattered barberry (<em>Berberis</em>) scrub on open hillsides and above the tree-line, rhododendrons (<em>Rhododendron</em>), scree slopes, alpine and subalpine meadows, ravines and the upper edges of steep valleys. Outside the breeding season it is found in similar habitats as well as orchards and gardens at edges of human settlements, scattered trees on hillsides with low scrub, river valleys, rocky wadis and edges of cultivation.<br/><br/>It breeds from April to August and usually lays three to five eggs. The nest is a neat, compact cup of dry grasses, strips of bark, plant fibres and down, moss, lichen, feathers and cobwebs, placed low down in a bush or higher on a branch or in a fork, or against a trunk, or on rock crevice, cliff ledge or in a hole in scree (Clement 2016).<br/><br/>It feeds mainly on seeds, fruits and other plant material and sometimes takes small insects. <br/><br/>The species is resident and an altitudinal migrant (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There are not thought to be any current significant threats to this species.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known specific conservation measures for this species.<br/><strong><br/>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,FRINGILLIDAE,Serinus,serinus,,Serinus serinus,"(Linnaeus, 1766)",0,Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In both Europe and the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 5% (best estimate) in the past in 10 years. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 3% (best estimate) over the same period. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species' global population is mainly found in Europe. It breeds in the majority of countries within the region, mainly in Spain, but also notably in Portugal and Italy.","The European breeding population is estimated at 17,600,000–28,000,000 pairs, which equates to 35,200,000–55,900,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 1,190,000–2,490,000 pairs, which equates to 2,380,000–4,970,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occurs in lowland to lower montane mosaics of wooded hills with conifers and open country, maquis slopes with pine (<em>Pinus</em>) woods, small stands of cedars (<em>Cedrus</em>), junipers (<em>Juniperus</em>), cypress, European silver fir (<em>Abies alba</em>) and thuja (<em>Thuja</em>). It is also widespread in olive (<em>Olea</em>) and citrus groves, open agricultural areas, tall hedges and windbreaks, orchards, vineyards, plantations, suburban parks, avenues and gardens, ravines and gorges with trees and shrubs.<br/><br/>The breeding season runs from February to early August. The nest is sited above ground among the outermost branches in the crown or on a branch against the trunk of a bush or tree. It is a small and compact platform of small twigs, plant stems and down, bark strips, roots, grasses, moss, animal hair and feathers. Clutches are three to four eggs.<br/><br/>It feeds mainly on seeds, buds, shoots, flowers and small invertebrates (Clement 2016).<br/><br/>The species is sedentary to migratory; most birds vacate the northern part of its range, although in some years small numbers remain (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There are not thought to be any current significant threats to this species.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known specific conservation measures for this species.<br/><strong><br/>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,SITTIDAE,Sitta,europaea,,Sitta europaea,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is estimated to be stable. In the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, major breeding populations occur in the European part of Russia, Germany, France, Czechia, Romania, Slovakia and Poland.","The European breeding population is estimated at 9,510,000–1,7400,000 pairs (19,000,000–34,700,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 6,760,000–11,800,000 pairs (13,500,000–23,500,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits mature forest with large old trees and a well-developed canopy providing extensive foraging areas, as well as nesting cavities. In much of Europe it prefers deciduous and mixed forest, especially oak (<em>Quercus</em>), but is also found in riverine woodland, parkland, old orchards, cemeteries, and sometimes large gardens and locally occupies in old spruce (<em>Picea</em>) and pine (<em>Pinus</em>) forests, especially in the mountains.<br/><br/>Egg-laying occurs mainly from late-April to May but varies with latitude and altitude. The nest is a foundation of wood chips surmounted by bark flakes and rarely incorporating dry leaves, lichen, conifer ­needles and the like. It is sited in the hole in a tree, which is either natural or, more often an abandoned woodpecker hole. On occasion, it will use a nest box or a wall cavity, hole in a rock face or building or crevice between tree roots. Clutches are typically five to nine eggs.<br/><br/>The species feeds on insects but in the autumn and winter it takes seeds, nuts and sometimes flower buds and sap. It will readily visit birdtables in the winter. <br/><br/>This species is generally sedentary, but juveniles may disperse over short distances in late summer and autumn; occasionally these movements become irruptive (Harrap 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The main threat to this species is forest destruction and fragmentation, which has lead to local declines and extinctions throughout its range. It is generally rare or absent from small forest fragments and the species does not inhabit areas without mature trees (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997, Harrap 2015).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Locally, this species would benefit from protection of its forest habitat and management should ensure that large, mature trees remain.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,SITTIDAE,Sitta,krueperi,,Sitta krueperi,"Pelzeln, 1863",0,Yes,LC,0,No,NT,D1,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, although this species may have a small range, it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population size is small, and approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion D. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in the EU28. As the entire EU28 population is confined to the island of Lesbos, there is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is endemic to Europe, where it breeds primarily in Turkey (which holds approximately 83% of the total population), and also notably in Russia (approximately 14% of the population), with a small population present in Georgia (4%) and a very small population (less than 1% also present on the island of Lesbos (Greece).","The European breeding population is estimated at 128,000–472,000 pairs, which equates to 256,000–944,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 540–660 pairs, which equates to 1,000–1,400 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits temperate coniferous forest, from sea-level up to <em>ca</em> 2,400 m. In Turkey, it occurs mostly between 1,000–1,600 m, mainly in forests of black pine (<em>Pinus nigra)</em>, fir (<em>Abies cilicica</em>), cedar (<em>Cedrus libani</em>), red pine (<em>Pinus brutia</em>) and juniper (<em>Juniperus</em> spp.) (Albayrak <em>et al. </em>2006, T. Albayrak <em>in litt.</em> 2007). In the Caucasus, it occurs mainly in the zone of spruce (<em>Picea</em>) forests between 1,000 and 2,000 m, mostly in old stands of Caucasian fir (<em>Abies nordmanniana</em>), but also in pine (<em>Pinus</em>) forest.<br/><br/>The breeding season is from early April to mid-May (depending on altitude and locality) on Lesbos and in Turkey and April to May in the Caucasus. The nest is built largely by the female and is a foundation of coarse bark chips, rotten wood and cone scales, lined with a pad of moss, bark fibres, hair, wool, fur and feathers. Nests are built up to 24 m above ground in tree holes, although eggs are sometimes laid on top of a stump or even in a pile of twigs in a fork (perhaps only when holes not available).<br/><br/>It feeds largely on insects and spiders in the breeding season, and chicks are fed entirely on animal material. In autumn and winter it feeds on the seeds of coniferous trees and will cache food for times of poor weather (Harrap 2008).<br/><br/>Primarily, the species is sedentary, but some altitudinal movement occurs in the winter (Tucker and Heath 1994).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In Turkey, forestry is placing considerable pressure on the species' mature coniferous forest habitats (T. Albayrak <em>in litt.</em> 2007). Development for tourism is also a threat, particularly in coastal areas where the species was once numerous (S. Isfendiyaroglu <em>in litt.</em> 2005). A law for the promotion of tourism came into force in Turkey in 2003, further exacerbating the threat from habitat loss (S. Isfendiyaroglu <em>in litt.</em> 2005). Urbanisation and the construction of summer houses is also a growing problem in the Mediterranean part of its range (S. Isfendiyaroglu <em>in litt.</em> 2005).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex I.  Bern Convention Appendix II.  Studies of  various aspects of the species such as its breeding ecology, habitat requirements and population structure have taken place (Albayrak and Erdogan 2006, Thibault<em> et al. </em>2006, Albayrak <em>et al. 2011).<br/></em><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Develop a Species Action Plan. Develop a monitoring programme to assess population trends. Assess threats to the species and develop appropriate responses. Follow up on ongoing research work and adopt recommendations as appropriate.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,SITTIDAE,Sitta,neumayer,,Sitta neumayer,"Michahelles, 1830",0,Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Europe holds the majority of this species' global population, where it is found within the southeastern parts of the region. It breeds almost entirely in Turkey, which holds approximately 99% of the total European population.","The European breeding population is suspected to be 1,010,000–5,060,000 pairs, which equates to 2,030,000–10,200,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 11,200–31,500 pairs, which equates to 22,400–63,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occupies barren regions and areas with low shrubs, herbs and grasses, and is occasionally found in woodland with scattered rocks. It chooses sites with bare rocks, typically rocky slopes, cliffs and gorges in dry or arid regions, including walls, old buildings and ancient ruins.<br/><br/>The breeding season is from late March to April or May. The nest is built mainly by the male and is a remarkable flask-shaped structure, with an entrance tunnel up to 10 cm long and is sited on a rock face, usually under a slight overhang or sometimes on a building or other man-made structure. It is built of mud, animal dung, hair, feathers, beetle wings and similar materials. The chamber is lined with hair, wool, feathers and grass. The surrounding area is sometimes decorated with various objects, both natural and man-made. Clutches are four to ten eggs (Harrap 2008).<br/><br/>In the summer it feeds mainly on insects and in the autumn and winter mostly on seeds, although snails are also important (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>The species is sedentary, showing limited post-breeding dispersal (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There are currently no known significant threats to this species.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are no known current conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,SITTIDAE,Sitta,tephronota,,Sitta tephronota,"Sharpe, 1872",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large to very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>The bird is considered vagrant in the EU28 and is assessed as Not Applicable (NA) for this region.","In Europe the breeding population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species stronghold is Turkey (<em>ca</em> 92% of the population), with small numbers in Armenia and Azerbaijan.","The European breeding population is estimated at 16,700–53,400 pairs (33,400–107,000 mature individuals). The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This is a species of rocky mountain slopes and valleys, cliffs, ravines and gorges. It may favour streams, and its distribution is closely correlated to a milk-vetch-wormwood-Rosaceae (<em>Astragalus-Artemesia-Rosaceae</em>) vegetation community, including almonds (<em>Prunus dulcis</em>) and pistachios (<em>Pistacia vera</em>).<br/><br/>In the Transcaucasus area breeding begins from late March or April. Both sexes build the nest, which is a flask-shaped structure usually built over a crack, cavity or hole in rock face, tree, riverbank or building. The hole may be a natural one, excavated by birds themselves, or the abandoned hole of another species. The entrance is walled up with a mixture of mud, saliva, excrement, resin, feathers, hair, cloth, insect fragments and even sweet papers, leaving a small hole or short conical entrance tunnel. The nest may be reused over several years. Clutches are typically five to seven eggs.<br/><br/>In the summer it feeds mainly on insects and snails (Gastropoda) and from autumn to early spring it takes mostly seeds, such as those of apricot (<em>Prunus armeniaca</em>), cherry (<em>Prunus</em>) and wild almond.<br/><br/>The species is resident with some post-breeding dispersal (Harrap 2008).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The species may suffer the effects of future climate change (Menon<em> et al.</em> 2009).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,SITTIDAE,Sitta,whiteheadi,,Sitta whiteheadi,"Sharpe, 1884",0,Yes,VU,C2a(ii),Yes,VU,C2a(ii),EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><p></p>At both European and EU28 scales, although this species may have a small range, it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population size is small and, combined with its ongoing decline, meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size criterion C and is therefore assessed as such in both Europe and the EU28. As the species is endemic to Corsica, there is no potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 3% (best estimate) in the past 10 years.&#160;&#160;These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","This species is endemic to Europe, where it is only found in Corsica (France). It has a limited and fragmented breeding range which follows the distribution of Corsican pine <em>Pinus nigra laricio</em>, occurring on inland mountain ridges from Tartagine south to Ospedale and Mt Cagna, with the main populations focussed around the mountains of Cinto, Rotondo, Renoso and Incudine (Harrap and de Juana 2013).","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,500–2,200 pairs, which equates to 3,000–4,400 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Optimal habitat for this species is mature stands of Corsican pine with abundant dead and rotting trunks for nest sites, at elevations of 1,000–1,500 m (Harrap and de Juana 2013). Densities vary between 0.2–3.8 pairs/10 ha, and correlate with tree height, vegetation density and dead tree distribution (Thibault and Bonaccorsi 1999). Suboptimal habitats include forests where Corsican pine is associated with cluster pine (<em>Pinus pinaster</em>), balsam fir (<em>Abies alba</em>) or beech (<em>Fagus sylvatica</em>), and younger, exploited stands of Corsican pine at elevations of 600–1,700 m. Dispersing birds may be found in holm oak (<em>Quercus ilex</em>) and sweet chestnut (<em>Castanea sativa</em>) forests, gardens and orchards (Thibault and Bonaccorsi 1999, Harrap and de Juana 2013).<br/><br/>Its breeding season stretches from April to May, laying a clutch of five to six eggs, with mated partners remaining on their territory all year.<br/><br/>It feeds largely on insects and spiders during May-August, switching to seeds, especially those of the Corsican pine, during the rest of the year. It forages singly or in pairs, though may join mixed-species flocks outside the breeding season. Seeds are cached from late autumn to early spring during periods of sunny weather (when the cones are open) and retrieved during wet or cold weather (Harrap and de Juana 2013).<br/><br/>It is generally sedentary except for some dispersal of immature and unmated birds to lower altitudes in winter (Thibault and Bonaccorsi 1999).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Forest fires and logging of mature Corsican pine stands appear to be the primary threats to this species. Large trees suitable for the species are also favoured by the logging industry and since the 1970s local foresters have attempted to rejuvenate the pine forest by shortening the logging rotation, reducing the size of trees available for the species (Bourcet 1996). It has been estimated that 78-122 territories have been destroyed by logging since 1998, and that a further 50-63 territories were lost during the large forest fires of 2000 and 2003, which severely affected another 47-80 territories (Thibault <em>et al.</em> 2004, 2011). It has been predicted that whenever an area of 2 ha is logged in a forest stand suitable for the species, a potential territory is likely to disappear for more than a century due to the slow growth of Corsican Pine (Thibault <em>et al</em>. 2011). This species is potentially susceptible to climate change through sea-level rise and shifts in suitable climatic conditions (affecting Corsican pine distribution), however this is not expected to be a serious direct threat (Barbet-Massin and Jiguet 2011, BirdLife International unpublished data). Climate change may also cause an increase in fire frequency and intensity and so could be a serious future threat to the species (J.Baudat-Franceschi <em>in litt. </em>2010, Barbet-Massin and Jiguet 2011). Climate change may increase interspecific competition between Corsican pine and Maritime pine (<em>Pinus pinaster</em>) as well as Mediterranean shrub species which in turn could have a negative effect on the species' range (Thibault<em> et al.</em> 2011, J. Baudat-Franceschi <em>in litt.</em> 2012).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex I. The species is nationally considered to be Vulnerable (IUCN 2011). There are no natural reserves dedicated to the species on Corsica (J. C. Thibault <em>in litt.</em> 2016) although almost the entire global population occurs within the Natural Regional Park of Corse (Harrap <em>et al.</em> 2016). Work is being conducted by forest managers to promote irregular stand cutting, to reduce size of felling coupes, and to keep a fairly good number of old stand islets (Office national des Forêts 2006, Ministère de l’Environnement, de l’Energie et de la Mer 2016). All snags of Corsican pine are now preserved (J. C. Thibault <em>in litt. </em>2016).<br/><strong><br/></strong><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Research the minimum size of a Corsican pine stand required to support a viable population. Prevent the logging of mature Corsican pine. Ensure that forest management practices are not detrimental to Corsican Nuthatch: in harvested forests reduce the size of felling coupes to &lt;2 ha each; retain at least eight large trees (&gt;70-80 cm diameter at breast height) per hectare in harvested plots; retain snags or dead trees at a similar density within groups of live trees; ensure that the percentage of tree species other than Corsican pine is &lt;50% of the basal area of all trees (Villard&#160;<em>et al</em><em>. </em>2014). Develop a plan to prevent forest fires. Prevent the clearance of dead and rotting trunks in managed forests.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Somateria,mollissima,,Somateria mollissima,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,EN,A4abcde,No,EN,A2abcde+4abcde,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Endangered (EN)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population trend appears to be decreasing at a very rapid rate, which meets the thresholds for Endangered (EN) under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A) and is hence assessed as such in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend appears to be decreasing at a very rapid rate, which meets&#160;the&#160;thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A) and is hence assessed as such in the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","This species began undergoing rapid declines across the majority of its European breeding range during the 2000s.<br/>In Europe, the population size is expected to decrease by approximately 63% (best estimate) between 2000-2033 (three generations), based on Fauchald&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2015&#160;and the Icelandic National Red List (Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands&#160;2018) and the Supplementary Information. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 27-52% with a best estimate of 39% over the past 33 years (three generations), is expected to decline at the same rate between 1989-2021. These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the&#160;national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates), unless stated otherwise.","In Europe, this species breeds along the coasts of the northern Atlantic and the North and Baltic seas; largely in Iceland, but also notably in Finland, Norway, Greenland, Sweden, Russia and the United Kingdom.<br/>In winter it notably occurs in Iceland, Germany, Greenland, Denmark and Norway, but its range expands during winter to as far south as the western Mediterranean (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2017).","The European breeding population is estimated at 613,000-814,000 pairs, which equates to 1,220,000-1,630,000 mature individuals, and in winter the population size is estimated at 2,360,000-3,390,000 individuals, which equates to 1,570,000-2,260,000 mature individuals.&#160;The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 176,000-296,000 pairs, which equates to 353,000-592,000 mature individuals, and in winter the population is estimated at 1,010,000-1,480,000 individuals, which equates to 673,000-987,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds on offshore islands and islets (Kear 2005) along low-lying rocky coasts (Carboneras<em> et al.</em> 2017), on coastal shores and spits, on islets in brackish and freshwater lagoons (Kear 2005), lakes and rivers (Johnsgard 1978) close to the sea (Kear 2005) or on tundra pools, rivers (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2017) and lakes (Madge and Burn 1988) up to 5 or 6 km inland (Kear 2005). It shows a preference for boulder-strewn or grassy islands (Johnsgard 1978) with sheltered approaches (Snow and Perrins 1998) that are safe from nest predators, although in the high Arctic where such shelter is unavailable more open sites must be used (in which case the species often nests in closely packed groups for protection) (Snow and Perrins 1998). The species typically winters on shallow seashores, bays and estuaries (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2017), especially where there are high abundances of benthic molluscs (Camphuysen <em>et al.</em> 2002, Ens 2006). The species breeds from early-April (although the most northerly populations may not breed until mid-June (Madge and Burn 1988)), and generally nests in colonies. The nest is a slight hollow in the ground that is usually positioned in the shelter of rocks or vegetation but may also be in the open. Its diet consists predominantly of benthic molluscs although crustaceans, echinoderms, other marine invertebrates and fish may also be taken. During the breeding season incubating females frequently complement their diet with algae, berries and the seeds and leaves of surrounding tundra plants (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2017). The majority of this species is migratory (Flint <em>et al</em>. 1984), with some populations e.g. in Europe being largely sedentary (Scott and Rose 1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is vulnerable to chronic coastal oil pollution (Nikolaeva <em>et al.</em> 2006), especially oil spills (Kear 2005, Nikolaeva <em>et al.</em> 2006, Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2017), in areas where large moulting and wintering concentrations occur (Carboneras <em>et al.</em> 2017). It also comes into conflict with the shellfish aquaculture industry which depletes the species's food resources (Kear 2005, Ens 2006, Nikolaeva <em>et al.</em> 2006,) and has previously lead to mass starvation events due to the over-fishing of benthic molluscs (e.g. in the Dutch Wadden Sea) (Camphuysen <em>et al.</em> 2002, Ens 2006). On the breeding grounds, disturbance from the development of mineral resources along the coast (Nikolaeva <em>et al.</em> 2006) and from local shore-based activities (e.g. angling, dog-walking (Keller 1991) and scientific research (Bolduc and Guillemette 2003)) increases the likelihood of predation on young (Keller 1991). Unregulated tourism and shipping also cause disturbance to the species on its wintering grounds (Nikolaeva <em>et al.</em> 2006). The species commonly becomes entangled and drowned in monofilament nets (Kear 2005), and it is hunted unsustainably (Nikolaeva <em>et al.</em> 2006).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex II and III. CMS Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Sustainable levels of hunting should be established in those areas where the species is harvested and legislation established and enforced to ensure this. Key areas should be protected from all forms of disturbance as well as oil exploration, drilling and transportation. Levels of shellfish harvesting should be monitored to ensure sustainability and measures to minimise bycatch in fishing nets promoted amongst fisheries. International monitoring plans should be developed and a programme of research put in place, while taking precautions to minimise the impact of scientific work.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Somateria,spectabilis,,Somateria spectabilis,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In  Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The wintering population size is very large, and hence it does not approach the   thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons   the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>The bird is considered a vagrant or passage species in the EU28 and is assessed as Not Applicable (NA) for this region.","In Europe, the population size trend during the breeding and the wintering season is unknown. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species stronghold is the European part of Russia, with large population breeding also in Greenland. Svalbard and Jan Mayen has a relatively small population.<br/><p></p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 8,500–18,100 pairs (17,000–36,100 mature individuals), and the European wintering population is estimated at 1,020,000–1,030,000 individuals (682,000–683,000 mature individuals). The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is fully migratory (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014). It breeds on dry Arctic tundra near freshwater lakes, pools, bogs (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), marshes (Kear 2005), streams (Madge and Burn 1988) and small rivers (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014) on the coast or up to 50 km (rarely up to 100 km) inland. It shows a preference for shallow fresh waters with emergent vegetation for initial brood rearing, afterwards moving to more saline waters where the young fledge. The species generally moults in sheltered fjords and bays with high densities of benthic fauna (Kear 2005), and winters at sea on deep offshore waters (Kear 2005, Carboneras and Kirwan 2014) close to the edge of sea ice or in coastal areas with shallow waters (Kear 2005).<br/><br/>It breeds from late-June onwards (Madge and Burn 1988) usually in well-dispersed (Kear 2005) solitary pairs (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), although in some areas it may also form loose colonies (Madge and Burn 1988). The nest is a slight hollow on dry ground and is usually positioned near water in the open or under the cover of driftwood, grass hummocks or rocks (Flint <em>et al.</em> 1984). Its diet consists predominantly of animal matter such as benthic molluscs, crustaceans, larval insects, echinoderms and other marine invertebrates, although the seeds and the vegetative parts of tundra plants, sedges and aquatic plants may also be taken on the breeding grounds (Kear 2005, Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), and algae, eelgrass <em>Zostera</em> spp. and <em>Ruppia maritima</em> may be taken at sea (Johnsgard 1978).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by chronic coastal oil pollution (Nikolaeva <em>et al</em>. 2006) and future oil spills (Nikolaeva <em>et al.</em> 2006), especially where it forms large aggregations on the sea during the moult period, on migration or in the winter (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014). The species is also threatened by the degradation of food resources as a result of oil exploration and by human disturbance when moulting and on migration, and is threatened by disturbance from uncontrolled shipping (e.g. oil transportation) on its wintering grounds (Nikolaeva <em>et al. </em>2006).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. CMS Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Strict legislation on oil exploration and transportation is needed as well as protection of key sites. Research into the species' ecology and population dynamics will help future conservation measures.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Spatula,clypeata,,Spatula clypeata,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",<em>Spatula clypeata</em>&#160;(del Hoyo and Collar 2014)&#160;was previously placed in the genus <em>Anas</em>.,No,LC,0,No,NT,A2bcde+3bcde+4bcde,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be decreasing by <em>ca</em> 19% over 14 years (three generations), and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be decreasing by 27% over 14 years (three generations), and hence nearly meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Near Threatened (NT A2bcde+3bcde+4bcde) in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is estimated to be decreasing by c.19% over 14 years (3 generations). In the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be decreasing by 27%. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, this species' stronghold is in the European part of Russia, with notable numbers in Finland, the Netherlands and Belarus. During winter, Spain and Azerbaijan host the majority of the population, with smaller numbers in France, Greece, Portugal and the United Kingdom.","The European breeding population is estimated at 147,000–196,000 pairs (295,000–391,000 mature individuals), and the European wintering population is estimated at 372,000–696,000 individuals (248,000–464,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 24,100–34,700 pairs (48,300–69,300 mature individuals), and the wintering population in the EU28 is estimated at 258,000–413,000 individuals (172,000–276,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Northern Shoveler inhabits permanent shallow freshwater wetlands (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), preferred sites being those surrounded by dense stands of reeds or other emergent vegetation whilst being free of overhanging trees or fringing forest (Snow and Perrins 1998). Suitable habitats include well-vegetated lakes and marshes and with muddy shores and substrates in open country (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), as well as oxbow lakes, channels and swamps (former U.S.S.R.) (Flint <em>et al.</em> 1984). It also frequents artificial waters bordered by lush grassland (Snow and Perrins 1998) such as sewage farms, rice-fields (Kear 2005) and fishponds (Musil 2006). In the winter it can be found on coastal brackish lagoons, tidal mudflats (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), estuaries (Madge and Burn 1988), coastal shorelines, fresh and brackish estuarine marshes (Johnsgard 1978), inland seas and brackish or saline inland waters (Snow and Perrins 1998), occasionally occurring (briefly) on marine waters during migration (Madge and Burn 1988, Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>It arrives at the breeding grounds from March where it breeds in solitary pairs or loose groups in the northern spring (chiefly from mid-April to June). The nest is a scrape or depression (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014) on the ground in tall grass, among hummocks, in the open (Flint <em>et al</em>. 1984) or (rarely) in bulrush marshes (Kear 2005). Normally between nine and eleven eggs are laid.<br/><br/>Its diet consists of small aquatic invertebrates such as adult and larval insects, molluscs, the seeds of emergent and aquatic plants (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), planktonic crustaceans (Snow and Perrins 1998), annelids, amphibian spawn, tadpoles, spiders, fish and the vegetative parts of aquatic plants (Johnsgard 1978, Brown <em>et al.</em> 1982).<br/><br/>This species is highly migratory, although it may be present all year round in parts of Europe (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by habitat loss from drainage and changing farmland practices (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997), is occasionally killed by collisions with power transmission lines (Malcolm 1982), and suffers from nest predation by American Mink (<em>Neovison vison</em>) (Opermanis <em>et al.</em> 2001, Nordstrom<em> et al.</em> 2002, Bartoszewicz and Zalewski 2003). It is susceptible to avian influenza (Melville and Shortridge 2006, Gaidet <em>et al.</em> 2007) and avian botulism (Forrester <em>et al.</em> 1980) so may be threatened by future outbreaks of these diseases. The species suffers mortality as a result of lead shot ingestion (Camargue, France and Spain (Mateo<em> et al.</em> 1998, Mondain-Monval <em>et al.</em> 2002)). The species is a favoured quarry species throughout most of the world, but is rarely taken in large numbers (Kear 2005). It is hunted for sport in Denmark (Bregnballe <em>et al.</em> 2006) and the Po delta, Italy (Sorrenti <em>et al.</em> 2006). The eggs of this species used to be (and possibly still are) harvested in Iceland (Gudmundsson 1979).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II.  EU Birds Directive Annex II and III. Some studies have been done on the requirements of this species. A study in the Czech Republic found that fish ponds with a fish stock density of less than 400 kg/ha, water transparency of more than 50 cm, mixed fish stocks (e.g. tench and pike or perch) rather than monospecific stocks (e.g. of carp), and systems that include ponds with fish fry (to provide areas with low fish competition and high invertebrate availability) are more successful in supporting breeding pairs of this species (Musil 2006). The cyclical removal of adult fish from an artificial waterbody (gravel pit) in the U.K. attracted nesting pairs to the area by causing an increase in invertebrate food availability and an increase in the growth of submerged aquatic macrophytes (Giles 1994). The removed fish (dead or alive) were sold to generate funds (Giles 1994).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>A network of key sites needs to be preserved and low-intensity farmland practices encouraged to help preserve habitat for this species. Power lines should be moved or made more visible and appropriate predator control undertaken in breeding areas. The impact of hunting should be researched and monitored to ensure bag numbers are sustainable.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Spatula,querquedula,,Spatula querquedula,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",<em>Spatula querquedula</em>&#160;(del Hoyo and Collar 2014)&#160;was previously placed in the genus <em>Anas</em>.,No,LC,0,No,VU,A2abcde+3bcde+4abcde,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be decreasing by <em>ca</em> 9% over 10 years, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be decreasing by more than 36% over 10 years, and hence meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. Since the wider European population is also decreasing, there is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the EU28 and the final category is unchanged.&#160;For these reasons the species is evaluated as Vulnerable (VU A2bcde+3bcde+4bcde) in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is estimated to be decreasing by c. 9% over 10 years. In the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be decreasing by more than 36%. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe the species stronghold is the European part of Russia, with notable numbers breeding in Belarus and Ukraine.","The European breeding population is estimated at 340,000–460,000 pairs (681,000–920,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 8,000–19,300 pairs (16,100–38,600 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In the breeding season this species frequents small, shallow ponds and lakes with abundant floating, emergent and fringing vegetation (Johnsgard 1978, Carboneras and Kirwan 2014) that is not too tall or dense, such as bulrush (<em>Typha </em>spp.) (Cramp and Simmons 1977, Green 1998), in grass dominated environments, like swampy meadows, flooded fields, shallow freshwater marshes (Johnsgard 1978, Schricke 2001, Carboneras and Kirwan 2014).<br/><br/>It is a highly sociable and gregarious species, and regularly forms large congregations of several hundred on passage, but whilst breeding can be found in single pairs or small groups (Cramp and Simmons 1977, Madge and Burn 1988).<br/><br/>Meadows are the favoured nesting areas of this species, with nests rarely located more than 150 m from water (usually within 20 m) (Cramp and Simmons 1977). The nest itself is a depression in the ground, typically situated under rushes or tall grasses (such as manna grass, <em>Glyceria</em>), but not generally under shrubs (Johnsgard 1978, Carboneras and Kirwan 2014). Typically, eight to eleven eggs are laid (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014). <br/><br/>When breeding, this species is omnivorous (Johnsgard 1978). In spring and summer its diet is dominated by animal matter: chiefly molluscs, aquatic insects and their larvae (waterbugs, caddisfly, water beetles, midges), crustaceans (ostracods and phyllopods especially), worms, leeches, young and spawn of frogs, and small fish (Johnsgard 1978, Hockey et al. 2005). Seeds, roots, tubers, stems, leaves and buds of plants such as Hornwort <em>Ceratophyllum</em>, Naiad <em>Najas</em>, sedge, grass and other aquatic plants are also important at this time (Cramp and Simmons 1977, Johnsgard 1978, Carboneras and Kirwan 2014). During the non-breeding season the birds are mainly vegetarian (Treca 1981).<br/><br/>This species is highly migratory, breeding widely across western Eurasia and wintering within the northern tropics. It migrates on a broad front, the autumn migration beginning in late July and peaking in August or early September (in Europe and Egypt). The spring migration begins in February, with birds beginning to arrive at breeding grounds from mid-March to early-May (Scott and Rose 1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The most significant threat encountered by this species on its breeding grounds in Europe is habitat deterioration through the drainage and reclamation of wetlands (Kear 2005), the increasing climatic aridity and subsequent lowering of the water table, and the transformation of wetlands to dammed reservoirs (Scott and Rose 1996). Other threats to this species include the destruction of nests during the early mowing of meadows, increased human disturbance, lead poisoning, botulism during hot summers (Kear 2005) and hunting disturbance in Africa and Europe (Vaananen 2001) (500,000 are shot annually in Russia, Ukraine, France and Poland) (Kear 2005). The invasive species American Mink (<em>Neovison vison</em>) also poses a threat through nest predation (Opermanis <em>et al.</em> 2001), and the species is susceptible to avian influenza (particularly strain H5N1) so is therefore threatened by outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006). This species is hunted in Denmark, but there is evidence that this may be sustainable (Bregnballe<em> et al.</em> 2006).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/> Key areas of breeding habitat for this species should be identified and protected. Monitoring should be implemented and accurate bag numbers recorded in countries where the species is hunted to ensure sustainability. Predator control may be necessary in some areas.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,COLUMBIFORMES,COLUMBIDAE,Spilopelia,senegalensis,,Spilopelia senegalensis,"(Linnaeus, 1766)",<em>Spilopelia senegalensis</em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) was previously placed in the genus <em>Stigmatopelia</em>.<p></p>,No,LC,0,No,NT,NT°° D1,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Near Threatened (NT°°)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D).&#160;&#160;The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, although this species may have a small range, it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is very small, and meets the thresholds for Endangered under the population size criterion D.&#160;However, considering the large increasing neighbouring population in the wider European region, there is considered to be very significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category is downlisted by two categories to Near Threatened (NT°°).","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be increasing. In the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds mainly in Turkey, and also notably in Azerbaijan and Armenia, with small populations also present in Russia, Italy and Georgia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 70,700-164,000 pairs, which equates to 141,000-328,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 60-80 pairs, which equates to 130-150 mature individuals, and already occurred in the region in similar numbers during the previous assessment update, which erroneously described it as not present. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is associated with cultivation, trees (but not forests) and human habitation. Breeding season varies between regions. The nest is a frail, thin platform of roots, twigs and petioles placed in a bush or tree up to 15 m above the ground (Baptista <em>et al.</em> 1997). It may also nest on buildings under the eaves, on drainpipes or in cracks in walls (Snow and Perrins 1998). It feeds on small seeds but also takes fruits, nectar from Aloe and some insects (Baptista <em>et al.</em> 1997). It is largely resident throughout range (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There are currently no known serious threats to this species.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Currently no conservation measures are required for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,FRINGILLIDAE,Spinus,spinus,,Spinus spinus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In both Europe and the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia, Finland and Sweden.","The European breeding population is estimated at 6,880,000–12,900,000 pairs (13,700,000–25,800,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 2,690,000–4,720,000 pairs (5,390,000–9,440,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in boreal and temperate lowland, submontane and montane conifer forests, mainly spruce (<em>Picea</em>), and in fairly open mixed deciduous and conifer forests, including fir (<em>Abies</em>) and pine (<em>Pinus</em>). It also frequents a wide variety of other trees, including larch (<em>Larix</em>), alder (<em>Alnus</em>) and birch (<em>Betula</em>), together with non-native conifers in plantations, parks and gardens. It is found in similar habitats outside the breeding season as well as on heaths, commons, orchards, weedy thickets, parks and gardens.<br/><br/>The breeding season begins late February or March and runs until August and the timing is dependent on the cone crop. The nest is a small ball of conifer twigs, bark strips, plant fibres, roots and down, heather, grass, moss, lichens, animal hair, feathers and cobwebs and is placed against the trunk or in the outer branches of a tall tree, up to 20 m above ground. It lays three to five eggs (Clement 2016).<br/><br/>It feeds principally on seeds, particularly of conifers, alder, birch and herbs and in the breeding season it also takes invertebrates.<br/><br/>Northern populations are mostly migratory while some southern populations are resident (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",In some areas the species fluctuates significantly due to irregular resource availability (Clement 2016).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known specific conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,STERCORARIIDAE,Stercorarius,longicaudus,,Stercorarius longicaudus,"Vieillot, 1819",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be fluctuating, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be fluctuating, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be fluctuating. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia and Sweden, with significant numbers occurring also in Greenland, Finland and Norway.","The European breeding population is estimated at 36,600–80,100 pairs (73,200–161,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 13,600–28,000 pairs (27,200–56,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","This species is marine and highly pelagic, rarely occurring within sight of land except when breeding.<br/><br/>Breeding begins in June with birds widely scattered over the Arctic and  subarctic or montane tundra, up to 1,300 m in Scandinavia. It is highly  territorial. The nest is an unlined, inconspicuous scrape into which two  eggs are typically laid. <br/><br/>It feeds mainly on lemmings during the summer but will also take shrews, many insects, berries and small birds when microtines are scarce. Its winter diet is largely unknown, but probably includes marine insects and fish with some scavenging and kleptoparasitism. <br/><br/>It is a transequatorial migrant but due to its pelagic nature its migration routes and winter distribution are poorly known (Furness <em>et al.</em> 2018).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",This species suffers heavy predation of eggs and young from Arctic fox (<em>Alopex lagopus</em>). Its breeding success is closely linked with lemming abundance (Furness <em>et al. </em>2018) and thus is threatened by possible disruption to lemming cycles caused by climate change. This may already be a threat as recent anomalies in lemming cycle dynamics in eastern Greenland have already been observed (Gilg <em>et al.</em> 2009).,"<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species has been the subject of a recent satellite tagging study, aimed at finding out more about its movements outside the breeding season (Gilg <em>et al.</em> 2013).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Monitoring to more accurately determine the population of this species is needed. Further research in the requirements and movements of this species would help inform future conservation measures.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,STERCORARIIDAE,Stercorarius,parasiticus,,Stercorarius parasiticus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,EN,A4bcde,No,EN,A2abc+4abc,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population trend is estimated to be decreasing at a rate which will become very rapid and meet the thresholds for Endangered (EN) under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A) by 2039, and is therefore assessed as such in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is small (&lt;10,000 but &gt;1,000 mature individuals), and hence meets the population size threshold for Vulnerable under criterion C (but not criterion D). The population trend is estimated to be decreasing at a very rapid rate, which&#160;meets the thresholds for Endangered under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Endangered (EN) in the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the breeding population size is suspected to decrease by approximately 61% (best estimate) between 2005-2039 (3 generations). In the EU28, the breeding population size is estimated to be decreasing by approximately 60% over the past 34 years and is expected to decline by 58% between 1987-2021.&#160;&#160;These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on Icelandic Red List for birds (Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands&#160;2018) and the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","The species is circumpolar and in Europe as elsewhere breeds in the northernmost areas of coastal tundra, typically within the band 57°–80° N (Furness 1996). Its major European populations occur in Iceland, Russia and Norway, with  small numbers in Svalbard and Jan Mayen, the United Kingdom and Greenland.","The European breeding population is estimated at 27,100–41,500 pairs (54,200–83,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 1,400–2,900 pairs (2,800–5,800 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is marine and predominately coastal but will migrate over land. It breeds on tundra, moorland or grassland.  Breeding begins in May or June, occurring later in the north than the south. It is either colonial at seabird sites or widely scattered across the tundra where it is territorial.<br/><br/>The nest is an unlined scrape and is inconspicuous. Clutches are normally two eggs, but inexperienced birds may only lay one.<br/><br/>Most or all of its food will be obtained by kleptoparasitism when nesting near other seabird colonies, otherwise its diet can include microtine rodents, adult and fledgling passerines, wader chicks, birds' eggs, insects and berries.<br/><br/>The species is mainly a transequatorial migrant, with very small numbers wintering in the Northern Hemisphere (Furness 1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Human persecution is a very local problem in Scotland, Faeroes, Iceland and Scandinavia. Increasing numbers of <em>Catharacta skua</em> have displaced some colonies in Scotland. Arctic fox (<em>Alopex lagopus</em>) is a major predator of eggs and chicks at higher latitudes, and Snowy Owls (<em>Nyctea scandiaca</em>) can also take many chicks (Furness 1996). In some areas the species is also threatened by wind energy production, fisheries and rising temperature extremes (Furness 2002, Furness <em>et al</em>. 2013, Furness 2018).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known significant conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>As the populations in Russia are poorly monitored and population estimates are very approximate (Furness 1996) better monitoring is required.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,STERCORARIIDAE,Stercorarius,pomarinus,,Stercorarius pomarinus,"(Temminck, 1815)",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is small (&lt;10,000 but &gt;1,000 mature individuals), and although the population trend is not known, the population size is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly, hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D) or the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>The species does not breed in the EU28, thus is classified as Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe the breeding population size trend is unknown. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia.<p></p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 2,500–4,100 pairs (5,000–8,100 mature individuals). The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is marine outside the breeding season, remaining somewhat coastal, especially in upwelling regions of the tropics and subtropics.  It breeds on Arctic tundra, favouring low-lying moss tundra with pools, and hummocky areas in moist bogs.<br/><br/>Breeding begins in June at scattered sites across the tundra where lemming concentrations are high. Individuals are highly territorial. The nest is an unlined scrape and is inconspicuous. Clutches are normally two eggs.<br/><br/>Whilst breeding it specialises on catching lemmings which frequently constitute over 90% of their diet, also feeding on young waders and gamebirds, bird eggs and carrion. In winter, it takes fish, sometimes by kleptoparasitism, small seabirds, and scavenges on carrion.<br/><br/>Outside the breeding season, it migrates south, including long migrations over land (Furness 1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The breeding success of this species is dependent on lemming abundance. Predation of eggs and chicks by Arctic Fox (<em>Alopex lagopus</em>) and Snowy Owl (<em>Nyctea scandiaca</em>) occurs but is not a serious threat as this species is large enough to drive off nest predators (Furness 1996).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known significant conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently thought to be required for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,LARIDAE,Sterna,dougallii,,Sterna dougallii,"Montagu, 1813","The BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group is aware that phylogenetic analyses have been published which have proposed generic rearrangements which may affect this species, but prefers to wait until work by other taxonomists reveals how these changes affect the entire groups involved.    <p></p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, although this species may have a small range it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is small (&lt;10,000 but &gt;1,000), but the population trend appears to be increasing, and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under (criteria C and D) or the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Ireland and the Azores (Portugal), with small numbers in the United Kingdom and France.","The European breeding population is estimated at 2,400–3,100 pairs (4,900–6,200 mature individuals). The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species nests on sand-dunes, sand-spits, shingle beaches, reefs (Snow and Perrins 1998), saltmarshes and rocky, sandy or coral islands, showing a preference for densely vegetated sites in temperate regions (Gochfeld and Burger 1996). It also shows a preference for nest sites close to clear, shallow, sandy fishing grounds in tidal bays and sheltered inshore waters (Snow and Perrins 1998). Throughout the year the species often rests and forages in sheltered estuaries, creeks (Urban <em>et al</em>. 1986), inshore waters and up to several kilometres offshore (Gochfeld and Burger 1996), moving to warm tropical coasts after breeding (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>The species breeds in large, dense single- or mixed-species colonies that may contain several thousands of pairs.  The nest is a bare scrape in sand, shingle or coral rubble (Gochfeld and Burger 1996), preferably in sites surrounded by walls and rocks (Newton and Crowe 2000) or in the shelter of vegetation (in temperate regions) (Richards 1990, Snow and Perrins 1998), also in crevices between and under rocks, or in the entrances to rabbit or Puffin burrows (Snow and Perrins 1998). Clutches are normally two eggs but can be only one in poor food years (Gochfeld and Burger 1996).<br/><br/>This species is a specialist forager, and takes a small prey spectrum compared to Common Tern at the same sites (Birdlife International 2000). Its diet consists predominantly of small pelagic fish (Urban <em>et al</em>. 1986, Gochfeld and Burger 1996), particularly sand eel (Birdlife International 2000, Newton and Crowe 2000) and sprat (Birdlife International 2000) and sometimes clupeids (Birdlife International 2000, Newton and Crowe 2000) and gadoids (Newton and Crowe 2000), although it will also take insects and marine invertebrates (Gochfeld and Burger 1996). Sandeel are particularly important during chick rearing (Newton and Crowe 2000).<br/><br/>The species is migratory and Palearctic birds winter in West Africa (Gochfeld and Burger 1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by a number of agents, of which hunting in the wintering quarters may be the most significant (Brown and Nettleship 1984, Buckley and Buckley 1984, Cooper <em>et al</em>. 1984, Avery <em>et al.</em> 1995). At the northern European breeding grounds, the most significant threats are human disturbance (e.g., from habitat development, off-road vehicles and recreation (Buckley and Buckley 1984, van Halewyn and Norton 1984)) and predation from both natural and introduced avian and ground predators (Brown and Nettleship 1984, Buckley and Buckley 1984, Cooper <em>et al.</em> 1984, van Halewyn and Norton 1984, Avery <em>et al.</em> 1995, Snow and Perrins 1998). Disturbance and egg-collecting have been stopped in most areas by the use of wardens, but disturbance still threatens some major colonies in the Azores (van Halewyn and Norton 1984, Gochfeld and Burger 1996). Predation by rats, ferrets, red foxes and Peregrine Falcon (<em>Falco peregrinus</em>) occurs locally, and can have significant effects, including complete breeding failure at some Azores colonies (Avery <em>et al</em>. 1995). Natural predators can often take a great toll on localised colonies, particularly when terns are disturbed from the nest by other birds and humans (Buckley and Buckley 1984, Cooper <em>et al</em>. 1984). Habitat loss in Northern Europe is not a major problem but has caused the local extinction of some colonies, as have extreme weather events (Avery <em>et al.</em> 1995). Climate change may negatively affect the species, but the exact mechanisms are not known (Newbery 1999). The species is also vulnerable to pollution and disease (Brown and Nettleship 1984, Avery et al. 1995).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Breeding birds are fully protected by national and international law but at sea outside of European territorial waters or in the coastal waters of other countries protection is limited (Tucker and Heath 1994). An action plan for the recovery of the European population was launched in 1987 (Avery 1987) and most of its recommendations have been implemented (Avery <em>et al</em>. 1995). An International Species Action Plan was published in 1999 (Newbery 1999).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Legislative protection and enforcement should be introduced for the entire range of this species (Tucker and Heath 1994). Breeding pairs are known to be attracted to coastal locations where artificial nesting sites have been constructed (e.g. beaches of bare shingle and islands or rafts covered with sparse vegetation) (Burgess and Hirons 1992) and nesting-boxes provided (chicks may also use nest-boxes as shelters if adults do not nest in them directly) (Avery <em>et al.</em> 1995, Casey <em>et al.</em> 1995, Newton and Crowe 2000). Increased breeding successes can also be gained through nest-site vegetation management (Casey<em> et al.</em> 1995, Newton and Crowe 2000), landscaping (e.g. creating terraces or infilling flooded hollows), flood prevention (Newton and Crowe 2000), and continuous wardening to minimise unauthorised disturbance (Casey<em> et al</em>. 1995, Newton and Crowe 2000). Non-lethal predator control (e.g. destroying eggs and nests of gull species attempting to nest on islands) can also be successful in increasing the overall breeding success of the species (Casey <em>et al</em>. 1995, Leonard<em> et al.</em> 2004). Colonies which seem abandoned should still be protected and maintained to allow recolonization. At selected sites population and productivity monitoring should continue (Tucker and Heath 1994).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,LARIDAE,Sterna,hirundo,,Sterna hirundo,"Linnaeus, 1758","The BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group is aware that phylogenetic analyses have been published which have proposed generic rearrangements which may affect this species, but prefers to wait until work by other taxonomists reveals how these changes affect the entire groups involved.  <p></p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size trend is difficult to define, thus is considered to be unknown. In the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia, with notable numbers in Finland, Ukraine, Sweden, Belarus and Turkey.","The European breeding population is estimated at 440,000–714,000 pairs (881,000–1,430,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 126,000–205,000 pairs (253,000–410,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in a wide variety of habitats in coastal and inland areas from sea-level to heights of greater than 4,000 m (Gochfeld <em>et al</em>. 2013). Along the coast it shows a preference for nesting on flat rock surfaces on inshore islands (Snow and Perrins 1998), open shingle and sandy beaches, dunes and spits (Snow and Perrins 1998, Gochfeld <em>et al.</em> 2013), vegetated inter-dune areas, sandy, rocky, shell-strewn or well-vegetated islands in estuaries (Gochfeld <em>et al</em>. 2013) and coastal lagoons (Snow and Perrins 1998), saltmarshes (Richards 1990, Snow and Perrins 1998), mainland peninsulas (Snow and Perrins 1998) and grassy plateaux atop coastal cliffs (Gochfeld <em>et al</em>. 2013). Inland it may nest in similar habitats including sand or shingle lakes shores (Richards 1990), shingle banks in rivers (Snow and Perrins 1998), sandy, rocky, shell-strewn or well-vegetated islands in lakes and rivers (Snow and Perrins 1998, Gochfeld <em>et al</em>. 2013), sand- or gravel-pits (Richards 1990, Snow and Perrins 1998), marshes, ponds, grassy areas and patches of dredged soil (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>It breeds between April and June in solitary pairs or colonially in groups of up to several thousand pairs (inland colonies often smaller and more widely-dispersed than coastal ones). The nest is a shallow depression on open substrates with little or no vegetation placed near a vertical object (e.g. rock, shell, plant or artefact) to provide shelter for chicks and to facilitate nest identification. Nest sites include the edges of bare sand amongst vegetation, rocks or logs, open areas on the margins of vegetation on beaches, the edges of mats of vegetation in marshes, and grassy or rocky substrates on rocky islets. The species will also readily nest on artificial rafts. Clutches at higher latitudes are normally three eggs, however this is affected by food availability.<br/><br/>This bird is an opportunistic feeder, its diet consisting predominantly of small fish and occasionally planktonic crustaceans and insects. This species is a strongly migratory coastal seabird (Snow and Perrins 1998, Gochfeld <em>et al.</em> 2013).<br/><br/>Palearctic breeders migrate south after breeding between August and October, returning to the breeding grounds in March or April (Gochfeld <em>et al.</em> 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","During the breeding season the species is vulnerable to human disturbance at nesting colonies (Buckley and Buckley 1984, Blokpoel and Scharf 1991) (e.g. from off-road vehicles, recreation, motor-boats, personal watercraft and dogs) (van Halewyn and Norton 1984, Hyde 1997, Burger 1998, Gochfeld <em>et al</em>. 2013), and to the flooding of nest sites as a result of naturally fluctuating water levels (Buckley and Buckley 1984, Hyde 1997, Gochfeld <em>et al.</em> 2013). On its breeding grounds the species is also threatened by habitat loss as a result of coastal development (Buckley and Buckley 1984, Blokpoel and Scharf 1991, Hyde 1997, Gochfeld <em>et al</em>. 2013), erosion (Hyde 1997), vegetation overgrowth (rapid vegetation succession encroaching upon nesting habitats) (Blokpoel and Scharf 1991, Hyde 1997, Gochfeld <em>et al</em>. 2013), and chemical pollution (which may also result in eggshell thinning) (Blokpoel and Scharf 1991, Hyde 1997, Gochfeld <em>et al</em>. 2013). It suffers predation at nesting colonies from rats (especially on islands) (Buckley and Buckley 1984, Gochfeld <em>et al.</em> 2013) and from expanding populations of large gull species (Brown and Nettleship 1984, Gochfeld <em>et al. </em>2013) such as Herring Gulls (<em>Larus argentatus</em>) (Buckley and Buckley 1984) (gulls may also prevent the species from nesting in the area by colonising it first) (Blokpoel and Scharf 1991, Gochfeld<em> et al.</em> 2013). The species is susceptible to avian influenza so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006). Other threats include organochlorine pollution, over-fishing by man (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997) and fatalities from wind turbine collisions (Everaert and Stienen 2007).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>A conservation scheme for the protection of gull and tern breeding colonies in coastal lagoons and deltas (e.g. Po Delta, Italy) involves protection from human disturbance, prevention of erosion of islet complexes, habitat maintenance and the creation of new islets for nest sites (Fasola and Canova 1996). <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>In the Po Delta of Italy a conservation scheme has specified that bare islets with 30–100 % cover of low vegetation (sward heights less than 20 cm) should be maintained or created as nesting sites (Fasola and Canova 1996). Artificial nesting rafts have proved effective in promoting breeding success in areas where there is a lack of suitable nesting habitat or where human disturbance is a particular threat (1996) (Gochfeld <em>et al</em>. 2013). Using fire to expose the ground surface in areas where vegetation succession is proceeding too far towards closed vegetation stages has been successful in some areas (Hyde 1997). Management techniques used to increase the breeding numbers and reproductive success of the species in the Great Lakes region of North America include creating artificial nesting sites, vegetation management, enhancement of existing nesting habitat, using models and vocalisation to attract breeding pairs and predator control (e.g. mammal-exclusion, destruction of gull nests, direct predator removal, or preventative measures against gull nesting) (Blokpoel and Scharf 1991). Culling predatory gulls can be an effective management tool to enhance breeding productivity (Guillemette and Brousseau 2001), although some management plans recommend non-lethal harassment techniques that target gulls (e.g. egg and nest destruction, conspicuous human observers, gull displacement walks, and pyrotechnics) to reduce predation on nesting colonies rather than culling (Donehower <em>et al.</em> 2007).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,LARIDAE,Sterna,paradisaea,,Sterna paradisaea,"Pontoppidan, 1763","The BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group is aware that phylogenetic analyses have been published which have proposed generic rearrangements which may affect this species, but prefers to wait until work by other taxonomists reveals how these changes affect the entire groups involved.    <p></p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is estimated to be stable. In the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Iceland, with significant numbers occurring also in Greenland, Finland, Romania, the United Kingdom, Sweden and Norway.","The European breeding population is estimated at 531,000–754,000 pairs (1,060,000–1,510,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 179,000–283,000 pairs (359,000–565,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds along northern coastlines (Gochfeld <em>et al.</em> 2014) and on inshore islands, as well as inland on tundra and forest-tundra (Flint <em>et al.</em> 1984). It shows a preference for habitats with a vegetation cover of less than 40%, nesting on sand or shingle beaches, ridges (Gochfeld <em>et al</em>. 2014) and spits, rocky ground and small islands (Flint et al. 1984) in lakes and coastal lagoons (Gochfeld <em>et al</em>. 2014). It may also nest on islets or banks along rivers (Snow and Perrins 1998), on swampy tundra and peatlands with bog hummocks (Gochfeld <em>et al.</em> 2014) and reed-covered flats (Flint <em>et al</em>. 1984), or on inland heaths, rough pastures, meadows (Gochfeld <em>et al. </em>2014) and sedge grassland (Snow and Perrins 1998) not far from water (Flint<em> et al.</em> 1984). The species also forages offshore, in ice-filled coastal bays or over wet tundra (Gochfeld <em>et al.</em> 2014). On passage, it largely flies over open ocean (Snow and Perrins 1998) resting at sea on kelp, logs or flotsam, but may occur inland or along coastlines on beaches, reefs and spits (Higgins and Davies 1996).<br/><br/>The species breeds between May and July (although the exact timing varies with temperature and food availability) in solitary pairs or colonies of a few to several hundred pairs (usually 2–25). The nest is a shallow scrape (Gochfeld <em>et al. </em>2014) in sand, shingle or turf (Richards 1990) on beaches, ridges and spits, rocky ground, small islands  in lakes, coastal lagoons (Gochfeld <em>et al</em>. 2014) and rivers (Snow and Perrins 1998), swampy tundra and peatlands with bog hummocks (Gochfeld <em>et al</em>. 2014) and reed-covered flats (Flint <em>et al</em>. 1984), or on inland heaths, rough pastures, meadows (Gochfeld <em>et al</em>. 2014) and sedge grassland (Snow and Perrins 1998) not far from water (Flint <em>et al.</em> 1984). It will also nest on artificial structures. Clutches are two to three eggs. <br/><br/>Its diet consists predominantly of fish as well as crustaceans (especially planktonic species), molluscs, insects (e.g. caterpillars, Chironomidae) and earthworms. It will also take berries in the early spring on arrival on its breeding grounds but does not readily switch to other prey items when preferred prey supplies fail.<br/><br/>This species is a very strong migrant and makes exceptional long-distance movements offshore or along western continental coastlines (Melville and Shortridge 2006, Gochfeld <em>et al</em>. 2014) between its high Arctic breeding grounds and Antarctic wintering grounds (Gochfeld <em>et al.</em> 2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is potentially threatened by climate change because it has a geographically bounded distribution: its global distribution is restricted to within c.10° latitude from the polar edge of continent within&#160; 20–50% of current vegetation type is projected to disappear under a doubling of CO<sub>2</sub> levels (Birdlife International, unpublished data). In many parts of Scandinavia, declines have been caused in the past by egg collecting, however this has decreased in recent years allowing the population to recover (Gochfeld <em>et al</em>. 2014). In some areas predation by Starlings (<em>Sturnus vulgaris</em>) (Horobin 1971) and American Mink (<em>Mustela vison</em>) can be a problem (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997) and mortality has been recorded as a result of red tide (Horobin 1971). In northern Britain the collapse of sand eel stocks have caused a crash in the population and in Svalbard the population may be vulnerable to oil, particularly in the post-breeding period (Gochfeld <em>et al.</em> 2014). Pollution is likely a major factor in the species' decline and yachting and other leisure activities have led to an increase in disturbance. Declines have also been correlated with gull abundance (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II.  EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II.  In the Baltic Sea, removing feral American Mink (<em>Neovison vison</em>) from a large archipelago with many small islands resulted in an increase in the breeding density of this species in the area (Nordstrom <em>et al</em>. 2003). <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Gull control measures may also be practised successfully at some sites to reduce predation and displacement, especially when carried out in conjunction with the use of recordings and models to induce recolonisation of nesting terns (Buckley and Buckley 1984). This species also benefits from the removal of American Mink (Nordstrom <em>et al. </em>2003).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,LARIDAE,Sternula,albifrons,,Sternula albifrons,"(Pallas, 1764)",<em>Sternula albifrons</em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) was previously placed in the genus <em>Sterna</em>.    <p></p>,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be decreasing by <em>ca</em> 9% over 29 years (three generations), and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be decreasing by <em>ca</em> 7% over 29 years (three generations), and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is estimated to be decreasing by c. 9%, while in the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be decreasing by c. 7% over 29 years (3 generations). For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia, with significant numbers occurring also in Turkey, Ukraine and Italy, as well as Spain, France and Greece.<p></p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 33,400–50,300 pairs (66,800–101,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 12,800–18,700 pairs (25,700–37,400 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is mainly coastal, but is also found inland along rivers and on oceanic islands. It breeds on barren or sparsely vegetated sandy, shell and rocky islands, shingle beaches, spits in estuaries and lakes, salt-marshes, salt-pans and rivers. Outside of the breeding season it frequents tidal creeks, coastal lagoons and salt-pans; sometimes feeds far out to sea (Gochfeld and Burger 1996).<br/><br/>It feeds mainly on small fish and crustaceans, also insects, annelids and molluscs. The main fish species include sand eels (<em>Ammodytes</em>), roach (<em>Rutilus rutilus</em>), rudd (<em>Scardinius erythrophthalmus</em>), carp (<em>Cyprinus carpio</em>), perch (<em>Perca fluviatilis</em>). It specializes in prolonged hovering and plunge-diving into shallow water, often at the edge of the advancing tide. Groups of birds may dive synchronously (Gochfeld and Burger 1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by habitat destruction (Barcena <em>et al</em>. 1984) such as the development and industrial reclamation of coastal breeding habitats (Barcena <em>et al</em>. 1984, Gochfeld and Burger 1996) (e.g. for the development of new harbour facilities) (Barcena<em> et al</em>. 1984). It is also highly vulnerable to human disturbance (including birdwatchers) at coastal and inland nesting sites which can lead to nest failures (Barcena <em>et al.</em> 1984, Gochfeld and Burger 1996). Pesticide pollution (e.g. organochlorine pollutants, mercury and DDT) (Barcena <em>et al.</em> 1984, Thyen <em>et al.</em> 2000, Choi <em>et al</em>. 2001) and artificially induced water-level fluctuations in saltmarshes (Barcena <em>et al</em>. 1984) may also pose a threat to the species' reproductive success (Barcena <em>et al.</em> 1984, Thyen <em>et al</em>. 2000, Choi et al. 2001). The species also suffers from local egg collecting (Barcena<em> et al.</em> 1984) and is susceptible to avian influenza so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed in Appendix II of the Convention on Migratory Species and is covered under the African Eurasian Waterbird Agreement. It is on Annex II of the Bern Convention. Within the EU it is listed on Annex I of the Birds Directive. Protective measures such as fencing-off sensitive nesting areas, erecting warning signs and wardening are effective measures of increasing the breeding success of this species on sandy beaches (Richards 1990, Medeiros <em>et al</em>. 2007). There is also evidence that earlier breeders benefit more (i.e. have higher reproductive success) from protective measures, suggesting that conservation efforts can be maximised if concentrated earlier in the season (Medeiros <em>et al</em>. 2007). Breeding pairs are also known to be attracted to coastal locations where artificial nesting sites have been constructed (e.g. beaches of bare shingle and islands or rafts covered with sparse vegetation) (Burgess and Hirons 1992). A conservation scheme for the protection of gull and tern breeding colonies in coastal lagoons and deltas (e.g. Po Delta, Italy) involves protection from human disturbance, prevention of erosion of islet complexes, habitat maintenance and the creation of new islets for nest sites (Fasola and Canova 1996). There are 258 Important Bird Areas identified across the European region. Within the EU there are 648 Special Protection Areas which include this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Management of existing Special Protection Areas, including continuing measures to reduce human disturbance to breeding sites.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,COLUMBIFORMES,COLUMBIDAE,Streptopelia,decaocto,,Streptopelia decaocto,"Frivaldszky, 1838","<p><em>Streptopelia decaocto&#160;</em>and<em>&#160;S. xanthocycla&#160;</em>(del Hoyo and Collar 2014) were previously lumped as&#160;<em>S. decaocto&#160;</em>following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).<em>&#160;</em></p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is estimated to be stable. In the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","The species breeds across much of Europe, with major populations occurring in Romania, Turkey, Spain, France and Poland, as well as the United Kingdom, Greece and Portugal.","The European breeding population is estimated at 8,960,000–22,100,000 pairs (17,900,000–44,100,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 6,990,000–17,500,000 pairs (13,900,000–34,900,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is found in towns and cities, parks, orchards and gardens. In the mountains of Kurdistan (including southeast Turkey) it is found in poplar (<em>Populus</em>) thickets, bramble (<em>Rubus</em>) clumps, tamarisk (<em>Tamarix</em>) groves and orchards.<br/><br/>In cooler parts of its range it generally breeds between March and October in more southerly areas it breeds all year round. It lays two eggs. The nest is a platform of twigs, stems and roots placed 2 m above ground in bushes, trees, tall hedges and man-made structures including pylons and buildings.<br/><br/>It mainly feeds on the ground taking seed, cereal grain, fruits of herbs and grasses and some green parts of plants. It will also take some invertebrates.<br/><br/>It is generally resident (Baptista <em>et al</em>. 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There are currently no known serious threats to this species.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Currently no conservation measures are required for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,COLUMBIFORMES,COLUMBIDAE,Streptopelia,turtur,,Streptopelia turtur,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,VU,A2abcde+3bcde+4abcde,No,NT,A2bcde+3bcde+4bcde,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population trend appears to be declining at a rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A) and is therefore assessed as such in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population trend appears to be declining at a moderately rapid rate which approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened in the EU28. As the wider European population is also rapidly declining, there is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 32% (best estimate) in the past 15 years (three generations) and is expected to continue declining by approximately 31% (best estimate) between 2006-2021. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to have decreased a rate by 27% (best estimate) in the past three generations, and is expected to continue declining at the same rate between 2006-2021 and over the next three generations.&#160;These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, based on the PECBMS trends (EBCC 2018) and the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","This species' breeding range is largely confined to and covers most of Europe and the Canary Islands (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).  It breeds in most countries in Europe, largely in Spain, but also notably in Turkey, France, Italy and Romania.","The European breeding population is estimated at 2,510,000-4,760,000 pairs, which equates to 5,020,000-9,510,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 1,980,000-3,440,000 pairs, which equates to 3,960,000-6,880,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species uses hedges, borders of forest, groves, spinneys, coppices, young tree plantations, scrubby wasteland, woody marshes, scrub and garrigue, all with agricultural areas nearby for feeding (Tucker and Heath 1994). It uses a wide variety of woodland types. It tolerates humans but does not breed close to towns or villages (Baptista <em>et al.</em> 2015). It breeds at low altitudes not exceeding 500 m in the temperate zone and up to 1,000-1,300 m in Mediterranean areas (Tucker and Heath&#160;1994). Breeding commences in May. It lays two eggs (Baptista <em>et al.</em> 2015). The nest is a small platform of twigs lined with plant material and placed in the lowest parts of trees (Tucker and Heath&#160;1994) and in shrubs and hedges. It mainly feeds on the ground taking seeds and fruits of weeds and cereals, but also berries, fungi and invertebrates. It is strongly migratory (Baptista <em>et al.</em> 2015), wintering south of the Sahara from Senegal east to Eritrea and Ethiopia (Tucker and Heath&#160;1994).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Transformation of agricultural land, including destruction of hedges, is thought to be an important factor in the decline of this species, also loss of semi-natural habitats. Changes in agriculture practices have several impacts on the species, as they can both reduce food supply and nesting habitat availability and it is likely that the decline in food is the main limiting factor rather than decline in nest site availability (Lutz 2006). Widespread use of chemical herbicides appears to also be a very serious factor, with consequent decline or elimination of many food plants. Illegal killing and trapping, critically during spring migration and in the breeding season; as well as unsustainable hunting levels, during migration and in winter quarters are among the main threats to the species. The species is also vulnerable to infection by the protozoan parasite <em>Trichomonas gallinae</em>, which causes mortality (Stockdale <em>et al.</em> 2015). Severe drought in the Sahel zone is thought to be a possible factor in the decline as well as competition with Collared Dove (<em>Streptopelia decaocto</em>) (Lutz 2006). Other threats identified include competition with other species, accidental and deliberate poisoning, and weather events and climate change (Fisher <em>et. al. </em>2018).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex II.<br/>An International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the European Turtle-dove <em>Streptopelia turtur</em> (2018 to 2028), aiming at halting the species population decline was approved by the European Commission and the CMS in 2018.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Good quality habitats, with available and accessible water and food, are maintained and increased on the breeding grounds (Fisher <em>et al.</em> 2018). Breeding and staging habitats should be managed (Lutz 2006), ensuring the conservation and re-creation of hedges with hawthorn (<em>Crataegus</em>) which is a favoured tree for breeding and also the reduction in agricultural herbicides (Tucker and Heath 1994). Illegal killing should be eradicated, and hunting across the range of the European turtle-dove is carried out at sustainable levels (Fisher<em>&#160;et al.</em>&#160;2018). Annual national bag statistics where hunting takes place must be collected in order to develop a level of hunting which is sustainable. Research and population monitoring should be continued (Lutz 2006).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,STRIGIFORMES,STRIGIDAE,Strix,aluco,,Strix aluco,"Linnaeus, 1758","<em>Strix aluco&#160;</em>and&#160;<em>S. nivicolum&#160;</em>(del Hoyo and Collar 2014) were previously lumped as&#160;<em>S. aluco&#160;</em>following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In both Europe and the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU the breeding population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","<p>The species breeds across much of Europe, with major populations in France, Romania, Poland, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom.</p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 632,000–932,000 pairs (1,260,000–1,870,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 437,000–638,000 pairs (874,000–1,280,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","<p>The primary habitat of this species is broad-leaved forest, however it adapts well to man-made and altered habitats. It is found in urban areas, clear-felled areas and intensive agricultures. In woodland habitats it inhabits mixed conifer and broad-leaved forests, sub-alpine conifer forest and conifer plantations (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>It is monogamous and pairs for life, although is occasionally bigamous. The breeding season is from February to July (Holt <em>et al.</em> 1999). It nests in holes in trees, cliffs, buildings and steep river banks. Also, it often uses nest boxes, the old nests of large birds, burrows of large mammals (König 2008), dreys of squirrels (<em>Sciurus</em>) (Holt <em>et al.</em> 1999) and shallow depressions on the ground at the base of a tree or beneath a bush. Typically, it lays three to five eggs (König 2008).<br/><br/>The species feeds on small mammals and small birds and will also consume amphibians, reptiles, earthworms, snails, beetles and other insects and occasionally fish (Holt <em>et al.</em> 1999).<br/><br/>The species is sedentary and highly territorial (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). </p><br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","<p>In Britain, human persecution drove declines during the 19th century (Holt <em>et al.</em> 1999). The species is reliant on prey availability, which is often determined by woodland structure. In the north, competition with the Ural Owl (<em>Strix uralensis</em>) may limit the expansion of its range (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). Locally, pesticide use, traffic and electrocution from powerlines also threaten this species (König 2008).</p>","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CITES Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known, specific conservation measures for this species. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Further research on aspects of this species’ biology is recommended (König 2008).<span class=""addmd""><span class=""addmd""></span>",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,STRIGIFORMES,STRIGIDAE,Strix,nebulosa,,Strix nebulosa,"Forster, 1772",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small, but not enough to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is small (&lt;10,000 but &gt;1,000 mature individuals), but the population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D) or the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is estimated to be stable. In the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia, with significant numbers in Finland, Belarus and Sweden.","The European breeding population is estimated at 6,200–10,000 pairs (12,400–19,900 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 690–1,600 pairs (1,300–3,200 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits dense boreal or coniferous forest. It favours areas with openings; taiga interspersed with sphagnum bogs, muskeg or open fields; pine and fir forest adjacent to montane meadows; and tamarack, black spruce and aspen forest. It occasionally uses other habitats outside the breeding season, sometimes near habitation.<br/><br/>The breeding season is from March to August and the species is monogamous. It lays normally three to five eggs, although clutches can range from two to nine depending on food availability. It lays in the abandoned nests of other birds of prey, on broken tree snags, sometimes on a mistletoe broom, or rarely in a shallow depression at the foot of a tree. In addition, it will also use artificial platforms. No material added is added to the nest site (Holt <em>et al.</em> 1999).<br/><br/>The species feeds mostly on small mammals, particularly voles, but also takes shrews, squirrels, small hares, lemmings, birds, frogs and beetles (König 2008).<br/><br/>In general this species is resident and nomadic; however movement patterns can be variable and are influenced by prey (Holt<em> et al.</em> 1999).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is affected by global warming, which if it persists will continue to move the species’s range northwards (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). Populations fluctuate in line with vole numbers (Cornulier <em>et al.</em> 2013). Locally, hunting may still be a threat (König 2008). It is also vulnerable to road traffic collisions and loss of habitat from forestry (Holt <em>et al.</em> 1999). Collisions with power lines and cables are also a threat.","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CITES Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. The species is fully protected from hunting throughout its range and the provision of artificial nesting platforms has proved successful in Sweden. The species is reasonably well studied (König 2008). <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Its forest habitat should be protected from clearfelling, acid rain, mining and other developments (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). The provision of nest platforms may continue to help the species locally. Further research should focus on its relationship with other members of the genus <em>Strix</em> (König 2008).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,STRIGIFORMES,STRIGIDAE,Strix,uralensis,,Strix uralensis,"Pallas, 1771","<em>Strix uralensis</em> and <em>S. davidi</em> were considered distinct species by Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993), König <em>et al.</em> (1999) and Marks <em>et al.</em> (1999) but this treatment is not followed by the BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group because the split of <em>Strix davidi</em> from <em>S. uralensis</em> is based upon the former's overall darker plumage and contrasting concentric lines and marked rim to the facial disc, absent in <em>uralensis.</em> They do not, however, differ vocally or in morphometrics.  While <em>davidi</em> also differs from <em>fuscescens,</em> geographically the closest race to <em>davidi,</em> in have having larger, paler spots on head and mantle and having a paler ground colour below, it is not clear how great differences are from <em>nikolskii,</em> the race of <em>uralensis</em> closest in appearance to <em>davidi.</em> This treatment is also followed by Cheng Tso-hsin (1987, 1994).<em>  <p></p></em>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia, with significant numbers in Romania, and small populations in Finland, Latvia and Sweden.","The European breeding population is estimated at 80,300–132,000 pairs (160,000–263,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 11,900–21,000 pairs (23,800–42,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","<p>The species occupies boreal forest and mixed woodland, with some open areas such as bogs, clearings or small fields, however, in Central Europe, it is confined to deciduous woods, particularly of beech (<em>Fagus sylvatica</em>), in mountain areas. It is often found near human dwellings and also in pastureland (Holt <em>et al.</em> 1999).<br/><br/>It is monogamous (König 2008) and breeds from February to July. The species nests in tree holes or hollow stumps and will often use nest boxes. Also, they sometimes nest in cliff cavities or buildings, old raptor nests, crow nests (<em>Corvus</em>) or squirrel dreys (<em>Sciurus</em>) and rarely on ground (Holt <em>et al.</em> 1999). Clutches are usually three to four eggs.<br/><br/>Its diet is made up of a large variety of mammals, birds, frogs, and insects, with voles, shrews, mice and rats as the main prey (König 2008).<br/><br/>This species is extremely sedentary (Mikkola 1983).</p><br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","<p>In areas dominated by open areas, such as fields and clearfells, the Eagle Owl (<em>Bubo bubo</em>) outcompetes this species (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). It also suffers from forestry management, which has resulted in the loss of hollow and broken trees which provide nesting sites (König 2008).</p>","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CITES Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. Thousands of nest boxes have been erected in Finland and Sweden to mitigate the loss of chimney-like stumps and old trees with cavities, through modern forestry practices (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Nest boxes are important for the conservation of this species (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997) and thus should continue to be provided to prevent future declines (Holt <em>et al</em>. 1999). Research should focus on the species' taxonomy and the ecological hierarchy, in Fennoscandia, between this species and Tawny Owls (<em>Strix aluco</em>) (König 2008).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,STURNIDAE,Sturnus,unicolor,,Sturnus unicolor,"Temminck, 1820",0,Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be stable as per the trends indicated by PECBMS (EBCC 2018). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Europe holds a large proportion of this species' global population. It is found in southwestern parts of the region, where it breeds primarily in Spain, which holds approximately 97% of the total European population. A small population (3%) is present in Portugal, with smaller populations (less than 1%) also occurring in Italy, France, Gibraltar and Andorra.","The European breeding population is estimated at 23,800,000–30,700,000 pairs, which equates to 47,700,000–61,400,000 mature individuals. The entire population is found in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is found in open woodland with expanses of short grass, often in association with grazing mammals, as well as in farmland, parks, gardens and cities.<br/><br/>Breeding occurs from April to mid-July, and it is a colonial nester. Both sexes build the nest, mainly from dry grass, and it is lined with grass, roots, leaves and feathers. Often yellow flowers are included in the structure, as well as fresh green leaves. It is placed in a natural hole or an old woodpecker hole, or in the disused burrow of European Bee-eater (<em>Merops apiaster</em>) or Collared Sand Martin (<em>Riparia riparia</em>) and artificial structures and nest boxes are widely used. Clutches are four to five eggs in Spain.<br/><br/>It is omnivorous; it takes mainly animal matter in the spring and summer and fruit and seeds in the autumn and winter.<br/><br/>The species is mostly sedentary (Craig <em>et al.</em> 2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Interbreeding between this species and <em>Sturnus vulgaris</em> has been observed in areas where it is sympatric (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997), although this is not known to be a serious threat.",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,STURNIDAE,Sturnus,vulgaris,,Sturnus vulgaris,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be decreasing by <em>ca</em> 6% over 16 years (three generations), and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is estimated to be stable. In the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be decreasing by c. 6% over 16 years (3 generations). For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","The species breeds across much of Europe, with major populations in the European part of Russia, Romania, Germany, France, Poland, Turkey, Ukraine and the United Kingdom.","The European breeding population is estimated at 26,600,000–47,200,000 pairs (53,300,000–94,400,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 19,500,000–32,500,000 pairs (39,000,000–64,900,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","During the breeding season this species occupies open country, including modified habitats, with access to suitable nesting and roosting sites. It requires cavity nest-sites, typically in woodland or on man-made structures, close to open areas of short grassland for foraging. At other times it exploits a wide range of habitats, including moorland, saltmarshes, seashore and tidal flats, stubble fields, orchards, refuse dumps and sewage-treatment works. It roosts in reedbeds, scrub and trees, as well as bridges and buildings and even in town centres.<br/><br/>Breeding occurs mostly between March and July. The nest is a bulky structure of dry grass, conifer needles, twigs, string and other materials and the cup is lined with softer materials such as grass, feathers, moss, wool, hair and paper, fresh green leaves and flowers. It is typically built in a hole in a tree, cliff, building or other structure and nest boxes are also readily used. Clutches are normally four to six eggs (Craig and Feare 2015).<br/><br/>It is an omnivorous species, taking animal and plant material all year round but during the spring animal food predominates and is fed almost exclusively to nestlings (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>The northern and eastern populations are migratory, whereas southern and western populations, as well as those in urban areas, tend to be resident (Craig and Feare 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is thought to be declining in some areas owing to the intensification and specialization of agriculture and consequent changes in rural habitats (Craig and Feare 2015), such as decreases in fallow and grassland and increases in autumn-sown arable crops (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). Declines have coincided with a reduction in cattle farming. In some European countries it was formerly a regular food source and was also kept as a cagebird (Craig and Feare 2015).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex II. In parts of its natural Eurasian range, this species is encouraged through provision of nestboxes, as claimed to reduce some insect pests (Craig and Feare 2015).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The promotion and expansion of low-intensity agriculture would benefit this species.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,STRIGIFORMES,STRIGIDAE,Surnia,ulula,,Surnia ulula,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small, but not enough to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population trend criterion (50% understood and reversible past decline or 30% ongoing decline over ten years or three generations). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, the range size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is small (&lt;10,000 but &gt;1,000 mature individuals), but the population trend appears to be fluctuating, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D) or the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is estimated to be increasing. In the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be fluctuating. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia and Scandinavia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 10,800–17,000 pairs (21,700–34,000 mature individuals), and the European wintering population is estimated at 48,700–166,000 individuals (32,400–111,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 2,800–7,000 pairs (5,600–13,900 mature individuals), and the wintering population in the EU28 is estimated at 28,600–44,600 individuals (19,000–29,800 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","<p>This species occupies forest tundra and boreal taiga as far as tree-line and ranging south to edge of forest steppe and cultivated land. It needs access to clearings, burnt areas, open peatland or muskeg, dry eminences or ridges, and sparse woodland, including birch, aspen and mixed woods.<br/><br/>It breeds from March to September and nests in cavities, holes in trees, tops of stumps, nest boxes and &#160;occasionally in the old nests of raptors or crows. Clutches are six to ten eggs (Holt <em>et al.</em> 2013).<br/><br/>It feeds on small mammals, especially voles and small birds, hunting from an open perch, dropping or gliding on them (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>The species is dispersive and irruptive (Holt <em>et al.</em> 2013).</p><br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","<p>The species is dependent on rodent populations and numbers fluctuate with the abundance of small rodents. In Finland, the population has declined since 19th century, as a result of disappearance of hollow trees and through human persecution (Holt <em>et al</em>. 2013).</p>",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are no known conservation measures currently in place for this species<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The conservation of dead trees which can be used as nesting sites is important to ensure the stability of this species locally.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,SYLVIIDAE,Sylvia,atricapilla,,Sylvia atricapilla,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/><br/>For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Europe holds a large proportion of this species' global breeding population. It breeds in almost every country within the region (with the main exception of Iceland), notably in Russia, Germany, Poland, Italy and Spain.","The European breeding population is estimated at 44,200,000–68,900,000 pairs, which equates to 88,400,000–138,000,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 34,900,000–53,700,000 pairs, which equates to 69,900,000–108,000,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in almost any kind of forested area. It prefers broadleaf deciduous forest and mixed woodland, either mature or more open and with denser understorey. In addition, it occupies riparian forest, parks and gardens with trees, fruit-tree plantations, orchards, and evergreen woodland. In the winter, it uses more with bushy areas rich in berries and other fruits, such as maquis and garrigue, olive groves and urban gardens.&#160;<br/><br/>Breeding mainly occurs from mid-April to August, and it lays two to seven eggs. The nest is a finely structured cup with rather thin walls and bottom, made of grasses and herbs and some twigs and rootlets and lined with finer grass, hair and roots. It is normally built low in broadleaf deciduous vegetation, especially in dense foliage of a shrub or bush or the branches of a small tree, but also in tall herbaceous vegetation.<br/><br/>The diet consists chiefly of insects in the breeding season and mainly fruit the rest of the year.<br/><br/>On Atlantic and Mediterranean islands the species is sedentary, in the Mediterranean Basin and in parts of western Europe it is partially migratory and it is a long-distance migrant in northern and eastern parts of its range (Aymí <em>et al.</em> 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In England, browsing deer (Cervidae) in young woodland can adversely alter habitat quality for understorey-dependent species such as this warbler (Holt <em>et al.</em> 2013).&#160;The species is trapped in some parts of its range.",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,SYLVIIDAE,Sylvia,borin,,Sylvia borin,"(Boddaert, 1783)",0,Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is suspected to have decreased by less than 25% (with a best estimate of 10%) in the past 12 years (three generations). In the EU28, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 22% over the same period. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Europe holds a large proportion of this species' global population. It breeds in most countries in the region, notably in Russia, Sweden and Germany.","The European breeding population is estimated at 11,600,000–19,500,000 pairs, which equates to 23,200,000–38,900,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 4,990,000–8,530,000 pairs, which equates to 9,990,000–17,100,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","During the breeding season it inhabits dense bushes, woodland fringes and riparian forest with abundant undergrowth. It favours shady zones with herbaceous vegetation and broadleaf scrub, and also often bushes close to reedbeds. In the Alps it occurs in stands of green alder (<em>Alnus viridis</em>) and birch (<em>Betula</em>) and various willows (<em>Salix</em>). In central Europe it prefers the presence of hawthorn (<em>Crataegus monogyna</em>) and blackthorn (<em>Prunus spinosa</em>), and in Finland is associated with raspberry (<em>Rubus idaeus</em>). In Great Britain, it is abundant in areas of sessile oak (<em>Quercus petraea</em>).<br/><br/>Breeding occurs from April to July. The nest is a cup constructed from plant material such as grass, leaves and roots and lined with fine grass and hairs. It is usually placed low down, hidden in a tree or bush or among tall plants. Clutches are four or five eggs.<br/><br/>The diet is&#160; mostly insects throughout the year, especially during the breeding season, when some fruits and plant material are also taken. Through the rest of the year it is mostly frugivorous.<br/><br/>The species is a long-distance migrant (Aymí and Gargallo 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The spread of exotic <em>Reynoutria</em> spp. has been shown to reduce numbers of this species where it occurs (Hajzlerová and Reif 2014).,"<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>In areas where it&#160; is a problem, management actions should be developed that counter-act the invasion of <em>Reynoutria</em> spp. (Hajzlerová and Reif 2014).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PTEROCLIFORMES,PTEROCLIDAE,Syrrhaptes,paradoxus,,Syrrhaptes paradoxus,"(Palllas, 1773)",0,No,RE,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Regionally Extinct (RE)<br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>This species has not bred in Europe since the 19<sup>th</sup>&#160;century, and therefore the breeding population is considered to be extinct in this region.&#160;<br/><br/>This species does not occur in the EU28 and is therefore considered Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","This species has not bred in Europe since the 19<sup>th</sup> century (A. Mischenko <em>in litt. </em>2020), and is therefore considered extinct in the region. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species has a predominantly Asian distribution, which used to extend into European Russia. The species has not bred there however since the end of the 19<sup>th</sup>&#160;century (A. Mischenko <em>in litt.&#160;</em>2020).","This species has not bred in Europe since the 19<sup>th</sup>&#160;century (A. Mischenko <em>in litt.</em>&#160;2020), and therefore the European breeding population is considered to be extinct. The population data reported in 2015 is considered to be incorrect. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits steppe and semi-desert, with low, sparse vegetation of grasses or shrubs, as well as fallow land and abandoned fields. It is thought to favour clay to sandy or stony soils, and it occurs in flat or hilly terrain and mountain valleys.<br/><br/>Egg-laying occurs from mid-April to June, and it typically lays three eggs, sometimes two. The nest is set on the ground and is sometimes sheltered by a bush or grasses and is often close to other pairs.<br/><br/>It feeds on seeds and also some green shoots of a wide range of plants.<br/><br/>The species is partially migratory.  Irregular irruptions have taken place in western Europe, notably in 1863, 1888 and 1908 (de Juana and Boesman 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Although not currently present in Europe, it is believed that the species extensive, remote and sparsely populated range (outside of Europe) may make it less susceptible to threats (de Juana and Boesman 2016).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PODICIPEDIFORMES,PODICIPEDIDAE,Tachybaptus,ruficollis,,Tachybaptus ruficollis,"(Pallas, 1764)","<p><span style=""font-style: italic;"">Tachybaptus ruficollis </span>(Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) was split into <span style=""font-style: italic;"">T. ruficollis</span> and <span style=""font-style: italic;"">T.</span> <em>tricolor</em> by Mlikovsky (2010) on the basis of <span style=""font-style: italic;"">tricolor</span>'s larger bill and darker underparts. Examination of material in Tring shows a very much darker belly than in other taxa, and bill size overall seems larger, but differences are otherwise unapparent. We do not accept the split.</p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In both Europe and the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","The species breeds across much of Europe, with major populations occurring in Germany, France and Turkey, and significant numbers in Ukraine, Romania, Azerbaijan and Croatia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 104,000–195,000 pairs (209,000–390,000 mature individuals), and the European wintering population is estimated at 68,000–118,000 individuals (45,300–78,200 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 68,100–138,000 pairs (136,000–275,000 mature individuals), and the wintering population in the EU28 is estimated at 44,900–68,600 individuals (29,900–45,800 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species inhabits a wide range of small and shallow wetlands (Llimona <em>et al</em>. 2014) usually less than 1 m deep (Fjeldsa 2004) with rich vegetation (floating, submerged and emergent) and high densities of aquatic invertebrates, generally avoiding waters with large predatory fish (Konter 2001). Suitable habitats include small lakes, ponds, the sheltered bays and vegetated shores  of larger freshwater and reservoirs, canals (Llimona <em>et al</em>. 2014), slow-flowing rivers (Konter 2001), flood-plain oxbows, coastal brackish lagoons, alkaline or saline lakes, rice-fields (Brown <em>et al</em>. 1982), seasonally inundated areas, swamps, sewage lagoons (Fjeldsa 2004) and gravel pits (Santoul and Mastrorillo 2004). Outside of the breeding season it is common on more open waters and is occasionally observed along the coast in estuaries or sheltered bays protected from strong wave action (Llimona <em>et al</em>. 2014) and when moulting the species requires rich feeding areas (Fjeldsa 2004).<br/><br/>The timing of breeding varies geographically and depends on the growth of emergent vegetation and water-levels (Llimona <em>et al</em>. 2014). In Europe, egg-laying begins in late February (Snow and Perrins 1998). The nest is a floating platform of aquatic plant matter (Llimona <em>et al</em>. 2014) anchored to emergent vegetation (Fjeldsa 2004), submerged branches or bushes close to the edge of shallow wetlands (Brown <em>et al</em>. 1982).<br/><br/>Its diet consists predominantly of adult and larval insects, especially mayflies, stoneflies, water bugs, beetles, flies, caddisflies and dragonflies, as well as molluscs, crustaceans, adult and juvenile amphibians and occasionally small fish (up to 11 cm) (Llimona <em>et al</em>. 2014) during the winter (Konter 2001).<br/><br/>This species is sedentary, locally dispersive or fully migratory depending on the winter temperatures of its breeding grounds (Llimona <em>et al.</em> 2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is susceptible to avian influenza so may be threatened by future outbreaks of this virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006). In Europe numbers often fluctuate, mainly as a result of winter conditions, such as the marked decline in Britain after the cold winter of 1962–1963, and similarly in the Netherlands after that of 1984–1985. The species suffers from the transformation of wetlands by destruction, pollution or recreational use but this is often offset by construction of man-made ponds, reservoirs and dams, leading to expansion of species in many areas (Llimona <em>et al.</em> 2014).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. The species was included in the Grebes Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan published in 1997 (O'Donnel and Fjeldsa 1997). In France it was found that the presence of aquatic macrophytes was the most important factor in attracting the species to new artificial habitats (such as gravel pits) (Santoul and Mastrorillo 2004).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Monitoring and protection should be introduced to ensure the destruction of wetland habitats is mitigated and where possible prevented.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CAPRIMULGIFORMES,APODIDAE,Tachymarptis,melba,,Tachymarptis melba,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the breeding population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Greece and Turkey (together holding over 80% of the population), with small numbers in other Mediterranean countries, the European part of Russia and Armenia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 323,000–726,000 pairs (647,000–1,460,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 203,000–484,000 pairs (406,000–967,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species occurs over a wide range of habitats and forages over vast areas. It is found in temperate and Mediterranean zones, typically in mountains but occasionally in lowlands. It typically breeds below 1,500 m, sometimes to 2,200–2,300 m.<br/><br/>It breeds from March to June, laying mid-late May or as late as early June in Central Europe, nestlings are seen being fed in the Caucasus in early July. Typically, the species lays three eggs. It uses ledges or holes in cliff-faces or tall man-made structures with the pairs using the same nest-site in successive years. The nest is saucer-shaped, consisting of downy feathers from many species, and swift primaries, tightly bound with dried plant matter and saliva (Chantler <em>et al</em>. 2014).<br/><br/>This species is migratory, with West Palearctic populations probably wintering all across the northern tropics of Africa (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Foraging habitats are lost to human development across its range. In addition, the increasing use of pesticides reduces both the numbers and variety of insects available for it to feed on. (Perrins 2009).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are no known current conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Key forging areas should be identified and protected from development and the use of pesticides should be reduced.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Tadorna,ferruginea,,Tadorna ferruginea,"(Pallas, 1764)",0,No,LC,0,No,NT,D1,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment:&#160;Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT°)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D).The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is small, and meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion D. There is considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category has been downlisted by one category to Near Threatened (NT°).","In Europe, the breeding population size trend is unknown, and the wintering population is estimated to be increasing. In the EU28. the breeding population size is estimated to be increasing, and the wintering population size trend in unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is a widespread breeder across south-east Europe. It is found primarily around the Black Sea region, mainly in Turkey and Russia, but also notably in Azerbaijan, with small populations present in other countries in the Caucasus and southeastern Europe.<br/>In winter it occurs primarily in Azerbaijan and Turkey, with smaller populations present in other countries in southwest Europe.","The European breeding population is estimated at 17,700-32,100 pairs, which equates to 35,500-64,100 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 230-870 pairs, which equates to 460-1,800 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species frequents the shores of inland freshwater, saline and brackish lakes and rivers in open country, particularly those in open steppe, upland plateau and mountainous regions (Cramp and Simmons 1977, Johnsgard 1978, Brown <em>et al.</em> 1982, Carboneras and Kirwan 2014). However it is less dependent upon large water bodies for resting and feeding than most other Anatidae, and often occurs a considerable distance from water during the breeding season (Scott and Rose 1996). In the non-breeding season this species prefers streams, slow-flowing rivers, freshwater pools, flooded grasslands, marshes and brackish or saline lakes in lowland regions and is also found on artificial reservoirs (Cramp and Simmons 1977, Johnsgard, 1978, Brown <em>et al.</em> 1982, Carboneras and Kirwan 2014). It avoids coastal waters and tall, dense vegetation or emergent and floating aquatic plants (Madge and Burn 1988). Breeding occurs in single pairs or loose groups and in Europe eggs are laid from mid-March. Clutches are normally eight or nine eggs (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014). The species is omnivorous, its diet consisting of tender green shoots and the seeds of terrestrial vegetation, agricultural grains such as millet and wheat, littoral crustaceans such as shrimps, aquatic and terrestrial insects (especially locusts), aquatic molluscs, small fish, frogs, amphibian spawn and worms (Cramp and Simmons 1977, Johnsgard, 1978, Brown <em>et al.</em> 1982, Carboneras and Kirwan 2014). In Europe the species is chiefly sedentary or dispersive, undertaking local movements linked to the availability of suitable water (moving away from drought-affected areas or to temporary wetlands) (Tucker and Heath 1994, Carboneras and Kirwan 2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Hunting is a threat, especially in south-east Europe (Johnsgard 1978, Kear 2005, Popovkina 2006, Carboneras and Kirwan 2014) (e.g. in Turkey) (Scott and Rose 1996). Other threats to western populations include the loss and degradation of inland wetlands through subterranean water extraction for irrigation (Popovkina 2006) (leading to decreasing water supplies for seasonal and semi-permanent wetlands), widespread drainage of shallow marshes and lakes (Scott and Rose 1996), salt extraction (Green <em>et al. </em>2002, Popovkina 2006, Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), urban development, pollution, introduction of exotic fish and overgrazing (Green <em>et al.</em> 2002, Popovkina 2006, Carboneras and Kirwan 2014). At the Klingnau Dam in northern Switzerland the species has been known to hybridise with the South African Shelduck (<em>Tadorna cana</em>) from escaped captive populations, which could pose a threat to the integrity of both species (Owen <em>et al.</em> 2006). The species is also susceptible to avian influenza (strain H5N1) and is therefore threatened by outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. The restoration of habitats, creation of artificial nests and feeding (Popovkina 2006) seems to have benefited this species (Zubko <em>et al.</em> 2001).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Conservation priorities for the species include protection from hunting in south-east Europe and further ringing studies to investigate the status of individual populations and their migratory patterns (Kear 2005, Popovkina 2006). The protection of key sites from development and habitat change should be ensured. Research to assess the impacts of hybridisation with <em>Tadorna cana</em> should be undertaken.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,ANSERIFORMES,ANATIDAE,Tadorna,tadorna,,Tadorna tadorna,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the breeding population size is estimated to be stable. In the EU28, the breeding population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia, with significant numbers in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, France, Ukraine and Norway.","The European breeding population is estimated at 52,100–76,600 pairs (104,000–154,000 mature individuals), and the European wintering population is estimated at 374,000–497,000 individuals (249,000–332,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 34,700–49,800 pairs (69,500–99,600 mature individuals), and the wintering population in the EU28 is estimated at 361,000–443,000 individuals (240,000–296,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species shows a preference for saline habitats and frequents mudflats (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014) and muddy or sandy estuaries in coastal regions, and occurs inland on saline and brackish lakes in steppe or semi-desert (Madge and Burn 1988). Breeding begins in April and May in single pairs or small groups.<br/><br/>The nest is commonly positioned in a tree-hollow (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014) up to 8 m above the ground (Kear 2005) or in a mammal burrow (Kear 2005, Carboneras and Kirwan 2014). On rare occasions, nests may also be placed in the open or in dense vegetation up to 1 km from water (Madge and Burn 1988, Kear 2005). The species will also nest in artificial nest boxes (Kear 2005).<br/><br/>Its diet consists predominantly of saltwater molluscs (e.g. <em>Hydrobia</em> spp.) as well as other aquatic invertebrates (e.g. insects, crustaceans and worms), small fish, fish spawn and plant material. Most populations of this species are migratory (although European populations are largely sedentary) and undertake extensive moult migrations to favoured moulting sites after breeding (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by habitat loss as a result of tidal barrage schemes in Europe (Kear 2005, Burton 2006). It also suffers predation from American Mink (<em>Neovison vison</em>) on islands (Nordstrom<em> et al.</em> 2002) and is susceptible to avian influenza so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006). Its eggs used to be (and possibly still are) harvested in Iceland (Gudmundsson 1979).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II.  Bern Convention Appendix II.  There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Predator control at breeding sites would help this species locally and the construction of artificial caves may increase local breeding pair numbers (HELCOM 2013). Important areas for this species need to be protected. Environmental impact assessments for new tidal energy schemes should be undertaken.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,MUSCICAPIDAE,Tarsiger,cyanurus,,Tarsiger cyanurus,"(Pallas, 1773)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is suspected to be decreasing by <em>ca</em> 20%, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is small (&lt;10,000 but &gt;1,000 mature individuals), but the population trend is estimated to be increasing, and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D) or the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is suspected to be decreasing by c. 20%, while in the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species stronghold is the European part of Russia, with very low numbers in Finland and Sweden.","The European breeding population is estimated at 240,000–446,000 pairs (481,000–892,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 750–5,600 pairs (1,500–11,100 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in Siberian taiga forest, with a preference for old-growth mossy moist spruce (<em>Picea</em>) tracts with fallen trees and sparse undergrowth, often on hilly slopes, but also pine (<em>Pinus</em>) and mixed forests with birch (<em>Betula</em>) and <em>rhododendron</em>. In Russia, breeding occurs from May to August, and it lays three to seven eggs. The nest is a cup of grass, moss, ferns, twigs and roots, which is lined with hair, feathers, fine grass and sometimes pine needles. It is set in the hollow of a tree, among tree roots, under a rotten log or in a hole in a bank or steep slope. The diet is not well studied but is thought to be mostly invertebrates, especially insects as well as fruits and seeds when it is not breeding. In Europe the species is a long-distance migrant (Collar and de Juana 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",There are not thought to be any current significant threats to this species.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,GALLIFORMES,PHASIANIDAE,Tetrao,urogallus,,Tetrao urogallus,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be decreasing by <em>ca</em> 9% over 17 years (three generations), and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be decreasing by <em>ca</em> 9% over 17 years (three generations), and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be decreasing by c. 9% over 17 years (3 generations). For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in the European part of Russia, Sweden and Finland, with significant numbers occurring also in Norway.","The European breeding population is estimated at 798,000–1,710,000 calling or lekking males (1,590,000–3,420,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 468,000–1,170,000 calling or lekking males (937,000–2,330,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species inhabits forest and woodland, mainly coniferous or mixed coniferous deciduous (de Juana and Kirwan 2012). It prefers extensive areas of old, shady forest often with damp soil and interspersed with bogs, areas of peat or glades, and with a dense undergrowth of ericaceous plants (<em>Vaccinium</em>, <em>Calluna</em>) but with a canopy neither too open nor closed (Madge and McGowan 2002). It may use more open forest in winter and denser forest with abundant fruit bushes in summer. Males form ill-defined leks (de Juana and Kirwan 2012).<br/><br/>It lays from mid-April to mid-June but with most laying in May. It lays six to nine eggs (Madge and McGowan 2002). The nest is a shallow depression lined with plant material or feathers, and it is found in thick cover often at the base of a tree (Harrison and Castell 2002).<br/><br/>In northern parts of its range it feeds predominantly on pine needles during the winter. In southern parts of the range its winter diet is more varied. In summer its diet includes needles, leaves, stems and berries of a variety of plants. Insects are only important in the diet of small chicks.<br/><br/>It is mainly sedentary with local movements in winter in response to feeding requirements (de Juana and Kirwan 2012).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The main threat to this species is destruction or alteration of its woodland habitat. It is still commonly heavily hunted (even during breeding season), except in SW and C Europe. Other factors possibly involved in declines include disturbance (e.g. development of ski facilities and other winter recreation activities), collisions (especially of juveniles) with high-tension powerlines and in some areas fences, predation (e.g. by foxes), pollution (acid rain) and climatic changes, (e.g. in Scotland) (de Juana and Kirwan 2012).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>In general the species is fully and effectively protected in western and central Europe. In countries such as Austria, Italy and France, hunting is allowed in certain areas and strictly regulated, however in eastern and southern Europe illegal hunting may be having a serious impact on the population. A small proportion of the species range is covered by protected areas, however these are only important where populations are particularly threatened by habitat degradation and poaching. In central and western Europe, the Natura 2000 network cover large parts of the capercaillie's range. Surveys or monitoring occur regularly for planning harvests or in regions with small remnant populations. Habitat manangement is thought to be the most important conservation tool for this species and a good example is ongoing in Scotland within the EU life Programme. There have been many reintroduction attempt over the years, although most have failed (Storch 2007). In Scotland, it went extinct from 1785 but was successfully reintroduced in 1836–1837. However, countrywide numbers estimated at c. 1980 birds in winter 2003/04, and it is declining. Guidelines have been proposed in the U.K. for buffer zones around leks and breeding areas (de Juana and Kirwan 2012).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The integration of forestry practices and capercaillie conservation is needed to help maintain the large areas of open forest which it needs and maintain and restore spatial connection among populations. In addition, all development should be banned where populations are threatened. Human disturbance should be reduced, particularly in areas with small or threatened populations. The reduction of collision mortality could be achieved through the removal, relocation and visualization by marking of power lines, cables and deer and sheep fences. Better law enforcement is needed locally in areas where it is threatened by poaching. Monitoring programmes and research on larger-scale habitat relationships, predation patterns and population dynamics, minimum requirements in population size and in habitat area and connections should be undertaken (Storch 2007).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,GALLIFORMES,PHASIANIDAE,Tetraogallus,caspius,,Tetraogallus caspius,"(Gmelin, 1784)",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small, but not enough to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is suspected to be decreasing by less than 25% over 18 years (three generations), and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>The species does not occur in the EU28, thus it has been classified as Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe the breeding population size is suspected to be decreasing by less than 25% over 18 years (3 generations). The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Turkey, with small numbers in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 4,200–10,400 pairs (8,400–20,800 mature individuals). The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species uses meadows in the sub-alpine and alpine zones between altitudes of 2,400 and 4,000 m (Tucker and Heath 1994) and occasionally down to 1,800 m. Birds are found on steep slopes lacking snow cover and gorges and crags with patches of snow and some herb and grass cover (McGowan 1994). Birds prefer south-facing slopes in summer and north-facing ones in winter. During winter, they avoid areas with a covering of snow and use open ground with steppe-like vegetation instead (Tucker and Heath 1994).<br/><br/>Courtship usually begins in April, with laying in late April and May. Typically, five to nine eggs are laid (McGowan 1994). Nests are found on steep slopes in the open, beneath overhanging rocks, amongst stones or in tufts of grass (Tucker and Heath 1994).<br/><br/>These birds feed exclusively on plant material, particularly legumes, feeding on bulbs, flowers, fruit and seeds (Baziev 1978).<br/><br/>The species is mainly sedentary and in some areas does not even descend to lower altitudes during heavy snowfall. However, some altitudinal movement has been observed in Turkey (McGowan 1994).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Its alpine habitat is threatened by overgrazing, which is easily reached by shepherds with guns, and with their sheep and dogs. In 1993 most of the species's range in Azerbaijan was suffering with intensive military activity, and it was feared that poaching and the spread of long range firearms could have drastic effects (McGowan <em>et al.&#160;</em>2015).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Least Concern (Fuller <em>et al</em>. 2000). Mace-Lande: Vulnerable. CITES I although it is proposed for downgrading to Appendix II (Anon 2012). Included on USSR Red List in 1978.  Considered Vulnerable in Turkey (Kirwan <em>et al.</em> 2010), as well as Georgia, where the population, at the edge of the species' range is believed to be very small. The species is found in five Important Bird Areas in Armenia, five in Azerbaijan, four in Georgia and six in Turkey (Anon 2012).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Habitat protection is needed and an extensive survey should aim to locate healthy populations in Turkey. Species does not adapt well to captivity (McGowan <em>et al</em>. 1995).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,GALLIFORMES,PHASIANIDAE,Tetraogallus,caucasicus,,Tetraogallus caucasicus,"(Pallas, 1811)",0,Yes,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species may have a restricted range but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small to large, but it is not considered to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/><br/>This species does not occur in the EU28 and is therefore considered Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe, the population size is suspected to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds primarily in Russia and Georgia, with a small population also present in Azerbaijan.","The European breeding population is estimated at 5,000-16,200 pairs, which equates to 8,400-20,800 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is endemic to the Caucasus where it is found in the Alpine and sub-Alpine zones of the High Caucasus and neighbouring mountain ranges. Birds use mountain slopes with rocky outcrops, alpine meadows, clumps of bushes and patches of melting snow (Tucker and Heath 1994) but avoid forest, scrub and large areas of snow cover (McGowan 1994). It is generally found at altitudes of 2,300 to 4,000 m (Tucker and Heath 1994) and occasionally from 1,800 m. The start of courtship can vary between years but usually takes place from early April. Laying occurs between late April and July with five to eight eggs laid. It nests in the open or under rock overhangs. Birds feed mainly on plant material including leaves, fruits, stems and tubers. Their diet changes over the year depending on availability of the different plant parts; feeding on dry material in autumn and winter and shoots and other materials when available (McGowan 1994). Birds perform seasonal altitudinal migrations moving to lower altitudes to overwinter (Tucker and Heath 1994) and higher altitudes post-breeding (McGowan 1994).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The only known threat is from habitat degradation caused by overgrazing by domestic stock (McGowan 1994).,"<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Mace Lande: Safe. The species was included on USSR Red List in 1978. In Turkey, it occurs only in Artvin and hunting has been banned. It is also found in at least three protected areas, the Tebezdinsky Reserve in Russia, the Zakataly Reserve in Azerbaijan and the Lagodechy Reserve in Georgia. The species also occurs in Caucasus Endemic Bird Area (McGowan 1994).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/> Important areas should be identified and protected from over grazing. Population monitoring and species research should be undertaken to inform future conservation research.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,OTIDIFORMES,OTIDIDAE,Tetrax,tetrax,,Tetrax tetrax,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,VU,A2bcde+4bcde,No,EN,A2bce+3bce+4bce,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Endangered (EN)&#160;</strong><br/><p></p>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rate which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A) and is therefore assessed as such in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rate which meets the thresholds for Endangered (EN) under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A), and is therefore assessed as such in the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 33% (best estimate over the past 17 years (three generations), and is expected to decline by 32% between 2004-2021. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to have declined by 67% (best estimate) over the past three generations, is expected to decrease at the same rate between 2000-2021, and is projected to decline by 54% over the next three generations.&#160;&#160;These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","In Europe, the species breeds mainly in Russia, but also notably in Spain and Portugal, and smaller populations also found in France, Italy, Ukraine, Turkey and Macedonia.&#160;<br/><br/>The species has two widely separated breeding populations. In the European part of its eastern range covers Russia, Ukraine, Macedonia and Turkey. Its western range covers Spain and Portugal, together with the smaller populations in Italy and France.&#160;<br/>The eastern populations winter from Turkey and the Caucasus to Iran, and erratically elsewhere in south Asia. Azerbaijan holds the main wintering quarters, with the Adjinohur valley and Shirvan National Park supporting large numbers (Gauger and Heiß 2010). The western populations winter in the Mediterranean zone, with the Iberian Peninsula holding the most important wintering quarters. In some parts of its range it has declined dramatically since the 19th century, leading to extinctions in at least 11 European countries and probably as a breeding bird in Azerbaijan. The species has now disappeared from mainland Italy, where it occurred in Apulia (V. Bretagnolle <em>in litt</em>. 2007).","The European breeding population is estimated at 194,000–280,000 individuals (194,000–280,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 69,500–150,000 (69,500–150,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits dry grassland and, in Europe, it also occurs in areas of low-intensity arable cultivation and pastoral land, selecting areas with a high diversity of ground cover such as mosaics of pasture, stubble fields, long-rotation fallow land and legume crops (Martin <em>et al.</em> 2010). Wintering birds in Azerbaijan prefer semi-desert and steppe areas under winter pasturing, and avoid areas of intensive agriculture (Gauger 2007).<br/><br/>Breeding occurs from February until to June (Collar<em> et al.</em> 2014). The species is polygamous (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997); females mate with males on their displaying ground then nest and raise the young alone (Tucker and Heath 1994). The nest is a shallow scrape, usually in dense, short grass cover. Clutches range from two to six eggs (Collar <em>et al</em>. 2014).<br/><br/>Beetles, grasshoppers and other terrestrial invertebrates are a vital source of food in the summer and are fed to the chicks; in the winter plant material (e.g. shoots, leaves, flowerheads and seeds) is more dominant in the diet (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997, Collar <em>et al</em>. 2014). The species varies in its migratory or resident character across its distribution.<br/><br/>In the north and especially in eastern Europe it is migratory as are the breeding birds in France. In Iberia the species is partially migratory, the main wintering grounds being in the south-west of the peninsula (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The primary cause of its decline has been conversion of dry grassland and low-intensity cultivation to intensive arable agriculture, especially where this has included the planting of monocultures or perennial crops, irrigation or afforestation. The fragmentation of traditional habitats, by means of agricultural intensification or infrastructure development, negatively affects habitat availability and quality for the species, as well as male density (E. García <em>in litt</em>. 2007, García <em>et al. </em>2007) as displaying males exhibit a preference for old and same-year fallows which offer shelter and food (Delgado <em>et al.</em> 2010).<br/><br/>The use of pesticides could reduce food availability (E. García <em>in litt.</em> 2007). Harvesting with modern farm machinery, operated at high speed and often during the night, is the key threat to females and nests in Europe and is the cause for the observed male-biased sex structure and low fecundity (Iñigo and Barov 2010). Farm machinery accounts for 40% of clutch failure in south-west France (Inchausti and Bretagnolle 2005). Conversion to intensive arable agriculture continues to be the primary threat and cause of continuing declines in Europe (E. García <em>in litt.</em> 2007).<br/><br/>It also suffers from illegal hunting (Y. Andryuschenko<em> in litt</em>. 1999), although this is a minor threat (V. Bretagnolle<em> in litt.</em> 2007). The collision of birds with overhead powerlines is a locally important cause of mortality (E. García <em>in litt.</em> 2007). The release of farm-reared gamebirds could eventually introduce new pathogens to wild populations of the species (E. García<em> in litt.</em> 2007).<br/><br/>In Azerbaijan, the main threats are disturbance from intensive land use (mainly heavy grazing), habitat loss to infrastructure development and probably hunting (Gauger 2007). Climate change effects could lead to shorter rainy seasons and reduced winter precipitation in southern Europe which could have a detrimental effect on habitat quality for the species (Delgado <em>et al.</em> 2009, Delgado and Moreira 2010).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CITES Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. A European action plan was published in 2001 (E. García <em>in litt</em>. 2007), its implementation was reviewed (Barov and Derhé 2011) and updated&#160; (Iñigo and Barov 2010) in 2010. A species action plan for the species in Sardinia is in preparation. In Catalonia, Management Plans for the SPA with a Little Bustard population have been developed. The species has been the subject of several LIFE Nature projects in Portugal, Spain, France and Italy. France and Spain have attempted a joint programme of reinforcement of the populations in central and western France by release of captive-bred chicks during 2006-2009. In France, targeted agri-environmental measures (MAET) have been developed and tested in the region of Poitou-Charentes. Management agreements have been elaborated and signed with farmers, which are believed to have led to an increase of the affected populations (Leitão<em> et al</em>. 2006, Bamière <em>et al</em>. 2011, Bretagnolle <em>et al</em>. 2011). In France, Spain and Portugal national censuses take place every five years (four in France). The number of protected areas established in steppe habitats in those countries has increased.<br/><strong><br/>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Carry out coordinated surveys to obtain an up-to-date estimate for the total population. Continue to conduct surveys to monitor population trends. Preserve habitat and alter land-use practices through EU and national policies. Work with land-owners to manage land favourably and reduce hunting. Reduce hunting pressure through awareness campaigns. Ensure fields with permanent cover on arable land through agri-environmental schemes using rotations and fallow land. Eliminate dangerous powerlines.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,LARIDAE,Thalasseus,sandvicensis,,Thalasseus sandvicensis,"(Latham, 1787)",<em>Thalasseus sandvicensis</em> (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) was previously placed in the genus <em>Sterna</em>.    <p></p>,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>Within the EU28, although this species may have a restricted range, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable&#160;under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Ukraine, with significant numbers occurring also in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, France, Azerbaijan, Germany and the European part of Russia.<p></p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 80,200–160,000 pairs (160,000–320,000 mature individuals), and the European wintering population is estimated at 3,200–10,100 individuals (2,100–6,700 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 59,100–69,700 pairs (118,000–140,000 mature individuals), and the wintering population in the EU28 is estimated at 2,100–6,800 individuals (1,400–4,600 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","During the breeding season the species forms colonies on sandy islands, rocky calcareous islets, sand-spits, sand-dunes, shingle beaches and extensive deltas with immediate access to clear waters with shallow sandy substrates rich in surface-level fish (Snow and Perrins 1998). It shows a preference for raised, open, unvegetated sand, gravel, mud or bare coral substrates for nesting. Outside the breeding season the species frequents sandy or rocky beaches, estuaries, harbours and bays, often feeding over inlets and at sea.<br/><br/>It breeds from May to June in dense colonies with other terns or Black-headed Gulls (<em>Larus ridibundus</em>). The nest is a shallow scrape on raised, open, unvegetated sand, gravel, mud or bare coral substrates preferably far from upright vegetation (Gochfeld and Burger 1996) on sandy islands, rocky calcareous islets, sand-spits, sand-dunes and shingle beaches (Snow and Perrins 1998). Clutches are one or two eggs. The species forms very dense colonies during the breeding season in which the eggs of neighbouring pairs may only be 20 cm apart.<br/><br/>Its diet consists predominantly of surface-dwelling marine fish (Snow and Perrins 1998) 9–15 cm long, as well as small shrimps, marine worms and shorebird nestlings.<br/><br/>This species is migratory, undergoing post-breeding dispersive movements north and south to favoured feeding grounds before migrating southward (Gochfeld and Burger 1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is particularly vulnerable to human disturbance (Gochfeld and Burger 1996) (e.g. from tourists) especially near breeding colonies on beaches early in the breeding season (Bourne and Smith 1974). It is also sensitive to disturbance from coastal wind farms (wind turbines) (Garthe and Huppop 2004). It is threatened by the loss or degradation of its favoured breeding habitats through inundation, wind-blown sand and erosion (Gochfeld and Burger 1996), and has suffered previous local declines from exposure to bioaccumulated organochlorine pollutants in marine fish (Koeman et al. 1967, Gochfeld and Burger 1996). Other serious threats include recreational disturbance, coastal developments, pollution, land-use affecting vegetation and predation (Garthe and Flore 2007).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I.  Bern Convention Appendix II. A conservation scheme for the protection of gull and tern breeding colonies in coastal lagoons and deltas (Po Delta, Italy) involves protection from human disturbance, prevention of erosion of islet complexes, habitat maintenance and the creation of new islets for nest sites (Fasola and Canova 1996). The scheme particularly specifies that bare islets with 30-100% cover of low vegetation (sward heights less than 20 cm) should be maintained or created as nesting sites (Fasola and Canova 1996).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The species responds favourably to habitat management such as vegetation clearance, and can be readily attracted to suitable nesting habitats by the use of decoys (del Hoyo <em>et al</em>. 1996). Breeding pairs are also known to be attracted to coastal locations where artificial nesting sites have been constructed (e.g. beaches of bare shingle and islands or rafts covered with sparse vegetation) (Burgess and Hirons 1992).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,SITTIDAE,Tichodroma,muraria,,Tichodroma muraria,"(Linnaeus, 1766)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small to large, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, the species breeds largely in Turkey, and also notably in Italy, Spain and Switzerland.","The European breeding population is estimated at 13,100-48,500&#160;pairs (26,300-96,900 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 5,800-12,700 individuals (11,600-25,300 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits a range of rocky regions, typically including steep, rugged cliffs, boulder-strewn slopes, and damp, shady gorges in mountainous areas, with holes and crevices for nesting and roosting. Grassy ledges generally intersperse the rocks and other vegetation including herbaceous plants, moss, shrubs and trees, and running water are often present. For foraging areas of mixed sunlight and shade are important. In the winter, similar rocky habitats are favoured. In Europe, the breeding season is from April and May to July and August, depending on altitude. The nest is made of moss, plant fibres, rootlets and grass, with hair, wool and feathers densely matted together, sometimes as a lining for insulation. It is sited in a cleft in a rock, between or behind rocks or boulders and sometimes on or inside a building. Clutches are three to five eggs. It feeds principally on small and some larger insects, including adults, larvae and eggs, as well as spiders (Araneae) and some other invertebrates. Through most of its range the species is a short-distance and altitudinal migrant (Löhrl and Wilson 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is under threat from the development of mountain regions (Löhrl and Wilson 2015), such as dam building (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997) and a considerable increase in human leisure activities, especially rock-climbing, which cause disturbance and threaten habitat in breeding and wintering areas (Löhrl and Wilson 2015).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>It is protected in most European countries.<br/><strong><br/>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Important areas of habitat for this species should be identified and protected from development as well as restrictions on access put in place.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,SCOLOPACIDAE,Tringa,erythropus,,Tringa erythropus,"(Pallas, 1764)",0,No,LC,0,No,NT,A2bc+3bc+4bc,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D).The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;&#160;The population trend is estimated to be decreasing at a moderately rapid rate which approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A), and is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in the EU28. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the breeding population size trend is unknown. In the EU28, the breeding population size trend shows inter-annual fluctuations (as per the PECBMS graph) and therefore although the calculated rate of decline is rapid, it is suspected to be decreasing by 25-30% over 15 years (3 generations) and to continue at a similar rate over the next three generations. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in mainly in Finland and Norway, with significant populations in the European part of Russia and Sweden.","The European breeding population is estimated at 18,900–40,700 pairs (37,900–81,300 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 8,900–24,500 pairs (17,900–49,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is a full migrant (Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986, Smit and Piersma 1989, Van Gils and Wiersma 1996), breeding in the subarctic and arctic zone of Fennoscandia and Siberia (Smit and Piersma 1989). On passage to its wintering grounds the majority of the species travels overland on a broad front, although there is also an important route down the west coast of Europe (Smit and Piersma 1989, Van Gils and Wiersma 1996). During the breeding season this species inhabits lowland and upland (but not montane) regions, in wooded and open tundra (Snow and Perrins 1998), marshes, swampy pine or birch forest near the arctic tree-line, and also more open areas such as heathland and shrub tundra (Johnsgard 1981, Van Gils and Wiersma 1996). During migration and on its wintering grounds (Flint <em>et al</em>. 1984) this species frequents a variety of freshwater and brackish wetlands such as sewage farms, irrigated rice fields, brackish lagoons, salt-marshes, salt-pans, sheltered muddy coastal shores (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996) and mudflats (Johnsgard 1981), marshes and marshy lake edges (Johnsgard 1981, Urban <em>et al. </em>1986), small reservoirs, pools and flooded grasslands (Urban <em>et al. </em>1986).<br/><br/>The species is carnivorous, its diet consisting chiefly of aquatic insects and their larvae (especially swimming beetles and hemipterans), terrestrial flying insects (such as craneflies), small crustaceans, molluscs, polycheate worms, and small fish and amphibians (Johnsgard 1981, Van Gils and Wiersma 1996).<br/>The nest of this species is a shallow depression (Snow and Perrins 1998) positioned in grass tussocks (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996), on sphagnum moss (Flint <em>et al</em>. 1984), or in fairly dry areas of forest amongst low vegetation such as dwarf willows (Johnsgard 1981). Nest sites are often selected near dead trees or other suitable look-out perches (Johnsgard 1981).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",This species is threatened by habitat loss in its wintering range and on migration.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Annex II (B) of the EU Birds Directive and Annex II of the Bern Convention.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Intensive grazing of grassland (&gt;1 cow per hectare) was found to attract a higher abundance of this species in Hungary (Baldi <em>et al</em>. 2005).,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,SCOLOPACIDAE,Tringa,glareola,,Tringa glareola,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small to large, but it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size trend is unknown. In the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species stronghold are the European part of Russia and Finland, with smaller numbers in Sweden and Norway.","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,040,000–1,460,000 pairs (2,090,000–2,920,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 8,900–24,500 pairs (17,900–49,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is a full migrant, travelling overland on a broad front across Europe and the Middle East (Van Gils <em>et al</em>. 2013). The adults start to move away from the breeding grounds in late June, with juveniles following in late August, arriving in tropical Africa from late July through August to October. Spring departure from the wintering grounds begins in late March to early April, with breeding areas starting to be reoccupied from late April (early June in northern Russia) (Snow and Perrins 1998), and with breeding occurring between May and mid-July (Van Gils <em>et al.</em> 2013). Some non-breeding birds may also remain in the south throughout the summer (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>During the breeding season this species inhabits open, swampy areas in boreal forest (Van Gils <em>et al</em>. 2013), scrubland between tundra and coniferous forest with willow, dwarf birch or spruce, wet heathlands, and extensive mossy, sedgy or grassy marshes (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Whilst on the breeding grounds this species is chiefly carnivorous, taking small insects, especially the aquatic forms such as dytiscid or hydrophilid beetles, Hemiptera and the larvae of Diptera such as midges (Johnsgard 1981).<br/><br/>The nest is a scrape on the ground amongst dense vegetation (Snow and Perrins 1998, Van Gils <em>et al.</em> 2013) or raised on a tussock or slight ridge, and can sometimes be surrounded by water (Snow and Perrins 1998). The species may also nest in trees in the abandoned nests of other species (Van Gils <em>et al.</em> 2013) such as thrushes (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened in some European countries (such as Finland) from exploitation, and peatland drainage and destruction for forestry and agriculture (Van Gils <em>et al</em>. 2013). The populations in southern Sweden, Germany and Poland have also declined, possibly due to the threats of climatic change (Van Gils <em>et al</em>. 2013). The species is susceptible to both avian botulism (Hubalek <em>et al</em>. 2005) and avian malaria (Mendes <em>et al</em>. 2005), so may be threatened by future outbreaks of these diseases.",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive and Annex II of the Bern Convention.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Intensive grazing of grassland (&gt;1 cow per hectare) was found to attract a higher abundance of this species in Hungary (Baldi <em>et al</em>. 2005).,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,SCOLOPACIDAE,Tringa,nebularia,,Tringa nebularia,"(Gunnerus, 1767)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is estimated to be increasing. In the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species stronghold is the European part of Russia, with significant numbers in Finland, Sweden and Norway.","The European breeding population is estimated at 226,000–471,000 pairs (452,000–942,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 68,400–105,000 pairs (136,000–209,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is fully migratory and generally migrates overland on a broad front, although the majority of western European birds pass through coastal and estuarine sites (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996, Snow and Perrins 1998). The Wadden Sea for example is used by many Fennoscandian birds as a stop-over and moulting site from late April to mid-May. Most Palearctic birds are trans-Saharan migrants (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996), the main autumn passage through northern and temperate Europe occurring from the second week of July to late October (Snow and Perrins 1998). Flocks arrive in Southern Africa and Australia from August to September, and depart again in March for the northward return migration (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996).<br/><br/>This species breeds in the boreal forest zone from sea level to 1,200 m in Norway (Johnsgard 1981, Snow and Perrins 1998) (although predominantly up to 450 m) (Snow and Perrins 1998), in swampy forest clearings, woody moorland, open bogs and marshes (including raised and blanket bogs) (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996), and eutrophic lakes with margins of dead and decaying vegetation (Johnsgard 1981). It avoids bare or broken barren expanses, mountain escarpments, and closed forests with very dense, tall vegetation (Snow and Perrins 1998). In its wintering grounds this species frequents a variety of freshwater, marine and artificial wetlands, including swamps, open muddy or rocky shores of lakes and large rivers, sewage farms, saltworks, inundated rice-fields (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996), ponds, reservoirs (Snow and Perrins 1998), saltmarshes, sandy or muddy coastal flats, estuaries (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996) or lagoons and pools on tidal reefs (Snow and Perrins 1998). On migration this species occurs on inland flooded meadows, dried-up lakes, sandbars and marshes (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996).<br/><br/>This species is chiefly carnivorous, its diet consisting of insects and their larvae (especially beetles), crustaceans, annelids, molluscs, amphibians (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996), small fish (mullet<em> Liza </em>spp., clinids <em>Clinus</em> spp. and tilapia <em>Oreochromis</em> spp.) (Hockey <em>et al.</em> 2005) and occasionally rodents (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996).<br/><br/>The nest is a shallow scrape on open ground, often in clearings in woods (Snow and Perrins 1998), and is typically placed next to a piece of dead wood (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996), or beside rocks, trees (Johnsgard 1981), fences and sticks (for use as nest markers) (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The species has suffered in some areas from habitat degradation caused by off-road vehicles or dry conditions causing vegetation to become rank (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Annex II (B) of the EU Birds Directive.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Breeding areas should be protected from disturbance and alteration.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,SCOLOPACIDAE,Tringa,ochropus,,Tringa ochropus,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be decreasing by <em>ca</em> 9% over 15 years (three generations), and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size trend is unknown. In the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be decreasing by c. 9% over 15 years (3 generations). For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species stronghold are the European part of Russia and Finland, with significant numbers in Sweden, Latvia, Belarus and Poland.","The European breeding population is estimated at 591,000–924,000 pairs (1,180,000–1,850,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 217,000–338,000 pairs (435,000–676,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is fully migratory and moves overland on a broad front (Urban <em>et al</em>. 1986) with European populations making well-documented stop-overs in Saharan oases (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996). During the breeding season this species inhabits damp areas in swampy, old pine, spruce or alder woodland and montane forest with many fallen and rotten tree stumps, marshy forest floors and heavy carpets of lichens and mosses, generally in the vicinity of rivers, streams, swamps, ponds, lakes (Johnsgard 1981) and bogs (Snow and Perrins 1998). Outside of the breeding season this species shows a preference for a wider variety of inland freshwater habitats such as marshes, lake edges, sewage farms, small dams and ponds, ditches, riverbanks and forest streams, often near villages and cultivation (Urban <em>et al.</em> 1986, Van Gils and Wiersma 1996) (although less often in the vicinity of woodland) (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996). It is also very rarely found in intertidal areas such as creeks and the channels of saltmarshes (Johnsgard 1981, Van Gils and Wiersma 1996). The species is omnivorous, although its diet is predominantly made up of aquatic and terrestrial insects (Snow and Perrins 1998) (e.g. dragonfly larvae, ants, waterbugs, moth larvae, and the adults and larvae of beetles, Diptera and Trichoptera), annelids, small crustaceans, spiders and fish, as well as plant fragments (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996).<br/><br/>This species frequently nests high in trees in the abandoned nests of passerine species such as Common Woodpigeon (<em>Columba palumbus</em>), thrushes (<em>Turdus</em> spp.) (Hayman <em>et al</em>. 1986, Van Gils and Wiersma 1996), crows, jays and shrikes (Johnsgard 1981), but may also nest in squirrel dreys (Johnsgard 1981, Snow and Perrins 1998), on natural platforms up to 20 m high (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996), and occasionally on tree stumps or mounds of accumulated pine needles, among branches and tree roots, or amongst fallen trees on the ground (Johnsgard 1981, Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",This species is susceptible to avian influenza (strain H5N1) so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is not listed on priority lists of the Conventions. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Unfertilised grasslands with low cattle densities (0.5 cows per hectare) were found to attract a higher abundance of this species in Hungary (Baldi <em>et al</em>. 2005).,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,SCOLOPACIDAE,Tringa,stagnatilis,,Tringa stagnatilis,"(Bechstein, 1803)",0,No,LC,0,No,VU,D,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU°)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small, but not enough to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend decreasing by less than 25% over 13 years (three generations), and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is small (&lt;250 mature individuals), and hence meets the thresholds for Endangered under the population size criterion D. The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under criterion C or the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. It is considered that, the population in the European part of Russia (<em>ca</em> 98% of the European population), which is suspected to be decreasing by 5–10% (2010–2018), could be providing rescue to the small but increasing population in the EU28. For these reasons the species is downlisted by one category and is therefore evaluated as Vulnerable (VU° D) in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is suspected to be decreasing by less than 25% over 13 years (3 generations). In the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species stronghold is the European part of Russia with 98% of the breeding population. Small numbers breed in Belarus and occasionally in other neighboring countries.","The European breeding population is estimated at 9,100–14,400 pairs (18,200–28,800 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 40–110 pairs (80–120 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits warm inland wetlands from open steppe to boreal forest, including shallow freshwater and brackish marshlands, grassy or marshy lake-edges (Johnsgard 1981), river valleys, flooded meadows (Snow and Perrins 1998) and occasionally salt-lakes (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996). Outside of the breeding season the species typically occurs on the margins of inland freshwater and brackish wetlands such as rice paddy-fields, swamps, salt-pans, salt-marshes, sewage works and marshy lake-edges, and although it is rare on open coastlines it can occasionally be found on estuaries, lagoons and intertidal mudflats (Urban <em>et al</em>. 1986, Van Gils and Wiersma 1996, Hockey <em>et al.</em> 2005).<br/><br/>It occupies its breeding areas by mid-April to mid-May (Snow and Perrins 1998). It usually nests solitarily or in loose colonies with pairs spaced less than 10 m apart (Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986). The nest of this species is a shallow depression (Snow and Perrins 1998), often on a mound at the marshy edge of a lagoon, lake or pool (Johnsgard 1981). Clutches are typically four eggs.<br/><br/>This species is carnivorous, its diet consisting of small fish, crustaceans, molluscs, and both aquatic and terrestrial insects (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996).<br/><br/>This species is a full migrant, travelling overland on a broad front to winter in the Mediterranean and sub-Saharan Africa through the Persian Gulf and southern Asia to Indonesia and Australia.  The main passage to and from Russia is believed to occur east of the Black Sea (Snow and Perrins 1998), with only a few birds crossing Europe (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species has disappeared as a breeding bird from eastern Europe, Belarus, Moldova and Russia as a result of steppe habitat losses due to agricultural intensification (such as increased ploughing (Tomkovich 1992)), and possibly also due to egg-collecting (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996). It may be susceptible to future outbreaks of avian botulism (Blaker 1967, van Heerden 1974), partly due to its choice of habitat (it often shows a preference for sewage works) (Hockey <em>et al</em>. 2005).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are no current conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Adequate protection and expansion of its steppe habitat should be ensured. Legislation regulating egg collecting should be developed and enforced. Studies to develop understanding of its ecology, threats and their impact should be undertaken to inform future conservation measures.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,SCOLOPACIDAE,Tringa,totanus,,Tringa totanus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,VU,A2bcde+4bcde,No,VU,A2bc+3bc+4bc,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be decreasing at a rapid rate which&#160;meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Vulnerable (VU) in Europe. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be decreasing at a rapid rate which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. Since the wider European population is also decreasing, there is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the EU28.&#160;For these reasons the species is evaluated as Vulnerable (VU)&#160;in the EU28.","In Europe, the breeding population size is estimated to have decreased by c. 35% over the past 17 years (3 generations), and is expected to decrease by 33% between 2004-2021. In the EU28, the breeding population size is estimated to have decreased by more than 30% over the past three generations and is suspected to decline at a similar rate between 2004-2021 and over the next three generations, as per the data from PECBMS (EBCC 2018). The wintering population size at both European and EU28 level are estimated to be decreasing by c. 25%.&#160;&#160;These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","The species breeds across much of Europe, with largest breeding populations in Iceland, Russia, Belarus, Norway and Sweden. The United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Ukraine also hold notable number of breeding pairs.","The European breeding population is estimated at 261,000–347,000 pairs (522,000–694,000 mature individuals), and the European wintering population is estimated at 144,000–182,000 individuals (96,100–121,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 92,500–117,000 pairs (185,000–233,000 mature individuals), and the wintering population in the EU28 is estimated at 139,000–154,000 individuals (92,600–103,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Most populations of this species are fully migratory and travel on a broad front over land and along coasts, some Icelandic and western European populations remaining close to their breeding grounds (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996). The species breeds from March to August (Hayman<em> et al. </em>1986) in solitary pairs or in loose colonies (Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986, Van Gils and Wiersma 1996), departing the breeding grounds from June to October, and returning from the wintering grounds again between February and April (Hayman <em>et al</em>. 1986).<br/><br/>It breeds on coastal saltmarshes, inland wet grasslands with short swards (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996) (including cultivated meadows) (Johnsgard 1981), grassy marshes, swampy heathlands (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996) and swampy moors (Johnsgard 1981). On passage, the species may frequent inland flooded grasslands (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996) and the silty shores of rivers and lakes (Flint <em>et al</em>. 1984), but during the winter it is largely coastal, occupying rocky, muddy and sandy beaches, saltmarshes, tidal mudflats, saline and freshwater coastal lagoons (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996), tidal estuaries (Johnsgard 1981), saltworks and sewage farms.<br/><br/>The nest is a shallow scrape or hollow (Snow and Perrins 1998) on a hummock or at the base of a tuft (Flint <em>et al</em>.  1984) of grass, often well hidden by overhanging leaves (Van Gils and  Wiersma 1996). The species usually nests solitarily inland (less than 10  pairs/km²) but in loosely colonial groups (up to 100–300 pairs/km²) on the coast (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996).<br/><br/>When breeding it feeds on insects, spiders and annelid worms. During the non-breeding season the species takes insects, spiders and annelid worms, as well as molluscs, crustaceans (especially amphipods e.g. <em>Corophium</em> spp.) and occasionally small fish and tadpoles (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by the loss of breeding and wintering habitats through agricultural intensification, wetland drainage, flood control, afforestation, land reclamation, industrial development (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996), encroachment of <em>Spartina </em>spp. on mudflats (Evans 1986, Van Gils and Wiersma 1996), improvement of marginal grasslands (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996) (e.g. by drainage, inorganic fertilising and re-seeding) (Baines 1988), coastal barrage construction (Burton 2006), and heavy grazing (e.g., of saltmarshes) (Norris <em>et al</em>. 1998). The species is also threatened by disturbance on intertidal mudflats from construction work (U.K.) (Burton <em>et al</em>. 2002a) and foot-traffic on footpaths (Burton <em>et al</em>. 2002b). It is vulnerable to severe cold periods on its western European wintering grounds (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996) and suffers from nest predation by introduced predators (e.g. European hedgehog <em>Erinaceus europaeus</em>) on some islands (Jackson 2001). The species is also susceptible to avian influenza so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus (Melville and Shortridge 2006).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is listed on Annex II (B) of the EU Birds Directive. The EU commisioned a Management Plan for this huntable bird species considered to be in unfavourable status (Technical Report - 2009 - 031) (Jensen <em>et al.</em> 2009).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Optimal breeding conditions for this species may be provided by creating a mosaic of unflooded grassland, winter-flooded grassland and shallow pools (Ausden <em>et al</em>. 2002). Winter flooding of grasslands is beneficial to the species as it helps to keep the sward height short and open and also creates pools which provide a source of aquatic invertebrates in the spring (Ausden <em>et al.</em> 2002, Olsen and Schmidt 2004). Such shallow pools on coastal grazing marshes should be maintained until the end of June (Ausden <em>et al.</em> 2003). The number of breeding pairs on improved grassland was successfully increased on a reserve in Wales by the implementation of a two-year rotation of chisel ploughing, as well as a seasonal sheep and cattle grazing regime and a controlled increase in the water-level (Squires and Allcorn 2006). At Lower Lough Erne in Northern Ireland the breeding population of the species increased considerably as a result of cutting rush beds in mid-winter (although the species nested on uncut areas, chicks benefited from the presence of adjacent short, open areas for feeding) (Robson and Allcorn 2006). Low-level grazing of salt marshes (e.g. c. 1 cow per hectare) does not appear to affect the species and may even be beneficial to breeding populations (Norris et al. 1997, Ausden <em>et al</em>. 2005), although cattle should not be put onto the marsh until towards the end of the nesting season (e.g. late-May or early-June) to minimise the risk of nest trampling (Norris <em>et al</em>. 1997). There is also evidence that too heavy grazing can be detrimental (Evans 1986). The species is known to show increased hatching success when ground predators have been excluded by erecting protective fences around nesting areas (Jackson 2001), and in the U.K. there is evidence that the removal of <em>Spartina anglica</em> from tidal mudflats using a herbicide is beneficial for the species (Evans 1986).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,TROGLODYTIDAE,Troglodytes,troglodytes,,Troglodytes troglodytes,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In both Europe and the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","The species breeds across much of Europe, with major populations in the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Spain, Germany and the European part of Russia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 33,200,000–56,500,000 pairs (66,500,000–113,000,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 30,000,000–49,000,000 pairs (60,000,000–97,900,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits a wide variety of habitats. In Western Europe, it is most commonly found in deciduous and mixed woodland, well-vegetated suburbs, urban parks and gardens, moorland scrub, and offshore islands with very scanty cover.<br/><br/>In European Russia, egg-laying occurs from the second half of May; however in Western Europe it begins late March or early April and a week or more later in Central Europe. The nest is a domed structure with a side entrance hole (Kroodsma <em>et al.</em> 2013) and is made of grass, leaves, moss and other vegetation, lined with feathers and hair (Snow and Perrins 1998). It is sited in a wide range of locations, often in dense vegetation but also in a cavity or crevice and will use artificial sites. Clutches can be three to nine eggs but most often five to eight.<br/><br/>The diet is mostly invertebrates such as spiders (Araneae), beetles (Coleoptera), earwigs (Dermaptera) and orthopterans, but it will also take small vertebrates, such as small fish, tadpoles and young frogs.<br/><br/>The species is resident, migratory and partially migratory (Kroodsma <em>et al.</em> 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Some island populations, which represent whole subspecies are very small and thus vulnerable; the designation of race <em>hirtensis</em>, on St Kilda (Scotland) in 1884 led to an increase in collecting activity, although there is no evidence this caused a significant decline. In non-migratory populations, severe winters with prolonged snow cover can decimate numbers but this is normally temporary and recovery is quick (Kroodsma <em>et al.</em> 2013).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The race <em>fridariensis</em> is listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,TURDIDAE,Turdus,atrogularis,,Turdus atrogularis,"Jarocki, 1819",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>The species does not occur in the EU28, thus is classified as Not Applicable (NA).","In Europe the breeding population size trend is unknown. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds only in the European part of Russia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 25,000–40,000 pairs (50,000–80,000 mature individuals). The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","Breeds from May to July, with small territories occurring in variety of habitats, including coniferous forest edges, sparse dry woods but also wooded bogs, larch (<em>Larix</em>), poplar (<em>Populus</em>) and / or birch (<em>Betula</em>) groves, and semi-open willow (<em>Salix</em>) or buckthorn (<em>Rhamnus</em>)&#160;scrub. It lays a single brood of 4 to 7 eggs in a cup-shaped nest made of grasses and mud, usually placed low, either in a tree, stump or on the ground.&#160;Outside of the breeding season, this species also sometimes occurs in sparse subalpine woodland and shrubbery. It is highly gregarious in winter, where it occurs in grassland (including fields, and gardens) and scrub, in forest edges and groves (including orchards) (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020).<br/>This species forages on the ground and in bushes, mainly eating invertebrates, including grasshoppers (Orthoptera), beetles (Coleoptera) and caterpillars, earthworms and snails. It also eats berries,&#160;particularly in winter where it is one of the principal components of their diet (Billerman&#160;<em>et al.</em>&#160;2020).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The size of the European population could render it susceptible to the risks affecting small populations, however it is adjacent to a much larger non-European population.",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed&#160;</strong><br/>No conservation measures are currently needed for this species.,There are no known uses and trade information for this species.,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,0,"Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,TURDIDAE,Turdus,iliacus,,Turdus iliacus,"Linnaeus, 1766",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by approximately 19% (best estimate) in 10 years. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be decreasing by approximately 21% (best estimate) in the same period. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species has an extensive range. In Europe it breeds from Iceland east to the Ural mountains, mainly in Russia, but also notably in Norway, Finland and Sweden.","The European breeding population is estimated at 18,140,000-14,100,000 pairs, which equates to 16,200,000-28,100,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 1,960,000-2,370,000 pairs, which equates to 3,920,000-4,730,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","During the breeding season this species is found in forest-open country mosaics in lowlands and relatively low hills, with preference for mid-successional conditions, especially in river basins and on floodplains. It also inhabits open deciduous or mixed forest margins with fields and mires, clearings in primary forest, regenerating managed forest at the tall bushy stage with considerable understorey, shoreline thickets, tundra willow (<em>Salix</em>) and birch (<em>Betula</em>) scrub, scrubby semi-open cultivated sites, parks and gardens and thinned woodland with grassy areas around buildings. In the winter it uses open woodland, orchards and scrub thickets, wherever berry-bearing bushes and grassy areas are near by. The breeding season is from early April to late July, with some latitudinal variation. The nest is a bulky cup of grass, moss and twigs, bound with mud and bits of vegetation and lined with fine grass stems and leaves. It is sited on the ground in thick vegetation or low in a bush or tree or on a rotten stump. Clutches are normally four to six eggs. It feeds on invertebrates as well as seeds and berries in the autumn and winter. The species is chiefly migratory (Collar and de Juana 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Population numbers can be very variable owing to the effects of harsh and mild winters, and of unfavourably cold summers (Collar and de Juana 2013). The species is also illegally trapped in the Mediterranean (Murgui 2014).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Tighter controls on hunting around the Mediterranean should be implemented.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,TURDIDAE,Turdus,merula,,Turdus merula,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In both Europe and the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","The species breeds across much of Europe, with major populations occurring in Spain, Germany, France and the United Kingdom.","The European breeding population is estimated at 58,100,000–88,000,000 pairs (116,000,000–176,000,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 50,400,000–74,600,000 pairs (100,000,000–150,000,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species inhabits a very wide range of habitats. Its main and original habitat is relatively open broadleaf, coniferous, mixed and deciduous forests, but it is also found in tree plantations, orchards, farmland, gardens and parks and commonly in open grassy areas so long as vegetation cover is within a short distance.<br/><br/>In Europe, it breeds from mid-March to early September. The nest is a large cup of dry grass stems and small twigs, packed with mud and lined with fine grass and stems. It is generally sited 0.5–15 m off the ground in a bush or tree or in a climbing plant against a wall, and frequently in or on a wall, outside or inside a building.<br/><br/>It is a highly flexible and adaptive forager and feeds principally on invertebrates, mainly earthworms and insects and their larvae but will also take fruits and seeds and, occasionally, small vertebrates.<br/><br/>The species is sedentary, partially migratory and fully migratory, depending mainly on latitude (Collar 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Declines in Britain may be owing to agricultural intensification, as decreases are greater on farmland. In the Cantabrian Mountains, in Spain, hunting may explain its scarcity there and in the Netherlands declines are possibly a result of lower breeding success. In the western Palearctic other threats include predators, disturbance, adverse weather conditions, nest collapse and starvation (Collar 2015).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Although this species is not currently threatened it would benefit from the promotion and maintenance of low-intensity farming.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,TURDIDAE,Turdus,philomelos,,Turdus philomelos,"Brehm, 1831",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is estimated to be stable. In the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Russia, with significant numbers in Sweden, Germany, Romania, Poland and France.","The European breeding population is estimated at 23,600,000–39,000,000 pairs (47,300,000–77,900,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 13,700,000–22,200,000 pairs (27,400,000–44,400,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in almost all types of temperate forest and woodland, generally in lowlands and valleys but reaching the tree-line in Switzerland and Russia. It requires patches of trees and bushes with small areas of open moist ground supporting abundant invertebrate fauna. It has also adapted well to modern lowland agricultural and urban landscapes, breeding in small woodlots, parkland, orchards, mature hedgerows, overgrown railway embankments, roadsides, cemeteries, and suburban gardens with some tall trees. In non-breeding areas in the south of its range habitats are somewhat drier.<br/><br/>In Western Europe breeding occurs mainly from mid-March to mid-August but can start a month later in central and Northern Europe. The nest is a neat cup of grass, twigs and moss with a thick hard lining of clay, mud, dung or rotten wood, often mixed with leaves. It is usually placed in a bush, shrub or tree, often against the trunk, but can also be in a creeper on a wall, in a bank or on a ledge. Clutches are three to five eggs (Collar 2015).<br/><br/>It feeds on a wide range of invertebrates, especially earth worms, as well as fruit as it is available through the year (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>The species is migratory, although southern and western populations are mostly sedentary (Collar 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Local declines are thought to be due to changes in agricultural practices which may have caused a major reduction in availability of key summer food resources on lowland farmland, as well as the loss of hedgerows, scrub and permanent grassland with livestock, and the wide-scale installation of under-field drainage systems, which causes early soil drying and thus a loss of topsoil earthworms. Pesticides and predators may also be a threat (Collar 2015). The species has been subject to hunting for many decades in the Mediterranean, but there is no clear evidence this has caused a decline (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997, Collar 2015). Adverse weather is also known to negatively affect this species (Robinson <em>et al.</em> 2004).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex II. The species is listed as red in the national U.K. red list (Eaton <em>et al.</em> 2009). Research is being undertaken examining the ecology of this species and the causes of its decline.&#160; <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>In the U.K., where the species is declining, management for this species should include the planting and restoration of hedgerows to provide nesting and feeding sites and this should be implemented along with sympathetic field margin management. Incentives are needed to encourage mixed farming, damper soil conditions and small, uncropped features, In addition it would likely benefiti from the creation and maintenance of ditches, which remain damper for longer during summer, preferably with hedge cover or close to scrub and raised water levels on grass fields (Peach <em>et al.</em> 2004). Future studies should focus on the relationships between species’s survival and environmental variables (Robinson <em>et al.</em> 2004).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,TURDIDAE,Turdus,pilaris,,Turdus pilaris,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is estimated to be stable. In the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","Within Europe, the species breeds in Iceland and northern and central Europe and east to Russia. Outside the breeding season, populations migrate to winter in western and southern Europe (Collar 2015). In the region, the species breeds primarily in the European part of Russia, with significant numbers occurring also in Finland, Poland, Sweden and Norway.","The European breeding population is estimated at 11,500,000–22,400,000 pairs (23,000,000–44,700,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 3,670,000–5,670,000 pairs (7,350,000–11,400,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species typically inhabits mixed habitat, mainly part-wooded and part-open country, commonly using trees for breeding and roosting and hedges and open ground for foraging. It breeds in boreal forests of mixed pine (<em>Pinus</em>) and birch (<em>Betul</em>a), as well as scrub, clearings, parks and gardens. In high latitudes, relatively small numbers extend beyond the tree-line into alpine heathland and tundra scrub, and even to entirely bleak grassy islands in the extreme north. It winters mainly in lowlands, often in more open habitats, including grassy and cultivated fields, moorland edges, woodland edges and orchards.<br/><br/>Breeding occurs from early April to late August, with timing varying with latitude. The nest is a bulky, untidy cup, made of twigs, roots, moss, lichen, grass and leaves, lined with animal hair, rootlets and fine grass, and cemented with mud. It is generally sited in the fork of a tree or against the trunk or on a branch, usually towards upper levels of the tree and normally at least two metres off the ground but occasionally on ground, or in a cliff face. Normally lays five or six eggs.<br/><br/>The diet is mainly invertebrates and fruits, but also takes berries and seeds in the winter, and shoots and buds in the spring.<br/><br/>The species is migratory, but movements are essentially irruptive and nomadic (Collar 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",In southern Greenland the species may have been extirpated by severe winters during the 1960s (Collar 2015).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Research to identify causes of declines and appropriate conservation measures.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,TURDIDAE,Turdus,torquatus,,Turdus torquatus,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,Yes,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population size trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A).&#160;The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe, the population trend is estimated to be stable,&#160;and the EU28, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Europe, this species breeds in a majority of countries in Europe, notably in Austria, Switzerland, Romania, Russia, France, Norway, Bulgaria and Turkey.","The European breeding population is estimated at 276,000-579,000 pairs, which equates to 552,000-1,160,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 164,000-318,000 pairs, which equates to 329,000-636,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is found in mountain steppe with conifers, including wet spruce (<em>Picea</em>) and spruce-fir woodland (<em>P. abies-Abies alba</em>). In central Europe it also uses conifer-beech (<em>Fagus</em>), extending into bushy scrub with <em>Rhododendron hirsutum</em> and <em>Pinus mugo</em> in alpine regions, dry rugged upland slopes, heath and heather moorland with bracken, stones and grass patches, subalpine meadows with scattered shrubs and trees and low shrubbery above the tree-line on rocky slopes. In Britain it favours heather-grass mosaics and <em>Nardus-Molinia</em> grassland&#160; and most nesting territories contain small crags, gullies, scree and/or boulders, as well as sloping or flat areas with short vegetation and scattered trees or bushes.<br/><br/>Breeding occurs from mid-April to mid-July in Britain and the Alps and in Scandinavia from early May to the end of June in the south and late May to early August in the north (Collar <em>et al.</em> 2015). In Britain the nest is generally built on or close to the ground, however in Poland it is found mostly in trees close to the trunk (Snow and Perrins 1998). The nest is a bulky cup of dry grass, stems, moss and leaves mixed with mud and lined with dry grass. Clutches can be from three to six eggs but most commonly four or five. It feeds on invertebrates, seeds and fruits, with invertebrates making up most of the diet in spring and early summer. The species is migratory; British and northern European breeders are thought to winter mainly in southern Spain and north-west Africa (Collar <em>et al. </em>2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Causes of declines are not clearly understood in this species. It is thought to be suffering from increased human disturbance and the development of many upland areas for outdoor leisure pursuits as well as from competition with species such as <em>T. merula, T. viscivorus</em> and <em>T. pilaris</em>. In southern Spain, the widespread loss of juniper forest may be partly responsible for decline in British breeding populations, where it may also be suffering from&#160; large-scale afforestation in the uplands (Collar <em>et al. </em>2015) and increased grazing intensity (Burfield 2002). Hunting of north-west European migrants passing through southern Europe may also be significant (Collar <em>et al. </em>2015). The species may also be threatened by climate change (Beale<em> et al.</em> 2006).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II.&#160; In the UK, the Ring Ouzel Study Group was set up due to the lack of knowledge and a concern for the species and it continues to influence research and conservation actions, co-ordinate and facilitate monitoring and promote the conservation of this species. <br/><strong><br/>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>An improved understanding of the climatic mechanisms affecting populations of this species would assist the development of management regimes that can mitigate the adverse effects of climate change. Conservation measures could also be better informed through an&#160; improved understanding of basic ecology during the post-breeding period. In addition to this action to minimise the threats posed by increased firewood collection and grazing in Morocco would benefit populations throughout Europe (Beale <em>et al.</em> 2006).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,TURDIDAE,Turdus,viscivorus,,Turdus viscivorus,"Linnaeus, 1758",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In both Europe and the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in the European part of Russia, France, Spain and Sweden, with significant numbers also in Croatia, Romania and Germany.","The European breeding population is estimated at 3,650,000–6,760,000 pairs (7,300,000–13,600,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 2,490,000–4,710,000 pairs (4,990,000–9,410,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species requires a mosaic of wooded and open country, and thus inhabits open mature forest, woodland glades, orchards, riverside forest, open grassland with scrub and mountain steppe with shrubs; often penetrating grassy-bracken moorland areas on low craggy hills and mountains at some distance from trees. It is most typically found, in rolling, open landscapes with scattered trees or copses, including parkland and park-like farmland.<br/><br/>In western and Central Europe, it breeds from late March to late June and from late April in the north. The nest is a large cup of dry grass, plant stems, roots and moss, bound together with mud and lined with fine grasses and sometimes pine needles. Typically, it is found two to ten metres up in the fork of a tree and normally lays three to five eggs.<br/><br/>It feeds on invertebrates as well as seeds and fruit in the autumn and winter.<br/><br/>In the west of its range the species is sedentary or a partial migrant and in the north and east of its range it is more fully migratory (Collar 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In Spain the species suffers pressure from hunting. Finnish populations have suffered from the felling of old growth forest (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997, Collar 2015) as a result of modern forestry practices. Studies in the Netherlands have shown fluctuations in population numbers due to severe winter weather (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>EU Birds Directive Annex II.&#160; There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>The species would benefit locally from the restoration and maintenance of low-intensity forestry management.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,TURNICIDAE,Turnix,sylvaticus,,Turnix sylvaticus,"(Desfontaines, 1787)",Gender agreement of species name follows David and Gosselin (2002b).  <p></p>,No,RE,0,No,RE,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Regionally Extinct (RE)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Regionally Extinct (RE)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong><br/></strong>There are no recent confirmed sightings of this species within the European region. The bird&#160;formerly bred on the Iberian peninsula, and it was last recorded in 1981, with the species being declared extinct in Spain in 2018. This species is therefore classified as Regionally Extinct (RE) within both the Europe and the EU28 regions.","This species' population at both the European and EU28 levels is estimated to be regionally extinct, as there have been no confirmed sightings in more than 30 years. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species has a predominantly south-east Asian and African range, which used to just extend into southern Spain (Debus and Kirwan 2013), in the province of Huelva, but has now been declared extinct in the country (in 2018).&#160;<br/>In Italy (Sicily), it was abundant during the 19<sup>th</sup> century but has been considered extinct there since 1920 and is also no longer present in Portugal (Madroño <em>et al</em>. 2004).","This species' population at both the European and EU28 levels is estimated to be regionally extinct, as there have been no confirmed sightings in almost 40 years. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species was formerly found in coastal scrub of bushes and dwarf palms (palmetto) <em>Chaemerops humilis </em>(Arecaceae), and was then confined to suboptimal Mediterranean coastal sand scrub community, including <em>Halimium halimifolium </em>(Cistaceae), <em>Pistacia lentiscus </em>(Anacardiaceae) and <em>Quercus suber</em> (Fagaceae), as well as broom <em>Calicotome villosa</em> (Fabaceae) scrub and adjacent cultivated areas (Madge and McGowan 2002, Gutiérrez Exposito <em>et al</em>. 2011, Debus and Kirwan 2016).&#160;<br/>This species breeds between April and August, usually laying four eggs in a shallow nest which is lined with grass and located in a well-concealed scrape lined with grass, under grass tussock or low vegetation; standing grass stems often pulled over to form a loose canopy. It feeds on seeds and invertebrates in about equal proportions. This species is apparently sedentary in the western Palearctic (Madge and McGowan 2002, Debus and Kirwan 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",Over the past half century much of the habitat in the sandy areas of its range has been lost to irrigated agriculture or forestry. An unknown number used to be mistakenly shot each year by quail hunters. In some areas it may have been affected by overabundance of opportunistic predators such as foxes and wild boar (Madroño <em>et al.</em> 2004).,"<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>In 2002, the hunting of this species in much of the theoretical range of this species within in the province of Huelva, Spain was prohibited, a measure which immediately raised concerns with the hunters who had hitherto been working on surveys for the species (Madroño <em>et al. </em>2004).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Research into the ecology and ethology of the species should be continued. The species is considered regionally extinct in Europe, but if it were to to found again, these actions would help re-establish populations: strengthening surveys and the creation of a specialized, dedicated and detailed map of the species' distribution to inform conservation decisions; training forest rangers and volunteers in methods of detecting and tracking the species; awareness-raising campaigns within the quail hunting community in the provinces where the species would be present; adapting forestry work in the species' range, with an aim to reduce forests of non-native species pine or eucalyptus and create and qualitatively enhance large areas of scrubland where forest cover is uniform; a Recovery Plan for the species could be drafted (in Andalucía for example) (Madroño <em>et al</em>. 2004).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,STRIGIFORMES,TYTONIDAE,Tyto,alba,,Tyto alba,"(Scopoli, 1769)","<em>Tyto alba</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) is retained as a cross-regional species contra Christidis and Boles (2008) who split <em>T. alba</em> into two cross-regional species <em>T. alba </em>and <em>T. javanica</em>. <p></p>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is suspected to be decreasing by less than 25% over 20 years (three generations), and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is suspected to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In Europe the breeding population size is suspected to be decreasing by less than 25% over 20 years (3 generations). In the EU28 the breeding population size is suspected to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","The species breeds across much of Europe, with major populations in Spain, Italy and France.","The European breeding population is estimated at 82,300–178,000 pairs (164,000–356,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 76,400–167,000 pairs (152,000–333,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","<p>This species is found in a great variety of habitats. It mainly occurs in open but not treeless, lowlands, especially farmlands with spinneys hedges, ditches, ponds and banks, and some rough grass or herbage, roadside verges, and similar rough terrain. <br/><br/>Egg-laying occurs from March to September in Britain but the season may not be so prolonged around the Mediterranean. It nests in holes in trees or buildings, in a cliff, quarry, rock outcrops (Snow and Perrins 1998) and nest boxes (Bruce <em>et al.</em> 2014). It reuses nests for successive broods and in successive years. Clutches are usually four to seven eggs (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>The diet consists mainly of small mammals and is usually dominated by only a few species, especially rats and mice.<br/><br/>The species is mostly sedentary, with post-breeding dispersal of juveniles (Bruce <em>et al.</em> 2014). </p><br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","<p>The causes of decline include loss and fragmentation of grassland foraging habitat, intensification of agricultural practices, urbanization, and road development which is also linked to road mortalities. It also suffers from severe winters. Increased mechanization of farms has meant the loss of important foraging sites, such as stockyards and stables, and the loss of abandoned farm buildings suitable for nest-sites. Organochlorine pesticides in 1950s and 1960s and rodenticides in 1970s and 1980s had disastrous effects on many owl populations in Europe, particularly north-west Europe (Bruce <em>et al.</em> 2014).</p>","<p><strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong></p>  <p>Nest boxes are used as part of local conservation efforts in Europe. Conservation measures have also included protection and re-establishment of rough-grassland habitat mosaics, providing prey-rich foraging areas, and controls over use of second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides. Reintroduction schemes in some areas have had mixed success, as well as conflicting with wild populations (Bruce <em>et al.</em> 2014).</p>  <p><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong></p>  <p></p><p>  </p><p>Work should continue on the protection and re-establishment of rough grasslands, particularly alongside watercourses, field margins and woodland edge in order to help reduce habitat fragmentation and provide a network of prey-rich foraging grounds. The provision of nest boxes around these habitats is also important. The use of rodenticides should be controlled. Reintroduction projects need to be implemented with care and awareness of the potential dangers of introducing poor and incorrect genetic stock (Tucker and Heath 1994).</p>  <p></p>",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,BUCEROTIFORMES,UPUPIDAE,Upupa,epops,,Upupa epops,"Linnaeus, 1758","<em>Upupa epops</em> and <em>U. africana</em> (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) have been lumped into <em>U. epops</em> but <em>U. marginata</em> is split from this taxon following Dowsett and Forbes-Watson (1993). This treatment is under review by the BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group.<em>    <p></p></em>",No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In both Europe and the EU28, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is estimated to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in Spain, Turkey and Portugal, with notable numbers in Romania, France, the European part of Russia, Greece, Poland and Ukraine.","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,370,000–3,210,000 pairs (2,740,000–6,410,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 1,070,000–2,500,000 pairs (2,140,000–4,990,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species occupies open country such as pastures, parkland, orchards, sand-heathland, olive groves, and vineyards and requires the presence of features offering perches, shade, nest-sites and accessible food. It is frequently found around villages and in traditionally farmed areas. Breeding can occur up to 3,000 m in Turkey (Krištín and Kirwan 2015).<br/><br/>In Central and Southern Europe, egg-laying occurs from late April or early May, although begins in January in the Canaries (Snow and Perrins 1998). The species is monogamous, solitary and a territorial breeder, although extra-pair paternity has been found in southeast Spain. It nests in natural holes in stumps, trees, walls, old buildings, cliffs, among boulders, in abandoned vehicles, drainpipes, wells, roof spaces and nest boxes and may use the same site for several seasons (Krištín&#160;and Kirwan 2015). The nest may  unlined or lined with moss, grass, leaves or pine needles (Snow and Perrins 1998) and is normally relatively close to the ground but occasionally found over 40 m. (Krištín&#160;and Kirwan 2015). Typically, the species lays seven to eight eggs.<br/><br/>It feeds almost entirely on animal matter, primarily large insects and their larvae and pupae (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>Northern populations are fully migratory while others our only partially migratory. European populations winter in northwest Africa, the Canary Isles, Israel and Arabia (Krištín&#160;and Kirwan 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is hunted in Mediterranean region (Krištín&#160;and Kirwan 2015). Food quality and accessibility has been shown to affect reproductive success (Martin-Vivaldi <em>et al</em>. 1999, Fournier and Arlettaz 2001) as has the availability of suitable nesting cavities (Arlettaz <em>et al.</em> 2000) as a result of habitat changes after agricultural intensification (Bauer and Berthold 1997).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Research suggests that large areas of suitable breeding habitat should be maintained to allow functional and sustainable populations (Bötsch <em>et al.</em> 2012) therefore landscape scale management needs to be employed to maintain suitable foraging and breeding habitats for the species. Controls on hunting need to be introduced and enforced.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,ALCIDAE,Uria,aalge,,Uria aalge,"(Pontoppidan, 1763)",0,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment:&#160;</strong><strong>Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>At both European and EU28 scales, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is extremely large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D).&#160;&#160;The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence does not&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;<br/><br/>For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern within both Europe and the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28,&#160;the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is the most widespread of all the auks and has a circumpolar distribution, occurring in the low-arctic and boreal waters of the north Atlantic. In Europe its southern limit reaches the Berlengas Islands (Portugal) (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997) and in the north its range is determined by the ice conditions.&#160;<br/><br/>In Europe, this species breeds primarily in the United Kingdom and Iceland, and also notably in the Faroe Islands.","The European breeding population is estimated at 2,420,000-3,150,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 1,650,000-1,670,000 pairs, which equates to 3,300,000-3,340,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is exclusively marine, occurring along sea coasts on rocky cliffs and offshore islands. It breeds mainly on steep sea cliffs and low, flat islands. During the winter it is mostly found offshore, along the edge of continental shelf and shallow banks, marine coasts and bays, usually in boreal waters but some birds occur in the cool subtropical zone. The time of breeding is variable and is largely determined by water temperature and ice. Generally egg-laying takes place mid-May to early June and fledging mostly by late July to mid-August. It lays on a broad or narrow cliff ledge and on low, flat islands; occasionally also in crevices, under boulders and in caves. It does not build a nest and lays a single egg on bare rock. It is a pursuit-diving marine bird which forages primarily during daylight (Wanless <em>et al.</em> 1988). During the breeding season, schooling pelagic fish species are the most important prey for adults, though benthic species can also be important. In Labrador, Canada, Shannies (Sicheaidae) were the main source of food, comprising 84% of the diet in 1996 and 52.9% in 1997 (Bryant and Jones 1999). Capelin (<em>Mallotus villosus</em>) were also important, forming 44.7% of the diet in 1997 (Bryant and Jones 1999). In the U.K., the main prey taxa are sandeel (<em>Ammodytes spp.</em>) and clupeids. Small gadoids are also important at some colonies. The species winters mostly within its breeding range with some birds remaining relatively sedentary (Nettleship <em>et al.</em> 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","This species is highly vulnerable to human disturbance as it is found in high concentrations outside the breeding season. Throughout the 19<sup>th</sup> and early 20<sup>th </sup>centuries, egg collection and shooting at colonies, as well as introduced alien predators caused severe declines in the world population and unregulated hunting in Greenland is still a major threat.  As human populations increased and expanded the species was extirpated in many regions, particularly in the south of its range.<br/><br/>Other  important threats are overfishing of important forage species (e.g. capelin, herring, cod and sandeels) in the North Atlantic (Barents Sea, Iceland), uncontrolled gill-net fisheries in the north-east Atlantic and oil pollution and offshore petroleum developments in areas such as the Barents and North Seas and Greenland (Nettleship <em>et al.</em> 2018). The species is susceptible to avian cholera (Österblom <em>et al.</em> 2004) so is threatened by future outbreaks of this disease. Wind farm development has a negative impact on this species as well (Vanermen <em>et al.</em> 2014). The species is also likely threatened by future climate change (Sandvik 2005, Frederiksen<em> et al.</em> 2013).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/><em>Uria aalge ibericus</em> is found on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive. With the implementation of bird protection laws, a slow recovery occurred over much of the Atlantic breeding range up to early 1970s except in north Norway and probably Iceland (Nettleship <em>et al</em>. 2018).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/> At major colonies, detailed monitoring is needed, particularly in Iceland, where the status of the largest Atlantic population is poorly known (Nettleship <em>et al.</em> 2018). The impact of bycatch in fish nets can be reduced in several ways: Protecting areas on a seasonal and/or diurnal scale; concentrating salmon fisheries when salmon densities are high to improve fishing efficiency and catch to bycatch ratios; changing to an alternative fishing technique may reduce seabird mortality; and gear modification (Österblom <em>et al. </em>2002).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,ALCIDAE,Uria,lomvia,,Uria lomvia,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In  Europe, the species range size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The   population size is extremely large (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The   population trend is estimated to be decreasing by at least 20% over 39 years (three generations), and hence the species does   not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons   the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><strong></strong><br/>The species does not occur in the EU28, thus is classified as Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe, the breeding population size is estimated to be decreasing by at least 20% over 39 years (3 generations), the wintering population trend is unknown. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily on Svalbard and Jan Mayen and the European part of Russia, with large populations also in Iceland and Norway.<br/><p></p>","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,700,000-2,280,000 pairs (3,410,000-4,560,000 mature individuals), and the European wintering population is estimated at 2,000,000-3,000,000 individuals (1,330,000-2,000,000 mature individuals). The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species is exclusively marine, occurring offshore and along sea coasts. It breeds on coastal cliffs and islands, and is almost completely restricted to high and low Arctic zones with open water and adequate summer food supply (Nettleship and Christie 2013). It avoids extensive permanent pack-ice, breeding only in areas where vigorous vertical circulation creates open water supporting rich planktonic biomass near cliffed coasts (Snow and Perrins 1998).<br/><br/>It winters mostly offshore to the edge of the continental shelf, and along sea coasts and in bays where concentrations of fish and invertebrates occur. At sea, it is found in flocks which are often large, likely related to the non-random distribution of winter prey. Colony locations are usually associated with dynamic water systems, for example fronts, upwellings and converging currents where primary and secondary productivity is high. Arrival at breeding colonies and start of laying are variable and usually related to sea temperatures; towards the southern limit of low Arctic water and in northern boreal waters laying takes place late May to early June, in more northerly locations laying later in June or July.<br/><br/>The species is highly colonial, usually occurring in immense aggregations and at high densities on steep sea cliffs. The single egg is laid directly onto bare rock on narrow cliff ledges. It feeds on fish, squid and crustaceans throughout the year, supplemented by polychaetes and molluscs (Nettleship and Christie 2013). In low-Arctic Greenland and in the European sector of the polar basin, part of the population is present year round though some birds, notably immatures, move away in autumn (Snow and Perrins 1998). Birds from west Greenland move south to east Newfoundland (shelf and Grand Banks) and Nova Scotia. Birds from the European Arctic move south-west towards west Greenland, including Spitsbergen birds that reach both south-west Greenland and Newfoundland waters (Nettleship and Christie 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species suffers from incidental kills in fishing nets, competition with commercial fisheries, notably in Barents Sea, Iceland and oil pollution and offshore oil developments in many areas (e.g,. Barents Sea, North Sea) (Nettleship and Christie 2013). It is also likely to be affected by climate change (Gaston <em>et al.</em> 2005, Sandvik <em>et al</em>. 2005).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>There are no known current conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>There are a number of immediate conservation requirements for this species. Enhanced monitoring of major colonies is needed, particularly in Iceland, Spitsbergen and the Russian Arctic, where population size and status are inadequately known. Detailed assessment of impacts of overfishing by commercial fisheries is required, particularly of capelin, cod, herring and sand eels in the Barents Sea and Iceland. Continue and expand assessments of by-catch in gill-net fisheries, particularly in the NE Atlantic. Tighter legislation and penalties (national and international) associated with oil pollution from offshore developments and transport, as well as expansion and refinement of monitoring schemes to assess bird mortality should be developed. The eradication of alien predators, especially foxes at Russian colonies should be undertaken (Nettleship and Christie 2013).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,CHARADRIIDAE,Vanellus,gregarius,,Vanellus gregarius,"(Pallas, 1771)",0,No,CR,"A2bcd+3bcd+4bcd; C1+2a(i,ii); D",No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species' range is not known and&#160;the range size criteria (criteria B and D2) cannot be applied. The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is extremely small, and meets the thresholds for Critically Endangered (CR) under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend appears to be undergoing an extremely rapid decline, and hence also meets the thresholds for Critically Endangered in Europe under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/>This species is considered vagrant in the EU28 and is therefore considered Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to have decreased by almost 100% in the past 14 years (three generations) and is expected to continue declining at this rate between 2007-2021 and over the next 14 years.&#160;&#160;These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","In Europe, this species only breeds in Russia.&#160;<br/><br/>On migration, it moves through Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Turkey, to key wintering sites in Africa, the Middle East and Asia (Wiersma <em>et al.</em> 2015). Russia and Turkey hold key stop-over sites such as the Manych lowlands (Russia), Muş Plain (Turkey) and Ceylanpınar Important Bird Area (Turkey) (Sheldon <em>et al.</em> 2012).","The European breeding population is estimated at&#160;3–10&#160;pairs, which equates to 6–20 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds mainly in the transition zones of <em>Stipa</em> and <em>Artemisia</em> grassland steppes and on dry wasteland, cultivated, ploughed and stubble fields. During migration, it is found mainly on sandy plains with short grass, dry meadows, fallow land and cultivated fields.<br/><br/>Breeding begins from mid-April until July in semi-colonial groups of 3–20 pairs. The nest consists of a scrape that can be unlined or lined with plant material, pebbles and debris in which a clutch of two to five eggs are laid (Wiersma <em>et al.</em> 2015).<br/><br/>It feeds mainly on insects and moth larvae as well as arachnids and frequently small amounts of plant matter including grains, leaves and flowers (Wiersma <em>et al.</em> 2015). <br/><br/>Migration begins August to September, usually in small flocks of 15–20 birds. It disperses south through Asia and Africa with a small number wintering in south-west Iberia (Wiersma <em>et al.</em> 2015).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","Key factors explaining the magnitude of declines remain poorly understood, despite much recent research. On the breeding grounds it was probably formerly threatened by the conversion of steppe to arable cultivation, plus, perhaps less likely, the reduction in grazing by large herds of native ungulates and latterly by the loss of the enormous herds of domestic grazing animals from state-sponsored collective farms (Eichhorn and Khrokov 2002, Watson <em>et al.</em> 2006). However, since the collapse of the Soviet Union, large areas of arable cultivation have been abandoned and are reverting to natural steppe habitat, herds of domestic livestock have become concentrated around villages (where their permanent presence leads to shorter swards than were created by the vast herds that grazed semi-nomadically under the Soviet system), while an increase in fires (owing to reduced control of fires) may also have contributed to an increase in suitable habitat. In parts of Kazakhstan, these factors are thought to be behind the possible increase in numbers in recent years and this may be the case elsewhere too (Watson <em>et al.</em> 2006, Koshkin, Kamp and Sheldon <em>in litt.</em> 2007). Concentration of nests in heavily grazed areas in the vicinity of villages may have increased threats from human disturbance and trampling by sheep, goats and possibly other livestock (Watson <em>et al</em>. 2006, Koshkin, Kamp and Sheldon <em>in litt.</em> 2007). Low egg survival due to nesting in areas of high grazer density has been suggested as one of the causes for the species' decline (Watson <em>et al.</em> 2006). The species may be affected by the increasingly dry climate in its breeding and wintering range, but it is not clear if this benefits or threatens this semi-desert species (Watson <em>et al.</em> 2006). Illegal hunting during migration and on the wintering grounds may now be the primary threat (Koshkin, Kamp and Sheldon <em>in litt.</em> 2007, Biricik <em>et al.</em> 2008). Data from 2005 to 2012 suggest that low adult survival, perhaps resulting from known hunting pressure along the migration routes, appears to be the most critical demographic rate (Sheldon <em>et al.</em> 2013).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix I and II. An International Species Action Plan was published in 2004. It is legally protected in Armenia, Russia and Ukraine, but this is generally not enforced (Belik 2005). In Turkey the species is protected from hunting through national legislation by the Central Hunting Committee (MAK) who have put the species on the protected list (Sheldon <em>et al.</em> 2012). A survey of historical breeding sites in the South Urals was conducted in 2005 (Morozov and Kornev 2005) and another at passage sites in south-west Russia was carried out in 2006 (Field <em>et al.</em> 2006). Coordinated counts were undertaken at key passage/wintering sites in Syria and Turkey in March 2007 (Anon. 2007). A project was initiated in Turkey in 2008 to gain a better understanding of stopover sites used by the species in Turkey during migration (Biricik <em>et al.</em> 2008). The inaugural meeting of the International Sociable Lapwing Working Group was held in Palmyra, Syria in March 2011. The group agreed on conservation measures required by each country, and planned cross-border actions to protect the species across its extensive range.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Continue research in Kazakhstan (and initiate in Russia) on breeding biology, habitat requirements and migration, including colour-ringing and satellite tracking to determine movements. Continue to monitor trends on breeding grounds and at key passage/winter sites. Identify and evaluate key threats on breeding, passage and wintering grounds. Investigate the importance of hunting on passage/wintering grounds. Review International Species Action Plan in the light of recent research on the breeding grounds and identification of key passage/wintering sites. Develop national species action plans, at least for Kazakhstan and key passage/wintering countries. At breeding colonies sensitive to trampling by sheep during nesting period, work with local shepherds to minimise disturbance. Control hunting on wintering/passage sites.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,CHARADRIIDAE,Vanellus,indicus,,Vanellus indicus,"(Boddaert, 1783)",0,No,VU,D1,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment:&#160;Vulnerable (VU°</strong><strong>°</strong><strong>)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, although this species may have a restricted range, it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size trend is not known, hence the population size and reduction criteria A and C cannot be applied. The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. The population size is extremely small, and meets the thresholds for Critically Endangered under the population size criterion D. However, given the large neighbouring population, there is considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region and the final category is downlisted to Vulnerable (VU°°).&#160;<br/><br/>This species does not occur in the EU28 and is therefore considered Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species has a mainly Asian distribution, which just extends into Europe, where a very small population is present in Turkey.","The European breeding population is estimated at 20–30 pairs, which equates to 40–60 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is found from lowlands up to <em>ca</em> 1,800 m in open areas near fresh or brackish water: rivers, mudbanks, wet grassland, pools, particularly on cultivated land, such as corn fields, grass fields and large gardens. It also uses open forests, waste, fallow and ploughed land and occasionally grass along highways (Wiersma and de Juana 2016). Birds from the Turkish population have been recorded using dam lakes, farmland and riverine gravel islands.<br/><br/>No data are available on the breeding period in Turkey, but adults have been observed with chicks in May and June (Kirwan <em>et al.</em> 2008). The nest is a shallow scrape, unlined or lined with small stones and debris, usually situated near water. Clutch size is three to four eggs. <br/><br/>The species feeds on beetles and other insects as well as molluscs, worms and crustaceans. <br/><br/>There is no information for the Turkish population but within its global range it is resident, dispersive and in places migratory and in winter, generally moves down from high altitudes (Wiersma and de Juana 2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is not known to be facing any major threats, however the European population is on the edge of the species global range and thus is particularly vulnerable to any threats.","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures in place for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Research studies in to the species' ecology and population dynamics, as well as into potential threats to the European population. The development of monitoring schemes should also be undertaken.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,CHARADRIIDAE,Vanellus,leucurus,,Vanellus leucurus,"(Lichtenstein, 1823)",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is rather small (&lt;20,000 mature individuals), but the population trend appears to be stable, and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>The species does not occur in the EU28, thus it has been classified as Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe the breeding population size is estimated to be stable. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species stronghold is Azerbaijan with <em>ca</em> 96% of the breeding population. The species breeds also in Armenia, the European part of Russia and Turkey.","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,100–10,200 pairs (2,200–20,400 mature individuals). The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species is fully migratory (Wiersma 1996). Populations breed in Russia between mid-April to May and depart on a broad front for winter quarters in north-east Africa, the Middle East, Pakistan and northern India (Hayman<em> et al</em>. 1986) between mid-July and September (Wiersma 1996), although individuals occasionally winter in Russia, returning to breeding grounds during March and April (Hayman&#160;<em>et al.</em> 1986).<br/><br/>This species often breeds in loose colonies of between 4 and 24 pairs (Hayman <em>et al</em>. 1986, Wiersma 1996). Outside the breeding season this species occurs singly, in pairs or small groups (Urban <em>et al.</em> 1986), with small migratory flocks of between 1-6 individuals and wintering flocks of 6-25 individuals (del Hoyo&#160;<em>et al</em>. 1996). Its is a diurnal species (Wiersma 1996).<br/><br/>The species shows a preference for habitats in the vicinity of shallow standing or slow-flowing water with suitable smooth beds permitting unhampered walking and wading (Cramp and Simmons 1983, Wiersma 1996). In Russia, it breeds in damp, vegetated areas near salt or fresh water, and on small vegetated islets or swampy shores of brackish lakes (Cramp and Simmons 1983, Wiersma 1996). During the winter this species prefers rivers, drainage ditches, ponds, coastal lagoons, marshes (Cramp and Simmons 1983, Urban<em>&#160;et al.</em> 1986) and flooded or recently dried out grassland (Cramp and Simmons 1983). It also occurs on salt-shrub terrain with low, sparse vegetation, on shallow seepage pools by canals and reservoirs, and on irrigated rice fields (Cramp and Simmons 1983). During this season the species also occurs on dry ground near water such as river banks and lake shores (Urban <em>et al.</em> 1986, Wiersma 1996), but avoids dry, open country (Urban <em>et al</em>. 1986).<br/><br/>The species is omnivorous, its diet consisting mainly of insects (especially beetles, grasshoppers, caterpillars, fly larvae (Wiersma 1996) and locusts (Johnsgard 1981)), but also worms, molluscs and crustaceans (including freshwater shrimp). Its nests are shallow scrapes in the open, usually near water (Wiersma 1996). Few observations of nesting sites are available, but one was found on an irrigated but uncultivated field covered with grass, another was observed on a dry ridge near a marsh (Johnsgard 1981).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The size of the European population could render it susceptible to the risks affecting small populations; however it is adjacent to a much larger non-European population (Birdlife International 2004).,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>The species is not listed on priority lists of the Conventions. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>No conservation measures are thought to be currently needed for this species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Van den Bossche, W, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,CHARADRIIDAE,Vanellus,spinosus,,Vanellus spinosus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,LC,0,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU°)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size may be small, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, although this species may have a small range, it is not believed to&#160;approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population size is very small, and meets the thresholds for Endangered under the population size criterion D. However, as population size is increasing, there is considered to be significant rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category is adjusted down one category to Vulnerable (VU°).","In Europe, the population size trend is unknown. In the EU28, the population size is estimated to be increasing. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species has a predominately African distribution, however its breeding range extends into the east Mediterranean (Wiersma and Kirwan 2012), where it is found in primarily in Turkey, with small populations also present in Cyprus and Greece. Although it used to also breed in Macedonia, its range has retracted in this area and it no longer breeds there (Snow and Perrins 1998).","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,000–1,700 pairs, which equates to 2,100–3,300 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 80–130 pairs, which equates to 160–260 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species frequents dry ground (Wiersma and Kirwan 2012) close to fresh or saline (Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986) pools, lakes, rivers, lagoons (Wiersma and Kirwan 2012) or marshes, as well as burnt grassland, cultivated, flooded or irrigated fields (Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986, Wiersma and Kirwan 2012), saltflats by alkaline lakes (Urban <em>et al.</em> 1986), mudflats, sandflats, beaches, dunes (Wiersma and Kirwan 2012) and coastal saltpans (Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986).<br/><br/>The species nests from March to September in the eastern Mediterranean region (Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986), in solitary pairs or loose colonies. The nest is placed in a shallow natural depression in rock lined with pebbles or is a shallow scrape on dry bare ground, either unlined or lined with grass or other plant material and debris, or with a rim of earth, small shells or stones. It also nests on mud.<br/><br/>Its diet consists predominantly of adult and larval insects (e.g. beetles, grasshoppers, Diptera, midges, termites and ants) as well as spiders and occasionally crustaceans, molluscs, small lizards, tadpoles, adult frogs, fish and seeds.<br/><br/>Breeders in the eastern Mediterranean region are fully migratory and disperse south to Africa for the winter (Wiersma and Kirwan 2012).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The species has suffered from past declines as a result of the loss of natural and semi-natural saltmarsh habitats. The species is locally exposed to hunting pressures (Wiersma and Kirwan 2012).,"<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex II. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are no known current conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Ensure adequate protection and expansion of its steppe habitat. Legislation on hunting should be developed and enforced. Studies to develop understanding of its ecology, threats and their impact should be undertaken.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,CHARADRIIDAE,Vanellus,vanellus,,Vanellus vanellus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",0,No,VU,A2bcde,No,VU,A2bce+4bce,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, the population trend appears to be decreasing at a rate which currently approaches the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A) and could qualify as Near Threatened in the region. However, one year before the year of assessment, the species was still declining at sufficiently rapid rate to meet the threshold for Vulnerable. Therefore, the species is maintained as Vulnerable (VU) in Europe, under the 5-year rule. There is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.&#160;<br/><br/>In the EU28, the population trend appears to be decreasing at a rapid rate, which meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (VU) under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). Considering that the wider European population is also decreasing, there is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region, and therefore the final category remains unchanged.","In Europe, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 20-39% with a best estimate of 29% over the past 18 years (three generations), and by 31% between 2001-2019. The European wintering population is suspected to have declined between 37-67% with a best estimate of 50% over the past 18 years (three generations), although the species is not considered to be as well monitored in winter compared to the breeding season and it is suspected that the decline may not be as rapid as the best estimate shows. It is however estimate to continue to decline at a similar rate over the next three generations.<br/>In the EU28, the population size is estimated to have decreased by 29-58% with a best estimate of 44% over the same period, and is expected to continue declining at the similar rate of 41.8% between 2003-2021 and suspected to continue declining over the next three generations. The wintering population in the EU28 is estimated to have declined by 51% (best estimate) over the past 18 years (three generations), although as with the European wintering trend, the species is not considered to be as well monitored in winter compared to the breeding season and it is suspected that the decline may not be as rapid as the best estimate shows. It is however estimate to continue to decline at a similar rate over the next three generations.<br/>These trends were calculated using the IUCN Criterion A tool, and based on the national population figures provided in the Supplementary Information (see this document for details of national estimates).","This species breeds in most countries in Europe, largely in Russia, but also notably in Belarus, Finland, Latvia, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.<br/>&#160;<br/>It winters from western Europe and the eastern Atlantic Islands, east through the Mediterranean (Wiersma 1996). Its range expanded northward into north-west Europe (Fennoscandia and Russia) from the late 19<sup>th</sup> century, and included the colonization of the Faroe Islands (Snow and Perrins 1998).","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,590,000–2,300,000 pairs (3,180,000–4,590,000 mature individuals) and the wintering population is estimated at 2,210,000–3,540,000 individuals (1,470,000–2,360,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 815,000–1,130,000 pairs (1,630,000–2,250,000 mature individuals) and the wintering population is estimated at 2,210,000–3,500,000 individuals (1,470,000–2,340,000 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species shows a preference for breeding on wet natural grasslands (Trolliet 2003), meadows and hay meadows (Wiersma 1996) at low altitudes, with short swards (Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986) and patches of bare soil (Johnsgard 1981). It will also breed on grassy moors, swampy heaths, bogs (Johnsgard 1981) and arable fields. During the winter the species utilises large open pastures and arable fields for roosting and forages on stubble, ploughed fields (Wiersma 1996).<br/><br/>The species breeds from April to July (Hayman <em>et al.</em> 1986) in solitary pairs (Wiersma 1996) although pairs may also nest close together in optimal habitat (Johnsgard 1981). Males perform a dazzling aerial song flight display, during which the wingtips produce a droning sound. The nest is a shallow scrape lined with some plant material in short grassy vegetation. Clutch size is typically four eggs, but may be only two or three.<br/><br/>Its diet consists of adult and larval insects (e.g. beetles, ants, Diptera, crickets (Wiersma 1996), grasshoppers, dragonflies, mayflies, cicadas and Lepidoptera) (Urban <em>et al.</em> 1986), spiders, snails and earthworms (Wiersma 1996).<br/><br/>Most populations of this species are fully migratory (Wiersma 1996, Snow and Perrins 1998) and travel on a broad front out of Europe (Snow and Perrins 1998) although some breeding populations in more temperate regions are sedentary (Wiersma 1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","This species suffered past declines as a result of land-use intensification and this is still a problem. Wetland drainage and egg collecting have previously threatened the species too (Wiersma 1996). Today it is threatened by reduced breeding productivity as a result of intensifying and changing agricultural practices (Schekkerman <em>et al.</em> 2009), especially the improvement of grasslands (e.g. by drainage, inorganic fertilising and reseeding) (Baldi <em>et al.</em> 2005) and loss of field margins and semi-natural habitat. Important migratory stop-over habitats for this species on the Baltic Sea coastline are threatened by petroleum pollution, wetland drainage for irrigation, land abandonment and changing land management practices leading to scrub overgrowth (Grishanov 2006). Clutch destruction may also occur during spring cultivation (using machinery) on arable fields (Wiersma 1996). The species is susceptible to avian botulism so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the disease (Hubalek <em>et al.</em> 2005), and suffers from nest predation from corvids and mammalian predators including introduced mammals on some islands (Jackson 2001) and an increasing number of predators in formerly open and predator-hostile agricultural landscapes (Schekkerman <em>et al. </em>2009). The species is hunted in France, Greece, Italy and Spain (Trolliet 2003).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex II. Bern Convention Annex III. Management of habitat for this species occurs in several European countries and agro-environment schemes are in place in France, the Netherlands and the U.K. (Petersen 2009) although they have been shown to not always be effective (Breeuwer <em>et al. </em>2009).<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Ensure incentives are in place for landowners to restore and manage suitable habitat as well as reduce pesticide use. Reduce hunting pressure, record reliable bag statistics and create awareness campaigns, targeted at hunters, about the decline of this species. Develop management schemes to reduce predation as well as monitoring and research programmes to inform conservation measures (Petersen 2009).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,LARIDAE,Xema,sabini,,Xema sabini,"(Sabine, 1819)",0,No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is small (&lt;10,000 but &gt;1,000 mature individuals), but the population trend appears to be increasing, and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D), or the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>The bird is considered a vagrant or passage species in the EU28 and is assessed as Not Applicable (NA) for this region.","In Europe the breeding population size is suspected to be increasing. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds in Greenland and on Svalbard and Jan Mayen.","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,000–1,100 pairs (2,000–2,100 mature individuals). The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In the Arctic it occupies the tundra, breeding at wetlands with mosses and sedges. It is pelagic in winter. Its prey includes invertebrates and small fish and occasionally small birds and eggs of Arctic Tern (<em>Sterna paradisaea</em>) and of conspecifics. It also feeds on carrion and fish discards. Breeding birds feed mainly on terrestrial prey in marshes. During the non-breeding season it feeds by swooping low over water and snatches prey from surface and sometimes swims, or feeds on land (Burger and Gochfeld 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","No specific information on threats to this species has been recorded within Europe, however as an Arctic breeding species, it is likely to be vulnerable to the impacts of climate change including habitat change and ecosystem shifts (Ganter and Gaston, 2013). Beyond Europe, the species is hunted in Russia, including egg harvesting (Merkel and Barry 2008).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Listed under the African Eurasian Waterbird Agreement. Listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention. It is listed within six marine Important Bird Areas across the region. Within the EU it is listed in two Special Protection Areas in Spain. <br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Identification of Important Bird Areas in the Arctic region, and subsequent designation as protected areas, with particular emphasis on sites at sea.",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M, Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,CHARADRIIFORMES,SCOLOPACIDAE,Xenus,cinereus,,Xenus cinereus,"(Güldenstädt, 1775)",0,No,LC,0,No,CR,D,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2).&#160;The population size is very large, (much larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU2, this species may have a small range, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied.&#160;The population size is extremely small, and&#160;therefore the species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR). Since the wider European population is decreasing, there is not considered to be significant potential for rescue from outside the region and the final category is unchanged.","In Europe, the population size is suspected to have decreased by 6-24% with a best estimate of 15% over the past 12 years (3 generations). Within the EU28, the population size trend is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","During the 20<sup>th</sup> century, the species has expanded westwards (Snow and Perrins 1998). In Europe, it breeds in Belarus, Ukraine, and southern Finland and Latvia, as well as north-west Russia, which holds the main European population (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996, Hagemeijer and Blair 1997).","The European breeding population is estimated at 40,100–60,300&#160;pairs, which equates to 80,300–121,000 mature individuals. The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 5–8 pairs, which equates to 10–16 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","This species breeds in lowland valleys in northern boreal forest and tundra, especially on floodplains with flooded meadows and marshes, and where overgrown moist grasslands alternate with willow scrub (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996, Snow and Perrins 1998). It also frequents lakesides and marshy banks of streams, and extends to the coasts of sheltered seas in the Baltic. The species avoids mountains, fast rocky streams, steep or broken terrain, extensive open spaces and tall dense forest (Snow and Perrins 1998). During migration the species may stop-over at inland freshwater wetlands (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996), such as muddy lakes or river edges (Urban <em>et al.</em> 1986).<br/><br/>Breeding occurs between May and June and is semi-colonial (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996), but the species is mainly solitary outside the breeding season (Snow and Perrins 1998). The nest is a shallow depression close to water either in the open, or sheltered by short grasses (Urban <em>et al. </em>1986). Clutch size is normally four eggs.<br/><br/>On its breeding grounds the diet of this species consists mainly of adult and larval midges (Diptera) as well as seeds. On migration the diet of this species is more varied, consisting of a variety of insects, small molluscs, crustaceans (including crabs), spiders and annelid worms.<br/><br/>This species is a full migrant, moving south from late July to August. The Finnish population flies across Eastern Europe and crosses the Mediterranean and Sahara non-stop (Van Gils and Wiersma 1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The breeding success of this species is not well known, but there are indications that an overall increase of common gulls, crows and mammalian predators has led to increased nest predation. Anthropogenic habitats in the wood processing industry are subject to unpredictable changes that can drive small range populations to extinction within a short period of time. Historically there are indications of illegal egg collection at the breeding sites (HELCOM 2012).","<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>Bern Convention Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. CMS Appendix II. There are no known current conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Research into population and migratory movements should be started in order to reveal the wintering sites. More efforts are needed to locate all breeding sites in the Bothnian Bay. At anthropogenic breeding sites, authorities should be aware of the presence of the species and its legal status (HELCOM 2012).",0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,GRUIFORMES,RALLIDAE,Zapornia,parva,,Zapornia parva,"(Scopoli, 1769)",<em>Zapornia parva</em>&#160;(del Hoyo and Collar 2014)&#160;was previously placed in the genus <em>Porzana</em>.,No,LC,0,No,LC,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is very large (larger than 10,000 mature individuals), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds primarily in the European part of Russia and Ukraine, with significant numbers in Romania, Belarus and Austria.","The European breeding population is estimated at 41,000–102,000 calling males (82,000–203,000 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 8,700–46,400 calling males (17,400–92,700 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species breeds in the lowlands in temperate and steppe zones (Taylor 1996), extending into boreal regions if conditions are favourable (Taylor and van Perlo 1998). It inhabits natural or semi-natural eutrophic freshwater wetlands with still or slow-flowing water (Taylor and van Perlo 1998), and requires tall stands of emergent vegetation (e.g. <em>Scirpus</em>, <em>Typha</em>, <em>Carex</em>, <em>Sparganium</em> and <em>Phragmites</em>) in or near fairly deep water in which to breed, preferably with a mixture of dead and living stems and a layer of broken stems at ground or water level (Taylor and van Perlo 1998). Suitable habitats include the margins of lakes and rivers (Taylor 1996), small pools and oxbows in regularly inundated floodplains, marshes (Taylor and van Perlo 1998), flooded woodland (Taylor 1996) such as alder (<em>Alnus</em>) coppices (Taylor and van Perlo 1998) and flooded rice-fields.<br/><br/>Breeding occurs between May and August (Taylor 1996). The nest is a shallow cup of plant matter placed in thick vegetation on or near water (Urban <em>et al</em>. 1986), or occasionally raised on a tussock or platform of dead material, preferably in sites only accessible by swimming (Taylor and van Perlo 1998).<br/><br/>The diet of this species consists mostly of insects, as well as the seeds and shoots of aquatic plants, worms, gastropods, spiders and water mites.<br/><br/>Most populations are fully migratory and migrate to wintering grounds from late-August to November (Taylor 1996).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","In its breeding range the species is threatened by wetland degradation and destruction such as lake drainage for irrigation and hydroelectric power production (Balian <em>et al.</em> 2002), and intensive reed harvesting (Taylor and van Perlo 1998).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Key sites should be identified and protected and monitoring of populations introduced. Management techniques should include the maintenance of tall reedbeds (Taylor and van Perlo 1998) and habitat diversity (Stermin <em>et al</em>. 2011). Research into the species' population dynamics and habitat requirements would inform future conservation measures.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,GRUIFORMES,RALLIDAE,Zapornia,pusilla,,Zapornia pusilla,"(Pallas, 1776)",<em>Zapornia pusilla</em>&#160;(del Hoyo and Collar 2014)&#160;was previously placed in the genus <em>Porzana</em>.,No,LC,0,No,NT,D1,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT°)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is small (&lt;10,000 but &gt;1,000 mature individuals), but the population trend is not known, hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). Although the population trend is not known, the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. Therefore, the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>In the EU28, this species has a very large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is small (&lt;1,000 mature individuals), and hence meets the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion D1, but since the population trend is not known, it does not meet the conditions for criterion C. Although the population trend is not known, the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. It is considered that there is a potential for rescue from outside the region, i.e. the European part of Russia holds nearly three quarters of the European population, therefore the final category is downlisted by one category to Near Threatened (NT°) in the EU28.","In both Europe and the EU28 the breeding population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","The species is a patchily distributed summer visitor to Europe, breeding from the Iberian Peninsula through to Russia, but generally south of 55°N (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997). The European part of Russia holds the largest proportion of the breeding European population (<em>ca</em> 80%), while notable numbers are found also in Montenegro, Spain and Bulgaria.","The European breeding population is estimated at 1,000–2,400 calling males (2,000–4,800 mature individuals). The breeding population in the EU28 is estimated at 110–350 calling males (230–700 mature individuals). For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","The species frequents similar habitats throughout its range and throughout the year, although its breeding areas are characterised by low, dense, tussocky or continuous vegetation such as flooded sedges and grasses. It inhabits freshwater, brackish or saline marshy wetlands, permanent and temporary, with dense emergent and floating vegetation. <br/><br/>In Europe, it breeds from May to July. The nest is a shallow cup or platform of vegetation placed close to water on a grass tussock or in soft grass, usually 4–60 cm above the water level. Occasionally the nest may be floating or anchored to vegetation in water, or placed in or under low bushes. Clutches are four to seven eggs (Taylor <em>et al. </em>2013).<br/><br/>Its diet consists predominantly of adult and larval insects (Taylor and van Perlo 1998), as well as annelids, molluscs, small crustaceans (e.g. ostracods and copepods), small fish (Taylor<em> et al</em>. 2013), amphibians (Taylor and van Perlo 1998) and vegetative plant material and seeds.<br/><br/>Populations in Europe appear to be fully migratory (Taylor <em>et al.</em> 2013).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.","The species is threatened by degradation and loss of seasonal and ephemeral wetlands owing to drainage, overgrazing, cultivation (Taylor and van Perlo 1998, Taylor<em> et al.</em> 2013), reed-cutting, reed-burning and sudden changes in water levels caused by discharges from large dams. The species also suffers high mortality during migration from collisions with powerlines (Taylor and van Perlo 1998).",<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>CMS Appendix II. EU Birds Directive Annex I. Bern Convention Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed</strong><br/>Key sites should be identified and protected and monitoring of populations introduced. Management techniques should include avoiding changes in water level during the nesting period; cutting and burning of vegetation near the waters edge should be controlled; natural vegetation around fish ponds and rice-fields should be maintained. Research into the species' population dynamics and habitat requirements would inform future conservation measures.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,"Ashpole, J, Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L","Fernando, E., Grice, H., Piggott, A., Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Birds,2021_October,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,AVES,PASSERIFORMES,TURDIDAE,Zoothera,aurea,,Zoothera aurea,"(Holandre, 1825)","The subspecies <em>neilgherriensis </em>has been moved from <em>Z. aurea </em>into <em>Z. dauma</em>, following song analysis that showed it to belong with the latter species (Weir 2018).<br/><br/>Previously,&#160;<em>Zoothera dauma</em>&#160;(Sibley and Monroe [1990, 1993]) and<em>&#160;Z. imbricata</em>&#160;(Collar [2004]) were lumped together into&#160;<em>Z. dauma</em>&#160;and subsequently split into&#160;<em>Z. dauma, Z. major&#160;</em>and<em>&#160;Z. aurea</em>&#160;following del Hoyo and Collar (2016).",No,LC,0,No,NA,0,EU28,,"<strong>European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)</strong><strong><br/></strong><strong>EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)</strong><br/><br/>In Europe, this species has an extremely large range (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is much larger than 2,000 km²), and hence it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criteria (criteria B and D2). The population size is moderately small, but not enough to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criteria (criteria C and D). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size reduction criterion (criterion A). The probability of extinction has not been calculated for this species, therefore criterion E cannot be applied. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.<br/><br/>The species does not occur in the EU28, thus it has been classified as Not Applicable (NA) in the region.","In Europe the breeding population size trend is unknown. The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the supplementary information.","In Europe, the species breeds only in the European part of Russia.","The European breeding population is estimated at 10,000–-17,000 pairs (20,000–34,000 mature individuals). The species does not occur in the EU28. For details of national estimates, see the Supplementary Information.","In Russia, the nominate subspecies of White's Thrush breeds in dark coniferous and mixed forests of the southern boreal zone and dark taiga zone, typically in spruce (<em>Picea</em>) forests along river valleys, wooded steppe, mixed or broadleaf stands on ridges and slopes, open woodland with larch (<em>Larix</em>), birch (<em>Betula</em>) and aspen (<em>Populus</em>), often in headwater areas.&#160;It winters in broadleaf evergreen forest, as well as selectively logged and montane forest, bamboo groves and copses at all elevations. It also occurs in urban parks, open grassy areas such as lawns, picnic areas and golf courses adjacent to tree cover&#160;(del Hoyo <em>et al. </em>2016).<br/><br/>Although the generation length for both EU and Europe regional assessments were calculated using the same methodology, new information arriving after the EU assessments were undertaken gave rise to an update in the generation lengths. This new information was then used for the Europe level assessments giving rise to a difference between the generation lengths used for the EU and Europe regions.",The species is threatened by ongoing deforestation and forest degradation.,<strong>Conservation Actions Underway</strong><br/>No targeted conservation actions are known for this species.<br/><br/><strong>Conservation Actions Proposed <br/></strong>Monitor the species population and the rate of decline. Monitor habitat loss and other threats to the species.,0,"Burfield, I. & Martin, R.",BirdLife International,0,"Rutherford, C.A. & Staneva, A.",
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,THUIDIACEAE,Abietinella,abietina,,Abietinella abietina  ,(Hedw.) M.Fleisch.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Fir Tamarisk-moss (Abietinella abietina) is very widespread in Europe, although today it is less common in calcium poor areas and in the south of Europe. This species has a wide geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 4,000 and 5,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 15 million km2. Within the EU 28, the AOO is between 1,500 and 2,000 km2, and EOO is between 6 and 7 million km2. It has rather high subpopulation sizes in northern, central and eastern Europe and although the current population trend is considered to be declining in both Europe and the EU 28, the rate of decline is currently slow in eastern Europe. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28. 

However, many of its lowland sites inland have disappeared due to habitat loss from vegetation succession after ceased grazing of semi-natural grasslands. It is also apparent that a decline has occurred in coastal sand dunes, probably because of scrub encroachment. Even so, no immediate conservation action is required but long term monitoring is probably needed, as well as further research into the impact of high levels of nitrogen deposition on the species.",Decreasing,"In Europe, this species is widespread from the arctic southwards to northern Spain, Sicily, northern Greece, the Caucasus and Turkey. The occurrence is somewhat patchy, since it is rare or absent in large areas with acidic bedrock. In mountain areas, it only occasionally reaches above the low-alpine belt (Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, the species is also found in the south of Africa, Asia and North America (Hedenäs et al. 2014). The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 2,825 m Asl.

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 4,000 and 5,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 15 million km2. Within the EU 28, the AOO is between 1,500 and 2,000 km2, and EOO is between 6 and 7 million km2.","This species has been widespread throughout Europe. It is still common in areas with basic or calcareous soils or bedrock, but today it is less common in calcium poor areas and in the south of Europe. The species is rarely producing sporophytes. Many of its lowland sites inland have disappeared due to habitat loss from vegetation succession after ceased grazing of semi-natural grasslands. It is also apparent that a decline has occurred in coastal sand dunes, probably because of scrub encroachment (Blockeel et al. 2014). However, it is still common in dry grasslands in continental parts of Europe and the rate of decline is currently slow in eastern Europe. However, the current population trend is considered to be decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28. This species has rather high subpopulation sizes in northern, central and eastern Europe.","This species grows on soils in open, unimproved short-grazed chalk grassland and on calcareous sandy soils. It prefers more or less calcareous soil and is xerophilous. In the mountains, this species grows on rock ledges, in Dryas heath and on basic (often limestone) scree slopes. Associated species are typically Campyliadelphus chrysophyllus, Ditrichum flexicaule, Entodon concinnus, Fissidens dubius, Homalothecium lutescens and Trichostomum crispulum (Blockeel et al. 2014).","Beside the cessation of traditional grazing and increased scrub encroachment, there are no other major threats. However, high levels of nitrogen deposition is a potential threat factor which needs to be evaluated.","The species is in the red list in Great Britain (VU), Germany (V) and Netherlands (Highly Endangered) (Hodgetts 2015). 

This species is known to occur in many protected areas. 

No immediate conservation action is needed. However, long term monitoring is probably needed, as well as further research into the impact of high levels of nitrogen deposition on the species.",This species is not utilised.,"González Mancebo, J.,Cálix, M.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,LEJEUNEACEAE,Acanthocoleus,aberrans,,Acanthocoleus aberrans  ,(Lindenb. &amp; Gottsche) Kruijt,,No,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"



European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Acanthocoleus aberrans is a tropical montane species which in Europe is only found in Macaronesia. It has narrow ecological requirements, including stable atmospheric conditions, in particular high humidity. This species grows on rocks, often associated with freshwater habitats, or more rarely on artificial walls of water distribution channels. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 120 km2), the population is considered severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. The major threats to this species are water exploitation, fire intensification and climatic changes (increased desiccation of freshwater habitats). In Madeira, subpopulations on the southern slopes of the island are declining and several may have already disappeared. It is recommended that population and habitat trends are monitored. Protection of areas where the species is known to occur is also recommended, as well as protection of resources necessary for its survival. A species action plan is also recommended.

",Decreasing,"



Acanthocoleus aberrans is a tropical montane species (Diersen 2001) which in Europe is only found in Macaronesia (in the Azores, Madeira and Canary Islands). In the Azores, it is present only in the islands of Pico, São Jorge and Terceira (Gabriel et al. 2011); in the Madeira archipelago it occurs in the island of Madeira (Sérgio et al. 2008); and in the Canary Islands it can be found in La Palma, La Gomera and Tenerife (Losada-Lima et al. 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 338,800 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 120 km2. Outside of Europe, it is also found in the Neotropics in Central and South America.

","



The subpopulations of this species are highly restricted and occur mostly in freshwater habitats, although occasionally the species can also grow on very wet rocks in well-preserved laurel forests with high mist frequency (Sim-Sim et al. 2014). This species is considered to have poor dispersal abilities, and is very sensitive to desiccation of natural freshwater habitats and reductions in air humidity. The subpopulations are small and isolated, and may become extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. This species is scarce in the Azores and Canary Islands (Gabriel et al. 2011, González-Mancebo et al. 2012), being more abundant in the island of Madeira. However, in Madeira, subpopulations on the southern slopes of the island are declining and several may have already disappeared. The overall current population trend is assumed to be decreasing.

","



This species grows on rocks or more rarely on the walls of artificial water distribution channels at altitudes between 700 m and 1,300 m Asl. It is almost restricted to laurel forest freshwater habitats, although in the Azores it also occurs in more open areas. This species can also grow as an epiphyte (Sim-Sim et al. 2011).

","



Desiccation of the water courses due to water extraction is the most important threat to this species. In addition, the narrow ecological requirements of this plant and its requirement for atmospheric stability, in particular more or less constant high humidity, render it vulnerable. An increase in fires and forest clear-cutting are important factors contributing to environmental desiccation, including water course desiccation, and the subsequent mortality of the species. It is therefore considered that there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. The species is also highly sensitive to anthropogenic disturbance of the laurel forest cover, for example clear-cutting (Patiño et al. 2010); however, this forestry activity is currently almost abandoned in Macaronesia.

","To ensure the conservation of this species, it is important to protect and maintain its freshwater habitats. Protection of the natural forest structure is also important to ensure continuity of habitat. Freshwater habitats represent one of the most threatened habitats in the Canary Islands since most of them have disappeared due to human exploitation, a problem which is ongoing (Patiño et al. 2010, González-Mancebo et al. 2012). This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in the Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2012, Brugués and González-Mancebo 2014). It is present in several protected areas. It is recommended that population and habitat trends are monitored. Protection of areas where the species is known to occur is also recommended, as well as protection of resources (i.e. watercourses) necessary for its survival. A species action plan is also recommended.

",This species is not utilised.,"Rumsey, F.,Cálix, M.","González Mancebo, J., Sim-Sim, M., Gabriel, R., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Acaulon,casasianum,,Acaulon casasianum  ,Brugués &amp; H.A.Crum,"Acaulon casasianum is a very small acrocarpic moss, bulbiform to 2 mm tall. Plants whitish, isolated or gregarious. Leaf margin strongly dentate in the upper half, with recurved or forked teeth, laminal cells with papillae 7-8 μm high; nerve excurrent in long, reflexed, papillose or dentate arista. Spores 22-26 μm.",Yes,NT,B2a,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"Acaulon casasianum is endemic to Europe and the EU 28 and is only found in Spain and Germany. This species is negatively affected by the intensification of agriculture and trampling, but the current population trend is unknown. Better information is needed concerning the distribution and subpopulations in Spain. In Germany, the species does not seem to be strongly threatened at the moment. This species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened since it has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of 156 km2, and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. 



Further research is required to establish the status of the species throughout its range. It is important to note that this is a difficult species to find, and it may be under-recorded. Research is also needed into its distribution, population size and trend, as well as to identify other existing threats. Site protection and management are recommended, as well as monitoring of habitat trends.",Unknown,"This endemic European species was first described by Brugués and Crum (1984) from a few localities in northeastern Spain, and has been recently reported in Germany. The disjunct distribution pattern between eastern Spain and central Germany - where the species was first identified in 2003 (Eckstein 2004) - has also been recently enlarged to Thuringia with isolated points in Saxony. These two Hessian finds are the westernmost within central Germany (Eckstein et al. 2015).



In Spain, there were only four 10 km2 Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) squares until 1989 (Casas et al. 1989). However, in recent years it has been found in new sites mainly in the province of Murcia (Cano et al. 2004). In the updated cartography, the species is now also indicated in 15 UTM squares (Brugués et al. 2017). The species is known from six provinces in the east and north of the country (Cano et al. 2004, Brugués et al. 2015): Alicante, Barcelona, Burgos, Granada, Lérida, Murcia and Zaragoza. Based on available recent records of the species, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at around 546,400 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) at 156 km2. However, since this is a difficult species to find, it may be under-recorded.","This moss is presently known to occur in two very disjunct areas. More than 15 sites in Spain (Brugués et al. 2015) and about 24 places of occurrence were mapped in Germany according Eckstein et al. (2015). Based on the known status of the Germany subpopulations, the species can be relatively common in some places. However, in some sites the species is rare, since large areas are covered with forest and open places with dry grassland (which the species requires) are strongly fragmented. In Monegros (Spain), the species might have experienced a decline in the 1960-70's due to the changes in agricultural practices. 



It is likely to be in decline in (semi-) natural areas due to anthropogenic pressure, mainly in Spain, but it is currently considered unknown whether there is a continuing decline in the population or habitat. It is an ephemeral moss and very dependent on the precipitation regime. Its distribution may expand as a result of climate change. It is assumed that little is known about the population’s dynamic in these two disjunct areas and its overall current population trend is unknown. The population is considered to be severely fragmented as the species has poor dispersal abilities and very specific habitats requirements, being thus mostly found in isolated subpopulations. These small and isolated subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","The main habitat of this moss is on exposed gypsiferous (soils that contain calcium sulphate) or calcareous soils in places with semi-natural grasslands and at altitudes below 350 m asl in Germany and to 900 m asl in Spain. Some sites in Germany are found in vineyards and populated areas. In Spain it is found in semi-natural habitats in open areas, including semi-arid steppes and olive groves, in dry-land crop fields and continental “tomillares"" (Thymus spp. scrub).



Normally, it associates with others Pottiaceae species (Microbryum curvicollum, Tortula vlasovii, Protobryum bryoides, Pterygoneurum ovatum, Syntrichia caninervis, Tortella inclinata, Tortula brevissima) and different Riccia species, such as Riccia crustata. This is an ephemeral species with a short life cycle that is difficult to find and is possibly under-recorded.","The intensification of agriculture could affect this moss species, as it has already happened in Monegros (Spain), and so could intensive cattle trampling (M. Infante pers. comm. 2016). The species occurs frequently in arable field sites and pollution by herbicides or pesticides can be a threat. Desertification could have different effects on the species, possibly leading to distribution shifts. It could also be affected by touristic and commercial development (C. Garcia pers. comm. 2016).","This species is included in the Red Data Book of Spain where it was assessed as NT (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012). It has been assessed as VU in Germany (Eckstein et al. 2015). It is also considered Vulnerable in Catalonia (ICHN 2010). It is recommended that suitable habitats be conserved (e.g., open vegetation types with gypsiferous bare soils), especially in known sites where this species occurs.



Given the ecology and life strategy of this species (annual ephemeral moss) and as it has generally been found in anthropogenic habitats, this species can be seriously affected by changes in soil use and excess eutrophication.



Further research is required to establish the status of the species throughout its distribution range. Research is also needed into its distribution, population size and trend, as well as to identify other existing threats. Site protection and management are recommended, as well as monitoring of habitat trends.



The species occurs in several protected areas within its range, including Vall del riu Llobregós, and is listed by Garilleti and Albertos (2012) in an Important Bryophyte Area (IBrA): Castell Fullit de Riubregós.",This species is not utilised.,"González Mancebo, J.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Acaulon,dertosense,,Acaulon dertosense  ,"Casas, Sérgio, Cros &amp; Brugués",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),EU28,,"Acaulon dertosense is endemic to Spain. This species has a restricted geographic range, with an area of occupancy (AOO) of around 196 km2. However, the AOO is assumed to be an under-estimate since the species is quite rare and difficult to observe, but it is unlikely to be greater than 500 km2. The current population trend of this species is considered to be more or less stable, although the habitat of this species is likely to be decreasing due to anthropogenic pressures. The population is considered to be severely fragmented and is experiencing a decline in AOO. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN). 



This species is entirely dependent on a particular substrate as clayey, gypsiferous open soils, that are sometimes nitrified. This is a very specific habitat type which is already fragmented and subject to some decline. Although this species has a relatively restricted distribution, the AOO is small as the species is habitually found in coastal zones which are fragile across the landscape.



It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (for example, open vegetation types with bare soil), mainly in known sites of this species. In addition, further research and monitoring is required to establish the status of the species throughout its range.",Stable,"This species is endemic to Spain (Guerra et al. 2006). In the first cartographic data presented by Casas et al. (1989), there are few localities that are listed from Tarragona to Murcia, corresponding to 12 Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) squares (10 km2). However, in recent years, new sites have been reported in the Murcia province (Cano et al. 2004). The updated cartography indicates that this species occurs in 24 UTM squares (10 km2) in Alicante, Almeria, Girona, Huesca, Murcia, Tarragona, Valencia and Zaragoza (Brugués et al. 2015, Guerra et al. 2006).



Based on available recent records of the species, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species in Europe, and therefore also the EU 28, is estimated to be around 100,100 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 196 km2. The AOO is assumed to be an under-estimate since the species is quite rare and difficult to observe. The altitudinal range of this species is from 100 m to 900 m asl.","About 24 sites are presently known to be inhabited by this species. Based on the known status of one of the subpopulations, the species can be relatively abundant in some places. However, little is known about the subpopulations of this species in Tarragona. It is quite rare and difficult to observe. 



The habitat of this species is likely to be decreasing due to anthropogenic pressures, but the population trend is considered to be more or less stable. The population is considered to be severely fragmented since the species has poor dispersal abilities and is mostly found in small and isolated subpopulations with little connection to each other. The core subpopulation hosts less than half of the population. These small and isolated subpopulations may therefore go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.



There are fluctuations in the population but this may be the result of the spores being dormant in the ground and thus does not translate into an actual change in the number of individuals in the overall population.","The main habitat of this species are exposed gypsiferous (soils that contain calcium sulphate) or calcareous soils at places with semi-natural Mediterranean grasslands. However, this species can sometimes support some nitrification.



Normally, this species is found with other Pottiaceae species, such as Phascum curvicolle, Barbula unguiculata, Pseudocrossidium hornschuchianum, some Didymodon spp. and different Riccia spp., such as R. lamellosa. The habitat of this species is likely to be decreasing due to anthropogenic pressures.","The species can be affected by urbanization and tourism pressure as well as the increase in fire frequency and intensity. In addition, alteration in land use changes may be a threat for this species, as well as pollution, with influences of soil erosion and herbicides and pesticides.



Climate change warming with increased frequency, length and intensity of drought periods constitutes a very strong threat for this species.","This species occurs in several protected areas within its range, including Cap de Creus, Monegros and Els Ports. Listed by Garilleti and Albertos (2012) in these three IBrA (Important Bryophyte Areas). Given its ecology and life strategy (annual ephemeral moss) and as it has generally been found in anthropogenic habitats, this species is seriously affected by changes in soil use and excessive eutrophication. This species is included in the Red Data Book of Spain as Near Threatened (NT) (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012). It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (for example, open vegetation types with bare soil), mainly in known sites of this species. 



Further research and monitoring is required to establish the status of the species throughout its range.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Laaka-Lindberg, S.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Acaulon,fontiquerianum,,Acaulon fontiquerianum  ,Casas &amp; Sérgio,"This species is found within the Pottiaceae family, and was first described to Spain by Casas and Sérgio (1990).",No,NT,B2a,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Acaulon fontiquerianum is found in southeastern Europe, Turkey and southwestern Asia. In Europe (and therefore also the EU 28), this species has an extent of occurrence (EOO) that is estimated to be around 1,940 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is around 264 km2.  This species is relatively abundant, but the subpopulations are small. It may be under-collected, but the population trend for Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) seems to be stable. The population of this species in Europe is considered to be severely fragmented. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe and the EU 28, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B.

Recent fieldwork in the Iberian Peninsula and the Canary Islands has provided a better understanding of the plant's niches and ecology, as well as new localities. However, the species may be seriously affected by the fragility of its habitats, as a result of eutrophication and habitats becoming increasingly artificial. The species is assumed to be decreasing in some sites, particularly in coastal touristic zones, as the anthropogenic influence can be significant.

Habitat protection is the most important conservation action, mainly in areas where this species is known to occur. Given its ecology and life strategy (annual ephemeral moss) and due to the high fragmentation, all Iberian subpopulations should be considered important from the point of view of conservation strategies. Further research and monitoring is required into the population size and habitat trends.",Stable,"This species was described based on a specimen found in Cabo de Gata in Almeria, Spain (Casas and Sérgio 1990), with one other locality found in Cape Espichel, Portugal at this time (Casas et al. 1989), in three areas very close together, on limestone cliffs, all at an altitude ranging from 130 to 150 m Asl. These last locations corresponded to two Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) squares (10 km2), according to the first cartographic data presented by Casas et al. (1989).

More recently, the species was also found in the Spanish provinces of Murcia (Ros and Werner 2010) and Gerona, Baix Empordà (Guerra et al. 2010), and in Portugal, there are three new sites of occurrence south of the Tagus River. This species is now known to occur in the Spanish provinces of Albacete, Almería, Ciudad Real, Girona and Murcia and in the Portuguese provinces of Alto Alentejo, Baixo Alentejo, and Estremadura (Brugués et al. 2016). In the revision of Flora Iberica (Guerra et al. 2006), the species is only referred to from Almeria. 

The species is also found in France and Corsica (Sérgio et al. 1993), the Canary Islands of Gran Canaria, La Gomera and Tenerife (Dirkse et al. 1993), Sicily (Lo Giudice 1995) and Sardinia (Cogoni and Scrugli 2000). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 100 m to 1,000 m Asl. This species has also been reported in Asian Turkey in an area at 2,100 m Asl(Kırmacı and Erdağ 2014).

Based on available recent records of the species, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 1,940 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is around 264 km2.



","Based on the known status of the firstsubpopulation, this species is relatively abundant, but the subpopulations are small. It may be under-collected, but the population trend for Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) seems to be stable. However, it is restricted to semi-natural areas which could be affected by tourism. 

This is an annual plant with a cycle of one to five years in a suitable habitat, but it can appear together with other typical Mediterranean species.

The population is considered to be severely fragmented as the species has poor dispersal abilities. In addition, most of the subpopulations are small and isolated, and may therefore go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization.","This is a ephemeral species, marked by short life cycles. This species grows mainly in exposed soil or in temporarily flooded areas of Mediterranean natural meadows often with Crassula tillaea. It can also be found along paths at the edge of trampled areas. The surrounding vegetation is open scrubland with species of vascular plants that are typical of 'terra rossa' (red clay soil).

This species has been found in different substrates, with soil types varying from granite or lime to volcanic formations. Typically, the species is found in soils with a neutral or acidic pH (Sergio et al. 1993). The substrates and habitats are comparable to those of Mediterranean terricolous exposed communities (that grow on exposed soil), including many Pottiaceae and Ricciaceae species (see also Guerra et al. 2010, Ros and Werner 2010).

In Sicily, the species has been found colonizing habitats subject to frequent alternations of humidity and drought (such as pastureland). In the Canary Islands, it has been found on volcanic rock soil, and in Corsica, it grows on granitic substrates.

The habitat of this species may be declining in some areas, as a result of tourism.","Current climate warming with increased frequency, length and intensity of drought periods constitute a very strong threat for this species. Desertification, tourism and fire could pose threats to the species.

The species may also be seriously affected by the fragility of its habitats, as a result of eutrophication and habitats becoming increasingly artificial.","The species occurs in several protected areas within its range. In Portugal, it is found in the Parque Natural da Arrábida and Arrábida/Espichel Natura 2000. In Spain, the species occurs in the Parque Natural de Cabo de Gata-Níjar. However, there are currently no specific conservation actions in place (Garilleti and Albertos 2012). This species is included in the Red List of the Iberian Peninsula (Sérgio et al. 2007) where it was assessed as Vulnerable (VU). It has been assessed as Least Concern (LC) in the Canary Islands Red List (Brugués et al. 2016). In Portugal, this species has been evaluated as Critically Endangered (CR), due to it only being known to occur in one region (Sérgio et al. 2013). In mainland Spain, this species has been assessed as NT (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012), but has been assessed as VU within the Murcia region (Jiménez et al. 2010). In Catalonia, it is considered to be VU (ICHN 2010).

 

Habitat protection is the most important conservation action, mainly in areas where this species is known to occur. Given its ecology and life strategy (annual ephemeral moss) and due to the high fragmentation, all Iberian subpopulations should be considered important from the point of view of conservation strategies. Recent fieldwork in the Iberian Peninsula and the Canary Islands has provided a better understanding of the plant's niches and ecology, as well as new localities. However, further research and monitoring is required into the population size and habitat trends.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Duckett, J.","Sergio, C. & Garcia, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Acaulon,mediterraneum,,Acaulon mediterraneum  ,Limpr.,"This taxon is considered by some authors as synonymous with Acaulon muticum (Hedw.) Müll. Hal. (for example, Corley et al. 1981) or as a variety of this species (A. muticum var. mediterraneum (Limpr.) (Sérgio 1972).

According to Guerra et al. (2002, 2006) after studying numerous populations of this taxon from the Mediterranean Region, it is considered a good species, characterized by echinate spores and perichaetial leaves that present entire apex, although it is obviously very close to A. muticum, with which it might possibly hybridize.",No,NT,B2a,No,NT,B2a,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Acaulon mediterraneum is found across Europe, predominately in lowland and coastal areas. It is probably frequent in the Mediterranean region, but it is also found in Macaronesia and in other parts of Europe, including as far north as Norway and Sweden. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 252 km2 in Europe, and 240 km2 in the EU 28), and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to meeting a threatened Category under Criterion B. This species has been recognised only relatively recently and there is no quantitative information available on trends. However, it is probably under-recorded and frequent in the Mediterranean region, although subpopulations tend to be small and may comprise a few scattered individuals. The current population trend is therefore considered to be stable.

The major threats to this species include land-use change, such as through tourism and development particularly in coastal zones, as well as afforestation, agricultural intensification and abandonment of traditional land management practices. No specific conservation actions are in place for this species, but further habitat protection is recommended. More information on the current population size, trends and the overall rate of decline is needed.

",Stable,"

This species is a Mediterranean-Atlantic species extending north to England, southern Sweden and to Norway (Hassel 2003). It is probably frequent in the Mediterranean region as is reported in Morocco (Ros et al. 2013), but it is also found in Macaronesia and in other parts of Europe. The distribution of this species includes the Canary Islands, in La Gomera, Tenerife and Gran Canaria (Dirkse and Losada-Lima 2011), Portugal, Spain, the Baleares, France (in Var - Hugonnot 2007), Montenegro, Croatia, Greece (Blockeel 2010), Crete (Sabovljević 2008), Italy, Sardinia and Sicily (Aleffi et al. 2008, Ros et al. 2013). This species has also been recently reported to the northern Black Sea coast in Bulgaria (Papp et al. 2018).

 

This species is predominantly found in lowland and coastal areas (in England, it is found at 35 to 75 m Asl). However, in some areas, such as in Portugal, it can be present to 430 m Asl, in the southwest of Spain to 400 m Asl (Guerra et al. 2002), in Tenerife to 648 m Asl (Dirkse and Losada-Lima 2011) and in Crete, it can reach up to 750 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2007). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is therefore from 30 m to 750 m Asl.

Based on the available information about the species’ geographic range, the extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is estimated to be around 7.4 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 252 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is 6.4 million km2, and the AOO is 240 km2.","This species has been recognised only relatively recently, and there is no quantitative information available on trends. However, it is probably under-recorded and frequent in the Mediterranean region, although subpopulations tend to be small and may comprise a few scattered individuals. Surveys are constrained by a small window of opportunity for mature spores to appear, that are necessary for identification.

Reassessment of British material of Acaulon was relatively recent (Holyoak 2003) and saw the acceptance of this species in southern Britain. In mainland Europe, some occurrences of this species have probably been overlooked as Acaulon muticum which tends to have a more northerly distribution in Europe, although their ranges do overlap in the south.

In the Mediterranean countries and in the north Atlantic areas (including the Canary Islands), this species is highly fragmented and always occurs as small groups of a few individuals. It is probably a poor disperser.The population is considered to be severely fragmented in Europe and the EU 28, as the subpopulations are small and isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.

Confirmation of the occurrence and distribution of this species is required, in all parts of its known range, such as in Italy and Montenegro. However the current population trend is assumed to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This is an exceedingly small ephemeral (annual) species that forms scattered turfs on open, slightly disturbed, and usually base-deficient, soil. This species grows in a range situations, including in heathland amongst shrubs, in olive and carob groves, on cliff-tops, paths, thin soils amongst rocky outcrops, and, more rarely, in cultivated fields, typically in niches subject to summer water-stress. The places where this species has been found are often in close proximity to agricultural fields and clearly in soils that are more or less rich in nitrogen.

This species avoids periods of stress by producing many relatively large spores which persist in the soil, germinating only when conditions become suitable. 

Some of its habitats are considered to be vulnerable, as listed on Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive (Mediterranean temporary ponds and 6310 “Montados” ofQuercus spp. (evergreen oak forest)) (EEC 1992).","The major threats to this species include land-use change, such as through tourism and development particularly in coastal zones, as well as afforestation (Eucalyptus, Pinus), agricultural intensification and abandonment of traditional land management practices (agriculture and silviculture).

Urbanisation is also a threat to this species, leading to habitat fragmentation, and fire.","This species occurs both outside and inside protected areas (in England, it is found in three sites of Special Scientific Interest, and one Natura 2000 site - Porley 2013). In Portugal, some occurrences occur in natural parks or in Natura 2000 network sites, such as in Parque Natural da Arrábida, Parque Natural do Tejo Internacional, Parque Natural do Sudoeste Alentejano e Costa Vicentina and Serra da Malcata (Sérgio et al. 2013).

In Great Britain and Portugal, this species is considered to be Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2011, Sérgio et al. 2013). In the majority of other areas where this species is found, including some in the Mediterranean, there are very few sites of occurrences. This species is considered to be Least Concern (LC) in the Iberian Peninsula (Sérgio et al. 2006) and in the Canary Islands (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012).No specific conservation actions are in place for this species, but further habitat protection is recommended. More information on the current population size, trends and the overall rate of decline is needed.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Laaka-Lindberg, S.","Sergio, C. & Porley, R.D.","Schröck, C.,Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Acaulon,muticum,,Acaulon muticum  ,(Schreb. ex Hedw.) Müll.Hal.,,No,NT,"B2b(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",No,NT,"B2b(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



The Rounded Pygmy-moss (Acaulon muticum) is present, although often rare and scattered, throughout nearly the whole of Europe. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is between 2,000 and 3,000 km2 in Europe, and probably also above 2,000 km2 in the EU 28), and there is a continuing decline in the EOO, AOO, habitat extent and quality, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. A decline has been reported or can be inferred in many countries throughout Europe. There has been a significant decline with regional extinctions in Ireland and Finland. The current population trend is thus considered as decreasing. However, in other parts of its distribution, subpopulations seem to be stable, and there is some doubt about the relative frequency of this species in different parts of Europe. While northern European authors say it is rarer in the north than in the southern/Mediterranean region, southern European authors say the opposite. This might previously have led to an underestimation of the rarity of the species Europe-wide.



The strong decline of this species has been linked to agricultural intensification, and other shifts in agriculture practices. As this species is sensitive to dry weather conditions, it could be affected by increased drought periods brought on by climate change. Like most bryophytes, this species can best be protected by the protection of its habitat. A most effective measure would be to promote the late tillage of cultivated fields and the conservation of open grasslands as extensive pasture. Another recommendation is that it is very important to monitor and document findings of this species, particularly separating it from its former subspecies A. mediterraneum.",Decreasing,"This species is present, although often rare and scattered, throughout nearly the whole of Europe, including the Canary Islands and Madeira, but excluding the Azores and Arctic regions (Hodgetts 2015). It may have disappeared from Finland and Ireland. Elsewhere it occurs in western Asia, north Africa and North America (Urmi et al. 2007). In Europe, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at 8.8 - 10 million km2. Its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is between 2,000-3,000 km2, and probably also above 2,000 km2 in the EU 28. It is found growing from sea level up to 1,400 m Asl.","A decline has been reported or can be inferred in many countries throughout Europe. In Switzerland, this species has been studied by Urmi et al. (2007), who found that it declined strongly between 1850 and 1999. In Sweden, it has recently been upgraded from Least Concern to Near Threatened (ArtDatabanken 2015), and it has declined in Norway and Romania. It has recently been assessed as Regionally Extinct in Finland (Rassi et al. 2010) and Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012). Therefore, its overall population trend is decreasing. However, in other parts of its distribution, subpopulations seem to be stable (i.e. in the Czech Republic) (Z. Hradilek pers. comm. 2016). There is some doubt about the relative frequency of this species in  different parts of Europe; while northern European authors say it is  rarer in the north than in the southern/Mediterranean region (e.g., Lockhart et al. 2012), southern European authors say the opposite (e.g., Guerra et al. 2006). This might previously have led to an underestimation of the rarity of the species Europe-wide.","This very small species is a poor competitor that occurs on bare earth, in well-illuminated, often temporarily humid places on generally clayey base-poor soils with a low nutrient content (Nebel and Philippi 2001, Meinunger and Schröder 2007). The only large subpopulations are to be observed on arable fields after harvest and before tillage or fallows, preferably in moist years. It is also observed elsewhere on open soils, as on paths and in meadows and pastures. It can also be found in clearings of broadleaf forests and in clearings in semi-natural grasslands, which depend on grazing for their maintenance. It shows very high fluctuations in population size, depending on conditions, and especially on humidity (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Oesau (2002) found this species covering several hundreds of square metres in a German orchard, yet was unable to find a single individual in the following year. These fluctuations are natural seasonal variations and are not considered as extreme fluctuations.","The strong decline of this species has been linked to agricultural intensification, mainly because of the rapid tillage of arable fields after harvest (Stoate et al. 2001, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Urmi et al. 2007, Lachat et al. 2011). Other shifts in agriculture practices have also had a negative impact, such as the fertilization of nutrient-poor soils, the growth of forest on formerly cultivated land and the use of formerly nutrient-poor meadows as building areas, as well as the scrub invasion in open grasslands. As this species is sensitive to dry weather conditions, it could be affected by increased drought periods brought on by climate change.","This species is threatened in many parts of Europe: it is Critically Endangered in Switzerland and Montenegro, Endangered in the Netherlands and Romania, Vulnerable in Britain, Norway and Slovakia, 'highly endangered' in Austria, Near Threatened in Germany, Luxembourg and Hungary, Rare in Poland and Data Deficient in the Canary Islands, Malta, Bulgaria and Slovenia (Hodgetts 2015). It is considered Regionally Extinct in Finland and Ireland. Like most bryophytes, this species can best be protected by the  protection of its habitat (Hallingbäck and  Hodgetts 2000). A most effective measure would be to promote the late tillage of cultivated fields (Urmi et al. 2007, Meinunger and Schröder 2007) and the conservation of open grasslands as extensive pasture.



In Switzerland, Acaulon muticum is  listed as a target species in fields in the 'direct payments' system, which  rewards farmers for their contributions to environmental protection (BAFU 2008). Unfortunately,  the late tillage of cultivated areas, which would be the most efficient measure for this species and many other arable bryophytes, is not currently included as a measure in this program. Appropriate training of environmental professionals is recommended, to enable them to recognize priority bryophyte species. In view of the different perceptions of its relative frequency in different parts of Europe, it is very important to monitor and document findings of this species, particularly separating it from its former subspecies A. mediterraneum.",The species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Vellak, K.","Baudraz, M.E.A., Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.","Maksimov, A.,Sabovljevic, M.,Ştefănuţ, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Acaulon,piligerum,,Acaulon piligerum  ,(De Not.) Limpr.,"This species is currently considered valid. However, some of its European records have resulted in misidentifications with Acaulon triquetrum (Sérgio 1992, Kürschner and Erdağ 2005) and Phascum cuspidatum var. piliferum. Taxonomic reassessment by Sérgio (1992) assigned it to subgenus Alaticosta I.G. Stone. This subgenus includes two additional species endemic to Australia. Taxonomic research is recommended to establish the taxonomic boundaries of the three species.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"Acaulon piligerum is only known from old records in the Mediterranean area, from Sardinia and Croatia, and is also found in Romania. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, threats, population size and trend. Further research is needed in order to determine its extinction risk.",Unknown,"Acaulon piligerum is only known from old records in the Mediterranean area, from Sardinia and Croatia (Ros et al. 2013). Moreover, it is reported from Romania (Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012), while a record from Crete was erroneously attributed to this taxon, while in fact it referred to Phascum cuspidatum var. piliferum (Düll 1995). Its distribution is poorly understood - the presence of this taxon in the Mediterranean area has not been confirmed for more than 50 years.","There is no available data on the population size and trend of this species, but it is thought to be rare.",This is a species of poor and basic soils in dry grasslands.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this taxon. It has been assessed as Data Deficient in Sardinia and Romania (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether this species occurs in any protected areas. Further research is needed into its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Taxonomic research is also recommended to establish the taxonomic boundaries with two other species of the subgenus Alaticosta.",This species is not utilised.,"Marka, J.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Lara, F., Lüth, M., Kucera, J. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Acaulon,triquetrum,,Acaulon triquetrum  ,(Spruce) Müll.Hal.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Triangular Pygmy-moss (Acaulon triquetrum) is a widespread but relatively scarce moss. In Europe, the range of this species extends to northeastern Germany and Belgium, east to Poland and a more or less continuous distribution through southern Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 9.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 664 km2. The overall current population trend for this species in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be stable. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.



However, the species is considered to be locally threatened in some European countries such as Portugal, Czech Republic, Switzerland and Bulgaria. Nevertheless, it has a widespread distribution and it is assumed to have a stable population trend overall. The major threats to this species include land-use change, such as through tourism and development, particularly in coastal zones. Habitat protection is recommended, along with further research and monitoring of the life history and habitat trends of this species.",Stable,"This is a widespread but relatively scarce moss with asubmediterranean-subatlantic distribution from North America to Europe, including North Africa and Asia to Turkey and China (Bai et al. 2006).

In Europe, the range of this species extends to northeastern Germany and Belgium, east to Poland and a more or less continuous distribution through southern Europe in all countries from Portugal to Serbia (Grdovic in Ellis et al. 2015), as well as in Macaronesia (Madeira and the Canary Islands).

In the Iberian Peninsula, Casas et al. (1989) referenced this species as being present in several 10 km squares, mainly in the eastern half of the Peninsula. However, more recently, it has been reported from numerous other provinces (Guerra et al. 2006). In the Canary Islands, this species is known from Tenerife, GranCanaria, Fuerteventura and Lanzarote (González-Mancebo et al. 2008).



Based on the information currently available, the value of extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 8.6 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 664 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from sea-level to 1,800 m asl in Switzerland.","In Britain, this species is known from about 5 localities post-1990, all in southern England, with particularly stable subpopulations of several thousand plants, in Dorset. However, losses have also been documented (Porley 2013). The overall current population trend for this species in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be stable.

In the Iberian Peninsula, this species is reported from more than 25 provinces, the majority in the eastern part of Spain. A new site was recently discovered in the Algarve (Portugal), comprising scattered individuals in an area less than 5 m2 (R. Porley pers. comm. 2018).","This is an exceedingly small, ephemeral (annual shuttle) species that forms scattered turfs on open lightly disturbed soils in a range of situations (on cliff-tops, paths, thin soils amongst rocky outcrops,), typically in niches subject to summer water-stress. In the Mediterranean, this species grows on a diverse range of soil types but in Britain, it is restricted to limestone. In the Iberian Peninsula, it frequently occurs on clayey soils with some nitrification.



This species avoids water-stress in summer months as spores in the soil bank, germinating only when moisture becomes available. Even though sporophytes (maturing late winter early spring) are abundant, it is probably a poor disperser.","The major threats to this species include land-use change, such as through tourism and development, particularly in coastal zones, as well as eutrophication, agricultural intensification and abandonment of traditional land management practices (agrosilviculture). Fire events and expected climatic changes are also important threats to the species.



","No specific conservation actions are currently in place for this species. However, in England, it mostly occurs within protected areas, including on one Natura 2000 site (Porley 2013) and in Portugal, it is found inArrábida Natural Park.



This species is considered to be threatened in several Red Lists including Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013), Madeira (Sim-Sim et al. 2014), England (Hodgetts 2011), Czech Republic (Kučera et al. 2012), Switzerland (Schnyder et al. 2004) and Romania (Ştefănuţ andGoia 2012).

Habitat protection is recommended, along with further research and monitoring of the life history and habitat trends of this species.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Laaka-Lindberg, S.","Sergio, C. & Porley, R.D.","Konstantinova, N.,Schröck, C.,Ingerpuu, N.,Söderström, L.,Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HOOKERIALES,DALTONIACEAE,Achrophyllum,dentatum,,Achrophyllum dentatum  ,(Hook.f. &amp; Wilson) Vitt &amp; Crosby,,No,NA,,No,NA,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)



Achrophyllum dentatum in an introduced Southern Hemisphere species whose natural range is southern South America, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand and nearby islands. It occurs at a single site in Cornwall, southwest England, where it is assumed to have been inadvertently introduced with tree-ferns. This species is assessed as Not Applicable since it is not native to Europe. 

",Unknown,"Achrophyllum dentatum in an introduced Southern Hemisphere species whose natural range is southern South America, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand and nearby islands. It occurs at a single site in Cornwall, southwest England, where it is assumed to have been inadvertently introduced with tree-ferns (Rumsey 2001, Blockeel et al. 2014).","The population and population trends of this species are unknown, but fewer plants were found in 2014 than when first detected in 1991 (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2017).","This exotic species has been found on rock in a damp artificial grotto in a wooded valley, growing with Trichomanes speciosum and T. venosum gametophytes. It has been known to occur in glasshouses in Britain for nearly a century, but it is only known from one site outdoors. The single site is at 50 m altitude (Blockeel et al. 2014).



It is dioicous; capsules have not been observed in Britain. Filamentous gemmae occur near the leaf margins.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required. It is not threatened in its native range, and is listed as Least Concern in Australia.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Wilbraham, J.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,ACROBOLBACEAE,Acrobolbus,azoricus,,Acrobolbus azoricus  ,(Grolle &amp; Perss.) Briscoe,"This species was previously considered to belong to the genus Tylimanthus, but was then moved to the genus Acrobolbus. It has been considered by Burghardt and Gradstein (2008) to be a synonym of Tylimanthus laxus. However, some authors still consider it a valid species (Stech et al. 2006, Briscoe et al. 2015, Söderström et al. 2016). Further taxonomic research is needed to clarify the validity of this species.",Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"Acrobolbus azoricus is a liverwort species endemic to the Azores, and it is found in Macaronesian laurel forests where it is not known to produce sporophytes. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 232 km2), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat, the number of subpopulations and the number of mature individuals, due to habitat conversion to plantations, pastureland and opening of secondary roads. In addition, there is also a decline in the quality of the habitat due to invasive alien species and indirect effects of increasing tourism. The loss of habitat suitability due to the effects of climate change, intensification of grazing activities and tourism are also major constraints on this species. Research is needed on the population size and trends, the species' habitat, ecology and threats. In addition, proper management of the habitat is recommended, focusing on the impacts of climate change and exotic species, and increasing the native forest area.",Decreasing,"Acrobolbus azoricus is a liverwort species endemic to the Azores, where it is found on six islands - Flores, Faial, Pico, São Jorge, Terceira and São Miguel (Gabriel et al. 2010, Briscoe et al. 2015). However, the species may have gone extinct on São Miguel; it was searched for on the island in 2012, but was not found (R. Gabriel pers. comm. 2016). Considering all available records, the species extent of occurrence (EOO) is around 20,904 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 232 km2.","This Azorean endemic liverwort (Briscoe et al. 2015) is recorded from six Azorean islands. Both the number of subpopulations and the overall number of individuals/cover-abundance are low (Sjögren 1978). Since fertile plants are unknown (Homem and Gabriel 2008), the subpopulations have little genetic exchange and are most probably isolated. These small and isolated subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation and the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. This species is presumed to be long-lived (Dierssen 2001), with an estimated generation length of around 33 years. The current population trend is presumed to be declining since some of the most recent Azorean records are old (e.g., for São Miguel Island, Silveira 1937) and need confirmation. Most Macaronesian endemic bryophytes restricted to native vegetation are suffering a decrease in both population size and range (Ferreira et al. 2016, Patiño et al. 2016). Although there is no specific data on this species, its ecological restriction to mature Juniperus forests (Sjögren 1978), reinforced by its association with other rare species such as Cheilolejeunea cedercreutzii (Gabriel and Bates 2005), strongly suggest a similar decrease due to climatic changes; specifically, changes in the patterns of precipitation and increases in temperatures which lead to a decline in the quality of the habitat (Patiño et al. 2016).","This species is found in Macaronesian laurel forests, a natural habitat  of interest to the European Union (EEC 1992). It is a rare and local species, probably restricted to mature Juniperion brevifoliae (Sjögren 1978), and is considered to have narrow ecological tolerance (Gabriel et al. 2011). It usually grows on very humid and deeply shaded places (sheltered habitats), preferably on Laurus azorica tree trunks (Homem and Gabriel 2008), but also on stems of Erica azorica and Juniperus brevifolia (Sjögren 1978). Although it occurs from 10 m to 1,050 m Asl, it is found preferentially at medium to medium-high altitudes (>800 m Asl) (Gabriel et al. 2011). This species is not known to produce sporophytes.","This species has narrow ecological tolerance (Gabriel et al. 2011) and is very sensitive to habitat degradation - which is occurring mainly due to the effects of invasive alien species expansion (especially Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum) in native forests (Silva et al. 2008), as well as due to the increase of tourism and recreational activities and the building of secondary roads. Land-use change, particularly at the margins of its natural habitat, either to increase grasslands or the plantation of exotic species (e.g., Cryptmomeria japonica) is also a threat to the survival of this species. An intensification of the effects of climatic changes will probably damage the stability of the current subpopulations, as is happening with different Macaronesian endemic species (Patiño et al. 2016). There is therefore a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, the number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. Since the Azores are located on the mid-Atlantic ridge, geological events such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and landslides can also harm existing subpopulations.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in Azorean natural parks. The Portuguese Red List of Bryophytes does not include the Azores, and the species is also not mentioned in the Azorean legislation that protects wild species (RAA 2012). Research is needed on the population size and trends, the species' habitat, ecology and threats. In addition, proper management of the habitat is recommended, focusing on the impacts of climate change and exotic species, and increasing the native forest area. The characteristics of the species justify a careful monitoring program, at a selection of sites, in order to investigate the possibility of population fluctuations. The habitat specificity - 85% of all its records are from native forests (Gabriel et al. 2011) - the lack of spore production, and its absence from three Azorean islands are red flags pointing to possible local extinctions in the future (e.g., Triantis et al. 2010). Biology and nature conservation students should be made aware of bryophytes in general, and of rare endemic species in particular. This species has been considered by Burghardt and Gradstein (2008) to be a synonym of Tylimanthus laxus. However, some authors still consider it a valid species (Stech et al. 2006, Briscoe et al. 2015, Söderström et al. 2016). Further taxonomic research is needed to clarify its validity.",The species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Patiño, J.","Gabriel, R., Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,ACROBOLBACEAE,Acrobolbus,madeirensis,,Acrobolbus madeirensis  ,(Grolle &amp; Perss.) Briscoe,"This species was previously considered to belong to the genus Tylimanthus, but was then moved to the genus Acrobolbus. It has been considered by Burghardt and Gradstein (2008) to be a synonym of Tylimanthus laxus. However, some authors still consider it a valid species (Söderström et al. 2016, Stech et al. 2006). Further taxonomic research is needed to clarify the validity of this species.",Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(i)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(i)",EU28,,"Acrobolbus madeirensis is endemic to Madeira Island, Portugal. It is know from some sites, most of them in the natural laurel forest of Madeira. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 88 km2 and extent of occurrence (EOO) is 203 km2), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. In addition, the population size is estimated to be smaller than 2,500 individual-equivalents, and each subpopulation has fewer than 250 individual-equivalents. Taking into account that this species grows on boulders, on trees or on cliffs, an individual-equivalent (i.e, mature individual) it is considered to be on boulder, one tree or one square metre of cliff or ravine on which the species grows. 



It is restricted to the best preserved areas of the laurel forest, which is a habitat prone to the effects of climatic alterations, the impact of touristic activities, exotic species invasions and forest fires, among other threats. In some areas of this forest there is already evidence of a reduction in the size of some subpopulations, and about half of all known records were collected before 1980. The restricted distribution of the species and the global importance of the Madeiran population, justifies the future implementation of specific conservation measures along with effective habitat protection and management, at the sites where is known to occur. In addition, research is needed into its taxonomy as well as into the threats, in order to understand the drivers of its decline. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species.",Decreasing,"Acrobolbus madeirensis is endemic to the Madeira archipelago, occurring only on Madeira Island where it is not frequent (Fontinha et al. 2001, Sérgio et al. 2006, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 203 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 88 km2.

 

","Several old records (from before 1980) correspond to large herbarium samples, but very recent fieldwork on Madeira Island resulted in the recognition that some subpopulations have become smaller. Some new subpopulations have been found, which are generally small in size. More research is needed to investigate the possibility of population fluctuations. Recent searches at some formerly known sites have failed to find this species. There appears to be a decreasing trend in the population of this species. Most subpopulations are isolated in narrow valleys and genetic exchange between subpopulations is very unlikely. In addition this species is perennial and has poor dispersal abilities; its generation length is estimated to be around 33 years (Dierssen 2001). These small and isolated subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation and the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. The population size is estimated to be smaller than 2,500 individual-equivalents, and each subpopulation has fewer than 250 individual-equivalents. Taking into account that this species grows on boulders, on trees or on cliffs, an individual-equivalent (i.e, mature individual) it is considered to be on boulder, one tree or one square metre of cliff or ravine on which the species grows.","This is a species of the natural laurel forest, and it occurs at altitudes between 600 m and 1,300 m Asl; it is most common between 800 m and 1,250 m Asl. It grows in protected areas of the evergreen laurel forest usually on the sides of boulders, or on more or less vertical and humid slopes or shady cliffs, but also as an epiphyte (ECCB 1995, Fontinha et al. 2001, Sim-Sim et al. 2014).","This plant is mainly confined to the laurel forest, a fragile habitat, and the main threat factors include the loss of habitat suitability due to the effects of climate change, as well as water regime changes and the abstraction of water for various purposes. The increase in fires and the emergence and spread of invasive alien plant species are also threats to this species. An intensification of the effects of climatic change will probably damage the stability of the known subpopulations, as it is happening with different Macaronesian endemic species (Patiño et al. 2016). Even though the impact of the threats has not been quantified, most of these threats are ongoing.","This species occurs in the Madeira Laurisilva which is protected by regional, national and international legislation. Most of it is included in the Madeira Natural Park, which is protected through a Regional Decree. The area is also a priority habitat under the Habitats Directive and has been designated a Natura 2000 site. In 1999 the area was also considered a World Natural Heritage site by UNESCO. The restricted distribution of the species and the global importance of the Madeiran population, justify the future implementation of specific conservation measures along with effective habitat protection and management, at the sites where it is known to occur. Its presence at specific sites should be monitored in order to investigate the possibility of population fluctuations. In addition, research is needed into its taxonomy as well as into the threats, in order to understand the drivers of its decline. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species.

",This species is not utilised.,"Hodd, R.,Cálix, M.","Sim-Sim, M., Gabriel, R., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,ACROBOLBACEAE,Acrobolbus,wilsonii,,Acrobolbus wilsonii  ,Nees,,Yes,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



Wilson's Pouchwort (Acrobolbus wilsonii) is a hyperoceanic southern-temperate species endemic to the North Atlantic coastal parts of Europe. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since its population size is almost certainly smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents. However, an actual count has not been carried out, and this estimate should be confirmed. This species is also close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B on the basis of its limited area of occupancy (AOO), and the fact that there is an estimated continuing decline in the quality and extent of its habitat. While there is as yet no evidence of a serious decline, its core subpopulations in the Azores are very susceptible to fire and deforestation of the native laurel forest, and to invasive alien species elsewhere (e.g., Scotland).However, it occurs at considerably more than ten locations, the population is not severely fragmented and does not show extreme fluctuations. It is rare on Madeira and subpopulations in the UK, Ireland and the Faroe Islands are nearly all small, confined to small patches of suitable habitat, which are often threatened, and therefore susceptible to stochastic events. Monitoring known subpopulations is recommended.Further designation of protected sites would be desirable. Protecting the species from inappropriate hydro schemes, and control of Rhododendron, is necessary in some areas. Further research on population and habitat trends would be desirable.",Unknown,"Wilson's Pouchwort (Acrobolbus wilsonii) is a hyperoceanic southern-temperate species endemic to the North Atlantic coastal parts of Europe. This species is restricted to the UK, Ireland, Faroe Islands, the Azores (six sites on four islands) and Madeira (four localities on Madeira Island) (Averis and Averis 1991, Gabriel et al. 2010, Lockhart et al. 2012, Blockeel et al. 2014). A record from mainland Spain requires confirmation and is excluded here. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 816 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) to be ca 2.4 million km².","Almost all subpopulations are small, each comprising a few dozen to a few hundred shoots, usually on single rocks or trees. There are six known subpopulations on the Azores, especially in Pico and São Jorge, but also in Terceira, however all are old records and require confirmation. On Madeira only four records are known. In Scotland more than 30 localities are known, with 13 known localities known in Ireland. The overall number of individual-equivalents is estimated to be less than 1,000. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one occupied square metre; however, this population size estimate requires confirmation.



The current population trend is unknown. It is more thoroughly recorded in western Scotland than previously, and has been subject to recent detailed studies at a number of sites by G.P.  Rothero and A.B.G. Averis. There is no evidence of an overall decline  in either Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012) or Scotland. It is often present in small quantities and therefore easily overlooked. Some subpopulations are dynamic as a result of riverine seasonal flooding.","In the UK and Ireland, this species occurs mixed with other bryophytes in thin, inconspicuous patches on shady, damp, acid or mildly basic rock walls of low-lying wooded ravines, or growing epiphytically on Hymenophyllum wilsonii or other bryophytes in damp shaded recesses in gorges. At a number of Irish sites it occurs on shady, only moderately moist rock faces in corries. It is also found, more rarely, as dense pure patches on shady sea cliffs, on a boulder at the foot of unwooded crags (in the Isle of Rum), in turf on a grassy, rocky ridge top (in St Kilda), and amongst shaded blocks in damp boulder-strewn slopes and block litters (in Kerry). It favours north- or east-facing localities. Common associates include Hymenophyllum wilsonii, several members of the family Lejeuneaceae, Plagiochila exigua and Radula spp. Its altitudinal range is between 20 m and 1,000 m Asl.



In Macaronesia, it is usually an epiphyte in laurel forest, growing up to 1,150 m Asl. In the Faeroe Islands, it grows near sea level in a small ravine (Averis and Averis 1991, Blockeelet al. 2014). The species is dioicous;  male plants are very rare, female plants are frequent; sporophytes have  been recorded at a single site, Eas Daltot, by H.J.B. Birks in the  1960s and by G.P. Rothero since 2010.","Nearly all subpopulations are small so the species is susceptible to stochastic events. Small-scale hydro schemes, deforestation and afforestation with non-native conifers are all threats in the UK and Ireland; invasion by Rhododendron ponticum is a threat to some subpopulations in the UK. Deforestation, fire and invasion of alien plant species are threats in Macaronesia. Hydro schemes can be a threat to this species if they result in a significant reduction in water flow in streams and humidity in ravines. Climate change, potentially leading to droughts, temperature extremes and changes in habitat, is a potential threat to this species (Lockhart et al. 2012).","Monitoring known subpopulations is recommended. Many of the known subpopulations have some form of protection (e.g., Special Area of Conservation (SAC), and Site of Special Scientific Interest in the UK, and three sites on Madeira). Further designation of protected sites would be desirable. Protecting the species from inappropriate hydro schemes, and control of Rhododendron, is necessary in some areas. Further research on population and habitat trends would be desirable. This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Ireland, Britain and Madeira (Hodgetts 2015).",This species is not known to be used.,"Fettes, N.D.,Natcheva, R.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G., Sergio, C. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,ADELANTHACEAE,Adelanthus,lindenbergianus,,Adelanthus lindenbergianus  ,(Lehm.) Mitt.,,No,EN,C2a(i),No,EN,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment:Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment:Endangered (EN)

Lindenberg's Featherwort (Adelanthus lindenbergianus) is rare and restricted to extremely oceanic areas, and in Europe is restricted to western parts of Ireland and Scotland. Recent survey work has revealed that there may be only around 100 individual-equivalents throughout its range, where one individual-equivalent (i.e, mature individual) is considered to be one square metre of ground on which the species grows. This species could therefore be assessed as Critically Endangered under Criterion C. However, since this is almost certainly an underestimate of the real population size and it is likely that there are more than 250 individual-equivalents, the species is assessed as Endangered. There are certainly fewer than 2,500 individual-equivalents, each subpopulation has fewer than 250 individual-equivalents, and there is an observed continuing decline in the west of Ireland due to overgrazing.

This species has declined in western Ireland, where overgrazing has damaged its habitat, but the rate of decline there may have slowed down in recent years following a decline in sheep numbers. However, while there were signs of recovery because of a policy-driven reduction in grazing, this appears to have been temporary, and the threat of overgrazing remains. Indeed, grazing in Ireland has plateaued out at a level that does not allow for habitat recovery. Continued monitoring to assess the population is recommended, particularly in the light of continued overgrazing at many sites. Management involving restricting sheep grazing is recommended.





",Decreasing,"Lindenberg's Featherwort (Adelanthus lindenbergianus) is an oceanic boreal-montane liverwort present in Europe only in Ireland and Britain (western Scotland). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 80 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 27,000 km². Beyond the European region, the species is also recorded from tropical Africa, southern Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius and Réunion, Mexico and Costa Rica, western South America south to Tierra del Fuego, Tristan da Cunha, the Falklands and South Georgia (Blockeel et al. 2014).","This species has certainly declined in western Ireland, where overgrazing has damaged its habitat, but the rate of decline there may have slowed down in recent years following a decline in sheep numbers (which, however, have not declined enough to halt or reverse damage to the habitat). All known sites have been surveyed in Ireland and there has been survey of upland areas for new sites, resulting in an estimated subpopulation size of 62 to 68 individual-equivalents although it could be larger (Hodd 2016). One individual-equivalent (i.e, mature individual) is considered to be one square metre of ground on which the species grows. Some subpopulations are large and not under immediate threat, while others have been damaged by overgrazing and are not recovering significantly. The species appears to be stable in Scotland, but according to recent fieldwork (G. Rothero pers. comm. 2017) the number of individual-equivalents there is estimated at 22; this is, however, certainly an underestimate. The Islay (Scotland) colony was discovered in 1990, and the one on Jura in 2012, although both are clearly long-established rather than being the result of recent spread. The overall population trend is considered to be decreasing. While recent survey work points to a population size of around 100 individual-equivalents, this is certainly an underestimate, and it is very likely that there are more than 250 individual-equivalents in Europe.","This species is very locally frequent in open, oligotrophic heather or other dwarf-shrub communities on scree on acid mountains in western Ireland, while it is very rare in similar habitat in Scotland. It favours steep blocky ground and the edges of scree on slopes facing north, northeast or east and occurs commonly mixed with Bazzania tricrenata, Herbertus hutchinsiae, Mylia taylorii, Plagiochila spinulosa, Pleurozia purpurea, Scapania gracilis, Breutelia chrysocoma and Racomitrium lanuginosum, sometimes sheltered by the rush Juncus squarrosus on heavily grazed hillsides. It also occurs on broken cliffs, block screes, cliff ledges, and, more rarely, in damp but well-drained grassland below cliffs, but always on shaded aspects. Its altitudinal range is 350 m to 660 m Asl. It is dioicous; male plants are common, but female plants and sporophytes are unknown in Europe (Lockhart et al. 2012, Blockeel et al. 2014).","



Overgrazing in the uplands has affected this plant severely, and it has been lost from two sites in West Galway, while it remains at two other known sites there. Whereas Ratcliffe (1962) measured the average height of the Calluna layer on the north slope of Bengower at ‘9 inches’, more recent visits showed that the Calluna had been completely lost, along with virtually all the ‘northern mixed hepatic mat’ species (Blockeel 1995, Hodd 2016). This damage has been repeated throughout the Twelve Bens and, to a lesser extent, elsewhere. The loss of much of the subpopulation on the Twelve Bens of Connemara because of overgrazing by sheep was documented by Long (2010), but some strong subpopulations still remain in Ireland, especially in Donegal and Mayo (Hodd 2016). Some new stands have also been found, possibly suggesting that subpopulations might have recovered to some extent following a reduction in the number of sheep on the hills, but it is more likely that the apparent increase is due to improved recording. Sheep are now increasing again (driven by policy considerations), meaning that any nascent habitat recovery in damaged areas is unlikely to continue unless there is action to reduce grazing permanently. The threat therefore remains and this species cannot be considered safe (N. Lockhart pers. comm. 2017).

","All sites for this species are within protected areas (SACs and, in Scotland, Sites of Special Scientific Interest).",This species is not known to be utilised but botanical collecting might be a threat at sites where subpopulations are small.,"Hespanhol, H.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,NECKERACEAE,Alleniella,besseri,,Alleniella besseri  ,"(Lobarz.) S.Olsson, Enroth &amp; D.Quandt",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Alleniella besseri is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many recent records and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level. It is known to occur in protected areas across Europe.",Stable,"This species is widely distributed in central and eastern Europe (Frey et al. 2006). Elsewhere it occurs in eastern North America. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","This is a widespread species in central and eastern Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend. Subpopulations elsewhere are smaller and scattered.

","This species grows on soil above limestone or sandstone cliffs (Frey et al. 2006). It can also occur as an epiphyte growing on the decaying wood of Carpinus orientalis, Fagus sylvatica and Arbutus unedo trees (J. Marka pers. comm. 2017). Its altitudinal range is ca. 200-1,700 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Switzerland (Endangered), Germany (Vulnerable), Finland (Near Threatened), Sweden (Near Threatened) and Poland (Rare) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.

",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Tsakiri, E.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,NECKERACEAE,Alleniella,complanata,,Alleniella complanata  ,"(Hedw.) S.Olsson, Enroth &amp; D.Quandt",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Flat Neckera (Alleniella complanata) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many records of its occurrence and its overall stable population trend. There are no known threats, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It is known to occur in protected areas across its European range.",Stable,"This European boreo-temperate moss is widespread in Europe north to Iceland, northern Scandinavia and the northern Urals, and south to the hills and mountains of the Mediterranean region. It also occurs in Macaronesia (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it is found in North Africa, Asiatic Turkey, Israel, the Caucasus, Iran, the western Himalayas Eastern North America. It is reported from tropical Africa, but these populations may represent a separate species (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This is a widespread species often recorded across Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This is a calcicolous moss of sheltered, stable, usually shaded substrates, though also in open places in the west. In woods, hedges and on streamsides it grows on the trunks, bases, exposed roots and gnarled coppice stools of trees and shrubs, extending to branches of shrubs in humid sites. Inorganic substrates include steep or vertical, dry, calcareous rocks and boulders, including limestone pavement, walls and bridges, compacted soil, turf over limestone, and ancient grazed chalk grassland, especially on banks and steep slopes (Atherton et al. 2010). It is rare (even as an epiphyte) over acid clays, peats and sands. However in some oceanic areas it is nearly ubiquitous as an epiphyte, irrespective of substrate. In upland limestone regions, it is much more abundant on rocky substrates than on trees. It is regularly associated with Homalothecium sericeum, Tortella tortuosa, and many other calcicolous species, including Anomodon viticulosus, A. attenuatus, Homalia  trichomanoides, Leucodon sciuroides, Isothecium  alopecuroides, Porella platyphyllaand Metzgeria furcata(Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-1,870 m.",There are no known threats to this species.,No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: the Netherlands (Endangered) and San Marino (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.,There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Natcheva, R.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Aloina,aloides,,Aloina aloides  ,(Koch ex Schultz) Kindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

 EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Aloe-moss (Aloina aloides) is common and widespread in the Mediterranean region and in western Europe, becoming increasingly rare in the northern and central part of its distribution. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at ca 10 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 3,000-4,000 km2, both largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. The current population trend is stable, but this species is probably declining locally in the central and northeastern parts of its range. The threats to this species are the destruction of old walls and the destruction and deterioration of dry meadows due to the intensification of agriculture. The species does not seem to be threatened in its main distribution area in southern and western Europe. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and in the EU 28. Habitat protection is recommended for the best subpopulations and some of those near the edge of its range.



 



",Stable,"This is a mainly Mediterranean-oceanic species, and is distributed from Madeira and Ireland in the west to Cyprus and Lithuania in the east, and from the Mediterranean region in the south to southern Scandinavia and Scotland in the north. It is fairly common in the west and south, but becomes much rarer to the east, and is also more scattered in the northern parts of its range. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 3,000-4,000 km2. Elsewhere it has also been reported from Tajikistan (Ignatov et al. 2006), Lebanon, Siberia and northern Africa (Smith 2004). It has been found growing from sea level up to 800 m Asl.","The current population trend is stable, but this species is probably declining locally in the central and northeastern parts of its range because of intensification of agriculture.","The species grows on sunny limestone rocks and walls in dry places, on turf in dry calcareous grasslands and vineyards, and on calcareous soils in a variety of other open habitats, including waste ground.It is mainly a lowland species,  the altitude ranging from sea level to about 800 m Asl (although there  is one unconfirmed record from 2,400 m Asl in Switzerland).",The threats to this species are the destruction of old walls and the destruction and deterioration of dry meadows due to the intensification of agriculture (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). The species seems not to be threatened in its main distribution area in southern and western Europe.,"This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Norway and Switzerland, as Endangered in Sweden, as Vulnerablein Germany, as Near Threatened in Madeira and Hungary,and rare in Poland (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in many protected areas. Habitat protection is recommended for the best subpopulations and some of those near the edge of its range.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Köckinger, H.,Fettes, N.D.","Schnyder, N.","Amann, G.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Aloina,ambigua,,Aloina ambigua  ,(Bruch &amp; Schimp.) Limpr.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Tall Aloe-moss (Aloina ambigua) is a widespread species in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large and stable population and there appear to be no major threats to it. Taxonomic research is recommended since some experts consider this species could be conspecific with A. aloides.",Stable,"The Tall Aloe-moss (Aloina ambigua) is a widespread species in Europe and moreover is known from North Africa, west Asia, Macaronesia, Australia, North, Central and South America (Gallego et al. 1999, Zander 1993+). It is a taxon more frequent in the Mediterranean area but present even if seldom rare in almost all of Europe.","This species is more common in southern Europe where subpopulations tend to be larger. It seems to be very common in southeastern Europe and the overall population size is large. While small subpopulations at the northern edge of its distribution seem to be declining, the overall population trend in Europe is stable.",This species is found in calcareous soil or in between rocks (crevices) in open habitats - it is a pioneer species and can be found in areas with exposed soil including secondary habitats.,"At the margins of its distribution subpopulations are threatened by the encroachment of trees. In coastal areas, urbanization also poses a threat. However, these threats are localized and there appear to be no major threats to this species at the European scale. It was seldom included in regional red lists of central and eastern Europe (Hodgetts 2015).",In northern and central Europe it is often included in red lists because it is rare. It is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range. No research or conservation actions needed at the European scale. Taxonomic research is recommended since some experts consider this species could be conspecific with A. aloides.,This species is not utilised.,"Hodgetts, N.,Marka, J.,Fettes, N.D.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F., Lüth, M. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Aloina,bifrons,,Aloina bifrons  ,(De Not.) Delgad.,,No,NT,B2a,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened  (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment:  Near Threatened  (NT)

Aloina bifrons occurs in very restricted areas in Spain and one in France, but represents an interesting bipolar distribution in areas with an Mediterranean climate. Based on available collections of this species in Europe, it is only definitely known from Spain, France and in one old collection in Sardinia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is estimated to be around 683,776 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 180 km2. However, this is expected to be an under-estimate as the species may be more frequent in the Mediterranean area, but it is unlikely to be greater than 500 km2. The current population trend of this species in Europe and therefore also the EU 28 is considered to be stable. Around 50 localities are presently known for Europe, but the species is considered to be severely fragmented. This species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened for both Europe and the EU 28 as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

However, the species occurs frequently near arable fields, and in Spain, the intensive cattle trampling can be a major threat, as well as the intensification of agriculture. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats, such as open vegetation types with gypsiferous and saline bare soils, mainly in known sites of this species. Further research and monitoring is required to establish the status of the species throughout all its distribution range as well as to identify other existing threats.",Stable,"This species is known from North, Central and South America, southern Europe, northern Africa, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand (Ros et al,, Gallego et al. 1999, Delgadillo 2007). This species is also present in southwestern and central Asia (Kürschner and Frey 2011, Fedosov 2010), but it is mainly restricted to the ancient Mediterranean area.

In southern Europe, this species is more or less frequent in Spain (Gallego et al. 1999), but besides this, it is only mentioned as being from Sardinia (Ros et al. 2013). Records from Hungary are erroneous (Erzberger and Papp 2004) and in the Czech Republic, this species is not listed in the last updated check (Kučera et al. 2012) and therefore its presence is uncertain (Hodgetts 2015). The species is reported more recently to southern Russia, in the eastern Caucasus (Fedosov 2010).

This species was very newly described for France by Hugonnot and Chavoutier (2015) from one locality in Montpensier (Auvergne region). This finding enlarges the area of distribution of this moss in Europe, suggesting that its presence in this country is originally relictual due to a long isolation period. An alternative origin would be a long-distance colonization event due the small size of the spore which makes them good candidates for wind-transport (Hugonnot and Chavoutier 2015). So, based on available collections of this species in Europe, it is only definitely known from Spain, France and in one old collection in Sardinia, corresponding to the type locality of the species described by De Notaris (1838).



The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is estimated to be around 684 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 180 km2. However, this is expected to be an under-estimate as the species may be more frequent in the Mediterranean area. If the Sardinia subpopulation was not considered, the EOO and AOO would be considerably less, at around 278 km2 for the EOO and around 176 km2 for the AOO. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 3 m to 900 m Asl, based in confirmed records from Iberian Peninsula and France.



","This species is currently known to be found in two disjunct European areas, in less than 50 sites in Spain and from one locality in France. This species can be relatively common in some Spanish regions, mainly in neighboring open places in semiarid steppe areas with gypsiferous soil.

In Spain, most of the sites of occurrence of this species are in the south, in Almeria, Murcia, Alicante and Albacete provinces. This species is also found in central Spain, in Palencia and Madrid, with a few other localities in the northeast of Spain, such as in Saragossa. The total distribution in Spain is restricted to areas with particular geological conditions. This species is not thought to occur in Portugal, but it is mentioned in the Iberian Flora from 15 provinces.



The species is considered to be severely fragmented as it has very specific habitats requirements, being thus found in isolated subpopulations. Therefore, despite the plant being a good disperser, subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. In France, across an area of roughly 100 m2, the species occupies less than 2 m2 in two patches of approximately the same size (Hugonnot and Chavoutier 2015). 

The current population trend of this species in Europe and therefore also the EU 28 is considered to be stable.","The main habitat of this species is exposed gypsiferous or saline soils at places with semi-natural grasslands, at about 400 m Asl in France and to 900 m Asl in Spain. In France, the species is found on granular limestone (marlaceous lime) with gypsum seams. In Spain, it is found also in semi-natural habitats in open areas, including lagoons and arable field near gypsum or loamy saline soils. This species is found associated with different Pottiaceae, such as Tortula brevissima, Acaulon triquetrum, Pterygoneurum ovatum, Didymodon rigidulus, Syntrichia caninervis Syntrichia ruralis var. ruralis, as well as Dicranella howei, Bryum argenteum, Bryum dichotomum, etc.



This is a small species with a short time span that is difficult to find and it is therefore possibly under-recorded in typical habitats during the dry period.","The species occurs frequently near arable fields, and in Spain, the intensive cattle trampling can be a major threat, as well as the intensification of agriculture. Desertification could have an impact on the species, possibly leading to distribution shifts. It could also be affected by touristic and commercial development.

This species is likely to be in decline in (semi-) natural areas due to anthropogenic pressure, mainly in Spain. It is an ephemeral moss and very dependent on the precipitation regime. Therefore, it may be impacted by fire events and climate change.","The species occurs in one protected area within its range, as listed by Garilleti and Albertos (2012), in an Important Bryophyte Areas (IBrA): 14: Monegros. This species is not included in the Red Data Book of Spain (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012) but can be considered as extinct in Italy, based on the only known locality in Cagliari (De Notaris 1838, Aleffi et al. 2008).

It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats, such as open vegetation types with gypsiferous and saline bare soils, mainly in known sites of this species. Further research and monitoring is required to establish the status of the species throughout all its distribution range as well as to identify other existing threats.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"González Mancebo, J.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C. & Cano, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Aloina,brevirostris,,Aloina brevirostris  ,(Hook. &amp; Grev.) Kindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Short-beaked Aloe-moss (Aloina brevirostris) has a scattered distribution, but it is locally common. This species has a wide geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 2,000 and 4,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 1,000 and 2,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 0.5 million km2.  The current population trend seems to be slightly declining in both Europe and the EU 28, and the only threats (loss of former pits and quarries to infilling and successional vegetation change) are minor habitat losses. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.



Despite a wide range, the distribution is rather fragmented, especially in the boreal and arctic zones. This species is considered threatened in some countries, including the Czech Republic, Switzerland and Spain. Even so, no specific conservation action is needed at present.",Stable,"This is a circumpolar, boreo-arctic montane species, with a more northern distribution than other Aloina species, reaching Svalbard in the north and Belgorodskaya oblast (Russia) in the east of Europe, as well as extending south to the Mediterranean region, including the Canary Islands. Despite a wide range, the distribution is rather fragmented, especially in the boreal and arctic zones (Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between sea level and 2,520 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North America and Asia (Siberia) (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 2,000 and 4,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 1,000 and 2,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 0.5 million km2.","The species is scattered, but it is locally common. The current population trend seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. There was a peak of records between 1970 and the mid-1990s.","This species is a pioneer colonist of bare and usually highly calcareous ground, most commonly on chalk and dolomite. In general, it is found on newly bared clayey soil, notably kaolin clay. This species has been found in sun-exposed limestone quarries, earth-slopes, river banks and other habitats where patches of bare soil are formed now and then (Hallingbäck et al. 2008). It has been recorded on bare chalk on hillsides but is more common in temporary habitats in pits, quarries, cuttings and lime works, and sometimes colonising spoil heaps and waste. There is a recent record from a gravel pit. The substrate is often fine-textured, such as chalk ground up by vehicles, muddy soil over limestone, and industrial lime waste. It tends to occur in more disturbed habitats than other Aloina species, and its occurrences are often transitory. It is an annual species which frequently produces sporophytes.","Threats to this species include the loss of former pits and quarries to infilling and successional vegetation change, but these are only minor threats at the moment.","This species is included in several national Red Lists of European countries. It is assessed in Austria as 1, in the Czech Republic as Critically Endangered (CR), in the Canary Islands Hungary and Latvia as Data Deficient (DD), in Germany as Indeterminate, in the Netherlands as GE, in Poland as I, in Finland as Near Threatened (NT) and in Spain and Switzerland as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected area. No specific conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Gunnarsson, U.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Aloina,humilis,,Aloina humilis  ,"M.T.Gallego, M.J.Cano &amp; Ros",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"



Aloina humilis is endemic to the Canary Islands, and is present on El Hierro, Tenerife and Fuerteventura. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, as well as threats. Further research is therefore needed to assess its extinction risk. It occurs in both dry and wet habitats, which allow us to infer that the species may be more abundant than currently known. New research in the Canary Islands and on the driest areas of Madeira and Azores, are necessary to get a better knowledge about the occurrence of this species.

",Unknown,"



Aloina humilis is endemic to the Canary Islands (El Hierro, Tenerife and Fuerteventura). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8,160 km2, and the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2. This species was described from the three Canary Islands in 1998 from material collected in 1991 and 1992(Gallego et al. 1998). 

","



 



 



There is no information on the current population size and trend. This species' distribution range and the type of habitat where it occurs suggest that it may be more frequent than currently known and may occur on other islands, suggesting that further surveys are needed. The species may persist for some time as the spores are large and can probably survive in the soil or in crevices for some years.

 

 

","

This species occurs on soil andsoil-covered rocks in dry areas of the inframediterranean bioclimatic belt, but can also ascend to the humid mountain belt growing in heath shrubland (Erica spp.) (Gallego et al. 1998). It is found at altitudes between 250 m and 700 m Asl.

","The threats to this species are largely unknown, but the stability of the dry coastal habitats where it grows is important for the future maintenance of the population. It is therefore unknown whether there is a continuing decline in the population or habitat of this species and further research is needed.","



The known subpopulations are not included in protected habitats. Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, as well as into the threats to this species. In particular, field-work is recommended, as well as examination of herbarium specimens of other Aloina species from other collections to determine whether this species has been collected in other regions and potentially incorrectly assigned to a different species. Spore bank studies might to also be successful in clarifying the current distribution and abundance of this species.

",This species is not utilised.,"Stebel, A.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","González Mancebo, J., Sim-Sim, M., Gabriel, R., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Aloina,obliquifolia,,Aloina obliquifolia  ,(Müll.Hal.) Broth.,"There is some discussion about whether Aloina rigida and A. obliquifolia are conspecific. They are currently considered as good species, but recent studies seem to indicate they may be conspecific (H. Siebel pers. comm. 2017).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Aloina obliquifolia is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, overall large population size (greater than 10,000 individual equivalents) and stable population trend. However, there are taxonomic issues that need to be resolved in order to clarify its true distribution in Europe. 

The species is recently recognized at species level and most of the known records come from synonymization from very old herbarium samples from Germany, the Czech Republic and Poland. There are also some recent records of this species (up to 30 years old) from Serbia, Italy and Austria. The habitat this species occurs in is very sensitive and unstable, with a lack of management leading to overgrowth of vegetation which can affect this species. It is found in protected areas in Europe, however enhanced site protection and management are recommended conservation measures. The biology, distribution and ecology of this species is rather unknown, and so research on its taxonomy and distribution is greatly needed to clarify its status.",Stable,"This is a rare central European species (Frey et al. 2006). It is also present in China and South America (Cano et al. 2008). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category. The area of occupancy (AOO) is rather imprecise. The reports of this species are uncertain since it was re-named and then cited again under it's previous name as a good taxon (Gallego et al. 1999).","This is a rather rare species of specific habitat types. Its population is not considered to be severely fragmented. Its habitat is declining in certain areas, but its population trend is stable. The subpopulations can be large, and its population size is over 10,000 individual equivalents (one individual equivalent is equal to one square metre).","This species grows on loess cliffs and slopes, as well as on exposed, basic soils. It grows in secondary habitats of open, disturbed sites, such as those in Austria, the Czech Republic and Russia.",A lack of management leading to overgrowth of vegetation can affect this species.,"This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Serbia (Critically Endangered) (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in protected areas, however enhanced site protection and management are recommended conservation measures. Research on its taxonomy and distribution is greatly needed to clarify its status.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Marka, J.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M., Kučera, J., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Aloina,rigida,,Aloina rigida  ,(Hedw.) Limpr.,"There is some discussion on whether Aloina rigida and A. obliquifolia are conspecific. They are currently considered as valid species, but recent studies seem to indicate they are conspecific (H. Siebel pers. comm. 2017).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Rigid Aloe-moss (Aloina rigida) is widely distributed in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it does not grow in extensive colonies, it is quite frequent in open environments, from lower elevations up to mountainous areas. In addition, the current population trend is stable, the species is quite tolerant of even high levels of human disturbance, and there are no major threats to it.",Stable,"The Rigid Aloe-moss (Aloina rigida) is widely distributed in Europe (Hodgetts 2015). It is also found in the American continent, Asia and Africa (Zander 1993+).","This is a common species in some parts of its range, but can also be localized. Subpopulations are usually small and there are few individuals per subpopulation. The population trend is thought to be stable.","This species lives on basic soil and on rock crevices (on accumulated soil or humus) in open and dry habitats also disturbed areas, such as urban areas. The plants are a few mm high and can form small patches or live isolated, generally growing mixed with other species of acrocarpous mosses.","While the species is declining in some peripheral areas of its distribution, there are no major threats to this species at the European scale.",No conservation measures are required for this species at European level. This species is known to occur in protected areas. A recent study has claimed that this species is conspecific with A. obliquifolia (H. Siebel pers. comm. 2017).,This species is not utilised.,"Fettes, N.D.,Marka, J.,Hodgetts, N.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F., Lüth, M. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,POLYTRICHOPSIDA,POLYTRICHALES,POLYTRICHACEAE,Alophosia,azorica,,Alophosia azorica  ,(Renauld &amp; Cardot) Cardot,,Yes,NT,A3c; B2b(iii),Yes,NT,A3c; B2b(iii),EU28,,"Alophosia azorica is a moss species endemic to northern Macaronesia (Azores and Madeira). This species is assessed as Near Threatened under Criterion A3, since a population reduction of 24% is projected to occur within three generations. The reduction in the population is based on a reduction in area of occupancy (AOO). Taking into account the spatial grain of the study upon which this projection is based (approximately 1 km² grid resolution), it is possible that this species may persist within the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity can be higher than in the surrounding environment. However, even if there are suitable microclimatic areas within the unsuitable 1 km², these will be minimal (ravines, nooks and crannies) and thus the reduction in suitable habitat will lead to an almost linear reduction in the population.



In addition, the species also qualifies for Near Threatened under Criterion B2 since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 340 km²), and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat due to invasive alien species, indirect effects of increasing tourism and habitat conversion. Land-use change, particularly at the margins of its natural habitat, either to increase grasslands or the plantation of exotic species is a serious threat for the survival of this species. An intensification of the effects of climatic change may cause damage to the stability of subpopulations as it the amount of climatically suitable habitat is projected to decrease significantly



Proper management of the habitat is strongly recommended, focusing on the protection against invasive alien species, clear-cutting of areas around native forests and nitrification caused (directly or indirectly) by cattle grazing. Further research is needed into the population size and trends, as well as into the threats to this species. Monitoring of the habitat and population trends is also recommended.",Decreasing,"Alophosia azorica is a moss species endemic to northern Macaronesia (Azores and Madeira). It has been recorded on seven of the nine Azorean islands (Gabriel et al. 2010) and, more recently, in the Madeira Archipelago on Madeira Island (Sérgio et al. 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 75,290 km², and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 340 km².","This moss species occurs on seven Azorean islands and on Madeira Island. In some islands (e.g., Pico, Faial, Terceira) the number and size of the subpopulations is larger than in others, where it may be considered rare (e.g., Flores, São Jorge) (Sjögren 1978, Gabriel et al. 2011). This is a monoicous species and capsules are common (Homem and Gabriel 2008). In Madeira Island, the last collections are from 2010 and most of the Herbarium records (LISU) are about 20 years old. According to recent publications, the current population trend is suspected to be decreasing, since Macaronesian endemic bryophytes are predicted to suffer a decrease in population size and range (Ferreira et al. 2016, Patiño et al. 2016). This moss is considered a medium-lived species, a colonist, due to its high reproduction effort and small spore size (less than 20 micra). The generation length of this species is estimated to be between six and ten years, and a three generation period is therefore considered to be around 20 years.



The suitable habitat for this species, measured as the number of 1-km² climatically suitable grid cells, has been projected to decrease by either 45% or 83% until 2070 due to climatic changes. These projections were derived using two different Global Climate Models recommended for Europe and Mediterranean climates. The first is a stabilization scenario (RCP 4.5) where total radiative forcing is stabilised before 2100, while a more stringent scenario (RCP 8.5), characterized by increasing greenhouse gas emissions over time, is representative for scenarios leading to high greenhouse gas concentration levels (Patiño et al. 2016). The variables considered for these projections included the maximum temperature of the warmest month and the precipitation (in mm) of the wettest month. The poikilohydric condition of bryophytes means their water content is directly regulated by environmental humidity and growth is restricted to periods of hydration. Temperature is also known to be an important factor for bryophyte growth (Patiño et al. 2016). However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study (approximately 1-km² grid resolution), it is possible that this species may persist within the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity can be higher than in the surrounding environment. Nevertheless, these models clearly project a substantial decline in the climatically suitable area for this species within three generations. Taking into account that three generations for this species is around 20 years, and if we assume linear decline, a population reduction of around 24% in 20 years can be projected.","In the Azores, this species is found mostly in native forests, but it may also occupy different habitats (Gabriel et al. 2011). In Madeira it is a rare species restricted to the natural laurel forest. It usually grows on rock, but it may also be found on soil. Although it prefers humid places, it may also survive in fairly exposed sites in the Azores. However, it is worth mentioning that this species has not been recorded in either Graciosa nor Santa Maria islands (Gabriel et al. 2010) - two of the islands with smaller areas and the lowest elevation range in the Azores Archipelago. In the Azores, it was registered between 100 m and 1,700 m Asl, but preferably between 500 m and 750 m Asl (Homem and Gabriel 2008, Gabriel et al. 2011). In Madeira it grows on rocks and slopes mainly at the northern slope of the natural laurel forest, at about 700 m to 1,100 m Asl (Sim-Sim et al. 2014).","The species is found in Macaronesian laurel forests, a natural habitat of interest to the European Union (EEC 1992). This species is sensitive to habitat degradation, which is occurring mainly due to the effects of invasive alien species expansion (especially Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum) (Silva et al. 2008), the increase of tourism and recreational activities and also the building of secondary roads. Land-use change, particularly at the margins of its natural habitat, either to increase grasslands or the plantation of exotic species (e.g., Cryptmomeria japonica) is also a threat for the survival of this species, as are landslides. Since the Azores are located on the mid-Atlantic ridge, they are also prone to the effects of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes with possible deleterious effects on the existing subpopulations. An intensification of the effects of climatic change may cause damage to the stability of subpopulations as it the amount of climatically suitable habitat is projected to decrease significantly (Patiño et al. 2016).","This species and its habitat should be protected by international, national and regional laws but there are no specific conservation measures in place, although it occurs in protected areas both in Madeira and in the Azores. This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Madeira (Sim-Sim et al. 2014). Even if Macaronesian native forests are recognized as important habitats (EEC 1992), both in the Azores and Madeira, these are restricted to very small areas, surrounded by a humanized landscape, so natural corridors and buffer areas would benefit this species. In Madeira, it is a species from the natural laurel forest which was designated a Natura 2000 site. In 1999 the area was also designated World Natural Heritage by UNESCO. Most of this species' distribution is included in the Madeira Natural Park which has protection through Regional Decrees (RAM 1982, 1985). Proper management of the habitat is strongly recommended, focusing on the protection against invasive alien species (such as Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum), clear-cutting of areas around native forests and nitrification caused (directly or indirectly) by cattle grazing. Biology and nature conservation students should be made aware of bryophytes in general and of endemic species in particular. Further research is needed into the population size and trends, as well as into the threats to this species. Monitoring of the habitat and population trends is also recommended.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Hugonnot, V.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Gabriel, R., Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,SPLACHNALES,MEESIACEAE,Amblyodon,dealbatus,,Amblyodon dealbatus  ,(Hedw.) P. Beauv.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Short-tooth Hump-moss (Amblyodon dealbatus) is a boreal-montane species which is widespread in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range and the population size is large. However, in view of its decline in central and southern Europe, monitoring of the population and habitat trends is recommended.",Decreasing,"The Short-tooth Hump-moss (Amblyodon dealbatus) is a boreal-montane species which is widespread in Europe, Asia, North Africa, North America and South America. In Europe, it has a predominantly northern distribution. In southern countries it is often rare and, as reported by some authors, the lowland subpopulations, which are mostly mountainous, are to be considered relicts of glacial origin (Smith 2004, Hodgetts 2015).","The subpopulations are always small, but numerous. In central Europe there is an historical decline (in the 19th Century) in the lowlands, since the fens were destroyed and drained due to human expansion. The overall population trend is thought to be slightly decreasing. The population size is unknown, but is thought to be larger than 10,000 mature individuals.","This species lives in mountain calcareous fens, in basic flushes or in dune slacks in coastal regions. It is also found in moist limestone rocks. This species is considered to be a weak competitor and can be easily displaced by other species. The species has been found at the edges of roads and is believed to be able to spread to secondary habitats.","This species is threatened in many central and eastern European countries (Hodgetts 2015), where marked declined were registered (Schnyder et al. 2004). It is a species of humid environments, which are protected by the Habitats Directive, and it has been assessed in several regional red lists (Schnyder et al. 2004, Maslovsky 2005, Natcheva et al. 2006, Kučera and Váňa 2012, Miserere et al. 2015). In view of its ecology, ongoing climatic changes could lead to it becoming rare, as it could improve conditions for competitor plants in lower areas, and lead to upward habitat shifts in mountainous areas (in the Pyrenees and Sierra Nevada). Stabilization of sand dunes also poses as threat to this species since the wetter parts of the sand dunes tend to dry out and the environment becomes unsuitable for this species (N. Hodgetts pers. comm. 2017).","This species is known to occur in protected areas. In view of its decline in central and southern Europe, monitoring of the population and habitat trends is recommended.",This species is not utilised.,"Rumsey, F.,Cálix, M.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F., Lüth, M. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Amblystegium,serpens,,Amblystegium serpens  ,(Hedw.) Schimp.,Some authors recognise certain varieties (variety juratzkanum) which may be valid species (Meinunger and Schröder 2007).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Creeping Feather-moss (Amblystegium serpens) is a widespread species both in the northern and southern hemispheres, and is known in all the continents. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large and stable population in Europe and there are no major threats to it.",Stable,"The Creeping Feather-moss (Amblystegium serpens) is a widespread species both in the northern and southern hemispheres, and is known in all the continents (Vanderpoorten 2015).",The subpopulations of this species are usually large. It is very common and abundant in large parts of its range and the population size is considered to be very large. It is rarer at the edges of its distribution. The current population trend is stable.,"This cosmopolitan species forms more or less extensive patches in moist forest habitat on tree trunks, rocks and soil, and often also in man-made habitats such as walls. It can grow up to 1,300 m Asl.",There are no major threats to this cosmopolitan species.,"This species is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range. Taxonomic research is recommended, since certain recognised varieties may be valid species.",This species is among the mosses suitable for aquarium culture (Glime 2012).,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Erzberger, P.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F., Lüth, M. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Amphidium,curvipes,,Amphidium curvipes  ,(Müll.Hal.) Broth.,"An integrative taxonomic approach including molecular phylogenetic and statistical analysis of morphological-anatomical characters, and classical taxonomy, indicates that the reduction of 13 Amphidium species to three in a recent morphological revision represents a case of too extensive lumping. Instead, six Amphidium species can be distinguished based on molecular and morphological data, the widespread Amphidium lapponicum, A. mougeotii and A. tortuosum, as well as the Macaronesian endemic A. curvipes, the North American endemic A. californicum, and a newly discovered species from Central Asia (southern Siberia and northern Mongolia), A. asiaticum sp. nov. (Sim-Sim et al. 2017).",Yes,NT,B2b(iii),Yes,NT,B2b(iii),EU28,,"Amphidium curvipes is endemic to Macaronesia (Canary Islands and Madeira). It grows frequently on vertical rock surfaces and rock crevices in sheltered habitats of the best preserved areas of the natural forest, and can also grow as an epiphyte. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 196 km2), and there is a continuing decline in the area and quality of its habitat due to climatic changes leading to landslides, rockfalls, and an increase in wildfires; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. Monitoring of the habitat and population trends is recommended, as well as appropriate area management.",Stable,"Amphidium curvipes is endemic to Macaronesia, and is found on the Canary Islands (present on all islands with the exception of Fuerteventura and Lanzarote) and on Madeira Island (Sim-Sim et al. 2017). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 73,400 km2and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 196 km2.","This species is relatively frequent on Madeira and the Canary Islands, where the current population trend is assumed to be stable. It occurs generally in small and dispersed subpopulations frequently with sporophytes, in the best preserved areas of the laurel forest.","This species represents an endemic taxon from the Macaronesian laurel forest, usually occurring between 800 m and 1,100 m Asl. It grows frequently on vertical rock surfaces and rock crevices in sheltered habitats on the northern slopes of the best preserved areas of the natural forest. It can also be found growing as an epiphyte on Madeira (Sim-Sim et al. 2014). It forms perennial tufts, frequently with capsules. 

","This plant is confined to the natural laurel forest. Potential suitable habitats are still present but the effects of climate change are an immediate risk for this species' development, and may promote the intensification of landslides and rockfalls. There is therefore a continuing decline in the quality of this species' habitat. In addition, the intensification of forest fires, which is strongly linked to the increase of invasive alien species, is also a threat to this species.","This species has been assessed as Vulnerable on Madeira (Sim-Sim et al. 2014). There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. In Madeira, most of its distribution is included in the Madeira Natural Park, which is protected through a Regional Decree. In the Canary Islands, it occurs in the Garajonay National Park, the Rural Park of Anaga, and the Natural Park Sierra de las Nieves, which are all Special Areas of Conservation (SACs). Monitoring of the habitat and population trends is recommended, as well as appropriate area management.",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Patiño, J.","Sim-Sim, M., Gabriel, R., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Amphidium,lapponicum,,Amphidium lapponicum  ,(Hedw.) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Lapland Yoke-moss (Amphidium lapponicum) is very widespread in the European mountains. It has a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 2,000 and 3,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 14 and 15 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 1,500 and 2,000 km2 and the EOO is around 5 million km2. In the core area of northern Europe, the subpopulation sizes seem to be stable. In the Alps and Scotland, the species is also stable. Therefore the overall population trend is considered to be stable. In addition, there are no major threats that impact the total population of the species, and the population size is larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is declining in some areas at the edges of its distribution, including Spain, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Bulgaria, and it is considered to be threatened in Germany. This species could potentially be affected by climate change in the southern part of its range. It can also be locally affected by mining and quarrying in certain areas. Monitoring of the population trends of this species is recommended.",Stable,"The distribution of this species is circumpolar and boreo-arctic montane. In Europe, it occurs north to Iceland and Svalbard and it is relative common in Scandinavia. It occurs east to Permskaya Oblast in Russia, and its range extends south in the mountains to southern Spain (Sierra Nevada). In the Balkan Peninsula recorded mainly in the higher mountains (Marka et al. 2018). It is rare on the Canary Islands and in Turkey (Blockeel et al. 2014). The species is generally common in the subalpine and low-alpine belts but does not seem to have been reported from any remarkable altitudes; the altitudinal range of the species is between 160 and 2,760 m Asl.

Outside of Europe, this species is known from Asia, North America and North Africa (Hallingbäcket al. 2006).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 2,000 and 3,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 14 and 15 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 1,500 and 2,000 km2 and the EOO is around 5 million km2.","This species seems to be widespread and stable in north and in the Alps, where the subpopulation sizes are large. However, in western, eastern and southern Europe, the subpopulations have decreased slightly, probably because of habitat loss and a warmer climate. It is declining in some areas at the edges of its distribution, possibly being extinct in Romania and declining in countries like Germany, Spain, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Bulgaria. In the core area of northern Europe, the subpopulation sizes seem to be stable. In the Alps and Scotland, the species is also stable. Therefore the overall population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. The population is not severely fragmented. The population size in both Europe and EU 28 is larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent).","This species occurs on moist base-rich montane cliffs and crags, on exposed rocks and in gullies and corries, typically in ravines and on stream banks. It usually grows in rock crevices and it is indifferent to rock types, provided there is adequate base enrichment. Therefore, its substrates include base-rich sandstone, limestone, mica-schist, basalt and gneiss (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species prefers shaded or moist habitats such as irrigated and sprayed rocks in canyons, on cliffs and beside streams. It grows together with other mosses such as Anoectangium aestivum, Grimmia torquata and Gymnostomum aeruginosum (Mårtensson 1956). This species produces sporophytes.","There are no major threats to the species, although it could potentially be affected by climate change in the southern part of its range. It can be locally affected by mining and quarrying in certain areas.","This species is in the Red Lists of Ireland, Spain and Bulgaria as Vulnerable (VU), the Czech Republic and Slovakia as Endangered (EN), Germany as 1, Poland as rare (R), Romania as Critically Endangered (CR) and is Data Deficient in both Serbia and Slovenia (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in several protected areas across its range. 

Monitoring of the population trends of this species is recommended.",The species is not used or traded.,"Vellak, K.,Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Sabovljevic, M.,Ştefănuţ, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Amphidium,mougeotii,,Amphidium mougeotii  ,(Bruch &amp; Schimp.) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Mougeot's Yoke-moss (Amphidium mougeotii) is extremely widespread, and it is common in the major part of western Europe. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 4,000 and 5,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 15 million km2. It seems to have a stable population trend in the whole of Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no major threats to it, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

No conservation measures are needed for this species.",Stable,"The range of this species is Euro-Siberian to boreal-montane. It is found almost throughout Europe in montane areas, but is rare or absent in parts of the Mediterranean region, the Baltic countries, the Netherlands and Turkey (Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 2,800 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North America and Asia (BFNA 2015).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 4,000 and 5,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 15 million km2. Within the EU 28, the AOO is between 1,500 and 2,000 km2, and the EOO is between 11 and 12 million km2.",The species is common in the major part of western Europe and the current population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28.,"This species is found on moist and shady vertical rock faces, typically along cracks and in crevices with trickling water, where it may become dominant. It is also found on moist or intermittently irrigated siliceous rocks, most often on vertical surfaces and in crevices. Habitats are varied and include rocky woods, ravines, gorges, montane cliffs and gullies. In the west, this species also occurs on coastal rocks. It occurs on a wide variety of rock types, in sites that range from moderately acidic (usually where there is some slight mineral enrichment), to those that are weakly base-rich. Blindia acuta is a characteristic associate, and Isopterygiopsis pulchella often grows through it; in more base-rich sites it may occur with a wide range of species, including Frullania tamarisci, Anoectangium aestivum, Bartramia spp., Gymnostomum aeruginosum, and in montane regions Grimmia torquata (Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015).

Capsules are very rare and this species is able to survive intermittent desiccation. Therefore, it is a very long lived species.","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","This species is known to occur in several protected areas, however most sites are outside protected areas. No conservation measures are needed for this species since it is extremely widespread and there are no major threats to it.",This species is not utilised.,"Hodgetts, N.,Vellak, K.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T","Maksimov, A.,Gapon, S.,Sabovljevic, M.,Popova, N.,Ştefănuţ, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Anacamptodon,splachnoides,,Anacamptodon splachnoides  ,(Froel. ex Brid.) Brid.,,No,NT,B2b(iii),No,NT,B2b(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Anacamptodon splachnoides has a continental distribution with a focus on Central Europe and is a naturally rare species. It is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 400-1,000 km2 in Europe and in the EU 28), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. 

The species might qualify as Endangered under Criterion C since the population size is estimated to be smaller than 2,500 individual-equivalents (possibly between 250 and 1,000) and each subpopulation has fewer than 250 individual-equivalents. Since this species is epiphytic, one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one tree where the species grows. This estimation is based on currently available data; however, the species is under-recorded and overlooked, and so further research is needed into the population size.

Still, it is currently unclear whether there is a continuing decline in the population and the current population trend is unknown. There are regions where the species cannot be re-found today, but it can also colonise tree trunks in spruce forests. In addition, this species must be searched for very carefully; there are probably large gaps in its known distribution. Further research is therefore needed to establish whether there is an ongoing decline. 

Modern forestry practices (short rotation lengths), clear-cutting, the construction of forest roads and the associated changes in microclimate that accompany it, are all threats to this species. Large subpopulations should be protected and permanently secured by a monitoring and management program. Better forestry practices should be developed to ensure old trees are not always removed from the landscape, and that rotation times are longer. The species is known to occur in protected areas, offering it some protection from these threats in Europe.",Unknown,"This species shows an amphi-Atlantic distribution range and is known from North America, Europe and the Caucasus. In North America, this species has a large distribution area.In Europe, this species has a continental distribution with a focus on Central Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Slovakia, Switzerland). It is also present in northern Italy, Slovenia, Serbia, Romania and Ukraine. It is also known from France, where very isolated subpopulations occur in the Pyrenees. This moss is rare throughout most parts of its European distribution range. There is one specimen reported from the UK; however, it is debatable whether the specimen did indeed come from the UK (Hedenäs 1999). It occurs at elevations between 300 m and 1,800 m Asl. The extent of occurrence is estimated at 700,000 km2, whilst the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 400-1,000 km2 in Europe and the EU 28.



","There is very little available information on the population size and current trend. Sandron and Hugonnot (2012) report a large subpopulation in France (Pyrénées-Orientales), where this species could be found in a forest on 28 host trees. Németh and Erzberger (2015) found a subpopulation on 19 host trees (Hungary, Kopacsi Hill).

There are indications that the total distribution area has decreased. According to Meinunger and Schröder (2007) this species has disappeared in the Lower Rhine area, but you can also find this moss on tree trunks in spruce forests (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Sandron and Hugonnot (2012) report that this moss could not be re-found despite intensive field work in the department of Allier. At the European level, it is unclear whether the moss shows a continuing decline or is only under-recorded. This species is far from being conspicuous, is similar to a common species (Amblystegium serpens) and can therefore be easily overlooked. Since this species is epiphytic, one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one tree where the species grows. Based on that, it is estimated that there are between 250 and 1,000 individual-equivalents of this species in Europe. In addition, it is estimated that there are significantly fewer than 250 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation. The population is not severely fragmented.



 



","Thisis an epiphytic species growing in tree knot holes, cavities or at the edge of niches where water can accumulate (dendrotelm).In Austria, Germany and Switzerland this moss was also found on tree trunks with a beaded resin-ring.The microhabitats are always associated with water, so it is at least a slightly hygrophilic species, which requires these special conditions in order to be able to complete its life cycle.The most important host tree is beech.However, it has also been found on hornbeam, birch, fir, maple, spruce and also on oak (in Hungary). The species requires bright and constant humid habitats. Sandron and Hugonnot (2012) showed statistically that shorter trees are preferred, which could also be observed in Austria. The position of the tree and the cavity on the tree also play an important role. It has also been found growing on recently cut tree stumps in the Czech Republic, Austria and Germany. Although sporophytes are very frequently developed (monoecious) and the spores are very small, new localities are difficult to colonize due to the extremely specific habitat requirements. The large distribution area of this species shows, however, that this moss is well suited to this way of life as a natural, very rare species.","The assessment of threats is extremely difficult,since the frequency and distribution of the species is poorly understood.The species is relatively easy to recognize but difficult to detect due to the small size and specific habitat requirements.The vast majority of European forests are used for forestry purposes.Clear-cutting and the construction of forest roads change the local micro-climate.The forest stands become increasingly homogeneous. These sites pose a great threat for sensitive species.The rotation times are getting shorter and old trees are increasingly being removed.Particularly old host trees are extremely important for sensitive species and time plays an important role in colonization.For this reason, forestry is a major threat, even if the strength of the threat is difficult to assess because of the lack of knowledge. Subpopulations in plantations are thought to be short lived and not persistent. Due to these threats, it is thought or inferred that there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat.","This species was previously assessed as Endangered in Europe (ECCB 1995). This moss is also included in several national Red Lists and has been assessed as Regionally Extinct in Switzerland (rediscovered, Schnyder 2011); as Endangered in Austria, Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia; and as Vulnerable in Germany, Romania and Ukraine.

More information is needed on this species (distribution, population size, population trends, threats).Large subpopulations should be protected and permanently secured by a monitoring and management program. Better forestry practices should be developed to ensure old trees are not always removed from the landscape, and that rotation times are longer. It is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range in Europe.

",This species is not utilized.,"Englefield, E.,Orgaz Alvarez, J.,Cálix, M.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BARTRAMIALES,BARTRAMIACEAE,Anacolia,menziesii,,Anacolia menziesii  ,(Turner)Paris,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

In Europe, Anacolia menziesii is known from a few localities in the Iberian Peninsula and Cyprus (Troodos Mountains). This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it is estimated that there are only around 300 individual-equivalents in Europe. For this species, one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre in which the species grows. This species also has a restricted geographic range, with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 52 km2and the population appears to be severely fragmented. However, there is no indication of a continuing decline in the habitat or population. Only the subpopulation of Tiermes and Puente de Requejo in Spain appears to be threatened by anthropogenic activities since it is found at an archaeological site. For the Tiermes subpopulation it is recommended to inform the authorities responsible for the archaeological site of the presence of the species in order to coordinate conservation measures. Since it is possible that this species is more widespread in Europe than currently known, it is recommended that specimens from a wide range of herbaria be revised. Further research into the population size is also needed.





 

  

",Stable,"In Europe, Anacolia menziesii is known from a few localities in the Iberian Peninsula and Cyprus (Troodos Mountains) (Blockeel 2003). Outside of Europe it is also found in Asian Turkey (single record in the Kula area), North America - from Mexico (Baja California) to Alaska and eastwards to Colorado - and in Asia in eastern Nepal. The Asian collections have not been reviewed, and consequently it is not clear whether the Nepal records are correct (Garcia-Zamora et al. 1998). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 52 km2. This species cannot be easily distinguished, morphologically, from A. webbii (only through the gametophyte). In addition, due to their dioicous sexual condition both species are usually found without sporophytes (Werner et al. 2003). It is therefore possible that this species is more widespread in Europe than currently known, if more specimens from a wide range of herbaria were to be revised.

  





 



 



","Subpopulations can be quite large in Spain (in the Sierra Nevada). In Cyprus, it does not seem to be rare and can be easily found. For this species, one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre in which the species grows. In Spain it is estimated that there are around 200 individual-equivalents, and in Cyprus it is estimated that there are around 100 individual-equivalents. It is therefore estimated that there are around 300 individual-equivalents in Europe. The current population trend is stable, but severely fragmented since the species is dioecious and rarely produces sporophytes, and the subpopulations are isolated from each other. These small and isolated subpopulations may therefore go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. 

","This species occurs on ledges of acidic rocks (quartzites and micaschists) where a small quantity of acidic soil has accumulated and usually protected by herbaceous plants. This species is a long-lived shuttle. It lives in mountains both in Spain and on Cyprus (Sierra Nevada, Sierra de Baza, Troodos Mountains). It also grows at an archaeological site, which is uncommon for this species (Garcia-Zamora et al. 1998).



 



 

  

","Only the subpopulations of Tiermes and Puente de Requejo in Spain are threatened by anthropogenic activities (Garcia-Zamora et al. 1998). In Tiermes, the known subpopulation is growing at an archaeological site, and could therefore be destroyed. The subpopulations in the mountains of Spain and Cyprus seem not to be threatened since its habitat is undisturbed and hard to access.","

There is no documentation of conservation actions for this species. In Spain it has been assessed as Near Threatened, but no specific conservation measures are recommended. Only for the Tiermes area, it is recommended that the authorities responsible for the archaeological site be informed of the presence of the species in order to coordinate conservation measures (Garilleti and Albertos 2012). This species is known to occur in the Sierra Nevada National Park and Sierra de Baza Natural Park. Since it is possible that this species is more widespread in Europe than currently known, it is recommended that specimens from a wide range of herbaria be revised. Further research into the population size is also needed.



",This species is not utilised.,"Fettes, N.D.,Tsakiri, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Cogoni, A., Campisi, P., Blockeel, T., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Lara, F. & Lüth, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BARTRAMIALES,BARTRAMIACEAE,Anacolia,webbii,,Anacolia webbii  ,(Mont.) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



In Europe, Anacolia webbii is found in the Mediterranean area and in Macaronesia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it has a restricted geographic range, the subpopulations are often large and there is no indication of a continuing decline. However, some subpopulations have disappeared, and monitoring of the population and habitat trend is recommended.",Unknown,"In Europe, Anacolia webbii is found in the Mediterranean area and in Macaronesia (Düll 1984, Hébrard 1984, Düll 1992, Campisi et al. 2014). In Greece it is known from four Aegean islands (Samos, Lesbos, Ikaria, Chios) (Düll 2014, Blockeel and Nieuwkoop 2016). Outside of Europe it is distributed in Algeria, Morocco, Ethiopia, Iraq, Tajikistan and China (Redfearn and Wu 1986, Allen 1999, O’Shea 2006). The area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 176 km2.","The subpopulations of this species are often large. Some authors report a presumably recent decline for some subpopulations in Sicily (Campisi et al. 2014) and the extinction of two subpopulations in Portugal (C. Sérgio pers. comm. 2017). It is a dioicous species with low percentages of sexual reproduction, which is known only in Macaronesian and Sicilian subpopulations, and for which specialized asexual reproduction is unknown. It is not common but can be abundant in some areas. In Ikaria (Greece) there is also a large subpopulation. The overall population trend is unknown.","It is a species that lives in mountainous areas on more or less vertical cliffs, both acidic and neutral, or sometimes on wet limestone blocks in Mediterranean sclerophyllous forests or in Mediterranean shrubland. The growth sites are often characterized by marked moisture, due for example to the frequent presence of fog (Campisi et al. 2014). In Greece, the species seems to grow on volcanic rocks. It is found at altitudes between 300 m and 2,500 m asl.","Some Portuguese subpopulations were recently destroyed due to the construction of a dam (C. Sérgio pers. comm. 2017). In general, this species could be affected by increasing drought caused by changing climatic conditions in certain areas of its distribution (Campisi et al. 2014).",This species often grows in protected areas. Research into the population trend is recommended. It is also recommended that the population and habitat trends be monitored.,This species is not utilized or traded.,"Tsakiri, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Blockeel, T., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Lara, F. & Lüth, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Anastrepta,orcadensis,,Anastrepta orcadensis  ,(Hook.) Schiffn.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Orkney Notchwort (Anastrepta orcadensis) is a suboceanic boreal-montane leafy liverwort. In Europe, it is found mainly found in cool oceanic areas of the north and northwest, but also locally in the high central and eastern mountains. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is reasonably abundant in much of its range, and there is little or no indication of threat or decline. However, this could change with inappropriate forestry management techniques such as liming. No conservation measures are required at present in most areas, but liming of key forest habitats for this species is to be avoided.",Stable,"The Orkney Notchwort (Anastrepta orcadensis) is a suboceanic boreal-montane leafy liverwort. In Europe, it is found mainly in cool oceanic areas of the north and northwest, but also locally in the high central and eastern mountains. Worldwide it is a disjunct species in cool temperate high-rainfall areas, occurring in the Himalayas, western China, Taiwan, Japan, the Aleutian Islands, northwestern North America and Hawaii (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 3,172 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4.7 million km².","The population size and trend of this species are not known in any detail, but there seems to be no evidence of a decline and the current population trend is therefore considered to be stable. It is reasonably abundant in much of its range.","This is a distinctive calcifuge species growing as pure patches or as scattered stems amongst other bryophytes in mixed turf in subalpine conifer and Betula woodlands; it is also frequent on open slopes, mostly in western subalpine to alpine districts, often under Calluna or in damp block screes, favouring moist shaded or open north- to east-facing aspects. In turfs it is associated with a variety of robust bryophytes such as Bazzania trilobata,  Dicranodontium denudatum, Tetraphis pellucida, Lepidozia reptans,  Lophozia ventricosa,Mylia taylorii,Neoorthocaulisattenuatus,Campylopus flexuosus, Breutelia chrysocoma, Dicranum scoparium, D. fuscescens, Plagiothecium undulatum, Pleurozium schreberiand  Rhytidiadelphus loreus. In rocky woodlands and ravines it often grows with Hymenophyllum wilsonii and Sphagnum quinquefarium. It is a common component of northern oceanic montane mixed hepatic mats with Anastrophyllum donnianum and similar associates. More rarely it grows amongst Sphagnum or on hummocks in blanket bogs (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from 20 m up to 2,615 m Asl.



It is dioicous; male plants and perianths are occasional, sporophytes are very rare; gemmae are common, often abundant in sheltered woodland habitats.","Threats are few in most areas, but liming of forestry plantations has been cited as a threat in parts of Germany (Meinunger and Schröder 2007).","No conservation measures are required at present in most areas, but liming of key forest habitats for this species is to be avoided. It has been assessed as Endangered in Spain and Italy, as Vulnerable in Sweden and Switzerland, and as Near Threatened in Slovakia (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Ros-Espín, R.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Anastrophyllum,alpinum,,Anastrophyllum alpinum  ,Stephani,This species was distinguished from A. joergensenii by Long et al. (2006).,No,NT,D1,No,NT,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) 



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) 



The Alpine Notchwort (Anastrophyllum alpinum) is an oceanic boreal-montane species present in Europe only in northwestern Scotland. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it is estimated there are fewer than 1,500 individual-equivalents; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion D1. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be an area of one square metre where the species occurs. There are no known specific threats to this species at present. However, there has been a documented increase and expansion of graminoid species within the habitat of this bryophyte species in Scotland, and this is likely to impact the plant in the future. Key sites with this species should be monitored periodically.",Stable,"The Alpine Notchwort (Anastrophyllum alpinum) is an oceanic boreal-montane species present in Europe only in northwestern Scotland. Elsewhere it is disjunct in the Himalayas (Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan), Yunnan, and the Aleutian Islands. Like other disjunct oceanic montane hepatics (e.g., Mastigophora woodsii, Plagiochila carringtonii, Pleurozia purpurea and Scapania ornithopodioides) in the eastern Himalayas it is characteristic of moist juniper-rhododendron scrub just above the tree line, and on mossy rocks, logs and tree trunks in montane fir-rhododendron forests. It is possible that in Scotland these hepatics formerly grew at or near the natural tree line and in associated dwarf-shrub heaths. This transition is now almost totally lost in Scotland through a combination of clearance, burning and grazing (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 140 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,800 km².","There is no information of population size available. However, based on available survey data, the number of individual-equivalents is estimated to be smaller than 1,500. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be an area of one square metre where the species occurs. There is no indication that this rare species in declining, and it can probably be regarded as stable within its limited range.","This recent segregate from Anastrophyllum joergensenii is abundant only on a few hills in Wester Ross and Sutherland (Scotland), where it occupies similar habitats to, and often occurs intermixed with, A. donianum. It grows among boulders and dwarf shrubs on relatively well-drained slopes, where other associates in the ‘northern hepatic mat’ in which A. alpinum and A. donianum grow include Bazzania pearsonii, Herbertus hutchinsiae, Mastigophora woodsii, Pleurozia purpurea and Scapania ornithopodioides. Its altitudinal range is from 580 m up to 955 m Asl.



The species is dioicous; gametangia, sporophytes and gemmae are not known from Scotland, but have been recorded in the Himalayas (Blockeelet al. 2014).","There are no known specific threats to this species at present. However, there has been a documented increase and expansion of graminoid species within the habitat of this bryophyte species in Scotland, and this is likely to impact the plant in the future (Ross et al. 2012, Flagmeier et al. 2014).",Key sites with this species should be monitored periodically. It has been assessed as Near Threatened in Britain (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.,Blockeel, T.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N. & Rothero, G.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Anastrophyllum,assimile,,Anastrophyllum assimile  ,(Mitt.) Stephani,,No,LC,,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



In Europe, Anastrophyllum assimile is restricted to southern Norway and the Alps (Austria, Switzerland, Italy). Its presence in Poland and France is uncertain. Although the extent of occurrence (EOO) is quite large, estimated at ca 150,000 km², the area of occupancy (AOO) is much more restricted, estimated at ca 600-1,000 km². There is no evidence of a population decline, and it is relatively common in Norway and Austria. However, the overall population trend is considered unknown. The population size is estimated to be larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) in Europe as a whole (taking into account the large subpopulations in Norway). This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe. In the EU 28, it is estimated that there are between 500 and 1,000 individual-equivalents, and the species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable. However, because it tends to grow in inaccessible places, it is probably under-recorded, and thus the population could be larger. There could be a threat from climate change to the subpopulations at lower altitudes, but it should be secure, at least in the short- and medium-term, at higher altitudes. No conservation measures are required at present, but a monitoring programme is recommended.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is restricted to southern Norway and the Alps (Austria, Switzerland, Italy). There are eight recent and 20 historical sites in Switzerland, around 70 sites in Austria (Köckinger et al. 2008, Schröck et al. 2013) and at least three recent sites in Italy. In Norway there are around 40 localities. Its presence in Poland and France is uncertain (Chavoutier and Hugonnot 2013,Górski and Váňa 2014). Globally this is a rather rare species and is otherwise knownonlyfrom the northwestern part of North America, Greenland and  Asia (the Himalayas, Borneo, China, Korea, Malaysia, Japan). It has been found growing at elevations between 100 m and 2,600 m Asl. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at ca 600-1,000 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 150,000 km².","This species is considered to be rather common in Norway. In Austria, most subpopulations consist of between one and ten individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre in which the species grows. It is estimated that there are more than 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe as a whole (taking into account the large subpopulations in Austria and Norway). In the EU 28, it is estimated that there are between 500 and 1,000 individual-equivalents. Because it tends to grow in inaccessible places, it is probably under-recorded. There is no evidence of a population decline, however, the overall population trend is considered unknown.","This species forms carpets on mostly shady, north-facing and lime-free silicate rocks (Köckinger 2017). It rarely produces sporophytes, and dispersal is therefore limited to clonal regeneration.","No immediate threats have been identified. There could be a threat from climate change to the subpopulations at lower altitudes, but it should be secure, at least in the short- and medium-term, at higher altitudes.","This species has been assessed as Endangered in Italy (Pignatti et al. 2001) and Switzerland (Schnyder et al. 2004). No conservation measures are required at present, but a monitoring programme is recommended.It occurs in at least one protected area.

  





 



 



",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Laaka-Lindberg, S.,Englefield, E.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.","Hodgetts, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Anastrophyllum,donnianum,,Anastrophyllum donnianum  ,(Hook.) Stephani,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Donn's Notchwort (Anastrophyllum donnianum) has a disjunct distribution in Europe and is restricted to regions with a high rainfall. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 900 and 1,000 km2, and in the EU 28, the AOO is between 600 and 700 km2. The population size seems to be stable in both Europe and within the EU 28. In both regions, the total number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) is most probably slightly more than 10,000 and the largest subpopulation is much less than 1,000. This species is severely fragmented, but there is no decreasing trend in Europe and the EU 28. Therefore, in both regions, this species is assessed as Near Threatened, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

More sites where this species is found should be protected.",Stable,"This species has a disjunct distribution and is restricted to regions with a high rainfall. It is occurs in the western oceanic part of Europe, and is found in Great Britain (Scotland), the Faroe Islands, and southwestern Norway. It is considered to have disappeared from the Tatra Mountains (Blockeel et al. 2014, Górski 2009, Hodgetts 2015). In Asia, this species is known from China, Yunnan and the Himalayas, Sikkim. In North America, this species is found from the southeast coast of Alaska and British Columbia (Damsholt 2002). The altitudinal range of this species is from 300 m to 1,040 m Asl.

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 900 and 1,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 600 and 700 km2 and the EOO is ca 0.5 million km2.","The number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in the whole of Europe and the EU 28 is far higher than 1,000, probably between 10,000 and 20,000 individual-equivalents (using 1 m2 as proxy for one individual-equivalent), but no subpopulation larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents.

This species appears to be more or less sterile in all Europe. Perianths and androecia are very rare and occasional; sporophytes have been found only once (in the United Kingdom in 1830), and gemmae are unknown. The species is competitively weak and has a very limited dispersal capacity. The species is therefore severely fragmented. However the total current population seem to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows on well-drained slopes, especially where shade is continuous for much of the winter and the snow melt occurs late. This species is found on the lower slopes of north and east-facing mountain corries; either where large loose boulders have accumulated, creating locally sheltered, humid conditions, or on rocky slopes close to water if there is a lake. It also occurs in more open slopes under Calluna and other dwarf shrubs, and on mossy ledges of acidic cliffs where it may be regularly irrigated by run off water from rock walls and slabs (Blockeel et al. 2014).

This species has a wide range of associated species, including other conspicuous oceanic montane liverworts such as Anastrophyllum alpinum, Bazzania pearsonii, Herbertus hutchinsiae, Mastigophora woodsii, Pleurozia purpurea and Scapania ornithopodioides, but the mats are frequently co-dominated by more common species, such as Bazzania tricrenata, Diplophyllum albicans, Mylia taylorii, Pleurozium schreberi, Racomitrium lanuginosum and Rhytidiadelphus loreus (Blockeel et al. 2014).

In Norway, this species typically grows in boreal to low alpine coastal uplands over boulders from the tree line zone to bare mountains. It also occurs close to waterfalls at lower elevations (Hassel et al. 2015).","This species is threatened by overgrowth, from ceased grazing and climate change (elevated temperatures) resulting in the tree line advancing to higher elevations.","This species is in the Red List of Poland as rare (R), in Norway as Vulnerable (VU) and in Slovakia as Regionally Extinct (RE) (Hodgetts 2015), although it is now considered to be extant (Górski 2009). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. However, more sites need to be protected.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Gunnarsson, U.","Hallingbäck, T","Virchenko, V.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Anastrophyllum,joergensenii,,Anastrophyllum joergensenii  ,Schiffn.,This species was distinguished from A. alpinum by Long et al. (2006).,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



Joergensen's Notchwort (Anastrophyllum joergensenii) is a globally rare oceanic boreal-montane liverwort known from northern Scotland and several localities in western Norway, some of which are very old. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it is estimated there are fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents both in Europe and in the EU 28 - most of the population is found in Scotland. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre of ground where the species grows. Potential threats to its habitat are few but include competition with other species, and a general decline in its bog/heath habitat. Key subpopulations should be protected and monitored.",Decreasing,"Joergensen's Notchwort (Anastrophyllum joergensenii) is a globally rare oceanic boreal-montane liverwort known from northern Scotland and several localities in western Norway, some of which are very old (19th Century). Outside the European region the species is disjunct in China (Yunnan), where it is known from only two localities (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 128 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 73,885 km².","This is a very rare species, with probably fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents at about 15 localities. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre of ground where the species grows. Most of the population is found in Scotland. This species may have declined somewhat owing to a general decline in its bog/heath habitat, and from competition, but probably not significantly.","This species is typical of poorly drained montane heaths and blanket bogs, rather than the well-drained slopes where A. alpinum grows. These habitats are usually dominated by the graminoids Nardus stricta, Juncus squarrosus and Trichophorum cespitosum subsp. germanicum, with only occasional Calluna vulgaris, Empetrum nigrum, Rubus chamaemorus and Vaccinium myrtillus. Bryophyte associates include Diplophyllum albicans, Lophozia ventricosa, Scapania gracilis, Campylopus flexuosus, Dicranum scoparium, Hypnum jutlandicum, Pleurozium schreberi, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Rhytidiadelphus loreus and several sphagna, although there are sometimes scattered shoots of large leafy liverworts, such as A. donnianum, Bazzania tricrenata and Mylia taylorii. Its altitudinal range is from 490 m up to 930 m Asl.



It is dioicous; female plants with perianths have been found in Scotland, Norway and China, but male plants and sporophytes are unknown. Gemmae are lacking (Blockeelet al. 2014).","Potential threats to its habitat are few but include competition with other species, and a general decline in its bog/heath habitat.",Key subpopulations should be protected and monitored. It has been assessed as Endangered in Norway and as Vulnerable in Britain (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Ros-Espín, R.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Lönnell, N., Rothero, G. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Anastrophyllum,michauxii,,Anastrophyllum michauxii  ,(F. Weber) H. Buch ex A. Evans,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Anastrophyllum michauxii is found mostly in the Alps, in the mountains of southern Scandinavia and the western slopes of northern and southern Urals. It is relatively rare in mountainous areas of central and eastern Europe and does not occur in most countries of western Europe. This species is more or less widespread in countries that are not in the EU 28, particularly in Russia and the southern part of Norway. However, in most countries of the EU 28, the species is rather rare.

This species has a small area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be around 1,700 km2 and it is experiencing a continuing decline in the number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) and the quality of the habitat. However, it has a widespread distribution and its population is not severely fragmented. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is characterized by restricted habitat requirements (coniferous forests) and as a result, it is threatened by different kinds of logging and wood harvesting by the forestry industry. In addition, around 50% of the central European countries where the species occurs it is considered to be threatened, including in Hungary, Italy and the Czech Republic.



Monitoring of the population trend is recommended since this species may become near threatened in the future.",Decreasing,"This is a boreo-montane circumpolar species, known to occur in the Alps at an altitudinal range from sea level to 1,700 m Asl (Damsholt 2002). This species is also found in the mountains in the south of Scandinavia (l.c.) and the western slopes of the northern and southern Urals (Konstantinova et al. 2009). The species is relatively rare in mountainous areas of central and eastern Europe and does not occur in most countries of western Europe. 

Outside of Europe, it is found in North America, where it occurs from the south of Alaska and Yukon to Washington and Wyoming in the west, and from Labrador to North Carolina and Tennessee in the east (Schuster 1969). This species probably avoids the most oceanic areas (Damsholt 2002). In Asia, the species is known from eastern and southern Siberia, the Kamchatka peninsula and southern subdivisions of the Russian Far East (Konstantinovaet al. 2009),  as well as from Japan and China (Piippo 1990, Piippo et al. 1997).

 

In Europe, the estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is around 5.5 million km2 and the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is around 1,700 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is around 2.5 million km2 and the AOO is around 1,136 km2.","This species has experienced a decline throughout Europe as a result of liming of woodlands and the forestry industry, and so the current population trend is inferred to be decreasing. The species often occurs on decaying wood in coniferous forests, so the deforestation and management of forests can lead to the reduction of subpopulations. In Sweden, the estimated subpopulation size is around 9,300 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and counting each log as one individual-equivalent; T. Hallingbäck pers. comm. 2017). The population is not considered to be severely fragmented.

","The species is restricted to coniferous forests, mostly in mountainous areas. It occurs on cliffs and ledges, on walls of huge shaded siliceous rocks and on shaded decaying logs of Picea spp. or Abies spp. This species is also present on block screes. There is a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat.","This species is characterized by restricted habitat requirements (coniferous forests) and as a result, it is threatened by different kinds of logging and wood harvesting by the forestry industry.","In around 50% of European countries where this species occurs, it is considered to be threatened. This species is included in the national Red Lists of many European countries. In particular, it is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Hungary, as Endangered (EN) in Italy and the Czech Republic, as Vulnerable (VU) in Finland, Austria and Bulgaria, as Near Threatened (NT) in Sweden and Slovakia, as category 2 (Stark gefährdet/endangered) in Germany and as V (Narazone/vulnerable) in Poland (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in several nature reserves in European Russia, including Pechoro-Ilychskiy (Konstantinova 2004) and Basegi (Konstantinova et al. 2010).

 Monitoring of the population trend is recommended since this species may become near threatened in the future.",This species is not used or traded.,"Patiño, J.,Cálix, M.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Andoa,berthelotiana,,Andoa berthelotiana  ,(Mont.) Ochyra,,Yes,VU,A3c,Yes,VU,A3c,EU28,,"Andoa berthelotiana is a Macaronesian endemic species that is only absent from the Cape Verde Islands. This species is long-lived and its generation length is estimated to be between 11 and 25 years. A three generation period is considered to be around 50 years. In a recent publication, a reduction in the amount of suitable habitat for this species was projected of either 44% or 76% until 2070 due to climatic changes (high irradiation and increased drought stress in the Macaronesia region) and under two different climatic scenarios. The reduction in the population is thus based on a reduction in area of occupancy (AOO) and quality of the habitat. This species therefore qualifies for either Vulnerable or Endangered under Criterion A.



However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study (approximately 1–km² grid resolution), it is possible that this species may persist within the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity can be higher than in the surrounding environment. Taking this into account, as well as recognising the degree of uncertainty associated with future projections, it has been considered that the more conservative estimate of decline should be used to assess the extinction risk of this species. It is further assumed that even if there are suitable microclimatic areas within the unsuitable 1-km², these will be minimal (ravines, nooks and crannies) and thus the reduction in suitable habitat will lead to an almost linear reduction in the population. Thus, a population reduction of more than 30% is projected to occur within three generations and the species is assessed as Vulnerable. In addition to climate change, fire intensification and the increase in invasive species are also major threats. Monitoring habitat conditions in Macaronesia is recommended in order to ensure the stability and continuity of the population. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species. Additionally, evaluation of intraspecific variation between the different subpopulations is recommended.",Decreasing,"Andoa berthelotiana is a Macaronesian endemic species that is only absent from the Cape Verde Islands. In the Azores, it is present on all the islands, while in the Madeira Archipelago it is only present on Madeira Island. In the Canaries, it occurs only on La Palma, Tenerife and Fuerteventura. In these last two islands it is nearly extinct, since the subpopulations are composed of just a few plants (González-Mancebo et al. 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 504,500 km² and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,272 km².","On the island of Fuerteventura, the subpopulation is presently decreasing. According to recent publications, the overall population trend is also presumed to be decreasing, since Macaronesian endemic bryophytes are suffering from a general decline in population size and range (Patiño et al. 2016). This bryophyte is considered a long-lived species (perennial stayer) following (Dierssen 2001). The generation length of this species is therefore estimated to be between 11 and 25 years, and a three generation period is therefore considered to be around 50 years.



According to Patiño et al. (2016), the amount of suitable habitat for this species has been projected to decrease by 44% or 76% until 2070 due to climatic changes. The number of 1-km² climatically suitable grid cells for this species has been projected to decrease using two different climate scenarios. The first is a stabilisation scenario (RCP 4.5) where total radiative forcing is stabilised before 2100, while the other scenario (RCP 8.5) is characterised by increasing greenhouse gas emissions over time representative for scenarios in the literature leading to high greenhouse gas concentration levels (Patiño et al. 2016). These projections were derived using two different Global Climate Models recommended for Europe and Mediterranean climates. In addition, the elevation range of this species is predicted to shift upwards, as conditions on Macaronesian islands become warmer and drier (Patiño et al. 2016). The variables considered for these projections included the maximum temperature of the warmest month and the precipitation (in mm) of the wettest month. The poikilohydric condition of bryophytes means their water content is directly regulated by environmental humidity and growth is restricted to periods of hydration. Temperature is also known to be an important factor for bryophyte growth (Patiño et al. 2016). However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study (approximately 1-km² grid resolution), it is possible that this species may persist within the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity is usually higher than in the surrounding environment. Nevertheless, these models clearly project a substantial decline in the climatically suitable area for this species within three generations.","In the Azores, this species occurs from coastal areas up to the high mountain on Pico Island, and according to Gabriel et al.  (2011) it is a species of restricted occurrence. On Madeira, its  altitudinal gradient includes the mesic areas in the lower part of the  island, and the laurel forest, extending up to the high mountains where  it is rarer. In the Canaries, it is almost restricted to the laurel forest,with the exception of Fuerteventura, where the species is only found growing in a small cave. In all three archipelagos this species is more frequent in  forest areas but can also be found in open areas. However, in the Canary  Islands it is very rare outside the forest, and laurel forest  destruction represents the main threat to this species. This species can grow on rocks and boulders, decaying logs, soil banks, tree roots and tree trunks. In the Azores and Madeira it occurs in the natural forest and in mesic areas on the lower part of the islands. In the Azores it also grows on dry to humid stone walls in semi-natural grasslands (Gabriel et al. 2011, Hedenäs 1992, González-Mancebo et al. 2008, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). This species occurs from sea level up to 1,700 m Asl, but is mainly found between 50 m and 1,300 m Asl.

","The threats to this species are related to natural forest disturbance in the three archipelagos where it occurs. For instance, fire intensification and the increase in invasive alien species pose significant threats to this species. In the case of the Azores, the changes in semi-natural grasslands due to anthropogenic activities are the main factors threatening the Andoa subpopulations. In addition, bryophytes have been considered unlikely to be able to evolve quickly in a changing environment, and their potential to become acclimatized to novel climatic conditions (drier and warmer) in the near future, is limited (Patiño et al. 2016). Changes in climatic conditions (higher irradiation and increased drought stress) in the native laurel and heath forest are therefore considered to be the major threats to this species.","This species was assessed as Vulnerable in Madeira (Sim-Sim et al. 2014) and as Endangered in the Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2012, Brugués and González-Mancebo 2014). For the conservation of this species in the Canary Islands, in particular in Fuertevetura, it is important to completely remove the cattle from the summits of the Jandía Massif and to restore the laurel forest in this area. Strengthening of subpopulations is also essential for the survival of this species on this island. On the other Canary islands, preservation of the laurel forest is necessary for the maintenance of the subpopulations of this species. In Madeira most of the Andoa distribution is included in a natural park, which is protected through a Regional Decree, and the same applies in the Azores. The importance of protected areas for the conservation of this species is also highlighted by a recent publication, which found that while currently only 24.4% of the climatically suitable 1-km2 grid cells of habitat are found within protected areas, this proportion is predicted to increase to 32% in one climatic scenario and to 51% in another (Patiño et al. 2016). Monitoring habitat conditions in Macaronesia is recommended in order to ensure the stability and continuity of the population. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species. Additionally, evaluation of intraspecific variation between the different subpopulations is recommended.",This species is not utilised.,"Duckett, J.,Cálix, M.","González Mancebo, J., Sim-Sim, M., Gabriel, R., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,ANDREAEOPSIDA,ANDREAEALES,ANDREAEACEAE,Andreaea,alpestris,,Andreaea alpestris  ,(Thed.) Schimp.,"Murray (1988) only accepted the species with great hesitation and there is still doubt that it could belong to A. rupestris, and therefore its distribution range may have been overestimated.Heegaard (1997) considers this a valid species and for the purposes of this assessment this reference is followed.",Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



The Slender Rock-moss (Andreaea alpestris) is a European endemic taxon found sporadically, with only few records in modern time. It seems to be rare in the major part of Europe. It occurs in most higher mountains. Since few people are able to recognize this taxon it might be overlooked or truly very rare. Many of the old records in herbaria are missidentified and need to be checked.  Most of the records in our herbaria of A. alpestris might belong to A. rupestris and thus it could potentially be very threatened or not threatened at all. The species is assessed as Data Deficient since it may meet anything between Critically Endangered (CR) and Least Concern (LC).



This species could be affected by climate change since it is found on vulnerable habitats like snow beds. Further research is needed to clarify its status, distribution, trend and population size.",Unknown,"This species has a montane distribution. It is found sporadically, although it is rare in most parts of Europe, from Scotland and the Pyrenees in the west, in the Alps, south to Corsica and southeast to Macedonia, eastwards to Ukraine and north to Fennoscandia and northern Russia (Hodgetts 2015). In northern Europe, this species is found in both lowland and highland regions. The species is not found outside Europe. 



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 50 and 1,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 5 and 10 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 30 and 400 km2 and the EOO is between 3 and 5 million km². However, the taxonomy of this taxon needs to be better investigated. Some taxonomists consider this species to be just a variety of A. rupestris, and many of the old records in herbaria are misidentified and need to be checked. Therefore, the true distribution may therefore be quite different, and the AOO and EOO may be highly inaccurate.","This species seems to be rare all over Europe with very few modern findings. It is found mainly in northern Europe and in high mountains. Since A. alpestris easily can be confused with the much more common species A. rupestris, it is not possible to estimate the current population size nor its trend in Europe or in the EU 28.","The species occurs on periodically wet rocks or large mats on lithosols (shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments) that are almost continuously wet in summer. It is also found near snow beds, and presumably associated with other snow-loving species (Blockeel et al. 2014, Nyholm 1969).","This species could be affected by climate change since it is found on vulnerable habitats, like snow beds in the north, and at high elevations in mountains.","No conservation measures are needed for this species since we at present do not know of any major threats to it. It is known to occur in at least one protected area. Further research is needed in order to clarify the taxonomic status of the species, since it is unknown if most of the records instead belong to A. rupestris, and so the true distribution of the species is therefore not clear.",The species is not utilised or traded.,"Schröck, C.,Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,ANDREAEOPSIDA,ANDREAEALES,ANDREAEACEAE,Andreaea,alpina,,Andreaea alpina  ,Hedw.,According to Price & Ellis (2018) Andreaea alpina Hedw. is proposed for the entity that had erroneously come to be known as Andreaea obovata Thed. (incl. A. hartmanii Thed.).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Obovate Rock Moss (Andreaea alpina) occurs throughout the Scandes, but is also known from Romania and Slovakia. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 600 and 700 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3.2 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 200 and 300 km² and the EOO is ca 1.0 million km². In Scandinavia, this species is widespread and common in suitable localities, and it seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area in Europe and EU 28. In addition, there are no evident threats known to the species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in Romania and Slovakia. Even so, no conservation action is needed at present.",Stable,"This species is a truly alpine moss which occurs throughout the Scandes and is certainly common in the middle-alpine and high-alpine belts. The frequency of this species decreases fairly abruptly at the forest limit; distinctly subalpine finds are rather rare (Hodgetts 2015, Mårtensson 1956). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 900 m to 2,000 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species occurs in Greenland, North America, Asia and central Africa (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 600 and 700 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3.2 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 200 and 300 km² and the EOO is ca 1.0 million km².","In Scandinavia, this species is widespread and common in suitable localities (Nyholm 1969) and the population size is more or less stable, at least in Sweden (T. Hallingbäck, unpublished data).","This species is especially characteristic for non-calcareous, slightly sloping stone or rock surfaces covered by alluvial sand or silt and kept periodically moist. It grows in the same manner on or among small stones in rills which are dried up in late summer. It occurs intermingled among various late snow area bryophytes such as Arctoa fulvella, Gymnomitrion spp. and Marsupella spp. (Mårtensson 1956).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","The species is in the Red List of Romania and Slovakia as Critically Endangered (CR) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is found in at least one protected area.

No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Denyer, J.,Cálix, M.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,ANDREAEOPSIDA,ANDREAEALES,ANDREAEACEAE,Andreaea,blyttii,,Andreaea blyttii  ,Schimp.,,No,NT,"A3c; B2b(iii,iv,v)",No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Blytt's Rock-moss (Andreaea blyttii) is, in Europe, reported from the British Isles, Iceland, Svalbard, Fennoscandia, northwestern Russia and Poland. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 900 and 1,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is around 5 to 6 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 300 km² and the EOO is ca 2.8 million km². 

This species seems to have a viable and stable population trend today within its core distribution area in Europe and the EU 28. In addition, the population size is considered to be over 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in both Europe and EU 28. The largest subpopulation is probably larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents.

The three-generation period of this species is around 50 years, and a decline between 20 and 30% on its habitat is projected into the future as a result of climate warming since drought periods will become longer. Its snow bed habitat is especially vulnerable to climate change. 

This species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened in both Europe and the EU 28, since it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criteria A and B.",Stable,"This species has a circumpolar arctic-montane distribution, and is reported from the UK (Scotland), Iceland, Svalbard, Fennoscandia, northwestern Russia and Poland (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North America and northern Asia (BFNA 2007).

This species occurs rather rarely in the low-alpine belt, but it is more common higher up. As a true mountain moss, this species occurs with its highest frequency in the middle-alpine and high-alpine belts. It extends as high up as there is any bryophyte vegetation, and is found up to 1,190 m Asl. Only in glaciated areas or areas with much snow is this species found at lower altitudes, and on some parts of the Norwegian west coast it occurs down to the sea level. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 5 m to 1,190 m Asl.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 900 and 1,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is around 5 to 6 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 300 km² and the EOO is ca 2.8 million km².","In Scotland, in some areas of high altitude block scree, this species can be very abundant. However, the habitat quality of this species in Norway is reduced as a result of a warmer climate with shorter winters. This species seems to currently have a viable and stable population trend within its core distribution area in Europe and the EU 28. However, the forecast is that the subpopulations will decline in the future due to climate warming (Hassel et al. 2015). In Finland, some local declines have already been observed (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). This decline could probably occur in the rest of its distribution. There is no evidence of decline in Scotland so far, although it could be affected in the future due to climate change.

The three-generation period of this species is around 50 years, and a decline between 20 and 30% is projected into the future as a result of climate warming since drought periods will become longer. Its snow bed habitat is especially vulnerable to climate change.

It is an indicator species of the decline of the habitat. The population size in Europe is considered to be over 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for each individual-equivalent). In the EU 28, the population size is thought to be greater than 10,000 individual-equivalents, and the largest subpopulation is probably larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents. The population is not considered to be severely fragmented.","This is a species of areas in the mountains where accumulated snow does not melt away until late in the summer and which sometimes persists until the next winter’s snowfall. Because of this it is limited to those mountains with a sufficient area at high level to act as a gathering ground for snow, which is then blown into deep drifts on lee slopes. The typical habitat within these snow beds is on the sloping face of large, relatively stable boulders, often at the base of a slope, but occasionally it occurs on slabby bedrock at the base of crags. In this habitat it may experience wet conditions during snow-melt but the sites are very dry once the snow has gone.

It always grows on non-calcicolous bedrocks. According to Mårtensson (1956) in northern Fennoscandia, this species often grows in abundance on alluvial sand or on flat stones in late snow areas or dried up streamlets. In Norway, this species grows on rock and soil in late snow beds, and on rock surfaces irrigated by water from late snowdrifts (Hassel et al. 2015).

Associates species are Marsupella sprucei, Andreaea rupestris, A. rothii, Andreaea obovata, Arctoa fulvella, and occasionally Kiaeria falcata (Blockeel et al. 2014, Mårtensson 1956).","This species will be affected by a warmer climate, and a lower number of snow beds can make the population decrease. Since the species is usually present in convex stone surfaces, it is being more affected by the drying of the snow beds compared to other snow bed species that grow in the lower, moister part. This could lead to competition with other species.","This species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Norway and Finland, and Vulnerable (VU) in Great Britain (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas. Monitoring of the population size and trend of the species and its habitat trends is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Schröck, C.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,ANDREAEOPSIDA,ANDREAEALES,ANDREAEACEAE,Andreaea,crassinervia,,Andreaea crassinervia  ,Bruch,,No,EN,C2a(i),No,EN,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) 



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



Andreaea crassinervia is distributed from the Alps to the Carpathians, and from Sweden through Finland to northern Russia. It also occurs on the Canary Islands. The localities where the species occurs are scattered and, at least in central Europe, very isolated. This species is assessed as Endangered in Europe and in the EU 28 due to its very small population size, with fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) and fewer than 250 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation. In addition, there is a decreasing trend in central Europe, and although the trend is unknown in Scandinavia and Russia, it is most probably declining there as well. As there are only very few recent records in Scandinavia, northern Russia and the Alps. This species is possibly threatened by mining activities, drought or by flooding (due to construction of dams). Another threat is disturbance because of tourist activities. The sites where it is found growing should be protected and managed accordingly.",Decreasing,"This species is distributed from the Alps to the Carpathians, and from Sweden through Finland to northern Russia. It also occurs on the Canary Islands. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is about 6 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 500 to 600 km2. It occurs at elevations between 1,400 m and 2,700 metres. The localities where the species occurs are scattered and, at least in central Europe, very isolated. In Scandinavia it seems to have been more frequent, but there are almost no recent records (Artsdatabanken 2007-2009) and very few from northern Russia (Maslovsky 2017) and the Alps. Outside Europe, the species occurs only in eastern North America.","The population trend is decreasing in central Europe and, inferred by the few recent records, also in Scandinavia and Russia. Its population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents both in Europe and in the EU 28. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre of rock surface or one boulder on which the species grows. Each subpopulation has fewer than 250 individual-equivalents. Most subpopulations are small and isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. It is estimated that there has been a population decline of at least 10% in the last three generations (corresponding to 50 years).","The species grows on open siliceous rocks with changing moisture (for example, beside waterfalls) in the subalpine and alpine zones, up to 2,700 metres Asl.","The species does not appear to be threatened in Scandinavia, but it is possibly threatened elsewhere by mining activities, drought or by flooding (due to construction of dams). Another threat is disturbance because of tourist activities (Meinunger and Schröder 2007).","In the Alps and Carpathians the species is Red Listed in most countries because of its rarity (Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, Vulnerable in Switzerland and Austria). In Germany it is considered Regionally Extinct (Caspari et al. 2018) and in Norway it is listed as Data Deficient. There is no information available about conservation actions in place for this species, but sites where it is found growing should be protected and managed accordingly. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Cronberg, N.,Englefield, E.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,ANDREAEOPSIDA,ANDREAEALES,ANDREAEACEAE,Andreaea,flexuosa,,Andreaea flexuosa  ,R. Br. bis,This mainly Southern Hemisphere species is represented in Europe only by subsp. luisieri Sérgio and Sim-Sim (Sérgio and Sim-Sim 2012).,No,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",No,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

In Europe, Andreaea flexuosa is represented by subsp. luisieri, which is only known from Madeira Island, Portugal. It grows on rocks forming dense red to brown tufts in very small crevices of large and isolated volcanic blocks, generally in shady slopes among Erica arborea thickets. The colonies develop in very restricted microhabitats associated with other bryophytes, such as Andreaea heinemannii and Grimmia spp. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 21 km2, area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2), it occurs at only three locations, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, in the number of subpopulations as well as in the number of mature individuals. The intensification of forest fires is one of the major threats to this species, and is strongly linked to the increase of invasive alien species affecting its restricted habitats. The restricted distribution of the species in Macaronesia justifies the future implementation of monitoring activities and the implementation of conservation measures related to effective habitat protection and management, at sites where the species is known to occur. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species. Further research is also recommended into the population size and trend, as well as into the threats to the species.",Decreasing,"Andreaea flexuosa subsp. flexuosa has a wide temperate  distribution in Hawaii and in the Southern Hemisphere, including southern Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand. It was also reported from New  Guinea, Chile, Argentina, Gough Islands, Falkland Islands, Réunion,  Madagascar, and southern Africa. In the Northern Hemisphere (apart from in Hawaii), this species is represented by subsp. luisieri, which is only known from Madeira Island (Sérgio and Sim-Sim 2012). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 21 km2 and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2.","This species was reported for the first time in Macaronesia on the basis of a revision of more than 15 herbarium specimens. All Madeiran records were from upland areas in the central ridge of the island in a small number of localities. This species was perhaps overlooked due to the small size of its colonies. However, the area for potential occurrence is undoubtedly very limited (Sérgio and Sim-Sim 2012). The species is certainly rare and the population trend is decreasing. One of the sites where this species was known to occur (Pico Ruivo), was affected by large fires in 2012 and 2013 and it is unknown whether the species is still present there.","This species grows on rocks, forming dense red to brown tufts, mainly from 1,400 to 1,850 m Asl, in very small crevices of large and isolated volcanic blocks, generally on shady slopes among Erica arborea thickets. The colonies develop in very restricted microhabitats associated with others bryophytes, such as Andreaea heinemannii and Grimmia spp. (Sérgio and Sim-Sim 2012). These habitats are isolated and hard to access.","The destruction of the vascular plant vegetation by fires and grazing has affected the upper parts of Madeira Island in recent decades, causing a significant destruction and decline in the bryophyte assemblages. Although grazing activities are nowadays reduced, the effects of the climatic alterations are presently a major threat affecting the restricted habitats of this species and resulting in a decline in ecosystem quality and bryophyte subpopulations (Sim-Sim et al. 2014). Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of wildfires (the main threat to this species in recent decades) and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only three locations. In addition, there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat.","In Madeira, most of the distribution of this species is included in the Madeira Natural Park, which is protected through a Regional Decree, and is a Special Area of Conservation (SAC). This species was assessed as Vulnerable in Madeira by Sim-Sim et al. (2014). The restricted distribution of the species in Macaronesia justifies the future implementation of monitoring activities and the implementation of conservation measures related to effective habitat protection and management at the sites where the species is known to occur. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species. Further research is also recommended into the population size and trend, as well as into the threats to the species.",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Vanderpoorten, A.","Sim-Sim, M., Gabriel, R., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,ANDREAEOPSIDA,ANDREAEALES,ANDREAEACEAE,Andreaea,frigida,,Andreaea frigida  ,Huebener,,Yes,VU,C1,No,VU,C1,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



The Icy Rock-moss (Andreaea frigida) is a subalpine to alpine species that is distributed from the centre of the Iberian Peninsula over the Pyrenees, Corsica and the Alps to the Carpathians. It is also known from Norway and the UK. This species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and in the EU 28 since the population size is smaller than 10,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) and it is estimated that there has been a population decline of at least 10% over the past three generations (around 100 years). A decline is also projected for the next three generations due to climate change.



The species grows on humid siliceous rocks, that are mostly inclined and periodically irrigated. It can be found in subalpine and alpine habitats, where it is threatened by the construction of dams for energy production and the subsequent changes in water management. Climate change can severely impact this species, as it is not possible to ascend to higher altitudes in many places.There is no information available about conservation actions in place for this species, although part of its distribution lies within a protected area, the Swiss National Park in Switzerland.",Decreasing,"The Icy Rock-moss (Andreaea frigida) is a subalpine to alpine species that is endemic to Europe and is distributedfrom the centre of the Iberian Peninsula over the Pyrenees, Corsica and the Alps to the Carpathians. It is also known from Norway and the UK (Murray 1988, Hodgetts 2015). The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 500-600 km2 for Europe and about 400-450 km2 for the EU 28, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 4 million km2.It occurs at elevations from 385 m up to 2,800 m Asl.","There are fewer than 150 recent records of this species in Europe, but it can be locally abundant at some sites. For example, in Upper Eskdale, England, there were estimated to be ca 10,000 cushions (Hodgetts 2004). The population size is estimated to lower than 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square meter on which it grows. This is a long-lived species, and the generation length is assumed to be around 30 years. A three generation period is therefore assumed to be around 100 years. A population decline of at least 10% in the last three generations is assumed at least for central Europe (see e.g., the distribution in Switzerland, Hofmann et al. 2011). A decline is also projected for the next three generations due to climate change. Thus the overall population trend is considered to be decreasing. The population is not considered to be severely fragmented.","The species grows on humid siliceous rocks, that are mostly inclined and periodically irrigated. It can be found in subalpine and alpine habitats from an unusually low altitude of 385 m in Cumbria (northern England) up to 2,800 m Asl.","The species is threatened by the construction of dams for energy production and the subsequent changes in water management. Climate change can severely impact this species, as it is not possible to ascend to higher altitudes in many places.","The species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in the national Red Lists of Romania, Slovakia and the Czech Republic, as Endangered in Portugal, as Vulnerable in Switzerland, as Near Threatened in Britain and Rare (R) in Poland. There is no information available about conservation actions in place for this species, although part of its distribution lies within a protected area, the Swiss National Park in Switzerland. Sites where this species grows, should be protected against destruction.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Hespanhol, H.,Englefield, E.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,ANDREAEOPSIDA,ANDREAEALES,ANDREAEACEAE,Andreaea,heinemannii,,Andreaea heinemannii  ,Hampe &amp; Müll.Hal.,"Andreaea crassifolia Luisier was a species described by Luisier (1916) based on plants of Serra da Gardunha in Portugal and of Spain in Salamanca and considered an endemism of the Iberian Peninsula. Sérgio (2004) considered A. crassifolia distinct taxon of A. heinamannii but proposed an infraspecific level Andreaea heinemannii subsp. crassifolia.

Two subspecies are recognized for this species - subsp. heinemannii and subsp. crassifolia (Sérgio 2004). The subsp. crassifolia seems to be endemic to Iberian and Macaronesia flora (Madeira and the Canary Islands).

Andreaea heinemannii subsp. crassifolia is probably a meridional vicariant taxon of subsp. heinemannii and, could belong to a series gradually emerging into ecostate Andreaea. The morphological similarity between subsp. heinemannii and subsp. crassifolia is striking. However, there are some character-states in which the two taxa consistently differ. It is important to note that most populations of A. heinemannii subsp. crassifolia are concentrated in the central regions of the Iberian Peninsula, in an area were most Iberian endemic taxa grow (Sérgio and Draper 2001).



 



",No,NT,B2a,No,NT,B2a,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Heinemann's Andreaea Moss (Andreaea heinemannii) can be considered a widespread moss but more or less restricted to North America and Europe. In Europe, this species is mainly confined to the Iberian Peninsula. It is reported from few sites in France, Germany, Austria and Italy. This species is rarer in Macaronesia, occurring in the Canary Islands and in Madeira. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 400 km2 in Europe, and 348 km2.in the EU 28), and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. The current population trend is considered to be stable.

The main threat to this species is the anthropogenic pressure with habitat degradation in touristic areas, as well as the increase of fire frequency. In the top of mountains, this species may also be affected by the installation of wind energy equipment and winter sports. Necessary conservation actions include habitat preservation, combined with the creation or maintenance of mountain rocky areas. Conservation of clear scrub vegetation is required. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (for example, saxicolous vegetation types in mountain ranges) as well as some monitoring plans in protected areas as Natural Parks. Further research on the taxonomy, population size and trends and threats is also required.

",Stable,"

This species has been described from a specimen collected in Switzerland and it is a taxon from moderate elevations in central to southern Europe, and Macaronesia. This species is also known from Greenland, Alaska and North America, from California to Oregon. Moreover, it is found in the Caucasus, southeastern Asia, Australia, New Zealand and the Kerguelen Islands (Zander 2007, Murray 2012).

In Europe, this species presents a disjunct distribution in the Iberian Peninsula, the Canary Islands and Madeira, another in Switzerland and a few sites in France (Sérgio 2004), Germany, Austria and Italy. It is very frequent in the Iberian Peninsula, known from the Cantabrian Cordillera, the Iberian System and the Pyrenees, as well as in central and northern mountains of Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013). This species is rarer in Macaronesia, occurring in just three Canary Islands (Dirkse and Losada-Lima 2010) and in Madeira (Sérgio and Fontinha 1994). Dirkse and Losada-Lima (2010) have considered it as a distinct species, however with very intermediary forms.

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 1.9 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 400 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is also around 1.9 million km2 and the AOO is around 348 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 250 m to 3,000 m Asl.

","

In Portugal, Spain, the Canary Islands and Madeira, the two subspecies are often reported from the same areas, although subsp. crassifolia is much more common than the subsp. heinemannii and occurs at lower altitudes, from 250 m to 1,900 m Asl. The plants are frequently found fertile. The species has been found from around 50 ten-km squares in Portugal and Spain (Casas et al. 1996, Cros et al. 2016).

The different areas where this species is known to occur seem to be very fragmented in the Iberian Peninsula including Pyrenees, Alpes and Macaronesia, with supplementary small areas in Germany, France and Italy. Therefore, the population is considered to be severely fragmented, as subpopulations are small and isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. Also, the species is not a good disperser.In Switzerland, only the subspecies type is present, with an altitudinal variation ranging from 1,400 to 3,000 m Asl.

However, it is possible that for some areas, this species is not yet reported due to lack of revision of existing material, as it was only reported from France after herbarium revision (Sérgio 2004).

The current population trend in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be stable.

","Most Iberian records are from the higher granitic zones of the Sistema Central, such as Guadarrama and Gredos, but also in the Serras do Gerês and Estrela, as well as in the Pyrenees. The species was found in places with a long snow cover, such as cirques and north-facing slopes of granitic rocks, dried in summer, or in small rocks in the shade of scrub vegetation.

This species forms dense, brown to blackish turfs on exposed sites.","The main threat to this species is the anthropogenic pressure with habitat degradation in touristic areas, as well as the increase of fire frequency. In the top of mountains, this species may also be affected by the installation of wind energy equipment and winter sports.","

This species occurs in several Portuguese protected areas within its range, including Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês, Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela and Parque Natural do Alvão. In Spain, it is reported from two Important Areas for the Bryophytes (IBrA), Sierra de Gredos and Somosierra/Sierra de Ayllón (Infante and Heras in Garilleti and Albertos 2012).

This species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013) but is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in the Red List of Spain, as well as in the Canary Islands (Garilleti and Albertos 2012) where a big proportion of the population is. The threat status of this species is unclear in Italy, but it is considered to be VU in Switzerland and Madeira (Sim-Sim et al. 2014).

Necessary conservation actions include habitat preservation, combined with the creation or maintenance of mountain rocky areas. Conservation of clear scrub vegetation is required. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (for example, saxicolous vegetation types in mountain ranges) as well as some monitoring plans in protected areas as natural parks. Further research on the taxonomy, population size and trends and threats is also required.



",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Marka, J.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Sergio, C. & Garcia, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,ANDREAEOPSIDA,ANDREAEALES,ANDREAEACEAE,Andreaea,hookeri,,Andreaea hookeri  ,Schimp.,According to Price & Ellis (2018) Andreaea hookeri Schimp. is proposed for the entity that had erroneously come to be known as Andreaea alpina Hedw.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Alpine Rock-moss (Andreaea hookeri) is known for definite from Britain, Ireland, Norway and the Faroe Islands. Reports of this species in Italy need confirmation and the presence in France is today uncertain. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 3,000 and 4,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2.1 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 2,500 km² and the EOO is ca 0.5 million km². Reports of this species in Italy need confirmation. There are no reports of any decline, at least in Norway and Scotland, and the population is probably stable in both Europe and the EU 28. There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

No conservation action is needed at present.",Stable,"This species has an oceanic to boreal-montane distribution. In Europe, this is a northern atlantic species, known from Britain, Ireland, Norway and the Faroe Islands (Nyholm 1969, Hodgetts 2015). Reports of this species in Italy need confirmation, and the presence in France is today uncertain.  Outside of Europe, this species is found in Greenland and South America (BFNA 2007). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 1 m to 1,150 m Asl.

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 3,000 and 4,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2.1 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 2,500 km² and the EOO is ca 0.5 million km².","In Norway, this species is widespread along the west coast up to Nordland (Størmer 1969) and it is more or less frequent on the west coast of both Scotland and Ireland (Blockeel et al. 2014).

There are no reports of any decline, at least in Norway and Scotland, however, the presence in France is today uncertain. The total population is probably stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species occurs on wet to continuously dripping, acidic to mildly basic rocks (including granite, basalt, schists, gneiss, quartzite, sandstone and gabbro) on ledges and cliffs, on boulders by upland lakes, in scree and on rocks in streams and flushes. It also occurs on periodically irrigated outcrops and boulders, and in snow bed vegetation, where it may form very large stands (Blockeel et al. 2014, Størmer 1969).

This species may occasionally grow directly on soil, especially in snow beds. Associates include other species of Andreaea (notably A. megistospora, A. mutabilis, A. rothii and A. rupestris), Diplophyllum albicans, Marsupella emarginata, M. sphacelata, Grimmia donniana, Pogonatum urnigerum and Racomitrium spp. Occurrences of this species towards the lower end of its altitudinal range tend to be more frequent in Ireland and the west, and apparently in Norway (Blockeel et al. 2014).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","The species is in the Red Lists of Austria and Great Britain as Data Deficient (DD), and Madeira and Romania as Near Threatened (NT) (Hodgetts 2015). At least one locality is within a protected area. No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Schröck, C.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,ANDREAEOPSIDA,ANDREAEALES,ANDREAEACEAE,Andreaea,megistospora,,Andreaea megistospora  ,B.M.Murray,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Big-spored Rock-moss (Andreaea megistospora) is a hyperoceanic temperate species. In Europe, this species is present in the UK and Ireland, Atlantic northwestern Portugal and Spain, and along the coast of Norway north to the vicinity of Trondheim. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is likely to occur at more localities than are currently known and there is no evidence of a decline. It is considered that this moss is not likely to move into a threatened Category in the near future. No conservation measures are currently necessary for this species, but further research into the population size and trend is recommended.",Unknown,"The Big-spored Rock-moss (Andreaea megistospora) is a hyperoceanic temperate species. It is present in the UK and Ireland, Atlantic northwestern Portugal and Spain, and along the coast of Norway north to the vicinity of Trondheim. Outside of Europe, it has a disjunct distribution in western North America (Alaska, British Columbia and Washington State) (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated at 280 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 1.4 million km². The species has been described relatively recently and there are bound to be more localities than those currently known.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown. The population is not considered severely fragmented and a decline has not been observed, and cannot be inferred or projected; there are no known extreme fluctuations. The population size is unknown but is probably larger than 1,000 mature individuals, and the current population trend is likely to be stable. In the area where it grows, it is always less frequent than A. rupestris and A. rothii.","This is a dark brownish, greenish or reddish rock-moss closely related to Andeaea rothii, occurring on periodically moist, usually exposed rock (especially quartzite, sandstone and granite), often in block scree or on boulders by upland streams and lakes, from ca 45 m to 1,100 m Asl. Common associates include other species of Andreaea spp., Marsupella emarginata, Scapania undulata, Grimmia spp., Racomitrium aciculare and R. heterostichum (Blockeel et al. 2014). The species is autoicous; capsules are common, maturing in spring and summer.","This species is not considered threatened in Norway or Britain. Planting of conifers is probably the most serious threat to this species in Ireland and Northern Ireland, as many of the colonies are on otherwise rather undistinguished rocks on shallow slopes. Unknown numbers of colonies have probably been shaded out and lost through conifer afforestation over the last few decades.","No conservation measures are currently necessary for this species. Some subpopulations occur within protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend is recommended. It has been assessed as Vulnerable in Ireland and Spain (Garilleti and Albertos 2012, Lockhart et al. 2012).",This species is not utilised.,"Marka, J.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Lönnell, N., Rothero, G. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,ANDREAEOPSIDA,ANDREAEALES,ANDREAEACEAE,Andreaea,mutabilis,,Andreaea mutabilis  ,Hook.f. &amp; Wilson,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Changeable Rock-moss (Andreaea mutabilis) is an oceanic boreal-montane species. In Europe, this species occurs in Britain, and a few localities in the Faroe Islands, central and southern France and Spain (Pyrenees). Although this species has a small area of occupancy (AOO), the only known threat to it is climate change, leading to the loss of snowbeds in montane areas. It is not immediately threatened, and there is no evidence of a decline, population fragmentation or fluctuation, and the size of the population is unknown. It is considered that climate change could increasingly be a threat to this montane species, but it is as yet too early to project a decline. The species is assessed as Least Concern at present, but monitoring is suggested, as any indication of decline could lead to uplisting the species to Near Threatened.",Unknown,"The Changeable Rock-moss (Andreaea mutabilis) is an oceanic boreal-montane species. In Europe it is known from Britain and a few localities in the Faroe Islands, central and southern France and Spain (Pyrenees). There is also a single collection from North America (British Columbia), and another from Taiwan. It is a bipolar species, and is widespread in the Southern Hemisphere (but not in Antarctica) (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 208 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 926,000 km².",There is no information on the population size or trend of this moss. It is locally frequent only in some restricted upland areas.,"This is a reddish rock-moss, occurring on dry to periodically or more continuously wet, more or less exposed acid boulders, crags or scree (including granite, andesite, basalt, quartzite, gabbro and sandstone); more rarely it is found on thin soil over rock. In Skye (Scotland) it appears to be particularly characteristic of exposed rocks on mountain summits. It is also a component of snowbed vegetation on Ben Nevis, in the Cairngorms and elsewhere. It is most frequent on high ground but several collections are from low elevations. Associated species commonly include other species of Andreaea, Diplophyllum albicans, Marsupella stableri, Diphyscium foliosum and Racomitrium sudeticum; the list of associates increases considerably in snowbeds (Blockeel et al. 2014). It is found at elevations between 250 m and 1,150 m Asl. The species is autoicous; capsules are common and mature in summer.","There are no known widespread threats, although loss of snowbeds due to climatic changes may impact the species.",The only conservation action recommended at present is monitoring of known subpopulations. It will be particularly important to assess whether climate change is likely to have a significant effect. Research is also needed into the population size and trend. At least some subpopulations are within protected areas. It has been assessed as Vulnerable in Spain (Garilleti and Albertos 2012).,This species is not utilised.,"Fettes, N.D.,Köckinger, H.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Lönnell, N., Rothero, G. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,ANDREAEOPSIDA,ANDREAEALES,ANDREAEACEAE,Andreaea,nivalis,,Andreaea nivalis  ,Hook.,,No,NT,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Snow Rock-moss (Andreaea nivalis) is restricted to the mountains. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,000 and 2,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 7 and 8 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 500 km² and the EOO is ca 5 million km². This species is usually rare but can be abundant in very limited suitable areas. The number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe, as well as the EU 28, is over 10,000. The species is not considered as severely fragmented, and although it seems to have a viable and stable population trend within the core area (northern Europe), the overall current population trend is considered to be decreasing. In addition, there may be a decline in future since a warmer climate will result in fewer and smaller snow beds which is the main habitat for this species (at least in the north).

This species is estimated to decline in future in Europe (however, it is still locally abundant in suitable sites in Norway and Scotland), and it is not considered to be fragmented, but it is assessed as Near Threatened in both Europe and the EU 28, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.",Decreasing,"This species has an arctic-montane distribution. It is restricted to the European mountains from the United Kingdom in the west, to northern Norway and arctic Russia in the north, south to northern Spain and east to the Urals and the Caucasus (Blockeel et al. 2014). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, northernmost North America and Asia (Japan, Siberia) (BFNA 2007).

The species is a truly alpine moss restricted to the low-alpine to high alpine zones (Mårtensson 1956). The altitudinal range of this species is from 880 m to 2,790 m Asl. It is usually rare but can be abundant in very limited areas. Below the alpine zone, this species has been found only occasionally (Hodgetts 2015).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,000 and 2,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 7 and 8 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 500 km² and the EOO is ca 5 million km².","This species is usually rare but can be abundant in very limited suitable areas. In Finland, this species is probably declining due to climate warming (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017), where it is very dependent on snow cover areas. In the United Kingdom, it seems to be stable in the main areas although it may have declined locally in certain parts. In the Alps, this species is safe in the higher mountain ranges, although the subpopulations at lower altitudes have been affected. In Russia, Sweden and Norway the population size of this species seems to be stable. While it seems to be stable at the core of its distribution (Norway and Austria), it seems to be undergoing a slight continuing decline in lower mountain ranges in central Europe. The overall current population trend for this species in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be decreasing.

The number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for each individual-equivalent) in both Europe and the EU 28 is over 10,000. The population is not severely fragmented. The species is at risk because of the negative effects of climate warming.","In the Nordic countries, this moss grows mainly on stones or alluvial sand in the flood zones of small streams below glaciers and late snow areas (Heegaard 1997). It may also be found in non-calcareous, late, irrigated snow areas, growing in carpets together with other species of the genus such as A. hartmanii and A. obovata, Marsupella and Gymnomitrion spp. and others. Hydrogrimmia mollis, Hygrohypnun spp. and Sanionia spp. are frequent companions in glacier streams. Commonly associated species in Fennoscandia and the Alps are Anthelia julacea, Schistochilopsis opacifolia, Andreaea rupestris, Ditrichum zonatum, Kiaeria falcata, K. starkei, Polytrichastrum sexangulare, and Racomitrium lanuginosum (Heegaard 1997).

In western Europe, this species has been found growing on wet rocks (non-calcicolous) and gravel in areas of late snow-lie and associated melt-water high in the mountains. It is most frequently found on dripping, north-facing crags along the corries, where snow persists into the summer. Here, the moss can form large cushions (Blockeel et al. 2014).

In Austria, this species is not restricted to snow beds (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017).

This species produces sporophytes now and then. 



","The species is and will be affected by a warmer climate, and a lower number of snow beds can well make the population decrease in lower mountain areas. In high mountain areas, the species is probably stable without threats. 



","This species is in the Red Lists of Andorra, Spain and Finland as Vulnerable (VU), Great Britain, Romania and Slovakia as Endangered (EN), Norway and Switzerland as Near Threatened (NT), Poland as I and Slovenia as Data Deficient (DD) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in at least one protected area.

Localities with vital subpopulations need land protection and some sites need monitoring to assess the population size, trends and the effects of climate change on the species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Gunnarsson, U.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,ANDREAEOPSIDA,ANDREAEALES,ANDREAEACEAE,Andreaea,rothii,,Andreaea rothii  ,F.Weber &amp; D.Mohr,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Dusky Rock-moss (Andreaea rothii) is widespread in western, northern and central Europe. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 10,000 and 12,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 10,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 5 million km2. This species seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area in Europe and EU 28. In addition, there are no evident threats known to the species. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in several countries, including Romania and Serbia. Even so, no conservation action is needed at present.",Stable,"The species has a European boreo-temperate range. It is widespread in western, northern and central Europe from northern Scandinavia (though absent from Iceland and Svalbard), east to the Ural mountains, in the Bashkortostan Republic and Georgia, south to the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula, and reported from Sardinia and Serbia, but much rarer in the south and east, than in the west and north (Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of the species in Europe is between 10 m and 2,700 m Asl.

Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland and North America (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 10,000 and 12,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 10,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 5 million km2.","This species is usually rare but can be abundant in suitable localities. There is no report of any decline, and so the current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows on more or less exposed, periodically wet, acidic rock (including granite, sandstone, shale, slate and gabbro). It is often associated with A. rupestris, and also with other saxicolous bryophytes, including Diplophyllum albicans, Gymnomitrion spp., Grimmia trichophylla, Hedwigia stellata and Racomitrium spp. This species is generally distributed on siliceous rocks irrespective of altitude, but it tends to be less frequent than A. rupestris (Blockeel et al. 2014).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","The species is assessed in the Red List of Germany as Vulnerable (VU), in the Netherlands as Regionally Extinct (RE), in Poland as rare (R), in Slovakia as Endangered (EN), in Romania and Serbia as Critically Endangered (CR), and in Slovenia as Data Deficient (DD) (Hodgetts 2015).

The species is found in at least one protected area. No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Gunnarsson, U.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,ANDREAEOPSIDA,ANDREAEALES,ANDREAEACEAE,Andreaea,rupestris,,Andreaea rupestris  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Black Rock-moss (Andreaea rupestris) is widespread in Europe, common in northern and central parts, but rare and sporadic in western, eastern and southern parts. It is widespread in all countries in Europe where there are acidic or neutral bedrocks. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 20,000 and 25,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 16 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is estimated to be between 7,000 and 10,000 km2, and its EOO is estimated to be between 5 and 8 million km2. The current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28, and the population size is likely to be large. In addition, there are no major threats to this species. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

No conservation measures are needed for this species since it is widespread and there are no major threats to it in its core area.",Stable,"This species has a circumpolar, boreo-arctic, montane distribution. It is widespread in Europe, common in northern and central parts. However, it is rare and sporadic in western, eastern and southern parts, where it is much more confined to mountainous areas, reaching Portugal, Corsica and the Balkan Mountains, and to the Caucasus in the east. This species is also reported from Macaronesia. In the north, this species is found in both lowland and highland regions (Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 10 m to 3,200 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, Canada and Alaska (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 20,000 and 25,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 16 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is estimated to be between 7,000 and 10,000 km2, and its EOO is estimated to be between 5 and 8 million km2.","The population size of this species is likely to be very large since it is so widespread. There is no indication of any decline, and so the current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species forms cushions on neutral to acidic boulders, slabs, cliffs, scree and walls (including basalt, mica-schist, sandstone, granite and gabbro) that are periodically wet but often dry. It also occurs in snow beds, but is very rare on lithosols. This species generally grows in drier sites than other Andreaea species, and is absent from continuously wet sites. It is often associated with the other members of the genus, and also with other saxicolous bryophytes, including Diplophyllum albicans, Gymnomitrion spp., Grimmia spp. and Racomitrium spp. (Blockeel et al. 2014).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found mainly in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.",This species is known to occur in at least one protected area. No conservation measures are needed for this species since it is widespread and there are no major threats to it in its core area.,This species is not utilised.,"Köckinger, H.","Hallingbäck, T","Hodgetts, N.,Erzberger, P.,Fettes, N.D.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,ANDREAEOPSIDA,ANDREAEALES,ANDREAEACEAE,Andreaea,sinuosa,,Andreaea sinuosa  ,B.M.Murray,,No,VU,D1+2,No,VU,D1+2,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



The Sinuose Rock-moss (Andreaea sinuosa) is a poorly-known and very rare disjunct species. In Europe, it is known from just five localities in the Scottish mountains (two in the Cairngorms, Ben Wyvis, Ben Alder and Ben Dearg). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 28 km². However, the species may be under-recorded since it is easily confused with other species. It has not been recorded since 1989, but this may be because of its remote localities and the difficulty of locating and identifying it in the field. It is considered likely that its status there remains more or less the same. All the known localities are in areas of late-lying snow that are potentially threatened by climate change. A reduction in the extent of late-lying snow could drive the taxon to become Critically Endangered or Extinct within a relatively short time, and the species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable under Criterion D2. Furthermore, there are probably fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents, so it also qualifies under Criterion D1. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be a single boulder or a square metre on which the species grows. More survey work is needed on this species, including research into the population size, trend and threats, as well as monitoring of the habitat and population trends.",Unknown,"The Sinuose Rock-moss (Andreaea sinuosa) is a poorly-known and very rare disjunct species. In Europe it is only known in Scotland, and elsewhere from oceanic northwestern North America (Alaska and British Columbia) (Murray 1988, Blockeel et al. 2014). The species is only known in Scotland from relatively old records (1981-1989) but it is likely that its status there remains more or less the same. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 28 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,900 km².","There is no information on the population trend of this species, but the population size is certainly small, and it can credibly be estimated that the total population is smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be a single boulder or a square metre on which the species grows. There are only five known localities in Scotland: Ben Wyvis, Ben Alder and Ben Dearg and two in the Cairngorms.","This small species forms very small patches or occurs as scattered groups of stems mixed with other species of Andreaea on acid rock in persistent snowbeds or deep gullies where snow lies late, between altitudes of 960 m and 1,200 m Asl. There are so few records of this moss that it is difficult to be specific about habitat preferences, but most records are from rock in snowbeds where there is at least periodic irrigation, although one record is from a shallow lithosol over bedrock. Associated species are few but include Marsupella sprucei, A. blyttii, A. rupestris, Kiaeria falcata and Racomitrium heterostichum. 



It is apparently dioicous, but the stems are very short and fragile and it may be partly monoicous. Capsules are common and mature in summer (Murray 1988, Blockeelet al. 2014).","The main potential threat to this species is climate change. Any long-term warming in the Scottish mountains that leads to the reduction or disappearance of late-lying snowbeds would reduce or eliminate the habitat of this species. The weight of available evidence suggests that this is a real threat - e.g., meteorological predictions (Harrison et al. 2001). Otherwise there are no identified threats, as the subpopulations are found in remote places.","More survey work is needed on this species, including research into the population size, trend and threats, as well as monitoring of the habitat and population trends. It has not been seen since 1989, but this may be because of its remote localities and the difficulty of locating and identifying it in the field. It has been assessed as Vulnerable in the British Red List (Callaghan and Hodgetts in prep.), and occurs in protected areas throughout its range.",This species is not utilised.,"Köckinger, H.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N. & Rothero, G.","Martinčič, A.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,METZGERIALES,ANEURACEAE,Aneura,latissima,,Aneura latissima  ,Spruce,"





 

According Gradstein (2013) Aneura latissima Spruce described from Amazonia and A. pseudopinguis (Herzog) Pócs described from Brazil is synonymized. This last taxon is reported to Macaronesia and Iberian Peninsula so, is necessary to change de name and included in European list. For the purposes of this assessment, Aneura latissima is considered a valid species. 

Perold (2001), while studying South African plants, accepted that only Aneura pinguis occurs in this area. However, Gradstein and Costa (2003) think that there are two independent species (A. latissima and A. pinguis) and both exist in Africa and South America.

    Ongoing molecular work is currently being undertaken at the Royal Botanical Gardens, Edinburgh, and preliminary results suggest that they may represent many different cryptic species.



",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Aneura latissma is known from Spain and Portugal, and was recently reported for the first time in Madeira. It is only found in very small relict thermophilic areas (of relatively high temperatures) which are scattered across the Atlantic landscape. This species has a small area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) of around 92 km2 and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at around 205,222 km2. The population is considered to be severely fragmented. The overall population trend for this species in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be decreasing. It is threatened by water management and pollution, as well as land use change. Therefore, this species is assessed as Endangered for both Europe and the EU 28.

More information is needed on the overall population size and trends as can be identified elsewhere by reviewing herbarium material. Where the species is threatened, its habitat should be protected, and research should be carried out to investigate the main pressures. Conservation action should also control water pollution.",Decreasing,"



A distribution map of this species was presented by Gradstein et al. (1983) and the pattern is related to other tropical Afro-American elements widespread in South America and Africa (Wigginton 2004).



In 2009, this species was recognized as a new liverwort to Portugal and for the European bryoflora (Sérgio and Garcia 2009). In Portugal, this species has been found in areas with a strong Atlantic influence, with moderate temperatures and a large amount of humidity. It has also been found in northern Spain, in the provinces of Galicia and Asturias, areas that also have a characteristic Atlantic influence (Brugués et al. 2011). Recently, this species is reported for the first time to Macaronesia, in Madeira (Dirckse et al. 2018). Based on available recent records of the species, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe, and therefore also the EU 28, is estimated to be around 205,222 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) at 92 km2. However, in Spain it is possibly under-recorded.

","The species is not common in the Iberian Peninsula and only occurs very locally. The total population size is unknown, as some records are old and based on herbarium specimens. The species requires very specific habitat conditions, such as dripping water, and is therefore considered to have poor dispersal abilities.The population is considered to be severely fragmented, since it is found in very small and isolated subpopulations, and these may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The species could have experienced local declines but some subpopulations are present in protected areas. The overall population trend for this species in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be decreasing.

In Portugal, this species is found sporadically in the mountain regions, and it has a very fragmented range (provinces of Beira Alta, Beira Litoral, Douro Litoral, Estremadura and Minho). It can be found along protected valleys, perhaps without influence of winter snows. The species has disappeared in at least one locality in Portugal. In Spain, thesubpopulationsare rare and the few known sites are in the northern regions, such as Coruña, Asturias and Pontevedra (Cros and Sérgio 2014). It is possibly under-recorded however, and was only recently found for the first time in Madeira, in four sites (Dirkse et al. 2018).

","This species is mainly found in forested habitats and in areas of low current in protected rivers. Usually, it is found below 1,600 m Asl. This species grows on wet granite or quartzite rocks that are close to water courses or small streams (rivulets), sources with runoff near streams.

There is also very small regeneration of the species, with plants in the Iberian Peninsula appearing to be sterile, or only male plants found in some herbarium material.","The main threats are the anthropogenic influences (agriculture, habitat destruction, fire, water pollution, eutrophication and land use change). Habitat modification or destruction of micro-habitats due to construction and the development of small dams, concrete canals are also threats to the species. Other expected threats are related to climate change, such as increased droughts.","This species has been assessed as Data Deficient (DD) at the national level in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013) where a major proportion of its subpopulations are found. It is also listed as DD in Spain (Garilleti and Albertos 2012).

A large proportion of the species range is within protected areas, including the Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês, Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela, Parque Natural da Madeira and Natura 2000 sites the Serras da Freita e da Arada. It is recently reported to Madeira (Dirkse et al. 2018) in some protected areas.

More information is needed on the overall population size and trends, however disappeared from some localities of Portugal. Where the species is threatened, its habitat should be protected, and research should be carried out to investigate the main pressures. Conservation action should also control water pollution.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Hassel, K.,Englefield, E.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,METZGERIALES,ANEURACEAE,Aneura,maxima,,Aneura maxima  ,(Schiffn.) Steph.,"Aneura maxima is probably a member of the A. pinguis complex of cryptic species, and further taxonomic research is needed to clarify the identity and validity of European subpopulations (Blockeel et al. 2014).",No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) 

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) 

Aneura maxima has long been a rarity in Europe, but there are now records from 17 countries. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its identity, overall distribution, ecology, population size, trend and threats. Since this species can also easily be confused with species of the genus Pellia and some forms of Aneura pinguis, further records can be expected in the coming years. It must be remembered, however, that only about fifty records have been collected so far and that the habitats are at least minimally threatened. In addition, the taxonomy of the species does not appear to have been resolved. On the basis of the preferred habitats (wet, swampy-like habitats), drainage, river regulations and river changes represent potential threats to this species. Currently known large subpopulations should be protected. More information about the ecology, population size and threats should be gathered in the future. Further molecular and morphological work is needed on Aneura in order to clarify the taxonomy of this genus.",Unknown,"This is, according to Damsholt (2002), a widespread species found in eastern North America, Europe and Asia (Indonesia, Java, Sumatra, New Caledonia, India, Japan). In Europe, it has long been a rarity, but there are now records from 17 countries. However, the exact distribution in Europe is poorly known and further research is needed. In addition, Blockeel et al. (2014) mention that on the basis of DNA barcoding in the UK, two cryptic species exist within Aneura maxima. This species can also easily be confused with species of the genus Pellia and some forms of Aneura pinguis. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at 12 million km2, whilst the area of occupancy (AOO) is more restricted, being estimated between 200 and 1,000 km2. This species is found growing at elevations between 100 m and 1,000 m Asl.",Both the population size and trend are unknown. Large subpopulations have been reported from some parts of Europe.,"Habitat requirements are not yet fully known. This species prefers wet, swampy habitats like spring habitats (Loskotová 2006), marshes along river banks (Bączkiewicz et al. 2016), flushes in woodland (Blockeel et al. 2014) and in Austria there are also records from carrs (wet scrub) and rocks (Köckinger et al. 2008).","On the basis of the preferred habitats, drainage, river regulations and river changes represent potential threats to this species. However, actual threats cannot be evaluated because of the poor data.","This liverwort is included in several national Red Lists, and has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Germany (Caspari et al. 2018) and Romania, as Vulnerable in Finland, as Near Threatened in the Czech Republic and as Data Deficient in Portugal. Currently known large subpopulations should be protected. More information about ecology, population size and threats should be gathered in the future. It is known to occur in protected areas. Further molecular and morphological work is needed on Aneura in order to clarify the taxonomy of this genus. Further research is needed in order to determine the extinction risk.",This species is not utilised.,"Bates, J.,Cálix, M.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,METZGERIALES,ANEURACEAE,Aneura,mirabilis,,Aneura mirabilis  ,(Malmb.) Wickett &amp; B. Goffinet,,No,NT,D1,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Ghostwort (Aneura mirabilis) seems to be a rare species in all countries where it occurs. It has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) but a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,000 and 1,500 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 5 and 6 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 800 and 900 km2 and the EOO is ca 4 million km2. However, this species is very easy to overlook and might have a wider distribution. The major threats to this species are unknown, but the species seems to have a stable population trend in large parts of Europe. The known population size is estimated to be around 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in both Europe and the EU 28. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened in both Europe and the EU 28, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion D.

Also, as this liverwort grows underground its distribution in Europe is certainly very imperfectly known. Research on the biology is needed in order to understand the population trend and the threats to the species.",Stable,"This species has a boreal-montane distribution. It is recorded to date from Scandinavia, Ireland, Great Britain, European Russia, Germany, Austria, Belgium, France and Portugal (Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 5 m and 600 m Asl.

Outside of Europe, this species is known only from western Greenland, Disko Island (Damsholt 2002).



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,000 and 1,500 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 5 and 6 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 800 and 900 km2 and the EOO is ca 4 million km2. This species is very easy to overlook.","This is a rare species in all countries where it occurs. In Finland, this species is probably declining due to ground water uptake (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). In Denmark, this species is found on two recent sites (nine in total), in Finland there are 22 recent localities, around 20 in Sweden, in France, this species is known from 17 sites within 20 by 20 km squares (Offerhaus and Hugonnot 2006), 17 sites in the United Kingdom, less than 10 in Russia, one site in Germany and 35 sites in Norway. The overall population trend seems to be stable in most of Europe and the EU 28. The overall population size is estimated to be round 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for each individual-equivalent) in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species is parasitic on an endophytic basidiomycete fungus which it shares with a Betula mycorrhiza (Read et al. 2000). The liverwort obtains all its carbon from the fungus, which in turn gets all its carbon from Betula. The species is dioicous. Sporophytes are frequent, but gemmae are unknown. As this liverwort grows underground and has to be burrowed for, its distribution in Europe is certainly very imperfectly known. It is often discovered when patches of Sphagnum need to be rolled back.

This species in the only mycoheterotrophic liverwort (symbiotic relationship between plants and fungi) in Europe and is found among loose peat or leaf litter a few centimetres below ground level. Its commonest habitat is under Sphagnum (especially S. fallax, S. fimbriatum, S. palustre and S. squarrosum) in boggy birch woods, but it also grows between the tussocks in wet Molinia communities. Paton (1999) mentioned that this species is found in situations that are periodically wet, but not permanently saturated.

Damsholt (2002) mentioned that this species is found in wooded land with Betula, Alnus, Fagus and coniferous forests, under patches of Mnium hornum, Plagiomnium undulatum, Rhizomnium pseudopunctatum, Pellia epiphylla, Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi, several Sphagnum species, and in swampy forests.","In Finland, this species is considered to be declining due to ground water uptake, but otherwise the major threats to this species are more or less unknown, although it is found in undisturbed habitats.","This species is assessed in the Red List of Finland as Endangered (EN), in Germany as rare (R), in Austria as Regionally Extinct (RE), and in Ireland and Portugal as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. 

  Research on the biology is needed in order to understand the population trend and the threats to the species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Ingerpuu, N.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,METZGERIALES,ANEURACEAE,Aneura,pinguis,,Aneura pinguis  ,(L.) Dumort.,"This species is actually a species complex which has not yet been fully elucidated. There are at least nine distinct taxa within the complex in Europe, which can be distinguished at a molecular level (Wachowiak et al. 2007). Research is ongoing to try to find morphological characters to support the molecular work. Interestingly, molecular diversity in Aneura pinguis is matched by that in its fungal endophyte (Bidartondo and Duckett 2010).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Greasewort (Aneura pinguis) is a circumpolar wide-boreal, almost cosmopolitan species found throughout Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and generally common, and there appear to be no major threats to it.",Stable,"The Greasewort (Aneura pinguis) is a circumpolar wide-boreal, almost cosmopolitan species found throughout Europe with the exceptions of the Balearic Islands, Crimea, Cyprus, Franz Josef Land, Kaliningrad, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, parts of southern European Russia, San Marino, European Turkey and the Vatican (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at ca 5,000 km², and its extent of occurrence at ca 23.3 million km².",This species is very abundant almost throughout Europe in suitable habitats and its population size is therefore very large. It becomes less abundant in the Mediterranean region. The current population trend is stable.,"This is a species found in a variety of mire communities, generally creeping among other bryophytes, from sea level up to 3,000 m Asl. It is most characteristic of circumneutral or base-rich conditions, but it also occurs (although usually in small quantity) in base-poor situations such as seepage lines in acid bogs. Associates range from Calliergonella cuspidata, Campylium stellatum and Scorpidium revolvens in fens and calcareous flushes to Sphagnum spp. under more acid conditions. It also occurs in various other damp or wet habitats, including dripping tufa deposits, flushed rocks, lake and stream margins (where it sometimes grows submerged), dune slacks, stony flushes in woodland, and fallen wood in streams. It is a ready colonist of recently exposed base-rich soil, for example in road cuttings, and it may be locally abundant on steep, north-facing slopes in calcicolous grassland. Some forms growon  moderately acidic substrates to wet localities in alder swamps and silted  pond edges withSphagnum squarrosum and Calliergon cordifolium (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). It is dioicous; capsules are frequent, February to October. Gemmae are absent.

",There are no major threats to this species at the European level.,"No conservation actions or research are needed, and the species is known to occur in protected areas throughout Europe. This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in the Canary Islands, as Near  Threatened in Germany, Hungary and Italy and as Data Deficient in  Sardinia (Hodgetts 2015).",This species is not utilised.,"Erzberger, P.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Anoectangium,aestivum,,Anoectangium aestivum  ,(Hedw.) Mitt.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Summer-moss (Anoectangium aestivum) is a European Boreal-montane species of the mountains of western and central Europe, from the Pyrenees north to Iceland and the Faroe Islands. It is mainly western in Scandinavia, and extends east to the Carpathian mountains. It is very rare in the Mediterranean region. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and locally abundant, has a stable population trend, and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"The Summer-moss (Anoectangium aestivum) is a European Boreal-montane species of the mountains of western and central Europe, from the Pyrenees north to Iceland and the Faroe Islands. It is mainly western in Scandinavia, and extends east to the Carpathian mountains. It is very rare in the Mediterranean region. Elsewhere it grows in the Caucasus, North Africa (Morocco) and Turkey. In a broad sense, Anoectangium aestivum has a subcosmopolitan distribution, but is absent from most of northern Asia. Subpopulations in Macaronesia are separated as A. angustifolium Mitt. (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 3,300 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 13 million km².","This is a locally abundant species, and there is no evidence of decline, so the current population trend is regarded as stable.","This is a locally abundant species of moist or wet rock crevices in the uplands and mountains, often forming large conspicuous yellow-green cushions. It is characteristic of moderately base-rich rocks, typically growing in crevices, underhangs, and on the face of vertical rocks where there is a regular seepage of water. It occurs in gullies, on cliffs and ravine walls, and on steep rocky stream banks, and although not confined to irrigated sites it requires some degree of moisture or shelter, and it may descend to low altitudes in ravines. It is often found with Preissia quadrata, Amphidium mougeotii and Gymnostomum aeruginosum, and its cushions may support small leafy liverworts such as Blepharostoma trichophyllum. Common strata include sandstone and basic igneous or metamorphic rocks such as mica-schist and basalt, but it is rare on strongly calcareous rocks such as Carboniferous Limestone (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from 25 m up to 2,900 m Asl.



It is dioicous; capsules are rare to occasional, maturing in spring and summer.",There are no known threats to this species.,No conservation measures are required at present. It is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Stebel, A.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Anomobryum,bavaricum,,Anomobryum bavaricum  ,(Warnst.) Holyoak &amp; Köckinger,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Anomobryum bavaricum is a small, strictly basiphilous species of moss, growing as an early pioneer colonist on calcareous rocks, and is known only from the European Alps and western Siberia. However, the exact range of this species is imprecise. In Europe there are about 50 records, but it is under-recorded, and it is possible that it may also occur in southern and eastern Europe. Nothing is known about the population trend of this species, but the subpopulations are often small. Since this species grows on cliffs, one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre where it grows. The largest subpopulation is thought to have around 50 individual-equivalents. The overall population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents. Therefore this species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and the EU 28 under Criterion D1. Although there is no indication of serious threats, the local subpopulations are relatively small, so site destruction can quickly lead to local extinctions. In view of the global scarcity of this species, Europe has a very high responsibility for its conservation. Larger subpopulations should be protected and further research is necessary to better understand its distribution and biology.",Unknown,"This is a small species of moss known only from the Alps and western Siberia. In Europe it occurs in France, Italy (Holyoak and Köckinger 2010), Switzerland (e.g., Swissbryophytes 2018), Liechtenstein, Germany (Holyoak and Köckinger 2010) and Austria (e.g. Köckinger et al. 2008).However, the exact range of this species is imprecise. In Europe there are about 50 records, but it is under-recorded, and it is possible that it may also occur in southern and eastern Europe. It can be found growing at elevations between 200 m and 1,850 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated between 100,000 and 200,000 km2, whilst the area of occupancy (AOO) is much more restricted, estimated at just 200 km2.","Nothing is known about the population trend of this species, but the subpopulations are often small. Since this species grows on cliffs, one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre where it grows. The largest subpopulation is thought to have around 50 individual-equivalents. The overall population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents.","This is a strictly basiphilous moss, growing as an early pioneer colonist, in usually small subpopulations on calcareous rocks (Holyoak and Köckinger 2010). It has also been found in secondary habitats, such as on walls. The habitat is remote and sometimes difficult to access.","There is no indication of any significant threat (Schröck et al. 2013, 2014, Köckinger and Schröck 2017). On the other hand, local subpopulations are relatively small, so site destruction through, for example, road construction can lead to local extinctions.","In view of the global scarcity of this species, Europe has a very high responsibility for its conservation. Larger subpopulations should be protected and further research is necessary to better understand its distribution and biology. It is known to occur in at least one protected area in its European range.",This species is not utilized or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Lara, F.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Anomobryum,concinnatum,,Anomobryum concinnatum  ,(Spruce) Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Anomobryum concinnatum is known from northern, western and central Europe. It is locally frequent but usually only represented by few individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 500 and 1,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 6 and 7 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 300 and 800 km2 and the EOO is ca 4 million km2. Information on the global range of this species is confused in the literature because of misidentifications and confusion with the closest relative A. julaceum, however, it is believed to be more widespread than previously reported in some places, including Britain and Ireland.  This species seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its main distribution area in Europe and EU 28.  In addition, there are no evident threats known to this species. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

No conservation action is needed at present. However, further research on the distribution of this species would be useful.",Stable,"The species has probably a boreal-montane distribution in Europe. Information on its global range is confused in the literature because of misidentifications and confusion with the closest relative A. julaceum (Smith 2004). Holyoak and Köckinger (2010) reported it from northern, western and central Europe (from Iceland and Scandinavia southwards to the Pyrenees and the Alps). This species has a wider altitudinal and ecological range than A. julaceum and it is believed to be more widespread in both Britain and Ireland than previously reported (Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 10 m and 2,240 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North America, Mexico (Chiapas, Chihuahua, Distrito Federal, México, and Querétaro) and Asia (BFNA 2015).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 500 and 1,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 6 and 7 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 300 and 800 km2 and the EOO is ca 4 million km2.","This species is locally frequent but usually only represented by few individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals), as small tufts or scattered among other bryophytes. 

In many European countries, the species was previously treated as a variety of A. julaceum. It has been detected in many new sites, since it became generally distinguished at species level. The species grows consistently in drier conditions than A. julaceum and therefore unlikely to be threatened by reduced water flow or decreased moisture caused by climate change.  The current population trend of this species is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.

 

","The sites of this species are typically drier and more base-rich substrate than those occupied by the commoner Anomobryum julaceum, including dry bare soil, often eroded ledges of sun-exposed mica-schist, limestone, or basalt cliffs (growing e.g. with Didymodon icmadophilus, Encalypta rhaptocarpa, Schistidium strictum and Tortula subulata) and low outcrops among coastal dunes with calcareous sand. This species also occurs on basic slate in damp crevices and on irrigated mildly basic montaneous rock faces, with Eremonotus myriocarpus, Jungermannia spp. and Scapania spp. (Blockeel et al. 2014).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","The species is in the Red List of Germany as Near Threatened (NT) (Hodgetts 2015). Also, the Norwegian subpopulations are considered viable and ranked as Least Concern (Hassel et al. 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area.

No conservation action is needed at present. However, further research on the distribution of this species would be useful.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Schröck, C.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Anomobryum,julaceum,,Anomobryum julaceum  ,"(Schrad. ex G.Gaertn., B.Mey. &amp; Scherb.) Schimp.",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Slender Silver-moss (Anomobryum julaceum) has a wide, temperate distribution especially in western Europe. The species is quite common and widespread in western Europe, gradually becoming rarer towards the east. This species has a wide geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 6,000 and 9,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is more than 10 million km2. Within the EU 28, the AOO is ca 5,000 km2 and the EOO ca 5 million km2. This species seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area in Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no major threats to this species. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

No conservation action is needed at present. Further research on the distribution of this species could be useful.",Stable,"This species has a wide, temperate distribution especially in western Europe. Published information on the range is a bit confused because different authors delimit the species differently, often including A. concinnatum. Confirmed records are from much of western Europe, including Macaronesia, and this species is rarer to the east. In southeastern Europe, it is reported from the Karachai-Cherkess Republic of Russia (Hodgetts 2015). 

Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North America, Mexico, Central America, South America, Asia, Africa and the sub-antarctic Islands (BFNA 2015).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 6,000 and 9,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is more than 10 million km2. Within the EU 28, the AOO is ca 5,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 5 million km2.","The species is quite common and widespread in western Europe, gradually becoming rarer towards the east. There is no indication of any decline, and so the current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species occurs on moist sand, silt or gravel by lakes and streams, and in crevices of rocks by streams, in gullies and by waterfalls, often growing with Jungermannia or Solenostoma spp. and Dichodontium pellucidum. It also occurs on irrigated mildly base-rich rock faces in mountain areas, associated with Blindia acuta, in open basic gravel flushes, on dry acidic sand among coastal dunes and on moist sand or gravel in abandoned quarries and gravel pits, growing with associates that include Blasia pusilla, Haplomitrium hookeri and Riccardia incurvata (Blockeel et al. 2014).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","The species is assessed in the Red List of Belgium as Regionally Extinct (RE), in Sardinia as Data Deficient (DD), and in Sicily, Slovakia and Switzerland as Near Threatened (NT) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in several protected areas.

No conservation action is needed at present. Further research on the distribution of this species could be useful.",The species is not used or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Górski, P.","Hallingbäck, T","Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Anomobryum,lusitanicum,,Anomobryum lusitanicum  ,(I.Hagen ex Luisier) Thér.,,Yes,VU,D1,Yes,VU,D1,EU28,,"



 



Anomobryum lusitanicum is endemic to the central area of the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain), where it is found in the Hesperic Massif. It has a small area of occupancy (AOO) of around 112 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 28,100 km2. However, it can be difficult to observe this species due to it being small and it it may be almost unnoticeable in rock cavities, so it is likely that the AOO is underestimated. This species is a habitat specialist, growing in small cavities in open or very exposed granitic rocks, in fairly humid places, generally near streams, and so the species could be periodically submerged. Habitat quality may be in decline, due to anthropogenic pressure, but the overall population trend of this species seems to be stable. The population size is estimated to be around 300 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) or more, but it is considered very unlikely that it would be higher than 1,000. Therefore, this species is assessed as Vulnerable.



The conservation of clear riparian forests (close to water) and temporary ponds is required, as well as the conservation of riverine Mediterranean shrub vegetation. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats. More information is also needed on the overall population size and trends.

 

",Stable,"This species is endemic to the central area of the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain), where it is found in the Hesperic Massif. 



The confirmed historical native records of the species are from Portugal (Luisier 1915, 1924, Thériot 1933), but new field studies suggest that the species' range has enlarged since the original description (Casaset al. 1996, Sérgio et al. 1996, 2013).



This species was previously known from four sites in Portugal (Luisier 1915, Allorge 1931 and Pierrot collected one specimen in 1972, BCB collection) and from four sites in Spain (Luisier 1924, Allorge and Allorge 1946), relatively far from the Portuguese locality. More recently, the species was found at seven new localities in Portugal and was reported from 11 squares (corresponding tetrad 2 x 2 km) and in Spain from five squares (Casaset al. 1996, Sérgio et al. 1996). After 1996, this species was detected in new sites in Spain, in the areas of Trujillo, Cáceres and Salamanca, and one new site in Portugal. The last collection in Portugal dates back to 1996, and in Spain to 2006, in Valderrodrigo (Elías and Guerra 2010). This species has not been reported for more than 10 years (since 2006). In the Iberian Cartography (Brugués et al. 2014), a significant number of reports are from before 1970. 



Based on available recent records of the species from Portugal and Spain, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 28,100 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is around 112 km2. The AOO is assumed to be an under-estimate as the colonies are very small and may be difficult to find. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 200 m and 1,100 m asl.

 

 

 

          

","The subpopulations are more or less well distributed within the species' range, but this species requires aquatic habitats and the presence of rocks. This means the subpopulations can be considered to be relatively fragmented, although the population isnot considered severely fragmented. Habitat quality may be in decline, due to anthropogenic pressure, but the overall population trend of this species seems to be stable. 



In Spain, this species is not common, but it could be under-recorded. The subpopulations are small and this is considered to be a rare species overall. The species is found in 31 localities and it is estimated that the species is present at a maximum oftenrocks at each site. Considering each rock as one individual-equivalent (considered as mature individuals), the population size is estimated to be around 300 individual-equivalents.



The species was present in Nisa, Portugal. However, a dam was built in the area, causing a rise in the water level, and this has affected the rocks where the species was found. The species is still present in the area, but it was perhaps more abundant than before the dam was built.","



 

 



This species grows in small cavities in open or very exposed granitic rocks, alongside Mediterranean shrubby vegetation. The species is found in fairly humid places, generally near streams, and so the species could be periodically submerged. The temporary ponds are a preferred habitat of the species. This species forms very small compact subpopulations, and does not tend to mix with other species.



Because of its small size and inconspicuous appearance, this species is often overlooked, but once it has been recognized, it can be collected in characteristic areas. The regeneration by secondary protonema gemmae, which are sometimes very abundant, may provide an important mechanism for the persistence and spreading of this moss (Sérgioet al. 1996).

 

","



 



 



Currently, the threats to this species are thought to be related to traditional human activities, such as straw and stubble burning, and the use of herbicides and pesticides, in the different areas of occurrence of the species. Other notable threats, both at present and in the future, may include land use change, future intensification of agriculture and industrial forest plantations, and increased fire occurrence in the Mediterranean area (such as the Gardunha mountains), although these are currently unrecorded. The species requires water to be available in order to thrive and thus could also be affected by eutrophication. 



Climate change could potentially expand the range of the species.","This species is reported to occur in some natural parks, such as Douro Internacional and Serra de São Mamede in Portugal and Arribes del Duero Natural Park in Spain. This species is listed as Vulnerable (VU) in both the Red Data Book of Portugal and in the National Red List of Spain (Sérgio et al. 2013, Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012).



The conservation of clear riparian forests (close to water) and temporary ponds, traditionally induced by extensive rearing of goats and sheep, is required, as well as the conservation of riverine Mediterranean shrub vegetation. In addition, further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats. More information is also needed on the overall population size and trends.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodd, R.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,ANOMODONTACEAE,Anomodon,attenuatus,,Anomodon attenuatus  ,(Hedw.) Huebener,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

  EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Slender Tail-moss (Anomodon attenuatus) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 due to its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category. In addition, dozens of new records have been reported and it has a presumably stable population trend. 



Although it is collected for the purposes of Christmas decoration, there is anin vitro collection of this species in research institutions such as the University of Belgrade, where there is a propagation system for ex situ reintroduction purposes should the need arise. If it does, artificial propagation can be easily developed to prevent wild material harvest. It is known to occur to occur in protected areas in Europe.",Stable,"In Europe, this species is known principally from northern, central and south-eastern areas, where in recent years many new records have been made. It is much rarer in the south and west. Elsewhere, it is found in North and Central America and parts of Asia (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2007). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","There is no information on the population trend of this species. However, due to many recent records it seems to be stable, and the overall population size is large.","The species is known to grow in limestone areas, on rocks and on the bases of trees. Its altitudinal range is ca. 40–2,600 m.","Apart from collection, that should be controlled, the threats to this species are unknown. It is widely harvested from wild sources for decoration purposes and green walls. However, there is no information about whether this constitutes a significant threat, either locally or Europe-wide. 

","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Great Britain (Endangered) and the Netherlands (Endangered) (Hodgetts 2015). There is an in vitro collection of this species in the University of Belgrade, where material and a propagation system for ex situ reintroduction purposes is available (Sabovljevic et al. 2014). So far no reintroductions have been undertaken. The species is known to occur in protected areas. Artificial propagation can be easily developed to prevent wild material harvest.","The species is often part of moss collection from wild sources for market, such as Christmas decoration or for green walls.","Ganeva, A.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,ANOMODONTACEAE,Anomodon,longifolius,,Anomodon longifolius  ,(Schleich. ex Brid.) Hartm.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Long-leaved Tail-moss (Anomodon longifolius) isassessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 because of its wide distribution in Europe, with an area of occupancy (AOO) estimated at ca. 2,000 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca. 5.5 million km², and a stable population trend, even if the species is declining and projected to decline further in European-Russia, where habitat management and protection of old-growth forests are needed. The clear cutting of forests (especially old growth) and single trees, and the short-rotation time of modern forestry practices can negatively impact this species. It is present in protected areas across its range, offering it some protection from these threats.",Stable,"This species is widespread in Europe north to Scandinavia and the northern Urals but with a continental distribution and rare in the west, south to northern Spain, Italy and northern Greece, but absent from the Mediterranean lowlands and islands. Elsewhere it has been recorded from Turkey, Caucasus to Azerbaijan, Iran, Siberia, E Asia, Japan. N America (a single record from New York state) (Blockeel et al. 2014). The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at ca. 2,000 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca. 5,500,000 km². 

","This species can easily be overlooked, as the sites where it is found growing are usually in inaccessible ravines or on steep rock faces. It is therefore difficult to get good population data. It is assumed to have poor powers of dispersal, with sporophytes rarely produced and specialised means of vegetative propagation unknown. The subpopulation has significantly decreased in European Russia, but it does not seem to be declining in Scandinavia, the Balkans and much of the rest of Europe. Therefore the overall population trend is stable.","This species grows on sheltered, steep or vertical rock-faces in low-lying, wooded valleys, and particularly favours ravines. It usually occurs on limestone, but has also been found growing on calcareous sandstone and schist. At some sites it forms extensive sheets, but at others it is restricted to a few patches. It is a rather rare plant (Atherton et al. 2010). It also occurs as an epiphyte in old growth forest. Its altitudinal range is 30–1,800 m.","The clear cutting of forests (especially old growth) and single trees, and the short-rotation time of modern forestry practices can negatively impact this species. However, there is no  continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat. In Britain, it is vulnerable to one-off events such as tree fall, and changes in the micro-environment, the growth of ivy on crags may have contributed to its decline (Blockeel et al. 2014).

","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Britain (Vulnerable), Spain (Vulnerable), Hungary (Near Threatened), Serbia (Data Defcient), Montenegro (Data Deficient) and Poland (Indeterminate) (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in protected areas. Habitat management and protection of old-growth forest in Russia is recommended.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Ganeva, A.,Fettes, N.D.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,ANOMODONTACEAE,Anomodon,rugelii,,Anomodon rugelii  ,(Müll.Hal.) Keissl.,,No,NT,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Rugel's Anomodon Moss (Anomodon rugelii), a rare and local species, is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe since its population size is slightly over 1,000individual equivalents (certainly less than 1,500). In the EU 28, however, it is assessed as Vulnerable since its population size is smaller than 1,000 individual equivalents. 

In Scandinavia and Austria, the population is stable. Since most of the European population is present in Scandinavia, its current population trend is assumed to be stable. However it should be noted that this species was previously mistakenly identified so there may be incorrect old records of this species, leading to an overestimation in Europe.

This moss species is threatened by climate change-induced drought and modern forestry practices across its European range, though it is present in protected areas in Europe. Habitat protection and site management are recommended as conservation measures for this species.",Stable,"This rare species is scattered in Europe (Frey et al. 2006), and absent from many countries, especially in the west and the south. Outside Europe, it has been recorded in North America and Asia. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for a threatened category. However, the area of occupancy (AOO) can be estimated at 850 km2 in  Europe. In the EU 28, the AOO can be estimated at slightly less.","There is no information on the population structure and size of this species, but it is rare in Austria and there was a historical decline in the Czech Republic. In Hungary, it is declining and in recent surveys only one small subpopulation has been found. In the Balkans, it is known from one locality in Serbia, one in Montenegro, and two localities in Bulgaria (Šmarda 1970) but these should be reconfirmed. In European Russia it is also a rare and local species, and there are few localities where it is present. 

Its population trend in Russia and the Balkans is unknown, although in Scandinavia and Austria it is stable. Since most of the European population is present in Scandinavia, its current population trend is considered to be stable. It occurs in rocky areas which are predicted to become drier because of climate change. Its population size is over 1,000 individual equivalents (considering tree trunks, boulders and square metres where the species grows as individual equivalents) in Europe, although in the EU 28 it is smaller than 1,000 individual equivalents. It was previously mistakenly identified so there may be incorrect old records of this species.","This species is found growing either on tree trunks (above the base) or on basic and acidic rock formations in deciduous, montane forests of moderate to high elevations. Fruiting mats are infrequent, but when found, sporophytes are produced in abundance. Its altitudinal range is ca. 50–2,000 m.","Forestry can pose a direct threat to this species, by degrading and destroying its habitat. Climate change (mainly through increased, prolonged periods of droughts) can impact this species. It is unknown whether there is a continuing decline in the habitat of this species in Europe.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Finland (Endangered), Austria (Endangered), Hungary (Endangered), Montenegro (Endangered), Serbia (Endangered), Estonia (Endangered), Czech Republic (Vulnerable), Germany (Vulnerable), Slovakia (Vulnerable), Poland (Vulnerable) and Bulgaria (Vulnerable) (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in protected areas in Europe. Habitat protection and site management are recommended as conservation measures for this species.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Tsakiri, E.,Fettes, N.D.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,ANOMODONTACEAE,Anomodon,tristis,,Anomodon tristis  ,(Ces.) Sull. &amp; Lesq.,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Anomodon tristis is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its small population size of fewer than 1,000 individual equivalents. It is threatened in Switzerland and Romania but the population trend there is unknown. It has a small area of occupancy (AOO) of 312 km2 in Europe, and the population is considered severely fragmented as the subpopulations are small and isolated. 

Although the species is found in protected areas, more research is needed on its population trend, the threats it faces, and any conservation measures needed to safeguard its population into the future. However ex situ propagation would be of benefit for this species.",Unknown,"Anomodon tristis, a small brownish green pleurocarpous moss, has a widespread geographical distribution but is rare. In Europe it is rarely found and is present only in France, Italy, Romania and Switzerland. Outside Europe, it has been recorded in North, Central and South America, Asia and Hawaii (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species is ca. 900,000 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 312 km2.","The sporophytes of this species are unknown, so its dispersal capabilities are not clear. There is no information on the population structure, size and trends. The population size (in EU 28 and Europe) is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual equivalents (considering one tree or one boulder as an individual equivalent). The population is considered to be severely fragmented, with this species confined to small, isolated subpopulations. These small subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization.    

",The species inhabits the bark of trees in deciduous forests at moderate to high elevation (ca. 180-600 m). It has also been found on rocks in Switzerland (T. Blockeel pers. comm. 2017).,"The threats to this species are unknown in detail, and it is not known if there is a decline in its habitat. Habitat changes through logging can be regarded as potential threats.",This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Romania (Critically Endangered) and Switzerland (Vulnerable) (Hodgetts 2015). There are no conservation actions in place. The species is found in protected areas throughout its range. Further research is needed on its population size and trend and the threats to this species. Ex situ propagation would be of benefit for this species.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Tsakiri, E.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,ANOMODONTACEAE,Anomodon,viticulosus,,Anomodon viticulosus  ,(Hedw.) Hook. &amp; Taylor,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Rambling Tail-moss (Anomodon viticulosus) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, manyrecent recordsin Europe and its presumably stable population trend. The main threat to this moss species in some areas is the over-collection for the Christmas decoration market. Other threats include droughts and resultant ecosystem changes. It is known to occur in protected areas in Europe, offering it some formal protection from these threats. Harvesting from wild sources should be controlled to prevent population declines, and more research should be carried out into the population size and structure of this species.",Stable,"This species has a wide geographical distribution across Europe (Frey et al. 2006). Outside of Europe, it is present in North and Central America, Asia and North Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","Although there is no information on the population size or structure, according to recent records it seems that the population trend for this species is stable in Europe. It is probably slow to colonise new habitats owing to rare spore production.

","This circumpolar boreo-temperate species grows in well-drained calcareous habitats, especially where shaded. On limestone rock outcrops and dry-stone walls it often grows in profusion; other characteristic habitats include basic sandstone rocks, steep calcareous hedgebanks, thin closely-grazed calcareous or basaltic grassland and the exposed roots, bases and trunks of trees, especially ash and elm, in woods and hedges. It also occurs on silt-covered tree roots, bridges, brick walls and concrete by streams and rivers, and on shaded brickwork and concrete away from water. It is occasionally found in smaller quantity in non-calcareous habitats, including sandstone rocks, siliceous and igneous boulders and in hedges, but it is absent from areas of highly acid or peaty soil. Characteristic associates include Plagiochila porelloides, Porella platyphylla, Cirriphyllum crassinervium, Ctenidium molluscum, Fissidens dubius, Homalothecium sericeum, Neckera complanata and Thamnobryum alopecurum (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0–2,100 m.This species is dioicous, and sporophytes are rare.","The main threat to this species in some areas is over-collection for the Christmas decoration market. This seems to be local threat but is becoming more of a common trend over the European range. However, there is no continuing decline or otherwise in population size or habitat. Other threats include droughts and resultant ecosystem changes.","This species is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Portugal, Endangered (EN) in the Netherlands and Near Threatened (NT) in Sicily (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas in Europe. Research should be carried out into the population size and structure of this species. Harvesting from wild sources should be controlled to prevent population declines.","The species is often used as part of wild moss collection for market as Christmas decoration. However, the origin and level of harvesting is unknown.","Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Tsakiri, E.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,ANTHELIACEAE,Anthelia,julacea,,Anthelia julacea  ,(L.) Dumort.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Alpine Silverwort (Anthelia julacea) is a circumpolar Arctic-montane liverwort which occurs from Svalbard, Iceland and northern Scandinavia to the Tatra, Alps and Pyrenees. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is abundant in the mountains of northern Europe, and the current population trend is stable, as there is no evidence of decline. No conservation measures are required at present, but southern subpopulations should be monitored periodically to ascertain whether climate change is affecting it at the edge of its range.",Stable,"The Alpine Silverwort (Anthelia julacea) is a circumpolar Arctic-montane liverwort which occurs from Svalbard, Iceland and northern Scandinavia to the Tatra, Alps and (possibly) Pyrenees. Elsewhere it is found in east Siberia and the Russian far east, the Himalayas, China, northern and western North America and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated at ca 2,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 10 million km².","This species can be abundant in the mountains of northern Europe, but becomes much rarer to the south. The current population trend is considered to be stable.","This is a characteristic species of acid flushes, streams and rocks continuously wetted by flowing water, where it often forms large, cushion-like turfs. In flushed areas in the vicinity of late snow-lie it can be the dominant plant (McVean and Ratcliffe 1962). Its most frequent associates are Marsupella emarginata, Scapania undulata, Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Dichodontium palustre, Philonotis fontana, Sarmentypnum exannulatum and Sphagnum denticulatum. Scattered shoots can also be found on wet rock faces, rock outcrops by streams and rivers and on wet, stony paths in the hills (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from 30 m to 3,000 m Asl. It is dioicous; male and female plants are frequent but inconspicuous; sporophytes are uncommon, appearing from May to August.","The only realistic potential threat to this species is climate change, particularly in its southern localities at the edge of its range.","Because this species is abundant in montane parts of northern Europe, no conservation measures are required at present. However, southern subpopulations should be monitored periodically to ascertain whether climate change is affecting it at the edge of its range. Research is needed into the population trend. This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Slovakia, Endangered in Italy and Switzerland and Vulnerable in the Czech Republic; it is probably Regionally Extinct in Germany (Hodgetts 2015).",This species is not utilised.,"Virtanen, R.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N.","Goldberg, I.,Afonina, O.,Lönnell, N.,Schröck, C.,Syrjänen, K.,Blom, H.,Hodgetts, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,ANTHELIACEAE,Anthelia,juratzkana,,Anthelia juratzkana  ,(Limpr.) Trevis.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Scarce Silverwort (Anthelia juratzkana) is a circumpolar Arctic-montane bipolar species, which grows in the European mountains south to Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is abundant in northern Europe and there is no evidence of a decline. No specific conservation measures are required for this species, but at least some subpopulations, such as those on the edge of its range, should be monitored.",Stable,"The Scarce Silverwort (Anthelia juratzkana) is a circumpolar Arctic-montane bipolar species, which grows in the European mountains south to Spain. It is found throughout the Northern Hemisphere at high latitudes, south to Nepal and California, and is also recorded from Tanzania, New Guinea, New Zealand, Mexico, Andean South America, South Georgia and Antarctica (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 1,900 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 13.5 million km².","The population size of this species is unknown, but it is abundant in suitable habitats in the north of its range, becoming much rarer further south. It can be locally abundant in the mountains. The current population trend is stable.","In the central European mountains, this species is characteristic of siliceous soils, growing with Kiaeriastarkei,Oncophorusvirens,Polytrichastrumsexangulare,Pohliadrummondii, Fuscocephaloziopsisalbescens,Marsupellafunckii,M.brevissima,Scapaniahelvetica,Sanioniauncinata,Fissidensosmundoides,Meesia uliginosaandJungermanniapolaris(Meinunger andSchröder 2007).  In Scotland it is most abundant at high elevations on bare, exposed,  non-calcareous soils, particularly in areas of late snowlie, where  characteristic associates include Cephalozia spp., Gymnocolea inflata, Gymnomitrionspp., Lophozia spp., Marsupella spp., Nardia breidleri, N. scalaris, Dicranella spp. and Ditrichum spp.  At lower altitudes it is basicolous on shallow humus-rich soils  overlying deeply weathered rocks, usually where extreme conditions keep  the vegetation open. There it grows with Eremonotus myriocarpus, Jungermannia borealis, Marsupella stableri, Bryoerythrophyllum ferruginascens and Molendoa warburgii. In Shetland, it is  found on sparsely vegetated coastal slopes (Blockeel et al. 2014). In the far north, it comes  to lower altitudes, growing on stony soil, tundra, stone fields, on the  banks of creeks and lakes, and in mires (Belkina et al. 2015). It grows at elevations between 50 m and 3,200 m Asl. It is paroicous; fertile plants and sporophytes are usually abundant from May to September.","The only realistic threat to this species is climate change, leading to changes in its habitat. It is one of the most extreme indicators of late snow-lie in southern Norway. It is exceptionally heat-sensitive, being damaged when moist by temperatures over 30°C (Blockeel et al. 2014).","It is known to occur in protected areas. No specific conservation measures are required for this species, but at least some subpopulations, such as those on the edge of its range, should be monitored. Research is also needed into its population size and trend. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic, as Vulnerable in Slovenia, Slovakia and Bulgaria, and as Near Threatened in Ireland and Italy (Hodgetts 2015).",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Hodd, R.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,ANTHOCERATOPHYTA,ANTHOCEROTOPSIDA,ANTHOCEROTALES,ANTHOCEROTACEAE,Anthoceros,agrestis,,Anthoceros agrestis  ,Paton,,No,NT,A2c+3c,No,NT,A2c+3c,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) 

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) 

The Field Hornwort (Anthoceros agrestis) is mainly distributed in the temperate zone in central Europe, but is rather rare in the Mediterranean-Atlantic parts. It grows in arable fields and gardens, or in ditches in open habitats or woodland. This species is precautionarily assessed as Near Threatened in Europe and in the EU 28 since a population reduction is suspected to have taken place in the last ten years of between 20% and 25%; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion A. This is a short-lived species with a generation length of between one and three years and this suspected population reduction is based on a decline in its habitat. It is also suspected that a similar population reduction will take place in the next ten years unless measures are put in place to prevent it. This species is threatened by intensive agricultural practices, as it depends on traditional field management over a large part of its distribution. The immediate ploughing after harvesting crops prevents the species from completing its annual life cycle. Certain herbicides could also potentially affect this species. As long as the intensification of agriculture goes on and there are no measures taken to stop the early ploughing of arable fields, the decline will continue. It may even be accelerated if the spore bank in the soil can not be renewed. 

While there is some uncertainty about the exact percentage of the population reduction in the ten-year period, a precautionary mindset is preferred as in certain areas in central Europe subpopulations have definitively drastically declined by more than 25%. However, the species remains more common in other areas where agriculture is less profit-oriented. More research into the rate of decline of this species is therefore needed, as well as monitoring of the population and habitat trends. Encouraging maintaining traditional agricultural (non-intensive) practices will help to conserve this species and its habitat. Awareness for the existence of arable bryophytes in general should be increased and the land management should be more targeted to this species.



",Decreasing,"The range of the Field Hornwort (Anthoceros agrestis) extends from Ireland in the west to Russia in the east and from Sicily in the south to central Scandinavia in the north. It is mainly distributed in the temperate zone in central Europe and it is rather rare in the Mediterranean-Atlantic parts, where it is replaced by the closely related species Anthoceros punctatus. Outside Europe the species is known from North America, northern Africa and eastern Asia (Damsholt 2002). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at 20 million km2, whilst the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 4,000 km2. It is found growing from sea level up to 1,100 m Asl.","This is a short-lived species with a generation length of between one and three years. It is still widely distributed, but subpopulations are decreasing in many countries, especially in central Europe, due to changes in agriculture (Nebel and Philippi 2005, Bisang et al. 2009). However, in some parts of its distribution, the subpopulations seem to be stable and the species is very common, as in, for example, the Czech Republic and parts of Germany. The overall population is very large, but the trend is thought to be decreasing. A population reduction is suspected to have taken place in the last ten years of between 20% and 25%. This is based on a decline in its habitat. It is also suspected that a similar population reduction will take place in the next ten years unless measures are put in place to prevent it.","In regions with cold winters, this is an annual species that grows in arable fields or gardens. It produces sporophytes in the summer (when the weather is suitably humid) and autumn when cereals have been harvested and stubble-fields remain undisturbed. It grows on slightly acid loamy-sandy soils. In warmer regions it may be perennial on moist soil in ditches in open habitats or woodland. Spores can survive in the ground for several years.","This species is threatened by intensive agricultural practices, as it depends on traditional field management over a large part of its distribution. The immediate ploughing after harvesting crops prevents the species from completing its annual life cycle (Bisang et al. 2009). Relatively recently introduced measures to cover harvested fields with intermediate crops in order to reduce nitrate leakage in some of the countries also turned out to be negative for the development of hornworts (Bisang et al. 2009). These threats seem to be more severe in countries with smaller subpopulations. In countries where the species is still common, this threat is not significantly impacting the overall size of the subpopulations. Certain herbicides could also potentially affect this species.","This species grows mainly in man-made habitats over a large part of its distribution, but it is known to occur in protected areas. This hornwort species has been assessed as Endangered in the Red Lists of Austria and Poland, as Vulnerable in Ireland, Britain, Germany, Italy and Romania, and as Near Threatened in Hungary and Luxembourg. In the new Red list of Portugal (Sergio et al. 2013) it is listed as Critically Endangered, whereas it had been previously considered Regionally Extinct (Sérgio et al. 2006). Maintaining traditional agricultural (non-intensive) practices has been tried in some areas of Switzerland, but so far without significant success as not enough farmers could be encouraged to join the program (Amstutz et al. 2013). These practices should be encouraged in areas where this species occurs. Awareness for the existence of arable bryophytes in general should be increased and the land management should be more targeted to this species. More research into the rate of decline of this species is therefore needed, as well as monitoring of the population and habitat trends.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Englefield, E.,Lara, F.","Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,ANTHOCERATOPHYTA,ANTHOCEROTOPSIDA,ANTHOCEROTALES,ANTHOCEROTACEAE,Anthoceros,caucasicus,,Anthoceros caucasicus  ,Stephani,"This species is easily recognized by its characteristic spore morphology (Proskauer in K. Müller 1951-1958, Sérgio 1987, Gradstein and van Melick 1996).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Anthoceros caucasicus is assessed as Least Concern in view of its widespread distribution and stable population trend in the majority of Macaronesian Islands. In Europe, this species is known from dispersed areas, the populations are less stable in the Iberian Peninsula, and very few sites in Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany. It is particularly widespread in Macaronesia. The species has an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) of around 4.9 million km2 and an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of around 328 km2.

Threats to this species include habitat changes from drainage, afforestation, fire and water pollution. It can also be affected by excessive nitrification and in some areas, invasive species. This species is not the subject of a conservation action plan, but it has been reported and confirmed as present in some natural parks. Further site protection and management is recommended. In addition, further research and monitoring into the population size, trends, life history and threats are required.

",Stable,"This plant is an Mediterranean-oceanic species, and in Europe it occurs mainly on the islands of Azores, Madeira and on the Canary Islands. It is found in very few areas around the Iberian Peninsula, Portugal and Spain (Sérgio 1987, Luceño et al. 2017), Italy (Cortini-Pedrotti 1980, Ros et al. 2007), Tunisia and the Caucasus (Bischler 2004). It has recently been recorded in Asiatic Turkey (Kirmaci et al. 2012). It has also been found in tropical Africa (Söderström et al. 2002) and Central America (Frey et al. 2006).

A re-examination of a herbarium specimen collected in 1924, in the easternmost part of the Netherlands (During et al. 1996), led to the discovery of the northern outposts of this Macaronesian species. This species is now known from a few areas in the Netherlands and Belgium (During et al. 1996,Heylen and Gysels 2001, Stieperaere 2002), and a smallsubpopulationwas recently discovered in Emsland, Lower Saxony in Germany, close to one of the Dutch localities (Frahm 2011).

The species, in Europe and the EU 28, has an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of around 4.9 millionkm2 and an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of around 328 km2.

It is a species with great phytogeographic interest (geographic distribution of plants), as it exists in relict European enclaves in relatively remote areas (Gradstein and van Melick 1996), and as it is considered quite similar to existing Tertiary floras of North Africa and Portugal (Sérgio 1987).","In Europe and beyond Macaronesia, this species is known from dispersed areas in the Iberian Peninsula, 11 sites in Portugal and three in Spain, according Sérgio et al. (2014), and very few sites in Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany.

It is not considered rare in Sintra and the Estrela Mountains in Portugal, but does have more or less declining status in some places. In Portugal, this species can be locally abundant in suitable habitats, such as in Serra de Sintra. In Spain, this species has recently been reported from four new sites in Sierra de Gredos (Luceño et al. 2017).

Since 1994, the species has been found in the Netherlands at several places close to each other, always in nature reserves subject to sod cutting or other nature reconstruction activities, including soil disturbance. It seems that it has probably been present continuously in the diaspore bank in the soil.

In Italy, the species has been found (since 1964) in only one locality in the small island of Montecristo (Cortini Pedrotti 1980).



Numerous subpopulations with good sporophytes exist in Macaronesian areas (mainly in the Azores and in Madeira), where it is not typical of the native forest. It has been recorded in all islands of the Azores (Gabriel et al. 2011), and in five of the Canary islands - La Palma, La Gomera, Tenerife, Gran Canaria and Lanzarote (Gonzalez-Mancebo et al. 2008).  The subpopulations found in the Iberian Peninsula and in Germany are isolated from each other, but in the Azores the subpopulations are well connected. The subpopulations that are not found on the islands of Macaronesia are currently inferred to be decreasing. However, this species occurs mainly on the islands, and so the overall population trend of this species for Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is considered to be stable.","This species grows on the banks of water lines or springs or fresh embankments. It is often found in acidic substrates in open areas but in more or less shadowy microhabitats. It is also found in grasslands and at the edges of fields, in moist, nutrient poor soils. In some areas in Spain and Portugal, where there is a more Mediterranean influence, it has been found in communities with Quercetum rotundifoliae woodlands (Guerra et al. 2002). Plants have a long life cycle and it is thought that the capsule may have almost continuous growth from the winter period until late summer.

In the Netherlands and the neighboring localities in Germany, it grows in Nanocyperion spp. communities in wet sand pits (MeinungerandSchröder 2007). 



In Portugal, the altitudinal variation is between 300 m Asl in the Serra de Sintra and about 1,300 m Asl in the Serra da Estrela. In Spain, the variation is from 50 m to ca 1,400 m Asl, and in the Azores it is from 200 m to ca 875 m Asl. In Madeira, the species is found up to 1,400 m Asl.","Threats to this species in continental Europe include habitat change, particularly from afforestation, fire and water pollution. Also, touristic influences are expected to be important threats to this species in some areas.



However, in Macaronesia the species is very widespread and subsequently the danger is less evident and is more related to invasive species. The species can also be affected by excessive nitrification.","Over ten years ago in the Iberian Peninsula, this species was considered as Least Concern (LC) in Spain and Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2006). However, it is now only found in very restricted areas, and there has been an increase in anthropogenic activity, fire and habitat fragmentation, so has been re-evaluated as Vulnerable (VU) in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2014).In the Spanish mainland, the species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) (Brugués and Gonzalez-Mancebo 2012). 

In Macaronesia, this species has recently been evaluated as LCin Madeira (Sim-Sim et al. 2014), and also in the Canary Islands archipelago (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012). Inthe Bryophyte Red List of Germany, this species is classified as “extremely rare”. It is suggested thatthe habitatsat the known localitiesarekept as open areas (Meinunger and Schröder 2007).The species is also red-listed in Belgium as ""rare” (Sotiaux et al. 2007) and in the Netherlands as ""very rare"" (Siebel et al. 2006). This species has previously been considered as ""Rare"" at the European level (ECCB 1995).



In Portugal it has been found in the Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela, Parque Natural da Serra de São Mamede, and Parque Natural de Sintra-Cascais. In Spain is reported in the area of the Parque Natural Sierra de Aracena. In Macaronesia, as the species is widespread, it is found in several different natural reserves or natural parks, but is predominantly found in Laurissilva vegetation.This species is not the subject of a conservation action plan, but it has been reported and confirmed as present in somenatural parks, and further site protection and management is recommended. In addition, further research and monitoring into the population size, trends, life history and threats are required.",This species is not utilized.,"Hugonnot, V.,Fettes, N.D.","Sergio, C. & Draper Munt, D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,ANTHOCERATOPHYTA,ANTHOCEROTOPSIDA,ANTHOCEROTALES,ANTHOCEROTACEAE,Anthoceros,neesii,,Anthoceros neesii  ,Prosk.,,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU28,,"Nees' Hornwort (Anthoceros neesii) is present throughout central Europe, where it is endemic (Germany, Austria and the Czech Republic). The species was described based on collections from Poland, but as far as it is known, its occurrence at the four historic Polish localities (including the type locality) has not been confirmed since 1900. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (known area of occupancy (AOO) is currently estimated at less than 130 km2), the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent and occurrence of its habitat. The real AOO could be slightly larger, as the species is difficult to find and potentially suitable habitat in some countries has not been fully explored. It is only known from anthropogenic habitats, specifically from agriculturally-managed arable fields. These arable habitats that depend on traditional management and regular disturbance are threatened by intensive agricultural practices. The general decrease of cereal crops and the current immediate ploughing after harvest prevent the species from completing its annual life cycle. Conversion of arable fields into grasslands also leads to loss of habitat for this species. The use of fertilizers, intensive herbicide applications and heavy mechanical management practices may cause further habitat deterioration. 



The population size is estimated to be smaller than 5,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals), with fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents per subpopulation. The current population trend of the species is unknown, but a significant reduction of the population of up to 25% is likely to occur within the next ten years if the intensification of arable management continues, and the remaining islands of traditionally managed fields, which the species inhabits, disappear.



Cereal fields with known occurrences of Nees' Hornwort should be maintained as un-tilled autumn stubbles without cover crop, and ploughed during late autumn or preferably in the following spring. Traditional management with low fertilizer input and herbicide applications should be promoted. These practices can be implemented in the scope of specific agri-environment schemes which offer financial compensation to farmers. The significance of Anthoceros neesii and other arable bryophytes and annual weeds, and how they depend on traditional agricultural management, should be communicated to landowners and farmers. Further research is recommended into the population size, trend and distribution of this species, as well as future management strategies.",Unknown,"Nees' Hornwort (Anthoceros neesii) is present throughout central Europe, where it is endemic. Its currently known distribution is restricted to around 30 localities in Germany, Austria and the Czech Republic (Manzke 2005, Fischer et al. 2008, Teuber and Göding 2009,Koval and Zmrhalová 2010, Kučera 2011, Schlüsslmayr 2011, Hradílek 2012, Schröck et al. 2014). The species was described based on collections from Poland, but as far as it is known, its occurrence at the four historic Polish localities (including the type locality) has not been confirmed since 1900. Thus, the known area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is currently estimated at less than 130 km2. However, it could be slightly larger, as the species is difficult to find and potentially suitable habitat in some countries has not been fully explored. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 136,000 km2 (rising to 235,000 km2if old and unconfirmed records are included). It occurs at elevations from 200 m to 1,000 m Asl (i.e., to the upper limit of cereal growing).","The European (and global) population of this annual species is restricted to few localities in three or four countries (considering that its current status in Poland is, at best, uncertain). The species produces gametophytes that consist of tens and, more rarely, hundreds of individual thalli from mid-summer to autumn (Manzke 2005). Careful searches during the past decades in suitable habitats and seasons have revealed new occurrences close to the known sites or at new sites within its general distribution area. The population can be subdivided into at least seven geographically separated subpopulations without genetic exchange between them (not counting the non-confirmed occurrences in Poland). The population can be considered severely fragmented because of the reproductive isolation of the subpopulations, based on the species’ biology with very limited distances both for fertilization (like all bryophytes) and for dispersal (due to its large spores produced close to the soil surface). These small and isolated subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population size is estimated to be smaller than 5,000 individual-equivalents, with fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents per subpopulation. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species is found. The current population trend is unknown, but a significant reduction of the population of up to 25% is likely to occur within the next 10 years, if the intensification of arable management continues, and the remaining islands of traditionally managed fields, which the species inhabits, disappear.","This species is only known from anthropogenic habitats, specifically from agriculturally-managed arable fields. Its primary habitat is not known. It is an annual species that occurs as gametophytes from mid-summer to autumn in arable fields, usually in cereal- or stubble-fields. It seems to be a poor competitor and might be overgrown by other bryophytes (Köckinger 2017). The species grows on slightly acid loamy-sandy soils, often together with another rare hornwort, Notothylas orbicularis, and other typical species of arable fields that are regularly ploughed (Manzke 2004, 2005, Köckinger 2017). There is evidence that hornwort spores can survive for several years in the soil and, through that, bridge years of unsuitable arable management conditions (Bisang et al. 2009, Köckinger 2017).","Like other species of arable habitats that depend on traditional management and regular disturbance, this hornwort is threatened by intensive agricultural practices. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitats.The loss of potential habitats is attributable to a general decrease of cereal crops and the current immediate ploughing after harvest, since these prevent the species from completing its annual life cycle (Bisang et al. 2009, Schröck et al. 2014). Conversion of arable fields into grasslands also leads to loss of habitat for this species. The use of fertilizers, intensive herbicide applications and heavy mechanical management practices may cause further habitat deterioration (Manzke 2005, Bisang et al. 2009, Schröck et al. 2014, Köckinger 2017). Relatively recently introduced measures to cover harvested fields with intermediate crops in order to reduce nitrate leakage in some of the countries also turned out to be negative for the development of hornworts (Bisang et al. 2009). A significant decline of the population is likely to occur within the next ten years, if the fields continue to be managed intensively.","The species is included in the national Red Lists of bryophytes in the following countries: Gemany (2; 'stark gefährdet', which corresponds to EN; Caspari et al. 2018), Austria (CR; Saukel and Köckinger 1999), Czech Republic (EN; Kučera et al. 2012) and Poland ('rare' according to Klama 2006, but with no confirmed records for more than 100 years). Cereal fields with known occurrences of Nees' Hornwort should be maintained as un-tilled autumn stubbles without cover crop, and ploughed during late autumn or preferably in the following spring. Traditional management with low fertilizer input and herbicide applications should be promoted. These practices can be implemented in the scope of specific agri-environment schemes which offer financial compensation to farmers. The species' occurrence at selected sites where these measures are implemented needs to be monitored. This species is also included in management plans for Notothylas orbicularis, which is in Annex II of the Habitats Directive (EEC 1992). It is known to occur in protected areas.



The significance ofAnthoceros neesii and other arable bryophytes in addition to annual weeds, and how they depend on traditional agricultural management, should be communicated to landowners and farmers. Further research is recommended into the population size, trend and distribution of this species, as well as future management strategies.",The species is not subject to any use or trade.,"Fettes, N.D.,Köckinger, H.","Bisang, I., Schnyder, N., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,ANTHOCERATOPHYTA,ANTHOCEROTOPSIDA,ANTHOCEROTALES,ANTHOCEROTACEAE,Anthoceros,punctatus,,Anthoceros punctatus  ,L.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Dotted Hornwort (Anthoceros punctatus) is a species found growing on humid soil near ponds or ditches and along pathways. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 9 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 2,000 km2. It is at the edge of its distribution and therefore rare in the central parts of Europe. However, the overall population trend is thought to be stable. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large distribution range and the population trend is presumed to be stable. The destruction of roadsides, ditches and pathways can be threats for this species, though it does not seem to be threatened in its main distribution area.

There is no information available about conservation actions in place for this species, but resource and habitat protection are recommended. It would be useful to revise all herbarium specimens from eastern European countries, in order to determine whether it really occurs in eastern Europe or not. Further research into the population size, distribution and trends are needed for this species.",Stable,"The range of the Dotted Hornwort (Anthoceros punctatus) extends from Ireland in the west to Germany and Switzerland in the east (Nebel and Philippi 2005, Bisang and Urmi 2006) and from Sicily in the south to the Netherlands and Scotland in the north. It has a southwestern, Mediterranean-Atlantic distribution. Records from Scandinavia appear to be erroneous. As this species was often not distinguished from the closely related A. agrestis, it is probably also erroneously recorded from eastern European countries. Outside Europe the species is known from Asia, North and South America and northern Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 9 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 2,000 km2. It can be found growing at altitudes up to 550 m Asl.",The subpopulations seems to be stable in western and southern Europe. It is at the edge of its distribution and therefore rare in the central parts of Europe. It is probably absent from eastern Europe. The overall population trend is thought to be stable.,"In contrast to A. agrestis, which is primarily a plant of arable fields, this species grows more often on humid soil near ponds or ditches and along pathways.","Nebel and Philippi (2005) give the destruction of roadsides, ditches and pathways as a threat for this species. It does not seem to be threatened in its main distribution area.","There is no information available about conservation actions in place for this species, but resource and habitat protection are recommended. It is included in the national Red Lists of a few countries, being assessed as Critically Endangered in Sardinia, as Vulnerable in the Netherlands, and as Near Threatened in Italy (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas. It would be useful to revise all herbarium specimens from eastern European countries, in order to determine whether it really occurs in eastern Europe or not. Further research into the population size, distribution and trends are needed for this species.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Englefield, E.,Ignatov, M.,Hodgetts, N.","Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,LEUCODONTACEAE,Antitrichia,californica,,Antitrichia californica  ,Sull. ex Lesq.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Irish Threadwort (Antitrichia californica) shows a widely disjunct distribution from western North America to Eurasia and North Africa. In Europe, this species is known from the south, and the subpopulations may occur in some quantity, although they are sometimes locally rare. The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species in Europe and the EU 28 is estimated to be around 4.5 million km2 and the estimated area of occupancy is estimated to be around 1 km2. Although the AOO is moderately small, the current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be increasing. Therefore, this species has been assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

However, excessive land use, changes in biotic and habitat conditions, as well as fires can be important threats to this species. Even so, current climate warming with increased frequency, length and intensity of drought periods can be favorable to this species in some areas. No special conservation actions for this species in Europe are required at the moment. However, maintenance of habitats would benefit this species. Further research on the population size and trend of this species, as well as threats to it, is required.



",Increasing,"This species shows a widely disjunct distribution from western North America to Eurasia and North Africa (Allorge 1947, Sérgio 1990).

In Europe, the basic distribution was established by Podpera (1954) but the species was then also reported from the Iberian Peninsula and Macaronesia (Casas et al. 1985). The species is also now know from Portugal (Sérgio and Carvalho 2003), southern France (Huggonot 2008), Corsica (Sotiaux et al. 2007, Huggonot 2008), Italy, Sardinia (Aleffi et al. 2008), Sicily (Müller 2010), ex-Yugoslavia (Düll et al.1999), new sites in Macedonia (Papp and Erzberger 2012), Greece, including Crete (Düll 1995) and Cyprus (Blockeel 2003). This species has also been confirmed to be present in Madeira in the highest altitudes (Hedenäs 1992) and in the Canary Islands, in Gran Canary, Tenerife and La Palma (Dirkse et al. 1993, González-Mancebo et al. 2008).

The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species in Europe and the EU 28 is estimated to be around 4.3 million km2 and the estimated area of occupancy is estimated to be around 1,048 km2. The EOO is assessed with data from Portugal using modelling distribution based on ecological information (Sérgio et al. 2007). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 60 m to 1,900 m asl.","This species forms loose patches and the subpopulations may occur in some quantity, although they are sometimes locally rare, but they are well dispersed throughout the central space of the Iberian Peninsula in the mountain belt (Casas et al. 1985).

This species is narrowly distributed at the European level (ECCB 1995), but it looks to be relatively frequent in Greece and the Aegean Islands, as a result of new fieldwork (T. Blockeel pers. comm. 2018). The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be increasing.","This species has mostly been found to grow on soil between rocks, with soil litter, or in rock crevices and earthy slopes, in not or little exposed situations. It was also found on humid substrates among acidic rocks, granite or schist outcrops, and also on tree trunks. This species grows in more or less natural vegetation, in mixed Mediterranean vegetation, often at low or moderate elevations. In Portugal, it is found growing up to 850 m asl, in Spain up to about 1,300 m Asl, and in Madeira up to 1,600 m Asl). 

This species frequently acts as an epiphyte in olive trees and in ""quercineas"". Occasionally, it has been found occurring on walls or in artificial substrates, often in anthropogenic areas such as in urban areas and artificial walls. This species has some phytogeographic importance.","This species grows in different substrates, mainly in rocky banks in habitats with little or some disturbance. Excessive land use, changes in biotic and habitat conditions, as well as fires can therefore be important threats. The spread of exotic species, the construction of dams as well as touristic pressures are also serious threats to the preservation of this species.

Current climate warming with increased frequency, length and intensity of drought periods can be favorable to this species in some areas.","Little is known about the subpopulations of this species, but it is not considered to be threatened in Portugal and Spain in the most recent national Red Lists for these countries (Garilleti and Albertos 2012, Sérgio et al. 2013). This species has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in Madeira (Sim-Sim et al. 2014) and as Near Threatened (NT) in the Canary Archipelago (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012).However this species is reported to some protected areas as Natural Parks in Portugal and also Natura 2000 zones.

This species is considered to have an increasing population trend, and so it does not need any special conservation actions. However, maintenance of habitats would benefit this species. Further research on the population size and trend of this species, as well as threats to it, is required.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Aleffi, M.","Sergio, C. & Garcia, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,LEUCODONTACEAE,Antitrichia,curtipendula,,Antitrichia curtipendula  ,(Hedw.) Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Pendulous Wing-moss (Antitrichia curtipendula) is widely distributed in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large and stable population and there appear to be no major threats at the European scale. It thrives in a variety of environmental conditions and is found at different altitudes.",Stable,"The Pendulous Wing-moss (Antitrichia curtipendula) is widely distributed in Europe, where it has spread from north to south and even in the Caucasus and to the eastern part of the continent. It also grows in the Canary Islands, Madeira, Faroes and Iceland. Moreover, it is known in North America and Patagonia, in Asia and Africa (Newberry 2015).",Subpopulations can be large in good quality habitats. In southern Europe and Scotland there are large epiphytic and epilithic subpopulations. The overall population size is very large and the current population trend is stable.,"This species lives on cliffs and in open environments on soil, walls and trunks or in forest environments on branches of various coniferous and deciduous trees, or more rarely in mountain grasslands. It grows from low to high altitudes (sea level to 2,100 m Asl) and it is sensitive to air pollution.","In central and northwestern Europe, air pollution from coal production caused a marked decline in this species in the 20th Century. However, since the 1990s it has begun to recover thanks to better air quality. The subpopulations in the Austrian Alps are believed to be declining since forestry practices (short rotation length) are leading to a decline in trees. Some regional subpopulations of forest areas suffer from actions of poor silviculture, as well as the decline of old-growth forests. For forest subpopulations, an increase in the frequency and intensity of wildfires can also pose a threat to this species in southern Europe. Species can take some years to regenerate after large fires. Related to what, in some European countries it appears to be a threatened species. However, overall it appears to be stable and not at risk.",This species is included in some regional red lists of central and eastern Europe (Hodgetts 2015). At the European level no specific conservation actions are necessary. This species is present in protected areas throughout its range.,In southern Europe this species is sometimes used in nativity sets.,"Cálix, M.,Rumsey, F.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F., Lüth, M. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Aongstroemia,longipes,,Aongstroemia longipes  ,(Sommerf.) Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Sprig-moss (Aongstroemia longipes) has a scattered distribution across northern Europe, found mainly in boreal and arctic Europe. The area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 800 and 900 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 6 and 7 million km2. In EU 28, the AOO is between 300 and 400 km2 and the EOO is between 3 and 4 million km2. It seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area in Europe and the EU 28. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

However, this species is considered threatened in some countries, such as Finland and Germany, and site protection in the lowlands is recommended. The species can be affected by overgrowth and by the regulation of rivers. The species may also be affected by climate change in the mountain areas in the future.",Stable,"The species has a circumpolar boreal-montane range. It is found mainly in boreal and arctic Europe, from Iceland and Svalbard (Frisvoll and Blom 1997) to the Alps and east to arctic Russia (Hodgetts 2015). Outside Europe this species is also found in Greenland, northernmost North America, and arctic Asia (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 800 and 900 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 6 and 7 million km2. In EU 28, the AOO is between 300 and 400 km2 and the EOO is between 3 and 4 million km2. The altitudinal range of this species is between 20 m and 2,500 m Asl.","This species is scattered in the northern half of Europe, often in small short-lived subpopulations in disturbed habitats. It is rare in countries like Sweden, Great Britain, France, Italy, Austria, Germany, Switzerland and Finland, but it is more common in Norway, arctic Russia, northwest Russia (Ignatov et al. 2006) and on Iceland and Svalbard.

  The species has historically shown a decline in the lowlands of central Europe, but it is known to colonize new habitats (C. Schröck and N. Lönnell pers. comm. 2017). In Finland, it has lost most of its old localities in the southern part of the country, but it has also been recently found, for example on the river shore and on road-side habitats in the northern part of the country. In both Europe and the EU 28, the population size is probably stable. The population is not severely fragmented and the population size is larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as proxy for individual).","The species grows on moist humus-rich soil, and often also on calcareous sand. It is found along road-sides, river shores, tracks and streams. In lowland areas, it occurs in strongly disturbed habitats, such as in gravel-pits and ditches, abandoned quarries, shingle beds, moorland tracks and unsealed roads and along the shores of regulated waters (Blockeel et al. 2014). At such sites it may temporarily occupy large areas, but it disappears as soon as other vegetation establishes (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). Associated species often include Dicranella varia, Fossombronia incurva (Crundwell 1965), Haplomitrium hookeri and Riccardia incurvata (Blockeel et al. 2014).

  In the Alps it is also found on calcareous snow beds and around lakes (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). It produces sporophytes.

This species is easily overlooked because of its small size and its resemblance in the field to depauperate plants of Anomobryum ssp. and Pohlia ssp. Hesselbo (1918) reported that it grew “most frequently as single specimens scattered among other mosses” and that most specimens were not seen until after the material had been brought back from the field. When present in small quantities, it is unlikely to be found except by conscious searching in suitable habitats.",The species can be affected by overgrowth since it needs open and disturbed environments. It can also be threatened by the regulation of rivers (Ulvinen 2009). It is possible that the species may be affected by climate change in the mountain areas in the future.,"The species is assessed as Endangered (EN) in Finland and Germany (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in protected areas throughout its range. However, site protection in the lowlands is recommended for this species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Köckinger, H.,Fettes, N.D.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,SPLACHNALES,SPLACHNACEAE,Aplodon,wormskioldii,,Aplodon wormskioldii  ,(Hornem.) R.Br.,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least  Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Carrion-moss (Aplodon wormskioldii) is a moss occurring on carrion and animal scats or pellets in wet areas in the arctic and alpine zones in northern Europe. The species is found on Svalbard, in northern Scandinavia and northern Russia, and few individual-equivalents are known from Estonia. It is considered to have gone extinct in the United Kingdom. Even though this species has a restricted geographic range, with an area of occupancy (AOO) ofbetween 700 and 800 km2 in Europe,the habitat in the core area in the north is stable at present and climate change is not expected to significantly affect the species in the near future. In addition, the species is a colonist, and there are more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe.

However, within the EU 28, this species is much rarer, with an AOO of ca 300 km2, and a population trend that is inferred to be slightly decreasing, but not severely fragmented. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

The survival of this species is dependent on the future existence of dead animals, especially lemmings, lying in wet fens, of flies dispersing the spores and a cold climate. The prediction of a warmer climate, especially the quick raise of temperature in Svalbard (where the species has its main subpopulation) will affect the total population in a negative way. Further research into the population size and trends, as well as monitoring of this species is recommended.",Decreasing,"The distribution of this species is circumpolar and arctic-montane. The species is found on Svalbard, in northern Scandinavia and northern Russia. One record is from Estonia. This species is widespread in arctic areas, especially in Svalbard, but it is rarer in subarctic regions of Scandinavia. It is very rare further south in Europe to southern Finland. The southernmost occurrence in Europe is in England and Scotland, however, it has not been recorded here since 1981 and it is considered as possibly extinct (Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 10 m and 2,000 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North America and northern Asia (BFNA 2015). 

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 700 and 800 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 4 and 5 million km². Within the EU 28, the AOO is ca 300 km² and the EOO ca 1.5 million km².","This species is quite rare in Europe, where it occurs mainly in the arctic region, especially on Svalbard and the Kola Peninsula, and in the subalpine and low-alpine belts of the Scandinavian mountains, with a considerably higher frequency in the west and in more humid parts (especially Norway). Elsewhere, the distribution of this species is much sparser. The distribution in European Russia is mainly within the Murmansk District where this species is characterized as ""scattered in different parts of the district and mentioned from several localities along coast of Barents Sea, including Rybachii Peninsula on the west to Lokanga on the east mountains and on the coast of White Sea” (Schljakov and Konstantinova 1982). Old records are also registered in the United Kingdom, where it has not been recorded since 1981, (N. Hodgetts pers. comm. 2017) and Estonia, where it is present in six localities and the last record is from 2003 (Vellak et al. 2015). Subfossil layers on Greenland indicate that this species was very common in north-western Greenland, approximately 6,500 to 4,000 years ago (Brassard and Blake 1978).

  In Finland, this species seems to have decreased in the southern part of country, although it is still rather common in northernmost Lapland, but it is probably declining (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). Recent fieldwork in northernmost Lapland indicate that the species is now rarer than before (R. Juutinen pers. comm. 2017). In Norway, this species has been collected from about 30 km2, spread through the country from Rogaland and Buskerud in the south to Finnmark in the north.

In Norway, most new findings are made in northern boreal-low alpine zone. Locally, this species may be quite common, but some subpopulations are small. In Norway, 10 individual-equivalents per patch is used as a proxy per locality to estimate there are 7,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using one piece of dung or decomposing carcass or 1 m2 on which the species grows as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) in the country.

In the Scandinavian mountains, lemming populations fluctuate in size and the abundance of this species increases/decreases according to the amount of lemming carcasses present in the environment. However, this fluctuation is not considered to be ten-fold in the overall population size and the species is therefore not considered to show extreme fluctuations in population size.

The species is a colonist, and therefore short-lived. It is estimated that there are more than 10,000 individual-equivalents of this species in Europe. In the EU 28, it is estimated that there are three individual-equivalents in Estonia, 50 individual-equivalents in Finland and less than 10,000 in Sweden. The population within both Europe and EU 28 is inferred to be slightly decreasing, however, not severely fragmented.","This species grows on decomposing corpses of reindeer, deer, sheep and other animals, and more rarely bird pellets and animal dung, always on boggy ground in the mountains, or in raised bogs. This species is also present in lowlands in Estonia and Scandinavia. The last record of the species in the United Kingdom was from a sheep carcass in a mire together with Splachnum ampullaceum, S. sphaericum and Tetraplodon mnioides (Blockeel et al. 2014).

The species depends on the occurrences of animals both for substrate and dispersal (since the spores are transported by flies). At present, the habitat seems to be stable and there does not appear to be a continuing decline. It is also depending on a wet habitat, so if the area of its habitats (wetlands) are declining this species will also decline.","The decline of the subpopulations in the south can indicate that this alpine-arctic species can be sensitive to a warmer climate. This species occurs in wet fens, and at least in northern Scandinavia, fens are predicted to dry up if the climate continues to get warmer. However, this is not expected to significantly impact the species in the near future. This, in combination with the fact that the species in Scandinavian mountain grows on dead lemmings and that the number of lemmings fluctuate very much (Fauteux et al. 2015), the moss species can also fluctuate, and this can raise the extinction risk.

Wetlands in the arctic region might, in the future, become drier because of a warmer climate. If areas of wetlands are declining, this species will also decline. This species also depends on a cold climate and therefore a higher temperature might be a negative factor because of a drier habitat.","The species is in the national Red Lists of Finland as Near Threatened (NT), Norway and Estonia as Vulnerable (VU), and Great Britain as Possibly Extinct (PE) (Hassel et al. 2015, Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in at least one protected areas.

The population size, trends and status of this species needs to be checked as soon as possible, and so further research is required. At places where this species still exists, the subpopulations need to be monitored.",There is no use and trade information for this species.,"Hedenäs, L.,Cálix, M.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PELLIALES,PELLIACEAE,Apopellia,endiviifolia,,Apopellia endiviifolia  ,(Dicks.) Nebel &amp; D.Quandt,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Endive Pellia (Apopellia endiviifolia) is widespread and common throughout Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Although this species has at least historically declined in primary habitats like fens, it is also often found in secondary habitats, and the overall population size is large and the current trend is stable. It often forms large subpopulations. As this liverwort is secure and usually abundant in most countries where it occurs, it is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28. Only primary habitats like springs and fens are threatened by drainage, water discharges and nutrient inputs. However, overall there are no serious threats to this species, and no conservation measures at the European level are currently required.



 



 



 



",Stable,"This species shows a circumpolar southern-temperate distribution. It is widespread and common throughout Europe, only missing from the Arctic regions, a large part of southern European Russia, the Azores, the Canary Islands, Moldova, Monaco and Gibraltar. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is also known from the Mediterranean coastal regions of North Africa, Central Asia, China, Korea, Japan, the Himalayas, Oman and western North America. It has been found growing from sea level up to 2,500 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","Although this specieshas at least historically declined in primary habitats like fens, it is also often found in secondary habitats, and the overall population size is large and the current trend is stable. It often forms large subpopulations.","This species occurs in a wide range of strongly basic to slightly acidic habitats (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014, Köckinger 2017). It prefers wet substrates such as sand, soil and also wet rocks. It occurs often in or close to running water and is typical for springs and also spring fens. It also occurs in secondary habitats such as on moist forest roads and in quarries.","Only primary habitats like springs and fens are threatened by drainage, water discharges and nutrient inputs. Overall there are no serious threats to this species at the European level.","

This liverwort is secure and usually abundant in most countries where it occurs, but it has been assessed as Near Threatened in Finland and Italy (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation measures at the European level are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas.","This species is not utilised or traded.

","Englefield, E.,Orgaz Alvarez, J.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ARCHIDIALES,ARCHIDIACEAE,Archidium,alternifolium,,Archidium alternifolium  ,(Dicks. ex Hedw.) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Clay Earth-moss (Archidium alternifolium) is known mostly from in western, central and southern Europe. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 8,000 and 10,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 11 and 12 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 8,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 9 million km2. This species is widespread in most parts of Europe, however rarer towards the north and in the mountains. It seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area in Europe, as well as in the EU 28. In addition, there are no evident threats known to the species. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in Finland and Germany. Even so, no conservation action is needed at present.",Stable,"This species has a European temperate range. It is found in western, central and southern Europe, north to Iceland, the Faroe Islands and central Norway, east to northwestern Russia, Crete and the Aegean Islands. It is also recorded from Macaronesia and Turkey (Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between sea level and 1,200 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in North America, Mexico and northern Africa (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 8,000 and 10,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 11 and 12 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 8,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 9 million km2.","This species is widespread in most parts of Europe, however, it is rarer towards the north and in the mountains. In Finland, this species is rare on the southern coast, and has been suffering from overgrowth of seashore meadows (Laine and Syrjänen 2009). In Russia, this species was found in 1951 near St. Petersburg, however, it has again been searched for here, without positive result (O. Afonina pers. comm. 2018). In Britain, there has been an upward trend in records in the past two decades, maybe partly due to increased interest in the flora of reservoir margins, but also to systematic recording in regions (Blockeel et al. 2014). The overall current population trend seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows on bare sandy or clayey moist soil in open environments, normally on rather calcium poor substrata. This species is found along tracks, in ditches, on shores and in heaths. In Iceland, this species is common close to hot springs. In Sweden, it is most common in south-western parts especially in coastal habitats. Typically, this species occurs on moist non-calcareous open habitats, most often where the ground is kept bare by intermittent submergence, but sometimes also where there has been disturbance by vehicles, trampling or sea spray (Hallingbäck et al. 2006).

In Britain, this species is locally abundant by lakes and reservoirs, either in nearly pure stands, which may be extensive, or with associates such as Fossombronia spp., Scapania irrigua, Solenostoma gracillimum, Bryum pallens, Ephemerum serratum and Pohlia spp. In coastal habitats, this species occurs in spray-washed grassland and seasonally wet hollows on cliff tops, on thin soil fringing rock outcrops, and in upper saltmarsh turf; associates in these habitats include Cephaloziella spp., Bryum dichotomum, Tortella flavovirens, Tortula spp. and Trichostomum brachydontium (Blockeel et al. 2014).","There are no major threats to this species, since it often occurs in habitats with some disturbance.","The species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in the Red Lists of Finland and Germany (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area.

  No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Schröck, C.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Arctoa,anderssonii,,Arctoa anderssonii  ,Wich.,,No,VU,D1,No,EN,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Arctoa anderssonii is a rare species, known from only a few localities in each country, but it is more or less abundant on Iceland. There are no major threats to the species, and the population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28, but the subpopulations are small.

In Europe, it is overlooked but the total population size of the species is estimated to be of fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable.

However, in the EU 28, it is estimated that there are fewer than 250 individual-equivalents and the species is therefore assessed as Endangered. 

Beside more protected areas, a monitoring programme is also needed in order to follow and understand the population dynamics of this species. Further research is required on the impact of climate change on the species.",Stable,"The species has a circumpolar arctic-montane range. It is reported from Svalbard and Iceland to the Scandiavian mountains and Scotland (Rothero 2009). It is a rare species, known from only a few localities in each country (Hodgetts 2015). There is one old record from the Faroe Islands(Jensen 1901). This record was checked and confirmed by Frisvoll (1981), based on a duplicate at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology Herbarium (TRH). Outside Europe this species is also found in Africa (O'Shea 2006). Dubious old records are from North America (Alaska and Canada).

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 140 and 300 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2.3 million km2. In the EU 28, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be around 16 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 0.3 million km2. The altitudinal range of this species is between 30 m and 2,000 m Asl.

","This species is rare in several of the European countries, however, it seems to be more or less abundant on Iceland. The overall population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28. Within the EU 28 region, the population is severely fragmented. In Scotland, it is only found at one site where it is rare, and there are thought to only be around 10 individual-equivalents. In Norway, there are two localities and in Svalbard there are six localities. In Sweden there are two recent localities (with around 20 individual-equivalents in each site, and thus around 40 in total). It is relatively frequent in Iceland, with around 30 localities. It is overlooked in Europe, but the total population size of the species is estimated to be of fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent), considering that it is estimated to be around 20 individual-equivalents per site. 

In the EU 28 (Scotland and Sweden), the population size is estimated to be below 250 individual-equivalents.","The species is found in alpine regions, in scree and precipices inundated by melting snow. It grows on moist sand, silicate boulders and rock-faces. It is also known to grow along the verge of a mountain brook together with Scapania at a Swedish site (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). 

It grows on moist cliffs on mountains in mainland Norway, according to the Norwegian Red List.","There are no major threats to this species. This species appear to grow in crevices fed by water from melting snowbeds. If the snowbed areas melt down earlier during the summer with a changed warmer climate, the moss will dry out. However, these effects need to be investigated.","This species is in the red lists of Norway, Sweden and Great Britain as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015).

Within the EU 28 region, conservation actions are needed to stop the future population decline. This species is known to occur in at least one protected area. Beside more protected areas, a monitoring programme is also needed in order to follow and understand the population dynamics of this species. Further research is required on the impact of climate change on the species.",This species is not used.,"Vellak, K.,Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Ştefănuţ, S.,Bambe, B.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Arctoa,fulvella,,Arctoa fulvella  ,(Dicks.) Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Arctic Fork-moss (Arctoa fulvella) is relatively common in the high alpine areas. It is found in nearly all the central and northern European mountain ranges from the Pyrenees, the Alps and the Carpathians, and north to the arctic. The population size is much larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents in both Europe and the EU 28. This species seems to have a viable and large population, with no declining trend within its core distribution area in Europe and EU 28. In addition, besides a warmer climate, there are no evident threats known to the species. Therefore, this species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Andorra, Spain and Romania. A number of recent studies have shown that species from lower altitudes are steadily expanding to higher elevations. In combination with the projected future rise in temperature, it seems probable that the habitat of this species will gradually deteriorate. Monitoring of distribution and population trend is therefore required.",Stable,"This species has an arctic-montane distribution range in Europe. It is found in nearly all the central and northern European mountain ranges from the Pyrenees, the Alps and the Carpathians, and north to the arctic. This species is scattered in northern Europe, from the low-alpine to the high-alpine region (Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species is between 10 m and 2,750 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North America, and Asia (BFNA 2007).



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,700 and 2,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 9 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 900 and 1,000 km2 and the EOO is between 4 and 5 million km2.","In northern Europe, this species is relatively common in the high alpine area, and the population size is much larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents in both Europe and the EU 28 (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equivalent). A very large proportion of the total population occurs in the intermediate and high arctic zones, only some scattered findings are recorded from lowland areas. A number of recent studies have shown that species from lower altitudes are steadily expanding to higher elevations. In combination with the projected future rise in temperature, it seems probable that the habitat of this species will gradually deteriorate. However, the current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","In northern Europe, it grows on moist sandy soil and rock, typically on hard siliceous rocks near streams and late melting snow. At lower altitudes in the Scandinavian mountains, it is generally found on shaded, moist, non-calcareous rocks. In middle-alpine and high-alpine belts, it may occur almost everywhere on rocks or on sandy or silty soil among boulders or rocks. This species may form large mats in sand-filled, slightly sloping depressions with percolation water. Andreaea species, especially A. obovata, Grimmia incurva, Gymnomitrium concinnatum, Kiaeria falcata and Marsupella species, Pogonatum capillare, Pohlia drummondii etc. are often associated with this species in such places, and it also often occurs in various mixed samples from summits and ridges (Mårtensson 1956).



In Scotland, this species usually grows in crevices in the mountains, most frequently at the higher elevations in areas where snow melt is late, but it also occurs at quite low elevations on some western hills. It seems to be indifferent to rock type, occurring on granite in corries but also on more base-rich schists. It occurs in an open community on such crags with a range of associated species including common plants like Diplophyllum albicans, Pohlia nutans, Racomitrium heterostichum and R. lanuginosum, but also with more markedly montane species such as Gymnomitrion concinnatum, Marsupella alpina, Kiaeria falcata and K. starkei (Blockeel et al. 2014).","The major threat is climatic changes, especially increases in temperature.","

The species is included in several national Red Lists. It is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in Ireland and Switzerland, as Endangered (EN) in Slovakia, as Critically Endangered (CR) in Andorra, Spain and Romania, and as Regionally Extinct (RE) in the Czech Republic (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in several protected areas. Monitoring of distribution and population trend is of great interest.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Orgaz Alvarez, J.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Arctoa,hyperborea,,Arctoa hyperborea  ,(Gunnerus ex With.) Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Arctoa hyperborea is a true mountain moss, found at high altitudes. This species is found in northern Europe in Norway, northern Sweden, Finland, in the Alps (France) and in the Carpathians (Romania). This is a fairly rare species, with large distribution gaps, and for both Europe and the EU 28, the current population trend is unknown. The population size is most probably larger than 250 but less than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in both Europe and the EU 28. The major threat to this species is climate change, especially increases in temperature. Therefore, this species is assessed as Vulnerable in both Europe and the EU 28. 

The gap in the distribution of this species consist mainly of areas that only been investigated very little or not at all. Protection of more sites is needed, as well as more data on the distribution area and population trends.",Unknown,"This species is found in northern Europe in Norway, northern Sweden, Finland, in the Alps (France) and in the Carpathians (Romania) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is a true mountain moss, found at high altitudes (Mårtensson 1956). Most of the Fennoscandian localities are found in the high alpine belt, and the others are found in the upper parts of the subalpine belt. The moss seems to occur throughout the Scandes (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland and North America (BFNA 2007). The species is therefore not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 100 and 200 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 2.5 and 3.0 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 50 and 100 km2 and the EOO is between 2 and 2.5 million km2.","This is a fairly rare species, with large distribution gaps, even if these gaps consist mainly of areas that only been investigated very little or not at all (Mårtensson 1956). In Finland, where there is only one old observation, it is assumed to be regionally extinct (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). In total, the European and EU 28 population sizes are most probably larger than 250 but less than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent). The current population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows on damp rock-faces, flushed flat rocks and in rock crevices, sometimes near glacial water flows. It always occurs on acidic substrata (Hallingbäck et al. 2006).","The major threat is climate change, especially increases in temperature.","This species is in the Red List of Romania as Critically Endangered (CR) and is assessed as Regionally Extinct (RE) in Finland (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in at least one protected area. Protection of more sites is needed, as well as more data on the distribution area and population trends.",The species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Denyer, J.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,ARNELLIACEAE,Arnellia,fennica,,Arnellia fennica  ,(Gottsche) Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Arnellia fennica is found in arctic areas, with relictual occurrences in the Alps, Carpathians, Balkans and Pyrenees. All subpopulations are small and the largest has ca 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 400 and 500 km2, and the population size is considered to be slightly more than 10,000 individuals. The current population trend is considered to be unknown in both Europe and the EU 28, but may be declining in some areas of the EU 28. In the EU 28, the AOO is estimated to be between 120 and 180 km2 and the EOO is ca 1.8 million km2. The EU 28 population size is less than 10,000 individual-equivalents, with largest subpopulation smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Europe and Near Threatened (NT) within the EU 28, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion C.

The major future threat is a change in the vegetation due to a warmer and drier climate. Drier conditions could lead to a decline in some subpopulations found at the margins of the current range. Beside climate change, forestry activities can have a negative impact on some subpopulations in the lowland, since clear cutting can lead to unsuitably dry conditions. Research on the biology is needed in order to better understand the habitat requirements and to fully understand population trends and threats.",Unknown,"This is an arctic-alpine species with a range that is considered to be circumarctic, with relictual occurrences in the Alps, the Carpathians, the Balkans and the Pyrenees (Hodgetts 2015). In the Alps, there are both old and recent records from areas in France (Mont Blanc area), Austria, Italy (one old locality, not seen after 1950) and also Germany (now extinct). It has also been found in Svalbard (Frisvoll and Blom 1997), Poland (Tatra mountains) and from Slovenia (Damsholt 2002). Several new localities have been found in northern Russia, in the Ural mountains and in the Kola Peninsula (Dulin 2008, Schuster and Konstantinova 1996, Konstantinova et al. 2009). This species has also very recently been found in the French Pyrenees (M. Infante and C. Hannoire, published in Ellis et al. 2017).

In Asia, this species is known from Siberia, Yenisei and Lena River valleys. In North America, this species is transcontinental, and found in the far north, in the west from Alaska to Yukon and British Columbia. In the east, it is found from Ellesmere Island and Devon Island in the north to Manitoba, Ontario and with disjunctions as far south as South Dakota. This species is also known from Greenland (Damsholt 2002). The species is not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 400 and 500 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5.7 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is estimated to be between 120 and 180 km2 and the EOO is ca 1.8 million km2. The altitudinal range of the species in Europe is from sea level to 2,165 m Asl.","In the Nordic countries, this species occurs in the northern part, where calcareous substrates are present (Damsholt 2002). In Sweden, it is rare, and grows among mosses on undisturbed Dryas heath and calcareous rocky slopes with permanent humidity. The sites are small in area, with few individuals. In Finland, in the Kuusamo and Salla region, the species can form larger subpopulations, however they are always less than 250 m2. In Svalbard, this species is not rare in suitable areas, but each subpopulation covers less than 50 m2. In Austria, there are ten known sites (including four historical sites) and the subpopulations are small. In Russia, the species is found in several localities in the Ural Mountains. The overall current population trend is unknown for both Europe and the EU 28, but may be declining in some areas of the EU 28. The size of the subpopulation of this species in the Pyrenees seems to be very small (Ellis et al. 2017). In total, in Europe there is probably a bit more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent). In the EU 28, there is considered to be less than 10,000 individual-equivalents. 

The species is a weak competitor. Changes in vegetation due to a warmer climate may have a negative effect on the species in future. In Norway, it is likely that the subpopulation is in a phase where it is in decline due to changing competitive condition (Hassel et al. 2015).","This species is a liverwort which grows in crevices, between boulders or on rocks in calcareous surroundings. It is found in rather humid and shaded places, mostly where moisture is prevalent, often together with, for example, Plagiochila asplenioides ssp. porelloides, Myurella julacea, Clevea hyalina, Scapania gymnostomophila, Mesoptychia heterocolpos, L. alpestris, L. perssonii, Tritomaria scitula and Blepharostoma trichophyllum ssp. trichophyllum. More rarely, it grows on trunks covered by alluvial mud (Damsholt 2002). In the Ural Mountains, this species grows on ledges and cavities in the middle part of rock outcrops that are colonized by grass and spruce-birch communities on shaded slopes. In Russia, it occurs in pure patches together with Mesoptychia badensis and Lophoziopsis pellucida (Dulin 2014). Sporophytes seem to be rare and gemmae do not occur. This is a perennial species, and it is thought to have a poor ability to disperse. However, it is likely that more than 50% of the population is found in Finland and European Russia, where subpopulations are larger than in the rest of its distribution. The population is therefore not thought to be severely fragmented. There is no evidence of any continuing decline in habitat, however, the uncertainty is rather high.","The major threats to this species are changes in the vegetation due to a warmer and drier climate. Drier conditions could lead to a decline in some subpopulations found at the margins of the current range. However, climate change is not expected to have a significant impact on the overall population in the near future.

Beside climate change, forestry activities can have a negative impact on some subpopulations in the lowland, since clear cutting can lead to unsuitably dry conditions.","This species is in the Red List of Germany as Regionally Extinct (RE), in Italy as Data Deficient (DD) and in Slovenia as Endangered (EN). In Norway and Sweden, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), in Poland it is assessed as Rare (R) and in Finland and Austria as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015).

Research on the biology is needed in order to better understand the habitat requirements and to fully understand population trends and threats. The species is known to occur in several protected areas.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hassel, K.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Arvernella,microclada,,Arvernella microclada  ,Hugonnot &amp; Hedenäs,,Yes,EN,D,Yes,EN,D,EU28,,"Arvenella microclada has so far only been found in the Massif Central of France, from where it was described in 2015. It is probably endemic to France. This species is assessed as Endangered since the population size is estimated to be between 50 and 250 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals). The current population trend is unknown. The combination of a specialised substrate and habitat make it very likely that the amount of suitable habitat for this species is very restricted, although it could be present elsewhere in temperate mountain regions across Europe. Grazing, by domestic as well as wild animals, can threaten this species, but can also conversely be a benefit to its specialised habitat - more research is required. A significant part of the known subpopulations of this species in the Puy-de-Dôme department is currently included in the Nature Reserve of Vallée de Chaudefour. Additional site protection is recommended for this very rare species. Ex-situ conservation is also recommended. In addition, more research is needed into the ecology of this species, its population size, distribution and trend as well as additional threats it may face.",Unknown,"This species has so far only been found in the                  Massif Central of France, from where it was described in 2015 (Hugonnot and Hedenäs 2015, Hugonnot 2015). It is probably endemic to France, but the species is still poorly known. It was deliberately searched for in the Pyrenees and western Alps, but without success to date (V. Hugonnot pers. comm. 2017). It occurs at elevations between 1,400 m and 1,600 m Asl. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at 44 km2, whilst the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at just 20 km2.","According to Hugonnot and Hedenäs (2015) this species is a specialist of a habitat that is rather rare in the Auvergne region. Little is known about the population size. Since this species grows in between boulders, one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre where the species occurs. At one of the known sites in France, at least 30 individual-equivalents were recorded (J. Kučera pers. comm. 2017) but most of the recorded subpopulations comprise fewer than 20 (V. Hugonnot pers. comm. 2017). Currently the population size is estimated to be between 50 and 250 individual-equivalents. It could be present elsewhere in temperate mountain regions in Europe. The current population trend is unknown.","This species is most often associated with subalpine tall-herb communities with a northern aspect, in unstable, steep scree slopes. Several findings were made at the limit of montane Fagus sylvatica stands and subalpine tall-herb communities or in mosaics of these. It grows on small blocks of trachyandesite lava (Hugonnot and Hedenäs 2015). The combination of a specialized substrate and habitat make it very likely that the amount of suitable habitat for this species is very restricted.","The species is strongly linked to a highly specialised type of vegetation, and tall-herb stands and subalpine shrublands are more or less heavily (depending on accessibility) influenced by grazing. On the one hand, domestic animals, but also chamois or marmots, contribute significantly to the spread of these communities. On the other hand, trampling and dung enrichment may be detrimental. This conservation issue deserves additional studies (Hugonnot and Hedenäs 2015).","A significant part of the known subpopulations of this species in the Puy-de-Dôme department is currently included in the Nature Reserve of Vallée de Chaudefour. The subpopulations of Cantal are located outside a specific protected area. They are nonetheless both included into the local European Community Directive network (Hugonnot and Hedenäs 2015). Additional site protection is recommended for this very rare species. Ex-situ conservation is also recommended. In addition, more research is needed into the ecology of this species, its population size, distribution and trend as well as additional threats it may face.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Cálix, M.,Patiño, J.","Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Aschisma,carniolicum,,Aschisma carniolicum  ,(F.Weber &amp; D.Mohr) Lindb.,"Plants are very small, approximately to 0.2 cm, and not dispersed, forming compact colonies. Leaves sub-erect, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, apiculate, concave; flat margin entire or winding-crenulated at the apex and slightly indented at the base; laminal cells 6-10 µm in width, square or rounded, papillose, basal cells rectangular and smooth; excurrent nerve or a small apiculus; almost immersed capsule, indehiscent, globular, reddish or orange very evident among the leaves, with short apiculus.



 

Given the similarities between Aschisma carniolicum and Aschisma cuynetii, especially due to their small size, some material that was identified as A. carniolicum has been recently revised and the species' distribution in Spain updated. Note that A. cuynetii presents a similar ecology, but is endemic to Spain.

",No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2b(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Aschisma carniolicum is known from 15 European localities but mostly occurs in the Iberian Peninsula. In many of the other countries it is only known from one or two localities and is listed in old catalogs. The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 28 is estimated to be around 204 km2 (however this may require revision as some old specimens may correspond to Aschisma cuynetii). This species has high habitat specificity and its population is considered to be severely fragmented. The habitat is at an extremely high risk of decline in the future. Therefore, this species is assessed as Endangered for both Europe and the EU 28.

The primary threat to the species is different depending on the area, but some subpopulations on sea-cliffs may be at risk and decreasing from excessive coastal erosion and touristic pressure.The status of the more recently known subpopulations should be monitored in the European area, and there should be new field studies in sites or areas where the species has been previously found. More information is needed concerning the current population trend.

",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Mediterranean region, and outside of Europe, it is known from Israel and North Africa including Morocco and Algeria. Although it has a dispersed distribution in some Mediterranean countries, there are very few recent references, suggesting the species is very rare in the majority of the areas in which it occurs. 

Most recent localities of this species are in the Iberian Peninsula (Sérgio et al. 2013, Brugués et al. 2016). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 10 m and 1,000 m Asl. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species in Europe and the EU 28 is estimated to be around 2.3 millionkm2. The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 28 is estimated to be around 204 km2. However some old specimens may correspond to Aschisma cuynetii, and so the EOO and AOO may need to be revised in the future, as they may be smaller than currently thought.","This moss species shows a somewhat large geographic range but with small population size and with high habitat specificity.

Most recentlocalitiesare in the Iberian Peninsula (Brugués et al. 2016). It was first collected in Portugal by Allorge in 1929 (unpublished report in Sérgio 1972), in the Estoril region (specimen in PC herbarium). It was later discovered in central Portugal, in Sintra and Mafra (Sérgio 1972), in Arrábida, in Serra dos Candeeiros and in the Serra de Sicó (Sérgio and Sim-Sim 1985, Sérgio et al. 1988). It was also documented a few years later in the Alto Alentejo in the Serra de São Mamede (Sérgio et al. 1997) and in Baixo Alentejo in Mina Aparis (Sérgio et al. 2006). Since 2004, the species has not been found again in the Iberian Peninsula, and so it was considered to be LC-att (Least Concern but in an Attention List) (Sérgio et al. 2007, 2013).

In Spain, this species has a scattered distribution from Gerona to Huelva including the Balearic Islands (Guerra et al. 2006). Casas et al. (1985) noted the species presence in 14 squares (10 km2) in the Iberian Peninsula map, withseven in Portugal and seven in Spain. However, there are currently now 12 known areas in Portugal and 15 in Spain (Brugués et al. 2016). In the Balearic Islands, the species is known to occur in only one site (Cros et al. 2008).

In France (including Corsica), the species was thought to be found in the Alpes Maritimes, Bouches-du-Rhône, Corse, Drôme, Hérault, Var and Charente-Maritime (Hugonnot 2007).

 

However, in all other countries of occurrence, there are very few known sites and records may be very old. In Italy, this species was considered Extinct in Toscana (Aleffi et al. 2008), Calabria, Sardegna and in Sicily (Cortini Pedrotti and Aleffi 1992). Blockeel (1995) reported the species from Campania, Sorrento and this record is apparently the first for Italy since 1913. However, in Campania, the species was also found again in Parco Nazionale del Cilento in 2006 (Preston and Blockeel 2006).

This species was also found to occur on Cyprus (Blockeel 2003), and in Slovenia and Croatia, according to the Check-List of the Mosses of southeastern Europe (Sabovljević et al. 2008) but all references date back to before 1962 (Ros et al. 2013) and now is considered RE in Slovenia (Hodgetts 2015). The presence of the species was confirmed in Asiatic Turkey by Erdağ and Kürschner (2017).

This is a short lived species but good disperser, that is present in the field for a very short time and the subpopulations are small. It is probably overlooked, and therefore under-recorded, so the species may be more widespread than it is currently known to be. The population trend is unknown due to a lack of information.Considering the current available information the population can be considered to be severely fragmented, as although the species is a good disperser, the subpopulations are small and isolated and therefore may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","This is a lowland moss species that grows in exposed skeletal soils, such as dry, chalky or 'terra rossa' (red clay) soils. It is often linked to temporarily flooded areas (ponds) of Mediterranean natural meadows or maquis shrubland (densely growing evergreen shrubs) in the lowlands and coastal areas. In these areas, the species is often found with Crassula tillaea and in Spain, it has been found on many occasions with Ampelodesmos mauritanica. This species is also found along the paths on the edge of trampled areas. In Cyprus, the localities of the species are situated near the sea cliffs of the south-facing coast, with particularly interesting xerophytic flora, including Campylostelium pitardii and Gigaspermum mouretii. The habitat is at an extremely high risk of decline in the future.  



The spores are probably viable for several years in the spore bank underground (M. Infante and R. Porley pers. comm. 2016).","

Intensive cattle trampling could pose a threat to the species. Some subpopulationson sea-cliffs may be at risk and decreasing from excessive coastal erosion and touristic pressure. Since this species requires an open habitat, fire itself does not pose a risk, although repeated fires could have a negative effect on the species. Pollution and eutrophisation is to be considered, as well as, future expected climate changes.

","There are no specific conservation actions in place for this moss species, however some subpopulations occur in natural parks or Natura2000 sites. In Portugal, the species is found in Parque Natural da Arrábida, Parque Natural da Serra de São Mamede, Parque Natural das Serras de Aire e Candeeiros and the Sicó/AlvaiázereNatura2000 network site (Sérgio 2013).

In Spain, the species is present in Serra de L’Albera, Important Bryophyte Area (IBrA: 27) (Gariletii and Albertos, 2013). In Italy, the last collection was found in Campania, Parco Nazionale del Cilento (Preston and Blockeel 2006) during the British Bryological Society (BBS) meeting.

In the Iberian area, the species has been evaluated as Vulnerable (VU) in both Portugal and Spain (Sérgio et al. 2013, Brugués and Gonzalez-Mancebo 2012). It was listed as “Rare”  in all of Europe in the European Committee for Conservation of Bryophytes Red List (ECCB 1995).

In France, the species is considered to be of “Intérêt patrimonial très fort” (very strong patrimonial interest) (Hugonnot 2007).

The status of the more recently known subpopulations should be monitored in the European area, and there should be new field studies in sites or areas where the species has been previously found. Where the species is known to occur, habitat management and protection is required.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Fettes, N.D.,Górski, P.","Sergio, C.","Sergio, C.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Aschisma,cuynetii,,Aschisma cuynetii  ,(Bizot &amp; R.B.Pierrot) J.Guerra &amp; M.J.Cano,"

Plants are minute, to 0.2 cm tall. Leaves are oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, concave, margin plane; upper and middle laminal cells quadrate or rounded to rectangular, 6-10 μm wide, papillose; nerve excurrent in mucro or apiculus, prominent on dorsal side, with dorsal and ventral stereid bands. Capsule, globose, brownish, indehiscent and immersed with short apiculus.",Yes,EN,B2ac(iv),Yes,VU,D1,EU28,,"Aschisma cuynetii is endemic to Spain. It is reported in very few sites in the southern border of Spain between Girona to Almería and it is almost always near the coast. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 18,743 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 36 km2. The AOO is assumed to be an under-estimate, because the species appearance is related to seasonal rain in the autumn, which is irregular. The species might be also vulnerable in the long term by climate changes and a decline in the population is already expected. It is severely fragmented and experiences extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN) for both Europe and the EU 28. 



The habitat of this species (Mediterranean shrub and grasslands) are very specific, and are already highly fragmented and subject to continuing and significant decline by tourism and others anthropogenic factors. The species needs open and exposed conditions, and therefore might decline through habitat change from vascular plants growing.



Action is urgently needed to manage and protect existing areas, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future. The construction of new tourist complexes needs to be controlled in the existing sites. More information on the current population size, trends and the overall rate of decline is needed, as well as, confirmation of the species presence and distribution in all parts of its known range.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Spain, and has been reported in a few sites along the eastern coast from Girona to Almería provinces. It was originally described by Bizot et al. (1970), from Cabo de la Nao, in the province of Alicante. The species has since been reported from several other areas of Alicante (Cano and García-Zamora 1995, Gimeno et al. 2001, Puche and Jover 2011), Almería (Guerra et al. 1991, Martínez-Sánchez et al. 1991, García-Zamora et al. 1998), Gerona (Casas 2000), and Murcia (Cano et al. 2010).



Based on available recent records of the species (Brugués and Guerra 2016) the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 18,743km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 36 km2. The AOO is assumed to be an under-estimate, because the species appearance is related to seasonal rain in the autumn, which is irregular. The altitudinal range of this species is between 10 m and 800 m asl.



The species was mentioned in the Iberian Bryophyte Flora (Guerraet al. 2006), and was originally indicated to be found in Baixo Alentejo, Beira Litoral and Estremadura in Portugal. However, all the Portuguese reports were later considered erroneous (Roset al. 2013).","



The size of the subpopulations in each area of occurrence is unknown, but this species is infrequent across its range. It is rare in Cap de Creus (Girona province) and it is possibly decreasing there (M. Brugués pers. comm. 2014) due to increasing tourism in the area. However, in the Playa de la Carolina, in Águila (province of Murcia) this species is rare but the number of plants can be locally abundant (M. Brugués pers. comm. 2014).



This species is probably under recorded, because it is related to seasonal rain in the autumn, which is irregular. The species has been only recently discovered and new localities are being recorded, but there is not enough information to establish its population trend. The current population trend is therefore unknown. However, it is considered that there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent). 

","This species has been found so far in loose turfs on dry, exposed, acidic or calcareous soils. In some cases, it has been found in gypsiferous (calcium sulphate) or slightly saline soils, and more rarely in soil that has accumulated in crevices of rocks, and protosoils among rocks or stony banks.



The habitats of the type material gathered by R.P. Pierrot in 1968 (Bizot et al. 1970) in Alicante are unknown, but new collections have been found in vegetation consisting of dry grasslands with Stipa tenacissima and in clearings of shrubland dominated by Chamaerops humilis, Thymus spp., Pistacia spp., Cistus albidus and Osyris alba. It has also been found in wooded vegetation with Pinus halepensis, and more rarely in slightly saline and nitrified soils with Suaeda vera and Dittrichia viscosa (for example, Mediterranean shrub lands, grasslands).



Mediterranean shrub and grasslands are a very specific habitat which are already highly fragmented and subject to a continuing and significant decline due to tourism and others anthropogenic factors. The species needs open and exposed conditions, and therefore might decline through habitat change from vascular plants growing.



This is not a good disperser and it shows fluctuations in the population, however this may be because the spores are found within the soil.","

 



The distribution of this species near the coast seems to be the reason behind the main threats to the species, which needs open and exposed conditions. The destruction of natural habitats for tourism development has probably eliminated unknown subpopulations and is a real threat to presently known ones. Additionally, an increase in the number of forest plantations, increased water pollution and increased soil drying as a result of global warming and abnormal summer droughts may also pose threats for this species in the future. Intensive cattle trampling and fire events can also pose a threat to the species. 

","This species was considered as a Vulnerable (VU) species in the last two Spanish Red List of bryophytes published (Sérgio et al. 2007, Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012). 



The species occurs in several protected areas within its range. In Girona, the species has been found in the Parc Natural del Cap de Creus. In Alicante, the species has been found in two sites in the Parc Natural de la Serra Gelada (Puche and Jover 2011). In addition, the species has been found in the Parque Natural El Montgó, in the Sierra del Montgó-Cabo San Antonio. In Murcia one of the localities known, playa de la Carolina is included in the “Paisaje protegido Cuatro Calas”. Some of the Almería localities are also protected in different regional parks, such as “Parque Natural del Cabo de Gata-Níjar”.



Action is urgently needed to manage and protect existing areas, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future. The construction of new tourist complexes needs to be controlled in the existing sites. More information on the current population size, trends and the overall rate of decline is needed, as well as confirmation of the species presence and distribution in all parts of its known range.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Laaka-Lindberg, S.","Sergio, C. & Cano, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,AYTONIACEAE,Asterella,africana,,Asterella africana  ,(Mont.) A. Evans,"Plants yellowish green in dense colonies, thalli 1-2 cm long simple or furcate, dull; lobes 0.4-0.5(0.8) mm wide, with sinuose margins, dorsal epidermis with simple, slightly prominent pores, surrounded by concentric rings of (5)6-7 cells. Colourless rhizoids and ventral scales violaceous, with an oblong appendix. Stalk of female receptacle 10-20 mm long. Elaters 7-8 μm wide, with light yellow thickenings. Spores brownish to violet reddish, 60-80 μm in diameter.",No,VU,C2a(i),No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Asterella africana is one of the rarest bryophytes in Europe, occurring in the Mediterranean areas of Portugal, Spain, Canary Islands, Azores, Madeira, Corsica, Sardinia and Crete. Generally, it has very small subpopulation sizes due to highly specific habitat requirements. However this species has a relatively wide distribution as it occurs frequently in Macaronesia. It is also found in several protected areas across its European range.

This species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) because its population size is estimated to be less than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). In addition, there is a continuing decline in the habitat quality and number of individual-equivalents, and the number of individual-equivalents in each subpopulation is considered to be less than 1,000.

Threats to this species include changes in habitat as a result of drainage, afforestation, fire and water pollution. In the Azores, the species is affected by habitat destruction in intensive areas with forest plantations (Cryptomeria japonica) and nitrification. Site management and protection is required for this species, along with potential invasive species control. Further research on the population, life history and threats to this species is required. In addition, monitoring of the population and habitat trends is recommended.",Decreasing,"This species is found in the Mediterranean and in central Asia (Bischler 2004). It has a highly disjunct distribution in the Mediterranean areas of Europe with very scatteredsubpopulations. It is fairly well distributed in the Macaronesian archipelagos (González-Mancebo et al. 2008, Sérgio et al. 2008, Gabriel et al. 2011). 

Confirmed records of this species are from Portugal, Spain, Corsica, Crete, Madeira and the Canary Islands, and outside of Europe in Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco (Ros et al. 2007). The species seems to be most frequent in Macaronesia (Bischler 2004). Most occurrences are known from the Azores, where the species has been found on all the islands (Gabriel et al. 2011). It has been found in the Madeira archipelago on one island (Sérgio et al. 2006) and on all of the Canary Islands except Lanzarote (González-Mancebo et al. 2008). The original description of the species is from Montagne (1840) as Fimbraria africana, supported by a collection from the Canary Islands.

In Spain, this species is only known from two sites in Las Arribes del Duero (Rupidera Giraldo and Elías Rivas 1996, Sérgio et al. 2018). In Portugal, it has only been found in the Serra da Estrela region. Here, it was found in the valley of the river Alva in a protected environment, with a strong Atlantic influence at an altitude between 400 m and 450 m Asl (Sérgio et al. 2001). In Corsica, this species is currently only known from one area (Sotiaux et al. 2007) but it seems to have occurred more frequently in the past, as Bischler and Jovet-Ast (1973) mapped 21 distribution points. 

Records from Sicily require confirmation as they may be incorrectly identified, and were not accepted by Aleffi et al. (2008) nor by Ros et al. (2007). In Sardinia, the record is from an old collection but this is supported by a bibliographic reference and herbarium datum(De Notaris (Herbarium of the Muséum national d'Histoire Naturelle, Bichler and Jovet-Ast 1972). Generally, there are significantly more historical records than recent records, except for Blockeel (2012) who discovered this species in Crete.



The area of occupancy (AOO) of this species has not been well quantified, as in Macaronesia there are a significant number of references from different islands, especially in Madeira where it has been found at more than 40 sites. In the Canary Islands, it is reported be have been collected in recent field studies in Tenerife (Perry and Perry 2001) and in La Gomera during a recent field expedition (González-Mancebo et al. 2007). For both Europe and the EU 28, the AOO is estimated to be around 244 km2 and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 482,133 km2. The altitudinal range of the species in Europe is between 200 and 1,400 m Asl.

","This species is rare and somewhat patchily distributed throughout its European range. The overall current population trend is inferred to be decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28.

In the Macaronesian islands, the species occurs frequently, but it is restricted to (semi-) natural areas. In this area, there are apparently no declines in distribution or subpopulations as they are normally fertile. It is suspected to be declining only in areas where its habitat is declining. The numerous subpopulations that exist in Macaronesian areas are found mainly in the Azores and in Madeira, and always have good sporophytes. In Crete, the species is also fertile but with discrete subpopulations. It seems to be very rare in Spain (Rupidera Giraldo and Elías Rivas 1996, Sérgio et al. 2018).

Even though it is found scattered across its continental range, it does not appear to be severely fragmented since most of the population is found in Macaronesia where the subpopulations are close together. The population size is estimated to be of smaller than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, with 1 m2 mat on which the species grows considered as an individual-equivalent). The number of individual-equivalents in each subpopulation is considered to be smaller than 1,000. This is a short-lived species whose generation length is between 6 and 10 years. 



","The species forms dense mats on acidic, seeping soils or rocks. It may be found on cascades in shady areas or in moist slopes, and is found in areas of warm weather and it is limited to zones with high rainfall. In the Azores, this species is mainly found in the entrance of volcanic caves. In Spain and Portugal, it is found on river banks. There is a continuing decline in the habitat quality of this species.

The plants have a long cycle and apparently the spore producing capsules are very common.","Threats in the remaining sites for this species in mainland Europe include changes in habitat as a result of drainage, afforestation, fire and water pollution. Although this species has a relatively wide distribution, there is very little regeneration of suitable habitat across the species' range. Erosion and avalanches/landslides manly in in river margins are important as possible threats.



In the Azores, just few isolated subpopulations remain, as the species is affected by habitat destruction in intensive areas with forest plantations and nitrification. In Madeira, fire could be a threat to the maintenance of large subpopulations.","This species is extremely important from the point of view of preservation given its coexistence with a group of bryophytes of attention under the biogeographical point of view of rareness.

This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Portugal, as there is one single locality and increased human activity, fire and habitat fragmentation (Sérgio et al. 2013). In the more recent Spanish Red List, this species was evaluated as Endangered (EN) in the continental area but as Least Concern (LC) in the Canary Islands (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012). Also in Madeira, the species has been assessed as LC (Sim-Sim et al. 2014). This species can be considered a relict taxon in Europe, as it is very rare and restricted to natural areas. Therefore, site management and protection is required for this species, along with potential invasive species control. In Spain, this species is reported to Arribes del Duero (IBrA: 12), which is considered an Important Bryophyte Area (Infante and Heras 2012). In Portugal, the species is found in the Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela. In Macaronesia, the species grows in several different natural reserves or natural parks, and is predominantly found in Laurissilva vegetation.

 

 

 

Further research on the population, life history and threats to this species is required. In addition, monitoring of the population and habitat trends is recommended.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Pilkington, S.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C. & Garcia, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,AYTONIACEAE,Asterella,lindenbergiana,,Asterella lindenbergiana  ,(Corda ex Nees) Lindb. ex Arnell,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Asterella lindenbergiana is is an arctic-alpine species found in northern and central Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and probably stable in the calcareous parts of the Alps in Austria and Switzerland. In addition, in the Caucasus and in the Urals it can be locally abundant in appropriate habitats, and the current population trend is stable. Even though its habitat (montane snow beds) may be threatened by climate change, there is currently no evidence of a decline. No conservation action is recommended at present, but monitoring of selected subpopulations would be desirable.",Stable,"Asterella lindenbergiana is is an arctic-alpine species found in northern and central Europe from the Pyrenees and Norway in the west to Romania and arctic Russia in the east. Its presence in Montenegro appears to be uncertain. Elsewhere it is found in western North America from Alaska to Mexico, and in Colombia in South America (Damsholt 2002). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated at 400 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 4.2 million km².","This is a scarce species and information on its population size is lacking. In Austria and Switzerland it is widespread and probably stable in the calcareous parts of the Alps. In the Caucasus and in the Urals it can be locally abundant in appropriate habitats. The population trend seems to be currently stable. There are probably rather few mature individuals Europe-wide (based on the known AOO), but there are probably more than 1,000.","This arctic-alpine species grows on limestone in the mountains, usually in areas of late snow-lie, up to 3,000 m in altitude, rarely down to as low as 150 m Asl (in the north), on slopes or on thin soil over and among calcareous rocks, so it could be affected in the future by climate change. Some recorded associates includeOrthothecium rufescens, Cratoneuron curvicaule, Mesoptychia heterocolpos, M. gillmanii, Peltolepis quadrata, Preissia quadrata, Sauteria alpina and Pohlia cruda. It produces sporophytes (Damsholt 2002, Meinunger and Schröder 2007). This is a monoicous species.

","The habitat is currently not under threat, but it can be inferred that climate change is a potential threat, as it is a species of areas with late-lying snow.","No conservation action is recommended at present, but monitoring of selected subpopulations would be desirable. It is known to occur in protected areas. This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Finland, Endangered in Slovakia and as Vulnerable in Austria, Bulgaria, Italy, Romania and Slovenia. It is considered Data Deficient in Germany (Hodgetts 2015).",This species is not utilised.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Erzberger, P.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,AYTONIACEAE,Asterella,saccata,,Asterella saccata  ,(Wahlenb.) A.Evans,,No,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



This species has a very scattered distribution throughout its range, with only very few localities per country, always with small subpopulations. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at between 400-500 km2 in Europe, and between 200-400 km2 in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat, number of subpopulation and number of mature individuals.In the Czech Republic, three of the seven previously known subpopulations have disappeared, and there is a strong decline in the subpopulations within Germany.



The dry, sunny, low-alpine open habitats that this species needs are threatened across Europe by shifts in agricultural practices and urbanisation. The species is threatened by the destruction of its habitat through irrigation, construction/urbanisation and, partially, agricultural intensification, as well as mining (gypsum exploitation in Germany). The encroachment of shrubs and trees into its sensitive habitat is also a concern. This species would ultimately benefit from efforts to protect these habitats. It could also be favoured by the economic promotion of appropriate land management. Appropriate training to recognise this species would also help in efforts to raise awareness of its status. More research should be done throughout Europe to clarify the distribution and occurrence of this species, the size of the subpopulations and their trends.",Decreasing,"This northern species is known from North America, Europe and in Asiatic Russia (Müller 1954). In Europe, it occurs from France in the west  to European Russia (with only one record, see Maslovsky 2017) in the east (Hodgetts 2015), and from Germany in the north (Meinunger and Schröder 2007) to Macedonia in the south. It occurs from 300 m up to 1,000 m Asl (the indication of a record at 2'000 m Asl in one site is probably wrong). The distribution is reported to be very scattered (Müller 1954), with only a few occurrences per country. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 2.5 - 3.5 million km2 in Europe, and between 600,000-800,000 km2 in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 400-500 km2 in Europe, and between 200-400 km2 in the EU 28.","Subpopulations are reported to be small and scattered wherever data is available (Meinunger and Schröder 2007 in Germany). Furthermore, a decrease can be suspected on the basis of the destruction of its habitat (Janišová et al. 2011, Lachat et al. 2011). Outside the central Alps, most subpopulations seem to be over 100 km away from each other, which is a long distance for this species, which has a low dispersal capacity. More than half of the European population must be considered to be found in small, isolated subpopulations, with only a low possibility of genetic exchange between them. These subpopulations may become extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation, and the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. In the Czech Republic, three of the seven previously known subpopulations have disappeared. There is also a strong decline in Germany. Therefore there is a continuing decline in the population.","This species lives on warm, sunny, south-facing slopes in lower mountain regions, usually on bare soil (Müller 1954). It has very large spores (90-100 μm), which classifies it amongst the species with a low dispersal capacity (Hallingbäck et al. 1998, 2000).","The species is threatened by the destruction of its habitat through irrigation, construction/urbanisation and, partially, agricultural intensification (Janišová et al. 2011, Lachat et al. 2011). In Germany, the species is locally reported to be threatened by gypsum exploitation (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Encroachment by shrubs and trees is also known to be a threat in the Czech Republic and Poland. These threats have caused a decline in the number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals.","The species is included in the national Red Lists of the following countries in Europe: Critically Endangered in Austria, Germany, Romania, Endangered in the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and Vulnerable in Hungary and Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). 



There is little information about conservation actions in place directly targeting this species. It can best be protected through the protection of its habitat, as with many other bryophyte species (Hallingbäck and Hodgetts 2000). The dry, sunny, low-alpine open spaces that this species needs are threatened across Europe by shifts in agricultural practices and new building/urbanisation (Janišová et al. 2011, Lachat et al. 2011). This species could only benefit from efforts to protect these habitats. 



In Switzerland, which hosts about half of all known occurrences in Europe (Hoffmanet al. 2011), it is listed as a target species in the 'direct payments' system, which rewards farmers for their contributions to environmental protection. It is present in some dry habitats of national importance to which the direct payments system applies. Therefore, its survival could be favoured by the economic promotion of appropriate land management. In particular, open places have to be preserved in suitable areas. Nevertheless, few people would be able to recognize A. saccata so as to suggest it as a target species. Given the responsibility of Switzerland for the conservation of this species, appropriate training in this would be advisable. In the Czech Republic, active management in the Podyji National Park (cutting of trees) is likely to benefit this species. In Poland, a few stations for this species  are protected as nature reserves. 



More research should be done throughout Europe to clarify the distribution and occurrence of this species, the size of the subpopulations and their trends.",The species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Köckinger, H.,Hodgetts, N.","Baudraz, M.E.A., Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,LEUCOBRYACEAE,Atractylocarpus,alpinus,,Atractylocarpus alpinus  ,(Schimp. ex Milde) Lindb.,,No,CR,C2a(i); D,No,CR,C2a(i); D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

Atractylocarpus alpinus is one of the rarest bryophytes in Europe, and has a scattered and highly disjunct distribution. In Norway it is restricted to the southwest (Hordaland, Rogaland). In central Europe, it is restricted to the montane to the alpine level in the Alps, where it is currently known in Austria and Germany. It may have disappeared from Switzerland, and its occurrence in Italy is considered doubtful. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at 250,000 km2, whilst the area of occupancy (AOO) is much more restricted, estimated at just 28 km2. All the subpopulations are very small, with the overall population size estimated to consist of fewer than 50 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals), with each subpopulation therefore certainly containing fewer than 50 individual-equivalents. There are significantly more historical records than recent ones, and some records from historical sites have not been confirmed, in spite of searching, so a continuing decline in the population is inferred. Therefore this species is assessed as Critically Endangered in Europe and in the EU 28.



This species requires very acidic habitat conditions, for which reason, areas with an acidic bedrock are preferred. It is doubtless a weak competitor and a pioneer species, with a requirement for a high humidity. Threats range from direct habitat destruction in the Alps (ski tourism, construction of hydroelectric power plants, drainage), to the degradation of the habitats by over- or under-grazing. Another problem could be climate change. Considering the numerous exsiccatae in herbaria, botanical collecting may have impacted this species in the past. Considering the rarity of this bryophyte,baseline surveys are necessary to clarify the distribution and population size. All currently known sites must be strictly protected. In the Alps a pasture management plan appears to be necessary. Monitoring and studies on the specific habitat requirements are also needed, and a genetic study of the different subpopulations could also be useful. Ex-situ conservation (artificial propagation) of this species is also recommended.",Decreasing,"This species has a scattered and highly disjunct distribution. In Norway it is restricted to the southwest (Hordaland, Rogaland). In central Europe, it is restricted to the montane to the alpine level in the Alps, where it is currently known in Austria (Grims 1999, Schröck et al. 2013) and Germany (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). It may have disappeared from Switzerland (NISM 2004-2016). Its occurrence in Italy (Frahm et al. 2007) is based on a misidentification and is excluded here (C. Schröck, H. Köckinger pers. comm. 2018).It has been found growing at elevations between 130 m and 2,450 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at 250,000 km2, whilst the area of occupancy (AOO) is much more restricted, estimated at just 28 km2. Elsewhere, this species is known from Asia (China and India).","In Norway, there are six localities known, but the majority of the records are more than 100 years old: there is one record from 1968 (Fusafjeld) and one from 2013 (Ubur). In Ubur only a few tufts could be observed during recent fieldwork (Hassel et al. 2015). In Switzerland, recent fieldwork to search for this species has so far failed to relocate it (Schnyder et al. 2004). In Austria, there are four recent sites (Grims 1999, Schröck et al. 2013), but all the subpopulations are very small and limited to an effective area of a few cm2 to a few dm2. In Germany, the subpopulation size at the single locality (Meinunger and Schröder 2007) is about 0.2 m2 (M. Reimann pers. comm. 2016). The overall population is therefore estimated to be smaller than 50 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. Each subpopulation certainly contains fewer than 50 individual-equivalents. The overall population trend is decreasing, considering that it has disappeared from some European countries.","This species requires very acidic habitat conditions, for which reason, areas with an acidic bedrock are preferred. In Norway the species is found in the coastal mountains, where it grows in soil-filled rock crevices on steep slopes (Hassel et al. 2015). In Austria and Germany, this species is limited to peat soils. The sites can be found on slightly sloping peatlands, at the edge of small rivulets or on the shores of alpine lakes (Schröck et al. 2013). At all sites in Austria, some water movement has been observed. This bryophyte is doubtless a weak competitor and a pioneer species, with a requirement for a high humidity.","The threats are very different in different areas. They range from direct habitat destruction in the Alps (ski tourism, construction of hydroelectric power plants, drainage), to the degradation of the habitats by over- or under-grazing. Another problem could be climate change. Considering the numerous exsiccatae in herbaria, botanical collecting may have impacted this species in the past.","The species is included on the Appendix I of the Bern Convention and has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Austria (Grims and Köckinger 1999), as Endangered in Norway, as 'extremely rare' in Germany (Caspari et al. 2018) and is Regionally Extinct in Switzerland (Schnyder et al. 2004). Considering the rarity of this bryophyte, baseline surveys are necessary to clarify the distribution and population size. All currently known sites must be strictly protected. In the Alps a pasture management plan appears to be necessary. Monitoring and studies on the specific habitat requirements are also needed, and a genetic study of the different subpopulations could also be useful. Ex-situ conservation of this species is also recommended. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Gunnarsson, U.,Englefield, E.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,POLYTRICHOPSIDA,POLYTRICHALES,POLYTRICHACEAE,Atrichum,androgynum,,Atrichum androgynum  ,(Müll.Hal.) A.Jaeger,,No,NT,B2b(iii),No,NT,B2b(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



In Europe, Atrichum androgynum is known to occur in Macaronesia (in Azores and Madeira) and on the Portuguese mainland. It grows on wet substrates in the natural forest. Even though this species was only first recognised in Europe in 2010, the currently available information points to this species being of conservation concern. However, there is a measure of uncertainty which is acknowledged, and further research is recommended to determine whether the current assessment reflects the true current status of this species. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 56 km2), and there is a continuing decline in the area and quality of the habitat - in particular those occurring in the native forests of the Macaronesian islands; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. The effects of climate change and intensification of fires, as well as habitat eutrophication due to grazing activities and the increase in wood plantations, are the main threats to this species and are already occurring. Research is needed into the population size and trend, as well as into the species' habitat, ecology and threats. In addition, proper management of the habitat is recommended, focusing on the impacts of climate change, intensification of forest fires and the  increase of the invasive alien species.",Stable,"In Europe, Atrichum androgynum is known from Macaronesia (Azores and Madeira) and mainland Portugal. It was first discovered in Europe in 2010. This species is mainly a Southern Hemisphere plant, with a wide distribution ranging from southern Africa and South America to Australia (Sérgio et al. 2010). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 775,640 km2and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km2.","This species occurs in some localities on Madeira, and in restricted areas of the Azores, only in São Jorge (Sérgio et al. 2010), and mainland Portugal, where it occurs at some sites in the northeast of the country. The current population trend is assumed to be stable. Accompanying bryophytes on the mainland include some oceanic/Macaronesian bryophytes. It has been suggested that this species might have been overlooked in the past and thus might be more frequent than is currently known in Atlantic coastal mountains or deciduous woodlands (Sérgio et al. 2010).","This species can be found in Madeiran heath forests above 1,000 m Asl on wet substrates. In the Azores it was found in a small area at 690 m Asl, representing fragments of the native natural vegetation composed mainly by Juniperus brevifolia and Erica azorica. On mainland Portugal it occurs at elevations between 400 m and 1,100 m Asl in the northeastern part of the country, with a typically oceanic climate (Sérgio et al. 2010).","The main threats to this species include eutrophication due to grazing activities and the increase in forestry plantations. There is a decline in habitat quality due to the effects of climate change, including extreme temperatures and droughts, which affect the water availability and humidity in the area. The increase in wildfires and the emergence and spread of invasive alien plant species are also threats to this species, mainly in the Azores and Madeira.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. In Madeira, most of its distribution is included in the Madeira Natural Park, which is protected through a Regional Decree. In Portugal, it occurs in the Nature Park of Alvão, the Anaga Rural Park, and the Jandía Natural Park, a Special Area of Conservation (SAC). This species was assessed as Near Threatened in Madeira by Sim-Sim et al. (2014). Research is needed into the population size and trend, as well as into the species' habitat, ecology and threats. In addition, proper management of the habitat is recommended, focusing on the impacts of climate change, intensification of forest fires and the increase of the invasive alien species. The characteristics of the species justify a monitoring program, at a selection of sites, in order to investigate the possibility of population fluctuations.",This species is not utilised.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Hugonnot, V.","Sim-Sim, M., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M., Porley, R.D. & Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,POLYTRICHOPSIDA,POLYTRICHALES,POLYTRICHACEAE,Atrichum,angustatum,,Atrichum angustatum  ,(Brid.) Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



The Lesser Smoothcap (Atrichum angustatum) is a European Temperate species. It occurs in most of Europe north to Iceland and southern Sweden and east to European Russia, south to Macaronesia, Portugal, Sicily and Greece. This species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and as Endangered in the EU28 since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca. 700  km² in Europe, and ca 440 km² in the EU28), the population is severely fragmented and there is an inferred continuing decline in the AOO, extent and quality of its habitat, number of subpopulation and number of mature individuals. The threats to this species are not well understood, but must relate to a decline in the quality of habitat, with increasing environmental nitrogen and abandonment of land leading to an increase in coarse, nutrient demanding vegetation at the expense of species such as A. angustatum, which require bare surfaces for colonisation. It is difficult to know what measures can be taken for this species, but continuing monitoring of key subpopulations is recommended. Perhaps scraping surfaces at some sites could provide more habitat.",Decreasing,"The Lesser Smoothcap (Atrichum angustatum) is a European Temperate species. It occurs in most of Europe north to Iceland and southern Sweden and east to European Russia, south to Macaronesia, Portugal, Sicily and Greece. Elsewhere it has been recorded in Turkey, the Caucasus, Iran, and eastern North America (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 700 km² in Europe and ca 440 km² in the EU 28. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 15 million km².","This species is widespread but rather rare. It is often overlooked but there does seem to be a real decline at least in some areas, probably principally because of the decline in open disturbed ground suitable for colonisation, owing to the spread of coarse vegetation, which in turn may be an effect of the increase in nitrogen in the environment generally. The current population trend is decreasing. Most subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation, as this is a dioicous species in which sporophytes are produced only rarely. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.","This is a plant of damp non-calcareous loamy or sandy soil on bare ground and ruts on rides and paths in woodland, with associates such as Anagallis minima, Galium saxatile, Radiola linoides, Fossombronia wondraczekii, Lophozia incisa and Nardia scalaris. At one site in Sussex (southeastern England) it grew on a south-facing clayey bank on a slope in an old quarry under a light canopy of birch, oak, sycamore and hazel, and at its extant site in Gloucestershire it occurs with Dicranella heteromalla on sandy soil at the entrance to a disused rabbit burrow. In Germany and elsewhere it has been recorded on roadsides, sandpits and banks by railway lines. At many localities its occurrence has been sporadic and possibly transitory. In Surrey it formerly occurred on heaths and commons; in Wales its site was probably a river bank. In Co. Tyrone it was found in a disused sand pit, and in Co. Down on earth or sods on a wall top (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from 60 m up to 1,120 m Asl.



It is dioicous and capsules are rare. Rhizoidal tubers have been reported from Austria.","The threats to this species are not well understood, but must relate to a decline in the quality of habitat, with increasing environmental nitrogen and abandonment of land leading to an increase in coarse, nutrient demanding vegetation at the expense of species such as A. angustatum, which require bare surfaces for colonisation.","It is difficult to know what measures can be taken for this species, but continuing monitoring of key subpopulations is recommended. Perhaps scraping surfaces at some sites could provide more habitat. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Sweden and Britain, as Endangered in the Czech Republic, as Vulnerable in Germany, the Canary Islands and Estonia, as Near Threatened in Madeira and Hungary, and as Data Deficient in Slovakia and Bulgaria. It is considered Regionally Extinct in Ireland and Belgium (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Tsakiri, E.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,POLYTRICHOPSIDA,POLYTRICHALES,POLYTRICHACEAE,Atrichum,crispum,,Atrichum crispum  ,(James) Sull.,,No,NA,,No,NA,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)



EU 28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)



The Fountain Smoothcap (Atrichum crispum) is a suboceanic temperate species that is thought to have been introduced from North America. In Europe it occurs only in Britain, Ireland and Estonia. As this species is certainly introduced from North America, it is assessed as Not Applicable.",Unknown,"The Fountain Smoothcap (Atrichum crispum) is a suboceanic temperate species that is thought to have been introduced from North America. In Europe it occurs only in Britain, Ireland and Estonia. Records from Ukraine need to be confirmed. Reports from elsewhere have proved to be erroneous. Its native range is in eastern North America from Florida to Newfoundland (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 1,830 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 740,000 km².",The population size and trend of this species are unknown. The odd distribution suggests that the European population may have been introduced inadvertently during the course of military movements.,"This is a plant of moist semi-open habitats on acid or very acid soils, including sandy, gritty and peaty soils and wet gravel. It is commonest by rocky streams in wooded valleys, forming large tufts or patches mixed with detritus or other bryophytes among boulders or with grasses and rushes. It also occurs widely by ditches, pools and streams on moorland, and abundantly on exposed sandy or muddy peat by some reservoirs. Less common habitats include lake margins, edges of forest roads, and rock crevices by waterfalls. In its typical habitat it has rather few bryophyte associates except for very acid-tolerant species such as Nardia compressa, Scapania undulata, Dicranella heteromalla and Polytrichum commune; by reservoirs it may occur with Dicranella rufescens, Pseudephemerum nitidum, bulbiliferous species of Pohlia and rarely Atrichum tenellum. Its altitudinal range is from 5 m up to 535 m Asl.



It is dioicous; British and Irish plants are male. Rhizoidal tubers are often abundant (Blockeelet al. 2014).",There are no known threats to this species.,No conservation measures are required at present. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.,Séneca, A.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,POLYTRICHOPSIDA,POLYTRICHALES,POLYTRICHACEAE,Atrichum,flavisetum,,Atrichum flavisetum  ,Mitt.,"As reported by Guerra and Cros (2007), in view of the affinity with widespread taxon A. undulatum, some authors refer this taxon to varietal rank. Consequently, it would require a global taxonomic revision to better define the morphological variability of subpopulations of A. flavisetum as well as the geographical distribution of the taxon. However, the species is considered valid by several authors (C. Schröck and M. Ignatov pers. comm. 2017).",No,LC,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



Atrichum flavisetum is known, even if it is quite rare, in North America, Europe and in Central Asia. In Europe, it is not frequent in the western part of the continent, while is more widespread in the eastern part of the continent. It is found eastwards to the Caucasus and Far East Russia. In the EU 28, this species is very poorly-known since it was formerly regarded as a variety of A. undulatum and has been very unevenly recorded across Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is widespread, common in the eastern part of its range, and there appear to be no major threats to it at the European scale. It is assessed as Data Deficient in the EU 28 since it is a very poorly known species which has been unevenly recorded. There is, therefore, a lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend. The distribution of this taxon in the EU 28 should be better defined, taking in to account the need to clarify the range of variability of some morphological characters against the similar taxon A. undulatum.",Unknown,"Atrichum flavisetum is known, even if it is quite rare, in North America, Europe and in Central Asia. In Europe, it is not frequent in the western part of the continent, while is more widespread in the eastern part of the continent. It is found eastwards to the Caucasus and Far East Russia (Hodgetts 2015). In the EU 28 this species is very poorly-known since it was formerly regarded as a variety of A. undulatum. It has therefore been very unevenly recorded across Europe.","No studies are known on the size, trend or conservation status of this species. In eastern Europe, it is considered a common species, while it is rare in the western part of its distribution. Subpopulations can be large and the population size is very likely to be larger than 10,000 mature individuals. In the EU 28 the population size is probably smaller than 10,000 mature individuals. The overall population trend is unknown.","This species grows on acidic soils and on decaying wood in the forests, slopes, in clearings, sometimes near streams. It generally lives in bryophyte communities of Vaccinio- Piceetea vegetation (Dierssen 2001). It is found from sea level up to 1,400 m Asl.","Some very small subpopulations may be threatened by stochastic events. Stabilization of ravines can also pose a threat to this species. However, there appear to be no major threats at the European scale.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. Taxonomic research is needed to determine whether this species is valid or a variety of the widespread A. undulatum. This species has been assessed as Data Deficient in several EU Member States (Spain, Czech Republic, Germany and Latvia). Further research is needed in the EU 28 into the distribution of this species since it is poorly known and unevenly recorded.",This species is not utilised.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Marka, J.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Ignatov, M., Kucera, J., Lara, F., Lüth, M. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,POLYTRICHOPSIDA,POLYTRICHALES,POLYTRICHACEAE,Atrichum,tenellum,,Atrichum tenellum  ,(Röhl.) Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Slender Smoothcap (Atrichum tenellum) is quite rare in the Mediterranean area. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in Europe, the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. It is not a common species but can be locally abundant.",Stable,"The Slender Smoothcap (Atrichum tenellum) is distributed, but rather rare, in North America, Europe and Asia. In Europe it is widespread and distributed from northern and western territories up to eastern countries such as Ukraine. It is quite rare in the Mediterranean area (Hodgetts 2015).",There is no specific available data on the population of this species. It is not a common species but can be locally abundant. The current population trend is thought to be stable.,"This species grows on sandy or clay soil, in clearings or other open areas in forests and near lakes or water courses. It can grow in clover fields and secondary habitats (alongside roads). It is a pioneer, dioicous species.","This species could be affected by alterations of the wetlands in which it lives. However, to date, no specific threats to the European subpopulations of this taxon are known.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range. No research or conservation actions needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Hodgetts, N.,Marka, J.,Fettes, N.D.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Ignatov, M., Kucera, J., Lara, F., Lüth, M. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,POLYTRICHOPSIDA,POLYTRICHALES,POLYTRICHACEAE,Atrichum,undulatum,,Atrichum undulatum  ,(Hedw.) P.Beauv.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Common Smoothcap (Atrichum undulatum) is widely distributed in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large and stable population and there are no major threats to it.",Stable,"The Common Smoothcap (Atrichum undulatum) is widely distributed in Europe, and is also found in North Africa, North America (where it is believed to have been introduced), West and Central Asia (Smith Merrill and Ireland 2007).",The subpopulations of this widespread species can be locally very abundant. The population size is likely to be very large and the trend is thought to be stable (or even increasing).,"It is a rather common species in woodlands where it can grow in shade and in open or disturbed environments. It is found from sea level up to 2,000 m Asl.",There are no major threats to this species.,This species is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range. No conservation action is needed.,This species is not utilised.,"Hedenäs, L.,Cálix, M.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Ignatov, M., Kucera, J., Lara, F., Lüth, M. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,RHIZOGONIALES,AULACOMNIACEAE,Aulacomnium,androgynum,,Aulacomnium androgynum  ,(Hedw.) Schwägr.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Bud-headed Groove-moss (Aulacomnium androgynum) is a temperate species, that is widespread and not rare in Europe. It is characteristic of temperate climates. It is known from Scandinavia, Great Britain and Ireland, to the Iberian Peninsula and in the Canary Islands in the south. The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is around 9.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 3,380 km2. The overall European and EU 28 population trend is unknown, although the species is considered in the Iberian Peninsula to be stable and frequent. In addition, threats to this species are minimal in the majority of countries. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

However, agricultural and forestry intensification could lead to some losses of this species. The tourist pressure, particularly in the Algarve, could lead to the disappearance of this species in the area. Various forestry activities or agri-environment schemes (non-cultivated field margins, minimal fertilizers etc.) probably contribute to the conservation of this species but more research is needed on this, as well as into the current population size and trends.",Unknown,"This is a temperate species, that is widespread and not rare in Europe. It is known from Scandinavia, Great Britain and Ireland, to the Iberian Peninsula and in the Canary Islands in the south. Apparently, this species can present a more or less continuous distribution through southern Europe, in all countries from France, Corsica, Italy to southeastern Europe (Sabovljević et al. 2008), and to northwestern Russia and Ukraine (Hodgetts 2015). This species is always found in more or less natural habitats. It is characteristic of temperate climates.

Outside of Europe, this species is found in North America, southwestern Asia, North Africa and the southern part of South America.

The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is around 9.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 3 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level to 3 m asl.","The overall European and EU 28 population trend is unknown; however, recent mapping in the Iberian Peninsula has revealed that here, the species is stable and frequent over much of the north and central regions. It is found scattered in northern France and it is very well represented in Britain, the Netherlands and Scandinavia, but it is very rare in Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012). In mainland Europe, such as in Switzerland, this species seems to be less common. In the Algarve in Portugal, the species has only been reported during the 19th century.","This is a European temperate species of weakly acidic soils, in a diverse range of habitats. It has been found on decaying wood, peat or shaded rocks, largely in forest habitats. The species has a good potential for local dispersal via gemmae but very low ability for longer distance dispersal due to the rare spore production.","Threats to this species are minimal in the majority of countries, although agricultural and forestry intensification could lead to some losses. Fire events are the major threat to this moss in some Mediterranean areas.","Some areas where this species is known to occur are in Natural Parks or Natura 2000 areas, such as in Portugal and Spain. Various forestry activities or agri-environment schemes (non-cultivated field margins, minimal fertilizers etc.) probably contribute to the conservation of this species but more research is needed on this, as well as into the current population size and trends.



",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Orgaz Alvarez, J.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,RHIZOGONIALES,AULACOMNIACEAE,Aulacomnium,palustre,,Aulacomnium palustre  ,(Hedw.) Schwägr.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Bog Groove-moss (Aulacomnium palustre) is widely distributed in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a very large and stable population and there is no evidence of a current decline. No conservation action is needed.",Stable,"The Bog Groove-moss (Aulacomnium palustre) is widely distributed in Europe. It is widespread in both hemispheres and is found in North America - where some authors assume it has been introduced from Europe (Smith Merrill and Ireland 2007) - North Africa, Asia, Australia and (perhaps as introduced taxon), in New Zealand.","This species generally forms extensive carpets. In the bog communities where it grows, it has a relevant average cover growing with other plants of the genera Vaccinium, Saxifraga, and Carex, and with mosses such as Sphagnum spp. (Dierssen 2001). The overall population size is very large. This species is a strong competitor, and when bogs are drained (not heavily or completely), the species spreads. On the other hand, some bogs have been destroyed and the species has been lost from some sites. Overall the current population trend is thought to be stable. However, over the last 200 years it is thought that the species suffered a historic decline due to the destruction of bogs across Europe.","It is an acidophilous species of moist environments such as peat bogs with Sphagnum spp., swamps and moors. Rarely, it grows in open habitats such as grasslands or woodland clearings. In the Alps it can also be found growing on rocks. It can also occur in secondary habitats such as ditches along forest roads.","Heavy or complete drainage may constitute a threat to the wetland habitats in which this species grows. However, there is no evidence of a current decline in the population.","In view of the fact that this species generally lives in protected environments, it often enjoys indirect protection. It is known to occur in many protected areas. No conservation action is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Tsakiri, E.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F., Lüth, M. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,RHIZOGONIALES,AULACOMNIACEAE,Aulacomnium,turgidum,,Aulacomnium turgidum  ,(Wahlenb.) Schwägr.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Mountain Groove-moss (Aulacomnium turgidum) occurs in the arctic and extends to southern Fennoscandia and is found rarely in central Europe. The current population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28. This species has a wide extent of occurrence (EOO), around 11 million km2 in Europe and ca 3.4 million km2 in the EU 28. However, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is more restricted - between 1,500 and 2,000 km2 in Europe and between 700 and 800 km2 in the EU 28. There are no current major threats known to the species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, a warmer climate may impact the species in the future. Research on the biology is needed in order to understand the population trend, distribution and threats to the species.",Unknown,"This species has a circumpolar arctic-montane distribution range. It occurs in the arctic and extends to southern Fennoscandia, Scotland, and is found rarely in central Europe, reaching the Alps, the Balkan Peninsula (Montenegro, a doubtful report) and the Carpathian Mountains (Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species is between 200 m and 1,610 m Asl. 

Outside Europe this species is also found in Greenland, North America, northern Asia and Africa (BFNA 2015).

The species is not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,500 and 2,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 700 and 800 km2 and the EOO is ca 3.4 million km2.","This species is common in the arctic and oroarctic tundra, including in northern Fennoscandia and Russia, and it becomes gradually more or less rare towards the south. This species occurs scarcely in central Europe, reaching the Alps and the Carpathian Mountains. In the northern parts of Europe it is still relatively abundant in tundra, however, experimental studies suggest that the species is vulnerable when it comes to a warmer climate (Alatalo et al. 2015, Hudson and Henry 2010). The current population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species is mainly found on moist, acidic or basic tundra, on soil and rock above the tree line. The ecology of this species is rather complex. It occurs mainly and often abundantly in Dryas heath rich in mosses (associated with Dicranum brevifolium, Hylocomium splendens, Ptilidium ciliare and Tomentypnum nitens) but it is also found in many other localities such as periodically irrigated or flooded rocks, calcareous as well as siliceous. It has also been found in the boreal zone where it occurs mainly on wet steep slopes and cliffs or on flat rocks on the banks of streams. At higher altitudes, this species grows on rather exposed places such as peaks and ridges and tops of hills and eskers. The large, loose tufts from such habitats are often intermingled with Racomitrium lanuginosum (Mårtensson 1956).

In Scotland, the moss has been found from well-drained, species-rich Racomitrium heath on wind-blasted fell-fields. Here, it usually occurs in a mat of R. lanuginosum and ericaceous shrubs at the edge of soil-creep terraces or amongst the larger stones in stone polygons. Other common associates are Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum jutlandicum, Pleurozium schreberi, and rarely Artemisia norvegica and Hypnum hamulosum. It can also grow in short calcareous grassland and on ledges of base rich crags with much the same associates but also with calcicoles such as Herbertus stramineus, Scapania aspera, Ditrichum gracile and, rarely, Hypnum bambergeri (Blockeel et al. 2014).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is mainly found in tundra habitats with little direct human activities. A warmer climate may impact the species in the future.","The species is in several national Red Lists. It is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Great Britain, as 4 in Austria, as rare (R) in Poland, as Vulnerable (VU) in Romania and as Endangered (EN) in Slovakia (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in several protected areas. Research on the biology is needed in order to understand the population trend, distribution and threats to the species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hassel, K.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T","Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Barbilophozia,barbata,,Barbilophozia barbata  ,(Schreb.) Loeske,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Bearded Pawwort (Barbilophozia barbata) is a circumpolar boreal-montane species. It is widespread in Europe but mainly northern, becoming rare and montane southwards and in the extreme west (Ireland). This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it has declined to some extent in the lowlands, it is still widespread, more or less abundant in upland areas, and does not approach any of the thresholds for a threatened Category.",Decreasing,"The Bearded Pawwort (Barbilophozia barbata) is a circumpolar boreal-montane species. It is widespread in Europe but mainly northern, becoming rare and montane southwards and in the extreme west (Ireland). Elsewhere it occurs in Asiatic Russia, China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, north America, Greenland and Mexico (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 5,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 14.7 million km².



",There is some evidence for decline in the Netherlands and a more striking loss from much of the north German plain (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). It is more or less stable in more upland areas. It is still more or less abundant in upland areas.,"This is a calcifuge or mild calcicole, growing in dry to moist rocky habitats, particularly on mossy drystone walls, block screes, rock outcrops, and rock walls in ravines. Rock types range from acid granite and gneiss to basalt and mildly calcareous sandstone. On rocks and walls it often grows as extensive pure patches, especially where partly shaded. Other habitats include coastal sand dunes, lowland heaths under Ericaceae and Ulex spp., shaded mossy slopes on rocky outcrops, grassy flushes, old pastures, slopes under Calluna, and mossy banks in Betula and Pinus sylvestris woodlands. In such places it grows as scattered stems among other robust bryophytes such as Barbilophozia floerkei, Scapania gracilis, Tritomaria quinquedentata, Dicranum scoparium, Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi and Thuidium tamariscinum. In woods, B. barbata can also grow on stumps and logs, and occasionally epiphytically, e.g., on Juniperus communis. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 3,000 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).

It is dioicous; male plants and sporophytes are very rare, perianths are occasional; gemmae are lacking.","The threats to this species are not known; the decline in many lowland areas is presumably because of intensification of agriculture and increased nitrogen in the environment leading to the growth of coarse, nutrient-demanding vegetation at the expense of more calcifuge and less competitive species.","No conservation measures are required at present. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Ireland, as Endangered in the Netherlands, as Vulnerable in Germany and Portugal, and as Near Threatened in Italy (Hodgetts et al. 2015). It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Ros-Espín, R.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Barbilophozia,hatcheri,,Barbilophozia hatcheri  ,(A. Evans) Loeske,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Hatcher's Pawwort (Barbilophozia hatcheri) is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane species. It is widespread in Europe north to Svalbard but rare in the south and southwest, where it is restricted to mountains. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is still relatively frequent where it occurs, and there is no evidence of decline, or major threats. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"Hatcher's Pawwort (Barbilophozia hatcheri) is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane species. It is widespread in Europe north to Svalbard but rare in the south and southwest, where it is restricted to mountains. Elsewhere it occurs in Turkey, Siberia, the Himalayas, China, Japan, Taiwan, North America, Greenland, southern South America, and the Antarctic (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 4,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 14 million km².

","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, but the population is certainly large and likely to be stable. This species is still relatively frequent where it occurs, and there is no evidence of decline.","This species has similar ecological requirements to Barbilophozia floerkei. It is most commonly found in relatively dry rocky situations, from boulders in woodlands, ravines and open slopes under Calluna, to more exposed habitats such as old quarries, dry block screes and exposed subalpine to alpine cliff ledges. Substrates include acid rocks (commonly), basic, often igneous rocks such as basalt (more rarely), and open leached mineral soils. Associates are usually common calcifuges such as Hypnum jutlandicum, Pleurozium schreberi, Dicranumscoparium,Lophoziaventricosa,Barbilophoziasudetica, Isopachesbicrenatusand Pohlia nutans, but the patches are frequently pure and extensive. Very rarely it grows epiphytically on Betula. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 3,100 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).



It is dioicous; male plants are common and female plants are occasional, but sporophytes are very rare; gemmae are usually abundant.

 

",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Luxembourg and the Netherlands, as Vulnerable in Germany, and as Near Threatened in Italy and Portugal. It is considered Data Deficient in Sardinia (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Ros-Espín, R.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Barbilophozia,lycopodioides,,Barbilophozia lycopodioides  ,(Wallr.) Loeske,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Greater Pawwort (Barbilophozia lycopodioides) is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane liverwort which occurs as far north as Iceland and Svalbard, is frequent in Scandinavia, and is widespread on mountains throughout Europe, although absent from Lithuania, Macaronesia and several southern territories. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, while it is rare and confined to special habitats in some parts of its range, it is secure in its heartlands, and there is no evidence of decline or major threats. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"



The Greater Pawwort (Barbilophozia lycopodioides) is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane liverwort which occurs as far north as Iceland and Svalbard, is frequent in Scandinavia, and is widespread on mountains throughout Europe, although absent from Lithuania, Macaronesia and several southern territories. Elsewhere it occurs in Asiatic Russia, China, Mongolia, Japan, Java, North America and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 3,744 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 12.5 million km².

","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, but it is abundant in boreal areas, and it appears to be stable in most areas in which it occurs. The current population trend is therefore considered to be stable. 

","This species is often abundant on the ground in boreal forest in northern Europe. In Germany,it growson acidhumusin grasslandsand on theforest floor, with species such as Deschampsiaflexuosa,Oxalisacetosella, Plagiotheciumundulatum,Rhytidiadelphusloreus,Sphagnumgirgensohnii,S.russowiiandBarbilophoziafloerkei.In the Alps itgrowsmainlyonthickhumuslayersin mountainpine forestswith Myliataylorii,Sphagnumquinquefarium,PolytrichastrumalpinumandBartramia halleriana. Elsewhere it is more confined to usually base-rich substrates in mountainous regions. In Britain, it is a frequent component of damp mossy turf on sheltered slopes, on rock ledges and in block screes. Here, the stems are often scattered amongst a range of robust bryophytes such as Anastrepta orcadensis, Tritomaria quinquedentata, Dicranum scoparium, Hypnum hamulosum, Rhytidiadelphus spp. and Sanionia uncinata, and it can form almost pure cushions or even robust hummocks, for example on damp rock ledges and in mossy flushes and streamsides. More rarely it occurs in mossy turf in base-poor late-snow areas at higher altitudes, in oceanic montane hepatic mats with Mastigophora woodsii, in turf infilling limestone pavement grikes, and in wind-pruned, liverwort-rich coastal turf. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 3,300 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).

It is dioicous; male and female inflorescences are rare, sporophytes and gemmae are very rare.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Portugal, as Endangered in Latvia and as Vulnerable in Germany, as well as Near Threatened in Italy (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Blockeel, T.,Cálix, M.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Barbilophozia,rubescens,,Barbilophozia rubescens  ,(R.M. Schust. &amp; Damsh.) Kartt. &amp; L. Söderstr.,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Barbilophozia rubescens is currently only known from Nordic districts and neighbouring northern Russia. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 60 and 1,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 1.5 and 2.5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 20 and 60 km2 and the EOO is between 0.3 and 0.5 million km2. However, the moss is relatively newly described and may be therefore either be very rare or even more widespread than presently known and so the EOO and AOO may not be accurate. The current population trend and the threats to the species are unknown. Because of current lack of knowledge, the species can meet any category from Critically Endangered to Least Concern, and it is therefore given the status Data Deficient for both Europe and the EU 28.

Further research is required on the distribution, population size and trends of this species, as well as the threats.",Unknown,"The species probably has an arctic-alpine range. It is currently only known from Nordic districts and neighbouring northern Russia including Novaya Zemlya (Hodgetts 2015). The species is also known from southern Greenland (Damsholt 2002). The distribution of this species in Europe is very poorly known. Outside of Europe, this species is known from southern Greenland (Damsholt 2002).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 60 and 1,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 1.5 and 2.5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 20 and 60 km2 and the EOO is between 0.3 and 0.5 million km2. However, the moss is relatively newly described and may be therefore either be very rare or even more widespread than presently known and so the EOO and AOO may not be accurate.","In Denmark, the species is found in the dunes in Thy, as a pioneer on moist sand. Here Knud Knudsen found it in five different places in 2015 and 2016 (Goldberg 2017). In Norway, there is only one locality known (Finnmark). However, it may be that this species commonly occurs in Norway, but it is considered as a modification of B. hatcheri growing on nutrient-poor, sandy habitats (A. Pedersen pers. comm. 2017). In Sweden, there are only some old findings, very few sites in Finland, northern Russia and one locality in the Faroe Islands. The moss is relatively newly described and may be therefore either be rare or more widespread than known. It stands taxonomically close to B. lycopodioides and B. hatcheri. The current population trend is unknown for both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows on exposed soil, in permanently moist, acidic heath areas, sometimes in depressions between rocks, at other times on richly vegetated slopes, together with Dicranum spp., and Barbilophozia lycopodioides (Schuster 1988). This species is also found in snow bed vegetation at slopes irrigated by late melting snow, together with, for example, Lophozia lycopodioides, Pleurocladula albescens, Schljakovia kunzeana, Cephalozia bicuspidata and C. pleniceps (Damsholt 2002).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is in the Red Lists of Finland and Norway as Data Deficient (DD) (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected area. Further research is required on the distribution, population size and trends of this species, as well as the threats.

",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Vellak, K.","Hallingbäck, T","Ştefănuţ, S.,Sabovljevic, M.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Barbilophozia,sudetica,,Barbilophozia sudetica  ,"(Nees ex Huebener) L.Söderstr., De Roo &amp; Hedd.",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Hill Notchwort (Barbilophozia sudetica) is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane liverwort found in all the higher mountain ranges of Europe, extending south to the Iberian Peninsula and Madeira, and north to the Arctic. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large and stable population, it is common in upland areas and in the north, and there is no evidence of major threats. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"The Hill Notchwort (Barbilophozia sudetica) is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane liverwort found in all the higher mountain ranges of Europe, extending south to the Iberian Peninsula and Madeira, and north to the Arctic. It has probably disappeared from Estonia, and its presence in Belarus is doubtful. Elsewhere it occurs in Turkey, Siberia, the Russian Far East, the Himalayas, Japan, Korea, China, North America and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 4,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 14 million km².

","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, but there seems to be no evidence of decline, and it is common in upland areas and in the north. The total population is undoubtedly large, and the current population trend is considered to be stable. 

","This is often an abundant species on well-drained acid substrates in exposed situations in mountainous areas, for example on block screes, siliceous rock faces and boulders, rocky gullies and ravines, footpaths, disturbed ground, late-snow areas, fell fields, mountain ridges and summits. On rocks it often grows as pure brownish patches; on soil it is often mixed in dwarf bryophyte/lichen mats with other small calcifuge pioneers such as Diplophyllum albicans, Gymnomitrion spp., Marsupella spp., Nardia breidleri, Kiaeria starkei, Oligotrichum hercynicum and Polytrichum and Polytrichastrum spp. At lower elevations it is less common but grows generally in dry, often rocky situations such as banks by moorland streams, amongst Polytrichum and Cladonia on sun-exposed tops of boulders and walls, in old quarries, road and railway cuttings and on gravelly tracks. On mountains, a more robust and often green mesophytic form is not uncommon in moist places such as stony flushes and wet rocks and boulders by lakes and streams. Substrates are typically acid, but it can grow on more basic rocks such as basalt and sandstone. Other associates includeLophozia ventricosa, L. wenzelii, Barbilophozia hatcheri, Pohlia nutans, Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans,  Andreaea rupestris and Cephaloziella divaricata. Its altitudinal range is from 35 m up to 3,200 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).

It is dioicous; gametangia are occasional, sporophytes are very rare, September to October; gemmae are usually present.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. It has been assessed as Endangered in Portugal and as Vulnerable in Germany; it is also Near Threatened in Italy, Data Deficient in Hungary and considered Regionally Extinct in Estonia (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Hedenäs, L.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Barbula,unguiculata,,Barbula unguiculata  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

 

The Bird's-claw Beard-moss (Barbula unguiculata) is widespread throughout almost the whole of Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. It is very common and has at least a stable population trend, and is even possibly increasing. It is not threatened over its range, and so no conservation measures are required at present. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and in the EU 28.



 



 



",Stable,"This species is widespread throughout almost the whole of Europe, but is rare or missing in the extreme north (Blockeel et al. 2014). Elsewhere this species is widespread across the Northern Hemisphere and occurs  also in North Africa, Turkey, Central America, South America, Africa  and Australia (Blockeel et al. 2014). It has been found growing from sea level up to 2,900 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","This very common species has at least a stable population trend, and is even possibly increasing.","This is a very common and widespread species in a broad range of open or disturbed habitats. It prefers neutral to base-rich soil and occurs on paths, at the edge of roads, in arable fields, grassland, on walls and on thin soil over rocks.",There are no major threats to this species in Europe.,No conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Puche, F.,Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BARTRAMIALES,BARTRAMIACEAE,Bartramia,aprica,,Bartramia aprica  ,Müll.Hal.,"On the base of  phylogenetic analyses, Damayanti et al. (2012) split Mediterranean and western North American populations of Bartramia stricta Bridel from other of this taxon and refer specimens to the new taxon Bartramia rosamrosiae Damayanti, J.Muñoz, J.-P.Frahm & D.Quandt. More recently, Muller (2014) observe that, as the name Bartramia aprica Müll. Hal. was validly described earlier, this name has priority over B. rosamrosiae.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Bartramia aprica is a Mediterranean taxon quite widely distributed in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. It reproduces by capsules and lives in various habitat types. Being quite well distributed in Mediterranean Europe, no conservation actions are needed in the near future.",Stable,"This is a Mediterranean species known in western North America and in Mediterranean part of Europe, North Africa and Asia (Damayanti et al. 2012). In Europe it is widely distributed from Great Britain and Iberian Peninsula to Sicily and Turkey.","There is no available data on the size of subpopulations. However, individuals frequently produce sporophytes and the current population trend is presumably stable.","This species is quite frequent both in open and sunny habitats, such as shrublands, and in moist conditions near rivers or forests. It is found at elevations ranging from about 50 m to 1,000 m asl.",No major threats are known to affect this species.,This species is not subject to specific conservation measures. Being quite well distributed in Mediterranean Europe no conservation actions are needed in the near future. It is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Hedenäs, L.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BARTRAMIALES,BARTRAMIACEAE,Bartramia,breviseta,,Bartramia breviseta  ,Lindb.,,No,VU,D1,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Bartramia breviseta is known from Norway, Iceland, NW Russia and Svalbard and Jan Mayen. The reports from Kosovo, Italy and Romania are still very unclear and are omitted in this assessment. This is an arctic species that is known from 25 localities, and is estimated to have an overall population size in Europe of fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). The current population of this species in Europe is unknown. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in Europe.

There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. There has been uncertainty about the taxonomy, as it is closely related to B. ityphylla. Further taxonomic research is therefore required. In addition, targeted studies regarding distribution, population size and trends are needed. 

This species is not known to occur in the EU 28 and therefore it is Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"This is an arctic species occurring in Iceland and northernmost Norway (Hodgetts 2015) and NW Russia (Murmansk; Franén 2004). It is also found in Svalbard and Jan Mayen (Frisvoll and Blom 1997). The reports from Kosovo, Italy and Romania are still very unclear and are omitted in this assessment. Therefore, this species is considered to not be found within the EU 28. There has been uncertainty about the taxonomy, as it is closely related to B. ityphylla but is, according to Fransén (2004), clearly separated at the species level. This species is also present in Asia.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 130 and 200 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 1 and 2 million km2. The altitudinal range of the species in Europe is from sea level to 100 m Asl.","In Iceland, this species only occurs in lowland along the coast, especially on islands and capes. It is found at several localities, however they are always in small quantities (Frahm 1975, Jóhannsson 1995). Around 15 sites are currently known from Iceland. 

In Norway, this species is known from only two collections from the latter half of the 1800s in Finnmark. The species has not been searched for recently but there is no reason to believe that it has disappeared. The habitat is not considered specifically threatened. However, its specified locus nevertheless suggests a wider distribution in the two northernmost counties of Norway. There is great uncertainty about the species' occurrence in the old site today, and there is an urgent need to trace this species in the area to ascertain its current status.

In Svalbard, it is considered to be a rare species and only a few sites are known (Frisvoll and Blom 1993). It has been collected in 1974, 2013 and 2015 and in total five localities are known.

In NW Russia the species is also recorded (Fransén 2004).

Considering that there are around 25 localities currently known, the overall population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as proxy for an individual-equivalent). The current population of this species in Europe is unknown.","This species has been found on granite or basalt, in rock crevices or among boulders, both in sheltered situations (ravines and precipices) and exposed habitats. On Iceland, this species is mainly found in coastal heaths (Hallingbäck et al. 2008). According to Fransén 2004 the species occur on rocks of granite or basalt, together with other bryophytes like  Anthelia sp., Scapania sp., Blepharostoma trichophyllum, Sarmentypnum sarmentosum, Sanionia uncinata, Cyrtomnium hymenophyllum, Hygrohypnum polare, Philonotis tomentella, Kiaeria glacialis, Bartramia ithyphylla, Pohlia cruda, P. nutans, P. drummondii and Plenogemma phyllantha.","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","This species is included in the Red Lists of Norway (Hassel et al. 2015 ) (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in protected areas in Svalbard. 

Targeted studies regarding distribution, population size and trends are needed. Further taxonomic research is also required.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Schröck, C.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BARTRAMIALES,BARTRAMIACEAE,Bartramia,halleriana,,Bartramia halleriana  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Haller's Apple-moss (Bartramia halleriana) is present in most European countries. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread throughout Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. In addition, although local declines have been reported for some European countries, the overall population trend of this species is stable. It lives in shady to very shady places, on usually dry, mildly to moderately base-rich rocks (but rarely limestone), sometimes close to water, in places with a high atmospheric humidity. It has its optimum in mountainous landscapes. This species could be threatened by climate change, but threats to this species should be better investigated.",Stable,"Haller's Apple-moss (Bartramia halleriana) is a widespread species in Europe, where it is present in most European countries (Hodgetts 2015). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. It is also widespread globally, occurring in North, South and Central America, tropical Africa, Australasia, Hawaii, and East and Central Asia (Nebel and Philippi 2001). This species grows from sea level up to 2,800 m Asl.","The species is reported to have declined in Germany (Nebel and Philippi 2001, Meinunger and Schröder 2007). It was thought to have disappeared from Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012), but it was recently rediscovered there (N. Lockhart pers. comm. 2016). It seems to be stable elsewhere in Europe, as it is classified as Least Concern in most countries with a national Red List (Hodgetts 2015). The current population trend is therefore considered to be stable.","This species lives in shady to very shady places, on usually dry, mildly to moderately base-rich rocks (but rarely limestone), sometimes close to water, in places with a high atmospheric humidity. It has its optimum in mountainous landscapes (montane-alpine) but ranges from near sea level in the northern countries up to 2,800 m Asl (Nebel and Philippi 2001, Moosflora der Schweiz 2011). Its small spore size (20-24 µm) means that it is efficient at dispersal (Hallingbäck and Hodgetts 2000).","Lockhart et al. (2012) suggest that this species could be threatened by climate change, which might explain its decline in Germany. However, the mechanisms of the observed decline remains very poorly understood, and threats to this species should be better investigated.","This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Luxembourg, as Vulnerable in Hungary and Germany, and as Near Threatened in the Czech Republic. It was classified as Regionally Extinct in Ireland, but has recently been rediscovered, and is Data Deficient in Sardinia (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in the Syöte National Park in Finland, and in the region of the Parc National de la Vanoise/Réserve Naturelle du Plan de la Tuéda in France, as well as in protected areas in Britain. There must be many further occurrences in protected areas throughout Europe. Research into the threats to this species is recommended.",The species is not utilised or traded.,"Segarra, J.,Cálix, M.","Baudraz, M.E.A. & Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BARTRAMIALES,BARTRAMIACEAE,Bartramia,ithyphylla,,Bartramia ithyphylla  ,Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Straight-leaved Apple-moss (Bartramia ithyphylla) is widely distributed in Europe, ranging from the Iberian Peninsula and Ireland in the west, to Russia in the east, and from Norway (including Svalbard) in the north to Italy and Spain in the south. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large and stable population and there appear to be no major threats to it. 



There may be some local declines in some parts of this species' range, but there is no evidence of a significant ongoing decline of the species or a decrease in the quality of its habitat. In addition, the population as a whole is not considered fragmented due to its numerous localities, although in some regions it may be considered locally fragmented. This is mainly a montane species of moss, and overgrazing and afforestation could be potential threats to it (for example, in Ireland). There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. However it occurs in many protected areas, affording it some protection from these potential threats.",Stable,"The Straight-leaved Apple-moss (Bartramia ithyphylla) is very widely distributed. In Europe, it ranges from the Iberian Peninsula and Ireland in the west to Russia in the east, and from Norway (including Svalbard) in the north to Italy and Spain in the south. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. It can be found from the lowlands to the alpine zone, reaching more than 3,200 m Asl in the Alps. Its global distribution includes, according to Fransen (2004), Europe, Greenland, North and Central  Asia, the Himalayas, Japan and North Africa.","This species is very widely distributed and known from numerous localities throughout Europe. The patches or cushions of this species are mostly fertile. Spores are rather large (34-40 µm; Smith 2004). Despite the large spores, the population as a whole is not considered fragmented due to its numerous localities, although in some regions it may be considered locally fragmented. There is no evidence of a significant ongoing decline of the species or a decrease in the quality of its habitat. The population is therefore considered as stable.","This is a montane to alpine species which is very widespread in Europe and found in a variety of habitats, growing on shaded soil on rocks and in rock crevices.","In Ireland, overgrazing and afforestation are mentioned as potential threats and it may have experienced some decline (Lockhart et al. 2012). The European population as a whole is not considered threatened because of very large and stable subpopulations in the Alps and in Scandinavia (and probably elsewhere). There are also many localities known in Scotland.","The species is common and widely distributed in Europe as a whole. Nevertheless, it is considered Vulnerable (VU) in Ireland, Germany, Portugal and Hungary. It has been assessed as Near Threatened in Luxembourg and Sicily, and is Regionally Extinct in the Netherlands and Estonia (Hodgetts 2015). At the European level, there are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. It occurs in many protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Segarra, J.,Cálix, M.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BARTRAMIALES,BARTRAMIACEAE,Bartramia,laevisphaera,,Bartramia laevisphaera  ,(Taylor) Müll. Hal.,,No,EN,D,No,EN,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



In Europe, Bartamia laevisphaera only occurs in Germany and has an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated at 200 km2, whilst the area of occupancy (AOO) is very restricted, estimated at just 25 km2. Thirty years ago this species declined, but the population trend is thought to be stable at present. It is estimated that the population contains fewer than 200 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals), and the species if therefore assessed as Endangered in Europe and in the EU 28. It is known to occur mainly in crevices in steep south-facing rocks (schist, volcanic and diabasic rock), in open to half-shaded situations. All subpopulations are found in deep valleys. This species is not known to produce sporophytes in Germany. Fertilizers and herbicides pose a threat to this species. However it is known to be present in protected areas, affording it some protection from these threats. More research about the trends and occurrences of the species is necessary.",Stable,"Bartamia laevisphaera occurs in Europe only in western Germany, in the region of Koblenz at an altitude between 100 m and 150 m Asl (Damayanti et al. 2012, Frahm 2012). These records were previously referred to B. stricta (now, in Europe, B. aprica), but recent work revealed it as B. laevisphaera (Damayanti et al. 2012), distinct from the southern European B. aprica. Elsewhere it is recorded from Africa, South, Central and North America (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2014), India (Gangulee 1969 -1980) and China (Li et al. 2007). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at 200 km2, whilst the area of occupancy (AOO) is very restricted, estimated at just 25 km2.","The species is known from fifteen localities in Germany. The centre of its distribution is in the Mosel valley and Mayfeld, west to southwest of Koblenz, but there is also an isolated single occurrence in the Lahn valley near Arfurt. One German subpopulation is reported to have become extinct (D. Quandt pers. comm. 2016). Thirty years ago this species declined, but the population trend is thought to be stable at present. Since this species grows on rock faces, an individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre where the species grows. It is estimated that there are fewer than 200 individual-equivalents in Germany.","In Europe the species is known to occur mainly in crevices in steep south-facing rocks (schist, volcanic and diabasic rock), in open to half-shaded situations. All subpopulations are found in deep valleys. This species is not known to produce sporophytes in Germany. In North America, it grows on soil, in rock crevices and on talus slopes, in  dry to moist places (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2014).","This species is known to have declined 30 years ago due to construction works. At present, fertilizers and herbicides pose a threat. It is, however, unlikely that this threat will lead to a population decline in the near future.",There is no information about any conservation measures targeting this species. It has been assessed as Vulnerable (3) in the new Red List for Germany (Caspari et al. 2018). More research about the trends and occurrences of the species is necessary. It is known to be present in protected areas. All sites of this very rare species should be protected (Meinunger and Schröder 2007).,The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Patiño, J.,Cálix, M.","Baudraz, M.E.A., Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BARTRAMIALES,BARTRAMIACEAE,Bartramia,pomiformis,,Bartramia pomiformis  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Apple-moss (Bartramia pomiformis) is widely distributed throughout Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. The current population trend is considered stable and there are no major threats to it at the European level. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. No conservation actions are currently needed.",Stable,"In Europe, the Common Apple-moss (Bartramia pomiformis) ranges from Macaronesia and the Mediterranean region north to the Arctic (except Iceland and Svalbard) and from the Atlantic seaboard in the west to the Ural mountains in the east (Hodgetts 2015), from sea level to the alpine zone up to 2,400 m Asl. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Outside Europe itis widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, occurring in Asia, North America and NorthAfrica (Smith 2004). Reports from South America and New Zealand are erroneous and refer to other species (Fransen 2004).","This species is considered stable and Least Concern in the majority of European countries with national or regional Red Lists. Therefore, the current population trend is considered stable. There is no indication of fragmentation of the subpopulations.","The species grows in different types of forests and open habitats, on acidic rocks or soil, from the lowlands up to the alpine zone.",There appear to be no major threats to this species in Europe.,"The species is listed as 'threatened' (EB) in the national Red List of the Netherlands, as Vulnerable in Estonia and Latvia, and as Near Threatened in Germany (Caspari et al. 2018). In all other countries with a Red List it is considered Least Concern. There is no need for conservation actions. It is known to occur in protected areas across its range in Europe.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Aleffi, M.,Cálix, M.","Schnyder, N.","González Mancebo, J.,Puglisi, M.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BARTRAMIALES,BARTRAMIACEAE,Bartramia,subulata,,Bartramia subulata  ,Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,EN,D,No,EN,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



Bartramia subulata is a very rare taxon in Europe, and is only known from a few localities in the Alps and maybe in the Russian Arctic. This species is assessed as Endangered since it is estimated that there are between 100 and 200 individual-equivalents in Europe and in the EU 28. Subpopulations can be quite small and most only have two or three individual-equivalents. On the other hand, this species can be overlooked since it tends to grow in relatively small subpopulations in sites which are difficult to access. The environmental changes related to recreational tourism in the Alps, as well as global warming can be counted among the causes of decline of this rare taxon of high mountain regions. Increasing temperatures could lead to an upward habitat shift for subpopulations at lower elevations. Monitoring of the habitat and population trends is recommended, as well as research into the population size. Site and resource protection are also recommended to prevent any further decline in the population.",Unknown,"Bartramia subulata is a very rare taxon in Europe, and is only known from a few localities in the Alps and maybe in the Russian Arctic. Outside the European continent it is known in Asia (Fransén 2004). The subspecies B. s. americana, recently described (Fransén 2004), is endemic to North America. This species is known from around 50 sites in Austria. In Switzerland it is known from five sites, and from five sites in Italy (Cortini Pedrotti and Aleffi 1992). There is an isolated subpopulation in European Russia (Afonina and Czernyadjeva 1995). However, this record should be reconfirmed and the presence of the species in Russia is considered uncertain. This species can be overlooked since it tends to grow in relatively small subpopulations in sites which are difficult to access. Since this is a high alpine species the records from southern Italy and central France could be also considered doubtful and should be reconfirmed.","Subpopulations can be quite small. The current population trend is unknown, and some historical subpopulations from the early 20th Century could not be confirmed (Granger 2005, Aleffi et al. 2008). For this species, one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. It is estimated that there are between 100 and 200 individual-equivalents in Europe and in the EU 28. Most subpopulations only have two or three individual-equivalents.","This is a species of montane high-altitude regions, where it grows on rocks. It also grows in the alpine environment of snow and rock fissures. It grows as cushions. It is found at high elevations between 1,980 m and 3,400 m asl.","The environmental changes related to recreational tourism in the Alps, as well as global warming can be counted among the causes of decline of this rare taxon of high mountain regions. Increasing temperatures could lead to an upward habitat shift for subpopulations at lower elevations. However, climate change is not expected to affect the overall population significantly in the next three generations (between ten and 50 years).","This species is included in the Red List of bryophytes of Switzerland, as Vulnerable (Hodgetts 2015). In some Italian localities the species occurs in protected areas (Buffa and Miserere 2004). It is possible the species has disappeared from some sites. Monitoring of the habitat and population trends is recommended, as well as research into the population size. Site and resource protection are also recommended to prevent any further decline in the population.",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Hedenäs, L.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Ignatov, M., Kucera, J., Lara, F. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LEPIDOZIACEAE,Bazzania,azorica,,Bazzania azorica  ,H. Buch &amp; Perss.,,Yes,EN,"A3c; B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"A3c; B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"Bazzania azorica is a liverwort species endemic to the Azores, and is largely confined to shady, sheltered and very humid areas of well-preserved native forests. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 292 km2), the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the in the AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, the number of subpopulations and the number of mature individuals due to climate change, habitat conversion to plantations, pastureland, and the opening of secondary roads; there is also a decline in the quality of habitat due to invasive alien species and indirect effects of increasing tourism.



In addition, a recent study using climatic modelling has projected a decrease in the number of 1-km2 climatically suitable grid cells for this species of either 72% or 73% in the next 56 years. The generation length of this species is estimated at ca 33 years, and three generations would therefore be 100 years. Taking into account the spatial grain of the study (approximately 1-km2 grid resolution), it is possible that this species may persist within the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity is usually higher than in the surrounding environment. Nevertheless, these models clearly project a substantial decline in the climatically suitable area for this species. It is also assumed that even if there are suitable microclimatic areas within the unsuitable 1-km2, these will be minimal (ravines, nooks and crannies) and thus the reduction in suitable habitat will lead to an almost linear reduction in the population; it is therefore very likely that there will be a population reduction of more than 50% within three generations, based on a decline in the area of occupancy (AOO) and habitat quality.



Proper management of the habitat is recommended, focusing on the impacts of climate change and exotic species, and increasing the native forest area. Further research is needed on the population size and trends, the species' habitat, ecology and threats. Since this is one of the few endemic species of liverworts in the Azores, is rather easy to identify even in the field, and is mostly found in pristine forest habitats, it is suggested that some awareness measures should be put into practice, due to its unique natural value for the Azorean region.",Decreasing,"Bazzania azorica is a liverwort species endemic to the Azores Archipelago, where is occurs on the six largest of the nine islands (Gabriel et al. 2010). It is restricted to well preserved sites of the natural forest above 550 m Asl (Sjögren 1978, Homem and Gabriel 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 20,608 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 292 km2.","The species is restricted to Azorean native forests, occurring in humid and shaded places such as ravines where it is sometimes possible to observe subpopulations larger than one square metre growing on sheltered vertical soil walls. Nevertheless, sporophytes have not been described, and without the formation of spores, the dispersal of the subpopulations is hindered. These small and isolated subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization and the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. 



Like other species of the same genus, this bryophyte is considered a long-lived species, with a generation time of around 33 years, and a three generation period of around 100 years. Since the Azores were colonized only from the 15th century, and old references show that the native vegetation was homogeneous among the islands (e.g., Frutuoso 2005a-f), it is suspected that endemic bryophytes would have been present all over the archipelago. However, mainly due to habitat changes inherent to human occupation (e.g., Silveira 2013), this species was not recorded on the smallest and less elevated islands of the Azores - Corvo, Graciosa and Santa Maria (Gabriel et al. 2010), where no native forest remains (e.g., Triantis et al. 2010). According to recent publications (Ferreira et al. 2016, Patiño et al. 2016), the current population trend is decreasing, since the projection of data from 1990 to 2100 clearly shows a reduction in the area of distribution of native forests (Ferreira et al. 2016), and Macaronesian endemic bryophytes are projected to suffer a reduction in the extent of suitable habitat (Patiño et al. 2016). 



The number of 1-km2 climatically suitable grid cells for this species is predicted to decrease by either 72% or 75% of its current distribution under future climatic conditions until 2070, depending on the scenario followed (Patiño et al. 2016). This prediction is based on a study which derived its projections using two different Global Climate Models recommended for Europe and Mediterranean climates under two RCP (Representative Concentration Pathways). The first one was a stabilization scenario where total radiative forcing is stabilised before 2100, while the other scenario is characterized by increasing greenhouse gas emissions over time, representative for scenarios in the literature leading to high greenhouse gas concentration levels (Patiño et al. 2016). In addition, the elevation range of this species is predicted to shift upwards, as conditions on Macaronesian islands become warmer and drier (Patiño et al. 2016). The variables considered for these projections included the maximum temperature of the warmest month and the precipitation (in mm) of the wettest month. The poikilohydric condition of bryophytes means their water content is directly regulated by environmental humidity and growth is restricted to periods of hydration. Temperature is also known to be an important factor for bryophyte growth (Patiño et al. 2016). However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study (approximately 1-km2 grid resolution), it is possible that this species may persist within the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity is usually higher than in the surrounding environment. Nevertheless, these models clearly project a substantial decline in the climatically suitable area for this species within three generations.","This species is largely confined to shady, sheltered and very humid areas of well-preserved native forests, where it grows mainly at the base of Juniperus brevifolia trees, but also on soil and sometimes on rocks (e.g., Sjögren 1978, Gabriel and Bates 2005, Homem and Gabriel 2008). The species is extremely sensitive to low relative humidity, as was shown with transplant experiments to habitats outside the forest (Gabriel 2000) and this is corroborated by its exclusive distribution inside the sheltered Azorean forests. This habitat is declining in the Azores, and all known sites of occurrence are at medium to medium-high altitudes, between 550 m and 1,050 m Asl. Accordingly, a preliminary analysis of Azorean bryophytes using Rabinowitz criteria of rarity (distribution, abundance and ecology), ranks this liverwort as a restricted species with a narrow ecological range (Gabriel et al. 2011).","The major threats to this species are related to disturbance of the natural forest in the Azores, where there is a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat. Degradation is occurring due to invasive alien species, such as Hedychium gardnerianum (Zingiberaceae) and Pittosporum undulatum (Pittosporaceae) (Silva et al. 2008). Although most localities where this species is found are relatively well preserved and currently difficult to access, the building or enlarging of roads will have an impact on the size and number of subpopulations. Furthermore, the number of tourists is increasing in the Azores and with more people visiting natural areas, the species' habitat will possibly be progressively disturbed. Since the Azores are located on the mid-Atlantic ridge, they are also prone to the effects of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes with deleterious effects on the existing subpopulations. Climate change will impact the amount of suitable habitat for this species (Patiño et al. 2016).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas - six natural parks; one park per island where the species is found. Proper management of the habitat is recommended, focusing on the impacts of climate change and exotic species, and increasing the native forest area. Further research is needed on the population size and trends, the species' habitat, ecology and threats. In fact, the characteristics of the species justify a careful monitoring program, on a selection of sites, in order to investigate the possibility of population fluctuations. The habitat specificity (85% of all its recorded distribution is within native forest - Gabriel et al. 2011), the lack of spore production, and its absence from three Azorean islands (Gabriel et al. 2010) are red flags pointing to possible local extinctions in the future (e.g., Triantis et al. 2010). The Portuguese Red List of Bryophytes does not include the Azores, and the species is also not mentioned in the Azorean Legislation that protects wild species (RAA 2012). Since this is one of the few endemic species of liverworts in the Azores, is rather easy to identify even in the field, and is mostly found in pristine forest habitats, it is suggested that some awareness measures should be put into practice, due to its unique natural value for the Azorean region.",The species is not utilised.,"Muller, F.,Fettes, N.D.","Gabriel, R., Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LEPIDOZIACEAE,Bazzania,flaccida,,Bazzania flaccida  ,(Dumort.) Grolle,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment:  Least concern (LC)



Bazzana flaccida is present in shady and humid forests, mainly in the montane and subalpine zone, where it grows over acidic rocks and soil. In Europe, it is found in mostly mountainous regions from the Pyrenees in the west to Romania and Bulgaria in the east and from northern Italy and Spain in the south to Germany and Poland in the north. The overall population trend is assumed to be stable. It is fairly common and widespread in upland areas of central Europe, but some of the outlying subpopulations are considered threatened. However, there are no major threats to this species at the European level. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28. There is no further information available about conservation actions in place for this species. 

",Stable,"Bazzana flaccida is present mostly in mountainous regions from the Pyrenees in the west to Romania and Bulgaria in the east and from northern Italy and Spain in the south to Germany and Poland in the north. It is not present in Scandinavia or the British Isles (Nebel and Philippi 2005). Its presence in Ukraine is uncertain (Hodgetts 2015). It can be found growing at elevations between 240 m and 2,700 m Asl. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 1,800-2,000 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at 2.5-3 million km². Outside Europe it is found only in the Caucasus. A closely related species (from which it was not formerly separated), B. denudata, occurs in North America (Grolle 1972).","There seems to be no decline in the population, but nothing definite is known. Thus the current population trend is assumed to be stable. It is fairly common and widespread in upland areas of central Europe.","This species is present in shady and humid forests, mainly in the montane and subalpine zone. It grows over acidic rock and soil. Sporophytes are very rarely produced (Nebel and Philippi 2005).",There are no major threats to this species at the European level.,"The species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Slovakia, as Endangered in Slovenia, and as Vulnerable in Italy, Luxembourg and the Czech Republic (Hodgetts 2015). It is treated as Least Concern in all the other countries of occurrence with a national Red List. There is no further information available about conservation actions in place for this species. It occurs in at least one protected area (Biosfera Val Müstair, Switzerland).",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Englefield, E.,Orgaz Alvarez, J.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LEPIDOZIACEAE,Bazzania,pearsonii,,Bazzania pearsonii  ,Stephani,,No,NT,"B2b(iii,iv,v)",No,NT,"B2b(iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



The Arch-leaved Whipwort (Bazzania pearsonii) is an oceanic boreal-montane leafy liverwort confined in Europe to Britain and Ireland. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 600 km²), and there is an estimated and inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. Some sites have potentially been lost in western Ireland, where historical sheep-grazing pressure has been most intense. Although the rate of habitat quality decline in Ireland has slowed, it is considered that there is still an ongoing decline. The species' subpopulations are stable overall in the British Isles, but there is some evidence that graminoid vegetation is increasing in upland areas of Scotland, which may impact this species. Monitoring of population and habitat trends is recommended, and further research into the threats to this species would also be beneficial.",Decreasing,"The Arch-leaved Whipwort (Bazzania pearsonii) is an oceanic boreal-montane leafy liverwort confined in Europe to Britain and Ireland. A report from Spain is from an orthographic error. Elsewhere, this highly disjunct species has been recorded in Asia (southern China, the Himalayas, Sri  Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines and New Guinea), and in northwest North America (Alaska and British Columbia) (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 600 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 166,000 km².

","There is no indication that this species is declining in the UK and it is locally frequent in the northwest Highlands of Scotland and in scattered parts of western Ireland. In Ireland, however, four previously known sites have probably been lost from Galway and Mayo counties, where historical sheep-grazing pressure has been most intense. Although the rate of habitat quality decline in Ireland has slowed,  it is considered that there is an ongoing decline in Ireland. Although there was a recent decline in sheep numbers, they are now increasing again (N. Lockhart pers. comm. 2017). The current population trend is therefore considered to be decreasing.","This is a montane and strongly oceanic species, and it is a component of a distinctive mixed hepatic association with other large upland species, (e.g., Mastigophora woodsii and Scapania ornithopodioides), in oligotrophic dwarf-shrub communities on moist peaty banks. It also occurs in acid grassland, block screes, cliffs and ledges. Most localities have a northerly to easterly aspect and all have a cool and extremely humid climate, except in the Cairngorms where it is confined to areas of late snow-lie. Its altitudinal range is from 240 m up to 960 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014).

It is dioicous; female plants are fairly frequent, but male plants have not been reported in Britain and Ireland and sporophytes are unknown.","Overgrazing in the uplands, afforestation and burning are the main threats. Sites in western Galway and in Mayo have been particularly hard-hit by overstocking with sheep, and this species may have been eliminated completely from sites in Connemara (Lockhart et al. 2012). There is some evidence that graminoid vegetation is increasing in upland areas of Scotland, which may impact this species (Ross et al. 2012, Flagmeier et al. 2014).","This rare species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Ireland (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas. Reinstatement of a less intensive grazing regime at key sites should be a priority. Changes in the system of EU support for agriculture will hopefully result in fewer sheep in the uplands (Lockhart et al. 2012). Monitoring of population and habitat trends is recommended, and further research into the threats to this species would also be beneficial.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Erzberger, P.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N. & Rothero, G.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LEPIDOZIACEAE,Bazzania,tricrenata,,Bazzania tricrenata  ,(Wahlenb.) Trevis.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Lesser Whipwort (Bazzania tricrenata) is a European boreal-montane species that is widespread in western upland areas of Britain and Ireland and in Scandinavia, but otherwise largely confined to the major European mountain ranges. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, is locally common is parts of its distribution, and there is no evidence to suggest it has declined. Climate change may be a threat in the future. No conservation measures are required at present, but it may be wise to monitor it at the edge of its range to determine any possible declines due to climate change.",Stable,"The Lesser Whipwort (Bazzania tricrenata) is a European boreal-montane species that is widespread in western upland areas of Britain and Ireland and in Scandinavia, but otherwise largely confined to the major European mountain ranges. A report from Greece is unconfirmed. Elsewhere it occurs in the Caucasus, Russia, China, Japan, the Himalayas, North America, Mexico, Guatemala and Costa Rica (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 3,400 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11 million km².

",This species is locally common is parts of its distribution and it is a common constituent of the Scottish liverwort heath. It is not rare in the mountains and there is no evidence to suggest it has declined. The current population trend is therefore considered to be stable.,"This species is locally common in upland dwarf-shrub heaths and on rocky banks, especially on north- or east-facing slopes, where it often grows in mixture with other bryophytes such as Sphenolobusminutus,Lepidoziareptans,Myliataylorii,Diplophyllumalbicans,Lophoziaventricosa,Dicranodontiumdenudatum, NeoorthocaulisattenuatusandPohlianutansand, in oceanic areas, Anastrepta orcadensis and Scapania gracilis. Other habitats include cliff ledges, stable block screes and submontane grassland; in addition it occurs among boulders and outcrops in western oak and birch woodlands. It is a common constituent of the Scottish liverwort heath occurring with Bazzania pearsonii, Plagiochila carringtonii, Pleurozia purpurea and Scapania ornithopodioides. Most localities are base-poor. Its altitudinal range is from 20 m up to 3,000 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).

It is dioicous and frequently fertile, but sporophytes are very rare.","There are no known threats to this species at present. Climate change may be a threat in the future.

","This species has been assessed as Endangered in Serbia and as Vulnerable in Germany. In addition it is considered Near Threatened in the Czech Republic, Italy and Finland (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas. No conservation measures are required at present, but it may be wise to monitor it at the edge of its range to determine any possible declines due to climate change. 

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Erzberger, P.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LEPIDOZIACEAE,Bazzania,trilobata,,Bazzania trilobata  ,(L.) Gray,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Greater Whipwort (Bazzania trilobata) is a large suboceanic temperate liverwort. It is most frequent in the west, including Madeira, becoming uncommon in the extreme northern and continental regions and absent from most of the Mediterranean region. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, is frequent in its core area of distribution, and there is no evidence of decline. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"

The Greater Whipwort (Bazzania trilobata) is a large suboceanic temperate liverwort. It is most frequent in the west, including Madeira, becoming uncommon in the extreme northern and continental regions and absent from most of the Mediterranean region. It has apparently disappeared from Portugal. Elsewhere it occurs in the Russian Far East, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, China and North America (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 4,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8.5 million km².",The current population trend appears to be stable and there is little or no evidence of decline.,"This calcifuge species is particularly characteristic of shady, moist places such as conifer forest and western oak woodland, where in humid conditions it can be locally dominant in the bryophyte layer, forming large, deep cushions on banks, boulders, cliffs and rocky outcrops. Rhytidiadelphus  loreus, Hylocomium splendens, Sphagnum girgensohnii, S. russowii, S.  capillifolium, Leucobryum glaucum, Dicranodontium denudatumand Campylopus  flexuosusare common associates, with Plagiochila spinulosa and Scapania gracilis in oceanic areas. It also grows on deep humus and brown earth soils, especially in grazed woodland, as well as on logs, and on sandstone rocks in shaded valleys. Outside woodland, it occurs in sheltered places on boulder-strewn slopes and block scree, including on some north-facing coasts. It has been shown to be intolerant of desiccation. Its altitudinal range is from 5 m up to 2,200 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).

It is dioicous and occasionally fertile, but sporophytes are very rare, produced May to July. Plants sometimes have caducous leaves and these may act as a means of vegetative reproduction.",There are no known threats to this widespread species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species has been assessed as Endangered in Serbia, as Vulnerable in Latvia and Germany, as Near Threatened in Estonia, Hungary and Italy, and is considered Regionally Extinct in Portugal mainland (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.



 

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Erzberger, P.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,ANASTROPHYLLACEAE,Biantheridion,undulifolium,,Biantheridion undulifolium  ,(Nees) Konstant. &amp; Vilnet,,No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(i)",No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(i)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

 EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Marsh Flapwort (Biantheridion undulifolium) is assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU 28 for a number of reasons. Although its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at 2.8 million km2, it has a much more restricted area of occupancy (AOO), being estimated at around 80-100 km2. The population is considered to be severely fragmented as the species is present in isolated bogs with little contact between each other, and it also very rarely produces sporophytes. It is estimated that there are more than 250 but less than 2,500 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) in Europe and in the EU 28. Each subpopulation has fewer than 250 individual-equivalents. This species has experienced a continuing decline in EOO, AOO, habitat quality, number of subpopulations and number of individual-equivalents. It is therefore assessed as Endangered under Criteria B and C. 

This species has possibly become extinct in several countries throughout its range, mainly due to the destruction of bogs and by the inadequate management of bog lands. Drainage, afforestation and overgrazing are all significant threats to its habitat. This species is known to occur in protected areas, however further protection and restoration of bogs is recommended. Ex-situ conservation is also recommended for this species, for the purpose of re-introduction to countries where it previously occurred. More work is needed in France to understand why the species still occurs there with relatively important subpopulations, whereas it is mostly extinct in other parts of Europe. Further research into the life history of this species is recommended.",Decreasing,"In Europe, the Marsh Flapwort (Biantheridion undulifolium) occurs in France, where 15 new records have been published by Hugonnot et al. (2003). There is only one recent record known in Germany (S. Caspari pers. comm. 2017). There are records of this species from the eastern Pyrenees (Hugonnot 2012), Norway, Denmark, UK, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, and northern and eastern European Russia. However, it now seems to be possibly extinct in many countries, especially in central Europe and Scandinavia, including Finland, Sweden, Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 80-100 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2.8 million km2. Outside Europe it rarely occurs in Greenland, North America and Siberia. It is found from sea level up to 1,600 m Asl.

","The species is decreasing across its range, and it is considered possibly extinct in Scandinavia (Damsholt 2002), although it is still listed in Norway as Critically Endangered. It is probably extinct in Switzerland (following unsuccessful searches of old sites in 2005, although its published status is Critically Endangered) and Austria (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2016, although its published status is Critically Endangered) and close to extinction in Germany. It is probably extinct in Poland, Czech Republic and Slovakia, according to their regional Red Lists. In Britain there has been an increase of records in recent years; however this is due to an increase in survey effort, and not an increasing population (Blockeel et al. 2014). There are only two recordsin European Russia (Konstantinova 2000, Maslovsky 2017). The population is severely fragmented as the species is present in isolated bogs with little contact between each other, and the fact that this dioicous species very rarely produces sporophytes. These small and isolated subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. Since this species grows over Sphagnum spp., one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered as one square metre where this species grows. It is estimated that there are more than 250 but less than 2,500 individual-equivalents in Europe and in the EU 28. Each subpopulation has fewer than 250 individual-equivalents.","This is a long-lived species and its generation length is estimated to be 50 years. It grows between Sphagnum species in ombrotrophic bogs and minerotrophic mires in altitudes from sea level to 1,600 metres Asl.","The species is threatened by the destruction of bogs and by the inadequate management of bog areas (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Drainage, afforestation and overgrazing are all significant threats to this species.","The species is assessed as Regionally Extinct in Sweden, Finland, Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia in their regional Red Lists and threatened in most other countries where it occurs. It is currently listed as Critically Endangered in Norway, Austria and Switzerland, but is probably extinct in all three countries. It is Endangered in Britain. Protection and restoration of bogs is recommended, as well as adequate management of existing bogs. The species is known to occur in protected areas. Ex-situ conservation is also recommended. Reintroduction to countries where it has become extinct could be considered, which would require research into the genetics of the population. Much more work is needed in France to understand why the species still occurs there with relatively important subpopulations, whereas it is mostly extinct in other parts of Europe (V. Hugonnot pers. comm. 2017) The life strategy of the species should also be studied (asexual reproduction, growth etc.).",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Cronberg, N.,Englefield, E.","Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,BLASIALES,BLASIACEAE,Blasia,pusilla,,Blasia pusilla  ,L.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Common Kettlewort (Blasia pusilla) is a circumpolar boreo-temperate liverwort species found throughout most of Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common (at least in northern and upland areas), the current population trend is stable, and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are necessary for this species at present.",Stable,"The Common Kettlewort (Blasia pusilla) is a circumpolar boreo-temperate liverwort species found throughout most of Europe, but is rare in the south; for example, it is absent from mainland Portugal (where it has apparently become Regionally Extinct), the Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Albania, Crete and Kosovo. Elsewhere it is found in Siberia, the Russian Far East, China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, the Himalayas, North America and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at ca. 4,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca. 13 million km².","This species is common and widespread, but may have declined slightly in lowland and southern areas. The current population trend is considered to be stable.","This is a locally abundant but rather unpredictable species of moist, non-calcareous soil which occurs on damp tracks, forestry tracks and roadsides, in old quarries and clay pits, on waste ground, in ditches and, occasionally, arable fields. It is found at altitudes from 5 m to 2,600 m Asl. Regular associates include Anthoceros agrestis, Dicranella rufescens, Philonotis fontana,  Riccardia multifida, Pohlia nutans, P. wahlenbergii, P. annotina, Fossombronia wondraczekii, Nardia scalaris, Scapania irrigua, Solenostoma gracillimumand Pogonatum urnigerum. It is less common in natural habitats, where it is chiefly found amongst gravel by streams and rivers, on lake shores, on wet shale banks, or on slumped ground and solifluction terraces in the uplands, where Ditrichum heteromallum and Oligotrichum hercynicum often grow alongside it (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).



It is dioicous and often fertile; sporophytes are occasional. Archegonia and antheridia are produced from May to July and, uniquely, the young sporophyte overwinters in the tissues of the dead gametophyte, maturing in March and April. Gametophytes which lack sporophytes may live through the winter. Stellate gemmae, or ovoid gemmae in gemma receptacles, or both, are almost always present. The stellate gemmae are short-lived, starch-rich, germinate in the summer months and carry the Nostoc-symbiont. The ovoid gemmae retain viability for several months and have reserves of lipid and protein rather than starch; they tend to be released when the receptacles decay in late summer and autumn and germinate the following spring to produce thalli which are initially Nostoc-free (Duckett and Renzaglia 1993).

","Although this species may have declined slightly in some lowland and southern areas, there appear to be no significant threats to it at the European scale.","No conservation measures are necessary for this species at present. It has been assessed as Endangered in Hungary and Luxembourg, as Vulnerable in Spain, Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands, and as Near Threatened in Italy. It is regarded as Regionally Extinct in Portugal (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hedenäs, L.,Cálix, M.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,PSEUDOLEPICOLEACEAE,Blepharostoma,trichophyllum,,Blepharostoma trichophyllum  ,(L.) Dumort.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Hairy Threadwort (Blepharostoma trichophyllum) is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane liverwort that is widespread and often frequent in northern and montane Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it is declining locally in some lowland areas, it is still far too abundant in the north and in upland areas to be considered threatened. No conservation measures are required at present, except perhaps for monitoring marginal subpopulations.",Decreasing,"The Hairy Threadwort (Blepharostoma trichophyllum) is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane liverwort that is widespread and often frequent in northern and montane Europe. Elsewhere it is found in Asia and North America, extending southwards to mountain ranges in equatorial regions (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 4,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 19 million km².","This species appears to be decreasing, at least in some areas. It may be in long-term decline in Britain, and this has continued since the mid-1980s in both lowland and upland regions. The reason is unclear; it is possible that this relates in part  to the small size of the species, making it easy to overlook, but its recent rarity in relatively well-recorded areas such as Yorkshire suggests that the decline may be genuine (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Germany it has also been lost from many of its low-altitude sites (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). However, it is still plentiful in the north and in some southern montane areas.","Seldom present in pure tufts, Blepharostoma trichophyllum is usually found creeping amongst other bryophytes in a variety of communities, on acid and base-rich substrates. It is most frequent on sheltered and shaded rock walls and ledges amongst crags and in ravines, with associates such as Amphidium mougeotii, Anoectangium aestivum and Gymnostomum aeruginosum, but it also occurs in flushes, by streams and on peaty moorland banks. In deciduous woodland it grows on tree bases, rotten logs and within cushions of large ground-layer mosses, notably Leucobryum species. Additional associates in Germany areLepidozia reptans, Tetraphis pellucida, Tritomaria exsecta, Nowellia curvifolia and Riccardia palmata (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 3,080 m Asl. 



It is autoicous or paroicous; sporophytes are occasional, produced April to October. Gemmae are frequent, but rather infrequently recorded.","Threats to this species are not known, but the general deterioration in quality of lowland habitats must be contributing to its decline; possible factors include excessive nitrogen input, over/under-grazing, drainage, afforestation, etc.","No conservation measures are required at present, except perhaps for monitoring marginal subpopulations. This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Hungary (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Ros-Espín, R.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,SELIGERIACEAE,Blindia,acuta,,Blindia acuta  ,(Hedw.) Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Sharp-leaved Blindia (Blindia acuta)  is a widespread and locally very common species in mountain habitats all over Europe. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 15,000 and 20,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 15 and 20 million km2. Within the EU 28, the AOO is between 12,000 and 13,000 km2, and its EOO is between 11 and 12 million km2. At the EU 28 level, it is also quite common. The current population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

No conservation action is needed at present.",Stable,"The species has a circumpolar, boreo-arctic montane range. This species is present throughout much of north, west and central Europe, and is found north to Svalbard, but it is confined to the mountains in southern Europe and the Mediterranean region as well as Macaronesia. It is common in the mountains and rare in lowland regions (Hallingbäck et al. 2006, Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in North America, Central America, Asia, Africa and the Atlantic Islands (Iceland) (BFNA 2007).

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 15,000 and 20,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 15 million km2.

Within the EU 28, the AOO is between 12,000 and 13,000 km2, and its EOO is between 11 and 12 million km2.","This species is widespread and common in large parts of Europe, especially in the mountains. The current population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","In the United Kingdom, this species is often plentiful on near-vertical, weakly acidic to moderately basic rock faces in the uplands where water seeps or drips from above, especially on wet crags and streamside cliffs, and in ravines and gullies. It is also found by waterfalls, on stones and boulders at the edge of streams, and on stones in flushes and gravelly seepages. Usually found on hard substrates, it has been recorded exceptionally on fixed sand dunes. On wet cliffs, it is often accompanied by Amphidium mougeotii, Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Fissidens adianthoides and F. osmundoides, and in flushes by Aneura pinguis, Jungermannia spp. and Campylium stellatum. Other regular associates include Marsupella emarginata and Scapania undulata. Away from the uplands, this species is largely confined to coastal slopes and sandstone rocks by wooded streams. It is occasionally found on man-made structures, such as embankment walls and reservoirs where there is flushing by water (Blockeel et al. 2014).

In Fennoscandia, this species grows on moist or wet stones, often inundated parts of the year. It is found on flushed vertical cliffs, boulders in springs and brooks or on bottom of lakes and streams. Sometimes it is also found on flushed soil. This species grows on both acidic to more base rich substrata (Hallingbäck et al. 2006).

In southeastern Europe, this is a characteristic species along streams in the high mountains, where acidic bedrocks dominate (Marka et al. 2018).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.",The species is in the Red List of Germany as Near Threatened (NT) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in several protected areas. No conservation action is needed at present.,This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Kucera, J.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,SELIGERIACEAE,Blindia,caespiticia,,Blindia caespiticia  ,(F.Weber &amp; D.Mohr) Müll.Hal.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Dwarf Blindia (Blindia caespiticia) is a very small and rather rare European Arctic-montane species almost endemic to Europe. It occurs in Scandinavia and Scotland, south to the Alps, the Balkan mountains and Romania. The species is assessed as Least Concern since the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. However, climate change must be considered a potential threat in the future and some of the best and more outlying subpopulations should be monitored.",Stable,"The Dwarf Blindia (Blindia caespiticia) is a very small and rather rare European Arctic-montane species  almost endemic to Europe. It occurs in Scandinavia and Scotland, south  to the Alps, the Balkan mountains and Romania. Otherwise it occurs only  in Turkey (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 360 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4 million km².","There is no indication of decline in this naturally rare species. The population is larger than 1,000 mature individuals in Austria alone, and the population is not severely fragmented.","This is a strict calcicole occurring in low, spreading patches along cracks or lines of friable rock on calcareous schist or limestone in the mountains. Most stands are in sheltered sites on broken crags, often on vertical or overhung faces that are intermittently irrigated or retain moisture. However, the moss also occurs less frequently on unshaded boulders in block scree. On Ben Lawers (Scotland) frequently associated species on the crags are Saxifraga oppositifolia, Schljakovianthus quadrilobus, Jungermannia borealis, Scapania cuspiduligera, Blindia acuta, Encalypta alpina and Myurella julacea, while on more open sites it can occur with Campylophyllum halleri. Its altitudinal range is from 100 m up to 2,450 m Asl.



It is autoicous; capsules are usually abundant, maturing in summer (Blockeelet al. 2014).","There are no major threats to the species at present, but climate change must be considered a potential threat in the future.","Some of the best and more outlying subpopulations should be monitored. This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Finland and Slovakia, as Endangered in Britain and Slovenia, as Vulnerable in Switzerland and Romania, as 'rare' in Germany, and as Data Deficient in Bulgaria (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Blockeel, T.,Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,SELIGERIACEAE,Blindiadelphus,campylopodus,,Blindiadelphus campylopodus  ,(Kindb.) Fedosov &amp; Ignatov,,No,NT,"B2b(ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(i)",No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Bentfoot Rock-bristle (Blindiadelphus campylopodus) has mainly a continental distribution in central and eastern Europe. The occurrence of this species is limited to small areas. However, this species is probably somewhat overlooked, and it has a few new discoveries in recent years. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 900 and 1,000 km2, and in the EU 28, the AOO is between 700 and 800 km2. In Europe and EU 28, the total population size is estimated to be between 10,000 and 15,000 individual-equivalents and each subpopulation is smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents. The overall current population trend for both Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be decreasing. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened in both Europe and the EU 28 as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criteria B and C.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in Norway and Slovakia. This species is vulnerable to various habitat alterations such as changes in moisture or closure of open rock surfaces. More sites need to be protected, and further research is required to confirm the size of subpopulations in some countries in Europe.

",Decreasing,"This species has a European-Siberian oroarctic-temperate distribution. It has mainly a continental distribution in central and eastern Europe and is found north to northern Scandinavia, west to Britain and France, and south to northern Italy, Austria, Switzerland and Bulgaria (Blockeel et al. 2014). The altitudinal range of this species is from 20 m to 490 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in North America (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 900 and 1,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 700 and 800 km2, and the EOO is between 3 and 4 million km2.","In the United Kingdom, this is a very rare species. Here, Warburg (1947) first drew attention to this species at its Buckinghamshire site, interpreting it as a form of S. recurvata, but it had already been collected in the Wye valley in the late 19th century. It was refound there by P. Martin in 1995 (Blockeel et al. 2000), and it has been found in at least 12 locations on the Monmouthshire side of the valley (Bosanquet 2003). This species has not been seen at the two sites on chalk for more than 50 years. Elsewhere, this species is possibly overlooked, being easily passed over when growing sparsely at ground level. Bosanquet et al. (2005) report a possible colony in Carmarthenshire but only vegetative plants have been found there (Blockeel et al. 2014). 



In Finland, there are at least 16 localities, and many of them are recent and new ones (Virtanen 2009). 

The sizes of the subpopulations in most other European countries are not well known. However, in Sweden, this species is very rare, less than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equivalent), and it is scarce in every site. In Norway, the species is known from 12 localities and it is assumed that there are ca 5 individual-equivalents per locality. In Europe and EU 28, the total population size is estimated to be between 10,000 and 15,000 individual-equivalents and each subpopulation is smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents. The overall current population trend is considered to be decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is probably somewhat overlooked, and it has a few new discoveries in recent years, even with increased bryological activity.","This species grows on shaded and moist calcareous cliffs and boulders (Hallingbäck et al. 2006, Virtanen 2009). In Finland, it has been found to colonize recently exposed calcareous rock surfaces boulders in semi-cultural, forested or open tundra habitats (Virtanen 2009).

Blindiadelphus campylopodus has a more narrow ecological niche compared to the more abundant B. recurvatus. It usually grow only on pure limestone. On the other hand, Blindiadelphus recurvatus also occurs, and is more frequently, on calcareous or base silicate and sandstones (Marstaller 2002).

In the United Kingdom, this species occurs in the Wye valley and the adjacent area in southeastern Wales. This species grows characteristically on stones, pebbles and detached pieces of limestone on the ground in woodland below cliffs, and often in the shade of ash, hazel or yew trees. Steeper banks that are relatively free from leaf litter seem to be favoured, and the stones are often embedded in soil and thus kept relatively moist. These localities are all on carboniferous limestone, and recorded associates include Leptobarbula berica, Rhynchostegium confertum and Tortella tortuosa. The species has also been found on very hard chalk and flints at two woodland sites in Buckinghamshire and Sussex, at the first site growing with S. calycina (Blockeel et al. 2014).","This species is vulnerable to various habitat alterations such as changes in moisture or closure of open rock surfaces. Local threats include the destruction of rocky habitats associated with various constructions, and also the disappearance of open calcareous rock surfaces along with spread of shading vegetation (Virtanen 2009).","This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed in Slovakia as Critically Endangered (CR), in Hungary as Data Deficient (DD), in Norway as Endangered (EN), in Great Britain, Luxembourg and Estonia as Near Threatened (NT), in Poland as rare (R), and in Finland, Sweden, the Czech Republic and Bulgaria as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area, however, more sites need to be protected. In addition, further research is required to confirm the size of subpopulations in some countries in Europe.",The species is not used or traded.,"Vanderpoorten, A.,Cálix, M.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,SELIGERIACEAE,Blindiadelphus,diversifolius,,Blindiadelphus diversifolius  ,(Lindb.) Fedosov &amp; Ignatov,,No,NT,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Long Rock-bristle (Blindiadelphus diversifolius) is found in northern and central Europe. This species is a relatively rare species in Europe. The current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28, and there are no major threats to the species. Each site contains usually less than 5 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). In total, in Europe there is most probably between 1,000 and 1,500 individual-equivalents. Therefore, in Europe, this species is assessed as Near Threatened at it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion D.

However, in the EU 28, the population size is a bit less than 1,000 individual-equivalents. Therefore, this species is assessed as Vulnerable in the EU 28.

No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species has a circumpolar boreal-montane distribution range. In northern Europe, this species occurs in Fennoscandia (Finland, Norway and Sweden), the UK, Svalbard and northwestern Russia. In central Europe, this species is found in Switzerland and is also reported from northern Italy, as well as doubtfully in France (Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in eastern Canada, Yukon, Alaska and Asia (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 400 and 600 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 6 and 7 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 300 and 400 km2 and the EOO is ca 2.5 million km2.","This species is a relatively rare species in Europe. In the United Kingdom, this is clearly a very rare moss but may have been overlooked elsewhere because of confusion with other species of the genus (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Svalbard, this species is known from tree sites, but the latest was collected in 1973 (Frisvoll and Blom 1997). In Sweden, this species is scattered in the mountains and is known from at least 50 sites, and in Finland and Norway it has about the same number of localities (K. Syränen pers. comm. 2017, Hassel et al. 2015). Each site contains usually less than 5 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equivalent). In total, in Europe, there are most probably between 1,000 and 1,500 individual-equivalents and in the EU 28, a bit less than 1,000 individual-equivalents. There is no information of any decline and so the current population trend is considered to be stable for both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows in northern Europe, and is most typically found on shaded calcareous cliffs or boulders, sometimes also in more exposed habitats as well as on rocks of calcium-rich schist (Hallingbäck et al. 2006).

In the United Kingdom, this is a plant of calcareous cliffs and crags, characteristically on the vertical surface of the rock. The Yorkshire locality is on a wooded calcareous cliff of the Upper Jurassic (Porley 2013). The immediate associates at this site are not known but Blindiadelphus recurvatus is plentiful and larger calcicoles such as Tortella tortuosa, Neckera crispa, N. complanata and Rhynchostegiella tenella also occur. In its Scottish locality, this species was found on a base-rich rock face among crags in Glen Nevis (Blockeel et al. 2014).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","This species is assessed in the Red Lists of Italy and Switzerland as Data Deficient (DD), in Finland as Near Threatened (NT), and in Great Britain (Hodgetts 2015) and Svalbard as Vulnerable (VU) (Frisvoll and Blom 1997). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Puche, F.,Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,SELIGERIACEAE,Blindiadelphus,polaris,,Blindiadelphus polaris  ,(Berggr.) Fedosov &amp; Ignatov,,No,VU,D1,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Blindiadelphus polaris is an arctic species with a circumpolar distribution. In Europe, it is found only on Svalbard and Franz Josef Land. The area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 80 and 100 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 78,000 km2. There are known to be 14 localities on Svalbard and just one on Franz Josef Land. The current population trend of this species in Europe is unknown. The population size of the species in Europe is estimated to be of less than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable.



On Svalbard and Franz Josef Land, there are only very small areas with suitable living conditions for this species, which limits its occurrence and increases the risk of extinction. The species could potentially be affected by the melting of snow beds due to climate change. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed.

This species is not found within the EU 28 and it is therefore Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"This species is an arctic species with a circumpolar distribution. In Europe, it is found in several places in Svalbard, and in north Russia on Franz Jozef Land (Afonina and Czernyadjeva 1995). One very old (1868) and dubious report from southern Norway (Hodgetts 2015) seems not to be correct. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland and northernmost North America (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 80 and 100 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 78,000 km2. The altitudinal range of this species is estimated to be between 10 m and 300 m Asl. This species is not found within EU 28 countries.

","Many localities (14) are known on Svalbard (Frisvoll and Elvebakk 1996, Frisvoll and Blom 1997).The current population trend of this species in Europe is unknown. In Franz JosefLand, there is only one known locality (Ignatov et al. 2006). Estimating an average of five individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) per site, a maximum of 1,000 individual-equivalents is estimated.","This species grows on soil in the tundra or in moist rock-crevices (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). In Spitsbergen, it is found on stones close to snow beds (Frisvoll and Blom 1997). If the number of snow beds decline, this species also might decline, however, the uncertainty is rather high.","Svalbard and Franz Josef Land offers only very small areas with suitable living conditions for this species, which limits its occurrence and increases the risk of extinction. The species could potentially be affected by the melting of snow beds due to climate change.","The species is present in protected areas. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.,Aleffi, M.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K., Söderström, L., Ingerpuu, N. & Huttunen, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,SELIGERIACEAE,Blindiadelphus,recurvatus,,Blindiadelphus recurvatus  ,(Hedw.) Fedosov &amp; Ignatov,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Recurved Rock-bristle (Blindiadelphus recurvatus) shows a temperate to boreal distribution in Europe, and is widespread, especially in central Europe, becoming rare in northern Scandinavia and in the Mediterranean countries. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, but the overall population trend is thought to be stable. The population size is estimated to contain far above 10,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) in both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no major threats to this species at the European level. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species shows a temperate to boreal distribution in Europe, and is widespread, especially in central Europe, becoming rare in northern Scandinavia and in the Mediterranean countries. It is missing from the Arctic, the Faroe Islands, Macaronesia, Denmark, Belarus, Moldova, much of European Russia, Lithuania and several of the Mediterranean and Balkan countries. It may have disappeared from Finland. According to Blockeel et al. (2014), it is also known outside Europe from Turkey, the Caucasus, Georgia, Azerbaijan, eastern Asia, Japan and eastern North  America. It is found growing at elevations between 30 m and 2,600 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, but the overall population trend is thought to be stable. The population size is certainly far above 10,000 individual-equivalents in Europe and the EU 28. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre or one boulder on which the species grows.","This species occurs in a broad range of somewhat base-rich rock types such as sandstone, basalt, slate and also certain calcareous rocks (Grims 1999, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). It grows on cliffs, rock fragments and boulders, often near streams or in humid and shady forests. More rarely it is found in more open habitats such as grasslands, where it grows on small pieces of limestone (H. During pers. comm. 2017).

","This species is generally not threatened at the European level, and is rare only at the edges of its range. There appear to be no major threats to it.","This moss has been assessed as Endangered in Hungary, as Vulnerable in Luxembourg and Estonia, as Near Threatened in Bulgaria, 'susceptible' in the Netherlands and Data Deficient in Albania. It is considered Regionally Extinct in Finland (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Pilkington, S.,Cálix, M.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,SELIGERIACEAE,Blindiadelphus,subimmersus,,Blindiadelphus subimmersus  ,(Lindb.) Fedosov &amp; Ignatov,,No,EN,D,No,EN,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



Blindiadelphus subimmersus shows a disjunct distribution in northern Europe, and it is a very rare arctic species. This species has, as we know it today, a very small population size. The number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) is estimated to be smaller than 250 individual-equivalents, with few individual-equivalents in each locality, both in Europe and within the EU 28. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered in both regional assessments.

However, the current population trend is unknown, but there is no information of any decline. Hydro-power development is a threat to some of the sites in Norway. Two sites in Norway have been destroyed due to construction of hydro-power plants. In addition, climate change causing warming of the environment is a potential threat to this species. Further research is needed into the population size and trends, as well as into the threats to this species. This species is known to occur in at least one protected area.",Unknown,"This species is known from arctic-alpine areas and shows a disjunct distribution. In Europe, it is found only in northern and southwestern Norway, northern Sweden, Finland and adjacent parts of European Russia (Hodgetts 2015, Volkova and Maksimov 1993). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in northernmost North America (BFNA 2007) and has also been found in Siberia (Ignatov et al. 2006). This species is therefore not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 50 and 100 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be between 0.4 and 1 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 16 and 32 km2 and the EOO is between 0.2 and 0.4 million km2.","This is a very rare arctic species found only in northern Europe. There is no information of any decline and the population is small and very limited and therefore potentially at risk. However, the current population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28.

The number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) is estimated to be smaller than 250 (using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent). In Finland, there are 10 to 14 localities and it is estimated that there are around 30 individual-equivalents. There are eight localities in Norway (two of which have disappeared) and each locality may have had between one and five individual-equivalents - it is estimated that in Norway, there are between six and 30 individual-equivalents. There are very few sites in European Russia. In Sweden, there are two known sites and it is estimated that there are around 30 individual-equivalents.","This species grows in Finland and Sweden on periodically wet calcareous rocks, often on flushed vertical cliffs of dolomite or calcium rich schist and often on micro-climatically cool north-facing cliffs (R. Virtanen pers. comm. 2017). It is also found on shores of lakes and in ravines (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). In Norway, this species grows in shady calcium rich rocks preferably by streams and rivers (Hassel et al. 2015). There is no evidence of any continuing decline in habitat quality, however, the uncertainty is rather high.","Hydro-power development is a threat to some of the sites in Norway. Two sites in Norway have been destroyed due to construction of hydro-power plants. In addition, climate change causing warming of the environment is a potential threat to this species.","This species is included in the Red List of Norway as Endangered (EN) and it is assessed in Sweden and Finland as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015).

Further research is needed into the population size and trends, as well as into the threats to this species. This species is known to occur in at least one protected area.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.,Blockeel, T.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,SELIGERIACEAE,Brachydontium,trichodes,,Brachydontium trichodes  ,(F.Weber) Fürnr.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Bristle-leaf (Brachydontium trichodes) is a suboceanic temperate species found mainly in mountain districts from Portugal (where it is considered extinct) and northern Spain, east to the Carpathian and Balkan mountains, and north to Scotland, central Norway and Poland. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is a colonist which is undoubtedly overlooked, and there is no indication of a continuing decline. It does not approach the thresholds for a threatened Category under any of the Criteria.",Unknown,"The Bristle-leaf (Brachydontium trichodes) is a suboceanic temperate species found mainly in mountain districts from Portugal (where it is considered extinct) and northern Spain, east to the Carpathian and Balkan mountains, and north to Scotland, central Norway and Poland. Records from the Urals are erroneous. Elsewhere it has been recorded from the Caucasus, eastern Asia, Japan and North America (Appalachian Mountains, Washington) (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 1,028 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4 million km².","It is possible that there may have been a decline, but it is such a small species that it is undoubtedly overlooked. Also it is a colonist species, and individual stands may not be permanent or stable. The current population trend is considered unknown. There are almost certainly more than 1,000 individual-equivalents, considering one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) to be one patch or boulder on which the species grows.","In hill districts this species is found locally on vertical or slightly overhanging rock faces in ravines and gullies, on upland cliffs, on the sides of boulders in stony flushes and streams, on stones in stable screes, and occasionally colonising old quarries and railway cuttings. Unshaded sites probably always have a north to easterly aspect. The substrate, which may be weakly base-rich to strongly acid, is most commonly sandstone, but can be any of a wide range of soft siliceous rocks, including the crumbling weathered surfaces of igneous rocks such as granite and basalt. Associated species may include Cephalozia bicuspidata, Diplophyllum albicans, Marsupella emarginata, Blindia acuta, Dicranella heteromalla, Fissidens pusillus, Scapania nemorea and Tetrodontium brownianum, and occasionallyCampylostelium saxicola and, in higher localities, Marsupella  sprucei. In lowland districts it almost invariably grows on shaded sandstone rocks and malmstone - e.g., where embedded in lane banks or on woodland banks above streams (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from 50 m up to 2,160 m Asl.



It is autoicous; capsules are abundant, maturing in summer.","At some sites it is at risk from shading by overgrowth of scrub and saplings. Its occurrence on predominantly acidic, nutrient poor substrata may imply that it is vulnerable to eutrophication.","Known sites with strong subpopulations should be managed to ensure that scrub does not shade out this species. Subpopulations in areas where it is threatened should be monitored. This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Switzerland and Hungary, as Endangered in Ireland, Spain and Romania, as Vulnerable in Norway and Bulgaria, as Near Threatened in Slovakia, as Data Deficient in Slovenia, and as 'rare' in Poland. It is thought to be Regionally Extinct in Portugal (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Ros-Espín, R.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Brachymenium,notarisii,,Brachymenium notarisii  ,(Mitt.) A.J.Shaw,,No,NT,"B2b(iii,iv,v)",No,NT,"B2b(iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Brachymenium notarisii occurs in the Azores, Canary Islands and Madeira archipelagos. It has also been recorded from Cabo Verde and Madagascar. In Europe, this species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 240 km2), and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat throughout the species' range, as well as a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and mature individuals on Madeira Island; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. The decline in habitat quality is due to habitat eutrophication related to grazing activities, deforestation of natural forests, and the effects of climate change. The intensification of wildfires associated with the emergence and spread of invasive alien plant species, and the negative impacts of anthropogenic activities - which have significantly increased in most of the Macaronesian archipelagos during the last two decades - are considered the main causes for the decline of this species. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is recommended, especially in Madeira. Appropriate management of areas where the species occurs should be encouraged to prevent further population declines.",Decreasing,"Brachymenium notarisii occurs in the Azores, Canary Islands and Madeira archipelagos. In Madeira, most of this species' distribution occurs in the southern part of the island. In the Azores, this species is found in Faial, Flores, Graciosa and São Miguel islands; in the Canary Islands it occurs on five islands (El Hierro, Gran Canaria, La Gomera, La Palma and Tenerife) (González-Mancebo et al. 2008, Gabriel et al. 2011, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 524,100 km2 and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 240 km2. It has also been recorded from Cabo Verde and Madagascar (O'Shea 2006).","In Madeira, most of the subpopulations have disappeared or decreased in recent years, mainly due to the intensification of anthropogenic activities in the most populated areas. All post-2004 collections correspond to known sites and no new sites have been found recently. In the Azores and Canary Islands this species seems to be stable (González-Mancebo et al. 2008, Gabriel et al. 2011, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). Due to the decline in Madeira, the overall current population trend is considered to be decreasing.","This species grows on soil, on rocks or less frequently on disaggregated rocks in streams, waterfalls, in artificial water canals, and on walls temporarily or permanently covered with water, as well as in lagoon margins. It is found in the native forests and also in the mesic areas of the Macaronesian archipelagos. In Graciosa (Azores) it is also found at a cave entrance (R. Gabriel pers. comm. 2016). In the Canary Islands, it occurs in open water habitats from mesic to alpine areas. It occurs at altitudes ranging from 150 m to 500 m Asl in the Azores, and between 200 m and 1,200 m Asl in Madeira; and from 250 m to above 2,200 m Asl in the Canary Islands.","The main threats to this species include habitat eutrophication due to grazing activities and the deforestation of natural forests, as well as a reduction in habitat suitability due to the effects of climate change, including extreme temperatures and drought. The intensification of wildfires associated with the emergence and spread of invasive alien plant species is also a threat. In addition, other important threats to this species include anthropogenic activities, especially those related with ecological tourism and urban activities, which have significantly increased in most of the Macaronesian archipelagos during the last two decades, and are the main cause for the reduction in the distribution of this species on Madeira Island. There is therefore a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat throughout the species' range, as well as a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and mature individuals on Madeira Island.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. In Madeira, its distribution is included in the Madeira Natural Park, which is protected through a Regional Decree. In the Canary Islands it occurs in the Garajonay National Park, the Rural Park of Anaga and the Teide National Park, which are Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) (González-Mancebo et al. 2008). In the Azores, it is found in the Nature Park of Flores (Gabriel et al. 2011). This species was assessed as rare in the European Red List of Bryophytes (ECCB 1995) and as Vulnerable in Madeira by Sim-Sim et al. (2014). Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is recommended, especially in Madeira. Appropriate management of areas where the species occurs should be encouraged to prevent further population declines.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Ingerpuu, N.","Sim-Sim, M., Gabriel, R., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Brachymenium,paradoxum,,Brachymenium paradoxum  ,(Herzog) A.J.Shaw,,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)



This narrowly endemic species,Brachymenium paradoxum, is assessed as Data Deficient globally and in Europe since it was recorded only once in 1917. It is Not Evaluated for the EU 28 region, since it does not occur in any EU 28 country. It was treated as a good species on the basis of a single herbarium specimen from 1917. The species was not recorded afterwards and it has not been searched for since. There has been no information about this species for almost 100 years, and it is not known whether it is still present in its previously known locality or not. The threats to this species, if there are any, are unknown, and there are no conservation measures in place. Fieldwork is needed to re-find it at, or near, its type locality, and thus determine its distribution, population size and trend, as well as determine its extinction risk.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, where the only known locality is in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Pavletic 1955), in which three specimens were recorded near the confluence of the Gradesnica and Sutoka rivers. It was treated as a good species on the basis of a single herbarium specimen from 1917. The species was not recorded afterwards and it has not been searched for since. There has been no information about this species for almost 100 years, and it is not known whether it is still present in its previously known locality or not. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) for this species are both estimated at 4 km2.","There is no information on the population structure, size and trends of this species. The most recent records are from May 1917 by Herzog (herbarium collection).","The specimens were found growing on sunny and exposed gneiss rocks in a hilly area (Pavletic 1955). The elevation limits for this species are between 700 m and 1,000 m Asl.",The threats to this species are unknown. The area where it was found is uninhabited.,"There is no information available on conservation actions for this species. Fieldwork is needed to re-find it at or near its type locality, and thus determine its population size, distribution and trend. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Schröck, C.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.","Shestakova, A.,Sabovljevic, M.,Ştefănuţ, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Brachymenium,philonotula,,Brachymenium philonotula  ,Broth.,,No,RE,,No,RE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Regionally Extinct (RE)

EU 28 regional assessment: Regionally Extinct (RE)

Brachymenium philonotula is a widespread species in tropical Africa, which also occurred in Madeira Island, Portugal. This species is assessed as Regionally Extinct since it has not been recorded in Madeira since the 1950s or 1960s, in spite of several searches having been carried out by several researchers in the last decades. The habitat of this species is located on the lower parts of the southern slope of Madeira Island, not far from agriculture fields and residences. The marked alteration in vegetation composition and land use in the past 40 years on Madeira Island as consequence of significant levels of urban and touristic development, were the main cause for the degradation of the habitat of this species. Benign introduction of the species in Madeira is suggested.

",Decreasing,"Brachymenium philonotula is a widespread species in tropical Africa, which also occurred in Madeira (Frey et al. 2006, Sérgio et al. 2006). However, this species was last recorded on Madeira Island in the 1950s and 1960s, and is now believed to be Regionally Extinct in Europe.","After recent visits to the known localities it was not possible to find any individuals of this species (Sim-Sim et al. 2014). Several searches have been conducted by several different researchers, and the species still could not be found.","The habitat of this species is located on the edge of the mesic areas in the lower part of the southern slope of Madeira, as well as in coastal habitats. This species could be found on moist soil and soil-covered rocks and walls at altitudes between 300 m and 460 m Asl (Sim-Sim et al. 2014).","The habitat of this species is located on the lower parts of the southern slope of Madeira Island, not far from agricultural fields and residential housing. The marked alteration in the vegetation composition and land use in the past 40 years on Madeira Island is a consequence of significant levels of urban and touristic development, mainly on the southern slopes of the island. These effects have been the main cause for the degradation of the habitat of and the apparent disappearance of this species.

",This species was considered Regionally Extinct in the Madeira Region by Sim-Sim et al. (2014). Benign introduction of the species in Madeira is suggested.,This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Hedenäs, L.","Sim-Sim, M., Gabriel, R., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Brachytheciastrum,collinum,,Brachytheciastrum collinum  ,(Schleich. ex Müll.Hal.) Ignatov &amp; Huttunen,,No,LC,,No,NT,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Brachytheciastrum collinum known from over 100 sites in the mountains across central and northern Europe. It has a scattered distribution and in some regions, it can be relatively common. This species has a stable population trend, and there are no immediate major threats to it, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. Across the European range of the species, it is estimated that there are well more than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe. In the EU 28, it is estimated that there are between 1,000 and 1,500 individual-equivalents, and therefore this species is assessed as Near Threatened, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion D.

However, it is considered threatened in some countries, such as Finland and Svalbard, and it is possible that changes in climate may lead to a future decline in some parts of its range, such as in Finland. Sites where the species is found should be protected to ensure its occurrence in the future.",Stable,"This species is restricted to mountains in central and northern Europe. It is found in the subalpine and low alpine zones of mountain ranges. In northern Europe it occurs in Sweden, Norway, Svalbard, Finland and Iceland (Hedenäs et al. 2014) and to Arctic Russia (V. Fedosov pers. comm. Nov. 2018). Besides from Fennoscandia, this species is recorded from Poland, the Pyrenees and the Caucasus (Nyholm 1965). It is also reported from southern Russia (Ignatov and Afonina 1992). Outside of Europe, this species occurs in mountainous and northern areas in Asia and North America (Hedenäs et al. 2014). This species is therefore not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.

Records attributed to B. fendleri are though to belong to B. collinum, as the two species have been confused in the literature. These records include several at the same site in France, as well as one in Italy and Slovakia. The Spanish citation of B. fendleri where it was erroneously considered as a synonym of B. collinum, requires revision (Ros et al. 2013). However, there is one record from Andorra (1987) and one recent record is reported by Legland and Garraud (2013) in Mercantour National Park, France. Overall, there are more than 100 known sites of this species, and the core distribution seems to be in the Scandes, in Sweden and Norway, as well as in Austria.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 70 and 140 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 40 km2 and the EOO is ca 0.8 million km2. The altitude range is mainly subalpine and low-alpine belt (Mårtensson 1956), from 100 m to 3,700 m Asl.","The species is scattered and in some regions, it can be relatively common. However there are large gaps in the distribution of the species (Hedenäs et al. 2014, Mårtensson 1956). There is no indication of any decline and the current population trend is thought to be stable. The species can form large mats on some cliffs, where subpopulations can be large with many individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent). It is estimated that there are well more than 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe, but between 1,000 and 1,500 individual-equivalents in the EU 28.","This is a small moss growing in mats. It grows on limestone rocks and in crevices, sometimes on soil, in the subalpine and low-alpine belts of the mountains (Hedenäs et al. 2014, Nyholm 1965). The moss is also found on soil in caves or crevices or under boulders of dolomite, limestone, calcareous schists or slate together with Eurynchium pulchellum var. diversifolium (Mårtensson 1956).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. However, it is possible that changes in climate may lead to a future decline in some parts of its range, such as in Finland.","This species has been assessed in Finland and in Svalbard as Vulnerable (VU) (Huttunen and Virtanen 2009, Frisvoll and Blom 1997), in Slovenia as Data Deficient (DD), in Poland as indeterminate (I) and in Germany as rare (R) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is also assessed as Least Concern in Norway (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in protected areas. However, more sites should be protected to ensure the occurrence of the species in the future.",The species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Hodd, R.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Brachytheciastrum,dieckei,,Brachytheciastrum dieckei  ,(Röll) Ignatov &amp; Huttunen,"Brachytheciastrum dieckii is a pleurocarpous moss, small, yellowish green or yellowish. It is recognized by its rigid, triangular or ovate-triangular leaves, the prorate distal cells both in the lamina and in the dorsal surface of nerve, the denticulate and recurved margins, the costa ending in a distinct spine on the dorsal surface and the thick-walled quadrate alar cells, which forms a large group that extends along the leaf margin. 

This species was first described by Röll (1897) in Spain (Sierra de Guadarrama). However, until recently B. dieckii was not recognized under this name (Hedenäs 1993; Casas et al. 1996). Furthermore, Hedenäs (l.c) considers B. dieckii to be a distinct species and considers Brachythecium salteri from the Canary Islands to be a synonym of B. dieckii, although it was included in B. velutinum by Dirkse et al. (1993) in the annotated checklist of the Canary Islands.

Ignatov and Huttunen (2002) placed Brachythecium dieckii in the new genus Brachytheciastrum based on a phylogenetic analysis of molecular and morphological characters.

",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Brachytheciastrum dieckei is considered a widespread moss in the Mediterranean area. There is a common occurrence of this moss in the mountain ranges of the Iberian Peninsula, with some subpopulations occurring in protected areas. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 3.9 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is considered to be around 308 km2, but this is likely to be an underestimate. In addition, the current population trend is stable. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

There may be some threat to the species through habitat degradation and fire. Increased temperatures due to climate change may also pose a threat to the species. Recommended conservation actions include habitat preservation (for example, of open vegetation types in mountain areas) combined with the creation or maintenance of mountain rocky areas. Further research on the population size and trends of this species is recommended.

",Stable,"This species was first discovered in Sierra de Guadarrama, in Spain, on the central Iberian Peninsula. Later, it was confirmed in Spanish bryoflora (Casas et al. 1996), and found on the mountains of Portugal and Morocco (Sérgio and Jansen 2000). It has also been found in one disjunct occurrence in the Canary Islands, but the actual distribution on these islands needs to be confirmed as some records are listed as Brachytheciastrum velutinum (Izquierdo et al. 2004).

From original herbarium studies, new records of the species were found from the eastern Mediterranean region (France, Sicily, Greece, Albania, Croatia, Montenegro and Cyprus) and the Middle East (Israel, Lebanon and Turkey) (Orgaz et al. 2010, 2013). 

    This species is most widely distributed in the Iberian Peninsula, where it has been recorded from 24 provinces in Spain and three in Portugal (Orgaz Alvarez 2012). It is known from the Sistema Central, the Baetic System, the Iberian System and the Pyrenees, as well as the northern mountains of Portugal (Orgaz et al. 2016). The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is around 3.9 million km2 and the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 308 km2. The AOO is likely to be an underestimate since in some areas this species has been overlooked (it is found with other species of the same group as Brachytheciastrum venustum and B. velutinum). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 550 m and 3,200 m Asl.","In suitable habitats in the Iberian Peninsula, subpopulations of this species are very common and abundant. The overall population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is stable. 





","Most Iberian records are from the higher zones of the Sistema Central, in the Serra da Estrela, Guadarrama, Gredos, as well as in the Pyrenees. In the Iberian Peninsula, the species was found in places with a prolonged snow cover, such as glacial cirques and north-facing slopes of granitic rocks. It can also be found in the shade of scrub vegetation composed mainly of Juniperus communis subsp. alpina, Erica arborea and Cytisus oromediterraneus. This species is frequently associated with mosses such as Dicranum scoparium, Hypnum cupressiforme, Kiaeria starkei, Sanionia uncinata and other mosses in these grasslands. 

In most of the above mentioned conditions, this species has been found growing on shallow soils, but sometimes occurs as an epiphyte. The type specimen on which the species was named grew on the bark of a tree (Röll 1897). However, it has since also been found growing on Juniperus alpina. 

The plants of this species are frequently fertile.","The main threat to this species is through anthropogenic pressure with habitat degradation in touristic areas, and the increase of fire frequency. Increased temperatures due to climate change may also pose a threat to the species.","This species has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013), but it has not been listed in the Red List of Spain (Garilleti and Albertos 2012), where a major proportion of its subpopulations are found (Orgaz 2012). Its threat status is unclear in Crete and Cyprus.

The species occurs in several Portuguese protected areas within its range including the Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês, the Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela and the Reserva Natural da Serra da Malcata. In Spain, the species is found in Sierra de Gredos, an Important Area for Bryophytes in Spain (IBrA:11) (Infante and Heras 2012).

Recommended conservation actions include habitat preservation (for example, of open vegetation types in mountain areas) combined with the creation or maintenance of mountain rocky areas. Conservation of clear scrub vegetation, traditionally induced by extensive rearing of goats and sheep, is required, as well, as maintenance of Juniperus trees. Further research on the population size and trends of this species is recommended.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Bates, J.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Brachytheciastrum,olympicum,,Brachytheciastrum olympicum  ,"(Jur.) Vanderp., Ignatov, Huttunen &amp; Goffinet","Brachytheciastrum olympicum was published as a good species by Vanderpoorten et al. (2005), but morphologically it is quite unclear, and there is confusion as to whether the sterile records belong to B. velutinum or B. olympicum.",No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iv)",No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iv)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Brachytheciastrum olympicum has a rather limited distribution in Europe. Although the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is quite large (1.5 million km2), the area of occupancy (AOO) is limited to just 584 km2. The population trend is uncertain, but judging by the numbers of recent records, is presumed to be decreasing and is considered severely fragmented. 

The habitat of this species is under huge pressure, from fires to tourism development to water abstraction. These threats are likely to continue. It could be inferred that the AOO and number of locations or subpopulations are decreasing due to these pressures on its habitat. Although it occurs in protected areas, further habitat protection is needed. Therefore this species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and the EU 28. 

Further research is needed to clarify the taxonomic status of this species, since records of B. velutinum may belong to this species, thus making it more common than currently thought.",Decreasing,"This species' main range is in Mediterranean Europe (Frey et al. 2006). Outside Europe, it is part of the flora of some peri-Mediterranean countries such as Turkey, Lebanon and Morocco. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at ca. 1,500,000 km2 , whilst the area of occupancy (AOO) for this moss species is estimated at 584 km2, most of it falling within the EU 28.","Due to the confusion of the records of this species with the Velvet Feather-moss (Brachytheciastrum velutinum), there is no information on the population structure or size of this species, although its population trend is presumed to be decreasing. The population is considered to be severely fragmented, as it is found in small, isolated subpopulations. These small subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","This species inhabits soils in Mediterranean vegetation, mainly sclerophyll and conifer forests. In Greece and Macedonia, it can be found at higher elevations on siliceous rocks (B. Papp pers. comm. 2017). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0–2,050 m.","The threats to this species are catastrophic fires, followed by construction and habitat alterations due to tourism development. In the alpine areas of Greece, the development of ski resorts impact this species. Similarly in Macedonia, the species can be affected by various developments for tourism. Water abstraction, with resulting changes in local hydrology, can also threaten this species. There is no information whether there is a continuing decline in the habitat of this species, although Mediterranean ecosystems are greatly threatened (Gritti et al. 2006) and the species seems to be less reported recently.",This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Slovenia (Data Deficient) and Sardinia (Data deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). The species does occur in protected areas in Europe. Further habitat protection is needed. Taxonomic research is also needed to clarify the status of this species throughout its range.,There is no information available on use and trade of this species.,"Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.,Blockeel, T.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Brachytheciastrum,trachypodium,,Brachytheciastrum trachypodium  ,(Funck ex Brid.) Ignatov &amp; Huttunen,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Lawers Feather-moss (Brachytheciastrum trachypodium) has a circumpolar arctic-montane distribution, and a wide geographic range. The area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 300 to 400 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between ca 150 and 200 km2 and the EOO is ca 3.8 million km2. It has a stable population trend and there are no major threats to the species. In Austria alone, there are well over 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, it is considered to be threatened in some countries, such as Great Britain and Switzerland, and so more known sites should be protected to ensure the occurrence of the species in the future.",Stable,"This species has a circumpolar arctic-montane distribution. In Europe, it is known from Fennoscandia, Svalbard (Frisvoll and Blom 1997), north western Russia (Ignatov et al. 2006), and south to the Alps, the Tatras and the Carpathian Mountains, the Balkans and the South Urals (Hedenäs et al. 2014, Nyholm 1965). It occurs from the subalpine to alpine zone in the mountains. Outside Europe, this species is found in North Africa, Asia and North America (Hedenäs et al. 2014). The species is very common in Siberia (Ignatov et al. 2006).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 300 to 400 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between ca 150 and 200 km2 and the EOO is ca 3.8 million km2. The altitudinal range of the species is between 100 and 3,210 m Asl.","The species is rare in Europe (Hedenäs et al. 2014, Mårtensson 1956), but seems to be more common in the Alps than in Scandinavia. There is no indication of any decline and the current population trend is therefore thought to be stable. In Austria alone there are more than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent).","This moss grows in mats, which can be large in Austria. It grows in caves, under boulders, or in crevices in steep slopes and cliffs. The substrate often consists of detritus from the weathering dolomite, limestone, calcareous schists or slate (Hedenäs et al. 2014, Mårtensson 1956).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","This species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Finland and Slovakia and as Data Deficient (DD) in Germany and Romania. In both Great Britain and Switzerland, it is considered to be Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015).

At least one site is within a protected area. However, more known sites should be protected to ensure the occurrence of the species in the future.",The species is not used or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Hugonnot, V.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Brachytheciastrum,vanekii,,Brachytheciastrum vanekii  ,(Šmarda) Ochyra &amp; Żarnowiec,Taxonomic research is needed as several experts consider this species to be a synonym of B. velutinum.,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,iv,v)+2ab(iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,iv,v)+2ab(iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"Brachytheciastrum vanekii is endemic to Europe, and is only known from a small part of Poland and Slovakia, where it has a very restricted distribution in the High Tatra mountains. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at 350 km2, and area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at just 32 km2),the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, the number of subpopulations and the number of mature individuals. Two of the ten known subpopulations appear to be extinct now.



The main threat to this species appears to be from tourism, and in fact tourist pressure is probably the reason for its disappearance from two sites, waterfall Skok and Osterva Peak. Some of the subpopulations lie within the High Tatra National Park, affording it some protection from these threats. It is assumed that this is a valid species, but more taxonomic research to confirm this is recommended, as several experts consider this species to be a synonym of B. velutinum.",Decreasing,"This European endemic species is known only from a small part of Poland and Slovakia (Ochyra et al. 2003), where it has a very restricted distribution in the High Tatra mountains, and according to R.Šoltés (pers. comm. 2016), only ten sites are known. However, the species has disappeared from two of the known sites. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at 350 km2, whilst the current known area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at just 32 km2. The species is found growing at altitudes between 1,600 m and 2,400 Asl.

","According to R. Šoltés (pers. comm. 2016) the species is declining, and some localities could not be confirmed (waterfall Skok and Osterva Peak). The generation length of this species is estimated to be around 15 years, similar to the closely related species B. velutinum. There may have been a 20% reduction in the population in the past two generations (30 years) since two of the ten known subpopulations appear to be extinct now. However, the population size is unknown, so further research would be needed to confirm this. The subpopulations are small and isolated (found in different valleys) and may become extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.","This species prefers mylonites (metamorphic rock formed by ductile deformation of a protolith with a large shear strain), debris and grassy places (R. Šoltés pers. comm. 2016).",Tourist pressure is probably the reason for its disappearance from the two sites recorded by Šmarda (1953) (R. Šoltés pers. comm. 2016).,The species has been assessed as Endangered in the Red List of Slovakia (Kubinská et al. 2001). Some of the subpopulations lie within the High Tatra National Park.There is no information about its Red List status in Poland (Hodgetts 2015).Taxonomic research is needed as several experts consider this species to be a synonym of B. velutinum. The sites where the species grows should be protected against tourist impact.,The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Hugonnot, V.","Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Brachytheciastrum,velutinum,,Brachytheciastrum velutinum  ,(Hedw.) Ignatov &amp; Huttunen,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Velvet Feather-moss (Brachytheciastrum velutinum) is a widely distributed circumpolar temperate moss species, and occurs in a wide variety of well-drained, shaded habitats. This common species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and a presumably stable population trend. There are no major or minor threats known to the species at the European level, and it occurs in many protected areas across Europe.",Stable,"This is a common and widely distributed circumpolar temperate moss (Frey et al. 2006), occurring in Europe from Iceland, Scandinavia and Arctic Russia south to the Mediterranean region, where it is frequent in the mountains, and Macaronesia. Elsewhere it is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, and has been recorded in North Africa, south-western Asia, the Caucasus, Afghanistan, southern Siberia, southern China, Japan, and in North America south to Oregon and New England. It has also been reported from central Africa, Campbell Island and New Zealand, but some reports may belong to segregate species. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for this moss species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","This is a widespread and common species, and is considered to have a stable population trend. However, at least in Britain, the records show a significant declining trend,  for reasons that are unclear. It is often likened to Rhynchostegium confertum, and this source of confusion may have caused it to be over-recorded in the past. Its rarity in Ireland is remarkable, and it is perhaps overlooked there (Blockeel et al. 2014).

","This species of well-drained, shaded habitats is common both in calcareous areas and in areas dominated by sands and gravels. A typical habitat is on tree bases, stumps and logs in woodland, with Amblystegium serpens and Rhynchostegium confertum; as an epiphyte it occurs on the bark of a wide range of trees, commonly ash, elder, elm and willow. It is frequently found on bare, firm soil and rock in a variety of sheltered and shaded places, on banks, among roots under trees, beside lanes, hedges, streams and tracks, and in churchyards. Although often found where the substrate is leached or slightly acid, it also occurs in base-rich conditions, being recorded on soil on rock ledges on limestone, on concrete and on mortared walls. It extends into towns and cities, often growing with Bryum capillare, Grimmia pulvinata and Tortula muralis in dry, quite exposed places on walls, stones and brickwork. There are colonies growing directly on lead and zinc mine spoil in Wales (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0–3,212 m. 

It is autoicous; capsules are common, maturing in winter and spring.",There are no major or minor threats known to the species at the European level.,This species is listed as Endangered (EN) in Ireland and Near Threatened (NT) in Madeira (Hodgetts 2015). This species occurs in protected areas in Europe.,There is no information available on use and trade of this species.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hugonnot, V.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Brachythecium,albicans,,Brachythecium albicans  ,(Hedw.) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

 EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Whitish Feather-moss (Brachythecium albicans) ranges from Macaronesia and the Mediterranean region north to the Arctic and from the Atlantic seaboard in the west to the Ural mountains in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern in view of its widespread distribution across Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. In addition, it has a large and stable population and there appear to be no major threats to it.",Stable,"In Europe the Whitish Feather-moss (Brachythecium albicans) ranges from Macaronesia and the Mediterranean region north to the Arctic and from the Atlantic seaboard in the west to the Ural mountains in the east (Hodgetts 2015), from sea level to the alpine zone, up to 2,900 m Asl. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Outside Europe it is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, in Asia, North Americaand North Africa; it was introduced to Australia and New Zealand.","Subpopulations are reported to be stable in all countries where floras or Red Lists exist (Meinunger et al. 2007). Therefore, the overall population trend is considered stable. There is no indication of fragmentation of the subpopulations.","This species grows in open habitats such as grasslands, pastures, vineyards, sand-dunes, heaths, on rocks and walls, often on sandy or gravelly, acidic or neutral soil (Nebel and Philippi 2001, Smith 2004).",There appear to be no major threats to this species in Europe.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species and it has been assessed as Least Concern in all the national Red Lists. It occurs in at least one protected area (i.e., the UNESCO world heritage site Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch).

",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.,Aleffi, M.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Brachythecium,buchananii,,Brachythecium buchananii  ,(Hook.) A.Jaeger,,No,EN,B2ab(iii); D,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)



In Europe, Brachythecium buchananii has been found only in one location in the Middle Urals. There are less than 200 individual-equivalents (considered to be mature individuals) and the species has a small area of occupancy (AOO) of around 12 km2. It is also experiencing a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat, due to tourism activities. It is therefore assessed as Endangered in Europe.

The population size and trend of this species is unknown, but the subpopulation may be vulnerable, because in the Urals this species grows at the western border of its global range. More research is needed on the population trend and on the distribution range.

This species is not present in the EU 28, and is therefore Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"In Asia, this species is common in Uzbekistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Vietnam, China, Korea, Japan, in southern Siberia and in the southern part of the Russian Far East (specifically the Primorsky territory, south of the Khabarovsk territory, the Sakhalin, and the South Kuril Islands). 

In Europe, this species has been found only in the Middle Ural (Perm Province, Russia), where it grows at the western border of its global range. It was collected on the banks of Chusovaya River in three localities, along a stretch of ca 6 km. This is possibly considered the relict distribution of its global range (M. Ignatov pers. comm. 2017). The isolated localities have been found in Kamchatka and the central part of Yakutia (Ignatov et al. 2006, Ignatov et al. 2008).  This species is not found in the EU 28.

Both the estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) and the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe are around 12 km2. The altitudinal range of the species is between 200 and 280 m Asl.

","The current population trend of this species in Europe is unknown, but the subpopulation may be vulnerable due to its presence near the western border of the species range. There is one small subpopulation. The species is not fertile and does not produce sporophytes. The population size is estimated to be around 50 individual-equivalents (which are considered to be mature individuals), but since it has been only recently discovered, it is estimated that there could be up to 200 individuals-equivalents (considering each individual-equivalent as 1 m2).

","This species occurs on the banks of the mountainous Chusovaya River, where it grows on several individual cliffs formed by Upper Devonian limestone, as well as on cliff bases and ledges (Ignatov et al. 2008). There is a continuing decline in the habitat quality as a result of the effects of tourism.","The species has been found in the valley of Chusovaya River, which is a popular area for rafting. The possible threat affecting this species is habitat loss, through the degradation of cliff vegetation due to tourism, for example, trampling and rock climbing. The species is estimated to occur in only one location, because the main threat of habitat loss due to tourists activity will affect all individuals of the subpopulation.","This species is not included in the any regional Red Lists, and it is not found in any protected areas. Needed conservation actions include habitat protection, and further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is required.",The species is not used or traded.,"Orgaz Alvarez, J.,Englefield, E.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Brachythecium,campestre,,Brachythecium campestre  ,(Müll.Hal.) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Brachythecium campestre is widespread but not very common throughout the whole of Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. The overall population trend is considered as stable. As the species is not easily recognizable, this may be a reason for the paucity of records in some countries where it is considered threatened. There are no major threats to it at the European level. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.",Stable,"This is a widespread but not very common species that is distributed in eastern, central and southern Europe (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs from Spain to Russia in the east and from Greece in the south to southern Scandinavia in the north. It is rare in oceanic regions. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Outside Europe it is known from north Africa, Asia and North America (Nebel and Philippi 2001). It is found growing at elevations from 200 m up to 1,600 m Asl.","Subpopulations seem to be stable and there is no decline reported. Thus the overall population trend is considered as stable. As the species is not easily recognizable, this may be a reason for the paucity of records in some countries where it is considered threatened.","The species grows in grasslands, open forests or more or less strongly disturbed man-made habitats, mostly on calcareous substrates (Hedenäs et al. 2014).",The species is not very common but can be found in anthropogenic habitats. There seem to be no major threats to this species at the European level.,"The species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Switzerland, Austria and Bulgaria, and as Near Threatened in Finland and Estonia (Hodgetts 2015). There are no conservation actions known for this species. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Orgaz Alvarez, J.,Englefield, E.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Brachythecium,capillaceum,,Brachythecium capillaceum  ,(F.Weber &amp; D.Mohr) Giacom.,,No,LC,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Brachythecium capillaceum is found from France in the west to Russia in the east and from Italy in the south to central Germany and Poland in the north. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is known to be very common in European Russia, where the population size is likely to be very large and the subpopulations are thought to be stable and not threatened. It also has a wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. However, this species is very poorly known in most other European countries, where it seems to be rare or perhaps under-reported. Little is known about the population trend as it is not easy to recognize and is often treated as a variety of the closely related and widespread B. salebrosum. Because of the general lack of data, this species is assessed as Data Deficient in the EU 28. Possibly this species is under-represented in the herbaria because it is difficult to recognize and very similar to related species. There is almost no information available about the threats to this species, and no major threats are known in European Russia. Research on the taxonomy and distribution of this species is recommended.",Unknown,"The distribution of this species ranges from France in the west to Russia in the east and from Italy in the south to central Germany and Poland in the north. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. However, the exact distribution in most European countries is very poorly known as this species is not easy to recognize and is often only treated as a variety of the closely related and widespread Brachythecium salebrosum. In most countries with a Red List it is therefore assessed as Data Deficient. However, the core distribution of this species seems to be in European Russia. Outside Europe it occurs in central and eastern Asia where it seems be more common (Ignatov and Milyutina 2010) and in North America.","There is little known about the population trend in Europe. The species seems to be rare or perhaps under-reported throughout Europe. It is, however, known to be very common in European Russia, where the population size is likely to be very large and the subpopulations are thought to be stable and not threatened (Ignatov 2010). In Germany, several large subpopulations have been reported (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). However, it is unclear whether they are using the same taxonomic concept. The only site in the Czech Republic occupied by this species was destroyed by a new road.",The species grows on calcareous rocks (Nebel and Philippi 2001) or on the trunks of various deciduous trees (Ignatov and Milyutina 2010).,There is almost no information available about the threats to this species. The only known locality in the Czech Republic was destroyed by the construction of a road. No major threats to this species are known in European Russia.,"The species has been assessed as Endangered in the Red List of Austria, and as Near Threatened in Romania (Hodgetts 2015). In Germany, the only known recent subpopulation in Baden-Württemberg lies within a protected area (Nebel and Philippi 2001). It has been assessed as Data Deficient in Italy, the Czech Republic (where, however, the only site has now been destroyed), Germany, Switzerland, Hungary, and Belarus. Research on the taxonomy and distribution of this species is recommended.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Hodgetts, N.,Natcheva, R.,Fettes, N.D.","Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Brachythecium,cirrosum,,Brachythecium cirrosum  ,(Schwägr.) Schimp.,"Brachythecium cirrosum (s.l.) was recently split into three species - B. cirrosum s.str., B. funkii and B. japygum (Köckinger  and Kučera 2016).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Tendril Feather-moss (Brachythecium cirrosum) is widespread in mountainous parts of Europe, even if some records may prove to be of one of the other closely related species. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. It seems to be stable in most parts of its distribution, and thus the overall population trend is considered as stable. Although it can be locally threatened by human impacts, such as in the Spanish Pyrenees, there are no major threats to the species at the European level. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and in the EU 28. However, climate change may prove to be a threat in the long term. Site protection and management are recommended conservation measures for this species.",Stable,"The Tendril Feather-moss (Brachythecium cirrosum) is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere with a somewhat continental distribution. In Europe it ranges from the Pyrenees to Russia and from Sicily to Svalbard (Hodgetts 2015). It grows in mountainous regions, mainly in the subalpine and alpine zone, up to 3,300 m Asl but only rarely below 1,000 m Asl. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Outside Europe it is widespread in Asia and North America.



BecauseBrachythecium cirrosum (s.l.) has recently been split into three species - B. cirrosum s.str., B. funkii and B. japygum (Köckinger and Kučera 2016) - the distribution of B. cirrosum s.str.,  may not be perfectly known. However, the other two species appear to be  restricted to the Alps, so for the purposes of the assessment, all  records outside this area of central Europe are assumed to refer to B. cirrosum s.str..","This species seems to be stable in most parts of its distribution, and thus the overall population trend is considered as stable. However, the few sites known in the Spanish Pyrenees are threatened by anthropogenic impacts (Garilleti and Albertos 2012) and the species is probably extinct in Finland.","This species grows on exposed calcareous or base-rich siliceous rocks at high altitudes, and also in alpine grassland, usually above the timberline.","The species is not threatened in most countries in central Europe and Scandinavia. Some threat from human impact is reported from Spain (Garilleti and Albertos 2012). Climate change may prove to be a threat in the long term.

","The species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Spain, as Endangered in Slovakia, as Vulnerable in Sweden and Britain and as Near Threatened in Romania. It is considered Regionally Extinct in Finland (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas across its range in Europe. Site protection and management are recommended conservation measures for this species.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Stebel, A.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Brachythecium,erythrorrhizon,,Brachythecium erythrorrhizon  ,Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The Redfoot Feather-moss (Brachythecium erythrorrhizon) is widespread in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. It is rather common in at least some areas and subpopulations are stable in Scandinavia and Russia. It is rare in central and southern Europe but there is no decline in most countries. Overall though, it is considered to have a stable population trend. This species grows in extensive calcareous meadows and pastures or open forests and although it can be locally threatened by the intensification of agriculture, there are no majors threat to it at the European level. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.



",Stable,"The Redfoot Feather-moss (Brachythecium erythrorrhizon) is widespread in Europe. It is a mainly northern and montane species that ranges from the Pyrenees to the Ural mountains and from Italy to northern Scandinavia (Hodgetts 2015), occurring from sea level in northern countries to the alpine zone up to 2,500 m Asl. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Outside Europe it is widespread in northern Asia and North America.","The species is rather common in at least some areas and subpopulations are stable in Scandinavia and Russia. It is rare in central and southern Europe but there is no decline in most countries, except (probably) Romania (Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012) and Slovenia (Martinčič 2015). It has probably disappeared from Britain, where there is a single record in 1948 from northern Scotland. Overall though, it is considered to have a stable population trend.",The species grows in calcareous meadows and pastures or open forests.,"The species may be threatened locally by the intensification of agriculture. However, there are no majors threat to it at the European level.","The species isincluded in the national Red Lists of Romania as Vulnerable (Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012) and Slovenia as Endangered (Martinčič 2015). It is Near Threatened in Switzerland, and probably Regionally Extinct in Britain. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Segarra-Moragues, J.,Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Brachythecium,funkii,,Brachythecium funkii  ,Schimp.,,Yes,VU,D1,Yes,VU,D1,EU28,,"Brachythecium funkii is a rare species which has recently been described, and is known only from the Alps of Germany, Austria and Italy. Only about 25 localities are known worldwide, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated at 92,000 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) estimated at just 44 km2. The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, but the current trend is assumed to be stable. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since, based on current knowledge, the population size is estimated to be between 500 and 1,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals). Many of the known subpopulations are small, and the very specific habitat requirements for this species make it difficult to locate and are often difficult localities to access. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to this species at the European level. With its imperfectly known distribution, it is necessary to find out more about the exact distribution of this species in Europe. It is known to occur in protected areas, but further site protection is a recommended conservation measure for this species.",Stable,"This species has only recently been described (Köckinger and Kučera 2016), and is known only from the Alps of Germany, Austria and Italy. So far about 25 localities are known. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at 92,000 km2 whilst the area of occupancy (AOO) is much more restricted, estimated at just 44 km2. It has been found growing at elevations between 450 m and 2,600 m Asl. This species is certainly more widespread, but due to its specific habitat requirements, is considered a rare species.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, but the current trend is assumed to be stable. Based on current knowledge, the population size is estimated to be between 500 and 1,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre or one boulder on which the species grows.","This is a saxicolous moss found growing mainly on dolomite. However, there are also records from other calcareous rock substrates. The sites are often north-facing and are located in gorges. It creeps in vertical and horizontal, moist and shady crevices or on inclined, wet and richly structured rocks between grasses or shrubs (Köckinger and Kučera 2016).","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to this species at the European level.","According to current knowledge, this is a rare species known, to date, only from Europe. Due to this high global responsibility, the population should be protected. It is necessary to find out more about the exact distribution of this species in Europe. It is known to occur in protected areas, but further site protection is a recommended conservation measure for this species.",There is no use or trade information available for this species.,"Gunnarsson, U.,Englefield, E.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Brachythecium,geheebii,,Brachythecium geheebii  ,Milde,,Yes,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



Brachythecium geheebii is a rare moss species endemic to Europe. It has a wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. The area of occupancy (AOO), however, can be estimated at just 240 km2. Its reproductive potential is also seemingly limited, but the population trend appears to be stable. The population size is estimated to be between 250 and 400 individual-equivalents, considering that one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is one boulder or one tree trunk on which the species grows. It is estimated that in the EU 28 there are between 250-280 individual-equivalents, and in Europe up to 400 individual-equivalents. Therefore this moss species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and in the EU 28.



This species' habitat is most likely threatened by forest destruction and degradation due to forestry. Habitat management and additional protection are recommended measures for its conservation. Further research is needed into the threats this species faces in Europe.",Stable,"This rare moss species has a wide distribution, ranging from southern Scandinavia, through central, southern and southeastern Europe, to European Russia (Ignatov and Milyutina 2010). It is endemic to Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) for this moss species is estimated at ca 6.7 million km2, butthe area of occupancy (AOO) at just 240 km2 in Europe as a whole, and at ca 200 km2 in the EU 28.","In Austria, the species is under-recorded. In Hungary and the Balkans it is a rare species, though it does not appear to be rare in Norway. The European population trend seems to be stable but its reproductive potential is limited (Natcheva 2017). Its population size is estimated to be between 250 and 400 individual-equivalents, considering that one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is one boulder or one tree trunk on which the species grows. Thus, the EU 28 harbour 250-280 individual-equivalents, and Europe in total up to 400 individual-equivalents. There is not much information on the subpopulations of this species, but there is no evidence of extreme fluctuations or severe fragmentation.","In the Balkans and Hungary, this species grows mostly on rocks in shady areas, but it is also found in beech forests. In mountainous areas, it occurs on tree bases. It usually occurs at high elevations, except in Norway where it is found at lower elevations.","Although the threats to this species are unknown, the main threat can be assumed to be forest destruction and degradation due to forestry, and habitat alterations from the opening up of closed forest ecosystems. It is unknown whether there is a decline in the habitat extent or quality of this species.","This species is listed in the following national Red Lists: Switzerland (Critically Endangered), Romania (Critically Endangered), Sweden (Endangered), Czech Republic (Endangered), Bulgaria (Endangered), Germany (Vulnerable), Poland (Vulnerable), Slovenia (Near Threatened), Albania (Data Deficient), Hungary (Data Deficient) and Austria (Risk Assumed) (Hodgetts 2015). This species occurs in protected areas. Habitat management and protection are recommended. In addition, further research is needed into the threats to this species.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.,Blockeel, T.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Brachythecium,glareosum,,Brachythecium glareosum  ,(Bruch ex Spruce) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The Streaky Feather-moss (Brachythecium glareosum) isa common and widespread species in the Northern Hemisphere. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. The subpopulations are stable and the species is considered as Least Concern in the majority of the countries with national or regional Red Lists. Thus, the overall population trend is considered to be stable. There is no indication of fragmentation of the subpopulations. Although it can be locally threatened, there is no major threat at the European level. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28. There is no need for conservation actions for this species.",Stable,"The Streaky Feather-moss (Brachythecium glareosum) is common and widespread in the Northern Hemisphere. In Europe, it ranges from Macaronesia north to northern Scandinavia and from the Atlantic seaboard east to the Ural mountains (Hodgetts 2015), occurring at elevations from sea level to the alpine zone up to 3,000 m Asl. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Outside Europe it is widespread in Asia, North America and North Africa.","The subpopulations are stable and the species is considered as Least Concern in the majority of the countries with national or regional Red Lists. Thus, the overall population trend is considered to be stable. There is no indication of fragmentation of the subpopulations.","The species grows in calcareous, rather dry grassland on soil and on calcareous rocks and sometimes walls. It is also found growing in open forests and coastal sand dunes.",There appear to be no major threats to this common species.,"The species is considered Endangered in the Netherlands and Near Threatened in Hungary. It is Data Deficient in Portugal and Belarus. In all other countries with a Red List, it is considered Least Concern (Hodgetts 2015). There is no need for conservation actions for this species. It is known to occur in protected areas across its range in Europe.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Fettes, N.D.,Ganeva, A.,Hodgetts, N.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Brachythecium,japygum,,Brachythecium japygum  ,(Głow.) Köckinger &amp; Jan Kučera,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Brachythecium japygum has only recently been described, and currently only known from the Alps of France, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Italy and Slovenia. It may be more widespread, but for now is treated as a European endemic. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population is certainly larger 1,000 mature individuals, the current population trend is assumed to be stable and there are no known threats, major or otherwise, at the European level. It is necessary to find out more about the exact distribution of this species, but for the present no conservation actions are recommended for it.",Stable,"This species has only recently been described (Köckinger and Kučera 2016), and is for now known only from the Alps of France, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Italy and Slovenia. The species may be more widespread, but it could be a European endemic. It is found growing at elevations between 1,000 m and 2,550 m Asl. Both the area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are well above the thresholds for a threatened Category, but currently cannot be determined exactly.","While this species has only been recently described, the number of individual-equivalents is certainly above 1,000 both in Europe and in the EU 28. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one occupied square metre, or boulder on which the species grows.The subpopulations are assumed to be stable and at least some of them are large. Thus, the overall population trend is assumed to be stable.",This is a pioneer species on calcareous and base-rich rocks (Köckinger and Kučera 2016). It occurs in the montane and subalpine elevations.,"There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to this species at the European level.","It is necessary to find out more about the exact distribution of this species, but for the present no conservation actions are recommended for it. It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilized or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Wilbraham, J.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Brachythecium,laetum,,Brachythecium laetum  ,(Brid.) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Brachythecium laetum is rather rare in Europe, but it is widely distributed, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated at ca 6 million km2 and an area of occupancy (AOO) at ca 1,200 km2. It is Red Listed in several countries, but there is no indication of a continuing decline. The population trend is considered to be stable and it is even possible that the population is increasing since this species is present in successional habitats. There are no major threats to this species, but it could potentially be threatened by overgrazing in European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.",Stable,"The species is widespread in Europe, ranging from Spain in the west to Russia in the east and from Italy and Bulgaria in the south to central Germany and Finland in the north. In addition, it has been found only recently for the first time in Spain, Bulgaria (Orgaz et al. 2012) and Finland (Huttunen et al. 2013, Ellis et al. 2013). There are about 200 records in Germany (but it is probably still under-recorded according to Meinunger and Schröder 2007), 25 in Switzerland, and probably no more than 150 in all the other countries. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at ca 6 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) at ca 1,200 km2. Outside Europe it is found in North America, where it is common, Asia and North Africa.",This species is rather rare in Europe but there is no indication of a decline. The population trend is therefore considered to be stable. It is even possible that the population is increasing since it is present in successional habitats.,"The species grows on calcareous rocks in open habitats, and sometimes also on tree bases and rocks in open forests. In Germany, it has also been found on old stone walls, such as those in old vineyards (Nebel and Philippi 2001, Meinunger and Schröder 2007).",No major threats to this species are apparent. In European Russia the species could potentially be threatened by overgrazing.,"The species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Luxembourg, as Endangered in the Czech Republic and Spain, as Vulnerable in Belgium and Austria, and as Near Threatened in Slovakia, probably mostly because of its rarity (Hodgetts 2015). It is assessed as Least Concern in the new Red List of Germany (Caspari et al. 2018). It is found in protected areas.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Aleffi, M.,Cálix, M.","Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Brachythecium,mildeanum,,Brachythecium mildeanum  ,(Schimp.) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The Sand Feather-moss (Brachythecium mildeanum) has a wide distribution in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. The population is considered to be large and stable, and there is no indication of fragmentation of the subpopulations. This species grows in fens, wet meadows and on river banks, and so there may be a threat from the destruction of fens and the inadequate management of wetlands. However, these are mostly local threats, whilst there are no major threats to it at the European level. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and in the EU 28. This species is known to occur in protected areas across its range, such as in Switzerland. The protection and proper management of its wetland habitats are required conservation measures for this species.",Stable,"In Europe, the Sand Feather-moss (Brachythecium mildeanum) ranges from the Mediterranean area north to central Scandinavia and from the Atlantic seaboard east to the Ural mountains (Hodgetts 2015). It is found growing at elevations from sea level to the alpine zone, up to 2,600 m Asl. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Outside Europe, it is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, occurring in Asia and North America. It also rarely occurs in tropical Africa.",The population is considered to be large and stable. There is no indication of fragmentation of the subpopulations.,"The species grows in fens, wet meadows and on river banks, sometimes also in forests, usually on wet soil and calcareous boulders, from the lowlands up to the alpine zone (Nebel and Philippi 2001). It can also occur in sand dunes and in open ruderal habitats, such as in car parks.","The species is not considered threatened in most countries, although there may be a threat from the destruction of fens and the inadequate management of wetlands.","The species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Austria, Spain and the Netherlands (Hodgetts 2015), and as Data Deficient in Bulgaria. Protection and proper management of wetlands are required to protect this species. This species is known to occur in protected areas across its range, such as in Switzerland, where most fens are protected.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Englefield, E.,Gunnarsson, U.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Brachythecium,novae-angliae,,Brachythecium novae-angliae  ,(Sull. &amp; Lesq.) A.Jaeger,"Because of weak morphological and genetic differentiation, European Bryhnia scabrida is since 2015, treated as a synonym of Brachythecium novae-angliae subsp. novae-angliae (Huttunen et al. 2015).",No,LC,,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



Brachythecium novae-angliae is found scattered in Norway and Sweden. The species has a wide distribution covering East Asia and North America (Huttunen et al. 2015). In Europe, the species has an area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be between 250 and 300 km2. However, the population is considered to be stable and the overall population size exceeds 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

In the EU 28, however, it is only found in Sweden, and there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) are known. It seems to be declining. The forest in some sites have become denser and, with a higher load of nitrogen deposition, this can negatively affect the population size. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable.



This species requires some interference or care when it is competitively sensitive, and the encroachment of the premises can disadvantage subpopulations. Further research is needed into the population size and trends, as well as into the threats to this species.",Stable,"In Europe, this species is found scattered in Norway and Sweden. In Sweden, it is found in the southern part of the country, especially in the southwest, where it is more or less rare (Bohlin et al. 1981),and the species has gone extinct in some areas. In Norway, this species has a wider distribution and it is locally frequent along the coast, north to the Trondheim region (Fremstad 1979). The reports of European Russia (Hedenäs et al. 2014, Popov et al. 2000) are incorrect (M. Ignatov pers. comm. 2017) and instead refer to Myuroclada longiramea.

Brachythecium novae-angliae has a wide distribution covering East Asia and North America (Huttunen et al. 2015).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 250 and 300 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.5 million km2. At the EU 28 level, the AOO is estimated to be between 40 and 60 km2 and the EOO is between 2,400 and 5,000 km2. The altitudinal range of the species is between 10 m and 200 m Asl.","In Norway, there are no signs of significant changes in the subpopulation, however, in Sweden, the species has had a steep and continuous decline (H. Weibull pers. comm. 2017). The subpopulations in Norway can be quite large (H. Blom pers. comm. 2017) in somewhat open but small areas. It is very frequent on seashores, along streams and in flooded forests. In these habitats, the species seems to be stable. The population size of this species in Europe is over 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent), and in the EU 28, it is estimated to be around 600 individual-equivalents.","This species grows on soil and rocks, on roots or on tree-trunks in moist and shaded habitats, such as in woods and beside streams. It is often found on sandy wet soil close to springs, in swamp forest and along streams etc. It usually grows in any unstable moist and shady environment, including the tree roots and the bar, on moist soil adjacent to streams and headwaters. Most often, the species is found in wetland forest with alder (Hedenäs et al. 2014). This species is somewhat dependent on disturbances, and it is very frequent in stable swamped forests at the seashores and very rich spring forests (H. Blom pers. comm. 2017). There is no evidence of any continuing decline in habitat quality, however, the uncertainty is rather high.","The present localities have been affected by dense forest shading. This, together with a higher load of nitrogen deposition in the southernmost locations, the population has been affected in a negative way. This species requires some disturbance since it cannot cope with the competition from surrounding species.","The species is in the Red List of Sweden, and has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015).  It is known to occur in at least one protected area. Some degree of disturbance is required at the site level. A monitoring program to follow the population trend is important since the species seems to be endemic to Europe. Further research is needed into the population size and trends, as well as into the threats to this species. Beside this, also re-introduction is needed to be tested at protected favourable sites.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Gunnarsson, U.","Hallingbäck, T","Schröck, C.,Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Brachythecium,rivulare,,Brachythecium rivulare  ,Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The River Feather-moss (Brachythecium rivulare) is widely distributed throughout Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. It is less common in southern Europe than in central and northern Europe. However the population trend as a whole is considered to be stable, and there is no indication of fragmentation of the subpopulations. It grows in different types of wetlands, from the lowlands up to the alpine zone. Although it can be locally threatened in the Mediterranean region by deterioration in the water quality of rivers, there is no major  threat to it at the European level. Therefore, it is assessed as Least  Concern in Europe and the EU 28. There is no need for conservation actions for this species.",Stable,"In Europe, the River Feather-moss (Brachythecium rivulare) ranges from Macaronesia and the Mediterranean region north to northern Scandinavia and from the Atlantic seaboard east to the Ural mountains (Hodgetts 2015), from sea level to the alpine zone up to 2,500 m Asl. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Outside Europe it is widespread in Asia, North America and North Africa. It is less common in South America, Australia, Antarctica and southern Africa.","This species is reported to be stable in all countries where flora inventories or Red Lists exist, except for the Netherlands where it is assessed as Vulnerable and Mediterranean France where it may be threatened locally (V. Hugonnot pers. comm. 2017). It is certainly less common in southern Europe than in central and northern Europe. The population trend as a whole is considered to be stable. There is no indication of fragmentation of the subpopulations.","This species grows in different types of wetland, but especially in alluvial forests, along rivers in open habitats, in nutrient-rich wetlands and mires, in mostly calcareous dams and even on walls, soil and tree trunks, from the lowlands up to the alpine zone (Nebel and Philippi 2001).","The species is not threatened in Europe overall, although it may be locally threatened in the Mediterranean region by deterioration in the water quality of rivers (V. Hugonnot pers. comm. 2017).",The species has been assessed as Vulnerable in the Netherlands. In all other countries with a Red List it is considered as Least Concern (Hodgetts 2015). There is no need for conservation actions for this species. It is known to occur in protected areas.,The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.,Puche, F.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Brachythecium,rutabulum,,Brachythecium rutabulum  ,(Hedw.) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The Rough-stalked Feather-moss (Brachythecium rutabulum) is widely distributed throughout Europe, except in the Arctic, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Subpopulations are reported to be stable in all countries where flora inventories or Red Lists exist. Therefore, the population trend is considered to be stable. There is no indication of fragmentation of the subpopulations, and there is no major  threat to it at the European level. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28. It is a generalist species, with a pioneer character, and grows in numerous different habitats, including forests, grassland, mires, walls, arable fields and gardens. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Rough-stalked Feather-moss (Brachythecium rutabulum) is common and widespread over the whole of Europe including Macaronesia, except in the Arctic (Hodgetts 2015). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Outside Europe it occurs in Asia, Africa, North and South America, Australia, New Zealand and Oceania (Nebel and Philippi 2001). It can be found growing at elevations from sea level to the alpine zone, up to 2,500 m Asl.","Subpopulations are reported to be stable in all countries where flora inventories or Red Lists exist. Therefore, the population trend is considered to be stable. There is no indication of fragmentation of the subpopulations.","The species is a generalist with pioneer character and grows in numerous different habitats, including forests, grassland, mires, walls, arable fields and gardens, from the lowlands to the alpine zone. Substrates include tree trunks, dead wood, soil and calcareous stones (Nebel and Philippi 2001).",There appear to be no major threats to this species in Europe.,The species has been assessed as Least Concern in every country with a national Red List (Hodgetts 2015). There is no need for any conservation action for this species. It is known to occur in protected areas across its range in Europe.,The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Cálix, M.,Puche, F.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Brachythecium,salebrosum,,Brachythecium salebrosum  ,(Hoffm. ex F.Weber &amp; D.Mohr) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The Smooth-stalk Feather-moss (Brachythecium salebrosum) is widely distributed throughout Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. The population trend is considered to be stable, and there is no indication of fragmentation of the subpopulations. It grows in different types of forests and grassland, from the lowlands up to the alpine zone. Although it can be locally threatened, there is no major  threat to it at the European level. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least  Concern in Europe and the EU 28.



",Stable,"The Smooth-stalk Feather-moss (Brachythecium salebrosum) is common and widespread throughout most of Europe including Macaronesia, but is less common in Mediterranean and Mediterranean-Atlantic areas and the Arctic, and has not yet been recorded in Ireland (Hodgetts 2015). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Outside Europe it occurs in northern Asia, Africa, North and South America, Australia, New Zealand and the Antarctic. It has been been found growing from sea level up to 3,000 m Asl.",The population trend is considered to be stable. There is no indication of fragmentation of the subpopulations.,"The species grows in different types of forests and grassland, on mostly calcareous rocks, soil, on tree trunks and dead wood, from the lowlands up to the alpine zone.",There is no major threat to this species at the European level.,The species is considered as Least Concern in all countries with national or regional Red Lists (Hodgetts 2015). There are no conservation activities known for this species. It is known to occur in several protected areas.,The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Hespanhol, H.,Englefield, E.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Brachythecium,tauriscorum,,Brachythecium tauriscorum  ,Molendo,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"

European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Brachythecium tauriscorum is an arctic species with a restricted and fragmented distribution in Europe. The species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO), estimated to be around 5.0 million km2 in Europe, and around 800,000 km2 in the EU 28. However, the area of occupancy (AOO) is more restricted - around 440 km2 in Europe, and around 200 km2 in the EU 28. There is a lack data available on the population size and trend of this species, although some local declines have been reported, such as in Finland. However, a lot of known localities are situated in remote and sparsely populated arctic and mountain areas, including protected territories. There are numerous subpopulations known in Sweden and Iceland. In Norway and the Kola Peninsula, the species has a scattered distribution, but some subpopulations are also quite large. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

 

However, this species has limited dispersal capacity, and seems to be sensitive to changes in temperature and humidity of habitat, so the climate change due to global warming may be a real threat for it in the future. More research is needed to investigate the abundance, population size and trend of this species, as well as threats to this species. In addition, further site protection is important.",Stable,"In Europe, this circumpolar arctic species is known from Norway, Sweden, Svalbard, Finland, Iceland and the Kola Peninsula in northwest Russia (Hodgetts 2015, O. Belkina pers. comm. 2016). There are also recent records from the Alps (Austria, Germany and Switzerland) (Hedenäs 2017). Elsewhere, it is quite common in Greenland, Alaska, arctic Canada (Flora of North America 2014) and also was found in Chukotka, Severnaya Zemlya, Wrangel Island and the Commander Islands (Schljakov 1961, Ignatov et al. 2006). In addition to the arctic areas, it was recently recorded from Sakhalin (Ignatov and Milyutina 2010). The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 3,100 m Asl.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 5.0 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 440 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 800,000 km2, and the AOO is estimated to be around 200 km2.

","In Europe, this arctic species has a restricted and fragmented distribution. There are numerous subpopulations known in Sweden and Iceland. In Norway and the Kola Peninsula the species has a scattered distribution, but some subpopulations are quite large. In Finland, there has been reductions in the sizes of subpopulations and a decline in the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species (Rassi et al. 2010). All herbarium specimens of this species are without sporophytes (Ignatov and Milyutina 2010). This species probably has limited dispersal capacity. A lot of known localities are situated in remote and sparsely populated arctic areas, including protected territories, and the overall population trend seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","The species grows in arctic and mountain regions  on soil and rocky substrates in the tundra and alpine heaths, as well as on rock outcrops that are continuously or periodically moistened by flow water, on the steep and gentle slopes and more rarely, this species is found in river valleys (Schljakov 1961, Schljakov and Konstantinova 1982, Ignatov and Milyutina 2010, Rassi et al. 2010, Kålås et al. 2010, NISM 2017).","The threats for this species include the mechanical wearing away of soil and bedrock due to trampling, driving in the terrain and rock climbing. A possible threat is climate change due to the global warming predicted, which may cause alteration of local moisture and temperature conditions in the habitats of this species (Rassi et al. 2010).","This species was included as B. coruscum in the national Red Lists of Finland as Vulnerable (VU) and of Norway as Data Deficient (DD) (Rassi et al. 2010, Kålås et al. 2010). This species has been found within some protected areas, including the Käsivarsi Wilderness Area, Nordvest-Spitsbergen National Park, Nordenskiöld Land National Park, etc.).More research is needed to investigate the abundance, population size and trend of this species, as well as threats to this species. In addition, further site protection is important.",The species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Rumsey, F.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Brachythecium,tenuicaule,,Brachythecium tenuicaule  ,(Spruce) Kindb.,Köckinger and Kučera (2016) placed this species within the genus Brachythecium.,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Brachythecium tenuicaule is an endemic species to Europe, where it is found in the temperate montane zones of the central part of the continent, living on trees and rarely also on rocks. Although it has been reported as rare, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at just 200 km2, its overall population trend appears to be stable. Its population size is larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents and is not considered to be severely fragmented. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its population size and stable population trend. Threats such as modern forestry management practices can affect the species, but it is found in protected areas in Europe, offering it some protection. 



",Stable,"According to Düll (1984), this endemic moss is a montane species of the temperate zones of central Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at 2.3 million km2 for this species, exceeding the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. The area of occupancy (AOO), however, is estimated at just 200 km2.","Frey et al. (2006) cited this species as rare in Europe, although the subpopulation in central and southern France is relatively large. Conversely, in the Czech Republic, the subpopulation is quite small. The overall current population trend appears to be stable. Its population size is considered larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is one tree or one rock on which it grows. Its population is not considered severely fragmented.","The primary habitat for this species is the bark and roots of trees (J. Kučera pers. comm. 2017). Alegro et al. (2014) reported it to occur on shaded limestone rocks, whilst Frey et al. (2006) stated its habitat to be the roots and trunks of Fagus (beech) trees in humid montane regions, but also found rarely on siliceous rocks.","Modern forestry management practices can affect the species, such as the reduced length in rotation time between tree harvesting. However, it is unknown whether there is a general decline in the extent or quality of the habitat of this species.","This species is listed in the following national Red Lists: Czech Republic (Critically Endangered), Slovakia (Endangered), Poland (Endangered), Switzerland (Vulnerable), Romania (Vulnerable), Germany (Data Deficient), Albania (Data Deficient), Hungary (Data Deficient), Bulgaria (Data Deficient) and Spain (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Schröck, C.","Sabovljevic, M. & Kučera, J.","Belkina, O.,Sabovljevic, M.,Kurbatova, L.,Ştefănuţ, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Brachythecium,tommasinii,,Brachythecium tommasinii  ,(Sendtn. ex Boulay) Ignatov &amp; Huttunen,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Brachythecium tommasinii is widespread in southern and eastern parts of Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Subpopulations are reported to be stable in most countries of southern and central Europe, but it is rarer in the north. On the whole, the population trend is considered as stable and there is no indication of fragmentation of the subpopulations. Although it can be locally threatened in some northern countries, there is no major threat to the species at the European level. Therefore, the species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.",Stable,"This species is widespread in southern and central Europe but not very common in the north. The distribution is somewhat continental, so it is not found along the Atlantic coast. It ranges from the Pyrenees to Russia and from Sicily to central Scandinavia (Hodgetts 2015). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. It is found growing in the lowlands as well as in mountainous regions, up to 2,600 m Asl. Outside of Europe it occurs only in the Caucasus.","Subpopulations are reported to be stable in most countries of southern and central Europe, but it is rarer in the north. On the whole, the population trend is considered to be stable. There is no indication of fragmentation of the subpopulations.",The species grows on calcareous rocks and boulders in forests or in grassland; sometimes also on artificial walls (Nebel and Philippi 2001).,There are no major threats to this species at the European level.,"The species has been assessed as ""menacée"" in Belgium, as Endangered in Finland and as Critically Endangered in Estonia, probably because of its rarity. It is Near Threatened in Norway and Sweden (Hodgetts 2015) and Least Concern in all other countries with a national Red List. The species is known to occur in protected areas, e.g., the Sihlwald near Zurich, Switzerland (Swissbryophytes 2004-2018).",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Schröck, C.","Schnyder, N.","Ştefănuţ, S.,Schröck, C.,Maksimov, A.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Brachythecium,turgidum,,Brachythecium turgidum  ,(Hartm.) Kindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Brachythecium turgidum occurs mostly in northern and central Europe. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) but a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,000 and 1,500 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8.5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 800 km2 and the EOO is ca 2.6 million km2. This species seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution core area in Europe and in the EU 28. In addition, there are no immediate threats known to the species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, in mountains, climate warming may threaten the moss in the long-term. Some lowland populations in Finland have likely disappeared due to mire drainage and forestry. Even so, no conservation action is needed at present.",Stable,"This species occurs in northern and central Europe (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs mainly in the Scandes and the area east of it, especially northern Russia. Scattered localities of this species occur in southern Sweden. It occurs in Norway (including Svalbard), Finland and Iceland. Outside its core area in the north, this species is very rare in the Alps, Carpathians and Pyrenees. This species is widespread in Asia and North America (Hedenäs et al. 2014). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 100 m and 2,500 m Asl.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,000 and 1,500 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8.5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 800 km2 and the EOO is ca 2.6 million km2.","This species is common in suitable localities in northern Europe and especially in the mountains, but it is scattered in the southern and central part of Europe. In the lowlands, this species is rare and only known from few localities. It is likely that it has lost some localities due to mire drainage and forestry. The current population trend seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species is found in calcareous, wet or damp environments. It grows in the marshlands, in soil in wet or damp heathland, or on wet rocks (Hedenäs et al. 2014). It occurs in moist or wet calcareous soil, in rich fens, on irrigated rocks, and on soil or rocks beside streams etc. It is chiefly an alpine and subalpine plant, and according to Mårtensson (1956) it reaches up into the high-alpine belt.","There are no major threats to this species in its main distribution area. However, in mountains, climate warming may threaten the moss in the long-term. Some lowland populations in Finland have likely disappeared due to mire drainage and forestry (R. Virtanen pers. comm. 2017).","The species is included in several national Red Lists. It is assessed as 4 in Austria, as Rare in Germany, as Vulnerable (VU) in Slovakia and Spain and as Near Threatened (NT) in Estonia (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in at least one protected area. No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Ingerpuu, N.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Brachythecium,udum,,Brachythecium udum  ,I.Hagen,"For a long time, the species was considered as a variety of B. mildeanum (Podpera 1954, Granger 2005, Ros et al. 2013), which, however, does not receive support for molecular data (Ignatov and Milyutina 2010).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Brachythecium udum has a scattered distribution in northern and high-mountain regions of Eurasia. The species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO), estimated to be around 2.4 million km2 in Europe, and around 317,000 km2 in the EU 28. There is a lack data available on the population size and trend of this species, but in some northern mountain regions it is considered as a relatively common. Most of known localities are situated in remote and sparsely populated northern areas, including protected territories. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

 

More research is needed to investigate the taxonomy, abundance, population size and trend of this species, as well as threats to this species.",Unknown,"This species has scattered distribution in the arctic and sub-arctic regions, in high mountains and in some boreal territories within the permafrost zone. In Europe, this species has been reported from mountain regions of Sweden, Finland, France, Switzerland and northern European Russia (Kola Peninsula and Franz Josef Land) (Hodgetts 2015, Ignatov et al. 2008, Ignatov and Milyutina 2010, Meier 2016, Czernyadjeva et al. 2015). However, the record of this species in France is considered to be very dubious (V. Hugonnot pers. comm. 2018). Elsewhere, this species has been found in Siberia and the Russian Far East (Yamal-Gydan Region, Chukotka, Evenkiya, Kamchatka, Komander Islands, Vrangel Island, Yakutia, Irkutsk Province, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Putorana Plateau, Taymyr), as well as in Alaska, and it probably occurs in northern Canada (Ignatov et al. 2008, Ignatov and Milyutina 2010, Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2014).

The distribution of this species is not well-known because of a lot of bryologists originally did not recognize it as a separate species, but as a variety of B. mildeanum (Ignatov and Milyutina 2010). 

The species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO), estimated to be around 2.4 million km2 in Europe, and around 317,000 km2 in the EU 28. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 50 m to 1,900 m Asl.","The current population size and trend of this species are not well-known, but in some northern mountain regions it is considered as a relatively common. In the Scandinavian mountain ranges, and in the Kola Peninsula, this species is unlikely to be rare (Ignatov et al. 2008, L. Hedenäs pers. comm. 2018).  In Finland, this species is known by an old record on Bracythecium mildeanum var. udum, and herbarium material has not been properly checked (K. Syrjänenand and S. Huttunen pers. comm. 2018). The dispersal ability of this species is probably low because in many regions, the sporophytes are absent (Ignatov et al. 2008) or very rare (Shljakov and Konstantinova 1982).","This species occurs on wet soil in tundra, spring mires and on the banks of springs.",The threats to this species are not well studied.,"This species is not included in any national or regional Red Lists. Some subpopulations were found within protected areas. Further research on the taxonomy, distribution, population size and threats of this species is needed.",This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Fettes, N.D.,Natcheva, R.,Hodgetts, N.","Baisheva, E.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HEDWIGIALES,HEDWIGIACEAE,Braunia,alopecura,,Braunia alopecura  ,(Brid.) Limpr.,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



In Europe, Braunia alopecura is known from few localities in France, Italy, and Switzerland. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it is estimated that there are between 100 and 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe, and it is likely that there are more than 250 individual-equivalents. This species is only found in few places in the southern Alps in Italy and Switzerland and in the Pyrenees. The threats to this species are poorly understood. Around Lago Maggiore urbanisation and tourism could pose a serious threat to this species. Research is needed into the population size and trend of this species, as well as into the threats to the population.",Unknown,"In Europe, Braunia alopecura is known from few localities in France, Italy, and Switzerland. The majority of reports are from before 1950. It is Regionally Extinct in Slovakia (Marhold and Hindák 2017). The greatest number of sites where the species was sampled lies in the south of Alpi between Switzerland (Canton Ticino) and Italy (Alto-Adige and Lombardy) (Brusa and Zavagno 1998, Frahm 2012, 2013a, 2013b; Swissbryophytes 2018). Outside of Europe it is also found in Cape Verde island, India, Iran, Kuwait and China.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown. Subpopulations can vary significantly in size, from one square metre (one subpopulation close to Lago Maggiore) to over 200 square metres (in Switzerland, close to Lago Maggiore). This is a very rare species known only from a few sites, and it is estimated that there are between 100 and 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe. One individual-equivalent (ie., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows.","This is a boreo-subtropical euroasiatic species. It is a long-livedshuttle (Dierssen 2001),moderatelyxerophytic,acidophytic-subneutrophytic. It grows onrocksin light broadleaf forests (e.g., Quercus pubescens forest) (Frahm 2012). It has also been found on a rock outcrops along a road suggesting the species persists in open situations.",The threats to this species are poorly understood. Around Lago Maggiore urbanisation and tourism could pose a serious threat to this species.,"This species is found in the Valgrande National Park in Piemonte (Italy). Research is needed into the population size and trend of this species, as well as into the threats to the population.",This species is not utilised.,"Hodd, R.,Englefield, E.","Cogoni, A., Campisi, P., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F. & Lüth, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HEDWIGIALES,HEDWIGIACEAE,Braunia,imberbis,,Braunia imberbis  ,(Sm.) N.Dalton &amp; D.G.Long,"As reported by Dalton et al. (2012), author of the new combination Braunia imberbis, a revision of the samples referred to this taxon would be needed. This would mostly be in very old collections (200 years old) and mostly outside Europe.",No,NT,C2a(i),No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Braunia imberbis is a rare taxon in Europe, and the core of its distribution seems to be in Great Britain. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe since there is a continuing decline in the population and it is estimated that there are between 5,000 and 15,000 individual equivalents. It is likely that the population size is larger than 10,000 individual equivalents, and that there are fewer than 1,000 individual equivalents per subpopulation. In Norway some subpopulations are thought to be decreasing due to undergrazing of some areas which lead to subsequent vegetation growth. The vegetation can overshadow the rocks where this bryophyte grows, creating unsuitable conditions for it. In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Least Concern since the current population trend is stable, and there appear to be no major threats to this species in Great Britain and Northern Ireland, where the core of its distribution is found. In addition, it can be locally abundant in certain areas. Further research is recommended into the population size and trend.",Decreasing,"Braunia imberbis is a widespread taxon known in western Europe, South and Central America, Central and South Africa, Asia, Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand (Dalton et al. 2012). In Europe it is a rare taxon. The core of its distribution seems to be in Great Britain. It is known in the western part of the continent where it is not very frequent and sometimes only known from historical records (in Italy). In Spain the species only occurs in the north of the country. There are 20 known sites in southern Norway. There are around 100 known sites in Great Britain and Northern Ireland.","This species can be locally abundant in certain areas and the overall population size is likely to be large. In Great Britain subpopulations are thought to be stable. In Norway some subpopulations are thought to be decreasing. The overall population trend is therefore thought to be decreasing in Europe, but stable in the EU 28. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one rock or boulder on which the species grows, or one square-metre on which the species grows. It is estimated that there are between 5,000 and 15,000 individual-equivalents in Europe. It is likely that the population size is larger than 10,000 individual equivalents, and that there are fewer than 1,000 individual equivalents per subpopulation.","This is a saxicolous taxon growing in remote mountainous environments on acidic or mildly basic, often volcanic exposed rocks. Rarely, it also grows on soil.","There appear to be no major threats to this species in Great Britain since it occurs in remote and difficult to access mountainous areas. In Norway, the species is believed to be decreasing due to undergrazing of some areas which lead to subsequent vegetation growth. The vegetation can overshadow the rocks where this bryophyte grows, creating unsuitable conditions for it.","This species was included in the red lists of some North European regions as Vulnerable (Norway and Ireland). In some cases it is instead assessed as Data Deficient - in Italy and Spain (Hodgetts 2015). As reported by Dalton et al. (2012), in view of an incorrect synonymization among Hedwigidium imberbe (Sm.) Bruch & Schimp. (synonym of Braunia imberbis) and Hedwigia integrifolia P. Beauv., this species would require appropriate taxonomic studies to determine its exact distribution. It is known to occur in protected areas. Further research is recommended into the population size and trend.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Hodd, R.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F. & Lüth, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Breidleria,pratensis,,Breidleria pratensis  ,(Koch ex Spruce) Loeske,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Breidleria pratensis has a scattered distribution in the arctic, boreal and, more rarely, temperate regions of Eurasia and North America, with numerous but not abundant subpopulations. In Europe, this species has large range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) greater than 10 million km2 and an area of occupancy (AOO) of around 4,000 km2. It is known from many localities in the arctic and forest regions. The population size has not been quantified, but the overall current population trend is considered to be stable for Europe. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe.

In the EU 28, this species has large EOO of more than 3 million km2, and the AOO is nearly 1,500 km2 . It is quite common in Sweden, Finland and Romania where it was reported from all Carpathians. However, in central Europe, this species seems to have a negative population trend, and it is considered threatened in some countries, including Luxembourg, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Latvia and Poland. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened in the EU 28 as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

A major threat for this species is the loss of habitat due to the degradation of mire ecosystems, through human disturbance. Further research is needed on the population size, trend and threats to this species.",Stable,"This is a circumpolar species with a scattered distribution in the arctic, boreal and, more rarely, temperate regions of Eurasia and North America, from the lowlands to uplands and lower parts of mountains. In Europe, it is known north to Svalbard, southwards to the Balkan mountains, and eastwards to the Urals (Ignatov et al. 2006, Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between sea level and 2,200 m Asl.

This species has a large range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of more than 10 million km2in Europe, and 3 million km2 in EU 28. The area of occupancy (AOO) is nearly 4,000 km2in Europe and 1,500 km2in EU 28, but it is a rough estimation, and may be greater than is currently known.

It should be noted that some old records dating from the late 19th century may refer to Calliergonella lindbergii which was first clearly defined as a species separate from Hypnum pratense (a synonym for this species) by Lindberg in 1861. Therefore, both these species have been confused in descriptions. Old data that reported H. pratense in the Pyrenees was not confirmed by later investigations while C. lindbergii is relatively common in that area (Oliván et al. 2006). It may be the same case for some reports of this species in France and some other European countries.","In Europe, there are numerous but not abundant subpopulations of this species. In the most part of its range, this species has restricted reproductive  ability, except the subzone of the southern taiga (Ignatov and Ignatova  2004). It is more frequent in Scandinavia and Carpathians, but in some European countries, including Austria, Germany, Poland, Bulgaria and Luxembourg, this species has a negative trend and has declined in many sites, so many of the known localities are only from old records (Grims 1999, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Werner 2003, Peev et al. 2015, Górski et al. 2015). However, new localities have been reported recently, especially from the mountainous areas (Dembicz and Kozub 2015). In European Russia, it is known from many provinces in forest zone, but it is rare almost everywhere (Ignatov and Ignatova 2004,Ignatov et al. 2006), except in the Republic of Karelia where it is reported as widespread (Abramov and Volkova 1998) and from the eastern slope of the South Urals (E. Baisheva pers. comm. 2017). Overall, the current population trend of this species seems to be stable in Europe. However, in central Europe, this species seems to have a negative population trend, and so for the EU 28, the trend is inferred to be decreasing.The population size has not been quantified.","This species grows on wet soil on turf, tree bases and rotten wood in eutrophic, swamp, dark-coniferous, birch and alder forests, as well as in moderately rich fens, wet meadows, on the shores of streams, and springs and lakes (NISM 2017).","A major threat for this species is the loss of habitat due to the degradation of mire ecosystems, through human disturbance. For example, drainage and peat extraction, extensively managed wetlands, construction of buildings and climate change, which all lead to a decrease in the level of groundwater.","This species is included in several national Red Lists of European countries. It is assessed as 'Stark gefährdet' (2/endangered) in Austria and Germany, as Mn in Belgium, as Critically Endangered (CR) in Luxembourg and Bulgaria, as endangered (E) in Poland, as Near Threatened (NT) in Slovenia and as 'care demanding' (4) in Latvia (Grims and Köckinger 1999, Sotiaux et al. 2007, Natcheva et al. 2006, Ludwig et al. 1996, Werner 2003, Martinčič 2016, Hodgetts 2015).Some of the known subpopulations are found within protected areas. Further research is needed on the population size, trend and threats to this species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Schröck, C.,Hodgetts, N.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.","Maksimov, A.,Ştefănuţ, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BARTRAMIALES,BARTRAMIACEAE,Breutelia,azorica,,Breutelia azorica  ,(Mitt.) Cardot,,Yes,EN,"A3c; B2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"A3c; B2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"Breutelia azorica is a moss endemic to the Azores Archipelago, known from six of the nine islands, mostly occurring at the edges of natural vegetation (forests dominated by Juniperus brevifolia) or semi-natural grasslands. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 272 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline the extent and quality of the habitat, and in the number of mature individuals. 



In addition, the number of 1-km² climatically suitable grid squares for this species is predicted to decrease by either 59% or 80% by 2070 under future climate conditions. Taking into account that this species is a perennial stayer with an estimated generation length of ca 33 years, these models clearly project a substantial decline in the climatically suitable area for this species within three generations. However, due to the spatial grain of the study, it is possible that this species may persist within the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity can be higher than in the surrounding environment. Taking this into account, as well as the recognising the degree of uncertainty associated with future projections, it has been considered that the more conservative estimate of decline should be used to assess the extinction risk of this species. Furthermore, it is assumed that even if there are suitable microclimatic areas within the unsuitable 1-km², these will be minimal (ravines, nooks and crannies) and thus the reduction in suitable habitat will lead to an almost linear reduction in the population. It seems therefore very likely that there will be a population reduction of at least 50% within the next three generations (based on a decline in AOO and habitat quality).



Several threats affect the habitat and the species, including land-use changes, climate change, geological events, roads and tourist developments. The loss of the habitat suitability due to the effects of climate change, the intensification of grazing activities and tourism are the main constrains for this species. Natural corridors and buffer areas would benefit the species. Since this is one of the few endemic species of mosses in the Azores, and it is large and easy to identify, it is recommended that some awareness measures should be put into practice, due to its unique natural value for the Azorean region. Research is needed on the population size and trends, the species' habitat, ecology and threats. In addition, proper management of the habitat is recommended, focusing on the impacts of climate change. It is very important to monitor this species, particularly in the islands where there are so few known sites (Terceira, Faial, São Jorge).",Decreasing,"The moss Breutelia azorica is endemic to the Azores Archipelago, occurring in six of the nine islands (Gabriel et al. 2010). This species is quite rare in some of the islands; for instance, in São Jorge it occurs at only four localities, in Terceira at only two localities, and in Flores at only one locality. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at ca 19,790 km², and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 272 km².","This Azorean endemic moss occurs on six islands and is a perennial stayer with an estimated generation length of ca 33 years. On some islands the number and size of the subpopulations are larger (e.g., Pico, Faial) than in others, where it is extremely rare (e.g., Terceira, Flores). This is a dioicous species, but capsules are rare; since the distance between islands is rather large and mediated by seawater, it is inferred that the subpopulations are isolated, with little or no genetic exchange between them. These small and isolated subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation (the species has poor dispersal abilities and sporophytes are rare, and/or possibly under-recorded), and the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. 



The population trend is presumed to be decreasing, since most Azorean endemic bryophytes are suffering a decline in their population size and range (Ferreiraet al. 2016, Patiño et al. 2016). In particular, the number of 1-km² climatically suitable grid squares for this species is predicted to decrease by either 59% or 80% by 2070 under future climate conditions (Patiño et al. 2016). This prediction is based on a study which derived its projections using two different Global Climate Models recommended for Europe and Mediterranean climates under two RCP (representative concentration pathways). One was a stabilisation scenario where total radiative forcing is stabilised before 2100, while the other scenario is characterised by increasing greenhouse gas emissions over time, representative for scenarios in the literature leading to high greenhouse gas concentration levels (Patiño et al. 2016).  The variables considered for these projections included the maximum temperature of the warmest month and the precipitation (in mm) of the wettest month. The poikilohydric condition of bryophytes means their water content is directly regulated by environmental humidity and growth is restricted to periods of hydration. Temperature is also known to be an important factor for bryophyte growth (Patiño et al. 2016). Taking into account the spatial grain of the study (approximately 1–km² grid resolution), it is possible that this species may persist within  the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats such as  ravines, where humidity can be higher than in the surrounding  environment. Nevertheless, these models clearly project a substantial  decline in the climatically suitable area for this species within three generations.","Unlike most Azorean endemic bryophyte species, this moss can be found in open areas (glades) of native Juniperus brevifolia and Laurus azorica forests, if there is a permanent water supply (Sjögren 1978, Homem and Gabriel 2008), such as the crest of the Santa Bárbara volcano (Terceira Island) and even roadsides at higher elevations such as on Pico da Esperança (São Jorge). It generally grows on soil or coarse volcanic ash and is more common above 700 m Asl (e.g., Sjögren 1978, Homem and Gabriel 2008), although its distribution ranges from 250 m to 1,200 m Asl (Gabriel et al. 2011).","This moss species occurs mainly in native forest vegetation, a sensitive habitat - habitat 45.61 to 45.63 of the EU Habitats Directive (EEC 1992). Several threats affect the habitat and the species, including invasive alien species such as Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum (Silva et al. 2008), as well as other land-use changes, such as transportation and service corridors put up especially for tourists; all of which cause a continuing decline in the quality and extent of the habitat. The number of tourists is increasing in the Azores, which leads to more people visiting natural areas, driving through former secondary roads and thus disturbing the habitat where this species remains. Concerning climate, a change in the precipitation regime of the islands, either with increasing droughts or extreme events such as torrential rains, would have a negative influence on the survival of the species. The former would diminish the survival ability of the subpopulations while the latter, with the increased probability of landslides, would also pose a serious threat to the species. This has been forecast in recent appraisals of potential distribution of endemic species (Ferreira et al. 2016, Patiño et al. 2016). Finally, since the Azores are located on the mid-Atlantic ridge, they are also prone to the effects of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes with deleterious effects on the existing subpopulations.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. It is not mentioned in the Azorean Legislation that protects wild species (RAA 2012) and the Portuguese Red List does not include the Azores (Sérgio et al. 2014). However, the species is present in protected areas, since its main habitat - native vegetation - is included in the Natural Parks of the Azores. Native forests in the Azores are under threat since they are restricted to very small areas, surrounded by a humanized landscape. Natural corridors and buffer areas would benefit the species. Since this is one of the few endemic species of mosses in the Azores, and it is large and easy to identify, it is recommended that some awareness measures should be put into practice, due to its unique natural value for the Azorean region. Research is needed on the population size and trends, the species' habitat, ecology and threats. In addition, proper management of the habitat is recommended, focusing on the impacts of climate change. It is very important to monitor this species, particularly in the islands where there are so few known sites (Terceira, Faial, São Jorge). More research is needed to investigate the possibility of population fluctuations. Sporophytes are rare, and/or possibly under-recorded.",The species is not utilised.,"Hylander, K.,Englefield, E.","Gabriel, R., Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.","Blom, H.,Schröck, C.,Hodgetts, N.,Vellak, K.,Afonina, O.,Goldberg, I.,Lönnell, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BARTRAMIALES,BARTRAMIACEAE,Breutelia,chrysocoma,,Breutelia chrysocoma  ,(Hedw.) Lindb.,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Bottle-brush Moss (Breutelia chrysocoma) is a hyperoceanic temperate, mainly northern, species, and a European endemic. It is assessed as Least Concern since it is often abundant in the oceanic west of the UK, Ireland and the Faroe Islands, it is common in a wide range of habitats, and there are no major threats to it. In addition, the current population trend is stable. No conservation actions or research are needed at present.",Stable,"The Bottle-brush Moss (Breutelia chrysocoma) is a hyperoceanic temperate, mainly northern species. It occurs in the UK, Ireland, the Faroe Islands and southwestern Norway, with scattered subpopulations in northern Spain, the Pyrenees, Corsica, Brittany, France (Brittany, Massif Central, Corsica) and Switzerland (Blockeel et al. 2014); it is considered Regionally Extinct in Belgium (Ardennes) and Germany (Westphalia). It was recently reported from the Azores (Frahm 2011), where previously only the endemic Breutelia azorica was thought to be present. It seems likely that this is a European endemic, reports from Central America not having been substantiated. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 2,900 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4.4 million km².","There is no detailed information about the population of this species, but it is often locally abundant in the oceanic parts of the UK and Ireland, and in the Faroe Islands, and has not declined significantly in recent years. The current population trend is considered to be stable.","This is a large hygrophilous species forming conspicuous tufts on unshaded or lightly shaded, wet or flushed surfaces in the upland zone, coming down to sea level in the most oceanic areas. It is common in a wide range of habitats including damp heath, wet moorland, grassy slopes, streamsides, banks and cliff ledges, occurring from sea level up to 1,800 m Asl. In Scotland it extends into birch and birch-hazel woodland. Its most characteristic habitat is acid grassland flushed by slightly basic water, with associates such as Carex panicea, Aneura pinguis, Campylium stellatum and Scorpidium revolvens; only in the very wettest regions does it extend to ombrotrophic mires. It achieves maximum luxuriance in well-lit dripping ravines with mildly basic rock outcrops, where it is commonly associated with calcicoles such as Ctenidium molluscum and Tortella tortuosa. In the drier parts of its range it is more restricted to base-rich habitats, and occurs at the edge of (or on tussocks in) calcareous flushes and in moist limestone grassland, for example on humus-covered ledges and on steep slopes sheltered from direct sunlight (Blockeel et al. 2014). It is dioicous; capsules are rare, maturing in autumn.",No major threats have been identified for this species. It is often abundant on wet moorland in the west of the UK and Ireland and it is unlikely to become threatened in the near future.,"No conservation actions or research are needed at present, and it is present in protected areas. This species has been assessed as  Critically Endangered in Spain, as Data Deficient in the Azores,  and as Regionally Extinct in Germany and Belgium, but these are on  the edge of the species' range (Hodgetts 2015).",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Hassel, K.","Hodgetts, N.","Schröck, C.,Lönnell, N.,Afonina, O.,Goldberg, I.,Blom, H.,Hodgetts, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,SEMATOPHYLLACEAE,Brotherella,lorentziana,,Brotherella lorentziana  ,(Molendo ex Lorentz) Loeske,"Frahm (2013) synonymised this species with Brotherella henonii, an east Asian species, but a genetic review is still pending. Here, we continue to accept the species as valid.

",Yes,NT,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



Based on the current state of knowledge, Brotherella lorentziana is a European endemic, occurring only in Switzerland, Germany, Austria and Romania. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 680-900 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 40,000 km2. The population trend is thought to be overall stable (or even increasing), and this species seems to benefit from disturbance caused by the construction of forest roads in conifer forests. However, this trend may reverse and decline in the future as a result of the replacement of conifer forests with broad-leaf forests. Many subpopulations are relatively small and consist of only a few individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals). This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe since the population size is  estimated to be between 750 and 1,200 individual-equivalents; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion D.



In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Vulnerable since the population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents. Some small subpopulations of this species are threatened by road construction or by rock mining, with only clear-cuts being a greater danger for this moisture-loving bryophyte. More site protection and appropriate management are recommended conservation measures for this species. Genetic research is also recommended to determine the genetic variability of this species, and its relationship with the Asian species, Brotherella henonii.",Stable,"Based on the current state of knowledge, this species is a European endemic, occurring only in the northern Alps (Switzerland) and the Black Forest (Germany), with very isolated occurrences in the area of the upper Danube Valley (Austria), and the Făgăraș and Bihor Mountains in Romania. Frahm (2013) synonymised this species with Brotherella henonii, an east Asian species, but a genetic review is still pending. Here, we continue to accept the species as valid. It is found growing at elevations between 300 m and 1,500 m Asl. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 680-900 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 40,000 km2.

","This species was described in the 19th Century and for a long time only a few records were known. However, itseems to have increased during the last 100 years due to the spread of spruce plantations. Now that trend is going the other way, and this species may decrease with the widespread replacement of conifers with broadleaved trees. In Austria, it has been observed that this moss may colonise forest roads (Schröck et al. 2013). The trend in the northern Alps is at least stable, and it may even be increasing (Schröck et al. 2013, 2014).However, many subpopulations are relatively small with only a few individual-equivalents, which is particularly true for the subpopulations in the Black Forest (Germany). In Switzerland, its presence at many of its old sites has recently been reconfirmed (Urmi et al. 2007).It can no longer be found at the edge of its Austrian range in Lower Austria (Zechmeister et al. 2013). The population size is estimated to be between 750 and 1,200 individual-equivalents in Europe and smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents in the EU 28. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature) individual is considered to be one square metre, one boulder, one log or one tree base on which it grows. Although this species rarely develops sporophytes, the overall population trend seems to be stable (or even increasing). The dispersal abilities of the species are poor, but no fragmentation is observed due to more or less closed ranges.

","This moss grows in humid places in forests, especially ravine forests, colonising acid humus, conifer needles, loamy soil, tree bases and decaying wood (Grims 1999, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Schröck et al. 2013). It can also grow directly on acid bedrock. Sporophytes are rare.","Some small subpopulations are threatened by road construction or by rock mining. Only clear-cuts are a greater danger for this moisture-loving bryophyte. It can no longer be found at the edge of its Austrian range in Lower Austria (Zechmeister et al. 2013), and this could be related to climate change. It also seems to be threatened by the replacement of conifer forests with broad-leaf forests. Forest clearings are often overgrown by Rubus spp., which eliminates the habitat of this species.","This moss is included in the national Red Lists of Austria, Romania and Switzerland as Vulnerable (Hodgetts 2015). The subpopulations in the Black Forest and particularly those in the Upper Austrian Danube Valley and Romania deserve special protection. This species is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range. Since this species is endemic to Europe, monitoring is recommended to detect any population change in the future. Adjusting management practices to ensure that the forest floor is not exposed to too much light would be beneficial for this species, as it would prevent Rubus spp. from growing and displacing it. Genetic research is also recommended to determine the genetic variability of this species, and its relationship with the Asian Brotherella henonii.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Aleffi, M.,Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,BRUCHIACEAE,Bruchia,flexuosa,,Bruchia flexuosa  ,(Schwägr.) Müll. Hal.,,No,CR,D,No,CR,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)



The Pygmy Moss (Bruchia flexuosa) occurs at one site in Hungary and probably at one site in Croatia. The Hungarian subpopulation consisted of only 32 fruiting plants (and a unknown number of sterile plants). Nothing is known about the Croatian subpopulation. At the other three sites in Europe (Austria, Italy and Slovenia) where the species has been found in the 19th Century, it is probably extinct. The species seems to have been always rare in Europe. Since the 19th Century, its main habitat (Nanocyperion communities) has decreased markedly, yet there is nothing known about population trends in the last ten years. It is estimated that there are fewer than 50 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) in Europe. Therefore this species is assessed as Critically Endangered in Europe and in the EU 28.

It can occur on damp, acidic sandy soil in fields, at the margins of ephemeral pools, pastures and meadows, and by roadsides and on the banks of ditches. These sites are potentially threatened by changes in land use, drainage and agricultural intensification. The Hungarian site where it was found is not protected, and nothing is known about the Croatian site. A management plan at the Hungarian site would be useful so that the subpopulation is not accidentally destroyed. A research project to monitor the species population trends would also be useful. Ex-situ conservation is recommended to ensure the whole population does not go extinct. Genetic tests are also recommended to explore the possibility that this species colonises Europe from North America.",Unknown,"There are five records of the Pygmy Moss (Bruchia flexuosa) from Europe, from five different countries - Austria, Croatia, Hungary, Italy and Slovenia (Ellis et al. 2015). Three of these records are from the 19th Century, two are more recent, from Croatia in the 1980's and Hungary in 2015 (Ellis et al. 2015, Németh and Mesterházy 2015, Martinčič 2016). The record from Croatia needs to be reconfirmed, but is accepted for now. Only the recent records have been included in the calculation of the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO). The EOO is 300 km2, and the AOO only 8 km2. Outside of Europe, this species of moss is widespread in North America, especially in  the eastern USA (Zander 2007), and there is one record from Japan (Schwarz 2014).","At two of the five European localities (Austria and Slovenia) the species is extinct (Ellis et al. 2015, Németh and Mesterházy 2015). It's current status is uncertain in Italy, where it was collected by de Notaris in the 1860's and has not been seen since (Ellis et al. 2015, Németh and Mesterházy 2015). Nothing is known about the Croatian subpopulation, which was detected in 1987 by Düll (Düll et al. 1999), and the area should be searched in order to confirm its presence. The Hungarian subpopulation was detected in 2015 (Ellis et al. 2015, Németh and Mesterházy 2015) and consisted of 32 fruiting plants of which 26 were sampled (without realising that it was such a rare species; Ellis et al. 2015). The record from Slovenia is also historical (Martinčič 2016). Thus, the species seems always to have been rare in Europe. Since the 19th Century, its main habitat (Nanocyperion communities) has decreased markedly and sites with such communities are still threatened by changes in land use. Nevertheless, there is nothing known about population trends in the last ten years. It is a short-lived or annual shuttle according to Dierssen (2001). One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre where it grows - it is estimated that there are fewer than 50 individual-equivalents in Europe.","According to Dierssen (2001) and Németh and Mesterházy (2015) this species occurs on damp, acidic sandy soil in fields, at the margins of ephemeral pools, pastures and meadows, by roadsides and on banks of ditches.","The recently detected Hungarian site is potentially threatened by agricultural intensification because the ephemeral pool where the species was found lies in the middle of a field of lucerne (Medicago sativa). It is therefore vulnerable to, for example, drainage. Nothing is known about the Croatian site.","The Hungarian site is not protected, and nothing is known about the Croatian site. A management plan at the Hungarian site would be useful so that the subpopulation is not accidentally destroyed. A monitoring project would also be useful. Ex-situ conservation is recommended to ensure the population does not go extinct. Genetic tests are also recommended to explore the possibility that this species has colonised Europe from North America. The species does not occur in any protected areas.",No commercial or other uses are known for this species,"Cálix, M.,Mazimpaka, V.","Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,BRUCHIACEAE,Bruchia,vogesiaca,,Bruchia vogesiaca  ,Schwägr.,,No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Bruchia Moss (Bruchia vogesiaca) is currently known from ca 57 localities, but subpopulationsare not numerous. This species is an indicator of environmental quality in Portugal, although it is mostly found on disturbed habitats mainly by trampling, across Europe. The area of occupancy (AOO) is small, estimated to be around 200 km2. The population is inferred to be decreasing and the species is considered to be severely fragmented since it is found in very small and isolated subpopulations. The species is also experiencing a continuing decline in habitat quality. Therefore, this species is assessed as Endangered in both Europe and in the EU 28.

The main threats to this species are the drainage of soils and the use of fertilizers. In the United Kingdom, the species may be affected by recreation, especially through horse-riding.

There are no specific conservation actions towards this species and its dispersal potential needs to be researched. Moderate grazing is recommended in order to remove competing vegetation and have open habitats for the species, although the conservation of plants in streams is also important. More information is needed on the overall population size and trends. In addition, research is needed into its dispersal potential, as well as the threats to the species and monitoring of the habitat trends.",Decreasing,"This is an Holarctic species with a highly fragmented distribution. Its global distribution was revised by Hugonnot et al. (2011) and consists of restricted areas from eastern North America, China, and Europe. It is currently known from ca 57 localities, but subpopulations are not numerous.

This species is considered rare in Europe (Sérgio et al. 1998) and there are confirmed records for France, Portugal, Spain and England (Holyoak 2007). In Germany and Austria this species is considered Regionally Extinct (Grims and Köckinger 1999, Meinunger and Schröder 2007),.

Based on available recent records from Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 801,468 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 192 km2. The AOO is assumed to be an under-estimate, as the colonies are very small and sometimes imperceptible, however it is unlikely to be greater than 500 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 150 m to 1,960 m Asl.","There is no detailed information on the population size of the species. 

In Portugal, some subpopulations appear to be in good condition, especially in Serra da Estrela and in Viana do Castelo. However, in the last site where the species was discovered, Ponte de Lima (Garcia et al. 2013), the subpopulation is locally rare. The overall population trend in Europe and the EU 28 is decreasing, although this species is difficult to record.



The species exhibits fluctuations of more than a tenfold, but this may be due to the fact that spores are not observed and only the sporophytes and the above-ground gametophytes are observed, and therefore there may not be an actual change in the population size. Subpopulations are very small and this species has poor dispersal abilities, since the spores are not easily distributed by the wind.These small and isolated subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisationand the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. 

The population and the inferred declinecannot be accurately estimated with the data available and without an implementation of an European monitoring programme.","This species is a pioneer bryophyte that occurs in European Atlantic conditions, on rich organic soils, near lakes, or watercourses (Sérgio et al. 1998). According to Bonnot (1967) the occurrence of this species in Europe is due to dispersal by birds.

The species needs some disturbance, for example grazing and trampling by cattle (Lecointe and Pierrot 1984, Sérgio et al. 1998, Garcia and Sérgio 2003). In the United Kingdom, it can be found in slightly disturbed habitats. In Portugal, this species is considered an indicator of habitat quality. In France, the typical habitat is peaty soil, usually disturbed by cattle (Hugonnot et al. 2011).

The primary habitat of the species are open areas with humid and acidic soils. However, most of the species' range is found on secondary habitats, dependent of some disturbance. There is a continuing decline in habitat quality, mainly caused by Campylopus introflexus (EEA 2017).","The main threats to this species are the drainage of soils and the use of fertilizers. The conservation of temporary ponds is important, traditionally induced by rearing of goats and sheep. However, excessive nutrients input can be damaging (Sérgio et al. 1998, Garcia and Sérgio 2003). In the United Kingdom, the species may be affected by recreation, especially through horse-riding. Fire events and the expected climatic changes can also be important threats.","This species is included in Annex II of the Habitats Directive and in Appendix I of the Bern Convention. It is also listed in several national Red Data books and national Red Lists of European countries, and also in the Iberian Red List (Sérgio et al. 2007). According to the last Red List assessments, in Europe this species is considered Endangered (ECCB 1995), but at the Iberian Peninsula level it is considered to be Vulnerable (Sérgio et al. 2007). In Britain, it is Critically Endangered (Hodgetts 2011). 

This species is reported from several Natura 2000 sites: Hainich (Germany), Las Batuecas-Sierra de Francia (Spain), Basse vallée de la Seille (France), Massif vosgien (France), Plateau des mille étangs (France), Plateau de Millevaches (France), Parties sommitales du Forez et hautes chaumes (France), Gorges de la Truyère (France), Motagne de la Margeride (France), Serra de Estrela (Portugal), Côrno do Bico (Portugal) and Serra do Gerês (Portugal).



Moderate grazing is recommended in order to remove competing vegetation and have open habitats for the species, although the conservation of plants in streams is also important. More information is needed on the overall population size and trends however ex-situ cultivation of this species has been undertaken (Sabovljevic et al. 2012). Research is needed into its dispersal potential, as well as the threats to the species and monitoring of the habitat trends.

",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Bates, J.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ENCALYPTALES,ENCALYPTACEAE,Bryobrittonia,longipes,,Bryobrittonia longipes  ,(Mitt.) D.G.Horton,,No,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Bryobrittonia longipes is an arctic species which in Europe is only found on Svalbard, and from old records in European Russia. Very little is known about the population size and trend of this species. It appears to be a very rare species known from only five or six localities in Svalbard, three of which are recent records. It is, however, possible that the species is more common in Svalbard than currently known. At each site, the population size is estimated to be maximum ca 100 individuals (considered as mature individuals) and since only between 5 and 10 extant sites are known, the total population size is considered to be between 500 and 1,000 individual-equivalents. This species therefore assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in Europe.

This is an arctic and northern boreal species that depends on a cold and wet climate. A slight rise in temperature could therefore lead to a change in habitat and a slight decline in population size of this species. All actions that can counteract the trend in climate change, the change that will result in a warmer and drier climate in arctic regions, are necessary to save this species. Further research is needed into the population size and trend of this species. Fieldwork is needed in European Russia to determine the status of the subpopulations there.



Since this species is not present in the EU 28, it is assessed as Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Unknown,"This is an arctic species which in Europe is only found on Svalbard, and from old records (1930s) in central European Russia and in northern Russia (Ust' Tsilma in Komi region) (Hodgetts 2015, Horton 1983). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 10 m to 100 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in North America and Asia (BFNA 2007).

 In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 10 and 100 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 0.7 million km². There are no localities of this species found within the EU 28.","Very little is known about the population size and trend of this species. It appears to be a very rare species. In Svalbard, it is known from only five or six localities, three of which are recent records. It is, however, possible that the species is more common in Svalbard than currently known, since the habitat where it grows is widespread and there has not been a lot of fieldwork done in the area. At present the habitat is considered to be stable in Svalbard and there is no evidence of a continuing decline. At each site the population size is estimated to be maximum ca 100 individuals (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for each individual-equivalent) and since only between 5 and 10 extant sites are known, the total population size is considered to to be between 500 and 1,000 individual-equivalents. 

The species can also be overlooked since it is usually found in concealed places. It is restricted to wet places (banks of rivers) in arctic and north boreal regions, regions which are supposed to be warmer and dryer in the near future. This species has a generation length of approximately seven years (as a medium-lived species) and three generations would therefore be around 20 years. It is therefore a likely projection that the species will decline in the future, but the current population trend in Europe is unknown. A rise in temperature within the coming 20 years will lead to a population decline of at least 10%, but probably less than 30%.","This species is known to grow on sandy or clayey soil near streams, and the banks of rivers, together with species like Distichium inclinatum, Encalypta procera and Pohlia vexans (Horton 1983). The species is restricted to calcium-rich substrates, but sometimes also found on copper-rich ground. Spores are dispersed by wind and shoot fragments may be dispersed by birds.","This is an arctic and northern boreal species that depends on a cold and wet climate. A slight rise in temperature could therefore lead to a change in habitat and a slight decline in population size of this species. However, this will not cause a significant impact in the population in the near future.

In Svalbard, even though climate change may have an impact on the glaciers, this negative impact is not expected to be significant in the near future, and this species is not expected to decline as a result of these climatic changes. However, the lack of data on the population size and trend make it difficult to assess the degree of threat posed by climatic changes.","This species is in the Red List of Svalbard (Frisvoll and Blom 1997) as vulnerable (not following the IUCN methodology). This species is found in protected areas in Svalbard.

  All actions that can counteract the trend in climate change (that will result in a warmer and drier climate in arctic regions) are necessary to save this species. Further research is needed into the population size and trend of this species. Fieldwork is needed in European Russia to determine the status of the subpopulations there.",This species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Weibull, H.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Virchenko, V.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Bryoerythrophyllum,alpigenum,,Bryoerythrophyllum alpigenum  ,(Venturi) P.C.Chen,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Bryoerythrophyllum alpigenum, often treated previously at infraspecific level or included into Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostrum, has its main European distribution in the Alps, with some additional records from the Carpathians and Scandinavia. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 280 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 100,000 km². There is no indication of a population decline and so the population trend is considered as stable. Each subpopulation is estimated to have between 1 and 30 individual-equivalents, and the overall population size is estimated between 500-1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe and the EU 28. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre or one boulder on which the species grows. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and in the EU 28. With the exception of the construction of hydroelectric power stations or roads, there are currently no known threats to it. Because of its rarity, however, the primary habitats for this species should be protected. Data on its ecology, distribution and population size needs to be significantly improved.",Stable,"This species, often treated previously at infraspecific level or included into Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostrum, has its main European distribution in the Alps (Grims 1999), with some additional records from the Carpathians and Scandinavia, but many of the known records (e.g., from the Carpathians, Slovenia and some from Italy) are old. Due to the morphological plasticity of B. recurvirostrum, these species are often confused. Outside Europe it has been recorded from China and Russia, but the worldwide range of this species is insufficiently known. It has been found growing at elevations up to 2,300 m Asl. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 280 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 100,000 km².","There are about 70 records in Europe, but many of them are historical. However, there is no indication of a population decline, and so the trend is considered as stable. This species is usually found in small patches. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre or one boulder on which the species grows. Each subpopulation is estimated to have between 1 and 30 individual-equivalents. It is estimated that there are between 500-1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe and in the EU 28.","This species grows on moist, shaded, base-rich silicate rock, usually close to running water (waterfalls, or on the banks of turbulent streams) or on constantly very humid mountain slopes (Grims 1999).","With the exception of the construction of hydroelectric power stations or roads, there are currently no known threats to this species (Köckinger and Schröck 2017).","This rare moss has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Romania, as Vulnerable in Switzerland, and as Data Deficient in Norway, Sweden and Slovenia (Hodgetts 2015). Because of the rarity of this species, primary habitats should be protected. Data on its ecology, distribution and population size needs to be significantly improved. It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Rumsey, F.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Bryoerythrophyllum,caledonicum,,Bryoerythrophyllum caledonicum  ,D.G.Long,,Yes,VU,D1,Yes,VU,D1,EU28,,"The Scottish Beard Moss (Bryoerythrophyllum caledonicum) is a tiny oceanic boreal-montane species known only from Scotland. The species is naturally rare, limited to calcareous wet sloping crags and boulders in silted pockets. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it is estimated that there are fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be a single boulder or ones square metre on which the species grows. There has been no decline detected, but climate change and atmospheric pollution are plausible threats. Research is required to confirm the population size and trend of this species, as well as the impact of potential threats. All known sites are thought to be within protected areas. Monitoring of subpopulations and habitat trends is also recommended.",Stable,"The Scottish Beard Moss (Bryoerythrophyllum caledonicum) is a tiny oceanic boreal-montane species known only from Scotland (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 136 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,935 km².","This species is rare, and individual stands vary over time, although each subpopulation appears to be quite stable (Blockeel et al. 2014). It is found in a dynamic habitat type and subpopulations may disappear and new ones appear. The number of individual-equivalents is estimated to be smaller than 1,000. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be a single boulder or ones square metre on which the species grows.","This species occurs as lax patches or scattered stems on permanently wet, calcareous rocks in the mountains. In mainland Scotland it is found on sloping calcareous schist rocks where there is a constant seepage of water and some accumulation of silt on narrow ledges or in pockets. A typical site would be a wet slab with much bare rock and scattered stands of other bryophytes on broken crags or at the edges of a burn. On Skye and Rum it occurs on soft, basalt crags, here too permanently wet and with a thin accumulation of silt. More rarely, it occurs on rocks in and by tiny rills and flushes but always where it is in a more typical habitat nearby. Localities are usually north or east-facing, and are kept open by the soft and unstable nature of the substrate. In this open and species-rich habitat associated plants are numerous, and include Persicaria vivipara, Poa alpina, Poa glauca, Saxifraga aizoides, S. oppositifolia, Woodsia alpina, Marsupella emarginata, Preissia quadrata, Scapania undulata, Anoectangium aestivum, Blindia acuta, Bryoerythrophyllum ferruginascens, Ctenidium molluscum, Encalypta alpina, Fissidens adianthoides, Molendoa warburgii, Myurella julacea, Plagiobryum zieri and, at two sites, Odontoschisma macounii. Its altitudinal range is from 300 m up to 1,000 m Asl.



All collections lack capsules and propagules are unknown (Blockeelet al. 2014).","There has been no observed decline, but climate change and atmospheric pollution, possibly leading to increased eutrophication and colonisation by algae, are plausible threats.","Research is required to confirm the population size and trend of this species, as well as the impact of potential threats. All known sites are thought to be within protected areas. Monitoring of subpopulations and habitat trends is also recommended.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Köckinger, H.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N. & Rothero, G.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Bryoerythrophyllum,campylocarpum,,Bryoerythrophyllum campylocarpum  ,(Müll.Hal.) H.A.Crum,"This species was first recorded in Portugal by Machado (1917), in the Minho province as Hyophila crenulata, which is now synonymised with H. involuta, a common tropical species. However, it was later found that the specimen did not correspond to this species. It was therefore described as Hyophila machadoana Sérgio (Sérgio 1969), and then transferred to Bryoerythrophyllum as B. machadoanum (Sérgio) M.O. Hill (Hill 1981). The same plant was also described by Dixon (1912) as Hyophila lusitanica Card. & Dix., but Zander (1986) ascertained that both taxa are synonyms of B. campylocarpum, which is widespread in tropical Africa.",No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



In Europe, Bryoerythrophyllum campylocarpum is very rare, known only in Portugal and Madeira. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km2), is considered to occur at only ten locations, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, quality of its habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. Recent fieldwork has failed to find this species in more than 50% of its former known sites. This species is mainly threatened by forest clearance, incorrect forest management, an increase in forest fires and subsequent invasion of alien species (Acacia spp.). In mainland Portugal, the increase in Eucalyptus spp. plantations is seriously compromising the regeneration of natural forest areas and this is considered the main threat to this species. In addition, the construction of new dams, implementation of wind farms, and the influence of excessive anthropogenic or touristic pressure are also important threats to this species, including on Madeira, where the species has not been found since 1996. Furthermore, water pollution and the effects of climate change (abnormal summer droughts) may be a threat to this species in the future. The restricted distribution of the species justifies the implementation of specific conservation measures along with habitat protection and management at the sites where it is known to occur. Monitoring of the population trend is also recommended. Benign introduction of this species in mainland Portugal and Madeira is proposed, in the localities where it has not been found since 1996.",Decreasing,"In Europe Bryoerythrophyllum campylocarpum is very rare, known only in Portugal and Madeira, always in restricted areas. On the Portuguese mainland, it occurs in a restricted and markedly Atlantic area north of the Tagus River, as well as in an upland region in the south (Monchique), which also has an Atlantic influence. Elsewhere, it has a wide distribution that includes Africa, Latin America, the West Indies, the Himalayas, and Australasia (Zander 1986, O’Shea 2006). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 222,560 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km2.","This species was known from five localities on the Portuguese mainland up to 1994 (Sérgio et al. 1994). However, as a result of recent fieldwork, several new subpopulations were found. In Madeira, it is found at two localities, one corresponding to an old (pre-1950) collection, and it has not been found since 1996. The current population trend is considered to be decreasing since recent fieldwork failed to find this species in more than 50% of its former known sites (Sérgio et al. 2013).","This moss grows on siliceous rocks (mainly granite) on wet, shaded, sheltered slopes; and also at the bases of trees and on stream banks, although it is not really a hygrophilous species. It usually occurs between 300 m and 1,700 m Asl. In Monchique, it was found on compacted soil on a path in Castanea sativa and Quercus suber woodland (R. Porley pers. comm. 2016).","This species is mainly threatened by forest clearance, incorrect forest management, an increase in forest fires and subsequent invasion of alien species (Acacia spp.). In mainland Portugal, the increase in Eucalyptus spp. plantations is seriously compromising the regeneration of natural forest areas and this is considered the main threat to this species. In addition, the construction of new dams, implementation of wind farms, and the influence of excessive anthropogenic or touristic pressure are also important threats to this species, including on Madeira, where the species has not been found since 1996. Furthermore, water pollution and the effects of climate change (abnormal summer droughts) may be a threat to this species in the future. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of Eucalyptus spp. plantations and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at approximately ten locations.","In Madeira, this species is found in the Madeira Natural Park, which is protected through a Regional Decree. On the Portuguese mainland, it occurs in protected areas such as the Peneda-Gerês National Park and also in Alvão/Marão,  a Natura 2000 site. The subpopulation in Monchique is also found in a Natura 2000 site. This species was assessed as Endangered in the Red List of the Iberian Peninsula (Sérgio et al. 2007). However, in the last Red Data Book of the Portuguese mainland, it is assessed as Vulnerable (Sérgio et al. 2013). It has been assessed as Endangered in Madeira (Sim-Sim et al. 2014). In addition the species is listed on Appendix 1 of the Bern Convention and Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive.



The restricted distribution of the species justifies the implementation of specific conservation measures along with habitat protection and management at the sites where it is known to occur. Monitoring of the population trend is also recommended. Its presence at specific sites should be monitored in order to investigate the possibility of population fluctuations. Reintroduction of this species in mainland Portugal and Madeira is proposed, in the localities where it has not been found since 1996.",This species is not utilised.,"Virtanen, R.,Englefield, E.","Sim-Sim, M., Gabriel, R., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Bryoerythrophyllum,duellii,,Bryoerythrophyllum duellii  ,Blockeel,,Yes,VU,D1,Yes,VU,D1,EU28,,"Bryoerythrophyllum duellii is a recently described species which is restricted, as far as is currently known, to a few sites in Greece and Cyprus, but it may be somewhat more frequent than this in the eastern Mediterranean area. As a recently-described species which is, as far is is known, endemic to Europe, B. duellii is presumably rare, but it is not clear how rare, or if there are any threats to it. One expert estimates its total population size to be between ca 50 to 100 individual-equivalents, but this estimate is uncertain because the species was only recently described and is poorly known. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. The species is assessed as Vulnerable since it is very likely that, being conservative, the total population is smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents. It seems that the species has not been massively overlooked and that it is genuinely rare. Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend and potential threats to this species. It may prove to be Endangered if the population is genuinely very small.",Unknown,"Bryoerythrophyllum duellii is a recently described species (Blockeel et al. 2017) which is restricted, as far as is currently known, to a few (five) sites in Greece (including Crete) and Cyprus, but it may be somewhat more frequent than this in the eastern Mediterranean area. It is, as far as is known, a European endemic, but it is not unlikely that it also occurs in Turkey. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 20 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 140,000 km².","This species can be assumed to be rare, with the total population estimated to be between ca 50 to 100 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows (J. Kučera pers. comm. 2018). There is no information on its current population trend.","This is a species of open or lightly shaded habitats, on thinly vegetated, mildly acidic to slightly basic soil, often on steep banks, typically in rocky terrain, in Mediterranean environments. Patches are almost pure, but species intermixed in herbarium specimens include Grimmia meridionalis, Tortella squarrosa and Trichostomum crispulum. In grows at elevation between ca 300 m and 600 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2017).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is too recently described to have been assessed in either Greece or Cyprus, and it is not known whether it can be considered under threat. Therefore, further bryological work in the eastern Mediterranean area is needed in order to assess the status of and threats to it. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hylander, K.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N.","Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Bryoerythrophyllum,ferruginascens,,Bryoerythrophyllum ferruginascens  ,(Stirt.) Giacom.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



In Europe, the Rufous Beard-moss (Bryoerythrophyllum ferruginascens) is a montane species which is mostly distributed and frequent in northern and central parts of the continent. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large and stable population trend and there are no major threats to it.",Increasing,"In Europe, the Rufous Beard-moss (Bryoerythrophyllum ferruginascens) is a montane species which is mostly distributed and frequent in northern and central parts of the continent, while it is very rare in the south - where, for instance, it has not been reported from countries of the eastern Mediterranean (Ros et al. 2013). Records from the central and western Mediterranean regions are very few. Outside of Europe it is also known from the American continent, Asia and Africa.","This species forms dense or loose turfs sometimes mixed with other bryophytes. Subpopulations vary in size, and may be either small or quite large. The population trend seems to be increasing and the overall population size is large.","This species lives on limestone or on soil in crevices of basic rocks, on stream banks or on gravelly paths. It is a photophilous or also sciaphylous, hygrophytic or mesophytic taxon. It is a dioicous taxon that frequently reproduces asexually by rhizoidal gemmae. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) sporophytes are unknown in Europe. It is found at elevations between 100 m and 3,960 m Asl.",There are no major threats to this species.,"In some European regions, such as Finland or Spain, this species was included in national red lists because it is rare. However, at the European level it is not threatened. It is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range.",This species is not utilised.,"Marka, J.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F., Lüth, M. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Bryoerythrophyllum,inaequalifolium,,Bryoerythrophyllum inaequalifolium  ,(Taylor) R.H.Zander,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Bryoerythrophyllum inaequalifolium is known in Europe from Spain, Portugal and Macaronesia (the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands). In Europe, this species shows a highly disjunct distribution with very scattered localities in the Iberian Peninsula, France and the Macaronesia Archipelagos. The extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species in Europe and the EU 28 is estimated to be around 2.1 million km2 and the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is around 108 km2. For both Europe and the EU 28, the current population trend of this species is considered to be stable. However, it is thought that there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). Therefore, this species is assessed as Vulnerable for both regional assessments.

Further habitat protection is recommended, along with further research and monitoring on the population size and trend, and monitoring the habitat trend including increase of invasive species.",Stable,"This is a pan-tropical montane species, with a global distribution from the warm temperate zone of North Carolina in southeastern North America, ranging to the neo-tropics of Mexico and Peru (Churchill et al. 2000) and also in Asia (Li et al. 2001). In the tropics, it seems to be frequent in Africa where it was recorded from Ethiopia, Tanzania, Réunion and Rwanda (O’Shea 2006, Sollman and Ochyra in Ellis et al. 2012). This species is also present in Macaronesia (Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands and in the Cape Verde Islands). In Europe, this species is found in Spain, the eastern Pyrenees (Lloret 1988), France, Pyrénées-Orientales (Hugonnot and Chavoutier 2005) and with two new localities found in 2016 in Serra de Monchique in the southwest of Portugal and in 2017 in Serra de Sintra (Porley et al. 2017).

So, in Europe, this species shows a highly disjunct distribution with very scattered localities in the Iberian Peninsula, France and the Macaronesia Archipelagos. The extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species in Europe and the EU 28 is estimated to be around 2.1 million km2 and the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is around 108 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 110 m to 1,570 m Asl.","In the Azores, this species was indicated to occur on the Terceira and Pico Islands, as well as new finding in São Miguel (LISU collection). This species in Canary Islands is reported to five Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2008).

  In Portugal, this species has only been found recently in small quantities of scattered individuals on a compacted soil path (1 to 2 m) through mixed Quercus suber-Eucalyptus-Cistus ladanifer landscape, as 458 m Asl. More recently, it has also been found in an area of Serra de Sintra in a small forested habitat with Cupressus lusitanicum, as well as a very recent report in France near the Spanish localities (Hugonnot and Chavoutier 2015).

For both Europe and the EU 28, the current population trend of this species is considered to be stable. However, it is thought that there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals with 1 m2 used as a proxy for one individual-equivalent).","This species is found on compacted soil or in exposed talus, inserted in different vegetation as well as different substrates. In Mediterranean areas, it has been found growing with mixed Quercus suber-Eucalyptus-Cistus ladanifer landscape or in fairly humid places generally near streams in Macaronesia. Gemmae present on this species.","Most of the forest areas where this species occurs are currently extensively covered by conifer and eucalyptus plantations and such monospecific forest areas seem to be negative for this species. Increases in fire frequency can be also an important threat. In Madeira, loss of open, lightly disturbed ground is important but the fire events and the invasive species are the major threat to this moss not only in Portugal as in Madeira.","This species is listed as Endangered (EN) in Spain (Brugués and Gonzalez- Mancebo 2012), as Least Concern (LC) in the Canary Islands and as Critically Endangered (CR) in the last Red List of Madeira bryoflora (Sim-Sim et al. 2014).

The species occurs in different protected areas in Portugal (Monchique in Rede Natura 2000) and Madeira (Parque Natural da Madeira). In Spain, the species is present in a Important Bryophyte area (IBRA - Alto Ter) (Garilleti and Albertos 2012).

Further habitat protection is recommended, along with further research and monitoring on the population size and trend, and monitoring the habitat trend including increase of invasive species like in Serra de Sintra and Monchique.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species,"Englefield, E.,Laaka-Lindberg, S.","Sergio, C., Cano, M. & Porley, R.D.","Juutinen, R.,Schröck, C.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Bryoerythrophyllum,recurvirostrum,,Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostrum  ,(Hedw.) P.C.Chen,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Red Beard-moss (Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostrum) is extremely widespread in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a very large and stable population, and there are no major threats to it.",Stable,"The Red Beard-moss (Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostrum) is a cosmopolitan species, known in the American continent, Eurasia, Africa, Pacific Islands (New Zealand) and Australia. In Europe this species extremely widespread (Hodgetts 2015).",This species is very widespread and abundant. The population size is very large and the current trend is thought to be stable. Subpopulations can be large.,"This species is mostly saxicolous, growing in the crevices of walls or rocks, and occasionally in tree holes. It can also grow on soil. It is a basiphilous, moderately sciophilous to moderately heliophilous species living in forest environments, near streams or in lightly shaded sites. It also grows in secondary environments and urban areas. It is found at elevations between 20 m and 3,800 m Asl.",There are no major threats to this species.,This species is very common and abundant and no conservation measures are needed. It is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range.,This species is not utilised.,"Fettes, N.D.,Marka, J.,Hodgetts, N.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F., Lüth, M. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Bryoerythrophyllum,rubrum,,Bryoerythrophyllum rubrum  ,(Jur. ex Geh.) P.C.Chen,,No,NT,D1,No,NT,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Even though Bryoerythrophyllum rubrum is a rare species, it is certainly more widespread than the relatively few records suggest. In Europe, this species occurs mainly in the Alps and Carpathian mountain ranges. It was previously often treated at infraspecific level or included in B. recurvirostrum, and for this reason the overall distribution is as yet unclear. Nonetheless, in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 250 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 100,000 km². There is no indication of a population decline, and so the current population trend is considered to be stable. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square meter on which it grows. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe and in the EU 28 since the population size is estimated at between 1,000 and 1,500 individual-equivalents; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion D. At present there are no known threats. However, this species could disappear from lower altitudes due to the effects of climate change. Knowledge about its distribution and population size needs to be significantly improved.",Stable,"In Europe, this species occurs mainly in the Alps (France, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Germany, Slovenia) and Carpathians (Slovakia, Romania). A single record is known from Sweden (Sollmann and Frahm 2007). It was previously often treated at infraspecific level or included in Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostrum, and for this reason the overall distribution is as yet unclear. Outside Europe this species is reported from Asian Russia (Caucasus, Siberia) and China. It is found growing at elevations between 800 m and 3,000 m Asl. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 250 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 100,000 km².","There is no indication of a population decline, and so the current population trend is considered to be stable. The population size is estimated at between 1,000 and 1,500 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square meter on which it grows.","This species grows on limestone or base-rich silicate rock. In montane areas, it grow in shady rock crevices; in alpine areas it can be found in exposed, dry to moist places (Grims 1999, Meinunger and Schröder 2007). It also grows on rocky outcrops in alpine grassland.","At present there are no known threats (Schröck et al. 2013, Köckinger and Schröck 2017). However, this species could disappear from lower altitudes due to climate change.","This moss has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Slovakia and Romania, as Endangered in Switzerland, and as Data Deficient in Sweden and Slovenia (Hodgetts 2015). Knowledge about its distribution and population size needs to be significantly improved. It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Gunnarsson, U.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYOXIPHIALES,BRYOXIPHIACEAE,Bryoxiphium,madeirense,,Bryoxiphium madeirense  ,A.Löve &amp; D.Löve,,Yes,EN,A3c,Yes,EN,A3c,EU28,,"Bryoxiphium madeirense is endemic to Madeira Island, Portugal. This species can grow on moist and dripping volcanic rocks in shaded streams in natural laurel forest. The generation length of this species is not exactly known, but could be either between 11 and 25 years, or around 33 years. Three generations would therefore be between 50 and 100 years. In a recent publication, there is a projected reduction in the amount of suitable habitat for this species of 70% or 100% until 2070 due to climatic changes (high irradiation and increased drought stress in the Madeira region). This species therefore qualifies for either Critically Endangered or Endangered under Criterion A. However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study (approximately 1–km2 grid resolution), it is possible that this species may persist within the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity can be higher than in the surrounding environment. Taking this into account, as well as the recognized degree of uncertainty associated with future projections, it has been considered that the more conservative estimate of decline should be used to assess the extinction risk of this species. It is further assumed that even if there are suitable microclimatic areas within the unsuitable 1-km2, these will be minimal (ravines, nooks and crannies) and thus the reduction in suitable habitat will lead to an almost linear reduction in the population. Thus, a population reduction of more than 50% is projected to occur within 3 generations based on a decline in area of occupancy (AOO) and quality of the habitat, and the species is assessed as Endangered. In addition to climatic changes, fire intensification and the increase in number of invasive species are also major threats to this species. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, as well as into the threats to this species. Monitoring the habitat conditions and population trend is recommended in order to ensure the stability and continuity of the population. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species.



",Decreasing,"Bryoxiphium madeirense is endemic to Madeira Island, Portugal, with fewer than five known localities (Sérgio et al. 2006). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 104 km2 and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 52 km2.","All the collections after 1992 correspond to previous localities and no new sites have been found recently. More than half of the subpopulations are isolated with little or no genetic exchange between them. These small and isolated subpopulation may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation, and the population is therefore considered severely fragmented. Sporophytes are very rare and have been observed only once, in 1952 (Patiño et al. 2016a, Sérgio et al. 1992). According to recent publications, the overall population trend is decreasing, since Macaronesian endemic bryophytes are suffering a decrease in population size and range (Patiño et al. 2016b). The generation length of this species is not exactly known, but could be either between 11 and 25 years, or around 33 years. Three generations would therefore be between 50 and 100 years. 



The amount of suitable habitat for this species has been projected to decrease by 70% or 100% until 2070 due to climatic changes. In a recent  publication, the number of 1-km2 climatically suitable grid  cells for this species has been projected to decrease using two  different climate scenarios. The first is a stabilization scenario (RCP  4.5) where total radiative forcing is stabilised before 2100, while the  other scenario (RCP 8.5) is characterized by increasing greenhouse gas  emissions over time representative for scenarios in the literature  leading to high greenhouse gas concentration levels (Patiño et al. 2016b).  These projections were derived using two different Global Climate  Models recommended for Europe and Mediterranean climates. In addition,  the elevation range of this species is predicted to shift upwards, as  conditions on Macaronesian islands become warmer and drier (Patiño et al. 2016b).  The variables considered for these projections included the maximum  temperature of the warmest month and the precipitation (in mm) of the  wettest month. The poikilohydric condition of bryophytes means their  water content is directly regulated by environmental humidity and growth  is restricted to periods of hydration. Temperature is also known to be  an important factor for bryophyte growth (Patiño et al. 2016b). However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study (approximately 1-km2  grid resolution), it is possible that this species may persist within  the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats such as  ravines, where humidity can be higher than in the surrounding  environment. Nevertheless, these models clearly project a substantial  decline in the climatically suitable area for this species within three generations.

 

","This species occurs on moist and dripping volcanic rocks in shaded streams in natural laurel forest, at altitudes between 500 m and 1,500 m Asl (Sérgio et al. 1992, ECCB 1995). 

","The alteration of flow regimes in streams, landslides, fires and habitat degradation due to the effects of climate change are the main threats to this species. Another important threat is anthropogenic activity, including touristic and recreational activities, as well as abstraction of ground and surface water (for both domestic and commercial use). However, the major threat is considered to be a reduction in the amount of suitable habitat due to climatic change, which has been predicted for this species (Patiño et al. 2016b).","This species is characteristic of the Madeiran natural laurel forest, and is included in the Madeira Natural Park, which is protected through a Regional Decree. This is also a priority habitat under the EU Habitats Directive and was designated a Natura 2000 site. The area was also designated a World Natural Heritage site by UNESCO in 1999. This species was assessed as Vulnerable in the European Red List of Bryophytes (ECCB 1995) and as Endangered in Madeira by Sim-Sim et al. (2014). Further research is needed into the population size and trend, as well as into the threats to this species. The restricted distribution of this species, the decline of habitat quality, and declining number of known sites justifies the future implementation of specific conservation measures related to the proper management of the habitat. The importance of protected areas for the conservation of this species is also highlighted by a recent publication, which found that while currently only 60.3% of the climatically suitable 1-km2grid cells of habitat are found within protected areas, this proportion is predicted to increase to 97.4% under one scenario and to 100% under another (Patiño et al. 2016b). Monitoring the habitat conditions and population trend in Madeira is recommended in order to ensure the stability and continuity of the population. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species.

",This species is not utilised.,"Bates, J.,Cálix, M.","Sim-Sim, M., Gabriel, R., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYOXIPHIALES,BRYOXIPHIACEAE,Bryoxiphium,norvegicum,,Bryoxiphium norvegicum  ,(Brid.) Mitt.,,No,LC,,No,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)



In Europe, Bryoxiphium norvegicum is currently only known from Iceland and one isolated locality in the Azores, Portugal. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is widespread in Iceland, where the population is thought to be stable, and there are no major threats to it. In the EU 28, this species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has an extremely restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km2), it occurs at only one location, and there is a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat due to a variety of threats. In addition, it is estimated that there are fewer than 50 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) in the Azores. The threats to this species in the EU 28 include the increase in water demands related to urban and tourist activities, the effects of climate change and the emergence and spread of invasive alien plant species. Geological events such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and landslides have occurred in the Azores and are likely to occur again, with possible damaging consequences for this species. Climate change will probably also have a negative impact, with shifting habitats and an increase in droughts, storms and flooding all possibly leading to a reduction in suitable habitat. However, the main threat is considered to be eutrophication of the stream where the species is found. Immediate conservation action is recommended in the EU 28, including monitoring of the population, protection of the area where it is found, removal of invasive alien species in the area and management of nutrient inputs into the stream to prevent further eutrophication. In Iceland, the species seems to be stable and no immediate conservation measures are needed.",Stable,"In Europe, Bryoxiphium norvegicum seems to be restricted to São Miguel Island, in the Azores Archipelago, and to Iceland. Outside of Europe, it is also found in North America, East Asia and the Republic of Mauritius. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 572,300 km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 208 km2. In the EU 28, its EOO and AOO are both 4 km2.","In Europe, this moss is currently known in about fifty localities in Iceland and from only one locality in São Miguel Island in the Azores Archipelago (Gabriel et al. 2010, T. Hallingbäck pers. comm. 2016, P. Wasowicz pers. comm. 2016). The species is widespread in Iceland, and the population is therefore not considered severely fragmented. However, it is assumed to have poor dispersal abilities, since sporophytes are very rare throughout its range and it has never been collected with sporophytes in the Azores (Gabriel et al. 2010, Patiño et al. 2016a). Specimens from Iceland have been collected with sporophytes (Johannsson 1984).The subpopulations in Iceland seem to be stable, and the overall population trend is therefore also considered to be stable. It is estimated that there are fewer than 50 individual-equivalents in the Azores. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows.","In Iceland, this species is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats, and has also been found by a lake shore (Patiño et al. 2016a, T. Hallingbäck pers. comm. 2016). In the Azores, it occurs at 325 m Asl, where it was collected in a river valley, in a water channel above hot springs (Hedenäs 2006).","In Iceland, this species seems to be widespread, and there seem to be no major threats to it. However, in the EU 28, despite the existence of potentially suitable habitats on most Azorean islands, the increase in water demands related to urban and tourist activities, the effects of climate change and the emergence and spread of invasive alien plant species (especially Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum) (Silva et al. 2008), are an immediate risk to the species in the archipelago. Geological events such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and landslides have occurred in the Azores and are likely to occur again, with possible damaging consequences for this species. Climate change will probably also have a negative impact (Ferreira et al. 2016, Patiño et al. 2016b), with shifting habitats and an increase in droughts, storms and flooding all possibly leading to a reduction in suitable habitat. An increase in the number of tourists in the Azores could also pose a threat to this species. However, the main threat in the Azores is considered to be the eutrophication of the stream where the species is found, which is causing a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat. Taking into account the likely extent of the effect of eutrophication and the extremely restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location in the EU 28.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. The one known locality in the Azores is within São Miguel's Natural Park. Research is needed into the population size and trends, habitats, ecology and threats. Proper management of the habitat is recommended in the Azores, focusing on the removal of invasive alien species such as Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum, and limitation of water eutrophication caused (directly or indirectly) by cattle grazing. Eventually, reinforcement of this species could be considered. Biology and nature conservation students should be made aware of bryophytes in general and rare species in particular. In Iceland, the species seems to be stable and no immediate conservation measures are needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Hassel, K.,Englefield, E.","Gabriel, R., Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.","Goldberg, I.,Afonina, O.,Schröck, C.,Lönnell, N.,Blom, H.,Vellak, K.,Hodgetts, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,apiculatum,,Bryum apiculatum  ,Schwägr,"'Bryum apiculatum' must be regarded as a provisional name for the European plant. There is a taxonomic revision of European Bryum in progress, and the plant recorded in Cornwall (UK) appears to be a new species rather than the widespread tropical species B. apiculatum (D.T. Holyoak pers. comm. 2017).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Bryum apiculatum has been recorded in Europe only from Cornwall in the UK; records from Tenerife (Canary Islands) have not been confirmed and its presence there is considered uncertain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it was only recently discovered in Britain and its status is as yet insufficiently known, it seems to have a stable and possibly increasing population. In addition, it is a successful colonist species, is locally frequent and there appear to be no major threats to it.

",Stable,"Bryum apiculatum has been recorded in Europe only from Cornwall in the UK; records from Tenerife (Canary Islands) have not been confirmed and its presence there is considered uncertain. It is possible that the British plants are not B. apiculatum, but a new species (D.T. Holyoak pers. comm. 2017). B. apiculatum is mainly a tropical and subtropical species, and is very widespread in all continents except for Antarctica. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in the UK is ca 362 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2.

",This species is present at four localities in Cornwall and it seems to be stable and possibly increasing. It is a successful colonist species and is locally frequent. The current population trend is therefore considered to be stable.,"In Cornwall, this species grows in unshaded disturbed habitats, such as bare patches of sunny soils and stony grasslands, beside a track in heathland, a car park and a gabbro quarry in the Lizard Peninsula. It is also present in damp soil at the base of old metalliferous mine waste in heathland (Holyoak 2009, Blockeel et al. 2014). It has vegetative propagules and is a very efficient disperser. This species occurs mainly between 65 m and 135 m Asl.","There are no major threats to the species, as it needs disturbance to thrive and it behaves as a weed.","The species is present in protected areas. Taxonomic research is needed, as 'Bryum apiculatum' must be regarded as a provisional name for the European plant. There is a taxonomic revision of European Bryum in progress, and the plant recorded in Cornwall (UK) appears to be a new species rather than the widespread tropical species B. apiculatum (D.T. Holyoak pers. comm. 2017).",The species is not utilized.,"Hassel, K.,Englefield, E.","González Mancebo, J., Sim-Sim, M., Gabriel, R., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M., Porley, R.D. & Sergio, C.","Köckinger, H.,Goldberg, I.,Schröck, C.,Hodgetts, N.,Blom, H.,Lönnell, N.,Vellak, K.,Afonina, O.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,argenteum,,Bryum argenteum  ,Hedw.,An extremely variable species at the global level with more than 90 synonyms.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Silver-moss (Bryum argenteum) is one of the most widespread species both in Europe and world-wide. It has a very large distribution, and is always found in more or less anthropogenic environments. The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is currently unknown, but there are no known threats to this species at present, and so no conservation action is required at present. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe and the EU 28 are both significantly greater than the thresholds required for a threatened category. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28. 

Further research on the population size and trend of this species is recommended.",Unknown,"

This species is widely distributed in Europe, as well as globally, always in more or less anthropogenic environments. This species is reported to all European countries, excluding Gibraltar, Monaco, San Marino and Kosovo (Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from sea-level to 3,000 m Asl or more in Switzerland (NISM 2018). This species is very variable and some varieties are recognized world-wide, based on morphology with a cosmopolitan distribution. 

The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe and the EU 28 are both significantly greater than the thresholds required for a threatened category.



 

","

This species occurs in all floristic regions and it seems to be one of the most common species in Europe, but the overall current population trend for Europe and the EU 28 is unknown.

This species has been recently used in studies based on the sequence variation of the origin from Antarctica, sub-Antarctica, New Zealand and Australia, to overcome taxonomic delimitations and solve relations between subpopulations of different geographical regions (Hills et al. 2010). Multiple colonisation events of Antarctica by this species have been suggested during several glacial cycles within the Pleistocene, Pliocene and possibly late Miocene (Pisa et al. 2014).



","

This species is distributed more or less uniformly throughout its distribution, and it typically occurs in disturbed environments. It is very common in secondary habitats at early stages of successions and in a diverse range of anthropogenic habitats, however it avoids very wet conditions. This species may be overlooked elsewhere but can be present on soil, brick, roof tiles or concrete walls, on stone pavement, open grasslands, border of roads, at river banks, on vineyards, etc. 



",Threats are considered to be minimal.,"This species is not considered to be threatened, and there is no major damage at the European level to this widespread bryophyte, so no conservation action is required at present. Further research on the population size and trend of this species is recommended to know if it is increasing.

The species occurs in many natural parks and protected areas throughout its range.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Wilbraham, J.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,austriacum,,Bryum austriacum  ,"Köckinger, Holyoak &amp; Suanjak",,Yes,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



The ephemeral Bryum austriacum is so far only known from the eastern Alps within an extremely small distribution range, where it is almost exclusively restricted to the subalpine to snow level. It was described only recently (2013), and almost all records are the result of intensive research. So far, only 20 sites are known in Austria and one in Germany. The species is rare but must certainly be more widespread than is currently known. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it is estimated that the population size is smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre where this species is found growing.



It is expected that the real population size may be larger, as new localities are discovered and knowledge about the known subpopulations improves. If this expectation is confirmed the species may be at a lower risk of extinction than currently thought. While the current population trend is through to be stable, this species is potentially threatened at lower altitudes from increasing temperatures due to climate change, which would cause an upwards shift of this species' habitat. Further research is needed into the biology and population size and trends, as well as other potential threats to this species. More targeted research to search for this species should be carried out in suitable habitats and larger subpopulations should be protected.",Stable,"This species is so far only known from the eastern Alps within an extremely small distribution range. It was described only recently (2013), and almost all records are the result of intensive research (Köckinger et al. 2013). So far, only 20 sites are known in Austria and one in Germany. The species is rare but must certainly be more widespread than is currently realised. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 23,000 km2. Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 80 km2, but the real AOO is likely to be higher. It has been found growing at elevations from 1,350 m up to 2,800 m Asl.



","The exact trend is unknown but is assumed to be stable, since there are no known threats to its habitat. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre where this species is found growing. The population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents. However, it is expected that this number could increase, as new localities are discovered and knowledge about the known subpopulations improves.","This species is almost exclusively restricted to the subalpine to snow level. It grows as an ephemeral in small turfs in base-rich patches in alpine meadows or among cushions over siliceous and calcareous rocks (Köckinger et al. 2013). The sites are generally wind-exposed. Sporophytes are unknown, and the vegetative diaspores are large and therefore unlikely to disperse over large distances. However, the population is not severely fragmented.","In the central Alps, this species should be safe from threats (Schröck et al. 2013, Köckinger and Schröck 2017). At lower altitudes, however, there could be a threat from increasing temperatures due to climate change, which would cause an upwards shift of this species' habitat.","Further research is needed into the biology and population size and trends, as well as the potential threats to this species. It is known to occur in protected areas across its range in Europe. Targeted research to look for this species should be carried out in suitable habitats. Larger subpopulations should be protected.",This species is not utilized or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Mazimpaka, V.,Cálix, M.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,blindii,,Bryum blindii  ,Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,EN,D,No,EN,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

 EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  Bryum blindii is a rare species of northern Europe and the Alps, with three isolated records from Montenegro. There are only a few (usually 1-10) recent records from every country, with only ca 60 Europe-wide, and ca 40 in the EU 28, and only very few recent subpopulations discovered. The extent of occurrence is estimated at ca 2 million km2, whilst the area of occupancy is estimated at 240 km2. The subpopulations are considered to be moderately isolated and the population trend is probably decreasing. It is estimated that there are between 100 and 250 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) in Europe. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered in Europe and in the EU 28. It is uncertain whether there are subpopulations with more than 50 individual-equivalents, and further research into the size of the subpopulations is recommended.



This species is found growing in high altitude alluvia, often along glacier rivulets in exposed situations, and more rarely on wet calcareous rocks (mostly in the alpine zone). It disappears when its site has become overgrown by more competitive plants. It may be threatened by climate change, as it has already disappeared from lower elevations. At least some of the subpopulations have been destroyed by the construction of dams for energy production. It is known to occur in protected areas across its range in Europe, affording it some protection from these threats. Resource and further habitat protection would be of benefit to conserving this species.",Decreasing,"This is a rare species of northern Europe and the Alps, with three isolated records from Montenegro (Martinčič 2006). There are only a few (usually 1-10) recent records from every country, with only ca 60 Europe-wide, and ca 40 in the EU 28. It can be found growing at elevations between 200 m and 3,000 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence is estimated at ca 2 million km2, whilst the area of occupancy is estimated at 240 km2. Outside Europe it occurs in northern and eastern Asia and North America.","The species is rare and probably decreasing in several countries, and is considered extinct in Latvia. In Switzerland there are only nine recent subpopulations known, whereas Amann et al. (1918) list more than 30 records. The subpopulations are moderately isolated, but it is unclear whether the population is severely fragmented. Since this species grows mostly on soil, one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre where this species grows. It is estimated that there are between 100 and 250 individual-equivalents in Europe. It is uncertain whether there are subpopulations with more than 50 individual-equivalents.","The species grows in high altitude alluvia, often along glacier rivulets in exposed situations, more rarely on wet calcareous rocks, mostly in the alpine zone. In the alpine belt of the eastern Alps it can also grow at drier sites; for example, on mineral-rich soil in bare patches in meadows or scattered in cushions and turfs of other mosses on calcareous rocks, mostly calcareous schist (H. Köckinger pers. comm. 2017). In Sweden it grows on calcareous ground in relatively exposed positions such as shores, gravel pits and irrigated rocks. It disappears when the site is overgrown by more competitive plants (ArtDatabanken 2010).","The species may be threatened by climate change, as it grows in high alpine environments, often along glacier rivulets. It has already disappeared from lower elevations. At least some of the subpopulations have been destroyed by the construction of dams for energy production.","There are no conservation actions known for this species. It is, however, included on the Red Lists of several countries and has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Estonia, as Endangered in Austria and as Vulnerable in Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). It is listed as Near Threatened in Norway and Sweden. It is known to occur in protected areas across its range in Europe. Research and further habitat protection would be of benefit to conserving this species.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Englefield, E.,Ros-Espín, R.","Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,calophyllum,,Bryum calophyllum  ,R. Br.,,No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



The Matted Bryum (Bryum calophyllum) is known from Iceland and Arctic Norway southwards along the coasts to the Netherlands and locally inland in central Europe. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 164 km² in Europe, and 108 km² in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an observed continuing decline in many areas, and inferred in others in the AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulation and number of mature individuals. The decline of this moss is apparently linked to loss of early successional habitats and perhaps to intolerance of trampling and eutrophication. Other threats include coastal defence works and coastal developments (roads, leisure facilities, etc.). It has declined very significantly in Europe, but much of this decline took place more than three generations ago (ca. 20 years). Future survival depends on site protection and maintaining the dynamic coastal processes so that open sandy habitats continually become available for colonisation every few years. Artificially producing scrapes is an option for habitat creation. Further research into the population trend, and the inclusion of this species in area-based management plans are recommended.",Decreasing,"The Matted Bryum (Bryum calophyllum) is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane moss that is common in some Arctic regions. In Europe it is known from Iceland and Arctic Norway southwards along the coasts to the Netherlands and locally inland in central Europe. Elsewhere it is known from Asia and Canada. Reports from Sardinia, Svalbard, Alaska and Greenland are now discounted (Blockeel et al. 2014).



This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 164 km² in Europe, and 108 km² in the EU 28. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 4.6 million km². Both AOO and EOO figures are likely to be inaccurate due to misidentifications, but it is certain that the moss is very rare and restricted. There are many additional old records from areas where it apparently no longer occurs.","This species has declined over all of Europe, with the possible exception of Arctic Russia, where there is little information. The overall population size is unknown and the current trend is decreasing. The population is considered to be severely fragmented since most of the subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. This species has large spores that may be difficult to disperse.","In western and northern Europe this species is almost exclusively coastal, but in most of the  rest of its range it is often found away from the sea (e.g., growing on  sandy tundra, along rivers or by lakes). In Sweden, regular flooding of its habitat of arctic streams and lakes eliminates competition but also causes subpopulations to fluctuate strongly from year to year (Hallingbäck et al. 2008). Recent records from Britain and Ireland are from coastal dune or machair areas on damp calcareous sand with sparse open vegetation (e.g., on foredune slacks or beside shallow pools). In the west of Scotland most stands are found where fresh water drains through calcareous sand dunes, either as a flush or a small rill. It has also been recorded occasionally on damp sand beside estuaries, and there is a single old record (1865) inland from an old gravel pit (Blockeel et al. 2014). The recent record from central Italy (Ellis et al. 2014) is from dripping limestone by a waterfall in a gorge. It is autoicous; the plants mature in their second year of growth and produce abundant capsules, which mature mainly from September to November (sometimes in summer). Bulbils, axillary gemmae and tubers are absent, and protonemal gemmae are not recorded.","The decline of this moss is apparently linked to loss of early successional habitats  (e.g., to golf course developments) and perhaps to intolerance of  trampling and eutrophication. Coastal defence works and coastal developments (roads, leisure facilities, etc.) often destroy the habitats. Future sea-level rise may worsen these  problems (Lockhart et al. 2012, Blockeel et al. 2014).","At least some remaining subpopulations in western Europe are in protected sites. Future survival depends on site protection and maintaining the dynamic coastal processes so that open sandy habitats continually become available for colonisation every few years. Artificially producing scrapes is an option for habitat creation. In Norway this species has been assessed as Near Threatened (estimation of 1,900 mature individuals)(Hassel et al. 2015). In Slovakia it has been assessed as Endangered and in Poland as Vulnerable (Hodgetts 2015). Further research into the population trend, and the inclusion of this species in area-based management plans are recommended.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Tsakiri, E.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,canariense,,Bryum canariense  ,Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Canary Thread-moss (Bryum canariense) is a Mediterranean-Atlantic species, that is globally not frequent. In Europe, this species occurs throughout the Mediterranean region, including from Portugal, Spain, France and Italy to the Balkan area, Crete and to Turkey. The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is around 8.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 804 km2. No quantitative information is available on the population size of this species, although in Europe it is probably under-recorded. The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be stable. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered locally threatened, for example in Portugal and Bulgaria. this species is found in a a habitat which is very sensitive to degradation by anthropogenic influences, and therefore this should be monitored carefully. The control of other species, such as Carpobrotus edulis, would benefit this species. In addition, further research in the ecology of this species, and monitoring of the habitat trends is recommended.



",Stable,"

This species is a Mediterranean-Atlantic, globally uncommon moss, occurring throughout the Mediterranean region from Portugal, Spain, France and Italy to the Balkan area, Crete and to Turkey, but it is also found in many circum-Mediterranean territories (Ros et al. 2013). This species was also recently reported to Serbia (Ellis et al. 2014).

Also, this species is found in Macaronesia (the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands), and its northern-most European subpopulations are found in Belgium, the Netherlands and England.

This is a moss of austral tropical to temperate distribution (Dierssen 2001), and outside of Europe it is known from North and Central America, and southern Africa (O’Shea 2006). 

Based on the most recent available information about the taxon’s geographic range, the estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is around 9 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 804 km2. The altitude range of this species in Europe is from near sea level to 1,500 m Asl.



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No quantitative information is available on the population size of this species, although in Europe its distribution is mostly centered in the Mediterranean region, but it is probably under-recorded. The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be stable.

In the Iberian Peninsula, this species is known from 29 provinces in central, western and southern Spain (Guerra et al. 2010) and in Portugal, it is known in the western and southern parts from five provinces (Sérgio et al. 2013). In Portugal, this species is restricted to the warm southern areas, in about 6 sites post 1980, showing a clear decline (C. Sérgio pers. obs. 2018). Apparently, this species presents a more or less continuous distribution through southern Europe, in all countries from Portugal and France to the Balkans, but always in more or less similar Mediterranean habitats.

In Macaronesia, this species appears to be common. It is known from the Canary Islands in seven islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2008), from Madeira, Porto Santo and the Selvagens Islands (Sérgio et al. 2006, Kürschner 2008), and from the Azores in all islands excluding Corvo (Gabriel et al. 2011).



 

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This species occurs in crevices of limestone boulders or eruptive rock in exposed areas, mainly in coastal situations. Also, this species has been found growing in clay soil or sandy-clay substrates.  

In the Azores, this species is frequent in artificial rock walls. The climate preferences of this species are in Mediterranean to temperate areas, near coastal but not arid zones. In Europe, it is also present in abandoned quarries where human activity helps to maintain an open community in rocks crevices, however without excessive eutrophication.

This species is frequently fertile, as the species can be sinoicous which may contribute to an efficient local dispersal.

","In some developed areas, this species can be affected by land use changes that promote the establishment of other closed plant communities, scrub invasion, and the loss of bare rock surfaces to excessive shading. The decline of grazing may also be a factor. Natural processes such as cliff erosion and land slippage are necessary to maintain subpopulations, and any factor that alters this regime is detrimental.

Other human-induced changes, such as forestry management can present a negative impact to this species. The fire risks and competition from other species such as Carpobrotus edulis in the same habitats can put some subpopulations at risk.

","There are no specific conservation actions currently in place for this species. In Europe, this species frequently occurs within protected areas including a Natura 2000 site. It is not threatened in most of the countries where it is found, such as in Spain (Brugués and Gonzalez-Mancebo 2012), but it is considered Endangered (EN) in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013) and as Vulnerable (VU) in Bulgaria (Natcheva et al. 2006).

This species was once thought to be extinct in Sussex, but it was recorded at one site again in 1992 (Roper 2010). It is listed as nationally scarce in Britain (Pescott 2016).

Habitat protection and control of other species, such as Carpobrotus edulis, would benefit this species. In addition, further research in the ecology of this species, and monitoring of the habitat trends is recommended.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Orgaz Alvarez, J.,Englefield, E.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,cellulare,,Bryum cellulare  ,Hook.,,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) 

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) 

Bryum cellulare is a tropical moss species with its main global distribution concentrated in the tropics and subtropics, so the European range for this species can be considered as the margin of its global distribution. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at over 1.3 million km2. However, the area of occupancy (AOO) can be estimated at just 40 km2 in Europe. The AOO could even be considered significantly less than 20 km2 according to post-1950 records. The population structure, size and trends of this species are unknown, but it is found in small, isolated subpopulations in Europe, with limited chances of re-colonisation. There is also a continuing decline in this species' habitat extent and quality both in the EU 28 and Europe. Thus this species is assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU 28 in view of the continuing decline in its habitat quality and extent, it's AOO of 40 km2 and the fact that its population is severely fragmented.  

Threats to this species could include numerous hydrological impacts such as water abstraction from wetlands, pollution, habitat degradation from construction and recreation and climate change (especially through increased severity and longevity of droughts). It is not known to occur in any protected areas throughout its European range. Further research is needed into the threats to this species in Europe. Ex-situ propagation, monitoring programs and site protection are all recommended conservation measures for this species.",Unknown,"This rare moss is recorded in Europe only from Greece (including Crete and some other Aegean islands), Italy (including Sicily), European Turkey, the Canary Islands, and (doubtfully) Madeira. There are recent records from mainland Greece (Papp et al. 1998), but it is erroneously cited as occurring in Macedonia due to synonymization. It is an essentially tropical species of moss, which also occurs in  subtropical areas all around the world. Elsewhere it is often recorded in  south-eastern Asia, Africa, South America and Australia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species is estimated at over 1.3 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 40 km2 in Europe and EU 28. The AOO could even be considered significantly less than 20 km2 (but greater than 10 km2) if onlyrecent (post-1950) records are used.

","There is no information on the population structure, size and trends of this species. The population is considered to be severely fragmented since it is found in small, isolated subpopulations. These small subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. Bearing in mind that these are subpopulations living on the edge of the species' distribution range, the plausibility of new colonisation of suitable habitats under a sub-optimal climate type is low, even if some kind of dispersal is possible.",This species inhabits wet rocks near streams and other water bodies. It produces sporophytes readily (T. Blockeel pers. comm. 2017).,"The threats to this species are unknown, but they could include numerous hydrological impacts such as water abstraction from wetlands, pollution, habitat degradation from construction and recreation and climate change (especially through increased severity and longevity of droughts). The species is affected by forestry activities in Greece (T. Blockeel pers. comm. 2017). There is a continuing decline in this species' habitat extent and quality both in the EU 28 and Europe (Gritti et al. 2006).","This species is not included in the national legislation of any European countries where it is found. It is listed as Data Deficient (DD) in the Canary Islands (Hodgetts 2015). It is not known to occur in any protected areas throughout its European range. Further research is needed into the threats to this species in Europe. In order to prevent this species from disappearing, it could be argued that ex-situ propagation, monitoring programs and site protection could be recommended. On the other hand, as the European subpopulations are merely outliers of an essentially tropical distribution, it could be regarded as a low conservation priority.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species. This species has been shown to have antimicrobial effects in tropical areas (Deora and Guhil 2014).,"Englefield, E.,Schröck, C.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.","Sabovljevic, M.,Ştefănuţ, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,cryophilum,,Bryum cryophilum  ,Mårtensson,,No,NT,"B2b(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Bryum cryophilum is known from the central mountains of southern Norway and the northern parts of the Scandes, including the northwestern tip of Finland, as well as the northwestern part of Russia.In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 300 and 400 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7 million km². Within the EU 28, the AOO of this species is ca 100 km², and its EOO is ca 26,000 km². In Europe, it is estimated that there are more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). The overall population trend is inferred to be decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28.  The habitat of this species is projected to experience a continuing decline as a result of climate change. The species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened in Europe, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

In the EU 28, it is estimated that there are less than 10,000 individual-equivalents, with less than 1,000 in each subpopulation and an inferred continuing decline. Therefore, in the EU 28, this species is assessed as Vulnerable.

This species is confined to permanently wet and cold arctic habitats, habitats that, if global climate warming continues, will most probably decline in quality and area. Any action that stops or decreases the current climate change is welcome. Meanwhile, the population size and trends need to be monitored.",Decreasing,"This arctic species is known from the central mountains of southern Norway and the northern parts of the Scandes, including the northwestern tip of Finland, as well as the northwestern part of Russia (Hallingbäck et al. 2008, Hodgetts 2015). An old record from the Czech Republic seems to be erronous. The altitudinal range of this species is between 500 m and 3,000 m Asl.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 300 and 400 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7 million km². Within the EU 28, the AOO of this species is ca 100 km², and its EOO is ca 26,000 km².","Locally, for example on Svalbard, this species seems to occur in large quantities for the time being. In the arctic region of European Russia, this species is rather common (O. Afonina pers. comm. 2017), although it is rare in the mountains of the north of Sweden, and it is also rare in Finland. The overall population trend is inferred to be decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28. The population size of this species is over 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for each individual-equivalent) in Europe, but in the EU 28, it is estimated that there is between 2,500 and 10,000 individual-equivalents. 

As a result of a warmer climate in the mountains of Fennoscandia and Russia, it is likely that the total population size will decrease. In Finland, this species is declining since it cannot go further up in altitude (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). The species can be affected by drier periods. Even though the species does not produce spores, it is not considered to be severely fragmented.","The species grows on alluvial sand in spring-fed and ephemeral brooks and rivulets with a pH ranging between slightly acidic and slightly basic. It is also known from snow beds in the middle alpine belt or higher up. When found in the low-alpine belt, this species is generally only beside streams (Mårtensson 1956).","This species is confined to permanently wet and cold arctic habitats, habitats that, if global climate warming continues, will most probably decline in quality and area. In spring areas, this species can be affected by warmer climate.","The species is in the Red List of Finland as Endangered (EN) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. Any action that stops or decreases the current climate change is welcome. Meanwhile, the population size and trends need to be monitored.",This species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Ganeva, A.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,demaretianum,,Bryum demaretianum  ,Arts,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



Bryum demaretianum was recently described in 1992 in Belgium. Since then it has been found in a few countries in central Europe and in southern Sweden.  The distribution of this species is therefore very insufficiently known. There is no information available about population size, structure or trends for this species. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient due to lack of data, and further research is needed to determine its extinction risk.



It grows on the shores of ponds, rivers and lakes, on loamy, acidic soil. There is not much information known about threats to this species either, but it can be impacted by the cessation of grazing. Also it appears that in France it is threatened by inadequate regulation of the hydrological regimes of reservoirs, with constant water level being maintained year-round - this species strongly relies on periodic flooding. There are no conservation measures in place for this species. Further research into the distribution, population size and trend, and ecology and threats of this species is highly recommended.",Unknown,"This species was described in 1992 in Belgium (Arts 1992). Since then it has been found in a few countries in central Europe and in southern Sweden. Up to now, there are only scattered records known from Germany (Meinunger and Schröder 2007), Belgium, France, Sweden, Austria, Slovakia and one old record from Switzerland, that was determined by W. Schröder from a herbarium specimen. The distribution of this species is therefore very insufficiently known. Since there are currently no known records outside the region, the species is considered endemic to Europe. The altitudinal range lies between sea level and about 800 m Asl. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1 million km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 200 km2. However, these values are very uncertain given the lack of knowledge on this species.","There is no information available about population size, structure or trends for this species.","The species grows on shores of ponds, rivers and lakes, on loamy, acidic soil. It can also sometimes be found growing along humid footpaths.","There is not much information about threats to this species. In Austria and Germany, it is assumed to be probably at risk but without further information (Nebel and Philippi 2001). In Sweden, it is known to be threatened by the cessation of grazing. In France it is threatened by inadequate regulation of the hydrological regimes of reservoirs, with constant water level being maintained year-round. This species strongly relies on periodic flooding (V. Hugonnot pers. comm. 2017).","There are no conservation measures known for this species. In Sweden and Germany it has been assessed as Data Deficient (ArtDatabanken 2015). In Switzerland it has not been assessed. It is known to occur in the Nature Reserve de Bonte in Belgium. Further research is needed for distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Englefield, E.,Cronberg, N.","Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.","Virchenko, V.,Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,dichotomum,,Bryum dichotomum  ,Hedw.,"Ochi (1972) designated that B. dichotomum, described from New Zealand, is undistinguishable with B. bicolor, described from the Europe, and the former name has priority.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Bryum dichotomum is a widespread species, that is often recorded across Europe and it is considered to have a stable population trend for both Europe and the EU 28. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe and the EU 28 are both significantly greater than the thresholds required for a threatened category. This species is not rare in northwestern Europe and presents a more or less continuous distribution through southern Europe. Threats to this species are considered to be minimal. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

However, the species is threatened in very few European countries, only in Romania and Estonia. Even so, no conservation measures for this species in Europe are required at present.",Stable,"This is sub-cosmopolitan species with a temperate bipolar distribution in the northern hemisphere Europe and North America (Vanderpoorten and Zartman 2002) and the southern hemisphere (Australia and New Zealand) (Spence and Ramsay 1996, Beever and Brownsey 1990). This species is also found in northern Africa (Ros et al. 2013), including being recently described as new to Lesotho (Ellis et al. 2011). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe and the EU 28 are both significantly greater than the thresholds required for a threatened category.

The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level to more than 3,000 m Asl in Switzerland (NISM 2018). In the Iberian Peninsula, this species is found up to 2,350 m Asl, but in Hungry, it is reported from 80 to 685 m Asl.","This is a widespread species, that is often recorded across Europe and it is considered to have a stable population trend for both Europe and the EU 28. This species is not rare in northwestern Europe, including in Scandinavia, Great Britain, Ireland and the Iberian Peninsula, as well as in all archipelagos of Macaronesia. Apparently, it presents a more or less continuous distribution through southern Europe in all countries including France, Corsica and Italy (Hodgetts 2015).","This is a pioneer species in moist, calcareous or neutral soil, frequently nitrificated, and also in artificial substrates, such as concrete or roof tiles. This species has been found in arable fields, on banks, at road sides, rocky grasslands or saline soils. Sometimes, it has been found in post-fire substrates. The species is dioicous (Guerra et al. 2010).","Threats to this species are considered to be minimal. Even though this species may be locally threatened, there are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species.",This species has been assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Romania and as Vulnerable (VU) in Estonia (Hodgetts 2015) and is also present in protected areas throughout its range. No conservation measures for this species in Europe are required at present.,No information on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Wilbraham, J.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,dixonii,,Bryum dixonii  ,Cardot,"Molecular analysis has shown a separation of this species into two closely-related species (Bell et al. 2013), however further work is required to resolve this.",Yes,NT,D1,No,NT,D1,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



Dixon's Bryum (Bryum dixonii) is endemic to Europe, where it is known from Scotland and, more recently from Norway, where it may be more widespread than currently known. Although very restricted in its geographical distribution, the current population trend is stable and there are no obvious threats to this species at present. The species is assessed as Near Threatened since the population size is estimated to be between 1,000 and 1,500 individual-equivalents (with one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) being a single boulder or one square metre of rock face on which the species grows); thus making this species close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion D. However, further research is required to clarify the distribution of this species in Norway, and the species should be reassessed if it becomes clear the species has a more widespread distribution there.",Stable,"Until recently, Dixon's Bryum (Bryum dixonii) was thought to be endemic to Scotland, but in 2015 a locality was discovered in Norway, and it may be more widespread there than currently known. Reports from Switzerland are regarded as errors (Blockeel et al. 2014). There is a recent report from the French Pyrenees but this is also erroneous. The area of occupancy (AOO) of this suboceanic Arctic-montane species is estimated at 188 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 105,423 km².","There is no evidence of any decline, and new subpopulations are regularly found in Highland Scotland, although it has not been re-found at some old sites. It is probably still under-recorded and the current population trend is considered to be stable. The population size is estimated at between 1,000 and 1,500 individual-equivalents; one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered a single boulder or one square metre of rock face on which the species grows.","This small moss has two rather different habitats in Scotland, both of which are at least intermittently irrigated. It occurs as small dense patches in an open bryophyte community on flushed ledges or slabs on calcareous rocks such as schist or limestone in the hills. In this habitat, recorded associates include Marsupella emarginata, Amphidium lapponicum, Anomobryum julaceum, Blindia acuta, Bryum riparium, Dichodontium pellucidum, Racomitrium aciculare, Racomitrium macounii, Schistidium apocarpum s.s. and, at one site, Grimmia unicolor. A number of recent records have been from a rather different habitat, on the top of rocks in the inundation zone of large burns and rivers, where it can form quite large, dense cushions that are full of silt. In this habitat it seems to be indifferent to rock type and associated species range from riparian bryophytes such as Hygrohypnum eugyrium and Schistidium agassizii to more generalist species like Andreaea rothii, Anomobryum julaceum, Blindia acuta, Campylopus atrovirens and Racomitrium ellipticum. Its altitudinal range is from 5 m to 850 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014). Gametangia and capsules are unknown. Axillary propaguliferous shoots are often present. It produces tubers in culture, but these have not been found in wild material.",There are no obvious threats to this species at present.,"No conservation actions are necessary at present. It occurs in a number of protected sites. It is not regarded as threatened in Britain (Scotland), where it is listed as 'nationally scarce' (Pescott 2016). Confirmation of the distribution in Norway is required, and further taxonomic study is required to elucidate the two separate entities that have been identified using molecular techniques.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Tsakiri, E.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,dyffrynense,,Bryum dyffrynense  ,Holyoak,,Yes,NT,"B2b(iii,iv,v)",No,NT,"B2b(iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



The Dyffryn Bryum (Bryum dyffrynense) is endemic to western Europe, where it is known from the UK, Ireland, northwestern France and Belgium. The population size is unknown, and the species is a colonist of wet, calcareous sand. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 104 km²), and there is evidence of a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals as a result of coastal development and recreational activities; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. The dune habitats where this species occurs are impacted by recreation and other development activities. Coastal dune habitats are continually under pressure from developers to construct golf courses, holiday complexes and other developments. Stronger site protection measures for coastal dune habitats are recommended. Further research into its population size and dynamics would also be desirable.",Decreasing,"The Dyffryn Bryum (Bryum dyffrynense) is a oceanic temperate species which was described recently from the UK (Holyoak 2003), and subsequently found in Ireland and northwestern France (Lockhart et al. 2012), as well as in Belgium (De Beer and Martens 2007). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 104 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 280,321 km².","Declines have been reported in Britain (D. Callaghan pers. comm. 2017), but it is too early to determine whether they are real or significant. The species may well have once been more widespread, because sand dune habitat has declined generally. The current population trend is decreasing and the population size is unknown.","This is a lowland colonist that grows on damp, partly bare, calcareous sand from sea level up to 50 m Asl. Most subpopulations occur in dune slacks, located either behind recently accreted and still sparsely vegetated foredunes or where blow-outs adjacent to slacks create patches of similar habitat amongst older dunes with more vegetation. At Dungeness (Kent, England) it occurs on similar substrates created artificially on and near the edge of a large pool in a disused sand and gravel quarry. In western Cornwall (England) it grows on damp partly bare calcareous sand in a disused sand pit adjacent to coastal dunes. Two sites in Ireland are at sandy ‘estuaries’ of small streams within sand-dune systems, and the Belgian sites are on reclaimed land. The species is intolerant of shading and is lost as natural vegetation succession leads to development of a closed cover of herbaceous plants (De Beer and Martens 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). 



It is dioicous, and capsules are occasional or locally frequent, maturing in autumn. Axillary bulbils are common; filamentous axillary gemmae are absent. Protonemal gemmae, bulbils on the protonema and very rare tubers are produced in culture.","The dune habitats where this species occurs are impacted by recreation and other development activities. Coastal dune habitats are continually under pressure from developers to construct golf courses, holiday complexes, etc.",This species is considered Near Threatened in Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012) and Endangered in Britain (Callaghan and Hodgetts in prep.) on the basis of its apparent rarity and the potential threats to its habitats. The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. Stronger site protection measures for coastal dune habitats are recommended. Further research into its population size and dynamics would also be desirable.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Hugonnot, V.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Lönnell, N., Rothero, G. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,elegans,,Bryum elegans  ,Nees,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Blushing Bryum (Bryum elegans) is widespread and not rare in northwestern Europe, and presents a more or less continuous distribution through southern Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe and the EU 28 are both significantly greater than the thresholds required for a threatened category. It is often recorded across Europe and it is considered to have a stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28. Threats to this species are considered to be minimal. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is locally threatened in few European countries, such as Ireland, the Czech Republic and Bulgaria. More habitat protection would benefit this species.",Stable,"This is a boreal species, that is widespread and not rare in northwestern Europe, from Scandinavia, Great Britain and Ireland to the Iberian Peninsula, although it is not found in Macaronesia. Apparently, this species presents a more or less continuous distribution through southern Europe, in all countries from France, Corsica, Italy and across southeastern Europe (Sabovljević et al. 2008), to northwestern Russia and Ukraine (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, this species is found in North America (California) and in Canada, as well as in western Asia in Turkey (Spence 2014) and North Africa (Ros et al. 2013).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe and the EU 28 are both significantly greater than the thresholds required for a threatened category. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level to more than 3,000 m Asl in Switzerland (NISM 2018).



","This is a widespread species, that is often recorded across Europe and it is considered to have a stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species is boreal, and is found on weakly basic rocks or in a diverse range of habitats on shaded or exposed rocks, or stem-bases of trees, largely in mountain forest habitats. This species has also been found on banks, often on vertical or sloping substrates. 

 

The species is dioicous, the presence of capsules are rare which determine an infrequency of spores production. Rizoidal tubers are very rare as well. This species has not been observed with sporophytes in Iberian material (Guerra et al. 2010).

",Threats to this species are considered to be minimal. Agricultural and forestry intensification could lead to some losses. Fire events and anthropogenic influences are the major threat to this moss in some Mediterranean areas.,"This species is listed in few national Red Lists, including in Ireland, the Czech Republic, Luxembourg and Bulgaria (Hodgetts 2015).

Some areas of occurrence are in Natural Parks or Natura 2000 areas, such as in Portugal and Spain. However, more habitat protection would benefit this species.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Fettes, N.D.,Marka, J.,Hodgetts, N.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,funkii,,Bryum funkii  ,Schwägr.,"The spelling funkii was used in Index Muscorum, but it has been corrected to funckii in some recent European lists because it commemorates Heinrich Christian Funck (1771-1839) (the spelling used in e.g. Frahm 2001: 121, Lexikon Deutschsprachiger Bryologen). Although at first sight this appears to be correction of an orthographical error (under ICBN Art. 60.1) and congruent with the orthography of Marsupella funckii and Funckia named in honour of the same botanist. Funk or Funck himself apparently used both spellings of his name (H. Köckinger, in litt.) so there is no need to change established (funkii) usage.",No,VU,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



According to current records, Funck's Thread-moss (Bryum funkii) is rare and scattered, but occurs widely in central and southeastern Europe from Cyprus, Crete and the Balkans north to Germany, Denmark and Belgium. It is also apparently widespread but rare in eastern Europe from Crimea to the Baltic countries and northern (but not Arctic) Russia. It also occurs, more rarely, in Norway and Sweden, and there are records from Spain and the Canary Islands. The status of this species is unclear owing to historical confusion with other species of Bryum. It is not clear whether it has been recorded correctly or consistently in different parts of Europe. It does appear to be generally rare and scattered. The species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and Endangered in the EU 28 since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is570km2in Europe and 448 km2 in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. Its habitat, including quarries and other places with bare soil, tends to vegetate over when it becomes disused. General increase in nutrient input to the environment also tends to promote the growth of coarse vegetation at the expense of bare soil that can be colonised by this and other ecologically similar species. No conservation measures can be prescribed at present, owing to the imperfect knowledge of this species, and confusion with other species. It is recommended that some effort is made to clarify its status in all countries where it occurs.",Unknown,"According to current records, Funck's Thread-moss (Bryum funkii) is rare and scattered, but occurs widely in central and southeastern Europe from Cyprus, Crete and the Balkans north to Germany, Denmark and Belgium. It is apparently widespread in eastern Europe from Crimea to the Baltic countries and northern (but not Arctic) Russia. It also occurs, more rarely, in Norway and Sweden, and there are records from Spain and the Canary Islands. Elsewhere it is recorded from Asian Russia, China and Iraq. Reports from Egypt and New Zealand are probably best regarded as unsubstantiated (Blockeel et al. 2014).



However, this distribution may not be reliable, as in   the past this species was confused with other imbricate-leaved species of   the genus, like B. kunzei. Thus, many older records may be errors. There is also a nomenclatural problem since some authors have been using the name B. funkii as a synonym of B. kunzei. This species' current area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated tobe 570km² in Europe, and 448 km2 in the EU 28, at the most, considering so many records are historical. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 12.5 million km².","There is no population trend data for this species. However, it is rather rare and scattered throughout its range, and nearly always occurs in small amounts. Most of the records are historical and thus it is difficult to establish trends. It is possible that it may be experiencing a decline, but it is not possible to ascertain this due to the taxonomic and nomenclatural issues. However, its habitat is certainly declining in central Europe. The population is precautionarily considered to be severely fragmented both in Europe and in the EU 28 since this species is not a good disperser and it is found scattered in small and isolated subpopulation which may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The overall population size is Europe is over 1,000 individual-equivalents - where one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is one square metre on which the species grows. In the EU 28, however, the population size is most likely smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents.","This pioneer species grows in small colonies or as individual shoots among other mosses on calcareous, open, dry to damp soil, often over clay, phyllite, sandstone or loess, at altitudes between 15 m and 3,100 m Asl. Typical sites include skeletal grassland, quarries, roadsides and crumbling sandstone or loess cliffs. Frequent associates include Didymodon fallax,  D. vinealis, Barbula unguiculata, Dicranella varia, Leiocolea collaris, Campyliadelphus chrysophyllus, Ditrichum flexicaule, Encalypta vulgaris, E.  streptocarpa, Fissidens taxifolius andCtenidium molluscum(Meinunger andSchröder 2007,Erzberger and Schröder 2013).The  records from Hungary are from loess cliffs. There are three very old  records there (where the habitat is likely to have disappeared), and two recent records (B. Papp pers. comm. 2017). It  is found on open and secondary habitats, including quarries, in Austria  and central Europe (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). It is dioicous, and never produces axillary bulbils or rhizoidal tubers.","Individual colonies of this species are normally transient, and disappear as natural succession takes place. This species can be affected by afforestation. It may be more generally threatened, however, as its habitats, including quarries and other places with bare soil, tend to vegetate over when they become disused. General increase in nutrient input to the environment also tends to promote the growth of coarse vegetation at the expense of bare soil that can be colonised by this and other ecologically similar species. It is therefore considered that there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat of this species. 



","No conservation measures can be prescribed at present, owing to the imperfect knowledge of this species, and confusion with other species (it is listed as Data Deficient in many countries). It is recommended that some effort is made to clarify its status in all countries where it occurs. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hylander, K.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,gemmiferum,,Bryum gemmiferum  ,R.Wilczek &amp; Demaret,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Small-bud Bryum (Bryum gemmiferum) is a fairly widespread species in Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 2,624 km2. In Mediterranean areas, this species could be less abundant and it seems to now be mainly in the anthropogenic areas, however it is likely to be under-recorded. The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is assumed to be at least stable, but probably increasing. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is locally threatened in some countries, including Switzerland, Hungary, Romania and Serbia. Threats are minimal in Europe, although agricultural intensification and conversion of arable land (for example, to permanent pasture) could lead to some losses. Habitat protection and invasive species control is recommended. European agri-environment schemes probably contribute to the conservation of this species, but more research on this is needed. In addition, further research on the ecology of this species is required, along with monitoring of habitat trends.",Increasing,"This is an European-suboceanic species, that has been recorded from Scandinavia, southwards to Germany, Hungry and Romania. It is apparently rare in the Mediterranean region but known in France, the Balearic Islands, Spain and Portugal; it is also reported in Macaronesia from the Canary Islands but it is not present in Madeira or the Azores. In the United Kingdom, this species is frequent in England and scattered in Ireland. It has also recently been reported as occurring in Poland (Ellis et al. 2016).

The species is also known from California and Florida in North America (Vanderpoorten and Zartman 2002).

Based on the most recent available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 5 million km2and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 3,000 km2. The altitudinal range of this species is from less than 50 m to ca 1,000 m Asl in Switzerland (NISM 2018).","It is not possible to make any definite statements regarding the population size. However, following the targeted arable land survey, this species is clearly widespread in Britain and Ireland (Blockeel et al. 2014), but even here it is likely to have been overlooked in the past. In  the Iberian Peninsula, this species is reported to more than 14 provinces (Guerra et al. 2010) and it is very common in Germany (Von Brackel et al. 2018). In Macaronesia, this species is found on only one island, in Lanzarote in the Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2008).

In Mediterranean areas, this species could be less abundant and it seems to now be mainly in the anthropogenic areas. Its apparent rarity could be due to the necessity to observe small axillary gemmae which makes it likely to be under-collected.

Overall, the current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is assumed to be at least stable, but probably increasing.","This is a small, predominately lowland moss, that is typically found on disturbed, periodically wet soil, especially arable land or on river and stream banks. This species produces axillary gemmae which remain in the diaspore bank for an unknown period. It is intolerant of competition and needs open soils to maintain subpopulations.","Threats are minimal in Europe, although agricultural intensification and conversion of arable land (for example, to permanent pasture) could lead to some losses.

Invasive species can also be a risk to subpopulation establishment, as well as increase in fire events.","

This species was originally listed in the Red Data Book of European bryophytes (ECCB 1995), although now species is not endangered in the majority of European countries, except Switzerland, Hungary, Romania and Serbia (Hodgetts 2015).

Habitat protection and invasive species control is recommended. European agri-environment schemes (non-cultivated field margins, minimal fertilizers, etc.) probably contribute to the conservation of this species, but more research on this is needed. In addition, further research on the ecology of this species is required, along with monitoring of habitat trends.

",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Rumsey, F.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,gemmilucens,,Bryum gemmilucens  ,R.Wilczek &amp; Demaret,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Yellow-bud Bryum (Bryum gemmilucens) is mainly known in the Mediterranean area but also present, even if rare, in north and east Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is a pioneer species living in disturbed areas such as arable fields. Moreover, the population trend is stable, and there is no evidence of a continuing decline. The species is probably under-recorded since reliable identification is dependent on the presence of axillary bulbils.",Stable,"The Yellow-bud Bryum (Bryum gemmilucens) is a species with a mostly oceanic-mediterranean distribution, mainly known in the Mediterranean area but also present, even if rare, in north and east Europe (Hodgetts 2015). It is also found in California. This species is possibly under-recorded. In a study carried out in Great Britain, where arable fields were surveyed, the species could only be found in four sites, among around 100 sites (N. Hodgetts pers. comm. 2017). It is widespread in Spain and Germany.","The population size of this species is unknown, but the population does not show signs of decline. The species is rare but probably under-recorded. The overall population trend is thought to be stable.","This species lives in open habitats of arable fields, clearings and disturbed soil. The species seems to occur even in intensively farmed arable fields. It requires overwintering stubble in fields, and does not persist if the fields are plowed in the autumn. It forms yellow axillary bulbils while gametangia and sporophytes are very rare. Sporophytes in Europe are only known from one locality in central Spain. In France (Crau Plain), this species grows on natural bare soils (not secondary habitats). It is a colonist species and is thought to disperse easily through the axillary bulbils. It is found from sea level up to 800 m asl.","Plowing of arable fields in the autumn is a significant threat to this species since it cannot persist without overwintering stubble in arable fields. Plowing of arable fields has increased in the last thirty years, but has stabilised now. There is therefore no continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat of this species at the European scale.","This taxon was included in some regional bryophyte Red Lists. In particular it was assessed as Vulnerable in the Red List of Luxembourg and as Near Threatened in Great Britain (Werner 2003, Hodgetts 2011). It has also been assessed as Near Threatened in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013). This species is known to occur in protected areas. No conservation action is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Hylander, K.,Hodgetts, N.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Lara, F. & Lüth, M.","Schröck, C.,Blom, H.,Lönnell, N.,Vellak, K.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,gemmiparum,,Bryum gemmiparum  ,De Not.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Welsh Thread-moss (Bryum gemmiparum) is a Mediterranean-Atlantic species, with a range that extends from France, Germany and Switzerland to Portugal the Mediterranean basin and Macaronesia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it is rare and perhaps threatened in part of its range, it is still abundant and widespread in the Mediterranean basin and the population trend is stable. No urgent conservation action is required at present in areas where the species is frequent, but its sites should be protected and managed appropriately, particularly in areas where it is rare.",Stable,"The Welsh Thread-moss (Bryum gemmiparum) is a Mediterranean-Atlantic species, with a range that extends from France, Germany and Switzerland to Portugal the Mediterranean basin (where it is widespread) and Macaronesia. Elsewhere it occurs in the Caucasus, North Africa and the near east. The literature also contains reports from North America, southern South America, India and Yunnan (China), although the American taxon may not be the same as the European one (Blockeel et al. 2014, Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 640 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 9.8 million km². This species is under-recorded, so its geographic range may be even larger than currently estimated.","This species is very abundant in Portugal, but very rare in Switzerland, the UK and Ireland. There are many records from Greece. The overall population trend is stable, at least in the core part of its range. The population is not severely fragmented and the population size is larger than 1,000 mature individuals.","This is a lowland species growing at elevations between 15 m and 600 m Asl, and is often found in crevices in rocks by streams or rivers. It is also usually found growing in small cushions on exposed, flat, silty calcareous rocks, often sandstones, above the mean water level but in the flood zone, with Cinclidotus spp.,Fissidenscrassipes,Hygroamblystegiumvarium,Cratoneuronfilicinum,Philonotisfontana,Didymodon luridus andthe lichen Dermatocarponluridum. It can also occur in the inundation zone fringing base-rich lakes, in crevices of horizontal limestone or on thin sandy soil on limestone boulders in shallow water near the lake shore, and even on open limestone pavement, in small damp crevices among other mosses (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). In Portugal it can also be found at small depressions, sometimes needing dripping water on the rocks along the river. It is also found on vertical rocks (C. Sérgio pers. comm. 2017). It can also grow on artificial river banks (N. Schnyder pers. comm. 2017). It can also be present in fountains and springs, and in Madeira in levadas (C. Sérgio pers. comm. 2017). It is dioicous and capsules are rare. Bulbils are frequent and sometimes conspicuous in the axils of the upper leaves (identification of subpopulations lacking bulbils is difficult); filiform axillary gemmae are lacking.","The main threat to riverine subpopulations is probably habitat destruction resulting from engineering works such as river straightening. Pollution could also be a problem, but the effects of pollution on this species are unknown. The lake sites for this species are vulnerable to changes to lake shores such as might result from increased amenity use, building jetties, shading (e.g., by trees), from changes in water level regimes, or from eutrophication or other pollution of lake water (Church et al. 2001, Lockhart et al. 2012). In southern Europe, increasing droughts as a result of climate change can pose a threat to the species. However, there is no evidence that there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat.","No urgent conservation action is required at present in areas where the species is frequent, but its sites should be protected and managed appropriately, particularly in areas where it is rare. In these areas, subpopulations need to be monitored. A number of sites for this species are protected. It is included in several Red Lists and has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Romania and Switzerland, as Endangered in Britain and Germany, and as Vulnerable in Bulgaria, Ireland and Malta (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hylander, K.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C. & Untereiner, A.","Hodgetts, N.,Goldberg, I.,Blom, H.,Schröck, C.,Afonina, O.,Lönnell, N.,Vellak, K.,Weibull, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,intermedium,,Bryum intermedium  ,(Brid.) Blandow,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



The Many-seasoned Thread-moss (Bryum intermedium) is an Eurasian temperate species found from the Arctic southwards to the Pyrenees and Alps. This species is assessed as Data Deficient since its distribution is not well known, and its population size and trend remain unknown, although it is possible that it may be declining. It is possible that its AOO at any one time is well below 2,000 km². On the other hand, it is also listed in many northern and eastern regions, but without any suggestion that it is threatened, so its actual AOO may be well in excess of 2,000 km². It also doubtless occurs as a spore bank. Further research is needed to clarify the status of this species throughout its range, since some of the old records could be errors due to misidentifications.",Decreasing,"The Many-seasoned Thread-moss (Bryum intermedium) is an Eurasian temperate species found from the Arctic southwards to the Pyrenees and Alps. Elsewhere it is known from Siberia, Greenland and Canada (Alberta). Reports from Morocco need confirmation (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species has often been misidentified and it is likely that the range map includes some erroneous records. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 2,000 km², and its extent of occurrence at ca 1.5 million km². The AOO, however, is very uncertain due to the unreliability of records.","There is no detailed information about the population size or trend of this species, but old records outnumber recent ones, and the inference is that it has probably declined. However, many of its subpopulations occur as short-lived colonists on patches of  open soil, so it is to be expected  that recent records will be  fewer than all those amassed over  the previous 150 years or more. It is apparently still plentiful in northern and eastern regions.The population size is unknown due to the difficulty of identifying it in the field, but its population is not severely fragmented.","This is a moss of recently exposed, unshaded damp basic (usually calcareous) soil or sand. Many of its sites are coastal, for example on sparsely vegetated sandy gravel and at the edge of pools and slacks in dunes. Other habitats are varied, but have in common the presence of freshly exposed, base-rich ground, and colonisation of such ground is likely to be typical. It is recorded from marl heaps, old sand/gravel pits and quarries, hedge banks, waste ground, railway clinker, damp stony tracks, and soil on rock ledges (e.g., of chalk, limestone and basalt), as well as on walls and old buildings. Associates includeBryumalgovicum,B.pseudotriquetrum,B.creberrimum,B.caespiticium,Barbulaunguiculata, B.convoluta,Dicranellavaria,Aloinaspp.,AneurapinguisandCalliergonellacuspidata. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 3,000 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). It is synoicous; capsules are common, maturing mainly from early summer to autumn (but are also recorded in February), maturing asynchronously within each tuft. Tubers, bulbils, and axillary gemmae are absent.

","Old records outnumber recent ones and it has almost certainly declined  from loss of bare ground ready for colonisation, owing to general nutrient enrichment in the environment, and the growth of coarse vegetation. However, not all the old records are  supported by confirmed specimens, and it is possible that it may have  been misrecorded in the past.","The pattern of records should continue to be monitored, to establish whether any perceived decline is real or not. Scraping some sites, where there is a continuity of records, may be desirable to expose fresh ground for colonisation. Otherwise, little can be suggested for this species, which seems not to be strongly tied to particular sites. This species is included on several national Red Lists and has been assessed as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic, as Endangered in Austria, Ireland, Luxembourg and Slovakia, and as Vulnerable in Bulgaria, Germany, Netherlands, Spain and Switzerland. In addition it is considered Data Deficient in Britain and Hungary (Hodgetts 2015). The overall distribution of the species is not well known and thus should be investigated. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hylander, K.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C. & Untereiner, A.","Hedenäs, L.,Schröck, C.,Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,klinggraeffii,,Bryum klinggraeffii  ,Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Raspberry Bryum (Bryum klinggraeffii) is widespread in Europe, and found from Scandinavia and Ireland in the north to Portugal in the south, with a more or less continuous distribution through southern Europe. The precise distribution however is incompletely known. Based on the information currently available, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 11.3 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2,884 km2. The overall current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is unknown, but it is considered to be quite common in some parts of Britain, Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands. Threats are considered to be minimal. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

The species is considered threatened in some European countries, such as in Luxembourg and Bulgaria. Site and habitat protection for this species is recommended. Various European agri-environment schemes probably contribute to the conservation of this species but more research is needed. In addition, population trends should be monitored.",Stable,"This European-temperate species is widespread in Europe, and found from Scandinavia and Ireland in the north to Portugal in the south, with a more or less continuous distribution through southern Europe. It also occurs in several southeastern European countries (Sabovljević et al. 2008), to northwestern Russia and Ukraine, and it is always found in more or less anthropogenic environments.



This species was recorded from Portugal (Townsend 1994) relatively recently, and from Sicily (Campisi et al. 2003), Bulgaria (Natcheva and Ganeva 2007) and from Macaronesia in the Azores (Ellis et al. 2016). The precise distribution however is incompletely known; it typically grows in bryologically under-recorded habitats and identification requires examination of tubers on the underground rhizoids.

Based on the information currently available, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be more than 11.3 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2,900 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from sea-level to 2,200 m Asl or more.","The overall current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is unknown. Recent targeted surveys in Britain revealed that this species is frequent over much of southern Britain (Porley 2013), but it is more scattered in the north and in Ireland. In Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands, this species seems to be quite common.","This is a European temperate species, found in basic to weakly acidic, open soils in a diverse range of disturbed habitats. In Britain and Ireland, it is particularly associated with arable land (Preston et al. 2010), but this species also occurs in gardens, by lakes, ditch-sides, inundation zones of reservoirs and on river banks.

In mainland Europe, this species appears to be more restricted in its habitat breadth, noted mostly from soil ledges along water courses, but it may be overlooked elsewhere. It forms part of the soil diaspore bank, and above-ground gametophyte representation may not be indicative of the amounts of rhizoidal tubers in the soil.","Threats are considered to be minimal, although agricultural intensification and conversion of arable to permanent pasture or other land-use could lead to some losses. Locally, pressure from tourism is thought to be a threat, for example in the Algarve, together with development and road construction. Fire is a significant threat to this moss in some areas.","The species is considered threatened in some European countries, such as in Luxembourg and Bulgaria, and in the Portuguese Red Data Book it is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) (Sérgio et al. 2013). 

 

 

Various European agri-environment schemes (non-cultivated field margins, minimal fertilizers, etc.) probably contribute to the conservation of this species but more research is needed. In addition, population trends should be monitored. Site and habitat protection for this species is not very important as this species is in diverse range of disturbed habitats.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Virtanen, R.,Englefield, E.","Sergio, C. & Porley, R.D.","Blom, H.,Afonina, O.,Goldberg, I.,Vellak, K.,Hodgetts, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,knowltonii,,Bryum knowltonii  ,Barnes,,No,VU,C2a(i),No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



Knowlton's Bryum (Bryum knowltonii) is a boreal-montane species widespread but rare in northern Europe from Iceland and Svalbard southwards to Germany, with old records from France. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it is estimated that there are fewer than 10,000 individual-equivalents both in Europe and in the EU 28, each subpopulation has fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals. On the basis of the many historical records, this species is declining, and retreating northwards. Targeted surveys of coastal Bryum in England, Wales and Ireland from 1999–2009 produced very few new records of this species and failed to re-find it at several of the old sites. Hence there is evidence that it has declined in the British Isles, probably from habitat loss. There is also a large historical decline in Germany, although it seems that at present the species is stable there. 



Habitat destruction is the main threat to this species, including disturbance to lake shores from activities such as building jetties or increased amenity use. Shading from trees may be a threat at some sites. Other threats may include changes to water regimes, eutrophication or other pollution issues. Coastal development poses a problem to the species, particularly in the UK. Dune systems and other coastal habitats for this species require protection, and management to ensure the continuation of natural dune dynamics. Lakes and other inland sites also require protection and management to mitigate against pollution and eutrophication. Further research is needed into the population size and trend of this species.",Decreasing,"Knowlton's Bryum (Bryum knowltonii) is a boreal-montane species widespread but rare in northern Europe from Iceland and Svalbard southwards to Germany, with old records from France. Records from Denmark, Czech Republic, Slovenia and Romania are unsubstantiated. It is known elsewhere in Siberia, the Himalayas, the Russian Far East, Greenland, Alaska and Canada (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 504 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6.9 million km². These figures are not very accurate because of the difficulty of identifying this species, and some records are likely to be errors.","On the basis of the many historical records, this species is declining, and retreating northwards. Targeted surveys of coastal Bryum in England, Wales and Ireland from  1999–2009 produced very few new records of B. knowltonii and failed to  re-find it at several of the old sites. Hence there is evidence that it  has declined in the British Isles, probably from habitat loss. However, it is likely that  some of the old records represented only temporary occurrences as a  casual in disturbed habitats. There is a large historical decline in Germany, although it seems to be stable there currently (Caspari et al. 2018). Its overall population trend is decreasing. In Sweden there are between 50 and 4,000 mature individuals. In the UK, the estimate is well below 250. In Svalbard there is only one recent record and it is rare in Norway. The population size is therefore precautionarily estimated to be below 10,000 individual-equivalents both in Europe and in the EU 28; one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is one square meter in which the species grows.","This rare moss grows on open, neutral to weakly calcareous sandy, clayey or gritty, moist soils. It often grows in coastal localities, including open foredune slacks and the sandy uppermost edges of saltmarshes. It also grows on lake shores (such as limestone boulders in the inundation zone of a lake in Ireland). Some records are from habitats created or disturbed by human activity (e.g., in gravel/sand pits, quarries and on railway ballast). It is always accompanied by other species of Bryum. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 600 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). This species is synoicous; capsules are common, mature in late spring and in autumn. Bulbils, axillary gemmae and tubers are absent; protonemal gemmae are produced in culture. It produces sporophytes.","Habitat destruction is the main threat to this species, including disturbance to lake shores from activities such as building jetties or increased amenity use. Shading from trees may be a threat at some sites. Other threats may include changes to water regimes, eutrophication or other pollution issues. Coastal development poses a problem to the species, particularly in the UK (T. Blockeel pers. comm. 2017).","This species is on several national Red Lists and has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Britain; as Endangered in Ireland, Germany and the Netherlands; as Near Threatened in Finland and as Data Deficient in Sweden and Hungary (Hodgetts 2015). Although it is recorded, and listed as threatened, in Austria, Estonia, Romania and Slovenia, no recent records of it could be found for these countries. The record from Switzerland has been shown to be an error (N. Schnyder pers. comm. 2018). The species is known to occur in protected areas. Dune systems and other coastal habitats for this species require protection, and management to ensure the continuation of natural dune dynamics. Lakes and other inland sites also require protection and management to mitigate against pollution and eutrophication. Further research is needed into the population size and trend of this species.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hylander, K.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,kunzei,,Bryum kunzei  ,Hornsch.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Kunze's Bryum (Bryum kunzei) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 since the population size is estimated to be larger than 1,000 individual equivalents, and the overall population trend is considered stable. However, it was not recognised previously as a good species and thus its exact distribution is unknown. Although the threats to this species are unknown, its habitat in the UK may have declined due to a lack of grazing and altered land management. It is unknown whether there is a decline in habitat in other parts of Europe. It has been found in protected areas, offering it some protection from threats. Further research is needed to clarify the status of this species, as well as its distribution, throughout Europe.",Stable,"This is a submediterranean-subatlantic species with a European range extending from south-western Britain, southern Scandinavia, Poland, Estonia and European Russia to Macaronesia and the Mediterranean. Elsewhere it has been confirmed from the Caucasus and Turkey; other reports require confirmation (Svalbard, North Africa, Middle East, Afghanistan, Kashmir, Nevada in USA) (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species is estimated at just over 9.6 million km2, surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category. However the area of occupancy (AOO) for this species is much smaller, estimated at just 560 km2 in Europe.","Although generally a rather rare species, it is more common in southern Europe. The population size is estimated to be larger than 1,000 individual equivalents (one individual equivalent is considered as one square metre) in Europe and the EU 28, and the current overall population trend is considered stable. It was previously not recognized as a valid species, and so it could be misidentified and there may be some incorrect records of this species. 

","This species grows on sandy and rocky open slopes, both on sandstone and limestone, scattered in the steppe and forest zones in the lowlands of Europe (Zolotov 2000). In northern parts of its range it is more or less confined to free-draining calcareous soil in sunny places. Its altitudinal range is ca. 15-3,030 m.","There are no major threats to the species at the European level. The habitat of the species has possibly declined in the UK, affected by a lack of grazing and the subsequent overgrowth of vegetation. It is unknown whether there is a decline in habitat in other parts of Europe.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Luxembourg (Endangered), Romania (Endangered), Slovakia (Vulnerable), Bulgaria (Vulnerable), Great Britain (Near Threatened), Andorra (Data Deficient), Czech Republic (Data Deficient), Germany (Data Deficient), Switzerland (Data Deficient) and Slovenia (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas in Europe. Further research is needed on the distribution of this species since its taxonomic status is not clear.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Schröck, C.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M.","Sabovljevic, M.,Ştefănuţ, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,marratii,,Bryum marratii  ,Hook. &amp; Wilson,,No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment:Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



The Baltic Bryum (Bryum marratii) is a boreal-montane species which occurs in northwestern Europe, from Iceland to Normandy (its only French locality), and eastwards to the Baltic coasts and inland in Slovakia. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 440 km² in Europe and 400 km² in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. This species has declined around its southern range limits in northwestern Europe, and there are few records from most of the countries within its range. Development of its coastal habitats is one of the main threats to this species, for example for golf courses and other leisure activities. A reduction in grazing leading to dense grass cover may also be a threat in some areas. At least one local extinction appears to have resulted from cessation of grazing at saltmarsh edges and this may threaten several other Irish subpopulations. Protection and suitable management of its known important localities is necessary for this species, including establishing suitable grazing regimes. Further research is needed into the population size and trend.",Decreasing,"The Baltic Bryum (Bryum marratii) is a boreal-montane species which occurs in northwestern Europe, from Iceland to Normandy (its only French locality), and eastwards to the Baltic coasts and inland in Slovakia (Šoltés et al. 2010, Blockeel et al. 2014). It is reported elsewhere from north central Asia (Altai) and a few sites in North America. A report from Yemen seems unlikely to be correct. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 440 km² in Europe and 400 km² in the EU 28, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 4.9 million km².","This species has declined around its southern range limits in northwestern Europe (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Lockhart et al. 2012), and there are few records from most of the countries within its range. It has always been rare in Germany, and is now apparently absent from many of its former localities. There is a picture of decline in Britain, where there are  now very few subpopulations, but three new colonies have been found since  2012 in south  Wales, and new subpopulations have also been found in  Ireland (Blockeel et al. 2014), the only country where this species can be considered relatively abundant and non-threatened. The overall population trend is decreasing. The population is considered to be severely fragmented since its habitat is fragmented and it is a poor disperser, with large spores. In addition, most subpopulations are small and isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. It is estimated that there are fewer than 10,000 individual-equivalents both in Europe and in the EU 28, and each subpopulation has fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents; one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered one square meter in in which the species grows.","halophytic moss of open ground near the sea, usually as small populations, although it may persist for decades at particular locations. Contrary to statements that it “avoids saltmarshes” (Crundwell in Hill et al., 1994), recent records are mostly from damp mud, humic sand or firm soil at upper edges of saltmarshes beside estuaries, near sea lochs or

similar coastal inlets, and inland of a shingle beach. Some of these sites flood with weakly saline water during the highest tides, others receive run-off from the land or from

adjacent dunes. Thus at the two large S Wales colonies there is close correlation between areas of seepage from the dunes on to the saltmarsh and the Bryum marratii colonies.

Associated plants include Agrostis stolonifera, Glaux maritima and Juncus gerardii. Although it grows on sand on some dune-saltmarsh transitions, records from dune slacks (Smith,

2004) and records of it as an associate of B. calophyllum and B. warneum are mainly due to misidentification of non-fertile B. calophyllum, for which that is the usual habitat.  titudinal range: 0–10 m. Targeted surveys (Holyoak, 2001c, 2002a, b; Lockhart et al., 2012) have led to numerous new records, especially in NW Ireland. There is a picture of decline in England, where there are now very few populations, but three new colonies have been found since 2012 in S Wales. One local extinction appears to have resulted from cessation of grazing at saltmarsh edges and this may threaten several other Irish populations (Lockhart et al., 2012).



Autoicous; capsules are occasional, mature in late summer and autumn. Bulbils, axillary gemmae and tubers are absent, and protonemal gemmae also apparently absent. Broken-off

stem tips resembling large bulbils frequently occur, probably functioning as propagules.","Development of its coastal habitats is one of the main threats to this species, for example for golf courses and other leisure activities. A reduction in grazing leading to dense grass cover may also be a threat in some areas. At least one local extinction appears to have resulted from cessation of  grazing at saltmarsh edges and this may threaten several other Irish subpopulations (Lockhart et al. 2012).","This species is listed as threatened in most of the countries in which it occurs and has been been assessed as Critically Endangered in Germany and Slovakia; as Endangered in Finland; as Vulnerable in Britain, Estonia and the Netherlands; as Near Threatened in Sweden; as Data Deficient in Norway; and is presumed Regionally Extinct in Latvia and Poland (Hodgetts 2015). Ireland is the only country where this species has been assessed as Least Concern. Protection and suitable management of its known important localities is necessary for this species, including establishing suitable grazing regimes. Further research is needed into the population size and trend.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hylander, K.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C. & Untereiner, A.","Hodgetts, N.,Juutinen, R.,Schröck, C.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,miniatum,,Bryum miniatum  ,Lesq.,,No,VU,D1,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Glossy Red Bryum Moss (Bryum miniatum) is only known from a few sites on the Faroe Islands in Europe. Elsewhere, it is known from North America. The current overall population trend of this species in Europe is unknown. It is evident that it has a small distribution area and a very small population size, estimated to be between 300 and 400 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable.

This species is threatened by changes in local climate, heavy grazing and water regulation. At least one extant site should be protected from grazing animals and the water courses from water regulation. Taxonomic research on the species is needed. 

This species is not found within the EU 28, and therefore it is Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"This species has a very restricted distribution in Europe and is only known from the Faroe Islands (Hodgetts 2015, Jensen 1901). Here, it is known from six of the 18 islands. Elsewhere, it is also known from North America.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 20 and 50 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 1,300 and 1,500 km2. This species is found in Europe up to 100 m Asl. This species is not found within the EU 28.","A number of suitable habitats (rivulets) for this species on the Faroe Islands were visited during 2015 and 2016 and the species still occurred in small but scattered patches in at least three localities. The population size is estimated to be between 300 and 400 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equivalent). The current overall population trend of this species in Europe is unknown. Sporophytes are not known in Europe but it is difficult to state whether the population is severely fragmented.","The species grows on flat stones and rocks in or close to running water (Hallingbäck et al. 2008), always below 100 m Asl. Bryophytes that are associated with this species are Hygrohypnum ochraceum, Brachythecium rivulare, Rhynchostegium riparioides and Scapania undulata. There is no evidence of any continuing decline in habitat, however, the uncertainty is rather high.","Besides a very small population size, very heavy grazing of sheep and the hydroelectric constructions in the current river systems threaten this species.","It is important to protect at least one extant site from grazing animals and the water courses from water regulation (dams and hydroelectric constructions) in the current river systems, especially because this species does not occur in any protected areas.

Taxonomic research on the species is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Laaka-Lindberg, S.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,minii,,Bryum minii  ,Podp.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Matted Bryum (Bruym minii) is only found within the EU 28, specifically within Italy, France, Portugal and Spain. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe and the EU 28 are estimated to be around 598,877 km2 and 264 km2 respectively.In recent years, although this species has a narrow habitat specificity, new field studies have resulted in an increase in the number of known localities and so it is no longer considered to be rare. In addition, the current population trend is stable and the species could be even more abundant than is currently known. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern.



However, natural system modifications, such as fire, dams, aquatic pollution, agriculture and forestry are current threats. It is therefore recommended to conserve suitable habitats (for example, moist slopes of granitic rock in temporary water courses or riparian forests vegetation). Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify new areas in France and Sardinia as well as to assess the existing threats.  

 

",Stable,"



This species was collected for the first time in Portugal (Machado 1916) and later some more new Portuguese localities were added (Machado 1930). Shortly afterwards, the species was found in Sardinia by Giacomini (Podpera 1954). Its presence has been confirmed in Sardinia in the recent list of Mediterranean bryophytes from a single location (Ros et al. 2013) and also reported in France (Skrzypczak 1998), therefore making this species an endemic European taxon (Sérgio et al. 1999). The first reference of this species in Spain was only very recently given by Cezón et al. (2010) who presents new taxonomic information and describes new Spanish records.



The general distribution indicates that this plant presents Oceanic and Mediterranean affinities, found in areas with warm temperate climates. In the Iberian Peninsula, the species grows in granite regions, in rock crevices and on banks near small streams, at altitudes from 50 m to 1,450 m asl.



Only four 10 km2 Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) squares were known from 1950, but Sérgio and Draper (2002) produced a new cartographic distribution with ca 15 UTM squares. It is now reported from a large number of UTM squares and sites, ca 40. In Portugal, this species is considered to be present in different provinces such as Alto Alentejo, Beira Alta, Beira Baixa, Douro Litoral, Minho and Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (Sérgio et al. 2013b). In Spain, this species is so far reported from a few sites in only four different provinces: Álava, Cáceres, Ciudad Real and Toledo (Guerra et al. 2010).



Based on these new recent collections, this species can no longer be considered a rare species in the Iberian area, as already pointed out in Sérgioet al. (1999). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe and the EU 28 are estimated to be around 598,877 km2 and 264 km2 respectively. This species is only found within the EU 28.","



In recent years, this species has been found in various new areas, therefore the species is not considered to be rare. In the majority of the known sites, the moss grows in very restricted and small subpopulationscovering between 25 cm2 to 100 cm2. Until now this moss has always been found in small limited microhabitats. Even though there have been local declines, the overall current population trend of this species is stable.



In the Iberian Peninsula, this species could be more abundant than it seems now, mainly in the siliceous areas of the western half, and its apparent rarity could be due to its small size, which makes it inconspicuous and hence likely to be under-collected.

","The species grows on granitic rock crevices and surfaces on banks by streams, usually in open habitats. Its affinity to acidic substrates, makes it much more frequently distributed in areas of the Hesperian Massif of the Iberian Peninsula. This moss has never been found in areas of limestone origin. It colonizes rock slopes on acidic bedrock in temporary water courses including habitats related with 'Molinio-Arrhenatheretea' grasslands such as Serra da Estrela (Sérgio et al. 2003). This species is frequently sterile.","A future habitat quality reduction is projected, due the anthropogenic pressure on ecosystems, mainly in aquatic environments. Several natural system modifications are threats for the conservation of this species, such as successive fires, dams, aquatic pollution, agriculture and forestry.

","This species is included in the Portuguese Red Data Book as Least Concern (LC) but with special attention (Sérgio et al. 2013a) and is considered as an Iberian endemic. In Spain, this species is evaluated as Vulnerable (VU) (Garilleti and Albertos 2012).



The majority of confirmed records, particularly in Portugal, are included in protected areas such as: Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês, Parque Natural de Montesinho, Parque Natural do Douro Internacional, Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela, Parque Natural do Tejo Internacional, Parque Natural da Serra de São Mamede and Parque Natural do Vale do Guadiana.



It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (for example, moist slopes of granitic rock in temporary water courses or riparian forests vegetation). Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify new areas in France and Sardinia, as well as to assess the existing threats.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Fettes, N.D.,During, H.,Hodgetts, N.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,oblongum,,Bryum oblongum  ,Lindb.,The species belongs to a taxonomically difficult group but its status has been reviewed twice and is considered a bona fide species.,No,NT,C2a(i),No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Bryum oblongum now seems to be very rare in Europe. It is estimated that the total population size in Europe is between 10,000 and 15,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals), and in the EU 28, it is estimated to be between 1,000 and 10,000 individual-equivalents. This species is inferred to have a decreasing trend in both Europe and the EU 28, and all known subpopulations are small, with none of them being larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents). Within the whole of Europe, this species is assessed as Near Threatened, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion C. In the EU 28, this species is assessed as Vulnerable.

The major threats to this species are more or less unknown, however, for some localities, the ceasing of grazing can be a potential threat. Lack of disturbance has been identified as a threat in the southern part of Sweden, since vegetation encroachment can eliminate suitable habitat for the species. Further research is needed on its present distribution, population size and trend, and threats in order to determine its extinction risk.",Decreasing,"In Europe, this species seems to be restricted to Fennoscandia and northern Russia (Hodgetts 2015). There are some old records from Germany. Today, most extant sites are found in central Sweden. This species is thought to be rare but it is possibly overlooked, due to the difficulties of studying this genus. It is indicated as being present in Latvia, but no further information is known about the subpopulation in this country. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, northernmost North America and northern Asia (BFNA 2015). This species is therefore not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 200 and 500 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be between 2 and 5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 100 km2 and the EOO is ca 1 million km2.","In Norway, this species is found scattered from Vestfold to Finnmark. There is only one finding of the species after 1915 in Norway, and so there is a lack of knowledge about the current subpopulation size. In Sweden, this species is very rare with relatively few modern discoveries, and a small subpopulation size. In Finland, this species is very rare with few observations, and all of them are old (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017) and it is now considered as possibly extinct (R. Juutinen pers. comm. 2017). The moss has been recently recorded in Estonia from an abandoned peat production field (Orru et al. 2016). In northern and central European Russia, there are two known recent sites but there are not many individuals.

The number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) in Europe is estimated to be between 10,000 and 15,000, and in the EU 28, the population size is estimated to be between 1,000 and 10,000 individual-equivalents. There is an inferred decreasing trend in both Europe and the EU 28 and all known subpopulations are small (no one is larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents).","This species grows on bare, sandy or clay, calcium poor to calcareous soil in relatively exposed situations. The substrate typically remains wet at least throughout winter and spring, but probably dries out during summer. Suitable habitats include forest roadsides, shores, ditches, gravel pits and limestone quarries (Hallingbäck et al. 2008).","The major threats to this species are more or less unknown, however, for some localities, the ceasing of grazing can be a potential threat. Lack of disturbance has been identified as a threat in the southern part of Sweden, since vegetation encroachment can eliminate suitable habitat for the species.","This species has been assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Finland and Sweden, and it is regarded as Data Deficient (DD) in Germany and Norway (Hodgetts 2015).

It is unknown if the species occurs within any protected area. Research is needed on its present distribution, population size and trends, as well as on threats.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Ingerpuu, N.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,radiculosum,,Bryum radiculosum  ,Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The widespread and common Wall Bryum (Bryum radiculosum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known major threats to the species at the European level, and thus no conservation measures are required at present. It is known to occur in protected areas across its European range.",Stable,"This is a submediterranean-subatlantic species with a European range extending from Scotland, Denmark and Estonia southwards to Macaronesia and the Mediterranean region, where it is widespread. Elsewhere it is recorded from North Africa and the Near and Middle East, southern Africa, Japan, Bermuda and Central and South America (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO), estimated at over 4.5 million km2, and area of occupancy (AOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","This widespread species of moss is often recorded across Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This is a calcicole moss that prefers hard substrates or crevices in unshaded or lightly shaded dry or free-draining places. It typically grows on old mortar of walls, old concrete, limestone rocks and hard calcareous soil, often alongside Didymodon rigidulus, Schistidium crassipilum or Tortula muralis. It is less frequent on loose, chalky soil in chalk grassland or in arable fields. Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-1,500 m.

It is dioicous; both sexes are widespread and capsules are common, maturing in spring and early summer. Tubers are consistently present on rhizoids (never axillary), sometimes plentiful especially at the base of old stems but sometimes very few. Bulbils and axillary gemmae are lacking. The protonema is perennial, producing gemmae (Blockeelet al. 2014).",There are no known major threats to the species at the European level.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Austria (Endangered), Romania (Endangered), Switzerland (Vulnerable), Bulgaria (Vulnerable) and Slovakia (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in protected areas in Europe.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Schröck, C.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M.","Ştefănuţ, S.,Sabovljevic, M.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,riparium,,Bryum riparium  ,I.Hagen,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



The River Bryum (Bryum riparium) is a hyperoceanic temperate species known in Europe only from Britain, Ireland, western Norway and Austria. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it is estimated that there are fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents both in Europe and in the EU 28; one individual-equivalent is considered one square metre in which the species grows. An apparent decline in Britain is probably not real, because there was a spike in records while H.L.K. Whitehouse was active, and the species is generally under-recorded. The same is almost certainly the case elsewhere, and it may be expected to be discovered in other countries in Europe. Moreover, it probably survives as rhizoidal tubers in the soil in suitable habitats, so acting as a shuttle species on landslips in the uplands. While there appear to be no major threats in Britain, threats to the smaller subpopulations elsewhere might include eutrophication in the uplands, and excessive erosion caused by overgrazing. No conservation actions are required at present, but subpopulations in Norway, Austria and Ireland should be monitored. Research into the current population size and trend is also recommended.",Unknown,"The River Bryum (Bryum riparium) is a hyperoceanic temperate species known in Europe only from Britain, Ireland, western Norway and Austria (Kärnten) (Köckinger et al. 2008). Elsewhere it is recorded only from Turkey and eastern North America (North Carolina) (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 384 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.2 million km².","The current population trend of this species is unknown. Although there has been an apparent decrease in occurrence in Britain and Ireland, many of the  records during the 1960s and 1970s were due to the expertise of H.L.K.  Whitehouse and the decline may not be real (Blockeel et al. 2014). The species may just be under-recorded at present, and therefore may perhaps be more widespread in Europe than is currently known. In Austria, the species is stable (although there are only two records). The population is not severely fragmented. It is estimated that there are fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents both in Europe and in the EU 28; one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered one square metre in which the species grows.","This is an uncommon acidophile species that is mostly restricted to the banks and detritus of upland streams, rivers and ditches and to wet rocks (including gullies and flushed ledges on montane crags and a high sea cliff), growing on soil, sand, rocks and in rock crevices. It is sometimes located by searching on recent landslips in the uplands. Several records are from soils or rocks poor in bases (Mweelrea Grit and other sandstones, quartzite, slate, schist and other metamorphic rocks). It occurs mainly in regions with high rainfall, in situations that tend to remain damp even in dry weather, e.g., on sheltered banks of montane gullies, at edges of hill streams (including the upper part of the inundation zone), or on flushed montane ledges. 



In Austria it occurs in an unusually humid mountain valley. Associated species in the British Isles includeNardia scalaris, Pellia epiphylla, Scapania undulata, Solenostoma gracillimum, Dichodontium palustre, D. pellucidum and Hyocomium armoricum. There are two records of atypical habitats in Scotland, one from a stubble field, the other of a single tuft growing on mud in a bark crevice of a fallen oak where it lay across a narrow animal track. Its altitudinal range in Britain is from 5 m to 750 m Asl, increasing to ca 1,330 m Asl in Austria (Köckinger et al. 2008, Blockeel et al. 2014). 



Only female plants are known of this dioicous species, and sporophytes are therefore unknown. Rhizoidal tubers are abundant. Bulbils and axillary gemmae are absent, and protonemal gemmae are also apparently absent. It probably survives as rhizoidal tubers in the soil in suitable habitats, so acting as a shuttle species on landslips in the uplands.","While there appear to be no major threats in Britain, threats to the smaller subpopulations elsewhere might include eutrophication in the uplands, and excessive erosion caused by overgrazing.","This species has been assessed as Endangered in Ireland and as Vulnerable in Norway (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation actions are required at present, but subpopulations in Norway, Austria and Ireland should be monitored. Research into the current population size and trend is also recommended.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hylander, K.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C. & Untereiner, A.","Juutinen, R.,Schröck, C.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,ruderale,,Bryum ruderale  ,Crundw. &amp; Nyholm,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The widespread, often-recorded Pea Bryum (Bryum ruderale) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) (estimated at over 4.5 million km2) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its presumably stable population trend. Although there are plenty of recent records, the species is often overlooked and probably under-recorded. There are no known threats to the species at the European level.",Stable,"This ruderal European temperate species is widespread in Europe from southern Scandinavia southwards to Macaronesia, Portugal, Spain, Sicily and Greece. It has not yet been recorded from Russia, but it is probably present in many areas where it has not yet been recorded. Elsewhere it grows in North Africa (Egypt: Sinai), south-western Asia (Saudi Arabia, Turkey), Azerbaijan, North America (Missouri, Texas, Ontario) and New Zealand (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO), estimated at over 4.5 million km2, and area of occupancy (AOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","This widespread species is often recorded across most of Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend. 

","This common moss is found growing on basic to slightly acid soils. It is especially characteristic of compressed or stony soil in places that are unshaded but not cultivated regularly (Blockeel et al. 2014). It grows in arable fields, sand dunes and on roadside verges, pastures and grasslands, especially at lower altitudes. It is more commonly found in these habitats in central and southern Europe (Frey et al. 2006). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-780 m.",There are no known threats to the species at the European level.,"This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Romania (Critically endangered), Switzerland (Vulnerable), Luxembourg (Near Threatened), Austria (Risk Assumed), Bulgaria (Data Deficient), Czech Republic (Data Deficient), Sicily (Data Deficient) and Norway (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether this species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Schröck, C.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M.","Ştefănuţ, S.,Maksimov, A.,Sabovljevic, M.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,salinum,,Bryum salinum  ,I.Hagen ex Limpr.,"Bell et al. (2013) found that its status as a distinct species is supported by molecular data, although further studies are needed to confirm this (Blockeel et al. 2014).",No,VU,C2a(i),No,EN,C2a(i),EU28,,"The Europe assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Saltmarsh Thread-moss (Bryum salinum) has a mainly northern distribution in Europe, and is found mostly along coasts. This species is easily overlooked and hard to identify without well preserved capsules, and so there is a lack of knowledge about the distribution and population size. However, as most other species in the Bryum genus in coastal habitats have decreased, there is a strong indication that also this has an ongoing decline. 

In total, there might be between 2,000 and 3,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe, but probably more than 2,500. In the EU 28, it is thought there are between 1,500 and 2,000 individual-equivalents. The number of individual-equivalents in the largest subpopulation is less than 1,000. This species seems to have a general decline in the whole of Europe. In Europe, this species is assessed as Vulnerable, and in the EU 28, this species is assessed as Endangered.

The main threat to the species is the cessation of grazing of the upper edges of salt marshes, which is important in maintaining the open habitat needed by the species. Since, sandy seashores are much exploited by many activities there may be a severe threat to its habitat. It is therefore important to protect sandy grazed sea shores from exploitation and to continue grazing in a moderate low intensive way. There is a lack of knowledge about the distribution and population size, as well as the threats to the species, so further research is needed.",Decreasing,"This species has a distribution range that extends from Iceland to Fennoscandia, Svalbard and northern Russia. Besides from these northern countries, it has also been reported from Estonia, the British Isles, Germany and Poland. It is considered to be a boreo-arctic montane species. The European range is mainly along coasts (Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). This species is not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 400 and 800 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 200 and 400 km2 and the EOO is ca 2 million km2.","In Sweden, the subpopulations of this species have been declining a lot during the last 50 years. Here, there are around 17 localities from after 1995. In Finland, this species is not well known, and there are very few correct observations (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). It is known from Denmark at nine localities, mainly old records. There are around 100 localities in Norway, with around half of them prior to the 1950s. In Estonia it is known from three recent localities (K. Vellak pers. comm. 2017). In Russia, there are several localities along the coast in Karelia, the Kola Peninsula, Nenetz Autonomous Area and Archangelsk district (Ignatov et al. 2006). It occurs only sporadically there.

In the United Kingdom, this species only has small subpopulations, often bearing a few capsules, and the plants that are available for study are sometimes damaged by tidal inundation or grazing (Blockeel et al. 2014). It is known from three localities there. This moss species is easily overlooked (Nyholm and Crundwell 1958). It is virtually indistinguishable in the field from Bryum algovicum or the closely related B. archangelicum, both of which are much more common. Non-fertile and apparently unidentifiable Bryaceae are frequently encountered at upper edges of saltmarshes, at least in Northern Ireland and northern Britain. These may be this species or one of its more common relatives. Patient searching for good fertile material in this somewhat neglected habitat for bryophytes may therefore be rewarded with more records of B. salinum. 

 This species is difficult to identify and it is not usually collected. There are between 200 and 300 localities identified, most of them are old ones. The present sites are probably less than 100 within EU 28, and between 150 and 200 in the whole of Europe. The number of individual-equivalents at each site is inferred to be 10 (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent). In total, there might be between 2,000 and 3,000 individual-equivalents in Europe and between 1,500 and 2,000 within the EU 28. It seems to have a general decline in the whole of Europe. The population is not considered severely fragmented due to its spore production.","A halophilous (thriving in a highly saline environment) seashore species that grows on neutral to (at least slightly) basic sandy soil in exposed situations. The substrate remains moist to wet throughout winter and spring, but dries out during at least part of summer (Hallingbäck et al. 2006).

In Britain and Ireland, it is growing mainly on damp sandy ground where there is obvious saline influence. Typical sites are at and not far below extreme high-water levels of spring tides at the upper edges of saltmarshes. For example, this can be in very short, heavily grazed grassland, or where the input of blown sand maintains patches of open ground. It has also been found on high grassy hummocks in cattle-poached muddy ground beside an estuary. It does not usually occur in dune slacks (Blockeel et al. 2014).","The main threat to the species is the cessation of grazing of the upper edges of saltmarshes, which is important in maintaining the open habitat needed by the species (Blockeel et al. 2014). Since, sandy seashores are much exploited by many activities there may be a severe threat to its habitat. The species could potentially be affected by sea level rise as a result of climate change.","This species is included in several national Red Lists. It is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Germany and Ireland (CR), as Data Deficient (DD) in Finland and Great Britain, as Indeterminate (I) in Poland and as Vulnerable (VU) in Estonia and Svalbard (Hodgetts 2015).

It is important to protect sandy grazed sea shores from exploitation and to continue grazing in a moderate low intensive way. The species occurs in at least one protected area. There is a lack of knowledge about the distribution and population size, as well as the threats to the species, so further research is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Laaka-Lindberg, S.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,sauteri,,Bryum sauteri  ,Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Sauter's Bryum (Bryum sauteri) is a European temperate species ranging from Iceland and central Norway southwards to Portugal, Spain, Italy and Macaronesia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a stable population and there appear to be no major threats to it. It is very under-recorded in continental Europe. No conservation actions are necessary at present.



",Stable,"European Temperate. The range in Europe extends from

Iceland and C Norway southwards to Portugal (Holyoak,

2010c), Spain, Italy and the Caucasus. Macaronesia, N Africa

(Egypt). Known elsewhere from St Helena, southern Africa,

Rodrigues, Réunion, India, Ecuador, Chile (Arts, 1995),

Australia, Norfolk Island (Streimann, 2002), Macquarie Island

and New Zealand.

D.

The area of occupancy is estimated at 2,240 km², and the extent of occurrence at 11,000,000 km².","This species is likely to be grossly under-recorded since it is a very inconspicuous species (T. Blockeel pers. comm. 2017). There is no evidence of decline and the current population trend is considered stable. It is unlikely to have disappeared from areas where there are few or no recent records (e.g., Norway, Switzerland). The large number of records from the British Isles reflect the relative familiarity of British bryologists with the species, led by the pioneering work of the late Harold Whitehouse: it was very rarely collected even in Britain before 1960. Some of the old records may be doubtful. In Scandinavia, the species is rare but surely overlooked (N. Lönnell pers. comm. 2017). The population is not severely fragmented and the population size is larger than 1,000 mature individuals.","This is a colonist of mildly basic, circumneutral or mildly acid soils, often where soil is temporarily exposed (e.g., on earthy banks above streams, on molehills, beside badger setts), and disappearing when larger plants shade the ground. It sometimes grows in open sunny places but more often in sheltered and lightly or partly shaded places. Most records are from places that are not regularly cultivated, such as hedgebanks, lanesides, churchyards, cliff tops and banks around fields. Although it is mainly absent or scarce in arable fields, it is frequent in fields rich in bryophyte species on acid soils in northern and western Britain. Occasionally it also occurs on rock ledges or on thin soil over rocks, sometimes even on shaded vertical substrates. Associates include other species of Bryum, Fossombronia spp., Pohlia lescuriana and Tortula truncata. Its altitudinal range is from 5 m to 2,600 m Asl. It can be found on anthropogenic habitats near roads (C. Sérgio pers. comm. 2017). 



It appears to be mainly dioicous in Britain and Ireland, with synoicous and autoicous subpopulations recorded in continental Europe, but synoicous inflorescences recorded once from Cornwall. Capsules have been recorded in Norway (mature in August). It apparently always occurs with plentiful rhizoidal gemmae (and is unidentifiable without them). Numerous plants from a stream bank in Cornwall had the upper stem very fragile, so that the leafy shoot tips were deciduous. Protonemal gemmae are produced; tubers may also be produced on the protonema (Blockeelet al. 2014).",There are no obvious threats to this species.,"This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Spain and Switzerland, but this is probably due to under-recording. It is considered Data Deficient in Norway, Sweden, the Canary Islands, Portugal and the Czech Republic, and it is not known in Germany, where there are apparently no records, but where it undoubtedly must occur (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation actions are necessary at present. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Duckett, J.,Cálix, M.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C., Untereiner, A. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,schleicheri,,Bryum schleicheri  ,Schwägr.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Schleicher's Bryum (Bryum schleicheri) is widespread throughout Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Although there may be some local declines, subpopulations appear to be stable in the majority of the countries and the population trend is considered as stable. There is also no indication of fragmentation of the subpopulations. Therefore the species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.



This species grows in montane and alpine springs and spring fens with cold water. Though there is no major threat to the species at the European level, possible local threats are changes in water management such as tapping of springs (especially for artificial snow production) or construction of dams for energy production. Even as the species tolerates moderate disturbance, overgrazing of the spring sites in alpine pastures may be a threat for it. Another threat comes from climate change, as the species grows in cold sites. The tapping of springs for artificial snow production in montane and alpine areas should be avoided, and grazing in spring sites should not be too intensive. Further habitat protection and site management are recommended conservation measures for this species.",Stable,"Schleicher's Bryum (Bryum schleicheri) is distributed from the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Urals in the east and from the Mediterranean region in the south to southern Denmark, Scotland and Iceland in the north (Hodgetts 2015). Curiously, there are no records from Finland, Sweden, Norway, Estonia or Latvia (Hallingbäck et al. 2008). It is found growing from sea level up to 2,700 m Asl (Hoffman et al. 2011). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Outside Europe it occurs in North America and northern and central Asia.","Subpopulations appear to be stable in the majority of the countries, but it has declined from several historic subpopulations to a single subpopulation in Britain, and is considered threatened in Lithuania, the Czech Republic, Belarus and Slovakia. On the whole, the population trend is considered as stable even if there may be some local declines. There is no indication of fragmentation of the subpopulations.","This species grows in montane and alpine springs and spring fens with cold water. It also grows along rivulets, often on sites that are somewhat disturbed by grazing (Nebel and Philippi 2001).","Possible threats are changes in water management such as tapping of springs (especially for artificial snow production) or constructing dams for energy production. Even as the species tolerates moderate disturbance, overgrazing of the spring sites in alpine pastures may be a threat for it (Nebel and Philippi 2001). Another threat comes from climate change, as the species grows in cold sites.","The species is included in the national Red Lists of some countries and has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Britain, Lithuania and the Czech Republic, as Endangered in Belarus, and as Vulnerable in Slovakia (Hodgetts 2015). The single Scottish site is maintained by regular small-scale habitat management (Hodgetts et al. 2013). Tapping of springs for artificial snow production in montane and alpine areas should be avoided. Grazing in spring sites should not be too intensive. Habitat protection and site management are recommended conservation measures for this species. The species occurs in several protected areas.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Englefield, E.,Cronberg, N.","Schnyder, N.","Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,subapiculatum,,Bryum subapiculatum  ,Hampe,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Lesser Potato Bryum (Bryum subapiculatum) is considered to be widespread across much of Europe. The species is considered to be quite common in some countries, including Germany, Switzerland, Hungary and the Netherlands. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe and the EU 28 are both significantly greater than the thresholds required for a threatened category. The overall current European population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, threats to this species are minimal throughout its distribution. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

However, the species is considered to be threatened in some European countries, including Spain, Romania and Estonia. Further habitat protection is recommended for this species. Various European agri-environment schemes probably contribute to the conservation of this species but more research is needed. In addition, further research on the distribution of this species is required.",Stable,"This is an European-oceanic species, and the precise distribution of this species is incompletely known but some information is available for the majority of countries (Hodgetts 2015); identification requires examination of tubers on the underground rhizoids and the species often grows in bryological under-recorded habitat.

The species is considered to be widespread from the north in Scandinavia and Ireland to Portugal in the south. Apparently, this species presents a more or less continuous distribution through southern Europe in all countries, including the Iberian Peninsula (Guerra et al. 2010), some Mediterranean countries, southeastern European countries (Sabovljević et al. 2008), northwestern and southeastern European Russia and Ukraine, always in more or less anthropogenic environments. It has been recorded in Macaronesia in all archipelagos (Ros et al. 2013) but can be also under-recorded. Outside of Europe, this bipolar species is known from western Eurasia, the Atlantic Islands (Iceland), the Pacific Islands (New Zealand) and Australia (Spence and Ramsay 1996), as well as in northern Africa (Ros et al. 2013), tropical Africa (O'Shea 2006), Central and South America (Allen 2002).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe and the EU 28 are both significantly greater than the thresholds required for a threatened category. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from less than 600 m to 2,600 m Asl or more in Swistzerland (NISM 2018). In the Iberian Peninsula, the altitudinal range is ca. 900 to 1,200 m Asl (Guerra et al. 2010).","The overall current European population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. Recent targeted surveys in Britain have revealed that this species is frequent over much of southern Britain, but it is scattered in the north and in Ireland. In mainland Europe, this species seems to be quite common in Germany, Switzerland, Hungary and the Netherlands. 

The distribution of this species is poorly known in the Iberian Peninsula (Casas et al. 2006, Guerra et al. 2010).","In Europe, such as in Britain and Ireland, this species is particularly associated with arable land (Porley 2008), and is frequently found in arable fields, along paths, as well as in forest clearings and at embankments (crevices of rocks, cliffs). In mainland Europe, this species appears to be more restricted to alkaline soil or slightly acidic, more or less exposed soils in low-lands. However, this species may be overlooked elsewhere in other areas.

This species is part of the soil diaspore bank, and above ground gametophytes may not be representative of the amount of rhizoidal tubers in the soil.","Threats to this species are minimal throughout its distribution, although agricultural intensification and conversion of arable (for example, to permanent pasture) could lead to some losses. Fire events are the major threat to this moss in some Mediterranean areas.","This species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in Spain and as Data Deficient (DD) in Portugal, Madeira and the Canary Islands (Sérgio et al. 2013, Sim-Sim et al. 2014, Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012). In Romania and Estonia, this species is considered to be Critically Endangered (CR) (Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012, Hodgetts 2015).

 

Various European agri-environment schemes (non-cultivated field margins, minimal fertilizers etc.) probably contribute to the conservation of this species but more research is needed. Further habitat protection is recommended for this species. In addition, further research on the distribution of this species is required. This species occurs in  some protected area as in Serra da Estrela in Portugal.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Hespanhol, H.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,tenuisetum,,Bryum tenuisetum  ,Limpr.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Yellow-tuber Bryum (Bryum tenuisetum) is a European boreo-temperate species recorded from Iceland and Fennoscandia southwards to Portugal (Serra da Estrela), northeastern Spain, Sicily, Ukraine and Macaronesia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a stable population and is certainly not threatened in its northwest European heartlands, where there are many records and it is undoubtedly still under-recorded. It is rarer elsewhere, but still probably under-recorded, and there is no evidence of decline.",Stable,"The Yellow-tuber Bryum (Bryum tenuisetum) is a European boreo-temperate species recorded from Iceland and Fennoscandia southwards to Portugal (Serra da Estrela), northeastern Spain, Sicily, Ukraine and Macaronesia. Elsewhere it is recorded only from North America, where it is local, e.g., in Quebec (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 1,600 km² (an under-estimate, as there were no detailed records available for Finland, Poland, Slovakia or the Czech Republic), and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 12.5 million km².","While not as frequent as many other species in the  ‘Bryum erythrocarpum complex’, it is probably much more frequent than records suggest, and not currently declining. It was rarely collected before being distinguished, new for Britain, in  the revision of the ‘Bryum erythrocarpum complex’. Like other small tuber-bearing species of Bryum it is  often overlooked. It is also prone to being recorded in error, since  forms of B. subapiculatum occur with (larger) yellow or orange tubers (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its overall population trend is stable and the population is not considered severely fragmented. The population size is above 1,000 mature individuals.","This is an uncommon calcifuge moss that grows in open places on moist acid substrates, including clay, sand, peat, mud and sandy shale. A high proportion of the records are from moist ground and from edges of ponds and reservoirs, sometimes within their inundation zones. Other records are from disturbed ground in rough pasture, boggy flushes, heathland, a rock crevice beside an estuary and in (acid) arable fields (Blockeel et al. 2014).Associates include Atrichumtenellum,Pohliabulbifera,Ditrichumcylindricum,Pseudephemerumnitidum,Pleuridium spp.,TrematodonambiguusandLeptobryumpyriforme; also Oligotrichum hercynicum in montane areas (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to ca 2,100 m Asl. It is dioicous or occasionally synoicous, and capsules are occasional, mature in summer. Rhizoidal tubers are often plentiful, but bulbils and axillary gemmae are absent; the protonema is transient, and protonemal gemmae are produced.","There are probably no serious threats to this species. Lockhart et al. (2012) suggest that it could be threatened at some sites in Ireland by drainage, alteration of flooding or grazing regimes, shading and eutrophication. Lakeside leisure constructions could threaten some subpopulations. It appears to be secure in its heartlands but edge of range subpopulations could be less secure.","This species has been assessed as Endangered in Spain and as Vulnerable in Luxembourg. It is considered Data Deficient in Ireland, the Canary Islands, Portugal and the Czech Republic, and 'rare' in Poland (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation action is necessary at present for this species. It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Natcheva, R.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C., Untereiner, A. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,turbinatum,,Bryum turbinatum  ,(Hedw.) Turner,,No,VU,C2a(i),No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



The Pear-fruited Bryum (Bryum turbinatum) is a boreal-montane species found in central and southern Europe (Albania, Greece, Spain), northwards to Scandinavia and eastwards to European Russia. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it is estimated that there are fewer than 10,000 individual-equivalents (one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered one square meter in which the species grows), and that each subpopulation has fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents. In addition, there is a continuing decline throughout parts of its range. The species can be affected by infrastructure development and pollution. In Hungary many sites have become drier. It is difficult to suggest conservation measures for this species, which appears to have declined, but for largely obscure reasons. Continuing monitoring of the population trend is necessary, and research into the reasons for its decline is also needed.",Decreasing,"The Pear-fruited Bryum (Bryum turbinatum) is a boreal-montane species found in central and southern Europe (Albania, Greece, Spain), northwards to Scandinavia and eastwards to European Russia. Outside of Europe it is found in North Africa, the Middle East, Africa, South America and Asia (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 392 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4.5 million km².","In central and eastern Europe there are many more historical than recent records, and the apparently wide distribution shown on the map belies the facts that many records are old, that its range has contracted considerably, and that subpopulations are few and widely scattered. In Britain it is regionally extinct, and is listed as threatened in many national red lists. It is very often confused with other species. In Albania it is found in three different mountain areas. In Serbia there are two or more subpopulations, and in Macedonia there are two mountain areas but several sites, and it can be locally abundant. In the Balkans it is found in mainly acidic places. The population size is estimated to be below 10,000 individual-equivalents, considering one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) one square meter in which the species grows. The population is probably not fragmented and the current trend is thought to be decreasing.","This species is found on moist or wet sandy, clayey or marly soil in hollows, ditches, old clay, gravel  and marl pits, in boggy meadows, on alluvium and shingle  along the shores of rivers and lakes, in springs and on  moist cliffs. It often grows on thinly vegetated, damp sandy or gravelly soils, such as in dune slacks and old peat diggings. There are also records from a limestone quarry. The majority of its sites are calcareous.Recorded associates include Calliergonella cuspidata, Cratoneuron  filicinum, Dicranella varia, Aneura pinguis, Bryum pseudotriquetrum and  similar species (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 2,500 m Asl. 



It is dioicous; capsules are frequent to common, maturing in spring and early summer.","The species can be affected by infrastructure development and pollution. In Hungary many sites have become drier. However, the reasons for the general decline of this species are obscure and poorly known.","This species has been assessed as Endangered in Germany and the Czech Republic, as Vulnerable in Norway, Sweden and Slovakia, as Near Threatened in Finland and Romania, and as Data Deficient in Sicily, Albania and Hungary. It is considered Regionally Extinct in Ireland, Britain, Belgium and the Netherlands (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in protected areas. It is difficult to suggest conservation measures for this species, which appears to have declined, but for largely obscure reasons. Continuing monitoring of the population trend is necessary, and research into the reasons for its decline is also needed.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Marka, J.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,valparaisense,,Bryum valparaisense  ,Thér.,"Bryum valparaisense was recorded for the first time in the Canary Islands by Crundwell et al. (1978) and in Portugal as B. pyriferum  (Townsend 1994), based on the reddish stems and somewhat yellow to  darker brown tubers. The tubers are illustrated in Crundwell et al. (1978), as well  as from South American material by Arts et al. (1995).

  According Spence (2007) the species is included in the genus Gemmabryum.",No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Bryum valparaisense is a rather small, inconspicuous and easily overlooked plant and it is likely to be more frequent than the records suggest, at least in warm-temperate climates. Currently, the population trend is unknown. Based on available European records for the species, from Great Britain, Portugal, Spain (including the Canary Islands) and Greece, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 3.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 52 km2, but this is expected to be an underestimate. So in Europe the species is assessed as Vulnerable as there are certainly less than 1,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) in total.

The findings from the last ten years may indicate that the species has not been overlooked in Europe, but more likely the species has expanded its range. Climatic changes may be favorable in the future as the moss has been found in warm-temperate areas.

It is probable that it is a recent introduction to Great Britain and all records suggest that the moss is perhaps a new species introduced in Europe, however it is difficult, without new studies, to the know the origin and to discover new areas of occurrences in Europe. 



",Unknown,"The global distribution of this species covers a wide geographical area, but with few records. The first map of the distribution was presented by Arts et al. (1995). Preston and Finch (2006) record the species in mainland North Africa in Libya and Sudan, and there are also records in South America (Valparaiso in Chile), as well as from the United States, in California to New Mexico.

In Europe, it is known in Macaronesia, and appears to be common in the Canary Islands, and has been found on the islands Gran Canaria, La Palma and Tenerife (Crundwell et al. 1978, Long et al. 1981) and recently to Fuerteventura (Dirkse et al. 2018). It was recorded in the Iberian Peninsula for the first time in the Algarve (Townsend 1994), in Portugal. It has since been recorded in aboutfour new localities in Portugal, all in the south of the Tagus River (Sérgio et al. 2013) and in mainland Spain, in the Sierra Nevada and in Almeria (Rams et al. 2008, Jiménez 2014).

In the British Isles, it has been recorded in the Isles of Scilly, off the coast of western Cornwall, in two traditionally managed bulb-fields. This record is the the northernmost known locality of the species (Preston and Finch 2006). This species was discovered in Greece in northwest area of Mount Parnonas (Blockeel 2010) and in France where it was collected in 2011 in the eastern part of Pyrénées Orientales (Hugonnot 2013).

The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 2 m and 2,000 m Asl. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around3.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 52 km2, but this is expected to be an under-estimate, as the plant is small and easily overlooked. Climatic changes may also be favorable in the future as the moss has been found in warm-temperate areas.","Arts et al. (1995) remark that this species is a rather small, inconspicuous and easily overlooked plant and it is likely to be more frequent than the records suggest, at least in warm-temperate climates. Currently, the population trend is unknown.

This species, as other bryophytes found in bulbfields, would not have been expanded deliberately and is very difficult to confirm when and how they were accidentally or naturally introduced. However, (Preston and Finch 2006) the discovery of this species highlights the botanical interest of the traditionally managed fields, which are now increasingly being neglected, changed to pasture or other uses. But other problems may exist in thr future if the species becomes invasive and uncontrollable in natural habitats.

With climatic changes, the species may become more common, especially in humanized habitats. However, there are certainly less than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and with 1 m2 used as a proxy for one individual-equivalent) in total in Europe and the EU 28.","The species can be found in moist soil, often along paths, on the edge of agricultural areas, water lines and areas with some grazing. It has often been found in close proximity to agricultural fields and in nitrogen-rich soils.

The species is found in two sites in Scilly, from traditionally managed bulbfields (often Narcissus cultivars), which are traditionally used for growing plants for the cut flower trade. The soil in these areas is acidic sand derived from the predominant granite rock. This moss species presents more or less Mediterranean-Atlantic distributions in Europe and is typical of agricultural zones.

There are few records of this species within Europe, and it is usually assumed to be introduced. However this assumption may not be valid for the Greek occurrence, which is in a remote rural area (Blockeel 2010). In the United Kingdom it is considered to be introduced (R. Porley pers. comm. 2016).","Little is known about the major threats affecting this species but it is likely to only be under threat in particular sites where agro-industry grazing occurs. Other threats may include human-induced changes, with some habitat reduction by touristic influences and a dam structure. It could also be affected by fires, with this potentially being a current threat to some subpopulations in some areas. Additional herbicides or pesticides may be a threat for this species in the future.","This species has been assessed as a Vulnerable species for the Iberian Peninsula (Sérgio et al. 2006), however in Portugal it has more recently been assessed as Endangered (EN) (Sérgio et al. 2013). As it may be an introduced plant in Spain (including the Canary Islands), it was assessed as Data Deficient (DD) (Brugués and González-Manzebo 2012).

Some areas of its distribution range, particularly in Portugal, are in protected areas, for example in the Parque Natural da Serra de São Mamede, Barrocal and within the Cabrela Natura 2000 Network.

The climatic changes can be favorable in future as the moss was found in warm-temperate areas. Given its ecology and life strategy and the presence of rizoidal gemmae it is a species that cannot be declining. Land management and site protetion will be the most important conservation actions. Further research into the taxonomy, population size and trends, life history and threats to this species is required. In addition, habitat trends should be monitored.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Virtanen, R.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M. & Porley, R.D.","Schröck, C.,Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,versicolor,,Bryum versicolor  ,A.Braun ex Bruch &amp; Schimp.,"According to Holyoak (in prep) this species is a synonym of B. dichotomum. However, other authors consider it a valid species, and here we follow Meinunger and Schröder (2007). In Austria, B. versicolor and B. dichotomum were found in mixed stands and could be differentiated based on morphology.",Yes,EN,"B2b(ii,iii,iv,v)c(iii,iv)",No,EN,"B2b(ii,iii,iv,v)c(iii,iv)",EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



Bryum versicolor is a central European endemic species, which has often been confused with similar species. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 320 km2 in Europe and 200  km2 in the EU 28), there is a continuing decline in the AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals, and the population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of subpopulation and mature individuals. These fluctuations are caused by flooding events which can destroy entire subpopulations and also create new habitats, so that population size varies widely, rapidly and frequently by more than 10-fold. Subpopulations have declined substantially in the past with the canalization of rivers, as this species needs disturbed alluvial sites along dynamic rivers. The main threat is therefore the canalization of rivers and the destruction of their alluvial zones. However it seems that the species is able to return quickly in sites that are restored. Also the abstraction of water from these rivers for energy production or irrigation may threaten this species. Restoration of canalized rivers is needed, as they must have more room to flow freely. Houses and industrial plants should not be built close to the rivers where this species occurs. Further habitat protection and restoration, as well as appropriate national legislation, are recommended conservation measures for this species.",Decreasing,"This species is a central European endemic recorded from Germany, France, Switzerland, Austria, Croatia and Italy, including Sardegna (Lo Giudice 1996). However, only pre-1950 records are known from Sardegna (Cortini Pedrotti and Aleffi 1995). It has often been confused with similar species, although there are several characters that distinguish it. It was also erroneously recorded from Spain, Belgium and Norway, but it seems that those records belong to other species. It has been found growing at elevations between 100 m and 1,500 m Asl (Schröck et al. 2013). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is estimated at ca 500,000 km2. The area of occupancy (AOO) is more restricted, estimated at 320 km2 in Europe and 200 km2in the EU 28.","Subpopulations have declined substantially in the past with the canalization of rivers, as this species needs disturbed alluvial sites along dynamic rivers. However, it seems that the species is able to return quickly in sites that are restored. The overall population trend is considered to be decreasing. This species shows extreme fluctuations in number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals (more than 10-fold). These fluctuations are caused by flooding events which can destroy entire subpopulations and also create new habitats, so that population size varies widely, rapidly and frequently.",This specialized species grows on disturbed alluvial sites along dynamic rivers. Secondary habitats may be gravel-pits in humid places.,"The main threat is the canalization of rivers and the destruction of their alluvial zones. Also, the abstraction of water from these rivers for energy production or irrigation may threaten this species.","This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Switzerland (Schnyder et al. 2004) and as Endangered in Austria (Grims and Köckinger 1999). In Germany it was listed as Data Deficient in the Red List of 1996 (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996) but is considered Critically Endangered by Meinunger and Schröder (2007) and in the new German Red List (Caspari et al. 2018). In the European Red Data Book (ECCB 1995) it was indicated as Rare (R). It is considered Regionally Extinct in Franche-Comté (France) (Bailly et al. 2009). Restoration of canalized rivers is needed, as they must have more room to flow freely. Houses and industrial plants should not be built close to the rivers where this species occurs. It is protected by law in Switzerland, and it is known to occur in protected areas across its range in Europe. Further habitat protection and restoration, as well as appropriate national legislation, are recommended conservation measures for this species.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Hodgetts, N.,Puche, F.,Cálix, M.","Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,violaceum,,Bryum violaceum  ,Crundw. &amp; Nyholm,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 

The Pill Bryum (Bryum violaceum) is widespread in Europe, and is known from Scandinavia southwards to Italy and Greece, although this species is apparently rare in the Mediterranean region, but it may be under-recorded. Based on the information currently available, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 10.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be at least 3,152 km2. The current population size of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be stable. Threats to this species are minimal in the majority of countries of occurrence. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

European agri-environment schemes probably contribute to the conservation of this species at least in Britain, but more research is needed.",Stable,"This is a European-temperate species recorded from 28 countries, from Scandinavia southwards to Italy and Greece, but this species is apparently rare in the Mediterranean region. The species was erroneously reported to Spain (Guerra et al. 2010) but has been reported recently from Italy and Greece (in Ros et al. 2013) and from Tenerife in the Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2008). The distribution of this species in Britain and Ireland is better known following a targeted arable land survey (Preston et al. 2010), and it is known to be frequent in England and Wales, extending north into Scotland and scattered in Ireland.



Based on the information currently available, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 10.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be at least 3,152 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is around 5.8 million km2 and the AOO is at least 896 km2.

The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from sea-level (exceptionally) to around 1,800 m Asl in Switzerland (NISM 2017), perhaps the country with most altitudinal variation for the species.","The current population size of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be stable. Following the targeted arable land survey (Preston et al. 2010), this species is clearly widespread in Britain and Ireland but, even here it is likely to have been overlooked in the past.

In the Mediterranean region, this species may be under-recorded, and its apparent rarity could be due to it occurrence in disturbed anthropogenic areas and the need to examine underground tubers.





","This species is an inconspicuous, predominately lowland moss of open, disturbed ground, especially arable land in Britain and Ireland, but also of gardens, banks, roadsides and waste ground. It produces rhizoidal tubers which remain in the diaspore bank for an unknown period. Sporophytes appear to be very rare throughout its range. This species is intolerant of competition but needs disturbance to maintain subpopulations.","Threats to this species are minimal in Britain and in the majority of countries of occurrence, although agricultural intensification and conversion of arable (for example, to permanent pasture) could lead to some losses. This species is intolerant of competition but it needs some disturbance to maintain subpopulations in natural habitats.","European agri-environment schemes (non-cultivated field margins, minimal fertilizers, etc.) probably contribute to the conservation of this species at least in Britain, but more research is needed. The species is reported to some protected areas.

Further research on the ecology and threats to this species is required, as well as monitoring of habitat trends.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Hodgetts, N.,Marka, J.,Fettes, N.D.","Sergio, C. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,warneum,,Bryum warneum  ,(Röhl.) Brid.,,No,VU,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",No,VU,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



Warne's Thread-moss (Bryum warneum) is a boreal-montane species widespread but local in north, west and central Europe, from Iceland and Arctic Norway to northern France and southern Germany, and has apparently disappeared from several countries. This is a naturally rare species of a very restricted habitat, and that habitat is itself under threat Europe-wide and has been seriously reduced. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 672 km² in Europe, and 656 km² in the EU 28), the population is considered severely fragmented, and there is an estimated and inferred continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulation and number of mature individuals. 



Restriction of this species to early-successional vegetation that is colonising damp sand limits its occurrence to coastal sites where active erosion and accretion of sand still occur above beach level. Coastal defence works and coastal developments over the past century have destroyed such habitats, leading to loss of the species. Local extinctions have occurred for similar reasons around other coasts. The greatest risk to the surviving subpopulations is from loss of habitat to shading as vegetation succession proceeds, coupled with scarcity or lack of open habitat nearby for colonisation. Future sea-level rise may worsen this problem. The species is also intolerant of trampling and quickly lost if sites become eutrophicated. In at least one locality it has declined recently a a direct result of the rapid spread of the invasive Crassula helmsii onto damp sand.



This species requires open habitats on bare, damp, calcareous sand to be recreated every few years for recolonisation as older habitats nearby become shaded and unsuitable. Where such habitats cease to re-appear through natural processes they should be produced artificially by scraping vegetation from small areas. In areas where Crassula helmsii is a threat, measures need to be taken to control or eradicate it.",Decreasing,"Warne's Thread-moss (Bryum warneum) is a boreal-montane species widespread but local in north, west and central Europe, from Iceland and Arctic Norway to northern France and southern Germany, and has apparently disappeared from several countries. Its status in Poland is unclear. Its occurrence in Italy and the Czech Republic is doubtful and based on old records only. It is known elsewhere from Asia (Turkey, Altai and Baikal) and Canada (Quebec), with reports from Alaska and Greenland now regarded as erroneous (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 672 km² in Europe, and 656 km² in the EU 28. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 4.86 million km².","This rare and habitat-restricted species has undoubtedly declined across its range in Europe, but there are few details. Recent targeted surveys in England, Wales and Ireland have led to new records in northern and western Ireland, but also provided evidence of decline at some of its sites in England and Wales. There is therefore an estimated continuing decline in the EOO, AOO, number of subpopulation and number of mature individuals. New foredune habitat at Birkdale Green Beach (south Lancashire, England)  supports more than a thousand patches along 1.4 km of coast(D. Callaghan pers. comm. 2016). The current population trend is considered to be decreasing. 



In Russia it is very rare and in the Komi Republic it has only one locality (N. Konstantinova pers. comm. 2017). It is not common in France and Belgium (A. Vanderpoorten pers. comm. 2017). The population seems to be severely fragmented since the spores are large and it is found in isolated subpopulations. These small and isolated subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population size is probably smaller than 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered one square meter on which the species grows.","This is a moss of unshaded or lightly shaded, damp, basic coastal sand that grows mainly as a colonist in the early vegetation succession of dune slacks and damp foredunes, more rarely on damp sand at the edge of coastal gravel pits and on machair. It is mainly lowland, ranging from sea level up to 500 m Asl. It is often associated with other species of Bryum, especially B. algovicum and B. dichotomum, more rarely with B. archangelicum, B. calophyllum, B. dyffrynense, B. intermedium or B. knowltonii, along with Juncus bufonius, J. gerardii, Glaux maritima and sparse or patchy grasses and sedges (Blockeel et al. 2014). The species is also found in the mountains in Sweden (N. Lönnell pers. comm. 2017).



It is mainly autoicous, but a subpopulation at Dungeness (Kent) is synoicous; capsules are plentiful, maturing mainly in autumn with a few records in most other months. Bulbils, axillary gemmae and tubers are absent; protonemal gemmae are produced in culture.","Restriction of this species to early-successional vegetation that is colonising damp sand limits its occurrence to coastal sites where active erosion and accretion of sand still occur above beach level. Coastal defence works and coastal developments (of golf courses, roads and houses) over the past century have destroyed all such habitats in the Portmarnock and Malahide areas of Northern Ireland, leading to loss of the species. Local extinctions have occurred for similar reasons around other coasts. The greatest risk to the surviving subpopulations is from loss of habitat to shading as vegetation succession proceeds, coupled with scarcity or lack of open habitat nearby for colonisation. Future sea-level rise may worsen this problem. The species is also intolerant of trampling and quickly lost if sites become eutrophicated, e.g., from fertiliser inputs on golf courses (Lockhart et al. 2012). In at least one locality (Dungeness, Kent, England), it has declined recently a a direct result of the rapid spread of the invasive Crassula helmsii onto damp sand (S. Pilkington pers. comm. 2017). There is therefore a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. 

","Many of the subpopulations that still exist are on protected land. These require open habitats on bare, damp, calcareous sand to be recreated every few years for recolonisation as older habitats nearby become shaded and unsuitable. Where such habitats cease to re-appear through natural processes they should be produced artificially by scraping vegetation from small areas. In areas where Crassula helmsii is a threat, measures need to be taken to control or eradicate it.



This species has probably disappeared from several countries. It is Regionally Extinct in Austria, Belarus, Hungary, Latvia and Slovakia, and is rare and threatened in most of the countries in which it occurs. It has been assessed as Endangered in Finland, Germany and Ireland; and as Vulnerable in Estonia and the Netherlands. It is Near Threatened in Britain and Sweden, and Data Deficient in Norway (Hodgetts 2015). Its status in Poland is uncertain - listed as Vulnerable ('V') but apparently with no published recent records. Its occurrence in Italy and the Czech Republic is doubtful and based on old records only.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Hodd, R.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,weigelii,,Bryum weigelii  ,Spreng.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Duval's Thread-moss (Bryum weigelii) is widespread in northern Europe. This species is known from Scandinavia and Great Britain to Spain. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated ot be around 16.9 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2,560 km2. It is considered to have a stable population trend for both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are currently no known major threats at the European level to this widespread species. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

However, climate change and weather with increase of temperature may be a future problem. Also, this species is currently considered to be threatened in Bulgaria, and is thought to have gone extinct in Estonia and Belgium. Further research on the threats to this species is required.",Stable,"This is a a common arctic-boreal species that is widespread in northern Europe. This species is known from Scandinavia and Great Britain to Spain, although it is not present in Macaronesia. Apparently, this species presents a more or less continuous distribution throughout all countries of central Europe from Germany, France, the Czech Republic, Poland, southeastern Europe (Sabovljević et al. 2008), and to northwestern Russia and Ukraine (Hodgetts 2015). 

Outside of Europe, this species is found in North America (Spence 2014), South America, western Asia in Turkey and northern Africa (Ros et al. 2013). This species is also known from the Pacific Islands (New Zealand) and Australia.

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated ot be around 16.9 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2,560 km2. The species is found in mountainous areas ranging from 600 m Asl to more than 3,000 m Asl in Switzerland (NISM. 2018).",This is a widespread species that is often recorded across Europe and it is considered to have a stable population trend for both Europe and the EU 28.,"This species is found in open habitats in wet meadows, near springs or streams or at lake margins. It has been found growing on rocks by streams or on flushed soils, in weakly calcareous or in slightly acidic soil.

The species is dioicous, and capsules rare so there is infrequency of spore production. This species has not beeb observed with sporophytes in Iberian material (Guerra et al. 2010).","Even though this species may be locally vulnerable, there are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species, or they are at least currently unknown. However, climate change and weather with increase of temperature may be a future problem.","This species is listed in few national Red Lists, including as Vulnerable (VU) in Bulgaria and Regionally Extinct (RE) in Estonia and Belgium (Hodgetts 2015).

Some areas of occurrence are in Natural Parks or Natura 2000 areas, such as in Spain in Sierra Nevada Natural Park (Garilleti and Albertos 2012). Further research on the threats to this species is required.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Hodd, R.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Bryum,wrightii,,Bryum wrightii  ,Sull. &amp; Lesq.,,No,NT,,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Bryum wrightii is known, in Europe, from Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia. An isolated occurrence in Slovakia has been reported, however that record is old and the population is possibly extinct in that region. The current overall population trend seems to be unknown in both Europe and the EU 28. The numbers of potential localities are few and many of these are already surveyed within targeted inventories in these environments. The total population in Europe is estimated to be of a maximum of 2,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). Therefore, in Europe, this species is assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion D. 

In the EU 28, this species is known from fewer sites, limited to Sweden and Finland, and the population size is thought to be close to, but less than, 1,000 individual-equivalents. In the EU 28, this species is assessed as Vulnerable.

The species seems not to be threatened today, however, in near future a potential threat is global warming as a result of competition with small shrubs. Further research is needed into the threats to this species, and the population trend should be monitored. Taxonomic research is also needed.",Unknown,"This species has an arctic distribution ranging from Norway, Svalbard, Sweden, Finland and northern Russia (Polar Urals and Novaya Zemlya - Hodgetts 2015). An isolated occurrence in Slovakia has been reported, however, this is an old record, and the species is now possibly extinct in Slovakia (Soltes, pers. comm).

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 100 and 200 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 2 and 3 million km². At the EU 28 level, the AOO is between 20 and 30 km² and the EOO is ca 60,000 km².","The species is arctic in its world distribution and in Europe, it is known only from Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia. The total population in Europe is estimated to be of a maximum of 2,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and with 1 m² used as a proxy for an individual-equivalent). In the EU 28, this species is known from fewer sites, limited to Sweden and Finland, and the population size is thought to be close to, but less than, 1,000 individual-equivalents.

The numbers of potential localities are few and many of these are already surveyed within targeted inventories in these environments. Seven localities have been found in Sweden since 1995, two recent localities in Finland, and 10 localities are currently known in Russia. In Norway, there are 20 localities that have been found after 2010, and it has been found in a very dry area, with open mineral soil. So far no decline has been reported there. There are 13 localities currently known in Svalbard. The current overall population trend seems to be unknown in both Europe and the EU 28.

","In Sweden, this species depends on wet, bare, calcium rich soil, and is found exclusively on bare soil formed by calcium sludge from calcareous springs (Hallingbäck et al. 2008). In Finland, it has been found on dolomite slopes and summits, which gets some water in the spring and then dries up in the summer (K. Syrjanen pers. comm. 2017). In Russia, this species is found on limestone and calcareous substrates (O. Afonina pers. comm.2017), and in Svalbard, it is typically found on limestone ridges (Frisvoll and Elvebakk 1996).","The species seems not to be threatened today, however, in near future a potential threat is global warming as a result of competition with small shrubs.","This species is in the Red List of Slovakia as Critically Endangered (CR), in Finland as Endangered (EN), in Norway as Near Threatened (NT) and in Sweden as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in at least one protected area.

Further research is needed into the threats to this species, and the population trend should be monitored. Taxonomic research is also needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Schröck, C.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,PYLAISIACEAE,Buckia,vaucheri,,Buckia vaucheri  ,"(Lesq.) D.Rios, M.T.Gallego &amp; J.Guerra",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Vaucher's Plait-moss (Buckia vaucheri) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution and relative abundance in northern and mountainous areas, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category, and its overall stable population trend. The threats to this species are unknown, but presumably climate change is a potential threat. It is found in protected areas across its European range.",Stable,"In Europe this circumpolar boreo-arctic montane species occurs from Iceland and Svalbard, east to Arctic Russia and the Urals, south in the mountains to Spain, Mallorca, central Italy and Bulgaria, and is also recorded from Sicily (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it is known from North Africa (Morocco), Eritrea, Asia south to the Himalayas, and North America south to Mexico (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category under Criterion B.

","This is a widespread species of moss in northern and montane parts of Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This species grows on dry base-rich rocks in sunny to partially shaded sites in the mountains, where associates include Brachythecium cirrosum,  Cratoneuron curvicaule, Hypnum bambergeri,H.procerrimumand H. revolutum (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). It is also recorded from lower levels in some areas (where subpopulations are threatened) and in the Arctic. Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-3,300 m.","The threats to this species are unknown. Presumably climate change is a potential threat.

","No conservation measures are required at present, except locally. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Great Britain (Vulnerable) and Bulgaria (Near Threatened) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is found in protected areas.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Fettes, N.D.,Bergamini, A.","Sabovljevic, M.","Soltés, R.,Aleffi, M.,Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BUXBAUMIALES,BUXBAUMIACEAE,Buxbaumia,aphylla,,Buxbaumia aphylla  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Brown Shield-moss (Buxbaumia aphylla) is a circumpolar boreal-montane species. It is widespread in central and eastern Europe, and in Fennoscandia including the Arctic, though decreasing to the north (not in Iceland and Svalbard) and with altitude; it is less frequent south to the Pyrenees, Alps, Carpathians and the Balkan mountains. This species is assessed as Least Concern since there is little convincing evidence of a Europe-wide decline, although it has declined locally. In addition, there are still many localities and individuals, especially in the north and northeast. This species should be secure if there is plenty of little-disturbed natural habitat remaining.",Stable,"The Brown Shield-moss (Buxbaumia aphylla) is a circumpolar boreal-montane species. It is widespread in central and eastern Europe, and in Fennoscandia including the Arctic, though decreasing to the north (not in Iceland and Svalbard) and with altitude; it is less frequent south to the Pyrenees, Alps, Carpathians and the Balkan mountains. Elsewhere it occurs in the Caucasus, northern and eastern Asia, Japan, North America (south to California and North Carolina), New Zealand and Tasmania (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 2,500 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 9 million km².","Overall, the European population is likely to be substantial, but it is probably under-recorded due to its tiny gametophyte in the absence of capsules, and it also occurs in unattractive habitats. While it seems to be declining locally (e.g., in Britain, in the lowlands of the Alps), it is probably more or less secure elsewhere. The overall population trend seems to be stable. The population size is larger than 1,000 mature individuals and the population is not severely fragmented.","This is a calcifuge moss of sporadic and often ephemeral occurrence, colonisingbare,oftensandy andloamysoil on heathy ground, moorland edges, open woodland,along roadsidesand paths,onrockswith athin soil cover,old abandonedanthillsandgravel pits.It also occurs in conifer woodland, in bare ground among leaf litter, and more rarely on rotten wood.Other recorded habitats include old walls and an old railway cutting. Common associates include Cephaloziella spp., Gymnocolea inflata, Lophozia ventricosa, Dicranella heteromalla, Dicranum scoparium, Pohlia nutans, Polytrichum spp. and crustose lichens.It cannot compete when itshabitatbecomesovergrown bylargermosses andvascular plants. It colonises old mine spoil in Scotland. Its altitudinal range is from 20 m to 2,200 m Asl.



It is dioicous; the frequency of capsules is uncertain, butB. aphylla is recorded only when they are present. They are mature from spring to autumn but long persistent. No specialised method of vegetative dispersal is known. Growth is dependent on the persistent protonemal mat (Blockeel et al. 2014, ArtDatabanken 2015).","There seem to be few specific threats to this moss, but it tends to decline when habitats become overgrown with coarse vegetation as a result of increase of nitrification. Locally (e.g., in Scotland) it has declined because of landscaping and reclamation of old mine-waste sites.","This species should be secure if there is plenty of little-disturbed natural habitat remaining. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Lithuania, as Endangered in Britain, Spain, Austria, Switzerland, Bulgaria and Montenegro, as Vulnerable in Germany, Hungary and Luxembourg, as Near Threatened in Slovakia and the Czech Republic, as Data Deficient in Albania, and as 'highly endangered' in the Netherlands. It is considered Regionally Extinct in Belgium and Ireland (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Schröck, C.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B. & Schnyder, N.","Czernjadjeva, I.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BUXBAUMIALES,BUXBAUMIACEAE,Buxbaumia,viridis,,Buxbaumia viridis  ,(DC.) Moug. &amp; Nestl.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Green Shield-moss (Buxbaumia viridis) is a European boreal-montane species occurring in much of Europe, from northern Fennoscandia and northwestern Russia, south to the mountains of the northern Mediterranean region. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, while it is rare in certain parts of its distribution, it has not experienced an overall decline. It has, however, experimented local declines (e.g., Finland, Sweden). The species is still widespread and it is possible that it may be overlooked since the production of sporophytes fluctuates unpredictably, and it cannot be recognised without sporophytes. This species is listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive, so has had a great deal of conservation, surveys and monitoring directed at it. Localities with good subpopulations should continue to receive protection and to be managed in such a way as to retain large dead fallen timber, and monitoring should also continue.",Stable,"The Green Shield-moss (Buxbaumia viridis) is a European boreal-montane species occurring in much of Europe,  from northern Fennoscandia and northwestern Russia, south to the  mountains of the northern Mediterranean region. Elsewhere it occurs in  Turkey, the Caucasus, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and western North America  (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 3,720 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5.6 million km².","Although there has been much survey work done on this species in recent years, as it is listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive - which has lead to a huge increase in records - this may mask a decline owing to widespread destruction of old-growth conifer forest. On the other hand, this species seems capable of colonising plantation woodland too, providing dead timber is left on the forest floor. In the Balkans and central Europe it seems to be stable. In Scandinavia there may be a small decrease in the south, but the overall trend is stable. The population is size is larger than 1,000 mature individuals and the population is not severely fragmented.","This species grows through other mosses on stumps and logs, mainly in  the late stages of decomposition, and on and between the exposed roots of  live and dead trees. Itcan occasionally occur on a thin humus layer on rocks or blocks.It  grows in both coniferous and deciduous forests but prefers spruce and pine with a high proportion  of deciduous trees. When  the site becomes overgrown with larger mosses, such as Hylocomium splendens, this species is outcompeted.The  number of capsules formed varies sharply between different years, and the  mortality rate is high, owing to grazing by molluscs. Its altitudinal range is between 100 m and 1,880 m Asl.



It is dioicous. Capsules mature in early summer. The gametophyte, particularly the male, is much reduced in size, so that this moss is almost invariably recorded only when capsules are present. It is not known whether the protonema is persistent and continually produces gametophytes and capsules. If so, the plant may be more widespread than records of capsule-bearing plants suggest (Blockeelet al. 2014, ArtDatabanken 2015).","Clear-felling of old-growth forest, and management that involves exposing and/or removing dead timber are the main threats to this species.","This species is listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive, so has had a great deal of conservation, surveys and monitoring directed at it. Localities with good subpopulations should continue to receive protection and to be managed in such a way as to retain large dead fallen timber, and monitoring should also continue. This species has been assessed as threatened on many national Red Lists; onthe other hand, it is now known to be much more frequent than was formerly supposed. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Finland, Italy, Montenegro and Serbia, as Endangered in Poland, Latvia, Greece, Hungary and Romania, as Vulnerable in Britain, Spain, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Estonia, as Near Threatened in Norway, Switzerland, Bulgaria and Slovenia, as 'highly endangered' in Austria and as Data Deficient in Albania (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Erzberger, P.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B. & Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Callicladium,haldanianum,,Callicladium haldanianum  ,(Grev.) H.A. Crum,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Callicladium haldanianum is a forest species with a scattered distribution across the boreal and temperate zones of the Holarctic. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) - in Europe, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 6.3 million km2 and in the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 3 million km2. However, the area of occupancy (AOO) is more restricted; it is estimated to be around 1,500 km2 in Europe and around 1,200 km2 in the EU 28. The current population trend of this species is considered to be stable. The population size has not been quantified, but it is believed to be large. In Poland and Germany the number of localities of this moss seems to have increased in the last decades, which might imply a moderate spread of the species in suitable continental areas. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28. 

However, this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Montenegro, Serbia and the Czech Republic. A possible threat for this species is timber harvest, as it prefers to grow on wood. Site protection and further research into the population distribution and trends of this species is required.

 

",Stable,"This species is distributed across the boreal and temperate zones of the Holarctic. In central Europe, it is quite rare from central Scandinavia to the north Mediterranean, becoming more frequent towards the east (Frey et al. 2006). In European Russia, this species is frequent and common in the southern taiga, as well as in the temperate forests and forest-steppe (Ignatov and Ignatova 2004). Elsewhere, it has been found in Siberia, Kazakhstan, the Russian Far East, China, Japan and North America (United States and Canada) (Ignatov et al. 2006). The altitudinal range of the species is between 20 m in the plains and 1,600 m Asl in the mountains (Grims 1999).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 6.3 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,500 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 3 million km2, and the AOO is estimated to be around 1,200 km2.","In central and eastern European Russia, this species is often presented by numerous and large subpopulations. This species is frequently fertile, and most of herbarium specimens have abundant sporophytes (Ignatov and Ignatova 2004). In eastern, central and southern Poland, the number of localities of this moss seems to have increased since the 1990s (Stebel 2013). Similar observations have been made in the surroundings of Berlin (Klawitter 1993, Meinunger and Schröder 2007). This might imply a moderate spread of the species in suitable continental areas (Ellis et al. 2016). The current population trend of this species is considered to be stable. The population size has not been quantified, but it is believed to be large.","This species often grows in different types of natural and managed forests on rotten wood and bases of trees (e.g. Betula spp., Tilia cordata, Alnus spp., Prunus spp.), and more rarely, on the rocky substrate and loamy soil (Ignatov and Ignatova 2004, Kubešova and Procházková 2012, Stebel 2013).","A possible threat for this species is timber harvest, as it prefers to grow on wood.","In central Europe, this species has a scattered distribution and is included in several national Red Lists of European countries. It is assessed as rare (R) in Austria and Lithuania, as Endangered (EN) in Montenegro and Serbia, as Vulnerable (VU) in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Switzerland and Bulgaria and as 'Bedreigd' (Endangered/BE) in the Netherlands (Grims and Köckinger 1999, Kučera and Váňa 2003, Kubinská et al. 2001, Schnyder et al. 2004, Rašomavičius 2007, Hodgetts 2015). In European Russia, this species is widely distributed and found within numerous protected areas. In central Europe, site protection of this species may be recommended. Further research into the population distribution and trends of this species is required.



 

 

 

",The species is not used or traded.,"Denyer, J.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,CALLIERGONACEAE,Calliergon,cordifolium,,Calliergon cordifolium  ,(Hedw.) Kindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Heart-leaved Spear-moss (Calliergon cordifolium) is widespread in Europe but it is rather rare in the arctic. This species is very common, and has a large geographic range. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 25,000 and 30,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 9 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 19,000 and 20,000 km2, and its EOO is ca 4 million km2. The current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no major threats to the species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in Spain and Switzerland, and most sites are outside protected areas. Even so, there is no need for any conservation action at present.",Stable,"This species has a boreal to temperate distribution range. It is widespread in Europe but it is rather rare in the arctic. This species is found from Iceland and northern Fennoscandia, southwards to Spain, Tuscany and the Balkan mountains and eastwards to the Caucasus. It occurs from the lowlands to the low-alpine belt of the mountains (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North America, and Asia (Flora of North America 2015).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 25,000 and 30,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 9 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 19,000 and 20,000 km2, and its EOO is ca 4 million km2.",This is a very common and widespread species all over Europe and the current population trend seem to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.,"This species grows in damp or wet and more or less nutrient-rich environments, in swamps, marshes and on the shores of lakes and rivers or ditches. The species is rarely found submerged (Hedenäs et al. 2014).

The species is mildly calcifuge and normally grows in the shade of vigorous higher plants, but is also found in rills and swampy flushes in the open, among sedges and rushes. Typical habitats are swamp woodland, especially under alder and willows, lake margins, quaking vegetation rafts, ‘moats’ at the margins of bogs, ditches on moors, hollows in wet marshy pastures, dune slacks, and pools in areas of mineral workings. It often occurs where there are large seasonal fluctuations of the water-table, growing over decaying leaves of trees, grasses or Typha latifolia. It is occasionally associated with Sphagnum species, and with Brachythecium rivulare, Calliergonella cuspidata and Plagiomnium ellipticum, but sometimes it is the only bryophyte present (Blockeel et al. 2014).",There are no major threats to this species.,"The species is in the Red Lists of Spain and Switzerland as Vulnerable (VU), of Austria as 3, of Montenegro as Data Deficient (DD), and it is assessed in Hungary as Near Threatened (NT) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in several protected area, however, most sites are outside protected areas. Even so, there is no need for any conservation action at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Schröck, C.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,CALLIERGONACEAE,Calliergon,giganteum,,Calliergon giganteum  ,(Schimp.) Kindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Giant Spear-moss (Calliergon giganteum) is more or less common throughout Europe. It is widespread in cool and cold regions of Europe. This species has a large geographic range. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 20,000 and 25,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 13 and 14 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 12,000 and 13,000 km2, and its EOO is between 5 and 6 million km2. In addition, there are no major threats. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species has undergone a significant decline in lowland parts of Europe from the loss of wetland habitats in the past. In addition, some local subpopulations may be declining due to eutrophication of fens in lowlands and changes in hydrology. It is considered to be threatened in some countries, including the Czech Republic, Bulgaria and Spain. Even so, no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species has a circumpolar, boreo-arctic montane distribution range. It is widespread in cool and cold regions of Europe, and is found north to Iceland and northern Fennoscandia, extending south in the mountains to Spain, northern Italy and the Balkan states, and eastwards to the Caucasus (Hedenäs 2003, Hodgetts 2015).

Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North America, southern South America, Asia and New Zealand (Flora of North America 2015).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 20,000 and 25,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 13 and 14 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 12,000 and 13,000 km2, and its EOO is between 5 and 6 million km2.

","This species is widespread and more or less common throughout Europe. However, like several other rich-fen species, this species is well represented in Pleistocene deposits and was undoubtedly more abundant in the past (Dickson 1973). This species has undergone a significant decline in lowland parts of Europe from the loss of wetland habitat, however, today the current population trend is stable in Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows in wet, more or less mineral or lime-rich, environments, in swamps, on the shores of lakes and streams and ditches. Sometimes it grows floating or submerged in lakes (Hedenäs et al. 2014).

  The species grows in open fens, waterlogged hollows, swampy flushes, boggy stream sides and lake margins, confined to sites that are calcareous or at least moderately base-rich, but occasionally found in acidic environments where base-rich ground-water upwells in springs (Koponen et al. 1995). Although sometimes found in bushy places, this species is less tolerant of shade than Calliergon cordifolium and generally occurs in the open, often among large grasses and herbs in fens. Its other associates are many and varied, including Calliergonella cuspidata, Campylium stellatum, Scorpidium cossonii, S. scorpioides and Sphagnum contortum (Blockeel et al. 2014).","There are currently no major threats to the species as a whole in Europe. However, locally, it is declining due to eutrophication of fens in lowlands and changes in hydrology.","The species is included in the Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as Endangered (EN) in Bulgaria and Spain, as Vulnerable (VU) in the Czech Republic and Luxembourg, as 3 in Austria, as 2 in Germany, as Near Threatened (NT) in Slovakia and as Regionally Extinct (RE) in the Netherlands (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in several protected areas. No conservation action is needed at the moment.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Schröck, C.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,CALLIERGONACEAE,Calliergon,megalophyllum,,Calliergon megalophyllum  ,Mikut.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Calliergon megalophyllum occurs in most of northern Europe with a northeastern tendency. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) in both Europe and the EU 28, although the area of occupancy (AOO) is more restricted; in Europe, the AOO of this species is between 1,000 and 2,000 km2, and its EOO is ca 1.3 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 1,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 2 million km2. However, it is certainly overlooked in many areas and is found often when systematically searched for. It is therefore likely to be more widespread than currently known. The core of its distribution in northeastern Europe seems to be stable, even though there is a decline in the margins of its range. It is estimated that there are more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe and in the EU 28. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in view of its widespread distribution and stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Latvia, Poland and Norway, and is thought to be extinct in the Czech Republic and Germany. In western Europe there has been a significant degradation of some of its habitats, such as through regulation of lakes and rivers for hydroelectric purposes and water pollution, especially eutrophication. It is therefore important that eutrophic lakes, swamps, rivers, ponds and puddles that still have non-polluted water are preserved in pristine quality.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in most of northern Europe with a northeastern tendency, and is found up to the subalpine region. However, it is certainly overlooked in many areas and is found often when systematically searched for. It is therefore likely to be more widespread than currently known. The species is known to occur scattered in eastern parts of Sweden, it is rare in Estonia and Latvia, but more frequent in north Russia (Ignatov et al. 2006). In Finland, this species occurs scattered (Koponen et al. 1995). Old recordings of this species have been made in France, the Netherlands (where it has been recently rediscovered), the Czech Republic, Germany (now extinct) and Poland. It also occurs in the northern parts of Asia and North America (Hedenäs et al. 2014), and is therefore not endemic to Europe or the EU 28. Some of the records may have been misidentified with C. richardsonii, which is morphologically similar.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,000 and 2,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.3 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 1,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 2 million km2.","This species is rare in the west and more frequent in eastern Europe, however, there is rather little information about the subpopulation sizes in eastern Europe. It is a lowland species related to freshwater and in western Europe (where sporophytes are very rare), there has been a significant decline due to degradation of some of its habitats, through regulation of lakes and rivers for hydroelectric purposes. There is a continuing decline in Norway, where the species reaches its western border. In Finland, this species is one of the most common submerged lake mosses, but may have slightly decreased due to eutrophication. However, this species is still common and abundant in southern and middle parts of Finland and is stable (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). In Sweden, this species is relatively common, especially in the north of the country. In Russia, the subpopulations of this species seem to be stable. The overall current population trend is thought to be decreasing slightly, at the margins of its range. It is estimated that there are more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) in both Europe and in the EU 28. 

The population of this species is not considered as severely fragmented in its core area (northeastern part of Europe).","This species grows submerged in somewhat nutrient-rich lakes. It is particularly found in somewhat base-rich, ox-bow lakes, as well as small bodies of water and floating or among reeds or sedges along shores (Hedenäs et al. 2014, Tuomikoski 1940). In Finland, this is a typical water plant that grows in both inland lakes and coastal water with low salinity brackish water (Koponen et al. 1995).","In western Europe, there has been a significant degradation of some of the habitats of this species, such as through regulation of lakes and rivers for hydroelectric purposes and water pollution, especially eutrophication.","This species is listed in several national Red Lists. It is considered to be Regionally Extinct (RE) in Germany, the Czech Republic and the Netherlands (although this species has recently been rediscovered in the Netherlands). It is assessed as category 1 (Endangered) in Latvia, as Endangered (E) in Poland, as Endangered (EN) in Norway and as Vulnerable (VU) in Estonia (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in protected areas.

It is important that eutrophic lakes, swamps, rivers, ponds and puddles that still have non-polluted water are preserved in pristine quality.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Schröck, C.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,CALLIERGONACEAE,Calliergon,richardsonii,,Calliergon richardsonii  ,(Mitt.) Kindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Calliergon richardsonii occurs in northern, eastern and central Europe. This species is rare in the south and southwestern parts of Europe, but it is more widespread and even common towards the north. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 4,000 and 5,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 3,500 km2 and the EOO is ca 3 million km2.  It seems to have a viable and stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28, and there are currently no major threats to the species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, there have been past threats of drainage (trenching) and habitat loss - peat cutting and other drainage and reclamation of wetlands have generally reduced suitable areas in Europe. This species is considered to be threatened in Germany. However, no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species occurs in northern, eastern and central Europe (Hodgetts 2015). It is known from Denmark, Norway, Svalbard, Sweden, Finland and Iceland. It is very rare in Denmark, widespread in Norway and Sweden, and occurs in all parts of Finland, but it is more common in the north than in the south. The species also occurs also in Asia, New Zealand and North America (Hedenäs et al. 2014). 

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 4,000 and 5,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 3,500 km2 and the EOO is ca 3 million km2.","This species is rare in the south and southwestern parts of Europe, but it is more widespread and even common towards the north. It is often frequent in the subalpine belt of the Scandes but seems to be rare above the tree limit. In the arctic areas, the species is less common. In the major parts of its distribution area, the current population trend of this species seems to be stable.","This species is known to grow on wet, mineral-rich, and more or less nutritious, locations, in swamps, on beaches or ditches. Sometimes, this species grows floating or submerged in lakes (Hedenäs et al. 2014). In northern Fennoscandia, this species has a rather wide ecological amplitude. It grows mainly in fens of an intermediate type but also occurs in markedly rich or in rather poor ones, forming large mats or growing together with Sarmentypnum sarmentosum, Cinclidium stygium, C. subrotundum, Sarmentypnum exannulatum, Scorpidium revolvens, Drepanocladus tundrae, Paludella squarrosa, Sphagnum teres, S. subsecundum and S. warnstorfi. In addition to open fens, this species also occurs frequently in wet birch forest, and on wet ground beside lakes, sometimes submerged in pools, etc. (Hedenäs et al. 2014).

  Another habitat of this species are stony ""wells"" in the mires, which are formed by frost heaving, and in which the moss grows together with Scorpidium revolvens (Mårtensson 1956). In Finland, this species grow in fens, preferably in calcareous places (Koponen et al. 1995).","The major threats to this species are drainage (trenching) and habitat loss. It is considered that peat cutting and other drainage and reclamation of wetlands have generally reduced suitable areas in Europe. However, most of threats are much less than they were in the past, and have ceased. Therefore, the species is more or less safe in the northern part of Europe where the sites are located in undisturbed fens and sites that are hard to access.","This species is in the Red Lists of some central European countries, such as Germany, where it is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) (S. Caspari pers. comm. 2017). The species is classified as regionally endangered in Finland (Koponen et al. 1995). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Erzberger, P.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Calliergonella,cuspidata,,Calliergonella cuspidata  ,(Hedw.) Loeske,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Pointed Spear-moss (Calliergonella cuspidata) is widespread in Europe. It is common in most parts of Europe, however, it is rare in the arctic. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 3,000 and 4,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 3,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 3 million km2. In both Europe and the EU 28, the current population trend is stable, and it has rather high subpopulation sizes. In addition, there are no major threats to this species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

There is no need for any conservation action at present.

",Stable,"This species has a circumpolar, temperate distribution range. It is common in most parts of Europe, however, it is rare in the arctic (but not found in Svalbard), and it is less frequent but widespread in the Mediterranean region, Macaronesia and eastwards to the Caucasus (Hodgetts 2015). This species is also widely distributed in North Africa, Asia, Australia, New Zealand and North and South America (Hedenäs et al. 2014). The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 2,300 m Asl.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 3,000 and 4,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 3,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 3 million km2.",This species is more or less common in most parts of Europe and the current population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28. This species has rather high subpopulation sizes.,"This species grows on nutrient-rich and, at least periodically, wet locations. It grows among other bryophytes in marshes and wet meadows, on beaches and in trenches. More rarely, this species grows submerged in water. When nutrition increases in mineral-rich environments, such as fens, this can benefit the species and it competes well at the expense of other species (Hedenäs et al. 2014).

In the United Kingdom, this species grows in a very wide variety of open or lightly shaded habitats, especially in turf that is either calcareous or wet, almost always in sites that are too base-rich for the growth of Sphagnum. In lowlands, this species is found by lakes and rivers, in springs, in marshes and fens, in lawns and grassy flushes, in dune slacks, on under-cliffs, by ditches, in old quarries and on mine spoil, by tracks and roads, in churchyards and in woodland rides. It occasionally extends to moderately shaded places in wet woodland, sometimes colonising old logs. It is common and often abundant in dry chalk and limestone grassland where there is a little shelter, extending to well-drained and seasonally dry places in limestone scree, among boulders and on derelict walls. On moorland, this species is widespread in springs, seepages and flushes, and is one of the first species to appear in such places when there is even slight basic or mineral enrichment. It is much less common on the mountains, occurring on ledges with tall herbs, in small-sedge communities, flushed grassland and springs (Blockeel et al. 2014).",There are no major threats to this species.,This species is known to occur in many protected areas. There is no need for any conservation action at present.,The species is not used.,"Englefield, E.,Virtanen, R.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Calliergonella,lindbergii,,Calliergonella lindbergii  ,(Mitt.) Hedenäs,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Lindberg's Plait-moss (Calliergonella lindbergii) occurs throughout central and northern Europe, but it is less common in the Mediterranean. It has a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 5,000 and 9,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 12 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 3,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 6 million km2. This species is more or less common in most parts of Europe, and the current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no major threats to this species. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, there has been some losses in lowland Europe due to the deterioration and drainage of wetlands, especially in the Netherlands. Even so, no conservation measures are required at present.

",Stable,"This species has a wide, circumpolar distribution in boreal, temperate, arctic and alpine regions of Europe. The range of this species extends to Iceland and northern Fennoscandia and south to northern Spain, southern Italy and the Balkan mountains (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs throughout central and northern Europe, but it is less common in the Mediterranean. This species is also widespread in Asia and North America, and it is known from a locality in Brazil (Hedenäs et al. 2014). The altitudinal range of this species is from sea level to 3,000 m Asl.



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 5,000 and 9,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 12 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 3,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 6 million km2.","This species is more or less common in most parts of Europe and the current population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28. There has been some losses in lowland Europe due to the deterioration and drainage of wetlands, especially in the Netherlands. The subpopulation sizes are rather high.","In Nordic countries, this species grows in more or less nutritious and moist to wet environments. It is found on sandy to silty soil under willow scrub in the flood zone of lakes, rivers and streams. It also occurs in birch forest, in ordinary fens, moist meadows and percolation streaks. This species seems to be rather restricted to none calcareous substrata and therefore differs somewhat ecologically from Breidleria pratensis. Associated bryophytes are Aulacomnium palustre, Sarmentypnum sarmentosum, Straminergon stramineum, Climacium dendroides, Sanionia uncinata, Marchantia alpestris, Pellia neesiana, Polytrichum alpinum, and P. commune (Mårtensson 1956).

This species can also be found in wet meadows or damp grassland, ditches, on roadsides, and more rarely in marsh (Hedenäs et al. 2014). In the United Kingdom, this species grows in open, moist, habitats on mildly basic to moderately acidic soils, though often present in small quantities. It is characteristic of gravelly ground and clay by streams, tracks, forest roads and rides, in sand, gravel and china-clay pits, and on the floors of old quarries. Associates in such places include Nardia scalaris, Scapania irrigua, Pogonatum urnigerum and bulbiliferous species of Pohlia. This species is sometimes plentiful in the upper part of the draw-down zone of reservoirs on peaty sand/grit with pioneer species such as Archidium alternifolium and Pohlia bulbifera. Other habitats include short grassland in unimproved pastures, open heathland and bare ground by roads and paths, where Calliergonella cuspidata and Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus are frequent associates (Blockeel et al. 2014).",There are no major threats to this species.,This species occurs in several protected areas throughout its range. No conservation action is needed at present.,The species is not used.,"Pilkington, S.,Cálix, M.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,RHIZOGONIALES,RHIZOGONIACEAE,Calomnion,complanatum,,Calomnion complanatum  ,(Hook.f. &amp; Wilson) Lindb.,,No,NA,,No,NA,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)



EU 28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)



The Tree-fern Beauty-moss (Calomnion complanatum) has been found in Europe only in southwestern Ireland, on Garinish Island and at Derreen Gardens, both in South Kerry, where it has probably been introduced from Australia. As a species introduced from the Southern Hemisphere, it is assessed as Not Applicable.",Decreasing,"The Tree-fern Beauty-moss (Calomnion complanatum) has been found in Europe only in southwestern Ireland, on Garinish Island and at Derreen Gardens, both in South Kerry, where it has probably been introduced from Australia. It is a rare species of the Southern Hemisphere, growing in southeastern Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 12 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 20 km².","The sole flourishing subpopulation is on Garinish  Island, South Kerry; it has apparently disappeared from Derreen  Gardens (Blockeel et al. 2014).","This exotic species is known from the sheltered trunks of tree-ferns (Dicksonia) in  frost-free gardens, sometimes mixed with Leptotheca  gaudichaudii. It has apparently not  migrated to any other habitats nearby. Its altitudinal range is from 5 m up to 20 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014).



It is dioicous; capsules are unknown in Ireland.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required for this introduced species. However, it is rare in its native range, so it would be desirable to maintain a subpopulation in the garden in Ireland. It is not known to occur in any protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Puche, F.,Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,FOSSOMBRONIALES,CALYCULARIACEAE,Calycularia,laxa,,Calycularia laxa  ,Lindenb. &amp; Arnell,,No,CR,D,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Calycurlaria laxa is known from four localities in northern Europe, specifically in the Murmansk Province and Arkhangelsk Province of European Russia. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is small, estimated to be around 12 km2.The population is considered to be severely fragmented and the current known population size is four individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). It is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered in Europe.



There are currently no known major threats to the species, but in Arkhangelsk Province, the species is collected near places of proposed oil production, although the project currently seems to be on hold. However, it is quite possible that the species is overlooked, as the diversity of bryophytes along the coast of Barents Sea in Russia is poorly studied. Further research and monitoring of the population size is therefore recommended.

This species is not found in the EU 28 and is therefore Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is known from two localities in the Murmansk Province (Borovichev 2013) and from one locality in Arkhangelsk Province (Konstantinova and Lavrinenko 2002). The species has been found in these localities recently (in 2013 and 2001 respectively).

Outside of Europe, this species is not rare in the north of North America (particularly British Columbia and Alaska) and in Asia (Konstantinova and Mamontov 2010). It is quite common in Siberia (Konstantinova and Savchenko 2008, N. Konstantinova pers. obs. 2017). In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is small, estimated to be around 12 km2, whereas the extent of occurrence (EOO) is relatively large, and estimated to be around 51,705 km2. The altitudinal range of the species is between 35 m and 59 m Asl. This species is not found within the EU 28.

","The population of this species is considered to be severely fragmented since sporophytes are not known from the species in Europe, and the subpopulations are small and isolated. The species may therefore go extinct with a reduced possibility of recolonization. The species was collected in the Murmansk Provincein two sites located at a considerable distance away from each other (ca. 150-200 km) and once in Arkhangelsk Province. It is probable that the species is under-recorded, as the diversity of bryophytes along the coast of Barents Sea in Russia is poorly studied, and there is currently no data on number and size of plots of where it is found. The current population trend of the species is therefore unknown. The current known population size is of four individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2mats as a proxy for one individual-equivalent). However, it may be overlooked.","This species is found in wet and shady places, on soil and peats in the tundra. These habitats are stable. Outside of Europe, it also occurs on humus-covered rocks and on cliffs on mountains (Konstantinova and Mamontov 2010). In Europe, it is so far known from low elevation areas in tundra. In the Russian province of Murmansk, the species was found up to 59 m Asl. (Borovichev 2013). In southern Siberia it occurs at higher elevation in mountains, up to 1,700 m Asl (Konstantinova and Mamontov 2010).","It seems that there are no threats for the species in the Murmansk  Province, but in the Nenets Autonomous District, the species occurs in the proposed location of oil exploration and production (Konstantinova and Lavrinenko 2002). However, the project currently seems to be on hold.","The species is included in Red Data Book of the Murmansk Province (Konstantinova et al. 2014) as Vulnerable (VU) and in the Red Data Book of Nenetsky Autonomous District (Afonina and Konstantinova 2006) as rare. One of the localities in the Murmansk Province is situated on the territory of the state nature reserve ""Pasvik"" (Borovichev and Boychuk 2016). Further research and monitoring of the population size is recommended, as well as site protection.",This small liverwort is not utilized.,"Englefield, E.,Hespanhol, H.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,CALYMPERACEAE,Calymperes,erosum,,Calymperes erosum  ,Müll.Hal.,"This species was described as Calymperes sommieri by Bottini (1907), who first discovered it; subsequently, it was considered by Edwards (1980) a synonym of Calymperes erosum. However, the subpopulations of Pantelleria are very similar to the tropical ones, apart from a constant irregular papillosity in the abaxial surface of the leaf cost.",No,CR,D,No,CR,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)



EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)



Calymperes erosum is assessed as Critically Endangered in Europe and the EU 28, in view of its restricted distribution and small population size with less than 50 individual equivalents. It has an area of occupancy (AOO) of 12 km2 and it is present at less than five locations (3 localities with small subpopulations). The lack of spore-producing capabilities suggests that C. erosum is likely to have poor dispersal abilities, and there is no evidence of immigration of propagules from subpopulations in Africa. Due to the very specific ecological conditions this species requires (volcanic fumaroles with permanently wet substrates), in combination with small subpopulations on the island of Pantelleria and potential threats from tourism, this species may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization.



There is no targeted conservation action for this species, but tourism in the area should be managed to avoid damage to it, and as a precaution, ex-situ cultivation is also recommended. It may have been isolated for a long time, and there may be genetic differences that require investigation. Therefore further molecular work on the Pantelleria plants to establish their relationship with C. erosum subpopulations elsewhere is recommended.",Unknown,"This species is the only representative of the mainly Afro-tropical genus Calymperes in Europe, and is known only from some fumaroles on the volcanic island of Pantelleria (Sicily), where it is very rare and restricted to a few places, such as ""Bagno asciutto"", Kazen and Cuddia di Mida (Brullo et al. 2001).  It thus has a very restricted geographic range, with an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of 20 km2 and an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of 12 km2. Outside Europe, it is known from the tropics and subtropics, in Florida (USA), Mexico, the Caribbean, Central America, South America, Asia, Africa, some Atlantic Islands, some Indian Ocean Islands, some Pacific Islands and Australia (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2007).","There are three subpopulations of this species in Europe, all confined to the island of Pantelleria, Italy. The population size is estimated to be smaller than 50individual equivalents (one individual equivalent is equal to one square metre), and thecurrentpopulation trend is unknown. The lack of spore-producing capabilities suggests that C. erosum is likely to have poor dispersal abilities. The very unusual ecology and habitat type exclude the potential of further spread.","This species is found growing in fumaroles: that is volcanic caves with hot, aquatic evaporation and smoke. It grows on permanently wet substrates. It does not produce spores, but it has propagules.","Tourism could directly impact this species; through habitat alteration, degradation and/or disturbance. This species is present at fewer than five locations (3 localities with small subpopulations). The public have access to the fumaroles, and are attractive to tourists as a rare, natural feature of the landscape. It is unknown if there is a decline in the habitat extent and/or quality.","There is no targeted conservation action for this species. It is listed in the national Red List of Italy as Critically Endangered (CR) (Rossi et al. 2013). In addition, it was listed in the Red Data Book of European Bryophytes (ECCB 1995) as Vulnerable. Further research should be conducted on the population size and trends of this species. Tourism in the area should be managed to avoid damage to C. erosum, and as a precaution, ex-situ cultivation could also be recommended. 



As an isolated outlying subpopulation of an essentially tropical species, it could be argued that conservation is a low priority. On the other hand, it may have been isolated for a long time, and there may be genetic differences that require investigation. Therefore molecular work on the Pantelleria plants to establish their relationship withC. erosum elsewhere is recommended.",This species is not utilized. It has been studied outside of Europe and is known to be biologically active as an antibacterial agent. It could have potentially been used in traditional medicine.,"Segarra, J.,Cálix, M.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CALYPOGEIACEAE,Calypogeia,arguta,,Calypogeia arguta  ,Nees &amp; Mont. ex Nees,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Notched Pouchwort (Calypogeia arguta) is a submediterranean-subatlantic liverwort that ranges from western Mediterranean Europe and Macaronesia north to the Faroe Islands, southwest Norway and southern Sweden, with a presence also in Croatia, Slovenia and European Turkey. This species is  assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, common and there is no evidence of a decline.",Stable,"The Notched Pouchwort (Calypogeia arguta) is a submediterranean-subatlantic liverwort that ranges from western Mediterranean Europe and Macaronesia north to the Faroe Islands, southwest Norway and southern Sweden, with a presence also in Croatia, Slovenia and European Turkey. Elsewhere it occurs in Iran, China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, the Himalayas, central and southern India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Indonesia, New Guinea; tropical and southern Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius and Réunion. It is apparently a glasshouseadventive in North America (Blockeel et al. 2014).



This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 4,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 9.6 million km².",This is a common plant in western Europe and there is no evidence of any decline. The current population trend is therefore considered stable and the population size is very large.,"This species is locally abundant on earth banks in woodland and by lanes, as well as creek and stream banks, coastal valleys and, less often, in upland gullies. Cephalozia bicuspidata, Dicranella heteromalla, D. rufescens, Fissidens bryoides, F. celticus and Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans often share the habitat of Calypogeia arguta, but it regularly forms pure patches, especially in deep shade as in the entrance of rabbit holes or badger setts. Siliceous rocks sometimes support colonies, often mixed with Diplophyllum albicans. It is also occasional on Molinia tussocks in marshy grassland, especially in the west. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 2,600 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014). 



It is dioicous; capsules are rare, March to May; gemmae are very common.",There are no major threats to this common species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Sardinia, as Vulnerable in Luxembourg and as Near Threatened in Italy, Sweden and Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas. 

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Schröck, C.","Hodgetts, N.","Afonina, O.,Czernjadjeva, I.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CALYPOGEIACEAE,Calypogeia,azorica,,Calypogeia azorica  ,Bischl.,,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",EU28,,"Calypogeia azorica is endemic to Macaronesia, occurring on six islands in the Azores Archipelago, as well as on Madeira Island. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 124 km2), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO and extent and quality of the habitat due to conversion of natural habitat to plantations or opening of roads; there is also a decline in the quality of habitat due to invasive alien species and indirect effects of increasing tourism. In addition, this continuing decline in habitat extent and quality is projected to continue - the number of 1-km2 climatically suitable grid cells for this species is predicted to decrease by either 60% or 80% of its current distribution under future climate conditions until 2070 (in 54 years). Taking this into account, as well as the recognising the degree of uncertainty associated with future projections, it has been considered that the more conservative estimate of decline should be used to assess the extinction risk of this species. 



It is further assumed that even if there are suitable microclimatic areas within the unsuitable 1-km2, these will be minimal (ravines, nooks and crannies) and thus the reduction in suitable habitat will lead to an almost linear reduction in the population. However, three generations for this species are around 20 years, and it is unclear by how much the population will decline within this time frame (by 2036). While the models clearly project a substantial decline in the climatically suitable area for this species in the future, it seems unlikely that the population reduction would be of at least 50% in the next 20 years. The species does therefore not qualify as Endangered under Criterion A (but would very likely qualify for Vulnerable). 



Even though the Macaronesian native forests are recognized as important habitats, these areas are very small, both in the Azores and Madeira, and are surrounded by a humanized landscape, so natural corridors and buffer areas would benefit this species. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and threats are recommended. Proper management of the habitat is also strongly recommended, focusing on the protection against invasive alien species, avoidance of clear-cutting of areas around native forests and eutrophication caused (directly or indirectly) by cattle grazing. Biology and nature conservation students should be made aware of bryophytes in general and of rare species in particular.",Decreasing,"Calypogeia azorica is endemic to Macaronesia, occurring on six islands of the Azores Archipelago: Flores, Faial, Pico, São Jorge, São Miguel and Terceira (Bischler 1970; Sjögren 1978, 1995; González-Mancebo et al. 1991; Gabriel et al. 2005, 2010; Frahm 2005). The species is also present on Madeira Island (Sérgio et al. 2008). This species has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of ca 61,690 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 124 km2.","This Macaronesian endemic liverwort is considered a medium-lived species, a colonist, (Dierssen 2001), with a generation length of between 6 and 10 years; a three generation period is therefore considered to be around 20 years. The number and size of the subpopulations is low; besides, fertile plants are unknown, and without the formation of spores, the dispersal of the subpopulations is hindered. The subpopulations are thus isolated and are presumed to have little genetic exchange. These subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization, and the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. 



Some of the most recent Azorean records are old (Faial, 1981; São Miguel, 1989) and it is unknown whether the species still occurs there. In Madeira Island, it is recorded from only one locality in a very well preserved area of Laurisilva forest, where it was collected in 1984, but no new occurrences have been registered recently, in spite of regular visits to the forest. The current population trend is decreasing since recent publications show that Macaronesian endemic bryophytes are suffering a decrease in their population size and range (Ferreiraet al. 2016, Patiño et al. 2016). According to a recent study, the number of 1-km2 climatically suitable grid cells for this species is predicted to decrease by either 60% or 80% of its current distribution under future climate conditions until 2070, depending on the scenario followed (Patiño et al. 2016). This prediction is based on a study which derived its projections using two different Global Climate Models recommended for Europe and Mediterranean climates under two RCP (representative concentration pathways). One was a stabilization scenario where total radiative forcing is stabilised before 2100, while the other scenario is characterized by increasing greenhouse gas emissions over time, representative for scenarios in the literature leading to high greenhouse gas concentration levels (Patiño et al. 2016).



In addition, the elevation range of this species is predicted to shift upwards, as conditions on Macaronesian islands become warmer and drier  (Patiño et al. 2016). The variables considered for these  projections included the maximum temperature of the warmest month and  the precipitation (in mm) of the wettest month. The poikilohydric  nature of bryophytes means their water content is directly regulated  by environmental humidity and growth is restricted to periods of  hydration. Temperature is also known to be an important factor for  bryophyte growth (Patiño et al. 2016). However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study (approximately 1-km2  grid resolution), it is possible that this species may persist within  the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats such as  ravines, where humidity can be higher than in the surrounding  environment. Nevertheless, these models clearly project a substantial  decline in the climatically suitable area for this species within three generations.","In the Azores, this species is considered to have a narrow ecological range (Gabriel et al. 2011) since it was only found in native Juniperus brevifolia forest and at the entrance to lava caves (e.g., Gabriel and Dias 1994). It generally grows on the ground or on rock (Homem and Gabriel 2008), but was also recorded as an epiphyte on Juniperus brevifolia (e.g., Gabriel 1994). In the Azores, it occurs between 150 m Asl (cave entrance “Gruta do Esqueleto”) and 750 m Asl, but is more common from 500 m to 700 m Asl (e.g., Homem and Gabriel 2008) inside native forests. In Madeira it was found at about 900 m Asl on the slopes of a trail in the natural forest.","This species is found in Macaronesian laurel forests, a natural habitat of interest to the European Union (EEC 1992 - Annex I: Habitat 45.6). It has narrow ecological tolerance (Gabriel et al. 2011) and is therefore very sensitive to habitat degradation, which is occurring mainly because of invasive alien species expansion (especially Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum) (Silva et al. 2008), as well as the increase in tourism and recreational activities, and the building of secondary roads. Land-use change such as conversion of natural habitat to plantations (e.g., Cryptomeria japonica) is also a threat to this species - particularly at the margins of its natural habitat. An intensification of the effects of climate change may cause damage to the stability of subpopulations. Geological events such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and landslides have occurred in the Azores and are likely to return, with possible damaging consequences to this species.","This species, and its habitat, should be protected regional laws but there are no specific conservation measures in place. It occurs in protected areas both in Madeira and in the Azores. In Madeira, it is a species of the natural laurel forest, which has been designated as World Natural Heritage by UNESCO since 1999, and a priority habitat under the Habitats Directive. It was also designated a Natura 2000 site. This species was assessed as Data Deficient in the Madeira region by Sim-Sim et al. (2014), since the information to make an assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and population status was inadequate at the time. Even though the Macaronesian native forests are recognized as important habitats, these areas are very small, both in the Azores and Madeira, and are surrounded by a humanized landscape, so natural corridors and buffer areas would benefit this species. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and threats are recommended. Proper management of the habitat is also strongly recommended, focusing on the protection against invasive alien species, avoidance of clear-cutting of areas around native forests and eutrophication caused (directly or indirectly) by cattle grazing. Biology and nature conservation students should be made aware of bryophytes in general and of rare species in particular.",The species is not utilised.,"Fettes, N.D.,Köckinger, H.,Hodgetts, N.","Gabriel, R., Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CALYPOGEIACEAE,Calypogeia,azurea,,Calypogeia azurea  ,Stotler &amp; Crotz,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Blue Pouchwort (Calypogeia azurea) is a suboceanic boreo-temperate species of montane and northern Europe, found from Spain, Portugal, Italy and Bulgaria to Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is clearly abundant in Europe and there is no evidence of decline. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"The Blue Pouchwort (Calypogeia azurea) is a suboceanic boreo-temperate species of montane and northern Europe, found from Spain, Portugal, Italy and Bulgaria to Russia. Elsewhere it occurs in Asia, including the Caucasus and the Himalayas, east to China, Korea and Japan, and in North America, including Mexico (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 3,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 9.2 million km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown, but there is no evidence that it has declined and the current trend is considered stable. It may even have increased in some areas with conifer plantations. The sporadic appearance of this species makes it difficult to assess population trends. Some records may be misidentifications and it is difficult to identify population sizes. In Russia it is found in Karelia, Bashkiria and Perm' provinces and in the Komi Republic (N. Konstantinova pers. comm. 2017), where it is found on forests and decaying logs, but also on cliffs. In Sweden it is known from 60 localities but it is experiencing a continuing decline in the habitat since it is present on decaying wood. In central Europe it is very common, and in Switzerland alone there are more than 500 records (N. Schnyder pers. comm. 2017). There are large subpopulations in Croatia, but mainly in the north of the country. Its population is surely larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents - considering one log or one square metre on which the species grows as one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual). The population is not severely fragmented.","This is a species of base-poor, peaty, often gravelly substrates, usually in coniferous forest at higher altitudes and in cool places in ravines and river valleys at low altitudes, and in some areas (e.g., Britain) in open but not directly insulated situations. Typical habitats in Britain include ditches and  tracksides on moorland, banks in upland valleys, siliceous rocks in unwooded gullies, blanket bog, and montane wet heath. Recent observations in Ireland suggest relatively regular occurrence under the rush Juncus squarrosus in heavily grazed upland heath. There is an unusual record from liverwort mats in a sea cave on Jura. Its ecology may be such that individual colonies are naturally short-lived, and it adopts a colonist life strategy. In Scandinavia and Switzerland it is found in wet spruce forests. In the Balkans it is found on mixed forests. In Russia it is found in forests and decaying logs, but also on cliffs. Its altitudinal range is from 10 m to 2,600 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).



It is autoicous; sporophytes are rare; gemmae are fairly frequent.",Logging and drainage pose a threat to the species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This widespread but locally rather scarce species has been assessed as Near Threatened in Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg and Sweden, as 'rare' in the Netherlands, and as Data Deficient in Estonia and Sardinia (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Ros-Espín, R.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B. & Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CALYPOGEIACEAE,Calypogeia,fissa,,Calypogeia fissa  ,(L.) Raddi,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Common Pouchwort (Calypogeia fissa) is a liverwort species, with a suboceanic temperate distribution, and it occurs almost throughout Europe from Macaronesia and the Mediterranean region, north to southern Fennoscandia and east to Latvia, Ukraine and Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and widespread. It is not threatened in most of its distribution, except in some countries towards the edge of its natural European range.",Stable,"The Common Pouchwort (Calypogeia fissa) is a liverwort species, with a suboceanic temperate distribution, and it occurs almost throughout Europe from Macaronesia and the Mediterranean region, north to southern Fennoscandia and east to Latvia, Ukraine and Turkey. It is also found in North Africa, tropical Africa, South Africa, the Russian Far East, the Himalayas, China, Sri Lanka, northwestern and eastern North America and Bermuda (Blockeel et al. 2014).



This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 5,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 13.5 million km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown, although it shows a somewhat declining trend in the lowlands of the UK. However, it is common and widespread over most of Europe and is unlikely to be declining overall. The current population trend is therefore considered stable and the population size is very large.","This is the most widespread and least ecologically demanding species of Calypogeia in most of Europe. Typical habitats include earth banks in neutral to acid woodland and by lanes, stream and creek banks, siliceous rock outcrops and quarries, decorticated logs, Molinia tussocks in mires and grasslands, and Sphagnum hummocks in bogs. Calypogeia arguta, Cephalozia bicuspidata, Diplophyllum albicans, Atrichum undulatum, Dicranella heteromalla, Kindbergia praelonga, Mnium hornum, Pellia epiphylla, Polytrichumformosum,Fissidensbryoides,and Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans are typical associates. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 3,000 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).



It is autoicous; sporophytes are frequent, March to June. Gemmae are very common.",There are no known major threats to this widepsread and common species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species has been assessed as Endangered in Slovakia, Bulgaria and Serbia (all towards the eastern edge of its European range), and as Near Threatened in Finland, Italy, Sardinia, Czech Republic and Hungary (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas. 

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Erzberger, P.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CALYPOGEIACEAE,Calypogeia,integristipula,,Calypogeia integristipula  ,Stephani,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Meylan's Pouchwort (Calypogeia integristipula) is a liverwort species with a circumpolar boreo-temperate distribution. It is widespread in central and northern Europe, and occurs in the Azores. Records from Madeira are apparently erroneous. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it appears to be abundant and not declining in its core range in the north, the population trend is stable and the population size is large.",Stable,"Meylan's Pouchwort (Calypogeia integristipula) is a liverwort species with a circumpolar boreo-temperate distribution. It is widespread in central and northern Europe, and occurs in the Azores. Records from Madeira are apparently erroneous. Elsewhere it is found in Greenland, the Caucasus, Russia, north-eastern China, Japan, and north America south to California, Wyoming and New England (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at ca 4,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca. 10 million km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail. It appears to be plentiful and not declining over much of its range, especially in the north, but there is a declining trend in lowland Britain. In the Balkans it is only known from a few good sites, where it seems to be stable even if the areas have become drier. In central Europe it is very common, with 180 recent records in Switzerland and a similar amount in Austria. In Scandinavia and Russia it is stable and common. The overall population trend is therefore considered stable and the population size is over 10,000 mature individuals. The population is not severely fragmented. 

","This calcifuge species growsmostlyon sandstone outcrops, gritstones and mineral-poor sandysoils,ofteninterspersed withraw humus, and alsoona thinhumus layer over siliceousrocks,on peaty banksand onrotten wood.Its sites are often in woodland, but not always, alsoranging from coastal slopes to montane block screes.It sometimes forms extensive mats with Calypogeia muelleriana. Other associates include Dicranellaheteromalla,D.cerviculata,Tetraphispellucida,Cephaloziabicuspidata,Lepidoziareptans,Pohlianutans,Lophoziaventricosa,Plagiotheciumlaetum,MniumhornumandPseudotaxiphyllum elegans.It is also sometimes found in bogs (N. Schnyder pers. comm. 2017). Its altitudinal range is from 50 m to 2,600 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).It is autoicous or paroicous; the plants are occasionally fertile, but capsules are very rare, April to June. Gemmae are usually present.","This species is not threatened over most of its range. In some lowland areas it may be vulnerable to increasing amounts of atmospheric nitrogen. In Ireland threats may arise from growth of planted conifers close to the sandstone crags on which it grows, and removal of grazing stock may cause increased growth of vegetation and consequent shading.","No conservation measures are required at present. Monitoring at some of its edge-of-range sites is desirable. This species is listed on some national Red Lists: it is considered Endangered in Ireland, Serbia and Spain, and Vulnerable in Andorra. It is also Near Threatened in Italy and Data Deficient in Belgium and Hungary (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas. 

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Erzberger, P.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B. & Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CALYPOGEIACEAE,Calypogeia,muelleriana,,Calypogeia muelleriana  ,(Schiffn.) Müll. Frib.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Mueller's Pouchwort (Calypogeia muelleriana) is a liverwort species with a circumpolar boreo-temperate distribution. It is found north to Fennoscandia and Russia, and present in the Azores and Madeira, but rare in the south and east. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is generally common and widespread in suitable habitats, except in the southeast and extreme north of Europe, and there is no evidence of decline.",Stable,"Mueller's Pouchwort (Calypogeia muelleriana) is a liverwort species with a circumpolar boreo-temperate distribution. It is found north to Fennoscandia and Russia, and present in the Azores and Madeira, but rare in the south and east. Elsewhere it occurs in the Caucasus, Siberia, the far east of Russia, China, Morocco, Ethiopia, North America and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at ca 5,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 15 million km².","The current population trend of this species is stable, as far as is known. There is no indication of any decline in most parts of its distribution, although it is rare in the southeast. The population size is likely to be very large.

","This species is ecologically similar to Calypogeia fissa, but it is generally more restricted to base-poor substrates. It is most frequent on peat, Molinia and Sphagnum in bogs, heathland and marshy grassland, and on peat or decorticated logs in conifer plantations and acid woodland. It can also be common on siliceous rock, including rocks in woodland, scree and upland ravines. Common associates includeDicranellaheteromalla, D.cerviculata,Atrichumundulatum,Cephaloziabicuspidata,Lepidoziareptans,Mniumhornum,Pohlianutans,TetraphispellucidaandOrthodontiumlineare. Its altitudinal range is from 5 m to 2,600 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).



It is autoicous; sporophytes are occasional, March to June. Gemmae are common.

",There are no known major threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Serbia, as Near Threatened in Hungary and Italy, and as Data Deficient in Montenegro (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas. 

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Erzberger, P.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CALYPOGEIACEAE,Calypogeia,neesiana,,Calypogeia neesiana  ,(C. Massal. &amp; Carestia) Müll. Frib.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Nees' Pounchwort (Calypogeia neesiana) is a circumpolar boreo-temperate species, found in Europe from Spain and the Pyrenees, Sardinia, the Alps and the Balkans, north to Fennoscandia and Russia, and also occurs in the Azores. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is frequent in the core parts of its range and there is no evidence of any decline.",Stable,"Nees' Pounchwort (Calypogeia neesiana) is a circumpolar boreo-temperate species, found in Europe from Spain and the Pyrenees, Sardinia, the Alps and the Balkans, north to Fennoscandia and Russia, and also occurs in the Azores. Elsewhere it grows in Siberia, the Russian far east, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, China, Mongolia, Nepal, North America south to California and Georgia, and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at ca 4,500 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 10.5 million km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, but there is no evidence of decline. It is usually found in small quantity and often not refound in exactly the same places as previously, but overall it is frequent in its core areas. In Hungary it seems to have disappeared from the mountain area where it previously occurred (B. Papp pers. comm. 2017). The overall population trend is considered to be stable and there are more than 1,000 mature individuals in total. The population is not severely fragmented. 

","Acid soil and peat and highly decomposed rotten wood are the principal substrates for this species, a strict calcifuge, but it sometimes grows on sandstone or through other bryophytes. It is primarily found in upland habitats, such as blanket and raised bog, peat cuttings, overhanging peat hags, scree and gullies. There are a few records from lowland mires and even peaty sand around a rabbit hole on a lowland heath. Records from other habitats are likely to be errors for C. integristipula.Most colonies are composed of relatively few patches, often outnumbered by C. fissa or C. muelleriana, and it apparently has a colonist life strategy, often not being refound at exactly the same sites as previously. Its altitudinal range is from 5 m to 3,000 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). In Hungary it was found on andesite rocks (B. Papp pers. comm. 2017). It is also found under Rhododendron ferrugineum in the Alps (N. Schnyder pers. comm. 2017).



It is autoicous or paroicous; sporophytes are rare, March to June; gemmae are fairly frequent.

","There are no known threats to this species, although the area where the species disappeared in Hungary became dry, and was subject to deforestation. Thus the species may be affected by climate change in the future.","No conservation measures are required at present. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Sardinia, as Vulnerable in Bulgaria and Spain; and also as Near Threatened in Italy and as Data Deficient in Germany, Hungary, Luxembourg and the Netherlands (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas. 

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Weibull, H.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B. & Schnyder, N.","Lönnell, N.,Blom, H.,Afonina, O.,Goldberg, I.,Hodgetts, N.,Schröck, C.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CALYPOGEIACEAE,Calypogeia,sphagnicola,,Calypogeia sphagnicola  ,(Arnell &amp; J. Perss.) Warnst. &amp; Loeske,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Bog Pouchwort (Calypogeia sphagnicola) is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane species that occurs throughout most of Europe, including Macaronesia, except for much of the Mediterranean region. This species is assessed as Least Concern, since although the habitat is under some threat, the species itself is widespread, especially in northwestern Europe, and is not close to any of the thresholds for a threatened Category.",Stable,"The Bog Pouchwort (Calypogeia sphagnicola) is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane species that occurs throughout most of Europe, including Macaronesia, except for much of the Mediterranean region. It also occurs in Turkey, Russia, China, Japan, northern North America, Greenland, Tierra del Fuego; Tasmania and New Zealand (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at ca 3,300 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 16.3 million km².","In Scandinavia, Russia, Britain, Ireland and in central Europe this species seems to be stable. The overall current population trend is considered to be stable. There are more than 1,000 mature individuals and the population is not severely fragmented. However, its bog and mire habitat is generally threatened.","This is a characteristic plant of well-developed, saturated oligotrophic mires and poor fens, where it grows both among hummock-forming Sphagnum species such as S. capillifolium and S. papillosum, and to a lesser extent at the edge of hollows with S. denticulatum, S. cuspidatum and Warnstorfia fluitans.It can also occur in peatland forests and swamp forests. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 2,200 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).



It is autoicous; capsules are rare, April to August. Gemmae are usually present.","The main threat to this species is habitat destruction, due to drainage, afforestation and commercial extraction of peat for fuel or horticulture.","This species relies on the preservation of peatlands dominated by Sphagnum. Therefore site protection is the main conservation action needed. It has been assessed as Endangered in the Netherlands, and as Vulnerable in Austria, Italy and Switzerland. It is also Near Threatened in the Czech Republic and Data Deficient in the Canary Islands and Slovakia (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.","This species is not specifically utilised or traded. However, it is impacted by commercial extraction of peat.

","Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Erzberger, P.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B. & Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CALYPOGEIACEAE,Calypogeia,suecica,,Calypogeia suecica  ,(Arnell &amp; J. Perss.) Müll. Frib.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Swedish Pouchwort (Calypogeia suecica) is a European boreal-montane species, widespread in central and northern Europe, more restricted to the mountains further south, and also occurring in the Azores and Tenerife. This species is assessed as Least Concern since its current population trend is stable, it is abundant, and the population size is large. However, there is a decline in its habitat in some areas (such as Scandinavia).",Stable,"The Swedish Pouchwort (Calypogeia suecica) is a European boreal-montane species, widespread in central and northern Europe, more restricted to the mountains further south, and also occurring in the Azores and Tenerife. Elsewhere it occurs in Siberia, the Russian Far East, northeastern China and North America south to Georgia (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 3,304 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 13.1 million km².","The subpopulations in Scandinavia are large. In the north slope of the Alps it is rather common (N. Schnyder pers. comm. 2017). In Sweden there are around 300 recent sites (N. Lönnell pers. comm. 2017). Its overall population trend is stable although it seems to be declining in Sweden. The population size is larger than 1,000 mature individuals. The population is not considered to be severely fragmented.","This species is almost restricted to moist and often spongy, decorticated logs in humid woodland, often in old forest and especially in coniferous forest (e.g., spruce forest in Sweden and in beech forest in the Balkans). The plants occasionally form dense mats, but are more often scattered amongst other small liverworts characteristic of decaying logs; associated species include Riccardiapalmata, R.latifrons,Nowelliacurvifolia,Blepharostomatrichophyllum,Lepidoziareptans,Lophoziaspp., Cephaloziabicuspidata,C.lunulifolia,C.catenulata,Lophocoleaheterophylla,Scapaniaumbrosa and other Calypogeia spp. In northern Europe it is one of several epixylic hepatics which are characteristic of old-growth and especially unmanaged stands of Picea abies. The two records from Northern Ireland (where it is now presumed extinct) are from relatively exposed peat, and C. suecica may possibly have been overlooked in this habitat. Its altitudinal range is from 40 m to 2,600 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014, Artdatabanken 2015).



Most subpopulations appear to be dioicous but some are autoicous. Capsules are rare, ripe April to June. Attenuated gemmiferous shoots are usually present.","As a characteristic species of dead wood that has been left to decompose for a long period, often in old-growth forest, this species is threatened by modern forestry methods that do not allow this habitat to develop and persist.","The main recommended action for this species is protection of substantial areas of old-growth forest where logging is prohibited or at least severely limited. Management of such areas must include the retention of much standing and fallen dead timber. This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Luxembourg, as Endangered in Hungary, Serbia, Portugal and Spain, and as Vulnerable in Bulgaria, Finland, Germany and Sweden. In addition it is Near Threatened in Italy and the Czech Republic, 'rare' in Poland and  Data Deficient in the Canary Islands. It is considered Regionally Extinct in Ireland (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.","This species is not utilised or traded. However, it is indirectly affected by the logging trade.

","Erzberger, P.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B. & Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HOOKERIALES,DALTONIACEAE,Calyptrochaeta,apiculata,,Calyptrochaeta apiculata  ,(Hook.f. &amp; Wilson) Vitt,,No,NA,,No,NA,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)



EU 28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)



In Europe this introduced species is known from East Sussex in southeastern England, the Isles of Scilly (off the southwesternmost tip of mainland England), Cornwall and Co. Cork in southern Ireland. This species is assessed as Not Applicable since it is non-native.",Unknown,"In Europe this introduced species is known from East Sussex in southeastern England, the Isles of Scilly (off the southwesternmost tip of mainland England), Cornwall and Co. Cork in southern Ireland. In two of its English localities it was first discovered in 1967, but a new subpopulation was discovered in Cornwall in 2017 (S. Pilkington pers. comm. 2017); its Irish site was found in 2007. It is clearly an  introduction from the Southern Hemisphere, probably with horticultural plants, and perhaps from shipping or smuggling on the south coast of England. Its natural range is South America (Chile, Tierra del Fuego), southern Africa, Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand (Blockeel et al. 2014). The area of occupancy is estimated at 24 km², and the extent of occurrence at 63,697 km².",The population and population trends of this species are unknown.,"This moss is confined to shaded substrates on or near the coast. On Tresco, Isles of Scilly, it occurs on shaded earthy or peaty banks growing with Lunularia cruciata, Atrichum undulatum, Ceratodon purpureus, Fissidens bryoides and Kindbergia praelonga. At Fairlight, East Sussex, it was recorded on sheltered sandstone boulders on an undercliff, growing mixed with Kindbergia praelonga and Scorpiurium circinatum under scrub of Prunus spinosa, Rubus fruticosus and Salix cinerea. Near Wadebridge in Cornwall, several patches were found on damp estuarine mud below scrub with few associates. In Ireland a single patch was found in wet coastal woodland in Co. Cork among common woodland bryophytes, including Hookeria lucens; it was subsequently found to occur on a tree-fern in the nearby arboretum at Fota. Its altitudinal range is 5–30 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014).



It is dioicous; only female plants are known in Britain. Protonemal gemmae have been found plentifully in wild material from Sussex.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required, and it is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. It is not threatened in the Southern Hemisphere, and is listed as Least Concern in Australia.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Vellak, K.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Campyliadelphus,chrysophyllus,,Campyliadelphus chrysophyllus  ,(Brid.) R.S.Chopra,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Golden Feather-moss (Campyliadelphus chrysophyllus) is a widespread taxon in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large and stable population and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation action is needed.",Stable,"The Golden Feather-moss (Campyliadelphus chrysophyllus) is a widespread taxon in Europe also known from North, Central and South America, Asia and North Africa (Hedenӓs 2015).",This species is common and is known to occur in large stable subpopulations. The overall population size is large and the trend is thought to be stable.,"This species lives on soil in grasslands or rock, dunes or in rocky areas. It is a calcicolous, thermophilous species and can also be found in secondary habitats.",There are no major threats to this species.,There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. In Germany and the Netherlands it was assessed respectively as Near Threatened and Vulnerable (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range. No conservation action is needed.,This species is not utilised.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hugonnot, V.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F., Lüth, M. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Campyliadelphus,elodes,,Campyliadelphus elodes  ,(Lindb.) Kanda,,No,NT,A2c,No,NT,A2c,EU28,,"European regional assessment:Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment:Near Threatened (NT)



The Fine-leaved Marsh Feather-moss (Campyliadelphus elodes) is widespread in northern Europe, whilst in other parts of its European range subpopulations have declined. The population is still large, perhaps exceeding 10,000 mature individuals. However, fenland habitats have been assessed as declining significantly in Europe, and other habitats are impacted by eutrophication and change of land use/management. As a perennial stayer of fen habitats (with an estimated generation length of ca 33 years), it can be suspected that this species has suffered a population reduction in the past three generations. It is difficult to estimate the percentage of decline, but in view of the assessment of its main habitats (it also occurs in someother habitats) as Vulnerable or Endangered under Criterion A in the European Red List of Habitat Types, it is likely that the population has suffered a reduction of least 20-25%. This suspected reduction is therefore based on a decline in its geographic distribution and habitat quality. Since the species is close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion A, it is precautionarily assessed as Near Threatened.",Decreasing,"The Fine-leaved Marsh Feather-moss (Campyliadelphus elodes) is a temperate species widespread in Europe, being found northwards to central Fennoscandia, the Baltic countries and adjacent parts of Russia. It is confined to higher elevations in the south and is absent from most of the Mediterranean region, reaching central Spain, north Italy and Bulgaria. A record from Crete is unconfirmed. Outside of Europe, the species is also present in North Africa (Morocco), Turkey, the Himalayas, the Russian Far East and Japan (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 2,000 to 3,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) between 8 and 12 million km².","This species is declining in many parts of its range e.g., in central Europe. The species is not common in much of its range, although more widespread in the southern coastal areas of Scandinavia. Subpopulations are still large, perhaps exceeding >10,000 mature individuals. As a perennial stayer of fen habitats (with an estimated generation length of ca 33 years), it can be inferred that this species has declined over its last three generations. It is difficult to estimate the percentage decline, but in view of the assessment of its main habitats (it also occurs in someother habitats) as Vulnerable or Endangered under Criterion A (Janssen et al. 2016), it is likely that the population has declined by at least 20-25%.","This calcicole of wet or swampy ground grows in turf, in moss carpets and on dead vegetation or, rarely, wood, in well-illuminated situations or light shade. Many of its occurrences are in coastal habitats in dune slacks or moist sandy grassland; one Scottish locality is in a saltmarsh. Inland, it is found where there is seepage of calcareous water, mainly in fens but also in wet heaths and swamp woodland, sometimes on tree bases, rarely on wet rock ledges and on stones on loch margins. At an inland site in the UK it is present as large patches in calcareous marsh that has developed on the floor of a disused limestone quarry. It is often associated with Aneura pinguis and various wetland pleurocarps, including Calliergonella cuspidata, Campylium stellatum, Drepanocladus aduncus, D. polygamus, Scorpidium cossonii and S. scorpioides. In central Europe, the species is found also along lake margins. In southern Europe it is confined to higher elevations (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). It is found from sea level up to 1,600 m Asl. It is dioicous; capsules are rare, produced in the early summer.","While not directly threatened, its coastal and lowland/oligotrophic fenland habitats are widely threatened by the usual range of threats; eutrophication, succession, changes in lad use etc. However, they are not sufficiently threatened to classify this species as threatened in itself. Fenland habitats have been assessed as decliningsignificantly in Europe (Janssen et al. 2016), and other habitats are impacted by eutrophication and change of land use/management.

","Although it is threatened in a number of European countries, especially in the south and east (e.g., Belgium, Hungary, Romania, Slovenia, Switzerland, Serbia), it is widespread (although rather scarce) and generally not threatened in the north and west (Hodgetts 2015). Although it is listed as Regionally Extinct (RE) in Spain, it has been found at some new localities since the publication of the Spanish Red List (M. Infante, pers. comm. 2017). It has been assessed as threatened or Near Threatened on several national Red Lists, especially in southern Europe, where it is on the edge of its range. Protection of at least some of the best sites is recommended. It is known to occur in protected areas.",The species is not utilised.,"Natcheva, R.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Lönnell, N., Rothero, G., Untereiner, A. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Campylium,laxifolium,,Campylium laxifolium  ,Engelmark &amp; Hedenäs,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Campylium laxifolium known from Europe in Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Finland. This species has a fairly restricted geographic range, with an area of occurrence (AOO) estimated to be between 100 and 1,000 km2 in Europe, and between 80 and 500 km2 in the EU 28. However, the species is abundant at some of it's known localities, especially in Sweden, and the current population trend is considered to be stable. In addition, it seems to be able to grow in disturbed sites, and since it often produces sporophytes, it is able to establish relatively easily in new areas. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern both within Europe and with the EU 28.

However, this species is considered threatened at a national level in Finland. The major threat to the species is drainage (trenching) of the fens. The species may also be threatened by overgrowth of other vegetation. Even if there is no evidence of decline, the species is still rare and some of the sites need some kind of protection, especially from trenching.

",Stable,"This species is known from Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Finland (Hodgetts 2015) and northern Russia (V. Fedosov pers. comm. Nov. 2018). It occurs from the lowlands to the alpine environment in most of northern Europe. Outside of Europe, this species is reported from Asia, Greenland, and Alaska in the northernmost part of North America (BFNA 2015, Hedenäs et al. 2014).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 100 and 1,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 80 and 500 km2 and the EOO is ca 0.2 million km2.","This species seems to be rare, however, at some of the present localities it is abundant (L. Hedenäs pers. comm. 2017). The species has been brought to attention relatively recently (described 25 years ago) and it might be stable (Engelmark and Hedenäs 1992). In Finland, the species has disappeared from some localities due to overgrowth, and it is currently present at around six localities. In Sweden, there are around 40 known localities, some of which have a large number of individuals. In Norway, there are only few known localities, but there are probably more localities since the species has not been looked for recently and might have been confused with C. stellatum. The overall current population trend is thought to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.

It is most likely that the population size in Europe and the EU 28 is more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent).","This species seems to be restricted to rich fen communities characterized by the vascular plants Saxifraga hirculus and Stellaria crassifolia var. paludosa. These are rich fens fed with moderately phosphate-rich water, often from open springs. Iron oxide precipitates in this kind of fen and in distinct springs the precipitated iron oxides often build up small mounds surrounding the spring. The species is often found along with Campylium stellata, Hamatocaulis vernicosus, Calliergon richardsonii and Tomentypnum nitens (Hedenäs et al. 2014). It seems to be able to grow in disturbed spots, and since it often produces sporophytes it is expected to disperse relatively easily with a potential to colonize new sites.",The major threat is drainage (trenching) of the fens. The species may also be threatened by overgrowth of other vegetation.,"This species is in the Red List of Norway as Data Deficient (DD), and it is also assessed in Finland as Endangered (EN) and in Sweden as Near Threatened (NT) (Hodgetts 2015). In Finland, all of the known localities are found in protected areas.

  Even if there is no evidence of decline, the species is still rare and some of the sites need some kind of protection, especially from trenching.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Ros-Espín, R.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Campylium,longicuspis,,Campylium longicuspis  ,(Lindb. &amp; Arnell) Hedenäs,,No,VU,D1,No,CR,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

Campylium longicuspis is known from four sites in Europe, but may still overlooked in some poorly investigated arctic regions. Still, the species seems to be rare and the subpopulations are small and isolated. This species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe since it is estimated that there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). 

This species is assessed as Critically Endangered in the EU 28 since it is only known from one site in Sweden, within a 0.25 m2 field plot, and there is therefore only one individual-equivalent. Even though this species may occur at more localities than currently known, the arctic part of EU 28 is relatively well surveyed and only one site has been found - it is therefore unlikely that there are more than 50 individual-equivalents in the EU 28. 

This species grows in undisturbed, remote habitats and is not threatened by anthropogenic activities. However, since this is an arctic species, a warmer climate can well be a future threat to this species through prolonged periods of drought and increased competition with vascular plants. The species should be monitored and further field work carried out to determine whether there are any other subpopulations.",Unknown,"The occurrence of this predominantly arctic or even high-arctic moss species (occasionally alpine) is restricted to northernmost Europe and Asia (Hedenäs et al. 2014). Reports from Serbia and Montenegro (Sabovljevic et al. 2004) seem to be erroneous (Jacobson and Hedenäs 2015). The species is also found in Greenland and Siberia. In Europe, this species is only known to occur in Sweden (one site) and Svalbard (two recent sites). However, it is still overlooked in large parts of arctic Europe and even if only four sites are known it may be much more widespread in poorly investigated arctic regions (Hedenäs 2003). 

Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, northernmost North America and arctic Asia (BFNA 2015).

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is probably at least 16 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is ca 53,000 km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is probably at least 4 km2 and the EOO is ca 4 km2.","The known subpopulation in Sweden covers less than 1 m2 and it is known from a recent record. In Svalbard, there are two recent records but the size of the subpopulations is unknown, though probably small. The species seem to be rare and the size of the sites are probably very small, however, it is more realistic that the trend should be considered as unknown. The species seems to rarely produce sporophytes and spores. The subpopulations are very likely to be small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented in Europe. One individual-equivalent (considered as a mature individual) is considered to be 1 m2 on which the species grows. There is only one individual-equivalent in the EU 28, and it is estimated that there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe. Even though the population trend is unknown, the species grows in remote habitats which are currently stable.","In the literature, this species was reported both together with species of calcium-rich wetlands, such as Drepanocladus trifarius, D. turgescens and Tomentypnum nitens and in one case together with Blepharostoma trichophyllum, Scapania simmonsii, and Ceratodon purpureus (Hedenäs 2003).

Since the habitat of C. longicuspis is still rather poorly known, some observations from its newly found site in north Sweden follow. The site is located in a gentle slope, heading towards southwest in a mountain pass. The vegetation is sparse with no trees or shrubs. The habitat of the species consists of very thin soil, most likely calcareous, with trickling water or spring influence from the slopes nearby. Within a 0.25 m2 field plot with this species, the following bryophytes were recorded: Aneura pinguis, Blepharostoma trichophyllum, Blindia acuta, Bryum sp., Campylium stellatum, Cephalozia sp., Hylocomium splendens, and Scorpidium cossonii (Jacobson and Hedenäs 2015). In Svalbard, this species grows in moist tundra.

One old record from Svalbard (1956) indicates the species was growing in a rich fen beside a pool (herbarium specimen in the Swedish Museum of Natural History).","This species grows in undisturbed, remote habitats and is not threatened by anthropogenic activities.However, since this is an arctic species, a warmer climate can well be a future threat to this species through prolonged periods of drought and increased competition with vascular plants.","It is unknown whether this species is present in protected areas throughout its range. This species is in the Red List of Svalbard (Frisvoll and Blom 1997) as Vulnerable (VU). The only site in Sweden is in a Natura 2000 site, which hopefully offers some protection to the site.

The status of this high arctic species needs to be checked in the field and monitored. Further research and monitoring is therefore required on the population size and trends.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hespanhol, H.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Campylium,protensum,,Campylium protensum  ,(Brid.) Kindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Campylium protensum is a widespread species in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large and stable population and there are no major threats to it.",Stable,"Campylium protensum is a widespread species in Europe (Hodgetts 2015). It is also known in Asia, Africa and North America.",This species is common and subpopulations can be large. The overall population size is large and the current population trend is stable.,"This species grows on rocks in wetland habitats or swampy forests in temperate and boreal areas. It has also been found in rotten logs, and uncommonly on tree stumps under the canopy.",There are no major threats to this species.,"No specific conservation actions are necessary for this species. It is present in protected areas throughout its range. Taxonomic research is recommended as some experts believe that this species is a synonym of C. stellatum. One taxonomic study (Hedenäs 1997) reviewed this species and considered it valid. However, this was before molecular studies were available.",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Hedenäs, L.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F., Lüth, M. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Campylium,stellatum,,Campylium stellatum  ,(Hedw.) C.E.O.Jensen,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Yellow Starry Feather-moss (Campylium stellatum) is a widespread species known in almost all of Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since in northern Europe the species is still common and often abundant. The destruction of fens and eutrophication are the main threats to this species. Lowering of the water table and drainage of fens can also pose a threat. It requires stable levels of base-rich water (wet sites) which are threatened in central Europe. Site protection and appropriate management are recommended to prevent the further destruction of its habitats.",Decreasing,"The Yellow Starry Feather-moss (Campylium stellatum) is a widespread species known in almost all of Europe, from the Mediterranean region in the south to Svalbard in the north, and from Iceland in the west to eastern European Russia in the east (Hodgetts 2015). It is also found in North and Central America, Asia and New Zealand.",In central Europe the species is believed to be decreasing. In northern Europe the species is still common and often abundant. The overall population size is large but the current trend is decreasing. This species is a perennial stayer and its generation length is estimated to be between 11 and 25 years. Three generations are therefore considered to be around 50 years.,"This taxon lives mainly in calcareous fens, on wet soil, on dripping rock and on cliffs near waterfalls. According to the European Red List of Habitats, the habitats of this species (Small-sedge base-rich fen and calcareous spring mire; Tall-sedge base-rich fen) are Endangered in Europe (not including Ukraine, Belarus and European Russia) and in the EU 28 (Janssen et al. 2016).",The destruction of fens and eutrophication are the main threats to this species. Lowering of the water table and drainage of fens can also pose a threat. There have been local declines of this species throughout Europe. The species requires stable levels of base rich water (wet sites) which are threatened in central Europe.,"This species is found in protected areas throughout its range and has been included in some regional Red Lists, such as those of Germany, Hungary and the Netherlands (Hodgetts 2015). The species has been assessed as Endangered in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013), and as Vulnerable in Luxembourg and Germany (Hodgetts 2015, S. Caspari pers. comm. 2017). Site protection and appropriate management are recommended to prevent the further destruction of its habitats.",This species is not utilised.,"Ganeva, A.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hallingbäck, T, Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F., Lüth, M. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Campylophyllopsis,calcarea,,Campylophyllopsis calcarea  ,(Crundw. &amp; Nyholm) Ochyra,"This pleurocarpous moss grows in yellowish to yellowish-green mats. It is a slender plant with prostrate shoots that are densely but irregularly branched. The leaves are heart-shaped with broad bases and long slender tips. This species chromosome number is n=11.



The proposal of Ochyraet al. (2003) of segregating the Campylium hispidulum complex (represented among others by C. calcareum) from the genus Campylophyllum (Hypnaceae) including the species of the mentioned complex in the genus Campylidium (Amblystegiaceae) has received molecular support in the studies of Ignatov et al. (2007).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Chalk Feather-moss (Campylophyllopsis calcarea) is widely distributed in Europe, often common and the population trend is considered as fairly stable. The extent of occurrence (EOO), estimated at ca. 6 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO), estimated at 30,000 km2, largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory. Therefore, the species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28. The species could be locally affected by habitat loss as a result of construction works, however no conservation actions or research are recommended. This species is known to be present in several protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This moss species is widely distributed across Europe, with the easternmost records of its distribution being found in Russia (Smith 2004, Ignatov et al. 2007). This species has a large geographic range; the extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 6 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) isca 30,000 km2. The EOO and AOO largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","There is very little information on population size and trend of the species, although it is often mentioned in the local bryophyte flora records. It is however, known to be common and it is likely that the population trend is stable.","The species is a calcicole (thrives in lime rich soil) and is therefore mainly present on limestone- or chalk-containing soils, rocks and stones (Smith 2004). It prefers shaded places.","The species could be locally affected by habitat loss as a result of construction works. Currently, there is no indication of a continuing decline in the population or habitat of this species.","This species has been assessed as Endangered (EN) in Romania, and Vulnerable (VU) in the Netherlands (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation action or research is needed. This species is known to be present in several protected areas across Europe.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Hassel, K.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Campylophyllopsis,sommerfeltii,,Campylophyllopsis sommerfeltii  ,(Myrin) Ochyra,"There is a high probability of misidentification of this species and confusion with the more frequent Campylophyllopsis calcarea (Kučera et al. 2012, Fudai et al. 2015). Besides, some European authors using Hypnum sommerfeltii, which is the basyonym of Campylophyllopsis sommerfeltii, may have been referring to Campylophyllopsis calcarea (Colacino and Sabovljevic 2006). Also, some European herbarium specimens  that were earlier identified as Campylium hispidulum probably may represent this species (Crundwell and Nyholm 1962, Fudali et al. 2015).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Campylophyllopsis sommerfeltii is widespread in Sweden, Finland and some Baltic countries. In central Europe, it has scattered distribution and known mainly by old records. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 7.1 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1500 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 2.1 million km2, and the AOO is estimated to be around 500 km2. However, the distribution of this species is not well studied due to some taxonomic problems. The population size has not been quantified, but it is believed to be relatively large. The population trend for this species in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be stable. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

A possible threat for this epixylic species (grows on wood) is timber harvest and removing of dead wood during forest exploitation. No conservation measures are required at present. Further research is required to confirm the distribution of this species, as a result of some taxonomical problems.",Stable,"This species is more frequent in Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Belarus, Romania, Ukraine and European Russia, where it is widely distributed from northern taiga to forest-steppe zone (Ignatov and Ignatova 2004). In Poland, this species is rare (Fudai et al. 2015).

In central and southeast Europe, this species is mainly found in mountainous regions and it is known mainly by old records (Ros et al. 2013, Puglisi et al. 2016, M. Sabovljevic pers. comm. 2016). However, the distribution of this species is not well studied due to some taxonomical problems and so some of these records could been referring to Campylophyllum calcareum (Colacino and Sabovljevic 2006). Also, the Czech collections recorded as this species probably represent a different taxon, closely related to Hypnum pallescens. This species, a as distinct species, has been distinguished in the Czech Republic only in recent decades, as previous authors confused or merged this taxon with C. calcareum and the North American species C. hispidulum (Kučera et al. 2012). Records from France are all errors (V. Hugonnot pers. comm. Jan. 2019).

Outside of Europe, this species is known from Siberia, the Russian Far  East, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia (Ignatov et al. 2006), Japan, China, Bangladesh, Greenland, North America (USA, Canada and Mexico), Central America (Guatemala, Honduras), South America (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru,  Venezuela) and Greenland (Hedenӓs 2015). 

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 7.1 million km and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,500 km. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 2.1 million km, and the AOO is estimated to be around 500 km. However, this is not precise, because in Romania this species is frequent, but there is a lack of quantitative data. 2222The altitudinal range of this species is from near sea level in the plains to 1,600 m Asl in the mountains.","In Europe, this species has numerous but not abundant subpopulations. The species is frequently fertile (Ignatov and Ignatova 2004). The current population trend is considered to be stable for both Europe and the EU 28.","This species has been found in shaded habitats in different types of  forests, on the slopes of ravines and in the floodplains of rivers and  streams. It grows on rotten wood and bases of trees (Betula pendula, Populus tremula, Alnus incana), and, more rarely, on soil and stones (Simonov 1978, Ignatov and Ignatova 2004,Rykovsky et al. 2012, Fudai et al. 2015).",A possible threat for this epixylic species (grows on wood) is timber harvest and removing of dead wood during forest exploitation.,"In central Europe, this species is included in the Red List of Slovakia as Data Deficient (DD) (Kubinská et al. 2001). There are numerous subpopulations that have been found within protected areas. No conservation measures are required at present. Further research is required to confirm the distribution of this species, as a result of some taxonomic problems.",This species is not traded or used.,"Hodgetts, N.,Segarra-Moragues, J.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Campylophyllum,halleri,,Campylophyllum halleri  ,(Hedw.) M. Fleisch.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



In Europe, Haller's Feather-moss (Campylophyllum halleri) is distributed from Spain to the Urals and from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean area. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large and stable population and there are no major threats to it at the European scale.",Stable,"In Europe, Haller's Feather-moss (Campylophyllum halleri) is distributed from Spain to the Urals and from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean area (Hodgetts 2015). It is also known in Asia, North and Central America.",This species is common and abundant in the calcareous parts of the Alps where it forms large subpopulations. In other regions it can be quite rare due to the lack of appropriate habitat. The overall population size is large and the trend is thought to be stable.,"This species is saxicolous and dioicous. It grows on limestone boulders and rocky walls in mountain environments from sea level up to 2,500 m Asl.",There are no major threats to this species at the European scale.,This species is known to occur in protected areas. No conservation action is needed.,This species is not utilised.,"Hespanhol, H.,Englefield, E.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F., Lüth, M. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Campylophyllum,montanum,,Campylophyllum montanum  ,(Lindb.) B.H.Allen,,No,VU,C2a(i),No,VU,"C2a(i), D1",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Hygrohypnum montanum is found in Norway, Sweden and Finland in Europe. This species has a very limited distribution and the problem of finding new localities indicates that it has a very special ecological niche. Despite active searches for the species, in both Norway and Sweden, very few new observations have been made which suggests that the species is genuinely rare, and the current population trend is decreasing. In Europe, the population size is estimated to be smaller than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals), with less than 1,000 in each subpopulation. In the EU 28, the population size is considered to be less than 1,000 individual-equivalents. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable under Criterion C for Europe, and under both C and D for the EU 28.

This species is threatened by changes in hydrology and possibly the deterioration of water quality in the streams. Random events, forestry, and perhaps changes in water chemistry due to forestry or other activities upstream, are also potential threats. This species is sensitive to a long time period of dehydration, as well as flooding.

The current sites must be given adequate protection. They should be monitored by the relevant authorities so that they are not adversely affected by the forestry or other land uses. However, even if sites are protected, they are still vulnerable to changes in land use and hydrology upstream. Further research on the population distribution and trends is also recommended.",Decreasing,"This species has a boreal distribution in Europe. It is found in Norway, Sweden and Finland (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, this species is known from eastern Asia and North America (Hedenäs et al. 2014).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 200 and 400 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 260,000 and 300,000 km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 150 km2 and the EOO is ca 0.1 million km2. The altitudinal range of the species in Europe is between 400 m and 3,200 m Asl.","This species is relatively rare and today, the total population size in Nordic countries is relatively well known. In Sweden, this species has been found on a few sites, mainly in the central part. The species is known from 16 streams and around 750 boulders from a comprehensive inventory made in 2015 (Weibull 2015). In southern Norway, the species is widespread, and is present in 25 sites. In Finland, it is found only at one site in the southern part (Juutien and Ulvinen 2015, K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017).

In Norway, there is an expected decline in the future because of hydroelectric construction in the current river systems, and this species has probably already regressed there. There are six discoveries after 2010. Despite active searches for the species, in both Norway and Sweden, very few new observations have been made which suggests that the species is genuinely rare (Hassel et al. 2015). In Sweden, this species has also decreased due to clear-cutting. The overall population trend is therefore slightly decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28. The population is not severely fragmented. In Europe, the population size is estimated to be smaller than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent), with less than 1,000 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation. In the EU 28, the population size is considered to be less than 1,000 individual-equivalents.","This species has a very limited distribution and the problem of finding new localities indicates that it has a very special ecological niche. It has only been found in small streams in the lowlands and in the boreal coniferous forest (Hedenäs et al. 2014). This species grows on silicate rocks or blocks on sandy soils that are periodically or permanently soaked by water from the rivers, mainly in or near the forest. It occurs almost exclusively on blocks and rocks or in the watercourse, mainly in the upper part of inundation zone. Most occurrences are in blocks in steep watercourses in streams.","Since this species grows in specific and vulnerable habitats, like on stones in sand embankments, especially on stretches of rivers with rapids and waterfalls, it is threatened by changes in hydrology and possibly the deterioration of water quality in the streams. 

Random events, forestry, and perhaps changes in water chemistry due to forestry or other activities upstream, are potential threats. On the sites in Ångermanland, in Sweden, the species became discoloured in the locality where the forest recently became clear-felled. In the previously clear-felled part at this locality, the moss subpopulations were relatively small; many of the abundant occurrences have an older tree layer. Therefore, there is the risk that the species is harmed by logging (Hedenäs et al. 2014). This species is sensitive to a long time period of dehydration, as well as flooding.","This species is in the Red List of Finland as Critically Endangered (CR), and is assessed as Vulnerable (VU in both Norway and Sweden (Hodgetts 2015). It is included in Appendix I of the Bern Convention as well as in Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive. The current sites must be given adequate protection. They should be monitored by the relevant authorities so that they are not adversely affected by the forestry or other land uses (Hallingbäck 2011). The species is known to occur in several protected sites. However, even if sites are protected, they are still vulnerable to changes in land use and hydrology upstream. Further research on the population distribution and trends is also recommended.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hylander, K.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,LEUCOBRYACEAE,Campylopus,atrovirens,,Campylopus atrovirens  ,De Not.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Bristly Swan-neck Moss (Campylopus atrovirens) is a large and easily recognised species with a hyperoceanic temperate distribution centred on Britain, Ireland and southwestern Norway, and including the Faroe Islands and the Azores. It extends east and south to southern Sweden, the Pyrenees, Sardinia, the Alps and central Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is frequent or abundant in its core range, and there is little or no evidence of decline. There appear to be no major threats to it and no conservation action is required at present.",Stable,"The Bristly Swan-neck Moss (Campylopus atrovirens) is a large and easily recognised species with a hyperoceanic temperate distribution centred on Britain, Ireland and southwestern Norway, and including the Faroe Islands and the Azores. It extends east and south to southern Sweden, the Pyrenees, Sardinia, the Alps and central Italy. A 1980 record from Montenegro is not supported by a specimen and is regarded as doubtful (M. Sabovljevic pers. comm. 2017), but is not impossible considering the recent record from just outside Rome (Puglisi et al. 2015). Elsewhere it occurs in Turkey, the Caucasus, the Himalayas, eastern Asia, Japan, northwestern North America, Newfoundland and North Carolina (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 3,268 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5.5 million km².","This species is more or less stable in its core area of distribution, but may have declined slightly in some areas near the edge of its range - for example, Blockeel et al. (2014) report that it may have declined somewhat in Cornwall (southwest England).","This is a conspicuous species of upland moors and acid mountain rocks. It is often plentiful on wet crags, ledges and sloping rock slabs where there is regular (though not necessarily constant) dripping or flushing of water or spray from waterfalls, and on streamside rocks where there is periodic inundation. Though often in exposed sites it also occurs in light shade in ravines and stream gullies. Anthelia julacea and Marsupella emarginata are common associates. On raised and blanket bog it occurs on wet peat and in shallow pools and channels. Another wetland habitat is in springheads and flushes, not only where the water is base-poor with Sphagnum spp., but also on hummocks in base-rich flushes with species such as Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Sarmentypnum sarmentosum and Scorpidium scorpioides (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from seal level up to 2,180 m Asl. 



It is dioicous; capsules are very rare. Vegetative propagation is by deciduous shoot tips and fragile leaf apices.","There are no known major threats to this species, although individual subpopulations can be destroyed by afforestation.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed as threatened in some countries at or near the edge of its range. It has been assessed as Endangered in Sweden, as Vulnerable in Montenegro (if it occurs there), as Near Threatened in Switzerland and as Data Deficient in the Azores (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Tsakiri, E.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,LEUCOBRYACEAE,Campylopus,brevipilus,,Campylopus brevipilus  ,Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Compact Swan-neck Moss (Campylopus brevipilus) is a oceanic-Mediterranean-temperate species that lives on acidic substrates in humid environments of heats, bogs or pools. It is frequent in Great Britain but generally known in few localities in other parts of Europe. It is assessed as Least Concern. In view of this and of the possibility that the habitat will be affected by a decline because of climate change, it would be necessary to study size and trend of subpopulations.",Decreasing,"The Compact Swan-neck Moss (Campylopus brevipilus) is distributed in the western part of Europe to Switzerland, Italy and Greece (Hodgetts 2015, Blockeel and Nieuwkoop 2016). In Europe it is more frequent in Great Britain and Ireland, while elsewhere it is frequently a rare species. However, in Portugal it is widespread. Outside of Europe it is also known in North Africa.","In Great Britain and Ireland, its core distribution area, it can be locally abundant and is usually found in small subpopulations. However, it can also be found in larger ones. The trend is thought to be decreasing. In Portugal some subpopulations are large. The population size is estimated to be larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is one square metre on which the species grows.","This is an oceanic-Mediterranean species that lives on acidic substrates of heaths or bogs as well as at the edges of pools. It can also be found in drier places, such as acid humus on stony ground. The species is also present in secondary habitats such as Eucalyptus and Pinus spp. plantations in Portugal.","In some European countries, this is a rare or even an extinct species (Hodgetts 2015). It is threatened by the disappearance of heathlands - destruction or colonisation by woodland. It is also possibly threatened by the invasive alien species Campylopus introflexus, specially on disturbed sites. There is therefore a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat. There has also been a historical decline in the distribution of this species. It rarely produces sporophytes but has vegetative propagation by shoots tips or leaves (Smith 2004).","This species is included in the national Red Lists of Norway, Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). Studies are needed into the causes of its rarity in many European territories, also considering that the habitat of this species is often at risk. The species is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Bates, J.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Blockeel, T., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Lara, F. & Lüth, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,LEUCOBRYACEAE,Campylopus,cygneus,,Campylopus cygneus  ,(Hedw.) Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Campylopus cygneus is known from all except one island in the Azores archipelago, and from a single locality in Madeira. This species is assessed as Least Concern since in the Azores it is not rare and can be very abundant at some sites. In addition, the population trend seems to be stable and it can be found growing on a variety of substrates.

",Stable,"Campylopus cygneus is known from all except one island in the Azores archipelago (Corvo, Faial, Flores, Pico, Terceira, Santa Maria, São Jorge and São Miguel), and from a single locality in Madeira (Stech et al. 2010). Elsewhere, it is known from the Caribbean, which is its primary area of distribution. This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 79,430 km2 and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 388 km2.","This species occurs in only one locality on Madeira but is known in more than 30 localities in the Azores. In the Azores, the species is not rare and can be very abundant at some sites. In general, the current population trend seems to be stable, but more data is needed on its habitat in Madeira. While it seems not to be a common species in Madeira, it could be present at higher altitudes. It is therefore important to revisit known sites to verify the species' status and also to look for this plant in the higher mountains of Madeira (Stech et al. 2010, Gabriel et al. 2011, Sim-Sim et al. 2014).","This species can be found in the Azores, mostly within forests, on a variety of substrates, including soil, rotten wood and rocks, as well as in epiphytic habitats, at an altitudinal range from below 200 m up to 1,200 m Asl. In Madeira, it was collected on a slope along a man-made water channel (levada) at 750 m Asl in the laurel forest (Stech et al. 2010).","Landslides and rock-falls, changes in land use, and reduction in habitat suitability due to the effects of climate change, may have a negative effect on the population of this species. Other threats include habitat eutrophication, afforestation and intensification of grazing. In addition, encroachment of invasive alien species such as Hedychium gardnerianum may have a negative effect on the Azores subpopulations. An increase in the frequency of fires, which is believed to promote the spread of invasive alien species, is believed to have detrimental effects in Madeira.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. It occurs in Madeiran and Azorean natural forests that are protected by regional, national and international legislation. In Madeira, it is included in a natural park which is protected through a Regional Decree. The natural laurel forest is a priority habitat under the Habitats Directive and was designated a Natura 2000 site. In the Azores, it occurs in the Nature Reserve and Recreation Park of Mata da Serreta, the Nature Reserve & Recreation Park of Lagoa das Patas, the Nature Reserve of Biscoito da Ferraria e Pico Alto and The Nature Reserve of Algar do Carvão (Terceira). Further research is needed into the impacts of the known threats.",This species is not utilised.,"Bates, J.,Cálix, M.","Sim-Sim, M., Gabriel, R., Hodgetts, N., Martins, A. & Bergamini, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,LEUCOBRYACEAE,Campylopus,flaccidus,,Campylopus flaccidus  ,Renauld &amp; Cardot,,No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(i)",No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(i)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



In Europe, Campylopus flaccidus   is presently known only from the Azores. This species is assessed as   Endangered since it has a small and declining population. Being mostly saxicolous, one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one boulder or rock where the species grows on. It is estimated that there are fewer than 2,500 mature individual-equivalents, and that each subpopulation has fewer than 250 individual-equivalents. The species also has a restricted geographic range (known area of occupancy (AOO) is only 20 km², and real AOO is most likely smaller than 500 km²), the population is considered severely fragmented, and a continuing decline is projected in the EOO, AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and mature individuals. 



In particular, subpopulations occurring in forests, where the invasion of invasive alien species  such as Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum   undulatum alter the ecosystem are particularly at risk. Those subpopulations occurring near streams and bogs are also threatened, mainly due to the effects of climate change,   changes in the hydric balance, and habitat eutrophication due to grazing   activities. Proper management of the habitat is recommended, focusing on the impacts of climate change and exotic species, and increasing the native forest area. Monitoring the species and its habitat conditions is recommended in order to ensure the stability and continuity of the population. Further research is needed on the population size and trends, the species' habitat, ecology and threats.",Decreasing,"The moss Campylopus flaccidus   is an East African species, and is widespread through central and   eastern tropical Africa, while seemingly absent from western Africa (Frahm and O'Shea 1996). In Europe, this moss is confined to the Azores Archipelago in Macaronesia   (Hill et al. 2006), where it is   currently known from São Miguel (Frahm 2011), Pico (Sjögren 2001) and Flores (GBIF 2017). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca   8,316 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is around 20 km².","Since this species is   currently only known from less than ten localities (Gabriel et al. 2011) on only three Azorean   islands, the population is considered to be severely fragmented. The subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. Since this species is saxicolous, one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one boulder or rock the species grows on. It is estimated that there are fewer than 2,500 individual-equivalents, and that each subpopulation has fewer than 250 individual-equivalents. In the Azores the   population of this African species is apparently sterile, which may account   for its limited range (Frahm 2011). The current population trend is assumed to be decreasing, due to the effects of habitat degradation, spread of   invasive alien species and climate change on native vegetation (Ferreira et   al. 2016, Patiño et al. 2016, Vergílio et al. 2016). Further research is needed into the population size and trend.","So far this moss has been collected from the central part of the islands of São   Miguel (Frahm 2011) and Flores (GBIF 2017). This species usually grows on   dry or episodically irrigated rocks, on tops of boulders, on rocks along   streams, but also on soil and exposed tree trunks (Frahm and O'Shea 1996).   In Flores, it was collected on rocks along the rivulet to the bog of   Lagoa Branca (GBIF 2017). This species is found at elevations between 450 m and 600 m Asl.","The major threats to this species may arise from the degradation of its   habitat. This is occurring due to the increasing distribution of invasive alien species, such as Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum   undulatum (Silva et   al. 2008) and to climate change, with increasing temperature and loss of   precipitation (e.g., Patiño et al. 2016). The species occurs near bogs and streams, the change in the   hydric balance, and habitat eutrophication due to grazing activities are also   a threat to this species. Since the Azores are located on the mid-Atlantic   ridge, they are also prone to the effects of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes with   deleterious effects on the existing subpopulations.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species in the Azores,   but it occurs in two protected areas (the natural Parks of São Miguel and   Flores). Proper management of the habitat is recommended, focusing on   the impacts of climate change and exotic species, and increasing the native   forest area. Further research is needed on the population size and trends,   the species' habitat, ecology and threats. Monitoring the species and its habitat conditions is recommended in order to ensure the stability and continuity of the population.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Cálix, M.,Bates, J.","Gabriel, R.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,LEUCOBRYACEAE,Campylopus,flexuosus,,Campylopus flexuosus  ,(Hedw.) Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Rusty Swan-neck Moss (Campylopus flexuosus) is widely distributed throughout most of Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large and increasing population and there are no major threats to it.",Increasing,"The Rusty Swan-neck Moss (Campylopus flexuosus) is widely distributed throughout most of Europe, where it is most frequent in the western part of the continent (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, it is also widespread, being found in China, Africa, Australia, New Zealand and the American continent.",The current population trend is increasing as the species is currently expanding its range eastwards. The subpopulations are large and the overall population size is large.,"This species is found on acidic substrates growing abundantly on peaty soil, humus and moorland, bogs, mountain and forests, sometimes on cliffs. More rarely on bark. It is found from sea level up to 1,500 m asl.",There are no major threats to this species.,"In the Canary Islands and moreover in some eastern European countries (Poland, Slovakia, Montenegro and Belarus) this species is included in national red lists (Hodgetts 2015). In view of its wide distribution, no specific conservation actions are needed. This species is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Vanderpoorten, A.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F., Lüth, M. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,LEUCOBRYACEAE,Campylopus,fragilis,,Campylopus fragilis  ,(Brid.) Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Brittle Swan-neck Moss (Campylopus fragilis) is a widespread species in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large and stable population and known threats are mostly local. An appropriate grazing regime should be adopted in the grassland sites where this species occurs.",Stable,"The Brittle Swan-neck Moss (Campylopus fragilis) is a widespread species in Europe, with suboceanic-temperate distribution (Hodgetts 2015). Absent in the northern areas and in some southern areas (Mediterranean area), it is present from Portugal to the European Caucasus. It is also present in the Atlantic Islands (Azores, Canary Islands, Madeira). Outside of Europe, it is known in Central and South America, Asia (China and Japan), and Africa.","The overall population trend seems to be stable. However, local declines have been reported from some regions (Czech Republic). Subpopulations are sometimes large and the overall population size is also large.","This species grows on peaty soil, humus and on rocks, in crevices of rocks or rotting logs in forests, sand dunes or grasslands. In some areas it is only found on sandstone rocks. It grows at elevations between 600 m and 2,600 m asl.","Undergrazing or overgrazing can pose a threat to this species in grassland habitats since it prefers open sunny habitats and is not a very strong competitor. Nitrogen deposition is also a threat since the soils become unsuitable for this species and the area is overgrown by other plants when there are high levels of nitrogen in the soil. An increasing frequency of wildfires is also a threat in some regions (such as Portugal). However, most threats are local.",It is seldom locally a rare species and it has been included in some regional Red List (Hodgetts 2015). At the European level it is not threatened. It is known to occur in protected areas. An appropriate grazing regime should be adopted in the grassland sites where this species occurs.,This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Vanderpoorten, A.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F., Lüth, M. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,LEUCOBRYACEAE,Campylopus,gracilis,,Campylopus gracilis  ,(Mitt.) A.Jaeger,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Schwarz's Swan-neck Moss (Campylopus gracilis) is a suboceanic-boreal-montane species quite common in northwestern Europe, Great Britain and Ireland in particular, and distributed to Corsica and eastern Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since overall it is not considered at risk, and it has a stable population trend.",Stable,"Schwarz's Swan-neck Moss (Campylopus gracilis) is a suboceanic-boreal-montane species quite common in northwestern Europe, Great Britain and Ireland in particular, and distributed to Corsica and eastern Europe (Ukraine and Caucasus) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is also known in Southeast Asia and in the western part of North and South America.","This species is not common and subpopulations are not large. The population trend is thought to be stable since subpopulations are found in areas which are not easily accessible and are mostly not disturbed. In Great Britain the species seems to be declining slightly, but the reasons for the decline are not understood.","This species grows in subalpine bogs, on slopes and humid rock faces.","No major threats to this species have been reported. However, the species seems to be declining locally (Great Britain); the reasons for this decline are not understood.","In Eastern Europe this taxon is quite rare and it was included in some regional red lists. Nevertheless, a significant decline has so far not been observed, which is overall more frequent in the Alps. It is found in protected areas. Taxonomic research is recommended since the distribution range consists of two disjoint blocks that are biogeographically very distinct. Research is also recommended into potential threats to this species in Great Britain since the species seems to be declining slightly there.",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,González Mancebo, J.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Ignatov, M., Kucera, J., Lara, F., Lüth, M. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,LEUCOBRYACEAE,Campylopus,incrassatus,,Campylopus incrassatus  ,Müll.Hal.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Campylopus incrassatus is known from the Azores and Madeira archipelagos, Portugal. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 100 km2), it is not rare and can be very abundant at some sites. In addition, the population trend seems to be stable at the moment and the species does not seem to have very strict habitat requirements, being found in a variety of habitats.",Stable,"Campylopus incrassatus is known from the Azores (Corvo, Flores, Pico, Terceira, São Jorge and São Miguel), and Madeira. Outside of Europe this species is also found in the Southern Hemisphere, in New Zealand, Australia, and South America (Stech et al. 2010). It is also found on Ascension Island and Bioko in the Gulf of Guinea. This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 84,190 km2 and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 100 km2.","This species occurs at six localities in Madeira Island and is also known from 10 localities in the Azores. In both archipelagos the species is not rare and can be very abundant at some sites. In general, the current population trend seems to be stable, although some of the habitats where it grows, mainly at higher altitudes, are vulnerable in Madeira (Gabriel et al. 2011, Sim-Sim et al. 2014, Gomes et al. 2015).","This species can be found in large, open areas dominated by Sphagnum spp. in several islands of the Azores archipelago. In Madeira, it develops on open soil as well as on the margins of trails, occurring from mesic areas in the lower parts of the island up to the Ericaceous forests and thickets of Erica arborea and high mountain habitats. This species occurs between 550 m and 1,800 m Asl (Gabriel et al. 2011, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). This species does not seem to have very strict habitat requirements, and is found in a variety of habitats.","Alterations in flow regimes, loss of habitat suitability due to the effects of climate change, and changes in land use are the main threats to this species. Related to these threats are habitat eutrophication, drainage, afforestation, and intensification of grazing. However, these threats are not thought  to be causing a decrease in the subpopulations in Madeira at the moment. In the Azores, it is unknown whether the subpopulations are decreasing due to these threats, and further research is recommended.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. It occurs in Madeiran and Azorean natural forests which are protected by regional, national and international legislation. In Madeira most of the subpopulation is included in a natural park which is protected through a Regional Decree; the natural laurel forest is also a priority habitat under the Habitats Directive and was designated a Natura 2000 site. This species also occurs in the Central Mountain Massif of Madeira Island which is also part of a Natura 2000 site. In the Azores, it occurs in the Nature Reserve and Recreation Park of Mata da Serreta (Terceira). It is recommended that visiting bryologists to the Azores and Madeira report their findings to the regional government. Further research is recommended into the population trend and threats to this species.",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Duckett, J.","Sim-Sim, M., Gabriel, R., Hodgetts, N., Martins, A. & Bergamini, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,LEUCOBRYACEAE,Campylopus,introflexus,,Campylopus introflexus  ,(Hedw.) Brid.,,No,NA,,No,NA,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)



EU 28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)



The Heath Star Moss (Campylopus introflexus) is a species widely distributed throughout most of Europe, where it is introduced. This is one of the most dangerous invasive alien species of plant in the European flora, and it reduces biodiversity in the areas where it grows. It is therefore assessed as Not Applicable.",Increasing,"The Heath Star Moss (Campylopus introflexus) is a species widely distributed throughout most of Europe, where it is introduced (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe is present in North America and in the most southern regions of the southern hemisphere, where it is native.",The population trend is increasing as the species is still expanding its range in Europe. The overall population size is large.,"This is a species that lives on peat or on acidic soils, even in disturbed environments such as burned areas, on decaying wood, as well as on stone materials. It is native to the southern hemisphere and in Europe is considered an invasive alien species, identified for the first time in Great Britain in 1941 (Essl and Lambdon 2006). As many species of this genus, the reproduction is by spores and also vegetatively by fragmentation of the leaves. This species has negative impacts on native European species.",There are no major threats to this invasive alien species.,No conservation measures are needed. It is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"González Mancebo, J.,Cálix, M.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F., Lüth, M. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,LEUCOBRYACEAE,Campylopus,oerstedianus,,Campylopus oerstedianus  ,(Müll.Hal.) Mitt.,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



Campylopus oerstedianus is known in western Europe from few localities in France and Corsica, southeastern Switzerland, Italy, Sicily and Greece. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the uncertainty in the data about its distribution and the lack of data on its population size and trend. Further research is needed in order to determine its extinction risk. Some recent reports of this taxon would suggest that it may be spreading in Europe. However, more data are needed to confirm this.",Unknown,"Campylopus oerstedianus is known in western Europe from few localities in France and Corsica, southeastern Switzerland, Italy (Canton Ticino), Sicily, Spain and (doubtfully) Greece (Dia 2000, Sabovljevic and Frahm 2008). Outside of Europe, it is also found in the American continent (Sabovljevic and Frahm 2008). It is known that certain records of this species belong in fact to C. pilifer, a much more common species in the same genus (J. Kucera, pers. comm. 2017). It is therefore possible that the range of this species is even more restricted than currently known. Some records are doubtful and should be reconfirmed. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is thought to be around 76 km2, but this estimate is very uncertain due to the doubtful records.","As reported by Sabovljevic and Frahm (2008), the species grows in a few isolated patches. In northern Italy some subpopulation are large. The population trend is considered to be unknown.","This species grows on exposed, acidic rock and rarely on soil at elevations between 100 m and 2,300 m Asl.","Sabovljevic and Frahm (2008) suggested that this taxon should be considered threatened because its fragmented distribution of small subpopulations. Moreover, it seems to have declined in some parts of its distribution area (Garilleti and Albertos 2012). On the other hand, Frahm and Klaus (2001) supposed an extension of the range into Central Europe as a result of climate change. In northern Italy and Switzerland no major threats are known to the subpopulations.","There are no conservation measures in place for this species but it is often found in protected areas; it is included in the Spanish and Swiss red lists as Vulnerable (Schnyder et al. 2004, Garilleti and Albertos 2012). Taxonomic research is recommended to determine whether all reported sites do indeed correspond to this species. Studies on the population and habitat trends, the species' reproductive biology, and potential environmental threats are necessary.",This species is not utilised.,"González Mancebo, J.,Cálix, M.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F., Lüth, M. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,LEUCOBRYACEAE,Campylopus,pilifer,,Campylopus pilifer  ,Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Stiff Swan-neck Moss (Campylopus pilifer) is found in southwestern Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and there is no evidence of a decline or major threats. No specific conservation measures are needed at the European level.",Unknown,"The Stiff Swan-neck Moss (Campylopus pilifer) is mostly distributed in the southern hemisphere, in the American continent, tropical Africa and Asia. It is also found in southwestern Europe. This is a quite widespread species in most of western Europe, while it is quite rare elsewhere (Hodgetts 2015).",No specific data are known on the size or trend of most European subpopulations.,"This species is acidophilous and lives on sandy soil or exposed acidic rocks in coastal or sub-coastal environments as well as in inland areas subject to oceanic influence, in shrublands or maquis. Moreover, in the Mediterranean area this species has been found in fumaroles environments (Brullo et al. 2001). It is found at elevations between 20 m and 1,900 m Asl.","This is a quite widespread species in most of Western Europe, that becomes, perhaps, naturally rare in central and eastern part of the continent. Since it often lives in coastal environments, anthropic pressure and touristic activities can represent a threat. However, until now it does not evidence any sign of reduction.","This is a widespread taxon in most Western Europe, while it is quite rare elsewhere. However, even if it is rare in some countries, such as in Switzerland, where it is considered Vulnerable and in Belgium and Slovakia, where it is Regionally Extinct (Hodgetts 2015), no specific conservation measures are needed at the European level. It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Mazimpaka, V.,Cálix, M.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,LEUCOBRYACEAE,Campylopus,pyriformis,,Campylopus pyriformis  ,(Schultz) Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Dwarf Swan-neck Moss (Campylopus pyriformis) is a widespread species in Europe, where it has been presumably introduced in some areas. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. Moreover, several authors consider it an introduced taxon.",Stable,"The Dwarf Swan-neck Moss (Campylopus pyriformis) is a widespread species in Europe, where it has been presumably introduced, also distributed in all other continents as well as in Atlantic and Pacific Islands (Frahm 2007).



 



","There are no data on size of the European population. Even if this species has been included in some regional Red Lists, overall the current population trend seems to be stable.","This is a species of acidic soils growing in wet forests, peat bogs or moorlands. It is found from sea level up to 1,100 m Asl.","This species is not threatened in Europe and there appear to be no major threats to it. However, in some eastern European countries it shows a decline probably due to marked habitat reduction.","In view of the widespread distribution of this species in Europe, no specific conservation measures are needed but in some Eastern European countries, it is red listed because of a reduction of its habitat. It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Hedenäs, L.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,LEUCOBRYACEAE,Campylopus,schimperi,,Campylopus schimperi  ,Milde,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Schimper's Swan-neck Moss (Campylopus schimperi) is a circumpolar Arctic-montane moss that occurs in Europe from Svalbard, Iceland and northern Norway south to the Pyrenees, Alps, Tatra mountains and Carpathians. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it is rare and threatened in the southern part of its range, it is still relatively frequent in some parts of the north and the current population trend is most likely stable. Climate change is presumably a potential, and perhaps an actual, threat, but more evidence for this is needed. It may be an early casualty of climate change in Scotland and Ireland, for example. Construction of mountain huts and cabins is said to be a threat in Sweden. No conservation measures are required at present, but monitoring of at least some subpopulations in the southern part of its range is recommended. Some research into its population size, trend, and threats, is desirable.",Unknown,"Schimper's Swan-neck Moss (Campylopus schimperi) is a circumpolar Arctic-montane moss that occurs in Europe from Svalbard, Iceland and northern Norway south to the Pyrenees, Alps, Tatra mountains and Carpathians. It has probably disappeared from Ireland. Interestingly, it is referred to as 'a southern species' by Elvebakk and Prestrud (1996). Elsewhere it occurs in the Caucasus, Siberia, the Himalayas, China, eastern Asia, Japan, North America south to Colorado, and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 748 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6.6 million km².","This species appears to have declined in the southern part of its range in Scotland, and is presumed to have disappeared from Ireland. Several other areas have only or mainly old records (e.g., parts of the Pyrenees). However, recording has been uneven, and the population trend is currently unknown.

","This species is ecologically distinct from the closely-related Campylopus subulatus, being found mainly in areas of relatively late snow-lie in sheltered turf on acid humus-enriched detrital soils, occasionally in rock crevices, on steep slopes with a northwest to easterly aspect in corries, on the floor of wide gullies with Oligotrichum hercynicum, or on banks below cliffs, where it may form extensive patches. It also grows in slightly sheltered pockets on summit ridges with a northerly inclination. Further north it occurs at lower levels, on rocky hillsides and coastal cliff tops, forming dense patches among rocks, on thin soil and in turf (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from 80 m up to 3,030 m Asl.



It is dioicous, and capsules are rare. Vegetative propagation is by means of fragile leaf apices, and sometimes deciduous leaves or shoot tips. Slender innovations have also been recorded.","Climate change is presumably a potential, and perhaps an actual, threat. It may be an early casualty of climate change in Scotland and Ireland, for example. Construction of mountain huts and cabins is said to be a threat in Sweden (Artfakta 2010).","This species has been assessed as Endangered in Poland, as Vulnerable in Sweden, Spain and Romania, and as Data Deficient in Germany, Slovakia, Switzerland and Slovenia. It is considered Regionally Extinct in Ireland (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation measures are required at present, but monitoring of at least some subpopulations in the southern part of its range is recommended. Some research into its population size, trend, and threats, is desirable. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Kiebacher, T.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,LEUCOBRYACEAE,Campylopus,setifolius,,Campylopus setifolius  ,Wilson,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Silky Swan-neck Moss (Campylopus setifolius) is a hyperoceanic temperate European endemic species that is possibly now restricted to Britain and Ireland. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it has an extremely restricted and patchy distribution, it is not currently threatened within its range, and is probably still under-recorded. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"The Silky Swan-neck Moss (Campylopus setifolius) is a hyperoceanic temperate European endemic species that is possibly now restricted to Britain and Ireland (Blockeel et al. 2014). There is an old specimen collected in northwestern Spain (Calabria), where it has not been seen since 1934 and is now considered Regionally Extinct (Garilleti and Albertos 2012) - further research is required to confirm this. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe, excluding the historical Spanish record, is estimated to be 1,224 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 230,000 km². However, this species is probably still under-recorded.","There is no evidence that this species is declining. It probably still occurs in most of the areas where there are only old records (e.g., the southern Outer Hebrides), but it has probably disappeared from the Wicklow Mountains in Ireland, where there is widespread ecological degradation and it has not been seen since the 19th Century. It is possible that the species still occurs in Spain, but it has been searched for without success. It is estimated that there are over 2,500 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre in which the species grows.","This is a robust moss that is probably most frequent in wet heath or heathy grassland on north or northeast facing slopes, often at the base of crags where there is some flushing from above. There are also numerous sites on ledges in ravines, often where there is a local increase in humidity by spray from a waterfall or dripping water from above. It can also occur as part of the hepatic mat community on thin organic soil in crevices in scree under Calluna vulgaris with species such as Herbertus hutchinsiae, Pleurozia purpurea, Scapania gracilis, Breutelia chrysocoma and, more rarely, Mastigophora woodsii and Scapania ornithopodioides. Calluna vulgaris is a constant associate but it is only occasionally dominant, and the frequency of Agrostis vinealis, Carex binervis, Nardus stricta, Molinia caerulea and Potentilla erecta nearby gives a more accurate picture of the grassy heath in which Campylopus setifolius usually occurs. In the Hebrides (Scotland) it is occasionally found in mire-like vegetation on deeper peat where it may sometimes occur with C. shawii (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from 30 m up to 730 m Asl.



It is dioicous, male plants are very scarce and known only from Skye and the adjacent mainland; reports of capsule-bearing plants are unconfirmed.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present, and it is known to occur in protected areas. It has been assessed as Regionally Extinct in Spain (Garilleti and Alberto 2012) but may still occur there.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Tsakiri, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N. & Rothero, G.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,LEUCOBRYACEAE,Campylopus,shawii,,Campylopus shawii  ,Wilson,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Shaw's Swan-neck Moss (Campylopus shawii) is a large and beautiful hyperoceanic southern-temperate species known in Europe only from western Scotland, southwestern Ireland and the Azores. This species is assessed as Least Concern since its current population trend is stable, and it can be locally abundant at some sites. Given the rarity of this species, some of the best subpopulations should receive statutory protection within appropriately-managed sites - as indeed they do, at least in some areas.",Stable,"Shaw's Swan-neck Moss (Campylopus shawii) is a large and beautiful hyperoceanic southern-temperate species known in Europe only from western Scotland, southwestern Ireland and the Azores (all islands). Elsewhere it is known only from the Caribbean (Jamaica, Cuba, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico) (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 1,756 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.2 million km².",This species appears to be stable within its very limited range.,"This moss is most frequently found in acid sedge mires where there is some water movement, particularly during rainfall, but very large stands can also occur in areas of mire on deeper peat. Both these habitats are permanently waterlogged but the plant also occurs on better drained ground on ledges of crags where water drips from above or tracks down the rocks. In mire areas associates include typical common calcifuge species such as Calluna vulgaris (and Juniperus brevifolia in the Azores), Erica tetralix, Carex echinata, Juncus squarrosus, Molinia caerulea, Narthecium ossifragum, Potentilla erecta, Rhynchospora alba, Trichophorum cespitosum, Campylopus atrovirens, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Sphagnum capillifolium, S. cuspidatum and S. auriculatum. On steeper ground C. shawii occurs in more heathy communities often with Calluna vulgaris, Hymenophyllum wilsonii, Bazzania tricrenata, Herbertus hutchinsiae, Mylia taylorii, Plagiochila spinulosa, Pleurozia purpurea, Scapania gracilis, Campylopus atrovirens, Isothecium myosuroides var. brachythecioides and Sphagnum capillifolium (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from 10 m up to 600 m Asl. 



The species is dioicous; capsules have not been recorded in Britain and Ireland, where only female plants are known. Vegetative propagation is by fragile leaf tips, or occasionally whole leaves.","In Ireland, overstocking and inappropriate forestry planting are listed as the major threats to this species (Lockhart et al. 2012), as it often grows in rather species-poor bogland and on acidic montane slopes. This may well be an increasing threat in Scotland too, as there is currently a move to increase the area covered by forestry. Drainage and climate change may be potential threats in some areas.

","Given the rarity of this species, some of the best subpopulations should receive statutory protection within appropriately-managed sites - as indeed they do, at least in some areas. This species has been assessed as Near Threatened in Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012). It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Ignatova, E.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Lönnell, N., Rothero, G. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,LEUCOBRYACEAE,Campylopus,subporodictyon,,Campylopus subporodictyon  ,(Broth.) B.H.Allen &amp; Ireland,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Rusty Bow-moss (Campylopus subporodictyon) is a large hyperoceanic temperate species known in Europe only from a small area of western Scotland. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since the total European population probably does not exceed 1,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered either a single boulder or one square metre of rock face where the species grows. Even though the current population trend is considered to be stable, hydro schemes and forestry are both potential threats to this species, and at one site, Rhododendron ponticum (an invasive alien species) is severely impacting the species through shading and leaf-litter; the level of impact at present is not certain, but the rhododendron is spreading at this site. The best subpopulations should be monitored and protected from hydro schemes and afforestation. The impact of rhododendron should be monitored and control may be required.",Stable,"The Rusty Bow-moss (Campylopus subporodictyon) is a large hyperoceanic temperate species known in Europe only from a small area of western Scotland. Elsewhere it is disjunct in the Himalayas, China (Yunnan), and western Canada (British Columbia) (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 88 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,516 km².","There is no evidence that this species is declining, and new subpopulations are added occasionally with more fieldwork. It is locally abundant at some sites but the total population probably does not exceed 1,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered either a single boulder or one square metre of rock face where the species grows.","This moss has a precise habitat in that most, if not all, sites are on steeply sloping, slabby rocks subject to run-off water from above but are not normally subject to flooding and scouring. Typical sites are wet rocks on the sides of ravines or at the sides of burns where water trickles down; where conditions are suitable, it can form patches over a metre in extent and occasionally much larger. Most sites are somewhat sheltered but not all are shaded. All the sites are on acid rocks and are concentrated in an area of the northwest Highlands that receives a prodigious amount of rainfall, spread throughout the year. Patches of the moss are often pure but close associates include Carex panicea, Narthecium ossifragum, Marsupella emarginata, Scapania undulata, Campylopus atrovirens, Hyocomium armoricum and Sphagnum auriculatum (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from 25 m up to 415 m Asl. 



The species is dioicous; capsules are unknown in Britain.","Hydro schemes and forestry are both potential threats to this species. At one site (Kinloch Hourn), Rhododendron ponticum, an invasive alien species, is severely impacting the species through shading and leaf-litter; the level of impact at present is not certain, but the rhododendron is spreading at this site.","The best subpopulations should be monitored and protected from hydro schemes and afforestation. The impact of rhododendron should be monitored and control may be required. It is known to occur in protected areas, and has been assessed as Vulnerable in Britain (Hodgetts 2015).",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Mazimpaka, V.,Cálix, M.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G., Sergio, C. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,LEUCOBRYACEAE,Campylopus,subulatus,,Campylopus subulatus  ,Schimp. ex Milde,"The type specimen of Campylopus subulatus has been described from xerophilic communities growing with Mannia fragrans on dry slopes and exposed sunny rocks, as well as on stone walls in gardens. However, the majority of European records come from very different, wetter habitats, which suggests the existence of two different taxa. The second taxon might be C. schimperi or a new species (Kucera, pers. comm.).",No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



The Awl-leaved Swan-neck Moss (Campylopus subulatus) is found from the Iberian Peninsula, north to Iceland and central Norway, and east as far as Sweden, Germany, Austria and Serbia. There are more records in eastern Europe, but these are considered doubtful and may belong to different species. It is also found in the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to taxonomic uncertainty. The distribution of this species is completely unclear, and it is unknown which records belong to which taxa. More research is needed in order to clarify its distribution and risk of extinction.",Unknown,"The Awl-leaved Swan-neck Moss (Campylopus subulatus) is found in Europe, Turkey, Himalayas, eastern Asia, Japan and very rarely in western North America. In Europe, it is found from the Iberian Peninsula, north to Iceland and central Norway, and east as far as Sweden, Germany, Austria and Serbia (Blockeel et al. 2014). There are more records in eastern Europe, but these are considered doubtful and may belong to different species. There is a lot of confusion about the identity of this species, as there are two closely related species (C. subulatus and C. schimperi). In addition, there are different concepts of C. subulatus and its real distribution is therefore completely unknown. It is also possible that there is a previously undescribed taxon being reported as C. subulatus.",The population size and trend are unknown.,"The habitat of the type specimen has been described from xerophilic communities growing with Mannia fragrans on dry slopes and exposed sunny rocks, as well as on stone walls in gardens.","The threats to this species are unknown, since it is unclear which subpopulations belong to which taxa.","Research is needed to determine the identity of the known subpopulations and to understand the distribution of this species, as well as it ecology and threats. It is unknown whether this species is found in any protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Blockeel, T.,Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,PTYCHOMITRIACEAE,Campylostelium,pitardii,,Campylostelium pitardii  ,(Corb.) E.Maier,,No,EN,D,No,EN,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



In Europe, Campylostelium pitardii is only found in the Mediterranean area and in Macaronesia. This species is assessed as Endangered since it is estimated that there are fewer than 250 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual), is considered to be one square metre in which the species grows. It is a rare species and the subpopulations are potentially exposed to threats of various types such as fire, touristic frequentation of sites as well as others disturbing anthropic actions. Nevertheless, until now there is no indication of a decline or fluctuation. Education and awareness-raising are recommended, as well as informing local authorities of the presence of this rare species which lives in some cases in archaeological sites. Moreover, research is needed into the size of the subpopulations. Genetic analysis would also be useful to assess the degree of isolation of the subpopulations, and the fragmentation of the area. Monitoring of the population trend is also recommended.",Unknown,"In Europe, Campylostelium pitardii is only found in the Mediterranean area and in Macaronesia. It is quite rare, being known in only a few localities (Ros et al. 2013, Hodgetts 2015). In Sicily and Crete it is only known from one locality on each island. In Cyprus it is also rare and in Portugal there is only one locality. The core of its distribution seems to be in Spain where the species is abundant. Outside of Europe it is present in Turkey, North Africa and has recently been found in North America.","This species generally grows in small groups and as scattered plants. Subpopulations tend to be very small and scattered. Even though there are many localities in eastern Spain, all the known sites have very small subpopulations (with probably one a couple of individuals each). The overall population trend is unknown, but is thought to be stable. More than half of the subpopulations are thought to occur in Spain, and the population is therefore not considered severely fragmented. Considering one square metre in which the species grows as an individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual), it is estimated that there are fewer than 250 individual-equivalents in Europe, taking into account the known number of sites and small size of the subpopulations.","This species lives on basic and gypsum soil, slopes and soil on rocks in xeric shrublands or in open habitats at low altitude. It can be found at elevations between 40 m and 1,200 m Asl.","Most of the subpopulations are located in sites of great touristic frequentation and the Italian subpopulation of Pompei is threatened by periodical restoration actions. Moreover, fire can be another threat for this species.","This species is only included in the Red List of the Canary Islands as Vulnerable (González-Mancebo et al. 2012), while it is considered Near Threatened in Spain (Garilleti and Albertos 2012). In some cases it is found in protected areas (Aiello and Dia 2004). Education and awareness-raising are recommended, as well as informing local authorities of the presence of this rare species which lives in some cases in archaeological sites. Moreover, research is needed into the size of the subpopulations. Genetic analysis would also be useful to assess the degree of isolation of the subpopulations, and the fragmentation of the area. Monitoring of the population trend is also recommended.",This species is not utilised.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Ganeva, A.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F., Lüth, M. & Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,PTYCHOMITRIACEAE,Campylostelium,saxicola,,Campylostelium saxicola  ,(F.Weber &amp; D.Mohr) Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,VU,C2a(i),No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) 



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Bent-moss (Campylostelium saxicola) is a suboceanic temperate species scattered in western and central Europe from Spain (Pyrenees), Italy, Croatia and Romania north to Poland, Ukraine, Germany and Scotland, but not in Scandinavia, and absent from the Mediterranean region. The species is assessed as Vulnerable since the population size is smaller than 10,000 individual-equivalents, with fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation and a declining population trend. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be a boulder or one square metre on which the species is growing

Disturbance to woodland habitats, planting of conifers, and pollution or eutrophication of streams have all been suggested as possible threats to this species. Overgrowth by Rubus species can affect the species by overshading. It grows on nutrient-poor rock surfaces, so is likely to be vulnerable to atmospheric nitrogen pollution. Management of key sites and continuing monitoring are necessary for this species.",Decreasing,"The Bent-moss (Campylostelium saxicola) is a suboceanic temperate species scattered in western and central Europe from Spain (Pyrenees), Italy, Croatia and Romania north to Poland, Ukraine, Germany and Scotland, but not in Scandinavia, and absent from the Mediterranean region. Elsewhere it occurs in China, Japan and North America (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 700 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2.7 million km².","While a look at the records seems to show that this colonist species is decreasing, it is easily overlooked, and the records show an erratic, fluctuating trend,  perhaps reflecting  individual recorders’ activities and awareness, at least in Britain (Blockeel et al. 2014). In central Europe it is stable although it seems to have decreased in the western Alps. In Britain it is probably stable or slightly declining, although there is no strong evidence for a large decline. In the Carpathians it seems to be restricted. It seems to be rare in Germany, where it seems to be slightly declining. Overall it seems to be slightly declining. The overall population size is estimated to be smaller than 10,000 individual-equivalents, with fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be a boulder or one square metre on which the species is growing. The population is not severely fragmented.","This is a small moss typically found in crevices or on the surface of moist or periodically flushed, acid to mildly basic rocks with a fine-grained structure, mainly of sandstone, shale or slate, but also gneiss and granite. Many of its sites are in low-lying wooded valleys, shaded ravines and gullies, where it occurs on the banks of streams, on rock walls, and on detached or embedded pieces of rock on the ground under trees. It has been recorded from rock crevices by paths and railway lines, old quarries and damp rocks by old copper mines; it is possibly tolerant of heavy metals. Associates include Brachydontium trichodes, Scapania nemorea, Rhizomnium  punctatum, Dicranella heteromalla, Seligeria recurvataand  Marsupella sprucei (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from 30 m up to 1,500 m Asl.



It is autoicous; capsules are usually plentiful, maturing in winter.



","Disturbance to woodland habitats,  planting of conifers, and pollution or eutrophication of streams have all been suggested as possible threats to this species. Overgrowth by Rubus species can affect the species by overshading. It grows on nutrient-poor rock surfaces, so is likely to be vulnerable to atmospheric nitrogen pollution  (Lockhart et al. 2012, Blockeel et al. 2014). If the forests become drier this can affect the rocks that the species inhabit, so climate change can pose a threat to the southern subpopulations.","Management of key sites and continuing monitoring are necessary for this species. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Slovakia, Hungary and Romania, as Endangered in Ireland and Switzerland, as Vulnerable in Spain and Germany, as Near Threatened in Britain and the Czech Republic, as Data Deficient in Slovenia, and as 'rare' in Ukraine (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Erzberger, P.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B. & Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,PTYCHOMITRIACEAE,Campylostelium,strictum,,Campylostelium strictum  ,Solms,,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) 

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Campylostelium strictum has a restricted geographic range, with an area of occupancy (AOO) of around 184 km2 for both Europe and the EU 28. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is currently estimated to be around 1,452,460 km2. The population is considered to be severely fragmented, and although the population decline cannot be accurately estimated with the data available, it is thought that the species had a greater range in the past, with causative declines in AOO, extent of occurrence (EOO), and habitat quality. This species seems to have disappeared across parts of its range over the past decades. Therefore, this species is assessed as Endangered in both Europe and the EU 28.

The main overall threat to this species is likely to be the degradation or loss of habitat quality, as a result of exploitation from forestry. Invasive species and fire are also threats to the species. The implementation of measures for the maintenance and conservation of natural habitats is recommended. In addition, further research into the threats, life history, population size and ecology of this species is recommended.",Unknown,"This species is only known to be found in the Iberian Peninsula, Macaronesia (Madeira and the Canary Islands), Algeria, France, Corsica and Italy. This species was first found in Portugal in the Algarve in 1866 by Solms-Laubach (1868), arousing the curiosity of bryologists at the time because it was considered a rarity. New subpopulations were later discovered in other regions of Portugal, but always in very restricted communities (Sérgio et al. 2013).

According to Ignatov et al. (2006), there is also one record from Ukraine, but it is doubtful. In Corsica and Italy, the records are from more than a century ago and the species is possible extinct here. The last report from Italy is from 1907 by Zoda in Veneto in Chiapuzza (Aleffi 2008). The records from France are also quite old.

Confirmed historical records of the species are from Alpes-Maritimes in France and from Corsica. However, it appears that the species' range has seriously declined in recent years, with the species apparently missing from some areas where it previously occurred, and with only one recent record from other parts of its previous range (Sotiaux et al. 2007).

In Portugal, the species has a moderately wide distribution (Casas et al. 1989, Sérgio et al. 2013), as it is found from the north to the southern region of the Algarve (which is the locus classicus of the Solms-Laubach collection). In mainland Spain, this species may have vanished (Brugués and Gonzalez-Mancebo 2012) as was found only by Luisier last centuary in Pontevedra.

In Macaronesia, this species has only been reported from the island of Madeira, in only one site on Tenerife (Dirkse and Bouman 1990, Dirkse et al. 1993), Gomera in the Garajonay Natural Area, and from a recent record in Fortaleza de Chipude (González-Mancebo et al. 2007).

The area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is estimated to be around 184 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 1,452,460 km2. The altitudinal range of the species in Europe is between 15 m and 1,272 m Asl.

","The total population size of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is unknown, but this species is uncommon across its remaining range. Subpopulations are usually small, although they are relatively frequent in some sites with suitable habitat. It is difficult to detect the plants in the field, since it forms small colonies. Considering this, the overall population trend is unknown for Europe and therefore for the EU 28. 

Further information on the current population size, trends and the overall rate of decline is needed, as well as the confirmation of the species presence and distribution in all parts of its former range.

Plants are often fertile, but are found without gemmae. The population is considered to be severely fragmented due to the fact that the subpopulations are small and isolated from each other, and these may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization.","This is a saxicolous species (lives on or among rocks), which is found in more or less exposed places, in slopes, small caves and crevices of rocky areas. It is usually present on granite rocks with chasmophytic vegetation (plants that grows in the crevices of rocks). In Monchique, in Portugal, this species has been found in sheltered and humid environments, close to water (R. Porley pers. comm. 2016). 



There is a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat in which this species is found.","The main overall threat is likely to be the degradation or loss of habitat quality, as a result of exploitation from forestry. This is mainly due to introduced species, but long-term changes linked to interventions that often include direct or indirect fire influences can also be damaging. Fragmentation and increasing isolation of subpopulations are also key factors. Plantations of eucalyptus can also affect this species. 



These threats, as well as the strong influence of non-native, invasive species such as Campylopus introflexus can directly lead to death of the species. In addition, climate change may pose a future threat to this species.","This species has been evaluated as Near Threatened in Portugal since it has disappeared from a significant portion of its range over the past several decades, mainly in the Iberian Peninsula. In Portugal, more than 40% of Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) squares (10 x 10 km) seem to be missing or absent (Sérgio et al. 2013). In Spain, including the Canary Islands, the few occurrence sites are old and the species is considered to be Vulnerable (VU) (Brugués and Gonzalez-Mancebo 2012). In the island of Madeira, this species was considered Endangered (EN) (Sérgio et al. 1992) but more recently it has been evaluated as VU (Sim-Sim et al. 2014). Portugal thus has a high responsibility in the preservation of this species.

In Portugal, this species occurs in protected areas, including: Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês, Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela (Garcia et al. 2008), Serra de São Mamede and the Natura 2000 sites of Alvão/Marão and Corno do Bico. In the Canary Islands, it is reported from Garajonay National Park, on Gomera Island. In mainland Spain, this species is reported from Sierra da Gata and is therefore included in the Natura 2000 network.



The implementation of measures for the maintenance and conservation of natural habitats is recommended but also research concerning life history, population size, threats and ecology features with monitoring programs will be important to implement.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Laaka-Lindberg, S.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,CATOSCOPIACEAE,Catoscopium,nigritum,,Catoscopium nigritum  ,(Hedw.) Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Golf-club Moss (Catoscopium nigritum) has a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane distribution. It is widespread in the Arctic and boreal zones of Europe, north to Iceland, Svalbard and northwestern Russia, extending south to the main European mountain ranges, reaching the Pyrenees in Spain and Macedonia in the Balkans. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, while in central Europe it may be slightly decreasing, it is very common in the mountain ranges of Scandinavia. Therefore, while the species has declined, it is still not close to meeting the thresholds for a threatened Category under any of the Criteria. Its fen habitat has declined, but it is also present in calcareous mountain areas and the population size is still large, so it is less threatened than species that are exclusive to fen habitats. Site protection is necessary, especially for coastal dune systems and lowland fens near the edge of its range. Management needs to ensure that grazing is maintained at an appropriate level. As an attractive and occasionally conspicuous species, treating it as a 'flagship' for its habitats and affording it special protection may be appropriate.",Stable,"The Golf-club Moss (Catoscopium nigritum) has a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane distribution. It is widespread in the Arctic and boreal zones of Europe, north to Iceland, Svalbard and northwestern Russia, extending south to the main European mountain ranges, reaching the Pyrenees in Spain and Macedonia in the Balkans (the latter probably only an old record), but has apparently disappeared from Belgium, the Netherlands and Belarus. It also occurs across the Northern Hemisphere, north to the high Arctic, and south to the Caucasus, Georgia and the Sayan Mountains in Asia, and to Colorado and the Great Lakes in North America (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 2,424 km², and its extent of occurrence at ca 10.4 million km².","This species is declining generally, as its habitats have declined (Raeymaekers 2000, Davidson 2014), and it is considered threatened over much of central and southern Europe, but it is not yet threatened in the north. In central Europe it may be slightly decreasing, but it is very common in the mountain ranges of Scandinavia. In Russia it seems to be stable. It has declined in Britain and in the southern edges of its range, but since the core of its population is in the mountain ranges where the species is stable, its overall current population trend is considered to be stable. The population size is above 1,000 mature individuals and the population is not severely fragmented.","This calcicolous species grows in the lowlands on sandy ground by the sea and on the periodically flooded shores of calcareous lakes, and in the upland in calcareous flushes etc. In both habitats it forms low hummocks in open,very short, very nutrient-poor vegetation, where it is flushed or intermittently flooded by water that deposits calcium carbonate. Although generally rare (except in the north), it can form quite extensive carpets very locally in coastal dune systems. In the mountains, it is characteristic of calcareous meadows, springs and flushes, often tufa-forming, in more or less open rocky ground with associates such as dwarf sedges, Saxifraga aizoides, Aneura pinguis, Scorpidium cossonii, S. scorpioides, Amblyodon dealbatus and Meesia uliginosa. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 3,000 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). It is also found on calcareous humid rocks in the mountains (N. Schnyder pers. comm. 2017), and is a good coloniser of lime mires in northern Sweden (N. Lönnell pers. comm. 2017). It is found in tundra communities in Svalbard and in screes (N. Konstantinova pers. comm. 2017).



It is dioicous; capsules are frequent, mature in late summer and autumn.","Development of golf-courses and other leisure facilities in coastal habitats, and cessation or reduction of grazing and other disturbance, are threats to coastal dune subpopulations. Climate change is a potential threat to upland subpopulations. Habitat destruction and modification through drainage and eutrophication are also threats in many areas.","Site protection is necessary, especially for coastal dune systems and lowland fens near the edge of its range. Management needs to ensure that grazing is maintained at an appropriate level. As an attractive and occasionally conspicuous species, treating it as a 'flagship' for its habitats and affording it special protection may be appropriate. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Romania, as Endangered in Germany, Latvia, Spain and Poland, and as Vulnerable in Switzerland; also as Near Threatened in Britain, Ireland, Estonia and Slovenia. It is Regionally Extinct in Belgium, the Netherlands and Belarus (Hodgetts 2015).",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hassel, K.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B. & Schnyder, N.","Blom, H.,Goldberg, I.,Afonina, O.,Hodgetts, N.,Lönnell, N.,Schröck, C.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIACEAE,Cephalozia,ambigua,,Cephalozia ambigua  ,C.Massal.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Snow Pincerwort (Cephalozia ambigua) is a widespread species in the mountains of Europe, and is even common in the arctic region. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,000 and 2,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 12 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 600 and 700 km2 and the EOO is ca 4.5 million km2. It is estimated that there are well above 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe and in the EU 28. The overall current population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, no current major threats to this species have been identified. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

A potential future threat in central Europe could be warming temperatures due to climate change, as the species is only found at very high altitudes. No conservation action is needed at present, but further research is required to confirm its distribution.",Stable,"This species has an arctic to boreo-temperate distribution range in Europe. It is found from Iceland in the northwest to Svalbard in the arctic, northern Russia in the northeast, and southwards to the mountains in Spain, France and Italy. In the Nordic countries, this species is widely distributed but becoming infrequent to the south and is rare in the Mediterranean region (Hodgetts 2015). This species is often misidentified as the more common C. bicuspidata. Records in herbaria should therefore be confirmed. All the material in Finnish herbaria was recently checked (Ryömä et al. 2013), and most of the samples were correctly identified. 

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,000 and 2,000 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 12 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 600 and 700 km2 and the EOO is ca 4.5 million km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 10 m to 3,000 m Asl. The species is not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.","In the mountains of Europe, this is a widespread species and in the arctic region, it is even very common and probably has stable subpopulations. For example, in Svalbard, it is considered abundant (Konstantinova and Savchenko 2012). In Scandinavia, this species is very common in the mountains and also present in the lowlands. It is estimated that there are well above 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for each individual-equivalent) in Europe and in the EU 28. The overall current population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","In Fennoscandia, this species occurs as a pioneer on humid acidic mineral soils or peaty or sandy banks along brooks or streams, often together with, for example, Lophozia ventricosa, L. wenzelii, Schljakovia kunzeana, Gymnocolea inflata and Pellia epiphylla. It is also found on decaying logs associated with Scapania umbrosa, etc., in mires and moorland, on heaths, at mountain summits and in woods (Damsholt 2002). It is abundant in Svalbard on acidic substrate, avoiding basic rocks (Konstantinova and Savchenko 2012).

  In the United Kingdom, the ecological range of this very common calcifuge species overlaps with that of the other Cephalozia species. This species is equally tolerant of moist mineral and organic soils, as well as growing on rotting logs and damp rock exposures, it occurs in woodlands and in many open habitats, ascending into the montane zone. It also grows in Sphagnum bogs and on tussocks in fens, and persists in partially drained mires. In addition, it is invasive in disused quarries, road cuttings, ditch sides and other highly modified sites (Blockeel et al. 2014).","There are no evident threats known to the species. A potential future threat in central Europe could be warming temperatures due to climate change, as the species is only found at very high altitudes.","This species is assessed in the Red Lists of Germany and Great Britain as Data Deficient (DD), in Italy and Switzerland as Near Threatened (NT) and in Spain, Austria, Slovakia, Bulgaria and Slovenia as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). This species occurs in several protected areas throughout its range. No conservation action is needed at present, but further research is required to confirm its distribution, as this species is often misidentified as C. bicuspidata.",The species is not used.,"Köckinger, H.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIACEAE,Cephalozia,bicuspidata,,Cephalozia bicuspidata  ,(L.) Dumort.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Two-horned Pincerwort (Cephalozia bicuspidata) is a common liverwort species with a circumpolar boreo-temperate distribution. It occurs throughout Europe, but becomes infrequent in the Mediterranean region. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, and any decline this species may have undergone in some areas is relatively insignificant at a European scale. It is far too abundant and widespread to approach any of the thresholds of a threatened Category.",Decreasing,"The Two-horned Pincerwort (Cephalozia bicuspidata) is a common liverwort species with a circumpolar boreo-temperate distribution. It occurs throughout Europe, but becomes infrequent in the Mediterranean region. It also occurs in northern Asia, tropical and southern Africa, north and central America, Colombia, Bolivia, Argentina, Chile and in the subantarctic islands (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 6,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) ca 22.3 million km².","This species is common and widespread, but it is less common in the south, and may be declining in some areas. According to Blockeel et al. (2014), there has been a significant and sustained decline in the British Isles from the 1960s onwards, although it remains commonplace in most of  northwestern Britain and Ireland, and declines are concentrated in  formerly polluted, lowland areas. This decline is more severe than was  predicted from analysis of other acidophile bryophytes. The current population trend is considered to be decreasing, but this is still a very common and widespread species.","This very common calcifuge is equally tolerant of moist mineral and organic soils, as well as growing on rotting logs and damp rock exposures, it occurs in woodlands and in many open habitats, ascending into the montane zone. It also grows in Sphagnum bogs and on tussocks in fens, and persists in partially drained mires. In addition, it is invasive in disused quarries, road cuttings, ditch sides and other highly modified sites. Frequent associates include Dicranella  heteromalla, Atrichum undulatum, Polytrichumspp., Pogonatumspp.,  Oligotrichum hercynicum, Diplophyllum albicans, Nardia scalaris, Calypogeiaspp.and Scapaniaspp. It has a wide altitudinal range from sea level up to 3,000 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).



It is autoicous and usually fertile; sporophytes are common all year round; gemmae are also common.","There are no known serious threats to this common species. While it is known to have declined in some areas, the reasons for this decline are not clear.

","No conservation measures are required at present, but a watching brief should be kept on its ongoing performance Europe-wide, in view of the apparent decline in Britain. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Sardinia and as Near Threatened in the Canary Islands (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Erzberger, P.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIACEAE,Cephalozia,lacinulata,,Cephalozia lacinulata  ,(J.B. Jack ex Gottsche &amp; Rabenh.) Spruce,,No,CR,C2a(i); D,No,CR,C2a(i); D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)





EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

Although having a large extent of occurrence (EOO) of over 1.8 million km2, Cephalozia lacinulata has a very small area of occupancy of only 68 km2 in Europe, or even less in the EU 28 (40 km2). It is assessed as Critically Endangered in Europe and the EU 28 since there are estimated to be fewer than 10 individual equivalents, its population is severely fragmented and the habitat and population trend is decreasing. The distribution of this species is rather uncertain and only the recent records from Romania are considered valid and thus included in this assessment. Most of the records are very old and further research is needed to clarify the status of this species throughout its range. However, it seems that subpopulations in non-European Russia and southern Siberia are more stable. It is unknown whether this species occurs in protected areas in Europe. It is threatened by deforestation, tourism developments in mountainous zones, water abstraction and climate change. Further research is needed on its distribution, and population size and trend.",Decreasing,"This species of moss is recorded from boreal and temperate areas of Europe, occurring in Sweden (old records only), Austria (old records only), Poland (old records only), Bulgaria (old records only), Belarus, Hungary, Romania, Serbia (old records only), Slovenia, and north-western Russia. It may have disappeared from Finland, the Czech Republic and Germany, and possibly also from Austria. Elsewhere it occurs in North America, the Caucasus and southern Siberia (Potemkin and Sofronova 2009). In Europe the extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species is estimated at greater than 1.8 million km2, surpassing the threshold values for application  of a threatened Category under Criterion B. However the area of occupancy (AOO) is very restricted, being estimated at only 68 km2 in Europe, or even less in the EU 28 (around 40 km2).","There are scattered records of this species in Europe, a large proportion of them old, and it is considered to have disappeared from several countries. The overall population trend is therefore decreasing. The population size is estimated to be less than 10 individual equivalents in Europe (with 6 individual equivalents in the EU 28) (one individual equivalent is one square metre). The population can be regarded as severely fragmented, as it is found in small, isolated subpopulations. These small subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","This species grows on decaying wood in shaded and high humidity areas, often near streams, lakes and bogs. It is often associated with the deep shade of conifer forests. Where it occurs on logs, it is almost always on the lower and more shaded parts (Potemkin and Sofronova 2013). It seems to be a relatively thermophilic species (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017).","The threats to this species include deforestation, tourism developments in mountainous zones, water extraction and climate change (especially through increased frequency and severity of droughts). There is an overall continuing decline in the habitat of this species.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Finland (Regionally Extinct), Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct), Austria (Endangered), Serbia (Vulnerable), Slovenia (Vulnerable), Bulgaria (Vulnerable), Poland (Indeterminate), Germany (Data Deficient) and Hungary (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). Its' presence is uncertain in Bulgaria (L. Soderstrom pers. comm. 2017). It is unknown whether this species occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed on its distribution, and population size and trend.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Virtanen, R.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIACEAE,Cephalozia,macounii,,Cephalozia macounii  ,(Austin) Spruce,,No,CR,D,No,CR,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

Cephalozia macounii is found scattered both in Eurasia and North America. In Europe, this species is very rare everywhere. The majority of the known subpopulations of this species are very small and the number of known individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe is less than 50. There is a continuing decline in the habitat quality and area since area of old growth forests are declining in Europe. This species is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered in Europe.

In the EU 28, this species is even more rare because the majority of the known localities of this species are outside this region. The number of individual-equivalents is also less than 50, and so the species is also considered Critically Endangered in this regional assessment.

It is important to monitor known subpopulations of this species, and its habitats, and protect some areas of old-growth forests in different parts of Europe. However, the species is very small and poorly known and it is quite possible that it is overlooked (at least in the European part of Russia). It is probable that it occurs more frequently than is currently known. Further research is therefore required to determine its actual distribution.",Unknown,"This species has adisjunct circumpolar distribution, and is found scattered both in Eurasia and North America (Damsholt 2002, Konstantinova and Savchenko 2008).

In Europe, this species has an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of around 3.6 million km2, and an area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be around 76 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is around 847,084 km2, and the AOO is estimated to be around 52 km2. The altitudinal range of the species is between sea level and 480 m Asl.","The species is very rare everywhere. All the specimens collected in Russia are very small and thus the species may be overlooked. This species experiences fluctuations but it is not known if they are extreme. The population is considered to be severely fragmented both in Europe and the EU 28 since it is found in isolated and very small subpopulations, and sporophytes only occur extremely rarely, therefore the subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced possibility of recolonisation.

Although this species is poorly known in Europe and the EU 28, the number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and with one individual-equivalent considered as one log on which the species grows) is thought to be less than 50.",The species is restricted to old coniferous forests both in lowland and mountains (Damsholt 2002). It occurs on decaying wood from conifers in old-grow wet coniferous forests and usually as a mixture in mats of other liverworts. The species can be used as indicator of old-growth forests. There is a continuing decline in the habitat quality and area since area of old growth forests are declining in Europe.,"The main threat to this species is forestry, in particular, the removal of natural vegetation and decaying logs on the ground.","The species is included in the Red Lists of Finland and Sweden as Critically Endangered (CR) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is also included in the Red Data Book of Russia as rare (Bardunov 2008) and the Red Data Book of Karelia (Ivanter and Kuznetsov 2007). This species has been found in the state nature reserve of Vishera, near the North Urals, in Russia (Konstantinova and Bezgodov 2005). It is important to monitor known subpopulations of this species, and its habitats, and protect some areas of old-growth forests in different parts of Europe. In addition, further research is required to determine the actual distribution of this species.",This species is not used or traded.,"Pilkington, S.,Cálix, M.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIELLACEAE,Cephaloziella,arctogena,,Cephaloziella arctogena  ,(R.M. Schust.) Konstant.,The Cephaloziella genus includes some of the smallest liverworts and there are taxonomical problems with most species. A full revision of the genus is needed combining morphological and molecular methods.,No,VU,D1,No,EN,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU D1)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN D1)

Cephaloziella arctogena has been reported in Europe from Iceland, Finland, Norway, Svalbard and Russia, as well as one unconfirmed record in Germany. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 50 and 500 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 5 and 6 million km2. Within the EU 28 (Finland), the AOO is between 8 and 100 km2 and its EOO is between 8 and 100 km2. The population size and trend of this species are unknown, although the population trend could be stable since the habitats where it grows are generally undisturbed. However, the species might be very threatened since it is only reported from few sites.

This species is certainly overlooked, but it is most likely rare (maybe except in the Arctic zone) and probably not declining. The latest estimation is that there are between 10 and 100 extant sites in Europe and less than 25 in the EU 28. At each site, it is estimated that at most, 10 individual-equivalents occur (considered as mature individuals). Hence the population size in Europe is between 100 and 1,000 individual-equivalents and between 100 and 250 in the EU 28.

This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in Europe and Endangered (EN) in the EU 28.",Unknown,"This species has only been reported in Europe from Iceland, Finland, Norway, Svalbard and Russia (Hodgetts 2015). Beside these countries, one record is reported from Germany which now is considered as not correct (S. Caspari pers. comm. 2017). In Finland, the species is only known from two old sites (from the 1960s; R. Juutinen pers comm. 2018) and there has been no recent field work in the areas where the species occurred. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 10 m to 850 m Asl. 

The species was described from northwestern Greenland as Cephaloziella rubella var. arctogena (Damsholt 2002). Apart from Europe and Greenland, this species is known from the arctic part of Asian Russia (Konstantinova 2000), southern Siberia (Konstantinova and Vasiljev 1994), eastern Siberia, Alaska (Konstantinova 2000) and the Far East of Russia (Bakalin 2010).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 50 and 500 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 5 and 6 million km2. Within the EU 28 (Finland), the AOO is between 8 and 80 km2 and its EOO is between 8 and 80 km2. This genus is very poorly known and poorly studied. This species is certainly over-looked since it is difficult to collect and can be easily missed (R. Juutinen pers. comm. 2017).","The population size and trend of this species are unknown, although the population trend could be stable since the habitats where it grows are generally undisturbed. However, it may also be declining in the arctic zone, because of warmer climates. In Iceland, this species is known from six localities. In the rest of Europe, this species seems to be rather rare. In Norway, it is known from only one site in Hordaland collected in 1980 (Hassel et al. 2015) and in Svalbard also only one (Thingsgaard and Damsholt 2006). In Finland, there are two known sites (R. Juutinen pers. comm. 2017). In Russia, thespecies is probably not rare in Murmansk Province, and it is also found in Karelia (Bakalin 1999), and one record from the European part of Urals is in the Basegi Strict Nature Reserve (N. Konstantinova pers. comm. 2017). This species is certainly overlooked, but is probably rare. The most recent estimation is that there are between 10 and 100 extant sites in Europe and between 10 and 25 in the EU 28. At each site, it is estimated that a maximum of 10 individual-equivalents occur (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for each individual-equivalent). In total there seems to be between 100 and 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe and between 100 and 250 in EU 28.","This species grows on moist, acidic, peaty soil on slopes, at crests of boulders or in rock crevices, often together with, for example, Schljakovia kunzeana, Neoorthocaulis binsteadii, Lophoziopsis excisa and Sphenolobus minutus (Damsholt 2002). In Svalbard, this species was found in wetlands influenced by bird cliffs (Thingsgaard and Damsholt 2006). In Murmansk Province, all records of the species are known from Kandalaksha State Nature Reserve, where the species occurs on peat covered cliffs, in boggy tundra, and it was once found on decaying wood in wet areas (Konstantinova 1997). In the Ural Mountains, this species was found on soil covered rock outcrops with Lophozia silvicola and Ptilidium ciliare (Konstantinova et al. 2014). This species is hard to detect since it can be very small (the length of the shoot can be as small as 0.5 mm) and it grows among other bryophyte species. It is therefore possible that it is more widespread than currently known.","The threats to this species are unknown. The localities in arctic region might be decline in the future, due to the current warming of the climate on the arctic ecosystem. However, climate change is not expected to have a significant impact on this species in the near future.","This species is in the Red Lists of both Norway and Germany as Data Deficient (DD) (Hodgetts 2015) as well as Finland (R. Juutinen pers. comm. 2018). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. Taxonomic research is recommended since the validity of this species has been questioned by some experts. The species should be looked for in suitable habitats. It is easily overlooked and better surveys of population size are needed. In Finland, research is needed to determine whether the species is still present in the old localities. In addition, further research into the threats to this species is required.",The species is not used or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Erzberger, P.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIELLACEAE,Cephaloziella,aspericaulis,,Cephaloziella aspericaulis  ,Jørg.,The Cephaloziella genus includes some of the smallest liverworts and there are taxonomical problems with most species. A full revision of the genus is needed combining morphological and molecular methods.,No,CR,D,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Cephaloziella aspericaulis is very restricted in Europe and has only been found in Norway and northern Sweden. All but one localities are known from Norway, and one localities is from a herbarium in Sweden. The current population trend is considered to be stable in Europe. However, the subpopulations are small so the population size is estimated to be fewer than 50 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe. Therefore, in Europe, this species is assessed as Critically Endangered.

However in the EU 28, this species is assessed as Data Deficient since there is only one record and it has not been looked for again. The current population trend in the EU 28 is therefore unknown. 

Taxonomic research is needed on the Cephaloziella genus since they are very difficult to determine. Research and monitoring of this species is badly needed, including on the distribution and threats to the species. It is easily overlooked and better surveys of population size are needed.",Stable,"This species is very restricted in Europe and only found in Norway (Hodgetts 2015) and one site in northern Sweden from a herbarium and it has not been looked for again (T. Hallingbäck pers. comm. 2017). Besides the occurrences in Scandinavia, this species is only known from Greenland and the Asian part of Russia (Konstantinova and Potemkin 1996). The occurrence of this species in Europe, together with Marsupella revoluta, has been suggested to be an indication of it being of pre-Pleistocene origin (Damsholt 2002).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 30 and 100 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 26,000 and 50,000 km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 4 km2 and the EOO is ca 4 km2.","This species is known from a few localities in Europe, all but one from Norway (five in Oppland, Lom and Vågå, and one in South Trøndelag, Rissa) and one in Sweden (Torne Lappmark, collected in 1962). There are two recent collections (post-1950) in Norway. In Norway, this species is not observed with the ability of sexual reproduction, and therefore has limited ability to disperse within Europe (Hassel et al. 2015). However, the population is not severely fragmented.

The subpopulations are small so the population size is estimated to be fewer than 50 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) in Europe. There is no indication of current decline and so the current population trend is considered to be stable in Europe. The current population trend in the EU 28 is unknown, as it has only been found once in this region. 

The genusCephaloziella is among the smallest liverworts, easily overlooked and thus the species might be very rare.","This species grows on acidic moist, mainly north facing, rock-walls, often together with, for example Marsupella revoluta and Gymnomitrion corallioides, or below rock walls together with, for example, Lophozia opacifolia, Gymnomitrion concinnatum and G. corallioides in newly exposed sandy gravel along glacier fronts (Damsholt 2002). It is mostly found in the high mountains, although there is also one low altitude record by a waterfall (H. Blom pers. comm. 2017).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is Not Evaluated (NE) in the Red List of Norway (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected area. Taxonomic research is needed on the Cephaloziella genus since they are very difficult to identify, although some studies are currently underway (D. Callaghan pers. comm. 2017). Further research and monitoring of this species is badly needed, including on the distribution and threats to the species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hassel, K.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Afonina, O.,Goldberg, I.,Blom, H.,Schröck, C.,Vellak, K.,Hodgetts, N.,Lönnell, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIELLACEAE,Cephaloziella,baumgartneri,,Cephaloziella baumgartneri  ,Schiffn.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"

European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Chalk Threadwort (Cephaloziella baumgartneri) is globally rare, but found in Europe in Mediterranean and Atlantic areas. Based on the current available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is around 8.2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be at least 912 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is the same and the AOO is estimated to be only 792 km2. The current population trend for Europe and the EU 28 is unknown, although it is probably under-recorded, and in the Iberian Peninsula, this species is known from many sites. This species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is a habitat specialist, which is very sensitive to habitat degradation. This species is vulnerable to land use changes that encourage closed plant communities, scrub invasion, and the loss of bare rock surfaces to excessive shading. In Madeira, Britain and Romania, this species is considered to be locally threatened. Further habitat protection would benefit this species. In addition, further research is required on the ecology of this species, and monitoring of habitat trends.

",Unknown,"This is a tiny leafy liverwort species, which is globally rare. It occurs throughout the Mediterranean region from Portugal, Spain, France, and Italy to the Balkan area and Crete. This species also occurs in Macaronesia (the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands), and the northern-most European subpopulations are found in Belgium, the Netherlands and England.

Based on the current available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is around 8.2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be at least 912 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is the same and the AOO is estimated to be only 792 km2.

The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level to 1,000 m Asl (Bischler 2004).



 



 

","

The species is mostly found in the Mediterranean region, but no quantitative information is available on population size. The current population trend for Europe and the EU 28 is unknown, although it is probably under-recorded. In Britain, this species is restricted to the warm southern counties, in about five sites post-1990, showing a clear decline as the species has not been found again in some old localities (Porley 2013).

In the Iberian Peninsula, this species is known from many sites, from 29 provinces in northern, eastern and southern Spain (M. Brugués pers. comm. 2018) and from five provinces in Portugal (west and south). It shows a more or less continuous distribution through southern Europe from Portugal through to France and to the Balkans and Romania (where it is considered threatened), always in more or less Mediterranean habitats. Elsewhere, this species is known from Macaronesia where it is common in five of the Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2008), from a few sites in Madeira, and from two islands in the Azores, in Terceira and Flores Islands (Gabriel et al. 2011).



 

","This species is a poor competitor, and it grows on rock, ledges, on talus (rock debris), compacted soils and on mortar of old buildings. It always grows in calcareous areas and it usually flourishes in sheltered situations (but not excessively shaded) for at least part of the day. The soil, at least in parts of the species range, is clay or sandy-clay (of a pH of around 6-8). The species has a climatic preference for a mean rainfall above 300 mm in Mediterranean to temperate areas; it avoids arid zones (Bischler 2004).

  In Britain, this species is mostly found in coastal areas, in short turf and abandoned quarries where rabbit activity helps to maintain an open community.

 

This species is frequently fertile, and vegetative reproduction is by gemmae on the leaves, which may contribute to local dispersal and persistence.

There is currently a continuing decline in the habitat quality of this species in some local areas, but not at the European-wide level.","Since it is a poor competitor, this species is vulnerable to land use changes that encourage closed plant communities, scrub invasion, and the loss of bare rock surfaces to excessive shading. The decline of extensive grazing in areas where the species is found may be a factor. In some areas, natural processes such as cliff erosion and land slippage are necessary to maintain subpopulations.



Other risk factors include inappropriate forestry management, competition from invasive plants including the moss Campylopus introflexus, and fire.","There are currently no specific conservation actions in place for this species. In Britain, this species mostly occurs within protected areas (in four Sites of Special Scientific Interest - SSSI) including one Natura 2000 site. In one SSSI, the clearance of the invasive Cotoneaster sp. was undertaken, and this had an indirect benefit on this moss species (Porley, 2013).



This species is not threatened in Portugal and Spain (Sérgio et al. 2013, Brugués and Gonzalez-Mancebo 2012). In addition, in the Netherlands, it is listed as rare, in Italy as Near Threatened (NT), in Madeira as Vulnerable (VU) (Sim-Sim et al. 2014) and in Romania as Critically Endangered (CR) (Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012).  In Britain, this species is considered Endangered (EN) (Porley 2013).

Further habitat protection would benefit this species. In addition, further research is required on the ecology of this species, and monitoring of habitat trends.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Virtanen, R.","Sergio, C. & Porley, R.D.","Hodgetts, N.,Blom, H.,Goldberg, I.,Vellak, K.,Afonina, O.,Lönnell, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIELLACEAE,Cephaloziella,calyculata,,Cephaloziella calyculata  ,(Durieu &amp; Mont.) Müll. Frib.,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"

European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Entire Threadwort (Cephaloziella calyculata) is a globally rare, tiny leafy liverwort occurring throughout the Mediterranean region, but with the northern-most subpopulations in Europe found in England. Based on the most recent available information about the taxon’s geographic range, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 6.9 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 376 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 6.5 million km2 and the AOO is around 348 km2.  There is no quantitative information is available on population size of this species, but the current population trend is considered to be decreasing for both Europe and the EU 28. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened for both Europe and the EU 28 as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

This species is considered to be locally threatened in Spain, Italy and Sardinia. Since this species is a poor competitor, it is vulnerable to land use changes that stimulate closed plant communities, scrub invasion and the loss of bare rock surfaces to excessive shading. Habitat protection and restoration would benefit this species. In addition, further research is required on the population size and ecology of this species, and monitoring of the habitat trends.

",Decreasing,"This species is a globally rare, tiny leafy liverwort occurring throughout the Mediterranean region from northern Africa (Ros et al. 2007, Bischler 2004), but in Europe, it is distributed from Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Greece to the Balkans (Montenegro, Croatia and Serbia) and Cyprus (Bischler 2004), with the northern-most European subpopulations in England. Elsewhere, this species is known from Macaronesia, where it reported in the Canary Islands (in Hierro, Palma, Gomera, Tenerife and Gran Canaria, listed by González-Mancebo et al. 2008). In the Azores, this species is only known from Santa Maria (Crundwell et al. 1994, Gabriel et al, 2011) and it is always found in more or less similar Mediterranean climates.

Based on the most recent available information about the taxon’s geographic range, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 6.9 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 376 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 6.5 million km2 and the AOO is around 348 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level to 1,000 m asl (Bischler 2004).

","

There is no quantitative information is available on population size of this species. It is, however, mostly centered in the Mediterranean region. While the definite trends in Europe are currently unknown, this species is considered to be decreasing for both Europe and the EU 28. The majority of collections are older than the 1970s and the 1980s, such as from Serbia, Montenegro and Croatia (M. Sabovljevic pers. comm. 2018), as well as the majority of findings from Italy, Sardinia and Sicily (M. Aleffi pers. comm. 2018). In Greece, this species was only observed in only one locality and has not been found since 1990 (T. Blockeel pers. comm. 2018). There are few new collections in some Mediterranean countries, however there have been some more recent reports in France (Hugonnot 2007), Spain (Elías Rivas et al. 1994) and one from Portugal (C. Sérgio pers. ob. 2017).

In Britain, this species is restricted to the warm southern counties. In the Iberian Peninsula, the species is reported in only a few localities from central, eastern and southern Spain (M. Brugués pers. comm. 2018) and in Portugal, from four provinces in the west and south (Sérgio and Carvalho 2003).

","

This liverwort is a poor competitor that has been found growing on rock crevices, ledges, on talus and in soil depressions. This species also grows in compacted soil with a pH of 5 to 7, in grasslands, shrubs or in matorral (shrubby vegetation) or mainly in deciduous forest.

The climatic preference of this species is mean rainfall between 400 mm and 1000 mm in Mediterranean to temperate areas, not arid or semi-arid zones (Bischler 2004).

 

This species is frequently fertile and with gemmae produced on the leaves, which may contribute to local dispersal.","

Since this species is a poor competitor, it is vulnerable to land use changes that stimulate closed plant communities, scrub invasion and the loss of bare rock surfaces to excessive shading. Natural processes such as cliff erosion and land slippage are necessary to maintain subpopulations.

Human-induced changes such as forest management may cause a negative impact on the species. The fire risks and increasing aridity caused by climatic changes put some subpopulations in risk presently and in the future. The decline of extensive grazing may also be a harmful factor.



","

There is no specific conservation action in place for this species. In Portugal, this species is reported to Parque Natural dos Candeeiros, and in some Natura 2000 areas, such as in the Algarve. In Spain, it is known in IBrA 12 Arribes del Duero and IBrA 13 Cap de Creus, as well as in Italy in a Natura 2000 site of Fonti Di Poiano in Emilia-Romagna (Aleffi 2008).

This species is assessed in some national Red Lists. It is considered to be Near Threatened (NT) in England (Hodgetts 2011) and Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013), and as  Endangered (EN) in Spain and the Canary Islands (Brugués and Gonzalez-Mancebo 2012). Moreover, this species is also evaluated as Vulnerable (VU) in Italy and Critically Endangered (CR) in Sardinia.

Habitat protection and restoration would benefit this species. In addition, further research is required on the population size and ecology of this species, and monitoring of the habitat trends.

",There is no information on the use and trade of this species,"Cálix, M.,Duckett, J.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIELLACEAE,Cephaloziella,dentata,,Cephaloziella dentata  ,(Raddi) Steph,,No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Toothed Threadwort (Cephaloziella dentata) is one of the rarest bryophytes in Europe, occurring in a few sites in Britain, France, Italy, Sweden, Iceland, Denmark and Croatia. Generally, it is present in very small subpopulations due to its high habitat-specificity. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 120 km2 in Europe, and around 112 km2 in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and number of mature individuals. 

Changes in land-use, particularly the abandonment of traditional grazing regimes, has led to scrub development in the former sites of this species in England. The stoppage of horse-drawn carts that caused rutting, competition with the invasive Campylopus introflexus, algae resulting from eutrophication, and fire are all thought to have contributed to its decline. Habitat degradation remains a significant threat for this species in Europe. Management to restore old trackways on the Lizard Peninsula, in England may benefit this species. Further habitat protection and invasive species management may also be beneficial. In addition, further research and monitoring on the population, threats, ecology and habitats of this species is required.",Decreasing,"This oceanic southern-temperate species is considered globally rare. It shows a western distribution, known in Europe from Britain, France, Italy, Sweden, Iceland, Denmark and the Balkans (Sabovljevic and Natcheva 2006). This species is documented by a single very old record in Macaronesia (Mitten 1870), and more recently in a few sites from Madeira (Koppe and Düll 1986). It is reported on Flores and Terceira islands in the Azores (Schumacker 2003, Gabriel et al. 2011), but has not been confirmed for the Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2008). In the Iberian Peninsula, this species is not confirmed in Spain and is not reported to be found in Portugal (Casas et al. 2009, Hodgetts 2011). Outside of Europe, this species is known in western North America (Paton 1999).



Based on the current available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 10.9 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 120 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is 7.1 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 112 km2, excluding the Canary Islands as the presence is uncertain. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 500 m to 1,600 m Asl.","

There is limited available data on the population size or trend of this species in Europe. This is one of the rarest bryophytes in Europe, occurring in a few sites in Britain, France, Italy, Sweden, Iceland, Denmark and Croatia. Generally, it is present in very small subpopulations due to its high habitat-specificity. However, in Britain, it is known from one small subpopulation, found in 2004, but it is in decline, and has been lost from its four historic localities on the Lizard Peninsula in southwest England (Porley 2013).

In most countries, the records are old. In Italy, the species had not been seen since 1960, although it was recently reported from the Veneto region (Privitera 2010).

Based on available information, the current population trend is inferred to be decreasing both in Europe and in the EU 28.

This is an example of a species that shows a large geographic range but with a small population size and with high habitat specificity. However, the species is probably overlooked owing to its very small size and uninspiring habitat, particularly during dry periods.

This species produces gemmae, which may contribute to local dispersal. Even so, the subpopulations are small and isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

","

This liverwort has a narrow ecological niche. It grows on open damp soil amongst sparse vegetation, such as winter flooded depressions or wheel ruts in heathland. In the Azores, it grows on moist acidic soil close to a small permanent pool associated with Epipterygium tozeri. This species is intolerant of competition and thus is endangered to shading by vegetation.

There is a continuing decline in the habitat quality of this species.

","Changes in land-use, particularly the abandonment of traditional grazing regimes, has led to scrub development in the former sites of this species in England. The stoppage of horse-drawn carts that caused rutting, competition with the invasive Campylopus introflexus, algae resulting from eutrophication, and fire are all thought to have contributed to its decline (Porley 2013). The picture in the rest of Europe is less clear but habitat degradation remains a significant threat.","In the Canary Islands, this species is considered to be Data Deficient (DD) (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012). In Britain, it has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR), and in Madeira, it has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU) (Sim-Sim et al. 2014).

There are no specific conservation actions in place, although management to restore old trackways (and hence their characteristic flora – Temporary Mediterranean Ponds) on the Lizard Peninsula, in England (a Natura 2000 site) may benefit this species. Further habitat protection and invasive species management may also be beneficial. In addition, further research and monitoring on the population, threats, ecology and habitats of this species is required.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Köckinger, H.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Sergio, C., Cano, M. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIELLACEAE,Cephaloziella,divaricata,,Cephaloziella divaricata  ,(Sm.) Schiffn.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Common Threadwort (Cephaloziella divaricata) is a small liverwort species with a circumpolar boreo-temperate distribution. It occurs throughout Europe, although records from Novaya Zemlya and Franz Josef Land are unconfirmed. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and widespread, with no indication of a decline. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"The Common Threadwort (Cephaloziella divaricata) is a small liverwort species with a circumpolar boreo-temperate distribution. It occurs throughout Europe, although records from Novaya Zemlya and Franz Josef Land are unconfirmed. Elsewhere it occurs throughout most of the temperate Northern Hemisphere, south to Nepal, and also in Central America, South America, Ascension Island and the Falkland Islands (Blockeel et al. 2014, Wigginton 2018). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at ca 6,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 19 million km².","This species is common and the total population size is certainly very large. There is no evidence of decline and the current population trend is probably more or less stable.

","This common but tiny calcifuge species is generally found in open sites on acid substrates, avoiding wet habitats such as Sphagnum bogs. It grows on insolated peaty, sandy and gravelly soils on heaths, mine spoil, tracks, railway ballast, wall tops, quarries, sea cliffs, fixed dunes, woodland rides, turf overlying rocks and in rock crevices, and is more drought tolerant than most other Cephaloziella species. It is also reasonably frequent on boulders and rock faces in woodland, as well as growing occasionally on tree boles and rotten wood. It is a rapid colonist of dry heathland after fires. Associates includeAndreaea rupestris, Racomitrium heterostichum and Hedwigia ciliata on rock;Dicranella heteromalla, Pogonatum spp. and Polytrichum spp.on disturbed acid ground; and Cephaloziella rubella, Campylopus introflexus, Ceratodon purpureus and  Pohlia nutans in pine forests on nutrient-poor sandy soils. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 3,300 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).



It is dioicous; sporophytes are occasional, produced all year. Gemmae are frequent.

",There are no known threats to this common species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed as Near Threatened in Italy and as Data Deficient in Slovenia (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas. 

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Bates, J.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIELLACEAE,Cephaloziella,elachista,,Cephaloziella elachista  ,(J.B.Jack ex Gottsche &amp; Rabenh.) Schiffn.,"The Cephaloziella genus includes some of the smallest liverworts and there are taxonomical problems with most species. A full revision of the genus is needed combining morphological and molecular methods.



This species may be conspecific withC. spinigera as proposed by Müller (1912-1916). The taxa C. spinigera fo. spinigera earlier in some treatments was included in C. elachista and today is considered the hygrophytic form of C. spinigera.",No,VU,C2a(i),No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Spurred Threadwort (Cephaloziella elachista) is widespread in Europe, but apparently rare all over. The population size is unknown, but it is considered that there are more than 2,500 individual-equivalents (using m² as proxy for each mature individual-equivalent) in Europe and in the EU 28, and most likely less than 10,000 individual-equivalents. Each subpopulation has less than 1,000 individual-equivalents. There is an inferred continuing decline in the population and the species is threatened by ongoing destruction of lowland wetlands. Therefore, this species is assessed as Vulnerable in both Europe and the EU 28. 

The best sites for this species should be given statutory site protection. Further research is also recommended into its distribution, population size and trend.",Decreasing,"This species seems to have a suboceanic distribution range. It is widespread in Europe, from Ireland, Great Britain, Spain and France in the west to central Europe, Switzerland, northern Italy, Austria, Germany, eastwards to Slovakia, Poland, north and central Russia, in the Balkans from former Yugoslavia and Romania (Hodgetts 2015). It is recently also found in northern Italy growing in association with Sphagnum subnitens (Prosser, in Ellis et al. 2018).

In the Nordic countries, this species has few occurrences and an uncertain distribution, due to taxonomic issues. Recently, it has been found in Denmark and southern Sweden, and so this is probably a southern species, only occurring in the lowlands, and at higher elevations and to the north it is replaced by C. spinigera (Damsholt 2002). 

In Asia, this species is known from Siberia. In North America, it is limited to the eastern part, from Quebec to West Virginia, westwards to Indiana, Wisconsin and Minnesota (Damsholt 2002). The species is not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,000 and 2,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 1,000 and 2,000 km2 and the EOO is between 3 and 4 million km2.","The species is apparently rare. In central Europe, there is evidence that the species is decreasing due to the loss of habitat. The overall current population trend is inferred to be decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28. The population is not considered to be severely fragmented. The population size is unknown, but it is considered that there are more than 2,500 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and with 1 m2 used as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) in Europe and in the EU 28, and most likely less than 10,000 individual-equivalents. Each subpopulation has less than 1,000 individual-equivalents.","This species grows among and over Sphagnum heads or among mosses in mires or on boggy ground, frequently together with Mylia anomala, Calypogeia sphagnicola, Cephalozia connivens, C. macrostachya, Kurzia pauciflora, Lophozia laxa, Cladopodiella fluitans and rarely Anastrepta orcadensis (Damsholt 2002). In Finland, this species sometimes also occurs on edges of Sphagnum beds in boggy depressions on rocks (S. Laaka-Lindberg pers. comm. 2018).","Drainage of pristine bogs, fens, marshes, and other wetlands in order to convert them for agriculture, forestry, residential and industrial purposes has occurred in lowland Europe for a significant amount of time. All these influences, primarily concentrated in the lowlands, have negative impacts on some bryophytes. Over 50% of the original bog areas below the tree line in Europe are drained. This has undoubtedly led to a decline in area and more fragmented occurrences for many rare species, including this species.","This species is assessed in the Red Lists of Germany, Portugal, Austria, the Czech Republic and Romania as Endangered (EN), in Slovakia as Critically Endangered (CR), in Ireland and Slovenia as Data Deficient (DD), Great Britain and the Murmansk region as Near Threatened (NT), and in Switzerland and Estonia as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). It is also assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Finland, where there are many suitable habitats available, but the species is rarely collected (Ryömä et al. 2013). The species is known to occur in protected areas. However, the best sites for this species should be given statutory site protection. Further research is also recommended into its distribution, population size and trend.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Ignatova, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Maksimov, A.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIELLACEAE,Cephaloziella,elegans,,Cephaloziella elegans  ,(Heeg) Schiffn.,The Cephaloziella genus includes some of the smallest liverworts and there are taxonomical problems with most species. A full revision of the genus is needed combining morphological and molecular methods.,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Cephaloziella elegans is a very little known taxon in Europe. It seems to be rare in each country. However, it can also be overlooked since it is very small. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 100 and 1,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) between 5 and 10 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 50 and 200 km² and the EOO is ca 2.5 million km². The species might be very threatened since it is reported only from few sites. The threats to this species are practically unknown, partly because it is easily overlooked and better surveys of population size are badly needed. The genus Cephaloziella is among the smallest liverworts and new research shows great uncertainty with respect to species delimitation within the genus. 

There is no up to date information about this taxon status or possible threats. The data is so inadequate that any category from CR to LC is a plausible category, the taxon is therefore listed as Data Deficient (DD).

Research is needed to investigate the distribution, population size, trend and threats of this species.",Unknown,"This species has a oroboreal distribution range. In Europe, it is reported from Switzerland, Austria, Spain, northern Italy, and Germany, eastwards to Slovakia and Romania, and to the north into the Nordic countries (Damsholt 2002) and to northern Ural (Konstantinova et al. 2010). This species is not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 100 and 1,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 5 and 10 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 50 and 200 km² and the EOO is ca 2.5 million km².","This species is widespread in Europe, however, it is rare in each country. In the north, this species is rare and occurs in small, scattered patches, mainly within the area of the boreal forest. For example, in Norway, the species is known with certainty only from one site in Nord-Trøndelag (Hassel et al. 2015). 

This species is very close to C. rubella (Ryömä et al. 2013) and has been considered to be a large cell variant of this (Damsholt 2002, Hassel et al. 2015). The current population trend of this species is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows on acidic peaty soil in sunny openings on the forest floor, together with, for example, Pohlia nutans and Lophozia ventricosa var. silvicola, on peaty soil over rocks or in crevices. It is also reported from open and bare clay with Cephaloziella integerrima and on decaying logs with, for example, Lophozia ascendens (Damsholt 2002).","The threats to this species are practically unknown, partly because it is easily overlooked and better surveys of population size are badly needed.","This species is in the Red Lists of the Czech Republic, Switzerland and Romania as Critically Endangered (CR), Finland, Italy, Germany and Spain as Data Deficient (DD), Slovakia as Endangered (EN) and Austria as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected area. Research is needed to investigate the distribution, population size, trend and threats of this species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Köckinger, H.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIELLACEAE,Cephaloziella,granatensis,,Cephaloziella granatensis  ,(J.B.Jack ex Steph.) Fulford,,No,EN,"B1ab(iii,iv)+2ab(iii,iv)",No,EN,"B1ab(iii,iv)+2ab(iii,iv)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



In Europe, Cephaloziella granatensis occurs only in Madeira Island, Portugal. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 65 km2, and area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2), it occurs at only four locations, and a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, and in the number of locations is projected to occur in the near future. The main threats to this species include the loss of habitat suitability due to the effects of climate change, a reduction in suitable environmental conditions and a deterioration in the structure of the laurel forest. The increase in fires and the spread of invasive alien species are also threats. The maintenance of the native forest and the formulation of multidisciplinary programs to promote the conservation and protection of the forest habitats are critical to ensure the survival of this species. Monitoring of the population and habitat trend is recommended, as well as research into the population distribution and size. Further research into the threats to this species is also suggested. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species. It is also important to continue to look out for new potential sites of occurrence in the field.

 

",Stable,"In Europe, Cephaloziella granatensis occurs only in Madeira Island, Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2006, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). Elsewhere, this species also occurs  in tropical America, including Colombia, Bolivia, Puerto Rico, Costa Rica, Jamaica, Mexico and Brazil. This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 65 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2.","The current population trend seems to be stable at present. This species was first recorded in Madeira in the 1980s; subsequently it has been collected several times at new sites in the laurel forest in one of the best preserved areas of the island. It is possible that this species is more frequent in Madeira than is currently known, although there has been much sampling in areas where it might occur. It is not considered common, but is very small and can easily be overlooked.

","This plant is characteristic of well conserved and humid areas in the northern part of the laurel forest (Sérgio et al. 2006, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). In Madeira, this species forms scattered patches on soil, among rocks and on moist soil on slopes, always in shaded sites in the laurel forest. More rarely, it is an epiphyte on Erica arborea. It occurs between 550 m and 1,000 m Asl.","This plant is mainly confined to the natural laurel forest, which is a fragile habitat; the main threats include the loss of habitat suitability due to the effects of climate change, a reduction in suitable environmental conditions and a deterioration in the structure of the laurel forest. The increase in fires and the spread of invasive alien species are also threats. A continuing decline in the amount of suitable habitat is projected to occur in the near future due to these threats (Patiño et al. 2016). Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of climatic change (increase in drought periods, increase in heavy rains and increase in fire frequency) and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only four locations.","In Madeira, most of the distribution this species is included in the Madeira Natural Park, which is protected through a Regional Decree. It is a species of the natural laurel forest, which is a priority habitat under the Habitats Directive and was designated a Natura 2000 site. This species was assessed as Vulnerable in Madeira by Sim-Sim et al. (2014). The maintenance of the native forest and the formulation of multidisciplinary programs to promote the conservation and protection of the forest habitats are critical to ensure the survival of this species. Monitoring of the population and habitat trend is recommended, as well as research into the population distribution and size. Further research into the threats to this species is also suggested. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species. It is also important to continue to look out for new potential sites of occurrence in the field.

",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Hespanhol, H.","Sim-Sim, M., Gabriel, R., Hodgetts, N., Martins, A. & Bergamini, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIELLACEAE,Cephaloziella,grimsulana,,Cephaloziella grimsulana  ,(J.B.Jack ex Gottsche &amp; Rabenh.) Lacout.,"There are serious doubts among bryophyte experts about the identity and distribution of this species. It is regarded quite differently, ecologically and morphologically, in different parts of Europe. The type specimen is from the Alps, so at least some of the Alps records are correct, but elsewhere there is confusion between this species and Cephaloziella varians.

",No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Cephaloziella grimsulana is a liverwort species with an arctic-alpine distribution. In Europe records of this species have been published from Norway, Sweden, northern European Russia, the Pyrenees (France), the Alps (France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria), Germany (where it is very scattered), the Czech Republic and the Tatra Mountains in Slovakia. The record from Crimea (Ukraine) is regarded as questionable. It is a naturally rare species, and is somewhat under-recorded in the Alps. In Scandinavia, it has been often confused with C. varians, which grows in a similar habitat. It is therefore not possible to estimate the distribution of this species in Scandinavia. Whether the other occurrences of this species outside the Alps (Czech Republic, Germany, Spain) belong to this species must also be examined. Thus it is impossible to make a realistic assessment of the overall distribution of this species in Europe. A stable population trend is assumed, and it is probably not threatened in its core distribution in the Alps, but there are relatively few correct records from this part of Europe (e.g., Austria, Switzerland). However, dams and the management of watercourses may pose a threat to it. Due to the contradictory ecological, taxonomic and distributional data, this species is assessed as Data Deficient in Europe and the EU 28. A taxonomic revision, especially in all European countries, seems necessary and a new risk analysis should be carried out on the basis of better knowledge gathered.",Stable,"This is a liverwort species with an arctic-alpine distribution. In Europe records of this species have been published from Norway, Sweden, northern European Russia, the Pyrenees (France), the Alps (France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria), Germany (where it is very scattered) the Czech Republic and the Tatra Mountains in Slovakia (Hodgetts 2015). It has been found growing at elevations between 1,600 m and 3,650 m Asl. This species is certainly somewhat under recorded in the Alps. The record from Crimea is regarded as questionable, since this species shows an arctic-alpine distribution. At least some records, especially from northern Europe, certainly do not belong to C. grimsulana. In Scandinavia and in the Tatra Mountains, it has been often confused with C. varians, which grows in a similar habitat. It is therefore not possible to estimate the distribution of this species in Scandinavia, and thus the overall extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for this species in Europe are unknown. Whether the other occurrences outside the Alps (Czech Republic, Germany, Spain) belong to this species must also be examined. Outside Europe, this species is known from the eastern Caucasus, North America and Greenland.","There is no direct information available on the population size and trend of this species, but due to available habitat, a stable population trend is assumed in the Alps, and thus overall as well.","The type specimen originates from the Grimselsee in Switzerland, found growing on wet silicate rocks. In Austria, this species is also found on periodically irrigated rocks, or at the edge of flushes; always on acid, siliceous rocks at high altitudes. In the north of Europe, the ecology of this species is described differently. While in central Europe this species is strictly lime-intolerant, Damsholt's (2002) description follows Schuster (1980) in describing it as growing on shaded calcareous rocks and base-poor sandy soil. In Canada, this species is reported from calcareous rocks (Faubert et al. 2011). It is suspected that this does not correspond to the habitat requirements of true C. grimsulana, but rather to C. varians sens. lato. The records from Germany (Meinunger and Schröder 2007) show a different ecology again (dunes and sandpits). It therefore seems very likely that different species concepts are used in different areas.","This species is probably not threatened in its core distribution in the Alps (Schröck et al. 2013). However, the type locality has been flooded by an artificial lake and destroyed. Thus dams and the management of watercourses may pose a threat to it.","This liverwort is included in several national Red Lists and has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Italy and Slovakia, as Endangered in the Czech Republic, and as Vulnerable in Austria and Switzerland. Although this species is regarded as Least Concern in Norway (Hassel et al. 2015) and Sweden (ArtDatabanken 2015), there is only a relatively small amount of specific information available. In Norway mostly all records of it are historical.However, in Scandinavia, C. grimsulana has not been separated from C. varians. Both species are autoecious and have characteristic underleaves on vegetative shoots, but C. grimsulana is ecologically and morphologically quite different. It is known to occur in protected areas. Further research is needed into its taxonomy, population size, distribution and trends, life history and ecology and threats.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.,Puche, F.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIELLACEAE,Cephaloziella,hampeana,,Cephaloziella hampeana  ,(Nees) Schiffn. ex Loeske,The Cephaloziella genus includes some of the smallest liverworts and there are taxonomical problems with most species. A full revision of the genus is needed combining morphological and molecular methods.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Hampe's Threadwort (Cephaloziella hampeana) is widely distributed in Europe. It has a large geographic range - In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 6,000 and 10,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 2,000 and 4,000 km² and the EOO is ca 4 million km². Very little up to date information about the total population size is known and very scarce information about the trend, and must be considered as unknown in the whole of Europe and the EU 28. However, there is no reason to believe that there is any fast decline. In addition, there are no major threats to this species. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered as threatened in several countries, including Bulgaria, Slovenia and Austria. No urgent conservation action is needed for this species.",Unknown,"This species has a European boreo-temperate, northern suboceanic distribution range. It is known from Fennoscandia in the north, to Ireland, Great Britain, Azores, Madeira, Canary, Spain and France in the west to northern, central and southwestern Russia and the Caucasus, southwards to Italy, former Yugoslavia and Romania (Blockeel et al. 2014, Damsholt 2002, Hodgetts 2015).

In Asia, this species is known from Turkey and Japan. In North America, this species is transcontinental in the coniferous forest, absent from the far north, found in the west from Alaska to British Columbia and California, in the east from Baffin Island to North Carolina and westwards to Michigan, Minnesota, etc. This species is also known from Greenland (Damsholt 2002).



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 6,000 and 10,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 2,000 and 4,000 km² and the EOO is ca 4 million km².","In Europe, this species is widely distributed. In the Nordic countries, the species is very common in Norway, along the coast and in the southeastern lowland, lacking in the mountains. It is also common in Finland (Ryömä et al. 2013) and in Sweden, but rather rare in Denmark (Damsholt 2002).

Very little up to date information about the total population size is known and very scarce information about the trend, so the current population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28. However, there is no reason to believe that there is any fast decline.","This species grows in the United Kingdom on peaty heathland and moorland banks and among peat mosses in bogs, indeed it is the most typical wetland Cephaloziella in Britain. It is also found on clay in woodland ridges, on sand and gravel in quarries, by tracks and on dunes, on mine waste, on soil among rocks, especially on sea cliffs and on rock faces in sheltered places such as block screes and treeless ravines. It is absent from some of the drier sites that C. divaricata favours (Blockeel et al. 2014). In the United Kingdom, this species more often occurs on tracts, waste ground and rocky slopes and is also more tolerant of shade and wet conditions and heavy metal mine spoil and mildly basic substrates (Paton 1999).



In the Nordic countries, this species grows among other bryophytes in spring areas with, for example, Paludella squarrosa, Lophocolea coadunata and Sphagnum warnstorfii, in acidic Sphagnum mires, often at peaty logs or on peaty soil in rock crevices, on sandy clayey soil or on soil-covered acidic or even calcareous rocks (Damsholt 2002).",There are no known threats to this species.,"This species is in the Red List of Bulgaria as Critically Endangered (CR), the Canary Islands, Hungary and Germany as Data Deficient (DD), Switzerland as Endangered (EN), Italy and Sardinia as Near Threatened (NT) and Austria, Luxembourg and Slovenia as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). 

It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected area. No urgent conservation action is needed for this species.",The species is not used.,"Hodgetts, N.,Köckinger, H.,Fettes, N.D.","Hallingbäck, T","Hallingbäck, T",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIELLACEAE,Cephaloziella,integerrima,,Cephaloziella integerrima  ,(Lindb.) Warnst.,The Cephaloziella genus includes some of the smallest liverworts and there are taxonomical problems with most species. A full revision of the genus is needed combining morphological and molecular methods.,No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v); C2a(i)",No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v); C2a(i)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN B2ab(iii,v); C2a(i))

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN B2ab(iii,v); C2a(i))

The Lobed Threadwort (Cephaloziella integerrima) is mainly a northern species in Europe, but extends south as far as the Mediterranean. This species has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the AOO of this species is between 360 and 500 km2, and in the EU 28, the AOO is between 300 and 400 km2. The population is considered to be severely fragmented and there is inferred to be a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and the number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). In addition, it is considered that there are less than 2,500 individual-equivalents in Europe and in the EU 28 and each subpopulation has less than 250 individual-equivalents. Therefore, this species is assessed as Endangered in both Europe and the EU 28.

This species has suffered a long-term decline in Britain - habitat loss and deterioration may be to blame, especially through the combination of grazing reductions and the loss of some sparsely vegetated ground to the invasive Campylopus introflexus. Threats to this species in other part of Europe are unknown due to the lack of knowledge about this species in most countries. Research is needed into the distribution of this species, to confirm the population size and trend, and to determine the status of most subpopulations, as well as threats to the species.",Decreasing,"This species has a suboceanic, boreal-montane distribution. It is mainly a northern species in Europe, but extends south as far as the Mediterranean. It is recorded from the Nordic countries (including Iceland and Svalbard), and it is known from Ireland, Great Britain and France in the west to central Europe, Spain, France (at 1,300 m Asl), Switzerland (at 2,325 m Asl), northern Italy, Germany, eastwards to Poland, Estonia, north and central Russia, and southeast to the Balkans and Romania (Damsholt 2002). Most records of this species are quite old, for example, in Finland, all checked herbarium records are from the 1800s (Ryömä et al. 2013). There are some recent records from the Murmansk region. This species is also known from southern Greenland (Damsholt 2002). The distribution of this species appears to be quite scattered, but remains poorly understood. 

The species is not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 360 and 500 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 300 and 400 km2 and the EOO is ca 5 million km2.","In the Nordic countries, this species is rare. It is most common in the lowland, but also found in the mountains in Norway and Sweden. However, it is easily over-looked and much better surveys of population size are needed in order to estimate any trend and status. There is a continuing decline in the United Kingdom due to the loss of habitat. The overall current population trend of this species is inferred to be decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28. It is considered that there are less than 2,500 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) in Europe and in the EU 28. Each subpopulation has less than 250 individual-equivalents. The dispersal abilities of this species are considered to be very restricted and the distribution range is therefore considered as severely fragmented, as the subpopulations are small and isolated and may therefore go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","In the Nordic countries, this species grows as scattered shoots among other bryophytes on damp, sandy clay or clayey, open soil in fields, in lowlands together with, for example, Riccia sorocarpa, Fossombronia wondraczeckii and Solenostoma gracillimum, in the mountains along river banks with, for example, Blasia pusilla, Lophoziopsis excisa, Anthelia juratzkana and Nardia geoscyphus, and in the arctic on moist soil with, for example, Cephaloziella varians and Jungermannia pumila ssp. polaris (Damsholt 2002).

  In the United Kingdom, there are many new records from 15 sites in Cornwall (Holyoak 2012), where it usually grows as low turfs on unshaded, sparsely vegetated copper mine soil, or occasionally on ruined walls on mines. Occasionally it is lightly shaded by heather, gorse or willow. Regular associates include Cephaloziella divaricata, C. stellulifera, Ceratodon purpureus, Dicranella varia and Pohlia annotina. Further east, this species used to grow in lowland Calluna heath, on damp clay soil or sand, especially where compacted by rabbits. Two Irish records are from copper mines, and one is from a heathy bank (Blockeel et al. 2014).","This species has suffered a long-term decline in Britain, and was last seen in southeastern England in 1949. Habitat loss and deterioration may be to blame, especially through the combination of grazing reductions and the loss of some sparsely vegetated ground to the invasive Campylopus introflexus. The subpopulation size is still declining in its present stronghold, the old copper mining areas of Cornwall, as the open metalliferous habitat is gradually lost to development or vegetation succession. Threats to this species in other part of Europe are unknown due to the lack of knowledge about this species in most countries.","This species is assessed in the Red List of Germany as R, in Spain and Romania as Critically Endangered (CR), in Finland, Hungary and Slovenia as Data Deficient (DD), in Poland as I, and in Great Britain, Ireland, Austria, Switzerland and Estonia as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in protected areas.

Research is needed into the distribution of this species, to confirm the population size and trend, and to determine the status of most subpopulations, as well as threats to the species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Köckinger, H.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIELLACEAE,Cephaloziella,massalongi,,Cephaloziella massalongi  ,(Spruce) Müll.Frib.,"The Cephaloziella genus includes some of the smallest liverworts and there are taxonomical problems with most species. A full revision of the genus is needed combining morphological and molecular methods.



Although the specific epithets 'massalongii' and 'massalongoi' (Söderström et al. 2016) are very widely used, the correct spelling of the species name is 'massalongi' (Spruce 1882).",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Lesser Copperwort (Cephaloziella massalongi) is very widespread, but rare all over in Europe. This species has a restricted geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 400 and 500 km2, and in the EU 28, the AOO is between 300 and 400 km2. The overall population size in both Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be smaller than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). Although this species is not declining in some areas, such as in Norway and Sweden, other declines and the fact that the habitat extent and quality is declining, it is inferred that the overall population trend is decreasing. The species is considered to be severely fragmented, and so this species is assessed as Endangered in both Europe and the EU 28.

This species has an overall threat of different kinds of habitat destruction. Further research on the taxonomy, distribution and ecology of the genus Cephaloziella is needed. Monitoring, surveys of suitable habitats and site protection are also recommended.",Decreasing,"This species has a suboceanic, boreo-temperate distribution range in Europe. It occurs from western Europe (from Ireland) eastwards to the Czech Republic and Bulgaria, north to Sweden and Finland, and south to Corsica (Damsholt 2002, Hodgetts 2015). Elsewhere, it also occurs in North America. The species has been mistakenly recorded in several countries.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 400 and 500 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 300 and 400 km2 and the EOO is ca 5 million km2.","This species is very widespread, but rare all over in Europe.

In the United Kingdom, five localities in northern Wales were revisited in 2011, decades after the last record from each, and this species was still present at all of them (Callaghan 2011). Declines were not, therefore, as dramatic as the paucity of 1990s and 2000s records suggested, although this species remains highly vulnerable and is undergoing a long and slow national decline as metal-rich substrates on old mine sites continue to be lost.

In Finland, this species only occurs at two localities. There is no information of a decline in Norway and Sweden. One site has disappeared in Germany. Considering the declines in the United Kingdom and in Germany, and the fact that the habitat extent and quality is declining, the overall population trend is inferred to be decreasing in Europe and the EU 28. Plants with sporophytes are rare (Damsholt 2002), and this species is found in small and isolated subpopulations, that may go extinct with a reduced possibility of recolonisation, so the distribution of this species can be considered as severely fragmented.

The number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) for the United Kingdom is between 250 and 1,000 (using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) and in the rest of countries, there are only a few individuals per site. Therefore, the overall population size is considered to be smaller than 10,000 individual-equivalents for both Europe and the EU 28.","In the United Kingdom, this species is confined to metalliferous rocks and associated soils (Blockeel et al. 2014). It is chiefly found on stony slopes of mine waste or the silt washed from it, and in wall crevices around disused copper mines, in moist to wet situations. It is extremely shade tolerant, often growing in <10% Relative Light and recorded down to 0.2% Relative Light, whilst it has been recorded in association with concentrations of copper of up to 36,800part per million (ppm) in northern Wales (Callaghan 2011) and with 6,480 ppm of tin and 1,600 ppm of zinc in Cornwall (Callaghan and Bowyer 2011).

This species generally occurs at acidic sites. According to Damsholt (2002), in the Nordic countries it grows on damp soil near copper mines, also in rock crevices, lacking significant traces of copper in the soil, or somewhat protected, continuously damp, overhanging rock walls at waterfalls, together with, for example, Cephaloziella phyllacantha, Scapania gymnostomophila, S. scandica, Mesoptychia heterocolpos, L. sudetica and Sphenolobus minutus.",This species has an overall threat of different kinds of habitat destruction. Overgrowing and reclamation of the mine sites that the species inhabits also poses a threat.,"This species is in the Red List of Germany as Regionally Extinct (RE), in Finland, Slovakia and Romania as Critically Endangered (CR), in Norway, Sweden, Portugal and Bulgaria as Data Deficient (DD), in Great Britain as Endangered (EN), and in Ireland, Italy, Spain, Austria and Switzerland as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). At least one site is within a protected area.

Further research on the taxonomy, distribution and ecology of the genus Cephaloziella is needed. Monitoring, surveys of suitable habitats and site protection are also recommended.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hassel, K.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIELLACEAE,Cephaloziella,nicholsonii,,Cephaloziella nicholsonii  ,Douin,,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,v); C2a(i)",Yes,EN,C2a(i),EU28,,"The Greater Copperwort (Cephaloziella nicholsonii) is a rare suboceanic temperate species that is apparently endemic to Britain and Ireland. This species is assessed as Endangered under Criterion C2 since it is highly likely that there are fewer than 2,500 individual-equivalents, and each subpopulation has fewer than 250 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. In addition, there is a continuing decline in the population - it has been lost from some sites because of mine reclamation, and the population trend has been a slow but definite decline following the end of metal-mining, a trend that will continue for the foreseeable future. Due to its restricted area of occupancy (AOO: 312 km2), severe fragmentation and continuing decline in AOO, habitat and number of mature individuals, this species is also assessed as Endangered under Criterion B2.



Significant threats to this species include encroachment of scrub and other vegetation at old mines, where there has been little working for over half a century, and landscaping or other 'tidying up' schemes and development for recreation, to which disused mine areas are particularly prone. Where it occurs on walls, restoration of these could be damaging to this plant. Exploratory digging to relocate old mineshafts is a threat to subpopulations at several sites: this activity is usually carried out by local authorities anxious to replace unsafe timber cappings on old shafts. Neglected mine-waste sites are eventually recolonised by coarser vegetation (including introduced species), which eliminates the habitat of the heavy metal specialists.



The conservation needs of this and other mine-waste specialist bryophytes should be fully integrated into any land reclamation or industrial heritage schemes. It has received targeted conservation efforts in Britain and Ireland, including ex-situ, and these should continue, along with monitoring. Management measures such as scrub clearance and a certain amount of ground disturbance is often necessary.",Decreasing,"The Greater Copperwort (Cephaloziella nicholsonii) is a rare suboceanic temperate species that is apparently endemic to Britain and Ireland. Reports from Germany and Spain have not been confirmed (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 312 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) at 120,638 km².","This species can be very locally frequent in suitable habitats, but, as a heavy metal specialist, all its sites are small. It has been lost from some sites because of mine reclamation (Church et al. 2001), but has also been discovered at new sites in recent years. That said, the national trend has been a slow but definite decline following the end of metal-mining, a trend that will continue for the foreseeable future (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Ireland the species is known from seven known localities, representing 59 individual-equivalents (Holyoak 2006, Holyoak and Lockhart 2009, 2011). One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered one square metre on which the species grows. In Britain, the number of individual-equivalents has been estimated to be somewhere between 1,000 and 2,500 (D. Callaghan, pers. comm. 2017), and each subpopulation is estimated to have fewer than 250 individual-equivalents.","Like Cephaloziella massalongi, which shares many of its sites, this species is most frequent on copper-bearing rocks and mine spoil. It is locally abundant on several disused copper mines, forming extensive, almost pure mats, and tolerates more exposed conditions than C. massalongi, although colonies can persist in deep shade for many years. It typically grows on damp spoil or alongside mine leats, sometimes on metal-enriched wall mortar of mine buildings. In Cornwall it occurs on substrates with moderately high concentrations of lead and zinc as well as high concentrations of copper, and in Ireland there are small subpopulations growing on disused lead mines in the absence of high copper concentrations. Soil analyses on Cornish mines revealed that C. nicholsonii tolerates concentrations of copper up to 6,920 ppm, lead up to 770 ppm, tin up to 12,200 ppm, and zinc up to 253 ppm (Callaghan and Bowyer 2011). Recorded associates include C. massalongi, C. stellulifera, Dicranella varia, Pohlia annotina and Scopelophila cataractae. Its altitudinal range is from 10 m up to 295 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014).



This is a paroicous species; perianths are frequent but sporophytes are unknown. Gemmae are common.","Significant threats to this species include encroachment of scrub and other vegetation at old mines, where there has been little working for over half a century, and landscaping or other 'tidying up' schemes and development for recreation, to which disused mine areas are particularly prone. Where it occurs on walls, restoration of these could be damaging to this plant. Exploratory digging to relocate old mineshafts is a threat to subpopulations at several sites: this activity is usually carried out by local authorities anxious to replace unsafe timber cappings on old shafts (Church et al. 2001). Neglected mine-waste sites are eventually recolonised by coarser vegetation (including introduced species), which eliminates the habitat of the heavy metal specialists (Lockhart et al. 2012).","The conservation needs of this and other mine-waste specialist bryophytes should be fully integrated into any land reclamation or industrial heritage schemes. It has received targeted conservation efforts in Britain and Ireland, including ex-situ, and these should continue, along with monitoring. Management measures such as scrub clearance and a certain amount of ground disturbance is often necessary. The species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012) and as Endangered in Britain (Callaghan and Hodgetts in prep.). The species is protected by legislation in Ireland and is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Erzberger, P.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N. & Rothero, G.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIELLACEAE,Cephaloziella,phyllacantha,,Cephaloziella phyllacantha  ,(C. Massal. &amp; Carestia) Müll. Frib.,,No,CR,D,No,CR,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

Cephaloziella phyllacantha is a very rare species, which grows as a mat on mostly humid rock or soil containing heavy metals like copper or zinc. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at 1.5 million km2, largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category, whilst the area of occupancy (AOO) is very restricted, being estimated at just 100 km2. The subpopulations are usually very small and very restricted, but they seem to be stable, as they are mostly found in undisturbed sites. Thus the overall population trend is considered as stable. The population is estimated to be between 20 and 50 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) in Europe and in the EU 28. This species is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered.

The species is potentially threatened by stochastic event or shifts in habitat quality because of climate change. In Norway, clear-cutting and road construction have been identified as threats. It is known to occur in at least one protected area. Ex-situ conservation is recommended, in the form of establishing a genome bank and artificial propagation. In Norway, further research is needed to determine whether it is present at more localities. Also there is a need for more research into the threats. Site protection for the known subpopulations is prescribed, and more molecular research is advisable since the species is taxonomically critical and the population genetics are not known.",Stable,"This is a very rare species worldwide. It is known in Europe from Norway (seven sites, according to the online map: Artsdatabanken 2016) and the Alps, where it is recorded from France (Hugonnot et al. 2009), Italy (probably only two sites, according to Tacchi and Aleffi (2018)), Austria (at least four sites in Carinthia, Salzburg (two sites) and Styria (Köckinger et al. 2008) and Switzerland (seven sites, according to Geissler et al. 2002 and Swissbryophytes 2017). It has disappeared from its only site in Germany (Meinunger and Schröder 2007) and its presence in Spain is uncertain (Hodgetts 2015). It is found growing at elevations between 100 m and 2,000 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at 1.5 million km2, largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category, whilst the area of occupancy (AOO) is very restricted, being estimated at just 100 km2. Outside Europe this species is only known from a few sites in western North America, around Vancouver, and southern Greenland (Damsholt 2002). However, the overall distribution of this species is not clearly known, as it is part of a group of critical species that need a molecular assessment (V. Hugonnot pers. comm. 2017).","Except for Germany, where the species has disappeared from its only known site, subpopulations seem to be stable, as they are mostly found in undisturbed sites. Thus the overall population trend is considered as stable. Subpopulations are usually very small and cover far less than one square metre. Together with the few sites known, it is assumed that the total area covered by this species in Europe is smaller than one square metre. It rarely produces spores but more often gemmae. Dispersal over long distances is therefore probably difficult. Since the subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation, the population is considered to be severely fragmented. This species grows as a mat, and one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is therefore considered to be one square metre where the species grows. It is estimated that there are between 20 and 50 individual-equivalents in Europe and in the EU 28.",The species only grows on mostly humid rock or soil containing heavy metal like copper or zinc. In Norway and Austria it is also reported to grow on schistose and metamorphic rocks (amphibolites).,"As the subpopulations are very restricted and small, the species is potentially threatened by stochastic event or shifts in habitat quality because of climate change. In Norway, clear-cutting and road construction have been identified as threats to this species (Hassel et al. 2015). In Austria, the subpopulations do not seem to be threatened.","The species has been assessed in the national Red Lists of Switzerland, Austria and Italy as Vulnerable, and as Regionally Extinct in Germany (Hodgetts 2015). It is listed as Rare (R) in the Red Data Book of European Bryophytes (ECCB 1995). It is known to occur in at least one protected area. Ex-situ conservation is recommended for this species, in the form of establishing a genome bank and artificial propagation. In Norway, further research is needed to determine whether the species is present at more localities. Also there is a need for more research into the threats to this species. Site protection for the known subpopulations is needed.Molecular work is advisable since the species is taxonomically critical and the population genetics are not known (V. Hugonnot pers. comm. 2017).",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.,Puche, F.","Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIELLACEAE,Cephaloziella,polystratosa,,Cephaloziella polystratosa  ,(R.M. Schust. &amp; Damsh.) Konstant.,,No,EN,D,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Cephaloziella polystratosa is known from Greenland, Svalbard, and several localities in the north of European Russia, including Franz Josef Land. The number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) is estimated to be less than 10, although this species may be overlooked and misidentified, as it is a very small, poorly known species. However, the overall population size is certainly smaller than 100 individual-equivalents. Therefore, this species is assessed as Endangered in Europe.

The current population trend is unknown, but there are no current major threats to the species, although climate change may have a detrimental impact on the species in the future. The taxonomy, distribution and ecology of the species are poorly known, and so further research and monitoring of this species is required. 

This species is not found in the EU 28 and it is therefore Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"This is a poorly known liverwort species. This species has been recorded from Greenland (Schuster and Damsholt 1982), and also from several localities in the north of European Russia (Konstantionova et al. 2009), in Svalbard (Konstantinova and Savchenko 2012) and in Franz Josef Land.

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 1.1 million km2, and its area of occupancy is estimated to be around 24 km2. This species is not found within the EU 28.","The species is known from several collections in the Murmansk and Leningrad Provinces and in Svalbard, but the subpopulation sizes in most of these sites are not known. Recently in Svalbard ""mats of several square centimeters"" without a mixture of other bryophytes have been revealed (Konstantinova and Savchenko 2012). The number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and with a 1 m2 mat counted as one individual-equivalent) is estimated to be less than 10, although this species may be overlooked and misidentified, as it is a very small, poorly known species. However, the overall population size is certainly smaller than 100 individual-equivalents. The current population trend is unknown.

The number of known localities is less than 10, and there are large distances between them, which can be more than 100 km. The known subpopulations are severely fragmented, since the subpopulations are small and isolated, and there is no diaspore exchange between them. In addition, there is no sporophytes. The subpopulations may therefore go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","Both in Svalbard and Murmansk Province, the species occurs on outcrops, between rocks and on peat soil. In Svalbard, the species is associated with bird colonies and it seems to have preference towards nutrient-rich substrates (N. Konstantinova pers. obs. 2017).","It seems that there are no current major threats to this species, because many of the known subpopulations are situated in protected areas and/or in little populated areas. However, it may be affected by climate change in the future.","In both Svalbard and the Murmansk Province, this species is known to occur in protected areas. The species occurs in Nordaust-Svalbard Naturreservat and in Kandalaksha State Nature Reserve (Kontantinova 1998, Konstantinova and Savchenko 2012). 

The taxonomy, distribution and ecology of the species are poorly known, and so further research and monitoring of this species is required.",This species is not utilized.,"Cálix, M.,Hodd, R.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIELLACEAE,Cephaloziella,rubella,,Cephaloziella rubella  ,(Nees) Schiffn.,The Cephaloziella genus includes some of the smallest liverworts and there are taxonomical problems with most species. A full revision of the genus is needed combining morphological and molecular methods.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Red Threadwort (Cephaloziella rubella) is known from central and northern Europe, but is very scarce in the south. This species has a large geographic range - In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 5,000 and 6,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 14 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 4,000 km² and the EOO is ca 8 million km². Very little up to date information about the total population size is known and very scarce information about the trend. However, there is no reason to believe that there is any fast decline. This species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, in continental Europe and the United Kingdom, this species might be in the long run threatened by drainage of wetland and logging activities in forestry. No conservation action is needed at present, but research and monitoring on the actual trend of this species is needed.",Unknown,"This species has a northern suboceanic, boreo-temperate distribution. It is known from central and northern Europe, but is very scarce in the south (Hodgetts 2015). In Europe, this species is known from Ireland, Great Britain, Spain and France to central Europe, in Switzerland, Austria, Germany, and eastwards to Poland, Scandinavia, Iceland, northern and southwestern Russia and Crimea. It is also found in the Balkans from Hungary and former Yugoslavia, and is also known from the Canary Isles and the Azores (Damsholt 2002, Hodgetts 2015).

In Asia, this species is known from Siberia, Yenisei River valley and Japan, Honshu. In North America, this species is probably transcontinental, in the west from Alaska, in the east from Quebec to West Virginia and westwards to Michigan, Iowa and New Mexico (Damsholt 2002).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 5,000 and 6,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 14 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 4,000 km² and the EOO is ca 8 million km².","In Europe, this species is widely distributed. In the Nordic countries, it is very common in Norway, along the coast and in the southeastern lowland, but it is lacking in the mountains. It is also common in Finland (Ryömä et al. 2013) and in Sweden, but rather rare in Denmark (Damsholt 2002).

Very little up to date information about the total population size is known and very scarce information about the trend. However, there is no reason to believe that there is any decline. In the United Kingdom, there are remarkably few records of this species from the last 20 years compared with those from the 1960s and 1970s. This may represent a genuine decline, but is more likely to reflect a general fear of the genus among modern bryologists. In the United Kingdom, there is most probably a slow decline (Blockeel et al. 2014).","In the United Kingdom, this species grows on well drained or periodically damp sand and gravel, and rare in the Sphagnum mires favored by the superficially similar Cephaloziella hampeana. Typical habitats include quarry floors, metal mine spoil and tracks, as well as exposed peat on bogs and heaths, and decaying logs and peaty banks in woodland. It is probably the most frequent Cephaloziella on decorticated (bark removed) logs and stumps (Blockeel et al. 2014), but it is also found growing on burnt wood and soil (Ryömä et al. 2013).

In Nordic countries, this is a weedy plant, among other bryophytes, invading open acidic sandy or clayey soil or peat, often occurring in similar openings in the vegetation in and along paths or roads and together with, for example, Lophozia bicrenata and Solenostoma gracillimum, also on soil covering rocks or in crevices with, for example, Scapania scandica and S. mucronata, more rarely occurring on decaying logs with Lophozia ascendens (Damsholt 2002).","In Nordic countries, this is a weedy plant in places often affected by man. However, in continental Europe and the United Kingdom, it mainly occurs in bogs and heaths, and especially on decaying logs in woodland and in that region it most probably is threatened by drainage of wetland and logging activities in forestry.","This species is in the Red Lists of Germany and Italy as Near Threatened (NT), the Canary Islands and Spain as Data Deficient (DD), Montenegro as DD*,  the Netherlands and Bulgaria as Endangered (EN) and Ireland, Northern Ireland, Portugal and Serbia as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in some protected areas. No conservation action is needed at present. However, research and monitoring on the actual trend of this species is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Köckinger, H.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIELLACEAE,Cephaloziella,spinigera,,Cephaloziella spinigera  ,(Lindb.) Jørg.,The Cephaloziella genus includes some of the smallest liverworts and there are taxonomical problems with most species. A full revision of the genus is needed combining morphological and molecular methods.,No,NT,"B2b(iv,v)",No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Spiny Threadwort (Cephaloziella spinigera) is found mainly in central and northern Europe. This species is widespread, and has a large extent of occurrence (EOO), although a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 700 and 900 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 600 and 700 km2 and the EOO is ca 5 million km2. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in central Europe, and the population trend is inferred to be decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28. However, this species is not considered to be severely fragmented. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened in both Europe and the EU 28, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

The species is threatened by drainage in large parts of its range, but does not appear to be threatened in its northern range. No conservation action is needed at present.",Decreasing,"This species has a northern, suboceanic, boreo-arctic montane distribution. It is found mainly in central and northern Europe. It is known from Iceland, Svalbard (Thingsgaard and Damsholt 2006), Fennoscandia, Ireland, Great Britain and Spain in the west, to France and central Europe, Switzerland, Austria, Germany and eastwards to Slovakia, Poland, the Baltic region, southwestern and northern Russia, in the Balkans from Hungary and Romania (Hodgetts 2015). 

In Asia, this species is known from Siberia. In North America, it is known from Alaska and British Columbia in the west and in the east from Quebec to New York, and westwards to Michigan and Minnesota. This species is also known from Greenland (Damsholt 2002).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 700 and 900 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 600 and 700 km2 and the EOO is ca 5 million km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 20 m and 2,230 m Asl. The species is not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.","In the Nordic countries, it is rather widespread and relatively common in mires in the lowland in Sweden and the eastern part of southern Norway. It is one of the most common Cephaloziella species in Scandinavia. It is known north to Pasvik in northernmost Norway, and to 1,400 m Asl at Finse, southwestern Norway. A few occurrences are made in Denmark in recent time (Goldberg 2017). In Finland it is probably common (Damsholt 2002, Hodgetts 2015), but rarely collected (Ryömä et al. 2013). The population trend is inferred to be decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28, and there is ongoing destruction of habitat in central Europe. However, in northern Europe, subpopulations are stable. The population size is large and there are well above 10,000 individual-equivalents in Europe and in the EU 28 (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for each individual-equivalent). This species is not considered to be severely fragmented.","This is a mire species that in the Nordic countries grows among and over Sphagnum capillifolium heads, Leucobryum or other mosses in acidic mires and in heaths, often together with, e.g. Mylia anomala, Calypogeia neesiana, C. sphagnicola, Cephalozia loitlesbergeri, rarely also in somewhat mineral-rich fens with, for example, Lophozia laxa, Cephalozia bicuspidata, C. lunulifolia, Aulacomnium palustre and Paludella squarrosa (Damsholt 2002).

  In the United Kingdom, this species is confined to bogs and heaths, where it is most frequently found growing amongst Sphagnum or other mosses, notably Leucobryum glaucum, and less often on peaty hummocks beneath Calluna. Irish colonies are concentrated on undisturbed bogs, where associates include Sphagnum austinii, S. fuscum and S. magellanicum (Lockhart et al. 2012). It has also been recorded from steep peaty banks and rarely on rotting wood (Blockeel et al. 2014).","The species is threatened by drainage in large parts of its range, but seems to be stable in some areas (i.e. Norway and Russia). This species does not appear to be threatened in its northern range. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in central Europe.","This species is in the Red List of Germany as Indeterminate, in Ireland, Spain and Hungary as Data Deficient (DD), in Slovakia and Romania as Endangered (EN), in Poland as I, in Great Britain as Near Threatened (NT), in the Netherlands as Regionally Extinct (RE), and in Austria, the Czech Republic, Switzerland and Estonia as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether this species occurs in any protected areas.

No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Ignatova, E.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Hugonnot, V.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIELLACEAE,Cephaloziella,stellulifera,,Cephaloziella stellulifera  ,(Taylor ex Carrington &amp; Pearson) Croz.,The Cephaloziella genus includes some of the smallest liverworts and there are taxonomical problems with most species. A full revision of the genus is needed combining morphological and molecular methods.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Heath Threadwort (Cephaloziella stellulifera) is scattered, but widely distributed in Europe. This species has a large geographic range - In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,500 and 2,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 1,400 km² and the EOO is ca 10 million km². It seems to be viable and stable in southwestern Europe, but the overall current population trend for Europe and the EU 28 is unknown. In addition, there are no major known threats to this species. In Europe, this species is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

No conservation action is needed at present.",Unknown,"This species has a submediterranean-subatlantic distribution. In Europe, it is scattered, but widely distributed, occurring from the Nordic countries to Ireland, Great Britain, Spain, Portugal and France in the west and to central Europe, in Austria, Germany, eastwards to former Czechoslovakia, Poland and southwards to Italy, in the Balkans from former Yugoslavia, Hungary and Greece (Hodgetts 2015). In northwestern Russia it is only found in Leningrad District (Zhukova and  Potemkin 1987). This species is also known from Macaronesia. In the Nordic countries, this species is scattered in the southern lowlands, with the northernmost occurrence in Norway, North Trøndelag, from where it was described as C. norvegica (Damsholt 2002, Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 5 m to 1,940 m Asl.

In Asia, this species is known from Turkey, Siberia and Japan. In North America, this species is restricted to the east in Quebec, Vermont and New York. In Africa, it is known from Algeria and Morocco (Damsholt 2002).

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,500 and 2,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 1,400 km² and the EOO is ca 10 million km².","In Europe, this species is scattered, but widely distributed. It is rare in the north and, for example, in Norway there is only one site where this species is known (Hassel et al. 2015). In Sweden, there are only three modern discoveries of species, all three in southern Sweden (T. Hallingbäck pers. obs. 2017). There are few old records from southern parts of the country in Finland (Ryömä et al. 2013). In central and southern Europe, this species is more abundant, but the overall current population trend is more or less unknown in Europe and the EU 28. However, some of the national red lists indicate a decline. The species seems not to be severely fragmented in Europe or EU 28.","In the United Kingdom, this species grows in damp to fairly dry, usually sunny situations. Most records are from copper, zinc and lead mine waste, where it may grow alongside C. massalongi and C. nicholsonii, or from coastal sites, where it grows on heathland, soil in rock crevices on cliffs and in turf on cliff tops. A number of records come from soil overlying chalk or limestone, albeit where leaching is likely to have reduced the pH somewhat. It is also found occasionally on heathy tracks or sandy ditch banks inland, especially in plantations (Blockeel et al. 2014).

  In Nordic countries, this species grows on clayey and loamy, sometimes sandy soil, on banks, in fens, heaths and waste land, often together with Cephaloziella divaricata, also found among rocks (Damsholt 2002). New findings include also soil overlying flat limestone rocks (T. Hallingbäck pers. obs. 2017).",There are no major known threats to this species.,"This species is in the Red Lists of the Czech Republic and Slovakia as Critically Endangered (CR), Finland, Norway, Sweden, the Canary Islands, Sardinia, Germany and Hungary as Data Deficient (DD), Luxembourg as Endangered (EN), Poland as I, Ireland and Italy as Near Threatened (NT), the Netherlands as R and Austria, Switzerland and Serbia as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in at least one protected area. No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Köckinger, H.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIELLACEAE,Cephaloziella,turneri,,Cephaloziella turneri  ,(Hook.) Müll. Frib.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"

European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Turner's Threadwort (Cephaloziella turneri) is found occurring in Europe throughout the Mediterranean region, although the northern-most European subpopulations are in England and Ireland. Based on the most recent available information about the taxon’s geographic range, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 8.2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be at least 880 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is about 7.2 million km2 and the AOO at least 856 km2 . No quantitative information is available on population size although it is mostly scattered in the Mediterranean region. The current population trend for this species in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be stable, and the species may well be under-recorded. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is very sensitive to habitat degradation which could cause increased threat in the near future, particularly in areas exposed to pressures related to fire events or problematic species. There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. However, it would benefit from habitat protection and management of other species such as Campylopus introflexus. Further research on the population size and trends of this species is required.

",Stable,"This is a Mediterranean-Atlantic, small leafy liverwort. The distribution of this species includes western and eastern Europe, North Africa and North America. It is found occurring in Europe throughout the Mediterranean region, from Portugal, Spain, France, Corsica, Italy, Greece to the Balkan area and Crete. Also, this species occurs in Macaronesia (the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands). The northern-most European subpopulations are in England and Ireland.

  Based on the most recent available information about the taxon’s geographic range, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 8.2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be at least 880 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is about 7.2 million km2 and the AOO at least 856 km2 .The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level to 1,000 m Asl (Bischler 2004).","

No quantitative information is available on population size although it is mostly scattered in the Mediterranean region. The current population trend for this species in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be stable, and the species may well be under-recorded.

In the Iberian Peninsula, this species is known in many sites from northern, eastern and southern Spain (M. Brugués pers. comm. 2018) and in all provinces of Portugal, but it is more frequent in western areas. Apparently, this species presents a more or less continuous distribution through southern areas of all countries from Portugal to the Balkans and European Turkey, but always in more or less similar and typical Mediterranean habitats, with just one small area in Bulgaria.

Elsewhere, this species is known from Macaronesia, where it appears to be common in the Canary Islands (five islands - González-Mancebo et al. 2008), in Madeira where it is known from many sites, and in the Azores from two islands (S. Miguel and Santa Maria - Gabriel et al. 2011).

This species is frequently fertile and with gemmae produced on the leaves, which may contribute to local dispersal.

","

This species is found in rock crevices, soil depressions or slopes associated with natural grasslands to shrubland or forests areas. It occurs in Mediterranean to temperate areas, not arid zones, with a climate preference of a mean rainfall of 600 to 1,000 mm. The soil type is clay or sandy-clay with a pH of 4 to 6.5 (Bischler 2004).

","

 

Different human-induced changes such as forest management may cause a negative impact for this species. Scrub invasion and associated fire events are also important threats. Competition by other bryophytes, as Campylopus introflexus, in the same habitats put some subpopulations at risk, both presently and in the future.



 

","

This species is not threatened in the Iberian Peninsula (Brugués and Gonzalez-Mancebo 2012, Sérgio et al. 2013) but is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in England (Hodgetts 2011), as Vulnerable (VU) in Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012), as NT in Italy, and as Critically Endangered (CR) in Bulgaria.

There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. However, it would benefit from habitat protection and management of invasive species such as Campylopus introflexus. This species occurs in several protected areas as the Natural Parks of Gerês and Serra da Estrela in Portugal and diverse more in Spain.

Further research on the population size and trends of this species is required.

",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Orgaz Alvarez, J.,Englefield, E.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIELLACEAE,Cephaloziella,uncinata,,Cephaloziella uncinata  ,R.M. Schust.,The Cephaloziella genus includes some of the smallest liverworts and there are taxonomical problems with most species. A full revision of the genus is needed combining morphological and molecular methods.,No,NT,"B2b(iii,iv)",No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

 

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Cephaloziella uncinata is reported from France, Germany, Austria, northern Sweden, northern Russia and Svalbard. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 70 and 200 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 2.5 and 3 million km2. The current population trend is inferred to be decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28. However, it is not considered to be severely fragmented. Therefore, in Europe, this species is assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

However, in the EU 28, the AOO is between 8 and 80 km2 and the EOO is between 8 and 80 km2. The species is only found in a few localities in this region. However, the species is easy to overlook and there are some areas where the species could occur but is not yet known to. This species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient for the EU 28, due to the lack of information and uncertain data, so any category from Critically Endangered to Least Concern may be plausible.

The current climate warming is one of the most important negative pressures of this and other species in arctic latitudes. Research is needed on the distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats of this species, particularly within the EU 28.",Decreasing,"This species has an arctic-alpine distribution. It is probably circum-arctic in its range. In Europe, it is reported from France, Germany, Austria, northern Sweden, northern Russia and Svalbard (Hodgetts 2015). The reports from France and Germany needs confirmation. Outside of Europe, this species is known from Siberia, at the delta of Lena River. In North America, this species is known from Alaska and Northwest Territories, Bathurst Island, Banks Island and from Greenland (Damsholt 2002).

However, since the species has only been recently described its actual distribution is unclear.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 70 and 200 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 2.5 and 3 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 8 and 80 km2 and the EOO is between 8 and 80 km2.","This species occurs in northern Europe (Svalbard, Scandinavia and northern Russia). Dubious reports exist from a few single sites in southern Germany. In France, the species seems to be rare (Prey et al. 2014). The species is easy to overlook and there are some areas where the species could occur but is not yet known to. The current population trend is inferred to be decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28. It is not considered to be severely fragmented.","In the Nordic countries, this species grows on peaty enriched soil, among Sphagnum, or in mossy, somewhat calcareous rock crevices, among, for example, Scapania gymnostomophila, S. cuspiduligera and Mesoptychia heterocolpos (Damsholt 2002). It is morphologically a very variable species.",It is considered that climate change has a negative impact on nearly all native species in the arctic region. The current climate warming is one of the most important negative pressures of this and other species in arctic latitudes.,"This species is in the Red List of both Germany and Sweden as Data Deficient (DD) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in protected areas. Research is needed on the distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats of this species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Köckinger, H.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIELLACEAE,Cephaloziella,varians,,Cephaloziella varians  ,(Gottsche) Steph.,The Cephaloziella genus includes some of the smallest liverworts and there are taxonomical problems with most species. A full revision of the genus is needed combining morphological and molecular methods.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Cephaloziella varians is widespread in some parts of northern Europe, but its frequency in the rest of Europe is much less known. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,300 and 1,500 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 700 km² and the EOO is ca 3.2 million km². The population size and trend is unknown within its distribution area in Europe and EU 28, but there is no indication of any decline. In addition, there are no known threats known to the species. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

No conservation action is needed at present.",Unknown,"This species has an arctic-alpine distribution. In Europe, it is known from the Nordic countries, including the Faroe Islands, south to French Pyrenees to Switzerland, Austria, northern Italy, Germany, eastwards to former Slovakia and the Caucasus, and northwards to Svalbard and northern Russia (Hodgetts 2015). This species is also found in Iceland and Svalbard (Damsholt 2002).

In Asia, this species is known from Siberia. In North America, this species is known from Alaska in the west and in the east from Ellesmere Island to Vermont and westwards to Idaho, Michigan and Minnesota. It is also known from Greenland (Damsholt 2002).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,300 and 1,500 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 700 km² and the EOO is ca 3.2 million km².","In Svalbard, this is the most common of the species in the genus Cephaloziella (Konstantinova and Savechenko 2012). In Sweden, the species is especially frequent in the provinces along the Gulf of Bothnia (Damsholt 2002). The frequency in the rest of Europe is much less known. Also, the trend is unknown in major parts of its distribution area in Europe and the EU 28. However, there is no report of any decline.","This species grows among species such as Barbilophozia hatcheri and Racomitrium spp., on humid, often calcareous rocks and edges of boulders with Sphenolobus minutus, Tetralophozia setiformis, Ptilidium ciliare etc., in rock crevices also with, for example, Blepharostoma trichophyllum, Scapania gymnostomophila and Schljakovianthus quadrilobus, or in fens, submerged in shallow lake water in the mountains (Damsholt 2002). It grows also on soil in snow pockets on the fjells (Ryömä et al. 2013).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","This species is in the Red List of Italy as Data Deficient (DD), Slovakia as Regionally Extinct (RE), and Austria and Switzerland as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether this species occurs in any protected areas. No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hassel, K.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DITRICHACEAE,Ceratodon,conicus,,Ceratodon conicus  ,(Hampe) Lindb.,,No,NT,D1,No,NT,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



The Scarce Redshank (Ceratodon conicus) is a submediterranean-subatlantic moss. Its distribution in Europe is uncertain because of widespread misidentification, but it appears to include southern England, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Austria, Italy, Croatia, Montenegro, Romania, Estonia, Norway, Sweden and the Canary Islands. This species is precautionarily assessed as Near Threatened since it is estimated that there are slightly above 1,000 individual-equivalents both in Europe and in the EU 28. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered one square metre or one boulder on which the species grows. However, estimating the exact number remains complicated due to the difficulties  in identifying material lacking capsules, and its status is therefore doubtful in many countries. It does seem to be genuinely rare.

 

This species evidently declined in Britain to near extinction as the practice of earth-capping walls ceased, and the walls themselves have been destroyed. Suitable ground may also have been lost from the filling of old pits and vegetational succession in open habitats. However, the current population trend is considered stable. Sites where this species is definitely known to occur should be monitored and subject to appropriate management if possible. Otherwise, further fieldwork and herbarium work is needed to elucidate the status of the species Europe-wide.",Stable,"The Scarce Redshank (Ceratodon conicus) is a submediterranean-subatlantic moss. Its distribution in Europe is uncertain because of widespread misidentification, but it appears to include southern England, France (including Corsica), Belgium, Luxembourg, Austria, Italy, (including Sicily and Sardinia), Croatia, Montenegro, Romania, Estonia, Norway, Sweden and the Canary Islands. Its occurrence in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Crete, Bulgaria and Hungary remains uncertain. It has apparently disappeared from Finland and Germany. Many records are based on vegetative material. Elsewhere it has been recorded from North Africa (Morocco), Turkey and western North America. Records from elsewhere require confirmation (Blockeel et al. 2014).



This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 224 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) atca 6 million km².","In general this species is rare and overlooked. It clearly declined to near extinction in England, but two new sites were found recently (T. Blockeel pers. comm. 2017). In Belgium it is scattered and rare, but there is no indication of decline and there are ten subpopulations (A. Vanderpoorten pers. comm. 2017). It has probably disappeared from Germany. It is extinct in Finland. The records from the Iberian Peninsula are based on misidentifications (C. Sérgio pers. comm. 2017). Since the core of the distribution is in south-central Europe, the overall population trend is assumed to be stable. The population is not severely fragmented. The current known population size is not larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents but it is overlooked and thus it could be larger. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered one square metre or one boulder on which the species grows.","This is a plant of bare calcareous soil in dry places such as dry meadows, alvar areas and limestone quarries, but its ecology is poorly known. In the past in England it was most often found on the top of earth-capped limestone walls, and in crevices in such walls. Other habitats have included the coping of a canal lock, tracksides and hard paths (e.g. in chinks between paving stones), and on concrete. It can also occur on rock faces and on thin soil on boulders. Some of the new records from England are from ruderal habitats (T. Blockeel pers. comm. 2017). It has been found with Barbula convoluta, Didymodon fallax and Pseudocrossidium hornschuchianum; other associates on wall tops were Aloina spp., Encalypta vulgaris, Pterygoneurum ovatum and Tortula lanceola. Its altitudinal range is from 40 m up to 210 m Asl (Hallingbäck et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014). In Austria it shows a sub-continental distribution (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017).



It is dioicous; capsules are rare, mature in May and June.","This species evidently declined in  Britain to near extinction as the practice of earth-capping walls ceased, and the walls themselves have been destroyed. Suitable ground  may also have been lost from the filling of old pits and vegetational  succession in open habitats.","Sites where this species is definitely known to occur should be monitored and subject to appropriate management if possible. Otherwise, further fieldwork and herbarium work is needed to elucidate the status of the species Europe-wide. There has recently been a successful trial at habitat recreation (mud-capped walls) and reintroduction of C. conicus on Cleeve Common (Gloucestershire, England) (Lansdown and Phillips 2017). It is considered Critically Endangered in Britain and Romania, Endangered in Austria and Vulnerable in Estonia, Luxembourg and Switzerland, but is Regionally Extinct in Finland and Germany, and Data Deficient, if it occurs at all, in Slovakia, Bulgaria and Hungary (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cronberg, N.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C., Untereiner, A. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DITRICHACEAE,Ceratodon,purpureus,,Ceratodon purpureus  ,(Hedw.) Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Redshank (Ceratodon purpureus) is a widespread species in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population is large and stable, and there are no major threats to it. No specific conservation actions are needed.",Stable,"The Redshank (Ceratodon purpureus) is a widespread species in Europe, as well as in great part of the Northern hemisphere (Smith 2004, Hodgetts 2015). It is a common colonizer on various substrates and habitats, also man-made.","This species forms cushions or patches of a few square centimeters and has a high reproductive effort, colonizing also extensive soil portions for example during post fire recolonization. The current population is large and stable.","This species lives in various habitat types, both in natural or semi-natural environments and in disturbed areas. It is an acidophylous or subneutrophylous species growing on acidic soil, on rock or on bark in woods, shrublands as well as in arable fields and in other open habitats or in urban areas.","No past, ongoing, or future threats exist to this species.",No specific conservation actions are needed for this very widespread taxon. It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Denyer, J.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,LEJEUNEACEAE,Cheilolejeunea,cedercreutzii,,Cheilolejeunea cedercreutzii  ,(Buch &amp; H. Perss.) Grolle,,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii); C2a(i)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii); C2a(i)",EU28,,"Cheilolejeunea cedercreutzii is a small liverwort endemic to Macaronesia and has been recorded on only four islands of the Azores Archipelago, and more recently in Madeira Island, Portugal. This species is assessed as Endangered under Criterion B since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. In addition, it is also assessed as Endangered under Criterion C since the population size is estimated to be smaller than 2,500 individual-equivalents, and each subpopulation is estimated to have less than 250 individual-equivalents. Since this species grows on trees, an individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be a single tree or shrub on which the species grows. 



A continuing decline in the population is also projected - the number of 1-km2 climatically suitable grid cells for this species is predicted to decrease by either 72% or 77% of its current distribution under future climate conditions until 2070 (in 54 years), depending on the scenario followed. It is assumed that even if there are suitable microclimatic areas within the unsuitable 1-km2, these will be minimal (ravines, nooks and crannies) and thus the reduction in suitable habitat will lead to an almost linear reduction in the population. Recognising the degree of uncertainty associated with future projections, it has been considered that the more conservative estimate of decline should be used to assess the extinction risk of this species against Criterion A. Three generations for this species are around 20 years, and it is unclear by how much the population will decline within this time frame (by 2036). While the models clearly project a substantial decline in the climatically suitable area for this species in the future, it seems unlikely that the population reduction would be of at least 50% in the next 20 years. The species therefore does not qualify as Endangered under Criterion A (but would very likely qualify for Vulnerable).



This species has a narrow ecological tolerance and is very sensitive to habitat degradation, which is occurring mainly due to the spread of invasive alien species, an increase in tourism and recreational activities, and also the building of secondary roads. Land-use change, particularly at the margins of its natural habitat, to increase grasslands or the planting of exotic species is also a threat to the survival of this species. Since the Azores are located on the mid-Atlantic ridge, geological events such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and landslides are likely to harm existing subpopulations. An intensification of the effects of climatic change will probably also cause damage to the stability of subpopulations. Even though Macaronesian native forests are recognized as important habitats both in the Azores and Madeira, these are restricted to very small areas, surrounded by humanized landscape, so natural corridors and buffer areas would benefit this species. 



Proper management of the habitat is strongly recommended, focusing on protection against invasive species, clear-cutting of areas around native forests and eutrophication caused (directly or indirectly) by cattle grazing. Biology and nature conservation students should be made aware of bryophytes in general and endemic species in particular. Since it is possible to recognize this species in the field, and epiphylls in general indicate humid and sheltered conditions, all nature guides working in the protected areas of the Azores should be aware of its characteristics, to be able to monitor the subpopulations inside the natural parks. Epiphyllous species are quite rare in temperate ecosystems but present in Macaronesia, and could be promoted as natural icons, helping the general public to foster a meaningful link with their rich natural heritage.",Decreasing,"Cheilolejeuna cedercreutzii is a small liverwort endemic to Macaronesia. It has been recorded on only four islands of the Azores Archipelago (São Miguel, Terceira, Pico and Faial Islands), excluding the islands of the Western Group (Gabriel et al. 2010), and more recently in Madeira (Blockeel et al. 2008, Sim-Sim et al. 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at ca 45,140 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2.

","This small Macaronesian liverwort occurs on five islands (four in the Azores Archipelago and on Madeira Island), at just a few scattered sites. This short-lived shuttle liverwort species (Dierssen 2001) has an estimated generation length between 6 and 10 years, and three generations are therefore be considered to be 20 years. The cover of this species is consistently low and there is a small number of individuals (Sjögren 1978). It is not known fertile. It is assumed that the subpopulations have little or no genetic exchange between them and these small subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. Since this species grows on trees, an individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one tree or shrub on which the species grows; the population size is estimated to be smaller than 2,500 individual-equivalents, and each subpopulation to have less than 250 individual-equivalents.



The records from Madeira were collected in 2004 and 2007 (Blockeel 2008, Sim-Simet al. 2009), but in the Azores about half the records are from before 1975 (Gabriel et al. 2011) - the latest record from São Miguel dates back to 1938 and its presence there needs to be reconfirmed; recent searches in São Miguel have failed to find it there (R. Gabriel pers. comm. 2016). Furthermore, the current population trend is projected to be decreasing due to the effects of climate change (Ferreira et al. 2016, Patiño et al. 2016). In particular, the number of 1-km2 climatically suitable grid cells for this species is predicted to decrease by either 72% or 77% of its current distribution under future climate conditions until 2070, depending on the scenario followed (Patiño et al. 2016).



This prediction is based on a study which derived its projections using two different Global Climate Models recommended for Europe and Mediterranean climates under two RCP (representative concentration pathways). One was a stabilization scenario where total radiative forcing is stabilised before 2100, while the other scenario is characterized by increasing greenhouse gas emissions over time, representative for scenarios in the literature leading to high greenhouse gas concentration levels (Patiñoet al. 2016). The variables considered for these projections included the maximum  temperature of the warmest month and the precipitation (in mm) of the  wettest month. The poikilohydric condition of bryophytes means their  water content is directly regulated by environmental humidity and growth  is restricted to periods of hydration. Temperature is also known to be  an important factor for bryophyte growth (Patiño et al. 2016).



However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study (approximately 1-km2  grid resolution), it is possible that this species may persist within  the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats such as  ravines, where humidity can be higher than in the surrounding  environment. Nevertheless, these models clearly project a substantial  decline in the climatically suitable area for this species within three generations.","This is a typical species of mature laurel forests; in the Azores it was once recorded at the entrance of a lava cave (E. Sjögren pers. comm. 2005); nevertheless, the species is considered to have narrow ecological tolerance (Gabriel et al. 2011). In the Azores, it may be found in Juniperion brevifolia, mostly growing as an epiphyll on the leaves of species such as Ilex perado subsp. azorica or Laurus azorica, or epiphytic on the bark of Juniperus brevifolia, in very humid and shaded sites (e.g., Sjögren 1978, Homem and Gabriel 2008). Its preferential elevation range goes from 750 m to 1,000 m Asl, but it has been recorded from 250 m to 1,150 m Asl (Blockeel 2008, Gabriel et al. 2011). In Madeira, this species has a narrow altitudinal range between 1,100 m and 1,200 m Asl, and develops as an epiphyte on the bark of Erica scoparia in the heath forest, and in rock crevices (Blockeel 2008).","This species has a narrow ecological tolerance (Gabriel et al. 2011) and is very sensitive to habitat degradation (Gabriel and Homem 2008), which is occurring mainly due to the spread of invasive alien species (especially Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum), an increase in tourism and recreational activities, and the building of secondary roads. There is therefore a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat. Land-use change, particularly at the margins of its natural habitat, to increase grasslands or the planting of exotic species (e.g., Cryptmomeria japonica) is also a threat to the survival of this species. Since the Azores are located on the mid-Atlantic ridge, geological events such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and landslides are likely to harm existing subpopulations. An intensification of the effects of climatic change will probably also cause damage to the stability of subpopulations.","This species, and its habitat, should be protected at least by regional laws. It occurs in protected areas both in Madeira and the Azores, and is considered among the few bryophytes protected by Azorean Regional Legislation (RAA 2012). It was recognized as the only bryophyte in the top 100 of threatened and priority organisms of Macaronesia (Martín et al. 2008) and one of the 12 organisms selected in the Azores (Cardoso et al. 2008) although it was considered as Data Deficient in Madeira's Red List (Sim-Sim et al. 2014). Even though Macaronesian native forests are recognized as important habitats (EEC 1992; Habitat 45.6), both in the Azores and Madeira, these are restricted to very small areas, surrounded by humanized landscape, so natural corridors and buffer areas would benefit this species.Proper management of the habitat is strongly recommended, focusing on protection against invasive alien species, clear-cutting of areas around native forests and eutrophication caused (directly or indirectly) by cattle grazing (e.g., Triantis et al. 2010). Biology and nature conservation students should be made aware of bryophytes in general and endemic species in particular. Since it is possible to recognize this species in the field (with the aid of a hand lens), and epiphylls in general indicate humid and sheltered conditions, all nature guides working in the protected areas of the Azores should be aware of its characteristics, to be able to monitor the subpopulations inside the natural parks. Epiphyllous species are quite rare in temperate ecosystems but present in Macaronesia, and could be promoted as natural icons, helping the general public to foster a meaningful link with their rich natural heritage.",The species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Puche, F.","Gabriel, R., Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DITRICHACEAE,Cheilothela,chloropus,,Cheilothela chloropus  ,(Brid.) Broth.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Rabbit Moss (Cheilothela chloropus) is predominantly distributed in the Mediterranean area and is also known, but rather rare, in Great Britain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite widespread in Europe, and the current population trend is stable. However, this species is mostly found in the Mediterranean area and lives in a fragile habitat, so it is important to indirectly protect it, for example through educational and awareness raising activities.",Stable,"The Rabbit Moss (Cheilothela chloropus) is a species in a monotypic genus, segregated by Buck (1981) from the Ceratodon genus. It is predominantly distributed in the Mediterranean area and is also known, but rather rare, in Great Britain (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe it is known in North Africa, Iraq and Israel.",This species sometimes forms extensive and dense turfs by production of an intricate system of underground axes (Porley 1992). The current population trend is stable.,"This is a Mediterranean-Atlantic species living on soil in coastal habitats, where during the summer it forms typical biological crusts. It can grow in various environment types with Erica spp. and Cistus spp., as well as in coastal forest communities with Pinus pinea.","In the Mediterranean area, coastal habitats are often threatened by touristic frequentation as well as by residential development. Nevertheless, until now there is no indication of a population decline as a consequence of these threats.","In Great Britain and in Bulgaria, where it is respectively at the northernmost and easternmost edge of his distribution, this species has been assessed as Vulnerable. Nevertheless, overall there is no continuing decline. However, this species is mostly found in the Mediterranean area and lives in a fragile habitat, so it is important to indirectly protect it, for example through educational and awareness raising activities. It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Juutinen, R.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.","Hylander, K.,Englefield, E.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LOPHOCOLEACEAE,Chiloscyphus,pallescens,,Chiloscyphus pallescens  ,(Ehrh. ex Hoffm.) Dumort.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Chiloscyphus pallescens is a common and widespread species in Europe. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 18,000 and 20,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 16 and 17 million km2. Within the EU 28, the AOO is between 17,000 and 18,000 km2, and its EOO is between 9 and 10 million km2. The overall current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no major threats to this species. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in Portugal and Hungary. Even so, no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species has a boreo-temperate distribution. It is found in most of Europe, including Iceland and Macaronesia (Hodgetts 2015). It is considered the most common species of the genus, widespread from lowlands into the mountains. In Europe, this species is recorded from Great Britain and Ireland, Spain and Portugal in the west, to central Europe, and eastwards to the Balkans, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, the Russian provinces and the Caucasus. It is found southwards to Italy, from Elba and Sicily, and it is also known from Macaronesia, in Madeira. In the Nordic countries, this species is very common. It is found in Norway up to 1,200 m Asl, and in northern Scandinavia, it is considered the only species present, but it is possibly confused there with the arctic form of C. polyanthos (Damsholt 2002, Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 5 m to 2,255 m Asl.

This species is in some regions confused with C. polyanthos and it may therefore have been recorded differently in different countries.

In Asia, this species is known from Siberia, Sakhalin, Japan and the Himalayas. In North America, this species is transcontinental, and found in the west from Alaska to California, and in the east from Quebec to North Carolina and Tennessee (Damsholt 2002).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 18,000 and 20,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 16 and 17 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 17,000 and 18,000 km2, and its EOO is between 9 and 10 million km2.","There is no reason to believe that this common and widespread species is neither declining nor inclining in Europe, for the time being. Therefore, the overall current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","In the United Kingdom, this species grows in marshes, fens, flushes and upland springs, where it grows either among higher plants such as Carex and Juncus species, or in bryophyte dominated vegetation alongside Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Cratoneuron filicinum, Philonotis fontana, Plagiomnium spp. and Sarmentypnum exannulatum. It also grows in alder and willow carr (where it is frequently associated with Calliergon cordifolium), on damp soil and rotting logs in woodland, on soil and (rarely) rocks by lakes and rivers, in damp grassland and on cliff ledges. It is most frequent in situations that are at least mildly basic.



In Nordic countries, this species grows near standing water in ponds, swamps or near running water, always in shade. It may occur in moist ditches, at banks or as a pioneer in green thin patches on calcareous or partly calcareous rock walls and at times it also occurs on moist grassy slopes, when precipitation is high. This species occurs rarely on decaying logs with, for example, Riccardia latifrons and Cephalozia catenulata, or on humus near calcareous swamps, together with Aneura pinguis, Plagiochila asplenioides and Riccardia multifida. In standing water occurs the large-celled form, var. fragilis, forming dull green, less transparent patches, and from running brooks in calcareous surroundings, it has been described as var. fontana, a synonym to var. rivularis of C. polyanthos (Damsholt 2002).",There are no current threats known to this species.,"This species is in the Red List of Sardinia as Data Deficient (DD), Portugal as Endangered (EN), Italy as Near Threatened (NT) and Hungary as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation action is needed for the time being and the species is present in many protected areas.",The species is not used.,"Vanderpoorten, A.,Cálix, M.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LOPHOCOLEACEAE,Chiloscyphus,polyanthos,,Chiloscyphus polyanthos  ,(L.) Corda,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

St Winifrid's Moss (Chiloscyphus polyanthos) is common and widespread in Europe. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 35,000 and 40,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 16 and 17 million km2. Within EU 28 the AOO is between 25,000 and 35,000 km2, and its EOO is between 9 and 10 million km2. The current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no major threats to this species. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species has a boreo-temperate distribution range mainly in the temperate part, It is found throughout Europe. It is widely distributed in Europe from Ireland, Great Britain, Spain, the Azores, Portugal and France in the west to the Russian provinces and the Caucasus in the east, as well as southwards to Sicily, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania. It is also known from Madeira and Iceland (Hodgetts 2015). In the Nordic countries, this species is common in the south, and is found in the mountains, probably only rarely penetrating above the tree line, although it has been reported from 1,000 m Asl in central Norway (Damsholt 2002). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 5 m to 2,138 m Asl.

This species is in some regions confused with C. pallescens and it may therefore have been recorded differently in different countries.

In Asia, this species is known from Turkey, Siberia (Yenisei and Lena River valleys), the Himalayas and Japan. In Africa, this species is known from Morocco, and Tunisia. In North America, it is transcontinental, and found in the west from Alaska to California, and in the east from Labrador to North Carolina and Tennessee. This species is also known from southern Greenland (Damsholt 2002).



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 35,000 and 40,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 16 and 17 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 25,000 and 35,000 km2, and its EOO is between 9 and 10 million km2.","There is no reason to believe that this common and widespread species is declining or inclining in Europe for the time being, and therefore the current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","In the United Kingdom, this species grows commonly on rocks and boulders in and by streams and rivers, sometimes growing submerged, where it is associated with species such as Scapania undulata and Platyhypnidium riparioides. Stony flushes also regularly support Chiloscyphus polyanthos. Records of this species also come from a similar range of habitats to C. pallescens, including marshes, pool and lake margins, stream banks, damp soil in woodland (where it can tolerate considerable shade), rotting wood and wet cliff ledges. Localities vary from mildly basic to moderately acidic (Blockeel et al. 2014).

In the Nordic countries, the species grows on soil- or silt-covered rocks along small streams and ponds, where subject to occasional submersion. It is also rarely found on humus and on the forest floor. Avoiding calcareous substrates and often occurring with, for example, Pellia epiphylla, P. neesiana and Marsupella emarginata. In running water, var. rivularis occurs, forming large patches, here often together with Scapania undulata (Damsholt 2002). This stream variety has been considered as declining, as a consequence of stream construction in Finland (Ulvinen et al. 2003).

",The species is common and there are probably no threats to this species.,This species is in the Red Lists of Italy and Sardinia as Near Threatened (NT) (Hodgetts 2015). There is currently no need for any conservation action and the species is known to occur in many protected areas.,This species is not used.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Schröck, C.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Chionoloma,daldinianum,,Chionoloma daldinianum  ,"(De Not.) M.Alonso, M.J.Cano &amp; J.A.Jiménez",The status of this species was clarified by Köckinger et al. (2010).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Chionoloma daldinianum is a European Temperate species. At present it is known only from Norway, Britain, Ireland and isolated localities in the Alps. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although its distribution is incompletely known, it is fairly frequent in western parts of Britain and probably also Ireland. In addition the current population trend is stable and no particular threats have been identified, although construction of hydro-electric schemes may be a potential threat, decreasing humidity in ravines. No conservation action is required at present.",Stable,"Chionoloma daldinianum is a European Temperate species. At present it is known only from Norway, Britain, Ireland and isolated localities in the Alps. Elsewhere it is known to be present in the Caucasus and Himalayas, but its wider distribution is still not fully known (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 300 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.8 million km².","It is not uncommon in ravines in western parts of Britain and Ireland. In the Alps less than 1,000 individual-equivalents are known, with small subpopulations, although it is under-recorded, and it has a stable trend. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. In Britain there is not much information available since the species has only been recently distinguished. There are probably more than 1,000 individual-equivalents in total. The population does not seem to be severely fragmented and the current population trend is stable.","This moss grows in patches on wet rocks and boulders in ravines and on ledges in montane gullies and on crags, sometimes close to running water. In Britain, its ecology is incompletely known but is evidently similar to that of Trichostomum tenuirostre var. holtii (=Oxystegus tenuirostris var. holtii), with which it sometimes occurs. Initial indications suggest that it has a more marked western tendency. Although found in base-poor sites it occurs more often where there is some slight base enrichment, with species such as Amphidium mougeotii. In its western sites in Britain and Ireland it regularly occurs with hygrophilous liverworts such as Lejeunea patens and Saccogyna viticulosa. Its altitudinal range is from 5 m up to 1,350 m Asl. 



It is dioicous; capsules are very rare and not yet known in Britain (Blockeelet al. 2014).","No particular threats have been identified, although construction of hydro-electric schemes may be a potential threat, decreasing humidity in ravines.",No conservation action is required at present. It is listed as Data Deficient in Switzerland (NISM 2017). Research is needed into its taxonomic treatment. It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,González Mancebo, J.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Chionoloma,hibernicum,,Chionoloma hibernicum  ,"(Mitt.) M.Alonso, M.J.Cano &amp; J.A.Jiménez",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Irish Crisp-moss (Chionoloma hibernicum) is a hyperoceanic temperate species. Although previously believed to be endemic to northern Britain and western Ireland, it has recently been confirmed for Hordaland in Norway. This species is currently considered to be endemic to northwestern Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it has a restricted geographic range, there is no indication of decline or significant threats. An increase in hydro-electric schemes, reducing humidity in ravines, is a potential threat. No specific measures are necessary at present, but some of the best subpopulations should be monitored.",Stable,"The Irish Crisp-moss (Chionoloma hibernicum) is a hyperoceanic temperate species. Although previously believed to be endemic to northern Britain and western Ireland, it has recently been confirmed for Hordaland in Norway (K. Hassel pers. comm. 2017). Records from the Vosges Mountains in France are erroneous. Köckinger et al. (2010) report very similar and possibly identical plants from the Himalayas (Nepal) (Blockeel et al. 2014), but at present the species is maintained as a European endemic. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 748 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 264,000 km².","There does not seem to be any evidence of decline in this species and the current population trend is therefore considered to be stable. There are almost certainly more than 1,000 mature individuals in total.","In the lowlands this species grows as scattered stems or small tufts among other bryophytes on wet ledges in humid ravines, on stream banks, among block litter and, rarely, in sea caves. It is most frequent in the vicinity of waterfalls, and associates include Marsupella emarginata, Campylopus atrovirens, and in slightly basic conditions Blindia acuta. At higher altitudes it occurs on damp, often dripping base-rich ledges on north or east-facing crags and in gullies. A less frequent habitat is intermittently flushed turf. Its altitudinal range is from 45 m up to 900 m Asl.



The species is dioicous; capsules are very rare (Blockeelet al. 2014).","No widespread threats have been identified for this species, but an increase in hydro-electric schemes, reducing humidity in ravines, is a potential threat.","No specific measures are necessary at present, but some of the best subpopulations should be monitored. It has been assessed as Least Concern in Ireland and as Data Deficient in Norway(Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Ros-Espín, R.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Chionoloma,minus,,Chionoloma minus  ,"(Köckinger, O.Werner &amp; Ros) M.Alonso, M.J.Cano &amp; J.A.Jiménez","This is a recently described species, and its differentiation from Chionoloma hibernicum is poorly understood, according to Blockeel et al. (2014).",Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



The recently describedChionoloma minus is so far known only from Austria, Germany, Switzerland and Scotland. For now, it is a European endemic, but it is not unlikely that it will turn up elsewhere: the worldwide distribution is completely inadequately known. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 36 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 280,000 km2. Although it is potentially under-recorded, it seems to be a rare species, being recorded only from about ten localities. The population size and trend of this species are unknown, as are the threats to it. Also taxonomically, the differentiation from the species Chionoloma hibernicum is poorly understood and its relationship with it needs to be clarified. This species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient in Europe and the EU 28 due to lack of data, and further research is needed to determine its extinction risk.",Unknown,"So far, this species is known only from Austria, Germany, Switzerland and Scotland. The differentiation from Chionoloma hibernicum is poorly understood, according to Blockeel (2013). It may be a European endemic, but it is not unlikely that it will turn up elsewhere: the worldwide distribution is completely inadequately known. It has been found growing at elevations from 500 m up to 1,200 m Asl. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 36 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 280,000 km2.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown. It has so far been recorded only from about ten localities. It is apparently rare in Scotland, but probably under-recorded.","According to Köckinger et al. (2010) this species grows on moist to wet, shaded, subneutral or moderately acidic siliceous rock. In Austria, it has now also been found on limestone rocks (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2016).",In Austria this species is rare but probably unthreatened. Threats to this species at the European scale are unknown.,"Knowledge about the identity, distribution, population size and threats need to be significantly improved. It is known to occur in at least one protected area.","This species is not utilised or traded.

","Hodd, R.,Cálix, M.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Chionoloma,recurvifolium,,Chionoloma recurvifolium  ,"(Taylor) M.Alonso, M.J.Cano &amp; J.A.Jiménez",,No,NT,B2b(iii),No,NT,B2b(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



The Drooping-leaved Beard-moss (Chionoloma recurvifolium) is an oceanic boreal-montane species known in Europe only from northern and western parts of Ireland and Britain. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 484 km²), and there is an inferred continuing decline in habitat quality due to ongoing threats; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. Overstocking in the uplands has probably been the cause of declines in this species. In Ireland and in Scotland, afforestation has impacted subpopulations, and water pollution could be potentially damaging. Burning and overgrazing may also be a threat in some areas. Low-intensity management should occur in areas where this moss grows, with a light grazing regime and minimal input of nutrients. Monitoring some of the better subpopulations should take place.",Decreasing,"The Drooping-leaved Beard-moss (Chionoloma recurvifolium) is an oceanic boreal-montane species known in Europe only from northern and western parts of Ireland and Britain. Outside the European region the species is known from western North America (British Columbia, Alaska, the Aleutian Islands) and Asia (Nepal and China) (Blockeel et al. 2014). Sites have been lost from Wales and Scotland, and there are no recent records from west Galway in Ireland. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 484 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 220,216 km².","This species has declined in England, Scotland, Wales, and probably also in Ireland, and the current population trend is thought to be decreasing. The species nearly always occurs in small subpopulations, with a population that possibly does not exceed 1,500 individual-equivalents in total. However, this figure is uncertain and requires further research. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows.","This oceanic-montane species usually grows as open patches or scattered stems amongst other plants in damp or at least periodically irrigated turf where the run-off is moderately base-rich but not strongly calcareous. A typical habitat is the turf at the base of north or north east facing crags in the hills but it also has a number of sites in ravines where it usually occurs in the sprayzone of waterfalls. Although it may not grow with them, Oxystegus recurvifolius usually occurs on sites that support some of the large oceanic-montane liverworts like Scapania ornithopodioides and S. nimbosa. Closer associates in the hills include Saussurea alpina, Thalictrum alpinum, Trollius europaeus, Plagiochila carringtonii, Anoectangium aestivum, Ctenidium molluscum, Sarmentypnum sarmentosum, and in ravines Hymenophyllum wilsonii, Herbertus hutchinsiae, Dicranodontium uncinatum and Oxystegus tenuirostris. Its altitudinal range is from 140 m up to 920 m Asl.



The species is dioicous; capsules are unknown. Gemmae are absent but the leaves are fragile and probably serve as a means of vegetative propagation (Blockeelet al. 2014).","Overstocking in the uplands has probably been the cause of declines in this species. In Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012) and in Scotland, afforestation has impacted subpopulations, and water pollution could be potentially damaging. Burning and overgrazing may also be a threat in some areas. It is significant that there are no recent records from west Galway, where overstocking of the uplands has caused loss of vegetation and much erosion. Climate change may also prove to be a threat.","Low-intensity management should occur in areas where this moss grows, with a light grazing regime and minimal input of nutrients. Monitoring some of the better subpopulations should take place. This species has been assessed as Near Threatened in both Britain and Ireland(Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.,Mazimpaka, V.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N. & Rothero, G.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Chionoloma,tenuirostre,,Chionoloma tenuirostre  ,"(Hook. &amp; Taylor) M.Alonso, M.J.Cano &amp; J.A.Jiménez",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Narrow-fruited Crisp-moss (Chionoloma tenuirostre) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many records of its presence, population size above 10,000 individual-equivalents and its presumably stable population trend. Although this species can be affected by water abstraction and the control and regulation of rivers, it is found in protected areas throughout its range, offering it some protection from these threats.",Stable,"This is a circumpolar boreo-temperate species widespread in Europe and extending north to Iceland and northern Norway, east to the Urals, and south to Macaronesia (Madeira) and the mountains of the Mediterranean region (Smith 2004). Its distribution elsewhere is almost worldwide, circumboreal in the Northern Hemisphere, and across much of Central and South America, central and southern Africa, and New Zealand. Var. holtii has a subatlantic distribution in Europe (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B.

","This is a widespread species, although it is not very common in many areas. Its overall population trend is stable. Its population is not fragmented and its population size is above 10,000 individual-equivalents (one individual-equivalent is equal to one rock on which this species grows).","This species usually grows on acidic rocks and in rock crevices by streams, springs, waterfalls, upland pools and lakes. More rarely (especially in the Alps)  it grows on limestone. It is also rarely found growing on tree trunks in woodland at low altitudes or even in sheltered or exposed habitats at higher altitudes (Smith 2004, Blockeel 2013). Associates include Chiloscyphus polyanthos, Hyocomium armoricum, Heterocladium heteropterum, Fissidens osmundoides, Amphidium mougeotii and Blindia acuta. In Germany, recorded associates includeHomalia trichomanoides, Isothecium alopecuroides,  Brachythecium rivulare, Sciuro-hypnum populeum, S. plumosum, Metzgeria furcata, Plagiomnium cuspidatum and Dichodontium pellucidum (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Its altitudinal range is ca. 10-2,740 m.

","The species can be affected by water abstraction and the control and regulation of rivers. However, it is unknown whether there is a decline in the habitat of this species in Europe.","No specific conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Hungary (Vulnerable), Estonia (Vulnerable), Finland (Near Threatened), Germany (Near Threatened), Slovakia (Near Threatened), Romania (Near Threatened) and Portugal (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Vellak, K.,Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Cinclidium,arcticum,,Cinclidium arcticum  ,(Bruch &amp; Schimp.) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Cinclidium arcticum is only known in Europe from Norway, Svalbard, Sweden and northern Russia. This species is widespread in arctic and high altitude mires in Scandinavia and northern Russia. It has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) of between 3 and 4 million km2 in Europe and around 0.5 million km2 in the EU 28. However, the area of occupancy (AOO) is more restricted - between 400 and 500 km2 in Europe and a 100 km2 in the EU 28. It seems today to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area in northern Europe. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe.

However, within the EU 28, the population size is much smaller and there are future threats known to the species (warmer and drier climate). The population size is today between 1,000 and 1,500 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals), and therefore this species is assessed as Near Threatened, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion D.

The current warming of the climate of arctic ecosystems is one of the most important negative pressures of this and other species in arctic latitudes. Monitoring of population trends is needed.",Stable,"This species has an alpine to arctic distribution range. It is only known from Norway, Svalbard, Sweden and northern Russia (Mogensen 1973). A dubious record exists from southern Germany (Bavarian Alps).

In Scandinavia, this species is reported from a southern area in the central mountains of southern Norway, and a northern area with scattered sites in calcareous districts in northern Lapland in Sweden and Troms in Norway. It has not yet been found in Finland. However, it seems to be widespread in Svalbard, but rare in northern Russia. Most localities are from the subalpine and lower parts of alpine belt of the Scandes (Mårtensson 1956). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, northernmost North America, Asia and Antarctica (BFNA 2015). This species is therefore not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 400 and 500 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 3 and 4 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 100 km2 and the EOO is ca 0.5 million km2.","This species is widespread in arctic and high altitude mires in Scandinavia and northern Russia. There is no report of any declines at present, and the current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. However, temperature increases can lead to a slight decline due to increased competition from boreal species. In all of Europe, the population size is estimated to be larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equivalent). Within the EU 28, the population size of this species is estimated to be between 1,000 and 1,500 individual-equivalents.","This species grows on exposed, flushed calcareous precipices, sometimes also along streams or in rich fens in the low-alpine zone. This species is restricted to calcareous substratum. It grows mainly in shallow, extremely rich irrigated fens. Thus, it occurs on irrigated slopes, shelves in steep slopes and cliffs, sol fluxion terraces etc. In the ordinary subalpine and low-alpine rich fens, it grows more sparsely and is replaced by C. stygium. It often occurs among different mosses that are typical for rich fens, including Catoscopium nigritum, Scorpidium cossonii, Meesia tristicha, Orthothecium chryseum and Tomentypnum nitens (Mårtensson 1956).","The habitat of this species is not particularly threatened by physical intervention, with the possible exceptions of trenching and drainage. However, it is considered that climate change has a negative impact on nearly all species native to the arctic region. The current warming of the climate of arctic ecosystems is one of the most important negative pressures of this and other species in arctic latitudes.",This species is in the Red List of Germany as rare (R) and Norway as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in at least one protected area. Monitoring of population trends is needed.,The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Erzberger, P.,Fettes, N.D.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Cinclidium,latifolium,,Cinclidium latifolium  ,Lindb.,,No,NT,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Cinclidium latifolium is only found in Europe in Svalbard and arctic Russia. In Russia, there is only one locality on the Kola Peninsula, and the subpopulation is small. In Svalbard, there are 17 localities, and there could be up to 100 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) at each site. Based on this, the total population size is estimated to be between 850 and 1,700 individual-equivalents. This species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened, as it is close to qualifying for threatened under Criterion D.

The major threats to this species are unknown. However, the habitat of the species could be affected by the melting of permafrost and competition with other species. Monitoring of the population size and trend of this species is needed, as well as further research into the threats that may impact the species.

This species is not found within the EU 28 and therefore it is Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"This species has an arctic distribution range and is recorded for Svalbard and arctic Russia (Mogensen 1973, Hallingbäck et al. 2008). Outside Europe this species is also found in Greenland and northernmost North America (BFNA 2015).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 150 and 200 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be between 1 and 2 million km2. This species is not found within the EU 28 region, and is not endemic to Europe.","In Svalbard, this species is common in fens in valleys, in wet cottongrass-dominated tundra and minerotrophiс bogs on gentle plateau slopes, where it occurs both on hummocks and in wet depressions. It is also not rare along river and stream banks on silt alluvium. It often dominates and forms extensive pure mats along banks of streams and brooks (Frisvoll and Blom 1997). There is no report of any decline, but the current population trend is unknown in Europe.

In Russia there is only one locality on the Kola Peninsula (Ignatov et al. 2006). In Svalbard there are 17 localities. The subpopulation is small in Russia, although in Svalbard there could be between 50 and 100 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) at each site. Therefore the total population size in Europe is estimated to be between 850 and 1,700 individual-equivalents.","This species grows on wet mires, for example, in rich fens or along streams in the arctic tundra.","The major threats to this species are unknown. However, the habitat of the species could be affected by the melting of permafrost and competition with other species, such as Tomentypnum nitens and Aulacomnium palustre (Tommy Prestø pers. comm. 2017).","The species does not occur in any national Red Lists. Monitoring of the population size and trend of this species is needed, as well as further research into the threats that may impact the species. The species occurs in at least one protected area.",The species is not used or traded.,"Górski, P.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Cinclidium,stygium,,Cinclidium stygium  ,Sw.,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Neat Threatened (NT)

The Lurid Cupola-moss (Cinclidium stygium) is widespread and common in suitable habitats in the north of Europe. This species has a wide geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 10,000 and 12,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 13 and 14 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 8,000 and 9,000 km2 and the EOO is between 5 and 6 million km2. Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern in Europe.

However, like many other boreal mire species, it is in a state of continuous decline in central Europe and has been lost from many sites, especially in the lowlands and especially within the EU 28. The present population size in the majority of the EU 28 countries is today rather small. Within the EU 28, the population reduction has been close to 30% in the last 50 years. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion A.

Outside Fennoscandia and arctic regions, the major threats to this species are drainage, eutrophication, overgrowth and climate change. This species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Germany, Belarus and Slovakia. No conservation action is needed across the whole of Europe, but in northern Europe, this species may benefit from site protection.



",Decreasing,"This species has a boreal-montane distribution range. It is recorded from Iceland, Svalbard and arctic Russia (Mogensen 1973), and is found south to the Alps, Ukraine and Romania (Hodgetts 2015). In Fennoscandia, the species occurs from lowland areas to the lower parts of the middle-alpine belt, where it is common in calcareous districts (Mårtensson 1956). The altitudinal range of this species is from 10 m to 2,440 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North and South America, Asia (BFNA 2015). The species is therefore not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 10,000 and 12,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 13 and 14 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 8,000 and 9,000 km2 and the EOO is between 5 and 6 million km2.","This species is widespread and common in suitable habitats in the north of Europe and in northern Europe, it is currently stable. The species was more widespread in the late glacial period in large part of central Europe. Like many other boreal mire species, it is in a state of continuous decline in central Europe and has been lost from many sites, especially in the lowlands and especially within the EU 28. In central Europe, this species has declined severely in the past. It is considered as extinct in the Netherlands and may also be so in the Czech Republic. In the EU 28, the population reduction has been close to 30% in the last 50 years.

In the United Kingdom, the last record from Wales was in 1939 and the last from East Anglia in 1994. Also in boreal Europe wetlands can be under pressure. One example, in Finland this species is common in the north, where the situation is stable, however, in southern Finland it has decreased a lot, due to ditching, and the total current population trend in Finland is therefore declining (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017).","In Fennoscandia, this species grows on very wet, often periodically submerged, mud in open rich fens. In southern Sweden, this species is restricted to extremely calcareous or spring-fed wetlands. To the north, this species occupies progressively less calcareous sites, and in alpine areas, it is also found in flushed mountain slopes (Hallingbäck et al. 2008).

This species is a common and characteristic species of rich fens associated with Campylium stellatum, Scorpidium revolvens, Mesoptychia rutheana, Meesia tristicha, Rhizomnium punctatum, Paludella squarrosa, Tomentypnum nitens, and others. The moss is also found on irrigated shelves in steep slopes, terraces with solifluxion, or other habitats similar to rich fens. In the shallow, extremely rich irrigated fens, it is often replaced by C. arcticum. In intermediate fens, C. subrotundum may occur (Mårtensson 1956).

  In the United Kingdom, this species is a rich-fen species of calcareous but nutrient-poor mires, occurring both in lowland calcareous fens and in upland flushes and turfy seepages. It favours low, open lawns, including stony and sedge-rich flushes, but may persist in taller vegetation, for example among bog-bean (Menyanthes) in fens. It has also been recorded from lake margins, growing in turf and sometimes extending into Salix. Many of its sites, especially in the Pennines and in Ireland, have bedrock consisting of limestone, but it occurs on many other strata, including mica-schist and basalt, when the water is sufficiently alkaline. In fens it may be associated with other large mire species, including Calliergon giganteum, Campylium stellatum, Scorpidium cossonii and S. scorpioides; in flushes it may also occur with Preissia quadrata and Leiocolea spp. (Blockeel et al. 2014).

","Outside Fennoscandia and arctic regions, the major threats to this species are drainage, eutrophication, overgrowth and climate change. Lack of grazing and subsequent overgrowth may be a problem at some sites, but it can persist in tall vegetation; eutrophication is a more serious threat, and may favour the growth of nutrient-demanding competitors (Blockeel et al. 2014).","This species is included in national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as 2 in Austria and Latvia, as Endangered (EN) in Germany, Romania and Belarus, as Critically Endangered (CR) in Slovakia, as E in Poland, as Mn in Belgium, as Regionally Extinct (RE) in the Netherlands and is considered in both Ireland and Northern Ireland as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in several protected areas. No conservation action is needed across the whole of Europe, but in northern Europe, this species may benefit from site protection.



",The species is not used or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Górski, P.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Cinclidium,subrotundum,,Cinclidium subrotundum  ,Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Cinclidium subrotundum seems to be widespread in the boreal and subarctic parts of Europe. This species has a wide geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,000 and 2,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3.2 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO of this species is ca 1,500 km2, and its EOO is ca 0.5 million km2. There is no information about the population trend of this species in Europe or the EU 28. However, there are no major threats to this species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

This species is, however, rare everywhere and has small subpopulations. Even so, there is no need for any conservation action to protect this species. Further research is required to confirm the population trend of this species in both Europe and the EU 28.",Unknown,"This species has a boreal distribution range from Iceland in the west through to Fennoscandia, northern Russia and Svalbard (Hodgetts 2015, Mogensen 1973). The distribution of this species in Fennoscandia coincides mainly with the conifer forest region in the north and middle. This species occurs throughout the subalpine belt, its frequency decreasing with altitude. The species is rather rare (Mårtensson 1956). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland and North America (BFNA 2015). The species is therefore not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,000 and 2,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3.2 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO of this species is ca 1,500 km2, and its EOO is ca 0.5 million km2.","The species is widespread in the boreal and subarctic parts of Europe, however it is rare everywhere and found in small subpopulations. However, there is no information about the population trend of this species in both Europe and the EU 28.","

In Nordic countries, this species grows in the northern part on very wet, often periodically submerged, mud in open fens. In southern Sweden, it is restricted to calcareous or spring-fed wetlands. Progressively less calcium-demanding to the north, this species is also found in flushed mountain slopes in alpine areas (Mårtensson 1956). The moss grows in not too shallow fens of intermediate type. It grows neither in the extremely poorest nor extremely richest fens. The associated mosses are more or less trivial, such as Sarmentypnum sarmentosum, Cinclidium stygium, Warnstorfia exannulatus, Paludella squarrosa and Sphagnum platyphyllum (Mårtensson 1956).

","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in very wet fens that are undisturbed and hard to access.","The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. There is no need for any conservation action to protect this species. However, further research is required to confirm the population trend of this species in both Europe and the EU 28.",This species is not used.,"Rumsey, F.,Cálix, M.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,CINCLIDOTACEAE,Cinclidotus,aquaticus,,Cinclidotus aquaticus  ,(Hedw.) Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Cinclidotus aquaticus is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its reasonably healthy state in central and southern Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species estimated at greater than 3.6 million km2. However the area of occupancy (AOO) is more restricted, being estimated at 612 km2 in Europe, and around 540 km2 in the EU 28. Its population size is estimated to be larger than 1,200 individual equivalents in Europe, and nearer to 1,000 individual equivalents in the EU 28. Although a rare plant, it can be locally abundant and there have been many recent records in the main of its distribution range (it is commonly found in Slovenia, Croatia, Greece and Bulgaria). The AOO and population size are potentially larger in both the EU 28 and Europe, as it has recently been recorded in under-surveyed parts of Europe, such as in Macedonia (M. Sabovljevic pers. comm. 2018). 





 

The threats to this species include water pollution (eutrophication), water abstraction, habitat change and deterioration due to construction, and climate change-induced droughts. Fluctuations in the water level can also affect this species, together with the construction of dams and other river barriers.  It is present in protected areas. Monitoring of the species' population and habitat is recommended in Europe.",Stable,"This species is a rheophyte of central and southern Europe, occurring elsewhere only in south-western Asia (Erdağand Kürschner 2011). In Europe the extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species is estimated at greater than 3.6 million km2, surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category under Criterion B. However the area of occupancy (AOO) for this species is more restricted, being estimated at 612 km2 in Europe, and around 540 km2 in the EU 28. These figure may prove to be too low, as it has recently been recorded in under-surveyed parts of Europe such as in Macedonia (M. Sabovljević pers. comm. 2018).","Although this is a rare plant, it can be locally abundant, with some large subpopulations. Even though it experienced a decline in the past in central Europe, the current population trend seems to be stable. It is not considered to be severely fragmented. Its population size in Europe is estimated to be larger than 1,200 individual equivalents, and nearer to 1,000 individual equivalents in the EU 28 (one individual equivalent is considered as one square meter). The population is potentially larger in both Europe and the EU 28 (it is commonly found in Slovenia, Croatia, Greece and Bulgaria), as it has recently been recorded in under-surveyed parts of Europe, such as in Macedonia (M. Sabovljević pers. comm. 2018).",This species grows on submerged to emergent rocks in base-rich rivers and streams (Frey et al. 2006).,"The threats to this species include water pollution (eutrophication), water abstraction, habitat change and deterioration due to construction, and climate change-induced droughts. Fluctuations in the water level can also affect this species, together with the construction of dams and other river barriers. There is a decline in this species' habitat extent and quality in Europe, but this is more local, and so is not causing an overall decline in the population.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct), Austria (Endangered), Switzerland (Endangered), Slovakia (Vulnerable) and Romania (Vulnerable) (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in protected areas. Monitoring of the species' population and habitat is recommended.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Hedenäs, L.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,CINCLIDOTACEAE,Cinclidotus,danubicus,,Cinclidotus danubicus  ,Schiffn. &amp; Baumgartner,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Although the area of occupancy (AOO) for this species is estimated at just 164 km2 in Europe, Cinclidotus danubicus is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its population size well above 1,000 individual equivalents and a stable population trend. However this species is highly dependent on water quality and it is known that its habitat quality is declining in certain parts of its range, such as in the Danube river system. This species is affected by several threats such as drought, water pollution and construction (for example, river embankment in the Rhine river). It is unknown whether it is present in any protected areas. Habitat management and strict site protection are recommended conservation measures for this species.



",Stable,"This species of moss has a central European distribution pattern. Elsewhere it occurs only in south-western Asia (Erdağand Kürschner 2011). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species is estimated at greater than 1.1 million km2, surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category. However the area of occupancy (AOO) for this species is more restricted, being estimated at just 164 km2.","In Germany, where the subpopulations are large with a few hundred individual equivalents per subpopulation, this species seems to be stable. In Hungary, there are only old records of this species and the subpopulations are very small. In Austria, it is rare in the Danube although there are larger subpopulations in northern Austria. The species is highly dependent on water quality, and certain parts of its distribution (for example, in the Balkans, where mostly old records are known) are affected by decreasing water quality. In the Rhine, the species seems to be stable and has been recently recorded. The overall population trend for this species is therefore considered stable. The population size is above 1,000 individual equivalents (considering square metres, boulders and trees as individual equivalents).","This species grows on tree roots, limestone rocks and especially boulders, mainly along larger rivers (Frey et al. 2006). It also grows in creeks and waterfalls (M. Lüth pers. comm. 2017). It needs oxygenated water.","The threats to this species can be assumed to be drought, water pollution and construction. For example, it can be affected by the construction of dams. As most of the individuals do not face any threats, it is not possible to calculate locations for this species. In the Rhine, the species is affected by river embankment. It is known that this species' habitat quality is declining in the Danube system.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Belarus (Critically Endangered), Slovakia (Endangered), Latvia (Endangered), Austria (Seriously Threatened with extinction) and Hungary (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether this species is present in protected areas in Europe. Habitat management and strict site protection is recommended for this species.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Ignatova, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,CINCLIDOTACEAE,Cinclidotus,fontinaloides,,Cinclidotus fontinaloides  ,(Hedw.) P. Beauv.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Smaller Lattice-Moss (Cinclidotus fontinaloides) is an Eurasian species of temperate zones that in Europe has a quite widespread distribution from Norway and the Faroe Islands to Italy, and from the Iberian peninsula to Ukraine. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range and the current population trend is stable. Nevertheless, it is advisable to monitor the population and habitat trends of this species due to the risk of future habitat decline caused by climate change.",Stable,"The Smaller Lattice-Moss (Cinclidotus fontinaloides) is an Eurasian species of temperate zones that in Europe has quite a wide distribution from Norway and the Faroe Islands to Italy, and from the Iberian peninsula to Ukraine (Hodgetts 2015). Moreover, this species is known from Africa in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda (O`Shea 2006).","This species does not show any signs of population decline, and there is no data on the size of the subpopulations. In Europe, it is in some cases at risk and has therefore been included in some regional Red Lists (Hodgetts 2015).","This species grows on rocks, or sometimes at the base of trunks near waterfalls and along the banks of lakes and streams subject to periodic variation of the water level.","Although it is a species that tolerates periodic and prolonged emersion, it is believed that periods of excessive drought, because of climate change, could pose a threat to this species, which is now considered at risk in many European countries. In any case, overall until now it is not to be considered a threatened species in Europe.","This species is included in the Red Lists of some European countries such as Norway, Sweden and Slovakia (Hodgetts 2015). In some case it is assessed as Near Threatened. Its conservation status in Europe requires attention due to the risk of future habitat decline caused by climate change. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is therefore recommended. It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Hylander, K.,Englefield, E.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.","Hodgetts, N.,Schröck, C.,Goldberg, I.,Lönnell, N.,Afonina, O.,Blom, H.,Vellak, K.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,CINCLIDOTACEAE,Cinclidotus,riparius,,Cinclidotus riparius  ,(Host ex Brid.) Arn.,"Cinclidotus confertus is a synonym of C. riparius, as shown by Luth (paper in prep. 2017).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Cinclidotus riparius is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution in southern Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, many recent records of its occurrence and its presumably stable population trend. There are no major threats to the species at the European level (although drought or deterioration in water quality may have some impact in future), and it is found in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This is a Euro-Siberian temperate species that is common in southern Europe and the Mediterranean region, and less frequent northwards but extending to the Netherlands, England, Germany and Poland. Elsewhere it occurs in North Africa and Asia east to Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan and South Siberia (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) andarea of occupancy (AOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","This is a frequent species in southern Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend; it is much sparser or absent in the north.","This species grows on tree roots, rocks and especially on boulders along the larger rivers (Frey et al. 2006). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,050 m.","There are no major threats to the species at the European level, but drought or deterioration in water quality may have some impact in future.

","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Romania (Endangered), Poland (Endangered), Great Britain (Vulnerable), Czech Republic (Vulnerable), Sicily (Near Threatened), Slovakia (Near Threatened) and Ireland (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is found in protected areas, such as Donau Auen National Park in Austria.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Laaka-Lindberg, S.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,CINCLIDOTACEAE,Cinclidotus,vivesii,,Cinclidotus vivesii  ,Ederra,"Since the plant occurs in a very particular aquatic habitat and one locality, it has been suggested that Cinclidotus vivesii may be a variety or an ecological form of C. fontinaloides (M. Brugués and J. Guerra pers. comm. 2018). Plants are aquatic, large and robust, rigid, to 6 cm long, not denudate at base, with reddish-brownish smooth rhizoids. Leaves are lanceolate, plane, straight, slightly incurved or falciform when dry obtuse or acute, margin plane, thick, of (2-)4-6-stratose, confluent at the leaf apex; nerve excurrent in mucro 170-180(-230) μm wide at leaf base gradually narrowed to the apex, here 40-50 μm wide, excurrent in a thick mucro. Sterile.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"Cinclidotus vivesiiis a Spanish endemic. The Font Gran remains the only know locality for this enigmatic plant of Spanish bryoflora. It has not been found outside of the locus classicus (where it was first discovered in 2005). The current population trend of the species is considered to be stable, as the species is still found in the same area of the first collection, but it is sterile. As an aquatic plant, the habitat and substrate has always been impacted due to human exploitation of the river. This species is assessed as Data Deficient since its taxonomic status needs to be clarified, and so it is not possible to assign another Red List Category. 



This plant is in fact very close to the commonC. fontinaloides and some collection of this taxon may require revision in order to determine all existing variation in different areas of occurrence. This species should be kept under review in order to study genetically the divergence of different species of Cinclidotus in the Iberian flora.",Stable,"This species was described as new to science in 2005, from the Font Gran near Barcelona (Ederra and Guerra 2005), but has not been found at any other sites. The Font Gran therefore remains the only known locality for this enigmatic plant of the Spanish bryoflora. It has not been found outside of the locus classicus (where it was first discovered).



The area of occupancy (AOO) and the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species are both considered to be 4 km2, as it was only found at one site. This species is apparently morphologically indistinct to the common C. fontinaloides and so further taxonomy research is required to determine if this species is in fact a variation of C. fontinaloides (M. Brugués and J. Guerra pers. comm. 2018).","The species can be found throughout the stream of the Font Gran en Cercs, as is indicated in the Iberian Bryophytic Flora (Guerra et al. 2006). The current population trend of the species is considered to be stable, as the species is still found in the same area of the first collection, but it is sterile. 



The species was described based on specimens collected by J. Vives in 1971. However, recently collected material from the original locality allows for new studiesto investigate the morphological and genetic affinities between the different species of the Iberian Peninsula.

",The species is found submerged in water on a calcareous substrate in a stream. The plants are covered by large quantities of diatoms and blue-green algae.,"As an aquatic plant, the habitat and substrate has always been impacted due to human exploitation of the river. Nowadays, eutrophication and increased sediment are important negative pressures on this hydrophilic (affinity for water) species. Natural system modifications with intensification of anthropogenic pressures are important threats. Climate change may pose a future threat to this species.","The recent confirmation of the occurrence of this species has resulted in the moss no longer being considered possibly extinct.



The threat status of this species was unclear and in Spain it was first assessed as Data Deficient (DD) (Sérgioet al. 2007) because the species was only described one year before the publication of the Red List (Ederra and Guerra 2006). This species has since been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Spain (Brugués and Gonzáles-Mancebo 2012) where the total population is thought to be found. This species has not been found in any protected areas.



The collected new material from the original locality in 2005 allows for new studies to investigate the taxonomy based in morphological and genetic affinities between the different species of the Iberian Peninsula in different geographical areas. This will be the more important action. Other actions can involve implementation of a monitoring process.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species,"Duckett, J.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Guerra, J., Infante, M. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Cirriphyllum,crassinervium,,Cirriphyllum crassinervium  ,(Taylor) Loeske &amp; M.Fleisch.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Beech Feather-moss (Cirriphyllum crassinervium) is widespread in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. No specific conservation actions are needed.",Stable,"The Beech Feather-moss (Cirriphyllum crassinervium) is a temperate species present in Europe, where it is widely distributed from the Iberian Peninsula to the Caucasus and from Sicily to Scandinavia and Iceland (Hodgetts 2015). It is also known in Asia and North Africa.",This species can form extensive patches of many square centimeters. The current population trend is stable.,"This species is saxicolous or sometimes corticicolous (grows on rocks and bark), and grows on basic rich substrates in temperate forests or near rivers and streams.",There appear to be no major threats to this species.,No specific conservation actions are needed for this widespread species. It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Fettes, N.D.,Stebel, A.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.","Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Cirriphyllum,piliferum,,Cirriphyllum piliferum  ,(Hedw.) Grout,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Hair-Pointed Feather-Moss (Cirriphyllum piliferum) is a boreal-temperate species widely distributed in Europe with the exception of the Mediterranean area. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Hair-Pointed Feather-Moss (Cirriphyllum piliferum) is a boreal-temperate species widely distributed in Europe with the exception of the Mediterranean area (Hodgetts 2015), and also known in Asia, North Africa and North America.","This species forms lax patches or scattered shoots. There is no available data on the size of the subpopulations. Even if there is no specific data on the population trend of this species, since it is widespread and occurs in protected areas, the current trend can assumed to be stable.","This is a basyphilous species that grows on soil or shaded rocks in the undergrowth of beech woods and of other temperate forests. Moreover, it can live at boreal latitudes in the Vaccinio-Piceetalia communities (Dierssen 2001).",There appear to be no major threats to this species.,"In Hungary this species has been assessed as Near Threatened, but overall it is not at risk in Europe. Therefore, no specific conservation measures are needed. It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Fettes, N.D.,Stebel, A.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.","Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,THUIDIACEAE,Claopodium,rostratum,,Claopodium rostratum  ,(Hedw.) Ignatov,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Claopodium rostratum is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and the EU 28 since it has a small population size (at least between 500 and 1,000 mature individuals), in spite of its wide but scattered distribution in Europe (though area of occupancy is estimated as less than 100 km2). The subpopulations in Europe are usually small and this species is not a good disperser. However, it is not considered severely fragmented, and the overall population trend is assumed to be stable.  

This species can be affected by climate change-induced drought and habitat alterations. It is threatened in most of the European countries of recent records, with modern forestry practices the main culprit. It is found in a number of protected areas in Europe. Habitat management and additional site protections are needed to conserve this species. 

",Stable,"This rare species has a Mediterranean-montane distribution, and is scattered in central and southern Europe (Frey et al. 2006), with isolated records elsewhere. Outside Europe, it is present in north and central America, Caucasus, and southwestern and central Asia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for a threatened category. However, the area of occupancy (AOO) is rather small and can be estimated as less than 100 km2 in Europe and the EU 28.","There is no information on the population structure, size and trends of this species, but based on older records it used to be thought it was decreasing. However, the trend in Austria, which holds a large number of sites where this species is present, is stable. The overall population trend is therefore considered stable. The subpopulations are usually small and this species is not a good disperser, however it is not considered severely fragmented. The population size is estimated to be between 500 and 1,000 individual equivalents (one individual equivalent is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows).

","This species is found growing in broadleaf forests (for example, beech forests) on calcareous rocks such as limestone, on bark at the bases of tree trunks, and on decaying wood, but rarely on soil. The potential for long-distance dispersal is low due to rare spore production. The species is dioicous, and it is very rarely found with sporophytes. Spore capsules when found are erect, elongated to cylindrical, borne on long seta. Its altitudinal range is 270–1,420 m.","Forestry is a threat to this species. It can also be affected by climate change through increased risk of droughts in certain areas like the Balkans. 

","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Bulgaria (Critically Endangered), Germany (Critically Endangered), Austria (Endangered), Spain (Vulnerable), Switzerland (Vulnerable), Slovakia (Near Threatened), Hungary (Near Threatened), Czech Republic (Data Deficient), Serbia (Data Deficient) and Montenegro (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in protected areas in Europe. Habitat management and additional site protection are needed.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodd, R.,Cálix, M.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,THUIDIACEAE,Claopodium,whippleanum,,Claopodium whippleanum  ,(Sull.) Renauld &amp; Cardot,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"

European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Claopodium whippleanum is only known in Europe from the Iberian Peninsula, from Portugal, Spain, France and Sardinia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is estimated to be around 889,574 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 492 km2. Portugal and Spain seem to be the regions where this species is best represented in Europe, being present in a considerable number of localities and provinces. This species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

There is little information about the major threats affecting this species, but threats include anthropogenic pressure on its habitats or expected climate change in the near future. Habitat protection and management of problematic species, such as Campylopus introflexus, is recommended. In addition, further research and monitoring on the ecology, threats and habitat of this species is required.

",Increasing,"This species is a moss known only in North America from Alaska, Mexico and Hawaii, as well as the Iberian Peninsula, France (including Corsica), Sardinia and Morocco (Jiménez et al. 2002).

This is a species with a disjoint distribution, with or without any morphological differentiation between New World plants and Europe, however American subpopulations are more variable than European subpopulations at the molecular level. Recent long-distance dispersion is the most likely explanation for intercontinental disjunctions in these species (Shaw et al. 2003).

 

In the Iberian Peninsula, this species is considered phytogeographically important by its singularity distribution in Europe. The Iberian Peninsula is the most important area in the European continent.

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is estimated to be around 889,574 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 492 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 50 m to 1,500 m Asl.

","

In Portugal, this species has been reported from 8 squares (10 km) from before 1950 and 6 more until 1985 (Casas et al. 1985) but, recently, it has been reported from more than 40 squares. The area with most records corresponds to Serra da Estrela, where the species is reported from 14 squares (Garcia et al. 2008).

In Spain, this species was also indicated as occurring from 8 squares until 1950, although currently it is much more widely distributed. However, it is not yet observed in a large area of the eastern part of the Iberian Peninsula (Cros et al. 2018).

Portugal and Spain seem to be the regions where this species is best represented in Europe, being present in a considerable number of localities and provinces. The subpopulations seem to be a little fragmented. New field studies indicate that the population trend of this species is increasing in both Europe and EU 28. 



","This species forms tufts in dark green carpets, in shades shaded acid soil, as slopes, margins of paths, rocks and in tree bases. It is found mainly in forested areas.","

There is little information about the major threats affecting this species, but threats include anthropogenic pressure on its habitats or expected climate change in the near future. Other human-induced changes, such as forestry management can also negatively impact this species. Fire risks and competition from other bryophytes, such as Campylopus introflexus in the same habitats may also put some subpopulations at risk.



","In the Iberian Peninsula, it was considered to be an endangered species (Sérgio et al. 2006). However, this species is now included in the Portuguese Red Data Book as Least Concern (LC) but with special attention (Sérgio et al. 2013a,b) and in Spain, it is evaluated as not threatened (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012).

The majority of the distribution of this species is included in protected areas, particular in Portugal, such as Paisagem Protegida da Serra do Açor, Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês, Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela, Parque Natural da Serra de São Mamede, Parque Natural de Montesinho, Reserva Natural da Serra da Malcata, Alvão/Marão, Serras da Freita e Arada.

Habitat protection and management of problematic species is recommended. In addition, further research and monitoring on the ecology, threats and habitat of this species is required.



 

",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Weibull, H.","Sergio, C. & Garcia, C.","Afonina, O.,Hodgetts, N.,Blom, H.,Schröck, C.,Vellak, K.,Lönnell, N.,Goldberg, I.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Clasmatodon,parvulus,,Clasmatodon parvulus  ,(Hampe) Sull.,,No,RE,,No,RE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Regionally Extinct (RE)EU 28 regional assessment: Regionally Extinct (RE)



Clasmatodon parvulus is a widespread species in North America, but it has been found only once in Europe. It was collected in 1851 at a single site in Sachsen (Germany) and has never been found since then. Other specimens from Spain and Portugal turned out to be misidentified. It was previously considered doubtful that this was a European species at all, until a recent herbarium study, when material was found in the herbaria of Stockholm and Halle. It was known that this species grew on tree trunks, but nothing is known about threats to it. Since it has not been found since its original record in 1851, it is assessed as Regionally Extinct in Europe and the EU 28. Theoretically the species may immigrate again one time from spores that are blown over the ocean, but this chance is very low.",,"This is a widespread species in North America, but it has been found only once in Europe. It was collected in 1851 at a single site in Sachsen (Germany) and has never been found since then. Other specimens from Spain and Portugal turned out to be misidentified.","This species has not been found anywhere in Europe since its only record in Germany in 1851. It was previously considered doubtful that this was a European species at all, until a recent herbarium study, when material was found in the herbaria of Stockholm and Halle (Müller 2007). Even though it is unclear whether comprehensive searches have taken place to look for this species, the German bryophyte flora is well known and searches for this species have most likely taken place.",The species grew on tree trunks.,Nothing is known about threats to this species.,"This species is listed as Regionally Extinct in Germany, and therefore in Europe as a whole. There is no need for conservation actions as long as it is not found anymore.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Englefield, E.,Laaka-Lindberg, S.","Schnyder, N.","Virchenko, V.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DITRICHACEAE,Cleistocarpidium,palustre,,Cleistocarpidium palustre  ,(Bruch &amp; Schimp.) Ochyra &amp; Bednarek-Ochyra,,No,VU,C2a(i),No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Cleistocarpidium palustre has a scattered distribution in Europe, where it is found from France in the west to Ukraine in the east, and from Slovenia in the south to southern Scandinavia in the north. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,000 and 1,200 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at 3.7 million km2. This species is considered rare or threatened in almost all the countries which have a national Red List but it is also considered to be under recorded. The population appears to be decreasing, and it may have disappeared from some countries already. Its habitat extent and quality are also decreasing. In most countries there are only very few recent records. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it is estimated that there are fewer than 10,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) in Europe and in the EU 28, and that each subpopulation has fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents. In addition, there is a long-term continuing decline due to changes in land-use.

It is found growing in moist acidic soil in open and half-shaded habitats in mires, wet meadows and at the edges of ponds. It is threatened by the destruction of wetlands and succession of its habitat. Intensification and abandonment of land-use are also considered threats since the species is dependent on natural and man-made disturbances. However this species is known to occur in protected areas, affording it some protection from these threats. Further research is needed into the distribution of this species and appropriate management of its wetland habitats is necessary to protect this species for future generations.",Decreasing,"In Europe, this species has a scattered distribution from France in the west to Ukraine in the east, and from Slovenia in the south to southern Scandinavia in the north. It is a lowland species that rarely is found up to almost 1,000 m Asl. (Nebel and Philippi 2001). In Sweden there is only one record after 1950, from 2011 (Hallingbäck et al. 2006, T. Hallingbäck pers. comm. 2017). In Norway there is only one old record. In Switzerland there are only three old records from the 19th Century. In Germany it is very rare in the north but present at several sites in the south (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). There is also one site in Romania (Lüth 2005) and one recent site in Poland (Bednarek-Ochyra and Ochyra 1996). In Ukraine it is indicated in only two departements (Boiko 2014). It is considered to be under-recorded. This species is considered rare or threatened in almost all the countries which have a national Red List. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,000 to 1,200 km2, and the recent extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at 3.7 million km2 (excluding Spain and Norway, where presence is uncertain). Outside Europe this species occurs in the Caucasus, Japan and North America.

","The population appears to be decreasing, and the species may have disappeared from some countries. Its habitats (mires, wetlands) are also decreasing. In most countries there are only very few recent records. In southern Germany and the Czech Republic some local subpopulations seem to be stable (Nebel and Philippi 2001). One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. It is estimated that there are fewer than 10,000 individual-equivalents in Europe and in the EU 28. Each subpopulation has fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents.","This species grows on moist acidic soil in open and half-shaded habitats in mires, wet meadows and at the edges of ponds. It is also known to grow on the sides of ditches and moderately-grazed wetlands (Nebel and Philippi 2001, Hallingbäck et al. 2006).",The species is threatened by the destruction of wetlands and succession of its habitat. Intensification and abandonment of land-use are also considered threats since the species is dependent on natural and man-made disturbances.,"The species is listed in several national Red Lists and has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Romania, as Endangered in Sweden, Luxembourg, Austria and Slovakia, as Vulnerable in the Czech Republic, Belgium, Slovenia and Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015), as Near Threatened in Germany and as Rare (R) in Poland. In the European Red Data Book (ECCB 1995) it was also listed as Rare (R). This species is known to occur in protected areas. Further research is needed into the distribution of this species. Appropriate management of wetlands is necessary to protect this species.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Hylander, K.,Englefield, E.","Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.","Schröck, C.,Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,CLEVEACEAE,Clevea,hyalina,,Clevea hyalina  ,(Sommerf.) Lindb.,"According to Grolle and Long (2000) the species is listed as Athalamia hyallina. However, in the more recent work of Long and Crandall-Stotler (2016) the species is included in the genus Clevea. As:

“The recently published combination Clevea nana (Lindenb.) Crand.-Stotl. & D.G.Long, which was intended to replace the name Clevea hyalina (Sommerf.) Lindb. on the basis of nomenclatural priority, is a later homonym of Clevea nana (Shimizu & S.Hatt.) Borovichev & Bakalin published in 2013 for a different taxon. Consequently, the name Clevea hyalina is the correct name for the widespread dioicous member of the genus. The heterotypic name Clevea nana (Shimizu & S.Hatt.) Borovichev & Bakalin refers to a different monoicous species of the genus that had previously been placed in synonymy of Clevea pusilla (Steph.) Rubasinghe & D.G.Long."" The same criterium is used by Söderström et al. (2016).

This species in the Russian Far East falls into two varieties: C. hyalina var. hyalina and Clevea hyalina var. rufescens (S. W. Arnell) Konstant. However, Clevea hyalina var. hyalinа is more or less a rare taxon.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"

European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Clevea hyalina is a widespread but relatively scarce liverwort in Europe, defined as arctic-alpine and with a preference for mountains areas. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 15.8 million km2. The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is not known for certain, but is considered to be stable. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered threatened in several countries such as Great Britain, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Hungary and Slovakia. The main threats to this species include anthropogenic pressure with habitat degradation, as well as climate change. No conservation measures are required in Europe at present. However, this species would benefit from further research into its population size and trend.



",Stable,"This is a widespread but relatively scarce liverwort in Europe, defined as arctic-alpine and with a preference for mountains areas. Its world distribution includes northern, central and eastern Europe, northern and central Asia, and North America (Long et al. 2003, Bischler 2004). This species apparently presents a more or less continuous distribution through the Mediterranean countries from Spain, the Baleares, Italy to the Balkans, Crete and Morocco.The species has also been recorded from Svalbard, Norway, Sweden, Finland, the British Islands, Germany, France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovakia and Hungary (Hodgetts 2015).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 15.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 1,252 km2. The altitudinal range of this species is from 1,000 m Asl (Bischler 2004) in the Mediterranean and up to 3,000 m Asl in Switzerland. 

","

This species seems to be rare in the Mediterranean area. Bischler (2004) has only found three samples in all of the studied areas, with the southwestern limit as Spain, with an important distribution (Infante 2000). This species is distributed in northern and southern Spain and it is rare in the east and in Mallorca (Casas et al. 2006). The northern limit is Scandinavia and Iceland. In Britain, this species was found in Scotland (Long et al. 2003). 

The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is not known for certain, but is considered to be stable.

","The species grows on rock crevices and on banks by streams, usually in shady habitats. It is an obligate calciphyte, mostly growing on calcareous soil in small crevices or caves on steep slopes, cliffs of limestone or schist, detritus in small crevices in calcareous rocks and also, in snow bed communities (Borovichev and Bakalin 2013).

There are some local declines in the habitat quality, but the plants can be observed in moist conditions and when vascular plants are less competitive.","

The main threats to this species include anthropogenic pressure with habitat degradation, as well as the increase of water pollution and soil drying in relation to global warming and abnormal summer drought. 



","This species is threatened in some European countries, including Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Hungary and Slovakia. It is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in Great Britain (Hodgetts 2011). No conservation measures are required in Europe at present. However, this species would benefit from further research into the population size and trend. This species is known to occur in several protected areas throughout its range.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species,"Bates, J.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,CLEVEACEAE,Clevea,spathysii,,Clevea spathysii  ,(Lindenb.) Müll. Frib.,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"

European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Clevea spathysii is a widely distributed species which, in Europe, is found in the Mediterranean countries, with isolated populations in Macaronesia and in the Caucasus. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 6 million km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 432 km2.  However in the EU 28, the EOO is about 4.5 million km2 and the AOO is at least 412 km2. No studies on the population size of this species are available, but the overall current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be declining. This species is therefore listed as Near Threatened, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

However, more information is required and it is quite possible that the species will be found in additional areas in other montane regions,

Threats to this species are not well documented, but given its distribution, urban developing and recreational activities are certainly a threat over a great part of it. Further specific site protection and management is recommended for this species. In addition, further research is required on the population, ecology and threats to this species.

",Decreasing,"

This species is a thallose liverwort, distributed in Eurasia, Macaronesia, Africa (North Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe) and America (western North and South America). According to Rubasinghe (2011), the distribution of this species based on confirmed herbarium material is: Algeria, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Georgia, Greece, Italy, Jordan, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Oman, Peru, Portugal, Spain, U.S.A. (California, Texas) Yemen and Zimbabwe; based on literature it is also recorded from Tanzania and Turkey. In Mediterranean areas, this species has also been reported in Albania, Balearic and Canary Islands, Corsica, Crete, France, Israel, Lebanon, Libya, Madeira, Sicily and Tunisia (Ros et al. 2007).

In Europe, this species is also present in the Azores where it is rare, and only found on São Jorge Island in one locality (Rubasinghe 2011). However, it is rather abundant in the Canary Islands (present on five islands - González-Mancebo et al. 2008, Gobierno de Canarias 2017). In mainland Spain, this species is present along the Mediterranean coast and in the Balearic Islands (Brugués 2017). In Portugal, only two subpopulations are recorded, and this species was previously considered to have gone extinct here, until one subpopulation was found in the Algarve (Blockeel and Long 2012). It is found in Corsica (Bischler et al. 2004, Sotiaux et al. 2007), southern Italy and Sicily (Aleffi et al. 2008), Albania (Bischler et al. 1980), Greece (Rubasinghe 2011, Biel and Blockeel 2017) and Ukrainian Caucasus (Konstantinova and Savchenko 2013). In France and Madeira, the reports are doubtful (Ros et al. 2007, Rubasinghe et al. 2011). The locus classicus for the species is in Corfu (Rubasinghe et al. 2011).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 8 million km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 440 km2.  However in the EU 28, the EOO is about 4.5 million km2 and the AOO is at least 412 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from sea-level to 2,300 m Asl, although it is variable in the different regions. For instance, it is found in the Canaries at 400 m to 900 m Asl, the Iberian Peninsula from sea-level to 1,600 m Asl, and the Caucasus from 800 m to 2,300 m Asl.



   

","No studies on the population size of this species are available. Only one subpopulation in Serra da Arrábida seems to have gone extinct in Portugal. However, the overall current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be declining.","This species is a basiphyte and xérophyte, thermophilous, forming irregularly shaped mats, growing on soil between rocks, fissures or hard soils in steppe-like vegetation or cliffs. It is among the most drought-tolerant liverworts (Bischler 2004), but it dwells near streams, in sites with cliff seepage and shady, north-facing slopes.

The most usual associated species recorded with this species are Riccia lamellosa, R. atromarginata, Plagiochasma rupestre, Targionia hypophylla and Mannia androgyna.

This species is paroicous, and sexual reproduction is rather common. The spores are large, 44–62 μm, which should facilitate remaining on the occupied site, but this species not an easy disperser.","Threats to this species are not well documented, but given its distribution, urban developing and recreational activities (classical coast and nature tourism) are certainly a threat over a great part of it.","

The species is found within several protected areas (natural parks, Nature 2000 areas, etc.), although it does not receive any specific conservation attention. In national Red Lists, this species is considered to Critically Endangered (CR) in Italy, Regionally Extinct (RE) in Portugal (however with a new locality in the Algarve), Data Deficient (DD) in Albania and Rare in Ukraine (Sérgio et al. 2013, Hodgetts 2015).

Further specific site protection and management is recommended for this species. In addition, further research is required on the population, ecology and threats to this species.

",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Orgaz Alvarez, J.","Sergio, C. & Infante, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,CLIMACIACEAE,Climacium,dendroides,,Climacium dendroides  ,(Hedw.) F.Weber &amp; D.Mohr,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Tree-moss (Climacium dendroides) is a widespread taxon in Europe except in Mediterranean area, where it is most rare. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, and a large and stable population. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Tree-moss (Climacium dendroides) is a widespread species in Europe except in Mediterranean area, where it is most rare. Outside of Europe it is known in Asia, North America, Australia and New Zealand, where it is probably introduced (Smith 2004).","This species forms extensive and lax patches, and even though there is no data on the size of European subpopulations, the overall population size is likely to be very large. The current population trend is stable.","This is a species of humid habitats in particular those subject to periodic water level fluctuations. It grows along the edges of lakes or in dune slacks, as well as in damp grasslands, also in arctic areas (Dierssen 2001).","Under favorable conditions, the species forms extensive communities. It can be reduced in areas with intensive agriculture, but it is present elsewhere in parks and green spaces.",No specific conservation measures are required for this widespread species. It is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Séneca, A.,Hodgetts, N.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Cnestrum,alpestre,,Cnestrum alpestre  ,(Wahlenb.) Nyholm,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Cnestrum alpestre has a continental distribution in Europe, found mainly in Fennoscandia. Most localities of this species lie in the sub-alpine and alpine belts of the Scandes, with an irregular distribution in central Europe. Overall in Europe and the EU 28, especially in the core area, the current population trend of the species is unknown, although in the Alps and the Carpathians this species seems to have decreased in the last 50 years. However, in Europe, the population size is estimated to be between 1,500 and 2,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) and in and the EU 28 it is estimated to be between 1,000 and 1,500 individual-equivalents. Therefore, the species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe, and as Near Threatened in the EU 28, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion D.

The major threat to this species is increasing vegetation as a result of decreasing grazing levels. Climate change may also have a negative impact on the population, in particular in the Alps. Sites with a viable population of this species need to have some kind of land protection.",Unknown,"This species has a continental distribution in Europe. The main distribution seems to be the subarctic (including Svalbard) and northern boreal regions of Fennoscandia (Hodgetts 2015). Many historical records were incorrectly attributed to Cynodontium tenellum. 

Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North America and northern Asia (BFNA 2007), and so it is not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 300 and 400 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to between 2 and 3 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 200 km2 and the EOO is ca 2 million km2.","In Sweden, this species is scattered in calcareous mountains up to the middle-alpine region, and it is rare in the woodland region. It is more common in Norway and northern Finland. Most localities of this species lie in the sub-alpine and alpine belts of the Scandes, where it is more or less rare but probably also overlooked (Fransson 1988). In Norway, this species has been found both in sub-alpine and alpine zone, but it seems to prefer relatively open habitats. In Norway, the estimated reduction in the size of the subpopulations is a result of overgrowth of grasses. The species is known only from 14 to 16 localities (Hassel et al. 2015). Outside of the Scandes, it has an irregular distribution with a few sites in Russia (Ignatov et al. 2006) and central Europe (France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland and south Germany (where it is now extinct).

It is estimated that there are between 1,000 and 1,500 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) in the EU 28 and between 1,500 and 2,000 in the whole of Europe. The subpopulation trends are unknown in the north, however, in the Alps and the Carpathians, the species seems to have decreased in the last 50 years. Overall in Europe and the EU 28, especially in the core area, the current population trend of the species is unknown.



","This species grows on soil-covered cliff ledges, rock faces and rock crevices, preferably on calcareous rocks (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). The intermingled mosses in samples, as in other specimens from steep slopes and cliffs, indicate a base rich substratum. Besides such species as Bartramia ithyphylla and Pohlia cruda, which grow almost everywhere, Ditrichum flexicaule, Encalypta spp., Hypnum bambergeri, Isopterygiopsis pulchellum, Meesia uliginosa and Tortella tortuosa were also found to occur in the samples (Mårtensson 1956). Sporophytes are common and the spores are small, so the species probably has good dispersal abilities.","The major threat to this species is that the vegetation at the typical sites seems to become denser, probably because of current climate change. In Norway, the decrease in grazing levels is also a threat since this species grows in open grazed fields which would become overgrown with vegetation if grazing stops or decreases. In the Alps, a more oceanic climate in the future (as a result of climate change) is expected to have a negative impact on the population.","This species is in the Red List of Germany as Regionally Extinct (RE) (Hodgetts 2015) and in Svalbard as Vulnerable (VU) (Frisvoll and Blom 1997). It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected area.

  Sites with a viable population of this species need to have some kind of land protection.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hassel, K.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Blom, H.,Afonina, O.,Lönnell, N.,Vellak, K.,Hodgetts, N.,Goldberg, I.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Cnestrum,glaucescens,,Cnestrum glaucescens  ,(Lindb. &amp; Arnell) Holmen ex Mogensen &amp; Steere,,No,NT,,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU D1)

Cnestrum glaucescens is an arctic species. It is common in Svalbard, but rarer in northern Norway, Finland, Sweden and Russia. The population trend of this species unknown in both Europe and the EU 28. There is no report of any decline since it grows in rocky and remote slopes, however, if the climate becomes warmer then this species may be affected. In Europe, the population size is estimated to be between 300 and 1,800 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). This species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT), as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion D.

However, in the EU 28, this species is assessed as Vulnerable since there are fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents.

Research and monitoring of the species distribution, population size and trend is needed, as well as on investigating the potential impacts of climate change on the species. Site protection is recommended.",Unknown,"This species has an arctic distribution. It is known to occur in Svalbard, northern Norway, Finland and Sweden (Hodgetts 2015) as well as northern Russia (Ignatov et al. 2006). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, northernmost North America and Asia (Siberia) (BFNA 2007). The species is therefore not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 60 and 90 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2 million km2. In the EU 28, the estimated AOO of this species is between 20 and 30 km2 and the EOO is between 60,000 and 80,000 km2.","This species is more or less common on Svalbard (Frisvoll and Blom 1997), but rare in northern Norway, Finland and Sweden (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). The species is considered to be really rare, except on Svalbard. The species was relatively recently (Mogensen 1980) separated from C. alpestre, which it is taxonomically very close to. There are three known sites from Norway (Hassel et al. 2015) and four sites in Sweden (T. Hallingbäck pers. obs. 2017). In Finland, there is only one site. In Svalbard, there are 16 localities, and it is more common there than C. alpestre (Frisvoll and Elvebakk 1996). However, there is potential for this species to be under-recorded. Considering this, with around 30 known localities and between at least 10 to 30 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in each locality, the population size of the species is estimated to be between 300 to 1,800 individual-equivalents in Europe (using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent). In the EU 28, there are fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents. The population is not severely fragmented.

In both Europe and the EU 28, the population trend remains unknown. However, there is no report of any decline since it grows in rocky and remote slopes, but if a warmer climate persists, then the species will suffer.","This species grows in moist rock-crevices and stony Dryas heath. It has been found in both siliceous and calcareous mountains. There is no evidence of any continuing decline in habitat quality, however, the uncertainty is rather high.","It is considered that climate change may have a negative impact on several native species in the arctic region. If the climate becomes warmer then this species may be affected, although the specific mechanisms that may affect the species are unknown.","This species is included in the Red List in Norway as Data Deficient (DD), in Sweden as Near Threatened (NT) and in Finland as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015).

The species occurs in at least one protected area. Research and monitoring of the species distribution, population size and trend is needed, as well as on investigating the potential impacts of climate change on the species. Site protection is recommended.",The species is not used or traded.,"Weibull, H.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Cnestrum,schisti,,Cnestrum schisti  ,(F.Weber &amp; D.Mohr) I.Hagen,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Cnestrum schisti is a widespread species with many sites in Fennoscandia, arctic Russia and the Ural mountains, and a few sites in central Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern as it seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area in both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no major threats since the species usually grows in undisturbed vertical habitats.

The species has a large geographic distribution, with an area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe estimated to be between 800 and 1,000 km2, and an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be between 5 and 6 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 700 and 800 km2 and the EOO is between 2 and 3 million km2. However, the species has gone extinct in Austria, and is considered threatened in some countries, such as Romania and Switzerland. In central Europe, subpopulations should be monitored and protected, when needed, in order to ensure their persistence.",Stable,"This species has a continental to boreal distribution with many sites in Fennoscandia (Hallingbäck et al. 2006), arctic Russia and the Ural mountains (Ignatov et al. 2006), with a few sites in central Europe, such as in the mountains of Germany, Poland, Switzerland, Hungary, Slovenia, Romania and Ukraine (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North America and Asia (BFNA 2007). This species is therefore not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 800 and 1,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be between 5 and 6 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 700 and 800 km2 and the EOO is between 2 and 3 million km2.","This species is widespread, although it is rather rare in the north (very rare in Svalbard, Frisvoll and Blom 1997) and also very rare in central and southeastern Europe. In Finland, this species is locally common on siliceous rocks, has not declined, and is stable (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). The core of the population is found in Fennoscandia and there are well above 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent) both in Europe and in the EU 28. There are around 300 localities in Finland alone.

However, this species always occurs in very small subpopulations, with each site probably consisting of less than 10 individual-equivalents. There is no evidence for a decline in the population, so it is assumed to be stable, and the habitat, cliff walls and ledges are probably also relative stable and safe.","This species grows on cliff ledges, rock faces and in soil covered rock crevices, for example on ultrabasic bedrocks (Fransson 1988), or on basic bedrocks. This species is a moss that grows in small cushions.","There are no major threats to this species, as it is usually found in undisturbed vertical habitats.","This species is in several national Red Lists in Europe. It is assessed as Extinct (EX) in Austria, as Data Deficient (DD) in Italy, Hungary and Slovenia, as Endangered (EN) in Romania, as indeterminate (I) in Poland, as Rare (R) in Germany and as Vulnerable (VU) in Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in protected areas. In central Europe, subpopulations should be monitored and protected, when needed, in order to ensure their persistence.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hassel, K.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Afonina, O.,Hodgetts, N.,Vellak, K.,Lönnell, N.,Blom, H.,Goldberg, I.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Codonoblepharon,forsteri,,Codonoblepharon forsteri  ,(Dicks. ex With.) Goffinet,Codonoblepharon forsteri is an easily distinguished moss. The only taxonomic problem is related to the addition of the species to the genera Zygodon or Codonoblepharon.,No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Knothole moss (Codonoblepharon forsteri) is currently known from western, central and Mediterranean Europe. Based on available recent records of the species from Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated at 3.1 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) at 396 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is 3.1 million km2 and the AOO is 376 km2. There is no detailed information on the population size and trend of this species, but it is inferred that the current population trend is decreasing. The species is so rarely collected and poorly known in some countries that subpopulations could be disappearing before they are recorded. This species is considered to be severely fragmented. Hence, the species is assessed as Endangered under Criterion B.

Habitat destruction is likely to be a significant threat to this species. All subpopulations should be considered important from the point of view of conservation. This species' habitat should be protected, improving favorable management methods and the fire controlled to protect continuing and expected decreasing of the populations.

",Decreasing,"

This species is a Mediterranean-Atlantic moss, currently known from western, central and Mediterranean Europe. It has been signaled for Denmark in several websites and publications and mapped in England. However it is considered a threatened moss (Porley 2013). This species also occurs in isolated localities in North Africa, from Morocco and Algeria (Jones 1956, Draper et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2009). It is signaled as occurring in Slovenia from one forest reserve (Ódor et al. 2001, Ros et al. 2013) and more recently found in Hungary (Ellis et al. 2017).

Based on available recent records of the species from Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated at 3.1 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) at 396 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is 3.1 million km2 and the AOO is 376 km2.  However, the AOO is assumed to be an underestimate as the colonies are small and sometimes difficult to find in very specific habitats. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 50 m to 1,400 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014, Mazimpaka and Lara 2014).



","

The population and the decline cannot be accurately estimated with precision with the data available and without implementation of a European monitoring program, but it is inferred that the current population trend is decreasing. The species is so rarely collected and poorly known in some countries that subpopulations could be disappearing before they are recorded. The ending of the traditional practices in the semi-natural woodlands may lead to a substantial decline of this species. 

One subpopulation has been monitored for several years in Portugal (Santarém region), since its detection. It is the largest known subpopulation in the country, it is in good condition, growing and showing sexual reproduction. However, a single subpopulation is not enough for monitoring all others in Europe. None of the other subpopulations detected in Portugal are abundant, and usually it has been found on a single tree, or at most two trees, after several hours of searching in each woodland.

 

The subpopulations are small and isolated and so the population is considered to be severely fragmented, as the small and isolated subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. However, this species is a good disperser.

 



","

This species exhibits a greater ecological amplitude in the whole area of its distribution, mainly concerning thephorophyte type (Calabrese and Muñoz 2008, Mazimpaka and Lara 2014). It is found in mesophytic deciduous forests (Fagus and Quercus forests) and Mediterranean sclerophylous forests (several types of Quercus and Abies pinsapo forests). In Britain, it grows mainly in trunks, branches, and roots of old growth, Fagus sylvatica. In Portugal and Spain also in trunks and branches of Quercus rotundifolia and Quercus ilex. In both cases, it prefers areas where water runs down from knot holes, or even plans trunks, but always preserving some moisture. In France and Germany, beech is again the major host, although it is occasionally found on elm and maple (Church et al. 2001). In Greece, this species also grows on Abies cephalonica (ECCB 1995) and on Abies pinsapo in southern Spain (Calabrese and Muñoz 2008). It can also be found in Europe growing in Populus, Ulmus and Juglans, among other genera (Church et al. 2001) .The species was not only found in the lowlands but also in the mountains (Heras et al. 1997).

The main habitat of this species is fragile and it is listed on Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive 92/43/CEE: 6310 “Montados” of Quercus spp. perennial leaf (EEC 1992).



 

","

Habitat destruction is likely to be a significant threat to this species. The main threats are the intensification and expansion of cultivation, clear-felling for timber and planting of forest monocultures or agriculture. Habitat destruction through increases in fire frequency, nutrient loads promoted by overgrazing, air pollution in some areas and climate change are other major threats for this species which is quite specialized in its ecological conditions. 

","In Europe, the species was previously considered Vulnerable by the European Committee for Conservation of Bryophytes (ECCB 1995). The Red Data Book of the United Kingdom considered the species Endangered (Church et al. 2001) and was considered to be ""of principal importance for the purpose of conserving biodiversity”. In the revised Red List of bryophytes of Britain, the conservation status was maintained (Hodgetts 2011). In the Iberian Peninsula, the species was considered Endangered (Sérgio et al. 2006). In Portugal, this species was assessed as Vulnerable (Sérgio et al. 2013), with new subpopulations found (Garcia et al. 2006).



The species occurs in some important protected areas, such as the Parque Natural da Serra da Arrábida, Parque Natural de Montesinho and Monfurado. In Spain, it occurs in Els Ports Parc Natural (Garilleti and Albertos 2012) and in Parque Natural Sierra de las Nieves (Guerra and Gil 1981), among other protected areas. In Great Britain, this species is now restricted to Burnham Beeches in Buckinghamshire, Epping Forest in south Essex and the New Forest in south Hampshire, all within Sites of Special Scientific Interest (Church et al. 2001).

 

The conservation measures suggested are the maintenance of habitat quality in the ancient woodlands, particularly the host trees. The maintenance of air quality is also an important measure to conserve this species. The prevention of forest fires is also a useful measure to preserve this species, especially in the Iberian Peninsula. A survey and report of the distribution of this species in Europe is required, together with an assessment of main threats in each country. For example, in Belgium the species has been not found for more than 100 years (Sotiaux and Vanderpoorten 2004). Further research on the phorophyte type in different occurrence of areas, the threats and information on types of potential vegetation, is required to know the full population status.





",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Ingerpuu, N.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Sergio, C. & Garcia, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,LEJEUNEACEAE,Cololejeunea,azorica,,Cololejeunea azorica  ,V. Allorge &amp; Jovet-Ast,,No,VU,C2a(i),No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



Cololejeunea azorica is a liverwort species found in the Azores and Madeira archipelagos in Portugal. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it is estimated that fewer than 10,000 individual-equivalents exist in Europe, and that each subpopulation has fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents. Taking into account that this species is epyphillous, an individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be a single tree or shrub on which the species grows. This species is sensitive to habitat degradation, which is occurring mainly due to the effects of invasive alien species expansion, an increase in touristic and recreational activities, and also the building of secondary roads. Land-use change, particularly at the margins of its natural habitat, is also a threat for this species. Climate change may seriously affect this species, since it is often found in association with Macaronesian endemics, and the amount of suitable habitat for those species is declining.While at present the continuing decline in the population is only suspected based on the ongoing decline in habitat quality, a continuing decline in the population is confidently projected to occur in the near future due to the effects of climate change, namely increased temperature and consequent decrease in relative humidity. These effects, which are already affecting Macaronesian bryophyte species, will significantly reduce the amount of suitable habitat and substrates for the species which will inevitably result in a population decline. Proper management of the habitat is strongly recommended, focusing on the protection against invasive alien species and clear-cutting of areas around native forests. Epiphyllous species (growing on the leaves of other plants) are quite rare in temperate ecosystems, but present in Macaronesia, and could be promoted as natural icons, helping the general public to foster a meaningful link with their rich natural heritage. Since epiphylls indicate humid and sheltered conditions, they may also be monitored by nature guides, working in the protected areas of the Azores.",Decreasing,"Cololejeunea azorica is a liverwort species described in 1955 from Azorean material (Allorge and Jovet-Ast 1955). It is also found in Madeira (Sérgio et al. 2008), and was recently also considered part of the Brazilian flora (Gradstein and Costa 2003). In the Azores, it has been recorded on all of the nine islands (Gabriel et al. 2010). In Europe, this species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at ca 84,800 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 284 km2.","In Madeira, this species is restricted to the best preserved areas of laurel forest (Sim-Sim et al. 2014). About half of the Azorean records are from before 1975 (Gabriel et al. 2011). The current population trend is presumed to be decreasing due to the loss of habitat and consequent decrease in available suitable substrates for the species. In addition, the effects of climate change (increased temperature and consequent decrease in relative humidity) are expected to affect this species negatively (Ferreira et al. 2016). Since it is epiphyllous (grows on leaves of other plants), an individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be a single tree or shrub on which the species grows. It is estimated that there are less than 10,000 individual-equivalents in Europe, and that each subpopulation has fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents.","This is a typical species of mature laurel forests, both in Madeira and the Azores (Gabriel et al. 2011, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). Although it is preferentially epiphyllous, growing on tree leaves (e.g., Laurus azorica, Ilex perado subsp. azorica) and fern fronds (e.g., Hymenophyllum tunbrigense, Trichomanes speciosum), this species may also be found on the bark of native forest trees in very humid and shaded locations (e.g., Sjögren 1978, Homem and Gabriel 2008). Its preferential elevation range goes from 700 m to 750 m Asl, but it has been recorded from 150 m to 1,050 m Asl (Gabriel et al. 2011). In Madeira it grows between 600 m and 900 m Asl on the northern side of the laurel forest, mainly as an epiphyte or on soil (on slopes). It is paroicous, and in the Azores, where it is considerably more  frequent than on Madeira Island (Sjögren 1978), it produces sporophytes  occasionally (Homem and Gabriel 2008).","This species is sensitive to habitat degradation, which is occurring mainly due to the effects of invasive alien species expansion (especially Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum in the Azores) (Silva et al. 2008), an increase in touristic and recreational activities, and also the building of secondary roads. Land-use change, particularly at the margins of its natural habitat, is also a threat for this species. There is therefore a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat. Climate change may seriously affect this species, since it is often found in association with Macaronesian endemics, and the amount of suitable habitat for those species is declining (Patiño et al. 2016). Geological events such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and landslides have occurred in the Azores and are likely to return, with possible damaging consequences to this species.","This species and its habitat should be protected by law. The species is found in Macaronesian laurel forests, a natural habitat  of interest to the European Union (EEC 1992 - Annex I: Habitat 45.6). The natural laurel forest in Madeira has been a UNESCO World Natural Heritage site since 1999, a priority habitat  under the Habitats Directive and a Natura 2000 site. This species occurs in protected areas both in Madeira and the Azores, and is among the few bryophytes protected by Azorean Regional Legislation (RAA 2012). This species was assessed as Vulnerable in Madeira by Sim-Sim et al. (2014), where most of its distribution is included in the Madeira Natural Park - which is protected through a Regional Decree. Proper management of the habitat is strongly recommended, focusing on the protection against invasive alien species and clear-cutting of areas around native forests. Epiphyllous species are quite rare in temperate ecosystems, but present in Macaronesia, and could be promoted as natural icons, helping the general public to foster a meaningful link with their rich natural heritage. Since epiphylls indicate humid and sheltered conditions, they may also be monitored by nature guides, working in the protected areas of the Azores.",The species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Virtanen, R.","Gabriel, R., Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,LEJEUNEACEAE,Cololejeunea,calcarea,,Cololejeunea calcarea  ,(Lib.) Spruce ex Schiffn.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Rock Pouncewort (Cololejeunea calcarea) is widespread in Europe, and has a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 5,000 and 6,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 7 and 8 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 4,000 and 5,000 km2 and the EOO is between 5 and 6 million km2. This species seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area in Europe and EU 28. In addition, there are no evident threats known to the species. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species has a suboceanic boreo-temperate distribution. It is widespread in Europe from northern Norway in the north, Ireland, Great Britain, Spain, western France and Belgium in the west to central Europe (mainly the Carpathians and the Alps), Switzerland, northern Italy, Austria, Germany and eastwards to former Slovakia, Poland, Russia, Crimea and the Caucasus; in the Balkans from former Yugoslavia, Hungary, Romania and Greece rare in the mountains of the Mediterranean region (Hodgetts 2015). In Nordic countries, this species mostly occurs in the lowland in Norway, Finland, Sweden and the Faroe Islands (Damsholt 2002). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 50 m and 2,027 m Asl. Outside of Europe, it is known from Turkey (Damsholt 2002). 

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 5,000 and 6,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 7 and 8 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 4,000 and 5,000  km2 and the EOO is between 5 and 6 million km2.","This species is widespread in Europe. Each site is usually very small, however, the number of sites is today more than 2,000, and in total, there are more than 5,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equivalent). There are no signs of significant population change, and so the current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","In the United Kingdom, this species grows on moist, shaded, steep, often vertical, basic rock faces in wooded and treeless gorges and ravines, often near waterfalls, with Lejeunea cavifolia, Ctenidium molluscum, Neckera crispa and, in some western areas, Marchesinia mackaii. This species also occurs in crevices and under overhangs on damp, sheltered limestone faces and on damp, north- or east-facing montane cliffs and in gullies, with Jungermannia atrovirens, Ctenidium molluscum, Fissidens dubius, Gymnostomum aeruginosum and Tortella tortuosa. It is commonest on limestone or other calcareous rocks (schists, basalts), but also grows on siliceous rocks where there is some spray or intermittent seepage of calcareous water (Blockeel et al. 2014).

In Nordic countries, this species grows on shaded calcareous sandstone or mica-schists, in crevices of rocks and rock walls, only in acidic areas when basic dikes or intrusions occur, rarely also at bark of trees in calcareous surroundings, often together with, e.g. Jungermannia lanceolata, Plagiochila asplenioides ssp. porelloides, Lejeunea cavifolia, Frullania tamarisci and Tortella tortuosa (Damsholt 2002).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","This species is assessed in the Red Lists of Finland and Sardinia as Critically Endangered (CR), in Sweden, Italy, Hungary and Germany as Near Threatened (NT) and in the Czech Republic as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Mazimpaka, V.","Hallingbäck, T","Aleffi, M.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,LEJEUNEACEAE,Cololejeunea,madeirensis,,Cololejeunea madeirensis  ,Schiffn.,,Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,v); C2a(i)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,v); C2a(i)",EU28,,"Cololejeunea madeirensis is endemic to Macaronesia (Madeira and Azores). This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 140 km2), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an observed and projected continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. In addition, it is estimated that there are fewer than 2,500 individual-equivalents, and that each subpopulation has fewer than 250 individual-equivalents. Since this species is epiphyllous and epiphytic, an individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be a single tree or shrub on which the species grows. While at present the continuing decline in the population is only suspected based on the ongoing decline in habitat quality, a continuing decline in the population is confidently projected to occur in the near future due to the effects of climate change, namely increased temperature and consequent decrease in relative humidity. These effects, which are already affecting Macaronesian bryophyte species, will significantly reduce the amount of suitable habitat and substrates for the species which will inevitably result in a population decline.



Intensification of fires and the advance of invasive alien species are also significant threats. Other important threats include forest clearings and tree cutting. Even though this species is still present in well-preserved parts of the laurel forest, these threats are expected to impact most subpopulations, as the amount of suitable habitat is continuously decreasing. In addition, bryophytes have been considered unlikely to be able to evolve quickly in a changing environment, and their potential to become acclimatized to novel climatic conditions in the near future is limited. The restricted distribution of the species and the global importance of the Macaronesian population justifies the future implementation of specific conservation measures, in conjunction with effective habitat protection and management. In addition, monitoring of the habitat and the population is recommended. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species.",Decreasing,"Cololejeunea madeirensis is endemic to Macaronesia (Madeira and Azores). It can be found at a few sites in the central part of the northern slope of Madeira Island and in five of the Azorean islands (Sérgio et al. 2006, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 69,120 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 140 km2.","This species seems to be stable in the Azorean islands. However, most subpopulations are restricted, scarce and with a narrow ecological tolerance (ECCB 1995, Gabriel et al. 2011, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). In Madeira, all sites are separated by very deep narrow valleys, contributing to the isolation of the subpopulations. These small and isolated subpopulations may become extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization, and the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. No new sites have been found for this species in Madeira since 1994 and the current population trend is thought to be decreasing. Since this species is epiphyllous and epiphytic, an individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be a single tree or shrub on which the species grows. It is estimated that there are fewer than 2,500 individual-equivalents in Europe, and that each subpopulation has fewer than 250 individual-equivalents. 



The amount of suitable habitat for a species in the same genus (C. schaeferi) has been projected to decrease by 72% or 99% until 2070 due to climatic changes. Specifically, the number of 1-km2 climatically suitable grid cells for C. schaeferi has  been projected to decrease using two different climate scenarios (Patiño et al. 2016).","This species is preferentially epiphyllous but can also be found growing as an epiphyte in the natural forests of the Azores and Madeira, rarely also on rocks (Sim-Sim et al. 2014). It occurs at altitudes ranging from 500 m to 1,000 m Asl. It is a restricted and scarce species only recorded on a few tree species, most colonies growing on ferns (Trichomanes spp.). It requires specialized habitat conditions within the natural cloud-zone forest due to its narrow ecological tolerance (Sjögren 1997, Dierssen 2001, Gabriel et al. 2011).

","Alterations in climatic conditions (high irradiation and increasing drought stress) may influence the atmospheric humidity in the natural forest, where mist and fog frequently occur. Intensification of fires and the advance of invasive alien species are further threats. Other important threats to this species are forest clearings and tree cutting. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and this continuing decline is also projected into the near future, since these pressures are expected to increase. Even though this species is still present in well-preserved parts of the laurel forest, these threats are expected to impact most subpopulations, as the amount of suitable habitat is continuously decreasing. In addition, bryophytes have been considered unlikely to be able to evolve quickly in a changing environment, and their potential to become acclimatised to novel climatic conditions (drier and warmer) in the near future is limited (Patiño et al. 2016).

","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. In Madeira, most of its distribution is included in the Madeira Natural Park, which is protected through a Regional Decree. It is a species of the natural laurel forest, which is a priority habitat under the EU's Habitats Directive and was designated a Natura 2000 site. In 1999, the area was also designated a World Natural Heritage site by UNESCO. In the Azores, this species also occurs in protected forest areas included in the Natura 2000 network. It has been assessed as Rare in the European Red List of Bryophytes (ECCB 1995) and as Vulnerable for Madeira by Sim-Sim et al. (2014). The restricted distribution of the species and the global importance of the Macaronesian population justifies the future implementation of specific conservation measures, in conjunction with effective habitat protection and management. In addition, monitoring of the habitat and the population is recommended. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species.",This species is not utilised.,"Hodd, R.,Cálix, M.","Sim-Sim, M., Gabriel, R., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,LEJEUNEACEAE,Cololejeunea,microscopica,,Cololejeunea microscopica  ,(Taylor) Schiffn.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Long-leaved Pouncewort (Cololejeunea microscopica) is a tiny liverwort, and a hyperoceanic southern-temperate species. In Europe it is found in Britain, Ireland, the Faroe Islands, France, Spain and Macaronesia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is not threatened within its range, and may even be spreading. No conservation measures are required at present, but outlying subpopulations should be monitored.",Stable,"

The Long-leaved Pouncewort (Cololejeunea microscopica) is a tiny liverwort, and a hyperoceanic southern-temperate species. In Europe it is found in Britain, Ireland, the Faroe Islands, France, Spain and Macaronesia. It has also been recorded in Luxembourg, but is considered extinct there. A record from Belgium cannot be traced but, like records from northern France (Pas de Calais, Nord), it may be an error. Elsewhere it occurs in Africa and South  America (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 2,700 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4.2 million km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail. There is some evidence of expansion in Ireland as an epiphyte in conifer plantations (Blockeel et al. 2014), but not enough to justify concluding that the population generally in increasing, although it is possible that this may be the case. The current population trend is considered to be stable. 

","This species grows in dense pure patches or as scattered stems amidst other bryophytes (Frullania spp., other Lejeuneaceae, Metzgeria spp.) on boulders, cliffs and rock walls in shaded and sheltered situations such as low-lying wooded ravines, sea cliffs, north- or east-facing stable screes, and in the proximity of (and sometimes in) streams and waterfalls. It is also epiphytic with Frullania spp., Leptoscyphus cuneifolius, Plagiochila exigua and P. punctata. Its substrates are acid or mildly basic. When growing on rock, it tends to occur in damper, more shaded situations than Harpalejeunea molleri, and is less base demanding than H. molleri or Drepanolejeunea hamatifolia. Its altitudinal range is from 5 m to 540 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014).

This is a paroicous species that is fertile occasionally, but capsules are rare, June to September. Gemmae are frequent.",There appear to be no major threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present, and it is known to occur in protected areas. Outlying subpopulations should be monitored. This species has been assessed as Endangered in Spain, and as Vulnerable in the Canary Islands; it is considered Regionally Extinct in Luxembourg (Hodgetts 2015).

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Erzberger, P.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,LEJEUNEACEAE,Cololejeunea,rossettiana,,Cololejeunea rossettiana  ,(C. Massal.) Schiffn.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Rossetti's Pouncewort (Cololejeunea rossettiana) is scattered throughout southern Europe. Although each site is usually very small, the current number of sites is relatively high. The species has a large geographic distribution, with an area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe between 1,500 and 3,000 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) between 4 and 5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 1,000 km2 and 1,500 km2 and the EOO is between ca 4 million km2. 

The species seems to have a large viable population, with the probable number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) within Europe and in the EU 28 being in total more than 2,000. This species has stable population trend within its distribution area in Europe and the EU 28 and there are no evident threats known to the species. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC) in both Europe and in the EU 28. No conservation action is needed at present, however, some kind of monitoring of population size is needed for the future.",Stable,"This species has a sub-Mediterranean to sub-Atlantic range. It is scattered through the Mediterranean and southern Europe, extending eastwards to Crimea and up the west coast to western France, Great Britain and Ireland as well as Macaronesia (Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). 

Outside Europe, this species is very rare and only found once in Morocco, at a few sites in the Caucasus (Szweykowski and Kozlicka 1974) and in Turkey (Düzenliet al. 2009).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,500 and 3,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 4 and 5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 1,000 km2 and 1,500 and the EOO is ca 4 million km2. The altitudinal range of the species in Europe is between 10 m and 690 m Asl.","This species is scattered throughout southern Europe. Each locality is usually very small, however, the current number of sites is relatively high and the number of individual-equivalents within Europe and in the EU 28 is probably, in total, more than 2,000 (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent). There are no signs of significant population change, and the current population trend is probably stable in both Europe and the EU 28. The population of this species is not considered to be severely fragmented.","In the United Kingdom, this species grows on shaded basic rocks, especially limestone, in gorges, streams and woods, and amongst other bryophytes or as pure patches on sheltered, unquarried limestone rocks, cliffs and caves. It typically grows on dry rock in humid situations, with associates such as Marchesinia mackaii, Anomodon viticulosus, Ctenidium molluscum, Neckera crispa, N. complanata and Tortella tortuosa. One Irish record comes from the masonry of the Holy Well in Lismore and another from the underside of a bridge in the Sow Valley. In the Pennines, this species usually occupies slightly drier sites than Cololejeunea calcarea. Occasionally, it is epiphytic on other bryophytes, such as Thamnobryum alopecurum (Blockeel et al. 2014).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","This species is red-listed in ca 50% of the European countries which have a red list and where it occurs. It is assessed in the Red Lists of Sardinia and Luxembourg as Critically Endangered (CR), and in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Switzerland and Serbia as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). In Slovenia, this species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD), in Austria as Endangered (EN), in Italy and Hungary as Near Threatened (NT) and in Poland and Ukraine as Rare (R) (Hodgetts 2015). This species occurs in protected areas. No conservation action is needed at present, however, some kind of monitoring of population size is needed for the future.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hugonnot, V.,Fettes, N.D.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,LEJEUNEACEAE,Cololejeunea,schaeferi,,Cololejeunea schaeferi  ,Grolle,,Yes,VU,A3c,Yes,VU,A3c,EU28,,"Cololejeunea schaeferi is endemic to Macaronesia, where it is found in the Azores Archipelago, in Madeira and in the Canary Islands. This species is long-lived and its generation length is estimated to be between 11 and 25 years. A three generation period is thus considered to be around 50 years. There is a projected reduction in the amount of suitable habitat for this species of 72% or 99% up to 2070 due to climate change.



However, it is possible that this species may persist within the climatically unsuitable areas in small microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity is usually higher than in the surrounding environment, as evidenced by its presence on Fuerteventura. Taking this into account, as well as recognising the degree of uncertainty associated with future projections, it has been considered that the more conservative estimate of decline should be used to assess the extinction risk of this species. Furthermore, it is assumed that even if there are suitable microclimatic areas within the unsuitable 1-km2, these will be minimal (ravines, nooks and crannies) and thus the reduction in suitable habitat will lead to an almost linear reduction in the population. However, the species grows on all types of substrates, and it is still fairly frequent in the Canary Islands where the area of laurel forest is even increasing - a population reduction of 72% within three generations is therefore considered very unlikely and too pessimistic. A population reduction of more than 30% but less than 50%, on the other hand, is much more likely given the available information and known threats, and the species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable under Criterion A3. 



In addition to climatic changes, which are expected to significantly affect this species, intensification of fires, as well as the expansion of invasive alien plant species, are also important current threats. The increase in water demand due to the spread of urbanization, and the subsequent abstraction of water for commercial and domestic uses, may also endanger this species at some sites. The restricted distribution of the species justifies the future implementation of specific conservation measures, in conjunction with effective habitat protection and management. Further research is needed into the population size and trend. Monitoring of the habitat trends is also recommended in order to ensure the stability and continuity of the population. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species.",Decreasing,"Cololejeunea schaeferi is endemic to Macaronesia. It occurs in the Azores archipelago (only on Terceira Island), in Madeira and in the Canary Islands - in El Hierro, La Gomera, La Palma, Tenerife and Fuerteventura (Sérgio et al. 2006, González-Mancebo et al. 2008, Gabriel et al. 2011). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 391,930 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 104 km2.","This species occurs in four localities in Madeira Island, which are separated by very deep narrow valleys on the northern slope of the island, contributing to the isolation of the subpopulations. It also occurs in five islands of the Canary Islands, where the species seems to be stable,and where the area of laurel forest is even increasing in abandoned agricultural land. In the Azores, this small liverwort was found recently on the island of Terceira (Ellis et al. 2015). The population trend is presumed to be decreasing since recent publications show that Macaronesian endemic bryophytes are suffering a decrease in population size and range (Patinõ et al. 2016). This bryophyte is considered a long-lived species (a perennial stayer), following Dierssen (2001). The generation length of this species is therefore estimated to be between 11 and 25 years, with a three generation period of around 50 years. 



The amount of suitable habitat for this species has been projected to decrease by 72% or 99% until 2070 due to climatic changes. In a recent  publication, the number of 1-km2 climatically suitable grid  cells for this species has been projected to decrease using two  different climate scenarios. The first is a stabilization scenario (RCP  4.5) where total radiative forcing is stabilised before 2100, while the  other scenario (RCP 8.5) is characterized by increasing greenhouse gas  emissions over time representative for scenarios in the literature  leading to high greenhouse gas concentration levels (Patiño et al. 2016).  These projections were derived using two different Global Climate  Models recommended for Europe and Mediterranean climates. In addition,  the elevation range of this species is predicted to shift upwards, as  conditions on Macaronesian islands become warmer and drier (Patiño et al. 2016).  The variables considered for these projections included the maximum  temperature of the warmest month and the precipitation (in mm) of the  wettest month. The poikilohydric condition of bryophytes means their  water content is directly regulated by environmental humidity and growth  is restricted to periods of hydration. Temperature is also known to be  an important factor for bryophyte growth (Patiño et al. 2016).  However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study  (approximately 1-km2 grid resolution), it is possible that this species  may persist within the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small  microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity can be higher than in the  surrounding environment. Nevertheless, these models clearly project a  substantial decline in the climatically suitable area for this species  within three generations.","This species is preferentially found in the natural laurel forest of the Canary Islands and Madeira, where it grows in humid ravines and on rocks, sometimes near waterfalls, at altitudes ranging from 900 m to 1,100 m Asl. In the Canary Islands, it occurs on many substrates, including rocks, soils and as an epiphyte and an epiphyll, including on other bryophytes. In the Azores, the ﬁrst and only record was at a low altitude (60 m Asl), on acidic rock growing at a cave entrance (González-Mancebo et al. 2004, Gabriel et al. 2011, Sim-Sim et al. 2014, Ellis et al. 2015). 

","Alterations in climatic conditions (high irradiation and increasing drought stress) are expected to influence the atmospheric humidity in the natural forest, where mist and fog frequently occur. Bryophytes have been considered unlikely to be able to evolve quickly in a changing environment, and their potential to become acclimatized to drier and warmer climatic conditions in the near future is limited (Patiño et al. 2016). However, it is possible that this species may persist within the climatically unsuitable areas in small microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity is usually higher than in the surrounding environment, as evidenced by its presence on Fuerteventura (González-Mancebo et al. 2009). Intensification of fires, as well as the expansion of invasive alien plant species, are also threats. The increase in water demand due to the spread of urbanization, and the subsequent abstraction of water for commercial and domestic uses, may also endanger this species at some sites.

","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. In Madeira most of its distribution is included in the Madeira Natural Park, which is protected through a Regional Decree. In the Canary Islands, this species occurs in the Rural Park of Anaga (Tenerife), in Garajonay National Park and in the Natural Park of Majona (La Gomera). This species was assessed as Rare in the European Red List of Bryophytes (ECCB 1995) as Vulnerable in Madeira by Sim-Sim et al. (2014). In the Canary Islands it has been classified as Least Concern (González-Mancebo et al. 2012). The importance of protected areas for the conservation of this species is also highlighted by Patiño et al. (2016), which found that while currently only 47% of the climatically suitable 1-km2 grid cells of habitat are found within protected areas, this proportion is predicted to increase to 89% under RCP 4.5 and to 100% under RCP 8.5. The restricted distribution of the species justifies the future implementation of specific conservation measures, in conjunction with effective habitat protection and management. Further research is needed into the population size and trend. Monitoring of the habitat trends is also recommended in order to ensure the stability and continuity of the population. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species. 

",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Bates, J.","Sim-Sim, M., Gabriel, R., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,LEJEUNEACEAE,Cololejeunea,sintenisii,,Cololejeunea sintenisii  ,(Steph.) Pócs,,No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,v)",EU28,,"



 



European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



In Europe, Cololejeunea sintenisii is only known from Madeira, the Azores and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 404 km2), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an observed and projected continuing decline in the AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, and in the number of mature individuals. Alterations in climatic conditions (high irradiation and increasing drought stress) are expected to influence the atmospheric humidity in the natural forest, where mist and fog frequently occur. Bryophytes have been considered unlikely to be able to evolve quickly in a changing environment, and their potential to become acclimatized to drier and warmer climatic conditions in the near future is limited. The effects of climate change (especially drought), make it highly vulnerable in the Canary Islands and Madeira. An increase in the frequency of forest fires in the already restricted habitat of this species, poses an important threat. There are larger subpopulations in the Azores, where it is less threatened, but the habitat there is still declining. The preservation of the laurel forest might be enough for the maintenance of the subpopulations of this species. The largest subpopulations of this species occur in the Azores, where management of the species' habitat needs to be improved. In addition, monitoring of the habitat and the population are recommended.

",Decreasing,"

In Europe, Cololejeunea sintenisii is only known from the Atlantic Islands (Madeira, Azores and the Canary Islands). In the Canary Islands, this species is restricted to the islands of Tenerife and La Palma (Losada-Lima et al. 2010). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 422,650 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 404 km2. Outside of Europe, it is found in the neotropics (Bolivia and Venezuela), Asia and Australia (Pócs and Bernecker 2009).","



In the Canary Islands this species grows in wet ravines in the areas of the laurel forest with the highestfrequency of mist. In Madeira it is also restricted to the laurel forests, and has been collected only twice, the first time in 1952 and more recently in 2011 (M. Sim-Sim pers. comm. 2016). In the Azores, it occurs in mesic habitats and in forest areas as well as in open habitats, being locally abundant in caves. In this archipelago it is not considered a rare species (Gabriel et al. 2011), although it has been listed as one of the 100 priority species for management (Cardoso et al. 2008). According to recent publications, the overall population trend is presumed to be decreasing, since Macaronesian endemic bryophytes are suffering a decrease in population size and range (Patiño et al. 2016). The population may be considered as severely fragmented since most subpopulations occur in restricted habitats, such as ravines in southern islands and caves in the Azores. These small and isolated subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. 

 

","



This species occurs mostly as an epiphyllous plant (growing on the leaves of other plants) in the high altitude forest areas of the three Macaronesian archipelagos. In the Canary Islands, it can be found from 600 m to 800 m Asl on ferns such as Trichomanes speciosum, always in very wet and restricted habitats. In Madeira and the Azores, it also occurs as an epiphyll, mainly in natural forests but also at cave entrances, from 150 m to 1,000 m Asl.","Alterations in climatic conditions (high irradiation and increasing drought stress) are expected to influence the atmospheric humidity in the natural forest, where mist and fog frequently occur. Bryophytes have been considered unlikely to be able to evolve quickly in a changing environment, and their potential to become acclimatized to drier and warmer climatic conditions in the near future is limited (Patiño et al. 2016). The effects of climate change (especially drought), make it highly vulnerable in the Canary Islands and Madeira. An increase in the frequency of forest fires in the already restricted habitat of this species, poses an important threat.There are larger  subpopulations in the Azores, where it is less threatened, but the habitat there is still declining.","This species has been assessed as Endangered in the Red List of Madeira (Sim-Sim et al. 2014) and of the Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2012), as well as in the Red List of Spain (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2014). In Madeira, most of the distribution area is included in the Madeira Natural Park, which is protected through a Regional Decree. In the Canary Islands, it occurs in the Parque Rural de Anaga and the Parque Natural de Las Nieves. The preservation of the laurel forest might be enough for the  maintenance of the subpopulations of this species.The largest  subpopulations occur in the Azores, where management of  the species' habitat needs to be improved as suggested by Cardoso et al.  (2008). In addition, monitoring of the habitat and the population are recommended.",This species is not utilised.,"Weibull, H.,Englefield, E.","González Mancebo, J., Sim-Sim, M., Gabriel, R., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,LEJEUNEACEAE,Colura,calyptrifolia,,Colura calyptrifolia  ,(Hook.) Dumort.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Fingered Cowlwort (Colura calyptrifolia) is a tiny but highly distinctive hyperoceanic southern-temperate liverwort. It is found in Britain, Ireland, northwestern France, Macaronesia and Norway. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the current population trend is increasing and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are required at present, but it would be interesting to monitor outlying subpopulations.",Increasing,"The Fingered Cowlwort (Colura calyptrifolia) is a tiny but highly distinctive hyperoceanic southern-temperate liverwort. It is found in Britain, Ireland, northwestern France, Macaronesia and Norway. Elsewhere it occurs in Nepal, Sri Lanka, Réunion, South America from Venezuela south to Tierra del Fuego, the Caribbean, tropical and southern Africa, Mauritius, Île Amsterdam, St Helena, Tristan da Cunha and subantarctic islands (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 2,416 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4.2 million km².

","This species, while geographically still very restricted, is spreading in conifer plantations and elsewhere in Ireland and the UK (Blockeel et al. 2014). The current population trend is therefore increasing.","This species grows as tiny, pure tufts or scattered stems among other liverworts on rocks or epiphytically in humid, sheltered situations. These include ravines, rocky gorges, low-lying wooded streamsides, lakesides, rocky coasts, and damp north- or east-facing montane cliffs, where the rock tends to be mildly calcicolous and may also support Cephaloziella divaricata, Drepanolejeunea hamatifolia, Lejeunea patens and Radula aquilegia. Suitably humid conditions are also provided by overhanging conifers, boggy wetlands or deep quarries, where Colura is found almost exclusively as an epiphyte alongside Metzgeria consanguinea, Hypnum andoi, Ulota spp. and Zygodon conoideus. Typical substrates include Calluna and Ulex, but increasingly in the British Isles it has been found in conifer plantations, often on willows, but also on Picea. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 700 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014).

It is autoicous; perianths are usually present, and capsules are fairly frequent, April to September; gemmae are fairly common and sometimes numerous.

",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. It would be interesting to monitor outlying subpopulations. This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in the Canary Islands (Garilleti and Albertos 2012). It is known to occur in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Erzberger, P.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Conardia,compacta,,Conardia compacta  ,(Drumm. ex Müll.Hal.) H.Rob.,,No,NT,D1,No,NT,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



The Compact Feather-moss (Conardia compacta) is a widespread but rather rare species in Europe. It is estimated that there are between 500 and 1,500 individual-equivalents in Europe and it is possible that the population is severely fragmented. This species could therefore qualify for Vulnerable under D1, but there is a great deal of uncertainty and disagreement about the number of individual-equivalents and degree of population fragmentation. It is possible that the species could even be Least Concern. On balance, Near Threatened seems to be the most sensible assessment, taking into account that there are likely more than 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. While relatively rare, it appears to be a naturally rare species, limited by its habitat requirements. Coastal sites are generally under pressure from development. Inland limestone sites are likely to be less threatened. In Hungary, the rocks that it inhabits have become drier, probably constituting a threat. However, the impact of these threats on the species are largely unknown. No specific actions are needed, but monitoring of some subpopulations is recommended.",Stable,"The Compact Feather-moss (Conardia compacta) is a widespread but rather rare species, found north to Iceland and Arctic Norway (Finnmark), south to Corsica, northern Italy and northern Greece. It is also found in central-south European Russia, Karelia and in the Urals. It also occurs in the Caucasus, North Africa (Morocco), central and eastern Asia, North America, Greenland and Guatemala (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 776 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 11.3 million km².","This species is rare but stable in central Europe, and the overall current population trend is probably stable. It is rare along the coast in Scandinavia but there seems to be no evidence of a decline. It is rare in France but present in the Massif Central. Its population size is estimated to be between 500 and 1,500 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. The population may be severely fragmented, as the subpopulations are scattered and the species is not known to produce sporophytes in Europe (pointing to potential poor dispersal abilities). These small and isolated subpopulation may therefore go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","This is a pale green moss forming thin but sometimes extensive mats on rocks and stony soil, often but not always in deep shade. It is intolerant of competition and often occurs in sparse vegetation at the base of crags, on rock ledges, below overhangs and in caves. It is largely confined to calcareous habitats, including limestone and sandstone. It often occurs in woodland, on wooded or sheltered crags or in ravines. However, many of its sites, particularly in northern Europe, are coastal, where it grows on rocks and soil on sea shores the edge of saltmarsh. Its British coastal sites are generally on rocky shores, as on sandstone rock ledges in eastern Scotland (Blockeel et al. 2014). It is often associated with Platydictya jungermannoides and Mannia triandra (A. Vanderpoorten pers. comm. 2017). It is dioicous; capsules are very rare in Europe, having been found only once (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). Multicellular, filamentous gemmae are often present on the dorsal surface of the nerve towards the tip of the leaf.","Coastal sites are generally under pressure from development. Inland limestone sites are likely to be less threatened. In Hungary, the rocks that it inhabits have become drier (B. Papp pers. comm. 2017), probably constituting a threat. However, the impact of these threats on the species are largely unknown.","It is found in protected areas. It is listed as Critically Endangered in Finland, Endangered in the Czech Republic, Austria and Estonia, Vulnerable in Norway, Spain, Germany, Luxembourg, Slovakia and Switzerland, Near Threatened in Britain, 'rare' in Ukraine and Data Deficient in Hungary, Romania and Slovenia. It is listed as Regionally Extinct in Ireland (Hodgetts 2015). No specific conservation actions are needed, but monitoring of some subpopulations is recommended, and research into its biology, distribution and requirements is recommended.",This species is not utilised.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Natcheva, R.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C., Untereiner, A. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,CONOCEPHALACEAE,Conocephalum,conicum,,Conocephalum conicum  ,(L.) Underw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Great Scented Liverwort (Conocephalum conicum) is known from most parts of Europe, and seems to be widespread, especially in southern Europe, but it becomes scarcer towards the north and in the mountains. This species has a wide geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 30,000 and 50,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 14 and 15 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 20,000 and 40,000 km2 and the EOO is between 10 and 12 million km2. This species seems to have a viable and stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no major threats to this species. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28. 

The distribution of this species is still uncertain, as in 2005, the old species (with this name) was split into two species - C. conicum (s. str.) and C. salebrosum. No conservation measures are required at present. Further research is therefore required on its distribution.",Stable,"The distribution of this species is still uncertain, as in 2005, the old species (with this name) was split into two species - C. conicum (s. str.) and C. salebrosum (Szweykowski et al. 2005).

At that time, this species was known from most parts of Europe, reaching the Caucasus Mountains and seemingly more frequent southwards. In 2005, it was known from Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain and Ukraine (Szweykowski et al. 2005). More recently, this species has been found in several new countries including Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Macaronesia, central and southwestern Russia (Hodgetts 2015). In the Nordic countries, it is restricted to the southernmost districts, and it is apparently absent in the north (Damsholt 2002). In Poland, this species occurs in the lowlands to the foothills and from low elevations in mountainous areas up to 1,100 m Asl, but this species is found up to altitudes of 2,000 m Asl elsewhere. 

In Asia, this species is known from Turkey, Siberia, Yenisei and Lena River valleys, northern India, China, Korea and Japan. In Africa, it is known from Algeria and Tunisia. In North America, this species is transcontinental, and is found in the west from Alaska to California, Colorado and New Mexico, and in the east from Newfoundland to Florida and Alabama (Damsholt 2002).



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 30,000 and 50,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 14 and 15 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 20,000 and 40,000 km2 and the EOO is between 10 and 12 million km2.","This species seems to be widespread in Europe, especially in southern Europe, but it becomes scarcer towards the north and in the mountains (Blockeel et al. 2014). There is no indication of any decline in Europe or the EU 28, and therefore the current population trend is considered to be stable in both regions.","This species grows on neutral to basic substrates in a range of damp, shaded habitats, including stream and ditch banks, brick or concrete by streams and rivers, flushes in valley woodland and moist or dripping rocks. This species is tolerant to periods of submergence and the thalli, which are strongly bound to the substrate by numerous rhizoids, are not readily dislodged by running water (Blockeel et al. 2014).",There are no evident threats known to the species.,"This species is in the Red Lists of Finland and the Canary Islands as Endangered (EN), in Italy as Near Threatened (NT) and in the Netherlands as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. No conservation action is needed since the species is widespread and has a stable population. Further research is required on its distribution.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hassel, K.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,CONOCEPHALACEAE,Conocephalum,salebrosum,,Conocephalum salebrosum  ,"Szweyk., Buczk. &amp; Odrzyk.",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Conocephalum salebrosum is found across Europe and has a wide geographic range - the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 10,000 and 20,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 12 and 15 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 4,000 and 10,000 km2 and the EOO is between 9 and 10 million km2. However, it is probably even more widespread than the present distribution indicates, as it has only recently been recognized as a distinct species. In addition, it seems to have a viable and stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28, and there are no major threats to the species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

No conservation action is needed at present. However, further research is required on the distribution of this species.",Stable,"The distribution of this species is still uncertain, since in 2005, the old species (C. conicum s. lat.) has been split into two species (Szweykowski et al. 2005), C. conicum (s. str.) and C. salebrosum.

This is an Holarctic species, with known locations in Europe including Austria, Belgium, Bosnia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland and Ukraine (Szweykowski et al. 2005). In Switzerland, it reaches an elevation of about 2,360 m Asl (N. Schnyder pers. comm. 2017). Since 2005, this species has been found in several new countries, including Ireland, Portugal, Spain and Italy, northern, central and southwest Russia and the Caucasus, Bulgaria and Sardinia, Sicily and the Balearic Isles. It is also known from Iceland and Macaronesia (Hodgetts 2015).Outside of Europe, this species is also reported from East Asia, including in the Himalayas, China and Japan, as well as North America.

In Poland, it is a rather frequent species, occurring from the northern lowlands (western Pomerania and the Masurian Lakeland) through the central plains to the higher elevations in mountains including the Tatra Mountains, Sudety Mountains, Beskidy and Bieszczady Zachodnie Ridges, where it grows above 1,000 m Asl. In the Tatras, it reaches an elevation of about 1,800 m Asl. In the Nordic countries, this species is widespread up to 1,000 m Asl or higher, but it is apparently absent from many northern coastal provinces of the Gulf of Bothnia.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 10,000 and 20,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 12 and 15 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 4,000 and 10,000 km2 and the EOO is between 9 and 10 million km2.","This species is probably more widespread than the present distribution indicates, as it has only recently been recognized as a distinct species. The population size is judged to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","In the United Kingdom, this species grows on neutral to basic substrates in a range of damp, shaded habitats, including stream and ditch banks, brick or concrete by streams and rivers, flushes in woodland valleys and moist or dripping rocks. It tolerates periods of submergence and the thalli, which are strongly attached to the substrate by numerous rhizoids, are not readily dislodged by running water (Blockeel et al. 2014).

In the Nordic countries, this species grows on somewhat calcareous soil, sandstone or slate, on sheltered banks, along streams, rivers and waterfalls, together with Pellia endiviifolia, P. epiphylla, Plagiochila asplenioides ssp. porelloides, Trichocolea tomentella, Chiloscyphus polyanthos, on marshy ground, sometimes also on humid rock walls and in rock caves (Damsholt 2002).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","This species is listed as Data Deficient (DD) in the Red Lists of Italy, Portugal, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Slovenia, is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in Finland, and as Not Evaluated (NE) in Germany (Hodgetts 2015). However, some of these assessments probably include C. conicum. The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. No conservation action is needed at present. However, further research is required on the distribution of this species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hassel, K.","Hallingbäck, T","Lönnell, N.,Schröck, C.,Goldberg, I.,Blom, H.,Hodgetts, N.,Afonina, O.,Vellak, K.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BARTRAMIALES,BARTRAMIACEAE,Conostomum,tetragonum,,Conostomum tetragonum  ,(Hedw.) Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Helmet-moss (Conostomum tetragonum) is widespread in the arctic and its range extends south to northern Spain, the Pyrenees, the Alps and Romania. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 2,000 and 3,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 13 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 1,500 and 2,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 5 million km2. This species seems to have a viable and stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no major threats to this species apart from climate change. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in Slovakia and Romania. If the number of snow beds continues to decrease, this species will also most probably decline since snow fields and similar habitats are the core habitats of this species. Even so, no conservation action is needed at present.",Unknown,"This species has a circumpolar, arctic-montane distribution range. It is widespread in the arctic, including Iceland and Svalbard, and its range extends south to northern Spain (Casas 1992), the Pyrenees, the Alps and Romania (Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species is from 5 m to 2,750 m Asl.

Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North America and northern Asia (BFNA 2015).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 2,000 and 3,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 13 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 1,500 and 2,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 5 million km2.","In Nordic countries, this species mainly occurs in the subalpine to high-alpine belt where it is common (Mårtensson 1956). There are also some old lowland records, but most of these occurrences have vanished a long time ago, at least in Sweden. Also, the records in the United Kingdom suggest that there has been a real decline at the southern edge of its range. However, the overall current population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28.","In Nordic countries, this species grows on moist, acidic, periodically flushed or continuously wet substrates, typically sandy or turf-containing soil in open, wind-exposed, north-facing alpine slopes, at the margin of snow beds or on flushed flat rocks (Hallingbäck et al. 2008). The moss is found mainly in nutrient poor, late snow areas where it grows in characteristic blue-green, hard, dense patches in a more or less brown carpet, which consists mainly of smaller species such as Kiaeria spp., Polytrichum alpinum and Polytrichum sexangulare. This species is also often seen on the shores of lakes and streams. At higher altitudes (e.g. in the middle and high-alpine belts) this species even appears frequently in poor heath (Mårtensson 1956).

In the United Kingdom, this species grows on skeletal, gravelly soils in areas where snow lies late into the summer. This habitat is protected by the snow layer during the winter, but is subject to frost-heave once the snow melts and can be very dry during the latter part of the summer, once the snow has gone. In snow beds, this species forms small, tight cushions which are part of a diverse bryophyte community, and common associates include Anthelia juratzkana, Gymnomitrion concinnatum, Lophozia sudetica, Marsupella brevissima, Ditrichum zonatum, Kiaeria falcata, Polytrichastrum sexangulare, Racomitrium heterostichum and R. lanuginosum. It can occur at lower altitudes on sites kept open by periodic disturbance or abrasion by the wind, particularly where the rock has a higher base content (Blockeel et al. 2014).","If the number of snow beds continues to decrease, this species will also most probably decline since snow fields and similar habitats are the core habitats of this species. Beside a warmer climate with fewer and smaller snow-beds, there are no other major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","The species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in the Red Lists of Great Britain and Switzerland, and as Endangered (EN) in Slovakia and Romania (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in several protected areas. No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Schröck, C.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,CORSINIACEAE,Corsinia,coriandrina,,Corsinia coriandrina  ,(Spreng.) Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Corsinia coriandrina is a widespread but relatively scarce liverwort in the Mediterranean area, mainly confined to the Iberian Peninsula. Apparently, this species presents a more or less continuous distribution in all countries south of Switzerland, but always in more or less similar Mediterranean habitats. The species is rarer in the southeast of Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species in Europe and the EU 28 is estimated to be around 6.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,100 km2. In addition, this species is considered to have a stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28. It is also expected that climate change may change the distribution patterns of this species, and it may expand its range in certain areas. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

However, the species is threatened in some European countries, such as Switzerland and Bulgaria, and further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, as well as to assess the existing threats. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify new areas in Bulgaria, Romania and Slovenia, as well as to assess the existing threats. Restoration of habitats that suffer from anthropogenic pressure is recommended.",Stable,"This is a widespread but relatively scarce liverwort in the Mediterranean area, mainly confined to the Iberian Peninsula, with more than 280 Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) (10 x10 km) squares (Brugués et al. 2015). It is reported from all provinces of Portugal. In Italy, this species is reported in the majority of regions (Aleffi et al. 2008) and is recorded from the Mediterranean basin in numerous countries (Bischler 2004). This species is also present in all Macaronesian archipelagos. The species is rarer in the southeast of Europe (Sabovljević and Natcheva 2006) and it is consideredthreatened in some areas, such as in Bulgaria (Natcheva 2015). Outside of Europe, this species is known to be present in North and South America.

Apparently, this species presents a more or less continuous distribution in all countries south of Switzerland, but always in more or less similar Mediterranean habitats.



The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species in Europe and the EU 28 is estimated to be around 6.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,100 km2.","Subpopulations of this species are abundant when there is a suitable habitat and the species can live together with other liverworts, such as Riccia and Fossombronia spp. or Oxymitra incrassata but still forming isolated groups.



More research on the current population size, trends and the overall rate of decline is needed, and confirmation of the species occurrence and distribution in all parts of its known range. However, the current population trend is assumed to be stable in Europe and the EU 28. 

It is also expected that climate change may change the distribution patterns of this species, and it may expand its range in certain areas.","The species grows on soil in open places, as well as in wetlands, river banks, wet meadows, matorral (shrubland, thicket or bushes), evergreen forest, or deciduous, grassland cliffs (Bischler 2004). In particular, it can colonize rock cervices, banks, soil depressions or soil on rocks (at a pH of around 4-8).



This species occurs in Mediterranean to temperate areas, not arid zones. The climatic preferences of the species are mean rainfall of about 500 mm, but without snow (Bischler 2004).

This species is a relatively large thalloid liverwort, and it has an odor of coriander when fresh, forming more or less extensive subpopulations. Plants develop normal sporophytes, the sexual strategy is dioecious (male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals), autoicous (male and female reproductive organs on the same plants) or polyoicous (sometimes on the same plant and sometimes on different plants), however without gemmae. 

","Little is known about the major threats affecting this species but it is probably only declining in particular sites where there is anthropogenic pressure on its habitats. Other human-induced changes, such as forestry, reduction of grazing and agriculture management can negatively impact the conservation of this species. The species needs water and precipitation and thus could be susceptible to changes in the water availability and droughts. 



","This species is included in the Iberian Red Data Books as Least Concern (LC) (Sérgio et al. 2013, Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012). The species is threatened in some European countries, such as Vulnerable (VU) in Switzerland (NISM 2018) and Endangered (EN) in Bulgaria (Natcheva 2015). In some countries, such as Portugal and Spain, the species is reported in protected areas or in Natural Parks 



Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify new areas in Bulgaria, Romania and Slovenia, as well as to assess the existing threats. The impacts of climate change on natural forests requires further research to better understand the role of the climate as well as the impact on ecosystem processes, that may be connected with the conservation of this liverwort. Restoration of habitats that suffer from anthropogenic pressure is recommended.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Köckinger, H.,Fettes, N.D.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Coscinodon,cribrosus,,Coscinodon cribrosus  ,(Hedw.) Spruce,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Sieve-tooth Moss (Coscinodon cribrosus) is a circumpolar boreo-temperate moss that is widely distributed in Europe from Svalbard and Arctic Russia south to the mountains of the Mediterranean region and Tenerife. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although generally a rather uncommon species, it is widespread and there is no evidence of decline: it can be locally abundant where suitable habitat exists. No conservation measures are required at present.",Unknown,"The Sieve-tooth Moss (Coscinodon cribrosus) is a circumpolar boreo-temperate moss that is widely distributed in Europe from Svalbard and Arctic Russia south to the mountains of the Mediterranean region and Tenerife. It apparently no longer occurs in Luxembourg. Elsewhere it occurs in North Africa (Algeria, Morocco), Turkey, Caucasus, central and northern Asia south to the Himalayas, North America south to Arizona and New Mexico, and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 1,700 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.5 million km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown. Although generally rather scarce, it can be locally abundant in areas where suitable habitat occurs.

","Typically this moss is found on dry, acid rocks, especially in the crevices of layered slate and shale outcrops, occasionally on walls, and less commonly on harder rocks. Many of its sites are on coastal cliffs and slopes, often growing on friable rocks near the tops of the cliffs, but also on boulders below. Most inland records are also from shale and slate, on sites that include stream banks, old quarries, and natural crags in the uplands. It is tolerant of very acid conditions, occurring sometimes on very sour, rotten shale and it has been recorded from heavy metal-rich rocks. Coscinodon cribrosus often lacks closely associated bryophytes; those recorded include Diplophyllum albicans, Metzgeria furcata, Bryum argenteum, Ptychostomum capillare,Ceratodon purpureus, Pohlia nutans, Polytrichum piliferum and Cephaloziella divaricata. Its altitudinal range is from 5 m up to 2,600 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).



It is dioicous; capsules are mostly rare, but occasionally plentiful, mature in spring and summer.",There are no known threats to this species.,"This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Hungary, Portugal and Slovakia, as Endangered in Finland and as Vulnerable in the Canary Islands and Bulgaria. It is also Near Threatened in Sicily, Romania and Slovenia, Data Deficient in Albania, and 'rare' in Poland. It is considered Regionally Extinct in Luxembourg (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation measures are required at present. Research into the population trend of this species is recommended. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Hodd, R.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Coscinodon,horridus,,Coscinodon horridus  ,"(J.Muñoz &amp; Hespanhol) Hugonnot, R.D.Porley &amp; Ignatov",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"Coscinodon horridus is assessed as Vulnerable due to its restricted area of occupancy (AOO) of around 20 km2and number of locations of around 5. Its habitat quality is affected by several anthropogenic pressures, such as fire and wind farms, as well as increase of the invasive Campylopus introflexus that can occupy the same niches. These threats could cause the species to become Critically Endangered within a short space of time.



For this taxon, more information is certainly required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify new areas. It is possible that this species may be found in additional areas of the Iberian Peninsula.",Unknown,"This species was described from the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain) by Muñoz et al. (2009). Its range is restricted to the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, in an area with an oceanic-temperate climate and abundant rain. It is known from one site in Spain (Alto del Puerto de Ancares, at an altitude of around 1,800 m asl). In Portugal, this species is known from two mountainous areas; one site from the Peneda-Gerês and two sites from the Marão. In 2014, it was also discovered at a new site on the Gerês mountain area (Muñoz et al. 2015). It is quite possible that this species will be found in additional areas of the Iberian Peninsula or in other mountainous regions but within the Atlantic biogeographic zone (Porley 2012).



Based on available recent records of the species from Portugal and Spain, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 6,810 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 20 km2. The altitudinal range of the species is between 650 m and 1,800 m asl.     

","The population size and trend cannot be accurately estimated with the data available and without an implementation of a good monitoring programme. The species has been recently described. However, it is locally abundant where it is known to be present. In Portugal and Spain, the subpopulations are not being monitored but from field observations, the subpopulations were always found to be sterile and restricted to a very narrow micro-habitat, occupying an area of approximately 400 cm2. 



Since the species does not produce gemmae the establishment of new subpopulations is difficult.","



This species is associated with rocky areas, growing on acidic outcrops (usually on schist), in mountainous areas in the northwest of the peninsula with mild climates and high rainfall (Muñoz et al. 2015).



The taxon has a preference for north-facing outcrops and it occurs together withAndreaea heinemannii subsp. crassifolia, Andreaea rothii subsp. falcata and Grimmia montana.

","Wind farms, future intensification of tourism and recreation areas, and increased fire occurrence represent notable threats for the future. In addition, current climate warming could lead the species to shift upwards in latitude and altitude. The influence of invasive species is also an important pressure, with increase of the invasive Campylopus introflexus that can occupy the same niches.","There are currently no specific conservation actions aimed at this species. In Portugal, two sites are inside the Peneda-Gerês National Park and other two sites are inside a Natura 2000 network site (Alvão-Marão). The only site in Spain is also inside a Natura 2000 network site (Sierra de los Ancares).



This species is included in the Red Data Book of Portugal (Sérgioet al. 2013) and in the National Red List of Spain (Brugués and Gonzalez-Mancebo 2012) as Data Deficient new (DD-n). Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify new areas.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species,"Englefield, E.,Cronberg, N.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Hespanhol, H., Infante, M. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Coscinodon,humilis,,Coscinodon humilis  ,Milde,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



According to current knowledge, Coscinodon humilis is a European endemic that is confined to the central ranges of the Alps, in Switzerland, Austria and Italy. It was previously reported from the Spanish Pyrenees, but is missing in the current Red List, so its status in Spain is uncertain. Altogether about 15 records have been made so far, some of which need to be rechecked, as it is a critical species. The problems attached to this species, and the fact that it grows in remote, high places, mean that its actual distribution remains extremely uncertain. Based on the currently known sites, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 60 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 17,000 km2. Nothing is known about the population size and the population trend of this species. 



This moss grows on very acid, rather dry and sunny silicate rocks, and also on ore-containing rocks, from the montane to the alpine belt. At higher elevations, the habitats are safe. Potential threats at lower elevations cannot be assessed due to poor knowledge. The threats are thus unknown. The level of knowledge about this species needs to be significantly improved. Further research is needed into its distribution, population size and trend, and threats in order to determine its extinction risk. Taxonomic research is also recommended to identify species-specific characters that could help identify it more easily. It is known to occur in protected areas, offering it some protection from unidentified potential threats. This species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient globally, in Europe and the EU 28 due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, as well as threats.



",Unknown,"For a long time it was believed that Coscinodon humilis had a mainly Asian distribution, before Ignatova et al. (2008) proved genetically that the Asian subpopulations belong to a different species (C. yukonensis). Ignatova et al. (2008) also proved that C. humilis is a distinct species and not a variety of C. cribrosus as mentioned by Maier and Geissler (1995). According to current knowledge, this species is therefore a European endemic that is confined to the central ranges of the Alps, in Switzerland, Austria and Italy, where it has been found growing at elevations between 500 - 3,000 m Asl. This species was previously also reported from the Spanish Pyrenees (Casas et al. 2006), but is missing in the current Red List (Brugués et al. 2014), so its status in Spain is uncertain. Altogether, about 15 records have been made so far, some of which need to be rechecked, as it is a critical species. The problems attached to this species, and the fact that it grows in remote, high places, mean that its actual distribution remains extremely uncertain. Having said that, the area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) were calculated based on the current known sites, and so the AOO is estimated at 60 km2, and the EOO at ca 17,000 km2.",Nothing is known about the population size and the population trend of this species.,"This moss grows on very acid, rather dry and sunny silicate rocks, and also on ore-containing rocks, from the montane to the alpine belt.","At higher elevations, the habitats are safe. Potential threats at lower elevations cannot be assessed due to poor knowledge. The threats are therefore unknown.","The level of knowledge about this species needs to be significantly improved. Further research is needed into its distribution, population size and trend, and threats. It is known to occur in protected areas. Taxonomic research is also recommended to identify species-specific characters that could help identify it more easily.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Duckett, J.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Coscinodon,monchiquensis,,Coscinodon monchiquensis  ,"R.D.Porley, Ochyra &amp; Ignatova",,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)



EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)



Coscinodon monchiquensis was recently described, and its distribution can not be considered as well studied. Currently, this species is known from two close localities on either side of a valley separated by about 400 m. This species has a small area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO), both estimated to be around 8 km2. No other subpopulations have been found during an ongoing systematic survey of Serra de Monchique. Taking into consideration the narrow range and the high substrate specialization of Coscinodon species associated with mineral-rich substrates, this species may be considered as a narrow endemic. The current population trend and the population size of this species have not been investigated. The known localities are situated within a protected area, but this species is considered to be found in one location, given the risk of fires and Eucalyptus forestry in the nearby areas. There is a decline in the habitat quality of this species. Therefore, it is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) for Europe and the EU 28. Recommended conservation measures include further research to discover new sites and to determine the population size and trend of this species.",Unknown,"This species was recently described and known only from two localities in Algarve, southern Portugal (Ignatov et al. 2018). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) are both estimated to be around 8 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 560 m to 595 m Asl.","There is no available information concerning the population size or trend of this species. This species is considered to be present at one location, considering the risk of fire.",This species was found on dry and well-illuminated mineral-rich magmatic outcrops and rock-ledges (Ignatov et al. 2018). There is considered to be a continuous decline in the quality of the habitat of this species.,"Potential threats to this species include commercial Eucalyptus forestry (in 2016, the outcrop at Chilrão was partially covered with brash, debris and dust from the felling operation up-slope) and fire (the locality at Chilrão shows evidence of recent burning) (Ignatov et al. 2018).","This species is not included in any national or regional Red Lists. The known localities are situated within the Monchique Natura 2000 Special Area of Conservation designated under the EU Habitats Directive. Further research on the distribution, population size and threats of this species is needed.",This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Rumsey, F.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Cratoneuron,curvicaule,,Cratoneuron curvicaule  ,(Jur.) G.Roth,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Bent-stem Hook-moss (Cratoneuron curvicaule) is widespread, being present from France and Scotland (UK) in the west and extending through the Mediterranean area to Ukraine and Russia in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern in view of its widespread distribution and stable population trend. There are probably no threats to this species as it grows in undisturbed areas in the mountains. As a cryophilous species it could be affected by climate change, especially if longer drought periods occur. There are no conservation actions known for this species, and probably not needed. Further research is needed, however, on the population size and trend of the species.",Stable,"In Europe, the Bent-stem Hook-moss (Cratoneuron curvicaule) is widespread, being present from France and Scotland (UK) in the west and extending through the Mediterranean area to Ukraine and Russia in the east. It reaches its northernmost distribution in northwestern Russia. Its occurrence in Romania and Spain is uncertain, and it is listed as Data Deficient (Garilleti and Albertos 2012). It is not known in Scandinavia, but it could possibly be found there (Hedenäs et al. 2014). Outside Europe, the species is found in central and eastern Asia. It occurs at elevations between 1,500 m and 3,000 m Asl. It has a very large extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe, estimated to be between 3 and 4 million km2, whilst the area of occupancy (AOO) is much more restricted, estimated to be between 300 and 2,000 km2.","This species grows in calcareous rocks and screes in the alpine and subalpine zone, which are habitats that are not affected by any threat, except perhaps by longer drought periods with climate change. Up until now, there is no evidence for this. Therefore, the overall population trend is assumed to be stable. In the UK it is listed as Regionally Extinct but it was recently rediscovered on Ben Lawers in Scotland (D. Long pers. comm. 2017).",The species is present on humid calcareous rocks and screes in alpine and subalpine areas.,"There are probably no threats to this species as it grows in undisturbed areas in the mountains. As a cryophilous species it could be affected by climate change, especially if longer drought periods occur.","There are no conservation actions known for this species, and probably not needed. Further research is needed, however, on the population size and trend of the species. At least one record lies in the protected area called ""Aletschwald"" in Switzerland.",The species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Pilkington, S.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Cratoneuron,filicinum,,Cratoneuron filicinum  ,(Hedw.) Spruce,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Fern-leaved Hook-moss (Cratoneuron filicinum) is widespread in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a very large and stable population and there are no major threats to it. No conservation measures are needed at the European scale.",Stable,"The Fern-leaved Hook-moss (Cratoneuron filicinum) is a widespread species found in North and South America, Eurasia, Africa and New Zealand. It lives from low to high elevations. In Europe, this species is very widespread and is found from the Mediterranean region and the Canary Islands in the south to Svalbard in the north, and from Iceland and the Canary Islands in the east to eastern European Russia in the east (Hodgetts 2015).",Some studies show a significant genetic differentiation between subpopulations from different geographical areas (Hedenäs 2012). The overall population size is very large and the trend is stable. This species is very common and abundant.,"This species grows in moist or wet habitats, on base-rich rocks, soil or tree bases near streams, springs or fens. It is also found in secondary or disturbed habitats such as edges of roads and urban areas.",There are no major threats to this species.,This species is found in protected areas throughout its range. No conservation measures are needed at the European scale.,This is a species commonly used in aquariums.,"Cálix, M.,Hedenäs, L.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F., Lüth, M. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Crossidium,aberrans,,Crossidium aberrans  ,Holz. &amp; E.B. Bartram,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



In Europe, Crossidium aberrans has a mediterranean-temperate distribution and is rather rare, being known in southeastern Spain and in a few localities in the Canary Islands, France, Italy, Germany and Switzerland. This species is assessed as Least Concern since even though it is rare, and not very well known, there is no evidence of a decline and it is widespread in eastern Spain, where the core of the European population is found. Research is needed into the population size and trend, in order to monitor a possible decline.",Unknown,"In Europe, Crossidium aberrans has a mediterranean-temperate distribution and it is rather rare, being known in southeastern Spain and in a few localities in the Canary Islands, France, Italy, Germany and Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, it is also found in North America, Mexico, North Africa, Jordan and Egypt.","This is a small moss whose plants are 2-3 mm high, which is found mostly with many other species of Pottiaceae in xeric environments forming typical soil crusts. There is no specific data on the population size or trend of this species. In Germany, one of the subpopulations consists of a single cushion. In Italy it is only found in one site with a few individuals. In eastern Spain the species seems to be widespread in dry areas.","This species is a xerophyte which in Europe if prevailingly found on rock and basic soil in Mediterranean shrublands with, for example, Calicotome spinosa, Euphorbia dendroides or Pistacia lentiscus, or in disturbed open habitats, such as abandoned quarries, in arid sites. The species also grows on gypsum or nitrified soils. It can also grow on thin layers of soil over laying rocks. It is found at elevations between 100 m and 1,500 m Asl.","Fire is the main threat to this species, but there is no available information on a population decline caused by this threat.","This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Switzerland and as Rare in Germany, while in the Canary Islands it has been considered Data Deficient (Hodgetts 2015). Research is needed into the population size and trend, in order to monitor a possible decline. The species is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Ignatova, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F. & Lüth, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Crossidium,crassinervium,,Crossidium crassinervium  ,(De Not.) Jur.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Crossidium crassinervium is widely distributed in southern Europe, from the Canary Islands and the Iberian Peninsula to Malta, Greece and Cyprus. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large and stable population in Europe, there is no indication of a decline and there appear to be no major threats to it.",Stable,"Crossidium crassinervium is widely distributed in southern Europe, from the Canary Islands and the Iberian Peninsula to Malta, Greece and Cyprus. To the north it extends to Germany and to the east it extends to Moldova (Hodgetts 2015). It is also known in North America, North Africa and Asia (China and India). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated at around 656 km2, but this is a rough estimate due to the lack of detailed distribution data. The species is probably under-recorded, and may be confused with the widespread C. laevipilum, especially when sporophytes are absent.",Stark and Delgadillo-Moya (2003) have estimated the growth rate of a subpopulation in the desert of Nevada (USA). The age of the studied cohort was between three and 70 years. Subpopulations are large and the species is very common throughout its range. The overall population size is therefore thought to be large. The current population trend is thought to be stable.,"This is a xerophytic and halotolerant species that lives on basic rock and soil in open habitat of xeric grasslands, on sand dunes near the sea and also in anthropized environments. It is found from sea level up to 1,700 m Asl.",There are no major threats to this common and widespread species.,"This species can in some case occur in sites of touristic interest, but until now the European population does not seem to be in decline. No specific conservation measures are necessary. It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.,Mazimpaka, V.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F. & Lüth, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Crossidium,davidai,,Crossidium davidai  ,Catches.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"

 



European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



In Europe, Crossidium davidai is restricted to the Canary Islands in Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it has a restricted geographic range, the current population trend is presumably increasing in the western Canary Islands due to global warming, and there appear to be no major threats to it. The species is common in Lanzarote and Fuerteventura. In addition, the small currently known geographic range of this small species is likely to be a significant underestimation, more indicative of the lack of appropriate surveying and recording than of the rarity of the species.

 

",Increasing,"Crossidium davidai occurs in southern Australia and in Saudi Arabia (Cano et al. 1993). In Europe, it is restricted to Spain (Canary Islands), occurring in Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, being common in the last two islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 21,178 km2, and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 52 km2. However, this is a small species and its currently known geographic range is likely to be a significant underestimation, more indicative of the lack of appropriate surveying and recording than of the rarity of the species.","



Although this species is more common in the eastern Canary Islands (Dirkse and Bouman 1995), new localities have been gradually found in the western islands, where this taxon may be easily confused with Tortula atrovirens (Blockeel et al. 2001), a species common in those islands. In addition, the overall population trend might be presumably increasing in the western Canary Islands, due to the effects of climate change and the subsequent increase in temperature and dryness (J.M. González-Mancebo pers. comm. 2017). There is no information about the population size, as the species is widespread but difficult to detect. 

","This species grows scattered or in loose patches on dry gravelly soil in sun-exposed desert-like places with open and low height vascular plant vegetation; mostly on south- and east-facing slopes (Dirkse and Bouman 1995).  

","



There are no major threats to this species, but habitat destruction (mainly for urban usage, touristic and recreational activities) can pose a local threat to some subpopulations.

","

This species has been assessed as Least Concern in the Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2012). No conservation research or actions are needed, and it is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. 



",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Ignatov, M.","González Mancebo, J.","Schnyder, N.,Hugonnot, V.,Syrjänen, K.,Hedenäs, L.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Crossidium,geheebii,,Crossidium geheebii  ,(Broth.) Broth.,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



In Europe, Crossidium geheebii is found in the Canary Islands (Fuerteventura, Gomera, Gran Canaria, El Hierro, Lanzarote, La Palma and Tenerife) and another site in southern Italy (Calabria). Fairly commonon GranCanary, El Hierro,La Palma andTenerife.Probablyrareon bothFuerteventuraand LanzaroteIslands.Given the noticeable fragmentation of the European population and the possible decline for all subpopulations, being located at sites with high tourist attraction, the most plausible category is considered to be NT.",Stable,"In Europe, Crossidium geheebii is found in the Canary Islands (Fuerteventura, Gomera, Gran Canaria, El Hierro, Lanzarote, La Palma and Tenerife). The species occurs in all Canary Islands with 30 localities in these islands (Dirkse et al. 1993, J.M. González-Mancebo pers. comm. 2017). Moreover, there is only another known site in southern Italy(Calabria) (Privitera and Puglisi 2000). Outside of Europe this species is also found in the Sinai (Egypt), New Zealand, and Australia. It is estimated that this species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 32 km2.","This species is more widespread in Gran Canaria, El Hierro, La Palma and Tenerife. It is probably rarer in Fuerteventura and Lanzarote. The current population trend is thought to be stable (Frey and Kürschner 1988, Privitera and Puglisi 2000).","This species is a colonist, terricolous, markedly xerophilous, photophilous. In Europe, it occurs between 10 m and 1,100 m Asl, on very compact soil, clayey or gravely rock under scrub vegetation or in the lower part of pine forest, in the Thermo-Mediterranean climate belt with dry ombrotype. The occurrence of this species together with Tortula atrovirens was also emphasized in Egypt (Sinai) and New Zealand. Other associated species to Crossidium geheebii  are Crossidium crassinervium, Tortula revolvens, Bryum caespiticium, Didymodon luridus, Dicranella howei, Riccia nigrella, R. sorocarpa, R. gougetiana, Oxymitra incrassata, Exormotheca pustulosa (Dirkse et al. 1993, Privitera and Puglisi 2000, Dierssen 2001).



 

  





","In coastal areas the species may be threatened by urbanization and tourism. In the Italian site, the species is threatened by human disturbance being located in touristic sites subject to urbanization or construction of tourist facilities.","There is no available documentation on conservation actions. It is known to occur in protected areas. In the Canary Islands the species is considered Least Concern (J.M. González-Mancebo pers. comm. 2017). In the only Italian site the species is considered Critically Endangered. Ex-situ conservation measures are recommended, such as captive breeding, artificial propagation and the genome resources bank as well as awareness and communication actions. Research is also needed into the population size and trend.",This species is not utilised.,"Hedenäs, L.,Cálix, M.","Cogoni, A., Campisi, P., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F. & Lüth, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Crossidium,laevipilum,,Crossidium laevipilum  ,Thér. &amp; Trab.,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Crossidium laevipilum, in Europe, is only present in the eastern region of Spain including the Balearic Islands. Based on available recent records, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 144,915 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 132 km2, although the latter is assumed to be an under-estimate. This species can be also relatively abundant in other places, however it is restricted to (semi-) natural areas and there is anthropogenic pressure on its habitats. The current population trend of this species in Europe is inferred to be decreasing. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened for both Europe and the EU 28 as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

On the other hand, current climate warming with a projected increased frequency, length and intensity of drought periods can be a threat to this species. In addition, future intensification of agriculture and increased fire events are also strong threats for the species. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (for example, open vegetation types with bare soil), mainly in the known sites of this species. In addition, further research is required to establish the future status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.

",Decreasing,"This species is a member of a Mediterranean sub-tropical element. It is scarcely dispersed throughout the Mediterranean area from northern Africa to western Asian, with two core ranges, one in the southwest of the Arabian Peninsula, Jordan and Israel (Cano et al. 1993, Frey and Kúrschner 1991) and Socotra Island (Kürschner 2000), and another in northern Africa in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Egypt (Ros et al. 2013). There is also a reference to Kenya (Townsend 1987).

In recent years, this species was reported to new sites in Europe in southeastern Spain, including the Balearic Islands (Cano 2006; Pericàs 2009). Based on available recent records, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 144,915 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 132 km2, although the latter is assumed to be an under-estimate. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level to 500 m Asl.","Little is known about all the subpopulations in different sites of Spain. However, on the known subpopulation of the first collection in Europe, Tarragona (Casas et al. 1993), the species covered an area of more than 50 m2 in typical open soil in Mediterranean vegetation. This species can be also relatively abundant in other places, however it is restricted to (semi-) natural areas and there is anthropogenic pressure on its habitats. The current population trend of this species in Europe is inferred to be decreasing.","The main habitat of this species is on exposed gypsiferous or calcareous soils, in semi-natural Mediterranean areas.

The species can support some nitrification and can be found in anthropogenic situations, such as on the edge of paths, grasslands, cereals fields, in clearings of the scrub vegetation connected with olive or fruits plantations.

Normally, this species can be found with other Pottiaceae, such as Aloina bifrons, Microbryum curvicollum, Barbula unguiculata, Pseudocrossidium hornschuchianum, some Didymodon and different Riccia including R. lamellosa.

","Additional current climate warming with increased frequency, length and intensity of drought periods constitute a strong threat for this species. In addition, future intensification of agriculture and increased fire events are also strong threats for the species. Land use changes may be a threat for this species in the future.","The species occurs in several protected areas within its range including Monegros IBrA: 14 (Garilleti and Albertos 2012). This species is not included in the Red Data Book of Spain and so is considered as Least Concern (Brugués et al. 2012).

It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (for example, open vegetation types with bare soil), mainly in the known sites of this species. In addition, further research is required to establish the future status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.



",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Laaka-Lindberg, S.,Englefield, E.","Sergio, C. & Cano, M.","Schröck, C.,Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Crossidium,laxefilamentosum,,Crossidium laxefilamentosum  ,W. Frey &amp; Kürschner,"In Spain, this species is considered a synonym of Crossidium crassinerve (Guerra et al. 2006).",No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

This rare species, Crossidium laxefilamentosum, has a scattered distribution in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO), estimated at greater than 1.1 million km2, surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory. The area of occupancy (AOO), however, is much more restricted, being estimated at just 104 km2. There are an estimated 27 locations throughout Europe. The population is considered to be severely fragmented, and its habitat extent and quality is known to be declining. Therefore this species is assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU 28. 





 

The habitat of this species is threatened by infrastructure development and the building of walls in the areas south of the Danube. Loess cliffs are extremely vulnerable to invasions of non-native species, such as Robinia pseudoacacia and Amorpha fruticosa. There are also natural pressures on this species' habitat due to flooding of the Danube river. Climate change, by way of increased severity and longevity of droughts, can negatively affect this species as well. Habitat protection and site management are recommended conservation measures for this species, and more research is needed into the habitat and population trends. It is likely to occur in protected areas, offering it some formal protection from the aforementioned threats.",Unknown,"This rare species has a few scattered localities in southeastern Spain (Pocs et al. 2004), northern Serbia, central Hungary, western Romania and Sicily (Puglisi et al. 2013). It is also present in Tunisia (Pocs et al. 2004), Saudi Arabia (where it was found in desert soil between sandstone pebbles) and in other countries of the Arabian Peninsula (for example, Oman and Yemen). In Europe the extent of occurrence (EOO), estimated at greater than 1.1 million km2, surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory. The area of occupancy (AOO), however, is much more restricted, being estimated at just 104 km2. Lately, some Spanish authors have treated this species as a synonym of Crossidium crassinerve (Guerra et al. 2006) on the basis of some transitional characters between the two, but it can be clearly separated from this taxon, according to Pócs et al. (2004). If this species is to be excluded from the Spanish bryophyte flora after revision of specimens (Guerra et al. 2006), the distribution in Europe will become even more restricted.","This is a rare and scattered species. There is no information on the population size and trends of this species. However, the population is considered to be severely fragmented. It is found in small, isolated subpopulations. These small subpopulations may go extinct with little probability of recolonisation. Its habitat extent and quality is known to be declining. There are an estimated 27 locations for this species.","This is a terricolous species of very dry habitats, both in loess cliffs and slopes along the Danube, or marl-gypsiferous soils in southeastern Spain (Pócs et al. 2004). It produces sporophytes.","The habitat of this species is threatened by infrastructure development and the building of walls in the areas south of the Danube. Loess cliffs are extremely vulnerable to invasions of non-native species. A severe problem to typical loess cliff vegetation are invasions of Robinia pseudoacacia and Amorpha fruticosa. These species were planted in the past and are still planted at present to stabilize the friable surface of loess. There are also natural pressures on this species' habitat due to flooding of the Danube river. Climate change, by way of increased severity and longevity of droughts, can negatively affect this species as well. Therefore, there is a continuing decline in the habitat extent and quality for this species in Europe.",This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Hungary (Critically Endangered) and Romania (Critically Endangered) (Hodgetts 2015). It is likely to occur in protected areas. Habitat protection and site management are recommended conservation measures for this species. Research into habitat and population trends for this species are needed.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Natcheva, R.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Crossidium,squamiferum,,Crossidium squamiferum  ,(Viv.) Jur.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Crossidium squamiferum is widespread in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the current population trend is stable and is overall not at risk at the European level. However, in the future it may qualify for a threatened Category if a decline is observed in other subpopulations. No specific conservation measures are necessary at present.",Stable,"Crossidium squamiferum is a boreo-subtropical-temperate species. In Europe, this species is widespread. In particular it is located in central and southern Europe (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe it is found in China, India, Mongolia, Russia, North and Central America, North and Central Africa and New Zealand.","In Europe, this species is widespread but, on the whole, no exact data on the size of the subpopulations are known. Generally, the species forms small scattered cushions mixed with other heliophilous species. Some data on the population refer only to the Czech Republic, where few subpopulations and a small number of mature individuals have been observed, while in Great Britain the species is presented at a single site near the Isle of Wight. Only in Switzerland is a decline taking place (Kučera 2004, Flore des bryophytes de Suisse 2011, Bosanquet 2014). The current population trend is assumed to be stable. 



 



 



 





 



 









","This is a colonist species. It lives in very warm areas with southern exposure, on sandy soil or basic rocks, limestone, and dry walls. The species occurs almost everywhere only in small stocks. It is found at elevations between 370 m and 2,000 m Asl.","Open spots on rocky outcrops are often subject to bush encroachment, and sites on walls and other dry sites are subject to many changes (Dierssen 2001, Cortini Pedrotti 2001, Flore des bryophytes de Suisse 2011). However, at the European scale these local threats are not significant.","This species is locally rare in several European countries, and it has been assessed as Regionally Extinct in Belgium, as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic, as Endangered in Austria and Romania, at Risk assumed in Germany, as Vulnerable in Switzerland (with significant decline of between 30% and 50%), and as Data Deficient in Slovenia (Flore des bryophytes de Suisse 2011, Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012, Hodgetts 2015). In view of the wide distribution of this species in the Mediterranean area, no specific conservation measures are necessary at present. It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Hedenäs, L.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,ANASTROPHYLLACEAE,Crossocalyx,hellerianus,,Crossocalyx hellerianus  ,(Nees ex Lindenb.) Meyl.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Heller's Notchwort (Crossocalyx hellerianus) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution and population size above 10,000 individual equivalents in Europe and the EU 28. In the whole of Europe, the species is not considered severely fragmented since more than half of the population is found in northern Europe, where it is well-connected. The subpopulations contain more than 1,000 individual equivalents, especially in northern Europe and European Russia. However, forestry has led to a decline in the subpopulation in Scandinavia of 50% in the last 100 years. In Russia the species is also declining. Therefore the overall population trend is decreasing.

This species is present on logs and tree stumps in shaded and humid sites. With respect to its habitat preferences, it usually occurs in old-growth spruce forests with high amounts of coarse, woody debris. However, its habitat quality is declining due to modern forestry practices and climate change. This species is found in some protected areas throughout Europe, offering it protection from these threats.",Decreasing,"Heller's Notchwort (Crossocalyx hellerianus), a tiny liverwort species, is widespread in upland parts of central and northern Europe. In southern Europe, it is mainly confined to higher altitudes. It is relatively rare in all parts of its geographic range. It is also generally present in the circumboreal region (Hola et al. 2015), being found elsewhere in North America, (mainly western, northern and central parts), Russia (Far East and Siberia), China (Yunnan) and Japan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","Genetic diversity in subpopulations of this dioicous epixylic liverwort was related to subpopulation size, but even the small subpopulations were found to be important sources of genetic variation (Hola et al. 2015). Recombination connected with sexual reproduction only plays a significant role in generating the genetic diversity in large subpopulations of this species, whereas smaller subpopulations are maintained by vegetative diaspores and their main source of genetic diversity are probably somatic mutations. 

Notably low levels of gene flow is a consequence of habitat fragmentation, as it acts as a significant barrier to dispersal of diaspores. In any of the studies on this species though, no decline in population size is mentioned. The short life span of the temporary habitats settlement is rather natural in population dynamics of this species. It does not experience extreme fluctuations and its population size is over 10,000 individual equivalents (one individual equivalent is equal to one square metre in which the plant occurs) in both Europe and the EU 28. In the whole of Europe, the species is not considered severely fragmented since more than half of the population is found in northern Europe, where it is well-connected. The subpopulations contain more than 1,000 individual equivalents, especially in northern Europe and European Russia. However, forestry has led to a decline in the subpopulation in Scandinavia of 50% in the last 100 years. In Russia the species is also declining. Therefore the overall population trend is decreasing.","This species is present on logs and tree stumps in shaded and humid sites. With respect to its habitat preferences, it usually occurs in old-growth spruce forests with high amounts of coarse woody debris. Pohjamo et al. (2006) showed that both diaspore types in this species contribute to long-distance dispersal, allowing considerable gene flow at the landscape level. The threat in southern European countries is rather a consequence of its border-range-distribution and boreal ecosystems of less variable microhabitats. This species can also be found in European suburban areas. The study of Pohjamo et al. (2006) and Pohjamo and Laaka-Lindberg (2004) showed that for this little epixylic liverwort, which inhabits temporal and patchy substrates such as decaying wood, the population dynamics is rather in accordance with the new substrate availability and that the juvenile developmental phase is the most sensitive. Asexual reproduction is the dominant method of reproduction for this species. Fertile plants have never been seen in Great Britain, are rarely found in central Europe, and in Nordic countries up to 12% of the subpopulations are fertile (Hola et al. 2015). It is considered to be a colonist species with a potential life span of only a few years. 

Its altitudinal range isca. 10–2,600 m.","The main threats for this species are modern forestry (clear-cutting) and the practice of leaving no decaying woody remains after harvesting. Climate change will also impact thesubpopulations in boreal ecosystems, especially in southern Europe where periods of drought will become more prolonged. This will dry out decaying logs and alter the substrate, decaying woody debris, making them inappropriate for this species presence.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Ireland (Extinct), Hungary, Italy and Spain (Critically Endangered), Andorra, Czech Republic, Switzerland and Romania (Endangered), Germany, Luxembourg, Slovakia and Poland (Vulnerable), Finland and Sweden (Near Threatened) and Slovenia (Data Deficient). (Hodgetts 2015). This species is found in protected areas throughout Europe.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Wilbraham, J.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,CRYPHAEACEAE,Cryphaea,heteromalla,,Cryphaea heteromalla  ,(Hedw.) D.Mohr,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Lateral Cryphaea (Cryphaea heteromalla) has a relatively wide distribution in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large and increasing population and the known threats are not significant at the European scale.",Increasing,"The Lateral Cryphaea (Cryphaea heteromalla) is a submediterranean-subatlantic species. In Europe it has a relatively wide distribution, from southernmost Sweden and Denmark in the north, Ireland and UK in the west, Iran and West Russia in the east (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe it is also found in the Caucasus, Turkey, Israel, North Africa and North America. As reported by Rao (2001) in Africa this species is reported on the basis of a single specimen from Algeria and of the mossy forest of Tanzania.","The species is sensitive to pollution (Rao 2001). Especially for Sardinia and Sicily it is considered as a rare species (Dia et al. 2004, Cogoni et al. 2006). The population trend of this species is increasing and seems to be expanding its range in Germany. The overall population size is very large.","

 



This species is an epiphyte and is sensitive to pollution. It grows on the branches and bark of trees and shrubs in woodland, scrub and orchards. It is most luxuriant in moist, sheltered sites. It grows more rarely on rocks, stonework and concrete. It prefers young trees and is present at the beginning of the succession process in the bark of trees. It is also found in urban areas. It is found at elevations between 10 m and 2,300 m Asl.



 

","Air pollution is a threat to this species since it is sensitive to it. An increasing frequency of wildfires is also a threat, especially in some Mediterranean forests. Logging is also a threat to this species as it removes its host trees. While these threats can affect subpopulations locally, they do not threaten this species significantly at the European scale.",The species is known to occur in protected areas. No conservation action is needed.,This species is not utilised.,"Séneca, A.,Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F. & Lüth, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SOLENOSTOMATACEAE,Cryptocolea,imbricata,,Cryptocolea imbricata  ,R.M. Schust.,,No,CR,D,No,RE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

EU 28 regional assessment: Regionally Extinct (RE)

Cryptocolea imbricata is only known from three localities one in Sweden, where it is now possibly extinct, and two in Svalbard - one from 1973 and another from 2005.  It is estimated that there are less than 50 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe. It is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered (CR).

In the EU 28, this species is thought to be Regionally Extinct, as there is no indication of the presence of the species since 1973 despite of extensive searches at the only known site. It is unlikely that the species has been overlooked here.

The current warming of the climate on arctic latitudes is happening very fast and is one of the most important negative pressures of this species on Svalbard, where this species still might exist. However, there is very little information on this species in Europe and the impact of these potential threats on the population is unknown. This species need to be searched for as soon as possible, and if it is found again, the species will need ex situ conservation. Further research is also required on the impact of climate change on this species.

",Unknown,"This species has an arctic distribution. In Europe, it has only been found in Sweden from one locality in Torne Lappmark, near Abisko (Schuster and Mårtensson 1978) and from Svalbard, in Vestfjorddalen in 1973 (Frisvoll and Elvebakk 1996). The historical locality in Sweden has recently been thoroughly searched and the species was not found there. This locality was found near a touristic area, and the species may have disappeared from there. The species is therefore possibly extinct in Sweden. Another record was made in Svalbard in 2005 in a different area and it is therefore possible the species is still extant there. The species can be overlooked. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in North America and Asia (Damsholt 2002). The species is more common in arctic Siberia.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 8 and 16 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is also estimated to be between 8 and 16 km2.","This species is extremely rare and very little is known of the current total population size. Several people have tried to find the species at the only known Swedish site, without any success. The species is most probably present on Svalbard, but the population size is likely to be very small. It is therefore estimated that there are less than 50 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and with 1 m² used as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) in Europe. The current population trend is unknown.","This liverwort grows on moist soil lying over more or less basic rocks, often together with species such as Mesoptychia heterocolpos, L. polaris, Blepharostoma trichophyllum ssp. brevirete, Anthelia juratzkana, Gymnomitrion concinnatum, Aneura pinguis and Odontoschisma macounii (Damsholt 2002). In Svalbard, this species was found in a slightly moist Polygonum viviparum-Carex misandra-tundra heath (Frisvoll and Blom 1997). The second locality was found in Cassiope tetragona tundra (N. Konstantinova pers. comm. 2017). 

There is no evidence of any continuing decline in habitat, however, the uncertainty is rather high.","It is considered that climate change has a negative impact on nearly all native species on Svalbard and the subarctic parts of Fennoscandia. The current warming of the climate on arctic latitudes is happening very fast and is one of the most important negative pressures of this species on Svalbard, where this species still might exist.

This species will be adversely affected because of increased temperature and summer rain. There may be direct physiological effects that damage the shoots, but also overgrowth as a result of increased soil formation and especially competition from other species, since it is a weak competitor. Increased competition comes not only from other bryophytes, but also from vascular plants and other conditions that alter the vegetation, such as large and small grazing animals (Tommy Prestø pers. comm. 2017).

However, there is very little information on this species in Europe and the impact of these potential threats on the population is unknown.","This species is in the Red List of Svalbard as Vulnerable (VU) and is assessed in Sweden as Data Deficient (DD) (Hodgetts 2015). On Svalbard, the species is found in a protected area. This species need to be searched for as soon as possible, and if it is found again, the species will need ex situ conservation. Further research is also required on the impact of climate change on this species.",This species is not used.,"Cálix, M.,Mazimpaka, V.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Ctenidium,molluscum,,Ctenidium molluscum  ,(Hedw.) Mitt.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Chalk Comb-moss (Ctenidium molluscum) has a Boreo-temperate distribution. In Europe, this species is widely known including in Macaronesia and European Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, has a large and stable population and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are needed at present.",Stable,"

The Chalk Comb-moss (Ctenidium molluscum) has a Boreo-temperate distribution. In Europe, this species is widely known including in Macaronesia and European Turkey. Outside of Europe, it is found in the Caucasus, southwestern and north Asia, Kamchatka, Algeria and North America (Smith 2004, Hodgetts 2015).



","The subpopulations are usually large. This species is very common and abundant in large parts of its range and the population size is considered to be very large. The current population trend is stable.

","This is a competitive perennial species. It is found in many calcareous habitats and grows in woodland, scrub and grassland, on bark and more rarely on rocks, stonework and concrete. It is found most luxuriant in moist, sheltered sites (Dierssen 2001, Smith 2004, Atherton et al. 2010). It is found at elevations between 200 m and 1,836 m asl. 





 



",There appear to be no major threats to this species.,No conservation measures are needed at present. It is found in protected areas.,The only data found on this species is that relative to its use as a homeopathic remedy (Remedia Homeopathy 2018).,"Cálix, M.,Vanderpoorten, A.","Cogoni, A. & Campisi, P.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,CYATHODIACEAE,Cyathodium,foetidissimum,,Cyathodium foetidissimum  ,Schiffn.,,No,CR,D,No,CR,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)



EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)



In Europe, Cyathodium foetidissimum is only found in Italy, in the natural reserve Valle delle Ferriere in the Caneto river ravines. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it occurs at a single site in Italy and there are less than 50 individual-equivalents - one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. This liverwort grows on loose substrate of tufa under constant dripping. The current population trend appears to be stable and no major threats have been identified, given that the site where it occurs is undisturbed and closed to visitors. Site protection is important for this very restricted species. The habitat and population trends should be monitored and ex-situ conservation should be considered.",Stable,"Cyathodium foetidissimum is considered apantropical species. In Europe it is only found in Italy, in the natural reserve Valle delle Ferriere in the Caneto river ravines at 800 m Asl (Ligrone and Duckett 2005). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are only 4 km2. Outside of Europe this species is also found in Java, Sumatra, Thaiti, Nukahiva, Cameroon and Costa Rica (Salasar Allen et al. 2004).","

In Europe this species is only known from the Natural Reserve Valle delle Ferriere in the Canneto river ravines. The subpopulation is small and one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. There are certainly less than 50 individual-equivalents. The population trend is thought to be stable.

  





 



 

","This liverwort species grows on loose substrate of tufa under constant dripping. It is a sciophilous species and grows especially on the vertical faces of damp rocks and has a distinctly phosphorescent appearance. It forms small scattered colonies, in association with gametophytes of Adiantum spp. and small thalli of Conocephalum spp. (Salasar Allen et al. 2004, Ligrone and Duckett 2005).",There appear to be no major threats to this species. The site where it occurs is undisturbed and closed to visitors.,"

There are no conservation measures in place for this species. It is found in the Natural Reserve Valle delle Ferriere. Site protection is important for this very restricted species. The habitat and population trends should be monitored and ex-situ conservation should be considered.",This species is not utilised.,"Hedenäs, L.,Cálix, M.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F. & Lüth, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HOOKERIALES,PILOTRICHACEAE,Cyclodictyon,laetevirens,,Cyclodictyon laetevirens  ,(Hook. &amp; Taylor) Mitt.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Bright Green Cave-moss (Cyclodictyon laetevirens) is restricted to the western oceanic fringe of Europe, including Britain and Ireland, Portugal, Spain, the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 3.1 million km2, while its area of occupancy (AOO) is more than 284 km2. This species is frequent in Madeira and the Azores archipelagos.  The current population trend of this species in Europe is not known for certain, but is considered to be stable. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

The threats to this species include climatic changes, forest fire intensification, the impact of tourism and exotic species invasions. Further research and monitoring on the population size, habitat and trends of this species is required, as well as into the threats.

",Stable,"

This is a hyper-oceanic species that is restricted to the western oceanic fringe of Europe, including Britain and Ireland, Portugal, Spain, the Azores, the Madeira Islands and the Canary Islands (Tenerife).

In Europe, this species was found in 1874 in France in Aude (Granger 2005), reported under the name Hookeria laetevirens, which was later synonymized with Cyclodictyon. This French subpopulation has not been found since. It was later recorded and mapped in the Iberian Peninsula, the Macaronesia Islands (Casas et al. 1992), Britain and Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012).

Outside of Europe, this species is widely scattered throughout Africa (O'Shea 2006), and China (Redfearn and Wu 1986). It also occurs in North America, South America in Terra do Fogo and New Zealand (Smith 2004).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe, and therefore also the EU 28, is estimated to be around 3.1 million km2, while its area of occupancy (AOO) is more than 284 km2. The altitudinal range of this species is from 20 m to 450 m Asl in Britain and Ireland, 400 m to 500 m Asl in Portugal and Spain, 200 m to 1,500 m Asl in Madeira and ca. 600 m to 1,000 m Asl in the Azores. 



 

","

The strongest subpopulations of this species in Europe are in Macaronesia; it is described as locally common on parts of Madeira (Hedenäs 1992, Sérgio et al. 1992) and it is recorded from six islands within the Azores archipelago (Gabriel et al. 2011). In England. this species is restricted to one sea cave in a patch of 30 cm by 70 cm (Porley 2013), and is known to be extant in one site on Jura in Scotland. Although this species has not been searched for in Ireland in recent years there, is no reason to suspect it has declined (N. Hodgetts pers. comm. 2018).

In the Canary Islands, this species is only known on a hillside, northeast of Pijaral reserve, occupying ≤ 1 m2, but the subpopulation has not been seen since 1984 (Garilleti and Albertos 2012). In Spain, some subpopulations, for example in Orense in Río Cabo and Arroyo de Ribón in the Oviedo region (Garilleti and Albertos 2012), are considered to probably be extinct. This species is considered extinct in some localities in Portugal, but in Serra do Gerês, the species has been found again (Sérgio et al. 2013). Southwestern Ireland and Madeira are therefore important refuges for this species. Sporophytes appear to be rare, possibly reducing its ability to disperse to new sites.

The current population trend of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is not known for certain, but is considered to be stable.

","This species occurs on rocks that are permanently wet or only intermittently dry, usually in very sheltered sites such as in deep caves, in irrigated block scree, small streams under tall heather, around wooded cascades, and sometimes in more open sites near the sea such as in narrow rocky inlets. It also occurs on soil in Madeira. It is a perennial species and normally persists for a long periods if conditions remain stable.","A requirement for high humidity and tolerance of low light levels makes this species vulnerable to land-use changes that result in the removal of shelter. Eutrophication, water quality and over-collecting are also likely to affect some subpopulations.

In Madeira and the Canaries, this species is very fragile due to the high fragmentation of Laurisilva forest and the frequent fire events.



The species is globally affected by climatic changes (Lloret and González-Mancebo 2011), forest fire intensification, and the impact of tourism and exotic species invasions (habitat degradation and reduction of potential area of occurrence).","

English material was held in sterile culture in an ex-situ facility at RBGK (Porley 2013) although it is unknown if this still exists, otherwise no special conservation measures are aimed at this species.

Most occurrences are known from the Madeira archipelago, where this species is considered to be Least Concern (LC) (Sim-Sim et al. 2014). This species is also included on several other national Red Lists, including as LC in the Azores (Gabriel et al. 2005), as Critically Endangered (CR) in Tenerife in the Canary Islands (Dirkse et al. 2011, Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012), as Endangered (EN) in Spain, Portugal (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012, Sérgio et al. 2013) and Britain (Hodgetts 2011) and as Near Threatened (NT) in Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012).

This species is listed in “Catálogo Galego de Especies Ameazadas” (Garilleti and Albertos 2012) and occurs in protected areas in southwestern Ireland, Spain, Portugal and Macaronesia (Parque Natural Fragas do Eume, National Park of Peneda-Gerês, Parque Natural da Madeira as well as in the Azores and Reserva Integral de Pijaral in Tenerife). However, such designations offer little or no safeguard from climate change, and so further protection is required.

In addition, further research and monitoring on the population size, habitat and trends of this species is required, as well as into the threats.

",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Laaka-Lindberg, S.,Englefield, E.","Sergio, C. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Cynodontium,asperifolium,,Cynodontium asperifolium  ,(Lindb. ex Arnell) Paris,The differences of this species from C. fallax are mainly quantitive and its taxonomic status may be re-evaluated in future (E. Ignatova pers. comm. 2017).,No,NT,B2a,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)



Cynodontium asperifolium has only been found in the Ural Mountains and on the Timan Ridge in European Russia. This species is rare, and has a small area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be around 20 km2. This species also has a small population size. The population trend for this species is not known, but subpopulations may be vulnerable, because in Europe this species grows in the western border of its range. It is estimated to occur at four locations, due to the main threat being habitat loss from timber harvesting and recreational activity. It is therefore close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B, and so is assessed as Near Threatened.

Further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed.

This species is not present in the EU 28, so it is Not Evaluated within this region.",Stable,"In Europe, this species has only been found in the Ural Mountains and on the Timan Ridge - the highland in the north-eastern part of East European Plain (Selivanova-Gorodkova and Schljakov 1956, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Zolotov and Baisheva 2003, Zheleznova and Shubina 2008, Baisheva et al. 2014). Elsewhere, it is known from Siberia, the Russian Far East, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan (Ignatov et al. 2006). The species is estimated to occur at four locations, due to the main threat being habitat loss from timber harvesting and recreational activity.

In Europe, the estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is around 93,000 km2, based on total area within a minimum convex polygonaround all known occurrences. The estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of the species is around 20 km2, based on a 2x2 km2 grid overlay on the range map. The altitudinal range of the species is between 110 m and 880 m Asl. This species is not found in the EU 28.","In Europe, four subpopulation are known. These subpopulations are usually small. There is little information on the current population trend of this species, but it seems to be stable.

The population size of the species in Europe is estimated to be up to 2,800 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). In each subpopulation, 300 individual-equivalents are estimated to occur, considering each individual-equivalent as a cushion.","This species occurs mostly in the mountainous forest belt at altitudes between 110 m and 800 m Asl. It has been found on limestone, porphyrite, granite and chlorite schist outcrops. It has also been found on fine grain soil near rocks in various types of forests and tundra-like communities dominated by dwarf birch, willow and lichens (Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Taskaev 2009).","Possible threats to this species include timber harvest and the degradation of cliff vegetation due to tourist activity, for example, trampling.","This species is included in the Red List of the Komi Republic as a 'Vulnerable' species (Taskaev 2009). Most of the known subpopulations are found within protected areas. Required conservation actions include increased habitat protection, and further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed.",The species is not traded or used.,"Vanderpoorten, A.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Cynodontium,bruntonii,,Cynodontium bruntonii  ,(Sm.) Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Brunton's Dog-tooth (Cynodontium bruntonii) is frequent in the west, from central Scandinavia south to the Mediterranean region, and eastwards to the Carpathians and the Urals. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in Europe and is common in the southwest. The overall population size is large and the trend is stable. In addition, even though there are local threats to the species, these are not significant at the European scale.",Stable,"Brunton's Dog-tooth (Cynodontium bruntonii) is frequent in the west, from central Scandinavia south to the Mediterranean region, and eastwards to the Carpathians and the Urals (Ignatov et al. 2006, Hodgetts 2015). It is most frequent in the southwest of Europe. Outside Europe, the species is also found in North Africa, Turkey and Kazakhstan.","The population size is large, and subpopulations are numerous. The species is more frequent in the southwest of Europe, and becomes more localized to the north and east. The population trend is thought to be stable.","This species is found mostly in rocky outcrops and mountain sides. It is also found in deep river valleys on the rocky walls. It grows on open siliceous rocks, which are acid to mildly base-rich.","Road construction, an increasing frequency of wildfires, afforestation and damming of rivers can all be local threats to the subpopulations of this species. However, these threats do not have a significant impact on the overall population of the species at the European scale.",No conservation action is needed for this species. It is found in protected areas throughout its range.,This species is not utilised.,"Laaka-Lindberg, S.,Englefield, E.","Cogoni, A., Campisi, P., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F. & Lüth, M.","Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Cynodontium,fallax,,Cynodontium fallax  ,Limpr.,,No,NT,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The False Dog-tooth (Cynodontium fallax) is scattered in central and southern Scandinavia and in central and eastern Europe. It has a wide distribution, however, it is rare in each country, and it is not really common anywhere. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe, of 7 million km2 but a relatively small area of occupancy (AOO) of between 300 and 500 km2. The population seems to be severely fragmented, but the current population trend is considered to be stable. The number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) is estimated to be between 1,000 and 2,000 in the whole of Europe. This species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened in Europe as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criteria B and D.

In the EU 28, the current population trend is also stable, but the population size is considered to be less than 1,000 individual-equivalents. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable for the EU 28 regional assessment.

The major threat to this species is forestry and logging, especially clear-cutting, thinning and woodcutting. Protection of all known sites is needed. The species is considered to have a taxonomic issue and it is therefore important to do research on its taxonomic status.",Stable,"This species has an Eurasian boreal-montane distribution. It is scattered in central and southern Scandinavia and in central and eastern Europe, including northern Russia (Ignatov et al. 2006), as far as south as the Pyrenees, the Alps, Bulgaria, Romania and the Caucasus (Hodgetts 2015). In the United Kingdom, it is only known from a single specimen gathered in 1868 from Glen Fee (Blockeel et al. 2014). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in China (Gao 1994) and Japan (Iwatsuki 1991).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 300 and 500 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 200 km2 and the EOO is ca 4 million km2.","This species has a wide distribution, however, it is rare in each country, and it is not really common anywhere. Some of the occurrences have been decimated due to deforestation but today most modern sites, for example in Sweden, are now located either in reserves or in deep canyons where there are no majors threats (apart from random events). The current population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28. Even if the species produce spores regularly, thedispersal ability seems to be restricted. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented, as the subpopulations are small and isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.

The number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) is estimated to be between 1,000 and 2,000 in the whole of Europe and less than 1,000 in the EU 28 region.","This species grows in cracks and crevices of acidic rocks, such as granite and gneiss, in shady to half-exposed situations. Typically, this species is found at sites with humid air, for instance near lakes and streams or in moist canyons or deep valleys (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). However, it does not seem to occur in regions with high precipitation or oceanic climate.","The major threat to this species is forestry and logging, especially clear-cutting, thinning and woodcutting.","This species is included in several national Red Lists. It is assessed as a category 4 (Potentiell gefährdet) in Austria as 4, as Critically Endangered (CR) in Romania, as Endangered (EN) in Slovenia, as Vulnerable (VU) in Bulgaria, as Near Threatened (NT) in Sweden and Switzerland, as rare (R) in Germany and Poland and as Regionally Extinct (RE) in Great Britain (Hodgetts 2015). The species is present in protected areas.

Protection of all known sites is needed. The species is considered to have a taxonomic issue and it is therefore important to do research on its taxonomic status.",The species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Vanderpoorten, A.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Damerell, P.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Cynodontium,gracilescens,,Cynodontium gracilescens  ,(F.Weber &amp; D.Mohr) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern

Cynodontium gracilescens has a boreal-montane distribution in Europe. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) of ca 4 million km2 in Europe and of ca 3 million km2 in the EU 28. However, it has a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) of between 300 and 400 km2 in Europe and ca 200 km2 in the EU 28. The current population trend is stable, and the population seems not to be severely fragmented. In Europe and the EU 28, the population size is more than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). The species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in view of its large population size and stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28.

This species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Sweden, Portugal and Switzerland. The major threats to this species are the development of hydro-power plants in rivers and the damming of water systems, as well as mountain climbing and forestry. In Sweden one site has been lost and in Norway the quality of some of its habitats may be in decline due to the development of hydro power plants in rivers. Localities with a good subpopulation size need protection.",Stable,"This species has a boreal-montane distribution in Europe. It is reported from Norway, Sweden, northeastern Russia, France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Poland, Slovakia, Switzerland, Romania, Serbia and Ukraine (Hodgetts 2015). There are published records from Great Britain, however they refer to other species (N. Hodgetts pers. comm. 2017). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, northernmost North America and Asia (BFNA 2007).

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 300 and 400 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4 million km2. In the EU 28 the AOO is ca 200 km2 and the EOO is ca 3 million km2. The altitudinal range of this species is between 500 m and 3,000 m Asl.","This species typically occurs only as single tufts even at favourable sites in Sweden (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). In Sweden, it is known from a couple of localities in a limited area in western-central Sweden. In Norway, the species has around 50 localities with both old and new collections (Hassel et al. 2015). In both Europe and the EU 28, the population trend is stable in the core area and the population size is more than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent). The population of the species seems not to be severely fragmented. The overall current population trend is stable.

In Sweden one site has been lost (T. Hallingbäck pers. obs. 2017) and in Norway the population size may decline in future since its habitats may be in decline due to the development of hydro power plants in rivers (Hassel et al. 2015).","This species grows in cracks and crevices of moist, acidic rocks, such as granite and gneiss in shady to half-exposed situations. This species is typically found at sites with very humid air, for instance by waterfalls or rapids in Sweden (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). In central Europe, this species is found on siliceous rocks, steep cliffs and old tree stumps (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). In Austria C. gracilescens is a typical species of silicate boulders, rock faces and crevices in the Alps, where this species is widespread and in some parts also abundant. Mostly subalpine to alpine. It is missing in the calcareous parts of the Alps (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2018).","The major threats to this species are the development of hydro-power plants in rivers and the damming of water systems, as well as mountain climbing and forestry.","This species is included in several national Red Lists. It is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) in Slovakia, as Indeterminate (I) in Poland, as Endangered (EN) in Sweden, Portugal and Switzerland and as Vulnerable (VU) in the Czech Republic and Romania (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in protected areas. Localities with a good subpopulation size need protection.",The species is not used or traded.,"Gunnarsson, U.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Cynodontium,jenneri,,Cynodontium jenneri  ,(Schimp.) Stirt.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Jenner's Dog-tooth (Cynodontium jenneri) is widespread in western Europe, however it is not common anywhere. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) but a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the AOO of this species is between 1,000 and 2,000 km2, and its EOOis ca 4 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 800 km2 and the EOO is ca 2 million km2. It seems to have a viable and stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no evident threats to this species. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in Portugal and Ireland. Even so, no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species has a suboceanic boreal-montane distribution. In Europe, it is known from the British Isles, Portugal (Beira Alta), Belgium, west and central Germany, southern and western Scandinavia and Iceland (rare) (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in North America (BFNA 2007).

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,000 and 2,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 800 km2 and the EOO is ca 2 million km2.","This species is widespread in western Europe, however it is not common anywhere. The population size is more or less stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","In the United Kingdom, this species grows on acidic rocks, in crevices on steep faces of crags or on rocks in crevices in large block scree. Very rarely, this species also occurs on sandy, mineral soil. Most sites are sheltered, either on crags in ravines or on steep north-facing slopes but in block scree it can tolerate more exposure, not infrequently occurring on south-facing, well-lit scree slopes. On crags, associated species often include Barbilophozia hatcheri, Neoorthocaulis attenuata, Lophozia ventricosa, Cynodontium bruntonii and Dicranum fuscescens, while in block scree frequent associates are Diplophyllum albicans, Lophozia sudetica, Tetralophozia setiformis, Dicranum fuscescens, Kiaeria blyttii, Racomitrium lanuginosum and rarely Sphenolobus saxicola, Cynodontium strumiferum and Grimmia incurva (Blockeel et al. 2014).

  In the Nordic countries, this species grows in cracks and crevices of relatively dry rocks in half-exposed situations. Typically, it is found on acidic rock (such as granite or gneiss) in coastal areas or near lakes (Hallingbäck et al. 2006).",There are no major threats to this species.,"This species is in the Red Lists of Iceland as Low Risk, Portugal as Endangered (EN), Sweden as Near Threatened (NT), Germany as rare (R), Finland as Regionally Extinct (RE) and Ireland as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Vellak, K.","Hallingbäck, T","Sabovljevic, M.,Ştefănuţ, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Cynodontium,polycarpon,,Cynodontium polycarpon  ,(Hedw.) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Many-fruited Dog-tooth (Cynodontium polycarpon) is widely distributed throughout Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. It is more frequent in upland areas, where it can form large subpopulations, being relatively abundant in Fennoscandia and the Alps and less frequent in other parts of the continent. Although there is no information on the current population trend, the population size is certainly above 1,000, and probably above 10,000, individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) in both Europe and the EU 28.  This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. No threats to this species have been identified, but stochastic events may be a threat in countries near the edge of its range and in areas where only small subpopulations exist. However, no conservation actions at the European level are needed.",Unknown,"This species shows a boreal-montane distribution in Europe, where it is widespread in upland areas, being relatively abundant in Fennoscandia and the Alps and less frequent in other parts of the continent. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is also known from the Caucasus to  Azerbaijan, the Himalayas, Siberia, and eastern Asia, including Japan. Its distribution in North  America is unclear because of confusion with Cynodontium jenneri. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","This species can form large subpopulations in upland areas, but is rare in the lowlands. There are some regions in which is presence or frequency is uncertain because of confusion with other species of Cynodontium. There is no information on trends. The population size is certainly above 1,000, and probably above 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered one square metre or one boulder on which the species grows.","This species grows on silicate rock boulders and rock walls, mostly over humus (Grims 1999, Meinunger and Schröder 2007). It has been found growing at elevations between 200 m and 3,000 m Asl.","No threats to this species have been identified, but stochastic events may be a threat in countries near the edge of its range (e.g., Britain, Luxembourg) and in areas where only small subpopulations exist.","This moss has been assessed as Endangered in Luxembourg and Britain, and as Data Deficient in Portugal, Spain and Sardinia (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation actions are needed. This species occurs in many protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Wilbraham, J.,Cálix, M.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Cynodontium,strumiferum,,Cynodontium strumiferum  ,(Hedw.) Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Strumose Dog-tooth (Cynodontium strumiferum) shows a boreal-arctic-montane distribution in Europe, where it is widespread in upland areas, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, but the current trend is thought to be stable. In mountain areas (e.g., the Alps), this species can form large subpopulations, and the overall population size is certainly above 1,000, and probably above 10,000, individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) in both Europe and the EU 28. There are no known threats to this species in its main centres of distribution (e.g., the Alps, Scandinavia), but stochastic events may be a threat in countries near the edges of its range. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. No conservation actions at the European level are required at present.",Stable,"This species shows a boreal-arctic-montane distribution in Europe, where it is widespread in upland areas extending north to the high Arctic, southwards through Fennoscandia, Latvia and Estonia to the Pyrenees, Alps and the Balkans (Blockeel et al. 2014). It is absent from Macaronesia and many southern countries and regions. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is also known outside Europe from the Caucasus,  Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Asiatic Russia, Japan, Greenland and North  America. It has been found growing at elevations between 10 m and 3,000 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, but the current trend is thought to be stable. In mountain areas (e.g., the Alps), this species can form larger subpopulations. The population size is certainly above 1,000, and probably above 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre or one boulder on which the species grows.","This species grows on siliceous rock blocks and cliffs (Grims 1999, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).","There are no known threats to this species in its main centres of distribution (e.g., the Alps, Scandinavia). Only at the margins of its range (e.g., Spain, Montenegro), where the subpopulations are smaller, is this species threatened.","This moss has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Luxembourg, as Endangered in Spain and as Vulnerable in Britain, Bulgaria and Romania (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation actions are needed. This species occurs in many protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Wilbraham, J.,Cálix, M.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Cynodontium,suecicum,,Cynodontium suecicum  ,(Arnell &amp; C.E.O.Jensen) I.Hagen,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Cynodontium suecicum is found in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia, and is endemic to Europe. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) but a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the AOO of this species is between 800 and 1,000 km2, and its EOO is ca 1.5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 600 km2 and the EOO is ca 0.5 million km2. However, recent investigation seems to indicate that it has been overlooked and that there are more extant sites than previously thought. This species seems to have a viable and stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both regional assessments.



However, this species is rare in much of its distribution range, and it is threatened by clear-felling of forest in the vicinity of colonies. Sites should be protected from clear-felling and other damages that may cause a sudden increase in light exposure and drought. The forest structure around the cliffs where this species grows needs to be preserved to maintain humidity and shade. Further research on the distribution of this species is required, as it may have been overlooked.",Stable,"This species is found in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia (Hodgetts 2015), and it is endemic to Europe. Most sites are in boreal montane areas. 



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 800 and 1,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 600 km2 and the EOO is ca 0.5 million km2. However, recent investigation (at least in Sweden) seems to indicate that this species has been overlooked and that there are more extant sites than previously thought.","This species is rare in much of its distribution range. However, the species is more or less common in the central part of Sweden, mainly in montane forests (avoiding the coast). It is less rare in Norway and Finland (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). Outside of the Nordic countries, this species is only found in a few places in Russia (Kola Peninsula, Ignatov et al. 2006). The current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species is found growing on shaded vertical rock faces on siliceous cliffs in coniferous woodland, where the conditions are constantly humid. The most common substrate is cracks and crevices of moist cliffs in shady to half-exposed situations. Most often it is found on acidic rock (granite or gneiss), however, locally it is growing on somewhat base richer rock (for example, diabase), predominately in places with relatively humid air (Hallingbäck et al. 2006).",The species is threatened by clear-felling of forest in the vicinity of colonies.,"The species is included in Appendix I of the Bern Convention as well as in Annex II of the European Unions Habitats Directive. It is also in the Red List in Finland as Near Threatened (NT) (Hodgetts 2015).



Sites should be protected from clear-felling and other damages that may cause a sudden increase in light exposure and drought. The forest structure around the cliffs where this species grows needs to be preserved to maintain humidity and shade. Further research on the distribution of this species is required, as it may have been overlooked.",The species is not used or traded.,"Gunnarsson, U.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Cynodontium,tenellum,,Cynodontium tenellum  ,(Schimp.) Limpr.,The distribution of this species is not sufficiently studied because of earlier taxonomic and nomenclatural confusion with Cnestrum alpestre (Wahlenb. ex Huebener) Nyholm ex Mogensen (Cynodontium alpestre (Wahlenb. ex Huebener) Milde) (Mogensen 1980).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Delicate Dog-tooth (Cynodontium tenellum) is found in northern areas of Europe, and mountains of central and southeastern Europe. Numerous subpopulations of this species are known. In Europe, this species has wide distribution and is common in Fennoscandia and the central Alps. The overall current population trend is considered to be stable. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.



However, this species is considered threatened in some countries, including Slovakia, Hungary and Romania. In the Czech Republic, this species is rare and has probably disappeared in some areas. The possible threats of this saxicolous forest species may be changes in moisture conditions of habitats due to the forest felling. Protection of the habitats and further research into the population trend of this species is needed in the regions where this species grows near the southern and eastern border of its European range.",Stable,"In Europe, this circumpolar boreo-arctic montane species has a wide distribution. It is found in Svalbard, Fennoscandia, the adjacent areas of Russia, Latvia, Poland, and the mountains of central and southeastern Europe, the Urals and Timan Ridge (northern part of the East European Plain). Elsewhere, it has been found in the Caucasus, Turkey, Middle Asia (Kazakhstan), Siberia, the Russian Far East, North America and Greenland (Ignatov et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015, Leushina et al. 2016). The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 2,600 m Asl.","Numerous subpopulations of this species are known. The population trend of this species seems to be stable in Scandinavia (Weibull 2006), the western part of Kola Peninsula (Schljakov and Konstantinova 1982) and in the Republic of Karelia (A. Maksimov pers. comm. 2017), as well as in the central Alps, where this species is frequent and abundant (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). The overall current population trend is considered to be stable. In the Czech Republic, this species is rare and has probably disappeared in western and southern Bohemia during the last century (Franklová 2002). In France, this species is known by single old records dated 1955 (Granger 2005), and most known findings in Slovakia were made more than 50 years ago (Šmarda 1948, Šmarda et al. 1962). The species is frequently fertile.","This species grows in shady to semi-open habitats, such as various types of forests, as well as communities dominated by dwarf birch, willow and lichens. It  grows on fine-grained soil covering crack-lines and crevices on crags, in block scree on limestone, porphyrite, granite, gneiss, sandstones, gabbro-diabase and chlorite schist outcrops. Also, it has been found on acidic humus in alpine meadows, and more rarely on the dry deadwood. It has also been found in secondary habitats, such as old quarries, railway intersections and on roadsides (NISM 2017, Grims 1999, Goldberg 2002, Drugova 2005, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).",The possible threats of this saxicolous forest species may be changes in moisture conditions of habitats due to the forest felling.,"This species is included in several national Red Lists of European countries. It is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Slovakia, as Endangered (EN) in Hungary and Romania, as Vulnerable (VU) in Great Britain, the Czech Republic and Switzerland, as 'Stark gefährdet' (2/endangered) in Germany, as rare (R) in Poland, and as Data Deficient (DD) in Bulgaria and Slovenia (Hodgetts 2011, Kučera et al. 2012, Ludwig and Schnittler 1996, Kubinská et al. 2001, Schnyder et al. 2004, Natcheva et al. 2006, Papp et al. 2010, Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012, Hodgetts 2015). This species has been found within protected areas. Protection of the habitats and further research into the population trend of this species is needed in the regions where this species grows near the southern and eastern border of its European range. 

 

 

 

 

 



",This species is not used or traded.,"Mazimpaka, V.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Cyrtomnium,hymenophylloides,,Cyrtomnium hymenophylloides  ,(Huebener) T.J.Kop.,,No,LC,,No,,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Cyrtomnium hymenophylloides occurs mainly in the northern boreal–arctic region, and is scattered and widespread across the calcareous mountains of Europe. In Europe, this species has a large geographic range, with the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,800 and 2,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km2. This species seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its core distribution area in northern Europe. In the whole of  Europe the population size is between 5,000 and 10,000 individual-equivalents (using 1 m2 as proxy for one mature individual-equivalent). Therefore, in Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern.  In the EU 28, the AOO is between 600 and 700 km2 and the EOO is ca 2.5 million km2. Across the range of the species, it is considered to be severely fragmented. However, the current population trend is unknown in the range except in the northern part. In the EU 28, the population size is between 1,000 and 1,500 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). Therefore, in the EU 28, this species is assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criteria B and D.  This species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Iceland, Romania and Switzerland. Even so, no conservation action is needed at present.",Stable,"This species is a montane species occurring mainly in the northern boreal–arctic region (Iceland, Norway, Svalbard, Sweden, Finland and northern Russia). It has a disjunct, small occurrence in Germany, Poland, France, Spain, Switzerland, Austria, Slovakia, Italy, the Balkans and Romania (Hodgetts 2015; Ruiz et al. 2018). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North America and Asia (BFNA 2015).  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,800 and 2,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 600 and 700 km2 and the EOO is ca 2.5 million km2.","This species is scattered and widespread across the calcareous mountains of Europe. In the Nordic countries, this species occurs in the northern boreal zone throughout Fennoscandia, where it is not rare in calcareous areas.  At each site the subpopulations are always very small and isolated, and its distribution is considered as severely fragmented since sporophytes have never been found, and so the subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The different distribution of male and female plants, and the apparent absence of sporophytes in the few known places where males and females occur together, indicate that there is limited potential dispersal by spores throughout the range of this moss worldwide. The current population trend of this species is considered to be stable in Europe, however, it is unknown in the EU 28.  In the whole of  Europe the population size is between 5,000 and 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent). In the EU 28, the population size is between 1,000 and 1,500 individual-equivalents.","This species grows on moist, calcareous soil in rock crevices and caves, on shaded rock faces etc. This species is also found at the foot of precipices or on calcareous stones near rapids and waterfalls (Hallingbäck et al. 2008).  The species occur mainly in small crevices on irrigated or shady rock surfaces in cliffs or steep slopes of dolomite, limestone, calcareous schists or slate. In such localities, it often forms loose, bluish green tufts, which are fairly free from other mosses. It also grows in caves in steep slopes or under boulders, intermingled in thin carpets consisting of Blepharostoma trichophyllum, Distichium capillaceum, Isopterygiopsis pulchella, Mesoptychia gillmanii and Orthothecium intricatum (Mårtensson 1956). In Spain it was collected in calcareous rock crevices and small holes together with for example Scapania calcicola and S. cuspiduligera (Ruiz et al. 2018).","There are no known major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats with stable micro-climates, like crevices and caves.","This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as Endangered (EN) in Romania and Switzerland, as Vulnerable (VU) in Iceland and Slovakia, as Near Threatened (NT) in Finland, as 4 in Austria, as 1 in Poland and as Data Deficient (DD) in Montenegro and Serbia (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in several protected areas. No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Cronberg, N.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Cyrtomnium,hymenophyllum,,Cyrtomnium hymenophyllum  ,(Bruch &amp; Schimp.) Holmen,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Cyrtomnium hymenophyllum is a rare plant in Europe with a rather small subpopulation size at each locality. The population trend is unknown, however there is no report of any decline. In the whole of Europe the population size is estimated to be between 4,000 and 5,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe.

However, in the EU 28, the population size is estimated to be between 1,000 and 1,500 individual-equivalents. Therefore, in the EU 28, this species is assessed as Near Threatened, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion D.

There are no major immediate threats to this species, but climatic warming can threaten this species in the long-term. It is found usually in undisturbed and hard to access habitats, that are without direct human impacts, but locally, tourism activities can threaten some subpopulations. No conservation measures are required at present.",Unknown,"This species is an arctic-alpine species occurring chiefly in the treeless alpine and tundra areas of the Scandes, Svalbard and northern Russia (Hodgetts 2015). It is very rare in Finland and northwestern Russia. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North America and Asia (BFNA 2015).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 700 and 1,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4.5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 250 km2 and the EOO is between 0.3 and 0.4 million km2.","This is a rare plant in Europe with a rather small subpopulation size at each locality. The population trend is unknown, however there is no report of any decline. Sporophytes are not known from Europe and the distribution is more or less fragmented. In the whole of Europe, the population size in estimated to be between 4,000 and 5,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent). In the EU 28, the population size is between 1,000 and 1,500 individual-equivalents.","This species grows on moist, calcareous soil in rock crevices, in the spray and mist of alpine brooks and waterfalls, at the foot of precipices and on moist Dryas heaths and snowbeds, especially in the middle alpine belt (Hallingbäck et al. 2008, Huttunen and Virtanen 2009).

This species also occurs at the foot of moist or irrigated cliffs of dolomite, limestone or calcareous schists. However, the moss is widespread growing in crevices, or on shelves in steep slopes, or in caves under rocks or boulders. In such places, it occurs often more or less intermingled with Campylium stellatum, Ditrichum flexicaule, Hypnum bambergeri, Orthothecium chryseum, Timmia comata, T. norvegica and Tomentypnum nitens (Mårtensson 1956).","There are no major immediate threats to this species, but climatic warming can threaten this species in the long-term. It is found usually in undisturbed and hard to access habitats, that are without direct human impacts, but locally, tourism activities can threaten some subpopulations.",The species is in the Red List of Finland as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in several protected areas. No conservation action is needed at present.,The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Górski, P.,Fettes, N.D.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HOOKERIALES,DALTONIACEAE,Daltonia,splachnoides,,Daltonia splachnoides  ,(Sm.) Hook. &amp; Taylor,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Irish Daltonia (Daltonia splachnoides) is a hyperoceanic Southern-temperate species known for certain in Europe only in Britain, Ireland and Madeira. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 332 km²), the current population trend is increasing and the species is thought to be naturally rare. It does not approach any of the thresholds for a threatened Category at present. However, the situation could change in the future, so it will be important to continue to monitor both its distribution and the best subpopulations.",Increasing,"The Irish Daltonia (Daltonia splachnoides) is a hyperoceanic Southern-temperate species known for certain in Europe only in Britain, Ireland and Madeira (the latter recently confirmed by M. Sim-Sim (pers. comm. July 2016). Elsewhere it is reported from west Africa (Bioko), China, Vietnam, southeastern Asia, Australia and New Zealand, but it is possible that some of these records may refer to other species of Daltonia. D. splachnoides is also widely recorded from the Americas, though often under the name D. gracilis Mitt., which may be synonymous (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 332 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 689,000 km².","After decades of being considered a very rare oceanic species, this moss has begun to spread in southern Ireland and Wales, mainly occurring in humid conifer plantations, and recently found at two new sites in northern England. However, its occurrence is still sporadic, and it remains rare in natural habitats. It is absent from many seemingly suitable places (Blockeel et al. 2014).","This is primarily an epiphytic species, growing on a variety of small trees and shrubs in very humid sites, often by watercourses but also occurring on dead wood and on rocks in ravines. At its best site in Scotland it grows on Salix aurita and Calluna vulgaris overhanging a series of small watercourses on a steep slope facing north-west, and at another site there are hundreds of small cushions on young ash and rowan in a ravine. Associates include Aphanolejeunea microscopica, Lejeunea patens, Hypnum cupressiforme, Isothecium myosuroides, Ulota crispa, Zygodon viridissimus and often copious algal ‘slime’. In Ireland and Wales there have been many records recently from humid sites within plantation woodland, where Salix is a common host tree, but Daltonia also colonises conifers, especially spruce (Picea), on which it may occur more than 10 m above the ground. Old gorse bushes are another  substrate, and it has been recorded in Eucalyptus in a woodland garden. In the mildest areas of SW Ireland it sometimes colonises trees in open habitats, as on roadsides. Its altitudinal range is from 5 m up to 610 m Asl in the UK (Blockeel et al. 2014), and up to 1,000 m iAsl n Madeira.



This species can be either autoicous or dioicous; capsules are usually present, mature in spring and summer. Gemmae are occasionally produced in the leaf axils.","While not immediately threatened, potential threats to this naturally rare species might include removal of scrub or trees, especially from ravines or sheltered stream banks, and competition with rhododendron. Removal (harvesting) of plantations, where the species has expanded to in recent years is a concern.","This moss is listed in Biodiversity Action Plans in Britain, but some of its sites are not protected. No action except periodic monitoring of the best subpopulations is currently proposed. It is listed as Vulnerable in Britain and as Data Deficient in Madeira (Hodgetts 2015).",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Muller, F.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G. & Sergio, C.","Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HOOKERIALES,DALTONIACEAE,Daltonia,stenophylla,,Daltonia stenophylla  ,Mitt.,"According to Sjögren (2001), the Azorean records   attributed to D. splachnoides are actually D. stenophylla; this was suggested   to him by R. Schumacker and confirmed by H.A. Crum (Sjögren 2001).",No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



In Europe, Daltonia stenophylla is restricted to the Azores Archipelago. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 152 km2), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat. There is reason to believe that the species is sensitive to habitat degradation, which is occurring mainly due to the effects of invasive alien species expansion and to activities associated with the increase of tourism and recreational activities and possibly to the nitrification due to increased grazing activities. In addition, climate change is predicted to have a negative impact on the amount of suitable habitat for endemic bryophyte species. Research is needed on the species distribution, size and trends, as well as complete information on its favoured habitats and ecology. Proper management of the main habitat is also recommended, focusing on the removal of invasive alien species, avoidance of clear-cutting of areas around native forests, and limitation of nitrification caused (directly or indirectly) by cattle grazing.",Decreasing,"Daltonia stenophylla is a tropical American species, which in Europe is only found in the Azores Archipelago (Hodgetts 2015, Gabriel et al. 2010, Vanderpoorten et al. 2007). The species is found in São Miguel, Terceira, São Jorge, Pico and Faial Islands. Its known extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11,545 km2, and the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 152 km2.","This species occurs in five Azorean islands (Gabriel et al. 2010, 2011), where it is considered very rare and local (Sjögren 1978). Fertile plants were reported only once, from Faial Island (Crundwell et al. 1994) which indicates poor dispersal abilities. Thus, the island subpopulations have most likely little genetic exchange and may be isolated. These small and isolated subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation, and the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. The current population trend is suspected to be declining since most Macaronesian endemic bryophytes restricted to native vegetation are suffering a decrease in population size and range (Ferreira et al. 2016, Patiño et al. 2016). Although this species was not analysed per se, its ecological restriction to mature Juniperus forests (Sjögren 1978), where most endemic species occur, suggests a similar future decrease in climatically suitable habitat due to changes in the patterns of precipitation and increases in temperatures (Patiño et al. 2016).","This species is mostly restricted to mature Juniperus forests (Sjögren 1978) and native vegetation at medium-high and high elevations. It may be found on shady and very sheltered environments, occupying moist surfaces, but not necessarily continuously moist (Sjögren 1978). It grows preferentially on the bark of endemic tree species such as Juniperus brevifolia, but also as epixylic on stems, branches and on ferns (Sjögren 1978). Some of the highest places where the species was found are semi-natural grasslands (e.g., Pico Mountain in Pico Island; Pico da Esperança in São Jorge Island). This species was once found on a Cryptomeria japonica plantation (Dias 1986). It is known to occur from 550 m (Terceira Island, Lagoa do Negro) to 1,000 m Asl (Pico and Terceira Islands), but it is more frequent at altitudes above 750 m Asl (Homem and Gabriel 2008).","The major threats affecting this species are related with natural forest disturbance in the Azores, where there is a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat. Environmental quality degradation is occurring due to invasive alien species, such as Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum (Silva et al. 2008). Although most localities where this species is found are relatively well preserved and presently difficult to access, it is expected that the increasing number of tourists that visit natural areas in the Azores, will lead to the species' habitat being increasingly disturbed, for instance with the enlarging or opening of new roads. Semi-natural grasslands may be especially prone to habitat eutrophication due to grazing activities and should be especially monitored. Since the Azores are located on the mid-Atlantic ridge, they are also affected by volcanic eruptions and earthquakes with deleterious effects on the existing subpopulations. In addition, climate change will have a negative impact on the amount of suitable habitat for endemic bryophyte species (Patiño et al. 2016), and a similar future decline can be suspected for this species.","In the Azores this species is considered to have narrow ecological tolerance (Gabriel et al. 2011), being found mostly in native forest environments. There are no specific conservation measures in place for this moss, but it occurs in the Azorean natural parks of the five islands where it may be found. The Portuguese Red List of Bryophytes does not include the Azores, and the species is also not mentioned in the Azorean Legislation that protects wild species (RAA 2012). Research is needed into the population size and trends, and also on the species' habitat, ecology and threats. Proper management of the habitat is recommended, focusing on the impacts of climate change and exotic species, and increasing the native forest area. Its habitat specificity, the scarce spore production, and its absence from the smallest four Azorean islands are red flags pointing to possible local extinctions in the future (e.g., Triantis et al. 2010). Biology and nature conservation students and guides working on natural parks should be made aware of bryophytes in general, and of rare species in particular.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Englefield, E.,Hassel, K.","Gabriel, R., Sim-Sim, M. & González Mancebo, J.","Afonina, O.,Schröck, C.,Lönnell, N.,Vellak, K.,Goldberg, I.,Blom, H.,Syrjänen, K.,Hodgetts, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,CRYPHAEACEAE,Dendrocryphaea,lamyana,,Dendrocryphaea lamyana  ,(Mont.) P.C.Rao,"This species may be considered similar to Cryphaea heteromalla. The easiest distinction to use is that D. lamyana has shortly acute or shortly acuminate to obtuse leaves with plane margins whereas Cryphaea heteromalla has acuminate leaves with a longer and more attenuate apex, with the leaf margins narrowly recurved below. These differences are apparent with a x10 hand-lens, but considerable care is needed because C. heteromalla may have its leaf apices abraded or broken off and thoroughly dry D. lamyana can give the impression of having acuminate leaf apices (Holyoak 2006). Also the habitat can help the distinction, since D. lamyana is an aquatic moss whereas C. heteromalla is an aerial epiphytic moss. So, in conclusion the two taxa are easily separated.",Yes,NT,"B2b(i,ii,iii)",Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Multi-fruited Cryphaea (Dendrocryphaea lamyana) has a restricted habitat in small areas of Portugal, Spain, France, England, Wales and Italy. This species is endemic to Europe and EU 28. It is a habitat specialist which is very sensitive to habitat degradation and should be monitored carefully as it could become threatened in the near future. This species has a small area of occupancy (AOO) of around 632 km2 and is experiencing a continuing decline in habitat quality and area, as well as in the population trend. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.



The loss or removal of riparian trees and shrubs, the changing of the riverbanks and the alteration of flooding regimes of rivers have always been traditional impacts to this species due to human presence. Nowadays, eutrophication, increased silt loads in many downstream reaches and channel deepening due to creation of water reservoirs or dams have increased the pressure on the habitat of this species. Presence of cattle, increase of fire events and climatic changes can also affect the species. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, especially in the localities from the 19th and 20th century records and to limit the existing threats. In general, all actions impeding alteration of regimes of rivers are important.

 

",Decreasing,"This species has a limited distribution in the Atlantic fringe of Europe (Lara et al. 1999, Vieira et al. 2016) and it has a restricted habitat in small areas of Portugal, Spain, France, England, Wales and Italy. 



The number of sites of occurrence is thought to be 432 (from 1841 to 2016), but the onlylocality for Italy is uncertain and no specimen is available to confirm the identity of this record (Aleffi et al. 2008). From the 432 sites, 75% of sites were found in the 21st century, 20% in the 20th century and only 5% were known in the 19th century (C. Vieira pers. comm. 2018). A recent field trip to Italy confirmed the probable habitat for this species might not exist (F. Lara pers. comm. 2018), but the Italian subpopulationhas been referred to in some publications (Ros et al. 2013).



This species is endemic to Europe and EU 28, as the presence in North Africa should be considered as doubtful (Ros et al. 1999).



The total extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is estimated to be around 1.45 million km2, while the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 632 km2. This species is found in Europe at altitudes up to 600 m asl. 

","Holyoak (2006) and Bosanquet (2009) have measured some of the subpopulations of this species in England and Wales, presenting quantitative information for numbers and size of species' patches found. 



Detailed population monitoring could, in the future, clarify the details of the establishment, growth and survival of patches. When growing on rock, this species was often found to occur as scattered stems or small patches intermixed with other bryophytes, so that accurate measurement of many ‘patches’ is impracticable.



However, Holyoak (2006) stated that it is clear from field observations that large (>20 cm) patches can develop on roots or branches no more than perhaps ten years old, so presumably patches can grow large within a few years of becoming established. In Portugal, Spain and France, the subpopulationsof this species were not followed but the patches are normally restricted to a narrow microhabitat, but usually rare at the mesohabitat (medium sized habitat) level.



The overall population trend for this species seems to be decreasing and a significant number of reports from the Iberian Peninsula are before 1970 (Croset al. 2016). 



More than 50% of the population is connected in Portugal and Spain, and the population is thus not considered to be severely fragmented.","This species is a habitat specialist which is associated with inland wetlands, such as rivers, streams and creeks, but is restricted to middle reaches of substantial rivers and is absent from many mountain rivers. It occurs in oligotrophic (nutrient low), soft water rivers and it avoids heavy loads of suspended clay and silt. Deep, regular flooding is a feature of all sites and its subpopulations are often located in deep flooding zones, just above the normal water-level and which are frequently flooded. The species is found in substrates that include various rock types and the bark of riparian trees and shrubs.



There is a continuing decline in the habitat area and quality.

","This species' habitat and substrate has always been impacted due to human exploitation of the services and goods that come from the river and the riparian plants. The loss or removal of riparian trees and shrubs, the changing of the riverbanks and the alteration of flooding regimes of rivers have always been traditional impacts due to human presence. 



Nowadays, eutrophication, increased silt loads in many downstream reaches and channel deepening due to creation of water reservoirs or dams have increased the pressure on the habitat of this species. Presence of cattle, increase of fire events and climatic changes can also affect the species.","So far, no conservation actions are in place, but some of the United Kingdom subpopulations are well studied (Bonsaquet 2009, Holyoak 2006). Nevertheless, in Portugal, Spain and France many localities are outside any protected areas (Vieira et al. 2016, Charissou and Leblond 2015), and are found in valleys that are subject to some degree of human pressure.



According to the Bryophyte Red Data Book, this species was considered to be Vulnerable in Europe (ECCB 1995). More recently, it has been considered as Vulnerable in the National Red List of Spain (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012). In the United Kingdom, it is listed in the UK BAP Priority Species and is considered Near Threatened in the Red List (Hodgetts 2011). However, this species is not included in Red Data Book of Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013).



Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, especially in the localities of the 19th and 20th century records and to limit the existing threats. In general, all actions impeding alteration of regimes of rivers are important.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Orgaz Alvarez, J.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M., Porley, R.D. & Vieira, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Dialytrichia,mucronata,,Dialytrichia mucronata  ,(Brid.) Broth.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Pointed Lattice-moss (Dialytrichia mucronata) is present in several countries in the Mediterranean and in western Europe, including in Macaronesia and extending north to Austria, Germany and the Netherlands.  Although it is listed as vulnerable or critical in some of these countries, is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. However, since the species is linked to humid habitats, global warming and subsequent desertification could represent a threat in the future. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Pointed Lattice-moss (Dialytrichia mucronata) is a Palearctic species with a Mediterranean-Atlantic distribution. It is present in several countries in the Mediterranean and in western Europe, including Macaronesia and extending northwards to Austria, Germany and the Netherlands. Outside of Europe it is found in North Africa and SW Asia (Smith 2004, Hodgetts 2015).



","This species is present in several countries in the Mediterranean-Atlantic area. Although in some of them it is locally threatened, the overall current population trend is generally stable. In general, no exact information on the different subpopulations has been found, only for England it was described as an extensive subpopulation on concrete flood defenses along the Thames River (Porley 2013).","This species exhibits a large ecological amplitude, although it is mostly found in humid and shaded environments, frequently as hydrophyte. Namely, it may be found as rheophytic above the mean water table. However, it also has been found at the base of trees and occasionally on rocks. Tolerant to immersion in winter, it can be moderately xerophytic, photophytic and thermophytic. It is considered a colonist in vascular communities of Salicetea purpureae, Populetalia albae and, occasionally Asplenietea spp. (Dierβen 2001, Atherton et al. 2010).","There appear to be no major threats to this species at present, but since it is linked to humid habitats, global warming and subsequent desertification could represent a threat in the future.","In some countries such as Switzerland, Ireland and Luxembourg, the species is locally threatened under risk of extinction and is the subject of conservation measures (Hodgetts 2015). However, at the European level, protective measures are not currently necessary. It occurs in protected areas.","No information on the use of this species was found. It was mentioned in a paper by Ceschin et al. (2012) on aquatic bryophytes as ecological indicators, but it was considered by the authors not to be suitable as a bioindicator of water quality.","Hedenäs, L.,Cálix, M.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Dialytrichia,saxicola,,Dialytrichia saxicola  ,(Lamy) M.J. Cano,"This species has until recently been regarded as a variety of Dialytrichia mucronata and there are taxonomic doubts, so more studies and herbarium collections needs to be revised, as well some field observations.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Dialytrichia saxicola is widespread in the Atlantic-Mediterranean area, although it is mainly confined in Iberian Peninsula, where it is recorded from several provinces: eight in Spain and seven in Portugal. It is known from only a few areas in Belgium, France, Germany and the Netherlands. Based on the current available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 1.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 332 km2. The current population trend of this species seems to be increasing, encouraged perhaps by eutrophication, and so it is predicted that new areas of occurrence may be found. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. 



However, until recently it was regarded as a variety of the widespread Dialytrichia mucronata and its true distribution is probably incompletely known.



This species would benefit from additional habitat protection. In addition, further research on the taxonomy and ecology of this species is required, along with monitoring of habitat trends.",Increasing,"

 

This endemic European species is a Mediterranean-Atlantic moss, that is apparently confined to the west of Europe including Great Britain, Portugal, Spain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and northern Germany (Guerra et al. 2006, Bates et al. 2007, Siebel 2008, Ros et al. 2013). The species is also known from Madeira, albeit from an old collection (Sérgio and Sim-Sim 1984). The species can be overlooked and can be more frequent.



Based on the current available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 1.7 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 232 km2. The altitudinal range of this species is from 20 m to 600 m asl.

","The recognition of this species as a good species is very recent and taxonomic uncertainties exist, therefore, data regarding population trends and size are lacking. In Great Britain (England), this species is currently known from four or five sites, but in at least two of these, it forms extensive subpopulations, even covering some 10 m2 at one site (Porley 2013). The species is also common in Portugal with abundant subpopulations in characteristic habitats and it is also possibly overlooked. This species is recorded from eight provinces in Spain and seven in Portugal.



The current population trend of this species seems to be increasing, encouraged perhaps by eutrophication, and so it is predicted that new areas of occurrence, such as in Lisbon, may be found (Sérgioet al. 2016). It was recently reported as new to Germany and the Netherlands (Oesau 2007, Siebel 2008). Leaf fragmentation serves as vegetative reproduction and rain splash and conveyance in flowing water is probably important in dispersal.","

This species occurs on trees (epiphytically), on rocks and on artificial substrates such as concrete. It is normally found in shade and often in areas subject to intermittent inundation such as along river courses. This species grows in areas with typical Atlantic-Mediterranean climatic conditions.

","

The main causes of the threat of this moss can be related to anthropogenic pressures, habitat destruction and the increase of the fire events or intensification of tourism and traffic influences.



Additional increase of water pollution and drying conditions in relation to global climatic changes may also be threats for this species in the future.



","

There are no specific conservation actions currently in place for this species. In Portugal, based on herbarium collections, it is known to occur in two Natural Parks (Serra da Arrábida and Serra de Aires Candeeiros).



This species is evaluated as vulnerable in Britain (Hodgetts 2011, Porley 2013).



This species would benefit from additional habitat protection. In addition, further research on the taxonomy and ecology of this species is required, along with monitoring of habitat trends.

",There is no information on the use and trade of this species,"Hodd, R.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,FONTINALACEAE,Dichelyma,capillaceum,,Dichelyma capillaceum  ,(With.) Myrin,,No,NT,C2a(i),No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Dichelyma capillaceum is found across Europe, although its occurrence is limited to small areas. The population is not severely fragmented, and occurs at well more than ten locations. The number of individual-equivalents in Europe and in the EU 28 is estimated to be ca 10,000, and some subpopulations are declining. A few large watersheds have subpopulations with ca 1,000 individual-equivalents. This species has a large geographic range, with an area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe estimated to be between 2,000 and 3,000 km2, and an extent of occurrence (EOO) of ca 3 million km2. In the EU 28 the AOO is ca 1,800 km2 and the EOO is ca 2.8 million km2. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT), in both Europe and the EU 28.

Since the species grows on tree roots and rocks in the water system with natural water fluctuations the main threat is probably changes that obstruct the natural water regimes. At present, mini power stations are still being built in Scandinavia in the areas where this species occurs, and these cause changes in the water table, which has a negative impact on this species. It is therefore very likely that there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat. Also, this species is considered threatened in some countries, including Germany, Estonia and Romania. The best sites for this species should be given statutory site protection.In addition, the species seems to be increasing in European Russia, even though the newly found localities may only be a result of more intensive field work.

Finally, since the species is in the Habitats Directive, conservation action has been carried out for it, and the exploitation of watersheds has been avoided in order to preserve known sites. In addition, several inventories have been carried out and new localities found as a result.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in the temperate atlantic to hemiboreal region. Its core area is southern Sweden but is also found from France in the west to central European Russia in the east (Czernyadjeva and Ignatova 2013, Hodgetts 2015) and from Fennoscandia in the north to Italy in the south as well as Ukraine (Virchenko and Ochyra; in Ellis et al. 2012). There is also one dubious report from a small island in Greece (Duell 1995). Outside Europe, this species is reported from scattered localities in western Siberia, as well as in eastern North America (Hedenäs et al. 2014). The species is therefore not endemic to Europe or the EU 28. In Europe, the core of the population is found in southern Sweden.

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 2,000 and 3,000 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 1,800 km2 and the EOO is ca 2.8 million km2.","The occurrence of this species is limited to small areas. One individual-equivalent is considered to be one bolder or tree on which the species grows, and is considered to be as an equivalent to a mature individual. The number of individual-equivalents in Europe is estimated to be between to be ca 10,000. A few large watersheds have subpopulations with maximum 1,000 individual-equivalents.

There has been a historic decline in the population of this species (for example the species has vanished from all the sites in Poland), and in Scandinavia this is thought to be continuing through a decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, through the building of mini power stations. However, the species may be increasing in European Russia since more localities have been recently found, although it is also possible that the species is not increasing, but the new localities simply reflect more intensive field targeted surveys. In Ukraine, the species occurs close to Bolotnytsya river in the Polis’ky nature reserve and this site is probably safe (V. Virchenko pers. comm. 2018). Since the core of the population is found in southern Sweden, it is considered that the overall population size is slightly decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows in the flood zone on the shores of lakes and rivers (Hedenäs et al. 1996). It grows on periodically inundated substrates such as rocks and boulders, and trunks and roots of trees and shrubs. The water has a high pH and relatively high alkalinity (Hedenäs et al. 2014). In Finland, this species grows in rivers and lake waterlines on branches or stones, and from time to time it is completely dry (Syrjänen et al. 2010. 

At present, mini power stations are still being built in Scandinavia, and these cause changes in the water table. It is therefore very likely that there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat.","Since the species grows on tree roots and rocks in the water system with natural water fluctuations the main threat is probably changes that obstruct the natural water regimes, such as construction of dams and harbours, but also water pollution and shading by vegetation etc. (Hedenäs et al. 1996). In Finland, removal of boulders from smaller waterways (i.e., brooks), for aesthetic purposes can also lead to a decline in the subpopulation size.

At present, mini power stations are still being built in Scandinavia in the areas where this species occurs, and these cause changes in the water table, which has a negative impact on this species. It is therefore very likely that there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat.","The species is included in the Appendix I of the Bern Convention as well as in Annex II of the European Unions Habitats Directive, and it is also included in several national red lists. It is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Germany, Estonia and Romania, as Data Deficient (DD) in Italy, as Endangered (EN) in Poland andFinland and as Near Threatened (NT) in Sweden (Hodgetts 2015).

  Hydro-engineering activities should be carried out with due regard for this species, or preferably avoided altogether in the vicinity of known sites. The species occurs already in at least one protected area, but at least the best sites for this species should also be given statutory site protection. Since the species is in the Habitats Directive, specific conservation actions have been carried out, and the exploitation of watersheds have been avoided in order to preserve known sites. In addition, several inventories have been carried out and new localities found as a result. Therefore, the situation for this species is now better than in the past.",The species is not used or traded.,"Ignatova, E.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Schröck, C.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,FONTINALACEAE,Dichelyma,falcatum,,Dichelyma falcatum  ,(Hedw.) Myrin,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Dichelyma falcatum is widespread in north and eastern Europe, but it is rare or absent in the central and southern parts of Europe. This species has a large geographic range, with an area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe of between 2,000 and 3,000 km2, and an extent of occurrence (EOO) of ca 10 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 2,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 3.5 million km2. 

This species has a viable and stable population trend in Europe and the EU 28, at least within its main distribution area, and it is found in large subpopulations - there are well more than 10,000 individual-equivalents across its range (considered as mature individuals). It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC) in both Europe and the EU 28.

In addition, in northern Europe, there are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed water courses and lakes. In central and south Europe, the major threats to the species include regulation of small rivers, drainage of swamp forest and small forest ponds. Since the species is still common in the northern half of Europe there is no need for conservation action. However, it is considered threatened in some countries, including Spain, Romania and Estonia.",Stable,"This species has a boreal distribution in Europe. It is widespread in the north of Europe, but also occurs in east and central Europe (Hodgetts 2015). In the Nordic countries, it occurs in Norway, Sweden, Finland and north Russia (Ignatov et al. 2006), and it is scattered in Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine. The species occurs also in parts of northern Asia and North America (Hedenäs et al. 2014), and is therefore not endemic to Europe or the EU 28. There is one record from before 1945 in western Ukraine (V. Virchenko pers. comm. 2018).

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 2,000 and 3,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 2,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 3.5 million km2. The altitudinal range of the species is from sea level up to 2,000 m Asl.","This species is widespread in north and east Europe, but it is rare or absent in the central and southern parts of Europe (Hedenäs et al. 2014). In Fennoscandia and the adjacent parts of Russia, it is a rather common species at lower altitudes. Above the lower parts of the low-alpine belt of the Scandes, it is rare or absent and has not been reported from any remarkably high altitudes (Mårtensson 1956). In Finland, the species is common throughout the country (Koponen et al. 1995). It often produces sporophytes and is found in large subpopulations - there are well more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for each individual-equivalent) in Europe and in the EU 28. This species was never common in central Europe. 

  There is no indication of any decline in northern Europe. The overall current population trend is therefore considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows in the flood zone on the shores of lakes and rivers, and in streams and swamp forest that are periodically flooded. It grows on rocks and boulders, and on stems and roots of trees and shrubs (Hedenäs et al. 2014). The species is often seen in abundance on boulders in pools, growing mainly in the flood zone. When the pools dry up in the late summer, large areas may be covered with the moss. Localities of this type are frequent in swamp forests. 

Some stony lake shores also provide the moss with a similar habitat. Warnstorfia exannulatus, Calliergon richardsonii and Sarmentypnum sarmentosum often occur as associate species (Mårtensson 1956). In Finland, this species grows in rivers and lake waterlines, on tree bases or rocks, sometimes on bare soil, from time to time completely dry (Koponen et al. 1995).","In northern Europe, there are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed water courses and lakes. In central and south Europe, the major threats to the species include regulation of small rivers, drainage of swamp forest and small forest ponds.","This species is in several national Red Lists. It is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Spain, as Data Deficient (DD) in the Czech Republic, Belarus and Bulgaria, as Vulnerable (VU) in Switzerland, as Endangered (E) in Poland, and also as Endangered (EN) in Romania and Estonia (Hodgetts 2015). This species occurs in at least one protected area.

Since the species is still common in the northern half of Europe there is no need for conservation action.",The species is not used or traded.,"Weibull, H.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Dichodontium,flavescens,,Dichodontium flavescens  ,(Dicks. ex With.) Lindb.,Dichodontium flavescens is very similar to D. pellucidum and treated as synonymous by some bryologists  (Werner 2002).,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



The Yellowish Fork-moss (Dichodontium flavescens) is a rare, sub-Atlantic mountain species. In Europe it is quite widespread even if it is often locally rare. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its population size and trend, as well as threats. Further research is needed to determine its extinction risk. In addition, taxonomic research is needed to determine whether Dichodontium flavescens is synonymous with Dichodontium pellucidum.",Unknown,"The Yellowish Fork-moss (Dichodontium flavescens) is a rare, subatlantic, montane species (Düll 1984). In Europe it is quite widespread even if it is often locally rare and included in several Red Lists (Hodgetts 2015). Outside Europe, it is located in North America.",There are no data on the population size and trend of this small moss.,"

This is a colonist species found in alpine and subalpine areas. It grows on calcareous stones, walls and rocks in moist, shaded places, frequently along brooks (Werner 2002). It is found at elevations between 600 m and 2,300 m Asl.","No precise threats are known, but given its habitat it could be sensitive to climate change.","Furtherresearch is needed into the population size and trend of this species, as well as into the threats to it. In addition, taxonomic research is needed to determine whether Dichodontium flavescens is synonymous with Dichodontium pellucidum. It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Ganeva, A.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Dichodontium,pellucidum,,Dichodontium pellucidum  ,(Hedw.) Schimp.,Dichodontium flavescens and D. pellucidum are very similar and treated as synonymous by some bryologists (Werner 2002). This species is distinguishable from D. flavescens only if sporophytes are present.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Transparent Fork-moss (Dichodontium pellucidum) has a Circumpolar Boreo-arctic Montane distribution and is widespread in northern and central Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are needed at present.",Stable,"The Transparent Fork-moss (Dichodontium pellucidum) has a Circumpolar Boreo-arctic Montane distribution and is widespread in northern and central Europe. It is also reported from Turkey, North Africa (Algeria), the United States, Canada, Alaska, Siberia, China and Japan (Crum and Anderson 1981, Smith 2004, Ignatov et al. 2006, Hodgetts 2015).","This is an extremely variable species. It is difficult to identify it in the field, especially in the absence of sporophytes, and it is therefore difficult to estimate the size of the population (Smith 2004). The current population trend is stable.","This is a pioneer colonist species. It is a mainly sub-neutrophytic taxon, and it grows on wet and shaded ravines, logs and caves, it is common on fine gravel or sand and on periodically wet rocks at streams and rivers (Dierβen 2001, Atherton et al. 2010).",There appear to be no major threats to this species.,No conservation measures are needed at present. The species is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Fettes, N.D.,Natcheva, R.,Hodgetts, N.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranella,cerviculata,,Dicranella cerviculata  ,(Hedw.) Schimp.,"Dicranella cerviculata in the sterile state can be confused with D. heteromalla that differs in the shorter curved strumose capsules, margins of leaves distinctly serrated to the apex and rib quite well delimited to the base (Cortini Pedrotti 2001, Smith 2004).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Red-neck Forklet-moss (Dicranella cerviculata) has a Circumpolar Boreal-montane distribution and is widespread in northern and Central Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"The Red-neck Forklet-moss (Dicranella cerviculata) has a Circumpolar Boreal-montane distribution and is widespread in northern and Central Europe. It is also reported from eastern Asia, Siberia, Japan, North America, Alaska and the Canadian northwest to British Columbia and Greenland (Crum and Anderson 1981, Smith 2004, Boiko 2014, Hodgetts 2015).","In general for Europe there are no data on the size and trend of the population, but it is widespread in Europe. In Germany, in the main distribution areas, the species is currently at risk and in many parts of southwestern Germany it is rare and declining (Moose Deutschland 2018). Still, the current population trend is considered to be stable.","This is a colonist species which grows on disturbed habitats such as peat bogs and ditch banks, road edges, occasionally on gravelly wet or sandy soils or acid rocks in partially shaded situations (Crum and Anderson 1981, Dierβen 2001, Smith 2004). It is found at elevations between 500 m and 2,600 m Asl.","There appear to be no major threats to this species at the European scale. This species has been assessed as threatened in Germany, Luxembourg, Slovakia,  Switzerland and Hungary (Hodgetts 2015).",No conservation measures are needed at present. The species is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Mazimpaka, V.,Hodgetts, N.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranella,crispa,,Dicranella crispa  ,(Hedw.) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Curl-leaved Forklet-moss (Dicranella crispa) is widespread throughout Europe, including the Arctic. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large and stable population and there are no major threats to it at the European scale. In central Europe, considering the moderate decline observed, research into this decline is recommended.",Stable,"The Curl-leaved Forklet-moss (Dicranella crispa) is widespread throughout Europe, including the Arctic. It reaches its southern range in the Alps and Pyrenees. It is found in the boreal regions of Russia. It also occurs in Siberia, North America and Greenland. This species can be confused with D. subulata and Trichodon cylindricus. There has been a historical decline in central Europe which is not fully understood. However, the core of its distribution is in the north of Europe (Hodgetts 2015).","This is a rare and sporadic colonist species in central Europe, but becomes more common in the north. The core of the population seems to occur in the north of Europe, where it is very abundant in the boreal zone of Scandinavia. The overall population size is thought to be large and the current population trend is stable.","This is a colonist species that mainly grows on disturbed soil in natural slopes and along rivers, where there is exposed sand. It also grows in secondary habitats such as forest roads and road ditches (Dierssen 2001, Smith 2004).",At the European scale there are no major threats to this species.,No conservation action is needed. Research into its decline in central Europe is recommended. The species is known to occur in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Bergamini, A.","Cogoni, A., Campisi, P., Garcia, C., Hallingbäck, T, Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F. & Lüth, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranella,grevilleana,,Dicranella grevilleana  ,(Brid.) Schimp.,"D. grevilleana in the sterile state could be confused with D. schreberiana which, however, usually presents the upper serrated or serrulative leaf margins and the leaves sharply restricted in a shorter tip. It also differs from D. schreberiana in its habitat (Crum and Anderson 1981, Cortini Pedrotti 2001, Smith 2004).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Greville's Forklet-moss (Dicranella grevilleana) has a Circumpolar Boreal-montane distribution and is widespread in northern and central Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the current population trend is probably stable, and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are needed at present.",Stable,"Greville's Forklet-moss (Dicranella grevilleana) has a Circumpolar Boreal-montane distribution and is widespread in northern and central Europe. It is also reported from China and North America (Smith 2004, Hodgetts 2015, Sotiaux and Vanderpoorten 2017).","There is no data on the population size and trend. If sterile and undetermined the species is probably often neglected. The current population trend is probably stable. 

","This is a colonist species which is humicolous and grows on disturbed damp basic soil on rock ledges, banks and on old quarries, beside pools, by roadsides, and in rich swamp forests. It is rarely found below 380 m Asl, and can be found up until 3,000 m Asl (Dierβen 2001, Smith 2004).",There appear to be no major threats to this species in Europe.,"No conservation measures are currently needed. However, in some areas it seems that more detailed studies on population size are needed (Moose Deutschland 2018). It is found in protected areas. In some countries it has been considered threatened, namely in Great Britain, Romania, Spain, Slovakia and Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015).",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Wilbraham, J.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranella,heteromalla,,Dicranella heteromalla  ,(Hedw.) Schimp.,"In the sterile state, this species can be confused with Dicranella cerviculata and Ditrichum pallidum (Cortini Pedrotti 2001).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Silky Forklet-moss (Dicranella heteromalla) is a very common moss, with a Circumpolar Boreo-temperate distribution. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, common, the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are needed at present.",Stable,"The Silky Forklet-moss (Dicranella heteromalla) is a very common moss, with a Circumpolar Boreo-temperate distribution. It is widely distributed throughout Europe including Macaronesia and European Turkey (Hodgetts 2015). Outside Europe it is found in Africa, Asia, North, Central and South America (Crum and Anderson 1981, Smith 2004).","This very common species is dioicous and forms short turfs. In the absence of sporophytes, however, this species can be mistaken for a number of other species. Quantitative data on the size of subpopulations is not available. The species is widespread in all of Europe and no data point to a decline. The current population trend is therefore considered to be stable.","This is a very common colonist moss and is found in a variety of acidic habitats, occasionally subneutrophilous. It is humicolous and is frequent on banks and tree bases in deciduous woodlands, tree stumps, on the soil near overturned trees, in hedge banks, dry peaty banks and in sheltered soil in crevices on crags and gullies in the mountains, sandstone rock, on detritus and beside paths. It is also frequently on soils that have suffered recent disturbances (Dierβen 2001, Atherton et al. 2010).",There appear to be no major threats to this species.,No conservation actions are needed at present. It is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Fettes, N.D.,Muller, F.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.","Köckinger, H.,Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranella,howei,,Dicranella howei  ,Renauld &amp; Cardot,"Dicranella howei is difficult to distinguish from D. varia in the field. Furthermore, transitional forms of the two species have often been found (Crundwell and Nyholm 1977).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Howe's Dicranella Moss (Dicranella howei) is a common plant in the lowlands and lower mountain belts of the Mediterranean, including Macaronesia and European Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common, the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. It grows in natural and man-made habitats and no specific conservation actions are required at present.",Stable,"Howe's Dicranella Moss (Dicranella howei) has a Mediterranean Oceanic distribution. It is a common plant in the lowlands and lower mountain belts of the Mediterranean, including Macaronesia and European Turkey, with records from central Europe to Luxembourg and North Rhine-Westphalia, and north to Brandenburg and the Baltic Sea coast (Werner 2001, Zanten 2005, Bouman et al. 2007, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Hodgetts 2015, Puche 2015). Outside Europe, it is also found in North America and North Africa.

",There is no available data on the population size and trend. In Germany it is reported that the species is probably more widespread and more common than known. Generally it lives in many anthropogenic sites (Moose Deutschland 2018). The current population trend is most likely stable.,"This is a colonist species which is basiphytic, considerably xerophytic and termophytic on open soils, clayey, edge of the paths, with vascular vegetation topic of Thero-Brachypodietalia and Festuco-Brometea (Dierβen 2001, Cortini Pedrotti 2001). It grows at elevations between 15 m and 1,200 m Asl (Puche 2015).","No threats are known to affect this species at the European level, and only in Switzerland the species is considered to be threatened.",No conservation measures are currently needed. The species is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Vanderpoorten, A.,Cálix, M.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranella,humilis,,Dicranella humilis  ,R.Ruthe,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Dicranella humilis is a rare, but probably widely overlooked plant that is scattered in central and northern Europe, becoming more montane to the south, and also recorded from Madeira. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the current population trend is stable and it is probably under-recorded. It is a transient, ephemeral colonist that comes and goes on recently disturbed soil, and it is difficult to assess from a conservation point of view. However, it is undoubtedly rare, and may prove to be threatened with more information. Its status should be reassessed in the future if further information becomes available. As a poorly-known species, it is recommended that research takes place into its distribution, population size and trend.",Stable,"Dicranella humilis is a rare, but probably widely overlooked plant that is scattered in central and northern Europe, becoming more montane to the south, and also recorded from Madeira, although the record from Madeira is doubtful (C. Sérgio pers. comm. 2017). Although listed as Vulnerable in Serbia, its presence there has been described as 'dubious' (B. Papp, pers. comm., 2017). Elsewhere it is known from northern Asiatic Russia and Siberia (Hodgetts 2015). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at ca 400 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 10 million km². These figures are likely to be quite inaccurate, as this is an obscure and little-known species which is surely under-recorded.","The population size of this species is unknown, but is likely to be above 1,000 mature individuals. In Sweden, the estimation of the population size is 60 - 8,000 mature individuals (in other words, it is basically unknown), and there is no indication of a decline. The species is surely under-recorded. The overall population trend is assumed to be stable and the population is not severely fragmented.","This small and short-lived calcifuge moss growson bare, moist, fine and relatively mineral-rich soil in fairly exposed situations. In Scandinavia it is mostly found on clay soils (N. Lönnell pers. comm. 2017). It is a colonist and a weak competitor, and therefore dependent on disturbance. It is often found in screes and on steep, naturally eroding river banks (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). Associates include Pohlia lutescens, Fissidens bryoides and Atrichum undulatum (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Its altitudinal range is ca 30-1,800 m Asl.



It is dioicous, and capsules are common; rhizoidal tubers are common.

",The threats to this species are unknown.,"No conservation measures can be recommended at present, as little is known of this rare colonist. It is listed as Endangered in Romania, Vulnerable in the Czech Republic and Serbia, Near Threatened in Finland and Sweden, Data Deficient in Bulgaria, Hungary, Norway, Madeira, Sardinia and Slovenia, and 'rare' in Germany (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. As a poorly-known species, it is recommended that research takes place into its distribution, population size and trend.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Köckinger, H.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C., Untereiner, A. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranella,rufescens,,Dicranella rufescens  ,(Dicks.) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Rufous Forklet-moss (Dicranella rufescens) has a Circumpolar Boreo-temperate distribution and is present mainly in north and central Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very common in most northern and central European countries and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are currently needed.

",Stable,"The Rufous Forklet-moss (Dicranella rufescens) has a Circumpolar Boreo-temperate distribution. It is present mainly in north and central Europe, and it is also found in North America, China and Japan (Smith 2004, Crum 2007, Hodgetts 2015).





",The species is very common in most countries. In Germany it seems to be stable and favored by forestry activities (Moose Deutschland 2018). The current population trend is considered to be stable.,"This is an ephemeral colonists species. It usually grows on fine damp acid soil, by water in such sites as riversides and the sides of streams, ditches, pools, paths and in quarries, seldom on rock. Less frequently, it is found on disturbed soils away from permanent water bodies (Dierβen 2001, Smith 2004, Atherton et al. 2010). It is found at elevations between 200 m and 2,020 m asl. 



",There appear to be no major threats to this common species.,"No specific conservation actions are necessary at present. The species is found in protected areas. In Estonia the species is Regionally Extinct, and only in some southern European countries it has been included in regional Red Lists (Hodgetts 2015).",This species is not utilised.,"Fettes, N.D.,Muller, F.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.","Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranella,schreberiana,,Dicranella schreberiana  ,(Hedw.) Hilf. ex H.A.Crum &amp; L.E.Anderson,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Schreber's Forklet-moss (Dicranella schreberiana) has a Circumpolar Boreo-temperate distribution and is widespread in Europe especially in the center and northeast. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite widespread, the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. It grows in both natural and man-made habitats and no specific conservation actions are necessary at present.",Stable,"Schreber's Forklet-moss (Dicranella schreberiana) has a Circumpolar Boreo-temperate distribution and is widespread in Europe especially in the center and northeast. Outside Europe it is found in northern Asia (Siberia), China, Japan, Korea, North America and Australian (Dierssen 2001, Smith 2004, Ireland Jr. 2007, Hodgetts 2015).",The size of the population is unknown. The plants often form abundant sporophytes and are able to colonise disturbed substrates. The current population trend is stable.,"This is a pioneer colonist species. It grows on disturbed soil of arable fields, woodland rides, ditchsides, river and roadbanks, preferably on calcareous clay and loamy or sandy open soil. It is a neutrophytic species although it occurs on a range of soils from mildly acidic to base-rich.  (Dierβen 2001, Atherton et al. 2010). It is found at elevations between 200 m and 2,400 m Asl. 



 



 



",No major threats to this species have been reported.,No specific conservation actions are necessary at present. The species is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Cronberg, N.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.","Hodgetts, N.,Blom, H.,Goldberg, I.,Lönnell, N.,Vellak, K.,Afonina, O.,Schröck, C.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranella,staphylina,,Dicranella staphylina  ,H.Whitehouse,"Very similar to D. varia and D. rufescens, with which it has often been confused and for many countries the species has been reported only after the control of collections made in earlier times (Whitehouse 1969, Smith 2004, Rozhina et al. 2010).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Field Forklet-moss (Dicranella staphylina) has a European Temperate distribution and it is widespread in northern and central Europe, and is also found in Macaronesia (Tenerife). This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, has a large and stable population, and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Field Forklet-moss (Dicranella staphylina) has a European Temperate distribution and it is widespread in northern and central Europe, and is also found in Macaronesia (Tenerife). Outside of Europe, it is found in North America (Canada) (Smith 2004, Hodgetts 2015, Sabovljevic and Sabovljevic 2018). Doubtless, the species has a much wider distribution but still remains neglected due to its inconspicuous appearance. In addition, it has probably often been mistaken in the field for other species of the genus Dicranella and in particular with D. varia (Whitehouse 1969, Smith 2004, Rozhina et al. 2010).

 

            





 

 

","This species has often been overlooked due to its small size, lack of sporophytes, and the fact it can be easily confused with similar species of the genus Dicranella. It often lives in association with Tortula acaulon, T. truncata, and occasionally with Physcomitrium spp., Weissia spp., and Pleuridium spp. (Rozhina et al. 2010). Therefore the population size is likely to be very large and the current population trend is either stable or increasing.","This is an ephemeral colonist species. It is often one of the most frequent in arable fields and grasslands. It is especially common on acidic soils, but may be found in more base-rich fields. It also grows in different types of disturbed sites, gardens, bare patches in grassland, river banks, in sand and gravel-pits. When the disturbance ceases, as in the case of land set aside, the gametophytes take on a smooth appearance and produce fewer rhizoidal gemmae before they are replaced by other species characteristic of the later stages of succession (Dierβen 2001, Atherton et al. 2010). It is found at elevations between 200 m and 2,100 m asl.





 



 

 





 



 



",There appear to be no major threats to this species in Europe.,No conservation measures are currently needed. The species is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Hedenäs, L.,Cálix, M.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranella,subulata,,Dicranella subulata  ,(Hedw.) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Awl-leaved Forklet-moss (Dicranella subulata) has a Circumpolar Boreo-arctic Montane distribution and is widespread in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common, the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Awl-leaved Forklet-moss (Dicranella subulata) has a Circumpolar Boreo-arctic Montane distribution and is widespread in Europe. Outside of Europe it is found in Turkey, the Caucasus, Siberia, China, Japan, and North America (Dierβen 2001, Smith 2004, Ignatov et al. 2006, Crum 2007, Hodgetts 2015).","Although there is no quantitative data on the size of the subpopulations, this species is quite frequent throughout Europe, and population can therefore be considered to be large and stable.","This is a colonist species. It is a very common moss in a variety of acidic habitats, and  is frequent on woodland wet soil near streams, on tree stumps, and roots, on stony or ground sandy places, along path and roads, on sheltered soils in crevices on crags and gullies in mountains (Dierβen 2001, Atherton et al. 2010). It is found at elevations between 100 m and 2,600 m Asl.",There appear to be no major threats to this species in Europe. This species usually disappears quickly in the course of succession.,"In some countries the species was included in regional Red Lists (Portugal, Germany, Romania, Czech Republic, Luxembourg, Bulgaria, Estonia). However, due to its wide distribution in Europe and the lack of specific threats, conservation actions are not necessary at present. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Mazimpaka, V.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranella,varia,,Dicranella varia  ,(Hedw.) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Variable Forklet-moss (Dicranella varia) has a Circumpolar Boreo-temperate distribution. In Europe this species is widely known from the north (Svalbard, Faroes Islands and Iceland) to the south including Atlantic Islands, Macaronesia and European Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite widespread in Europe, the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. It grows in both natural and man-made habitats and no conservation actions are necessary at present.",Stable,"The Variable Forklet-moss (Dicranella varia) has a Circumpolar Boreo-temperate distribution. In Europe this species is widely known from the north (Svalbard, Faroes Islands and Iceland) to the south including Atlantic Islands, Macaronesia and European Turkey. It is also found in Asia, North Africa, and North and Central America (Smith 2004, Ignatov et al. 2006, Crum 200, Hodgetts 2015).","Although there is no quantitative data on the size of the subpopulations, this species is quite frequent throughout Europe, and the population can therefore be considered to be large and stable.","This is an ephemeral colonist species. It grows on open habitats on compacted loamy soils and moist, base-rich ground, it can be the most abundant bryophyte in suitable sites, such as the flat floors of chalk and limestone quarries, on roadsides, ditch banks, and is also frequent in places such as riversides and lakesides, forest rides and sea cliffs. It grows on soils containing heavy metals, mostly on waste dumps of old mines. It is rather uncommon in arable fields (Dierβen 2001, Atherton et al. 2010, Moose Deutschland 2018). It is found from sea level up to 2,700 m Asl.



 



 



 



","There appear to be no major threats to this species, and in some cases it is indicated as stable and favored by human activity (Moose Deutschland 2018).",No direct conservation measures are necessary at present. The species is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Stebel, A.,Fettes, N.D.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.","Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,LEUCOBRYACEAE,Dicranodontium,asperulum,,Dicranodontium asperulum  ,(Mitt.) Broth.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Orange Bow-moss (Dicranodontium asperulum) is an uncommon suboceanic boreal-montane species occurring in southern Norway, upland parts of Britain and Ireland, south to northern Spain (Asturias), the Pyrenees, Alps and Carpathians. This species is assessed as Least Concern since there is no convincing evidence of decline, and it is still too frequent and not under threat in the north of its range. There are apparently few threats to this species, since the sites where it occurs are unlikely to be afforested or badly affected by overgrazing. In the long term, climate change may be the only significant threat. No conservation measures are required at present, but monitoring of subpopulations in areas where it is rare and threatened in recommended.",Unknown,"The Orange Bow-moss (Dicranodontium asperulum) is an uncommon suboceanic boreal-montane species occurring in southern Norway, upland parts of Britain and Ireland, south to northern Spain (Asturias), the Pyrenees, Alps and Carpathians. Elsewhere it has been recorded from the Himalayas, southeastern Asia (Sulawesi), China, Taiwan, Japan, western Canada (British Columbia) and eastern North America, where it is widespread in the Appalachian mountains (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 1,068 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3.3 million km².","The population size and trend this species are unknown. However, it is generally rather rare, and may have declined in some areas.

","Like Dicranodontium uncinatum this species prefers sheltered moist north- to east-facing sites, but it is perhaps a little more tolerant of exposure as it occasionally occurs on west-facing slopes, and is less strongly associated with large oceanic hepatic species. It is most frequently found on acid, peaty humus among rocks, on low vertical rock faces on steep mountain slopes and on rock ledges. In such habitats Diplophyllum albicans and Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans are almost constant associates, and Bazzania tricrenata is often present. More rarely it grows on gravelly soil among boulders near mountain streams and in crevices among sandstone rocks, in gaps between boulders and in block scree (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from 20 m up to 2,450 m Asl.



It is dioicous; capsules are very rare. Deciduous leaves are shed by most plants, occasionally in large numbers.","There are apparently few threats to this species, in spite of its rarity. Its habitat in block- and boulder-screes and at crag bases ensures that the localities are unlikely to be afforested or badly affected by overgrazing. In the long term, climate change may be the only significant threat (Lockhart et al. 2012).","This species is known to occur in protected areas, and it has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Romania, Spain and Switzerland, as Endangered in Slovakia, as Vulnerable in Ireland, as Near Threatened in the Czech Republic, and as 'rare' in Ukraine. It is considered Regionally Extinct in Belarus (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation measures are required at present, but monitoring of subpopulations in areas where it is rare and threatened in recommended. Further research into the population size and trend would be desirable.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Denyer, J.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,LEUCOBRYACEAE,Dicranodontium,denudatum,,Dicranodontium denudatum  ,(Brid.) E.Britton,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Beaked Bow-moss (Dicranodontium denudatum) has a European Boreal-montane distribution and it is widely found in northern and central Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, the current population trend in stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Beaked Bow-moss (Dicranodontium denudatum) has a European Boreal-montane distribution and it is widely present in Northern, Central and Southern Europe (Ros et al. 2013). It is also present in the Caucasus, North and South Asia, and North and Central America (Smith 2004, Ignatov et al. 2006, Hodgetts 2015).","Although there is no quantitative data on the size of the subpopulations, this species is quite common in many European countries, and the population can therefore be considered to be large and stable.","This is a humicolous competitive perennial species. It usually grows on decaying wood of stumps, on mossy boulders and peaty banks in woods, in damp heaths and in rocky slopes. It is also found in sheltered montane heath and on acid rocks, in cliffs, and often near waterfalls (Crum and Anderson 1981, Dierβen 2001, Smith 2004). It is found from sea level up to 2,700 m asl.",There appear to be no major threats to this species.,"No specific conservation actions are necessary at the European level. In fact, no significant changes have been observed over time. However, being a more frequently montane species, it should be monitored in the natural areas of the plains. It is found in protected areas. It has been assessed as Endangered in Hungary and Finland, and as Vulnerable in Bulgaria and Lithuania (Papp et al. 2010, Hodgetts 2015, Juutinen and Ulvinen 2017).",This species is not utilised.,"Pilkington, S.,Cálix, M.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,LEUCOBRYACEAE,Dicranodontium,uncinatum,,Dicranodontium uncinatum  ,(Harv.) A.Jaeger,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Curve-leaved Bow-moss (Dicranodontium uncinatum) is a scarce and restricted suboceanic boreal-montane species. In Europe it is found in northwestern Britain (mainly Scotland), western Ireland, southern Norway, northern Spain, the Alps, Bohemia and Tatra mountains. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is still relatively frequent and unthreatened in Britain, Ireland and Norway. No conservation measures are required at present, but some of the best subpopulations should be protected and managed appropriately, and subpopulations in areas where it is rare and threatened should be monitored.",Unknown,"The Curve-leaved Bow-moss (Dicranodontium uncinatum) is a scarce and restricted suboceanic boreal-montane species. In Europe it is found in northwestern Britain (mainly Scotland), western Ireland, southern Norway, northern Spain, the Alps, Bohemia and Tatra mountains. It has not been seen in France since 1966. A record from Slovenia is regarded as erroneous (B. Papp pers. comm. 2014). Elsewhere it is disjunct in the Himalayas, southeastern Asia (including Sri Lanka), China, Taiwan, Japan, Philippines and western Canada (British Columbia) (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 1,392 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2.7 million km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown, but there is no evidence of decline. It is still relatively frequent and unthreatened in Britain, Ireland and Norway.","This is a species of acid humus in sheltered moist north- to east-facing sites, such as in block scree and under heather on rocky slopes and on mountain cliff ledges with species including Bazzania tricrenata. At lower altitudes it is locally abundant on north-facing periodically irrigated near-vertical rock faces (sometimes with Campylopus gracilis), and in similar sites in wooded ravines and in crevices on the cliffs of raised beaches. In oceanic Britain and Ireland it is often associated with Herbertus hutchinsiae, Mylia taylorii, Scapania ornithopodioides and other large oceanic liverworts  (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from 70 m up to 2,080 m Asl.



It is dioicous; capsules are very rare.","The major threat to this species could be climate change, but other threats are probably slight. Its rocky habitat protects it to some extent from the problems on adjoining mountain slopes, including the potential threats of overgrazing and burning (Lockhart et al. 2012).","No conservation measures are required at present, but some of the best subpopulations should be protected and managed appropriately, and subpopulations in areas where it is rare and threatened should be monitored. This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Spain and Switzerland, as Endangered in the Czech Republic, and as Vulnerable in Ireland. It is Data Deficient in Germany (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Denyer, J.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Dicranoweisia,cirrata,,Dicranoweisia cirrata  ,(Hedw.) Lindb. ex Milde,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Pincushion (Dicranoweisia cirrata) has a European Temperate distribution. In Europe it has a wide northwestern distribution that extends from the Canary Islands northwards to Norway, and eastwards to European Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite widespread in Europe, the population is large and stable, and there appear to be no major threats to it. It grows in both natural and man-made habitats and no specific conservation actions are necessary at present.",Stable,"The Common Pincushion (Dicranoweisia cirrata) has a European Temperate distribution. In Europe it has a wide northwestern distribution that extends from the Canary Islands northwards to Norway, and eastwards to European Turkey. Outside of Europe it is found in the Caucasus, Himalayas, China, Mongolia, North Africa, North and Central America, and Tasmania in Australia (Smith 2004, Schofield 2007, Hodgetts 2015, Juutinen and Ulvinen 2018).","The species is widespread in almost all of Europe and there is no indication of a decline, so the current population trend is considered stable. In Germany, in the last ten years, a certain increase in the range of the species has been reported (Moose Deutschland 2018).","This is a pioneer colonists species which can be commonly found growing on tree trunks, newly decomposing wood, fence posts, a variety of other organic substrates, and on exposed rocks and old stone walls in hilly districts. This moss is among the most common epiphytic acrocarps found in urban and industrial areas. It is highly tolerant to exhaust fumes and less sensitive to acid precipitation (Dierssen 2001, Smith 2004, Atherton et al. 2010). It is found from sea level up to 1,500 m Asl. 

",There appear to be no major threats to this common species.,"No specific conservation actions are necessary. It is found in protected areas. This species has been assessed as Endangered in Romania, and is Data Deficient in Slovenia and Latvia (Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012, Hodgetts 2015).","

This species is not utilised.","Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranum,acutifolium,,Dicranum acutifolium  ,(Lindb. &amp; Arnell) C.E.O.Jensen,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Dicranum acutifolium is widespread in montane areas of north, east and central Europe, and it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. It has a stable population trend, there are no major threats and there are more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe and in the EU 28. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and in the EU 28.

However, it is considered to be threatened in Romania, and it is probably in decline in Finland. Targeted field surveys and monitoring of this species are needed.

",Stable,"This species is widespread in montane areas of north, east and central Europe. It is found from Norway, Svalbard, northern Sweden, Finland and arctic Russia in the north, via Poland to the Alps (France, Austria and Switzerland) and to Romania in the south-east (Hodgetts 2015). In the past, this species was included in D. brevifolium, and so its real distribution in central Europe is unclear (Ignatov et al. 2006). The species may therefore be significantly more widespread in central Europe. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North America and Asia (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 600 and 1,000 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 200 and 400 km2 and the EOO is ca 2.5 million km2. The altitudinal range of the species is between sea level and 2,600 m Asl.","It seems to be rather rare in most of Europe, with most occurrences in the north and north-east, such as in Fennoscandia and Russia (including the Urals). In European Russia it seems to be more common than in Fennoscandia. In north Finland, this species is not very rare (mainly in mountains), however it is probably declining (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). Outside of Finland, there is no indication of any decline and the population trend is probably stable in both Europe and the EU 28. It is estimated that there are more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) in Europe and in the EU 28.","This moss grows in cushions on more or less calcareous soil and rock, often on Dryas heaths (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). In Finland, this species has also been recorded in rich fens and in Russia it has been recorded in tundra habitats and on rotten logs. In central Europe, this species is mostly found in sub-alpine to high alpine meadows. The habitats of this species are hard to access and therefore generally undisturbed.","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","This species is in the Red List of Switzerland as Data Deficient (DD), in Romania it is assessed as Endangered (EN), in Finland it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) and in Austria it is Not Evaluated (NE) (Hodgetts 2015). This species occurs in protected areas. Targeted field surveys and monitoring of this species are needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hassel, K.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Virchenko, V.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranum,angustum,,Dicranum angustum  ,Lindb.,"Tropicos (2015) considers this species to be a synonym of Dicranum spadiceum J.E.Zetterst.



However this species is retained as a valid species here with a primarily northern European distribution.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Dicranum angustum is common in parts of its range in northern Europe. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) of ca 5 million km2 in Europe and of ca 0.6 million km2 in the EU 28, but a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO). In Europe, the AOO of this species is between 1,800 and 2,000 km2, and in the EU 28 the AOO is ca 1,250 km2. This species is widely distributed in some areas, including the conifer forest areas of Fennoscandia and in the subalpine and low-alpine belts of the Scandes. The current population trend is considered to be be stable, and in some areas there appear to be no threats, such as in Svalbard and northern European Russia. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in Norway, and there have been some local declines, such as in the south of Finland. The major threat to this species is drainage (trenching) and the species has had an ongoing but limited threat in the form of ditching and afforestation. Further research and monitoring is required on the population size and trends of this species.",Stable,"This species has a suboceanic, boreal to arctic distribution pattern. It is known to occur in Iceland, Norway, Svalbard, northern Sweden, Finland and northern Russia (Hodgetts 2015). One dubious literature report exists from France which needs confirmation. This species is not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,800 and 2,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5 million km2. In the EU 28 the AOO is ca 1,250 km2 and the EOO is ca 0.6 million km2.","This species is widely distributed in the conifer forest areas of Fennoscandia including Iceland (with increasing frequency northwards) and in the subalpine and low-alpine belts of the Scandes (Mårtensson 1956). In Norway, there are about 75 localities spread throughout most of the country, with preference for boreal areas (Hassel et al. 2015). The species is not rare in Svalbard and common in the eastern part of the Murmansk region and throughout northern European Russia - especially in moist tundra habitats and fens (Ignatov et al. 2006). In Finland, this species has declined in the south, but it is not rare in the north (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). Apart from in Finland, there is no information of any decline elsewhere and therefore the current population trend is considered to be be stable.","This is a true mire moss. It grows in more or less mineral-rich fens (Hallingbäck et al. 2006) from the lowland up to the low-alpine zone and is fairly common in areas with calcareous bedrock (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). The moss generally grows among Aulacomnium palustre, Sarmentypnum sarmentosum, Straminergon stramineum, Dicranum majus, Scorpidium revolvens, Sphagnum balticum, S. warnstorfii and Tomentypnum nitens (Mårtensson 1956).","The major threat to this species is drainage (trenching) and the species has had an ongoing but limited threat in the form of ditching and afforestation. In some areas there appear to be no threats, such as in Svalbard and northern European Russia.","This species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in the Red Lists of Norway (Hassel et al. 2015) and of Svalbard (Frisvoll and Blom 1997). However, the species is not rare in Svalbard and is now considered not to be threatened there. It is known to occur in protected areas. Further research and monitoring is required on the population size and trends of this species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Bates, J.,Cálix, M.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranum,bardunovii,,Dicranum bardunovii  ,Tubanova &amp; Ignatova,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)



Dicranum bardunovii is assessed as Data Deficient as reliable information on its distribution is lacking. This species is only known from a single locality in the Northern Urals and its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) is small, estimated to be around 4 km2. In addition, there is no information on the population size, trend and threats to the species. Therefore this species is assessed as Data Deficient in Europe, as it is not possible to determine another Red List Category to this species.  Further research is needed on the distribution, population and threats to the species.

This species is not found in the EU 28 and therefore it is Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is only known from one locality in the Urals, in Visherskij Kamen' mountain ridge in the Perm Province of Russia (Sofronova et al. 2015). Elsewhere, this species is known from Asiatic Russia east of Yenissey River, including mountain areas of Buryatia, Zabaikal’sky Territory and Irkutsk Province, Yakutia, Amurskaya Province, Krasnoyarsk Territory (Putorana and Anabar Plateau) and Chukotka (Tubanova and Ignatova 2011). The distribution of this species is not well studied because it was relatively recently described (Tubanova and Ignatova 2011).

Based on the one known locality of this species in Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species are both estimated to be 4 km2. This species is not found within the EU 28.",The population size and trend of this species in Europe are unknown.,The species was found in mountains on silicate rocks near a big puddle at the altitude of 930 m Asl. (Sofronova et al. 2015).,There is no information on the threats to this species.,"This species is not included in any national or regional Red Lists. The single known locality of this species in Europe is located within the protected area Vishersky State Nature Reserve in Russia. Further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed, as well as into the threats.",This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Hodd, R.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranum,bonjeanii,,Dicranum bonjeanii  ,De Not.,"D. bonjeanii is a variable species. It is difficult to distinguish from the different forms of the polymorphic D. scoparium. In particular, it may be difficult to separate from paludal plants of D. scoparium that may have strongly undulate leaves. However, D. bonjeanii and D. scoparium can be distinguished for their distinctive ecological traits: D. bonjeanii prefers eutrophic fens, whereas D. scoparium usually grows in decidedly dry to mesic woodlands (Smith 2004, Ireland Jr. 2007).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Crisped Fork-moss (Dicranum bonjeanii) has a Circumpolar Boreo-temperate distribution. It is mainly present in northern and central Europe, as well as in several countries of southern Europe, including the Azores. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and there appear to be only local threats to it. It does not approach any of the thresholds for a threatened Category. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Crisped Fork-moss (Dicranum bonjeanii) has a Circumpolar Boreo-temperate distribution. It is mainly present in northern and central Europe, as well as in several countries of southern Europe, including the Azores (Ros et al. 2013). Outside of Europe it is found in Asia, North and Central Africa, North America and Greenland (Smith 2004, Hodgetts 2015). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the thresholds for application of a threatened Category.","There is no data on the population size and trend. In Germany, the species is closely tied to extensive grassland and pasture farming, but with the abandonment of traditional management practices, it has become rare or completely gone in many areas (Moose Deutschland 2018). Since this species is quite common in many European countries, the current population trend can be considered stable.","This is a competitive perennial, humicolous species. It prefers eutrophic fens, open damp woods and well drained basic grassland, and is occasionally found on moist grasslands, in dunes, and on sea cliffs, rarely on acid soils (Dierssen 2001, Smith 2004, Ireland Jr. 2007, Atherton et al. 2010). It is found from sea level up to 3,000 m Asl.","This species is widespread and no threats are known for most of the countries in which it occurs. However, the species is, in a few cases, threatened. In particular, in Germany, the abandonment of pastures has led to a drastic decline. This is also confirmed by Vanderpoorten et al. (2004) since their work suggests that grazing helps to increase the number of species, especially among pioneer bryophytes, while its interruption favors the growth of shrubs and consequently the decline of the species (Werner 2011, Hodgetts 2015, Bekking et al. 2016, Moose Deutschland 2018).



 

 

","At present, no specific conservation measures are necessary for this species. However, the reduction of pasture activities may pose a threat to this species. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Denyer, J.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranum,brevifolium,,Dicranum brevifolium  ,(Lindb.) Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Dicranum brevifolium is a northern moss, widespread in Nordic countries and present in Estonia and northern Russia, but rare and confined to montane areas south to Albania and Bulgaria, or lacking, further south. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and frequent in Nordic countries and the current population trend is considered to be stable. In addition, it may be under-recorded outside the Nordic countries. However, it is a rare species that may be declining in some areas (it has disappeared from central Germany) and its status requires monitoring.",Stable,"Dicranum brevifolium is a northern moss, widespread in Nordic countries and present in Estonia and northern Russia, but rare and confined to montane areas south to Albania and Bulgaria, or lacking, further south. There are only old records from the Pyrenees, where it is considered Regionally Extinct. However, there is a new record from Andorra (A. Vanderpoorten pers. comm. 2017). It is extinct in northern Italy, where the last record was pre-1950 and it is considered Data Deficient. It is listed for Poland, but no records could be traced. Elsewhere it occurs in northern Asia, North America and Greenland (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 1,112 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 7.9 million km².","This species is clearly rare and geographically restricted, and has disappeared from central Germany. It is still locally frequent in the Nordic countries and it is common in the Alps (including southern Germany). It may be overlooked in some areas. Since it is stable in Scandinavia and the Alps, its overall population trend is considered to be stable. Its population is not severely fragmented and there are considerably more than 1,000 mature individuals. 

","In Sweden this species typically occurs on dry soil or rock in open calcareous areas. In southern Sweden it grows on calcareous flat rocks and alvar, in northern Sweden for example in Dryas heath (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 3,000 m Asl. It is quite abundant in calcareous areas in the Alps (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). It is found on dwarf shrubs (N. Schnyder pers. comm. 2017).",This species was eliminated from central Germany by habitat destruction and acidification of the substrate. Threats elsewhere are not known.,"Subpopulations at the edge of the species' range should be monitored. It is listed as Critically Endangered in Romania, Endangered in Germany and Data Deficient in Albania, Bulgaria, Italy, Slovenia and Switzerland. It is also considered Data Deficient in Spain (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Marka, J.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C., Untereiner, A. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranum,crassifolium,,Dicranum crassifolium  ,"Sérgio, Ochyra &amp; Séneca","D. transsylvanicum Lüth was described as an independent taxa in the Apuseni Mountains in western Romania at around 1,150 m asl (Lüth 2002). However, based on the deviating leaf lamina morphology, how D. transylvanicum is related to Dicranum crassifolium remains to be tested (Lang et al. 2015), and so further studies are needed.",Yes,NT,"B2b(iii,iv)",Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Although Dicranum crassifolium has a relatively wide distribution, it is only found in scattered sites across the total area. It is an uncommon species and somewhat patchily distributed throughout its European range. The current population trend of this species is inferred to be declining, and the extent and quality of its habitat is also declining.



Based on available recent records (Portugal, Spain, Italy, Romania and Slovenia) the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 714,300 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 348 km2. However, the AOO is assumed to be an under-estimate, but it unlikely to be greater than 2,000 km2. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.



The species is under pressure from anthropogenic influences, climate change, fires and competition with other bryophytes, such asCampylopus introflexus. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify new areas in Italy, Romania and Slovenia as well as to assess the existing threats. The species is known only from few sites in these three countries and it is probably under-recorded. The impacts of climate change on natural forests requires better understanding of the role of climate as well all some ecosystem processes that can be connected with the conservation of this moss.",Decreasing,"The species was described for the first time by Sérgio et al. (1995) in different sites of northern Portugal, Spain and Italy (from three single known specimens, in the Apuan Alps mountain range in Tuscany).



The number of 10 km2 Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) squares in Portugal and Spain was only ca 38 until 1995 (Sérgio et al. 1995), but it is now reported from a large number of UTM squares and new sites; ca 40 in Portugal and 20 in Spain (Sérgio et al. 2015).



In the Iberian Bryophyte Flora publication (Bruguésand Ruiz 2013), this species is considered to be present in the provinces of the Algarve, Alto Alentejo, Beira Alta, Beira Baixa, Beira Litoral, Douro Litoral, Estremadura, Minho and Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. In Spain, this species has scarcely been reported, but it is listed in a total of 12 provinces (Brugués and Ruiz 2015). So, the distribution range in the Iberian Peninsula is now from Minho in Portugal, Orense to Huesca provinces in Spain and to the Pyrenees in Navarra (Ederra et al. 2003, Guerra et al. 2008).  



This species was discovered at Peak Zăvideanu in Romania, at altitude between 1,400 m and 1,600 m asl (Dihoru 2004), although the full altitudinal range of the species is considered to be between 20 m and 1,800 m asl. In Slovenia, it has been found in Triglav National Park at 537 m asl (Garilletiet al. 2013). The new record presented here covers the gap between the Italian and Romanian records, and makes likely the possibility of a continuous distribution through southern or in central Europe in similar habitats.



-Based on available recent records of the species from Portugal, Spain, Italy, Romania and Slovenia, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 714,300 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 348 km2. The AOO is assumed to be an under-estimate, but it is very unlikely to be greater than 2,000 km2.","This species is relatively large, forming extensive tufts that can reach up to 15 cm in height, with robust stems presenting straight or slightly flexuose leaves that are loosely crisped when dry. The species normally develops sporophytes, and the sexual strategy is dioicous (male and female reproductive organs on separate plants) but the males plants are frequently in the same subpopulations as the females. However, the capsules often have aborted spores (Sérgio et al. 1995). In Portugal, the species is abundant, although in Spain it may be overlooked. The species can live together with D. scoparium but forms isolated tufts.



The subpopulationsare in decline, and so the current population trend of this species is inferred to be decreasing. The species is threatened by the occupation of moss alien species and also the deforestation and forest fires intensification in some occurrence areas. 

","The species grows on soil or humus in open or shaded places, as well as on rocks and at tree bases, preferably in relatively acidic places (Sérgio et al. 1995).



It occurs in closed forest stands, mainly in oak woodlands, where it usually forms large but isolated tufts. The speciesis long-lived; the generation length for this species can be estimated to be around 15 to 25 years. The species needs undisturbed habitats with ecological continuity.","Little is known about the major threats affecting this species but it is probably in decline due to anthropogenic pressure on its habitats or expected climate change. This moss is entirely dependent on old and undisturbed deciduous forest as it inhabits cracks in rocks with decaying heartwood (from the central core of the tree). This is a very particular habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline.



The habitat of this species is expected to decline in some areas from forest fires and the constant increasing of Eucalyptus forested areas. Other human-induced changes, such as forestry management as well as some pollution in the effluents can negatively impact the species. Competition from other bryophytes in the same habitats, such as Campylopus introflexus, also put some subpopulations under threat, currently and in the future.","This species is included in the Portuguese Red Data Book as Least Concern (LC) but with special attention (Sérgio et al. 2013). In Spain, the species has not been evaluated (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012). The greater proportion of the distribution range of this species, particularly in Portugal, is reported to be in protected areas. It is found in the Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês, the Parque Natural de Montesinho, the Parque Natural do Alvão-Marão, the Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela and the Parque Natural da Serra de São Mamede. The site in Slovenia is located inside the Triglav National Park.



Actions are urgently needed to protect and appropriately manage existing natural forests asQuercus woodlands, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future. The control of weed species, such asCampylopus introflexus, should be implemented.



Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify new areas in Italy, Romania and Slovenia as well as to assess the existing threats. The species is known only from few sites in these three countries and it is probably under-recorded. The impacts of climate change on natural forests requires better understanding of the role of climate as well all some ecosystem processes that can be connected with the conservation of this moss.",There is no information on the use and trade of the species.,"Pilkington, S.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranum,dispersum,,Dicranum dispersum  ,Engelmark,,No,EN,D,No,EN,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Dicranum dispersum was described in 1999 and was originally thought to be restricted to southern Germany, but was subsequently found in other nearby European countries, as well as near the Ural mountains in Russia. The species is probably more widespread in Europe than is now known and it could also occur in other countries. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at ca 2 million km2, whereas the area of occupancy (AOO) is much more restricted, being estimated at just ca 200 km2. The overall population trend is considered unknown. Most subpopulations are very small. However the population is probably underestimated, and it is considered likely that more subpopulations of this species will be found. It is therefore estimated that there are probably more than 50 individual-equivalents in Europe and in the EU 28, but certainly less than 250 individual-equivalents. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered. 

This species grows in calcareous, mostly open, dry habitats on humus over rocks or stony ground. Overgrowth by grasses and herbs, or nutrient enrichment could potentially threaten subpopulations. Overgrazing or under-grazing could also pose a threat to this species, and climate change may pose a threat to high-altitude subpopulations. Site management, habitat and natural process restoration, and education and awareness activities are all recommended conservation measures for this species. Also more work is needed on the biology of high-altitude Dicranum species. This species is known to occur in protected areas, affording it some protection from potential threats.



 



",Unknown,"This species was described in 1999 (Engelmark 1999) and was originally thought to be restricted to southern Germany (Nebel and Philippi 2001). Later it was also found in Switzerland (Hedenäs and Bisang 2004), France (Savoie and Haute Savoie, according to Chavoutier and Hugonnot 2013), Austria and in Russia near the Ural mountains (Otnyukova and Ochyra 2003). In the Ural Mountains there are now six localities known (Baisheva and Gabitova 2013, Baisheva et al. 2014). It can be found growing at elevations between 600 m and 2,400 m Asl. The species is probably more widespread in Europe than is now known and it could occur also in other countries. Outside Europe it is known from the Caucasus (Maslovsky 2017) and Iran, Mongolia and Siberia and also from North America (Afonina and Breem 2009). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at ca 2 million km2, whereas the area of occupancy (AOO) is much more restricted, being estimated at just ca 200 km2.","In southern Germany (Baden-Württemberg), from where this species was described, it is probably declining and is therefore considered as Vulnerable, because there are only a few records after 1975 in comparison to older herbarium specimens (Nebel and Philippi 2001). In Switzerland only 25% of the known records have been collected after 1980, but here the species has not been searched for at its former sites. There is no information about subpopulation trends from other countries of occurrence, and so the overall population trend is considered unknown. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. Most subpopulations are very small and could have only one individual-equivalent. There are between 31 and 50 recent subpopulations known, which normally consist of cushions or mats less than one square metre in size. However, some subpopulations in Germany can have up to five individual-equivalents per site. It is therefore estimated that there are slightly more than 50 individual-equivalents in Europe and in the EU 28. The population size is certainly smaller than 250 individual-equivalents.","This species grows in calcareous, mostly open, dry habitats on humus over rocks or stony ground (Nebel and Philippi 2001). In France, it is restricted to alpine habitats.","The causes of decline of this species in Germany are unknown, but could be due to overgrowth by grasses and herbs, or nutrient enrichment. Overgrazing or under-grazing could also pose a threat to this species. Climate change may pose a threat to high-altitude subpopulations (V. Hugonnot pers. comm. 2017).","The species has only been assessed in the Red List of Germany (Caspari et al. 2018) as Vulnerable. In Switzerland it was assessed as Data Deficient in the Red List from 2004 (Schnyder et al. 2004), as there was not enough information about this species then. This is probably also the case in the other countries where it occurs. Site management, habitat and natural process restoration, and education and awareness activities are all recommended conservation measures for this species. Also more work is needed on the biology of high-altitude Dicranum species. This species is known to occur in protected areas.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Cálix, M.,Hodd, R.","Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranum,drummondii,,Dicranum drummondii  ,Müll.Hal.,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Dicranum drummondii is known from many localities in Fennoscandia. However, in other parts of the European range, this species is quite rare and its subpopulations are small and isolated. In Europe, this species has a wide geographic range - the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 4.8 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2,400 km2. In the Baltic countries and Leningrad Province of Russia, there has been observed declines of the habitats of this species due to the reduction of areas of old-growth coniferous forests. However, there are numerous and abundant subpopulations known in Fennoscandia, where this species seems to be stable, and the overall current population trend is considered to be stable. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe.

In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 1.4 million km2, and the AOO is estimated to be around 1,800 km2. This species is mainly distributed in Sweden and Finland where it seems to be stable. However, there is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitats, as a result of habitat loss due to intensive felling of boreal forests. Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).

Further research is needed on the distribution and population trends of the species.",Stable,"This boreal-montane species is distributed in Fennoscandia, the adjacent areas of the Baltic countries and Russia, in the northern part of the East European Plain and the Urals. Some findings of this species were made quite recently (Baisheva et al. 2015, Doroshina et al. 2016). One isolated locality is known from the Romanian Carpathians. Elsewhere, it has been found in southern Siberia, Yakutia, the Russian Far East, Japan, Korea and China (Hedenäs 1992, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Ignatov et al. 2006, Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 1,200 m Asl.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 4.8 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2,400 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 1.4 million km2, and the AOO is estimated to be around 1,800 km2. 

The distribution of this species in the northern regions of European Russia is probably insufficiently known due to the small number of bryological investigations in this area.","There are numerous and abundant subpopulations known only in Fennoscandia, where this species seems to be stable, and the overall current population trend is considered to be stable. However, in other parts of the European range, this species is quite rare and its subpopulations are small and isolated (Rašomavičius 2007, Taskaev 2009).","This species grows in boreal forests on soil, sandy soil and rock outcrops. More rarely, it is found on dead wood, mostly in lowland areas, but occasionally in the sub-alpine or alpine zones. In the EU 28, there is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitats, as a result of habitat loss due to intensive felling of boreal forests.","The possible threat to this species is habitat loss due to intensive felling of boreal forests. The species grows in dry coniferous forests (Hedenäs 2006), that are under pressure of forestry over whole Europe (K. Vellak pers. comm. 2017). Near the southern border of range, such as in the Leningrad Province of Russia, this species has declined because of reductions in old-growth forests areas (Doroshina et al. 2016).","This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Romania, as category 1 (endangered) in Latvia and Lithuania, as a a rare species (3) in the Republic of Komi, Russia. Some subpopulations have been found within protected areas (Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012, Rašomavičius  2007, Taskaev 2009). Further research is needed on the distribution and population trends of the species.",This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Seneca, A.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranum,elongatum,,Dicranum elongatum  ,Schleich. ex Schwägr.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Dense Fork-moss (Dicranum elongatum) is found in Svalbard, Iceland, Fennoscandia, the mountain regions of central and southeast Europe (extending south to Montenegro and Bulgaria), the northern part of East-European Plain and the Urals. In Europe, this species has large range with an extent of occurrence (EOO) that is greater than 10 million km2  and area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be around 3000 km2. In Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula, there are numerous and abundant subpopulations. The overall current population trend of this species is stable. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, in other parts of the European range, this species is quite rare and its subpopulations are mostly isolated. The possible threats to this species may be mining, or recreational activities in the mountains, such as trampling by tourists. Further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed.",Stable,"This is a circumpolar, boreo-arctic montane species. It is found in Svalbard, Iceland, Fennoscandia, the mountain regions of central and southeast Europe (extending south to Montenegro and Bulgaria), the northern part of East-European Plain and the Urals. It is common only in Fennoscandia, and is rarer in other parts of its range. Elsewhere, this species is known from  the Caucasus, Middle Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan), Siberia, the Russian Far East, Mongolia, China, Japan, North America and Greenland (Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Ignatov et al. 2006,  Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015, Tubanova et al. 2016).In Europe, this species has large range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) that is greater than 10 million km2, and area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be around 3,000 km2.

","The numerous and abundant subpopulations in Europe are only known in Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula, where the species seems to be stable. The overall current population trend of this species is stable. However, in other parts of the European range, this species is quite rare and its subpopulations are mostly isolated.","This species grows in various types of arctic and alpine tundra, in crevices and on ledges of silicate or limestone rock outcrops and on rocky slopes. It is found on river banks, in alpine lawns, on subalpine dwarf shrubs, on forest floor in birch and mixed open woodlands, and more rarely in bogs and fens. It has been found to grow on soil, fine-grained soil over rocks, humus and rarely on rotten wood (Grims 1999, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Tubanova et al. 2016).



","The possible threats to this species may be mining, or recreational activities in the mountains, such as trampling by tourists.","This species is included in several national Red Lists of European countries. It is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) in Slovenia, as Endangered (EN) in the Czech Republic, as rare (R) in Poland, as Vulnerable (VU) in Bulgaria, as category 2 (endangered) in Germany and as Regionally Extinct (RE) in Great Britain (Martinčič 2015, Kučera et al. 2012, Natcheva et al. 2006, Ludwig and Schnittler 1996, Hodgetts 2011). Some subpopulations have been found within protected areas. In central Europe, the protection of habitats may be recommended. Further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Marka, J.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranum,flagellare,,Dicranum flagellare  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Whip Fork-moss (Dicranum flagellare) is a circumpolar boreo-temperate moss widespread in Europe, but most frequent in central Europe and southern Fennoscandia, north to Finland, south to northern Spain, northern Italy and the Balkans. It also occurs in Macaronesia. Although this species has declined, and is rare or scarce, in some areas, it is assessed as Least Concern since it is frequent in its heartlands in southern Fennoscandia and central Europe. It does not currently approach the thresholds for a threatened Category under any of the Criteria. No conservation measures are required at present.",Decreasing,"The Whip Fork-moss (Dicranum flagellare) is a circumpolar boreo-temperate moss widespread in Europe, but most frequent in central Europe and southern Fennoscandia, north to Finland, south to northern Spain, northern Italy and the Balkans. It also occurs in Macaronesia. Elsewhere it is known from Siberia, the western Himalayas, east Asia, Japan. North America, central America (Mexico, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama) and the West Indies (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at ca 3,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 11.5 million km².","This species is not common in Britain. In Austria it is declining since its habitat is decreasing. In Switzerland is not very common and probably misidentified. In Scandinavia it is very widespread in swamp forests. In central Russia it is widespread. In Hungary there are more old records than recent (only 4-5). In Belgium there is no evidence of decline (there are 10 localities and all have been surveyed recently). In northeast France it is found in two localities on decaying wood. In Spain there are three new and three old localities. It seems to be recently declining in Britain, but there is no clear trend yet. In Germany the species is also declining. In Madeira it is only known from old collections. In the Azores it is found on three islands. Although it seems to be more stable in the north, it is declining in central and southern Europe. The population is not severely fragmented and the population size is over 10,000 mature individuals.","This species is primarily an epiphyte, growing mainly of tree bases, particularly on slanting trees, on logs and stumps in woodland,lying, rotting trunks of birch and pine, and coppice stools; also sweet chestnut stumps, on oak and other conifers. It is associated with common dead-wood species such as Hypnum spp., Lophocolea heterophylla, Lepidozia reptans, Mnium hornum, Plagiothecium spp. and Tetraphis pellucida. It sometimes also occurs in additional habitats, including humus, peaty soil and on rocks. Its altitudinal range is from 15 m up to 2,600 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). 



It is dioicous; capsules are very rare, mature in summer. Narrow small-leaved (flagelliform) branches are often present at the shoot apices and serve as a means of vegetative propagation, but probably only over short distances.



","The species is affected by forestry and drainage, since it is confined to moist forests in the Alps.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species has been assessed as Endangered in Austria, Spain and Switzerland, as Vulnerable in Germany, Hungary and Slovakia; also as Near Threatened in Luxembourg and as Data Deficient in the Canary Islands and Madeira (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas. 

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Ganeva, A.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C., Untereiner, A. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranum,flexicaule,,Dicranum flexicaule  ,Brid.,"This species is considered to hardly be separable from Dicranim fuscescens due to the numerous specimens with intermediate characters and is often treated as a variety of it. Some forms of D. flexicaule also come very close to D. scottianum. The evidence for small but stable genetic differences between D. flexicaule and D. fuscescens in Russia were found, but further study is needed to confirm this across a wider geographical area (Tubanova et al. 2010, Blockeel et al. 2014).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Europe regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Bendy Fork-moss (Dicranum flexicaule) is widely distributed in arctic and boreal regions, including in Sweden, Finland and some countries of central Europe. In Europe, this species has large range and there are numerous and abundant subpopulations known. The population trend seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.



However, this species is considered to be threatened in Slovakia and Romania. The possible threat of this species is the destruction of suitable habitats due to forest felling and mining. Further research on the taxonomy and distribution of this species is needed, because it is not consistently separated from D. fuscescens.

",Stable,"In Europe, this circumpolar, boreo-arctic montane species is distributed in Svalbard, Iceland, Fennoscandia, the Baltic countries, the mountains of central and southeast Europe, the arctic and boreal regions of European Russia and the Urals. Elsewhere, it is known in Siberia, the Russian Far East (Chukotka, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk Territory, Primorsky Territory), the Caucasus, the mountain regions of Middle Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan), Mongolia, China and North America (Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Ignatov et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 3,000 m Asl.



This species has a very large range, although the distribution of this species is insufficiently known because it is not consistently separated from D. fuscescens.",There are numerous and abundant subpopulations known. The population trend seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.,"This species grows in different types of boreal forests, open birch and dwarf shrubs woodland, ravines and on open hillsides and alpine lawns. It grows on fine-grained soil and humus covering rock outcrops, boulders and  rock ledges, and sometimes on peat, rotten wood and bases of trees (Grims 1999, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Puglisi et al. 2011, Blockeel et al. 2014, NISM 2017). In northern Sweden, it has also been found on mires (Hedenäs 2006).",The possible threat of this species is the destruction of suitable habitats due to forest felling and mining.,"This species is included in several national Red Lists of European countries. It is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) in Switzerland, as Near Threatened (NT) in Great Britain and Estonia (NT), and as Vulnerable (VU) in Slovakia and Romania (Schnyder et al. 2004, Hodgetts 2011, Hodgetts 2015, Vellak et al. 2015, Kubinská et al. 2001, Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012).Some subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Further research on the taxonomy and distribution of this species is needed, because it is not consistently separated from D. fuscescens.",This species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Patiño, J.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranum,fragilifolium,,Dicranum fragilifolium  ,Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Dicranum fragilifolium is known in Europe from Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia. Reports from the mountains of central Europe have not been confirmed. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,700 and 2,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3.3 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 1,200 and 1,500 km² and the EOO is ca 0.9 million km². This species seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area, and there are no evident threats known to the species in Europe. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe.

However, within EU 28, there are between 1,000 and 2,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals), and so this species is assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion D.

It is important to protect other areas where this species occurs, as well as to stop forest management activities in pristine forests.",Stable,"This species has a northern boreal to continental distribution range, found in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia (Hodgetts 2015). Reports from the mountains of central Europe have not been confirmed (Hedenäs and Bisang 2004). It is found in the northern parts of Europe, from the lowland to the sub-alpine mountain birch zone (Hallingbäck et al. 2006), and belongs mainly to the conifer forest region of Fennoscandia. The moss is distributed throughout Norway but avoids the coastal areas (Mårtensson 1956).

In Sweden, the southern boundary of the range of this species goes through Värmland and Medelpad. The Finnish localities are concentrated in the eastern and northern parts. In the mountains, it has only occasionally been gathered in the subalpine belt. It has not been reported from higher altitudes.

Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North America and Asia (BFNA 2007).

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,700 and 2,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3.3 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 1,200 and 1,500 km² and the EOO is ca 0.9 million km².","This species is neither rare nor common in any part of its distribution area. It is most frequent in the lowland, but there has been a decline of this species in the lowland. In the subalpine belt, this species is rare. In protected areas and higher elevation sites, the subpopulations are most probably today stable. However, in Finland the situation of this species may change in a negative direction in future (S. Laaka-Lindberg pers. comm. 2018). The current population trend is therefore stable in northernmost Europe, but may decrease in the future, at least within EU 28.

In the whole of Europe the population size of this species is estimated to be between 5,000 and 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent). In the EU 28, the population size of this species is between 1,000 and 2,000 individual-equivalents.","This species grows on logs, especially decaying birch logs and birch stumps, more rarely and on humus-rich soil, mainly in humid habitats such as swamp forests (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). It also grows on the base of living stems on rotten bark, which normally exhibit a low pH (<5.5). This species has basically the same habitat requirements as D. montanum. It often occurs together with D. fuscescens and Lophoziopsis longidens (Mårtensson 1956).","All forest management activities on, or in, the immediate vicinity of the localities pose a threat to species. In the long term, forests should be kept with a diverse age mix, and because of a decline of old growth forest, this species has had a decline period, at least in lowland.","This species is known to occur in at least one protected area. However, it is important to protect other areas where this species occurs, as well as to stop forest management activities in pristine forests.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hassel, K.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranum,fulvum,,Dicranum fulvum  ,Hook.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Dicranum fulvum is widespread in Europe, with its core area lying in central Europe. The overall population trend is considered as stable and the species is considered as Least Concern in the majority of the countries with national or regional Red Lists. However, it is not very common and the subpopulations are rather scattered. Also, there have been regional declines and the species may require conservation action at a national scale in some countries, but the overall size of the population is likely to be very large. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28. It is found growing on siliceous rocks or boulders in shady habitats, mostly in forests. In calcareous regions it is restricted to siliceous erratic blocks. It is threatened regionally by the destruction of its habitat, mainly of erratic blocks, and using these blocks for climbing and other recreational activities. Inadequate management of forests where it is found may also threaten it, such as in France. Erratic blocks should be protected against destruction and use for climbing activities. It is known to occur in protected areas across its range in Europe, offering it some protection from these local threats. Further site protection, as well as awareness about this species habitat, is recommended.",Stable,"This species is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere. In Europe the main distribution area is central Europe. It ranges from France in the west to the Ukraine in the East and from Italy and Macedonia in the south to southern Scandinavia in the north (Hodgetts 2015). A record from Kaliningrad from the 19th Century is now in an urban area, and the species is thought to have disappeared there. It is mainly a lowland species that occurs from sea level to the lower montane zone, usually below 800 m Asl, but can be found growing up to 1,300 m Asl. Outside Europe it occurs in Turkey, the Caucasus, central and eastern Asia and North America (Nebel and Philippi, 2001). Both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threat Category.","The population trend is stable and the species is considered as Least Concern in the majority of the countries with national or regional Red Lists. However, it is not very common and the subpopulations are rather scattered. For Germany it is indicated as threatened in some regions (Meinunger and Schröder 2007), and it is considered threatened in some countries where it occurs, suggesting that regional declines may have occurred in these countries. Overall, the population trend is considered more or less stable or slightly declining. The overall size of the population is likely to be very large.","This species grows on siliceous rocks or boulders in shady habitats, mostly in forests. In calcareous regions it is restricted to siliceous erratic blocks. It also occurs in deep river valleys with high air humidity. Very few sporophytes have been reported in Europe, and the species seems to reproduce vegetatively by means of fragile leaves.","This species is strongly linked to woodland conservation in France, where inadequate management may threaten it (V. Hugonnot pers. comm. 2017). It is threatened regionally by the destruction of its habitat, mainly of erratic blocks (Meinunger and Schröder 2007) and using these blocks for climbing activities (Thiel and Spribille 2007, Hepenstrick et al. 2016). It is declining in Romania (Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012) and Hungary (Papp et al. 2010). These threats are considered to have a regional or local impact, but not to threaten the overall population significantly.","The species has been assessed as Endangered in Italy, as Vulnerable in Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria and as Near Threatened in Poland (Hodgetts 2015). Erratic blocks should be protected against destruction and use for climbing activities. It is found in protected areas across its range in Europe. Further site protection, as well as awareness about this species habitat, is recommended.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Mazimpaka, V.,Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.","Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranum,fuscescens,,Dicranum fuscescens  ,Turner,"Dicranum fuscescens is a very variable species easily confused with other species of the same genus such as the common D. scoparium and and other more frequent ones such as D. elongatum, D. flexicaule, D. muehlenbeckii and D. scottianum (Smith 2004, Cortini Pedrotti 2001, Atherton et al. 2010).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Dusky Fork-moss (Dicranum fuscescens) has a Circumpolar Boreo-arctic Montane distribution. It is mainly present in northern and central Europe, but also extends to mountainous areas of the southern peninsulas: the Iberian and Italian Peninsulas, as well as the Balkans. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, frequent and common, especially in the mountain plains, becoming rarer at lower altitudes and latitudes. In addition, the current population trend is stable, and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are needed at present.",Stable,"The Dusky Fork-moss (Dicranum fuscescens) has a Circumpolar Boreo-arctic Montane distribution. It is mainly present in northern and central Europe, but also extends to mountainous areas of the southern peninsulas: the Iberian and Italian Peninsulas, as well as the Balkans (Ros et al. 2013). Outside of Europe it is found in North and Central Asia including Turkey and Japan, North America, and Greenland (Smith 2004, Ignatov et al. 2006, Hodgetts 2015).","Although there is no quantitative data on the size of the subpopulations, this species is quite common in many European countries, and the population can therefore be considered to be large and stable.","This is a montane competitive perennial, saprolignicolous and humicolous species. It grows in exposed mountain sites, on tree bases, decaying trunks and on bark in deciduous and coniferous woodlands, but also on boulders, cliffs and on Racomitrium spp. heath. It forms a characteristic association with Carex bigelowii on soil where snow is seasonally moderately late (Dierβen 2001, Smith 2004, Atherton et al. 2010, Moose Deutschland 2018). It is found from seal level up to 3,000 m Asl.",There appear to be no major threats to this species.,No specific conservation actions are necessary. The species is found in protected areas. In Luxembourg it has been assessed as Vulnerable (Werner 2016).,This species is not utilised.,"Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.,Séneca, A.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranum,groenlandicum,,Dicranum groenlandicum  ,Brid.,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Dicranum groenlandicum is found in northern Europe, although its distribution is poorly known. In Europe, this species has an area of occupancy (AOO) of between 300 and 500 km2, and an extent of occurrence (EOO) of between 5 and 6 million km2. It is widespread and not rare in Norway and north European Russia. In addition, the population trend is considered to be stable and there are no major threats to the species. The population size in Europe is well above 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

In the EU 28, this species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) since it is estimated that there are a bit more than 1,000 individual-equivalents, and therefore this species is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion D. The EU 28 assessment is based just on Finland and Sweden, as other localities within the EU 28 are highly uncertain. In Finland and Sweden, there are only few modern findings, and in Finland, the old records have not been verified recently. The reports from Slovakia and Romania are still very unclear.

Research on herbarium material of the records from central Europe is needed to decide whether the records belong to this or other similar species. Field targeted surveys of distribution and population status of this species is needed.



",Stable,"This arctic montane species is found in northern Europe. This species is reported from Norway, Svalbard, Sweden, Finland, Russia and Ukraine. However, doubtful reports also exist from Poland, France, Slovakia, Romania, Switzerland and Italy (Hodgetts 2015). The records from central and eastern Europe need confirmation, whether the species occurs there still, or whether the records have been misidentified and actually belong to other species. These records are marginal and there is a high degree of uncertainty about their identity. The distribution is not fully known because of the interpretation of this species has changed through years (Hedenäs and Bisang 2004). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North America, and Asia (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 300 and 500 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 5 and 6 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 60 and 80 km2 and the EOO is between 2 and 3 million km2. The altitudinal range of the species in Europe is between 100 and 2,300 m Asl.","The distribution of this species is poorly known. It seems to be a relatively rare species, but is widespread in Norway where it is found from the southern central region up to the northernmost areas of the country. It is also not rare in northern European Russia (Ignatov et al. 2006). Most findings are from Svalbard, and some are from the Scandes mountains. In Finland and Sweden, there are few modern findings and the species is either overlooked or rare. In Finland, this species may be declining (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017), but the old records have not been verified recently and further research is needed. Records from the Tatra and the Carpathian Mountains in eastern Europe, as well as from France and Italy, need to be confirmed. At present, there is no ongoing decline and the population seems to be stable, at least in the core area within Europe and the EU 28. The population size is well above 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and with 1 m2 representing one individual-equivalent) in Europe. 

In the EU 28, the species is much rarer and is only known from one recent site in Finland. Overall, it is estimated that there are probably less than 1,000 individual-equivalents in this region.","This species grows on moist or periodically wet substrate in tundra vegetation, and in bogs. It appears to grow in the same manner and in the same habitat as D. elongatum (Mårtensson 1956). It is found mainly in the subalpine and low-alpine belt (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). In northern European Russia, the species is also found at sea level. The habitats of this species are hard to access and therefore generally undisturbed.","In its main distribution area there are no major threats known to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","This species has been assessed as Data Deficient (DD) in Italy and Switzerland, as Endangered (EN) in Slovakia and Romania and as Vulnerable (VU) in Finland (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas. 

Research on herbarium material of the records from central Europe is needed to decide whether the records belong to this or other similar species. Field targeted surveys of distribution and population status of this species is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Ros-Espín, R.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranum,laevidens,,Dicranum laevidens  ,R.S.Williams,"In the past, records of D. laevidens were recorded under the name D. angustum sensu latu, and some records need to be verified(Frisvoll and Elvebakk 1996).",No,LC,,No,VU,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Dicranum laevidens has mainly been found in the boreal and arctic regions of Europe. It is mainly in Sweden, Norway and Finland, as well as Svalbard and northern European Russia, where it is common. The overall population trend in Europe and threats to the species are unknown, but there are no reasons to suspect any decline. It is estimated that there are much more than 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe in total (considered to be mature individuals). Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe.

 However, within the EU 28, it is estimated that there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents of this species. Some immigration may occur from Norway into Sweden, but the amount of immigration is considered insignificant and the assessment is therefore not regionally adjusted. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable for the EU 28.

Research on distribution and the population status of this species is needed. Investigation is also needed to specify if there are any specific threats to this species. Records of D. angustum from Svalbard should be revised to ascertain whether they might belong to this species.",Unknown,"This species has mainly been found in the boreal and arctic regions of Europe. It is mainly in Sweden, Norway and Finland (Hodgetts 2015), as well as Svalbard (Frisvoll and Elvebakk 1996). It is also found in northern European Russia (Ignatov et al. 2006) and in the Urals down to the middle Urals (M. Ignatov pers. comm. 2017). Outside of Europe, this species is found in North America.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 200 and 500 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 4 and 5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 50 and 100 km2 and the EOO is between 0.1 and 0.2 million km2.","In Finland, there are some old records which have not been verified recently, with only three recent known sites, and this species is declining (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). On Svalbard, this species is rather common and there are no major threats, except climate warming, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats (Frisvoll and Blom 1997). In Norway and Sweden, it is known from several localities but it is considered to be uncommon. In Sweden, the subpopulations are assumed to be stable. Some immigration may occur from Norway into Sweden, but the amount of immigration is considered insignificant and the assessment is therefore not regionally adjusted. 

In northern European Russia, this species seems to be common (Ignatov et al. 2006). The overall population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28. It is estimated that there are much more than 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe in total (considered to be mature individuals and with one individual-equivalent considered as an area of 1 m2 on which the species grows). However, in the EU 28, it is estimated that there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents.","This species grows in intermediate to rich fens, typically in relatively dry parts of the fens. In Sweden, it seems to be favoured by natural disturbances occurring in the transition zones between different biotopes (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). There is no evidence of any continuing decline in habitat quality, however, the uncertainty is rather high.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is in the Red List of Finland as Vulnerable (VU) and it is assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Norway (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas in Sweden and Norway.

Research on distribution and the population status of this species is needed. Investigation is also needed to specify if there are any specific threats to this species. Records of D. angustum from Svalbard should be revised to ascertain whether they might belong to this species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Weibull, H.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Virchenko, V.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranum,leioneuron,,Dicranum leioneuron  ,Kindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Fuzzy Fork-moss (Dicranum leioneuron) is widespread in western Scandinavia, although it is not known from Iceland or Svalbard. It is rare in the Baltic countries and in European Russia, with isolated sites south to the Iberian Peninsula. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) of 6 and 7 million km2 in Europe and ca 3.5 million km2 in the EU 28. It seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its main distribution area, although some declines have been identified in several countries. The overall population size is estimated to be larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe. In the EU 28, there are probably less than 10,000 individual-equivalents, but without any continuing decline. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

The species has been affected by the ditching of mires in Finland. Afforestation and drainage could also affect bog habitats. The total distribution of this species is somewhat unclear due to confusion with other species, so some records attributed to this species could have been reported mistakenly. The material collected from the southern part of Europe should be revised to confirm the distribution of this species. Site protection of the bog habitats is also needed.",Stable,"This species has a circumpolar boreal-montane distribution with an oceanic component (L. Hedenäs pers. comm. 2017). It is widespread in western Scandinavia, although it is not known from Iceland or Svalbard. It is rare in the Baltic countries and in European Russia, with reports from isolated regions of central Europe to northern Spain (Hodgetts 2015). The species has recently been found in Russia in the Leningrad Region, Kurgalsky State Nature Sanctuary on sandy soil (Ellis et al. 2017). The total distribution of this species is somewhat unclear due to confusion with other species (Hedenäs and Bisang 2004). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in North America (BFNA 2007). This species is not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is ca 1,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 6 and 7 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 500 km2 and the EOO is ca 3.5 million km2.","This species is widespread but is scattered in north-western Europe, especially in Norway and Sweden, with isolated sites south to the Iberian Peninsula. In Finland, this species has declined due to ditching of the mire habitats for forestry purposes, but it is more stable nowadays, and is stable to declining (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017).

 It seems to be very rare in central and eastern Europe including Russia. Usually, it occurs as very small subpopulations in each site. In central Sweden, it does not seem to be declining but it can be common in certain areas (L. Hedenäs pers. comm. 2017). In Estonia, it also seems to be stable, with 21 localities currently known (K. Vellak pers. comm. 2017). In Lithuania, it is only known from one locality, but it is common in Latvia. In Finland, this species is rather common in western bogs and it appears scattered. It can be abundant in certain subpopulations, as some in Finland can contain around 200 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent). In Russia, there are a few subpopulations and it seems to be declining there (M. Ignatov pers. comm 2017). 

The overall population size is estimated to be larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents. In the EU 28, there are probably less than 10,000 individual-equivalents but there is no continuing decline there. The overall current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.

Some records attributed to this species could have been reported mistakenly.","This species grows among peat mosses in bogs and poor fens. In Scotland, it is found in a narrow strip of oligotrophic but mineral-rich mire dominated by Sphagnum auriculatum and S. papillosum, with S. capillifolium subsp. rubellum also present (Ahti et al. 1965). It was found to grow mainly on hummocks, sparsely in the hollows. Subsequent records have similarly been on Sphagnum hummocks on blanket and raised bogs, sometimes mixed with hepatics such as Odontoschisma sphagni (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). In the United Kingdom, it also occurs on heavily grazed peatland with cotton-grass and bilberry, associated with Gymnocolea inflata, Mylia anomala and Hypnum jutlandicum (Woods 2006).",The species has been affected by the ditching of mires in Finland. Afforestation and drainage could also affect bog habitats.,"This species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in the national Red List of Estonia, as 4 (DD) in Lithuania, as Data Deficient (DD) in Great Britain and as Endangered (EN) in Spain (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in at least one protected area. The material collected from the southern part of Europe should be revised to confirm the distribution of this species. Site protection of the bog habitats is also needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Köckinger, H.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Campisi, P.,Vellak, K.,Ros-Espín, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranum,majus,,Dicranum majus  ,Turner,"Dicranum majus is very similar to large forms of Dicranum scoparium and therefore often difficult to detect in the field (Moose Deutschland 2018). For discrimination from D. scoparium, see Brugués and Ruiz (2015).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Greater Fork-moss (Dicranum majus) has a Circumpolar Boreo-temperate distribution. It is present in northern, central and east Europe. It extends southwards to the Iberian, Italian and Balkan Peninsulas, and westwards to the Azores, on the island of Terceira. It is more common in northern part of its distribution area, while is often rare in central-eastern parts, where it has been included in many regional Red Lists. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, the current population trend is stable, and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Greater Fork-moss (Dicranum majus) has a Circumpolar Boreo-temperate distribution. It is present in northern, central and east Europe. It extends southwards to the Iberian, Italian and Balkan Peninsulas (Ros et al. 2013), and westwards to the Azores, on the island of Terceira. Outside of Europe it is found in the Caucasus, north and central Asia, China, Korea, Japan, North America and Greenland (Crum and Anderson 1981, Dierβen 2001, Smith 2004, Ignatov et al. 2006, Hodgetts 2015).","Although there is no quantitative data on the size of the subpopulations, this species is quite common in many European countries, and the population can therefore be considered to be large and stable.","This is a competitive perennial species. It is terricolous, acidophilous and humicolous. It grows on rocks where there is a build-up of organic material, on bark and rotting trunks in the woods, but also among boulders and on open ground, on gravel, cliffs and on heathy banks. (Cortini Pedrotti 2001, Dierβen 2001, Smith 2004, Atherton et al. 2010, Sguazzin 2010, Moose Deutschland 2018). It is found from sea level up to 3,000 m Asl. 



 

",There appear to be no major threats to this species.,No specific conservation actions are necessary. The species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.,Séneca, A.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranum,montanum,,Dicranum montanum  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The often recorded Mountain Fork-moss (Dicranum montanum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats to this species, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It is known to occur in protected areas in Europe.",Stable,"This moss is a circumboreal temperate species widely distributed in Europe, although absent from Iceland, Svalbard, Ireland and most of the Mediterranean region, and elsewhere widespread and often common in the temperate parts of Asia and North America (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at over 9.7 million km2, whilst the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at ca. 3,600 km2. The EOO and AOO for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","This is a widespread species often recorded across Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This species is usually found in woodland, typically growing on the trunks and branches of trees, especially those with relatively acid bark such as alder, birch, hawthorn and  oak, but also on ash, apple, elm and hazel, among others. It forms tufts and sometimes extended patches, often with Hypnum cupressiforme. It is also common on logs and stumps with species such as Lepidozia reptans and Lophocolea heterophylla but only rarely on sandstone and siliceous rocks (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 15-2,690 m.",There are no known threats to this species.,No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed as Data Deficient in Madeira (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas in Europe.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Natcheva, R.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranum,muehlenbeckii,,Dicranum muehlenbeckii  ,Bruch &amp; Schimp.,"Many previous records of Dicranum muehlenbeckii belong to Dicranum brevifolium (Lindb.) Lindb., Dicranum spadiceum J.E. Zetterst. and D. dispersum Engelmark.",No,VU,C2a(i),No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

In Europe, Dicranum muehlenbeckii is  distributed mostly in the mountain regions, and it is probably quite rare  throughout the range. In some countries of central Europe, the population  trend of this species is negative and its habitats are decreasing due  to grazing, trampling and acid precipitation. Climate change may also be  a possible threat to this species. In Europe and the EU 28, this species has a small population size, estimated to be around 2,500 individual-equivalents or slightly more (considered as mature individuals), and there are less than 250 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation. There is continuing decline in the number of individual-equivalents, and a continuing decline in habitat area and quality of this species. The species has therefore been assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in both Europe and the EU 28.

Further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed, particularly because many previous records belong to other species and its real range is obviously more limited than those that can be found from the literature records.



",Decreasing,"The distribution of this Holarctic species is not well studied, because many previous records in Scandinavia and north European Russia belong to other species and its real range is obviously more limited than those that can be found from the old literature records. This species is reliable known from the Carpathian Mountains, the Alps, the Sudetenland, the Pyrenees, in the mountains of the Balkan Peninsula, the Caucasus and the Southern and Middle Urals. One isolated locality was known in central Sweden.

Elsewhere, this species was found in the mountainous regions of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Siberia, the Russian Far East, China, Korea, Japan, North America and Greenland (Hedenäs and Bisang 2004, Ignatovet al. 2006, Flora of North America 2007, Sabovljević et al. 2008, Hodgetts 2015, Chien et al. 2016).

This species was excluded from the list of Estonian bryophytes due to earlier misidentification (Vellaket al. 2009). Previously published information on the findings of this species in the lowland and the northern regions of European Russia needs further study to be confirmed (E. Ignatova pers. comm. 2016).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around4.5 million km2 (based on the total area within a minimum convex polygon around all known occurrences), and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 500 km2 (based on a 2x2 km2 grid overlay on the range map). In the EU 28, the EOO of the species is estimated to be around 1.3 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 200 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 350 m and 2,300 m Asl.","In the  Southern Urals, the subpopulations of this species are small and fragmented, and are found growing in the isolated hills separated by steppe areas, where the number of  plants in each locality is less than 100 (<50 m2), and locally isolated (E. Baisheva pers.  comm. 2016). In Germany and in the Czech Republic, the population trends of this species are negative due to the loss of habitats and decreasing subpopulation size (Kučera et al. 2012, Meinunger and Schröder 2007). On the other hand, the new localities of this species was recently found in the different part of its European range (Sotiaux and Vanderpoorten 2017, Spitale 2015, Sofronova et al. 2016, etc.).

The habitats of this species are relict (M. Ignatov pers. comm. 2017) and the habitat area and quality are currently decreasing. Therefore, the current population trend of the species is also inferred to be decreasing. In European Russia, the subpopulations of this species are small and isolated, and it is probable that the dispersal activity of this species is low, as the sporophytes in the herbarium specimens are unknown (Ignatov and Ignatova 2003). The overall population size for both Europe and the EU 28 is estimated to be around 2,500 individual-equivalents or slightly more (considered as mature individuals and with 1 m2 used as a proxy for an individual-equivalent), and in each subpopulation there are less than 250 individual-equivalents.","Usually, this species grows on humus and sandy soil on calcareous or base-rich rocky substrates in dry open to semi-shaded habitats, rarely - on acidic ground and siliceous rocks. This includes on boulders and among rocks in dry grasslands, steppes, open pine and larch woodlands and rocky ledges, Rhododendron shrublands at an altitude between 350 m and 2,400 m Asl (Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Sotiaux and Vanderpoorten 2017). 



 

","In Germany, the habitat of this species has declined due to grazing and changes in the use of previously extensively cultivated mountain pastures, as well as emissions, acidic precipitation and recreational activities such as trampling (Sauer and Ahrens 2005, Meinunger and Schröder 2007).

Also, the previously known habitats of this species in Hungary are in hilly regions without agriculture or urbanization, often within protected areas. However, it seems that these low mountain areas have become drier in the last 50 years, and this species has not been found there over the past years (B. Papp pers. comm. 2017). Climate change may therefore be considered as possible threat to this species.","This species is assessed in Red List of Sweden as Regionally Extinct (RE). In Austria, it is assessed as a Category 3 species, and is assessed as a Category 2 species in Germany. In the Czech Republic, it is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR), in Poland as Rare (R), and in both Switzerland and Hungary as Data Deficient (DD) (Westling 2015, Grims and Köckinger 1999, Kučera et al. 2012, Ludwig and Schnittler 1996, Schnyder et al. 2004, Papp et al. 2010, Hodgetts 2015). However, in Romania, it has been assessed as Least Concern (LC) (Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012). Some subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Recommended conservation actions include increased habitat protection and further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is also needed.

 

 

 

 

",This species is not used or traded.,"Blockeel, T.,Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranum,polysetum,,Dicranum polysetum  ,Sw. ex anon.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Rugose Fork-moss (Dicranum polysetum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its presumably stable population trend. There are no major threats to this species at the European level, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It is known to occur in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This is a characteristic circumpolar boreal-montane forest species, widespread in northern, central and eastern Europe but rare in the Arctic, not occurring in Iceland or Svalbard; it is rare southwards to Spain (Sierra Nevada), northern Italy and Bulgaria, and is also reported from Sardinia. Elsewhere it occurs in Turkey, the Caucasus, northern Asia, Japan and North America, especially in the boreal zone (south to Colorado and North Carolina) (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) (estimated at over 8.3 million km2) and area of occupancy (AOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","This is a common species across much of Europe, and it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This is a lowland calcifuge species commonly found on the ground in woods and plantations, especially under pine and birch, often growing among heather, but also among grass or with other bryophytes such as Hypnum jutlandicum and Pleurozium schreberi. It also occurs among ericaceous shrubs on dry and wet heath, and on raised bogs. It has been found recently as a colonist of former coal tips in Yorkshire and Derbyshire (England), associated with Dicranum scoparium in young open birch woodland (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,000 m.",There are no major threats to this species at the European level.,"This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Britain (Vulnerable), Luxembourg (Vulnerable), the Netherlands (Vulnerable), Belgium (Threatened ) and Romania (Near Threatened) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in protected areas in Europe. No conservation measures are required at present.

",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.,Mazimpaka, V.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranum,schljakovii,,Dicranum schljakovii  ,Ignatova &amp; Tubanova,"This species is closely related to Dicranum spadiceum J.E. Zetterst., but can usually be distinguished from it, even visually, without the study of microscopic slides. The differences between these two species are almost solely quantitative. D. schljakovii has smaller size of plants and leaves, and a different leaf shape. It never possesses leaves that are rather abruptly tapering from ovate base to a narrow acumen which is frequently observed in plants of D. spadiceum (Ignatova et al. 2015).",No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated(NE)



Dicranum schlajakovii has been only recently described and reliable information on its distribution is lacking. Eight subpopulations are known in Europe and this species is found in the Southern and Middle Urals and from a single locality in Khibiny Mts (Kola Peninsula). While the species is only known from a few localities, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is small, estimated to be around 32 km2, there is no information on its population size. There are some local threats known; the habitat of this species in the Kola Peninsula, on Aikuyavenchorr mountain, may be disturbed due to the construction of skiing slopes. In the Urals, the possible threat is recreation activity, such as trampling. Nevertheless, there is no evidence of whether the population trend is stable, declining or increasing, and the true distribution of the species is unknown. In addition, it is not known if the threats are an important reason or not for predicting significant reduction of the population, both now and in the future. Therefore, this species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD), as both Critically Endangered (CR) and Least Concern (LC) could be plausible categories, given the uncertainty and lack of data. Further research is needed on the distribution, population size and threats to the species.

This species is not found within the EU 28 and therefore it is Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"The distribution of this species is incompletely known because it was recently described. In Europe, the species is known from the Southern and Middle Urals and from a single locality in Khibiny Mountains (Kola Peninsula). It probably has an occasional distribution in mountainous regions (Ignatova et al. 2015). In Asia, this species has been found in mountainous areas of southern Siberia, Yakutia, and the Russian Far East (including the continental part, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands) (Ignatova et al. 2015). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 630 m and 1,400 m Asl.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 480,000 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 32 km2. This species is not found within the EU 28.

","Eight subpopulations are known in Europe. The abundance, population size and trends for this species are not known, but there are current local threats to this species. However, the population size may be quite large, as Dicranum spadiceum is a widespread species, and it may be that a lot of its herbarium specimens should be referred to this species, which was more recently described.","This is a mountain species which occurs mostly in subalpine and alpine belts, and more rarely, it is found below the timberline, in open larch and birch forests. It grows on rocky substrates and fine-grained soil in various types of mountain tundra, in niches of rock-fields and on alpine meadows and mires (Ignatova et al. 2015).","The habitat of this species in the Kola Peninsula, on Aikuyavenchorr mountain, may be disturbed due to the construction of skiing slopes. In the Urals, the possible threat is recreational activity, such as trampling. However, the threats are not comprehensively known, and it is not known if the threats are important reasons for predicting significant reduction of the population of this species, both now and in the future.","The species is not included in any national Red Lists, but some known subpopulations are found in protected areas such as in the territory of Vishersky and Basegi Nature Reserves (Perm Province, Russia), the Southern Urals Nature Reserve and Iremel Nature Park (Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia). Further research into the distribution, population size, trends and threats is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Marka, J.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranum,scoparium,,Dicranum scoparium  ,Hedw.,"Dicranum scoparium is very variable and in the field can be confused mainly with D. bonjeanii and D. leioneuron. Luxuriant plants may resemble D. majus but differ in the leaves having toothed lamellae on the abaxial side of the costa (Cortini Pedrotti 2001, Smith 2004, Atherton et al. 2010).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Broom Fork-moss (Dicranum scoparium) has a Circumpolar wide-boreal distribution and is widely distributed throughout Europe including Macaronesia and European Turkey. However, it is rare or absent in the Mediterranean lowlands. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread throughout Europe, the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. No specific conservation actions are needed.",Stable,"The Broom Fork-moss (Dicranum scoparium) has a Circumpolar Wide-boreal distribution and is widely distributed throughout Europe including Macaronesia and European Turkey. However, it is rare or absent in the Mediterranean lowlands. It also occurs in temperate and boreal parts of Asia, North Africa, North and Central America, Greenland, the Andes, Australia and New Zealand (Smith 2004, Ignatov et al. 2006, Klazenga 2012, Hodgetts 2015).","Although there are no quantitative data on the size of the subpopulations, this species is common and sometimes locally abundant in many European countries. The population can therefore be considered to be large and stable.","This is a very common perennial competitive species whose general ecological characteristics can be described as acidophitic, humicolous, and saprolignicolous. It ranges from hygrophytic to mesophytic, and from cryophytic and thermophytic. It is found in a wide range of habitats and is frequently found on the ground in both coniferous and deciduous woods, but it also occurs as an epiphyte on trees and trunks, on heathlands and moors, in marshes, on sand dunes, on acid rocks and in unimproved grasslands (Dierβen 2001, Atherton et al. 2010). It is found from sea level up to 2,900 m asl.

 



",There appear to be no major threats to this species.,No conservation measures are needed at present. The species occurs in protected areas. It has been assessed as Vulnerable in the Canary Islands.,This is one of the most commonly used mosses by landscape design groups for the design of stone gardens (Moss Stone Gardens 2018).,"Cálix, M.,Hedenäs, L.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranum,scottianum,,Dicranum scottianum  ,Turner ex R.Scott,Dicranum canariense is now considered a synonym of Dicranum scottianum (A. Vanderpoorten pers. comm. 2017).,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Scott's Fork-moss (Dicranum scottianum) is a hyperoceanic southern-temperate species confined to northwestern Europe from the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands, to southern Norway and Sweden. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, and even though the current population trend is unknown, it may be at least stable since there is no evidence of decline. The species is not under threat in the core part of its range, in the British Isles, where it is frequent in oceanic areas. Thus, the species does not approach the thresholds for a threatened Category under any Criteria. No conservation measures are required at present.",Unknown,"Scott's Fork-moss (Dicranum scottianum) is a hyperoceanic southern-temperate species confined to northwestern Europe from the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands, to southern Norway and Sweden. Unconfirmed reports from Romania and Slovenia seem highly improbable. It is not known outside Europe (Blockeel et al. 2014). D. canariense is now considered to be synonymous with D. scottianum (A. Vanderpoorten pers. comm. 2017). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at ca 3,500 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 6 million km².","The population and population trends of this species are not well known, but the current trend may well be at least stable. There is no evidence of decline, and it is not clear whether the lack of recent records from northeastern England represent a real decline in that area (Blockeel et al. 2014). It is apparently stable in the core parts of its range.

","This moss is largely confined to dry, acid, near-vertical rock faces of boulders and cliffs. It occurs in humid sheltered sites by the sea such as the boulders and cliffs of raised beaches, in light birch and hazel woodland, in ravines, and on open hillsides with a northerly or sheltered aspect. The species is mostly found as an epiphyte in the Canary Islands. In southeastern England it grows on sandstone rocks, but elsewhere it is found on a wide variety of harder rock types including granite, andesite and Lewisian gneiss. It is often associated with other western species such as Bazzania trilobata, Lepidozia cupressina and Scapania gracilis. Other associates include Barbilophozia attenuata, Frullania tamarisci and Isothecium myosuroides (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 450 m Asl.



The species is dioicous; capsules are moderately frequent, mature in summer.",There are no known widespread threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. It is known to occur in protected areas and has been assessed as Vulnerable in Spain and Sweden (Hodgetts 2015).

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Ignatov, M.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Lönnell, N., Rothero, G. & Vanderpoorten, A.","Bell, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranum,septentrionale,,Dicranum septentrionale  ,Tubanova &amp; Ignatova,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) 

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Dicranum septentrionale probably has a wide distribution in northern Eurasia, being apparently rare in most regions. The distribution of this species is not sufficiently studied because it was recently described, but in Europe and the EU 28, this species has a small area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be around 52 km2and 28 km2 respectively, and that it is found at 11 locations due to the main threat of habitat loss due to timber harvesting, mining and recreational activity. According to available data, it is rare and severely fragmented. Since the species was so recently described, the abundance, population size and trends of this species are not known. This species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened in both Europe and the EU 28, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

Recommended conservation actions include increased habitat protection and further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is also needed.",Unknown,"The distribution of this boreo-montane species is not well studied because it was quite recently described (Tubanova et al. 2010). In Europe it is known from Austria, Sweden, the Åland Islands, north European Russia (Murmansk and Arkhangelsk Provinces, Republic of Karelia) and the Southern Urals.

It probably has a wide distribution in northern Eurasia, being apparently rare in most regions, except for Kamchatka. It occurs in subarctic areas (Chukotka, the Putorana Plateau, the Polar Urals, and the Khibiny mountains.), as well as southwards to Primorsky Territory, north of Irkutsk Province, and mostly in the mountains of the South Urals (Tubanovaet al. 2010; Lang et al. 2014, 2015).

In Europe, extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 3.5 million km2 (based on total area within a minimum convex polygon around all known occurrences), and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 52 km2 (based on a 2x2 km grid overlay on the range map). In the EU 28 region, its EOO is estimated to be around 550,000 km2, and AOO is estimated to be around 28 km2. The species is estimated to occur at 11 locations, due to the main threat of habitat loss due to timber harvesting, mining and recreational activity. The altitudinal range of the species is between 20 m and 1,300 m Asl.","Eleven subpopulations of this species are known in Europe. The subpopulations are isolated, and the species probably has low dispersal abilities, because most of herbarium specimens were without sporophytes (Tubanova et al. 2010). It is therefore considered severely fragmented, as the subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced possibility of recolonisation. Since the species was so recently described, the abundance, population size and trends of this species are not known.","This species occurs in mountains from foothills to peaks, more rarely in lowland areas with numerous rock outcrops. It grows on soil and rocks in birch, pine and pine-larch forests, rarely in spruce forests, and in different types of mountain tundra (Tubanova et al. 2010). There is no evidence of a continuing decline in habitat for the overall European population of this species.","The possible threats to this species include timber harvest, development of mining deposits and recreational activities. In the Kola Peninsula, on Kukisvumchorr mountains, the habitat of this species was probably disturbed due to the construction of skiing slopes (the examined specimens cited by Tubanova et al. 2010 were collected in 1930, currently this habitat is within a recreational area). 

","This species is not included in any regional Red Lists, but some subpopulations have been found within the protected territory of Bashkirskij Nature Reserve and Kandalakshskij Nature Reserve in Russia. Recommended conservation actions include increased habitat protection and further  research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is also needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.,Blockeel, T.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranum,spadiceum,,Dicranum spadiceum  ,J.E.Zetterst.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Dicranum spadiceum mostly occurs in the mountains of northern and central Europe. It is fairly common in certain parts of the Scandes. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) but a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,000 and 2,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 12 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 500 and 600 km2 and the EOO is ca 3.5 million km2. However, this species is probably somewhat overlooked. It seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area in Europe and EU 28. In addition, there are no evident threats known to the species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28. 

No conservation action is needed at present.",Stable,"This is an arctic-alpine species which occurs in the mountains of northern and central Europe (the Scandes, the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Tatras, the Carpathians, the Urals and the Caucasus). This species is also reported from Iceland, Svalbard, northern Russia and Scotland (Hodgetts 2015). 

Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North America, and Asia (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,000 and 2,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 12 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 500 and 600 km2 and the EOO is ca 3.5 million km2.","This species is probably somewhat overlooked. It is fairly common in certain parts of the Scandes. There is no indication of any decline, and so the current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows on relatively calcium-rich alpine heaths, and also sometimes on boulders in the sub-alpine or low-alpine zones, or on decaying wood (Hallingbäck et al. 2006).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.",It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected area. No conservation action is needed at present.,The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hassel, K.","Hallingbäck, T","Afonina, O.,Lönnell, N.,Blom, H.,Schröck, C.,Goldberg, I.,Hodgetts, N.,Vellak, K.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranum,spurium,,Dicranum spurium  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Rusty fork-moss (Dicranum spurium) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution in boreal areas, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its more or less overall stable population trend. Although this species is not very common, there are no major threats to it at the European level, and there is no indication of a decline in the habitat across Europe. This species is known to occur in protected areas across its range in Europe.

",Stable,"This European boreal-montane moss is abundant in the boreal zone, especially in Fennoscandia and northern Russia, but rare in the west and absent from Ireland, Iceland and Svalbard; it is much rarer southwards, reaching northern Spain, the Alps and the Balkan mountains. Elsewhere it occurs in the western Himalayas and  eastern North America (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) (estimated at ca. 8 million km2) and area of occupancy (AOO) (estimated at 2,204 km2) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","This is a widespread species of moss across much of Europe, and although it is not very common and reported as declining in some areas (e.g. Great Britain, according to Atherton et al. 2010), it is considered to have a stable population trend.","The habitats of this species are varied and include dry, open pine forest in boreal regions, wet and dry heathland, and on humus in siliceous block scree. It often occurs in association with Calluna vulgaris but usually where the heath canopy is rather open and often where there are patches of bare peaty soil. Common associates include Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Diplophyllum albicans, Dicranum scoparium, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum jutlandicum, Pohlia nutans, Cladonia spp. (Blockeel et al. 2014, Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,350 m.",There are no major threats to the species at the European level. There is no indication of a decline in this species habitat.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Spain (Endangered), Luxembourg (Endangered), the Netherlands (Endangered), Romania (Endangered), Lithuania (Vulnerable), Britain (Vulnerable), Germany (Vulnerable), Slovakia (Vulnerable), Switzerland (Vulnerable), Hungary (Vulnerable) and Montenegro (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in protected areas, such as Drawa National Park in Poland.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Natcheva, R.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranum,tauricum,,Dicranum tauricum  ,Sapjegin,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Fragile fork-moss (Dicranum tauricum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and an overall increasing population trend. In fact, it appears to be spreading in Europe, such as in Britain, Germany and central Europe, and is now widespread towards the east, reaching European Russia. There are no known threats to this species, and thus no conservation measures are required at present. This species has been found in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Increasing,"This European temperate species is widespread in Europe, north to Iceland and Svalbard, but is mainly western and southern in Fennoscandia, extending south to the mountains of the Mediterranean region, to southern Portugal, Corsica, southern Italy and northern Greece. Elsewhere it occurs in North Africa (Algeria), Turkey, the Caucasus, the Russian Far East and western North America (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) (estimated at ca. 8.6 million km2)and area of occupancy (AOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","

This is a widespread species across much of Europe, where it is considered to have an overall increasing population trend. It has spread markedly during the 20th century, at least in some areas, notably Britain (Atherton et al. 2010) and Germany (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). It has also expanded its range recently in central Europe and is now widespread  towards the east, reaching European Russia.","This is a calcifuge and mainly epiphytic moss, typically occurring on the trunks of larger trees, rarely on twigs and small branches, and usually in light to moderate shade. Unlike many epiphytic bryophytes, it is most common on the acid bark of trees such as birch and alder, though it is recorded on wide range of other species including ash, beech, elder, hawthorn and oak. It is also widespread on the decaying wood of stumps, logs and fallen branches in woodland, and more rarely on sheltered siliceous rocks. Frequent associates include Lepidozia reptans, Lophocolea heterophylla, Dicranoweisia cirrata, Hypnum andoi and H. cupressiforme (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 5-2,630 m.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Romania (Vulnerable), Finland (Near Threatened), Austria (Risk Assumed) and Slovakia (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). This species has been found in protected areas across Europe, such as Pripyatskiy National Park in Belarus.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Natcheva, R.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranum,transsylvanicum,,Dicranum transsylvanicum  ,Lüth,,No,CR,D,No,CR,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

Dicranum transsylvanicum is assessed as Critically Endangered in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its small population size, which is estimated at less than 50 individual equivalents. However, this species has only been recently described and is difficult to find and to identify in the field. It is probably rare and is also possibly under recorded. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both estimated at just 4 km2. 

Further research and surveys are needed to clarify its population size and trends and whether the species is present in Switzerland. Ex-situ conservation measures are recommended for this species. It is not found in any protected areas, which is unfortunate, as forestry may threaten this species, particularly in Romania.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is found in Switzerland and Romania (Lüth 2002, Bergamini et al. 2007). The locality in Switzerland needs to be confirmed (M. Lüth pers. comm. 2017). Although it has not been searched for, it has nonetheless never been found again in Romania since it was described in 2002. The species is difficult to find and to identify in the field. However there is a new locality for it, with a large subpopulation, found in the Lake Baikal region of Russia (M. Lüth pers. comm. 2017). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for this species in Europe is estimated at just 4 km2.","Although there is no information on the population structure and trends of this species, the population size is estimated to be smaller than 50 individual equivalents (one individual equivalent is considered as one square metre). The subpopulation in Romania is small and no sporophytes have been found on this species.","This species grows on rocky slopes in forests dominated by beech (Fagus sylvatica), spruce (Picea abies) and fir (Abies alba). It is found growing on spruce needle litter between limestone boulders (Lüth 2002).","The threats to this species are unknown, although it may be affected by forestry in Romania (M. Lüth pers. comm. 2017). As it is a relatively recent discovery, it is unknown whether there is continuing decline in the population or habitat of this species.",This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Romania (Critically Endangered) and Switzerland (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). Ex-situ conservation measures are recommended for this species. Research into its population size and trends and whether it is present in Switzerland is needed. It is not found in any protected areas.,"This species is not utilised or traded.

","Laaka-Lindberg, S.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M.","Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranum,undulatum,,Dicranum undulatum  ,Schrad. ex Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Bog Fork-moss (Dicranum undulatum) is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane species with its distribution centred in central and northern Europe; it is rare or absent in much of the west and south, extending south to the Pyrenees, Alps, Balkan mountains and southern Urals. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it has undoubtedly declined and its habitat is generally threatened, it is still too widespread and frequent  - especially in northern Europe. The species is therefore still not close to meeting any of the thresholds for a threatened Category, but it may become threatened in the near future if its habitat continues to decline. The main conservation action is the protection of large areas of undisturbed bog where this species can thrive.",Decreasing,"The Bog Fork-moss (Dicranum undulatum) is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane species with its distribution centred in central and northern Europe; it is rare or absent in much of the west and south, extending south to the Pyrenees, Alps, Balkan mountains and southern Urals. It has been rediscovered in Ireland, although still listed there as Regionally Extinct. It has disappeared from Spain. Elsewhere it occurs in the Caucasus, Armenia, widely across northern Asia to China and Japan, North America (south to North Carolina), and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at ca 3,100 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 8.2 million km².","This species has declined over much of its range owing to destruction and degradation of its bog habitat. It is still relatively plentiful in the north, but its habitat is more or less threatened throughout Europe. Extant subpopulations are often rather small but show few signs of decline if left undisturbed (Blockeel et al. 2014). Subfossil records of this species indicate that  it was formerly more widespread than at present. The population is not severely fragmented and there are more than 10,000 mature individuals. There has been a decline but not enough to qualify for one of the threatened Categories.","This moss is confined to bogs and bog woodland, occurring on deep acid peat, and less often on acid 'islands' in calcareous flushes. It usually forms hummocks amongst heather and Sphagnum spp. or on mounds on higher ground within flushes. In the north it also grows in pine heaths. Recorded associates include Calluna vulgaris, Sphagnum capillifolium and S. papillosum, which may be abundant; others include Erica tetralix, Eriophorum vaginatum, Mylia anomala, Odontoschisma sphagni, Aulacomnium palustre, Hypnum jutlandicum, Pleurozium schreberi and Cladonia portentosa. In flushed mires associates may be more calcicolous, including Carex demissa and C. flacca, but sometimes also with hummocks of S. fuscum. (Hallingbäck et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 2,200 m Asl.



It is dioicous, with minute male plants; capsules are occasional, mature in summer.","Subpopulations have been lost due to destruction of bogs through drainage and afforestation (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Lockhart et al. 2012). The decline is ongoing, and if it continues, the species may become Near Threatened or even threatened, in the near future.","The main conservation action is the protection of large areas of undisturbed bog where this species can thrive. Subpopulations in areas where the species is rare should be monitored. It has been assessed as Endangered in Bulgaria, Poland and Slovenia, and as Vulnerable in the UK. It is considered Regionally Extinct in Spain and Ireland, but it was recently rediscovered in the latter country. It is also assessed as Near Threatened in Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.","This species is not utilised or traded. However, it grows in a habitat that is subject to commercial exploitation.

","Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Ignatov, M.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C., Untereiner, A. & Vanderpoorten, A.","Bell, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Dicranum,viride,,Dicranum viride  ,(Sull. &amp; Lesq.) Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Dicranum viride has a wide distribution in Europe, especially in central Europe (Alps, Carpathians and other mountain ranges), where it is often abundant.On the basis of the assessments of the national Red Lists and the Article 17 report (EU Habitats Directive), it is declining in large parts of Europe. However, no timescale can be put on this decline, and the distribution area and the population size are still clearly above the threshold values for any threatened Category. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.

Recent studies show that at least the majority of the subpopulations are comparatively small, often consisting only of a few host trees. However, some subpopulations are relatively large, with hundreds of host trees (at the best localities). It has a small ecological niche. It is a predominantly epiphytic moss that requires mesophytic forests with high and constant humidity and also constant temperature.This species colonises different species of deciduous trees and only rarely conifers. Thus the biggest threat to this species is forestry, especially the formation of spruce monocultures, changes in the cool-humid forest climate caused by clear-cuts or the extension of the forest road network. A big problem is the shortening of rotation periods. This species needs mainly older, larger trees in order to build up subpopulations, and these are becoming increasingly rare. The effects of air pollution or nitrogen deposition, which can lead to competition by Brachythecium spp., are unclear. Research on exact population sizes and threats is urgently needed. It is important that forest continuity is ensured. This species needs old trees and the rotation period is crucial for the establishment of stable subpopulations. Heterogeneous, more naturally structured forests offer much better habitat possibilities than monotonous forests of the same age. Some of these commercial forests should be taken out of use, as this ensures a spatial and temporal continuity of habitat. This species is found in protected areas, affording it some protection from these threats. Further site protection and management are recommended conservation measures.",Decreasing,"This species is widely distributed in Europe, especially in central Europe (Alps, Carpathians and other mountain ranges), where it is widespread and abundant. More rarely it occurs in the Pyrenees, Scandinavia, Baltic States and European Russia (except in the southern Ural Mountains), where this species is also comparatively widespread (Baisheva et al. 2013). It can be found growing at elevations between 300 - 1,200 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence is 700,000 km². This species has its main global distribution centre in Europe. Outside of Europe, it is known from eastern North America and from a single  locality in Asian Russia (Kemerovo Province). According to Ignatova and Fedosov (2008), the data from western North America, China, Japan  and South Korea are doubtful.","The population trend is unclear, but seems to be decreasing. The population size is far above 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one tree on which the species grows. Very large subpopulations with many individual-equivalents were estimated in the past. However, recent studies show that at least the majority of the subpopulations are comparatively small, often consisting only of a few host trees. However, some subpopulations are relatively large, with hundreds of host trees (at the best localities).","This species has a small ecological niche. It is a predominantly epiphytic moss that requires mesophytic forests with high and constant humidity and also constant temperature (e.g., Baisheva et al. 2013, Schröck et al. 2013, 2014, Köckinger and Schröck 2017, Sauer and Preußing 2003). For this reason, topography of habitats is also important. This species colonises different species of deciduous trees (for example, Acer, Alnus, Carpinus, Fagus, Fraxinus, Quercus, Tilia and Ulmus) and only rarely conifers. Preference is given to the base of curved tree trunks. Larger subpopulations are also formed on dead wood. Subpopulations on rocks, especially sandstone, are also documented in large parts of Europe. In some parts of Europe the distinction from Dicranum fulvum, D. tauricum and more rarely D. fragilifolium is difficult (especially when these species occur at the same site).","The biggest threat to this species is forestry, especially the formation of spruce monocultures, changes in the cool-humid forest climate caused by clear-cuts or the extension of the forest road network. A big problem is the shortening of rotation periods. This species needs mainly older, larger trees in order to build up subpopulations, and these are becoming increasingly rare. The effects of air pollution or nitrogen deposition, which can lead to competition by Brachythecium spp., are unclear. This species is a dioicous species, which rarely develops sporophytes. In the recent past, sporophytes have been documented at least from Austria and Poland, but they have always been rare. Long-distance dispersal is therefore presumably limited, and dispersal is performed mainly vegetatively by leaf fragments. As a result, this species often shows a clumped distribution in the forests where it occurs.","The species is included on the Appendix I of the Bern Convention and on Annex 2 of the Habitats Directive and is also included in several national Red Lists. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Lithuania, as Endangered in Finland, Sweden, Slovakia, Bulgaria and Romania, as Vulnerable in Spain, Austria, Hungary, Montenegro, Serbia, Belarus and Latvia, as Near Threatened in Norway, Czech Republic, Germany, Luxembourg and Estonia, as threatened without more detailed specification in Belgium, and as Data Deficient in Italy (Hodgetts 2015). Research on exact population sizes and threats is urgently needed. It is important that forest continuity is ensured. This species needs old trees and the rotation period is crucial for the establishment of stable subpopulations. Heterogeneous, more naturally structured forests offer much better habitat possibilities than monotonous forests of the same age. Some of these commercial forests should be taken out of use, as this ensures a spatial and temporal continuity of habitat. It is found in protected areas. Further site protection and management are recommended conservation measures for this species.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Cronberg, N.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.","Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Didymodon,acutus,,Didymodon acutus  ,(Brid.) K.Saito,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Pointed Beard-moss (Didymodon acutus) is a very poorly-known species. Its distribution is believed to be cosmopolitan, but its real distribution seems to be restricted to central and southern Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a very large and stable population and there are no significant threats at the European scale.",Stable,"The Pointed Beard-moss (Didymodon acutus) is a very poorly-known species. Its distribution is believed to be cosmopolitan, but its real distribution seems to be restricted to central and southern Europe, as well as the Near East and Middle East. In Europe, it is a Mediterranean species that extends northwards to scattered localities in central and northern Europe (Hill et al. 2006, Hodgetts 2015). In the east, it is present in Moldova and Ukraine.","The overall population size is large and the current population trend is stable. However, there could be localized declines.","This species is found on base-rich soil in open landscapes, from pastures and meadows to rocky slopes, steppe and loess cliffs. It is also found in secondary habitats such as roadsides. It always grows on soil. It may also occur in fixed dunes, and rarely on ledges and banks of shallow soil overlying base-rich rock  in the mountains (Dierssen 2001, Atherton et al. 2010). It is found from sea level up to 1,000 m Asl.","Local threats to this species include encroachment of trees, cessation of grazing, or direct habitat destruction through urbanisation. However, at the European scale the population is not significantly affected by these threats.","More research on the distribution of this species is needed, since there are many records that are doubtful or incorrect, and its distribution has been probably overestimated. In fact, the species has morphological characteristics very similar to those of other species of the same genus. It is has been recorded in protected areas.",There is no use or trade information for this species.,"Segarra-Moragues, J.,Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.","Cogoni, A., Campisi, P., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J. & Lara, F.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Didymodon,asperifolius,,Didymodon asperifolius  ,"(Mitt.) H.A. Crum, Steere &amp; L.E. Anderson",,No,NT,"B2ab(iii,v); D1",No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Didymodon asperifolius is found in the Alps, the Carpathians and northern Europe. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) in both Europe (ca 10 million km2) and the EU 28 (between 2 and 3 million km2). However, the area of occupancy (AOO) is more restricted - between 500 and 600 km2 in Europe and between 100 and 200 km2 in the EU 28. This species is also severely fragmented but the current population trend is considered to be unknown. The number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe is estimated to be between 1,000 and 2,000, and therefore this species is assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criteria B and D. In the EU 28, there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents, and so this species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU). 

This species is considered threatened in several countries, including Sweden, Spain and Romania, and there may be local future declines in Norway, as a result of overgrowth, due to termination of pasture and a warmer climate in the mountains which lifts the upper forest boundaries. Protection of its sites is needed, at least within the EU 28 region. Also, research on distribution, status and monitoring is needed.",Unknown,"This is an arctic-alpine species found in the Alps, the Carpathians and northern Europe (Hodgetts 2015). In Fennoscandia, this species has a western distribution restricted to Norway, Sweden and Iceland (Hallingbäck et al. 2008). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 10 m to 3,300 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North America and Asia (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 500 and 600 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is estimated to be between 100 and 200 km2 and the EOO is between 2 and 3 million km2.","This species is found in central mountain regions of southern Norway, and from a number of localities in lime rich areas in northern Norway where the species is primarily collected at shores and other rock close to the sea. During field work in Jotunheimen (Norway) in the 1980s several large subpopulations were observed in low alpine zones, and it was assumed that the species was relatively common there. Later studies in the region have shown that the species occurs relatively widespread in this area (Hassel et al. 2015). However, in other parts of Europe the species seems to be truly very rare. For example in Sweden, it is known only from two sites. The latest Swedish record is from 1955, and very little is known about the ecology of the species in Sweden. It has been searched for at both sites without result.

The number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe is estimated to be between 1,000 and 2,000 (using 1 m2 as proxy for one individual-equivalent). In the EU 28, the population size is less than 1,000 individual-equivalents.

There are no significant population changes for the time being, however, in Norway the sites are also threatened by overgrowth. It is uncertain to what extent this will affect the subpopulation sizes, but it is estimated that there may be a decline in the near future. Since this species has a fragmented distribution and it never occurs with sporophytes, it is assumed that it probably is severely fragmented. However, the overall current population trend is considered to be stable.","This species grows in moist, calcareous rock crevices and among boulders in exposed situations. In Norway and Iceland, this species occurs both in alpine habitats and near the coast, all the way down to the sea-shore where it grows on cliffs in sheltered bays (Hallingbäck et al. 2008). The habitat for this species in Norway is similar to that of Hypnum procerrimum.","The main potential threat factor is overgrowth, as a result of termination of pasture and a warmer climate in the mountains which lifts the upper forest boundaries.","This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) in both Italy and Germany, as Endangered (EN) in Sweden and Romania, as Vulnerable (VU) in Spain, Slovakia and Switzerland and as Indeterminate (I) in Poland (Hodgetts 2015).

  It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected areas in Europe. Protection of its sites is needed, at least within the EU 28 region. Also, research on distribution, status and monitoring is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Stebel, A.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T","Damerell, P.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Didymodon,australasiae,,Didymodon australasiae  ,(Hook. &amp; Grev.) R.H. Zander,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Didymodon australasiae occurs on all continents, including Europe, and is apparently widespread in the Mediterranean region. Based on currently available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be more than 5.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 416 km2. The current population trend is considered to be stable in Europe, and may even be increasing in some areas. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

This species grows in different substrates, mainly in bare soil with some disturbance. However the excessive land use, changes in biotic and habitat conditions and fires can be threats. Since it is not threatened, it does not require special conservation actions. However, maintenance of habitats, even with more or less eutrophication in humanized areas, would benefit this species. Monitoring the species is important, as it may be in expansion.",Stable,"This species occurs on all continents, and is found across Europe, Africa, America, south-west and central Asia, Australia, New Zealand (Jimenez et al. 2005) and has recently indicated as occurring in Russia (Afonina et al. 2013).

In Europe, this species is recorded, from Macaronesia, including Madeira and the Canary Islands (Jimenez et al. 2005, González-Mancebo et al. 2008), Belgium (Sotiaux et al. 2007), the Iberian Peninsula (one locality in Portugal) (Sérgio and Pistoor 2007), Spain (Jimenez et al. 2005, Cano et al. 2010), France (Skrzypczak 2005), Italy (Aleffi et al. 2008) and Greece (Sabovljević et al. 2008). This species is apparently widespread in the Mediterranean region (Ros et al. 2013).

Based on currently available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be more than 5.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 416 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 10 m Asl (sea-level exceptionally) to around 1,350 m Asl in Madeira and in Spain. Sierra Nevada is perhaps the region with most altitudinal variation for the species.","Little is known about the subpopulations of this species, but it is not considered to be threatened in the majority of countries. The current population trend is considered to be stable in Europe, and may even be increasing in some areas. Recent targeted surveying in Portugal and Spain has revealed that this species is frequent over much of the south of the Iberian Peninsula, and it is more scattered in the Canary Islands and in Madeira.

In Macaronesia, this species is also frequent in Cape Verde with new localities in two islands (C. Sérgio pers. obs. 2017).","In mainland Europe, this species appears to be more restricted in its habitat breadth, noted mostly from soil ledges and rocks fissures along footpath, but it may be overlooked elsewhere. It forms part of the soil diaspore bank, and above-ground gametophytes fragments may not be indicative of the amount of rhizoidal tubers in the soil.

The plants are always sterile, possibly dioecious however with propaguliferous structures in rizoides.","This species grows in different substrates, mainly in bare soil with some disturbance. However the excessive land use, changes in biotic and habitat conditions and fires can be threats, although the species can be in expansion in some anthropogenic regions.","This species is not considered to be threatened in many European countries, including Spain (Gariletti and Albertos 2012) but it is considered to be Data Deficient (DD) in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013), as well as in Madeira (Sim-Sim et al. 2014).

Since it is not threatened, it does not require special conservation actions. However, maintenance of habitats, even with more or less eutrophication in humanized areas, would benefit this species. Monitoring the species is important, as it may be in expansion. It is reported in protected areas as in Canary Islands in La Gomera, Parque Nacional de Garajonay and in Madeira Island in Parque Natural da Madeira.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hugonnot, V.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Didymodon,bistratosus,,Didymodon bistratosus  ,Hébr. &amp; R.B. Pierrot,"This species was originally described by Hebrard and Pierrot (1994) based on sterile material from the south of the Iberian Peninsula (Province of Malaga, Spain). Four years later, this species was found fertile in several places in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 1998).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Didymodon bistratosus occurs in very restricted areas in Spain, Portugal and France in Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 361,400 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be aroudn 152 km2. The total extent of this species is unknown but it is not rare across its total range. The current population trend for this species in Europe is considered to be stable. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

However, there are threats to this species which include climatic changes, forest fires intensification, the impact of touristic activities and exotic species invasions. More information is needed on the overall population size and trends, as well as threats to the species, but its habitat should be protected.",Stable,"This species a member of a Mediterranean-Atlantic element, that is localized in the Iberian Peninsula and France. 

This species was originally described by Hebrard and Pierrot (1994) based on sterile material from the south of the Iberian Peninsula (Province of Malaga, Spain). Four years later, this species was found fertile in several places in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 1998), as well as in new areas of Spain (Jiménez 2008). The species was also found in southeastern (Asian) Turkey (Erdağ and Kürschner 2005), southern France in Le Lavandou, Var (Skrzypczak 2009), and more recently in California (Zander et al. 2005, Jiménez 2006). In Portugal and Spain, it is confined to granitic areas of northern to southern regions and seems not to be rare, since it has recently been rediscovered in several new localities. 

Based on the most recent available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 361,400 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 152 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 100 m to around 700 m Asl.","The total extent of this species is unknown but it is not rare across its total range; it is uncommon in Spain but relatively frequent in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013) and possibly occasional in France, as it has only been found restricted to a valley in southern France in Var.

The current population trend for this species in Europe is considered to be stable.","This species has been found in rocks of watercourses and margins, both in shaded and exposed conditions. It is a species that never develops in flooded rocks, but can exist linked to water lines or humid depressions. It mainly grows in granitic areas but can also be found in other substrates.","In all sites of occurrence, the threats to this species include anthropogenic pressures with fire influence and intrusive species. Additional threats include the future decline caused by the expected changes in environmental dryness.","In last Spanish national Red List, this species was recorded as Vulnerable (VU) (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012). It is also assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013), where a major proportion of its subpopulations are found.

Some Portuguese localities are strictly protected as in natural areas “Parque Natural da Serra de São Mamede, Parque Natural do Douro Internacional, Parque Natural do Vale do Guadiana, and Natura Sites of Malcata, Moura/Barrancos"".

More information is needed on the overall population size and trends, as well as threats to the species, but its habitat should be protected.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Ingerpuu, N.,Hodgetts, N.","Sergio, C. & Garcia, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Didymodon,brachyphyllus,,Didymodon brachyphyllus  ,(Sull.) R.H. Zander,"D. lamyanus is now considered a synonym of D. brachyphyllus (Afonina et al. 2010, N. Hodgetts pers. comm. 2017).",No,EN,D,No,CR,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

Didymodon brachyphyllus has a very fragmented distribution in Europe, and is only known from Iceland, France and the Canary Islands. It is a very rare species only known from a few sites. The current population trend is unknown, in both Europe and the EU 28. However, there are only between 100 and 200 individual-equivalents (considered square meter as mature individuals) are known in Europe. Therefore, this species is assessed as Endangered in Europe and Critically Endangered in the EU 28.

The threats to this species are unknown. Further research is therefore needed into the distribution, population size and trends, as well as into the threats to this species.",Unknown,"This species has a very fragmented distribution and is found in Europe from Iceland (Mogensen and Zander 1999), France (Werner et al. 2005) and the Canary Islands (La Palma, G. Dirkse pers. comm. 2017). Outside of Europe, this species is widespread in North America and eastern Siberia (Afonina et al. 2010).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 50 and 100 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 0.6 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is at least 16 km2 and the EOO is ca 100,000 km2.","This is a very rare species only known from a few sites in Europe. On Iceland, eight sites are known, on La Palma it was found at two localities (G. Dirkse pers. comm. 2017) and in France, two old sites are known (Werner et al. 2005). The number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) at each site is probably low - around 10 at each site (using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent) and the number of known sites is between 10 and 20, which gives a total population size of between 100 and 200 individual-equivalents in Europe. The population size within the EU 28 is less than 50 individual-equivalents. 

The current population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28, although there is no indication of any decline.","This species grows on wet cliffs and basic soil, for example along rivulets road sides, lake shores and other periodically wet places (Hallingbäck et al. 2008).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"It is unknown if this species occurs in any protected area. Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trends, as well as into the threats to this species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Vellak, K.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T","Ştefănuţ, S.,Sabovljevic, M.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Didymodon,cordatus,,Didymodon cordatus  ,Jur.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Cordate Beard-moss (Didymodon cordatus) is a European southern-temperate species, which occurs in central and southern Europe, north to southwestern England, the Netherlands and Poland, and east to Crimea. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is a colonist species that seems to form new stands fairly readily, and there is no significant indication of overall decline. On the other hand, it has a restricted geographic range and there is evidence that it may have disappeared from some areas. Its overall population size is estimated to be larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents, it is probably under-recorded, and gemmae may be abundant. The spread of other vegetation can threaten individual colonies through overshading. Sites on old walls are often destroyed. No conservation action is necessary at present, but monitoring of some subpopulations, especially larger ones and those near the edge of its range, is recommended.",Stable,"The Cordate Beard-moss (Didymodon cordatus) is a European southern-temperate species, which occurs in central and southern Europe, north to southwestern England, the Netherlands and Poland, and east to Crimea. It is absent from most of the Mediterranean islands. Elsewhere it occurs in the Caucasus, Tajikistan, southwestern Asia, southern Siberia, the Russian Far East, and North America (Colorado) (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 600 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3.4 million km². These estimates are likely to be very inaccurate because of lack of information about some parts of its distribution.","The species occurs almost always only in small stands. It hasthe ability to colonise new sites, in  particular steep embankments and rocks by roads and railways, as  well as old, abandoned quarries.There may be some decline but if so, it is not very pronounced (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). In Hungary there are several records from loess cliffs and roadsides and it has large subpopulations, where it seems to be stable (B. Papp pers. comm. 2017). There seems to be no decline in the Alps either. Its population size is larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents and its population is not fragmented. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows.","This is a plant of open, calcareous soil on mostly southeast-facing, rocky  slopes and walls, often on steep banks by roads and paths, and often on  loess.Characteristic associates include species of Aloina,  Crossidium, Pterygoneurum, Pottia and Didymodon, as well as  Tortula muralis, Orthotrichum anomalum and Grimmia pulvinata. Atypically, at its single British site, it grows on soil derived from soft sandstone rock (Greensand),partially stabilised by crustose lichens, on a south-facing sea cliff and in smaller quantity where the same rock outcrops on a nearby roadside bank (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitude range is from 20 m up to 1,600 m Asl. It can grow on secondary habitats. 



It is dioicous. Axillary gemmae are abundant in nature, and gemmae are produced on the protonema in culture.

",The spread of other vegetation can threaten individual colonies through overshading. Sites on old walls are often destroyed.,"This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Britain and Luxembourg, as Endangered in Austria, Slovakia and Romania, as Vulnerable in Germany, Czech Republic, Switzerland and Bulgaria, and as Data Deficient in Sicily (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. No conservation action is necessary at present, but monitoring of some subpopulations, especially larger ones and those near the edge of its range, is recommended.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Stebel, A.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Didymodon,eckeliae,,Didymodon eckeliae  ,R.H. Zander,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Didymodon eckeliae is found in Europe, in the central, northern and eastern part of the Iberian Peninsula and is found in Spain and Portugal. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 295,347 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 200 km2. Subpopulations may occur in some quantity, but sometimes it is locally rare. The current population trend is considered to be increasing in Europe. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

Excessive land use, changes in biotic and habitat conditions, fires and predicted climate change may pose some threat to this species. However, at present, this species does not need special conservation action in Europe. In addition, monitoring of habitat and population trends is recommended.",Increasing,"This species was initially considered to be endemic to California, but was later found in British Columbia (Zander 2001, 2007), and subsequently reported for the first time outside America in Alicante, Spain (Puche et al. 2006a). Afterwards, it was also reported from Guadalajara (Puche et al. 2006b) and Madrid (Guerra et al. 2010). More recently, this species has been found in new areas in Spain and, for the first time, in the eastern part of Portugal in four provinces (Garcia et al. in Ellis et al. 2014). So, in Europe, this species grows in the central, northern and eastern part of the Iberian Peninsula from Murcia (Cano et al. 2010) to Sintra in western part of Portugal (Cacciatori et al. 2015). After revising all recent collections in the LISU herbarium, this species appears to be frequent in the Portuguese flora and more widely distributed. In Portugal and Spain, this species is now known from about 30 squares (Universal Transverse Mercator UTM - 10 by 10 km) (Puche et al. 2018).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 295,347 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 200 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 10 m to 1,300 m Asl.","This species has typical Mediterranean and continental influences. It forms loose patches and the subpopulations may occur in some quantity, but sometimes it is locally rare, found in scattered areas throughout the central Iberian Peninsula (Puche et al. 2016, Guerra et al. 2006). The current population trend is considered to be increasing in Europe.

The plants are always sterile, possibly dioecious however with fragile top of leaves easily detached as propaguliferous structures.","This species has mostly been found on soil between rocks, with more or less soil litter, or in rock crevices and earthy slopes in not exposed situations. It has also been found on humid substrates among acidic rocks, granite or schist outcrops, and also on tree trunks. This species grows in more or less natural vegetation in mixed Mediterranean vegetation and or in small streams margins, often at low or moderate elevations (in Portugal to 850 m Asl and in Spain about 1,300 m Asl). This species is frequently found occurring on walls or in artificial substrates, often in anthropogenic areas.","This species grows in different substrates, mainly in rocky banks with little or some disturbance. However, excessive land use, changes in biotic and habitat conditions, fires and predicted climate change can be threats. 

","In the Spanish national Red List, this species is evaluated as Vulnerable (VU) (Garilleti and Albertos 2012), but it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013). This species is present in protected areas in Portugal.

At present, this species does not need special conservation action in Europe. In addition, monitoring of habitat and population trends is recommended.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Laaka-Lindberg, S.,Englefield, E.","Sergio, C. & Garcia, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Didymodon,fallax,,Didymodon fallax  ,(Hedw.) R.H. Zander,"Didymodon fallax is a species that is recognizable in the field by its reddish-tinged shoots and spreading to recurved leaves. However, it is often confused with other species of the same genus, in particular D. acutus, since the band of cells elongated on the ventral side of the rib in the upper half of the leaf may be rather small and not clearly distinguishable (Jimenez et al. 2005).

 



",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Fallacious Beard-moss (Didymodon fallax) has a Circumpolar Southern-temperate distribution. It is widely distributed throughout Europe including in Macaronesia and European Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite widespread in Europe, the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. It grows in both natural and man-made habitats. No conservation measures are necessary at present.",Stable,"The Fallacious Beard-moss (Didymodon fallax) has a Circumpolar Southern-temperate distribution. It is widely distributed throughout Europe including in Macaronesia and European Turkey. It is also found throughout Asia, the Caucasus, China, North Africa, North and Central America and Greenland (Smith 2004, Ignatov et al. 2006, Hodgetts 2015).





","No specific information is available on the size of the subpopulations, but the species is very common in Europe and can significantly expand its area through anthropogenic activities (Moose Deutschland 2018). The population is therefore assumed to be large and stable.","This is a colonist species, moderately halotolerant, from hygrophitic to xerophytic, moderately psammophytic. Frequent in calcareous areas and in areas rich in silicates in anthropogenic sites. It is a common lowland moss that grows on bare ground, usually rich in bases along paths and road edges, in quarries and wells, in fixed dunes, waterways and pools. It can also grow on shallow soils on rock and walls (Dierβen 2001, Atherton et al. 2010). It is found from sea level up to 2,800 m asl.",There appear to be no major threats to this common species.,No specific conservation actions are necessary. It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Patiño, J.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Didymodon,ferrugineus,,Didymodon ferrugineus  ,(Schimp. ex Besch.) M.O. Hill,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Rusty Beard-moss (Didymodon ferrugineus) has a European Boreo-temperate distribution. It is present in north and central Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite widespread in Europe, the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Rusty Beard-moss (Didymodon ferrugineus) has a European Boreo-temperate distribution. It is present in north and central Europe. Outside of Europe is found in Turkey, the Caucasus, Siberia, Himalaya, China, and north and central America (Smith 2004, Zander 2007, Hodgetts 2015).



","There is no available information on the size of the subpopulations, but it has been observed in some countries that the species is able to expand considerably and the current population trend is stable.","This is a colonist, photophytic or moderately sciophytic species. It grows on basic soils, thin and well drained, but also on bare rock, in disused quarries, in sand-dunes and in chalk pits. It may also grow on damper ground, such as periodically flushed soil below base-rich crags in the mountains (Dierssen 2001, Smith 2004, Atherton et al. 2010). It is found at elevations between 60 m and 2,700 m Asl.



","No major threats are known at the European scale for this species. It has been assessed as Vulnerable in Luxembourg, Bulgaria and Hungary due to the low number of known sites.



","No specific conservation actions are necessary. However, at the local level further research is needed on its distribution, population size and threats. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Ignatova, E.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Didymodon,giganteus,,Didymodon giganteus  ,(Funck) Jur.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Didymodon giganteus is widespread in Europe and is found in the Alps, Carpathians, and the Pyrenees. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though there is a continuing decline in extant and quality of the habitat and in the number of subpopulations at lowland sites, the core of its distribution is found at higher altitudes. There, the species is common and not threatened. In addition, the population size is large. Protection of spring fens is recommended to prevent further declines in the lowlands.",Decreasing,"Didymodon giganteus is widespread in Europe, North America and Asia. In Europe, it is found in the Alps, Carpathians, and the Pyrenees (Hodgetts 2015). It is absent from Scandinavia and the UK.","This species is common in the Alps, and the overall population size is large. There is a continuing decline in the subpopulations growing in calcareous fens in Austria and Switzerland. The current population trend it therefore decreasing.","The species is found at elevations between 400 m and 2,770 m Asl on wet calcareous rocks and spring fens.","Drainage and eutrophication of spring fens represent a threat to this species, as it destroys the habitat. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat due to this threat. Some subpopulations have disappeared in the lowlands, while the core of the species (in the Alps) is not threatened at present.",The species is found in protected areas. Protection of spring fens is recommended to prevent further declines in the lowlands.,There is no use or trade information on this species.,"Cálix, M.,Patiño, J.","Cogoni, A., Campisi, P., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Didymodon,glaucus,,Didymodon glaucus  ,Ryan,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



The Glaucous Beard-moss (Didymodon glaucus) is a rare Eurasian temperate species, scattered through central Europe and Italy, very rare northwards to Britain and central Scandinavia, and also reported from Greece. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since there are between 500 and 1,000 individual-equivalents currently known. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. The main threat to this species in the UK is encroachment by coarse vegetation, often presumably caused by nitrogen enrichment. In Hungary the species can be affected by tourism since it is found in a touristic area. It could also be affected by construction works, including for instance the building of motorways in Norway. Active conservation management at its single surviving site in Britain has been effective in rescuing this species from local extinction. Similar efforts elsewhere could be useful: cutting back encroaching vegetation and scraping surfaces to expose new habitat for colonisation.",Stable,"The Glaucous Beard-moss (Didymodon glaucus) is a rare Eurasian temperate species, scattered through central Europe and Italy, very rare northwards to Britain and central Scandinavia, and also reported from Greece. A record from Romania is old, from 1940 (S. Stefanut pers. comm. 2017). Elsewhere there are scattered records from Turkey, southern Siberia, Mongolia, China and Japan (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 400 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2.3 million km².","Subpopulations are nearly all small, and if the entries on country red lists are anything to go by, mostly threatened. It seems to have declined in many areas, but at least the British subpopulation was rescued by an active conservation programme (Porley 2013). In the Alps the species is not decreasing since the habitat is not threatened. In Scandinavia there seems to be a decline too. In Hungary it seems to be stable. The core of the population seems to be in central Europe, where the species is stable. The population is considered to be severely fragmented since most subpopulations are small and isolated and the species does not produce sporophytes. These subpopulation may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. There are 125 known mature individuals in Norway, although it is under-recorded in several areas throughout its range. In total, there are fewer than 1,000 known individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows.","This species favours shaded sites on fine, basic detritus under rock overhangs, at the entrance  of limestone caves, in crevices in disused chalk pits, on old masonry or on cracked stones in walls by paths,always in places that are not directly hit by rain water.Associates includeGyroweisia tenuis, Gymnostomum spp., Eucladium verticillatum, Mnium stellare, Pellia endiviifolia, Fissidens gracilifolius, Didymodon tophaceus, D. rigidulus, Pohlia melanodon and Encalypta streptocarpa (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is between 180 m and 625 m Asl. 

","The main threat to this species in the UK is encroachment by coarse vegetation, often presumably caused by nitrogen enrichment. In Hungary the species can be affected by tourism since it is found in a touristic area. It could also be affected by construction works, including for instance the building of motorways in Norway.","Active conservation management at its single surviving site in Britain has been effective in rescuing this species from local extinction. Similar efforts elsewhere could be useful: cutting back encroaching vegetation and scraping surfaces to expose new habitat for colonisation. This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Sweden, Britain, Slovakia and Romania, as Endangered in Austria, Hungary and Luxembourg, as Vulnerable in the Czech Republic and Switzerland, as Near Threatened in Norway, and as Data Deficient in Italy (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hugonnot, V.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Untereiner, A. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Didymodon,icmadophilus,,Didymodon icmadophilus  ,(Schimp. ex Müll.Hal.) K.Saito,"The relationship of this taxon with D. acutus is still under investigation. It appears that many existing records of the two species are confused, and the distributions will therefore have to be revised (J. Kučera pers. comm. 2017).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Slender Beard-moss (Didymodon icmadophilus) is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane species. In Europe it grows mainly in mountainous regions in central and northern parts, although reaching south to the Balkans. The species is assessed as Least Concern in view of its probably stable population trend and large population size. However, further taxonomic research is needed in order to clarify the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"The Slender Beard-moss (Didymodon icmadophilus) is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane species. In Europe it grows mainly in mountainous regions in central and northern parts, although reaching south to the Balkans. It is widely distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, but its true wider distribution is obscured by taxonomic uncertainties and confusion with D. acutus (Blockeel et al. 2014). Note that the map provided with this assessment is very unreliable for this reason, and should be amended when current research provides a more definitive range for this species.","This species is increasing in Britain, becoming more present in ruderal areas. In Austria, the species is stable in high alpine rocks and there are more than 1,000 mature individuals. In Norway there could be some decline due to electro-power activities. The current trend seems to be stable since its habitat is relatively not threatened. Its population is not severely fragmented, and even though it does not produce sporophytes, the range is practically continuous.","This species grows on neutral to strongly base-rich rocks, including limestone, calcareous schist and basalt. It often forms pure cushions on the rock surface or on earthy ledges but also grows through the cushions or mats of other species where the narrow stems are easily overlooked. Its altitudinal range is from 280 m up to 3,300 m Asl. In Britain it occurs in ruderal areas, close to roads and on disturbed ground (T. Blockeel pers. comm. 2017). 



It is dioicous.",In Norway the species can be affected by hydropower production.,"Taxonomic work on the identity and distribution of this species in relation to D. acutus needs to be completed. It is currently assessed as Critically Endangered in Romania, as Vulnerable in Norway and Switzerland, and as Data Deficient in Sweden, Britain, Germany and Slovenia. It is considered Regionally Extinct in Ireland (where, however, plants identified as 'D. acutus' but which are probably D. icmadophilus, are still present) (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Mazimpaka, V.,Cálix, M.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Untereiner, A. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Didymodon,insulanus,,Didymodon insulanus  ,(De Not.) M.O.Hill,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Cylindric Beard-moss (Didymodon insulanus) is very widespread in Europe being known in almost all countries. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. It is also often common in various habitats types. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Cylindric Beard-moss (Didymodon insulanus) is very widespread in Europe being known in almost all countries (Hodgetts 2015). Moreover it is reported from Asia, North Africa, North and Central America.","While there is no available information on the size of the subpopulations, the current population trend seems to be stable.","This species lives on soil or rock and on walls in temperate woods, near rivers and streams but also in man-made habitats.","No threats are reported for this widespread species.



","No conservations actions are necessary. In some cases it is included in the Red Lists of some countries such as those of Switzerland, Hungary or Estonia. In Finland and Slovakia it is considered Regionally Extinct. It occurs in protected areas.



",The species is not utilized.,"Cronberg, N.,Englefield, E.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.","Vellak, K.,Lönnell, N.,Afonina, O.,Hodgetts, N.,Goldberg, I.,Blom, H.,Schröck, C.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Didymodon,johansenii,,Didymodon johansenii  ,(R.S. Williams) H.A. Crum,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

In Europe, Didymodon johansenii shows a strongly fragmented continental distribution. It was originally thought to be a strictly arctic species, confined to Svalbard, but is now known from about ten localities in the Alps and a single locality in the High Tatras. It is certainly more widespread than the few records suggest, but it is still one of the rarest species in Europe. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 52 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at 1.5 million km². There is no evidence of a population decline, and so a more or less stable current population trend is assumed, as it grows in remote and largely unthreatened places. Although an exact figure of the population size is impossible due to the inaccessibility of habitats, it is estimated that there are between 250 and 1,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) in Europe and in the EU 28. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable. No major threats to this species have been reported thus far, and it is known to occur in protected areas. Knowledge about the distribution and population size of this species needs to be improved, and larger subpopulations should be protected.",Unknown,"In Europe this species shows a strongly fragmented continental distribution. It was originally thought to be a strictly arctic species, confined in Europe to Svalbard, but is now known from about ten localities in the Alps (France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria) and a single locality in the High Tatras (Slovakia, Pilous 1995). Elsewhere, this species is known from North America and Asia (China). It has been found growing at elevations from 50 m up to 2,550 m Asl. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 52 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at 1.5 million km².","No direct information is known about the population size or trend. However, a more or less stable total population trend is assumed, as it grows in remote and largely unthreatened places. It is estimated that there are between 250 and 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe and in the EU 28. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre or one tree on which it grows. Most subpopulations are small and isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.","This species is a cryophilous xerophyte (Spitale et al. 2012). It occurs mostly on sunny, south-facing, dry, vertical to overhanging rock faces in the subalpine and alpine belt in central Europe, where it prefers limestone rocks with a high silica content, and on bird cliffs in Svalbard. Rarely, and somewhat bizarrely, it also occurs as an epiphyte in France (Hugonnot 2014). Sporophytes are known only from Canada. Short-distance dispersal takes place through comparatively large vegetative propagula (fragile leaf apices) (Spitale et al. 2012).

 

",No major threats to this species have been reported.,This moss has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Slovakia and as Vulnerable in Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). Knowledge about the distribution and population size of this species needs to be improved and larger subpopulations should be protected. It is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Aleffi, M.,Cálix, M.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.","Champion, P.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Didymodon,luridus,,Didymodon luridus  ,Hornsch.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Dusky Beard-moss (Didymodon luridus) is a widespread species in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large and stable population and there appear to be no major threats to it. It grows in both natural and man-made habitats and no specific conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,The Dusky Beard-moss (Didymodon luridus) is a widespread species in Europe (Hodgetts 2015). It is also known in western Asia and North Africa (Smith 2004).,There is no available information on the size of subpopulations. The current population trend can be considered stable.,"This species grows on basic soil or rock and seldom on tree roots in woods, near rivers, in dry grasslands and shrublands. Moreover it can live in ruderal areas of man-made habitats.",No major threats are reported to this species.,No specific conservation actions are necessary. It occurs in protected areas.,It is not a species utilised.,"Schröck, C.,Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Didymodon,maschalogenus,,Didymodon maschalogenus  ,(Renauld &amp; Cardot) Broth.,,No,EN,D,No,EN,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



In Europe, Didymodon maschalogenus is known only from Norway and Austria, where it is restricted to a very specific habitat and occurs as an early pioneer on moist, soft and fragile and often almost vertical cliffs and rocks. Although the distribution is probably not yet fully known, this is a rare species. Some local subpopulations are suggested to have spread along recently constructed mountain roads, and there is no evidence of a decline in Austria. In Norway, though, it is assumed to be declining. Thus the current population trend is unknown. The population size is estimated to be smaller than 250 individual-equivalents (but larger than 50) in Europe and in the EU 28. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered. No immediate threats are known to affect it. Individual subpopulations can be destroyed by construction of buildings and roads (in spite of the fact that new roads can also be beneficial, at least in the short-term). Also avalanches or landslides may pose a potential threat to some subpopulations of this species. Due to the rarity of this species, all the known sites where it occurs should be protected. All known localities should be made known to the authorities in order to conserve them in the event of building works and other potentially disruptive activities. Further research on the population size and trends, distribution and threats is recommended.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is known only from Norway and Austria. Although the distribution is probably not yet fully known, this is a rare species. Globally, this species shows a highly disjunct distribution in the mountain areas  of North America, Europe and Asia with very scattered localities. The global distribution centre, according to Köckinger and van Melick (2007), is probably in the Himalayas. It has been found growing at elevations between 10 - 1,750 m Asl. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 44 km² in Europe, and 28 km² in the EU 28. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 135,000 km².","In Europe, a total of twelve sites are known to date, four in Norway, including two sites discovered in 2014 on the island of Oksøy and in Leirdalen Jotunheimen (Hassel et al. 2015), and eight in Austria. Köckinger and van Melick (2007) suggest that local subpopulations have spread along recently constructed mountain roads. However the current population trend is unknown. The population is not considered to be severely fragmented. All known subpopulations in Austria are extremely small and limited to a few square meters. However, it is likely that there are more than 50 individual-equivalents in Austria. The population size is estimated to be smaller than 250 individual-equivalents in Europe and in the EU 28. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre where the species grows.","This species is restricted to a very specific habitat with an elevation limit from 10 m up to 1,750 m Asl. In the Alps, it occurs as an early pioneer on moist, soft and fragile and often almost vertical cliffs that contain lime and silicate components together (mica schists). The constant erosion of fragile rocks provides new habitat for this pioneer species. Nevertheless, at the end of the succession these rocks are overgrown by more competitive species (Köckinger and van Melick 2007). In some localities, this species has benefited from the construction of mountain roads, increasing the potential habitat. In Jotunheimen (Norway), it grows on a continuously moist, mildly calcareous, south-facing cliff (Hassel et al. 2015). Sporophytes are unknown in Europe, so long distance dispersal is presumably limited, but short-dispersal takes place with vegetative propagules. Some of these gemmae are, however, small and could be spread further afield by water or wind.","No immediate threats are known. Individual subpopulations can be destroyed by construction of buildings and roads (in spite of the fact that new roads can also be beneficial, at least in the short-term). Also avalanches or landslides may pose a potential threat to some subpopulations of this species.","This moss is included in the Norwegian Red List as Endangered (Hassel et al. 2015). Because of the rarity of this species, all the known sites should be protected. All localities should be made known to the authorities in order to conserve them in the event of building works and other potentially disruptive activities. It is unknown whether this species occurs in protected areas. Further research on the population size and trends, distribution and threats is recommended.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hylander, K.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Didymodon,maximus,,Didymodon maximus  ,(Syed &amp; Crundw.) M.O. Hill,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



The Irish Beard-moss (Didymodon maximus) is a hyperoceanic temperate species restricted in Europe to western Ireland. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it is estimated that the number of individual-equivalents is between 88 (the actual recorded count) and 400. The most likely scenario is that the population size is larger than 250 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. While the current population trend is stable, anything that threatens the integrity of the limestone cliffs on which this species grows is potentially damaging: quarrying, afforestation, overstocking, understocking and fire could all affect this species. The main subpopulations should be monitored periodically. Most localities are protected but suitable low-intensity management and a lack of serious disturbance are also required. Light grazing levels are appropriate.",Stable,"The Irish Beard-moss (Didymodon maximus) is a hyperoceanic temperate species restricted in Europe to western  Ireland. Elsewhere it appears to be rare and disjunct in Alaska,  northwestern Canada, Mongolia and eastern Russia, but is perhaps more  common in central Asia, where it often misidentified and rather  stunted (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 76 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 163 km².","This species appears to be stable within its very restricted range. There are ca 14 known current localities in Ireland, although it has not been seen at one additional site since 1937, despite repeated searches. The number of individual-equivalents is estimated to be between 88 (the actual recorded count) and 400, and perhaps it is more likely that the population size is larger than 250 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows.","This species is restricted to limestone cliffs with a westerly to northerly aspect in the Dartry Mountains in western Ireland. It occurs on ledges and in crevices that are permanently wet or seasonally flushed, and also occasionally on damp soil or in turf at the foot of rocks, often in large, deep tufts. Hymenostylium recurvirostrum var. insigne is frequently in close proximity, and other associates include Pedinophyllum interruptum, Plagiochila porelloides, Breutelia chrysocoma, Ctenidium molluscum, Cratoneuron filicinum, Fissidens adianthoides, Orthothecium rufescens, Palustriella commutata and Timmia norvegica (Lockhart et al. 2012). Its altitudinal range is from 250 m up to 480 m Asl.



This species is presumably dioicous, but inflorescences are unknown. Gemmae are also unknown (Blockeelet al. 2014).","Anything that threatens the integrity of the limestone cliffs on which it grows is potentially damaging: quarrying, afforestation, overstocking, understocking and fire could all affect this species. Collecting by botanists may also be a threat, as it is available nowhere else in Europe. The introduced New Zealand Willow-herb (Epilobium brunnescens) is apparently not a serious threat (Lockhart et al. 2012).",The main subpopulations of this species should be monitored periodically. Most localities are protected but suitable low-intensity management and a lack of serious disturbance are also required. Light grazing levels are appropriate. It has been assessed as Near Threatened in Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012).,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Aleffi, M.,Cálix, M.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G. & Vanderpoorten, A.","Puglisi, M.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Didymodon,nicholsonii,,Didymodon nicholsonii  ,Culm.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Nicholson's Beard-moss (Didymodon nicholsonii) is a suboceanic temperate species that was at one time thought to be confined in Europe to Britain and Ireland, but is now known from many parts of western and southern Europe, north to the Netherlands and Germany, east to Greece, and is also reported from the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is expanding its range across Europe and there are no major threats to it. No conservation measures are required at present.",Increasing,"Nicholson's Beard-moss (Didymodon nicholsonii) is a suboceanic temperate species that was at one time thought to be confined in Europe to Britain and Ireland, but is now known from many parts of western and southern Europe, north to the Netherlands and Germany, east to Greece, and is also reported from the Canary Islands. Elsewhere it has been recorded in North Africa (Algeria), Turkey, Afghanistan and western North America (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 3,500 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6.9 million km².","The increase in records from ruderal habitats represents a genuine change in frequency. In Britain and Ireland, even in some well-worked counties it was recorded exclusively from riverine habitats until recently, when it became more widespread. It has undergone a similar increase in other parts of western Europe, for example in Germany (Blockeel et al. 2014), and is presumably still increasing.","The natural habitat of this species is on stones and tree roots on the banks of streams and rivers where subject to periodic flooding. In such situations it is often embedded in alluvial sand and detritus, and may be associated with Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostrum, Didymodon insulanus, D. luridus, D. sinuosus, D. spadiceus and Leskea polycarpa. It is also widespread on retaining walls and bridge supports by streams. Increasingly it has been recorded in recent decades as a colonist of old tarmac and churchyards, less often on gravelly ground, associated with other ruderal species such as Barbula unguiculata, Bryum argenteum, Dialytrichia mucronata, Didymodon insulanus, and Syntrichia latifolia. It is now common in such places in many areas (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 400 m Asl.



The species is dioicous; subpopulations are usually female and sporophytes are rare.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. It has been assessed as Vulnerable in Luxembourg, and as Data Deficient in the Canary Islands (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,During, H.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Didymodon,rigidulus,,Didymodon rigidulus  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Rigid Beard-moss (Didymodon rigidulus) is distributed in almost all Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, has a large and stable population and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Rigid Beard-moss (Didymodon rigidulus) is a common and widespread species in Europe. Outside of Europe it is also present in the American continent, Asia, Africa and Antarctica (Zander 2007).",Quantitative data on the size of the subpopulations are missing. The current population trend can be considered stable in view of very wide distribution of the species and the lack of evidence of decline. The species reproduces actively by axillary gemmae.,"This species grows on shaded base-rich walls and on rocks in open and dry habitats such as grasslands or clearings, and also on roofs and brick walls in urban areas.",There appear to be no major threats to this species.,No specific conservation actions are necessary at present. The species is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Patiño, J.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Didymodon,sinuosus,,Didymodon sinuosus  ,(Mitt.) Delogne,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Wavy Beard-moss (Didymodon sinuosus) is widespread in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large and stable population, and there are currently no major threats to it. No conservation actions are needed.",Increasing,"The Wavy Beard-moss (Didymodon sinuosus) is found in Europe, Southwest Asia, the Caucasus, Turkey, Lebanon, Georgia and Azerbaijan (Hodgetts 2015). The record from Azerbaijan is considered doubtful. In Europe, this species is widespread and is only absent from northern Scandinavia, the Baltic countries, and eastern Europe (Hodgetts 2015). This species has recently been reported from the Vatican City (Aleffi 2015).","The species is common in part of its range, namely western and southwestern Europe. The overall population size is large and the population trend is increasing.","This species is found in the lowlands and grows on base-rick soil and rocks in sheltered semi-shaded places. It also grows on tree bases (Quercus, Salix and Ulmus spp.), and is often found in wet areas along rivers. It can also grow on secondary habitats such as concrete. It occurs at elevations between 20 m and 850 m Asl.",There are no major threats to this species.,"This species has been assessed as threatened in some national Red Lists, but this is mostly due to a low number of historical or recent records in some countries at the edges of its distribution range. The species is found in protected areas throughout its range. No conservation actions are needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kiebacher, T.,Englefield, E.","Cogoni, A., Campisi, P., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Didymodon,spadiceus,,Didymodon spadiceus  ,(Mitt.) Limpr.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Brown Beard-moss (Didymodon spadiceus) is a widespread species in Europe and it is found mainly in temperate regions. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large and stable population and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Brown Beard-moss (Didymodon spadiceus) is a widespread species in Europe and it is found mainly in temperate regions. It is rare to occasional in Ireland, and very rare in west and north Britain (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe is found in the Caucasus, north Asia, North America, and Greenland (Smith 2004).","There is no available information on the size of the population, but it is certainly large. In Germany it is reported that subpopulations are small and the tendency of the species to colonise secondary sites is low (Moose Deutschland 2018). The current population trend is stable.","This species grows on basic soils, generally on unstable soil, but also on stones and tree trunks along fast-flowing streams, and is often embedded in alluvial detritus (Smith 2004, Atherton et al. 2010). It is found from sea level up to 550 m Asl.",The species is widespread in Europe and there appear to be no major threats to it.,No specific conservation actions are necessary. The species is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Kiebacher, T.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Didymodon,subandreaeoides,,Didymodon subandreaeoides  ,(Kindb.) R.H. Zander,"This species has long been considered a subspecies of Didymodon rigidulus, from which it has only recently been separated (Kučera and Köckinger 2000). It was also long considered under other names (e.g. Grimmia andreaeoides), which can affect the amount of available data.",No,NT,B2a; D1,No,NT,B2a; D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



Although rare and confined to high altitudes, Didymodon subandreaeoides is widespread in the Alps and the Carpathians. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is between 150 and 300 km2 in Europe, and between 100 and 250 km2in the EU 28), and the population is severely fragmented. In addition, the population size is most likely slightly larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents in both Europe and the EU 28; thus making this species close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criteria B and D. The overall population trend seems to be stable and there are no known threats to this species or its habitat. More research about its distribution is needed, especially in Slovakia, and the species should be looked for in Ukraine, where it could possibly also occur.",Stable,"In Europe, this montane species is known to occur in the German, Swiss, French and Austrian Alps and in the Romanian and Slovak Carpathians (Kučera and Köckinger 2000), although the reported occurrences in Slovakia need to be confirmed. Although the species is relatively widespread, the number of published occurrences remains relatively low. Elsewhere it occurs in North America, from Alaska to Colorado on the Cordillera mountain range (Kučera and Köckinger 2000). It has been found growing at elevations between 550 m and 3,000 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated between 300,000-500,000 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) at 150-300 km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 100 and 250 km2.","In Austria, this species is considered to be stable, although little is known about it (Köckinger et al. 2008, Schröck et al. 2013, Schröck et al. 2014). In Switzerland, it has a very narrow range (Schnyder et al. 2004), but no decline is reported. New findings have been reported from Germany and Switzerland since the publication of the German Atlas (Meinunger and Schröder 2007) and the Swiss Red List (Schnyder et al. 2004). Its status in Romania indicates a decline and either a severe fragmentation or a single location (Stefanut and Goia 2012). There is no information on size and trends of the subpopulations in France and Slovakia, but overall, the population trend seems to be stable. The population size is most likely slightly larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents in both Europe and the EU 28. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre or one boulder on which the species grows. As this species never produces sporophytes, its reproducing capacity is low. Most subpopulations are therefore small and isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.","In Europe, this is an alpine species that grows on calcareous rocks, usually in dry and sunny places; its elevation limits range between 550 and 3,000 m Asl, but it is more frequent at the higher altitudes (Kučera and Köckinger 2000, Hoffman et al. 2011).

",There are no known threats to this species or its habitat.,"This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Romania (Stefanut and Goia 2012), and as Vulnerable in Switzerland (Schnyder et al. 2004). Within Austria, it is included in two regional Red Lists, being assessed as Least Concern in the states of Voralbergs (Schröck et al. 2013) and Upper Austria (Schröck et al. 2014).  It is considered as Least Concern but rare in Germany (Caspari et al. 2018). More research about the distribution of this species is needed, especially in Slovakia, where it is mentioned by Kučera and Köckinger (2000), but the authors only cite the collection dates of some selected specimen, the latest collected in 1962. It is not clear whether the species was observed afterwards or not. Therefore, occurrence in Slovakia should be confirmed, and the species looked for in Ukraine, where it could possibly also occur. It occurs at least in the ""Parc National de la Vanoise"" in France (Chavourtier and Hugonnot 2013), and there must be more occurrences in protected areas across its European range.",The species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hylander, K.","Baudraz, E. A.  & Schnyder, N.","Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Didymodon,tomaculosus,,Didymodon tomaculosus  ,(Blockeel) M.F.V.Corley,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Sausage Beard-moss (Didymodon tomaculosus) is a small suboceanic temperate species known from Britain, Ireland, at least two localities (close together) in Germany, and a few in neighbouring western Austria, but it is almost certainly overlooked in other parts of continental Europe. Although apparently rare, this species must be greatly under-recorded generally in lowland agricultural areas. Modern farming methods may lead to a decline, but there is no evidence of this. It can perennate through presumably fairly long-lived underground tubers, and threats appear to be few. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. Arable field management in the areas where this plant has been recorded should include at least some provision of over-wintered stubble.",Stable,"The Sausage Beard-moss (Didymodon tomaculosus) is a small suboceanic temperate species known from Britain, Ireland, at least two localities (close together) in Germany, and a few in neighbouring western Austria, but it is almost certainly overlooked in other parts of continental Europe (Blockeel et al. 2014). It is at present unknown outside Europe or the EU 28. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 228 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 405,000 km².","Many new sites for this recently-described species have been recorded in Britain in recent years, but this can be  attributed to greater awareness among bryologists, especially during the  Breeding Bird Survey of arable fields. It is unlikely that there has been any  real change in overall occurrence (Blockeel et al. 2014). It must occur at more sites in continental Europe, and it is assumed that there are more than 1,000 mature individuals.","This species occurs on moist soil in open, regularly disturbed habitats. Most records are from arable fields, although it has also been recorded from ground poached by cattle in pastures and from the margin of a reservoir. It is particularly characteristic of water-retentive neutral or slightly acid clay soils, though some records are from soils with a more sandy texture. On clay soils, it frequently grows with Dicranella schreberiana, Pohlia melanodon and occasionally Pseudephemerum nitidum, as well as with many other common arable field bryophytes. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 150 m Asl. It is currently only known to occur in artificial habitats, but presumably in the past it might have grown in more natural habitats such as soil disturbed by large herbivores.



The species is dioicous; capsules are unknown. Most subpopulations are female or vegetative, but both male and female plants are known from Co. Dublin.Didymodon tomaculosus reproduces (and is spread) by means of rhizoidal tubers, which may occur in great abundance on young and vegetative shoots and can sometimes be found on the protonema (Blockeel et al. 2014).","Cessation of tillage in a field in Ireland by 2005 led to the possible loss of the species there, but viable tubers may remain in the soil for 15-20 years. Elsewhere, a change to autumn ploughing could prevent this moss completing its life cycle, as it requires over-wintered stubble. However, it is likely to survive as tubers in the soil for at least several years (Lockhart et al. 2012).","

Arable field management in the areas where this plant has been recorded should include at least some provision of over-wintered stubble. It has been assessed as Vulnerable in Ireland and as Data Deficient in Germany (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,During, H.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Lönnell, N., Rothero, G., Schröck, C., Untereiner, A. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Didymodon,tophaceus,,Didymodon tophaceus  ,(Brid.) Lisa,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Olive Beard-moss (Didymodon tophaceus) is distributed in almost all of Europe and it is also a common species. It is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large and stable population and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Olive Beard-moss (Didymodon tophaceus) is distributed in almost all of Europe and it is often a relatively common species (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe it is known from America, Africa, Asia, Australia and New Zealand (Zander 2007).","There is no available information on the size of the population, but presumably it is large since this is a relatively common species. The current population trend is considered to be stable.","This species lives on base-rich, wet rocks or on soil in woods, as well as in stream banks in wet calcareous moist habitats, forming tufa in base rich springs communities.



",No major threats are reported for this species.,No specific conservation measures are needed at present. This species is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Lara, F.,Cálix, M.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Didymodon,umbrosus,,Didymodon umbrosus  ,(Müll. Hal.) R.H. Zander,This species was originally considered as a variety of D. australasiae (Hook. and Grev.) R. H. Zander (Kučera 1999). Both taxa are now considered well delimited as different species owing to the presence of hyalodermis and the differentiation of marginal basal leaf cells in D. umbrosus (Jiménez et al. 2005),No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Shady Beard-moss (Didymodon umbrosus) is considered a widespread species in Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 7.2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 932 km2. The subpopulations may occur in some quantity in anthropogenic areas, such as in botanic gardens and in cities. The current population trend of this species in Europe is considered to be increasing. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

Excessive land use, changes in biotic and habitat conditions and fires can be threats to this species, although it is in expansion in anthropogenic areas. Since it is not threatened, this species does not need special conservation action in Europe. Monitoring of the population trend would be beneficial.",Increasing,"This species is known from South Africa (Söderström 1992), South America and North America (Zander 2001; 2007) but was reported, for the first time outside these areas, in Barcelona, Spain (Casas 1970). More recently, it was found in new areas of Spain and for the first time, in new provinces of western part of Portugal (Jiménez et al. 2005, Casas and Oliva 1982, Guerra and Ros 1987, Cezón and Muñoz 2013). It has also been reported from the Balearic Islands (Pericàs 2008).

Consequently, this species can now be considered a widespread species in Europe. It is present in Great Britain and Ireland (Hill et al. 1992), Germany (Müller 2002, Frahm 2006, Eckstein and Burghardt 2008), the Czech Republic (Kučera 1999), Greece (Blockeel et al. 2002, Sabovljević 2008) and Montenegro (Sabovljević 2008), as well as in other Mediterranean areas such as in Sicily (Gueli et al. 2011) and the south of France (Skrzypczak 2005).

The present records of this species in other Mediterranean areas include Malta, Jordan, Algeria, Turkey and Egypt (Ros et al. 2013), which represents a considerable range extension for this species. In Macaronesia, this species is restricted to the Canary Islands in La Palma (Long et al. 1981), Tenerife and Gran Canaria (González-Mancebo et al. 2008). It has also been found in the Azores in Terceira Island (Ellis et al. 2013).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 7.2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 932 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 10 m to 2,000 m Asl.","According to Düll (1984) this is a typical oceanic-Mediterranean species. It forms loose patches and the subpopulations may occur in some quantity in anthropogenic areas, such as in botanic gardens (Lisbon and Göttingen - Eckstein and Burghardt 2008) as well as in cities, such as in Barcelona, and in touristic points of Greece and Sicily.

Little is known about the subpopulations but is not considered threatened in the majority of countries. The current population trend of this species in Europe is considered to be increasing. The plants are always sterile, possibly dioecious however with propaguliferous structures in rizoides.","This species was mostly found on soil, or in rock crevices and earthy slopes, in more or less exposed situations. It has also been found on humid substrates, mixed with more or less artificial vegetation. This species is known to frequently occur on mortar or in artificial substrates, such as in cities or in other anthropogenic areas.","This species grows in different substrates, mainly in bare soil with some disturbance. However excessive land use, changes in biotic and habitat conditions and fires can be threats to this species, although it is in expansion in anthropogenic areas.","This species is not considered threatened in most countries, including Spain (Gariletti and Albertos 2012), but it is considered to be Endangered (EN) in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013) and Vulnerable (VU) in Ireland (Hodgetts and Lockhart 2013). 

Since it is not threatened, this species does not need special conservation action in Europe. Monitoring of the population trend would be beneficial.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Laaka-Lindberg, S.","Sergio, C. & Guerra, J.","Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Didymodon,validus,,Didymodon validus  ,Limpr.,"Didymodon validus has been understood differently by different authors, and further taxonomic research is needed in order to clarify its status. Several occurrences attributed to D. validus are thought to correspond to un-named species, and have not been considered in this assessment. The assessment therefore corresponds to D. validus as understood in the narrow sense (J. Kučera pers. comm. 2017).",No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

This species, Didymodon validus, was for a long time not distinguished from D. rigidulus or D. acutus, so little is known about its exact distribution. Here, D. validus is being assessed in a strict sense, meaning that only records closely matching the type specimen are considered to belong to this taxon. Its distribution, in this sense, is therefore considered to be restricted to Austria, Italy and Slovenia. It may also be present in Croatia, near the border with Slovenia. Its presence in Poland and Switzerland is also uncertain. The population trend is unknown, and there are currently fewer than 50 known individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) of this species. However, according to expert opinion, it is estimated that there are probably between 250 and 500 individual-equivalents in Europe and the EU 28. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and in the EU 28. Some of the known sites of this species are threatened by human activities such as road construction and road maintenance. Taxonomic research is needed into the records attributed to this species but not included in this assessment. Research is also needed into the distribution and possible threats to this species. It should be looked for in the field, particularly in the southern Alps and the Balkans. Large subpopulations should be protected.",Unknown,"This species was for a long time not distinguished from Didymodon rigidulus or D. acutus, so little is known about its exact distribution. According to current knowledge, the species referred to as D. validus consists of several taxa. Here, D. validus is being assessed in a strict sense, meaning that only records closely matching the type specimen are considered to belong to this taxon (J. Kučera pers. comm. 2017). Its distribution, in this sense, is therefore considered to be restricted to Austria, Italy and Slovenia. It may also be present in Croatia, near the border with Slovenia. Its presence in Poland and Switzerland is also uncertain. Outside Europe this species is known from Siberia (J. Kučera pers. comm. 2019). The distribution is inadequately known. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 100 and 1,000 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) between 700,000 and 1 million km². These figures are so broad because of the uncertainty surrounding this species.","The population trend is unknown, but possibly decreasing. There are around ten sites in Austria and one in Slovenia. The number of sites in Italy is unknown and there are only historical records. There are also more historical records from Slovenia. It is therefore estimated that there are around 20 sites for this species. There is a lot of uncertainty about the actual distribution and population size of this species, and currently there are fewer than 50 known individual-equivalents. However, according to expert opinion, it is estimated that there are probably between 250 and 500 individual-equivalents in Europe. One one individual equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows.","This species grows on limestone and base-rich silicate rocks, where it can be found in crevices or on rock faces (Grims 1999, Meinunger and Schröder 2007). The habitats are sunny to shady, and dry to periodically wet. Its natural habitats (rocks along rivers) are very inaccessible and the species may be under-recorded.",Some of the known sites of this species are threatened by human activities such as road construction and road maintenance.,"Taxonomic research is needed into the records attributed to this species but not included in this assessment. Research is also needed into the distribution of and possible threats to this species. It should be looked for in the field, particularly in the southern Alps and the Balkans. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. Large subpopulations should be protected.","This species is not utilised or traded.

","Englefield, E.,Hylander, K.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.","Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Didymodon,vinealis,,Didymodon vinealis  ,(Brid.) R.H. Zander,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Soft-tufted Beard-moss (Didymodon vinealis) is distributed in almost all of Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, has a large and stable population and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Soft-tufted Beard-moss (Didymodon vinealis) is distributed in almost all of Europe (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe is known from America, Asia, North Africa, Australia and New Zealand (Zander 2007).","While there is no available information on the size of the population, it is presumably large since it is a common species. The current population trend is considered to be stable.","This basiphylous and photophylous species grows on soil or rock in dry conditions in grasslands, clearings of woods and man-made habitats.",No major threats are reported for this species.,No specific conservation measures are necessary at present. The species is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Hespanhol, H.,Englefield, E.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Diobelonella,palustris,,Diobelonella palustris  ,(Dicks.) Ochyra,"D. palustre could be confused with D. pellucidum which presents, however, the leaf margins more or less toothed in the superior half and the mamillose cells (Cortini Pedrotti 2001).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Diobelonella palustris is widely distributed from the northernmost latitudes to the Mediterranean area. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, the current population trend is thought to be stable and there appear to be no major threats to it at the European scale. No conservation measures are needed at present.",Stable,"Diobelonella palustris has a European Boreal-montane distribution. In Europe it is widely distributed from the northernmost latitudes to the Mediterranean area. Outside of Europe it is located in Turkey, Japan, North America and Greenland (Smith 2004, Hodgetts 2015).","There is no data on the population size and trend. In Germany, a drastic decrease in subpopulations is reported due to changes in site management, even if the species is still able to quickly colonise open areas that run through the maquis (Moose Deutschland 2018). The current population trend is thought to be stable. 

","This is a competitive perennial species. It grows in wet habitats, mainly in springs and preferring slow moving water in mountain streams, open flushes and in flooded meadows. It is found also on rock and gravel in ravines and beside waterfalls (Dierβen 2001, Smith 2004, Atherton et al. 2010).","No major threats are known at the European scale. In Germany, a drastic decline due to silvicultural management has been reported (Moose Deutschland 2018).",No conservation measures are needed for this widespread species. It is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Ganeva, A.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DIPHYSCIALES,DIPHYSCIACEAE,Diphyscium,foliosum,,Diphyscium foliosum  ,(Hedw.) D.Mohr,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Nut-moss (Diphyscium foliosum) has a boreo-subtropical, mountain, subarctic distribution with an oceanic-subcontinental gradient. Though rare, it is a widespread species in northern and central Europe, from the Atlantic Islands (Azores, Iceland, Madeira, Canary) to European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is fairly widespread, the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats at the European scale. Further research into the population size and trend is recommended.",Stable,"The Nut-moss (Diphyscium foliosum) has a boreo-subtropical, mountain, subarctic distribution with an oceanic-subcontinental gradient. Though rare, it is a widespread species in northern and central Europe, from the Atlantic Islands (Azores, Iceland, Madeira, Canary) to European Russia. Outside of Europe, it is found in Alaska, North America, Central America, the Caucasus, China and Japan (Crum and Anderson 1981, Dierssen 2001, Petrosyan et al. 2003-2006, Hodgetts 2015).","The species is widespread in almost all of Europe and there is no indication of a decline, even if it is sometimes rare. In the Netherlands, the species lives on steep and clayey slopes, and the erosion of these sites is a threat to the species.","This is species grows on acidic soil in protected rocky fissures, on sandy and earthy banks, preferably on silty substrates near streams and slopes. It can grow in fairly shaded places in wooded valleys and gorges, on moist, peaty soil (Dierβen 2001, Smith 2004, Atherton et al. 2010). It is found from sea level up to 2,850 m Asl.",No major threats are reported at the European scale. Only in the Netherlands it is reported that the species could be threatened due to the erosion of the inclined soils on which it lives.,"This species is not subject to specific conservation actions. It is known to occur in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend is recommended. It is considered threatened in the Netherlands, Germany and Estonia.",This species is not utilised.,"Fettes, N.D.,Tsakiri, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Diplophyllum,albicans,,Diplophyllum albicans  ,(L.) Dumort.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The White Earwort (Diplophyllum albicans) is very common in western Europe, becoming gradually less frequent towards the east, south and north. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 40,000 and 50,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 17 and 18 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 30,000 and 40,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 10 million km2. The current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no evident threats known to the species. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in Sardinia, Hungary and the Netherlands. In addition, in the United Kingdom, this species has declined nationally, mostly on the southern and eastern edges of its range. Even so, no conservation action is needed at present.",Stable,"This species has a northern, suboceanic, boreo-temperate distribution. The range of this species in Europe reaches south to the Balkans, north to the Faroe Islands, Scandinavia, Svalbard, Iceland and Macaronesia (Hodgetts 2015). It is rare in eastern Europe, and its range reaches to the Ural Mountains and the Caucasus. In Asia, this species is known from Turkey, Kamchatka, Korea, Japan and Taiwan. Hawaii. In North America, this species is found in the west from Alaska to British Columbia, Washington and Oregon, and in the east from Newfoundland, Quebec to Maine. It is also known from Greenland (Damsholt 2002).

In the Nordic countries, this species is very common in Denmark and along the west coast of Norway, as far north as Finnmark. It decreases in frequency in the eastern, more continental part of southern Norway, where it is almost exclusively found at higher elevations. In Sweden, this species is similarly increasingly rare in the northeastern part and in Finland, this species occurs in a northern and a southern subpopulation, which is supposed to have originated through post-glacial migration from coastal areas along the Polar Sea and the North Sea or north Atlantic Sea, respectively (Damsholt 2002). The altitudinal range of this species is from 10 m to 2,750 m Asl.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 40,000 and 50,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 17 and 18 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 30,000 and 40,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 10 million km2.","This species is very common in western Europe, becoming gradually less frequent towards the east, south and north.

  In the United Kingdom, this species has declined nationally, mostly on the southern and eastern edges of its range. However, in northern Europe there is no evidence of decline. In Fennoscandia, the species is common in the western provinces and rare in the eastern and northern-most provinces. The overall current population trend is therefore considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species occurs in a wide range of habitats such as acidic, shaded rock walls and boulders, on soil-covered slopes, along paths and banks, more rarely on decaying logs and stumps in woodlands and wooded ravines, banks by footpaths and forestry roads, stream-side, rocky gullies, Sphagnum bogs, heaths, and on mountains in virtually all habitats from cliff ledges, block screes, streams and moraines to exposed rocky summits and fell fields. Although a calcifuge, it can grow in calcareous areas on thin leached soil, humus or mats of other bryophytes. It is also a common component of montane and oceanic montane bryophyte and hepatic mats. This species is favoured by moderate levels of sheep grazing in some habitats, such as high-altitude blanket bogs (Blockeel et al. 2014).

  In the Nordic countries, this species grows often together with, for example, Scapania nemorea, Sphenolobus minutus, Neoorthocaulis attenuatus and Lophozia silvicola (Damsholt 2002).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in both disturbed and undisturbed habitats.","This species is assessed in the Red List of Sardinia as Critically Endangered (CR), in Montenegro as Data Deficient (DD), in Hungary as Endangered (EN), in the Canary Islands and Italy as Near Threatened (NT) and in the Netherlands as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Gunnarsson, U.","Hallingbäck, T","Lönnell, N.,Blom, H.,Goldberg, I.,Afonina, O.,Schröck, C.,Hodgetts, N.,Vellak, K.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Diplophyllum,obtusatum,,Diplophyllum obtusatum  ,(R.M. Schust.) R.M. Schust.,"The only specimen of this species was gathered by Rossetti in 1891 at the Forno Volasco (Apuan Alps), and identified, but was then later revised by Massalongo as D. taxifolium, corresponding to D. obtusatum (revised by René Schumacher 1991, confirmed by Jiri Vana 1991).",No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Diplophyllum obtusatum is a very small, poorly understood species. It is only known in Europe by one specimen of the species that was recorded in Italy in 1861, and another from Switzerland in 1988 repeated in the same place in 2017 Nothing is known about the population size or the current population trend, and despite recent searches in Italy, it has not been found again. There is also no information about threats of this species. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient. The  known records in Europe are from Italy and Switzerland, so the assessment for the EU 28 is the same as for the Europe in the whole.

 Further research is required to confirm the taxonomy, population size and trends, as well as the threats to this species.",Unknown,"This species was described from Minnesota, and it occurs in a few localities in North America (Schuster 1974). Later, this species was also have been found in several localities in the Asian part of Russia (Konstantinova et al. 2009) but recently specimens from Asia were referred to newly described species Diplophyllum sibiricum (Bakalin and Vilnet, 2018).  In Europe, this species is recorded for Italy (one very old record) and Switzerland (1988, 2017) only (Aleffi et al. 2008, Cortini Pedrotti et al. 1991, Urmi 2017). It should be added that accordingly E.Urmi (2017) ""this taxon not worth of recognition as a species"" and ""what we call now D. obtusatum seems not to be rare in Central Europe"".

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in both Europe and the EU 28 is estimated to be around 4 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is also estimated to be around 8 km2.","The species was collected in Italy in 1861, and in Switzerland in 1988, although the latter specimen only recently came to light (Urmi 2017). Nothing is known about the population size or the current population trend. It has not been found again in Italy despite repeated searches.","The habitat and ecology of this species in Europe is not known in detail, but in Switzerland it is recorded as growing in decideous wood, on outcrop of partly overhanging non calcareous conglomerate, together with little Rhabdoweisia fugax (Urmi, 2017). In North America, the species is ""always associated with rock outcrops"" (Schuster 1974). In Siberia, this species occurs on boulders and rock outcrops (Konstantinova and Vasiljev 2004, Bakalin 2004).",There is no available information about threats of this species.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species. Further research is required to confirm the taxonomy, population size and trends, as well as the threats to this species. It is not known to occur in any protected areas in Europe.",This species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Ganeva, A.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Diplophyllum,obtusifolium,,Diplophyllum obtusifolium  ,(Hook.) Dumort.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Blunt-leaved Earwort (Diplophyllum obtusifolium) is found throughout Europe but is rare in extreme south, east and north. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 7,000 and 8,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 9 and 10 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 7,000 and 8,000 km2 and the EOO is between 4 and 5 million km2. The current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28, and, in addition, there are no evident threats known to the species. In the United Kingdom, as well as in Nordic countries, this species has clearly extended its range in response to the increase in commercial forestry and proliferation of forestry roads in recent years. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in Hungary and the Netherlands. Even so, no conservation action is needed at present.",Stable,"This species has a boreo-temperate distribution with sporadic occurrences in the arctic, avoiding continental areas (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species is found throughout Europe but is rare in extreme south, east and north (Hodgetts 2015). In Europe, it is recorded from Ireland, Great Britain, Spain and the Pyrenees in the west to central Europe, the Alps, northern Italy, former Yugoslavia, the Carpathians, former Czechoslovakia, eastwards to Poland, northern Russia and east Karelia, and north to Fennoscandia and Iceland (Damsholt 2002). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 20 m and 2,660 m Asl.

In Asia, this species is known from the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains, southern Siberia east of the Irkutskaja region, western Sayan, Japan and Taiwan. In North America, this species is frequent in the west from southern Alaska, British Columbia to Washington and California, but only from Vermont in the east. It is also known from northwestern and western Greenland (Damsholt 2002).





In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 7,000 and 8,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 9 and 10 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 7,000 and 8,000 km2 and the EOO is between 4 and 5 million km2.","In the Nordic countries, this species is rather common from Denmark and the southern half of Sweden, eastwards to the southernmost part of Finland and westwards to southern Norway (Damsholt 2002). In the United Kingdom, as well as in Nordic countries, this species has clearly extended its range in response to the increase in commercial forestry and proliferation of forestry roads in recent years. The overall current population trend of this species is stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","In the United Kingdom, this species is a calcifuge pioneer of disturbed, usually iron-stained soil in old quarries, gravel pits, on the side of streams and by roads. In forestry plantations it is often found by unmetalled roads and tracks, where it grows on damp crumbling banks, gravelly slopes and ditch sides, mixed with other small colonists such as Diplophyllum albicans, Nardia scalaris, Scapania scandica, Solenostoma gracillimum, Ceratodon purpureus, Ditrichum heteromallum and Pogonatum urnigerum. Subpopulations of this species found on forestry banks persist for a short time before being lost to a dense carpet of D. albicans, but readily colonise newly slumped soil (Blockeel et al. 2014).

  In the Nordic countries, this species grows on sandy-loamy, acidic soil, often in shade along paths, on banks, or pioneering the open north- or east-exposed low slopes along roads, together with, for example Nardia scalaris, Ditrichum heteromallum, Pogonatum urnigerum, Lophozia bicrenata and Cephalozia bicuspidata. In the mountains, this species is a pioneer on open soil at the top of low mountains, together with, for example, Odontoschisma francisci, Gymnomitrion apiculatum, G. corallioides, Marsupella sprucei, Solenostoma sphaerocarpa var. nana and Diphyscium foliosum (Damsholt 2002).",There are no evident threats known to the species.,"This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) in Portugal, as Endangered (EN) in the Netherlands and Hungary, as Near Threatened (NT) in Ireland, Northern Ireland, Italy and Luxembourg (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Gunnarsson, U.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T","Vellak, K.,Hodgetts, N.,Schröck, C.,Goldberg, I.,Lönnell, N.,Blom, H.,Afonina, O.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Diplophyllum,taxifolium,,Diplophyllum taxifolium  ,(Wahlenb.) Dumort.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Alpine Earwort (Diplophyllum taxifolium) is mainly a mountain species in Europe. In the Nordic countries, this species is rather common in the north and in the mountains. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 3,000 and 4,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 12 and 13 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 2,000 and 3,000 km2 and the EOO is between 5 and 6 million km2. The current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28, and there are no major threats to this species. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, in the United Kingdom, this species is long lost from Wales (not seen since the 19th century) and England (last recorded in 1918), but apparently more or less stable in Scotland. Even so, no conservation measures are needed for this species at present.",Stable,"This species has a boreo-arctic, montane distribution. It is mainly a mountain species in Europe, and it is found from Montenegro and the Pyrenees, and north to Scandinavia and Svalbard, becoming more common northwards (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, this species is known from Great Britain and Spain in the west to central Europe, the Alps, France, Italy, Germany, eastwards to former Czechoslovakia, Poland and Russia (Ural Mountains and the Caucasus) and southwards to Corsica. It is also known from Iceland and Spitsbergen (Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 20 m and 3,030 m Asl.

In Asia, this species is known from Turkey, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Japan and Korea. In North America, this species is transcontinental, in the west from Alaska to British Columbia and California, in the east from Labrador to North Carolina and Tennessee. This species is also known from Greenland (Damsholt 2002).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 3,000 and 4,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 12 and 13 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 2,000 and 3,000 km2 and the EOO is between 5 and 6 million km2.","In the Nordic countries, this species is rather common in the north and in the mountains. There is no indication of any decline in northern Europe, and so the current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. However, in the United Kingdom, it is long lost from Wales (not seen since the 19th century) and England (last recorded in 1918), but apparently more or less stable in Scotland.","This species grows in montane and alpine regions. It is a calcifuge species and is found only on the higher hills and mountains, usually growing in crevices in scree, on rocky or peaty banks, hollows in rocky fell fields and on boulders and rock ledges, either in pure tufts or with other calcifuge hepatics such as Diplophyllum albicans, Gymnomitrion concinnatum, G. obtusum, Lophozia sudetica and Tetralophozia setiformis. This species is often associated with moderately late-snow areas, especially on shaded moist rocks, although most Diplophyllum around snow beds is D. albicans (Blockeel et al. 2014).

  In the Nordic countries, this species is a pioneer on shaded, acidic, cave or rock walls and crevices, and also occurs on slate, mostly in pure patches, tolerating very diffuse light. It is probably sensitive to competition, but also found together with, for example, Scapania nemorea, Neoorthocaulis attenuatus, Sphenolobus saxicola, Lepidozia reptans and Blepharostoma trichophyllum, and in the mountains with, for example, Gymnomitrion corallioides, Plagiochila porelloides and Scapania praetervisa (Damsholt 2002).",There are no evident threats known to the species.,This species is in the Red List of Portugal as Endangered (EN) and Italy as Near Threatened (NT) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. No conservation action is needed at present.,The species is not used or traded.,"Gunnarsson, U.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,FUNARIALES,DISCELIACEAE,Discelium,nudum,,Discelium nudum  ,(Dicks.) Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Flag-moss (Discelium nudum) is a rather rare circumpolar boreal-montane species that is scattered and occasional in northern Europe, from northern Fennoscandia and Arctic Russia south to the Spanish Pyrenees (where it is apparently extinct), central Germany and Bohemia (Czech Republic). This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is relatively widespread in northern parts of the European region. Although this is rather a rare species, it is a colonist that can occur in great quantity, and there is no indication of decline. It does not currently approach any of the thresholds for a threatened Category. No conservation measures are required at present, but the main subpopulations should be monitored to ensure that there is a continual turnover of habitat suitable for colonisation.",Unknown,"The Flag-moss (Discelium nudum) is a rather rare circumpolar boreal-montane species that is scattered and occasional in northern Europe, from northern Fennoscandia and Arctic Russia south to the Spanish Pyrenees (where it is apparently extinct), central Germany and Bohemia (Czech Republic). There is a recent (2004) record from Estonia, but it is listed as Regionally Extinct in that country. Elsewhere it occurs in northern Asia, Japan, and North America south to California and Pennsylvania (Blockeel et al. 2014).



This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 1,832 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) atca 4.8 million km². The latter figure is very approximate because of the paucity of records from Russia.","The population and population trends of this species are unknown. Individual colonies tend to come and go according to local conditions, with sometimes thousands or even millions of plants at a locality one year, then nothing another year. Although this is rather a rare species, it is a colonist that can occur in great quantity, and there is no indication of decline.","This is a colonist of compacted mud and acid clayey banks by reservoirs, ponds, streams and rivers, and often forms extensive mats. It has been found on clay banks by roads, on china-clay waste, on fine-textured mud in a slate quarry, on clay in brickworks and timber yards, on bare earth in woodland rides and forestry tracks, and on a muddy farm track. It is a primary colonist characteristic of newly bared surfaces and is soon outcompeted on stable surfaces. The colonies, with scattered bud-like gametophores emerging from a persistent protonema, are often pure, but can be associated with a wide range of other bryophytes, including some that regenerate from spores and others regenerating from tubers. For example, Dicranella rufescens, D. heteromalla, Atrichum undulatum, Nardia scalaris, Solenostoma gracillimum, Pogonatum aloides, Pohlia annotina, P. nutans and Pseudephemerum nitidum. Its altitudinal range is from 5 m up to 475 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).



This plant is pseudodioicous; capsules are often abundant, mature in spring. Rhizoidal tubers are produced, and can undergo rapid germination, providing a means of re-populating substrates if the surface layer is stripped away (e.g., by frost action).",The only real threat to this scarce species is lack of substrate for colonisation owing to a reduction of disturbance and consequent invasion of coarse vegetation.,"No conservation measures are required at present, but the main subpopulations should be monitored to ensure that there is a continual turnover of habitat suitable for colonisation. It is considered Endangered in Luxembourg and Vulnerable in the Czech Republic and Poland; also Near Threatened in Norway and Ireland: It is listed as Regionally Extinct in Estonia and Spain (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Ganeva, A.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DITRICHACEAE,Distichium,capillaceum,,Distichium capillaceum  ,(Hedw.) Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Europe regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Fine Distichium (Distichium capillaceum) is widely distributed in arctic, boreal and mountain regions and in most of them it is quite common. In the EU 28, this species is quite widespread in Sweden, Finland and many countries in central and southern Europe. The current population trend appears to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In Europe, this species has wide geographic range, with a large extent of occurrence (EOO), near 11.7 million km2. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

The possible threats to this species are the disturbance or change of moisture regimes of  habitats, as a result of mining or logging in mountain forests. In the regions where basic rock outcrops are rare, this species needs protection.",Stable,"This species is almost cosmopolitan (Dierssen 2001), with a boreo-arctic montane distribution. It is found in arctic and forest zones, as well as on mountains almost across the world, including the tropical regions of Africa and South America. In Europe, it has been found in Svalbard, Iceland, Great Britain, Ireland, Fennoscandia, the Baltic countries, the East European Plain, the Urals and its range extends south to the mountains of the Mediterranean region (Ignatov et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014).



In Europe, this species has a wide geographic range, with the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 11.7 million km2.","There are numerous known subpopulations of this species. The species is frequently fertile. The current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In Europe, this species is widely distributed in arctic, boreal and mountain regions and in most of them it is quite common. In the EU 28, this species is quite widespread in Sweden, Finland and many countries in central and southern Europe.","This species grows in the forests on shaded limestone, shists, basalt, sandstone, porphyrite and serpentinite. This species is found in crevices and on ledges of crags, on fine-grained soil accumulated in rock fissures and near the base of rocks. This species occurs in moist conditions, but usually avoids surfaces over which water flows. It has also been found on man-made substrates, such as concrete, railway cuttings and mortared walls. The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 3,200 m Asl (Grims 1999, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Blockeel et al. 2014).","The possible threats to this species are the disturbance or change of moisture regimes of habitats, as a result of mining or logging in mountain forests.","This species is included in several national Red Lists of European countries. It is protected in the territory of four EU 28 countries (Hodgetts 2015). It is assessed as Susceptible (GE) in the Netherlands, as Near Threatened (NT) in Sicily and Hungary and as Care demanding (4) in Lithuania.  It is also assessed in some regions of Russia, such as a rare species (3) in the Lipezk Province and the Moscow Province and as Vulnerable (VU) in the Tula Province (Papp et al. 2010, Siebel et al. 2013, Rašomavičius 2007, Campisi et al. 2002,Varlygina et al. 2008, Shcherbakov 2010, Shcherbakov 2014). A lot of subpopulations have been found within protected areas. In the regions where basic rock outcrops are rare, this species needs protection.",This species is not used or traded.,"Puche, F.,Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DITRICHACEAE,Distichium,hagenii,,Distichium hagenii  ,Ryan ex H.Philib.,,No,NT,D1,No,EN,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Distichium hagenii is known from north Norway, Svalbard, Sweden, Finland (extinct) and northern Russia. There is no information of any present decline, and the current population trend is probably stable in both Europe and the EU 28. However, based on the known recent localities, it is estimated that there are between 1,000 and 1,500 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT), as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion D. In the EU 28, it is estimated that there are less 250 individual-equivalents, and possibly even less than 50. However, the species might be also overlooked in these countries. Therefore, it is assessed as Endangered (EN). 

This species is very sensitive to the exploitation of its environment, through pressures like shore exploitation. Also, reduced grazing allows vegetation encroachment which eliminates the suitable habitat for this species.

Further field work is necessary to determine the real population size. Known sites should be protected to ensure the species' occurrence in the future. This is especially wanted in Norway and Sweden, where suitable habitats are most common. Monitoring is also recommended in order to investigate if populations are stable or declining.",Stable,"This species has mainly an arctic to subarctic distribution and it is known from north Norway, Svalbard, Sweden, Finland (exinct) and northern Russia (Hodgetts 2015). There are also some known sites further south in Sweden (around Stockholm and the west coast). This species can be overlooked since it is similar to a more common species, D. inclinatum. This species also occurs in Siberia and throughout northern Asia (Ignatov et al. 2006). It is also found in Alaska and Canada (BFNA 2007). It has been reported from high mountains in China, but these findings need to be confirmed. There might be more sites in Norway and Sweden (along the northern Baltic Sea coast), since suitable habitat is known to occur there, and the species may therefore have a more widespread distribution than currently known.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 60 and 90 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.8 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 20 and 40 km2 and the EOO is ca 0.1 million km2.","As far as we know today, this is a rare species in Europe. In Sweden, it is known from less than five extant localities along the coast of the Baltic Sea and one on the Swedish Atlantic coast (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). It is known to have disappeared from one Swedish locality (T. Hallingbäck pers. obs. 2017). In Norway, it is rare and found in Finnmark (Hassel et al. 2015) and Nordland. There are three recent sites known from Norway, as well as historical records. According to Frisvoll and Blom (1997) several localities are known on Svalbard (at least ten different areas on the Archipelago, and up to 50 or 60 different sites), and the species may have been overlooked in some regions. In Finland, there was only one subpopulation known in the 1940s, which has disappeared due to overgrowth (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). In Russia, it is reported from Nova Zemlya and eastern Murmansk - from where there are several recent records (Ignatov et al. 2006).

In Europe, the number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy unit for one individual-equivalents) is estimated to be between 1,000 and 1,500. In the EU 28, it is estimated that there are less 250 individual-equivalents, and possibly even less than 50. There is no information of any present decline, and the current population trend is probably stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species often grows on sea-shores or sites close to the sea. It can also grow inland, such as on Svalbard and Norwegian mountains. It is restricted to calcium-containing substrate such as moist base-rich mud, sometimes mixed with sand, and soil-filled cracks in the bedrock of limestone. The species is usually favored by grazing animals. This species has large spores, but may be able to disperse relatively well since it occurs in very windy areas, and could potentially also be able to disperse by water along coasts. The population is therefore not thought to be severely fragmented.","The species is very rare. Even in the richest sites it occupies only a very small area. This means that it is very sensitive to the exploitation of its environment, through pressures like shore exploitation. At least one site has disappeared as a result of ceased grazing. Reduced grazing allows vegetation encroachment which eliminates the suitable habitat for this species.","This species is in several national Red Lists. It is assessed as Regionally Extinct (RE) in Finland, as Endangered (EN) in Norway, as Vulnerable (VU) in Sweden, and as Data Deficient (DD) in Norway (Hodgetts 2015). In Sweden and Svalbard, this species occurs in protected areas.

Targeted field work is needed since the species is easy to overlook and there are large areas with suitable habitats where the species potentially could occur. Known sites should be protected to ensure the species' occurrence in the future. This is especially wanted in Norway and Sweden, where suitable habitats are most common. Monitoring is also recommended in order to investigate if populations are stable or declining. In Finland, further field work could be carried out, especially in the mountains, to confirm the species is regionally extinct.",The species is not used or traded.,"Weibull, H.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DITRICHACEAE,Distichium,inclinatum,,Distichium inclinatum  ,(Hedw.) Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

 EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Inclined Distichium (Distichium inclinatum) is widely but sporadically distributed in arctic, boreal and mountain regions north to Svalbard and south to Mediterranean. It has a scattered distribution in Sweden, Finland and many EU 28 countries in central and southern Europe. In Europe, this species has large geographic range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 9.8 million km2. The EOO in the EU 28 is estimated to be around 4.5 million km2. The known subpopulations are numerous but not large, and the current population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there have been recent new findings of this species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) in both Europe and the EU 28.

 However, this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Spain, Bulgaria and the Czech Republic. The possible threat to this species is the destruction or change of habitats due to mining, timber harvesting in the mountain forests, grazing, recreation (such as trampling) and predicted global warming from climate change. Further research is needed on the distribution, population size and threats to the species.",Stable,"In Europe, this boreo-arctic montane species is widely but sporadically distributed in arctic, boreal and mountain regions. It is found north to Svalbard and south to the Mediterranean. New findings of this species were recently made in different countries, such as Albania, Croatia, Montenegro, etc. (Puglisi et al. 2013, Papp et al. 2013, Papp et al. 2014). Elsewhere, it is known in the Caucasus, northern Africa (Morocco), Turkey, Iraq, Middle Asia, Siberia, Russian Far East, Iraq, China, North America and Antarctica (Ignatov et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014, Ignatov et al. 2016). The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 3,000 m Asl.

In Europe, this species has a large geographic range - the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is around 9.8 million km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is greater than 4.5 million km2.",The known subpopulations are numerous but not large. The species is frequently fertile. The current population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28.,"This species is found in mountain forests and at the bottom of narrow mountain river valleys, as well as on calcareous dune slacks and in dune grasslands, in limestone rocky grasslands, on moist basic rocks, on calcareous humus in crevices, on the ledges of limestone crags, on the banks of mineral-rich springs, and in man-made habitats such as quarries, earthy old walls, wall mortar, railway cuttings. In Russia, this species becomes more frequent in the permafrost regions (NISM 2017, Grims 1999, Blockeel et al. 2014, Ignatov et al. 2016).","The possible threat to this species is the destruction or change of habitats due to mining, timber harvesting in the mountain forests, grazing, recreation (such as trampling) and predicted global warming from climate change. In the United Kingdom, this species has declined or been lost at some coastal sites, especially in northwest England, because of the destruction of dune slacks or their deterioration as a consequence of drying-out and the growth of thick grass and Salix repens scrub (Amosov et al. 2008, Rassi et al. 2010,  Blockeel et al. 2014).","This species is included in several national Red Lists of European countries. It is assessed as Susceptible (DE) in the Netherlands, as Near Threatened (NT) in Finland and Estonia, as Vulnerable in Poland (V), Spain and Bulgaria (VU), as Endangered (EN) in the Czech Republic and in some regions of Russia, such as the Republic of Karelia (VU), the Arkhangelsk Province (3 – rare species) and the Nenets Autonomous District (as a care demanding species which is relatively rare) (Siebel et al. 2013, Rassi et al. 2010,Vellak et al. 2015, Garilleti and Albertos 2012, Kučera et al. 2012, Natcheva et al. 2006, Ноdgetts 2015, Ivanter and Kuznetsov 2007, Amosov et al. 2008).Further research is needed on the distribution, population size and threats to the species. 

",This species is not used or traded.,"Puche, F.,Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HOOKERIALES,DALTONIACEAE,Distichophyllum,carinatum,,Distichophyllum carinatum  ,Dixon &amp; W.E.Nicholson,,No,CR,C2a(i); D,No,CR,C2a(i); D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)



EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)



Distichophyllum carinatum is a very rare species confined in Europe to the Alps, where it is only known from Germany, Austria and Switzerland. However it has a scattered and highly disjunct distribution worldwide, occurring elsewhere in East Asia. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at 9,000 km2 whilst the area of occupancy (AOO) is very restricted, being estimated at just 40 km2. Some subpopulations of this species have been lost and others damaged, but all known subpopulations are very small and localities are very narrowly defined, so that all occurrences are highly vulnerable to stochastic events. On the other hand, many of the habitats in ravines where this species occurs are inaccessible and the subpopulations could be larger than are currently known. However intensive searches have been carried out for this species but only a few new sites have been found recently. In addition, there is no doubt that the population is severely fragmented and the species can barely reach new sites due to it poor dispersal ability. The overall population trend is therefore considered to be decreasing. It is estimated that there are fewer than 50 individual-equivalents in Europe and the EU 28, and that each subpopulation has fewer than 50 individual-equivalents. Thus this species is assessed as Critically Endangered in Europe and the EU 28.



This moss colonizes permanently wet to slightly irrigated base-rich rock crevices on cliffs, and is highly sensitive to disturbance. The installation of hydroelectric plants or forest logging can lead to changes in local environmental conditions (e.g., air humidity), thereby contributing to the disappearance of this moss. Natural succession can also lead to the disappearance of the very specific conditions this moss needs. A major threat comes from direct destruction by, for example, road construction. Maintenance work along trails through ravines can also be very problematic. A major risk is also from the collection of herbarium material, and it is possible that the subpopulation at the locus classicus disappeared through botanical collecting. The species is included on Appendix I of the Bern Convention and on Annex 2 of the Habitats Directive. It does occur in a number of Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) sites in all three European range countries. Due to the rarity of the species and the low population size, each subpopulation must be protected, through further site protection and management, and general habitat and resource protection. A strict policy is required to secure the subpopulations permanently. A small amount should be taken into cultivation for ex situ conservation. These can then be reintroduced into the wild in future secure sites. Further research into the population size, distribution, trends and threats is recommended, as well as the establishment of an area-based management plan.",Decreasing,"This is a very rare species confined in Europe to the Alps. In Austria, it is known from a total of five localities in the provinces of Salzburg and Vorarlberg (Schröck et al. 2013). In Germany, it grows in four localities in the Allgäu Alps. In Switzerland there is only one known site (Urmi 1984). This species has a scattered and highly disjunct  distribution worldwide, occurring elsewhere in East Asia (China, Japan, Thailand). It is found growing at elevations between 650 - 1,200 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at 9,000 km2 whilst the area of occupancy (AOO) is very restricted, being estimated at just 40 km2.","All known subpopulations are very small. Only in Austria there is accurate population information. Stands vary from a few to about 2,500 cm2. Very little is known about the population dynamics, but in Vorarlberg (Austria) the subpopulation size has considerable annual fluctuations of up to 50%, of even more (G. Amann pers. comm. 2016). In Germany, the effectively colonized area is about 300 cm2 (M. Reimann pers. comm. 2016). The known subpopulation in Switzerland is extremely small, about 1 dm2 (N. Schnyder pers. comm. 2016). Several targeted field trips at the locus classicus at Zinkenbach in Austria were unsuccessful, but it has been found elsewhere in the same general area. 



The majority of one subpopulation in the province of Vorarlberg (Austria) was recently lost through natural succession or maintenance works along a trail. One locality in Germany was presumably destroyed by road construction (Mosse der Allgauer Alpen 2016). The overall population trend is therefore decreasing. Intensive searches have been carried out for this species but only a few new sites have been found recently and the species is extremely rare. Since this species grows on the ground or on cliffs, one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre where the species grows. It is estimated that there are fewer than 50 individual-equivalents in Europe and that each subpopulation has fewer than 50 individual-equivalents. It is dioicous and sporophytes have been discovered so far only in East Asia. In Europe, apparently only unisexual subpopulations are known. For this reason, long distance dispersal is severely limited and short-distance dispersal is possible only by propagules and broken branches. Thus the population is considered to be severely fragmented, as it is found in small, isolated subpopulations. These small subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","The moss prefers deep ravines  at altitudes of 650-1200 m, where it colonizes permanently wet to slightly irrigated base-rich rock crevices on cliffs. The habitat is very specific. It probably needs a specific bedrock and in addition a specific mixture of a moist local climate with diffuse light, giving the sites a 'tropical' character. This moss is extremely sensitive and is quickly displaced by other bryophytes if the habitat becomes too wet, too dry or permanently shaded. In East Asia, it occurs on tree trunks in deciduous forests.","This species is highly sensitive to disturbance to the local environment. The installation of hydroelectric plants or forest logging can lead to changes in local environmental conditions (e.g., air humidity), thereby contributing to the disappearance of this moss. Natural succession can also lead to the disappearance of the very specific conditions this moss needs. A major threat comes from direct destruction by, for example, road construction. Maintenance work along trails through ravines can also be very problematic, as loose rock can be knocked off from the cliffs, which can present a great threat to the small subpopulations. A major risk is also from the collection of herbarium material, and it is possible that the subpopulation at the locus classicus disappeared through botanical collecting.","The species is included on Appendix I of the Bern Convention and on Annex 2 of the Habitats Directive. It is listed as Critically Endangered in Austria (Grims 1999), where two Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) have been established and annual monitoring takes place in the province of Vorarlberg. Monitoring is also recommended for the other localities in the province of Salzburg. In Germany, where it is listed as 'rare' (Caspari et al. 2018), two SACs have been established and all localities are known to the authorities and protected. It is still officially listed as Regionally Extinct in Switzerland (Schnyder et al. 2004), but it was re-discovered recently, and the subpopulation is monitored. Due to the rarity of the species and the small population size, each subpopulation must be protected, through further site protection and management, and general habitat and resource protection. A strict policy is required to secure the subpopulations permanently. A small amount should be taken into cultivation for ex-situ conservation. These can then be reintroduced into the wild in future secure sites. Further research into the population size, distribution, trends and threats is recommended, as well as the establishment of an area-based management plan.","This species is not utilised or traded, but a major risk is the collection of herbarium material.","Cálix, M.,Hodd, R.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DITRICHACEAE,Ditrichum,cornubicum,,Ditrichum cornubicum  ,Paton,,Yes,CR,D,Yes,CR,D,EU28,,"The Cornish Path-moss (Ditrichum cornubicum) is a species known only from a small area of Cornwall, England, and another in the extreme southwest of Ireland, in Co. Cork. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it is estimated that there are fewer than 50 individual-equivalents in Europe. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. It is known only from a small area of Cornwall, England, and another in the extreme southwest of Ireland, in Co. Cork. One recorded site in Cornwall has been lost, with two known extant sites remaining. There can be very significant annual variation in subpopulations, and the species is able to survive below the ground in drier years.



Threats to its survival include vegetation succession and a consequent gradual loss of exposed metalliferous substrates. The habitat is threatened by encroachment of rank vegetation and accidental damage from vehicles, tipping, thoughtless collection of specimens, or disturbance by sheep. Eutrophication of its sites from dung of sheep that rest on tracks has been a problem at one of the Cornish sites. Potential threats include 'tidying up' or reclamation of old industrial sites. In Cornwall, where its management is treated as part of the overall industrial heritage of at least one site, fencing to exclude sheep along with periodic scarification of the soil surface is used as a management tool to conserve this species. Ex-situ conservation is also recommended (and has actually been attempted; there are some cultures in existence), with a view to species recovery. Further research into population dynamics is also desirable.",Stable,"The Cornish Path-moss (Ditrichum cornubicum) is a species known only from a small area of Cornwall, England, and another in the extreme southwest of Ireland, in Co. Cork (Blockeel et al. 2014).  It may have been introduced recently from Cornwall to its Irish site. One recorded site in Cornwall has been lost, with two known extant sites remaining. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 20 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) at 1,638 km².","This moss has not been refound in west Cornwall since 1963. The species is dependent on habitat management for its survival and remedial management at others has led  to a resurgence of this plant. Its extant Cornish sites are monitored. The population trend is considered to be stable overall, however there is significant annual variation.



At the Crow's Nest site in Cornwall there are 20 known individual-equivalents; at the second Cornish site (Phoenix United mine) there are eight individual-equivalents; and at the Irish site (Allihies Mountain mine), there are 12 individual-equivalents, resulting in a total of 40 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. However, there can be very significant annual variation in subpopulations, and the species is able to survive below the ground in drier years.","This tiny moss is known only from bare or sparsely vegetated exposures of copper-mine waste. It may die back and become inconspicuous during dry summers, but recovers during winter and may persist in the same place over many years provided the ground remains open. In Cornwall the substrate is acidic with high levels of copper (up to 3,220 ppm dry weight), and habitats include the edges of paths and tracks, soil among boulders and in the crevices of a wall, and the sides of a ditch. Recorded associates there include Cephaloziella massalongi, Ceratodon purpureus, Pohlia annotina and Scopelophila cataractae. At Allihies in Co. Cork it also grows at an old copper-mine site, in a few damp hollows with Cephaloziella stellulifera, Solenostoma gracillimum and Pohlia andalusica. Its altitudinal range is from 90 m up to 290 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014). 



Only male plants are known. Rhizoidal tubers are abundant; protonemal gemmae are produced both in culture and in nature. It seems able to regenerate efficiently from these propagules, given the right conditions.","Threats to its survival include vegetation succession and a consequent  gradual loss of exposed metalliferous substrates. The habitat is threatened by encroachment of rank vegetation and accidental damage from vehicles, tipping, thoughtless collection of specimens, or disturbance by sheep. Eutrophication of its sites from dung of sheep that rest on tracks has been a problem at one of the Cornish sites. Potential threats include 'tidying up' or reclamation of old industrial sites (Lockhart et al. 2012).","This very rare and habitat-specific species requires site protection and management. In Cornwall, where its management is treated as part of the overall industrial heritage of at least one site, fencing to exclude sheep along with periodic scarification of the soil surface is used as a management tool to conserve this species. Its Irish site is within a Special Area of Conservation (SAC). It is listed as Critically Endangered in Ireland and Endangered in Britain (Hodgetts 2015). Ex-situ conservation is also recommended (and has actually been attempted; there are some cultures in existence), with a view to species recovery. Further research into population dynamics is also desirable.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Ganeva, A.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N., Lönnell, N., Vanderpoorten, A., Rothero, G. & Lockhart, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DITRICHACEAE,Ditrichum,heteromallum,,Ditrichum heteromallum  ,(Hedw.) E.Britton,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Curve-leaved Ditrichum (Ditrichum heteromallum) is a widespread species in Europe with a mainly boreo-temperate distribution. This is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, has a large and stable population and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Curve-leaved Ditrichum (Ditrichum heteromallum) is a widespread species in Europe with a mainly boreo-temperate distribution (Hodgett 2015, Puche 2015). It is also known in Asia, North Africa, North and South America.",The population size is unknown but is presumably large since the species grows forming rather extensive patches. The capsules are common and the species plays a colonist role in disturbed environments. The current population trend is stable.,"This species grows on acidic soil in disturbed environments such as quarries, cliffs, paths, river banks in woody habitats. It is found at elevations between 350 m and 1,900 m Asl (Puche 2015).","Even if this species often grows in disturbed habitats, no decline has been observed in the population and there appear to be no major threats to it.","The species is included in some regional Red List, such as that of Germany, Luxembourg and Netherland (Hodgetts 2015). Nevertheless, overall it seems to have a stable trend in Europe and consequently, no specific conservation measures are needed. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Vellak, K.,Hodgetts, N.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.","Ştefănuţ, S.,Gapon, S.,Sabovljevic, M.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DITRICHACEAE,Ditrichum,lineare,,Ditrichum lineare  ,(Sw.) Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Dark Ditrichum (Ditrichum lineare) has a wide boreal-montane distribution in Europe, becoming more infrequent or rare southwards. Both the area of occupancy (AOO) and the extent of occurrence (EEO) surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, is undoubtedly under-recorded and there is currently no indication of a decline in the population. However, the threats to this species (if any) are unknown. More research is needed on the population size, subpopulations and possible threats. It is known to occur in protected areas across its range in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.



",Unknown,"The Dark Ditrichum (Ditrichum lineare) shows a boreal-montane distribution. In Europe, it has a wide range and is known north to Iceland, northern Fennoscandia and the northern Ural mountains in Russia, becoming infrequent or rare southwards, to northwestern Spain and central Europe (Blockeel et al. 2014). It is found growing at elevations from 40 m up to 3,000 m Asl. Both the area of occupancy (AOO) and the extent of occurrence (EEO) surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is also known outside Europe from eastern Asia, Japan, and eastern North America (down south to Florida).","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail. Due to the small size and inconspicuousness of the plant, this moss is undoubtedly under-recorded. Even though this species is listed in numerous Red Lists, there is no indication of a decline in the population.","This small moss occurs in patches or single shoots between other bryophytes on often disturbed, acid soil. At lower altitudes it prefers forest roads or open peaty soil. At higher altitudes this species occurs on exposed ridges and by snowbeds (Blockeel et al. 2014).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is included in several national Red Lists: it is Critically Endangered in Ireland, Luxembourg and Romania, Endangered in Spain and Vulnerable in Slovakia, Switzerland, Bulgaria and Estonia (Hodgetts 2015). More research is needed on the population size, subpopulations and possible threats to this species. It is known to occur in protected areas across its range in Europe.",This species is not utilized or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Ignatov, M.,Hodgetts, N.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DITRICHACEAE,Ditrichum,pallidum,,Ditrichum pallidum  ,(Hedw.) Hampe,,No,NT,B2b(iii); D1,No,NT,B2b(iii); D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Pale cow-hair moss (Ditrichum pallidum) is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe and the EU 28 since its population size is around 1,000 individual equivalents, it's area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at just 152 km2 in Europe (136 km2 in the EU 28), and there is a decline in the habitat of this species across Europe. However there is limited data for this species. It is rare but widespread. It has a presumably stable population trend and is a good disperser that produces sporophytes, and so is not considered severely fragmented. 

In many countries it is a Red Listed species. According to data available there are not so many recent records of this species in Europe, with the majority coming from old sources. It is affected by the increasing density of forests as well as being equally threatened by clear-felling of forests. It is found in protected areas across its European range, offering it some protection from these threats. Habitat management is recommended in areas where the species is known to occur.",Stable,"This is a rare but widespread species of moss in temperate zones of Europe, but not reaching the extreme north and not occurring in many regions, including European Russia. It has apparently disappeared from Sweden. It occurs elsewhere in Asia and North America. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at over 1.2 million km2, surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category. However the area of occupancy (AOO) for this species is much smaller, estimated at just 152 km2 in Europe, with it being slightly smaller in the EU 28 at 136 km2.","The habitat of this species may be declining in general over Europe, but the picture is not clear. This species is quite frequent in Hungary, particularly near the border with Austria. However, in Austria and the Czech Republic it is rare. In Sweden, it is considered possibly extinct. There is a historical decline of this species in Germany (which is viewed as the core area of distribution) but it is now considered to be stable. The overall population trend is therefore stable. It is a good disperser that produces sporophytes readily and is thus not considered severely fragmented. Its population size is estimated to be around 1,000 individual equivalents (one square meter is one individual equivalent) in both Europe and the EU 28, considering there are only a couple of records outside of the EU 28.","This species grows on soil in dry, wooded areas (Cortini-Pedrotti 2001), usually in open glades in the forest. It needs acid soils. Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-1,350 m.",The species can be affected by increasing density of the forest: its open glade habitat is declining generally. It is equally threatened by clear-felling of forests. The subpopulations may be physically damaged during forestry activities (R. Natcheva pers.comm. 2017).The habitat in Austria is declining due to nitrification.,"This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Sweden (Regionally Extinct), Switzerland (Endangered), Bulgaria (Endangered), Germany (Vulnerable), Estonia (Vulnerable), Czech Republic (Vulnerable), Belgium (Threatened), Romania (Near Threatened), Slovakia (Data Deficient) and Montenegro (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas. Habitat management is recommended in areas where the species is known to occur.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Gunnarsson, U.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DITRICHACEAE,Ditrichum,plumbicola,,Ditrichum plumbicola  ,Crundw.,,Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)c(iv)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)c(iv)",EU28,,"The Lead-moss (Ditrichum plumbicola) is an oceanic temperate species confined to Britain, Ireland, western Germany and Belgium. It is restricted to fine-textured lead-mine spoil that is largely devoid of vascular plants. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (of occupancy (AOO) is 248 km²), there is an estimated and inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and mature individuals, and the population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals, depending on site management. It probably also qualifies under criterion C, as there are likely to be few mature individuals, but this has not been determined accurately. 



With the cessation of lead-mining, new substrates are no longer being created for colonisation and this may threaten the long-term future of the species. Even on existing mine waste, the natural processes of leaching and succession, as well as landscaping and planting, combine to reduce the extent of suitable ground, although mechanical disturbance can expose toxic substrate at known sites. Protection and management of mine-waste sites, including scraping vegetation to expose bare ground for colonisation, is recommended. Also further survey work at old mine sites to complete the picture of its distribution and abundance.",Decreasing,"The Lead-moss (Ditrichum plumbicola) is an oceanic temperate species confined to Britain, Ireland, western Germany, France (Brittany, discovered in 2015) and Belgium. It is a European endemic (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 248 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 597,000 km².","While this moss has been found relatively recently at several 'new' sites, notably those in Germany and Belgium, it must have declined following the closure of lead mines and subsequent invasion of coarse vegetation. Repeat surveys in North Wales and the Mendips (SW England) have shown a clear decline in site number and extent (Rumsey and Crouch 2010, F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2017). This species shows severe fluctuations in the number of individuals. While some of this is because of its life strategy, surviving as tubers in the soil, much of it is undoubtedly because of changes in the habitat. It is a very poor competitor, and it is not known how long tubers can survive in the soil in the event of coarse vegetation becoming dominant. It is to be expected that the kind of site management that results in a rapid turnover of substrates will favour this species.","This species is restricted to fine-textured lead-mine spoil that is largely devoid of vascular plants. It occurs in small pure patches or as scattered shoots, in the open or in the shelter of shrubs or small stones, sometimes with Weissia controversa var. densifolia, which is also characteristic of soils with a high lead content. Other recorded associates are Cephaloziella spp., Diplophyllum albicans, Nardia scalaris, Solenostoma gracillimum, Bryum pallens, B. pseudotriquetrum, Ceratodon purpureus, Dicranella varia, Didymodon fallax, D. rigidulus, Pogonatum aloides, Polytrichum piliferum and Scopelophila cataractae. It is limited to acid ground, and in north Wales was found to occur on soils with pH values of 4.5 to 6.5. It fails to colonise more highly calcareous mine waste. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 460 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014).



Inflorescences and capsules are unknown. Vegetative propagation occurs  by means of  rhizoidal tubers, and  presumably by stem fragmentation.","With the cessation of lead-mining, new substrates are no longer being  created for colonisation and this may threaten the long-term future of  the species. Even on existing mine waste, the natural processes of  leaching and succession, as well as landscaping and planting, combine to  reduce the extent of suitable ground, although mechanical disturbance  can expose toxic substrate at known sites. The small subpopulations in Ireland are potentially at risk from ""tidying"" or restoration work at disused mine sites, as well as from illegal tipping, disturbance by off-road vehicles, erosion of slopes, or shading due to natural vegetation succession. At one site there is currently a threat from erosion and disturbance of mine-spoil by off-road motorcycling. At another there is some risk from shading as scrub and heathland vegetation cover increases (Rumsey and Crouch 2010, Lockhart et al. 2012, Blockeel et al. 2014).","Protection and management of mine-waste sites, including scraping vegetation to expose bare ground for colonisation, is recommended. Also further survey work at old mine sites to complete the picture of its distribution and abundance. This species is listed as Endangered in Britain and Ireland and as 'rare' in Germany (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Ignatov, M.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Lönnell, N., Rothero, G. & Vanderpoorten, A.","Bell, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DITRICHACEAE,Ditrichum,punctulatum,,Ditrichum punctulatum  ,Mitt.,,No,NT,B2ab(iii),No,NT,B2ab(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



In Europe, Ditrichum punctulatum occurs in the Azores (Pico and São Miguel Islands), and Madeira Island. This species can be found on the ground on moist slopes and shady rocks of the natural forest frequently near large waterfalls, as well as in the high mountain habitats. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 72 km2), and it occurs at around 12 locations, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. Alterations in flow regimes is considered the main threat to this species, since it develops frequently on moist slopes and shady rocks near large waterfalls of the laurel forests, especially in the high mountain habitats of Macaronesia. Other threats include climatic changes, changes in land use, as well as habitat eutrophication, drainage or intensification of grazing activities. Monitoring of the habitat and population is recommended and ex-situ conservation should also be considered. It is important to revisit known sites to verify the population status and monitor habitat conditions regularly, in order to ensure the viability of the population.",Unknown,"Ditrichum punctulatum is found in the Azores (Pico and São Miguel Islands) and Madeira, but it also occurs in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Papua New Guinea, Heard Island and the McDonald Islands (Sérgio et al. 2006, Gabriel et al. 2011). The species can be misidentified with some species of the Campylopus genus. Before 2011, Ditrichum punctulatum was not referred to the Azores, as the two records were identified as Campylopus marginatulus (Frahm 2011). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 45,900 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 72 km2.

","This species occurs in eleven sites in Madeira Island and it is also known in two sites at the Azores (Pico and São Miguel islands). It is important to revisit known sites to verify the status of the subpopulations and regularly monitor habitat conditions, in order to ensure the viability of the population (Gabriel et al. 2011, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). The current population trend is unknown.

","This small tuft-forming moss can be found on the ground, on moist slopes and shady rocks of the laurel forest, frequently near large waterfalls, as well as in the Ericaceous forests and thickets of Erica arborea and in high mountain habitats. It occurs between 400 m and 1,800 m Asl on Madeira and up to 1,200 m Asl in the Azores (Frahm 2011, Gabriel et al. 2011, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). It is considered a colonist and its generation length is estimated at between one and five years. Three generations would therefore be considered to be around ten years.

","Alterations in flow regimes is considered the main threat to this species, since it develops frequently on moist slopes and shady rocks near large waterfalls of the laurel forests, especially in the high mountain habitats of Macaronesia. Other threats include loss of habitat suitability due to the effects of climate change (increase in temperature and decrease in humidity), changes in land use, habitat eutrophication, rockfalls, drainage, afforestation and intensification of grazing activities. In addition, an increasing frequency in wildfires and the spread of invasive alien plant species are likely to have negative effects on it. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of alterations of flow regimes, and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only 12 locations. 



 

","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. In Madeira most of its distribution is included in the Madeira Natural Park, which is protected through a Regional Decree. The restricted distribution of the species in Europe justifies the future implementation of specific conservation measures, along with effective habitat protection and management, at the sites where is known to occur. It was considered Rare in the European Red List of Bryophytes (ECCB 1995) and Near Threatened in Madeira by Sim-Sim et al. (2014). Monitoring of the habitat and population is recommended and ex-situ conservation should also be considered. It is important to revisit known sites to verify the population status  and monitor habitat conditions regularly, in order to ensure the viability  of the population (Gabriel et al. 2011, Sim-Sim et al. 2014).

",This species is not utilised.,"Bates, J.,Cálix, M.","Sim-Sim, M., Gabriel, R., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DITRICHACEAE,Ditrichum,pusillum,,Ditrichum pusillum  ,(Hedw.) Hampe,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Brown Ditrichum (Ditrichum pusillum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) (estimated at over 12.8 million km2) and area of occupancy (AOO) (estimated at 2,400 km2) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species. It occurs in protected areas across its European range.",Stable,"This is a small circumpolar boreo-temperate moss. It is widespread in Europe, from the Canary Islands and Greece north to Iceland and northern Fennoscandia, east to the Urals, but is absent from most of the Mediterranean region. Elsewhere it occurs in North Africa (Algeria), Turkey, Afghanistan, Siberia, the Himalayas, eastern Asia and North America (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) (estimated at over 12.8 million km2) and area of occupancy (AOO) (estimated at 2,400 km2) greatly surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.",This is a widespread but ruderal species with a stable population trend.,"This species can be found growing in disturbed conditions such as roadside verges and on sandy soils in rather wet or damp localities (Brugues and Guerra 2015). It is a calcifuge moss of open or thinly vegetated ground. Recorded habitats include gravel and clay pits, old quarries, and sandy or gritty banks by lanes and roads, where

associates include tuber-bearingBryum spp., Trichodon cylindricus, Ditrichum heteromallum and Pohlia annotina. In upland areas it is found on thin gravelly soil overlying limestone. It is a very infrequent member of arable-field communities on non-calcareous soils, where it has been recorded with Riccia sorocarpa, Atrichum undulatum, Bryum rubens, B. subapiculatum, Ceratodon purpureus, Dicranella staphylina, Pohlia annotina, Pseudephemerum nitidum, Tortula truncata and Trichodon cylindricus (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 25-2,260 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Switzerland(Endangered), Luxembourg (Vulnerable), the Netherlands (Vulnerable), Canary Islands (Vulnerable), Spain (Vulnerable), Germany (Vulnerable), Estonia (Vulnerable), Ireland (Data Deficient) and Slovakia (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). This species occurs in protected areas across its European range.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Wilbraham, J.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DITRICHACEAE,Ditrichum,subulatum,,Ditrichum subulatum  ,Hampe,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Awl-leaved Ditrichum (Ditrichum subulatum) is a Mediterranean-Atlantic species, known in Mediterranean Europe, Macaronesia and North Africa. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and, even though the population trend is unknown, there is no evidence of a continuing decline at the European level. Further research is needed into its entire distribution area to confirm its presence and determine the conservation status of the different subpopulations.",Unknown,"The Awl-leaved Ditrichum (Ditrichum subulatum) is a Mediterranean-Atlantic species, known in Mediterranean Europe, Macaronesia and North Africa (Ros et al. 2013, Hodgetts 2015, Puche 2015).","There is no available information on the size and trend of the population. Despite its widespread presence in Europe, this species may be declining in some parts of its distribution area. It has not been recorded in the Balearic Islands and Serbia for more than half a century (Ros et al. 2013). However, there is no clear evidence of a continuing decline at the European level.","The plants are very small and form little tufts or patches, often mixed with other species. The capsules are often numerous and the plants also reproduce vegetatively through rhizoidal gemmae. They grow on soil and rock in acidic shrublands. It is found at elevations between 50 m and 1,350 m Asl (Puche 2015).","In the Mediterranean habitats, where this species mostly grows, fire is a threat. However, it is possible that the species has some resilience to this threat due to the presence of vegetative reproductive structures.","Since this species has not been reported for more than half a century in Serbia and the Baleares (Ros et al. 2013), research is needed in both these areas. Further research is also needed into its entire distribution area to confirm its presence and determine the conservation status of the different subpopulations. Further research into the potential threats to this species, its population size and trend are also needed. Monitoring of the population trend is also recommended. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Vellak, K.,Hodgetts, N.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.","Syrjänen, K.,Belkina, O.,Afonina, O.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DITRICHACEAE,Ditrichum,zonatum,,Ditrichum zonatum  ,(Brid.) Kindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Alpine Ditrichum (Ditrichum zonatum) is a European Arctic-montane species that occurs in northern and montane areas from Iceland, north Fennoscandia and northwest Russia south to the mountains of central Europe and the Balkans. This species is assessed as Least Concern since even though it usually occurs in small amounts, it is apparently fairly secure in the north, and there is no evidence of a decline. It is probably also overlooked. No conservation measures are required at present.",Unknown,"The Alpine Ditrichum (Ditrichum zonatum) is a European Arctic-montane species that occurs in northern and montane areas from Iceland, north Fennoscandia and northwest Russia south to the mountains of central Europe and the Balkans. Elsewhere it occurs in Japan and western North America. Records from the Pyrenees are doubtful. It is possibly more widespread but has not always been recognised as distinct from Ditrichum heteromallum (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at ca 1,300 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 6.5 million km². This species is probably also overlooked.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown. Subpopulations are often small, but can locally be larger at some sites. However, this species is easy to overlook and nothing very quantitative can be said with the present state of knowledge.

","This is a species of acid skeletal soils and rocks, occurring in crevices and amongst block scree in corries and gullies, as well as on exposed ridges; rarely it occurs in silted crevices by upland burns. It is highly characteristic of the hepatic mat communities of late snowbeds and flushes in relatively sheltered situations with northerly and easterly aspects. In this habitat it is associated with many typical chionophilous species, including Anthelia spp., Gymnomitrion concinnatum, Lophozia sudetica, Marsupella spp., Moerckia blyttii, Nardia breidleri, Fuscocephaloziopsis albescens and Conostomum tetragonum. When growing among block scree and in rock crevices it is often associated with Diplophyllum taxifolium, Marsupella spp., Andreaea spp., Kiaeria spp., Oligotrichum hercynicum, Polytrichum spp. and Racomitrium spp. Its altitudinal range is from 40 m up to 3,000 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014).



This species is dioicous; capsules are very rare. Shoot tips are caducous and probably act as a means of vegetative propagation. Rhizoidal tubers have been observed but are apparently rare.","This species is not immediately threatened. Individual subpopulations are usually small and potentially vulnerable to accidental losses from rock-falls, erosion (which might be worsened by overgrazing) or shading by taller plants (which could increase if grazing pressure declines) (Lockhart et al. 2012), but these are unlikely to be significant to the population as a whole. Climate change could be a long term threat.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed as Endangered in Ireland and the Czech Republic, and Vulnerable in Bulgaria. In addition it is Near Threatened in Switzerland, 'rare' in Germany, and Data Deficient in Slovakia and Albania (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas. Research into the population trend is recommended, but is probably low priority.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Ganeva, A.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Douinia,ovata,,Douinia ovata  ,(Dicks.) H. Buch,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Waxy Earwort (Douinia ovata) is mostly found in regions close to the Atlantic coast. This liverwort has a scattered occurrence in western Europe. It is not abundant anywhere, and occurs in small patches at each site. However, this species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 4,000 and 5,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 4 and 5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 2,500 and 3,000 km2 and the EOO is between 3 and 4 million km2. The total population size in Europe, as well as in the EU 28, is probably slightly over 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). In both Europe and the EU 28, the current population trend is considered to be stable, and there are no major threats to this species. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

  However, this species is considered to be locally threatened in Germany and Finland. Even so, no conservation measures are required at the European level at present.",Stable,"This species has an oceanic, temperate distribution. It is found in regions close to the Atlantic coast, from Portugal to the Faroe Islands and Scandinavia, as well as more locally east to Finland, Germany, eastern France and Corsica (Damsholt 2002, Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 10 m and 700 m Asl. In North America, this species is known from the west from Alaska to Oregon and California. It is also known from southernmost Greenland (Damsholt 2002).

In the Nordic countries, this species is frequent along the west coast of Norway, but mainly in the coastal area, avoiding the warmer, more continental heads of the fjords. In continuation with the Norwegian occurrence, this species is also found along the west coast of Sweden southwards to Hallandsåsen, reoccurring in deep ravines and on small islands along the east coast of the Baltic Sea, as far north as Åland (Damsholt 2002, Hodgetts 2015).

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 4,000 and 5,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 4 and 5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 2,500 and 3,000 km2 and the EOO is between 3 and 4 million km2.","This liverwort has a scattered occurrence in western Europe. It is not abundant anywhere, and occurs in small patches at each site. The total population size in Europe, as well as in the EU 28, is probably slightly over 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for each individual-equivalent). However, there is no recorded decline, at least not in the core area. The current population trend is therefore stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","In the United Kingdom, this species grows on trees and rocks. Birch woods and alders in wooded ravines are especially favoured by this species, where it grows on trunks and larger limbs of trees, as well as on mossy boulders and more rarely, peaty banks. This species also grows on oak and rowan. On more open slopes (possibly often where woodland formerly occurred) it grows on mossy boulders in large block screes, or occasionally on stone walls. Rocks on which this species grows are often acidic but it has been found on basalt and basic schist. On both rock and wood, this species grows with a similar range of associates, such as Diplophyllum albicans, Frullania tamarisci, Plagiochila punctata, Scapania gracilis, Dicranum fuscescens, D. scoparium and Hypnum andoi, all of which can tolerate intermittent drought (Blockeel et al. 2014).

In the Nordic countries, this species grows among other bryophytes on the vertical side of rather dry shaded acidic stones, on dry rock walls and at base of rather large birch trees (Damsholt 2002).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","This species is in the Red Lists of Germany and Finland as Critically Endangered (CR), and is assessed in Ireland and Northern Ireland as Near Threatened (NT) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Vellak, K.,Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T","Ştefănuţ, S.,Sabovljevic, M.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Drepanocladus,aduncus,,Drepanocladus aduncus  ,(Hedw.) Warnst.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Kneiff's Hook-moss (Drepanocladus aduncus) is found throughout Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and abundant throughout much of its range, and there are no major threats to it.",Stable,Kneiff's Hook-moss (Drepanocladus aduncus) is found globally and throughout Europe (de Lange et al. in press).,"This species is widespread and abundant throughout its range. The population trend is stable. However, there has been a historic decline due to the destruction of wetlands in Europe.","This species is typical of mesotrophic wetlands, flushes, seepages and even wet ground along roads and tracks. It occasionally grows submerged in deeper water and persists in quite severely degraded or disturbed wetlands.",There are no major threats to this species at the European scale.,No conservation actions are required. It is found in protected areas throughout its range.,This species is not utilised.,"Fettes, N.D.,Tsakiri, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F., Lüth, M. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Drepanocladus,angustifolius,,Drepanocladus angustifolius  ,(Hedenäs) Hedenäs &amp; C.Rosborg,,No,VU,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii); C2a (i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Drepanocladus angustifolius occurs in northern Europe, but it is rare all over its distribution range. The occurrence of this species is limited to small areas. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 800 and 1,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 500 and 600 km2 and the EOO is ca 0.2 million km2. However, it might be overlooked especially in the northern range. The number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe is estimated to be between 10,000 and 15,000, and each subpopulation consists probably of less than 1,000 individual-equivalents. Probably, the species is severely fragmented, and while the current population trend is considered to be stable, a future inferred continuing decline is projected as a result of climate change drying up its major habitat of shallow wetlands. Therefore, this species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in Europe.

Within the EU 28, the estimated population size is between 2,000 and 3,000 individual-equivalents, and each subpopulation probably consists of less than 1,000 individual-equivalents. The current population trend is considered to be declining in this region, and the species is also severely fragmented. Therefore, this species is also assessed as Vulnerable in the EU 28.

Monitoring and research on the distribution, population size and trend of this species is needed.",Stable,"This species occurs in northern Europe, especially in Iceland and the Scandinavian mountains extending eastwards to adjacent coastal part of the Kola Peninsula in Russia. Known countries include Iceland, Norway, Svalbard region (Bjørnøya), Sweden, Finland (Lomajaerven Kuru) and Russia (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs from the lowlands in arctic and boreal zones to high mountains. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between sea level and 500 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species is known from scattered locations in northern Asia and northern North America (Hedenäs et al. 2014).

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 800 and 1,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 500 and 600 km2 and the EOO is ca 0.2 million km2.","The species is rare all over its distribution range. However, it might be overlooked due to its resemblance with other species with curved leaves in wetlands. Probably, the species is severely fragmented, as sporophytes are not known and each subpopulation is small and isolated, so may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.  The number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe is estimated to be between 10,000 and 15,000 (using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equivalent), and each subpopulation consists probably of less than 1000 individual-equivalents. There is no evidence for a present decline, and so the current population trend is considered to be stable in Europe and the EU 28. However its major habitat, shallow wetlands, is easily dried up and if climate change continues, increased dryness in northern Europe means the species will most probably decline in future.

Within the EU 28, the estimated population size is between 2,000 and 3,000 individual-equivalents, and each subpopulation probably consists of less than 1000 individual-equivalents.","This species grows in more or less calcareous and shallow wetlands. Above the tree line in the mountains the species is often found in connection with patches of snow or small streams (Hedenäs et al. 2014). The habitats are often small or very small in size (sometimes only a few m2) and they commonly dry out periodically, or sometimes the habitats are flushed with lime-rich water. In Russia, this species grows in sedge-, herb- and willow reed. It has been collected at least once in European Russia (Ulvinen 1996).","If the climate continues to change, with higher temperature and less precipitation in northern Europe, the species will most probably decline since it occurs in a habitat that drys up easily.","This species is in the Red List of Svalbard as Vulnerable (VU) (Frisvoll and Blom 1997). It is unknown if this species occurs in any protected areas. 

Monitoring and research on the distribution, population size and trend of this species is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Segarra-Moragues, J.,Cálix, M.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Drepanocladus,arcticus,,Drepanocladus arcticus  ,(R.S.Williams) Hedenäs,,No,NT,B2b(iii),No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Drepanocladus arcticus is known from Svalbard, as well as from scattered localities along the arctic coast of Russia. The core of its distribution is found on Svalbard, where there are numerous findings. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 70 and 100 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1 million km2. It is likely that there are well above 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) of this species in Europe. There is currently no report of any decline, but the current population trend in Europe is unknown. However, with a warmer climate (as climate models predict in the arctic) its habitat will dry up, especially the lagoons and pools close to sea, and this species might therefore decline in the future.Therefore a projected continuing decline for this species or its habitat is considered.  This species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened in Europe, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

Alongside climate change, another future threat could be the invasive alien species which have begun to arrive and settle on Svalbard. These invasive alien species could compete and cause a decline to this species.More fieldwork is recommended in Russia to determine the status of the subpopulations there. In addition, monitoring and research on the distribution, population size, population trend and habitat trends of the species is needed, as well as threats to the species.

This species is not found within EU 28 countries and therefore it is Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"This species is known from Svalbard and scattered localities along the arctic coast of Russia, including Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya and Vaigach Island (Abramova et al. 1961, Ignatov et al. 2006). It has also been found in the polar Urals (Dyachenko 1997), however probably only on the eastern slope of the Urals, in Asia (Afonina and Czernyadjeva 1995; Dyachenko 1997). There are numerous localities on Svalbard, with more than 50% of all specimens from Svalbard (Hedenäs 1997). These numerous collections from Svalbard, where the species was unknown before 1997, indicates that the species is frequent in the high arctic zone (Hedenäs 1997). It is also present in arctic North America. The altitudinal range of the species is between sea level and 500 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, northernmost North America and Asia (BFNA 2015).



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 70 and 100 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1 million km2. This species is not found within the EU 28.","There are numerous findings of this species from Svalbard, which indicate that the subpopulations can be rather large there. Numerous records from Longyearbyen, the largest settlement and the administrative centre of Svalbard, could indicate the species is quite common on the island. In Russia, there are mostly old records, since fieldwork is not often carried out in the areas where the species occurs. In Europe, it is likely that there are well above 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and with 1 m2 used as a proxy for one individual-equivalent).

  There is currently no report of any decline, and the population trend in Europe is unknown. However, since a warmer climate (as climate models predict in the arctic) will dry up the lagoons and pools close to sea, this species might decline in the future. Therefore a projected continuing decline for this species or its habitat is considered.","This species grows close to the sea, in lagoons, salt water pools and moist shore meadows. On Svalbard, it also grows on moist mire slopes.The species can grow up to 500 m Asl. Four Svalbard collections were made not far from bird cliffs. The frequent association with sea shores, and in some cases bird cliffs, indicates that the species grows in both mineral-rich and more or less nutrient-rich habitats (Hedenäs 1997). The species grows in mats.","It is considered that climate change has a negative impact on nearly all native species in the arctic region. The current warming of the climate on arctic ecosystems is currently very fast and is one of the most important negative pressures of this and other species in arctic latitudes. However, it is not expected that climate change will have a significant impact on this species in the near future. A warming climate can also lead to the invasion of mires by vascular plants - however, this is not expected to happen in the near future. There appear to be no immediate threats to the subpopulations in Svalbard, where the core of the European population is found. 

Another future threat could be the invasive alien species which have begun to arrive and settle on Svalbard. These invasive alien species could compete and cause a decline to this species.","This species is known to occur in protected areas. More fieldwork is recommended in Russia to determine the status of the subpopulations there. In addition, monitoring and research on the distribution, population size, population trend and habitat trends of the species is needed, as well as threats to the species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Ros-Espín, R.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Drepanocladus,brevifolius,,Drepanocladus brevifolius  ,(Lindb.) Warnst.,,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Drepanocladus brevifolius is known from Svalbard, as well as several localities in the tundra parts of European Russia. In Europe, this species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) of around 80,000 km2 but a small area of occupancy (AOO) of between 36 and 50 km2. There is very little information about the total population size of this species, although it is likely that there are well above 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe (considered as mature individuals). The current population trend in Europe is probably stable. In addition, there are no major threats to this species in the near future. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe.

However, climate change is a potential future threat to this wetland species, although it is not expected to have a serious negative effect on the population in the near future. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trends is needed. 

This species does not occur in the EU 28 and is therefore Not Evaluated.",Stable,"This species has a circumarctic distribution. It is known from Svalbard, as well as several localities in the tundra parts of European Russia (Hedenäs 1992a, Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of the species is between sea level and 500 m Asl. This species is also found in Asia and North America (BFNA 2015). 

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 36 and 50 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 80,000 km2. This species is not found within the EU 28.","There is very little information about the total population size of this species. On Svalbard, the species is known from at least 40 sites, some of which are close to each other. It seems to be widespread in the northwestern part of Spitsbergen, and it seems not to be rare in Novaya Zemlya in European Russia. The current population trend is probably stable. It is likely that there are well above 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe (considered as mature individuals and with one individual-equivalent considered as 1 m2 on which it grows).","This species grows in calcium-rich, wetland habitats in tundra, rich fens, on moist excavated soil, and surrounding pools and percolation areas (Hedenäs 1992b). It is often found together with Drepanocladus turgescens. The species is perennial and rarely produces sporophytes.","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. Climate change is a potential future threat to this wetland species, but it is not expected to have a serious negative effect on the population in the near future.","This species is known to occur in protected areas on Svalbard. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trends is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Ros-Espín, R.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Drepanocladus,capillifolius,,Drepanocladus capillifolius  ,(Warnst.) Warnst.,"Previously, Drepanocladus capillifolius (Warnst.) Warnst. was consideredas a synonym of Drepanocladus longifolius (Mitt.) Paris, (Hill et al. 2006), a Southern Hemisphere species, but these species are definitely distinct and delimited by morphological characters, especially shape and size of the alar cells. This is further supported by strictly segregating genetic differences (Saługa et al. 2016).",No,NT,"B1b(iii,v)",No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



Drepanocladus capillifolius is distributed in the boreal to sub-polar zones of Eurasia. This species has small area of occupancy, estimated to be around 600 km2 in Europe and around 500 km2 in the EU 28. It is locally abundant only in Sweden and Finland, where the subpopulations are quite numerous and the trend seems to be stable. However, in other countries, this species is rare and its habitats (mineral-and nutrient-rich fens) are rare and vulnerable due to the human impact and climate change. Overall, the population is currently showing a declining trend. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened in both Europe and the EU 28, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

The actual distribution of this species is not well studied due to some taxonomic problems relating to its conspecificity with D. capillifolius. Therefore, further research of taxonomy is needed, as well as research into the population size and trend of this species. Recommended conservation actions include increased habitat protection.",Decreasing,"At present, this species is usually treated as a bipolar taxon, as a result of conspecificity of Drepanocladus longifolius (previously considered as an austral species). This species is found in northern areas (Hedenäs 1997, 2003). It is distributed in the boreal to sub-polar zones of Eurasia and North America, in the highlands of South America and in Australia. It has also been recorded from the Kerguelen Islands, the southern Orkney Islands, the southern Shetland Islands and the east coast of the Trinity Peninsula (Hedenäs 2003; Ellis et al. 2012, 2013; Ignatov and Ignatova 2004).

In Europe, the estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is around 6 million km2, and the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is around 600 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of the species is estimated to be around 2.2 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 500 km2.

The altitudinal range of the species is between sea level and 2,200 m Asl.","In Sweden and Finland, this species seems to be stable. In Norway, this species has negative trend and there is a continuing decline of number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) within subpopulations (Kålås et al. 2010). In Russia, there are recent records, but these are very few. The overall population trend appears to be currently decreasing in Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows submerged in wet depressions in moderately mineral-and nutrient-rich fens, around lakes, small brooks, springs, small rivers, and in wet meadows and swampy forests at low to moderately high elevations, up to 2,200 m Asl (Natcheva 2005, Andrejeva et al. 2012).

The area of occupancy and the habitat of this species have declined in Germany (Meinunger and Schröder 2007).","The main threat to this species is the degradation of fen habitats, as a result of decreasing ground water level from human impact and climate change.","This species is included in several national Red Lists. It is assessed as Endangered (EN) in Norway, Data Deficient (DD) in the Czech Republic, Latvia and Bulgaria, and Vulnerable (VU) in Estonia (Kålås et al. 2010, Kučera et al. 2012, Natcheva et al. 2006, Vellak et al. 2015). In Germany, the species is considered to be a category 2, and is assessed as E in Poland (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996, Hodgetts 2015). It is Not Evaluated (NE) in Romania (Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012). Some subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Recommended conservation actions include increased habitat protection, and further research of taxonomy, population size and trend of this species.",This species is not used or traded.,"Séneca, A.,Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Drepanocladus,lycopodioides,,Drepanocladus lycopodioides  ,(Brid.) Warnst.,The genus Pseudocalliergon was brought back within Drepanocladus by Hedenäs and Rosborg (2008).,No,VU,"A2c; B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",No,VU,"A2c; B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



The Large Hook-moss (Drepanocladus lycopodioides) is a temperate species recorded from western, central and northern Europe. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has experienced an overall population reduction of over 30% over the last three generations, based on a decline in area of occupancy (AOO) and habitat quality. In addition, it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,412 km² in Europe, and 1,370 km² in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an estimated and inferred continuing decline in the AOO, habitat extent and quality, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. This species has undoubtedly declined and will doubtless continue to decline due to drainage and eutrophication of its habitats. Infrastructure development can also pose a threat to the species. Fenlands, dune slacks and other wetland habitats need to be protected from disturbance, and especially from drainage and eutrophication. Large scale landscape conservation is suitable for this species, as it becomes very vulnerable to such pressures in smaller sites. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is recommended.",Decreasing,"The Large Hook-moss (Drepanocladus lycopodioides) is a temperate species recorded from western, central and northern Europe, north to Iceland and Finnish Lapland, south to France, central Italy (absent from the Iberian Peninsula), and east to the Ural Mountains. Almost a European endemic, it also occurs in Turkey, the Caucasus, Georgia, and reaches western Siberia in Russia (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 1,412 km², and 1,370 km² in the EU 28. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 7.6 million km².","There is no detailed information on the population of this species, but it must be decreasing, as its habitat has declined throughout Europe (Janssen et al. 2016). According to information from distribution atlases, this species has declined by more than 60% in Britain and the Netherlands, almost 80% in Germany and 50% in Switzerland (Blockeel et al. 2014, BLWG 2016, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Swissbryophytes 2018). In Scandinavia it has decreased but it is not possible to quantify it, although it remains stable in calcareous areas. Therefore, the overall decline over the last 100 years (an approximately three generation period for this perennial stayer moss with a generation length of around 33 years) is estimated to be over 30%. The population is considered to be severely fragmented since the subpopulations are usually isolated and dispersal abilities are limited: sporophytes are very rare. These small and isolated subpopulations may therefore go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The estimated population size at the largest site is Britain was over 1,000 individual-equivalents, and therefore the population size is surely over 10,000 individual-equivalents - where one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered one square metre in which the species grows.","Although rare, this semi-aquatic moss may be locally abundant in seasonally flooded, calcareous dune slacks and inwet,more or lesscalcareous,mesotrophicfens, including turloughs. Typical associates in these habitats are Scorpidiumscorpioides, Scorpidiumcossonii, Drepanocladustrifarius,D.sendtneri, Carex demissa, C. nigra, C. panicea, Potentilla anserina and Salix repens. On the serpentine of the Lizard Peninsula, Cornwall (UK), it occurs in short fen vegetation at the edge of pools and in wet hollows in heathland, either in pure patches or mixed with Calliergonella cuspidata or Scorpidium scorpioides, and with vascular plant associates that include plentiful Eleocharis multicaulis, Hydrocotyle vulgaris and Molinia caerulea (Holyoak 2012, Lockhart et al. 2012, Blockeel et al.2014).In Germany, Meinunger and Schröder (2007) mentionthe species asa companionofSchoenusferrugineus in the Scorpidio-Caricetumdissolutae, and as an associate of Scorpidiumturgescens. The same source also reports it with Cladium spp. and Thelypterispalustris.Likewise in Sweden it grows mainly in small strongly calcareous wetland habitats, in shallow depressions on flat limestone rocks, on sea and lake shores and in human-made hollows and ditches, the sites being circumneutral to basic (pH 6.0-8.2) with high calcium levels (ca 26-218 mg/l). It favours infertile sites, but with less annual fluctuation of the water table than Drepanocladus sendtneri, although it sometimes occurs with that species; the moss carpet is often shallowly submerged in early spring, and dried out at the surface but moist underneath in summer.It is dioicous and capsules are very rare. It is found from sea level up to 2,200 m Asl.","This species has undoubtedly declined and will doubtless continue to decline due to drainage and eutrophication of its habitats. In Ireland, 14 of 27 Irish localities (52%) have records only from before 1970 and it has certainly been lost from some of these sites (Lockhart et al. 2012). There have also been marked declines in England, in agricultural areas of Scandinavia and in Germany, all of them mainly due to land drainage and eutrophication resulting from agriculture. Infrastructure development can also pose a threat to the species.","This species is known to occur in protected areas, and as been assessed as threatened in many countries - including Belgium, Finland (VU), Hungary (EN), Britain, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway (EN), Poland, Romania (EN), Slovakia (CR), Slovenia (VU), Switzerland (VU) and Ukraine (VU); it is Near Threatened in Ireland, and Data Deficient in Italy (Hodgetts 2015). Fenlands, dune slacks and other wetland habitats need to be protected from disturbance, and especially from drainage and eutrophication. Large scale landscape conservation is suitable for this species, as it becomes very vulnerable to such pressures in smaller sites. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is recommended.",This species is not utilised.,"Virtanen, R.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Untereiner, A. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Drepanocladus,polygamus,,Drepanocladus polygamus  ,(Schimp.) Hedenäs,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Fertile Feather-moss (Drepanocladus polygamus) is widespread from Iceland, Svalbard and Arctic Russia south to the Mediterranean region, where it is rare. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range and large population size. No conservation action is necessary for this species.",Decreasing,"The Fertile Feather-moss (Drepanocladus polygamus) is a circumpolar boreo-temperate species. It is widespread from Iceland, Svalbard and Arctic Russia south to the Mediterranean region, where it is rare. It is an exceptionally widespread species, found almost throughout the boreal and temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere and extending north to the Arctic. It also occurs in North Africa (Morocco), Turkey, Papua New Guinea, the West Indies, the northern and central Andes, east Africa, and is widespread in cool regions of the Southern Hemisphere, including Antarctica (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 4,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 15 million km².","There have been some declines in central Europe and Britain, although it seems to be stable in the Balkans and Scandinavia, and even increasing in Flanders and in the Netherlands, where it colonises artificial habitats. The overall population trend appears to be decreasing. The population is not severely fragmented and the number of mature individuals is significantly higher than 10,000.","This species typically grows in unshaded, moist grassland and marshy turf where the groundwater is either calcareous or salty. In western and northern areas it is largely coastal, occurring in dune slacks, spray-washed grassland, flushes on sea cliffs, and in salt marshes, with associates including Calliergonella cuspidata, Drepanocladus aduncus, Bryum  pseudotriquetrum, Campylium stellatumand Scorpidium scorpioides. Inland, it is recorded from fens, basic flushes, gravel pits, quarries and moist pastures. It has been recorded a few times in arable and set-aside fields, presumably as a casual. It is essentially a lowland plant, but reaches higher altitudes in the central European mountains (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). It occurs from sea level up to 1,400 m Asl. It has also been found to colonise artificial habitats (A. Vanderpoorten pers. comm. 2017). It is autoicous or synoicous; capsules are frequent, maturing in early summer. Its occurrence on arable land indicates that it is an efficient colonist, and its apparent rarity in inland sites is therefore puzzling.","Eutrophication and drainage pose threats to this species. However, it is not too sensitive to disturbance.","This species is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range and it has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Luxembourg, as Endangered in Portugal, Slovakia and Switzerland, as Vulnerable in Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia and Slovenia, as Near Threatened in Hungary and as Data Deficient in Albania (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation action is necessary for this species.",This species is not utilised.,"Fettes, N.D.,Marka, J.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Untereiner, A. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Drepanocladus,sendtneri,,Drepanocladus sendtneri  ,(Schimp.) Warnst.,,No,VU,"A2c; B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(i)",No,VU,"A2c; B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(i)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



The Chalk Hook-moss (Drepanocladus sendtneri) is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane moss species. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it is estimated that there has been a population reduction of at least 30% in the last three generations, based on a decline in the area of occupancy (AOO) and habitat quality. This is very habitat-specific species, so the habitat decline is likely to lead to a linear population reduction. In addition, it has a restricted geographic range (AOO is estimated to be 1,360 km² in Europe, and 1,240 km² in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an estimated continuing decline in AOO, habitat extent and quality, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals as a result of drainage and eutrophication. These threats appear to have been responsible for most of the recorded losses, and these are probably still increasing in extent. Many subpopulations have been lost in the UK and in Germany, and no doubt elsewhere too. 

Infrastructure development (tourism construction) is also a threat to the species. Its population size is estimated to be smaller than 10,000 individual-equivalents, with fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. Further research on its overall distribution and population size is needed. Monitoring would also be beneficial. This species benefits from large-scale landscape conservation measures, including protecting its sites from agricultural run-off and other sources of eutrophication. Its best sites should also be protected from drainage.",Decreasing,"The Chalk Hook-moss (Drepanocladus sendtneri) is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane moss species. It is a mainly northern plant, occurring from northern Finland and Arctic Russia south to northern Italy and the Balkans, absent from the Iberian Peninsula, and declining or threatened in many regions. All northern Swedish records have been excluded, as they have been found to refer to other species (T. Hallingbäck pers. comm. 2017). Its status in Sardegna is open to question: there is only one very old record. It is also reported from North Africa (Morocco), north and central Asia, China and southern Africa. Most or all records from North America belong to the closely related D. sordidus (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 1,360 km² in Europe, and 1,240 km² in the EU 28. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 7.7 million km²; while this is not an accurate figure, it is unlikely to be too far from the reality. The species is often misidentified with some forms of D. aduncus.","There is no detailed information, but the population is bound to be decreasing because of decline and destruction of its habitat. This is a lowland species whose habitat has declined over the past years. It is very habitat-specific, so this decline is likely to be linear. The subpopulation in the east of France, for example, has not been seen since 1912 (A. Untereiner pers. comm. 2017). In Hungary it has declined by 50% (B. Papp pers. comm. 2017), in Switzerland by 80% (Swissbryophytes 2017) and in Germany, Britain, and the Netherlands by more than 60% (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014, BLWG 2016). This is a long-lived species and a three-generation period is considered to be around 100 years. It is estimated that its habitat (fens, dune slacks, etc.) has experienced an overall decline of over 30% throughout its range (Janssen et al. 2016). Subpopulations are usually small (up to five individual-equivalents), so it is estimated that there are fewer than 10,000 individual-equivalents in total. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. In addition, each subpopulation has fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents. The population is considered to be severely fragmented since most subpopulations are isolated and small, sporophytes are rare, and there is no obvious means of asexual reproduction other than fragmentation. These small and isolated subpopulations may therefore go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","This is a rare and local plant of seasonally flooded, calcareous dune slacks and ecologically similar inland habitats in old marl pits and in natural hollows on limestone that are flooded in winter. Many Irish records are from the margins of lakes and turloughs. It favours less fertile and ecologically less mature sites than Drepanocladus aduncus and is more strictly limited to highly calcareous conditions. On the Lizard Peninsula in Cornwall (UK)  it grows in short fen vegetation at the edges of pools that usually dry out in summer, with Eleocharis multicaulis, Eleogiton fluitans, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Ranunculus flammula and Calliergonella cuspidata. In Pembrokeshire (Wales) it was recorded in a rich-fen hollow on heath with Calliergon giganteum, Scorpidium cossonii and S. scorpioides. This species has been recorded as an associate in dune slacks (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 2,200 m Asl. 



It is dioicous; capsules are rare, maturing in summer.","Drainage and eutrophication appear to have been responsible for most of the recorded losses, and these are probably still increasing in extent. Many subpopulations have been lost in the UK and in Germany, and no doubt elsewhere too. Infrastructure development (tourism construction) is also a threat to the species.","This species is known to occur in protected areas. Although fairly widespread, particularly in northern Europe, it is nowhere common, and is threatened in many of the countries in which it occurs. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic and Switzerland; as Endangered in Finland, Britain, Hungary, Norway and Slovakia; as Vulnerable in Bulgaria, Serbia and Slovenia; and is also considered threatened in Germany, Netherlands and Poland; and it has been assessed as Near Threatened in Ireland and Romania (Hodgetts 2015). Further research on its overall distribution and population size is needed. Monitoring would also be beneficial. A taxonomical study to clarify the differences between D. sordidus and D. sendteri is also needed. This species benefits from large-scale landscape conservation measures, including protecting its sites from agricultural run-off and other sources of eutrophication. Its best sites should also be protected from drainage.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Cronberg, N.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Untereiner, A. & Vanderpoorten, A.","Blom, H.,Hodgetts, N.,Goldberg, I.,Lönnell, N.,Schröck, C.,Afonina, O.,Syrjänen, K.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Drepanocladus,sordidus,,Drepanocladus sordidus  ,(Müll.Hal.) Hedenäs,,No,NT,B2ab(i),No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Drepanocladus sordidus seems to have stable subpopulations in Scandinavia, but in central Europe, there is ongoing destruction of fen habitats and the species is decreasing. The overall population trend is therefore thought to be slightly decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28, due to the decline in central Europe. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) of ca 6 million km2 in Europe and ca 1.8 million km2 in the EU 28. However, the area of occupancy (AOO) is more restricted - in Europe, it is between 500 and 600 km2, and in the EU 28, the AOO is around 500 km2. It is estimated that there are well above 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe and in the EU 28, and this species is easy to overlook since it is growing submerged in lakes. Water pollution and eutrophication can be major threats to this species. In addition, there is a loss of wetland habitats in central Europe and a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, as well as in the number of subpopulations and population size.

Due to the decreasing population trend, and the restricted AOO in both Europe and the EU 28, this species is assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

Monitoring is recommended in central Europe, and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed.",Decreasing,"This species has a boreal distribution from Iceland in the west through most of Scandinavia, including Svalbard, Finland and Estonia, and east to Russia (Hodgetts 2015). It is rare in central and eastern Europe, including Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Poland. This species used to be more common in central Europe, but has now disappeared from many historical sites. Outside of Europe, this species is found in parts of Asia and in North and South America (Hedenäs et al. 2014), and is therefore not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 500 and 600 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 500 km2 and the EOO is ca 1.8 million km2. The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 1,000 m Asl.","This species seems to have large and stable subpopulations at least in Finland (Koponen et al. 1995) and Sweden, where it is one of the most common submerged lake mosses, although it may have slightly decreased due to eutrophication. However, it is still common and abundant almost throughout Finland (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017), and frequent lake surveys in the southern part of the country record this species is almost every lake. In central Europe, there is ongoing destruction of fen habitats and the species is decreasing there. The overall population trend is thought to be slightly decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28, due to the decline in central Europe. However, subpopulations in Scandinavia are considered stable (Hedenäs 1998).

There is very little available information about the total population size. However, it is estimated that there are well above 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe and in the EU 28. The population is not considered to be severely fragmented. This species is easy to overlook since it is growing submerged in lakes.","This moss species has been found growing in mats, mostly on the bottom of lakes. It grows mainly in intermediately mineral-rich, meso- to eutrophic habitats, submerged in lakes, pools, ox-bow lakes, terrestrial wetland habitats and fens (Hedenäs et al. 2014).","Water pollution and eutrophication can be major threats to this species. In addition, there is a loss of wetland habitats in central Europe and a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, as well as in the number of subpopulations and population size.","This species is included in several national Red Lists of European countries. It is assessed as 'Daten mangelhaft' (D) in Germany, as Data Deficient (DD) in Switzerland and Hungary, as Regionally Extinct (RE) in the Czech Republic, as vulnerable (V) in Poland and as Vulnerable (VU) in Norway (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in protected areas.

Monitoring is recommended in central Europe, and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Tsakiri, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Drepanocladus,trifarius,,Drepanocladus trifarius  ,(F.Weber &amp; D.Mohr) Broth. ex Paris,The genus Pseudocalliergon was brought back within Drepanocladus by Hedenäs and Rosborg (2008).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Three-ranked Spear-moss (Drepanocladus trifarius) is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane species. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range and population size. Although it has declined considerably in lowland areas in central Europe, it is still frequent in the north and in mountainous regions. Remaining lowland fen sites should be protected from further damage or loss, and particularly from drainage and eutrophication. No action is currently necessary for the upland sites.",Decreasing,"The Three-ranked Spear-moss (Drepanocladus trifarius) is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane species. It is widespread in boreal and Arctic regions, from Iceland, Svalbard, Fennoscandia, the Baltic States and north Russia, southwards to the Alps and Balkan mountains. It has a wide distribution in the Northern Hemisphere, also occurring in the Urals, Caucasus, Turkey, Armenia, Kazakhstan, the Altai mountains, across north Asia to the Arctic and northern Far East of Russia. It is rare and local in northern North America and Greenland, and has been recorded in the Dominican Republic, Columbia and Venezuela (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 4,132 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8.9 million km².","There is no detailed  information on the population of this species. Based on habitat data, subpopulations are probably stable in the uplands, but the species has certainly declined in the lowlands. It also occurs on wet rocky areas in the Alps and Scotland. In Britain there is no significant decline, but there has been a decline in northern Germany, with a 90% loss (Meinunger and Schröder 2007) and in the lowlands of Switzerland, with more than 50% decline (Swissbryophytes 2017), and in general in the lowlands of central Europe. This is a long lived species with a three-generation period of around 100 years. It is estimated that the decline over the three-generation period does not reach 20%. The population is not considered to be severely fragmented, and the population size is above 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered one square metre on which the species grows.","This is a moss of base-rich flushes in the hills and mountains, where it can grow creeping among other bryophytes or as extensive lawns in both open stony flushes and more closed vegetation, often with Carex saxatilis. In the calcareous schist hills of the Scottish Highlands it is often associated with Juncus triglumis, Palustriella commutata, P. falcata, Scorpidium cossonii and S. scorpioides, but also with less common  species including Scapania degenii, Tritomaria polita, Amblyodon dealbatus, Cinclidium stygium and Oncophorus virens. Further north it is characteristic of open stony flushes, often in a rather ordinary association with Scorpidium revolvens, S. scorpioides, Blindia acuta, Campylium stellatum, Ctenidium molluscum, Fissidens osmundoides and, occasionally, Tortella tortuosa. On the igneous rocks of the Inner Hebrides it occurs at low altitude in flushes with Scorpidium scorpioides, often on the margins of lochs, and it occurs in similar sites in Ireland in calcareous mires and on the margins of seasonally fluctuating loughs. In lowland northern and central Europe it can grow in base-rich,oligotrophic tomesotrophicfens, with Scorpidium spp., Drepanocladuslycopodioides,Campyliumstellatum,Meesiatriquetra,Utriculariaminor,U.intermedia,CarexrostrataandMenyanthestrifoliata. In Scandinavia, it can also form large masses of vegetation at the edges of lakes (Blockeel et al. 2014, Hedenäs et al. 2014). It is dioicous and capsules are very rare.

","Lowland fens with this species have declined almost everywhere, having been drained, afforested or subject to eutrophication from agricultural run-off. The mountain sites are probably mostly secure, but subpopulations could be vulnerable to climate change due to lack of suitable habitat up in the mountains.","This species is known to occur in protected areas, and has been assessed as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Romania, as Endangered in Austria, Germany, Poland, Lithuania and Latvia, as Vulnerable in Ireland and Bulgaria, and as Near Threatened in Switzerland, Slovenia and Estonia (Hodgetts 2015). Remaining lowland fen sites should be protected from further damage or loss, and particularly from drainage and eutrophication. No action is currently necessary for the upland sites.",This species is not utilised.,"Köckinger, H.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Untereiner, A. & Vanderpoorten, A.","Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Muller, F.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Drepanocladus,turgescens,,Drepanocladus turgescens  ,(T.Jensen) Broth.,The genus Pseudocalliergon was brought back within Drepanocladus by Hedenäs and Rosborg (2008).,No,LC,,No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



The Turgid Scorpion-moss (Drepanocladus turgescens) is a rare circumpolar Arctic-montane species found from Iceland, Svalbard, Fennoscandia and northern Russia south to the Alps and Tatra mountains. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it has a large population and is still locally abundant in parts of its range. It is assessed as Vulnerable in the EU 28 since it is estimated that there are fewer than 10,000 individual-equivalents, that each subpopulation has fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents, and there is a continuing decline in the population due to ongoing threats to its habitats. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre of ground on which the species grows. In southern Germany, the construction of dams and the engineering of rivers has had a serious impact on this species. It is possible that climate change could have a negative impact on this species, particularly at the edge of its range and in the lowlands. This may already be taking place in Scotland, where the single subpopulation seems to be declining. Drainage and eutrophication can also be threats. The known sites for this species should be strictly protected in the southern part of its range (Alps, UK). It should also be monitored in the northern part of its range (Scandinavia, Baltic states).",Decreasing,"The Turgid Scorpion-moss (Drepanocladus turgescens) is a rare circumpolar Arctic-montane species found from Iceland, Svalbard, Fennoscandia and northern Russia south to the Alps and Tatra mountains. It is also reported from Montenegro (but the record is old). It is widespread elsewhere in the Northern Hemisphere, mainly in subarctic and Arctic regions of Asia and America, with disjunct occurrences further south, in Turkey, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Siberia to the Russian Far East, China (Yunnan), Columbia, Peru and Bolivia (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, this species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 1,220 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6.1 million km².","This species is most likely decreasing in some parts of its range, but appears to be secure in at least parts of its distribution in the north since it is locally abundant in Öland  (Sweden) and Estonia. It has declined, possibly even to the point of local extinction, in Germany and Switzerland, and is very rare and possibly declining in one of the two sites where it is present in the UK. It is almost extinct in the lowland fens of the Alps, but some large subpopulations remain in the mountainous areas. In Switzerland it has completely disappeared from the lowlands. In Scandinavia and in mountainous areas it remains stable. The overall current population trend is decreasing. The population is not considered to be severely fragmented since more than half of the population is in Scandinavia, where the subpopulations are well connected. The population size is larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents in Europe, but in the EU 28 it is estimated that there are fewer than 10,000 individual-equivalents, and that each subpopulation has fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre of ground on which the species grows.","This species grows in wet, calcareous, open fens,calcareous swamps, in gravel pits, on the lake-shores with marl and similar sites, often drying out for periods in the summer.It also occurs in calcareous depressions  or in old, silted ditches, often forming large lawns.Typical associates include Scorpidium scorpioides, S. cossonii, Drepanocladus lycopodioides, D. trifarius, Campylium stellatum, Campyliadelphus elodes and Calliergonella cuspidata. In southern Germany, it grows in areas flooded by alpine rivers. In Britain, this moss has two rather different habitats which reflect those preferred elsewhere in its range. On Ben Lawers in Scotland it occurs in a limited area of Carex saxatilis mire on a gentle, north-facing slope where it grows with Eriophorum angustifolium, Juncus triglumis, Persicaria vivipara, Thalictrum alpinum, Equisetum variegatum, Blindia acuta and Scorpidium revolvens s.l. At its low altitude English site, it forms pure mats in the solution hollows on limestone pavement where the limited associates are Didymodon ferrugineus, Ditrichum gracile, Encalypta streptocarpa, Fissidens adianthoides and rarely Tortella squarrosa. This is usually regarded as a glacial relict that was more widespread in Europe during the  last glacial stage and the subsequent late glacial, as evidenced by  fossil remains (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Although having a mainly subarctic-alpine distribution  in Europe, it is abundant at low elevations by seasonally wet pools on  the alvar limestone of the island of Öland in southeastern Sweden (Hedenäs et al. 2003). In the Alps, it is found on calcareous alpine north-facing cliffs (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017), and also on mires. It is dioicous and capsules are very rare.","In southern Germany, the constructionof damsand the engineering of rivers has had a serious impact on this species. It is possible that climate change could have a negative impact on this species, particularly at the edge of its range and in the lowlands. This may already be taking place in Scotland, where the single subpopulation seems to be declining. Pressure from tourism (hikers) might possibly have some adverse effects locally, but this is unlikely to be a major factor. Drainage and eutrophication can also be threats.","This species is considered threatened in many countries: it has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Finland, Germany and Switzerland; as Endangered in Slovenia and Britain, and also as threatened in Austria (Hodgetts 2015). It was recently rediscovered in Poland, after many years of having been considered Regionally Extinct there (Krajewski 2017). The known sites for this species should be strictly protected in the southern part of its range (Alps, UK). It should also be monitored in the northern part of its range (Scandinavia, Baltic states).",This species is not utilised.,"Hodgetts, N.,Puche, F.,Cálix, M.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Untereiner, A. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,LEJEUNEACEAE,Drepanolejeunea,hamatifolia,,Drepanolejeunea hamatifolia  ,(Hook.) Schiffn.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Toothed Pouncewort (Drepanolejeunea hamatifolia) is a very small hyperoceanic southern-temperate leafy liverwort found in Ireland, Britain, France, Spain, Portugal and Macaronesia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the current population trend is increasing and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are required at present, but it would be interesting to monitor it at the edge of its range, to observe further possible spread.",Increasing,"The Toothed Pouncewort (Drepanolejeunea hamatifolia) is a very small hyperoceanic southern-temperate leafy liverwort found in Ireland, Britain, France, Spain, Portugal and Macaronesia. Outside the European region the species is found in central and southern Africa and Mexico (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 2,400 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4.4 million km².","This species appears to be spreading as an epiphyte in Ireland (Blockeel et al. 2014). The current population trend is considered to be increasing. 

","This species grows on damp, shaded, often vertical rock walls of sheltered, low-lying wooded ravines and by waterfalls, usually as pure thin patches growing directly on the rock, or, more rarely, growing over other bryophytes, particularly Frullania spp. and Radula aquilegia. It also occurs on damp but not wet shaded boulders in ravines and on rocks in wooded streams, on shaded walls of sea caves and sheltered rocks by the sea, on boulders in stable block litters on steep north- or east-facing slopes, and in damp north- or east-facing gullies or basic cliffs in the uplands. In the extreme west it also occurs epiphytically, often on trees and bushes growing in or at the edge of ravines and by waterfalls, but also in conifer plantations. Common associates include Aphanolejeunea microscopica, Colura calyptrifolia, Harpalejeunea molleri and Lejeunea spp. In the lowlands it is seemingly indifferent to rock type, but above about 200 m Asl and at the edge of its range it is virtually confined to basic substrates. It is generally more base-demanding than A. microscopica and more shade-demanding than H. molleri (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 1,500 m Asl.

It can be autoicous or dioicous, and is fairly frequently fertile and with capsules, May to September. It also spreads by caducous branches.","There are no known widespread threats to this species, but it is likely to be impacted locally by run-of-river hydro schemes.","No conservation measures are required at present. It would be interesting, however, to monitor it at the edge of its range, to observe further possible spread. This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Portugal (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Duckett, J.,Cálix, M.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Lönnell, N., Rothero, G. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,DUMORTIERACEAE,Dumortiera,hirsuta,,Dumortiera hirsuta  ,(Sw.) Nees,,No,NT,C2a(i),No,NT,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



Dumortiera hirsuta is found in western Europe, in the Atlantic fringes and in Italy. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it is estimated that there are between 10,000 and 15,000 individual-equivalents, and that each subpopulation has fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents. Taking into account that this species grows on rock walls or in and near waterfalls, an individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered one boulder on which the species grows. In addition, there is a continuing decline in the population due to construction of dams, spread of invasive alien species, eutrophication and pollution of water and desiccation. Conifer plantations can also pose a threat since they acidify the water and reduce its flow which has negative effects on this species. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is recommended, as well as habitat management focusing on the impacts of climate change and exotic species control.",Decreasing,"Dumortiera hirsuta is found in western Europe, in the Atlantic fringes and in Italy. Its presence in Greece is uncertain and needs to be confirmed. Globally it is widespread in the tropics (Sérgio et al. 2006, González-Mancebo et al. 2008, Gabriel et al. 2011, Blockeel et al. 2014). The species has a scattered distribution.","

This species is a tallous liverwort and a long-lived shuttle with large spores. Subpopulations can be either small or large. It can form large patches and the overall population size is likely to be large. This species is possibly decreasing in Britain, and the overall population trend is also decreasing. Taking into account that this species grows on rock walls or in and near waterfalls, an individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered one boulder on which the species grows. It is estimated that there are between 10,000 and 15,000 individual-equivalents, and that each subpopulation has fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents (Hodgetts 2011).

","This species is found in vertically or steeply-sloping rock faces, shady and dripping with water. Often in ravines and by waterfalls, or at cave entrances. It may also be found in shady river banks and in shaded, sheltered places.","This species is threatened by the effects of climate change, construction of dams, spread of invasive alien species (Rhododendron ponticum, Acacia spp. and Hedychium gardnerianum), eutrophication and pollution of water, desiccation and wildfires. Conifer plantations can also pose a threat since they acidify the water and reduce its flow which has negative effects on this species (N. Hodgetts and R. Gabriel pers. comm. 2016).","This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Britain, Portugal and the Canary Islands, as Near Threatened in Ireland, and as Critically Endangered in Italy (González-Mancebo et al. 2012, Sérgio et al. 2013, Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in at least one protected area.  Monitoring of the habitat and population trends is recommended, as well as habitat management focusing on the impacts of climate change and exotic species control.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Hassel, K.","Sim-Sim, M.","Hodgetts, N.,Lönnell, N.,Blom, H.,Afonina, O.,Schröck, C.,Vellak, K.,Goldberg, I.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,ECHINODIACEAE,Echinodium,renauldii,,Echinodium renauldii  ,(Cardot) Broth.,,No,EN,A3c; C2a(i),No,EN,A3c; C2a(i),EU28,,"Echinodium renauldii is endemic to the Azores, Portugal, and is found in seven of the nine islands of the archipelago. This species is a perennial stayer and its generation length is estimated to be between 11 and 25 years. Three generations are therefore considered to be 50 years. In a recent publication, a reduction in the amount of suitable habitat for this species was projected of either 62% or 77% until 2070 due to climatic changes (high irradiation and increased drought stress in the Macaronesia region) and under two different climatic scenarios. The reduction in the population is thus based on a reduction in area of occupancy (AOO) and quality of the habitat. However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study (approximately 1–km² grid resolution), it is possible that this species may persist within the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity can be higher than in the surrounding environment. 



Taking this into account, as well as recognising the degree of uncertainty associated with future projections, it has been considered that the more conservative estimate of decline should be used to assess the extinction risk of this species. It is further assumed that even if there are suitable microclimatic areas within the unsuitable 1-km², these will be minimal (ravines, nooks and crannies) and thus the reduction in suitable habitat will lead to an almost linear reduction in the population. Thus, a population reduction of more than 50% is projected to occur within three generations and the species is assessed as Endangered under Criterion A. Currently the species is not known from Graciosa and Santa Maria - which no longer support native forests and are drier than the other Azorean islands, and it is therefore presumed to have disappeared from those islands.



In addition, the species is also assessed as Endangered under Criterion C since it is estimated that there are fewer than 2,500 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) in the Azores, each subpopulation has fewer than 250 individual-equivalents; a continuing decline in the population is also projected for the near future due to climatic changes. This species is sensitive to habitat degradation, which is occurring due to the expansion of invasive alien plant species, an increase in tourism and recreational activities, as well as the building of secondary roads. Land-use change, particularly at the margins of its natural habitat, is also a threat to this species. Since the Azores are located on the mid-Atlantic ridge, geological events such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and landslides are likely to harm existing subpopulations of the species.



Proper management of the habitat is strongly recommended, focusing on protection against invasive alien species and clear-cutting of areas around native forests. Biology and nature conservation students should be made aware of bryophytes in general, and endemic species in particular. Since this species is recognisable in the field, all nature guides working in the protected areas of the Azores should be aware of its characteristics, and be able to monitor the subpopulations inside the natural parks. This is one of the most attractive endemic bryophytes that occurs in the Azores and it could be promoted as a natural icon, helping the general public to foster a meaningful link with their rich natural heritage.",Decreasing,"The moss Echinodium renauldii is endemic to the Azores (Stech et al. 2008), occurring in seven of the nine islands of the archipelago, the exceptions being Graciosa and Santa Maria (Gabriel et al. 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 22,920 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 168 km2.","This species is very rare and local, found only in the Azores, where it is the sole species of this Macaronesian genus (Churchill 1986, Stech et al. 2008). The subpopulation size at each locality is small (less than 50 individuals) and in most of the islands (e.g., Faial, São Jorge, Terceira, São Miguel) it is known from just a few sites. Since this species is saxicolous, one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one boulder or rock on which the species grows. It is estimated that there are fewer than 2,500 individual-equivalents in the Azores, and that each subpopulation has fewer than 250 individual-equivalents. More research is needed to investigate whether subpopulations fluctuate, particularly on the islands of São Jorge (e.g., Claro et al. 2009) and Flores, where there are just a few known subpopulations. 



According to recent publications, the population trend is presumed to be decreasing, since Macaronesian endemic bryophytes are suffering a decrease in population size and range (Ferreiraet al. 2016, Patiño et al. 2016). The number of 1-km2 climatically suitable grid cells for this species is predicted to decrease by either 62% or 77% of its current distribution under future climate conditions until 2070, depending on the scenario followed (Patiño et al. 2016). This prediction is based on a study which derived its projections using two different Global Climate Models recommended for Europe and Mediterranean climates under two RCP (representative concentration pathways). One was a stabilization scenario where total radiative forcing is stabilised before 2100, while the other scenario is characterized by increasing greenhouse gas emissions over time, representative for scenarios in the literature leading to high greenhouse gas concentration levels (Patiño et al. 2016). In addition, the  elevation range of this species is predicted to shift upwards, as  conditions on Macaronesian islands become warmer and drier (Patiño et al. 2016). The variables considered for these projections included the  maximum temperature of the warmest month and the precipitation (in mm)  of the wettest month. The poikilohydric condition of bryophytes means  their water content is directly regulated by environmental humidity and  growth is restricted to periods of hydration. Temperature is also known  to be an important factor for bryophyte growth (Patiño et al. 2016). However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study (approximately 1-km2  grid resolution), it is possible that this species may persist within  the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats such as  ravines, where humidity can be higher than in the surrounding  environment. Nevertheless, these models clearly project a substantial  decline in the climatically suitable area for this species within three generations. This species is a perennial stayer and the generation length is estimated to be between 11 and 25 years. Three generations are therefore considered to be 50 years.","This rare and local species is mostly found in pristine, but sometimes also in depauperate, native forest fragments and is also found at cave entrances and sometimes on the margins of streams. It generally grows on rocks, including large boulders, mostly in humid and sheltered areas, such as in deeply shaded ravines and craters (Sjögren 1978, Homem and Gabriel 2008). This moss is known to grow at altitudes between 50 m and 1,300 m Asl, although it is more frequent at medium-low altitudes (around 400 m to 500 m Asl) (Gabriel et al. 2011, Coelho et al. 2013), which are under the most pressure due to land-use change. The species is dioicous, but capsules are sometimes present.","The species is mostly found in Macaronesian laurel forests, a natural habitat listed in the EU Habitats Directive (EEC 1992). Native forests in the Azores are under threat since they are  restricted to very small areas, surrounded by a humanized landscape. This species is sensitive to habitat degradation, which is occurring due to the expansion of invasive alien plant species (especially Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum), an increase in tourism and recreational activities, as well as the building of secondary roads. Land-use change, particularly at the margins of its natural habitat, is also a threat to this species. Since the Azores are located on the mid-Atlantic ridge, geological events such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and landslides are likely to harm existing subpopulations of the species. An intensification of the effects of climatic change may cause damage to the stability of subpopulations and the number of 1-km2 climatically suitable grid cells for this species has been projected to decrease by 62% or 77% until 2070 due to climatic changes using two different climate scenarios (Patiño et al. 2016).","This species and its habitat should be protected by law. It occurs in protected areas, and is among the few bryophyte species protected by Azorean Regional Legislation (RAA 2012). Natural corridors and buffer areas would benefit the species. The importance of protected areas for the conservation of this species is highlighted by recent publications (e.g., Ferreira et al. 2016, Patiño et al. 2016, Vergílio et al. 2016) that show that with climate change, those areas may be even more important as safe havens for bryophytes. Proper management of the habitat is strongly recommended, focusing on protection against invasive alien species and clear-cutting of areas around native forests. Biology and nature conservation students should be made aware of bryophytes in general, and endemic species in particular. Since this species is recognisable in the field, all nature guides working in the protected areas of the Azores should be aware of its characteristics, and be able to monitor the subpopulations inside the natural parks. This is one of the most attractive endemic bryophytes that occurs in the Azores and it could be promoted as a natural icon, helping the general public to foster a meaningful link with their rich natural heritage.",The species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Laaka-Lindberg, S.","Gabriel, R., Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,ECHINODIACEAE,Echinodium,setigerum,,Echinodium setigerum  ,(Mitt.) Jur.,,Yes,EN,A3c; C2a(i),Yes,EN,A3c; C2a(i),EU28,,"Echinodium setigerum is endemic to Madeira Island, Portugal. The generation length of this species is not exactly known, but could be between 11 and 25 years, or around 33 years. Three generations would therefore be between 50 and 100 years. In a recent publication, a reduction in the amount of suitable habitat for this species was projected of either 60% or 100% until 2070 due to climatic changes (high irradiation and increased drought stress in the Macaronesia region) and under two different climatic scenarios. The reduction in the population is thus based on a reduction in area of occupancy (AOO) and quality of the habitat. This species therefore qualifies for either Critically Endangered or Endangered under Criterion A. 



However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study (approximately 1–km² grid resolution), it is possible that this species may persist within the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity can be higher than in the surrounding environment. Taking this into account, as well as recognising the degree of uncertainty associated with future projections, it has been considered that the more conservative estimate of decline should be used to assess the extinction risk of this species. It is further assumed that even if there are suitable microclimatic areas within the unsuitable 1-km², these will be minimal (ravines, nooks and crannies) and thus the reduction in suitable habitat will lead to an almost linear reduction in the population. Thus, a population reduction of more than 50% is projected to occur within three generations and the species is assessed as Endangered.



In addition, the species is also assessed as Endangered under Criterion C since it is estimated that there are fewer than 2,500 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) in Madeira, each subpopulation has fewer than 250 individual-equivalents and a continuing decline in the population is projected for the near future due to climatic changes.



The localities for this species are difficult to access and distant from the main roads, so threats are to some extent minimised and the current population trend is considered to be stable. However, at the localities where the species is present, it occurs only over a few square metres at most, making it highly vulnerable to both natural and anthropogenic environmental changes. Climate change resulting in extended droughts and temperature extremes and fluctuations may cause alteration in the forest water balance and will most likely have a negative impact on this species. In addition, bryophytes have been considered unlikely to be able to evolve quickly in a changing environment, and their potential to become acclimatized to new climatic conditions (drier and warmer) in the near future, is limited. Landslides due to torrential rain can rapidly affect the species. The spread of invasive alien species and an increase in the frequency of fire are also likely to have a negative impact on the species. Environmental quality degradation due to anthropogenic activity may increase water eutrophication and thus affect the growth of this species.



The very restricted distribution of the species justifies the implementation of specific conservation measures, along with effective habitat protection and management at the sites where it is known to occur. Monitoring should be undertaken in order to assess possible population fluctuations. Habitat conditions in Madeira should also be monitored in order to ensure the stability and continuity of the population. Furthermore, the maintenance of permanent open systems with water supplies is necessary in order to keep this species healthy. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species.",Stable,"Echinodium setigerum is endemic to Madeira Island, Portugal. This species is restricted to the best preserved sites in the northwestern part of the natural forest (Hedenäs 1992, Sérgio et al. 1992, Sérgio et al. 2006, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). Its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 100 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km2.","This species is confined to localities in the northwest of Madeira Island and most of the specimens were collected after 1950 (Sérgio et al. 1992, Sérgio et al. 2006, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). Subpopulations are always small and the species is not common. Although the population trend of this species seems to be stable, its dependence on the high humidity of the habitat makes it sensitive to changes in the water balance. More research is needed to investigate whether there are fluctuations in the population. It is the rarest species of its genus in Madeira (Hedenäs 1992, ECCB 1995, Sim-Sim et al. 2008, Stech et al. 2008). The generation length of this species is not exactly known, but could be  between 11 and 25 years, or around 33 years. Three generations would  therefore be between 50 and 100 years. Since this species is saxicolous, one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one boulder or rock on which the species grows. It is estimated that there are fewer than 2,500 individual-equivalents in Madeira, and that each subpopulation has fewer than 250 individual-equivalents.



According to Patiñoet al. (2016), the  amount of suitable habitat for this species has been projected to  decrease by 60% or 100% up to 2070 due to climatic changes. The number of 1-km² climatically suitable grid  cells for this species has been projected to decrease using two  different climate scenarios. The first is a stabilization scenario (RCP  4.5) where total radiative forcing is stabilised before 2100, while the  other scenario (RCP 8.5) is characterized by increasing greenhouse gas  emissions over time representative for scenarios in the literature  leading to high greenhouse gas concentration levels (Patiño et al. 2016).  These projections were derived using two different Global Climate  Models recommended for Europe and Mediterranean climates. In addition,  the elevation range of this species is predicted to shift upwards, as  conditions on Macaronesian islands become warmer and drier (Patiño et al. 2016).  The variables considered for these projections included the maximum  temperature of the warmest month and the precipitation (in mm) of the  wettest month. The poikilohydric condition of bryophytes means their  water content is directly regulated by environmental humidity and growth  is restricted to periods of hydration. Temperature is also known to be  an important factor for bryophyte growth (Patiño et al. 2016).  However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study  (approximately 1-km² grid resolution), it is possible that this species  may persist within the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small  microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity can be higher than in the  surrounding environment. Nevertheless, these models clearly project a  substantial decline in the climatically suitable area for this species  within three generations.

","This moss species is largely confined to shady and very humid deep and narrow valleys in very well-conserved natural laurel forest localities. It is found on shaded soil, rocks, tree roots and tree bases, often close to or along the border of small streams, where there is little direct sunlight, at altitudes between 200 m and 900 m Asl, exclusively on the northwestern slope of Madeira Island (Fontinha et al. 2001, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). This moss frequently grows close to headwater streams. Sporophytes are very rare, having only been observed twice, and not since 1989.

","The localities for this species are difficult to access and distant from the main roads, so threats are to some extent minimised. However, at the localities where the species is present, it occurs only over a few square metres at most, making it highly vulnerable to both natural and anthropogenic environmental changes. Climate change resulting in extended droughts and temperature extremes and fluctuations may cause alterations in the forest water balance, and will most likely have a negative impact on this species. In addition, bryophytes have been considered unlikely to be able to evolve quickly in a changing environment, and their potential to become acclimatized to new climatic conditions (drier and warmer) in the near future, is limited (Patiño et al. 2016). Landslides due to torrential rain can rapidly affect the species. The spread of invasive alien species and an increase in the frequency of fires are also likely to have a negative impact on the species. Environmental quality degradation due to anthropogenic activity may  increase water eutrophication and thus affect the growth of this  species.","This species occurs in the Madeiran laurel forest, which is protected by regional, national and international legislation. Most of its distribution is included in the Madeira Natural Park, which is protected through a Regional Decree. It is also a priority habitat under the Habitats Directive and was designated a Natura 2000 site. In addition, in 1999 it was designed a World Natural Heritage site by UNESCO. This moss was assessed as Vulnerable in Madeira by Sim-Sim et al. (2014). The very restricted distribution of the species justifies the implementation of specific conservation measures, along with effective habitat protection and management at the sites where it is known to occur. Monitoring should be undertaken in order to assess possible population fluctuations. Habitat conditions in Madeira should also be monitored in order to ensure the stability and continuity of the population. Furthermore, the maintenance of permanent open systems with water supplies is necessary in order to keep this species healthy. The importance of protected areas for the conservation of this species is also highlighted by Patiño et al. (2016). Additionally, evaluation of intraspecific variation should be included among the suggested conservation actions. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species.

",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Laaka-Lindberg, S.","Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,ECHINODIACEAE,Echinodium,spinosum,,Echinodium spinosum  ,(Mitt.) Jur.,,Yes,EN,A3c; C2a(i),Yes,EN,A3c; C2a(i),EU28,,"Echinodium spinosum occurs in several localities in Madeira (Portugal) and in La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain). The generation length of this species is not exactly known, but could be between 11 and 25 years, or around 33 years. Three generations would therefore be between 50 and 100 years. In a recent publication, a reduction in the amount of suitable habitat for this species was projected of either 71% or 100% until 2070 due to climatic changes (high irradiation and increased drought stress in the Macaronesia region) and under two different climatic scenarios. The reduction in the population is thus based on a reduction in area of occupancy (AOO) and quality of the habitat. This species therefore qualifies for either Critically Endangered or Endangered under Criterion A. 



However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study (approximately 1–km² grid resolution), it is possible that this species may persist within the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity can be higher than in the surrounding environment. Taking this into account, as well as recognising the degree of uncertainty associated with future projections, it has been considered that the more conservative estimate of decline should be used to assess the extinction risk of this species. It is further assumed that even if there are suitable microclimatic areas within the unsuitable 1-km², these will be minimal (ravines, nooks and crannies) and thus the reduction in suitable habitat will lead to an almost linear reduction in the population. Thus, a population reduction of more than 50% is projected to occur within three generations and the species is assessed as Endangered.



In addition, the species is also assessed as Endangered under Criterion C since it is estimated that there are fewer than 2,500 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) in Madeira and Canary Islands, each subpopulation has fewer than 250 individual-equivalents, and a continuing decline in the population is projected for the near future due to climatic changes.



This species is mainly confined to the natural laurel forest, which is a fragile habitat, and the main threats include the habitat degradation due to the effects of climate change, water regime changes, and abstraction of water for various purposes. The potential increase in fires and the spread of invasive alien plant species also pose threats to this species. Most of these threats are already ongoing, particularly in La Palma, where the species is presumed extinct at one of the two known localities. In the locality where it is still present, the subpopulation is under threat due to habitat degradation caused by anthropogenic activities. The restricted distribution of the species and the global importance of the Macaronesian population justifies the future implementation of specific conservation measures, along with effective habitat protection and management at the sites where is known to occur. Its presence at specific sites should be monitored in order to investigate the decrease of the subpopulations, mainly in La Palma. Monitoring the habitat conditions in Madeira and La Palma is also recommended in order to ensure the stability and continuity of the population. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species.",Stable,"



Echinodium spinosum occurs in several localities in Madeira (Portugal) and La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain), which is the southern limit of its distribution (Hedenäs 1992, González-Mancebo et al. 2008). This species was reported from the Azores by Churchill (1986), but its occurrence there was later rejected (Borges et al. 2010). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6,960 km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 144 km2.

","This species occurs in several localities in Madeira, where the subpopulations seem to be stable. However, on La Palma, the southern limit of the species' distribution, it has been confirmed that only one of the two known subpopulations remains, and is subjected to several threats (González-Mancebo and Leal 2011, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). The overall current population trend is thought to be stable at present. The generation length of this species is unknown, but is probably between 11 and 25 years, or  around 33 years. Three generations would therefore be between 50 and 100  years. It is estimated that there are fewer than 2,500 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) in Madeira and Canary Islands, each subpopulation has fewer than 250 individual-equivalents, and a continuing decline in the population is projected for the near future due to climatic changes.



According to Patiño et al. (2016), the amount of suitable habitat for this species has been projected to  decrease by 71% or 100% until 2070 due to climatic changes. The number of 1-km² climatically suitable grid  cells for this species has been projected to decrease using two  different climate scenarios. The first is a stabilization scenario (RCP  4.5) where total radiative forcing is stabilised before 2100, while the  other scenario (RCP 8.5) is characterized by increasing greenhouse gas  emissions over time representative for scenarios in the literature  leading to high greenhouse gas concentration levels (Patiño et al. 2016).  These projections were derived using two different Global Climate  Models recommended for Europe and Mediterranean climates. In addition,  the elevation range of this species is predicted to shift upwards, as  conditions on Macaronesian islands become warmer and drier (Patiño et al. 2016).  The variables considered for these projections included the maximum  temperature of the warmest month and the precipitation (in mm) of the  wettest month. The poikilohydric condition of bryophytes means their  water content is directly regulated by environmental humidity and growth  is restricted to periods of hydration. Temperature is also known to be  an important factor for bryophyte growth (Patiño et al. 2016).  However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study  (approximately 1-km² grid resolution), it is possible that this species  may persist within the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small  microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity is usually higher than in the  surrounding environment. Nevertheless, these models clearly project a  substantial decline in the climatically suitable area for this species  within three generations. 

 

","This is a species of the natural laurel forest with a lower elevation limit of 300 m Asl, but it is most commonly found between 800 m and 1,600 m Asl on Madeira, while on La Palma it is restricted to 400 m Asl, in a ravine at a site with disturbed laurel forest. This moss species grows in protected areas of the evergreen forest, usually on the sides of boulders or on more or less vertical and humid slopes or shady cliffs, but also as an epiphyte (Hedenäs, 1992, ECCB 1995, González-Mancebo et al. 2012, Sim-Sim et al. 2014).

","This species is mainly confined to the natural laurel forest, which is a fragile habitat, and the main threats include habitat degradation due to the effects of climate change, water regime changes, and abstraction of water for various purposes. The potential increase in fires and the spread of invasive alien plant species also pose threats to this species. Most of these threats are already ongoing, particularly in La Palma (Canary Islands), where the species is presumed extinct at one of the two localities reported by Pitard and Negri (1907). In the locality where it is still present, the subpopulation is under threat due to habitat degradation caused by anthropogenic activities (González-Mancebo and Leal 2011).","This species is included in Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive. The laurel forest in which this species occurs in Madeira and La Palma is protected by regional, national and international legislation, and is also a priority habitat under the Habitats Directive. In La Palma, the only known locality is found in the Natural Park of Las Nieves, within a Special Area of Conservation (SAC). In Madeira most of its distribution is included in the Madeira Natural Park, which is protected through a Regional Decree, and has been designated a Natura 2000 site. In 1999 the area was also designated a World Natural Heritage site by UNESCO. The importance of protected areas for the conservation of this species is also highlighted Patiño et al. (2016). The restricted distribution of the species and the global importance of the Macaronesian population justifies the future implementation of specific conservation measures, along with effective habitat protection and management at the sites where is known to occur. Its presence at specific sites should be monitored in order to investigate the decrease of the subpopulations, mainly in La Palma. Monitoring the habitat conditions in Madeira and La Palma is also recommended in order to ensure the stability and continuity of the population. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species. Additionally, evaluation of intraspecific variation should be included among the suggested conservation actions.

 

",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Hespanhol, H.","González Mancebo, J., Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ENCALYPTALES,ENCALYPTACEAE,Encalypta,affinis,,Encalypta affinis  ,R.Hedw.,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



Encalypta affinis is a rare species which occurs in Sweden and Norway, and is slightly more common in the north. It is also found in Finland and on Svalbard. It is rare in the Alps and the Pyrenees, and in the Balkans and Russia. The species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of information on the population size, trend and threats. Further research is needed to determine the status of this species, and may place it in a threatened Category.",Unknown,"Encalypta affinis is a rare species which occurs in Sweden and Norway, and isslightly more commonin the north.Itis alsofoundin Finland andon Svalbard. It israre in theAlps and the Pyrenees, and in the Balkans and Russia. Elsewhere it occurs in theCaucasus, parts of Asia, North America andGreenland.E.affinissubsp. macounii israrer thansubspecies affinisand to date has only beenfoundinnorthern areas and at onesite inSwitzerland(Hallingbäck et al. 2006). It is apparently extinct in the Czech Republic. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 512 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 8 million km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown. In the Alps there are very old records. In Austria it is an extremely rare species of alpine meadows. In Switzerland there is a decline of over 50% over the last 100 years, with 12 recent localities in comparison to over a hundred old localities. In Russia it occurs scattered in some northern provinces, where it seems to be stable. It is also stable in Scandinavia. There is one locality in Svalbard. The population is not severely fragmented. Since the species is declining in Switzerland but remains stable in other areas, it remains impossible to elucidate a trend. The population size is larger than 1,000 mature individuals.","This calcicolous species grows on soil-covered rocks on cliffs, with a preference for shady sites, with species such as Blepharostoma trichophyllum, Bartramia ithyphylla, Myurella tenerrima and Syntrichia norvegica, and in alpine meadows and calcareous rocks. It is mainly in mountainous areas, but comes down to sea level in Norway. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 3,000 m Asl (Hallingbäck et al. 2006).","The threats to the species are unknown, and the causes for the decline of the species in Switzerland should be investigated.","This is a naturally rare species, but it occurs mainly in remote areas where there is little or no threat to it. The best subpopulations should be monitored. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Romania, Vulnerable in Spain; also Regionally Extinct in the Czech Republic, 'rare' in Germany and Data Deficient in Montenegro and Serbia (Hodgetts 2015). Further research is needed to clarify the population size and trend of this species. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Virtanen, R.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C., Untereiner, A. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ENCALYPTALES,ENCALYPTACEAE,Encalypta,alpina,,Encalypta alpina  ,Sm.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Alpine Extinguisher-moss (Encalypta alpina) is an arctic alpine species which is found in mountain ranges from Norway to the Mediterranean area, and from Spain to Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in Europe and even though the current population trend is unknown, it is possibly stable. However, climate change may be a potential threat since this is a high-altitude species. Monitoring of the population trends is recommended.",Unknown,"The Alpine Extinguisher-moss (Encalypta alpina) is an arctic alpine species widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, from America to Eurasia and also found in North Africa. In Europe, it is present in mountain ranges from Norway to the Mediterranean area, and from Spain to Russia (Hodgetts 2015).",No data are available on the size and trend of the population of this species. It generally grows forming tufts of 2-3 cm. This species can be regionally almost rare but the current trend could be stable since the species seems to reproduce normally through spores.,"This species produces capsules frequently, and lives in the crevices of limestone rocks in mostly arid, high altitude environments. It is found growing between 350 m and 1,800 m Asl.","Although this species currently does not show any signs of decline in Europe, it is threatened in some countries (Hodgetts 2015). Climate change may be a potential threat since this is a high-altitude species.","At the moment no specific conservation measures are needed at the European level, but monitoring of the population trends is recommended. The species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Tsakiri, E.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ENCALYPTALES,ENCALYPTACEAE,Encalypta,brevicolla,,Encalypta brevicolla  ,(Bruch &amp; Schimp.) Ångstr.,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The White-mouthed Extinguisher-moss (Encalypta brevicolla) is known from Fennoscandia, Svalbard, rare in western Europe and is scattered across Russia. The population size of this species within Europe is today between 5,000 and 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). The current population trend is unknown, but there are no major threats to the species, so it is assumed to be stable. Therefore, in Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern.

However, in the EU 28, the population size is estimated to be less than 2,000 individual-equivalents, and therefore the species is assessed as Near Threatened, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion D.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in Iceland and Svalbard. Even so, no conservation action is needed at present, although further research is required on the population trend of this species.",Stable,"This species has a boreo-arctic montane distribution. It is known from Fennoscandia, Svalbard, rare in western Europe and is scattered across Russia (Horton 1983, Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species is from 150 m to 1,700 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North America and northern Asia (BFNA 2007). 

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 600 and 900 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 2 and 3 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 300 and 500 km2 and the EOO is ca 0.6 million km2.","In Sweden, this is a typical inland species, rare but widely distributed in continental part of Sweden (Hallingbäck et al. 2008). In Norway, the species occurs in a mountainous forest landscape. This species is probably most common in valleys in eastern part where there are quite many sites known (Hassel et al. 2015). In Finland, only one locality is known. In the United Kingdom, the sole record in Scotland of this species is from 1871, at a large waterfall in the steep river valley of the River Isla in Angus, Scotland (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species is today considered extinct in Scotland. The species is known also from Svalbard at only one locality (Frisvoll and Blom 1997).

There is no direct information about the population trend of this species, however, it is assumed to be stable for both Europe and the EU 28. This species has a disjunct distribution in Europe and the total population size is small - it is larger than 2,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) but is less than 10,000 individual-equivalents (using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equivalent). Within the EU 28, the population size is quite small, and is just a bit more than 1,000 individual-equivalents.","This species grows on rocks of limestone, dolomite, ultrabasic bedrocks and subneutral schists. It is also found on dry, sun-exposed slopes, on soil typically in rock ledges. Other habitats are protected habitats, where it typically grows on soil-covered rocks or crevices in cliffs. Sometimes, this species has also been found in abundance growing in small crevices of flat, Dryas-covered rocks in company with Hypnum revolutum, Pohlia cruda and Schistidium apocarpum (Horton 1980).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","This species is in the Red List of the United Kingdom as Regionally Extinct, Iceland as Endangered (EN) (Hodgetts 2015) and Svalbard as Vulnerable (VU) (Frisvoll and Blom 1997). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. No conservation action is needed at present. Further research is required on the population trend of this species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Weibull, H.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ENCALYPTALES,ENCALYPTACEAE,Encalypta,brevipes,,Encalypta brevipes  ,Schljakov,,No,EN,D,No,CR,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

The Candle Snuffer Moss Encalypta brevipes is a very rare species, restricted to mountainous areas, mainly in northern parts of Europe. It is found on Iceland, Svalbard, Norway, Sweden and Finland in the north and the Alps in the south. There are currently no known major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. There is no report of any decline but due to the lack of information the current trend is unknown. In Europe, it is estimated that there are less than 250 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). It is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN). However, in the EU 28, this species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it is estimated that there are less than 50 individual-equivalents. 

No significant immigration is expected since the species has large spores and therefore is likely to have poor dispersal abilities. Monitoring of this very rare species is needed and ex-situ conservation is recommended. Research is recommended to gain a greater understanding about the population trend and potential threats to this very rare species.",Unknown,"This species is restricted to mountains, mainly in northern parts of Europe. It is found on Iceland, Svalbard, Norway, Sweden and Finland in the north (Hodgetts 2015) and the Alps in the south. The species is considered as extinct in Austria and reports from Leningrad region (Russia) need to be confirmed. The specimens from France and Slovakia are old collections and have been confirmed (Horton 1983). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in northern part of North America and northern Asia (BFNA 2007). The species is therefore not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 60 and 90 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be between 4 and 6 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 20 and 50 km2 and the EOO is between 1 and 2 million km2.","This is a very rare species in Europe. There are three findings in northernmost Sweden (Pältsa) and two are close to each other at Luoktatjåkka (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). In Sweden, only around 10 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy unit for an individual-equivalent) are known since the subpopulations are very small. Two new findings in mainland Norway are also reported (K. Hassel pers. comm. 2017). 

In Finland, there are only two sites and probably less than 10 individual-equivalents. In Iceland, there are four known sites. In Svalbard, there is only one site known (Frisvoll and Blom 1997). In European Russia, there is also only one collection (Ignatov et al. 2006). In France there is one recent record in Savoy (Chavoutier and Hugonnot 2013). It is estimated that there are less then 250 individual-equivalents in Europe, taking into account the small number of known sites and the small size of the subpopulations. In the EU 28, it is very likely that there are less than 50 individual-equivalents. There is no report of any decline but due to the lack of information the current trend is unknown.","This moss grows on slightly acidic to slightly basic soil. It occurs on soil on rock ledges and in cliff crevices and is reported from both igneous and siliceous substrates (Horton 1983). At one of the Swedish sites, it grows on fine gravel derived by weathering from a bedrock type consisting of mixed acidic and basic minerals. The species has large spores and may have poor dispersal abilities.

The habitats where this species is found are generally undisturbed and hard to access.","There are currently no known major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.

  It is considered that climate change has a negative impact on nearly all native species in the arctic region. The current warming of the climate on arctic ecosystems is one of the most important negative pressures of this and other species in Arctic latitudes.","This species is listed in several national Red Lists. It is assessed as Extinct (EX) in Austria, as Critically Endangered (CR) in Finland, as Endangered (EN) in Slovakia, as Near Threatened (NT) in Sweden (Hodgetts 2015) and as Vulnerable (VU) in Svalbard (Frisvoll and Blom 1997). The species is known to occur in protected areas. All known sites should be monitored to check the status of the subpopulations. Ex-situ conservation is recommended. Research is recommended to gain a greater understanding about the population trend and potential threats to this very rare species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Köckinger, H.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ENCALYPTALES,ENCALYPTACEAE,Encalypta,ciliata,,Encalypta ciliata  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Fringed extinguisher-moss (Encalypta ciliata) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO, estimated at over 1.6 million km2) and area of occupancy (AOO, 3,684 km2), largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category. It is apparently stable in some areas, but has declined in others, and thus has an overall decreasing population trend. It is not yet sufficient for it to be Red Listed though. Although not very common, there are many recent records from high-mountain and boreal sites around Europe. There are few threats at the European level, but several threats have been identified in some areas, notably in central Europe, such as afforestation, quarrying and air pollution. No conservation measures at the European level are required at present, and it is known to occur in protected areas across its European range, offering it some protection from these threats.",Decreasing,"This is a circumpolar boreal-montane moss distributed in the northern and montane parts of Europe, from Iceland and Arctic Russia and Scandinavia southwards to the mountains of southern Europe, reaching Sicily and Greece (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it is found in much of temperate Asia, New Guinea, Japan, the mountains of America from Patagonia to the Arctic, Hawaii, Ethiopia, central and southern Africa and Australia (Victoria) (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO, estimated at over 1.6 million km2) and area of occupancy (AOO, 3,684 km2) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","This is a widespread but not particularly common species. While it is considered to have a stable population trend in some areas, there has been a sharp decline in Germany: in  the greater part of Saxony, the species has disappeared, and it has declined very strongly in all areas outside of the Alps (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). A similar decline can be inferred elsewhere in central Europe. Therefore, although stable in parts of its range, overall it has a decreasing population trend.

","This species grows in boreal to high-mountain regions in crevices of rocks, including weakly calcareous and base-rich siliceous substrata, and on earthy banks in montane regions and above the forest line (Frey et al. 2006). Frequent associates include Asplenium viride, Anoectangium aestivum, Bartramia ithyphylla, Mnium marginatum, M. stellare, Pohlia cruda and Tortella tortuosa (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 130-2,780 m.","There are no known major threats to this species at the European level. However, local threats include afforestation and quarrying. In many parts of Germany, air pollution and  large-scale desiccation of the landscape is likely to be responsible for the sharp decline (Meinunger and Schröder 2007).","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Ireland (Critically Endangered), Northern Ireland (Critically Endangered), Luxembourg (Critically Endangered), Estonia (Endangered), Germany (Endangered), Latvia (Endangered), Czech Republic (Vulnerable), Hungary (Vulnerable), Montenegro (Vulnerable), Serbia (Vulnerable), Belgium (Threatened), Sicily (Near Threatened) and Sardinia (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is found in protected areas across its European range.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hassel, K.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M.","Hodgetts, N.,Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ENCALYPTALES,ENCALYPTACEAE,Encalypta,longicolla,,Encalypta longicolla  ,Bruch,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Encalypta longicolla is a rare species with an arctic-alpine distribution, occurring in northern Norway, Sweden (one record, above Kopparåsen in the Torneträsk area, 1981), northern Finland, Svalbard, the Alps and Ukraine. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it has a restricted geographic range, the current population range seems to be stable and it does not currently approach any of the thresholds for a threatened Category. However, it can be rare in certain areas and monitoring is advised.",Stable,"Encalypta longicolla is a rare species with anarctic-alpinedistribution, occurring in northern Norway, Sweden (one record, aboveKopparåsen in theTorneträsk area, 1981), northern Finland, Svalbard, theAlps and Ukraine(Hodgetts 2015). Although listed as Endangered in Slovenia, it has apparently not been recorded there since the 19th Century. Elsewhere it occurs in Asia, North America andGreenland. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 216 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) atca 2.4 million km².","The species is rare but not very rare, being found at 5-6 localities in Svalbard (N. Konstantinova pers. comm. 2017). In Austria it is abundant in dolomite rocks and stable (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). It is not very common in the Alps in Switzerland (N. Schnyder pers. comm. 2017). There seems to be a slight decline in the Jura mountains based on the lack of recent records there. Since the core of the distribution is in Austria, where it is stable, the overall population trend is assumed to be stable. The population is not severely fragmented and the population size is over 1,000 mature individuals.","The mossgrows onstronglycalcareous, unstablesoil in flushes on exposed slopes, on ledges of rock outcrops and on sheltered edges of small solifluction terraces. In Sweden itwasfoundon limestonesoil on asteep slope.The large spore size suggeststhat the speciesis primarily adapted tolocaldistribution andmay find it difficultto spread long distances (ECCB 1995, Hallingbäck et al. 2006).Dolomite  habitats are very important for this species in the Alps (C. Schröck  pers. comm. 2017). In Svalbard it is restricted to Dryas spp. communities(Frisvoll and Elvebakk 1996).The altitudinal range is from 700 m up to 2,600 m Asl.","While there are no specific threats to this species at present, its extreme rarity in certain areas means that it is potential vulnerable to small changes. Climate change may also ultimately be a threat.","All subpopulations should be monitored to determine the performance of this species. It is included in several Red Lists: Critically Endangered In Finland and Switzerland; Endangered, although not seen for many years, in Slovenia; Vulnerable in Germany and Sweden (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Cronberg, N.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C., Untereiner, A. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ENCALYPTALES,ENCALYPTACEAE,Encalypta,microstoma,,Encalypta microstoma  ,Bals.-Criv. &amp; De Not.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Encalypta microstoma is essentially an alpine species, strongly concentrated in the Alps, with outlying occurrences in the Pyrenees (Spain and France), Spain's Sierra Nevada, Norway and the Balkans. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it is rare, there are no known significant threats to this species at present, and no real evidence of decline - current population trend is stable. However, it may have disappeared from the Polish mountains and monitoring of selected subpopulations, especially the outlying ones, is recommended.",Stable,"Encalypta microstoma is essentially an alpine species, strongly concentrated in the Alps, with outlying occurrences in the Pyrenees (Spain and France), Spain's Sierra Nevada, Norway and the Balkans. In addition there is an old (1945) record from the Polish Carpathians. Elsewhere it occurs only in the Caucasus (ArtDatabanken 2015). It is excluded from the North American flora. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 316 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3 million km².","In the Alps the species is not very common but it remains stable and is present at high altitudes. The overall population trend is stable. The population is not severely fragmented (although some subpopulations are isolated in the Balkans) and the population size is over 1,000 mature individuals.","This alpine species is found on neutral, or even slightly acidic soil in upper montane and alpine regions, on north-, south- or east-facing cliffs, in rock crevices and ledges. It is often found with E. ciliata, but has a preference for drier, more exposed, sites. Other associates include Brachytheciastrum trachypodium, Ditrichum zonatum and Tayloria froelichiana. It is predominantly a high altitude species, reaching 3,050 m Asl in Switzerland, but coming down almost to sea level in Norway(Hallingbäck et al. 2006, Meinunger and Schröder 2007). It produces sporophytes. 

","There are no known threats to this species, which appears to be fairly secure in the Alps. Climate change could be a potential threat, but this may not be too serious because its altitudinal range is so wide. 

","The only conservation action recommended at present is to monitor selected subpopulations, especially the outlying ones. This species is listed as Vulnerable in Bulgaria, Norway and Spain, as 'rare' in Germany, and as Data Deficient in Slovakia and Montenegro (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Ganeva, A.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ENCALYPTALES,ENCALYPTACEAE,Encalypta,mutica,,Encalypta mutica  ,I.Hagen,,No,VU,C2a(i),No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Encalypta mutica is an essentially Arctic species that for a long time was thought to be a Scandinavian endemic, but it is now also known from Estonia and Arctic European Russia. This rare species is assessed as Vulnerable since it is estiated that there are fewer than 10,000 individual-equivalents in Europe and in the EU 28, and that each subpopulation has fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square meter on which the species grows. In addition, the current population trend is decreasing slightly.

Although the threats to this species appear to be largely unknown, it is certainly threatened, as it is both rare and apparently declining. It appears that it may be threatened by a lack of grazing in some localities. In the south part of Scandinavia it is affected by the overgrowing of higher vegetation. Three localities were taken under monitoring in Estonia, where either grazing or simulation of grazing is needed in order to re-create and preserve suitable open soil patches for this species. Similar management can be recommended elsewhere. Research into threats is also recommended.",Decreasing,"Encalypta mutica is an essentially Arctic species that for a long time was thought to be a Scandinavian endemic, but it is now also known from Estonia and Arctic European Russia. The record from the Czech Republic was excluded in the 2003 edition of the Czech Red List (Kučera and Váňa 2003). Old records from Romania are probably errors (S. Stefanut pers. comm. 2016). There are also records from the lowlands of Ukraine but, without further details or specimens, these have to be regarded with scepticism. Elsewhere it occurs in Siberia, Greenland and northern North America. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 452 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 2.9 million km².

","This species may have disappeared from some of its Norwegian localities, including the type locality near Trondheim (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). It seems to be threatened and declining in Estonia, where, in 2006,  it was not found at one previously known locality (Vellak and Ingerpuu 2012). In Murmansk there is only one locality (where it is rare), and a single locality in Karelia and in the Polar Urals. The species is rather overlooked in the mountains where it is stable, although in the lowlands in can be declining in limestone quarries. The overall current population trend is considered to be decreasing slightly. The population is not severely fragmented. It is estimated that there are fewer than 10,000 individual-equivalents in Europe and in the EU 28, and that each subpopulation has fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square meter on which the species grows. 

","This essentially Arctic species grows on bare calcareous, and periodically wet, soil, typically in very sun-exposed situations, for example on alvar heaths, in limestone quarries and on gravel produced by weathering at the base of south-facing, calcium-rich alpine slopes. Associates include Ditrichum flexicaule, Encalypta vulgaris, Myurella julacea and Weissia controversa. The altitudinal range is from sea level up to 900 m Asl.","Although the threats to this species appear to be largely unknown, it is certainly threatened, as it is both rare and apparently declining. It appears that it may be threatened by a lack of grazing in some localities. In the south part of Scandinavia it is affected by the overgrowing of higher vegetation. 

","Three localities were taken under monitoring in Estonia, where either grazing or simulation of grazing is needed (by breaking the sod and opening the soil artificially) in order to re-create and preserve suitable open soil patches for this species (Vellak and Ingerpuu 2012). Similar management can be recommended elsewhere. Research into threats is also recommended. It is listed as Endangered in Finland, Vulnerable in Norway and Near Threatened in Sweden (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Ganeva, A.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ENCALYPTALES,ENCALYPTACEAE,Encalypta,pilifera,,Encalypta pilifera  ,Funck,Fedosov (2012) considered Encalypta obovatifolia to be a synonym of Encalypta pilifera Funck.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Encalypta pilifera has a large geographic range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 5.9 million km2 in Europe and 1.3 million km2 in the EU 28, and numerous subpopulation of this species are known. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 500 km2 in Europe and around 400 km2 in the EU 28. The population size has not been quantified, but the subpopulations are considered to be large. The current population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28, but there are considered to be no major threats to the species. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, the current distribution of this species is uncertain as it has previously been referred to as synonyms of other species. Therefore, further taxonomic research is needed to clarify the status of the species throughout its range, and on the distribution, population and threats to the species.",Unknown,"This species has a wide distribution in Eurasia, mostly associated with xeric (extremely dry) regions of arctic, subarctic and montane areas. In Europe, it is known from Scandinavia (Norway and Sweden) and the United Kingdom, south to central Europe (Germany, France and Austria), Crimea (V. Fedosov, pers. comm. 2019)  and east to the Middle and Southern Urals. Isolated localities are known in lowland areas with calcareous rock outcrops (in the Russian provinces of Lipetsk, Orenburg, Belgorod, Orel and Tula) and in humid areas of the Kola peninsula (Blockeel 2013, T. Hallingbäck pers. comm. 2016, Ignatov et al. 2017). Elsewhere, it has been found in the Caucasus, the arctic areas of  the Taimyr Peninsula, Chukotka and Vrangel Island, southern and central Siberia, Mongolia and the Russian Far East (Fedosov 2012, Ignatov et al. 2017).

The distribution of this species is not well studied, because it has previously been referred to as synonyms of other species. There is an assumption that this species is not distinct fromE. intermedia. The available data are therefore surely incomplete, and this information can quickly become obsolete. It is certainly more widely distributed, although currently there is not enough data to confirm this. This species may be found in North Africa and North America (Ignatov et al. 2017).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 5.9 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 500 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 1.3 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 400 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from sea level to 2,000 m Asl.","Numerous subpopulation of this species are known, but the population size and trend have not been investigated for Europe or the EU 28. The subpopulations are presumably large (M. Ignatov pers. comm. 2017).","This species occurs on rock outcrops and, more rarely, on bare soil in tundra, meadows, and steppe communities. It often grows on calcareous sedimentary rocks (limestone, dolomite, marble) and, more rarely, on basic and ultrabasic volcanic rocks with relatively high calcium content (Fedosov 2012).","There are no major threats to the species, although it can be affected by overgrazing.","This species is not included in any regional Red Lists, but some known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Further research on the taxonomy, population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Vellak, K.,Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.","Ignatova, E.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ENCALYPTALES,ENCALYPTACEAE,Encalypta,procera,,Encalypta procera  ,Bruch,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Encalypta procera is found in both the arctic and boreal regions of Europe from Iceland, Svalbard, Norway, Sweden, Finland, to arctic Russia. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) but a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the AOO of this species is between 700 and 800 km2, and its EOO is between 4 and 6 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 150 and 300 km2 and the EOO is ca 0.5 million km2. This species can sometimes be rather abundant, however, at each site the subpopulation size is rather small. The current population trend of this species is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no major threats to this species. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

No conservation action is needed as present.",Stable,"This species is found in both the arctic and boreal regions of Europe from Iceland, Svalbard, Norway, Sweden, Finland, to arctic Russia (Hodgetts 2015).

Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North America, northern Asia (Japan, Russia) (BFNA 2007). 

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 700 and 800 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 4 and 6 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 150 and 300 km2 and the EOO is ca 0.5 million km2.","This species seems not to be uncommon in the Scandinavian mountains, and can sometimes even be rather abundant (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). However, at each site, the subpopulation size is rather small. However, the overall current population trend seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species is restricted to calcium-rich substrates like rocks of dolomite, limestone, calcareous schists or slate. Unlike the other members of the genus Encalypta, this species can also tolerate relatively humus-rich substrate. It is typically found in rock crevices and on moss-covered cliff overhangs, but sometimes also on soil-covered boulders in limestone quarries. Mosses such as Distichium capillaceum, Mnium orthorrhynchium, Myurella tenerrima, M. julacea and Orthothecium intricatum are often intermingled in the tufts (Mårtensson 1956).","There are no known major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.",This species is in the Red List of Finland as Near Threatened (NT) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. No conservation action is needed as present.,The species is not used or traded.,"Köckinger, H.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ENCALYPTALES,ENCALYPTACEAE,Encalypta,rhaptocarpa,,Encalypta rhaptocarpa  ,Schwägr.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Ribbed Extinguisher-moss (Encalypta rhaptocarpa) is a widespread species known in almost all of Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, even if it is not common, and there appear to be no major threats in most of its distribution area. No specific conservation measures are needed.",Stable,"The Ribbed Extinguisher-moss (Encalypta rhaptocarpa) is a widespread species known in almost all of Europe and also in Asia, North America, Australia, New Zealand, North Africa and Antarctica (Magill 2007).",There is no available information on the size of the population. The current population trend is stable.,"This species is a plant of mountain habitats, growing in crevices of calcareous rocks.","As reported by Holyoak (2018), in Ireland this species is threatened due to erosion of sloping rocks by sheep. This problem has become worse in recent years due to overstocking. However, no major threats are reported in most of its distribution area.","This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Ireland and Northern Ireland, and as Endangered in the Czech Republic (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in protected areas. Overall, no specific conservation measures are needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Köckinger, H.,Fettes, N.D.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.","Ochyra, R.,Hugonnot, V.,Martinčič, A.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ENCALYPTALES,ENCALYPTACEAE,Encalypta,spathulata,,Encalypta spathulata  ,Müll.Hal.,,No,VU,D1,No,EN,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



Encalypta spathulata has a curious and sparsely scattered distribution, centred in central Europe, especially the Alps, and also occurring in Norway and Sweden, Spain, Andorra and the French Pyrenees, Germany, Slovakia, the Balkans, Ukraine, Crimea and Russia. This rare species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe since the overall population size is estimated to be between 250 and 1,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered one square meter on which the species grows. It remains difficult to estimate the population size for the EU 28, but based on the current knowledge it is possible (though far from certain) that there are fewer than 250 individual-equivalents and the species is therefore precautionarily assessed as Endangered.Further research into the population size and trend is recommended, as well as into the threats to this species.At least some of the best sites should be protected and managed appropriately.",Unknown,"Encalypta spathulata has a curious and sparsely scattered distribution, centred in central Europe, especially the Alps, and also occurring in Norway and Sweden, Spain (including Mallorca), Andorra and the French Pyrenees, Germany, Slovakia, the Balkans, Ukraine, Crimea and Russia. There is an old specimen from the Giant Mountains in the Czech Republic, but recent records have been only of other Encalypta spp. and it is presumed to have disappeared (Kučera and Váňa 2005). Elsewhere it occurs in the Caucasus and North America. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 180 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 7.1 million km².","This is a rare alpine species that is present at only 11 sites in Switzerland. In Scandinavia is also rare. In Serbia and France there is only one locality in each country. In Austria and Germany it is a montane and pioneer species where it is only found in a few sites. The current population trend remains unknown. The distribution is poorly understood and thus it is not possible to elucidate whether the population is severely fragmented. The overall population size is estimated to be between 250 and 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered one square meter on which the species grows. In the EU 28 it is possible that there are fewer than 250 individual-equivalents, considering all available information and acknowledging some uncertainty in the estimate.



","This is a calcicolous  species that grows on dry calcareous rocks and cliff ledges. In the Balkans it grows on grasslands, and in the Alps it is present in alpine meadows. In Scandinavia it is also present in limestone quarries. Associates includeWeissia controversa, W. brachycarpa, Encalypta vulgaris, Tortella  tortuosa, Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostrum, Bryum capillare, B.  argenteum, Schistidium pruinosum, S. flaccidum, Grimmia pulvinata,  Tortula muralis and the lichen Leprocaulon microscopicum (Hallingbäcket al. 2006, Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Its altitudinal range is from 50 m up to 3,000 m Asl. It produces sporophytes.",This moss is undoubtedly rare and threatened but there is little detailed information to support this statement. A site in Germany was destroyed by quarrying (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). In Scandinavia it can be affected by the overgrowing of vegetation.,"At least some of the best sites should be protected and managed appropriately. This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Germany and Romania, as Endangered in Slovakia, Norway and Sweden, as 'highly endangered' in Austria, and as Data Deficient in the Czech Republic (although it has probably vanished from there) and Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether it is present in protected areas. Research into the population size and trend, as well as into the threats to this species is recommended.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Vellak, K.,Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ENCALYPTALES,ENCALYPTACEAE,Encalypta,streptocarpa,,Encalypta streptocarpa  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Spiral Extinguisher-moss (Encalypta streptocarpa) is a common and widespread species of moss in Europe. The current population trend is also more or less stable. This species grows on calcareous rocks in forests and in open habitats, and is also found in quarries and growing on artificial walls. There are no major threats to this species at the European level, and there are no specific recommended conservation actions. It is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.",Stable,"The Spiral Extinguisher-moss (Encalypta streptocarpa) is commonly found and is widely distributed over the whole of Europe, including Macaronesia and Iceland. It is found growing from sea level up to 2,850 m Asl (Hofmann et al. 2011). Outside Europe, it also occurs in northern Africa and in the Caucasus, but it seems to be absent from North America (Nebel and Philippi 2000, Hallingbäck et al. 2006). Both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threat Category.","This species is common all over Europe and the current population trend seems to be stable. The species rarely produces sporophytes, but vegetative propagules are always present, so it reproduces easily.","This species grows on calcareous rocks in forests and in open habitats, and is also found in quarries. In regions with siliceous bedrock, the species is mainly confirmed to mortar in artificial walls (Nebel and Philippi 2000, Atherton et al. 2010).",There are no major threats to this species at the European level.,"The species has been assessed as Endangered in Portugal, as Vulnerable in the Canary Islands, and as Near Threatened in Sicily (Hodgetts 2015). In all other countries with a national Red List it is Least Concern. There are no recommended conservation actions for this species. It occurs in several protected areas.",The species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Bates, J.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ENCALYPTALES,ENCALYPTACEAE,Encalypta,vulgaris,,Encalypta vulgaris  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Extinguisher-moss (Encalypta vulgaris) is common and widespread throughout the whole of Europe. Although there might be some decline in lowland dry meadows, subpopulations seem on the whole to be stable and the species is considered Least Concern in the majority of the countries with national or regional Red Lists. Therefore, the overall population trend is considered stable. There is no indication of fragmentation of the subpopulations. This species grows in dry meadows and on sunny, calcareous rocks. It is also found in quarries and growing on artificial walls. There are no major threats to it at the European level, and there are no specific conservation actions recommended for this species. It is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and in the EU 28.



 



",Stable,"The Common Extinguisher-moss (Encalypta vulgaris) is common and widespread over the whole of Europe including Macaronesia, except in the far north (Iceland, northern Scandinavia and Svalbard - see Hallingbäck et al. 2006). It is found growing from the lowlands up to the alpine zone in elevations up to 3,300 m Asl. (Hofmann et al. 2011). Outside Europe it occurs in northern and central Asia, Madagascar, North and South America, Australia and New Zealand (Nebel and Philippi 2000). Both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category.","Although there might be some decline in lowland dry meadows, subpopulations seem on the whole to be stable and the species is considered Least Concern in the majority of the countries with national or regional Red Lists. Therefore, the overall population is considered stable. There is no indication of fragmentation of the subpopulations.","This species grows in dry meadows and on sunny, calcareous rocks (Nebel and Philippi 2000). It is also found in quarries and growing on artificial walls. In the Alps, it is also common in dry, rocky areas in high alpine vegetation (Hofmann et al. 2011).",There appear to be no major threats to this species in Europe.,"The species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Norway and as Endangered in the Netherlands, probably because of the rarity of suitable  habitats there (Hodgetts 2015). There are no recommended conservation actions for this species. It occurs in several protected areas.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Lara, F.,Englefield, E.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,ENDOGEMMATACEAE,Endogemma,caespiticia,,Endogemma caespiticia  ,"(Lindenb.) Konstant., Vilnet &amp; A.V. Troitsky",,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Delicate Flapwort (Endogemma caespiticia) is widespread in Europe, however it is rare in the south, and more common in the north. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,700 and 2,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 7 and 8 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 1,000 and 1,800 km² and the EOO is between 3 and 4 million km². The population size is quite large and stable in the north, and the overall population trend in Europe is considered to be stable. However, the overall current population trend of this species in the EU 28 is inferred to be decreasing. There are no evident threats known to the species, especially in the north where it thrive along forest roads, in ditches etc. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe. However, within the EU 28, this species is assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.



 

Research on population size, distribution and trends is needed.",Stable,"This species has a wide, suboceanic, boreal distribution in Europe. It occurs from Great Britain, Spain, Belgium and France in the west to central Europe, the lower parts of the Alps, Switzerland, northern Italy, Austria, Germany, eastwards to Slovakia, Poland, southwestern Russia and north to Fennoscandia (Hodgetts 2015). In North America, this species is known from Alaska, Cape Nome and from New York, Richmond (Damsholt 2002). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 100 m to 2,000 m Asl.

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,700 and 2,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 7 and 8 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 1,000 and 1,800 km² and the EOO is between 3 and 4 million km².","This species is widespread in Europe, however it is rare in the south, and more common in the north. In the Nordic countries, this species rarely occurs in the south, but is rather common in lower parts of northern Sweden and Finland, although not passing the upper limit of the birch forest. In Finland, this species is common along forests roads etc. (Laaka-Lindberg et al. 2016, K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). In Norway, it is occurring from lowland to 900 m Asl and the range stops at the latitude of 66º25'N (Damsholt 2002).

  The species has been declining in several countries on the European continent (Hodgetts 2015). The overall current population trend within EU 28 of this species is therefore inferred to be decreasing, however, not severely fragmented. In Europe as a whole, the current population trend is considered to be stable.","This species grows on moist, clayey or sandy soil in lowland, often along sides of ditches and usually mixed with Cephalozia bicuspidata, Gymnocolea inflata, Diplophyllum obtusifolium, Lophozia bicrenata and Blasia pusilla (Damsholt 2002).","There are no major threats to this species, particularly in the north of Europe. However, in southern and central Europe, this species may be affected by loss of suitable habitats.","This species is in the Red List of Bulgaria as Critically Endangered (CR), Slovakia and Hungary as Data Deficient (DD), Netherlands as Endangered (EN), Germany, Great Britain, Austria and Switzerland as Vulnerable (VU) and Estonia as Near Threatened (NT) (Hodgetts 2015).

It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected area. Research on population size, distribution and trends is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Weibull, H.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,ENTODONTACEAE,Entodon,cladorrhizans,,Entodon cladorrhizans  ,(Hedw.) Müll.Hal.,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



The Flat Glaze Moss (Entodon cladorrhizans) is a widely distributed moss in eastern North America and East Asia. In Europe, it is known from a few localities in Spain, France, Italy, Romania and Slovenia. This species can be easily confused with O. schleicheri, and it is uncertain whether certain records are correct or misidentifications. Therefore, the real distribution of this species remains poorly known. It is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its current distribution, population size and trend, as well as threats. Further research is needed to determine its extinction risk.",Unknown,"The Flat Glaze Moss (Entodon cladorrhizans) is a widely distributed moss in eastern North America and East Asia. In Europe, it is known from a few localities in Spain, France (from an ancient report not recently confirmed), Italy, Romania and Slovenia (Sabovlievic et al. 2001, Hodgetts 2015). Ignatov et al. (1996) excluded it from Russia after a revision of herbarium specimens, while it is extinct in Switzerland (Ignatov et al. 1996, Hodgetts 2015). An Austrian record belongs to Oxyrrhynchium schleicheri (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). In fact, this species can be easily confused with O. schleicheri, and it is uncertain whether certain records are correct or misidentifications. Therefore, the real distribution of this species remains poorly known. Even the confirmed record from Switzerland is quite old and could not be reconfirmed recently (H. Hoffman pers. comm. 2017).","There is no specific data on the size or trend of the population. The extinction of the Swiss subpopulation has been verified, but there are no studies on the status of other European subpopulations. In France and in some Italian regions the presence of this species is known only from historical records, which may belong to different species.","This species is found in temperate and boreal forests, where it thrives on soil, rocks, stumps or at base of trees, namely in Picea spp. forests or bog woodlands.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Spain and as Endangered in Romania. As a priority task, taxonomic research is necessary to confirm the identity of specimens and its presence in European countries. Then, considering the extinction in some parts of its distribution area, the conservation status of its subpopulations, its population size and trend as well as threats should be investigated. The species is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Vellak, K.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F., Lüth, M. & Schröck, C.","Afonina, O.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,ENTODONTACEAE,Entodon,concinnus,,Entodon concinnus  ,(De Not.) Paris,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Montagne's Cylinder-moss (Entodon concinnus) is very widespread throughout the whole of Europe, where it is distributed from the Atlantic seaboard to Russia in the east, but with a big gap between Finland and the Caucasus. The overall population trend is considered to be stable. There is no indication of fragmentation of the subpopulations, even though this species almost never produces spores or vegetative propagules. The species grows in dry meadows, in thin turf over calcareous rocks and also on artificial walls. Although it can be locally threatened where its natural habitat is destroyed by factors such as intensification of farming in dry meadows (especially in the lowlands of central Europe), on the other hand, it is able to occupy man-made habitats such as walls or banks by roads. Overall there does not seem to be any major threats to it at the European level. It is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28. Habitat protection is a recommended conservation measure for this species.

",Stable,"Montagne's Cylinder-moss (Entodon concinnus) is very widespread in Europe. It is distributed from the Atlantic seaboard to Russia in the east, but with a big gap between Finland and the Caucasus, and from Sicily north to Iceland and Norway. It is found growing from sea level up to 2,800 m Asl. Outside Europe it occurs in North and South America, Africa, Asia and Papua New Guinea (Smith 2004). Both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category.","Subpopulations are stable and the species is considered as Least Concern in the majority of the countries with national or regional Red Lists. Only in the Netherlands and in southwestern Europe the species is considered threatened. Overall, the European population trend is considered to be stable. There is no indication of fragmentation of the subpopulations, even though this species almost never produces spores or vegetative propagules (Schnyder 2013).","The species grows in dry meadows, in thin turf over calcareous rocks and also on artificial walls (Nebel and Philippi 2001). It is found from the lowland up to the alpine zone to 2,800 m Asl (Hofmann et al. 2011).","The species is at least locally threatened where its natural habitat is destroyed by factors such as intensification of farming in dry meadows (especially in the lowlands of central Europe). On the other hand, it is able to occupy man-made habitats such as walls or banks by roads (Nebel and Philippi 2001). Overall there does not seem to be any major threats to it at the European level.","This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Bulgaria, as Endangered in the Netherlands, and as Critically Endangered in Hungary. It is listed as Near Threatened in Slovakia and Romania (Hodgetts 2015). Habitat protection is a recommended conservation measure for this species. The species is known to occur in protected areas.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Hugonnot, V.,Fettes, N.D.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,ENTODONTACEAE,Entodon,schleicheri,,Entodon schleicheri  ,(Schimp.) Demet.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Entodon schleicheri is widespread in central and eastern Europe. There may be some local declines of certain subpopulations, but overall there seems to be no significant decline and the current population trend is considered as stable. The species usually grows in deciduous, mostly warm and sunny forests over calcareous rocks and boulders, rarely on dead wood, from the lowlands up to the montane zone. It can be locally threatened by the cutting of forests and replacing deciduous forests by spruce plantations. On the whole, however, there does not appear to be any major threats to this species at the European level. It is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.



 



 



 



 



",Stable,"In Europe, this species has a wide distribution and is present from France in the west to Russia in the east (Maslovsky 2017) and from Italy in the south to southern Germany (and very rarely northern Germany) in the north (Nebel and Philippi 2001). It is mainly a thermophile lowland species, but it can occur up to 2,000 m Asl (Hofmann et al. 2011). Outside Europe it occurs in the Caucasus, Asia, North and Central America (Nebel and Philippi 2001). Both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threat Category.","There may be some local declines of certain subpopulations, but overall there seems to be no significant decline and the population trend is considered as stable.","The species usually grows in deciduous, mostly warm and sunny forests over calcareous rocks and boulders, rarely on dead wood, from the lowlands up to the montane zone (the few records from the alpine zone should be checked). Sometimes it can be found in secondary habitats such as on artificial walls (Nebel and Philippi 2001).","The species can be locally threatened by the cutting of forests (Nebel and Philippi 2001, Meinunger and Schröder 2007) and replacing deciduous forests by spruce plantations (Schröck et al. 2013). On the whole, however, there does not appear to be any major threats to this species at the European level.","This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Slovakia, as Vulnerable in Austria and Switzerland, and as Near Threatened in Germany. It is considered  Data Deficient in the Czech Republic and in Romania (Hodgetts 2015). There is no information available about further conservation actions in place for this species. It occurs in protected areas.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Vellak, K.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Schnyder, N.","Ştefănuţ, S.,Bambe, B.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,FUNARIALES,FUNARIACEAE,Entosthodon,attenuatus,,Entosthodon attenuatus  ,(Dicks.) Bryhn,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Thin Cord-moss (Entosthodon attenuatus) has a Mediterranean-Atlantic distribution, being known from Great Britain and Ireland to Cyprus and Serbia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in the Mediterranean area, and the current population trend is stable. It reproduces frequently by spores and lives both in natural as well as in man-made habitats. No specific conservation measures are needed at present.",Stable,"In Europe, the Thin Cord-moss (Entosthodon attenuatus) has a Mediterranean-Atlantic distribution, being known from Great Britain and Ireland to Cyprus and Serbia (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in North America, Asia and Africa.","These plants are annual, small and form colonies of a few square centimeters. They reproduce by spores abundantly produced from spring to autumn. There is no evidence of decline and the current population trend is considered stable. The population size is unknown.","This species grows on wet sandy soil near streams, on banks and roadside ditches or in crevices of rocks, in shrublands or evergreen woodlands. Sometimes it lives in green parks in urban areas or in cultivated fields. It is found up to 700 m asl.","Fire can be a threat to this species in some parts of its distribution area. However, there does not seem to be any ongoing decline in either the population or habitat at the European scale.",No specific conservation measures are needed for this widespread species. It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Ingerpuu, N.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,FUNARIALES,FUNARIACEAE,Entosthodon,commutatus,,Entosthodon commutatus  ,Durieu &amp; Mont.,"According to Brugués and Sérgio (2010) the species Entosthodon commutatus, described from Algeria, is the earliest available name for this species. In the past, it was known in European localities under the synonyms Entosthodon krausei Besch. described from the Canary Islands (Tenerife) and Funaria. fritzei Geh. from Madeira. Currently these two are considered synonyms of E. commutatus.",No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Entosthodon commutatus is normally found in Mediterranean environments. In Europe, this species occurs in very restricted areas in Spain, Greece and Portugal, in Madeira and in the Canary Islands. It has a small area of occupancy (AOO), estimated to be around 76 km2. The current population trend of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is inferred to be decreasing and there is a continuing decline in the habitat quality. In addition, the population is severely fragmented. There may also be future declines caused by the expected changes in sea level as a result of climate change. This species has therefore been assessed as Endangered in both Europe and the EU 28.

In all sites of occurrence, tourism is a threat to the species, as it is causing a reduction in coastal habitat. More information on the current population size and trends of decline is needed. Confirmation of the species presence and distribution in all parts of its range is also needed, and the habitat where the species is found should be protected.

",Decreasing,"

This species is normally found in Mediterranean environments, localized in North Africa (Morocco and Algeria) where it was first described with different names, not only in Madeira and the Canary Islands (Brugués et al. 2010, Brugués and Sérgio 2010). This species also occurs in very restricted areas of the Iberian Peninsula, in the southeast of Spain (Alicante and Murcia provinces) and the southwest of Portugal (Algarve province) (Brugués et al. 2010, Long and Sérgio in Ellis et al. 2013). In the Canary Islands, it has been found in Tenerife, La Palma, Lanzarote, Gomera, Hierro and Fuerteventura (Dirkse 1993, González-Mancebo et al. 2008, Brugués and Sérgio 2010, Dirkse et al. 2018). This species has also been reported from the Greek islands of Corfu (Hararas 1976) and Gavdopoula, which administratively belongs to Crete (Bergmeier et al. 2011).

 

Based on newly available information about the taxon’s geographic range, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species in Europe and the EU 28 is estimated to be around 2.1 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 76 km2. The altitudinal range of the species in Europe is between 5 m and 600 m Asl.

","The extent of the population of this species is unknown, but it is rare across its total range; it is uncommon in Spain and very infrequent in Portugal (Brugués et al. 2010, Long and Sérgio in Ellis et al. 2013, Sérgio et al. 2013). It is occasionally found on some of the Macaronesian Islands. Some references in Madeira are old and the species was considered extinct (Sérgio et al. 1992, 2006) but there has been a new locality found more recently (Sim-Sim et al. 2014).

In Spain, the threat status of this species is unclear according to Brugués and González-Mancebo (2012), however the majority of the subpopulationsare found in areas with significant alterations along time (Brugués et al. 2010).

The lack of references of this species may be due to its short life span and ephemeral condition. The current population trend of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is inferred to be decreasing. The population is assumed to be severely fragmented, since it is found in very small and isolated subpopulations, and these may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation, even though the species is frequently fertile, as there are few plants.

","This species is restricted to salty habitats in open communities, close to the sea, in salt flats or small talus. All samples have been collected in anthropogenic landscapes mostly in the lowlands near the coast.","In all sites of occurrence, there has been a reduction in the area of coastal habitat due to anthropogenic pressures from tourism. There has been a drastic transformation of the Spanish coastal habitats (Brugués et al. 2010). There may also be future declines caused by the expected changes in sea level as a result of climate change.

","This species was not included in the old Iberian Red List as it is considered to be new in the Iberian area. However, in the last Madeiran Red List, the species was assessed as Vulnerable by Sim-Sim et al. (2014). It was assessed as Near Threatened as part of the bryoflora of the Canary Islands (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012), where a major proportion of its subpopulations are found.

There are currently no conservation actions in place for this species, but its habitat is listed under the Habitats Directive as a priority habitat. The Portuguese locality is strictly protected as it is in the “Reserva Natural do Sapal de Castro Marim” protected area. In Madeira, the subpopulation found at “Ilhéu dos Desembarcadouros” is inside of the Natural Park of Madeira. The locality on the Gavdopoula island, in Crete, is situated in the Natura 2000 site ‘Nisoi Gavdos kai Gavdopoula’ and the island is also protected by the Greek Forest Law (Bergmeier et al. 2011). The locality in the Spanish province of Alicante is situated in the natural park of Salinas de Santa Pola.

 

Ex-situ cultivation of this species was undertaken from Murcia subpopulations in Spain by Ros et al. (2013). More information is needed on the overall population size and trends but its habitat is vulnerable and should be monitored and protected.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Ignatova, E.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M. & Porley, R.D.","Ştefănuţ, S.,Schröck, C.,Sabovljevic, M.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,FUNARIALES,FUNARIACEAE,Entosthodon,convexus,,Entosthodon convexus  ,(Spruce) Brugués,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



In Europe, Entosthodon convexus is exclusive to the Mediterranean area where it lives in various habitat types. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and there is no evidence of a decline - the current population trend is stable. Further research is needed into the population size and trend of this species, as well as into the threats to it. Monitoring of the population trend is also recommended.",Stable,"In Europe, Entosthodon convexus is exclusive to the Mediterranean area (Hodgetts 2015). Moreover it is also found in Asia, Northwest America and North Africa.",There is no data on the population size of this species. The current population trend is considered to be stable since the species reproduces frequently through sporophytes.,"This species is xerophilous and grows in clay substrates. It lives in maquis or even in disturbed environments such as xeric pastures, cultivated or urban areas. It is found up to 600 m Asl.","In general, in the Mediterranean area, species can suffer the effects of some threats such as wildfires, as well as human activities related to housing or tourism. However, it is unknown whether this species is currently threatened by these or other threats. There is no indication of a continuing decline.","Further research is needed into the population size and trend of this species, as well as into the threats to it. Monitoring of the population trend is also recommended. It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Ingerpuu, N.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,FUNARIALES,FUNARIACEAE,Entosthodon,duriaei,,Entosthodon duriaei  ,Mont.,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Entosthodon duriaei can be considered a widespread moss in the Mediterranean area of Europe, and it is mainly confined to the Iberian Peninsula. The species is rarer in the eastern Mediterranean, with just few areas in  Italy, Malta, Greece and Cyprus. Based on the most recent available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 3.2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 176 km2. Subpopulations of this species can sometimes be large, but the current population trend of this species in Europe is inferred to be declining. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened for Europe and the EU 28 as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

Expected threats to this species include anthropogenic loss, habitat damage, soil erosion and invasive plants. Furthermore, in the long term, climate change might have a large impact. Habitat protection and management of any problematic species will benefit this species. Further research and monitoring is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify new areas.",Decreasing,"This species is found in Mediterranean to southwestern Asian areas. In the European part of the Mediterranean region, this species is known from the Balearic and Canary Islands, Corsica, Crete, Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Sicily and Spain (Brugués 1998, Blockeel et al. 2002, Mifsud 2012, Ellis et al. 2013, Ros et al. 2013).

According to data compiled by Ros et al. (1999) for northern Africa, this species should be also present in Algeria, Egypt, Libya and Morocco, although a report from Chad is a mistake (R. Ros pers. comm. 2018) 

The distribution of this species extends to the Mediterranean part of Israel and Jordan and eastwards in Asia to Saudi Arabia (Kürschner 2000, Refai 2001, Abou-Salama et al. 2005), Iran (Fereidounfar et al. 2011) and Turkmenistan (Ignatov et al. 2006).

Based on the most recent available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 3.2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 180 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 20 m to 85 m Asl, for confirmed records from Corsica and the Iberian Peninsula.","

The total population size is unknown, but this species is uncommon across its remaining range. In the majority of areas, it has apparently undergone a marked decline from known sites. In the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands (Brugués et al. 2018), the species is indicated to about 16 squares (10 km) from which nine are from collections made in 1970 or earlier, and seven from collections before 1970. The first Portuguese record is attributed to R. Porley (Ellis et al. 2013) who collected it in the Algarve.

Subpopulations of this species can sometimes be large. It is possibly under-recorded. It was found with sporophytes, which is important for the identification of the majority of Funariaceae species.

A decline in the population trend is inferred due to the past and current anthropogenic development in the coast and the large number of old references.



","

This species grows in communities in calcareous areas of low altitude in Europe with Mediterranean climates and hygrophyte conditions. This species has been found on dripping rocks that are wet during winter and spring, or on sheltered sandy calcareous soil banks overlying limestone. The majority of the localities of this species are on the coast. 



","Expected threats to this species include anthropogenic loss (habitat destruction by tourism, change in land use, pollution and fire events), and habitat damage (for example, increasing shrub vegetation and eutrophication), soil erosion and invasive plants. Furthermore, in the long term, climate change might have a large impact.","

This species was listed as Data Deficient (DD) on the 2006 Red List of Bryophytes of the Iberian Peninsula (Sérgio et al. 2007) and due to its recent discovery in Portugal, it has not yet been evaluated at the national level here (Sérgio et al. 2013). The new data will therefore contribute to improve the assessment of this moss’s vulnerability status. However, this species is considered to be Near Threatened (NT) in continental Spain and the Balearic Islands and as DD in the Canary Islands (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012).

Some of the known localities of this species are known to be in protected areas. In Gerona, the locality is found in the Parc Natural del Cap de Creus, an Important Bryophyte Area in Spain according to Infante and Heras (2012).

Habitat protection and management of any problematic species will benefit this species. Further research and monitoring is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify new areas.

",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Hylander, K.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,FUNARIALES,FUNARIACEAE,Entosthodon,fascicularis,,Entosthodon fascicularis  ,(Hedw.) Müll.Hal.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Hasselquist's Hyssop (Entosthodon fascicularis) is a European temperate moss widely distributed in Europe, north to southern Scandinavia, the Baltic States and Belarus, and south to Madeira, the Canary Islands, southern Spain, Malta and Greece. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, and the extent of its decline is difficult to gauge because occurrences on disturbed ground are often temporary and the species is easily overlooked before capsules are developed (the species may be under-recorded). Although this species has undoubtedly declined, especially in central Europe, its range is too large, and the the decline most likely not serious enough for it to be considered threatened at a European level. Realistically, it is probably not in imminent danger of moving into a threatened Category.",Decreasing,"The Hasselquist's Hyssop (Entosthodon fascicularis) is a European temperate moss widely distributed in Europe, north to southern Scandinavia, the Baltic States and Belarus, and south to Madeira, the Canary Islands (Gran Canaria), southern Spain, Malta and Greece. Its presence in the Azores is considered doubtful. It has been recorded in Finland, but has now probably disappeared. Elsewhere it occurs in North Africa, Turkey and southwestern Asia (including Arabia), eastern Caucasus, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan and western North America (Blockeel et al. 2014).



This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 3,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8.2 million km². These figures are approximate, owing to some vagueness about its distribution in some areas.","This species appears to be declining generally across Europe because of the widespread abandonment of old agricultural practices in favour of more intensive modern ones. However, the extent of its decline is difficult to gauge because occurrences on disturbed ground are often temporary and it is easily overlooked before capsules are developed (Blockeel et al. 2014).","In semi-natural habitats this species grows occasionally on thin soil in open places on ledges and outcrops of rocks and boulders, usually on calcareous strata, in similar habitats to Entosthodon muhlenbergii and sometimes growing with it, as well as with Reboulia hemisphaerica, Encalypta vulgaris, Tortula spp. and Weissia spp. Elsewhere it is recorded from bare ground in coastal turf, but is more commonly found on disturbed mildly acid to slightly basic soil in stubble fields and pastures, on road verges, paths, and soil banks, and even on disturbed ground associated with forestry and tree-planting. In these places it is associated with other ruderal species, such as Barbula unguiculata, Bryum rubens, Dicranella staphylina, Tortula acaulon, T. truncata, T. caucasica,BryumrubensandEphemerumminutissimum. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 1,400 m Asl.



This is an autoicous species; capsules are common, mature from late winter to early summer (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).","The decline of this species in many areas appears to be because of more intensive cultivation of arable fields, and especially winter sowing, and in some areas (e.g., western Ireland) abandonment of tillage. In Germany, larger coloniesare now foundonly rarelyon fallowfields andinabandonedvineyards, and many modern records are not inagricultural land at all.On the otherhand, small colonies are easily overlooked, and identifiable only inlate winter andspring, when fertile (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Lockhart et al. 2012, Blockeel et al. 2014).



","As with the flowering plants of arable fields, maintenance of specific cultivation regimes is important for conservation of this species, involving ploughing in late winter or early spring followed by spring sowing. Where fields are left fallow it often flourishes for a year or two. It is apparently absent from fields that are consistently ploughed soon after the late summer harvest and then sown with winter wheat (Lockhart et al. 2012, Blockeel et al. 2014). This species is included in a number of Red Lists: it has been assessed as Endangered in Austria, the Netherlands and Switzerland, and as Vulnerable in Germany, Luxembourg and Romania. In addition, it is Near Threatened in Sweden, Ireland, Slovakia and Hungary, Data Deficient in the Canary Islands, Malta and Belarus, 'rare' in Poland, and Regionally Extinct in Finland (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Pilkington, S.,Cálix, M.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,FUNARIALES,FUNARIACEAE,Entosthodon,hungaricus,,Entosthodon hungaricus  ,(Boros) Loeske,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

A lowland species of steppe and saline grasslands, Entosthodon hungaricus is an ephemeral species, and its population experiences natural fluctuations. When it appears it can be locally abundant, but this is highly dependent on environmental conditions. Its habitat is fragmented but the population is not considered to be severely fragmented because this species produces a lot of spores and there is good dispersal by the wind and by birds. It is widely distributed, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated at greater than 5.2 million km2, greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category. However, the area of occupancy (AOO) is much more restricted, being estimated at 560 km2. It is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 since it has an overall stable and large population, and there is no real evidence of decline. 



Threats to this species include habitat degradation as a result of infrastructure development and fertilisation of the surrounding areas that leads to nitrification of its habitat. In some of its distribution, its habitats are very threatened due to the use of saline areas for waste disposal. However, it is found in protected areas, offering it some formal protection from these threats. Monitoring and ex-situ conservation are being carried out in Serbia and Hungary, with re-introductions taking place in Serbia (with a 30% survival rate). Strict habitat protection and management, as well as population monitoring, are recommended conservation measures for this species.",Stable,"This is a lowland species of steppe and saline grasslands. Its European distribution includes the Canary Islands, Malta, Portugal, Spain, Sicily, Austria, Germany, Slovakia, Greece, Hungary, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Moldova, south-eastern European Russia and Ukraine. It has also been recorded in Asian Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Israel (Pisarenko et al. 2001, Sabovljević et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species is estimated at greater than 5.2 million km2, greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category. However the area of occupancy (AOO) is much more restricted, being estimated at 560 km2.","The subpopulation in the saline lowlands of Hungary, where it is a characteristic species, is large, and it also occurs there in hummocks and small hills. As an ephemeral species, its population experiences natural fluctuations, and when it appears it can be locally abundant (B. Papp pers. comm. 2017). However this is highly dependent on environmental conditions (M. Ignatov pers. comm. 2017). The subpopulation in Hungary seems to be stable. It is not a strong competitor and it is highly habitat-dependent. The habitat in Europe is fragmented but the population is not considered to be severely fragmented because this species produces a lot of spores and there is good dispersal by the wind and by birds (M. Saboljevic pers. comm. 2017). Its overall population trend appears to be stable.","This species is a halophyte, mainly distributed on salty soils as an ephemeral. It appears in the spring and disappears for the rest of the year. Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-200 m. Sporophytes are produced readily.","The threats to the species are habitat degradation as a result of infrastructure development and fertilisation of the surrounding areas that leads to nitrification in the  habitat. The overall population seems to be stable. However, locally there are reports of habitat decline. In some of its distribution, its habitats are very threatened due to the use of saline areas for waste disposal.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Slovakia (Critically Endangered), Austria (Highly Endangered), Serbia (Endangered), Spain (Near Threatened), Hungary (Near Threatened), Canary Island (Data Deficient), Malta (Data Deficient) and Germany (Extremly Rare) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas. Monitoring and ex-situ conservation are being carried out in Serbia and Hungary. Reintroductions of this species have taken place in Serbia (with a 30% survival rate). Strict habitat protection and management, as well as species monitoring are recommended for this species.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Hedenäs, L.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,FUNARIALES,FUNARIACEAE,Entosthodon,kroonkurk,,Entosthodon kroonkurk  ,Dirkse &amp; Brugués,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Entosthodon kroonkurk is an Ibero-Canarian endemic species which grows mostly in the Canary Islands, although is also present in one locality in northeast mainland Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is a widely distributed species in the Canary Islands, where it has been reported from all islands with the exception of Gomera, although new prospections will likely lead to the species being found there. However, the current population size and trend are still unknown, and further research is needed to confirm it is not threatened since this is a relatively recent taxon. While there is not yet any evidence that this species is declining, the increase in transformation of habitats and their destruction for urbanistic developments may contribute to the species declining rapidly in a very short time. The conservation of the natural habitats in the southern areas of the Canary Islands and also Mediterranean coastal areas in mainland Spain are recommended.",Unknown,"Entosthodon kroonkurk is an Ibero-Macaronesian endemic species, restricted to the Macaronesian archipelago of the Canary Islands, and northeastern Iberian Peninsula (Gerona, Cataluña) (Dirkse and Brugués 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 384,733 km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 128 km2. However, the EOO and AOO are uncertain given that this is a relatively recently described taxon and more field work is needed to better understand its distribution.","This is a widely distributed species in the Canary Islands, where it has been reported from all islands with the exception of Gomera (Dirkse and Brugués 2010), although new prospections will likely lead to the species being found there. However, in the Iberian Peninsula the species is much more restricted (Dirkse and Brugués 2010) and recent prospections have not revealed new localities (M. Brugués pers. comm. 2018). The current population trend of the species is unknown.","In northeastern Spain (Gerona) the species is very rare on schists under mediterranean shrub vegetation (Dirkse and Brugués 2010). In the Canary Islands it is common below 600 m Asl in the southern parts of Gran Canaria, Hierro, La Palma and Tenerife, rarely at a higher altitude, but it occurs even at 900 m Asl, on gravelly, sandy or loamy soil on dry, usually southwestern-facing, sometimes grassy slopes with xerophytic vegetation. (Dirkse and Brugués 2010).","While there is not yet any evidence that this species is declining, the increase in transformation of habitats and their destruction for urbanistic developments may contribute to the species declining rapidly in a very short time.",The conservation of the natural habitats in the southern areas of the Canary Islands and also mediterranean coastal areas in mainland Spain are needed. The sites reported for this species occur both inside and outside of protected areas. Habitat conservation is the most important for this small species. This species has been assessed as Least Concern in the Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2012) and as Data Deficient new (DD-n) in Spain (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2014).,The species is not utilized.,"Fettes, N.D.,Ganeva, A.,Hodgetts, N.","González Mancebo, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,FUNARIALES,FUNARIACEAE,Entosthodon,mouretii,,Entosthodon mouretii  ,(Corb.) Jelenc,The species of this genus is difficult to identify as the species' features are variable across its range.,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Entosthodon mouretii is known in Europe from Spain, Portugal, France, Greece and Great Britain.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species in Europe, and therefore also the EU 28, is estimated to be around 2.35 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 96 km2. The subpopulations are normally found to be small and the species is considered to be severely fragmented. The overall population trend is unknown for Europe. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) for both Europe and the EU 28, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

Anthropogenic pressure, increase in fire frequency and droughts are risk factors to this species. Wind farms, grazing, droughts, wood harvesting, the influence of invasive species, as well as of explosion of fire occurrence, represent notable threats for future years. The main habitat is fragile and should be protected, through the improvement of favorable management methods. Alien species should also be controlled to protect expected declines in the subpopulations. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify new areas.",Unknown,"

This species has an oceanic Mediterranean distribution and, until now, the known occurrence of this species is restricted to Europe and northwest Africa in Morocco, as the original area of occurrence (Corbière 1913, Jelenc 1955). It was considered a Moroccan endemic until 1999 when it was discovered in the northeast of Spain (Brugués et al. 1999)

For Europe, there are newly confirmed records from Spain and Portugal (Brugués and Ruiz 2010, Sérgio et al. 2010, Brugués et al. 2019). It was also reported from France (Thouvenot 2008), Greece (Blockeel 2010), Great Britain (Bosanquet 2012) and also from the southwestern part of Asian Turkey (Kirmaci and Ağcagil 2009).

Based on available recent records, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species in Europe, and therefore also the EU 28, is estimated to be around 2.35 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 96 km2. The altitudinal range of the species in Europe is between 30 and 800 m Asl, based on confirmed records from Great Britain, France, Greece and the Iberian Peninsula.

","

In Portugal, from field observations, the plants have always been found fertile but with very small subpopulations in large areas, always forming small spots, although in the vicinity of other ephemeral bryophytes. In Spain, this species is only present in two localities, one in Girona province and other in Ciudad Real province, where the subpopulations are small. In Great Britain, it is found at five localities with also small subpopulations. In France, there is only one subpopulation which is close to the locality in Girona. In Greece, this species is recently reported in one locality in the Peloponnese, near the sea coast on damp sandy soil. 



The population and the inferred decline can't be accurately estimated with the data available and without an implementation of a good monitoring programme and herbarium revision of predicted areas of occurrence. So, it is possibly overlooked and not collected in other important European areas. The overall population trend is unknown for Europe.

The spores are big and perhaps have some resistance to dry periods, but the populations are very fragmented. The population is considered to be severely fragmented due to the isolation of the subpopulations and the fact that it is a bad disperser, and so may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization.

","This species grows mainly on calcareous substrates (mostly or partly composed of calcium carbonate), in periodically flooded soils that are exposed most of the year. It is found in areas with xerophytic vegetation (adapted to dry/desert areas) and some eutrophication. It is also present along the paths on the edge of trampled areas. In Spain, this species has also been found in areas of small temporary ponds. 

This is a species associated with Mediterranean temporary pond communities, an exceptionally rich habitat for bryophyte diversity. In fact, in the Iberian Peninsula, it has been found in areas where this type of vegetation is known to be present, such as in Alto Alentejo in Portugal and Sant Climent Sescebes, Girona in Spain (Sérgio et al. 1998, Brugués et al. 1999).","Anthropogenic pressure, increase in fire frequency and droughts are risk factors to this species. Some subpopulations may be at risk and be declining from excessive drainage, and the use of fertilizers in the enclosed crop fields. Overgrazing can also be a threat to the species.Wind farms, grazing, droughts, wood harvesting, the influence of invasive species, and increased fire occurrences, represent notable threats for future years. In Great Britain, the increasing scrub development in coastal cliffs may modify the environmental conditions of the species. 

The occurrence of this species in temporary pond communities, due to its rarity, reinforces the important contribution that these habitats provide towards bryophyte diversity. In the border between France and Spain, there is a military area close by. In France, this species is also affected by increasing tourism.","This species is currently listed as Data Deficient (DD) on the 2006 Red List of Bryophytes of the Iberian Peninsula, due to its recent discovery in the Peninsula (Sérgio et al. 2007). In Portugal, the species was evaluated again as DD (Sérgio et al. 2013). However, in Spain it is considered to be Vulnerable (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012).

There are currently no specific conservation actions in place for this species. However, there are some localities found inside natural parks, that offer some protection. In Portugal, the species is found in the Parque Natural da Arrábida, Parque Natural da Serra de São Mamede, Parque Natural do Tejo Internacional, Parque Natural do Vale do Guadiana and the Natura Site Monfurado, São Mamede. In Spain, it is found in Paraje Natural de Interés Nacional de L’Albera dentro del PEIN “Massís de l’Albera”.

This is a species associated with Mediterranean temporary pond communities, which is a priority habitat listed on Annex 1 of the Habitats Directive. The implementation of measures for the maintenance and conservation of these temporary ponds and Montados of Quercus spp. will be important for the conservation of this species. This species' habitat should be protected, through improving favorable management methods and the occurrence of alien species should be controlled to protect expected decreasing of the subpopulations.



Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify new areas where it might occur.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species,"Hylander, K.,Englefield, E.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,FUNARIALES,FUNARIACEAE,Entosthodon,muhlenbergii,,Entosthodon muhlenbergii  ,(Turner) Fife,,No,NT,"B2b(iii,v)",No,NT,"B2b(iii,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



Mühlenberg's Cord-moss (Entosthodon muhlenbergii) is a submediterranean-subatlantic species. Its distribution is centred in southern, western and central Europe and Macaronesia, north to Scotland, southern Scandinavia, Poland and Ukraine. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 764 km² in Europe and 720km² in the EU 28), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and probably also the number of mature individuals; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. The spread of coarse vegetation and scrub in calcareous grassland is the main threat to this species and in central Europe, it seems to be declining. Localities for the best subpopulations of this species should be managed to keep bare skeletal soil available for recolonisation; this will include scrub control. Monitoring is also recommended.",Decreasing,"Mühlenberg's Cord-moss (Entosthodon muhlenbergii) is a submediterranean-subatlantic species. Its distribution is centred in southern, western and central Europe and Macaronesia (Madeira and Canary Islands), north to Scotland, southern Scandinavia, Poland and Ukraine. Elsewhere it occurs in North Africa, the Caucasus, southwestern Asia (including Arabia), east to Tajikistan and Kazakhstan (records from further east in Asia require confirmation), northern and central America. Some older records from the Mediterranean region and elsewhere probably belong to related species (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 764 km² in Europe, and 720 km² in the EU 28. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 11 million km².","It can at least be inferred that this species is declining, because of the widespread increase in coarse vegetation in its open-ground habitats. In Hungary the species is stable and it is not rare in the Balkans. Some old records are uncertain due to recent taxonomic developments, which makes difficult the assessment of decline of this species. In central Europe, it seems to be declining and it is rare. Its population is not severely fragmented, and the population size is larger than 10,000 mature individuals.","This calcicolous species occurs on thin, well-drained soil on calcareous substrates. It is especially characteristic of outcrops of Carboniferous Limestone on open banks and hillsides, growing on bare soil in rock crevices, on ledges and boulders, in thin turf and rarely on ant-hills and limestone walls. It has also been recorded from chalk. Frequent associates include Reboulia hemisphaerica, Riccia sorocarpa, Encalypta vulgaris, Entosthodon fascicularis, Tortula spp., Weissia spp. and Targionia hypophylla. Its altitudinal range is from 30 m up to 800 m Asl.



It is autoicous; capsules are common, mature in late spring and early summer (Blockeelet al. 2014).","The spread of coarse vegetation and scrub in calcareous grassland is the main threat to this species (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).","Localities for the best subpopulations of this species should be managed to keep bare skeletal soil available for recolonisation; this will include scrub control. Monitoring is also recommended. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Norway, the Czech Republic and Switzerland, as Endangered in Germany, and as Vulnerable in Andorra, Slovakia and Romania. It is also Near Threatened in Sweden and Hungary, Data Deficient in Malta, Sardinia and Albania, 'threatened' in Belgium and 'rare' in Poland. It is still listed as Regionally Extinct in both Austria and Ireland, but has recently been refound in both countries (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Bates, J.,Cálix, M.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,FUNARIALES,FUNARIACEAE,Entosthodon,obtusus,,Entosthodon obtusus  ,(Hedw.) Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Blunt Cord-moss (Entosthodon obtusus) is a widespread species in Europe known from the Mediterranean area to the Caucasus, Turkey and Scandinavia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and quite common, there are no signs of decline and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Blunt Cord-moss (Entosthodon obtusus) is a widespread species in Europe known from the Mediterranean area to the Caucasus, Turkey and Scandinavia (Hodgetts 2015).","The population size of this species is unknown, but may be large since the species is quite common. The current population trend is considered to be stable. This species forms patches of a few square centimeters or grows as scattered plants.","This moss lives on peaty soil in woody habitat, near streams or in temporary ponds. It is found up to 1,000 m Asl.",There appear to be no major threats to this rather common species.,No specific conservation measures are needed at present. The species is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Cronberg, N.,Englefield, E.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,FUNARIALES,FUNARIACEAE,Entosthodon,pulchellus,,Entosthodon pulchellus  ,(H.Philib.) Brugués,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Pretty Cord-moss (Entosthodon pulchellus) is a submediterranean-subatlantic moss common in southern Europe and Macaronesia, north to Scotland, Belgium, Germany and Czech Republic, and east to the Ural mountains. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a stable population trend and and although the recorded area of occupancy (AOO) is rather small, it is certainly under-recorded in the Mediterranean area. Even though it is considered threatened in some countries, mainly towards the north of its range, there is insufficient evidence of decline for this species to be considered threatened on a European scale.",Stable,"The Pretty Cord-moss (Entosthodon pulchellus) is a submediterranean-subatlantic moss common in southern Europe and Macaronesia, north to Scotland, Belgium, Germany and Czech Republic, and east to the Ural mountains. Records from further north in Russia could not be verified. Elsewhere it occurs in North Africa, southwestern Asia (including Arabia), and central and eastern Asia (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 1,584 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 14 million km².","It has been suggested that this species is declining in Germany (Meinunger and Schröder 2007), but there is no such evidence in Britain (Blockeel et al. 2014), and intensive surveys of some limestone districts have identified new subpopulations (S. Pilkington pers. comm. 2017). It is still frequent (and probably under-recorded) in the Mediterranean basin. It is extremely rare in Austria and Switzerland, although it is very common in Portugal and Hungary. The overall population trend is considered to be stable. The population is not considered to be severely fragmented and the population size is larger than 1,000 mature individuals.","This species is primarily a calcicole, occurring on thin soil on insolated, exposed limestone rock ledges and stony ground, and on soil on turfy limestone banks, mostly on coastal slopes and warm rocky hillsides inland, often associated with Reboulia hemisphaerica, Riccia sorocarpa, Trichostomum crispulum, Microbryum curvicollum,Acaulontriquetrum,Tortula lindbergiiandEncalyptavulgaris. Many patches are on sparsely vegetated soil, which often appears slightly disturbed, and Entosthodon pulchellus may form mobile subpopulations on limestone cliffs. The Scottish record is from earthy rock ledges on a roadside cutting and the sole Irish site is on old mortar on walls at Holycross Abbey.It is found on artificial walls and terraces in the Iberian Peninsula (C. Sérgio pers. comm. 2017). Its altitudinal range is from 5 m up to 2,600 m Asl. 



It is autoicous; capsules are common, maturing in spring (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).",The main threat to this species is the invasion of scrub and other coarse vegetation into its open-ground sites.,"At least some of the sites with strong subpopulations of this species should be managed to prevent or limit scrub invasion, in order to maintain open, skeletal soils. Some monitoring is also desirable. This species is listed as Critically Endangered in Switzerland, and as Endangered in Germany, Ireland and the Czech Republic. In addition it is Near Threatened in Britain and Hungary, Data Deficient in Albania and Slovenia, and 'seriously threatened with extinction' in Austria (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Natcheva, R.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,FUNARIALES,FUNARIACEAE,Entosthodon,schimperi,,Entosthodon schimperi  ,Brugués,For new synonims see Brugués et al. 2001.,No,NT,"B2b(iii,v)",No,NT,"B2b(iii,v)",EU28,,"

European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Entosthodon schimperi is a Mediterranean species, and in Europe, it is known from France, Greece, Portugal, and Spain, including the Canary and Balearic Islands. This species is mostly found in the Iberian Peninsula, with a few new localities recently discovered in France, Greece and the Balearic Islands. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 72 km2), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion. B.

This species has a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. Some subpopulations may be at risk and decreasing due to excessive touristic pressure. The conservation of these Mediterranean bryological assemblages requires attention as they are unique. Better site and habitat protection and management is recommended. In addition, further research and monitoring into the population and habitat of this species is required, as well as further research into the threats to this species.

",Decreasing,"

This species is endemic to the Mediterranean region. It is known from Portugal, Spain and the Canary Islands (Brugués et al. 2001, Brugués and Ruiz 2010, 2016, González-Mancebo et al. 2008), as well as the Balearic Islands (Brugués et al. 2010), France (Hugonnot 2017), Greece (Blockeel and Nieuwkoop 2016) and Algeria (Ros et al. 1999).

There are very few localities of this species in these countries, although there are some recent references, such as in France and Greece. Most localities of this species are in the Iberian Peninsula and the Baleares (Sérgio et al. 2013, Brugués and Ruiz 2016).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 2.6 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 72 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 5 m to 1,000 m Asl.

","

This is a very rare species in most of its occurrence area. In the majority of countries, the records are fairly recent, such as for the Balearic Islands (Brugués et al. 2010), France (where the species was found in 2016) and its confirmed presence in Greece (Blockeel and Nieuwkoop 2016). This is an example of a species that shows a somewhat large geographic range but with a small population size and high habitat specificity.

It should be noted that most localities are in the Iberian Peninsula and the Canary Islands. This species was discovered in the central area of Portugal, in Estremadura (Serra da Arrábida and Porto de Mós), Ribatejo (Alcanena), the Algarve (Brugués et al. 2001) and more recently in Baixo Alentejo in Barrancos region (M. Lüth pers. comm. 2018). In Spain, this species has a scattered distribution in Albacete (Sierra del Relumbrar), Badajoz, Madrid (Cadalso de la Cueva) and Salamanca (La Fregeneda), as well as the Canary Islands of Gran Canaria and La Palma (Brugués et al. 2001; Brugués and Ruiz 2010, 2016; González-Mancebo et al. 2008) and the Balearic Island of Ibiza (Brugués et al. 2010). In the Balearic Islands, this species is indicated to only one site of occurrence. There are new references in Greece (Blockeel and Nieuwkoop 2016) and in France (Hugonnot 2017). 

The current population trend of this species in Europe is inferred to be decreasing. This species has a very specific habitat type which is already highly fragmented and subject to continuing significant decline. The species is a good disperser, producing capsules and spores frequently.","This species is habitually found in coastal zones which are very fragile across the landscape. This species grows in exposed skeletal soils, that are dry, chalky or ""terra rossa"" clay. It is often linked to temporarily inundated areas of Mediterranean natural meadows or garrigues in the lowlands. This is species is often found together with Aschisma carniolicum, Corsinia coriandrina, Riccia spp., Pleurochaete squarrosa and Trichostomum brachydontium. This species has also been found along paths on the edge of trampled areas with vegetation resulting from traditional and ancestral grazing influences. 



","Anthropogenic pressure, increase in fire frequency and droughts are risk factors for this species. Some subpopulations may be in risk and decreasing from excessive touristic pressure.","This species is listed in some national Red Lists. In Spanish territories, this species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), although it is considered to be Least Concern (LC) in the Canary Islands, and Vulnerable (VU) in the Spanish Peninsular and the Balearic Islands (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012). This species is considered to be Data Deficient (DD) in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013)

Some occurrences of this species are found in natural parks or Natura 2000 network sites, such as in Portugal in the Parque Natural da Arrábida, and the Parque Natural das Serras de Aire e Candeeiros. 

The conservation of these Mediterranean bryological assemblages requires attention as they are unique. Better site and habitat protection and management is recommended. In addition, further research and monitoring into the population and habitat of this species is required, as well as further research into the threats to this species.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Hylander, K.","Sergio, C.","Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,EPHEMERACEAE,Ephemerum,cohaerens,,Ephemerum cohaerens  ,(Hedw.) Hampe,,No,VU,"B2b(i,ii,iii,iv,v)c(iii,iv)",No,VU,"B2b(i,ii,iii,iv,v)c(iii,iv)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU°)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU°)



The Clustered Earth-moss (Ephemerum cohaerens) is a temperate species with a scattered distribution in Europe from the Azores, Ireland, southern England, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany and Poland, south to Sardinia, northern Italy, Sicily and Croatia; most records are concentrated along the Danube, Rhine and Rhone. This species is initially assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 288 km², and 276 km² in the EU 28), there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO, habitat extent and quality, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals, and the population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of subpopulations and mature individuals. 



In Germany, this species has declined sharply following the introduction of intensive farming methods in agriculture in recent decades. There have been a number of local extinctions due to the trend for stabilising water levels in water bodies. The fluctuations in the population is a feature of its natural biology, but it is considered that it has been exacerbated by human influence. However, this is an ephemeral species that often occurs at 'new' sites unpredictably, and it seems likely that spores are brought in from extra-European localities, particularly by migratory birds. Since this immigration is considered significant and is not expected to decrease, the assessment is regionally adjusted both for both Europe and the EU 28 to Vulnerable. Water bodies with significant subpopulations should be managed so that water levels fluctuate periodically. The best subpopulations should be monitored.",Decreasing,"The Clustered Earth-moss (Ephemerum cohaerens) is a temperate species with a scattered distribution in Europe from the Azores, Ireland, southern England, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany and Poland, south to Sardinia, northern Italy (but absent from other parts of peninsular Italy except for Calabria), Sicily and Croatia; most records are concentrated along the Danube, Rhine and Rhone. There are old records from Austria and the Czech Republic that require reconfirmation. Outside the European region the species is found in Turkey, eastern Asia, and eastern North America from Quebec and Ontario to Florida and Texas (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 288 km² in Europe and 276 km² in the EU 28. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 4.6 million km². These figures are rather approximate because of a lack of detail about records in parts of eastern and southern Europe.","Overall, the population size and trend of this species across Europe seems to be declining. In Britain, this species has not been refound at some of its old sites in spite of searching, but there is no conclusive evidence of serious decline there, and even at known sites occurrences can be sporadic depending on annual and seasonal conditions (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Germany, this species has declined sharply following the introduction of intensivefarming methods in agriculture in recent decades(Meinunger and Schröder 2007). In Switzerland there are new records from riverbanks, and although suitable sites are very rare it seems to be coming back in restored sites (N. Schnyder pers. comm. 2017).

The population size is difficult to estimate; there are more than 1,000 individuals but it is not possible to estimate whether there are fewer than 10,000 individuals.Fluctuation is a natural feature of this species, since it survives as a spore bank, only producing plants when conditions become suitable, but in many areas habitat is become less and less available because of the stabilisation of water levels in reservoirs, so the fluctuation is becoming more extreme. The population is not considered to be severely fragmented, since many subpopulations are connected by water and birds, and it produces many spores. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred.","This is a short-lived pioneer moss of muddy or sometimes sandy soils ranging from mildly acid to somewhat calcareous. It often occurs on the periodically exposed muddy banks of  lowland lakes, pools and reservoirs, and on the banks of  large lowland rivers, growing in open vegetation of sedges and other scattered vascular plants such as Mentha and Potentilla spp., Riccia cavernosa and Physcomitrella patens. It also occursin ditches,gravel pits,meadows, pastures and on forest tracks.An exceptional record in Ireland was from the edge of a grave in a cemetery, but this was probably a transitory occurrence.Other associates include Microbryum davallianum,Dicranellavaria, Tortula acaulon,Barbulaunguiculata,BryumdichotomumandB.klinggraeffii. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 1,000 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).

 

This species is pseudodioicous; capsules are common, mature in late summer and autumn. Irregularly shaped lipid-filled tubers occur on the underground filament system and serve as an alternative means of perennation during periods of inundation.

","The maintenance of high water levels is a threat at some individual sites. It is also potentially at risk from drainage of pools or changes to waterside banks (e.g., development, afforestation) and possibly from eutrophication of water bodies (Lockhart et al. 2012, Blockeel et al. 2014).","This species is included in several Red Lists and has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Spain, Romania and Switzerland, as Endangered in Britain, Germany and Poland, and as Vulnerable in Ireland and Slovakia. In addition, it is Data Deficient in Sardinia, the Czech Republic (where, however, there are only old records), Hungary and Slovenia. It is considered Regionally Extinct in Austria(Hodgetts 2015). Water bodies with significant subpopulations should be managed so that water levels fluctuate periodically. The best subpopulations should be monitored. This species is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Ganeva, A.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,EPHEMERACEAE,Ephemerum,crassinervium,,Ephemerum crassinervium  ,(Schwägr.) Hampe,,No,NT,"B2b(iii,v)",No,NT,"B2b(iii,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



The Thick-nerved Earth-moss (Ephemerum crassinervium) is a European temperate moss with two subspecies in Europe, ssp. sessile and ssp. rutheanum. The ssp. sessile occurs from southern Scandinavia (Götland) and the British Isles southwards to the Mediterranean region and east to Ukraine. It also occurs in Madeira. The ssp. rutheanum is apparently endemic to Europe, growing in the British Isles, the Netherlands, France, Italy, Germany, France and Poland. It is probably under-recorded, but appears to be genuinely declining in at least some areas, and has disappeared altogether from a few. This species has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 624 km² in Europe and 620 km² In the EU 28), and there is probably a continuing decline in both the population and the habitat extent and quality. Due to its overall rarity, its scattered distribution, and its apparent disappearance from some areas, it may be that it is in danger of moving into a threatened Category in the near future, so it is precautionarily assessed as Near Threatened.



There is a lot of uncertainty about the status of this species. On the one hand it is easily overlooked and the real AOO is therefore likely to be larger than 624 km². However, it is unlikely that the real AOO would be larger than 2,000 km². On the other hand it has disappeared from several countries and there is probably a continuing decline in both the population and the habitat extent and quality. Further research is needed into the population size and trends, as well as into the threats to this species to confirm this assessment of its extinction risk. At least some of the best sites should be managed with this species in mind, ensuring that water levels are allowed to fluctuate and give it a chance to produce sporophytes regularly.",Decreasing,"The Thick-nerved Earth-moss (Ephemerum crassinervium) is a European temperate moss with two subspecies in Europe, ssp. sessile and ssp. rutheanum. The ssp. sessile occurs from southern Scandinavia (Götland) and the British Isles southwards to the Mediterranean region and east to Ukraine. It also occurs in Madeira. Elsewhere it has been recorded from North Africa (Morocco), Turkey and Israel. The ssp. rutheanum is apparently endemic to Europe, growing in the British Isles, the Netherlands, France, Italy, Germany, France and Poland. The ssp. crassinervium is a North American plant (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 624 km² in Europe and 620 km² In the EU 28. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 7.5 million km².","The population and population trends of this species are unknown in detail, but from its habitat it can be inferred that it is probably declining. A recent analysis shows a declining trend in the UK (M.O. Hill pers. comm. Nov. 2018). It is very small and easily overlooked, and its ecology means that it is sporadic in appearance. The population is not severely fragmented and does not show extreme fluctuations. 

","This is a pioneer moss of partly vegetated, moist muddy, silty, sandy or clay soils on moderately basic to moderately acid substrates, on open ground or in light shade, often on ground that is exposed by ponds, lakes, reservoirs and rivers when water levels recede in summer. Some of its sites are on soil among limestone rocks. It occurs both in open places and in the shade of sallows. The ssp. sessile also colonises bare soil on woodland rides and paths, tracks and  stream edges on damp heathland and moorland, silt in rocks by a river,  soil and herb-rich grassland on sea cliffs, but only rarely in pastures,  and very infrequently on arable land. Associated species include Juncus spp., Littorella uniflora, Riccia cavernosa, Physcomitrella patens, Ephemerum serratum, Archidium alternifolium, Dicranella rufescens, bulbiferous species of Pohlia, and at a few of its  sites Physcomitrium sphaericum. Its altitudinal range is from 15 m up to 360 m Asl.



It is pseudodioicous; capsules are common, mature in late summer to winter. Irregularly shaped lipid-filled tubers occur on the underground filament system and serve as an alternative means of perennation during periods of inundation (Blockeelet al. 2014).","It is difficult to be certain about threats to this species, as it naturally occurs intermittently. However a potential threat is the artificial management of water levels, preventing periodic exposure of mud at the sides of reservoirs and lakes. It is also potentially at risk from alteration of the flooding regimes of lakes and rivers, alteration of their banks (e.g., by development or afforestation) and perhaps also from eutrophication (Lockhart et al. 2012).","At least some of the best sites should be managed with this species in mind, ensuring that water levels are allowed to fluctuate and give it a chance to produce sporophytes regularly. Considered extinct in Austria, Finland, and probably also in Hungary and Montenegro, where, however, it is still listed as Data Deficient and Vulnerable respectively. This species is also listed as Data Deficient in Sweden and Sardinia. The ssp. rutheanum is considered Data Deficient in Sicily and 'rare' in Germany; the ssp. sessile is considered Endangered in Germany (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas. Further research into population size, trend and threats is recommended.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Ganeva, A.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,EPHEMERACEAE,Ephemerum,minutissimum,,Ephemerum minutissimum  ,Lindb.,"Described as a variety of Ephemerum serratum by Grout (1935) and after being considered a synonym of this species, E. minutissimum was recently elevated to species level by Risse (1996, 1997). However, this taxonomic position is not accepted by some author (e.g., Bryan 2007).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Ephemerum minutissimum is a temperate species, which in Europe it is widely distributed although it is often locally rare. In view of this, and the fact that the current population trend is thought to be stable, the species is assessed as Least Concern. In general, specific research on local distribution as well as on the conservation status of subpopulations could be useful.",Stable,"Ephemerum minutissimum is a temperate species, known in Europe, Southwest Asia and North America. In Europe it is widely distributed (Hodgetts 2015), although it is often locally rare.",This is a tiny species. These ephemeral plants grow in small tufts of 1-2 square cm or as isolated plants. The exact population size is unknown also due to the nomenclatural changes between this species and E. serratum. The current population trend is thought to be stable.,"This is an annual species which lives on wet soil in pastures, in woody clearings or on sandy soil in coastal maquis.","There is no available information on threats to this species. Since this is an annual species which generally forms few, large spores, drought might be a potential threat.","This species is not under legal protection. It has been assessed as threatened in only one European country (Austria) (Hodgetts 2015). In general, specific research on local distribution as well as on the conservation status of subpopulations could be useful. It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Hedenäs, L.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,EPHEMERACEAE,Ephemerum,recurvifolium,,Ephemerum recurvifolium  ,(Dicks.) Boulay,,No,NT,"B2b(iii,v)",No,NT,"B2b(iii,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



The Strap-leaved Earth-moss (Ephemerum recurvifolium) is a tiny European southern-temperate moss which occurs from southern Scandinavia and Poland southwards to the Mediterranean region and east to Ukraine. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 1,448 km² in Europe, and 1,432 km² in the EU 28), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. This species seems to be declining due to the encroachment of scrub onto its open habitats, and this is backed up by a recent analysis in the UK. However, there is still a reasonable population overall, and the species is probably overlooked. There is little that can be recommended for this species, except to promote a general awareness of its needs (along with those of other small species of open habitats). Areas where it is known to occur should be managed to keep at least some ground free from scrub and other invasive vegetation.",Decreasing,"The Strap-leaved Earth-moss (Ephemerum recurvifolium) is a tiny European southern-temperate moss which occurs from southern Scandinavia and Poland southwards to the Mediterranean region and east to Ukraine. Outside the European region the species occurs in North Africa, Turkey, Israel, and has also been reported from Australia (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 1,448 km² in Europe, and 1,432 km² in the EU 28. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5.4 million km². The latter figure in particular is approximate due to the vagueness of some of the records.","This species seems to be declining due to the encroachment of scrub onto its open habitats, and this is backed up by a recent analysis in the UK (M.O. Hill pers. comm. 2018). Also it is probably widely overlooked, as it is very small and sporadic in occurrence. The current population trend is decreasing, but cannot yet be considered severely fragmented, and it does not show extreme fluctuations.","This is an ephemeral moss growing on bare patches of calcareous clay and other moist soils over chalk and limestone. Many sites are in unimproved herb-rich grassland where soil is exposed in thin turf, about stones, on ant-hills or on steep banks, but it has also been recorded on trampled soil by paths, on woodland rides, on bare soil in woodland (particularly beech woods), on undercliffs, in orchards, and as a temporary colonist of roadsides and recently disturbed ground. It is also an occasional component of the flora of arable fields on chalky and basic clay soils. It is often associated with other small calcicolous bryophytes, including Dicranella varia, D. howei, Didymodon fallax, Fissidens viridulus, Microbryum davallianum, M. rectum, Tortula acaulon, Weissia longifolia and in arable fields Barbula spp., Bryum rubens and B. klinggraeffii. Its altitudinal range is from seal level up to 1,000 m Asl. 



It is pseudodioicous; capsules are usually abundant, though occasionally absent, mature in late summer, autumn and winter. Irregularly shaped tubers occur on the underground filament system, but unlike those found in some of the species inhabiting periodically submerged habitats they are starch-filled and regenerate rapidly; they are evidently not adapted for longer-term perennation (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeelet al. 2014).","This speciesis primarilythreatened by general nutrient enrichment andencroachment of scrub onto grasslands and other open habitats. This is an increasingly serious threat, and in spite of the widespread and ephemeral nature of this species, its available habitat is continually declining.","There is little that can be recommended for this species, except to promote a general awareness of its needs (along with those of other small species of open habitats). Areas where it is known to occur should be managed to keep at least some ground free from scrub and other invasive vegetation. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Switzerland, Bulgaria and Romania; as Endangered in Portugal and Poland; as Vulnerable in Germany, the Netherlands and Slovakia. In addition it is considered Near Threatened in Luxembourg, Data Deficient in Sweden, Hungary and Albania, and 'threatened' in Belgium. It is considered Regionally Extinct in Finland and Austria, and probably Montenegro (where it is, however, still listed as Vulnerable) (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Cronberg, N.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,EPHEMERACEAE,Ephemerum,serratum,,Ephemerum serratum  ,(Schreb. ex Hedw.) Hampe,"Some samples of Ephemerum minutissimum, previously considered a variety of E. serratum and even synonymous with this, have been referred to this taxon.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Serrated Earth Moss (Ephemerum serratum) is a temperate species, known to occur in Europe, Asia, North Africa and North America. It is an annual species that lives in various habitat types, both natural or anthropic, and frequently stressed. It would be necessary to do a revision of the data on its European distribution due to the fact that it was previously a synonym of the similar E. minutissimum, which is now considered a distinct species. For the assessment of this species several factors were considered, namely that the species is exposed to environmental changes because it is an annual species; that it frequently lives in disturbed habitats; and that there is nomenclatural uncertainty surrounding it. Nevertheless, on the balance this species is quite widespread and not currently threatened. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern. Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend of this species, as well as into potential threats to it.",Unknown,"The Serrated Earth Moss (Ephemerum serratum) is a temperate species, known to occur in Europe, Asia, North Africa and North America. It would be necessary to do a revision of the data on its European distribution due to the fact that it was previously synonymized with the similar E. minutissimum, which is now considered a distinct species. Moreover, as reported by Ros et al. (2013), its presence in some Mediterranean countries should be confirmed, since there are only very old or imprecise records in some countries. The distribution of this species is thus incompletely understood.","This is a tiny, ephemeral moss that forms small colonies of few square centimetres. The population size and trend are unknown, also due to the past synonymization with E. minutissimum.","This is an annual species living on acidic soil or on clay in woodland rides, near lakes or ponds, as well as in pastures, arable fields or urban areas.","The threats to this species are largely unknown. However, being an annual species, droughts caused by climate change may pose a threat.","This species is included in the Red Lists of several European countries (Hodgett 2015). Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend of this species, as well as into potential threats to it. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Hespanhol, H.,Englefield, E.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,EPHEMERACEAE,Ephemerum,spinulosum,,Ephemerum spinulosum  ,Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



The Prickly Earth-moss (Ephemerum spinulosum) is an oceanic temperate species found in Ireland (both Northern Ireland and the Republic) Spain, France and Germany. This species is extremely rare in Europe, it was discovered here only recently, and there is some speculation that it may be a recent immigrant from elsewhere. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend. There is no evidence of decline, but it may be that it should be placed in a threatened Category because of its rarity. More research is needed in order to determine its extinction risk.",Unknown,"The Prickly Earth-moss (Ephemerum spinulosum) is an oceanic temperate species. It is rare and only recently discovered in Europe, where it is known from Ireland (both Northern Ireland and the Republic) Spain, France and Germany. Elsewhere it is known from eastern Asia, eastern North America, Central America, the West Indies and South America (Brazil) (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at ca 30 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 915,000 km². The real AOO is likely to be larger than currently known since the species is very small and easy to overlook. However, the real AOO will not be significantly higher since this is a genuinely rare species.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown. However, it is possible that it is a recent introduction to the European flora, perhaps transported by water-fowl.

","This tiny species is a colonist of temporarily exposed ground by water bodies. In Co. Antrim (Northern Ireland) it was found near a small inlet stream in the draw-down zone of a reservoir on silty mud that was largely unvegetated. A number of other characteristic colonists of bare mud were present in the vicinity, including Riccia cavernosa, Physcomitrella patens, Physcomitrium sphaericum and Weissia rostellata. In Co. Mayo (Ireland) it occurred on mud by the Cloon River, growing with sparse Carex spp. and Agrostis stolonifera. In France it was found on mud at the margins of large depressions subject to periodic but prolonged submergence in an Alnus glutinosa-Salix acuminata swamp in the Leyre valley (Gironde), with Ephemerum minutissimum, Micromitrium tenerum, Pseudoephemerum nitidum and Riccia huebeneriana.Its altitudinal range is from 20 m up to 620 m Asl.



It is pseudodioicous; capsules are common, maturing in late summer and autumn. Irregularly shaped lipid-filled tubers occur on the underground filament system and serve as an alternative means of perennation during periods of inundation (Blockeelet al. 2010, Blockeel et al. 2014).","While this species may be threatened by the same factors that impact other bryophytes in the same habitat (stabilisation of water levels, invasive species such as Crassula helmsii), there is no evidence at present that this species is itself threatened.","No conservation measures are recommended at present, but subpopulations should be monitored. This species is considered Critically Endangered in Spain, Endangered in Ireland (including Northern Ireland), and 'rare' in Germany (Hodgetts 2015). Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend of this species. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"During, H.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N.","Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Epipterygium,tozeri,,Epipterygium tozeri  ,(Grev.) Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Tozer's Thread-moss (Epipterygium tozeri) is a Mediterranean-Temperate species which in Europe is quite widespread, found from the Mediterranean area to Great Britain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"Tozer's Thread-moss (Epipterygium tozeri) is a Mediterranean-Temperate species, known in Europe, Asia, North Africa and North West America, where it is characteristic of redwood forest (Shaw 2015). In Europe, it is quite widespread, from the Mediterranean area to Great Britain, while is rarest in the eastern part of the continent (Hodgetts 2015).","This species grows as loose turfs or as scattered plants. The population size is unknown, but the current population trend seems to be stable.","This is a species of acidic substrates which grows on river banks, wet rock crevices, in forests or maquis under shady or even exposed conditions.",There appear to be no major threats to this species.,"This species is not threatened in most of the European areas, except in Switzerland where it has been assessed as Vulnerable (Schnyder et al. 2004). Moreover, it is considered Data Deficient in Montenegro (Hodgetts 2015). Overall, at the European level, it is quite widespread and since there appear to be no major threats, no specific conservation measures are needed. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hugonnot, V.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.","Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,JUNGERMANNIACEAE,Eremonotus,myriocarpus,,Eremonotus myriocarpus  ,(Carrington) Pearson,,No,NT,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Clubwort (Eremonotus myriocarpus) is widespread but local in subalpine, alpine and arctic areas in Europe. The overall current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. In total, it is estimated that there are between 1,000 and 1,500 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe and 800 to 1,000 individual-equivalents within the EU 28. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion D. In the EU 28, this species is assessed as Vulnerable.

This species is often present in small quantities and thus easily overlooked, as well as being easily confused with Cephaloziella and Marsupella species. Monitoring of the population trend and further research of the population size is needed.",Stable,"This species has European arctic-montane distribution. It is widespread but local in subalpine, alpine and arctic areas in Europe. This species occurs from Great Britain and Ireland, the Pyrenees of France in the west, to central Europe, the Alps, Switzerland, Austria, northern Italy, Germany, eastwards to former Czechoslovakia, Poland, Bulgaria, and northwards to Fennoscandia, Svalbard and northern Russia (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, this species is found in Japan and Greenland (Damsholt 2002).

In the Nordic countries, this species is scattered, and rare everywhere, descending to 50 m Asl and ascending to 1,000 m Asl in the mountains of Norway. It is also known from Sweden and Finland (Hodgetts 2015).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,000 and 2,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 6 and 8 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 1,000 km² and the EOO is between 4 and 5 million km².","Very little information about the total population size is known. This species is often present in small quantities and thus easily overlooked, as well as being easily confused with Cephaloziella and Marsupella species. At all known localities, the species occurs with few individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent). In total, it is estimated that there are between 1,000 and 1,500 individual-equivalents in Europe and 800 to 1,000 individual-equivalents within the EU 28.

In Finland, this species is declining (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). The overall current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","In Nordic countries, this species is found on wet rocks along the sides of streams or on cliff walls, often where the surroundings are kept damp by cascades or small waterfalls. It prefers slate, but is found on calcareous as well as acidic rocks, and mixed with other bryophytes such as Hygrobiella laxifolia, Jungermannia pumila, J. borealis, J. exsertifolia ssp. cordifolia, Aneura pinguis and Blindia acuta, on thin soil over rocks (Damsholt 2002).

  In the United Kingdom, this species grows on periodically flushed schistose or other basic rocks and on small damp ledges of shaded cliffs growing over thin, soft lithosols or mixed with detritus. It favours northerly or easterly aspects. It also occurs on basic rocks in ravines, particularly on the shaded vertical walls of deep gorges, and on rocks beside streams and rivers. Regular associates include Blepharostoma trichophyllum, Mesoptychia collaris, Scapania undulata, Solenostoma subellipticum and Gymnostomum aeruginosum. At higher elevations, this species has been reported growing as cushions on the surface of relatively exposed rocks (Blockeel et al. 2014).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","This species is in the Red List of Italy as Critically Endangered (CR), Finland as Endangered (EN), Ireland and Northern Ireland as Near Threatened (NT), Poland as rare (R) and Austria, Slovakia and Bulgaria as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. Monitoring of the population trend and further research of the population size is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,During, H.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Eucladium,verticillatum,,Eucladium verticillatum  ,(With.) Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Whorled Tufa-moss (Eucladium verticillatum) is a very widespread species in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Whorled Tufa-moss (Eucladium verticillatum) is widely distributed in Europe. This species is also found in Africa, North and Central America, and Asia (Smith 2004, Hodgetts 2015).","The population size is unknown. However, since there are no signs of decline, the current population trend is considered to be stable.","This species typically grows on permanently wet walls and rocks with limestone, waterfalls and watercourses. In natural environments it is mostly found in temperate forests. It also occurs in urban environments.","This species, according to the classification from Dierssen (2001), does not have a high tolerance to disturbance, preferring undisturbed environments or environments with a low degree of disturbance. There appear to be no major threats to it.","Considering the widespread distribution of this species in Europe, as well as the absence of major threats, no specific conservation measures are needed. This species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Wilbraham, J.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Eurhynchiastrum,pulchellum,,Eurhynchiastrum pulchellum  ,(Hedw.) Ignatov &amp; Huttunen,"Three varieties have been recorded in Europe; var. diversifolium (Schimp.) Ochyra & Żarnowiec, var. praecox (Hedw.) Ochyra & Żarnowiec and var. pulchellum. The relationship between them is not always clear and they have probably been recorded inconsistently in different parts of Europe.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 

The Elegant Feather-moss (Eurhynchiastrum pulchellum) is generally a rather common and widespread moss species, but locally rare in some areas. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for this species surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category. Thus it is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, and its presumably stable population trend. There are no major threats known to this species at the European level, though it is assessed as threatened or near threatened in some European National Red Lists. Local threats may include encroachment of coarse vegetation due to increased nutrient input. Further research is needed into the threats this species faces in Europe.",Stable,"This species is widely distributed in Europe (Frey et al. 2006), with the exception of Macaronesia and some of the smaller Mediterranean states. Outside Europe it is present in Asia, North, Central and South America, and north and North Africa. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","This species of moss is rather common and widespread, and its overall population trend is considered as stable.","This species is found on open calcareous soil and in other dry basic habitats. In Britain this includes exposed, dry basalt, growing on rock faces and in crevices, decomposed rock and mossy cliff ledges, with Anoectangium aestivum, Anomobryum concinnatum, Bryoerythrophyllum ferruginascens, Dichodontium pellucidum, Didymodon icmadophilus, Encalypta spp., Myurella julacea, Tortula subulata and Trichostomum brachydontium. It is also found on calcareous schist and sandstone (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Germany it is recorded on moderately dry to damp, neutral to slightly calcareous substrates in partially shaded locations, mostly  on compacted soil, on embankments and over rocks on earth-covered walls, in sunken roads and sparse deciduous forests. Associates in Germany includePohlia cruda, Barbilophozia  barbata, Plagiochila porelloides, Plagiothecium denticulatum,Fissidens taxifolius, Eurhynchium  striatum, Isothecium alopecuroides, Bryum capillare, Mnium stellare and Metzgeria furcata (Meinungerand Schröder 2007). However, there  may be ecological differences between the varieties, which remains  to be explored more closely. Its altitudinal range is ca. 20–3,060 m.","There are no major or minor threats known to this species at the European level. However, local threats may include encroachment of coarse vegetation due to increased nutrient input.

","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Ireland (listed as Regionally Extinct but recently re-found), Great Britain (Endangered), Germany (Vulnerable), Luxembourg (Vulnerable) and Hungary (Near Threatened) (Hodgetts 2015). It is recorded in protected areas. Further research is needed into the threats this species faces in Europe.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Vanderpoorten, A.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Eurhynchium,angustirete,,Eurhynchium angustirete  ,(Broth.) T.J.Kop.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Eurhynchium angustirete is a common and widespread species found in temperate and boreal forests in Europe. It is is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known major threats to this species at the European level. It is known to occur in protected areas, as there are reports of it from a couple of national parks throughout its European range.",Stable,"This species is widely distributed in eastern and central parts of Europe (Frey et al. 2006), becoming sparse or absent in the west and extreme north. In southern parts of Europe it is encountered more often in mountainous areas. It is also present in Asia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.",This is a rather common species within its range and its overall population trend is considered to be stable.,"This species grows on soil in shaded, wet and damp conditions in temperate and boreal forest. It also sometimes occurs on dead wood. Its altitudinal range is ca. 0–1,805 m.",There are no known major threats to this species at the European level.,This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Spain (Vulnerable) and the Netherlands ('susceptible') (Hodgetts 2015). There are reports of this species from a couple of National Parks throughout its European range.,There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Hedenäs, L.,Cálix, M.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Eurhynchium,striatum,,Eurhynchium striatum  ,(Schreb. ex Hedw.) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Common Striated Feather-Moss (Eurhynchium striatum) is a temperate species common in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a presumably large and stable population, and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are needed at present.",Stable,The Common Striated Feather-Moss (Eurhynchium striatum) is a temperate species common in Europe (Hodgetts 2015). It is also found in North Africa and Asia.,"The population size is presumably large since this is a common species, and there is no indication of a decline, so the current population trend is considered stable.","This species grows on soil, rock or bark in temperate forests both in sheltered and exposed sites. It is found from sea level up to 800 m Asl.",There appear to be no major threats to this species.,"Since this is a common species and there is no indication of decline, no conservation measures are currently needed. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Fettes, N.D.,Köckinger, H.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,EXORMOTHECACEAE,Exormotheca,pustulosa,,Exormotheca pustulosa  ,Mitt.,,No,NT,B2b(iii),No,NT,B2b(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



In Europe, Exormotheca pustulosa is found in Macaronesia, specifically in the Azores, Canary Islands, and Madeira Archipelagos, as well as in the south of mainland Portugal, Spain, France, Italy and Sicily. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 356 km2), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the quality and extent of its habitat due to urbanisation, touristic and recreational activities, as well as alterations in climatic conditions and fire intensification. This species' area of distribution should be monitored and protected from touristic developments and recreational activities.

",Stable,"In Europe, Exormotheca pustulosa is found in Macaronesia, specifically in the Azores Archipelago (Faial, Flores, São Jorge, São Miguel and Terceira), Canary Islands (all islands except Fuerteventura), and Madeira Archipelago (Madeira, Porto Santo and Selvagens), as well as in the south of mainland Portugal, Spain, France, Italy and Sicily. Its global distribution includes Morocco, tropical and southern Africa, the Mascarenes, St. Helen Islands, and Central America (Mexico) (Bischler 2004, Bischler-Causse et al. 2005, Sérgio et al. 2006, González-Mancebo et al. 2008, Gabriel et al. 2011). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3.8 million km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 356 km2.","

This species is a thallous liverwort and a short-lived shuttle with large spores. Subpopulations can be either small or large and it can form large patches.  Although this species was considered decreasing in mainland Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013), several recent collections (by Ron Porley) in the south of the country indicate that the current trend is probably stable. The overall current population trend is also considered to be stable (M. Sim-Sim pers. comm. 2018). Considering that this species grows on the ground, an individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square meter on which the species grows. It is estimated that there are between 10,000 and 15,000 individual-equivalents, and that each subpopulation has fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents.","This is a xerophilous species that grows on sandy and clay soils, on acidic cliffs and rock outcrops in rocky grasslands (Bischler-Causse et al. 2005) and recent volcanic lava flows. This species occurs between 10 m and 700 m Asl.","

This species is threatened by habitat destruction mainly due to urbanisation, touristic and recreational activities, as well as by alterations in climatic conditions, fire intensification and the spread of invasive alien species. There is therefore an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat of this species. 

","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in some protected areas. This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Portugal, as Near Threatened in Spain and as Data Deficient in Italy (Garilleti and Albertos 2012, Sérgio et al. 2013, Hodgetts 2015). This species' area of distribution should be monitored and protected from touristic developments and recreational activities.",This species is not utilised.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hugonnot, V.","Sim-Sim, M.","Juutinen, R.,Górski, P.,Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,EXORMOTHECACEAE,Exormotheca,welwitschii,,Exormotheca welwitschii  ,Stephani,"A liverwort species forming median rosettes silvery whitish green. Thalli with 1-4 cm long and lobes 2-4 mm wide. Air chambers inflated, vault-shaped; chlorophyllose filaments of 2-3 cells. Spores big with 100-140 µm. Dioicous.

This species was considered for many years as Exormotheca bullosa (Link ex Lindenb.) K.Müller, but was subsequently typified by Perold (1991) as Exormotheca welwitschii Steph.

The nomenclatural arrangement is complex, as formerly it was included by Stephani (1898) in the same taxon Riccia bullosa, now considered a liverwort only from South Africa flora (Perold 1991). Stephani's interpretation of R. bullosa was largely accepted by South African authors.

A similar and more common species, E. pustulosa has very tall cone-shaped air chambers and smaller spores (50-65 µm) than E. welwitschii Steph.

",No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Exormotheca welwitschii is an endemic species of the Mediterranean area, but in Europe, it is restricted to the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). The species has a small area of occupancy (AOO) of 76 km2, and it is experiencing a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat and number of mature individuals. Little is known about the threats to this species, but it is likely to be in decline due to anthropogenic pressure on its habitats, causing habitat modification and degradation. The population is also severely fragmented. Additionally, the species has not been reported from new sites in recent years. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered in Europe and in the EU 28.

The implementation of measures for the maintenance and conservation of natural habitats are recommended. Further research is required to confirm population distribution and trend, the history of the species and habitat trends.",Decreasing,"This liverwort is restricted to a few places in Portugal and Spain (Casas et al. 1996) and North Africa (Tangier and Mauritania). It was first reported in Sicily, but now it is excluded from the Italian check-list (Aleffi et al. 2008). In Europe, it is therefore restricted to the Iberian Peninsula.

After expeditions in the Mediterranean by Jovet-Ast and Bischler, this species was reported from two sites in Algeria (Bischler 2004) and was never reported outside the Mediterranean area.

In Portugal, this species has only been found in the southern part of the country. It was found for the first time in Portugal in 1847 by Welwitsch (Mitten 1853), based on a collection at the south of the Tagus river, near Vendas (Arrábida). It was rediscovered several times near the 'locus classicus' until 1979, but it has not been found there recently, However, in the area of the Arrábida Natural Park, the species probably still occurs on an accessible cliff, as there is natural vegetation in a good state of conservation. Between 1950 and 1968, this species was recorded in the region of Faro, at the Ria Formosa Natural Park, in the Algarve and in 1982, it was also discovered in the Tagus estuary. In Portugal, onlythree sites of occurrence have been found after 1980 (Sérgio et al. 2013). The last reports are from the Tagus estuary in 2011 and in the Algarve in 2013.

In Portugal and Spain, this species is reported from 14 squares of 10 km (Casas et al. 1996), and in the new Iberian Cartography it has been recorded in 20 squares. However, more thanfour are from collections before 1970 (Cros et al. 2015). 



The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 213,000 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 76 km2. The altitudinal range of the species in Europe is from near sea level to 1,100 m Asl.","This species is restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Declines in distribution or population size have been found in some touristic areas in Portugal and Spain. The current population trend is therefore inferred to be decreasing, and its habitat is very fragile and in decline. The species is usually rare and difficult to find. In Spain, the species could be more abundant than the currently known distribution. 



The subpopulations found in the Iberian Peninsula are dioecious (male and female reproductive systems occur on separate plants), but develop vegetative buds in the apical part. Only male plants were found in Portugal and the species has never been found to be fertile in the Iberian Peninsula. It has only been referred to as fertile in North Africa by Schiffner (1942). The population seems to be severely fragmented, since most of the subpopulations are isolated from each other and the species does not produce spores. Subpopulations may therefore go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","This species grows in pioneering communities in sandy and acidic areas of low altitude, in Mediterranean temperate climates and thermophilic conditions (high temperatures). It is terricolous (growing on the ground or soil) in very dry conditions or in rock crevices on low scrub areas (matorrais or garrigues). It can also be found in dunes with Pinus pinea forests or Pinus pinaster plantations and  “montados” of evergreen Quercus spp.



The species grows in small patches, in more or less exposed areas of very temporary humid soils.","Little is known about the threats to this species, but it is likely to be in decline due to anthropogenic pressure on its habitats.

At the northern limits of its range in Portugal, this species is disappearing for unknown reasons, but changes in habitat extension and quality is a likely cause. Grazing and the intensification of agriculture could be significant threats. The tourist pressure that has been observed, particularly in the Algarve region, together with construction and road development, will likely accelerate its decline in this area.

As this species prefers warm temperatures, climate change could have positive impacts on the species, further expanding its range.","In Portugal, this species is present in the Natura 2000 site of Ria Formosa/Castro Marim and it is also reported from some natural parks, such as Parque Natural da Ria Formosa and near Parque Natural da Arrábida (Sérgio et al. 2013). In Spain, it is included in a micro-reserve in the Valencia area and the majority of known sites are concentrated in thesoutheast region, between Castellón and Cuenca (Puche et al. 1987).

This species is “Rare” according the ECCB Red List of Europe (1995). It has been assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Spain (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012) and in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013).

    The implementation of measures for the maintenance and conservation of natural habitats are recommended. Further research is required to confirm population distribution and trend, the history of the species and habitat trends.

",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Orgaz Alvarez, J.,Englefield, E.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,NECKERACEAE,Exsertotheca,baetica,,Exsertotheca baetica  ,"(J. Guerra, J.F. Jiménez &amp; J.A. Jiménez) Draper, González-Mancebo, O. Werner, J. Patiño &amp; Ros","This species in Spain was discovered for the first time in 1980 (Guerra et al. 1980), but erroneously named as Neckera intermedia Brid., a Macaronesian species. However, this moss was later described as the new species N. baetica (Guerra et al. 2010) and was subsequently published as a new genus Exsertotheca by Draper et al. (2011).

",Yes,EN,D,Yes,EN,D,EU28,,"Exsertotheca baetica is endemic to Spain, on the mountains of the Sierra de la Luna. There is only one known subpopulation of this species, with some fragmentation and relatively fragile habitat. This species is very rare, but the population is not in decline. However, considering fire as the main potential threat, it only occurs at one location. The overall extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 8 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is also estimated to be around 8 km2. The population size consists of less than 250 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). The species is therefore assessed as Endangered. 



This species occurs in an area with tourism, fire and eutrophication, which are the main threats to the species. No specific conservation actions are currently in place for this moss. Recommended conservation actions are mainly related to the sites with site and habitat protection and management. In addition, further research is required on the population size and life history of this species, and monitoring of habitat trends is also recommended.",Stable,"The species is endemic to southern Europe, as it is only known to occur in Spain, on the mountains of the Sierra de la Luna, near the Strait of Gibraltar, Algeciras, in the Cádiz province. Its presence has been confirmed by historical native records of the species as Neckera intermedia, but there have been no records of the species from other parts of Europe.



This moss remains at risk in its sole known Spanish locality. The overall extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be 8 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is also estimated to be around 8 km2. The altitudinal range of the species is between 600 m and 700 m asl. 

","There is only one known subpopulation of this species, with some fragmentation and relatively fragile habitat (Guerra in Garilleti and Albertos 2012). 



This species is very rare, but the population is not in decline. However, the site of occurrence over the Strait of Gibraltar is in an accessible place for visitors and is famous for the density of the remarkable forests ofQuercus canariensis. 



The number of individual-equivalents is estimated to be smaller than 250, considering one individual-equivalent as a mature individual, and as one tree on which the species grows (as it is epiphytic) (R. Garilleti pers. comm. 2016). The species is fertile and has sporophytes.

","This species is found in forests of Quercus canariensis and Rhododendron ponticum, also with Laurus nobilis and Frangula alnus. It is an epiphytic species, found on Quercus canariensis and more rarely on Rhododendron ponticum, in shady conditions with frequent and abundant fog. It is found in the thermo-mediterranean zone, with a humid to hyperhumid climate.","This species occurs in an area with some accessibility to tourism and consequently the habitats are very fragile. Fires are a potential threat to the species, and if there was one it would affect the whole population, therefore there the species is considered to occur at only one location(Guerra in Garilleti and Albertos 2012). There may also be the threat of eutrophication resulting from grazing. Climate change may impact this species in the future.","This species was mentioned in the first Red List of the Iberian Peninsula (Sérgio et al. 2007) as the Macaronesian species Neckera intermedia, and evaluated as Vulnerable.



In the last Red List of Spain (Garilleti and Albertos 2012), this species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU). However, the species is listed in a site of the Spanish preliminary network of Important Areas for Bryophytes (IBrA) - the “Sierras del Sur de Cádiz” which is included in the Natural Park Los Alcornocales (Guerra et al. 2003, Infante and Heras 2012).



There are no conservation measures currently in place for this species, but recommended conservation actions are mainly related to the sites with site and habitat protection and management. In addition, further research is required on the population size and life history of this species, and monitoring of habitat trends is also recommended.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Ignatova, E.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Guerra, J., Infante, M. & Porley, R.D.","Soltés, R.,Schröck, C.,Ştefănuţ, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,NECKERACEAE,Exsertotheca,crispa,,Exsertotheca crispa  ,"(Hedw.) S.Olsson, Enroth &amp; D.Quandt",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Crisped Neckera (Exsertotheca crispa) is a temperate species, very widely distributed in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and the current population trend is stable. While wildfires are a threat to this species in southern Europe, there appear to be no major threats to this species at the European scale. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Crisped Neckera (Exsertotheca crispa) is a temperate species, very widely distributed in Europe (Hodgetts 2015). Moreover, it is known in Asia and North America.",This common species forms robust colonies often of many square centimeters of extension. The current population trend is stable.,"This is a pleurocarpous moss living on shaded calcareous rocks or on soil, sometimes on bark in temperate woods, rarely in mountainous grasslands. In southern Europe, this species is mostly found in humid montane woods. It is found from sea level up to 1,700 m Asl.","While at the European scale there are no significant threats to this species, in southern Europe wildfires are a frequent threat.",No specific conservation measures are required at present. This species occurs in protected areas.,"This species was utilized during the Stone Age as a mordant for pottery (Glime 2006). Today, this species is not utilised.","Cálix, M.,Patiño, J.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,NECKERACEAE,Exsertotheca,intermedia,,Exsertotheca intermedia  ,"(Brid.) S. Olsson, Enroth &amp; D. Quandt",,Yes,VU,A3c,Yes,VU,A3c,EU28,,"

Exsertotheca intermedia is a Macaronesian endemic species. This species can grow as an epiphyte, on humid rocks and stream banks in the natural laurel forest. It is long-lived and its generation length is estimated to be between 11 and 25 years. A three generation period is therefore considered to be around 50 years. In a recent publication, there is a projected reduction in the amount of suitable habitat for this species of 75% or 100% by 2070 due to climatic changes (high irradiation and increased drought stress in the Macaronesian region). The reduction in the population is thus based on a reduction in area of occupancy (AOO) and quality of the habitat. This species could therefore qualify for either Critically Endangered or Endangered under Criterion A. 



However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study (approximately 1-km² grid resolution), it is possible that this species may persist within the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity can be higher than in the surrounding environment. Taking this into account, as well as recognizing the degree of uncertainty associated with future projections, it has been considered that the more conservative estimate of decline should be used to assess the extinction risk of this species. It is further assumed that even if there are suitable microclimatic areas within the unsuitable 1-km², these will be minimal (ravines, nooks and crannies) and thus the reduction in suitable habitat will lead to an almost linear reduction in the population.



However, the species appears to be doing relatively better in the Canary Islands than in the other two archipelagos, being the bryophyte species with highest biomass in the laurel forest - a population reduction of 75% within three generations is therefore considered unlikely and too pessimistic for this species, according to expert opinion. A population reduction of more than 30% but less than 50%, on the other hand, is considered more likely given the current situation in the Canary Islands. The species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable under Criterion A3.



In addition to climatic changes, fire intensification and the increase in number of invasive alien species are also major threats to this species. The preservation of the laurel forest is appropriate for the maintenance of the subpopulations of this species. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, as well as into the threats to this species. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is recommended in all archipelagos to ensure the stability and continuity of the population. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species.

",Stable,"Exsertotheca intermedia is a Macaronesian endemic species. In the Azores, it is present in all islands, while in the Madeira Archipelago it is present in Madeira Island and Porto Santo. In the Canary Islands it occurs in El Hierro, Gran Canaria, La Gomera, La Palma, Tenerife and Fuerteventura (Sérgio et al. 2006, González-Mancebo et al. 2008, Gabriel et al. 2011). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 625,220 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 804 km².","

This species is more frequent in the laurel forest areas but can also be found in more open areas, in the margins of the natural forests. In the Canary Islands it is one of the species with highest biomass in laurel forests. Thepopulation trend of this species is assumed to be stable. This bryophyte species is considered a long-lived shuttle taxon (perennial stayer) following Dierssen (2001). The generation length of this species is between 11 and 25 years, and three generations in average would therefore be 50 years. 



The amount of suitable habitat for this species has been projected to decrease by 75% or 100% by 2070 due to climatic change. In a recent publication, the number of 1-km² climatically suitable grid cells for this species has been projected to decrease using two different climate scenarios. The first is a stabilization scenario (RCP 4.5) where total radiative forcing is stabilised before 2100, while the other scenario (RCP 8.5) is characterized by increasing greenhouse gas emissions over time representative for scenarios in the literature leading to high greenhouse gas concentration levels (Patiño et al. 2016). These projections were derived using two different Global Climate Models recommended for Europe and Mediterranean climates. In addition, the elevation range of this species is predicted to shift upwards, as conditions on Macaronesian islands become warmer and drier (Patiño et al. 2016). The variables considered for these projections included the maximum temperature of the warmest month and the precipitation (in mm) of the wettest month. The poikilohydric condition of bryophytes means their water content is directly regulated by environmental humidity and growth is restricted to periods of hydration. Temperature is also known to be an important factor for bryophyte growth (Patiño et al. 2016). However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study (approximately 1-km² grid resolution), it is possible that this species may persist within the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity can be higher than in the surrounding environment. Nevertheless, these models clearly project a substantial decline in the climatically suitable area for this species within three generations.

","This species can grow as epiphyte, on humid rocks and stream banks in the natural laurel forest. It occurs mainly between 50 m and 1,900 m Asl.","The threats to this species are related with natural forest disturbance in all three archipelagos of Macaronesia. For instance, fire intensification and the increase in number of invasive alien species are important threats. In addition, bryophytes have been considered unlikely to be able to evolve quickly in a changing environment, and their potential to become acclimatized to novel climatic conditions (drier and warmer) in the near future, is limited (Patiño et al. 2016). The alterations of climatic conditions (high irradiation and increased drought stress) in the native laurel and heath forest are therefore considered to be the major threat to this species.","

This species has been assessed as Near Threatened in Madeira by Sim-Sim et al. (2014). In Madeira, most of the distribution of this species is included in the Madeira Natural Park, which is protected through a Regional Decree (n.º11/85/M). In the Canary Islands it occurs in the Garajonay National Park, Jandia Natural Park and the Rural Park of Anaga, among other protected areas, which are a Special Areas of Conservation (SACs). In the Azores it is found, for instance, in the Nature Reserve of Biscoito da Ferraria and Pico Alto of Terceira Island. The importance of protected areas for the conservation of this species is also highlighted by a recent publication, which found that while currently only 47.3% of the climatically suitable 1-km² grid cells of habitat are found within protected areas, this proportion is predicted to increase to 84.7% under RCP 4.5 (Patiño et al. 2016). The preservation of the laurel forest is appropriate for the maintenance of the subpopulations of this species. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, as well as into the threats to this species. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is recommended in all archipelagos to ensure the stability and continuity of the population. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species. Additionally, evaluation of intraspecific variation should be included among the suggested conservation actions.

","

This species is not utilized in general. However, it has been observed on a few occasions to be used by plant nursery companies in the Canary Islands to keep the humidity and decorate fern and flowerpots (J. Patiño pers. comm. 2018).

","Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Marka, J.","Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,FABRONIACEAE,Fabronia,ciliaris,,Fabronia ciliaris  ,(Brid.) Brid.,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



In Europe, the Fabronia Moss (Fabronia ciliaris) occurs in the Mediterranean area and in central and eastern European countries up to the Ural Mountains. This species is precautionarily assessed as Vulnerable since, even though data are incomplete, there may be fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe. The core of this species' distribution seems to be in Austria, where there are currently between 200 and 300 individual-equivalents. This species is poorly known, since there has been historical confusion between it and the closely related and common F. pusilla. It is therefore unknown whether certain records correspond to this species. Further research is needed into the size of the subpopulations in northern Italy and Spain, as well as in other countries where it has been recorded in order to determine with greater accuracy the overall population size. Further research is also needed in order to identify the threats to this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the Fabronia Moss (Fabronia ciliaris) occurs in the Mediterranean area and in central and eastern European countries up to the Ural Mountains (Hodgetts 2015). It is a common species in Siberia. In some cases, such as in France or in some Italian regions, there are no recent records. There has been historical confusion between this species and the closely related and common F. pusilla, and it is therefore unknown whether certain records correspond to this species. Records from Austria and northern Italy are confirmed as belonging to this species but the overall distribution is poorly understood. There is a lack of data from northern Italy and the species could be under-recorded. This species is more widespread in the American continent, and is also found in east Asia and Australia.","There is almost no available data on the size and trend of the population. Two sites are known to have been lost in Austria. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. The core of this species' distribution seems to be in Austria, where there are currently between 200 and 300 individual-equivalents (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). There is no population size estimate from Spain. Taking into account that the core of the distribution is in Austria, it is estimated that there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe.","This species is found growing on rocks and tree bark. In the Urals and Siberia it only grows on rocks, and rocky overhangs. It is found in semi-shaded forests and siliceous rocks, which are common in northern Italy and parts of Austria.",This is a rare species in Europe but causes of this rarity and threats have not been studied. The threats to this species are therefore unknown.,"In view of its rarity, this species is included in the red lists of Austria, Switzerland, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania and Spain (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas in Austria. Research is needed into the distribution of the species, its population size and trend, as well as into the threats to it.",This species is not utilised.,"Hedenäs, L.,Cálix, M.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F., Lüth, M., Schröck, C. & Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,FABRONIACEAE,Fabronia,pusilla,,Fabronia pusilla  ,Raddi,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Silver-hair Moss (Fabronia pusilla) is quite common in Mediterranean Europe, although not very frequent, with a distribution area that altogether extends to the Urals. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the overall population size is large and the population trend is stable - even increasing in some areas. The species does not seem to be threatened at the European scale.",Stable,"In Europe, the Silver-hair Moss (Fabronia pusilla) is quite widespread in the Mediterranean area and Macaronesia, while it is present but rare in the central and eastern parts of the continent (Hodgetts 2015). It is also known in North and South America, North Africa and Asia.","This is a tiny moss which is frequently found with sporophytes. In Portugal this species is expanding its range into urban areas and the subpopulations are large (C. Garcia pers. comm. 2017). It is also widespread in Spain but more localized in Italy. The overall population size is large and the population trend is stable, and even increasing in some areas.",This is a moss growing on rocks or tree bark in temperate and Mediterranean oak forests and in scrublands. It is a toxitolerant taxon and lives even in urban areas on many species of trees along roads and in large urban parks.,Fire is a potential threat for Mediterranean subpopulations in particular. In southeast Europe this species is rare. The species does not seem to be threatened at the European scale.,"This species is not protected by legislation on nature conservation. In Slovakia it is extinct. In view of its wide distribution, specific conservation measures are not needed. It is present in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Wilbraham, J.,Cálix, M.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Blockeel, T., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F., Lüth, M. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,FISSIDENTACEAE,Fissidens,adianthoides,,Fissidens adianthoides  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Maidenhair Pocket-moss (Fissidens adianthoides) is widely distributed in almost all Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common, the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are needed at present.",Stable,"The Maidenhair Pocket-moss (Fissidens adianthoides) is widely distributed in almost all Europe (Hodgetts 2015). This species also occurs in Asia, North America and Africa.","This is one of the most vigorous species of the Fissidens genus, and it forms colonies of a few square meters. It is often locally rare, but is overall a common species. The current population trend is stable.","This is a species of moist grasslands, boreal or temperate forests, growing on wet soil, limestone or sometimes siliceous rock or on old trunks.",There appear to be no major threats to this species.,"This species is widespread in Europe, even if it is often locally rare and considered threatened in some countries. This species has been assessed as Data Deficient in the Azores, Canary Islands, Sicily, and Montenegro (Hodgetts 2015). It has been assessed as Near Threatened in Germany, as Vulnerable in the Netherlands and Hungary, and as Endangered in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013, Hodgetts 2015, Erzberger 2016). Nevertheless, overall in Europe no specific conservation measures are needed. The species occurs in protected areas.","In the past in Canada this moss was used for bandage of wounds (Glime 2006). At present, this species is not utilised.","Rumsey, F.,Cálix, M.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,FISSIDENTACEAE,Fissidens,arcticus,,Fissidens arcticus  ,Bryhn,,No,EN,D,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Fissidens arcticus is only found on Svalbard in Europe, where it is known from three sites. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 10 and 20 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4000 km². This species is not found in the EU 28. The species is probably very rare, and the trend is unknown in Europe. However, this species is small in size and therefore easy to overlook. The population size is estimated to be below 250 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). Therefore, this species is assessed as Endangered in Europe.



The current warming of the climate on arctic ecosystems is happening rapidly and is one of the most important negative pressures of species in arctic latitudes. The species could therefore potentially be affected but the actual impacts need to be studied. Research and monitoring of this species is therefore needed, including on the threats to the species, and its population size, trend and distribution. 

The species is not found within EU 28 and therefore it is Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"This species has an arctic distribution and in Europe, it is found only on Svalbard (Frisvoll and Elvebakk 1996, Frisvoll and Blom 1997, Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Canada and Alaska (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 10 and 20 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4000 km². This species is not found in the EU 28.

","This species has been found only at three sites on Svalbard (one in Billefjorden and two in Kongsfjorden). The species is probably very rare, and the trend is unknown in Europe. However, this species is small in size and therefore easy to overlook. The population size is estimated to be below 250 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equivalent).",This species grows on soil in frost fissures on tundra.,"Svalbard offers only very small areas with suitable living conditions for this species, which limits its occurrences and increases the risk of extinction. It is considered that climate change has a negative impact on nearly all native species in the arctic region. The current warming of the climate on arctic ecosystems is happening rapidly and is one of the most important negative pressures of species in arctic latitudes. The species could therefore potentially be affected but the actual impacts need to be studied.","This species is in the Red List of Svalbard (Frisvoll and Blom 1997) as Vulnerable (VU). It does not occur in any protected areas.

Research and monitoring of this species is needed, including on the threats to the species, and its population size, trend and distribution.",This species is not used.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Ignatova, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Syrjänen, K.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,FISSIDENTACEAE,Fissidens,arnoldii,,Fissidens arnoldii  ,R.Ruthe,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)Fissidens arnoldii is widely distributed in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated at ca 4 million km2, whilst the area of occupancy (AOO) is much more restricted, estimated at 472 km2. It is rare though, and threatened in most of the countries where it occurs. It is possible that the population trend is decreasing. For example, in France it is apparently declining, but in the Netherlands the species seems to be increasing, as it is spreading along rivers and colonising appropriate substrates. However, as there is no direct evidence of an overall decline, the population trend is considered unknown. The subpopulations seem to fluctuate at some sites, but the species is not considered to show extreme fluctuations. It is estimated that there are fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) in the population as a whole. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and in the EU 28.  



This plant grows on calcareous rocks and boulders on river banks and canal walls, and occurs at sites that are often submerged by water. The water is always base-rich. It is considered to be a good disperser, even between rivers. This species is threatened by water pollution. The small plants are overgrown by algae when nutrient content is too high. Another threat is direct impact by the construction of new shipping lanes, and more generally, deterioration in its alluvial habitats are a threat. Site and habitat protection are recommended conservation measures for this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is widely distributed from France in the west to Ukraine in the east and from Croatia in the south to Estonia in the north, occurring only at low elevations below 400 m Asl. It has not yet been found in Switzerland but there is an erroneous record from Rheinfelden (Amman et al. 1918), where the habitat could be suitable for it. In Europe, the extent of occurrence is estimated at ca 4 million km2, whilst the area of occupancy is much more restricted, estimated at 472 km2. Outside Europe the species is known only from southwestern Asia (Palestine) (Nebel and Philippi 2001).","This species is rare and red listed in most of the countries where it occurs. It is said to be sensitive to water pollution (Nebel and Philippi 2001, Meinunger and Schröder 2007), and it is possible that the population trend is decreasing. In France it is apparently declining, as most of the historical subpopulations have not been re-found recently in spite of targeted surveys (V. Hugonnot pers. comm. 2017). However, there is no direct evidence of an overall decline and thus the population trend is considered unknown. In the Netherlands the species seems to be increasing, as it is spreading along rivers and colonising appropriate substrates (NDFF and BLWG 2019). It does not seem to be very competitive. The subpopulations seem to fluctuate at some sites, but the species is not considered to show extreme fluctuations. Since this species grows on river banks and on boulders in rivers at medium water-table level, it is considered that one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is one square metre where the species grows. It is estimated that there are fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe.","This plant grows on calcareous rocks and boulders on river banks and canal walls. It occurs at sites that are often submerged by water (Nebel and Philippi 2001, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Papp 2008). It is restricted to the lowlands, up to about 400 m Asl. The water is always base-rich. It is considered to be a good disperser, even between rivers.","This species is threatened by water pollution. The small plants are overgrown by algae when nutrient content is too high (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Another threat is direct impact by the construction of new shipping lanes (Nebel and Philippi 2001).               In western France the most serious threat is the deterioration in alluvial habitat, as this species thrives in connected hydrological ox-bow lakes (V. Hugonnot pers. comm. 2017).","The species is Regionally Extinct in Poland, and has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Slovakia and Lithuania, as Endangered in the Czech Republic, Latvia and Romania, and as Vulnerable in Estonia and Hungary. It is considered Data Deficient in Bulgaria (Hodgetts 2015). It is assessed as Least Concern in Germany (Caspari et al. 2018). In the Netherlands, where it is not on the Red List and seems to be increasing, it is listed as 'sensitive' (NDFF and BLWG 2019). Site and habitat protection are recommended conservation measures for this species. The Hungarian sites, where this species lives in streams, are protected (B. Papp pers. comm. 2019).",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Ignatova, E.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.","Sabovljevic, M.,Maksimov, A.,Ştefănuţ, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,FISSIDENTACEAE,Fissidens,asplenioides,,Fissidens asplenioides  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

In Europe, Fissidens asplenioides is found in Macaronesia (Azores and Madeira). This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in Madeira and the Azores and the population trend is thought to be stable. In addition, it is found in a variety of habitats.",Stable,"In Europe, Fissidens asplenioides is found in Macaronesia (Azores and Madeira). It is considered a preferentially pantropical species that occurs also in North, Central and South America and the West Indies, Africa, Asia, New Zealand and Australia (Pursell 2007).  In the Canary Islands this species was recorded from Tenerife but its presence there is uncertain (González-Mancebo et al. 2008). The species was also doubtfully reported (as Fissidens ligulatus) from Greece (Rhodes) by Düll (1995) and this record is excluded here. This species was also erroneously recorded in mainland Portugal in the checklist for mosses of the Mediterranean (Ros et al. 2013). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 385,615 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 896 km2.","This species is rather common in Madeira, ranging from sea level up to the high mountains. In the Azores, it occurs in all islands and is not considered a rare species (Gabriel et al. 2011, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). The overall current population trend is stable.","This species grows mostly in shaded habitats, on moist or wet soil and rocks, in moist ravines, caves entrances and is particularly common along streams. This species occurs between 10 m in Azores to 1,400 m Asl in Madeira. It can be found along the margins of streams in narrow valleys at low altitudes, as well as in mid to high altitudes in the natural forests of the Azores and Madeira.","Inappropriate stream bank management, alterations in water flow and water quality owing to grazing and eutrophication, climate change resulting in high irradiation, fires, and the emergence and spread of invasive alien species are the main threats to this species. 

","This species occurs in the Madeira Natural Park, which is protected through a Regional Decree. In the Azores it occurs in the Nature Reserve of Biscoito da Ferraria and Pico Alto and the Nature Reserve and Recreation Park of Mata da Serreta (Terceira).

","This species is not utilised.

","Englefield, E.,Laaka-Lindberg, S.","Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N., Martins, A. & Gabriel, R.","Schröck, C.,Hodgetts, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,FISSIDENTACEAE,Fissidens,azoricus,,Fissidens azoricus  ,(P.de la Varde) Bizot,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D,EU28,,"The moss Fissidens azoricus is endemic to the Azores, and known only from a very small area in the island of Flores. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered under Criterion B since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km2), it occurs at only one location, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat. In addition, the species is also assessed as Critically Endangered under Criterion D since the population size is extremely small - there are probably fewer than 50 individual-equivalents.



The species was found in a temporary streamlet (running only in winter), inside depauperate Macaronesian laurel forests. There is reason to believe that the species is sensitive to habitat degradation, which is occurring mainly due to the expansion of invasive alien plant species (especially Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum), the increase in tourism and recreational activities and also the building of secondary roads. Land-use change, particularly at the margins of its natural habitat, either to increase grasslands or the plantation of exotic species is also a threat to the survival of this species. 



Research is needed into the population size and trends, the species' habitats, ecology and threats. Proper management of the main habitat is recommended, focusing on the removal of invasive alien species, avoidance of clear-cutting of areas around native forests, and limitation of nitrification caused (directly or indirectly) by cattle grazing. Eventually it will be useful to consider recovery and/or reinforcement of this species. Biology and nature conservation students should be made aware of bryophytes in general, and of rare and endemic species in particular. The nature guides, especially the ones of Flores Natural Park who also do some work outside the natural park, should receive some training to learn to recognize this species in the field and eventually be able to find new sites. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species.",Unknown,"The moss Fissidens azoricus is endemic to the Azores, and known only from a very small area in the island of Flores (Gabriel et al. 2010). Both its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are 4 km2.","This is an extremely rare and local species, which is restricted to only one site in the island of Flores, from where the species was collected in 1937 and described in 1945 (Potier de la Varde 1945). Taking into account that this species grows on boulders, it is considered that one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is one boulder on which the species grows. The population size is extremely small and there are probably fewer than 50 individual-equivalents. In addition, 100% of individual-equivalents are found in only one subpopulation. New observations made in 2008 show that the plants were still present in the original area, but could not be found elsewhere. Recent publications show that Macaronesian endemic bryophytes are suffering a decrease in population size and range due to climate change (Ferreira et al. 2016, Patiño et al. 2016). However Fissidens azoricus was not studied since its distribution is very restricted; its current population trend is thus considered to be unknown.","This species is currently known from one single site in Flores, in depauperate Azorean alliance Juniperion brevifolii (sensu Sjögren 1973). The moss is found growing on rocks, in a temporary streamlet, which is only covered with water during winter. The collections were made at around 350 m Asl. It is not known to produce sporophytes.","This appears to be a very rare species in the archipelago; so far it is only known to occur in one site. The species was found in a temporary streamlet, inside depauperate Macaronesian laurel forests, a natural habitat listed on Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive (EEC 1992). There is reason to believe that the species is sensitive to habitat degradation, which is occurring mainly due to the expansion of invasive alien plant species (especially Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum), the increase in tourism and recreational activities and also the building of secondary roads. Land-use change, particularly at the margins of its natural habitat, either to increase grasslands or the plantation of exotic species (e.g., Cryptmomeria japonica) is also a threat to the survival of this species. Since the Azores are located on the mid-Atlantic ridge, geological phenomena such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and landslides are likely to harm the species. An intensification of the effects of climatic change may cause damage to the stability of the species, as is occurring with other Macaronesian endemics (Patiño et al. 2016). Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of any of the above mentioned threats as well as the extremely restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and it is not present in any protected areas. Research is needed into the population size and trends, the species' habitats, ecology and threats. Proper management of the main habitat is recommended, focusing on the removal of invasive alien species such as Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum, avoidance of clear-cutting of areas around native forests, and limitation of nitrification caused (directly or indirectly) by cattle grazing. More research is needed to investigate the possibility of population fluctuations and its permanence on the only known site of occurrence. Eventually it will be useful to consider recovery and/or reinforcement of this species. Biology and nature conservation students should be made aware of bryophytes in general, and of rare and endemic species in particular. The nature guides, especially the ones of Flores Natural Park who also do some work outside the natural park, should receive some training to learn to recognize this species in the field and eventually be able to find new sites. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Duckett, J.","Gabriel, R., Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,FISSIDENTACEAE,Fissidens,bryoides,,Fissidens bryoides  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Lesser Pocket-moss (Fissidens bryoides) is a very widespread species in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a stable population trend and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Lesser Pocket-moss (Fissidens bryoides) is a very widespread species in Europe (Hodgetts 2015). It is also found in Asia, America and North Africa.","This species is very small. The size of the population is unknown. However, considering its large range in Europe, it can be assumed that the current trend of this species is stable.","This is a very small species which grows in a variety of natural and man-made, acidic and basic habitats, on soil, rock or bark, in woodlands, on streamsides, in arable fields and gardens.",There appear to be no major threats to this species.,No specific conservation measures are needed. It is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Ingerpuu, N.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,FISSIDENTACEAE,Fissidens,celticus,,Fissidens celticus  ,Paton,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Welsh Pocket-moss (Fissidens celticus) is an oceanic temperate species apparently endemic to western Europe, occurring in the British Isles, France, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland and Spain. It has also been recorded from Sardinia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is frequent in its core area of the British Isles, and there is no evidence of decline. It is probably also still overlooked, both in the British Isles and elsewhere. No conservation measures are required at present.",Unknown,"The Welsh Pocket-moss (Fissidens celticus) is an oceanic temperate species apparently endemic to western Europe, occurring in the British Isles, France, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland and Spain. It has also been recorded from Sardinia (Ros et al. 2013), but no further details have been found (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.6 million km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 2,804 km2. It is probably more widespread than currently known as it is still overlooked, both in the British Isles and elsewhere.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown. However, it is frequent in its core area of the British Isles, and there is no evidence of decline. It usually occurs in small quantities but it is occasionally more abundant locally.

","This is a small moss occurring as scattered or gregarious plants on unstable or eroded substrates in shade. It grows on bare fine-textured acid mineral soil and on soil-covered rocks, mainly on steep banks by streams and rivers or in woods and ravines, also on lane banks and coastal slopes, only rarely on banks in more open places such as pastures. It has also been found at the entrance to burrows and by other animal trackways. Its most characteristic associate is Calypogeia arguta, but others include Diplophyllum albicans, Pellia epiphylla, Dicranella heteromalla, Dicranella rufescens, Epipterygium tozeri, Fissidens bryoides, Pogonatum aloides, Pohlia lutescens and Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans. Altitudinal range is from 5 m up to 1,400 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). 



It is dioicous, and only female plants are known. Rhizoidal tubers have been found in Spanish material and are likely to occur elsewhere.",There appear to be no major threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. It is considered Vulnerable in Switzerland and Data Deficient in Germany (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas. Research into the population size and trend of this species would be useful.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Patiño, J.,Cálix, M.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,FISSIDENTACEAE,Fissidens,coacervatus,,Fissidens coacervatus  ,Brugg.-Nann.,,Yes,NT,B2b(iii),Yes,NT,B2b(iii),EU28,,"



 



Fissidens coavervatus is endemic to Macaronesia, being absent from the Cape Verde Archipelago. This species grows on rocks or more rarely on soil banks; always at the margins of streams and occasionally on artificial walls of water distribution channels. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (its area of occupancy (AOO) is 208 km2), and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. Desiccation of the water courses because of water extraction is the most important threat to this species. Fire is another factor that contributes to water course desiccation and direct mortality of the species, as has been evidenced in some of the subpopulations in the island of La Gomera after the fire of 2012. Climate change is also expected to have a negative effect on the availability of suitable habitat within the next 50 years. The conservation of freshwater habitats is important for the conservation of this species. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is recommended.

 

",Decreasing,"Fissidens coacervatus is a Macaronesian endemic species that is absent only from the Cape Verde Archipelago. In the Azores, it is present in five islands (Gabriel et al. 2011), while in the Madeira Archipelago it is present in Madeira Island, Porto Santo, Deserta and Selvagens (Sérgio et al. 2008, Sim-Sim et al. 2010). In the Canary Islands, it occurs in La Palma, Gomera, Tenerife and Gran Canaria (Losada Lima et al. 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 393,300 km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 208 km2.","The subpopulations are highly restricted, occurring only in some specific places along streams, and highly fragmented owing to the desiccation of natural freshwater habitats. This species is scarce in all three archipelagos (Gabriel et al. 2011, González-Mancebo et al. 2012, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). According to recent publications, the current population trend is presumed to be decreasing, since Macaronesian endemic bryophytes are suffering a decrease in population size and range (Patiño et al. 2016).","



This species grows on rocks or more rarely on soil banks, always at the margins of streams and occasionally on artificial walls of water distribution channels. In the Azores it also occurs at cave entrances in coastal areas, but in Madeira and the Canary Islands it is restricted to water habitats in thermophilous and laurel forests areas.

","Desiccation of the water courses because of water extraction is the most important threat to this species. Fire is another factor that contributes to water course desiccation and direct mortality of the species, as has been evidenced in some of the subpopulations in the island of La Gomera after the fire of 2012. Climate change is also expected to have a negative effect on the availability of suitable habitat within the next 50 years (Patiño et al. 2016).","This species has been assessed as Near Threatened in Madeira (Sim-Sim et al. 2014) and as Vulnerable in the Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2012, Brugués and González-Mancebo 2014). In the Azores the species has a very restricted distribution (Gabriel et al. 2011). This species occurs in the Madeira Natural Park, as well as on the Nature Park of Terceira. It is also found in some protected areas in the Canary Islands, but more than half of its range occurs outside protected areas. The conservation of freshwater habitats is important for the conservation of this species. Freshwater habitats represent one of the most threatened habitats in the Canaries because most of them have disappeared due to human exploitation (Patiño et al. 2010), a problem that is ongoing (González-Mancebo et al. 2012). Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is recommended.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodd, R.,Cálix, M.","González Mancebo, J., Sim-Sim, M., Gabriel, R., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,FISSIDENTACEAE,Fissidens,crassipes,,Fissidens crassipes  ,Wilson ex Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Fatfoot Pocket-moss (Fissidens crassipes) is quite widespread in Europe from north to south, although regionally it is often rare and often considered at risk. In view of its wide distribution in Europe and of lack of evidence of decline, this species is assessed as Least Concern. However, in view of the sensitivity of this species to environmental dryness, it is emphasized the need to evaluate the size of subpopulations in order to monitor the population trend, due to possible future changes of meso and microclimatic conditions in the sites where it grows.",Unknown,"The Fatfoot Pocket-moss (Fissidens crassipes) is found in Europe, Africa southwestern Asia and Australia. In Europe, it is quite widespread from north to south, although regionally it is often rare (Hodgetts 2015).",No specific data are available for the population of this tiny moss that is overall rare. The current population trend is unknown.,"This is an aquatic species which grows on rock in rivers, lakes and artificial humid environments, mostly in temperate forests but also in man-made habitats.","This species is sensitive to drying and does not tolerate prolonged periods without being submerged. It is, however, tolerant to eutrophication.","In Europe this species has been included in several regional Red Lists. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Norway, and as Endangered in Sweden, Slovakia and Romania (Hodgetts 2015). Further research is needed into the population size and trend of this species. In addition, research into the threats to this species is also recommended. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Muller, F.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,FISSIDENTACEAE,Fissidens,crispus,,Fissidens crispus  ,Mont.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



In Europe, Fissidens crispus is quite widespread, with a prevailing Mediterranean-Atlantic distribution. Even if this is a widespread species in Europe, its local distribution, population size and trend, as well as threats, are very poorly known, also due to its high morphological variability. In absence of signs of decline, this species is assessed as Least Concern, but regional studies on its subpopulations are recommended.",Unknown,"In Europe, Fissidens crispus is quite widespread, with a prevailing Mediterranean-Atlantic distribution; nevertheless it is also present in some central and eastern countries (Hodgetts 2015). Moreover, it is also found in America and North Africa.",This is a very small species with plants no more than 5 mm tall. Consequently it is very difficult to determine the population size and trend.,This is an aquatic species which tolerates periods of not being below water; it lives on soil in the banks or in moist sites in man-made environments too.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"In Europe, this species has been frequently assessed as Data Deficient on national Red Lists. It has also been assessed as Endangered in Slovenia, and as Near Threatened in Luxembourg (Hodgetts 2015). Further research is needed into the population size and trend of this species, as well as into the threats to it. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hugonnot, V.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,FISSIDENTACEAE,Fissidens,curvatus,,Fissidens curvatus  ,Hornsch.,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



The Portuguese Pocket-moss (Fissidens curvatus) is known throughout the world, with a predominantly Mediterranean-Atlantic distribution. In Europe, this species is very poorly known and its exact distribution is very uncertain. In view of its small size, it may be more widespread than currently thought. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of knowledge on its distribution, population size and trend, and threats. Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend of this species. Research into the threats to this species is also recommended.",Unknown,"The Portuguese Pocket-moss (Fissidens curvatus) is known throughout the world, with a predominantly Mediterranean-Atlantic distribution. In Europe it is reported in Mediterranean countries, Great Britain and southeastern Europe, where it is quite rare or little known. It also occurs in the archipelagos of Madeira, Azores and the Canary Islands. It is Regionally Extinct in Ireland (Hodgetts 2015). It is also widespread in South and Central America, Africa, Australia and New Zealand.",There is no available data on the size or trend of the population. In Madeira the subpopulation is stable (M. Sim-Sim pers. comm. 2017). The current population trend is therefore unknown.,This species is a tiny moss that lives in shady slopes or on the ground between grasses or at the base of shrubs in open oak woodlands or in Mediterranean maquis or cliffs also near the coast. This is a colonist species and individual colonies may be ephemeral and regenerate from spores. It is found at elevations between 100 m and 600 m asl.,In Ireland this taxon has undergone a marked decline (Porley 2013) and is now extinct (Hodgetts 2015). This may have been caused by a lack of grazing with consequent prevalence of competitor species or by intolerance of this taxon to pollution. Studies on threats for other European subpopulations would be needed. The threats to this species are considered largely unknown.,"This is not a protected taxon by legislation. In Great Britain and in Slovakia it was included in red lists respectively as Endangered and Critically Endangered (Hodgetts 2015). Moreover, it is considered a Data Deficient species in several countries of southeastern Europe. Since they are not recent records for Ireland this species is considered Regionally Extinct. Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend of this species. Research into the threats to this species is also recommended. The species is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Hassel, K.,Englefield, E.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.","Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,FISSIDENTACEAE,Fissidens,dubius,,Fissidens dubius  ,P.Beauv.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Rock Pocket-moss (Fissidens dubius) is a widespread species in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Rock Pocket-moss (Fissidens dubius) is a widespread species in Europe (Hodgetts 2015). It is also found in North and South America, Asia, North Africa and New Zealand.



","The size of the population is unknown, but the current population trend is considered to be stable. Plants are high, growing to about 6 cm and often forming rhizoidal propagules.","This species lives in various habitats, on basic soil or rock in moist grasslands, rock crevices, woods or near water courses.",No major threats are known to affect this widespread species.,No specific conservation actions are needed. The species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Mazimpaka, V.,Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,FISSIDENTACEAE,Fissidens,exilis,,Fissidens exilis  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"

European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Slender Pocket-moss (Fissidens exilis) is a widespread species in Europe, but often locally rare. Its conservation status in Europe is ambiguous. While it is fairly widespread in the continent, it is also locally rare in several countries, where it is considered threatened. However, its habitats in temperate woods, streamsides, grasslands and fields, are not particularly threatened and the current population trend is probably stable. The species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. Further research is nevertheless recommended into the population size and trend, as well as into the threats.

",Stable,"The Slender Pocket-moss (Fissidens exilis) is a widespread species in Europe, but often locally rare. It appears to be rare or absent in much of northern Europe and the Mediterranean region. However, it is well known and well recorded in several European countries such as Great Britain, Germany and the Netherlands (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014, BLWG 2018). This is a very small moss which is easily overlooked, and it may be under-recorded in some areas. Outside of Europe, it is also found in North Africa, the Caucasus, Asia (few records) and western North America, where it is considered introduced (Pursell 2004).



","This is a very small species, with plants that are 1.5-3 mm high, forming patches or growing scattered. In several European countries it is a widespread, locally frequent and stable species. The overall current population trend is therefore considered to be stable.",This is an ephemeral species living on moist soil in woods or in fields. This colonist species seems to have high reproductive potential since it produces numerous sporophytes.,"This species is considered threatened in several European countries (Hodgetts 2015). Its habitats in temperate woods, streamsides, grasslands and fields, are not particularly threatened.","Further research is needed into the population size and trend, as well as into the threats. This species is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Schröck, C.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,FISSIDENTACEAE,Fissidens,fontanus,,Fissidens fontanus  ,(Bach.Pyl.) Steud.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Fountain Fern-moss (Fissidens fontanus) is a European temperate species widespread but patchy in central, western and southern Europe, with scattered localities in Madeira, northern Sweden, Finland and northwest Russia, east to Ukraine, Romania, Greece and Bulgaria. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, the current population trend is stable and there is no evidence of a serious decline. Apparently it is not very sensitive to water pollution, and it is probably still under-recorded. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"The Fountain Fern-moss (Fissidens fontanus) is a European temperate species widespread but patchy in central, western and southern Europe, with scattered localities in Madeira, northern Sweden, Finland and northwest Russia, east to Ukraine, Romania, Greece and Bulgaria. Elsewhere it occurs in North Africa, Turkey, Israel, northern and central America and eastern and southern Africa. It is also reported from Australia and New Zealand but these populations apparently belong to F. berterii (Mont.) Müll. Hal. (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 1,460 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8.6 million km². It is probably still under-recorded.","While this species has declined or become extinct at some localities, it has also been found in  recent years at many new sites. It is easily transported to new  localities by boat traffic and there is no evidence of significant  overall decline (Blockeel et al. 2014). The current population trend is therefore considered to be stable. It may also be spread by aquarists emptying their tanks. It is probably under-recorded. In the UK, Portugal and Bulgaria the species seems stable. Usually the subpopulations are large. In Switzerland the species is not present anymore in some of the sites where it was previously found. Its population is not considered severely fragmented and the population size is larger than 1,000 mature individuals. 

","This is an aquatic moss which grows submerged in clean or somewhat polluted water from near the surface to a depth of 80 cm; sluggish rivers and canals are its principal habitat, but it is also recorded from lakes. It is undiscriminating in its choice of substrate, colonising wood, stones, rocks, concrete embankments, lock gates, iron girders, floating pontoons and even the surface of freshwater sponges. It has also been recorded from stones in reed swamp. Associates include Fissidens crassipes, Fontinalis antipyretica and Rhynchostegium riparioides. It may benefit from some shade as it is often found under bridges while being absent from open stretches of water nearby. Its altitudinal range is from seal level up to 600 m Asl. It is found in rivers with slow currents (C. Sérgio pers. comm. 2017).



It is autoicous; capsules have been observed in central Europe. Vegetative propagation is by detached leafy branches (Blockeelet al. 2014).","This species has declined or become extinct at some localities,  possibly because of increased pollution, but it has also been found in  recent years at many new sites. Indeed, it is widely assumed to be tolerant of at least a certain amount of pollution. It is easily transported to new  localities by boat traffic and there is no evidence of significant  overall decline. However, it may be  outcompeted by filamentous algae in eutrophic conditions, and it may  be particularly palatable to freshwater snails; It has been found  that in the aquarium it is eaten in preference to Drepanocladus aduncus and Fontinalis antipyretica and in the wild it was absent from water-bodies where snails were numerous (Lockart et al. 2012, Blockeel et al. 2014). Port construction can also affect the species (N. Schnyder pers. comm. 2017).","No conservation measures are required at present. It is however included in some Red Lists and has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Bulgaria and Romania; as Endangered in Latvia; as Vulnerable in Ireland, Luxembourg, Poland, Switzerland and Estonia; and as Near Threatened in the Czech Republic and Finland (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in protected areas. 

","This species is used as a decorative aquarium plant and an oxygenator by aquarists, and is traded as such.","During, H.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C. & Untereiner, A.","Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,FISSIDENTACEAE,Fissidens,gracilifolius,,Fissidens gracilifolius  ,Brugg.-Nann. &amp; Nyholm,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Narrow-leaved Pocket-moss (Fissidens gracilifolius) is a widespread species in Europe, seldom regionally rare. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Narrow-leaved Pocket-moss (Fissidens gracilifolius) is a widespread species in Europe, seldom regionally rare. In some Mediterranean countries it is only known from old records (Ros et al. 2013). It is also found in North America and Asia.","The plants of this species are very small, and the population size is unknown. The current population trend is considered to be stable.",This is a chasmophytic species which lives in woody habitats on rock and calcareous soil.,"No major threats are known to this species, which generally lives in natural habitats and produces abundant sporophytes.","This species has been assessed as Regionally Extinct in Finland; moreover it has been assessed as Vulnerable in Bulgaria and Romania (Hodgetts 2015). Overall, at European level no specific conservation measures are needed. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilized.,"Hedenäs, L.,Englefield, E.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,FISSIDENTACEAE,Fissidens,grandifrons,,Fissidens grandifrons  ,Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Largeleaf Fissidens Moss (Fissidens grandifrons) occurs most frequently in mainland Spain, southern France, in Switzerland and southern Germany. It is considered to have gone extinct in Portugal. While some old records in Switzerland are no longer there, there are still recent records of the species. The concentration of known sites are in eastern Spanish territory and in the southern border of France. Based on available records of the species from Spain, France, Switzerland and Germany, the estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is around 666,400 km2 and the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is around 436 km2. In France and Spain, this species is abundant and its overall population trend is stable in Europe and the EU 28. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, a decline in the habitat quality may be possible since many calcareous upstream segments have been heavily modified throughout European countries. In some regions, such as in Switzerland, implementation of monitoring programs will be important. In addition, further research into the distribution of this species is recommended.",Stable,"This is a tropico-temperate species that occurs in the Holartic, in several regions of North America, Asia and Europe, and in Central Africa (Dierssen 2001, O'Shea 2006). In Europe, the species occurs most frequently in mainland Spain, southern France, in Switzerland and southern Germany. The species occurs almost exclusively in Spain in the north and western parts of the Iberian Peninsula (Casas et al. 2006). In Portugal, the species was collected only once at the beginning of the20thcentury (Allorge 1928), although no confirmation can be done of the specimen (Sérgio et al. 2013). It is therefore considered to be Regionally Extinct in Portugal.

The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is around 666,400 km2 and the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is around 436 km2. The altitudinal range of this species is from 10 m to 1,000 m Asl.","Based on the preserved specimens available, 80% of them are from Spain and about 40% of them are from after 1980. Many sites from Switzerland, France, Portugal and Germany have specimens that are from before 1950, and some 10% of the specimens are from before 1900. In France and Spain, this species is abundant and its overall population trend is stable in Europe and the EU 28.","This as an aquatic species found in swift pure waters running over calcareous substrates (mostly or partly composed of calcium carbonate), usually located upstream, in waterfalls or submerged. As a basophilous to neutrophilous species, it occurs with Hygrohypnum luridum, Pallustriella commutata and Platyhypnidium riparioides.","The habitat and substrate of this species has always been impacted by human exploitation of the riparian and river services and goods. The loss or change of calcareous upstream segments, the changing of the riverbanks and the alteration of flooding regimes of rivers have always been traditional human impacts. Nowadays, eutrophication, increased silt loads of river water in many downstream reaches and channel deepening due to creation of water reservoirs or dams have enforced the pressure on the habitat of this species.","The species is assessed as Endangered (EN) in the national Red List of Switzerland (Schnyder et al. 2004). It is present in protected areas throughout its range. In some regions, such as in Switzerland, implementation of monitoring programs will be important. In addition, further research into the distribution of this species is recommended.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species,"Hassel, K.,Englefield, E.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M., Porley, R.D. & Vieira, C.","Hodgetts, N.,Blom, H.,Afonina, O.,Vellak, K.,Schröck, C.,Goldberg, I.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,FISSIDENTACEAE,Fissidens,gymnandrus,,Fissidens gymnandrus  ,Buse,"This species is treated variously as a species, a variety of F. bryoides or simply as a synonym of F. bryoides.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Fissidens gymnandrus is widespread but its distribution is very poorly known, because it is often not recognised as a species. There is not enough information on the population size and trend of this species, and further research on its taxonomy and population is needed in order to identify its status in Europe. However, although it is very poorly understood, it seems clear that it is not threatened, so it is assessed as Least Concern. In Russia it is probably much more common than currently thought since it is usually misidentified with other species. No specific conservation actions are recommended at present, although riverbank management that preserves silt-coated trees and rocks is to be encouraged.",Unknown,"Fissidens gymnandrus is widespread but its distribution is very poorly known, because it is often not recognised as a species. It is treated variously as a species, a variety of F. bryoides or simply as a synonym of F. bryoides (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Elsewhere it occurs in Siberia, the Far East and North America (Canada). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 1,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6.8 million km². These figures are, however, very uncertain, owing to the fact that the species is not universally acknowledged, and certainly not consistently recorded.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown. There are no reliable records from Britain, while there are many records along the Danube. In Hungary there are around 30 localities. In Switzerland there are only two recent records. In Austria there are around 20 localities. In Russia it is probably much more common than currently thought since it is usually misidentified with other species. Its population size is impossible to estimate since it is unknown in certain countries where it is likely to be present, and it is surely under-recorded.","This plantgrowsalmost exclusively ontrees, stones,rocks and walls coated withmud andsiltin the flood zoneof large rivers,always with Syntrichialatifolia,Leskeapolycarpaand Leptodictyumriparium. The altitudinal range is from sea level up to around 600 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). In Hungary it is usually found on decaying logs in the flooding area of the Danube (B. Papp pers. comm. 2017). It produces sporophytes.","Presumably the main threats to this taxon are the same as for other species in this habitat: poor riverbank management, including canalisation and destruction of riverside trees, and possibly water pollution.","No specific conservation actions are recommended at present, although riverbank management that preserves silt-coated trees and rocks is to be encouraged. A definitive view on the taxonomy of this plant, followed by consistent recording in the field, would also be welcome. Although generally poorly understood and recorded, it is regarded as Near Threatened in Finland, and acknowledged as Data Deficient only in Hungary and Latvia (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Patiño, J.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,FISSIDENTACEAE,Fissidens,jansenii,,Fissidens jansenii  ,Sérgio &amp; Pursell,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)c(iv)+2ab(iii)c(iv); D,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D,EU28,,"Fissidens jansenii is endemic to Portugal, and is only known from a small area of Serra da Estrela. New fieldwork in the same region has not found the species in new areas, but has only revealed new, fragmented, small subpopulations in the same rivulet. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is 4 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km2. There is only one location on the basis of the main threat (pressures derived from tourism) and there is a continuing decline in habitat quality. In addition, there are considered to be less than 50 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). This species is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered.



Increasing forest plantations, fire events, water pollution and streams drying up through climatic changes may be a threat for this species in the future.With drought periods increasing in intensity, length and frequency, the species is at risk of extinction.



Conservation actions are essential for the control of water pollution, fire events, removal of conifer plantations and restoration of deciduous forests, combined with the control of tourism, particularly in the surrounding of the cascade. The canyoning and other sports within the area should be limited and strongly controlled. Further research and monitoring on its life history, population size and trends, habitat trends and threats to the species is needed. In addition, management plans of the area are required for the species' protection.",Stable,"This species was recently discovered (Sérgio and Pursell 2001), and has distinct morphological characteristics (Guerra and Ederra 2013). Based on the current knowledge of the species (Guerra and Ederra 2013, Sérgio et al. 2013) it is strictly endemic to Portugal, occurring only in a small area of Serra da Estrela, the highest mountain located in the central eastern part of the country.



At present, this species is known from just a single locality, and has not been detected at any other sites, despite searching of herbarium material of the Iberian collections. In addition, recent fieldwork in the same region has not provided new localities, but has only highlighted new small subpopulations in the same rivulet, Ribeira de Leandros.



This species is related to a complex group of aquatic species that includesFissidens appalachensis from North America (Pursell and Allen 1996), the European Fissidens rivularis (Bruggeman-Nannenga 1985), and the Asian Fissidens geppii (Iwatsuki and Suzuki 1982). All four of these species occur submerged in flowing water and generally consist of small plants in size.



The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is estimated to be around 4 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 4 km2. The species occurs at 1,100 m asl.","The current population trend of this species is considered to be stable, as no decline is apparent. However, the quality of the habitat is declining due to touristic activities and fires. It is considered that there are less than 50 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent) in the population. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of touristic pressure and the restricted distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","This is a rheophilous (affinity for flowing water) moss species growing on very shaded vertical rocks at the edge of the waterfall of Poço do Inferno, Serra da Estrela, Portugal. It has also been found in rock crevices in the rapidly running stream, a few meters below the cascade. The bedrock of the area consists of granite and schist, but this species grows on metamorphic rocks called hornfels. The quality of the habitat is declining due to touristic activities and fires. The dispersal potential of the species is probably very limited.



This species occurs in theThamnobryum alopecurum-Chrysosplenium oppositifolium community.","The main threat to this species is the touristic pressure on this area, causing anthropogenic loss of habitat and invasion of introduced plants.



Another serious threat to this species are river sports, mainly canyoning, where a route has been created by the local municipal council of Manteigas, called “Canyoning na Ribeira de Leandres”. The National Institute for Nature Conservation was informed to take appropriate measures for the conservation of this species.



Additional forest plantations, fire events, water pollution and streams drying up through global warming and abnormal summer drought may be a threat for this species in the future. With drought periods increasing in intensity, length and frequency, the species is at risk of extinction.

","There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. This species is listed in the Atlas and Red Data Book of Portugal as Critically Endangered (Sérgio et al. 2013).



The species occurs in an important protected area, the Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela with well-preserved aquatic vegetation and with great botanical richness (Garcia et al. 2008). In this natural park, there are also two other aquatic species endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, Racomitrium hespericum (Sérgio et al. 1996) and Racomitrium lusitanicum (Ochyra and Sérgio 1992). These two species live in the same cascade or in associated communities.  



It is important to ensure the control of water pollution, fire events, removal of conifer plantations and restoration of deciduous forests, combined with the control of tourism, particularly in the surrounding of the cascade. Canyoning and other sports within the area should be limited and strongly controlled. Further research and monitoring on its life history, population size and trends, habitat trends and threats to the species is needed. In addition, management plans of the area are required.

",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Cálix, M.,Puche, F.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,FISSIDENTACEAE,Fissidens,microstictus,,Fissidens microstictus  ,Dixon &amp; Luisier,,Yes,EX,,Yes,EX,,EU28,,"Fissidens microstictus was endemic to Madeira Island, Portugal. This species is assessed as Extinct since it has not been seen since 1982, in spite of searches having been conducted to find it. Its former habitat is now completely urbanized and situated in one of the most touristic regions from Madeira. The species was assessed as Extinct in Madeira by Sérgio et al. in 1992.",,"Fissidens microstictus was endemic to Madeira Island and was only known from three sites in the Monte region, which is now connected with Funchal (Luisier 1937).",After recent visits to the known localities it was not possible to find any individuals of this bryophyte (Sim-Sim et al. 2014). This species has not been recorded since 1982.,This species was found in basalt rocks and was more frequent between 78 m and 313 m Asl (Luisier 1937).,"The former habitat of this species is now completely urbanized and is situated in one of the most touristic regions in Madeira. The effects of tourist activities significantly increased during the last decades, also probably contributing to the presumed extinction of this species.",This species was assessed as Extinct in Madeira by Sérgio et al. (1992).,This species was not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hugonnot, V.","Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N., Martins, A. & Gabriel, R.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,FISSIDENTACEAE,Fissidens,monguillonii,,Fissidens monguillonii  ,Thér.,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The Atlantic Pocket-moss (Fissidens monguillonii) has been confused with other aquatic Fissidens and hence its distribution is not completely known, but it is essentially distributed in western Europe. Based on the current available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 3 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 228 km2. However, the AOO may be an underestimate, as recent discoveries of new locations suggest that the species may be overlooked in Europe. The overall current population trend for this species is unknown for Europe. Fissidens is a difficult group and systematic collection is needed. Therefore, this species is assessed as Data Deficient for both Europe and the EU 28, as in principle, this species could be anywhere between Critically Endangered or Least Concern.

There is currently no conservation action aimed at this species. However, habitat protection and invasive species management is recommended. In addition, further research into this species to confirm its true distribution, threats and population trend is required, along with monitoring of its habitats.

",Unknown,"

This oceanic southern-temperate species has been confused with other aquatic Fissidens and hence its distribution is not completely known, but it is essentially distributed in western Europe. This speciesis reported from Ireland, Britain, Germany, France, Luxembourg, Belgium, Spain and Portugal (Algarve). Outside of Europe, this species is also reported from Turkey (Kara et al. 2013) and Japan (Suzyki and Iwatsuki 2012). 

According to Sotiaux et al. (2007) it is reported from many localities in Belgium and Luxembourg by De Zuttere (1993) but some references were based on sterile material; fertile material is essential for correct identification. It has also been suggested that reports of this species from Macaronesia may belong to other species.           

Based on the current available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 3 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 228 km2. However, the AOO may be an underestimate. The altitudinal range of this species is from 10 m to 250 m Asl in Britain and Ireland, and from 45 m to 1,300 m Asl in the Iberian Peninsula (Guerra and Ederra 2013).



","

There is no information on the population size or trends for this species. The overall current population trend for this species is therefore unknown for Europe. It may be more frequent than realized; it has been recorded from at least six separate sites during recent studies on Serra de Monchique (Algarve) (Ellis et al. 2012). Also, most of the localities discovered in Ireland post-1990 have been the result of greater recorder awareness and targeted surveys (Blockeel 2014).

This species has been reported from some localities based on sterile material but, fertile material is necessary for a correct determination. There are a few sites in Germany and France (Bailly 2010), as well as in Portugal and northern Spain, but some records in the Iberian Peninsula require confirmation (Guerra and Ederra 2013). Also, in the Azores, the subpopulation reported to Santa Maria Island has not been found since 1937 (Allorge and Allorge 1952).



","This is an aquatic species that occurs on silty rocks and wood, on mud or directly on rock. It also occurs amongst tree roots in the inundation zone of rivers, streams and lakes, sometimes in shaded situations such as water-mine entrances and under riparian trees. In Britain, this species has also been found in reed swamps. In the Iberian Peninsula, it has been found on rocks with siliceous soil and on slopes in the vicinity of watercourses and in humid places.","Threats to this species are speculative but may include changes in water quality and quantity, as well as watershed management such as afforestation with non-native trees. Fire events are also a major local threat in Portugal. Other likely threats are anthropogenic causes (habitat destruction, pollution, tourism) and the introduction of invasive non-native plants.","This species was listed as Rare in Europe in the previous RDB (ECCB 1995). It has also been included in several national Red Lists. It has been assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Britain (Hodgetts 2011, Porley 2013), France, Germany and Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012), and as Vulnerable (VU) in Luxembourg (Werner 2003). It is considered Data Deficient (DD) in Spain (Sérgio et al. 2007, Brugués and Gonzalez-Mancebo 2012) and Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013). This species is also known from Madeira but reports from Macaronesia may belong to other species, so it is considered DD by Sim-Sim et al. (2014). In the Azores, this species was assessed as Rare by Gabriel et al. (2011).

The species is known to occur in some protected areas as in Monchique Natural Park.

 

 

 

 

There is currently no conservation action aimed at this species. However, habitat protection and invasive species management is recommended. In addition, further research into this species to confirm its true distribution, threats and population trend is required, along with monitoring of its habitats.



",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Tsakiri, E.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Sergio, C. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,FISSIDENTACEAE,Fissidens,nobreganus,,Fissidens nobreganus  ,Dixon &amp; Luisier,,Yes,EN,C2a(i),Yes,EN,C2a(i),EU28,,"Fissidens nobreganus is endemic to Madeira Island, Portugal. This species is assessed as Endangered since it is estimated that there are fewer than 2,500 individual-equivalents in Madeira, and that each subpopulation has fewer than 250 individual-equivalents. In addition, there is a continuing decline in the habitat and population due to the ongoing threats. Inappropriate stream bank management, such as canalization, removal of stream bank trees or the alteration of water flow, climatic conditions (high irradiation and increased drought stress), and fires are the main threats to the species. The decline in the population is also projected to continue since this species is considered to be vulnerable to the effects of climate change. These climatic changes will most likely lead to a reduction in the amount of suitable habitat for the species. Most sites where the species is currently found are in the higher regions of the natural laurel forest of Madeira where it is restricted to the bark of Ocotea foetens trees, especially those growing on the margins of streams in well preserved areas of the natural forest. O. foetens is an endemic tree from Madeira and the Canary Islands, having a scattered distribution in Madeira. The various threats to this species compromise the extent and quality of the habitat suitable for its development. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is recommended, as well as further research into the population size and threats. A management plan and ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species.",Decreasing,"Fissidens nobreganus is endemic to Madeira Island, Portugal (Sim-Sim et al. 2014). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 173 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 84 km2.","This species occurs in several localities in Madeira and grows on exposed roots and on tree trunks and branches, but is most frequent at ca 1-2 m up the trunk. Subpopulations at 1,000-1,300 m Asl are generally much larger in size than the ones at lower altitudes (but not exceeding 14 cm2), where the plants are smaller and even more sparsely distributed. The population trend is presumed to be decreasing since recent publications show that Macaronesian endemic bryophytes are suffering a decrease on population size and range (Patiño et al. 2016). This species is a colonist and generation length is estimated to be a few years. Since this species is epyphitic, an individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be a single tree or shrub on which the species grows. It is estimated that there are fewer than 2,500 individual-equivalents in Madeira, and that each subpopulation has fewer than 250 individual-equivalents.","This is a species of the natural laurel forest and is most frequent between 750 m and 1,300 m Asl in the transition zone to the ericaceous heath belt, where the Ocotea foetens trees are very sparsely distributed among the common heath species Erica platycodon subsp. maderincola and Erica arborea. It is an epiphyte restricted to the bark of Ocotea foetens trees, an endemic tree from Madeira and the Canary Islands (da Silva Menezes de Sequeira and Beech 2017), especially those growing on the margins of streams in higher altitude laurel forest (Lobo et al. 2011). No preference for older or younger trees has been observed, but it characteristically grows on bark areas with little or no bryophytes and lichen cover forming subpopulations with few plants and not exceeding 14 cm2.","Inappropriate stream bank management, such as canalization, removal of stream bank trees or the alteration of water flow, climatic conditions (high irradiation and increased drought stress), and fires are the main threats to the species. This species is considered to be vulnerable to the effects of climate change (Lobo et al. 2011). Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of these threats and the restricted distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at nine or ten locations.","This is a species of the natural laurel forest, a priority habitat under the EU Habitats Directive,  included in the Madeira Natural Park which is protected through a Regional Decree, and designated as a Natura 2000 site. In 1999 the area was also considered a World Natural Heritage site by UNESCO. This species was considered rare in the European Red List of Bryophytes (ECCB 1995) and assessed as Vulnerable for Madeira by Sim-Sim et al. (2014). The restricted distribution of this species and the global importance of the Macaronesian population, justifies the future implementation of specific conservation measures, along with effective habitat protection and management, at the sites where is known to occur. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is recommended, as well as further research into the population size and threats. A management plan and ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Vellak, K.","Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.","Maksimov, A.,Ştefănuţ, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,FISSIDENTACEAE,Fissidens,osmundoides,,Fissidens osmundoides  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Purple-stalked Pocket-moss (Fissidens osmundoides) is a widely distributed species in Europe. It is rare and considered threatened in some European countries. At the European scale, it does not seem to be declining, but its habitat is frequently damaged by drought or other alterations. At present for this species Least Concern seems to be the most appropriate Category since it is widespread and lives in habitats of community interest in Europe. No specific conservation measures are currently considered necessary.",Unknown,"The Purple-stalked Pocket-moss (Fissidens osmundoides) is an arctic-subalpine species which is quite widely distributed in Europe, being found in almost all countries from northern Europe to the Mediterranean area and to eastern Europe (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe it is also known in North and South America, and in Asia.","No specific data are available on the size or trend of the European population, but there is no evidence of decline. Even if is dioicous, this species usually produces abundant sporophytes and grows forming erect tufts up to 10 cm tall.","This is an artic-subalpine species of humid habitats which lives on peaty soil in grasslands or woods, or on rocks in mountainous water courses. These are habitats of community interest in Europe, some of which are included in the EU Habitats Directive.","This species is included in the Red Lists of some European countries such as Romania, Bulgaria, Belgium and Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). At the European scale, until now this species does not seem to be at risk. However, because it is frequently locally rare and its habitat is frequently threatened by drought or other alterations, it may suffer a decline in the future.","In view of its wide distribution in the continent and of the absence of a general decline in Europe, no specific conservation measures are currently considered necessary at the European level. Nevertheless, monitoring the population and habitat trends is recommended. This species occurs in protected areas.","As reported by Glime (2006), this species is used as an antibacterial agent to treat sore throats in Bolivia and several Asian countries. In Europe, this species is not utilised.","Englefield, E.,Orgaz Alvarez, J.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,FISSIDENTACEAE,Fissidens,ovatifolius,,Fissidens ovatifolius  ,R.Ruthe,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



Fissidens ovatifolius is mainly found in the Mediterranean basin where, however, it is rather rare and with many historical records. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend. This species is thought to be under-recorded and could be much more widespread than currently known. Its distribution is therefore not fully understood. Further research is needed in order to determine its extinction risk.

Several European records of this taxon have not been recently confirmed. The status of most subpopulations is therefore unknown.",Unknown,"Fissidens ovatifolius is mainly found in the Mediterranean basin where, however, is rather rare and with many historical records. Outside of Europe it is reported in North Africa (Ros et al. 2013). This species is thought to be under-recorded and could be much more widespread than currently known. Its distribution is therefore not fully understood.",There is no available data on the population size and trend of this species.,"This taxon lives on calcareous and on siliceous soil and in rock crevices in open shrubby habitats, in coastal pine forests or in laurisilva forest. It also grows on humid rocks at low altitudes.","This species is threatened by anthropic modifications of environments since it is often found in areas of touristic interest. However, specific studies on threats to this taxon would be necessary. Invasive alien species (Acacia spp.), as well as Eucalyptus sp. plantations and some alien bryophytes (e.g., Campylopus introflexus) and moreover an increasing frequency of wildfires could also pose a threat to this species. However, some disturbance of habitat can be beneficial to this species, as it creates suitable areas for colonisation.","This taxon is not protected by legislation on nature conservation and is rarely found in protected areas. Only in Portugal it is included in red list as Endangered (Sergio et al. 2013). In view of lack of recent records in several sites of the distribution area, field research would be necessary to confirm the presence of this taxon and to ascertain the possible decline of the population.",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,González Mancebo, J.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Blockeel, T., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Lara, F., Lüth, M. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,FISSIDENTACEAE,Fissidens,polyphyllus,,Fissidens polyphyllus  ,Wilson ex Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"

European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Many-leaved Pocket-moss (Fissidens polyphyllus) is fairly common in the Iberian Peninsula and Great Britain, although it is scarcer in Norway, Ireland, France, Italy and European Turkey. Based on available recent records of the species, the extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is estimated to be around 6.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 252 km2. The EOO for the EU 28 is less than 4.8 million km2 and the AOO is 224 km2. However, the AOO is assumed to be an under-estimate. The current population trend for this species in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be stable. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species has a specific aquatic habitat and human-induced alterations related with water pollution can have a negative impact. This species would benefit from habitat protection. In addition, further research and monitoring on the population size and trends is recommended.

",Stable,"

This species is considered an oceanic-Mediterranean species, with preferences for temperate areas. This species occurs in areas of Atlantic influence and the large number of sites in Portugal and British Islands confirms this trend. It is found in the Iberian Peninsula in a total of 20 provinces (Brugués and Guerra 2015). Also, this species is found in Madeira (Sérgio et al. 2006) and the Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2008) but with few recent collections.

In France, this moss has been reported in Brittany (Finistere and Morbihan) and in the Atlantic Pyrenees but always in very few localities (Durfort 2013).

In Great Britain, this species is distributed in the west, and is considered to be rare in Cornwall, south Devon, northwest Wales, Argyll, Kintyre, Jura, Kerry, west and mid Cork, Waterford, Wicklow and Sligo (Smith 2004) but not evaluated as threatened (Hodgetts 2011). 

In Italy, this species is reported from the Apennine chain and it is not very frequent in the Campania Region, on the Island of Ischia and from two localities in Tuscany, in the Belagio Forest (Tacchi et al. 2009). This species is also reported to Turkey (Papp and Sabovljevic 2003).

Based on available recent records of the species, the extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is estimated to be around 6.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 252 km2. However, the latter is assumed to be an under-estimate. The EOO for the EU 28 is less than 4.8 million km2 and the AOO is 224 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 10 m to 1,900 m Asl.

","

This species in very common in rheophyte habitats in the Iberian Peninsula. It is known from the Cantabrian area, the central range of the Iberian System and the Pyrenees, as well as in the northern and central mountains of Portugal (Vieira et al. 2005). However, the total area where this species is found is restricted to the northwest and the centre of the Iberian Peninsula (Brugués and Guerra 2015). 

This species is relatively common in Portugal, and it has been repeatedly collected during monitoring studies in stream habitats (Vieira et al. 2005). It is recently referred to other areas with some Atlantic influence, such as the center of the Peninsula and in deep valleys in France. In the Mediterranean area, this species has been found in relict sites, as in Italy in the Apennines mountain (Tacchi et al. 2009).

The current population trend for this species in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be stable.

","

This species grows on granitic rocks in watercourses and streams, also in cascades or wet rock slopes and ravines, mainly in mountainous areas. This species is usually found in shaded conditions, with other bryophytes, and generally submerged in the bed of rivers or streams in rheophilous conditions (Vieira et al. 2005). 

This is a dioicous or autoicous moss, that is not often found with sporophytes (apart from sometimes in north of Portugal).

","

The major threat affecting this species is anthropogenic pressure on aquatic habitats. Other human-induced changes, such as water management, can also have a negative impact on the species. Alterations of habitat features, particularly through using concrete in the channels is also an important threat.

Water pollution and stream drying, in relation to global warming, with abnormal summer drought may also be a threat for this species in the future.



","

In Madeira, this species is Critically Endangered (Sim-Sim et al. 2014) but in the Iberian Peninsula as a whole, it is not considered to be threatened (Sérgio et al. 2006, 2013; Brugués and Gonzalez-Mancebo 2012). In Great Britain, this species is evaluated as not threatened, however it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012) and in Norway.

The greater proportion of this species distribution range is included in protected areas such as Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês, Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela, Parque Natural da Serra de São Mamede and Parque Natural do Alvão, as well as Natura 2000 sites including Serra d'Arga, Serras da Freita e Arada, etc. In Spain, the species is reported from Siete Picos, Sierra de Guadarrama National Park. In France, it is included in Natura 2000 site Monts d’Arrée and Parc Naturel Regional d’Armorique/Park An Arvorig.

This species would benefit from habitat protection. In addition, further research and monitoring on the population size and trends is recommended.

",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Duckett, J.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C. & Vieira, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,FISSIDENTACEAE,Fissidens,pusillus,,Fissidens pusillus  ,(Wilson) Milde,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Petty Pocket-moss (Fissidens pusillus) is very widely distributed in Europe. This is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are needed at present.",Unknown,"The Petty Pocket-moss (Fissidens pusillus) is very widely distributed in Europe (Hodgetts 2015). This species is also known in Africa, Asia and America.","The population size and trend are unknown. This is a very small moss which, without a microscopical examination, is very similar to other species in the same genus such as F. limbatus and F. viridulus. Overall, this species is not common.","This species is frequently aquatic, growing on siliceous rocks. Occasionally it can also grow on soil in woody environments.",No specific threats are known to affect this species.,"No specific conservation measures are needed at present. This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in in Norway, and as Data Deficient in a few other countries (e.g., Portugal) (Sérgio et al. 2013, Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Marka, J.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,FISSIDENTACEAE,Fissidens,rivularis,,Fissidens rivularis  ,(Spruce) Schimp.,,No,NT,B2b(iii),No,NT,B2b(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



The River Pocket-moss (Fissidens rivularis) is a Mediterranean-Atlantic species of western and southern Europe, including Macaronesia, east to Crete, the Balkans and Crimea, north to Scotland and Germany. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,584 km² in Europe, and 1,560 km² in the EU 28), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. It is rather uncommon and scattered, although it is probably under-recorded. It is very susceptible to its habitat being damaged. The greatest threat to this species is probably inappropriate lakeside and riverside management, including leisure developments and ‘tidying up’ operations. Aquatic pollution has been reported as a cause of declines in Portugal. No specific conservation action is required at present, but at least some of the best subpopulations should be monitored.",Unknown,"The River Pocket-moss (Fissidens rivularis) is a Mediterranean-Atlantic species of western and southern Europe, including Macaronesia (recent records from two islands in the Azores, and several records from Madeira), east to Crete, the Balkans and Crimea, north to Scotland and Germany. Elsewhere it is found in North Africa (Algeria, Morocco), Turkey, Caucasus, Georgia and Iran (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 1,584 km² in Europe, and 1,560 km² in the EU 28. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 9.8 million km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in themselves. This species is rather uncommon and scattered, there is no direct evidence of decline and it is probably under-recorded. However, its habitat is threatened and declining through destruction and pollution, so a decline can probably be assumed.

","This is a subaquatic moss occurring as scattered plants or patches on shaded, moist or submerged rocks in streams and rivers, often in or near waterfalls, on the border of irrigation canals (in Madeira) and on lakesides. It is most common on neutral to acid rocks, including granite, slate and sandstone, but a few records are from limestone and masonry. Compacted soil and tree roots are less common substrates, and at one of its Irish sites it was found at the base of tussocks of royal fern. Most of its localities are in woodland or wooded ravines, but others are by streams through pasture land and on coastal slopes. It is usually found in clean streams, but may tolerate occasional turbidity or light pollution, and the leaves are often coated with detritus. Frequently recorded associates are Chiloscyphus polyanthos, Cinclidotus fontinaloides, Fissidens bryoides var. caespitans, Rhynchostegiella teneriffae and Schistidium rivulare; more unusual associates in hyperoceanic areas include Dumortiera hirsuta and Jubula hutchinsiae in Wales. Its altitudinal range is from 15 m up to 1,000 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014). 



It is autoicous; capsules are occasional, maturing in summer and autumn.","The greatest threat to this species is probably inappropriate lakeside and riverside management, including leisure developments and ‘tidying up’ operations. It is said to be at least somewhat tolerant of aquatic pollution (Lockhart et al. 2012). However, aquatic pollution has been reported as a cause of declines in Portugal. There is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat.","No specific conservation action is required at present, but at least some of the best subpopulations should be monitored. It is included in some Red Lists and has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Romania (where it has not been seen since 1969), as Endangered in Portugal, as Vulnerable in Bulgaria, Ireland and Switzerland; in addition it is considered 'threatened' in Belgium, 'rare' in Germany, 'susceptible' in the Netherlands, and Data Deficient in Madeira (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",The aquarist trade makes some use of this moss as a decorative plant and oxygenator in aquaria.,"Hodd, R.,Cálix, M.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G., Schröck, C., Sergio, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,FISSIDENTACEAE,Fissidens,rufulus,,Fissidens rufulus  ,Schimp.,The distinction between Fissidens rufulus and F. crassipes requires confirmation.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Beck Pocket-moss (Fissidens rufulus) is a European temperate species. It is rather rare and scattered in western, central and southern Europe, north to Scotland, and is also recorded in European Russia. This is an apparently rare species with a small area of occupancy (AOO), and with some evidence of decline (extinct in two countries with declines in Ireland and Austria). However, declines are insufficient for the species to be considered threatened, and the species is also considered to be significantly under-recorded - for example in Austria and other parts of central Europe. Therefore the AOO given here is most likely a significant under-estimate and the species is assessed as Least Concern. Still, the best subpopulations should be monitored, and the scale and cause of declines in parts of the species range requires further research.",Decreasing,"The Beck Pocket-moss (Fissidens rufulus) is a European temperate species. It is rather rare and scattered in western, central and southern Europe, north to Scotland, and is also (well outside its core European range) recorded in European Russia (Komi Republic). It is apparently extinct in Sweden and the Netherlands. The only records elsewhere are from North Africa (Algeria), but these require confirmation (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 1,172 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7.9 million km². However, this AOO is most likely a significant underestimation of the real AOO.","The population and population trends of this species are not well understood. It appears to have become extinct in some areas, but is still probably under-recorded. In Ireland, of the five previously known sites, it has not recently been refound at three sites, and is in serious decline at one of these remaining sites due to removal of shade. In Austria, regional Red Lists suggest that the species is also declining there. In Germany no significant decline has been observed. The overall current population trend is thought to be decreasing.

","Similar to Fissidens crassipes, and, like that species, growing in aquatic or subaquatic habitats. F. rufulus is largely restricted to fast-flowing streams and rivers, especially on limestone and sandstone in the middle reaches of watercourses in upland regions, where it is often associated with Cinclidotus fontinaloides, Hygroamblystegium fluviatile, and subaquatic Schistidium spp., but is generally at lower levels in the water than those species. When growing on slate or other acid rocks, it is usually influenced by calcareous content in the water. Many of its localities are in wooded valleys, gorges and ravines, but it also occurs by streams flowing through open country. It avoids sluggish and eutrophic waters, and is less tolerant of pollution than F. crassipes. Its altitudinal range is from 40 m up to 1,400 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014).



This species is dioicous; capsules are occasional, autumn and winter.","This species has been eliminated from some areas (such as the lower River Erne in Ireland) by hydro-electric scheme engineering works. Water pollution is another obvious threat to this species, as it is likely to be eliminated by excessive turbidity, and probably also by eutrophication and influx of toxic chemicals, but it certainly has some tolerance to pollution: for example,it has survivedin the formerly very heavily polluted rivers Elbe and Werra in Germany. At one Irish site in Co. Donegal, the subpopulation has been badly damaged by removal of trees and consequent exposure to direct sunlight (Hodd 2016). Over-enthusiastic waterway maintenance is another real threat, as any activity that removes the rocks it is growing on is clearly going to be damaging (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Lockhart et al. 2012).","This species is included in several Red Lists and has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Romania, as Endangered in Ireland, Austria, Luxembourg and Switzerland, as Vulnerable in Slovakia; also as Near Threatened in the Czech Republic, Data Deficient in San Marino, Spain and Poland, and 'rare' in Ukraine. It is Regionally Extinct in Sweden and the Netherlands (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas. No conservation measures are required at present, but the best subpopulations should be monitored and further research is needed into the scale and causes of declines in parts of the species range.",This species is used and traded as a decorative plant and an oxygenator in aquaria.,"Cálix, M.,Pilkington, S.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G., Schröck, C., Sergio, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,FISSIDENTACEAE,Fissidens,serratus,,Fissidens serratus  ,Müll.Hal.,,No,EN,C2a(i),No,EN,C2a(i),EU28,,"



European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

In Europe, Fissidens serratus is known from the archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Endangered since it is estimated that there are fewer than 2,500 individual-equivalents in Macaronesia, and each subpopulation is estimated to have fewer than 250 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered either one boulder or one square metre of wall on which the species grows. In addition, there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and number of individual-equivalents due to habitat degradation and changing climate conditions. In La Gomera one of the previously known localities could not be found during recent field trips. The subpopulations in the Canary Islands are presumed to be decreasing due to desiccation of the natural habitats. Desiccation of watercourses due to water extraction is the most important threat to this species. In addition, climate change and fires are factors that contribute to watercourse desiccation, loss of forest coverage and, subsequently, direct mortality of the species. To preserve this species in Macaronesia, the conservation of the natural freshwater habitats is important. Freshwater habitats represent one of the most threatened habitats in the Canary Islands because most of them have disappeared due to human exploitation, a problem that is ongoing and might be related to the rarity of this species. Monitoring of the habitat and population trends is recommended, as well as management of stream banks, and fire prevention, and protection of cave entrances from disturbance. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species. 

",Decreasing,"In Europe, Fissidens serratus is known from the archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. In the Azores, it is present in the islands of Faial, Pico, Terceira and São Miguel, while in the Madeira Archipelago it is only present on Madeira Island, and in the Canaries it occurs only in La Gomera. This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 313,650 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km2. Outside of Europe, this species is also recorded from Mexico, the West Indies, Central America, South America, Asia and Africa and it has been considered an austral-tropical montane species (Dierssen 2001).

","



This species is very restricted in Macaronesia. In the Azores, it occurs in four islands (Gabriel et al. 2011). In Madeira, it is known from only one site in the natural laurel forest. In La Gomera one of the localities reported by Dirkse et al. (1991) very precisely, could not be found during a recent Spanish Bryological Society field trip (González-Mancebo et al. 2007, 2008, 2012). The subpopulations in the Canary Islands are presumed to be decreasing due to desiccation of the natural habitats. The current population trend is also considered to be decreasing. Since this species occurs on walls and boulders, one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be either one boulder where the species occurs, or one square metre of wall where the species grows. It is estimated that there are fewer than 2,500 individual-equivalents in Macaronesia, and that each subpopulation is estimated to have fewer than 250 individual-equivalents. 

","This species occurs on rocks, dripping walls, margins of small streams, waterfalls and cave entrances between 1,000 m and 1,200 m asl in laurel forests or in open natural habitats under the influence of frequent mist and clouds. In the Azores, it can occur in mesic areas outside the forests at 650 m in elevation.","Desiccation of watercourses due to water extraction is the most important threat to this species. In addition, climate change and fires are factors that contribute to watercourse desiccation, loss of forest coverage and, subsequently, direct mortality of the species.","



In the Canary Islands, this species has been assessed as Endangered (González-Mancebo et al. 2012a, 2012b; Brugués and González-Mancebo 2014; Sim-Sim et al. 2014). In the Azores, it has been assessed as Data Deficient (Gabriel et al. 2011). In the Azores this species occurs in the Nature Reserve of Biscoito da Ferraria, Nature Reserve and Recreation Park of Mata da Serreta (Terceira), and in the Canary Islands it is recorded within Garajonay National Park in La Gomera. In Madeira the single site is included in the Madeira Natural Park which is protected through a Regional Decree. To preserve this species in Macaronesia, the conservation of natural freshwater habitats is important. Freshwater habitats represent one of the most threatened habitats in the Canary Islands because most of them have disappeared due to human exploitation, a problem that is ongoing (Patiño et al. 2010, González-Mancebo et al. 2012a) and might be related to the rarity of this species. Monitoring of the habitat and population trends is recommended, as well as management of stream banks, and fire prevention, and protection of cave entrances from disturbance. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species. 

",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Cronberg, N.","González Mancebo, J., Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,FISSIDENTACEAE,Fissidens,serrulatus,,Fissidens serrulatus  ,Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Large Atlantic Pocket-moss (Fissidens serrulatus) is a Sub-Mediterranean Atlantic species which is only found in Europe and North Africa. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution and is quite common in the Mediterranean area. Considering the fact that this species is sub-endemic to Europe, monitoring of the population and habitat trends is recommended.



",Unknown,"The Large Atlantic Pocket-moss (Fissidens serrulatus) is a Sub-Mediterranean Atlantic species which is only found in Europe and North Africa. It is mainly found in western Europe, but also occurs in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Slovenia, and Turkey (Ros et al. 2013, Hodgetts 2015, Pantović et al. 2016).","The population size and trend are unknown. This species reproduces frequently by rhizoidal gemmae, and sporophytes are not frequent, or are totally unknown, in some parts of its distribution area such as Italy or Spain (Cortini Pedrotti 2001, Werner et al. 2009). In the Mediterranean area this species is quite common (Cortini Pedrotti 2001, Ros et al. 2013).","This is a hygrophytic species which lives on soil or on rock below water level, in rivers or areas with percolating water.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is considered at risk in some parts of Europe, especially at the edge of its distribution area. In particular, it has been assessed as Vulnerable in Great Britain and in Ireland. Moreover, in Slovenia it has been assessed as Endangered (Hodgetts 2015). However, in the Mediterranean area overall it is quite common (Cortini Pedrotti 2001, Ros et al. 2013) and at the moment no specific conservation measures are required. Considering the fact that this species is sub-endemic to Europe, monitoring of the population and habitat trends is recommended. In addition, further research is needed into the threats to this species, as well as into the population size and trend. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Pilkington, S.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,FISSIDENTACEAE,Fissidens,sublimbatus,,Fissidens sublimbatus  ,Grout,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data deficient (DD)



EU 28 regional assessment:  Data deficient (DD)



In Europe, Fissidens sublimbatus is a very rare species which is only known from relatively recent records in the Canary Islands, (Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Hierro, Lanzarote, and Tenerife) and Madeira. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend.It is a very rare species that lives in habitats frequented by tourists. Only recently it has been reported in Europe and its distribution is therefore insufficiently known. Further research is needed to determine the risk of extinction of this species. 



",Unknown,"In Europe, Fissidens sublimbatus is a very rare species only known, from relatively recent records, in the Canary Islands, (Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Hierro, Lanzarote, and Tenerife) and Madeira (Lobo et al. 2010, Ros et al. 2001, Hodgetts 2015). This species occurs in all Canary Islands, except in Gomera. Outside of Europe, this species is found in western North, Central and South America, Asia and North Africa (Ros et al. 2001, Pursell 2004, Missouri Botanical Garden 2019). This species' estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km2.","There is no data on the population size and trend of this species. In La Palma island it is quite frequent in the pine forest and also in the high mountain area, where it occurs from 635 m to 2,265 m (González-Mancebo et al. 2004). It is expected that new prospections in pine forests will reveal many more localities for this species (J. González-Mancebo pers. comm. 2018).

","This is a xerophilous species found in coastal environments that lives on calcareous or acidic soil, in the crevices of rocks or under trees and shrubs in maquis or pine forest. It is found at elevations between 10 m and 2,265 m Asl.","It is a very rare species, that in Europe lives in sites which are often frequented by tourists. Its habitats may therefore be a risk but there is not a lot of available information about it.","For this species, information and education actions would be necessary in the sites with high touristic frequentation where it lives. It is known to occur in protected areas. Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, as well as into the threats to this species.",This species is not utilised.,"Hedenäs, L.,Cálix, M.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F., Lüth, M., Schröck, C. & Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,FISSIDENTACEAE,Fissidens,sublineaefolius,,Fissidens sublineaefolius  ,(P.de la Varde) Brugg.-Nann.,,Yes,NT,B2b(iii),Yes,NT,B2b(iii),EU28,,"Fissidens sublineaefolius is endemic to Macaronesia, and is only found on Madeira Island, Deserta Grande and the Azores Archipelago (Flores, Faial, Pico, Terceira, São Jorge and São Miguel). This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 160 km2), and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to inappropriate stream bank management, the alterations of water flow and water quality, as well as the increase in fires and the emergence and spread of invasive alien species; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. Monitoring of the population and habitat are recommended, as well as management to contain the spread of invasive alien plants and prevent large fires.",Decreasing,"Fissidens sublineaefolius is endemic to Macaronesia, and has so far only been found in the Madeira Archipelago (Madeira Island and Deserta Grande), and the Azores Archipelago (Flores, Faial, Pico, Terceira, São Jorge and São Miguel) (Luis et al. 2010, 2012; Gabriel et al. 2010). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 74,670km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 160km2.","This species is common in Madeira, ranging from the sea level up to the high mountains, but is most frequent in the humid laurel forest. It is also found on Deserta Grande. As a result of recent investigations into the bryophyte flora of Madeiran streams, several new occurrences across the whole island (except in Ponta de São Lourenço) were discovered (Lobo et al. 2011; Luis et al. 2010, 2012, 2015). In the Azores, the species is known to occur on six islands, where most records are aquatic. The population trend is presumed to be decreasing since recent publications show that Macaronesian endemic bryophytes are suffering a decrease in population size and range. In particular, complete extinction is predicted for this species by 2070 under one of the climatic scenarios postulated in Patiño et al. (2016). This species is considered a colonist, and generation length is between 1 and 5 years. Three generations is therefore considered to be around 10 years.

","This is considered a restricted species with a narrow ecological range (Gabriel et al. 2011). It grows on rocks or less frequently on eroded basalt blocks in streams, waterfalls, in artificial water canals, on walls temporarily or permanently covered with water, and in lagoon margins. The species can form large dense turfs, particularly on exposed wet pyroclastic rocks. In stable habitats, in particular those of the laurel forest, it can be found associated with F. asplenioides, F. taxifolius subsp. pallidicaulis and Conocephalum conicum (Lobo et al. 2011). This species occurs between 150 m and 1,500 m Asl.

","The species is mostly found in Macaronesian laurel forests, a natural habitat listed in the EU Habitats Directive. Inappropriate stream bank management, removal of stream bank trees, alterations in water flow and water quality related to grazing and eutrophication, and climatic change resulting in high irradiation and increased drought stress, are the main threats to the species. In the Azores, the effects of invasive alien species expansion (especially Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum), also compromise the species. Since the Azores are located on the mid-Atlantic ridge, geological events such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and landslides are likely to harm existing subpopulations of the species. An intensification of the effects of climatic change may cause damage to the stability of subpopulations and the number of 1-km2 climatically suitable grid cells for this species has been projected to decrease by 62% or 100% until 2070 using two different climate scenarios (Patiño et al. 2016).","This species occurs in the Madeira Natural Park, which is protected through a Regional Decree. The Desertas Islands are also classified as a Biogenetic Reserve by the Council of Europe (Fontinha et al. 2001). In Madeira, this species is frequent in the natural laurel forest which is a priority habitat under the EU Habitats Directive and was designated as a Natura 2000 site. In the Azores, it also occurs in protected forest areas included in the Natura 2000 network. The species was considered rare in the European Red List of Bryophytes (ECCB 1995) and assessed as Near Threatened in Madeira by Sim-Sim et al. (2014). The importance of protected areas for the conservation of this species is highlighted by Patiño et al. (2016), which found that while currently only 54% of the climatically suitable 1-km2 grid cells of habitat are found within protected areas, this proportion is predicted to increase to 62% under RCP 4.5 and to 100% under RCP 8.5. Monitoring the habitat conditions is recommended in order to ensure the stability and continuity of the population. 

","This species is not utilised.

","Englefield, E.,Cronberg, N.","Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,FISSIDENTACEAE,Fissidens,taxifolius,,Fissidens taxifolius  ,Hedw.,"Fissidens pallidicaulis is sometimes recognised as a distinct species, subspecies or variety, or sometimes synonymised with F. taxifolius. It has not been recorded consistently in Europe and is of uncertain taxonomic status.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Common Pocket-moss (Fissidens taxifolius) occurs in most European territories and is common in many of them, but it is rare or absent in boreal and arctic regions. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large and stable population and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Common Pocket-moss (Fissidens taxifolius) is an incompletely cosmopolitan species found in all continents except Antarctica, but very rare in sub-Saharan Africa, introduced in New Zealand and not known in Australia. It occurs in most European territories and is common in many of them, but it is rare or absent in boreal and arctic regions (Hodgetts 2015).","This is a common species, and there is no evidence of decline in the population. The population size is therefore large and the current population trend is stable.","This species is common in various natural and man-made environments; it is a characteristic species in woodland and forest on base-rich and neutral soils, but it also occurs in other sheltered habitats such as stream valleys and rocky slopes. It is also recorded from cultivated land and from urban habitats such as parks.



",There are no major threats to this common species.,No specific conservation measures are needed. It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Patiño, J.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,FISSIDENTACEAE,Fissidens,viridulus,,Fissidens viridulus  ,(Sw. ex anon.) Wahlenb.,"The taxonomic definition of Fissidens viridulus is problematic. F. incurvus is often treated as a separate species, and there are various other taxa that are sometimes recognised as distinct, e.g., F. kosaninii, F. exiguus and F. bambergeri. In this assessment, F. incurvus is regarded as a subspecies of F. viridulus, and the other taxa as synonyms.    



     



",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Green Pocket-moss (Fissidens viridulus) is widespread in Europe where it is known in almost all countries. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large and stable population and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Green Pocket-moss (Fissidens viridulus) is widespread in Europe where it is known in almost all countries (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe it is also found in North Africa, Asia and North America, but its true distribution is obscured by widely differing taxonomic concepts.

 



","There is no available data on the population size, but this is a common species so the population is presumably large. There are no apparent threats to this widespread species, and the current population trend is therefore considered to be stable.","This is a common species in many habitats, both natural and man-made. It grows on basic or weakly acidic soil in a wide range of habitat types, including woods, maquis, stream banks, rocky slopes and fields.",There appear to be no major threats to this common and widespread species.,No specific conservation measures are needed at present. It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Vellak, K.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.","Ştefănuţ, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,FLEXITRICHACEAE,Flexitrichum,flexicaule,,Flexitrichum flexicaule  ,(Schwägr.) Ignatov &amp; Fedosov,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Bendy Ditrichum (Flexitrichum flexicaule) has a Circumpolar Wide-temperate distribution and is a widespread species in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since at the European level it is widespread and stable. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Bendy Ditrichum (Flexitrichum flexicaule) has a Circumpolar Wide-temperate distribution and is a widespread species in Europe. It is also found in Asia, New Zealand, North and Central  Africa, North, Central and South America (Petrosyan et al. 2003-2006, Smith 2004, Hodgetts 2015). This species can be very similar to F. gracile and can be misidentified.","

No exact data on the size of the subpopulations are known. In central and southern Germany, the species used to be widespread and frequent, but changes in land use in the last decades, in particular the cessation of grazing and subsequent invasion of shrubs, has caused a drastic decline in its presence. On the other hand, the construction of roads and railways and large stone quarries have created new conditions favorable to the species (Moose Deutschland 2018). The current population trend is stable.","This is a colonist species from subneutrophilous to basophilous, rarely moderately acidophilous. It is found in open and moderately shaded places on humus and soil, mainly on shallow soils, most frequently on land with limestone rocks and arctic rock. It is characteristic of the Ctenidion mollusci association (Dierssen 2001, Smith 2004, Atherton et al. 2010). It is found from sea level up to 3,300 m asl.","The cessation of grazing and subsequent invasion of shrubs, represent the greatest threat to this species. However, at the European level the species is widely distributed and stable.",This species is not subject to specific conservation actions. It is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Denyer, J.,Cálix, M.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,FLEXITRICHACEAE,Flexitrichum,gracile,,Flexitrichum gracile  ,(Mitt.) Ignatov &amp; Fedosov,"Flexitrichum gracile (sub Ditrichum gracile) is a species referred to the most recent floras as F. flexicaule (sub D. flexicaule). This taxon has been separated from F. flexicaule at the species level by Frisvoll (1985). F. flexicaule s.s. and F. gracile can coexist in the same site and often a clear separation is not always possible. However, the leaf sections are distinct in both taxa and F. gracile normally differs in the larger size and hardly tomentose stems (Smith 2004, Lüth 2007, Swissbryophytes 2018).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Slender Ditrichum (Flexitrichum gracile) has a Circumpolar Boreo-temperate distribution and is present in north and central Europe, from the Arctic to the Mediterranean, and is absent only in eastern Europe and Macaronesia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and the population is large and stable. Monitoring of the population trend is recommended.",Stable,"The Slender Ditrichum (Flexitrichum gracile) has a Circumpolar Boreo-temperate distribution and is present in north and central Europe, from the Arctic to the Mediterranean, and is absent only in eastern Europe and Macaronesia. Outside of Europe it is found in China, East Asia, Russia, North, Central, and South America, Kenia, New Guinea and New Zealand (Smith 2004, O`Shea, 2006, Seppelt et al. 2007, Zander 2007, Papp et al. 2009, Hodgetts 2015, Swissbryophytes 2018).","Although there is no quantitative data on the size of the subpopulations, this species is quite common in many European countries and the population can be considered large and stable.

","This is a colonist species which lives on soil or rocks. It is found in crag ledges, calcareous grassland and sand dunes, where it can be abundant.  (Smith 2004, Atherton et al. 2010).",No data exist on the threats to the European population.,"There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. This species was recently separated from F. frexicaule and it often coexists with it on the same sites. Often, a clear separation between the two species is not possible (Lüth 2007). Monitoring of the population trend is recommended. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Hedenäs, L.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,FONTINALACEAE,Fontinalis,antipyretica,,Fontinalis antipyretica  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Greater Water-moss (Fontinalis antipyretica) is present in almost all European countries. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a stable population trend and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Greater Water-moss (Fontinalis antipyretica) is present in almost all European countries, and is also found in Africa and North America (Allen 2014, Hodgetts 2015).","The population size is unknown, but this is a widespread species. The current population trend is stable. 







","This is an aquatic species living submerged on rocks or bark in streams, pools and canals in neutral or basic water with different levels of eutrophication.",There appear to be no major threats to this species.,No specific conservation measures are needed at present. It occurs in protected areas.,This is one of the most utilized bryophyte species in the aquaria trade.,"Patiño, J.,Cálix, M.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,FONTINALACEAE,Fontinalis,dalecarlica,,Fontinalis dalecarlica  ,Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,NT,B2b(iii),No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment:Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



Fontinalis dalecarlica is more common in Sweden and Finland but is rare further to the south. It is also widely distributed in European part of Russia. This species has quite a large extent of occurrence (EOO) of around 3.9 million km2 in Europe and around 1.2 million km2 in the EU 28. However the area of occupancy (AOO) is more restricted  - in Europe, the AOO is estimated to be around 1,500 km2 and in the EU 28, the AOO is estimated to be around 1,200 km2.  In Europe and the EU 28, the habitats of this species are quite rare and may show a continuing decline in quality in the future, as a result of pollution and global warming. Therefore, it is be assessed as Near Threatened for both Europe and EU 28, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.



The possible threat to this species is the change and degradation of habitats due to drainage, water pollution, global warming and droughts. This species needs protection in Poland, Estonia, Latvia within EU 28, as well as in some regions of European Russia. Near the southern border of its European range, habitat protection and further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species are needed.",Stable,"In Europe, this circumpolar, boreal species is distributed in Fennoscandia, the Baltic countries, adjacent areas of Russia, in the Urals and in some regions in the central part of the East European Plain. The distribution of this species in the northern regions of European Russia is probably insufficiently known due to the small number of bryological investigations in the area. One locality was reported in the surroundings of Pavia city (northern Italy) in 1894 as Fontinalis cavaraeana, but later this species was not found there (Farneti 1894, Aleffi et al. 2008). Elsewhere, this species is known from North America and Greenland (Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Hodgetts 2015, Allen 2014). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between sea level and 900 m Asl.



In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 3.9 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,500 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 1.2 million km2, and the AOO is estimated to be around 1,200 km2.","There are numerous known subpopulations of this species. In Fennoscandia, the subpopulations seem to be stable, and the current overall population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. It is more widely distributed in Fennoscandia and European part of Russia. It is more common in Sweden and Finland, but is rarer further south.","This species grows on rocky substrates and tree roots in soft water of moving streams, pools and lakes. It is mainly distributed in the regions with acidic bedrock and probably tries to avoid sites with limestone outcrops (Ignatov and Ignatova 2003). In both Europe and the EU 28, the habitats of this species are quite rare and may have continuing declines in quality in the future, as a result of pollution and global warming.","The possible threat to this species is changes and degradation of habitats due to drainage, water pollution, global warming and droughts. This species occurs in fast running waterbodies and is threatened due to drastic changes in water table (Glime 1984).","This species is included in several national Red Lists of European countries, It is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) in Italy, as endangered (E) in Poland, as Vulnerable (VU) in Estonia, as rare (3) in Latvia, and in some regions of Russia, such as the Arkhangelsk Province (3 - rare species) and the Nizhny Novgorod Province (B1 - rare species) (Aleffi et al. 2008, Vellak et al. 2015, Amosov et al. 2008, Hodgetts 2015). Some known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Near the southern border of its European range, habitat protection and further research on the  population size, distribution and trends of this species are needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Gunnarsson, U.,Englefield, E.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.","Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,FONTINALACEAE,Fontinalis,dichelymoides,,Fontinalis dichelymoides  ,Lindb.,,Yes,NT,B2b(iii); C2a(i),No,NT,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



Fontinalis dichelymoides is endemic to Europe, and known from Finland and Sweden, as well as European Russia. It is estimated that there are between 10,000 and 15,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there is a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat due to lake eutrophication and there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents per subpopulation. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened in both Europe and the EU 28, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion C.



However, it is possible that the species is more widespread than currently known, as it is very likely to be still present in Sweden taking into account the proximity of Finnish subpopulations and the availability of suitable habitat. Still, searches at almost all known old Swedish localities have not resulted in the species being found again recently. Further fieldwork is recommended to determine the population size of this species, as well as monitoring of the water quality of known sites.",Decreasing,"This species is known from Finland and Sweden (Hodgetts 2015). It is also known to occur in Karelia in European Russia, where it has been very recently found (A. Maximov, unpublished data).



The distribution of this species in Finland is rather well known (Koponenet al. 1995), however in Sweden, the present distribution is poorly known (Hedenäs et al. 2014). In Sweden, no modern findings are known, and the species should urgently be sought for. Searches have been carried out in Sweden at almost all of the known old sites, with no success. There is one historical record from the 1930's in northern Sweden which has not been checked recently and it is therefore unknown whether the species persists there. However, given the proximity of Finnish subpopulations and the availability of suitable habitats, it is highly likely that the species is extant in Sweden.



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 80 and 100 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be between 300,000 and 400,000 km2. This species used to be confused with F. dalecarlica, and has only recently been recognized as the current species. It may therefore have been under-recorded in the past.","The total population size is poorly known. In central Finland, this species is widespread but scattered. It is estimated that there are probably between 10,000 and 15,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and with 1 m2 on which the species grows as a proxy for one individual-equivalent) in Europe and the EU 28, and less than 1,000 individual-equivalents per subpopulation.



Some forest lakes can have quite large subpopulations. The current population trend is probably decreasing slightly in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows on the bottom of small forest lakes and tarns (Hedenäs et al. 2014, Koponen et al. 1995), where it floats and grows on the bottom. This is a long-lived species and is found in brown water humic lakes.","Eutrophication of the lakes is considered to be the major threat to this species, as it can make the habitat unsuitable for the species. It is found on stones in small lakes and the habitat is hard to destroy, however water pollution is a potential threat as well as regulation of the water table. There is therefore a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat.",This species has been assessed as Near Threatened in Finland (Syrjänen et al. 2010). The species is known to occur in Natura 2000 sites. Further field work should be carried out to determine if the species is still extant in Sweden and to determine whether there are new localities of this endemic species in Finland. Further research is also needed into the ecology of this species. Monitoring of the water quality of the lakes where this species occurs is recommended.,This species is not used.,"Köckinger, H.,Fettes, N.D.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,FONTINALACEAE,Fontinalis,hypnoides,,Fontinalis hypnoides  ,C.Hartm.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Fontinalis hypnoides is a widespread species in Europe, although rare or absent from most of the northwest and Macaronesia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it is uncommon, it is widespread and there is little evidence of decline. It seems to come and go unpredictably, so extreme fluctuations are a possibility, but at present there seems no danger of it slipping into a threatened Category. No conservation measures are required at present.",Unknown,"Fontinalis hypnoides is a widespread species in Europe, although rare or absent from most of the northwest and Macaronesia. Elsewhere it occurs in northern and eastern Asia and North America (Hedenäs and Hallingbäck 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at ca 1,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 12.9 million km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown. It is not very common, but is widespread and clearly not very rare either, except locally. It is occasionallyreportedinpondsoutside themaindistribution areas, probably transportedbywaterfowl.","This aquatic species grows instanding or slow-moving water, including slightlyeutrophic lakes,slow flowingrivers,or in reed-beds, where it may be looseorattached tostonesand wood. Littleis known about its ecology, but recorded associates include Leptodictyumriparium,RicciarhenanaandLemnaspp.Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 1,000 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Hedenäs and Hallingbäck 2014).","While no specific threats have been identified to this species, as an aquatic plant is is presumably susceptible to extreme pollution events and general mismanagement of water bodies.","No conservation measures are required at present. At least some of the best subpopulations should be monitored. It is listed as Critically Endangered in Slovakia and Romania, Endangered in the Czech Republic, Lithuania and Poland, and Vulnerable in Switzerland, Montenegro and Estonia. In addition it is Data Deficient in Hungary, 'rare' in Latvia and 'seriously threatened with extinction' in Austria (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas and further research is needed into the population size and trend.

",This is one of several aquatic species that is used as a decorative plant or an oxygenator in aquaria.,"During, H.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,FONTINALACEAE,Fontinalis,squamosa,,Fontinalis squamosa  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Alpine Water-moss (Fontinalis squamosa) is quite widespread in Europe, but it is rare in several parts of its distribution area. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, there is no evidence of an ongoing decline and it is a common upland species in many areas of Europe. However, it also rare in several European countries and more research is needed into the population size and trend, as well as into potential threats.",Unknown,"The Alpine Water-moss (Fontinalis squamosa) is a fairly widespread species in Europe, but is often rather rare locally. It is found from Finland in the north to southern territories such as Spain or Sicily, and to southeastern Russia (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe it is found in North Africa, where it is known from a single old record from Algeria, and in South Africa (Ros et al. 2013).



","The population size and trend are unknown, but there is currently no evidence of an ongoing decline. This species is rare in several European countries where it is also considered a threatened species. Specific research to assess the population trend in Europe would be useful. However, this is a common upland species in many areas of Europe.","This is an aquatic species living submerged in oligotrophic, fast-flowing waters with acidic pH on rocky substrates or attached to tree roots.","Specific data on threats to this species is not available. As referred by Dierssen (2001) it is an aquatic species living in oligotrophic water, which does not have a high tolerance to disturbance, preferring undisturbed environments or environments with a low degree of disturbance. Consequently, the species is presumably sensitive to water quality.","The species is rare in several parts of central and eastern Europe. Therefore, it is included in the Red Lists of these countries and assessed as threatened. In Slovenia it is Regionally Extinct. It occurs in protected areas. More research is needed into the population size and trend, as well as into potential threats.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Ignatova, E.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.","Bezgodov, A.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,FOSSOMBRONIALES,FOSSOMBRONIACEAE,Fossombronia,angulosa,,Fossombronia angulosa  ,(Dicks.) Raddi,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Greater Frillwort (Fossombronia angulosa) is widespread in Atlantic Europe and in the Mediterranean area. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large and stable population. While there are some potential threats, especially in the Mediterranean area, there is at the moment no evidence of a continuing decline in the population or habitat. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Greater Frillwort (Fossombronia angulosa) is widespread in Atlantic Europe and in the Mediterranean area, from southern Ireland and southwestern England to coastal France, Spain, Portugal, southern Switzerland and Italy, and eastwards to Greece and Turkey. It is also found in Macaronesia. Outside of Europe the species occurs in North Africa, Cape Verde Islands, Kenya, West Asia, south and east America (Schuster 1992, Paton 1999).",This species forms dense patches which are more extensive than those of other species in this genus. It is quite common and the population size is therefore presumably large. There is no indication of decline and the current population trend is therefore considered to be stable.,"This species lives on wet to rather dry soil on cliffs, on the side of streams, ditches, gullies, ravines or usually shaded rocky slopes in maquis and in more or less open Mediterranean forests (Paton 1999, Dierßen 2001).","In the Mediterranean area, wildfires can be a potential threat to this species, and tourism in coastal areas may also pose a threat. However, there is currently no evidence pointing towards a continuing population or habitat decline.","This species is not under legal protection. It has been assessed as Near Threatened in Italy and as Vulnerable in Switzerland (Cortini Pedrotti and Aleffi 1992, Schnyder et al. 2004). Moreover, it is Regionally Extinct in the Czech Republic (Kučera et al. 2012). It occurs in protected areas. No conservation measures are currently needed.",This species is not utilized.,"Cálix, M.,Pilkington, S.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,FOSSOMBRONIALES,FOSSOMBRONIACEAE,Fossombronia,caespitiformis,,Fossombronia caespitiformis  ,De Not. ex Rabenh.,"Fossombronia caespitiformis subsp. multispira (F. husnotii) is not treated separately in this assessment, as accepted in much of the recent literature.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Spanish Frillwort (Fossombronia caespitiformis)is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its presumably stable population trend. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 1,500 km2. 

Although this species is rare or absent in eastern and northern Europe, it is common in the Mediterranean region. It may be affected by climate change through increased severity and longevity of droughts, temperature extremes and less precipitation, but these have apparently not had an impact so far. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas in Europe.",Stable,"This Mediterranean-Atlantic liverwort is one of the commoner Fossombronia species in the Mediterranean region, including Macaronesia, extending northwards in western Europe to Britain, Ireland and Belgium (Smith 2004). It has not been recorded from much of eastern Europe, including Russia. Elsewhere it occurs in North Africa, tropical Africa, Arabia and Australia (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO), estimated at over 5.7 million km2, surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 1,500 km2.","This widespread species of liverwort is considered to have a stable population trend. It has an ephemeral existence, usually appearing in wetter periods of the year. In  Mediterranean areas, it is usually recorded between the months of February and April. It often produces sporophytes and survives in spore form until the next vegetation period. It is easy to overlook in the field because of this ephemeral ecology.","This species is found in a wide range of habitats, growing on calcareous soils on open ground where competition from other species is low. Typical sites include stubble fields, tracks, paths and woodland rides, bare patches in pastures and heaths, and intermittently desiccated sea cliffs (Frey et al. 2006, Atherton et al. 2010). In the Mediterranean region, the species occurs in many types of open habitat. For example, it can be found growing in olive groves, terraces, in guarigue/phrygana banks by paths and roads and in coastal vegetation banks. Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-600 m.","This species could be affected by climate change through increased severity and longevity of droughts (the species is adapted to environments with seasonal periods of drought, but desertification is a potential  risk), temperature extremes and less precipitation. However there are no indications of a decline in the habitat for this species in Europe.",No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Italy (Near Threatened) and Switzerland (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is not known whether this species occurs in any protected areas.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Denyer, J.,Cálix, M.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,FOSSOMBRONIALES,FOSSOMBRONIACEAE,Fossombronia,echinata,,Fossombronia echinata  ,Macvicar,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Fossombronia echinata has not been recorded from outside the Mediterranean area. It has a restricted distribution in Europe, only being found in the Iberian Peninsula, Macronesia, the Baleares, France, Italy, Greece and Croatia. Based on the most recent available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 7.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be at least 236 km2. The EOO and AOO in the EU 28 is very similar. There is not a lot of information on the population trend of this species, but it is considered to be decreasing in Europe and the EU 28. The decline in the extend and quality of the habitat, mainly due fire events, impact of touristic activities and exotic species invasions, are the main threats to this species. This species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

More information is needed on the overall population size and trends but this species habitat is relatively fragile and should be protected. Further research is required to confirm the full distribution of this species, as well as monitoring of habitat trends.",Decreasing,"This Mediterranean-Atlantic species has not been recorded from outside the Mediterranean area. It has a restricted distribution, only being found in the Iberian Peninsula, the Baleares, France, Italy (Aleffi et al. 2008), Greece and Croatia (Sabovljević and Natcheva 2006). This species is perhaps more frequent in North Africa, and is reported from Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, as well as Macaronesia in the Azores (Gabriel et al. 2010), the Canary Islands (Bischler 2004, Ros et al. 2007, Gonzalez-Mancebo et al. 2008) and the Madeira Archipelago (Sérgio et al. 2006). Also, this species has more recently been found in Malta (Frahm and Lüth 2008) and Turkey (Kirmaci and Erdağ 2009 in Blockeel et al. 2009).

Based on the most recent available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 7.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be at least 236 km2. The EOO and AOO in the EU 28 is likely to be very similar. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 50 m to 450 m Asl in the Iberian Peninsula and above 1,000 m Asl in Mediterranean area (Bischler 2004).","There is not a lot of information on the population trend of this species, but it is considered to be decreasing in Europe and the EU 28. It is probably undercollected, because the appearance of this species is dependent on seasonal rain in autumn and winter. In Spain, the species seems to be confined to the Mediterranean border, and in the Azores and Madeira, there are very few collections in anthropogenic sites. The total population size is unidentified, but this species is very rare across its range. Some herbarium material needs to be revised as it may have been confused with other species.","This species is restricted to open habitats in semi-arid or arid areas, with high drought conditions (400 mm to 1,000 mm mean annual rainfall) (Bischler 2004). However, this liverwort grows in very temporary, wet soil depressions on ditch banks, in soil over rock, or open grassland, shrub and forest margins. This species also occurs in urban landscapes near walking paths, and mostly in the lowlands. It is also found in coastal areas some with tourism influence or urban sites.



Spores produced by this plant are frequent and very small, in relation to others Fossombronia species (Sérgio 1974).","Land-use changes such as under- or over-grazing (excessive disturbance), scrub encroachment and afforestation can lead to loss of suitable open ground for this species. Loss of hollows, such as trackways and small depressions that remains damp for periods, is also a significant threat to this species. Fire events, invasive plants, use of herbicides and pesticides and climatic changes are also potential threats. 

This species is thought to have declined due to touristic influence as in Algarve, Sintra and Arrábida (Sérgio et al. 2013).","This species is assessed at the national level as Near Threatened (NT) in Italy, as Vulnerable (VU) in Portugal. It was evaluated as Data Deficient (DD) in Canary and Spain mainland (Brugués and Gonzalez-Mancebo 2012). Portuguese subpopulations occur in some Natura 2000 sites, such as Barrocal Algarvio and in Arrábida Natural Park, although others are found in urban areas.

More information is needed on the overall population size and trends but this species habitat is relatively fragile and should be protected. Further research is required to confirm the full distribution of this species, as well as monitoring of habitat trends.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Hodd, R.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,FOSSOMBRONIALES,FOSSOMBRONIACEAE,Fossombronia,fimbriata,,Fossombronia fimbriata  ,Paton,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Fragile Frillwort (Fossombronia fimbriata) is a very small suboceanic temperate liverwort confined to Britain and Ireland (where it has not been seen since 1987), the Netherlands and Germany. This species is considered to be endemic to western Europe. Although undoubtedly rare, and rather habitat-specific, there is little evidence of any decline of this species, although it has not been refound at recorded sites in Ireland. Furthermore it is probably under-recorded and cannot be said to be under threat. It spite of its rarity and restricted range, it is therefore assessed as Least Concern. This species warrants more survey and monitoring.",Unknown,"The Fragile Frillwort (Fossombronia fimbriata) is a very small suboceanic temperate liverwort confined to Britain and Ireland (where it has not been seen since 1987), the Netherlands and Germany (Blockeel et al. 2014). It is apparently a European endemic. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 132 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 622,000 km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown, and in Ireland it has not been seen since 1987 at previously recorded sites. In Pembrokeshire in Wales, subpopulations were described as ""very small"", with no more than nine individual plants found at the six sites in that county in any one year. It is rare but likely to be under-recorded.

","This species occurs as scattered plants on damp gravelly, sandy or schistose soil on streamsides, lake margins, roadsides, paths and the floor of disused quarries. A degree of flushing with neutral water is often apparent, and several colonies have been noted where sheep tracks meet Juncus spp. flushes. Characteristic associates include Fossombronia incurva, Fossombronia wondraczekii, Haplomitrium hookeri, Riccardia incurvata, Scapania irrigua and bulbiliferous Pohlia species. Observations in Wales suggest that some colonies persist in the same area over several years, whilst others are transitory. A tiny subpopulation size seems to be typical of the species. It is a lowland plant with an altitudinal range of between 5 m and 350 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).



This species is dioicous and often fertile, but sporophytes are very rare, maturing in cultivation in October. Exogenous gemmae have been reported, and rhizoids can grow from fragments of the thallus.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present, although confirmation of its full range is required. It is listed as Data Deficient in Ireland and 'rare' in Germany (Hodgetts 2015). Further research is needed into its population size and trend. It is known to occur in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Rumsey, F.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Lönnell, N., Rothero, G. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,FOSSOMBRONIALES,FOSSOMBRONIACEAE,Fossombronia,fleischeri,,Fossombronia fleischeri  ,Osterwald ex Loeske,Fossombronia fleischeri is taxonomically very close to F. incurva and both have a very similar morpholgy. The two taxa may therefore have been misidentified to a large extent.,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"Fossombronia fleischeri is only known from Europe and from three very old sites, one each in Germany, Poland and Finland. It is considered to be endemic to Europe at this time, but may be overlooked in other countries, mainly because it may have been overlooked, as it looks very much like Fossombronia incurva. In Europe, the species might be very rare, and the current population trend is unknown. 



The threats are unknown and this species might be mixed up with the closely related F. incurva, so the distribution is today very unclear. The knowledge of this species is therefore insufficient to determine which of the different Red List Category it meets, since it may meet the criteria for anything between Critically Endangered to Least Concern. Therefore it is assessed as Data Deficient.



All old sites of this species should be visited and the species should carefully searched for as a first step. Further research is required on the distribution, population size and trends of this species, as well as the threats, taxonomy and ecology.",Unknown,"This taxon is collected in Germany (Brandenburg) and it is also reported from Poland and Finland, however, it has been mixed up with the closely related F. incurva (Stotler et al. 2003). It is very difficult to estimate if this taxon is endemic or not to Europe or if it is just overlooked. However, as it has not yet been found outside of Europe, for the purposes of this assessment it is considered to be an endemic species to both Europe and the EU 28.



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is probably between 10 and 200 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is at least ca 0.7 million km2.",Only three very old sites are known. In Europe there is no modern findings known and the species is apparently very rare here. According to R. Stotler (Söderström et al. 2007) it is more common than closely related species Fossombronia incurva. The current population trend is unknown in Europe.,"The habitat is more or less unknown. However, in literature, the species is reported to grow together with F. incurva (Loeske 1928).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected area. All old sites of this species should be visited and the species should be carefully searched for as a first step. Further research is required on the distribution, population size and trends of this species, as well as the threats, taxonomy and ecology.",The species is not used or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Stebel, A.","Hallingbäck, T","Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,FOSSOMBRONIALES,FOSSOMBRONIACEAE,Fossombronia,foveolata,,Fossombronia foveolata  ,Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Pitted Frillwort (Fossombronia foveolata) is quite widespread in northern Europe, in Sweden, Norway and Finland. However, in central Europe it is rare. This species has a large geographic range in Europe, as the extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 11 and 12 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is between 5,000 and 6,000 km2. Within the EU 28, this species has an AOO estimated to be between 4,000 and 5,000 km2 and an EOO of between 4 and 5 million km2. The current population trend in Europe is unknown. In both Europe and the EU 28, this species is assessed as Least Concern.

This species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Austria, Slovakia and Slovenia. However, in some areas, this species might decline in the future due to fewer areas of natural lake shores with suitable habitat qualities (caused by lake side exploitation). So, there is a predicted future decline for this species, because of drainage of open wetlands close to agriculture land. It is important is to avoid new ditching that lowers the water table, and avoid destruction of the muddy lake shores. It is important to continue with cattle grazing on inland shores. Further research is required on the distribution, population size and trends of this species.",Unknown,"This species has a European, boreo-temperate, northern suboceanic distribution. It is widespread in central and northern Europe, and found south-westwards to Portugal (but not Spain) and eastwards to European Russia (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known from Ireland, Great Britain, Portugal, France, Belgium, Holland, Switzerland, northern Italy, Austria and Germany, eastwards to Slovakia, Poland, Russia and the Caucasus and in the Balkans from Hungary (Hodgetts 2015). It is also reported from Iceland and Macaronesia. In the Nordic countries, this species is frequent in the lowlands, and is also found along the shores of the Gulf of Bothnia (Damsholt 2002). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 10 m and 1,100 m Asl.

In Asia, this species is known from Turkey. In North America, it is found in the west from southern Alaska, British Columbia to Washington, and in the east from Quebec to Florida and Louisiana (Damsholt 2002).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 5,000 and 6,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 11 and 12 million km2. Within the EU 28, this species has an AOO estimated to be between 4,000 and 5,000 km2 and an EOO of between 6 and 7 million km2.","There is very little information about the size of subpopulations in each country where this species occurs, and so the current population trend in Europe is unknown. However, there is a predicted future decline for this species in the EU 28, caused by drainage of open wetlands close to agriculture land.","This species grows on damp, acidic, sparsely vegetated soil, usually at the edge of ponds, lakes or streams, less often by reservoirs, in dried-up pools and ditches or on wet rides, paths and tracks. It has also been recorded from china-clay workings in Cornwall. This species often grows in sites where sandy or gravelly soil is mixed with a peaty component but it is sometimes found on purer sands, gravels or peat, and on mud. Fossombronia wondraczekii, Haplomitrium hookeri, Riccardia chamedryfolia, R. incurvata, Riccia sorocarpa and Archidium alternifolium have been recorded as associates. Lakeside subpopulations fluctuate in numbers from year to year, plants being most abundant in dry summers when the water level is low and much suitable habitat is exposed (Blockeel et al. 2014).



In the Nordic countries, this species is a pioneer growing on acidic sandy soil along pools, frequently submerged, together with, for example, Haplomitrium hookeri, Fossombronia incurva, Riccardia incurvata, Aneura pinguis and Pellia epiphylla, also on moist peaty soil in heaths, stream banks, etc. (Damsholt 2002).","The major threat to this specis is the drainage of open wetland, lake and pond shores and other wetlands close to agriculture land. Also the increased cultivation of fertile land and less grazing is an actual threat to this species. Finally, an increased regulation of watercourses has had a negative impact on the species through altered humidity conditions in the transition between water and land.","This species is included in the Red Lists of 50% of the European countries in which it occurs. It is assessed in Germany and Estonia as Vulnerable (VU), in Austria, Slovakia, Romania and Slovenia as Critically Endangered (CR), in Italy and Hungary as Data Deficient (DD), in Poland as E, in Portugal and the Czech Republic as Endangered (EN), in Latvia as 1 and in Switzerland as Regionally Extinct (RE) (Hodgetts 2015, Ellis et al. 2018). 

This species is known to occur in at least one protected area.

 It is important is to avoid new ditching that lowers the water table, and avoid destruction of the muddy lake shores. It is important to continue with cattle grazing on inland shores. Further research is required on the distribution, population size and trends of this species.",This species is not used.,"Weibull, H.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,FOSSOMBRONIALES,FOSSOMBRONIACEAE,Fossombronia,incurva,,Fossombronia incurva  ,Lindb.,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Weedy Frillwort (Fossombronia incurva) is a suboceanic temperate species confined to northwestern Europe, from Britain and Ireland, France, Switzerland and Austria, northeastwards to Lithuania, Sweden and European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it occurs in a large variety of habitats, there is no evidence of a decline and this very inconspicuous species is probably more frequent in Europe than records indicate. No conservation measures are required at present.",Unknown,"The Weedy Frillwort (Fossombronia incurva) is a suboceanic temperate species confined to northwestern Europe, from Britain and Ireland, France, Switzerland and Austria, northeastwards to Lithuania, Sweden and European Russia (Blockeel et al. 2014). It is considered extinct in Finland. It is a European endemic. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 1,132 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 3.4 million km². The latter figure is not very accurate because of vagueness about the occurrence of this species in Poland, and the former is probably an underestimate since the species is very inconspicuous.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown, but the total population may be substantial. It is probably under-recorded.

","This species is found as scattered plants or in small patches on sparsely vegetated soil or in low bryophyte turf in a wide range of habitats where competition is low, including roadsides, lay-bys, tracks and paths, disused railway lines, the edges of lakes and reservoirs, streamsides, dune slacks, gravel pits and the floors of disused quarries. It is most often found on moist or flushed, sandy, shaly or gravelly soil, but also recorded from clay, china clay and peaty soil. Associates include Fossombronia fimbriata, F. wondraczekii, Haplomitrium hookeri, Riccardia chamedryfolia, R. incurvata, Scapania irrigua, Lophozia capitata, Archidium alternifolium and bulbiliferous species of Pohlia. Its altitudinal range is from 5 m up to 2,200 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).



It is dioicous. Sporophytes are frequent, recorded from March to November.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. It is included in some Red Lists, but it is undoubtedly under-recorded: Endangered in Germany and Poland, Vulnerable in Sweden, Switzerland and Austria, and Regionally Extinct in Finland (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Weibull, H.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,FOSSOMBRONIALES,FOSSOMBRONIACEAE,Fossombronia,leucoxantha,,Fossombronia leucoxantha  ,(Lehm.) Lehm. &amp; Lindenb.,"

Aiming to clarify the actual distribution of Fossombronia leucoxantha, a revision of the material sub Fossombronia mitenii Tind. from mainland Portugal and Spain, should be developed in the future, since both species develop on similar ecological conditions and some herbarium samples might include distinct Fossombronia species.

",No,NT,B2b(iii),No,NT,B2b(iii),EU28,,"

European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

In Europe Fossombronia leucoxantha occurs only in mainland Portugal in areas with Mediterranean influence. Although it also occurs in South Africa, it is improbable that it was introduced in Portugal, since it develops frequently associated to other mediterranean species as Corsinia coriandrina, Oxymitra incrassata and Riccia spp. in natural habitats. Aiming to clarify the actual distribution of Fossombronia leucoxantha, a revision of the material sub Fossombronia mitenii Tind. from mainland Portugal and Spain, should be developed in the future, since both species develop on similar ecological conditions and some herbarium samples might include distinct Fossombronia species. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km2), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the area and quality of its habitat due to incorrect forest management, increase in forest fires and subsequent invasion of alien species, the increase effects of climate changes and the influence of excessive anthropogenic or touristic pressure; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. This species is known to occur in protected areas and does not need specific conservation actions at present. The population trend of this species is currently unknown but is very probable that it is more frequent. 

",Unknown,"Fossombronia leucoxantha occurs in Europe only in Portugal (Sérgio 1985, 2003). It is found in the central and southern parts of Portugal and according to Perold (1997), it also occurs in South Africa. This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 20,142 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km2.","

This species is referred to twelve sites in Portugal (Sérgio 1985, Sérgio and Carvalho 2003, Sérgio 2003). In order to clarify the actual distribution of this species, a revision of the material sub Fossombronia mitenii Tind. from mainland Portugal and Spain, should be developed in the future, since both species develop on similar ecological conditions and some herbarium samples might include distinct Fossombronia species. The population trend of this species is currently unknown but is very probable that it is more frequent.



","This species grows on thin and moderately shaded wet soil in calcareous regions, mostly associated to other Fossombronia species (e.g., F. caespitiformis, F. caespitiformis subsp. multispira, F. echinata, F crispa), Corsinia coriandrina, Oxymitra incrassata and some Riccia spp. (Sérgio 1985). It is most frequent in natural habitats near the coast but also occurs in the native forests of central Portugal, but it was also found in ruderal habitats at altitudes ranging from 20 m to 500 m Asl.","This species is mainly threatened by forest clearance, incorrect forest management, an increase in forest fires and subsequent invasion of alien species (Acacia spp.). The increase in Eucalyptus spp. plantations is seriously compromising the regeneration of natural forest areas and this is considered the main threat to this species. In addition, the increase effects of climate changes and the influence of excessive anthropogenic or touristic pressure, in particular in the south of Portugal, are also important threats to this species.",This species is known to occur in protected areas and does not need specific conservation actions at present. It occurs in the Arrábida Natural Park and Serra de Aire and Candeeiros Natural Park. This species was considered Data Deficient in Portugal by Sérgio et al. (2013). Taxonomic research is recommended due to the potential issues with material sub Fossombronia mitenii Tind.,This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Gunnarsson, U.","Sim-Sim, M. & Sergio, C.","Hodgetts, N.,Afonina, O.,Blom, H.,Goldberg, I.,Lönnell, N.,Schröck, C.,Vellak, K.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,FOSSOMBRONIALES,FOSSOMBRONIACEAE,Fossombronia,maritima,,Fossombronia maritima  ,(Paton) Paton,"Records of this species from Australia refer to a different taxon (Cargill et al. 2012).



There appears to be some uncertainty about its occurrence in mainland Spain, but reported records are retained for now, however the species is not widely recognised outside the UK is is therefore likely to be under-recorded.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Sea Frillwort (Fossombronia maritima) is an oceanic southern-temperate liverwort, with records from southwestern Britain and Ireland, northwestern France, Mediterranean France, Spain, Portugal, Italy and (doubtfully) European Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it is a rare and geographically restricted species, it is probably under-recorded and therefore more widespread than currently known. In addition, this species is not declining and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are required at present, but further research into the distribution, population size and trend of this species is recommended.",Unknown,"The Sea Frillwort (Fossombronia maritima) is an oceanic southern-temperate liverwort, with records from southwestern Britain and Ireland, northwestern France, Mediterranean France, Spain, Portugal, Italy and (doubtfully) European Turkey. It is probably more widespread, but under-recorded. According to the current state of knowledge, it is a European endemic (Blockeel et al. 2014). Records from Australia refer to a different taxon (Cargill et al. 2012). There appears to be some uncertainty about its occurrence in mainland Spain, but reported records are retained for now. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated at 364 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 2.9 million km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown, but it is under-recorded.

","This species occurs on peaty soil or peaty sand on heaths and heathy cliffs, the floors of disused quarries, in non-calcareous dune-slacks, by pools, in shallow depressions, on tracks and in ruts. It is a perennial, usually occurring in more permanent, less disturbed sites than Fossombronia pusilla. It tolerates periods of submersion in winter-flooded habitats and of desiccation in localities subject to summer drought. Associated species include Fossombronia caespitiformis, Cephaloziella spp., Riccia beyrichiana, Riccia crozalsii, Archidium alternifolium, Bryum alpinum, Campylopus spp., Hypnum cupressiforme, Polytrichum juniperinum and Polytrichum piliferum. The only somewhat inland records come from a wall top in an old quarry at Dromore in Co. Cork, a track across heathland at Mark Ash Wood in the New Forest, and from a site in Yvelines, France. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 300 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014).



It is monoicous. Sporophytes are frequent, December to June. Perennation is by tuberous thalli, which are rich in lipids.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. It is regarded as Critically Endangered in Italy, Near Threatened in Britain and Ireland and Data Deficient in Portugal (Hodgetts 2015). Further research into the distribution, population size and trend of this species is recommended. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Weibull, H.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N.","Juutinen, R.,Schröck, C.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,FOSSOMBRONIALES,FOSSOMBRONIACEAE,Fossombronia,mittenii,,Fossombronia mittenii  ,Tind.,"Fossombronia crozalsii was synonymised with F. mittenii by Stotler et al. (2003). However, F. crozalsii is still considered the accepted name in some recent literature (e.g. Brugués and Gonzáles-Mancebo 2012). More studies are needed to clarify the status of this and other Mediterranean Fossombronia species.",No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



Crozal's cabbagewort (Fossombronia mittenii) is a rare oceanic southern-temperate species confined to Britain, France, Spain and the Italian island of Linosa, south of Sicily. This species is assessed as Data Deficient because it is very poorly known and there are taxonomic problems. It is undoubtedly rare, but must also be overlooked, and the true situation could be anything from a secure metapopulation (Least Concern) to Critically Endangered. There is no information about population size or trends. Further research is needed into its distribution, population size and trend, as well as potential threats.",Unknown,"Crozal's cabbagewort (Fossombronia mittenii) is a rare oceanic southern-temperate species (Blockeel et al. 2014) confined to Britain, France, Spain and the Italian island of Linosa, south of Sicily; its only known occurrence outside of Europe is in Algeria (Trabut 1942, Carratello and Aleffi 1999). Records from Portugal are regarded as questionable (C. Sérgio pers. comm. 2017), and it was excluded from the Portuguese flora by Sérgio et al. (2013). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 24 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.1 million km².","Little is known about this species, which occurs as a few individuals at widely scattered localities. The most recent record in England was from 1972 (Blockeel et al. 2014). It has been searched for since then but without success; however, much apparently suitable habitat is available. In Spain it was recorded in the Sierra de San Andrés near Jaén in 1987 (Gil Garcia and Castro 1987). Only old (pre-1960) records exist in France (Dep. Hérault) (Augier 1966). The most recent record is from the island of Linosa in 1996 (Carratello and Aleffi 1999). No information is available about population size or trend.","At its most recent site, in Linosa Island, this species grows on volcanic soils on rocky outcrops, in small clearings between Euphorbia and Pistacia shrubs, and is associated with other interesting liverworts, including Corsinia coriandrina, Exormotheca pustulosa, Fossombronia spp., Oxymitra incrassata, Petalophyllum ralfsii, Riccia spp. and Sphaerocarpos michelii (Carratello and Aleffi 1999). In Spain is is recorded as being found on a slope under Arbutus unedo (Gil Garcia and Castro m1987). In southern England, it grew on a roadside bank and on moist sandy loam in a wide rutted grassy track in a conifer plantation, with other Fossombronia spp., Riccia spp., Scapania irrigua, Solenostoma gracillimum, S. hyalinum and Pseudephemerum nitidum (Blockeel et al. 2014). Information on its habitat in France was not found. Its altitudinal range is from ca 80 m up to 800 m Asl.



This species is monoicous and sporophytes are frequent (Blockeelet al. 2014).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is listed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) in Britain and Critically Endangered in Spain (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012). No in-situ conservation measures can be recommended in most areas, but in Linosa, it will presumably be important to retain the integrity of the Mediterranean shrub habitat. Ex-situ conservation is also recommended in view of this plant's global rarity. It is not known if it occurs in protected areas. In addition, further research is needed into its distribution, population size and trend, as well as potential threats.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Schröck, C.,Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,FOSSOMBRONIALES,FOSSOMBRONIACEAE,Fossombronia,pusilla,,Fossombronia pusilla  ,(L.) Dumort.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Frillwort (Fossombronia pusilla) is a fairly widespread species in Europe, even if it is often locally rare. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range and the current population trend is thought to be stable. No conservation measures are currently needed. 



",Stable,"The Common Frillwort (Fossombronia pusilla) is a fairly widespread species in Europe, being found from Denmark to Spain and Sicily and to eastern territories of Ukraine (Hodgetts 2015). However, it is often locally rare and it is most common in the Mediterranean area. Outside of Europe it is known in Asia, North and South America and Africa.","No specific data are available on the size of the subpopulations. Sporophytes are common and in some parts of the distribution area, such as in Mediterranean countries, this species can form patches of around 10 cm2. The current population trend is thought to be stable.","This is an acidophilous or subneutrophilous species which lives on humid soil in more or less disturbed habitats such as fields, pastures, paths or clearings, in sea cliffs, maquis, deciduous forests or near water courses.","In the Mediterranean area, wildfires can be major threat, and in coastal regions touristic activities can also pose a threat. However, until now there is no evidence of a continuing decline in the population or habitat.","This species is Regionally Extinct in Sweden and has been included in several regional Red Lists, where it is assessed as threatened (Hodgetts 2015). It is not under legal protection in Europe. No conservation measures are currently needed at the European scale. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Schröck, C.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,FOSSOMBRONIALES,FOSSOMBRONIACEAE,Fossombronia,wondraczekii,,Fossombronia wondraczekii  ,(Corda) Dumort. ex Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Acid Frillwort (Fossombronia wondraczekii) is a widespread lowland species in Europe, where it usually produces abundant sporophytes. It is more frequent in Mediterranean area, while it is rare in many countries of central and eastern Europe. Overall, no specific threats are known and there is no indication of a severe decline. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Acid Frillwort (Fossombronia wondraczekii) is a widespread species in Europe, even if it often is locally very rare (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, it is known in America, North Africa, Asia and southeastern Australia.



","The population size is unknown. The plants are monoicous and grow forming rosettes or mats in open habitats or under vegetation. They produce abundant sporophytes. The current population trend is considered to be stable, since there is no indication of decline.","This is an acidophilous or subneutrophilous species which lives on humid soil in fields, pastures, man-made habitats and in clearings of evergreen woods.","Overall, no specific major threats are known to affect this species.","This species is included in the Red Lists of several European countries, in particular of central and eastern Europe. At present, considering its widespread distribution, no specific conservation measures are needed at the European level. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Ingerpuu, N.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,FRULLANIACEAE,Frullania,acicularis,,Frullania acicularis  ,Hentschel &amp; von Konrat,"

Recent field work on Azores and Madeira islands revealed that this species might be more frequent. This way a taxonomic revision of all Frullania tamarisci material from Macaronesia (including the Canary Islands) should be developed in the future.



",Yes,NT,B2b(iii),Yes,NT,B2b(iii),EU28,,"Frullania acicularis is currently known from Macaronesia (Madeira and Azores) and from southern Portugal, and can be considered an European endemic taxon. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is is 24 km2), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. Even though the real AOO is likely to be larger than currently known, it is unlikely to be larger than 2,000 km2. The exact distribution of this species remain unclear due to taxonomic issues, and recent field work on Azores and Madeira islands revealed that it might be more frequent. Further research is therefore needed to have a better understanding of the status of this species.",Stable,"Frullania acicularis is found in Madeira, in the Azores (Pico, Terceira and São Miguel islands), as well as in southern Portugal (Frahm 2006, Heinrichs et al. 2010, Hentschel et al. 2015). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 553,182 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2. However, the exact distribution of this species remain unclear due to taxonomic issues, and the real AOO is likely to be larger.","This species occurs in several sites in the Azores, Madeira and southern Portugal. It develops mainly in the natural forest of Azores and Madeira islands. In the south of Portugal, it was collected in remnants of natural vegetation at the top of Serra de Monchique. In Macaronesia the subpopulations are considered stable, but due to the intensification of fires in the south of Portugal it is possible that the population of Fóia, Monchique has become extinct. The overall current population trend is considered stable.","In the Terceira Island this species grows in Calluna-Juniperus heathland mainly on branches of shrubby junipers, while in Pico it was found growing as epiphyte in grazed Laurus-Pittospermum-Erica -forest (Frahm 2006). In Madeira, it was also found in a well conserved region of the laurel forest from the northern slope. The only subpopulation in the south of Portugal was collected in small remnants of natural vegetation at the top of Serra de Monchique. This species is found between 50 m and 1,000 m Asl in the Azores islands. In Madeira, it occurs at 620 m Asl and in mainland Portugal at 900 m Asl.","Habitat destruction due to urbanisation and tourism, climate change, fire intensification and the increment of invasive alien species are the main threats to the species.","

This species is known to occur in protected areas and does not need specific conservation actions at present.In Madeira this species occurs in the Madeira Natural Park, which is protected through a Regional Decree. Inthe Azores archipelago it is present in the “Reserva Florestal Parcial da Serra de Santa Bárbara”. Taxonomic research is recommended, namely a revision of all Frullania tamarisci material from Macaronesia.



",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Gunnarsson, U.","Sim-Sim, M.","Blom, H.,Lönnell, N.,Hodgetts, N.,Vellak, K.,Goldberg, I.,Schröck, C.,Afonina, O.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,FRULLANIACEAE,Frullania,azorica,,Frullania azorica  ,"Sim-Sim, Sérgio, Mues &amp; L. Kraut",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Frullania azorica is currently only known from Macaronesia (Madeira, Azores and the Canary Islands). This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common in coastal areas and the current population trend is thought to be stable.",Stable,"Frullania azorica is currently only known from Macaronesia. This species is found in Madeira, Porto Santo, all the Azores islands, as well as all Canary islands except Lanzarote (Garilleti and Albertos 2012, González-Mancebo et al. 2012). It is considered regionally extinct in mainland Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 631,220 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 928 km2.","This species occurs in several sites in the Azores, Canary Islands and Madeira, where it is rather frequent, mainly in coastal and mesic habitats. Although regionally extinct in mainland Portugal, where it was collected in the Serra da Estrela, this species seems to be stable in Macaronesia. The overall current population trend is considered to be stable.

","This species usually grows near the sea and in mesic areas, on exposed and shaded rocks covered with a thin layer of soil, but can also be found as an epiphyte in thermophilous forests. It is an early colonist, forming more or less extensive colonies on basaltic rocks or on tree trunks at altitudes of 100 m to 1,000 m Asl. In Madeira, the colonies do not exceed 10 cm in diameter. In the Canaries, it is considered a common species in thermophilous areas (González-Mancebo et al. 2012), including not only laurel forests but also exposed areas. The species can be considered a xero-mesophilous taxon, found sometimes in open places in the laurel forest on Madeira, growing mainly on Ocotea foetens and Laurus novocanarienesis (Sim-Sim 1999). In the Azores, it occurs also in coastal habitats at the lowest altitudes (Gabriel et al. 2011).","Climate change (possibly resulting in high irradiation and increased drought stress), intensification of fires, and changes in coastal and mesic habitats due to anthropogenic activities are the main threats to the species.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. In Madeira most of its distribution is included in the Madeira Natural Park, which is protected through a Regional Decree. It is also a priority habitat under the Habitats Directive and was designated a Natura 2000 site. In 1999 the area was also designated a World Natural Heritage site by UNESCO. In the Canary Islands it occurs in the Garajonay National Park. This species was considered regionally extinct in Portugal by Sérgio et al. (2013). The global importance of the Macaronesian population justifies regular monitoring of its habitats.

 

",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Lara, F.","Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,FRULLANIACEAE,Frullania,bolanderi,,Frullania bolanderi  ,Austin,,No,NT,,No,CR,B2ab(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

Frullania bolanderi is known from Sweden, Norway and more recently, European Russia. In Europe, the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is around 108 km2 and the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is around 4 million km2. In addition, there is a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat, as a result of logging. This may lead to a decline of the population in the future. However, it is not severely fragmented in Europe, and based on indirect data, particularly on observed decreasing of felling in forests in some regions of European Russia, it is expected that there may be increasing numbers of this species. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

In the EU 28, there are around 400 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). The EOO is around 4 km2 and the AOO is around 4 km2. This species is considered to be severely fragmented at the EU 28 level and there is a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat. This species is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered in the EU 28.

However, the majority of collections have only been recently discovered and they are restricted to poorly studied areas. Therefore, it is not yet determined if findings of this species in European part of Russia are a result of recent expansion of the species or if it was just that the species has not been collected before. It is quite possible that the species is much more common than it is known now. The habitat of this species could be given protection, and further research is required to confirm its distribution.",Stable,"For a long time, this species was known in Europe from several localities in Sweden and Norway (Damsholt 2002), but it has also, more recently, been reported from many provinces in the European part of Russia (Konstantinova et al. 2009). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between sea level and 500 m Asl. Elsewhere, the species is widespread in Siberia (Konstantinova and Savchenko 2008) and in western North America, and it is also known from eastern North America and Japan (Damsholt 2002).

In Europe, the estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is around 4 million km2 and the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is around 108 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is around 4 km2 and the AOO is around 4 km2.","The species is known from two localities in Fennoscandia and around 20 localities in European part of Russia. The majority of the records from European part of Russia are recent (Konstantinova et al. 2009), and it is possible that the species is not rare here. The subpopulations are more or less large, but there is no precise data on the size of subpopulations. It is quite possible that the species is still overlooked in the European part of Russia, as the current records are restricted to poorly studied areas. It is therefore not yet determined if findings of this species in European part of Russia are a result of recent expansion of the species or if it was just that the species has not been collected before. It is quite possible that the species is much more common than it is known now. Based on indirect data, particularly on observed decreasing of felling in forests in some regions of European Russia, it is expected that there may be increasing numbers of individuals of this species.

In Norway, several new localities have been recorded and there are now thought to be around 100 localities. In Sweden, four or five localities have been recorded (T. Hallingbäck pers. comm. 2017). The subpopulation size in Norway alone is estimated to be around 8,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and counting each tree as an individual-equivalent). Therefore, the overall population size of the species is larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents.This species is not considered to be severely fragmented in Europe, but it is considered to be in the EU 28, as the subpopulations are isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. In addition, it should be stressed that this species is dispersed by asexual reproduction only. The current population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species is strongly restricted to the bark of trees, mostly Sorbus, Populus, Tilia and Quercus species. In Norway, it is found in narrow canyons and ravines, and as an epiphyte on deciduous trees in the lowlands (T. Hallingbäck pers. comm. 2017). There is a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat that may lead to a decline of the population.",The only threat to this species is the continuing decline of mixed broad-leaved coniferous and broad-leaved forests as a result of the cutting down trees.,"In the European part of Russia, this species occurs in several state nature reserves, including in Kerzhenskii (Konstantinova 2004) and Basegi (Konstantinova et al. 2010). This species is included in the Red Data Books of some provinces of European Russia, including Bashkortastan as rare (Baisheva 2011). The species is included in Red List of Norway as Vulnerable (VU) and is assessed in Sweden as Endangered (EN) (Hodgetts 2015). The habitat of this species could be given protection, and further research is required to confirm its distribution.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Denyer, J.,Cálix, M.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,FRULLANIACEAE,Frullania,calcarifera,,Frullania calcarifera  ,Steph.,"

A taxonomic revision of all Frullania tamarisci material from Macaronesia (including the Azores and Madeira), as well as from mainland Europe should be developed in the future, since this species might be more frequent.



",No,NT,B2b(iii),No,NT,B2b(iii),EU28,,"

European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Frullania calcariferais a Mediterranean species which occurs in mainland Portugal, Spain (Mallorca and Canary Islands: Tenerife and La Palma), Greece(Samothraki and Rhodes Islands), Italy and Crimean Peninsula. It also occurs in Algeria. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km2), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. Even though the real AOO is likely to be larger than currently estimated, it is unlikely that it would be larger than 2,000 km2. This species might be more frequent than currently known and a taxonomic revision of all Frullania tamarisci material from Macaronesia (including the Azores and Madeira), as well as from mainland Europe should be developed in the future to clarify the situation of the species. This species is threatened by habitat destruction mainly due to urbanisation, touristic and recreational activities, as well as by alterations in climatic conditions, fire intensification and the spread of invasive alien species.

",Stable,"Frullania calcariferais a Mediterranean species. This species occurs in Portugal (Algarve and Beira Litoral districts), Spain (Mallorca and Canary Islands: Tenerife and La Palma), Greece(Samothraki and Rhodes Islands), Italy and the Crimean Peninsula. It also occurs in Algeria (Borovichev and Vilnet 2015,Heinrichs et al. 2010).This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) isca 3.4 million km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km2. However, the exact distribution of this species remain unclear due to taxonomic issues, and the real AOO is likely to be larger.","

This species was described for the first time from the vicinity of Coimbra in Portugal (Stephani 1887) and later found in Italy and Algeria (Stephani 1898–1924). However, Frullania calcarifera Steph. was considered a synonym of F. tamarisci in the checklist of this country (Aleffi et al. 2008), but this reference may not be reliable. It is assumed that the overall current population trend is stable, but due to the intensification of fires in the south of Portugal it is possible that the subpopulation of Monchique mountain (Marmelete) has become extinct.



","This species grows in thin dense mats closely adnate to the substrate associated to several mosses. According to Stephani (1887) in theloc. class. (Coimbra, Beira Litoral) the habitat was characterized as humid sandy soils or tree bark. The Portuguese and Greek specimens were collected from mineral substrata on dry sunny rocks and, the Crimean specimen was collected on dry rock under dry conditions (Borovichev and Vilnet 2015). This species is found between 50 m and 1,180 m Asl.","This species is threatened by habitat destruction mainly due to urbanisation, touristic and recreational activities, as well as by alterations in climatic conditions, fire intensification and the spread of invasive alien species.","

There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. The species is known to occur in at least one protected areas. Taxonomic research is recommended, namely the revision of all Frullania tamarisci material.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Gunnarsson, U.","Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,FRULLANIACEAE,Frullania,dilatata,,Frullania dilatata  ,(L.) Dumort.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Dilated Scalewort (Frullania dilatata) is found in almost all European countries, including Macaronesia in the west and European Russia in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large and stable population and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Dilated Scalewort (Frullania dilatata) is a very widely distributed species in temperate Eurasia, North Africa, and the Atlantic islands. Closely related species occur in North and Central America, but according to Bombosch et al. (2010) these do not include F. dilatata s.str. In Europe, this species is found in almost all countries including Macaronesia in the west and European Russia in the east.","This is a common liverwort which grows as an epiphyte in various habitat types, and occasionally on rocks. The population size is therefore presumably large. In recent decades it has recolonised some regions that were formerly subject to high levels of atmospheric SO2 pollution. The current population trend is stable. In some industrial regions it has even shown an increasing trend in recent decades.","This species grows on trunks and branches of trees and shrubs, and also on acid to mildly base-rich, sheltered or exposed rocks and walls. It occurs in many different habitats including woodlands, on isolated trees, stream and river banks, upland and coastal slopes. It is sensitive to air pollution (Paton 1999, Dierßen 2001).","This species is sensitive to SO2 air pollution. However, this threat has decreased substantially in recent years, and the species has recolonised several areas that were formerly subject to high levels of atmospheric SO2 pollution. At present, there appear to be no major threats to this species.","Since this a very widespread and common species, no specific conservation measures are currently needed. This species is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Bergamini, A.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,FRULLANIACEAE,Frullania,ericoides,,Frullania ericoides  ,(Nees) Mont.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

In Europe, Frullania ericoides is known from Madeira and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is not rare in exposed and sunny coastal zones and the current population trend is considered to be stable. However, during the last decades, a degradation of the habitat conditions has occurred, due to the intensification of urbanisation and touristic activities. Immigration from tropical Africa is likely, as winds from that area are known to reach Madeira, and could carry gemmae or spores of this species.",Stable,"

Frullania ericoides is known from Madeira (Madeira Island and the Selvagens) and the Canary Islands (all islands except Fuerteventura and Lanzarote). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 93,100 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 112 km2. Outside of Europe, it also occurs throughout sub-Saharan Africa, Cape Verde, China, Japan, Indonesia, the Philippines, Australia, New Caledonia, islands in the South Atlantic and South Pacific and North and Central America. (Sim-Sim 1999, Sérgio et al. 2006).","This species has a wide distribution in temperate and tropical regions of the world. It is not rare in exposed and sunny coastal zones of Madeira and the Canary Islands, which are more prone to the effects of urbanisation and touristic activities. The current population trend is considered to be stable. 



","This is a xerophilous species growing in exposed and sunny coastal zones, in hollows and fissures of the rock surface and cliffs, and only rarely as an epiphyte (Sim-Sim 1999). It can be found at elevations between 100 m and 600 m Asl.","Habitat destruction due to urbanisation and tourism, climate change, fire intensification and the increment of invasive alien species are the main threats to the species.

","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in some protected areas of Madeira, such as Ponta de S. Lourenço, which is included in the Natura 2000 network under the EU Habitats Directive. In the Canary Islands, it is present in the Parque Rural de Teno, on Tenerife. Sites where the species occurs should be protected from touristic developments and recreational activities. It is important to monitor the habitat conditions in order to verify and ensure the viability of the subpopulations.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Ganeva, A.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,FRULLANIACEAE,Frullania,fragilifolia,,Frullania fragilifolia  ,"(Taylor) Gottsche, Lindenb. &amp; Nees",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Spotty Fingers (Frullania fragilifolia) is a suboceanic temperate species that is frequent in western Britain and Ireland and widespread but local in the rest of Europe, extending from the Mediterranean to Finland, Russia and Iceland. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, it is frequent within its core range in the west, the current population trend is stable, and there appear to be no major threats. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"Spotty Fingers (Frullania fragilifolia) is a suboceanic temperate species that is frequent in western Britain and Ireland and widespread but local in the rest of Europe, extending from the Mediterranean to Finland, Russia and Iceland. There are old records from Sicily and the Canary Islands. Elsewhere it has been recorded only from Turkey (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 4,452 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 7.9 million km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, but this species is frequent within its core range in the west and it is not declining. The current population trend is therefore considered to be stable.","This species is found on dry, exposed, acid or mildly basic, often igneous, rocks near the sea with Frullania teneriffae, Ulota hutchinsiae and U. phyllantha, and on dry basic igneous rock outcrops and cliffs at low altitudes with F. tamarisci, Grimmia trichophylla, Ptychomitrium polyphyllum, Schistidium apocarpum and Tortula subulata. It also occurs on dry or slightly irrigated, shaded vertical rock walls in low-lying wooded ravines and on rocks by wooded streams, on basic cliff faces and in shaded gullies in the uplands, on shaded rocks in woods, and as an epiphyte on the trunks of oak, ash, hazel, and sycamore with F. tamarisci and Hypnum andoi in open woodland. Other associates include Hypnumcupressiforme,Isotheciumalopecuroides,Bryumcapillare,Frullaniadilatata,PlagiochilaporelloidesandTritomariaquinquedentata.Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 1,800 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).



It is dioicous; female plants are frequent, capsules are occasional, April to July. Its caducous leaves presumably represent a means of vegetative reproduction.","There are no known major threats to this species, which tends to occur in secure and undisturbed habitats.","No conservation measures are required at present. It is included in some Red Lists near the edge of its range: Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic and Serbia, Endangered in Hungary, Vulnerable in Austria, Germany, Slovenia and Bulgaria. It is Near Threatened in Italy and Luxembourg and Data Deficient in Albania, Sicily and Sardinia. It is known to occur in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Rumsey, F.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,FRULLANIACEAE,Frullania,inflata,,Frullania inflata  ,Gottsche,,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Inflated scalewort (Frullania inflata) has an area of occupancy (AOO) estimated at just 104 km2 in Europe. The population is considered to be severely fragmented and there are reports of a general decline in its habitat in Europe, and thus the decline in the potential of its spread. Therefore F. inflata is assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU 28. This species also has a small population size of less than 1,000 individual equivalents, though the overall population trend is considered to be stable and this species is probably under-recorded. However it is red listed as threatened in the European countries where it occurs due to general habitat destruction and degradation and increased risks of droughts from climate change. This species is known to occur in protected areas, offering it some formal protection from these threats. Research on its distribution (especially in Italy), and clarification on its status in Greece are needed. Monitoring of the known subpopulations, as well as ex-situ conservation, are also recommended conservation measures for this species in Europe.",Stable,"This is a very rare leafy liverwort recorded from Albania (Gjirokastra - old record), Hungary (Balaton region), Montenegro (Lovcen and Rumija Mountains), Slovenia (Dornberk), Austria, Italy (Merano), Switzerland (Lugano), and the Czech Republic (southern Moravia). The records from Greece remain uncertain. Elsewhere it is known from temperate and warm parts of North and South America and Asia (Frey et al. 2006). The extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species is estimated at ca. 280,000 km2, surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category. However the area of occupancy (AOO) is very restricted, being estimated at just 104 km2 in Europe.","Papp (2008) reported three recent small subpopulations from Hungary. Frahm (2012) also reported this species from Italy. Erzberger and Papp (2007) gave information on two subpopulations in Montenegro and cited 15 recent localities in Austria. Schlüssmayr and Schröck (2013) added an additional one to this. There are now 25 current localities where this species occurs in Austria (C. Schröck pers.comm. 2017). Three recent localities have been recorded in the Czech Republic (Taboska and Prochaskova 2016, J. Kučera pers.comm. 2017). The overall population trend is stable. The species is probably under-recorded, but its population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual equivalents (one individual equivalent is equal to one rock). It can be considered severely fragmented.","This species grows on sheltered or lightly shaded non-calcareous rocks and walls (Frey et al. 2006). In Austria, it is present on south-facing slopes (C. Schröck pers.comm. 2017). It is also present in deciduous forests, and it needs light in the winter and spring (C. Schröck pers.comm. 2017). Its altitudinal range is ca. 280-1,000 m. Sporophytes have been found on this species.","Habitat destruction and changes through climate change (such as increased longevity and severity of droughts) can threaten this species. In Hungary, one of the subpopulations is threatened by tourism. There are reports that indicate a general decline in the habitat of this species in Europe, and thus the decline in the potential of its spread.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Italy (Critically Endangered), Hungary (Endangered), Czech Republic (Endangered), Austria (Vulnerable), Switzerland (Vulnerable), Albania (Data Deficient) and Slovenia (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in protected areas, such as Balaton-Felvideki National Park in Hungary. Research on its distribution (especially in Italy), and clarification on its status in Greece are needed. Monitoring of the known populations, as well as ex-situ conservation, are recommended.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Natcheva, R.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,FRULLANIACEAE,Frullania,jackii,,Frullania jackii  ,Gottsche,,Yes,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



Jack's Scalewort (Frullania jackii) is a European endemic species mainly known from the montane regions of central Europe. Although its extent of occurrence is large (ca 3.2 million km2), the area of occupancy (AOO) is much more restricted, being estimated at 604 km2. The AOO and number of subpopulations for this species fluctuates as more data become available. This species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and in the EU 28 because its population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be either one boulder, tree or square metre on which the species grows. However there are some new records of this species, its overall population trend is presumed to be stable and it is not considered to be severely fragmented. Historically, this species has been affected by air pollution, and more recently modern forestry management practices could affect this species. It is found in protected areas in Europe, offering it some protection from these threats. Further habitat management is a recommended conservation measure for this species.",Stable,"This species is mainly known from the montane regions of central Europe, where it occurs in France, Italy, Austria, Germany, Poland, Slovakia, Switzerland, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Slovenia and Ukraine. There are outlying subpopulations in Norway. It is considered endemic to Europe (Frey et al. 2006). The extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species is estimated to be ca 3.2 million km2; its area of occupancy (AOO) is much more restricted, being estimated at 604 km2. The AOO in the EU 28 can be estimated as slightly smaller. However, the AOO estimate fluctuates as more data become available.","There are some very old records for this species (for example, in Hungary and Romania), but also some new ones (for example, in Bulgaria, Slovenia and Germany). In Hungary, the subpopulations are small. In Austria, the species is present in 60 localities, of which only 45 are recent. In western Norway there are around 25 localities. The overall population trend seems to be stable. The population is not considered to be severely fragmented, although the exact number of subpopulations varies as more data become available. The population size in Europe is estimated to be just under 1,000 individual-equivalents, and slightly smaller again in the EU 28. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be either one boulder, tree or square metre on which the species grows.","This species is found growing on base-rich siliceous rocks and on bark (Frey et al. 2006) in beech forest, and on old trees in humid montane forests. In Norway, it is found on coastal rocks (L. Söderström pers.comm. 2017). Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to ca 2,740 m Asl.","This species has been historically affected by air pollution (C. Schröck pers.comm. 2017). Forestry management practices, such as the shortening of the rotation length for plantations, could also affect it. It is unknown whether there is a continuing decline in the habitat.","This species is listed in the following national Red Lists: Bulgaria (Endangered), Slovakia (Endangered), Romania (Vulnerable), Poland (Vulnerable), Italy (Near Threatened), Germany (Near Threatened), Switzerland (Near Threatened) and Hungary (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is found in protected areas. Habitat management is recommended.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Górski, P.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,FRULLANIACEAE,Frullania,microphylla,,Frullania microphylla  ,(Gottsche) Pearson,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Lesser Scalewort (Frullania microphylla) is a hyperoceanic southern-temperate liverwort that is recorded from the west of Ireland and Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Least Concern since its current population trend is stable, it is frequent in the core part of its range (in the British Isles and the Azores), and there is no evidence of decline - except for its disappearance from its single site in Germany.",Stable,"The Lesser Scalewort (Frullania microphylla) is a hyperoceanic southern-temperate liverwort that is recorded from the west of Ireland and Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands (Blockeel et al. 2014). It was recorded in Germany in the 19th Century. A record from the Faroe Islands is incorrect. It is a European/Macaronesian endemic. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 3,636 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5.6 million km².","This species appears to be stable within its restricted range. Ireland, Britain and the Azores all have substantial subpopulations.

","This species grows on near vertical, seasonally moist, shaded mildly basic rocks by the sea, often growing with Frullania teneriffae. Observations in Wales suggest that Frullania microphylla is usually found closer to the sea than Frullania fragilifolia when they share a site, even growing, for example, alongside Schistidium maritimum on boulders at the back of bays. In sheltered sea caves Frullania microphylla is found with Lophocolea fragrans and Radula aquilegia. More rarely, it grows on shaded rocks in woods, shaded vertical rock walls in low-lying wooded ravines, on blocks by lakes, and in treeless but shady, upland cliff faces and gullies. Three Welsh subpopulations on crags in Snowdonia and the Brecon Beacons represent var. deciduifolia, but no other British or Irish montane subpopulations have been referred to that variety. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 750 m Asl.



This species is dioicous; female plants are frequent and sporophytes are fairly frequent, January to September. var.deciduifolia is characterised by its deciduous leaves, which are an additional dispersal mechanism (Blockeel et al. 2014).",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. It has been assessed as Vulnerable in Portugal, and Regionally Extinct in Germany (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Natcheva, R.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,FRULLANIACEAE,Frullania,oakesiana,,Frullania oakesiana  ,Austin,,No,EN,C2a(i),No,EN,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Frullania oakesiana has a a restricted European distribution in Fennoscandia, Russia, Austria, Spain and Portugal.

In Europe, it is assumed that the population size is still very low, and the current population trend is considered to be decreasing. The number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) within Europe and the EU 28 is estimated to be smaller than 1,000. In addition, this species has less than 250 individual-equivalents in the largest subpopulation. It is unlikely that the species is severely fragmented. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered in both Europe and the EU 28.

The major threat to this species is the destruction of its main habitats, which are forests and deep valleys where there is high and constant humidity. In addition, another threat is intensive forestry, such as clear-cutting and hydro-power development. Research and monitoring of this species is needed. In particular, recent records from the Iberian Peninsula could indicate a range expansion for this species, but further research is needed in order to determine the current population trend.",Decreasing,"This species has a strongly disjunct distribution, which is circumboreal with a restricted distribution in Fennoscandia, Russia, Austria, Spain and Portugal (Damsholt 2002). This species has a wide distribution in North America (Schuster 1992), and is considered to be a circumboreal relic with an amphi-atlantic disjunction. It is more frequent in eastern North America. The species is therefore not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 70 and 100 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3.5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 20 and 30 km2 and the EOO is ca 1.8 million km2. The altitudinal range of this species is between 50 and 1,250 m Asl.","The species distribution in the Iberian Peninsula is restricted to northern areas of Portugal (Sim-Sim 1999, C. Garcia pers. comm. 2017) and to Galicia and Cantabrian range in north Spain (Calleja et al. 2014).

In Austria, the species has been found in one locality (Köckinger et al. 2008) and in Russia it is known from several recently discovered localities (Konstantinova and Potemkin 1996, N. Konstantinova pers. comm. 2017). Beside the old sites in the Leningrad region and in Tver (Kushnevskaja and Ryazanova 2013, Konstantinova et al. 2009) it is now also found in Nizhnii Novgorod province, Kirov and Vladimir provinces (Potemkin and Notov 2011, Borovichev and Kokoshnikova 2012, Kushnevskaja and Ryazanova 2013). 

In Fennoscandia, it has 11 known localities in Norway (Hassel et al. 2015, Røsok and Reiso 2014) and it is estimated that there are 550 individual-equivalents there (considered as mature individuals, and one individual-equivalent is considered as one tree on which the species grows). There are two known sites in Sweden (Hassel and Söderström 2008) and it is conservatively estimated that the species grows on 100 trees in the two ravines. There is only one known locality with a population of one individual-equivalent in Finland (Virtanen 2009). It is therefore estimated that there are less than 1,000 individual equivalents in Europe and in the EU 28. However, it is possible the species is more common in European Russia than currently known. 

The recent records from the Iberian Peninsula could indicate a range expansion for this species, but further research is needed in order to determine the current population trend. 

In Europe, it is assumed that the population size is still very low. It is probably fragmented (however, not severely), since it is so small numbers of scattered localities and the species has rather large spores (ca 40 microns). The number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) within Europe and the EU 28 is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 (using each tree on which the species grows as a proxy unit for an individual-equivalent). In addition, this species has less than 250 individual-equivalents in the largest subpopulation. The current population trend is considered to be decreasing.","In Norway and Sweden, the species grows on the bark of Sorbus, Corylus or Alnus, occurring along small streams in deep ravines, often together with, for example, Frullania bolanderi, Metzgeria furcata and Radula complanata (Damsholt 2002). In Finland, the species grows on a shaded side of a cleft in a large erratic boulder associated with Pseudoleskeella papillosa (Virtanen 2009).

In European Russia, the species mostly occurs in old growth floodplain, in mixed forests, on the bark of Alnus (more often Alnus incana), Ulmus, Sorbus, Populus, and more rarely on Acer and Tilia (N. Konstantinova pers. comm. 2017).

In Portugal, this species has been collected on Ilex aquifolium and Castanea sativa. In the north of Spain, in Burgos, it was found on the bark of Prunus lusitanica and in Galicia, on the bark of Quercus robur, where it was sterile and associated with Microlejeunea ulicina (Calleja et al. 2014, Sim-Sim 1999).

      In the south-eastern Alps, in Austria, this species was found in an area with a very high precipitation rate of around 2,000 mm per year. The species was here found on thin trunks and twigs of Picea, Larix, Fagus, Sorbus aucuparia and Pinus mugo, in rather deep shade. In the Austrian site it grew together with Sanionia uncinata, Pseudoleskeella nervosa, Ptilidium pulcherrimum, Radula complanata, Orthotrichum pallens and Ulota crispa (Köckinger et al. 2008).","The dominant factor governing this species distribution appears to be high and constant humidity in forests and deep valleys (Sim-Sim 1999). The major threat is therefore destruction of this type of habitat, as well as intensive forestry, such as clear-cutting and hydro-power development.","This species is listed in several national Red Lists. It is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Finland, and as Endangered (EN) in Norway, Sweden, Portugal and Spain (Hodgetts 2015). The species occurs in at least one protected area. Research and monitoring of this species is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hassel, K.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Lönnell, N.,Goldberg, I.,Virchenko, V.,Blom, H.,Schröck, C.,Vellak, K.,Afonina, O.,Hodgetts, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,FRULLANIACEAE,Frullania,parvistipula,,Frullania parvistipula  ,Stephani,"Recent research using molecular markers by Bombosch et al. (2010) have supported the validity of this species, for which Schuster (1992) proposed the rank of subspecies, and will therefore be treated as a valid species.",No,CR,C2a(i),No,CR,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)



EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)



In Europe, Frullania parvistipula is known from very few localities. It is found in Sicily, in the Italian peninsula, Austria, Switzerland and Romania. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it is estimated that there are only between 50 and 250 individual-equivalents, and that each subpopulation has less than 50 individual-equivalents. In addition, there is a continuing decline in the population and habitat extent and quality. However, there are some knowledge gaps, namely about the subpopulations in northern Italy, and the distribution range is not fully known. Nevertheless, some subpopulations are known to have gone extinct and there are ongoing threats to its habitat in the other subpopulations. The main threat to this species is an inappropriate tree management (cutting down trees which removes habitat for this species). Another reported threat is the decline of fruit trees. Afforestation with spruce trees is also a threat, since these trees are unsuitable for this species. Further research on its distribution is needed, and surveys around known sites should be carried out. Sites in the Balkans and north Italy should also be surveyed for this species since it could also occur there. Site protection is recommended, as well as monitoring of the population trend.",Decreasing,"In Europe, Frullania parvistipula is known from very few localities. It is found in Sicily (Düll 2004), in the Italian peninsula (Dalla Torre and Sarnthein 1904), Austria (Saukel and Köckinger 1999, C. Schrock pers. comm. 2017), Switzerland (Rüegsegger 1986, Bisang and Schumacker 1987) and Romania (Ştefănut 2004). It is thought to be under-recorded. Outside of Europe it is known from the Caucasus, Siberia, East Russia, Transcaucasia, China, Bhutan, Korea, Japan, Thailand, and North America (Düll 1983, Bombosch et al. 2010, Konstantinova and Savchenko 2013).","As regards trend, sometimes a severe decline of some subpopulations has been observed or suspected. Specifically, an important Swiss subpopulation has gone extinct (Schnyder et al. 2004). Moreover, the Italian subpopulation of Trentino-Alto Adige, about which data go back to 1904, was not recently confirmed (Düll -Wunder 2008). The subpopulations are often very small and the population trend is decreasing. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered either one tree, one bolder or one square metre where this species is found, since it grows on a variety of substrates. Currently, there are less than 50 known mature individuals, but the real population size is estimated to be between 50 and 250 individual-equivalents. In addition, there are no known subpopulations with more than 50 individual-equivalents.","This species grows on rocks and trees, rarely on soil, in temperate forests. It is also found in urban areas, in parks with conifer plantations. In Austria the species occurs on trees (Pyrus and Tilia spp.) and also on semi-shaded rock faces under bushes.","As the main threat to this species, Vaña (2001) reports inappropriate tree management (cutting down trees, thus removing habitat for the species). Another reported threat is the decline of fruit trees (e.g., Pyrus spp.). Afforestation with spruce trees (Picea abies) is also a threat, since these trees are unsuitable for this species. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat.","The species lives sometimes in protected areas and it has been included in the red lists of Italy, Switzerland and Romania (Cortini Pedrotti and Aleffi 1992, Schnyder et al. 2004, Ştefănut and Goia 2012). Further research on its distribution is necessary, and surveys around known sites should be carried out. Sites in the Balkans and north Italy should also be surveyed for this species since it is suspected to occur there. Site protection is recommended, as well as monitoring of the population trend.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Ingerpuu, N.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Lara, F., Lüth, M. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,FRULLANIACEAE,Frullania,polysticta,,Frullania polysticta  ,Lindenb.,,Yes,VU,A3c,Yes,VU,A3c,EU28,,"Frullania polysticta is endemic to the archipelagos of Madeira and the Canary Islands, where is occurs in all the islands of both archipelagos. This species is considered long-lived (perennial stayer) and its generation length is therefore estimated to be between 11 and 25 years - a three generation period is therefore considered to be around 50 years. In a recent publication, a reduction in the amount of suitable habitat for this species was projected of either 55% or 83% until 2070 due to climatic changes (high irradiation and increased drought stress in the Macaronesia region) and under two different climatic scenarios. The reduction in the population is thus based on a reduction in area of occupancy (AOO) and quality of the habitat. 

However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study (approximately 1–km² grid resolution), it is possible that this species may persist within the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity can be higher than in the surrounding environment. Taking this into account, as well as the recognising the degree of uncertainty associated with future projections, it has been considered that the more conservative estimate of decline should be used. It is further assumed that even if there are suitable microclimatic areas within the unsuitable 1-km², these will be minimal (ravines, nooks and crannies) and thus the reduction in suitable habitat will lead to an almost linear reduction in the population. However, the species is now expanding into new growth laurel forests that are developing in abandoned cultivated areas, and it is still fairly widespread and frequent in both archipelagos - a population reduction of 55% within there generations is therefore considered unlikely and too pessimistic. A population reduction of more than 30% but less than 50%, on the other hand, is much more likely given the available information and the species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable under Criterion A3. 

Habitat destruction caused by urbanisation and tourism, overgrazing (mainly by rabbits) on Deserta Grande and Porto Santo, climate change, and fire intensification are the main threats to the species. The restricted distribution of this species justifies the future implementation of specific conservation measures, along with effective habitat protection and maintenance, at the sites where is known to occur. Monitoring is required to closely evaluate any changes in its habitat. Monitoring the habitat conditions in Madeira and the Canary Islands is recommended in order to ensure the stability and continuity of the population. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species. It is important to revisit known sites to verify the status of subpopulations.",Decreasing,"Frullania polysticta is a species limited to the archipelagos of Madeira and the Canary Islands, where is occurs in all the islands of both archipelagos (Sim-Sim 1999, Garilleti and Albertos 2012, González-Mancebo et al. 2012). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 157,770 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 264 km2.","In Madeira, the species is widely distributed within the laurel forest. In the Canary Islands the species is also frequent in laurel forests on most islands, with the exception of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura where it is rarer. In the Canary Islands, the species is also growing in new growth laurel forests that are developing in abandoned cultivated areas. The current population trend is presumed to be decreasing due to the ongoing threats to its habitat. This species is considered long-lived (perennial stayer) following  Dierssen (2001). Its generation length is therefore  estimated to be between 11 and 25 years, and a three generation period  is therefore considered to be around 50 years. 



According toPatiño et al. (2016), the amount of suitable habitat for this species has been projected to  decrease by 55% or 83% by 2070, due to climate change (Patiño et al. 2016). The number of 1-km² climatically suitable grid  cells for this species has been projected to decrease using two  different climate scenarios. The first (RCP 4.5) is a stabilization scenario where total radiative forcing is stabilised before 2100, while the  other scenario (RCP 8.5) is characterized by increasing greenhouse gas  emissions over time (Patiño et al. 2016).  These projections were derived using two different Global Climate  Models recommended for Europe and Mediterranean climates. In addition,  the elevation range of this species is predicted to shift upwards, as  conditions on Macaronesian islands become warmer and drier (Patiño et al. 2016).  The variables considered for these projections included the maximum  temperature of the warmest month and the precipitation (in mm) of the  wettest month. The poikilohydric condition of bryophytes means their  water content is directly regulated by environmental humidity and growth  is restricted to periods of hydration. Temperature is also known to be  an important factor for bryophyte growth (Patiño et al. 2016). However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study (approximately 1-km² grid resolution), it is possible that this species may persist within  the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats such as  ravines, where humidity can be higher than in the surrounding  environment. Nevertheless, these models clearly project a substantial  decline in the climatically suitable area for this species within three generations.

","This species occurs mainly in laurel forest areas on the bark of trees such as Erica arborea, Laurus novocanarienesis, Ocotea foetens and Picconia excelsea. It is also found on shaded rocks and humid soil with fallen leaves in the natural laurel forest of Madeira where it can be considered a sciophilous and mesophilous species (Sim-Sim 1999). In the Canary Islands it occurs in wet and drier laurel forests, growing on many different tree species and even on exotic trees outside the laurel forest (González-Mancebo et al. 2008). This species is normally found between 500 m and 1,200 m Asl, but is most frequent above 800 m Asl. In Madeira, most subpopulations are found between 800 m and 1,000 m Asl in a zone almost constantly under the influence of mist and fog. In the Canary Islands, it is a frequent species in the laurel forests between 600 m and 1,200 m Asl, especially in the best-preserved laurel forests - although it can also occur in disturbed habitats (González-Mancebo et al. 2008). 

","Habitat destruction caused by urbanisation and tourism, overgrazing (mainly by rabbits) on Deserta Grande and Porto Santo, and climate change and fire intensification are the main threats to the species. Climatic changes have been projected to significantly impact the amount of suitable habitat for the species within the next three generations (Patiño et al. 2016).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. In Madeira, most of its distribution is included in the Madeira Natural Park, which is protected through a Regional Decree. The area is also a priority habitat under the Habitats Directive and it was designated a Natura 2000 site. In 1999 the area was also designated a World Natural Heritage by UNESCO. This species was considered rare in the European Red List of Bryophytes (ECCB 1995), assessed as Near Threatened in Madeira by Sim-Sim et al. (2014), and assessed as Least Concern in the Canary Islands by González-Mancebo et al. (2012). The restricted distribution of this species justifies the future implementation of specific conservation measures, along with effective habitat protection and maintenance, at the sites where it is known to occur. Monitoring is required to closely evaluate any changes in its habitat. Monitoring the habitat conditions in Madeira and the Canary Islands is recommended in order to ensure the stability and continuity of the population. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species.It  is important to revisit known sites to verify the status of  subpopulations.

",This species is not utilised.,"Ganeva, A.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,FRULLANIACEAE,Frullania,riparia,,Frullania riparia  ,Hampe ex Lehm.,,No,EN,B2ab(iii); D,No,EN,B2ab(iii); D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The rare River Scalewort (Frullania riparia) is assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU 28 since its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at just 84 km2, it is considered to be severely fragmented (sexual reproduction is unknown), there is a reported decline in the habitat of this species and its population size is estimated to be smaller than 250 individual equivalents. The population size could even be fewer than 50 individual equivalents, but it is easy to overlook and is possibly under-recorded. 

This species grows on rocks and tree bark in forests and only rarely as an epiphyte. The threats to this species are regarded as tourism, clearing of forests and air pollution. Additionally, climate change through increased longevity and severity of droughts can affect this species in Europe. It is present in protected areas across its European range, offering it some formal protection from these threats. Further research on its distribution, population size and trends is needed. Ex-situ conservation is also a recommended conservation measure for this species.",Unknown,"This species of moss is a sub-Mediterranean montane species (Casas et al. 2009), with a very retricted distribution in Europe, occurring in Spain (including the Balearic Islands), France, Italy, Austria, Switzerland, Bulgaria and Slovenia. Elsewhere it has been found in eastern Asia and North America, and seems to be fairly common in the latter. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at ca. 768,000 km2, which surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category. However the area of occupancy (AOO) is very restricted, being estimated at just 84 km2.","In Austria, it is only known from one locality, where it was last seen in the 1970s, and the locality in Slovenia is also an old record. The type locality for this species is in northern Italy (where it is still present in two localities) and there are ten localities in Switzerland recorded since the 1980s, where each subpopulation consists of 1-3 individual equivalents. In France there are two localities, but no recent records (L. Söderström pers. comm. 2017). The record from Bulgaria is old, and there are two localities in mainland Spain and two localities in the Balearic Islands. It can be considered severely fragmented, since there are no vegetative propagules, and spore production is unknown in Europe.

The paucity of records makes it impossible to infer a population trend. Furthermore, this species is easy to overlook. It is difficult to estimate a population size, but even if the Spanish subpopulations turn out still to be extant, it is estimated that there are fewer than 50 individual equivalents. However it is possibly under-recorded, so an upper range of ca. 250 individual equivalents in Europe (one square meter is one individual equivalent) seems plausible.



","This species grows on rocks and tree bark (Frey et al. 2006) in forests. In Switzerland, it grows mostly on rocks and only rarely as an epiphyte (N. Schnyder pers. comm. 2017). It is not known to reproduce sexually, or to produce gemmae or other vegetative propagules. Its altitudinal range is ca. 230-860 m.","The threats to this species are regarded as tourism, clearing of forests and air pollution (Natcheva 2015). Additionally, climate change through increased longevity and severity of droughts can affect this species in Europe. A decline in the habitat in Europe is reported by a researcher of this species (N. Schnyder pers. comm. 2017).","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Austria (Critically Endangered), Bulgaria (Critically Endangered), Switzerland (Vulnerable), Italy (Near Threatened) and Spain (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in protected areas. Further research on its distribution, population size and trends is needed. Ex-situ conservation is recommended.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hedenäs, L.,Cálix, M.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,FRULLANIACEAE,Frullania,sergiae,,Frullania sergiae  ,"Sim-Sim, Fontihna, Mues &amp; Lion",,No,CR,D,No,CR,D2,EU28,,"Frullania sergiae is only known from the Madeira Archipelago, Portugal. This species is mainly restricted to the higher parts of Deserta Grande and Porto Santo, at sites which are prone to the effects of climate change, tourist activities, invasive alien species and changes in the vascular plant flora. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it is estimated that there are fewer than 50 individual-equivalents. Since this species grows in small mats, each mat is considered one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual). Even though the population seems to be stable at the moment, monitoring of the habitat and population is recommended to ensure the population is not declining. The very restricted distribution of this species requires the maintenance of habitat quality by retaining moist conditions in the small microsites where the subpopulations grow. It is likewise important to monitor the quality of the habitat at the few sites where this species grows in order to determine if the measures of the current reserve system are appropriate to ensure viability of the subpopulations. Monitoring of the habitat and population is recommended to ensure the population is not declining. Ex-situ conservation could be considered for this species. Further research is recommended into the population size and trend, as well as into the threats to known sites of occurrence.

",Stable,"Frullania sergiae is only known from the Madeira Archipelago, in Portugal. It is found in four sites on Deserta Grande and in two sites on Porto Santo; however, it is no longer extant in one of the sites in Porto Santo (Sim-Sim et al. 2000, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 62 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2. This is considered a genuinely very rare species and it is unlikely to be more common than currently known.

","One of the known sites in Porto Santo was identified during a revision of herbarium material from the Swedish Museum of Natural History, a sample collected by Herman Persson 1952 in Porto Santo, but corresponding to a site where the species does not currently occur. The subpopulation size at each locality is small (not more than 10 cm in diameter at each site). Further research is needed to investigate if population fluctuations occur, together with revisiting sites with known occurrence and monitoring of habitat conditions. Each mat is considered one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual), and it is estimated that there are fewer than 50 mats. The current population trend is considered to be stable.","This bryophyte species is present on exposed cliffs near the coast, extending to an altitude of 200 m to 450 m Asl, in small sites in the central part of Deserta Grande, and in one restricted habitat on the highest peak of Porto Santo. It is mainly rupicolous and adapted to severe xerophytic conditions (Sim-Sim et al. 2000). This species can be found in volcanic deposits with a thin layer of moist soil, between basaltic rocks. It is frequently found associated with other species, namely Frullania spp. which grow among the colonies of F. sergiae, where the humidity is higher (Sim-Sim et al. 2000, Fontinha et al. 2001, Sérgio et al. 2006).","The main threats to this species include habitat destruction and degradation due to soil erosion, overgrazing, floristic composition alteration, and invasive alien species expansion with subsequent vegetation cover transformation (Fontinha et al. 2001). At present, overgrazing is no longer a threat since the habitat is now protected. One of the main threats to the integrity of natural resources is the possible increase in recreational and touristic activities. In fact, the area in Porto Santo from where the species disappeared is under strong anthropogenic influence due to touristic activities. An intensification of the effects of climatic changes may cause damage to the vascular plant community composition and structure in the higher part of Deserta Grande (where most subpopulations are located), compromising the development of the bryophyte assemblages and particularly F. sergiae subpopulations (Sim-Sim et al. 2014).","This species benefits from regional legislation and its distribution overlaps with a Natura 2000 site. The Desertas Islands are also classified as a Biogenetic Reserve by the Council of Europe (Fontinha et al. 2001). This species was assessed as Vulnerable in Madeira by Sim-Sim et al. (2014). The very restricted distribution of this species requires the maintenance of habitat quality by retaining moist conditions in the small microsites where the subpopulations grow. It is likewise important to monitor the quality of the habitat at the few sites where this species grows in order to determine if the measures of the current reserve system are appropriate to ensure viability of the subpopulations. Monitoring of the habitat and population is recommended to ensure the population is not declining. Ex-situ conservation could be considered for this species. Further research is recommended into the population size and trend, as well as into the threats to known sites of occurrence.

 

",This species is not utilised.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Ganeva, A.","Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N., Martins, A. & Gabriel, R.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,FRULLANIACEAE,Frullania,subarctica,,Frullania subarctica  ,"Vilnet, Borovich. &amp; Bakalin",,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Frullania subarctica is assessed as Data Deficient since it was discovered recently, and it is only known in Europe from one locality in European Russia. There is no information on its population size and trends. Further research is needed to clarify the status of the species throughout its range.This species does not occur in the EU 28 and is therefore Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"This is a recently described, mostly Asian, species with single localities in Europe and North America (Vilnet et al. 2014). In Europe, the species is known from one locality in Murmansk Province (l.c.).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be 4 km2. The species was found at an altitude of 160 m Asl.",The species is recently described (Vilnet et al. 2014) and is known in Europe from one recently collected Murmansk Province specimen. The current population trend of this species in Europe is therefore unknown.,"In the only known locality, in Murmansk Region, the species was collected near the bottom of a rock in tundra (Vilnet et al. 2014).",There are no known threats for the only known locality of this species in Europe.,"The only known locality in Europe is not known to occur in a protected area. It is necessary to study the distribution, population size and trends of this species, as well as further study into its taxonomy.",The species is not used.,"Cálix, M.,Rumsey, F.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,FRULLANIACEAE,Frullania,tamarisci,,Frullania tamarisci  ,(L.) Dumort.,"Frullania tamarisci is treated here in a broad traditional sense. However, according to Heinrichs et al. (2010) additional semi-cryptic lineages occur in Europe.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Tamarisk Scalewort (Frullania tamarisci) is found in most parts of Europe, being present from Iceland and northwestern Russia to the Mediterranean area, but absent from much of eastern and northeastern Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite common in woody and rocky habitats as well as in grasslands, in northwestern, western, central and southern Europe. In addition, the current population trend is considered to be stable, even though declines have been reported in some areas. No specific conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Tamarisk Scalewort (Frullania tamarisci) is a species of the Holartic region, including eastern North America, Asia, and West African islands (Paton 1999, Dierßen 2001). However, because of its taxonomic complexity, the true distribution of F. tamarisci s.str. is not yet known. In Europe, it is found in most parts of the continent, being present from Iceland and northwestern Russia to the Mediterranean area, but absent from much of eastern and northeastern Europe.



 



","No specific data are available on the size of the subpopulations, but it is quite common in woody and rocky habitats as well as in grasslands in northwestern, western, central and southern Europe. In almost all these regions sporophytes are frequent. In some oceanic regions it is abundant, but there is evidence of decline in certain areas, such as in England, Netherlands and north Germany (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014, BLWG 2018). However, subpopulations in many areas appear to be stable and the overall current population trend is therefore also considered stable.","This species grows on the trunks and branches of trees and shrubs, as well as on many different types of moist or rather dry, acid to base-rich rocks, boulders and scree. It also occurs in damp turf and in grassland litter, on stabilized sand dunes, and on soil in heathlands (Paton 1999, Dierßen 2001).","For some subpopulations, such as those growing on peat habitats, climate warming can be a threat. Unfortunately, no specific data are available on this.",No specific conservation measures are needed at the moment for this species but research on possible threats should be carried out. It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Ingerpuu, N.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,FRULLANIACEAE,Frullania,teneriffae,,Frullania teneriffae  ,(F. Weber) Nees,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Sea Scalewort (Frullania teneriffae) is a hyperoceanic southern-temperate species recorded from western Britain, Ireland, the Faroe Islands, Portugal, France, Spain and Macaronesia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since its current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. Although it is not very widespread, this species is not threatened within its core distribution area of the British Isles and the Azores. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"The Sea Scalewort (Frullania teneriffae) is a hyperoceanic southern-temperate species recorded from western Britain, Ireland, the Faroe Islands, Portugal, France, Spain and Macaronesia. Reports from Sardinia are errors. A near endemic, elsewhere it is recorded only from Morocco (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 3,480 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5.2 million km².","As far as is known, this species is stable within its restricted area of distribution. There is no evidence of decline.","This species is most frequent on dry siliceous rocks near the sea, often in exposed situations with Schistidium maritimum, Ulota phyllantha and the lichens Anaptychia fusca and Ramalina siliquosa, and as an epiphyte on trunks and lower branches of hazel, birch, oak, ash, and, more rarely, elm, rowan and willow in woods, generally on steep blocky slopes. It sometimes colonises the lower branches of conifers in humid plantations. Common associated epiphytes include Plagiochila punctata, P. spinulosa and Scapania gracilis. It also occurs on shaded boulders and mildly basic rock faces in low-lying wooded ravines, on blocks in mixed deciduous woods on steep slopes, in mixed Calluna-Vaccinium dwarf-shrub heaths on north- or east-facing blockstrewn slopes, and on treeless but shady cliff faces and in gullies above about 300 m. In the extreme west it also occurs on dry, rather exposed rocks in inland block litters with Scapania gracilis, Hedwigia stellata and Pterogonium gracile. It is strikingly abundant on the islands of the St Kilda group under the influence of sea spray, growing in all rock habitats, grasslands and heaths, and on banks and heather stems. It occurs on a wide range of rock types in western Scotland and Ireland, but favours mildly basic rocks in its eastern and southern localities. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 500 m Asl.



It is dioicous and often fertile; capsules are frequent, May to October (Blockeelet al. 2014).",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. It has been assessed as Vulnerable in Spain and Portugal (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Tsakiri, E.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,FUNARIALES,FUNARIACEAE,Funaria,arctica,,Funaria arctica  ,(Berggr.) Kindb.,,No,VU,D1,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Funaria arctica is an arctic species with a circumpolar distribution.

In Europe, this species is assessed as Vulnerable since there are fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). In Svalbard there is no indication of decline and the subpopulations are most probably stable, however, the current overall population trend is unknown.

In the EU 28, this species is assessed as Data Deficient as it has not been observed in Sweden since the 1980s, despite searches. However, this species is a colonizer that moves around and thus it is not possible to infer that it is regionally extinct, or still present in the country. The origin of the Swedish records needs to be confirmed, as it may have been unintentionally spread by visiting scientists.

There are no major threats to this species, as although it is found in habitats repeatedly disturbed by man, it seems to benefit from anthropogenic activities. Further research on its population trend, ecology and habitats is needed.",Unknown,"This arctic species has several records from Svalbard and just one in Sweden (Hodgetts 2015) and Iceland each (H. van Melick pers. comm. 1983). The site in Sweden is near the Abisko Tourist Station and Science Station, recorded in 1985 and 1986. These circumstances might indicate that it is unintentionally spread by visiting American scientists (Rumsey 1990). This is an arctic species with a circumpolar distribution, which includes also northern Asia, North America and Greenland (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 40 and 60 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is around 1 million km2. In the EU 28, both the AOO and EOO are estimated to be around 4 km2.","The species seems to be very rare in Europe, but it is easily overlooked and might be more widespread in the arctic region than our findings suggest. In Svalbard, it is known from three localities, from which it has been recorded since 2000 (Johansen et al. 2009). There is no indication of decline in Svalbard and the subpopulations are most probably stable. The records from Sweden have been searched for and not found. In total the population size in Europe is estimated to be of fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent), and the current overall population trend is unknown for both Europe and the EU 28. The population is not considered to be severely fragmented.","At the Swedish site, this species was found growing on bare mineral soil beside a track and on a footpath (Rumsey 1990). In Svalbard, it has been found on heaps of soil and peat on the face of a building, and it seems to also grow as a primary colonizer following retreating glaciers (Okitsu et al. 1998, Prach et al. 2012). Other probable natural habitats include bird cliffs, marine heaths, etc. In North America, this species is found on sand or mineral soil along rivers.","There are no major threats to this species, as although it is found in habitats repeatedly disturbed by man, it seems to benefit from anthropogenic activities.","This species is in the national Red List of Sweden as Data Deficient (DD) (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). It is present in protected areas in Svalbard. Further research on its population trend, ecology and habitats is needed. In addition, the origin of the record from Sweden needs to be confirmed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hassel, K.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Lönnell, N.,Vellak, K.,Hodgetts, N.,Schröck, C.,Blom, H.,Afonina, O.,Goldberg, I.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,FUNARIALES,FUNARIACEAE,Funaria,hygrometrica,,Funaria hygrometrica  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Common Cord-moss (Funaria hygrometrica) is a cosmopolitan species which is very widespread and common in all of Europe, except in the high Arctic. This species is a colonist of disturbed ground in various habitat types. In particular, it frequently grows on burnt ground, playing an important role in the recolonization process after fire. No specific threats are known for this species and the current population trend is stable. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Common Cord-moss (Funaria hygrometrica) is a cosmopolitan species which is very widespread and common in all of Europe, except in the high Arctic (Hodgetts 2015).

 

 



",This species is highly mobile and most subpopulations are transitory and variable in extent. The plants often form abundant sporophytes and are able to colonize disturbed transient substrates. The current population trend is stable.,"This species is a temporary colonist of many types of disturbed habitat, including burnt ground, roadsides, cultivated fields, and gardens in urban areas. It is a terricolous or epilithic species of both acidic and base-rich substrates in more or less humid and well-illuminated sites.    



     

",This is a very competitive species in man-made and disturbed habitats. No major threats are known to affect this species.,No direct conservation measures are necessary. This species is present in protected areas.,This species is occasionally utilised in bonsai to stabilize the soil and retain moisture (Glime 2012).,"Englefield, E.,Cronberg, N.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,FUNARIALES,FUNARIACEAE,Funaria,microstoma,,Funaria microstoma  ,Bruch ex Schimp.,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Funaria microstoma is assessed as Data Deficient in Europe and the EU 28 because of the great uncertainty about its true distribution and abundance. It is clearly rare, with only old records in some areas, erroneous ones in others, and very few confirmed recent records. Further taxonomic research is needed to clarify the status of the species throughout its European range.",Unknown,"This rare species of moss is known from France, Italy (including Sicily), Austria, Poland, Switzerland, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia and Ukraine. Reports from Spain and Portugal are erroneous, and those from Germany and Russia very doubtful. Elsewhere it is recorded from North America, South America, Asia and Australia (Shirzadian 2012). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) can be estimated at ca. 1.7 million km2.","There is no information on the population structure, size and trends of this species. There have been many misidentified records. In Austria there are no recent records, only historical ones. Another historical record of this species comes from Serbia. 

","This species grows on moist, sandy ground (Frey et al. 2006) alongside rivers. Little is known about its ecology in Europe. In Iran it has been found on moist, often gravelly, mineral soil both at low and high elevations (Shirzadian 2012). This is a shuttle species that produces sporophytes and spores readily. Its altitudinal range is ca. 500-2,100 m.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Romania (Critically Endangered), Switzerland (Critically Endangered), Austria (Highly Endangered), Serbia (Vulnerable), Montenegro (Vulnerable), Germany (Not Evaluated) and Poland (Indeterminate) (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas. Further taxonomic research is needed to clarify the status of the species throughout its European range.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Köckinger, H.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,FUNARIALES,FUNARIACEAE,Funariella,curviseta,,Funariella curviseta  ,(Schwägr.) Sérgio,"Small acrocarpic plants, about 0.5 cm. Leaves are obovate to oblong or spathulate, acuminate, dentate near the apex; median cells rectangular, about 25 µm in width, thin-walled; nerve ending at the apex. Seta 0.8-2 mm in length, and curved; capsule operculate, elongate, inclined to pendent before dehiscence, erect when mature, emergent or exert, symmetrical, pyriform, with distinct neck, without peristome; spores spherical, 20-28 µm in diameter with more or less regularly alveolate.



Based on comparative studies of sporophyte characters such as capsule morphology, seta length, arrangement of cells in the operculum, absence of peristome, spore morphology and chromosome number (n=5) a new genus was proposed, Funariella Sérgio in the Funariaceae (Sérgio 1988). This genus presents good significance and emerged from phylogenetic reconstructions of Funariaceae (Goffinet et al. 2007). 

This genus has been accepted as distinct from Funaria and Enthostodon (Sérgio 1988), mainly by presenting short seta, curved when dry and erect with a pendulous capsule in sub-humid condition. It is considered to be a monotypic genus.",No,VU,"B2ab(iii,v)",No,VU,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Funariella curviseta has a Mediterranean and Macaronesian distribution. It is globally widespread but is much more localized in Europe. The species has an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of around 4 million km2 and an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of around 588 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is around 3.8 million km2 and the AOO is around 524 km2. In addition, the population is considered to be severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in quality of the species' habitat and the current population trend is considered to be declining. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and the EU 28.

Habitat destruction by tourism, change in land use, pollution and fire events are the main threats to the species. In the long term, climate change might have a large impact on this species due to rising sea levels. Ex-situ cultivation of this species has been undertaken from Murcia subpopulations in Spain, and some recent sites of its distribution range, particularly in Portugal, are included in protected areas.",Decreasing,"This species has a Mediterranean-Macaronesian distribution. It is globally widespread but mainly localized in Europe. It is found in Algeria, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, Corsica, Crete, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Montenegro, Morocco, Portugal, Sardinia, Serbia, Sicily, Spain, Tunisia and Turkey (Ros et al. 2013a).



The European distribution was given by Sérgio (1988) based on bibliographic references and available specimens stored in classic herbaria (Herbarium of the Muséum national d'Histoire Naturelle, John Clayton Herbarium of the British Museum of Natural History, General Collection of the Geneva Herbarium, the Real Jardín Botánico of Madrid, Herbarium of University of Coimbra and Botanic Garden of Lisbon). Nevertheless, currently the number of sites of occurrence have been enlarged significantly however the species has not been found again in many old localities.

The species has an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of around 4 million km2 and an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of around 588 km2.  In the EU 28, the EOO is around 3.8 million km2 and the AOO is around 524 km2. The altitudinal range of the species in Europe is from 300 m to ca 600 m Asl.","The total population size is unknown, but this species is uncommon across its remaining range. In the majority of the areas where it occurs, it has apparently undergone a marked decline (Sérgio 1988). In some countries, such as Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia, this species has not been seen in more than 50 years, although this may be because of the lack of new searches in different countries. In Portugal and Spain, this species always shows a restricted occurrence.The subpopulations in Portugal are small and the species is usually rare. A decline in the population trend is inferred.

The first Portuguese record is attributed to Solms-Laubach (1868) who collected it in Algarve, and a few other sites have been found since (Sérgio and Carvalho 2003). In the Iberian Peninsula (Casas et al. 1989, Sérgio and Brugués 2010), the species has been indicated  in different provinces from about 10 squares (10 km), but is currently referred to from about 40 squares (Sérgio et al. 2015). However, more than 40% of all collections of the species were made in the last century, before 1970 (Sérgio et al. 2015). In others areas, in France, Corsica, Malta, Greece and Crete, the new records are always very occasional. In Corsica the last collections were made by J.-P. Hébrard more than 30 years ago (Sotiaux et al. 2007).

For Sicily, the last references of the species are from 2001 in Segesta, ca 290 m. In Italy, the last reference is from 2002 in Praiano and from 2006 in Campania (Amalfi, Valle delle Ferriere, ca 600 m) during the BBS Spring Field Meeting (Preston and Blockeel 2006). In the Canary Islands, this species is reported to four islands in few localities, however one is more recent in Gomera (Dirkse 2018).

In the Maltese Islands, this species has been found in four sites but only one recently, in 2008, and one reported from Gozo Island is based on a colletion from 1915 (Mifsud 2012).



The population is considered to be severely fragmented since most subpopulations are isolated, and these may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The species is also not a good disperser.","This species has a thermophytic affinity (low altitude and higher than average temperatures) and is found mostly on temporary humid andshady sites with a maritime influence. It prefers saxicolous (rocky) substrates in crevices of rocks, stony slopes, or in protosoils among bushes. This moss grows frequently on calcareous areas (containing calcium carbonate) near the coast. It can also live on stone walls, sometimes on mortar. Most European records are in coastal areas in rocky banks or in islands, distributed in the whole Mediterranean basin (Sérgio 1988). The plants are always fertile. There is considered to be a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat as a result of tourism and construction.

","Expected threats are focused around the loss of habitat through anthropogenic causes. Habitat destruction by tourism, change in land use, pollution and fire events put the species habitat at risk. Also habitat damage (e.g., an increase of shrub vegetation), soil erosion and increasing of invasive plants may threaten the species. In the long term, climate change might have a large impact on this species due to rising sea levels. It can also be affected by eutrophication.","This species is considered to be relatively rare, with a Mediterranean and Macaronisian distribution. This species was first classified asVulnerable (ECCB 1995). It has been assessed as Endangered in Italy (Cortini PedrottiandAleffi 1992), and as VU in Serbia and Montenegro (Sabovljevićet al. 2004), Portugal (Sérgioet al.2013), Sicily (Campisi et al. 2002) and in Spain and the Canary Islands (Hallingbäck and Hodgetts 2000).

Ex-situ cultivation of this species has been undertaken from Murcia subpopulations (Ros et al. 2013b).

Some recent sites of its distribution range, particularly in Portugal, are included in protected areas such as the Parque Natural da Arrábida. In Spain, this species is also inside a Microreserve area “Barranc de la Perdiu” in Dénia, in the province of Alicante (Gimeno 2001).

",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Hespanhol, H.","Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M., Porley, R.D. & Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIACEAE,Fuscocephaloziopsis,affinis,,Fuscocephaloziopsis affinis  ,(Lindb. ex Steph.) Váňa &amp; L.Söderstr.,This species was moved to the genus Fuscocephaloziopsis from Cephalozia following Váňa et al. (2013). It was previously included in C. lunulifolia. There is taxonomic uncertainty regarding which specimens actually belong to F. affinis and further research is needed to clarify the status of the species throughout its range.,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Fuscocephaloziopsis affinis has a scattered occurrence, and in Europe, it is known from Scandinavia, central Europe and European Russia. However, little is known about the distribution, ecology and threats for this taxon because it is often not distinguished from Fuscocephaloziopsis lunulifolia. 

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is small, estimated to be around 350 km2, and the population is severely fragmented. In the EU 28, the AOO is estimated to be around 268 km2. However, the population trend is unknown. Based on a small AOO and it being severely fragmented, this species is assessed as Near Threatened in both Europe and the EU 28, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. 

The main threats to this species is the drainage of mires and removal of decaying wood, as this can lead to the disappearance of suitable habitats for the species. However, because of taxonomic ambiguity and an uncertain distribution, study of distribution and taxonomy are urgently needed. Further research into the population size and trends of this species are also urgently needed, as well as monitoring of habitat trends.",Unknown,"This is a boreal circumpolar species. It has a scattered occurrence, probably because it is overlooked and confused with Fuscocephaloziopsis lunulifolia. It is not recognized at species level in some countries, such as Great Britain (Paton 1999). For a long time, the species was not recognized in Russia. In Europe, this species occurs in Scandinavia (Damsholt 2002), France, and in northern and central European Russia where it is restricted to “taiga and subtaiga zones” (Potemkin and Sofronova 2013). In western North America, this species is recorded from Washington and California and from Quebec, Minnesota and Michigan (Damsholt 2002). In Asia, it is so far known from western, eastern and southern Siberia (Lapshina and Muldijarov 1998, Potemkin and Sofronova 2013, unpublished data, N. Konstantinova pers. obs. 2016). 

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 4.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 320 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 1.4 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 350 km2.","There is no data on the size and trend of the population of this species, and therefore the current population trend is unknown. In addition, because this taxon was not distinguished from F. lunulifolia for a long time, the distribution of the species is poorly known (Paton 1999). This species is known from small and isolated subpopulations and so it is considered to be severely fragmented, as it may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The species is monoicous and according to Damsholt (2002) sporophytes are rather frequent in Scandinavia. 



","This species has been known to occur on decaying logs or on peaty soil in mires, but the habitats and ecology are poorly known.","The main threats to this species is the drainage of mires and removal of decaying wood, as this can lead to the disappearance of suitable habitats for the species.","This species is included in the Red Data List of Sweden as Near Threatened (NT) and of Finland as Data Deficient (DD) (Hodgetts 2015). There is no known data on the occurrence of this species in protected areas. Further research into the taxonomy, distribution, population size and trends of this species are urgently needed, as well as monitoring of habitat trends.",This species is not used or traded.,"Séneca, A.,Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIACEAE,Fuscocephaloziopsis,albescens,,Fuscocephaloziopsis albescens  ,(Hook.) Váňa &amp; L.Söderstr.,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Snow Threadwort (Fuscocephaloziopsis albescens) is widespread in the mountains of central and northern Europe. This species has a fairly large geographic range in Europe, as the area of occupancy (AOO) is between 1,000 and 2,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km2. The current population trend in Europe is considered to be stable. In Europe, there are more than 15,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). Therefore, in Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern.

Within the EU 28, the AOO is between 600 and 800 km2 and its EOO is between 4 and 5 million km2. In the EU 28, this species has a small population size, of less than 15,000 individual-equivalents and less than 1,000 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation. In central Europe, this species is estimated to have a continuing decline, mainly because of the loss of snow beds (caused by a warmer climate). Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualifying for a threatened species under Criteria B and C.

Since the species is typical for late snow beds, and it require the protection of snow cover, as well as a moist substrate, a change in climate leading to reduced snow cover in the arctic region of Europe will make the conditions for this species less favourable. More detailed distribution data, as well as monitoring, of population sizes and evaluation of population trends is needed.

",Stable,"This species has a circumpolar arctic-montane distribution. In Europe, it occurs from the arctic region in the north, via Fennoscandia and Scotland in the west to the mountains in central Europe, France (Mont Blanc), Switzerland, Austria and northern Italy, and eastwards to former Czechoslovakia, the Tatra Mountains, Poland, Romania and northern Russia (Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 10 m and 1,200 m Asl.

In Asia, this species is known from northern Siberia and Japan. In North America, this species is found in the west from Alaska to British Columbia, Washington and California, and in the east from Ellesmere Island to Quebec. It is also known from Greenland (Damsholt 2002).

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,000 and 2,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km2. Within the EU 28, the AOO is between 600 and 800 km2 and its EOO is between 4 and 5 million km2. 

","In the mountains of central and northern Europe this species is widespread, and in the arctic region it is even very common and probably stable. In the Nordic countries, it is common in the mountains of Norway, Sweden and Finland as well as Iceland and Svalbard. In the southern part of the Scandia mountains, it is frequent above 1,000 m Asl, and northwards it is frequent from 500 m Asl, descending to sea level in the northernmost part (Damsholt 2002). The overall current population trend is considered to be stable in Europe.

  Despite current climate change, until today, no real evidence has been found of any change in the abundance or distribution of this species in northernmost Europe and Svalbard (N. Konstantinova pers. comm. 2017). However, in central Europe, in the EU 28 region, this species is estimated to have a continuing decline, mainly because of the loss of snow beds (caused by a warmer climate). 

In the EU 28, this species has a small population size of less than 15,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalents), with less than 1,000 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation. In Europe, there are more than 15,000 individual-equivalents.



","In the United Kingdom, this species grows in late snow bed communities on some of the higher Scottish mountains. It grows on moist soil, near the edges of snow patches, and in gullies and boulder scree irrigated by melt water. Associates include more widespread species, such as Cephalozia bicuspidata, Gymnomitrion concinnatum, Nardia scalaris and Polytrichastrum alpinum, as well as others, including Moerckia blyttii, Kiaeria starkei and Polytrichastrum sexangulare that are similarly restricted (Blockeel et al. 2014).

In the Nordic countries, this species grows on acidic sandy soil, along streams with melting water together with, for example, Nardia geoscyphus and Gymnocolea inflata, or pioneers such as Gymnomitrion concinnatum, G. apiculatum, Anthelia juratzkana and Marsupella condensata. It is also found on soil among stones and boulders and at clayey-sandy soil below walls with mica-schists with Moerchia blyttii, Lophozia sudetica and Marsupella brevissima; most abundantly developed in wet sites and fens (Damsholt 2002). In southern Norway, it has been classified as one of the most trustworthy indicators of late snow melt-out (Odland and Munkejord 2008).

","This species is typical for late snow beds and it requires the protection of snow cover and a moist substrate. Therefore, a change in climate leading to reduced snow cover in the arctic region of Europe will make the conditions for this species less favourable.","

This species is assessed in the Red List of Romania as Endangered (EN), in Great Britain as Near Threatened (NT), in Germany and Ukraine as rare (R) and in Spain as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in several protected areas. More detailed distribution data, as well as monitoring, of population sizes and evaluation of population trends is needed.



",This species is not utilized.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Erzberger, P.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIACEAE,Fuscocephaloziopsis,catenulata,,Fuscocephaloziopsis catenulata  ,(Huebener) Váňa &amp; L.Söderstr.,This species was moved to the genus Fuscocephaloziopsis from Cephalozia following Váňa et al. (2013).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Chain Pincerwort (Fuscocephaloziopsis catenulata) is a European boreo-temperate liverwort that occurs north to southern Scandinavia and western Russia, and south to central Italy and northeastern mainland Greece. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and there is little or no indication of a continuing decline. It does not approach the thresholds of a threatened Category under any of the Criteria. Protection and minimal management of large areas of old-growth forest and peatland should be sufficient for the continuing survival of this species.",Unknown,"The Chain Pincerwort (Fuscocephaloziopsis catenulata) is a European boreo-temperate liverwort that occurs north to southern Scandinavia and western Russia (Kaliningrad and the St. Petersburg area), and south to central Italy and northeastern mainland Greece. The species is montane except near its northern limit. It is probably extinct in Spain, and the species is also recorded, from a very old record, from Madeira. Outside the European region the species is very widespread, occurring also in China, Japan, North America, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras and Bermuda (Potemkin and Sofronova 2013, Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 2,812 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4.4 million km².","The population size and population trends of this species are unknown in detail, but it is known to be frequent in suitable habitats in at least some areas.","This species grows in woodland on dead rotten wood, on steep, and shaded rock faces such as moist sandstone  outcrops in valleys. Outside woodland it occurs on  peaty soil and banks, often in sheltered rocky ground or in old peat  cuttings. Associates include other Fuscocephaloziopsis spp., Cephalozia bicuspidata, Calypogeia spp., Kurzia spp., Nowellia curvifolia, Riccardia palmata, Myliataylorii,Tetraphispellucidaand Scapania umbrosa. Its altitudinal range is from 5 m to 2,200 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).



It is dioicous and often fertile; sporophytes are occasional, March to August. Gemmae are common.

","While there are few specific threats to this species, its dead wood habitat is generally threatened by forestry practices, and its peatland habitat is threatened by destruction (commercial and non-commercial peat mining etc.) and drainage.","Protection and minimal management of large areas of old-growth forest and peatland should be sufficient for the continuing survival of this species. No more specific measures can be recommended. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Estonia, as Endangered in Finland and Bulgaria, as Vulnerable in Germany, Luxembourg, Poland and Serbia. In addition it has been assessed as Near Threatened in Sweden, Italy, the Czech Republic, and as Data Deficient in the Netherlands and Hungary(Hodgetts 2015). While listed as Data Deficient in Spain, it seems likely that it has disappeared. It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Bates, J.,Cálix, M.","Hodgetts, N., Konstantinova, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G., Schröck, C. & Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIACEAE,Fuscocephaloziopsis,connivens,,Fuscocephaloziopsis connivens  ,(Dicks.) Váňa &amp; L.Söderstr.,This species was moved to the genus Fuscocephaloziopsis from Cephalozia following Váňa et al. (2013).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Forcipated Pincerwort (Fuscocephaloziopsis connivens) is a European boreo-temperate liverwort that is widespread in Europe, and also occurs in the Azores and Madeira, becoming rare in the far north and montane in the south. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is far too frequent in areas where its habitat is common, and it does not approach any of the thresholds for a threatened Category. There has presumably been some decline, owing to habitat destruction, but this is not currently significant enough to affect its assessment. No conservation actions are recommended at present.",Unknown,"The Forcipated Pincerwort (Fuscocephaloziopsis connivens) is a European boreo-temperate liverwort that is widespread in Europe, and also occurs in the Azores and Madeira, becoming rare in the far north and montane in the south. Elsewhere, it occurs in Tunisia, South Africa, Siberia, the Russian Far East, China, the Himalayas, North America and Bermuda (Blockeel et al. 2014). 



This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 3,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 15 million km². These figures are very approximate because of the poor recording in some parts of its range.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown. Its habitat has presumably declined historically owing to destruction and drainage, but there is no reason to suppose it is declining significantly. It is one of the least ecologically demanding of the small bog liverworts, and is a common plant over much of its range, at least in the north.

","This species is widespread in bogs, valley mires, flushes, damp heathland and moorland. It often grows among Sphagnum, sometimes with other Fuscocephaloziopsis species, but is also found on Leucobryum glaucum hummocks, the sides of Molinia tussocks and on moist peaty soil. In saturated peatlands it commonly occurs with other bog hepatics, including Kurzia pauciflora and Mylia anomala, and with mosses such as Dicranodontiumdenudatum and Campylopuspyriformis. It is one of the less ecologically demanding of the small bog liverworts, often occurring at disturbed sites. Less frequently, it is found on old stumps and decaying logs in woodland, or on humus under dense Rhododendron shade, and very occasionally on shaded rock faces. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 2,600 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).  



It is autoicous and sporophytes are frequent, March to August; gemmae are occasional. LikeKurzia species, it can regenerate from underground axes on disturbed peat bogs.","There are no direct threats to this rather common species, but its habitat is generally threatened by destruction for peat extraction and drainage for agriculture. Some subpopulations may be impacted by afforestation.","No conservation actions are recommended at present. This species is included on some Red Lists in areas where its habitat is scarce or under threat: it has been assessed as Endangered in Austria and Luxembourg, as Vulnerable in Germany, the Netherlands, Portugal, Bulgaria and Slovenia; and also as Near Threatened in Italy, Slovakia and Switzerland, and as Data Deficient in Andorra (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Erzberger, P.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIACEAE,Fuscocephaloziopsis,crassifolia,,Fuscocephaloziopsis crassifolia  ,(Lindenb. &amp; Gottsche) Váňa &amp; L.Söderstr.,This species was moved to the genus Fuscocephaloziopsis from Cephalozia following Váňa et al. (2013).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

  EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



In Europe, the Irish Pincerwort (Fuscocephaloziopsis crassifolia) occurs in Ireland, Spain, and the Azores and Madeira archipelagos. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is still abundant and the population trend is stable. While there may be a slight decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, this decline is not thought to be serious. The areas where it occurs should be properly managed and restored in order to minimize the impacts of invasive alien species, tourism and fires.",Stable,"In Europe, the Irish Pincerwort (Fuscocephaloziopsis crassifolia) is a Hyperoceanic southern-temperate species, occurring in Ireland (Blockeel et al. 2014), Spain (Garilleti and Albertos 2012), the Azores Archipelago (Gabriel et al. 2010) and the Madeira Archipelago (Sim-Sim et al. 2014). Elsewhere, it is present in Central and South America and the Caribbean. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2.4 million km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 372 km2.","In Europe, this small liverwort is restricted mainly to small subpopulations at a few oceanic sites (Sjögren 1978, Blockeel et al. 2014). There are recent records from four localities in Ireland, all probably consisting of small subpopulations. In Spain there are five localities; even though the subpopulations are small, the species is considered to be stable. In the Azores it occurs only on the six islands with the mature alliance Juniperion brevifolii E. Sjögren forests (Homem and Gabriel 2008, Gabriel et al. 2011). The overall current population trend is considered to be stable.","This species mostly occurs in very humid and shaded places. It grows on many substrates, but is preferentially epixylic and epiphytic, including growing on rotten wood. In Macaronesia, it is typically found inside laurel forests (Homem and Gabriel 2008), being considered a species with narrow ecological tolerance (Gabriel et al. 2011). In the Azores, it grows in very humid and shaded sites at the base of Juniperus brevifolia and Erica azorica, and as an epiphyll on the leaves of species such as Ilex perado subsp. azorica or Laurus azorica  (Sjögren 1978, Homem and Gabriel 2008). In Madeira, this species grows as an epiphyte on the bark of Erica scoparia in the ericaceous forest. In Spain, it is associated with Atlantic thermophilous woods (e.g., Quercus petraea, Q. robur, Q. pyrenaica, Laurus nobilis) (Garilleti and Albertos 2012). In Ireland, it grow on steep rock faces, boulders, humus banks and exposed roots in deciduous woodlands, ravines and rhododendron thickets, often in heavy shade (Blockeel et al. 2014). It is found from 20-45 m (Ireland), to 1,000 m (Azores) and 1,100-1,200 m Asl (Madeira).","This leafy liverwort is considered to be sensitive to habitat degradation, and an intensification of the effects of climate change will probably affect it in Macaronesia, due to the predicted loss of precipitation and increase in temperature (Ferreira et al. 2016, Patiño et al. 2016, Vergílio et al. 2016). However, the recent record in West Cork (Ireland), under Rhododendron, suggests that in Ireland, Rhododendron is providing new habitat for this shade-tolerant bryophyte (Blockeel et al. 2014). While there may be a slight decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, this species is still abundant and the decline is not thought to be serious.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in natural parks and protected areas throughout its range. This species has been assessed as Endangered in Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012, Hodgetts 2015) and in the Madeira Archipelago (Sim-Sim et al. 2014) and as Vulnerable in Spain (Garilleti and Albertos 2012, Hodgetts 2015). The areas where it occurs should be properly managed and restored in order to minimize the impacts of invasive alien species, tourism and fires.",The species is not utilised.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Köckinger, H.","Gabriel, R.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIACEAE,Fuscocephaloziopsis,leucantha,,Fuscocephaloziopsis leucantha  ,(Spruce) Váňa &amp; L.Söderstr.,This species was moved to the genus Fuscocephaloziopsis from Cephalozia following Váňa et al. (2013).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Pale Pincerwort (Fuscocephaloziopsis leucantha) is a circumpolar boreal-montane species of northwestern and central Europe and most parts of northern European Russia, but absent from the far north and rare in the south. This inconspicuous species is assessed as Least Concern since it is still frequent in suitable habitats in the north, northeast and further south in montane areas. Currently there is insufficient evidence of a significant decline and the species does not appear to approach any of the thresholds for a threatened Category. However, subpopulations should be monitored periodically to determine possible declines.",Decreasing,"The Pale Pincerwort (Fuscocephaloziopsis leucantha) is a circumpolar boreal-montane species of northwestern and central Europe and most parts of northern European Russia, but absent from the far north and rare in the south. It also occurs in Siberia, the Russian Far East, Korea, Japan, China, and northern North America south to Oregon, Minnesota and Vermont (Blockeel et al. 2014).



This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 2,830 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7 million km². These estimates may be somewhat inaccurate, as there is little detailed information in some parts of its range.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in any detail. However, the indication in the UK is that there have been distinct declines towards the southern and eastern edges  of this species’ British range, both in southern Scotland and north Wales.  Furthermore, only one subpopulation of this species was seen during  widespread recording on Shetland in 2008, whereas it was noted widely  there in 1971 by J.A. Paton. It therefore seems likely that there has been a genuine decline (Blockeel et al. 2014).



A decline in the southern parts of its range in European Russia is also possible as a result of habitat loss. An overall slightly declining population trend is inferred, but there are still significant subpopulations in large areas of its range.","This is a calcifuge submontane species found mainly on wet heath, moorland, upland and boreal forest and occasionally in peat bogs. It grows on damp peat and peaty soil on sheltered banks, streamsides and ditch edges, or amongst other bryophytes, especially Fuscocephaloziopsis catenulata and Sphagnum spp., and also Leucobryum glaucum, Mylia taylorii, M. anomala,  Odontoschisma denudatum, Dicranella hetermomalla, Tetraphis pellucida and  Dicranodontium denudatum. It is also frequent on rotting logs and stumps, where its associates include F. catenulata, Riccardia palmata, Scapania umbrosa and Calypogeia suecica. Its altitudinal range is from 10 m to 2,200 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).



It is dioicous and often fertile; sporophytes are occasional, April to August. Gemmae are frequent.","No widespread threats to this species have been identified, but localised impacts from, for example, afforestation and drainage, are likely.","No conservation measures are required at present, but subpopulations should be monitored periodically to determine possible declines. It is listed as Endangered in Switzerland, as Vulnerable in Poland, as Near Threatened in the Czech Republic, and as Data Deficient in Italy(Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas. 

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Erzberger, P.","Hodgetts, N., Konstantinova, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G., Schröck, C. & Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIACEAE,Fuscocephaloziopsis,loitlesbergeri,,Fuscocephaloziopsis loitlesbergeri  ,(Schiffn.) Váňa &amp; L.Söderstr.,This species was moved to the genus Fuscocephaloziopsis from Cephalozia following Váňa et al. (2013).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Scissors Pincerwort (Fuscocephaloziopsis loitlesbergeri) is a liverwort species with a European boreal-montane distribution. The species occurs principally in the boreal and montane regions of northern and central Europe, extending widely in northern parts of European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern due to its relative abundance in northwestern Europe and in northern European Russia. Even though the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 1,340 km², the real AOO is likely to be higher since the species is probably under-recorded. This species is still rare or at least never abundant, and is undoubtedly declining due to habitat destruction and degradation. It is therefore possible that this species may move into the Near Threatened Category in future if habitat destruction and degradation continues. Protection of large undisturbed areas of bog and boreal swamp forest are the main actions for this species: providing its habitat remains intact, the species should survive.",Decreasing,"The Scissors Pincerwort (Fuscocephaloziopsis loitlesbergeri) is a liverwort species with a European boreal-montane distribution. The species occurs principally in the boreal and montane regions of northern and central Europe, extending widely in northern parts of European Russia. It apparently has a rather scattered distribution but this may be at least partly because of under-recording. Elsewhere it is known from Siberia, Kamchatka; eastern North America and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 1,340 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8.9 million km². The real AOO is likely to be higher since the species is probably under-recorded.","In spite of under-recording and misidentification, it can be assumed that this species is decreasing because of the overall decline in its habitat in parts of its range (e.g., in Ireland, and other parts of western and central Europe). It is stable in Russia and northern Scandinavia, but a continuing decline in the population is suspected, particularly in central and western parts of its range.","This species occurs on raised bogs, blanket mires, valley bogs and wet moors, boggy boreal forest and also occasionally in damp heathland. It usually grows amongst Sphagnum species, including S. austinii and S. magellanicum on relatively undisturbed ombrogenous mires with a good hummock-hollow structure and bog pools, sometimes mixed with other bog hepatics such as Calypogeia sphagnicola, Mylia anomala and Odontoschisma sphagni. More rarely it is found on moist peat or on peaty banks overhung by Calluna (Blockeel et al. 2014). In boreal areas, it can also occur on rotting wood and tree bases. A record from central Russia is from soil in Alnus glutinosa forest (Ignatov et al. 1998). Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 2,200 m Asl.



The species is autoicous and usually fertile; sporophytes are frequent, June to August; gemmae are unknown.","This species is threatened by the destruction and degradation of its habitats, namely bogs and boreal swamp forests. In Ireland, peat cutting, afforestation and drainage have probably all played a part (Lockhart et al. 2012). Some sites may be at risk from over-stocking. Pollution adversely affecting bog vegetation is also a general threat.","Protection of large undisturbed areas of bog and boreal swamp forest are the main actions for this species: providing its habitat remains intact, the species should survive. Some sites, especially at the edge of its range, should be monitored. It is included in many country Red Lists and has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Bulgaria, Italy and Slovakia, as Vulnerable in Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Ireland, Spain, Switzerland, Romania and Slovenia; and as 'rare' in Poland (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Bates, J.,Cálix, M.","Hodgetts, N., Konstantinova, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G., Schröck, C. & Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIACEAE,Fuscocephaloziopsis,lunulifolia,,Fuscocephaloziopsis lunulifolia  ,(Dumort.) Váňa &amp; L.Söderstr.,This species was moved to the genus Fuscocephaloziopsis from Cephalozia following Váňa et al. (2013).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Moon-leaved Pincerwort (Fuscocephaloziopsis lunulifolia) is a frequent circumpolar boreo-temperate species that is widely distributed in Europe, particularly in montane, boreal and broadleaved forest regions, but becoming rarer and more montane to the south. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and frequent almost throughout Europe, except for the Mediterranean region, and there is no evidence of decline. No conservation measures are required at present.",Unknown,"The Moon-leaved Pincerwort (Fuscocephaloziopsis lunulifolia) is a frequent circumpolar boreo-temperate species that is widely distributed in Europe, particularly in montane, boreal and broadleaved forest regions, but becoming rarer and more montane to the south. Elsewhere it occurs in Siberia, the Russian Far East, Korea, Japan, China, Iran, Tunisia, North America, Guatemala and Cuba (Blockeel et al. 2014).



This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 4,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 18 million km². These figures are very approximate, owing to lack of data in some parts of its range, but are likely to be substantially correct.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown. However, there is no evidence of significant decline, and this is a widespread and common species in many areas.

","This small calcifuge liverwort is found in a variety of acid habitats, but is most frequent in deciduous woodland where it grows on rotting tree trunks and stumps, with associates such as Lepidozia reptans, Lophocolea heterophylla,  Nowellia curvifolia, Calypogeia spp., Herzogiella  seligeri, Cephalozia bicuspidata and Tetraphis pellucida, around tree bases, on humus banks and, occasionally, on rock outcrops. Elsewhere it occurs on thin peaty soil in sheltered positions on rocky slopes and screes. It is also an occasional species of acid mires, wet moors and damp heaths, found amongst Sphagnum, on peat and by ditches. It apparently requires less humidity than some of the scarcer species of Fuscocephaloziopsis. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 3,000 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).



It is dioicous and often fertile; sporophytes are occasional. February to September, and gemmae are frequent.",There are no known major threats to this widespread species.,No conservation measures are required at present for this frequent and widespread species. It is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Erzberger, P.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIACEAE,Fuscocephaloziopsis,macrostachya,,Fuscocephaloziopsis macrostachya  ,(Kaal.) Váňa &amp; L.Söderstr.,This species was moved to the genus Fuscocephaloziopsis from Cephalozia following Váňa et al. (2013).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Bog Pincerwort (Fuscocephaloziopsis macrostachya) is suboceanic boreal-montane species with a strongly northwestern distribution in Europe, south to southern France and northern Italy, north to northern Norway and east to northwestern Russia. While this species is still relatively frequent, and probably under-recorded in some parts of its range, it is undoubtedly threatened in other parts and its habitat is generally threatened throughout its range. It is still too frequent and with insufficient direct evidence of decline to be assessed as threatened, and is therefore assessed as Least Concern. However, it may well move into a threatened Category in the near future with increased habitat destruction and degradation. The main recommended conservation action is to protect large areas of undisturbed peatland, which is what this species requires. Threatened subpopulations, especially at the edge of its range, should be monitored.",Decreasing,"The Bog Pincerwort (Fuscocephaloziopsis macrostachya) is suboceanic boreal-montane species with a strongly northwestern distribution in Europe, south to southern France and northern Italy, north to northern Norway and east to northwestern Russia. It is absent from the Mediterranean basin, the Balkans and southeastern Europe. Although listed as Data Deficient in Hungary, it has almost certainly disappeared from that country. Elsewhere it occurs only in eastern North America (Potemkin and Sofronova 2013, Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 2,124 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4 million km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, but it can be assumed that it has declined, because its bogland habitat has declined. Declines have been recorded in central Europe (Germany and Austria). The species occurs in most relatively undisturbed bogs in Ireland, and it may be under-recorded generally. 

","This is a bog liverwort, largely confined to saturated microhabitats in relatively undisturbed ombrogenous mires, valley bogs, acid basin mires, the transition zone to peatland forests and very wet heathland. It generally grows amongst Sphagnum spp. in areas with a good hummock-hollow structure and bog pools, and is often associated with other liverworts, including Calypogeia sphagnicola, Fuscocephaloziopsis connivens, Cephaloziella elachista, Cladopodiella fluitans, Kurzia pauciflora, Mylia anomala and Odontoschisma sphagni. The lower parts of hummock sides and the edges of hollows tend to be the favoured positions on intact bogs. There are two varieties of Fuscocephaloziopsis macrostachya - var. macrostachya and var. spiniflora - but the two can only be distinguished when fertile. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 1,400 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).



Var.macrostachya is dioicous but var. spiniflora can be dioicous or monoicous; sporophytes are rare, May to July; and unknown in var. spiniflora. Gemmae are common in both varieties.

","The main threats to this species are habitat destruction and degradation, from afforestation, peat-cutting and drainage. The bogland habitat is also threatened by air pollution. There is therefore an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of this species' habitat.","The main recommended conservation action is to protect large areas of undisturbed peatland, which is what this species requires. Threatened subpopulations, especially at the edge of its range, should be monitored. This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Italy and Austria, as Endangered in the Netherlands, and as Vulnerable in the Czech Republic, Germany and Switzerland. Although listed as Data Deficient in Hungary, it has almost certainly disappeared from that country (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Erzberger, P.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G., Schröck, C., Sergio, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIACEAE,Fuscocephaloziopsis,pleniceps,,Fuscocephaloziopsis pleniceps  ,(Austin) Váňa &amp; L.Söderstr.,This species was moved to the genus Fuscocephaloziopsis from Cephalozia following Váňa et al. (2013).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Blunt Pincerwort (Fuscocephaloziopsis pleniceps) is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane species that is widespread in northern Europe and in montane regions further south. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is still too relatively abundant, at least in the north, and there is no evidence of a population decline. Some of its habitats may be declining, but this species can to some extent survive in disturbed areas, and is less attached to undisturbed bogs than some rarer species of the genus. Currently it is is not close to meeting any of the thresholds for a threatened Category. The main conservation measure is to protect large areas of peatland from destruction or damage. Smaller minerotrophic sites are more difficult to protect, but should be retained wherever possible.",Unknown,"The Blunt Pincerwort (Fuscocephaloziopsis pleniceps) is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane species that is widespread in northern Europe and in montane regions further south. A record from Madeira is unconfirmed, and no records were found from Bulgaria or Hungary, where it is listed as Data Deficient. Elsewhere it occurs in Siberia, the Russian Far East, China, the Himalayas, North America, Hawaii, Colombia, Chile and Tristan da Cunha (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at ca 3,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 12.2 million km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown. It may have declined somewhat, as peatlands in general have declined, but there is no evidence of this. It is almost certainly under-recorded, owing to confusion with the commoner Fuscocephaloziopsis connivens, and is frequent in at least some northern parts of its range (e.g., Scandinavia).

","This species grows in flushes, wet heathland and peat bogs, as well as by streams and on tussocks in fens, usually in less acid places than other species of the genus. It typically grows amongst Sphagnum with associates such as Cephalozia bicuspidata, Fuscocephaloziopsis connivens, Mylia anomala, Riccardia latifrons, Aulacomnium palustre, Campylium stellatum, Helodium  blandowii, Tomentypnum nitens, Hypnum pratenseand  Fissidens osmundoides. It is more often found among the base-tolerant Sphagnum subnitens on the edge of neutral and base-rich flushes than is F. connivens, although the two species may grow together. It also occurs at higher altitudes in more compact tufts on moist ledges and banks, sometimes on mineral soil which can be moderately base-rich. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 2,600 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).



It is autoicous or rarely paroicous, usually fertile and often found with sporophytes, April to September; gemmae are fairly frequent.

","There are no specific threats to this species, but, like other bog plants, it is under a general threat from habitat destruction and degradation from drainage, industrial peat-cutting, afforestation, drainage and pollution.","The main conservation measure is to protect large areas of peatland from destruction or damage. Smaller minerotrophic sites are more difficult to protect, but should be retained wherever possible. This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Italy, and as Vulnerable in Ireland, Spain, Czech Republic and Germany. In addition it is considered Regionally Extinct in the Netherlands and Near Threatened in Slovenia. Reports from Hungary and Bulgaria, where it is listed as Data Deficient, are uncertain (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Erzberger, P.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,GEOCALYCACEAE,Geocalyx,graveolens,,Geocalyx graveolens  ,(Schrad.) Nees,,No,NT,C2a(i),No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Turps Pouchwort (Geocalyx graveolens) has a scattered occurrence in Europe, and is found in the forest zones of Scandinavia and central Europe, as well as in many regions of European Russia. This species has a large geographic range in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 10.6 million km2 and an area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be around 3,200 km2. In the EU 28, the species also has a fairly wide geographic range, with an EOO of 8.4 million km2 and an AOO of 2,900 km2. There is a known decline in subpopulations and habitat quality, at least in Scandinavia and in Germany, and the overall current population trend is inferred to be decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28. In Europe, the total population size is around 12,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe and around 11,000 individual-equivalents in the EU 28. In addition, there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents in almost all the subpopulations. This species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion C.

The species can be affected by forest management, and is considered to be threatened in several countries, including Switzerland, Romania and Spain. Further research is required on the population size, distribution and trends of this species.",Decreasing,"This is a boreal-montane species with a circumpolar distribution (Konstantinova 2000). It has a scattered occurrence in the forest zones of Scandinavia and central Europe (Damsholt 2002), as well as in many regions of European Russia, including territories of several state nature reserves (Konstantinova 2004, Konstantinova et al. 2010). In Macaronesia, this species is also known from the Azores (Damsholt 2002). The occurrence of this species in Madeira has not been confirmed by recent studies and is questionable (C. Sergio pers. comm. 2018).

This species has also been recorded for many provinces in both the European and Asian parts of Russia (Konstantinova et al. 2009). This species is common in both eastern and western North America (Schuster 1980).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 12.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 3,500 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 10.1 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 2,900 km2. This species occurs in Great Britain from sea-level up to 200 m Asl (Paton 1999), and in the Murmansk Province up to 300 m Asl (N. Konstantinova pers. comm. 2016).","There is no exact data on the population size and trend of this species. However, there is a decline in the population size and habitat quality in Scandinavia and in Germany and the current population trend is inferred to be decreasing. Some recently discovered populations in Russia are relatively large (unpublished data, N. Konstantinova pers. obs. 2016). The population size of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 12,500 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent). In the EU 28, the population size is around 11,000 individual-equivalents and there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents in almost all the subpopulations both within Europe and the EU 28.","This species has been found to occur on humus or peaty soil and in plant litter in mires, including calcareous, richer mires (Damsholt 2002). It has also been found on the banks of streams, on decaying wood and mossy decayed stumps, on moss-covered roots in moist coniferous or mixed forests that have a dominance of Picea spp. and a mixture of Alnus spp. More rarely, this species has been found on soil covered rocks. In Germany, it is mostly found on sandstone cliffs (S. Caspari pers. comm. 2017).",The species can be affected by forest management.,"This species occurs in several state nature reserves in the European part of Russia, for example, Kandalaksha and Laplandskiy State Nature Reserves (Konstantinova 2004). It is included in several national Red Lists. This species has been assessed as Endangered (EN) in Ireland, Northern Ireland and Luxembourg, as Vulnerable (VU) in Great Britain, Austria, the Czech Republic, as Critically Endangered (CR) in Switzerland, Romania and Spain, and as Near Threatened (NT) in Estonia (Hodgetts 2015). Further research is required on the population size, distribution and trends of this species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Puche, F.,Hodgetts, N.","Konstantinova, N.","Giovanna Dia, M.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GIGASPERMALES,GIGASPERMACEAE,Gigaspermum,mouretii,,Gigaspermum mouretii  ,Corb.,,No,NT,B2b(iii),No,NT,B2b(iii),EU28,,"

European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Gigapermum mouretii is a widespread but relatively rare oceanic Mediterranean species in Europe. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be at least 92 km2), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. The population size is unknown, but this species is infrequent across its range. It is rarer in the Mediterranean area than in the Canary Islands. However, this species may be under-recorded and can be more frequent in characteristic habitats. 

The main threats to this species include some anthropogenic pressure with habitat degradation by tourism, as well as the increase of fire frequency and of invasive alien species. This species would benefit from increased habitat protection. In addition, further research into its ecology and monitoring of habitat trends is recommended.

",Unknown,"This is a widespread but relatively rare oceanic Mediterranean species in Europe (ECCB 1995), with preferences to areas with arid to dry Mediterranean climate. This species was first described from Morocco by Corbière (1913), and it is now known to be present through southern Mediterranean areas (Ros et al. 2013) from Spain and the Balearic Islands (Casas et al. 1985, Guerra et al. 2010), Sicily (Caratello and Aleffi 1998, Campisi and Provenzano 2004) to Israel, Syria and Turkey, (Herrnstadt et al. 1980, 1991; Tonguç-Yayintas 2009) as well as Crete and Cyprus (Caratello and Aleffi 1998, Blockeel 2003). This species is also present in the Canary Islands where it is locally frequent (Dirkse and Bouman 1990, Dirkse et al. 1993, González-Mancebo et al. 2008). It is also reported from southwestern Asia (Yemen) (Kürschner 2003).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be at least 92 km2. The altitudinal range of this species is up to 350 m Asl in the Canary Islands, but with a preference of less than 200 m Asl.","

The total subpopulation size in each area of occurrence is unknown, but this species is infrequent across its range. It is rarer in the Mediterranean area than in the Canary Islands.

The first report of this species for the European continent was by Allorge and Casas (1958) in the Sierra del Cabo de Gata (Spain), and it was later found in other sites in Spain (Acuña et al. 1974, Ros 1984, Casas et al. 1985, García-Zamora et al. 1998, Brugués in Guerra et al. 2010), and from the Balearic Islands of Mallorca and Formentera (Casas et al. 1985, Rita and Rosselló 1989). In the Spanish peninsula, this species is reported from Almería, Córdoba and Murcia (Guerra et al. 2010)

However, this species is probably under-collected, because it is related to seasonal rain in autumn, which can be irregular, and the fact that the species has underground creeping stems (Frey and Kürschner 1991). The species has been only recently discovered in new localities, but there is not enough information to establish its population trend. 



","This species grows on rock crevices or walls and on banks, usually in drier sites and near the coast, colonising skeletal soils and litosoils, sometimes in contact with the outcropping rock. It is usually found at lower altitudes and in seasonally drier substrates. This species can be associated with sclerophyllous species, including Olea europaea and Pistacia lentiscus.

The plants are monoicous, and are frequently found with sporophytes and with big spores (more than 100 µm).","

The main threats to this species include some anthropogenic pressure with habitat degradation by tourism, as well as the increase of fire frequency and of invasive species.

Water pollution and soil drying in relation to global warming and abnormal summer drought may be also threats for this species in the future. 



 

","

In the bryophyte Red List of Spain, this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) for the Canary Islands and as LC for peninsular Spain and the Balearic Islands (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012).

Some occurrences of this species are found in natural parks or protected areas, such as in Spain, in the Cabo da Gata, which is an Important Bryophyte Area (Infante and Heras 2012). Also, this species is found in the Murcia region as the named “Flora Protegida”.

This species would benefit from increased habitat protection. In addition, further research into its ecology and monitoring of habitat trends is recommended.

",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Hylander, K.,Englefield, E.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Glyphomitrium,daviesii,,Glyphomitrium daviesii  ,(Dicks. ex With.) Brid.,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Black-tufted Moss (Glyphomitrium daviesii) is an oceanic southern-temperate species occurring in Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Britain (including the Shetland Isles), Ireland, southern Norway, Madeira and the Azores. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. It appears to be secure in its heartland on the west coasts of Britain and Ireland, and not significantly threatened elsewhere. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"The Black-tufted Moss (Glyphomitrium daviesii) is an oceanic southern-temperate species occurring in Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Britain (including the Shetland Isles), Ireland, southern Norway, Madeira and the Azores (Blockeel et al. 2014). It is endemic to Europe. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 1,920 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5.2 million km².","Scottish subpopulations are believed to be stable; new recording in Wales has led to several new localities, after it was presumed extinct there until recently. It has not been found in Cumbria (northern England) since 1962, and there are only old records from southwest England (Blockeel et al. 2014). The current population trend is stable. No population estimates are available, but there are certainly more than 1,000 mature individuals.","This small moss usually forms neat cushions on faces or in crack-lines on crags or boulders which are often unshaded but usually with a degree of shelter. It seems equally at home on low crags and on large boulders at the base of crags or in scree and occurs locally on old stone walls. The distribution shows a marked predilection for rocks of the Tertiary Volcanic series and so it is frequent on the basalt of the Inner Hebrides but it is equally common on the more base-rich facies of the gneiss in Sutherland. There are often no close associates in this habitat but species nearby can include Andreaea rupestris, Racomitrium sudeticum, Racomitrium ellipticum, Gymnomitrion obtusum, Frullania tamarisci, Frullania teneriffae, Frullania fragilifolia, Grimmia funalis and rarely Asplenium septentrionale. Close to the sea it often occurs with Schistidium maritimum and Ulota phyllantha. At the edge of its range, it tends to occur in deep holes among rocks. Exceptionally it was recorded in 2013 growing as an epiphyte on the horizontal branch of an oak tree in northwestern Scotland. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 550 m Asl.



This species is autoicous; capsules are common, maturing in summer. Chlorophyllose gemmae are nearly always present on the rhizoids (Blockeelet al. 2014).",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. It has been assessed as Near Threatened in Norway (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Stebel, A.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Lönnell, N., Rothero, G. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,ARNELLIACEAE,Gongylanthus,ericetorum,,Gongylanthus ericetorum  ,(Raddi) Nees,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 

The Heath Pouchwort (Gongylanthus ericetorum) has a Mediterranean-Atlantic distribution in Europe. This is a fairly typical mediterranean species living in various habitat types in prevailing acidic conditions. There is no indication of a decline and no major threats are known to affect this species. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Heath Pouchwort (Gongylanthus ericetorum) is known in Europe, Africa, Macaronesia, Lebanon, Turkey and mainland China (Dierßen 2001). In Europe, it has a Mediterranean-Atlantic distribution.",The population size is unknown. The current population trend is assumed to be stable since there is no indication of a decline.,"This is an acidophytic (-subneurophytic) species that lives on sandy, loamy or peaty soils and on rocky slopes, in heathlands, mediterranean maquis and open forests (Paton 1999, Dierßen 2001).",There appear to be no major threats to this species.,"In Great Britain, where it is at the northern edge of distribution area, and in Italy, it has been assessed as Near Threatened (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation measures are currently needed. It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Tsakiri, E.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,FUNARIALES,FUNARIACEAE,Goniomitrium,seroi,,Goniomitrium seroi  ,Casas,,Yes,NT,B2b(iii),Yes,NT,B2b(iii),EU28,,"Goniomitrium seroi is an Ibero-Canarian endemic species, restricted to the Canary Islands and two single localities in southern Spain. This species grows mostly in the Canary Islands, although is also present in two localities in southeastern mainland Spain.This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 88 km²) and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. The most important threats to this species are related to the transformation of its habitats and their destruction for urbanistic developments. In addition, an increase in the frequency of wildfires also represents a threat to this species in mainland Spain. The conservation of the natural habitats in southern coastal areas of the Canary Islands and mainland Spain are recommended. Further research is also needed into the population size and trend.",Decreasing,"Goniomitrium seroi is an Ibero-Canarian endemic species, restricted to the Canary Islands and two single localities in southern Spain (Puche 2006). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 392,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 88 km².","This species is widely distributed in all Canary Islands with the exception of Fuerteventura and Lanzarote. However, in mainland Spain, in the first locality where the species was found, it could not be found there ten years later (Puche 2006). The subpopulation trend is assumed to be decreasing on the mainland, but in the Canary Islands the subpopulations seem to be stable. Overall there may be a slight decrease in the population. This species is an annual shuttle that grows on soil producing large spores and has poor dispersal abilities.","This species grows on thin soils on the rock or in small crevices, mostly in south areas of the Inframediterranean belt in western and central Canary Islands, where it occurs from near sea level (30 m) up to 500 m Asl. It is absent from the driest islands; however on the mainland it occurs in the driest areas (Cros and Infante 2014), with a maximum elevation of 250 m Asl.","The most important threats to this species are related with the transformation of its habitats and their destruction for urbanistic developments. In addition, an increase in the frequency of wildfires also represents a threat in mainland Spain (Puche 2006). A continuing decline in the habitat quality and extent of this species is therefore inferred.","In Cabo de Gata (mainland Spain) the species occurs in Parque Natural de Cabo de Gata-Níjar (Decreto 314/1987). In the Canary Islands, the sites reported for this species occur mostly outside of protected areas.  This species was assessed as Near Threatened in Spain (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2014). However, in mainland Spain it is has also been considered as Endangered (Sergio et al. 2006) and Vulnerable (Puche 2006). The species was assessed as Least Concern in the Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2012). The conservation of the natural habitats in southern coastal areas of the Canary Islands and mainland Spain are recommended. Further research is also needed into the population size and trend.",This species is not utilised.,"Ganeva, A.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","González Mancebo, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,alpestris,,Grimmia alpestris  ,(F.Weber &amp; D.Mohr) Schleich.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 

Grimmia alpestris is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level. It occurs in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"The distribution of this circumpolar Arctic-montane species is imperfectly known, but it is reported from higher elevations within northern Europe (Iceland, Sweden,

Norway), through western and central Europe east to Ukraine and to the mountains of southern Europe (Spain, Andorra, Italy and Greece). Elsewhere it occurs in North Africa (Morocco), Turkey, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan through to India, North America (particularly the western interior from southern British Columbia and Alberta to California and Colorado, where it is reported to be widespread and common) and Greenland (Blockeelet al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO), estimated at over 9.9 million km2, and area of occupancy (AOO), estimated at 4,400 km2, largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","This is a widespread species across mountainous areas in much of Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend. 

","This species grows on dry, siliceous rocks in higher elevations (Smith 2004, Frey et al. 2006). Its altitudinal range is ca. 30-2,950 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Romania (Critically Endangered), Sweden (Vulnerable), Czech Republic (Vulnerable), Slovakia (Near Threatened), Great Britain (Data Deficient), Finland (Data Deficient) and Montenegro (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). This species occurs in protected areas across its range in Europe.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Ignatova, E.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M.","Sabovljevic, M.,Ştefănuţ, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,anodon,,Grimmia anodon  ,Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Grimmia anodon is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its presumably stable population trend. The area of occupancy (AOO), however, is more restricted, being estimated at 612 km2. There are no known threats to the species at the European level. However, it is very rare in some areas, and may be threatened locally by encroachment of coarse vegetation and afforestation. Other local threats include burning and gorse Ulex europaeus invasion at it Scottish site. No major conservation measures are required at present, although isolated subpopulations may require some conservation attention. It is found in protected areas across Europe, offering it some protection from local threats.",Stable,"This circumpolar wide-temperate species is recorded throughout Europe north to Svalbard (Smith 2004, Frey et al. 2006). Elsewhere ti occurs in North Africa, the Middle East, central and northern Asia. North America and Mexico, with disjunct records in South America (Bolivia, Peru), New Zealand and Australia (Greven 2003). It is mostly scattered and rare through the northern parts of its range but it is common in semi-arid continental interiors such as in the western states of N America. (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO), estimated at ca. 9.4 million km2, surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category. The area of occupancy (AOO), however, is more restricted, being estimated at 612 km2.","This is a widespread species and is considered to have a stable population trend, although it is rare and threatened in some areas.","This moss grows on exposed, sunny rocks, especially on limestone, but also on rocks with a neutral pH. It alo grows onwalls and concrete. Itis resistant to frost, heat and dehydration, but does not tolerate much shading. Associates include Syntrichia calcicola, Schistidium helveticum, S. crassipilum, Tortella tortuosa, Tortula muralis, Grimmia pulvinataand G.  orbicularis (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Its altitudinal range is ca. 120-3,870 m.

","There are no known threat at the European level. However, it is very rare in some areas, and may be threatened locally by encroachment of coarse vegetation and afforestation. Other local threats include burning and gorse Ulex europaeus invasion at it Scottish site.

","No major conservation measures are required at present, although isolated subpopulations may require some attention. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Great Britain (Critically Endangered), Czech Republic (Endangered), Finland (Endangered), Romania (Vulnerable), Sweden (Vulnerable), Germany (Vulnerable), Canary Islands (Near Threatened), Slovakia (Near Threatened), the Netherlands (Susceptible), Poland (Rare), Slovenia (Data Deficient) and Sicily (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas across Europe.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Natcheva, R.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,anomala,,Grimmia anomala  ,Hampe ex Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

In Europe, Grimmia anomala occurs in many places but does not seem to be common. It is probably most frequent in the Alps, Russia, Scandinavian and the Balkan mountains. It also occurs from Iceland to Spain, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Serbia, Albania, Macedonia and Greece. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. In addition, at the European level there are no major threats. Although it seems to be a rare species, it is probable that it occurs at more sites than the ones that are currently known.",Stable,"Grimmia anomala is a Circumpolar Boreo-temperate species. In Europe, although occurring in many places, this species does not seem to be common. It is probably most frequent in the Alps, Russia, and Scandinavian and Balkan mountains. It also occurs from Iceland to Spain, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Serbia, Albania, Macedonia and Greece. Outside of Europe it is known from Georgia, East Asia and Japan, Kashmir and north Armenia (Frey et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014).","The overall population size is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable. Although it seems to be a rare species, it is probable that it occurs at more sites than the ones that are currently known (Blockeel et al. 2014).","This species can be found on the margins of lakes, on moist rocks and boulders. It grows in hilly, open and exposed places. It occurs between 180 m and 2,858 m Asl (Swissbryophytes 2018). Grimmia hartmanii occurs in the same habitat of this species, and Grimmia anomala was, for a long time, overlooked as this species since both carry clusters of gemmae on the shoot tips (Blockeel et al. 2014).","Even though this species may be locally threatened, there are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species.","This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Finland and Romania, as Vulnerable in Great Britain and Czech Republic, as Near Threatened in Sweden and Switzerland, as Data Deficient in Bulgaria, Montenegro and Slovakia and as “Indeterminate” in Poland (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range.",This species is not utilised.,"Duckett, J.,Cálix, M.","Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,arenaria,,Grimmia arenaria  ,Hampe,This species is very similar to G. donniana and genetic and morphological research is needed to determine whether these two species are conspecific.,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



The Sand Grimmia (Grimmia arenaria) is a suboceanic temperate species. Because of taxonomic uncertainties its distribution is imprecisely known but it is apparently scattered from Scandinavia, France, Germany and Austria south to Madeira, northern Spain, Andorra, Romania and Italy. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size, trend and threats. It is rare and scattered, and there is some evidence of decline in area of occupancy (AOO) and in subpopulations in some areas, but further research is needed in order to determine its risk of extinction. Further research on whether it is actually a good species is also needed.",Unknown,"The Sand Grimmia (Grimmia arenaria) is a suboceanic temperate species. Because of taxonomic uncertainties its distribution is imprecisely known but it is apparently scattered from Scandinavia, France, Germany and Austria south to Madeira, northern Spain, Andorra, Romania and Italy. It is not known outside Europe (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 180 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5.3 million km², but there is a considerable amount of uncertainty about these figures owing to taxonomic issues and uneven recording.",The population size and trend of this species are not well known. In Germany historical and ongoing declines have been recorded (Caspari et al. 2018).,"This species is mostly found on hard acid rocks, particularly on lowland dry-stone slate walls and cap-stones of road bridges. It has also been noted on sandstone blocks in an upland quarry and on mountain block-scree rich in heavy metals with G. atrata and G. elongata. This species often occurs in sheltered, shaded niches but may occasionally be in more exposed situations. Other associates noted include G. donniana, Racomitrium lanuginosum and Oedipodium griffithianum (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from 5 m up to 1,800 m Asl.



The species is autoicous; capsules are common, mature in spring.","Although it has apparently disappeared from some areas, it is difficult to ascribe threats to this plant. Afforestation and vegetation succession are likely to impact this lowland species.","No conservation measures are required at present. However, further research on whether it is actually a good species is highly desirable, and if it is, then research on trends and threats is recommended. This species is very similar to G. donniana and genetic and morphological research is needed to determine whether these two species are conspecific. Meanwhile, notwithstanding the taxonomic problems, it is listed as Critically Endangered in Germany and Spain, Endangered in Finland and Romania, and Data Deficient in Norway and in Britain (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in at least one protected area.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hylander, K.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G., Schröck, C. & Untereiner, A.","Juutinen, R.,Konstantinova, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,atrata,,Grimmia atrata  ,Miel. ex Hornsch.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Copper Grimmia (Grimmia atrata) is a rare suboceanic boreal-montane moss with very few localities in Europe, scattered in Britain, Ireland, Scandinavia, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, Spain and Andorra. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it is rare, there is very little evidence that this species has declined and the current population trend is considered to be stable. As a naturally rare plant of copper-rich rock exposures, some sites could be vulnerable to mining activities, but fortunately many sites are remote and inaccessible. Furthermore it can be locally abundant at some sites, and neither the European or EU 28 populations are thought to approach any of the thresholds for a threatened Category. Still, it is recommended that sites for this species be protected from disturbance, and that the best subpopulations be monitored.",Stable,"The Copper Grimmia (Grimmia atrata) is a rare suboceanic boreal-montane moss with very few localities in Europe, scattered in Britain, Ireland, Scandinavia, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, Spain and Andorra. Outside the European region the species is found in Asia (India and Nepal to Taiwan and Japan), North America (rare), and South America (Bolivia, Brazil and Colombia) (Blockeel et al. 2014).



This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 432 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5 million km². Both figures are approximate, owing to a lack of information about records in Bulgaria and Romania.","This is a naturally rare species that is vulnerable to stochastic events. There is little evidence of an actual decline, but the preponderance of older records in Italy and Switzerland might suggest that it may have declined in these countries. However, under-survey and under-recording is a more likely cause, and the population trend is considered likely to be stable. The species is much more common in some areas (e.g., in the UK and the Pyrenees) than in some others (e.g., in Austria).","One of the ‘copper mosses’, forming dark green or orange-stained cushions or tufts in crevices or on the surface of often moist or flushed, acid, heavy-metal bearing rocks, on crumbly or flaky schist to hard metamorphic slate. It typically occupies sheltered sites such as north-facing crags, rocks by streams and in ravines, in block scree and on boulders by lake shores. It is also found occasionally in more exposed, well-illuminated sites. More rarely it has been found on stone walls of abandoned mine workings. Since the rocks on which this species grows are often characterised by ferruginous veins or are rich in other metals such as copper, it sometimes has few or no close associates; however it occurs plentifully with Mielichhoferia elongata in Corrie Kander. It can occur in some abundance and may persist for many years and heavy metal oxides sometimes stain the tufts a rusty orange colour. Its altitudinal range is from 10 m up to 3,000 m Asl.



The species is dioicous; capsules are occasional, mature in late summer (Blockeelet al. 2014).","The main threats to this rare species are stochastic events, and destruction of metal-rich sites through mining.","This species has been assessed as Endangered in Ireland and Romania and as Vulnerable in Sweden, Spain, Czech Republic and Switzerland. In addition it is Near Threatened in Britain, and Data Deficient in Finland(Hodgetts 2015). Sites for this species should be protected from disturbance and the best subpopulations should be monitored. It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Marka, J.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G., Schröck, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,caespiticia,,Grimmia caespiticia  ,(Brid.) Jur.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Grimmia caespiticia is present in the mountains of central and southern Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is a plant of remote, high places, its current population trend is stable and the population size is large. The are no major current threats to the species, unless and until climate change has a serious impact on it. No conservation measures are required at present but the best subpopulations should be monitored periodically.",Stable,"Grimmia caespiticia is present in the mountains of central and southern Europe (Greven 1995). Elsewhere, it is found in Asia and North America. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 444 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2.3 million km².","The current population trend is stable, and it is generally restricted to the siliceous parts of the mountain ranges (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). The population is not severely fragmented and there are more than 10,000 mature individuals.","This alpine species is found on siliceous rocks mainly above the tree line, often with other alpine species of Grimmia, such as G. alpestris and G. sessitana. It is recorded mainly from 1,000 m to 3,100 m Asl, but there is a record from 488 m Asl in Serbia, and an old record from Belgium was from 500-600 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Sotiaux et al. 2007).","The are no major current threats to the species, but it is considered that climate change may be a threat in the foreseeable future.","This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Romania and Portugal, and as Vulnerable in Montenegro and Serbia. In addition, it is considered Data Deficient in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and 'rare' in Germany (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation measures are required at present but the best subpopulations should be monitored periodically. It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Marka, J.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,capillata,,Grimmia capillata  ,De Not.,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



In Europe, Grimmia capillata is recorded from a few localities in the western Mediterranean. This species is precautionarily assessed as Vulnerable (D1) for both the European region and the EU Member States since, even though there is very little data, the species is very rare and occurs in small subpopulations. It is estimated that there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. It grows often in or near urban or cultivated areas as well as in sites of tourist interest. Ex-situ conservation actions may be appropriate. Further research is needed into the distribution and population size and trend.",Unknown,"Grimmia capillata is a termophilous species which in Europe is exclusive to the Mediterranean area. It is recorded from a few localities in the western Mediterranean. The species is difficult to detect. Recent records from Spain showed that it favours rather inaccessible parts of buildings (Segarra-Moragues and Puche 2013, 2016) and consequently its distribution is not completely understood. Outside of Europe, it is found in North Africa and Asia. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is around 64 km2, but this is a rough estimate due to the lack of data.","This species is rare and the current population trend is unknown. It occurs in small subpopulations and it is estimated that there are fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows.","This species grows on clay soil, chalky rocks or on weathered mortar of old walls in open, dry conditions. In Spain, this species grows in gypsum soils, roof tiles and walls. This species lives in environments of Mediterranean garrigue and phrygana, also in urban areas. Outside of Europe, it is also found in deserts.","This species grows often in or near urban or cultivated areas as well as in sites of tourist interest. Therefore, it can be threatened by anthropic activities.","In view of the fact that this species lives in urban areas, ex-situ conservation actions may be appropriate. The species occurs at least in one protected area. Further research is needed into the distribution and population size and trend.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Cronberg, N.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Lara, F., Lüth, M. & Schröck, C.","Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,crinita,,Grimmia crinita  ,Brid.,,No,VU,C2a(i),No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



The Hedgehog Grimmia (Grimmia crinita) is a submediterranean-subatlantic species. It has scattered occurrences in western and central Europe from southern Britain, France and Spain east to Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania, but it is predominantly a southern species with its main distribution around the Mediterranean Sea. This species is assessed as Vulnerable it is estimated that there are fewer than 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be either one boulder or one square metre on which the species grows. In addition, it is estimated that each subpopulation has fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents, and there is a continuing decline in the population. It is rare or at least uncommon in most areas. The species is affected by the demolition of walls. Old walls should be protected for the species to survive.",Decreasing,"The Hedgehog Grimmia (Grimmia crinita) is a submediterranean-subatlantic species. It has scattered occurrences in western and central Europe from southern Britain, France and Spain east to Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania, but it is predominantly a southern species with its main distribution around the Mediterranean Sea. It also occurs in the Canary Islands (Tenerife). It has been found in Ireland, Austria and Estonia, but it appears to have disappeared from these countries. It may also have disappeared from the Netherlands. Elsewhere it is found in northern Africa (Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia), southwestern Asia as far east as Pakistan, the Himalayas and China (Blockeel et al. 2014).



This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 760 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4.9 million km². The figures are approximate, owing to a lack of information about localities in Italy, Poland and Serbia.","A lack of persistence in many areas, perhaps taken together with its apparent absence  from natural rock, has given rise to the notion that it is an  introduction. However, it is quite likely that sporadic subpopulations arise as a  result of wind-blown spores, but colonies fail to persist in more humid and oceanic  climates (Blockeel et al. 2014). 



In Switzerland the species is frequent in the west but rarer in the east. It seems to have declined as it is a habitat specialist in lime mortar, which has decreased due to the replacement by walls or concrete. However, in Spain it seems to be stable. In Hungary and Bulgaria it also seems to be stable. In Germany the subpopulations are small. The overall current population trend seems to be decreasing. The population is not severely fragmented since the species is a good disperser, and it seems to exit as a metapopulation, no individual stands persisting for very long. It is estimated that there are fewer than 10,000 individual-equivalents both in Europe and in the EU 28. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be either one boulder or one square metre on which the species grows. In addition, it is estimated that each subpopulation has fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents.



","This thermophilous species forms flat grey patches (likened to mouse fur) on dry, basic rock, mainly limestone, and often on human-made substrates such as lime mortar and more rarely, on weathered concrete, favouring more or less vertical unshaded walls with warm sunny aspects. It is a poor competitor, with Tortulamuralis,Grimmiapulvinata,G.orbicularis,Orthotrichumanomalum,DidymodonrigidulusandHomalothecium sericeum recorded associates. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 1,000 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).



It is autoicous; capsules are common, maturing in spring.",The species is affected by the demolition of walls.,"This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Hungary, as Endangered in the Czech Republic, Germany (Caspari et al. 2018), Luxembourg and Switzerland, and as Vulnerable in Britain, Bulgaria and Romania. It is also considered Data Deficient in Slovenia and Albania, 'susceptible' in the Netherlands (where, however, it may have disappeared) and 'rare' in Poland. It is Regionally Extinct in Austria, Ireland and Estonia (Hodgetts 2015). Old walls should be protected for the species to survive. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Marka, J.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,crinitoleucophaea,,Grimmia crinitoleucophaea  ,Cardot,"Maier (2010) considers G. crinitoleucophaea (as G. poecilostoma) to be a synonym of G. tergestina. Muñoz and others are of the opinion that G. crinitoleucophaea is distinct in terms of its sporophyte – it has a sigmoid seta and ventricose asymmetric capsule whilst G. tergestina has a straight seta and a symmetric capsule. Also the peristome is said to be rudimentary in G. crinitoleucophaea whereas it is well developed in G. tergestina (Flora Briofítica Ibérica). Despite this, Maier (2010) takes the view (along with earlier workers) that these sporophytic characters are variable and plastic(R. Porley pers. comm. 2017).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The distribution of the Variegated Grimmia (Grimmia crinitoleucophaea) is uncertain, due to confusion with G. tergestina and nomenclatural issues. This species is rare in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Andorra) at higher elevations. It is also reported for France and Austria. The species is assessed as Least Concern in view of its apparently large and stable subpopulation in the Alps. However, there is uncertainty regarding its taxonomy, nomenclature and distribution, and further research is needed to clarify its status. Threats are probably minimal. While climate change could be a potential threat, the species has a large elevational range and is probably not at immediate or serious risk.",Unknown,"The distribution of the Variegated Grimmia (Grimmia crinitoleucophaea) is uncertain, due to confusion with G. tergestina and nomenclatural issues. This species is rare in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Andorra) at higher elevations. It is also reported for France and Austria. It seems to be absent from Scandinavia. Reports from Romania, Ukraine and European Russia (Crimea, Urals) require confirmation. Outside Europe it has been recorded from Turkey, Asia, and North America (where it is scattered). Ignatova and Muñoz (2004) report it (as G. poecilostoma) for Asiatic Russia (Caucasus, Altai and Yakutia) (R. Porley pers. comm. 2017). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 72 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 240,000 km². However, these figures are likely to be very inaccurate and the real AOO is likely to be larger.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown. It was said by Greven, who revisited a site in the Austrian Alps after a period of 10 years,  to be ‘still present in quantity’, suggesting it is stable there. In the Alps-de-Haute Province in France it is also said to be abundant. There is no evidence of a decline, but probably this taxon is not monitored sufficiently to say one way or the other (R. Porley pers. comm. 2017). In Austria it seems to be stable, and it is abundant in some areas, and there are over 1,000 mature individuals in Austria alone.","This moss normally grows on acid or neutral rocks, schists and granites, at moderately high elevations; in one province of Spain (Murcia) and in extra-European parts of its range it is said to occur on base-rich rocks too (but there might be confusion with G. tergestina). However, Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2007) says that G. crinitoleucophaea and G. tergestina have never been collected together ‘suggesting the two are ecologically distinct’. Ignatova and Muñoz (2004) state that some specimens lacking sporophytes are tentatively referred to G. crinitoleucophaea (as G. poecilostoma) based on distributional pattern or growing on acidic or neutral substrates – underlining the assumptions and confusion surrounding G. crinitoleucophaea. However, they also concede that they have seen some exceptions to the ‘rule’ that this species grows only on acid substrates (R. Porley pers. comm. 2017). It is found at elevations between 1,000 and 1,720 m Asl.","



Threats are probably minimal. While climate change could be a potential threat (R. Porley pers. comm. 2017), the species has a large elevational range and is probably not at immediate or serious risk. 

","No measures can be recommended until the confusion surrounding this species has been sorted out. It is listed as Data Deficient in Spain (Garilleti and Albertos 2012). Research is needed to clarify its taxonomy. Further research is also recommended into its distribution, population size and trend. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Marka, J.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,curviseta,,Grimmia curviseta  ,Bouman,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"Grimmia curviseta is endemic to the Canary Islands, Spain. This species is restricted to the high mountain areas in Tenerife and La Palma. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2), it occurs at only four locations, and climatic changes could drive the species to become Critically Endangered in a very short time. Bryophytes have been considered unlikely to be able to evolve quickly in a changing environment, and their potential to become acclimatized to drier and warmer climatic conditions in the near future is limited. The collapse of some walls where the species occurs on La Palma due to road infrastructure expansion in a very restricted area is also a significant threat. It is important to improve the protection of this species, avoiding the intensification of anthropogenic activities at the summit of La Palma, where the installation of telescopes in a very unique and reduced area, the increment of the road infrastructure and the restoration of the support walls of the access roads have already destroyed part of the habitat of this species. Monitoring of the population and habitat is recommended. Ex-situ conservation could also be considered for this species.

",Decreasing,"Grimmia curviseta is endemic to the Canary Islands (La Palma and Tenerife) (González-Mancebo et al. 2012b). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 567 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2.



","



This is a locally abundant species in different areas of the Teide National Park (Tenerife). It also occurs in La Palma, but the subpopulations there are highly restricted. In La Palma the subpopulations are presumably decreasing because of the effects of climate change, since the elevation of the island does not exceed 2,500 m Asl, and damage to walls where the species occurs and the increase of road infrastructures represent an additional threat for the species. In Tenerife the subpopulation is increasing in elevation. The overall current population trend is thought to be decreasing.

","This species occurs on rocks, mostly on north-facing slopes or in shaded microhabitats (González-Mancebo et al. 2012b). This species occurs at elevations between 2,000 m and 2,980 m Asl.","The most important threats to this species are related to the effects of climate change, as well as to the collapse of some walls where the species occurs on La Palma due to road infrastructure expansion in a very restricted area. Bryophytes have been considered unlikely to be able to evolve quickly in a changing environment, and their potential to become acclimatized to drier and warmer climatic conditions in the near future is limited (Patiño et al. 2016). The effects of climate change make it highly vulnerable and could lead to rapid population declines. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of these threats and the restricted distribution of this species, it is estimated to occur at only four locations.

","



General habitat protection might be appropriate for the maintenance of the species. In Tenerife, its distribution area is included in the Teide National Park. In La Palma, part of the subpopulation occurs inside the National Park of Caldera de Taburiente. It has previously been assessed as Vulnerable (González-Mancebo et al. 2012a, Brugués and González-Mancebo 2014). It is important to improve the protection of this species, avoiding the intensification of anthropogenic activities at the summit of La Palma, where the installation of telescopes in a very unique and reduced area, the increase of the road infrastructure and the restoration of the support walls of the access roads have already destroyed one wall where the species occurred. Monitoring of the population and habitat is recommended, as well as management of the sites where this species occurs to prevent intensification of anthropogenic activities. Ex-situ conservation could also be considered for this species. Awareness-raising is recommended for this species.

",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Duckett, J.","González Mancebo, J., Sim-Sim, M., Gabriel, R., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,decipiens,,Grimmia decipiens  ,(Schultz) Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Grimmia decipiens is widespread in Europe from Scandinavia south to the Mediterranean region and east to Ukraine and European Turkey. It also occurs in Macaronesia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. In addition, at the European level there are no major threats.",Stable,"Grimmia decipiens is a Submediterranean-Subatlantic species. It is widespread in Europe from Scandinavia south to the Mediterranean region and east to Ukraine and European Turkey. It also occurs in Macaronesia (Canary Islands and Madeira), North Africa (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia) and Armenia (Greven 2003, Blockeel et al. 2014).","This is an autoicous species, with capsules frequent and maturing in spring (Blockeel et al. 2014). The overall population size is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable.","This species forms small turfs and cushions on moderately acid to neutral rocks, in a broad range of environments, but generally in open habitats. This species occurs at elevations between 150 m and 2,300 m Asl.","Even though this species may be locally threatened or uncommon in some areas, there are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species. It is tolerant of some pollution (Blockeel et al. 2014).","This species is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range. It has been assessed as Near Threatened in Madeira (Sim-Sim et al. 2014), Sweden, Germany and Ireland, as Data Deficient in San Marino, Finland and Albania, as Vulnerable in Bulgaria, Luxembourg and Switzerland, as Endangered in Hungary and Romania, and it is “seriously threatened” in Austria (Hodgetts 2015).",This species is not utilised.,"Fettes, N.D.,During, H.","González Mancebo, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,dissimulata,,Grimmia dissimulata  ,E.Maier,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Grimmia dissimulata is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, many new records and reports of its occurrence and its presumably stable population trend. The small area of occupancy (AOO, 704 km2) is probably due to this being a recently described taxon. There are no known threats to this species at the European level, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It is found in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This European southern-temperate species is widely distributed in many Mediterranean countries and islands, but also scattered in western, central and eastern Europe. Elsewhere it occurs in North Africa (Morocco), Turkey and Syria. As a recently described species, its wider distribution is still incompletely known (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe the extent of occurrence (EOO), estimated at over 5.6 million km2, surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category. The area of occupancy (AOO), however, is more restricted, being estimated at 704 km2.","Although recently described, this species seems to be widespread, and probably has a stable population trend.","This lowland species grows on limestone walls, tombstones and on pure limestone rocks. It is a calcicole (Smith 2004, Lüth 2012). In southern Europe it often occurs on boulders in woodland and in some  regions, such as the Iberian Peninsula, it is occasionally found on acid  rocks (Maier 2002). Its altitudinal range is ca. 20-980 m.",There are no known threats to this species at the European level.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Ireland (Vulnerable), Luxembourg (Vulnerable), Czech Republic (Data Deficient), Germany (Data Deficient), Switzerland (Data Deficient) and Portugal (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas across its range in Europe.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Stebel, A.,Fettes, N.D.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,donniana,,Grimmia donniana  ,Sm.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Grimmia donniana is widespread in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. In addition, at the European level there are no major threats.",Stable,"In Europe, Grimmia donniana occurs in Scandinavia, the Alps and other high mountains of central Europe, and extends east to the Balkans and European Russia. It is rare in southern Europe but is reported from Spain, Sicily and Sardinia, Madeira and European Turkey. Outside of Europe it is known from the Caucasus, Siberia, the Himalayas (Nepal, Sikkim), China, Japan, North and South America and eastern and southern Africa (Blockeel et al. 2014).","The overall population size of this widespread species is very large, and the current population trend is thought to be stable.","This species can be found as scattered small tufts in crevices of hard rocks such as granites, shales and sandstones. It occurs in a range of habitats, including exposed cliffs, in waste from quarries and mines, rock-outcrops and in open woodland, as well in upland heath (Blockeel et al. 2014). It is frequent on rocks with a high concentration of heavy metals (Hill et al. 1992). This species occurs at elevations between 10 m and 3,500 m Asl (Swissbryophytes 2018).

","Even though this species may be locally threatened, there are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species.","This species is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range. It has been assessed as Data Deficient in Slovenia, as Near Threatened in Ireland and Germany, and as Vulnerable in Finland, Slovakia and Madeira (Sim-Sim et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015).",This species is not utilised.,"Bisang, I.,Englefield, E.","Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,elatior,,Grimmia elatior  ,Bruch ex Bals.-Criv. &amp; De Not.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Grimmia elatior is a Circumpolar Boreal-montane species. In Europe it occurs in the high mountains from Svalbard and Scandinavia south to the Pyrenees and east to European Russia and Ukraine. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. In addition at the European level there are no major threats.",Stable,"Grimmia elatior is a Circumpolar Boreal-montane species. In Europe it occurs in the high mountains from Svalbard and Scandinavia south to the Pyrenees and east to European Russia and Ukraine. It is also known from the Caucasus, Turkey, Urals mountains, India, Pakistan, Siberia, Mongolia, China, Madagascar and Western and Northern America (Blockeel et al. 2014).","The overall population size of this species is very large, and the current population trend is thought to be stable.","This species forms robust, dark green tufts on siliceous rocks in high montane regions. It can be found on steep mainly south-facing slopes, in moist to moderately well-illuminated dry places (Frey et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014). This species occurs at elevations between 10 m Asl in Norway up to 3,000 m Asl in Switzerland (Swissbryophytes 2018).","Even though this species may be locally threatened, there are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species.","This species is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic, as Endangered in Hungary, as Vulnerable in Bulgaria and Romania, and as Data Deficient in Slovenia and Slovakia and (Hodgetts 2015).",This species is not utilised.,"Fettes, N.D.","Sim-Sim, M.","Górski, P.,Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,elongata,,Grimmia elongata  ,Kaulf.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Grimmia elongata has a Circumpolar Arctic-montane geographic range and is widespread in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the population trend is assumed to be stable. At the European level there are no major threats, but in part of its range the species is considered locally threatened, and climate change effects should be monitored, especially at mountainous sites.",Stable,"Grimmia elongata has a Circumpolar Arctic-montane geographic range; the species is widely distributed in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe it is characteristic of the Alpine belt, east to the Russian Urals, very rare further south (Pyrenees) and rare in lowland countries such as Belgium and Britain (Blockeel et al. 2014). It was also reported from the Azores (summit of Pico Island, Sjögren 2001), Turkey, Asia (India, Nepal, China, Japan), North, Central and South America, Hawaii as well as South and East Africa and Réunion (Greven 2003, Blockeel et al. 2014).","This is a dioicous species, a colonist, that forms small, dense, green-brown-black cushions or patches (Greven 2003, Blockeel et al. 2014). In Great Britain, the plant was much overlooked in the second half of the 20th Century and was thought to be in decline; however, recent surveys have revealed substantial, though localised, subpopulations in both England and Wales (Blockeel et al. 2014). The overall population size is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable.","This moss is found at high altitudes, disposed to harsh environmental conditions (Blockeel et al. 2014). The species grows on dry, preferably acidic rocks and in rock crevices, especially on mica and clay schists, amphibolite, occasionally on heavy metal bearing rocks (Dierssen 2001). In Europe it was found at elevations from 170 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014), up to 2,850 m Asl in Pitztal, Austria (Greven 2011).","Even though this species may be locally threatened, at the European level, there are no major threats to this widespread species. Still, since mountains are among the regions most affected by climate change (Kohler et al. 2014), monitoring of the species in mountain sites should be promoted.","This moss species is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range. It has been assessed as Near Threatened in Peninsular Spain and the Balearic Islands (Garilleti and Albertos 2012) and also in Finland and the Czech Republic (Hodgetts 2015). In addition, the species is considered threatened (Vulnerable) in Great Britain and Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). In the Azores it is considered Data Deficient (Gabriel et al. 2011), being found only on the summit of Pico Island at 1,500 m Asl (Sjögren 2001). Climate change effects should be monitored, especially at mountainous sites.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"During, H.,Fettes, N.D.","Gabriel, R. & Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,funalis,,Grimmia funalis  ,(Schwägr.) Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Grimmia funalis is a European Boreal-montane species. It occurs throughout most of Europe, but is rare at lower altitudes. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. In addition, at the European level there are no major threats.",Stable,"Grimmia funalis is a European Boreal-montane species. It occurs throughout most of Europe, but is rare at lower altitudes. It is also present in the Canary Islands and Madeira (Sérgio et al. 2006, González-Mancebo et al. 2008). Outside of Europe it is found in North Africa (Algeria), Turkey, Caucasus, and Asia (India, Mongolia, China, Japan). It also occurs in Greenland and North America, but is rare there (Blockeel et al. 2014).","The overall population size of this species is very large, and the current population trend is thought to be stable.","This species forms cushions or irregular patches on dry to periodically moist rocks, often on vertical cliffs, on well-illuminated places of magmatic rocks as basalt, but also on sandstone, schist, gneiss and limestone. It also occurs in shaded niches, on rocks and boulders by lakes and streams. It is present throughout the higher mountains, rare at lower altitudes (Frey et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014). This species occurs at elevations between 5 m and 3,750 m Asl (Swissbryophytes 2018).

","Even though this species may be locally threatened, there are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species.","This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Hungary, as Vulnerable in Bulgaria, Germany and Slovakia, as Near Threatened in Ireland and Romania, and as Data Deficient in Portugal and Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2012, Sérgio et al. 2013, Hodgetts 2015), and also Vulnerable in Madeira (Sim-Sim et al. 2014). It is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range.",This species is not utilised.,"Orgaz Alvarez, J.,Englefield, E.","Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,fuscolutea,,Grimmia fuscolutea  ,Hook.,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Grimmia fuscolutea is known from Scandinavia, and further south from the Alps, and the Carpathian and Balkan mountains in central and southern Europe. The species is assessed as Vulnerable since it is estimated that there are fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents both in Europe and in the EU 28, considering current knowledge on the species. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered one square metre on which the species grows. Even though the species has a small area of occupancy (AOO), the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. However, its rarity makes it susceptible to stochastic events. Subpopulations should be monitored in order to assess any changes that may take place.",Stable,"Grimmia fuscolutea isknown from Scandinavia, and further south from the Alps, and the Carpathian and Balkan mountainsin central and southern Europe. Its occurrence in Germany is uncertain. Elsewhere it has been recorded fromAfrica, Asiaand Central andSouth America (Hallingbäck et al. 2006).



This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 168 km², and its extent of occurrence is ca 3.7 million km².These figures are approximate due to poor localisation of records in parts of eastern and southern Europe.

","In Scandinavia, the subpopulation is very small. In the Alps it is very difficult to map because it grows in the overhangs which are difficult to access, but it is very rare. The current population trend is most likely stable since its habitat is not threatened. The population is not severely fragmented. The species is under-recorded and in Norway the range is 50 - 3,000 mature individuals. In Sweden, the estimate is 0 - 1,600 since there are no current localities. The population size is difficult to estimate, but it is thought that there are fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents, considering current knowledge on the species. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered one square metre on which the species grows.



","This alpine speciesgrows on hard siliceous rockoutcrops andboulders androcksin smallmountain streams and on flushed cliffs.It is often found on schists and beneath rock overhangs in the Alps (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). There is little information about associates, but one recorded in Sweden is G.torquata (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). The altitudinal range is from 150 m up to 3,100 m Asl.



It is autoicous, and capsules are frequent.



","The only known threat to this species is its rarity, making individual colonies vulnerable to stochastic events. Otherwise there appear to be no major threats to this species.","This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Romania, as Endangered in Finland, and as Vulnerable in Sweden and Switzerland. In addition, it is considered Near Threatened in Bulgaria and Data Deficient in Slovakia (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in protected areas. Subpopulations should be monitored in order to assess any changes that may take place.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Virtanen, R.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C. & Untereiner, A.","Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,hartmanii,,Grimmia hartmanii  ,Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Grimmia hartmanii is a Boreal-montane species widespread in the uplands of Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. In addition at the European level there are no major known threats.",Stable,"Grimmia hartmanii is a Boreal-montane species (Dierssen 2001). This moss is widespread in the uplands of Europe, generally not ascending to the highest altitudes, from Fennoscandia to the Iberian Peninsula and the Mediterranean countries, east to Greece, Bulgaria and Cyprus (Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). In Macaronesia, it was only reported from the Azores (São Jorge Island; Gabriel et al. 2010). The species also occurs in North Africa (Algeria, Morocco), Turkey, Caucasus, Georgia, Armenia, eastern Asia, Japan and North America (where it is rare) (Blockeel et al. 2014).",This is a dioicous species that forms clusters of reddish multicellular gemmae on the apices of upper leaves (Blockeel et al. 2014) but sporophytes are extremely rare (Greven 2003). This stress tolerant perennial species (Dierssen 2001) grows in large green mats (Greven 2003). The overall population size is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable.,"This moss is an acidophilous species mostly occurring on rocks in wooded areas. It forms large green mats, especially on woodlands and ravines (Dierssen 2001). Although it is usually found in densely shaded habitats, in areas with high air-humidity, it can establish itself in exposed habitats, even at sea level (Greven 2003). This species occurs from sea level up to 2,130 m Asl (Greven 2011, Blockeel et al. 2014).","Even though this species may be locally threatened, or extremely rare (e.g., in the Azores), at the European level there are no major threats to this widespread species.","This species is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range. It has been assessed as Near Threatened in Sicily and as Data Deficient in the Azores; in Latvia, the presence of this species is questionable (Hodgetts 2015).",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Cálix, M.,Puche, F.","Gabriel, R. & Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,incurva,,Grimmia incurva  ,Schwägr.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

 EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Grimmia incurva is a Circumpolar Boreal-montane species that is widespread but generally rare throughout Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. In addition, at the European level there are no major known threats.",Stable,"Grimmia incurva is a Circumpolar Boreal-montane species (Blockeel et al. 2014). It is widespread but generally rare throughout Europe, very rare in southern Europe. Its presence in Macaronesia is doubtful and restricted to one site (Azores, Pico Island at 2,000 m Asl, Allorge and Allorge 1952), since specimens of G. lisae with contorted leaves may be misidentified as G. incurva (H.C. Greven pers. comm. 1999, in Sjögren 2001). Outside of Europe, this moss is not uncommon in parts of Asia, Caucasus, the Urals and Altai Mountains to China, Tibet, the Russian Far East and Japan; it is also known from North America, Greenland and disjunct in South America (Chile) and the Mountains of East Africa (Greven 2003, Blockeel et al. 2014).","This is a dioicous species, a colonist that forms rounded dark-green cushions (Greven 2003, Blockeel et al. 2014), often loose (Dierssen 2001). In Great Britain, capsules are very rare, maturing in spring (Blockeel et al. 2014). The overall population size is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable.","This is a sciophilous, acidophillous, montane to alpine species, living in extreme environments (Dierssen 2001, Greven 2003, Blockeel et al. 2014). It occurs on rocks or boulders in open sites on hill and mountain ridges and summits, on the upper flat surfaces of rocks in deep crevices in block scree, as well as on the protected side of blocks at the base of crags (Greven 2003, Blockeel et al. 2014). This species occurs at elevations from 210 m Asl (Great Britain, Blockeel et al. 2014), up to 3,131 m Asl in Switzerland (Graubünden, Greven 2011).","Even though this species may be locally threatened, or extremely rare (e.g., in the Azores), at the European level there are no major threats to this widespread species.","This moss is known to occur in protected areas. It has been assessed as Near Threatened in Peninsular Spain and the Balearic Islands (Garilleti and Albertos 2012), but not on the remaining of its European distribution. Its presence in the Azores (currently, its Western limit of distribution in Europe) was considered doubtful (Sögren 2001).","The species is not used or traded commercially.

","Englefield, E.,Virtanen, R.","Gabriel, R. & Sim-Sim, M.","Goldberg, I.,Blom, H.,Hodgetts, N.,Vellak, K.,Afonina, O.,Schröck, C.,Lönnell, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,laevigata,,Grimmia laevigata  ,(Brid.) Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"



European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Grimmia laevigata is a widespread species in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. In addition, at the European level there are no major threats.

",Stable,"Grimmia laevigata is a cosmopolitan species, that can be found in every continent except Antarctica (Fernández et al. 2006). In Europe it occurs from southern Sweden and Norway, south to the Iberian Peninsula and the Mediterranean region. It is also found in Macaronesia. Outside of Europe this species is present throughout warmer parts of the world including North Africa, eastern and southern Africa, Mascarenes, much of Asia, the Americas, Australia, New Zealand and Hawaii (Blockeel et al. 2014).",The overall population size of this species is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable.,"This is a drought tolerant bryophyte species that forms small turfs and cushions on rock on exposed, acidic rocks, but generally in open habitats. This species occurs at elevations between 5 m and 2,500 Asl.





 

","



Even though this species may be locally threatened, there are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species.

","

This moss species is known to occur in protected areas and has been assessed as Endangered in Luxembourg, as Vulnerable in Norway, Romania, Germany and Estonia, as Near Threatened in Sweden and Great Britain, and as Regionally Extinct in Ireland and Northern Ireland (Hodgetts 2015, NBIC 2017). In Belarus it is considered as Data Deficient (Hodgetts 2015).



",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Hassel, K.","González Mancebo, J.","Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,lisae,,Grimmia lisae  ,De Not.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Grimmia lisae has a clear preference for areas with a Mediterranean climate. In Europe, this species occurs widely and has a scattered distribution. This species is mostly scattered in the Mediterranean region. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 12 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,736 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is 9.8 million km2 and the AOO is similar to that in Europe. The population size of this species in Europe is unknown, but it is probably under-recorded. The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be stable. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is sensitive to habitat degradation, and so it could become less frequent in the near future in particular areas exposed to pressures related to aquatic pollution and climatic changes. There is no specific conservation action in place for this species, although it would benefit from habitat protection. Further research on the population size and threats to this species is recommended.",Stable,"This species is an oceanic thermophilous, northern hemisphere species with a clear preference for areas with a Mediterranean climate. In Europe, this species occurs widely and has a scattered distribution. It is found from Scandinavia to the basin of the Mediterranean region, from Portugal, Spain and northern Africa in the west to Turkey (Ros et al. 2013), extending northwards to Hungary (Blockeel et al. 2008), the British Isles and westwards to Macaronesia (Maier 2010). According to recent reports, this species has been recorded from Montenegro (Erzberger and Bednarek-Ochyra in Ellis et al. 2014). In southeastern Europe, it has so far been reported from Bulgaria, Greece and Slovenia (Sabovljević et. al. 2008).

Outside of Europe, this species is distributed in western North America, from southern British Columbia to California and Arizona in the United States (Hastings and Ochyra 2007).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 12 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,748 km. In the EU 28, the EOO is 9.8 million km2 and the AOO is similar to that in Europe. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level to 1,500 m Asl.","The population size of this species in Europe is unknown, but it is probably under-recorded. This species is mostly scattered in the Mediterranean region.

In Europe, this species can be more or less common in majority of Mediterranean countries in similar habitats, from Portugal to the Balkans and Crete, with just one restricted area in Montenegro (Erzberger and Bednarek-Ochyra 2014) and one in Bulgaria (Lüth 2007). In the Iberian Peninsula, the species is very frequent and it is found in many sites from the north, the east and south of Spain (M. Brugués pers. comm. 2018) and Portugal in all provinces, but it is more frequent in western areas.

Elsewhere, this species in Macaronesia appears to be common in the Canary Islands (from four islands listed by González-Mancebo et al. 2008 and recently to more three new islands by Dirkse et al. 2018), and it is known from many sites in Madeira and all islands of the Azores (Gabriel et al. 2011).

The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be stable.","This species is found on acidic to basic rocks cervices, or boulders or slopes associated to saxicoulous humid vegetation. It occurs in Mediterranean to temperate areas from lowlands up to around 1,500 m Asl (Greven 1995). Typical forms of this species often grow near streams. This species is frequently found to be fertile.","Little is known about the major threats affecting this species, but it is probable that there is a negative influence from the anthropogenic pressure on aquatic habitats and expected climate change. Other human-induced changes, such as water management, can present a negative impact to the species through aquatic pollution.","This species is not threatened in the majority of countries where it is found. However, it is evaluated as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015) in Hungary and Luxembourg (Werner 2014). In Britain and Ireland, this species is considered to be Least Concern (LC) and it is not showing any decline (Lockhart 2012).

There is no specific conservation action in place for this species, although it would benefit from habitat protection. The species is reported to some Natural Parks as in Serra da Estrela and Gerês in Portugal. Further research on the population size and threats to this species is recommended.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Rumsey, F.","Sergio, C. & Hespanhol, H.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,longirostris,,Grimmia longirostris  ,Hook.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

 EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Grimmia longirostris is widespread in Europe, being frequent only in Fennoscandia but ranging south to the Mediterranean region, where it is rare. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. In addition at the European level there are no major known threats.",Stable,"Grimmia longirostris is a Circumpolar Boreo-temperate species and one of the most widespread species of its genus. It is found on all continents, and particularly widespread in the Northern Hemisphere in most mountain ranges. It occurs in Turkey, Asia, the Americas from Alaska south to Argentina, East Africa, Australia, New Zealand and Antarctica. In Europe it is frequent only in Fennoscandia but ranging south to the Mediterranean region, where it is rare (Greven 2003, Blockeel et al. 2014).","This is an autoicous species, and capsules are frequent and mature in winter (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Ireland, this species was not found from 1951 until it was refound in 2014. In Scotland, new subpopulations have been discovered in recent years. In fact, records since 1990 show an increasing trend in this species (Blockeel et al. 2014). It has also apparently declined in at least lowland regions of Germany since the 19thCentury (Lockhart et al. 2012). The overall population size is very large and the current population trend seems to be stable.","This species grows in compact cushions, on dry acid to ultrabasic rocks. It occurs on cliffs, on hillside and hilltop rocks and boulders, in scree, by rivers and on rocks by lakes, and rarely by the sea. In south Scandinavia it prefers less dry and exposed sites (Lockhart et al. 2012) This species in Europe occurs at elevations between 10-2,200 m Asl (Greven 2003, Blockeel et al. 2014).","Even though this species may be locally threatened, there are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species. However, since mountains are among the regions most affected by climate change (Kohler et al. 2014), monitoring of the species (especially in mountain sites) should be promoted.","This species is known to occur in protected areas, and has been assessed as Data Deficient in the Canary Island and in Albania, as Near Threatened in Germany, as Vulnerable in Luxembourg and Bulgaria, as Endangered in Hungary, and as Critically Endangered in Slovakia (Hodgetts 2015).",This species is not utilised.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Górski, P.","González Mancebo, J. & Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,meridionalis,,Grimmia meridionalis  ,(Müll.Hal.) E.Maier,"This species was described a long time ago as a variety of the common Grimmia trichophylla, but had been mostly forgotten and recorded under different names until Maier (2010) elevated it to the species level. Only since 2010 has this species been recorded under this name. Therefore, older records are doubtful unless accompanied by specimens which can be identified.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Grimmia meridionalis is widely distributed in the Mediterranean region, and is also known from Macaronesia and some countries in the Balkans. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in the Mediterranean region, the population size is large and the population trend is stable. In addition, there are no major threats to it.",Stable,"Grimmia meridionalis is widely distributed in the Mediterranean region, and is also known from Macaronesia and some countries in the Balkans (Lüth 2007, Werner 2008, Hodgetts 2015). This distribution is based on modern records and revised herbarium specimens only, due to the previous confusion in the literature - this species was previously considered a variety and was only elevated to the species level in 2010. Outside of Europe the species also occurs in California (US).","The species seems to be abundant in the Mediterranean region, and the overall population size is likely to be large. The population trend is thought to be stable. Subpopulations are not very large, but are numerous.","This species grows onsiliceousrocks and on soil in open Mediterranean shrubland, and garrigue. It is found at elevations between 200 m and 1,250 m Asl.",There are no major threats to this species.,The species is known to occur in protected areas. No conservation action is needed.,This species is not used.,"Cronberg, N.,Englefield, E.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F. & Lüth, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,mollis,,Grimmia mollis  ,Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Grimmia mollis is habitat-specific and rare but widely distributed, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated at over 5.7 million km2, surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory. However the area of occupancy (AOO) for this species is much more restricted, being estimated at only 388 km2 (300 km2 in the EU 28). Its overall population trend is considered stable and it is not severely fragmented, although the subpopulations are usually small. The population size is smaller than 1,000 individual equivalents in both Europe and the EU 28. Therefore this species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and the EU 28. 



 

Increasing temperatures in Europe due to climate change, leading to further melting of the snowpatches this species partially relies on, is a threat to it. The subpopulations that are present in lower mountains will be particularly impacted, since they cannot migrate further up to higher elevations to escape the increasing temperatures, and there are indications of general habitat decline in Europe due to climate change. Mitigation of the effects of climate change are needed, and ex-situ conservation measures, such as artificial propagation, are recommended.",Stable,"This species is widely distributed but rare in Europe, occurring in few countries. It is generally widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, but it is not common (Greven 2003), with records from North America and Asia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at over 5.7 million km2, surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category. However the area of occupancy (AOO) for this species is much more restricted, being estimated at only 388 km2. The AOO in the EU 28 is estimated at 300 km2.","Thi species is very rare in Europe, although locally abundant in Austria. In the central part of the Alps the subpopulations are stable, but in the lower mountain ranges they may be affected by climate change. Its overall population trend is considered stable and it is not severely fragmented. The subpopulations are usually small. The total population size is estimated to be under 1,000 individual equivalents both in Europe and EU 28 (one individual equivalent is equal to one rock). It may be under-recorded but, using the precautionary principle, the current estimate is used for the population size.","This species grows on wet, siliceous rocks beside or in small streams in alpine regions (Frey et al. 2006). It can be found growing on siliceous rocks and stones in acidic springs at high elevations, and on seepage from small, melting snow patches. It is also present in small rivulets. Sexual repronducton is extremely rare. Its altitudinal range is ca. 1,000-3,300 m.","Increasing temperatures in Europe due to climate change, leading to further melting of the snowpatches this species partially relies on, is a threat. The subpopulations that are present in lower mountains will be particularly impacted, since they cannot migrate further up to higher elevations to escape the increasing temperatures. A future decline in Norway is projected due to climate change. There are indications of habitat decline in Europe due to climate change.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Romania (Critically Endangered), Finland (Endangered), Slovakia (Endangered), Bulgaria (Vulnerable) and Spain (Vulnerable) (Hodgetts 2015). Mitigation of the effects of climate change are needed, and ex-situ conservation measures are recommended. It is known to be present in at least one protected area in Europe, Tatra National Park in Slovakia.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Górski, P.,Fettes, N.D.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,montana,,Grimmia montana  ,Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Grimmia montana is a widespread species in Europe,  from Fennoscandia south to the Iberian Peninsula and the mountains of  the Mediterranean region. It can  be found in a wide latitudinal and elevational range. This species is  assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the  population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be  stable. In addition, at the European level there are no major threats.",Stable,"Grimmia montana is a Circumpolar-temperate species. In Europe, it occurs in the mountains and is rare in the lowlands, from Fennoscandia throughout much of Europe, south to the Iberian Peninsula and the mountains of the Mediterranean region. It is also found in Macaronesia. Outside of Europe, it is found in North Africa (Algeria, Morocco), North and Central America, western and central Asia, and southern Africa (Vanderpoorten et al. 2008, Blockeel et al. 2014).

","

The population size of this species is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable, although in some European countries such as the UK is considered as a rare species (Smith 2004), and may be locally threatened (Hodgetts 2015).

","

This it is an acidophilous species which forms cushions on a wide range of rock types from base-rich siliceous, generally in open habitats. It occurs in northern countries in exposed sunny situations with a southern aspect, on the surface of rocks or in cracks and crevices; while in southern areas it occurs mostly in northern aspects. It is particularly characteristic of rocky ridges near to and on hilltops at moderate altitudes, but there are also records from coastal localities closer to sea level. This species occurs at elevations between 80 m and 2,500 m Asl.

","Even though this species may be locally threatened, there are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species.","



This species is known to occur in protected areas, and has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Hungary, as Near Threatened in Finland and Romania, and as Vulnerable in Bulgaria and Madeira (Sim-Sim et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015).

",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Laaka-Lindberg, S.","González Mancebo, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,muehlenbeckii,,Grimmia muehlenbeckii  ,Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Grimmia muehlenbeckii is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO, 7.8 million km2) and area of occupancy (AOO, 2,296 km2) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many recent records of its occurrence and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level. It is found in protected areas across Europe.",Stable,"This is a circumpolar boreo-temperate species. The precise distribution of G. muehlenbeckii is uncertain because of confusion with other species. However, it occurs throughout most of northern and central Europe, and is frequent in Fennoscandia, but rare in southern countries in the Mediterranean region (Greven 2003). It is one of the few Grimmia species present in lowland European Russia. Elsewhere it occurs in North Africa (Morocco), Asia and North America (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO), estimated at over 7.8 million km2, and area of occupancy (AOO), estimated at 2,296 km2, largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory.",This is a widespread species which is considered to have a stable population trend.,"This species grows on unshaded acidic rocks (Frey et al. 2006). It can be found also growing on granitic boulders and sandstone. In the mountains, it usually occurs in the forest belt (Ignatova and Munoz 2004). In Britain and Ireland it occurs on dry basic igneous and ultra-basic rocks, including basalt and peridotite. It typically occupies sunny positions on exposed rock surfaces or in crevices, with a predominantly south-facing aspect, although it occasionally grows in more sheltered niches facing north. It occurs on cliffs, slabs on rocky hillsides, on the top of boulders in scree, on rocks by rivers, and particularly in Ireland and Wales, on boulders by lakes. It is often accompanied by other Grimmia species (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 50-2,320 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Luxembourg (Vulnerable), Bulgaria (Vulnerable), Romania (Vulnerable), Spain (Vulnerable), Great Britain (Near Threatened), Germany Near Threatened), Ireland (Data Deficient), Northern Ireland (Data Deficient) Montenegro (Data Deficient) and Latvia (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Górski, P.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,nutans,,Grimmia nutans  ,Bruch,,No,EN,B2ab(iii); D,No,EN,B2ab(iii); D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Grimmia nutans is a rare taxon distributed in the Mediterranean basin, being present in around eight localities in Europe. Although it has a wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated at over 2.7 million km2, the area of occupancy (AOO) for this species is much more restricted, being estimated at just 24 km2. It is assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU 28 due to its small population size of less than 250 individual equivalents. The population of this species is also considered to be severely fragmented since it is found in small, isolated subpopulations. Ongoing habitat decline due to development for tourism and recreation areas threaten this species. It is not known to occur in any protected areas. Thus site management, population monitoring and ex-situ artificial propagation are all recommended conservation measures for this species.",Stable,"This species is a rare taxon distributed in the Mediterranean basin. It is found in Greece, Cyprus, the Canary Islands (Spain) and France (Greven 2003). It is present in around eight localities in Europe (T. Blockeel pers. comm. 2017). The occurrence in Portugal is rejected by Muñoz et al. (in Brugués and Guerra 2015): the record was based on a specimen of Grimmia dissimulata. It also occurs in Asian Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at over 2.7 million km2, surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory. However the area of occupancy (AOO) for this species is much more restricted, being estimated at just 24 km2.","The subpopulation in mainland Greece is large, and it also has big subpopulations in Lesbos. There is no evidence of a decline in the subpopulation here (T. Blockeel pers. comm. 2017). Overall the population trend of this species is stable, but it is considered severely fragmented since it is found in small, isolated subpopulations. These small subpopulations may go extinct with little probability of recolonisation. The population size is estimated to be smaller than 250 individual equivalents (considering each individual equivalent as one square meter).","This species grows seasonally on wet rocks (Frey et al. 2006). In Greece and Cyprus, it occurs on igneous and metamorphic rocks, where water is present in the winter (T. Blockeel pers. comm. 2017). It has been found with sporophytes.","The threats to this species can be regarded as habitat alteration and development for tourism and recreation areas. It includes construction works and water abstraction. As this species is rather restricted to a small number of localities in touristic areas, the decline of habitat extent and quality is evidently ongoing.","This species is listed  as Vulnerable in the Canary Islands (Hodgetts 2015). It is not found in any protected areas. Thus site management, species monitoring and ex-situ conservation measures are recommended.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Górski, P.,Fettes, N.D.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,orbicularis,,Grimmia orbicularis  ,Bruch ex Wilson,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

 EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Grimmia orbicularis occurs in the Mediterranean region north to the Netherlands, Germany and Poland. It also occurs in Madeira and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. In addition, at the European level there are no major known threats.",Stable,"Grimmia orbicularis is a Submediterranean-Sub-Atlantic species. This species occurs in the Mediterranean region north to the Netherlands, Germany and Poland. It also occurs in Madeira and the Canary Islands (La Palma). Outside of Europe it can also be found in North and southern Africa, Turkey, Asia (including China), Caucasus, western North America, Mexico, South America (Uruguay), Australia and New Zealand (Blockeel et al. 2014).","This is an autoicous species, forming cushions that persist at least several years, and with capsules frequent and maturing in spring (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Britain it is a declining species, possibly due to the impact of air pollution, a trend also seen in other parts of Europe. However, the losses have been compensated by some new records, especially in Ireland (Blockeel et al. 2014). The overall population size is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable.","This is a thermophilous species forming hoary cushions on dry exposed rocks. This species can be found in the sunny rock outcrops on grassy hillsides, on stonework and walls by the sea. It is typical of sunny rock outcrops on grassy hillsides and on crags. It is also found on stonework (all recent records from Ireland are on masonry), including wall tops and on mortar, on bridges, weathered concrete and walls by the sea. Elsewhere in Europe, it occurs on limestone rocks and walls, masonry and old concrete, usually in sunny places (Lockhart et al. 2012, Blockeel et al. 2014). This species is found from sea level up to 2,200 m Asl.","Even though this species may be locally threatened, there are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species.","This species occurs in protected areas, and has been assessed as Data Deficient in San Marino and Madeira, as Vulnerable in Germany, as Near Threatened in Great Britain, Andorra and Luxembourg, Vulnerable in the Canary Islands and Slovakia, as Endangered in Ireland and Austria, and as ‘rare’ in the Netherlands (González-Mancebo et al. 2012, Lockhart et al. 2012, Sim-Sim et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015).",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Cronberg, N.","Sim-Sim, M.","Goldberg, I.,Schröck, C.,Hodgetts, N.,Blom, H.,Lönnell, N.,Afonina, O.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,ovalis,,Grimmia ovalis  ,(Hedw.) Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Grimmia ovalis is widespread in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the population trend is assumed to be stable. In addition, even though this species may be locally threatened, at the European level there are no major threats.",Stable,"Grimmia ovalis is widely distributed in Europe throughout the montane regions from Fennoscandia to the Iberian Peninsula, the Mediterranean hills and mountains, east to the Balkans and European Russia. It is also present in the Canary Islands and Madeira (Sérgio et al. 2006, González-Mancebo et al. 2008). Outside of Europe it is also found in Asia, North America, northern and southern Africa, New Zealand and Central America (Blockeel et al. 2014).","Subpopulations of this species are usually quite small, but the overall population size is very large. The current population trend is thought to be stable.","This species is a colonist with good dispersal abilities. It is an acidophilous species, with some occurrences on base-rich siliceous rock usually growing on walls and roof tiles (Blockeel et al. 2014, A. Vanderpoorten pers. comm. 2018). In Madeira Island it has also been found on the soil in the margins of streams. It found at elevations between 10 m and 3,620 m Asl (Swissbryophytes 2018).



","Even though this species may be locally threatened, there are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species.","This species is known to occur in protected areas and it has been assessed as Vulnerable in Portugal and Germany, as Near Threatened in Sicily and Luxembourg, as ""susceptible"" in the Netherlands, and as Data Deficient in Belarus (Sérgio et al. 2013, Hodgetts 2015). In Britain, preservation of traditional roof tiles is recommended.",This species is not utilised.,"Cronberg, N.,Englefield, E.","Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,plagiopodia,,Grimmia plagiopodia  ,Hedw.,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



Grimmia plagiopoda grows in the north of Scandinavia, including Iceland, and also in montane regions of central and eastern Europe, south to the French Pyrenees, Macedonia and Cyprus. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it is estimated that there are fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents both in Europe and in the EU 28. One individual-equivalent is considered to be a single boulder or one square metre area of rock face where it grows. However, the current population trend is stable. Like many species of Grimmia, this appears to be a naturally rare plant with individual colonies that may not be permanent. There is some evidence of decline in Germany, but also of recovery; its performance elsewhere is not known. Some recent selective maintenance measures in Germany have led to a significant increase of this species in some areas, and even its reappearance in areas where it had previously disappeared. This positive management should continue. Otherwise, monitoring of at least some of the key subpopulations is recommended.",Stable,"Grimmia plagiopoda grows in the north of Scandinavia, including Iceland, and also in montaneregions of central and eastern Europe, south to the French Pyrenees, Macedonia and Cyprus. There are old records from the Czech Republic, where it has now apparently disappeared. Elsewhere its distribution includesNorth Africa, Asia,New Zealand,Antarcticaand the Americas, including Greenland (Hallingbäck et al. 2006, Hassel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 152 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11.1 million km².","There was some evidence of decline in Germany, but recent measures have led to an increase again (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). In Hungary there are three recent localities and it seems to be stable there. There is one locality in Macedonia where it also remains stable (B. Papp pers. comm. 2017). The species is rare in Scandinavia and there are only a few localities known in Sweden. It seems to be less rare in parts of eastern Europe. The lowland subpopulations can be affected by overgrowing and the species needs soft rocks. The overall current population trend seems to be stable, but the population size is not large. It is estimated that there are probably fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent is considered to be a single boulder or one square metre area of rock face where it grows. The subpopulations are small and isolated with little or no genetic exchange between them. These subpopulation may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation and the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.","This montane speciesgrows onwarmsunlit,south-facingblocksand rocks.In Scandinavia the substrateis normallylimestone orcalcareousshale, oftenwith abundantgrowth ofthelichen Xanthoria elegans, and sometimes with Hypnumrevolutum,SyntrichiaruralisandSchistidium spp. It can also be found on bird cliffs. Elsewhere it canalsogrowon concrete(Spessard 1983).In Russia it grows mainly on sandstones, often with Grimmia anodon (Ignatova and Muñoz 2004). In Germany this species isstrictly confined tobasicsandstones, growing with GrimmiapulvinataandTortula muralis, andonmore mineral-poorer substrates Bryumargenteumand Ceratodon purpureus (Meinunger and Schröder 2007).The altitudinal range is from 150 m up to 1,520 m Asl (Maier and Geissler 1995). In Hungary it grows on andesite rocks and in Macedonia in sandstones rocks (B. Papp pers. comm. 2017). In Cyprus it was found on copper-bearing rocks (Frahm et al. 2009).



It is autoicous andprobably spreads mainlythroughspores,because it lacksspecializedvegetativedispersal means.","In Germany, abandonment of farmland led to vegetation encroaching over the rocks where this species grows. Some areas have  been reforested with Pinus nigra, which led to decline and disappearance of some colonies. However, its continued existence in Germany is not secured. Threats elsewhere are unknown (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Tourism poses a threat to the species in Hungary.","Some recent selective maintenance measures in Germany have led to a significant increase of this species in some areas, and even its reappearance in areas where it had  previously disappeared (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). This positive management should continue. Otherwise, monitoring of at least some of the key subpopulations is recommended. This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Romania, as Endangered in Norway, Sweden, Hungary and Germany, and as Vulnerable in Slovakia. It is considered Regionally Extinct in the Czech Republic (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Virtanen, R.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C. & Untereiner, A.","Schröck, C.,Hodgetts, N.,Goldberg, I.,Blom, H.,Vellak, K.,Afonina, O.,Lönnell, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,pulvinata,,Grimmia pulvinata  ,(Hedw.) Sm.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Grimmia pulvinata is widespread in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. In addition, at the European level there are no major threats. No conservation research or action is needed.",Stable,"Grimmia pulvinata is a Circumpolar Southern-temperate species. It can be found throughout most of Europe, Macaronesia (Azores, Madeira and Canary Islands), northern, eastern and southern Africa, southwestern and central Asia east to China, North, Central and South America, Georgia to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand (Sérgio et al. 2006, González-Mancebo et al. 2008, Gabriel et al. 2011, Blockeel et al. 2014).",The overall population size of this species is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable.,"This is a pioneer species, forming cushions on horizontal to vertical surfaces and in crevices of rocks and calcareous sandstone. It is common on man-made substrates such as bridges, dams, canals, bunkers and fence-posts, roofs, even in remote locations far from human habitation. It can also be found occasionally as an epiphyte, occurring as scattered tufts on a wide range of tree species, and it also occurs widely on rocks near the sea (Hill et al. 1994, Blockeel et al. 2014). This species occurs from sea level up to 1,800 m Asl.",There are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species.,"This species has a large geographic range, being common in a high diversity of habitats. It is also present in several protected areas throughout its range. No conservation research or action is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Cronberg, N.,Englefield, E.","Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,ramondii,,Grimmia ramondii  ,(Lam. &amp; DC.) Margad.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Grimmia ramondii is confined in Europe to the high mountains (south to Corsica, Sardinia and Greece), and it also occurs in Scandinavia and Macaronesia (Canary Islands, Madeira). This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. In addition at the European level there are no major threats.",Stable,"In Europe, Grimmia ramondii is confined to high mountains (south to Corsica, Sardinia and Greece), and it also occurs in Scandinavia and Macaronesia (Canary Islands, Madeira). Outside of Europe it is known from Turkey, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Japan, western North America, and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014).","The overall population size is very large, and the current population trend is thought to be stable.","This species forms loose tufts frequently on magmatic rocks including granite, dolerite, gabbro, gneiss and lavas, in open to shaded sites, but also on slightly basic rocks in mountain areas. It is often found on rocks by streams and rivers. Although it rarely occurs far from water, it also grows on cliffs and in boulders near mountain summits (Frey et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014). This species occurs at elevations between 5 m and 2,700 m Asl (Swissbryophytes 2018).","Even though this species may be locally threatened, there are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species.","This species has been assessed as Regionally Extinct in the Netherlands, as Endangered in Germany, Romania and Slovakia, as Vulnerable in Bulgaria, as Near Threatened in Ireland and Portugal, as Data Deficient in the Canary Islands, and as “Threatened” in Belgium (González-Mancebo et al. 2012, Hodgetts 2015). It was also assessed as Data Deficient for the Madeira region (Sim-Sim et al. 2014). This species is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Cronberg, N.","Sim-Sim, M.","Juutinen, R.,Schröck, C.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,reflexidens,,Grimmia reflexidens  ,Müll.Hal.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Alpine Grimmia (Grimmia reflexidens) is a circumpolar Arctic-montane species but its precise distribution is obscured by taxonomic difficulties.  In Europe it is more frequent in the northern countries, scattered in the alpine belt in the central European mountains and extending south to the Iberian Peninsula and rarely in the Mediterranean mountains. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large and stable population and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are required at present, although monitoring of isolated small subpopulations is recommended.",Stable,"The Alpine Grimmia (Grimmia reflexidens) is a circumpolar Arctic-montane species but its precise distribution is obscured by taxonomic difficulties. There has been much confusion over the complex of species  that includes Grimmia alpestris, G. montana, G. sessitana and G. ungeri,  and the situation has been further exacerbated by misapplied names.  Different authors have published conflicting accounts of both  nomenclature and taxonomy. In Europe it is more frequent in the northern countries, scattered in the alpine belt in the central European mountains and extending south to the Iberian Peninsula and rarely in the Mediterranean mountains. It also occurs in Turkey, from Georgia to Kyrgyzstan, in Siberia and the Himalayas to the Russian far east and China, Japan, North America, the southern Andes, southern South America, East Africa, Australia, New Zealand and Antarctica (Blockeel et al. 2014).



This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 932 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 12.6 million km².","The population in the Alps is large and stable. The overall current population trend is also assumed to be stable. The population size is larger than 10,000 mature individuals and the population is not severely fragmented.","This is a strongly alpine species, growing on exposed siliceous rocks and boulders, sometimes with other species of Grimmia, including the closely-related G. alpestris. In the Balkans it usually occurs together with Grimmia montana. The only British record was from an uncharacteristically low altitude, and on dry acid rock. Its altitudinal range is from 150 m up to 4,400 m Asl (Hallingbäck et al. 2006, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).



It is monoicous, or occasionally dioicous; capsules are common, maturing in the early summer. There are no specialised vegetative means of reproduction.",There appear to me no major threats to this species since it is almost restricted to high alpine areas that are largely undisturbed.,"No conservation measures are required at present, although monitoring of isolated small subpopulations is recommended. This species has been assessed as Endangered in Romania, as Vulnerable in Finland and the Czech Republic, as Near Threatened in Slovakia, as Data Deficient in Albania, Montenegro and Portugal, and as 'extremely rare' in Germany. It is regarded as Regionally Extinct in Britain (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in protected areas. 

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Hodd, R.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,teretinervis,,Grimmia teretinervis  ,Limpr.,,No,NT,B2a; D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

A rare moss in the EU 28, Grimmia teretinervis is assessed as Vulnerable since there are estimated to be fewer than 1,000 individual equivalents. In the Ural mountains in European Russia, this species seems quite abundant. Thus the population size in Europe is estimated to be above (though not significantly) 1,000 individual equivalents, and is stable. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is just 120 km2 and its population is considered severely fragmented since more than half of the population is found in small, isolated subpopulations. For these reasons it is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe.

There are some local threats to this species, and in certain areas it can be affected by the overshading bof trees. The species can also be affected by the development of limestone quarries, although it can also occur there. It is found in protected areas, affording it some protection from these threats. Further site protection in areas where subpopulations are small is recommended.",Stable,"This is a rare species of central and eastern Europe. Elsewhere it is found in North America (Hastings 2002). In Europe the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at ca. 760,000 km2, surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory. However the area of occupancy (AOO) for this species is much more restricted, being estimated at 120 km2in Europe, and around 80 km2 in the EU 28.","Greven (1995) reported this species to be rare in Europe. Muñoz and Pando (2000) and Ignatova and Muñoz (2004) cited several records of this species from central Europe and Russia. In Hungary and Bulgaria, this species was not found at its historical sites again (B. Papp pers. comm. 2017). There are two subpopulations in Austria that are extremely large. It is not considered rare in European Russia, and seems quite abundant in the Ural mountains, where most of the records are quite recent. The overall population trend is stable and its population size is estimated to be greater than 1,000 individual equivalents, though not significantly above 1,000. However there are estimated to be fewer than 1,000 individual equivalents in the EU 28 (one individual equivalent is considered as one rock).The population is considered to be severely fragmented since more than half of the population is found in small, isolated subpopulations. These small subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. 





","This species grows on dry, limestone outcrops (Greven 2003). It is also often found growing on schist rocks. In European Russia, it is found on the steppes and on slopes.","There are some local threats to this species, and in certain areas like the Czech Republic it can be affected by the overshading of trees. The species can be affected by the development of limestone quarries, although it can also occur there. It is unknown whether there is a decline in the population or habitat of this species.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Czech Republic (Critically Endangered), Austria (Endangered), Romania (Endangered), Switzerland (Vulnerable), Bulgaria (Vulnerable), Hungary (Data Deficient), Slovenia (Data Deficient), Poland (Data Deficient) and Germany (Risk Assumed) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas. Site protection in the sites where the subpopulations are small is recommended.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Weibull, H.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.","Söderström, L.,Juutinen, R.,Konstantinova, N.,Ingerpuu, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,tergestina,,Grimmia tergestina  ,Tomm. ex Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

 EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Grimmia tergestina is a Eurasian Southern-temperate species which occurs from southern Sweden to many Mediterranean countries and Macaronesia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. In addition at the European level there are no major known threats.",Stable,"Grimmia tergestina is a Eurasian Southern-temperate species. In Europe it occurs from southern Sweden to many Mediterranean countries and Macaronesia (Tenerife, Canary Islands). Outside of Europe it occurs in North Africa (Algeria, Morocco), and Southwest Asia. However, its distribution is obscured by varying treatments of related taxa such as G. crassifolia and G. plagiopoda, but may extend to central and east Asia, north and south America, the Caribbean (Dominican Republic) and east Africa (Tanzania) (Blockeel at al. 2014). It can be found at elevations from 10 m up to 2,600 m Asl.","This is an autoicous species with rare capsules and maturing in winter (Blockeel et al. 2014). It was only recently added to the British list from a Scottish collection gathered in 1966. The detection of this species and the distribution of the sexes in northern Europe have given rise to the hypothesis that it is expanding its range, possibly in response to climate change (Blockeel et al. 2014). The overall population size is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable in most countries.","This species forms cushions on sunny igneous and calcareous rocks and stonework. It occurs on cliffs, on base-rich strata, including basalt and andesite, sometimes on thin soil overlying the rock and often near the coast (Blockeel et al. 2014).","Even though this species may be locally threatened, there are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species.","This species has been assessed as Data Deficient in the Canary Islands and Portugal, and as Vulnerable in Bulgaria, Sweden and Germany (Sérgio et al. 2013, Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hugonnot, V.","Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,torquata,,Grimmia torquata  ,Drumm.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

In Europe, Grimmia torquata is widespread throughout the higher mountains, particularly frequent in Scandinavia. It also occurs in the south part of Europe, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece and Macaronesia (Canary Islands and Madeira). This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. In addition, at the European level there are no major threats.",Stable,"Grimmia torquata is an Boreo-arctic Montane species. In Europe, it is widespread throughout the higher mountains, particularly frequent in Scandinavia. It also occurs in Russia and in the south part of Europe, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece, Canary Islands and Madeira (Sérgio et al. 2006, González-Mancebo et al. 2008, Blockeel et al. 2014). Outside Europe it is known from the Caucasus, Siberia, the Russian far East, North America, Greenland, Mexico and Hawaii (Blockeel et al. 2014).","The overall population size is very large, and the current population trend is thought to be stable.","This species grows on siliceous and other rocks (generally based-rich but not limestone), usually on vertical cliffs or sides of boulders, at high mountain regions especially on north- or east-facing slopes (Frey et al. 2006, Lockhart et al. 2012). This species occurs at elevations between 80 m and 3,290 m Asl (Swissbryophytes 2018).

","Even though this species may be locally threatened, there are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species.","This species has been assessed as Endangered in Germany and Romania, as Vulnerable in the Czech Republic, Luxembourg and Bulgaria, as Near Threatened in Ireland and Switzerland, as Data Deficient in Portugal, Slovakia and Montenegro, and as “Threatened” in Belgium (Sérgio et al. 2013, Hodgetts 2015). It is also assessed as Near Threatened in Madeira (Sim-Sim et al. 2014). It is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Ros-Espín, R.","Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,trichophylla,,Grimmia trichophylla  ,Grev.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Grimmia trichophylla is a Circumpolar Wide-temperate species. In Europe it occurs through most of Europe, including Macaronesia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. In addition, at the European level there are no major threats. No conservation or research actions are needed.",Stable,"Grimmia trichophylla is a Circumpolar Wide-temperate species. In Europe it occurs through most of Europe, including Macaronesia (Canary Islands and Madeira). Outside of Europe it is also found in Africa (northern, east and southern), America (northern, central and southern), Hawaii, the Middle East, and Southwestern Asia (Sérgio et al. 2006, González-Mancebo et al. 2008, Blockeel et al. 2014).",The overall population size is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable.,"This species forms tufts on dry, exposed, base-poor hard rocks of siliceous rocks, from granite to sandstone, only very rarely on basic substrates. Its varied habitats include cliffs, crags, isolated boulders and rocks in moorland, heathland, and deciduous and coniferous woodland, and more rarely in the open areas of the natural forests of Macaronesia. It also occurs on walls in urban areas, and sometimes on old bridges (Hill et al. 1992, Blockeel et al. 2014). This species occurs from sea level up to 3,212 m Asl (Swissbryophytes 2018).

","Even though this species may be locally threatened, there are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species.","This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Netherlands, as Near Threatened in Hungary and Switzerland, and as Endangered in Romania (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range and no conservation or research actions are needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Ros-Espín, R.","Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,triformis,,Grimmia triformis  ,Carestia &amp; De Not.,Grimmia triformis is very similar to G. donniana and genetic and morphological research is needed to determine whether these two species are conspecific.,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"In Europe, Grimmia triformis is known from a few localities in Norway, Sweden, France, Italy, and Austria. However, its range is poorly understood since in many checklists it is often reported in synonymy with G. donniana. Its distribution, as well as population size and trend are therefore unclear. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack and uncertainty of data and further research is needed in order to determine its extinction risk.",Unknown,"In Europe, Grimmia triformis is known from a few localities in Norway, Sweden, France, Italy, and Austria (Hodgetts 2015). However, its range is poorly understood and further research is needed. Based on available data its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be around 40 km2, but this is an uncertain estimate and the real AOO is likely to be higher.","There is no available information on the population size and trend. In Sweden it is rare, but in Austria it is not considered rare, merely a high-altitude species.","This species occurs on siliceous rocks in mountainous areas. It is an alpine plant that can be found up to 3,000 m Asl.",There appear to be no major threats to this species since it is found in undisturbed and difficult to access places.,"No documentation on conservation actions is available. This species is known to occur in protected areas. However, more research is needed into its taxonomy, distribution, population size and trend.",This species is not utilised.,"Hedenäs, L.,Cálix, M.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hallingbäck, T, Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F., Lüth, M. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,ungeri,,Grimmia ungeri  ,Jur.,"There is taxonomic uncertainty surrounding this taxon, since even experts on the genus do not agree on its status.G. ungeri is treated as a synonym of G. montana by Maier (2010). However,Muñoz (J.  Muñoz pers. comm. 2017) considers this taxon a valid one. It is  autoicous and there are differences in its sporophytes compared to other  species. Forthe purpose of this assessment this taxon is considered as a valid species, following J. Muñoz's opinion.",No,EN,D,No,EN,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Grimmia ungeri has a very small, if odd, and fragmented distribution in Europe. The area of occupancy (AOO) is very restricted, being estimated at only 8 km2. It is also considered to be severely fragmented. It is assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its small population size though, which is probably fewer than 250 individual equivalents. However it has a presumably stable population trend (sexual reproduction being common), possibly helped by its rather inaccessible localities. 

Specific threats to this species are unknown, however tourism can be regarded as one potential threat, and this species could also be affected by the increased severity and duration of droughts as a result of climate change. It is unknown if it is found in protected areas. Population monitoring and research, as well as site protection and ex-situ artificial propagation, are all highly recommended conservation measures for this species.",Unknown,"Grimmia ungeri is found in Cyprus, in the Troodos Mountains (Greven 2003), and recently it has also been reported from the Canary Islands (La Palma) (Gonzáles-Mancebo et al. 2009). Elsewhere, it is also present in California, USA, although there is uncertainty regarding its actual occurrence there. Some previously known sites of this species, inSardinia, Scotland and the Canary Islands (Tenerife),  are excluded due to confusion with G. montana (Scotland) (Muñoz 1998).The odd distribution could possibly be due to misidentifications with G. montana. In Europe the extent of occurrence (EOO) surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category. However the area of occupancy (AOO) for this species is very restricted, being estimated at only 8 km2.","Greven (2003) remarked that in 1993, in the Troodos mountains in Cyprus, this species was still there, in good condition, commonly occurring around the summit of Mount Olympus. The overall population size is probably smaller than 250 individual equivalents (one individual equivalent is considered as one rock). The population is severely fragmented, occurring in small, isolated subpopulations. These small subpopulations may go extinct with little probability of recolonisation.","This species is found growing in high mountains on basic, fine-grained aphanitic rock (Greven 2003). It grows at altitudes from 1,600 to 1,950 metres in Cyprus. Sexual reproduction is reported as being common in this species.","Specific threats to this species are unknown, however tourism can be regarded as one potential threat, and this species could also be affected by the increased severity and duration of droughts as a result of climate change. It is unknown whether there is any indication of a decline in the habitat of this species.","This species is listed as Data Deficient in the Canary Islands (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown if it is found in protected areas. Species monitoring and research, as well as site protection and ex-situ conservation measures, are highly recommended.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Köckinger, H.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Grimmia,unicolor,,Grimmia unicolor  ,Hook.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Dingy Grimmia (Grimmia unicolor) is a circumpolar boreal-montane moss recorded in Fennoscandia, the Alps, Vosges and Pyrenees, Corsica, the Balkan mountains, and east to European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since its current population trend is stable and there appear to be no clear major threats to it - although climate change might be a potential threat in the Balkans due to the drying of the climate. It is a naturally rare species scattered in mountainous part of Europe, and it is locally abundant in at least some sites. No conservation measures are required at present, but monitoring at least some of the more important subpopulations is desirable.",Stable,"The Dingy Grimmia (Grimmia unicolor) is a circumpolar boreal-montane moss recorded in Fennoscandia, the Alps, Vosges and Pyrenees, Corsica, the Balkan mountains, and east to European Russia. Elsewhere it occurs in Turkey, Caucasus, Georgia to Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan, Siberia, the Himalayas, Mongolia, China, the Russian far east, North America and Greenland, and Mount Elgon in Uganda (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 684 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7.8 million km².","In the Murmansk region (Russia) it is known from only old records. In the Pyrenees it is very rare. In Serbia and Greece the subpopulations are small. In Switzerland there are around 25 recent records. The population trend in the Alps is stable and the overall current population trend is also considered to be stable. The population is not severely fragmented and the population size is larger than 1,000 mature individuals.","This speciesforms dark green cushions, often extensive, on hard acid siliceous wet rocksuch as granite or gneiss onrelativelyexposed cliffs,as wellason steep coastal slopes, especially inregions of high rainfall.It occursmost abundantlywherewateris channeledinto seepages. Recorded associates in Sweden includeGrimmiaovalis, G.muehlenbeckii,Bryumalpinum,Cephaloziella divaricata,Pterigynandrum filiforme andKiaeria spp. (Hallingbäck et al. 2006).In Scotland it occurs on massive, sloping, south-facing diorite slabs that are periodically irrigated by trickling water and on irrigated hornblende schist slabs, along with Bryoerythrophyllum ferruginascens, Bryum capillare, B. dixonii, Racomitrium ellipticum and Schistidium strictum; and also on south-facing, base-rich gneiss slabs in the inundation zone of a large river with Frullania tamarisci and Racomitrium aciculare as the only close associates (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from 20 m up to 3,000 m Asl.



It is dioicous; capsules are occasional, maturing in late summer; there are no specialised vegetative means of dispersal.","There are no known major threats to this species, although climate change might be a potential threat in the Balkans due to the drying of the climate.","No conservation measures are required at present, but monitoring at least some of the more important subpopulations is desirable. It is regarded as rare or threatened in several countries, and has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Romania, as Vulnerable in Britain and Bulgaria, as Near Threatened in Finland and Switzerland, as 'extremely rare' in Germany, and as Data Deficient in Spain. It is regarded as Regionally Extinct in the Czech Republic (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Orgaz Alvarez, J.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C., Untereiner, A. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Gymnobarbula,bicolor,,Gymnobarbula bicolor  ,(Bruch &amp; Schimp.) Jan Kučera,Kučera et al. (2013) created the new genus Gymnobarbula for this species.,Yes,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



Based on the current state of knowledge, Gymnobarbula bicolor is one of the few bryophytes endemic to the Alps. There is no exact data on the population size or trend. There is a maximum of 100 records of this species from Europe. Although many of these records are historical, this is probably because of under-recording at high altitudes, and there is no evidence of a decline. However, the overall population trend is unknown. Even though the population size is uncertain, it is estimated that there are between 500 and 1,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) in Europe and in the EU 28. Therefore, this species is assessed as Vulnerable globally, in Europe and the EU 28. Climate change is a threat to this species, especially subpopulations at lower elevations. However, the population will probably not be impacted significantly in the next 50 years. The global responsibility for the conservation of this endemic species is extremely high. The real distribution area should be investigated and more about the population size and reproductive biology should be learned. Large subpopulations should be protected.",Unknown,"Based on the current state of knowledge, this species is one of the few bryophytes endemic to the Alps. Confirmed records are available only from France, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Germany and Slovenia. There is an unconfirmed record from Serbia (M. Sabovljevic pers. comm. 2016). From Italy, there is also data from Abruzzo and Calabria, although the latter record is probably erroneous. It has been found growing at elevations between 800 m and 2,800 m Asl. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 300 and 400 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 70,000 and 100,000 km2.","There is no exact data on the population sizes or trend. There is a maximum of 100 records of this species from Europe. At each site there are between one and 20 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre where this species grows. It is estimated that there are between 500 and 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe and in the EU 28. The species is considered to be frequent in Trentino (Italy) and some parts of Austria. In Austria, the subpopulation is considered to be stable (Zechmeister et al. 2013, Schröck et al. 2013, 2014, Köckinger and Schröck 2017). However, the overall population trend is unknown.","This species prefers shady, moist crevices and niches of limestone, dolomite and calcareous rocks from the alpine to subnival level, occurring less frequently at montane to subalpine levels (Grims 1999, Meinunger and Schröder 2007). The altitudinal range is from 1,000 m up to 2,800 m Asl.","This species grows in largely unthreatened habitats. The relatively large number of purely historical records is probably due to the poor degree of research, rather than indicating a decline: the habitats are often not easy to reach. Subpopulations at lower levels could disappear as a result of climate change. However, the population will probably not be impacted significantly in the next 50 years.","This species has been assessed as Data Deficient in Germany (Caspari et al. 2018). The global responsibility for the conservation of this endemic species is extremely high. In general, it is worth mentioning that very little is known about the high alpine flora, particularly on the Balkan peninsula and in Italy. From an ecological point of view, this species is likely to be somewhat more widespread than is known today. This species should be looked for, particularly in calcareous high mountains such as Gran Sasso in Italy or Prokletije in the Albanian Alps. For this reason, the real distribution area should be investigated and more about the population size and reproductive biology should be learned. It occurs in at least one protected area. Large subpopulations should be protected.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Puche, F.,Hodgetts, N.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Gymnocolea,borealis,,Gymnocolea borealis  ,(Frisvoll &amp; Moen) R.M.Schust.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Gymnocolea borealis is, in Europe, only known from Norway, Sweden and Finland. This species is widespread in the north, but it is always found in small subpopulations. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 600 and 800 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 0.8 million km2 and within the EU 28 the AOO is ca 190 km2 and EOO is ca 390,000 km2. The current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no major threats to this species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.



No conservation action is needed at present.",Stable,"This species has a subarctic distribution. It is only known from boreal-subalpine areas in Norway, Sweden and Finland (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, it is also known from Greenland (Damsholt 2002). The species is an European near-endemic taxa.



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 600 and 800 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 0.8 million km2 and within the EU 28 the AOO is ca 190 km2 and EOO is ca 390,000 km2.","This species is widespread in the north, but it is always found in small subpopulations. There is no reason to believe that this species is neither declining nor inclining in Europe for the time being, and therefore the current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows as single plants among other bryophytes, such as Aneura pinguis, Warnstorfia sarmentosa, Campylium stellatum, Scorpidium cossonii, Odontoschisma elongatum and Saccobasis polita, or rarely in small patches in both moderately rich and extremely rich fens, preferring rather dense vegetation (Damsholt 2002).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.",This species is in the Red List of Finland as Data Deficient (DD) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. No conservation action is needed at present.,This species is not utilized.,"Englefield, E.,Vellak, K.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T","Ştefănuţ, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Gymnocolea,fascinifera,,Gymnocolea fascinifera  ,Potemkin,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Gymnocolea fascinifera has been found in the European part of Russia, particularly in the Republic of Komi, which so far is the only known locality in Europe. There is no data available on both the size of the population of this species and the current population trend. The threats to this species are unknown. This species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient since lack of reliable data on distribution since it is a rather new species and it is no information on its population size and trends. Further research is needed to clarify the status of the species throughout its range, as well as to determine the threats to the species.

This species is not found within the EU 28 and it is therefore Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"The species was described from Seward in Alaska by Potemkin (1993) and it has also been recorded from arctic Asia (l.c.). Recently the species was found in the European part of Russia, particularly in the Republic of Komi (Potemkin 2008), which so far is the only known locality in Europe.

The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe are both estimated to be around 4 km2. This species is not found within the EU 28.",There is no data available on both the size of the population of this species and the current population trend.,"At the only known locality in Europe, this species grows in a pool in Betula nana tundra (Potemkin 1993). In Yamal Peninsula, where the locus classicus is, the species occurs in ""Sphagnum tussock bog and bogs with flowing water, in herb-willow, grass-cotton grass and sedge-lichen moss tundras"" (Potemkin 2008).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not protected and it is not found in protected areas throughout its range. Further research is needed to clarify the status of the species throughout its range, as well as to determine the threats to the species.",This species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Denyer, J.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Gymnocolea,inflata,,Gymnocolea inflata  ,(Huds.) Dumort.,Gymnocolea inflata may be confused with Cladopodiella fluitans with which it is sometimes associated (Paton 1999).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Inflated Notchwort (Gymnocolea inflata) has a Subatlantic distribution and is found in north and central Europe, its presence extending eastwards to European Russia. This is a pioneer colonist species which tolerates pollution and long periods of dryness. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in almost all of Europe and the current population trend is stable. Site protection is recommended, as well as research into the population and monitoring of population and habitat trends.",Stable,"The Inflated Notchwort (Gymnocolea inflata) has a Subatlantic distribution and is found in north and central Europe, its presence extending eastwards to European Russia (Hodgetts 2015). It is also found in  Asia, Japan and North America (Paton 1999, Hicks 2004).","The species is widespread in almost all of Europe, even if it is sometimes rare. In the marshy areas of northwestern Germany, the species has decreased drastically due to the removal of the swamps, and in all other areas of the country it is rare (Moose Deutschland 2018). The current population trend is thought to be stable.","This is a pioneer colonist species, hygrophytic occasionally submerged, humicolous. It is characteristic of wet and acidic places, swamps and puddle edges. It grows on bare peat and favors peat bogs and moors. It also grows on gravel or sand poor in bases and igneous rock outcrops subject to at least periodic seepage, often in direct sunlight. Small and compact plants can sometimes grow on rocky walls in damp woods and can be difficult to identify. The species is tolerant to pollution (Paton 1999, Dierssen 2001, Atherton et al. 2010). It is found at elevations between 800 m and 2,700 m Asl.



","The species may undergo local reductions due to the removal of swampy areas. However, as it survives prolonged dehydration, it can survive and repopulate the area. It also tolerates acid pollution in industrial areas, where it would be favored compared to other species (Moose Deutschland 2018).","This species is linked to swamp environments that in some cases have been removed and have made the species rare. However, as it survives prolonged dehydration, it is preserved in other areas, so it should survive. It is reported in some Red Lists as Endangered (Luxembourg, Hungary, Madeira) or as Vulnerable (Portugal, Germany, Slovakia, Slovenia) (Hodgetts 2015). Site protection is recommended, as well as research into the population and monitoring of population and habitat trends. The species is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Hespanhol, H.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,GYMNOMITRIACEAE,Gymnomitrion,adustum,,Gymnomitrion adustum  ,Nees,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Gymnomitrion adustum is considered to be an endemic species to Europe, with an area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be between 700 and 800 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 10 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is estimated to be around 500 km2 and the EOO is estimated to be around 9 million km2. The species has a stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28, and a larger population size than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). There are also no major threats to the species. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC) in both Europe and the EU 28.



However, there are thought to have been localized extinctions in Germany and in the Czech Republic, and the species is considered to be threatened in several countries, including Portugal and Slovakia.



Research and monitoring of population size and trend is needed, as well as further research on the current distribution of this species.",Stable,"This species has a suboceanic boreo-arctic montane distribution. It is found in Norway, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, the Azores, Madeira, Great Britain and Ireland. In central Europe, it is also found from France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, north Italy, and eastwards to Slovakia, Poland and Bulgaria (Hodgetts 2015). The species seems to be endemic to Europe, although there is a record from Kamchatka that needs to be confirmed (N. Konstantinova pers. comm. 2017). 



In the Nordic countries, this species is rare along the west coast of Norway at altitudes of between 600 and 900 m Asl, but it is most common at the highest altitudes. In the southern part of Norway, this species rarely descends to an altitude of 200 m Asl, and in the northern part, the species is found almost to sea level. The species has recently been found on the Faeroe Island and some old findings in northernmost Sweden (Riksgränsen) are known (Damsholt pers. comm). The altitudinal range of the species across Europe is between 10 m and 2,720 m Asl.



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 700 and 800 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 500 km2 and the EOO is ca 9 million km2.","This species is considered to be extinct in Germany and in the Czech Republic. In Norway and Iceland, it seems to have a stable population size.In the United Kingdom, only a small number of new colonies have been discovered recently. The most significant change for this species is the increase in the number of known Irish sites from two to eight. Sporophytes are common. There is no indication of any decline in the north (Iceland, Norway and Scotland). Overall, the current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.



The population size is larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) in both areas and the population is not severely fragmented.","In the United Kingdom, this species grows on screes, in exposed fell fields, on ridges and summits, and the side of streams, flushes and lochs. Small stones of granite or gneiss are the favoured substrate by this species, although, more rarely, it is also found on basic schists or basalt. It also, less typically, grows on moist rock walls and slabs and rarely on moist gravel soil among rocks. 



In the Nordic countries this species grows on acidic stones or rock walls in or along small streams, often together with Marsupella sprucei, M. andreaeoides and M. sphacelata, and also in more dry habitats (Damsholt 2002). In addition to Marsupella spp., this species can associate with Diplophyllum albicans and Gymnomitrion spp. (Blockeel et al. 2014).



The habitat of this species is hard to access and therefore is undisturbed.","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","This species is Regionally Extinct (RE) in the Czech Republic and in Germany. It is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Portugal, as Data Deficient (DD) in Italy, as Endangered (EN) in Slovakia and as (I) in Poland. In Austria, Switzerland and Bulgaria, this species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected area.



Research and monitoring of population size and trend is needed, as well as further research on the current distribution of this species.



",The species is not used or traded.,"Bergamini, A.,Fettes, N.D.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,GYMNOMITRIACEAE,Gymnomitrion,alpinum,,Gymnomitrion alpinum  ,(Gottsche ex Husn.) Schiffn.,,No,VU,C2a(i),No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Gymnomitrion alpinum is found mostly in mountainous areas of northern Europe. It is considered to be extinct in Germany and it has declined in central Europe, including in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Switzerland, and therefore the population trend is considered to be declining in  both Europe and the EU 28. The population size of the species, in both Europe and the EU 28, is estimated to be fewer than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals), with less than 1,000 in each subpopulation. The species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in both Europe and the EU 28.

This species is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats so there are no major threats, however it could be affected by climate change in areas with snow beds. Monitoring and research on the distribution, population size and trend of the species is needed.",Decreasing,"This species has a suboceanic arctic-montane distribution. It occurs in the mountains from Norway, Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, and the Pyrenees in the west. In central Europe, this species is found in the Alps, Switzerland, Austria and northern Italy. In eastern Europe, it is found in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Poland (Hodgetts 2015). In Norway, besides mountains, this species also occurs at lower altitudes along the coast (Damsholt 2002). In Asia, it is known from Japan. In North America, there are records from Alaska, British Columbia and Washington (Damsholt 2002). 

The altitudinal range of this species is between 10 m and 2,500 m Asl.

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 600 and 800 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 500 km2 and the EOO is ca 3 million km2.","There is very little information known about the total population size of this species. However, the population size is considered to be smaller than 10,000 individual-equivalents(considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent), with less than 1,000 in each subpopulation in Europe and in the EU 28. The population of this species is not considered to be severely fragmented. 

This species is considered to be extinct in Germany and it has declined in central Europe, including in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Switzerland.

In Scotland, it has decreased in snow-beds by more than 5% during the period of 1989 to 2007, probably because of the sites becoming drier (Rothero et al. 2007). However, it is possible that it may have been under-recorded. Considering the decline in snow-bed habitats in Scotland, it is suspected that this decline is occurring in other central European mountain areas, too. Therefore, while the trend in Norway seems to be stable, the overall population trend is considered to be declining in both Europe and the EU 28.","In United Kingdom, this species grows on intermittently irrigated rocks walls, crevices in gullies on cliffs, slabs, dripping rocks and damp scree blocks It is usually found in sites with a sheltered north to east aspect on mountains. Granitic and gneissic rocks are its usual substrates, but it can also grow on more basic schists and basalt. It occurs more rarely on peaty or gravelly soil, but almost always in damp rocky sites close to flushes or snow patches. The Andreaea-like patches, though not extensive, are often relatively pure; recorded associates are few but include Anthelia julacea, Gymnomitrion crenulatum, G. obtusum, Marsupella emarginata, Andreaea spp. and Ditrichum zonatum (Blockeel et al. 2014).

In Norway, it grows on moist acidic rocks or periodically irrigated rock-faces of slate or granite, often together with, for example, Marsupella sphacelata, Gymnocolea inflata, Sphenolobopsis pearsonii and Anastrophyllum assimile (Damsholt 2002). It is often found on boulders in or near rivers or power plants (H. Blom pers. comm. 2017). In Austria, the species is also found in areas with long snow cover and cold water.

The habitats of this species are typically hard to access and therefore relatively undisturbed.","This species is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats so there are no major threats, however it could be affected by climate change in areas with snow beds.","This species is included in several national Red Lists. It is assessed as Regionally Extinct (RE) in Germany, as Critically Endangered (CR) in Romania, as Data Deficient (DD) in Italy, as Endangered (EN) in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and as Vulnerable (VU) in Austria, Switzerland and Bulgaria (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in some protected areas. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Bergamini, A.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,GYMNOMITRIACEAE,Gymnomitrion,brevissimum,,Gymnomitrion brevissimum  ,(Dumort.) Warnst.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Snow Rustwort (Gymnomitrion brevissimum) is known to occur in the arctic and northern parts of Europe, as well as in the mountains of central and southern Europe. The majority of subpopulations of this species are restricted to the north. 

This species has a large geographic range in Europe - the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 9.4 million km2 and the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is around 1,020 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is around 5 million km2 and the AOO is around 612 km2. The species occurs in high mountainous places that usually are not under anthropogenic pressure, and there are no major threats for this species currently, although climate change may cause a problem in the future, due to melting of the snow bed habitats where this species is found. The population size of this species, in both Europe and the EU 28, is for sure is more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals counts as mats). There is some population size reduction in some south European countries, but it is less than 30% for the whole of Europe, and the overall current population trend is considered to be stable. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.



However, in several central and south European countries, this species is threatened, including Slovakia, Andorra and Spain. Monitoring of habitat trends for this species is required.",Stable,"This is an arctic-montane circumpolar species that is known to occur from low elevations in arctic and northern parts of Europe to high elevations in the mountains of central and southern Europe. The altitudinal range of the species in Europe is therefore between sea level and 3,000 m Asl. It is also found in Iceland, Greenland and in western North America (Damsholt 2002). In Asia, it is known from the western Himalayas (Damsholt 2002) and Russia, particularly southern Siberia, Chukotka and Kamchatka (Konstantinova et al. 2009).

In Europe, the estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is around 9.4 million km2 and the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is around 1,020 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is around 5 million km2 and the AOO is around 612 km2.

","The subpopulations of this species in the mountains of northern Europe are rather large in appropriate habitats. It is rather rare in many European countries. In Scandinavian countries and in the north of Russia the species is rather common and even abundant in suitable habitats. Pure mats of the species can reach several m2. The species is paroicous and mature sporophytes occur rather frequently. Spores are numerous, very small and can be easy dispersed by wind, so the capacity of species to disperse is very high. The species is not severely fragmented.

However there is no data about the trends of the population. In general, the species is common in snow beds, and so the current population trend is considered to be stable, but a decline can be expected due to rising temperatures affecting the snow beds habitats. The population size is estimated to be larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and with one mat of 1 m2 used as a proxy for one individual-equivalent).","The species is mainly restricted to tundra zones and the alpine belt. It is found on mountains where it grows below snow fields in areas that are moist from snow melting during summer, and it is found in snow-bed communities e.g. in depressions on slopes, at the summit of plateaus and on spots of bare soil in tundras. Occasionally it occurs in the forest zone where the species grows along mountain roads irrigated by melting snow in summer, on soil between rocks on rock fields or on the banks of streams. In central Europe, it is found in sub-alpine and alpine areas.","In southern and central Europe, the species occurs in high mountainous places that usually are not under anthropogenic pressure. Moreover, it is restricted to different waste areas and disturbed sites by natural or anthropogenic events. Therefore, it seems that there are no threats for the species, apart from the probable climate warming in the future which could affect the snow bed habitats.","The species is included in the Red Lists of many countries. It is assessed as Endangered (EN) in Slovakia, as Vulnerable (VU) in Andorra, Spain, Bulgaria and Romania, as Near Threatened (NT) in Italy and Regionally Extinct (RE) in the Czech Republic (Hodgetts 2015). In European Russia, this species is known to occur in Lapland State Nature Reserve (Borovichev 2014). Monitoring of habitat trends for this species is required.",The species is not used or traded.,"Vanderpoorten, A.,Cálix, M.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,GYMNOMITRIACEAE,Gymnomitrion,commutatum,,Gymnomitrion commutatum  ,(Limpr.) Schiffn.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The liverwort Gymnomitrion commutatum has an arctic-alpine distribution, and is restricted in Europe to Iceland, the Alps (France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria), the Tatra Mountains (Poland, Slovakia) and the Carpathians in Romania, where it was recently discovered. Interestingly, this species is missing from the rest of Scandinavia. The main distribution area is at high altitudes in the central European mountains. No exact information is known about the population trend and little is known about the population size, but this species can form large subpopulations under good habitat conditions, and there are numerous records, at least in some parts of Europe (Slovakia, Austria). The overall population trend is thus assumed to be stable, and the population size is certainly larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.

This liverwort usually grows in shady, north-facing habitats, on moderately moist, lime-free silicate rocks in the alpine belt, where it grows not directly on rock, but on rock deposits or mineral rich soil. Sporophytes are unknown, so it is assumed to be a poor disperser. At high elevations where human impact is usually low, it can be considered more or less safe. However subpopulations on lower mountains could be threatened by climate change. The exact distribution of this species should be examined more closely at a European level. It is known to occur in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This species has an arctic-alpine distribution. In Europe it is restricted to Iceland, the Alps (France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria), the Tatra Mountains (Poland, Slovakia) and the Carpathians in Romania, where it was recently discovered (Ştefănuţ 2004). Interestingly, this species is missing from the rest of Scandinavia. The main distribution area is at high altitudes in the central European mountains, where it is found growing at elevations between 1,500 - 2,700 m Asl. Its area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. Elsewhere it is known from northwestern parts of North America,  Greenland, Asian Russia  (Konstantinova et al. 2009) and Japan.","No exact information is known about the population trend and little is known about the population size, but this species can form large subpopulations under good habitat conditions. There are 110 localities known in Slovakia (Górski and Váňa 2014, P. Górski pers. comm. 2016). In Austria, the quality of the survey is not quite as good as in Slovakia, but there will probably be more localities than are currently known. In Switzerland, there are seven recent (post-1980) records (N. Schnyder pers. comm. 2017). The overall population trend is assumed to be stable. The population size is estimated to be greater than1,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre or one boulder on which the species grows.","This liverwort usually grows in shady, north-facing habitats, on moderately moist, lime-free silicate rocks in the alpine belt, where it grows not directly on rock, but on rock deposits or mineral rich soil (Köckinger 2017). Sporophytes are unknown, so it is assumed to be a poor disperser.","The species occurs at high elevations where human impact is usually low, so it can be considered more or less safe (Schröck et al. 2013, Köckinger and Schröck 2017). Subpopulations on lower mountains could be threatened by climate change.","This liverwort is listed as Critically Endangered in Romania, as Endangered in Slovakia, as Vulnerable in Switzerland, and as Near Threatened in Italy (Hodgetts 2015). These risk analyses are often likely to be based on a rather low level of knowledge (e.g., in Switzerland), and in the case of Slovakia the assessment is not up to date. In Iceland, Poland and Austria this species is regarded as Least Concern. However, the exact distribution should be examined more closely at a European level. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Ignatova, E.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.","Tubanova, D.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,GYMNOMITRIACEAE,Gymnomitrion,concinnatum,,Gymnomitrion concinnatum  ,(Lightf.) Corda,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Braided Frostwort (Gymnomitrion concinnatum) is widespread both in the arctic regions and the alpine belts of mountains. It is common in the high mountains of western and central Europe. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 12.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 3,976 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is around 5.8 million km2 and the AOO is around 2,380 km2. The current population trend is stable, and there are no major threats to this species is most European countries where it is found. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This is an arctic-montane, circumpolar, bipolar species that is widespread both in the arctic regions and the alpine belts of mountains. In Europe, it is common in Scandinavian countries, in the north of Russia, Svalbard, the islands of the Arctic Ocean, Iceland, Jan Mayen and the Faroe Islands. It is common in the high mountains of western and central Europe, and there are also isolated occurrences in the mountains of Spain, Portugal, Crimea and in the Balkans (Paton 1999, Damsholt 2002).

In Asia, the species occurs in all sectors of the Russian arctic, as well as in the mountains of southern, eastern and western Siberia and the Russian Far East (Konstantinovaet al. 2009). This species is also known from the Himalayas. In North America, this species is transcontinental, and is common in Greenland. In the southern hemisphere, this species is reported from Chile and Tasmania (Paton 1999, Schuster 1974). The altitudinal range of this species is from near sea-level in the north up to 3,000 m Asl in Swiss Alps (NISM 2017).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 12.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 4,044 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is around 6.1 million km2 and the AOO is around 2,440 km2.","This species often occurs in large mats, covering the high arctic and upper belts of mountains, in sometimes large areas. This species rather frequently occurs with sporophytes. The current population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This is a pioneer species that occurs on periodically moist, acidic to base-rich rock walls in ravines or on thin soil over stones and boulders and between boulders in boulder screes, as well as on ledges and in the crevices of cliffs. It is abundant and common on fine earth and graveled soil in different types of tundras, including late snow areas (Damsholt 2002, Paton 1999). This species occurs in areas that are disturbed by different natural processes, such as permafrost or solifluction, that are common in the north of Europe and in mountainous areas.","In most European countries, there are no threats for this species.",The species is assessed as Endangered in Ireland and in Northern Ireland (Hodgetts 2015). The species occurs in many protected areas across Europe. No conservation measures are required at present.,This species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Hedenäs, L.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,GYMNOMITRIACEAE,Gymnomitrion,corallioides,,Gymnomitrion corallioides  ,Nees,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Coral Frostwort (Gymnomitrion corallioides) is assessed as Least Concern as it has a widespread distribution and it is assumed to have a stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28. The species has a large geographic range - for Europe, the estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is 11.9 million km2 and the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,796 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of the species is around 5.1 million km2 and the AOO is around 812 km2. It should be stressed that most arctic regions are not in countries belonging to the EU 28, but there several countries in the EU 28 where the species is not threatened and is rather common in appropriate sites, including Sweden, Finland and Austria.

However, some decline of the subpopulations occurs in central Europe where the species is present near the limits of its distribution. In Nordic countries there are no obvious declines in subpopulations. The species may be affected by climate change in the future. Further research is required to increase knowledge of the distribution of the species in the north of Russia.",Stable,"This is an arctic-montane species that is widespread in tundra zones and upper belts of mountains in North America, Europe, Asia, Greenland, Svalbard and the islands of the Arctic Ocean. The species has a scattered occurrence in Great Britain, and it is widespread and common in some areas of higher elevation in the siliceous mountains of the Alps (C. Schrock pers. comm. 2017). It is also found in the north of Scandinavian countries (Damscholt 2002) as well as in the north of Russia (Konstantinova et al. 2009) and Iceland.

In the high arctic (the islands and archipelagos of the Arctic Ocean) and in the northern parts of Europe, the species occurs from sea level. In the mountains of central Europe, it occurs at high elevations only. The altitudinal range of the species is therefore between sea level and 3,500 m Asl.

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species in Europe is estimated to be around 11.9 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,796 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 5.1 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 812 km2. However, the species is probably overlooked because of its small size, growth form that looks like crust on soil and its occurrence in hard to reach areas in high mountains and in the far north of European Russia, where there is poor knowledge of the distribution of the species (Frisvoll and Elvebakk 1996).","This species is rather common and abundant in arctic tundras and the upper belts of mountains, where it forms extensive mats. The subpopulations are usually large. However, there may be some declines in the subpopulations that occur in central Europe, where the species is present near the limits of its distribution. In Nordic countries, there are no obvious declines in subpopulations. Overall, the current population trend of this species is stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species is found on exposed, mostly acidic and windswept rocks and rock walls. It is also found as a crust on spots of bare soil in tundras, near mountain summits and on stones and stony soil. This species occurs mostly in pure tufts or crusts or mixed with other liverworts of exposed sites.","The species occurs in high mountains and tundras. Such areas are usually not under pressure from human activities, apart from tourism activities. The species may be affected by warming temperatures as a result of climate change in the future, particularly across the lower mountain ranges in central Europe.","The species is included in the Red Lists of many central and western European countries. In particular, it has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Ireland, Northern Ireland, Spain and the Czech Republic. It has been assessed as Endangered (EN) in Slovakia and Romania, Vulnerable (VU) in Bulgaria, Near Threatened (NT) in Great Britain, Andorra, Italy and Switzerland, and finally, as Data Deficient (DD) in Slovakia (Hodgetts 2015). The species occurs in several protected areas in central and eastern Europe. It occurs in Laplandskiy State Nature Reserve (Russia) and it is quite common in protected areas on Svalbard. Further research is required to increase knowledge of the distribution of the species in the north of Russia.",This species is not used.,"Cálix, M.,Duckett, J.","Konstantinova, N., Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,GYMNOMITRIACEAE,Gymnomitrion,crenulatum,,Gymnomitrion crenulatum  ,Gottsche ex Carrington,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Western Frostwort (Gymnomitrion crenulatum) is an oceanic boreal-montane liverwort that is a truly North Atlantic species, endemic to Europe, occurring close to the western seaboard in Britain, Ireland, northwestern France, Spain, Portugal and southwestern Norway. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. In addition it is plentiful within its range. No conservation measures are required at present, but some monitoring of subpopulations near the edge of its range may be desirable.",Stable,"The Western Frostwort (Gymnomitrion crenulatum) is an oceanic boreal-montane liverwort that is a truly North Atlantic species, endemic to Europe, occurring close to the western seaboard in Britain, Ireland, northwestern France, Spain, Portugal and southwestern Norway (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 2,264 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.2 million km².","The current population trend appears to be stable, and the species is not uncommon in the hills of western Britain and Ireland.","A strictly oceanic species, it is nevertheless ecologically similar to other Gymnomitrion species in its range, occurring on a wide range of rock types, including quartzite, gneiss, sandstone, schists and basalt. It grows in small, often inconspicuous low patches or rounded cushions as a pioneer of exposed sites such as moist to relatively dry rock walls, rocky gullies, boulders and screes; these sites are often sun-exposed. Towards the southern edge of its range, in Pembrokeshire (South Wales), it occupies more shaded situations in igneous block screes and tors. Common associates are Diplophyllum albicans, G. obtusum, Andreaea rothii, A. rupestris and several lichens. It does not grow on soil (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from 80 m up to 1,420 m Asl.



It is dioicous; fertile plants are common and sporophytes are occasional, produced April to September.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. However, some monitoring of subpopulations near the edge of its range may be desirable. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Spain, and as Endangered in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013, Garilleti and Albertos 2012). It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Mazimpaka, V.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,GYMNOMITRIACEAE,Gymnomitrion,obtusum,,Gymnomitrion obtusum  ,Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The White Frostwort(Gymnomitrion obtusum) is assessed as Least Concern since it has a widespread distribution, it is assumed to have a stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28 and there are no current threats to the species. The species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 5.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 3,944 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 4.7 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 2,932 km2.

A molecular study with plants from different subpopulations of this species is urgently needed, in order to mark the border between this species and the similar looking G. concinnatum.",Stable,"This is a suboceanic-montane species. It has a scattered distribution in western and central Europe, but it is widespread in Norway, Finland and Sweden. However, this species is rare at high altitudes. In southern Norway, it was found once at 1,400 m Asl (Damsholt 2002). In Great Britain, it has been found at altitudes up to 1,200 m Asl (Paton 1999), and in Switzerland at altitudes up to 2,600 m Asl (NISM 2017). The altitudinal range of the species is therefore from sea level to altitudes of 2,600 m Asl.

In North America, this species is probably transcontinental, and it is found in the west from Alaska, British Columbia to Washington and Oregon, but it is lacking in the east. It is also in found in Greenland and in Asia from the Himalayas (Damsholt 2002).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 5.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 3,944 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 4.7 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 2,932 km2. The species is quite similar in appearance with the much more widespread species Gymnomitrion concinnatum. Many records identified as G. obtusum are revised as G. concinnatum. Also, some forms of G. concinnatum are hard to distinguish from this species and therefore misidentification is quite common. Probably the species is underestimated both in Europe and EU 28.","This species occurs in small patches, often with sporophytes. In Germany, there was a historical decline due to mining, but it is stable now (S. Caspari pers. comm. 2017). In Sweden and Norway, it is quite common in the lowlands in lakes and big blocks (T. Hallingback pers. comm. 2017). It is also common in Scotland. The overall current population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species is found on periodically moist, acidic rock walls in ravines or on thin soil over rocks in block scree, below vertical rock walls. Rarely, this species is found on calcareous schists, but never on limestone (Damsholt 2002). In Germany, it grows on middle range mountain areas on block screes of volcanic rock.",There are no threats for this species as it is found in non-threatened habitats such as rocks and boulders.,"The species has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in Switzerland, Near Threatened (NT) in Finland and Ireland, Data Deficient (DD) in Italy and Least Concern (LC) in Germany (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas throughout its range. A molecular study with plants from different subpopulations of this species is urgently needed, in order to mark the border between this species and the similar looking G. concinnatum.",This species is not used.,"Cálix, M.,Ros-Espín, R.","Konstantinova, N., Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,GYMNOMITRIACEAE,Gymnomitrion,revolutum,,Gymnomitrion revolutum  ,(Nees) Philib.,,No,NT,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Gymnomitrion revolutum is a rare arctic-alpine species occurring in Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden) and the Alps (France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria). The centre of distribution is probably in the eastern Alps of Austria but the overall distribution is insufficiently known. Only historical records are known from the Tatra Mountains (Slovakia) and it is now thought to be possibly extinct there. Although there are no signs of a decline in the Alps and the Scandinavian mountains, the Tatra subpopulation cannot be refound and so must have declined. Thus the overall population trend is unknown. The remaining subpopulations are mostly small and have between one and five individual-equivalents on average. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. In Europe, it is estimated that the population size lies between 500 and 1,500 individual-equivalents, and it is very likely that there are more than 1,000 individual-equivalents. In the EU 28, it is estimated that there are between 250 and 750 individual-equivalents. Therefore this species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe and as Vulnerable in the EU 28.

This species grows on shady, mostly north-facing, lime-free silicate rock faces in the alpine belt, often in association with long-lying snow. It occurs at high elevations where human impact is usually not very high. Subpopulations on lower mountains, however, could be threatened by climate change. In some areas it may be threatened by stochastic events. Knowledge about the distribution and the population size of this species must be improved. Survey and monitoring are recommended to determine population size and trends. It is known to occur in protected areas, offering it some protection from potential future threats.",Unknown,"This arctic-alpine species occurs in Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden) and the Alps (France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria). The centre of distribution is probably in the eastern Alps of Austria but the overall distribution is insufficiently known. Only historical records are known from the Tatra Mountains (Slovakia) and it is now thought to be possibly extinct there (Górski and Váňa 2014). There are 25 historic localities and seven extant localities in northern Norway, ca 100 sites in Austria, four localities in Sweden and ca 10 in Italy (only two of which are from after 1950). In Switzerland there are five current localities and two historical ones. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 300-500 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 1.2 million km². Elsewhere this species shows an arctic-alpine distribution and  is known, according to Damsholt (2002), from the northwestern parts of  North America, and from Asia (Himalayas, China, Nepal, Taiwan, Japan,  Borneo, New Guinea).","No direct information is known about the population size or trend. However, due to the preferred habitats and high altitude of the localities, it is thought likely that the trend is more or less stable, except in the Tatra, where the subpopulations may have disappeared. The subpopulations are mostly small and have between one and five individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. It is estimated that there are between 500 and 1,500 individual-equivalents in Europe, and it is very likely that there are more than 1,000. In the EU 28 it is estimated that there are between 250 and 750 individual-equivalents.","This species grows on shady, mostly north-facing, lime-free silicate rock faces in the alpine belt, often in association with long-lying snow (Köckinger 2017). In North America it is apparently also known to grow in bogs.","The species occurs at high elevations where human impact is usually not very high, so it can be considered more or less secure (Schröck et al. 2013, Köckinger and Schröck 2017). Subpopulations on lower mountains could be threatened by climate change. In some areas it may be threatened by stochastic events.","This liverwort is included in several national Red Lists and has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Switzerland, as Endangered in Italy and Slovakia (although it has probably disappeared from the latter), and as Data Deficient in Sweden (Hodgetts 2015). Knowledge about the distribution and the population size of this plant must be improved. It is known to occur in protected areas. Survey and monitoring are recommended to determine population size and trends. Larger subpopulations should be protected.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cronberg, N.,Englefield, E.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Gymnostomum,aeruginosum,,Gymnostomum aeruginosum  ,Sm.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Gymnostomum aeruginosum can be found throughout Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. In addition, at the European level there are no major threats.",Stable,"Gymnostomum aeruginosum is a Circumpolar Boreo-temperate species. It can be found throughout Europe, north to Iceland and the Faroe Islands, east to the Ural Mountains and Caucasus. In Macaronesia it occurs in the Canary Islands, Madeira and Porto Santo (Sérgio et al. 2006, González-Mancebo et al. 2008). Outside of Europe it occurs in North Africa and southwestern Asia (Blockeel et al. 2014).","The overall population size is certainly very large, and the current population trend is thought to be stable.","This species occurs in a wide range of habitats, and is characteristic of moist and wet places, where it forms dense turfs or cushions. It can be found on wet or seeping base-rich rocks, growing in crevices and in gullies and ravines, usually sheltered from direct sunlight. It is also frequent in stones along the trails. Rare in the lowlands, being found mainly in stream banks, mainly in deep valleys, and on coastal banks and cliffs (Hill et al. 1992, Casas et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014). It occurs at elevations between 10 m and 2,745 m Asl (Swissbryophytes 2018).","Even though this species may be locally threatened, there are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species.","This species has been assessed as Near Threatened Estonia, Hungary and Finland, and as Vulnerable in Luxembourg and Madeira (Sim-Sim et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range.",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Aleffi, M.","Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Gymnostomum,calcareum,,Gymnostomum calcareum  ,Nees &amp; Hornsch.,"According to Casas et al. (2006), three varieties were considered for the Iberian Peninsula: var. calcareum, var. atlanticum and var. lanceolatum. Gymnostomum lanceolatum is now considered a synonym of G. calcareum (Sérgio et al. 2006).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Gymnostomum calcareum is widespread in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the population trend is assumed to be stable. In addition, at the European level there are no major threats.",Stable,"Gymnostomum calcareum is an Eurosiberian Southern-temperate species. It can be found in western, central and southern Europe, is common in the Mediterranean region, Macaronesia (Azores, Canary Islands and Madeira), and rare northwards to southern Sweden, Finland and northwestern Russia. Extending to North Africa and southwestern Asia. It is widely distributed in both hemispheres, but its detailed distribution is obscured by taxonomic difficulties (Blockeel et al. 2014). There are some confirmed records from Ethiopia, South Africa, China, USA, Chile, Australia and New Zealand (Sérgio et al. 2006, González-Mancebo et al. 2008, Gabriel et al. 2011, Blockeel et al. 2014).","The overall population size is certainly very large, and the current population trend is thought to be stable.","This species grows in dense light green tufts on damp, calcareous rocks or on thin soil in crevices and pockets among them, typically in sheltered well-drained sites that are seasonally moist. The most common rock types are limestone and base-rich sandstone. Some subpopulations are found on banks of tufa, but it also occurs on boulders in woodland and by springs and streams, and rarely in rock gardens and the mortar of walls. It is found at elevations between 15 m and 3,123 m Asl (Casas et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014, Swissbryophytes 2018).","Even though this species may be locally threatened, there are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species.","This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Finland, as Endangered in Sweden, as Vulnerable in Slovakia, as Near Threatened in Hungary and as Data Deficient in the Czech Republic (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range.",This species is not utilised.,"Seneca, A.,Cálix, M.","Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Gymnostomum,viridulum,,Gymnostomum viridulum  ,Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Gymnostomum viridulum can be found in south and west Europe, Macaronesia, extending north to Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Hungary and Czech Republic. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. In addition at the European level there are no major threats.",Stable,"Gymnostomum viridulum is a Mediterranean-Atlantic species. It can be found in south and west Europe, it is common in the Mediterranean region, Macaronesia (Azores, Canary Islands and Madeira), extending north to Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Hungary and Czech Republic. It can also be found in North Africa, Southwest Asia, east to Afghanistan and western North America (Sérgio et al. 2006, González-Mancebo et al. 2008, Gabriel et al. 2011, Ros et al. 2013, Blockeel et al. 2014).","The overall population size is certainly very large, and the current population trend is thought to be stable.","This species occurs in natural and semi-natural habitats on rock outcrops, it is also common on derelict buildings and on artificial habitats (like bridges). This species grows on soil and on limestone. In some coastal areas it grows on damp calcareous sand dunes or low rocks. It is a species from exposed to moderate shaded places that can be found at elevations higher than 5 m Asl (Hill et al. 1992, Casas et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014). In the Canary Islands this species occurs mainly from 900 m to 1,200 m Asl, but there is a record from Tenerife at 2,200 m Asl (J. González-Mancebo pers. comm. 2017).","Even though this species may be locally threatened, there are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species.","This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Czech Republic, Switzerland and Bulgaria, as Near Threatened in Hungary, vanished, but probably not extinct in Luxembourg and “risk assumed” in Germany (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Ignatova, E.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Sim-Sim, M.","Ştefănuţ, S.,Sabovljevic, M.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Gyroweisia,reflexa,,Gyroweisia reflexa  ,(Brid.) Schimp.,,No,NT,B2a,No,NT,B2a,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



In Europe, the Reflexed Beardless-moss (Gyroweisia reflexa) is known from the Mediterranean region and it does not currentlyseemin imminentrisk of extinctionbutcould suffera declinein the future due tohuman pressureat the knownsites. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is around 164 km2), and the population is considered to be severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. However, there is no available information on population status, or indicating a continuing decline in growth sites.

In the United Kingdom the site where the species used to occur is now a housing estate. Urbanisation could therefore pose a threat to this species at other sites. Ex-situ conservation should be considered for this extremely rare species. More research is needed into its distribution, population size and trend, and into potential threats.",Unknown,"In Europe, the Reflexed Beardless-moss (Gyroweisia reflexa) is known from the Mediterranean region and is found in Spain, Canary Islands (Santa Cruz de Tenerife, La Palma), Portugal, Madeira Island, Malta, Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, France (Brittany, Basque Country), Greece, Crete, Croatia, FYR Macedonia. The species was known in the United Kingdom from historical records, but is now regionally extinct there. Outside of Europe this species is also found in Turkey, Socotra, and North Africa (Ros et al. 1999). This species can be confused with Gymnostomum calcareum or Gyroweisia tenuis, and some experts believe the species has been erroneously over-recorded, especially in Greece (T. Blockeel pers. comm. 2017). The real distribution of this species is therefore highly uncertain and overestimated. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be around 164 km2.","In generalthereis not much informationabout theEuropeanpopulation.This species is thought to be extremely rare, perhaps one of the rarest species in Europe. The current population trend is unknown. Subpopulations are very small and known subpopulations only have a couple of mature individuals. These small and isolated subpopulation may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation, and the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.","Thespeciesisphotophyticandmoderatelyhygrophytic. It lives on walls and basic rocks in shrubland habitats (Cortini Pedrotti 2001, Dierssen 2001)",In generalthereis no available informationabout theEuropeanpopulation.In the United Kingdom the species is RegionallyExtinct:the site where the species used to occur is nowahousing estate(Smith 2004). Urbanisation could therefore pose a threat to this species at other sites.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Portugal by Sergio et al. (2013), and as Data Deficient in Spain (Garilleti and Albertos 2012, Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012). In the Canary Islands it has been assessed as Least Concern (J.M. González-Mancebo pers. comm. 2017). Other references on the species are reported for Italy whose presence is defined as Rare (Aleffi et al. 1998, Gueli et al. 2004, Privitera et al. 2006). In Malta the species is also assessed as Data Deficient (Frahm and Lüth 2008).This species is known to occur in the Natural Park of Sintra Cascais in Portugal. Ex-situ conservation should be considered for this extremely rare species. More research is needed into its distribution, population size and trend, and into potential threats.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Weibull, H.","Cogoni, A., Campisi, P., Blockeel, T., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F. & Lüth, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Gyroweisia,tenuis,,Gyroweisia tenuis  ,(Hedw.) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The small, easy-to-overlook and certainly under-recorded Slender Stubble-moss (Gyroweisia tenuis) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, a population size greater than 1,000 individual equivalents and its overall stable population trend. There are no major threats to this species, and it is known to occur in protected areas across its range.

",Stable,"This tiny European temperate species is widespread in western and central Europe, rare in Scandinavia but reaching Iceland and northern Norway, and scattered in European Russia, occurring east to the southern Urals (Smith 2004). It is rare and often misidentified in the Mediterranean region, and also occurs in Macaronesia (Azores, Madeira). Elsewhere it is recorded from North Africa, the Caucasus, south-western Asia, southern Siberia. North America and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B.

","This species seems to have stable subpopulations in more maritime areas of Europe. The population of this species appears to be stable overall, and its population size is certainly greater than 1,000 individual equivalents (one individual-equivalent is equal to one occupied square metre). Its population is not severely fragmented. It is a small species and easy to overlook and under-record.","This is a very small species, although it sometimes forms extensive patches, on moist rocks that range from mildly acid to base-rich. It prefers soft or porous rocks, and is particularly characteristic of sandstone, but it also occurs on limestone and other rock types, and also on vertical loess walls in central Europe (Atherton et al. 2010). It grows on natural rock outcrops and boulders in woodlands, stream valleys and coastal cliffs, but is more common on man-made structures such as wall bases, bridges, graves, monuments, brickwork and old mortar, as well as in rock cuttings and old quarries. In England, there are many records from the bases of church walls. Sites are often close to water (but not wet or submerged), or in places sheltered from direct sunlight; it is very tolerant of shade, and has even been found near lights in tunnels and caves. Patches are often more or less pure, but occasional shoots of other species such as Bryum radiculosum and Tortula muralis may be present (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). The Russian localities are on sandstone (M. Ignatov pers. comm. 2017). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,380 m.





","There are no major threats to this species, and any local threats are unclear. It is unknown whether there is a decline in the habitat of this species.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Finland (Regionally Extinct), Portugal (Critically Endangered), Slovenia (Endangered), Sweden (Vulnerable), Czech Republic (Vulnerable), Romania (Vulnerable), Norway (Near Threatened), Germany (Near Threatened), Slovakia (Near Threatened), Hungary (Near Threatened), Estonia (Near Threatened), Austria (Risk Assumed), Latvia (Rare), Malta (Data Deficient), and Spain (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Vanderpoorten, A.,Cálix, M.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,PTERIGYNANDRACEAE,Habrodon,perpusillus,,Habrodon perpusillus  ,(De Not.) Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Habrodon perpusillus is a widespread species in Europe, occurring in a wide latitudinal and elevational range. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. In addition, at the European level there are no major threats.

",Stable,"Habrodon perpusillus is widespread in Europe. Outside of Europe, it has been reported from from Israel and Russia (Ignatova and Ignatov 2003). Records from Japan and China probably correspond to other species (Ignatov 2001, Ignatova and Ignatov 2003). Thus, this species has an oceanic-mediterranean distribution (Sotiaux 1999).","Although this species is restricted in some European countries, the overall population size is very large. The current population trend is thought to be stable, in particular the subpopulations in the Mediterranean areas. In southern Macaronesia, Canary Islands, the species is only locally abundant (Gran Canaria, Canary Islands) and has been classified as Vulnerable (González-Mancebo et al. 2012). In Madeira the species is known from scattered localities in the inner parts of the island, in areas which are somewhat protected from oceanic influence (Hedenäs 1992).

","

This is a corticolous species (growing on bark) which grows on many different tree species, shrubs and dead wood (Hedenäs 1992, Hill et al. 1994) from coastal areas up to 1,200 m Asl. It is aslender epiphyte, found in tightly appressed patches or occasionally creeping through other bryophytes on well illuminated trunks or branches of trees and shrubs, freestanding or at the edge of woodland (Blockeel et al. 2014).In addition, the species also grows on isolated trees in built up areas (e.g., squares in villages) (L. Hedenäs pers. comm. 2017).



","Even though this species may be locally threatened, there are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species. The decline of this species in the English Lake District is difficult to explain but is long-standing. It is may be due to air pollution, however, as an inconspicuous species it is easily overlooked, though it is clearly rare (Blockeel et al. 2014).","



This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Norway, Switzerland and Canary Islands, as Endangered in Slovenia, as Critically Endangered in Hungary, and as Near Threatened in Great Britain (González-Mancebo et al. 2012, Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.

",No specific uses are known for this species.,"Fettes, N.D.,Stebel, A.","González Mancebo, J.","Ochyra, R.,Köckinger, H.,Martinčič, A.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Hageniella,micans,,Hageniella micans  ,(Mitt.) B.C.Tan &amp; Y.Jia,,No,NT,"B2b(iii,v)",No,NT,"B2b(iii,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT )



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT )



The Sparkling Signal-moss (Hageniella micans) is a rare oceanic temperate species, centred in western Britain and Ireland, with outlying subpopulations known in Norway, France, Belgium (considered extinct), and southwestern Germany. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 536 km2 in Europe), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals due to ongoing threats; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. This very habitat-specific species has undergone at least some decline in parts of its range. It normally occurs in small numbers, although some stands in Ireland are larger. 



A lack of disturbance and browsing by grazing animals, or even humans, can result in rock surfaces being colonised by larger mosses and litter. It is possible that eutrophication and subsequent algal growth could be a factor affecting this moss. Hydro-electric schemes could be a threat to some subpopulations. Afforestation with non-native conifers and spread of rhododendron are threats in some areas. The best sites for this moss should be protected and managed in such a way as to preserve its habitat. In most cases this will mean minimal intervention and light grazing. The best sites, and those at the edge of its range, should be monitored regularly. Invasive rhododendron should be controlled (as is happening at some sites in Scotland and Ireland).",Decreasing,"The Sparkling Signal-moss (Hageniella micans) is a rare oceanic temperate species, centred in western Britain and Ireland, with outlying subpopulations known in Norway, France, Belgium (considered extinct), and southwestern Germany. Out of the European region, the species occurs in eastern North America, British Columbia, central America (Mexico and Honduras), Asia from India and southwestern China to Borneo and the Philippines, and Hawaii (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 532 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1 million km².","Individual subpopulations tend to fluctuate, but overall there is some evidence of decline in Scotland, France and Germany, and the species is considered to have been lost from Belgium. It is very locally frequent in suitable habitat in southwestern Ireland.","Most stands have a very precise habitat. They occur as flat patches on the inclined faces of boulders buried in soil on steep slopes and next to streams, with the face of the rock at much the same angle as the slope so that surface water flowing down the slope runs over the rock during rain. Most sites are in woodland or ravines with a good canopy cover but it also occurs on shaded rocks at the base of steep or overhanging crags. The rocks are at least moderately acid. The patches tend to be pure but it grows close to and can be mixed with Cephalozia bicuspidata, Scapania umbrosa, Dicranum scoparium, Heterocladium heteropterum, Hyocomium armoricum, Hypnum jutlandicum, Loeskeobryum brevirostre, Plagiothecium undulatum and Thuidium tamariscinum. In continental Europe, it is more confined togranite, gneissandred sandstone in waterfalls, and here additional associates areRacomitriumaciculare, Marsupellaemarginata,ScapanianemoreaandS. undulata. Its altitudinal range is from 15 m up to 600 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). 



The species is dioicous and capsules are unknown in Europe. The plant seems quite mobile, presumably by fragmentation and transport by wind or animals.","A lack of disturbance and browsing by grazing animals (for example, from deer exclosures), or even humans, can result in rock surfaces being colonised by larger mosses and litter. It is possible that eutrophication and subsequent algal growth could be a factor affecting this moss. Hydro-electric schemes could be a threat to some subpopulations. Afforestation with non-native conifers and spread of rhododendron are threats in some areas.

","The best sites for this moss should be protected and managed in such a way as to preserve its habitat. In most cases this will mean minimal intervention and light grazing. The best sites, and those at the edge of its range, should be monitored regularly. Invasive rhododendron should be controlled (as is happening at some sites in Scotland and Ireland). This species has been assessed as Endangered in Norway, as Near Threatened in Ireland, and as 'rare' in Germany (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Górski, P.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Lönnell, N., Rothero, G. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,CALLIERGONACEAE,Hamatocaulis,lapponicus,,Hamatocaulis lapponicus  ,(Norrl.) Hedenäs,,No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Lapland Hamatocaulis Moss (Hamatocaulis lapponicus) is locally distributed in Sweden and Finland, and there are isolated localities in some other European countries. This species has a small area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be around 250 km2 in Europe, and around 200 km2 in the EU 28. The population is considered to be severely fragmented and it is inferred that there is a continuing decline in the EOO,AOO, number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals), and there is also a decline in the habitat extent and quality. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN) in both Europe and in the EU 28.

In European Russia, this species occurs in few isolated localities, most of them are known only by old records made more than 50 years ago. In the EU 28, the main range of this species is restricted to Finland and Sweden. The population reduction of this species is caused by drainage of fens, reduction of groundwater level, construction of waterways and climate change. Required conservation actions include increased habitat protection and management, such as mire ecosystems restoration.",Decreasing,"In Europe, this subarctic species is locally distributed in Sweden and Finland. In Estonia, this species was identified from earlier herbarium material from one locality (Leis and Kannukene 2007, Vellak 2007), but it has not been found again later (K. Vellak pers. comm. 2017). Isolated localities are known in Latvia, as well as in some regions of European Russia - specifically, the provinces of Vologda and Murmansk, the Republic of Karelia and the Komi Republic (Zheleznova 1994, Belkina and Likhachev 2004, Ignatov et al. 2006, Philippov 2012, Hodgetts 2015). In Germany, this species is only known from old records (1870-1897) and is probably extinct (Meinunger and Schröder 2007).

In Asia, it has been found in northern regions of Siberia and Russian Far East, as well as in the mountains of southern Siberia. In North America, it is known in the north-eastern part of Canada and Alaska (Ignatovet al. 2006, Flora of North America 2014). 

In Europe, the estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is around 2.6 million km2, and the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is around 250 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of the species is estimated to be around 1.3 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 200 km2. The altitudinal range of the species across Europe is from sea level to 250 m Asl.","In Europe, this species has a small population size and is showing a continuing decline. In Finland, where 78.6% of  species distribution in the EU 28 is located (EAA 2012), this species is listed as Endangered (Rassi et al. 2010). In Sweden, this species is listed as Endangered (Gärdenfors et al. 2015), and the estimated subpopulation size is around 300 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equvialent) (T. Hallingback pers. comm. 2017).

The number of known localities in Finland is between 20 and 30. In Latvia, there are 6 known localities and in Sweden, there are 4 (EAA 2012). The Latvian subpopulations are comparatively small, with total estimated cover of the species in the country around 38 m2  in 2015 (Mežaka et al. 2015). In Russia, the subpopulations are isolated and seem to be small in size. In the Republic of Karelia, there are no recent records (after 1950) and known localities have been surveyed without success (Maksimov 2009).

The dispersal abilities of this dioecious species seem to be low, the sporophytes are very rare (Abramovaet al. 1961). The population is considered severely fragmented both in Europe and in the EU 28 in view of its low dispersal ability, and small and isolated subpopulations that may go extinct with a reduced chance of recolonisation. In Europe and the EU 28, the overall population trend is inferred to be decreasing and estimated population size is smaller than 10,000 individual-equivalents.","This species grows in the hollows in areas of low (oligotrophic) to medium (mesotrophic) nutrient levels, often in spring-influenced mires, on lake shores or submerged in lakes at low elevations.","The main threat for this species is degradation of mire ecosystems due to peat-land drainage, ditch cleaning, construction of waterways and reservoirs, water-level regulation, structural changes in the riparian zone (such as embankments), water level reductions in lakes, groundwater abstraction and utilization of ponds. The species is affected by changes caused by lower groundwater levels, which may be a consequence of climate change, causing global warming and decreased precipitation (Rassi et al. 2010).","The species is included on Appendix I of the Bern Convention and Annex II of the Habitats Directive (Bern Convention 2011, EAA 2012). The previous overall regional assessment of this species in the EU 28 was ‘unfavourable-inadequate’ (EAA 2012).

This species is listed in several Red Lists. It has been assessed as Endangered (EN) in both Finland and Sweden, Data Deficient (DD) in Estonia, as category '0' in Germany, as category '1' (EN) in Latvia and as Vulnerable (VU) in the Republic of Karelia, Russia (Rassi et al. 2010, Gärdenfors et al. 2015, Vellak et al. 2015, Ludwig and Schnittler 1996,  Anonymous 2014, Ivanter and Kuznetsov 2007, Hodgetts 2015). Some subpopulations have been found within protected habitats. Required conservation actions include increased habitat protection and management, such as mire ecosystems restoration.",This species is not used or traded.,"Séneca, A.,Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,CALLIERGONACEAE,Hamatocaulis,vernicosus,,Hamatocaulis vernicosus  ,(Mitt.) Hedenäs,"In a molecular study Hedenäs and Eldenäs (2007) found two apparently  cryptic species, one widespread in Europe and detected also from  Minnesota (USA), the other occurring only south of the boreal zone in  Europe, and also in Peru and northern Siberia (Blockeel et al. 2014).",No,VU,A2c,No,VU,A2c,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Slender Green Feather-moss (Hamatocaulis vernicosus) is a circumpolar boreal-montane species frequent in northern Europe, becoming rarer to the south, occurring south to the mountains of central Spain and Bulgaria. The species is assessed as Vulnerable since a population reduction of over 30% is suspected to have occurred over the last three-generation period (100 years). This is based on a decline in area of occupancy (AOO) and habitat quality. The species has declined  greatly in central, western and southern Europe and southern Scandinavia, and all these  subpopulations should be strictly protected. This species has been lost from many areas where drainage, eutrophication and the growth of coarse vegetation are likely causes. Some sites elsewhere have been lost to afforestation and peat extraction. Some sites are threatened by reservoir construction. Since it is mostly present in lowland habitats, it has been deeply affected by these threats. This species is listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive, and so receives much protection and is subject to many conservation and monitoring projects. These are valuable, as the habitat is fragile and still declining, and it is recommended that they continue.",Decreasing,"The Slender Green Feather-moss (Hamatocaulis vernicosus) is a circumpolar boreal-montane species frequent in northern Europe, becoming rarer to the south, occurring south to the mountains of central Spain and Bulgaria. Elsewhere it has been reported from Algeria, Turkey, North America, northern Asia, the Dominican Republic, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela. In a molecular study Hedenäs and Eldenäs (2007) found two apparently cryptic species, one widespread in Europe and detected also from Minnesota (USA), the other occurring only south of the boreal zone in Europe, and also in Peru and northern Siberia (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 4,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km².","This species has certainly decreased Europe-wide, as the habitat on which in depends has decreased, catastrophically in some areas. It has thus become much less frequent in central Europe, but remains frequent in the north (Scandinavia). The large number of records of this species compared with other species is a result of increased recording, as concentrated survey effort has been directed at it since it was added to the EU Habitats Directive Annex II in 1990. This to some extent masks the decline that must have taken place. A reduction in the AOO and habitat quality can be inferred, and therefore a reduction in the population size can be suspected(Janssen et al. 2016). The generation length of this species, as one that produces sporophytes only very rarely, is estimated at ca 33 years, so a three generation period is ca 100 years. Its population is not severely fragmented and the population size is way over 10,000 mature individuals.","This wetland moss grows in mineral rich, mesotrophic mires, fens and flushes, often close to springs (which are sometimes iron-rich). Many sites are located on level ground where base-rich water merges with acid peat. Other sites are in springheads where mineral-enriched water wells up in wet heath, and on lake margins. Common associates in Britain and Ireland include Aneura pinguis, Chiloscyphus pallescens, Calliergonella cuspidata, Dichodontium palustre, Philonotis fontana, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Scorpidium cossonii and some of the more base-tolerant Sphagna. Further associates noted in central Europe are Campylium stellatum, Tomentypnum nitens, Aulacomnium palustre, Calliergonella cuspidata, Paludella squarrosa and Breidleria pratensis. Additional associates in Scandinavia include Calliergon richardsonii, Drepanocladus aduncus and Sarmentypnum tundrae. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 2,840 m Asl. It is dioicous; capsules are rare, maturing in summer (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014, ArtDatabanken 2015).

","This species has been lost from many areas where drainage, eutrophication and the growth of coarse vegetation are  likely causes. Some sites elsewhere have been lost to afforestation and  peat extraction. Some sites are threatened by reservoir construction. Since it is mostly present in lowland habitats, it has been deeply affected by these threats. Lowland wetlands of the sort favoured by this species are among the most threatened habitats in Europe(Janssen et al. 2016).","This species is listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive, and so receives much protection and is subject to many conservation and monitoring projects. These are valuable, as the habitat is fragile and still declining, and it is recommended that they continue. It is included on many national Red Lists and has been assessed as Endangered in Germany, Spain and Lithuania, as Vulnerable in Finland, Norway, Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Romania and Latvia, as Near Threatened in Sweden, Britain, Ireland, Switzerland, Slovenia and Estonia, as Data Deficient in Hungary and Montenegro, and as 'highly endangered' in Austria and the Netherlands. It is considered Regionally Extinct in Luxembourg (Hodgetts 2015). Some records are incorrect and earlier records should be revised.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Weibull, H.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,THUIDIACEAE,Haplocladium,angustifolium,,Haplocladium angustifolium  ,(Hampe &amp; Müll. Hal.) Broth.,Some specimens of this species have been incorrectly labelled as Haplocladium angustifolium when they are actually H. virginianum (Frahm 2012).,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

While certainly very rare, Haplocladium angustifolium is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of clarity on its distribution. Although the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 28 km2, the prevalence of old records means that the current AOO is highly uncertain. It is unknown whether it is severely fragmented, if there has been a decline, or if it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed to clarify its population size, distribution and trends throughout its range.",Unknown,"This is a rare moss of central Europe, with records from Italy, Switzerland, Croatia, Romania and Slovenia. A record from European Russia needs confirmation (M. Ignatov pers. comm. 2017). Elsewhere it is found in Asia, Africa and North America (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO), estimated at ca. 269,000 km2, surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 28 km2. However, this includes some very old records, and the current actual AOO is highly uncertain.","There is no information on thepopulation structure, size and trends of this species. Frahm (2012) reported very old records for this species in Europe. It is uncertain if it produces sporophytes in Europe, and although the subpopulations seem to be separated, it is rather uncertain whether the population can be considered severely fragmented.","This species grows on wood, humus and rock, mainly in forests, at moderate to high elevations (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2014). As far as current knowledge of this species in Europe goes, its altitudinal range is ca. 360–425 m.

","The direct threats to this species are unknown, but could include habitat and climatic changes. It is unknown whether there has been a decline in the habitat of this species in Europe.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Romania (Critically Endangered), Switzerland (Endangered) and Slovenia (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown if it is found in protected areas. Further research is needed to clarify its status throughout its range.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Natcheva, R.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,THUIDIACEAE,Haplocladium,microphyllum,,Haplocladium microphyllum  ,(Hedw.) Broth.,,No,CR,C2a(i); D,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Haplocladium microphyllum has an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated at over 2.75 million km2, surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is very restricted, however, at just 104 km2. As it has very specific habitat requirements and is found in small and isolated subpopulations, it is considered to be severely fragmented. Its associated sheltered microhabitats in woodlands are highly threatened, and thus there is a continuing decline in this species' habitat quality. Long drought periods and climate changes can significantly affect the population. The overall population trend is assumed to be declining, and the population is estimated to be smaller than 50 individual-equivalents. Therefore, this species is assessed as Critically Endangered in Europe. The records of this species from Croatia and Poland are quite old, and it has been reported as extinct in Sweden, so it is assessed as Data Deficient in the EU 28. It is known to occur in protected areas where it is found. Preservation of large areas of old-growth forest is needed to conserve this species. 



 



",Decreasing,"This rare eastern European species is known from European Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Croatia (old record only), Poland and Sweden, but has apparently disappeared from the latter. There is a very old record from Germany but this is unsubstantiated.  It has a wide global distribution and is found in Asia,  North America (including Mexico), the Caribbean and South America (Flora  of North America Editorial Committee 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO), estimated at over 2.75 million km2, surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is very restricted, however, at just 104 km2.","This species may have disappeared froom Sweden and Croatia. In Russia there are a few recent records, but it has declined recently. The overall population trend is considered to be declining. This species has very specific habitat requirements and is found in small and isolated subpopulations, therefore being considered severely fragmented. These small subpopulations may go extinct with little probability of recolonisation. The population is estimated to be smaller than 50 individual equivalents (considering one individual-equivalent as one log on which it grows).","This species is found growing on damp wood, rocks, humus and soil in woodlands at low to high elevations (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2014). It grows on damp logs in European Russia (M. Ignatov pers. comm. 2017). Its associated sheltered microhabitats in woodlands are highly threatened. It produces sporophytes.","The threats to this species are unknown in detail, but can be assumed to include general habitat destruction. Capsules of sporophytes are used as food for some Lepidopteran larvae (Fang and Zhu 2012). Forestry management such as clear cutting can pose a threat to this species. There is a continuing decline in this species' habitat quality. Long drought periods and climate changes can significantly affect the population.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Sweden (Regionally Extinct), Belarus (Vulnerable), and Poland (Indeterminate) (Hodgetts 2015). It is also red-listed in some of the Russian regions. It is present in protected areas. Preservation of large areas of old-growth forest is needed.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Ignatova, E.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.","Bambe, B.,Kurbatova, L.,Maksimov, A.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,THUIDIACEAE,Haplocladium,virginianum,,Haplocladium virginianum  ,(Brid.) Broth.,Some specimens of this species have been incorrectly labelled as Haplocladium angustifolium when they are actually H. virginianum (Frahm 2012).,No,CR,D,No,CR,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

The very rare Haplocladium virginianum has an extent of occurrence (EOO), estimated at ca. 238,500 km2, surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is very restricted, however, being estimated at just 44 km2. The population is considered to be severely fragmented since it is found in small and isolated subpopulations with no connections between them. The overall population size is estimated to be smaller than 50 individual-equivalents. Therefore this species is assessed as Critically Endangered in Europe and the EU 28. The threats to the species include habitat degradation and destruction from construction activities and climate change. It is not found in any protected areas. Ex-situ artificial propagation and habitat protection are recommended conservation measures, and further research is needed on the population size and trends of this species",Unknown,"This rare central European species is found in Italy, Switzerland, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Romania and Slovenia. It is also found in the Caucasus and North America (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO), estimated at ca. 238,500 km2, surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is very restricted, however, at just 44 km2.","The population is considered to be severely fragmented since it is found in small and isolated subpopulations with no connections between them. These small subpopulations may go extinct with little probability of recolonisation. Most of the records for this species in Europe are historical. Frahm (2013) cited two recent localities in Ticino (Switzerland) out of a dozen historical ones, some of which may be erroneous. The overall population size is smaller than 50 individual equivalents (where one individual-equivalent is equal to one occupied square metre).","This species grows on soils in temperate forests (Frey et al. 2006), and on wood and rocks of mesic habitats in low to moderate elevations (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 200-1,000 m.",The threats to the species include habitat degradation and destruction from construction activities and climate change. Temperature extremes and long periods of drought can significantly affect its population.,"This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Switzerland (Critically Endangered), Slovenia (Data Deficient) and Romania (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is not found in protected areas. Ex-situ conservation and habitat protection are needed. Further research is needed on the population size and trends of this species.","This species is not utilised or traded.

","Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Natcheva, R.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,HAPLOMITRIOPSIDA,CALOBRYALES,HAPLOMITRIACEAE,Haplomitrium,hookeri,,Haplomitrium hookeri  ,(Sm.) Nees,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Hooker's Flapwort (Haplomitrium hookeri) is a European boreal-montane liverwort widely but apparently rather sparsely distributed in Europe from central Spain, the Pyrenees, the Alps and Carpathians north to Iceland, Svalbard and northern Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large and stable population and there appear to be no major threats. It it very small and inconspicuous, and often difficult to detect in the field, so must be under-recorded and overlooked in many areas. However, the general decline in wetland habitats and loss to drainage, afforestation, etc. is presumably at least a potential threat to this species. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"Hooker's Flapwort (Haplomitrium hookeri) is a European boreal-montane liverwort widely but apparently rather sparsely distributed in Europe from central Spain, the Pyrenees, the Alps and Carpathians north to Iceland, Svalbard and northern Russia. It is regarded as extinct in Finland and Spain. Elsewhere it occurs in Siberia, China, Japan, the Himalayas, and scattered localities in North America from Greenland and New England to Alaska (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 1,488 km², and its extent of occurrence is ca 9.6 million km².","There is little discernible change in the British Isles and the current population trend is considered to be stable. This species is very small and must be widely overlooked and the population size is much greater than 1,000 mature individuals. In European Russia there are large patches in Murmansk province, although it is usually very small. It can appear in disturbed areas along roads, close to small lakes and along banks where no other vegetation grows. It experiences some fluctuations (N. Konstantinova pers. comm. 2017). It is difficult to detect due to its small size. In the Alps it usually grows in niche habitats in meadows. The population is not considered to be severely fragmented.

","This species occurs in small quantities on acidic or slightly basic sandy or gravelly substrates. Suitable niches in the lowlands are found in a range of habitats including lake, stream and river margins, tracks (especially near fords), flushes on heaths, the floors of old quarries, dune slacks, and detritus in the vicinity of dams. Frequent associates include Aneura pinguis, Blasia pusilla, Fossombroniaspp., Pellia epiphylla, Riccardia incurvata, Scapania spp., Anomobryum julaceum, Heterogemma capitata, Archidium alternifolium, Bryum pallensand Pohlia spp. At higher altitudes it is restricted to bryophyte-rich turfy ledges and slopes, mainly with a north or east aspect, in corries, with(for example) Dichodontium palustre, Blindia acuta and Moerckia blyttii (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 2,610 m Asl. It is also found by streams and rivers in sub-alpine forests (N. Schnyder pers. comm. 2017).



This species is dioicous. Male and female plants and sporophytes are frequent in the summer months. In northern Britain the aerial parts often die back during the winter and an extensive system of underground axes acts as the organ of perennation (Grubb 1970). The underground axes ofHaplomitrium, like the thalli in some other early divergent liverwort lineages, are colonised by fungal endophytes belonging to the Mucormycota, the most ancient lineage of mycorrhizal fungi (Bidartondo et al. 2012).

","There are no known specific threats to this species, but the general decline in wetland habitats and loss to drainage, afforestation, etc. is presumably at least a potential threat.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Italy and the Czech Republic, as Endangered in Germany and Ukraine, as Vulnerable in Sweden, Poland, Switzerland and Romania, as 'rare' in the Netherlands, and as Near Threatened in Norway. It is considered Regionally Extinct in Finland and Spain (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas. 

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,During, H.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C. & Untereiner, A.","Köckinger, H.,Vellak, K.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,LEJEUNEACEAE,Harpalejeunea,molleri,,Harpalejeunea molleri  ,(Stephani) Grolle,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Pointed Pouncewort (Harpalejeunea molleri) is a hyperoceanic southern-temperate species, which occurs in western Britain and Ireland, southwestern Norway, the Faroe Islands, France, Switzerland, Italy, Corsica, Spain, Portugal and Macaronesia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it is restricted to oceanic areas, there appear to be no major threats in its core range, and the current population trend is stable. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"The Pointed Pouncewort (Harpalejeunea molleri) is a hyperoceanic southern-temperate species, which occurs in western Britain and Ireland, southwestern Norway, the Faroe Islands, France, Switzerland, Italy, Corsica, Spain, Portugal and Macaronesia. A record from Croatia is regarded as doubtful. It appears to be a European/Macaronesian endemic. An allied plant from eastern North America, described as H. ovata subsp. integra R.M. Schust., may be referable to this species or to the neotropical H. subacuta A. Evans (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 2,704 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7.3 million km².",There is no evidence of decline and the current population trend is considered to be stable.,"This small liverwort occurs on damp, lightly shaded, often vertical rock walls of low-lying wooded ravines, either as pure patches growing directly on the rock or as scattered stems growing amidst Frullania tamarisci, F. teneriffae, Lejeunea cavifolia, L. patens, Metzgeria spp. or Plagiochila exigua. It also occurs on damp but not wet boulders in ravines, by waterfalls, and in and near wooded streams, on rocks in stable block litters on steep north- or east-facing slopes, on shaded walls of sea caves and sheltered rocks by the sea, on damp north- or east-facing montane cliffs and crags, and in shaded gullies in montane cliffs. It tends to favour mildly basic substrates. As an epiphyte it is rare on birch, oak, ash, hazel, heather, and, in the New Forest, beech. It can grow in drier and less shaded situations than Aphanolejeunea microscopica and Drepanolejeunea hamatifolia, but is usually then on more basic substrates with Cololejeunea calcarea and Lejeunea cavifolia. Its altitudinal range is from 10 m up to 700 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014).



It is dioicous; female plants are frequent, but male plants and sporophytes are unknown; caducous branches are occasional.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. It is included in some Red Lists in countries near the edge of its range: it has been assessed as Endangered in Portugal, and as Vulnerable in Switzerland and Italy. It is Data Deficient in Norway (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Denyer, J.,Cálix, M.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,GEOCALYCACEAE,Harpanthus,flotovianus,,Harpanthus flotovianus  ,(Nees) Nees,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Great Mountain Flapwort (Harpanthus flotovianus) occurs in montane regions of north and central Europe. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 4,000 and 5,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 3,000 and 4,000 km² and the EOO is between 2.5 and 3 million km². This species seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its main distribution area in Europe and EU 28. In addition, there are no evident threats known to the species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in several European countries, including Italy and Romania. Even so, no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species has a circumpolar boreo-arctic distribution. It occurs in montane regions of north and central Europe, from northern Fennoscandia in the north, to western Europe, from Great Britain (mainly Scotland), Germany, in the Alps in France, Switzerland, Austria and northern Italy, but also found in Belgium, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Romania, Estonia, Latvia, Russia and Ukraine (Damsholt 2002, Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 10 m to 2,300 m Asl.

In Asia, this species occurs in Siberia, Yenisei River valley, Sakhalin and Japan. In North America, this species is found in the west from Alaska to Washington, Alberta and Montana, and in the east, it is infrequent, and found from Quebec to New Hampshire. This species is also known from southern and southwestern Greenland (Damsholt 2002).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 4,000 and 5,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 3,000 and 4,000 km² and the EOO is between 2.5 and 3 million km².","The species is rather rare in central and western Europe and is more frequent in the north. In the Nordic countries, this species it is rare in the south Sweden, occurring in the lower parts of the mountains, more frequent and even common in the north and in the higher mountains (Damsholt 2002). According to H. Klama, this species is today rarely found in Poland (Górski et al. 2018).

In the United Kingdom, this species has only been seen once at each of its isolated southern outposts. In northern Europe, there is no indication of any decline. The overall population size is probably both very large and more or less stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","In the United Kingdom, this species grows in mildly basic flushes and springs associated with Chiloscyphus spp., Scapania undulata, Bryum weigelii, Dicranella palustris, Philonotis fontana and, more rarely, Saccobasis polita and Oncophorus virens. Most colonies are in turf at the edge of a spring or flush, rather than in the flush itself. It also occurs at the side of streams, on wet banks, and in damp turf, and there are a number of sites on flushed rocks at the base of crags in areas of late snow-lie. It is rarely present in any abundance and commonly occurs as scattered small pure patches (Blockeel et al. 2014).

In the Nordic countries, this species grows along brooks or at ledges or banks, wet of seepage, often occurring amidst Sphagnum species or together with, e.g. Schistochilopsis incisa, Nardia scalaris, Scapania undulata, S. paludosa and Pellia neesiana. It also occurs in pure patches in irrigated wet, swampy or peaty sites, only rarely on wet rocks together with Saccobasis polita (Damsholt 2002).","There are no major threats to this species in its main distribution region, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","This species is in the Red List of Latvia as 1, Germany, Slovakia and Slovenia as Endangered (EN), Italy and Romania as Critically Endangered (CR), and the Czech Republic, Estonia, Svalbard and Switzerland as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. No conservation action is needed in its main distribution range at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Weibull, H.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T","Virchenko, V.,Syrjänen, K.,Afonina, O.,Schröck, C.,Goldberg, I.,Lönnell, N.,Hodgetts, N.,Blom, H.,Vellak, K.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,GEOCALYCACEAE,Harpanthus,scutatus,,Harpanthus scutatus  ,(F. Weber &amp; D. Mohr) Spruce,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Stipular Flapwort (Harpanthus scutatus) is a European boreal-montane leafy liverwort. It occurs widely throughout central and northern Europe and does not have a strongly western European distribution, extending from northern Spain, France, Switzerland and the Balkans northwards to Scandinavia and Russia, and even with a record in Svalbard. This species is assessed as Least Concern, since even though it has a restricted geographic range and the current population trend is unknown, it is stillrelatively frequent in some areas (e.g., western Scotland), and there appear to be no major threats to it. However, it usually occurs in small quantity, and it does seem to have declined somewhat, for reasons unknown. If this trend continues, the species may become threatened in the future. No specific conservation measures are required at present, other than retaining areas of suitable habitat. Further research into its population trend and threats is recommended.",Unknown,"The Stipular Flapwort (Harpanthus scutatus) is a European boreal-montane leafy liverwort. It occurs widely throughout central and northern Europe and does not have a strongly western European distribution, extending from northern Spain, France, Switzerland and the Balkans northwards to Scandinavia and Russia, and even with a record in Svalbard. Records from Iceland are errors, and those from Bulgaria and Montenegro are doubtful. Elsewhere it occurs in Turkey, Asiatic Russia, Japan, Korea, and eastern North America from Labrador to Tennessee (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 1,980 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8.8 million km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown. There is an apparent decline of recent records in Britain and Ireland, and it has been seen very rarely during recent fieldwork (R. Hodd, pers. comm. 2017) but it is not known if this is significant. The Scandinavian subpopulation is small.

","This humidity-demanding species usually occurs in small quantity, often creeping among other bryophytes, in a range of shaded habitats, such as ravines and woodland. Substrates are usually neutral to acidic, commonly facing north or east, and includemoist shaded sandstone,dead wood,humus,dry moss-covered boulders,steep, block-strewn slopes andwetsilicaterocks.Typical associates includeLepidoziareptans,Tetraphispellucida,Scapanianemorea,S.umbrosa,Heterocladium heteropterum, Diplophyllumalbicans,Calypogeiaspp., Fuscocephaloziopsislunulifolia, Kurzia sylvatica, Schistochilopsisincisa,Dicranodontiumdenudatum,Dicranellaheteromalla,Mniumhornum, Jamesoniella autumnalis and Tritomaria spp. In oceanic areas, it can grow on damp peat, humus banks, or even in turf near the sea with Mylia taylorii, Lepidozia cupressina and Saccogyna viticulosa (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from 5 m up to 2,600 m Asl.



It is dioicous and often fertile but capsules are rare, produced May to August. Gemmae are fairly common.",There are no known or obvious threats to this species.,"This species has been assessed as Endangered in Finland, Spain, the Czech Republic and Switzerland, and as Vulnerable in Sweden, Austria, Germany and Poland. It is Near Threatened in Slovenia and considered Data Deficient in Italy (although there are only old records) (Hodgetts 2015). No specific conservation measures are required at present, other than retaining areas of suitable habitat. Further research into its population trend and threats is recommended. It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Natcheva, R.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Hedenasiastrum,percurrens,,Hedenasiastrum percurrens  ,(Hedenäs) Ignatov &amp; Vanderp.,,Yes,EN,A3c,Yes,EN,A3c,EU28,,"Hedenasiastrum percurrens is endemic to Madeira Island, Portugal. The generation length of this bryophyte species is not exactly known, but could be either between 11 and 25 years, or around 33 years, and three generations would therefore be between 50 and 100 years. In a recent publication, a reduction in the amount of suitable habitat for this species was projected of either 67% or 99% until 2070 due to climatic changes (high irradiation and increased drought stress in the Macaronesia region) and under two different climatic scenarios. The reduction in the population is thus based on a reduction in area of occupancy (AOO) and quality of the habitat. This species therefore qualifies for either Critically Endangered or Endangered under Criterion A.



However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study (approximately 1–km² grid resolution), it is possible that this species may persist within the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity can be higher than in the surrounding environment. Taking this into account, as well as recognising the degree of uncertainty associated with future projections, it has been considered that the more conservative estimate of decline should be used to assess the extinction risk of this species. It is further assumed that even if there are suitable microclimatic areas within the unsuitable 1-km², these will be minimal (ravines, nooks and crannies) and thus the reduction in suitable habitat will lead to an almost linear reduction in the population. Thus, a population reduction of more than 50% is projected to occur within three generations and the species is assessed as Endangered.



Changes in the habitat conditions and the effects of climate change are the main threats to the species, but fire intensification and the advance of invasive alien species may also pose real threats to the habitat. Implementation of specific conservation measures is recommended, including proper management of the habitat. Monitoring the habitat conditions in the Madeira region is also recommended to ensure the stability and continuity of the population. Further research is recommended into the population trend and into the threats to this species. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species.



",Stable,"Hedenasiastrum percurrens is endemic to Madeira Island, Portugal (Hedenäs 1992, Sérgio et al. 2006, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 283 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 84 km2.","This species occurs at a few sites in the natural laurel forest of Madeira Island, where the subpopulations seem to be stable. All sites are located in very deep and narrow valleys separated from each other, which contributes to the isolation of the subpopulations. All post-2004 records correspond to previously known sites and no new sites have been found recently. This bryophyte is considered a long-lived species (perennial stayer), following Dierssen (2001). The generation length of this species is not exactly known, but could be either between 11 and 25 years, or around 33 years, and three generations would therefore be between 50 and 100 years.



The amount of suitable habitat for this species has been projected to decrease by 67% or 99% until 2070 due to climatic changes. According toPatiño et al. (2016), the number of 1-km² climatically suitable grid  cells for this species has been projected to decrease using two  different climate scenarios. The first is a stabilization scenario (RCP  4.5) where total radiative forcing is stabilised before 2100, while the  other scenario (RCP 8.5) is characterized by increasing greenhouse gas  emissions over time representative for scenarios in the literature  leading to high greenhouse gas concentration levels (Patiño et al. 2016).  These projections were derived using two different Global Climate  Models recommended for Europe and Mediterranean climates. In addition,  the elevation range of this species is predicted to shift upwards, as  conditions on Macaronesian islands become warmer and drier (Patiño et al. 2016).  The variables considered for these projections included the maximum  temperature of the warmest month and the precipitation (in mm) of the  wettest month. The poikilohydric condition of bryophytes means their  water content is directly regulated by environmental humidity and growth  is restricted to periods of hydration. Temperature is also known to be  an important factor for bryophyte growth (Patiño et al. 2016).  However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study  (approximately 1-km² grid resolution), it is possible that this species  may persist within the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small  microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity can be higher than in the  surrounding environment. Nevertheless, these models clearly project a  substantial decline in the climatically suitable area for this species  within three generations.

 

","This species grows in sheltered but often periodically dry habitats in the natural laurel forest, near the base of vertical or slightly overhanging rocks, in rock crevices and near the base of boulders. More rarely it grows as an epiphyte. It is widespread in the natural forest of Madeira Island occurring between 300 m and 1,350 m Asl (Hedenäs 1992). Perichaetia and sporophytes are not known for this species.

","The stability of the native forest has a fundamental role in the water cycle and in the balance of temperature and humidity. This also helps to prevent peak volumes of superficial run-off during heavy showers, thus protecting Madeira’s steep slopes from landslides and soil erosion and, at the same time, maintaining high levels of humidity in the ecosystem for the maintenance of the population of H. percurrens. Changes in the habitat conditions and the effects of climate change are thus the main threats to the species. According to Figueira et al. (2012), threats such as fire intensification and the advance of invasive alien species may also pose a real threat to the habitat, which is the biggest and most important area of laurel forest in the world.","This is a species of the natural laurel forest and included in the Madeira Natural Park, which is protected through a Regional Decree. The laurel forest is also a priority habitat under the Habitats Directive and was designated a Natura 2000 site. In 1999, the area was also designated a World Natural Heritage site by UNESCO. This bryophyte species was assessed as Vulnerable in Madeira by Sim-Sim et al.(2014). Its restricted distribution and the global importance of the Madeiran population justify the future implementation of specific conservation measures as well as the proper management of the habitat. The importance of protected areas for the conservation of this bryophyte species is also highlighted by Patiño et al. (2016). Monitoring the habitat conditions in the Madeira region is recommended in order to assess possible fluctuations and to ensure the stability and continuity of the population. Further research is recommended into the population trend and into the threats to this species. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species. Additionally evaluation of intraspecific variation should be included among the suggested conservation actions.

 

 

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Seneca, A.,Cálix, M.","Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N., Martins, A. & Gabriel, R.","Sergio, C.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HEDWIGIALES,HEDWIGIACEAE,Hedwigia,ciliata,,Hedwigia ciliata  ,(Hedw.) P.Beauv.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Hedwigia ciliata has for a long time been considered a cosmopolitan species. However, a large proportion, possibly even the majority of extra-European occurrences are now known to belong to other species. The species occurs in Europe from the northern countries over much of western Europe southwards to Portugal and Spain and even in the Macaronesian islands. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the population trend is assumed to be stable. In addition, at the European level there are no major threats. No research or conservation actions are needed at present. 

 



",Stable,"Hedwigia ciliata occurs in northern Europe, is widespread in Fennoscandia including the Faroe Islands, over much of western Europe southwards to Portugal, Spain, Turkey and even in the Macaronesian islands. The distribution of H. ciliata s.s. elsewhere, remains to be confirmed but includes also North America and Asia (Sino-Himalaya) (Hedenäs 1994, Dalton et al. 2013, Blockeel et al. 2014, Buchbender et al. 2014, Ignatova et al. 2016).

","



This is an autoicous species in which capsules are frequent, maturing in spring (Lockhart et al. 2012). The overall population size is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable.

","



This species occurs on rocks and boulders in well illuminated places to medium light conditions, on siliceous substrata or in slightly base-rich habitats, occasionally also on tree trunks or rotten wood (Lockhart et al. 2012) from the sea level up to 2,560 m Asl (Swissbryophytes 2018).



","

Even though this species may be locally threatened, there are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species. In some areas of Ireland it may be potentially vulnerable to shading (e.g., from afforestation) (Lockhart et al. 2012).","



This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Ireland and in the Netherlands, as 'presumably threatened' in Germany, as Near Threatened in Sicily and Madeira, and as Data Deficient in Montenegro (Lockhart et al. 2012, Sim-Sim et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range and no research or conservation actions are needed at present. 

","This species is not utilised. 

","Ros-Espín, R.,Englefield, E.","González Mancebo, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HEDWIGIALES,HEDWIGIACEAE,Hedwigia,mollis,,Hedwigia mollis  ,"Ignatova, Ignatov &amp; Fedosov",,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Hedwigia mollis was recently described, and so the real distribution of this species is not sufficiently studied. Based on the current available information, in Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 1.5 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 96 km2. The abundance, population size and trends of this species have not been investigated, but its population size is unlikely to be small and there is no evidence of its decline. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe.

Further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed, as well as into the threats. This species is not found within the EU 28 and therefore it is Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is currently known from European Russia, including the south of the Kola Peninsula, Karelia, several provinces in eastern European Plain (Moscow, Tula,Kursk, Lipetzk, Orel) and the Southern Urals. Elsewhere, this species was reported from the Caucasus and the Altai Mountains (Ignatov et al. 2018). The distribution of this species is not well-studied because it was recently described (Ignatova et al. 2016). 

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 1.5 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 96 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 50 m and 450 m Asl. This species is not found within the EU 28.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown, but in the Kola Peninsula and in the Urals the subpopulations seem unlikely to be small and decreasing.","This species grows in mesic to xeric habitats, both open and shaded (for instance, on cliffs and boulders in the forests), sometimes in generally calcareous areas (Ignatova et al. 2016).","The threats to theis species are not well investigated, but in the regions where rock outcrops are rare, the possible threat may be mining.","This species is not included in any national or regional Red Lists. Some habitats of this species were found within protected areas. Further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed, as well as into the threats.",This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Séneca, A.,Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.","Baisheva, E.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HEDWIGIALES,HEDWIGIACEAE,Hedwigia,nemoralis,,Hedwigia nemoralis  ,"Ignatova, Ignatov &amp; Fedosov",,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

In Europe, Hedwigia nemoralis is assessed as Data Deficient since it is only known from one locality in a protected area in Kaluga province of central European Russia. This species was recently described and its distribution is not well studied. The abundance, population size and trends of this species are not known, and so more research on potential threats, the population size, and the population and habitat trend is needed.

This species is not found with the EU 28 and is therefore Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"This species was recently described (Ignatova et al. 2016), and its distribution is not well studied. In Europe, this species was found in one locality in Kaluga province of central European Russia. Elsewhere, this species is known from the Russian Far East (Zabaikalsky and Primorsky Territories) and the Caucasus, specifically from Black Sea coastal areas in the Sochi District in Russia and from Adjaria in Georgia. This species also occurs in China and eastern North America (Ignatova et al. 2016, 2018). The estimated area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species in Europe are both estimated to be around 4 km2. The species is found at an altitude of 200 m Asl. This species is not found in the EU 28.","The abundance, population size and trends of this species are not known.","This species grows on sandstone outcrops in the spruce-lime forest. In other regions, it has been found on boulders, stones, cliffs and rocks in broad-leaved forests (Ignatova et al. 2016).",The threats to this species have not been investigated.,"This species is not included in any national or regional Red Lists. It is known from the protected area, ""Ugra"" National Park (Kaluga province of Russia). Further research on the distribution, population size and threats of this species is needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Gunnarsson, U.,Englefield, E.","Ignatov, M. & Baisheva, E.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HEDWIGIALES,HEDWIGIACEAE,Hedwigia,stellata,,Hedwigia stellata  ,Hedenäs,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Hedwigia stellata is a widespread species in Europe, where it occurs in a wide latitudinal and elevational range and on different types of substrates. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. In addition, at the European level there are no major threats to this species.",Stable,"Hedwigia stellata is found from Iceland and southern Scandinavia through western and central Europe south to Portugal, Corsica and Greece, extending to Macaronesia (Canary Islands, Madeira). Outside of Europe it is found in Africa, western North America and Canada. It is a Northern Hemisphere species with occurrences also in the mountains of tropical Africa (Blockeel et al. 2014, Buchbender et al. 2014, Ignatova et al. 2016).",The overall population size is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable.,"This is generally a saxicolous species, although is also frequent as an epiphyte in different areas of mainland Spain (Albertos et al. 1997). This species occurs in Europe from coastal shrublands in northern areas to mountain forests and shrublands in the southern islands of Madeira and Canary Islands, growing in intermediately shady places and open areas.","Even though this species may be locally threatened in some areas, there are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species.","This species has been assessed as Endangered in Hungary, as Near Threatened in Sicily, as Vulnerable in Switzerland and Madeira (Sim-Sim et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015), and as Data Deficient in Finland, Czech Republic and Bulgaria (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Duckett, J.","González Mancebo, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HEDWIGIALES,HEDWIGIACEAE,Hedwigia,striata,,Hedwigia striata  ,(Wilson ex Hook.) John Whitehead &amp; J.Fergusson ex Hobk. &amp; Porritt,"A recent study by Buchbender et al. (2014), incorporating molecular analysis reinstated Hedwigia striata as a distinct species.",No,NT,B2a,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

In Europe, Hedwigia striata is known from Britain, Norway, Sweden, Belgium, Ireland, France, Spain and Portugal. It is possibly overlooked in other European areas. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 2.6 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 116 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 0.4 million km2 and the AOO is around 112 km2.  The populationis considered to be severely fragmented. It is also a bad disperser with large spores. However, its current population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28. This species has therefore been assessed as Near Threatened in both regions, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

Wind farms, grazing, plantations of Eucalyptus, wood harvesting, the influence of invasive species and increased fire occurrence represent notable threats for the next years. This species' habitat should be protected, through the improvement of favourable management methods and alien species should be controlled to in order to prevent subpopulations from declining. Further research into the population size and trends of this species is also required.",Stable,"This species has an oceanic distribution and the known occurrence of this species is restricted to Europe and Morocco (Buchbender et al. 2014). 

For Europe,there are confirmed records from Britain, Norway, Sweden, Belgium, Spain and Portugal (Hodgetts 2015, Hespanhol et al. 2013, Gallego et al. 2014). In 2016, this species was also reported from Ireland and France (Blockeel and Bosanquet 2016, Infante and Heras in Ellis et al. 2016).

Based on available recent records, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 2.6 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 116 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 0.4 million km2 and the AOO is around 112 km2. The altitudinal range of the species is between ca 120 m to 1,700 m Asl, based on confirmed records from the Iberian Peninsula.","In Portugal, from field observations, the subpopulations were frequently found to be fertile, and always forming pure patches, although in the vicinity of other Hedwigia taxa. In Monchique, in Portugal, this species can be abundant on granite rocks. It is well established in Spain and the subpopulations are found with sporophytes. In France, the species has not been well studied and the subpopulation is small (Infante and Heras in Ellis et al. 2016). It is possibly overlooked in other European areas. The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be stable.

The population is considered to be severely fragmented as its subpopulations are quite isolated and it is a bad disperser with large spores. Furthermore, it has very specific habitat requirements to thrive. Therefore, the subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","This species has very specific habitat requirements to thrive. It grows mainly on siliceous substrates, on exposed or shaded rocks (granite or schist), or sheltered by rocks and vegetation. It also occurs more occasionally at the base of tree trunks or near wetlands and seasonal rivers. In Ireland and the UK, this species is found on rocks at the margins of the lakes. In Portugal, it is also found on rock crevices.","Wind farms, grazing, plantations of Eucalyptus spp., wood harvesting, the influence of invasive species and increased fire occurrence represent notable threats for the next years. In Portugal, wind erosion of the rocks in ravines could pose an additional threat.","There is currently no specific conservation actions aimed at this species. This species is included in the Red Data Book of Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013) as Data Deficient-new (DD-n). Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify new areas. In the United Kingdom, this species is also assessed as Data Deficient(Hodgetts 2017).

The implementation of measures for the maintenance and conservation of the saxicolous habitats (Natura 2000 habitat code 8230) and native oak forests (Natura 2000 habitat code 9230) will be important for the conservation of this species. This species' habitat should be protected, through improving favourable management methods and the alien species should be controlled to prevent subpopulations from declining.

The majority of sites where this species occurs are included in protected areas. In Portugal, it is found in the Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês and the Parque Natural do Alvão-Marão.

Further research into the population size and trends of this species is required.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Bates, J.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Hespanhol, H., Infante, M. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,MYRINIACEAE,Helicodontium,capillare,,Helicodontium capillare  ,(Hedw.) A. Jaeger,,No,RE,,No,RE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Regionally Extinct (RE)



EU 28 regional assessment: Regionally Extinct (RE)



Helicodontium capillare was reported from a single record for the Apuan Alps in Italy in the late 1860s and has not been found in Europe since. It is a neotropical species widely distributed in Central and South America. This species is assessed as Regionally Extinct since extensive searches have been conducted in the area recently and the species could not be found. The area was very densely overgrown with shrubs, which indicated the habitat is no longer suitable.",Decreasing,"Helicodontium capillare was reported from a single record by De Notaris (1869) for the Apuan Alps (Aleffi et al. 2008). It is a neotropical species widely distributed in Central and South America. Extensive searches have been conducted in the area recently and the species could not be found in the region. The area was very densely overgrown with shrubs, which indicated the habitat is no longer suitable. Frahm (2013) suggest that this species, no more recently found in Italy nor in Europe, may be extinct or the record may have been a label confusion.",This species is believed to have become regionally extinct in Europe.,"In the neotropics this species lives on tree trunks, on rocks, walls and on soil. In Europe, the record was made of the species growing on a rock.","The species is regionally extinct, so there are no threats to it.","It is unknown whether the specimen collected in 1869 is preserved in a herbarium collection, and known collections should be searched. If the specimen is found, its validity can be confirmed. The species does not occur in any protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"González Mancebo, J.,Cálix, M.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F. & Lüth, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HELODIACEAE,Helodium,blandowii,,Helodium blandowii  ,(F.Weber &amp; D.Mohr) Warnst.,,No,NT,A2c,No,NT,A2c,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



Blandow's Tamarisk-moss (Helodium blandowii) is a circumpolar boreal-montane moss in boreal and subarctic areas, including Iceland, but absent from the high Arctic, and scattered southwards to the Alps, Carpathians and Bulgaria. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since a population reduction of between 20% and 25% is suspected to have occurred in the past three generations of this species (ca 100 years), both in Europe and in the EU 28; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion A. This population reduction is based on a decline in the area of occupancy (AOO) and habitat quality due to the widespread decline of fen habitats in Europe. It is assumed that the reduction in habitat has led to an almost linear decline in the population of this moss species. However, it is still relatively unthreatened in northern Europe (Scandinavia and Russia). Sites supporting this species where it is rare should be protected and managed to ensure its continued survival. Large areas of wetland in northern Europe need to be retained in good condition for a significant population to survive.",Decreasing,"Blandow's Tamarisk-moss (Helodium blandowii) is a circumpolar boreal-montane moss in boreal and subarctic areas, including Iceland, but absent from the high Arctic, and scattered southwards to the Alps, Carpathians and Bulgaria. It is threatened or extinct in many countries in western, central and southern Europe. Elsewhere it occurs in Turkey, Iran, the Caucasus, Siberia to the Russian Far East, North America south to California and Arizona, and Greenland (Kürschner and Ramezani Kakroudi 2005, Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 2,828 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10.1 million km².","This species must be decreasing because of the general decline in its habitat - fens (Raeymaekers 2000, Davidson 2014), and has indeed become threatened or extinct in many countries in the southern part of its European range. It is a long-lived species and a period of three generations is considered to be about 100 years. In addition, it is highly habitat-specific. However, it is still frequent and widespread in the north, with little or no indication of decline there.","This mossforms green to yellow-green lawns inintermediate  to rather poor fens and  spring bogs, especially those with light scrub  cover, sometimes in wet  birch forest at fen margins. Situations include extensive fen complexes, often beneath Carex spp., silty lake margins, floodplains, springs in wet grassland and occasionally old disused coal pits. Associates includeTomentypnum  nitens, Aulacomnium palustre, Calliergonella cuspidata, Paludella squarrosa, Plagiomnium elatum, Sphagnum  warnstorfii, S. teres and Scorpidium cossonii.Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 1,800 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014, Hedenäs and Hallingbäck 2014). 



It is autoicous; sporophytes are common and produced in spring and summer.","This species is threatened by habitat destruction and degradation, including drainage, afforestation and eutrophication. Its fen habitat has declined substantially over the past century (Davidson 2014), and this is a long-lived and habitat-specific species. Drainage led to its extinction in England (Church et al. 2001). However, it is still relatively unthreatened in northern Europe (Scandinavia and Russia).","Sites supporting this species where it is rare should be protected and managed to ensure its continued survival. Large areas of wetland in northern Europe need to be retained in good condition for a significant population to survive. This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Germany and Bulgaria, as Endangered in the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia, as Vulnerable in Romania and Ukraine, as 'highly endangered' in the Netherlands, and as Data Deficient in Hungary. It is considered Regionally Extinct in Britain, Belgium and Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Muller, F.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Hennediella,heimii,,Hennediella heimii  ,(Hedw.) R.H.Zander,"Tortula rhodonia is considered a synonym of Hennediella heimi, and this has been proven genetically. The problem is that all type specimens of Desmatodon wilczekii (= Tortula rhodonia) have been lost and in order to be able to officially complete this synonymization, a neotypification of D. wilczekii is necessary according to the Melbourne Code (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017; IUCN ERL of bryophytes project).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Heim's Pottia (Hennediella heimii) is a circumpolar boreo-temperate moss of Atlantic and Baltic coasts of Europe, from the Massif Central in France north to Iceland and Svalbard, also scattered sites inland in central Europe. This species is widespread in northern European coasts, and found inland in the Alps and elsewhere in suitable habitat. The species is only considered threatened in places where its habitat is naturally rare. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is frequent, the population size is likely to be large and there is no indication of decline. Coastal and estuarine and other lowland sites are at risk from urbanisation and agricultural conversion. No conservation measures are required at present.",Unknown,"Heim's Pottia (Hennediella heimii) is a circumpolar boreo-temperate moss of Atlantic and Baltic coasts of Europe, from the Massif Central in France north to Iceland and Svalbard, also scattered sites inland in central Europe. It has disappeared from its single site in Spain (Garilleti and Albertos 2012), and from the Lorraine region in northeastern France (Mahévas et al. 2010). Outside the European region the species occurs in northern Asia and a few localities in central Asia, Japan, North America, south to New Mexico and Newfoundland, southern South America, Tasmania, New Zealand, subantarctic islands and the Antarctic Peninsula (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 2,820 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8.7 million km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in any detail, although there have been some apparent local extinctions (in Austria, Spain and northeastern France). It is sometimes locally abundant where it does occur, and the total population size is likely to be large.

","This halophyte is the most characteristic bryophyte of saltmarshes, where it grows in grazed turf, on footpaths and on disturbed ground on the upper marsh, descending to levels inundated by at least 100 tides a year. It is frequent in other coastal habitats, including sandy or muddy ground between boulders on beaches, soil at the foot of cliffs and sea walls, the banks of dykes and tidal rivers, rock ledges and crevices, and short turf on cliff slopes and cliff tops. It can also extend up the tidal zone of rivers, as in the River Thames (England). The species is sometimes recorded much further inland, for example from the edge of pools by salt springs, salt flats in central Europe, and even in an old quarry in Aberdeenshire (Scotland) where rock salt was stored, and on the verges of roads where salt is regularly applied in winter. It has occasionally been recorded inland in ruderal, apparently non-saline habitats. There are recent occurrences on old colliery waste, but it is not known whether or not these are due to unusual mineral content in the substrate (Blockeel et al. 2014). In the Alps the species is found under rock ledges associated with nutrified mammal excrement. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 2,000 m Asl.



It is autoicous, rarely synoicous; capsules are abundant, usually maturing from February to May but recorded throughout the year.",Coastal and estuarine and other lowland sites are at risk from urbanisation and agricultural conversion.,"No conservation measures are required at present. It has been assessed as threatened in several places where it is naturally rare because of paucity of habitat: it is Critically Endangered in Slovakia, Endangered in Hungary and Romania, 'highly endangered' in Austria, Vulnerable in Germany, Switzerland, 'rare' in Ukraine, and Data Deficient in Italy (where it has not been seen for a long time), Czech Republic and Slovenia. It is considered Regionally Extinct in Spain and in the Lorraine region of France (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Muller, F.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G., Schröck, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Hennediella,macrophylla,,Hennediella macrophylla  ,(R. Br. bis) Paris,"British material of this species was described as Tortula brevis by Whitehouse & Newton (1988), but this was subsequently recognised as a synonym of the antipodean H. macrophylla (Blockeel 1990). It is closely related to H. antarctica (Ångström) Ochyra & Matteri, and Ochyra et al. (2008) regard the two species as synonymous. It is almost certainly an introduction from New Zealand (Blockeel et al. 2014).",No,NA,,No,NA,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)



EU 28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)



The Short Pottia (Hennediella macrophylla) is an introduced species has been allocated to the suboceanic temperate element in Europe, where it is known only from Britain. As an almost certainly introduced species (from New Zealand), this moss is assessed as Not Applicable.",Increasing,"The Short Pottia (Hennediella macrophylla) is an introduced species which has been allocated to the suboceanic temperate element in Europe, where it is known only from Britain. Elsewhere it is known only in New Zealand. It was reported from Tierra del Fuego but the record was subsequently referred to H. antarctica (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 680 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 154,500 km².","The patchy distribution reflects its probable introduced status, but it is still increasing its range (Blockeel et al. 2014).","This moss occurs on shaded trampled ground and compacted soil in  woodland and on shaded banks (often alongside exposed tree roots), and  is frequent under shade on river banks, notably in the River Thames  catchment and by the River Tweed. In London it is also widespread on  hard-packed soil on paths and in flower beds and shrubberies in parks,  and it occurs in these habitats in other urban areas. Several records  are from rabbit burrows and badger tracks, and in Essex (southeastern  England) it has been noted on fresh spoil outside a badger hole, halfway  up a cliff in a chalk quarry. It is dispersed not only by rabbits and  badgers, but also apparently by water, human footwear and other animals’  feet. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 180 m Asl.



It is monoicous; capsules occur regularly in spring but often fail to mature. Rhizoidal  tubers are frequent and gemmae occur occasionally on the leaves;  protonemal gemmae have been seen in culture (Blockeel et al. 2014).",There are no known threats to this species.,No conservation measures are required at present. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Muller, F.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Hennediella,stanfordensis,,Hennediella stanfordensis  ,(Steere) Blockeel,,No,NA,,No,NA,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)



EU 28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)



The Stanford Screw-moss (Hennediella stanfordensis) has been allocated to the European southern-temperate element in Europe, where it is known only from Britain and Ireland, with isolated records from France and Greece. As an almost certainly introduced species (possibly from Australia), this moss is assessed as Not Applicable.",Stable,"The Stanford Screw-moss (Hennediella stanfordensis) has been allocated to the European southern-temperate element in Europe, where it is known only from Britain and Ireland, with isolated records from France and Greece. Elsewhere it is  known from California, Mexico and southeastern Australia. It was erroneously reported from Kenya. It was first found in Britain in 1958 and in Ireland in 1978, and is probably an introduction, perhaps from Australia (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 784 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.4 million km².","The concentration of records in particular geographical areas is typical of an introduced species. It has spread slowly outside the English-Welsh borders but its distribution in Britain has been fairly stable since 1985, with only occasional new localities (Blockeel et al. 2014). The Greek locality could originate from the footwear of English tourists. The French one may be of the same origin, or perhaps from dispersal by migrant birds.","This species is a colonist of bare soil in various habitats. It was originally found on cliff-top paths in Cornwall, but its most characteristic habitat is on shaded trampled ground by footpaths and under trees on the banks of rivers, especially in the Welsh Marches. Other records are from cultivated fields and flower beds, chalk pits, soil on a hedgebank, and one from a vertical roadside bank scraped by car wheels near the River Wye. In Yorkshire, it has been recorded from soil on rock ledges on Magnesian Limestone cliffs. On  footpaths it is clearly dispersed in soil on the footwear of pedestrians; by rivers it may be water-dispersed. The rock ledge habitat suggests other dispersal agents. In Greece it was found on soil on the vertical bank of a ditch (Blockeel 1991). Its altitudinal range is from 5 m up to 185 m Asl.



It is apparently dioicous; most plants are female but young sporophytes have been seen in Herefordshire, England (Whitehouse and Newton 1988). Rhizoidal tubers are frequent (Blockeelet al. 2014).",There are no known threats to this species.,No conservation measures are required at present. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,During, H.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,HERBERTACEAE,Herbertus,azoricus,,Herbertus azoricus  ,(Steph.) P.W.Richards,"The genus Herbertus in the Azores is problematic. Historically (e.g., Grolle and Long 2000) it was assumed that there was a single species in the Azores, namely H. azoricus. However, it is now clear that two species are present (Hodgetts and Rumsey in prep.), but further analysis is needed to characterize them. Previous work (Feldberg et al. 2004) suggested that H. azoricus should be placed in the synonymy of H. sendtneri. However, further studies show that spurious lumping of taxa in Herbertus gives a much too simplified view of this complex genus (D. Bell pers. comm. 2018, N. Hodgetts pers. comm. 2018, F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2018), and H. sendtneri is therefore best regarded as an exclusively Eurasian species. Current indications are that H. azoricus is best treated as a synonym or a variety of H. juniperoideus, that H. sendtneri does not occur in Macaronesia, and that the second species is closely related to H. dicranus and H. borealis. Until the second species is properly published, all Azorean Herbertus will have to be referred to H. azoricus.",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU28,,"Herbertus azoricus is a liverwort species currently only known from the Azores. This species is assessed as Endangered, since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 372 km2), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat due to invasive alien species and to the effects of climate change. In fact, a steep reduction of its main habitat is projected for species with similar requirements due to climatic changes, namely increasing irradiation and drought stress in all Macaronesia region. Research is needed on its taxonomy, as well as in the species' population size and trends, ecology and threats. Proper management of the habitat is recommended, focusing on eradication of invasive alien species and the best management of native forests to defuse the effects of climate change.",Unknown,"Herbertus azoricus is only known from seven Azorean Islands (all except Graciosa and Santa Maria Islands) (Gabriel et al. 2010). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 26,809 km2 and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 372 km2.","In the Azores, this species is restricted to native vegetation sites from medium-high (450 m Asl; Corvo Island) (Sjögren 1993) to high elevation (1,000 m Asl; Terceira and Pico Islands) (Allorge and Allorge 1950, Frahm 2005), where it is not frequent. Sporophytes are not described and the subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. The current population trend is unknown.","This appears to be a strongly oceanic species, occurring mostly in mature forests with Juniperus brevifolia, Ilex perado subsp. azorica and Laurus azorica in the Azores (Sjögren 1978, Frahm 2005). It is mainly found growing on Juniperus brevifolia (Gabriel and Bates 2005, Homem and Gabriel 2008), but it is also recorded as epilithic and epigeic (Sjögren 1978).","The amount and quality of suitable habitat for this species will probably decrease due to cover increase in invasive alien species, such as Hedychium gardnerianum (Silva et al. 2008) and to climatic changes (cf. Patiño et al. 2016, Vergílio et al. 2016).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas in the Azores. Research is needed on its taxonomy, as well as in the species' population size and trends, ecology and threats. Proper management of the habitat is recommended, focusing on eradication of invasive alien species and the best management of native forests to defuse the effects of climate change.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Fettes, N.D.,Natcheva, R.,Hodgetts, N.","Gabriel, R. & Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,HERBERTACEAE,Herbertus,borealis,,Herbertus borealis  ,Crundw.,"DNA barcoding studies have shown that H. borealis is a Scottish endemic, and Norwegian plants that were previously considered to be this species have been transferred to H. norenus (Bell et al. 2012, Bell and Long 2012). Suggestions that H. borealis is synonymous with the African and Azorean H. dicranus (Taylor) Trevis. (Hodgetts 2003) or the Asian H. delavayi (Feldberg and Heinrichs 2005, Hill et al. 2008), have not been confirmed by these DNA studies.",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Northern Prongwort (Herbertus borealis) is an oceanic boreal-montane species endemic to northwestern Scotland, where it is known from the Beinn Eighe and Slioch mountain massifs. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 28 km²), it occurs at onlytwolocations, and wildfires could drive the species to Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time. Fire has been a serious destructive force in wet heath in some areas of western Scotland in recent years, in dry conditions. The main site for this species is within a protected site, where every effort is made to prevent wildfire and other damage. Conservation measures currently in place include ensuring public awareness of the importance of not starting fires in the area, either deliberately or by accident, and managing grazing by deer.",Stable,"The Northern Prongwort (Herbertus borealis) is an oceanic boreal-montane species endemic to northwestern Scotland, where it is known from the Beinn Eighe and Slioch mountain massifs (Bell and Long 2012). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 28 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is also 28 km².","This species is abundant over a very limited area, with tens of thousands of stands, and at least several thousand individuals-equivalents, where one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered one square metre in which the species occurs. There is no indication of decline and the current population trend is considered to be stable.","This species is locally abundant on Beinn Eighe, growing amidst open wind-exposed prostrate juniper heath on a gentle northeast-facing slope with Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Calluna vulgaris, Pleurozia purpurea and Racomitrium lanuginosum, and in rather tall Calluna spp. heath on slopes with a north or north-easterly aspect. Soils are oligotrophic, humus-rich rankers developed over quartzite moraine and scree. It locally plays the role that Herbertus hutchinsiae has elsewhere in Scotland. It occurs in an area of cool, humid climate with at least 220 wet days a year (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from 125 m up to 620 m Asl.



Sporophytes, sexual reproduction and special asexual propagules are unknown; it presumably propagates by fragmentation.","As most subpopulations of this species grow in a nature reserve there are few threats. However, fire has been a serious destructive force in wet heath in some areas of western Scotland in recent years, in dry conditions. A future wildfire, perhaps ultimately caused by climate change, affecting the area where this species is found could cause a drastic decline in the population. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of a wildlife and the restricted distribution of this species, it may occur at only two locations.","The main site for this species is within a protected site (domestic designations: National Nature Reserve, Site of Special Scientific Interest; international designations: SAC), where every effort is made to prevent wildfire and other damage. The site is managed by Scottish Natural Heritage, which is aware of the importance of H. borealis, and there are no measures other than the ones currently in place that can be recommended. These include ensuring public awareness of the importance of not starting fires, either deliberately or by accident, and managing grazing by deer. The species was previously assessed as LR/lc (Bryophyte Specialist Group 2000), but the taxonomic concept has since changed to assign Norwegian records to another species. It is currently listed as Vulnerable in Britain (Hodgetts 2015).",This species is not known to be used.,"Hespanhol, H.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N. & Rothero, G.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,HERBERTACEAE,Herbertus,hutchinsiae,,Herbertus hutchinsiae  ,(Gottsche &amp; Rabenh.) A. Evans,"This species was previously (Hill et al. 2008) regarded as a subspecies of H. aduncus (Dicks.) Gray, but molecular research (Bell et al. 2012) has shown that it is not closely related to that species, and that recognition at specific level is more appropriate.",Yes,NT,"B2b(iii,v)",No,NT,"B2b(iii,v)",EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



The Juniper Prongwort (Herbertus hutchinsiae) is an oceanic boreal-montane liverwort endemic to northwestern Europe, occurring only in Britain, Ireland and southwestern Norway. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since, although it is locally abundant in western Britain and Ireland, and cannot be said to be severely fragmented, it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,928 km² in Europe, and 1,772 km² in the EU 28), and there is an estimated and inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and number of mature individuals; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. Burning and overgrazing in the uplands are the most obvious threats to this species, but undergrazing leading to an increase in large vascular plant vegetation is also a threat in areas where stock has been removed or fenced out. Climate change may also be a threat. No conservation measures are required at present, although monitoring of a representative sample of the subpopulations is recommended.",Decreasing,"The Juniper Prongwort (Herbertus hutchinsiae) is an oceanic boreal-montane liverwort endemic to northwestern Europe, occurring only in Britain, Ireland and southwestern Norway. It was formerly treated as a subspecies of Herbertus aduncus, along with subsp. aduncus (Alaska and British Columbia) and subsp. tenuis (eastern North America). Molecular evidence suggests that all three taxa are best treated as species (Bell et al. 2012, Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 1,928 km² in Europe, and 1,772 km² in the EU 28. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 633,000 km².","Burning and overgrazing have reduced the abundance of this species in some areas, notably in western Ireland. However, its cover is also reduced when grazing by large herbivores is prevented by exclosures (Moore et al. 2014). The current population trend is therefore thought to be decreasing.","This species is most frequent in oligotrophic dwarf-shrub communities on steep, well-drained, block-strewn slopes in north- or east-facing corries and on shaded acid or mildly basic cliff ledges, where it grows in dense pure cushions or mixed with other large liverworts, including Anastrepta orcadensis, Bazzania tricrenata, Plagiochila spinulosa, Pleurozia purpurea, Scapania gracilis, and, more rarely, Mastigophora woodsii and Plagiochila carringtonii. It also occurs in more open habitats such as stable north-facing block screes, and ledges by waterfalls. In western Scotland, it descends to near sea level on ledges in wooded ravines, on boulders and cliffs in rocky birch woods, amongst dwarf shrubs on shaded humus banks, and on steep north- or east-facing slopes. It does not grow in areas of late snow-lie, so there are no localities in the eastern Highlands. Although widely distributed in Britain and Ireland and locally abundant, its distribution at a local scale is curiously patchy; it is absent from several seemingly suitable hills (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from 10 m up to 1,050 m Asl.



It is dioicous; only female plants occur in Britain and Ireland and perianths are rare. It can reproduce from vegetative fragments.","Burning and overgrazing in the uplands are the most obvious threats to this species, but undergrazing leading to an increase in large vascular plant vegetation is also a threat in areas where stock has been removed or fenced out. Climate change may also be a threat.","No conservation measures are required at present, although monitoring of a representative sample of the subpopulations is recommended. It is considered Near Threatened in Norway (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Natcheva, R.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,HERBERTACEAE,Herbertus,norenus,,Herbertus norenus  ,"D.G.Long, D.Bell &amp; H.H.Blom","DNA barcoding studies have shown that H. borealis is a Scottish endemic, and Norwegian plants that were previously considered to be this species have been transferred to H. norenus (Bell et al. 2012).

",Yes,VU,D1,No,EN,D,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



Herbertus norenus is endemic to Europe. It is distributed in a total of seven known sites in Norway and two from the Shetland Islands. The present localities are considered to have a relatively stable current population trend. The population size is estimated to be between 250 and 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe and between 100 and 200 in the EU 28. Therefore, this species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and as Endangered in the EU 28.



The major threat to this species are natural disasters like landslides or flooding which can result in loss of whole subpopulations. In the Shetland Islands, the species is considered to be affected by grazing. In the Shetland Islands, the risk of overgrazing could lead the species to Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future, being present at only two locations.



Besides a long term monitoring of the population, action against overgrazing of the two Scottish sites is needed.

",Stable,"The species has an oceanic boreal-montane distribution and is endemic to Europe. It is distributed in a total of seven known sites in Norway and two from the Shetland Islands (Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species is from 3 to 342 m Asl.



The area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 20 and 40 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 14.2 million km2. Within the EU 28, the AOO is between 4 and 12 km2, and its EOO is ca 0.1 million km2.","Although not described until 2012 (Bell et al. 2012), this plant, as well as the other members in the genus Herbertus, are well collected in Europe and are probably not overlooked.



The species is sterile (lacking vegetative propagation) and the Norwegian subpopulation is considered therefore as highly isolated, although the sites are located close to each other, present in one steep fjord. The species therefore seems to be severely fragmented considering that it is sterile and reproduces via fragments, and so subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. At the classic locality, the species is found over a relatively large area in viable subpopulations. The species has not been found outside Lysefjord, and there have been no new findings after 2010. In the Shetland Islands, this species also seems to be stable. The present localities are considered to have a relatively stable current population trend, although avalanches locally may be the most real-acting threat factor.



The population size is estimated to be between 250 and 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for each individual-equivalent) in Europe and between 100 and 200 in the EU 28.","This species occurs in sites with a cool, humid climate with at least 220 wet days a year, on moraine and scree, growing amidst open wind-exposed prostrate juniper heath, on a gentle north-east-facing slope with Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Calluna vulgaris, Pleurozia purpurea and Racomitrium lanuginosum, and in tallish Calluna heath, on slopes with a north or north-easterly aspect. Soils are oligotrophic and humus-rich (Blockeel et al. 2014).



This species displays some markedly different ecologies in Norway and Scotland, the most profound being the occurrence in sheltered, north-facing ravines at low elevation (3 to 216 m Asl) in the Lysefjord sites. However, in Shetland, where no tree cover exists, the plant grows on exposed north-facing hillsides at between 177 and 342 m Asl. The habitat at the long-known Norwegian locality was described in some detail by Crundwell (1970) under ‘H. borealis’, and from observations made in 2008 at a number of sites on Lysefjord, this is typical of the Norwegian sites. All are in wooded Betula/Sorbus aucuparia ravines, where it grows on rock and cliff ledges, rock slabs and large boulders in at least partial shade. Common associates are the bryophytes Breutelia chrysocoma, Sphagnum auriculatum, Pleurozia purpurea, Scapania ornithopodioides, Racomitrium lanuginosum and several others (Bell et al. 2012).



The Shetland sites are also north-facing but are consistently much more exposed, with limited shelter only from relatively small boulders and dwarf shrubs. The plants are often embedded in a mixed turf with other bryophytes. Nevertheless, a number of the bryophyte associates on Shetland are shared with some of the Norwegian sites, such asPleurozia purpurea, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Diplophyllum albicans, Scapania gracilis, Plagiothecium undulatum and Scapania ornithopodioides, whereas the rarer oceanic liverworts Mastigophora woodsii and Plagiochila carringtonii are unknown in the Norwegian localities (Bell et al. 2012).","The major threat to this species are natural disasters like landslides or flooding which can result in loss of whole subpopulations. In the Shetland Islands, the species is considered to be affected by grazing.","This species is in the Red Lists of Great Britain and Norway as Vulnerable (VU) (Hassel et al. 2015, Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in at least one protected area. Besides a long term monitoring of the population, action against overgrazing of the Scottish sites is needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Köckinger, H.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","During, H.,Fettes, N.D.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,HERBERTACEAE,Herbertus,sendtneri,,Herbertus sendtneri  ,(Nees) A. Evans,,No,EN,C2a(i),No,EN,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

 EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

In Europe, Herbertus sendtneri is known only from the eastern Alps in Austria, where it occurs at high elevations in areas of high precipitation. Its main habitats are more or less north-facing scree slopes of silicate boulders, where it grows between large boulders where there is a low light intensity and a very long snow cover.  The highest localities are found on north-facing silicate summit cliffs. This species is dioicous, and sporophytes are very rare. It has an extremely restricted area of occupancy (AOO), estimated at 64 km², and extent of occurrence (EOO), estimated at 1,820 km². The overall population trend is unknown. The population size is estimated to be between 250 and 1,000 individual-equivalents, with each subpopulation estimated to have fewer than 250 individual-equivalents. Due to the special habitat requirements, the effectively colonized area and the potential habitat is not very large. The implications of climate change are difficult to quantify, but the best screes are just above the timberline, so that expansion of the forest to higher altitudes could have a direct impact on the subpopulations. A continuing decline in the population is therefore projected in the very near future. Thus species is thus assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU 28.

Due to the construction of hydroelectric power plants and ski slopes, some sites where this species occurred may have been destroyed in Tirol in Austria. One site in Austria (Langental, Sellrain) is currently threatened by a construction project and a hydroelectric power plant. Further expansion of ski resorts and other tourist infrastructure in the Alps is likely. However, many of the recently found sites are hardly at risk. Although it is known to occur in protected areas, all known sites of this remarkable species should be strictly protected in order to counter the threats it faces. All sites for this species should be made known to the public authorities in order to protect it in the long term. Also a monitoring program should be initiated in order to document the impacts of climate change on this species. Further research is also needed on its distribution, and population size and trends.",Unknown,"In Europe, Herbertus sendtneri is known only from the eastern Alps in Austria, where it is found growing at elevations between 1,700 m and 2,700 m Asl. An old record from Germany (Thüringen) is uncertain (Meinunger and Schröder 2007), and reports from the Azores are erroneous. In Austria, this species is restricted to the provinces of Tirol and Salzburg, where 16 localities are currently known. For many localities, however, only historical records exist. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 64 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at 1,820 km².

This species has a disjunct distribution globally, occurring elsewhere, according to Juslén (2006), in the Himalayas (Bhutan, India, Nepal) and in Yunnan (China). According to Schofield (2007), this species also occurs in western North America (British Columbia and Alaska), and Feldberg et al. (2007) and Gradstein et al. (2018) also report it from South America. However, it is likely that the American records refer to different species, as there is little morphological similarity between them and the Eurasian material, and preliminary molecular work also suggests that different taxa are involved (Hodgetts and Rumsey in prep.). The global distribution of this species has been further confused by a recent paper claiming that H. sendtneri also occurs in Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Tanzania, and that the Asian species H. armitanus and H. circinatus are synonyms of H. sendtneri (He and Sun 2017). These are highly contentious claims that contradict the careful work of Juslén (2006).





 

 





","Very little is known about the population size. Due to the special habitat requirements, the effectively colonised area and the potential habitat is not very large. Due to the relative inaccessibility of its habitats, further discoveries can be expected, and in the Stubai Alps there are also larger subpopulations. The overall population trend is unknown. Since this species grows on rock faces and cliffs, one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre where it occurs. It is estimated that there are between 250 and 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe, with each subpopulation estimated to have fewer than 250 individual-equivalents. The implications of climate change are difficult to quantify. The best screes are just above the timberline, so that expansion of the forest to higher altitudes could have a direct impact on the subpopulations. A continuing decline in the population is therefore projected in the very near future.","This species occurs at high elevations in areas of high precipitation. Its main habitats are more or less north-facing scree slopes of silicate boulders, where it grows between large boulders where there is a low light intensity and a very long snow cover.  The highest localities are found on north-facing silicate summit cliffs.

This species is dioicous, and sporophytes are very rare. Previously unknown, they have recently been found in a herbarium specimen collected in Austria in 1851 (He and Sun 2017). For this reason, long distance dispersal is severely limited and only possible through fragmentation in the vicinity of the subpopulations.H. Gamsconsidered H. sendtneri to be an interglacial-relict that has survived the ice age at the current sites (Gams 1931). Under favorable conditions it is possible that it may disperse over longer distances in the Alps.



 





 



","Due to the construction of hydroelectric power plants and ski slopes, some sites may have been destroyed in Tirol. One site in Austria (Langental, Sellrain) is currently threatened by a construction project and a hydroelectric power plant. Further expansion of ski resorts and other tourist infrastructure in the Alps is likely. However, many of the recently found sites are hardly at risk.Collection of herbarium material may still be a threat (it certainly has been in the past, with large collections in some herbaria), and it is possible that some smaller subpopulations could disappear through collecting.The implications of climate change are difficult to quantify. The best screes are just above the timberline, so that expansion of the forest to higher altitudes could have a direct impact on the subpopulations.A continuing decline in the population is therefore projected in the very near future.



","Although it is known to occur in protected areas, all known sites of this remarkable species should be strictly protected in order to counter the threats it faces. All sites for this species should be made known to the public authorities in order to protect it in the long term. Also a monitoring program should be initiated in order to document the impacts of climate change on this species. Further research is also needed on its distribution, and population size and trends. It is listed as Vulnerable in Austria.","This species is not utilised or traded.

","Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Natcheva, R.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,HERBERTACEAE,Herbertus,stramineus,,Herbertus stramineus  ,(Dumort.) Lett,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Straw Prongwort (Herbertus stramineus) is known from the British Isles, the Faroe Islands, western Norway and Iceland. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,000 and 2,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 0.9 million km². Within the EU 28, the AOO is ca 900 km² and the EOO is ca 0.2 million km². The total population size is estimated to be around 3,000 individual-equivalents. In Norway, this species has declined in all but one of waterfall spray zone localities, while forestry and coastal localities still are largely intact. However, even if the species is rare and declining in Norway, the subpopulations in the British Isles, the Faroe Islands and maybe also Iceland seem to be stable, and the events that led to its decline in Norway have now stopped. Therefore the overall population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28. The total population size is estimated to be around 3,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe, and around 1,500 within the EU 28. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

The major threat to this species are natural disasters like landslides. In open habitat, the overgrowth in response to cessation of grazing can be a threat. A moderate level of grazing is therefore recommended in order to maintain the habitat. In addition, long term monitoring of population trends is probably needed.



",Stable,"This species has an oceanic boreal-montane distribution. The range is disjunct, known from the British Isles, the Faroe Islands, western Norway and Iceland. In southwestern Norway, this species is found from around sea level to 350 m Asl and in the Faroe Islands, it is rather frequent from sea level to the summits of mountains (Damsholt 2002). The altitudinal upper limit of this species in Europe is 930 m Asl. In North America, this species is known from the northern, unglaciated Alaska and Queen Charlotte Island, British Columbia (Damsholt 2002).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,000 and 2,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 0.9 million km². Within the EU 28, the AOO is ca 900 km² and the EOO is ca 0.2 million km².","In Norway, this species has declined in all but one of waterfall spray zone localities, while forestry and coastal localities still are largely intact (some have disappeared, but new ones have also come) (Hassel et al. 2015). In Norway and on Iceland, the subpopulations are small and can disappear quickly because of random events (for example, avalanches). This species lacks spore production and has no specialized asexual reproduction like gemmae. Fragmentation and proliferation of gametophyte is the only possibility for the spread, but it does not seem to be severely fragmented. 

Four localities have been recorded in Iceland, about a hundred in the United Kingdom and around 100 in Norway. The subpopulation size is quite variable among the different sites, and individual size varies with site conditions, so the largest individual-equivalent size of 1 m2 is used as a proxy for an individual-equivalent (considered as mature individuals). It is assumed that in Norway there are ca 10 individual-equivalents per locality (Hassel et al. 2015). The total population size is estimated to be around 3,000 individual-equivalents in Europe, and around 1,500 within the EU 28. 

Even if the species is rare and declining in Norway, the subpopulations in the British Isles, the Faroe Islands and maybe also Iceland seem to be stable, and the events that had led to the decline in Norway have now stopped. Therefore the overall population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","In the United Kingdom, this species grows in base-rich habitats where it can be locally frequent. It commonly occurs as pure tufts or mixed with other bryophytes on damp, shady, basic cliff ledges, generally north or east facing and often where water drips or spray falls at times. It also occurs more rarely in damp, rather open species-rich grass or herb communities on steep, moist but well-drained north- or east-facing slopes. In some localities, this species is accompanied by Herbertus hutchinsiae on basic rocks but it does not occur with the other Northern Atlantic large leafy hepatics in acid oligotrophic habitats. All localities have a cool, moist climate, and it evidently tolerates moderately prolonged snow cover (Blockeel et al. 2014). 

In Norway and the Faroe Islands, the species grows as single shoots among other bryophytes on moist, predominantly basic rocks or at base of vertical rock walls (Damsholt 2002).","The major threat are natural disasters like landslides. In open habitat, the overgrowth in response to cessation of grazing can be a threat. A historical decline occurred in Norway as a result of hydroelectric plants.","This species is known to occur in at least one protected area. A moderate level of grazing is recommended in order to maintain the habitat. However, long term monitoring of population trends is probably needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Virtanen, R.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Herzogiella,seligeri,,Herzogiella seligeri  ,(Brid.) Z. Iwats.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Silesian Feather-moss (Herzogiella seligeri) is known from many localities and widely distributed in Scandinavia, central Europe, the Balkan countries and Ukraine. In the EU 28, this forest species is widely distributed in Sweden, Finland, Germany and other EU 28 countries in central, east and southeast Europe. In Europe, this species has large range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be greater than 6.8 million km2. The current population trend appears to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, near the eastern border of European range of this species, the subpopulations are vulnerable and the possible threats may be timber harvesting, removing and burning of felling waste, forest fires and grazing in the forest. Even so, no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"In Europe, this circumpolar, boreo-temperate species is widespread from the Balkans to Fennoscandia. It is more frequent in Scandinavia, central and southeast Europe, the Baltic countries and in the forest and forest-steppe zones of Ukraine. In European Russia, it is sporadically distributed in the west up to 35◦ to 40◦ east and further east it is known only from isolated localities including the Southern Urals. Probably, this species is slightly overlooked. The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 2,200 m Asl.

Elsewhere, it is known from the Caucasus, Middle Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgizstan, Tadjikistan), Turkey, North Africa, China and north-western part of North America (Ignatov and Ignatova 2004, Ignatov et al. 2006, Hodgetts 2015, Blockeel et al. 2014).

In Europe, this species has a large geographic range - the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be greater than 6.8 million km2.","This species is widely distributed in Scandinavia, central Europe, the Balkan countries and Ukraine. In the EU 28, this forest species is widely distributed in Sweden, Finland, Germany and other EU 28 countries in central, east and southeast Europe. Numerous subpopulations of this species are known. The species is frequently fertile. The population trend seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.

","This species grows in shaded habitats with relatively high humidity in the boreal, dark coniferous-broadleaved and broadleaved forests, and more rarely, in fens. Usually this species does not forms patches but grows between other bryophytes on decaying wood, tree stumps and roots, bases of birch and dark-coniferous trees, soil-covered silicate rocks, peaty soil and raw humus of the forest floor in coniferous forests (NISM 2017, Grims 1999, Ignatov and Ignatova 2004, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).","Near the eastern border of European range of this species, the subpopulations are vulnerable and the possible threats may be timber harvesting, removing and burning of felling waste, forest fires and grazing in the forests (Mirkin 2011, Sereda and Fedyaeva 2014).","This species is included in the Red Lists of Rostov Province (3 - rare species) and the Republic of Bashkortostan (3) (Sereda and Fedyaeva 2014, Mirkin 2011). A lot of the subpopulations have been found within protected areas. No conservation measures are required at present.",This species is not used or traded.,"Ganeva, A.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Herzogiella,striatella,,Herzogiella striatella  ,(Brid.) Z. Iwats.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Muhlenbeck’s Feather-moss (Herzogiella striatella) is a European boreal-montane moss. It is widespread but only locally frequent in Fennoscandia, northern Russia, Scotland and the mountains of central Europe, south to the Pyrenees, Alps and Carpathians. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it is not very common and is mainly restricted to upland areas, it is still frequent, the current population trend is large and stable, and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"Muhlenbeck’s Feather-moss (Herzogiella striatella) is a European boreal-montane moss. It is widespread but only locally frequent in Fennoscandia, northern Russia, Scotland and the mountains of central Europe, south to the Pyrenees, Alps and Carpathians. Records from the Azores are regarded as uncertain (Ros et al. 2013). Elsewhere it occurs in southern Siberia, the Russian Far East, eastern and northwestern North America and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 2,350 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6.2 million km².","There is no indication of decline in its core areas and the current population trend is therefore stable. The total population is presumably quite large.

","This small pleurocarpous moss typically grows in well-drained, rocky crevices in grassy or heathy scree or under boulders on montane slopes and ridges; it can often be found in exposed places but always in sheltered niches. It seems indifferent to rock type, occurring on granite, schist, sandstone and even quartzite, but it is probably more frequent on the more base-rich rocks. The bryophyte community in these crevices can be quite rich and in Scotland can include both common species like Barbilophozia floerkei, B. sudetica, Dicranum fuscescens, Plagiothecium denticulatum var. obtusifolium and Polytrichastrum alpinum, and less common species such as Diplophyllum taxifolium, Obtusifolium obtusum, Kiaeria glacialis, Sciuro-hypnum glaciale and S. reflexum (Blockeel et al. 2104). In the lowlands it can grow on damp compacted soil in deciduous woodland (Meinunger and Schröder 2007), and its one Dutch record was from a tussock of Molinia sp. in peaty birch woodland (BLWG 2016). Its altitudinal range is from 10 m up to 2,400 m Asl.



This moss is autoicous, and capsules are common.",There are no known widespread threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. It has been assessed as Endangered in Spain, Slovakia, Switzerland and Romania, as Vulnerable in Germany and Estonia, and as Near Threatened in the Czech Republic. It is listed as Data Deficient in Italy, where it has not been seen for many years (Hodgetts 2015). The species occurs in protected areas throughout its range.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Tsakiri, E.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G., Schröck, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Herzogiella,turfacea,,Herzogiella turfacea  ,(Lindb.) Z. Iwats.,,No,NT,,No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Herzogiella turfacea is found in northern Europe, with a scattered distribution throughout its whole range. The subpopulations of this species are small and isolated.This species has a small area of occupancy (AOO) of around 1,400 km2 in Europe. The species has a negative population trend near the western part of range. The habitat of the species (swampy forests) are vulnerable due to the forests management and changes in water bodies conditions and there is a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat. In Europe, this species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

In the EU 28, this species is quite frequent in Sweden and rare in Finland and Estonia. It has an estimated AOO of around 1,300 km2. The population trend of the species is negative. It has a population size of less than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals), and there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in the EU 28.",Stable,"This is a circumpolar boreal species with a scattered distribution throughout its whole range (Ignatov and Ignatova 2004). In Europe, it has been found in Scandinavia, where it is most frequent in Sweden. This species has also been found in Estonia, the Kola Peninsula, in the middle and south of the taiga subzones of the East European Plain and in the Urals.

In Asia, this species is found in Siberia, Japan, China, Korea and in the south of the Russian Far East. The species is common in northeastern North America but rare further south (Hodgetts 2015, Ignatov and Ignatova 2004, Ignatovet al. 2006, Flora of North America 2014). In Russia, it is documented from nine provinces (Ignatov & Ignatova 2004).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 2.8 million km2 in Europe and around 1.1 million km2 in the EU 28 (based on total area within a minimum convex polygon around all known occurrences). The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,400 km2 in Europe and around 1,300 km2 in the EU 28 (based on a 2x2 km2 grid overlay on the range map). The altitudinal range of the species is between sea level and 600 m Asl.","In the most part of its European range, the subpopulations of this species are small and isolated. The subpopulation trend seems to be negative in boreal regions, but it is stable in alpine regions of Scandinavia (Kålås et al. 2010, Rassi et al. 2010, EAA  2012, Belkina et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015, Vellak et al. 2015).

This species seems to be suffering due to increasing forest management (cutting and drainage) and has already vanished from some recent localities in Estonia due to forest cutting (K. Vellak pers. comm 2017). This species seem to be stable in Russia, where some findings were made recently. Overall, the current population trend is considered to be stable in Europe, but declining in the EU 28.

In the EU 28, the population size is fewer than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and with each individual-equivalent counted as a base of a tree trunk, a stumpor a fallen log on which the species grows), and there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation.



","This species grows on dead wood, the base and roots of deciduous trees, and on humus and peat soil in humid swamp coniferous (mostly fir) forests at low to moderate elevations, up to 600 m Asl (Ignatov and Ignatova 2004, EAA 2012). This species grows on decaying logs. This species grows on rotten wood in old-growth spruce forests in Fennoscandia, and these areas have decreased drastically during the last decades (Maksimov et al. 2003).There is a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat.","The major threats to this species include general forestry management, for example, drying out and decreasing amounts of decaying wood, peatland drainage and decreasing water level due to human activities such as water-level regulation, construction of reservoirs and groundwater abstraction (Rassi et al. 2010, EAA 2012).","This species is included in Appendix I of the Bern Convention and Annex II of the Habitats Directive (Bern Convention 2011, EAA 2012), It is also included in several national Red Lists. It has been assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Norway (NT), as Vulnerable (VU) in Finland and Estonia and as category '3' in the Murmansk Province of Russia (Kålås et al. 2010, Rassi et al. 2010, EAA 2012, Belkina et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015, Vellak et al. 2015). Some subpopulations are situated within protected areas. Recommended conservation actions include increased habitat protection, and further research of distribution, population size and trend of this species is needed.

",This species is not used or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Ganeva, A.,Hodgetts, N.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,PTERIGYNANDRACEAE,Heterocladium,dimorphum,,Heterocladium dimorphum  ,(Brid.) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Found across Europe, the Dimorphous Tamarisk-moss (Heterocladium dimorphum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and its presumably overall stable population trend. This is not a common species, but there are many records of its presence across Europe. This species seems to be very sensitive to eutrophication, but it is not a significant threat to it yet at the European level. It is known to be present within protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This is a European boreal-montane species of the Arctic and northern Europe, including Iceland and Svalbard, and occurring in the major mountain ranges of central and southern Europe, where it is often common. Elsewhere it is known from Turkey, the Caucasus, Siberia, eastern Asia, eastern and western North America, and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B.

 



","This is a widespread species found across Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This species grows on shaded, montane rock ledges and boulders (Smith 2004), but also on soil and humus in low to high elevations (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2014).In Germany it is recorded on partially shaded forest soil, generally in dry and warm locations.Substrates   are weakly basic to weakly acidic silicate rocks such as porphyry,  basalt, schist,  granite or gneiss, but also gypsum or decalcified  loess. Typical habitats includesteep partially vegetated rocky slopes between loose stands of the grasses Brachypodium pinnatum and Poa  nemoralis. In Scotland, it is almost exclusively a plant of dry crevices in calcareous block scree in  the mountains. It usually occurs as pure wefts on the shaded, flat or  gently sloping upper surfaces of rocks under other large boulders. More  occasionally it occurs on the steep sides of blocks in scree in  sheltered positionsand rarely on mineral soil in more open habitat in  scree . Inthese dry habitats (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 360–3,120 m.

","This speciesseems to be very sensitive to eutrophication, it  disappears immediately when nitrophilic species appear (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Other threats are unknown.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Germany (Critically Endangered), Great Britain (Near Threatened), Czech Republic (Near Threatened), Romania (Near Threatened) and Hungary (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to be present within protected areas across its range in Europe.

",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Bates, J.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,PTERIGYNANDRACEAE,Heterocladium,flaccidum,,Heterocladium flaccidum  ,(Schimp.) A.J.E. Sm.,"There is some controversy regarding the taxonomic status of H. flaccidum. While many authors consider it a good species (Crundwell and Smith 2000, Smith 2004, Ros et al. 2013, Hodgetts 2015), other authors consider it a variety of H. heteropterum (Blockeel et al. 2014). 



There may be some inconsistencies in recording and so, taxonomic revision of this species is recommended. This taxon is in need of an integrative taxonomic revision to clarify whether it is a good species or just possibly an environmentally induced phenotype.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least concern (LC)



Heterocladium flaccidum is a suboceanic temperate species found in the southwestern, western and central Europe, east to Switzerland and Germany, and north to southern Scandinavia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since the overall population size is very large, the current population trend is thought to be stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. Taxonomic studies may help clarify some doubts regarding the status of this species.

",Stable,"Heterocladium flaccidum is a suboceanic temperate species, recently found to be one of the 20 indicator species of the Atlantic biogeographical region in Europe (Mateo et al. 2013). It occurs in the southwestern, western and central Europe, east to Switzerland and Germany, and north to southern Scandinavia; it may occur elsewhere but it is not always recognised as distinct from H. heteropterum (Hedenäs and Isoviita 2008, Blockeel et al. 2014). It was also reported for the Azores (São Miguel Island, von Hübschmann 1974). The current distribution of this species remains somewhat unclear, but there are no confirmed records from outside Europe and the species is therefore considered endemic.",This is a dioicous species that forms thin dull green patches (Smith 2004). Capsules have not been recorded in Britain or Ireland (Blockeel et al. 2014) or in the Azores (von Hübschman 1974). The overall population size is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable.,"This species grows on deeply shaded, mildly to strongly basic rocks, in woods and ravines, very rarely on soil (Smith 2004). Often found near streams and rivers, but also on low stones on the woodland floor, although favouring a rather drier, more basic substrate than H. heteropterum (Blockeel et al. 2014). In the Azores it was considered a species with narrow ecological tolerance, being found in caves from 275 m to 600 m Asl (Gabriel et al. 2011). It is considered a species typical of lowlands (Smith 2004), but was found from 50 m to 1,300 m Asl in the Alps (Swissbryophytes 2018).","Even though this species may be locally threatened (e.g., in Luxembourg), or extremely rare (e.g., in the Azores), at the European level there are no major threats to the currently accepted understanding of this species.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Luxembourg - as Near Threatened; Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and Spain (Peninsular Spain and the Balearic Islands, Garilleti and Albertos 2012) - as Data Deficient (Hodgetts 2015). Since there is some controversy regarding the taxonomy of several varieties of the genus Heteropterum, further studies should be pursued, in order to clarify the real status of H. flaccidus. However, it is clear the species is not at imminent risk of extinction. It occurs in at least one protected area.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Cálix, M.,Hodd, R.","Gabriel, R. & Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,PTERIGYNANDRACEAE,Heterocladium,heteropterum,,Heterocladium heteropterum  ,(Brid.) Schimp.,"There may be some inconsistencies in recording this species. In fact, Dirkse et al. (1993) considered it as a synonym of H. wulfsbergii, and it is sometimes is considered a variety, including H. heteropterum var. flaccidum (e.g., Blockeel et al. 2014), although it is considered  as a good species by several authors (e.g. Ros et al. 2013). A taxonomic revision of this species is recommended.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 



Heterocladium heteropterum is widespread in western and central Europe, north to western Norway, extending east to Sweden and the Carpathian and Balkan mountains. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. At the European level there are no major known threats. Taxonomic studies may help clarify some doubts regarding the status of this species.",Stable,"Heterocladium heteropterum is a suboceanic temperate species, present in Eurasia (Dierssen 2001). It is widespread in western and central Europe, north to 68°N in western Norway, extending east to Sweden and the Carpathian and Balkan mountains. It is also present in Turkey, Lebanon, Caucasus, Georgia and Azerbaijan (Blockeel et al. 2014). It is considered rare southwards in the western Mediterranean region to Corsica and Sardinia, and it was also reported from Macaronesia. Hedenäs (1992) stated that all material of this genus identified by him from northern Macaronesia belongs to H. wulfsbergii, but the species was considered present in the later checklists for the archipelagos of Madeira (Sérgio et al. 2008) and the Azores (Gabriel et al. 2010).","This is a dioicous species, a perennial (Dierssen 2001), that forms dense tufts or patches or occurs as wefts amongst other bryophytes (Smith 2004); capsules are very rare, mature in winter and spring (Blockeel et al. 2014). The overall population size is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable.","This species grows on damp rocks, in rock crevices and occasionally on damp soil in humid woodland and ravines, often by streams and rivers (Smith 2004), in acidic to mildly basic situations (Dierssen 2001; Blockeel et al. 2014). It is favoured by moderate to deep shade and may grow in dark rock clefts and recesses (Blockeel et al. 2014). In the Azores it was considered a species with narrow ecological tolerance, being found in native vegetation, especially forests from 100-1,450 m Asl (Gabriel et al. 2011). It is mainly found in lowland or at moderate altitudes, but ascending to 1,150 m Asl in Inverness, Scotland (Blockeel et al. 2014).","Even though this species may be locally threatened, or extremely rare (e.g., Romania, Montenegro), at the European level, there are no major threats to this widespread species.","This species is known to occur in protected areas, and has been assessed as Near Threatened in Romania and as Data Deficient in Montenegro (Hodgetts 2015). Since there is some controversy regarding the taxonomy of several varieties of the genus Heteropterum, further taxonomic studies should be pursued, in order to clarify the real status of H. heteropterum.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Hedenäs, L.,Cálix, M.","Gabriel, R. & Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,PTERIGYNANDRACEAE,Heterocladium,wulfsbergii,,Heterocladium wulfsbergii  ,I. Hagen,"This species was treated as a distinct species by Crundwell and Smith (2000) and Smith (2004) however, for some authors, this taxon is only the variety rank, Heterocladium heteropterum Bruch & Schimp. var. wulfsbergii I. Hagen",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"

Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Wulfsberg's Tamarisk-moss (Heterocladium wulfsbergii) is endemic to Europe. It has a limited distribution in the Atlantic fringe and a restricted habitat in small areas of the countries where it is known to occur. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 6 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,216 km2. The altitudinal range of this species is from 35 m to 2,000 m asl. No quantitative information is available on the population size of this species. The current population trend of this species in Europe is unknown, although this species is probably under-recorded. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.



However, this species is a habitat specialist which is very sensitive to habitat degradation. There is no specific conservation action in place for this species, although it would benefit from habitat protection. Further research on the taxonomy and the ecology of this species is required, along with monitoring of habitat trends.

",Unknown,"

This species has a limited distribution in Atlantic fringe of Europe and in restricted habitat in small areas of Portugal, Spain, France, Luxembourg, England, Ireland and Norway with its northern-most European populations. This species is also present in Macaronesia (Azores, Madeira and Canary Islands). This species is not found in North Africa, and it is considered to be endemic to Europe.



This species has an extent of occurence (EOO) of 6 million km2 and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 1,336 km2 in Europe. In the EU 28, the EOO is 5.7 million km2 and the AOO is 1,216 km2. The altitudinal range of this species is from 35 m to 2,000 m asl.

","No quantitative information is available on the population size of this species although it is mostly centered in the Atlantic fringe of Europe. The current population trend of this species in Europe is unknown, although this species is probably under-recorded. In Ireland, this species has been reported from 13 vice-countries, with records from 21 hectads (10km2 squares), including some large subpopulations (Lockhart et al. 2012).



In the Iberian Peninsula, the species is known in many sites from 17 provinces in the northwest to the south of Spain (Brugués and Ruiz 2016). This species presents a more or less continuous distribution from France to Norwegian areas. It is also known in Macaronesia (Garilleti and Albertos 2012), reported from two Canary Islands, a few sites in Madeira and seven islands in the Azores (Gabriel 2011).","This species is acidophilous, occurring on mainly granitic rocks or thin soil in rocks fissures, at water-level in streams and small rivers margins. It is found mainly in shaded sites by deciduous woodland. Also, this species has been found in slowly dripping wet vegetation or cascades in the shaded interior of small caves. 



This species is frequently sterile and without gemmae.

","

Since this species is a poor competitor, it is vulnerable to land use changes that promote closed bryophyte communities. The decline of water regime in springs may also be an important factor. Other human-induced changes as forestry management can have a negative impact to the species.



Additionally, forest plantations, fire events, water pollution and stream drying may be potential threats for this species. 



","This species is not threatened in Portugal and Spain (Sérgio et al. 2013, Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012). However, it is evaluated as Near Threatened (NT) according to the Norwegian (Hassel et al. 2010) and Ireland Red Lists, evaluated as Vulnerable (VU) in the Canary Islands and as Endangered (EN) in Luxembourg (Werner 2014). In Portugal, most of this species distribution is included in natural parks. 



There is no specific conservation action in place for this species, although it would benefit from habitat protection. Further research on the taxonomy and the ecology of this species is required, along with monitoring of habitat trends.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Laaka-Lindberg, S.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,JUNGERMANNIACEAE,Heterogemma,capitata,,Heterogemma capitata  ,(Hook.) Konstant. &amp; Vilnet,,No,VU,C2a(i),No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Heterogemma capitata occurs in Europe from the Scandinavian Peninsula and Great Britain in the west to Poland and the Czech Republic in the east, and is also found in some parts of European Russia. Although this species has a large geographic range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of around 3.6 million km2 and and area of occupancy (AOO) of around 700 km2, the species is considered to have a population size of less than 10,000 individual-equivalents, with less than 1,000 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation. It is projected that the species will show a decline in the future due to succession, as it can be affected by succession as it requires bare soils to thrive. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable in Europe, and as it occurs mainly in countries within the EU 28, it is also assessed as Vulnerable for the EU 28 regional assessment.

Further research is required on the taxonomy, population size, distribution and trends of this species, as well as monitoring of the habitat trends.",Unknown,"This is an amphi-atlantic suboceanic species of boreal and temperate regions, that occurs in Europe from the Scandinavian peninsula and Great Britain in the west to Poland and the Czech Republic in the east. In North America, it has a scattered distribution in the east from Ontario to Florida, and westwards to Michigan, Iowa and Minnesota (Damsholt 2002). More recently, this species has been recorded from several localities in central and western European Russia (Konstantinova et al. 2009). The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 120 m Asl (Paton 1999).

The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is around 3.6 million km2 and the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is around 700 km2. The estimated EOO in the EU 28 is around 2.4 million km2 and the estimated AOO is around 670 km2.","There is no data available on the population size and the overall current population trend is therefore unknown. It is currently considered stable in Germany (S. Caspari pers. comm. 2017) and Sweden (T. Hallingbäck pers. comm. 2017). In Sweden, there are over 2,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent). The species is considered to have a population size of less than 10,000 individual-equivalents, with less than 1,000 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation. It is possible that the species will show a decline in the future due to succession.","This is a calcifuge (does not tolerate alkaline soil), pioneer species that occurs on moist and sandy or fine gravelly soil in sand dunes or heathlands, along paths, roads and in ditches, in disused pits or quarries, in pine forests and on wet detritus on the side of sandy roads in pine forests (Damsholt 2002, Paton 1999, Konstantinova 2004). It is mostly present in sand pits in Germany (S. Caspari pers. comm. 2017). In the Netherlands, it is found on sand dunes and in Scandinavia, it is found on the shore of lakes.",The species can be affected by succession as it requires bare soils to thrive. It is possible that the species will show a decline in the future due to succession.,"The species occurs in the Kerzhenskiy State Nature Reserve (Konstantinova 2004), and it is under protection in several European countries. This species is included in several national Red Lists. It is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Finland, as Endangered (EN) in Norway and Luxembourg, as Vulnerable (VU) in Great Britain and the Czech Republic, as Near Threatened (NT) in Sweden, as category 2 in Germany (Stark gefährdet/endangered) and as category 1 (endangered) in Latvia (Hodgetts 2015). Further research is required on the taxonomy, population size, distribution and trends of this species, as well as monitoring of the habitat trends.",This species is not used or traded.,"Vanderpoorten, A.,Cálix, M.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,JUNGERMANNIACEAE,Heterogemma,laxa,,Heterogemma laxa  ,(Lindb.) Konstant. &amp; Vilnet,,No,VU,C2a(i),No,EN,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Heterogemma laxa occurs in Europe from the Scandinavian countries and the Murmansk Province in the north, to central Europe in the south. This species is relatively rare in central Europe, where it is often found in very small patches and with very small subpopulations. Although some subpopulations are stable (Murmansk Province) or have been increasing (the Netherlands), there have been declines elsewhere in Europe, and the overall population trend is inferred to be declining. The main threat to this species is the drainage of bogs.

In Europe, the species is assessed as Vulnerable since the population size is smaller than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals), and there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation. In the EU 28, the species is assessed as Endangered since the population size is smaller than 2,500 individual-equivalents, with less than 250 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation.

Because of some taxonomic uncertainty (some authors united this taxon with Hetergemma capitata), further research into the taxonomy is needed. In addition, further research into the distribution and population size of this species in poorly studied areas of European Russia is needed. Further site protection is also recommended.",Decreasing,"This is a boreal, mostly amphi-atlantic and lowland species, that occurs in Europe from Scandinavian countries and the Murmansk Province in the north to central Europe in the south. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level up to 1,550 m Asl in Tirol (Muller 1913). In North America, it is known in the east only from Ellesmere Island to New Jersey and then westwards to Michigan and Minnesota (Damsholt 2002). In Asia, it has relatively recently been recorded in western and eastern Siberia and the Kamchatka Peninsula (Konstantinova et al. 2009).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 2.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 600 and 900 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 1.8 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 700 km2.","This species is found in very small patches and with very small subpopulations. The species is relatively rare in central Europe. In Germany, 95% of its occurrences have declined in the last 100 years (S. Caspari pers. comm. 2017), and it has also declined in Austria (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017), Sweden and Norway (T. Hallingbäck pers. comm. 2017). In Slovakia, this species is known from some mires (J.Váňa pers. comm. 2018).

However, in the Netherlands, this species has been increasing (H. Siebel pers. comm. 2017). In the Murmansk Province, there are rather big subpopulations that are stable. The overall population trend of this species is inferred to be declining. The population size in Europe is less than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent) and there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation.

In the EU 28, the population size is smaller than 2,500 individual-equivalents, with less than 250 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation.","This species is characterized by its restricted habitat requirements. It occurs exclusively in peat bogs, among Sphagnum heads, often on dead Sphagnum or oppressed Sphagnum turfs.",The main threat to this species is the drainage of bogs.,"In several countries, this species is included in national Red Data Books or Lists. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Slovakia, as Endangered (EN) in Switzerland and Austria, as Vulnerable (VU) in Norway and as category 1 (equivalent to CR) in Germany and Poland (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in the Kandalaksha State Nature Reserve (Konstantinova 1998) and Lapland State Nature Reserve (Borovichev 2014). However, further site protection is recommended. Because of some taxonomic uncertainty (some authors united this taxon with Hetergemma capitata), further research into the taxonomy is needed. In addition, further research into the distribution and population size of this species in poorly studied areas of European Russia is needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Söderström, L.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,PYLAISIADELPHACEAE,Heterophyllium,affine,,Heterophyllium affine  ,(Hook.) M.Fleisch.,Heterophyllium affine is polymorphic and therefore some records are of dubious determination (it is somewhat polymorphic and has accumulated many outside its North American and European ranges).,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Heterophyllium affine mainly occurs in the central area from France to Ukraine. Research is needed into the species, and the most recent records should be revised to better understand its status in Europe. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its current distribution, population size, trend and threats. Very few experts are familiar with this species in Europe and many of the European records are doubtful. 

",Unknown,"Heterophyllium affine is often reported as a synonym of Brotherella nemorosa and Heterophyllium nemorosum. In Europe, it mainly occurs in the central area from France to Ukraine (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, the species has a distribution in the southern part of the United States (Georgia, Kentucky, Virginia), Central America (Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador, Jamaica and Haiti), northwestern South America, central and eastern Asia - Caucasus, Bhutan (eastern Himalaya), Japan, China, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam (Crum and Anderson 1981). Very few experts are familiar with this species in Europe and many of the European records are considered doubtful. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 52 km2 in Europe, but this is a very uncertain estimate.","In Europe there is no information on the population size and trend of this species. Although it has been reported in different check lists of the last ten years (Schumacker et al. 1999, Aleffi et al. 2008, Sguazzin 2010, Schröck et al. 2013, Boiko 2014), these reports are based upon collected data that goes back to the end of the 1990s. In 1987 there was a record from Italy made by Tosco (1973).



 



","The species is moderately (aero) hygrophytic, sciophytic, moderately thermophytic, saprolignic. It is found in moist, shady places, on rotten wood or, less commonly, on bark at the base of trees, soil, humus and rock in mountain coniferous forest communities (Dierssen 2001).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There is no available documentation on conservation actions. In Romania, this species was assessed as Vulnerable by Stefanut and Goia (2012). The assessment in Romania was made on the assumption that the species still persists in suitable habitat in that country, but no recent records of the species are known there. Research is needed into the species, and the most recent records should be revised to better understand its status in Europe. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.,Puche, F.","Cogoni, A., Campisi, P., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F. & Lüth, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LOPHOCOLEACEAE,Heteroscyphus,denticulatus,,Heteroscyphus denticulatus  ,(Mitt.) Schiffn.,,Yes,NT,B2b(iii),Yes,NT,B2b(iii),EU28,,"

Heteroscyphus denticulatus is endemic to the Atlantic Islands (Madeira, Azores and the Canary Islands). This species occurs in the laurel forests and also in mesic habitats. It is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range(area of occupancy (AOO) is 140 km2),and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to disturbances to the natural forest and intensification of wildfires as a result of climatic changes and anthropogenic activities; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. 



Climate change, disturbance of the laurel forest and other anthropogenic activities, as well as the spread of invasive alien species (leading to increased drought stress, higher irradiation and a higher frequency and intensity of fires) are the main threats to the species. Another important threat is habitat destruction due to landslides. Mesic areas of the Macaronesian islands are also very vulnerable to invasion by coarse vegetation and to urbanisation and touristic development. In addition, bryophytes have been considered unlikely to be able to evolve quickly in a changing environment, and their potential to become acclimatized to novel climatic conditions (drier and warmer) in the near future is limited. In general, habitat protection might be sufficient for this species, but it is also important to implement monitoring measures aiming to document the effects of fires that are currently affecting even the wet natural forests areas.Further research is recommended into the population trend and into the threats to this species.

 

",Unknown,"Heteroscyphus denticulatus is endemic to Macaronesia (it occurs in Madeira, Azores and the Canary Islands). This species occurs in all central Canary Islands, namely on La Palma, La Gomera, Tenerife and Gran Canaria. It is present in all the northern Macaronesian islands with the exception of Desertas. In the Azores, this species is considered restricted (Gabriel et al. 2011), but is present in all islands, with the exception of Santa Maria, and has a wide elevational distribution. This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 502,700 km2 and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 140 km2.","This species has the most restricted subpopulations in the Canary Islands. It is widely distributed in all northern Macaronesian islands with the exception of Desertas, Selvagens, and Santa Maria in the Azores. In the Azores, this species was considered restricted (Gabriel et al. 2011), and in Madeira it occurs in the laurel forest as well as on mesic areas of the southern slope of the island. According to recent publications, Macaronesian endemic bryophytes will suffer a decrease in the amount of available suitable habitat (Patiño et al. 2016). In particular, the number of 1–km2 climatically suitable pixels for this species is predicted to decrease to 16% of the current distribution under the future climate conditions (Patiño et al. 2016). The current population trend is unknown.","



In the Canary Islands, this species is almost restricted to the wettest laurel forests. In the drier areas of the Canaries, it grows only on rocks, while in the moistest habitats it also grows occasionally on soil-banks and decaying woods, even at the margins of forestry tracks in disturbed areas. In Madeira, it occurs in the laurel forest at ca 950 m Asl, as well as on mesic areas at ca 200 m Asl on the southern slope of the island (Sim-Sim et al. 2014). In the Azores, it is a species of the natural forest occurring between 75 m and 900 m Asl.

  



 

","



Climate change, disturbance of the laurel forest and other anthropogenic activities, as well as the spread of invasive alien species (leading to increased drought stress,higher irradiation  and a higher frequency and intensity of fires) are the main threats to the species. Another important threat is habitat destruction due to landslides. Mesic areas of the Macaronesian islands are also very vulnerable to invasion by coarse vegetation and to urbanisation and touristic development. In addition, bryophytes have been considered unlikely to be able to evolve quickly in a changing environment, and their potential to become acclimatized to novel climatic conditions (drier and warmer) in the near future is limited (Patiño et al. 2016).

","



This species occurs in a number of protected areas (national parks, natural parks and rural parks). In Madeira most of its distribution is included in the Madeira Natural Park, which is protected through a Regional Decree. This species was assessed as Near Threatened in Madeira and in the Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2012, Sim-Sim et al. 2014), as well as on the Red List of Spain (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2014). In general, habitat protection might be sufficient for this species, but it is also important to implement monitoring measures aiming to document the effects of fires that are currently affecting even the wet natural forests areas. The importance of protected areas for the conservation of this species is also highlighted by Patiño et al. (2016). Further research is recommended into the population trend and into the threats to this species.

 

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Denyer, J.,Cálix, M.","González Mancebo, J., Sim-Sim, M., Gabriel, R., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LOPHOCOLEACEAE,Heteroscyphus,fissistipus,,Heteroscyphus fissistipus  ,(Hook. f. &amp; Taylor) Schiffn.,,No,NA,,No,NA,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)



EU 28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)



The Square-cut Yokewort (Heteroscyphus fissistipus) is a hyperoceanic temperate leafy liverwort that was introduced to Europe in shipments of tree ferns from the Southern Hemisphere in the early 20th Century. It is known from a single site in Europe, in a garden on Garinish Island, Co. Kerry, in southwestern Ireland. As an alien introduction, this species is assessed as Not Applicable.",Stable,"The Square-cut Yokewort (Heteroscyphus fissistipus) is a hyperoceanic temperate leafy liverwort that was introduced to Europe in shipments of tree ferns from the Southern Hemisphere in the early 20th Century. It is known from a single site in Europe, in a garden on Garinish Island, Co. Kerry, in southwestern Ireland. Elsewhere it is recorded from from Australia and New Zealand, and is also known from Hawaii (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 4 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is also 4 km².",This species is assumed to be stable at its single site.,"This plant was first discovered on partly shaded rocks in a woodland garden, and subsequently found to be plentiful over large areas of the garden. Patches were noted on acid peaty soil, thin soil over rock, and the trunks of the tree-fern Dicksonia antarctica. Its altitudinal range is from seal level up to 10 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014).



It is dioicous; both sexes are present in Ireland, and sporophytes are common in April.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species does not occur in any protected areas, and it is Not Evaluated in Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012).

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Denyer, J.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Hilpertia,velenovskyi,,Hilpertia velenovskyi  ,(Schiffn.) R.H. Zander,,No,CR,C2a(i); D,No,CR,C2a(i); D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

The rare central European species, Hilpertia velenovsky, has a very small population size. In Europe, this species is found in fewer than 50 localities, and in each locality there is usually only one individual-equivalent. Therefore, the population size is estimated to be smaller than 50 individual-equivalents. It has a narrow and fragmented distribution, with the area of occupancy (AOO) estimated at just 164 km2. Ongoing habitat loss and less frequent reports of its presence indicate that its overall population trend is decreasing. It has also rarely been seen with sporophytes. This species is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered in Europe and the EU 28.



 

The very threatened habitat that this species is found in is unstable and subject to degradation both by natural and human factors. Many adequate habitats for this species are threatened by development and construction.  It can also be threatened by droughts, over-shading by trees and habitat nitrification. Also, habitat eutrophication caused by the spread of Robinia pseudoacacia can significantly impact this species. It is found in some protected areas in Europe, and is legally protected in at least one country (Hungary). Further habitat protection and ex-situ conservation measures, such as artificial propagation, are needed for this species.",Decreasing,"This rare central European species grows in the Czech Republic, Germany, Poland, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania and Serbia. It was also newly recorded in Austria (Zechmeister et al. 2017). The distribution is centered on the banks of the River Danube. Elsewhere it occurs in Asia and North America (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO), estimated at ca. 642,000 km2, surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory under Criterion B. The area of occupancy (AOO) however, is much more restricted, being estimated at just 164 km2.

","In Hungary, some subpopulations that are not affected by human activity are stable (B. Papp pers. comm. 2017). However, the sites where it grows in Serbia are under constant pressure (M. Sabovljević  pers. comm. 2017). The subpopulations are usually small (less than one square metre per locality). There are 16 localities in Hungary (B. Papp, pers. comm., 2017). Overall in Europe there are fewer than 50 localities, and in each locality there is usually just one individual-equivalent (where one individual-equivalent is one occupied square metre). Therefore, the population size is estimated to be smaller than 50 individual-equivalents. The overall population trend is decreasing. Based on the very small number of subpopulations and the absence of vegetative propagules, as well as the absence of spore production, this species can be considered severely fragmented. Sabovljević et al. (2008) reported genetic variability within Serbian subpopulations of this species. Even so, the genetic variability at the European level suggests long isolation or long-distance dispersal events (Sabovljević et al. 2006). Sporophytes have not been found recently in Europe.","This species grows on loess cliffs and calcareous silt, particularly on riverbanks, and shrub steppe (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2014). It is a short-lived colonist that is dependent on a constant turnover of new habitat on loess cliffs, disappearing if they become too stable or overgrown.","The very threatened habitat that this species is found in is unstable and subject to degradation both by natural and human factors. Many adequate habitats for this species are subject to development and construction. In the Czech Republic, it was known to be impacted by the construction of roads, although the reason for the loss of the species in certain localities is unknown. It can also be threatened by droughts, over-shading by trees and habitat nitrification. Also, habitat eutrophication caused by the spread of Robinia pseudoacacia can significantly impact this species. Overall the habitat for this species is declining in Europe.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Czech Republic (Critically Endangered), Germany (Critically Endangered), Slovakia (Critically Endangered), Serbia (Endangered), Romania (Vulnerable), Hungary (Near Threatened), Poland (Rare) and Bulgaria (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in some protected areas in Europe. In Hungary the species is protected by law but is not found in any protected areas. Habitat protection and ex-situ conservation are needed for this species.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Bisang, I.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,NECKERACEAE,Homalia,lusitanica,,Homalia lusitanica  ,Schimp.,,No,NT,B2b(iii),No,NT,B2b(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



Homalia lusitanica is a Mediterranean species. It grows in green dense mats on wet and shaded limestone rocks, usually near water lines or places with high air humidity and shaded, like caves entrances and walls. It also can occur on the trunks of trees. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 244 km2), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the area and quality of its habitat due to changes in natural watercourses, urban usage, touristic and recreational activities, as well as climatic changes and intensification of wildfires; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B2. The area of distribution of this species should be monitored and protected from touristic developments and recreational activities.

  

",Stable,"Homalia lusitanica is a mostly Mediterranean species. In Europe, it occurs in the Macaronesian Islands of Azores (São Miguel), Canary Islands (La Palma, Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera), and Madeira. It is also found in mainland Portugal and Spain, the Balearic Islands, France, Corsica, Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, Croatia, Montenegro and Greece. Its global distribution includes also Algeria (Africa) (Casas et al. 2006, González-Mancebo et al. 2008, Gabriel et al. 2011, Sérgio et al. 2013).","This is a perennial species and tolerant to ecological stress, often fertile, dioecious, without gemmae. This species is probably decreasing in Portugal mainland, and Canary Island (González-Mancebo et al. 2012, Sérgio et al. 2013). However, in La Palma it has a greater abundance in areas of the laurisilva that are better conserved, like in La Gomera (Garilleti and Albertos 2012) and Madeira. Overall, the current population trend is considered to be stable.","This species grows in green dense mats on wet and shaded limestone rocks, usually near water lines or places with high air humidity and shaded, like caves entrances and walls. It also can occur on the trunks of trees (Sérgio et al. 2013). This species occurs in lowlands near coastal areas, but it is rather common in natural forests of the Macaronesian Islands, in particular of Madeira Island. It occurs between sea level and 1,400 m Asl (Hedenäs 1992).","This species is threatened by habitat destruction due mainly to changes in natural watercourses, urban usage, touristic and recreational activities, as well as alterations of the climatic conditions and fire intensification. There is therefore an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat of this species.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in some protected areas. This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Portugal and Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2012, Sérgio et al. 2013, Hodgetts 2015). The area of distribution of this species should be monitored and protected from touristic developments and recreational activities.",This species is not utilised.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Muller, F.","Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,NECKERACEAE,Homalia,trichomanoides,,Homalia trichomanoides  ,(Hedw.) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Blunt Feather-moss (Homalia trichomanoides) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many recent records of its occurrence and its overall stable population trend. No threats are known, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in protected areas across its European range.",Stable,"This is a circumpolar boreo-temperate moss of northern Europe, except the high Arctic, south to northern Spain and Portugal, southern Italy and Greece, but absent from most of the Mediterranean region and Macaronesia, where H. lusitanica tends to replace it (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it is widespread in the temperate Northern Hemisphere, mainly in the broadleaved forest zone, south to North Africa (Algeria), Turkey, the Caucasus, Iran, India and China, and to Mexico in North America (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This is a widespread species in northern and central Europe, and seems to have a stable population trend.","This species grows oncalcareous to slightly acidic substrates, on rocks, walls, and on the bases of trees and shrubs in shaded sites, such as woodlands and hedgerows. It particularly favours sites by ditches, streams and rivers, which are prone to flooding, but usually well above the normal water level. Characteristic associates include Alleniella complanata, Anomodon viticulosus, A.  attenuatus, Isothecium alopecuroides, Sciuro-hypnum populeum, Metzgeria  furcata, Porella platyphyllaand Radula complanata(Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Atherton et al. 2010). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-1,540 m.



",There are no known threats to this species.,No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the National Red List of Portugal as Regionally Extinct (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to be present in protected areas.,There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Natcheva, R.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,NECKERACEAE,Homalia,webbiana,,Homalia webbiana  ,(Mont.) Schimp.,,Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



Homallia webbiana is known from Macaronesia (Azores, Canary Islands and Madeira), Montenegro, Romania, Spain (where it is probably extinct) and Ukraine. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 200 km2 in Europe and 188 km2 in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. The species is not common or frequent, and there is evidence from the Azores and Canary Islands that the population trend is decreasing. The main threats to this species are eutrophication due to overgrazing and the increase in forestry plantations, unsustainable agriculture, water and air pollution, as well as loss of the habitat suitability due to the effects of climate change, including extreme temperatures and drought which might affect water availability and humidity conditions. The increase in fires and the spread of invasive alien plant species are also threats to this bryophyte, mainly in the Azores, Canary Islands and Madeira. Appropriate site management is recommended, as well as monitoring of the population and habitat trends. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species.",Decreasing,"Homallia webbiana is known from Macaronesia (Azores, Canary Islands and Madeira), Montenegro, Romania, Spain (where it is most likely extinct) and Ukraine (Gabriel et al. 2011, Garilleti and Albertos 2012, González-Mancebo et al. 2012, Stefanut and Goia 2012, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). This species occurs in 20 to 30 localities in the Madeira Archipelago (including Porto Santo and Desertas). In the Azores, it occurs in five islands - Flores, Graciosa, Santa Maria, São Jorge and São Miguel. In the Canary Islands, it occurs in Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, Las Palmas and Tenerife. In Spain it has been recorded only near Cádiz in the 1930s, but is thought to have disappeared and is considered regionally extinct (Garilletti and Albertos 2012). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is about 5.8 million km2. Its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 200 km2, and 188 km2in the EU 28.

","This species occurs in 20 to 30 localities in the Madeira Archipelago. In the Azores it is considered scarce with a narrow ecological tolerance. In the Canary Islands, this species occurs generally in small and dispersed subpopulations (Gabriel et al. 2011, Garilleti and Albertos 2012, González-Mancebo et al. 2012, Stefanut and Goia 2012, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). The species is long-lived and perennial and the generation length is estimated to be between 11 and 25 years. The species is not common or frequent, and there is evidence from the Azores and Canary Islands that the population trend is decreasing. The species is extinct in Spain. Most of the subpopulations are small and isolated (the species is a poor disperser), and these subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented, both in Europe and in the EU 28.","This species occurs at altitudes ranging from 50 m to 1,300 m Asl. It grows in steep or overhanging rock crevices in moist habitats, including lagoon margins, temporary and permanent rivulets, cascades and other inland freshwater habitats. It can also grow as an epiphyte in natural forests, mainly in Madeira Island (Hedenäs 1992, Gabriel et al. 2011). In the Azores, it is present at the entrances of caves.","The main threats to this species at the European level, including southeastern Europe (Balkans area), are eutrophication due to overgrazing and the increase in forestry plantations, unsustainable agriculture, water and air pollution, as well as loss of the habitat suitability due to the effects of climate change - including extreme temperatures and drought which might affect water availability and humidity conditions. The increase in fires and the spread of invasive alien plant species are also threats to this bryophyte, mainly in the Azores, Canary Islands and Madeira. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat of this species.","This species has been assessed as Near Threatened in the Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2012) and Spain (Garilleti and Albertos 2012). On mainland Spain it is considered Regionally Extinct (Garilletti and Albertos 2012), and it is considered rare in the Red Data Book of European Bryophytes (ECCB 1995). It is also considered rare in Montenegro (Sabovljević et al. 2001). There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. In Madeira, most of its distribution is included in the Madeira Natural Park, which is protected through a Regional Decree. In the Canary Islands it occurs in the Garajonay National Park, the Rural Park of Anaga, and the Jandía Natural Park, a Special Area of Conservation (SAC). In Montenegro it occurs in the Nacionalni Park Durmitor, a World Natural Heritage site. Appropriate site management is recommended, as well as monitoring of the population and habitat trends. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species. Additionally, evaluation of intraspecific variation should be included among the suggested conservation actions.

","This species is not utilised or traded.

","Ignatova, E.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Sim-Sim, M., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M., Porley, R.D. & Sergio, C.","Bezgodov, A.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Homalothecium,aureum,,Homalothecium aureum  ,(Spruce) H. Rob.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 

Homalothecium aureum has a large distribution in Europe, with its extent of occurrence (EOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category. The area of occupancy (AOO) though is small, being estimated at just 460 km2. However in view that it is probably common (and possibly abundant) throughout the Mediterranean region and appears to have an overall stable population trend, this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28. There is pressure on this species' habitat from fires to development from commercial, residential and tourism activities in the Mediterranean. However fire may be beneficial as it opens up forest and shrubland habitats. The effects of fire on this species should be further studied. This species is known to occur in protected areas, providing some protection from these threats.",Stable,"The species is found mainly in southern parts of Europe, where it has a strong Mediterranean tendency (Frey et al. 2006). Outside Europe, it is present in North Africa and south-western Asia, and is also found in the south-west of North America. The extent of occurrence (EOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category. However the area of occupancy (AOO) for this species can be estimated at just 460 km2 in Europe.","There is no direct information on the population structure, size and trends of this species. However, it is known to have large subpopulations and it is presumed to be stable. It is abundant in Greece, and probably common, and possibly abundant, throughout the Mediterranean region. It is not severely fragmented.","This species is found growing on rocks and rocky soils in exposed and moderately shaded places, both at low and medium elevations, where the dry period is pronounced. Sporophytes have been found frequently.","The threats to this species include degradation of its habitat from fires and development from commercial, residential and tourism activities in the Mediterranean. However, fire may ultimately be beneficial for this species, since it can open up forest and shrubland habitats, although it can also lead to nitrification of the soil. The effects of fire on this species should be studied. There is no indication of a decline in the habitat of this species.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Portugal (Vulnerable), Albania (Data Deficient), San Marino (Data Deficient) and Bulgaria (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). The effects of fire on this species should be studied. It occurs in protected areas in Europe.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Erzberger, P.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Homalothecium,lutescens,,Homalothecium lutescens  ,(Hedw.) H. Rob.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Yellow Feather-moss (Homalothecium lutescens) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and a presumably stable population trend. The threats to this species are unknown, however it is known to occur in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This large moss is distributed nearly all over Europe from the Canary Islands and Mediterranean region north to Iceland, southern Scandinavia, the Baltic States and adjacent parts of Russia. Elsewhere it is found in North Africa, Turkey and Asia eastwards to Kyrgyzstan. Reported subpopulations in western North America belong to a distinct subspecies or species, H. fulgescens (Mitt. ex Müll. Hal.) A. Jaeger (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.",This widespread species of moss is considered to have a stable population trend.,"This is a characteristic and often abundant species of relatively dry calcareous grassland on chalk, limestone, sand, clay, gravel or basic igneous rock. It grows on sunny

south-facing cliffs and slopes, but is more luxuriant on those facing north; common associates areCampyliadelphus chrysophyllus, Ctenidium molluscum, Hypnum cupressiforme var. lacunosum and Pseudoscleropodium purum. It does not tolerate much shade, and in woods is confined to open areas by paths and in glades. Common on bare soil and chalk in quarries or in species-rich short turf, it rarely grows directly on rock, but in some limestone districts a prostrate form adheres to the surfaces of boulders and limestone walls. On coasts, it is a characteristic moss of calcareous sand in fixed dunes and dune grassland, where additional associates may include Brachythecium albicans, Syntrichia ruralis var. ruraliformis and Tortella flavovirens, and it also occurs in cliff-top turf, machair and, rarely, saltmarsh. It is an occasional

colonist of mine spoil, old tips and gravelly waste ground, where the substrate is at least mildly basic (Blockeelet al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0–2,500 m. It is dioicous, and capsules are rare but locally numerous.",The threats to this species are unknown. There is no indication of a decline in this species in Europe.,This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Finland (Near Threatened) and Portugal (Endangered) (Hodgetts 2015). This species occurs in protected areas in Europe.,There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Duckett, J.,Cálix, M.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Homalothecium,mandonii,,Homalothecium mandonii  ,(Mitt.)Geh.,"Recently it was recognized that Homalothecium sericeum s.str., H. mandonii (Mitt.) Geh. and H. meridionale (M.Fleisch. & Warnst.) Hedenäs clearly differ in sporophytic traits, but the identification of sterile specimens is challenged by the overlap in gametophytic characters. However, H. mandonii can be distinguished by a combination of gametophytic morphological characters such as the ratio between branch leaf lamina median cell length/median leaf length, as well as sporophytic characters of the seta and the peristome exostome (Hedenäs et al. 2014).",No,VU,A3c,No,VU,A3c,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Homalothecium mandonii is endemic to Macaronesia (Azores, Canary Islands, Madeira and Cabo Verde). This species is long-lived and its generation length is estimated to be between 11 and 25 years. A three generation period is considered to be around 50 years. In a recent publication, a reduction in the amount of suitable habitat for this species was projected of either 33% or 60% until 2070 due to climatic changes (high irradiation and increased drought stress in the Macaronesia region) and under two different climatic scenarios. The reduction in the population is thus based on a reduction in area of occupancy (AOO) and quality of the habitat. This species therefore qualifies for either Vulnerable or Endangered under Criterion A.

However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study (approximately 1-km2 grid resolution), it is possible that this species may persist within climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity is usually higher than in the surrounding environment. Taking this into account, as well as recognising the degree of uncertainty associated with future projections, it has been considered that the more conservative estimate of decline should be used to assess the extinction risk of this species. It is further assumed that even if there are suitable microclimatic areas within the unsuitable 1-km2, these will be minimal (ravines, nooks and crannies) and thus the reduction in suitable habitat will lead to an almost linear reduction in the population. Thus, a population reduction of more than 30% is projected to occur within three generations and the species is assessed as Vulnerable.

The main threats to this species include habitat eutrophication due to grazing activities and the increase in forestry plantations, and deterioration in the habitat - owing to the effects of climate change, which is promoting higher irradiation, an increase in extreme temperatures and drought stress, an intensification of fires, and the spread of invasive alien plant species. Other important threats include anthropogenic activities, especially those related to ecological tourism and urbanisation, which have significantly increased in most of the Macaronesian archipelagos during the last two decades. In addition, bryophytes have been considered unlikely to be able to evolve quickly in a changing environment, and their potential to become acclimatized to novel climatic conditions (drier and warmer) in the near future is limited. Monitoring the population and habitat trends in Macaronesia is recommended in order to ensure its stability and continuity. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species.",Stable,"Homalothecium mandonii is endemic to Macaronesia, and is only found in the Canary Islands (El Hierro, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, La Palma and Tenerife), the Azores (Pico and Terceira islands), and Madeira (Hedenäs et al. 2014). It also occurs in Cabo Verde. This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 470,310 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 144 km2.","This species seems to be stable on Madeira Island, where it is with certainty known from four sites. However, since numerous unchecked Madeiran records of H. sericeum s.l. exist, it is likely to be more widespread. The overall current population trend is thought to be stable. This bryophyte is considered a long-lived species (perennial stayer) following Dierssen (2001). The generation length of this species is therefore estimated to be between 11 and 25 years, and a three generation period is therefore considered to be around 50 years. The amount of suitable habitat for this species has been projected to  decrease by 33% or 60% until 2070 due to climatic changes (Patiño et al. 2016). The number of 1-km2 climatically suitable grid  cells for this species has been projected to decrease using two  different climate scenarios. The first is a stabilization scenario (RCP  4.5) where total radiative forcing is stabilized before 2100, while the  other scenario (RCP 8.5) is characterized by increasing greenhouse gas  emissions over time representative for scenarios in the literature  leading to high greenhouse gas concentration levels.  These projections were derived using two different Global Climate  Models recommended for Europe and Mediterranean climates. In addition,  the elevation range of this species is predicted to shift upwards, as  conditions on Macaronesian islands become warmer and drier.  The variables considered for these projections included the maximum  temperature of the warmest month and the precipitation (in mm) of the  wettest month. The poikilohydric condition of bryophytes means their  water content is directly regulated by environmental humidity and growth  is restricted to periods of hydration. Temperature is also known to be  an important factor for bryophyte growth (Patiño et al. 2016).  However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study  (approximately 1-km2 grid resolution), it is possible that this species  may persist within the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small  microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity is usually higher than in the  surrounding environment. Nevertheless, these models clearly project a  substantial decline in the climatically suitable area for this species  within three generations.

","This species occurs at altitudes ranging from 150 m to 1,700 m Asl. It grows on rocks, rocky slopes along trails and also as an epiphyte on trees and shrubs in the natural forests. Although in Madeira it is more frequent in the north and central parts of the island, generally at high altitudes, in the Azores it can also be found in lowland habitats. 



","The main threats to this species include habitat eutrophication due to grazing activities and the increase in forestry plantations, deterioration in habitat (owing to the effects of climate change, which is promoting higher irradiation), an increase in extreme temperatures and drought stress, an intensification of fires, and the spread of invasive alien plant species. Other important threats to this species include anthropogenic activities, especially those related to ecological tourism and urbanisation, which have significantly increased in most of the Macaronesian archipelagos during the last two decades. In addition, bryophytes have been considered unlikely to be able to evolve quickly in a changing environment, and their potential to become acclimatized to novel climatic conditions (drier and warmer) in the near future is limited (Patiño et al. 2016).



","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. It occurs in natural forests which are protected by regional, national and international legislation. In the Canary Islands it occurs in the Garajonay National Park, the Rural Park of Anaga, and the Jandía Natural Park, a Special Area for Conservation (SAC). In Madeira, most of its distribution is included in the Madeira Natural Park which is protected through a Regional Decree. The Madeira laurisilva is also a priority habitat under the EU Habitats Directive and has been designated a Natura 2000 site. The importance of protected areas for the conservation of this species is also highlighted by Patiño et al. (2016). Monitoring the population and habitat trends in Macaronesia is recommended in order to ensure its stability and continuity. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species. Additionally evaluation of intraspecific variation should be included among the suggested conservation actions.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Aleffi, M.,Cálix, M.","Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N., Martins, A. & Gabriel, R.","Giovanna Dia, M.,Sergio, C.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Homalothecium,meridionale,,Homalothecium meridionale  ,(M.Fleisch. &amp; Warnst.) Hedenäs,"Previous molecular studies (Hedenäs et al. 2014) have clarified the taxonomy and phytogeographic position of Homalothecium sericeum and H. meridionale and a recent study clarifies the taxonomy and distribution of the two species in Iberian Peninsula (Sérgio et al. 2003, 2017).",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Homalothecium meridionale is a circum-Mediterranean species, that is also known from Macaronesia, with a relatively circumscribed distribution (the Iberian Peninsula, the Canary Islands and the eastern Mediterranean region). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 3.7 million km2 and it has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of around 604 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is around 3.3 million km2 and the AOO is around 592 km2. No quantitative information is available on the population size of this species. In addition, the current population trend for Europe and the EU 28 is unknown, although there has been no observed decline, and it is found in many sites in the Iberian Peninsula. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.



However, this species is sensitive to air pollution and other human-induced changes. Although it is not considered to be threatened, this species will still benefit from site and habitat protection. In addition, further research into its ecology and monitoring of habitat trends is recommended.",Unknown,"

This species has a limited distribution in the Mediterranean region. It is known from the Canary Islands, and has a significant number of sites of occurrence in Portugal and Spain, with its western-most European subpopulations in Macaronesia. This species is also present in Greece, Cyprus and Montenegro (Désamoré et al. 2012, Hedenäs et al. 2014) and was recently reported from Croatia (Sabovljević et al. in Ellis et al. 2015).



The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 3.7 million km2 and it has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of around 604 km2. In the EU 28, it is less, with an EOO of around 3.3 million km2 and an AOO of 592 km2.



There is some altitudinal variation of this species in Spain and Portugal. In Portugal, the species occurs mainly in areas of lower altitude, having never been found higher than 850 m asl, while in Spain some localities are found up to 1,600 m asl (Sérgioet al. 2017).

","The distribution of this species is mostly centered in the Atlantic fringe of Europe. No quantitative information is available on the population size of this species. In addition, the current population trend for Europe and the EU 28 is unknown, although there has been no observed decline. 



This species is distributed throughout the Iberian area, occurring mostly in regions with a Mediterranean climate. It is relatively rare in areas with more continental influences. In the Iberian Peninsula, the species is known from many sites (Sérgioet al. 2017). It is also found in Macaronesia, in the Canary Islands at two localities on two islands.



This is a dioicous species (the male and female reproductive organs are on separate plants) that is frequently fertile in Portugal and it is found without gemmae.","

This species has a preference for epiphytic habitats (living on the surface of plants) and can be found growing on Olea europaea, but it is also found on saxicolous (rocky) substrates, mainly on limestone (Sérgio et al. 2017).



It is a dioecious species (the male and female reproductive organs are on separate plants) that is frequently observed fertile in Portugal and without gemmae.



","Human-induced changes, such as forestry management and the destruction of old olive plantations can negatively impact this species. In addition, fires, air pollution and drying from global warming and abnormal summer drought may also threaten this species in the future.","There is no specific conservation action in place for this species. It is not threatened in Portugal and Spain but in the Canary Islands, new studies are necessary to evaluate the conservation status, as the species has only recently been reported there. In the Iberian Peninsula, some records are included in natural parks.



Although it is not considered to be threatened, this species will still benefit from site and habitat protection. In addition, further research into its ecology and monitoring of habitat trends is recommended.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Schröck, C.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Homalothecium,philippeanum,,Homalothecium philippeanum  ,(Spruce) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Homalothecium philippeanum is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its presumably stable population trend. Although direct threats to this species are unknown, it can be assumed that habitat degradation through intensive forestry practices impact this species in Europe. However the species is known to occur in protected areas across its European range, offering it some protection from these threats.",Stable,"This species is mainly present in central, southern and eastern Europe (Frey et al. 2006). Elsewhere it is present in Asia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.",This is a widespread species that is considered to have a stable population trend.,This species is found growing in shaded places on limestone boulders and rocks in temperate broadleaved forests in Europe.,"Although direct threats to this species are unknown, it can be assumed that habitat degradation through intensive forestry practices impact this species in Europe. However, there is no indication of a decline in the habitat of this species.",This species is listed in the National Red List of Germany (Near Threatened) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas in Europe.,There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Rumsey, F.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Homalothecium,sericeum,,Homalothecium sericeum  ,(Hedw.) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Silky Wall Feather-moss (Homalothecium sericeum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its presumably overall stable population trend. The threats to this species are unknown, but likely to be few, apart from atmospheric SO2 pollution, which is currently no longer a threat in most areas of its European range. It is present in protected areas in Europe.",Stable,"This Euro-Siberian southern-temperate moss is common throughout Europe from Macaronesia and the Mediterranean north to Iceland, the Faroe Islands and northern Fennoscandia. Elsewhere it has been recorded from North Africa, Turkey and Asia eastwards to Afghanistan and the Himalayas, and in Newfoundland (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.",This species is common and widespread and is often recorded across Europe. It is considered to have a stable population trend.,"This species grows on vertical, horizontal and sloping surfaces, often fully exposed to sun and wind, but best in humid, lightly shaded sites. It occurs on stone or mortared walls, on tiled, thatched or asbestos roofs, on concrete, and on outcrops of many different rock types, especially limestone but also igneous and siliceous. It is also  common on living bases, boles and main branches of many tree species, mostly on less acid bark types (but recorded from birch and conifers). It is not a pioneer and grows mostly on mature trees. It occurs on the ground in beech woods on chalk, in quarries, on hard-packed soil, and, rarely, on sand dunes and sea-cliff turf. It is susceptible to aerial pollution and tolerating mean aerial SO2 contents of only up to 22 ppm (Gilbert 1970), Homalothecium sericeum declined around industrial areas during the 20th century, especially as an epiphyte, but its recovery in recent years is reflected in the increased number of records in formerly polluted areas (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0–2,680 m.","The current threats to this species are unknown and there is no indication of a decline in the habitat of this species. It is susceptible to atmospheric SO2 pollution, and is often rare or absent in areas where SO2 is at a high level.

",This species is listed in the National Red List of San Marino (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in protected areas in Europe.,There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Rumsey, F.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Homomallium,incurvatum,,Homomallium incurvatum  ,(Schrad. ex Brid.) Loeske,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Incurved Feather-moss (Homomallium incurvatum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, the overall stable population trend and recent records of its occurrence. There are no known major threats to the species at the European level, although where there are local threats, habitat protection may be required. It is found in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This small Eurasian boreal-montane moss is widespread in the upper forest zone of all major European mountain ranges and in the southern boreal zone of northern Europe to north of the Arctic Circle in Norway, and south to the mountains of the northern Mediterranean region (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it is widespread in temperate and northern Asia  and has been reported from Kentucky in North America (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","In most parts of Europe this species seems to be stable. In Britain, It was thought to have declined catastrophically in the 20th century, but a survey in 2005 and 2006 revealed that it was still present in several of its old localities. The lack of recent records may be due to lack of familiarity among bryologists. However it has not been found at some old sites that have been revisited, and there may have been some real decline. If so, the causes are unclear, as habitats where the species still occurs are often unremarkable (Blockeel et al. 2014).

","This species is a moss of moderately shaded, base-rich rocks in humid, but not wet, environments. It seems to prefer small rocks less than 30 cm across, growing close to ground level where the ground vegetation is sparse. It sometimes grows on rocks in dry stone walls in woodland, but very rarely on rock ledges and on crags (Atherton et al. 2010). It is a somewhat thermophilous species of dry places in deciduous forest, often growing with associates such asHypnum  cupressiforme, Schistidium crassipilum, Porella  platyphylla, Rhynchostegium murale, Sciuro-hypnum populeum, Amblystegium  serpens, Homalothecium sericeum, Tortella tortuosa, Pseudoleskeella  catenulata, P. nervosa and Campylidium calcareum (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Sporophytes are frequent. Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,800 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","No conservation measures are required at present, except perhaps locally. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Netherlands (Regionally Extinct), Portugal (Endangered), Great Britain (Vulnerable) and Lithuania (Vulnerable) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is found in protected areas across Europe.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Hylander, K.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HOOKERIALES,HOOKERIACEAE,Hookeria,lucens,,Hookeria lucens  ,(Hedw.) Sm.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The mossHookeria lucens is a widespread species in Europe and is often found in damp shaded soil, often next to streams. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, and its overall population size is very large. In addition, the population trend is considered to be stable, and even though it may be threatened locally, at the European level there are no major threats.",Stable,"Hookeria lucens is widespread in Europe from Portugal and southern Spain (Casas et al. 1998) to the Faroe islands, Britain, Ireland, western Norway, and southern Sweden. It extends east through central Europe to the Carpathians and Ukraine. It is present in Macaronesia (Blockeel et al. 2014). Nevertheless, it is rare in most of southern Europe. Outside of Europe it is also found in Tunisia, Turkey, the Caucasus and western North America.","This species is a large perennial moss found frequently with sporophytes. It often occurs in small patches, but in suitable conditions can form large mats. The overall population size of this species is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable.","This species is found on damp shaded soil, often next to streams. It is also found growing on rocks, in ravines and gullies, sometimes in stable screes. It can also be found in coastal caves, more rarely in old quarries, wet grassland or other damp places. It is found from sea level up to 2,100 m Asl (Swissbryophytes 2018).","There are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species. However, this species can be locally threatened by increased touristic pressure in the Azores, since it is found just inside native forest environment (Gabriel et al. 2011), and is considered by Sjögren (2001: 30) as ""unexpectedly rare both in the Azores and on Madeira"", which are its southwestern geographic limits in Europe.","This species has been assessed as Near Threatened in Sweden, Portugal and Czech Republic, as Endangered in Poland, the Netherlands, Austria, Ukraine and Luxembourg, as Vulnerable in Germany, and Romania and as Data Deficient for Hungary (Hodgetts 2015). In the Azores, there are only a few records, mostly in native forest environment, and the species was considered Data Deficient when assessed with the Rabinowitz criteria of rarity (Gabriel et al. 2011). Although there are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, it occurs in protected areas in the Azores.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Stebel, A.,Fettes, N.D.","Gabriel, R.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Hydrogonium,amplexifolium,,Hydrogonium amplexifolium  ,(Mitt.) P.C.Chen,This species was placed in Hydrogonium (Müll.Hal.) A.Jaeger by Kučera et al. (2013).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Hydrogonium amplexifolium is known in Europe only from a few localities in the Alps (France, Austria, Germany, Switzerland), Macedonia and Andorra, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. It is under-recorded in a few countries, and so is certainly much more widespread generally than the current state of knowledge suggests. Since this species has colonised many secondary sites, the population trend is considered to be increasing, and the population size is estimated to be far above 1,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals). This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28. As an early pioneer on gritty, calcareous soil in mountainous areas, its primary habitat of alluvium has certainly been greatly reduced by the canalization of rivers and by the abstraction of water for energy production. However, it is known to occur in protected areas, offering it some formal protection from these threats. A recommended conservation  measure is that subpopulations in primary habitats should be strictly protected.",Increasing,"This species is known in Europe only from a few localities in the Alps (France, Austria, Germany, Switzerland), Macedonia and Andorra. In Austria this species is relatively widespread but nowhere frequent (Köckinger and Kučera 2007, Köckinger et al. 2008, Zechmeister et al. 2013, Schröck et al. 2013, 2014). Outside Austria, this species appears to be well documented only in the Allgäu in Germany (Mosse der Allgauer Alpen 2016). It is under-recorded in France and Switzerland, and is certainly much more widespread generally than the current state of knowledge suggests. Outside Europe, this species also occurs in Asia, North America and Greenland. It has been found growing at elevations between 400 m and 2,500 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","Little is known about the population size, but the subpopulations are often rather small and consist of turfs covering a few square centimeters to a few square decimeters. Since this species has colonised many secondary sites, the current population trend is considered to be increasing. The population size is far above 1,000 individual-equivalents in both Europe and the EU 28. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows.","This species is an early pioneer on gritty, calcareous soil in mountainous areas with a lime-rich or base-rich bedrock (Köckinger and Kučera 2007). It has hitherto been observed on alluvium along mountain streams, on humus in scree slopes and more rarely directly on rock. It is much more common to find this moss in secondary habitats, such as at the forest edge or along mountain roads. This species also grows on stony slopes and on open soil around small lakes and in glacial cirques.","The primary habitat of alluvium has certainly been greatly reduced by the canalization of rivers and by the abstraction of water for energy production. However, many secondary habitats have significantly increased, which means that today there is no risk of extinction for this species (Zechmeister et al. 2013, Schröck et al. 2013, 2014, Köckinger and Schröck 2017).",This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Andorra (Sotiaux and Vanderpoorten 2017). Subpopulations in primary habitats should be strictly protected. It is known to occur in protected areas.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Rumsey, F.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Hydrogonium,bolleanum,,Hydrogonium bolleanum  ,(Müll.Hal.) A.Jaeger,This species was placed in Hydrogonium (Müll.Hal.) A.Jaeger by Kučera et al. (2013).,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

In Europe, Hydrogonium bolleanum is largely confined to the Mediterranean region. Both the historical as well as the current population trend are unknown. The number of individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) cannot be determined, and so the population size is also unknown. This species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient due to lack of data, and further research is needed to determine its extinction risk. Because it grows in populated places, factors such as local water discharges, hydropower development and flood protection measures could pose a threat to this species. Subpopulations in primary habitats should be protected and managed as required. Little is known about this species at the European level, so that the distribution, possible threats and population trends need more study.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is largely confined to the Mediterranean region. It is known from the Azores, Portugal, Spain (including the Balearic Islands), France, Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily), the Vatican, Croatia, Malta, Greece (including Crete) and Cyprus. An extremely isolated old record is known from Switzerland. Elsewhere, this species is widespread and known from North America, Mexico, the Caribbean, Asia, north Africa and Australia. It can be found growing at elevations up to 200 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3 million km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown. In Portugal, France, Italy (Ellis et al. 2016), the Balkans (M. Sabovljevićpers. comm. 2017) and Greece (T. Blockeel pers. comm. 2017), this species appears to be rare. In Spain, this species seems to be somewhat more widespread.","This species is found in wet calcareous sites such as springs or streams, and also grows submerged in lime-rich waters at the edges of streams. It occurs also in secondary habitats such as fountains and in watercourses in forest environments (P. Campisi pers. comm. 2017). It is a lowland plant which grows from sea level up to 200 m Asl.","Because it grows in populated places, factors such as local water discharges, hydropower development and flood protection measures could pose a threat to this species. More accurate information about the threats is not known.","This moss has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Portugal, as Vulnerable in Switzerland (where, however, it is probably Regionally Extinct), as Near Threatened in Sicily and as Data Deficient in the Azores and Malta (Hodgetts 2015). Due to the rarity of this species, subpopulations at least in primary habitats should be protected and managed as required. Little is known about this species at the European level, so that the distribution, possible threats and population trends need more study. It occurs in at least one protected area.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Muller, F.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Hydrogonium,consanguineum,,Hydrogonium consanguineum  ,(Thwaites &amp; Mitt.) Hilp.,This species was placed in Hydrogonium (Müll.Hal.) A.Jaeger by Kučera et al. (2013).,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Hydrogonium consanguineum has only recently been discovered in Europe, with only eight records known from the whole of the continent, occurring in Austria, Croatia, Hungary, Italy and Switzerland. Although the distribution range is inadequately known, based on the records in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 32 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at 315,000 km². There is no information about the population size or trend of this species. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient due to lack of data and further research is needed to determine its extinction risk. Its primary habitat of alluvium has certainly been greatly reduced by the canalization of rivers and by the abstraction of water for energy production, but other threats to this species are unknown. Information on the distribution, the population size and trends and the threats must be significantly improved. The primary habitats should be strictly protected.



 



 



",Unknown,"Only eight records of this species are known from the whole of Europe, from Austria, Croatia, Hungary, Italy and Switzerland. The main distribution area is likely to be located in southern Europe, but the distribution of this species is inadequately known. Outside Europe, it is mainly distributed in the tropics (Köckinger et al. 2012). It is found growing at elevations between 10 m and 1,200 m Asl. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 32 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at 315,000 km².",There is no information about the population size or trend of this species.,"This species mainly occurs as an early pioneer species in moist, base-rich alluvia by lowland streams (Köckinger et al. 2012). It also occurs at secondary sites along rivers, wetlands and in warm habitats influenced by volcanic activity.",The putative primary habitat of alluvium has certainly been greatly reduced by the canalization of rivers and by the abstraction of water for energy production. Other threats to this species are unknown.,"This species has been assessed as Data Deficient in Hungary and Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). In Vorarlberg, Austria (Schröck et al. 2013)  this species is regarded as Critically Endangered. The knowledge about the distribution, population size and threats must be significantly improved. The primary habitats should be strictly protected. It is known to occur in the Parco Nazionale del Vesuvio in Italy.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Natcheva, R.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Hydrogonium,croceum,,Hydrogonium croceum  ,(Brid.) Jan Kučera,This species was placed in Hydrogonium (Müll.Hal.) A.Jaeger by Kučera et al. (2013).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The near-endemic Hydrogonium croceum is widespread and abundant in the calcareous parts of the Alps, and also occurs in the Pyrenees, the Carpathians, the Apennines and the Balkans, but in these areas it is at least locally more rare. There is also an isolated subpopulation in southwestern Norway. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. The current population trend is believed to be stable. The population size is estimated to be far above 10,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals). The species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. Specific threats to this species are unknown, but the isolated subpopulation in Norway and the subpopulations in the Czech Republic should be strictly protected. No conservation measures are required at present where it occurs in the Alps.",Stable,"In Europe, this near-endemic species is widespread and abundant in the calcareous parts of the Alps (Grims 1999, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Köckinger et al. 2008, Schröck et al. 2013), and also occurs in the Pyrenees, the Carpathians, the Apennines and the Balkans, but in these areas it is at least locally more rare. There is also an isolated subpopulation in southwestern Norway. It is very rare outside Europe, occurring only in North Africa and Turkey. It has been found growing at elevations between 100 m and 2,500 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, but the current trend is believed to be stable. The population size is certainly far above 10,000 individual-equivalents in Europe and the EU 28. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre or one boulder on which the species grows.","This plant grows on damp to wet calcareous rocks, often in humid valleys and gorges (Grims 1999, Meinunger and Schröder 2007). At higher elevations it can be found on exposed, damp rock faces. Typical associates include Conocephalum conicum, Encalypta streptocarpa, Gymnostomum aeruginosum, Hymenostylium recurvirostrum, Mesoptychia collaris, Preissia quadrata, Orthothecium rufescens and Pedinophyllum interruptum.","This species is not threatened in the Alps. It is considered threatened in some other areas, where it is much rarer (e.g., Norway and the Czech Republic). However, specific threats are unknown.","This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic and Norway, as Vulnerable in Spain and Bulgaria, and as Near Threatened in Romania (Hodgetts 2015). The isolated subpopulation in Norway and the subpopulations in the Czech Republic should be strictly protected. No conservation measures are required in the Alps. It occurs in protected areas.","This species is not utilised or traded.

","González Mancebo, J.,Cálix, M.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Hygroamblystegium,fluviatile,,Hygroamblystegium fluviatile  ,(Hedw.) Loeske,"Vanderpoorten (2004) found that the morphological characters of this and other Hygroamblystegium species were very unstable and concluded that H. fluviatile, H. tenax and H. varium were best regarded as a single species (H. varium). There is supporting evidence for this view from molecular data (Vanderpoorten et al. 2004). However, the current consensus is that further work is needed before this earlier work can be conclusively accepted. H. fluviatile was accepted as a good species in Hodgetts (2015), and it is treated as such here.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Hygroamblystegium fluviatile is a European Boreo-temperate species. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. At the European level there are no major known threats. Taxonomic studies may help clarify some doubts regarding the status of this species.",Stable,"Hygroamblystegium fluviatile is a European Boreo-temperate species (Smith 2004). It is known from Fennoscandia, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Caucasus, Turkey, Madeira (Smith 2004) and Azores (Sim-Sim et al. 2009). It is also found in North Africa (Algeria, Morocco), North and Central America and possibly the Andes (Hedenäs 2003, Smith 2004).","This is a perennial species (Dierssen 2001), autoicous, forming dark green elongate tufts (Smith 2004). Capsules are occasional, and mature in summer (Blockeel et al. 2014). The overall population size is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable. However, since H. fluviatile is a variable species, related to H. tenax and H. varium (Vanderpoorten et al. 2004), it is possible that there are some inconsistencies in records (Blockeel et al. 2014).","This subneutrophyte species grows on submerged or frequently inundated rocks, stones, tree boles and exposed roots, in fast-flowing streams and rivers, frequently on permanently submerged substrates (Dierssen 2001, Smith 2004). In Great Britain it is generally found in the lowlands (altitudinal range: 0–445 m Asl) (Blockeel et al. 2014), but up to at least 1,200 m Asl in Madeira (Hedenäs 1992).","Even though this species may be locally threatened (e.g., in Romania, Slovenia and Lithuania), at the European level there are no major threats to this widespread species.","This species is known to occur in protected areas, and is listed in the following national red lists: Lithuania as Endangered, Romania and Slovenia as Vulnerable; Poland as Rare; Norway, Ireland, Northern Ireland and Hungary as Near Threatened; Greece (single record, in the XIX century; Bory de Saint-Vincent 1832) and Bulgaria as Data Deficient (Hodgetts 2015); in the Azores was reported once (Sim-Sim et al. 2009). Additional taxonomic studies into the species complex around H. varium are required to confirm the status of H. fluviatile.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Cálix, M.,Aleffi, M.","Gabriel, R. & Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Hygroamblystegium,humile,,Hygroamblystegium humile  ,"(P.Beauv.) Vanderp., Goffinet &amp; Hedenäs","Vanderpoorten and Hedenäs (2009), in a study of the Amblystegiaceae, proposed to treat H. humile as a variety of H. varium, in order to reflect the great morphological variability observed in this taxon depending on the habitat conditions. However, it was accepted as a good species in Hodgetts (2015), and as such it is treated here.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



In Europe, Hygroamblystegium humile occurs in northern to central Scandinavia and Arctic Russia, also in the Mediterranean region, where it is rare. In Macaronesia, it is reported from Madeira and in the Azores, its presence is considered doubtful. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. At the European level there are no major known threats. Further taxonomic studies are required to clarify doubts regarding the status of this taxon.",Stable,"Hygroamblystegium humile is a Circumpolar Temperate species (Smith 2004). In Europe it occurs in northern to central Scandinavia and Central European Russia, also in the Mediterranean region, where it is rare (Ros et al. 2013, Blockeel et al. 2014). In Macaronesia, it is reported from Madeira; in the Azores, its presence is considered doubtful (Sjögren 2001). Widely distributed but generally uncommon in the Northern Hemisphere south to South China, Central America - Haiti and Mexico (Hedenäs 2003); Disjunct in New Guinea, North America and Mexico (Blockeel et al. 2014).","This is a perennial or colonist species (Dierssen 2001), occurring only in small quantity but probably under-recorded (Smith 2004, Blockeel et al. 2014). The species is autoicous and capsules are frequently present in Great Britain, mature in summer (Blockeel et al. 2014). The overall population size is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable.","This species occurs preferentially on wet soil, rocks and tree bases by streams, in moist turf, carr and marshy ground, reed swamps, fens and wet pastures, on muddy and usually nutrient-rich habitats (Smith 2004, Blockeel et al. 2014). It may also be collected under trees and other vegetation by streams, rivers, ditches and open water (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Great Britain it is generally found in lowland (Altitudinal range: 0-215 m Asl) (Blockeel et al. 2014), but up to 900 m Asl in Madeira (Hedenäs 1992) and above 1,000 m Asl in the Alps (Swissbryophytes 2018).","Even though this species may be locally threatened (e.g., in Bulgaria, Norway, Ireland), at the European level there are no major threats to this widespread species.","This species is found in protected areas, and is listed in the following national red lists: Estonia as Regionally Extinct; Bulgaria as Critically Endangered; Norway, Ireland and Northern Ireland as Endangered; Austria, Slovakia, Switzerland and Slovenia as Vulnerable; Finland and Sicily as Near Threatened; Lithuania as Rare and Malta as Data Deficient (Hodgetts 2015). It is considered a species of questionable recent presence in the Azores (Sjögren 2001). Further taxonomic studies are required to clarify doubts regarding the status of this taxon.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Vanderpoorten, A.,Cálix, M.","Gabriel, R. & Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Hygroamblystegium,tenax,,Hygroamblystegium tenax  ,(Hedw.) Jenn.,"The taxonomic status of H. tenax is uncertain since it was suggested that it should be included within the variation of of H. varium (Vanderpoorten 2004, Vanderpoorten et al. 2004). Nevertheless it was considered as a good species by Hodgetts (2015), and as such it is treated here.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Hygroamblystegium tenax occurs throughout most of Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. At the European level there are no major known threats.",Stable,"Hygroamblystegium tenax is a Circumpolar Temperate species. It occurs throughout most of Europe, north to Fennoscandia, Iceland, Caucasus, Turkey, Siberia, and the Azores (Smith 2004, Blockeel et al. 2014). It is present in Northern Africa (Algeria, Morocco), widespread in temperate Asia, North and Central America (Mexico) (Hedenäs 2003), south to the Andes (Peru, Bolivia) (Blockeel et al. 2014).","This is a perennial species (Dierssen 2001), forming dark green intricate patches (Smith 2004, Blockeel et al. 2014). The species is autoicous and capsules are frequently present in Great Britain, mature in summer (Blockeel et al. 2014). The overall population size is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable. Since this is a variable species, potentially related to H. varium and H. fluviatile (Vanderpoorten et al. 2004), it is possible that there are some inconsistencies in records (Blockeel et al. 2014).","This species is typical of waterside habitats, occurring preferentially on submerged or frequently immersed rocks, stones and exposed roots in bas-rich streams and rivers (Smith, 2004). It may also be found on concrete and masonry, and sometimes on alluvium and compacted soil (Blockeel et al. 2014). It is often in light to moderate shade, as by wooded streams (Dierssen 2001, Blockeel et al. 2014). In Great Britain it is generally found in lowland (altitudinal range: 0-440 m Asl) (Blockeel et al. 2014), but it is found up to 1,075 m Asl in Madeira Island (Hedenäs 1992) and up to 2,200 m Asl in the Alps (Swissbryophytes 2018).","Even though this species may be locally threatened (e.g., Finland, Norway), at the European level there are no major threats to this widespread species.","This species occurs in protected areas and is listed in the following national red lists: Finland, Norway and Lithuania as Endangered; Romania as Vulnerable; Poland as Rare; Ireland and Northern Ireland as Near Threatened; Portugal, Peninsular Spain, the Balearic Islands (Garilleti and Albertos, 2012) and the Canary Islands as Data Deficient (Hodgetts 2015). In the Azores it is also considered as Data Deficient species (Gabriel et al. 2011). Further taxonomic studies are required to clarify doubts regarding the status of this taxon.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Patiño, J.,Cálix, M.","Gabriel, R. & Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Hygroamblystegium,varium,,Hygroamblystegium varium  ,(Hedw.) Mönk.,"A very variable species which intergrades with Hygroamblystegium tenax, and it may not be distinct from that species or H. fluviatile (Vanderpoorten 2004, Vanderpoorten et al. 2004, Hill et al. 2006, Ros et al. 2013).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Hygroamblystegium varium is widespread in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. At the European level there are no major known threats.",Stable,"Hygroamblystegium varium is a Circumpolar Temperate species (Dierssen 2001, Smith 2004). In Europe it is widespread, found in north to south Fennoscandia and Arctic Russia, but rare in the Mediterranean lowlands; it is also present in Macaronesia (Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands), Turkey and the Near East (Blockeel et al. 2014). It occurs on North Africa, and temperate and subtropical Asia, Japan; also in North, Central and South America and Australia (Blockeel et al. 2014).","This is a perennial species (Dierssen 2001), forming lax, light green patches (Smith 2004). The species is autoicous and capsules are occasionally present in Great Britain, mature in summer (Blockeel et al. 2014). The overall population size is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable. However, since H. varium is a variable species, potentially related to H. tenax and H. fluviatile (Vanderpoorten et al. 2004), it is possible that there are some inconsistencies in records (Blockeel et al. 2014).","This species grows in a wide variety of moist and wet habitats (Smith 2004, Blockeel et al. 2014). The most characteristic of these is in wet woodland and willow carr, especially on the roots and bases of alders and willows, and on rotting wood and old grass and sedge tussocks (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Great Britain it is generally found in lowland (altitudinal range: 0-380 m Asl) (Smith 2004), but it is found up to 900 m Asl in Madeira Island (Hedenäs 1992), and to above 2,200 m Asl in the Alps (Swissbryophytes 2017).","Even though this species may be locally threatened (e.g., Norway), at the European level there are no major threats to this widespread species.","This species is found in protected areas and listed in the following national red lists: Norway and Lithuania as Endangered; Romania as Vulnerable; Poland as Rare; Ireland, Northern Ireland and Sicily as Near Threatened; Canary Islands, Germany and Luxembourg as Data Deficient (Hodgetts 2015). In the Azores it is also considered a Data Deficient species (Gabriel et al. 2011). Taxonomic studies may help clarify some doubts regarding the status of this species.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Aleffi, M.,Cálix, M.","Gabriel, R. & Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIACEAE,Hygrobiella,laxifolia,,Hygrobiella laxifolia  ,(Hook.) Spruce,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Lax Nochtwort (Hygrobiella laxifolia) is a circumpolar species which is found mostly in northwestern European countries, being rarer to the south (central Europe, the Pyrenees), and also present in Macaronesia (the Azores and Madeira). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 9.7 million km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2,856 km2.  In the EU 28, the EOO is 5.9 million km2 and the AOO is 2,084 km2. The current population trend of this species is considered to be unknown for both Europe and the EU 28. However, the subpopulations are neither very small nor restricted in terms of localities, although the population size of this species is not known. Therefore, this species is listed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

The habitat of this species is subject to different threats, resulting in habitat destruction, and it is also sensitive to potential changes due to global climate change. Nonetheless, as the territory covered by the species is so large, it is very difficult to estimate habitat decline, although it is not discarded locally, in particular near the distribution limits of the species. This species would benefit from site protection and habitat restoration. In addition, further research is required to confirm the full distribution of this species, as well as its population size and trend, and the threats to it. Monitoring of population and habitat trends is also recommended.",Unknown,"This is a subarctic and subalpine species, with a circumpolar distribution. It is relictual in parts of its distribution area. In Europe, this species is known from Iceland, Great Britain and Ireland (Paton 1999), Scandinavia, to central Europe (Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Germany, the Czech Republic), to northern Russia (Kola peninsula). It is also found in the Urals, and in the French Pyrenees, as well as in the Azores and Madeira (Sérgio 1994, Luís et al. 2007). In North America, this species is present in the western coastal areas (from British Columbia to Oregon and the Rocky mountains), and on the east coast, from Labrador to Newfoundland. Finally, this species is also found in Greenland and Japan.



The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 9.7 million km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 3,000 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is 5.9 million km2 and the AOO is greater than 2,084 km2. The altitudinal range of this species is from sea-level up to 2,330 m Asl in the Alps, although it is variable in different regions: in the Czech Republic, it is found between 50 m and 190 m Asl, in Scandinavia it is found mostly between 300 m and 400 m Asl, in the Azores it is found around 500 m Asl, in Madeira it is found between 500 m and 1,000 m Asl and in Switzerland it is found from 900 to 2,330 m Asl.","In Europe, this species is especially abundant in Iceland and Scandinavia (Damsholt 2002), while the rest of the subpopulations tend to be restricted to small areas, particularly in the mountains. Locally, in the periphery of its distribution, this species could be vulnerable to declines. The few subpopulations of Madeira and the three islands of the Azores (Gabriel et al. 2011) are very fragmented from the mainland. The current population trend of this species is considered to be unknown for both Europe and the EU 28. However, the subpopulations are neither very small nor restricted in terms of localities, although the population size of this species is not known.

 

Perianths are rather frequent, particularly in Scandinavia.","The species grows in well-illuminated, acidic to sub-neutral conditions. It has been found growing on wet rocks along streams, in the flood zone or runnels, especially where seasonal flooding occurs. It is also found in areas of late snow-lie that are regularly submerged, and sometimes on boulders, where water runs down periodically, such as in the Czech Republic (Müller 2003).

This species grows in flat, dense, olive green patches, often with secondary reddish-brown or blackish pigmentation, or as single shoots among other bryophytes. It is found associated with different species in different areas - the most common species with which it grows in Scandinavia and Iceland are Tritomaria polita, Marsupella emarginata var. aquatica, Jungermannia cordifolia, J. borealis, Nardia geoscyphus, Scapania subalpina, S. undulata and Anthelia juratzkana; in Germany,  Marsupella emarginata, Scapania undulata, Dichodontium pellucidum, Racomitrium aciculare, Rhizomnium punctatum, Sciuro-hypnum plumosum and Brachythecium rivulare (Meinunger and Schröder 2007).

The ecology in Azores and Madeira is exceptional, where it is found developing on rocks, on the spray zone of the streams under laurel forest, with species such as Anthoceros agrestis, Plagiochila maderensis, Lejeunea lamacerina, Scapania undulata, Chiloscyphus polyanthos, Plagiomnium undulatum var. madeirense, Fissidens asplenioides and F. sublineaefolius.","The species is subject to different threats related to habitat perturbation (regulation by dams, pollution, etc.) and, since it is mostly an inhabitant of cold and mountainous areas, the threat of climate change and habitat shifting or reduction. All those threats vary greatly in extension, intensity and consequences in the different regions, being more worrying in the areas at the distribution limits of this species, where subpopulations are isolated, scarce and hence vulnerable.","This species is included in several national Red Lists. It is consideredVulnerable (VU) in Austria, Switzerland and Czech Republic; Near Threatened (NT) in Finland, Data Deficient (DD) in Italy and Extremely Rare in Germany (Hodgetts 2015).

The species is proposed as Endangered in Madeira (Sim-Sim et al. 2014) and in the Pyrenees (Infante Sánchez et al. 2015).

This species would benefit from site protection and habitat restoration. In addition, further research is required to confirm the full distribution of this species, as well as its population size and trend, and the threats to it. Monitoring of population and habitat trends is also recommended.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Hodgetts, N.,Marka, J.,Fettes, N.D.","Sergio, C. & Infante, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Hygrohypnella,ochracea,,Hygrohypnella ochracea  ,(Turner ex Wilson) Ignatov &amp; Ignatova,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Claw Brook-moss (Hygrohypnella ochracea) is circumpolar boreo-arctic montane species. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population is large and stable, and there is no evidence that this upland species has declined significantly, if at all. It is a common species in upland parts of the British Isles, Scandinavia and Russia. The countries where it is considered rare are all on the edge of its European range.",Stable,"The Claw Brook-moss (Hygrohypnella ochracea) is circumpolar boreo-arctic montane species. In Europe, it grows north to Iceland, Svalbard and Arctic Russia, and south to Spain, Corsica and the Balkan mountains; it is very rare in the Mediterranean region. Its absence from the Baltic states, Belarus, Denmark and the Netherlands is probably related to the paucity of rock exposures in these territories. It also occurs in the Caucasus. It is circumboreal in northern, central and eastern Asia, China, Japan, and North America south to Arizona (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be larger than 4,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 13.4 million km².",This species is widespread and probably more or less stable in upland areas. The overall population size is very large.,"This species is an aquatic, calcifuge moss forming green or yellow-green, flaccid mats on rocks (rarely tree roots) in flowing water and beside waterfalls. It is normally submerged and is typical of fast-flowing rocky streams, though sometimes also in smaller rivulets and on flushed rocks. As a species of hard acid surfaces it is commonest in upland and montane regions, though it also occurs in coastal streams and gullies. Typical habitats are wooded valleys, moorland and montane streams, ravines, and sometimes lake margins, and at high altitudes it ascends to runnels in areas of late snow lie. It usually occupies a lower zone in the water than Racomitrium aciculare and Sciuro-hypnum plumosum, though they are often present in the same streams. Its closer associates include Brachythecium rivulare, Rhynchostegium riparioides, Hygroamblystegium fluviatile, Fontinalis antipyretica, F. squamosa, Dichodontium pellucidum, Chiloscyphus polyanthos, Nardia compressa, Scapania undulata, and in some regions Rhynchostegium alopecuroides. It is occasionally recorded in man-made habitats such as reservoir margins, but only rarely on masonry and exceptionally on firm soil. It can withstand some moderate water pollution (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). It is dioicous and capsules are very rare. It is found from sea level up to 2,600 m Asl.","No threats to this species have been identified, although there may perhaps be some pressures on edge-of-range subpopulations.","No conservation measures are required, and this species is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range. It has been assessed as Vulnerable in Romania, Slovenia and Switzerland; in addition it is Data Deficient in Montenegro and Near Threatened in Portugal and Slovakia (Hodgetts 2015).",This species is not utilised.,"Marka, J.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Hygrohypnella,polaris,,Hygrohypnella polaris  ,(Turner ex Wilson) Ignatov &amp; Ignatova,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Polar Brook-moss (Hygrohypnum polare) is found mainly in the arctic, but it is also known from a few localities in central Europe's mountainous regions. This species is a rare mountain moss. It has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) of ca 6.5 million km2 in Europe, and ca 2.5 million km2 in the EU 28. However, it has a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the AOO of this species is between 400 and 600 km2, and in the EU 28 the AOO is ca 120 km2. There is no indication of any decline in northern Europe, and the overall population trend seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28, although the species has declined in central Europe. The population size is larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe.

The species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe in view of its stable population trend and large population size. In the EU 28, the number of individual-equivalents is estimated to be just above 1,000 and therefore it is assessed as Near Threatened, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion D.

The major threat is climatic changes, especially a higher temperature in the alpine streams. In the future, with a warmer climate in northern Europe, this species is predicted to decline. Monitoring of the population trends of this species is needed.",Stable,"This species has a circumpolar, arctic-montane distribution. It is found mainly in the arctic; in Europe, this species is known from Iceland, Svalbard, Norway, Sweden (Hodgetts 2015) and the North Urals (Ignatov et al. 2006). It is also known from a few localities in central Europe's mountainous regions, as well as the western part of Europe (Scotland) and from Asia and North America (Hedenäs et al. 2014).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 400 and 600 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6.5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 120 km2 and the EOO is ca 2.5 million km2.","This species is a rare mountain moss. In the Scandinavian mountains, this species, occurs in one northern area (Troms, Lule Lappmark and Torne Lappmark) and one southern area (Hordaland to Sør-Trøndelag) (Mårtensson 1956). In Sweden, there are a number of old localities, where it is stable. There are 50 localities in Norway after 1950, which can also be quite large, with around 20 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) in each site, where it seems to be stable.

In the United Kingdom, it is known from a single site at a small lake in Scotland (Blockeel et al. 2014). It is estimated that there are some 200 to 300 individual-equivalents in Scotland. There is a good subpopulation at the site in Scotland and it seems to have been reasonably stable over the past 25 years. Searches of other sites in the area have been fruitless (Blockeel et al. 2014).

In Russia, there are around 20 localities with rather large subpopulations, where it is stable (M. Ignatov pers. comm. 2017). In France there are no recent records. There is only one recent locality in Italy. There are three sites in Iceland. It is very common in Franz Josef Land, on Svalbard and on Bear Island.

  There is today no indication of any population decline in northern Europe. However, in central Europe, the species has declined and is today threatened in Slovakia. In the future, with a warmer climate in northern Europe, this species is predicted to decline. While there is an indicated decline in central Europe, the stronghold of the population is in northern Europe where it remains stable. Therefore the overall population trend seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. The population size is larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe, but just above 1,000 individual-equivalents in the EU 28. The population is not severely fragmented.","This species grow in streams, sometimes in occasionally flooded soils or rash cliffs (Hedenäs et al. 2014). In Fennoscandia, this species is found on flat rocks covered with a layer of alluvial sand in the flood zones of streams and rivers. Such occurrences in the subalpine belt have often been considered to be of a secondary nature, because the moss has in some cases been found at higher altitudes in the same water system. In smaller streams, with fast-moving water, this species usually grows in smaller tufts on stones, and is then often associated with other species of the genus, e.g. H. alpestre and H. ochraceum. This species has only occasionally been gathered from irrigated, more or less perpendicular, rock surfaces. The species is probably calciphilous (Mårtensson 1956).

In Scotland, it is known only from a single site where it occurs as patches on moderately base-rich boulders of schist on the margin of a small lake, which is subject to marked fluctuations in water level. All of the patches of this species are at or near ‘normal’ water level, estimated from other plants and erosion of the bank, and are subject to periods of both immersion and inundation, as well as to wave action. The most frequent associates are typical riparian species such as Brachythecium rivulare, Hygrohypnum ochraceum, Racomitrium aciculare and Sciuro-hypnum plumosum, along with species that are characteristic of boulders on the margins of lochs, including Grimmia ramondii, Pterigynandrum filiforme and Schistidium rivulare. Cushions of Bryum muehlenbeckii and patches of Pseudoleskea patens and Porella cordaeana are also present (Blockeel et al. 2014).","The major threat is climatic changes, especially a higher temperature in the alpine streams. Eutrophication could also pose a threat in the United Kingdom.","

This species is in the Red List of Slovakia as Critically Endangered (CR) and is also assessed in Great Britain as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is found in at least one protected area. Monitoring of the population trends of this species is needed.



",The species is not used or traded.,"Bergamini, A.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Söderström, L. & Syrjänen, K.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Hygrohypnum,luridum,,Hygrohypnum luridum  ,(Hedw.) Jenn.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Drab Brook-moss (Hygrohypnum luridum) is a common circumpolar boreo-temperate species. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common in suitable habitats, and there are no significant threats to it. No conservation actions are required.",Stable,"The Drab Brook-moss (Hygrohypnum luridum) is a commoncircumpolar boreo-temperate species. It is found from Iceland, Svalbard and Arctic Russia south to the mountains of the Mediterranean region, and it is also found in the Azores. It also occurs in Caucasus, Turkey and Iran. It is circumboreal, with a wide distribution in the Northern Hemisphere, south to the Himalayas, Papua New Guinea, and southern USA (Arizona). It also occurs in Central America (Guatemala) and South America (Colombia, Bolivia) (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated at ca 6,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 18.5 million km².",This species is common and widespread in Europe. It therefore has a very large population size and the current population trend is considered to be stable.,"This species forms green or brownish mats on moist or wet, hard surfaces, and only rarely on alluvium and soil. It is a very characteristic subaquatic moss of boulders, rocks and tree roots by limestone streams, growing at or above normal water levels, often where subject to flooding and then frequently denuded below. It is also common on moist boulders well above the flood zone in damp woodland and sheltered valleys and gills. Though particularly characteristic of limestone, it is found on a wide range of other calcareous and base-rich rocks, occasionally extending to mildly acid habitats; in upland and montane areas it often grows on crags and rock faces where water occasionally seeps or trickles. It colonises artificial surfaces, including concrete and masonry, being recorded from canal embankments, sluices and culverts. In damp places that are shaded from direct sunlight it may occupy substrates where water flows only during periods of rain, for example on shaded stonework, on old tarmac, in gutters by churches, and on flat tombstones at ground level. Indeed these are its principal habitats in lowland districts that lack natural rock outcrops. It was somewhat neglected in artificial habitats in the past. Frequent associates includeBrachythecium  rivulare, Rhynchostegium riparioides, Cratoneuron filicinum,  Amblystegium serpens, Hygroamblystegium. tenax, H. fluviatile, Leptodictyum riparium,  Dichodontium pellucidum, Cinclidotus fontinaloides, C. riparius and  Conocephalum conicum (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). It is autoicous; capsules are frequent in the uplands but rare in the lowlands, maturing from spring to summer. It is found from sea level up to 2,600 m Asl.",There are no significant threats to this species.,"No conservation actions are required for this common species, and it is known to occur in protected areas. This species has been assessed as Near Threatened in Slovakia (Hodgetts 2015).",This species is not utilised.,"Fettes, N.D.,Marka, J.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Hygrohypnum,styriacum,,Hygrohypnum styriacum  ,(Limpr.) Broth.,,No,EN,B2ab(iii); C2a(i),No,EN,B2ab(iii); C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Snow Brook-moss (Hygrohypnum styriacum) is very rare in Norway, Sweden and Iceland, and it is also recorded in mountainous areas of central Europe. The overall population trend of the species is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28, but it seems to be severely fragmented. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is ca 100 km2, and in the EU 28, the AOO is ca 80 km2. There is a projected continuing decline in the habitat quality and extent as a result of climate change due to warming waters. The population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in both Europe and the EU 28, considering that only a few individual-equivalents are present at each locality. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, it is possible that the species has been under-recorded in the higher mountain areas. The major threat, at least at northernmost latitudes, is climate changes, especially higher temperatures and running waters. The development of mini and small hydropower plants may also have a negative impact on the species, at least in central Europe and in Norway. Monitoring and survey programmes are needed for this species, including further research on the impacts of climate change.",Decreasing,"This species has a European arctic-montane distribution. It is very rare in Norway, Sweden and Iceland and it is recorded in central Europe from the Pyrenees, the eastern Alps, the Tatras and the Carpathian mountains (Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). It has been recorded from a single site in Scotland (Blockeel et al. 2014), from which it may now have disappeared. Recently Hygrohypnum styriacum is also found in South Tyrol (Kiebacher; in Ellis et al. 2018) and Sierra Nevada (Olivan et al. 2007). Outside of Europe, this species is reported from North America (Hedenäs et al. 2014). The altitudinal range of this species is from 1,000 m to 3,700 m Asl.

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is ca 100 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6.2 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 80 km2 and the EOO is ca 4.2 million km2.","In the Nordic countries, this species is known from only a few localities. In the United Kingdom, this species has not been seen since 1991 (Blockeel et al. 2014). There are not many records from Sweden and Norway. The overall population trend of the species is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28, although it is possible that the species has been under-recorded in the higher mountain areas (H. Blom pers. comm. 2017). The population seems to be severely fragmented since most of the subpopulations are isolated and small, and it does not produce sporophytes. The subpopulations may therefore go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. In both Europe and the EU 28, the population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent), considering that only a few individual-equivalents are present at each locality. 

There is a projected continuing decline in the habitat quality and extent as a result of climate change due to warming waters, as this could have eco-physiological consequences on the species, as well as causing increased competition with other species. In addition, the species has a long generation length.","This species grows on calcareous rocks in small streams in the mountains, and sometimes in melt-water streams of snow patches (Hedenäs et al. 2014). It can also be found on irrigated rocks (N. Lönnell pers. comm. 2017).

In Scotland the sole known locality for the species is high in the Cairngorms at Coire an t’Sneachda, a north-facing corrie landform where snow lies late into the summer. The general angle of the slope in this locality is steep, at some 45°, and locally much steeper, with areas of loose rock and gravel and taking much drainage from the plateau above. The vegetation on the crags and eroded slopes is patchy and often bryophyte dominated. The known subpopulation of this species occurred in a crevice in a crack-line in the vertical face of the granite retaining wall of an open gully. This crack channels water from above and associated species here are Bryum pseudotriquetrum and Philonotis fontana; a little lower down the same wall there are small stands of H. molle and H. smithii, and the occurrence here of the latter as well as Harpanthus flotovianus and Drepanocladus trifarius suggests that there is some base-enrichment (Blockeel et al. 2014).

In the Alps, it is present in lime-free with fast-running water rivers at high elevations, occurring with other Hygrohypnum species (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017).","One threat to this species is the development of mini and small hydro-power plants, at least in central Europe and in Norway. The major threat, at least at northernmost latitudes, is climate changes, especially higher temperatures and running waters. It is especially susceptible because it is present at higher altitudes and no habitat shifting is possible for this species.","This species is included in several national Red Lists of European countries. It is assessed as rare in Austria (4) and Poland (R), as Critically Endangered (CR) in Great Britain and Slovakia, as Endangered (EN) in Norway, as Vulnerable (VU) in Sweden and Switzerland, and as Data Deficient (DD) in Spain and Romania (Hodgetts 2015). The species occurs at least in one protected area in Sweden.

Monitoring and survey programmes are needed for this species, including further research on the impacts of climate change.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Ingerpuu, N.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYLOCOMIACEAE,Hylocomiastrum,pyrenaicum,,Hylocomiastrum pyrenaicum  ,(Spruce) M.Fleisch. ex Broth.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Oake's Wood-moss (Hylocomiastrum pyrenaicum) has a Circumboreal Boreal montane distribution. It is widespread in the Alpine area and is mainly present in northeastern European countries, from the Faroes Islands to Iceland, to northern Fennoscandia and the Caucasus. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite widespread in Europe, the current population trend is thought to be stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. No specific conservation actions are necessary. However, at the local level further research is needed on its distribution, population size and threats.",Stable,"Oake's Wood-moss (Hylocomiastrum pyrenaicum) has a Circumboreal Boreal montane distribution. It is widespread in the Alpine area and is mainly present in northeastern European countries, from the Faroes Islands to Iceland, to northern Fennoscandia and the Caucasus. Outside of Europe it is also found in the Caucasus, North and Central Asia, Japan, North America and Greenland (Smith 2004, Hodgetts 2015).

","In northern-central Germany this species is at risk of extinction (Moose Deutschland 2018). The species is rare in the Scottish Highlands and has possibly declined in some areas (Hodgetts 2011). In general, although it is often considered rare or not very common, the species is quite present in Europe and the current population trend is thought to be stable. 







","This is a competitive perennial species, which is also humicolous. It grows on soils rich in humus, in turf below cliffs, in rocky places, in scree and at the edges of stony flushes. It favors base-rich sites but sometimes prefers acidic substrates (Dierssen 2001, Smith 2004, Atherton et al. 2010, Rohrer 2015). It is found from sea level up to 3,000 m asl.

","No major threats are known to affect this species at the European scale. It is a species that is found from montane to alpine areas, and is at risk in some countries since it has been included in several Red Lists due to the low number of sites where it is found (Garilleti et al. 2013, Hodgetts 2015, Sotiaux and Vanderpoorten 2017).","No specific conservation actions are necessary. However, at the local level further research is needed on its distribution, population size and threats. In some countries the species has been assessed as threatened. In Great Britain it has been assessed as Near Threatened; as Vulnerable in Andorra and Spain where it is reported only in the Pyrenees (Sotiaux and Vanderpoorten 2017); as Endangered in Slovakia and Switzerland; as Critically Endangered in Romania; and as Rare in Germany. In Belgium it is Regionally Extinct (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Vanderpoorten, A.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYLOCOMIACEAE,Hylocomiastrum,umbratum,,Hylocomiastrum umbratum  ,(Hedw.) M.Fleisch. ex Broth.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Shaded Wood-moss (Hylocomiastrum umbratum) has a European Boreal-montane distribution and is widespread in the mountain areas of north, central and eastern Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a stable population trend and there appear to no major threats at the European scale. It does not approach any of the thresholds for a threatened Category. Site management and monitoring of the population and habitat trends are recommended actions for this species.",Stable,"The Shaded Wood-moss (Hylocomiastrum umbratum) has a European Boreal-montane distribution and is widespread in the mountain areas of north, central and eastern Europe. Outside of Europe it is also found in North Africa (Algeria and Tunisia), the Caucasus, East Central Asia (Russia, Kamchatka, Korea, Japan) and North America (Smith 2004, Ignatov et al. 2006, Hodgetts 2015, Rohrer 2015).","The population size is unknown. The current population trend can be considered stable in light of its widespread distribution, even if it is sometimes rare. In Sweden, a couple of studies have clearly shown that the growth of the species deteriorates when the forest is cut down next to the plant site, while there are signs of recovery when moving away from the degraded area (ArtDatabanken 2015).","This species is a common competitive perennial moss. It grows on soil and humus on stone blocks and carved wood in fresh open to damp forests, in wooded valleys, on rock ledges and in coarse screes (Dierβen 2001, Smith 2004, ArtDatabanken 2015). It is found from sea level up to 2,600 m Asl.","The growth of the species deteriorates when the forest is cut down next to sites where it is found. However, at the European scale there appear to be no significant major threats to this species.","Noconservation measures are known for this species. It occurs in protected areas. It has been assessed as threatened only in a few countries, usually as Vulnerable under Category D2, most likely due to the small number of sites from which it has been reported. Site management and monitoring of the population and habitat trends are recommended actions for this species.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Hespanhol, H.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYLOCOMIACEAE,Hylocomium,splendens,,Hylocomium splendens  ,(Hedw.) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Hylocomium splendens is a circumpolar wide-boreal species. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. At the European level, there are no major known threats.",Stable,"Hylocomium splendens is a circumpolar wide-boreal species (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, it is very common in northern and mountainous parts of Europe, from Iceland, Svalbard and Arctic Russia south to the mountains of the Mediterranean region and in Macaronesia (Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). The species is also present in mountains of tropical Africa (Hedenäs 2005), North Africa and Turkey (Blockeel et al. 2014), north and central Asia, Japan, North America, Greenland and New Zealand (Smith 2004).","This is a competitive perennial species (Dierssen 2001), forming tall, extensive, stratified yellowish green to brownish green coarse wefts or patches (Smith 2004, Casas et al. 2006). The species is dioicous and capsules are very rare in Great Britain but relatively common in some regions of Scandinavia, maturing in early spring (Blockeel et al. 2014, L. Hedenäs pers. comm. 2017). During the last part of the 20th Century, there was a tendency for the species to be eliminated from the most acidic sites due to atmospheric pollution (Farmer et al. 1992, Dierssen 2001) but there are now signs of recovery in some of these areas (Blockeel et al. 2014). Presently, the overall population size is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable, although a decrease in relative abundance was recorded in Finland (Mäkipää and Heikkinen 2003).","This species occurs in usually acidic habitats on soil, in turf on banks, on heaths, moorland, sand-dunes, cliff ledges, roadsides, stream banks, in chalk and limestone grassland where leached, calcifuge (Smith 2004). In the Iberian Peninsula, it is mostly found on humus-rich soils in forests (Casas et al. 2006). Its altitudinal range goes from sea level up to almost 3,000 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014, Swissbryophytes 2018), but in the Iberian Peninsula it is mainly found in montane areas and high mountains (Casas et al. 2006).","Even though this species may be locally threatened (e.g., Netherlands, Sicily) or regionally decreasing (Finland), at the European level there are no major threats to this widespread species.","This species is found in protected areas and is listed in the following national red lists: Netherlands as Vulnerable, Sicily as ""at risk"" and the Canary Islands as Data Deficient (Hodgetts 2015).",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Köckinger, H.,Fettes, N.D.","Gabriel, R.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Hymenoloma,compactum,,Hymenoloma compactum  ,(Schleich. ex Schwägr.) Ochyra,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



Hymenoloma compactum is found in a few localities in central and northeastern Europe. Its presence is very fragmented and reduced. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its population size and trend, as well as threats. It is present in some local Red Lists as rare or threatened or assessed as Data Deficient. In Bulgaria it has been found in a single site and in Slovenia it is reported as Presence Uncertain. Further research is needed to determine its risk of extinction.",Unknown,"Hymenoloma compactum is found in a few localities in central and eastern Europe. Its presence is very fragmented and reduced (Finland, Norway, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Ukraine) while for most of the European countries in which it is reported there is no specific information. In Slovenia its presence is uncertain (Aleffi et al. 2008, Hoffman et al. 2011, Juutinen and Ulvinen 2015, Hodgetts 2015, Moose Deutschland 2018).

","No data are available on the size of the population. This is a rare species, and the current population trend is also unknown.","This is a perennial, competitive, acidophitic species, found on soil and moist rocks beside streams, and also in the crevices of mountain slopes, in alpine grassland (Dierssen 2001, Lüth 2007). It is found at elevations between 1,300 m and 3,600 m asl.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"At the European level, research is needed into this species' population size and trend, as well as into potential threats. The species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Puche, F.,Hodgetts, N.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Hymenoloma,crispulum,,Hymenoloma crispulum  ,(Hedw.) Ochyra,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Mountain Pincushion (Hymenoloma crispulum) is widespread throughout most of Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. It is common in upland Europe, but is becoming increasingly rare and confined to higher altitudes in the south. The population trend is considered to be stable in Europe as a whole, and there is no indication of fragmentation of the subpopulations. There are no major threats to the species at the European level. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. No conservation actions are required at present.",Stable,"This species is common and widespread over most of upland Europe from the Azores in the west to the Ural mountains in the east and from Greece and Italy in the south to Svalbard in the north, but is becoming increasingly rare and confined to higher altitudes in the south.It also occurs down to sea level in the north. It is not known from Denmark, Belgium, Luxembourg, Canary Islands, Madeira, Portugal, Ireland, Hungary, Moldova, the Baltic states and a few other smaller countries or regions in the Mediterranean area, and has apparently disappeared from the Netherlands and Belarus (Hodgetts 2015). Outside Europe it is widespread in Asia, North and Central America, Greenland and New Zealand. It has been found growing at elevations up to 3,200 m Asl (Hofmann et al. 2011).","The population of this species is large and considered to be stable in Europe as a whole, although it may have declined or disappeared in some lowland areas. There is no indication of fragmentation of the subpopulations.",The species grows on acidic rocks in open habitats from the lowlands in arctic regions up to the high mountains.,The species is not threatened in most upland areas. A decline is possible in the lowland areas due to global warming.,"The species has been assessed as Near Threatened in Germany (Caspari et al. 2018),and as Data Deficient in Sardinia and the Azores. It is regarded as Regionally Extinct in The Netherlands and Belarus (Hodgetts 2015). It is not considered threatened elsewhere. There is no need for conservation actions. It is not known to occur in any protected areas as yet.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Hodgetts, N.,Muller, F.,Fettes, N.D.","Schnyder, N.","Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Hymenoloma,mulahaceni,,Hymenoloma mulahaceni  ,(Höhn.) Ochyra,"Werner et al, (2013) synonymised Hymenoloma mulahaceni (Höhn.) Ochyra, with Dicranoweisia intermedia (=Hymenoloma).",No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

In Europe, Hymenoloma mulahaceni is a rare species which has been found recently only in the Sierra Nevada in Spain, with old records from Iceland and the Valais in Switzerland, where it may well still occur. This is an obscure species for which recent field knowledge is almost entirely lacking. The species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of information on its distribution, population size and trends as well as threats. Further research is needed to clarify its status throughout its range.",Unknown,"In Europe, Hymenoloma mulahaceni is a rare species which has been found recently only in the Sierra Nevada in Spain, with old records from Iceland and the Valais in Switzerland, where it may well still occur, but this is an obscure species for which recent field knowledge is almost entirely lacking. Outside the European region the species occurs throughout much of central Asia from the Caucasus and Armenia to China and the Russian Far East, and northernmost North America and Greenland (Werner et al. 2013). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 8 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is also 8 km².",The population and population trends of this species are unknown.,"In the Sierra Nevada (Spain), the species was found growing on acidic substrate, in rock crevices with a thin layer of soil, at altitudes from 3,079 to 3,482 m Asl. The type of Dicranoweisia intermedia (a synonym, collected in Switzerland) was found on rotten Larix decidua wood. Central and North Asian samples were collected on various types of stones and rocks, including base-rich carbonates, but commonly also on the bark of various trees including Juniperus, Betula and Populus. Hence it seems that there is no clear affinity to some specific site conditions, although the ecological information on the labels was not precise enough to draw firm conclusions (Werner et al. 2013).



The species is monoicous.",There is no information about the threats to this species.,"All the sites, old and new, for this species need revisiting to assess its conservation needs. Further research on its distribution, population size and trend, as well as potential threats is needed. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not known to be utilised.,"Ros-Espín, R.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Hymenostylium,gracillimum,,Hymenostylium gracillimum  ,(Nees &amp; Hornsch.) Köckinger &amp; J.Kučera,"Previously known as Gymnostomum boreale, the valid name for this species is now considered to be Hymenostylium gracillimum (Köckinger and Kučera 2011). The 2000 assessment is here amended to reflect this nomenclatural change.",Yes,EN,D,No,EN,D,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



The rare, inconspicuous species of moss, Hymenostylium gracillimum, is a European endemic that has so far been recorded only from from eight localities in Austria and European Russia. It may be more widespread than currently known, but its specific habitat requirements mean that it is certainly very rare. While knowledge about its distribution is not perfect, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 16 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca. 160,000 km2. The current population trend is unknown. The population size is estimated to be between 50 and 250 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals). This species is therefore assessed as Endangered. The mining of rocks or damming for hydropower could pose a threat to it. Surveys are necessary to find out more about the population size, distribution and potential threats. This species does not currently occur in any protected areas, and so protected areas should be established as a priority for it. Monitoring of the known sites is also recommended.",Unknown,"This is a rare, inconspicuous species of moss that has so far been recorded only from from eight localities in Austria and Russia (seven in Austria, one in Russia) (Köckinger and Kučera 2011). In Russia, this species is known only from herbarium specimens collected in the 1930's, and its presence needs to be reconfirmed in the field. Based on current knowledge, it is a European endemic. It may be more widespread than currently known, but its specific habitat requirements mean that it is certainly very rare. The published records from France and Norway are based on errors (Köckinger and Kučera 2011). It has been found growing at elevations between 500 m and 1,300 m Asl. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 16 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 160,000 km2.","There is no direct information about the population size or trend, and the current trend is considered unknown. It is estimated, however, that there are more than 50 but fewer than 250 individual-equivalents in Europe. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre where the species grows.","This species is an early pioneer of moist, shady and at the same time subneutral rock, which easily disintegrates (Köckinger and Kučera 2011). It has also been collected from north-facing dolomite rock crevices.","Nothing is known about the threats to this species, but it is thought that there is little danger (Köckinger and Schröck 2017). However, mining of rocks or damming for hydropower could pose a threat to it. In general, because of its rarity, the species may be more threatened by stochastic events.","Surveys are necessary to find out more about the population size, distribution and potential threats. This species does not currently occur in protected areas, so protected areas should be established for this very rare species. Monitoring of the known sites is also recommended. The Russian site should be reconfirmed, since the species is only known from herbarium specimens from the 1930's.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Orgaz Alvarez, J.,Englefield, E.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Hymenostylium,recurvirostrum,,Hymenostylium recurvirostrum  ,(Hedw.) Dixon,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Hymenostylium recurvirostrum is a Circumpolar Boreo-temperate species. It can be found in most of Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. At the European level there are no major threats.",Stable,"Hymenostylium recurvirostrum is a Circumpolar Boreo-temperate species. It can be found in most of Europe north to Iceland and Svalbard, but is rare in the Mediterranean region, and doubtful for the Madeira region (Blockeel et al. 2014, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). Outside Europe, it occurs in most parts of Asia, America, and Africa, also reported to New Zealand, is doubtful in Australia (Blockeel et al. 2014).",The overall population size is certainly very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable.,"This species can be found on moist or wet habitats, often in upland regions. This calcicolous moss is widespread in upland trails, on dripping rock faces and wet crevices in ravines on montane crags, and in artificial constructions. More sporadic habitats include moist boulders and limestone pavement, old quarries, and damp walls. On the coast, it occurs on moist banks, cliffs, and on moist calcareous sand in dunes. An association with metalliferous mine waste that has high levels of copper and arsenic in Cornwall, and some sites in N Wales associated with lead mines were reported (Holyoak 2012). It is found sea level up to 2,250 m Asl in Andorra.","Even though this species may be locally threatened, there are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species.","This species is known to occur in protected areas, and has been assessed as Vanished in Luxembourg, but probably not extinct, Vulnerable in Czech Republic, Threatened in Belgium, Near Threatened in Germany, Finland, and Data Deficient in Hungary and Madeira region (Hodgetts 2015, Sim-Sim et al. 2014).",This species is not utilised.,"Hedenäs, L.,Cálix, M.","Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Hymenostylium,xerophilum,,Hymenostylium xerophilum  ,Köckinger &amp; Kučera,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Hymenostylium xerophilum has only recently been described so its distribution is insufficiently known. It is so far known only from about forty localities in Austria and Germany, with an area of occupancy (AOO) estimated at 120 km², and an extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 40,000 km². There is no detailed information on the population size, but some subpopulations are quite large, and because this plant grows in remote and secure places, the overall population trend is almost certainly stable. The population size is estimated to be larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals). In addition, there are no major threats to this species at the European level. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. No conservation measures are necessary at present, but more research into its distribution is recommended.",Stable,"This species has only recently been described (Köckinger and Kučera 2011), so its distribution is insufficiently known. It is so far known only from about forty localities in Austria and Germany, specifically from the calcareous regions of the eastern Alps. The record for Germany was published for the first time by Meinunger and Schröder (2007), as Gymnostomum sp.. Outside Europe it has also been found at two localities in Asia (J. Kučera pers. comm. 2017). Its altitudinal range is between ca 400 m and 2,500 m Asl. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 120 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 40,000 km².","There is no detailed information on the population size, but some subpopulations are quite large, and because this plant grows in remote and secure places, the overall population trend is almost certainly stable. It is estimated that the population size is well above 1,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows.","This species grows in moderately dry to dry, half-shaded to sunny lime-rich rocks (preferring dolomite or slate), mostly on vertical surfaces in the submontane to alpine belt (Köckinger and Kučera 2011).","There are no major threats to this species at the European level (Schröck et al. 2013, 2014, Köckinger and Schröck 2017).","No special nature conservation measures are necessary for this species at present. However, more research into its distribution is recommended. It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Ignatova, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYLOCOMIACEAE,Hyocomium,armoricum,,Hyocomium armoricum  ,(Brid.) Wijk &amp; Margad.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Hyocomium armoricum is an oceanic temperate species. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. At the European level, there are no major known threats.",Stable,"Hyocomium armoricum is an oceanic temperate species (Smith 2004, Blockeel et al. 2014). It occurs in the Atlantic zone of Europe, as well as west and central Europe, north to western Norway, and the Faroe Islands, and is also found in northern Macaronesia (Azores and Madeira) (Smith 2004, Hodgetts 2015). The species is also present in Eurasia and Eastern Asia (Dierssen 2001).","This is a perennial species (Dierssen 2001), forming golden green to golden brown patches, sometimes extensive (Smith 2004, Casas et al. 2006). The species is dioicous and capsules are very rare in Great Britain, maturing from late autumn to spring (Blockeel et al. 2014). Presently, the overall population size is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable.","This species occurs in acidophyte (subneutrophyte) substrata, close to water or splashed by spray or periodically flooded (Dierssen 2001), especially on boulders and banks, rocks or tree roots, by streams, torrents or waterfalls (Casas et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014). In Great Britain and Ireland its altitudinal range goes from 0-770 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014).","Even though this species may be locally threatened (e.g., Romania, Norway), at the European level there are no major threats to this widespread species.",This species occurs in protected areas and is listed in the following national Red Lists: Romania as Critically Endangered and Norway as Vulnerable (Hodgetts 2015).,The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Cálix, M.,Hedenäs, L.","Gabriel, R.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Hyophila,involuta,,Hyophila involuta  ,(Hook.) A. Jaeger,,No,VU,C2a(i),No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



Hyophila involuta is rare in Europe, and is found along the shores of rivers and lakes, usually at low altitudes. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it is estimated that there are between 250 and 2,500 individual-equivalents in Europe and in the EU 28, and subpopulations have between 250 and 1,000 individual-equivalents (one individual-equivalent is considered one square metre on which the species grows). In addition, there is a continuing decline in the population due to the destruction of old embankment walls where the species grows. This species is found on the walls of old embankments, and once these are replaced with new walls, the subpopulations are completely destroyed. Site protection is recommended to prevent further population declines. Further research is recommended into the population size, distribution and trends, and habitat monitoring is also necessary.",Decreasing,"The Cement Moss (Hyophila involuta) is a cosmopolitan species. It is relatively common throughout tropical areas, but in Europe, it is a rare species, found along the shores of rivers and lakes, usually at low altitudes. This species is known from scattered localities in Austria (Vorarlberg, Bregenz), Germany, France (Haute-Savoie,Tarn-et-Garonne, Bas-Rhin, Gironde, Lot-et Garonne), northern Italy (Lombardia near Como, Liguria: Costa di Cerisola, Val Tuja presso Rapallo), Slovenia, Switzerland, Spain (Navarra, Valle de Baztan, ladera N del Gorramendi) (Granger 2005, Sabovljevic et al. 2008, Cano 2013, Köckinger et al. 2013, Moose Deutschland 2017). Outside of Europe, this species has a worldwide distribution and is reported from Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, North, Central and South America, Paciﬁc Islands, and Australia.

Ros et al. (2013), with respect to the presence of this species in Sicily, state that this species was reported from Sicily by Roth (1909) and Zodda (1907) sub Gymnostomum involutum, but it was later excluded from the Sicilian bryoflora after a review of the herbarium specimen by Bottini (Zodda 1909).



 



 



 



 



 



","Only for Spain it is specifiedthat there is a smallsterile subpopulation (Cano 2013). It is a rare species in Europe and subpopulations are small and the current trend seems to be decreasing due to the destruction of suitable sites. It is estimated that there are between 250 and 2,500 individual-equivalents in Europe. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered one square meter on which the species grows). There are some subpopulations with more than 250 individual-equivalents (some lakes such as Bodensee in Germany and Vierwaldstätter See in Switzerland). In France subpopulations are very small, and there is usually only one individual-equivalent per site. There are 20 known sites.","The species is basophytic, highly hygrophytic, rheophytic (Dierssen 2001). It lives on moist soil, usually limestone rocks and temporarily flooded in forest formations. It is found on rivers and lakes shores, usually at low altitudes. This kind of habitat is similar in all of Europe (Cano 2013). It also grows on old walls on river embankments. It is found at elevations between 164 m and 1,700 m Asl.

","This species is found on the walls of old embankments, and once these are replaced with new walls, the subpopulations are completely destroyed. There is therefore a continuing decline in the number of sites, extent and quality of the habitat, as well as in mature individuals.","Site protection is recommended to prevent further declines in the population and at the same time ex-situ conservation for reproduction and reintroduction of the species and to create a genome resource bank. Further research is recommended into the population size, distribution and trends, and habitat monitoring is also necessary. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas.","Along with Tortula ruralis, it is listedbetweenspecieseligible forbeingcultivatedfor aquariums (Flowgrow 2013).","Englefield, E.,Kiebacher, T.","Cogoni, A., Campisi, P., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F. & Lüth, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Hypnum,aemulans,,Hypnum aemulans  ,Breidl.,"Hypnum aemulans is endemic to Austria, and is known from only two localities in the province of Salzburg (Limpricht 1904). This species is closely related to H. callichroum, H. holmenii and H. hamulosum. Ando (1994)  treats it as a good species. As this species has not been seen for over 100 years, and fieldwork is urgently needed to see if it still exists, a targeted study on the distribution, population size, threats and taxonomic value of this species will be necessary.",Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



Hypnum aemulans is endemic to Austria, and is known from only two localities in the province of Salzburg. It is closely related to H. callichroum, H. holmenii and H. hamulosum but currently considered a good species. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its population size and trend, as well as threats. It has not been seen since it was first reported in the early 1900's. However, no searches have been conducted in the known localities, and it may well still occur there. This species grows (or grew) on lime-rich rock faces in the alpine zone. As this species has not been seen for over 100 years, and fieldwork is urgently needed to see if it still exists, a targeted study on the distribution, population size, threats and taxonomic value of this species will be necessary.",Unknown,"Hypnum aemulans is endemic to Austria, and is known from only two localities in the province of Salzburg (Limpricht 1904). This species is closely related to H. callichroum, H. holmenii and H. hamulosum. Ando (1994)  treats it as a good species. It has not been seen since it was first reported in the early 1900's, but no recent searches have been conducted. It was reported growing at altitudes between 2,200 m and 2,300 m Asl. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both estimated at 8 km2.",The population size and trend of this species are unknown.,This species grows (or grew) on lime-rich rock faces in the alpine zone.,"There is no evidence of any threats, but a threat assessment is impossible because of the lack of data. The threats are therefore considered unknown.","This species has not been seen for over 100 years, and fieldwork is urgently needed to see if it still exists. Then a targeted study on the distribution, population size, threats and taxonomic value of this species will be necessary. It does not occur in any protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Mazimpaka, V.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Hypnum,andoi,,Hypnum andoi  ,A.J.E. Sm.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Mamillate Plait-moss (Hypnum andoi) is a suboceanic temperate species of western, central and northern Europe to about 68°N in Scandinavia, east to Latvia and Ukraine, but rare southwards in the Mediterranean region and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population is large and stable, and it is often abundant in the main parts of its range. In addition, there appear to be no major threats to it, and no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"The Mamillate Plait-moss (Hypnum andoi) is a suboceanic temperate species of western, central and northern Europe to about 68°N in Scandinavia, east to Latvia and Ukraine, but rare southwards in the Mediterranean region and the Canary Islands. Outside of Europe it is recorded from Turkey and northeastern North America (Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Maine) (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 3,304 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 9.6 million km².","This species is often abundant in the main parts of its range and the current population trend appears to be stable. Records have increased in recent years owing to better recording of this taxon. The total population is unknown in detail but is certainly large.

","The most typical habitat of this species is on the trunks and larger branches of trees, where it may form extensive and often pure mats (and pendent curtains in some very humid woods). It is calcifuge and is common on trees with acid bark, being characteristic of western oak woods, but occurring on a very wide range of other tree species, both in well-illuminated sites (as on river banks) and in most types of woodland, including wet Salix carr. It is plentiful even on conifers in areas of high rainfall. Common associates include Frullania spp., Dicranum spp., Metzgeria spp., Microlejeunea ulicina and Isothecium myosuroides (though usually higher up the trunks than that species). It may persist on fallen logs and stumps but is rare on decayed wood. It is also frequent on siliceous and igneous rocks, sometimes covering boulders in woodland, associated with Lepidozia reptans, Scapania nemorea, S. gracilis, Dicranum fuscescens, Grimmia  hartmanii, Pohlia nutans, Mnium hornumand many other calcifuge species. It favours sites with some shelter and flourishes in humid woodland, becoming rarer in drier eastern districts (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from 5 m up to 3,000 m Asl.



This species is dioicous; capsules are common in the west, occasional eastwards, maturing in autumn and winter.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. It has been assessed as Vulnerable in Serbia, as Near Threatened in Sicily and Romania, and as Data Deficient in Montenegro and the Canary Islands (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Mazimpaka, V.,Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Hypnum,bambergeri,,Hypnum bambergeri  ,Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Golden Plait-moss (Hypnum bambergeri) has a Circumpolar Arctic-montane distribution. It is widely distributed in the Arctic and extends southward, especially in alpine sites. It is found in montane sites in north, west, east, and central Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the current population trend is thought to be stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Golden Plait-moss (Hypnum bambergeri) has a Circumpolar Arctic-montane distribution. It is widely distributed in the Arctic and extends southward, especially in alpine sites. It is found in montane sites in north, west, east, and central Europe. Outside of Europe is found in Turkey, North Asia, northern North America and Greenland (Smith 2004, Hodgetts 2015).","The size of the population is unknown. This species is found at high altitudes in large, extensive stocks, whereas at lower elevations it is rare. Sporophytes are very rare and sometimes unknown (Cortini Pedrotti 2006, Smith 2004, Moose Deutschland 2018). The current population trend is thought to be stable.","This species forms carpets or tufts on base-rich soil. It is found in montane habitats, on boulders, in crevices and on rock faces, over limestone and calcareous mica-schist, dry tundra, open conifer forests, mainly calcicolous. It grows on substrates at least periodically humid or wet, and it prefers a partially shaded exposure (Dierβen 2001, Smith 2004, Atherton et al. 2010, Schofield et al. 2015). It is found at elevations between 550 m and 2,880 m Asl. 



",There appear to be no major threats to this species.,"No specific conservation actions are necessary at present. The species occurs in protected areas. This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Great Britain, as Endangered in Switzerland, and as Near Threatened in Finland, Slovakia and Slovenia (Hodgetts 2015).",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Vanderpoorten, A.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Hypnum,callichroum,,Hypnum callichroum  ,Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Downy Plait-moss (Hypnum callichroum) has a Circumpolar Boreo-arctic Montane distribution. It is present in the mountains of north, central and eastern Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, the current population trend is stable, and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Downy Plait-moss (Hypnum callichroum) has a Circumpolar Boreo-arctic Montane distribution. It is present in the mountains of north, central and eastern Europe. It is also found in the Caucasus, Turkey, north and central Asia, China, Japan, and North America (Smith 2004, Hodgetts 2015, Schofield et al. 2015).","In Germany, this species is often found in large to extensive stocks (Moose Deutschland 2018). It is stable in the Alps. In the rarer northern center areas, it could be threatened. In general, at the European level it is quite well distributed and the current population trend is stable.","This is a competitive perennial species. It is humicolous and grows on periodically wet rocks or in areas of late snow, generally in humid, shady and slightly acidic or slightly basic environments, on soil, rotten wood or tree trunks in the woods, on the banks and on gorges. It is found mainly in the high mountainous and subalpine regions rarely in the lowlands and at low altitudes (Dierβen 2001, Smith 2004, Atherton et al. 2010). It is found at elevations of between 760 m and 3,990 m Asl.",No major threats are reported to this species.,"No specific conservation actions are necessary. It is included in many regional Red Lists assessed as Vulnerable or Endangered (Hodgetts 2015, Moose Deutschland 2018). It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Pilkington, S.,Cálix, M.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Hypnum,cupressiforme,,Hypnum cupressiforme  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Hypnum cupressiforme is very widespread in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. The horticultural and decoration use are certainly a threat in some regions of Europe, especially where collecting is not regulated or controlled. This represents an important threat at the European level to this widespread species.",Stable,"Hypnum cupressiforme is a Circumpolar Wide-temperate species. It can be found throughout Europe, north to Iceland and northern Scandinavia, Macaronesia (Azores, Madeira and Canary Islands), North Africa and southwestern Asia. This species is widespread in both Northern and Southern Hemispheres, from subarctic to subantarctic zones, montane in the tropics (Sérgio et al. 2006, González-Mancebo et al. 2008, Gabriel et al. 2011, Blockeel et al. 2014).",The overall population size is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable.,"This common moss is usually found on soil and rocks in moderate exposed areas, as an epiphyte it forms mats on the trunks and branches of trees and shrubs, and is equally common on fallen logs and stumps. It occurs on calcareous to moderately acid rocks, both exposed and lightly shaded. It is often abundant on built structures, including walls, roofs and bridges. Occasional habitats include coastal slopes and heath. This species occurs from sea level up to 2,600 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014).","The horticultural and decoration use are certainly a threat in some regions of Europe, especially where collecting is not regulated or controlled. This represents an important threat at the European level to this widespread species.",The species is present in protected areas throughout its range and no conservation or research actions are currently needed.,"This is one of the commercially most important moss species in central and northern Europe, where it is collected and used in the horticultural industry together with other Hypnum species, especially H. andoi and H. jutlandicum. In Germany, tons of these","Duckett, J.,Cálix, M.","Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Hypnum,fertile,,Hypnum fertile  ,Sendtn.,,Yes,CR,C2a(i),No,CR,C2a(i),EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)



EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)



Hypnum fertile is an endemic species to Europe, where it has a wide distribution with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated at over 1.4 million km2, but a very restricted area of occupancy, estimated at 180 km2 (120 km2 in the EU 28).  



This species is assessed as Critically Endangered globally, in Europe and in the EU 28 since there are fewer than 250 individual-equivalents, there is a continuing decline in its population (inferred from increasingly rare recent records), as well as habitat extent and quality, and there are fewer than 50 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one log on which the species grows. Its population is not considered severely fragmented, as it often produces sporophytes and has the potential of spreading, but the subpopulations are very small, with 1-2 individual-equivalents per subpopulation.



The threats to this species can be conventional forestry and modern forest management practices. It is known to occur in protected areas, however, giving it some form of protection. Further research on the reasons for its decline are needed. Site protection and ex-situ conservation measures are also recommended for this European endemic species.",Decreasing,"This is a rare central European species that was once taxonomically included with another species found in North America and Asia, which has a suboceanic, temperate and montane distribution; but is now regarded as a separate species endemic to Europe (Ignatov et al. 1996, Ando and Schofield 1999). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at over 1.4 million km2, surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. However, the area of occupancy (AOO) is very restricted, being estimated at 180 km2, and about 120 km2 in the EU 28.","This species has been widely misidentified. It is extremely rare in Austria, where it is found growing on dead wood. The two records from Bulgaria are old. Most of the records of this species in Europe are from Germany and Austria, but there are more old than recent records. There is one recent record from Estonia in 2016. 



Its population trend seems to be decreasing. Its population is not considered severely fragmented although its subpopulations are small, with 1-2 individual-equivalents per subpopulation. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one log on which the species grows. Its population size is therefore estimated to be between 50 and 250 individual-equivalents both in Europe and in the EU 28, with fewer than 50 individual-equivalents per subpopulation.",This species grows on dead and decaying logs near creeks in coniferous and broadleaf forests (Dierssen 2001). It is known to produce sporophytes.,Potential threats to this species are conventional forestry and modern forest management practices. There is a continuing decline in the habitat of this species across Europe.,"This species is listed in the following national Red Lists: Czech Republic (Critically Endangered), Bulgaria (Endangered), Austria (Endangered), Germany (Endangered), Poland (Endangered), Switzerland (Vulnerable), Slovakia (Data Deficient) and Montenegro (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015, J. Kucera pers. comm. 2017). This species is known to occur in protected areas, such as Tudusoo Nature Reserve in Estonia. Further research on the reasons for its decline are needed. Site protection and ex-situ conservation are also needed for this species.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Hylander, K.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Hypnum,hamulosum,,Hypnum hamulosum  ,Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Hook-leaved Plait-moss (Hypnum hamulosum) is a circumpolar Arctic-montane moss that occurs, often rather sparsely, in mountainous and Arctic regions of Europe from Iceland and Svalbard south to the Pyrenees, Alps and Balkans. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it is threatened in some areas, and has apparently declined in at least some of those areas, these declines are considered likely to be the result of a lack of recent survey effort, and the species is still common in the north. Monitoring of some of the edge-of-range and threatened subpopulations is recommended.",Stable,"The Hook-leaved Plait-moss (Hypnum hamulosum) is a circumpolar Arctic-montane moss that occurs, often rather sparsely, in mountainous and Arctic regions of Europe from Iceland and Svalbard south to the Pyrenees, Alps and Balkans (Serbia and Montenegro). It has apparently disappeared from the Spanish Pyrenees. Outside the European region the species also occurs in the Caucasus, Turkey, Kazakhstan, the Himalayas, northern and eastern Asia, China, northern North America (Canada and Alaska), and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 1,900 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10.2 million km².","This species is rare and apparently declining in many areas, and therefore included in several Red Lists, but these declines may be the result of recent under-recording. The species is probably stable in the north and in the Alps, and the current population trend is considered to be overall stable.","The speciesgrows oncalcareousand oftendamp surfaces,on rocks, boulders andsoil,mainly inthe mountainsandsubalpine zone. In Britain, it has two quite distinct habitats. The most common of these is on rather dry and often exposed rock surfaces on base-rich crags in the hills where it can occur with Hypnum cupressiforme, Pterigynandrum filiforme, Racomitrium heterostichum, R. lanuginosum, Tortella tortuosa and less common species such as Encalypta alpina and Racomitrium himalayanum. The other habitat is as a component of the species-rich moss heath that forms on some exposed ridges, particularly on mountains in the northwest of Scotland. Here it occurs with Armeria maritima, Minuartia sedoides, Salix herbacea, Silene acaulis, Hylocomium splendens, Racomitrium lanuginosum and rarely Aulacomnium turgidum. Additional associates recorded in Germany include Pohlia cruda, Bazzania tricrenataand Distichium capillaceum.It can occur at lower altitudes and has even been found as an epiphyte, with Tortella tortuosa, on a willow on a loch margin (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014, Hedenäs and Hallingbäck 2014). Its altitudinal range is from 80 m up to 2,640 m Asl.



It is autoicous; capsules are rare.",There appear to be no major threats to this species at the European scale.,"This species has been assessed as Endangered in Switzerland, as Vulnerable in Finland and Romania, as rare in Germany, and as Data Deficient in Montenegro, Slovenia and Slovakia. It is considered Regionally Extinct in Spain(Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas. Monitoring of some of the edge-of-range and threatened subpopulations is recommended.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hespanhol, H.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G., Schröck, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Hypnum,holmenii,,Hypnum holmenii  ,Ando,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Hypnum holmenii is known from some sites in northern Sweden, Finland and from northern Russia. This is a very small species and subpopulations are usually quite small. It seems to have a stable population trend and there are no major threats to most of the known subpopulations. However, it is estimated that there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe and in the EU 28. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, there are two known sites in Finland currently threatened by prospecting activities related to mining. Since the species can be confused with other similar species, such as H. hamulosum and H. callichroum, it is recommended that material from herbaria be checked to determine whether this species is more common than currently known.",Stable,"This species is known from some sites in northern Sweden (Hedenäs 2012), Finland (Ulvinen 2010) and from northern Russia (Hedenäs 2012). In European Russia, it is found in northern and eastern areas, in the Ural mountains (Ignatov et al. 2006). Outside Europe, this species is recorded from northern Asia and northern North America, including Greenland (Hedenäs et al. 2014), and is therefore not endemic to Europe or the EU 28. This small species can and has been confused with the similar H. hamulosum and H. callichroum (Ando 1994).

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 150 and 300 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 150 km2 and the EOO is between 150,000 and 200,000 km2. The altitudinal range of this species is from sea level to 1,500 m Asl.","This species is recorded in Sweden, from around 15 sites, in Finland from around 18 sites and from a couple of localities in Russia. There is no indication of any decline and the current population trend is thought to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. The subpopulations of this species are usually small with only a few individuals. This is a rare species which can be confused with other similar species, and it is therefore possible that it is more widespread than currently known. However, it is conservatively estimated that in Europe, there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and with one individual-equivalent considered as 1 m2 on which the species grows).","This species grows on both calcareous and lime poor substrates, such as on peaty soil, cliffs in canyons and in forests (mainly coniferous). It is found in both alpine zones and lowland (Hedenäs et al. 2014). It is a small species forming small mats and sporophytes are rare.","There are no major threats to most subpopulations of this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. However, there are two known sites in Finland currently threatened by prospecting activities related to mining.","This species is in the Red List of Finland as Near Threatened (NT) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas in Sweden. Since the species can be confused with other similar species, such as H. hamulosum and H. callichroum, it is recommended that material from herbaria be checked to determine whether this species is more common than currently known. The material from the Swedish Museum of Natural History and Finnish Natural History Museum's herbarium have been checked and all samples confirmed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Schröck, C.,Vellak, K.,Blom, H.,Afonina, O.,Lönnell, N.,Goldberg, I.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Englefield, E.,Weibull, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Hypnum,imponens,,Hypnum imponens  ,Hedw.,,No,NT,B2ab(iii),No,NT,B2ab(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



The Pellucid Plait-moss (Hypnum imponens) is a European temperate moss, occurring in Europe north to about 67°N in Scandinavia, south to northern Spain, Sicily and the Balkan mountains, east to Latvia, Ukraine and Crimea. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its area of occupancy (AOO) is close to the threshold for a threatened Category under Criterion B (ca 2,580 km² in Europe and slightly smaller in the EU 28, but still larger than 2,000 km²), the population is considered to be severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to ongoing threats. Although stable in some areas, significant declines have been recorded in some parts of the range, but it is still too frequent to be considered threatened. The main threats to this species are habitat destruction and degradation, through drainage, afforestation, etc; eutrophication and atmospheric pollution, especially nitrogen loading, may also be threats, as general threats to lowland heathland areas in highly populated parts of Europe. Monitoring of some subpopulations should take place. Further research is also needed into the population size and trend, as well as into the threats.",Unknown,"The Pellucid Plait-moss (Hypnum imponens) is a European temperate moss, occurring in Europe north to about 67°N in Scandinavia, south to northern Spain, Sicily and the Balkan mountains, east to Latvia, Ukraine and Crimea. A report from Corsica could not be substantiated. The species is considered absent from Portugal (C. Sérgio pers. comm. 2017) but is present in the Azores. Outside the European region the species is recorded from Turkey and eastern North America, and doubtfully, Asia (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 2,580 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 9 million km².","The population size and trend of this species are not well known. However, significant declines have been recorded in some parts of its range. For example, in the Netherlands, a decline of 75% has been observed(BLWG 2007), and declines have been recorded in Germany (by almost 50%), Austria and Switzerland, although always rare in the latter countries. The population is considered to be severely fragmented, since this is a perennial and long-lived species which rarely produces sporophytes, and its habitat has become much reduced in some areas, leading to pockets where it is relatively frequent separated by wide areas where it is absent. These small and isolated subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. This species has probably been recorded very unevenly across Europe, owing to confusion with other species of Hypnum.

","This is an infrequent but sometimes locally common calcifuge species of wet heath and raised, valley, blanket bogs and pine forests. It often occurs among Calluna vulgaris, Eriophorum spp., Erica tetralix, Vaccinium myrtillus and Myrica gale, and also on bare peat. Hypnum jutlandicum invariably occurs with it or in the vicinity. It sometimes persists in or colonises disturbed habitats, as on burned moorland, on peaty tracks and on the sides of ditches cut into bog and heath, and occasionally in open areas or on rotten wood in wet acid woodland. Exceptionally it grows on damp sandstone rocks. However, in eastern North America H. imponens is a woodland plant, occurring on logs and to a lesser extent on banks and rocks (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from 10 m up to 2,000 m Asl.



This is a dioicous species; capsules are very rare.","The main threats to this species are habitat destruction and degradation, through drainage, afforestation, etc; eutrophication and atmospheric pollution, especially nitrogen loading, may also be threats, as general threats to lowland heathland areas in highly populated parts of Europe. There is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat of this species.","This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Spain, the Czech Republic and (in prep.) in Austria, as Endangered in Germany, as Vulnerable in Switzerland, as 'highly endangered' in the Netherlands, and as Data Deficient in Serbia and Belarus (Hodgetts 2015). At least some of the best subpopulations, particularly in large areas of intact heathland, should be protected and managed suitably. Monitoring of some subpopulations should take place. Further research is also needed into the population size and trend, as well as into the threats. It is unknown whether this species occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Duckett, J.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G., Schröck, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Hypnum,jutlandicum,,Hypnum jutlandicum  ,Holmen &amp; E. Warncke,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Hypnum jutlandicum is a Suboceanic Temperate species. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. The horticultural use is certainly a threat in some regions of Europe, especially where collecting is not regulated or controlled. This threat is localized to specific countries.",Stable,"Hypnum jutlandicum is a Suboceanic Temperate species. It is found in central and northwestern Europe from Iceland and northwestern Fennoscandia, east to the Baltic States and Ukraine. It can also be found in Macaronesia (Azores, Madeira Island and in the Canary Islands - only in La Palma and Tenerife), Turkey and doubtfully on Cyprus. It is rare southwards to the northern Mediterranean region. It is can be found in northern Africa (Algeria), Iran and eastern Canada (Nova Scotia, Newfoundland) (Casas et al. 2006, Sérgio et al. 2006, González-Mancebo et al. 2008, Gabriel et al. 2011, Blockeel et al. 2014).",The overall population size is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable.,"This species grows on the ground, on soil covered boulders and rocks or as an epiphyte. It is common and abundant on both lowland and montane heath, being rarer on very wet ground. It occurs among ericaceous shrubs, in open woodland, on humus, on the drier parts of raised bogs and in acid dunes and grassland, including the margins of forest trails. It colonises acid soils in old quarries, and although it does not flourish in deep shade, it may be the sole bryophyte to persist in small quantity in dense conifer plantations. It occurs from sea level up to 1,500 m Asl (Hedenäs 1992, Hill et al. 1992, Gabriel et al. 2011, Blockeel et al. 2014).","The horticultural and decoration use are certainly a threat in some regions of Europe, especially where collecting is not regulated or controlled. This threat is localized to specific countries.","This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Romania, as Vulnerable in Switzerland, as Near Threatened in Hungary and as Data Deficient in the Canary Island and Belarus (Hodgetts 2015). The species is present in protected areas throughout its range.","This is one of the commercially most important moss species in central and northern Europe, where it is collected and used in the horticultural industry together with other Hypnum species, especially H. andoi and H. cupressiforme. In Germany tons of these","Cálix, M.,Seneca, A.","Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Hypnum,pallescens,,Hypnum pallescens  ,(Hedw.) P. Beauv.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Hypnum pallescens is distributed from southern Fennoscandia to the Pyrenees and the mountains of southeast Europe. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 7.5 million km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 3.3 million km2. It is widely distributed in the forest and forest-steppe zones of Ukraine and European Russia, where it is one of the most frequent species. In Sweden, Finland and the Baltic countries, it is presented by numerous subpopulations and in both Europe and the EU 28, the overall current population trend of the species appears to be stable. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

The possible threats to this species may be tree harvesting and the reduction of forested areas. However, this species can survive in the felled areas. Near the southern and western border of its European range, this species may be vulnerable and need protection.",Stable,"In Europe, this circumpolar, boreo-temperate, subcontinental species is distributed from southern Fennoscandia to the Pyrenees and the mountains of southeast Europe. In Belarus, Ukraine and European Russia, it is widespread in the boreal, temperate and forest-steppe zones. Elsewhere, it is known from Siberia, the Russian Far East, the Caucasus, Middle Asia, the Himalayas, China, Taiwan and North America (Ignatov et al. 2006, Hodgetts 2015). The presence in Greece is based on old record (Ganiatsas 1937) and should be verified (Düll 1995). The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 2,100 m Asl.

In Europe, this species has a large geographic range - the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 7.5 million km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 3.3 million km2.","Numerous and large subpopulations of this species are known. The species is frequently fertile. The population trend seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. It is widely distributed in the forest and forest-steppe zones of Ukraine and European Russia, where it is one of the most frequent species. In Sweden, Finland and the Baltic countries, this species is presented by numerous subpopulations.","It grows in a wide range of humidities and light habitat conditions in forests, city parks and windbreak shelter-belts on decaying wood and tree bases of various coniferous and deciduous tree species. More rarely, it also grows on rocks, soil and man-made substrates, such as bricks and concrete (Gapon 1997, Bezgodov 2000, Ignatov and Ignatova 2004).","The possible threats to this species may be tree harvesting and the reduction of forested areas. Nevertheless, this species can survive in the felled areas and restore the abundance in the secondary birch and aspen forests that replaced indigenous forests during natural reforestation (Baisheva et al. 2015).","This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Spain, as near threatened (GE) in the Netherlands, as Near Threatened (NT) in Bulgaria and Romania, and as Vulnerable (VU) in Luxembourg (Brugués et al. 2014, Siebel et al. 2013, Natcheva et al. 2006, Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012, Werner 2014). A lot of known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Near the southern and western border of its European range, this species may be vulnerable and need protection.",This species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Denyer, J.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Hypnum,plicatulum,,Hypnum plicatulum  ,(Lindb.) A. Jaeger,,No,CR,C2a(i); D,No,CR,C2a(i); D,EU28,,"EU 28  regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

Hypnum plicatulum is very rare in Europe, and known only from a few isolated localities in Russia and Finland. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Europe as there are less than 100 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in the population, there is a continuing decline in the species and there are less than 50 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation. 

In the EU 28, there are less than 50 individual-equivalents of this species, and probably only one individual-equivalent in each subpopulation. It is only known from Finland where it occurs in just five localities. There is also continuing decline. It is therefore also assessed as Critically Endangered for this region.

This species is possibly threatened by recreational activities such as trampling and rock climbing, that degrade the cliff or tundra vegetation. Another possible threat is climate change. Further research on the population size, distribution, trend and threats of this species is needed.",Decreasing,"This is an arcto-boreal species, that is widely distributed in Asia (Siberia, Russian Far East, Mongolia, Korea and Japan), North America and Greenland. In Europe, it is very rare, and known only from a few isolated localities in Finland, the Kola Peninsula, the island of Kolguev in the Barents Sea, and the Urals mountains (Abramova et al. 1961, Ignatov and Ignatova 2004, Afonina et al. 2007, Afonina 2008, Baisheva et al. 2015).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 1.1 million km2 in Europe (based on total area within a minimum convex polygon around all known occurrences), and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 68 km2 (based on a 2x2 km2 grid overlay on the range map). In the EU 28, it is only known from Finland, and so the EOO of the species is estimated to be around 2,000 km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 20 km2  (Rassi et al. 2010, Juutinen and Ulvinen 2017, T. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2016).The species is present in eighteen  isolated localities in different regions of Europe. The time and  intensity of the threats to the species (trampling, rock climbing, short-term climate change) affect these areas relatively independently; therefore the species is estimated to only occur in 13 locations. In Finland, due to the same threats, there are considered to be five locations.","A few small and isolated subpopulations are known. The dispersal ability seems to be not very low, the sporophytes are quite frequent (Afonina 2008). 

In Finland, the species is severely fragmented, as the subpopulations are small and isolated and may go extinct with the reduced possibility of recolonisation. There are considered to be only five localities in Finland and the subpopulations show a decreasing trend. A continuing decline of the extent and number of subpopulations has been observed (Rassi et al. 2010).

In European Russia, the subpopulation trend is unknown, but the species is probably vulnerable due to the presence of the species being near the western border of its range in Eurasia. The trend of the subpopulations in the Urals, which is the core of the overall population, is stable. However, the subpopulations in the Kola Peninsula and in Finland are declining. In the Kola Peninsula, there has only been one record after 2000, implying a negative population trend. The overall population trend is therefore decreasing. In each subpopulation across Europe, there seems to be less than one individual-equivalent (considered as mature individuals and with each individual-equivalent as 1 m2), and therefore the overall population size is estimated to be smaller than 100 individual-equivalents.","This species grows in the wet rock outcrops covered by humus, in rocky and moss tundra on the soil between stones and on rotten wood. It is also found on the bark and the bases of birch and rowan trees in the mountain forests (Abramova et al. 1961, Afonina 2008, Taskaev 2009, Ignatov and Ignatova 2004). There is a slight continuing decline in the habitat quality.","The possible threats to this species are climate change, including short-term fluctuations (Rassi et al. 2010) and recreational activity, such as trampling and rock climbing, leading to the degradation of cliff or tundra vegetation, especially near the mountain peaks heavily visited by tourists (E. Baisheva pers. obs. 2017).","This species is included in the Red List of Finland, where it has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU) (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2016, Rassi et al. 2010) and has also been assessed as category '3' (a rare species) in the Komi Republic of  Russia (Taskaev 2009). Some subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Further research on the population size, distribution, trend and threats of this species is needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Virtanen, R.,Englefield, E.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.","Juutinen, R.,Schröck, C.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Hypnum,recurvatum,,Hypnum recurvatum  ,(Lindb. &amp; Arnell) Kindb.,,No,LC,,No,,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Hypnum recurvatum is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It is found in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This species of moss is more or less confined to the mountainous parts of central, southern and northern Europe. It is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, where it is also found in Asia and North America (Frey et al. 2006, Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","This is a widespread but uncommon species of moss in the mountains of central, southern and northern Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This species is an obligate calcicole. It is usually found on relatively plane surfaces of cliffs or boulders, particularly where humidity is persistent. Its altitudinal range is ca. 400-2,900 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Czech Republic (Critically Endangered), Spain (Endangered), Romania (Near Threatened) and Bulgaria (Data Deficient) (though there was a recent record here) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas across its range in Europe.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Natcheva, R.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Hypnum,sauteri,,Hypnum sauteri  ,Schimp.,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Hypnum sauteri is a European endemic moss with its main distribution in the Alps. It inhabits moist, shady calcareous rocks, boulders and more rarely smaller stones from the montane belt up to the timber line. It is widespread in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the thresholds for a threatened Category. The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, but it is thought to be stable at least in most of its distribution range. Isolated or marginal subpopulations may be declining. The population size is certainly well above 10,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals). This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern globally, in Europe and in the EU 28.



Records of this moss species from high alpine habitats should be checked. No major threats exist to it at the European level, but it is deemed rare and threatened only at the edge of its natural range. The isolated subpopulations outside the Alps in Germany, Czech Republic, Bulgaria and Macedonia should be protected. In some regions, more research needs to be conducted into the exact distribution of this species. It is known to occur in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This moss is a European endemic with its main distribution in the Alps - France, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, Austria, and Slovenia (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). It is scattered in the Tatra Mountains of Slovakia and Poland, and has very isolated occurrences in the French Pyrenees and the Massif Central. In Italy it is also known in Abruzzo. It is very rare in the Czech Republic, central Germany (Swabian Alb, Neckar region, Bavarian Forest) and Bulgaria. It is also scattered in the mountain ranges of Norway. It can be found growing at elevations between 400 - 2,600 m Asl. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, but it is thought to be stable at least in most of the distribution range, in view of the relatively undisturbed and remote places where it grows. In the Alps, this species is common and frequent in the northern and southern limestone Alps. Isolated or marginal subpopulations may be declining. In Switzerland, there is an indication of a decline in the lower elevations. The reasons for this are not clear, but may be due to shifts because of climate change. However, the population size is certainly well above 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre, one boulder or one tree on which the species grows.","This species inhabits moist, shady calcareous rocks, boulders and more rarely smaller stones from the montane belt to the timber line (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Records from high alpine habitats should be checked.","No major threats exist to this species at the European level (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Schröck et al. 2013, 2014, Zechmeister et al. 2013, Köckinger and Schröck 2017). It is rare and threatened only at the edge of its natural range.","This species is included in several national Red Lists and has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Czech Republic, as Endangered in Norway, Slovakia and Switzerland, and as Vulnerable in Bulgaria (Hodgetts 2015). The assessment in Switzerland (Schnyder et al. 2004) must be based on gaps in knowledge. The isolated subpopulations outside the Alps in Germany, Czech Republic, Bulgaria and Macedonia should be protected. In some regions, more research needs to be conducted into the exact distribution of this species. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Gunnarsson, U.,Englefield, E.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Hypnum,subimponens,,Hypnum subimponens  ,Lesq.,,No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



Hypnum subimponens is only known in Europe from isolated localities in Finland and in Russia. This species has a small area of occupancy (AOO), estimated to be around 60 km2 in Europe, and around 28 km2 in the EU 28. There is also a continuing decline in the EOO, AOO, habitat quality, number of subpopulations and number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). The population is also considered to be severely fragmented. It is therefore assessed as Endangered in both Europe and the EU 28. 

The possible threat to this species is the movement of soil and bedrock as a result of human activity, for example, trampling or driving in the terrain. Further research is needed on the distribution, population and threats to the species.",Decreasing,"This species has incomplete circumpolar distribution. It is quite common in Siberia (mostly in arctic regions) and in the western part of North America. In Europe, it is known from isolated localities in Finland and in the adjacent areas of Russia, as well as in the north-eastern part of the East European Plain (Afonina 2008; Afonina et al. 2007, 2008, 2015; Ulvinen and Juutinen 2014). The possible presence of this species in Belarus (Hodgetts 2015) is doubtful, it is absent there (Maslovsky 2017).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 790,000 km2in Europe, and around 62,000 km2 in the EU 28 (based on total area within a minimum convex polygon around all known occurrences). The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 60 km2 in Europe, and around 28 km2 in the EU 28 (based on a 2x2 km grid overlay on the range map). The altitudinal range of the species is between sea level and 600 m Asl.","In Finland, this species shows a decreasing trend due to the continuing decline in the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) (Rassi et al. 2010). In many localities, this species is known mostly by old specimens collected at the beginning of last century (Afonina 2004). It is probable that the AOO in these regions has reduced. In the arctic regions of north-eastern European Russia, the trend of this species is unknown. Overall, the population trend is currently decreasing, with declines in geographical range, the number of subpopulations and individual-equivalents (with each individual-equivalent as 1 m2 on which the species grows).  This species is considered to be severely fragmented in both Europe and in the EU 28 due to the small and isolated subpopulations that may go extinct with a reduced possibility of recolonisation, particularly because although the sporophytes of this dioicous species are not very rare, its dispersal abilities seem to be not high.","This species grows on rocky outcrops covered by fine grained soil, on rotten wood and near tree bases in boreal forests and in tundra (Afonina 2008).","The possible threat to this species is the movement of soil and bedrock, for example, due to human activities such as trampling or driving in the terrain (Rassi et al. 2010).","This species is included in the Red List of Finland, assessed as Vulnerable (VU) (Rassi et al. 2010). Some known subpopulations are within protected areas. Further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed, as well as on the threats to the species.",This species is not used or traded.,"Mazimpaka, V.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.","Köckinger, H.,Giovanna Dia, M.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Hypnum,uncinulatum,,Hypnum uncinulatum  ,Jur.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Hooked Plait-moss (Hypnum uncinulatum) occurs in Macaronesia, Spain, Portugal and southwestern Ireland. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide latitudinal and elevational range, occurs in different types of forests and habitats, and is a common species in the Macaronesian islands. In addition, although there has been a decline in Atlantic forests, and there are some threats to this species, the decline has not been significant so far.",Stable,"The Hooked Plait-moss (Hypnum uncinulatum) is a hyperoceanic southern-temperate species that occurs in Macaronesia (Madeira, Azores and the Canary Islands), Spain (hills near Algeciras in Cádiz Province), northern and southern Portugal (Mata do Bussaco), and southwestern Ireland. Records from France and Switzerland appear to be either very old or doubtful. It is also reported from Tunisia, but reports from elsewhere are doubtful (Ruiz et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3.4 million km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,156 km2.","Although this is a common species in Macaronesia (Gabriel et al. 2011, González-Mancebo et al. 2012, Sim-Sim et al. 2014), it has been assessed as Near Threatened in the Spanish Red List (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2014), since in mainland Spain it was classified as a species of Regional Concern (Sérgio et al. 2006). The species is abundant in the Azores, where subpopulations are large and stable. The overall current population trend is stable. It is locally frequent in southwestern Ireland but restricted to oak woodlands. It may have declined there in the past but its habitat is currently protected (Lockhart et al. 2012a).","In Macaronesia, this species mostly occurs in the laurel and Erica spp. forests, although it can also grow in the Canarian pine forest and in   open habitats in mesic areas. In mainland Spain and Portugal it occurs   in the Atlantic forests. This bryophyte occurs mostly on tree trunks and logs, but also on rocks, and in Macaronesia it sometimes occurs on soil and is also recorded as an epiphyll on the leaves of shrubs and fronds of ferns. It is an important species in Macaronesia, especially in secondary forests, because it is one of the first colonizers as an epiphyte after disturbance (including fires), and has a high biomass. Most localities for this species in Ireland are in humid oak-holly woodland on similar substrates to Hypnum andoi, most commonly on low sandstone rocks but also on the lower parts of tree trunks (oak, alder and holly), and on tree stumps and dead wood. There are isolated records from a conifer plantation and a large woodland garden. Its altitudinal range is between 5 m and 100 m Asl in Ireland and between 200 m and 1,600 m Asl in Macaronesia. It is dioicous; capsules are frequent, maturing (in Ireland) in late autumn and winter  (Blockeel et al. 2014, Lockhart et al. 2012a).","



The species can be affected by forestry, fires and invasive alien species. The preservation of the Macaronesian and Irish Atlantic forests might be enough for the maintenance of the population of this species.

","This species was assessed as Critically Endangered in the Red List of Spain (Sérgio et al. 2006) and as Near Threatened in the more recent Spanish Red List (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2014) and in Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012b). However, at a European scale this species has no evident threats, since it has a wide latitudinal and elevational range, occurs in different types of forests and habitats, and is a common species in the Macaronesian islands. This species is known to occur in protected areas and does not need specific conservation actions at present.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Seneca, A.","González Mancebo, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HOOKERIALES,HYPOPTERYGIACEAE,Hypopterygium,tamarisci,,Hypopterygium tamarisci  ,(Sw.) Brid. ex Müll.Hal.,,No,NA,,No,NA,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)

Hypopterygium tamarisci is only known from two sites in planted forests, in Portugal and Italy. The species is also found in Europe in three botanical gardens. As this species is not native to Europe, it has been considered to be Not Applicable (NA).",Unknown,"This species has a pantropical distribution and globally is the most widespread species of the genus. The species is widely distributed in the southern hemisphere (Kruijer et al. 2010).

It is an exotic moss that has been introduced in Europe. It was first found in Portugal by Allorge (1931), and has been repeatedly found by many botanists in the same area (Allorge 1974). In Portugal, it is naturalized in the Bussaco Forest (UNESCO Heritage Site) and it is found in extraordinary conditions for this species. It is difficult to estimate the probable introduction of this plant in Portugal, however it is suggested that it was probably introduced with the plantation of exotic trees existing in the area (Allorge 1974).

It was also later discovered in Italy, in a historical park (Villa San Remigio), near Lake Maggiori, in the Piedemont region (Aleffi et al. 2010).

In Europe, it is also found in three botanical gardens: Berlin-Dahlem, in Germany, Glasgow in Scotland and Zürich in Switzerland.



The altitudinal range of the species varies between 206 m to 278 m Asl in Italy and 410 m to 420 m Asl in Portugal.","It was probably introduced with exotic botanical species planted around last century, but is still present in two historic parks. In the two parks, the species is restricted to small areas but the subpopulations are relatively abundant and fertile. The current population trend is unknown.

Pfeiffer et al. (2000), based on molecular analyses, discussed that the European subpopulations originated in Australasia. Stech and Pfeiffer (2006) studied the systematic and biogeographic relationships of this moss from European localities (three greenhouses of the botanical gardens, the Bussaco arboretum in Portugal and an historical Park in Italy), and suggested a close relationship to subpopulations in Australia or New Zealand.

","



The species is found on rocks, roots, tree stumps and occasionally as epiphyte, growing on wet, shaded and humid places. It is a tropical plant that prefers warm shaded or sheltered habitats, growing on soil or overlapping rocks. It is a perenial plant, dioecious or monoecious, without gemmae. The climatic modelling of this species to Central and South America has recently been presented (Kruijer et al. 2010).



","



 

 



This species occurs in two European localities in nature (Mata do Bussaco in Portugal and in Villa San Remigio in Italy), and most of these forest areas are currently used for tourism. Although there appears to be no immediate threats, tourism pressure and cleaning and gardening activities are risk factors.

 

","The two known localities are inside parks with some protection. The Portugese locality is in the Mata do Bussaco and the Italian locality is in Villa San Remigio. Bussaco Forest is aUNESCOWorld Heritage Site, established by the Portuguese State, with the purposes of recovery, rehabilitation and revitalization, management, exploitation and conservation of all heritage, including the natural forest.

In the Portuguese Red List, the species has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) (Sérgio et al. 2013).



 



",This species is not used in Europe.,"Englefield, E.,Weibull, H.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Imbribryum,alpinum,,Imbribryum alpinum  ,(Huds. ex With.) N.Pedersen,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"



European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Imbribryum alpinum is a widespread species in Europe, from Fennoscandia to the Iberian Peninsula and Macaronesia. It can be found in a wide latitudinal and elevational range. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the population trend is assumed to be stable.

",Stable,"Imbribryum alpinum is a boreal temperate species (Spence 2010) widely distributed in Europe. In addition, it also occurs in Tunisia (Campisi et al. 2015), eastern Himalaya (Bansal and Nath 2013), Madagascar, and Angola (Crosby et al. 1983). At least in southern areas of Europe the species occurs mostly in mountainous areas.","



The overall population size is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable.

","This species occurs associated with waterfalls, seeps and springs, or splashed rock, growing also in crevices of exposed rocks situated in areas with high influence of mist (González-Mancebo et al. 2008). It can grow also in wet pastures, from the sea level in Scandinavia (L. Hedenäs pers. comm. 2017) to  2,780 m Asl (Rams et al. 2014, Swissbryophytes 2018). It also grows on rocks in humid areas, e.g., close to the sea, or in the southern Alps in regions with humid climates.","This species is mainly confined to humid habitats, which are fragile habitats. The main (local) threats include habitat degradation and desiccation due to water regime changes and abstraction of water for various purposes. However, at the European level this widespread species is not threatened.","This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Luxembourg and Germany, and as Near Threatened in the Czech Republic and Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilized.,"Englefield, E.,Hassel, K.","González Mancebo, J.","Goldberg, I.,Syrjänen, K.,Afonina, O.,Hodgetts, N.,Blom, H.,Vellak, K.,Schröck, C.,Lönnell, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Imbribryum,mildeanum,,Imbribryum mildeanum  ,(Jur.) J.R.Spence,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



In Europe, Milde's Thread-moss (Imbribryum mildeanum) is a boreal-montane moss reported from northern Scandinavia and Russia, southwards to Portugal, Spain, Sicily and Greece. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is an under-recorded species which is widespread in Austria, even though this is not enough to infer trends and population sizes overall. In addition, it often occurs in secondary habitats, where it is likely to be at little risk. Overall, it does not appear to be at risk of extinction, but further research is needed to clarify the status of the species throughout its range.",Unknown,"In Europe, Milde's Thread-moss (Imbribryum mildeanum) is a boreal-montane moss reported from northern Scandinavia and Russia, southwards to Portugal, Spain, Sicily and Greece. Reported occurrences elsewhere include North Africa, the Near East and northern Asia (Blockeel et al. 2014). However, this rather featureless moss  is sometimes misidentified in continental Europe and elsewhere, so its  global range is uncertain. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 970 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10.2 million km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown.However, there  is no reason to  believe this rather inconspicuous moss has declined in the UK,   especially since few bryologists since Harold Whitehouse have had the   expertise to recognise it in the field (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Austria it can be found along roadsides and seems to be stable. In eastern France it is known from only two records. Since there is no information on the trend of the species in many European countries, its population trend remains unknown. Its population is probably not fragmented. 

","This is a species of neutral to base-rich rocks, especially limestone,basalt anddiabasic andvolcanic rocks; less often it grows on sand or sandy mud in and beside rocky river beds and stream beds, and on comparatively dry soil, limestone crags, soil below basalt crags or occasionally acid rocks. It is often where there are intermittent trickles of water (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from 110 m to 2,200 m Asl.



It is dioicous; sporophytes are rare, maturing from July to September. Bulbils and axillary gemmae are lacking.



","There is no information to assess potential threats to this species. However, according to Meinunger and Schröder (2007) it seems not to be threatened in the Alps (in spite of being Red Listed in Germany and Switzerland), and often occurs in secondary habitats, where it is likely to be at little risk. Under-recording and misidentification elsewhere mean that it would be premature to assign threats to this species.","No conservation measures are necessary at present. However, it would be highly desirable to clarify the status of this species through more fieldwork and examination of herbarium specimens. In spite of this, it is included in several Red Lists: it has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Switzerland; as Endangered in Portugal, Slovakia, Bulgaria and Romania; and as Vulnerable in Germany, Spain and the Czech Republic. In addition it is Data Deficient in Finland, Malta, Sicily and Hungary (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Tsakiri, E.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Untereiner, A. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Imbribryum,muehlenbeckii,,Imbribryum muehlenbeckii  ,(Bruch &amp; Schimp.) N.Pedersen,"According to D. Holyoak (pers. comm. 2018) this species is currently recognised, and Imbribryum is the most appropriate generic placement (Pedersen and Hedenäs 2005).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Muehlenbeck's Bryum (Imbribryum muehlenbeckii) is a boreal-montane species that occurs from Iceland, northern Scandinavia and Russia, southwards to Portugal, southern Spain, Corsica and Sardinia, Bulgaria and Greece. It is also found in the Alpine range. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large and stable population, and can be abundant in Scotland and in the Alps.",Stable,"Muehlenbeck's Bryum (Imbribryum muehlenbeckii) is a boreal-montane species that occurs from Iceland, northern Scandinavia and Russia, southwards to Portugal, southern Spain, Corsica and Sardinia, Bulgaria and Greece. It is also found in the Alpine range. Some records from low elevations in the Mediterranean basin are likely to be misidentifications. It is also reported from North Africa (High Atlas in Morocco), the Middle East, Greenland, North America, Mexico, Peru, southern Africa, Australia and New Zealand (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 608 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10.3 million km².","In the Alps, this species is stable and abundant, and it seems to be stable overall in Europe. It has a large population size far above 10,000 mature individuals and the population is not severely fragmented.","This montane to alpine moss forms dense, silt or gravel-filled cushions on regularly irrigated or inundated rocks and wet, sandy stony earth. In Scotland it is most frequent in streams that have their headwaters in areas of late snow-lie and here it can be locally very abundant occurring with Nardia compressa, Scapania undulata, S. uliginosa, Andreaea frigida, A. nivalis and Racomitrium spp. Other associates (in Germany) include Lophozia sudetica and Scapania irrigua. It favours siliceous rocks but also grows on base-rich boulders on upland lake margins, where regularly inundated by spates or wave action; here interesting associates can include Dicranoweisia crispula, Paraleucobryum longifolium, Lescuraea patens and Hygrohypnum polare. It can also occur as small patches on wet crags with Andreaea species and occasionally Hygrohypnum molle. It sometimes descends to lower levels and occurs in abundance at one site in Scotland on rocks by a river at about 600 m Asl with Bryum dixonii, B. pallens, B. pseudotriquetrum and B. riparium, and occasionally it can be washed further downstream. Its altitudinal range is from 140 m to 3,000 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). It is dioicous. Capsules are rare, maturing June to September. Rhizoidal tubers have been reported but need to be confirmed by new studies. Bulbils and axillary gemmae are lacking; protonemal gemmae have been reported.

","Some sites are threatened (and have been destroyed) by hydro-electric schemes. Climate change is a possible long-term threat. In general, the habitat is largely not threatened in the Alps.","This species is included in some national Red Lists and has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Romania, as Endangered in Switzerland; it is considered Regionally Extinct in Belgium. It has also been assessed as Near Threatened in Britain, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and as Data Deficient in Portugal, Spain and Slovenia (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation actions are necessary at present. However, subpopulations near the edge of its range should be monitored. It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hylander, K.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C. & Untereiner, A.","Blom, H.,Hodgetts, N.,Lönnell, N.,Schröck, C.,Vellak, K.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Isopaches,alboviridis,,Isopaches alboviridis  ,(R.M. Schust.) Schljakov,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Isopaches alboviridis is a poorly known arctic species, so far found only in one locality in the Murmansk Province in Russia and on Hogland Island, included as part of Leningrad Province. In Leningrad Province, just several plants of this species have been collected, and there is no data about size of the subpopulation in Murmansk Province. The current population trend of this species is unknown. The species is current considered to have a small geographic range in Europe, with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 8 km2. However, it is probable that this species is under-collected because of the small size of the plants, and poor knowledge on variability, distribution and ecology. The threats to this species are unknown. This species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

Further research is needed on its population size and trend in order to clarify its status throughout its range. Areas where this species is known to occur should be protected.

This species is not found within the EU 28 and it is therefore Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"This is a poorly known arctic species. It is known to occur in Greenland (Schuster and Damsholt 1974), as well as in arctic regions of Asian Russia (Konstantinova et al. 2009). In Europe, this species so far is known from one locality in the Murmansk Province (Borovichev 2008) and on Hogland Island in the Baltic Sea in the Gulf of Finland (Leningrad Province, Potemkin and Rozantseva 2015).

This species has an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe of 8 km2 and an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) also around 8 km2. This species is not found within the EU 28.","In Leningrad Province, just several plants of this species have been collected (Potemkin and Rozantseva, 2015). There is no data about size of the subpopulation in Murmansk Province. Nothing is known about current population trend of this species. It is probable that this species is under-collected because of the small size of the plants, and poor knowledge on variability, distribution and ecology.","According to Schuster and Damsholt (1974) and Potemkin (1993), this species occurs on bare, often sandy soil in different types of tundra. In Asia (Jamal  Peninsula) it is not rare and is restricted mostly to lichen tundras. According to Schuster and Damsholt (1974), this species is calciphilous (suited to a calcareous soil).

 In the Murmansk Province, the species occurs on spots of bare soil in moss-lichen tundra (Borovichev 2008) mixed with Blepharostoma trichophyllum and Cephalozia bicuspidata. In the Leningrad Province, just several plants were collected along a roadside, and the species was mixed with Diplophyllum obtusifolium, Scapania curta, Cephalozia bicuspidata, Orthocaulis kunzeanus and Calypogeia suecica (Potemkin and Rozantseva, 2015). The mixture in which one collection of this species was found, with obligate epixylous species Calypogeia suecica and arctic Isopaches albovirides is quite strange and needs to be verified (N.  Konstantinova pers. obs. 2017).

",The threats to this species are unknown.,"In Europe, this species is not protected. It is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas. It is poorly known species. Both taxonomy, ecology and distribution are poorly studied and so further research on the taxonomy, population size, distribution and trends is needed, as well as potential threats to the species. Areas where this species is known to occur should be protected.",This species is not used or traded.,"Stebel, A.,Fettes, N.D.","Konstantinova, N.","Martinčič, A.,Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Isopaches,bicrenatus,,Isopaches bicrenatus  ,(Schmidel) H. Buch,"This species is included in the World Checklist (Söderström et al. 2016). It can be Isopaches bicrenatus (Schmidel ex Hoffm.) H.Buch,",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Isopaches bicrenatus is widespread in Europe from Scandinavia and Ireland in the north to Portugal in the south. Based on the current available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 19.7 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 3,260 km2. The overall population trend for this species in Europe and the EU 28 is stable, and recent targeted surveys in Portugal have revealed that it is seems to be quite common in mainland Europe, Portugal and Britain. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28. 



This species is considered threatened in Switzerland, the Netherlands and Slovenia. There are not many threats to this species in most of the countries of occurrence. However, industrial forest intensification, increase of invasive species and fire events could lead to some losses, as well as increasing tourism in some areas. Various European agri-environment schemes and fire safety probably contribute to the conservation of this species, but more research is needed. Habitat protection and invasive species management would benefit this species.",Stable,"This is an European sub-oceanic species, that is widespread in Europe from Scandinavia and Ireland in the north to Portugal in the south. Apparently, this species presents a continuous distribution from the north to most Mediterranean countries, such as the Iberian Peninsula, and to southwestern European countries (Sabovljević et al. 2008). However, this species is not present in Sicily or Sardinia. It is present in northeastern Russia and Ukraine. Also, this species is found in Macaronesia in all archipelagos (Hodgetts 2015).

Outside of Europe, this species is found in northern and southwestern Asia (Kürscher and Frey 2011), North and South America, including fairly recent reports to Brazil (Schäfer-Verwimp 1996). In North Africa, this species is only found in Algeria (Ros et al. 2007).

Based on the current available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 19.7 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 3,260 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level to 2,000 m Asl or more in Switzerland (NISM 2018). However, in the Mediterranean area, it is reported to altitudes of up to 800 m Asl (Bischler 2004).","The overall population trend for this species in Europe and the EU 28 is inferred to be stable; recent targeted surveys in Portugal have revealed that it is frequent over much of the Serra da Estrela area, and scattered in Britain and in Ireland. In addition, this species seems to be quite common in mainland Europe, such as Germany and in Switzerland (NISM 2018).","This species is a northern, sub-oceanic species, that is found growing on acidic soils in a diverse range habitats but mainly in natural environments. In Britain and Ireland, it is particularly found on rather bare, crumbly or often iron-stained acidic soil, especially on heath banks. Disused quarries are the most frequent habitat for this species. It prefers acidic substrates, but not exposed habitats and not aridity (Bischler 2004) and in “matorrals” in cliffs.

The abundant gemmae are part of the soil diaspore bank, that when deposited above ground may be an important means of species dispersion.","There are not many threats to this species in most of the countries of occurrence. However, industrial forest intensification, increase of invasive species and fire events could lead to some losses.

Pressure from increasing tourism has been observed, particularly in the Algarve, which may lead to declines, together with construction and road development.","This species is considered threatened in Switzerland, the Netherlands and Slovenia (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in some protected areas, such as in Portugal in Peneda-Gerês and Estrela Natural Parks (Garcia et al. 2008) and in Tenerife, on the Canary Islands, in Parque Rural de Anaga and part of Natural Integral de Pijaral (Infante and Heras 2012).

Various European agri-environment schemes and fire safety probably contribute to the conservation of this species, but more research is needed. Habitat protection and invasive species management would benefit this species.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Virtanen, R.","Sergio, C.","Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Isopaches,decolorans,,Isopaches decolorans  ,(Limpr.) H. Buch,,No,VU,D1,No,EN,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Isopaches decolorans is a very rare species in Europe, where it is known from the Alps (France, Italy, Austria and Switzerland), Norway, Bulgaria and northern Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is very large, estimated at ca 5.7 million km², though the area of occupancy (AOO) is far more restricted, estimated at 328 km². In total, it is estimated that there are ca 82 sites in Europe as a whole where this species occurs, and only ca 42 in the EU 28. It may be decreasing in some countries (with only old records known from Italy and Bulgaria and many of the records from Norway and France also old). However, it may also be stable in Austria and Switzerland. The overall population trend is therefore unknown. This species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe since the population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals). In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Endangered, since it is estimated that there are fewer than 250 individual-equivalents (i.e. without Switzerland, Norway and Russia), and no significant immigration is expected from outside the EU 28. Most subpopulations of this species are not directly threatened but climate change may threaten some of them. Also the construction of large dams has destroyed some subpopulations in the past and may be an ongoing threat. Overgrazing may also affect subpopulations at more accessible sites (e.g., France). Habitat protection and site management are necessary for protecting this species.",Unknown,"This is a very rare species in Europe. It is known from the Alps, where it has been recorded from France (Savoie), Italy (South Tirol and the Italian Alps), Austria, Switzerland, Norway, Bulgaria and northern Russia (Hodgetts 2015). Outside Europe it is known from north and east Asia and North America. It has been found growing at elevations between 800 m and 3,000 m Asl. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 328 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 5,700,000 km².","Three sites are known in Norway (Artsdatabanken 2016). There are records from  about 15 sites in France (Savoie), but only one of these is recent  (Chavoutier and Hugonnot 2013); in Italy, there are only old records from one site in South Tirol (Università degli Studi di Trieste 2011), and  from two other sites in the Italian Alps; in Austria, there are at least  ca 10 sites (Köckinger et al. 2008, Schröck et al. 2013); in Switzerland there are ca 20 sites (Hofmann et al. 2011). There are only pre-1962 records from Bulgaria, according to Ros et al. (2007). In total, it is estimated that there are ca 82 sites in Europe as a whole, and only ca 42 in the EU 28 countries. These figures indicate that it may be decreasing in some countries (with only old records known from Italy and Bulgaria and many of the records from Norway and France also old). It may be  stable in Austria and Switzerland. The overall population trend is  therefore unknown, but it is a rare species. The population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000  individual-equivalents in Europe, and fewer than 250  individual-equivalents in the EU 28. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre  where the species grows.",The species grows mostly in acidic snow-beds and over acidic rock at high altitudes. Most subpopulations are found in remote and hard to access sites.,"Most subpopulations are not directly threatened because of their remoteness, but climate change with longer drought periods may threaten some of them. Also the construction of large dams has destroyed some subpopulations in the past and may be an ongoing threat. In Scandinavia, it has been shown that snow-beds that were well-established in the 1940's and 1950's have deteriorated and partly disappeared (unpublished data); this is thought to be a consequence of increasing temperatures.                  In France, overgrazing may severely threaten late snow-bed areas at more accessible sites (V. Hugonnot pers. comm. 2017).","Habitat protection and site management are necessary for protecting this species. It appears on the Red Lists of most of the countries where it occurs; it is considered  Endangered in Norway, and Vulnerable in Austria, Italy and Bulgaria (Hodgetts 2015). It is listed as Rare in the Red Data Book of European Bryophytes (ECCB 1995). It occurs in a protected area in Bulgaria (Pirin National Park), and at another protected site in Switzerland (Aletsch). Monitoring of selected sites would help to understand the biology and dynamics of the species.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Mazimpaka, V.,Cálix, M.","Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,PLAGIOTHECIACEAE,Isopterygiopsis,alpicola,,Isopterygiopsis alpicola  ,(Lindb.) Hedenäs,,No,EN,D,No,CR,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

Isopterygiopsis alpicola has been recorded from Norway, Sweden, Finland and the northern part of Russia. There are only a few known localities for this moss in northern Europe. There is no indication of any decline, but the population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28. Subpopulations are very small and sites may only contain one individual-equivalent (considered as mature individuals) of this very small species. The population size is estimated to be smaller than 250 individual-equivalents in Europe and smaller than 50 in the EU 28. Therefore, this species is assessed as Endangered in Europe and as Critically Endangered in the EU 28.

However, this species may be overlooked since it is quite small and looks like small specimens of I. pulchella. It may therefore be more common than currently known. Protection of all known localities is recommended. Research is needed into the population trend and the Swedish site suspected of having been destroyed should be checked.",Unknown,"This species has a mainly montane boreal distribution, and has been recorded from Norway, Sweden, Finland and the northern part of Russia (Hodgetts 2015). The species is also present in the Caucasus. Outside of Europe, this species is reported from northern Asia and Alaska (Hedenäs et al. 2014).

There are only a few known localities for this moss in northern Europe. In Norway, this species has been reported from Sør-Trøndelag, in Sweden from only northernmost Lappmarks, and in Finland from the provinces of Lapponia enontekiensis and Lapponia inarensis. In European Russia, this species is found in the province of Lapponia petsamoensis (Ignatov et al. 2006). Most of the localities are in the subalpine belt of the Scandes (Mårtensson 1956) and in the Kola Peninsula (Ignatov and Afonina 1992). 

This species may be overlooked since it is quite small and looks like small specimens of I. pulchella. It may therefore be more common than currently known.

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 40 to 100 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 20 and 40 km² and the EOO is ca 0.016 million km².","The species is very rare in Europe and occur in the Scandes, both in subalpine and low-alpine zones (Sweden, Norway and Finland). It is known from northern Russia. There is no indication of any decline, but the population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28. In Finland, there are five recent sites and in European Russia there are also five recent sites (M. Ignatov pers. comm. 2017). There are two known sites in Norway from the 1970s. In Sweden there are several historical records but few modern records (L. Hedenäs pers. comm. 2017). Subpopulations are very small and sites may only contain one individual-equivalent (considered as mature individuals and using a tuft as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) of this very small species. The species has never been found with sporophytes, and the subpopulations are small and isolated, so may go extinct with a small probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore severely fragmented.

The population size is estimated to be smaller than 250 individual-equivalents in Europe and smaller than 50 in the EU 28.",This species grows on basic rocks and in crevices in the mountains (Hedenäs et al. 2014). It also grows on humus near rocks. It is found together with Pohlia cruda and Pterigynandrum filiforme (Mårtensson 1956). This is a very small moss which has never been found with sporophytes.,"There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. Due to the small size of the population, this species may be threatened by stochastic events. In Sweden, one site recorded in 1935 may have been destroyed by water damming.","This species is in the Red List of Finland as Endangered (EN), Norway as Vulnerable (VU) and Sweden as Data Deficient (DD) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in protected areas. Protection of all known localities is recommended. Research is needed into the population trend and the Swedish site suspected of having been destroyed should be checked.",The species is not used or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hugonnot, V.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,PLAGIOTHECIACEAE,Isopterygiopsis,muelleriana,,Isopterygiopsis muelleriana  ,(Schimp.) Z. Iwats.,"Isopterygiopsis muelleriana could be confused with the small forms of Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans from which it differs for the stems with large epidermal cells, hyaline and the leaves entire margins and very narrow cells (Smith 2004, Cortini Pedrotti 2006).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Mueller's Silk-moss (Isopterygiopsis muelleriana) is a Suboceanic Boreal-montane species. It is found in the mountain areas of northern, central and eastern Europe up to the Urals. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in Europe and the current population trend is stable. Site management is recommended, as well as monitoring of the population and habitat trends. Further research is also needed into potential threats.",Stable,"Mueller's Silk-moss (Isopterygiopsis muelleriana) is a Suboceanic Boreal-montane species. It is found in the mountain areas of northern, central and eastern Europe up to the Urals. In the Czech Republic, it was confirmed by Blockeel et al. (2003) where it is evaluated as Critically Endangered - the previous reports on the presence of this Arctic-Alpine species were based on inaccurate bibliographic documentation (Váňa 1998, Kučera and Váňa 2003). Outside Europe, it is found in the Caucasus, Turkey, Siberia, China, Japan, North America and New Zealand (Smith 2004).","Quantitative data on the size of the subpopulations is not available, but it is sometimes reported that they are small (Moose Deutschland 2018). This species is widespread in Europe, even if it is often evaluated as rare. It is stable in the Alps. The current population trend is stable.","This is a mountainous perennial species and is found in damp cracks, partially shaded, mostly neutral, on clay soils on silicate rocks, and on humus on calcareous cliffs, at high altitudes in stony alpine meadows. It rarely grows as an epiphyte, and prefers sites with constant high humidity (Dierβen 2001,  Atherton et al. 2010, Moose Deutschland 2018). It is found at elevations between 230 m and 2,333 m Asl.","There is no information on specific types of threats. However, the fact that it is reported that the species in almost all countries is rare may represent a threat.","There are no precise data on the state of conservation of this species, but its rarity can be a threat. The species in Bulgaria is found in Pirin National Park, while in Russia this species has been registered in 14 nature reserves. Site management is recommended, as well as monitoring of the population and habitat trends. Further research is also needed into potential threats.",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Rumsey, F.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,PLAGIOTHECIACEAE,Isopterygiopsis,pulchella,,Isopterygiopsis pulchella  ,(Hedw.) Z. Iwats.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Isopterygiopsis pulchella is a essentially circumpolar species which in Europe, is found more abundantly in the northern and northwestern countries, with more isolated subpopulations to the south and east of Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 15 million km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 7,128 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is 6 million km2 and the AOO is 2,084 km2. The EOO is smaller, if the unconfirmed presence in Macaronesia is not included. No specific studies are available, and so the current population size is unknown. However, the overall current population trend of this species is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

However, some subpopulations in the limits of distribution might be locally threatened. This species is considered to be threatened in the Czech Republic, Estonia and Bulgaria. Threats to this species are not well-known, but it might have suffered in the past from wood destruction and agricultural advancements, forcing the species into the mountains, partially eliminating the species from lowlands. Nowadays, subpopulations at the limits of distribution might be locally threatened by forestry and agricultural practices. Further site protection is therefore recommended where this species is at risk. Further research on the population size and the threats to this species is recommended. 

 



",Stable,"This species is a pleurocarpous moss, that has a basically circumpolar distribution, but it is also present in the mountains in austral tropical regions and Australasia. In Europe, this species is widespread in the north, and in the mountains in central and southern Europe to the Balkans (Sabovljević et al. 2008). The most isolated points where this species is found are Svalbard and Macaronesia (in Azores and Madeira), although this is confirmed recently in Canary Archipelago in La Palma (Dirkse et al. 2018, although it is not listed in Gabriel et al. 2011 and Sérgio et al. 2006). The locus classicus for the species is in Scotland (basionym Hypnum pulchellum). 

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 15 million km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 7,128 km2. The EOO is smaller, if the unconfirmed presence in Madeira and Azores is not included. In the EU 28, the EOO is 6 million km2 and the AOO is 2,084 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from sea level to 3,000 m Asl, although it is variable in different regions. In Portugal, it is found around 400 m Asl, in the Pyrenees it is found from 500 m to 2,800 m Asl, in the Alps it is found from 600 m to 3,000 m Asl, in Madeira it is found at around 800 m Asl and in Serbia it is found at around 1,200 m Asl.







","This species forms rather extensive subpopulations in northwestern Europe. In the south and the east, it becomes rarer, and even more so towards the limits of its distribution in mainland Portugal (only known from a locality in Bussaco found by Allorge 1974), with a doubtful record by Hodgetts in the Azores (2015) as well as in Madeira and Spain (southernmost subpopulation in Sierra Nevada) and the Carpathian area. In Hungary, this species seems to have vanished (Papp et al. 2010) but it has been recorded to different countries of the Balkans (Sabovljević et al. 2008). Recently in La Palma (Canary Islands) in one locality (Dirske et al. 2018)

No specific studies are available, and so the current population size is unknown. However, the current population trend of this species is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. It is an autoicous species, which fructifies rather frequently, and asexual reproduction is even more common. In short, it would seem to be a good disperser.

","This is a subneutrophilous species, mesophilous, sciaphilous-photophilous. It forms more or less extensive mats, growing in humus, on moist ledges, crevices, rocks, and more rarely on soil or rotten wood. This species prefers to grow in wooded valleys and ravines, not far from rivulets.

The most usual associated species recorded are Fissidens adianthoides, Plagiothecium denticulatum, Brachythecium rutabulum and Lophocolea bidentata.

","

Threats to this species are not well-known, but it might have suffered in the past from wood destruction and agricultural advancements, forcing the species into the mountains, partially eliminating the species from lowlands. Nowadays, subpopulations at the limits of distribution might be locally threatened by forestry and agricultural practices: in Hungary, the only known subpopulation seems to have vanished. In the Carpathian Mountains, this is a rare species, but in the Alps, it is frequent locally and newly discovered subpopulations widespread (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2018). In some areas, climatic change could seriously affect the local conditions that allow existing subpopulations to thrive.



Some of the forested areas where this species occurs are currently extensively used for tourism as in Bussaco, which result in some disturbance.

","This species is included in several national Red Lists. It is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in the Czech Republic, as Endangered (EN) in Estonia, as Vulnerable (VU) in Bulgaria, Data Deficient (nicht bewertet/DD) in Germany, mainland Portugal and Hungary (where it is presumed vanished), as Near Threatened (NT) in Slovakia and as very rare in Latvia (Hodgetts 2015). It is also evaluated as DD in Madeira (Sim-Sim et al. 2014).

Some subpopulations are included in protected areas (mainly within the Natura 2000 network), but no specific attention is paid to this species. Further site protection is therefore recommended where this species is at risk. Further research on the population size and the threats to this species is recommended. 





 

",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Laaka-Lindberg, S.","Sergio, C. & Infante, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Isopterygium,tenerum,,Isopterygium tenerum  ,(Sw.) Mitt.,,No,EN,B2ab(ii); D,No,EN,B2ab(ii); D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Isopterygium tenerum is widespread, mostly tropical, species whose distribution fringes Europe in Azores islands, Spain and Italy, associated mainly to unusual and very particular habitats such as swamps and volcanic sources. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 1.6 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 48 km2.  The overall population size in Europe is thought to be less than 200 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals), and the current population trend is inferred to be declining. The species is considered to be severely fragmented. It might have disappeared from its Spanish locality. Its habitats are subject to different threats, from recreational activities and volcanic risks, to potential changes due to global climate. Therefore, this species is assessed as Endangered for both Europe and the EU 28.

This species requires further site protection and management. In addition, further research and monitoring on the population and habitat trends is required.",Decreasing,"This is a pleurocarp moss species, that is largely represented in North, Central and South America, South Africa, southeastern Asia and northern Australia, with a timid presence in thermophile and humid European areas. In Europe, it is found in Italy (Brullo et al. 2001), Spain (Allorge and Allorge 1946) and the Azores (Portugal) (Sérgio et al. 1994, Borges et al. 2010).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 1.6 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 48 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 100 m Asl to around 600 m Asl. It is found from 200 m to 300 m Asl in southern Spain, from 100 m to 200 m Asl in Italy and from 200 m to 600 m Asl in the Azores.","It is estimated that there are less than 20 localities in all (four islands of the Azores with around 13 localities, four localities in Italy and one uncertain locality in Spain). It is considered that there is a small presence of the species in each, with an estimated 10 to 15 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and with 1m2 used as a proxy for one individual-equivalent) per locality. This gives an overall population size in Europe of less than 200 individual-equivalents.

The Spanish locality is uncertain, as this species was not found during a study in 2002 and 2003 (Guerra et al. 2003), although its presence in the country has not yet been discarded. The only herbarium specimen to prove its presence in Spain is that by Allorge and Allorge (1946), collected in Valle de la Miel, which was checked and confirmed.

This species is considered to be scarce with narrow ecological tolerance (Gabriel et al. 2011), inhabiting fragile habitats. The current population trend of this species in Europe is inferred to be declining. Its distribution is severely fragmented, as the subpopulations are small and isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. More than 50% of the subpopulations are found across four islands in the Azores.","This is a basiphile and hygrophile perennial species. Outside of Europe, this species inhabits mainly logs and stumps, tree bases or sandy humid soil, but this type of habitat is a minority in Europe (Spain) where it is restricted to Pruno-Lauretea forests. In Italy and Azores, it is mostly associated to volcanic fumaroles (Brullo et al. 2001), and in Ischia and Pozzuoli it grows around the mouth of the fumaroles, with Cyperus polystachyus, a tropical vascular plant known in the Mediterranean area only from the fumaroles of Ischia and Anzio. In the Azores, this species is mostly restricted to swamp habitats, taking advantage of the permanent access to water; also it is sometimes present in volcanic caves (Gabriel et al. 2011) and associated to fumaroles in Furnas do Cabrito (Sérgio et al. 1994).

This is a autoicous or dioicous species but in North America, it can present asexual reproduction and sometimes it is present as filamentous, multicellular, branched brood bodies.","This species is subject to different threats throughout its European distribution. Localities in Spain, and some in the Azores, are under touristic pressure of popular treks, and touristic exploitation of the fumaroles occurs in Italy. Italian localities are dependent on the functioning of the volcanic traits inhabited by Isopterygium tenerum, and therefore are fragile. In addition, climate change causing habitat shifting and alteration could affect Azorean and Spanish subpopulations, by droughts.



","This species was evaluated as Endangered in Europe (ECCB 1995) and it is first assessed ar EN- Endangered in Iberian Peninsula (Sérgio et al. 2007), after considered Regionally Extinct in Spain (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012).

This species is known to occur in protected areas in its range, but it requires further site protection and management. In addition, further research and monitoring on the population and habitat trends is required.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Bates, J.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C. & Infante, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,LEMBOPHYLLACEAE,Isothecium,algarvicum,,Isothecium algarvicum  ,W.E.Nicholson &amp; Dixon,"Thamnium canariense Ren. & Card., Isothecium canariense H. Wint. and Isothecium atlanticum Hedenäs are considered synonyms of Isothecium algarvicum (Enroth and Hedenäs 1993). Therefore, the range of this previously thought Iberian endemic is expanded to include Madeira and the Canary Islands. In recent work, this taxa is is considered in explanation for the molecular diversity of all genus (Draper et al. 2007; 2015).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Isothecium algarvicum is found in Portugal, Spain, the Canary Islands (Hierro, La Palma, La Gomera, Tenerife, Gran Canaria) and Madeira, as well as one confirmed record in Morocco. Based on available recent records of the species, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 128 km2 and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 793,000 km2. The population trend of this species is considered to be stable and the AOO is assumed to be an under-estimate. It appears that the range of the species has increased in recent years. This species has therefore been assessed as Least Concern.

However, tourism, fire, and intensive conifer and eucalyptus plantations are all threats to the species, although some subpopulations are found in protected areas in Portugal, Spain, the Canary Islands and Madeira. The protection and management of the habitat of this species is the most important conservation action to be considered. In addition, further research on the population size and trends, and the threats to this species is recommended.",Stable,"This species, in Europe, is distributed in Portugal, Spain, the Canary Islands (Hierro, La Palma, La Gomera, Tenerife, Gran Canaria) and Madeira. Elsewhere, it has been reported in Morocco (Draper et al. 2007).

In Portugal, this species was first known from the Serra de Monchique, which is therefore considered the 'locus classicus'. It was first found by Nicholson and Dixon (Dixon 1912). It was later also found in a region north of Monchique (Sérgio and Garcia 2001), as well as in other sites in the north of Portugal and in the western part of the country in Serra de Sintra. It appears that the range of the species has increased in recent years, with current confirmed records known in northern, central and southern Portugal, and it is still being found at the locus classicus (R. Porley pers. comm. 2016).

In Spain, this species was found for the first time in Sierra Bermeja (Sérgio 1982) and Sierra del Pinar de Grazalema, Cádiz (Guerra 1980). It has been reported from Madeira as Isothecium atlanticum by Hedenäs and from the Canary Islands as Thamnium canariense or Isothecium canariense. These have since been synonymized by Enroth and Hedenäs (1993). 

The area of occupancy (AOO) of the species in Europe, and therefore also the EU 28, is estimated to be around 128 km2 and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 793,000 km2. The altitudinal range of the species in Europe is between 60 m and 1,100 m Asl.","According to the most recent field studies from the Sintra Mountain in Portugal, this species seems to be relatively frequent in saxicolous habitats, mainly in shaded conditions (C. Cacciatori pers. comm.2016). It is found in subpopulations that can sometimes be large, and is possibly under-recorded. 

This species was found from the Sintra Mountain area with sporophytes but the Macaronesian subpopulations are generally sterile.

The overall population trend of the species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) seems to be stable.","This species is often found on acidic rocks and at the base of tree species, such as Alnus spp., in sheltered zones and in mountainous areas of the Iberian Peninsula. It is a moss that is characteristic of saxicolous communities in areas with a strong oceanic influence. It is usually found on sheltered rocks in deep shade, often at the bottom of ravines, and sometimes with Rhododendrum spp. (R. Porley pers. comm. 2016).

","Most of the areas of forest where this species occurs are currently extensively used for tourism, which creates some disturbance. However, intensive conifer and eucalyptus plantations have been grown in the past and such monospecific forests also seem to have a negative impact on this species.

Fire events are a major threat to this moss in some areas and the predicted climatic changes can also be another important threat.","In Europe, this species was first evaluated as Rare (ECCB 1995). It is listed as Vulnerable (VU) in the Iberian Peninsula (Sérgio et al. 2007), in Spain and the Canary Islands (Brugués and Gonzalez-Mancebo 2012), and also in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013). In Madeira, the species is considered to be Near Threatened (NT), according to the last Red List of Madeira bryoflora (Sim-Sim et al. 2014).

The species occurs in different protected areas in Portugal (Parque Natural de Sintra-Cascais and Rede Natura Monchique) and in Madeira (Parque Natural da Madeira). In Spain and the Canary Islands, the species is present in the Parque Rural de Anaga, the Reserva Natural Integral de Pijaral, the Parque Nacional de Garajonay and the Parque Natural Majona. It is also found in the Reserva natural Benchijigua and the Zona de Especial Conservación Garajonay, the Parque Natural Las Nieves and the Zona Especial de Conservación las Nieves (Brugués and Gonzalez-Mancebo 2012).

The protection and management of the habitat of this species is the most important conservation action to be considered. In addition, further research on the population size and trends, and the threats to this species is recommended.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Pilkington, S.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,LEMBOPHYLLACEAE,Isothecium,alopecuroides,,Isothecium alopecuroides  ,(Lam. ex Dubois) Isov.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

 EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Isothecium alopecuroides is a widespread species in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. At the European level, there are no major known threats.",Stable,"Isothecium alopecuroides is an European boreo-temperate species (Smith 2004, Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, it occurs in from north to central Scandinavia, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Caucasus and Turkey; it is also found in Macaronesia (Azores, Canary Islands) (Smith 2004, Hodgetts 2015). The species is also present in North Africa (Morocco, Algeria), Turkey and Syria, east to Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, as well as North America (Canada: Newfoundland and Ontario) (Blockeel et al. 2014).","This is a stress-tolerant perennial species (Dierssen 2001), forming dark green wefts (Casas et al. 2006) or green to yellowish green tufts or patches, sometimes extensive (Smith 2004). The species is dioicous and capsules are occasional in Great Britain, maturing in winter (Blockeel et al. 2014). Presently, the overall population size is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable.","This species occurs in acidophyte-subneutrophyte mesophyte substrata (Dierssen 2001), especially on wet rocks and at bases of trees (Casas et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014), but also as a ready colonist of old (often mortared) walls and ruined buildings in sheltered places (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Great Britain and Ireland, its altitudinal range goes from sea level up to 2,353 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014, Swissbryophytes 2018), but in the Iberian Peninsula it may be found in montane areas and high mountains (Casas et al. 2006).","Even though this species may be locally threatened (e.g., Netherlands), at the European level there are no major threats to this widespread species.","This species is known to occur in protected areas and is listed in the following National Red Lists: Netherlands as Vulnerable and the Canary Islands as Data Deficient (Hodgetts 2015). In the Azores, it is also considered a Data Deficient species (Gabriel et al. 2011).",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Muller, F.,Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.","Gabriel, R.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,LEMBOPHYLLACEAE,Isothecium,holtii,,Isothecium holtii  ,Kindb.,"Further work is needed to clarify the identity and distribution of this taxon, as recent work has shown there is a conflict between morphological and molecular data (Hodgetts & Vanderpoorten 2018).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Holt's Mouse-tail Moss (Isothecium holtii) is an oceanic temperate moss recorded on the Atlantic seaboard of Europe from southern Spain north to southern Norway, with its main centre of distribution in Britain and Ireland. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it has a patchy distribution, it can be very locally abundant and the current population trend is stable. In addition, there are no known threats to this species, but pollution and water abstraction for hydro schemes are presumably potential threats. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"Holt's Mouse-tail Moss (Isothecium holtii) is an oceanic temperate moss recorded on the Atlantic seaboard of Europe from southern Spain north to southern Norway, with its main centre of distribution in Britain and Ireland. There are scattered subpopulations in France, Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany (east to the Harz mountains). A record from Ukraine (Boiko 2014) seems improbable. It has also been reported from Turkey (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 2,128 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2.5 million km².","This species has a patchy distribution but there is no indication of a decline, and it can be very locally abundant. The current population trend is stable.","This is a robust moss forming greenish-brown, often extensive patches on rocks, tree roots and tree boles in very humid and shaded sites on the banks of fast-flowing rivers and streams, typically rather high in the inundation zone or just above it, and often near waterfalls in deep ravines where spray keeps the humidity level high. Isothecium myosuroides is often present above the zone in which it occurs. It is strongly calcifuge and is commonly associated with Scapania undulata, Hygrohypnum ochraceum, Hyocomium armoricum, Racomitrium aciculare and Sciuro-hypnum plumosum, but only rarely Thamnobryum alopecurum, which it closely resembles. It is characteristic of tree-lined and wooded streams arising in upland and mountainous districts on a variety of base-poor rocks, but is surprisingly patchy and infrequent in the west of Scotland and the Lake District given the extent of apparently suitable habitat there (Blockeel et al. 2014). It altitudinal range is from 10 m up to 725 m Asl.



It is dioicous; capsules are rare, maturing in winter.","There are no known threats to this species, but pollution and water abstraction for hydro schemes are presumably potential threats.

","No conservation measures are required at present. It has been assessed as Vulnerable in Germany, Spain and Luxembourg, and as Near Threatened in Norway (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Weibull, H.","Hodgetts, N.","Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,LEMBOPHYLLACEAE,Isothecium,montanum,,Isothecium montanum  ,"Draper, Hedenäs, M.Stech, T.Lopes &amp; Sim-Sim",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(i); D",Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(i); D",EU28,,"Isothecium montanum is endemic to Madeira Island, Portugal, where it is known from only two sites in the same area, in the high mountain habitats in the region of Pico Ruivo and Pico do Arieiro. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has an extremely restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km2), it occurs at only one location, and there is a continuing decline in EOO, AOO, quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. The subpopulation in Pico Areeiro is thought to have disappeared, as it has not been recorded since the 1950s in spite of searches in the area. The site has been subjected to intensive anthropogenic activities. The remaining known site has been affected by intense fires. In addition, it is estimated that less than 50 individual-equivalents occur in Madeira, and each subpopulation therefore has less than 50 individual-equivalents. 



The main threats to this species are habitat destruction and degradation due to fires and the subsequent changes in vegetation, favoring the expansion of invasive alien species. In addition, the species may also be affected by the increase in recreational and tourist activities. An intensification of the effects of climate change may cause damage to the vascular plant communities in the most elevated part of Madeira, compromising the development of the bryophyte assemblages associated withIsothecium montanum. It is important to monitor the habitat at the few sites where it develops, with a view to preventing disturbance and erosion to the substrate. It is also important to revisit known sites to evaluate whether population fluctuations are occurring. Management of the area is recommended to prevent large fires that could wipe out the species. Ex-situ conservation should be considered for this species.",Decreasing,"Isothecium montanum is endemic to Madeira Island, Portugal, where it is known from only two sites in the same area, in the high mountain habitats in the region of Pico Ruivo and Pico do Areeiro (Draper et al. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km2.

","This endemic species of Madeira Island is currently known from only two sites in the same area. One of the sites, Pico Arieiro - where the species was collected in 1952 by H. Persson - has been subjected since then to intensive anthropogenic activities, and the species has not been re-found, even though the area has been investigated. The two currently known subpopulations are located in the region of Pico Ruivo, which makes them extremely sensitive to environmental changes affecting the vascular vegetation. The subpopulation sizes at each site are small, and have decreased after the intense fire that occurred in 2010. It is estimated that fewer than 50 individual-equivalents occur in Madeira, and each subpopulation therefore has less than 50 individual-equivalents. Since this species is saxicolous, one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one boulder or rock where the species grows. The current population trend is thought to be decreasing.","This species is present in wet or moist habitats, such as on sheltered slopes or in rock crevices in forests dominated by Erica spp. It is found in association with Frullania spp. and Isothecium prolixum among others at high elevations (at or above 1,500 m Asl, with an upper limit of 1,861 m Asl) (Draper et al. 2015). The vegetation of this area is characterized by the presence of several endemic vascular plants of Madeira which seem to be adapted to the harsh climate of the area, where temperature amplitudes are large and the winds are also intense almost all year-round. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat due to ongoing threats.","The main threats to this species are habitat destruction and degradation due to fires and the subsequent changes in vegetation, favoring the expansion of invasive alien species. In addition, the species may also be affected by the increase in recreational and tourist activities. An intensification of the effects of climate change may cause damage to the vascular plant communities in the most elevated part of Madeira, compromising the development of the bryophyte assemblages associated with I. montanum. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of large wildfires and the restricted distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at only one location. The two known sites are close together, and the area is prone to fires.","This species occurs in the Central Mountain Massif of Madeira island which is within a Natura 2000 site. This very restricted distribution means that the species requires the maintenance of habitat quality where the subpopulations grow. It is important to monitor the habitat at the few sites where it develops, with a view to preventing disturbance and erosion to the substrate. It is also important to revisit known sites to evaluate whether population fluctuations are  occurring. Management of the area is recommended to prevent large fires that could wipe out the species. Ex-situ conservation should be considered for this species. Additionally, evaluation of intraspecific variation should be included among the suggested conservation actions.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Cronberg, N.","Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.","Afonina, O.,Blom, H.,Lönnell, N.,Hodgetts, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,LEMBOPHYLLACEAE,Isothecium,myosuroides,,Isothecium myosuroides  ,Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"



European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Isothecium myosuroides is a widespread species in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. In addition, at the European level there are no major threats.

",Stable,"Isothecium myosuroides is suboceanic boreo-temperate species, widely distributed in Europe, reaching North Africa (Morocco, Algeria) and Cape Verde (Patiño and González-Mancebo 2005), and the west and east coasts of North America (Blockeel et al. 2014, Ryall et al. 2005).",The overall population size is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable.,"This is an extremely variable moss and can often be found in forests as an epiphyte (on trunks and branches in the canopy) but also on rocks, and even on forestry soils. It occurs from coastal forests and western Atlantic oat woodlands to the Macaronesian laurel forests, and is found at elevations between 5 m and 1,500 m Asl. It also grows in open habitats (grasslands) outside the forests.



","Even though this species may be locally threatened (destruction, exploitation and fragmentation of forest habitats,  especially near human settlements; degradation and loss of suitable  habitats), there are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species.","

 

This species is known to occur in protected areas, and has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Bulgaria, Endangered in Hungary and Latvia, Near Threatened in Switzerland and Estonia, Vulnerable in Madeira and Data Deficient in Albania (Sim-Sim et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015).

",No specific uses are known for this species,"Muller, F.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,LEMBOPHYLLACEAE,Isothecium,prolixum,,Isothecium prolixum  ,"(Mitt.) M.Stech, Sim-Sim, Tangney &amp; D.Quandt",,Yes,VU,A3c,Yes,VU,A3c,EU28,,"Isothecium prolixum occurs in several localities on the island of Madeira and in all islands of the Azores archipelago. This species is long-lived and its generation length is estimated to be between 11 and 25 years. A three generation period is considered to be around 50 years. In a recent publication, a reduction in the amount of suitable habitat for this species was projected of either 64% or 81% until 2070 due to climatic changes (high irradiation and increased drought stress in the Macaronesia region) and under two different climatic scenarios. The reduction in the population is thus based on a reduction in area of occupancy (AOO) and quality of the habitat. This species therefore qualifies for either Critically Endangered or Endangered under Criterion A. 



However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study (approximately 1–km² grid resolution), it is possible that this species may persist within the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity can be higher than in the surrounding environment. Taking this into account, as well as recognising the degree of uncertainty associated with future projections, it has been considered that the more conservative estimate of decline should be used to assess the extinction risk of this species. It is further assumed that even if there are suitable microclimatic areas within the unsuitable 1-km², these will be minimal (ravines, nooks and crannies) and thus the reduction in suitable habitat will lead to an almost linear reduction in the population. However, the species is known to tolerate xeric site conditions in Madeira and is still fairly widespread and frequent in both archipelagos - a population reduction of 64% within three generations is therefore considered unlikely and too pessimistic. A population reduction of more than 30% but less than 50%, on the other hand, is much more likely given the available information and the species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable under Criterion A3.



The main threats to this species include alterations to flow regimes, loss of habitat suitability owing to the effects of climate change, alterations in land use due to anthropogenic activities, habitat eutrophication because of overgrazing, and the increase in exotic tree plantations. In addition, intensification of forest fires, which promote the spread of alien species, is an important threat to this moss. Monitoring the habitat conditions and population trends is recommended in order to ensure the stability and continuity of the population. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species.",Stable,"Isothecium prolixum occurs in several localities on the island of Madeira and in all islands of the Azores archipelago (Gabriel et al. 2011, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 89,450 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 708 km².","This species occurs in several localities in the laurel and heath forest in Madeira Island. In the Azores, it occurs in all islands, but is considered restricted (Gabriel et al. 2011, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). The population trend of this species is assumed to be stable. This bryophyte is considered a long-lived species (perennial stayer) following Dierssen (2001). The generation length is estimated to be between 11 and 25 years and three generations are therefore considered to be around 50 years.



The amount of suitable habitat for this species has been projected to decrease by 64% or 81% by 2070 owing to climate change. According to Patiño et al. (2016), the number of 1-km² climatically suitable grid  cells for this species has been projected to decrease using two  different climate scenarios. The first is a stabilization scenario (RCP  4.5) where total radiative forcing is stabilised before 2100, while the  other scenario (RCP 8.5) is characterized by increasing greenhouse gas  emissions over time representative for scenarios in the literature  leading to high greenhouse gas concentration levels.  These projections were derived using two different Global Climate  Models recommended for Europe and Mediterranean climates. In addition,  the elevation range of this species is predicted to shift upwards, as  conditions on Macaronesian islands become warmer and drier.  The variables considered for these projections included the maximum  temperature of the warmest month and the precipitation (in mm) of the  wettest month. The poikilohydric condition of bryophytes means their  water content is directly regulated by environmental humidity and growth  is restricted to periods of hydration. Temperature is also known to be  an important factor for bryophyte growth (Patiño et al. 2016).  However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study  (approximately 1-km² grid resolution), it is possible that this species  may persist within the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small  microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity is usually higher than in the  surrounding environment. Nevertheless, these models clearly project a  substantial decline in the climatically suitable area for this species  within three generations. 

","This is a species of the natural laurel forest of Madeira, occurring also in heathlands at higher elevations (Vaccinio padifoli–Ericetum maderinicolae and Polysticho falcinelli–Ericetum arboreae vascular plant communities) between 800 m and 1,800 m Asl. In Madeira, it is common in and above the natural laurel forest of the northern and central parts of the island, whereas it is rarer or absent in the southern and eastern parts of the island. On the north coast it descends to sea level in the valleys (Hedenäs 1992). In the Azores, it also occurs in the native forest, which is characterized by evergreen tree species (Laurus azorica, Erica azorica, Ilex perado subsp. azorica and Juniperus brevifolia). Both in Madeira and the Azores, it occurs on several substrates, such as rock, soil and bark (Stech et al. 2008). 



","This species is mainly confined to natural forests, which are fragile habitats, and the main threats include alterations to flow regimes, loss of habitat suitability owing to the effects of climate change, alterations in land use due to anthropogenic activities, habitat eutrophication because of overgrazing, and the increase in exotic tree plantations. In addition, intensification of forest fires, which promote the spread of invasive alien species, is an important threat to this moss. Bryophytes have been considered unlikely to be able to evolve quickly in a changing environment, and their potential to become acclimatized to novel climatic conditions (drier and warmer) in the near future is limited (Patiño et al. 2016).



","The natural forests of Madeira and the Azores in which this moss species occurs are protected by regional, national and international legislation. In Madeira, it is a species of the natural laurel forest, which is a priority habitat under the EU Habitats Directive and was designated a Natura 2000 site. In 1999, the area was also designated a World Natural Heritage site by UNESCO. In Madeira most of the distribution of this moss is included in the Madeira Natural Park which is protected through a Regional Decree. Currently, there are no specific conservation measures in place for this species in Madeira or the Azores. This species was considered rare in the European Red List of Bryophytes (ECCB 1995) and assessed as Near Threatened in Madeira by Sim-Sim et al. (2014). The importance of protected areas for the conservation of this species is also highlighted by Patiño et al. (2016). Monitoring the habitat conditions and population trends is recommended in order to ensure the stability and continuity of the population. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species. 

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Muller, F.","Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,PTERIGYNANDRACEAE,Iwatsukiella,leucotricha,,Iwatsukiella leucotricha  ,(Mitt.) W.R. Buck &amp; H.A. Crum,,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)



Iwatsukiella leucotricha is a rare species, locally distributed in the subalpine and alpine belts of the Middle and South Urals, where it grows near the western border of its Eurasian range. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 70,000 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 100 km2. The subpopulations of this species are small and not numerous. However, in Europe, the population trend seems to be stable and there is no evidence of a decline in the species. Most of known habitats of this species are protected, and there are no major current threats to the species. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Europe.

However, possible future threats to this species include timber harvest and degradation of cliff vegetation due to tourism activities, such as trampling. Further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed.

This species is not found within the EU 28 and it is therefore Not Evaluated.",Stable,"This is a suboceanic North Pacific species, with its main range restricted to Japan, the Russian Far East, southern Siberia and the coastal areas of Alaska, British Columbia, and Oregon (United States) (Ignatov and Ignatova 2004, Harpel 2014). In Europe, it is known only from the Middle and Southern Urals (Schljakov 1950, Ignatova and Ignatov 1993, Ignatova et al. 1995, Ignatova et al. 1997, Zolotov and Baisheva 2003, Baisheva and Shirokikh 2008, Baisheva et al. 2015).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 70,000 km2 (based on total area within a minimum convex polygon around all known occurrences), and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 100 km2 (based on a 2x2 km2 grid overlay on the range map). The altitudinal range of this species is between 400 and 1,340 m Asl. This species is not present in the EU 28.","The subpopulations of this species are small and not numerous. The species is often fertile. This species is common in the Far East but rare in Siberia. In the Urals, this species has a scattered distribution but is not very rare in the mountain forests (E. Baisheva pers. comm. 2017). The population trend appears to be stable in Europe.","The species occurs in the subalpine and alpine belts. It has been found in the mountain tundra, in open conifer woodlands, in swampy spruce and birch-spruce forests, in pine-birch and fir-birch forests. It is also present on shale rocks, carbonate cliffs and boulders. It grows on stony substrates, on the bark of Sorbus aucuparia and Betula spp., as well as on decaying wood (Ignatova and Ignatov 1993, Ignatova et al. 1995, Ignatova et al. 1997, Ignatov and Ignatova 2004, Baisheva and Shirokikh 2008).","This species is partly associated with mountain forests. Currently, most of the known localities of this species are in protected areas, so threats can arise only in the non-protected habitats in the future. Possible future threats to this species include timber harvest and degradation of cliff vegetation due to tourism activities, such as trampling.","This species is not included in any regional or national Red Lists, but most of the known subpopulations are found within the protected areas of Perm Province and the Republic of Bashkortostan. Further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Vanderpoorten, A.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,JUBULACEAE,Jubula,hutchinsiae,,Jubula hutchinsiae  ,(Hook.) Dumort.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Hutchins' Hollywort (Jubula hutchinsiae) is a hyperoceanic southern-temperate leafy liverwort. It is a very variable and taxonomically complex species; subsp. hutchinsiae is the European taxon, and occurs in Ireland, Britain, Spain, the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is locally frequent, often grows in inaccessible places, and there is no evidence of any decline or major threats. No conservation measures are required at present,",Stable,"Hutchins' Hollywort (Jubula hutchinsiae) is a hyperoceanic southern-temperate leafy liverwort. It is a very variable and taxonomically complex species; subsp. hutchinsiae is the European taxon, and occurs in Ireland, Britain, Spain, the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. Reports from Luxembourg, Belgium and the Faroe Islands appear to be errors. Elsewhere, subsp. caucasica grows in the Caucasus; subsp. pennsylvanica occurs in eastern North America; subsp. javanica grows in Asia and Oceania, including Russia, China, Korea, Japan, southeastern Asia and some Pacific Islands including Fiji; and subsp. australiae occurs in Queensland, Australia (Blockeel et al. 2014).



This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 1,860 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) isca 5.5 million km².","The population size is unknown, but there is no evidence of any decline and the current population trend is considered to be stable. This liverwort is locally frequent, and often grows in inaccessible places.","This species occurs most commonly as pure, dark green patches on shaded, wet, often constantly dripping rocks in low-lying wooded ravines, especially around waterfalls and cascades and in deeply shaded humid recesses in caves formed from jammed blocks in the bed of ravines. It also occurs on wet shaded stream banks in wooded glens, and in damp, shaded crevices and caves in raised beach cliffs along the west coast of Scotland. More rarely it occurs in treeless streams or in dark, humid crevices between blocks on boulder strewn slopes where water percolates, particularly in southwestern Ireland, and in Madeira, along the sides of small levadas (canals). It also occurs epiphytically on the fronds of Trichomanes speciosum and on the stems of Thamnobryum alopecurum in dripping caves by waterfalls and in wooded ravines. Associates include Riccardia chamedryfolia, and, more rarely, Dumortiera hirsuta, Radula holtii and Cyclodictyon laetevirens. It occurs on a wide range of rock types including limestone but is very rare on the most acid rocks. Its altitudinal range is from 5 m up to 1,000 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014).



The species is usually autoicous, rarely dioicous; inflorescences and capsules are fairly frequent, May to July.","There are no known widespread threats to this species, although some sites are likely to be impacted by Rhododendron ponticum, an invasive alien species.","No conservation measures are required at present, and the species is known to occur in protected areas. This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in the Canary Islands (Garilleti and Albertos 2012).

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Denyer, J.,Cálix, M.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G. & Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,JUNGERMANNIACEAE,Jungermannia,atrovirens,,Jungermannia atrovirens  ,Dumort.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Dark-green Flapwort (Jungermannia atroviens) is widely distributed in Europe. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 18 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 11,120 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 12.6 million km2, and the AOO is estimated to be around 10,700 km2. It is mostly found in remote areas, and so there are no major threats to the species. The current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. Therefore, in view of its wide distribution and stable population trend, this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.

However, the species is considered threatened in some European countries, such as the Czech Republic and Estonia. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species is widely distributed in Europe. In the lowlands, this species is represented by large forms that are treated by some authors (Schuster 1969) as a separate species - Solenostoma triste (Nees) Muell. Frib. (Jungermannia tristis Nees). European authors do not distinguish this form as a separate species (Paton 1999, Damsholt 2002).  In Asia, the species occurs in Turkey, Lebanon, Korea, Japan, and the Asian part of Russia. In North America, it is restricted mostly to the Cordillera, from Alaska and British Columbia to California, as well as in Alberta, Montana and single localities in eastern North America (Schuster 1969, Damsholt 2002). The altitudinal range of this species is from near sea-level to 1,070 m Asl in Great Britan (Paton 1999) to 3,000 m in Alps (NISM 2017).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 18 million km2 in Europe. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 11,120 km2 in Europe. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 12.5 million km2, and the AOO is estimated to be around 10,700 km2.",The species is mostly a mountain species and in central Europe and Scandinavia it is quite common in calcareous areas. It is widespread and abundant in limestone areas in the Alps (C. Schroeck pers. comm. 2017). This species is relatively rare in the European part of Russia (Konstantinova et al. 2009). The population trend of the species is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.,"This is a widespread species in central and western Europe. It occurs in a wide range of habitats, including wet or periodically submergered limestone or base-rich rocks in gorges, and in woodlands and grasslands. It is also found on shady cliffs, in springs, on stream and river banks, terrestrial pioneer sites and snowbeds. The species grows on a thin layer of soil or humus on wet stones and rocks, on gravelly or clay soil, detritus, or on wet decaying wood (Paton 1999). It is widespread and abundant in limestone in the Alps (C. Schroeck pers. comm. 2017).","There are no major threats to the species, as it is found mostly in remote areas in mountains.","The species is included in several national Red Lists. It has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in the Czech Republic and Estonia, as Near Threatened (NT) in Finland, Italy and Sardinia, as Least Concern (LC) in Germany and as Data Deficient (DD) in the Canary Islands and in Hungary (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in at least one protected area. No conservation measures are required at present.",This species is not used.,,"Konstantinova, N., Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,JUNGERMANNIACEAE,Jungermannia,borealis,,Jungermannia borealis  ,Damsh. &amp; Váňa,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Northern Flapwort (Jungermannia borealis) is more or less widespread in the subarctic and southern part of the arctic, occurring in the mountains of the western and central part of Europe. This species appears to be scattered and it is not very common both in central and northern Europe. 

In Europe, the species has an area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 700 km2, however, the current population trend is considered to be stable and the population size is larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe.

In the EU 28, the population trend is also stable, but the population size is close to 1,000 individual-equivalents. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened in the EU 28, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion D.

The species is probably at risk from dams and water management, and it is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Slovakia, Norway and Austria. However, it is probable that the species is under-recorded, particularly in European Russia and Great Britain. Further research is required to confirm the population size, distribution and trends, and monitoring of the population trends is also recommended.",Stable,"This is an arctic-montane species that is more or less widespread in the subarctic and southern part of the arctic. In Europe, it occurs in the mountains of the western and central part where it reaches an altitude of 1,900 m Asl in the Tatras (Górski and Váňa 2014) and 3,000 m Asl in Alps. In Asia, it has a scattered occurrence in Siberia and the Russian Far East (Konstantinova et al. 2009). In North America, it is found on the west coast from British Columbia to the Aleutians. This species is also known from southern Greenland and Iceland (Damsholt 2002).

 

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 9.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 700 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 3.7 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 360 km2.","This species appears to be scattered and it is not very common both in central and northern Europe. In Austria, there are two known localities and in Germany there are four. In Great Britain, this species is ""rather uncommon"" but it is widespread and sometimes locally frequent in central Scotland (Paton 1999). It is probable that the species is under-recorded, particularly in Great Britain (Paton 1999) and Russia (N. Konstantinova pers. comm. 2016). In Iceland, it is known from many different localities. In the northern part of Russia and the Scandinavian countries, this species is not rare in appropriate habitats. The current population trend seems to be more or less stable in both Europe and the EU 28. The total population size in Europe is estimated to be larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent). In the EU 28, the population size is close to 1,000 individual-equivalents.

","This species is found on a thin layer of soil or humus on moist basic rocks, mica schist, basalt and sandstone, on sand or gravel along small streams or along small waterfalls, where it never dries out.","The only probable threats for this species are dams and water management.

","This species is included in several national Red Lists. It is assessed as Vulnerable in Norway, Austria, Italy and Switzerland, and as Critically Endangered (CR) in Slovakia (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in Lapland State Nature Reserve (Borovichev 2014) and in the protected area of Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden (Konstantinova 2001). Further research is required to confirm the population size, distribution and trends, and monitoring of the population trends is also recommended.",This species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.,Blockeel, T.","Konstantinova, N.","Giovanna Dia, M.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,JUNGERMANNIACEAE,Jungermannia,calcicola,,Jungermannia calcicola  ,Konstant. &amp; Vilnet,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"

European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Jungermannia calcicola is known from one locality in Europe. There is no information on its population size and trends. The species grows in an Albanian National Park. It has only recently been discovered, and so this species is assessed as Data Deficient in Europe. It is therefore important to study appropriate sites thoroughly to reveal new localities and clarify the distribution of the species in Europe, as well as further research into the threats to this species. 

This species has not been found within the EU 28 and therefore it is Not Evaluated.

",Unknown,"This is a recently described species (Konstantinova and Vilnet 2016). It is known from the Caucasus, particularly from the republics of Adygeya, Karachaevo-Cherkessia and Dagestan (l.c.) and has recently been found at a single locality in Albania (Marka et al. 2018).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species are both estimated to be around 4 km2. This species is not found within the EU 28.","In Europe, the species is known from one recently discovered locality (Marka et al. 2018). The current population trend is unknown.","The species is restricted to strictly calcareous (limestone) substrates. It occurs at relatively high elevations (1,450 to 2,090 m Asl) in the Caucasus, mostly in crevices of rocks, between and under rocks or in grottos where air humidity is relatively high. The species usually grows creeping on rock in thin mats. In the single known European locality, this species grows on limestone at an altitude of 1,760 m Asl (Marka et al. 2018).","The species occurs on limestone at high elevation in Albanian National Park (Marka et al. 2018), it seems there are no known threats for it.","The species grows in an Albanian National Park. It is important to study appropriate sites thoroughly to reveal new localities and clarify the distribution of the species in Europe, as well as further research into the threats to this species.",The species is not used.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Marka, J.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,JUNGERMANNIACEAE,Jungermannia,exsertifolia,,Jungermannia exsertifolia  ,Steph.,"In Europe, the species is represented by subsp. cordifolia and is treated by some authors as J. eucordifolia (Konstantinova et al. 2009).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Cordate Flapwort (Jungermannia exsertifolia) is restricted mostly to upper belts of mountains of central, eastern and western Europe, but is also found in the north of Russia, in Scandinavia and in Great Britain. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 10.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 4,732 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 6.9 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 3,656 km2. This species is common in places, and found in large, pure mats. The current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no major threats to the species in the majority of countries where it occurs. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered threatened in several countries, including Romania, Slovakia and Italy. Any localized threats probably occur through water management. Taxonomic status of this taxon is not yet clear and the study both of taxonomy and level of differentiation of European subpopulations from those in Asia is urgently needed. In addition, further research into the population distribution and trends, and monitoring of habitat trends is required.",Stable,"This is a montane, mostly alpine and subalpine, probably circumpolar species. In Europe, it is restricted mostly to upper belts of mountains of central, eastern and western Europe (can reach up to 2,500 m Asl in the Alps (Damsholt 2002), but in the north of Russia, in Scandinavia and in Great Britain, this species is sometimes in lowland, occasionally descending to sea level (Damsholt 2002, Paton 1999). The species is also known from Greenland and Iceland (Schuster 1969). In North America, it occurs from Alaska to British Columbia in the west, and eastwards with disjunct occurrences around the Great Lakes, as well in Wyoming (unpublished data, N. Konstantinova pers. obs. 2016) and from Labrador to Connecticut and New York (Schuster 1969). The species also occurs in the Caucasus, south Siberia, and the Russian Far East. 

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 10.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 4,732 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 6.9 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 3,656 km2 .

","This species is common in Scandinavia (Damsholt 2002). It is widespread and often abundant throughout Scotland including Shetland (Paton 1999). In the north of Russia, particularly in Murmansk Province, the species is abundant in some places, occurring often in pure mats of several square decimetres or even metres (N. Konstantinova pers. comm. 2016). Sporophytes have rarely been found. The overall population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28.

 

","This species is found partially or totally submerged on stones or rocks in acidic to mildly basic rich brooks and rivulets. It is also found on wet rocks, in springs and late snow beds (Damsholt 2002, Paton 1999).",There are no major threats to the species in the majority of countries where it occurs. Any localized threats probably occur through water management.,"The species is included in several national Red Lists. It is assessed Vulnerable (VU) in Italy, Austria, Switzerland and Bulgaria, as Critically Endangered (CR) in Slovakia and as Endangered (EN) in Romania (Hodgetts 2015). In Russia, this species occurs in several protected areas, including in Laplandskiy and Pechero-Ilychskii State Nature Reserves (Konstantinova 2004), Vishera State Nature Reserve (Konstantinova and Bezgodov 2005). Taxonomic status of this taxon is not yet clear and the study both of taxonomy and level of differentiation of European subpopulations from those in Asia is urgently needed. In addition, further research into the population distribution and trends, and monitoring of habitat trends is required.",This species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Pilkington, S.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,JUNGERMANNIACEAE,Jungermannia,polaris,,Jungermannia polaris  ,Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Arctic Flapwort (Jungermannia polaris) was first described in Svalbard, where it occurs scattered and not rare,  but in mainland Europe, it restricted mostly to the upper belts of the mountains of Scandinavia, Murmansk Province and the Urals. The current population trend of the species is stable, and the population size in Europe is estimated to be above 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). In addition, there are no major threats to the species. In Europe, this species is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).

However, in the EU 28, there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable. In central Europe, this species is rare, but is restricted to hard to reach areas. No conservation measures are needed in Europe at present.",Stable,"This is an arctic-montane species that was first described from Spitsbergen where it is common but rarely abundant (N. Konstantinova pers. obs. 2016). In mainland Europe, this species is restricted mostly to the upper belts of the mountains of Scandinavia (Damsholt 2002), Murmansk Province and the Urals. It also has a scattered occurrence in tundras along the Barents sea and the Kara sea where occurs from sea level (Konstantinova et al. 2009). The species is treated often as subspecies of J. pumila and probably overlooked (Paton 1999).

In central and western Europe, the species occurs in the upper belts of mountains up to 2,300 m Asl (Damsholt 2002). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is therefore from sea level to 2,300 m Asl.

In North America, the species is transcontinental at alpine level, recorded from British Columbia in the west and from Ellesmere Island to Newfoundland and Quebec in the east. The species is also known from Greenland and Iceland (Damsholt 2002). In Asia, the species is recorded from western, eastern and southern Siberia and the Russian Far East, including Chukotka, Kamchatka and Sakhalin (Konstantinovaet al. 2009). 

 

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 10.9 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 832 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 5.6 million km2 and the AOO around 336 km2.","There is no data available on the size of the subpopulations of this species, but in some areas in Spitsbergen, the species is rather abundant and widespread (N. Konstantinova pers. comm. 2016). The species has a scattered occurrence in Norway and Sweden. In Austria, it is known from about 24 localities and it is certainly under-recorded. It is known from five localities in Germany. The current population trend of the species is stable, and the population size in Europe is estimated to be above 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and with 1 m2 used as a proxy for one individual-equivalent). In the EU 28, there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents. 

","This is a pioneer species that is restricted to moist loamy, gravelly or humus-rich soil in the crevices of basic rocks, small cracks in spotty tundras, ledges of rocks, banks of small brooks from glaciers (temporary and permanent) and late snow areas (Paton 1999, Damsholt 2002). In Spitsbergen, the species is rather common and occurs often as a mixture in mats of other bryophytes on bare soil, on slopes to streams, in different types of tundra and on spots of bare soil under rocks. This species very rarely occurs as pure mats, and more often it is mixed with, for example, Blepharostoma trichophyllum subsp. brevirete, Mesoptychia spp., Schljakoviantus quadrilobus etc. It has preference for calcareous substrates (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017).","In arctic regions, this species is widespread and no threats exist for the species. In central Europe, it is rare and restricted to hard to reach areas.","This species is included in several national Red Lists. It is assessed as Vulnerable in Great Britain, Italy, Austria, Slovakia and Romania, as Near Threatened in Finland, and as Not Evaluated in Germany (Hodgetts 2015).

This species occurs in several protected areas in Svalbard including Nordaust-Svalbard naturreservat (Konstantinova and Savchenko 2012) and Soeraust-Svalbard naturreservat (unpublished data, N. Konstantinova pers. obs. 2016). It is also known to occur in protected areas in Russia, particularly in Lapland and Pinezhskiy State Nature Reserves (Konstantinova 2004).

No conservation measures are needed in Europe at present.

",This species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Cronberg, N.","Konstantinova, N.","Hodgetts, N.,Afonina, O.,Vellak, K.,Blom, H.,Lönnell, N.,Goldberg, I.,Schröck, C.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,JUNGERMANNIACEAE,Jungermannia,pumila,,Jungermannia pumila  ,With.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Dwarf Flapwort (Jungermannia pumila) is not rare in Europe, but is restricted mostly to the mountains. This species has a large geographic range in both Europe and the EU 28. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 17.6 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 6,932 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 10.5 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 6,128 km2. This widespread species has a large population size and its population trend is stable. In addition, the species grows in remote areas with difficult access and it needs some disturbance to grow, so there are no major threats to the species. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.



However, this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Slovakia, Bulgaria and Switzerland.",Stable,"This is an arcto-temperate montane species that is not rare in Europe. It is known to occur in Svalbard, in northern parts and the mountains of Scandinavia and Russia to Italy, Spain, Portugal, Macaronesia and the Azores in the south (Damsholt 2002). This species is also known from Greenland, Iceland. In Asia, it is known from the Caucasus, eastern and southern Siberia and the Russian Far East  (Konstantinova et al. 2009), Japan and Java (Damsholt 2002). In North America, it is known from British Columbia to California in the west and from Quebec to Virginia in the east. In Africa, this species is known from Tanzania (Damsholt 2002).

This species is restricted mostly to the mountains and it occurs from sea level to 920 m Asl in Great Britain (Paton 1999), to 1,000 m Asl in Scandinavia (Damsholt 2002), and to 2,300 m Asl in the Tatra mountains (Górski and Váňa 2014).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 17.6 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 6,932 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 10.5 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 6,128 km2.","The subpopulations of this species can be very small and its population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In the Scandinavian countries, Great Britain and in the north of Russia, this species is rather common. This widespread species has a large population size.","This species is found on damp or moist, mildly basic or acidic, rocks and boulders on banks of small streams or it is temporarily submerged. It is also found as a pioneer on new surfaces of sandstone or even granite. It is also found in moist rock crevices. It is able to colonize rocky railway cuttings (S. Caspari pers. comm. 2017). In central Europe this species is found in forested areas.","This species is restricted to banks of small streams, shaded rocks that are usually not under anthropogenic pressures. In addition, the species grows in remote areas with difficult access and it needs some disturbance to grow. There are therefore no major threats to the species.","This species is included in several national Red Lists. It is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in Slovakia, Bulgaria, Switzerland, Luxembourg and the Canary Islands, as Near Threatened (NT) in Italy and the Czech Republic, as Data Deficient (DD) in Hungary and as category 3 (Gefährdet/vulnerable) in Germany (Hodgetts 2015). However, in the majority of European countries the species is not threatened. The species is known to occur in many protected areas, including Vishera State Nature Reserve (Konstantinova and Bezgodov 2005).",This species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Blockeel, T.,Hodgetts, N.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Kiaeria,blyttii,,Kiaeria blyttii  ,(Bruch &amp; Schimp.) Broth.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Blytt's Fork-moss (Kiaeria blyttii) is widespread in the mountains in central and western Europe with increasing frequency towards the north. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 4,000 and 5,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 3,000 and 4,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 6 million km2. This species seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area in Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no evident threats. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species has an European, boreo-arctic, montane distribution (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). In Europe, this species occurs from Iceland and Svalbard, south to the mountains of central Portugal, the Pyrenees, northern Italy, Bulgaria and the Carpathians, as well as the Urals and the Caucasus (Blockeel et al. 2014). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in northern part of North America and Asia (BFNA 2007).

Compared with Kiaeria starkei, this species is also widespread at lower elevations (e.g. coastal areas) and occurs almost throughout Fennoscandia with increasing frequency to the north. In the subalpine and alpine belt of the Scandes, this species is considerably less frequent than K. starkei but extends up to remarkable elevations (at least 1,650 m Asl in Norway). The altitudinal range of this species is between 30 and 2,975 m Asl. As for K. starkei, its occurrence at higher elevations is incompletely known because fruiting specimens are less frequent there (Mårtensson 1956).

 In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 4,000 and 5,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 3,000 and 4,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 6 million km2.","This species is widespread in the mountains in central and western Europe with increasing frequency towards the north. There are no reports of any decline in the core distribution area in Europe, and so the current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows typically on the tops and sides of boulders on scree slopes and at the base of crags. It is also common on boulders above the inundation zone on rocky rivers in mountains and on similar sites on lake margins. This species seems to avoid limestone and the most strongly calcareous schists and it is also uncommon on hard acidic rocks like quartzite. It is most common in the mountains, perhaps because its preferred habitat is more frequent there, but it also occurs at low altitudes. In its open habitat, there are a variety of associated species, the most common of which are Diplophyllum albicans, Gymnomitrion obtusum, Andreaea rupestris, Dicranum fuscescens, Grimmia ramondii, Polytrichum piliferum, Racomitrium fasciculare and R. sudeticum, but it also occurs with some less common species, including Tetralophozia setiformis, Cynodontium jenneri, C. strumiferum and Dicranoweisia crispula (Blockeel et al. 2014).

In Nordic countries, this species seems to have a different ecology than K. starkei and occurs mainly on non-calcareous rocks, e.g. in small clefts in more or less vertical rock surfaces or on stones or erratic boulders (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). The tufts are generally free from other species but in addition to fragments of lichens, some more or less common species such as Gymnomitrium concinnatum may occur (Mårtensson 1956).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","The species is assessed in the Red List of Germany as Near Threatened (NT) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area.

No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Stebel, A.","Hallingbäck, T","Damerell, P.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Kiaeria,falcata,,Kiaeria falcata  ,(Hedw.) I.Hagen,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Sickle-leaved Fork-moss (Kiaeria falcata) is the rarest species of the genus in Europe. This species is widespread in the mountains in northern, central and western Europe with increasing frequency to the north. It has a wide extent of occurrence (EOO), but a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the AOO of this species is between 1,400 and 1,500 km2, and its EOO is between 12 and 13 million km2. The number of individual-equivalents in Europe is estimated to be between 20,000 and 50,000 (considered as mature individuals). The distribution is not severely fragmented. It seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its northernmost distribution area in Europe, which is the core area of this species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe.

In the EU 28, the AOO is between 800 and 900 km2 and the EOO is ca 5 million km2. In the western and central parts of the distribution area, the warmer climate is threatening this species and so there is considered to be a current decreasing population trend in the EU 28, due to fewer and smaller snowbeds. Within the EU 28, the number of individual-equivalents is projected to be between 10,000 and 15,000, and each subpopulation is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened in the EU 28, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criteria B and C.

No immediate conservation action is possible, since climate change is the only threatening factor. However, long term monitoring and further research is probably needed to understand the population dynamics.",Decreasing,"This species has an European arctic-montane distribution. It occurs from Iceland, Svalbard, and arctic Russia and south to the Alps, the Balkan Mountains (rare), the Carpathians, the Urals and the Caucasus (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in northern part of North America and Asia (BFNA 2007).

This species is the rarest of the genus. It has a distribution that is atlantic and alpine in character and it is not as rare in the Norwegian Scandes as on the Swedish side. Most of the localities are alpine (Mårtensson 1956). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 10 m and 3,000 m Asl.

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,400 and 1,500 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 12 and 13 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 800 and 900 km2 and the EOO is ca 5 million km2.","This species is widespread in the mountains in northern, central and western Europe with increasing frequency to the northwest. At low elevations, this species has declined - for example, in the United Kingdom, it has not been recorded in Wales for nearly 30 years and from northern England for over 50 years (Blockeel et al. 2014). 

It seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its northernmost distribution area in Europe. However, the warmer climate is threatening this species, mostly in the western and central parts of the distribution area, and so there is considered to be a current decreasing population trend in the EU 28, due to fewer and smaller snowbeds.

The number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe is estimated to be between 20,000 and 50,000 (using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equivalent). Within the EU 28, the number of individual-equivalents is projected to be between 10,000 and 15,000, and each subpopulation is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents. The population is not severely fragmented since it often produce spores.","This species grows on wet, sandy soil in non-calcareous late snow areas or percolation streaks (Mårtensson 1956). It is found in the low- and mid-alpine zones, but occasionally also in the sub-alpine and high-alpine zones (Hallingbäck et al. 2006).

In the United Kingdom, this species occurs in late snow beds, mainly growing on gravel where it can form extensive patches or occur as numerous minor cushions mixed in a mat of small liverworts. It also frequently occurs on accumulated silt on top of rocks in the snow beds and sometimes on gravel in much more exposed fell field sites on ridges and plateaus. More rarely, this species occurs on mineral soil on crag ledges and in screes where winter snow cover is much thinner. Associates include other typical chionophilous (thriving in cold conditions) species like Marsupella brevissima, Fuscocephaloziopsis albescens, Conostomum tetragonum, Kiaeria starkei and Polytrichastrum sexangulare as well as more widespread species such as Cephalozia bicuspidata, Lophozia sudetica, Nardia scalaris, Oligotrichum hercynicum, Polytrichastrum alpinum and Racomitrium heterostichum (Blockeel et al. 2014).

","Due to the association of this species with snow beds, this species is threatened by a warmer climate.","This species is in the Red List of Svalbard (Frisvoll and Blom 1997) as Vulnerable (VU) and in Germany as Rare (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in at least one protected area

  No immediate conservation action is possible, since climate change is the only threatening factor. However, long term monitoring and research is probably needed to understand the population dynamics.",The species is not used or traded.,"Denyer, J.,Cálix, M.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Kiaeria,glacialis,,Kiaeria glacialis  ,(Berggr.) I.Hagen,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Snow Fork-moss (Kiaeria glacialis) is known from Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Svalbard (Jan Mayen), Scandinavia, northern Finland and arctic Russia. This species is scattered in the mountains of northern Europe and it seems to have a viable and stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28. In Europe, the population size is probably well above 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals), and therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern.

However, in the EU 28,  the population size is more restricted and is estimated to be between 1,000 and 1,500 individual-equivalents. Therefore this species is assessed as Near Threatened in the EU 28 as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion D. Within the EU 28, this species is representative of snow bed vegetation and if the late snow bed areas continue to decrease its population size will also decline.



 

The species is easily overlooked as a Dicranum, particularly in the absence of capsules, and is probably under-recorded. Further research is therefore required to confirm its distribution. In addition, since this species is a component of snow bed vegetation, it is important to monitor population development when the distribution and melt-out date of late melting snow packs changes, notably as a consequence of climate warming and/or changed accumulation pattern of snow during winter.

",Stable,"This species has a circumpolar arctic-montane distribution. It is known from Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Svalbard (Jan Mayen), Scandinavia, the UK (Scotland), northern Finland and arctic Russia (Blockeel et al. 2014). An old record exists from the Czech Republic, a site which today is possibly extinct. This species is a true mountain moss. It has mainly been found in the alpine belt and has been reported from altitudes up to 1,900 m Asl in northernmost Sweden. In areas with high precipitation, as on the Norwegian west coast, it has sometimes been found at altitudes as low as a few hundred meters (Mårtensson 1956). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland and northernmost North America (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,000 and 1,500 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 300 and 400 km2 and the EOO is between 0.5 and 0.6 million km2.","This species is scattered in the mountains of northern Europe. The species is easily overlooked as a Dicranum, particularly in the absence of capsules, and is probably under-recorded. However the overall range is likely to be accurate as mapped. The population size within the whole of Europe is probably well above 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equivalent). The population size is stable and there is no indication of any decline in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species is typically found on soil or rock in poor habitats, such as by snow beds, on heaths and shores (Hallingbäck et al. 2006) and it seems to prefer a rather acidic substratum (Mårtensson 1956). This species is a component of high elevation, late snow bed, vegetation but it is normally not part of the same snowed community as Kiaeria falcata and K. starkei. This species is most frequent as cushions in scree slopes or on ledges of broken crags in north- or north-east-facing corries, but it can also occur in sheltered spots on plateaus and ridges. Below large late-melting snow packs, this species can form extensive, linear patches along the margins of melt-water channels.

Associated species are usually common upland plants like Diplophyllum albicans, Marsupella emarginata, Mylia taylorii, Oligotrichum hercynicum, Polytrichastrum alpinum, Racomitrium fasciculare and R. lanuginosum, but also more strictly chionophilous species like Kiaeria starkei, Pohlia ludwigii and Polytrichastrum sexangulare (Blockeel et al. 2014).","Due to its association with snow beds, this species can be threatened by a warmer climate.","

The species is assessed in the Red Lists of the Czech Republic as Regionally Extinct (RE) and Great Britain as Near Threatened (NT) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in at least one protected area.

This species may be under-recorded, so further research is required to confirm its distribution. In addition, since this species is a component of snow bed vegetation, it is important to monitor population development when the distribution and melt-out date of late melting snow packs changes, notably as a consequence of climate warming and/or changed accumulation pattern of snow during winter.



",The species is not used or traded.,"During, H.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Hallingbäck, T","Damerell, P.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Kiaeria,riparia,,Kiaeria riparia  ,(H.Lindb.) M.F.V.Corley,,No,CR,C2a(i),No,CR,C2a(i); D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

Kiaeria riparia is an extremely rare species with a mainly subarctic distribution. It is found on Iceland, in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia, with only a few localities in each country. It is estimated that there are less than 250 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe and less than 50 individual-equivalents in the EU 28. In addition, there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat due to declines in the number of glaciers and speeding up of changes through succession, as a result of warming temperatures. Each subpopulation has only a few individual-equivalents. It is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered in both Europe and the EU 28.



Long term monitoring is probably needed to understand the dynamics, and all known localities should be checked to investigate whether the species is still extant. Ex-situ conservation could be considered in order to secure survival.",Decreasing,"This species has a mainly subarctic distribution and it is found on Iceland, in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia (Hodgetts 2015). There are only few localities in each country. The type locality was located in the conifer belt in Isthmus Karelicus (Russia, collected between 1895 and 1897, Ignatov et al. 2006). At this old locality, it has not been seen in modern times. The more recent sites are located in the alpine or subalpine regions of the Nordic countries and Russia. There are four known sites in Sweden, two in Norway and a couple in Finland (which are possibly extinct). It is also found on Iceland at two sites. One of the Norwegian localities is from Opland and was found at an altitude of 1,220 m (Hassel 2015). Outside Europe it is found on Greenland (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). This species is therefore not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 44 and 88 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.4 million km2. Within the EU 28, the AOO is 20 km2 and the EOO is 17,265 km2. The altitudinal range of the species is between 700 m and 1,220 m Asl.","This is a very rare, montane species growing on sand from glaciers. There is also one locality in Norway where the species is growing in a late snowbed. There are very few collections in Europe and worldwide. There are four known sites in Sweden and two in Norway. The present decline in the number of glaciers in Sweden and Norway is now causing a decline of the habitat of this species and most probably also the population size of this species. Taking into account the very small number of known localities and the small size of the subpopulations it is estimated that there are less than 250 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and with 1 m2 used as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) in Europe and possibly less than 50 individual-equivalents in the EU 28.","This species grows on moist alluvial sand on the banks of streams in exposed situations below glaciers. In Norway and Sweden, it has been found on disturbed sandy and moist soil along rivers in the mountains. It is a weak competitor, and hence it is probably dependent on flooding and superposition of new sand or other natural disturbances (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat. It is a very small species which grows in small tufts.","The major threat to this species is the current decline in the number of glaciers (due to the melting and retreat of the glaciers) in Sweden and Norway. It is now causing a decline of the habitat of this species due to the disappearance of the sandy areas which it needs to grow (vegetation overgrowth). In addition, the succession process is getting faster due to the warmer temperatures (Fickert et al. 2017). There is therefore a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and in the population size of this species.","This species has been assessed in Finland as Data Deficient (DD), in Norway as Vulnerable (VU) and in Sweden as Near Threatened (NT) (Hodgetts 2015, Hassel 2015, Hallingbäck et al. 2006).

  No immediate conservation action is possible, since climate change is the threatening factor. However, long term monitoring is probably needed to understand the dynamics. This species is known to occur in at least one protected area. All known localities should be checked to confirm the species is still extant. Ex-situ conservation could be considered in order to secure the survival.",The species is not used or traded.,"Gunnarsson, U.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Schröck, C.,Lönnell, N.,Hodgetts, N.,Goldberg, I.,Blom, H.,Afonina, O.,Vellak, K.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Kiaeria,starkei,,Kiaeria starkei  ,(F.Weber &amp; D.Mohr) I.Hagen,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Starke's Fork-moss (Kiaeria starkei) is common in the high mountains in Europe. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 2,000 and 3,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 14 and 15 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 1,000 and 1,500 km2 and the EOO is ca 6 million km2. In Europe, the population size is much larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). The population size in the EU 28 is close to 10,000 individual-equivalents and no subpopulation is bigger than 1,000 individual-equivalents. This species is declining in some parts of Europe and the EU 28, especially in central Europe and within EU 28. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern in Europe (because it is still very common in the north), but assessed as Near Threatened in the EU 28, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criteria B and C.

The area of late snow bed vegetation is declining because of a warmer climate. If this continues, it is likely to cause a future reduction in population size of this species. Since this is a snow bed species, it is important to monitor this species when the area of late melting snow packs changes in size and melt out timing.

",Decreasing,"This is an arctic-montane species, that occurs from the arctic, and south to the mountains of central Portugal, the Pyrenees, northern Italy and the Balkans, as well as to the Urals, the Caucasus, Georgia and Azerbaijan (Blockeel et al. 2014). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in North and South America and Asia (BFNA 2007). It is a low-alpine belt species, but it also occurs at higher elevations where it rarely fruits and has been overlooked (Mårtensson 1956).

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 2,000 and 3,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 14 and 15 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 1,000 and 1,500 km2 and the EOO is ca 6 million km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 300 m to 3,210 m Asl.","This species is rather common in the high mountains in Europe, with a population size much larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for each individual-equivalent). The population size in the EU 28 is close to 10,000 individual-equivalents, and no subpopulation is bigger than 1,000 individual-equivalents. In Finland, this species is probably declining due to climate warming, but is still quite common in the fells (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). In Norway and Sweden, the species seems to be more or less stable. However, everywhere else, this species is declining, and so the overall current population trend for this species in Europe and the EU 28 is decreasing.","This species is a characteristic moss of the non-calcareous late melting snow areas. However, it should be pointed out that it is often replaced by K. falcata, and K. glacialis in very late melting and probably more acidic snow areas. This species also occurs in many habitats more or less similar to snow areas, such as banks of streams and rills, in soil among stones and boulders, on peaks and ridges or elsewhere in the middle-alpine or high alpine heath, given that there is enough water available. The moss grows generally on sandy soil. When this species is found on rocks or boulders, these are almost always covered with a layer of soil. It often forms large, pure mats (Mårtensson 1956).

In the United Kingdom, this species is a characteristic species of the Polytrichastrum sexangulare–Kiaeria starkei type of snow beds that occur where the snow lies latest into the summer. Here, this species is most frequent on gravel that accumulates on slopes, irrigated by melting snow and it is less frequent on the drier more exposed sites favoured by Kiaeria falcata. This species also commonly occurs in the interstices of screes and on the damp mineral soil on ledges of crags and is occasionally washed down to lower altitudes, where it occurs on gravel. Associates include other typical chionophilous species (found in cold winter conditions) like Marsupella brevissima, Pleurocladula albescens, Conostomum tetragonum and Polytrichastrum sexangulare as well as more widespread species such as Cephalozia ambigua, Lophozia sudetica, Nardia scalaris, Oligotrichum hercynicum and Racomitrium heterostichum (Blockeel et al. 2014).

","The area and number of snow beds are declining because of a warmer climate, and this seems to be a major cause of decline in the population size of this species.","This species is included in the national Red Lists of Svalbard and Portugal as Vulnerable (VU) and Data Deficient (DD) in Montenegro (Frisvoll and Blom 1997, Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. Since this is a snow bed species, it is important to monitor this species when the area of late melting snow packs changes in size and melt out timing.

",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Gunnarsson, U.","Hallingbäck, T","Juutinen, R.,Schröck, C.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Kindbergia,praelonga,,Kindbergia praelonga  ,(Hedw.) Ochyra,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"



European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Kindbergia praelonga is a widespread species in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. In addition at the European level there are no major threats. No conservation action or research is currently needed. 

",Stable,"Kindbergia praelonga is an European Temperate species. It is widespread in cool-temperate parts of Europe, north to Iceland and central Fennoscandia, east to Ukraine and the Caucasus, rare in the Mediterranean lowlands. It also occurs in Macaronesia, North Africa, and southwest Asia. It was been reported from eastern Asia, Japan, and Western North America, Central and South America, East and South Africa, Australia and New Zealand (probably introduced in several of these areas). Hedenäs (2010) found that most specimens from America and China differed from each other and from western Eurasian material in their molecular sequencing and probably merit recognition as distinct species (Blockeel et al. 2014).",The overall population size is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable.,"This species can be found in a variety of habitats. It may be found in open and sheltered habitats, in forests and woodlands growing on soil, rotten logs, rocks, or epiphytically on tree trunks. It is also present in many lawns and is quite common also in the Macaronesian laurel forests. Its many other habitats include hedges and roadside banks, the sides of rivers, streams and ditches. It occurs from the sea level to above 2,200 m Asl (Swissbryophytes 2017).","



Even though this species may be locally threatened, there are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species.

","This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Finland, Slovakia, Hungary, and Data Deficient in Malta and San Marino (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas, and no conservation action or research is currently needed.",There are not reported uses for this species,"Englefield, E.,Virtanen, R.","González Mancebo, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LEPIDOZIACEAE,Kurzia,pauciflora,,Kurzia pauciflora  ,(Dicks.) Grolle,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"

European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Bristly Fingerwort (Kurzia pauciflora) is found mostly over the western European countries, being rarer to the south, and it is also present in Macaronesia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 11.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 8,520 km2. In Europe, this species is especially abundant in some areas, including the British Isles, southern Scandinavia, the Netherlands, Belgium and the Azores. It is more scarce in the rest of its territory, although for some areas this absence is probably the result of lack of knowledge or information. Few populations studies are available, but the overall European and EU 28 population trend is considered to be stable. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

The habitat of this species has been subject to different threats, from peat mining, desiccation for agricultural purposes, and to potential changes due to global climate change. This species would benefit from site protection and management, especially where it is locally threatened. In addition, further research on the population and life history of this species is required, along with monitoring of habitat trends.

",Stable,"This species is present in suboceanic areas in Europe. Its distribution extends from the western countries, including Iceland, Azores and Madeira to northern Russia. In North America, this species is found in Alaska in the west coast, the northeast coast and west to Michigan. 

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 11.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 8,520 km2. The altitudinal range of this species is from sea-level to around 2,000 m Asl in the Alps and Pyrenees. However, it is variable in the different regions, and is found up to 600 m Asl in Great Britain, up to 900 m Asl in the Azores, up to 500 m Asl in Madeira, up to 1,200 m Asl in the Spanish Central System and around 800 m Asl in Scandinavia.","In Europe, this species is especially abundant in the British Isles (Paton 1999), southern Scandinavia (Damsholt 2002), the German northern lowlands, the Netherlands and Belgium (Stieperaere and Schumacker 1986), as well as in the northern part of the Alps and  the Pyreneo-Cantabrian mountains in the Iberian Peninsula (Infante 2000). It is also widespread and quite abundant in the Azores, where it is reported to four islands, although it is a species with a narrow ecological tolerance (Gabriel et al. 2011). It is more scarce in the rest of its territory, although for some areas this absence is probably the result of lack of knowledge or information.



Few populations studies are available, but the overall European and EU 28 population trend is considered to be stable. Locally, this species could be at risk, for example, in isolated mountain localities in the centre of Spain (Soria and Ciudad Real - Infante and Heras 2012, 2016), where the mires it inhabits are very fragile.","

The species is a calcifuge and is a characteristic species of acidic mires, especially bogs, and more occasionally it is in fens, including base-rich fens. This species is particularly common on or among Sphagnum spp. (especially those forming hummocks) and Leucobryum glaucum. It is also found on wet peat or acidic humus on heaths.

Sometimes this species is found to form quite pure stands, but it is often associated with other liverworts of Sphagnum bogs (Mylia anomala, Odontoschisma fluitans, Fuscocephaloziopsis macrostachya, F. connivens, Odontoschisma sphagni, etc.) and sometimes with Kurzia sylvatica, but rarely with K. trichoclados. 

This species shows a rather large amplitude inside the mire gradients (Albinsson 1997) and it is rather difficult to assign it either to the ""compromise"" (dependent on other bryophytes) or the ""avoidance"" (preferring dead sphagna, bare peat or other disturbances) strategy defined for mire hepatics. There is evidence that it possesses an extensive system of subterranean axes (Duckett and Clymo 1988), in fact its biomass is predominantly subterranean, reaching its maximum at 10 cm deep. Its overall cover is higher when developing on less vigorous or even dead sphagna (Hugonnot et al. 2015), this suggests that it might be redefined not as a colonist but as a long-lived itinerant.



","

The species has been and is subject to different threats on mires, such as disturbances by mining (peat exploitation), desiccation and transformation (mainly for agricultural uses), dam construction or regulation, and finally, the threat of climate change and habitat shifting or reduction. All those threats vary greatly in extension, intensity and consequences in the different regions, being more worrying in the areas at the distribution limits of this species, where subpopulations are more isolated, scarce and hence more at risk.

Mires are a system with a historic component that must be taken into account, since their evolution might lead to natural extinctions.



","This species is considered Critically Endangered (CR) in the Netherlands and Slovakia, as Endangered (EN) in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013), Switzerland and Romania, as Vulnerable (VU) in Austria, Germany and the Czech Republic, and finally as Near Threatened (NT) in Spain and Slovenia (Hodgetts 2015).

Several mire types, its main habitat, are considered in the Annex I of the Habitats Directive, so many of the subpopulations are included in a protected area (mainly the Natura 2000 network), but no specific attention is payed to this species. In theory, the protection given to its habitat should also protect this species, but no specific studies are available.



This species would benefit from site protection and management, especially where it is locally threatened. In addition, further research on the population and life history of this species is required, along with monitoring of habitat trends.",This species is not used or traded.,"Puche, F.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C. & Infante, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LEPIDOZIACEAE,Kurzia,sylvatica,,Kurzia sylvatica  ,(A. Evans) Grolle,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Wood Fingerwort (Kurzia sylvatica) is a suboceanic species, found in Europe, more abundantly in the northwestern countries. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 3 million km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,492 km2. The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is unknown. However, the subpopulations are neither very small nor restricted in terms of localities, and it can be abundant in some countries, such as the Netherlands and Belgium. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered threatened in some countries, including Italy, Spain, Sweden and Poland. The species is subject to different threats, mainly linked to the loss of protecting vegetation. Although this species is not threatened in Europe overall, it would benefit from additional site protection. Also, complete knowledge on its distribution is still hampered by past taxonomic uncertainties and confusion with other Kurzia spp. and so further research is required to establish the full distribution and population status of this species, as well as monitoring of population and habitat trends.",Unknown,"This is a suboceanic and montane amphiatlantic species. In Europe, it is found in the British Isles, Ireland, southern Scandinavia, Denmark, France, Belgium, Spain, Germany, Italy, the Czech Republic and Poland. In North America, this species spreads over the eastern coast, extending west to Texas and Mississippi. However, complete knowledge on its distribution is still hampered by past taxonomic uncertainties and confusion with other Kurzia spp.

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 3 million km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,492 km2. The altitudinal range of this species across Europe is from sea level to 9,00 m Asl in the Alps. However, it is strictly coastal in Scandinavia, where it is found up to 20 m Asl, and it is found up to 600 m Asl in the British Isles and in Spain, and up to 400 m Asl in Italy.



","In Europe, this species is grows mainly in the British Isles (Paton 1999) particularly in the west and south coastal areas, and also in the German northern lowlands, the Netherlands and Belgium (Stieperaere and Schumacker 1986). However, this species is quite rare in southern Scandinavia (Damsholt 2002), in the northern part of the Alps and near the Cantabrian coast in the Iberian Peninsula (Infante 2000, Infante and Brugués 2017), as well as in Italy (Aleffi 2005). No populations studies are available, but it is a scarce and small plant, never forming extensive nor pure stands. It rarely develops sporophytes, but there are regions where only one of the sexes has been found (for example, in Denmark, only male plants are known, Damsholt 2002).

The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is unknown.","The species is calcifuge, on humus or sandy soil on moist banks and on steep sandstone surfaces and ledges. This species is found on rocky outcrops, north-facing on heaths, or in sheltered woodland (mainly Quercus robur or Alnus glutinosa forests). Rarely associated to mires.

It rarely forms pure stands, and these tend to be small; it is often intermingled with other bryophytes, such as Leucobryum juniperoideum, Nowellia curvifolia, Scapania gracilis, Diplophyllum albicans, Lepidozia reptans, Plagiochila exigua, Anastrophyllum minutum, Cephalozia bicuspidata and more rarely with Kurzia trichoclados or K. pauciflora.

The ecology of the Mediterranean localities deserves special attention; for example, the eastern Pyrenean locality in Spain is an exceptionally humid ravin in a dry area with Mediterranean maquis shrubland (Ericaceae and Quercus coccifera dominated). The ravin is permanently humid and hosts a subpopulation of Sphagnum compactum, with which this species was observed (Thouvenot 2005). 



","The species is subject to different threats, mainly linked to the loss of protecting vegetation, such as livestock farming (including openings for pastures, management fires, etc.), forestry (original vegetation replacement, total cuts to recover wood, etc.), water management by dams (that can destroy populations). Recreational activities (nature tourism) can locally cause losses.

All those threats vary greatly in extension, intensity and consequences in the different regions, being more worrying in the areas at the distribution limits of this species, especially in the southern and Mediterranean parts.","Some subpopulations of this species are found in protected areas (mainly the Natura 2000 network), but no specific conservation attention is paid to this species. In national Red Lists, this species is considered to be Critically Endangered (CR) in Italy, Endangered (EN) in Spain, Sweden and Poland, Vulnerable (VU) in Germany, Near Threatened (NT) in Ireland and Northern Ireland, and Data Deficient (DD) in Norway (Hodgetts 2015).

Regarding official lists, it should be noted that this species is included in the regional catalogues of Catalonia communities in Spain (Infante et al. 2017), covering one of the few Mediterranean subpopulations of the species.

Although this species is not threatened in Europe, it would benefit from additional site protection. Also, further research is required to establish the full distribution and population status of this species, as well as monitoring of population and habitat trends.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Denyer, J.","Sergio, C. & Infante, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LEPIDOZIACEAE,Kurzia,trichoclados,,Kurzia trichoclados  ,(Müll. Frib.) Grolle,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Heath Fingerwort (Kurzia trichoclados) is a suboceanic and montane species which, in Europe, is found more abundantly in the British Isles, Scandinavia and the mountain ranges of the Alps-Carpathians and the Pyreneo-Cantabrian mountains. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 3 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 3,804 km2. In Europe, this species is common in the British Isles, along the west coast in Norway and in the northern part of the Alps and the Black Forest. More isolated small areas extend outside these main regions. The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is unknown. This species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.



However, this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Italy, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The species is subject to different threats, mainly those linked to the loss of protecting vegetation. This species would benefit from additional site protection. In addition, further research on this species, including on the population trend, life history and threats, is recommended, along with monitoring of habitat trends.",Unknown,"This is a suboceanic and montane species. In Europe, this species is found in the British Isles, Scandinavia, and mostly in mountains (Alps-Carpathians, Pyreneo-Cantabrian mountains). In North America, this species is present only in British Columbia. However, knowledge on its distribution is still hampered by past taxonomic uncertainties and confusion with other Kurzia spp.

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 3 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 3,804 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from sea level to 2,550 m Asl in the Alps. In Scandinavia, this species is found only up to 500 m Asl, up to 1,000 m Asl in the British Isles, and up to 1,600 m Asl in Spain.","In Europe, this species is common in the British Isles, especially in Scotland (Paton 1999). It is also common along the west coast in Norway (Damsholt 2002), and it is quite common in the northern part of the Alps and the Black Forest, but more scarce in the Pyreneo-Cantabrian mountains in the Iberian Peninsula (Infante 2000, Infante and Brugués 2017). More isolated small areas extend outside these main regions. No populations studies are available, and so the current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is unknown. It is a rather small plant, but it usually forms large pure patches, and sporophytes are not rare.","The species is a calcifuge, growing on humus on shaded acidic rocks and boulders, and rarely limestone, on moist well-drained peaty banks and, occasionally, on sandy soil. It is more rarely found as single shoots among Sphagnum spp. and Leucobryum juniperoideum, or on very humid decaying logs.

Usually, this species is found in shaded sites in humid woodlands, ravines, north-facing rocky outcrops sheltered by shrubs, moorland, wet heaths and, more rarely, in bogs. This species often forms deep, nearly pure, aromatic turfs. Apart from Sphagnum spp. and Leucobryum spp., other associated species that this species has been recorded with include Calypogeia spp., Cephalozia spp., Riccardia chamaedryfolia, Odontoschisma denudatum, and sometimes Kurzia sylvatica.","The species is subject to different threats, mainly those linked to the loss of protecting vegetation, such as livestock farming (openings for pastures, management fires, etc.), or forestry (original vegetation replacement, total cuts to recover wood, etc.). Recreational activities (nature tourism) can also locally cause losses.","In national Red Lists, this species is considered Critically Endangered (CR) in Italy, Endangered (EN) in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, Vulnerable (VU) in Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Germany, and as Rare in Poland (Hodgetts 2015).

Some subpopulations are included in protected areas (mainly within the Natura 2000 network), but no specific attention is paid to this species. This species would therefore benefit from additional site protection. In addition, further research on this species, including on the population trend, life history and threats, is recommended, along with monitoring of habitat trends.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Cronberg, N.,Englefield, E.","Sergio, C. & Infante, M.","Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,LEJEUNEACEAE,Lejeunea,canariensis,,Lejeunea canariensis  ,Stephani,,Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),EU28,,"Lejeunea canariensis is endemic to the Canary Islands and Madeira. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km²), it occurs at only eight locations and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat. The most important threats for this species are related to the effects of climate change on the laurel forests, leading to disturbance and intensification of fire, which causes transformation of forest into shrublands and promotes the emergence and spread of invasive alien plant species. General habitat protection, especially prohibiting forest harvest inside protected habitat, might be appropriate for the maintenance of the species. Monitoring of the habitat and population is recommended, especially subpopulations in more exposed areas in the Canary Islands. In addition, improving the management of the areas where this species occurs is recommended to prevent large fires and the spread of invasive alien species. It is also important to improve general measures to avoid fires that currently are affecting even the wet laurel forests. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species. Further research is recommended into the population trend.",Unknown,"



Lejeunea canariensis is endemic to the Canary Islands and Madeira. It is known from Madeira Island, El Hierro, La Palma, Tenerife and Gran Canaria. This species occurs in all western islands of the Canaries, with the exception of Gomera, where it has not yet been found but probably occurs, since it can grow in all types of laurel forest from the driest to the wettest areas (Zippel 1998, Dort and Nieuwkoop 2003, González-Mancebo et al. 2003, Losada Lima et al. 2010). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 72,845 km², and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km² .  



","In Madeira, this species is mainly found in the wettest areas of the laurel forest, where few new sites have been found recently. However, in the Canary Islands it occurs in wetter and drier laurel forests. Additional studies are necessary to determine the current population size and trend.","This species occurs in all types of laurel forest in the Canary Islands and Madeira as an epiphyte on different tree species (González-Mancebo et al. 2003, Sim-Sim et al. 2011). In the Canary Islands most of the reports are from the wettest laurel forest, but it also occurs in the thermophilous southern slopes at lower elevations (400 m Asl) in the drier island of Gran Canaria (Dort and Nieuwkoop 2003). In Madeira it is mainly found in the wettest areas of the laurel forest. Although primarily an epiphyte, it can also grow on boulders. The altitudinal range is between 300 m and 1,000 m Asl.","

 



The most important threats for this species are related to the effects of climate change on the laurel forests, leading to disturbance and intensification of fire, which causes transformation of forest into shrublands and promotes the emergence and spread of invasive alien plant species. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of wildfires and expansion of invasive alien species, and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered that the species occurs at only eight locations.

 

","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. In Madeira most of its distribution is included in the Madeira Natural Park, which is protected through a Regional Decree. In the Canary Islands some of the subpopulations occur in protected areas, namely in the Parque Rural de Anaga, Parque Natural de Las Nieves and Parque Rural de Frontera. This species was assessed as Vulnerable in Madeira by Sim-Sim et al. (2014). General habitat protection, especially prohibiting forest harvest inside protected habitat, might be appropriate for the maintenance of the species. Monitoring of the habitat and population is recommended, especially subpopulations in more exposed areas in the Canary Islands. In addition, improving the management of the areas where this species occurs is recommended to prevent large fires and the spread of invasive alien species. It is also important to improve general measures to avoid fires that currently are affecting even the wet laurel forests. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species. Further research is recommended into the population trend. 

","This species is not utilised or traded.

","Bates, J.,Cálix, M.","González Mancebo, J., Sim-Sim, M., Gabriel, R., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,LEJEUNEACEAE,Lejeunea,cavifolia,,Lejeunea cavifolia  ,(Ehrh.) Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Micheli's Least Pouncewort (Lejeunea cavifolia) is widespread and often-recorded in Europe. Based on the current available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 14.5 million km2. The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is unknown. However, this species is probably under-recorded. In addition, there are no major threats at the European level. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species may be locally threatened by land use changes and other risk factors include inappropriate forestry management and fire. Further research on the population size and trend of this species is required.",Unknown,"

This is a widespread species in Europe. It is an Atlantic-temperate to boreal liverwort, also occurring throughout the Mediterranean region from Portugal, Spain, France and Italy to the Balkan area and Crete. The occurrence in Macaronesia is critical (Gabriel 2011, Sim-Sim 2014, González-Mancebo 2008) and it has its northern-most European subpopulations in Norway, Sweden and Finland. This species is also found in eastern Europe, such as in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, but it is not present in some countries including Moldova and in southern Russia. Outside of Europe, this species occurs in northern, central and eastern Asia, and also in North America (Bischler 2004).

Based on the current available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 14.5 million km2. However, the area of occupancy (AOO) is difficult to estimate. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level to 1,000 m Asl in the Mediterranean region (Bischler 2004), and up to 2,600 m Asl in Switzerland.



","No quantitative information is available on population size, this species is frequently centered on the British Islands. The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is unknown. However, this species is probably under-recorded.

This species is frequently fertile, which may contribute to local dispersal and persistence.","This species grows on rock, ledges, on talus and compacted soils and back of sheltered trees. Its climatic preference is mean rainfall above 600 mm in the Mediterranean, and it avoids arid zones (Bischler 2004). This species is a poor competitor.","There are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species, even though this species may be locally threatened by land use changes and other risk factors include inappropriate forestry management and fire.","This species is not threatened in the majority of European countries (Hodgetts 2015), but it is considered Near Threatened in Italy and Hungry and as Regionally Extinct (RE) in the Netherlands. Although it is easy to overlook this species, it is known to occur in protected areas in Europe.

There is no specific conservation action in place for this species. Further research on the population size and trend of this species is required.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Bates, J.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,LEJEUNEACEAE,Lejeunea,eckloniana,,Lejeunea eckloniana  ,Lindenb.,"Lejeunea eckloniana was considered to be the correct name for the species present in Europe and Macaronesia and described as L. holtii Spruce for Ireland. The species is an African tropical species and is included in Macaronesian and European flora after the first report to Madeira (Sérgio 1978).

 

According to the last World Checklist of Hornworts and Liverworts (Söderström et al. 2016) it is a species with a knowledge problem, however recently for some authors these two taxa were recognized as one species (Schumacker and Váňa 2005, Casas et al. 2009) and recognized in recent Red-Lists as Lejeunea eckloniana.



",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"

European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Lejeunea eckloniana, in Europe, is found from Ireland, Great Britain, Spain and France and in Macaronesia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 4.1 million km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is more than 304 km². Although no population studies are available, the subpopulations are considered more or less stable. The species is abundant in some localities, including Macaronesia. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

The species is listed in some regional lists as Vulnerable or Near-Threatened but also as Least Concern. Many of its localities are under the Natura 2000 network, although no specific conservation efforts are placed. The species is subject to different threats, such as disturbances by forestry management, recreational activities (walking, aquatic sports), disturbances in water regimes and habitat alterations promoted by fires. Targeted subpopulations of important sites should be included in monitoring programmes. In addition, further research is needed on the taxonomy, population and threats of this species.

",Stable,"This species is present in hyperoceanic regions in Europe, such as Ireland, England, France, Spain and Portugal, and in Macaronesia in the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Archipelagos. Outside this area, this species has been recorded in tropical Africa and South Africa, as well as the southern Indian Oceanic Islands (Sérgio 1978, Bischler 2004).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 4.1 million km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is more than 304 km². The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from sea level to 1,200 m Asl in Madeira. It is found up to 950 m Asl in the Azores, 1,150 m Asl in Gomera in the Canary Islands, 300 m Asl in Spain, and 800 m Asl in Portugal. In Ireland and Great Britain, this species is generally found at less than 330 m Asl (Paton 1999).



","

In France, this species has only been reported in one area in the 20th century (Allorge 1955). In the Iberian Peninsula, this species was first found in “Basses Pyrénées” and then later in three other localities in Asturias and Guipúzscoa (Infante 2000). In Portugal, this species is found in a few Atlantic points, such as Serra do Gerês (Sérgio et al. 2012). Outside the European continent, this species is relatively abundant in southwestern Ireland, although in the rest of the country it is found in isolated sites with a very restricted distribution (Lockhart et al. 2012b). This species is also found is in England in the southern Atlantic area, with the northernmost world locality in the southwest of Scotland (Paton 1999). In Ireland and Great Britain this species is rarer (Lockhart et al. 2012a, Hodgetts 2011).

In the Azores, the species is rather abundant, since it is found on all the islands (Gabriel et al. 2011), as well as in Madeira archipelago, in Porto Santo. In the Canary Islands, the species is quite rare but with new sites found in La Gomera (González-Mancebo et al. 2008). Although no population studies are available, the subpopulations are considered more or less stable. However, in some localities in central Portugal, it has not been rediscovered since the 1980s. 



","

The species grows as an epiphytic or on soil on humus, or occasionally on decaying wood. It has also been found growing on rocks, always on humid substrates, cascades or in wet dripping caves. This species is rarely found as pure stands, often associated with Hookeria lucens, Diplophyllum albicans, Saccogyna viticulosa, Pallavicinia lyellii, Thamnobryum species, Fissidens polyphyllus, etc.

On the continent, this species occupies ravines, under forests of Quercus robur, that are very shady by microtopographic conditions. In Macaronesia, it is often associated to Laurisilva forests and found with endemic species such as Isothecium prolixum, Leucodon treleasei, Plagiochila bifaria, Porella canariensis or Radula carringtonii. In England and Ireland, this species seems to favor woods, probably providing shade and stable humidity. 

There is some evidence of habitat decline and some deterioration in the quality and extent of its habitat, by effects of fires and deforestation, which could be increased in the future also by climate change and habitat shifting. 

","The species is subject to different threats, such as disturbances by forestry management, recreational activities (walking, aquatic sports), disturbances in water regimes and habitat alterations promoted by fires.

In the Macaronesian islands, the threat of climate change and habitat shifting should be added to those noted for the continental areas.","

In national Red Lists, this species is considered as Vulnerable (VU) in Great Britain and Spain (Hodgetts 2011, Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012), as Near Threatened (NT) in Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012a), and as Data Deficient (DD) in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013). In Macaronesia, this species is considered to be Least Concern (LC) in all archipelagos (Gabriel et al. 2011, Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012, Sim-Sim et al. 2014).

Many of the subpopulations are found in protected areas (mainly in Natural Parks as well as the Natura 2000 network), but no specific attention is payed to this species. According to the last Red List of Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012a), targeted subpopulations of more important sites should be included in monitoring programmes. In addition, further research is needed on the taxonomy, population and threats of this species.



",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Bates, J.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,LEJEUNEACEAE,Lejeunea,flava,,Lejeunea flava  ,(Sw.) Nees,"The European taxon is usually referred to subsp. moorei (Lindb.) R.M.Schust. Although the occurrence of L. flava subsp. moorei (Lindb.) R.M. Schust. from the Macaronesian archipelagos of Azores, Canaries and Madeira is confirmed, the identity of the Cape Verde plants needs to be confirmed.",No,NT,B2b(iii),No,NT,B2b(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



Lejeunea flava is a pantropical species, widely distributed around the world. In Europe it only occurs in Macaronesia (Azores, Madeira, Canaries), and Ireland. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 508 km2), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. In Ireland, the main threats to the woodlands where this species is found, are invasion by Rhododendron sp. and overgrazing by livestock. In the Canary Islands and Madeira, fragmentation of the laurel forest, wildfires, and climatic changes (which lead to loss of habitat suitability) also pose a threat. Monitoring of the habitat and population trends is recommended, particularly in Ireland and the Canary Islands, as well as management of the area to prevent the spread of invasive alien species and wildfires.",Unknown,"



Lejeunea flava is a widely distributed pantropical species (Lee 2013), occurring throughout the tropics and subtropics, ranging from the southeastern U.S.A., Caribbean and Mexico southwards to northern Argentina, furthermore in Africa, Macaronesia and along the coast of western Europe, and in Asia from China and Japan southeastwards to Australia, New Zealand and Oceania (Lee 2013). In Europe, it is present in Ireland and Macaronesia (Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2.3 million km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 508 km2.

","This is a species that occurs in the Macaronesian laurel forests (Azores, Madeira and Canary Islands). In Madeira and the Azores is not a rare species, but in the Canary Islands it is restricted to areas with highest mist frequency and only present in two of the five islands with laurel forests (Tenerife and La Palma). In Ireland it is a threatened species (ECCB 1995). The current population trend of this species is unknown.","The species grows on shaded rocks and on soil together with other species of bryophytes or epiphyte on different tree species in the laurel forests (Schwab and Haustein 1984, Losada Lima and Beltrán Tejera 1987, Losada Lima et al. 1990, González-Mancebo et al. 2003). In Ireland it occurs in Quercus petrea-Ilex aquifolium woodlands and oceanic mountain areas with a predominantly acidic sandstone substrate (ECCB 1995). This species occurs mainly between 200 m and 1,200 m Asl.","In Ireland, the main threats to the woodlands where this species is found, are invasion by Rhododendron sp. and overgrazing by livestock (ECCB 1995). In the Canary Islands and Madeira, fragmentation of the laurel forest, wildfires, and climatic changes (which lead to loss of habitat suitability) also pose a threat. There is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat of this species.","The species is assessed as Vulnerable in the national Red List of Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012), and in the Canary Islands Red List (González-Mancebo et al. 2012). It is present in protected areas throughout its range. Monitoring of the habitat and population trends is recommended, particularly in Ireland and the Canary Islands, as well as management of the area to prevent the spread of invasive alien species and wildfires. 

","



This species is not utilised.

","Cronberg, N.,Englefield, E.","González Mancebo, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,LEJEUNEACEAE,Lejeunea,hibernica,,Lejeunea hibernica  ,"Bischl., H.A. Mill. &amp; Bonner ex Grolle",,Yes,NT,B2ab(iii),Yes,NT,B2ab(iii),EU28,,"

The Irish pouncewort (Lejeunea hibernica) is known from the Azores (Flores, Pico, Terceira and São Miguel), Madeira and Ireland. It can be found on rocks and boulders, frequently near streams, lagoons and waterfalls, in ravines, in rock crevices and holes, occasionally it has also been found on trunks. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 260 km²), and there is a continuing decline in the area and quality of its habitat; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. Even though the current population trend is thought to be stable, the habitat is deteriorating as a result of the effects of climatic changes, the intensification of fires and the increase in forestry plantations. It is estimated that the species occurs at about 20 locations. The restricted distribution of the species justifies future monitoring at some sites where it is known to occur, in order to investigate the vulnerability of the subpopulations.

",Stable,"The Irish Pouncewort (Lejeunea hibernica) is known from the Azores (Flores, Pico, Terceira and São Miguel), Madeira and Ireland. It is assigned to a hyperoceanic southern-temperate floristic element in Europe (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.8 million km², and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 260 km². Even though the species may be overlooked and the real AOO may be larger, it is highly unlikely that it would be above 2,000 km².","This species has a strongly southwestern distribution in Ireland, where it can be locally abundant, seems to be stable and is probably overlooked (Lockhart et al. 2012a, N. Hodgetts pers. comm. 2016). It is also present in Macaronesia, occurring in some sites in Madeira Island and in four islands of the Azores archipelago. In both archipelagos the species is not rare and can be very abundant ate some sites (Gabriel et al. 2011, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). The habitat area and quality are declining, and this could lead to a population decline, but the current population trend is still considered stable.","This species grows with other bryophytes and some ferns in the humid and shady areas of the natural forests of Macaronesia, which are decreasing. It can be found on rocks and boulders, frequently near streams, lagoons and waterfalls, in ravines, in rock crevices and holes. Occasionally, it has also been found on trunks of Laurus spp., Ocotea spp., Clethra spp., Prunus spp. and Erica spp. in the natural forest of the Azores and Madeira. In Ireland, it occurs as scattered stems growing amongst Metzgeria spp. and Radula spp. (particularly R. aquilegia and R. carringtonii) on damp, shaded boulders in sheltered gullies, especially near cascades, as well as block litters, wooded glens and ravines. It is also found in wet shaded crevices in cliffs, usually associated with Drepanolejeunea hamatifolia, Harpalejeunea ovata, Plagiochila exigua and, occasionally, Marchesinia mackaii. It favours mildly basic rocks, and can grow in deep shade, even under Rhododendron plants. Its altitudinal range is from 40 m in Ireland to 800 m in the Azores and 1,000 m Asl in Madeira (Gabriel et al. 2011, Lockhart et al. 2012a, Blockeel et al. 2014, Sim-Sim et al. 2014).","The main threats in Macaronesia include habitat eutrophication owing to overgrazing and the increase in forestry plantations, habitat deterioration because of the increase in construction projects, and the effects of climate change, including an increase in extreme temperatures and drought. An increase in fires and the spread of invasive alien plant species are also threats to this species. There are no clear threats in Ireland, but some subpopulations may be affected by the same factors affecting Macaronesian subpopulations. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of these threats and the distribution of the species, it is estimated to occur at about 20 locations. 

","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. It occurs in Madeira and the Azores in natural forests which are protected by regional, national and international legislation. In Madeira most of it is included in the Madeira Natural Park which is protected through a Regional Decree, and the natural laurel forest is a priority habitat under the EU Habitats Directive, and was designated a Natura 2000 site. In the Azores, it occurs in the Nature Reserve of Biscoito da Ferraria and Pico Alto (Terceira) and the Natural Reserve of Morro Alto and Pico da Sé (Flores). In Ireland, it occurs in several protected sites including national parks and Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) (Lockhart et al. 2012a). This species was considered Rare in the European Red List of Bryophytes (ECCB 1995) and assessed as Near Threatened in the Irish Red List (Lockhart et al. 2012b). The restricted distribution of the species justifies future monitoring at some sites where it is known to occur, in order to investigate the vulnerability of the subpopulations.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Hodd, R.","Sim-Sim, M., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M., Porley, R.D. & Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,LEJEUNEACEAE,Lejeunea,lamacerina,,Lejeunea lamacerina  ,(Steph.) Schiffn.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"



European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Western Pouncewort (Lejeunea lamacerina) is a hyperoceanic southern-temperate species which is found in Britain, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Italy (including Sardinia), France (including Corsica), Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Norway and Macaronesia. This species assessed as Least Concern since it is frequent or even abundant in suitable habitats in its core range, the current population trend is stable, and there are no major threats to it. No conservation measures are required at present.

",Stable,"The Western Pouncewort (Lejeunea lamacerina) is a hyperoceanic southern-temperate species which is found in Britain, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Italy (including Sardinia), France (including Corsica), Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Norway and Macaronesia. Its occurrence in the Faroe Islands is doubtful. Elsewhere it occurs in Turkey, North America (as subsp. gemminata R.M. Schust.), Brazil and Tristan da Cunha (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 3,600 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7.2 million km².","This species is frequent or even abundant in suitable habitats in its core range, and is not declining, so the current population trend is assumed to be stable.","This species is most common growing as extensive patches appressed to rock, or over other bryophytes (e.g., Heterocladium heteropterum, Hyocomium armoricum and Thamnobryum alopecurum), in damp, shaded situations such as at or near water level on wet boulders and tree roots in wooded valleys and streams. It is regularly found on moist, sometimes dripping rock walls in damp, humid, wooded ravines and by waterfalls, and in shaded recesses between boulders in cascades and on damp, block-strewn slopes where water percolates. It also occurs in dripping sea caves, on sheltered rocks by the sea, on shaded bridge supports in wooded river valleys, on trees and decaying logs in woods, and on soil banks by shaded streams. Associates include Rhynchostegium riparioides, Sciuro-hypnum plumosum, Thamnobryum alopecurum, Heterocladium heteropterum, Isothecium myosuroides, Lophocolea fragrans, Riccardia chamedryfolia and, more rarely, Jubula hutchinsiae, Porella pinnata, Fissidens bryoides var. cespitans and F. polyphyllus. It is generally found in damper, more shaded situations than Lejeunea cavifolia or L. patens. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 450 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).

It is autoicous and usually fertile, and capsules are common, February to November.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is included in some Red Lists near the edge of its range: it has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Italy and as Vulnerable in Switzerland; also Data Deficient in Norway and 'rare' in Germany (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Erzberger, P.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,LEJEUNEACEAE,Lejeunea,mandonii,,Lejeunea mandonii  ,(Stephani) Müll. Frib.,,Yes,VU,"B2ab(iii,v)",Yes,VU,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"Lejeunea mandonii is endemic to Europe, being present in Great Britain, Ireland, Macaronesia (Madeira and the Canary Islands) and Spain. This species is assessed asVulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 208 km2), it may occur at only ten locations, and there is a continuing decline in the habitat quality and extent, as well as in the number of mature individuals due to ongoing threats. The species is affected by fires and the spread of Rhododendron in England and Scotland. Other threats to this species include afforestation, overgrazing, desiccation, nutrient enrichment leading to unsuccessful competition with coarser species and algae. In Scotland, accidental damage to the trees as a result of forestry operations and stochastic events is the main threat. The fragmentation of the forest and fire in the Canary Islands and Madeira, and the loss of the habitat suitability due to the effects of climate changes also poses a threat. Monitoring of the habitat and population trends is recommended, as well as management of the area to prevent the spread of invasive alien species and wildfires. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species.",Decreasing,"Lejeunea mandonii is endemic to Europe, being present in Great Britain, Ireland, Macaronesia (Madeira and the Canary Islands) and Spain, where it is found in the south and in two localities in the north. This species extent of occurrence is ca 1.7 million km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 208 km2.","In Scotland, the species is known only on four widely scattered trees, in Wales on a small number of rocks and in England on around 20 rocks. In Ireland, it is present on fewer than five rocks. In Portugal, the species is very scattered and the subpopulations are small. Individual colonies tend to fluctuate in Scotland. In Ireland, it is very rare and scattered and it has only been recorded at two localities. In Europe it is estimated that there are about 15 localitieswhere the species is present. The current population trend is decreasing.","The species grows on shaded, usually slightly base-rich rocks sometimes in coastal areas. In Scotland it is found on ash trees and in Portugal in mixed forests. In Ireland it is found only in crevices of rocks in shady damp areas (Lockhart et al. 2012, Porley 2013, Blockeel et al. 2014). In Madeira and the Canary Islands it is found in laurel forests (González-Mancebo et al. 2004, Sim-Sim et al. 2014, C. Sergio pers. comm. 2016). In mainland Spain it is found in trees and granite rock crevices. Sporophytes are rarely produced. This species occurs mainly between100 m and 1,200 m Asl.","The species is affected by fires and the spread of Rhododendron in England and Scotland. Other threats to this species include afforestation, overgrazing, desiccation, nutrient enrichment leading to unsuccessful competition with coarser species and algae (Lockhart et al. 2012). In Scotland, accidental damage to the trees as a result of forestry operations and stochastic events is the main threat. The fragmentation of the forest and fire in the Canary Islands and Madeira, and the loss of the habitat suitability due to the effects of climate changes also poses a threat. Taking into account the likely extent of the threats and the distribution of this species, it is considered that it may occur at only around ten locations. The main threats on the mainland are considered wildfires, afforestation and overgrazing, while in Macaronesia the main threats are forest fragmentation and climatic changes.","The species is included in the national Red Lists of the UK (Endangered), Ireland (Endangered), mainland Portugal (Critically Endangered), Madeira (Vulnerable), mainland Spain (Vulnerable), and in all Spain (Near Threatened) (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in protected areas throughout its range. It is included in several monitoring schemes in the UK. Monitoring of the habitat and population trends is recommended, as well as management of the area to prevent the spread of invasive alien species and wildfires. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species.

 

",The species is not utilized.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Muller, F.","González Mancebo, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,LEJEUNEACEAE,Lejeunea,patens,,Lejeunea patens  ,Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Pearl Pouncewort (Lejeunea patens) is a small hyperoceanic southern-temperate species found in western Europe, from Norway and the Faroe Islands, Britain, Ireland and France, south to Spain, Portugal, Sardinia and Macaronesia (but not the Canary Islands). This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is frequent in its area of distribution, the current population trend is stable, and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"The Pearl Pouncewort (Lejeunea patens) is a small hyperoceanic southern-temperate species found in western Europe, from Norway and the Faroe Islands, Britain, Ireland and France, south to Spain, Portugal, Sardinia and Macaronesia (but not the Canary Islands). Reports from Germany, the Balkans, Crimea and elsewhere in Europe are doubtful or errors. Elsewhere it is found in the Caucasus and the Himalayas (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 3,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6.6 million km².

","The species is frequent in its area of distribution, and there is no indication of decline, so the current population trend is assumed to be stable.

","This plant grows as pure patches or amongst other bryophytes on moist, sheltered, often mildly basic rock faces and boulders in wooded or treeless ravines and gullies, on damp, periodically flushed rocks in woods on steep, block-strewn slopes, on sheltered sea cliffs, on shaded montane cliff faces (where it tends to be the most abundant Lejeunea species), and on and amongst boulders and in shaded recesses in stable block screes on north- or east-facing slopes. It is also locally abundant as an epiphyte on trees (especially sallow) and heather stems in damp, sheltered situations, often by ravines, and on logs in wooded valleys and shaded banks. It is indifferent to substrate but avoids the most sterile acid rocks and is very rare on limestone; Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 1,100 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014).

It is autoicous and often fertile; sporophytes are common, March to September.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013). It is known to occur in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Erzberger, P.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LEPIDOZIACEAE,Lepidozia,cupressina,,Lepidozia cupressina  ,(Sw.) Lindenb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Rock Fingerwort (Lepidozia cupressina) is a hyperoceanic southern-temperate liverwort that is very local in western Europe outside Britain and Ireland; it is also recorded in Macaronesia, Norway, Germany, France, Luxembourg and Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is locally frequent and the current population trend is stable. While there appear to be no widespread threat to it, it is likely to be impacted locally by competition with Rhododendron ponticum, and invasive alien species. No conservation measures are required at present, except for monitoring some of the subpopulations at the edge of its range.",Stable,"The Rock Fingerwort (Lepidozia cupressina) is a hyperoceanic southern-temperate liverwort that is very local in western Europe outside Britain and Ireland; it is also recorded in Macaronesia, Norway, Germany, France, Luxembourg and Spain. A record from the Faroe Islands was an error. A record from Vitosha Nature Park in Bulgaria seems very unlikely and is therefore not included. Outside the European region the Lepidozia cupressina complex is represented in the Caribbean region, South America and Africa (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 2,044 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5.6 million km².

","There is no evidence of decline, and the current population trend is probably stable.

","This is a characteristic though geographically restricted and rather local species of western rocky oak woodland in the British Isles, where it can form large, prominent cushions on the tops of shaded boulders and outcrops; less often it is found on tree bases, stumps, rotting logs and sometimes soil. Bazzania trilobata and Sphagnum quinquefarium are common associates, and Adelanthus decipiens and Dicranum scottianum are less common associates in hyperoceanic areas.It also occurs outside woodland in gullies, block screes and other sheltered rocky ground, especially near the sea. It is sometimes found as an epiphyte in Macaronesia. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 700 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).

The species is dioicous and often fertile, but mature sporophytes are unknown.","There are no known widespread threats to this species, but it is likely to be impacted locally by competition with Rhododendron ponticum, and invasive alien species.","No conservation measures are required at present, except for monitoring some of the subpopulations at the edge of its range. It is considered threatened in countries at and near the edge of its range and has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Luxembourg, as Endangered in Spain, as Vulnerable in the Canary Islands, as Near Threatened in Madeira,  and as ‘rare’ in Germany. It is also listed as Data Deficient in Bulgaria, but its presence there is highly dubious (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Erzberger, P.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G. & Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LEPIDOZIACEAE,Lepidozia,pearsonii,,Lepidozia pearsonii  ,Spruce,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Pearson's Fingerwort (Lepidozia pearsonii) is a hyperoceanic temperate species most frequent in the west of Britain and Ireland, and also known in southwestern Norway, Sweden and the Azores. This species is assessed as Least Concern since there is no evidence of decline and there appear to be no major threats to it. It is probably slightly under-recorded and no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"Pearson's Fingerwort (Lepidozia pearsonii) is a hyperoceanic temperate species most frequent in the west of Britain and Ireland, and also known in southwestern Norway, Sweden and the Azores. Reports from Spain are erroneous, and those from Lithuania are very dubious. It is also found in central and southern Africa (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 2,628 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.5 million km².

","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in any detail. There is no evidence of decline, and it is probably slightly under-recorded, as it is easy to overlook in the field. The most likely scenario is that the current population trend is stable.

","This species is found from near sea level to the submontane zone, mainly in shaded localities with a northerly to easterly aspect, in dwarf-shrub heath vegetation on rocky slopes, within boulder screes and on steep banks and ledges at the base of cliffs. It descends to low altitudes where it also occurs in rocky oak and birch woodland, wooded ravines and occasionally in Scottish pine forest. It is often present as scattered stems amongst larger bryophytes, such as Pleurozium schreberi and Sphagnum quinquefarium, but it also forms small patches, sometimes mixed with other western hepatics including Anastrepta orcadensis, Bazzania tricrenata, B. trilobata and Plagiochila spinulosa. Its altitudinal range is from 15 m up to 800 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014).

It is dioicous; male plants are common, female plants rare, and sporophytes unknown. Bulbils are rather rare.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is not on any country red lists, and it is known to occur in protected areas. Some research into its population size and trend is desirable.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Erzberger, P.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Lönnell, N., Rothero, G. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LEPIDOZIACEAE,Lepidozia,reptans,,Lepidozia reptans  ,(L.) Dumort.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Lepidozia reptans is found throughout much of Europe, but is scarce in the extreme north and mostly absent from the Mediterranean region. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the population trend is assumed to be stable. In addition, at the European level there are no major threats.",Stable,"Lepidozia reptans is a Circumpolar Boreo-temperate species. It is found throughout much of Europe but is scarce in the extreme north and mostly absent from the Mediterranean region, being present in Macaronesia (Azores and Madeira). Its distribution extends to China, Japan, Himalaya, Southern Eastern Asia, Northern and Central America, the Caribbean, Venezuela and Colombia (Sérgio et al. 2006, Gabriel et al. 2011, Blockeel et al. 2014).","In Great Britain, the decline in records of this species following reductions in SO2 pollution are in accordance with those observed for other acidophile species. The declines are most pronounced in the calcareous regions of lowland, polluted regions. In the rest of the country, it remains locally frequent (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Portugal this species was assessed as Endangered (Sérgio et al. 2013) but new records were recently found (C. Sergio pers. comm. 2017). However, the overall population size of this species is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable.","This species grows on decaying logs, acidic rock outcrops, escarpments, slope weak to steep and soil over rock (Bischler 2004, A. Vanderpoorten pers. comm. 2018). It is found   at elevations between 5 and 2,550 m Asl. (Swissbryophytes 2018).

","Even though this species may be locally threatened, there are no major threats at the European level.","This species is known to occur in protected areas and has been assessed as Endangered in Portugal, as Near Threatened in Italy and Madeira (Sim-Sim et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). No conservation research or action is currently needed.",The species is not utilized.,"Fettes, N.D.,Muller, F.,Hodgetts, N.","Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LEPIDOZIACEAE,Lepidozia,stuhlmannii,,Lepidozia stuhlmannii  ,Stephani,,No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) 



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) 



In Europe, Lepidozia stuhlmannii occurs in just a few localities in the Azores archipelago, on the islands of Terceira, São Jorge and Pico. Outside of Europe, it is found in eastern Africa. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 892 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km²), it occurs at fewer than five locations and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat. This species is sensitive to habitat degradation, which is occurring mainly due to the spread of invasive alien species, the increase of tourism and recreational activities and also the building of secondary roads. Land use change, particularly at the margins of its natural habitat, is also a threat to this species. Conversion of natural forest to pasture or plantations of non-native species such as Cryptomeria japonica is a clear threat. Climate change may destabilise subpopulations of this liverwort, as is occurring with Azorean endemics restricted to native forests. Proper management of the habitat is strongly recommended, focusing on protection against invasive alien species, clear-cutting of areas around native forests and nitrification caused (directly or indirectly) by cattle grazing. Biology and nature conservation students should be made aware of bryophytes in general and rare species in particular. Ex situ conservation should also be considered for this species. Further research is recommended into the population trend and threats to this species.",Decreasing,"In Europe, Lepidozia stuhlmannii occurs in just a few localities in the Azores Archipelago, on the islands of Terceira, São Jorge and Pico (Gabriel et al. 2010). Outside of Europe, it is found in eastern Africa. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 892 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km².","In Europe, this sub-Saharan liverwort is restricted to three islands of the Central Group of the Azores Archipelago (Gabriel et al. 2010). No sporophytes are known in the region and further studies are needed to determine the degree of isolation of the three known subpopulations. The population trend is thought the be decreasing due to a decline in the extent and quality of the habitat (native forest) due to ongoing threats, namely climate change (e.g., Ferreira et al. 2016, Patiño et al. 2016) and land-use change (Silva et al. 2008).","In the Azores, this species is currently known from just a few sites, growing in mature Juniperion brevifolia (sensu Sjögren 1973) from Terceira, São Jorge and Pico Islands (Gabriel et al. 2010). It was found growing on the trunks of Juniperus brevifolia, but may also occur on soil. The collections were made from 650 m to 1,000 m Asl, but most were from around 700 m Asl (Gabriel et al. 2011).","This species is sensitive to habitat degradation, which is occurring mainly due to the spread of invasive alien species (especially Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum) (Silva et al. 2008). The increase of tourism and recreational activities and the building of secondary roads are also potentially affecting the species, since they lead to land use change, particularly at the margins of its natural habitat. Conversion of natural forest to pasture land or plantations of non-native species, such as Cryptomeria japonica, would be a direct threat to the survival of the species, but these actions are now rare. Climate change may destabilize subpopulations of this liverwort, as is occurring with Azorean endemics restricted to native forests (Ferreira et al. 2016, Patiño et al. 2016). In addition, since the Azores are located on the mid-Atlantic ridge, geological events such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and landslides are likely to harm existing subpopulations. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of invasive alien species and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at fewer than five locations.","The species is found in Macaronesian laurel forests, a natural habitat on Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive (EEC 1992). This species and its habitat should be protected by law, but it is absent from regional legislation and, except for its presence on Terceira Island and Pico Island's Natural Parks, there are no specific conservation measures in place at present. Macaronesian native forests in the Azores are restricted to very small areas surrounded by a humanized landscape, so natural corridors and buffer areas would benefit this species. Proper management of the habitat is strongly recommended, focusing on protection against invasive alien species, clear-cutting of areas around native forests and nitrification caused (directly or indirectly) by cattle grazing. Biology and nature conservation students should be made aware of bryophytes in general and rare species in particular. Ex situ conservation should also be considered for this species. Further research is recommended into the population trend and threats to this species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Seneca, A.,Cálix, M.","Gabriel, R., Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Leptobarbula,berica,,Leptobarbula berica  ,(De Not.) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Leptobarbula berica is a common species in the Mediterranean region extending to northern France, Belgium, the Netherlands and central Germany, and it is also present in Macaronesia (Azores and Madeira). This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. In addition at the European level there are no major threats.",Stable,"Leptobarbula berica is a Mediterranean-Atlantic species and is common in the Mediterranean region, extending to northern France, Belgium, the Netherlands and central Germany. It is also present in Macaronesia (Azores and Madeira). Outside of Europe it is also found in North Africa, southwestern Asia, and east to Georgia and Azerbaijan (Sérgio et al. 2006, Gabriel et al. 2011, Blockeel et al. 2014).","This is a common species in the Mediterranean region, frequently found with sporophytes (Blockeel et al. 2014). The overall population size is large and the current population trend is thought to be stable.","This species occurs on the surface of calcareous rocks and crevices in humid places with some human influence, such as walls and monuments. In the Azores this species can be found in urban habitats, including buildings and other human constructions (Gabriel et al. 2011). In Madeira it is frequent on stream banks at low altitudes. In Portugal mainland it is generally found associated with Mediterranean taxa (Sérgio et al. 2013). It can be found at elevations between sea level and 400 m Asl.","Even though this species can be locally threatened, there are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species.","This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013), and Luxembourg, and as Data Deficient in Ireland and Sicily (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Denyer, J.","Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,SPLACHNALES,MEESIACEAE,Leptobryum,pyriforme,,Leptobryum pyriforme  ,(Hedw.) Wilson,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Leptobryum pyriforme is widespread in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. At the European level, there are no major known threats.",Stable,"Leptobryum pyriforme is a circumpolar wide-temperate, cosmopolitan species (Smith 2004), found especially in the Holarctic, but also in the temperate regions of the Southern Hemisphere, and reaching Antarctica (Blockeel et al. 2014). It is widespread in Europe, north to Iceland, the Faroes Islands and Svalbard to Macaronesia (Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands). The species is also present in North Africa and Southwest Asia (Blockeel et al. 2014).","This is a fugitive species, forming loose, pale green turfs, tufts or patches (Dierssen 2001, Smith 2004, Casas et al. 2006). The species is usually synoicous, and capsules are frequent in Great Britain, maturing in spring and summer; rhizoidal gemmae are abundant (Blockeel et al. 2014). Presently, the overall population size is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable.","This species occurs in a wide range of habitats, sparsely vegetated, exposed or lightly shaded (Blockeel et al. 2014). It is often associated with nitrophilous sites (Dierssen 2001), including greenhouses and commercial flower fields (Casas et al. 2006) but substrates range from acid to highly alkaline (Blockeel et al. 2014), while in the Canary Islands it occurs in the entrance of caves, water galleries and high mountain springs. In Great Britain and Ireland its altitudinal range goes from sea level up to 390 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014), but in the Canary Islands it may be found up to 2,000-2,400 m Asl (González-Mancebo et al. 1991, 1996).","The species is not threatened in most of its distribution area, and there are no major threats at the European level. Monitoring the subpopulations in the regions where it is most affected should be promoted.","This species is known to occur in protected areas, and has been assessed as Near Threatened in Spain, Least Concern in Peninsular Spain and the Balearic Islands (Garilleti and Albertos 2012), and as Vulnerable in the Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2012, Hodgetts, 2015). In the Azores (Gabriel et al. 2011) and in Sicily (Hodgetts 2015) it is considered a Data Deficient species.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Virtanen, R.,Englefield, E.","Gabriel, R. & Sim-Sim, M.","Schröck, C.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Leptodictyum,riparium,,Leptodictyum riparium  ,(Hedw.) Warnst.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Leptodictyum riparium is widespread in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. At the European level, there are no major known threats.",Stable,"Leptodictyum riparium is a circumpolar temperate species (Smith 2004), widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, including subtropical areas (Blockeel et al. 2014). This moss species is widespread in Europe, north to Iceland and northern Scandinavia (Blockeel et al. 2014); also in Macaronesia (Azores, Madeira and Canary Islands) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is also present in North, tropical and southern Africa, Southwest Asia, Central and South America, and also on Australia and New Zealand (Blockeel et al. 2014).","This is a perennial species, forming bright or yellowish green, lax, sometimes extensive patches (Dierssen 2001, Smith 2004). The species is autoicous, and capsules are frequent in Great Britain, maturing from (spring) summer to autumn (early winter) (Smith 2004, Blockeel et al. 2014). Presently, the overall population size is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable.","This species occurs in subneutrophyte substrata (Dierssen 2001), mostly submerged in pools and streams (Casas et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014), growing on moist logs, tree boles, exposed roots, stones and soil, on litter in fens, marshes, by pools, canals and slow flowing streams and rivers (Smith 2004). In Great Britain and Ireland, it is considered a lowland species, with an altitudinal range from sea level (Blockeel et al. 2014) up to 2,400 m Asl (González-Mancebo et al. 1991).In the Iberian Peninsula it may be found both in the lowlands and montane areas (Casas et al. 2006).","The species is not threatened in most of its distribution area - there are no major threats at the European level. However, monitoring the subpopulations in the regions where it is locally threatened should be promoted.","This species is known to occur in protected areas and has been assessed as Near Threatened in Spain, as Least Concern in Peninsular Spain and the Balearic Islands (Garilleti and Albertos 2012), and as Vulnerable in the Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2012, Hodgetts 2015). In the Azores it is considered a Data Deficient species (Gabriel et al. 2011).",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Aleffi, M.,Cálix, M.","Gabriel, R. & Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,LEPTODONTACEAE,Leptodon,corsicus,,Leptodon corsicus  ,"Enroth, A. Sotiaux, D. Quandt &amp; Vanderp.",,Yes,CR,D,Yes,CR,D,EU28,,"Leptodon corsicus is a moss species endemic to Europe, where it is known for only one locality in Corsica, France. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it is estimated that there are less than 50 individual-equivalents in Corsica - one individual-equivalent is considered to be one square metre in which the species grows. Even though the species was only recently described, it is unlikely that this species is common and was simply overlooked in the past. Although it might be slightly more widespread than is currently known, its range seems to be extremely restricted and it appears to be genuinely rare. There are no immediate threats to this species. However, its habitat is at risk from an increasing frequency of wildfires. Further research is needed in Corsica to determine whether this species is more widespread than currently known, as well as its current population trend. Research into potential threats is also recommended. Ex-situ conservation should be considered for this species, and the site where it is known to occur should be protected.",Unknown,"Leptodon corsicus is a moss endemic to Europe, where it is known from only one locality in Corsica, France (Sotiaux et al. 2009). It is unlikely that this species has simply been overlooked in the past, and even though it might be slightly more widespread than is currently known, its range seems to be very restricted. It therefore appears to be genuinely rare. Its currently known extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km2.","Sotiaux et al. (2009) reports that the species extends for several square meters. The current population trend is unknown. It is estimated that there are currently less than 50 individual-equivalents - one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered one square meter on which the species grows. It is uncertain whether the species is more widespread than currently known.","In its only known locality, this species is abundant on shaded granitic boulders at sea level, where it forms pure colonies of several square meters (Sotiaux et al. 2009). It is found in a coastal plateau where the vegetation consists of scrub species including Juniperus phoenicea subsp. turbinata, Myrtus communis, Pistaccia lentiscus and Cistus monspeliensis, forming a discontinuous belt in front of the maquis (Paradis et al. 2008). Perigonia, perichaetia and sporophytes are not known.","There are no immediate threats to this species. However, its habitat is at risk from an increasing frequency of wildfires.","Further research is needed in Corsica to determine whether this species is more widespread than currently known, as well as its current population trend. Research into potential threats is also recommended. It is not known to occur in any protected area. Ex-situ conservation should be considered for this species, and the site where it is known to occur should be protected.",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Vanderpoorten, A.","Cogoni, A., Campisi, P., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F. & Lüth, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,LEPTODONTACEAE,Leptodon,longisetus,,Leptodon longisetus  ,Mont.,,Yes,VU,A3c,Yes,VU,A3c,EU28,,"Leptodon longisetus is endemic to the Canary Islands and Madeira. This bryophyte is considered a long-lived species (perennial stayer). Its generation length is between 11 and 25 years, and three generations would therefore be 50 years. In a recent publication, a reduction in the amount of suitable habitat for this species was projected of either 57% or 90% until 2070 due to climatic changes (high irradiation and increased drought stress in the Macaronesia region) and under two different climatic scenarios. The reduction in the population is thus based on a reduction in area of occupancy (AOO) and quality of the habitat.



However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study (approximately 1–km² grid resolution), it is possible that this species may persist within the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity can be higher than in the surrounding environment. Taking this into account, as well as recognising the degree of uncertainty associated with future projections, it has been considered that the more conservative estimate of decline should be used to assess the extinction risk of this species. It is further assumed that even if there are suitable microclimatic areas within the unsuitable 1-km², these will be minimal (ravines, nooks and crannies) and thus the reduction in suitable habitat will lead to an almost linear reduction in the population. However, the species is a pioneer, and it is still fairly frequent in the Canary islands, where the area of laurel forest is increasing - a population reduction of 57% within three generations is therefore considered unlikely and too pessimistic. A population reduction of more than 30% but less than 50%, on the other hand, is much more likely given the available information and known threats, and the species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable under Criterion A3. 



This species depends on the maintenance of the native forest and its humid and shady environment. The effects of climatic change, intensification of fires, the emergence and spread of invasive alien plant species and tree logging are the main threats to this species. Monitoring of the habitat and population trends is recommended, as well as management of the area to prevent the spread of invasive alien species and wildfires. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species. Additionally, evaluation of intraspecific variation should be included among the suggested conservation actions.",Stable,"Leptodon longisetus is endemic to the Canary Islands and Madeira, and is known from several sites on Madeira Island, as well as all the Canary Islands (Sérgio et al. 2006, González-Mancebo et al. 2008). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 143,500 km², and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 284 km².","This species occurs in the natural forests of the northern and central part of Madeira and in all the Canary Islands. The population trend of this species is assumed to be stable. In the Canary Islands, it is widespread in the laurel forests, even in new growth forests it occurs as an epiphyte pioneer species, and can also grow outside the laurel forests as an epiphyte of shrubs. The area of laurel forest in the Canary Islands is increasing due to abandonment of agricultural land.



This bryophyte is considered a long-lived species (perennial stayer) following Dierssen (2001). The generation length of this species is between 11 and 25 years, and three generations would therefore be 50 years. The amount of suitable habitat for this species has been projected to  decrease by 57% or 90% until 2070 due to climatic changes. According to Patiño et al. (2016), the number of 1-km² climatically suitable grid  cells for this species has been projected to decrease using two  different climate scenarios. The first is a stabilization scenario (RCP  4.5), while the  other scenario (RCP 8.5) is characterized by increasing greenhouse gas  emissions over time.  These projections were derived using two different Global Climate  Models recommended for Europe and Mediterranean climates. In addition,  the elevation range of this species is predicted to shift upwards, as  conditions on Macaronesian islands become warmer and drier.  The variables considered for these projections included the maximum  temperature of the warmest month and the precipitation (in mm) of the  wettest month. The poikilohydric condition of bryophytes means their  water content is directly regulated by environmental humidity and growth  is restricted to periods of hydration. Temperature is also known to be  an important factor for bryophyte growth (Patiño et al. 2016).  However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study  (approximately 1-km² grid resolution), it is possible that this species  may persist within the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small  microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity is usually higher than in the  surrounding environment. Nevertheless, these models clearly project a  substantial decline in the climatically suitable area for this species  within three generations.

","This species grows as an epiphyte on several species of tree in the native forests dominated by Erica sp. and Laurus novocanarienesis, but it can also be found on logs and rocks in moist, shaded, and protected habitats. It is found more rarely in a few deep valleys in the southern part of Madeira where some remnants of the natural forest still exist (Hedenäs 1992, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). This species occurs mainly between 400 m and 1,500 m Asl.

","This species depends on the maintenance of the native forest and its humid and shady environment. The effects of climatic change, intensification of fires, the emergence and spread of invasive alien plant species and tree logging are the main threats to this species. In addition, bryophytes have been considered unlikely to be able to evolve quickly in a changing environment, and their potential to become acclimatized to novel climatic conditions (drier and warmer) in the near future, is limited (Patiño et al. 2016). Alterations in climatic conditions in the native laurel and heath forest (leading to higher irradiation and increased drought stress) are therefore considered to be the major threats to this species.

","This species occurs mainly in the natural laurel forest, which is protected by regional, national and international legislation. In Madeira, the laurel forest is a priority habitat under the EU Habitats Directive and was designated a Natura 2000 site. In 1999, this areas was also designated a World Natural Heritage site by UNESCO, and most of this species' distribution is included in the Madeira Natural Park which is protected through a Regional Decree. In the Canary Islands, this species occurs in several protected sites including Special Areas of Conservation (SACs): Jandia National Park, Anaga Rural Park, Majona Rural Park and Garajonay National Park, which in 1986 was designated a World Natural Heritage by UNESCO. This bryophyte species was considered rare in the European Red List of Bryophytes (ECCB 1995) and assessed as Vulnerable in Madeira by Sim-Sim et al. (2014). Monitoring of the habitat and population trends is recommended, as well as management of the area to prevent the spread of invasive alien species and wildfires. The importance of protected areas for the conservation of this species is also highlighted by Patiño et al. (2016). Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species. Additionally, evaluation of intraspecific variation should be included among the suggested conservation actions.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Górski, P.,Fettes, N.D.","Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,LEPTODONTACEAE,Leptodon,smithii,,Leptodon smithii  ,(Hedw.) F. Weber &amp; D. Mohr,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Prince-of-Wales Feather-moss (Leptodon smithii) is a Mediterranean-Atlantic species found from Ireland and Great Britain in western Europe, eastwards to the Caucasus. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common in southern Europe, the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Prince-of-Wales Feather-moss (Leptodon smithii) is a Mediterranean-Atlantic species found from Ireland and Great Britain in western Europe, eastwards to the Caucasus. It is quite common in Mediterranean countries, while it is less frequent in territories to the north such as Switzerland and Romania. Outside of Europe it is reported from North and South America, Asia, north, tropical and southern Africa, Australia and New Zealand (Smith 2004, Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012, Hodgetts 2015).","Quantitative data on the size of the subpopulations are unknown. In view of its rather widespread distribution and common occurrence in the Mediterranean region, the current population trend can be considered stable.","This is an epiphyte moss which sometimes can also grow on rock. It occurs in open forests, but also on isolated trees and groups of trees. It may also grow on cultivated trees (e.g., in olive groves). This species is also found in some man-made habitats such as urban parks and walls (Dierssen 2001, Atherton et al. 2010).",No major threats are reported for this species.,No specific conservation actions are necessary in view of its widespread distribution. It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Bates, J.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Leptodontium,flexifolium,,Leptodontium flexifolium  ,(Dicks.) Hampe,"Leptodontium flexifolium is considered to be the Atlantic species, whilst L. styriacum is the continental species",No,NT,"B2b(ii,iv,v)",No,NT,"B2b(ii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



The Bent-leaved Beard-moss (Leptodontium flexifolium) is an oceanic temperate species of western and central Europe, from Cantabria and the Pyrenees north to France, Britain, Ireland, north Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark and Norway. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 1,804 km², and 1,792 km² in the EU 28), and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals in parts of its range; thus making is close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. Invasion of heathland by birch may have reduced available habitat in some lowland areas. In Germany, a reduction in thatched roofs has meant less available habitat for this species. Key sites for this species should be managed to retain open habitat, and subpopulations monitored.",Decreasing,"The Bent-leaved Beard-moss (Leptodontium flexifolium) is an oceanic temperate species of western and central Europe, from Cantabria and the Pyrenees north to France (northwestern and the Vosges region), Britain, Ireland, north Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark and Norway. It is believed to have disappeared from Portugal, and a record from Madeira was an error (Sim-Sim et al. 2014). At least some of the reports from the Alps and Asia are based on Leptodontium styriacum, which is probably not distinct from L. flexifolium, and the latest information suggests that all records from the Alps and Romania are probably L. styriacum (C. Schröck pers. comm 2017). Outside the European region the species is (rightly or wrongly) recorded  from the Caucasus, the Himalayas and central Asia to Japan, and the  southern USA (Arizona to Texas, Appalachian mountains). The species is  supposedly widespread in the tropics (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 1,804 km² in Europe and ca 1,792 km² in the EU 28. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 2.1 million km².","Records in Britain and Germany show a distinctly declining trend, although it is more or less stable in northern England (Blockeel et al. 2014). However, some occurrences are transitory, and invasion of heathland by birch may have reduced available habitat in some lowland areas. The population is not severely fragmented, and the current population trend is considered to be decreasing.","This is a species of well-drained raw humus, peaty sand and thin, often stony bare peat on heath and moorland, in acid grassland and in open woodland, a characteristic habitat being thin soil on top of gritstone, sandstone and granite rocks, but also on burnt heath and upturned tree bases. It occurs on other decaying organic substrates, including old thatched roofs and wood. Localities are usually well illuminated and the species does not occur in deep shade. Associates includePohlia nutans, Campylopus flexuosus, C. pyriformis, Polytrichum  piliferum, Ceratodon purpureus, Cynodontium polycarpum and various  Cladonia species. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 595 m Asl.



The species is dioicous; capsules are occasional, mature in spring. Vegetative propagation is by deciduous bulbiform branchlets; narrowly flask-shaped gemmae are sometimes produced on protonema in leaf axils, but are apparently rare (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeelet al. 2014).","Invasion of heathland by birch may have reduced available habitat in some lowland areas. In Germany, a reduction in thatched roofs has meant less available habitat for this species (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).","Key sites for this species should be managed to retain open habitat, and subpopulations monitored. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Luxembourg, as Endangered in Norway and Spain, as Vulnerable in Germany, and as Near Threatened in Ireland. It is considered Regionally Extinct in Portugal (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Schröck, C.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G., Schröck, C. & Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Leptodontium,gemmascens,,Leptodontium gemmascens  ,(Mitt.) Braithw.,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



The Thatch Moss (Leptodontium gemmascens) is an oceanic temperate species which grows at scattered sites in western Europe, from the French Pyrenees to northern France, southern England and Denmark, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany, and is either very rare or overlooked. Although recording has been patchy, and many colonies have been, and probably continue to be, overlooked, it can be inferred that this species is declining because of the decline of old decaying thatch and competition with higher plants. However, as a colonist, it cannot be said to be severely fragmented, and there are too many locations for it to be considered threatened under Criterion B. It is difficult to estimate the number of individual-equivalents, considering one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) to be one square metre of grassland where the species grows, or an individual thatched roof. However, it is considered, based on the currently known localities, that there may be fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents in total, and the species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable under Criterion D1. 



The main threat to individual colonies of this species is the replacement of old thatch and, supposedly, the use of galvanised netting. In general, the decline of traditional decaying thatch means less habitat for this species. In more natural grassland habitats, fire and scrub encroachment may be threats. Invasion of Campylopus introflexus may threaten this species at some sites, especially in Belgium. Eutrophication is a threat: the habitats are very low-nutrient sites subject to periodic drought; this species is reliant on a persistent, often somewhat compacted mat of leafy debris. Areas where this species occurs require at least some continuity of habitat, so agreements to preserve areas of rough grassland and the retention of some old decaying thatch are needed.",Decreasing,"The Thatch Moss (Leptodontium gemmascens) is an oceanic temperate species which grows at scattered sites in western Europe, from the French Pyrenees to northern France, southern England and Denmark, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany, and is either very rare or overlooked. Outside Europe it is known only from islands in the subantarctic and southern Indian oceans (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 548 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1 million km².","Although it has declined in England because of the scarcity of suitably decayed  thatch and the use of galvanised netting on roofs, a survey of  National Trust properties in southwestern England resulted in the discovery of new sites (Lansdown 2010, Blockeel et al. 2014). While overlooked in “natural” habitats in the UK until the 1970s, limited monitoring would suggest that the species has declined markedly possibly through eutrophication and changes in habitat management. The role “natural “ subpopulations play in the population dynamics and longer term survival of this species is still uncertain and in need of research (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2017).  The species has also declined in terms of the number of sites in Belgium. On the other hand, in continental Europe this species has been substantially overlooked in the past, so any possible decline has been masked by the predominance of new records. It is difficult to estimate the number of individual-equivalents, considering one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) to be one square metre of grassland where the species grows, or an individual thatched roof; Lansdown (2010) reports a subpopulation of several thousand plants on thatched roofs on National Trust properties in southwestern England, but this seems to be treating individual shoots as discrete 'individuals'. Thus, using our definition of individual-equivalents, there are likely to be fewer than 1,000 in total, but this requires confirmation.","This is a species of decaying vegetation, characteristically on weathered thatched roofs but rarely also on grass tussocks and wood. It is most likely to occur on 10- to 15-year-old thatch. Optimum conditions occur where there is some shading by trees, preferably overhanging the thatch on the northern or north-eastern pitch. Associates on thatch include Campylopus introflexus, Ceratodon purpureus, Dicranoweisia cirrata, Dicranum scoparium and Hypnum cupressiforme. The species has also been found in acid grassland and heath, where it occurs at the base of grassy tussocks, on decaying Juncus, and even on rabbit droppings. In these habitats associated species include Ceratodon purpureus, Dicranum scoparium, Hypnum jutlandicum, Pohlia nutans and Polytrichum juniperinum (Blockeel et al. 2014). this species is reliant on a persistent, often somewhat compacted mat of leafy debris (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2017). Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 500 m Asl, but it may be found higher.



It is dioicous; capsules and gametangia are unknown. Gemmae are abundant.","The main threat to individual colonies of this species is the replacement of old thatch and, supposedly, the use of galvanised netting. In general, the decline of traditional decaying thatch means less habitat for this species. In more natural grassland habitats, fire and scrub encroachment may be threats. Invasion of Campylopus introflexus may threaten this species at some sites, especially in Belgium. Eutrophication is also threat: the habitats are very low-nutrient sites subject to periodic drought; this species is reliant on a persistent, often somewhat compacted mat of leafy debris (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2017).","Areas where this species occurs require at least some continuity of habitat, so agreements to preserve areas of rough grassland and the retention of some old decaying thatch are needed. This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Britain and as Near Threatened in Luxembourg (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Schröck, C.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Lönnell, N., Rothero, G., Untereiner, A. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Leptodontium,proliferum,,Leptodontium proliferum  ,Herzog,,No,NA,,No,NA,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)



EU 28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)



Leptodontium proliferum is an alien introduction and was recorded in Haslingden, Lancashire (England) in 2000, where it has persisted. This remains its only European station. Within the European region, this species is known from a single introduced locality in England. As a species introduced from the Southern Hemisphere, it is assessed as Not Applicable.",Unknown,"Leptodontium proliferum is an alien introduction and was recorded in Haslingden, Lancashire (England) in 2000, where it has persisted. This remains its only European station. It is otherwise mainly a Southern Hemisphere species, known from Africa (Lesotho), South America and Mexico (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe are estimated to be 4 km².",It was stable from 2000 to 2011. Its current status is unknown.,"This species is known only from the margins of a crown bowling green in northern England at an altitude of 220 m Asl, where it grows on dead grass matter. The underlying soil is clayey loam with sand, the latter possibly brought in with seed dressing. Scapania irrigua and Atrichum undulatum occur in the same habitat, with several other common bryophytes (Blockeel et al. 2014).



It is dioicous, but inflorescences are unknown in the English material. Conspicuous clusters of gemmae are produced at the apices of the leaves and are produced on the protonema in culture.","There are no known threats to this species. A change in management of the bowling green might threaten it, but this is not particularly significant for an introduced species.

",No conservation measures are required at present. It does not occur in any protected areas.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Schröck, C.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Leptodontium,styriacum,,Leptodontium styriacum  ,(Jur.) Limpr.,"This species is very close to, and possibly conspecific with, Leptodontium flexifolium. However, L. flexifolium is currently considered to be the Atlantic species, whilst L. styriacum is the continental species. While there is still some taxonomic uncertainty concerning the relationship between these two species, further work is needed before anything more can be said.",No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The rare montane species, Leptodontium styriacum, is known in Europe only from the Alps and Carpathians. However, this species has certainly been overlooked, so the exact distribution is not fully known. The population trend is assumed to be stable, and the population size is estimated between 250 and 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe and the EU 28. Therefore, this species is assessed as Vulnerable. No known threats exist to it at the European level, but more site and habitat protection for isolated subpopulations of this species is a recommended conservation measure. In some regions, more research into the distribution of this species is needed. There is some uncertainty regarding its relationship with L. proliferum, and so a pan-European study of the genus would help to remove the taxonomic uncertainties surrounding this.",Stable,"This montane species is known in Europe only from the Alps and Carpathians. In the Alps it occurs in Switzerland, Italy, Germany and Austria. Occurrences from the Carpathians are known only from Romania. Altogether about forty localities are known. However, this species has certainly been overlooked, so the exact distribution is not fully known. Ignatov et al. (2005) and Frahm (2012) have synonymized Leptodontium styriacum with L. flexifolium, but it appears that L. flexifolium is a taxon with an Atlantic distribution, whereas L. styriacum has a continental distribution. Both taxa are undoubtedly closely related and further taxonomic investigations would be desirable. Elsewhere it is known from the Caucasus, and central and northern Asia. Its altitudinal range is between ca 1,900 m and 2,500 m Asl. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 150 km², and in the EU 28 at 130 km². Its the extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 210,000 km².","It is estimated that there are between 250 and 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. The population trend is probably stable, as there are no obvious threats.","This moss inhabits sunny subalpine to alpine slopes with silicate rocks, where it grows on humus and raw humus, especially on dead plant remains, and only rarely directly on rock (Grims 1999).","No known threats exist to this species (Schröck et al. 2013, Köckinger and Schröck 2017). In some areas it may be threatened by stochastic events.","This species is listed as Critically Endangered in Romania (Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012) and it is listed as Vulnerable in Switzerland (Schnyder et al. 2004). Isolated subpopulations should be protected. In some regions, more research into the distribution of this species is recommended. A pan-European study of the genus would remove the taxonomic uncertainties. It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodd, R.,Cálix, M.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Leptophascum,leptophyllum,,Leptophascum leptophyllum  ,(Müll.Hal.) J.Guerra &amp; M.J.Cano,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



In Europe, Leptophascum leptophyllum is known to occur in Spain, Portugal, northeast Italy, Germany, Poland, Austria, France and Hungary. It is a widespread species in the Macaronesia region (Azores, Madeira and Canaries Islands). This species is assessed as Least Concern since the current population trend is assumed to be stable and at the European level there are no major threats. In addition, the species is certainly present in more places than those from where it is currently known, given that it is easily overlooked. No conservation research or action is needed.",Stable,"In Europe Leptophascum leptophyllum is known to occur in Spain, Portugal, northeast Italy, Germany, Poland, Austria, France and Hungary. It is a widespread species in the Macaronesia region - in the Azores it is present in Pico, Faial, Santa Maria and Terceira islands; in the Madeira Archipelago it occurs in Madeira, Porto Santo and Desertas Islands; and in the Canary Islands occurs on El Hierro, La Gomera, La Palma, Tenerife, Gran Canaria and Fuerteventura. (Sérgio et al. 2006, González-Mancebo et al. 2008, Gabriel et al. 2011). Outside of Europe it is known (under many different names) from widely scattered localities mainly in warm temperate and subtropical regions of Asia, Japan, America (from the southern U.S. through central and south America to Argentina) and Africa, Hawaii and Australia (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is about 5.9 million km2 and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 592 km2.","This species is usually widespread in humanized areas and almost always on the sidewalks of some cities. Certainly there are more places than those that are known for this species because it is easily overlooked and so may be under-recorded. Leptophascum is probably introduced in Britain, where it was first found in 1964; since then records have been sporadic and do not show any clear trend (Blockeel et al. 2014). The current population trend of this species is thought to be stable.","

This species is a primary colonist of bare, neutral to slightly acid soils (Blockeel et al. 2014). Widespread usually in humanized areas and almost always on the sidewalks of some cities or from cultivated ground. It was also found on ruderal habitats, including bare gravelly soil, but also on clay paths. This species occurs at elevations between 10 m and 1,200 m Asl.","There are no major threats known to this species. In Great Britain it is easily overlooked and may be under-recorded, but it appears to be at the limits of its climatic tolerance there and its rarity is undoubtedly genuine (Blockeel et al. 2014).","The species is present in protected areas throughout its range. It has been assessed as Data Deficient in the Madeira Region (Sim-Sim et al. 2014), Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013), and Poland (Zarnowiec et al. 2004). No conservation research or action is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Vellak, K.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Sim-Sim, M.","Papp, B.,Bambe, B.,Ştefănuţ, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LOPHOCOLEACEAE,Leptoscyphus,cuneifolius,,Leptoscyphus cuneifolius  ,(Hook.) Mitt.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Leptoscyphus cuneifolius is an hyperoceanic southern-temperate liverwort species, restricted in Europe to Norway, Britain, Ireland and Northern Macaronesia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is rather large and the population trend is assumed to be stable. At the European level there are no major known threats. However, in Macaronesia the species is locally threatened by eutrophication due to overgrazing, an increase in forestry plantations, climate change leading to extreme temperatures and drought, an increase in fires, and the spread of invasive alien plant species.",Stable,"Leptoscyphus cuneifolius is an hyperoceanic southern-temperate liverwort species (Blockeel et al. 2014), restricted in Europe to Norway, Britain, Ireland and Northern Macaronesia (Azores and Madeira) (Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). Recently, it was found in Southwest Asia (Turkey, Batan et al. 2013). The species is also present in Central and South America (Gradstein et al. 1977, Dierssen 2001, Blockeel et al. 2014).","This is a colonist species (Dierssen 2001), forming yellow green thin mats as an epiphyte (Batan et al. 2013). The species is dioicous; female inflorescences are very rare and male plants are unknown in Europe (Blockeel et al. 2014), but found in Turkey (Batan et al. 2013). Presently, the overall population size is large and the current population trend is thought to be stable. In Great Britain and Ireland it is considered a stable epiphyte, with some information pointing to an increase in its relative frequency inside oceanic woodlands (Blockeel et al. 2014). However, there are a reduced number of records both in the Azores, Madeira and Turkey (Anatolia).","This woodland liverwort occurs in acidophyte substrata (Dierssen 2001), most frequently as an epiphyte on trunks of trees, especially birch, in natural or semi-natural woods, on steep blocky slopes and in and along sheltered ravines (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Britain and Ireland the altitudinal range goes from 30 m to 650 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014), but in the Azores it was only found from 400 m to 1,000 m Asl, mainly in native forests (Gabriel et al. 2011).","The species may not be considered threatened in most of its distribution area. Monitoring the subpopulations in the regions where it is most affected or rare should be promoted. The main threats to this species in Macaronesia are eutrophication due to overgrazing, an increase in forestry plantations, climate change leading to extreme temperatures and drought, an increase in fires, and the spread of invasive alien plant species (Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum).","This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Norway (Hodgetts 2015). In Madeira, it is considered Vulnerable (Sim-Sim et al. 2014) and in the Azores it is considered a Data Deficient species, found only on three islands (Gabriel et al. 2011). This species is known to occur in protected areas. Proper management of the habitat is recommended, focusing on the impacts of climate change and exotic species, preventing fires and alleviating the pressure coming from touristic activities.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Hedenäs, L.,Cálix, M.","Gabriel, R. & Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LOPHOCOLEACEAE,Leptoscyphus,porphyrius,,Leptoscyphus porphyrius  ,(Nees) Grolle,,No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) 



In Europe, Leptoscyphus porphyrius has been recorded in only five of the nine Azorean islands - Flores, Pico, São Jorge, Terceira and São Miguel. This species is assessed Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 120 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and numbers of mature individuals. This continuing decline is also projected to continue due to the ongoing threats, in particular climate change. The number of 1-km² squares that are climatically suitable for Leptoscyphus porphyrius subsp. azoricus is predicted to decrease by either 79% or 85% by 2070. This species is sensitive to habitat degradation, which is occurring mainly due to the effects of invasive alien species expansion, the increase in tourism and recreational activities and also the building of secondary roads. Land-use change, particularly at the margins of its natural habitat, either to increase grasslands or the plantation of exotic species is also a threat. It occurs in four natural parks in the Azores, which are restricted to very small areas surrounded by a humanized landscape, so natural corridors and buffer areas would benefit this species. Protection of the entrances to caves is also important. Proper management of the habitat is strongly recommended, focusing on protection against invasive species, avoidance of clear-cutting of areas around native forests and nitrification caused (directly or indirectly) by cattle grazing. Further research is also recommended into the distribution, population trend, and threats to this species.",Decreasing,"In Europe, Leptoscyphus porphyrius has been recorded in only five of the nine Azorean islands - Flores, Pico, São Jorge, Terceira and São Miguel (Gabriel et al. 2010); where it is an endemic subspecies (Leptoscyphus porphyrius subsp. azoricus). It may have disappeared from some Azorean islands, as no native forest remains in Corvo, Santa Maria and Graciosa. In spite of being present in the three geographic groups of Azorean islands (eastern, central and western), its narrow ecological tolerance implies serious restrictions to where it can actually grow. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at ca 19,650 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 120 km². Outside of Europe this species is also present in Central and South America.","In Europe, this small liverwort is restricted to five Azorean islands (Gabriel et al. 2010), but may no longer occur in some of them. This subspecies is considered endemic to the Azores by Vanderpoorten and Long (2006), although not referred to as such by Söderström et al. (2016). Two-thirds of the records are from before 1975 (Gabriel et al. 2011) and in São Miguel, the most recent record is from 1938 and should be investigated in the field. The record for Flores Island (Frahm 2005) does not provide details on distribution. This species may have already disappeared from Corvo, Santa Maria and Graciosa, where no native forest currently remains (Triantis et al. 2010), in spite of historic references to dense and luxurious forests in all the Azorean islands (Frutuoso 2005a-f). The current population trend is presumed to be decreasing due to the effects of climate change on Macaronesian native forests (Ferreira et al. 2016, Patiño et al. 2016). In particular, the number of 1-km² squares that are climatically suitable for Leptoscyphus porphyrius subsp. azoricus  is predicted to decrease by either 79% or 85% by 2070 according to projections by Patiño et al. (2016). This species is considered a colonist (Dierssen 2001) and the generation length is estimated to be between one and five years; three generations would therefore be around ten years. However, no sporophytes were found in the Azores, the subpopulations are small and it appears to be a poor dispersal in the archipelago. These small and isolated subpopulations may go extinct with little chance of recolonisation and the population is therefore considered severely fragmented.","In the Azores, this species is currently known from sheltered habitats in humid and deeply shaded sites (Homem and Gabriel 2008), mostly in mature, but also in impoverished association Juniperion brevifolii Sjögren 1973 (Sjögren 1978, Gabriel et al. 2011). It is generally found growing on rocks, but also on soil and tree trunks of native species (Homem and Gabriel, 2008). Collections have been made from 550 m to 1,500 m Asl, but the species is most frequently found around 700 m Asl (Gabriel et al. 2011). It was also recorded in a cave entrance above 1,000 m Asl (Sjögren 1978). It is dioicous, but fertile plants are very rare in the Azores (Homem and Gabriel 2008).","This species is found in Macaronesian laurel forest and is sensitive to habitat degradation, which is occurring mainly due to the effects of invasive alien species expansion (especially Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum), the increase in tourism and recreational activities and also the building of secondary roads. Land-use change, particularly at the margins of its natural habitat, either to increase grasslands or the plantation of exotic species (e.g., Cryptmomeria japonica) is also a threat to the survival of this species. Since the Azores are located on the mid-Atlantic ridge, geological events such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and landslides are likely to harm existing subpopulations. An intensification of the effects of climate change may also cause damage to this species (Patiño et al. 2016).","The species is found in Macaronesian laurel forest, a natural habitat listed in Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive (EEC 1992). This species and its habitat should be protected by international, national and regional laws, but there are currently no specific conservation measures in place. It occurs in four natural parks in the Azores, which are restricted to very small areas surrounded by a humanized landscape, so natural corridors and buffer areas would benefit this species. Protection of the entrances to caves is also important. Proper management of the habitat is strongly recommended, focusing on protection against invasive alien species such as Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum, avoidance of clear-cutting of areas around native forests and nitrification caused (directly or indirectly) by cattle grazing. Biology and nature conservation students should be made aware of bryophytes in general and rare and endemic species in particular. Further research is also recommended into the distribution, population trend, and threats to this species.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Marka, J.","Gabriel, R., Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,RHIZOGONIALES,ORTHODONTIACEAE,Leptotheca,gaudichaudii,,Leptotheca gaudichaudii  ,Schwägr.,,No,NA,,No,NA,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)

Gaudichaud's Slender-fruited Moss (Leptotheca gaudichaudii) is an alien introduction that has been recorded in Europe only from Ireland and Britain. As an alien introduction from the Southern Hemisphere, this species is assessed as Not Applicable.

",Stable,"Gaudichaud's Slender-fruited Moss (Leptotheca gaudichaudii) is an alien introduction that has been recorded in Europe only from Ireland (it was probably introduced to Garinish Island, South Kerry, from Australia and where it may have been present since the gardens were established around 1900) and Britain (Cornwall, where at least one of the subpopulations, at the Eden Project, is a recent introduction). Its native range is southern South America, southern Africa, eastern Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 20 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,227 km².","This species appears to be stable at its few sites. There is a strong subpopulation on Dicksonia antarctica on Garinish Island, South Kerry (Ireland).","This is an exotic species only known in Britain and Ireland from the trunks of tree-ferns, mainly Dicksonia antarctica, in areas with a mild humid climate. At the Irish sites it is sometimes associated with Calomnion complanatum and Dicranoloma menziesii. It has not spread from tree-ferns to any other adjacent habitats. Its altitudinal range is from 5 m up to 100 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014).



It is dioicous; capsules have been observed in Ireland, where they are immature in April. Brownish filamentous gemmae occur among the upper leaves.",There are no known threats to this species.,No conservation measures are required at present. It does not occur in any protected areas.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Vanderpoorten, A.,Cálix, M.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,LESKEACEAE,Lescuraea,incurvata,,Lescuraea incurvata  ,(Hedw.) E. Lawton,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Brown Mountain Leskea (Lescuraea incurvata) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, its presumably stable population trend and many recent records. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level. It is found in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This European boreal-montane moss is widespread and often common in the European mountains, from Iceland and Svalbard in the north to the larger Mediterranean islands in the south (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it occurs in North Africa (Morocco), northern Asia and the Himalayas, western and north-eastern North America, and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This is a widespread species in the mountainous parts of Europe, where it is considered to have an overall stable population trend.","This species occurs on calcareous and other base-rich rocks, and occasionally on logs and exposed roots, as well as on soil.Below  the tree line it grows on rocks in partially shaded places in woodland, often with Anomodon rugelii,  Brachythecium geheebii, Hylocomiastrum umbratum, Paraleucobryum longifolium and  Grimmia hartmanii; also in old quarries, on spoil heaps and on roadside milestones.In  the Alps and other mountain ranges it is found in open places, especially on boulders in  pastures and in scree and boulder fields below base-rich crags, often with associates such as Lescuraea plicata and Syntrichia norvegica (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Its altitudinal range is ca. 240-2,850 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level. There may be some local threats.

","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Hungary (Critically Endangered), Portugal (Endangered), Great Britain (Vulnerable), Sicily (Near Threatened), Finland (Near Threatened) and Germany (Near Threatened) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in many protected areas across its range in Europe.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Hespanhol, H.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,LESKEACEAE,Lescuraea,mutabilis,,Lescuraea mutabilis  ,(Brid.) Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Lescuraea mutabilis is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its reasonably wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and its presumably stable population trend. Although it is rather rare naturally, no threats to this species have been identified so far. It has been found in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This species is distributed in the mountains of central, southern and eastern Europe (Frey et al. 2006). The global distribution of this species includes China, Japan, India, North Africa, Russia, Europe, and North America. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","Although this species is not particularly common, it is widespread within its range and is considered to have an overall stable population trend.","This species is an epiphyte, especially characteristic in sub-Alpine areas of the Krummholz zone in the higher mountains. It growsespecially on the trunks and horizontal or inclined stems and branches of beech,  sycamore, mountain ash and other deciduous trees, often where shaded by tall shrubs.Sporophytes are not rare. Associates include Sciuro-hypnum reflexum, Paraleucobryum sauteri, Sanionia uncinata, Lescuraea incurvata and Pterigynandrum filiforme (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Its altitudinal range is ca. 600-2,600 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Czech Republic (Endangered), Bulgaria (Vulnerable), Romania (Vulnerable), Sicily (Data Deficient) and the Canary Islands (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is found in protected areas.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Hespanhol, H.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,LESKEACEAE,Lescuraea,patens,,Lescuraea patens  ,Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Patent Leskea (Lescuraea patens) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many recent records and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level (though climate change is a potential future threat), and it is found in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This is a European Boreal-montane moss. It is widespread in Europe, north to Iceland, northern Scandinavia and the northern Urals, becoming montane further south, reaching Portugal, Sardinia, northern Italy (Tuscany) and the Balkan mountains (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it has been recorded in the Caucasus, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Siberia, the northern Far East of Russia, and western and north-eastern North America. (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This is a widespread species often recorded across Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","Thisspecies growsin exposed or sheltered situations, on base-rich or siliceous rocks, mostly on low blocks in alpine  pastures, dwarf shrub heaths, Alpine meadows and rocky montane deciduous forests (Atherton et al. 2010). It may also occur on soil in gullies, in scree and boulder fields, in areas of late snow-lie, especially at the margins of mouintain lakes. Associates recorded in Scotland include Dryopteris dilatata, Diplophyllum albicans, D. taxifolium, Pellia epiphylla, Tritomaria quinquedentata, Andreaea rupestris, Hylocomiastrum umbratum, Hypnum callichroum, Kiaeria blyttii, Plagiothecium denticulatum var. obtusifolium, Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans, Racomitrium heterostichum, R. lanuginosum, Rhytidiadelphus loreus and Sciuro-hypnum reflexum (Blockeel et al. 2014, Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Its altitudinal range is ca. 500-2,900 m.

","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level. However, climate change is a potential threat.

","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Finland (Regionally Extinct), Czech Republic (Endangered), Slovakia (Endangered), Sweden (Data Deficient), Austria (Risk Assumed) and Germany (Extremely Rare) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is found in protected areas across its range in Europe.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Hespanhol, H.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,LESKEACEAE,Lescuraea,plicata,,Lescuraea plicata  ,(Schleich. ex F. Weber &amp; D. Mohr) Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Plaited Leskea (Lescuraea plicata) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and its presumably stable population trend. It is not a very common species, except in parts of the Alps, but there are many recent records. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level. It is known to occur in protected areas.",Stable,"This European boreo-arctic montane species is widespread in Europe, north to Iceland and Svalbard, but absent from European Russia and probably extinct in Finland. It becomes more montane in the south, reaching the Pyrenees and Cantabrian mountains, southern Italy, the Balkan mountains (to northern Greece), and east to the Carpathians (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it occurs in the Caucasus, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This is a widespread species in Europe, being particularly frequent in the Alps, and it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This montane species grows on species-rich calcareous rocks and in turf, often in sheltered locations, such as at the base of crags or between boulders in block scree (Atherton et al. 2010). It may also growon forest roads, roadsides and in pastures in  more open situations. Associated species include Alchemilla  alpina, Carex atrata, Cerastium alpinum, Persicaria vivipara, Saxifraga  hypnoides, S. oppositifolia, Silene acaulis, Thalictrum alpinum, Ctenidium molluscum,  Homalothecium lutescens, Cirriphyllum piliferum, Lescuraea incurvata,  Tortella tortuosa, Syntrichia norvegicaand Hypnum bambergeri (Blockeel et al. 2014, Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Its altitudinal range is ca. 440-2,900 m.

","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level. Climate change may be a potential threat.

","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Finland (Regionally Extinct), Czech Republic (Endangered),  Bulgaria (Vulnerable), Romania (Vulnerable), Great Britain (Near Threatened), San Marino (Data Deficient) and Ukraine (Rare) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Orgaz Alvarez, J.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,LESKEACEAE,Lescuraea,radicosa,,Lescuraea radicosa  ,(Mitt.) Mönk.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Lescuraea radicosa is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its rather wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level. It occurs in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This is a mainly montane species that is rather sparsely distributed in northern and central Europe south to northern Spain, Sicily and Crete. This species has a wide global distribution and is also found in Asia and North America (Frey et al. 2006). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This is a widespread species often recorded across Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This species grows on relatively dry, more or less base-rich rocks at high elevations, often in block scree below crags (Frey et al. 2006, Artdatabanken 2015). Its altitudinal range is ca. 200-2,820 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: the Czech Republic (Endangered), Slovakia (Endangered), Bulgaria (Near Threatened), Romania (Near Threatened) and Germany (Extremely Rare) (Hodgetts 2015). This species occurs in protected areas across its range.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Kiebacher, T.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,LESKEACEAE,Lescuraea,saviana,,Lescuraea saviana  ,(De Not.) E.Lawton,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Lescuraea saviana is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 because its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and its apparently stable population trend. The threats to this species are unknown. However forestry, and the associated habitat changes, may pose a potential threat to the species. It is found in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This is a continental, subalpine species found in Europe in the Balkan mountains and Carpathians and, more rarely, in the Alps, with outlying subpopulations in Corsica and Crimea (Düll 1984). It is also present in the USA (California). The extent of occurrence (EOO) surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category. The area of occupancy (AOO), however, is much more restricted, being estimated at 480 km2. 

","This species does not appear to be rare in south-eastern Europe, evidenced by recent collections in Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia. Its overall population trend in Europe is thus considered to be stable.","This species grows on rocks (Frey et al. 2006), but can also be found on the bark of trees. It is known to produce sporophytes.","The threats to this species are largely unknown. However forestry, and the associated habitat changes, may pose a potential threat to the species.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Romania (Critically Endangered), Montenegro (Vulnerable), Serbia (Vulnerable), Slovakia (Vulnerable) and Hungary (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas across its range.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.,Puche, F.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,LESKEACEAE,Lescuraea,saxicola,,Lescuraea saxicola  ,(Schimp.) Molendo,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Rock Feather-moss (Lescuraea saxicola) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and its presumably stable population trend. Although it is a rather rare species, there have been many recent records from several countries in Europe (Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Slovenia, Austria and Italy). There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level (though climate change may be a potential future threat), and it is known to occur in protected areas across Europe.",Stable,"This circumpolar boreal-montane species occurs from Iceland, Fennoscandia and Arctic Russia south to the mountains of western, central and eastern Europe, with scattered sites in the mountains of the Mediterranean region (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it occurs widely in temperate to Arctic Asia and in western and north-eastern North America (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This is a widespread but generally rather rare species that is considered to have a stable population trend. It is more common in some areas, such as the Scandinavian mountains and the Alps.



","This species grows on both base-rich and base-poor rocks and boulders, at higher elevations in areas that are influenced more by a continental climate (Frey et al. 2006). Its altitudinal range is ca. 450-3,000 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level. Climate change may be a potential threat.

","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Great Britain (Regionally Extinct), Bulgaria (Vulnerable), Romania (Vulnerable), Slovenia (Near Threatened), Czech Republic (Data Deficient) and Germany (Extremely Rare) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in protected areas across Europe.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Fettes, N.D.,Bergamini, A.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,LESKEACEAE,Lescuraea,secunda,,Lescuraea secunda  ,Arnold,,No,VU,D1,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)



Lescuraea secunda has a restricted range in Europe, found only in the North and Polar Urals, and in the arctic regions of East European Plain. It is known from seven localities. The estimated population size is smaller than 700 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). In addition, it is severely fragmented and has small area of occupancy estimated to be around 28 km2. The population trend is not known, but the subpopulations may be vulnerable due to fragmentation and given the natural rarity of the species. The species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable in Europe.

Possible threats include habitat disturbance from the exploitation of oil and gas fields, the mining and building of roads, and recreational activities, such as trampling. Further research is needed on the distribution, population and threats to the species.

This species is not present in the EU 28, and it is therefore Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species has been found in the North and Polar Urals, and in the arctic regions of the East European Plain. Elsewhere, it has been found in the mountains of Siberia (Altai and Sayany) and Kamchatka (Ignatova et al. 1997, 2006; Smirnova et al. 2007; Chernyadjeva 2012; Zheleznova and Shubina 2015; Afonina et al. 2015).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 175,000 km2 (based on total area within a minimum convex polygon around all known occurrences), and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 28 km2 (based on a 2x2 km grid overlay on the range map). The time and intensity of the major threats to the species (disturbance of habitats due to exploitation of oil and gas fields, as well as recreational activity) affect these areas relatively independently; therefore the species is estimated to occur in only seven locations.The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 1,100 m Asl. This species does not occur in the EU 28.","In Europe, seven small and isolated subpopulations of this species were found, and this species does not produce sporophytes. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented, as the species may go extinct with reduced possibility of recolonisation. The population trend is not known, but the subpopulations may be vulnerable due to fragmentation and given the natural rarity of the species. Considering that there are seven subpopulations, it is estimated that each of them contains less than 100 individual-equivalents (considering each individual-equivalent as a mature individual, and each individual-equivalent as an area of 1 m2), the population size is considered to be smaller than 700 individual-equivalents.","This species has been found on rocky substrates and on soil in the alpine and lowland meadows, nival communities (growing in or under snow) and in mountainous dark-coniferous spruce-fir and birch-spruce forests (Ignatov and Ignatova 2004, Afonina et al. 2015, Smirnova et al. 2007, Zheleznova and Shubina 2015). The species does not produce sporophytes.","In the arctic regions, the possible threats to this species are disturbances of habitats due to the exploitation of oil and gas fields, and the mining and building of roads. In the Urals, the possible threat is recreational activities, such as trampling.","This species is not included in any regional Red Lists. Some subpopulations were found within the protected areas. Further research of population size, trend and distribution of this species is needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Hodd, R.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,LESKEACEAE,Leskea,polycarpa,,Leskea polycarpa  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Many-fruited Leskea (Leskea polycarpa) has a Circumpolar temperate distribution and is widespread in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large and stable population and there appear to be no major threats to it. It grows in both natural and man-made habitats. At least in southern Europe, in view of the type of habitat where this species lives, which is particularly exposed to the effects of global warming and forest fires, some actions to protect habitats should be undertaken.",Stable,"The Many-fruited Leskea (Leskea polycarpa) has a Circumpolar temperate distribution. This species is quite common throughout Europe. It is also found in the Caucasus, Siberia, Central Asia, Japan and North America (Smith 2004, Ignatov et al. 2006, Hodgetts 2015, Missouri Botanical Garden 2015).",Since this species is quite common throughout Europe the population size is presumably large. The current population trend is considered stable based on reports of stable subpopulations from many European countries.,"Leskea polycarpa is a perennial species that generally grows in the area of large rivers, by streams, pools with stagnant water, and lakes in eutrophic sites above the water level in summer. It also grows as epiphyte on tree branches, trunks and exposed roots, as well as on stones, wood and bricks. Occasionally it can be found far away from waterways, for example on willows in moderately humid places or on the tops of hedges. The species is not very sensitive to water pollution (Dierβen 2001, Smith 2004, Atherton et al. 2010, Moose Deutschland 2018). It is found at elevations between 10 m and 2,400 m Asl.","No major threats are reported to affect this common species. However, the habitat in which the species generally lives could be affected by the effects of global warming and forest fires that could pose a threat to at least the southern European countries.","No specific conservation actions are necessary at present. The species occurs in protected areas. It has been assessed as Vulnerable in Portugal due to the fragmentation of its distribution, the low number of sites and/or the quality of the habitat. In a few countries data about this species are insufficient. At least in southern Europe, in view of the type of habitat where this species lives, which is particularly exposed to the effects of global warming and forest fires, some actions to protect habitats should be undertaken.",This species is not utilised.,"Pilkington, S.,Cálix, M.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,LEUCOBRYACEAE,Leucobryum,albidum,,Leucobryum albidum  ,(Brid. ex P.Beauv.) Lindb.,According to Vanderpoorten et al. (2003) Leucobryum albidum is synonymous with L. juniperoideum.,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Leucobryum albidum is a Paleartic species that is thought to occur in North America and Europe. However, there is some uncertainty about the validity of this species and its distribution in Europe is unclear. It has been suggested based on the results of molecular analysis that L. albidum and Leucobryum junipeoideum are synonyms. Not only that, but this species has also often been confused with L. glaucum, which further obfuscates the situation. Considering that the real distribution of this species in Macaronesia is not clear, that its population size and trend are unknown, and that more research in needed (including taxonomic research), this species is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Leucobryumalbidumis a Palearticspeciesthataccording toVanderpoorten et al. (2003)occurs inNorthAmericaandEurope.However, according to Frahm (2011), Leucobryum albidumis aNorthAmericanspecies. RecordsfromtheMacaronesianIslandswerequestioned,buttheoccurrenceofthisspecies intheAzoreswasconfirmed (Frahm 2005).This species' estimatedextentofoccurrence (EOO)is ca 2.4 million km2, and its estimatedareaofoccupancy (AOO)is 272 km2. These values are, however, highly uncertain since Vanderpoorten et al. (2003), based on the results of molecular analysis, suggested that L. albidum and Leucobryum junipeoideum are synonyms, which is also considered by Frey et al. (2006). The real distribution of this species in Macaronesia is therefore unclear. 

","This species occurs in seven islands of the Azores (Gabriel et al. 2011), where the species' subpopulations are assumed to be stable. The current population size and trend are unknown. There is no available information from France and the situation in the Canary Islands is unclear.","This species canbefound in the Azoresonthe naturalforest,between 175 m and 1,025 m Asl (Gabriel et al. 2011).Itoccursonforestsoil,tree basesandrottingwood,often inlarge massesonsandstone rocks (Freyet al. 2006). According to Vanderpoorten et al. (2003), this species has been widely assigned to L. glaucum, because of that it is difficult to know the real habitat preferences. However, L. albidum seems to have a more southern-Atlantic distribution pattern than L. glaucum.","The main threats to this species include eutrophication due to grazing activities and the increase in forestry plantations, as well as a decline in habitat quality due to the effects of climate change. The increase in fires and the emergence and spread of invasive alien plants are also threats to this species, mainly in the Azores.","This species was considered Data Deficient in Canary Islands by González-Mancebo et al. (2012). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas, and taxonomic research is needed to clarify whether this species is valid, or whether L. albidum and L. junipeoideum are synonyms.",This species is not utilised.,"Hugonnot, V.,Fettes, N.D.","González Mancebo, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,LEUCOBRYACEAE,Leucobryum,glaucum,,Leucobryum glaucum  ,(Hedw.) Ångstr.,"Dirkse et al. (1993) considered L. juniperoideum (Brid.) Müll. Hal. as a synonym of L. glaucum. However, it was considered a distinct species by Hill et al. (2006). A thorough revision is needed to establish the identity of the specimens reported for the Canary Islands and their distribution in this archipelago (González-Mancebo et al. 2008) and perhaps in other Macaronesian archipelagos (Sérgio et al. 2006).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"



European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Leucobryum glaucum is a Paleartic species which is widespread in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. In addition, at the European level there are no major threats, although there is some use for decoration purposes.

",Stable,Leucobryum glaucum has been reported in both Europe and eastern North America from a high variety of habitats (Dierssen 2001). It is a widespread species in Europe.,"



This is a dioicous species with dwarf males and rare capsules, that grows in very dense, glaucous green, swollen cushions or hummocks, and sometimes over 50 cm tall, (Blockeel et al. 2014). The overall population size is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable. In Ireland it is relatively common (Lockhart et al. 2012). 

","This species grows on humid woods and forests or marshes, always in not too shady habitats, on the edge of woods, along the top of bluffs, or well developed in old growth forests, including also xeric sandy sites to Sphagnum bogs (Vanderpoorten et al. 2003). It occurs also on soils, and as an epiphyte, especially on the basis of the trunks of old trees, from the sea level in Scandinavia (L. Hedenäs pers. comm. 2017) to 2,640 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014, Swissbryophytes 2018).","



Even though this species may be locally threatened, since it can be used for decoration purposes, there are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species. In Britain and Ireland, this species declined or disappeared in some regions when levels of SO2 pollution were high (Blockeel et al. 2014).

","



This species is known to occur in protected areas, and has been assessed as Vulnerable in the Canary Islands, Near Threatened in Andorra and Madeira, Data Deficient in Portugal, and Regionally Extinct in Sicily (González-Mancebo et al. 2012, Sim-Sim et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015).

","In north and central Europe, as well as in Portugal, this species is commonly used in floral and shop window arrangements (Glime 2017, M. Sim-Sim pers. comm. 2017).","Cálix, M.,Denyer, J.","González Mancebo, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,LEUCOBRYACEAE,Leucobryum,juniperoideum,,Leucobryum juniperoideum  ,(Brid.) Müll.Hal.,"Leucobryum juniperoideum and L. glaucum are considered as distinct species, supported by isozyme analysis (Krzakowa and Smajda 1992), but not by molecular data of the 18S-26S nuclear ribosomal DNA (Vanderpoorten et al. 2003).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Leucobryum juniperoideum is relatively widespread in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. At the European level there are no major known threats.

",Stable,"Leucobryum juniperoideum has been reported from Eurasia, North America (Vanderpoorten et al. 2003) and Africa (Wang et al. 2014). In Europe, this species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 9 million km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 3,000 km2.",The overall population size is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable. Fieldwork carried out in Ireland has shown it to be more frequent than previously thought (Lockhart et al. 2012).,"This species occurs in forest habitats on rocks, as an epiphyte and also on logs, and sometimes on top soil (Frahm 2011). In Europe, it is very characteristic of sandstone rocks and also bases of trees, whereas L. glaucum grows preferably on soil or rotten wood in forests in generally moister habitats as compared with L. juniperoideum (Frahm 2011). For this reason all references about ecology or even threats of this species must be treated carefully. This species is found at elevations between 0 to 2,750 m Asl (Swissbryophytes 2018).","Even though this species may be locally threatened, there are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species.","This species is known to occur in protected areas and has been assessed as Near Threatened in Portugal and Romania, as Data Deficient in Slovakia, Sweden, Bulgaria and the Canary Islands (Sérgio et al. 2013, Hodgetts 2015).","The species is collected, at least in Spain to be used in nativity sets (Lara et al. 2006).","Bates, J.,Cálix, M.","González Mancebo, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,LEUCODONTACEAE,Leucodon,canariensis,,Leucodon canariensis  ,(Brid.) Schwägr.,"The occurrence of Leucodon canariensis in the Azores was previously considered uncertain and corresponding to L. treleasei (Hedenäs 1992, González-Mancebo et al. 2009). According to R. Gabriel (pers. comm. 2017), presently there is no good evidence for the occurrence of L. canariensis in the Azores. Therefore, it is considered a species restricted to Madeira and the Canary Islands.",Yes,NT,B2b(iii),Yes,NT,B2b(iii),EU28,,"Leucodon canariensis is endemic to the Canary Islands and Madeira, where it is known from all the islands with the exception of Lanzarote, Desertas and Selvagens. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 248 km²), and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. The population is fragmented but not considered severely fragmented - while some subpopulations are small, there are several localities with a high biomass of the species.



Projected alterations in climatic conditions in the native laurel and heath forest are considered to be a major threat to this species.Other threats include habitat destruction and degradation, increase in forestry plantations, and eutrophication due to overgrazing. An increase in fires and the spread of invasive alien species are also threats to this species. In Fuerteventura (Canary Islands), it is under severe threat due to the laurel forest decline, and overgrazing of the shrubland by sheep and goats. Even though at present the species still occurs at more than ten locations, the above mentioned threats and continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat may lead to a decrease in the number of locations in the short- to medium-term. It is therefore likely that if current trends continue this species will qualify for a threatened Category in the near future.



The subpopulations should be monitored in order to investigate any decrease related to the effects of climatic change. Monitoring of the habitat conditions in the Macaronesia region is also recommended in order to know the stability of the population.

 



",Decreasing,"Leucodon canariensis is endemic to the Canary Islands and Madeira, where it is known from all the islands with the exception of Lanzarote, Desertas and Selvagens (Hedenäs 1992, Sérgio et al. 2006, González-Mancebo et al. 2009, Sim-Sim et al. 2014 ). The references to L. canariensis from the Azores were considered uncertain and corresponding to L. treleasei (Hedenäs 1992, González-Mancebo et al. 2009). According to R. Gabriel (pers. comm. 2017) presently there is no good evidence for the occurrence of L. canariensis in the Azores. This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 128,000 km², and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 248 km².

 

","This species occurs in some localities of the natural forest of Madeira Island, and in the Canary Islands where it can be found in all islands with the exception of Lanzarote. This bryophyte is considered a long-lived perennial stayer following Dierssen (2001). The generation length of this species is estimated to be between 11 and 25 years. Three generations would therefore be around 50 years. Most of the Macaronesian subpopulations of this species seem to be stable, with the exception of those present in Fuerteventura, and Gran Canaria where it occurs in localities where the laurel forest was completely logged. In Fuerteventura there is a current decline due to the decline in the laurel forest and overgrazing of the shrubland by sheep and goats. The population is fragmented but not considered severely fragmented - while some subpopulations are small, there are several localities with a high biomass of the species. Still, laurel forests are a fragmented habitat and the species might not easily disperse to suitable areas with high mist frequency. 

","This species occurs mainly as an epiphyte in the inner canopy of the laurel forests of Madeira and the Canary Islands, sometimes covering large areas of tree trunks in the Canaries, but also in areas with shrub vegetation. In the Canary Islands, it is restricted to the areas with the highest mist frequency, mostly between 700 m and 1,200 m Asl, but overall from 400 m to 1,500 m Asl. In Porto Santo, it was also found in sites with non-native vegetation, but with frequent mist influence (González-Mancebo et al. 2009).



 

  



","This moss species is mainly confined to the laurel forests of Madeira and the Canary Islands, which are fragile habitats. The main threats include habitat destruction and degradation, increase in forestry plantations, climate change and eutrophication due to overgrazing. An increase in fires and the spread of invasive alien species may be also threats to this species. In Fuerteventura (Canary Islands), it is under severe threat due to the laurel forest decline, and overgrazing of the shrubland by sheep and goats. In addition, bryophytes have been considered unlikely to be able to evolve quickly in a changing environment, and their potential to become acclimatized to novel climatic conditions (drier and warmer) in the near future, is limited (Patiño et al. 2016). Projected alterations in climatic conditions in the native laurel and heath forest (leading to higher drought stress) are therefore considered to be a major threat to this species. Even though at present the species still occurs at more than ten locations, the above mentioned threats and continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat may lead to a decrease in the number of locations in the short- to medium-term. 

 

","This species occurs mainly in natural forests that are mostly protected by regional, national and international legislation, although not all sites have effective protection. In Madeira, most of its distribution is included in the Madeira Natural Park which is protected through a Regional Decree. The restricted distribution of the species justifies that subpopulations at specific sites should be monitored in order to investigate any decrease related to the effects of climatic change and other threats. Monitoring of the habitat conditions in the Macaronesia region is also recommended  in order to ensure the stability and continuity of the population. 

","This and other species of the laurel forest have twice been observed on sale in florists' shops, as protectors or as flower pot decorations.","Cálix, M.,Duckett, J.","González Mancebo, J., Sim-Sim, M., Gabriel, R., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,LEUCODONTACEAE,Leucodon,pendulus,,Leucodon pendulus  ,Lindb.,,No,NA,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)



In Europe,Leucodon pendulus was found in the single locality in unprotected forest massif. Despite a targeted search, no additional specimens of this species has been found. As this species is not native to Europe, it has been considered to be Not Applicable (NA). It is not present in the EU 28, and so it is Not Evaluated.

",Unknown,"In Europe, this species was found once in the province of Ivanovo, Russia. Afterwards, despite recent efforts to find it again, this species has not been found. Elsewhere, it occurs in Yakutia in the Russian Far East, north-eastern China and Japan (Ignatov and Ignatova 2004, Ignatov et al. 2006). This species was found at an altitude of 130 m Asl. This species is probably an introduction from East Asia and failed to establish an stable population in this area (M. Ignatov pers. comm. 2017).",One subpopulation is known. The abundance and population size of this species are not known.,"This epiphytic species was found on the bark of Populus tremula forest in the Nodoga River floodplain (Ignatov and Ignatova 2004).

",A possible threat to this epiphytic species is timber harvest.,There are no conservation measures in place for this species. It is not included in any national or regional Red Lists. Further research on the distribution and population size of this species is needed.,The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Cálix, M.,Duckett, J.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,LEUCODONTACEAE,Leucodon,sciuroides,,Leucodon sciuroides  ,(Hedw.) Schwägr.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Leucodon sciuroides is a widespread species in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. In addition at the European level there are no major threats.",Stable,"



 

 



Leucodon sciuroides is a widespread species in Eurasia including Macaronesia. In Europe, it reaches from Iceland and northern Scandinavia to the Mediterranean region. It has also been recorded in North Africa and southeast Africa (Kenya and Tanzania) and in all Macaronesian archipelagos (González-Mancebo et al. 2009)

 

","



The overall population size is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable.

","

This species occurs in a wide variety of habitats in Europe, growing in open and sheltered habitats, including the Macaronesian laurel forests (González-Mancebo et al. 2009). It can grow on tree trunks and canopies inside the forests and even in agricultural trees, but also on soils and rocks (Fuertes et al. 1997).

","



Even though this species may be locally threatened, there are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species.

","This species has been assessed as Endangered in the Netherlands, Vulnerable in Germany, and Data Deficient in San Marino (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas and conservation research or actions are currently needed.",No specific uses are known for this species.,"Englefield, E.,Virtanen, R.","González Mancebo, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,LEUCODONTACEAE,Leucodon,treleasei,,Leucodon treleasei  ,(Cardot) Paris,,Yes,VU,C2a(i),Yes,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"



Leucodon treleasei is endemic to Macaronesia. It is found in Madeira, the Azores and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it is estimated that there are fewer than 10,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) and that each subpopulation has fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents. Since this species is both an epiphyte and saxicolous, one individual-equivalent is considered one tree or one boulder on which it grows. In addition, there is most likely a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, due to the ongoing threats. In Madeira, most of the subpopulations occurring in the southern part of the island of Madeira have now disappeared or decreased in size. There is also a decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, along with loss of the habitat suitability due to the effects of climate changes and alterations in land use due to anthropogenic activities. General habitat protection is recommended, especially avoiding forest harvest inside protected habitat - this might be sufficient for the maintenance of the subpopulations of this species. It is also important to improve general measures to avoid fires that currently affect even the wet laurel forests. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species.

",Decreasing,"Leucodon treleasei is endemic to Macaronesia. It is found in Madeira (including Madeira Island and Porto Santo), the Azores (all islands) and the Canary Islands (La Palma and Tenerife - a report from Gran Canaria has not been confirmed) (Hedenäs 1992, Kürschner et al. 2007, González-Mancebo et al. 2009, Gabriel et al. 2011). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 491,000 km², and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 408 km².","In the Canary Islands, this species is most frequent in La Palma. On Tenerife, it is a very rare species, found only in two localities, and its occurrence in Gran Canaria has not been confirmed recently (González-Mancebo et al. 2009). In the Azores, this species occurs in all islands but is considered restricted (Gabriel et al. 2011). In Madeira, it can be classified as a common species (Hedenäs 1992, Kürschner et al. 2007), as it is rather frequent in the natural laurel forest, but most of the subpopulations occurring in the southern part of the island of Madeira have now disappeared or decreased in size. It has also been reported from Porto Santo, where it is not frequent (Hedenäs 1992, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). It is estimated that there are fewer than 10,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) and that each subpopulation has fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents. Since this species is both an epiphyte and saxicolous, one individual-equivalent is considered one tree or one boulder on which it grows.","

 

This species is both epiphytic and saxicolous. In the Azores it occurs on various substrates in all the islands, although in a restricted altitudinal range (20-300 m Asl), on rocks and on several species of introduced tree (Eucalyptus globulus, Pittosporum undulatum) (González-Mancebo et al. 2009). In Madeira, it grows as an epiphyte and on rocks or boulders in several exposed and forested habitats in both the northern and southern zones of the island from 50 m to 1,500 m Asl (González-Mancebo et al. 2009). In the Canary Islands, it occurs in the eastern part of La Palma, where it may even be locally abundant, growing from 400 mto 900 m and occasionally 1,100 m Asl, mainly in laurel forest, in the canopy of several tree species such as Ilex canariensis, Laurus novocanariensis, Ocotea foetens and Persea indica. It is a very rare species in Tenerife, found only in two laurel forest localities, growing on Persea indica. 

","



This species is threatened by habitat destruction and degradation, alterations to flow regimes in streams, climate change, alterations in land use due to anthropogenic activities, habitat eutrophication, overgrazing, an increase in fires (often leading to the spread of invasive alien species) and an increase in forestry plantations. Its natural forest habitat is fragile. 

","



There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. In Madeira, most of its distribution is included in the Madeira Natural Park which is protected through a Regional Decree. This species was assessed as Near Threatened in Madeira (Sim-Sim et al. 2014) and as Vulnerable in the Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2012, Brugués and González-Mancebo 2014). General habitat protection is recommended, especially avoiding forest harvest inside protected habitat - this might be sufficient for the maintenance of the subpopulations of this species. It is also important to improve general measures to avoid fires that currently affect even the wet laurel forests. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species.

 

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Virtanen, R.","González Mancebo, J., Sim-Sim, M., Gabriel, R., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Lewinskya,acuminata,,Lewinskya acuminata  ,"(H.Philib.) F.Lara, Garilleti &amp; Goffinet","Lara et al. (2016) recently transferred all the species with superficial stomata and monoicous sexual condition previously included in Orthotrichum Hedw. to the new genus Lewinskya F.Lara, Garilleti & Goffinet.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Lewinskya acuminata has a wide and scattered distribution from the Netherlands and the British Isles (Blockeel 2014) to the Mediterranean area. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is more than 6.1 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is much more than 520 km2. In the EU 28, the values are similar with an EOO of 6.2 million km2 and an AOO of more or less 500 km2. Most of the reports of this species outside the Mediterranean region are meagre subpopulations but within the Mediterranean area, this is a widespread species, often with new records. The overall current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be stable. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

As this species is sensitive to habitat degradation, it could become less frequent in the near future, particularly in areas exposed to pressures of air pollution, forest fire or climatic changes. Further habitat protection and monitoring of habitat trends is recommended.",Stable,"

This species is considered to be a circum-Mediterranean moss. In Europe, it has a wide and scattered distribution from the Netherlands and the British Isles (Blockeel et al. 2014) to the basin of the Mediterranean area in Portugal, Spain, France and Italy, as well as to the major Mediterranean islands such as Mallorca, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Crete, Cyprus and to Turkey (Lara and Garilleti 2014). With a wide distribution but with a specific geographical range, this species has been considered one of the best examples of Mediterranean moss distribution (Lara and Mazimpaka 2001).

In northern Africa, this species is known from Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria (Draper et al. 2006, 2008; Ros et al. 2013). It is also present on Macaronesia in the Canary Islands (González- Mancebo et al. 2008). Outside the Mediterranean area, this species has been reported from Germany (Meinunger and Schröder 2007) and more recently from Switzerland (Ellis et al. 2014). In southeastern Europe, it has so far been reported from Bosnia-Herzegovina, Greece and Croatia (Sabovljević et. al. 2008).

In western North America, this species was recently discovered in areas confined to the San Jacinto and San Bernardino mountains in southernmost California (Vigalondo et al. 2016).

Based on the most recent available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is more than 6.2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is much more than 520 km2. In the EU 28, the values are similar with an EOO of 6.2 million km2 and an AOO of more or less 500 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level to 650 m Asl in Switzerland and up to 1,600 m Asl in the Iberian Peninsula (Lara and Garilleti 2014).

","

Most of the reports of this species outside the Mediterranean region are meagre subpopulations and could represent cases of temporary subpopulations (Van der Pluijm 2001, Blockeel 2009). However, this is a widespread species, often with new records, across the Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean areas of Europe (Ellis et al. 2014, Kiebacher 2014). The overall current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be stable.



","

This species lives in a wide variety of Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean scrubland and forest communities, that are dominated by deciduous or evergreen species. In England, this species was found on the bark of a small Salix sp. in a secondary woodland and in Portugal, it was found in a small urban park in Lisbon (Sérgio et al. 2016). 

","

Little is known about the major threats affecting this species, but it is likely that the species is affected by anthropogenic pressure on epiphytic habitats or by expected climate change. Other threats include human-induced impacts such as forest management, air pollution and fire.



","

There is no specific conservation action currently in place for this species.It is not threatened in most countries but listed in several national Red Lists. It is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) in Great Britain, Madeira, Slovenia and Montenegro, as Near Threatened (NT) in Sicily and as Rare in Germany (Hodgetts 2015).

This species is found in many protected areas across its range in Europe. Further habitat protection and monitoring of habitat trends is recommended.



",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Hylander, K.,Hodgetts, N.","Sergio, C., Garcia, C. & Lara, F.","Blom, H.,Schröck, C.,Afonina, O.,Lönnell, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Lewinskya,affinis,,Lewinskya affinis  ,"(Schrad. ex Brid.) F.Lara, Garilleti &amp; Goffinet","Lara et al. (2016) recently transferred all the species with superficial stomata and monoicous sexual condition previously included in Orthotrichum Hedw. to the new genus Lewinskya F.Lara, Garilleti & Goffinet.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Lewinskya affinis s widespread and is frequently recorded across Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe and the EU 28 are greater than threshold values for application of a threatened category. In addition, it is considered to have a stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28, and the threats to this moss are scarce. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

However, the human-induced changes as forested management can have a negative impact on this species, as well as climate changes and fire events. Even so, no conservation measures are required for this species in Europe at present.",Stable,"

This is a boreal temperate species in Europe, that is widespread from Scandinavia to southwestern and central Europe, north-west Russia, the Urals and to the Caucasus. This species is also found in Turkey, the Near East, China, western North America (Blockeel et al. 2014) and northern Africa (Ros et al. 2013). In Macaronesia, this species is found in Madeira and the Canary Islands, but not in the Azores.

The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe and the EU 28 are greater than the threshold values required for a threatened category. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level to 2,000 m Asl in Switzerland. In the Iberian Peninsula, the species is found from 150 m to 1,700 m Asl (Lara and Garilleti 2014).

","This species is widespread and is frequently recorded across Europe, and it is considered to have a stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28. This species has a preference for areas with oceanic influence, it is very frequent in the Iberian Peninsula (Lara and Garilleti 2014), Great Britain (Blockeel et al. 2014) and large parts of central Europe (for example, Limpricht 1890).","

This species is mostly an epiphytic species, found in open bryophyte communities. This species is found on isolated trees or in woods, but not in very shaded localities and on rather humid substrates. It is also found near streams and rivers. This species occurs less frequently on rocks but it is found on concrete walls or roofs.

","The threats to this species are unknown, although there is no indication of a decline in the habitat of this species. This species appears to be resilient to some air pollution and is now much more abundant than it previously was in urban areas (Blockeel et al. 2014).

 

However, the human-induced changes as forested management can have a negative impact on this species, as well as climate changes and fire events.



",There is no specific conservation action in place for this species. It is not threatened in most of countries and only evaluated as Near Threatened (NT) in Madeira (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in numerous protected areas throughout its range. No conservation measures are currently required for this species in Europe.,There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Bates, J.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Lewinskya,breviseta,,Lewinskya breviseta  ,"(F.Lara, Garilleti &amp; Mazimpaka) F.Lara, Garilleti &amp; Goffinet","This taxon was previously a variety of Orthotrichum speciosum, now elevated to the species level.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Lewinskya breviseta was recently elevated to specific status (it was previously regarded as a variety of Lewiskya speciosa), and is confined to the Mediterranean basin, occurring in Spain, Sicily, Crete and Cyprus. Although little is known about the status of this species, it can be assessed as Least Concern because it is locally moderately abundant in some areas of southern Spain, and its distribution suggests it is a widespread species in the Mediterranean basin, and that further records can be expected. Climate change may pose a threat in the future, and as more becomes known about this species the situation should be reassessed on a regular basis. The only conservation measures that be recommended are protection of stands of species-rich Mediterranean woodland, and more fieldwork to ascertain the true extent and abundance of this species. Further research is needed into the population trend of this species and into potential threats to it.",Unknown,"Lewinskya breviseta was recently elevated to specific status (it was previously regarded as a variety of Lewiskya speciosa), and is confined to the Mediterranean basin, occurring in Spain, Sicily, Crete and Cyprus. It also occurs in North Africa (Morocco and Algeria) (Draper et al. 2003, Draper et al. 2006, Lara et al. 2016). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 28 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 470,000 km². However, the real AOO is likely to be significantly higher.","This species is described as being abundant in the montane woods of southern Spain (Draper et al. 2003), but further information is lacking. No information on the real abundance in any locality is available; it seems to be moderately abundant only in a few localities. It is possible that the total European population does not exceed 10,000 mature individuals (F. Lara pers. comm. 2018). However, the distribution suggests it is a widespread species in the Mediterranean basin, and further records can be expected (Ellis et al. 2015). The population trend is also unknown, but it may decline in the future due to climate change.","This species is an epiphyte of Mediterranean montane woodland, in places where there is little summer drought (Draper et al. 2003). It grows at elevations from ca 600 m up to 1,500 m Asl (Lara and Garilleti 2014).","No specific threats to this species are known, but it may be that the areas of Mediterranean woodland where it grows are subject to various pressures, such as clear-felling etc.","The only conservation measures that be recommended are protection of stands of species-rich Mediterranean woodland, and more fieldwork to ascertain the true extent and abundance of this species. It has been reported from several protected areas in Spain, including the Natural Parks of Sierra de las Nieves, Los Calares del Mundo y la Sima and Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y las Villas. Further research is needed into the population trend of this species and into potential threats to it.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Schröck, C.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N.","Ştefănuţ, S.,Bambe, B.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Lewinskya,iberica,,Lewinskya iberica  ,"(F.Lara &amp; Mazimpaka) F.Lara, Garilleti &amp; Goffinet","All the monoicous species with superficial stomata traditionally included in Orthotrichum have been transferred to the newly created Lewinskya F.Lara, Garilleti & Goffinet (Lara et al. 2016), based both on molecular and morphological data.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Lewinskya iberica is currently mainly known in Europe from the Iberian Peninsula. This species has recently been collected in single localities in Belgium, Corsica and Cyprus, although it needs to be confirmed if these are actually permanent subpopulations. Based on the most recent available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe, and therefore also the EU 28,  is estimated to be around 3 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 224 km2, although the latter is assumed to be an under-estimate. The overall current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be stable. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

No specific threats have been described for this species, but further research on this is required. Conservation of areas where this species is found is the best way to continue to preserve the species. Studies are also necessary to determine the population health and the environmental evolution of the areas where this species occurs.

",Stable,"

This species is currently mainly known from the Iberian Peninsula and north Morocco, although it has recently been collected in single localities in Belgium (Heylen and Walraevens 2001), Corsica (Sotiaux et al. 2007) and the mountains of central Cyprus (Frahm et al. 2009). It is not yet clear if these last reports correspond to permanent subpopulations or if the moss should be considered as a vagrant species.

In Spain, the species is well distributed in the Central System, but also in mountainous areas of southeastern Spain (Lara and Mazimpaka 1993, Lara and Garilleti 2014), reported from a total of nine provinces. Its distribution in Portugal is an extension of that in Spain, as it has been repeatedly collected in northeastern and central eastern provinces of Beira Alta, Beira Alta and Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (Lara et al. 2001, Garcia 2006, Lara and Garilleti 2014).

Based on the most recent available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe, and therefore also the EU 28, is estimated to be around 3 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 224 km2, although the latter is assumed to be an under-estimate. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 580 m to 1,500 m Asl.

","

Information on the population size of this species is scarce, which is quite common for the great majority of bryophytes, especially the epiphytes. No known subpopulations have been quantitatively evaluated. In rare cases (for example, Draper et al. 2005), frequency of occurrence and relative coverage of this species has been estimated, but it has not been done systematically throughout its area of occurrence and is not directly applicable.

However, field studies conducted over the years show that it is a species not too rare in the areas where it is found, when adequate environmental conditions exist. Nevertheless, only exceptionally is this species locally common and moderately abundant. The overall current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be stable. In addition, it appears frequently fertile.

","This species is a Mediterranean epiphytic moss with preference for climates of oceanic character. It appears in mountainous areas that are preferably of acidic nature. It shows a clear preference for growing on trunks of Quercus pyrenaica, and occasionally on other trees of the genus (Q. rotundifolia, Q. faginea ssp. broteroi). This species has also been found, although rarely, on numerous other trees or large shrubs (Garcia 2006).

It grows preferably in natural areas, being more rarely found in habitats with intense or moderate human pressure and lacking in clearly anthropogenic environments.","

No specific threats have been described for this species. It may be affected by different anthropogenic disturbances, touristic pressures and natural system modifications, but further research is required.

","In national Red Lists, this species is considered as Least Concern (LC) with special attention in the Spain (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012) and as Vulnerable (VU) in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013). Almost all known subpopulations in the Iberian Peninsula are located within areas of the Natura 2000 network.

Conservation of these protected areas is the best way to continue to preserve the species. Studies are necessary to determine the population health and the environmental evolution of the areas where this species occurs, as well as further research into the threats.",No uses are known for this moss.,"Mazimpaka, V.,Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.","Sergio, C., Garcia, C. & Lara, F.","Puglisi, M.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Lewinskya,laevigata,,Lewinskya laevigata  ,"(J.E.Zetterst.) F.Lara, Garilleti &amp; Goffinet","Lara et al. (2016) recently transferred all the species with superficial stomata and monoicous sexual condition previously included in Orthotrichum Hedw. to the new genus Lewinskya F.Lara, Garilleti & Goffinet.",No,VU,D1,No,EN,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



Lewinskya laevigata is a rare species with a scattered distribution in Europe, and may be overlooked. It is relatively frequent in Iceland, and has also been found in Norway, Sweden, Finland, the French and Swiss Alps, Greece and the Komi Republic in northern Russia. It is also found in Sardinia and Spain. This species is apparently rare but little-known and it grows in remote mountainous areas, so is likely to be under-recorded. This species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe since the population is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be a single boulder or one square metre of rock face where this species occurs. Since the stronghold of the population is in Norway, it is assumed that there are significantly fewer individual-equivalents in the EU 28. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered in the EU 28, as it is estimated there are fewer than 250 individual-equivalents. There appear to be no major threat to this species, and as a probably overlooked moss of remote regions, no conservation recommendations can be made at present. Bryologists should be aware of it and look out for it in regions where it has not yet been recorded.",Stable,"Lewinskya laevigata is a rare species with a scattered distribution in Europe, and may be overlooked. It is relatively frequent in Iceland, and has also been found in Norway, Sweden, Finland, the French and Swiss Alps, Greece and the Komi Republic in northern Russia. There are old records from Sardinia, and it has also been refound there more recently(Frahm et al. 2008). A record from Spain has been confirmed in Madrid. Elsewhere it is known from Asian Russia and Japan, and western North America (Hodgetts 2015, Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2015). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 144 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 9.2 million km².","In the Alps it is only present at high altitudes, where it is very rare and only four recent records are known. There are two recent records in Greece. There are 17 records from Iceland. In Sweden it is very rare (only 1-2 localities), while in Norway is more common. In Scandinavia it seems to be stable, and since this seems to be the core of the population, the overall population trend is considered to be stable. 

In Norway it is estimated that there are fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be a single boulder or one square metre of rock face where this species occurs. The species is very rare and thus it is estimated that there are fewer than 1,000 in the whole of Europe, with fewer than 250 in the EU 28. The population is not considered to be severely fragmented since more than half of the population is in Scandinavia, where subpopulations are connected.","This is a saxicolous species with a preference for non-calcareous rocks. In  Sweden it is found on large boulders in a SW-facing low-alpine scree. Norwegian records are from sub-alpine schist cliffs,  both in shady and relatively sun-exposed situations (ArtDatabanken 2015). Its altitudinal range is from 500 m up to 3,000 m Asl.",There are no known threats to this species.,"As a probably overlooked moss of remote regions, no conservation recommendations can be made at present. Bryologists should be aware of it and look out for it in regions where it has not yet been recorded. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Finland, as Vulnerable in Norway and Switzerland, and as Data Deficient in Sweden (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Górski, P.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Lewinskya,lamyana,,Lewinskya lamyana  ,"F.Lara, Garilleti, Draper &amp; Mazimpaka","This species was recently described (Lara et al. 2018). It is mainly an epiphytic moss, so far exclusively found in southernmost Spain.",Yes,CR,"B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v)",EU28,,"

Lewinskya lamyana is mainly an epiphytic moss, which so far has been exclusively found in southernmost Spain on the summit area of Sierra Bermeja (Malaga, Andalusia, Spain). The available data suggest that most probably it is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and southern Europe. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both estimated to be 4 km2), the species occurs at a single location, and there is a projected continuing decline in the AOO, extent and quality of the habitat and number of mature individuals due to climate change. 



It is expected that in the medium term the population will be negatively affected by global warming effects, which will presumably reduce even further the area of optimum development of the species and the number of colonised trees. The negative effects of climate change on the habitat of this species (the Abies pinsapo forests) have already been verified.



Although this species is highly localised in a small area around the summit of Sierra Bermeja mountain, it is not very scarce over the whole site. This species is found in an area with some accessibility to tourism. The ongoing threats appear to be diverse and may include air pollution or eutrophication resulting from air pollution and fire events. If the restricted distribution of this moss is confirmed, monitoring of the species in Sierra Bermeja should be a priority issue, since the southernmost European mountain forests in Andalusia might be among the most vulnerable areas for the loss of tree species due to the expected climate warming.

",Unknown,"

This species is only known from Spain (Malaga, Andalusia), found in the Sierra Bermeja natural area, near the top of the mountain (Lara et al. 2018). It is therefore endemic to the southern Iberian Peninsula. All records of this species are recent, from 2016 and 2017 (Lara et al. 2018).



The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species are both estimated to be 4 km2. The altitudinal range of this species is from 1,414 m up to around 1,440 m asl.

","

Although this species is highly localised in a small area around the summit of Sierra Bermeja mountain, it is not very scarce over the whole site since it appears scattered throughout the wettest parts of the Abies pinsapo forest. In some cases, it can be very abundant on the branches of appropriate trees (Lara et al. 2018). This moss has not been found in other Abies pinsapo forests in Spain and northern Morocco (Draper et al. 2006) nor in similar humid montane forests surveyed by the Spanish research team throughout the Mediterranean Basin (Lara et al. 2018). The current population trend is unknown.



There are thousands of mature cushions of this moss colonising less than 100 trees in the whole area.



It is expected that in the medium term the population will be negatively affected by global warming effects, which will presumably reduce even further the area of optimum development of the species and the number of colonised trees (F. Lara pers. comm. 2019). The negative effects of climate change on the habitat of this species (theAbies pinsapo forests) have already been verified (Linares et al. 2009). 

","

This is an epiphytic moss on scattered trees of forests of Abies pinsapo. However, it has been found colonising stones and boulders in the understory of dense canopies. It mainly grows on internal branches of Abies pinsapo in sheltered situations, where epiphytic communities are protected from excessive insolation (Lara et al. 2018). It is mainly found on the trunk and lower branches, usually densely covered by others epiphytic mosses frequent in the area as, Pulvigera lyellii, L. acuminata, L. rupestris, L. striata and Orthotrichum scanicum, together with Neckera pumila, and Frullania dilatata. In saxicolous situations, the communities are usually dominated by Grimmia spp., Nogopterium gracile, Antitrichia curtipendula, Frullania tamarisci and Lewinskya rupestris.

","This species is found in an area with some accessibility to tourism and consequently very fragile. The threats appear to be diverse and may include air pollution or eutrophication resulting from air pollution and fire events. Climate change is expected to negatively affect the population in the near future, leading to a decline in the AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, as well as number of mature individuals. 



Taking into account the restricted distribution of this species, and the likely extent of the effects of the threats, the species is considered to occur at a single location.","

The area where this species grows is a natural protected site by the Andalusian Government: Paraje Natural Los Reales de Sierra Bermeja. It is also a Special Area of Conservation (SAC ES6170004). However, no specific conservation action is directed at this moss.



This species in not listed in the last Red List of Spain (Garilleti and Albertos 2012) as the species was only described in 2018. If the restricted distribution of this moss is confirmed, monitoring of the species in Sierra Bermeja should be a priority issue, since the southernmost European mountain forests in Andalusia might be among the most vulnerable areas for the loss of tree species due to the expecting climate warming (Linares et al. 2009).

",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Duckett, J.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Lewinskya,pylaisii,,Lewinskya pylaisii  ,"(Brid.) F.Lara, Garilleti &amp; Goffinet","Lara et al. (2016) recently transferred all the species with superficial stomata and monoicous sexual condition previously included in Orthotrichum Hedw. to the new genus Lewinskya F.Lara, Garilleti & Goffinet.",No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Lewinskya pylaisii is found in Iceland, Norway, Svalbard, Sweden, Finland, Russia and Estonia. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) but a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the AOO of this species is between 500 and 600 km2, and its EOO is between 3 and 4 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 150 and 200 km2 and the EOO is between 0.6 and 0.7 million km2. The population size seems to be rather large in northern Europe (especially Norway, Iceland and Svalbard) and is well above 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). The current population trend is considered to be stable in northern Europe. However, in the EU 28 (Sweden, Finland and Estonia) the population size is around 1,000 individual-equivalents. Therefore, in Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern. In the EU 28, this species is assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion D.

There are no conservation measures required for this species at present.",Stable,"This species has an arctic distribution and it is found in Iceland, Norway, Svalbard, Sweden, Finland, Russia and Estonia (Hodgetts 2015). In Scandinavia, it reaches the mid-alpine zone (Hallingbäck et al. 2008). Outside Europe this species is also found in Greenland, northern parts of North America and northern Asia (BFNA 2015).

The species is not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 500 and 600 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 3 and 4 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 150 and 200 km2 and the EOO is between 0.6 and 0.7 million km2.","The population size seems to be rather large in northern Europe and is well above 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using number of trees or 1 m2 as a proxy for individual-equivalents). Within the EU 28, the population size is estimated to be close to 1,000 individual-equivalents. There is no indication of any decline in population size, and so the current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows on both calcareous and siliceous rocks, typically on boulders serving as bird perches or below the nests of birds of prey. It is also found on cliffs along the Baltic coast. In Iceland, this species is also found growing on planted trees in villages.","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.",This species is known to occur in at least one protected area. No conservation action is needed at present.,The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Gunnarsson, U.","Hallingbäck, T","Afonina, O.,Blom, H.,Schröck, C.,Goldberg, I.,Lönnell, N.,Hodgetts, N.,Vellak, K.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Lewinskya,rupestris,,Lewinskya rupestris  ,"(Schleich. ex Schwägr.) F.Lara, Garilleti &amp; Goffinet","Lara et al. (2016) recently transferred all the species with superficial stomata and monoicous sexual condition previously included in Orthotrichum Hedw. to the new genus Lewinskya F.Lara, Garilleti & Goffinet.

It is a very variable species is presented in its current broad sense.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Lewinskya rupestris is widespread in the northern hemisphere with a clear preference for areas with a temperate climate, and has a wide but scattered distribution in Europe. Based on the most recent available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe are much greater than the values for application of a threatened category. The population trend of this species across Europe is considered to be stable, and it is frequently reported in studies across Europe. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, in Germany, the Czech Republic and the Netherlands this species is considered to be threatened. It is sensitive to habitat degradation, and so habitat protection would benefit the species.",Stable,"This is a sub-cosmopolitan plant as it is reported to all continents. This species is widespread in the northern hemisphere with a clear preference for areas with a temperate climate. In Europe, it is considered a boreal temperate species (Blockeel et al. 2014), and it has a wide and scattered distribution from Scandinavia, and the British Isles to the basin of the Mediterranean area. This species is found in Portugal and Spain (Lara and Garilleti 2014) and its distribution expands east and northwards to Ukraine and westwards to Macaronesia in Madeira and the Canary Islands (Ros et al. 2013). In southeastern Europe, this species has so far been reported from the most countries in the region (Sabovljević et al. 2008). In tropical Africa, this species has also been reported in some countries (O’Shea 2006).

Based on the most recent available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe are much greater than the values for application of a threatened category. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level to more than 3,000 m Asl in Switzerland. However, it is only found to 1,850 m Asl in Portugal and 1,800 m Asl in Madeira.",The population trend of this species across Europe is considered to be stable. This species is widespread and is frequently recorded across Europe in ecological and floristic studies.,"This species is almost exclusively saxicolous in exposed rocks and boulders or on artificial substrates, such as walls, but it is occasionally found on exposed tree roots in streams and on the trunks of trees.","Little is known about the major threats affecting this species, but it is probably affected by anthropogenic pressure on saxicolous or epiphytic habitats. Other human-induced changes, such as forest management can also negatively impact the species.","There is no specific conservation action currently in place for this moss. It is not considered to be threatened in many of the countries where it is reported but it is evaluated as threatened in Germany, the Czech Republic and the Netherlands (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in numerous protected areas throughout its range, but it would also benefit from further habitat protection.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Aleffi, M.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C. & Lara, F.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Lewinskya,shawii,,Lewinskya shawii  ,"(Wilson) F.Lara, Garilleti &amp; Goffinet","Lara et al. (2016) recently transferred all the species with superficial stomata and monoicous sexual condition previously included in Orthotrichum Hedw. to the new genus Lewinskya F.Lara, Garilleti & Goffinet.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Shaw's Bristle-moss (Lewinskya shawii) is a Mediterranean-Atlantic species. It is frequent to common in most of southern Europe, extending sporadically north to the Netherlands, with old records from Germany and Britain (Scotland). This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very common in the Mediterranean region, and is still very under-recorded. It may be increasing in certain areas and there appear to be no major threats to it. No particular conservation action is recommended other than occasional monitoring.",Stable,"Shaw's Bristle-moss (Lewinskya shawii) is a Mediterranean-Atlantic species. It is frequent to common in most of southern Europe, extending sporadically north to the Netherlands, with old records from Germany and Britain (Scotland). It also occurs in North Africa (Morocco), Turkey, and has recently been found in western North America (California) (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 304 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2.9 million km².","This is a typical colonist species, which has apparently disappeared from Scotland (where it was probably just a transient occurrence), but is actively colonising other areas. It is rare in northern and central Europe, more common in parts of the Mediterranean basin, which is the core of its distribution. Its current population trend is stable. The population is not severely fragmented and there are more than 1,000 mature individuals.","This is an epiphyte on oak, beech and other trees. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to ca 1,000 m Asl. 



It is autoicous; capsules are regularly present.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No particular conservation action is recommended other than occasional monitoring. This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered (Presumed Extinct) in Britain, as Vulnerable in Spain, as Near Threatened in Sicily, and as Data Deficient in Portugal and Albania (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Wilbraham, J.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Lewinskya,sordida,,Lewinskya sordida  ,"(Sull. &amp; Lesq. in Austin) F.Lara, Garilleti &amp; Goffinet","Lara et al. (2016) recently transferred all the species with superficial stomata and monoicous sexual condition previously included in Orthotrichum Hedw. to the new genus Lewinskya F.Lara, Garilleti & Goffinet.",No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)



In Europe,Lewinskya sordida is only found in Svalbard and Republic of Kalmykia, Russia.  It has a small area of occupancy (AOO) of around 40 km2, but there is no evidence of its declining, as well as a lack of information on the population size and threats to the species. However, the core of the European population is situated in remote and sparsely populated territories. Therefore, this species is assessed as Data Deficient.

Further research is therefore needed on the distribution, population size and population trend of the species, as well as the threats. 

This species is not found within the EU 28 and is therefore Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is known from Svalbard and Republic of Kalmykia in the South European Russia   (Lönnell 2008, Doroshina 2011, Ignatov et al. 2018).  Elsewhere, it was reported from the Caucasus (Lewinsky 1993, Akatova 2002, Kharzinov et al. 2004),  Armenia, Tadjikistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Siberia, Russian Far East  (Manakyan 1995, Mamatkulov et al. 1998, Ignatov et al. 2006, Ignatov et al. 2018, Plášek 2009), North America (the Great Lakes area and Alaska) and Greenland (Flora of North America 2014). The altitudinal range of the species is between 30 m and 600 m Asl.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 7,500 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 40 km2. This species is not found within the EU 28.

It should be noted that the taxonomic status and distribution of this species should be re-evaluated.","The abundance, population size and population trend of this species in Europe are not known.","This saxicolous species grows in rock crevices, sometimes with bird droppings, and on the bark of deciduous trees (Lönnell 2008, Ignatov et al. 2018).",There is no information available on the threats to this species.,"The species is not included in any regional Red Lists, but some known subpopulations are found in protected areas, for example, in Nordvest-Spitsbergen National Park. Further research on the distribution, population size and trend of this species is needed, in order to identify whether the subpopulations in Svalbard are similar to those throughout the rest of the distribution. Further research on threats to the species is also required.",This species is not used or traded.,"Vanderpoorten, A.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Lewinskya,speciosa,,Lewinskya speciosa  ,"(Nees) F.Lara, Garilleti &amp; Goffinet","Lara et al. (2016) recently transferred all the species with superficial stomata and monoicous sexual condition previously included in Orthotrichum Hedw. to the new genus Lewinskya F.Lara, Garilleti & Goffinet.

This species is presented in its current broad sense not infraspecific taxa.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Lewinskya speciosa is widespread throughout Europe. The population trend in Europe has long been stable, and this species might recolonise new areas with reductions of sulphur dioxide. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are significantly greater than the threshold values for the application of a threatened category. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is sensitive to habitat degradation. Monitoring of the habitat trends of this species is recommended, as well as further research into the threats.",Stable,"This is a circumpolar, boreo-arctic montane species, that is widespread throughout Europe (Blockeel et al. 2014). The distribution of this species extends north to Svalbard and to the Mediterranean area (Ros et al. 2013). In the east, the species is found northwards to the North Urals, but it is not found westwards in Macaronesia. In the Iberian Peninsula, it is mainly in the north and central regions (Lara and Garilleti 2014). In southeastern Europe, this species has so far been reported from most countries (Sabovljević et. al. 2008). This species is widespread across the northern hemisphere, especially in the Arctic and in boreal zones, such as in North America and northern Asiatic areas.

The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are significantly greater than the threshold values for the application of a threatened category. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level to 3,200 m Asl.","The population trend in Europe has long been stable. However, in England, this species almost disappeared during the industrial period (Blockeel et al. 2014). It might recolonise new areas with reductions of sulphur dioxide.","

This is an epiphyte species, found on the trunks and branches of many tree species, preferably in montane forests with moderate summer drought (Lara and Garilleti 2014). It is more common in well-illuminated sites.

This species is almost exclusively in epiphytic communities, but it is occasionally found on rocks, for instance in England (Blockeel et al. 2014).



","Little is known about the major threats affecting this species, but it is probable that it will be affected by anthropogenic pressure on epiphytic habitats. In particular areas, other human-induced changes, such as forest management, can negatively impact the species, as well as the increase of fire and climatic changes.","There is no specific conservation action in place for this moss. This species is not considered to be threatened in many of the countries from where it is reported but it is evaluated as Vulnerable (VU) in Ireland and as Near Threatened (NT) in Slovakia and Sicily (Hodgetts 2015).

The species is known to occur in numerous protected areas and some natural parks throughout its range. Monitoring of the habitat trends of this species is recommended, as well as further research into the threats.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Segarra, J.,Puche, F.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C., Garcia, C. & Lara, F.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Lewinskya,striata,,Lewinskya striata  ,"(Hedw.) F.Lara, Garilleti &amp; Goffinet","Lara et al. (2016) recently transferred all the species with superficial stomata and monoicous sexual condition previously included in Orthotrichum Hedw. to the new genus Lewinskya F.Lara, Garilleti & Goffinet.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Lewinskya striata is widespread throughout Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe (and the EU 28) are considered to be greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. This species is widespread and is frequently recorded across Europe. It is very common in some areas, such as the Iberian Peninsula and some parts of Britain. The population trend in both Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be stable. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28. 

However, this species is sensitive to habitat degradation, and in Britain, it declined dramatically in polluted areas. There are no conservation measures required for this species at present, but it would benefit from habitat monitoring.",Stable,"This is a boreal, temperate species, that is widespread throughout Europe (Frey et al. 2006). This species is found in Iceland, the Caucasus, Turkey, northern Africa and Macaronesia, but only in the Canary Islands (Ros et al. 2013). In southeastern Europe, this species has so far been reported from most of the countries (Sabovljević et al. 2008). It is also found in northwestern North America from Alaska and California to Washington (Vitt 2014),  China (Smith 2004, Flora of North America 2014) and India.

The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe (and the EU 28) are considered to be greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from sea level up to 2,200 m Asl in Switzerland, but only up to 1,775 m Asl (Lara and Garilleti 2014) in the Iberian Peninsula.","This species is widespread and is frequently recorded across Europe. The population in both Europe and the EU 28 is considered to have a stable trend. This species is very common in the Iberian Peninsula, as it is found in more than 50 provinces in Spain and Portugal (Lara and Garilleti 2014).  It is also very frequent in western and north-eastern parts of Britain (Blockeel 2014). However, it declined dramatically in polluted areas (Atherton et al. 2010).","

This is an epiphytic species, found in open bryophyte communities. It is found on the bark of isolated trees or in woods, and sometimes also found on acid/siliceous rocks. This species has a clear preference in areas with an oceanic-Mediterranean influence or with a temperate climate. It is documented as sensitive to air quality as it declined dramatically in polluted areas, it is frequently absent in industrial areas or center of cities and it is more common in natural areas.



","Little is known about major threats affecting this species, but it is probably affected by anthropogenic pressure on epiphytic habitats or by the expected climate changes. Other human-induced changes can negatively impact the species, such as air pollution and fire.

","

There is no specific conservation action currently in place for this species. It is not threatened in most countries, but it is evaluated as Endangered (EN) in Finland and as Vulnerable (VU) in Slovenia and Poland (Hodgetts 2015).

 The species is known to occur in numerous protected areas, such as in most natural parks in Portugal and it is very frequent in Serra da Estrela and Montezinho. This species would benefit from habitat monitoring.



",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Hespanhol, H.,Englefield, E.","Sergio, C., Garcia, C. & Lara, F.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Lewinskya,tortidontia,,Lewinskya tortidontia  ,"(F.Lara, Garilleti &amp; Mazimpaka) F.Lara, Garilleti &amp; Goffinet","Lara et al. (2016) recently transferred all the species with superficial stomata and monoicous sexual condition previously included in Orthotrichum Hedw. to the new genus Lewinskya F.Lara, Garilleti & Goffinet. In consequence, the species described as Orthotrichum tortidontium (Lara et al. 1996a) is currently considered a member of Lewinskya.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Lewinskya tortidontia in Europe is known from Greece, Cyprus and Spain. In Europe, and therefore also the EU 28, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 1.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 168 km2. Spain represents the only European area where this species is a widespread moss. However, despite the relatively high number of known localities in Spain, it is a rare and scarce moss. The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is unknown. This species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

There is a projected continuing decline in the habitat quality as a result of anthropogenic pressures, climate change and fires, but not in all area of occurrece. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats. The scarceness of this moss in Greece and Cyprus requires further research in order to establish how to protect efficiently its local populations.",Unknown,"This species displays a disjoint distribution. At the western part of its known area, this species is found in Spain and Morocco, while at the eastern Mediterranean extreme it has been reported from Greece, Cyprus, and the Anatolian Turkey. Although in each of these three eastern countries only one or two localities are currently known for this moss, it has more localities both in Spain (Lara and Mazimpaka 2001) and in Morocco (Draper et al. 2006).

There are two main nuclei where this moss lives: a) the high plateau and mountains of central-east Spain (known from Burgos, Soria, Guadalajara, Madrid, Cuenca and Teruel provinces, but very likely also in Segovia); and b) the Betic Mountains of south and south-east Spain (reported from Malaga, Jaen, Almeria, and Murcia provinces, but most likely also present in Granada and Albacete). Additionally, the species grows in a small third area (Lara et al. 1996b), located in northern Spain, at the southern slope of the central part of Cantabrian Cordillera (Leon province), where local Mediterranean conditions allow its development.

In Greece, this species has been reported from a sole locality (Lara et al. 2003) within the Pindus Mountains (Epirus region) at the southwestern corner of the country. It has also been reported from two localities in Cyprus, one of them at Troodos Mountains, living at the high altitude where the species normally thrives (Blockeel 2003), and the other one in a hilly landscape on the south-western part of the island (Frahm et al. 2009). The unusual low altitude of the latter locality makes the record uncertain, being necessary its revision.

Outside of Europe, this species has been located at two localities of southwestern Asian Turkey (Mazimpaka et al. 2000, Kirmaci and Erdag 2010). It is most likely that species is widespread in this area, being the scarceness of reports due to its difficult distinction. In northern Africa, it is well known from Morocco, where it has been reported from some 13 different localities within the Medium and High Atlas mountain ranges (Draper et al. 2006, 2007). It is very likely that the species is also present in Algeria. It is also now known to be present in Tunisia (Draper et al. 2008, Ros et al. 2013).

In Europe, and therefore also the EU 28, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 1.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 168 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 260 m to 1,900 m Asl.","Information on the population size of this species is very scarce. Data provided by Medina et al. (2008) on the relative importance of this species within a type of habitat where the species usually lives in western Europe, are the most informative available. Their quantitative study on the epiphytic bryophytes inhabiting 19 Juniperus thurifera forests throughout the entire distribution area of this type of vegetation in the western Mediterranean show that this moss species is present in six of them, five in Spain and one in Morocco, being abundant only in two Spanish localities. In Sierra de Palancares (Cuenca province), and especially in Sierra de Cabrejas, near Abejar (Soria province), this species is quite common. The rest of the localities where the frequency and cover of epiphytic bryophytes have been analyzed harbor very scarce populations of this moss (Medina et al. 2008, 2015).

The subpopulation of this species from the single locality known in Greece has not been quantitatively evaluated. It seems to be an uncommon moss there since further searches have failed in locating more exemplars. No information exists on its abundance for the two localities known on the island of Cyprus.

Spain represents the only European area where this species is a widespread moss. It has been reported from some 33 different localities in 11 provinces (Lara and Garilleti 2014). However, despite the relatively high number of known localities in Spain, it is a rare and scarce moss.

The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is unknown.","This species is an epiphytic Mediterranean moss. It is a moss adapted to xeric environment and thrives on several types of Mediterranean forests. It grows in pioneering communities on tree trunks dominated by other Orthotrichum-like species. Although it has been stated that this moss has a marked preference for Mediterranean-continental environments and occurs preferentially on conifers, it equally thrives in other Mediterranean environments, always in mountains, and on a varied kind of phorophytes. 

This species seems to be more frequent in two types of forest: holm oak (Quercus rotundifolia), and juniper (Juniperus thurifera, J. oxycedrus, J. excelsa, etc.) forests. However, at different localities it prospers in woods dominated by other species (Cedrus atlantica, C. libani, Abies pinsapo). In consequence, it has been collected both from a varied set of broad-leaved trees (Quercus rotundifolia, Q. canariensis, Sorbus torminalis, Ilex aquifolium), and conifers (Juniperus thurifera, J. oxycedrus, J. excelsa, Cedrus atlantica, C. libani, Abies pinsapo, Pinus pinaster).

This species is consistently found at moderately high altitudes in mountainous areas. In Spain, as in other European and Asiatic areas, it grows at altitudes between 1,050 and 1,900 m Asl (Lara and Garilleti 2014), whereas in Morocco its altitudinal range, 1,200 m to 2,170 m Asl, is somewhat higher (Draper et al. 2006). One Cypriot record (Frahm et al. 2009) has been reported from an unusual low altitude, 260 m Asl, and requires confirmation.

There is a projected continuing decline in the habitat quality as a result of anthropogenic pressures, climate change and fires.","No specific threats have been described for this species. It could be affected by natural system modifications and in the future, by the expected climate change and severe weather.



","This species has not been indicated as threatened in any national Red List. However, it was included in the 2006 Red List of the Iberian Peninsula (Sérgio et al. 2006) as Data Deficient-new. Additionally, it was highlighted as probably threatened in a preliminary Red List of the European Orthotrichum species (Garilleti et al. 2002). Also, at a more restricted geographic level, it was considered as potentially endangered in the region of Madrid (central Spain) (Lara et al. 2005).

Despite the relatively high number of known localities in Spain, it is a rare and scarce moss even in this country. The subpopulations where Medina et al. (2010) found that this species is most abundant should be preserved as a matter of priority - specifically, the juniper forests of Sierra de Cabrejas at Abejar, Soria province, and juniper forests of Sierra de Palancares, Cuenca. Additionally, it has been recently verified that the previously known subpopulation of Malaga contains a high number of specimens of the species, and is located within a protected area (Sierra de las Nieves Natural Park). This species is an example of an important group of non-endemic taxa that occur in Spain but otherwise are either absent or poorly represented in the rest of Europe (Infante and Heras 2005, Hodgetts 2015).

Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats. The scarceness of this moss in Greece and Cyprus requires further research in order to establish how to protect efficiently its local populations.",No uses are known for this moss.,"Laaka-Lindberg, S.,Englefield, E.","Sergio, C. & Lara, F.","Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,DELAVAYELLACEAE,Liochlaena,lanceolata,,Liochlaena lanceolata  ,Nees,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Long-leaved Flapwort (Liochlaena lanceolata) is a common and widespread species throughout much of Europe, becoming rare in more oceanic areas. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Subpopulations are stable in most areas of Europe and the species is considered Least Concern in the majority of countries with national or regional Red Lists. Thus, the population trend as a whole is considered stable, and there is no indication of fragmentation of the subpopulations. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. It grows in shady and often humid forests on rotten logs or acidic rocks, such as damp sheltered sandstone, or more rarely on humus in wetlands. The species can be locally threatened, but there is no major common threat at the European level. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Long-leaved Flapwort (Liochlaena lanceolata) is common and widespread over most of central and eastern Europe, becoming rare in more oceanic areas. It occurs from France to Russia and from Greece to Scandinavia. It is absent from Portugal, Ireland, Iceland and Svalbard and its presence is uncertain in the Netherlands. It is now very rare in Britain and known from only one recent site, in northern Scotland (N. Hodgetts pers.comm. 2017). It is found growing from sea level up to 2,000 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Outside Europe it occurs in Asia and North America.","Subpopulations are stable in most areas of Europe and the species is considered Least Concern in the majority of countries with national or regional Red Lists. Therefore, the population trend as a whole is considered stable. There is no indication of fragmentation of the subpopulations.","The species grows in shady and often humid forests on rotten logs or acidic rocks, such as damp sheltered sandstone, or more rarely on humus in wetlands (Nebel and Philippi 2005).","The species can be locally threatened, but there is no major common threat at the European level.","This species is considered Critically Endangered in Britain  because of its rarity, Endangered in Hungary,  Vulnerable in Switzerland and Madeira, Near Threatened in  Finland, Italy and the Czech Republic, and Data Deficient in the  Canary Islands and Spain (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas across its range in Europe. No conservation measures are currently needed.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Cálix, M.,Mazimpaka, V.,Hodgetts, N.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,DELAVAYELLACEAE,Liochlaena,subulata,,Liochlaena subulata  ,(A. Evans) Schljakov,"Both nomenclature and taxonomic disagreement in the treatment of this species exists. Damsholt (2002) treated it as Jungermannia subulata A.Evans s. lat and also includes both the dioicous Liochlaena subulata and the paroicous L. lanceolata (or J. leiantha Grolle) in this taxon. However, the recently published World Check List of Hepatics (Soederstroem et al. 2016) this species is treated as a separate species.





",No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The distribution of Liochlaena subulata extends from European Russia, to Scandinavia and central Europe. The majority of the European population is found in the countries of the EU 28. However, the true distribution in Europe is imperfectly known because some European authors do not accept this taxon as a separate species. 

It is a rare species across its range but it can be locally abundant. The current population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28. The population is considered to be severely fragmented, and the area of occupancy is fairly small, estimated to be around 280 km2. This species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened in both Europe and the EU 28, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

This species is affected by forestry in central Europe and Scandinavia. It is considered to be threatened in some countries, including the Czech Republic and Romania. Further research on the taxonomy, population size and trend of the species is needed, and well as monitoring of population and habitat trends.",Unknown,"This species probably has a circumpolar boreal-montane distribution. This species is described from Hawaii by A. Evans (Váňa 1973). 

This is mostly an Asian species that occurs in the Caucasus, in Siberia and in the Russian Far East (Konstantinovaet al. 2009), as well as in Japan, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Korea. It also occurs in the east of North America (Váňa 1973). In Europe, the distribution of this species extends from European Russia, to Scandinavia and central Europe but it is imperfectly known because some European authors do not accept this taxon as separate species (e.g. Damsholt 2002). It is considered as extinct in Sweden (T. Hallingback pers. comm. 2017).

 

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 2.8 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 280 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 1.6 million km2, and the AOO is estimated to be around 260 km2.","There is no data on the population size and trend of this species in Europe. The current population trend is therefore unknown in both Europe and the EU 28. It is a rare species across its range but it can be locally abundant (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). It is a dioicous species and sporophytes are very rare (it is unknown if they have been found in Europe) but gemmae are always present. The population is considered to be severely fragmented since the subpopulations are small and isolated from each other, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","This species occurs on damp soil along brooks or rivulets, on moist decaying logs, sometimes on shaded moist sandstone.",This species is affected by forestry in central Europe and Scandinavia.,"The species is included in several national Red Lists. It is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in the Czech Republic and Romania, as Vulnerable (VU) in Austria, as rare (R) in Poland, as Not Evaluated (NE) in Germany and as Data Deficient (DD) in Hungary (Hodgetts 2015). The species is also assessed as Regionally Extinct in Sweden (T. Hallingbäck pers. comm. 2017). This species is known to occur in at least one protected area. Further research on its taxonomy, population size and trend is needed, and well as monitoring of population and habitat trends.",This species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Séneca, A.,Cálix, M.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYLOCOMIACEAE,Loeskeobryum,brevirostre,,Loeskeobryum brevirostre  ,(Brid.) M. Fleisch.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Short-beaked Wood-moss (Loeskeobryum brevirostre) is a European temperate moss which occurs in western and central Europe from northern Spain and Corsica north to the Faroe Islands and southern Scandinavia (but not Finland), becoming scattered eastwards to Kaliningrad, the Carpathians, the Balkans and Crimea. It also occurs in the Azores. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, while there has been some historical decline in the lowlands, and it is rare and threatened at the edge of its range, this species seems secure elsewhere, and is actively colonising in some places. No conservation measures are required at present, but monitoring at some of its edge-of-range sites might be useful.",Decreasing,"The Short-beaked Wood-moss (Loeskeobryum brevirostre) is a European temperate moss which occurs in western and central Europe from northern Spain and Corsica north to the Faroe Islands and southern Scandinavia (but not Finland), becoming scattered eastwards to Kaliningrad, the Carpathians, the Balkans and Crimea. It also occurs in the Azores. It has apparently disappeared from Slovakia, and there is only a very old record from Hungary. Reports from Greece are unconfirmed. Elsewhere it is known from North Africa (Algeria), Turkey, Caucasus, the Asian far east, China (including Taiwan), Japan, eastern North America, central America and the West Indies (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 2,592 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8.5 million km².","This species has decreased in lowland areas but is apparently stable in the hills. However, it also has considerable colonising ability, even though it is most often found in permanent habitats, and has appeared in secondary woodland at two post-industrial sites in Derbyshire (England), in scrub on a colliery tip in the Rhondda Valley (Wales), and in numerous localities in the Dutch polders (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). The current population trend is thought to be decreasing.","In some areas this species is most often found on calcareous rock or soil, and on other base-rich substrates, where it is locally frequent on shaded boulders and soil banks in mixed deciduous woodlands (mainly hazel, ash, elm, oak and birch) associated with Galium odoratum, Ctenidium molluscum, Eurhynchium striatum, Isothecium alopecuroides and Thuidium tamariscinum, and on the bases and lower trunks of hazel and ash trees, particularly in humid habitats such as shaded gullies and waterfalls. It also occurs on damp ungrazed ledges on cliffs, associated with Deschampsia cespitosa, Ctenidium molluscum and Rhytidiadelphus loreus, and on shaded limestone pavement. More rarely it grows on logs and wall tops, on shaded banks in wooded lanes, in scrub on chalk, in flushes in moorland, and in damp fen woodlands. It may also occur onmoderately acidic silicate rocks such as basalt, gneiss, granite and sandstone. Other recorded associates includeEurhynchium angustirete, Plagiochila  asplenioides, P. porelloides, Plagiomnium undulatum, P. affine,  Polytrichum formosum, Brachythecium rutabulum, Hypnum cupressiforme and Pleurozium schreberi,  Dicranum scoparium and Sanionia uncinata. It is also less demanding of basic substrates in oceanic areas, where it occurs in acid woodland, in conifer plantations over cut peat, and even in Molinia grassland. In extremely humid sites it sometimes ascends the trunks of trees as an epiphyte (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from 5 m up to 1,625 m Asl.



It is dioicous; capsules are rare, maturing in winter.","In lowland areas, and areas where there has been more intensive anthropogenic pressure, this species has suffered from habitat destruction. It has perhaps also suffered from former high levels of SO2 pollution (Blockeel et al. 2014).","No conservation measures are required at present, but monitoring at some of its edge-of-range sites might be useful. It is known to occur in protected areas. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Portugal, as Endangered in Austria, Netherlands and Romania, as Vulnerable in Poland and Bulgaria, as Near Threatened in the Czech Republic, and as Data Deficient in Hungary (where, however, it has not been seen for many years). It is regarded as Regionally Extinct in Slovakia (Hodgetts 2015).

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Górski, P.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,CALLIERGONACEAE,Loeskypnum,badium,,Loeskypnum badium  ,(Hartm.) H.K.G. Paul,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Sickle-leaved Loeskypnum Moss (Loeskypnum badium) is widely distributed in northern regions of Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and the current population trend is stable. It is common in the mires of Scandinavia and northern Russia. However, because its habitat is subject to threats, population monitoring would be appropriate.",Stable,"The Sickle-leaved Loeskypnum Moss (Loeskypnum badium) is found in the northern regions of Europe, Asia and North America. In particular, it is very rare in southern Sweden (Götaland and southern Svealand) while it is common in the low Alpine regions. It is present in Norway (including Svalbard), Finland and Iceland. In Estonia it was considered extinct until 2012, when a second locality was reported (Vellak 2015). In European Russia, it is reported from the European Arctic (West Siberian Arctic) and European part of the former USSR (Zheleznova and Shubina 2008, Ignatov and Afonina 1992, Ignatov et al. 2006, ArtDatabanken 2015, Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe it is found in North America, Canada (Newfoundland, northern Quebec, Labrador, and Manitoba), arctic Alaska and Greenland (Crum and Anderson 1981).","This species forms extensive mats. It is not easy to determine the current trend of subpopulations as no specific quantitative data on their dimensions have been found. However, this species is common in the mires of Scandinavia and northern Russia, and the current population trend is assumed to be stable.","This species generally grows in wet habitats, but not submerged. It is found in rich fens and in intermediate to mineral-rich and usually nutrient-poor habitats. Sometimes it grows over other mosses, tolerating dry conditions. It is typical of the habitats ""Aapa mires"" and ""Transition mires and quaking bogs"" (Crum and Anderson 1981, ArtDatabanken 2015).","This species grows in habitats with anthropogenic pressure.These pressures can pose a threat to the species due to the use of the sites, construction, and drying activities (ArtDatabanken 2015).","Mostly this species is not under legal protection, and in Russia it is registered in 11 nature reserves. Further research is needed into the population size and trend of this species, as well as into the known threats to it and its habitat. Site protection and adequate management are also recommended to ensure the long-term survival of this species. 



",This species is not utilised.,"Hodd, R.,Cálix, M.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LOPHOCOLEACEAE,Lophocolea,bidentata,,Lophocolea bidentata  ,(L.) Dumort.,"According to the World checklist of hornworts and liverworts (Söderström et al. 2016), Lophocolea bidentata is an accepted taxon; however it is also said that ""Lophocolea bidentata is a species complex as discussed by Váňa and Engel (2013) having a complicated nomenclatural history causing many misunderstandings. At least Lophocolea coadunata and Lophocolea humifusa also belong to the complex."" (Söderström et al. 2016: p. 209).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



In Europe,Lophocolea bidentata occurs from mid Scandinavia south to the mountains of the Mediterranean region, including the three Macaronesian archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. At the European level there are no major known threats.",Stable,"

Lophocolea bidentata is an European-temperate liverwort species (Blockeel et al. 2014), recorded in Europe from mid Scandinavia south to the mountains of the Mediterranean region (Blockeel et al. 2014) and including the three Macaronesian archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands (Hodgetts 2015). Outside Europe, it also occurs in North, Central and South America and New Zealand; it is a sub-cosmopolitan species, mainly found in temperate regions (Timme and Redfearn 1997, Dierssen 2001, Blockeel et al. 2014).

","

This is a competitive perennial species (Dierssen 2001), common especially in damp situations (Blockeel et al. 2014), where it forms lax mats (Casas et al. 2009). The species is autoicous, often fertile, with sporophytes from January to August; gemmae are absent (Blockeel et al. 2014). Presently, the overall population size is large and the current population trend is thought to be stable.

","

This liverwort species occurs in acidophyte-subneutrophyte substrata (Dierssen 2001), especially on humus, slopes or shaded and wet soils (Casas et al. 2009), including soil among grasses and mosses, on rotting wood and the roots and boles of trees, mossy rocks, walls and boulders (Dierssen 2001, Blockeel et al. 2014). It may be found in flushes and fens, by rivers, on rocky hillsides and upland cliffs, and in woods and sand dunes (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Great Britain and Ireland its altitudinal range goes from sea level up to 810 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014), and in the Iberian Peninsula it may be found in a similar elevational range, from lowlands to montane areas (Casas et al. 2009).

","

The species is not considered threatened in most of its distribution area. Monitoring the subpopulations in the regions where it is most affected or rare should be promoted. Notwithstanding, this species may suffer a decrease with global warming, since its cover decreased in plots which were warmed experimentally in winter by 3°C above ambient temperature (Bates et al. 2005).

","

The species is known to occur in protected areas, as has been assessed as Vulnerable in Finland and as Near Threatened in Italy (Hodgetts 2015).

",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Hedenäs, L.,Cálix, M.","Gabriel, R. & Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LOPHOCOLEACEAE,Lophocolea,bispinosa,,Lophocolea bispinosa  ,"(Hook. f. &amp; Taylor) Gottsche, Lindenb. &amp; Nees",,No,NA,,No,NA,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)



EU 28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)



The Great Crestwort (Lophocolea bispinosa) is an introduced species classified as suboceanic temperate, and is known in Europe only from Britain and Northern Ireland, with another record from northwestern Spain. This is an alien introduction and so it is assessed as Not Applicable.",Increasing,"The Great Crestwort (Lophocolea bispinosa) is an introduced species classified as suboceanic temperate, and is known in Europe only from Britain and Northern Ireland, with another record from northwestern Spain. First found in Britain in 1962, Lophocolea bispinosa was known only from the Isles of Scilly (southwest England) and Colonsay (Scotland) for many years. It is thought to have been introduced independently to these two localities. It has subsequently colonised relatively large areas of china clay spoil in Cornwall and sandy heathland in Dorset and Hampshire, but remains rare elsewhere. It was introduced to the Northern Hemisphere from Australasia, where it is found in Australia, the Antipodes Islands and Macquarie Island (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 380 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 417,000 km².

","This introduced species appears to be spreading, but much more slowly than L. semiteres. Spread is likely to have been on vehicle tyres, including those of quarry trucks, military vehicles and scramble bikes (Blockeel et al. 2014).","This liverwort is locally abundant on base-poor, trampled, peaty, loamy or sandy tracks, including tracks on china clay and colliery spoil tips and across heathland. It also occurs occasionally on soil or humus overlying rocks, or on tree trunks. Associates include Cephalozia bicuspidata, Scapania irrigua, Solenostoma gracillimum, Ceratodon purpureus, Pogonatum aloides, Pseudoscleropodium purum and Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus. Its altitudinal range is from 10 m up to 330 m Asl.

It is dioicous and often fertile; sporophytes are occasional on the Isles of Scilly, March to May and August. All plants in mainland Cornwall are female, as are those further east in southern England and southern Wales; the Colonsay colony is male. The plants are fragile and are assumed to spread vegetatively by caducous branches (Blockeel et al. 2014).

 



 

",There are no known threats to this species.,No conservation measures are required for this alien introduction. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Marka, J.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LOPHOCOLEACEAE,Lophocolea,brookwoodiana,,Lophocolea brookwoodiana  ,Paton &amp; Sheahan,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Brookwood Crestwort (Lophocolea brookwoodiana) is only known from a single site in southern England (Brookwood Cemetery, near Guildford, Surrey, thought to be the largest cemetery in Europe), where it was discovered in 2004. This is a presumed alien introduction to England, where it is known from a single site. The native distribution of the species is not known, and the site in England is therefore the only known site, so its conservation is desirable unless and until it is discovered elsewhere. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, and further research is needed in order to understand its status better.",Unknown,"The Brookwood Crestwort (Lophocolea brookwoodiana) is only known from a single site in southern England (Brookwood Cemetery, near Guildford, Surrey, thought to be the largest cemetery in Europe), where it was discovered in 2004. It has been classified as an oceanic temperate species, and the species was presumably introduced from somewhere else in the world. However, extensive literature searches have failed to reveal a species matching it (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 4 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is also 4 km². Both figures are somewhat academic in this case.

","The species occurs at several locations within the cemetery and shows variability in appearance and odour, with some of the more recently (2007) detected subpopulations more closely approaching L. semiteres in morphology (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2017).","This plant grows at an altitude of 50 m Asl. It was initially discovered at the edge of a grave plot, over an area of 6 × 8 m, in very short, rabbit-grazed grass on infertile, sandy, acid soil. It was subsequently found under relatively young planted birches ca 450 m away and by tracksides in thin turf associated with tree roots under mature conifers (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2017). Associated mosses are Hypnum cupressiforme, Polytrichum juniperinum, Pseudoscleropodium purum and Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus.



The species is dioicous; only female plants are known; gemmae are unknown, but regenerants are sometimes present (Blockeelet al. 2014).",There are no known threats to this species.,"Confirmation of the origin and native distribution of this species is required. No conservation measures are required at present but periodic monitoring is desirable unless and until the plant is discovered somewhere else. It does not occur in any protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodd, R.,Cálix, M.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N. & Rothero, G.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LOPHOCOLEACEAE,Lophocolea,coadunata,,Lophocolea coadunata  ,(Sw.) Mont.,"According to the World checklist of hornworts and liverworts (Söderström et al. 2016), Lophocolea coadunata is a doubtful taxon; it is said that it ""belongs to the Lophocolea bidentata species complex with complicated nomenclature (Váňa and Engel 2013)"" (Söderström et al. 2016: p. 210). In some European works (e.g., Dierssen 2001, Blockeel at al. 2014) this species is considered as a synonym of Lophocolea bidentata.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Lophocolea coadunata was thought to be a widespread species of tropical America, closely related to the holarctic L. bidentata. More recently it has been recognized as a good species in many European countries. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, the population size is rather large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. At the European level there are no major known threats. Further taxonomic studies are recommended in order to clarify its taxonomy and exact distribution.",Stable,"Lophocolea coadunata was thought to be a widespread species of tropical America, closely related to the holarctic L. bidentata (Gradstein et al. 1977). More recently it has been recognized as a good species in many European countries, and there are records from Scandinavia, the Mediterranean region, central and eastern Europe and Macaronesia (Hodgetts 2015). Nonetheless, its presence is considered doubtful in some European countries and regions, including Ireland, Britain, Sardinia, Germany, Switzerland and Kaliningrad (Hodgetts 2015). In spite of being recorded in some literature, it was later rejected from the checklists of the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sicily, Spain and Luxembourg (Hodgetts 2015). While the area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe has been estimated as 1,836 km2, this is highly uncertain due to the possible lumping with L. bidentata.","Presently, the overall population size of this species is large and the current overall population trend is thought to be stable.","This liverwort species is known to grow on all kinds of substrates: terrestrial (epigeic), tree bark (epiphytic), leaves (epiphyllous) and rocks (epilithic), and on organic debris, always preferring shaded environments (Gradstein et al. 1977). In the Azores it was found at elevations between 500 m and 700 m Asl (E. Sjögren pers. comm. 2005), and in Madeira from 100 m up to 1,200 m Asl (M. Sim-Sim pers. comm. 2017).","The species may not be considered threatened in most of its distribution area, but considering the possible grouping with L. bidentata, the material should be carefully reviewed in order to ascertain if L. coadunata is indeed present in all the sites from where it was recorded.","At the moment, this species has not been included in any national Red List (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas. Further studies should be made to clarify the Lophocolea bidentata species complex, where L. coadunata may be included (Söderström et al. 2016).",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Virtanen, R.,Englefield, E.","Gabriel, R. & Sim-Sim, M.","Vellak, K.,Juutinen, R.,Schröck, C.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LOPHOCOLEACEAE,Lophocolea,fragrans,,Lophocolea fragrans  ,"Gottsche, Lindenb. &amp; Nees",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Lophocolea fragrans is an oceanic southern-temperate liverwort species occurring in Europe from Norway to France, Iberian Peninsula, Italy and the Macaronesian archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is rather large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. At the European level there are no major known threats.",Stable,"

Lophocolea fragrans is an oceanic southern-temperate liverwort species (Blockeel et al. 2014), occurring in Europe from Norway to France, Iberian Peninsula, Italy and the Macaronesian archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands (Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). The species is also present in Africa (Morocco, Tanzania, Congo, South Africa), the Indian Ocean islands and Asia (China and Assam) (Dierssen 2001, Blockeel et al. 2014).

","

This is a perennial species (Dierssen 2001) growing in sheltered humid wooded ravines, rocks by creeks, and caves (Blockeel et al. 2014). The species is autoicous and usually fertile (Blockeel et al. 2014). Presently, the overall population size is large and the current population trend is thought to be stable. The species is doing well in Great Britain and Ireland (Blockeel et al. 2014), although, it is under threat in a number of central-southern European countries (Hodgetts 2015).

","

This liverwort species occurs in acidophyte-subneutrophyte substrata (Dierssen 2001), frequently on moist surfaces, shaded conditions, such as rocks or tree roots on lane banks or the woodland floor, rock faces in sheltered wooded ravines, rocks by creeks, and sea caves (Casas et al. 2009, Blockeel et al. 2014). In Britain and Ireland, the altitudinal range goes from sea level up to 450 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014), and in the Iberian Peninsula it may be found in lowlands (Casas et al. 2009), but in the Azores it was found from 25 m to 1,000 m Asl, mainly in native forests (Gabriel et al. 2011) and in Madeira from 250 m to 1,400 m Asl (Sjögren 1978, M. Sim-Sim pers. comm. 2017).

","Even though this species may be locally threatened (e.g., in France, Italy, Portugal, Luxembourg, Norway), at the European level there are no major threats to this widespread species.Some of the main threats are related with water abstraction and invasive alien species (e.g., Sérgio et al. 2013), with ecosystem degradation or disappearance. Monitoring the subpopulations in the regions where it is most affected should be promoted.","

This species is known to occur in protected areas, and has been assessed as Endangered in Italy and Luxembourg, as Vulnerable in Portugal (Sérgio et al., 2013), at risk in France, and Near Threatened in Norway (Hodgetts 2015).

",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Orgaz Alvarez, J.,Englefield, E.","Gabriel, R. & Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LOPHOCOLEACEAE,Lophocolea,heterophylla,,Lophocolea heterophylla  ,(Schrad.) Dumort.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Lophocolea heterophylla is a circumpolar temperate liverwort species, occurring in Europe from mid Scandinavia southwards, less frequent in the Mediterranean region, and also in Macaronesia and central and eastern Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it has a large geographic range, the population size is rather large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. At the European level there are no known major threats.",Stable,"

Lophocolea heterophylla is a circumpolar temperate liverwort species (Blockeel et al. 2014), occurring in Europe from mid Scandinavia southwards, less frequent in the Mediterranean region, and also in Macaronesia (Azores, Madeira and Canary Islands) and central and eastern Europe (Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). The species is also present in North Africa, Asia (Siberia, Russian Far East, Korea, Japan, China, Mongolia, Himalayas) and North, Central and South America (e.g., Canada, Cuba, Brasil) (Dierssen 2001, Blockeel et al. 2014).

","This is a competitive perennial species (Dierssen 2001) growing mostly on rotting stumps and humic slopes, in shaded and humid conditions (Casas et al. 2009). The species is paroicous; in Great Britain capsules are abundant, mostly during spring and early summer; gemmae are occasional (Blockeel et al. 2014). Presently, the overall population size is large and the current population trend is thought to be stable.","This liverwort occurs in acidophyte-subneutrophyte substrata (Dierssen 2001), most frequently on rotting wood, on tree boles and trunks, occasionally on base-poor rocks, sometimes on soil in shade (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Britain and Ireland the altitudinal range goes from sea level up to 450 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014), but in the Iberian Peninsula may be found from lowlands to high mountains (Casas et al. 2009) and in the Azores it was found from 10 m to 875 m Asl, mainly in native forests (Gabriel et al. 2011).","Even though this species may be locally threatened (e.g., in Italy), at the European level there are no major threats to this widespread species.",This species is known to occur in protected areas and no research or conservation action are currently needed. It has been assessed as Near Threatened in Italy (Hodgetts 2015).,The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Englefield, E.,Vellak, K.,Hodgetts, N.","Gabriel, R. & Sim-Sim, M.","Maksimov, A.,Ştefănuţ, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LOPHOCOLEACEAE,Lophocolea,minor,,Lophocolea minor  ,Nees,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Lophocolea minor is common and widespread throughout the whole of Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the thresholds for a threatened Category. The overall population trend is considered stable. It grows in different types of forest and grassland, often in montane or alpine pastures, on soil or tree trunks. There are no major threats to this species at the European level. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This species is common and widespread over the whole of Europe including Macaronesia, but is absent from Britain, Ireland, the Faroe Islands, and some Mediterranean and Arctic areas (Damsholt 2002, Nebel and Philippi 2005). It can be found growing at elevations up to 2,800 m Asl (Hofmann et al. 2011). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. Outside Europe, it is widespread in Asia, northern Africa and North and South America.","Subpopulations are stable and the species is considered as Least Concern in the majority of the countries with national or regional Red Lists. Therefore, the overall population is considered stable. The population size is rather large and there is no indication of fragmentation of the subpopulations.","The species grows in different types of forest and grassland, often in montane or alpine pastures, on soil or tree trunks (Nebel and Philippi 2005). It occurs from the lowlands up to the alpine zone.",There are no major threats to this species at the European level.,"The species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in the Netherlands, as Vulnerable in Latvia, and as Near Threatened in Italy. It is considered as  Least Concern in all the other countries with a national Red List (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in several protected areas.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Englefield, E.,Vellak, K.,Hodgetts, N.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LOPHOCOLEACEAE,Lophocolea,semiteres,,Lophocolea semiteres  ,(Lehm.) Mitt.,,No,NA,,No,NA,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)



EU 28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)



The Southern Crestwort (Lophocolea semiteres) is a liverwort species classified as suboceanic temperate, and it is introduced to Europe; it was first collected in Britain in 1955, and in mainland Europe in Belgium in 1956 but was overlooked for many years. It is now locally abundant in Britain, Belgium and the Netherlands, where both sexes are frequent, and rare in France and Germany. This is an introduced southern hemisphere species and is therefore assessed as Not Applicable.",Increasing,"The Southern Crestwort (Lophocolea semiteres) is a liverwort species classified as suboceanic temperate, and it is introduced to Europe; it was first collected in Britain in 1955, and in mainland Europe in Belgium in 1956 but was overlooked for many years. It is now locally abundant in Britain, Belgium and the Netherlands, where both sexes are frequent, and rare in France and Germany. It is native to Australia, New Zealand and nearby islands, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Argentina and Chile (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 1,200 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 549,510 km².

",This introduced species is spreading vigorously in northwestern Europe.,"This plant often forms extensive pure mats on peat, sand and base-poor shales, both in the open and under trees; it is also locally frequent on rotting logs, stumps and tree bases, especially of conifers. Typical habitats include heathland, base-poor dunes, cliff tops, tracks and footpaths, quarries, post-industrial sites and open woodland. Its altitudinal range is from seal level up to 345 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014).

It is dioicous. Sporophytes may be locally abundant, October to March. Most subpopulations are unisexual but some have clonal patches of both sexes. Regenerants are occasional.

",There are no known threats to this species.,No conservation measures are required at present. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Marka, J.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LOPHOZIACEAE,Lophozia,ascendens,,Lophozia ascendens  ,(Warnst.) R.M.Schust.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Lophozia ascendens is found across Europe in coniferous forests. It has a large geographic range - the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 6.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2,924 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 3.6 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 2,288 km2. The population trend of this species is probably is stable. Although logging can lead to the disappearance of suitable habitats for this species, the influence of this factor should be small at least in the north of European part of Russia. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered threatened in some countries, including Spain, the Czech Republic and Hungary. No special conservation measures are required at present but considering the decreasing of old growth forests, especially in central Europe, monitoring on habitat trends and population size is needed.",Stable,"This is a circumboreal, boreo-montane species that is restricted to coniferous forests (Damsholt 2002, Bakalin 2005). This species occurs from near sea level up to 1,800 m Asl in the Tatra Mountains (Górski and Váňa 2014) and to 2,200 m Asl in the Swiss Alps (NISM 2017). 

 

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 6.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2,924 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 3.6 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 2,288 km2.","The population trend of this species is considered to be stable in Europe and the EU 28. However, quite a large fluctuation was registered in Scandinavia and north of Russia, depending on weather condition across different years. Recently 10 new populations were recorded as new in the Tatra Mountains (Górski and Váňa 2014). It is small species that is probably overlooked.","This species is characterized by restricted habitat requirements. It occurs on wet decaying logs or stumps in spruce forest (mostly old growth forests), and it very rarely occurs on peaty soil along trails (Damsholt 2002). The most favourable habitats for the species are humid forests, like slightly paludified or brook-side forests. Dead wood is not common in central European countries but fairly common in boreal forest in Russia and this is a huge area. The forest continuity and closed canopy old-growth forests are the most profitable to this species (S. Laaka-Lindberg pers. comm. 2017).","It is probable that logging can lead to the disappearance of suitable habitats for this species, but taking into account the huge areas that are occupied by spruce forests in European Russia and the mountain forests of central Europe and some Scandinavian countries, the influence of this factor should be small. 

","The species assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in the national Red Lists of Finland, Sweden, Madeira, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia and Estonia and it is assessed as Endangered (EN) in the national Red Lists of Spain, the Czech Republic and Hungary (Hodgetts 2015). It is recorded in several strict nature reserves of Russia (Konstantinova 2004). No special conservation measures are required at present but considering the decreasing of old growth forests, especially in central Europe, monitoring on habitat trends and population size is needed.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Weibull, H.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LOPHOZIACEAE,Lophozia,ciliata,,Lophozia ciliata  ,"Damsh., L.Söderstr. &amp; H.Weibull",,No,NT,C2a(i),No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Lophozia ciliata is found in Fennoscandia, as well as the adjacent part of Russia. This species is widespread in old growth forest in northern Europe, but at each site, the subpopulation is usually very small. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,700 and 2,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 1,300 and 1,500 km² and the EOO is ca 0.5 million km². The current population trend is inferred to be decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28, and there is a decline of its habitat, old growth forest. This species is not considered to be severely fragmented.

 

The total number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in the whole of Europe and the EU 28 is today most probably slightly more than 10,000. The largest subpopulation is much smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents both in Europe and in the EU 28. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened in both Europe and the EU 28 as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B and C.

This species as an old-growth forest species growing on decaying wood, and it suffers from a lack of suitable substrate. Forestry is also a threat to this species in some countries. More sites where this species is known to occur need protection.

",Decreasing,"This species occurs in the northern hemisphere, and has, in Europe, a slightly oceanic distribution pattern. In the Nordic countries, this species occurs in the middle parts of the boreal zone (Ulvinen et al. 2002). Beside Fennoscandia, it is found in the adjacent part of Russia (Konstantinova et al. 2009). The species is limited to the boreal spruce forest, absent above the tree line, generally with a more northern distribution compared to the closely related L. ascendens, with which it shares the same habitat. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 10 m to 800 m Asl. This species is also known from western North America, Oregon (Damsholt 2002) and Canada (Caners 2011).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,700 and 2,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 1,300 and 1,500 km² and the EOO is ca 0.5 million km².","This species is known from old growth forests in northern Europe. At each site, the subpopulation is usually very small. In Finland, this species is found on decaying logs in old forests and swampy forests on decaying logs (Ulvinen et al. 2002), and the total size of the subpopulations as is similar to Crossocalyx hellerianum, and the species is declining (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). In Sweden, the subpopulation size and trend is similar to that in Finland. Overall, the current population trend is inferred to be decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28.

The total number of individual-equivalents in the whole of Europe and the EU 28 is today most probably slightly more than 10,000 (considered as mature individuals and with each individual-equivalent counted as one log on which the species grows). The largest subpopulation is much smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents both in Europe and in the EU 28. This species is not considered to be severely fragmented.","This species grows on decaying logs in moist to wet sites in closed spruce forests, frequent below waterfalls or on logs lying over small brooks, partly covered by ferns, often on bark together with Crossocalyx hellerianus, but also on logs where the bark has fallen off, together with other epixylic species, e.g. Lophozia ascendens, L. guttulata, L. silvicola, Lophoziopsis longidens, Ptilidium pulcherrimum, Riccardia latifrons and Lophocolea heterophylla (Damsholt 2002). There is a decline of its habitat, old growth forest.","This species is an old-growth forest species growing on decaying wood, and it suffer from a lack of suitable substrate. In Finland, forestry is a threat (Ulvinen et al. 2002). Also in Sweden, the major threat is clear cutting of forest, drainage of forest land and removal of dead trees and fallen logs.","This species is in the Red List of Finland as Near Threatened (NT) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in protected areas, however, more sites need protection.",The species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Rumsey, F.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LOPHOZIACEAE,Lophozia,guttulata,,Lophozia guttulata  ,(Lindb. &amp; Arnell) A.Evans,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Lophozia guttulata is known from the southern tundras where it is very rare to the southern border of the forest zone. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 6.7 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 644 km2. However, the distribution of the species is not clear because in Europe and America, it is often not distinguished from similar species, especially Lophozia longiflora. The species has a widespread distribution and stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, the number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in both regions is clearly above 10,000. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

The subpopulations in the Alps are often found at higher altitudes, so the threat of forestry represents a lower risk. Nonetheless, forestry (removal of deadwood) is a threat at least locally and at lower altitudes. Because, for a long time, this taxon was not distinguished as a separate species, it is necessary to study and specify its distribution and population in many European countries.",Stable,"This is a mostly circumboreal species with scattered localities in the subarctic. In Eurasia, this species is known from the southern tundras where it is very rare to the southern border of the forest zone (Konstantinova et al. 2009). It is also known in North America, from Alaska and British Columbia to Washington in the west, as well as Japan (Bakalin 2005). 

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 6.7 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 644 km2. However, the distribution of the species is not clear because in Europe and America, it is often not distinguished from similar species, especially Lophozia longiflora (Schuster 1969, Damsholt 2002, Paton 1999, Górski and Váňa 2014). In Germany and Austria, however, the distribution is well known (Köckinger et al. 2008; Köckinger 2017; Meinunger and Schröder 2007; Schröck et al. 2013, 2014). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe occurs from sea level up to 2,000  m in Austria.","This species is found in coniferous forests in the European part of Russia, often with large subpopulations. In the Alps, this species is scattered to widespread. The population size is certainly above 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and with one log or 1 m2 on which the species grows counted as one individual-equivalent) in Europe and the EU 28. The species often occurs with sporophytes and frequently with gemmae.","The species is restricted mostly to decaying wood in coniferous or mixed broad-leaved-coniferous forests. It is very rarely found on the bark of trees and on peat in south tundras (Bakalin 2005). In the Alps, this species very rarely occurs on moist rocks over humus and it is also very rare on peat.","The subpopulations in the Alps are often found at higher altitudes, so the threat of forestry represents a lower risk. Nonetheless, forestry (removal of deadwood) is a threat at least locally and at lower altitudes.","This species occurs in many protected areas, at least in European Russia and in the Alps. Because, for a long time, this taxon was not distinguished as a separate species, it is necessary to study and specify its distribution and population in many European countries.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Ingerpuu, N.,Englefield, E.","Konstantinova, N. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LOPHOZIACEAE,Lophozia,longiflora,,Lophozia longiflora  ,(Nees) Schiffn.,Schuster (1969) treated it as Lophozia ventricosa var. longiflora. We follow here Müller (1951-58) and the latest concept of Bakalin (2016) and treat this taxon as the separate species. This contradicts the position of Paton (1999) who synonymized L. guttulata with L. longiflora and treated the latter species just as L. guttulata. Damsholt (2002) recognized this taxon as Lophozia ventricosa var. uliginosa Breidl.,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Reddish Notchwort (Lophozia longiflora) is known to occur in tundra and forest zones, as well as in alpine, subalpine and montane belts of Eurasia and North America. Due to the preferred habitats, the population is considered to be stable in the higher mountains and the subarctic. At lower altitudes, a decline may have occurred, at least in the past, but in relation to the total population this is not significant. there are more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe. In addition, at the European level there are no major threats and it develops very often sporophytes, so that by no means it can be considered as severely fragmented. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe.

In the EU 28, the population size is not known in detail. However, it can be assumed that there are a little more than 1,000 individual-equivalents. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened in the EU 28 as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion D.

Relict occurrences at lower altitudes are suffering from climate change, tourism and climbing. Isolated subpopulations and those at lower altitudes should therefore be strictly protected. Because of a large disagreement in the treatment of this taxon, it is necessary to revise the distribution of species.",Stable,"This is a widespread arctic-boreo-montane species, that is known to occur in tundra and forest zones, as well as in alpine, subalpine and montane belts of Eurasia and North  America (Bakalin 2005, 2016; Müller 1951-58). This species occurs from near sea level in the arctic, up to 2,400 m Asl in the Alps (Müller 1951-58, Köckinger 2017). There is a large disagreement in the treatment of this taxon. Distribution of the species is given according to Bakalin (2005), Müller (1951-58), Damsholt (2002) and Schuster (1969) and is for sure incomplete. In Russia (Bakalin 2005), Germany and Austria, (Köckinger et al. 2008; Köckinger 2017; Meinunger and Schröder 2007; Schröck et al. 2013, 2014) however, the distribution is well known. 

The area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 1,000 to 2,000 km2.","Little is known about the population size and the population trend of this species. However, due to the preferred habitats, the population is considered to be stable in the higher mountains and the subarctic. At lower altitudes, a decline may have occurred, at least in the past, but in relation to the total population this is not significant. The number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and with one boulder or 1 m2 on which the species grows considered as one individual-equivalent) is clearly above 10,000 in Europe. Based on the current knowledge, the population size in the EU 28 is probably above 1,000 individual-equivalents.","The species occurs in wet and moist undershrub-moss, undershrub-lichen-moss, lichen-moss and moss tundras and forest-tundras, on peat soil on rocks in alpine and subalpine belts, and among Sphagnum in oligotrophic bogs. In the Alps, this species needs a cool and moist climate and colonizes humus-rich, silicate scree slopes in the montane to subalpine belt, dominated by spruce forests or dwarf shrub heaths. It grows between Sphagnum species, over humus and more rarely directly on rocks, but in Saxony, it has been found growing on sandstone rock (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). This species also very rarely occurs on dead wood and in alpine bogs.","In the subarctic and the Alps, this species is hardly threatened, due to the preferred habitats. Only local construction measures (for example, roads) and logging could pose a threat. In the northern parts of Europe and the Alps, the majority of the localities are hard to reach. Relict occurrences at lower altitudes are suffering from climate change, tourism and climbing (Elbsandsteingebirge, Meinunger and Schröder 2007). This species has vanished from the Black Forest and probably also the Vosges and Giant Mountains.

","The species occurs in many protected areas in Russia (Konstantinova 2004) and in the Alps. Isolated subpopulations and those at lower altitudes should be strictly protected. Because of a large disagreement in the treatment of this taxon, it is necessary to revise the distribution of species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hugonnot, V.,Fettes, N.D.","Schröck, C. & Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LOPHOZIACEAE,Lophozia,murmanica,,Lophozia murmanica  ,Kaal.,According to Söderström et al. (2013) Lophozia groenlandica (Nees) Macoun should be a synonym to L. murmanica Kaal.,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Lophozia murmanica has been reported from Norway, Svalbard and northern European Russia. The distribution of this species in Europe is poorly known, although it is probably not rare in Svalbard. However, the current population trend, distribution and population size are unknown. There is taxonomic confusion on what constitutes this species. Therefore the geographic range of this species after a revision might be different from what is currently understood. This species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient in Europe. Long-term monitoring is probably required, as well as further research on its distribution, population size and trends.





This species is not found within the EU 28 and therefore it is Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"This species has been reported from Norway, Svalbard and northern Russia (the Kola Peninsula) according to Hodgetts (2015). Outside Europe, the species is known at least from Greenland (Schuster and Damsholt 1974). There is taxonomic confusion on what constitutes this species. Therefore the geographic range of this species after a revision might be different from what is currently understood. This species is not endemic to Europe.



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 20 and 100 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is at least 0.2 million km2. This species is not found in the EU 28.","The distribution of this species in Europe is poorly known (Konstatinova and Savchenko 2012). However, according to Frisvoll and Elvebakk (1996) it is probably not rare in Svalbard. In Norway, this species is alpine and it from two localities in Finnmark. The knowledge of the population size in European Russia is very poor. It is often confused with another taxon of Lophozia with green gemmae. The overall current population trend is unknown.","In Svalbard, this species grows in moss-Salix polaris grass community on steep slopes with numerous rivulets under bird colonies, in upper parts of hillocks, and mixed with Blepharostoma trichophyllum var. brevirete, Cephaloziella varians and Trilophozia quinquedentata, as well as on a large hillock mixed with Blepharostoma trichophyllum var. brevirete, Cephalozia ambigua, Lophoziopsis polaris, Sphenolobus minutus and Trilophozia quinquedentata.","The major threat is climatic changes, especially a higher temperature.","This species is in the Red List of Norway as Endangered (EN) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is not known to occur in any protected areas. Long term monitoring is probably required, as well as further research on its distribution, population size and trends.",The species is not utilized.,"Schröck, C.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LOPHOZIACEAE,Lophozia,savicziae,,Lophozia savicziae  ,Schljakov,,No,VU,D1,No,EN,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Lophozia savicziae is restricted mainly to arctic areas and the mountains of the subarctic. In Europe, this species is known from the Scandinavian countries and the north of Russia, as well as the Tatra mountains. The majority of the subpopulations of this species are outside the EU 28. The subpopulations of this species are small and rare throughout its range, although the population trend is assumed to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In Europe, the population size is smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). In the EU 28, there are less than 250 individual-equivalents. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and as Endangered in the EU 28.

There are no major threats to the species, but the main problem is that it is poorly understood, and misidentification is quite possible. Further research into the distribution and taxonomy of this species including molecular study are urgently needed.",Stable,"This is a poorly known species restricted mainly to arctic areas and the mountains of the subarctic. In Europe, this species is known from the Scandinavian countries and the north of Russia, as well as the Tatra mountains (Górski and Váňa 2014). It is also reported from Spitsbergen (where it is known from several localities, N. Konstantinova pers. obs. 2017) and Greenland (Bakalin 2005). In Asia, this species is reported from Yakutiya and the Russian Far East (Konstantinova et al. 2009). The altitudinal range of this species is from near sea level in Spitsbergen up to 2,020 m Asl in the Tatras (Górski and Váňa 2014).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 3.6 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 104 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 298,000 km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 32 km2.","The subpopulations of this species are small and rare throughout its range. Sporophytes are not known, but gemmae are always present. The population trend is assumed to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In Europe, the population size is smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent). In the EU 28, there are less than 250 individual-equivalents.","This species occurs in tundras, on covered by humus moist, mainly basic cliffs, on and in moss turfs, as well as sometimes along roads in forest zones in the mountains in northern Europe.",There are no major threats to the species.,"This species is known to occur in Kandalakshskiy and Laplandskiy Nature Reserves (Konstantinova 2004). The species is included in the Red List of Finland (Hodgetts 2015). The main problem with this species is that it is a poorly known and not well understood species, and misidentification is quite possible. Further research into the distribution and taxonomy of this species including molecular study are urgently needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Séneca, A.,Hodgetts, N.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LOPHOZIACEAE,Lophozia,schusteriana,,Lophozia schusteriana  ,Schljakov,,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

In Europe, Lophozia schusterana is known only from a small number of known specimens in European Russia. However, it is probable that the species is overlooked. This species is not rare in appropriate sites and the current population trend in Europe is considered to be stable. In addition, it seems that there are no threats to this species. So in spite of its small area of occupancy, estimated to be around 48 km2, the species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe. Further research is needed on its taxonomy, population size and trend in order to clarify its status throughout its range.

This species is not found within the EU 28 and it is therefore Not Evaluated.",Stable,"In Europe, this species is only known from Murmansk Province. But the distribution of this species is poorly known because it was described as separate species by Schljakov in 1975 and is treated as a separate species mostly in Russia (Bakalin 2005). It was recorded for Poland but later rejected (Górski and Váňa 2014). Apart from in Europe, this species occurs in the west Siberian arctic, Chukotka and Kamchatka (Konstantinova et al. 2009). As the synonyms, Lophozia groenlandica and Jungermannia groenlandica, this species is recorded from North America (Schuster 1969, Bakalin 2005).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 57,245 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 48 km2. However, it is probable that this species is overlooked. This species is not found within the EU 28.","In Murmansk Province, particularly in the Khibiny Mountains, this species is not rare and the subpopulations are stable. Therefore, in Europe, the current population trend is considered to be stable.","This species occurs among mosses in seepages or in sites that are moistened by glacier water. It has also been found on the edge of Sphagnum turfs on cliff shells, sometimes in cotton-sedge-moss bogs at the bottom of slopes, and rarely in low shrub-Sphagnum bogs, on the side of Sphagnum hummocks, or on rocks covered by humus and in beds of temporary streams (Bakalin 2005).",It seems that there are no threats for this species.,"The species occurs in the protected area of the Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden (Bakalin 2005, CRIS 2017). No conservation measures are required at present. Further research is needed on its taxonomy, population size and trend in order to clarify its status throughout its range.",This species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Virtanen, R.","Konstantinova, N.","Schröck, C.,Vellak, K.,Goldberg, I.,Afonina, O.,Lönnell, N.,Blom, H.,Hodgetts, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LOPHOZIACEAE,Lophozia,silvicoloides,,Lophozia silvicoloides  ,N.Kitag.,There is uncertainty around the taxonomy of this species.,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Lophozia silvicoloides is only known in Europe from four subpopulations in the Murmansk Province and Spitsbergen. The current population trend is unknown, as are the threats, but it is thought there are four individual-equivalents in the population (considered as mature individuals). The area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is very small, estimated to be around 28 km2 and the population is severely fragmented. However, there is uncertainty as to whether the specimens identified as L. silvicoloides in Europe are conspecific with that described from Japan. It is possible that all records of this species in Europe are erroneous. This species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient, since it was discovered in Europe recently and in view of its taxonomic uncertainty.  

Further research is needed on its taxonomy and distribution in order to clarify the status of this species throughout its range. Further research is also required to determine the threats to this species.

This species is not found within the EU 28 and therefore it is Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"This is a poorly known species that is recorded in Europe from the Murmansk Province (Bakalin 2005) and Spitsbergen (Konstantinova and Savchenko 2008). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from sea level to 300 m Asl. Elsewhere, the species occurs in Japan, the Russian Far East and Alaska (Bakalin 2005).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 36,500 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 28 km2.  This species is not found within the EU 28.

However, there is uncertainty as to whether the specimens identified asL. silvicoloides in Europe are conspecific with that described from Japan. It is possible that all records of this species in Europe are erroneous.","There is no data available on the size of the subpopulations, and the current population trend is unknown. So far in Europe, there are only four known subpopulations of this species. The number of individual-equivalents in Europe is four (considered as mature individuals, and using a mat of 1 m2 as one individual-equivalent).","In Europe, this species is restricted to the tundra zone where it grows over bryophyte mats. In Japan and in the Russian Far East, this species occurs mainly in Pinus pumila communities and on Sphagnum mats or on peaty soil.",The species is poorly known and so the threats to it are unknown.,The species is not known to occur in any protected area and it is not included in any national Red Lists. Further research is needed on its taxonomy and distribution in order to clarify the status of this species throughout its range. Further research is also required to determine the threats to this species.,This species is not used or traded.,"Virtanen, R.,Englefield, E.","Konstantinova, N.","Goldberg, I.,Afonina, O.,Hodgetts, N.,Schröck, C.,Vellak, K.,Blom, H.,Lönnell, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LOPHOZIACEAE,Lophozia,subapiculata,,Lophozia subapiculata  ,R.M.Schust. &amp; Damsh.,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Lophozia subapiculata is a poorly known taxon and there is no information on its population size and trends. The species is known in Europe from one locality in Svalbard. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be 4 km2. There are no known threats to the species. This species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient in Europe, as it is not possible to assign another Red List Category.

Further research is needed to clarify the status of the species throughout its range. This species is not found within the EU 28 and is therefore Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"The species is known in Europe from one locality in Svalbard (Konstantinova and Savchenko 2008). It was described by Schuster and Damsholt (1974) from west Greenland and for a long time was known from the type locality only. Later it was synonimized with Lophozia ventricosa var. ventricosa by Bakalin (2005). We prefer to distinguish this critical taxon as separate species because of its quite distinct appearance and occurrence in high arctic.

The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be 4 km2. This species is not found within the EU 28.",There is no information on the population size or trend of this species.,This species is found in grasslands.,There are no known threats to the species.,"This species is known to grow in a protected area. Further research into the taxonomy, distribution and ecology are needed.",The species is not used.,"Lara, F.,Englefield, E.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LOPHOZIACEAE,Lophozia,ventricosa,,Lophozia ventricosa  ,(Dicks.) Dumort.,"There is a great disagreement about the treatment of Lophozia ventricosa. Some authors treated this species in a broad sense and include L. longiflora auct., L. silvicola H. Buch and even L. confertifolia Schiffn. (cf. Paton 1999). Here we treat L. ventricosa in the sense of Söderström et al. (2016). L. silvicola is treated as a separate species. L. confertifolia and L. longifolia auct. are synonyms. L. longiflora (Nees) Schiffn. is a synonym of L. guttulata. However, this whole complex of species needs revising.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Tumid Notchwort (Lophozia ventricosa) is a very common species on neutral to acid substrates, but is rare in calcareous areas. This is a boreo-montane species, widespread in Europe. However, the distribution and ecology of this species, especially in the far north, is poorly known because of different treatments. The species occurs in most European countries but it is not always possible to determine the distribution in some countries. Although the distribution of this species is unknown in detail, both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. The population trend is considered to be stable, and it can be abundant in appropriate sites. The overall population size is very large, and there are estimated to be millions of individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals). Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.

There are no known threats to this species, major or otherwise, at the European level, and it is known to occur in many protected areas. There is no need for additional conservation actions. The revision of collections and especially study of fresh material as well as molecular study is recommended to clarify taxonomy and to reveal the exact distribution of the species.",Stable,"Following Müller (1951-58), the Tumid Notchwort (Lophozia ventricosa), a boreo-montane species, is widespread in Europe but becoming rarer in the Arctic and lowland Mediterranean areas. However, the distribution and ecology of this species, especially in the far north, is poorly known because of different treatments. The species occurs in most European countries but it is not always possible to determine the distribution in some countries (e.g., in Great Britain, where the species is united with other species). It is widespread in Austria and Germany (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Köckinger et al. 2008, Schröck et al. 2013, 2014, Köckinger 2017). Although the distribution of this species is unknown in detail, both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. It has been found growing from near sea-level up to elevations of 2,300 m Asl in the Alps (Köckinger 2017).

The species is not rare in the north of European Russia, in the Urals, south and probably east and west Siberia, in the Far East of Russia it occurs up to to the Commander Archipelago in the north and South Sikhote-Alin' in the south (Konstantinova et al. 2009). It is transcontinental in North America south to New Mexico and Tennessee, and occurs in Greenland (Bakalin 2005).



","The current population trend is considered to be stable. The species can be abundant in appropriate sites. Perianth, androecia, and sporophytes are not rare, and gemmae are almost always present. The overall population size is very large, and there are estimated to be millions of individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre, one boulder or one log on which the species grows.","This is a very common species on neutral to acid substrates, but is rare in calcareous areas. For example, it occurs on moist decaying logs, especially of conifers, on peat banks, streamsides, on soil in tundras and on moist rocks. In subalpine and montane areas it is common in virtually all acid or peaty habitats, especially peaty banks, ditches, Sphagnum bogs, dwarf-shrub heaths, boulders, screes and cliff ledges (Blockeel et al. 2014). In the north and in the alpine and subalpine belts of the central European mountains it occurs along trails and tracks and on rocks (Bakalin 2005). Associates include Cephalozia bicuspidata, Gymnocolea inflata, Campylopus spp., Ceratodon purpureus, Dicranum scoparium, Sphagnum spp. and Cladonia spp. in more open habitats; and a range of robust bryophytes such as Plagiothecium undulatum and Rhytidiadelphus loreus on woodland banks and sheltered mossy slopes in the uplands.","There are no known threats to this species, major or otherwise, at the European level. 

","This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Portugal and the Netherlands, and as Near Threatened in Italy and Hungary (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in many protected areas. There is no need for additional conservation actions. The revision of collections and especially study of fresh material as well as molecular study is needed to clarify taxonomy and to reveal the distribution of the species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Ingerpuu, N.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LOPHOZIACEAE,Lophozia,wenzelii,,Lophozia wenzelii  ,(Nees) Steph.,"Distribution of the species is imperfectly known because of the species being treated differently by different authors. For the purpose of this assessment, we follow mostly Bakalin (2005, 2016) and Müller (1951-58) and refer to this taxon as the plants with more or less symmetrical leaves, semicrescentic sinus, leaves widest above middle.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"

European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Wenzel's Notchwort (Lophozia wenzelii) occurs in the north of Europe and in the mountains of central and western Europe. In central Europe, the subpopulations in bogs, in the montane belt, are certainly slightly declining due to the drainage of the habitats. However, the subpopulations in the higher altitudes are stable. The species may be threatened in certain countries but it seems like in Europe, as a whole, the species is not declining. Therefore, the overall population trend of this species is considered to be stable for both Europe and the EU 28. The distribution of this species is unknown in detail, because of the species being treated differently by different authors, but both the area of occupancy (AOO) and the extent of occurrence (EOO) are large and are far above the thresholds required for a threatened Red List category. The population size is surely far above 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28. 

Drainage can pose a threat to this species. No conservation measures are required at present, but research of taxonomy, habitats and distribution is necessary to clarify its ecological features.

",Stable,"This species occurs in the north of Europe and in the mountains of central and western Europe (Paton 1999, Damsholt 2002, Bakalin 2005). This species is also recorded for the Asian part of Russia, the Caucasus (Konstantinova et al. 2009) and North America (Schuster 1969). However, it is often over-recorded because of misidentification with other Lophozia species, for example, Lophozia murmanica, L. sudetica etc. (Paton 1999; Bakalin 2005, 2016). In Germany and Austria, however, the distribution is well known (Köckinger et al. 2008; Köckinger 2017; Meinunger and Schröder 2007; Schröck et al. 2013, 2014). 

The distribution of this species is unknown in detail, because of the species being treated differently by different authors, but both the area of occupancy (AOO) and the extent of occurrence (EOO) are large and are far above the thresholds required for a threatened Red List category. This species occurs in Europe from near sea-level up to 2,600 m Asl in the Alps (Köckinger 2017). 

","In northern Europe, the subpopulations are large and more or less stable. In central Europe, the subpopulations in bogs, in the montane belt, are certainly slightly declining due to the drainage of the habitats. However, the subpopulations in the higher altitudes are stable. The species may therefore be threatened in certain countries (Hodgetts 2015) but it seems like in Europe, as a whole, the species is not declining. Therefore, the overall population trend of this species is considered to be stable. The population size is surely far above 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and with one boulder or 1 m2 on which the species grows considered as one individual-equivalent).","In the Alps and in the north of European Russia, this species occurs on the edges of base-poor springs and rivulets, on wet acidic rocks, in dwarf shrub sheaths and also in alpine meadows and snow beds. In cold environments, this species can also be found in poor fens, bogs and other peat habitats.



 



",Drainage can pose a threat to this species.,"This species occurs in many protected areas. It is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries (Hodgetts 2015), particularly as Critically Endangered (CR) in the Czech Republic, Vulnerable (VU) in Portugal and Spain, Near Threatened (NT) in Italy and Slovakia, and Data Deficient (DD) in Great Britain, Ireland, Hungary and Montenegro. No conservation measures are required at present, but research of taxonomy, habitats and distribution is necessary to clarify its ecological features.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Górski, P.,Fettes, N.D.","Konstantinova, N. & Schröck, C.","Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,JUNGERMANNIACEAE,Lophoziopsis,excisa,,Lophoziopsis excisa  ,(Dicks.) Konstant. &amp; Vilnet,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Lophoziopsis excisa is a widespread species found across Europe. It has a large geographic range, with an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of around 18 million km2 and an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of around 6,600 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 9.5 million km2, and the AOO is estimated to be around 6,000 km2 in Europe. The current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28, and there are no major threats to it. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC) in both Europe and the EU 28.

The species is represented by several subspecies and varieties and probably can be split in several species. The distribution, ecology and variability of these entities are poorly known and require further research. Taxonomic studies, including molecular and phyllogeography of the species, are needed.",Stable,"This arcto-boreo-montane species has a bipolar distribution. It occurs in most European countries and it is widespread in Great Britain (Paton 1999), Scandinavia (Damsholt 2002), European Russia (Konstantinova et al. 2009) and in the mountains of central and southern Europe. In North America, it is found in the west from Alaska to California and in the east from Ellesmere Island to New Jersey (Damsholt 2002). In Asia, the species sporadically occurs in the Caucasus, in all regions of the Russian Far East and in western, eastern and south Siberia (Konstantinova et al. 2009). It is also found in Japan, Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Svalbard and Jan Mayen, Macaronesia (Damsholt 2002) and Spitsbergen (Konstantinova and Savchenko 2008). In the southern hemisphere, it is recorded from Chile, Antarctica and New Zealand (Damsholt 2002). The altitudinal range of the species is from the sea level in Svalbard to 2,000 m Asl in Tatras (Górski and Váňa 2014) and 3,200 m Asl in Austria (C. Schroeck pers. comm. 2017).

 

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 18 million km2 in Europe. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 6,828 km2 in Europe. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 9.5 million km2, and the AOO is estimated to be around 5,968 km2 in Europe. The species is represented by several subspecies and varieties and probably can be split in several species.","The population trend of this species is stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In European Russia and in Spitsbergen (Svalbard), this species usually occurs in small mats, or as single plants that are mixed with other bryophytes or lichens. The species is paroicous (male and female reproductive organs beside or near each other) and it freely produces sporophytes, as well as gemmae, so its dispersal ability is very high.","The species occurs as a pioneer on acidic to slightly base-rich substrata, on damp sandy, humus rich and loamy soil, sometimes in mires, and it forms small compact patches. It can also be found mixed with bryophytes. It can be found on roadsides, waste ground (sand pits and metalliferous mine waste areas), heathlands, rocks, old stone walls, maritime dunes (Paton 1999), alpine meadows (C. Schroeck pers. comm. 2017), on spots of bare soil in tundra vegetation and on water saturated slopes (Konstantinova and Savchenko 2008). It is a weedy species and it can spread easily along roads.",There are no major threats to this species.,"The species has been assessed in several national Red Lists. It is considered to be Vulnerable (VU) in Germany, Near Threatened (NT) in Italy and Hungary and Data Deficient (DD) in Slovenia (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in many Strict Nature Reserves of Russia (Konstantinova 2004) as well as in Nature Reserves of Spitsbergen, particularly in Nordaust-Svalbard naturreservat (N. Konstantinova pers. obs. 2016).



The distribution, ecology and variability of the different subspecies and varieties are poorly known and require further research. Taxonomic studies, including molecular and phyllogeography of the species, are needed.

",This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Hodgetts, N.,Ganeva, A.,Fettes, N.D.","Konstantinova, N., Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,JUNGERMANNIACEAE,Lophoziopsis,longidens,,Lophoziopsis longidens  ,(Lindb.) Konstant. &amp; Vilnet,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Lophoziopsis longidens is common in most European countries where there are boreal forests or mountains. The species is most common in Nordic countries, as well as the northern part of European Russia. It has a large geographic range - in Europe, the estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of around 13.3 million km2 and an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of around 5,120 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of the species is around 5.6 million km2, the AOO of the species is around 3,764 km2. The population trend of the species is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28, and there are many more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). The species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.

However, the species is considered to be threatened in several countries, such as Hungary, Bulgaria and Luxembourg, and the habitat of the species is affected by logging, wood harvesting and unnatural spruce forests. Further research is required on the intensity of these processes in Europe.",Stable,"This arctic-boreo-montane circumpolar species is rare in arctic regions but not rare in most European countries where there are boreal forests or mountains. The species is most common in Nordic countries, as well as the northern part of European Russia. In North America, this species is found in the west from Alaska (Söderström et al. 2015) to British Columbia, Washington, Idaho and Montana. In the east, it is found from Quebec to New York. This species is also known from Greenland and Spitsbergen, Svalbard (Damsholt 2002). In Asia, this species is known from all subdivisions of the Asian part of Russia (Konstantinova et al. 2009), as well as being found in the Caucasus, China, and the Himalayas (Damsholt 2002). The species occurs from sea level up to 2,450 m Asl in the Tatra mountains (Górski and Váňa 2014) and 3,350 m Asl in the Alps (Mueller 1913).

 

The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is around 13.3 million km2 in Europe. The estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of the species is around 5,120 km2 in Europe. In the EU 28, the EOO of the species is around 5.6 million km2, and the AOO of the species is around 3,744 km2.","This species is common in montane and arctic areas. In the north of the European part of Russia, the species occurs in rather large patches of several square decimeters. Gemmiparous plants and male plants are common, plants with perianths are rare and sporophytes are very rare. The population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28. The number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and with a square meter, boulder or tree used as an individual-equivalent) is large, and is considered to be much more than 10,000.","The species grows mostly on decaying wood, as well as on the trunks, branches and at the bases of trees and shrubs. This species is found as corticolous communities (on bark) or in patches, as single shoots among other bryophytes at the base of tree trunks, on decaying logs and stump. It is also found on peat, humus and leaf litter in crevices, on ledges and non-basic shaded, damp cliffs and stones and on the banks of small streams. It also grows in humid woodlands, scrubs and dwarf shrub communities, in ravines, on sheltered north facing hillsides (Damsholt 2002, Paton 1999).","Logging and wood harvesting can lead to the disappearance of suitable habitats for species. However, there is little information on the intensity of these processes on most areas of Europe. In central and western Europe, short rotation times and unnatural spruce forests can also lead to a decreasing in the extent of suitable habitats (C. Schroeck pers. comm. 2017).","This species is listed in national Red Lists of several countries. It is assessed as Endangered (EN) in Hungary, Bulgaria and Luxembourg, as Near Threatened (NT) in Italy, Poland and the Czech Republic and as Least Concern (LC) in Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). However, in most European countries, this species is not threatened. The species is present in protected areas. It occurs in many strict Nature Reserves of European Russia (Konstantinova 2004). Further research on the intensity of logging and wood harvesting as threats to the species is required.",This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Englefield, E.,Ros-Espín, R.","Konstantinova, N., Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,JUNGERMANNIACEAE,Lophoziopsis,pellucida,,Lophoziopsis pellucida  ,(R.M. Schust.) Konstant. &amp; Vilnet,,No,VU,D1,No,EN,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Lophoziopsis pellucida is known from Norway, Sweden, Finland, Svalbard and northern European Russia. The subpopulations are small throughout its range, and the population is considered to be severely fragmented. In Europe, there are around 270 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) and therefore the species is assessed as Vulnerable. In the EU 28, there are less than 250 individual-equivalents and it is therefore assessed as Endangered.

However, the population trend of the species is stable, and there are currently no known threats for this species, although climate change may have a negative impact in the future. Taking into account the poorly studied areas in the northern part of European Russia, it is expected that new localities of the species may be found. Further research is required to confirm if there are threats to this species, as well as its distribution.

",Stable,"This is a poorly known arctic circumpolar species (Konstantinova 2000, Damsholt 2002). It is recorded from three localities in the north of Norway, one locality in Sweden (Damsholt 2002), from Kuusamo in Finland (Juutinen and Ulvinen 2015) and from several localities in Svalbard (Konstantinova & Savchenko 2012). It is also known from the north of European Russia, one locality in the Murmansk Province (Konstantinova et al. 2014), from Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Konstantinova and Lavrinenko 2002) and the Republic of Komi (Dulin 2008). It is also found in Franz Josef Land. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 10 m and 1,000 m Asl. Apart from Europe, this species is known from the north of the Asian part of Russia (Konstantinova et al. 2009), Alaska (Söderström et al. 2015), Greenland and Ellesmere Island (Schuster 1969).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be around 52 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is around 8 km2 and the AOO is also estimated to be around 8 km2.","This species is known in Europe from several collections, although there is no data on the size of population available from the descriptions of collections. However, the subpopulations are small throughout its range. The population is considered to be severely fragmented as it is present in small subpopulations that are isolated, and sporophytes are not known. The subpopulations may therefore go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population trend of the species is stable in both Europe and the EU 28.

In Norway, the population size is estimated to be 200 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent). In Sweden, around 100 individual-equivalents are estimated (T. Hallingbäck pers. comm. 2017). In Russia, there are around 50 individuals-equivalents, and in Svalbard around 20 individuals-equivalents. In total, the population size in Europe and the EU 28 is estimated to be of 270 individual-equivalents. Taking into account the poorly studied areas in the northern part of European Russia, it is expected that new localities of the species may be found.",This species is restricted to calcareous soil over the rocks. It has gemmae but sporophytes are not known.,"There are no known threats for this species, apart from the direct destruction оf its localities. However, the species occurs in very poorly populated areas and there is little likelihood that the localities will be destroyed. Some general negative impacts from climate change can be considered but it is quite ambiguous.","On Svalbard, this species is known to occur in Nordaust-Svalbard Naturreservat (Konstantinova and Savchenko 2012). In Norway and Sweden, this species is included in the national Red Lists as Endangered (EN) (Hodgetts 2015). Further research is required to confirm if there are threats to this species, as well as its distribution.",This species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Ingerpuu, N.,Hodgetts, N.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,JUNGERMANNIACEAE,Lophoziopsis,polaris,,Lophoziopsis polaris  ,(R.M. Schust.) Konstant. &amp; Vilnet,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

In Europe, Lophoziopsis polaris is known from Svalbard, European Russia and Scandinavia, including Finland, Norway and Sweden. The majority of the known localities in Europe are outside of the EU 28.  In Svalbard, this species is rather common and it is often abundant in some localities, but it seems to be rare in Scandinavia. There is no continuing decline and the overall population trend is stable. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 2.9 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 144 km2. 

The overall population size is larger than 2,500 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). The only possible threat is climate change. In Europe, the species is assessed as Least Concern.

In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 90,418 km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 28 km2. This species therefore is assessed as Near Threatened because it has a small AOO and the number of locations is eight in Sweden (on the basis of the main threat, which is forestry in the lowlands), and it is therefore close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

It seems that no special conservation actions are needed. However, it is necessary to study taxonomy, distribution and population dynamics of this species, as well as the threats.",Stable,"This arctic species is restricted to northern areas of America and Eurasia and the Arctic Sea Islands. It seems that the species is not rare in Svalbard (Konstantinova and Savchenko 2012, N. Konstantinova pers. comm. 2016) and has a scattered occurrence in Murmansk Province and Franz-Josef Land (Konstantinova et al. 2009). It is also known from single localities in Scandianvia, including Finland, Norway and Sweden (Hodgetts 2015).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 2.9 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 144 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 90,418 km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 28 km2. The altitudinal range of this species is between 5 m and 550 m Asl, although in Svalbard the species only occurs up to 325 m Asl. 



","In Svalbard, this species is rather common and it is often abundant in some localities (Konstantinova and Savchenko 2012). In Scandinavia, it seems to be rare. Several relatively large subpopulations occur in Murmansk Province, although there is no specific information available both on the subpopulation size and trend. However, it seems that there is no continuing decline and the overall population trend is stable. There are no extreme fluctuations for this species. In Norway, there are 150 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and counting 1 m2 as an individual-equivalent) and in Sweden there are around 2,160 (T. Hallingbäck pers. comm. 2017). The overall population size in Europe is larger than 2,500 individual-equivalents.

In the EU 28, the number of locations in Sweden is eight (on the basis of the main threat, which is forestry in the lowlands).



","This species occurs on fine earth and sandy to clay soil along streams and springs, between rocks in rock fields (screes) and in moist crevices of cliffs. Rarely, it occurs in boggy forests along margins of depressions, usually in neutral to calcareous sites. It also occurs on mountains. In Svalbard, the species occurs under glaciers on boulders. In Scandinavia, it occurs next to mires and wetlands and in swampy forests (T. Hallingbäck pers. comm. 2017).  Sporophytes are not recorded for Europe, but gemmae are always present.",The threats to this species are unknown. It is probable that climate change could influence its distribution.,"This species occurs in protected areas throughout its range, such as in the Kandalaksha State Nature Reserve in Murmansk Province (Konstantinova 1998) and the Nordauslandet Nature Reservat in Svalbard (Konstantinova and Savchenko 2012). The distribution, population size and trends, and even the ecology of this species are poorly known. The species is assessed as Endangered (EN) in Norway, as Near Threatened (NT) in Sweden, Finland and the Murmansk Province (Hodgetts 2015). It seems that no special conservation actions are needed. However, it is necessary to study taxonomy, distribution and population dynamics of this species, as well as the threats.",This species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Cronberg, N.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,JUNGERMANNIACEAE,Lophoziopsis,propagulifera,,Lophoziopsis propagulifera  ,(Gottsche) Konstant. &amp; Vilnet,"In World Checklist of Liverworts (Söderström et al. 2016) is stated that this species ""belongs to the Lophoziopsis excisa species complex. It is probably only a modification"". However, this is quite a questionable statement (N. Konstantinova pers. obs. 2017).",No,LC,,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Lophoziopsis propagulifera is a poorly known species, found in Europe, from northern European Russia, Svalbard, Sweden, Finland and Serbia. Its presence is questionable in Switzerland.

In Europe, this species is not rare in appropriate sites in arctic regions of Europe (Svalbard, Murmansk Province). The population size of this species in Europe is more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). There are no evident threats for this species. The species is probably overlooked, because it is confused with L. polaris or L. excisa. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe.

In the EU 28, this species occurs in Sweden and Finland, and it has a very small and restricted population that consists of not more than 1,000 individual-equivalents. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable in the EU 28.

It is necessary for further study to distinguish both morphological and molecular differences between different species of this genus. In some cases, there are 'serious doubts' surrounding this taxon. Further research into the taxonomy, distribution and population size of this species is needed. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This is a poorly known species with presumably arctic and alpine distribution. In Europe, it is recorded from northern European Russia (Konstantionova et al. 2009), Svalbard, Sweden, Finland and Serbia (Hodgetts 2015). Its presence is questionable in Switzerland. Outside of Europe, it is recorded from different regions in Asian Russia, particularly from the arctic, as well as south Siberia, the Russian Far East and the Caucasus (Konstantinova et al. 2009). In North America, it is recorded from Alaska, Labrador, Minnesota and Ellesmere Island, as well as from Greenland (Schuster 1969). The type specimen is from Antarctica (Bakalin 2005). The altitudinal range of the species is between sea level and 200 m Asl.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 6.3 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 140 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 24,304 km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 16 km2. It is probable that the species is under-recorded because it is confused with L. polaris or L. excisa.","This species is poorly known with a complicated taxonomic story and different names. There is some suggestion by Grolle (see Schuster 1969) that all European reports except for one from Spitsbergen, are based on errors in identification. The species is stable in the north of Russia and in Svalbard (N. Konstantinova pers. comm. 2017) and so the overall current population trend is considered to be stable. In Europe, the population size is around 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent). In the EU 28, the population is very small and restricted, with not more than 1,000 individual-equivalents.","This species occurs in acidic, moist sites, and is found on humus and peat, often among Sphagnum, as well as on the banks of pools.",There are no evident threats for this species.,"The species is often confused with other species of the genus, such as L. polaris and L. excisa. It is necessary for further study to distinguish between these species, for both morphological and molecular differences. The species occurs in Lapland Strict Nature Reserve (Konstantinova 2004) as well as in protected areas on Svalbard (N. Konstantinova pers. obs. 2017). No conservation measures are required at present. Further research into the taxonomy, distribution and population size of this species is needed.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Duckett, J.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,JUNGERMANNIACEAE,Lophoziopsis,rubrigemma,,Lophoziopsis rubrigemma  ,(R.M. Schust.) Konstant. &amp; Vilnet,"The species taxonomical status is unclear. For example, Bakalin (2005) treated this taxon as subspecies of Lophoziopsis pellucida. In the World Check List (Söderström et al. 2016) this taxon is evaluated as a ""knowledge problem"".",No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

In Europe, Lophoziopsis rubrigemma is known from Svalbard and northern European Russia, including Murmansk Province and the Republic of Komi. For most localities, the subpopulation sizes are unknown as most collecting sites are situated in areas that are difficult to access. However, it is known that the subpopulations of the species in the Murmansk Province are small. The overall population trend of this species in Europe is unknown as this is a rare species that is difficult to identify.

However, the taxonomic status of the species is unclear, and there is high probability that species will be found in appropriate habitats during future studies of huge unexplored areas of the north of Russia. There is uncertainty as to whether the specimens identified as L. rubrigemma in Europe are conspecific with that described from North America. It is possible that all records of this species in Europe are erroneous. Due to the taxonomic uncertainty (whether the taxon is a species or a subspecies), Data Deficient (DD) is the most appropriate status for the species since its status needs to be clarified before making an educated assessment.

It seems that no special conservation actions are needed, apart from site protection. But it is necessary to study taxonomy, distribution and population dynamics of the species, as well as the threats.          

This species does not occur in the EU 28, and therefore it is Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"This arctic species is known, so far, from Greenland, several localities in North America (Damsholt 2002) and the northern part of Asia, together with the Altai mountains and Kamchatka (Konstantinova et al. 2009). In Europe, the species is present in the arctic archipelagos of Svalbard (Konstantinova and Savchenko 2012), Franz Josef Land and northern European Russia, including Murmansk Province and the Republic of Komi (Konstantinova et al. 2009).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species in Europe is estimated to be around 1.7 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 44 km2. This species is not found within the EU 28.

However, there is uncertainty as to whether the specimens identified as L. rubrigemma in Europe are conspecific with that described from North America. It is possible that all records of this species in Europe are erroneous.","For most localities, the subpopulation sizes are unknown as most collecting sites are situated in areas that are difficult to access. However, it is known that the subpopulations of the species in the Murmansk Province are small. The overall population trend of this species in Europe is unknown as this is a rare species that is difficult to identify.

Sporophytes are not known for this species and number of known individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and counting one 1 m2 mat as one individual-equivalent) is very low, less than 50.","The species occurs in relatively dry habitats on peaty soil between rocks, on rock ledges, and in crevices. It is a very small and poorly known species.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species occurs in protected areas throughout its range, such as the Kandalaksha State Nature Reserve in Murmansk Province (Konstantinova 1998). The distribution, population size and trends, and ecology of this species are poorly known and so further research is required. It seems that no special conservation actions are needed, apart from site protection. But it is necessary to study taxonomy, distribution and population dynamics of the species, as well as the threats.",The species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Duckett, J.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,LUNULARIALES,LUNULARIACEAE,Lunularia,cruciata,,Lunularia cruciata  ,(L.) Dumort. ex Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Lunularia cruciata is an Atlantic-Mediterranean species. It occurs worldwide in warm temperate regions. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. In addition at the European level there are no major threats.",Stable,"Lunularia cruciata is an Atlantic-Mediterranean species, widespread in Europe and dispersed by human influence. It occurs worldwide in warm temperate regions (Frey et al. 2006).",The overall population size is certainly very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable.,"This is a widespread species found on paths, trampled soil, flower-pots and the damp bases of walls, often found in streets, gardens, churchyards and greenhouses, and sometimes on disused mines. It also occurs on moist rock outcrops, in open woodland and on woodland trails and slopes. It is found at elevations between sea level and up to 2,000 m Asl (González-Mancebo et al. 1991, Bischler 2004, Blockeel et al. 2014).

","Even though this species may be locally threatened, there are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species.",This species is known to occur in protected areas and has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Romania and Turkey and as Near Threatened in Italy and San Marino (Hodgetts 2015).,This species is not utilised.,"Marka, J.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,AYTONIACEAE,Mannia,androgyna,,Mannia androgyna  ,(L.) A. Evans,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Mannia androgyna is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28. It has a rather small area of occupancy (AOO), estimated at ca. 400 km2, but its extent of occurrence (EOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category. Its population size is greater than 10,000 individual equivalents, its population trend is stable, and it is not considered severely fragmented.

Threats from overgrowth of vegetation, afforestation and overgrazing of its habitat can all negatively impact this species. Tourism development and construction, as well as longer climatic extremes can also affect its population. It occurs in protected areas in Europe, offering it some formal protection from these threats. Further research is needed into the population structure, size and trends of this species in Europe.",Stable,"This species has a Mediterranean distribution. In Europe its range covers Portugal (including the Azores and Madeira), Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily), Spain (including the Canary and Balearic Islands), Greece (including Crete), Bulgaria, Croatia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, France (including Corsica), and Switzerland. Elsewhere it has been reported from Asiatic Russia (Borovichev et al. 2014), Turkey, Morocco, Algeria, Chad, the Cape Verde Islands, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Socotra, the Arabian Peninsula (United Arab Emirates), the Indian subcontinent (Pakistan and Himalayan India) and Japan. 

The extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category. However, the area of occupancy (AOO) can be estimated at 400 km2 in Europe.","There is limited information on the population structure, size and trends of this species. It produces rather heavy spores which are not ideally suited for long distance dispersal, but it is not considered severely fragmented. Its overall population trend isstable, and it is common in southern Europe. The population size is greater than 10,000 individual equivalents, where one individual is equivalent to one square metre in which the species grows.","This species occupies dry or rarely wet soil-filled crevices in rocky outcrops and cliffs at open sites. Sometimes the species occurs on dry slopes under semi-xeric shrubs, as well as in discontinuous low grass communities on steep slopes to sea coasts, lakes and rivers (away from direct contact with water) (Borovichev et al. 2014). It also occurs in anthropogenic habitats such as ancient walls and old terraces (T. Blockeel pers. comm. 2017).","This species is sensitive to successional changes in its environment. For example, the vegetation composition of its habitat can be affected by overgrowth of open grassland habitat with scrubs and trees. Afforestation and overgrazing of its habitat can also negatively impact this species. Tourism development and construction, as well as longer climatic extremes can affect its population.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Switzerland (Critically Endangered), Bulgaria (Critically Endangered) Montenegro (Critically Endangered), Italy (Endangered) and in San Marino (Endangered) (Hodgetts 2015). This species occurs in protected areas in Europe. Further research is needed into the population structure, size and trends of this species in Europe.",There is no information available on use and trade of this species.,"Ingerpuu, N.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,AYTONIACEAE,Mannia,californica,,Mannia californica  ,(Gottsche) L.C. Wheeler,Mannia californica may contain several cryptic species (Schill et al. 2010). Austrian material is genetically very divergent from the tested ones from France. It was only recently recognized as a valid species.,No,EN,D,No,EN,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Mannia californica, an overlooked species, is assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU 28 since its estimated population size is smaller than 250 individual equivalents. However, it has only been recently accepted as a good species and further research and monitoring are needed. It has a very small area of occupancy (AOO) of 24 km2 and number of locations (6). The subpopulations are severely fragmented and all have been found recently, after 2006.

The subpopulations of M. californica in Europe do not seem to be under extreme threat at present, in fact, there is not enough information on what poses a threat to this species. Shading from the overgrowth of surrounding plants is known to affect this species in Austria, however. There are no conservation actions targeted at this species and it is not present in any protected areas. Statutory protection, monitoring and habitat management are needed, together with research on its population size, trends and its distribution.",Unknown,"This species is known only from France (Ardeche, Alpes-Maritimes and Gard) and Austria (Styria) in Europe (Schill et al. 2010). It was until recently considered to be endemic to the USA (California, Arkansas, North Carolina and Texas). Following taxonomic revision (Hugonnot and Schill 2006) its distribution has been extended, mainly in the Northern Hemisphere, to Canada, Europe, Lebanon, Yemen, Pakistan, India, China and Japan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species ia ca. 150,000 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 24 km2 in Europe and the EU 28.","The subpopulations of this species do not seem to be under extreme threat at present, but should urgently receive statutory protection (Hugonnot and Schill 2006). So far three sites in France (of which one contains three subpopulations) and one in Austria (in total six subpopulations) are all that are known of this species in Europe. It is considered to be severely fragmented in Europe as it is only found in these small, isolated subpopulations. These small subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The known population size is very small (fewer than 50 individual equivalents), however the species is overlooked and thus the population size is estimated to be smaller than 250 individual equivalents (one square metre is one individual equivalent). The population trend is unknown.","The French and Austrian subpopulations occur in clefts on calcareous cliffs in well preserved canyons. They can be found growing on compacted and encrusted soil, irrigated by a dripping overlying cliff. The plants are scarce at each locality but freely produce spores (Hugonnot and Schill 2006). In Austria, the species was found growing on siliceous soils (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017).","The threats to this species are unknown. In Austria, however, it is affected by shading through the overgrowth of surrounding plants (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). There is no information on decline in its habitat extent or quality.","This species has recently been discovered in France (Hugonnot and Schill 2006) and Austria (Schill et al. 2010). There is no information on any conservation actions targeted at this species. It is not red-listed yet in Austria or France (Hodgetts 2015). It does not occur in any protected areas. Monitoring of the species and habitat management are needed, together with research on its population size, trends and its distribution.",There is no information available on use and trade of this species.,"Fettes, N.D.,Tsakiri, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,AYTONIACEAE,Mannia,controversa,,Mannia controversa  ,(Meyl.) D.B. Schill,,No,EN,D,No,EN,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Mannia controversa (controversa) has a distribution that is restricted in Europe to the continental parts of the Alps in France, Switzerland and Austria. It occurs particularly on south-facing slopes in the alpine belt. The habitats are rocky alpine lawns on calcareous bedrock such as dolomite, schist and (more rarely) limestone.

There is no information on the population trend, but there is no indication of a decline in the population, and the habitats are apparently hardly threatened. There is no exact information on population size, but based on the approximately 20 known localities, it is estimated that there are fewer than 250 individual-equivalents in Europeand the EU 28. Since this species grows on rocks, one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre where the species grows. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered in Europe and in the EU 28. 

Potential threats to this species may include tourist development (ski resorts) and road construction, though it is known to occur in protected areas, affording it some protection from these threats. The subspecies controversa occurs exclusively in the Alps, so the global responsibility for its conservation is very high. For this reason, the localities should be protected and more information on its distribution and ecology should be collected. Research is also needed into the threats to this species. Monitoring is recommended at the known sites. Research is also recommended into whether or not climate change in the near future is likely to have a negative impact on the population.



",Unknown,"Mannia controversa (subsp. controversa) has a distribution that is restricted in Europe to the continental parts of the Alps in France, Switzerland and Austria (Schill et al. 2008). Overall, about 20 localities have been found in Europe. Elewhere, this species is disjunct in northern Central Asia, where it occurs as a different subspecies (subsp. asiatica). This species grows at elevations between 2,100 - 2,700 m Asl.","There is no information on the population trend. Since this species grows on rocks, one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre where the species grows. It is estimated that there are fewer than 250 individual-equivalents in Europe and the EU 28.","This species occurs particularly on south-facing slopes in the alpine belt. The habitats are rocky alpine lawns on calcareous bedrock such as dolomite, schist and (more rarely) limestone (Schill et al. 2008). This species is very difficult to identify by its morphology.



","The threats to this species are largely unknown, but the habitats do not seem to be threatened. Potential threats may include tourist development (ski resorts) and road construction.","This species has been assessed as Endangered in the regional Red List from Carinthia in Austria (Köckinger and Schröck 2017). The subspecies controversa occurs exclusively in the Alps, so the global responsibility for its conservation is very high. For this reason, the localities should be protected and more information on its distribution and ecology should be collected. Research is also needed into the threats to this species. It is known to occur in protected areas. Monitoring is recommended at the known sites. Research is also recommended into whether or not climate change in the near future is likely to have a negative impact on the population.",This species is not utilized or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Puche, F.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,AYTONIACEAE,Mannia,fragrans,,Mannia fragrans  ,(Balb.) Frye &amp; L. Clark,,No,VU,A2c,No,VU,A2c,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Fragrant Macewort (Mannia fragrans), a rare thallose liverwort species, has been assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and the EU 28 because the extent and quality of its habitat in Europe has declined by around 30% over the last 50 years. The population of this species is not considered to be severely fragmented, and its population size is larger than 10,000 individual equivalents. Although it is likely to be present in protected areas throughout its range, this species is still threatened by a lack of adequate land management (grazing), land abandonment and reforestation.  It is also affected by habitat composition changes as a result of nitrogen deposition. Additionally, extreme climatic fluctuations and shifting periods or volumes of precipitation can severely affect this species. Habitat management by preventing the overgrowth of vegetation, and monitoring of this species is recommended.



 



",Decreasing,"This is a rather rare thallose liverwort species distributed mainly in central and southern Europe, but also found in the north  (Hodgetts 2015). It is globally widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, and is also present in the Southern Hemisphere. The extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category. However, the area of occupancy (AOO) can be estimated at 480 km2 in Europe, and 300 km2 in the EU 28.","In addition to regular and abundant sporophyte production every spring, clonal propagation by fragmentation can also be very intensive in this species (Hock et al. 2009). Although spore production is frequent and regular, the large size of spores (60–80 microns in diameter) probably hampers effective long-range dispersal. Asexual components of the reproductive system play a greater role in shaping the genetic composition of the population as compared to sexual components (Hock et al. 2009). The population is not considered to be severely fragmented though, and its population size is greater than 10,000 individual equivalents (one individual equivalent is one square metre). 



However the species is declining in central Europe (a steep decline has been experienced in the Czech Republic, Austria and Germany) and possibly in Norway, compared to being stable in Hungary, Romania and Sweden (although there it is rare). The overall population trend is decreasing. The species is estimated to have a generation length of 15-20 years, and thus the three-generation period isca. 50 years.A decline in this species' habitat extent and quality of around 30% has taken place in the last 50 years in Europe and the EU 28.","This xerophilous species inhabits rock crevices or rocky, often calcareous, soils in dry areas, or bare soil in open fields. It favours sites where it can be wetted quickly, such as in chalk grassland. Its altitudinal range is ca. 200 – 2,800 m Asl.","There has been a decline in this species' habitat extent and quality of around 30% in the last 50 years in Europe and the EU 28. This is due to a range of factors, such as the lack of adequate land management (grazing), land abandonment and reforestation.  It is also affected by habitat changes through nitrogen deposition. Additionally, extreme climatic fluctuations and shifting periods or volumes of precipitation can severely affect this species.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Norway (Critically Endangered), Spain (Critically Endangered), Finland (Endangered), Italy (Endangered), Germany (Endangered), Poland (Endangered), Serbia (Endangered), Latvia (Endangered), Austria (Vulnerable), Switzerland (Vulnerable), and the Czech Republic (Near Threatened) (Hodgetts 2015). It is likely to be present in protected areas throughout its range, though this is unknown. Habitat management by preventing the overgrowth of vegetation, and monitoring of this species is recommended.","There is no information available on use and trade of this species, although many interesting chemical constituents have been isolated from it.","Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Natcheva, R.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,AYTONIACEAE,Mannia,gracilis,,Mannia gracilis  ,(F. Weber) D.B. Schill &amp; D.G. Long,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Thin Starwort (Mannia gracilis) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28. This species inhabits moist soil over rock, usually calcareous soils, in subarctic and upland, alpine areas.The extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category. The area of occupancy (AOO) can be estimated at slightly over 2,000 km2 in Europe. Although a widely distributed species, it is generally not very common. In Scandinavia though, it is common, especially in the mountains. According to many records its overall population trend is considered to be stable.

There are no major threats to this species at the European level. Climate change and climate shifting patterns can reduce the availability of suitable habitat in the future, as well as potential tourism infrastructure in alpine areas such as the development of ski resorts. However this species does occur in protected areas in Europe, offering it some formal protection from these threats.",Stable,"This species is scattered in Europe, but only from suitable areas such as boreal and polar regions and high mountains elsewhere (Borovichev et al. 2015). Thus it is often recorded in the areas of northern Europe, the Alps, Carpathians and the Pyrenees. Outside Europe it is present in Asia and North America. The extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category. However, the area of occupancy (AOO) can be estimated at ca. 2,500 km2 in Europe, and slightly over 2,000 km2 in the EU 28.","Borovichev et al. (2015) reported this species to be genetically very variable across Europe. This is a widely distributed species, although it is not generally very common, except in Scandinavia, especially in the mountains. Its overall population trend is stable.","This species inhabits moist soil over rock, usually calcareous soils, in subarctic and upland, alpine areas. It occurs on calcareous cliffs in Scandinavia (L. Söderström pers. comm. 2017). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0–2,400 m.

","There are no major threats to this species, although it may be impacted by ski development zones in Greece (T. Blockeel pers. comm. 2017). Presumably climate change will reduce the availability of suitable habitat for this species in Europe. It is not known whether there is a decline in the habitat extent or quality of this species.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Italy (Critically Endangered), Romania (Critically Endangered), Czech Republic (Endangered), Slovakia (Endangered), Spain (Vulnerable), Austria (Vulnerable), Switzerland (Vulnerable), Slovenia (Vulnerable), Andorra (Near Threatened) and Poland (Indeterminate) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas in Europe.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Tsakiri, E.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,AYTONIACEAE,Mannia,pilosa,,Mannia pilosa  ,(Hornem.) Frye &amp; L. Clark,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Small Macewort (Mannia pilosa) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution in northern Europe (mainly Scandinavia and Russia), where new records of its presence have been recently reported. The extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 800 km2. It has a presumably stable population trend according to many records. The edge-of-range subpopulations in alpine areas of central Europe are rather overlooked, threatened or extinct. However overall its population size is large and is not considered to be severely fragmented. There are no major threats to this species, and it occurs within protected areas in Europe.",Stable,"This circumpolar species is rare and scattered in Europe, and largely confined to mountainous areas, but occurs is more lowland calcareous areas in Scandinavia (Frey et al. 2006). It is absent from many countries in the south and west. Outside Europe, this species has been recorded in the north of North America and northern Asia, including Japan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category. However, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at ca. 800 km2 in Europe, and nearer to 600 km2 in the EU 28.",This species can be locally abundant. Its population size is large and it is not considered to be severely fragmented. The current population trend appears to be stable.,"This species grows on thin soils over limestone rock in cool to cold areas. It inhabits mountainous zones, as well as calcareous areas in Scandinavia (L. Söderström pers. comm. 2017). This species produces sporophytes as part of sexual reproduction. Its altitudinal range is ca. 5–2,090 m.","There are no major threats to this species. However, climate change and temperature extremes may pose a potential threat. There is no evidence of a decline in the habitat extent or quality of this species.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Germany (Regionally Extinct), Italy (Critically Endangered), Romania (Critically Endangered), Denmark (Vulnerable), Austria (Vulnerable), Slovakia (Vulnerable), Switzerland (Vulnerable), Bulgaria (Vulnerable), Estonia (Vulnerable) and Poland (Rare) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas in Europe.",There is no information available on use and trade of this species.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Tsakiri, E.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,AYTONIACEAE,Mannia,sibirica,,Mannia sibirica  ,(Müll. Frib.) Frye &amp; L. Clark,,No,CR,D,No,CR,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

Mannia sibirica is known from Estonia, Norway and Finland in Europe, although it is unclear if the species is still present in Norway. This species has been overlooked in the past due to confusion with the similar M. fragrans. It is therefore possible that the species is more widespread than currently known. However, active searches from M. fragrans (which is also a rare species) have been conducted in areas with suitable habitat, and it is therefore most likely that this is a genuinely rare species as well. The overall population trend is unknown. The major threat is habitat loss and the degradation of its sites because of agricultural practices, for example, grazing is declining or ceasing. The number of individuals-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) within the whole of Europe and the EU 28 is estimated to be less than 50. Therefore, this species is assessed as Critically Endangered in both Europe and the EU 28.



Further research is needed into the population size and trend, as well as into the threats to it. Site protection and appropriate management are also recommended to ensure the persistence of existing subpopulations.



",Unknown,"This species has a continental distribution and is restricted to the north (Damsholt 2002, Hodgetts 2015). In Europe, this species is known from two old localities - one locality in Norway (Buskerud, Drammen from 1881 and 1898), and four in Finland (three old records and one recent record). Beside these two, this species is recorded from Estonia (Pakri Island), where it has been seen more recently (in 1996, 2008 and 2009). The species has been looked for in Norway (including at the old known site) but has not been found recently. It is therefore possible that it is extinct in Norway.

This species has been overlooked in the past due to confusion with the similar M. fragrans. It is therefore possible that the species is more widespread than currently known. However, active searches from M. fragrans (which is also a rare species) have been conducted in areas with suitable habitat, and it is therefore most likely that this is a genuinely rare species as well. This species is also found in North America, Greenland and Asia where it is much more widespread.



  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 30 and 90 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 0.05 million km2. Within the EU 28, the AOO is 24 km2 and the EOO is 2000 km2.","The species is known from very few sites. In Norway, this species is known only from Buskerud (Øvre Eiker). It is uncertain whether the locality in Øvre Eiker is intact as it is located close to settlements. The current status of the species is therefore very uncertain in Norway and the need for updated knowledge is urgent. The typical habitat of the species is considered to be rare in Norway (Hassel et al. 2015). The status in Finland is unknown. In Estonia, one of the three known sites seems not to be threatened but another of the sites is quite close to Tallinn. Subpopulations in Estonia are likely to be small, with between only a couple and 10 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and with 1 m2 used as a proxy for an individual-equivalent). The known recent site in Finland is found in a protected area. The overall population trend is unknown for both Europe and the EU 28.

  In Norway, it is assumed that the subpopulation size is ca 15 individual-equivalents (if the species is still extant there). The number of individuals-equivalents within the whole of Europe and the EU 28 is estimated to be less than 50.","This species grows as a pioneer on exposed to somewhat shaded, moist to dry calcareous rock walls, and thin soil over calcareous rocks, together with, e.g. Clevea hyalina, Preissia quadrata, Mannia pilosa and M. fragrans (Damsholt 2002). The species has large spores and therefore may not have good dispersal abilities.","The major threat is habitat loss and the degradation of its sites because of agricultural practices, for example, grazing is declining or ceasing.","This species is in the Red Lists of Finland and Norway as Critically Endangered (CR) and in Estonia as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). If the species no longer occurs in the old site, the status should be CR or probably extinct (Hassel et al. 2015). Checking of the old sites is urgent in order to determine whether the species is still extant there, and if it is re-found monitoring is probably needed. Further research on the threats to the species is also required. This species occurs in at least one protected area in Finland. 

Site protection and appropriate management are recommended to ensure the persistence of existing subpopulations.",The species is not utilized.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Schröck, C.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,AYTONIACEAE,Mannia,triandra,,Mannia triandra  ,(Scop.) Grolle,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

This species, Mannia triandra, has a small area of occupancy (AOO) (estimated at 400 km2 in Europe, and 300 km2 in the EU 28), and most of the localities consist of a small number of individual equivalents. Only one subpopulation in Europe has over 100 individual equivalents and it has a limited possibility for long distance dispersal due to heavy spores. Thus the population can be considered as severely fragmented.It has been assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and the EU 28 since its overall population size is smaller than 1,000 individual equivalents. However, some new records of this species have been recently reported from the EU 28 and beyond. Although there may be some local declines, evidenced by national monitoring reports from EU member states, the overall European population trend is considered to be stable.



The main threats to this species include tourism activities such as mountaineering (and subsequent trampling), the construction of roads and afforestation. Deforestation can impact this species as well since this leads to changes in the micro-climate of the surrounding areas. It can also be affected by changes in habitat composition due to nitrogen deposition. It is listed in the EU Habitats Directive and Bern Convention, and it is found in protected areas in Europe, offering it some formal protection from aforementioned threats. Site management, protection and monitoring of the species' population size and trends are recommended.",Stable,"This liverwort species is mainly distributed across central Europe (it occurs in the Alps), but it is also found in the lower regions of central and southern Europe (Frey et al. 2006). Some sites within the boreal region of northern Europe are also reported (from Sweden). This is a disjunct circumpolar species with subcontinental-subarctic-subalpine character. In Europe, it is a montane, subalpine element of the native flora. Outside Europe, it has been reported from Asia and North America (Nemeth and Papp 2011). The extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category. However, the area of occupancy (AOO) can be estimated at 400 km2 in Europe, and 300 km2 in the EU 28.","This is a rare and subtle species with a short lifespan. To sexually reproduce, this liverwort produces frequent sporophytes, but there is limited possibility for long-distance dispersal as the spores are heavy. It can be considered as severely fragmented since it is found in small, isolated subpopulations. These small subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. There was a historical decline in Austria due to the construction of hydroelectrical plants, but now it appears to be stable. The largest subpopulation size in Austria consists of 120 individual equivalents, and there is another with 60 individual equivalents. The two largest subpopulations in Hungary have 30 and 20 individual equivalents each. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia the subpopulations consist of only a few individual equivalents. In Sweden the only locality for this species consists of only one individual equivalent. Most of the localities consist of a small number of individual equivalents, and thus the European and EU population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual equivalents (one square metre is one individual equivalent). Some of the high-altitude records in the Alps actually belong to the Small macewort (Mannia pilosa). Although there may be some local declines, the overall European population trend is considered to be stable.","This species grows on humus on dolomite and limestone cliffs, or on other base-rich sand and schist bedrock. It also grows on bare, calcareous soils among rocks and in rock crevices. It is reported from humid, cool micro-habitats on calcareous rocks in rock crevices, on soil at the base of near-vertical rock walls, and on dolomite fragments, where it occurs on humus accumulated between surface roots of small Fagus sylvatica and Fraxinus ornus trees. Its altitudinal range is ca. 200–2,200 m.","The main threats to this species include tourism activities such as mountaineering (and subsequent trampling), the construction of roads and afforestation. Deforestation can impact this species as well, since this leads to changes in the micro-climate of the surrounding areas. It can also be affected by changes in habitat composition due to nitrogen deposition. Although there are reports of habitat decline locally, it is unknown whether there is a general continuing decline in the habitat extent and quality of this species in Europe.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Czech Republic (Critically Endangered), Italy (Endangered), Bulgaria (Endangered), Hungary (Endangered), Austria (Vulnerable), Germany (Vulnerable), Switzerland (Vulnerable), Romania (Vulnerable), Slovakia (Data Deficient) and Poland (Indeterminate) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is also listed in the Habitats Directive and Bern Convention. It is found in protected areas in Europe. Site management, protection and monitoring of the species' population size and trend are recommended.","There is no information available on use and trade of this species.

","Fettes, N.D.,Erzberger, P.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T, Schröck, C. & Söderström, L.","Hodgetts, N.,Garcia, C.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,MARCHANTIACEAE,Marchantia,paleacea,,Marchantia paleacea  ,Bertol.,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Marchantia paleacea is globally widely distributed with a very large extent of occurrence (EOO), but in Europe and the EU 28 it is assessed as Vulnerable in view of its small population (less than 1,000 individual equivalents). It has a wide, scattered distribution mainly in southern Europe (associated with wet or moist habitats) with a small area of occupancy (AOO) of ca. 600 km2. There is a lack of information on this species' population structure, but the overall population trend is stable. The population in Europe is not considered to be severely fragmented, although the influence from other subpopulations outside of Europe is probably rather small due to rarity and small dispersal capacity. This, in combination with real and potential threats to known habitats (loss, modification and pollution), could further threaten this species. It is known to occur in protected areas, offering it some protection from these threats. However further habitat protection is needed. Also, ex-situ artificial propagation and introduction to potential sites may be useful for conserving this species.",Stable,"This species is restricted in Europe to Macaronesia and southern Europe. Globally it is widely distributed (Frey et al. 2006), growing in northern, central, eastern and southeastern Asia, tropical and southern Africa, andNorth,Central and tropical South America (Bischler 2004). The extent of occurrence (EOO) surpasses the minimum values for application of a threatened category. Though the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at ca. 600 km2. However, many of the records contributing to this figure are old.

","There is no information on the population structure or size of this terricolous species. It is not very common in Greece, although it seems to be common in parts of Italy. Its overall population trend is stable. Its population size, for both Europe and the EU 28, is estimated to be fewer than 1,000 individual equivalents (considering one square metre is one individual-equivalent).","This species grows on escarpments, rock crevices, steep slopes, soil and soil with rocky substrates on neutral to basic pH, and on clay to sandy clay soils (Bischler 2004). It has been found with sporophytes and it commonly has propagules. The population is not considered to be severely fragmented.","The threats to this species include habitat changes such as modification and degradation (weirs and dams), tourism and other construction activities. Water abstraction and pollution can impact this species. The development of river banks, such as covering with concrete or stones, can be a major threat through significant loss of habitat or micro-niches. It can also be affected by droughts, increasingly due to climate change.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Canary Islands (Endangered), Switzerland (Vulnerable), Serbia (Vulnerable) and Italy (Near Threatened) (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in protected areas throughout its range. The habitat of the species needs to be protected from construction and covering over with walls and concrete. Also, ex-situ conservation and introduction to potential sites may be potentially useful for protecting this species.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Hespanhol, H.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,MARCHANTIACEAE,Marchantia,polymorpha,,Marchantia polymorpha  ,L.,"There are three subspecies: ssp. polymorpha, ssp. montivagans Bischl. & Boissel.-Dub. and ssp. ruderalis Bischl. & Boissel.-Dub., all of them more or less common plants in Europe.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its abundance and very wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory. The population is stable and it is not threatened. It is known to occur in protected areas in Europe.",Stable,"This cosmopolitan species is found throughout Europe (Blockeel et al. 2014). It is the most widely distributed liverwort in the world (Matthews 1993), occurring from the tropics to the Arctic, unrecorded only from the Antarctic (Paton 1999). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This species is very variable and it has three recognised subspecies in Europe (Paton 1999). It is common throughout Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.

","Subspecies polymorpha is a locally frequent riparian taxon, growing on silty boulders or rocks in streams and rivers. The same rocks usually support Chiloscyphus polyanthos, Scapania undulata, Hygroamblystegium fluviatile, Racomitrium aciculare, Schistidium rivulare and Sciuro-hypnum plumosum. It may also be abundant in fens and lakeside swamps, again rather unpredictably, alongside Calliergonella cuspidata, Calliergon cordifolium, and various species of Sphagnum and vascular plants. 



Subspecies ruderalis grows on a wide variety of nutrient-rich substrates, especially in artificial habitats but occasionally in natural situations alongside rivers and streams. It is typically found as a weed of plant-pots, greenhouses, gardens, churchyards and nurseries, on shaded pavements, railway clinker, walls by water and damp wall bases elsewhere, and on burnt ground (including bonfire sites). As a troublesome weed of nurseries it is one of the few European liverworts to have any economic significance (Atherton et al. 2010).



Subspecies montivagans is a plant of upland habitats, including streams, lake shores and stony flushes, where it occurs on rocks and stones, or in gravelly turf. It has also been found on montane cliff ledges, slopes irrigated by late-lying snow melt, ravines and, at the other extreme, dune slacks (Blockeel et al. 2014). 



However, the habitats of the three subspecies overlap to some extent. Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,500 m.



",There are no known threats to this species.,No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: the Canary Islands (Vulnerable) and Italy (Near Threatened) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas in Europe.,"This species is often used as a model organism to demonstrate liverworts in schools and universities.

","Hespanhol, H.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,MARCHANTIACEAE,Marchantia,quadrata,,Marchantia quadrata  ,Scop.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Narrow Mushroom-headed Liverwort (Marchantia quadrata) is widespread and common throughout most of Europe, but is rarer in the southern parts of the continent. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. This species forms large stable subpopulations, at least in calcareous upland areas and the current population trend is stable. The population size is certainly significantly larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.

The large subpopulations in the mountains are more or less stable. However, it can be locally threatened in the lowlands, where the species has always been rare or is restricted mainly to secondary habitats. Here it can be threatened due to abstraction of surface and ground water for agricultural purposes. No conservation measures are required at present at the European level. The subpopulations in fens should be protected and managed as required. It is known to occur in many protected areas across its European range, affording it some protection from local threats.",Stable,"The Narrow Mushroom-headed Liverwort (Marchantia quadrata) shows a circumpolar boreal arctic-montane distribution. It is widespread and common throughout most of Europe, only missing from Macaronesia and some Arctic and Mediterranean regions; it is rarer in the southern parts of the continent. It can be found growing from almost sea level up to 3,100 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is also known outside Europe from central Asia, China, Japan, the Himalayas, North America and Greenland.","This species forms large stable subpopulations, at least in calcareous upland areas. Declines have been detected in lowland areas (e.g., Meinunger and Schröder 2007 for Germany, Blockeel et al. 2014 for Britain and Ireland). However, most these declines have been historic and are marginal - the current population trend is therefore considered stable. The population size is certainly significantly larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre or one boulder on which it occurs.","This thallose liverwort occurs on moist, shaded to moderately dry limestone and other base rich rocks, on soil, on rocks along streams and at higher altitudes on base-rich soil with long snow cover (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Köckinger 2017). In the lowlands, its primary habitats are fens and flushes (Blockeel et al. 2014), but it often occurs in secondary habitats like on walls or in quarries.","This species is not threatened in the calcareous mountain ranges. However, it can be locally threatened in the lowlands, where the species has always been rare or is restricted mainly to secondary habitats. Here it can be threatened due to abstraction of surface and ground water for agricultural purposes.","This liverwort is largely unthreatened, but it has been assessed as Endangered in Portugal and Hungary, as Vulnerable in Luxembourg and the Netherlands, and as Near Threatened in Italy and Germany (Hodgetts 2015, Caspari et al. 2018). No conservation measures are required at present at the European level.The subpopulations in fens should be protected and managed as required.It occurs in many protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Orgaz Alvarez, J.,Englefield, E.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,MARCHANTIACEAE,Marchantia,romanica,,Marchantia romanica  ,"(Radian) D.G.Long, Crandall-Stotler, L.L.Forrest &amp; Villarreal","A genetic study has been carried out to compare the subpopulation in central Europe and the subpopulation in Svalbard, which found that the genetic differences between the two subpopulations were not significant (Konstantinova et al. 2014).",No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

 EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Marchantia romanica grows on humid and mostly calcareous soil in arctic or alpine habitats. It was originally known from the Carpathians (Romania, Slovakia, Poland), and was discovered in Svalbard only a few years ago. It has not yet been found in the Alps, where it could also possibly occur. It is estimated that there are no more than 350 sites where this species occurs in Europe. It appears to be declining in Romania, but most records come from the Tatra mountains in Slovakia and Poland where there seems to be no decline and the overall current population trend is stable. It is thought to be under-recorded in Svalbard. The population size is estimated to be smaller 1,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) both in Europe and in the EU 28. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable.

The loss of lower altitude subpopulations in Romania could be a result of increasing temperatures and drier conditions (as a result of climate change) or intensification of agriculture. A continuing decline in the extent of the habitat of this species is projected in parts of its range. However, this decline has not yet been observed in the Tatra mountains, and the subpopulation in Svalbard does not seem to be threatened. This area is fully protected and climate change is not thought to be a significant threat here in the near future. It is known to occur in other protected areas, offering it some protection from threats.",Stable,"This species was originally known from the Carpathians (Romania, Slovakia, Poland), where it is considered to be a tertiary relict (Ştefureac 1983). It was discovered disjunct in Svalbard only a few years ago. There is also an old record from the Ukraine Carpathians that has been relocated recently (Borovichev et al. 2014). It has not yet been found in the Alps, where it could also possibly occur. According to Konstantinova et al. (2014), it is estimated that there are no more than 350 sites where this species occurs in Europe. It has been found growing from sea level up to 2,545 m Asl. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at ca 700,000 km², whilst the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 1,400 km². Outside Europe, the species is known from northeastern Russia, Greenland and North America.","This rare and probably also overlooked species is decreasing, at least in Romania (S. Ştefănuţ pers. comm. 2016). It has disappeared there from lower elevations (below 2,000 m Asl; it used to occur at elevations of 1,600 m upwards). In Romania, there are over 200 localities known for this species, but many of them are probably not recent ones; there are currently ca 50 sites in Romania (Ştefănuţ 2008). Most of the records have been made in the Tatra mountains in Slovakia and Poland (Górski and Váňa 2014), where there are ca 250  sites and there seems to be no decline (P. Górski pers. comm. 2017). In Slovakia, nine  new localities have been found in the Tatra Mountains. It was discovered  in Svalbard only a few years ago, where it is known from six or seven  sites, and it is thought to be under-recorded there. This species is a short-lived shuttle with a generation length of between 6 and 10 years. Three generations are therefore considered to be around 20 years. Most of the subpopulations are small and isolated with little or no genetic exchange between them (the species has large spores and is considered to be a poor disperser). For the whole of Europe there seems to be only a slight decline and the overall current population trend is probably more or less stable. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be single records, as the species usually covers less than one square metre. The population size is probably smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents.","This species grows on humid and mostly calcareous soil in arctic or alpine habitats. The species also grows on mylonites (metamorphic rock formed by ductile deformation of a protolith with a large shear strain). In the Tatra mountains it occurs at elevations between 1,200 and 2,545 m Asl. (Górski  and Váňa 2014), but in Svalbard it occurs down almost to sea level (Konstantinova et al. 2014). In Romania it is mainly found in mountain corries above 1,600 m Asl, but in recent years only above 2,000 m Asl (Ştefureac 1983).","The loss of lower altitude subpopulations in Romania could be a result of increasing temperatures and drier conditions (as a result of climate change) or intensification of agriculture (S. Ştefănuţ pers. comm. 2016). It has been shown that cryophilous bryophytes are shifting on average 24 metres upwards per decade (Bergamini et al. 2009). A continuing decline in the extent of the habitat of this species is therefore projected, at least in part of its range. However, this effect has not yet been observed in the Tatra mountains (P. Górski pers. comm. 2017). The subpopulation in Svalbard does not seem to be threatened, the area is fully protected and climate change is not thought to be a significant threat there in the near future.","This species has been assessed in Romania as Vulnerable, and in Slovakia as Endangered (Hodgetts 2015). Proper management with reduced grazing activity is recommended for the concerned sites. It is known to occur in protected areas (e.g., in Svalbard).",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Cálix, M.,Pilkington, S.","Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,LEJEUNEACEAE,Marchesinia,mackaii,,Marchesinia mackaii  ,Gray,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



MacKay's Pouncewort (Marchesinia mackaii) is an oceanic southern-temperate species found in Britain, Ireland, Macaronesia, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy and Croatia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is secure within its range, there is no evidence of any decline and there appear to be not major threats to it. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"MacKay's Pouncewort (Marchesinia mackaii) is an oceanic southern-temperate species found in Britain, Ireland, Macaronesia, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy and Croatia. Elsewhere it occurs only in Cabo Verde and Socotra. The Hebridean localities are its northernmost known world occurrences (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 2,380 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6.9 million km².

",This species appears to be stable within in its range and is locally frequent. It forms large colonies.,"This species is locally frequent on dry, shaded or exposed, basic, often highly calcareous rocks and vertical rock walls in low-lying, wooded or treeless gorges or ravines and on shaded rock outcrops, limestone pavements, and cliffs, especially in deciduous woodland with Cololejeunea calcarea, C. rossettiana, Lejeunea cavifolia, Metzgeria furcata and Thamnobryum alopecurum. Strong colonies form extensive black patches that contrast strikingly with pale limestone. More rarely it grows on shaded sea cliffs and sheltered rocks near the sea and, rarely, as an epiphyte on the lower trunks of hazel, yew, ash, hawthorn and elder. It is confined to limestone or other basic rocks, except for occasional sites on siliceous rocks but only where there is some intermittent calcareous seepage. Towards the northern edge of its range, in Scotland, most of its sites are within 2 km of the coast. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 460 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014).

It is autoicous; male branches, perianths and capsules are common, the latter produced April to September.",There are no known major threats to this species.,No conservation measures are required at present. It is known to occur in protected areas. This species has been assessed as Endangered in Portugal and as Vulnerable in Italy (Hodgetts 2015).,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Erzberger, P.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,GYMNOMITRIACEAE,Marsupella,andreaeoides,,Marsupella andreaeoides  ,Müll.Frib.,,Yes,NT,D1,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)



Marsupella andreaeoides seems to be endemic to Norway and therefore Europe. The presence of this species in Sweden seems to be based on wrongly determined specimens. There is no indication of any decline but the population trend of this species remains unknown. The overall population size of this species is between 250 and 2,500 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion D. 



This species is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. However, climate change with more and longer dry periods resulting in less irrigation from melting snow-beds, could cause some subpopulations at higher altitudes to decrease. Long-term monitoring of the population is needed. Molecular studies are also needed in order to clarify its taxonomy.



This species is now not considered to be found in the EU 28 and therefore is Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"This species has a northern oceanic-montane distribution. It is endemic to Scandinavia (Damsholt 2002) and here, it occurs almost exclusively along the west coast of Norway (Hassel et al. 2015). It is mainly found at 300 to 800 m Asl, but in the southwestern part, for example, around Bergen, this species also occurs close to sea level (Hassel et al. 2015). In Sweden, only one locality has been reported (Riksgränsen). However, the specimens in herbarium Uppsala and Stockholm from this locality do not belong to this species, but to M. adusta. Therefore, the presence of this species in Sweden seems to be based on wrongly determined specimens. All known specimens in Swedish herbaria have been checked and its presence in Sweden is highly doubtful, and so it is assumed that the species does not occur within the EU 28. The species seems to be endemic to Norway and therefore Europe.



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 100 and 200 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 0.15 million km2.","There is very little information about the total population size known. There is no indication of any decline but the population trend of this species in Europe remains unknown. Since 1950, there have been around 50 known localities, but it has not been looked for. It could be quite abundant. In each site it is estimated that there could be between 5 and 50 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) per locality. Therefore, the overall population size is between 250 and 2,500 individual-equivalents. The population is not severely fragmented.","This species grows on acidic, irrigated, more or less horizontal rock-faces and cliffs near the coast, often together with, for example, Marsupella adusta and M. alpina. When dry, it can mimic patches of Andreaea species in size, colour and lustre, and the patches are often whitish-spotted because of numerous old perichaetia, bleached at their apices. The species seems to favour irrigation from melting snow-beds at higher altitudes. It is found in high rainfall areas.","This species is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. However, climate change with more and longer dry periods resulting in less irrigation from melting snow-beds, could cause some subpopulations at higher altitudes to decrease. The main subpopulations will not be affected by climate change due to an envisaged increase in rainfall levels.",This species occurs in at least one protected area. Long-term monitoring of the population isneeded. Molecular studies are also needed in order to clarify its taxonomy.,The species is not utilized.,"Virtanen, R.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Goldberg, I.,Lönnell, N.,Vellak, K.,Schröck, C.,Blom, H.,Afonina, O.,Hodgetts, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,GYMNOMITRIACEAE,Marsupella,apiculata,,Marsupella apiculata  ,Schiffn.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Marsupella apiculata is found across northern, central and western Europe. It is found in rather large subpopulations in areas of European Russia and Svalbard, but it is rare in Scandinavia. It is surely under-recorded across its range. The current population trend is considered to be stable, and there are no major threats to this species, particularly in the north. This species has a large geographic range in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 9.1 million km2 and an area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be around 940km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 4.2 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 312 km2. The species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in view of its widespread distribution and stable population trend, in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in several European countries, including Switzerland, Poland and Romania. Further research and monitoring is required on the population size, distribution and trends.",Stable,"This is an arctic-montane species that occurs at high elevations in the high mountains of central and western Europe. It reaches near sea level in the north of Europe, and on the islands and archipelagos of the Arctic Ocean. Apart from mainland Europe, this species is also known from Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen, western North America (Damsholt 2002) and the arctic part of Asia (Konstantinova et al. 2009). The altitudinal range of this species is from sea level to 3,000 m Asl.

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 10.2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 940 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 4.2 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 312 km2.","In Murmansk Province, rather large subpopulations of this species exist. Recently, new localities and rather large subpopulations have been revealed on Svalbard (Konstantinova and Savchenko 2008, N. Konstantinova pers. obs. 2016). In Scandinavia, it is rare. In Norway and Sweden, there is no evidence of decline. In Austria, there are 40 known localities (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). It is surely under-recorded across its range. The species seems to be stable.

","This species is found on exposed, mostly acidic, soil or in snow-beds at high elevations in mountains, as well as on spots of bare soil in tundras and along rivulets. It is also found on acidic rocks on rocky slopes, peaks and ledges.","There are no major threats to this species in the north, particularly in Sweden, Norway, northern Russia, Svalbard, Iceland and in Alps (e.g. Austria, C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017).","This species is included in Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in Great Britain and Switzerland, as Critically Endangered (CR) in Poland and Romania, as Near Threatened (NT) in Finland and as Data Deficient (DD) in Bulgaria and Slovenia (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in Lapland Nature Reserve (Borovichev 2014) and Nordaust-Svalbard Naturreservat (N. Konstantinova pers. obs. 2016). Further research and monitoring is required on the population size, distribution and trends.

 

",This species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Séneca, A.,Hodgetts, N.","Konstantinova, N.","Giovanna Dia, M.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,GYMNOMITRIACEAE,Marsupella,aquatica,,Marsupella aquatica  ,(Lindenb.) Schiffn.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Marsupella aquatica is found across Europe, in mountainous areas. This species has a large geographic range in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 10.7 million km2 and an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of around 2,000 km2.  In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 7 million km2 and the AOO is around 1,600 km2. This species is very common across its range and the current population trend is stable. The population size in Europe and the EU 28 is larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). It is probable that the species is even more widespread than currently known. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

Because the species is restricted to streams, different types of water management can influence populations of the species. However, the extent of these threats is unknown. Further research is required to confirm the distribution of this species, as well as threats.",Stable,"This species has an boreal-montane distribution from the mountains of Scandinavia and northern Russia to the Pyrenees and the mountains of the Iberian Peninsula (C.Sergio, pers. comm. 2018), the Alps, the Carpathians, and the mountains of Germany, Great Britain and Ireland, as well as the Faroes Islands (Schuster 1974). The species is not rare in north-west of european part of Russia but recorded as well from central europen part of Russia (Konstantinova et al.2009).  In North America, this species is transcontinental, and is found in the west from Alaska, to the east from Newfoundland and New York. This species is also known from Greenland and the mountains of the Azores (Damsholt 2002). The altitudinal range of the species is between sea level and 1,100 m Asl.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 10.7 million km2 and the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is around 2,000 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 7 million km2 and the AOO is around 1,600 km2. However, it is for sure underestimated because this species has previously often been included as a subspecies or variety of M. emarginata.","In the mountains of northern European Russia (particularly in Murmansk Province), this species is rather common and abundant. Some subpopulations are large and reach several m2 (unpublished data, N. Konstantinova pers. obs. 2016).  This species is common and it is probably abundant in the mountains of Sweden and Norway (Damsholt 2002). It is very common across its range and the current population trend is stable in Europe and the EU 28. The population size is larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent) in both Europe and the EU 28.

","This species is found on permanently or frequently submerged acidic rocks, boulders and stones. It can be found in and besides watercourses, pools, lakes, on irrigated rocks and in the spray of waterfalls, as well as at the edge of swiftly running brooks or streams (Damsholt 2002, Paton 1999). The species occurs from the sub-alpine to the alpine level.

Sporophytes occur rather rarely and the species is lacking gemmae. As a result, the ability to disperse is restricted for this species.","Because the species is restricted to streams, different types of water management can influence populations of the species. However, the extent of these threats is unknown.","This species is included in the Red List of Romania as Critically Endangered (CR) and it is assessed in Finland as Near Threatened (NT) (Hodgetts 2015). In many European manuals, this taxon is included as Marsupella emarginata, and so its distribution is imperfectly known. It is probable that the species is even more widespread than what is presently known. It is present in protected areas throughout its range, particularly in Lapland Strict Nature Reserve (Borovichev 2014). Further research is required to confirm the distribution of this species, as well as threats.",The species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Mazimpaka, V.,Hodgetts, N.","Konstantinova, N.","Giovanna Dia, M.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,GYMNOMITRIACEAE,Marsupella,arctica,,Marsupella arctica  ,(Berggr.) Bryhn &amp; Kaal.,,No,VU,D1,No,EN,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Arctic Rustwort (Marsupella arctica) is found in Scotland, Sweden and on Svalbard. The species seems to be very rare and very little information about the total population size is known. There is no indication of any decline, but the current population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28. The overall population size is estimated to be below 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe, while in the EU 28, there are fewer than 250 individual-equivalents. Therefore, this species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe, and Endangered in the EU 28.

It is considered that climate change has a negative impact on nearly all species at arctic latitudes. The drying of the climate in high altitudes could affect the habitats where this species is present. Long term monitoring of the population trends of this species is needed.",Unknown,"This species has a circumpolar arctic-montane distribution. It is found in Scotland, Sweden and on Svalbard (Damsholt 2002). In Scotland, there are still only two known sites for this species, which was discovered new to Britain in 1989 (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Sweden, the only locality is in the northern part of the Scandes and there it was found in 2002 (Lönnell et al. 2002). In Svalbard, the species seems to be more widespread and is found from at least five localities (Frisvoll and Blom 1997). The altitudinal range of this species is between 820 and 1,120 m Asl.

In Asia, this species is known from eastern Siberia, Chukotka Pen. In North America, this species is known in the west from Alaska and Canada, in the northwestern territories, and in the east from Ellesmere Island, Baffin Island and south to Quebec. This species is also known from Greenland (Damsholt 2002).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 50 and 90 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 0.9 million km². Within the EU 28, the AOO is between 16 and 20 km² and the EOO is between 7,000 and 8,000 km².","The species seems to be very rare and very little information about the total population size is known. There is no indication of any decline, but the current population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28. In Scotland, the population is estimated to be between 50 and 250 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for each individual-equivalent), but it is possible that there are less than 50. In Sweden, around 20 individual-equivalents are estimated. In Svalbard, there is no indication of the subpopulation size, but it could be around 200-300 individual-equivalents. Therefore, the overall population size is estimated to be below 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe, while in the EU 28 there are fewer than 250 individual-equivalents.","In Scotland, this species grows on granite around a small pool, and a U-shaped valley, where it occurs in relatively pure tufts near to M. emarginata in moist, sheltered declivities of a moss-covered west-facing block scree subject to late snow-lie and periodic inundation. Also in a large area of snow bed vegetation on an incised section of a small stream where it grows mixed with Deschampsia cespitosa, Anthelia julacea, M. sphacelata, Nardia scalaris, Oligotrichum hercynicum, Polytrichastrum sexangulare and Racomitrium heterostichum (Blockeel et al. 2014).

In Sweden and on Svalbard this species grows at wet sloping sites along small rills irrigated by late snow patches or glaciers, at the edge of small rocky lake together with, for example, Aneura pinguis, Scapania brevicaulis and Odontoschisma macounii (Damsholt 2002).","It is considered that climate change has a negative impact on nearly all species at arctic latitudes. The drying of the climate in high altitudes could affect the habitats where it is present. In one of the Scottish sites, this species can be disturbed by hikers.","This species is in the Red List of Sweden as Data Deficient (DD), in Great Britain as Endangered (EN) and in Svalbard as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in at least one protected area.



Long term monitoring of the population trends of this species is needed.",The species is not utilized.,"Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.,Puche, F.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,GYMNOMITRIACEAE,Marsupella,boeckii,,Marsupella boeckii  ,(Austin) Lindb. ex Kaal.,,No,LC,,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Boeck's Rustwort (Marsupella boeckii) is widespread in the mountains of Scandinavia, the north-west of Russia and the mountains of central and southern Europe. The majority of the known localities in Europe are restricted to Russia and Norway.

In Europe, this species has a large geographic range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 9.4 million km2 and an area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be around 436 km2. The current population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28, and the species occurs mainly in hard to reach areas that are usually not under influence of anthropogenic factors and in such places, the subpopulations of this species are large in some regions (for example, Murmansk Province). In Europe, the species is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

In the EU 28, although the current population trend is considered to be stable, it is estimated that there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable.

It is possible that this species may decline in the future as a consequence of climate change. It seems that there is no need for special conservation actions, but further study and monitoring of the population and the snow beds is quite desirable.",Stable,"This species has an arctic-montane (mostly suboceanic) distribution. It is widespread in the mountains of Scandinavia and the north-west of Russia. It also occurs in the mountains of central and southern Europe and in Greenland. In North America, it is rare in the west, and known from Maine in the east (Damsholt 2002). In Asia, this species is known from the northern and southern Siberia, the Russian Far East (Konstantinova et al. 2009), eastern Asia and the Indian subcontinent. This species has also been fairly recently recorded on Svalbard (Konstantionva and Savchenko 2008). In the north, this species has an altitudinal range from 150 m to 1,600 m Asl in the mountains (Damsholt 2002). In central Europe, this species is reported up to 2,600 m Asl in the Tatras (Górski and Váňa 2014).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 9.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 436 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 5 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 248 km2.","No special studies of the subpopulations of this species have ever been undertaken. In the mountains of Murmansk Province, large subpopulations of this species occur, and female plants are frequent, but sporophytes rarely occur (unpublished data, N. Konstantinova pers. obs. 2016).

At least 15 localities have been reported from Austria, and two from Savoie in France (C. Schrock pers. comm. 2017). In Scotland, it occurs in five mountainous areas (Blockeel et al. 2014). The current population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28, however it is possible that it may decline in the future as a consequence of climate change.

The majority of the known localities in Europe are restricted to Russia and Norway. In the EU 28, it is estimated that there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent), but more than this in Europe.

","This species is found on irrigated acidic rock walls, on stones in small streams or on peaty soil on top of stones and rocks along streams. It is also found along small rills irrigated by late snow areas, and in the spray zone of waterfalls. This species is easy to overlook due to its small size and the fact that it has a similar appearance to Cephaloziella spp. This species occurs in the upper forest and alpine belts, as well as tundra (Svalbard and Murmansk Province).","The possible threat to this species is the water management that can lead to decreasing water levels. Since it is found at high altitudes and snow beds, it can be potentially affected by climate change in the future.","This species is included in several national Red Lists. It is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in Great Britain and Switzerland, as Critically Endangered (CR) in Slovenia and Romania, as rare (R) in Poland, as Least Concern (LC) in Norway and Sweden and as Data Deficient (DD) in Italy (Hodgetts 2015).

The species occurs in Lapland and Vishera State Nature Reserves (Borovichev 2014, Konstantinova and Bezgodov 2005). It seems that there is no need for special conservation action, but further study and monitoring of the population and the snow beds is quite desirable.",The species is not used or traded.,"Vanderpoorten, A.,Cálix, M.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,GYMNOMITRIACEAE,Marsupella,condensata,,Marsupella condensata  ,(Ångstr. ex C. Hartm.) Lindb. ex Kaal.,,No,VU,C2a(i),No,EN,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Compact Rustwort (Marsupella condensata) is generally common in the Nordic countries and some areas of Russia, but it is rare in central Europe. The population size is smaller than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). The overall current population trend is unknown, but there is a projected continuing decline due to climate change. In addition, there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation in Europe. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable in Europe.

In the EU 28, the population size is considered to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents, and there are less than 250 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation. As the projected continuing decline, as a result of climate change, will also affect EU 28 subpopulations of this species, it is assessed as Endangered in the regional assessment for the EU 28.

This species occurs in high mountains, and is usually found in spots that are not used by people, therefore apart from climate change, there are no major threats to the species. However, on the coast of the Barents Sea, oil and gas drilling can probably destroy some subpopulations. Very little is known on the size and trend of the population of this species in Europe, so further research and monitoring is required. In addition, further research on the threats to this species is required.



",Unknown,"This is an arctic-montane species that occurs in the islands of the Arctic Ocean, the mountains of northern Russia and Scandinavia, as well as high mountains in Great Britain, Scotland and central Europe, and is found eastwards to the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland and the Caucasus (Damsholt 2002). In Asia, this species is recorded for the Russian Far East (Konstantinova et al. 2009). In North America, this species is found in the west from Alaska, British Columbia and Yukon. It is also known from Greenland, Iceland and Spitsbergen. 

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 7.6 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 564 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 2.9 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 296 km2. The altitudinal range of the species is between sea level and 2,600 m Asl.","In the Nordic countries, this species is rather common (Damsholt 2002). In the high mountains of Scandinavia, this the species is common and abundant in appropriate places on sandy soil below snow fields. In Russia (Murmansk Province), the species is abundant and covers several meters on mountain slopes (N. Konstantinova pers. obs. 2016). The species also seems to be frequent in Iceland (T. Hallingback pers. comm. 2017). However, in central Europe, this species is rare. Sporophytes are not rare despite the species being dioicous. The species is declining in Scotland (Blockeel et al. 2014), but the overall population trend is unknown. The population size is smaller than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent) in Europe, with less than 1,000 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation.

In the EU 28, the population size is smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents, and less than 250 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation.

","This species is found on exposed, moist, sandy soil on steep slopes, where the soil is constantly irrigated by melting water from snow fields (Damsholt 2002). It is also found in snow bed communities in gorges and on mud boils in mountain tundra.","This species occurs in high mountains, and is usually found in spots that are not used by people. However, on the coast of the Barents Sea, oil and gas drilling can probably destroy some subpopulations. In addition, it is probably that climate change, particularly droughts, could pose a threat to the species.","This species is included in several national Red Lists in Europe. It is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Slovakia and Romania, as Endangered (EN) in Italy, as Near Threatened (NT) in Finland and Great Britain, and as rare (R) in Poland (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in the Lapland State Nature Reserve (Borovichev 2014). Very little is known on the size and trend of the population of this species in Europe, so further research and monitoring is required. In addition, further research on the threats to this species is required.",The species is not used or traded.,"González Mancebo, J.,Cálix, M.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,GYMNOMITRIACEAE,Marsupella,emarginata,,Marsupella emarginata  ,(Ehrh.) Dumort.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Notched Rustwort (Marsupella emarginata) is widespread in west, north-west and some areas of central Europe, but it is more rare in eastern Europe. It has a wide geographic range in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 19.4 million km2 and an area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be around 18,600 km2. The population trend is stable, and the total population size is over 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered mature individuals) in both Europe and the EU 28. Moreover, the species occurs in hard to reach areas that are usually not under the influence of anthropogenic factors, subpopulations of species can be large and it is found within several protected areas. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered threatened in some European countries, such as the Netherlands and Bulgaria. These countries are without high mountains, so there are no appropriate habitats for the species. Further research is required on the population size, distribution and trends, as well as the threats to the species.

",Stable,"This species has a temperate montane distribution. It is widespread in west, north-west and some areas of central Europe, and it is more rare in eastern Europe, although it is rather common in the Caucasus. In Europe, this species has an altitudinal range from around sea-level up to 2,633 m Asl (Górski and Váňa 2014) in the Tatras.

In North America, this species is transcontinental, and is found in the west from Alaska to California and in the east from Quebec to Georgia. This species is also known from Greenland, Iceland, Macaronesia and the Azores. In Asia, this species is known from Turkey and Siberia and it is also doubtfully reported from Japan (Damsholt 2002). This species is recorded as not rare in Asian part of Russia, particularly in southern Siberia, Yakutia and the Russian Far East, including Magadan Province (Konstantinova et al. 2009).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 19.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 18,600 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 12.6 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 15,850 km2.","There is no data available on the size of the subpopulations, apart from some visual estimations. In Russia (Murmansk Province) there are quite large subpopulations that occur. Sometimes on wet cliffs the species can grow in pure mats up to several square decimetres (N. Konstantinova pers. obs. 2016). The population trend is stable, and the total population size is over 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent) in both Europe and the EU 28.

","This species is found on acidic stones in forest streams, on irrigated rock surfaces in mountains, in the spray zone of waterfalls and sometimes in small brooks in late snow areas. It is found on wet rocks but it is not submerged (C. Schroek pers. comm. 2017).",This species generally occurs in hard to reach areas that are usually not under the influence of anthropogenic factors.,"This species is included in several national Red Lists. It is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in the Netherlands, as Vulnerable (VU) in Bulgaria and as Near Threatened (NT) in Luxembourg and Italy (Hodgetts 2015). However, the countries where this species is threatened are without high mountains, so there are no appropriate habitats for the species in these countries.It is presented in several strict nature reserves in European Russia, particularly the Laplandskiy State Nature Reserve (Borovichev 2014), the Vishera State Nature Reserve (Konstantinova and Bezgodov 2005) and the Basegi State Nature Reserve (Konstantinova et al. 2010). Further research is required on the population size, distribution and trends, as well as the threats to the species.",This species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Ingerpuu, N.,Englefield, E.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,GYMNOMITRIACEAE,Marsupella,funckii,,Marsupella funckii  ,(F. Weber &amp; D. Mohr) Dumort.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Funck's Rustwort (Marsupella funckii) is widespread in central, south and west Europe but it is rather rare in the Scandinavian countries. The majority of the known localities in Europe are restricted to countries of the EU 28. In Europe, this species has a large geographic range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 13.2 million km2 and an area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be around 2,350 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 10.5 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 2,200 km2. It is very common in central Europe, its population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28 and the number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) is more than 10,000. In addition, there are no evident threats for the species in the whole of Europe because the species is quite abundant in appropriate sites. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including the Netherlands and Luxembourg. Most records are from the 1970s, and so the situation of this species should be monitored. Further research is also required on the population size, distribution and trends.",Stable,"This species has a mostly amphi-atlantic, temperate montane distribution. It is widespread in central, southern and western Europe but it is rather rare in the Scandinavian countries where it is restricted to the southern part and low elevations. In North America, it is known in the east. This species is also known from Iceland, Macaronesia and the Azores (Damsholt 2002). In Asia, this species is recorded from Turkey, Japan (Damsholt 2002), Siberia and the Russian Far East (Konstantinova et al. 2009). This species is usually described as lowland but it can reach the elevation of 2,390 m Asl in the Tatras (Górski and Váňa 2014) and 2,600 m Asl in Steirmark, Austria (Mueller 1913).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 13.2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2,352 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 10.5 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 2,200 km2.","There is no exact data on the subpopulation sizes and trends but the species is described as ""forming almost pure, sometimes extensive turfs"" in Great Britain (Paton1999). It is very common in central Europe and its population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28. The number of individual-equivalents across Europe is more than 10,000 (considered as mature individuals, with 1 m2 used as a proxy for one individual-equivalent).","This species is found on moist, acidic to neutral, loamy, sandy, gravelly or peaty soil along paths or old road sides, as well as on waste ground, rocky slopes, on thin soil on rocks, boulders, cliff ledges and in rock crevices. It is found in exposed sunny habitats or in partly shaded sites.",There are no evident threats for the species in the whole of Europe because the species is quite abundant in appropriate sites.,"The species is included in several national Red Lists. It is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in the Netherlands, as Endangered (EN) in Luxembourg, as Vulnerable (VU) in the Canary Islands and Bulgaria, as Near Threatened (NT) in Ireland, Northern Ireland, Italy and the Czech Republic, as Data Deficient (DD) in Sweden and Regionally Extinct (RE) in Finland (Hodgetts 2015). It is not known if this species is found in protected areas.

There is no evidence of decline but as most recent records, such as in Ireland, are from the 1970s, its situation should be monitored (Lockhart et al. 2012). As for many liverworts, there are no data on the state and trends of the population in Europe, and so further research is required.",The species is not used or traded.,"Vanderpoorten, A.,Cálix, M.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,GYMNOMITRIACEAE,Marsupella,profunda,,Marsupella profunda  ,Lindb.,"Massupella profunda is related to M. sprucei (Limpr.) Bernet and frequently grows in mixed stands with this more widespread species. The two species are very difficult to distinguish morphologically, however it is genetically distinct from other British Marsupella spp. (Bell et al. 2013). It is found at relatively low elevations when compared with other species in sect. Ustulatae Müll. Frib. ex R.M. Schust.

",Yes,VU,D1,Yes,VU,D1,EU28,,"Marsupella profunda is an endemic European species, and was first recorded in Portugal. This species appears in small subpopulations and it is not very abundant, so it is easily overlooked in the field. The area of occupancy (AOO) of the species is estimated to be around 208 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 1.6 million km2. The overall population size is considered to be less than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) and the current population trend is considered to be declining. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable. 



In Portugal the habitat is sensitive and at high-risk and some subpopulations are in decline mainly by anthropogenic influences and forested fire events. In Britain, the species is affected by succession in the open quarries that the species inhabits. Although some subpopulations of this species are found in protected areas, continuous monitoring, an action plan and artificial disturbance of the habitat are recommendations for its conservation.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Europe, and was first recorded in Portugal by Lindberg (1887) based on a specimen collected from granite rocks in an Atlantic area. Partly due to its small size, as well as its rarity, a second locality was only discovered in 1970 (Sérgio 1971). It is an euoceanic species (preferring an oceanic climate), typical of pioneer communities, and is commonly found in more or less exposed and humid conditions.



This species was recorded in Madeira during the 1980's (Sérgio and Nóbrega 1985), and was subsequently reported in three more sites by Sim-Simet al. (2008). In the Azores, it is only reported from one island (Santa Maria) by Crundwellet al. (1994). In Great Britain, this species has been commonly found on acidic rocks, as well as in both disused and working china clay quarries in Cornwall (Paton 1990). The world distribution of this endemic European species has been presented by Váňa et al. (2010).



In the Canary Islands, its presence is not confirmed (Church et al. 2001, Garilleti and Albertos 2012), however it was indicated to be found on La Palma (Düll 1983, Dirkse et al. 1993). The record is dubious according to Losada-Lima and Gonzalez-Mancebo (1999) and it is therefore disregarded here.



In mainland Portugal, there was just one Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) square (1 km2) until 1950, corresponding to the type locality, but subsequently Casas et al. (1996) and Sérgio andDraper(2002) showed its distribution in 9 squares 10x10 km. More recently, Sérgio et al. (2013) and Garcia et al. (2013) have presented maps of Portugal showing 17 UTM squares (records since 1980). More recently, it has been found in Serra de Monchique (R. Porley pers. comm. 2016). 



The area of occupancy (AOO) of the species is estimated to be around 208 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 1.6 million km2. The altitudinal range of the species is between 100 m and 1,200 m asl.","This species appears in small subpopulations and it is not very abundant, so it is easily overlooked in the field (Sérgio et al. 2007). It is a typical pioneer species, frequently found fertile.



The overall population size is considered to be less than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and with each rock on which the species is present as used as a proxy for one individual-equivalent). There have been declines of subpopulations in Portugal and England, and so the current population trend is inferred to be decreasing.

","This is a saxicolous plant, commonly found on open but shady sites, in wet rock crevices or on slopes. It has a very specific ecology in Portugal, requiring the natural erosion slopes that form from granitic breakdown (Sérgio andDraper2002). It is almost restricted to disused and working china clay pits in Cornwall in Great Britain (Porley 2013). Due to the abandonment of quarries, succession is taking place in these areas and the species is losing its habitat. 



In Portugal and Madeira, the quality of habitat is sensitive and at high-risk, and in Britain the habitat dynamics are disturbed (Hodgetts 2011).","In Macaronesia and Portugal, the main threats to this species are land use changes, inappropriate forest management and pressure from tourism or fire. Human disturbance is expected as the plants grow on slopes along roads or paths. The impact of invasive alien species such as Campylopus introflexus is an important current threat affecting subpopulations and it is expected to affect subpopulations in future.



In Britain, according to Porley (2013), the main threat is vegetation succession and shrub encroachment, particularly in open quarries where the species is often found, however, anthropogenic causes such as tree planting, movement of soil for road and path building are also important threats.","In the Iberian Red List, this species was classified as Endangered (EN) due to its restricted occurrence (Sérgio et al. 2007). In the last Red Data Book of mainland Portugal, it was assessed as Vulnerable (VU) because it had since been found in two new sites (Sérgio et al. 2013). In Madeira, this species has been evaluated as EN (Sim-Sim et al. 2014). In Britain, it has been evaluated as VU (Hodgetts 2011, Porley 2013).



This species is reported from different natural parks in Portugal, such as the Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês, the Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela, the Parque Natural da Serra de São Mamede and the Serra do Alvão/Marão. These regions are also within the Natura 2000 network. In Madeira, the locations are also inside a natural park.



In Great Britain, this species is currently present in two small Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI)/Special Areas of Conservation (SAC). However, the largest subpopulation are outside of these areas, and so the plant requires a landscape strategy (Porley 2013). Subpopulations in Cornwall appear to be relatively stable, however continuous monitoring is recommended and will be crucial for the conservation of this particular species. Other actions were suggested to mitigate the major threats such as “Comparison with Macaronesia [sub]populations and additional investigation of the variability between the UK and European populations, as well as populations ofM. sprucei” (Bell et al. 2013). Váňa et al. (2010) state that in Britain the habitat is disappearing and suggest that an action plan to secure the long term survival of the species is needed. In this case, artificial disturbance should be part of the conservation action.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Bates, J.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,GYMNOMITRIACEAE,Marsupella,sparsifolia,,Marsupella sparsifolia  ,(Lindb.) Dumort.,,No,NT,B2b(iii),No,VU,"B2a,b(ii,iii)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Rounded Rustwort (Marsupella sparsifolia) is found in the higher mountains of Europe, more widespread and at lower altitudes in Scandinavia. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 800 and 1,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 500 and 600 km² and the EOO is ca 4 million km². Even if this species seems to be widespread, very little information about the total population size is known. The overall current population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28, but this species is severely fragmented. In addition, there is a continuing decline in the area and the quality of its habitat in the continental part of Europe, in the EU 28. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion  B. In the EU 28, it is assessed as Vulnerable.

The threats to this species are more or less unknown, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed, as well as on the threats to this species.",Unknown,"This species has an arctic-montane distribution. It is found in the higher mountains of Europe, more widespread and at lower altitudes in Scandinavia. The findings are scattered in Europe from Fennoscandia in the north, Great Britain and France in the west to central Europe, the Alps, northern Italy, Germany, former Czechoslovakia and Poland, and eastwards to northern Russia and to Bulgaria (Damsholt 2002). It is also recorded from the Azores and the Caucasus (Hodgetts 2015). In North America, this species is known from Alberta, British Columbia and California in the west, and in the east from Quebec to New Hampshire. This species is also known from Greenland, South Africa and New Zealand (Damsholt 2002).

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 800 and 1,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 500 and 600 km² and the EOO is ca 4 million km².","Even if this species seems to be widespread, very little information about the total population size is known. The species seems to be more or less stable in Norway, Iceland and Russia. However, in a number of countries in central Europe, the species is considered to be more at risk, such as in the Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Germany, Poland, Slovakia and Switzerland. The overall current population trend is therefore unknown in both Europe and the EU 28. This species seems to have restricted dispersal abilities and is considered to be severely fragmented, as the subpopulations are isolated and therefore may go extinct with the reduced probability of recolonisation.","In Nordic countries, this species grows among other bryophytes on occasionally flooded sand, sandy soil along streams or on acidic soil in late snow areas. It is also found on siliceous cliffs, rocks and stones which at times get irrigated (Damsholt 2002). In Finland, this species grows on moist rocks and creeks with boulders. In Finland, this species is rare throughout the country (Koponen et al. 1995).

In the United Kingdom, this species is found on wet acidic rocks, especially granite, in and beside snow-melt streams in areas of late snow-lie. It is commonly associated with M. sphacelata, with which it is readily confused in the field, and occasionally with M. adusta, M. sprucei, Scapania umbrosa and S. undulata (Blockeel et al. 2014).

There is a continuing decline in the area and the quality of its habitat in the continental part of Europe, in the EU 28.","The threats to this species are more or less unknown, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. However, since it has declined in many European countries, the habitat quality must have been unsuitable for this species.","This species is in the Red Lists of Italy and the Czech Republic as Critically Endangered (CR), Bulgaria as Data Deficient (DD), Finland as Near Threatened (NT), Germany and Poland as rare (R), Great Britain, Slovakia and Switzerland as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected areas. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed, as well as on the threats to this species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.,Séneca, A.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,GYMNOMITRIACEAE,Marsupella,sphacelata,,Marsupella sphacelata  ,(Giesecke ex Lindenb.) Dumort.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Speckled Rustwort (Marsupella sphacelata) is widespread in the mountains of subarctic regions of Europe, including sub-polar and polar Urals and central Europe. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, it has an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 10.5 million km2 and an area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be around 1,644 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 7.9 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 1,288 km2.  It is common and abundant in many places where it is found, and the population trend is assumed to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no major threats for this species in Europe. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in some European countries, including Italy, Finland and Ireland. Further research and monitoring of population trends of this species is needed, particularly in view of future climate change.",Stable,"This species has a holarctic, mostly boreo-montane, circumpolar distribution. It is widespread in the mountains of subarctic regions, including sub-polar and polar Urals and central Europe. This species is transcontinental in North America, and is found from Alaska to California in the west and from Newfoundland to New York in the east. It is also known from Greenland, Iceland and the Azores (Damsholt 2002). In Asia, this species occurs in mountains of southern Siberia and in the Russian Far East, including Sakhalin Island (Konstantinova et al. 2009). In Europe, the altitudinal range of this species is from near sea level (Paton 1999) up to 2,400 m Asl in the Tatras (Górski and Váňa 2014).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 10.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,644 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 7.9 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 1,288 km2.","In the Nordic countries, this is a rather common species (Damsholt 2002). It is common and sometimes abundant in the mountains of Murmansk Province in Russia (unpublished data, N. Konstantinova pers. obs. 2016). It is also common and abundant in the mountains of central Europe and Scotland. Known subpopulations of this species in the mountains in northern Russia and in Scandinavia are large. The population trend of this species is assumed to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species is found on submerged siliceous rocks, boulders and stones in shallow streams, as well as on river sides and lake margins. It is found on peaty, gravelly or stony soil in shallow depressions, and on acidic, exposed wet rocks.",There are no threats for this species in Europe in general.,"This species is included in several national Red Lists of European countries where the species is rare, threatened and protected. It is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Italy, as Vulnerable (VU) in Finland, Ireland and Northern Ireland, and as Near Threatened (NT) in Slovakia. The species is known to occur in several strict nature reserves of Russia, including Laplandskiy (Borovichev 2014), Vishera (Konstantinova and Bezgodov 2005) and Basegi (Konstantinova et al. 2010). Further research and monitoring of population trends is needed, particularly in view of climate change.",The species is not utilized.,"Hodgetts, N.,Blockeel, T.,Cálix, M.","Konstantinova, N.","Giovanna Dia, M.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,GYMNOMITRIACEAE,Marsupella,spiniloba,,Marsupella spiniloba  ,R.M. Schust. &amp; Damsh.,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The distribution of Marsupella spiniloba is poorly known. In northern Europe there are very few findings and the species can be very rare here, however, it can also be overlooked, not least in northern Russia. The currently population trend of this species is unknown in Europe and the EU 28. The threats to this species are unknown.The knowledge is still insufficient in order to determine which of the different Red List criteria that is most likely. Because of current lack of knowledge, the species can meet anything from CR to LC, and is therefore given the status Data Deficient.

Research is required to establish the population size, trend and distribution.",Unknown,"This species has an arctic-alpine distribution (Hodgetts 2015). It is known from the Nordic countries (Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) and northern Russia, but it is maybe overlooked in the remaining part of the arctic and subarctic zones. The species is also known from south Greenland and Alaska. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 100 m to 1,750 m Asl.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 10 and 100 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 1 and 2 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 4 and 30 km² and the EOO is between 0.1 and 1 million km².","In Fennoscandia, there are very few findings and the species can be very rare here, however, it can also be overlooked, not least in northern Russia.This species has only been found at three sites in the Nordic countries. In Norway, it has been found in Finse, Blåisen, at the top of the 1,750 m Asl moraine, but it is probably common at similar sites in the alpine region. In Sweden, this species was recently found in Lycksele lappmark (Hemavan). The currently population trend of this species is unknown in Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows as a pioneer on open soil or rocky slopes, together with Prasanthus suecicus, Gymnomitrion corallioides, Marsupella sprucei and Cephalozia ambigua (Damsholt 2002).",The threats to this species is unknown.,"This species is in the Red List of Norway as Data Deficient (DD) (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected area.

Further research is required to establish the population size, trend and distribution.",The species is not used or traded.,"Tsakiri, E.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,GYMNOMITRIACEAE,Marsupella,sprucei,,Marsupella sprucei  ,(Limpr.) Bernet,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Spruce's Rustwort (Marsupella sprucei) is a more or less widespread species in Europe, including occurrences in northern Europe and in the mountains of central, southern and western Europe. This species has a large geographic range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe estimated to be around 14.2 million km2 and an area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be around 1,640 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 7.1 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,408 km2.

This species is common throughout its range in both Europe and the EU 28, and probably has a stable population trend. The population size of the species is larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no major threats to this species and it is probably overlooked because of its very small size and it usually occurs as single plants among other bryophytes. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Spain, Finland and the Czech Republic. No special actions are needed for conservation of this species, although further research on its taxonomy and distribution is required.",Stable,"This is a more or less widespread arctic, montane species with a bipolar distribution. It occurs in northern Europe, in the mountains of central, southern and western Europe, in Macaronesia, Iceland, Madeira, Greenland and Svalbard. In Asia, it has been found in Siberia, the Russian Far East (Konstantinova et al. 2009) and China. In North America, this species is transcontinental, from the Aleutian Islands of Alaska to Washington and Oregon in the west and from Ellesmere Island to Vermont in the east. It is also found in New Zealand and on sub-antarctic islands, as well as in southern South America (Vana et al. 2010). In Europe, the species occurs at heights up to 2,570 m Asl in the Tatras (Górski and Váňa 2014) but in the north of Europe and in Svalbard it can be found near sea level (Konstantinova and Savchenko 2008)

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 14.2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,640 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 7.1 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,408 km2.","There are no exact data on the size of subpopulations and their trends, but they probably are stable in both Europe and the EU 28. This species is very common throughout its range. It shows a scattered distribution in the alpine range, but it is locally abundant (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). The population size of the species is larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent) in Europe and the EU 28. This species is probably overlooked because of its very small size and it usually occurs as single plants among other bryophytes.



","This species is found on exposed, often moist, sandy soil between boulders on the slopes of mountains and on spots of bare soil in tundra, in areas with acidic rocks (Damsholt 2002). It is also present on sandstone in Austria (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017).

","This species is found in areas that are not usually used (steep and rocky slopes in mountains, high arctic areas), and so there are no evident threats for this species.","This species is included in several national Red Lists of European countries. It is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Spain, as Endangered (EN) in Finland and the Czech Republic, as Vulnerable (VU) in Ireland and Northern Ireland, as Near Threatened (NT) in Italy and Slovakia, and as category 3 (Gefährdet) in Germany (Hodgetts 2015). The species occurs in several protected areas in Russia, including in the Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden (Konstantinova 2001), in the Lapland State Nature Reserve (Borovichev 2014), the Vishera State Nature Reserve (Konstantinova and Bezgodov 2005) and the Basegi State Nature Reserve (Konstantinova et al. 2010). No special actions are needed for conservation of this species, although further research on its taxonomy and distribution is required.",This species is not used or traded.,"González Mancebo, J.,Cálix, M.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,GYMNOMITRIACEAE,Marsupella,stableri,,Marsupella stableri  ,Spruce,,No,NT,"B2b(iii,v)",No,NT,"B2b(iii,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



Stabler's Rustwort (Marsupella stableri) is a suboceanic Arctic-montane leafy liverwort that is apparently confined in Europe to the mountains of Britain. This rare species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 340 km²), and there is an estimated and inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and number of mature individuals due to climate change. There has been a distinct range contraction andthe species is becoming less abundant at sites where it still occurs. Climate change is leading to an increase in larger plants, particularly graminoids, at the expense of snow-bed specialists.  Confirmation of the identity of records from Canada is required, and it is possible that this species is endemic to Europe. No conservation measures are required at present, but the best subpopulations should be monitored, in view of the rarity of this plant in Europe.",Decreasing,"Stabler's Rustwort (Marsupella stableri) is a suboceanic Arctic-montane leafy liverwort that is apparently confined in Europe to the mountains of Britain. Its world distribution is uncertain because of confusion with M. boeckii, but it has also been reported from North America (British Columbia) (Blockeel et al. 2014). However, these records require confirmation to rule out confusion with M. boeckii. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 340 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 71,181 km².

","There is some evidence of recent decline, with a distinct range contraction and also becoming less abundant at sites where it still occurs, with a 5% decrease from 1989-2007 (Rothero et al. 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014), possibly because of climate change. The number of currently known localities is larger than 20. There are, however, some very large subpopulations known in Scotland. As a pioneer colonist the population cannot be said to be severely fragmented.","This pioneer colonist grows in distinctive purplish-brown or coppery mats on periodically flushed montane acid rock walls, boulders and gravelly soil, usually on north- to east-facing slopes, and often in gullies and late-snow areas. Occasionally it occurs on basic rocks such as basalt. On rocks the patches are often pure, but frequent associates include Anthelia julacea, Diplophyllum albicans and Gymnomitrion obtusum. In exposed stony or gravelly sites, subpopulations are more commonly mixed with other small bryophytes such as Anthelia juratzkana, Cephalozia bicuspidata, Barbilophozia sudetica, Nardia scalaris, Ditrichum zonatum and Oligotrichum hercynicum. Its altitudinal range is from 235 m up to 1,200 m Asl.

It is dioicous and usually fertile, but sporophytes are very rare, August to September. Female plants are at least as common as male in England and Wales, but are unknown in Scotland (Blockeel et al. 2014).","Climate change is probably the main threat to this species, leading to an increase in larger plants, particularly graminoids, at the expense of snow-bed specialists (Rothero et al. 2007).","Confirmation of the identity of records from Canada is required, and it is possible that this species is endemic to Europe. No conservation measures are required at present, but the best subpopulations should be monitored, in view of the rarity of this plant in Europe. It has been assessed as Near Threatened in Britain. It is known to occur in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Natcheva, R.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N. & Rothero, G.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,MASTIGOPHORACEAE,Mastigophora,woodsii,,Mastigophora woodsii  ,(Hook.) Nees,,No,NT,B2b(iii),No,NT,B2b(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



Woods' Whipwort (Mastigophora woodsii) is a large oceanic boreal-montane leafy liverwort, which in Europe occurs only in northwestern Scotland, western Ireland and the Faroe Islands. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 876 km² in Europe and 864 km² in the EU 28), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. There is very little indication of a decline in Scotland, where it is not currently considered threatened, but it has declined in Ireland because of habitat degradation. Although the rate of habitat quality decline in Ireland has slowed in recent years it is considered that there is still an ongoing decline as a result of continuing overgrazing by sheep. After a short period when sheep numbers dropped for policy reasons, the level of destocking was not sufficient to allow recovery of the habitat, and damage is still being done. The best subpopulations of this plant should be protected and managed appropriately, especially with respect to grazing: overgrazing of the upland heath supporting this liverwort and its associates, particularly in Ireland, needs to stop. At least some of the best subpopulations should be monitored.",Decreasing,"Woods' Whipwort (Mastigophora woodsii) is a large oceanic boreal-montane leafy liverwort, which in Europe occurs only in northwestern Scotland, western Ireland and the Faroe Islands. Outside Europe, it has a markedly disjunct distribution, occurring in northwestern North America, Mexico, Yunnan, Nepal, Taiwan and the Moluccas. It is abundant in the eastern Himalayas, where it is largely a woodland species (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 876 km² in Europe and 864 km² in the EU 28. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 273,000 km².","In general this species appears to be stable, but it has declined in parts of western Ireland (Galway - where it has not been seen since 1963 - Mayo, and possibly Kerry). Although the rate of habitat quality decline in Ireland has slowed in recent years it  is considered that there is an ongoing decline as a result of  continuing overgrazing by sheep. After a short period when sheep numbers dropped for policy reasons, the level of destocking was not sufficient to allow recovery of the habitat, and damage is still being done (N. Lockhart pers. comm. 2017). The total European population probably exceeds 2,500 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered one square metre of ground on which the species grows.","This is a montane species that is locally frequent in parts of the northwestern Highlands of Scotland, but much less common in western Ireland. It is a member of a distinctive mixed hepatic assemblage with other large upland liverworts, including Anastrepta orcadensis, Bazzania tricrenata, Herbertus hutchinsiae, Plagiochila carringtonii, Pleurozia purpurea and Scapania nimbosa, growing amongst heather and other dwarf shrubs on well-drained, rocky slopes. It also occurs, in acid or occasionally mildly basic conditions, in upland grassland, block screes, cliff faces and rock ledges, quite frequently where water drips from above. Most localities have a northerly to easterly aspect, and all have a cool and extremely humid climate (Damsholt 2002, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from 45 m up to 900 m Asl. 



Fertile plants and gemmae are unknown anywhere in the species’ range.","Overgrazing in the uplands, afforestation and burning are the main threats or potential threats. It appears that the species may have disappeared from western Galway in Ireland, where its habitat has been particularly hard-hit by overstocking with sheep in Connemara (Lockhart et al. 2012). There is some evidence that graminoid vegetation is increasing in upland areas of Scotland, which may impact this species (Ross et al. 2012, Flagmeier et al. 2014).","The best subpopulations of this plant should be protected and managed appropriately, especially with respect to grazing: overgrazing of the upland heath supporting this liverwort and its associates, particularly in Ireland, needs to stop. At least some of the best subpopulations should be monitored. This species is known to occur in protected areas, and has been assessed as Near Threatened in Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012).

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Natcheva, R.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N. & Rothero, G.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,SPLACHNALES,MEESIACEAE,Meesia,hexasticha,,Meesia hexasticha  ,(Funck) Bruch,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Meesia hexasticha is rare in northern Europe and very rare in central parts of Europe and the South Urals. Today, there are very few localities in the low-land. It is mainly found in the middle-alpine belt and arctic regions. The current population trend is thought to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28 as there is no indication of a current decline and most of the habitat is stable. However, the total population size is very small, most probably less than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in both Europe and the EU 28. Therefore, this species is assessed as Vulnerable for both Europe and the EU 28.

The major threat is the destruction of limnic environments, for example through watercourse changes. More sites where this species is found need to receive legal protection.

",Stable,"This species has an alpine-arctic distribution. The European distribution of this species includes Iceland, Norway, Svalbard, Sweden, Finland, Germany, Poland, Slovakia,Latvia (probably disappeared), Belarus, and Romania (Hodgetts 2015). Today, there are very few localities in the lowland. It is mainly found in the middle-alpine belt and arctic regions. The species is not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 100 and 200 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 3 and 4 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 60 km² and the EOO is between 0.6 and 0.8 million km².","This species is rare in northern Europe and very rare in central parts of Europe and the South Urals. The population size is in total very small, most probably less than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) in both Europe and the EU 28. Even if there has been a large historic (10,000 years ago) decline in the population size in central Europe, the current population trend is thought to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28, as there is no indication of a current decline and most of the habitat is stable. This species has a relative short generation time (ca 7 years). Subpopulations can be large, with even 100 individual-equivalents, but most are probably much smaller.","This species grows on moist mineral soil in wetlands or along streams and rivers. It can also grow on peat. In Sweden, springs and spring-fed wetlands are the main habitats for this species, whereas the former continental sites seem to have included also relatively poor bogs and mires (Hallingbäck et al. 2008). Spores are large.","The major threat is the destruction of limnic environments, for example through watercourse changes such as flood prevention, channelling, straightening, breakwaters and thresholds etc.","This species is in the Red List of Germany, Slovakia and Belarus as Regionally Extinct, in Romania as Critically Endangered (CR), in Finland as Endangered (EN), in Norway and Sweden as Vulnerable (VU) and in Poland as Extinct (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. More sites need to receive legal protection.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Górski, P.,Fettes, N.D.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,SPLACHNALES,MEESIACEAE,Meesia,longiseta,,Meesia longiseta  ,Hedw.,,No,VU,C2a(i),No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Meesia longiseta is a moss species with a circumboreal distribution, but is now present in Europe only in northern Scandinavia, northern Russia and Lithuania, with relict subpopulations in the Romanian Carpathians and at a single locality in Bulgaria. The species is assessed as Vulnerable since the population size is estimated to be smaller than 10,000 individual-equivalents, with fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. In addition, there is a continuing decline in the population. This species has declined to extinction in most of Europe, retreating to northern Scandinavia and Russia, with relict subpopulations in Romania and Bulgaria. It is also declining within its northern heartlands. This is a long-lived shuttle that is highly dependent on a specific habitat. Drainage, eutrophication and encroachment of scrub and other coarse vegetation are the main known threats. This species needs large areas of protected mire that is properly managed and has some resistance to eutrophication and pollution.",Decreasing,"Meesia longiseta is a moss species with a circumboreal distribution, but is now present in Europe only in northern Scandinavia, northern Russia and Lithuania, with relict subpopulations in the Romanian Carpathians and at a single locality in Bulgaria. It is mentioned in Belarus (Maslovsky 2017) but its presence needs to be confirmed there. In the past it occurred scattered throughout central Europe, with many localities in the Alps, but it has now disappeared from a large part of the continent. Elsewhere it occurs inthe Caucasus, Russia, North andCentral America andGreenland (Commission of the European Communities 2013, ArtDatabanken 2015). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 1,112 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5.6 million km².

 



","This species has declined to extinction in most of Europe, retreating to northern Scandinavia and Russia, with relict subpopulations in Romania and Bulgaria. It is also declining within its northern heartlands. In Sweden, it has declinedsharplyin the lowlandsanddisappeared altogether fromsouth ofDalarna, remainingmainlyinNorrbotten Countyandclose tothe mountainsfurther south.Itisfoundoccasionallyin Norway, from theOslo-regionnorth toFinnmark, butdoes not seem tobe common anywhere.However,arelativelylarge number ofdiscoveries have been madein Finland (ArtDatabanken 2015). The population is not considered severely fragmented. In Sweden, it is estimated there are between 900 and 6,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. In Norway, it is estimated there are 2,000 individual-equivalents. Overall, the population size is estimated to be smaller than 10,000 individual-equivalents, with fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation (both in Europe and in the EU 28).","This moss grows in wet, open,mineral-richfens, sometimes in animal paths, alsoon swampylakeshores andstreambanksin forests.It is mainly lowland but has rarely beenfoundabovethe tree-line.Inovergrownswampormarshlands, itcanremain inclearingsandespecially on tracks.Frequent associates include Cinclidiumstygium,Hamatocaulisvernicosus,Paludellasquarrosaand Scorpidiumspp.(ArtDatabanken 2016). Its altititudinal range is from 50 m up to 1,800 m Asl.



It is synoicous (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2014) and the sporesmaturein summer.

","Drainage, eutrophication and encroachment of scrub and other coarse vegetation are the main known threats to this species (ArtDatabanken 2016).","This species needs large areas of protected mire that is properly managed and has some resistance to eutrophication and pollution. It is known to occur in protected areas, and is monitored in EU countries, but it should be monitored throughout its entire range. It is listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive. This species has been assessed as Endangered in Finland, Norway, Romania, as Near Threatened in Sweden, as Data Deficient in Bulgaria, and as 'rare' in Lithuania. It is listed as Regionally Extinct in Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Switzerland, Slovenia, Estonia, Belarus and Ukraine, and has almost certainly also disappeared from France, Denmark, Italy (where it is officially listed as Data Deficient), Poland (where it is officially listed as Endangered), Slovakia and Bosnia-Herzegovina (Hodgetts 2015). Its status in regions of Russia is unknown.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Denyer, J.,Cálix, M.","Hodgetts, N., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,SPLACHNALES,MEESIACEAE,Meesia,triquetra,,Meesia triquetra  ,(L. ex Jolycl.) Ångstr.,,No,NT,C2a(i),No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Three-ranked Hump-moss (Meesia triquetra) is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane species that in Europe has a northern continental distribution, being relatively frequent only in Scandinavia and northern Russia, north to the high Arctic in Svalbard, Novaya Zemlya and Franz Josef Land. It is scattered in upland areas further south, extending south and west through the Alps, Carpathians and Balkans to isolated sites in central Spain, the Spanish Pyrenees, the Massif Central (France) and western Ireland. The species is precautionarily assessed as Near Threatened since its population size is estimated to be slightly over 10,000 individual-equivalents, with fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square meter on which the species grows. In addition, there is a continuing decline in the habitat and the population due to ongoing threats; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion C. In the EU 28, it is assessed as Vulnerable since it is estimated that there are fewer than 10,000 individual-equivalents, with fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation and a continuing decline in the habitat and the population due to ongoing threats. 

The stronghold of the population is in northern Scandinavia, although it is less abundant in other areas, where it has declined as a result of several threats. Afforestation, eutrophication and drainage are major threats to this species. Since the fens are not managed in some parts in Scandinavia, encroachment by coarse vegetation poses a threat there as a result. In the Alps it is affected by winter sports and recreational activities. It can also be affected by climate change through the warming of temperatures, since it is found at high altitudes. This species needs large areas of protected mire that is properly managed and has some resistance to eutrophication and pollution. At least some of the largest and some of the most threatened subpopulations should be monitored.",Decreasing,"The Three-ranked Hump-moss (Meesia triquetra) is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane species that in Europe has a northern continental distribution, being relatively frequent only in Scandinavia and northern Russia, north to the high Arctic in Svalbard, Novaya Zemlya and Franz Josef Land. It is scattered in upland areas further south, extending south and west through the Alps, Carpathians and Balkans to isolated sites in central Spain,  the Spanish Pyrenees, the Massif Central (France) and western Ireland. It has almost certainly disappeared from the Netherlands and Hungary, and probably also from Denmark, Bulgaria and Greece (which is very doubtful). Elsewhere it occurs widely in the Arctic and boreal zones south to the Himalayas and New Guinea, in North America south to California and New York State, and in southeastern Australia (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 3,208 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 13.4 million km².","Though frequent in the Arctic, and in Sweden and Norway, this species is undergoing a continuing decline further south in the lowlands of Europe, along with several other species occurring in the same habitat. There are subfossil records from Britain (Dickson 1973), but it had disappeared before bryophyte recording began (Blockeel et al. 2014). The population is not severely fragmented, although in the Alps its habitat is very specific, sporophytes are rare and it is fragmented. Many subpopulations consist of one to a few individuals, although subpopulations are larger in the north, and above 500 grid cells are known in Sweden. It is estimated that the species occurs at around 1,000 localities. Therefore, it is estimated that the population size is slightly above 10,000 individual-equivalents in Europe, and smaller than 10,000 individual-equivalents in the EU 28. Each subpopulation has fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents, both in Europe and in the EU 28. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square meter on which the species grows. The population experiences fluctuations on its size depending on environmental conditions. The three-generation period is 100 years. The species is more scarce in the southern part of its distribution, and more abundant in the north.","This calcicolous species grows in wet, often periodically inundated, open fens, calcareous spring-fed fens, mineral-rich marshes and calcareous dune-slacks. In the mountains, the habitat is often in flushes and by slow-flowing streams and springs. It often grows with Calliergon giganteum, Hamatocaulis vernicosus, Campylium stellatum, Meesia longiseta, Cinclidium stygium, Drepanocladus trifarius, Paludella squarrosa and Scorpidium spp. In Germany, it grows in base-rich to weakly acid mires and lakesides, usually with Equisetum fluviatile, Menyanthes trifoliata, Potentilla palustris and Carex paniculata. In Ireland, it is a rich-fen species; at one of its two Irish sites (where it has now disappeared) it occurred near open water below the gravel ridge, in almost pure patches, with some Sphagnum auriculatum growing through, with luxuriant Rhizomnium pseudopunctatum and Tomentypnum nitens nearby; at the other, extant, site, it grows in an area of blanket bog, in an iron-rich spring-fed flush, with Saxifraga hirculus, along with Agrostis stolonifera, Cardamine pratensis, Carex nigra and Cratoneuron  filicinum (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014, ArtDatabanken 2015). Its altitudinal range is from 40 m up to 2,380 m Asl. In the Alps this species is a glacial relict. 



It is dioicous; capsules are rare, ripening in late summer.

","In Ireland, drying of one of the flushes where it grew as a consequence of large-scale mechanised extraction of peat from surrounding areas of blanket bog destroyed one site (Lockhart et al. 2012). Elsewhere, afforestation, eutrophication and drainage are threats. Since the fens are not managed in some parts in Scandinavia, encroachment by coarse vegetation poses a threat there as a result. In the Alps it is affected by winter sports (i.e., skiing, etc.) and recreational activities. It can also be affected by climate change through the warming of temperatures, since it is found at high altitudes.","This species is known to occur in protected areas and it has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Spain, Germany, the Czech Republic and Serbia, as Endangered in Slovakia, Slovenia, Belarus and Ukraine, as Vulnerable in Poland, as Near Threatened in Switzerland and Estonia, as Data Deficient in Hungary, and as 'highly endangered' in Austria. It is considered Regionally Extinct in the Netherlands and Ireland (but has recently been refound in the latter) (Hodgetts 2015). This species needs large areas of protected mire that is properly managed and has some resistance to eutrophication and pollution. At least some of the largest and some of the most threatened subpopulations should be monitored.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Lara, F.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,SPLACHNALES,MEESIACEAE,Meesia,uliginosa,,Meesia uliginosa  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Broad-nerved Hump-moss (Meesia uliginosa) is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane species, which is widespread in the boreal zone and common in the Arctic, including the Swedish and Norwegian mountains, Iceland and Svalbard, northern Russia and the Urals, extending south in Europe to the Pyrenees, Alps and Carpathians, and more rarely southwards to central Italy, the Balkans and Greece. This  species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in the calcareous mountainous areas in Europe, and the population is still quite large. However, it is undergoing a continuing decline owing to habitat destruction  and degradation. Is is affected in the lowlands by drainage, especially for conversion of wetlands to agriculture, afforestation, eutrophication and encroachment of coarse vegetation are threats. The species it should be secure in its northern and alpine strongholds, but elsewhere it requires areas that are protected and managed to maintain the calcareous and nutrient-poor wetland habitat. Threatened subpopulations should be monitored.",Decreasing,"The Broad-nerved Hump-moss (Meesia uliginosa) is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane species, which is widespread in the boreal zone and  common in the Arctic, includingtheSwedish and Norwegian mountains,Iceland and Svalbard, northern Russia and the Urals, extending south in  Europe to the Pyrenees, Alps and Carpathians, and more rarely southwards to central Italy, the Balkans and Greece. It has disappeared from the Netherlands and probably also from Denmark, Latvia and Montenegro. Elsewhere it occurs in the Caucasus, Kyrgyzstan, the Himalayas,  Mongolia and it is widespread across northern Asia, China, North America south to  California and New York State, and Greenland. It has also been discovered recently in Tierra del Fuego and Antarctica (Blockeel et al. 2014, ArtDatabanken 2015). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 3,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 12.7 million km².","Though frequent in the Arctic, and intheSwedish and Norwegian mountains in thesubalpine zone, this species is  undergoing a continuing decline further south in the lowlands of  Europe, along with several other species occurring in the same habitat. While in the Alps it is widespread and abundant, it has declined in the lowlands. It is not severely fragmented as it is a very good disperser. The population size is estimated to be larger than 10,000 mature individuals.","This is a moss of flushed calcareous ground both in the uplands, in lowland mineral-rich open mires and on coastal shell-sand. It may also occur in base-rich streams and on dripping calcareousrock walls.It is capable of growing in somewhat drier areas than other species of the genus, but becomes more ecologically demanding in the southern parts of its range, growing only in very calcareous fens and dunes. In upland areas it is most frequent on the sides of low hummocks in open stony flushes but also occurs in more closed vegetation on wet banks and occasionally on tufa. Associates include Juncus triglumis, Saxifraga aizoides, S. oppositifolia, Aneura pinguis, Mesoptychia bantriensis, Preissia quadrata, Fissidens osmundoides, Palustriella commutata, Distichium capillaceum, Rhizomnium pseudopunctatum, Tayloria lingulata, Tomentypnum nitens, Scorpidium scorpioides, Scapania degenii, Saccobasis polita, Cinclidium stygium, Oncophorus virens and Splachnum vasculosum. On flushed shell-sand it usually occurs in a closed bryophyte turf often with other uncommon sand-dune species such as Mesoptychia gillmanii, Moerckia flotoviana, Catoscopium nigritum and Distichium inclinatum. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 3,000 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014, ArtDatabanken 2015). Generally it is widespread on calcareous rocks in the Alps and in the Scandinavian mountains. 



It is monoicous; the striking capsules are common, maturing in summer.

","The species is affected in the lowlands by drainage, especially for conversion of wetlands to agriculture, afforestation, eutrophication and encroachment of coarse vegetation are threats.","This species is known to occur in protected areas and it has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Spain and in the Czech Republic, as Endangered in Ireland, Poland and Estonia, as Vulnerable in Germany, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Montenegro (where, however, there are only old records) and Ukraine, as Near Threatened in Romania, and as 'rare' in Lithuania. It is considered Regionally Extinct in the Netherlands, and probably also in Denmark, Latvia and Montenegro (Hodgetts 2015). This species should be secure in its northern and alpine strongholds, but elsewhere it requires areas that are protected and managed to maintain the calcareous and nutrient-poor wetland habitat. Threatened subpopulations should be monitored.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Lara, F.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Papp, B., Schröck, C., Vanderpoorten, A., Untereiner, A., Schnyder, N., Konstantinova, N. & Lönnell, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,JUNGERMANNIACEAE,Mesoptychia,badensis,,Mesoptychia badensis  ,(Gottsche ex Rabenh.) L.Söderstr. &amp; Váňa,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Scarce Notchwort (Mesoptychia badensis) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and its presumably large population and stable trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level, and so no conservation measures are required at present. This species is found in protected areas across Europe.",Stable,"This circumpolar boreo-arctic montane liverwort is found throughout Europe but is rare in the south where it is restricted to mountains (Paton 1999). Elsewhere it grows in Siberia, the Russian Far East, Mongolia, China, Tajikistan, Caucasus, Iran, North America and Greenland. (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

",Overall this species is considered to have a large and stable population.,"This species is a calcicole liverwort, often a pioneer species on moist sand, gravel, loam and clay soils derived from limestone, basalt or base-rich schist and sandstone. It grows in shaded and isolated sites on banks and waste ground in woodlands, on roadsides, in old quarries, chalk and marl pits, in sand dune slacks, and beside lakes, rivers and streams (Atherton et al. 2010). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,700 m.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Finland (Vulnerable), Serbia (Vulnerable), Czech Republic (Vulnerable), Italy (Near Threatened), Germany (Near Threatened), Hungary (Data Deficient), Andorra (Data Deficient), the Netherlands (Rare) and Poland (Rare) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Orgaz Alvarez, J.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,JUNGERMANNIACEAE,Mesoptychia,bantriensis,,Mesoptychia bantriensis  ,(Hook.) L.Söderstr. &amp; Váňa,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Bantry Notchwort (Mesoptychia bantriensis) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, its large population size and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats to this species, and so no conservation measures are required at present. This species is known to occur in protected areas in Europe.",Stable,"This is a circumpolar boreal-montane liverwort that is widespread in Europe but in the south restricted to mountains, becoming commoner towards the north and west (Paton 1999). Elsewhere it occurs in Siberia, the Russian Far East, China, Alaska, Canada south through the Rocky Mountains to California, and Greenland. (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

",The overall population is large and the population trend is considered to be stable.,"This species grows in calcareous flushes in upland areas, and in fens in the lowlands. It is more or less restricted to permanently wet sites. It can also grow in wet soil or among other bryophytes on ledges, or on wet, vertical rock faces (Atherton et al. 2010). Its altitudinal range is ca. 10-2,450 m.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Serbia (Vulnerable), Finland (Near Threatened), Ireland (Near Threatened), Northern Ireland (Near Threatened), Italy (Near Threatened), Estonia (Near Threatened), Latvia (Rare) and Germany (Risk Assumed) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in protected areas in Europe.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hassel, K.","Sabovljevic, M.","Hodgetts, N.,Vellak, K.,Blom, H.,Goldberg, I.,Afonina, O.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,JUNGERMANNIACEAE,Mesoptychia,collaris,,Mesoptychia collaris  ,(Nees) L.Söderstr. &amp; Váňa,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Mountain Notchwort (Mesoptychia collaris) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats to this species, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in protected areas across Europe.",Stable,"This circumpolar boreo-arctic montane species is distributed throughout Europe, especially in calcareous areas in the mountains, north to Scandinavia, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Svalbard and Arctic Russia (Paton 1999). Elsewhere it occurs in Siberia, the Russian Far East, China, Japan, northern and western North America and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This is a widespread species across Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This species grows in calcareous habitats. It most often forms patches on damp, base-rich boulders or rock outcrops in river gullies or on upland cliffs, but also grows as scattered shoots on the edges of flushes, in drier calcareous turf or in dune slacks (Atherton et al. 2010). Its altitudinal range is ca. 10-2,745 m.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Hungary (Vulnerable), Montenegro (Vulnerable), Finland (Near Threatened), Italy (Near Threatened) and Germany (Near Threatened) (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hylander, K.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,JUNGERMANNIACEAE,Mesoptychia,fitzgeraldiae,,Mesoptychia fitzgeraldiae  ,(Paton &amp; A.R.Perry) L.Söderstr. &amp; Váňa,,Yes,NT,D1,Yes,NT,D1,EU28,,"Fitzgerald's Notchwort (Mesoptychia fitzgeraldiae) is an oceanic boreal-montane leafy liverwort, considered to be endemic to broadly northern and western parts of Britain and Ireland. This species is precautionarily assessed as Near Threatened since it is estimated there are between 1,000 and 1,500 individual-equivalents in Europe; thus making it close to qualifying for a Threatened Category under Criterion D. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. Currently, there is no indication that this species is declining and there are no widespread threats. No specific conservation measures are required, but some of the best subpopulations should be monitored.",Stable,"Fitzgerald's Notchwort (Mesoptychia fitzgeraldiae) is an oceanic boreal-montane leafy liverwort, considered to be endemic to broadly northern and western parts of Britain and Ireland (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 232 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 145,121 km².","This species is apparently stable in Britain and Ireland; there is no indication of decline. The overall habitat area and quality is stable, although there have been some localised declines, possibly as a result of over-grazing, although there is no evidence to back this up. It is estimated there are between 1,000 and 1,500 individual-equivalents in Europe. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows.","This calcicole has most of its colonies on wet or moist rocks including limestone, schist, basalt and sandstone, or soils derived from them. Typical situations include crevices, ledges and boulders in lowland gullies or on upland crags, and it has even been recorded on lowland streamsides at three Scottish sites. Regular associates include Aneura pinguis, Conocephalum spp., Pellia endiviifolia, Preissia quadrata, Anoectangium aestivum, Ctenidium molluscum, Fissidens adianthoides and Gymnostomum aeruginosum. It is locally frequent along several kilometres of limestone crags on the Dartry Mountains in northwestern Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012), but tends to occur in lesser abundance elsewhere. Its altitudinal range is from 100 m up to 900 m Asl.



The species is dioicous and usually fertile; sporophytes are rare, and not yet recorded ripe. Gemmae are absent (Blockeelet al. 2014).",There are no known widespread threats to this species.,"No specific conservation measures are required at present, but some of the best subpopulations should be monitored. This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Britain and as Near Threatened in Ireland (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Erzberger, P.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N. & Rothero, G.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,JUNGERMANNIACEAE,Mesoptychia,gillmanii,,Mesoptychia gillmanii  ,(Austin) L.Söderstr. &amp; Váňa,,No,VU,C2a(i),No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

In Europe, Gillman's Notchwort (Mesoptychia gillmanii) has a rather wide distribution but is very scattered. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category. The population size is estimated to be smaller than 10,000 individual equivalents in Europe (about 3,500 in the EU 28), with fewer than 1,000 individual equivalents in each subpopulation (though there is the possibility that this species is under-recorded). With a continuing decline in habitat for this species, particularly in Scandinavia, the population is decreasing as well. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and the EU 28.



 

The rich fenland habitats this species inhabits are threatened by drainage works such as the creation of ditches, or by nitrification. Coastal dune systems are under general threat from leisure developments and agricultural eutrophication. This species is present in protected areas across Europe, providing it with some formal protection from these threats. Further site protection and management are recommended conservation measures. 



",Decreasing,"This rather scarce and scattered circumpolar boreo-arctic montane liverwort is found in central and northern Europe, but is confined to the mountains in the southern part of its range. Elsewhere it occurs in Siberia, the Russian Far East, northern and western North America and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This species is extremely rare in Austria, and very scattered in Britain. It is also not common in Scandinavia, and the subpopulations are decreasing since they inhabit extremely rich fens, which are in decline. The overall population trend is decreasing. Its estimated population size is smaller than 10,000 individual equivalents both in Europe and within the EU 28, where it is estimated that there are ca. 3,500 individual equivalents (considering one square meter as one individual equivalent), with fewer than 1,000 individual equivalents in each subpopulation. Paton (1999) stated, however, that there is a possibility that this species is under-recorded, as it can only be identified when fertile, and some records of M. collaris and M. bantriensis may refer to this species.","This is a calcicole species, growing on very moist or fairly constantly irrigated limestone, base-rich schist and conglomerates besides streams and rivers, generally on a layer of soil or among mosses. It is also found growing on coastal sands in Ireland and Britain and in rich fens in Scandinavia (Paton 1999). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,000 m.","The rich fenland habitats in Scandinavia are threatened by drainage works such as the creation of ditches, or by nitrification such as in southern Scandinavia. The southern Scandinavian subpopulations are more threatened than the northern subpopulations. Coastal dune systems in Britain and Ireland are under general threat from leisure developments and agricultural eutrophication. There is an overall habitat decline for this species in Europe.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Italy (Critically Endangered), Switzerland (Vulnerable), Ireland (Vulnerable), Austria (Vulnerable), Great Britain (Near Threatened) and Germany (Extremely Rare) (Hodgetts 2015).  It is present in protected areas. Site protection and management is recommended.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hylander, K.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.","Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,JUNGERMANNIACEAE,Mesoptychia,heterocolpos,,Mesoptychia heterocolpos  ,(Thed.) L.Söderstr. &amp; Váňa,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Ragged Notchwort (Mesoptychia heterocolpos) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many recent records, a significant possibility of being overlooked and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats to this species, except perhaps locally. For example, in Northern Ireland, where it grows only at one site that is frequented by tourists, maintenance work on boardwalks could easily threaten it. It is found in protected areas in Europe.",Stable,"This circumpolar boreo-arctic montane liverwort occurs in mountain ranges throughout Europe south to Corsica, the Pyrenees, Madeira and the Canary Islands, becoming commoner and less restricted to mountains in the north, especially in Scandinavia and the Arctic (Paton 1999). Elsewhere it occurs in Asiatic Russia, Korea, Japan, China, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, the Himalayas, northern and western North America and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This is a widespread species, and often abundant in the north, although much rarer in the south. The population trend is considered to be stable.

","This species occurs on humid calcareous rocks and in rock crevices, often in gorges on base-rich sandstone and calcareous cliffs. It usually grows over or through cushions of moss, in Britain especially Amphidium mougeotii or Anoectangium aestivum, often with Plagiochila species or Blepharostoma trichophyllum. In Scandinavia, associates include Scapania gymnostomophila, S. calcarea, S. brevicaulis, Tritomaria quinquedentata, Mesoptychia badensis, M. gillmanii and Preissia quadrata. It can be very difficult to detect, especially when in small quantity, so it may be a somewhat overlooked species in some areas (Atherton et al. 2010, Damsholt 2002). Its altitudinal range is ca. 15-2,660 m.","There are no known threats to this species, except perhaps locally. For example, in Northern Ireland, where it grows only at one site that is frequented by tourists, maintenance work on boardwalks could easily threaten it.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Northern Ireland (Critically Endangered), Czech Republic (Critically Endangered), Luxembourg (Critically Endangered), Canary Islands (Vulnerable), Spain (Vulnerable), Montenegro (Vulnerable), Estonia (Vulnerable), Italy (Near Threatened), Slovakia (Near Threatened), Hungary (Data Deficient) and Germany (Risk Assumed) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas in Europe. Site managers at its locality in Northern Ireland have been informed of the need for care.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Hylander, K.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M.","Schröck, C.,Virchenko, V.,Hedenäs, L.,Ingerpuu, N.,Ignatov, M.,Juutinen, R.,Huttunen, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,JUNGERMANNIACEAE,Mesoptychia,rutheana,,Mesoptychia rutheana  ,(Limpr.) L.Söderstr. &amp; Váňa,"This species comprises two varieties, var. rutheana and var. laxa (Schiffn. ex Burrell) L.Söderstr. & Váňa. DNA Barcoding suggests that var. laxa is more closely related to M. gillmanii and should be treated as a var. of that species (Bell et al. 2013).",No,NT,A2c,No,NT,A2c,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Although the Fen Notchwort (Mesoptychia rutheana) has an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, the population size is estimated to be fewer than 10,000 individual equivalents, though it is still common in northern Europe, and its population is not severely fragmented. However this species has experienced a decline in the southern parts of its range, and it has declined severely in central Europe. The overall current population trend is therefore considered to be decreasing. There has been a past suspected decline in the population based on approximately 25% loss in habitat in the last 50 - 100 years (the three-generation period is ca. 100 years). As this species is close to meeting the 30% decline threshold under Criterion A2c, it is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe and the EU 28. 



 

This large leafy liverwort is found primarily in very wet, calcareous lowland fens, which are being destroyed in the southern parts of its range. In the northern areas of its distribution, it is affected by drainage activities. Eutrophication is also a threat to its habitat. Site protection and appropriate management are recommended to prevent the further destruction of its habitat. It is found in protected areas across its European range, offering it formal protection from some of these threats.",Decreasing,"This circumpolar boreo-arctic montane species is restricted in Europe to northern and Arctic regions (Paton 1999). Elsewhere it is recorded from Siberia and the Russian Far East, Alaska, Canada and northern USA, and Greenland. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This liverwort is fairly common in Scandinavia (the core of its distribution), where it is often abundant in rich fens, but it is rare elsewhere. There has been a decline in the southern parts of its range, including in Britain, although it has been discovered there at a handful of new sites in recent years (Atherton et al. 2010). It has declined severely in central Europe (e.g. Germany - Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Therefore the current population trend is considered to be decreasing. Its population is not severely fragmented, but there are estimated to be fewer than 10,000 individual equivalents. Its generation length is estimated at ca. 30-40 years, and thus the three-generation period is ca. 100 years. There has been a past suspected decline in the population based on approximately 25% loss in habitat in the last 50 - 100 years (T. Hallingback pers. comm. 2017, L. Soderstrom pers. comm. 2017).

","This large leafy liverwort is found primarily in very wet, calcareous lowland fens, with associates such as Carex dioica, Schoenus nigricans, Aneura pinguis, Ptychostomum pseudotriquetrum, Calliergonella cuspidata, Campylium stellatum, Cinclidium stygium, Ctenidium molluscum, Drepanocladus trifarius, Scorpidium revolvens, S. scorpioides and Tomentypnum nitens. Its habitat can include a heathy element, as it does in Ireland, with Myrica gale, Vaccinium oxycoccos and species of Sphagnum. One of its sites in northern England is a tufa-rich flush, with admixed Mesoptychia bantriensis and associated Parnassia palustris and Primula farinosa (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 25-1000 m.","The rich fen habitats that this species inhabits are being destroyed in the southern parts of its range. In the northern areas of its distribution, it is affected by drainage activities. Eutrophication is also a threat to its habitat.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Germany (Critically Endangered), Great Britain (Endangered), Ireland (Endangered), Poland (Endangered), Estonia (Near Threatened) and Latvia (Rare) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas. Site protection and appropriate management are recommended to prevent the further destruction of its habitat.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hylander, K.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.","Schröck, C.,Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,JUNGERMANNIACEAE,Mesoptychia,sahlbergii,,Mesoptychia sahlbergii  ,(Lindb. &amp; Arnell) A.Evans,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Mesoptychia sahlbergii is only known from two sites in Svalbard, and it has only been recorded twice, the last time in 1981. There is no data on the population size and trends, and repeated surveys in the country, specifically targeting the species, have failed. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient in Europe, as there is not enough information to assign another Red List Category. Further research and monitoring is needed in order to clarify the status of this species throughout its range. In addition, further research is required to confirm the threats to the species, although it could be affected by climate change in the future.

This species does not occur in the EU 28 and it is therefore Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"This arctic-montane species is not rare in the Asian part of Russia and in the north of North America. However, it has not been recorded in mainland Europe (Schuster 1969), but it is only known from two sites in Svalbard (Frisvoll and Elveback 1996), and the last time it was recorded was in 1981. The estimated area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe are both estimated to be around 8 km2. 

This species is not found within the EU 28.","This species is known from two sites in Svalbard, but there is no information on the population size and trend of the species. There is no data on presence of sporophytes of this species in Svalbard, and repeated surveys in the country, specifically targeting the species, have failed (N. Konstantinova pers. obs. 2017).",The species is restricted to calcareous wetlands and tundra.,"The major threats to this species in Europe are unknown, but it is probable that climate change could pose a threat to the species in the future.","The species occurs in protected areas in Svalbard throughout its range. The species is recorded for the Nordre Isfjorden Nasjonalpark and the Sassen-Buensow Land Nasjonalpark (Frisvoll and Elvebakk 1996). But there are no data on the size of populations, viability and population trend of species in Svalbard, and so further research and monitoring is required.",This species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Vanderpoorten, A.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,JUNGERMANNIACEAE,Mesoptychia,turbinata,,Mesoptychia turbinata  ,(Raddi) L.Söderstr. &amp; Váňa,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Top Notchwort (Mesoptychia turbinata) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, its population containing much more than 1,000 individual equivalents and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It is found in protected areas in Europe.",Stable,"This is a Mediterranean-Atlantic species that is common in the Mediterranean region and through much of western Europe to Germany and Belgium. It is much rarer or absent in the north and east (Frey et al. 2006). Elsewhere it occurs in North Africa, Asiatic Turkey, Lebanon, Iran, and disjunct in Guatemala and Sichuan (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This species is common in the Mediterranean area and western Europe. It produces sporophytes and is not considered to be severely fragmented. Its population size is much larger than 1,000 individual equivalents (one individual equivalent is considered as one square metre) and the population trend is stable.","This species grows only on calcareous or slightly base-rich substrates, such as damp soil, clay or mortar, or on wet limestone or chalk. Chalk or limestone grasslands are a typical habitat, but it can also be abundant in woodlands, especially in damp crevices in limestone cliffs, on river banks or in ditches, in dune slacks or in coastal ravines (Atherton et al. 2010). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-700 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Luxembourg (Critically Endangered), Romania (Critically Endangered), Switzerland (Endangered), Canary Islands (Vulnerable), Montenegro (Vulnerable) and Italy (Near Threatened) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas in Europe.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Kiebacher, T.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,METZGERIALES,METZGERIACEAE,Metzgeria,conjugata,,Metzgeria conjugata  ,Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Rock Veilwort (Metzgeria conjugata) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, many recent records and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level. It occurs in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This European boreo-temperate liverwort is distributed over most of Europe, including Macaronesia, except the north-east, the far north, and a few of the smaller Mediterranean territories (Paton 1999). Elsewhere it occurs in southern Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius and North, Central and South America (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This is a widespread species across most of Europe, where it is considered to have an overall stable population trend. However, it has apparently disappeared from the Netherlands.

","This is a species of moist, shady rocks, most of the records being from ravines, sheltered river valleys and cliffs. It grows in pure patches or creeping among mosses on a wide variety of rock types, especially base-rich to weakly acidic rock; it occurs on limestone. Saccogyna viticulosa, Frullania tamarisci, Lejeunea cavifolia, L. patens, Plagiochila porelloides and Amphidium mougeotii are typical associates in Britain and Ireland; additional associates recorded in Germany include Isothecium alopecuroides, Homalia  trichomanoides, Neckera complanata, Thamnobryum alopecuroides,  Rhizomnium punctatum andHookeria lucens. It also occurs, more rarely, on tree trunks and roots, notably on mature ash trees in deep, wooded valleys (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 5-1,900 m.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct), Estonia (Critically Endangered), Portugal (Vulnerable), Poland (Vulnerable), the Canary Islands (Vulnerable), Sweden (Near Threatened), Italy (Near Threatened) and Hungary (Near Threatened) (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in protected areas across its range in Europe.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Hodgetts, N.,Tsakiri, E.,Fettes, N.D.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,METZGERIALES,METZGERIACEAE,Metzgeria,consanguinea,,Metzgeria consanguinea  ,Schiffn.,The correct name for the European taxon remains unclear and thus further research is needed.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Whiskered Veilwort (Metzgeria consanguinea) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, its apparently increasing population trend and large population size of greater than 10,000 individual-equivalents. Deteriorating air quality could be a potential threat to this species, since it can suffer from air pollution. It is found in protected areas across its range. The correct name for this European taxon remains unclear and thus further taxonomic research is needed.",Increasing,"This is a suboceanic temperate species of western Europe, occurring north-eastwards to Germany, and with an outlying subpopulation in Serbia (Paton 1999). Elsewhere it is known from China, Japan, India, Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, sub-Saharan Africa, Mexico and South America (Blockeel et al. 2014), but whether the European plant is actually conspecific with M. consanguinea found elsewhere is questionable and requires further research. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","In Britain and Ireland, the species has increased due to improvements in the air quality, and is now quite common (T. Blockeel pers. comm. 2017). New records from elsewhere in Europe suggest that it is increasing generally. Its population size is larger than 10,000 individual equivalents (one individual-equivalent is one tree or rock on which it grows), and it is not considered to be severely fragmented.","This is an epiphyte which favours more base-deficient bark than Metzgeria violacea, being found chiefly on the trunks and lower branches of willow, alder, beech, birch, rowan, oak and rhododendron. In western Britain and Ireland it may be the dominant bryophyte in conifer plantations, completely covering trunks and twigs of spruce. It is also locally frequent on rock in ravines and areas of scree, particularly base-deficient rock such as granite, and has been recorded a few times on rock faces by estuaries (Atherton et al. 2010). Microlejeunea ulicina and Hypnum andoi are frequent associates (Blockeel et al. 2014). Sporophytes have been found, although it normally reproduces by propagules.","Deteriorating air quality could be a potential threat to this species, since it can suffer from air pollution (T. Blockeel pers. comm. 2017).",This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Germany (Vulnerable) and Luxembourg (Vulnerable) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas. The correct name for the European taxon remains unclear and thus further research is needed.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Muller, F.,Fettes, N.D.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,METZGERIALES,METZGERIACEAE,Metzgeria,furcata,,Metzgeria furcata  ,(L.) Corda,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Forked Veilwort (Metzgeria furcata) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its large population and wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category. The population is stable or in some areas increasing. There are no known threats to this species and so no conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in protected areas across Europe.",Stable,"This European boreo-temperate liverwort is distributed throughout Europe but is rare in the far north (Paton 1999). Elsewhere it is cosmopolitan, found from Siberia south to Arabia, Sri Lanka, New Guinea, Australia and New Zealand, in tropical Africa and South Africa, from eastern Canada south to Argentina and Chile, and also on several Pacific and sub-Antarctic islands (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category. 

","This is a common and widespread species across Europe. The population trend is stable or, in areas where

","This species is the most common thallose liverwort growing epiphytically on trees and shrubs, and also on rocks. It has a wide ecological range, occurring on all but the most acid trees and rocks and being  tolerant of drought. On trees it often grows alongside Frullania dilatata, Cryphaea heteromalla, Isothecium spp., Orthotrichum spp., Radula complanata, Ulota spp. and Zygodon viridissimus, and is typically a pioneer on the middle part of tree trunks. It is found on many broadleaved trees, especially ash, sycamore and willow, and there are also records from spruce and other conifers (Atherton et al. 2010). Associates on rocks may include Diplophyllum albicans, Hypnum spp. and Trichostomum brachydontium. Saxicolous populations of M. furcata are especially frequent near the coast, alongside H. cupressiforme var. resupinatum, and it sometimes extends into turf on coastal slopes. Several records come from anthropogenic habitats, including walls, bridges, concrete gutters and grave stones (Blockeel et al. 2014, Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,400 m.",There are no known threats to this species.,No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Latvia (Vulnerable) and Italy (Near Threatened) (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in protected areas across Europe.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Kiebacher, T.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,METZGERIALES,METZGERIACEAE,Metzgeria,leptoneura,,Metzgeria leptoneura  ,Spruce,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

In Europe, the Hooked Veilwort (Metzgeria leptoneura) has an extent of occurrence (EOO) that surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 1,200 km2. Its population trend appears to be stable. Its population size is estimated to be greater than 1,000 individual equivalents and it is not considered to be severely fragmented. Although it is restricted and locally threatened, this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 because of its abundance in the Azores and its overall stable population trend. Hydro-electric schemes can pose a threat to this species, but it is present in protected areas, offering it some formal protection from this threat. However the most suitable and best sites for this species should be protected and guarded against further hydro-electric development.",Stable,"The European distribution range of this hyperoceanic southern-temperate species includes the Faroe Islands, Macaronesia, Britain, Ireland and, somewhat improbably, Ukraine (Paton 1999). Elsewhere it occurs in tropical and subtropical mountains in Asia, Africa and America, south to Tierra del Fuego, the Falklands and Tristan da Cunha,

Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia (Blockeelet al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 1,200 km2.

","This is one of the less frequent oceanic liverworts in Britain and Ireland. There has been a decline in records of this species in Britain, despite a recent increase in attention being paid to oceanic ravines, and it is possible that some older records resulted from confusion with Metzgeria conjugata (Blockeel et al. 2014). In the Azores it is known from most of the islands, where it is very common and widespread (C. Garcia pers. comm. 2017) and from two islands in the Canaries. It is rare in Madeira. The core of its European distribution is likely to be the Macaronesian Islands, where the subpopulation seems to be stable. Thus the overall population trend is assumed to be stable. Its population size is estimated to be greater than 1,000 individual-equivalents (one individual-equivalent is considered as one rock). Its population is not considered to be severely fragmented.



","This often large and attractive liverwort occurs on wet, acid or basic rocks in sheltered situations. Records are mostly from shady, wooded ravines, where it often grows in the spray zone of waterfalls (Frey et al. 2006). More rarely it occurs on moist and shaded rocks where trees are lacking, for example above the tree line on mountains. It often grows on steep or vertical dripping rocky banks over and through bryophyte mats with species such as Hyocomium armoricum, Oxyrrhynchium hians, Philonotis fontana, Plagiochila spp., Saccogyna viticulosa, Amphidium mougeotii, Ptychostomum pseudotriquetrum, Ctenidium molluscum, Fissidens dubius and F. taxifolius. It tends to grow in small quantity, or to be very local at any specific site (Atherton et al. 2010). Its altitudinal range is ca. 10-930 m.","Hydro-electric schemes can pose a threat to this species (T. Blockeel pers. comm. 2017).

","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Canary Islands (Vulnerable), and Ireland (Near Threatened) (Hodgetts 2015), but it will probably be assessed as Vulnerable in Britain in the new Red List (N. Hodgetts pers. comm. 2017). The best sites for this species should not be used for hydro-electric schemes. It is present in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Wilbraham, J.,Cálix, M.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,METZGERIALES,METZGERIACEAE,Metzgeria,pubescens,,Metzgeria pubescens  ,(Schrank) Raddi,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Downy Veilwort (Metzgeria pubescens) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level. It is found in protected areas across its range.",Stable,"This is a circumpolar boreo-montane species generally distributed in the mountainous parts of Europe, but absent from Macaronesia, many Mediterranean territories, and in the north except for Scotland and western Norway (Paton 1999). It is widespread in Asia and North America and has also been recorded from Peru (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This is a widespread but not particularly common species across Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This attractive liverwort is a strict calcicole of strongly base-rich dry, shaded rock in upland areas, often growing on vertical surfaces (Atherton et al. 2010). The main habitat is in limestone ravines and north-facing cliffs, where it has a wide range of calcicolous associates, includingCtenidium molluscum,  Neckera crispa, N. complanata, Anomodon spp., Brachythecium tommasinii, Thamnobryum alopecurum and Porella platyphylla. It also sometimes grows on siliceous rocks such as sandstone and Old Red Sandstone conglomerate, but always where the substrate is strongly base-rich (Blockeel et al. 2014, Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,640 m.

","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Luxembourg (Critically Endangered), Sweden (Endangered), Ireland (Vulnerable), Poland (Vulnerable), Hungary (Vulnerable) and Italy (Near Threatened) (Hodgetts 2015). It is stated to be Near Threatened (Vorwarnliste) in Germany (P. Erzberger pers. comm. 2017). It is found in protected areas across its range.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Weibull, H.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,METZGERIALES,METZGERIACEAE,Metzgeria,simplex,,Metzgeria simplex  ,Lorb. ex Müll. Frib.,"The taxonomic status of this plant is not clear. It appears to be a form of Metzgeria conjugata, a species of which it is often regarded as a subspecies, and should probably not be considered a species in its own right. M. conjugata is a complex taxon. Fuselier et al. (2009) demonstrated the occurrence of two clearly separated lineages, a northern North American lineage (possibly corresponding to Metzgeria conjugata s. str.) and a southern North American and European lineage (possibly corresponding to Metzgeria simplex) (Söderström et al. 2016).",No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Little is known about the distribution of Metzgeria simplex because its taxonomic status is not clear, and it has been regarded differently in different parts of Europe and at different times. There is no information about the population size and trend of this species. It has been found growing on shady siliceous rocks and sandstone, and was reported growing on a tombstone in the Black Forest in Germany. The threats to this species are also unknown. This species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient due to taxonomic uncertainty and lack of data and further research is needed to determine its extinction risk. Taxonomic research is recommended in order to determine the validity of this species and more research is also needed into the population size and trend, as well as the threats to this species.",Unknown,"Little is known about the distribution of this species because its taxonomic status is not clear, and it has been regarded differently in different parts of Europe and at different times. Its currently recorded distribution (Hodgetts 2015) ranges from France to Bulgaria and from Italy to Germany and Poland. It is also likely to occur outside Europe, but this too is unclear.",There is no information about the population size and trend of this species.,"This species grows on siliceous rocks and sandstone in forests or other shady sites. It was reported growing on a tombstone in the Black Forest, Germany (Nebel and Philippi 2005).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"In most countries where it has been recorded, it is Not Evaluated or Data Deficient. In Poland, it is listed as rare without further comment on its taxonomic status (Klama 2006). In Italy, it is listed as Critically Endangered. Further taxonomic research is recommended in order to determine the validity of this species. It is known to occur in at least one protected area in Bulgaria (Strandza Natural Park). Further research is also needed into the population size and trend, as well as the threats to this species.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Aleffi, M.,Cálix, M.","Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,METZGERIALES,METZGERIACEAE,Metzgeria,violacea,,Metzgeria violacea  ,(Ach.) Dumort.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Blueish Veilwort (Metzgeria violacea) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, its increasing population trend and many recent records, especially in western parts of Europe, and its population size greater than 10,000 individual equivalents. There are no known major threats to this species at the European level, and it is often found growing in secondary habitats. It is found in protected areas throughout its range.",Increasing,"This is a suboceanic temperate liverwort that occurs from Spain northwards and eastwards to Croatia, Slovakia, Poland, the Faroe Islands and southern Scandinavia (Paton 1999). Elsewhere it is found in South America and North America (Blockeel et al. 2014). Reports of M. violacea from Africa, Asia and Australasia relate to other species of Metzgeria (Grolle & So 2003). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This species is widespread in Europe and it is very common in north-western Europe, where it has increased. It is also increasing in central Europe, and thus the overall population trend is considered to be increasing. Its population size is larger than 10,000 individual equivalents (one individual-equivalent is considered as one tree). Its population is not severely fragmented.","This is an epiphyte found mainly on elder and willow, but also on ash, elm and hazel, and less frequently on other trees (Atherton et al. 2010). It is often found growing in secondary habitats. It avoids the more acid types of bark. It is often associated with Frullania dilatata, Metzgeria furcata, Radula complanata and Cryphaea heteromalla, and sometimes with Cololejeunea minutissima, Pseudoleskeella nervosa and species of Orthotrichum, Ulota and Zygodon. It has also been recorded as an epiphyll on Buxus and Hedera leaves, and has been found on the the fungus Trametes hirsuta in London (Duckett 2008). It is also found, albeit rarely, on damp, shaded neutral or base-rich rock and concrete (Blockeel et al. 2014, Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-1,600 m.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Slovakia (Critically Endangered), Italy (Vulnerable), Germany (Vulnerable), Romania (Vulnerable), Austria (Vulnerable), Czech Republic (Vulnerable), Norway (Near Threatened), Hungary (Data Deficient) and Slovenia (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas throughout its range.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hespanhol, H.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Microbryum,curvicollum,,Microbryum curvicollum  ,(Hedw.) R.H.Zander,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Swan-necked Earth-moss (Microbryum curvicollum) is a Submediterranean-subatlantic species which is widespread in central and southern Europe, being also found in northern Europe to Fennoscandia, and in the Baltic countries eastwards to Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large distribution in many European countries and does not yet approach any of the thresholds for a threatened Category. However, the current population may be slightly decreasing due to the abandonment of grazing in open grasslands. Agricultural improvement, including the use of fertilizers and pesticides, can also cause habitats to be destroyed or become overgrown. Monitoring of the habitat and population trends is recommended. Appropriate site management is recommended to prevent further population declines.",Decreasing,"The Swan-necked Earth-moss (Microbryum curvicollum) is a Submediterranean-Subatlantic species. It is widespread in central and southern Europe, being found also in northern Europe to Fennoscandia, and in the Baltic countries eastwards to Russia.Outside of Europe, its range extends to North Africa and southwestern Asia (Smith 2004, Guerra et al. 2006, Ignatov et al. 2006, Lockhart et al. 2012, Hodgetts 2015).","This species is widespread in many European countries, but the population size is unknown. It seems to be poorly recorded in parts of southern Europe, and it could be overlooked because of its seasonal occurrence. It appears to be rare and scattered in many territories, but in some well-recorded regions such as Germany the subpopulations are stable (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). However, there is evidence of decline in Britain (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Ireland it is Regionally Extinct (Lockhart et al. 2012). The current population trend may therefore be slightly decreasing.","This is an annual shuttle species, usually appearing as an ephemeral during autumn and winter. It prefers open spaces of ground, on clayey and calcareous soils, in meadows and on limestone rocks covered by earth. It also occurs on rocky slopes and on coastal banks, as well as in man-made habitats such as quarries (Dierssen 2001, Lockhart et al. 2012, BLWG 2018, Moose Deutschland 2018). It is found from sea level up to 1,000 m Asl.





","The abandonment of grazing in open grasslands is a threat to this species. Agricultural improvement, including the use of fertilizers and pesticides, can cause habitats to be destroyed or become overgrown. In Ireland, the loss of mud-capped walls is a possible explanation for the extinction of this species, although this is not a recent event (Dierssen 2001, Lockhart et al. 2012, Moose Deutschland 2018).

","This species is not subject to specific conservation actions. However, it is still necessary to investigate this plant in possible habitats such as limestone quarries. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in several countries, and in view of its ephemeral nature, targeted studies are desirable to evaluate its status. It occurs in protected areas. Monitoring of the habitat and population trends is recommended. Appropriate site management is recommended to prevent further population declines.",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Wilbraham, J.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Microbryum,davallianum,,Microbryum davallianum  ,(Sm.) R.H. Zander,"The definition of Microbryum davallianum follows Ros et al. (1996). However, some authors recognise Pottia commutata, P. conica and P. mutica as distinct varieties or species.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Smallest Pottia (Microbruym davallianum) is a Submediterranean-Subatlantic species. It is present in northern Europe from Northern Ireland to southern Finland, east to the Baltic, and in western and southern Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in Europe, the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Smallest Pottia (Microbruym davallianum) is a Submediterranean-Subatlantic species. It is present in northern Europe from Northern Ireland to southern Finland, east to the Baltic, and in western and southern Europe. Outside of Europe it is found in southwestern Asia, North and South Africa, North America and Australia (Smith 2004, Ignatov et al. 2006, Zander 2007, Hodgetts 2015).",This species is present above all in the autumn months until spring depending on the climatic conditions. It tolerates disturbance and readily colonises new localities. The species in general is under-recorded  and therefore could be more widespread than is reported (Moose Deutschland 2018). The current population trend is considered stable.,"This is an annual shuttle species. It grows on disturbed soils and on open ground in natural and semi-natural habitats such as rock ledges and thin grassland. A subneutrophytic-basiphytic species, it is found in cultivated fields, limestone grasslands, quarries, woodlands, rocky slopes, coastal banks and cliffs, and also in urban habitats. It is a seasonally hygrophytic species, and moderately halotolerant, it grows preferably on clayey alluvial soils (Dierssen 2001, Atherton et al. 2010). It is found from sea level up to 840 m Asl.",No major threats are reported. It is resistant to herbicides (Moose Deutschland 2018).,No specific conservation actions are necessary at present. The species is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Hodgetts, N.,Ignatova, E.,Englefield, E.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Microbryum,floerkeanum,,Microbryum floerkeanum  ,(F.Weber &amp; D.Mohr) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,NT,"B2b(ii,iii,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



Floerke's Phascum (Microbryum floerkeanum)  is a tiny moss with a temperate distribution in Europe, where  it occurs, often sparsely, in western, central and southern Europe north  to southern Scandinavia, Poland and Estonia, east to Romania, but is  absent from much of the Mediterranean region. This is a very small and  ephemeral species that is found in western, central and southern Europe,  with a large extent of occurrence (EOO). The species is considered  threatened or Near Threatened on many national Red Lists across Europe,  but it is difficult to assess at a European level because it is probably  widely overlooked. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it does approach any of the thresholds for a threatened Category and it is probably widely overlooked. However, it has almost  certainly declined, owing to the decline in overwintering stubble fields  as a result of agricultural intensification and changes in cultivation  practices. 



In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 1,992 km²), and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, extent and quality of the habitat and number of mature individuals; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. In Britain, the species is less abundant than formerly because of more intensive cultivation and early ploughing of arable land, though probably under-recorded to some extent because of its small size and restricted season. The same probably applies to much of lowland Europe, and declines have been recorded for Austria, Belgium and elsewhere. Agricultural management to keep overwintering stubble fields should be encouraged in areas where this moss has been recorded.",Decreasing,"Floerke's Phascum(Microbryum floerkeanum) is a tiny moss with a temperate distribution in Europe, where it occurs, often sparsely, in western, central and southern Europe north to southern Scandinavia, Poland and Estonia, east to Romania, but is absent from much of the Mediterranean region. It may have disappeared from Switzerland and Finland, but further survey effort is required to confirm this. There are continuing declines in parts of the species' range e.g., in Austria, Britain and perhaps elsewhere. Outside the European region the species occurs in North Africa (Algeria), Turkey, Israel, and North America, where it has been recorded from Ontario (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 2,044 km²  in Europe, and ca 1,992 km² in the EU 28. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 4.9 million km². It is probably widely overlooked.","In Britain, the species is less abundant than formerly because of more intensive cultivation  and early ploughing of arable land, though probably under-recorded to  some extent because of its small size and restricted season (Blockeel et al. 2014). The same probably applies to much of lowland Europe, and declines have been recorded for Austria, Belgium and elsewhere. The current population trend is decreasing, as there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals.","This is a minute ephemeral moss of disturbed calcareous ground, mainly on soils derived from chalk or chalky clay but also occasionally found over harder limestones and on circumneutral clays on other substrates, including Coal Measures. It is most frequent in stubble fields and is characteristic of arable fields with basic soils. Associates include Ptychostomum rubens, Dicranella varia, Microbryum davallianum and Tortula acaulon. More unusually is a record of it as an associate of Didymodon tomaculosus in a stubble field on clay. Less common habitats include chalk pits, bare soil and ant-hills in chalk and limestone grassland, a calcareous clay ditch bank, cultivated garden soil and woodland rides. It varies in quantity from year to year, being more abundant after a wet summer. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 750 m Asl.



This species is autoicous; capsules are abundant, maturing earlier than many autumnal ephemerals, from late August to November, occasionally into winter (Blockeelet al. 2014).",More intensive cultivation  and early ploughing of arable land are the main threats to this ephemeral annual shuttle species.,"This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Switzerland (where, however, it has not been recorded since 1909) and Romania, as Endangered in Norway and Slovakia, as Vulnerable in Germany and the Czech Republic, as Near Threatened in Sweden, Britain, Luxembourg and Hungary, as 'threatened' in Belgium, and as Data Deficient in Bulgaria. It is considered Regionally Extinct in Finland (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. Agricultural management to keep overwintering stubble fields should be encouraged in areas where this moss has been recorded.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Schröck, C.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G., Schröck, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Microbryum,fosbergii,,Microbryum fosbergii  ,"(E.B. Bartram) Ros, O. Werner &amp; Rams","Its taxonomic status is controversial, due to its great morphological similarity with Microbryum starckeanum (Hedw.) R.H.Zander, of which it differs basically by its cleistocarpic condition (Guerra et al. 2006).",No,NT,B2b(iii),No,NT,B2b(iii),EU28,,"

European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Microbryum fosbergii is only known from a few sites in Europe, specifically in Spain and Portugal. There are six known localities in Spain, and four in Portugal. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 36 km2), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to ongoing threats. The subpopulations are small, but the population size and trend cannot be estimated with any degree of accuracy without better data, therefore they are unknown. The majority of subpopulations are at risk due to the fragility of the habitat.

The main threats to this moss appear to be anthropogenic pressures, including habitat destruction and the increase of fire frequency or intensification, intensive agriculture (cattle) and tourism. As the result of its rarity, little is known about the ecology, population trend and threats. Therefore, further research and monitoring is required on the population size and trend, as well as on the threats. No specific conservation action is currently directed at this moss, but habitat protection is recommended.

",Unknown,"This species shows a highly disjunctive distribution in the temperate zones of the northern hemisphere. There are a few localities known in Europe, from Spain and Portugal, and a few in North America, in California and Mexico (Zander 2007). In Spain, this species is restricted to the southwest, in Sierra Morenaand its foothills (Badajoz, Córdoba and Sevilla provinces), where a total of six localities are known (Ros et al. 2012) and Portugal in Alto and Baixo Alentejo (Guerra et al. 2006, Ros et al. 2016) and the Algarve (R. Porley pers. comm 2018), with a total of four sites in the country.



Based on the recent available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 19,614 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 36 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 15 m to 500 m Asl.","In Portugal, from field observations, the plants are always found fertile but with very small subpopulations restricted to scattered individuals or in small patches, often in the vicinity of other ephemeral bryophytes. In the Algarve, this species covers only one or two square cm of ground. In Spain, it is only present in six localities where the subpopulations are also small.

  The population size and trend cannot be estimated with any degree of accuracy without better data, therefore they are unknown.","

This species grows in pioneer communities on siliceous, open, sunny, compacted and temporary humid to dry soils in Mediterranean climates and thermophilic conditions at low altitudes. The species also occurs on rocky soils in low scrub areas (matorral or garrigue). The Algarve subpopulation occurs on open sandy soil in an olive/carob grove by the Rio Guadiana.

","The main threats to this moss appear to be anthropogenic pressures, including habitat destruction and the increase of fire frequency or intensification, intensive agriculture (cattle) and tourism. Expansion of forest plantations and abnormal summer drought as a result of climate change may be also threats for this species in the future. There is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of this species' habitat.","Due to its small size and ephemeral life strategy, it may be under-recorded and further survey and research is needed. The plant is mentioned on the first Red List of the Iberian Peninsula (Sérgio et al. 2006) as Data Deficient (DD) as it was only very recently considered an Iberian species. In Portugal, the species is occurs within Parque Natural do Vale do Guadiana, and is also evaluated as DD here (Sérgio et al. 2013). In Spain, this species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012).

 

 

 

As the result of its rarity, little is known about the ecology, population trend and threats. Therefore, further research and monitoring is required on the population size and trend, as well as on the threats. No specific conservation action is currently directed at this moss, but habitat protection is recommended.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Laaka-Lindberg, S.,Englefield, E.","Sergio, C., Cano, M. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Microbryum,longipes,,Microbryum longipes  ,"(J. Guerra, J.J. Martínez &amp; Ros) R.H. Zander",,Yes,VU,"B1ab(iii,iv)+2ab(iii,iv); D1",Yes,VU,D1,EU28,,"Microbryum longipes is a Spanish endemic species, that shows a highly restricted distribution in the Iberian Peninsula. It is restricted to the southwestern area in Almería province and only known from six localities. Based on all available records, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated at 211 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 24 km2. More information on the current population size, and trend is needed, as they cannot be accurately estimated with the data available and without the implementation of a good monitoring programme. However, the current population trend is considered to be stable. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since the population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals).



The main threats to this moss are related to anthropogenic pressures, habitat destruction, the increase of fire frequency, intensification of cattle and tourism influences. This species has not been reported for more than 15 years with an insignificant number of reports. However, it can be hardly observed due to their small size and be almost imperceptible in recesses of the rocks, so it may be under-recorded. This species would benefit from additional site and habitat protection. In addition, further research on the taxonomy, ecology and threats to this species, and monitoring of habitat trends.

",Stable,"

This species is endemic to the southwestern area of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain), where it is known from six localities (four reported by Guerra et al. 1990 and two by García-Zamora et al. 1998).



The species was described based on specimens collected by Martínez and Ros in 1988 in Almería (Guerraet al. 1990). Casas (1995) reported it in Gerona (northeastern area of Spain). However, this specimen did not correspond to this species name according the revision for the Iberian bryophyte flora (Guerra et al. 2006),although its identity could not be established.



It was again detected in two new sites of Sierra Alhamilla, also in Almería mountains (García-Zamoraet al. 1998, Guerra et al.1991). So, the last collections in Spain date back to this last study.



Based on all available records, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated at 211 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 24 km2. The altitudinal range of this species varies from 180 m to 700 m asl.

","More information on the current population size, and trend is needed, as they cannot be accurately estimated with the data available and without the implementation of a good monitoring programme. However, the current population trend is considered to be stable, and the population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre of ground on which the species grows. 



This species occurs in small tufts or as scattered individuals in small quantities, with each subpopulation observed covering only a few cm2 of ground, forming slender spots, although in the vicinity of others ephemeral bryophytes.","

The habitats of the type material gathered in Almería consists of loamy-gypsum soils colonized by Stipa tenacissima and shrub vegetation, with Rosmarinus eriocalix, Salsola webbii and Helianthemum squamatum. The habitat of the records of García-Zamora et al. (1998) are in bases and fissures of rocks (sandy and loamy).



The species is terricolous xeric, but also growing in rocks crevices on low scrub areas. It grows in small patches, in more or less exposed situations of temporary humid soils. This species is not a good disperser as the capsule is cleistocarpic, has a particular life cycle, and it shows fluctuations in the population, that makes it vulnerable to specific threats.



According to Rivas-Martínezet al. (1977) the area where this species has been found is one of the more arid of the Mediterranean region (Murciano-Almeriense chorological province). The annual rainfall ranges from 250 to 350 mm, maximum temperatures range from 27 to 35 °C and minimum temperatures from 4 to 11 °C.



Mediterranean shrub and grasslands are very specific habitats which are already highly fragmented and subject to continuing and significant decline by touristic and others anthropogenic factors. 

","The main threats to this moss are related to anthropogenic pressures, habitat destruction, the increase of the fire frequency, intensification of cattle and tourism influences. In fact, some areas are already fragile due to tourism.



The species needs open and exposed conditions and there are declines from habitat evolution, mainly as consequence of increased vascular plant coverage. In addition, increasingly dry soils from global climatic changes and abnormal summer drought may be also threats for this species in the future.



As the result of its rarity, small size and ephemeral condition, little is known concerning all potential threats.","

No specific conservation action is directed at this moss and threats appear to be significant. However, due to the small size and annual character of this species, it is very difficult to locate and therefore it may be more frequent than it seems.



In the first Iberian Red List of bryophytes published (Sérgioet al. 2006) as well as in the recent Spanish Red List, this species was assessed as Vulnerable (VU) (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012).



The species is found in the Paraje Natural de Sierra Alhamilla and in the proximity of Parque Natural de Sorbas and Parque Natural Cabo de Gata-Níjar. Even so, this species would benefit from additional site and habitat protection. In addition, further research on the taxonomy, ecology and threats to this species, and monitoring of habitat trends.

",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Laaka-Lindberg, S.","Sergio, C. & Cano, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Microbryum,rectum,,Microbryum rectum  ,(With.) R.H. Zander,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Upright Pottia (Microbruym rectum) has a Mediterranean-Atlantic distribution and is found in western and southern Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite widespread in central and southern Europe, and there appears to be no continuing decline, even though the species is threatened by the abandonment of pastures and vegetational succession. It grows in both natural and disturbed habitats and, and although it is assessed as threatened in the Red Lists of some countries, no specific actions are currently required at the European level.",Stable,"The Upright Pottia (Microbruym rectum) has a Mediterranean-Atlantic distribution. It is found in western and southern Europe, North Africa, the Caucasus and southwestern Asia (Smith 2004, Hodgetts 2015, Guerra et al. 2017).","The population size is unknown. In Germany, the subpopulations are very small, and the species is threatened by the excessive growth of vascular plants and is therefore favoured by grazing (Moose Deutschland 2018). In general, this species is considered quite common and the current population trend is stable.","This is an annual shuttle species. It is a very small ephemeral moss that colonises bare base-rich soils in various habitats, such as pastures, olive groves, earthy rock ledges, quarries, limestone grassland, cliffs, banks and roadsides. It also occurs on cultivated land (Dierβen 2001, Smith 2004, Atherton et al. 2010, Lockhart et al. 2012). It is found from sea level up to 800 m Asl.","The threats to this species include the loss of calcareous grassland and vegetational succession, but there is no evidence of any significant continuing decline (Lockhart et al. 2012, Moose Deutschland 2018).",No direct conservation measures are necessary at present. The species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Kiebacher, T.,Englefield, E.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Microbryum,starckeanum,,Microbryum starckeanum  ,(Hedw.) R.H. Zander,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Microbryum starckeanum has a Submediterranean-Subatlantic distribution. Its distribution is not perfectly known because of its similarity to M. davallianum. It is known from central, western and southern Europe, including Macaronesia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is is widespread in the Mediterranean area, the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. Conservation measures are needed only at local level in some central and northern European countries.",Stable,"Microbryum starckeanum has a Submediterranean-Subatlantic distribution. Its distribution is not perfectly known because of its similarity to M. davallianum. It is known from central, western and southern Europe, including Macaronesia. Outside of Europe it is also found in North Africa, southwestern Asia, Mongolia, Australasia and western North America  (Smith 2004, Ignatov et al. 2006, Zhao et al. 2009, Lockhart et al. 2012, Hodgetts 2015).","The plants of this species are very small, gregarious and ephemeral. It is often difficult to define the distribution of this species because it is confused with other related species, but nevertheless it is widespread in central and southern Europe, becoming rare only in countries at the northern edge of its range - e.g., Germany (Smith 2004, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Lockhart et al. 2012). The current population trend is stable.","This is an annual shuttle species. It is halotolerant, and found on open ground in natural and semi-natural habitats, as well as in disturbed sites. It occurs on calcareous and sandy soils, in a variety of lowland habitats, such as arable land, orchards and olive groves, grassland, rocky slopes and cliffs, coastal banks, and occasionally on lead contaminated soil. In southern Europe it sometimes occurs on bare soil in urban areas (Dierβen 2001, Atherton et al. 2010). It is found from sea level up to 1,500 m Asl.",No significant threats are known to affect this species.,"Although it is rare in some regions, it is more abundant in southern Europe and it is a resilient specie there, adapted to disturbed environments and readily colonising new sites. In areas where it is rare, site management actions should be implemented. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Kiebacher, T.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,LEUCOBRYACEAE,Microcampylopus,laevigatus,,Microcampylopus laevigatus  ,(Thér.) Giese &amp; J.-P.Frahm,,No,NT,B2b(iii),No,NT,B2b(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

  The acrocarpous moss Microcampylopus laevigatus is known from Macaronesia (Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands), although the records are unevenly distributed among the three archipelagos. This species can be found on soil, mostly in native vegetation, dominated either by Erica or Juniperus, or in clearances and even on secondary roadsides. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (known area of occupancy (AOO) is 276 km2), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat due to ongoing threats; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. The habitat is declining due to increasing distribution of invasive alien species in the Azores, habitat eutrophication resulting from the intensification of overstocking and grazing activities, and climate change, with increasing temperature and loss of precipitation. Since the Azores are located on the mid-Atlantic ridge, they are also prone to the effects of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes with deleterious effects on the existing subpopulations. Proper management of the habitat is recommended, focusing on the impacts of climate change and exotic species, and minimizing nitrification of the soil and aquifers. Further research is needed on the population size and habitat, especially on the Canary Islands and Madeira.",Decreasing,"The moss Microcampylopus laevigatus   is an element from Central and Eastern Africa, also in Southeast Asia (Frahm 1995,   2012). In Europe, the moss is restricted to Macaronesia (Azores, Madeira,   Canary Islands) (Hill et al. 2006),   although it is known from a single locality in the Canary Islands (Dirkse et al. 1993) and the reports from   Madeira Island are from before 1962 (Ros et   al. 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 387,000 km2 and its known area of   occupancy (AOO) is just 276 km2.","This species is currently known from eight of the nine Azorean Islands   (Gabriel et al. 2010, 2011),   Madeira Island (Sérgio et al. 2008) and from a single site in La Palma (Canary Islands), collected   in 1990 (Dirkse et al. 1993). In   Madeira Island the reports have more than 50 years (Ros et al. 2013) and the species is considered Vulnerable in that   archipelago (Sim-Sim et al. 2014).   In the Azores, where the species is registered in ca 30 sites, some plants   were fertile. The current population trend is suspected to be decreasing, due   to the effects of habitat degradation, spread of invasive alien species and   climate change on native vegetation (Ferreira et al. 2016, Patiño et al. 2016, Vergílio et al. 2016).","This moss can   mostly be found growing on wet soil along banks and slopes (Giese and Frahm 1985), although it was also found growing on rocks and as epiphyte   (e.g., Sjögren 1978). In Macaronesia it occurs from ca 200 m (Flores Island)   to ca 1,000 m Asl (Terceira Island), in natural forests, stream banks and in   mesic areas on the lower part of the islands. In the Azores it was also   collected at cave entrances in several islands.","Although this species is not confined to native Macaronesian forests,   this is still its main habitat of occurrence (Gabriel et al. 2011), sometimes found also in natural glades or   clearings of that community (Sjögren 1978). Thus, the major threats to this   species may arise from the degradation of its habitat. There is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat due   to the increasing distribution of invasive alien species (such as Hedychium gardnerianum (Zingiberaceae)   and Pittosporum undulatum   (Pittosporaceae)) in the Azores (Silva et   al. 2008), habitat eutrophication resulting from the intensification of   overstocking and grazing activities, and climate change, with increasing   temperature and loss of precipitation (e.g., Patiño et al. 2016). Since the Azores are located on the mid-Atlantic   ridge, they are also prone to the effects of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes with   deleterious effects on the existing subpopulations.","There are   no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas in   the Azores and Madeira archipelagos. This species was assessed as Vulnerable both in Madeira (Sim-Sim et   al. 2014) and in the Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 1991). Proper management of the   habitat is recommended, focusing on the impacts of climate change and exotic   species, and minimizing nitrification of the soil and aquifers. Further   research is needed on the population size and habitat, especially on the Canary   Islands and Madeira.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Cronberg, N.,Englefield, E.","Gabriel, R. & Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Microeurhynchium,pumilum,,Microeurhynchium pumilum  ,(Wilson) Ignatov &amp; Vanderp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Microeurhynchium pumilum is a submediterranean-subatlantic species. In Europe it appears in southern, western and central Europe, and in Macaronesia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. In addition, at the European level there are no major known threats. In Austria, benign introduction may be studied and considered in the future.",Stable,"Microeurhynchium pumilum is a submediterranean-subatlantic species (Smith 2004, Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe it appears in southern, western and central Europe, and in Macaronesia (Hodgetts 2015). The species is also present in North Africa and Southwest Asia and was introduced to Australia (Blockeel et al. 2014).","This is a perennial species (Dierssen 2001), forming dull green mats (Smith 2004). The species is dioicous and capsules are infrequent in Great Britain, maturing from November to March (Blockeel et al. 2014). In the Iberian Peninsula the species is widespread (Casas et al. 2006) and is also considered frequent or common in Wales and the southern half of England (Smith 2004).The overall population size is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable.","This species grows in deeply shaded soil in woodland, on hedge banks, by streams and ditches, in chalk pits and on basic rocks, also spreading onto tree boles and exposed roots (Smith 2004). In Great Britain and Ireland, it is typical of lowlands (Smith 2004, Blockeel et al. 2014) but in the Iberian Peninsula it may also be found on montante areas (Casas et al. 2006).","Even though this species may be locally threatened (e.g., in Norway, Sweden, Slovakia, Switzerland, Bulgaria, Romania), at the European level there are no major threats to this widespread species. Since it is found on soil and over stones in woodland and on sheltered banks (Smith 2004), it may be sensitive to climate change, wildfires and changes in water regimes.","This species is known to occur in protected areas and is listed in the following national Red Lists: Austria as Extinct; Sweden and Romania as Critically Endangered; Norway, Slovakia and Bulgaria as Endangered; Switzerland as Vulnerable; the Canary Islands and Hungary as Near Threatened; Czech Republic as Data Deficient (Hodgetts 2015). In Austria, benign introduction may be studied and considered in the future.","The species is not used or traded commercially.

","Rumsey, F.,Cálix, M.","Gabriel, R.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,LEJEUNEACEAE,Microlejeunea,ulicina,,Microlejeunea ulicina  ,(Taylor) Stephani,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Fairy Beads (Microlejeunea ulicina) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and its presumably stable (or possibly locally increasing) population trend, especially in western Europe. It may be under-recorded. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It is known to occur in protected areas across Europe.",Stable,"This minute suboceanic temperate liverwort is locally common in oceanic areas, and scattered throughout southern and western Europe, extending from Macaronesia and the Mediterranean through central Europe to Norway (Paton 1999). Elsewhere it has been recorded from Korea, Japan, the Himalayas, south-eastern Asia and eastern North America. (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","Although absent from many eastern areas, the population size of this species is large, and the trend is considered to be stable. It may even be increasing in some areas.

","This tiny plant is epiphytic on the trunks and lower branches of trees including birch, alder, oak, beech and willow, less common on rowan, hazel, ash, elm, and occasional on sycamore, rhododendron, apple, field maple, elder, hawthorn, blackthorn, privet and pine in woods, ravines, gullies and swamp carrs, and by roadsides and in hedges (Atherton et al. 2010). It is often associated with Frullania dilatata, Metzgeria furcata and Ulota spp. It also grows on stems of heather and gorse, and has been recorded with Metzgeria violacea on the leaves of Hedera hibernica and on the bracket fungus Trametes hirsuta in Hampstead Heath in central London. More rarely it colonises shaded, mildly basic or acid rocks in ravines, sheltered rocks by the sea, and peaty banks on damp, rocky slopes (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-1,060 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Czech Republic (Critically Endangered), Austria (Endangered), Italy (Vulnerable), Portugal (Vulnerable), Germany (Vulnerable) and Luxembourg (Vulnerable) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas across its range.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Ignatova, E.,Englefield, E.,Konstantinova, N.","Sabovljevic, M.","Schnyder, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,EPHEMERACEAE,Micromitrium,tenerum,,Micromitrium tenerum  ,(Bruch &amp; Schimp.) Crosby,,No,EN,"B2ab(iii)c(iii,iv)",No,EN,"B2ab(iii)c(iii,iv)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



The Millimetre Moss (Micromitrium tenerum) is a rare and minute suboceanic temperate moss known in Europe from southern Sweden south to Spain, Portugal and Montenegro, but nowhere common: it seems to be most frequent in central Germany. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 156 km² in Europe, and only slightly smaller in the EU 28), it showsextreme fluctuations in the number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. The extreme fluctuations are partly because of its life strategy, but also because its habitat is rendered increasingly unavailable by stabilisation of water levels in reservoirs, meaning that some years it may be locally abundant, while in others it may not occur at all.



This species has apparently declined in some areas due to the loss of suitable ponds, inappropriate management, and hydropower development. Some larger bodies of water have had their water levels stabilised, which means that the margins are exposed less frequently. A more recent threat is the growth of Pygmyweed (Crassula helmsii) on pond and reservoir margins. Known sites should be monitored for the presence of this species when conditions are right. At least some of the best sites should be managed to ensure a regular exposure of mud so that its life cycle can be completed on a regular basis.",Unknown,"The Millimetre Moss (Micromitrium tenerum) is a rare and minute suboceanic temperate moss known in Europe from southern Sweden south to Spain, Portugal and Montenegro, but nowhere common: it seems to be most frequent in central Germany. Outside Europe the species is known from India, Japan, central and eastern Asia, eastern North America, British Columbia, Central America, West Indies, Brazil, Africa (reported from Bioko and Zimbabwe) and New Zealand (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 176 km² (and only slightly smaller in the EU 28), and its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 3 million km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown, as it is so rare and sporadic in appearance. It has apparently declined in some areas because of habitat loss (e.g., in Sweden, as a result of hydro-power development) and inappropriate management, but it is difficult to be certain. The population size is very hard to estimate. However, the species is known from very few sites: from 2-3 sites in the UK, ca 8 sites in the Netherlands, and 4-5 sites in Belgium. It is subject to extreme fluctuations, partly because of its life strategy, but also because its habitat is rendered increasingly unavailable by stabilisation of water levels in reservoirs, meaning that some years it may be locally abundant, while in others it may not occur at all.

","This minute moss occupies a specialised niche, on non-calcareous mud and clay exposed in drying ponds, the draw-down zone of reservoirs and in ditches, in the inundation zone of rivers (in Sweden), growing with Fossombronia wondraczekii, Riccia cavernosa, R. huebeneriana, Physcomitrella patens, Pseudephemerum nitidum, and less regularly Atrichumtenellum,Bryumargenteum,B.bicolor,Funariahygrometrica,DicranellacerviculataandDitrichumcylindricum. Like many other species of its habitat, it is sporadic in occurrence and may remain dormant as spores for long periods. Its altitudinal range is from 20 m up to 600 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).



It is autoicous; capsules are abundant, normally mature in autumn when suitable habitat is available, but potentially at other times. The  spores are probably able to survive for many years in submerged mud. Viable spores have been found at depths of >20 cm in the mud  of fish-ponds in Germany.





","This species has apparently declined in some areas due to the  loss of suitable ponds, inappropriate management, and hydropower development. Some larger bodies of water have had their water levels stabilised, which means that the margins are exposed less frequently. A more recent  threat is the growth of Pygmyweed (Crassula helmsii) on pond and reservoir  margins.","Known sites should be monitored for the presence of this species when conditions are right. At least some of the best sites should be managed to ensure a regular exposure of mud so that its life cycle can be completed on a regular basis. This species is considered rare and threatened more or less throughout its European range and has been assessed as Endangered in Sweden, Britain, Germany and Spain, as Data Deficient in Portugal, and as 'susceptible' in the Netherlands (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Erzberger, P.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Lönnell, N., Rothero, G., Untereiner, A. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Mielichhoferia,elongata,,Mielichhoferia elongata  ,(Hoppe &amp; Hornsch.) Nees &amp; Hornsch.,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Elongate Copper-moss (Mielichhoferia elongata) is a suboceanic boreal-montane species that is found in Svalbard, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Britain, Italy, France, Spain, Switzerland and Austria. The species is assessed as Vulnerable since it is estimated that there are fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe and in the EU 28. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows.  This species is naturally very rare, restricted to certain metal-rich rocks. Even though it has a restricted range and the population is severely fragmented, there is no evidence of a continuing decline. Many of the sites where it occurs are protected by their remoteness. This metallophyte species should be secure providing that its sites are protected from disturbance. Periodic monitoring of some subpopulations is recommended.",Stable,"The Elongate Copper-moss (Mielichhoferia elongata) is a suboceanic boreal-montane species that is found in Svalbard, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Britain, Italy (including Sicily), France (Alps, where there have, however, been no recent observations), Spain (Pyrenees), Switzerland and Austria. Elsewhere it is scattered and rare in Tajikistan, eastern Siberia, and North America from the Arctic south to California and Colorado (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 328 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4.6 million km².","This species is very local and rare throughout its range. In Austria it is not declining and the three subpopulations in the UK remain stable too. In Switzerland it is rare and stable. In Scandinavia it experienced an historical decline, but its overall trend seems to be stable. Considering that there are between 5 and 6 individual-equivalents in the smallest localities, and around 20 in the largest, the population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. It is a long-lived species and the population is considered severely fragmented since its habitat is very rare and specific, and it is not a good disperser (even though it produces sporophytes sometimes). The small and isolated subpopulations may therefore go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.



","This is metallophyte of strongly acid (pH 2.7–4.2), regularly irrigated rocks, rich in copper and other heavy-metal sulphides. The rocks are, however, often sun-exposed and may dry out to some extent in the summer. In Austria it is found under overhangs and in dry crevices (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). Associates may include Mielichhoferia mielichhoferiana, Gymnocolea inflata, Gymnomitrion concinnatum, Pohlia cruda and P. longicolla. In the best Scottish subpopulation, it is locally common on calcopyritic, metamorphosed rock and is associated with G. inflata and Grimmia atrata. At its English site, in Yorkshire, it occurs on vertical faces of shale in a series of narrow, steep gullies with constantly trickling streams. It penetrates the fissures through which water percolates, and may help to stabilise the surface (Blockeel et al. 2014, ArtDatabanken 2015). Its altitudinal range is from 100 m up to 2,040 m Asl. 



It is dioicous; capsules are occasionally abundant. Vegetative propagation occurs through detached tufts and fragmentation of the fragile stems.

","The main threat to this species is from mining activities, as it grows on metal-rich rocks. However it can grow on secondary habitats such as quarries. Many of the sites where it occurs are protected by their remoteness. There is a view that sporophyte production in the UK (and perhaps elsewhere) has suffered as a consequence of the preferential sampling of fruiting, therefore sexually mixed patches. With fewer spores produced, the species is at greater risk of loss through stochastic processes as it cannot colonise other sites (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2017).","This metallophyte species should be secure providing that its sites are protected from disturbance. Periodic monitoring of some subpopulations is recommended. It is known to occur in protected areas, and it has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Finland, and as Vulnerable in Sweden, Britain, Spain and Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). There have been no recent observations in the French Alps (Charvoutier and Hugonnot 2013).",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Lara, F.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Mielichhoferia,mielichhoferiana,,Mielichhoferia mielichhoferiana  ,(Funck) Loeske,,No,NT,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



The Alpine Copper-moss (Mielichhoferia mielichhoferiana) is a very rare boreal-montane metallophyte species. It grows mainly in the mountains of Scandinavia, the Alps and Pyrenees, with outlying occurrences elsewhere in Germany, the Czech Republic and Italy. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe since it is estimated that there are slightly more than 1,000 individual-equivalents (but fewer than 1,500); thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion D. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. However, there are almost certainly fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents within the EU 28, and the species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable at this geographic level. This is a naturally very rare species restricted to certain metal-rich  rocks, but the current population trend is stable, and most subpopulations are protected by the remoteness of the sites where they occur. The species should be secure providing that its sites are protected from disturbance. Periodic monitoring of some subpopulations is recommended.",Stable,"The Alpine Copper-moss (Mielichhoferia mielichhoferiana) is a very rare boreal-montane metallophyte species. It growsmainly in the mountains of Scandinavia, the Alps and Pyrenees, with outlying occurrences elsewhere in Germany, the Czech Republic and Italy (including Sicily).Its distribution is complicated by historical confusion with M. elongata, and also hybridisation with that species (Shaw 1994). The British record may have been of a hybrid (Hodgetts 2016). There are only old or unverified records from Bulgaria, Macedonia and Slovenia.Elsewhere it occurs inAfrica, Asiaand North America (ArtDatabanken 2016). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 388 km² (ca. 180 km² in the EU28), and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 4 million km².","The species is overall stable and more frequent than M. elongata (except in Sweden). It can roughly be estimated that there are around five to ten individual-equivalents per site. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. It is estimated that there are slightly more than 1,000 individual-equivalents (and probably fewer than 1,500) in Europe. However, in the EU 28, there are most likely fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents. The species produces sporophytes and it is less specific in its habitat requirements. Its population is not considered to be severely fragmented.","This metallophyte speciesgrowsincrevicesof easily weathered rocks withvery high levels ofcopperandother heavy metals, from rocks in birch woodland up to the alpine zone. It is often insomewhat lessexposedplaces thanMielichhoferia elongata (a frequent associate), on periodicallywetrocks.The substrate hasa low pH,owing to a highsulphur content, and may also be associated withCephaloziella divaricata, Coscinodon cribrosus, Gymnocolea inflata,Gymnomitrion concinnatum, Pohlia cruda andP. longicolla. It is able to colonize fresh rock surfaces but disappears with excessive shading and progressive succession, so relies to some extent on new rock surfaces becoming exposed (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, ArtDatabanken 2015). Its altitudinal range is from 300 m up to 3,000 m Asl.","The main threat to this species is from mining activities, as it grows  on metal-rich rocks, although it can also grow on secondary artificial habitats and many subpopulations are protected by their remoteness.","This metallophyte species should be secure providing that its sites are  protected from disturbance. Periodic monitoring of some subpopulations  is recommended. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Finland,  Portugal and the Czech Republic, as Endangered in Sweden, as Vulnerable in Bulgaria and Switzerland, and as Data Deficient in Britain and Slovenia (Hodgetts 2015). There have  been no recent observations in the French Alps (Charvoutier and Hugonnot 2013) but it still occurs in the Pyrenees.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Denyer, J.,Cálix, M.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CALYPOGEIACEAE,Mnioloma,fuscum,,Mnioloma fuscum  ,(Lehm.) R.M. Schust.,,No,VU,C2a(i),No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) 



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) 



In Europe, Mnioloma fuscum occurs only in the Azores (six of the nine islands), in Portugal. This liverwort is assessed as Vulnerable since it is estimated that there are fewer than 10,000 individual-equivalents, each subpopulation has fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents, and it is presumed that there is a continuing decline in the population. This species has a narrow ecological tolerance and its current population trend is believed to be decreasing due to the effects of climate change on native vegetation affecting bryophytes. This species is very sensitive to habitat degradation, which is occurring mainly due to the spread of invasive alien species, the increase in tourism and recreational activities and also the building of secondary roads. Land use change, particularly at the margins of its natural habitat, either to increase grasslands or to plant exotic tree species, is also a threat. Recent studies modelling the possible effects of climate change on Macaronesian endemic bryophytes in native vegetation suggest that species like this liverwort will also suffer a decline. Proper management of the habitat is strongly recommended, focusing on protection against invasive alien species, working against clear-cutting of areas around native forests, and limiting nitrification caused (directly or indirectly) by cattle grazing. Further research is recommended into population size and trend, ecology and threats to this species.",Decreasing,"In Europe, Mnioloma fuscum occurs only in the Azores (six of the nine islands) (Gabriel et al. 2010). It occurs in Flores, Faial, Pico, São Jorge, Terceira and São Miguel. In spite of being present on the three geographic groups of islands (eastern, central and western), its narrow ecological tolerance implies serious restrictions to its range. Elsewhere it is a species of sub-Saharan Africa. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at ca 19,900 km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 188 km2.","In Europe, this small liverwort is currently recorded from six Azorean islands (Gabriel et al. 2010), but it has not been seen in Flores since its first record (Buch and Persson 1941). Since this species seems to be restricted to the Juniperion brevifoliae association (Sjögren 1973, 1978) and has a narrow ecological tolerance (Gabriel et al. 2011), its current population trend is presumed to be decreasing due to the effects of climate change on native vegetation affecting bryophytes (Ferreira et al. 2016). It is a colonist, growing mainly on trees (as an epiphyte), although sometimes also on boulders. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one tree or boulder on which the species grows. It is estimated that there are fewer than 10,000 individual-equivalents of this species in Europe, and that each subpopulation has fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents.","This species is mostly found in native forest habitats, either mature or impoverished, being considered a species with a narrow ecological tolerance (Gabriel et al. 2011). It is considered a characteristic species of the Juniperion brevifoliae association (Sjögren 1973, 1978). It usually grows on Juniperus brevifolia bark, but it may also be found on boulders with a thin layer of humus, usually in very humid and sheltered places (Gabriel et al. 2011). It may be found from 475 m to 1,075 m Asl, preferring altitudes above 750 m Asl (Gabriel et al. 2011). The species is dioicous or autoicous, but fertile plants are extremely rare in the Azores (Homem and Gabriel 2008).","This species is very sensitive to habitat degradation, which is occurring mainly due to the spread of invasive alien species (especially Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum), the increase in tourism and recreational activities and also the building of secondary roads. Land use change (e.g., Triantis et al. 2010), particularly at the margins of its natural habitat, either to increase grasslands or to plant exotic tree species (e.g., Cryptmomeria japonica), is also a threat. Recent studies modelling the possible effects of climate change on Macaronesian endemic bryophytes in native vegetation (Ferreira et al. 2016, Patiño et al. 2016) suggest that species like this liverwort will also suffer a decline. Since the Azores are located on the mid-Atlantic ridge, geological events such as volcanoes, earthquakes and landslides are likely to harm existing subpopulations of the species.","This species and its habitat should be protected by international, national and regional laws, but there are at present no specific conservation measures in place. It occurs in five natural parks in the Azores. Even though Macaronesian native forests are recognized as important habitats in the EU Habitats Directive (EEC 1992), in the Azores these are restricted to very small areas surrounded by a humanized landscape, so natural corridors and buffer areas would benefit this species. Proper management of the habitat is strongly recommended, focusing on protection against invasive alien species such as Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum, working against clear-cutting of areas around native forests, and limiting nitrification caused (directly or indirectly) by cattle grazing. Biology and nature conservation students should be made aware of bryophytes in general and rare species in particular. Further research is recommended into population size and trend, ecology and threats to this species.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Hedenäs, L.,Cálix, M.","Gabriel, R., Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Mnium,blyttii,,Mnium blyttii  ,Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Mnium blytii is distributed mostly within sparsely populated arctic regions. In Europe, this species has a wide geographic range, with a large extent of occurrence (EOO), of around 7 million km2. In the arctic regions, there are numerous known subpopulations of this species, and the overall current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. This species is mostly found within sparsely populated areas, where there are not many threats. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

However, in the mountains of central and southeastern Europe, this species is known mainly by old records and its subpopulations are isolated and may be at risk. Possible threats to this species include the mechanical wear of soil and bedrock, climate change and the exploitation of oil and gas fields. Further research of distribution, population size, trends and threats of this species is needed. Where the subpopulations are isolated, they may need protection.",Stable,"In Europe, this circumpolar arcto-alpine species is known from Iceland, Svalbard, Fennoscandia, arctic regions of European Russia, including Novaya Zemlya and Polar Urals. Also, isolated localities have been found from the Tatra mountains, the southern Carpathians and the Rhodope mountains. Some findings were made recently (Afonina et al. 2007). Elsewhere, it is distributed in Siberia, the Russian Far East (the polar regions, southern Taimyr, the mountains of southern Siberia, the central part of Yakutia and the Magadan Province), North America and Greenland (Savicz-Ljubitzkaja and Smirnova 1970, Ignatov et al. 2006, Shljakov and Konstantinova 1982, Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 1,900 m Asl.

The presence in the Czech Republic is uncertain because the historical occurrence of this species could not be confirmed with sufficient certainty(Váňa 1998, Kučera et al. 2012). It was known only from theHrubý Jeseník mountains of Eastern Sudetes, but the specimens collected by Limpricht (1883) and Podpěra (1906) are missing in herbarium. A recent occurrence of this species in this locality is not confirmed in spite of detailed research in this area (J. Váňa pers. comm. 2017).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 7 million km2.

","In the arctic regions, there are numerous known subpopulations of this species. This species is locally common in Sweden. In the mountains of central and southeastern Europe, this species is known mainly by old records (Vajda 1975, Váňa 1998) and its subpopulations are isolated and may be at risk. This species is rare in Finland, Slovakia and Romania. However, the overall current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows in moist and shaded habitats on calcium-rich soil and humus in rock crevices and ledges of limestone and slates rocks, as well as between rocks and boulders, on calcareous rock outcrops, in boulder fields, in alpine meadows and wetlands and in arctic deserts.

","This species is mostly found within sparsely populated areas, where there are not many threats. Nevertheless, the possible threat to this species may be mechanical wear of soil and bedrock due to activities such as trampling and driving in the terrain. In addition, climate change and the predicted global warming (Rassi et al. 2010) and exploitation of oil and gas fields may also be threats to this species.","This species is assessed as Near Threatened (N) in the Red List of Finland, as Data Deficient (DD) in Slovakia, as Vulnerable (VU) in Bulgaria and as Critically Endangered (CR) in Romania (Rassi et al. 2010, Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012, Kubinská et al. 2001, Natcheva et al. 2006). A lot of subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Further research of population size and trends of this species is needed, as well as threats. Where the subpopulations are isolated, they may need protection.",This species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Ingerpuu, N.,Hodgetts, N.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Mnium,heterophyllum,,Mnium heterophyllum  ,(Hook.) Schwägr.,,No,RE,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Regionally Extinct (RE)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE) 



In Europe,Mnium heterophyllum was found once from a single locality in the Tula province of Russia. However, no additional specimens of this species have been found at the site since 1890, despite the species being repeatedly searched for. The possible threats to this species, if it is still present in the area, are changes in moisture and light conditions in the forest communities due to timber harvesting. It is assessed as Regionally Extinct in Europe, although further research on the distribution and population size of this species is needed.

This species is not present within the EU 28 region and therefore it is Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"This is an Eurasian species, that is mainly distributed in eastern Asia, specifically Japan, China, Taiwan, India, Nepal and Pakistan. Isolated localities have been found in the mountains of the Caucasus (Adygea and Karachaevo-Cherkessia), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, southern Siberia (Khamar-Daban ridge) and the Russian Far East (Ignatov et al. 2006, Akatova 2013, Doroshina and Shilnikov 2011).

In Europe, the species is only known from one record collected from the Russian province of Tula in 1890 (Zinger 1893, Lazarenko 1940, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003). The validity of the specimen has been confirmed by Timo Koponen (M. Ignatov pers. comm. 2017), although it has not been found again recently.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of the species are both estimated to be around 4 km2. The species was found at an altitude of 200 m Asl. This species is not found within the EU 28 region.","There is no available information on the population size and trend of this species. It was found once in Tula, Russia but it has not been recorded since 1890 despite the species being repeatedly searched for (M. Ignatov pers. comm. 2017). It is not present within the EU 28 region.",This species was found on stones and soil in the temperate broad-leaved forests.,The possible threats to this species are changes in moisture and light conditions in the forest communities due to timber harvesting.,"This species was found within a protected area, but it has not been included in any national or regional Red Lists. Further research on the distribution and population size of this species is needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Ros-Espín, R.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Mnium,hornum,,Mnium hornum  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Swan's-neck Thyme-moss (Mnium hornum) is known from many localities and is one of most frequent Mnium species in north, western and central Europe. In Europe, this species has large geographic range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 12 million km2. In the EU 28, this species is widely distributed in south of Sweden and Finland, as well as in many other EU 28 countries. Numerous subpopulations of this species are known and the overall current population trend of this species is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, a possible threat to this species may be the reduction of forest areas due to timber harvesting and recreation activity, such as trampling. Even so, no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"In Europe, this species has a western and slightly sub-oceanic distribution. It is quite frequent in southern Scandinavia, western and central Europe, as well as in the Baltic countries and the Iberian Peninsula. The isolated localities are known in adjacent areas of Russia and Belarus, in the mountains of Mediterranean region, in the Carpathians and in Crimea. Elsewhere, it is known from Macaronesia, northern Africa (Algeria, Tunisia), Turkey, the Caucasus, Middle Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan) and North America (Fuertes and Acón 1999, Ignatov et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). It has previously been reported from eastern Asia, but these specimens should refer to another species, M. orientale (Wyatt et al. 1997). 

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 12 million km2. The altitudinal range of this species is from sea level to 1,900 m Asl.","Numerous subpopulations of this species are known. The species is frequently fertile. In western and central Europe, this species appears be stable, and the overall current population trend of this species is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. This species is known from many localities and is one of most frequent Mnium species in northern, western and central Europe.","This species is mostly found in boreal and temperate regions where it grows in wet shaded habitats on acidic substrates. For example, on humus, acidic clay, peaty soils, sandstone, the floor of coniferous forests, on old logs and stumps, on soil-covered acidic rocks and on wet ground along springs, streams and lakes. In very humid conditions, it may ascend some distance up tree trunks and along large mossy branches. On calcareous soils, it prefers rotting wood and pockets of leached ground. It is not confined to woodlands and also occurs in rough acidic grasslands and marshes. In sub-arctic regions, it has been found in tundra, and damp roadside ditches (NISM 2017, Blockeel et al. 2014, Konstantinova et al. 2014).","A possible threat to this species may be the reduction of forest areas due to timber harvesting and recreation activity, such as trampling (Tzvelev 2000).","This species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in the Red Lists of Sicily and Hungary, and is also assessed in two regions of Russia; Murmansk Province (3 – rare species) and Leningrad Province (3) (Tzvelev 2000, Campisi et al. 2002, Papp et al. 2010, Konstantinova et al. 2014). A lot of the known subpopulations occur within protected areas. No conservation measures are required at present.",This species is not used or traded.,"Denyer, J.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Mnium,lycopodioides,,Mnium lycopodioides  ,Schwägr.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Mnium lycopodioides is found in many European countries. This forest species has a scattered but wide distribution in Sweden, Finland, and some other EU 28 countries in west, central and southeastern Europe. In Europe, this species has large geographic range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of around 8 million km2. Numerous subpopulations of this species are known and this species is slightly overlooked. In both Europe and the EU 28, the number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) seems to be more than 1,000 and the current population trend is considered to be stable. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in Great Britain, Bulgaria and Romania. The possible threat to this species may be changes in humidity and light conditions of habitats due to timber harvesting, recreational activities such as trampling and a reduction of old-growth forests areas. It should be noted that the distribution and ecology of this species is not sufficiently studied, because the sterile plants of this species cannot easily be distinguished from M. marginatum. Therefore, further research of the distribution, population size, trend and ecology of this species is needed.",Stable,"In Europe, this circumpolar, boreal-montane species is distributed in Fennoscandia, the adjacent areas of Russia and Lithuania, in the mountains of central and southeastern Europe, the Pyrenees, the Apennines, the Urals and Timan Ridge. Isolated localities are known from Ukraine, Belarus and the boreal zone of the East European Plain. Recently, this species was confirmed for Greece (Tsakiri 2009). Elsewhere, it is distributed in the Caucasus, Turkey, Middle Asia, Siberia, the Russian Far East, the Himalayas, China, Taiwan, Japan and North America (Ignatov et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between sea level and 2,400 m Asl.

It should be noted that the distribution and ecology of this species is not sufficiently studied, because the sterile plants of this species cannot easily be distinguished from M. marginatum (Ignatov and Ignatova 2003). Probably, this species is slightly overlooked.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 8 million km2.","Numerous subpopulations of this species are known. The species is often fertile. In both the EU 28 and Europe, the number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and with 1 m2 used as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) seems to be more than 1,000 (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). The current population trend in both regions is considered to be stable.

","This species grows in shaded and humid forest habitats on weakly acidic to basic substrates, such as on damp soil near brooks, rivers and lakes, on forest floors, on bare soil of slopes and landslides, on fine-grained soil over acidic humid rock outcrops, between boulders and in small caves at the base of crags. Also, it has been found in anthropogenic habitats, such as on walls and in cemeteries, and on bridges near water (Grims 1999, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Kučera 2004, Martinčič 2009, Blockeel et al. 2014).","The possible threats to this species may be changes in humidity and light conditions of habitats due to timber harvesting, recreational activities such as trampling and a reduction of old-growth forests areas. In Austria, there are no real threats to this species (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017).

","This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) in Luxembourg, as Near Threatened (NT) in Switzerland and Hungary, and as Vulnerable (VU) in Great Britain, Bulgaria and Romania (Werner 2016,Schnyder et al. 2004,Papp et al. 2010, Natcheva et al. 2006, Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012), as well as in the Udmurt Republic of Russia (4 – DD) (Baranova 2012). A lot of subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Further research of the distribution, population size, trends and ecology of this species is needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.,Puche, F.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Mnium,marginatum,,Mnium marginatum  ,(Dicks. ex With.) P.Beauv.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Bordered Thyme-moss (Mnium marginatum) has a scattered distribution in Europe. This species has large geographic range in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of around 12 million km2. In the EU 28, this species also has a wide distribution and a large EOO, estimated to be around 5.5 million km2. In both regions, there are numerous known subpopulations of this species and the current population trend seems to be stable. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

Possible threats to this species in some areas may be mining (limestone quarrying) and the reduction of forest areas due to timber harvesting (Bogdanov et al. 2013). Further research of population size and trends of this species is needed.",Stable,"In Europe, this circumpolar species has a scattered distribution, mostly in the mountainous regions and in the plains areas with alkaline rock outcrops. It occurs from arctic to forest-steppe zones and it is found north to Svalbard and south to the Apennines and the Aegean Islands. In European Russia, it is more frequent in the Central Russian Upland, the Volga Upland and in the Urals. Elsewhere, it was found in northern Africa, the Caucasus, Turkey, Iran, Middle Asia, China, India, Taiwan, Siberia, the Russian Far East and North America south to Guatemala (Ignatov et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species is from sea level to 2,700 m Asl.

The occurrence of this species in Portugal is still uncertain (Sérgio and Carvalho 2003). There are two varieties of this species - M. marginatum var. marginatum section Stellariformia, which has a wide distribution, and diociousM. marginatum var. dioicum (M. marginatum var. riparium) (Hill et al. 2006), which is mostly found in the western part of Europe. 

This species has a wide geographic range. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 12 million km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 5.5 million km2.","Numerous subpopulations of this species are known. Usually, it occurs as separate shoots among other bryophytes (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). In the Alps, the subpopulations of this species are not small (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017), while in the Mari El Republic (central Russia), it is estimated that there are less than 10 individual-equivalents in each of the three localities (considered as mature individuals, and with 1 m2 used as a proxy for one individual-equivalent) (Bogdanov et al. 2013). In the Southern Urals, this species is not common and the subpopulations are not large (E. Baisheva pers. comm. 2017). The current population trend seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows in areas with limestone and other base-rich bedrocks, in shaded and moderately humid habitats in forests, floodplains and forested ravines. It grows on rocky outcrops, in rock crevices, on ledges and soil-covered boulders, on calcium rich soil near tree bases and on bare sandy soil (NISM 2017, Grims 1999, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Blockeel et al. 2014). In Great Britain, the plants of M. marginatum var. dioicum have a strong tendency to occur on sandy or silty soil on stream banks, but the habitat difference is not a clear distinction (Blockeel et al. 2014).","The possible threats to this species may be mining (limestone quarrying) and the reduction of forest areas due to timber harvesting (Bogdanov et al. 2013). In the Alps, there are no real threats to this species (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). In Germany, there are no threats to this species in the whole area of the country (Meinunge and Schröder 2007).","This species is included in the Red Lists of Germany (V), and Mari El Republic of Central Russia (3 – rare species) (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996, Bogdanov et al. 2013). A lot of known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Further research of population size and trends of this species is needed.

",This species is not used or traded.,"Vanderpoorten, A.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Mnium,spinosum,,Mnium spinosum  ,(Voit) Schwägr.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Spinose Thyme-moss (Mnium spinosum) is distributed in arctic, boreal and mountain regions. It is quite frequent in northern Fennoscandia, in the mountains of central Europe and the Carpathians. In Europe, this species has large range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 11 million km2. In the EU 28, this forest species has wide distribution and is quite frequent in Sweden, Austria, and some other EU 28 countries in central and south-eastern Europe. Numerous subpopulations of this species are known, and the overall current population trend seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

Possible threats to this forest species are the destruction of habitats and the reduction of old-growth forests due to felling and forest management activities. The drainage of wooded peatlands also may be a threat to this species in some areas, such as in Finland and European Russia. No conservation measures are required at present.

",Stable,"In Europe, this circumpolar species is distributed in arctic, boreal and mountain regions. It is found north to Svalbard and south to the Apennines and the Balkans. It is quite frequent in northern Fennoscandia, in the mountains of central Europe and the Carpathians. In European Russia, it is sporadically distributed in northern and north-eastern parts of the East European Plain and in the Urals, but in central European Russia it is rare. Elsewhere, it was found in the Caucasus, Turkey, Iran, Middle Asia, Siberia, the Russian Far East, the Himalayas, China, Taiwan, Japan, Greenland and North America (Ignatov et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015, Dyachenko and Dyachenko 2016). The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 2,700 m Asl.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 11 million km2.","Numerous subpopulations of this species are known. In the Alps, it is widespread and also abundant in parts (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). In the EU 28, this forest species is quite frequent in Sweden, Austria, and some other EU 28 countries in central and south-eastern Europe. In European Russia, the subpopulations are not very frequent but they are large (Ignatov and Ignatova 2003). The overall current population trend seems to be stable in Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows on semi-shaded to shady habitats on soil, forest litter, stumps and decaying wood, on humus and turf among rocks. It is found at the edges of forest paths, in niches in block scree, on the floor of crevices and small caves, near the base of crags, in semi-open woodlands, in coniferous forests, beech woods, oak woods, flood plain dark coniferous-broadleaved forests, and in eutrophic spruce mires, etc. (NISM 2017, Grims 1999, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Rassi et al. 2010, Blockeel et al. 2014).","Possible threats to this forest species are the destruction of habitats and the reduction of old-growth forests due to felling and forest management activities (thinning, removal of deadwood). In Finland and in European Russia, the drainage of wooded peatlands also may be a threat to this species (Rassi et al. 2010, Bogdanov et al. 2013).","This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Finland and Great Britain, as vulnerable (V) in Germany, and as a rare species (3) in the Mari El Republic of Russia (Rassi et al. 2010, Hodgetts 2011, Ludwig and Schnittler 1996, Bogdanov et al. 2013). Many known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. No conservation measures are required at present.",This species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Ganeva, A.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Mnium,spinulosum,,Mnium spinulosum  ,Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The distribution of Mnium spinulosum is mostly restricted by mountain forests, where it is quite rare almost everywhere. In the EU 28, this species has a scattered distribution in the mountain forests of central Europe, the Mediterranean region and the Carpathians. In Europe, this species has quite a large range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 5.3 million km2. Some subpopulations may be small, such as in the Mari El Republic of Russia, but the overall current population trend seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this forest species may possibly be affected by the reduction of forest areas due to felling. Further research of the population size and trends of this species is needed, as well as some site protection.",Stable,"In Europe, this circumpolar species is distributed in the mountains of central Europe and the Mediterranean region, as well as in the Carpathians, Timan Ridge and the Urals. Elsewhere, it is known from the Caucasus, Middle Asia, Siberia, the Russian Far East, China, Japan and North America (Hodgetts 2015, Ignatov et al. 2006, McIntosh 2014). Some findings were made relatively recently (Papp et al. 2004, 2013; Infante Sanches 2015). The altitudinal range of the species is between 200 m and 2,600 m Asl.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 5.3 million km2.","This species is quite rare almost everywhere, but its distribution is mostly restricted by mountain forests. The subpopulations of this species are not large. It may be more frequent on limestone outcrops, but it is not very abundant anywhere. In the Mari El Republic of Russia, it was estimated that there are less than four individual-equivalents per locality (considered as mature individuals, and with each individual-equivalent as 1 m2) (Bogdanov et al. 2013). The species is frequently fertile (Ignatov and Ignatova 2003). The population trend seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","The species grows in humid and shaded habitats in dark coniferous, mixed and deciduous broadleaved mountains forests, that are dominated by spruce, beech, aspen, linden and oak. This species grows on soil, humus, decaying wood, bases and roots of trees, near the bases of calcareous crags and sandstone outcrops covered by humus soil. Also it has been found in flood plain oak-linden forests on alluvium. This species is found from lowlands to the upper forest and sub-alpine belts (Grims 1999, Samaniego et al. 2001, Plášek and Stebel 2002, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003).",The possible threat of this forest species is the reduction of forest areas due to felling.,"This species is included in the Red Lists of Austria (4), Slovakia (Data Deficient - DD), Hungary (DD), Spain (Near Threatened - NT), Andorra  (NT), and some regions of Russia, including the Republic of Mari El (3 -  Rare species) (Grims and Köckinger 1999, Kubinská et al. 2001, Papp et al. 2010, Brugués and González Mancebo 2014,  Sotiaux and Vanderpoorten 2017, Bogdanov et al. 2013). Some known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Further research of the population size and trends of this species is needed, as well as some site protection.",This species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Ganeva, A.,Fettes, N.D.","Baisheva, E.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Mnium,stellare,,Mnium stellare  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Starry Thyme-moss (Mnium stellare) is widely distributed in Sweden, Finland, and many other EU 28 countries in central and southeast Europe. In Europe, this species has large range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 11 million km2 and it is quite frequent in the areas with limestones outcrops in the forest and forest-steppe zones. There are numerous known subpopulations of this species and its population trend appears to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. For these reasons, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28. 

However, a possible threat to this forest species may be the reduction of forest areas due to felling. Even so, there are some areas, such as in the Alps, where there are no threats to this species. Therefore, no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"In Europe, this circumpolar, boreo-temperate species is widely distributed from Iceland and Fennoscandia southwards to Sicily and Greece. In European Russia, it is quite frequent across all forest zone reaching forest-steppe and steppe regions. Elsewhere, it has been found in North Africa (Morocco, Algeria), Turkey, Iran, the Caucasus, Siberia, Middle Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan), Siberia, the Russian Far East, China, Japan and North America (Ignatov et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range for this species is estimated to be between sea level and 2,300 m Asl.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 11 million km2.","Numerous subpopulations of this species are known.The population trend seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In the EU 28, this species is widely distributed in Sweden, Finland and many other EU 28 countries in central and southeast Europe.","This species grows on on semi-shaded to shady habitats with relatively high humidity. It grows on calcareous and humus soil in the rock crevices, at the base of crags, near banks of springs and at the entrance of caves. This species is most common on limestone and other basic rocks, and is sometimes also found on sub-neutral substrate, such as sandstone and shale. Also, this species has been found on stamps, bases and roots of trees (aspen, linden, oak and elm) covered by fine grain soil. This species is also known from coniferous, mixed and deciduous forests, in shrub communities, on the wooded slopes in the mountain river valleys, and, more rarely, on open rock outcrops (Shljakov and Konstantinova 1982, Grims 1999, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Blockeel et al. 2014).","A possible threat to this forest species may be the reduction of forest areas due to felling. In the Alps, there are no threats to this species (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017).",This species is included in the national Red List of Netherlands as vulnerable (KW) (Siebel et al. 2013). It is known to occur within numerous protected areas. There are no conservation measures required at present.,This species is not used or traded.,"Vanderpoorten, A.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Mnium,thomsonii,,Mnium thomsonii  ,Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Short-beaked Thyme-moss (Mnium thomsonii) is distributed mostly in mountains and remote northern regions of Europe, where it is quite frequent. In Europe, this species has large range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 11 million km2. In the EU 28, this species has a wide distribution and it is quite frequent in some regions of Sweden, Finland, Austria and the EU 28 countries in the Balkans. There are numerous localities of this species known and the current population trend seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

Although in some places, such as the Alps, there are no threats to this species, mining, the reduction of mountain forests due to felling and recreational activities, such as trampling, may be threats to this species in some areas of its range. Even so, there are no conservation measures required at present.",Stable,"In Europe, this circumpolar species is distributed in the arctic, boreal and mountain regions. It is found in the north to Svalbard and in the south to the Apennines and the Balkan mountains, but it is quite rare, except in Iceland, Scandinavia and the Alps. In European Russia, it is known from a few localities in the Kola Peninsula, Republic of Karelia, Timan Ridge and the Middle, North and Polar Urals. Elsewhere, it was found in North Africa (Morocco), the Caucasus, Turkey, Iran, Middle Asia, Siberia, the Russian Far East, Mongolia, the Himalayas, China, Taiwan, Japan, Greenland and North America (Ignatov et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species is between 100 m and 3,470 m Asl.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 11 million km2.","Numerous subpopulations of this species are known.The population trend seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. It is distributed mostly in mountains and remote northern regions where it is quite frequent, including in some regions of Sweden, Finland, Austria and the EU 28 countries in the Balkans.","This species grows on humus soil that covers base-rich calcareous rock outcrops, such as limestone or calcareous shist. More rarely, it is found on siliceous rocks in semi-shady, well-drained to moist habitats, mostly in the mountain forests (Grims 1999, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Blockeel et al. 2014).","The possible threats to this saxicolous species may be mining and the reduction of mountain forests due to felling. In the Czech Republic, recreational activities, such as trampling, may be a cause of habitat degradation (Kučera et al. 2012). In the Alps, there are no threats to this species (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017)","This species is included in the national Red Lists of Ireland as Near Threatened (NT) and of the Czech Republic as Critically Endangered (CR) (Lockhart et al. 2012, Kučera et al. 2012). This species is known to occur within numerous protected areas. There are no conservation measures required at present.",This species is not used or traded.,"Bates, J.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PALLAVICINIALES,MOERCKIACEAE,Moerckia,blyttii,,Moerckia blyttii  ,(Mørch ex Hornem.) Brockm.,,No,VU,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Alpine Ruffwort (Moerckia blytii) is currently rare in all of Europe. The area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe is between 1,000 and 2,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 7 and 8 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 600 and 900 km2 and the EOO is between 3 and 4 million km2. The overall current population trend is considered to be decreasing in both regions, and this species is considered to severely fragmented, as a result of the loss of suitable habitats. Therefore, in both Europe and the EU 28, this species is assessed as Vulnerable.

This species is considered to be threatened in several countries, including Italy, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. A warmer climate with fewer and smaller snow beds is currently the major threat to this species. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed.",Decreasing,"This species has an arctic-montane distribution. The range is northern suboceanic-montane. In Europe, this species is known from Fennoscandia including Iceland and the Faroes Islands (possibly extinct), Great Britain and France to central Europe, including Switzerland, northern Italy, Germany and eastwards to the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, northern and southwestern Russia and the Caucasus (Damsholt 2002). In the Nordic countries, this species is widely distributed in the high mountains, from 600 m Asl in the southern part, rarely descending into the birch region (Damsholt 2002). 

In Asia, this species is known from Japan. In North America, it is found from British Columbia, Alberta and Washington in the west and Newfoundland in the east. This species is also known from southern Greenland (Damsholt 2002).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,000 and 2,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 7 and 8 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 600 and 900 km2 and the EOO is between 3 and 4 million km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 400 m Asl to 2,660 m Asl. The species is not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.","The species is rare in all of Europe at present. In Finland, this species is declining (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). In the United Kingdom, this species had declined more than any other in the 18 years covered by monitoring of Scottish snow beds, at a rate of more than 10% decline during the period 1989 to 2007, probably as a result of the sites becoming drier (Rothero 2007, Rothero et al. 2008). The overall current population trend is considered to be decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28. 

This species is today probably severely fragmented because the subpopulations are small and isolated (mainly because of the loss of suitable habitats and limited dispersal capacity) and so subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","In Scandinavia, this species grows among other bryophytes on damp soil in snow-beds, at base of tussocks, along steep rills or in scree near the summits of mountains, often together with, for example, Pleurocladula albescens, Schistochilopsis opacifolia, Schljakovia kunzeana, Cephalozia bicuspidata, Nardia geoscyphus and N. scalaris, which are all acidic species (Damsholt 2002).

In the United Kingdom, this is a characteristic soil species in areas of late snow-lie, but also occurring in short turf and scree. Habitats include peaty soil and turfy banks in boggy hollows, stream sides, margins of pools and lochs, and sheltered gullies where snow accumulates. Associated bryophytes include Anthelia juratzkana, Neoorthocaulis floerkei, Cephalozia bicuspidata, Nardia scalaris, Kiaeria starkei, Oligotrichum hercynicum and Polytrichastrum sexangulare (Blockeel et al. 2014).","This species has decreased in investigated snowbeds in Scotland, probably because of the disappearance of snow and because the ground has been becoming drier at each site (Rothero et al. 2007). Therefore, a warmer climate with fewer and smaller snow beds is currently the major threat to this species.","This species is assessed in the Red Lists of Germany, Finland and Romania as Vulnerable (VU), in Italy as Critically Endangered (CR), and in the Czech Republic and Slovakia as Endangered (EN) (Hodgetts 2015). This species has been actively searched for in the Faroe Islands with negative results and it is therefore considered as possibly extinct (T. Hallingback pers. obs. 2017).

Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Gunnarsson, U.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PALLAVICINIALES,MOERCKIACEAE,Moerckia,flotoviana,,Moerckia flotoviana  ,(Nees) Schiffn.,"M. hibernica was formerly considered as a separate species, but during the 1990s, it had come to be regarded as synonymous with this species. However, Crandall-Stotler and Stotler (2007) confirmed their distinctness, and subsequent studies by D.G. Long (D. Long pers. comm. 2017) have elucidated the ecological differences between the two species.",No,NT,B2b(iii),No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Moerckia flotoviana is found in much of Europe, especially central and western areas. It has a relatively large extent of occurrence (EOO) but a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,500 and 2,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 5 and 6 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 1,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 4 million km2. The current population trend is slightly decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28. There is also a continuing decline in the habitat quality of this species. Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened in both Europe and the EU 28, as in both regions it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

The main threats to this species are encroachment, chemical changes and changes in drainage conditions. However, there has been a history of taxonomic confusion, and so there is a lack of knowledge about the exact distribution and population size, as some of the published information on this species may refer to M. hibernica rather than this species. Therefore, research and monitoring is needed to fully determine the population distribution, size and trends of this species.",Decreasing,"This species has a circumpolar, boreo-temperate to northern boreal-alpine distribution. It is found in much of Europe, especially central and western areas, and it is found as far north as the Faroe Islands and Fennoscandia (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, this species is found from Ireland, Great Britain and Belgium in the west to central Europe, Switzerland, northern Italy, Austria, Germany and eastwards to former Czechoslovakia, Poland, north and central Russia and the Caucasus, as well as in the Balkans from former Yugoslavia and Romania (Damsholt 2002).

In Asia, this species is known from Siberia, Yenisei River valley. In North America, this species is found from Alaska to British Columbia and Washington, and in the east from Ellesmere Island to New York (Damsholt 2002).

In the Nordic countries, this is a rather rare lowland plant, occurring from sea level and almost to the upper limit of the coniferous forest. Its rarity is supposed to be related to the fact that basic and strongly calcareous substrates are rather rare in Fennoscandia. Female plants are most frequent to the north, both male and female plants found to the south (Damsholt 2002). The altitudinal range of the species is from 10 m to 1,830 m Asl.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,500 and 2,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 5 and 6 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 1,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 4 million km2.



","This species seems to be rather rare in most of Europe. In the United Kingdom, there have been losses from some fen sites in southern England and it no longer occurs in half of the Welsh dune systems that it once occupied. In southern Sweden, this species is slightly declining, however it is stable in most of the hemiboreal and boreal parts of Scandinavia. Therefore, the overall population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28, but the population size is unknown.","This species grows in consistently wet or moist, preferably somewhat to strongly calcareous marshy ground and rich fens, flushes, rarely also on sandy ground on lake shores or ditch banks, often together with, for example, Aneura pinguis, Riccardia multifida, R. chamedryfolia, Pellia endiviifolia, Preissia quadrata, Schistochilopsis grandiretis and Mesoptychia badensis (Damsholt 2002).

In Finland, this species grows in rich fens, lake shores and also on lowlands (Ulvinen et al. 2002). In the United Kingdom, this plant has two different habitat preferences, unified by a high pH and seasonal or constant wetness. Just under half of its colonies are in calcareous dune slacks, where associated species may include Aneura pinguis, Petalophyllum ralfsii, Preissia quadrata, Amblyodon dealbatus and Meesia uliginosa. Most of the remainder are inland in base-rich flushes, fens or tufaceous rock faces, with other calcicoles such as Schoenus nigricans, Hymenostylium recurvirostrum, Palustriella commutata and P. falcata. There are also a few records from damp quarry floors, ditch banks and silty or marshy ground. Sand dune plants appear drought tolerant, new shoots innovating from the midrib of plants surviving the summer (Blockeel et al. 2014). However, we do not know if the published information above refers to this species or M. hibernica.","The main threats to this species are encroachment, chemical changes and changes in drainage conditions. In Finland, the species habitats are threatened for example by ditching, building and changes in ground water level (Ulvinen et al. 2002).","This species is in the national Red List of several European countries. It is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in the Czech Republic, as rare (R) in Germany, as Data Deficient (DD) in Great Britain, Austria and Switzerland, as Endangered (EN) in Romania and as Regionally Extinct (RE) in the Netherlands (Hodgetts 2015). Research and monitoring is needed to fully determine the population distribution, size and trends of this species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Gunnarsson, U.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PALLAVICINIALES,MOERCKIACEAE,Moerckia,hibernica,,Moerckia hibernica  ,(Hook.) Gottsche,According to Stotler and Crandall-Stotler (2017) nearly all reports of Moerckia hibernica in the literature are incorrect and should be referred to Moerckia flotoviana (see also Crandall-Stotler and Stotler 2007).,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU D1)

The Irish Ruffwort (Moerckia hibernica) has been, and is still confused with M. flotoviana. The latter taxon is a more widespread and abundant species in Europe. Therefore the data about the distribution of this species must be interpreted very carefully. In fact, the true species might be very rare in Europe, restricted to only the western districts. There is no evidence for any population decline, but the current population trend is unknown. The total population size of this species is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) both in Europe as well as EU 28. Therefore, this species is assessed as Vulnerable in both Europe and the EU 28.

There are no known threats to this species, as it is found in habitats that are hard to access. Since there has been a confusion about the identity of this taxon, much of the herbarium material need to be revised, as well as further research into its distribution in Europe.



 



",Unknown,"This species has been, and is still confused with M. flotoviana. The latter taxon is a more widespread and abundant species in Europe. Therefore the data about the distribution of this species must be interpreted very carefully. In fact, the true species might be very rare in Europe, restricted to only the western districts. Since we do not yet have any proper picture of the distribution we use the old wider concept of this species which include the Faeroes, Scandinavia, Pyrenees, central European mountains, European Russia and Caucasus (Hodgetts 2015).

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 100 and 2,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 1 and 7 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 100 and 2,000 km² and the EOO is between 1 and 5 million km².","The taxonomic distinctness of M. hibernica sensu strictu and M. flotoviana was confirmed by Crandall-Stotler and Stotler (2007). All Scottish and Irish specimens have been identified by A.J. Kinser or D.G. Long (D.G. Long pers. comm. 2018). Because of its relatively unremarkable habitats and associates, combined with a tendency to grow as small subpopulations, it is likely that this species has been somewhat overlooked in Europe.

The total population size of this species is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for one individual-equivalent) both in Europe as well as EU 28. There is no evidence for any population decline, but the current population trend is unknown.","According to David G. Long (pers. comm. 2018) this species senso stricto is the rarer and less calcicolous of the two species that were included as Moerckia hibernica during the late part of 20th century. It grows on flushed rock faces or wet peaty ground in the mountains with Scapania undulata, Philonotis fontana, Scorpidium revolvens or Sphagnum denticulatum. Some colonies are associated with streams, pools or flushes; others are below areas of late snow melt (Blockeel et al. 2014).","There are no known threats to this species, as it is found in habitats that are hard to access.","This species is in the Red List of Latvia as 1, in Germany, Switzerland and Italy as Endangered (EN), in Great Britain, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Romania and Slovenia as Data Deficient (DD) and in Finland and Slovakia as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015).

Since there has been a confusion about the identity of this taxon, much of the herbarium material need to be revised, as well as further research into its distribution in Europe.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Vellak, K.","Hallingbäck, T","Sabovljevic, M.,Maksimov, A.,Ştefănuţ, S.,Gapon, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Molendoa,hornschuchiana,,Molendoa hornschuchiana  ,(Hook.) Lindb. ex Limpr.,That this taxon is one of three morphotypes (with Molendoa sendtneriana and M. tenuinervis) that are variations of a single species has been suspected for a long time (Geissler 1985) and this has now been genetically confirmed (J. Kučera pers. comm. 2017). Molendoa hornschuchiana has been selected as the senior name as it was originally described as Hedwigia hornschuchiana in 1819.,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

In Europe, the main distribution area of the rare moss species, Molendoa hornschuchiana, is in the Alps and Carpathians. A total of around 100 localities are known, of which the majority are located in Austria and Slovakia. The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, but the population trend is assumed to be stable because of the remote and largely unthreatened nature of its localities. Most subpopulations are small and the population size is estimated to be between 500 and 1,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals). This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and the EU 28. 

Due to its remote and more-or-less secure habitats, this species is not thought to be under immediate serious threat. Only local construction measures (e.g., roads) could pose a threat to it. More site and habitat protection is a recommended conservation measure for isolated subpopulations, and the overall distribution of this species should be studied more precisely. Its status needs to be reassessed in a number of European countries, because of the synonymisation of M. sendtneriana and M. tenuivervis with this species. A reassessment of this species based on better data is recommended in the future.",Stable,"In Europe, the main distribution area of this moss is in the Alps (Austria, France, Switzerland, Germany, Italy, Slovenia) and Carpathians (Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine, Romania). In Italy, there are also records from Tuscany and Sardinia. It also has isolated occurrences in the mountains of the Balkans (Serbia, Macedonia, Montenegro), Russia (e.g., Ural mountains) and Svalbard and Jan Mayen (Norway). Its occurrence in the Czech Republic is based on identification errors (Kučera and Váňa 2003). A total of around 100 localities are known, of which the majority are located in Austria (Köckinger et al. 2008) and Slovakia. Outside Europe, this species is reported from China, Russia, India, northern Africa and North America. It is found growing at elevation between 800 m and 3,000 m Asl. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated between 300 and 600 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at 500,000 km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, but the population trend is assumed to be stable because of the remote and largely unthreatened nature of its localities. The population size is estimated to be between 500 and 1,000 individual-equivalents in both Europe as a whole and in the EU 28. One individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre or one boulder on which the species grows.","This species prefers moist, shaded to moderately dry and sunny calcareous rocks, where it occurs in crevices and cracks on vertical surfaces, from the montane to the alpine belt (Grims 1999, Meinunger and Schröder 2007). There are three morphotypes which have long been separated as separate species. The hornschuchiana-morphotype prefers very moist habitats and grows in the spray of waterfalls. The sendteriana-morphotype prefers somewhat drier habitat conditions, and the small tenuinervis-morphotype occurs mostly on high alpine habitats on shady, often north-facing cliffs. Its altitudinal range is from ca 800 m up to 3,000 m Asl.","Because of its remote and more-or-less secure habitats, this species is not thought to be under immediate serious threat (Schröck et al. 2013, Köckinger and Schröck 2017). Only local construction measures (e.g., roads) could pose a threat. However, as a rare species, it could be threatened by stochastic events.","No special conservation measures are necessary, but isolated subpopulations should be protected. The overall distribution of this species should be studied more precisely. It is listed as threatened in a number of countries (Hodgetts 2015), but its status needs to be reassessed in all of these, because of the synonymization of M. sendtneriana and M. tenuivervis with M. hornschuchiana. It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodd, R.,Cálix, M.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Molendoa,schliephackei,,Molendoa schliephackei  ,(Limpr.) R.H. Zander,,No,EN,D,No,EN,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

In Europe, Molendoa schliephackei is confined to the Alps in Switzerland and Austria, where so far only five localities have been discovered, four of them in a narrowly defined area. It may prove to be more widespread, but for now the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 20 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 6,400 km². No direct information is known about the population size or trend, but the population trend is probably stable, since its habitats are undisturbed and there are no known anthropogenic pressures there.The population size is estimated to be between 50 and 250 individual-equivalents both in Europe and in the EU 28. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered. Known localities of this species should be strictly protected. Further research on the distribution, threats and ecology of this poorly-known rare species is urgently needed.",Stable,"In Europe, this species is confined to the Alps in Switzerland (Swissbryophytes 2004-2018) and Austria (Grims 1999), where so far only five localities have been discovered, four of them in a narrowly defined area. Outside Europe, this species is known only from the Caucasus and China. It is found growing at elevations between 1,000 m and 2,100 m Asl. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 20 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 6,400 km².","No direct information is known about the population size or trend, except that there are only five known localities. The population trend is probably stable, since its habitats are undisturbed and there are no known anthropogenic pressures there. It is estimated that more than 50 but fewer than 250 individual-equivalents exist both in Europe and in the EU 28. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. Most subpopulations are small and isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.","This moss grows on moist, shaded to sunny and dry limestone slate rocks in the montane to alpine belt (Grims 1999).","The preferred habitats are undisturbed and there are no known anthropogenic pressures there. However, the species is so rare that it is potentially threatened by stochastic events.","This moss has been assessed as Vulnerable in Austria (Grims and Köckinger 1999) and as Data Deficient in Switzerland (Schnyder et al. 2004). The known localities should be strictly protected. Further research on the distribution, threats and ecology of this poorly-known rare species is urgently needed. It does not occur in any protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Hodd, R.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Molendoa,taeniatifolia,,Molendoa taeniatifolia  ,Herzog,,Yes,EN,D,No,EN,D,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



Molendoa taeniatifolia is a rare endemic species of the Alps, which has so far only been found in France, Austria and Switzerland, at about 13 sites. The distribution has not yet been completely resolved, but nonetheless, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 52 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at 16,600 km2. Little is known about the population size or trend, but the current population trend is assumed to be stable, as it grows in remote and largely unthreatened places. The population size is estimated to be between 50 and 250 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals). This species is therefore assessed as Endangered globally, in Europe and the EU 28. Chiefly threatened due to its rarity, climate change may also pose a threat, but is not expected to affect it significantly in the next 100 years. The localities for this Alpine endemic species should be strictly protected, and further studies on its distribution and ecology are recommended.",Stable,"This is a rare endemic species of the Alps, which has so far only been found in France (Chavoutier and Hugonnot 2013), Austria (Köckinger et al. 2008, Köckinger and Schröck 2017) and Switzerland (one new locality, N. Schnyder pers. comm. 2017), at about 13 sites. The distribution of this very rare species has not yet been completely resolved. It has been found growing at elevations between 1,900 m and 2,800 m Asl. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 52 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at 16,600 km2.","Little is known about the population size or trend, but the current population trend is assumed to be stable, as it grows in remote and largely unthreatened places. Only about 13 localities are known so far. The population size is estimated to be between 50 and 250 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species occurs.","This moss grows in niches on south-facing calcareous slate rocks in the subalpine to alpine belt (Grims 1999, Chavoutier and Hugonnot 2013).","This species is threatened chiefly by its rarity. Since it is mostly found on south-facing rocks, climate change is not expected to affect this species significantly in the next 100 years.",The localities for this Alpine endemic species should be strictly protected. Further studies on its distribution and ecology are recommended. It is known to occur in protected areas.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hylander, K.,Englefield, E.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.","Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Molendoa,warburgii,,Molendoa warburgii  ,(Crundw. &amp; M.O.Hill) R.H.Zander,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Warburg's Moss (Molendoa warburgii) is a very small oceanic boreal-montane species which was until fairly recently thought to be endemic to Britain and Ireland. It was then discovered at isolated sites in the Faroe Islands, southwestern Norway and southern Iceland, but is now known to be fairly widespread in Norway, and has recently also been found at a site in Sweden. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it has a typically narrow oceanic north Atlantic range in Europe, it is not threatened within the area in which it occurs, and indeed is proving to be more widespread than previously thought. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"Warburg's Moss (Molendoa warburgii) is a very small oceanic boreal-montane species which was until fairly recently thought to be endemic to Britain and Ireland. It was then discovered at isolated sites in the Faroe Islands, southwestern Norway and southern Iceland, but is now known to be fairly widespread in Norway, and has recently (2016) also been found at a site in Sweden. Elsewhere it is disjunct in China (Yunnan) (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 1,528 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.7 million km².",This species appears to be stable in its are of distribution and is proving to be more widespread than previously thought.,"This is a mostly montane species growing in loose patches or as scattered stems, more rarely in dense tufts, on wet rocks. It commonly occurs at the edge of streams and by waterfalls, but also on irrigated surfaces and on rocks kept moist by seepage. There is a tendency to grow on soft or crumbling rock. The substrate is usually base-rich, and rock types on which it has been recorded include mica-schist, limestone and basalt in Scotland, and volcanic tuff in Wales. The Irish subpopulations are on schist at the base of north-facing crags and a base-rich sea-cliff (R. Hodd pers. comm. 2017). Base-poor rock may also be colonised when enriched by seepage. Although normally in natural habitats, including upland cliffs and ravines at lower altitudes, it also been found on wet slabs in a quarry. It occurs commonly with Blindia acuta, and other recorded associates include Eremonotus myriocarpus and Gymnostomum aeruginosum. Its altitudinal range is from 5 m up to 1,100 m Asl.



It is dioicous; most Scottish plants are female, but the Welsh subpopulation is entirely male; capsules are very rare, maturing in spring and early summer. Gemmae occur in the axils of the older leaves (Blockeelet al. 2014).",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present, although it is currently assessed as Vulnerable in Ireland and as Least Concern in Norway (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Schröck, C.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Lönnell, N., Rothero, G. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,MYLIACEAE,Mylia,anomala,,Mylia anomala  ,(Hook.) Gray,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Anomalous Flapwort (Mylia anomala) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and an overall stable population trend, at least in northern parts of Europe, although it has declined in areas where peat bogs have been drained, mined, polluted or afforested. However this is a frequent species and it is known to occur in protected areas across its European range, offering it some formal protection from these threats.",Stable,"This circumpolar boreal-montane liverwort is common in northern Europe, except the high Arctic, extending south to the Pyrenees and north-western Spain, northern Italy and the Balkans (Paton 1999). Elsewhere it occurs in Siberia, the Russian Far East, Japan, North America south to New Jersey and California, and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This is a widespread species in northern Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend. However, it must have declined in areas where peat bogs have been drained, mined or afforested.

","This is a characteristic liverwort of Sphagnum bogs, alongside species such as Dicranum undulatum, Sphagnum capillifolium, S. fuscum, S. magellanicum s.l., S. papillosum, Cephalozia connivens, C. macrostachya, Kurzia  paucifloraand Odontoschisma sphagni. On intact bogs it is most frequent on the sides of hummocks, sometimes extending into hollows where patches of S. papillosum have developed, or on to hummock tops under leggy ericoids. On disturbed bogs it may be restricted to Sphagnum-dominated peat cuttings that remain wet when the bog dome has dried out, and it sometimes forms extensive patches on their vertical faces (Atherton et al. 2010). There are also records from wet heath and Sphagnum-dominated flushes, but it is much more frequent on peatlands; it is rather rare on decorticated logs and on thick layers of moist peat over sandstone rocks (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,570 m.","Bogs where this species grows are generally under threat over much of Europe (from drainage, afforestation, pollution, peat-cutting, etc), but this is a frequent species and no specific threats to it are known.

","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: the Netherlands (Critically Endangered), Andorra (Endangered), Bulgaria (Vulnerable), Spain (Vulnerable), Germany (Vulnerable), Slovenia (Vulnerable), Italy (Near Threatened) and Switzerland (Near Threatened) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.

","There is no information available on the use and trade of this species, although it is presumably collected inadvertently in the course of peat-digging.","Tsakiri, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,MYLIACEAE,Mylia,taylorii,,Mylia taylorii  ,(Hook.) Gray,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Taylor's Flapwort (Mylia taylorii) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level. It is known to occur in protected areas.",Stable,"This is a suboceanic boreal-montane liverwort distributed from northern Scandinavia south to the Alps and Carpathians and east to European Russia, but most frequent and most luxuriant in the west (Paton 1999). Elsewhere it is found in Turkey, Asiatic Russia, China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, the Himalayas, Greenland and North America south to New England, with a disjunct subpopulation in Tennessee (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","There is no information on the population structure for this species. However, its overall population trend is probably stable.","This liverwort forms large cushions in well-drained, sheltered situations, growing on rocks in block scree and woodland, on steep north-facing slopes, and on stumps, dead wood and the bases of trees in birch woodland. It is common under Calluna and other dwarf shrubs in corries and screes, and also on boggy moorlands and scattered among Sphagnum. In hyperoceanic areas, it is a typical component of the mixed montane liverwort community known as the ‘northern hepatic mat’ (Atherton et al. 2010). In central Europe is is mainly a plant of montane and subalpine areas. Frequent associates includeAnastrepta orcadensis,  Neoorthocaulis attenuatus, Dicranum fuscescens, Lophozia ventricosa,  Kurzia trichoclados, Fuscocephaloziopsis leucantha, Cephalozia bicuspidata, Bazzania  tricrenata, Polytrichum formosum, Polytrichastrum alpinum and Odontoschisma  denudatum (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 10-2,020 m.

","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Luxembourg (Regionally Extinct), Italy (Endangered), Switzerland (Vulnerable), Germany (Near Threatened) and Finland (Near Threatened) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Tsakiri, E.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,MYRINIACEAE,Myrinia,pulvinata,,Myrinia pulvinata  ,(Wahlenb.) Schimp.,,No,NT,B2b(iii),No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



In Europe, the Flood-moss (Myrinia pulvinata) has a scattered distribution and is rare throughout its range, except for some areas in central European Russia. It has a small area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be around 1,200 km2 and the population trend of the species seems to be negative, especially near the western border of its range. This species has continuing decline in habitat quality due to negative and increased human impact on forests and floodplain ecosystems. Therefore, this species may be listed as Near Threatened (NT) in Europe, and it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

In the EU 28, this species has a small AOO of around 900 km2, and there is a continuing decline in the population. In addition, there are less than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals), and less than 1,000 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation. For the EU 28, this species has therefore been assessed as Vulnerable (VU).

The threats for this species are changes in the water levels of floodplain habitats. This could be due to felling of trees, constructionof dams, power plants, sawmills, regulation of natural water flow, water level reductions in lakes, construction of reservoirs, groundwater abstraction and utilization of ponds. Further research of the population size of this species is needed.",Decreasing,"This circumboreal species has a scattered distribution in boreal, mixed and broad-leaved forests zones. This species is rare in the southern part of the arctic regions, where it grows in the flood-plain forests in the valleys of big rivers. In Europe, it is known from 15 countries (Hodgetts 2015) and it is more frequent in Scandinavia, the United Kingdom, and in the boreal regions of European Russia. There are isolated localities known from the Baltic countries, central Europe, Romania and Ukraine. Elsewhere, this species is also known from Siberia, the Russian Far East and North America (Ignatov and Ignatova 2004, Ignatov et al. 2006, Ellis et al. 2012, Hodgetts 2015, Flora of North America 2014).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 6.6 million km2 (based on total area within a minimum convex polygon around all known occurrences) and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,200 km2 (based on a 2x2 km2 grid overlay on the range map). In the EU 28, the EOO of the species is estimated to be around 3.8 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 900 km2. The altitudinal range of the species is between sea level and 500 m Asl.","Most of the known subpopulations are isolated and sometimes small, but the population is not considered to be severely fragmented. The sporophytes are quite common, the potential dispersal capacity of species seems not to be very low. This species can be quite common in some areas of European Russia (M. Ignatov pers. comm. 2017). The species is frequently fertile. The subpopulation trends of this species seems to be stable in central European Russia and negative in the western part of species range, therefore the overall population trend is considered to be rather negative in both Europe and the EU 28.

The population size in Europe is certainly above 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and with an individual-equivalent as one tree or one boulder on which the species grows), but in the EU 28, there are less than 10,000 individual-equivalents (however unlikely to be below 2,500 individual-equivalents). In the EU 28, there are considered to be less than 1,000 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation.","This species usually grows on roots, on the bases of tree trunks, on rotten wood and on stones in the deciduous zonal and floodplain forests dominated by aspen, oak, birch, alder and willow. More rarely, it grows as an epiphyte in plantations (Ignatov and Ignatova 2004, Konstantinova et al. 2010, Rassi et al. 2010, Ellis et al. 2012). This species also inhabits forests that have been flooded. This species has continuing decline in habitat quality, because of the European natural floodplains have been lost during the past centuries and nowadays they are under increased pressure from urban sprawl, infrastructure developments and agriculture (EEA 2016).","The threats for this species are changes in the water levels of floodplain habitats. This could be due to felling of trees, construction of dams, power plants, sawmills, regulation of natural water flow, water level reductions in lakes, construction of reservoirs, groundwater abstraction and utilization of ponds (Rassi et al. 2010, Westling 2015).","The species is included in several national Red Lists and Red Data books. It is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Finland and Great Britain, as Data Deficient (DD) in Norway and Italy, as Vulnerable (VU) in Sweden, as 'Bedreigd' (BE - Endangered) in the Netherlands, as Endangered (EN in Romania and Estonia and as category '1' in Latvia (Rassi et al. 2010, Siebel et al. 2013, Kålås et al. 2010, Vellak et al. 2015, Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012, Gärdenfors et al. 2015, Anonymous 2014). It has been assessed in some regions of Russia, including Murmansk Province (3 - rare species), Leningrad Province (3), Nenets Autonomous District (3) and the Republic of Karelia (NT) (Tzvelev 2000, Matveeva 2006, Ivanter and Kusnetsov 2007). Some known subpopulations are found within protected areas. Further research of the population size of this species is needed.

 

 

 

",This species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Vanderpoorten, A.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,LEJEUNEACEAE,Myriocoleopsis,minutissima,,Myriocoleopsis minutissima  ,"(Sm.) R.L. Zhu, Y. Yu &amp; Pócs",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Minute Pouncewort (Myriocoleopsis minutissima) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of the fact that it is common and increasing in parts of western and southern Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats to this species, and so no conservation measures are required at present. This species occurs in protected areas across Europe.",Increasing,"This species was originally classified as hyperoceanic southern-temperate, but since its recent spread it may be better regarded as Mediterranean-Atlantic. It occurs in Macaronesia, southern Europe and the along the west coast of Europe north to northern Scotland (Paton 1999). Elsewhere it has been found in Africa, Madagascar, Réunion, Yemen, the Himalayas, Japan, Taiwan, Australia, North America, Mexico, the Caribbean islands, Venezuela, Brazil, Andean South America and Paraguay (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This species is frequent in parts of southern and western Europe, and is spreading dramatically in some areas, notably Britain (Blockeel et al. 2014).



","This very small liverwort is epiphytic on the trunks, lower branches and upper twigs of willow, poplar, hazel, elder, ash, holly, oak, beech, sycamore, elm, blackthorn, and ivy in wind exposed coastal scrub, in woods near the sea and, to a lesser degree and in reduced abundance, inland (Atherton et al. 2010). It also grows on gorse and tall Calluna stems, often on steep slopes near the sea, and sometimes on conifer trunks. It occurs more rarely on shaded mildly basic rocks and in ravines near the sea. Common  epiphytic associates include Frullania dilatata, Metzgeria furcata, M. violacea and Ulota phyllantha. Away from the coast, it tends to be much less abundant than Microlejeunea ulicina in western Britain, although they are occurring together more often as Cololejeunea minutissima is spreading. (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-325 m.",There are no known threats to this species.,No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Montenegro (Vulnerable) and Italy (Near Threatened) (Hodgetts 2015). This species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Wilbraham, J.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,PTERIGYNANDRACEAE,Myurella,julacea,,Myurella julacea  ,(Schwägr.) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Small Mouse-tail Moss (Myurella julacea) is relatively common in most countries in Europe. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 3,000 and 9,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 13.8 million km2. Within the EU 28 ,the AOO is estimated to be around 1,928 km2 and the EOO is ca 4 million km2. This species seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area in Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no major threats to the species. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28. 

However, locally, removal of shading forest canopies can change micro-climates adversely, and in some areas high sheep numbers can increase habitat erosion and disturbance. Even so, no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species has a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane distribution range. It is reported from Iceland, Svalbard and the rest of northern Europe, south to the mountains of southern Spain, southern Italy, northern Greece, the Crimea and east to the Urals and the Caucasus (Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species is from 200 m to 3,080 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North America and Asia (BFNA 2015).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 3,000 and 9,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 13.8 million km2. Within the EU 28, the AOO is estimated to be around 1,928 km2 and the EOO is ca 4 million km2.

","This species is relatively common in most countries in Europe, especially in montane areas and more so in the subalpine and low-alpine belt, with decreasing frequency to lower parts of high-alpine belt. The current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.

","This species usually grows as scattered stems or forming thin mats on damp soil, in narrow crevices or crack lines on crags, in open situations and where competition from larger plants is reduced. The substrate is always base-rich and usually strongly calcareous, with most sites on calcareous schist on mountains. However, it can also occur on lower sites such as flushed rocks by rivers where the run-off is calcareous. In such a rich habitat, there are numerous associates, which include Marsupella emarginata, Preissia quadrata, Scapania undulata, Anoectangium aestivum, Blindia acuta, Bryoerythrophyllum ferruginascens, Ctenidium molluscum, Dichodontium pellucidum, Encalypta alpina, Fissidens adianthoides, Plagiobryum zieri and Pseudoleskeella catenulata (Blockeel et al. 2014).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is often found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. Locally, removal of shading forest canopies can change micro-climates adversely, and in some areas high sheep numbers can increase habitat erosion and disturbance.",The species is in the Red List of Germany as Near Threatened (NT) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in several protected areas. No conservation action is needed at present.,The species is not used or traded.,"Gunnarsson, U.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T","Afonina, O.,Goldberg, I.,Lönnell, N.,Hodgetts, N.,Schröck, C.,Vellak, K.,Blom, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,PTERIGYNANDRACEAE,Myurella,sibirica,,Myurella sibirica  ,(Müll. Hal.) Reimers,,No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",No,VU,"B2ab (ii, iii, iv).",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) 



In Europe, Myurella sibirica is considered to be severely fragmented and has small area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be around 100 km2. The subpopulations of this species are small and isolated, the population trend seems to be negative across almost all European range except in the Urals. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable (VU).

In the EU 28, the species has an estimated AOO of around 60 km2, and is again considered to be severely fragmented with a declining population trend. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable (VU).

The threats to this species are recreational activities, such as trampling, and felling in the mountainous forests, which leads to the drying of rocky substrates. There is a need for improved habitat protection at unprotected sites where this species is known to occur. Further research of population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed.",Decreasing,"This holarctic species is very rare in Europe, and is reported from the Urals, northern European Russia and the mountainous regions of central and southern Europe (Alegro et al. 2018, Ignatov et al. 2006, Sabovljević et al. 2008, Puglisi et al. 2011, Ros et al. 2013, Papp & Tsakiri 2017, Papp et al. 2014, Ellis et al. 2015, Hodgetts 2015).

This species has also been found in the Caucasus (Dagestan and Kabardino-Balkariya) and in the mountains of southern Siberia, China, Japan and in the Himalayas, where it is particularly widely distributed (Ignatov and Ignatova 2013). In North America, this species is common in the east but is more rare in the northwestern regions (Flora of North America 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 2.9 million km2 (based on total area within a minimum convex polygon around all known occurrences), and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 100 km2 (based on a 2x2 km2 grid overlay on the range map). In the EU 28, the EOO of the species is estimated to be around 380,000 km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 60 km2. The altitudinal range of the species is between 300 m and 2,100 m Asl.","The known subpopulations of this species are small, isolated and vulnerable due to presence near the western border of species range. The dispersal capacity of species seems to be low, as all known specimens from European Russia were without sporophytes (Ignatov and Ignatova 2004, 2013). The species is therefore considered to be severely fragmented, as these subpopulations may go extinct with reduced possibility of recolonisation. The subpopulation trends seem to be negative in central and south-eastern Europe, but probably is stable in the Urals. Overall, the current population trend therefore is considered to be decreasing.","This species usually grows on moist and sheltered limestone rocks and in rock crevices in the forest belt (Ignatov and Ignatova 2013, Papp et al. 2014). In Italy, this species was found at the edge of small permanent pools that are fed by a high number of small sources and by melting snow-water (Puglisi et al. 2011).","The threats to this species are recreational activities, such as trampling, and felling in the mountainous forests, which leads to the drying out of rocky substrates.","This is a rare species across Europe. According to the Red Data Book of European Bryophytes (ECCB 1995), it was assessed as Endangered (EN) in Europe, but in a more recent update, it is now assessed as Vulnerable (VU) (Papp et al. 2014). This species is considered as a 'Potentially Endangered' and 'Endangered' species in the list of 'Balkan taxa of high bryological and conservation interest' (Sabovljević et al. 2001), and in the regional Red Lists of Austria (Grims and Köckinger 1999) and Slovakia (Kubinská et al. 2001). The conservation status of this species in Romania should be Critically Endangered (CR) (Ellis et al. 2015). The species is known from some protected areas, but clearly there is a need for improved   habitat protection at unprotected sites where it is known to occur. Further research of population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Vanderpoorten, A.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,PTERIGYNANDRACEAE,Myurella,tenerrima,,Myurella tenerrima  ,(Brid.) Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Dwarf Mouse-tail Moss (Myurella tenerrima) has a distribution concentrated in northern Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is fairly large, but it has a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the AOO of this species is between 1,000 and 2,000 km2, and its EOO is ca 7 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 500 km2 and the EOO is ca 4 million km2. It seems to have a stable population trend in its distribution range in Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no immediate major threats to this species, as it is mainly found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, climatic warming, local disturbances and increased atmospheric nutrient deposition can threaten its subpopulations in the future. Even so, no specific conservation action is needed at present.",Stable,"This species has a circumpolar arctic-montane distribution. It is reported from Iceland, Svalbard, Fennoscandia and Russia in the north, southwards to the Alps, central Italy and the Balkans (Montenegro), as well as Ukraine and the Caucasus in the southeast (Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species is between 600 m and 2,900 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North America, northern Asia and northern Africa (BFNA 2015).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,000 and 2,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 500 km2 and the EOO is ca 4 million km2.","This species is rarer than Myurella julacea and its distribution is concentrated in northern Europe. It is locally rather common in calcareous areas in the subalpine and low-alpine belts of Fennoscandia (Hedenäs et al. 2014), but also occurs above or below these belts (Mårtensson 1956). There is no report of any decline and the population size of this species seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species prefers somewhat more moist localities than M. julacea (Mårtensson 1956). In the United Kingdom, this species grows in crevices on steep, sometimes overhanging crags where there is periodic irrigation and where the substrate is strongly calcareous. Some sites are quite sheltered at about 1,180 m Asl but lower sites on Meall nan Tarmachan are more open and receive summer insolation. Associates include Aneura pinguis, Leiocolea alpestris, Plagiochila porelloides, Amphidium lapponicum, Distichium capillaceum, Ditrichum gracile, Grimmia torquata, Mnium thomsonii, Molendoa warburgii, Palustriella commutata and Plagiobryum demissum (Blockeel et al. 2014).","There are no immediate major threats to this species, as it is mainly found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. However, climatic warming, local disturbances and increased atmospheric nutrient deposition can threaten its subpopulations in future.","The species is in the Red List of Germany as Rare, and is assessed in Finland as Near Threatened NT (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in several protected areas. No specific conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hugonnot, V.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T","Damerell, P.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,MYURIACEAE,Myurium,hochstetteri,,Myurium hochstetteri  ,(Schimp.) Kindb.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Hare-tail Moss (Myurium hochstetteri) is endemic to Europe, and is found in Macaronesia (Azores, Canary Islands and Madeira), and western Scotland. This species is assessed as Least Concern since all the subpopulations in the Azores, Madeira and Britain seem to be stable and the overall current population trend is also considered to be stable. In parts of this range the species is widespread and frequent. In the Azores the species occurs in all islands and grows in more open habitats, as well as in the forest. In Scotland all the sites where the species occurs are found in remote, open coastal habitats. However, in the Canary Islands the species is only found in Tenerife, where the subpopulations are small and potentially vulnerable. Monitoring of the Tenerife subpopulations is therefore recommended.",Stable,"The Hare-tail Moss (Myurium hochstetteri) is a hyperoceanic southern-temperate moss endemic to Europe, found in Macaronesia (Azores, Canary Islands and Madeira), and Britain - western Scotland, where it is confined to the Hebrides and a few places on the mainland (Blockeel et al. 2014). It was reported once from western Ireland where it was collected in 1969 (Lockhart et al. 2012a) but has not been seen since then, despite searches having been conducted. It is therefore believed to be regionally extinct there. This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2.8 million km², and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 1,244 km².","In the Azores this species is frequent and occurs in all the islands; in Madeira it is widespread in the northern and central mountainous parts of the island (Hedenäs 1992, Gabriel et al. 2011). In the Canary Islands it occurs only in Tenerife, where the subpopulations are small and potentially vulnerable (González-Mancebo et al. 2012). In Scotland (Britain), the subpopulations are apparently stable, but more or less isolated and fragmented (Blockeel et al. 2014). However, all the subpopulations in the Azores, Madeira and Britain seem to be stable. In Ireland, there have been repeated searches for the species in the area where it was originally recorded, but these have been unsuccessful (Lockhart et al. 2012a). Overall, the current population trend is stable.","In Macaronesia, this moss grows in perennial patches as an epiphyte in the native forest. It also occurs on more or less exposed rocks and rock crevices and outcrops, where it can be abundant, on moderately wet slopes and cliffs, and on margins of small streams and lagoons in the forest. In the Azores it is also relatively common on rocks and stone walls in grasslands or along roads, at least in some areas. In western Scotland it occurs most frequently as dense tufts in damp crevices on exposed coastal rock exposures, above the zone occupied by Schistidium maritimum, often growing with Frullania teneriffae, Imbribryum alpinum and Ulota phyllantha, or with Campylopus atrovirens in seepages. It also occurs on humus amongst Calluna vulgaris on steep north- to east-facing block-strewn slopes below sea cliffs, growing with Hymenophyllum wilsonii, Bazzania tricrenata, Herbertus hutchinsiae and Scapania gracilis, and, more rarely, in open irrigated turf at the edge of exposed sea cliffs and rocks. At its only Irish site, where it has not been seen since its discovery in 1969, it grew ‘along a rivulet’. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 1,500 m Asl. It is dioicous; fertile plants are unknown in Britain, but sporophytes are common in the Azores and Madeira. Some Scottish plants produce shoots with deciduous leaves (Blockeel et al. 2014).

","The main threats to this species include the effects of climate change and the consequent increase of fires and spread of invasive alien species. Logging, landslides and degradation of the native forest are also threats, particularly in the Canary Islands and Madeira. It is less threatened in the Azores, where it often grows in more open habitats as well as in the forest, and in Scotland, where all the sites are in remote, open coastal habitats.","This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in the Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2012) and as Regionally Extinct in Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012b). There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. In Madeira, it is a species of the natural laurel forest, which is a priority habitat under the EU Habitats Directive, and was designated a Natura 2000 site. In 1999 the area was also considered a World Natural Heritage site by UNESCO. Most of the Madeiran subpopulation is included in the Madeira Natural Park with is protected through a Regional Decree. In the Azores it also occurs in protected forest areas included in the Natura 2000 network.​ In Tenerife it is included in the Rural Park of Anaga, which is a Special Area of Conservation (SAC). Monitoring the Tenerife subpopulations is recommended since they are small and potentially vulnerable (González-Mancebo et al. 2012).",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Muller, F.,Fettes, N.D.","Sim-Sim, M., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M., Porley, R.D. & Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Myuroclada,longiramea,,Myuroclada longiramea  ,"(Müll.Hal.) M.Li, Y.-F.Wang, Ignatov &amp; Huttunen",,No,DD,,No,NA,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



EU 28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)



Myuroclada longiramea, which was for a long time confused with other taxa, is essentially an Asian species that reaches Russia in the westernmost part of its distribution. It is known from five sites in Russia, in the oblasts of Kostroma, Ryazan and Bashkortostan, with a very old herbarium specimen from Arkhangelsk oblast, where it has not been recorded since 1872. Therefore only four sites can be regarded as current. With only four or five known localities in Europe, this species is very poorly known, and almost certainly more widely distributed in European Russia. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, and threats. Further research is needed to determine its status. However, it may well be threatened, as a plant of wet forests. This species does not occur in the EU 28.",Unknown,"Myuroclada longiramea, which was for a long time confused with other taxa, is essentially an Asian species that reaches Russia in the westernmost part of its distribution. It is known from five sites in Russia, in the oblasts of Kostroma, Ryazan and Bashkortostan, with a very old herbarium specimen from Arkhangelsk oblast, where it has not been recorded since 1872. Therefore only four sites can be regarded as current. Elsewhere it occurs in Asiatic Russia (Altai, Siberia, Yakutia and the Far East), China and Japan (Ignatov et al. 2015). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 12 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 230,000 km².","This is a poorly known species in Europe, and nothing is known of its population trend or size.","This species grows in wet places in deciduous and mixed forests in moderate shade; also on mesic rock outcrops, and occasionally on soil, on slopes in the forest. It grows at low elevations, from ca 100 m to 300 m Asl (Ignatov et al. 2015).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"No conservation actions can be recommended at present, as it is so little known in Europe. Further fieldwork in Russia is likely to reveal more localities. Research is needed into its distribution, population size and trends, as well as into threats. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hylander, K.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N.","Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Myuroclada,maximowiczii,,Myuroclada maximowiczii  ,(G.G.Borshch.) Steere &amp; W.B.Schofield,,No,NA,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE) 



In Europe,Myuroclada maximowiczii has been found once in a single locality, as an introduced species in the botanical garden in Rostov, Russia. This species was probably introduced with planting material from Asiatic Russia. The population trend of this species is not known. It is Not Applicable as it is not considered to be native to Europe. Further research is needed on the distribution and population size of the species, as well as the threats.

This species is not found in the EU 28, therefore it is Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"This is an Asiatic and western North American species, that is distributed in China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, the Russian Far East, Siberia and Alaska. In Europe, it is known only from the Russian province of Rostov, where it grows as an introduced plant within the territory of a botanical garden (Virchenko and Babenko 2001, Ignatov and Ignatova 2004, Ignatov et al. 2006). It was probably introduced with planting material from Asiatic Russia (Virchenko and Babenko 2001, Ignatov and Ignatova 2004). It was previously also reported from the Arkhangelsk province (Brotherus 1925), but this record was probably based on incorrect identification (Popov et al. 2000, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003).","In Europe, this species is represented by one small subpopulation that was probably introduced. There is no available information on the population trend of the species.",This species grows on soil in the botanical garden.,The threats of this species are unknown.,"The habitat of the species is situated within a protected area, but there are no known special conservation measures in place for this species. Further research is needed on the distribution and population size of the species, as well as the threats.",This species is not used or traded.,"Orgaz Alvarez, J.,Englefield, E.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SOLENOSTOMATACEAE,Nardia,breidleri,,Nardia breidleri  ,(Limpr.) Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,VU,C2ai,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Book Flapwort (Nardia breidleri) is widespread in the mountains of Europe, however nowhere is it common. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 600 and 800 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 8 and 9 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 300 and 400 km² and the EOO is ca 4 million km². The species seems not to be severely fragmented.

In the whole of Europe, the population size is inferred to be between 10,000 and 20,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). In the EU 28, the population size is inferred to be between 5,000 and 10,000 individual-equivalents, with the size of the largest subpopulation considered to be less than 1,000 individual-equivalents.  

In Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern since it seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area. However, in the EU 28, the species is much rarer and is in most regions declining, and it is therefore assessed as Vulnerable.

This species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Spain, Slovakia and Italy. Research on future threats, like the effects of climate change is needed.",Stable,"This species has a circumpolar arctic-montane distribution. It is reported from the mountains of Scandinavia, Finland, west to Iceland and Britain, Scotland, in central Europe from France, Switzerland, northern Italy, Austria, Germany and eastwards to Slovakia, Poland and northern Russia, in the Balkans from Romania (Hodgetts 2015). In Asia, this species is known from Siberia, Yenisei River valley and Japan. In North America, this species is only found in the west from British Columbia to Washington and Montana. It is also known from Greenland (Damsholt 2002).

In the Nordic countries, this species is considered to be common in the high mountains above the tree line; in southern Norway, it is not found below 500 to 600 m Asl in the western part and 1,000 m Asl in the eastern part, and towards the north, this species is found descending to 70 m Asl in Lofoten, northern Norway (Damsholt 2002). In Finland, this is a rare northern species (Ryömä et al. 2013).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 600 and 800 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 8 and 9 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 300 and 400 km² and the EOO is ca 4 million km².","The species is widespread in the mountains of Europe, however it is nowhere common. The speices seems to be declining in some local areas, for example in Finland (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). The population trend in the EU 28 is therefore inferred to be declining, but it is considered to be stable in Europe overall.

In the whole of Europe, the population size is inferred to be between 10,000 and 20,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for each individual-equivalent). In the EU 28, the population size is inferred to be between 5,000 and 10,000 individual-equivalents, with the size of the largest subpopulation considered to be less than 1,000 individual-equivalents. The species seems not to be severely fragmented.","In Scandinavia, this species grows among other bryophytes, pioneering on exposed, sandy or clayey soil in thin layers, often along paths or along small rills near late snow areas and always together with Anthelia juratzkana and often with, e.g. Gymnomitrion apiculatum, G. concinnatum, Marsupella brevissima, M. sprucei, M. condensata, Cephalozia bicuspidata ssp. ambigua and Solenostoma sphaerocarpa var. nana Damsholt (2002). In Finland, this species is found on fjell tops in the north, in snowbeds and on rocks, as well as on moist sand (Ryömä et al. 2013).

  In the United Kingdom, this is a high-altitude plant of moist, base-poor gravelly, sandy or peaty soil on exposed summit ridges, often associated with solifluction terraces or areas of late snow-lie. It is usually intermixed with other small mountain-top liverworts, such as Anthelia juratzkana, Cephalozia bicuspidata, Lophozia sudetica, Nardia scalaris and various species of Marsupella (Blockeel et al. 2014).","Since this species prefers soil along small rills near late snow areas, the changing climate at high latitudes might be a problem for this species.","This species is in the Red Lists of Spain as Critically Endangered (CR), Romania as Data Deficient (DD), Slovakia as Endangered (EN), Germany as Rare, Finland and Great Britain as Near Threatened (NT) and Italy, Austria and Switzerland as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. 

Research on future threats, like the effects of climate change is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Muller, F.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SOLENOSTOMATACEAE,Nardia,compressa,,Nardia compressa  ,(Hook.) Gray,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Compressed Flapwort (Nardia compressa), a common species in some parts of Europe, is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many records and its overall stable population trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It is known to be present within protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This leafy liverwort has a suboceanic boreal-montane distribution, occurring in Britain, Ireland, France, Norway, western Sweden and the mountainous parts of central and southern Europe (Frey et al. 2006). Elsewhere it grows in Turkey, the Caucasus, Nepal, China, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Japan, the Aleutian Islands, North America (Alaska, North-west Territories, British Columbia, Alberta, Washington and Montana) and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B.

","This is a common species in some parts of Europe, where it is considered to have an overall stable population trend.","This species grows in permanently wet or frequently inundated, acidic places on rocks and stones in turbulent streams and rivers, and occasionally embedded in sand and gravel. This species most typically forms spongy masses in cold, slow-flowing headwaters of upland streams. In burns and flushes where it is associated with very late-lying snow, it can form pure patches covering many square meters (Atherton et al. 2010). Its altitudinal range is is ca. 40–2,420 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Finland (Critically Endangered), Germany (Endangered), Slovakia (Endangered), Italy (Vulnerable), Czech Republic (Vulnerable), Portugal (Near Threatened) and Switzerland (Near Threatened) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to be present within protected areas.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Patiño, J.,Cálix, M.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SOLENOSTOMATACEAE,Nardia,geoscyphus,,Nardia geoscyphus  ,(De Not.) Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Earth-cup Flapwort (Nardia geoscyphus) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and many records of its occurrence. It has declined in some countries, but remains stable in the northern parts of its range, and so the overall population trend is considered as stable. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It is known to occur within protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This circumpolar boreo-arctic montane species is commonest in the north, extending from Arctic regions southwards to Macaronesia and the mountains of the Mediterranean region (Frey et al. 2006). Elsewhere it is found in the Caucasus, Asiatic Russia, Japan, north-eastern China, northern and western North America and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B.

","This is a widespread species across most of Europe. It is considered to have a stable population trend in the north, but has declined in Britain, Ireland, the Netherlands and Germany (Blockeel et al. 2014). The overall population trend is considered to be stable.

","This species grows most frequently on mildly base-rich soil banks in the uplands (for example on calcareous cliffs), but sometimes grows on damp, gravelly soil in disused quarries, on roadsides, pathsides, ope meadows, and damp earth-covered rocks and walls . Associates includeDicranella heteromalla, Nardia scalaris, Cephalozia bicuspidata,  Isopaches bicrenatus, Jungermannia pumila, Solenostoma gracillimum, Scapania scandica, Endogemma caespiticia, Ditrichum  heteromallum and Diplophyllum obtusifolium  (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Atherton et al. 2010, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 15–2,820 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Portugal (Endangered), Luxembourg (Endangered), the Netherlands (Endangered), Bulgaria (Endangered), Canary Islands (Vulnerable), Ireland (Near Threatened), Andorra (Near Threatened), Italy (Near Threatened), Spain (Near Threatened), Germany (Near Threatened), Hungary (Data Deficient) and Slovenia (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur within protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Vanderpoorten, A.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SOLENOSTOMATACEAE,Nardia,insecta,,Nardia insecta  ,Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Bug flapwort (Nardia insecta) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory. The area of occupancy (AOO) is about 820 km2, but it is estimated to be much larger, at close to or even beyond 2,000 km2. There are many records (including recent ones) in some areas. The core of this species distribution is in Scandinavia, and there it seems to be stable. Thus its overall population trend is considered to be stable too. Its population size is larger than 1,000 individual equivalents in Europe and the EU 28 and is not considered to be severely fragmented. However the distribution for this species in central Europe needs further clarification. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level. It is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range. 



 



",Stable,"This European boreal-montane liverwort is scattered in northern and central Europe south to Spain, Switzerland and Romania, and north to Fennoscandia and northern (but not Arctic) Russia. Elsewhere it occurs in Siberia, the Russian Far East and North America (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category. The area of occupancy (AOO) is much smaller, estimated at 820 km2, but with an upper estimate of about 2,000 km2.","In Britain there is only one recent locality where this species is found, and there it fluctuates. In Russia it is quite widely distributed (M. Ignatov pers. comm. 2017). In Scandinavia it is not common but also not very rare. In Finland it is quite widespread (T. Hallingback pers. comm. 2017). All the records from Austria are incorrect (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). In Switzerland there are three historical records and one recent record. The distribution for this species in central Europe needs clarification. However the core of this species distribution is Scandinavia, and there it seems to be stable. Thus its overall population trend is considered to be stable too. Its population size is larger than 1,000 individual equivalents (where one individual-equivalent is considered to be one occupied square metre). Its population is not severely fragmented.","This species grows on non-calcareous, often peaty, soils (Frey et al. 2006). It is confined to high mountains in the southern parts of its distribution (Casas et al. 2009). In northern Europe, it is found growing in forests in the lowlands. In northern England (Britain), it grows on acid, humus-rich sandy soil in the upper flood zone of steep streamside banks close to a series of small waterfalls (Blackstock 1995). Associates include Calypogeia muelleriana, Cephalozia bicuspidata, Marsupella emarginata, Nardia scalaris, Pellia epiphylla and Scapania undulata. (Blockeel et al. 2014). It produces sporophytes. Its altitudinal range is ca. 290–2,070 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level. It is unknown whether there is a decline in habitat for this species in Europe.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct), Romania (Critically Endangered), Slovakia (Endangered), Great Britain (Vulnerable), Germany (Vulnerable), Switzerland (Vulnerable), Estonia (Vulnerable), Czech republic (Data Deficient) and Spain (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in protected areas. Further research on its distribution in central Europe is needed.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Natcheva, R.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SOLENOSTOMATACEAE,Nardia,japonica,,Nardia japonica  ,Steph.,,No,LC,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Nardia japonica is known from northern Russia and Finland. Although in Europe, this species has a small area of occupancy (AOO) between 40 and 120 km2, it seems not to be rare in European Russia, and there seems to be thousands of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). In addition, the population trend is probably stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern in Europe.

However, in the EU 28, there is a lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, and threats. The distribution of this species is not well known in Finland. The AOO in Finland is estimated to be between 8 and 24 km2 but it may be more widespread in Scandinavia than is currently known. The subpopulation trend in Finland is unknown. Because of current lack of knowledge, the species can meet anything from Critically Endangered to Least Concern, and is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

Research and monitoring on its distribution, population size and trend is needed, as well as threats to this species in Finland.",Stable,"This species has continental boreal distribution range. In Europe, this species is known from northern Russia and Finland (Hodgetts 2015). This species was described from East Asia and may therefore be overlooked in Europe. Suitable habitats for this species have not been extensively surveyed. It may be more widespread in Scandinavia than is currently known. However, herbarium material has been checked in the major Finnish collections, but only few records were found (Ryömä et al. 2013). This species can also be confused with N. scalaris and N. geoscyphus. The species is quite common in Asia and widespread in North America.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 40 and 120 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 60,000 and 100,000 km2. Within the EU 28, the AOO is between 8 and 24 km2 and the EOO is between 30 and 100 km2. 

","The distribution of this species is not well known in Finland (S. Laaka-Lindberg pers. comm. 2018) - it is known from only three or four sites in eastern Finland (in Ilomantsi and Kuusamo), and the subpopulation trend is unknown here. In Russia, it is found in north Karelia, close to the Finnish border (Maksimov et al. 2003). In the Murmansk region and Komi Republic (Dulin 2008), this species is not rare and it is estimated that there are thousands of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and with 1 m2 on which the species grows used as one individual-equivalent). The overall current population trend is probably stable in Europe and the EU 28.",This species grows on peaty soil on rocky ledges or in rocky meadows in forest openings in alpine to subalpine vegetation zones. Godfrey (1977) noted that this species is always found in open subalpine meadows. There is also an old record of the species growing in a ditch in Finland. The species also grows on roadsides in European Russia. It is a small dioicous species which grows in tiny carpets with a reddish colour. Sporophytes are short-lived.,"The threats to this species are unknown in Finland, and there seems to be no major threats to the species in European Russia.","This species is known to occur in protected areas. Research and monitoring on its distribution, population size and trend is needed, as well as threats to this species in Finland.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Muller, F.,Fettes, N.D.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SOLENOSTOMATACEAE,Nardia,scalaris,,Nardia scalaris  ,Gray,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Found across Europe, the Ladder Flapwort (Nardia scalaris) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many records of its occurrence and its overall stable population trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level. It is known to be present within protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This is a very common European boreo-temperate liverwort. It occurs almost throughout Europe, but in the south is confined to the mountains (Frey et al. 2006). Elsewhere it is found in Algeria, Tunisia, Turkey, Asiatic Russia, Japan, Taiwan, Nepal, Java and North America (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B.

","This is a widespread species found across Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This common species is usually found growing on damp, acidic, mineral soil subject to disturbance, where it can form extensive, thin mats. It is most common on banks by gravel tracks, in quarries and cuttings for forest roads, on fine scree and forming dense cushions in areas of late-lying snow. It can also occur growing on river gravels and on rocks (Atherton et al. 2010). Associates includeCephalozia bicuspidata, Scapania curta, Solenostoma gracillimum, Nardia geoscyphus, Dicranella heteromalla, Pohlia nutans,  Polytrichum formosum, Pogonatum aloides, P. umigerum, Ditrichum  heteromallum, Oligotrichum hercynicum and Atrichum undulatum (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0–3,000 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: the Netherlands (Endangered), Hungary (Endangered), Canary Islands (Vulnerable), Italy (Near Threatened), Portugal (Near Threatened), Germany (Near Threatened) and Montenegro (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to be present within protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Ignatova, E.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,NECKERACEAE,Neckera,cephalonica,,Neckera cephalonica  ,Jur. &amp; Unger,,Yes,NT,B2ab(iii),No,NT,B2ab(iii),EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



Neckera cephalonica is known from Macaronesia (the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands), Spain, Greece and Albania. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 312 km²), and there is a continuing decline in the area and quality of its habitat; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. Even though the current population trend is thought to be stable, the habitat is deteriorating as a result of the effects of climatic changes, the intensification of fires and the increase in water demands related to urbanisation and touristic activities. Geological events in the Azores can have a negative impact on this species (volcanic events and seismic activity). Proper management of the areas where this species occurs is recommended, and is also important to monitor the populations and habitat trends. Further research is recommended in Albania in order to determine whether the species occurs there.

",Stable,"Neckera cephalonica is known from Macaronesia (the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands), Spain, Greece and Albania (Ros et al. 2013). The record from Albania is old and doubtful, so its presence there is uncertain (Marka et al. 2012). In the Canary Islands, the species is present in all the islands except Fuerteventura and Lanzarote. In the Azores, it occurs in São Miguel and the upper part of Pico (Gabriel et al. 2011, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). In Spain this species occurs only in the south of the country (Varo et al. 1992, Ros et al. 2013). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3.5 million km², and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 312 km².","This species is relatively frequent in Madeira and in the Canary Islands, and the overall current population trend is assumed to be stable. It is widespread and often frequent in the natural forests of the northern and central parts of Madeira. Little is known about the state of the subpopulation in Greece (Sabovljevic et al. 2001).","This species grows on rocks in humid and shaded regions in natural or semi-natural forests, but it is more frequent as an epiphyte. It occurs mainly between 300 m Asl in Spain up to 1,600 m Asl in Madeira, where it isespecially common in the cloud zone, in both the upper laurel forest and Ericaceous forest (González-Mancebo et al. 2008, Gabriel et al. 2011, Sim-Sim et al. 2014).","This plant is mainly confined to native forests, which are fragile habitats. The main threats to this species in Macaronesia include habitat destruction and degradation, owing to the effects of climate change, changes in the water/moisture regime, and an increase in forestry plantations. The increase in fires, touristic activities, and the spread of invasive alien plant species are other important threats to this species. Geological events in the Azores can have a negative impact on this species (volcanic events and seismic activity).","In Madeira, this is a species of the natural laurel forest, and so included in the Madeira Natural Park which is protected through a Regional Decree. In the Canary Islands it occurs in the Garajonay National Park, the Rural Park of Anaga, and the Natural Park Sierra de las Nieves, which are Special Areas of Conservation (SAC). This species was assessed as Near Threatened in Spain (Garilleti and Albertos 2012) and as Data Deficient in Albania (Hodgetts 2015). Proper management of the areas where this species occurs is recommended, and it is also important to monitor the population and habitat trends. Further research is also recommended in Albania in order to determine whether the species occurs there.

","This species is not utilised or traded.

","Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Stebel, A.","Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N., Martins, A. & Gabriel, R.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,NECKERACEAE,Neckera,menziesii,,Neckera menziesii  ,Drumm.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Neckera menziesii is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 because the extent of occurrence (EOO) surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, there is a large population size (more than 10,000 individual-equivalents), and a stable population trend. Although the area of occupancy (AOO) is rather small (144 km2), there have been many recent reports of this species from the Balkans, indicating an expanding AOO. Its population is not severely fragmented and it does not experience extreme fluctuations. The main threats to this species are habitat changes due to modern forestry management practices and deforestation. However, it is unknown whether there is an overall decline in the habitat of this species in Europe. It is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range, offering it some protection from these threats. 



",Stable,"This species is distributed principally in central and southern parts of Europe (Frey et al. 2006), and is absent from the north. Elsewhere it occurs in North America. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.The area of occupancy (AOO), however, is much more restricted, being estimated at 144 km2.","This is a common and often abundant species in parts of southern Europe, notably the Balkans. It has a stable population trend. The many recent reports from the Balkans is due to increased bryological field research. Its population size is more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considering boulders and square metres as individual-equivalents). Its population is not severely fragmented and it does not experience extreme fluctuations. In many National Red Lists, it has been listed in threatened categories  mainly by having a very small or restricted population, with comments  that it inhabits primary habitats and has never been recorded in  secondary ones. It can be inferred, thus, that this is a habitat  sensitive species.","This species is found growing on calcareous and serpentine rocks and on trees in woodlands (Frey et al. 2006). It can grow in sheltered areas in deep crevices (T. Blockeel pers. comm. 2017), and particularly favours humid but rain-protected vertical rocks and overhangs. Associates includeHomalothecium sericeum, Exsertotheca crispa, Alleniella complanata, Anomodon  longifolia, A. viticulosus, Gymnostomum aeruginosum, Tortella tortuosa, and, in damper places, Thamnobryum alopecurum (Meinunger and Schröder 2007).  Its altitudinal range is ca. 200-1,600 m.","The species can be affected by changes in habitat due to modern forestry management practices and deforestation. However, it is unknown whether there is an overall decline in the habitat of this species in Europe.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Portugal (Critically Endangered), Czech Republic (Critically Endangered), Luxembourg (Critically Endangered), Slovakia (Critically Endangered), Switzerland (Critically Endangered), Romania (Critically Endangered), Austria (Highly Endangered), Germany (Endangered) and Canary Islands (Vulnerable) (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in protected areas throughout its range, such as Durmitor National Park.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Pilkington, S.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,NECKERACEAE,Neckera,oligocarpa,,Neckera oligocarpa  ,Bruch,In North America and in Asia (Russia) this species is treated under the name of Neckera pennata subsp. oligocarpa (Bruch) Giacom.,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Neckera oligocarpa occurs mainly in northern Europe but is also reported from northern Italy and Austria. This species has a fairly large geographic range -in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 2,700 and 3,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 1,800 km2 and the EOO is ca 1.5 million km2. In Europe, the subpopulations in its core area in the north seems to be large and stable, and there are no major threats to this species. Therefore, in Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern.

However, within the EU 28 the size of the population is most probably limited to between 10,000 and 11,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals), with no subpopulation bigger than 1,000 individual-equivalents. In some EU countries, this species has had a large decline within the last 50 years and it is inferred that the decline will continue. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion C. Within the EU 28, this species needs more protection of land where it is known to occur.



",Stable,"The species occurs mainly in northern Europe (Norway, Sweden, Finland and northern Russia). Beside Fennoscandia and northern Russia, this species is also reported from northern Italy and Austria (Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species is between 300 m and 2,100 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species also occurs in North America (BFNA 2015) and in Asia (Russia, Ignatov et al. 2006) under the name of Neckera pennata subsp. oligocarpa.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 2,700 and 3,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 1,800 km2 and the EOO is ca 1.5 million km2.","In Fennoscandia, this species is widespread and may be common in some areas. In Norway, this moss has mainly been reported from the interior of the southern and middle parts of the country (Artskart 2016). The Swedish localities lie mainly in the middle and northern provinces, mainly in the eastern regions, and it seems to be more common in Finland where this species occurs throughout (Hedenäs et al. 2014, Mårtensson 1956). In Italy and Austria, this species is extremely rare (H. Köckinger pers. comm. 2017) and it was first detected in southern Tyrol and Trento by Molendo and others in about 1863 or 1864 (formerly Austria, now Italy) growing on volcanic rock, mainly in shaded crevices, at about 1,500 to 1, 800 m Asl. Later (1891), it was collected by Johann Breider in Austria, north-western Styria (Steiermark) near Schladming on the northern side of Mt. Pichlschober, in a shaded gneiss crevice at around 2,100 m Asl (H. Köckinger pers. comm. 2017).

  In the north and northeast, where the core of the distribution is found, this species seems to be more or less stable, and so the overall current population trend is considered to be stable in Europe. However, in southern Fennoscandia, Austria and Italy, this species has had a large decline within the last 50 years (three times generation time) and it is inferred that the decline will continue especially in the countries within the EU 28. In the south, the species always occurs in small subpopulation sizes, with each less than 5-10 individual-equivalents per locality with no subpopulation bigger than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent). The size of the population within the EU 28 is most probably between 10,000 and 11,000 individual-equivalents.","This species grows on shaded, dry, and more or less vertical rock surfaces, in caves and crevices of neutral to slightly basic bedrocks. Sometimes this species also occurs on erratic boulders. The species often grows together with Anomodon viticulosus, Lescuraea spp., Pterigynandrum filiforme and Porella cordeana (Hedenäs et al. 2014, Mårtensson 1956).","In the north, there are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. However, in the south (southern Sweden, Austria and Italy) it has become rarer and there is a threat of exploitation, such as through mining activities, in mountainous regions.","The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. However, within the EU 28, this species needs more protection of land where it is known to occur.",The species is not used or traded.,"Vanderpoorten, A.,Cálix, M.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,NECKERACEAE,Neckera,pennata,,Neckera pennata  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Feathered Neckera (Neckera pennata) is a large circumpolar boreal-montane moss occurring primarily in central and northern Europe, north to central Fennoscandia and the northern Urals, south to the Canary Islands, Portugal, Sardinia, southern Italy, the Balkans, Crimea and the southern Urals. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it still has a large population, in spite of the decline that it is undergoing in the western part of its range. 

In the EU 28, this species is assessed as Vulnerable since it is estimated that there are fewer than 10,000 individual-equivalents in total, with fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be a tree on which this species is growing. In addition, there is a continuing decline in the population due to forestry practices such as clear-felling old forest, and other management that results in removal of substrate and decreased humidity. This species is thought to be sensitive to air pollution. In Germany, although the air quality has significantly improved recently, there has so far been no increase in N. pennata. In Scandinavia the species is affected by ash dieback, and spruce is increasing and shading out the species. Forest management and commercial forestry practices should take account of this species where it grows. In Germany, very old laurels should be preserved, at least partially. At least some subpopulations should be monitored.",Decreasing,"The Feathered Neckera (Neckera pennata) is a large circumpolar boreal-montane moss occurring primarily in central and northern Europe, north to central Fennoscandia and the northern Urals, south to the Canary Islands, Portugal, Sardinia, southern Italy, the Balkans, Crimea and the southern Urals. Recent records for Portugal and Sardinia were not found. The only record from Britain is a very old one, and it is considered extinct there. It is widespread across the Northern Hemisphere, occurring across Asia to Japan, south to India, the Himalayas and Taiwan, in North America south to New Mexico and Texas, and also in Australia and New Zealand. It is doubtfully recorded from sub-Saharan Africa and South America (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 2,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10.8 million km².","This species has suffered a serious decline in central Europe, including Germany (Meinunger and Schröder 2007), but is still widespread in boreal regions, especially in old-growth forests. In Switzerland there is a slight decline. In Scandinavia it is widespread on the eastern part, and there is a slight decline too as a result of ash dieback, among other threats. In Hungary it is declining too, especially in the eastern part. The population is not severely fragmented, since the core subpopulations in Russia and Scandinavia are not fragmented. Subpopulations are usually small (being only present in a few trees). On average there are around ten individual-equivalents in each subpopulation, given that one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be an individual tree on which this species is growing. Therefore the population size is estimated to be larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents in pan-Europe, and probably fewer than 10,000 individual-equivalents in the EU 28. 



","This moss is an lowland epiphyte of base-rich tree trunks in humid, half-shaded to shady places in forests, often on deciduous trees in spruce forest. Favoured trees include aspen, ash and field maple, but it has been found on most deciduous tree species. It needs high humidity, so is found mainly in valleys near streams and rivers and on floodplains. It is very rare on base-rich rocks, conifers and tree stumps. Frequent associates include Antitrichia curtipendula, Leucodon sciuroides, Pseudoamblystegium subtile, Homalothecium sericeum, Homalia trichomanoides, Isothecium alopecuroides, Metzgeria furcata and Radula complanata, and the lichens Lobaria pulmonaria, Nephroma spp.and Parmeliella triptophylla (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014, ArtDatabanken 2015). Its altitudinal range is from 50 m up to 1,050 m Asl.



It is autoicous; capsules are frequent. Vegetative propagation by flagelliform branches is frequent in Scandinavia.","Forestry practices such as clear-felling old forest, and other management that results in removal of substrate and decreased humidity, are detrimental to this species. This species is thought to be sensitive to air pollution. In Germany, although the air quality has significantly improved recently, there has so far been no increase in N. pennata (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). In Scandinavia the species is affected by ash dieback, and spruce is increasing and shading out the species.","This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Switzerland, as Endangered in Germany, Hungary, Lithuania and Poland, as Vulnerable in Finland, Norway, Czech Republic, Latvia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Romania and Serbia, as Near Threatened in Sweden and Belarus, as Data Deficient in the Canary Islands, Portugal and Sardinia, and as 'seriously threatened with extinction' in Austria. It is considered Regionally Extinct in Britain (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in some protected areas in many countries. Forest management and commercial forestry practices should take account of this species where it grows. In Germany, very old laurels should be preserved, at least partially (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). At least some subpopulations should be monitored.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hassel, K.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N. & Vanderpoorten, A.","Hodgetts, N.,Blom, H.,Lönnell, N.,Schröck, C.,Afonina, O.,Goldberg, I.,Vellak, K.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,NECKERACEAE,Neckera,pumila,,Neckera pumila  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Neckera pumila is a suboceanic-temperate species. It can be found in western and central Europe, north to Scandinavia, east to Ukraine and the Caucasus, rather rare in the Mediterranean area, reaching Greece, Sicily and Macaronesia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is very large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. Although it does not approach the thresholds for a threatened Category at the European level, this species is locally threatened in some countries, and it is recommended that its area of distribution be monitored and protected from touristic developments and recreational activities. Attention should be given to the restricted areas of natural forest, as those occurring in the Macaronesian archipelagos, or in southern Europe, where the effects of climate changes and the intensification in forest fires might affect the maintenance of the subpopulations in the near future.

",Stable,"

Neckera pumila is a suboceanic-temperate species. It can be found in western and central Europe, north to Scandinavia, east to Ukraine and the Caucasus, rather rare in the Mediterranean area (where it is restricted to hilly and montane areas with moderate to high rainfall), reaching Greece, Sicily and Macaronesia (Azores, Canary Islands and Madeira). It can also be found in North Africa, Turkey, Georgia and Armenia (Sérgio et al. 2006, González-Mancebo et al. 2008, Gabriel et al. 2011, Blockeel et al. 2014).

","

This species is scattered in the mountains from regions of the Mediterranean to Scandinavia, but it is rarer in southern Europe, where it is restricted to areas of high rainfall. Like many bryophyte epiphytes, this species has declined in areas of high atmospheric pollution (Hill et al. 1994, Frey et al. 2006). However, the overall population size is very large and the current population trend is thought to be stable.

","This species grows mainly on trees and shrubs in woods and plantations, or in sheltered valleys, but it is sometimes also found on rocks or boulders (Hedenäs 1992, Frey et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014). It can be found as an epiphyte on a wide range of hosts, and only very rarely has it been recorded on inorganic substrates (Hill et al. 1994). This species occurs from sea level up to 1,600 m Asl.","

This species is threatened by habitat destruction (mainly for urban development, touristic and recreational activities), alterations of the climatic conditions and fire intensification. Changes in the use of the soil, or the increase of atmospheric pollution, are also threats to this species.

","

This species is known to occur in protected areas and has been assessed as “Highly Endangered” in the Netherlands, as Endangered in Austria, Bulgaria, Poland, Finland and Slovakia, as Vulnerable in Switzerland, Germany and Romania, as Near Threatened in Sweden and Sicily, as Data Deficient in Montenegro, Hungary and Serbia, and as Regionally Extinct in Czech Republic (Hodgetts 2015); and as Near Threatened in Madeira (Sim-Sim et al. 2014). The area of distribution of this species should be monitored and protected from touristic developments and recreational activities. Attention should be given to the restricted areas of natural forest, including those occurring in the Macaronesia archipelagos, or in southern Europe, where the effects of climate change and the intensification in forest fires might affect the maintenance of the subpopulations in the near future.

",This species is not utilised.,"Stebel, A.,Fettes, N.D.","Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,ANASTROPHYLLACEAE,Neoorthocaulis,attenuatus,,Neoorthocaulis attenuatus  ,"(Mart.) L. Söderstr., De Roo, Hedd. &amp; Mart.",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Trunk Pawwort (Neoorthocaulis attenuatus), a minute liverwort species, is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its presumably stable population trend. Climate change and changes in moisture regimes may threaten this species locally. It occurs in protected areas in Europe, offering it some formal protection from these threats. Further research is needed on the population size of this species, as well as the threats to it.",Stable,"This species is common and widespread in Europe, but becomes rarer and more montane in the south. The global range of this species includes the Holarctic region (Frey et al. 2006), but it is rather scattered in its distribution. It is present elsewhere in North America, Asiatic Russia, China, Taiwan and Japan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

",There is no information on any decline or population size variation. The overall population trend is considered to be stable.,"This species inhabits decaying tree stumps, and the trunks of trees with acidic bark are its most typical substrates, although this species may also be abundant on sandstone or igneous boulders. More rarely, it grows on peaty banks or in the holes in block scree beds (Atherton et al. 2010). This minute dioicous liverwort is known to produce spores occasionally but only in some parts of its distribution range. However, it often produces a lot of gemmae that are its most common way of reproduction (Korpelainen et al. 2011). Its altitudinal range is ca. 10–3,000 m.","There is a lack of information on threats for this species, but they are few, at least in its core range in the north. Climate change and changes in moisture regimes may be a threat locally.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Netherlands (Endangered), Latvia (Endangered), Spain (Vulnerable), Slovenia (Vulnerable), Germany (Vulnerable), Italy (Near Threatened), Luxembourg (Near Threatened) and Bulgaria (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas. Further research is needed on the population size of this species, as well as the threats.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Wilbraham, J.,Cálix, M.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,ANASTROPHYLLACEAE,Neoorthocaulis,binsteadii,,Neoorthocaulis binsteadii  ,"(Kaal.) L. Söderstr., De Roo &amp; Hedd.",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Neoorthocaulis binsteadii is found in Fennoscandia, European Russia, Poland, Slovakia, Svalbard and one single locality in northwestern Spain. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 800 and 900 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 500 km² and the EOO is ca 2 million km². The current population trend is probably stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in Spain, and rare in Poland. Even so, no conservation action is needed at present.",Stable,"This species has a subarctic-alpine distribution. Outside of Fennoscandia, this species is known from Svalbard, Kola Peninsula and Novaya Zemlya, Poland and one single locality in northwestern Spain (Garilleti and Albertos 2012, Hodgetts 2015). 

In Asia, this species is known from eastern Siberia. In North America, this species is transcontinental, and found in the west from Alaska to British Columbia, and in the east from Ellesmere Island to Nova Scotia. This species is also known from Greenland (Damsholt 2002). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 200 m to 1,500 m Asl.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 800 and 900 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 500 km² and the EOO is ca 2 million km².","In the mountains of the Nordic countries, this species has been found to occur from the upper part of large valleys in the forest zone, getting more widely distributed above the tree line (Damsholt 2002). In Finland, this species is probably common in the north (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). In northern Sweden, this species has also been found growing in lowland wetlands. The current population trend is probably stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows among Sphagnum in mires or at less wet, peaty ground around tarns among Dicranum species, often together with Sphenolobus minutus, Mylia taylorii, Cephalozia leucantha and Calypogeia sphagnicola (Damsholt 2002). It is an medium-sized species which grows as scattered shoots or small tufts.","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","This species is in the Red List of Spain as Critically Endangered (CR) and in Poland as rare (R) (Hodgetts 2015).

No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Gunnarsson, U.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,ANASTROPHYLLACEAE,Neoorthocaulis,floerkei,,Neoorthocaulis floerkei  ,"(F.Weber &amp; D.Mohr) L.Söderstr., De Roo &amp; Hedd.",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Pawwort (Neoorthocaulis floerkei) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its presumably stable population trend. Although it is assessed as threatened in several European countries (mainly at the edge of its range), it is common in others. There are no serious threats to this species, but some southern and eastern subpopulations may be threatened by climate change. It is known to occur in protected areas. Further research is needed on the population size and threats to this species across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This species is widely distributed throughout Europe (Frey et al. 2006), but becomes rare and restricted to mountains, or even absent, in some Mediterranean and eastern areas. Outside Europe, its range includes North America, Asia and Peru (Andes mountains). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","There is no indication of any decline of this species. It appears to be threatened in some European countries, at the edge of its range, but common in others. Although the subpopulations in some parts of Europe are fragmented, the overall population trend is considered to be stable.","This liverwort is a calcifuge, typical of a variety of well-drained substrates, including open moorland slopes under Calluna, old quarries, dry screes, rocky knolls, rock crevices, drystone walls, sandy heaths and fixed coastal dunes. It is rarer in damp situations, such as wet peat in bogs and areas of late snow-lie. The plants often grow as pure stands, or mixed with other calcifuges such as Dicranum scoparium, Isothecium myosuroides, Pleurozium schreberi and Polytrichum spp. At high altitudes, it is typically found in north- to east-facing block screes, less often near snow patches (Blockeel et al. 2014). It tends to be less common in highly oceanic areas. Its altitudinal range is ca. 5–3,000 m.","There are no serious threats to this species, but some southern and eastern subpopulations may be threatened by climate change.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct), Estonia (Endangered), Germany (Vulnerable), Italy (Near Threatened) and Hungary (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is found in protected areas. Further research is needed on the population size and threats to this species.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Ganeva, A.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,ANASTROPHYLLACEAE,Neoorthocaulis,hyperboreus,,Neoorthocaulis hyperboreus  ,"(R.M. Schust.) L. Söderstr., De Roo &amp; Hedd.",Neoorthocaulis hyperboreus is often not correctly identified due to its similarity to the closely related Neooothocaulis floerkei and Schljakovianthus quadrilobus.,No,VU,D1,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Neoorthocaulis hyperboreus occurs in Europe in Svalbard and (doubtfully) in Nova Zemlya (Russia). There are only very few records of this species, which is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe since the population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals). The current population trend is unknown.This species grows in high Arctic environments in rocky areas, between boulders on humid soil. It can also be found growing on cliffs. It does not seem to be threatened since it occurs in hard to access habitats. It is found in a strict nature reserve in Svalbard. Research into the taxonomy is needed since there appears to be taxonomic uncertainties surrounding this species. This species does not occur in the EU 28, and is therefore assessed as Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Unknown,"According to Hodgetts (2015), this species occurs in Europe in Svalbard and (doubtfully) in Nova Zemlya (Russia). It was listed in the Polish Red List (Klama 2006), but Górski and Váňa (2014) question the determination of the Polish records and consider that they are only forms of N. floerkei. According to Konstantinova and Potemkin (1996) there exists one record from 1901 from Novaya Zemlya and it is also reported from the nearby Vajgach Island (Zheleznova et al. 2007). Recently it was found in Svalbard (N. Konstantinova pers. comm. 2016). Outside Europe it is known from Arctic North America and Greenland from where the species was described (Schuster 1966-1992). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 40 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1.5 million km2.","There are only very few records of this species and so the overall population size is considered small. It is estimated that there are fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre where this species grows. The population trend is unknown. Is ist unknown whether the population is severely fragmented.","This species grows in high Arctic environments in rocky areas, between boulders on humid soil. It can also be found growing on cliffs.","The threats to this species are unknown, but it does not seem to be threatened since it occurs in hard to access habitats.","There is no information about conservation actions. This species is found in a strict nature reserve in Svalbard. The other sites, where this rare species occurs should be protected. Research into the taxonomy is needed since there appears to be taxonomic uncertainties surrounding this species.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Englefield, E.,Cronberg, N.","Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Nobregaea,latinervis,,Nobregaea latinervis  ,Hedenäs,,Yes,EX,,Yes,EX,,EU28,,"Nobregaea latinervis was only known from one locality on the northeastern side of Madeira Island, Portugal. It is assessed as Extinct since it has not been seen since 1946, in spite of recent searches of the known locality by several researchers. The habitat of this species is found at the edge of the natural laurel forest, not far from an area with agricultural fields and residences, so the effects of human activities are believed to have been the main causes for the extinction of this moss.",,"Nobregaea latinervis was endemic to Madeira, Portugal. This species was recorded from only one site in the northeastern part of the island in 1943 and 1946 (Hedenäs 1992). It has not been found since then.",After recent visits to the only known locality by several researchers it was not possible to find any specimens of the species (Sim-Sim et al. 2014).,This moss was collected close to a waterfall in a deep valley at 420 m Asl (Hedenäs 1992).,"The habitat of this species was on the edge of the natural laurel forest, not far from an area with agricultural fields and residences, so the effects of human activities are believed to have been the main cause for the degradation of the habitat and consequent extinction of this species.",This species was assessed as Extinct in Madeira by Sim-Sim et al. (2014).,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Bates, J.","Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N., Martins, A. & Gabriel, R.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,LEUCODONTACEAE,Nogopterium,gracile,,Nogopterium gracile  ,(Hedw.) Crosby &amp; W.R. Buck,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Nogopterium gracileis frequent in southern Europe, north to southern Scandinavia and scattered in central Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is large and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. In addition at the European level there are no major threats.",Stable,"Nogopterium gracile is frequent in southern Europe, north to southern Scandinavia and is scattered in central Europe (Frey et al. 2006). It is also known from British Columbia, extending to Washington and Oregon and to California, and for Africa from the Mediterranean to the Cape, southwest Asia and Reunion.",The overall population size is large and the current population trend is thought to be stable.,"This species grows on base-poor and base-rich rocks and boulders preferably in humid microsites, or as an epiphyte on the bases or trunks of trees, from the lowlands to the timberline (Dierβen 2001, Frey et al. 2006). This species occurs between 10 m and 1,800 m Asl.","Even though this species may be locally threatened, there are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species.","This species is known to occur in protected areas and has been assessed as Regionally Extinct in Slovakia, Endangered in Romania, Vulnerable in Sweden and Switzerland and Data Deficient in Hungary (Hodgetts 2015).",This species is not utilised.,"Virtanen, R.,Englefield, E.","Sim-Sim, M.","Afonina, O.,Blom, H.,Lönnell, N.,Goldberg, I.,Vellak, K.,Hodgetts, N.,Schröck, C.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,ANTHOCERATOPHYTA,ANTHOCEROTOPSIDA,NOTOTHYLADALES,NOTOTHYLADACEAE,Notothylas,orbicularis,,Notothylas orbicularis  ,(Schwein.) Sull.,,No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) 

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

In Europe, Notothylas orbicularis is known only from Germany, Austria and the Czech Republic, and also Italy (where it is now possibly extinct). This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 200 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred and projected continuing decline in the AOO, extent and quality of the habitat and number of mature individuals. As an annual species, there are big fluctuations in the number of individuals every year. The population size is estimated to be greater than 10,000 individual-equivalents (at least in a good year). Like other species living in arable habitats, it is threatened by intensive agricultural practices. The main threat is immediate ploughing after harvest, since this prevents it from completing its annual life cycle. Also measures to cover harvested fields with intermediate crops in order to reduce nitrate leakage can threaten this hornwort species. Fortunately, it is listed in the Bern Convention and is protected through the EU Habitats Directive (Natura 2000). Conservation measures such as traditional management with low fertilizer input and low herbicide applications should be promoted. These practices can be implemented as part of specific agri-environment schemes. The species' occurrence at the sites where these measures are implemented needs to be monitored.",Decreasing,"In Europe, this species is known only from Germany (Hessen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Bayern), Austria, the Czech Republic and Italy. Probably the biggest subpopulation is in Hessen (Germany), with 64 sites observed in a year with favourable conditions (Hachtel et al. 2003). There is one recent record in Bayern. In Austria, there is one historical record near Hall in Tirol (Köckinger 2017),and a few recent records in Steiermark, Kärnten and Mühlviertel (Köckinger et al. 2008, Schröck et al. 2014). In Italy there are only old records from before 1950 in Trentino (see: Tacchi and Aleffi 2018), including one from South Tirol (Düll 2006). In the Czech Republic there are very few recent records, only seven individuals at four sites have been found in 2010 (Koval and Zmrhalová 2010). It has been found growing at elevations between 100 m and 1,000 m Asl. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 200 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 150,000 km². Outside Europe, this species occurs in North and South America, Japan, and tropical Africa.



","The population of this species is very small and restricted. As an annual species, there are big fluctuations in the number of individuals every year. It has not been found recently in Italy, so there has been a decline in the AOO over the past decades, and the overall population trend is therefore decreasing. A further significant decline in the population is likely to occur within the next 10  years, if intensive management of the arable fields where it grows is allowed to  continue. The population size is estimated to be greater than 10,000 individual-equivalents (at least in a good year). One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which it grows. The subpopulations are small and isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. This species does not have good dispersal abilities, as it has large spores.","The species grows in crop fields on slightly acid loamy-sandy soils, often together with other typical species of arable fields that are regularly ploughed. Hornwort spores can survive for several years in the soil and thus tolerate years with unfavorable conditions.","Like other species living in arable habitats, this species is threatened by intensive agricultural practices. The main threat is immediate ploughing after harvest, since this prevents it from completing its annual life cycle (Manzke 2004 and 2005, Bisang et al. 2009, Schröck et al. 2014). Relatively recently introduced measures to cover harvested fields with intermediate crops in order to reduce nitrate leakage in some countries also proved to be negative for hornworts (Bisang et al. 2009). A significant further decline in the population is likely to occur within the next 10 years, if this kind of intensive management of the fields is allowed to continue.



","This species is listed in the Bern Convention and is protected through the EU Habitats Directive (Natura 2000). It is included in the national Red List of Germany as Endangered (Ludwig et al. 1996), and in those of Austria and the Czech Republic as Critically Endangered (Saukel and Köckinger 1999, Kučera  et al. 2012). It is listed as Data Deficient in Italy, but it may have disappeared there. A project for the protection of this species has been established at Hessen in Germany (Frahm-Jaudes et al. 2012), but the results of this project are as yet not available. It is known to occur in protected areas. Traditional management with low fertilizer input and low herbicide applications should be promoted. These practices can be implemented as part of specific agri-environment schemes. The species' occurrence at the sites where these measures are implemented needs to be monitored.



",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Cálix, M.,Denyer, J.","Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIACEAE,Nowellia,curvifolia,,Nowellia curvifolia  ,(Dicks.) Mitt.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Rustwort (Nowellia curvifolia) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its presumably stable population trend. There are no major threats to the species at the European level, and it is known to occur in protected areas across its range.",Stable,"This European boreo-temperate liverwort is widespread in Europe, including Macaronesia, but infrequent in the extreme north and the Mediterranean region. Elsewhere it is found in Turkey, Asiatic Russia, China and Japan southwards to Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia and Sri Lanka, Australia (Queensland), and North, Central and South America (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","This is a widespread and often common species in suitable habitats over much of Europe, and is one of the commonest of the dead wood specialist species. Its population trend is considered stable or even, in some areas, increasing (Blockeel et al. 2014).

","This species is common in temperate and boreal forests, where it is found growing on rotten wood and logs on humus and sandstone substrates. More rarely it grows on peaty soil in open habitats such as bogs and heaths (Frey et al. 2006, Atherton et al. 2010). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-1,670 m.","There are no major threats to the species at the European level, although dead wood generally is at risk in many areas from some kinds of forest over-management.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Italy (Vulnerable), Poland (Vulnerable), Hungary (Vulnerable), Montenegro (Vulnerable), Serbia (Vulnerable), Finland (Near Threatened) and Germany (Near Threatened) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in protected areas in Europe.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hedenäs, L.,Cálix, M.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Nyholmiella,gymnostoma,,Nyholmiella gymnostoma  ,(Bruch ex Brid.) Holmen &amp; Warncke,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Aspen Bristle-moss (Nyholmiella gymnostoma) is a European Boreal-montane species with a patchy distribution in Europe, centred in northern and eastern Europe (north Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus), with outlying subpopulations in Scotland, Slovenia, Italy (Calabria), Greece, Albania and Bulgaria. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though there is ongoing decline, it is still frequent and abundant in some parts of its range. It has clearly declined in central Europe, probably because of air pollution, but it was always rare there, and the decline was therefore only a small proportion of the European population. Destruction of aspen woodland and air pollution are the major threats to this species. Areas of aspen woodland with significant subpopulations of this species should be preserved and managed appropriately. Major and edge-of-range subpopulations should be monitored.",Decreasing,"The Aspen Bristle-moss (Nyholmiella gymnostoma) is a European Boreal-montane species with a patchy distribution in Europe, centred in northern and eastern Europe (north Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus), with outlying subpopulations in Scotland, Slovenia, Italy (Calabria), Greece, Albania and Bulgaria. It is considered to have disappeared from the Czech Republic and Austria. Elsewhere it is found in the Caucasus, Turkey, Asia from Afghanistan to southern Siberia and Yakutia, and Newfoundland (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 2,225 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6.5 million km².","This species is stable in some areas, and it is frequent or abundant in areas of Sweden and Norway, but seems to be declining in parts of central Europe. Even though the population size cannot be estimated accurately, there are probably more than 10,000 mature individuals.","This is an epiphyte, found characteristically on the trunks of aspen Populus tremula in open pine, birch and juniper woodland, but also sometimes found on other trees and even on concrete. Associates recorded in Scotland include Frullania dilatata, Ptilidium pulcherrimum, Radula complanata, Dicranoweisia cirrata, Hypnum cupressiforme s.l., Ulota bruchii, U. crispa and U. drummondii. At some of its recent sites it has also been found with other species of Nyholmiella and Orthotrichum, notably N. obtusifolia, O. speciosum, O. stramineum and O. striatum (Blockeel et al. 2014, ArtDatabanken 2015). Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 700 m Asl. 



It is dioicous; capsules are rare, maturing in spring. Gemmae are frequent on the leaves.",Destruction of aspen woodland and air pollution are the major threats to this species.,"Areas of aspen woodland with significant subpopulations of this species should be preserved and managed appropriately. Major and edge-of-range subpopulations should be monitored. This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Germany, Romania and Slovakia, as Vulnerable in Finland, Britain and Bulgaria, as Near Threatened in Estonia, as Data Deficient in Hungary, Albania and Slovenia, and as 'rare' in Poland. It is listed as Regionally Extinct in Austria and the Czech Republic (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.,Blockeel, T.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Nyholmiella,obtusifolia,,Nyholmiella obtusifolia  ,(Brid.) Holmen &amp; Warncke,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Nycholmiella obtusifolia is distributed from arctic to steppe regions. It occurs in different forest types and as well as in areas with human disturbance. It seems to be well adapted to human impact and can maintain its subpopulations in agricultural landscapes, in secondary aspen forests and in towns.  In Europe, this species has large range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 11.3 million km2, and in the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 4.5 million km2. It is widespread in Sweden, Finland and many EU 28 countries in central and eastern Europe. Numerous subpopulations of this species are known, there are no major threats to this species and its current population trend appears to be stable. This species should therefore be assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"In Europe, this circumpolar species is distributed in the arctic, boreal, temperate and forest-steppe zones as well as in mountain regions. It is found in the north to Svalbard (but not in Iceland) and in the south to Sicily. In European Russia, this species is frequent across all forest area and can reach steppe regions. Elsewhere, it occurs in North Africa, Turkey, Iran, the Caucasus, Middle Asia, Siberia, the Russian Far East (north to Chukotka), China, Japan and North America (Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Ignatov et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 1,500 m Asl.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 11.3 million km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 4.5 million km2.","Numerous and large subpopulations of this species are known. This species has a high dispersal ability, it has abundant gemmae and in European Russia it is frequently fertile. The population trend seems to be stable. It is widespread in Sweden, Finland  and many EU 28 countries in central and eastern Europe.","The characteristic host tree of this epiphyte species is aspen, but it can also grow on exposed roots and trunks of ash, elm, alder, Norway maple, oak, lime, poplar, sycamore, willow, apple trees and rarely on limestone. It occurs in wide variety of light and humidity habitat conditions, such as forests, on roadsides and parkland, in open woodland and in orchards, etc. (NISM 2017, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Blockeel et al. 2014).","There are no threats to this species. It seems to be well adapted to human impact and can maintain its subpopulations in agricultural landscapes, in secondary aspen forests and in towns.","This species is included in the Red Lists of Great Britain and Hungary as Near Threatened (NT) and it is also assessed in Serbia as Vulnerable (VU) (Papp et al. 2010, Hodgetts 2011, Sabovljevic et al. 2004). A lot of known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. No conservation measures are required at present.

",This species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Vanderpoorten, A.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,JUNGERMANNIACEAE,Obtusifolium,obtusum,,Obtusifolium obtusum  ,(Lindb.) S.W. Arnell,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Obtuse Notchwort (Obtusifolium obtusum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory. The population is known to be fairly large, despite it being regarded as under-recorded, and the population trend seems to be stable. There are no known threats at the European level, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in protected areas across its range.",Stable,"This European boreo-arctic montane liverwort is found in most of the mountain ranges, and some more low-lying areas, of central and eastern Europe, west to the Pyrenees and Britain and north to Scandinavia, the Faroe Islands and Iceland. Elsewhere it is known from Siberia, Kamchatka, China, Japan, Mongolia, North America and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","Paton (1999) stated that this species is probably under-recorded, as it can be hard to detect in the field. The overall population trend in Europe is considered to be stable. It is fairly common in at least some areas, while being scarce in others. Records suggest that there may have been a northerly retreat in Britain (Blockeel et al. 2014).

","This liverwort usually grows as scattered stems in mossy turf, only rarely forming relatively pure stands.It favours neutral to  slightly acidic substrates in  partially shaded, humid areas, mostly on  shallow, stony soils. At lower elevations it typically grows in woodlands of native pine or birch, scattered amongst bryophytes such asTritomaria  quinquedentata, Barbilophozia barbata, Diplophyllum albicans, Lophozia  ventricosa,  Plagiochila asplenioides, Hylocomium splendens, Dicranum  scoparium,  Rhodobryum roseum, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, R. squarrosus,  Pleurozium schreberi, Polytrichum  formosum, Pseudoscleropodium purum  and vascular plants such as Avenella flexuosa, Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium  myrtillus and  Oxalis acetosella. At higher altitudes it can grow with similar associates – and often through patches of Breutelia chrysocoma in oceanic areas – in mossy, often basic, turf on sheltered north- or east-facing slopes. More rarely it is found in basic flushes with species such as Apopellia endiviifolia and Ctenidium molluscum. In  mountains it can grow under mica-schist blocks with Barbilophozia lycopodioides, Marchantia polymorpha, Ptychostomum pseudotriquetrum and Rhizomnium punctatum (Blockeel et al. 2014, Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Its altitudinal range is ca. 25-2,620 m.

","There are no known threats to this species at the European level. There may be some local threats but these are not doumented.

","No conservation measures are required at present, except perhaps locally. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Italy (Critically Endangered), Luxembourg (Endangered), Czech Republic (Endangered), Spain (Vulnerable), Austria (Vulnerable), Germany (Vulnerable), Andorra (Vulnerable), Estonia (Vulnerable), Slovakia (Near Threatened) and Hungary (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in protected areas across its range.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Kiebacher, T.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Ochyraea,tatrensis,,Ochyraea tatrensis  ,Vána,,No,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v); C2a(i); D",No,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); C2a(i); D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

Ochyraea tatrensis is only found in three sites and is endemic to the Nizke Tatry Mountains in Slovakia. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered as it has a very restricted geographic range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) both estimated at just 4 km2, it is found at only one location and there is a continuing decline in the quality and extent of the habitat and in the number of individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals). In addition, this species has a very small population size, with there being perhaps around 10 individual-equivalents, and certainly fewer than 50 individual-equivalents overall. Each locality, or subpopulation, also has far fewer than 50 individual-equivalents. The species is therefore assessed under Criteria B, C and D.

This moss species is threatened by water abstraction and pollution. Another threat is competition with other mosses, especially Hygrohypnum smithii. The three known subpopulations lie inside a national park. However, additional site protection and management, as well as ex-situ conservation, are all needed to conserve this species. More research into the taxonomy of this species, as well as into distribution and trends, is needed. Monitoring of the water quality and air pollution are also recommended.",Decreasing,"This species is known only from three very close localities in the Nizke Tatry Mountains in Slovakia (Váňa 2014) (see also EU Habitats Directive). One of the sites is very close to a road while the other two sites are hard to access. It occurs at elevations between 1,600 m and 1,800 m Asl. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both estimated at just 4 km2 in Europe and in the EU 28.","According to Váňa (2001), the three subpopulations were still present in 2001 but decreasing in size. The type locality is very close to a road and the habitat qualityis certainly decreasing. The overall population trend is also thought to be decreasing. Since this species grows on granite rocks, one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one rock on which it grows. It is estimated that there are perhaps around 10 individual-equivalents, and certainly fewer than 50 individual-equivalents overall. Each locality, or subpopulation, also has far fewer than 50 individual-equivalents.",This species grows on granite stones in streams in subalpine areas.,"According to Váňa (2001), the localities where this species is found are all threatened by water abstraction and pollution. Another threat is competition with other mosses, especially Hygrohypnum smithii (see also EU Habitats Directive). Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of water abstraction and pollution and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered that it occurs at only one location.","The localities lie inside the Nízke Tatry National Park but are still  threatened by water pollution and competition with other mosses, especially Hygrohypnum smithii. The species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Slovakia, the only country where it is found. Additional site protection and management, as well as ex-situ conservation, are all needed to conserve this species. More research into the taxonomy of this species, as well as into distribution and trends, is needed. Monitoring of the water quality and air pollution are also recommended.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Rumsey, F.,Cálix, M.","Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIACEAE,Odontoschisma,denudatum,,Odontoschisma denudatum  ,(Mart.) Dumort,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The Matchstick Flapwort (Odontoschisma denudatum) is widely distributed across Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Although subpopulations in some countries seem to be stable, it has been recorded as declining in several countries. The overall population trend is therefore thought to be decreasing slightly. There is no indication of fragmentation of the subpopulations. The overall population size is very large and it is common in some regions of central Europe. Thus this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28. The species can be locally threatened by the destruction of bogs. In Sweden it is threatened by forestry practices and the drying out of swamp forests. Nitrogen deposition is also thought to be a threat in many lowland areas.  It is present in several protected areas. Monitoring of population and habitat trends is recommended for the subpopulations that are known to be declining.

",Decreasing,"In Europe, the Matchstick Flapwort (Odontoschisma denudatum) is present from the Azores and Ireland in the west to European Russia in the east and from Spain and Italy in the south to northern Scandinavia in the north (Damsholt 2002). Is has not been reported from Iceland and Svalbard or from many of the Balkan countries. Its presence in Slovakia is uncertain (Hodgetts 2015). It is found growing from sea level up to 1,700 m Asl. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Outside Europe it it widespread in Asia and North and South America.","The subpopulations seem to be stable in most countries with national or regional Red Lists. However, it is declining in several countries, such as Sweden, Germany, Britain, European Russia and the Netherlands. The overall population trend is therefore thought to be decreasing slightly. There is no indication of fragmentation of the subpopulations. The overall population size is very large and it is common in some regions of central Europe.",The species grows on dead and decomposed wood in forests or on bare peat in bogs; also sometimes over acidic sandstone rocks (Nebel and Philippi 2005).,The species can be locally threatened by the destruction of bogs (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). In Sweden it is threatened by forestry practices and the drying out of swamp forests. Nitrogen deposition is also thought to be a threat in many lowland areas.,"The species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in the Netherlands and Romania, as Endangered in Italy, as Vulnerable in Spain, Luxembourg and Germany, and as Near Threatened in Finland, Sweden and Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in several protected areas. Monitoring of population and habitat trends is recommended for the subpopulations that are known to be declining.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.,Puche, F.","Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIACEAE,Odontoschisma,elongatum,,Odontoschisma elongatum  ,(Lindb.) A. Evans,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The Brown Flapwort (Odontoschisma elongatum) is widespread in Europe and has a mainly northern and alpine distribution. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Subpopulations seem to be stable in many countries. The overall European population trend is considered stable and the population size is probably very large. There is no indication of fragmentation of the subpopulations. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28. The species grows mainly in acidic mires or in bog forests over peat or soil. Although it can be locally threatened by the destruction of mires, there is no major threat to the species at the European level. It is known to be present in several protected areas across its European range, offering it some respite from local threats. Further site protection and sustainable management are recommended conservation measures for this species.",Stable,"The Brown Flapwort (Odontoschisma elongatum) is widespread in Europe and has a mainly northern and alpine distribution, becoming rarer in the south, and is absent from the Balkans. It occurs from Spain and Ireland in the west to central Russia in the east and from northern Spain and Italy in the south to Iceland and Svalbard in the north. It is found growing from sea level up to 2,400 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Outside Europe it is known from Siberia, northern Asia, North America and Greenland (Damsholt 2002).","Subpopulations seem to be stable in many countries with national or regional Red Lists. Therefore, the overall European population trend is considered stable. There is no indication of fragmentation of the subpopulations. The overall population size is probably very large.",The species grows mainly in acidic mires or in bog forests over peat or soil (Damsholt 2002). In Scotland its characteristic habitat is at the edge of lakes on peaty ground (Atherton et al. 2010).,"The species can be locally threatened by the destruction of mires, but there is no major common threat at the European level.","The species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Italy, as Endangered in Slovakia, as Vulnerable in Austria, and as Near Threatened in Ireland and Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). It is considered 'rare' in Germany and Poland. As it often grows in mires, it is present in several protected areas. Further site protection and sustainable management are recommended conservation measures for this species.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Hodgetts, N.,Puche, F.,Cálix, M.","Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIACEAE,Odontoschisma,fluitans,,Odontoschisma fluitans  ,(Nees) L. Söderstr. &amp; Váňa,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Bog Notchwort (Odontoschisma fluitans) is widespread throughout much of Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Subpopulations seem to be stable in northern and northeastern parts of Europe but decreasing in central and southeastern areas. Due to this, the overall population trend is determined to be decreasing slightly, but the overall population size is very large. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.

This species is found growing in bogs and transitional mires over peat and in Sphagnum spp. It is threatened, mostly in central and southeastern Europe, by the destruction of these habitats, although it is present in several protected areas across its range, offering it some protection from these threats. Further protection, management and restoration of the sites where it occurs are recommended conservation measures, as well as more national legislation ensuring the protection of its peat habitats.",Decreasing,"The Bog Notchwort (Odontoschisma fluitans) is widespread in Europe, occurring from Spain and Ireland in the west to European Russia in the east and from the Mediterranean region in the south to northern Scandinavia and Russia in the north (Hodgetts 2015). It is found growing from sea level up to 2,000 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Outside Europe it is known in Siberia, northern and eastern Asia, North Africa and North America (Damsholt 2002).",The subpopulations seem to be stable in northern and northeastern parts of Europe but decreasing in central and southeastern areas. The overall population trend is considered to be declining slightly. The overall population size though is very large.,This species grows in bogs and transitional mires over peat and in Sphagnum spp. (Nebel and Philippi 2005).,"The species is threatened by the destruction of bogs and mires and by nitrogen impact (Nebel and Philippi 2005). It is most threatened in central and southeastern Europe. In northern and eastern Europe, it does not seem to be threatened.","The species has been assessed as Endangered in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Germany and the Netherlands, as Vulnerable in Austria, Italy, Spain, Romania and Poland, and as Near Threatened in Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). It is considered Data Deficient in Portugal. As it usually grows in mires, it is present in several protected areas. Further protection, management and restoration of the sites where it occurs are recommended conservation measures, as well as more national laws ensuring the protection of its peat habitats.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Cálix, M.,Denyer, J.","Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIACEAE,Odontoschisma,francisci,,Odontoschisma francisci  ,(Hook.) L. Söderstr. &amp; Váňa,,No,NT,C2a(i),No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Holt Notchwort (Odontoschisma francisci) is found across Europe, but its occurrence is limited to small areas with relative few individuals at each site. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) but a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,700 and 2,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7 million km2. The current population trend is unknown, but a future inferred continuing decline is projected. In addition, the number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe is estimated to be between 10,000 and 15,000 and each subpopulation is smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) since it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criteria B and C.

 In the EU 28, the AOO is between 1,600 and 1,800 km2 and the EOO is ca 5.5 million km2. The total population size within the EU 28 is estimated to be between 5,000 and 10,000 individual-equivalents, the population trend is declining and the number of individual-equivalents in each subpopulation is less than 1,000. Therefore, this species is assessed as Vulnerable in the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in several countries, including Germany, the Netherlands and Slovakia. The threats to this species are more or less unknown, and the cause of the decline needs to be clarified. Therefore, further research on the threats is required, as well as on the distribution and population status of this species.",Unknown,"This species has a boreal-montane distribution. In Europe, this species is known from the Nordic countries in the north to Ireland, Great Britain, Spain and France, the Pyrenees in the west to central Europe, Switzerland, Austria, Germany, eastwards to Slovakia, Poland, northern and central Russia. This species is also known from Madeira and the Azores (Hodgetts 2015). There is one record from Svalbard which should be checked. 

In North America, this species is known in the east from Baffin Island to New York. This species is also known from southern Greenland (Damsholt 2002).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,700 and 2,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 1,600 and 1,800 km2 and the EOO is ca 5.5 million km2.","In the Nordic countries, this species is infrequent in Denmark and Iceland, where it most frequent occurs in the heaths of the western part. It is scattered through Norway and Sweden, but it is probably under collected in the mountains, as it appears unattractive, occurring in blackish fields, often over humus and peat, along the paths of where reindeer have been.

In the United Kingdom, this species is generally uncommon and has been widely recorded in areas of damp lowland heathland in the south of England, where it can be locally abundant (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species has declined in most of England and Wales since the 1990s, only holding its own in the heaths of southern England (Blockeel et al. 2014). 

In the United Kingdom, the species is estimated to be rare and declining. There is less indication of decline in the Netherlands (BLWG and NDFF 2013) but it is Endangered in Germany, where it was formerly widespread (Caspari et al. 2017, Meinunger and Schröder 2007). 

In Europe, as a whole, it is estimated that there are between 10,000 and 15,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equivalent), and each subpopulation is smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents. The current population trend is unknown, but a future inferred continuing decline is projected. 

The population size within the EU 28 is between 5,000 and 10,000 individual-equivalents and the population trend is here declining.","In Nordic countries, this liverwort grows among other bryophytes, pioneering on open, acidic, moist sandy or peaty soil and growing together with, for example, Nardia scalaris, Cephalozia bicuspidata, Solenostoma gracillimum and Pellia epiphylla, or in mires among Mylia, anomala and Kurzia pauciflora. In the mountains, this species is a pioneer at sites with sandy or somewhat peaty soil, alternately submerged and desiccated, in dry condition forming blackish patches together with, for example, Nardia breidleri, Prasanthus suecicus, Cephalozia bicuspidata, Pleurocladula albescens and Gymnocolea inflata ssp. acutiloba (Damsholt 2002).

In the United Kingdom, this species usually grows alongside Cephalozia bicuspidata. Further north in the United Kingdom, this species is also found in bogs, moorland and lakesides, and forms patches on moist, often stony, peaty soil on vertical banks and ditch edges. Occasionally, this species occurs on pure peat, on damp sandy soil, gravel or mine spoil, on compacted soil on footpaths, and on soil-capped walls (Blockeel et al. 2014).","The threats to this species are more or less unknown, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. Since the species seems to be in decline in most European countries, there is a cause of the decline which needs to be clarified.","This species is assessed in the Red Lists of Germany, the Netherlands and Slovakia as Endangered (EN), in the Czech Republic as Critically Endangered (CR), in Italy as Data Deficient (DD), in Poland as E, and in Ireland, Northern Ireland, Spain, Austria, Svalbard and Switzerland as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015).

Research on distribution, threats and the population status of this species is needed. It is known to occur within at least one protected area.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Ignatova, E.","Hallingbäck, T","Schröck, C.,Soltés, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIACEAE,Odontoschisma,macounii,,Odontoschisma macounii  ,(Austin) Underw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Macoun's Flapwort (Odontoschisma macounii) is an arctic-alpine species that is widespread in northern Scandinavia, Iceland and northern Russia. It also occurs in Britain (Scotland) with about 12 sites known. It is also present in the Alps in Central Europe, where it may be somewhat under-recorded, but is undoubtedly rare. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category. The overall population trend seems to be stable at the European level. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28. It mostly occurs in open alpine habitats. It could be potentially threatened by stochastic events due to its rarity, or climate change. Some stands of this species are included in monitoring programmes in Scotland. It is known to occur in protected areas across its range in Europe.



 



",Stable,"Macoun's Flapwort (Odontoschisma macounii) is an arctic-alpine species widespread in northern Scandinavia, Iceland and northern Russia. It reaches as far north as Svalbard and Novaya Zemlya (Damsholt 2002). It is rare in Britain (Scotland) with about 12 sites known, and in central Europe. 

In the Alps, there are only 19 records known from Austria, mainly in the northern Alps (Köckinger 2017), four in Germany (Meinunger and Schröder 2007), and six in Switzerland (www.swissbryophytes.ch). From the Italian alps there are only older records known from before 1950 (http://dryades.units.it/briofite/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&org=liverworts&id=249). 

It may be that the species is somewhat under-recorded but it is undoubtedly rare in the Alps. It is found growing at elevations between 0 - 2,300 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category. Outside Europe it is known from northern Asia, North America and Greenland.","Although rare in the Alps and Britain, the overall population trend seems to be stable at the European level.","The species grows on humus or peat over calcareous or slightly acidic sandstone rocks. Sometimes it grows in mires but mostly it occurs in open alpine habitats, often on north-facing slopes. The main habitat in Austria is north-facing limestone boulder screes (Köckinger 2017).","The species grows in habitats that are usually remote and often not directly influenced by human activity. It could be potentially threatened by stochastic events due to its rarity, or climate change.","The species is listed as Vulnerable in Britain, Switzerland and Austria, Near Threatened in Finland, 'rare' in Germany (Caspari et al. 2018) and Data Deficient in Italy (see Hodgetts 2015). Some Scottish stands are included in monitoring programmes. It is known to occur in protected areas.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.,Puche, F.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,CEPHALOZIACEAE,Odontoschisma,sphagni,,Odontoschisma sphagni  ,(Dicks.) Dumort.,"The species Odontoschisma prostratum (Sw.) Trevis. was recently subject to molecular analysis (Aranda et al. 2014) and the results support the idea that this species is a synonym of O. sphagni (Dicks.) Dumort.



Arandaet al. (2014) recognize that there are some differences between the species, but ""...in spite of their ecological preferences, O. sphagni and O. prostratum show much overlap in their morphology."" (Aranda et al. 2014:1016). This position was maintained by Gradstein and Ilkiu-Borges (2015) in their revision of the genus Odontoschisma.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Bog-moss Flapwort (Odontoschisma sphagni) has a suboceanic-temperate distribution in Europe, and is widespread  in north-western regions, becoming rarer and more confined to mountainous areas in the south. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. In the core northwestern areas of Europe, it is often abundant in suitable habitats. However there has been a continuous decline since the 1960's in Britain and Ireland, and it is assumed that there is a decline over the entire distribution. The overall population trend in Europe is thus considered to be decreasing. However the population size is large, with the number of individual-equivalents significantly above 10,000. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.

This species is found growing in mires and other acid moors and heathland. It also grows in the native forests of Macaronesia. The destruction (grazing activities) and drainage of peatlands (water abstraction) and air pollution are the main threats. Also in Macaronesia climate change will increase irradiation (and temperature) and promote drought stress. Comprehensive conservation measures and monitoring are necessary for subpopulations in areas where it is rare. Protection and proper management of peatlands in its core areas will be sufficient for its protection in those areas. In the Azores and Madeira, the proper management of its habitat is recommended, focusing on the limitation of nitrification caused (directly or indirectly) by cattle grazing, the control of visitation to sensitive areas, and the removal of invasive species from native forest sites. Further research into the morphology of this species should be investigated more closely throughout its range. It is known to occur in many protected areas across its European distribution, affording it some protection from recognised threats.",Decreasing,"The Bog-moss Flapwort (Odontoschisma sphagni) shows a suboceanic-temperate distribution in Europe, where it is widespread in northwestern regions, especially Scandinavia, Britain and Ireland, becoming much rarer and more confined to mountainous areas in the south, and absent from many eastern areas. According to Aranda et al. (2014) Odontoschisma prostratum (Sw.) Trevis. is included in O. sphagni. For this reason the occurrences in Madeira Island and in eight of the nine islands of the Azores archipelago (Gabriel et al. 2011) are included here in its European range. It is found growing at elevations between 0 - 1,400 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) this species is also known outside Europe, from eastern North America.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail. In Britain, Ireland, southwestern Norway, southwestern Sweden, the Netherlands and northern Germany this species is widespread and often abundant in suitable habitats. Outside this area, the situation is completely different and this species is much rarer. The core of the population is Britain and Ireland, and here a continuous decline since the 1960's has been documented (Blockeel et al. 2014), but an overall population decline is likely over the entire range. In the Alps this species is extremely rare (e.g., Hofmann et al. 2011, Schröck et al. 2013, 2014). The isolated subpopulations in Madeira and the Azores are considered to be stable though. The overall population trend in Europe is thus considered to be decreasing. However the population size is large and significantly above 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows.","This is a species of ombrogenous mires and other acid moors and heathland. In the Azores and Madeira this species may be found inside native forests, but also in open areas, especially on fumaroles, or swamps and on banks along streams (Dierssen 2001). In the Azores, it was observed as epigeic, humicolous, epilithic, epixylic, epiphytic, epibryophytic (especially on Leucobryum, rarely on Sphagnum), and even epiphyllous on fronds of ferns (Schumacker and Vana, 1999).","The main threats to this species are destruction and drainage of peatlands and air pollution. According to recent literature, the effects of climate change in Macaronesia will increase irradiation (and temperature) and promote drought stress (Ferreira et al. 2016, Patiño et al. 2016), which will certainly impact on the distribution of bryophyte species suchas O. sphagni, which is very dependent on water availability. Also, grazing activities near the sites where this species occurs may also lead to the degradation of its habitats and a possible loss of subpopulations.","This liverwort is included in several national Red Lists: it is Endangered in Austria, Czech Republic and Romania, Vulnerable in Switzerland, Germany, Italy, Latvia and Poland and Data Deficient in Bulgaria (Hodgetts 2015).

Comprehensive conservation measures and monitoring are necessary for subpopulations in areas where it is rare. Protection and proper management of peatlands in its core areas will be sufficient for its protection in those areas. In the Azores and Madeira, the proper management of its habitat is recommended, focusing on the limitation of nitrification caused (directly or indirectly) by cattle grazing, the control of visitation to sensitive areas, and the removal of invasive species from native forest sites.

The morphology of this species should be investigated more closely throughout its range. It occurs in many protected areas.","This species is not utilised or traded.

","Puche, F.,Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GIGASPERMALES,GIGASPERMACEAE,Oedipodiella,australis,,Oedipodiella australis  ,(Wager &amp; Dixon) Dixon,The variety Oedipodiella australis var. catalaunica P.de la Varde. was the first record of this moss in Europe (Allorge 1960).,No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,v); D",No,EN,"B2b(i,ii,iii,v); D1",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

In Europe, Oedipodiella australis is found in France, Spain, Madeira and the Canary Islands. This species is infrequent across its range. Although the population size is not fully known, it is likely that there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is around 962,000 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 124 km2. The current population trend of this species in Europe is inferred to be decreasing, and the population is considered to be severely fragmented. Therefore, this species is assessed as Endangered for both Europe and the EU 28.

This species has been found at very few sites, and is entirely dependent on fragile habitats. The species requires open and exposed conditions and is vulnerable to habitat destruction. Fire and tourism are also important threats. Action is urgently needed to manage and protect existing areas, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future. The construction of new tourist facilities needs to be controlled in the existing sites. Further research into the population size, ecology and threats to this species is recommended. In addition, monitoring of population and habitat trends is recommended.",Decreasing,"This is the only species from a taxonomically isolated genus of moss, and it occurs in South Africa (Magill 1987), as well as in France, Spain, Madeira and the Canary Islands. The species was discovered in Europe in 1958, and has been found in several areas, with the association of 'Mannio androgynae-Exormothecetum pustulosae-Oedipodielletosum australis' bryophyte communities of Macaronesia (Kürschner et al. 2008).

The most recent available records of the species are from Eckstein (2010) in the Canary Islands (see also Dirkse et al. 1993) and Brugués et al. (2015) in Spain, Sérgio and Fontinha (1994) and Kürschner et al. (2008) in Madeira. It has also been found in France, Pyrénées-Orientales (Allorge 1958, Thouvenot 2000) and in Spain (Allorge 1960) with some specimens have been observed in the LISU collection (Museu Nacional de História Natural, Lisboa, Portugal).

A synthesis of taxonomic and chorological data of this species from the Iberian Peninsula is mentioned in the Iberian Flora (Brugués and Puche 2010), where the species is listed in four different provinces.

The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is around 962,000 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 124 km2. The altitudinal range of the species in Europe is between 40 m and 700 m Asl.","The total population size is unknown, but this species is infrequent across its range. It is likely that there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent).

Due to its reproduction strategy (by large lenticular gemmae formed in special cups), the plants can disperse across short distances, and so the presence in the Mediterranean may be the result of a recent introduction (Kürschner et al. 2008). The ability to develop gemmae may also indicate a strong tendency for the maintenance of subpopulations (Kürschner et al. 2008).

In total, there are 13 localities studied in Madeira. Cover values of subpopulations were reported as slight, meaning there were very few individual-equivalents (Kürschner et al. 2008). In Spain, some reduction of the number of localities has been observed (C. Sergio pers. ob. 2018).

The current population trend of this species is inferred to be decreasing in Europe, and therefore also the EU 28. However, the population is considered to be severely fragmented as the subpopulations are small and isolated from each other. The species also does not produce sporophytes, making it a poor disperser. Subpopulations may therefore go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","The typical habitat of this species is disturbed open sites, paths, roadside banks or terraces. It is found in arid to semi-arid areas with related communities of plants which are adapted to dry areas. The vegetation consists of dry grasslands, and in Macaronesia, the species is found in areas scarcely vegetated, with the succulent scrub species Euphorbietum piscatoriae or the grassland species Hyparrhenia hirta (Kürschner et al. 2008).

The plants typically have an annual, short life strategy and this moss is vulnerable to extreme events, such as drought.","As the result of its rarity, little is known concerning the reasons for the decline and potential threats to this species. In the Iberian Peninsula, about 40% of the records are from before 1970 (Brugués et al. 2015).

The main threat to this moss is from anthropogenic pressures, such as habitat destruction and the intensification of tourism, as well as increasing frequency of fires.

In addition, the increase of forest plantations, water pollution and soil drying and abnormal summer drought in relation to climate change may be also threats for this species in the future.","This species is very rare in Spain, and has been assessed as Vulnerable, including in the Canary Islands (Brugués and Gonzales-Mancebo 2012). In Madeira, this species has been assessed as Least Concern by Sim-Sim et al. (2014) but it is considered to be rarer in France, as it has only been reported from two localities (Thouvenot 2000).

In Madeira, the species was found in ca 10 sites (Kürschner et al. 2008) but the majority of sites are protected in the Parque Natural da Madeira. In Spain, it is present in the Cap de Creus Natural Park in Girona and also in the Parc Natural de la Zona Volcánica de La Garrotxa and the Espai Nautral d’Especial Protecció EMPE (Garilleti and Albertos 2012).

Action is urgently needed to manage and protect existing areas, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future. The construction of new tourist facilities needs to be controlled in the existing sites. Further research into the population size, ecology and threats to this species is recommended. In addition, monitoring of population and habitat trends is recommended.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Cronberg, N.,Englefield, E.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,OEDIPODIOPSIDA,OEDIPODIALES,OEDIPODIACEAE,Oedipodium,griffithianum,,Oedipodium griffithianum  ,(Dicks.) Schwägr.,"This is the only species in the family Oedipodiaceae, belonging to an early-divergent and unique lineage at the basis of the phylogenetic tree of mosses.",No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Gouty-moss (Oedipodium griffithianum) is rare or scattered in the Scandinavian mountains of Norway, Sweden, and northwestern Finland, and it is also found in Great Britain. Each site harbour only a few individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). In total, the number of individual-equivalents is only slightly more than 1,000 and it maybe is slightly declining in some areas and is considered to be threatened in Ireland and Sweden, and may have gone extinct in Finland. Therefore the species in both Europe and the EU 28, is assessed as Near Threatened, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion D.

Even so, no European level conservation action is needed at present.",Stable,"This species has an oceanic boreal-montane distribution in Europe. There are several localities in United Kingdom (Blockeel et al. 2014). It is rare or scattered in the Scandinavian mountains of Norway and Sweden (Nyholm 1960). It was earlier also found in and northwestern Finland, but since 2017, it is considered extinct in that area (Juutinen and Ulvinen 2017). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 300 m and 1,210 m Asl. 

Outside of Europe, this species is also found in North America, southern South America and Asia (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 800 and 1,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1 million km2. In the EU 28 the AOO is between 600 and 700 km2 and the EOO is between 0.8 and 0.9 million km2.



 



","The species has many localities in the United Kingdom (Blockeel et al. 2014) and Norway (Hassel et al. 2015), however, most of these sites harbour only a few individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). In total, the number of individual-equivalents (using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) is only slightly more than 1,000 and it maybe is slightly declining in some areas (Blockeel et al. 2014).","In the United Kingdom, this moss grows in crevices, and on ledges of rocks in the uplands, usually on a layer of moist gritty humus or peaty soil. Typical habitats are boulder fields and scree, broken crags, and the sides and floors of gullies, often with a northerly or easterly aspect. It is often found without associates, however, on more open ledges in the United Kingdom, it has been recorded with Pohlia flexuosa, P. ludwigii and Rhabdoweisia crispata. On basic sandstone in southern Wales associates include Frullania tamarisci, Amphidium mougeotii and Gymnostomum aeruginosum (Blockeel et al. 2014).

In Sweden, this species is found on moist peaty soil in rock crevices, preferably in upper mountain regions. Individual subpopulations are often small and scattered, surprisingly so in view of its unremarkable and common habitat (T. Hallingbäck pers. obs. 2017).

In Norway, this species usually grows on damp, naked soil in more or less shady rock crevices, among boulders, besides tree roots, or on earth at the edge of grassy turf on rocks and boulders. It has been found in crevices of many types of rock, such as granite, amphibolite, sparagmite, and phyllite. In these crevices, it usually grows on a thin layer of sandy soil, or soil rich in humus (Størmer 1969).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","This species assessed in the Red List of Ireland as Critically Endangered (CR), in Finland as Regionally Extinct (RE) and in Sweden as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown if this species occurs in any protected areas. No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Gunnarsson, U.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LOPHOZIACEAE,Oleolophozia,perssonii,,Oleolophozia perssonii  ,"(H. Buch &amp; S.W. Arnell) L. Söderstr., De Roo &amp; Hedd.",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The Chalk Notchwort (Oleolophozia perssonii) has a suboceanic-montane distribution and is widespread but uncommon throughout western, central and northern Europe. It is absent from most of the eastern European and Mediterranean countries, and seems to be rather rare in most countries in Europe. However the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. There is not much known about the population trends of this species, but no serious declines have been observed in Europe. Thus it is assumed that the overall current population trend is stable. Although there are no major threats to the species at the European level, it can be threatened locally by overgrowth and lack of disturbance in its ecosystem. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"In Europe, the Chalk Notchwort (Oleolophozia perssonii) is present from Ireland and France in the west to northern Russia in the east and from northern Italy in the south to Svalbard in the north. It has a suboceanic-montane distribution (Damsholt 2002) and is absent from most of the eastern European and Mediterranean countries. This species seems to be rather rare in most countries in Europe. It can be found growing from almost sea level up to the subalpine zone at 1,800 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. Outside Europe, it is known to occur in the Caucasus, Siberia and Greenland.","The current population trend of this species seems to be stable (Nebel and Philippi 2005). It was described only in 1944, so the global distribution is insufficiently known. However, no serious declines have been observed in Europe, even if the subpopulations are usually rather small (Nebel and Philippi 2005).","The species grows on open, disturbed, calcareous ground in open to shady sites such as roadside banks, chalk quarries or similar anthropogenic sites, but also on less anthropogenic substrates such as shaded chalk boulders and seepage spots in calcareous soil on steep vertical banks along rivers (Damsholt 2002, Nebel and Philippi 2005). In England it is particularly characteristic of open limey soils on Magnesian limestone, where it is a primary colonist or shuttle species (Atherton et al. 2010).","The main threat to this species is being overgrown by higher plants if disturbance is lacking in its ecosystem. In most countries the species is rather rare, so sites can be potentially threatened by accident.","This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Finland and Italy, as Vulnerable in Austria, Switzerland and Estonia (Hodgetts 2015), and as Near Threatened in Norway and Sweden. It is considered rare in the Netherlands and Data Deficient in Andorra, Germany and Ireland. It occurs in at least one protected site in Switzerland called ""Aletschwald"".",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Englefield, E.,Weibull, H.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,POLYTRICHOPSIDA,POLYTRICHALES,POLYTRICHACEAE,Oligotrichum,hercynicum,,Oligotrichum hercynicum  ,(Hedw.) Lam. &amp; DC.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Hercynian Haircap (Oligotrichum hercynicum) is widely distributed in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. It is common in suitable habitats (often occurs in secondary habitats) and forms large, more or less stable subpopulations in many areas. There are no threats to this species and so no conservation actions are required at present. It is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and in the EU 28.



 



",Stable,"This species shows a boreal-arctic montane distribution. It isfrequent in the mountains of central and northern Europe, including Iceland but not Svalbard, south to the Pyrenees and Bulgaria, and east to the Urals (Blockeel et al. 2014). It also occurs in some lowland areas in western Europe, but not in the south and east. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is known elsewhere from Turkey, the Caucasus, Siberia, eastern Asia, Japan, North America south to Oregon  and Nova Scotia, and Greenland. However, specimens from the Sino-Himalayan region originally determined as this species have now been determined as other taxa (Kariyawasam et al. 2018). It has been found growing at elevations between 10 m and 2,900 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","This species forms large, more or less stable subpopulations in many areas. The current population trend is stable.","This moss is a species of open ground and soil, always over acid bedrock (Grims 1999, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). It often occurs in secondary habitats such as forestry tracks. At high elevations this species is typical for habitats with a long snow cover.",There are no major threats to this species.,"This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in the National Red List of Serbia (Sabovljevic et al. 2004), but is not considered threatened anywhere else. No conservation actions are needed. It occurs in many protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Gunnarsson, U.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Oncophorus,demetrii,,Oncophorus demetrii  ,(Renauld &amp; Cardot) Hedenäs,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Even if Oncophorus demetrii seems to be the rarest of the Oncophorus species in the Scandinavian mountain range, it seems to be overlooked. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 200 and 1,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 500,000 and 1 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 150 and 200 km2 and the EOO is between 300,000 and 400,000 km2. It seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area.  In addition, there are no major threats to this species. Therefore, in both Europe and the EU 28, this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC). 

No conservation action is needed at present.",Unknown,"This species occurs in Sweden and Norway (Hedenäs 2018), and Finland (R. Juutinen pers. comm. 2018), as well as in the arctic areas and northwest Russia (V. Fedosov pers. comm. 2018). It is found in the Scandinavian mountain range from the sea level at the northern Norwegian coast to 1,300 m Asl in the Scandinavian mountains. In the lowlands to the east of the mountains, there is one finding from the shore of the Swedish river Indalsälven, which sources are in the mountain range. It has recently also been reported from Finland. Outside of Europe, the species is known from Labrador in Canada (type locality for Dicranum demetrii), which suggests that it occurs also in other northern areas (Hedenäs 2018). In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 200 and 1,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 500,000 and 1 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 150 and 200 km2 and the EOO is between 300,000 and 400,000 km2.","Since this species is very recently described (Hedenäs 2018) and is similar to the other four species in the genus (O. integerrimus, O. elongatus, O. virens and O. wahlenbergii) the situation of the population size and trend is difficult to assess. However, it seems that this Oncophorus species is the one with the most restricted geographical distribution (Hedenäs 2018).","According to label information and field observations in the rich north-facing slopes between Björkliden and Vassijaure, west of Lake Torneträsk (northern Swedish Lappland) in 2017, the species often grows in base-rich or calcareous habitats. This includes meadows and wet meadows, heaths and wet mountain heaths, including Dryas-Cassiope heaths, rich fens, wet or periodically wet rocks and rock crevices, and brook and river shores, where it can occasionally grow on rotten wood (Hedenäs 2018). Contrary to members of the other two O. wahlenbergii lineages, this species seems to prefer base-rich habitats (Hedenäs 2018).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. Beside monitoring of the population trend, no other conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hylander, K.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T","Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Oncophorus,dendrophilus,,Oncophorus dendrophilus  ,Hedd. &amp; Blockeel,,No,CR,D,No,CR,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

The near-endemic European species, Oncophorus dendrophilus, is found in the Paphos District of Cyprus and the White Mountains of Crete. The species may represent a relic, tertiary element in the eastern Mediterranean flora, or it may be a recent derivative from the widespread Holarctic species O. wahlenbergii. In Europe and the EU 28, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at 3,800 km2. The area of occupancy (AOO) is very small, restricted to just 16 km2. The population trend is probably stable, although it has only recently been described and there is no historical information available. It is assessed as Critically Endangered in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its very small population size, which consists of less than 50 individual equivalents. Forest fires and changes in climate can pose a threat to this species. Its habitat could also be negatively impacted by tourism in Crete. Fortunately, it occurs in protected areas. However further measures such as ex-situ artificial propagation are recommended for conserving this species into the future.



",Stable,"This near-endemic European species is described from two upland forest localities in the Paphos District of Cyprus, and from the White Mountains of Crete (Hedderson and Blockeel 2006). The species may represent a relic, tertiary element in the eastern Mediterranean flora, or it may be a recent derivative from the widespread Holarctic species Oncophorus wahlenbergii. To date, it is known only from four localities (three in Cyprus and one in Crete). Additionally, there is one recent report of the species from the Asian part of Turkey. In Europe and the EU 28, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at 3,800 km2. The area of occupancy (AOO) is very small, restricted to just 16 km2.","There are numerous tufts where it occurs in Crete and Cyprus. The population trend is probably stable, although it has only recently been described and there is no historical information available. There are recent records in three localities, two of which are very close and have four subpopulations. Sporophytes are abundant and the subpopulations in Cyprus are considered to be connected. Its current population size is estimated to be less than 50 individual equivalents (one individual equivalent is equal to one log or one rock on which this species grows).","This species grows as an epiphyte on Platanus and on rotten logs besideriver beds (Lüth and Frahm 2008). It is also found growing on rocks in shady areas. In Cyprus, it also occurs on Quercus alnifolia (T. Blockeel pers. comm. 2017).",Forest fires and changes in climate can pose a threat to this species. Its habitat could also be negatively impacted by tourism in Crete. It is unknown whether there is a decline in the habitat of this species.,"This species is not listed in any National Red Lists (Hodgetts 2015), but it is a recently discovered species. It occurs in protected areas. Ex-situ conservation measures such as artificial propagation are recommended for this species.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Bates, J.,Cálix, M.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Oncophorus,elongatus,,Oncophorus elongatus  ,(I.Hagen) Hedenäs,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Oncophorus elongatus is mainly an alpine and arctic species. This species is the most frequent and widespread member of the genus in Scandinavia. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 900 and 1,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 3 and 4 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 600 and 800 km2 and the EOO is between 0.5 and 1 million km2. It seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area, and field experience indicates that this is a relatively common species. In addition, there are no major threats to this species. Therefore, in both Europe and the EU 28, this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC). 

No conservation action is needed at present.",Stable,"This is mainly an alpine-arctic species, and is restricted to the sub-alpine and low-alpine zones of the Scandes as well as Iceland, Greenland (L. Hedenäs pers. comm. 2017, Hedenäs 2018), Svalbard and northern Russia (V. Fedosov. pers. comm. Nov. 2018). In northern Norway, this species is found both at sea level and higher up. The species is not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,900 and 2,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 3 and 4 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 1,600 and 2,000 km2 and the EOO is between 0.9 and 1 million km2.","This species is the most frequent and widespread member of the genus in Scandinavia and it is the only member of the genus that is also relatively frequent in large portions of the southern third of Sweden (Hedenäs 2017). However, since this species is only recently described (Hedenäs 2005) and is similar to the other four species in the genus (O. demetrii, O. integerrimus, O. virens and O. wahlenbergii) the situation is difficult to assess. Field experience indicates that this is a relatively common species, for example, in Norway between boreal and northern boreal zones (particularly in minerotrophic marsh) (Hassel et al. 2015). The current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species is most frequent in open wetlands and humid forests, where it is found on humus-rich substrates and decomposing wood, but it occurs also on wet rocks, and on shores (Hedenäs 2017). It has also been found in mesotrophic fens, and by snow beds (L. Hedenäs pers. comm. 2017).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. However, it is also growing in habitats where trenching has been and still is an ongoing threat.",This species is considered as Data Deficient (DD) in the Red List of Finland (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. No conservation action is needed at present.,The species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Denyer, J.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Oncophorus,integerrimus,,Oncophorus integerrimus  ,Hedenäs,"Since this is a very newly described species (2017) and because of taxonomic confusion, there is a lack of knowledge about the distribution and population size.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Oncophorus integerrimus seems to be endemic to Europe. This species has a fairly large extent of occurrence (EOO), but a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) across its range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,000 and 2,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 2 and 4 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 500 and 1,000 km2 and the EOO is between 1 and 2 million km2. The population size and trend situation is difficult to assess, but the species is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.



Since this species is only recently described and is similar to the other four Scandinavian species in the genus (O. demetrii, elongatus, wahlenbergii and virens) the population size and trend situation is difficult to assess. Research on the current population size is therefore needed.",Stable,"The distribution of this species is similar to that of O. virens, and is also found in Austria and Switzerland (herbarium S, Lars Hedenäs pers. comm. 2018), Czechia, Slovakia and Romania (GBIF), and Scotland (G. Rothero pers. comm. 2018). It seems to be the only species in the genus Oncophorus not to be found in lowland (Hedenäs 2017). The species seems to be endemic to Europe.



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,000 and 2,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 2 and 4 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 500 and 1,000 km2 and the EOO is between 1 and 2 million km2.","Since this species is only recently described (Hedenäs 2017) and is similar to the other four Scandinavian species in the genus (O. demetrii, elongatus, wahlenbergii and virens) the population size and trend situation is difficult to assess. There may be rather many localities in at least Fennoscandia (Hedenäs 2017). However, there is no information of any decline and so the species is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species is found most often in open wetlands, but occurs also on soil and wet rocks, often on shores (Hedenäs 2017).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.",It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas. Research on the population size is needed.,This species is not used or traded.,"Hugonnot, V.,Fettes, N.D.","Hallingbäck, T","Baisheva, E.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Oncophorus,virens,,Oncophorus virens  ,(Hedw.) Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Green Spur-moss (Oncophorus virens) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many recent records of its occurrence and its presumably overall stable population trend. Although there are no serious threats to this species at a Europe-wide level, individual wetlands where it grows are presumably under threat from (for example) drainage, afforestation and other kinds of habitat destruction and degradation in at least some parts of its range, and so may require local protection. Fortunately, it is known to occur in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane species that occurs from the Arctic south to Spain (Sierra Nevada and Pyrenees), Sardinia, the Alps, Apennines, the Balkan mountains, Turkey and the Urals (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it occurs in the Caucasus, Asiatic Turkey, central Asia and the Himalayas, across northern Asia to China and Japan, North America and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B.

","This species is not very common, but can be locally abundant, especially in the north, and has an overall stable population trend. However, there have been some misidentificationsin the UK since it is more rare there (T. Blockeel pers. comm. 2017), and because some records probably refer to newly recognised species of Oncophorus.","This species grows in damp grassland and fens by base-rich flushes or below calcareous crags. It may also occur on wet ledges and in turfs of bryophytes on boulders in montane burns with a lime-rich run-off (Atherton et al. 2010). It produces sporophytes. Its altitudinal range is ca. 0–3,000 m.","There are no serious threats to this species at a Europe-wide level, but individual wetlands where it grows are presumably under threat from (for example) drainage, afforestation and other kinds of habitat destruction and degradation in at least some parts of its range.

",No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Romania (Vulnerable) and Slovakia (Near Threatened) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.,There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Vanderpoorten, A.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Oncophorus,wahlenbergii,,Oncophorus wahlenbergii  ,Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Wahlenberg's Spur-moss (Oncophorus wahlenbergii) is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane species. In Europe it occurs from Iceland, Svalbard, Arctic Russia and the Urals south to the Pyrenees, Alps and Carpathians, but has disappeared from several countries. This species is undoubtedly rare and threatened in the mountains of central Europe, but it has always been rare here, so it may not have declined very much. It appears to be secure in the north, where the number of individuals must be very large. The species is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Decreasing,"Wahlenberg's Spur-moss (Oncophorus wahlenbergii) is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane species. In Europe it occurs from Iceland, Svalbard, Arctic Russia and the Urals south to the Pyrenees, Alps and Carpathians, but has disappeared from several countries - Germany, Czech Republic and Estonia. There is also a supposed occurrence in Sardinia. Elsewhere it occurs in Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Himalayas, northern Asia to China and Japan, North America and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 3,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10.2 million km².","This species seems to be contracting northwards, having disappeared or declined in much of central Europe, but is still plentiful in the northern parts of Europe. It seems to be sensitive to climate change. The population is not severely fragmented since the species is a good disperser, and the population size is larger than 10,000 mature individuals.","This is a species of open, nutrient-poor, moist habitats, such as flushed grassland, bare turf in mires, soil  and rock along the shores of lakes and streams, among other bryophytes on the margins of open stony flushes, on moist soil or by  snowbeds in alpine habitats. Most of its sites are exposed, often on the sides of ridges or on flushed ground on summit plateaux but it also occurs in very similar habitats to Oncophorus virens, and also on decaying wood in swamp forests (a common habitat in North America). Associates recorded in Scotland include Carex demissa, C. dioica, C. pulicaris, C. saxatilis, Juncus triglumis, Persicaria vivipara, Salix herbacea, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Thalictrum alpinum, Tofieldia pusilla, Scapania uliginosa, Conostomum tetragonum, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Sarmentypnum sarmentosum, Scorpidium revolvens and Sphagnum subnitens (Blockeel et al. 2014, ArtDatabanken 2015). Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 2,850 m Asl. In the Alps and Russia it occurs in screes. 



It is monoicous; capsules are frequent, maturing in summer.","There are few obvious threats to this species in the north, but it may have suffered in the south from climate change, nitrogen pollution or overgrazing. It can be affected by changes in the water regime in the southern part of its distribution.","It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Spain, as Endangered in Britain and Romania, as Vulnerable in Slovakia and Switzerland, and as Data Deficient in Sardinia. It is considered Regionally Extinct in Germany, Estonia and the Czech Republic (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Erzberger, P.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Oreas,martiana,,Oreas martiana  ,(Hoppe &amp; Hornsch.) Brid.,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The rare species Oreas martiana is perfectly adapted to the harsh environments found at high altitudes or in arctic regions. In Europe, it occurs only in Svalbard, the Tatra Mountains (Slovakia) and the Alps (France, Italy, Switzerland, Austria), with the main distribution area in the Alps, where most of the occurrences are known from Austria. Although the distribution is not well known due to the difficult accessibility of its habitats, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at ca 400 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 100,000 km². Although this species can be locally abundant in certain areas, most subpopulations are small. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it is estimated that the population size is between 500 and 1,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) in Europe and in the EU 28. The current population trend is unknown. The habitats of this species are largely unthreatened, but climate change may be a threat, especially to subpopulations at lower elevations. The level of knowledge about the exact distribution, population size and the effects of climate change need to be improved. As human impact in the Alps increases, large and/or isolated subpopulations should be protected.",Unknown,"In Europe, this rare species occurs only in Svalbard, the Tatra Mountains (Slovakia) and the Alps (France, Italy, Switzerland, Austria), with the main distribution area in the Alps, where most of the occurrences are known from Austria (Grims 1999). Although this species is easy to recognise, the distribution is not well known due to the difficult accessibility of its habitats. Elsewhere it is known from North America, Greenland, Siberia, eastern Asia and Japan. It has been found growing at elevations between 600 m and 3,000 m Asl. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at ca 400 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 100,000 km².","There is little known about the population size or trend of this species. It is a rare species which can be locally abundant in certain areas. Only some subpopulations are large and many consist only of a few individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. Based on its life strategy, the generation length of this species is considered to be around 33 years. It is estimated that there are between 500 and 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe and in the EU 28.","This rare species is usually found in rocky alpine lawns, or on humus over silicate rocks (Grims 1999). It rarely grows directly on rock. In the Alps it occurs exclusively in the alpine and subnival levels. Due to the deep and extremely compact cushions, this species is perfectly adapted to the harsh environments found at high altitudes or in arctic regions.","The habitats of this species are largely unthreatened (Schröck et al. 2013). Climate change is expected to affect the subpopulations at lower elevations within the next 100 years (Köckinger and Schröck 2017). However, the core part of the population in the Alps is not expected to be significantly affected.","This moss is included in the national Red List of Switzerland (Schnyder et al. 2004) as Vulnerable. In Austria it is regarded as Rare (Grims and Köckinger 1999). The level of knowledge about the exact distribution, population size and the effects of climate change need to be improved. It is known to occur in protected areas. As human impact in the Alps increases, large and/or isolated subpopulations should be protected.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Ignatova, E.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.","Schröck, C.,Fedosov, V.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Oreoweisia,torquescens,,Oreoweisia torquescens  ,(Hornsch. ex Brid.) Wijk &amp; Margad.,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) 



Oreoweisia torquescens is known from only 60 to a maximum of 125 sites throughout Europe, with the main centre of distribution in the Alps, where it occurs in Italy, Austria, Germany and Switzerland. It also occurs in Norway. Some subpopulations are known to be stable, some have seemingly declined and disappeared but the status of many other subpopulations is unknown. The overall population trend is therefore considered to be unknown. Except in Austria, the size of the local subpopulations is so small that each of them can be considered as one single individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual). Accounting bigger subpopulations in Austria, the current population size can be estimated to be between 250 and 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe and the EU 28. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable.



As far as threats go, climate change will probably not lead to a significant decline in the subpopulations at high altitudes in the near future. However, a decline at lower altitudes is very likely. Potentially, this species could also suffer from an increase in construction and exploitation in its habitat. Thus known subpopulations should be protected as a conservation priority, and monitoring of the population trend and threats is recommended.",Unknown,"The main centre of distribution for this species in Europe is in the Alps, where it occurs in Italy, Austria, Germany and Switzerland. It also occurs in Norway, where it is known from two occurrences, one of which is historic (NBIC and GBIF-Norway 2012), and Slovakia. Globally, this is a strictly palearctic species, only occurring in Europe and China. It has been found growing at elevations between 1,000 m and 3,000 m Asl. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 250-500 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at 117,000-1,000,000 km².","Except in Austria (Grims 1999), there are only very few reports per country of occurrence: there are three records from Germany (Meinunger and Schröder 2007), nine from Switzerland, of which only one is post-1980 (Hofmann et al. 2011) and two from Norway, one of which is pre-1950 (NBIC and GBIF-Norway 2012). In Italy, the species has been reported nine times historically (M. Aleffi pers. comm. 2017), but only once after 1940 (in 1994 in the province of Trentino-Alto Adige), but there has been little bryological activity in these alpine areas in the last decades. In Slovakia, the species has only been found in the Tatra Mountains (Pilous and Soltés 2001). Outside Austria, both historical and current findings are reported to be small, of less than one 1 m2, wherever information is available (Nebel and Philippi 2001, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, ArtDatabanken 2016). In Austria, the species is reported from about 50 sites and can even be frequent in some parts of the central Alps (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). A three generation period is estimated to last ca 50 years. In the Alps, it primarily grows in dangerous and inaccessible places, on steep, south-facing rocky slopes, and these are, for the most part, poorly explored. The population size is estimated to be between 250 and 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe and in the EU 28. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows.



Precise recent information on the population trend is lacking, but there are some indications: for example, in Baden-Württenberg, Germany, the species was reported as being fairly common until the end of the 1950's, but in 2001 was regarded as extinct (Nebel and Philippi 2001). However, it has been re-found in the area more recently, and is now not considered rare. No trend is available for the species in Switzerland, but it has been found in only one place there since 1980, against eight pre-1980 sites (Hofmannet al. 2011), which could indicate a strong past or continuing decline. Similarly, the latest of the two reports in Norway dates back to 1976 (NBIC and GBIF-Norway 2012, ArtDatabanken 2016) and the species has not been seen at one of its two sites in Italy since 1950. On the basis of this information, it is possible that the population has been declining in the last century, and that this decline is still ongoing. Some subpopulations are known to be stable, but the status of many other subpopulations is unknown. The overall population trend is therefore considered to be unknown.","The species grows on bare, humus-rich soil on cliffs or rocky areas, or in cracks and crevices in rocks and stones, always at high elevations (Grims 1999, Nebel and Philippi 2001, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, ArtDatabanken 2016). In the Alps it primarily grows on steep, south-facing rocky slopes of siliceous rock.","Threats to this species are unclear. As a strictly alpine or northern species, it might be expected to be negatively affected by climate change (ArtDatabanken 2016). Although climate change will probably not lead to a significant decline in the subpopulations at high altitudes in the near future, a decline at lower altitudes is very likely. Furthermore, an entire subpopulation has been reported to have disappeared in a rockfall event in the past (Nebel and Philippi 2001) and this type of event is likely to happen again given the ecology of the species. Potentially, it could also suffer from an increase in construction and exploitation in its habitat (ArtDatabanken 2016).","This rare species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Slovakia (Ferakova et al. 2001), as Vulnerable in Switzerland (Schnyder et al. 2004), as 'potentially threatened' in Austria (Grims and Köckinger 1999), as 'extremely rare' in Germany (Caspari et al. 2018) and as Data Deficient in Norway. There is no conservation action targeting the species. Known subpopulations of the species should benefit from absolute protection against all avoidable disturbances (construction, trampling and destruction through recreational activities). The population trend should be clarified, and old records and places where it could potentially occur need to be followed up with fieldwork. Threats and causes of past (and potentially current) decline need to be clarified. Monitoring of the subpopulation in the Black Forest (Germany) is recommended. It is known to occur in protected areas.",The species is not utilised or traded.,"Weibull, H.,Englefield, E.","Baudraz, M.E.A., Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,ANASTROPHYLLACEAE,Orthocaulis,atlanticus,,Orthocaulis atlanticus  ,(Kaal.) H. Buch,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Orthocaulis atlanticus mainly occurs in the north and west of Europe. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 2,000 and 4,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 2,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 5 million km2. The current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28, and this species is widespread in some areas, such as in Great Britain. In addition, there are no major threats to this species. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28. 

However, this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Slovakia, Ireland and Spain. Even so, no conservation measures are required at present.



",Stable,"This species has a suboceanic, boreal-montane distribution. In Europe, this species occurs in the north of Europe, particularly in western Scandinavia, the Faroe Islands and Iceland, and it is widespread in Great Britain, Ireland, Spain and France (Brittany in the west, with single localities in the Alps). This species is also found in Switzerland (here considered relictual), and eastwards to Slovakia and Bulgaria, northwards to Poland and east to the Urals in Russia (Damsholt 2002). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 30 m to 1,300 m Asl.

In North America, this species is known from the east from Baffin Island to New Hampshire. It is also known from southern and southwestern Greenland (Damsholt 2002). 

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 2,000 and 4,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 2,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 5 million km2.","In the Nordic countries, this species is rare in the south. It occurs along the Swedish west coast, and in at least two places in Denmark (Goldberg 2017), extending as far south as the northwest point of Bornholm, and becoming rather common along the west coast of Norway, and occurring eastwards with decreasing frequency in the western part of the mountains in Sweden and Finland (Damsholt 2002). In Finland this species has a western distribution and is not threatened (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). In Great Britain, this species is widespread, especially in Scotland (Blockeel et al. 2014).

There is no indication of any decline and therefore the current population trend is probably stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","In the Nordic countries, this species grows on moist shaded rocks and among boulders, often together with Neoorthocaulis attenuatus, Lophozia sudetica and Sphenolobus saxicola. At higher elevations, this species is also found on exposed moss-covered rocks, especially in the coastal region, forming large brown to blackish-green mats (Damsholt 2002).

  In the United Kingdom, this species is recorded from dry acidic block screes, thin soil overlying rock outcrops, rocky ravines, lochside boulders, stone walls and especially from shady sandstone crags and river gorges. It also occurs occasionally on tree bases and trunks, especially of alder, birch and oak. Associates include Neoorthocaulis attenuatus, N. floerkei, Lepidozia cupressina, Dicranum scoparium and Isothecium myosuroides. In the Pennines, where the climate is not strongly oceanic, this species, along with Neoorthocaulis floerkei, are among the commonest and most conspicuous leafy liverworts on siliceous formations, especially on thin peaty soils and at the edge of rocks. This species is only rarely found in bogs (Blockeel et al. 2014).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. The species seems to be tolerant of acidic deposition and remained frequent when levels of sulphur dioxide pollution were high (Blockeel et al. 2014).","This species is assessed in the Red List of Germany as Rare, in Slovakia as Critically Endangered (CR), in Portugal as Data Deficient (DD), in Bulgaria as DD*, in Ireland and Northern Ireland as Endangered (EN), in Poland as R, in the Czech Republic as Regionally Extinct (RE) and in Spain and Switzerland as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area.

 

No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Schröck, C.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,ANASTROPHYLLACEAE,Orthocaulis,cavifolius,,Orthocaulis cavifolius  ,H. Buch &amp; S.W. Arnell,The validity of this species is questionable since it may be a synonym of O. atlanticus. Molecular evidence suggests these two species are very closely related and further taxonomic research is needed.,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The distribution of Orthocaulis cavifolius is poorly known. In Europe, this species is known from Norway, Sweden, Finland and northern Russia. However, this is considered to be a species difficult to recognize in the field, which means that it might be overlooked. The population size and trend are unknown in both Europe and the EU 28. In Sweden, only one record has been made after 1990. The knowledge is still insufficient in order to determine which of the different Red List criteria that is most likely. The species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient (DD) in both Europe and the EU 28 as the underlying data are insufficient to determine which of the various red list criteria is most likely. It might be very overlooked or extremely rare, and might be anything from Lower Risk to Critically Endangered. 

The threats to this species are unknown, but it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trends, as well as into the threats to this species. Further taxonomic research is also recommended to determine whether this species is a synonym of O. atlanticum.",Unknown,"This species has an arctic distribution. In Europe, this species is known from Norway, Sweden, Finland and northern Russia (Hodgetts 2015). In Asia, this species is known from Siberia, the North Urals, Taimyr Peninsula, northernmost Lena River valley and Chukotka Peninsula. It is also known from Greenland (Damsholt 2002). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 680 m to 1,250 m Asl.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 10 and 200 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 1,000 and 1 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 10 and 60 km² and the EOO is between 100 and 200,000 km².","This is most probably a very rare species in Europe. It is found in eight localities in Finland, six in Norway, eight in Sweden and seven in Russia. Most of these represent old findings and very few modern findings are known. In the Nordic countries, this species is only found near the summits of higher mountains, in Sweden at 1,000 to 1,100 m Asl and in Finland at 680 to 1,250 m Asl. This is considered to be a species difficult to recognize in the field, which means that it can be overlooked. The population size and trend are unknown in both Europe and the EU 28. In Sweden, only one record has been made after 1990.



","This species grows among other bryophytes such as Dicranum elongatum and D. fuscescens in mossy hummocks on rocks, kept wet by seepage or on wet mineral soil. It is also found together with Sphenolobus minutus, Lophozia hatcheri and Trilophozia quinquedentata (Damsholt 2002).","The threats to this species are unknown, but it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","This species is in the Red List of Finland as Endangered (EN), Norway as Vulnerable (VU) and Sweden as DD (Hodgetts 2015).

Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trends, as well as into the threats to this species. Further taxonomic research is also recommended to determine whether this species is a synonym of O. atlanticum.",The species is not used or traded.,"Köckinger, H.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Górski, P.,Fettes, N.D.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,RHIZOGONIALES,ORTHODONTIACEAE,Orthodontium,gracile,,Orthodontium gracile  ,(Wilson) Schwägr. ex Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,CR,C2a(i),No,CR,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)



EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)



The Slender Thread-moss (Orthodontium gracile) is a rare oceanic southern-temperate species, recorded in Europe only from Britain, Ireland and two sites in northwestern France (where it may be extinct), with an additional two records in Madeira. This very rare species is now reduced to about six or seven sites in Britain, and perhaps two in Madeira. It is assumed to have disappeared from France. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it is estimated that there are fewer than 250 individual-equivalents, and that each subpopulation has fewer than 50 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. In addition, there is a continuing decline in the population due to the spread of the invasive alien species O. lineare, and it may also be threatened by habitat disturbance which results in a reduction in humidity. Fire is considered a threat in Madeira. It is difficult to know what measures can be taken to conserve this species. It is unrealistic to think that anything can be done about the invasive O. lineare. O. gracile is likely to persist at an extremely low level in the future. Further research on possible conservation action is recommended, and monitoring should continue.",Decreasing,"The Slender Thread-moss (Orthodontium gracile) is a rare oceanic southern-temperate species, recorded in Europe only from Britain, Northern Ireland and two sites in northwestern France (where it may be extinct), with an additional two records, one from 1956, the other from 1990, in Madeira. Outside Europe it is known from western North America (Oregon, California), Mexico, the West Indies, Central and South America and tropical Africa (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 64 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 938,000 km².","Since its discovery in 1833, this species has always been rare in Britain; apparently it occurred in small quantity at many of its sites, but even in the 19th Century it was described as very rare at localities where it still survives today. Nevertheless it has undergone a severe decline, the causes of which are not completely clear. During the 20th Century its habitat was invaded by the more aggressive O. lineare, although it is uncertain to what extent O. lineare has actually outcompeted O. gracile. Over-collecting may have contributed to its decline in the 19th Century (Blockeel et al. 2014). Recent survey work on this species has found it to have declined even more, and it may have disappeared from sites in Cheshire (England) (D. Callaghan pers. comm. 2017). It has not been seen in France since about 1960. It has been recorded at two sites in Madeira, Pico Grande in 1956 and between Ponta do Sol and Encumeada in 1988 (Nóbrega 1990), but its current status there is unknown.



On the other hand, the population dynamics ofO. gracile are rather mysterious, and it may be that only a few bryologists have been able to recognise it, with long gaps where nobody recorded it. It can be remarkably persistent, apparently surviving as protonema in unfavourable conditions (Duckett et al. 2001, Porley 2013) and confirming loss from sites is problematic.



It is estimated that there are fewer than 250 individual-equivalents, and that each subpopulation has fewer than 50 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows.","This species has been recorded from shaded sandstone and gritstone rocks in lowland woods in a number of scattered localities. It favours moist porous rock faces where it is  subject to little competition, for example on the vertical surfaces of rocks and crags. It is sometimes mixed with Orthodontium lineare but does not occur in the more exposed sites occupied by that species, and its protonema appears to be less tolerant of desiccation. Exceptionally it occurs on the bark of trees, having been recorded on oak near Bolton Abbey in Wharfedale, Yorkshire, and older records from Scotland were also from dead wood. In Northern Ireland it has been found only once (in 1993) on a sandstone rock face in Co. Fermanagh. In Madeira it was recorded ona vine (on dead wood) by a spring at the head of a levada (Nóbrega 1990). Its altitudinal range is from 70 m up to 210 m Asl.



The species is paroicous; capsules are frequent, but less so than inO. lineare, maturing in spring and early summer and susceptible to late frosts. Gemmae are produced on the protonema (Blockeel et al. 2014).



","This species appears to be threatened by the spread of the alien O. lineare, and may also be threatened by habitat disturbance which results in a reduction in humidity. Fire is considered a threat in Madeira.","It is difficult to know what measures can be taken to conserve this species. It is unrealistic to think that anything can be done about the invasive O. lineare. O. gracile is likely to persist at an extremely low level in the future. Further research on possible conservation action is recommended, and monitoring should continue. It is listed as Critically Endangered in Ireland and Britain (Hodgetts 2015). It has been assessed as Endangered in Madeira (Sim-Sim et al. 2014).",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Górski, P.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G. & Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,RHIZOGONIALES,ORTHODONTIACEAE,Orthodontium,lineare,,Orthodontium lineare  ,Schwägr.,,No,NA,,No,NA,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)

The Cape Thread-moss (Orthodontium lineare) is regarded as European temperate, but was inadvertently introduced to Europe from the Southern Hemisphere. It is now widespread in western and central Europe, north to southern Sweden and east to Kaliningrad, Slovakia and Hungary. As a species inadvertently introduced from the Southern Hemisphere, it is assessed as Not Applicable.",Increasing,"The Cape Thread-moss (Orthodontium lineare) is regarded as European temperate, but was inadvertently introduced to Europe from the Southern Hemisphere. It is now widespread in western and central Europe, north to southern Sweden and east to Kaliningrad, Slovakia and Hungary. Elsewhere it is found in Southern Africa. Australia and New Zealand (Blockeel et al. 2014).



The area of occupancy is estimated atca. 3,370 km², and the extent of occurrence at ca. 2,310,000 km².","It was collected in Cheshire in 1910 but was not  recognised as distinct from native O. gracile until about 1920. It is thought to have been  introduced to Britain from the Southern Hemisphere, perhaps with imported timber. Being tolerant of  high acidity it flourished in areas subject to atmospheric pollution; in  such areas it has become less abundant as an epiphyte in recent years  following reduction in SO2 levels, though still widespread and common in  other habitats (Blockeel et al. 2014). The current population trend is increasing.","This is an invasive alien species characteristic of shaded base-poor habitats. It occurs on sandy and peaty banks, on tree bases, old logs and stumps, and on siliceous rocks and crags, particularly on their vertical surfaces. As an epiphyte it occurs on trees with acid bark, being especially characteristic of the fissured trunks of birch trees. Lophocolea heterophylla is a common associate on wood. In some regions it occurs plentifully in rocky woods, associated with Lepidozia reptans, Lophozia ventricosa, Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans, Tetraphis pellucida and many other calcifuge species. In northern and western areas it is also found on open moorland among rocks, on peaty banks and at the edge of eroding haggs, but it is rare or absent in areas of high rainfall (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from seal level up to 700 m Asl.



It is autoicous, and capsules are abundant, maturing in spring and early summer. Protonemal gemmae are also produced abundantly.",There are no known threats to this invasive alien.,No conservation measures are required. It is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,González Mancebo, J.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,RHIZOGONIALES,ORTHODONTIACEAE,Orthodontium,pellucens,,Orthodontium pellucens  ,(Hook.) Bruch &amp; Schimp.,"In Europe, this species was found for the first time in France in Fontainebleau (south of Paris), where it was described under the name O. gaumei Allorge and Thériot (Gaume 1932, Allorge and Thériot 1932), which was afterwards synonymised with O. pellucens (Meijer 1951).",No,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D2,No,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D2,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Orthodontium pellucens is estimated to have a total population size of less than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals), and so there are certainly less than 1,000 individuals-equivalents in each subpopulation. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species in Europe, and therefore also the EU 28, is estimated to be around 402 km2, while its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 20 km2. The high incidence of new forest fires, as well as the increase of pedestrian activities with the growth of tourism, means that there is a decline in the quality of the habitat of this species, and it is considered that the species occurs at four locations. These threats could considerably affect the population reduction of this species in Macaronesia, and may drive to species to Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time. Therefore, this species it is evaluated as Vulnerable.

This species requires new studies with different strategies for sites/habitats conservation and continuous monitoring is crucial and recommended. In addition, further site protection is required in the Canary Islands, at localities where this species is found.",Unknown,"The species is largely distributed in South America and western North America (Christy 2007). In Europe, it was first found in France in Fontainebleau, where it was described under the name O. gaumei (Gaume 1932, Allorge and Thériot 1932). This was later synonymised with the current species name. It was subsequently recorded in Lugo, in Spain (Allorge 1934).

It has not been found again in France or Spain since then, and it was considered Regionally Extinct in Spain (Sérgioet al. 2007, Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012). However, no specific surveys have been undertaken in these two countries and its presence remains uncertain. The species is also present in Macaronesia, Madeira (Sérgio et al. 2006) and in La Palma, in the Canary Islands (Losada-Lima et al. 2010).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species in Europe, and therefore also the EU 28, is estimated to be around 402 km2, while its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 20 km2. The altitudinal range of the species is between 100 m and 2,200 m Asl. In Spain and France, both localities were found at around 100 m Asl. In Macaronesia, the species is found at a much higher altitude, between 700 m to 900 m Asl in Madeira and between 400 m to 2,200 m Asl in the Canary Islands.","The subpopulations in France and Spain are currently uncertain, and possibly extinct. In the Canary Islands, it is only present in the northern part of La Palma in two localities in the pine and ericaceous (heather) forest, both close to each other and in protected areas. In Madeira, the species is present in six old localities in the northern part of the island. 

The species produces sporophytes but it may not be a good disperser. It produces rhizoidal gemmae as a mean of asexual reproduction (Ederra 2010), but little is known about their efficiency in the dispersion or maintenance of the species.

This is a rare plant and not abundant. The population trend remains unknown. The population size is estimated to be of less than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered to be mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent). Therefore, there are certainly less than 1,000 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation. Based on the threat of forest fires, this species is considered to occur in four locations.



 



","The species is found on humus soils, on tree bases and on rock crevices on forest areas, and it needs some shade.

The forest in France is an oak forest (Quercus robur and Q. petraea), with beech (Fagus sylvatica) and pine (Pinus sylvestris, introduced since 1830). In Spain, the area where this species has been found is covered by a fragmentary forest of oak (Q. robur) and chestnut (Castanea sativa). Both continental localities have an acidic substrata (sandstone).

In the Canary Islands (La Palma), this species is found on rotten stumps in laurel forest (Long et al. 1981).

The high incidence of new forest fires, even in the areas of Laurisilva, as well as the increase of pedestrian activities with the growth of tourism, means that there is a decline in the quality of the habitat of this species.","The main threats to this species in Macaronesia are fragmentation of the pine in Laurisilva, as well as increased tourism. To a lesser extent, climate change could affect this species in future. Also in future geological events as  new volcanoes activities eventually can be expected.The high incidence of new forest fires, even in the areas of Laurisilva, as well as the increase of pedestrian activities with the growth of tourism, can considerably affect the population reduction of this species in Macaronesia. Places in the continent are now possible absent.","This species is found in protected areas in Madeira, but not in the Canary Islands. Further site protection is therefore required for unprotected sites. In France, the Fontainebleau locality is under forest protection, in Natura 2000 sites, UNESCO biosphere reserves and réserves biologique and in sites classés. The Spanish locality is included in the biosphere reserve of Río Eo, Oscos e Terras de Bourón. It is listed as Vulnerable (VU) in the Red List of the Canary Islands (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012) and as VU in the Red List of Madeira (Sim-Sim et al. 2014). This species requires new studies with different strategies for sites/habitats conservation and continuous monitoring is crucial and recommended.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Aleffi, M.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Orthothecium,chryseon,,Orthothecium chryseon  ,(Schwägr.) Schimp.,,No,NT,"B2b(i,ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(i)",No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Orthothecium chryseon is a true mountain and arctic species which occurs throughout the Scandes, Iceland, Svalbard and northern Russia. It is not abundant anywhere, however widespread in Iceland, Svalbard and northern Scandes. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,200 and 1,400 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8.5 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 400 km² and the EOO is ca 2 million km². The overall current population trend is inferred to be decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28, and the species seems to be vulnerable to the effects of climate change. The population size is around 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe, and less than 10,000 individual-equivalents in the EU 28. In Europe, this species is assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criteria B and C. Within the EU 28, this species is assessed as Vulnerable.

The species can be used as an indicator of the effects of climate change since it is easy to identify and grows in species-rich alpine habitats. At sites in the Alps and the Carpathians which still have viable subpopulation sizes, land protection is needed. Monitoring and research is needed, especially in the western part of the Alps, on its distribution and population trend.",Decreasing,"This species is a true mountain and arctic species which occurs throughout the Scandes, Iceland, Svalbard and northern Russia. It has also been reported from Regio kuusamoensis in northeastern Finland (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in North America and Asia (Russian Arctic) (BFNA 2015).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,200 and 1,400 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8.5 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 400 km² and the EOO is ca 2 million km². The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 100 m and 2,880 m Asl.","This species is restricted to districts with different kind of basic bedrocks. It is not abundant anywhere, however widespread in Iceland, Svalbard and the Scandes. In the Alps and the Carpathians, this species is rare. It is very common in Svalbard (Frisvoll and Blom 1997) and the arctic regions of Russia (Ignatov et al. 2006). 

  In the north, where the core distribution of this species is today, the species seems to be stable. However, there is some indication that it is disappearing from the Alps, since only old records are available from this area (Chavoutier and Hugonnot 2013). The overall current population trend is inferred to be decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28, and the species seems to be vulnerable to the effects of climate change. The population is not severely fragmented. The population size of this species is around 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for each individual-equivalent) in Europe, and less than 10,000 individual-equivalents in the EU 28. The largest subpopulation is considered to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents.","This species grows on moist, base-rich rock ledges, faces, crevices, in depressions, edges of streams, humus, seepage areas of talus slopes, ice wedge polygons, hummocks, alpine and arctic tundra (Hedenäs et al. 2014). In the Nordic countries, this species usually grows in more open localities than the other species of the genus, but can also be found in more shady places, percolated shelves or rock surfaces in precipices of dolomite, limestone, calcareous schists or slate (Mårtensson 1956). In central Europe, this is a high alpine species.","This species is threatened by the effects of climate change, as suggested by its decrease in the Alps.","This species is in the Red List of Switzerland as Critically Endangered (CR), Germany as Data Deficient (DD) and in Slovakia as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. At sites in the Alps and the Carpathians which still have viable subpopulation sizes, land protection is needed. Monitoring and research is needed, especially in the western part of the Alps, on its distribution and population trend. 

The species can be used as an indicator of the effects of climate change since it is easy to identify and grows in species-rich alpine habitats.",The species is not used or traded.,"Ros-Espín, R.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Orthothecium,intricatum,,Orthothecium intricatum  ,(Hartm.) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Fine-leaved Leskea (Orthothecium intricatum) is widespread in Europe where there is limestone or other calcium-rich bedrocks. This species is the only common species in the genus Orthothecium. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 6,000 and 7,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 13 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 5,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 6 million km2. It seems to have a stable population trend in the whole of Europe and the EU 28, and there are no major threats to it. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species has a European boreo-arctic montane distribution. It is widespread in Europe from Iceland in the west, Svalbard and arctic Russia in the north and is found south to the mountains of the northern Mediterranean region (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Fennoscandia, this species has its main occurrence in the sub-alpine and low-alpine belts of the Scandes, where it is not rare in calcareous areas. When the substratum is suitable, this species extends up to the lower parts of the high-alpine belt (Mårtensson 1956, Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species is from sea level to 2,900 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, British Colombia, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Quebec, Yukon, Alaska and northern Asia (China, Japan) (BFNA 2015).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 6,000 and 7,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 13 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 5,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 6 million km2.",This species is the only common species in the genus Orthothecium. It is widespread in all parts of Europe where there is limestone or other calcium-rich bedrocks. The current population trend seems to be stable in the whole of Europe and the EU 28.,"This species grows on moist shaded calcareous soil, schist, limestone, rock ledges, vertical cliff faces, tundra (Hedenäs et al. 2014). In the Nordic countries, this species grows on silt or mineral soil in caves, under rocks or in small crevices, in steep slopes or cliffs of dolomite, limestone, calcareous schists or slate. It often forms small, rather thin, carpets which cover the rock or the soil, and in which Platydictya jungermannoides, Blepharostoma trichophyllum, Distichium capillaceum, Isopterygiopsis pulchella, Mesoptychia gillmanii, Cyrtomnium hymenophylloides, Peltolepis quadrata and Sauteria alpina may be intermingled (Mårtensson 1956).

In the United Kingdom, this species is confined to calcareous rocks, particularly limestone and calcareous mica-schists but also basic sandstone, mainly in the uplands. It is usually present in small quantity, or occasionally in larger mats, forming intricate patches in dry or damp, shaded crevices and under sheltered overhangs in north- to east-facing basic cliffs. It is also found in low-lying wooded ravines, growing in crevices on basic rock walls. This species is usually associated with other calcicoles such as Anoectangium aestivum, Ctenidium molluscum, Isopterygiopsis pulchella, Mnium marginatum, M. stellare, Plagiobryum zieri and Pohlia cruda (Blockeel et al. 2014).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.",The species is known occur in at least one protected area. No conservation action is needed at present.,The species is not used or traded.,"During, H.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Orthothecium,lapponicum,,Orthothecium lapponicum  ,(Schimp.) C. Hartm.,,No,VU,D1,No,EN,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Orthothecium lapponicum occurs in Svalbard and the northern mountain regions of Norway, Sweden, and the adjacent part of Finland. This species require a specific habitat and is rare. All the known sites of this species are very small in area, scattered in geography and are isolated; the species is severely fragmented. The current population trend is considered to be unknown in both Europe and the EU 28. The number of individual-equivalents in Europe is estimated to be between 250 and 500 and in the EU 28, it is estimated to be less than 250 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individual). This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and as Endangered in the EU 28.

Warming climates in the arctic and subarctic parts of northern Europe could negatively affect the population size of this species. However, this threat is not expected to have a significant impact on the population in the near future. In Norway, the building of hydroelectric power dams is considered as a threat. Monitoring of the species should continue and fieldwork should be carried out to explore potential new localities for the species.",Unknown,"This species occurs in Svalbard and the northern mountain regions of Norway, Sweden and the adjacent part of Finland (Hodgetts 2015). This species is also found in Greenland, and so it is near-endemic to Europe (Hedenäs et al. 2014).

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 200 and 400 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 0.8 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 200 km2 and the EOO is ca 60,000 km2.","This species require a specific habitat and is rare. In Norway, this species is only known from four localities from Troms to Finnmark, and two of the known localities may have been destroyed due to the building of hydroelectric power dams. At least one of the two known localities in Finnmark is affected by Alta development (damn construction for a power station), possibly both, and the species' occurrence there is now uncertain. In Norway, there is estimated to be approximately 10 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) (Hassel et al. 2015). In Svalbard, the species is known from five localities (Frisvoll and Blom 1997), and there is estimated to be ca 25 individual-equivalents. In Finland, five sites are known, four of which are rather close to each other with approximately 10 individual-equivalents. The number of individual-equivalents in Sweden is estimated to be between 150 and 200. The number of individual-equivalents is estimated to be between 250 and 500 in Europe and in the EU 28 between 150 and 250. 



All the known sites of this species are very small in area, scattered in geography and are isolated. It has never been found with sporophytes. It is therefore considered as severely fragmented, as the subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The current population trend is considered to be unknown in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows in wet, lime-rich environments, usually adjacent to small streams, cliffs and seepage. The species has also been found in a very calcareous fen (Hedenäs 1988, Hedenäs et al. 2014). This moss usually grows in mats.","Warming climates in the arctic and subarctic parts of northern Europe could negatively affect the population size of this species. However, this threat is not expected to have a significant impact on the population in the near future. 

In Norway, the building of hydroelectric power dams is considered as a threat. Beside climate change and building of dams, there are no other major threats to this species for the time being, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","This species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in the Red List of Finland, as Endangered (EN) in Norway and as Vulnerable (VU) in both Svalbard and Sweden (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. 

The species is included in Appendix I of the Bern Convention as well as in Annex II of the European Union’s Habitats Directive. Under Article 17, reporting of the Habitats Directive, the species is given overall unfavourable status. The 2012 Article 17 Report states that the trend of the population is stable. Monitoring of the species should continue and fieldwork should be carried out to explore potential new localities for the species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Köckinger, H.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Fettes, N.D.,During, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Orthothecium,rufescens,,Orthothecium rufescens  ,(Dicks. ex Brid.) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Red Leskea (Orthothecium rufescens) occurs in western, central and northern Europe, but is restricted to areas with different kinds of limestone bedrocks. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 3,000 and 4,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 8 and 9 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 2,000 and 3,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 6 million km2. In the west, where the core distribution is, the species seems to be stable and so the overall population trend is also considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. The population size is large and above 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe and in the EU 28. In addition, there are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.

No immediate conservation action is needed at present.",Stable,"This species has a European boreo-arctic montane distribution. It occurs in western, central and northern Europe, including Iceland and north-west Russia, and it is also known from the mountains of the northern Mediterranean region, south to northern Greece, Ukraine and the Caucasus (Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, northernmost North America and Asia (BFNA 2015).

The altitudinal range of the species is between 50 m and 2,500 m Asl.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 3,000 and 4,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 8 and 9 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 2,000 and 3,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 6 million km2.","This species is restricted to areas with different kinds of limestone bedrocks. It has a western distribution range in Europe and is not rare in the British Isles and Norway, however, it is rare in inland regions. In the Alps, it is very abundant on limestone cliffs. This species is scattered in the Balkans and the Carpathians.

In the west, where the core distribution is, the species seems to be stable and so the overall population trend is also considered to be stable. The population size is large and above 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) in Europe and in the EU 28. Subpopulations are often large, with the largest having thousands of individual-equivalents.","This species grows on moist limestone, calcium-rich schist in mountain areas in northern Europe (Hedenäs et al. 2014). In the United Kingdom, this species grows on damp, periodically flushed, north- to east-facing, steep or vertical, sheltered, montane cliff faces of limestone, calcareous mica-schist, basalt, or other basic volcanic rocks. In the United Kingdom, it grows with a wide variety of other plants, including Anoectangium aestivum, Blindia acuta, and a large number of rare and scarce arctic alpine calcicoles. It also grows on the damp, shaded walls of low-lying limestone ravines, growing with Aneura pinguis, Preissia quadrata, Ctenidium molluscum, Fissidens dubius, Gymnostomum aeruginosum and Hymenostylium recurvirostrum, and on more exposed wet limestone exposures in the west (Blockeel et al. 2014).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","The species is in the Red List of Iceland as Data Deficient (DD) and in Germany as Near Threatened (NT) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in at least in one protected area, however, most sites are not protected. No immediate conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Lönnell, N.,Afonina, O.,Schröck, C.,Blom, H.,Hodgetts, N.,Goldberg, I.,Vellak, K.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Hassel, K.,Englefield, E.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Orthothecium,strictum,,Orthothecium strictum  ,Lorentz,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Orthothecium strictum is very widespread in northern Europe, and it is also found in central Europe, in the Alps and the Carpathians. Within the EU 28, this species is more or less rare. The overall current population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28. The population size is unknown, but it is certainly larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe and may be close to 1,000 in the EU 28 (between 1,000 and 1,500). This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe. In the EU 28, this species is assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion D.

In the core area in the north there are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. In the south, there is habitat loss and exploitation threatening the species. In the Alps, changes in the climate are expected to negatively impact this species in the future. Habitat and population monitoring is recommended in the Alps to determine how climatic changes impact the subpopulations. Some immigration may happen between Norway and Sweden, but not a significant amount.",Unknown,"The species is widespread in the north especially in Norway, Svalbard, northern Sweden, northwestern Finland, northwestern Russia and Iceland  (Frisvoll and Blom 1997). Beside northern Europe, it is also found in central Europe in the Alps and the Carpathians (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, it is found in Asia and North America (Hedenäs et al. 2014). The altitudinal range of this species is between 100 m and 2,700 m Asl.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 800 and 900 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 9 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 400 and 600 km2 and the EOO is ca 2.6 million km","This species is rather frequent in Svalbard, more or less rare and stable in the Nordic countries and it is very rare, fragmented and declining in central Europe. It is restricted to mountains, occurring mainly in the subalpine to low-alpine belts (Hedenäs et al. 2014). In its core area of northern Fennoscandia and Svalbard, there are no reports of any decline and here it is not fragmented. The species very seldom has sporophytes. The overall current population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28. The population size is unknown, but it is certainly larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) in Europe and may be close to 1,000 individual-equivalents in the EU 28.","This species grows on moist rock ledges and in crevices (Hedenäs et al. 2014). In northern Fennoscandia, it grows on somewhat shady and moist calcareous rocks, mainly in small crevices on more or less perpendicular surfaces. It generally it forms rather dense tufts and occurs less frequently in thin carpets than O. intricatum and is less intermingled with other calcicolous mosses (Mårtensson 1956).","In the core area in the north, there are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. In the south, there is habitat loss and exploitation threatening the species. In the Alps, changes in the climate are expected to negatively impact this species in the future due to warmer temperatures which will drive the species upwards and reduce the amount of available habitat.","This species is included in several national Red Lists of European countries. It is assessed as rare in Austria (4) and Germany, as Critically Endangered (CR) in Romania, as Endangered (EN) in Switzerland, as Near Threatened (NT) in Finland and as Data Deficient (DD) in Slovakia and Slovenia (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in protected areas. Habitat and population monitoring are recommended in the Alps to determine how climatic changes may impact the subpopulations.",The species is not used or traded.,"Juutinen, R.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Hassel, K.,Englefield, E.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Orthotrichum,alpestre,,Orthotrichum alpestre  ,Hornsch. ex Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Orthotrichum alpestre has a wide distribution across Europe and beyond. It is frequently recorded across Europe. The population trend across Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be stable. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is sensitive to habitat changes, including pressures related to air pollution, forest fire or climatic changes. It is considered to be locally threatened in some countries, including Great Britain, Slovakia and the Czech Republic. There is no specific conservation action currently in place for this species, but it would benefit from habitat protection and monitoring.",Stable,"This is a species that has a wide distribution across subarctic and boreo-alpine areas. It is especially frequent in the west of North America, in the west and center of Europe, including northern regions such as Iceland and Svalbard. In the former USSR, this species has been found only in the mountains of the Kola Peninsula, the Carpathians, the South Urals, the Caucasus, Middle Asia and south and east Siberia (Ignatov and Lewinsy-Haapasaari 1994). In southeastern Europe, it has so far been reported from most of the countries (Sabovljević et al. 2008). This species is also found in Turkey (Lara et al. 2010).

In the Iberian Peninsula, this species is known from some mountains in northern Spain (central and western Pyrenees, Basque Mountains and Iberian North System) and from several points that constitute a disjunct subpopulation in Sierra Nevada, but not in Portugal (Lara and Garilleti 2014). This species is not found in northern African countries (Ros et al. 2013), but it is reported to Macaronesia, although only to the island of La Gomera (Gonzalez. Mancebo 2008).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level to the alpine zone, up to 3,000 m ASl (in Switzerland). It is only found above 900 m Asl in the Iberian Peninsula (Lara and Garilleti 2014).","This species is widespread and is frequently recorded across Europe. The population trend across Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be stable. However, this is considered a vagrant moss in England (Bosanquet 2012), although not a recent arrival as it was collected in 1983 in northeastern Scotland and F. Lara has now established its identity. Possibly, this species is now present partly as a result of the recovery of the epiphytic flora in regions formerly subject to high levels of sulphur dioxide pollution (Blockeel and Lara 2015).","This species is frequently found as an epiphyte, growing on different trees and shrubs. It is also found as saxicolous, growing on rocks of siliceous nature (schists, granites). In montane and subalpine situations and in high Mediterranean mountains (Lara and Garilleti 2014), this species occurs with a clear preference in areas with alpine influence, from lowlands up to around 2,700 m Asl.

According to Vitt (1973), in North America ‘the type of rock seems to make little difference as specimens have been collected on granite, quartzite, sandstone and limestone.’ Frey et al. (2006) noted its apparent absence from Britain, but Bosanquet (2012) listed it as a potential addition.","Little is known about the major threats affecting this species, but it is probably impacted by anthropogenic pressure on epiphytic habitats or by expected climate changes. Other human-induced changes, such as forest management can negatively impact the species, as well as air pollution and fire. In Britain, this species declined in polluted areas.","

This species is not threatened in most countries but it is evaluated as Critically Endangered (CR) in Great Britain, Slovakia and the Czech Republic, as Endangered (EN) in Switzerland and as Vulnerable (VU) in Romania (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in numerous protected areas throughout its range.

There is no specific conservation action in place for this species, but it would benefit from habitat protection and monitoring.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species,"Aleffi, M.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C. & Lara, F.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Orthotrichum,anomalum,,Orthotrichum anomalum  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Anomalous Bristle-moss (Orthotrichum anomalum) is a widespread species in Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe are greater than the threshold values for the application of a threatened category. The overall population size of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is very large, and the current population trend is thought to be stable, and possibly even increasing in some places in Great Britain. In addition, there are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

There is no specific conservation action in place for this moss, but further habitat protection and monitoring is recommended.",Stable,"

 

This species is found in temperate areas in Europe. It is widespread in the northern hemisphere, from the boreal zone and south to India, Turkey, Cyprus, Saudi Arabia, Iran and China, as well as Guatemala (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, this is considered a boreal temperate species, and is found north to Iceland, sparsely in Scandinavia and to the north of Russia (Blockeel et al. 2014). In the Mediterranean, this species is reported from most countries (Ros et al. 2013) however, in Macaronesia, it has only been indicated to occur in the Canary Islands (Smith 2004). In southeastern Europe, this species has so far been listed from most of the countries (Sabovljević et al. 2008). 

The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe are greater than the threshold values for the application of a threatened category. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from sea level to 2,500 m Asl in Switzerland. In the Iberian Peninsula, the species reaches 2,100 m Asl (Lara and Garilleti 2014).



 

","The overall population size of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is very large, and the current population trend is thought to be stable. There has been a continuing increase in some records in Great Britain and Ireland in and around industrial areas during the past two decades, as a result of reduced sulphur dioxide levels (Blockeel et al. 2014). In southern and western Europe, this species is much rarer (Smith 2004).","

This species is mainly saxicolous. Typical artificial substrates include concrete, stonework and mortar on otherwise non-calcareous walls (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species can also grow on tree trunks and canopies inside forests and even in agricultural trees. In Portugal, it is frequently an epiphyte in Olea europaea and Quercus spp. (Lara and Garilleti 2014).



","Even though this species may be locally threatened (degradation and loss of suitable habitats, exploitation and fragmentation of habitats), there are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species.","This species is not threatened most countries where it is known to occur. However, this species has been assessed as Data Deficient (DD) in the Canary Islands and San Marino (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in numerous protected areas throughout its range.

There is no specific conservation action in place for this moss, but further habitat protection and monitoring is recommended.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"González Mancebo, J.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C., Garcia, C. & Lara, F.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Orthotrichum,callistomum,,Orthotrichum callistomum  ,Fisch.-Oost. ex Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,RE,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Regionally Extinct (RE)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Orthotrichum callistomum was reported from only three localities in Switzerland, where it is now probably extinct, because no additional specimens have been found since 1907. It is also found in Asia, and is therefore assessed as Regionally Extinct for Europe. However, further research of the distribution of the species is needed.

This species is not found in the EU 28, therefore it is Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in east Asia, from Taiwan to south-west China (Sichuan, Yunnan, and Xizang) and the eastern Himalayas in Nepal (Lewinsky 1992). A single locality was found in the Caucasus (Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia) (Akatova et al. 2004). In Europe, this species was reported from only three localities in Switzerland (Bruch et al. 1850, Lewinsky 1992, Hodgetts 2015), where it is now probably extinct, because no additional specimens have been found since 1907 (Schnyder et al. 2004, NISM 2017).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 35 km2 (based on total area within a minimum convex polygon around all known occurrences), while the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 12 km2 (based on a 2x2 km2 grid overlay on the range map). This species has not been found within the EU 28.",There is no available information on the population size or trend of this species in Europe. It has not been found since 1907.,This species is epiphytic and therefore grows on the bark of deciduous trees.,No information on the threats to this species is available.,This species is included in the Red List of Switzerland as Regionally Extinct (Schnyder et al. 2004). The species was not found in a protected area. Further research of the distribution of the species is needed.,This species is not used or traded.,"Ganeva, A.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Orthotrichum,cambrense,,Orthotrichum cambrense  ,Bosanquet &amp; F.Lara,"This is a recently described species (Bosanquet and Lara 2012). While currently accepted as a species, it is possible that it is no more than a mutant form of O. tenellum (M.O. Hill and C.D. Preston in Blockeel et al. 2014).",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Welsh Bristle-moss (Orthotrichum cambrense) is a recently described oceanic temperate species that is apparently endemic to south Wales. This species is assessed as Data Deficient on the grounds  that there is insufficient information on this recently described species to assign it to a Red List Category. Further research is required to confirm its distribution and population size and trend. No particular threats have been identified, but presumably inappropriate tree management in the picnic area (e.g., tree surgery for health and safety reasons) is a potential threat. The local authorities should be notified about this species, and any site management take it into account.",Unknown,"The Welsh Bristle-moss (Orthotrichum cambrense) is a recently described (Bosanquet and Lara 2012) oceanic temperate species that is apparently endemic to south Wales, where it is known from one main site and a small satellite site (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are both 8 km².",It occurs on 12 trees. It is abundant on one ash Fraxinus excelsior and three field maple Acer campestre (Bosanquet and Lara 2012). The current population trend is unknown.,"This recently described British endemic (Bosanquet and Lara 2012) has been found at two sites at 15 m of altitude in the Tywi valley in Carmarthenshire, Wales. At its main colony it grows on 11 trees belonging to seven species in a car park/picnic area, with the majority of the population on ash and field maple. It forms extensive patches on several tree trunks, alongside similar-sized Orthotrichum tenellum and distinct from it, with additional associates in order of abundance being Frullania dilatata, Orthotrichum affine, Ulota bruchii, Hypnum cupressiforme, Cryphaea heteromalla, Ulota phyllantha, Metzgeria furcata, M. violacea and Zygodon conoideus. The only other record concerns a single tuft on an ash 6 km to the west.



It is autoicous. Capsules are common, maturing in March and April. Gemmae are abundant on the leaf laminae (Blockeelet al. 2014).","No particular threats have been identified, but presumably inappropriate tree management in the picnic area (e.g., tree surgery for health and safety reasons) is a potential threat.","The local authorities should be notified about this species, and any site management take it into account. This species is regarded as Data Deficient in Britain on the grounds that molecular analysis found no significant difference from O. tenellum, and it is considered a mutant form of the latter by M.O. Hill and C.D. Preston (in Blockeel et al. 2014). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. Further research is required to clarify its identity and to confirm its distribution and population size and trend.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"González Mancebo, J.,Cálix, M.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Lönnell, N., Rothero, G., Untereiner, A. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Orthotrichum,casasianum,,Orthotrichum casasianum  ,"F. Lara, Garilleti &amp; Mazimpaka",,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU28,,"Orthotrichum casasianum is an endemic species to the Basque Country in Spain, and it is only known from two small areas in and around the banks of the Bayas river. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species are both estimated to be 8 km2. The size of the population of this species was recently estimated to be between only 100 to 250 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals), although the current population trend is considered to be stable. However, the possible creation of a dam in the area would likely result in this species quickly going extinct, and so the species is considered as occurring in one location. In addition, a continuing decline in habitat extent and quality is projected. Therefore, this species is assessed as Critically Endangered. It is necessary to strictly control the management of the riverine forest in the area, preventing cuts and clearings or an intensification of the agricultural or cattle use of the area. It is also essential to maintain the natural river flood regime. Further research and monitoring on the population size and trend of this species is required.",Stable,"This species seems to be restricted to a small area in northern Spain. This moss was described from samples taken at two nearby localities (Mazimpaka et al. 1999), both on the banks of the Bayas river in the province of Alava. So far, two decades later, these are the only two places where the species is known to grow (Garilleti and Albertos 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species are both estimated to be 8 km2. The two known localities are between 540 and 590 m asl.","The population size of this species was recently estimated to be between 100 and 250 individual-equivalents, occupying a maximum total area of 1,000 to 1,500 cm2 (Garilleti and Albertos 2012). One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one tree on which the species grows. This small population maintains, however, a good reproductive status. The current population trend is assumed to be stable.","This species is an epiphytic moss inhabiting alluvial forests (alder and European ash forests). This moss mainly grows on the riverside, where it appears both on trunks and branches of diverse species of tree and shrubs, including Alnus glutinosa, Fraxinus excelsior, Sambucus nigra, Corylus avellana, etc. 



Several species of mosses that coexist in the same epiphytic communities (Orthotrichum sprucei, Leskea polycarpa) need periodical bathing by the river flow, an ecological situation that also seems to encourage the emergence of this species. A continuing decline in habitat extent and quality is projected.","A single subpopulation is known, growing in two close sections of the same river, in an area subjected to intense use. It occupies a reduced area and the number of individuals is very low. Thus, the probability of decline of the species is high, especially because habitat fragility is also very high.



The opening and destruction of the riparian forest is a major threat. The riverbank forest is subjected to possible alteration of the flow, clearing of the forest by cutting of trees, and reduction by farming activities. A continuing decline in the habitat quality is projected due to the construction of a dam. The start of the work on the dam has already been discussed several times, and so its construction is possible and may occur in the near future. In case of the installation of this infrastructure, the species would quickly become extinct. Furthermore, in the long-term, climate change might have a large impact on this species. Also, it can be affected by eutrophication and recreational activities. Since the known localities are in a farm area, agricultural expansion is a real and imminent risk.



Taking into account the restricted distribution of this species and the extent of the effects caused by a dam being built in the area, it is considered that this species occurs at only one location.

","This species is included in the Spanish Red List of bryophytes (Garilleti and Albertos 2012) and in the Basque catalog of threatened species (Gobierno Vasco 2013). This Spanish endemic moss has recently been evaluated as Critically Endangered (Garilleti and Albertos 2012). Recently, the area where this moss grows has been protected as a Special Area of Conservation (SAC or ZEC in Spanish): “Zona Especial de Conservación Baia Ibaia/Rio Baia (ES2110006)” (Diputación Foral de Álava 2015).



It is necessary to strictly control the management of the riverine forest in the area, preventing cuts and clearings or an intensification of the agricultural or cattle use of the area. It is essential to maintain the natural river flood regime (Garilleti and Albertos 2012). All these recommendations are taken into account for the declaration of the site as a SAC (Diputación Foral de Álava 2015). Further research and monitoring on the population size and trend of this species is required.",No uses are known for this moss.,"González Mancebo, J.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C., Garcia, C. & Lara, F.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Orthotrichum,columbicum,,Orthotrichum columbicum  ,Mitt.,"The European populations of Orthotrichum columbicum have traditionally been identified as O. consimile Mitt. until the revision of Medina et al. (2012), where the current name wass recalled and the European subpopulations correctly identified.



Orthotrichum consimile is not, therefore, an European plant and all the identifications with this name have to be ascribed to O. columbicum.",No,LC,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Mitten's Bristle-moss (Orthotrichum columbicum) is known from mountainous areas of western Europe, namely United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, Germany, France, Spain, and Portugal. This species is usually infrequent and appears scattered throughout its distribution. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 1.2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 236 km2. Subpopulations in strongly industrialized areas of central and western Europe, where the intensity of atmospheric pollution has dropped very significantly in the last decades, are now thought to be recovering as it is a species that is very sensitive to pollution. Therefore, the current population trend of this species in Europe is considered to be increasing.

Given that this species occupies a restricted range in Europe and is not declining in some areas, it is categorized as Least Concern. However, the habitat is irregular, as it depends on forest system modifications and disturbance, air pollution, fire events and increase of eutrophication. Furthermore, the expected climate change and severe weather can be potential threats to the plant.



",Increasing,"

This is a species with a disjunct distribution. It has subpopulations in Eurasia and the Pacific coast of North America, where its known localities stretch from central California to northern British Columbia, possibly reaching the south of Alaska (Medina et al. 2012).

In Europe, this species was first collected in 1865 in Germany (and erroneously described as a new species, O. winteri) and not found again for a long time, and so considered to have vanished (ECCB 1995), until a simultaneous re-discovery in Spain and Germany in 1994 (Lewinsky-Haapasaari et al. 1995). Nowadays, the known distribution includes mountainous areas of western Europe, namely United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, Germany, France, Spain, and Portugal. This species is usually infrequent and appears scattered throughout its distribution. Recently, it has been reported from central Anatolia, Turkey (Ellis et al. 2014), an anomalous record from both ecological and biogeographic perspectives.

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 1.2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 236 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level to around 1,450 m Asl.

","

It is not possible to give an estimate of the population size of this species in Europe or in North America. No known subpopulations have been quantitatively evaluated.

However, although there are hardly any historical collections, some data indicate that the species could be recovering, particularly in European subpopulations. In the particular case in the United Kingdom, a territory traditionally very well studied, it seems reasonably clear that the recent findings correspond to expanding subpopulations. This may also be the case for other subpopulations in strongly industrialized areas of central and western Europe, where the intensity of atmospheric pollution has dropped very significantly in the last decades, favoring the development of this species, as it is very sensitive to pollution. The only known study considering the abundance of this species was led by Mazimpaka et al. (1997). In this study, the species was found always in very low numbers, with a cover between a mere presence and 15%. This moss is seemly to be scarce across its European range. The species is found fertile and produces spores abundantly. 

The current population trend of this species in Europe is considered to be increasing.

","This species is an epiphytic moss with a preference for montane areas, under a strong to moderate oceanic climate. In Europe, this species has been collected on trunks and branches of trees (Abies alba, Acer campestre, Alnus glutinosa, Betulus sp., Carpinus betulus, Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior, Juglans regia, Quercus faginea, Q. pyrenaica, Q. robur, Ulmus minor) and shrubs (Corylus avellana, Crataegus monogyna, Frangula alnus, Lonicera periclymenum, Salix sp. pl., Sambucus nigra, S. racemosa) in dense to open forested areas.","

 No specific threats have been described for this species. However, it could be affected by air pollution, fire events, eutrophication, land-use changes and climate change.



","

This species is included in several national Red Lists, as follows: Endangered (EN) in Portugal and Luxembourg (Sérgio et al. 2013, Werner 2014), R (Extremely rare) in Germany (Ludwig et al. 1996); GE (Gevoulig, susceptible) in the Netherlands (Siebel et al. 2013) and Data Deficient (DD) in the United Kingdom (Hodgetts 2011). However, in Spain, this species is evaluated as not threatened (Garilleti and Albertos 2012).

Conservation of forested natural areas (many of them are actually already included in the Natura 2000 network) is the best way to preserve the species. Further research on the population size and trends is required, as well as the establishment of a species focused or area based management plan.



",No uses are known for this moss.,"Cálix, M.,Aleffi, M.","Sergio, C., Garcia, C. & Lara, F.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Orthotrichum,comosum,,Orthotrichum comosum  ,"F.Lara, R.Medina &amp; Garilleti","Orthotrichum comosum was described recently from the Iberian Peninsula by Medina et al. (2013) as a species with a Mediterranean/ Macaronesian distribution.

",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Orthotrichum comosum was described recently from the Iberian Peninsula. For Europe, there are confirmed records from Spain, Portugal, the Canary Islands, Madeira, Sicily and the Netherlands. Based on the most recent available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species in Europe, and therefore also the EU 28, is estimated to be around 3.2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be less than 324 km2. The current population trend of this species is considered to be stable. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28. However, further research is needed to clarify the status of the species throughout its range.

The main threats to this species are from anthropogenic pressure with habitat degradation in touristic areas, as well as the increase of fire frequency and air pollution in cities. Further research on the taxonomy and population size and trends is required. In addition, monitoring of habitat trends is recommended.",Stable,"This species was described recently from the Iberian Peninsula by Medina et al. (2013). With a Mediterranean/Macaronesian distribution, until now, the known occurrence of this species is restricted to Europe and northwest Africa (Morocco). For Europe, there are confirmed records from Spain, Portugal, the Canary Islands (La Gomera), Madeira and Sicily. It seems to be a western Mediterranean-Macaronesian species with secondary locations in warm Atlantic areas and the Netherlands (Medina et al. 2013, 2015; Pluijm and Siebel, 2017). It seems to be a western Mediterranean-Macaronesian species with secondary locations in warm Atlantic areas.

In the Iberian Peninsula, the range of this species is restricted to the north and centre, in an area with a Mediterranean climate with some continental influence. This species is known from the central range, Baetic Cordillera as well as in northern mountains of Portugal, in the Montezinho and Douro region. It was known first from ca 12 sites in Spain and in one from Portugal. Recently revising herbarium collection of LISU, this species was identified from 34 localities from four provinces all contiguous to the Spanish border. The locality of Madeira is from Madon, an old collection in PC herbarium.

So, based on the most recent available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species in Europe, and therefore also the EU 28, is estimated to be around 3.2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be less than 324 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 40 m to 1,100 m Asl, for confirmed records from the Iberian Peninsula.



","The population size and trend cannot be accurately estimated with the data available and without the implementation of a good monitoring programme, but the current population trend of this species is considered to be stable. In Spain and Portugal, the subpopulations were frequently found fertile and always as epiphyte (from field observations), although in the vicinity of other Orthotrichum taxa. In the Iberian Peninsula, this species is found in suitable habitats but in more or less restricted areas, although the subpopulations are very common and abundant.

The population is considered to be severely fragmented as its subpopulations from La Gomera, Madeira, Netherlands and Sicily are quite isolated. Although the species are found fertile, as the subpopulations are small and isolated and may therefore go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.

This species has very common habitat requirements to thrive. It is possibly overlooked and not collected in other important Mediterranean areas.","This species is mainly an epiphytic moss which prefers relatively exposed situations, and is mostly found in cleared woods or isolated trees, although it occasionally thrives in the interior of dense and relatively humid woods of ""quercineas"". In Portugal, this species is habitually epiphyte over olive trees. It frequently grows in the company of other bryophytes, including Syntrichia laevipila, Orthotrichum tenellum, O. diaphanum, O. macrocephalum, Leucodon sciuroides, Fabronia pusilla, Frullania dilatata and Hypnum cupressiforme.

It is however possible that in some areas the species is confused with O. tenellum that is very frequent as an epiphyte in all of the Portuguese territory. The species can also be found in Spain as epiphyte among other genera (Medina et al. 2013).","The main threats to this species are from anthropogenic pressure with habitat degradation in touristic areas, as well as the increase of fire frequency and air pollution in cities. Other main threats are the intensification and expansion of cultivation, clear-felling for timber and planting of forest monocultures.","Its threat status is unclear as it does not appear in the Red List of Spain (Garilleti and Albertos 2012) and Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013) where the majority of the subpopulations are found.

The species occurs in several Portuguese protected areas inside its range including Parque Natural de Montezinho, da Serra da Estrela and Reserva Natural da Serra da Malcata. In Spain, it is found in Sierra Alhamilla.

Further research on the taxonomy and population size and trends is required. In addition, monitoring of habitat trends is recommended.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species,"Englefield, E.,Ros-Espín, R.","Sergio, C. & Lara, F.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Orthotrichum,consobrinum,,Orthotrichum consobrinum  ,Cardot,There are no taxonomical doubts nor taxonomical changes concerning this species.,No,CR,D,No,CR,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

Orthotrichum consobrinum has been collected in just one locality in Navarra, northern Spain. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) are both estimated to be 4 km2. The current population trend is unknown. Information on the size of the European subpopulation of this species is scarce, but the population size is considered to be smaller than 50 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals). Therefore, this species is assessed as Critically Endangered for both Europe and the EU 28.

However, the presence of this moss in several localities in Turkey and Georgia suggest that future findings of this moss in eastern or central Europe should not be ruled out. Area management to protect this species is recommended. In addition, further research and monitoring on the population size and trends, research into the threats and monitoring of habitat trends are required.",Unknown,"This species has a disjunct distribution including the Sino-Japanese region, Asian Turkey, Georgia and Spain. In the Sino-Japanese region, it is known from China (Guo et al. 2007), Japan (Noguchi 1989), Korea (Noguchi 1989, Lewinsky 1992, Guo et al. 2007), and the Russian Far East (Ignatov and Afonina 1992). In Turkey, this species has been found in the Pontic Mountains of northern Anatolia (Lara et al. 2009, 2010). In Georgia, it has been recently discovered in the southwest of the country, close to the Turkish localities (Eckstein and Zündorf 2017). In Europe, this species has been collected in just one locality in Navarra, northern Spain (Lara et al. 2009).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) are both estimated to be 4 km2. The species was found at an altitude of 145 m Asl.

","

Information on the size of the European subpopulation of this species is scarce. It was included among the species studied for the Atlas and Red Data Book and of Endangered Bryophytes of Spain (Garilleti and Albertos 2012) and intensive searches for new individuals and subpopulations were unsuccessfully made. With actual data, it is not clear, therefore, if it is a stable species in the territory or a vagrant one with sporadic and rare subpopulations. The current population trend of this species in Europe is unknown. Despite being a small cushion, the population size is considered to be smaller than 50 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one tree which the species inhabits. This species was found fertile and spores are produced. Future findings are expected.



","This is an epiphytic moss with preference for hyper-oceanic warm climates throughout its distribution. The only European known locality is a relict in the slopes of river Latsa, in an area with intense human use, especially in summer. It has been collected in just one occasion, on trunks of Carpinus betulus.","No specific threats have been described for this species. However, as it is restricted to epiphytic vegetation, the habitat destruction increases due to fire frequency, air pollution and climate change. These are major treats for this species which is quite specialized in ecological conditions near humanised areas.","This species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in the Spanish Red-List (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012), based on the only locality known and after failed attempts to find new individuals (Garilleti and Albertos 2012). The European locality is in a protected area with strong human use, and present use probably does not affect this species.

  The presence of this moss in several localities in Turkey and Georgia suggest that future findings of this moss in eastern or central Europe should not be ruled out.

Area management to protect this species is recommended. In addition, further research and monitoring on the population size and trend, research into the threats and monitoring of habitat trends are required.",No uses are known for this moss.,"Aleffi, M.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C. & Lara, F.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Orthotrichum,crenulatum,,Orthotrichum crenulatum  ,Mitt.,"The French population of Orthotrichum crenulatum was initially reported as corresponding to O. flowersii Vitt (Boudier and Pierrot 1992), a North American moss. Garilleti et al. (2002) advertised the true taxonomic identity of this European population, later recognized by Hill et al. (2006).",No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



Orthotrichum crenulatum is only known in Europe from a small region in the southwestern Alps, southeastern France. Known localities are all in the Durance valley. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 390 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 32 km2. The current population trend is unknown. However, based on field observations, this moss is locally common and abundant on several trees at different localities. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since the population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals).

No specific threats have been described for this species in Europe. The survival and ecological success of this species in human and xeric environments suggests that it will not be adversely affected by modifications of the natural systems or by the xeric conditions that would derive from global warming. Specific studies are needed to determine its evolution and current ecological conditions and threats. Further research and monitoring of its population size and trend is required.",Unknown,"This is mainly a central Asian moss. This species has been reported from the area around northeastern Afghanistan, northern India, western Tibet, Turkestan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan (Lewinsky 1992, Lewinsky-Haapasaari 1996), and more recently from Pakistan (Schäfer-Verwimp and Gruber 2002), northeastern Turkey (Lara et al. 2010), Tajikistan (Ellis et al. 2011), Kyrgyzstan (Ellis et al. 2014), and Georgia (Ellis et al. 2016).

In Europe, this species is only known from a small region in the southwestern Alps, southeastern France. Known localities (Boudier and Pierrot 1992, Medina et al. 2010, unpublished data from MAUAM herbarium) are in the Hautes-Alpes and, in a lesser extent, in d'Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, all of them in the Durance valley with the river L'Ubaye. Records come from seven municipalities and villages that are, from south to north Barcelonette, Embrun, Guillestre, Mont-Dauphin, Eygliers, Saint-Crépin, and Briançon.

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 390 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 32 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 850 m to 1,150 m Asl.","No accurate information has been published on the size of the subpopulations of this species in the Alps. However, after personal field observations, (F. Lara pers. comm. 2018), it can be stated that the moss is locally common and abundant on several trees at different localities. Sometimes this moss dominates the epiphytic communities on large tree trunks. Since this species grows on trees, one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one tree on which the species grows. It is estimated that there are fewer than 1,000 individuals-equivalents in the Alps (F. Lara pers. comm. 2019). All subpopulations consistently produce sporophytes each year. The current population trend is unknown.","This species is usually found as an epiphyte in anthropogenic habitats. This moss mainly grows on the bark of isolated trees, frequently large in diameter, planted in gardens, walks and roadsides of some towns and villages. It forms part of xerophytic and relatively nitrophilous epiphytic communities, avoiding strongly acidic phorophytes. However, it colonises various trees of the genera Fraxinus, Aesculus, Juglans, Platanus, Tilia, Malus, etc.

The finding of a small subpopulation of this species growing in a natural Juniperus thurifera forest (Medina et al. 2010), confirmed that this species also thrives outside humanised environments in the Alps. Epiphyte mosses on J. thurifera are known to be xerophytes and several of them are specialists in developing in harsh environments (Medina et al. 2010). This is precisely the case of this species, that in central Asia also inhabits more or less dry and continental areas. Thus, J. thurifera forest and other xerophytic types of natural vegetation could represent the primary habitats where this species persists in the Alps, whereas isolated trees in towns are new habitats where this species flourished (Hugonnot 2014) thanks to its xerophytic adaptations.","No specific threats have been described for this species in Europe. The survival and ecological success of this species in human and xeric environments suggests that it will not be adversely affected by modifications of the natural systems or by the xeric conditions that would derive from global warming. However, the very limited area where it lives in Europe (it is limited to the upper Durance basin), may make the subpopulations very limited and therefore fragile in the face of possible catastrophic events or other changes in environmental conditions.","This species is considered by some as a threatened species in France (Hugonnot 2014), but specific studies are needed to determine its evolution and current ecological conditions and threats. Further research and monitoring of its population size and trend is required. Most of the territory in which this moss grows in France is included in (or corresponds to urban areas that lies by) the Natura 2000 site ""Steppique durancien et queyrassin"" (FR9301502).",No uses are known for this moss.,"Aleffi, M.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C. & Lara, F.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Orthotrichum,cupulatum,,Orthotrichum cupulatum  ,Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Hooded Bristle-moss (Orthotrichum cupulatum) has a wide distribution in Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in both Europe and the EU 28 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. The species is common in several places, including Spain, Britain and central Europe. The European and EU 28 population trend as a whole, is considered to be stable. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, locally this species is considered threatened in Finland and Portugal. Little is known about major threats affecting this species, but it is probably impacted by anthropogenic pressure on habitats or by expected climate changes. This species would benefit from further habitat protection. In addition, further research into the threats is recommended.",Stable,"

This is a Euro-Siberian temperate species, with a distribution that ranges from the Mediterranean region to the Arctic (except Svalbard) and from the Atlantic seaboard in the west to Ukraine in the east (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, this species is widespread in the northern hemisphere, occurring in North America, south to Mexico, southern South America, Australia and New Zealand (Smith 2004, Blockeel et al. 2014). In the Mediterranean area, this species is found in most of the countries but not in the Azores in Macaronesia (Ros et al. 2013). In southeastern Europe, this species has, so far, been reported from most countries (Sabovljević et al. 2008).  

The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in both Europe and the EU 28 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from sea level to the alpine zone, up to 2,800 m Asl in Switzerland. 

","This species is considered stable in most of the countries. Therefore, the European and EU 28 population trend as a whole, is considered to be stable. There is no indication of fragmentation of the subpopulations.

This species is common in Spain but rarer in Portugal (Lara and Garilleti 2014). It is very frequent in western and northeastern parts of Britain and Ireland (Blockeel et al. 2014). Also, this species is common in central Europe (for example, Limpricht 1890).","This species is almost exclusively saxicolous, on exposed, basic rocks and boulders, or on artificial substrates such as concrete walls and blocks and on roof tiles. It is occasionally found on exposed trees in different types of forests (Quercus rotundifolia, Fagus sylvatica, Olea europaea, Juglans regia, Juniperus thurifera, J. oxycedrus, etc.) in Mediterranean open habitats (Lara and Garilleti 2014), from the lowland up to the alpine zone.","Little is known about major threats affecting this species, but it is probably impacted by anthropogenic pressure on habitats or by expected climate changes. Other human-induced changes, such as forest management can also negatively impact the species, as well as, air pollution and fire.","There is no specific conservation action currently in place for this species. It is not considered to be threatened in most countries with a national Red List, but it is evaluated as Vulnerable (VU) in Finland and Portugal (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in numerous protected areas throughout its range, but would also benefit from further habitat protection. In addition, further research into the threats is recommended.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"González Mancebo, J.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C. & Lara, F.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Orthotrichum,dentatum,,Orthotrichum dentatum  ,T.Kiebacher &amp; Lüth,,Yes,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



The European endemic Orthotrichum dentatum has only recently been described and so far has only been found in the Swiss, Italian and Austrian alps. It grows as an epiphyte on a rather wide range of deciduous, often free-standing trees. Its distribution is still very inadequately known, but nonetheless, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 50 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 18,000 km2.  This species is precautionarily assessed as Vulnerable since event though little is known about the population size, it is estimated that the population size is likely to be larger than 250 but smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) in both Europe and the EU 28. 



It is currently known to occur on about 60 trees, but is probably found on a much greater number of host trees. The population trend is thought to be stable and the habitats of this species are not threatened. However, free-standing trees are often eliminated by changes in agriculture. Knowledge about the distribution of this species needs to be improved. Also further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species.",Stable,"This European endemic species has only recently been described (Kiebacher and Lüth 2017) and so far has only been found in the Swiss, Italian and Austrian alps (Ellis et al. 2017). Its distribution is still very inadequately known. It has been found growing at elevations between 530 m and 1,340 m Asl. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 50 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 18,000 km2.","Little is known about the population size. It is currently known to occur on about 60 trees, but is probably found on a much greater number of host trees. The population trend is thought to be stable. It is estimated that the population size is likely to be larger than 250 but smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents. Since this species grows on trees, one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one host tree.","This species grows as an epiphyte on a rather wide range of deciduous, often free-standing trees and occurs also in urban areas. It is a temperate-montane species that seems to avoid areas with higher temperatures (Kiebacher and Lüth 2017).","The habitats of this species are not threatened. However, as free-standing trees are often eliminated by changes in agriculture, an assessment of the threat is difficult on the basis of the current state of knowledge.","Knowledge about the distribution of this species needs to be improved. Also, further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species. It is not known to occur in any protected areas.","This species is not utilised or traded.

","Schröck, C.,Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.","Lara, F.,Hallingbäck, T,Caparrós, R.,Garilleti, R.,Ştefănuţ, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Orthotrichum,diaphanum,,Orthotrichum diaphanum  ,Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The White-tipped Bristle-moss (Orthotrichum diaphanum) is widespread throughout Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe and the EU 28 largely exceeds the values for the application of a threatened category. it is considered to have an increasing population trend in Europe. It is very resilient to air pollution and it is very frequent in anthropogenic areas. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

There are no conservation actions required for this species at present, but further research on the threats is required, as they are unknown.



",Increasing,"In Europe, this species is widespread, ranging from the Mediterranean region to north the Arctic (except Arctic Russia, northeastern Russia and the sub-polar and North Urals). Also, this species is found from the Atlantic seaboard in the west to the Macaronsian and Balkans in the east (Sabovljević et al. 2008, Hodgetts 2015). It is know from northern Africa in different countries (Ros et al. 2013), including Cape Verde and Ethiopia (O’Shea 2006). 

The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe and the EU 28 largely exceeds the values for the application of a threatened category. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level to more than 1,800 m Asl in Switzerland. In the Iberian Peninsula, the species is found up to 1,900 m Asl (Lara and Garilleti 2014).","This species is widespread and is frequently recorded across Europe. It is reported in numerous ecological and floristic studies, but it is considered to have an increasing population trend in Europe. It is very resilient to air pollution and it is very frequent in anthropogenic areas (Frey et al. 2006)","This is an epiphytic and saxicolous species, found in open bryophyte communities. It has been found growing on the bark of isolated trees or less frequently in woods. It is very frequently found on artificial walls, especially in populated areas. It is much less frequently found on natural rocks. This species occurs with a clear preference in areas with an oceanic influence. Is relatively unaffected by sulphur dioxide levels or other air pollutants and it is considered a nitrophilous species. It is frequently found in urban areas or center of cities as in Lisbon where is very common (Sérgio et al. 2016).","The threats to this species are unknown, although there is no indication of a decline in the habitat of this species.","There is no specific conservation action in place for this species, and none are currently required in Europe. This species is not threatened in all of the countries where it occurs (Hodgetts 2015). It also occurs in numerous protected areas in Europe. Further research on the threats to this species is recommended.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Puche, F.","Sergio, C. & Lara, F.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Orthotrichum,handiense,,Orthotrichum handiense  ,"F. Lara, Garilleti &amp; Mazimpaka",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v); C2a(i,ii); D",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v); C2a(i,ii); D",EU28,,"Orthotrichum handiense is endemic to the island of Fuerteventura in the Canary Islands, Spain. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has an extremely restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 8 km2), it occurs at only one location and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals due to grazing by goats. In addition, it is estimated that there are less than 50 individual-equivalents in Fuerteventura, and that all individual-equivalents are found in only one subpopulation. Since this species grows on shrubs, it is considered that one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is one shrub on which the species grows. 



This species shows extremely low levels of genetic diversity and a very restricted distribution area. Presumably the original habitat for this species was the now-extinct laurel forest of Fuerteventura, and it now persists growing on a substitution shrub (Asteriscus sericeus) that is highly threatened by feral goats. Additionally, climate change is an important threat, since suitable habitat is very limited due to the restricted extent of the cloud zone in the upper part of this island. If the threats affecting this species continue, this species might become extinct very soon. At present, the ecosystem is still highly degraded and the threats persist. 



This species needs specific conservation measures, such as habitat conservation and protection against grazing by feral goats. In addition, transplanting this species to other potentially favourable areas where goats are excluded by fencing should be considered. Ex-situ conservation is also recommended for this species. Further research is also recommended into the population size and trend, as well as into the threats to this species. An area-based management plan may be necessary.",Decreasing,"

Orthotrichum handiense is endemic to Fuerteventura in the Canary Islands (Lara et al. 1999), where it occurs at a single locality (González-Mancebo et al. 2011). This species'  maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both estimated at 8 km2.","This species shows a colonist strategy in the sense of During (1992), producing many sporophytes and having a high colonization rate. However, the shrub species (Asteriscus sericeus) on which it mainly grows is threatened by feral goats. The population trend is therefore considered to be decreasing. Since this species grows on shrubs, it is considered that one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is one shrub on which the species grows. It is estimated that there are fewer than 50 individual-equivalents in Fuerteventura, and that all individual-equivalents are found in only one subpopulation.","This species occurs as an epiphyte on the commonest shrub species in the area, including Asteriscus sericeus, which is also endemic to Fuerteventura, and occasionally on Kleinia neriifolia and basaltic rocks (González-Mancebo et al. 2009, 2011). The altitudinal range is between 650 m and 800 m Asl.","This species shows extremely low levels of genetic diversity (Patiño et al. 2013) and a very restricted distribution area (no more than 45 hectares, or 0.45 km2, according to González-Mancebo et al. 2009). Presumably the original habitat for this species was the now-extinct laurel forest of Fuerteventura (González-Mancebo et al. 2009), and it now persists growing on a substitution shrub that is highly threatened by feral goats. Additionally, climate change is an important threat, since suitable habitat is very limited due to the restricted extent of the cloud zone in the upper part of this island. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of goat grazing and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","This species was originally assessed as Vulnerable (Lara et al. 2003). Later it was assessed as Endangered in in the Canary Islands Red List (González-Mancebo et al. 2012) and the Spanish Red List (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2014). However, González-Mancebo et al. (2011) point out that if the threats affecting this species continue, this species might become extinct very soon. At present, the ecosystem is still highly degraded and the threats persist. This species needs specific conservation measures, such as habitat conservation and protection against grazing by feral goats. In addition, transplanting this species to other potentially favourable areas where goats are excluded by fencing should be considered. Ex-situ conservation is also recommended for this species. Further research is also recommended into the population size and trend, as well as into the threats to this species. An area-based management plan may be necessary.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Marka, J.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","González Mancebo, J., Sim-Sim, M., Gabriel, R., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Orthotrichum,hispanicum,,Orthotrichum hispanicum  ,"F. Lara, Garilleti &amp; Mazimpaka",,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Orthotrichum hispanicum has a relatively restricted distribution in Europe. It is known from Spain, including Mallorca, France, Greece, the Netherlands and Switzerland. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 1.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 56 km2. The EOO and the AOO is considered to be very similar to the values for Europe as a whole, as the only locality outside of EU 28 is one small subpopulation in Switzerland. It is found at very few sites, entirely dependent of fragile habitats and some in risk places. The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is unknown. In view of the small AOO and the fact that the species is considered to be severely fragmented, this species is assessed as Near Threatened for both Europe and the EU 28 as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

No specific threats have been described for this species, but further information is needed. The conservation of this species is linked to the conservation of the Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean woods where it mainly thrives. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, as well as to identify the existing threats.",Unknown,"This is a Euro-Asiatic moss, with few known localities scattered throughout Europe   (mainly in the south) and western and central Asia.

In Europe, it   has been mainly reported from southern Mediterranean countries, like Spain (Lara   et al. 2000), including Mallorca (Pericàs 2008), France (Blockeel et al. 2004, Bardat and Boudier 2006)   and Greece (Lara et al. 2003). In addition, two additional European subpopulations are known,   one from the Netherlands (Pluijm 2004), and other one from Switzerland (Ellis   et al. 2015).

Outside of Europe, this moss has several known localities in Asia, most of them in the   southwest, in the territories bordering the eastern coast of the Black Sea. It is found in Turkey (Lara et al. 2010) and Georgia   (Eckstein and Zündorf 2017). Finally, it was collected in 1892 in a central   Asian locality in Kashmir, India (Garilleti et al. 2009).

The mention of the   presence of this species in northern Africa (Eckstein and Zündorf 2017) is a mistake based on a typographical   error on the world distribution map by Garilleti et al. (2009).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 1.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 56 km2. The EOO and the AOO is considered to be very similar to the values for Europe as a whole, as the only locality outside of EU 28 is one small subpopulation in Switzerland. The altitudinal range of the species in Europe is from 580 m to 1,400 m Asl.","No accurate information on the population size of this species is available. However, there are some indications on the relative abundance of this moss for several areas. Thus, for Spain, Lara and Garilleti (2014) signalled that both in the Pyrenees and in “serrania de Cuenca” (central-eastern Spain) this moss could be locally abundant, which seems not to be the case for Sierra de Tramuntana on Mallorca. In the same way, Lara et al. (2003) highlighted that, in Greece, this species has large local subpopulations at montane levels on Mount Olympus. This is not the case for other areas where this species has been reported in Europe, as only single cushions were observed for Massif Central in France (Bardat and Boudier 2006), Switzerland (Ellis et al. 2015), and the Netherlands (Pluijm 2004). It seems that in the French Alpes-Maritimes the species could be less rare (Blockeel et al. 2004), but no further data have been published on its frequency or abundance. The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is unknown.

This species is considered to be severely fragmented as the subpopulations are small and isolated and therefore may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation, even if it is quite fertile.","This species is an epiphytic moss. It has been   found growing on different phorophytes, although more frequently on twigs of Buxus sempervirens (Lara et al. 2000, 2003; Lara and Garilleti 2014; Bardat and   Boudier 2006). Although montane Mediterranean or sub-Mediterranean   environments seem to favor the development of this moss, in Europe it also   thrives in montane and lowland situations of the Alpine (Pyrenees, Alps) and   Atlantic (Massif Central, Netherlands) biogeographic regions.","No specific threats have been described for this species.



","This species is considered Vulnerable (VU) in the Spanish Red List (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012). This species has not been evaluated in other European countries.

Three known subpopulations of this species are located within a protected area in Spain, Parque   Natural del Alto Tajo (Guadalajara province) and Parc Nacional d'Aigüestortes   i Estany de Sant Maurici (Lerida province), and in Greece, Mount Olympus National Park (Makedonia).

The conservation of this species is linked to the conservation of the Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean woods where it mainly thrives. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.",No uses are known for this moss.,"Cálix, M.,Aleffi, M.","Sergio, C. & Lara, F.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Orthotrichum,macrocephalum,,Orthotrichum macrocephalum  ,"F. Lara, Garilleti &amp; Mazimpaka",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Orthotrichum macrocephalum can be considered a widespread moss in the Mediterranean area, though mainly confined in Iberian Peninsula. It has been recorded from 20 localities in Spain. The species is rarer in the eastern Mediterranean, with just few areas in Corsica, Sicily, Greece and Cyprus. Based on the most recent available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 1.3 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 196 km2. This species is found in subpopulations that can sometimes be large. It is possibly under recorded and the current population trend of this species is considered to be stable in Europe. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

There are no major threats curently affecting this species. However, in the long run, climate change can have a major impact on subpopulations, including the intensification of fire events. Further research is required to establish the full distribution.",Stable,"This is an endemic species of the Mediterranean region. This species is known from Spain (Lara et al. 1994), Sicily (Lara et al. 2004), Greece (Lara et al. 2003), Corsica (Lara et al. 2006) and outside of Europe in Morocco (Garilleti et al. 1997) and Turkey (Erdag et al. 2004). The reports from Cyprus (Frahm et al. 2009) are consistent with a circum-Mediterranean distribution of this species, and so it is likely to be found in other Mediterranean countries where it has not been yet recorded.

Based on the most recent available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 1.3 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 196 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 300 m to 1,650 m Asl, for records confirmed from majority of Iberian Peninsula (Lara and Garilleti 2014).","In Spain, the species has been found from about 20 localities, but all collections are from before 1994 (García-Zamora et al. 1998; Casas 2002; Casas et al. 2006; Brugués et al. 2013; Cezón and Muñoz 2013; Medina et al. 2008, 2010, 2015). The small size of the plants is one reason why it has been overlooked (Lara et al. 1994).

This species is found in subpopulations that can sometimes be large. It is possibly under recorded and has been found with sporophytes. The current population trend of this species is considered to be stable in Europe.","This species is common on the trunks of trees in urban areas or in some Mediterranean forests, forming part of xerophytic epiphytic communities (Lara et al. 1994, Gariletti et al. 1997).

It is a neutrophytic and toxitolerant epiphyte, reported from localities of central and southern Spain, although they are subjected to a Mediterranean continental climate besides abundant seasonal precipitation. This species is always found in anthropogenic environments, such as close to roads, and has been found on the bark of Quercus faginea, Quercus suber, Fraxinus angustifolia, Ulmus minor, U. pumila, Yucca sp. and Citrus aurantium.

This species is known to grow associated with other slightly acidic and xerophilous Orthotrichum, especially O. pumilum, O. diaphanum, O. obtusifolium and O. acuminatum. The available data suggests that this species is a xerophilous and nitrophilous moss living in relatively humid areas, but subject to severe summer dryness (Lara et al. 1994).","There are no major threats currently affecting this species. However, in the long run, climate change can have a major impact on subpopulations, including the intensification of fire events.","This species is not listed among the threatened species of Spain (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012).

Habitat protection would benefit this species which is found in some protected areas as El Parque de los Calares del Mundo in Spain.

 

This species may currently be overlooked in Mediterranean countries (Lara et al. 1994) and therefore further research is required to establish the full distribution.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Bates, J.","Sergio, C. & Lara, F.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Orthotrichum,microcarpum,,Orthotrichum microcarpum  ,De Not.,,No,VU,D1,No,EN,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

This rare, epiphytic, near-endemic European species, Orthotrichum microcarpum, is easily confused with other species and its exact distribution is not well known. The extent of occurrence (EOO) surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B. The area of occupancy (AOO), however, is much more restricted, being estimated at just 36 km2 (20 km2 in the EU 28). Its overall population trend is stable and it is not considered to be severely fragmented. However, this species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe since its population size is estimated to be fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents. In the EU 28, the population size is estimated to be even smaller, fewer than 250 individual-equivalents, and thus is assessed as Endangered. Habitat alterations and weather and climate-related changes, such as through the increased severity and longevity of droughts, are known threats to this species. Deforestation could also impact this species. It is known to occur in protected areas. Site protection and management are recommended conservation measures for this near-endemic European species, and further research on its distribution and population size (especially in Italy) is needed.",Stable,"This is a rare epiphytic species. Its exact distribution is not well known, but according to the literature, the range of this species mainly covers central-southern Europe, including France, Switzerland, Italy, Slovenia and Croatia, with a further occurrence in European Turkey(Lara et al. 2010). The records from other European countries, including Germany, Norway, Sweden and Poland, are incorrect according to Ochyra (2011). Frey et al. (2006) stated this species to be present in the southern Alps only.Additionally, there are records of this species from Asiatic Turkey and  Georgia (Lara et al. 2010). Ochyra (2011) stated that reports of the species from North America and Siberia are erroneous. The extent of occurrence (EOO) surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.The area of occupancy (AOO), however, is much more restricted, being estimated at just 36 km2within Europe, and even less in the EU 28, being estimated at 20 km2.","This species is not abundant, and it occurs in scattered localities, mainly in the Alps. Its population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe (considering each tree on which it occurs as an individual-equivalent). In the EU 28, it is estimated that there are fewer than 250 individual-equivalents. Its overall population trend is stable. It is not considered to be severely fragmented. 



","This species grows on the bark of trees. It was described from the bark of Morus trees, but can also be found growing on several other species of trees and shrubs. It produces sporophytes. Its altitudinal range is ca. 190-600 m.","The threats to this species includes habitat and climate changes, through the increased severity and longevity of droughts. Deforestation (i.e. tree cutting) can also affect this species. It is unknown whether there is a continuing decline in the habitat of this species in Europe.",This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Switzerland (Critically Endangered) and Slovenia (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas. Site protection and management are needed for this near-endemic European species. Further research on its distribution and population size (especially in Italy) is needed.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Górski, P.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M., Lara, F., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Orthotrichum,moravicum,,Orthotrichum moravicum  ,Pláaek &amp; Sawicki,"Some experts consider this species to be an aberrant form of Orthotrichum pallens, and further taxonomic research is therefore needed to determine its validity.",No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



Orthotrichum moravicum was only recently described in 2009, and is therefore relatively new to science. It is yet only known from one locality in the Czech Republic, one locality in Slovakia (from a herbarium specimen) and two in Austria (Tirol). Its currently known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2. Additional subpopulations were found in the vicinity of the original type specimen. The subpopulations seem to be very small, as only three individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) were found in the type locality, and other subpopulations also have a small number of individual-equivalents. The population trend is unknown. There is not enough information available about its population size and trend, and its distribution. There is also some doubt about its validity as a species; it is possible that it represents an aberrant form of O. pallens, and further taxonomic research is needed to clarify this situation. More information about the conservation needs of this species, and its ecology, is needed. Further research is also needed into the population size and trend and the distribution, as well as any potential threats to this species. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient in Europe and the EU 28.",Unknown,"This new species was described in 2009 from the Czech Republic (Plášek et al. 2009) and is therefore relatively new to science. It is yet only known from one locality in the Czech Republic, one locality in Slovakia (from a herbarium specimen) and two in Austria (Tirol) (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). Elsewhere it has also been found at one locality in Tajikistan (Ellis et al. 2012). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 78,000 km2 and its currently known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2. It may prove to be no more than an aberrant form of Orthotrichum pallens.","The species was described only recently in the Czech Republic (three individual-equivalents), and is still in its discovery phase. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one tree on which the species grows. Additional subpopulations were found in the vicinity of the original type specimen (Ellis et al. 2011) and the species has been discovered in the neighbouring countries of Slovakia and Austria (Hodgetts 2015), as well as in Tajikistan. The subpopulations seem to be very small, as only three individual-equivalents were found in the type locality, and other subpopulations also have a small number of individual-equivalents. The current population trend is unknown.","The first specimen of the species was found on the bark of Salix caprea trees, associated with Orthotrichum affine, O. speciosum, Ulota bruchii, Pterigynandrum filiforme and Hypnum cupressiforme. In herbarium specimens that have been confirmed, it occurs in association with Metzgeria furcata and Pseudoleskeella nervosa (Ellis et al. 2011). More information about its ecology is not yet available.",The currently known localities do not seem to be threatened at the moment.,"The species has been assessed as Data Deficient in the national red list of the Czech Republic, and this status is also suggested for Slovakia (Hodgetts 2015). More information about the conservation needs of this species, and its ecology, is needed. Further research in needed into the taxonomy, population size and trends, the distribution as well as any potential threats to this species. The type locality is found in the protected landscape area of Beskydy in the Czech Republic.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Puche, F.","Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Orthotrichum,pallens,,Orthotrichum pallens  ,Bruch ex Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Pale Bristle-moss (Orthotrichum pallens) is known from many countries in Europe. This species is widespread and is frequently recorded across Europe with many subpopulations. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe and the EU 28 are greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.  The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be stable. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both regional assessments.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in Great Britain and Ireland. Little is known about the major threats affecting this species, but it is probably impacted by pressure on epiphytic habitats, such as air pollution and fire events or by expected climate changes. Further research to confirm the full distribution of this species is required, as well as into the threats.",Stable,"This is a boreo-temperate species with a wide distribution in the holarctic area. This species shows morphological variability in the whole of its area, related to climate conditions. There are different morphotypes from the northernmost mountains to sub-Mediterranean or Mediterranean climates (Lara and Garilleti 2014)

This species is known from many countries in Europe (Hodgetts 2015), in the former USSR, and the Caucasus, Middle Asia as well as in southern Siberia (Ignatov and Lewinsy-Haapasaari 1994) and in the Mediterranean area including the Baltic countries (Sabovljević et. al. 2008). In North America, this species is found from Yukon to Newfoundland, Canada and Greenland, and southward to Mexico. This species is also reported from South America in Venezuela. The southernmost localities in Asia are from Pakistan and northern India (Ignatov and Lewinsy-Haapasaari 1994). This species is also listed in North Africa in Morocco (Ros et al. 2013). It is dubiously reported to Macaronesia from Madeira (Sérgio et al. 2006).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe and the EU 28 are greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from sea level to the alpine zone up to 2,360 m Asl in Switzerland. It is found between 500 m to 1,800 m Asl in the Iberian Peninsula (Lara and Garilleti 2014).","This species is considered to have a stable trend in the majority of European countries, and in Europe and the EU 28 overall. This species is always rare in Britain and Ireland but also appears to be stable, perhaps more adapted to mountain climates than some other species of the genus (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species is widespread and is frequently recorded across Europe with many subpopulations.","This species is an epiphyte, found growing on a great variety of trees and shrubs, occasionally on siliceous rocks, often in rather open sites such as riversides, hedges and woodland margins (Blockeel et al. 2014). It is found mainly in euro-Siberian montane and subalpine forests, and it is more sporadic in cool Mediterranean environments (Lara and Garilleti 2014) This species occurs with a clear preference in areas with alpine influence.","Little is known about the major threats affecting this species, but it is probably impacted by pressure on epiphytic habitats, such as air pollution and fire events or by expected climate changes. Different human-induced changes, such as forest management, can also negatively impact this species.","This species is not threatened in most countries. However, it is evaluated in national Red Lists as Endangered (EN) in Great Britain and Ireland, and as Near Threatened (NT) in Luxembourg, Slovakia and Sweden (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in numerous protected areas throughout its range. 

There is no specific conservation action required for this species in Europe at present. Further research to confirm the full distribution of this species is required, as well as into the threats.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Pilkington, S.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C. & Lara, F.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Orthotrichum,patens,,Orthotrichum patens  ,Bruch &amp; Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Orthotrichum patens is recorded over much of central Europe north to southern Scandinavia and becoming rare or absent in the south. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large and increasing population, and there are no known threats to this species now that SO2 pollution has decreased. No conservation measures are required at present.",Increasing,"Orthotrichum patens is recorded over much of central Europe north to southern Scandinavia and becoming rare or absent in the south.It was recorded in error from Britain (ArtDatabanken 2015). Knowledge of this species was further clarified by Lara et al. (2008).Elsewhere it occurs in western parts of Asia. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 2,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6.6 million km².","The trend of this moss is typical of the pollution-sensitive Orthotrichum species, in that it declined in the 20th Century, but is now increasing again with the reduction in SO2 pollution. However, the pattern appears to be complex: it may still be declining in some areas, while increasing in others. For example, it has increased considerably in the Netherlands - one suspects that some of these patterns may be because of uneven recording rather than reflecting genuine differences. The overall population trend is increasing, the population is not severely fragmented and the population size is larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one tree on which the species grows.","This epiphytic colonist is mainly found on the bark of deciduous trees, often in rather open situations, notably Ulmus, Populus  tremula, Fraxinus, Acer, Quercus pubescens and other species where the pH of the bark  exceeds 5. It is typically found in relatively open broadleaf forests or aspen  stands, especially in the vicinity of lakes and streams.Characteristic  associates include Orthotrichum affine, O. striatum, O. pallens, Ulota  crispa, U. bruchii, Frullania dilatata, and Radula complanata (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Artdatabanken 2015). Its elevational range is from sea level up to 1,540 m Asl.



It is autoicous, and sporophytes are common.",There are no known threats to this species now that SO2 pollution has decreased.,"No conservation measures are required at present. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Finland, Slovakia and Spain, as Endangered in Sweden and Austria, as Vulnerable in Norway, Luxembourg, Hungary, Romania and Estonia, as Near Threatened in Bulgaria, Switzerland and the Czech Republic, as 'rare' in Poland, as Data Deficient in the Canary Islands, Sardinia and San Marino. It is considered Regionally Extinct in Belgium (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Vanderpoorten, A.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Orthotrichum,pellucidum,,Orthotrichum pellucidum  ,Lindb.,,No,VU,C2a(i),No,CR,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

Orthotrichum pellucidum is known from Norway, Svalbard, Sweden, Finland and European Russia. This species is considered to be very rare with few and small subpopulations. Although the current population trend seems to be stable, a continuing decline is projected in the future as a result of climate change. Most sites are situated in Svalbard, and in the whole of Europe, the population size is estimated to be less than 2,500 but more than 250 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). The number of individual-equivalents in the largest subpopulation is estimated to be smaller than 250. Therefore, in Europe, this species is assessed as Endangered (EN).

In the EU 28, the number of individual-equivalents is less than 250, and this species is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered (CR).

Beside current climate change there are no immediate threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. However, future climate is already causing a denser forest which threaten the species, since it require exposed habitats. 

Research and monitoring on the population size, distribution and trends is needed.",Stable,"This species has an arctic distribution range in Europe. It is found in Svalbard, Sweden, Finland and the sub-Polar and North Urals (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in most of western part of North America and Greenland (BFNA 2015).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 40 and 100 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 1 and 2 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 20 km2 and the EOO is between 20,000 and 40,000 km2.","This species is considered to be very rare with few and small subpopulations, each containing only a few individuals-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equivalent). Most sites are situated in Svalbard. In the whole of Europe, the population size is estimated to be less than 2,500 but more than 250 individual-equivalents. The number of individual-equivalents in the largest subpopulation is estimated to be smaller than 250. 

In the EU 28, the number of localities is less than five and the number of individual-equivalents is less than 250. 

  There is no present decline, however, there is a continuing decline projected in the near future as a result of climate change.","This species grows on exposed, calcareous rock-faces in sub-alpine to low alpine areas. In Sweden, this species is typically found in minor precipices surrounded by birch forest (Hallingbäck et al. 2008).","It is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. However, future climate change causing denser forests will threaten the species, since it require exposed habitats.","This species is assessed in the Red List of Finland as Critically Endangered (CR) and in Sweden as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. Research and monitoring on the population size, distribution and trends is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Vellak, K.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Orthotrichum,philibertii,,Orthotrichum philibertii  ,Venturi,"G. Venturi, the author of the species, initially hesitated about the   appropriate taxonomic category for this moss, also considering it a variety of O. pumilum (Venturi 1987) - O. pumilum var. philibertii (Venturi) Venturi. It has been also considered as   subordinate to O. schimperi - O. schimperi var. philibertii (Venturi) Boulay. However, nowadays it is considered   a distinct species (Lewinsky 1993, Lara and Garilleti 2014, Kiebacher   and Lüth 2017).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Orthotrichum philibertii is a widespread moss in Mediterranean area and mainly confined to the Iberian Peninsula. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 5.2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 344 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is 3.8 million km2 and the AOO is 336 km2. This species is abundant in some areas, such as the southern Iberian Peninsula and the current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be stable. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

No specific threats have been described for this species, but it could be affected by natural system modifications and climate change. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.",Stable,"This is a widespread and characteristic Mediterranean species (Ros et al. 2013, Lara and Garilleti 2014). It has been reported from several mainland European countries, including France, Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain, as well as in several Mediterranean islands, including the Balearics, Corsica, Cyprus, Sardinia, and Sicily. This species grows also in some   North African and Asian countries, including Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia   and Turkey. Outside of the Mediterranean region, this species has been recorded from Serbia,   Romania, and Norway (Hodgetts 2015).The report from western Serbia (Papp and Saboljevic 2002) should be   revised since the locality and environment indicated (on beech trees over   1,000 m Asl) is far from the known ecological optimum of the species.

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 5.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 356 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is 3.8 million km2 and the AOO is 336 km2.

 

The altitudinal range of this species is from near sea level to 1,300 m Asl.","Most localities have been noted in Continental Spain (Mazimpaka et al. 1999; Draper et al. 2004; Cezón and Muñoz 2013; Medina et al. 2008, 2015), where this moss is known from 13 provinces (Lara and Garilleti 2014), apart from the Balearic Islands (Cano et al. 2001). However, it has rarely been found in Portugal (Garcia 2006).

This species seems somewhat widespread in Italy, both in the Italian Peninsula (Aleffi et al. 2008) and in the two major islands, Sicily (Lo Giudice et al. 2000) and Sardinia (Frahm et al. 2008). Also, several localities for this moss has been reported from southern France (Granger 2005), including in Corsica (Blockeel et al. 2006).

Little is   known on the size of the subpopulations of this species. It has been stated that this species often goes unnoticed   because of its scarcity in the epiphytic communities where it grows, as well as the very   small size of the species and the easy confusion with O.   schimperi (Lara and Garilleti 2014).

This species is   especially abundant in Mallorca (Cano et al. 2001). Some localities with relatively   large subpopulations have been also noticed in the southern Iberian Peninsula (Mazimpaka   et al. 1999, Medina et al. 2008) and Sicily (Lo Giudice et al. 2000). However, there is only one   study (Medina et al. 2015) that offers   quantitative data on the size of the subpopulations of this species. This was carried out in northwestern Spain and   shows that this species is   generally scarce in the studied localities; it only extraordinarily   reaches the level of ‘moderately abundant’, but it should be noticed that   this area of the Iberian Peninsula seems not to be especially suitable for   the species.

The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be stable.","This species is an epiphytic moss that usually grows in Mediterranean thermo-xerophytic forests and scrublands, especially in those dominated by Quercus rotundifolia and Q. ilex. This specise has been occasionally found on other phorophytes (Q. faginea, Q. suber, Olea europaea, Pinus halepensis, etc.) and very rarely on rocks or artificial substrates. It mostly thrives in the lowlands but has been recorded up to 1,300 m Asl (Lara and Garilleti 2014).

It is a moss adapted to xeric environments and the habitat where it mainly thrives is quite frequent in the Mediterranean basin; it is particularly widespread in Spain.","No specific threats have been described for this species, but it could be affected by natural system modifications and climate change.","This species was assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in Spain (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012), but numerous new localities have been recently found in this country (Lara and Garilleti 2012, Medina et al. 2015). It has also been assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Sicily (Hodgetts 2015) and as Data Deficient (DD) in Portugal (Garcia 2006, Hodgetts 2015).

  This species is known to occur in several protected areas. In Sierra de Tramuntana Natural Place on Mallorca, there is one of the most numerous subpopulations of this species currently known. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats.",There are no uses for this species.,"Bates, J.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C. & Lara, F.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Orthotrichum,pulchellum,,Orthotrichum pulchellum  ,Brunt.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Elegant Bristle-moss (Orthotrichum pulchellum) is an oceanic temperate species frequent in northwestern Europe from Spain, France, Ireland, Britain, Norway and Sweden, eastwards to Poland, the Czech Republic, Serbia and Romania; it is rare in Mediterranean Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is currently increasing its range and frequency, and there are no major threats to it. No conservation actions are required at present.",Increasing,"The Elegant Bristle-moss (Orthotrichum pulchellum) is an oceanic temperate species frequent in northwestern Europe from Spain, France, Ireland, Britain, Norway and Sweden, eastwards to Poland, the Czech Republic, Serbia and Romania; it is rare in Mediterranean Europe. Elsewhere it occurs in Turkey and western North America from Oregon to Alaska and Kodiak Island, and disjunct in Idaho (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 3,800 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4 million km².","Since 1990, as in Britain and Ireland, this species has extended its range in  Europe, including Germany (Frahm 2002) and the Czech Republic (Kučera  et al. 2012). It has increased markedly during the past three decades. It has colonised or recolonised areas formerly subject to high atmospheric pollution, but has also become much more common in western and northern regions where pollution had not been a limiting factor. Climate change and increased nutrient deposition may be among the causes (Blockeel et al. 2014).","This is an epiphyte which grows on the trunks and branches of trees and shrubs in sheltered but not heavily shaded situations, including open woodland and woodland rides, patches of scrub, fen carr, quarries and streamsides. It is much more frequent on elder and willows than on other hosts, but is found on many other species, including alder, ash, beech, hawthorn, hazel, oak, rowan and sycamore. It only rarely colonises wooden palings and rotting logs or inorganic substrates such as boulders, stone walls and gravestones. Associated species include Frullania dilatata, Metzgeria furcata, M. violacea, Radula complanata, Amblystegium serpens, Cryphaea heteromalla, Hypnum cupressiforme, Orthotrichum affine, Rhynchostegium confertum, Ulota bruchii, U. crispa, U. phyllantha and Zygodon viridissimus (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 445 m Asl.



It is autoicous; capsules are abundant, maturing in spring and early summer. Gemmae are not recorded.","There are no current threats known to this species, which is increasing.","No conservation actions are required at present. It has been assessed as Endangered in Romania, as Vulnerable in Spain and Switzerland, and as Data Deficient in Slovenia. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Aleffi, M.","Hodgetts, N.","Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Orthotrichum,pumilum,,Orthotrichum pumilum  ,Sw.,"This is a very variable species, with numerous forms in the whole of its global area and normally, not all authors accept the segregation of related species as O. schimperi and some records are inaccurate (Lara and Garilleti 2014).

 

O. schimperi was mostly not separated in the last decades and therefore it is difficult to evaluate the distribution and frequency of O. pumilum.



",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Dwarf Bristle-moss (Orthotrichum pumilum)  is widespread in northern Europe. It is found in central Scandinavia, northwestern Russia and the South Urals to southern Europe, as well as in Mediterranean countries. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe and the EU 28 are greater than the threshold values for the application of a threatened category. This species is considered to have a stable population trend in Europe and the EU 28, and it is frequently recorded. The species has even shown local increases as a result of reduced air pollution. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

The threats to this moss are few, but are mostly as a result of anthropogenic pressure on epiphytic habitats. No conservation measures are required at present, but further research on the taxonomy of this species is recommended, to help establish the full distribution.",Increasing,"This is a European temperate moss that is widespread in northern Europe. It is found in central Scandinavia, northwestern Russia and the South Urals to southern Europe, as well as in Mediterranean countries, including the Canary Islands and North Africa. This species is also reported from Turkey and the Near East, the Caucasus to Kazakhstan, southern Siberia and China. This species is found widely in North America (Blockeel et al. 2014).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe and the EU 28 are greater than the threshold values for the application of a threatened category. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level to 1,950 m Asl in Switzerland. In the Iberian Peninsula, it is found up to 1,800 m Asl.","This species is considered to have a stable population trend in Europe and the EU 28. However, with reductions in atmospheric pollution, this species is now more widely distributed than it was previously in Great Britain, and the subpopulations can be increasingly wide-ranging. This species is frequently recorded across Europe in ecological and monitoring studies. Now, it is a very common species in some sites in urban areas in Poland and it increased significantly between 2001 and 2015, in the region with significative decrees of sulphur dioxide and nitrous oxide (Stebel et al. 2016).","This species is an epiphyte, and grows on a large variety of trees and shrubs, as well as rarely on siliceous rocks, mainly in montane and submediterranean environments. It is usually found in well-illuminated sites such as in riversides and parkland. This species has also been found to be epiphytic in cultivated trees (Blockeel et al. 2014).",The major threat affecting this species is anthropogenic pressure on epiphytic habitats including the possible fire events..,"There is no specific conservation action currently in place for this moss, and it is not considered that conservation action across Europe is necessary at present. This species is not endangered in many of the countries where is reported, however it is evaluated as Vulnerable (VU) in Great Britain and the Canary Islands, and as Near Threatened (NT) in Hungary and Bulgaria (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in numerous protected areas throughout its range. Further research on the taxonomy of this species is recommended, to help establish the full distribution.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Bates, J.","Sergio, C. & Lara, F.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Orthotrichum,rivulare,,Orthotrichum rivulare  ,Turner,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The River Bristle-moss (Orthotrichum rivulare) is a suboceanic temperate species that occurs in western Europe from Spain, France, Ireland and Britain to the Netherlands and western Germany, extending more rarely eastwards to Austria, Macedonia and Greece. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it has declined over much of its range, it appears to be secure in other areas, the population is still large and it can be locally abundant in places where it occurs. Inappropriate riverbank management is probably the main threat to this species: cutting down riverside trees, canalisation of water-courses, etc. Flood control measures may reduce the extent of available habitat. Water pollution may also be a threat. Anything that prevents fluctuating water levels in rivers would also be a threat. Communication between conservation workers and those responsible for riverbank maintenance is important for this species, to ensure that subpopulations survive. Protection and monitoring of subpopulations in areas where it is threatened are desirable.",Decreasing,"The River Bristle-moss (Orthotrichum rivulare) is a suboceanic temperate species that occurs in western Europe from Spain, France, Ireland and Britain to the Netherlands and western Germany, extending more rarely eastwards to Austria, Macedonia and Greece. There is also a very old (pre-1900) record from Romania. Records from Switzerland are erroneous. Elsewhere it occurs in Turkey, and western North America from California to Washington, reaching its eastern limits in Idaho and Wyoming (Lara et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014, Vieira et al. 2016). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 2,680 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2.8 million km².","This species appears to be declining throughout most of its range. It has disappeared from the English Midlands, and may have gone from southeastern England too (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its range in Germany has also contracted considerably (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). On the other hand, there is little or no evidence of decline in Wales and Ireland, and it can be locally abundant in places where it occurs. The number of mature individuals is difficult to estimate but is probably larger than 10,000.","This is a riparian moss of bouldery or tree-lined rivers and streams, growing above the normal water level but in a zone liable to occasional flooding. The substrates on which it grows include the exposed roots, trunks and branches of trees and shrubs (including alder, ash, sycamore and willow), stones, rocks and occasionally the bases of walls. Associated species include Cinclidotus fontinaloides, Racomitrium aciculare, Schistidium rivulare and S. platyphyllum by more rapidly flowing rivers, and Homalia trichomanoides, Leskea polycarpa, Orthotrichum diaphanum, and Syntrichia latifolia where the current is slower and more silt accumulates. It sometimes grows with O. sprucei, but tends to occur more often by swifter upland streams than that species (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). It s altitudinal range is from 5 m up to 2,800 m Asl.



It is autoicous; capsules are frequent, maturing in late spring and summer. Gemmae are not recorded on the leaves, but are produced on the protonema in culture.","Inappropriate riverbank management is probably the main threat to this species: cutting down riverside trees, canalisation of water-courses, etc. Flood control measures may reduce the extent of available habitat. Water pollution may also be a threat. Anything that prevents fluctuating water levels in rivers would also be a threat.","This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Romania (where, however, it has not been seen since the 19th Century), as Endangered in Germany and Luxembourg, and as Near Threatened in Ireland and Portugal (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas. Communication between conservation workers and those responsible for riverbank maintenance is important for this species, to ensure that subpopulations survive. Protection and monitoring of subpopulations in areas where it is threatened are desirable.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Rumsey, F.,Cálix, M.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Orthotrichum,rogeri,,Orthotrichum rogeri  ,Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Roger's Bristle-moss (Orthotrichum rogeri) is a rare species, almost endemic to Europe, occurring mainly in central Europe, north to southern Scandinavia, southeast to Romania, west to southern England, and southwest to the Pyrenees. This is apparently a naturally rare and mobile species whose conservation is difficult to address. It is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large and increasing population. Individual stands may be threatened by tree-felling or disturbance, but there is little threat to the overall population, now that SO2 levels have fallen. The construction of roads can also affect the species if host trees are felled. Continued monitoring of subpopulations is recommended.",Increasing,"Roger's Bristle-moss (Orthotrichum rogeri) is a rare species, almost endemic to Europe, occurring mainly in central Europe, north to southern Scandinavia, southeast to Romania, west to southern England, and southwest to the Pyrenees. Its occurrence in Greece is doubtful. Elsewhere it occurs only in Turkey (Anatolia) (Bosanquet 2015). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 976 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3.4 million km².","The current population trend is very difficult to assess, as it is a rare colonist that has a small, dispersed population, with individual colonies often transient. It may now be spreading, at least in some parts of its range. The population size is surely over 10,000 individual-equivalents, considering one tree on which the species grows as an individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual). It frequently appears high in the trees and thus it is very under-recorded. In Austria alone there are more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017).



","This is an epiphytic colonist, growing mainly on broadleaved trees, notably willows (Salix spp.), maples (Acer spp.,) firs (Abies spp.), elders (Sambucus pp.), ash (Fraxinus excelsior), aspen (Populus tremula), hazel (Corylus avellana) and oak (Quercus robur). It seems to prefer open habitats influenced by human activity, and there is a suggestion that it needs cool night temperatures. Recorded associates include Orthotrichum affine, O. pumilum, O. patens, Leucodon sciuroides, Tortula papillosa and Pylaisia polyantha (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Bosanquet 2015). Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 1,820 m Asl.



It is monoicous, with capsules common.","Individual stands may be threatened by tree-felling or disturbance, but there is little threat to the overall population, now that SO2 levels have fallen. The construction of roads can also affect the species if host trees are felled.","This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Sweden and Romania, as Endangered in Britain, as Vulnerable in the Czech Republic and Switzerland, as Data Deficient in Poland and Hungary, as 'seriously threatened' in Austria, and as 'susceptible' in the Netherlands. It is considered Regionally Extinct in Slovakia (Hodgetts 2015).It is found in protected areas. Continued monitoring of subpopulations is recommended.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Vanderpoorten, A.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Orthotrichum,scanicum,,Orthotrichum scanicum  ,Grönvall,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Orthotrichum scanicum is a Eurosiberian southern-temperate species. It is widespread and locally common in the Mediterranean region, much less frequent in central and northern Europe, reaching southern Scandinavia (where it may have disappeared, probably temporarily) and Ukraine. The knowledge of the distribution of this species has improved greatly in recent years. It has been collected in many new localities and re-found at other older ones. Moreover, the size of several known subpopulations is very large, and it seems that previous considerations about this taxon being threatened were based on imperfect knowledge regarding its status. This is why it is considered threatened in so many countries. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. No conservation actions are recommended at present.",Stable,"Orthotrichum scanicum is a Eurosiberian southern-temperate species. It is widespread and locally common in the Mediterranean region, much less frequent in central and northern Europe, reaching southern Scandinavia (where it may have disappeared, probably temporarily) and Ukraine. Elsewhere it occurs in North Africa, northeastern Turkey, Georgia, Kazakhstan, and it is also reported from eastern Siberia (Blockeel et al. 2014). Knowledge of this species was further clarified by Medina et al. (2009). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 540 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4.9 million km².","This species is no longer considered a rare moss in the mountains of the Mediterranean and the Caucasian regions, as it can be locally abundant in some forests, such as those of the Rif mountains in Morocco (Draperet al. 2003), or frequent in large areas, such as the Pyrenees (Garilletiet al. 1999), northern Greece (Laraet al. 2003) or northern Turkey (Erdaget al. 2004). However, in northern Europe it is still very rare and has not yet recovered from past decline. It is increasing in some part of its range, such as Belgium and Switzerland. Overall it is stable and increasing in certain areas. The population is not severely fragmented and the population size is larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one tree on which the species grows.",This species grows on trunks and branches of conifers as well as broadleaf deciduous trees; is very rarely found on rocks (Garilleti et al. 1999). It usually occurs in fairly open areas (T. Blockeel pers. comm. 2017).,"Although there were past threats to this species in the northern European part of its range (logging and pollution), in the southern and eastern parts of its range there are no significant threats.","This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Norway, Czech Republic, Luxembourg, Slovakia, Switzerland and Serbia, as Endangered in Portugal, Poland and Romania, as Vulnerable in Germany, Spain and Britain, and as Data Deficient in Bulgaria and Hungary. It is considered Regionally Extinct in Sweden and Austria (Hodgetts 2015), but has recently been refound in Austria. Given its wide range this species must occur in a large number of protected areas. No conservation actions are recommended at present.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Górski, P.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Orthotrichum,schimperi,,Orthotrichum schimperi  ,Hammar,"Since, for many decades, the species was mostly not separated from O. pumilum, consequently for many countries it is difficult to evaluate its distribution and population tendency.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

 

Orthotrichum schimperi is a common species in Europe, with a large geographic range and population size. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of the species in both Europe and the EU 28 are significantly greater than the thresholds required for a threatened category. In addition, the current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be stable, and there are no major threats. In some local areas, this species may also be increasing as a result of reduced air pollution. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is sensitive to habitat degradation, and so further habitat protection is beneficial. Not in all countries, such as in Great Britain, has the material been critically revised and so the full distribution fo this species is not yet known. Therefore, further research into its taxonomy and distribution is required.

",Stable,"This species is widespread throughout Europe, North Africa and the Near East, but it is especially abundant in the Mediterranean environment. It is also located in central Asia and southern California. In the Iberian Peninsula, this species is widely diffused, although scarce towards the more oceanic zones of the north and the west (Lara and Garilleti 2014). It is not found in Macaronesia (Ros et al. 2013). This species is very frequent in western and north-eastern parts of Britain (Blockeel et al. 2014). In southeastern Europe, it has so far been reported from the most countries (Sabovljević et al. 2008). 

Not in all countries, such as in Great Britain, has the material been critically revised and so the full distribution fo this species is not yet known, however, O. schimperi is possibly the more common of the two (Blockeel et al. 2014).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of the species in both Europe and the EU 28 are significantly greater than the thresholds required for a threatened category. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from sea level to the alpine zone, up to 1,800 m Asl in Switzerland, but between 140 m and 1,350 m Asl in the Iberian Peninsula (Lara and Garilleti 2014).","

The overall population size of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is large. Also, the population trend is thought to be stable, or possibly increasing locally by the reduction in sulphur dioxide levels, such as in south and western Europe (Lara and Garilleti 2014 and Blockeel et al. 2014).          



 

","This is an epiphytic species that is found in open bryophyte communities, growing on isolated trees or in woods, and also sometimes on acidic rocks or artificial substrates. It occurs with a clear preference in areas with a Mediterranean influence or with a temperate climate. This species is frequently absent in industrial areas or center of cities.","Even though this species may be locally threatened (as a result of destruction, exploitation and fragmentation of habitats, degradation and loss of suitable habitats), there are no major threats at the European level to this species.","This species is not threatened in many of the countries where it is known to occur. However, it is evaluated in national Red Lists as Vulnerable (VU) in Great Britain and as Critically Endangered (CR) in Portugal (Hodgetts 2015, Sérgio et al. 2014). The species is known to occur in numerous protected areas throughout its range, and in natural parks such as in Portugal, in Serra da Estrela and Montezinho.

This species would benefit from additional habitat protection, and monitoring of habitat trends. In addition, further research into its taxonomy and distribution is required.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Mazimpaka, V.,Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.","Sergio, C. & Lara, F.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Orthotrichum,sibiricum,,Orthotrichum sibiricum  ,(Grönvall) Warnst.,"Dorcadion sibiricum Grönvall in Lindberg & Arnell was described based on specimens from the lower course of the Yenisei River in Siberia. Later, this species was transferred to the genus Orthotrichum (Warnstorf 1913), and recognized to be conspecific with O. pallens Bruch ex Brid. (Lewinsky 1977). This solution was followed by Ignatov et al. (2006). Recent studies have shown that lectotype and isolectotype specimens of Orthotrichum sibiricum (Grönvall) Warnst. fully correspond to the protologue and also are identical to plants from Russia previously named as O. holmenii (Fedosov et al. 2009). The name O. sibiricum was resurrected, and all Siberian specimens previously identified as O. holmenii were referred to O. sibiricum (Fedosov and Ignatova 2017).",No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

 EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

In Europe, Orthotrichum sibiricum has been found only once in the single locality in an inaccessible and uninhabited area in northeastern European Russia. The abundance and population size for this species are not known. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient (DD) in Europe. Further research is needed on the distribution, population size and threats to the species.

This species is not found within the EU 28 and therefore it is Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is known from a single locality in northeastern European Russia, at Adzva River in the Nenetzky Autonomous District (Fedosov et al. 2009). It has rather broad hypoarctic-montane Asiatic distribution and was reported from the southern Taimyr, the eastern slopes of the Polar and Subpolar Urals, Yakutia and Zabaikalsky Territory (Ignatov et al. 2014, Afonina et al. 2017, Fedosov et al. 2017).



This species was found in Europe at the altitude of 100 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species are both estimated to be around 4 km2. This species is not found within the EU 28.","Only one subpopulation of this species is known in Europe. The abundance, population size and current population trends for this species have not been investigated and are therefore unknown.","This species grows on Salix cf. dasyclados trunks in willow thicket, along a river in a tundra, treeless area (Fedosov et al. 2009, 2017).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species. It is not included in any national or regional Red Lists. Further research on the distribution, population size and threats of this species is needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Vanderpoorten, A.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Orthotrichum,sprucei,,Orthotrichum sprucei  ,Mont.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Spruce's Bristle-moss (Orthotrichum sprucei) is an oceanic temperate species that at one time was thought to be endemic to western Europe, known from Britain, Ireland, Spain, France, Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands. Recently it has also been recorded in Hungary. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the current population trend is stable and it can be locally abundant at some localities. Inappropriate riverbank management is probably the main threat to this species: cutting down riverside trees, canalisation of water-courses, etc. Flood control measures may reduce the extent of available habitat. Water pollution may also be a threat. Anything that prevents fluctuating water levels in rivers would also be a threat. Communication between conservation workers and those responsible for riverbank maintenance is important for this species, to ensure that subpopulations survive. Some of the best subpopulations and outlying subpopulations should be monitored.",Stable,"Spruce's Bristle-moss (Orthotrichum sprucei) is an oceanic temperate species that at one time was thought to be endemic to western Europe, known from Britain, Ireland, Spain, France, Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands. Recently it has also been recorded in Hungary. Elsewhere it has also been found recently in Turkey and Kazakhstan (Lara et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 1,320 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2 million km².","Its  distribution is fairly stable in Britain. There may have been some losses at the  southern and eastern edge of its range in England (Blockeel et al. 2014), but it can be locally abundant at some localities. The overall current population trend is stable.","This species is almost confined to the exposed roots, trunks and lower branches of trees and shrubs by streams and rivers, growing above the normal water level in a zone which is usually dry but liable to occasional flooding. The lower parts of the plant are often embedded in fine silt. The usual hosts are alder, ash, sycamore and willow, because these are the commonest riverside trees; it is also recorded from wooden palings. Characteristic associates include Bryum capillare, Leskea polycarpa, Orthotrichum diaphanum and Syntrichia latifolia. Its ecological requirements overlap with those of the related O. rivulare, with which it sometimes grows. However, O. sprucei only very rarely grows on rock; it tends to be a plant of more mature, siltier rivers and although a rarer plant nationally it can outnumber or replace O. rivulare in such habitats. There are a few records from non-riverine habitats, including a beech hanger in the Chilterns (southeastern England) and a maple in a hospital car-park in Abergavenny (Wales). The Hungarian record was from wood on a concrete sluice, and some of the subpopulations in continental Europe are on trees remote from water; they   are perhaps chance casual occurrences (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from 5 m up to 980 m Asl.



It is autoicous; capsules are usually present, mature in summer. Gemmae are occasional.","Inappropriate riverbank management is probably the main threat to this  species: cutting down riverside trees, canalisation of water-courses,  etc. Flood control measures may reduce the extent of available habitat.  Water pollution may also be a threat. Anything that prevents fluctuating  water levels in rivers would also be a threat.","This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Hungary, as Vulnerable in Ireland and Spain, as Data Deficient in Portugal, as 'rare' in Germany, and as 'susceptible' in the Netherlands (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas. Communication between conservation workers and those responsible for riverbank maintenance is important for this species, to ensure that subpopulations survive. Some of the best subpopulations and outlying subpopulations should be monitored.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Wilbraham, J.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Orthotrichum,stellatum,,Orthotrichum stellatum  ,Brid.,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



Orthotrichum stellatum is a rare central and southern European species that has been recorded recently in Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Germany, Austria, Montenegro and Bulgaria, with old records from Norway, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bosnia, Croatia, Hungary, Romania and Serbia. The species is precautionarily assessed as Vulnerable since the population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents both in Europe and in the EU 28. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one tree on which the species grows. However, information is lacking and the species could be under-recorded since it is difficult to detect. The threats to this species are also unknown, and further research is needed to clarify its overall status.",Unknown,"Orthotrichum stellatum is a rare central and southern European species that has been recorded recently in Spain, France, Italy, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Germany, Austria, Montenegro and Bulgaria, with old records from Norway, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Hungary, Romania and Serbia. Elsewhere it occurs in Asia and eastern North America (Hodgetts 2015). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 80 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1 million km².","This is a rare and scattered species that is apparently not responding to the recovery in air quality in Europe as quickly as other Orthotrichum species. The species seems to be increasing in Switzerland, but information is lacking from the other European countries and thus its overall trend is unknown. Its population is not considered to be severely fragmented since the core of the population seems to be in the Alps, where subpopulations are connected. The current population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one tree on which the species grows. However, the species could be under-recorded and further research is needed to determine its population size and trend.","This is an epiphytic moss, occurring on broadleaved trees (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Other than this, ecological information is notably lacking.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Norway and the Czech Republic (where, however, there are only old records), and also in Luxembourg, Germany, Romania and Switzerland, as Endangered in Bulgaria, as 'highly endangered' in Austria, and as Data Deficient in Spain, Hungary and Slovenia (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. More information is needed regarding its distribution, population size, trend and threats.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,During, H.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Orthotrichum,stramineum,,Orthotrichum stramineum  ,Hornsch. ex Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Straw Bristle-moss (Orthotrichum stramineum) is widespread throughout temperate Europe, from northwestern Norway to southern Fennoscandia and Iceland, the Baltic States, Belarus and Ukraine, and southwards in the mountains of southern Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species for both Europe and the EU 28 are greater than the values required for the application of a threatened category. The current population trend in both regions is considered to be stable, but may also be increasing locally in some areas as a result of reduced air pollution. In addition, at the European level there are no major threats. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be locally threatened in some countries, including Portugal, Finland and Ireland. This species would benefit from further habitat protection.",Stable,"This species is widespread throughout temperate Europe, from northwestern Norway to southern Fennoscandia and Iceland, the Baltic States, Belarus and Ukraine, and southwards in the mountains of southern Europe. Also, this species is found in North Africa, Turkey, the Caucasus and to Kazakhstan. In Canada, this species is known from Newfoundland, where it was possibly introduced (Blockeel et al. 2014). It is also located in Asia where it was recently reported in China (Ellis et al. 2018).This species is very frequent in western and northeastern parts of Britain (Blockeelet al.2014).In southeastern Europe, it has so far been reported from most of the countries (Sabovljević et al. 2008). In the Iberian Peninsula, this species is widely scattered, although scarce towards the more oceanic zones of the north and the west (Lara and Garilleti 2014). It is not found in Macaronesia (Ros et al. 2013). 

The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species for both Europe and the EU 28 are greater than the values required for the application of a threatened category. The altitudinal range of this species is from sea level to the alpine zone up to 2,200 m Asl in Switzerland, but only to 1,750m Asl in the Iberian Peninsula(Lara and Garilleti 2014). In Britain, it is found from near sea level up to 450 m Asl (inBlockeelet al. 2014).","This species is widespread and is frequently recorded across Europe, with many subpopulations.  The overall population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is thought to be stable, or even increasing in some areas as a result of the reduction in sulphur dioxide levels, such as in Great Britain (Blockeel et al. 2014).","This is an epiphytic species that is found in open bryophyte communities, growing on isolated trees or in woods, and also sometimes on acidic rocks. It occurs with a clear preference in areas with a temperate climate. This species is frequently absent in industrial areas or center of cities.","Even though this species may be locally threatened (destruction, exploitation and fragmentation of habitats) but there are no major threats at the European level to this species.","This species is not threatened in many of the countries in which it is known to occur. However, it is included in some national Red Lists - it is evaluated as Endangered (EN) in Portugal and as Vulnerable (VU) in Finland, Ireland, Poland and Estonia (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in numerous protected areas throughout its range, and in natural parks, such as in Portugal in Serra da Estrela and Montezinho (Sérgio et al. 2013).

This species would benefit from further habitat protection.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species,"Duckett, J.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C., Garcia, C. & Lara, F.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Orthotrichum,tenellum,,Orthotrichum tenellum  ,Bruch ex Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Slender Bristle-moss (Orthotrichum tenellum) is widespread in Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe and the EU 28 exceeds the values required for the application of a threatened category. It is considered to have a stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28. The threats to this species are unknown, but it is resilient to air pollution and nitrophilia. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is thought to have gone extinct from Sweden, and is threatened in Switzerland. There is no specific conservation action in place for this species, although in some areas it would benefit from further habitat protection. More research on the threats to this species is required.",Stable,"This is a submediterranean-subatlantic species in Europe, that is widespread from southern Scandinavia (Frey et al. 2006), and found to the Iberian Peninsula to Macaronesia, Madeira and the Canary Islands, as well as North Africa (Ros et al. 2013), the Caucasus, Turkey and western North America (Smith 2004).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe and the EU 28 exceeds the values required for the application of a threatened category. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level to more than 1,800 m Asl in Switzerland, but in the Iberian Peninsula it is only found up to 1,650 m Asl (Lara and Garilleti 2014).",This species is widespread and is frequently recorded across Europe. It is reported in numerous ecological and floristic studies. It is considered to have a stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28. It is stable in some urban areas as it is resilient to air pollution and nitrophilia. This is a species with a clear preference for areas with an oceanic climate and it is very frequent in Iberian Peninsula (Lara and Garilleti 2014) and Great Britain (Smith 2004).,"This is an epiphytic species that is found in open bryophyte communities, growing on isolated trees or in woods. It occurs with a clear preference in areas with an oceanic influence. This species is relatively unaffected by sulphur dioxide levels or other air pollutants. It is frequently found in urban areas or in the center of cities, such as in Lisbon where it is very common (Sérgio et al. 2016).","The threats to this species are unknown, although there is no indication of a decline in the habitat of this species.","This species is not threatened in most of countries where it is found but it is nationally evaluated as Regionally Extinct (RE) in Sweden, Vulnerable (VU) in Switzerland and Near Threatened (NT) in Romania (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in numerous protected areas throughout its range in Europe.

There is no specific conservation action in place for this species, although in some areas it would benefit from further habitat protection. More research on the threats to this species is required.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Denyer, J.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C. & Lara, F.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Orthotrichum,urnigerum,,Orthotrichum urnigerum  ,Myrin,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Orthotrichum urnigerum is a local species with two main centres of distribution: southern Scandinavia and central and southern Europe from Portugal east to Romania and the Balkans. The species is assessed as Vulnerable since it is estimated that there are fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents both in Europe and in the EU 28. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be an occupied square metre of rock. Clear felling of mature hardwood forest is the main threat to this species. Protection and minimal management of woodland where there are significant stands of this species is recommended. Further research on its population size and trend is also needed.",Unknown,"Orthotrichum urnigerum is a local species with two main centres of distribution: southern Scandinavia and central and southern Europe from Portugal east to Romania and the Balkans. Elsewhere it occurs in Asia (Caucasus and Kashmir). Reports from North America are erroneous (ArtDatabanken 2016). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 476 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3.9 million km².","This species is rather rare, and there have been some misidentifications that need to be revisited. In Hungary, where it is stable, it is estimated that each locality contains about ten individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered tobe an occupied square metre of rock. There is no indication of decline in Scandinavia. In Sweden there are no more than 10 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation. The known subpopulations in Sweden contain around 250 individual-equivalents in total. There are probably fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe. The overall current population trend is unknown, but in Switzerland and Austria the species is probably declining. There seems to be only one recent record from Germany. The population is not severely fragmented.","This saxicolous species usually grows in shady hardwood forests, mainly of ash, maple and elm, under the trees. It occurs on siliceous rock, often on intermittently irrigated sloping stone surfaces. It also occurs on more easily weathered rocks, basalt and even on limestone. It can grow in Sweden with associates such as Porella spp., Schistidium spp., Orthotrichum rupestre and Anomodon spp. In Germany, additional associates include Pterigynandrum filiforme, Homalothecium sericeum, Radula complanata and Metzgeria furcata (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, ArtDatabanken 2015). Its altitudinal range is from 50 m up to 2,040 m Asl.



It is monoicous.



",Clear felling of mature hardwood forest is the main threat to this species (ArtDatabanken 2016).,"This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered Slovakia, Germany and Switzerland, as Endangered in Finland, Portugal and Hungary, as Vulnerable in the Czech Republic and Bulgaria, as Near Threatened in Sweden, as 'rare' in Poland, and as Data Deficient in Spain (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. Protection and minimal management of woodland where there are significant stands of this species is recommended. Further research on its population size and trend is also needed.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Patiño, J.,Cálix, M.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Orthotrichum,vittii,,Orthotrichum vittii  ,"F. Lara, Garilleti &amp; Mazimpaka","Orthotrichum leblebicii Erdağ, Kürschner and Parolly, described upon materials from Turkey (Erdağ et al. 2004), was synonymized with O. vittii by Lara et al. (2009).

Orthotrichum dagestanicum Fedosov & Ignatova, from the eastern Caucasus (Fedosov and Ignatova 2010), is a very similar moss. Also, the North American O. garretii Grout and Flowers could be considered a close relative of O. vittii (Lara et al. 1999). A thorough integrative study, both molecular and morphological, centered in this taxonomical complex is needed in order to elucidate the true nature of the several disjoint subpopulations that are currently described as different species.",No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Orthotrichum vittii is widespread in Spain, but also known in Europe from France and European Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 1.6 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 268 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is 380,000 km2 and the AOO is 264 km2. The species is abundant in some of the subpopulations in France and Spain, but scarce at others. There are no data about trends of this species in Europe, and so the current population trend for Europe and the EU 28 is unknown. The population is considered to be severely fragmented. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened for both Europe and the EU 28 as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

No specific threats have been described for this species. However, it could be affected by natural system modifications and climate change and severe weather. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats. In addition, research and monitoring of the population trend and size is recommended.",Unknown,"This species is currently known from two main separate areas in both extremes of the Mediterranean basin: one at the western Mediterranean, comprising southeastern France, Spain and Morocco, and the other one in Turkish Anatolia (Lara and Garilleti 2014). Additionally, Fedosov (in Ellis et al. 2013) has recently reported this species from eastern Caucasus in the Dagestan Republic (Russian Federation).

Spain is the only European country where this species is widespread. It has been recorded from 16 provinces (Lara and Garilleti 2014), mainly located inland and on the eastern half of the Iberian Peninsula, but also reaching the southeastern coastal provinces (Puche 2001, Cano et al. 2004, Mazimpaka et al. 2009). It is especially frequent in the mountain and highlands of Madrid, Segovia, Guadalajara and Soria provinces in central Spain (Lara et al. 1999).

In France, this species seems to be restricted to a small area of the southern Alps, from where it has been reported at four close localities (Medina et al. 2010, Legland et al. 2014, Hugonnot 2014): three of them in Hautes-Alpes, and one more in the north of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence.

In the Russian Caucasus, the third and last European known area for the species, only one locality has been reported. It is located in Dagestan Republic, by the north Greater Caucasus, north of Samur river  (Ellis et al. 2013).

Outside of Europe, this species is known from two areas: in northern Africa it has been reported from several Moroccan localities (Draper et al. 2006) and in southeastern Asia, it is known from Turkey, where it has been reported from northeastern and southeastern Anatolia (Erdağ et al. 2004, Lara et al. 2009). 

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 1.6 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 268 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is 380,000 km2 and the AOO is 264 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 450 m to 1,750 m Asl.","Most of the reports of this species lack any information on the size of the subpopulations. However, three references afford some quantitative insights on the importance of it in different localities of Spain and France.

Medina et al. (2006) made a quantitative study on the epiphytic bryophytes inhabiting in 19 Juniperus thurifera forests (the preferred habitat of this species) throughout the entire distribution area of this type of vegetation in the western Mediterranean. In Spain, this species was found in nine out of 13 sampled forests. In most of the Spanish forest, this moss has low cover and frequency, but in two of them, it was largely abundant, namely in that of Madrid province (which is the locus classicus) and in a lesser extent in one forest from Teruel province.

Data are available also from Sierra Alhamilla, a massif that arises from the arid Mediterranean terrains of the southeastern extreme of the Iberian Peninsula. There, two complementary studies (Medina et al. 2008, Mazimpaka et al. 2009) have shown how this species, being present in all the altitudinal belts between 1,000 and 1,300 m Asl, is a sporadic species on the bases and trunks of the Quercus rotundifolia trees, always with very low cover values. No data about trends of the different Spanish subpopulations are available. However, it is a moss adapted to xeric environment and the habitat where it mainly thrives, the Juniperus thurifera forest, has an important area and development in Spain, not being particularly threatened (Costa et al. 2005, Montesinos and García 2009).With respect to France, the only quantitative information is provided by Hugonnot (2014), who stated that at Saint-Crépin (Hautes-Alpes) this species “is very abundant locally. Cushions of this moss could be found on more than 100 trunks. Some of them harboured very significant [sub]populations made of tenth of fertile individuals”. At the other three French known localities, it is a rare species with scattered and scanty subpopulations (Legland et al. 2014). There are no data about trends of this species in Europe, and so the current population trend for Europe and the EU 28 is unknown. The population is considered to be severely fragmented due to the isolation of the subpopulations and that it is a habitat specialist which occurs mostly on juniper forests, which are scattered and separated from each other. Therefore, the subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","This is an epiphytic moss thriving in open woods of mountain areas, under climates with some continental features: cold winters, long hot summers and low rainfall. It preferentially grows under severe Mediterranean or sub-Mediterranean conditions but also under other dry climates. In fact, this species is an outstanding xerophytic specialist moss. It is a member of a group of xerophytic mosses (Orthotrichum s. str. or Orthotrichum sect. Pulchella), which exhibit an additional and uncommon xerophytic trait in the group, the development of a hyaline awn in its leaf apices (Lara and Mazimpaka 2001).

This species can be found on different tree host species (Quercus rotundifolia, Juniperus oxycedrus, Populus nigra, etc.) of several forest types (mainly Quercus or Juniperus forests). However, this moss shows a clear association with J. thurifera, the western Mediterranean incense juniper (Medina et al. 2010); in the eastern side of the Mediterranean it also grow preferentially on related juniper tree species (J. phoetidisima or J. excelsa).

This species behaviors as a epiphytic primary colonist, inhabiting the trunks, branches and twigs of the junipers and other phorophytes. It has been reported from a wide altitudinal range: 450 m to 1,750 m Asl in its European and Asian distribution (Lara and Garilleti 2014), and 1,640 to 2,100 m Asl in Morocco (Draper et al. 2006).","No specific threats have been described for this species. However, it could be affected by natural system modifications and climate change and severe weather. The major threat to the species is fires and forestry management. It can be locally affected by tourism intensification.","This species was considered as threatened at the European level (Garilleti et al. 2002) but it has not been included in the Spanish Atlas and Red Book of the Threatened Bryophytes of Spain (Garilleti and Albertos 2012). It should be considered a threatened species in France (Hugonnot 2014).Protection of this species is linked to the conservation of the Mediterranean woods where it thrives, especially to the maintenance of its preferred habitat, the Juniper forest. Due to the documented outstanding importance of three subpopulations, it would be desirable the protection of the following woodlands: Juniper forests of Lozoya, Madrid, and La Puebla de Valverde, Teruel in Spain; and the Juniper forest of Saint-Crépin, Hautes-Alpes in France. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats. In addition, research and monitoring of the population trend and size is recommended. This species is known to occur in the protected area of the Font Roja Natural Park.",The species is not used.,"Denyer, J.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C. & Lara, F.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,OXYMITRACEAE,Oxymitra,incrassata,,Oxymitra incrassata  ,(Brot.) Sérgio &amp; Sim-Sim,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"

European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Oxymitra incrassata is a widespread liverwort in the Mediterranean area and in Europe, it is mainly confined to the Iberian Peninsula. However, its distribution also extends to areas including Germany, Switzerland, Austria, the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Hungry, Bulgaria and Romania. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 6.2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 996 km2. However the value of the EOO and AOO of the EU 28 is respectively 5.7 million km2 and 932 km2. It is reported from a large number of provinces in the Iberian Peninsula, although the current population trend is unknown for Europe and the EU 28. However, it is probably under-collected in some countries. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.

Land-use changes such as under- or over-grazing (excessive disturbance), scrub encroachment and afforestation can lead to loss of suitable open ground for this species. More information is needed on the spore dispersion and biological trends toward climatic alteration so its habitat can be protected in more suitable areas. In addition, further research into the population size and trends of this species is required. Conservation grazing should benefit this species.

",Unknown,"

This species has few records outside areas with a Mediterranean climate. It is present in western, central and eastern Europe and North, Central and South America (Bischler 2004). This species is reported from the Iberian Peninsula, North Africa in Morocco, Algeria and Libya (Ros et al. 2007) and in some semi-arid to moist Mediterranean zones in Sardinia, Italy, Greece and Crete. The distribution of this species extends to some areas including Germany, Switzerland, Austria, the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Hungry, Bulgaria and Romania.

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 6.2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 996 km2. However the value of the EOO and AOO of the EU 28 is respectively 5.7 million km2 and932 km2. The altitudinal range of this species is from sea level to at least 1,000 m Asl (Bischler 2004).



","In Europe, this species is mainly confined to the Iberian Peninsula, where it is reported from a large number of provinces. It is reported from 18 provinces in Spain and in all provinces, except one, in Portugal (Casas et al. 1989). The species is rarer in the eastern Mediterranean, with just few areas in Greece and Romania, as well as in Switzerland (Schnyder et al. 2004). This species is also present in the Canary Islands, where it is reported to six islands (Gonzalez-Mancebo et al. 2008).

The occurrence of this species is mainly conditioned by precipitation levels (sub-humid) and open soil cover in rocks (Jovet-Ast et al. 1976). The total population size of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is unidentified, but this species is frequent across its range. There is not enough information to establish the population trend of this species, and so it is unknown. However, it is probably under-collected in some countries, because it is related to seasonally rain in autumn and winter.","

This species is found in temporary damp or wet depressions, in open heath, grassland and shrubs, and on soil in rock crevices. It is rarer on rock. Samples can be collected in anthropogenic landscapes near small watercourses, mostly in the lowlands (Bischler 2004). The species is frequently fertile.

","

Land-use changes such as under- or over-grazing (excessive disturbance), scrub encroachment and afforestation can lead to loss of suitable open ground for this species. Increase of shrub vegetation, invasive plants and fire events are also potential problems for this species in some areas. Climate change is a plausible future threat to this species. 



","This species is present in protected areas throughout its range. In Greece and Romania, it is considered to be Vulnerable (VU) by Ştefănuţ and Goia (2012).

More information is needed on the spore dispersion and biological trends toward climatic alteration so its habitat can be protected in more suitable areas. In addition, further research into the population size and trends of this species is required. Conservation grazing should benefit this species.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Laaka-Lindberg, S.,Englefield, E.","Sergio, C. & Garcia, C.","Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Oxyrrhynchium,hians,,Oxyrrhynchium hians  ,(Hedw.) Loeske,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Swartz's Feather-moss (Oxyrrhynchium hians) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its presumably stable population trend. This species grows on bare soil in a wide range of habitats, and is known to occur in protected areas in Europe. There are no known threats to it across its European range.",Stable,"This circumpolar temperate moss is widespread in Europe from the Mediterranean region and Macaronesia north to Iceland, northern Norway and the northern Urals. Elsewhere it is widespread in temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere, and also known from North Africa, Turkey and the Near East, Iran, tropical Africa, Réunion and St Helena (Frey et al. 2006). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","This is a common and widespread species across Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This species grows on bare soil in a wide range of habitats. These include stream banks, hedge banks, woodlands, grassland on chalk, clay and other base-rich soils, arable fields, parks and gardens. Where it occurs on muddy stream banks, it often appears rather scruffy. This species is also found in places of wet seepage and on wet rock ledges (Atherton et al. 2010). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0–2,500 m.","There is no indication of a decline in the habitat of this species, and there are no known threats.

","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the Red List of the Canary Islands (Spain) as Near Threatened (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in protected areas in Europe. 

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Vanderpoorten, A.,Cálix, M.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Oxyrrhynchium,schleicheri,,Oxyrrhynchium schleicheri  ,(R.Hedw.) Röll,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Twist-tip Feather-moss (Oxyrrhynchium schleicheri) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its presumably stable population trend. Although common and recorded many times across Europe, it has been assessed as threatened in several European countries. However there are no known major threats to it, and it does occur in protected areas in Europe, offering it some protection from minor or local threats.",Stable,"This is a submediterranean-subatlantic moss widespread in western, central and southern Europe, including Macaronesia, north to southern Scandinavia and the Baltic States. Elewhere it has been recorded from North Africa (Morocco), Turkey and the Near East, Azerbaijan and Iran (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","This widespread moss has been recorded many times across Europe, but it is not a very common species. However it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This moss grows in often pure mats, on friable, well-drained, basic or slightly acid soil on shaded banks in woodland and by roads and sunken lanes, occasionally on streamsides and river banks. It is found on soil derived from limestone and chalk, on loamy soils in woodland, and sandy soils over substrates such as Greensand and Eocene sands. In some areas it apparently grows directly over chalk, but more often it avoids such soils, occurring where a chalk pit or road has been dug through an acid soil layer, so that the chalk is amended with acid soil. As a result it typically grows with a mixture of calcicoles and calcifuges such as Ctenidium molluscum, Dicranella heteromalla and Tortula subulata (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 15-1,925 m.",There are no known major threats to the species at the European level.,"This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Ireland (Critically Endangered), Bulgaria (Critically Endangered), Austria (Endangered), Sweden (Vulnerable), Romania (Vulnerable), Hungary (Near Threatened), Malta (Data Deficient), Belarus (Data Deficient)  and the Canary Islands (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). This species occurs in protected areas in Europe.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Vana, J.,Ştefănuţ, S.","Sabovljevic, M.","Ignatova, E.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Oxyrrhynchium,speciosum,,Oxyrrhynchium speciosum  ,(Brid.) Warnst.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Showy Feather-moss (Oxyrrhynchium speciosum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category, and its presumably stable population trend. Although often-recorded across its range Europe, it has been assessed as threatened in several European countries. This species does occur in protected areas in Europe however, offering it some protection.",Stable,"This European temperate moss is found in southern, western and central Europe, including Macaroneisa, north to Scotland and southern Scandinavia, and east to Belarus, Ukraine and the southern Urals. Elsewhere it has been recorded from North Africa and south-western Asia, including Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.",This moss is considered to have a stable population trend in Europe.,"This moss grows in wet, mesotrophic or eutrophic, often shaded habitats, on soil, stones, exposed tree roots and tree bases in wet woodland and fen carr, in fens, flushes and marshy ground, in reed beds and turf by ponds and turloughs, on the sides of canals, streams and ditches, on wet rocks, banks and paths, damp ground at the base of cliffs and damp walls by water. In areas where it has a coastal tendency, it is largely confined to sea cliffs, occurring in damp hollows, in wet rock crevices, on wet rocks and on the dripping walls of caves. It often grows with or close to Oxyrrhynchium hians. Because it is tolerant of and probably benefits from eutrophication, it may have increased in some areas (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,040 m.",There are no known major threats to this species at the European level. It is unknown whether there is a decline in the habitat of this species.,"This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Malta (Endangered), Austria (Endangered), Hungary (Endangered), Germany (Vulnerable), Luxembourg (Near Threatened), Sweden (Near Threatened), Ireland (Near Threatened) and Northern Ireland (Near Threatened) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is found in protected areas across Europe.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Schröck, C.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Palamocladium,euchloron,,Palamocladium euchloron  ,(Bruch ex Müll.Hal.) Wijk &amp; Margad.,,No,EN,B2ab(iii); D,No,CR,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)



In Europe,Palamocladium euchloron has a small area of occupancy (AOO) of around 36 km2 and the population is considered to be severely fragmented. There is also a continuing decline in the habitat quality as a result of habitat disturbance from the building of houses, timber felling and tourism activities such as trampling. In addition, there are between 45 and 90 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in the population. It is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN) in Europe.

In the EU 28, this species is only known from Greece. There is no information on the population trend of the species. Probably, subpopulations may be vulnerable due to their presence on the north-western border of species range, in an area that is heavily visited by tourists. In the EU 28, the species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) since there are around 20 individual-equivalents in the population.



There is a need for improved habitat protection at sites where the species is known to occur. Further research is needed on the distribution, population and threats to the species to clarify the status of the species throughout its range.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is only distributed in Crimea and Greece - specifically, on Mount Olympus and the Aegean islands (Sabovljević et al. 2008, Partyka 2005, Blockeel 2015, Hodgetts 2015). It was also reported from the Astrakhan Province in south-east Russia, but the presence of this species in this territory is doubtful (Hofmann 1997, Suragina et al. 2002). Elsewhere, this species has been found in the Russian Caucasus, Georgia, Abkhazia, Armenia, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan (Ignatov and Ignatova 2004, Ignatov et al. 2006, Akatova 2012), Iran, Pakistan, Viet Nam and China (Higuchi and Nishimura 2003, Hu and Wang 2005, Zhang et al. 2016). The altitudinal range of the species is between 300 m and 900 m Asl.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 47,000 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 36 km2. In the EU 28, the estimated EOO is 125 km2, and AOO of the species is 8 km2.","There is no available information on the population trend of this species. The subpopulations of species are small and not numerous, and are probably vulnerable due to their presence on the north-western border of species global range. It is a difficult species to find, but it can be locally abundant. However the number of localities is very small. The dispersal activity seems to be low, and in Crimea sporophytes were not found (Didukh 2009).The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented, as its small and isolated subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced possibility of recolonisation.

It is estimated that there are between 5 and 10 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and with each individual-equivalent considered to be 1 m2) per locality, and there are nine known localities. The population size is therefore estimated to be between 45 and 90 individual-equivalents in Europe, and around 20 individual-equivalents in the EU 28.","This species grows on calcareous rocks, tree trunks, rotten logs and the roots of deciduous trees in mountainous forests (Partyka 2005). It can also grow on twigs of Buxus species (M. Ignatov pers. comm. 2017).  The quality of the habitat in Crimea is declining due to tourism activities.","The threat of this species is the disturbance of its habitats due to the building of houses, timber felling and trampling in the mountainous forests (Yena and Fateryga 2015). In Crimea, it is also affected by tourism activities. The species needs some shade and it does not grow in open places, thus it is affected by the clearing of forests.","This species is included in the Red Data Book of Crimea, as a rare species (3) (Yena and Fateryga 2015) and is also considered a rare species in Ukraine (Didukh 2009). Some subpopulations were found within protected areas. There is a need for improved habitat protection at sites where the species is known to occur. Further research on the distribution, population size and trend of this species is needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Patiño, J.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PALLAVICINIALES,PALLAVICINIACEAE,Pallavicinia,lyellii,,Pallavicinia lyellii  ,(Hook.) Gray,,No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Veilwort (Pallavicinia lyellii) has a wide suboceanic distribution in Europe. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 600 km² in Europe and 550 km² in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, the extent and quality of its habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. This decline is also projected to continue into the future. It grows on the fringes of bogs, sometimes at the foot of peat cuttings or on damp shaded sandstone in woodland. Many threats exist to this species, and subpopulations are threatened by changes in habitat, desiccation, eutrophication and overgrowth and shading by other plants. Degradation of bogs through drainage or habitat destruction through afforestation are also serious threats. Conservation measures such as more habitat protection and more appropriate management is required for this species.",Decreasing,"This species has a suboceanic distribution. In Europe it is found from the Azores, Madeira and Ireland in the west to Ukraine in the east and from Greece and Spain in the south to Denmark and Lithuania in the north. It has probably disappeared from Austria, where it was reported from Niederösterreich by Müller (1939-40), the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Sweden, where it was formerly found in the southernmost part of the country (Damsholt 2002). It has been found growing from sea level up to 500 m Asl. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 600 km² in Europe, and 550 km² in the EU 28. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 7 million km². Outside Europe it occurs in the Caucasus, China, Japan, North and South America, Africa (Damsholt 2002), Oceania and New Zealand (Frey et al. 2006).","This species is rare and declining over most of Europe (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). This decline is also projected to continue into the future. It is very rare in Romania with only one record (Ştefǎnuţ 2008) and in  the western part of Ukraine (Boiko 2014). In Poland there are about seven to ten known sites (Rosadziński in: Gorski et al. 2014). In Britain, it has been lost from several sites in England and Wales, although the two small subpopulations in Scotland seem to be stable (Blockeel et al. 2014). It is declining in Ireland, where several sites have been lost to habitat degradation or destruction (Lockhart et al. 2012). The population can be considered severely fragmented since most subpopulations are isolated and usually contain a single sex - there is therefore limited capacity for genetic exchange and dispersal. These subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","The species grows on the fringes of bogs, sometimes at the the foot of peat cuttings or on damp shaded sandstone in woodland (Atherton et al. 2010). It can also grow on lake shores or at the base of Alnus trees in swamps (Damsholt 2002). It is only found in the lowlands up to about 500 m Asl. It is dioicous and most subpopulations appear to be single sex, thus limiting its dispersal capacity.","Subpopulations are threatened by changes in habitat, desiccation, eutrophication and overgrowth and shading by other plants (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Degradation of bogs through drainage or habitat destruction through afforestation are serious threats.","The species is Regionally Extinct in Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Sweden, and has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Italy and Romania, as Endangered in Ireland and Poland, and as Vulnerable in the Netherlands, Portugal and Germany (Hodgetts 2015). It will also be listed as Endangered in the new British Red List (Callaghan and Hodgetts in prep.). Habitat protection and appropriate management is required for this species. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Cálix, M.,Segarra-Moragues, J.,Hodgetts, N.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,SPLACHNALES,MEESIACEAE,Paludella,squarrosa,,Paludella squarrosa  ,(Hedw.) Brid.,,No,LC,,No,NT,A2c,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



The Tufted Fen-moss (Paludella squarrosa) is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane species. It occurs mainly in the Arctic and northern boreal zones, with scattered sites south to Ireland, southern France, the Alps and Carpathians. It is considered a glacial relict in central Europe, where it is extinct in Britain and the Netherlands and threatened in many other countries. The species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since, despite of the strong decline over the last 100 years, it does not meet the threshold for a threatened category under Criterion A, especially because the species remains abundant in northern Scandinavia and Russia, which form the stronghold of its distribution. However, it is assessed as Near Threatened in the EU 28 since a population reduction of between 20% and 25% is suspected to have occurred in the past three generations (around 100 years). This is based on a decline in the area of occupancy (AOO) and habitat quality, and an almost linear reduction in the population is expected to occur with habitat loss. This species has declined greatly in central, western and southern Europe, and all these subpopulations should be strictly protected.",Decreasing,"The Tufted Fen-moss (Paludella squarrosa) is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane species. It occurs mainly in the Arctic and northern boreal zones, with scattered sites south to Ireland, southern France, the Alps and Carpathians. It is considered a glacial relict in central Europe, where it is extinct in Britain and the Netherlands and threatened in many other countries. Elsewhere it has been found in Asia south to Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Japan, North America south to the northern USA, and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 3,132 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11.4 million km².","Like many fen species, this species has declined substantially everywhere except in the north, where it is still widespread and frequent in boreal and Arctic wetlands (Raeymaekers 2000, Davidson 2014). The species has declined over 50% in the Moscow region (Russia) (M. Ignatov pers. comm. 2017) as a result of development in the area, while in the Murmansk region it seems to be stable. The species is long-lived and the three-generation period would be 100 years, but the decline does not reach the 30% threshold for Vulnerable, especially since the stronghold of the population is in northern Scandinavia and northern Russia. The habitat has declined across Europe, especially in the lowlands. However, it has been less impacted than other fen species because the majority of the subpopulation in the Alps region occurs in montane areas, which are less affected. The population is not severely fragmented and its population size is over 10,000 mature individuals. In Sweden and Finland it remains abundant, although it has strongly declined in southern Sweden. Still, in the EU 28, the habitat of this species has experienced a decline of  between 20% and 25% over the last 100 years (Davidson 2014).","This strikingly beautiful and distinctive mossgrows,usuallyinterspersedamongother mosses, inrich to intermediate fens and wet meadows,morerarely on the shore ofcalcareouslakes and at the side of streams, even on wet sandy soil on streamsides in limestone areas.Inthe Scandinavian mountainsitisalso found in less base-rich wetlands, and even in wet places on cliffs. Itoften grows withAulacomnium palustre, Sphagnum contortum, S. warnstorfii, S. teres,  Helodium blandowii, Philonotis spp., Tomentypnum nitens, Scorpidium spp.,  Hamatocaulis vernicosus and Hypnum pratense (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014, ArtDatabanken 2015). Its altitudinal range is from seal level up to 2,380 m Asl. 



It is dioicous, with capsules maturing in late summer.

","Like other rich fen species, Paludella is generally threatened by habitat destruction and degradation due to drainage, eutrophication, afforestation, and other human activities (Davidson 2014). Overgrazing may also be a threat in some areas, and even collection by botanists in areas where it is a rarity, such as in Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012).","It is known to occur in protected areas, and has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Ireland and Germany, as Endangered Italy, the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Romania and Ukraine, as Vulnerable in Switzerland and Latvia, as 'highly endangered' in Austria, and as Near Threatened in Estonia. It is regarded as Regionally Extinct in Britain and the Netherlands (Hodgetts 2015). This species should be monitored and strictly protected in the southern and western parts of its range; in its northern heartland, large areas of wetland should be retained for this, along with the suite of other wetland species and communities. At least some northern subpopulations should also be monitored to determine whether the range of this species is continuing to contract northwards.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Denyer, J.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Untereiner, A. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Palustriella,commutata,,Palustriella commutata  ,(Hedw.) Ochyra,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment:  Least Concern (LC)

The Curled Hook-moss (Palustriella commutata) is a geographically widespread species. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO), estimated at ca. 6 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO), estimated at 30,000 km2, largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category. Although it may be impacted locally by human activities such as water abstraction and pollution, its population seems to be stable throughout its European range, and it is found in protected areas. Thus this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28. 



",Stable,"This is a very widespread species in Europe, where it has an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of ca. 6 million km2 and an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of 30,000 km2. The EOO and AOO bothsurpass the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory. It is also found in China and Japan, Canada and the USA, and Africa.",This is a widespread and common species in Europe. It is considered to have a stable population trend.,"This species occurs in a variety of wet, base-rich habitats, but it is particularly characteristic of wet cliffs, springs and flushes. It often forms extensive patches on wet calcareous cliffs and slopes. It may even occur on artificial fountains made of calcareous materials if the flow of water is continuous (Atherton et al. 2010), and is important in the formation of tufa.","Changes to the local hydrology such as water abstraction for agricultural, industrial and domestic usage, and construction activities and pollution can impact this species. However, the threats are local and there is no evidence of a continuing decline in either the population or habitat of this species.","The species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Netherlands (Endangered), Hungary (Endangered), Finland (Vulnerable), Luxembourg (Near Threatened), Germany (Near Threatened) and Sicily (Near Threatened) (Hodgetts 2015). Changes in local hydrology can negatively affect the habitat of this species, thus having repercussions for its population. This should be taken into account prior to the management of water courses or abstraction of water resources. The species is known to be present in several National Parks (for example, in Serbia and Italy).",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Ingerpuu, N.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Palustriella,decipiens,,Palustriella decipiens  ,(De Not.) Ochyra,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Lesser Curled Hook-moss (Palustriella decipiens) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28, in view of its widespread distribution, with a very large extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO). It has a presumably stable population trend across Europe. However, it is rare in some areas, some subpopulations are geographically isolated, and it qualifies as threatened or near threatened in a few European National Red Lists. 



It is threatened by changes in the local hydrology from human activities such as construction of river barriers (dams), but also water pollution from domestic, industrial and agricultural sectors. There are currently no ongoing conservation actions targeted at this species. Population monitoring in Europe should be established as a future priority. It is known to occur in protected areas, offering it some formal protection from the aforementioned threats. 



",Stable,This species has a wide distribution in Europe and the whole Northern Hemisphere (Smith 2004). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.,"While this species is rare in some countries, and some subpopulations which are geographically isolated seem to be threatened, it is overall a widespread species often recorded across Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population size.","This species occurs mainly in calcareous mires and springs in upland areas (Atherton et al. 2010). It is found in harsh climates but can grow at relatively low mineral levels and is not restricted to strongly calcareous habitats. Its altitudinal range is ca. 260–2,600 m.","The main threats to this species can be local hydrological changes, including construction and water pollution from human activities, which can threaten subpopulations. It is unknown whether there is any decline in any subpopulation or in habitat extent and quality.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Estonia (Endangered), Finland (Near Threatened), Germany (Vulnerable), Great Britain (Near Threatened) and Latvia (Data Deficient but recently recorded) (Hodgetts 2015). There are no conservation measures in place for this species. It is known to occur in protected areas. Population monitoring in Europe should be established as a future priority.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Rumsey, F.,Cálix, M.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Palustriella,falcata,,Palustriella falcata  ,(Brid.) Hedenäs,Palustriella pluristratosa is considered a habitat modification of Palustriella falcata (N. Schnyder pers. comm. 2017).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The often frequently encountered Claw-leaved Hook-moss (Palustriella falcata) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28, in view of its widespread distribution, with a very large extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) and overall stable population trend. 



It inhabits base-rich habitats such as mires and flushes, but is confined to a narrower range of habitats than its similar cousin P. commutata.  There is no information on whether this species is traded or utilized, however known threats include local hydrological changes such as water abstraction and pollution. It is known to occur in protected areas, offering it some protection from these threats.",Stable,"This species is widely distributed across Europe (Smith 2004). Outside of Europe, it is present throughout the temperate Northern Hemisphere in Asia and North America south to New Mexico. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.",The species is widely distributed and often frequent in Europe. It is considered to have an overall stable population trend.,"This species inhabits base-rich flushes, mires and seepages in open habitats, but may occur in slightly less calcareous habitats than P. commutata. It occurs in a narrower range of habitats than P. commutata, being much rarer on wet cliffs and in wet woodland (Atherton et al. 2010). Its altitudinal range is ca. 5–3,100 m.","The species is affected by habitat degradation as a result of water exploitation and pollution, which can impact the local hydrological system. There is no information on a decline in overall population or habitat quality.","The species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Finland (Near Threatened), Germany (Data Deficient), Italy - Sardinia (Data Deficient), Italy - Sicily (Near Threatened) and Luxembourg (Vulnerable) (Hodgetts 2015). There are no conservation measures in place for this species at present, but it is known to occur in protected areas.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Hodd, R.,Cálix, M.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Paraleucobryum,enerve,,Paraleucobryum enerve  ,(Thed.) Loeske,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Paraleucobryum enerve is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated at over 5.5 million km2, and its presumably stable population trend. Its population size is estimated to be larger than 10,000 individual equivalents and the population is not considered to be severely fragmented. This is a high mountain moss that is naturally rare. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to this species at the European level and thus no conservation measures are required at present. It is known to occur in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This species of moss is distributed throughout Europe. Elsewhere it occurs in Asia and North America (Frey et al. 2006). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) (estimated at ca. 5,560,000 km2) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 1,000 km2.","This species is widespread but not particularly common in the high mountains of central Europe, the Pyrenees, Scandinavia, Arctic Russia and the Kola Peninsula. Its population trend is stable. Its population size is estimated to be larger than 10,000 individual equivalents (one individual equivalent is equal to one square metre) and it is not considered to be severely fragmented. This is a naturally rare and habitat-restricted species, but according to available data, the majority of old records have been refound recently (Meinunger and Schröder 2007).","This is a high alpine moss, growing in open habitats above the tree line on humus andsiliceous rocks (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Its altitudinal range is ca. 800-3,210 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to this species. There is no indication of a continuing decline in the population or habitat of this species.",No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Spain (Vulnerable) and Slovakia (Near Threatened) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas in Europe.,There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Natcheva, R.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Paraleucobryum,longifolium,,Paraleucobryum longifolium  ,(Ehrh. ex Hedw.) Loeske,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 

The widespread Long-leaved Fork-moss (Paraleucobryum longifolium) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO), estimated at over 9.9 million km2, and area of occupancy (AOO), estimated at 4,000 km2, largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats to this species at the European level, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It is found in protected areas in Europe.",Stable,"This is a circumpolar boreo-montane species of moss that is common in the boreal forest zone, extending north to Arctic Fennoscandia and north Russia, south through the Alps and Carpathians to the Pyrenees, southern Spain (Sierra Nevada), Corsica, central Italy and the Balkan mountains, and east to the Urals (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it grows in the Caucasus, Turkey, the Himalayas, central and eastern Asia, China, Japan, North America and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO), estimated at over 9.9 million km2, and area of occupancy (AOO), estimated at 4000 km2, largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","This is a widespread species of moss, and it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This large boreal-montane species grows in loose tufts on silicate rocks such as granite, and more rarely at the bottom of hardwood logs, especially beech.Its main habitat is on boulders in deciduous forests, often with Grimmia hartmanii and Racomitrium heterostichum. It grows in forests in low  mountain ranges as well as in wooded sandstone areas such as those found in northern Bavaria. It occurs rarelyin the lower hill country. In Britain (Scotland) it is more a species of large, often base-rich, rocks and boulder scree on open ground in mountainous areas (Long et al. 2008, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 100-2,720 m.

",There are no known threats to this species at the European level.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct), Lithuania (Endangered), Serbia (Vulnerable), Belarus (Vulnerable), Great Britain (Near Threatened) and Albania (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is found in protected areas across its range.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Hedenäs, L.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Paraleucobryum,sauteri,,Paraleucobryum sauteri  ,(Bruch &amp; Schimp.) Loeske,,No,NT,"B2b(iii,v); C2a(i)",No,NT,"B2b(iii,v); C2a(i)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



Paraleucobryum sauteri is a rare and scattered moss found in central Europe, especially in the Alps, but also occurring north to central Norway, Sweden and Karelia (Russia), and south to the Pyrenees and the mountains of northern Greece. The species is assessed as Near Threatened since it is uncertain whether there are more or less than 10,000 individual-equivalents (both in Europe and in the EU 28) - the population may be larger, but not substantially. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered one rock or tree on which the species grows. In addition, there are fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation, and there is a continuing decline in the population; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion C. 



In addition, this species has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 456 km² in Europe, and 432 km² in the EU 28), and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. The largest subpopulations are in older trees, which are declining in the Alps, where there is evidence that this species is declining. Forestry poses a threat to the species. Death and felling of mature trees on which this moss grows is a clear threat. Areas where this species is known to have good subpopulations should be given some protection, especially in terms of preserving and regenerating mature trees as substrate for the moss. At least some subpopulations should be monitored.",Decreasing,"Paraleucobryum sauteri is a rare and scattered moss found in central Europe, especially in the Alps, but also occurring north to central Norway, Sweden and Karelia (Russia), and south to the Pyrenees and the mountains of northern Greece (Hodgetts 2015). Elsewhere it occurs in the Caucasus and Georgia. Its status in North America seems to be uncertain (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2007), and reports from east Asia are also equivocal. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 456 km² in Europe, and 432 km² in the EU 28. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 3.8 million km².

","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, but there are some indications. The largest subpopulations are in older trees, which are declining in the Alps, where there is evidence that this species is declining. There seems to be a decline in the number of mature individuals, but it cannot be certain that the population size is smaller than 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered one rock or tree on which the species grows. The population may be larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents, but not substantially. Each subpopulation has fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents. In the Balkans it is found on trees and rocks, where it forms very small subpopulations. The population is not considered severely fragmented.","This is a rare moss mainly oftheupper montaneandsubalpine zonesof themountains,especiallyin forest.Thespecies growsmainlyon treeswith Lescuraeamutabilisand Sciuro-hypnumreflexum,more rarelyonrocks.In  Sweden it is recorded as growing on stones near water, but only in  small sterile patches. In Russia, it was found on the roots of a spruce  tree next to a coastal creek.Although itmay sometimes beoverlooked,it is everywhererare (Hallingbäck et al. 2006, Meinunger and Schröder2007). Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 2,200 m Asl.

","Forestry poses a threat to the species. Death and felling of mature trees on which this moss grows is a clear threat. There is an inferred continuing decline in the quality and extent of the habitat of this species.

","Areas where this species is known to have good subpopulations should be given some protection, especially in terms of preserving and regenerating mature trees as substrate for the moss. At least some subpopulations should be monitored. It is present in protected areas. It has been assessed as Vulnerable in Sweden, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Serbia and Spain, and as Data Deficient in Switzerland. It is considered Regionally Extinct in the Czech Republic (Hodgetts 2015).

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Ignatov, M.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N. & Schröck, C.","Bell, N.,Soltés, R.,Schröck, C.,Ştefănuţ, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,PLAGIOCHILACEAE,Pedinophyllum,interruptum,,Pedinophyllum interruptum  ,(Nees) Kaal.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The Craven Featherwort (Pedinophyllum interruptum) is widely distributed in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. The current population trend seems to be stable, but this is not a very common species. The habitats of this species are, on the whole, not threatened. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and in the EU 28. However, increasing nutrient enrichment in the environment may become a threat. There are no conservation measures at the European level needed for this species at present.

",Stable,"This species is widely distributed in Europe from Ireland in the west to Ukraine in the east and from Sicily in the south to central Germany and Scotland in the north. It is not present in Scandinavia and its presence in European Russia is uncertain (Hodgetts 2015). Outside Europe it occurs in the Caucasus, western Asia, north Africa and eastern North America. It has been found growing at elevations between 100 m and 2,500 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","The current population trend seems to be stable, but this is not a very common species.","The species grows on calcareous rocks in shady places such as ravines or forests. It is mostly found at lower elevations, but it can occur in the alpine zone, where it grows on north-facing slopes on calcareous substrates.","The habitats of this species are, on the whole, not threatened. However, increasing nutrient enrichment in the environment may become a threat.","The species has been assessed as Near Threatened in Italy and Hungary, and as Least Concern in all other countries with a national Red List (Hodgetts 2015). There are no conservation measures needed for this species. It occurs in protected areas across Europe.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.,Aleffi, M.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,THUIDIACEAE,Pelekium,atlanticum,,Pelekium atlanticum  ,(Hedenäs) Hedenäs,,Yes,EN,C2a(i),Yes,EN,C2a(i),EU28,,"Pelekium atlanticum is endemic to Macaronesia (the Canary Islands and Madeira). It grows on moist or wet habitats, on volcanic rocks, and rarely on soil or as an epiphyte in the natural forests. About 39 localities are presently known for Macaronesia. 



This species has an extent of occurrence (EOO) ofca 54,000 km2, which includes mostly sea water, and has a maximum area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be around 168 km2 . The population trend is predicted to decrease by 15% for the next 20 years. The overall population size is estimated to be less than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals), there is a continuing decline in the number of individual-equivalents and there are likely to be less than 250 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered. 



The main threats to the species are due to the effects of climate change, forest fires intensification, the impact of touristic activities and exotic species invasions. This causes declines in the extent and quality of the habitat, particularly those occurring in the native forests of the Macaronesia. There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas.



The most important conservation actions are connected to the implementation of fire prevention and habitat maintenance. Monitoring of population and habitat trends is recommended.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Macaronesia, and is found in the Canary Islands (El Hierro, La Gomera, La Palma and Tenerife) and Madeira (Hedenäs and Sérgio 1992). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 54,000 km2 and the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is around 168 km2.



The altitudinal range of the species is between 200 and 1,500 m asl. This species occurs at altitudes ranging from between 200 m to 1,500 m asl in Madeira and between 200 m to 1,200 m asl in the Canary Islands.","This species is widespread and often common in the native forests of northern and central part of the island of Madeira, where it is known from about 30 localities. However, in the Canary Islands, this species occurs only on four of the islands (El Hierro, La Gomera, La Palma and Tenerife) and is known from about nine localities in some areas of well-preserved natural forest. The overall population size is estimated to be of less than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using one tree base or one boulder as a proxy for one individual-equivalent), there is a continuing decline in the number of individual-equivalents and there are likely to be less than 250 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation.



The overall current population trend is presumed to be decreasing since recent publications show that endemic bryophytes to Macaronesia are suffering a decrease on population size and range. The number of 1 km2 climatically suitable areas for this species are predicted to decrease by 2070 under two climate scenarios of mitigated and strongly increased greenhouse gas emissions, which were defined by Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) to 40% of the current distribution under the RCP 4.5 scenario and to 7% under RCP 8.5 scenario (Patiño et al. 2016).



It is a medium-lived species, with a generation length of 6 to 10 years (C. Sergio pers. comm. 2016). Assuming a linear decline, a 15% decline is projected for the next 20 years (three generation lengths).","This species grows in moist or wet habitats, on volcanic rocks, and rarely on soil or as an epiphyte (growing on the surface of another plant). The species is most commonly found in the laurel forest, and is not found in very exposed habitats (González-Mancebo et al. 2008, Hedenäs 1992, Hedenäs and Sérgio 1992, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). It can be found close to ""levadas"" (small irrigation canals).","The intensification in fires and the emergence and spread of invasive plants are threats to this species. Other important threats to this species include anthropogenic activities, especially those related with intensive tourism and urban activities, which have significantly increased in most of the Macaronesian archipelagos during the last two decades. Eutrophication can also pose a threat to the species. These threats cause declines in the extent and quality of the habitat available.



The effects of climate change and the subsequent change in the humidity and temperature conditions in the natural forest areas are future threats to this species.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. In the Canary Islands, the species is known to occur in the Garajonay National Park, the Rural Park of Anaga and the Natural Park Sierra de las Nieves, which are Special Areas for Conservation (SAC). In Madeira, most of its distribution is included in a natural park which has protection through the Protected Areas Network (Regional Decree n.º 11/85/M).



This species was considered rare in the European Red List of Bryophytes (ECCB 1995), Vulnerable for the Canary Islands (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012) and Near Threatened for Madeira by Sim-Simet al. (2014).



The most important conservation actions are connected to the implementation of fire prevention and habitat maintenance. Monitoring of population and habitat trends is recommended.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species,"Cálix, M.,González Mancebo, J.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M., Porley, R.D. & Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,THUIDIACEAE,Pelekium,minutulum,,Pelekium minutulum  ,(Hedw.) Touw,,No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v); C2a(i)",No,EN,"B2ab(i, ii, iii, iv), C2a(i)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Pelekium minutulum is rare throughout its European range. Its subpopulations are small and isolated, and the population is considered to be severely fragmented. The area of occupancy (AOO) of the species in Europe is estimated to be around 104 km2 and in the EU 28 it is estimated to be around 40 km2. There is evidence of declines and extinctions of this species in the territory of some EU 28 countries and in central European Russia during the last century, mainly as a result of the felling of the old-growth forests. In addition, the overall population size is estimated to be smaller than 300 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in both Europe and the EU 28, and there are certainly less than 250 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered in both Europe and in the EU 28 region.

Further research is needed on the distribution, population and threats to the species, and more site protection is recommended.",Decreasing,"This is a very rare species known from several isolated localities in central, eastern and south-eastern Europe, Madeira, the Caucasus, European Russia and North, Central and South America (Hodgetts 2015, Sérgio et al. 2006, Ignatov et al. 2006, Flora of North America 2014). In some regions, this species is probably extinct and known only by herbarium specimens collected before the beginning of last century. This includes Germany (Meinunger and Schröder 2007), Slovenia (Martinčič 2016), France (Granger 2005), Estonia (Vellak et al. 2015) and some regions of central European Russia (Popova 2002, Ignatov and Ignatova 2004, Bezgodov 2006). This species has not been found in Austria because the record from Salzburg (Grims 1999) is based on an incorrect identification (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2016).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 4.4 million km2 (based on total area within a minimum convex polygon around all known occurrences), and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 104 km2 (based on a 2x2 km2 grid overlay on the range map). In the EU 28, the estimated EOO of the species is around 2.1 million km2 and the estimated AOO is around 40 km2. The altitudinal range of the species is between 100 m and 900 m Asl.","The European subpopulations are small and isolated. In some regions of Europe, the population reduction of this species led to its extinction during the last century (Martinčič 2016, Granger 2005, Vellak et al. 2015, Ignatov and Ignatova 2004). The population trend of this species seems to be negative in both Europe and the EU 28. In each subpopulation there are less than 10 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and counting each tree as an individual-equivalent), and it is estimated that there are no more than 30 subpopulations. Therefore, the overall population size is estimated to be smaller than 300 individual-equivalents in both Europe and the EU 28. The population is considered to be severely fragmented since the subpopulations are small and isolated, and the dispersal abilities of this species is probably low, and therefore the subpopulations may go extinct with reduced possibility of recolonisation.","This species has been found on limestone outcrops, limestone soil or on the bark and roots of deciduous trees in old-growth forests dominated by ash, oak and linden.","The threats to this species are declining forest areas, especially due to felling of old-growth deciduous forests (Ignatov and Ignatova 2004, Mirkin 2011), and the shift in competitive conditions and the darkening of forests by general eutrophication (Nebel and Philippi 2001).","This species is included in the Red Lists of Germany (0), Poland (R), Slovenia (Data Deficient-Vanished), Belarus (EN), Estonia (0), Lithuania (3) and the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996, Ochyra 1992,  Mirkin 2011, Kachanovskiy et al. 2015, Vellak et al. 2015, Martinčič 2016, Rašomavičius 2007). Some subpopulations have been found within protected areas, but more site protection is recommended. Further research is needed on the distribution, population and threats to the species.

",This species is not used or traded.,"Patiño, J.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PELLIALES,PELLIACEAE,Pellia,epiphylla,,Pellia epiphylla  ,(L.) Corda,"Pellia epiphylla susbp. epiphylla, with n = 9, is shown to occur in two sibling species, with an allopolyploid derivative with n = 18, commonly treated as subsp. borealis (Lorb.) Messe in de Sloover et Messe (nom. inval.) the latter perhaps being the only one occurring in the Nordic countries, or at least being the most frequent in the northern part, below the upper limit of the coniferous forest (Damsholt 2002).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Broad-leaved Pellia (Pellia epiphylla) occurs on moist soil and wet rocks in a wide variety of habitats. It is widespread and common throughout nearly all of Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. The population is large and stable, and it is not threatened over its European range, thus no conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas in Europe. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and in the EU 28.",Stable,"This species shows a circumpolar boreal-temperate distribution. It is widespread and common throughout nearly all of Europe, missing only in the far north, the Canary Islands, some smaller Mediterranean territories, Moldova, Kaliningrad and Kosovo. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is also known from Asia, North America, and the North African mountains. It has been found growing from sea level up to 2,500 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","This species is common, widespread and stable throughout almost all of Europe.

","This calcifuge species occurs on moist soil and wet rocks in a wide variety of habitats (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014, Köckinger 2017). It can be abundant in spring-fed vegetation and on streamsides. It also occurs on peaty soils in bogs and base-poor wetlands (Blockeel et al. 2014).",There are no major threats to this species over its European range.,"This liverwort has been assessed as Near Threatened in Italy and as Data Deficient in Hungary (Hodgetts 2015), but is otherwise common. No conservation measures at the European level are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hugonnot, V.,Fettes, N.D.","Schröck, C.","Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PELLIALES,PELLIACEAE,Pellia,neesiana,,Pellia neesiana  ,(Gottsche) Limpr.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Nees' Pellia (Pellia neesiana) is widely distributed in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. It is common throughout the northern parts of Europe, becoming much rarer in the southern parts of the continent. The destruction and pollution of primary habitats (marshes, fens, flushes, swamp forest) are the main threats to this species. It has declined locally, especially in southern parts of Europe, due to these threats. On the other hand, it has benefited from the construction of forest roads. Therefore the overall population trend is assumed to be stable. Although certainly not threatened at the European scale, its primary habitats, especially in the lowlands (e.g., fens), should be protected. Otherwise, no specific conservation measures are required at present, and it is known to occur in many protected areas across its European range. In the lowlands research on population size and possible threats are necessary. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.



 



 

",Stable,"This species shows a circumpolar boreal-temperate distribution. It is widespread and common throughout the northern part of Europe, only missing in Arctic regions and becoming much rarer in the southern parts of the continent, and is absent from Macaronesia. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is also known from  Greenland, Siberia, the Russian Far East, Korea, China, Japan, the Himalayas and North America. It has been found growing at elevations between 5 m and 2,500 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","Although widespread and common, especially in the north, this species has declined locally, especially in southern parts of Europe. On the other hand, it has benefited from the construction of forest roads. Therefore the overall population trend is assumed to be stable.","This liverwort grows on wet acidic soil on slopes and forest roads, in wet subalpine turf, in wet non-calcareous marshes, fens and flushes and in swamp forest (Alnus viridis and Salix spp. form the primary habitat in the Alps) (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014, Köckinger 2017). This species also occurs in calcareous areas over acid humus.","The destruction and pollution of primary habitats (marshes, fens, flushes, swamp forest) are the main threats to this species.","Although certainly not threatened at the European scale, this liverwort has been assessed as Endangered in Portugal, as Vulnerable in Luxembourg and as Near Threatened in Germany and Italy (Hodgetts 2015). Its primary habitats, especially in the lowlands (e.g., fens), should be protected. Otherwise, no specific conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas. In the lowlands research on population size and possible threats are necessary.","This species is not utilised or traded.

","Hodgetts, N.,Segarra-Moragues, J.,Cálix, M.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,CLEVEACEAE,Peltolepis,quadrata,,Peltolepis quadrata  ,(Saut.) Müll. Frib.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

  Peltolepis quadrata is widespread throughout northern and central Europe, where it is often found growing on humid soil in crevices and fissures of calcareous rocks, often in karstic regions. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. In central and southern Europe it is rather rare. In northern Europe this species is not rare and is probably stable. The population trend as a whole is assumed to be stable and there is no indication of a decline. Due to its occurrence in remote areas in calcareous mountainous regions, there do not appear to be threats at the European level, although it may be locally threatened in parts of southern Europe. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and in the EU 28.",Stable,"This arctic-alpine species is widely distributed in central and northern Europe. It occurs from France in the west to northern Russia in the east and from northern Italy and Romania in the south to Iceland, Svalbard and Novaya Zemlya in the far north (Damsholt 2002, Hodgetts 2015). It is found growing at elevations between 50 m and 2,500 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Outside Europe it is known from northern Asia, North America and Greenland.",In northern Europe this species is not rare and is probably stable. In central and southern Europe it is rather rare but the habitats do not seem to be threatened. Therefore the population trend as a whole is assumed to be stable.,"The species grows on humid soil in crevices and fissures of calcareous rocks, often in karstic regions. It grows mainly in the mountains, in the alps between 1,500 and 2,500 m Asl. Only in the far north does it descend to ca 50 m Asl (Damsholt  2002). In southern Europe the species is rare and confined to higher  elevations: in Romania there are only a few records from the highest  parts of the Carpathians (Ştefǎnuţ 2008). In Italy there are only pre-1950 records (Tacchi and Aleffi 2018).  In Germany it is listed as Data Deficient but Meinunger and Schröder (2007)  gives a few localities from the Bavarian Alps.","Due to its occurrence in remote areas in calcareous mountainous regions, the species does not appear to be threatened at the European level. In southern Europe it is rather rare and may be locally threatened.","The species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Italy, as Endangered in Slovakia and Switzerland, as Vulnerable in Austria and Romania, and as 'rare' in Poland (Hodgetts 2015). The species occurs in at least two protected areas in Switzerland (Naturpark Beverin and Naturpark Pfyn-Finges).",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.,Puche, F.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,FOSSOMBRONIALES,PETALOPHYLLACEAE,Petalophyllum,ralfsii,,Petalophyllum ralfsii  ,(Wilson) Nees &amp; Gottsche,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Petalwort (Petalophyllum ralfsii) is a Mediterranean-Atlantic species that is widespread but rare and scattered in the Mediterranean region, where inland subpopulations are known, and with another centre of distribution in Ireland and Britain. Although very habitat-restricted, new survey work has shown that this species is nowhere near as rare as was thought at the time it was added to the EU Habitats Directive. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in the Mediterranean, and is almost certainly still very under-recorded. While it may have been lost from some sites, it remains stable in certain localities. Key sites should be protected and managed to maintain the dynamics of dune systems. The best sites should be monitored.",Decreasing,"The Petalwort (Petalophyllum ralfsii) is a Mediterranean-Atlantic species that is widespread but rare and scattered in the Mediterranean region, where inland subpopulations are known, and with another centre of distribution in Ireland and Britain. It is endemic to Europe and the Mediterranean basin, being recorded outside Europe only in North Africa and Turkey. The American Petalophyllum is now regarded as a distinct species, P. americanum (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 380 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5.3 million km².

","The largest Irish colonies support millions of thalli and are believed to be the biggest subpopulations in the world (Lockhart et al. 2012). Its status in Ireland is 'favourable' (NPWS 2013). The high profile of this species means that its population has been monitored in detail, at least in some countries. Some colonies have increased in recent years, whilst others have been lost as dune slacks have dried out through natural succession (Blockeel et al. 2014), and it is almost certainly still very patchily recorded in the Mediterranean area, so it is difficult to ascertain the overall status of the plant in Europe. In Portugal it is apparently increasing (or becoming better recorded), although there are still only four localities (C. Sérgio pers. comm. 2017). There are a few records in Crete (where there are four localities). In Spain it is rare (or under-recorded) on the mainland, but apparently quite widespread in the Balearic Islands. The trend in Italy seems to be declining and there is evidence of some recent decline in the UK (T. Blockeel pers. comm. 2017), where its status is 'inadequate' (JNCC 2013). It is difficult to infer a trend, and while it remains more or less stable, the overall trend seems to be declining. It produces spores and gemmae. Its population fluctuates from year to year, although it remains in the diaspore bank. 



","This is an exclusively lowland coastal species of calcareous sand dunes where it may be locally frequent in and along the margins of slacks. It tends to avoid areas that are deeply flooded in winter, and often occupies slightly peaty, dark brown, sandy soil rather than pure sand. Most conspicuous in winter and spring, it disappears almost completely during periods of drought. Frequent associates include Aneura pinguis, Mesoptychia spp., Preissia quadrata, Riccardia chamedryfolia, R. incurvata, Bryum spp., Dicranella varia, Didymodon acutus, D. tophaceus and the horsetail Equisetum variegatum. More rarely it occurs inland on bare sandy soil in quarries and even in gardens. In the southern parts of its distribution, it is associated with Cheilothela chloropus and many Riccia spp. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 240 m Asl.

It is dioicous; sporophytes are frequent from December to June. Perennation through periods of drought is by means of tuberous subterranean stems packed with lipid. Indeed the green part of the plant usually disappears from view when the substrate dries out in the summer. P. ralfsii can vary in apparent abundance from year to year, depending on conditions (Lockhart et al. 2012, Blockeel et al. 2014).","Because of the fragility of its habitat and its specialised ecology, P. ralfsii is potentially threatened by a large number of factors, including holiday developments, recreational activities, removal of turf, undergrazing, desiccation due to water abstraction or afforestation and the spread of conifers (Lockhart et al. 2012). Succession of vegetation can also affect the species since it needs small open spaces (C. Sérgio pers. comm. 2017).","This species is on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive, which has led to intensive survey and conservation work, at least in some countries. It has been assessed as Endangered in Portugal and as Near Threatened in Italy, but has been taken out of threatened categories in Britain and Ireland (Hodgetts 2015), where survey work has resulted in the discovery of large subpopulations, which are monitored. Key sites should be protected and managed to maintain the dynamics of dune systems. The best sites should be monitored. It is found in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Bergamini, A.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,ANTHOCERATOPHYTA,ANTHOCEROTOPSIDA,NOTOTHYLADALES,NOTOTHYLADACEAE,Phaeoceros,carolinianus,,Phaeoceros carolinianus  ,(Michx.) Prosk.,,No,NT,A2c,No,NT,A2c,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) 

 EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Carolina Hornwort (Phaeoceros carolinianus) is widely distributed, mainly in the temperate zone in central Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated at ca 17 million km² and an area of occupancy (AOO) estimated at ca 4,000 km². It is rather rare in Mediterranean-Atlantic areas, where it is replaced by closely related, dioicous species. It grows in arable fields or gardens or in ditches in open habitats or woodland. This species is short-lived and three generations are considered to be ten years. Its subpopulations are decreasing in many countries, especially in central Europe, due to changes in agriculture. Based on a decline in habitat quality, it is suspected that there has been a population reduction of almost 30% in the past ten years, and that there might be a continuing reduction in the population in the next ten years due to a decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. As long as the intensification of agriculture continues, the decline will continue. It may even be accelerated as the spore bank in the soil gradually declines because it is not regularly renewed. Thus, this species is close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion A, and is therefore assessed as Near Threatened. 

It depends on traditional field management over much of its range, and so intensive practices such as immediate ploughing after harvest prevents it from completing its annual life cycle. Also measures to cover harvested fields with intermediate crops in order to reduce nitrate leakage can threaten this hornwort species. Fortunately, it is known to occur in protected areas in Europe. Attempts at maintaining traditional agricultural practices are made in some parts of its range (Switzerland), but so far without much success. Conservation measures such as traditional management with low fertilizer input and low herbicide applications should be promoted. These practices can be implemented as part of specific agri-environment schemes. The species' occurrence at the sites where these measures are implemented needs to be monitored.



",Decreasing,"The range of this species extends from the Macaronesian islands in the west to Russia in the east and from Spain and Portugal in the south to central Scandinavia and Iceland in the north (Hodgetts 2015), where it has been found growing from sea level up to 1,080 m Asl. It is lacking in the far north and it has possibly disappeared from Finland (Damsholt 2002, Juutinen and Ulvinen 2015). It is mainly distributed in the temperate zone in central Europe. It is rather rare in Mediterranean-Atlantic areas, where it is replaced by the closely related, dioicous species Phaeoceros laevis. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at ca 4,000 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 17 million km². Outside Europe it is known from Asia, Africa, North and South America, Australia, New Zealand and Oceania.","Although this species is still widely distributed, subpopulations are decreasing in many countries, especially in central Europe, due to changes in agriculture (Nebel and Philippi 2005, Bisang et al. 2009). The overall population trend is therefore thought to be decreasing. This species is short-lived and three generations are considered to be ten years. Based on a decline in habitat quality, it is suspected that there has been a population reduction of almost 30% in the past ten years, and that there might be a continuing reduction in the population in the next ten years due to a decline in the extent and quality of its habitat.","In regions with cold winters, this is an annual species that grows in arable fields or gardens. It produces sporophytes in the autumn when cereals have been harvested and stubble-fields remain undisturbed. It grows on slightly acid loamy-sandy soils. In warmer regions it may live as a perennial on moist soil in ditches in open habitats or woodland. Spores can survive in the ground for several years.",This species is threatened by intensive agricultural practices as it depends on traditional field management over much of its range. Immediate ploughing after harvesting crops prevents the species from completing its annual life cycle (Bisang et al. 2009). Relatively recently introduced measures to cover harvested fields with intermediate crops in order to reduce nitrate leakage in some countries also proved to be negative for hornworts (Bisang et al. 2009).,"The species grows mainly in man-made habitats over much of its distribution area, but is also known to occur in protected areas. Attempts at maintaining traditional agricultural practices are made in some parts of Switzerland, but so far without much success (Amstutz et al. 2013). It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Romania, as Endangered in Austria and Switzerland, as Vulnerable in Estonia, Slovakia, Luxembourg, Germany and Spain and as Near Threatened in Britain, Hungary and Sweden (Hodgetts 2015). It is considered Regionally Extinct in Finland (Juutinen and Ulvinen 2015). Traditional management with low fertilizer input and herbicide applications should be promoted (Bisang et al. 2009). These practices can be implemented as part of specific agri-environment schemes. The species' occurrence at sites where these measures are implemented needs to be monitored.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Duckett, J.,Cálix, M.","Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,ANTHOCERATOPHYTA,ANTHOCEROTOPSIDA,NOTOTHYLADALES,NOTOTHYLADACEAE,Phaeoceros,laevis,,Phaeoceros laevis  ,(L.) Prosk.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

 EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Smooth Hornwort (Phaeoceros laevis) is found growing on humid soil near ponds or ditches and along pathways or along rocky temporary rivulets. It also occurs in arable fields and is widely distributed in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated at ca 15 million km², and an area of occupancy (AOO) estimated at ca 4,000 km². It is mainly found in the Mediterranean-Atlantic zone. The overall population trend seems to be stable, as the species is less dependent on agricultural practices than P. carolinianus. The overall population size is also thought to be large, and no major threats to this species have been reported. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28. The distribution area of this species in the east of Europe needs to be reviewed, since it was not separated from P. carolinianus in the past, and some records of P. laevis may in fact correspond to P. carolinianus.",Stable,"The range of this species extends from Ireland and the Macaronesian islands in the west toUkraine and perhaps parts of Russia in the east and from Sicily in the south to Scotland in the north (Paton 1999). The altitudinal range reaches from sea level to about 400 m Asl (Stefanut 2008). In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at ca 4,000 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 15 million km². It is mainly distributed in the Mediterranean-Atlantic zone and is absent from central Europe, where it is replaced by the closely related monoicous speciesPhaeoceros carolinianus. The distribution area of this species in the east of Europe needs to be reviewed, since it was not separated from P. carolinianus in the past, and some records of P. laevis may in fact correspond to P. carolinianus.Outside Europe the species is known from Asia, Africa, North and South America, Australia, New Zealand and Oceania. 



","The current population trend seems to be stable, as the species is less dependent on agricultural practices than P. carolinianus. The overall population size is thought to be large.","

This species often grows on humid soil near ponds or ditches and along pathways or along rocky temporary rivulets. In western England and Ireland this species is also found in arable fields, but it generally grows less often in such places than the closely related P. carolinianus (Paton 1999, Porley 2008, Atherton et al. 2010).",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There is no information available about conservation actions in place for this species. It is not included in any national Red List. Only in Italy is it considered Near Threatened, and Data Deficient in Romania (Hodgetts 2015). Further research is needed into the eastern European records of this species, due to potential misidentification with the closely related P. carolinianus. It is very likely to occur in protected areas throughout its range.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Hodgetts, N.,Segarra-Moragues, J.,Cálix, M.","Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BARTRAMIALES,BARTRAMIACEAE,Philonotis,caespitosa,,Philonotis caespitosa  ,Jur.,"This species has been, and remains, a source of much confusion, and recording has been  inconsistent. In its typical form it is a rather soft, medium-sized plant with lax areolation and falcate leaves, but other forms, including the type material, are much smaller, resembling P. capillaris but with proximal mamillae, or depauperate P. fontana but with a plane leaf margin with single teeth and acute inner perigonial leaves (which unfortunately are normally absent) (Blockeel et al. 2014).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Tufted Apple-moss (Philonotis caespitosa) is a widely distributed moss species across Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category. Although there is no information on the population structure or size of this species, there are many recent reports of its occurrence, and it has a stable population trend.  Thus it is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.

This moss species inhabits a wide range of habitats containing moist or wet soil and rocks, and it is known to occur in protected areas across its European range. Direct threats to this species are unknown, but climate fluctuations (increased risk of droughts and temperature extremes) and hydrological changes could impact its habitat.  



 



 



 



",Stable,"This circumpolar boreo-temperate species is widely distributed across Europe (Frey et al. 2006), from the Arctic south to the mountains of western, central and eastern Europe, and also occurs in Macaronesia, but is rare in the Mediterranean region. Elsewhere it has been recorded from North Africa (Morocco, Algeria). Turkey, Georgia, Iran to Afghanistan, northern, central and eastern Asia, and southern Africa (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for this moss species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","There is no information on the population structure or size of this species. However, it is widespread in Europe, there are many recent reports of its occurrence, and so it presumably has a stable population trend.","This is a lax species of Philonotis occurring on moist or wet non-calcareous soil and rocks, where flushed or flooded by slightly basic, mineral-rich water, usually unshaded or almost unshaded. Recorded habitats include springs, streamsides, ditches, marshes, marshy fields, margins of lakes and reservoirs, tracksides, quarries and dripping rocks. It tolerates, or may even be encouraged by, some poaching by livestock, which maintains suitable sparsely vegetated hummocks of soil. Recorded associates include Fossombronia wondraczekii, Pellia endiviifolia, Phaeoceros laevis, Archidium alternifolium, Barbula unguiculata, Brachythecium mildeanum, B. rivulare, B. rutabulum, Calliergonella cuspidata, Kindbergia praelonga and Oxyrrhynchium hians (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0–2,400 m.","The direct threats to this species are unknown, but climate fluctuations (increased risk of droughts and temperature extremes) and hydrological changes in its habitat can affect it. There is no information on any decline in the extent or quality of habitat of this species.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Slovakia (Endangered), Hungary (Endangered), Slovenia (Vulnerable), Switzerland (Vulnerable), Luxembourg (Vulnerable), Bulgaria (Vulnerable), Estonia (Near Threatened), Germany (Near Threatened), Ireland (Near Threatened), Albania (Data Deficient), Montenegro (Data Deficient), Serbia (Data Deficient), Poland (Rare) and Lithuania (Rare) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in protected areas.



 



 



 



",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Erzberger, P.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BARTRAMIALES,BARTRAMIACEAE,Philonotis,calcarea,,Philonotis calcarea  ,(Bruch &amp; Schimp.) Schimp.,,No,NT,A3c,No,NT,A3c,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Thick-nerved Apple-moss (Philonotis calcarea) is a widespread species in Europe, although it is not very common. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category. Its habitat consists of calcareous wetlands, which are naturally fragmented. Its population size is larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents and is not considered to be severely fragmented. 

Although this species is found in protected areas, cultivation and drainage activities have already negatively impacted the fens where it occurs. Increased periods and severity of droughts and hydrology fluctuations due to climate change are also expected to affect this species habitat. Its population trend is already considered to be in a decline. The three-generation period for this moss is 50 years and it is projected that in the next 50 years, the habitat extent and quality in Europe and the EU 28 will decline by nearly 30%. Thus the Thick-nerved Apple-moss is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe and the EU 28. Habitat protection and surface water management should be taken into account to help conserve this species. 



 



",Decreasing,"This European boreo-temperate species is widespread in Europe, inlcuding Macaronesia, north to northern Scandinavia and Arctic Russia, and east to the Urals. Elsewhere it occurs in North Africa, south-western Asia, Georgia to Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan, southern Siberia and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014, Flora of North America editorial committee 2016). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for this moss species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This is a widespread species in Europe, although it is not usually very common. Its habitat consists of calcareous wetlands that are naturally fragmented. In Russia it can be locally abundant although it is only found in a few areas. In Hungary the habitat has disappeared in certain areas and it seems to be declining there. The habitat is declining in the Balkans and it seems like the overall population trend is decreasing due to a decline in habitat extent and quality. Its population is not considered to be severely fragmented and its population size is greater than 10,000 individual equivalents (one square metre is one individual equivalent). The generation length of this species is 15-20 years, and thus the three-generation period is ca. 50 years. It is projected that in the next 50 years, the habitat extent and quality in Europe will decline by nearly 30%.","This species is found in open or lightly shaded sites kept continually moist by a flow of calcareous water. Habitats include calcareous springs and flushes, tufa, marshes, machair and dune slacks, wet cliffs (especially limestone), dripping rocks in ravines and tufa. More unusual habitats in Britain include lock pounds, gates on canals and railway ballast (with Campylopus atrovirens and Hymenostylium recurvirostrum). It is a common and characteristic component of highly calcareous lowland fens in Ireland and North Wales, usually growing with Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Campylium stellatum, Cratoneuron filicinum, Palustriella spp. and Scorpidium spp. Typical associates in calcareous upland flushes are Carex panicea, C. pulicaris, Pellia endiviifolia, Campylium stellatum, Ctenidium molluscum, Fissidens adianthoides, Palustriella commutata and Scorpidium cossonii (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0–2,600 m Asl.","Increased periods and severity of droughts, and hydrology fluctuations due to climate change, can affect this species. Natural system modifications due to cultivation and drainage activities have already negatively impacted the fens where it occurs. This species' habitat extent and quality appears to be decreasing in Europe.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Luxembourg (Critically Endangered), Finland (Endangered), Germany (Vulnerable), Sweden (Near Threatened), the Netherlands (Susceptible) and Hungary (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas. Habitat protection and surface water management should be taken into account for the proper conservation of this species.",There is no information available on use and trade of this species.,"Górski, P.,Fettes, N.D.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BARTRAMIALES,BARTRAMIACEAE,Philonotis,capillaris,,Philonotis capillaris  ,Lindb.,It is assumed that a cryptic speciation is currently occurring within this taxon (Koponen et al. 2012).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Arnell's Apple-moss (Philonotis capillaris) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 1,984 km2. It may be rare in eastern Europe, but it is very frequent in more maritime western areas of Europe. The population size is much greater than 1,000 individual equivalents, with an estimated 2,500-10,000 individual-equivalents in Britain alone. Its population trend is unknown, although it seems to be stable in most areas, and the population is not considered to be severely fragmented. It is essentially a ruderal plant of wet disturbed soils. Although threats are unknown, it could potentially be affected by deforestation in some parts of its range. It is present in protected areas throughout its range. Further research is needed to clarify what the true distribution is for this species in Europe. 



 



",Unknown,"This species is widely distributed in Europe, but is rather uncommon (Frey et al. 2006). Outside Europe it has been recorded in North Africa. Turkey, Israel, Iran,

Yakutia, NE Asia, western and eastern North America and Greenland (Blockeelet al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 1,984 km2.","Its population trend is unknown, although it seems to be stable in most areas. The population size is certainly much larger than 1,000 individual equivalents (considering one square meter as one individual equivalent). It is very under-recorded, and there are an estimated 2,500-10,000 individual-equivalents in Britain alone (N. Hodgetts pers. comm. 2018). The population is not severely fragmented. However, recording has been uneven, as it has often been confused with small forms of P. fontana.","This small moss forms small tufts or patches, often in small quantities in rock crevices, in ditch and stream banks and dump soils in shaded places. A favoured habitat is friable soil on ledges of rock outcrops, especially by rivers. It also grows by streams and in woodland rides, on quarry floors and by reservoirs, and on cliffs in the mountains (Atherton et al. 2010). In Scandinavia, it is found on slopes with some dripping water (T. Hallingbäck pers. comm. 2017). It is essentially a ruderal plant of wet disturbed soils (N. Hodgetts pers. comm. 2018). Its altitudinal range is ca. 5–740 m.",The threats to the species are unknown. It could potentially be affected by deforestation in Hungary (B. Papp pers. comm. 2017).,"This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Austria (Highly Endangered), Romania (Endangered), Ireland (Endangered), Northern Ireland (Endangered), Czech Republic (Endangered),Germany (Vulnerable), Poland (Vulnerable), Switzerland (Vulnerable), Bulgaria (Vulnerable), Luxembourg (Near Threatened), Finland (Near Threatened), Hungary (Near Threatened), Slovenia (Near Threatened), Sicily (Near Threatened), Montenegro (Data Deficient), Serbia (Data Deficient) and Netherlands (Rare) (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in protected areas throughout its range. Further research is needed to clarify what the true distribution is for this species in Europe.  

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Erzberger, P.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BARTRAMIALES,BARTRAMIACEAE,Philonotis,cernua,,Philonotis cernua  ,(Wilson) D.G.Griffin &amp; W.R.Buck,,No,CR,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(i); D",No,CR,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(i); D",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)



EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)



In Europe, the Swan-necked Apple-moss (Philonotis cernua) is only known from the UK and Ireland. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered under Criterion B since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 8 km2), the population is considered severely fragmented, and it is possible the species occurs at only one location since the only place it has been recorded recently is in the west of Ireland in 2016. In addition there is a continuing decline in the EOO, AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulation and number of mature individuals, even though the reasons for the decline remain uncertain. 



This species has clearly declined catastrophically within its European range, but the largest decline appears to have taken place more than three generations ago (three generations being estimated as 20 years for this species). The species has only been recorded once (in 2016) since 1987. Most previously known sites have been searched recently, but without success. It is considered likely that it is still extant (at least as a spore bank, as it produces large spores), in at least some of the sites where it was most recently recorded. However, if this is the case, the population size must be very small. The 'best case scenario' would be that it survives at four sites, with only a tiny number of individuals at each, certainly fewer than 50 in total. The species is therefore also assessed as Critically Endangered under Criteria C and D.



The reasons for the apparent decline of this species are uncertain. A large-spored species, it may reappear at some of its known sites if the conditions become appropriate. Overstocking with sheep may have played a role in recent years, as this certainly led to a decline in Calluna-dominated vegetation in Ireland in the late 20th century. A reduction in sheep-stocking in the hills may ultimately lead to the reappearance of this species. It would be desirable to know more about the reasons for the decline of this species. Ex-situ conservation, more monitoring and research are recommended.",Decreasing,"The Swan-necked Apple-moss (Philonotis cernua) is a hyperoceanic temperate species. In Europe, it is known only in the UK and Ireland, where it grows at altitudes between 240 m and 530 m Asl. The only recent European records are from Mayo (1987) and Donegal (2016). In Scotland it has not been recorded since 1961, and in Wales it has not been recorded since 1931. Outside the European region the species has been recorded from China (Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan), eastern North America (the mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee), Central America, western and northern South America, and West Africa (Bioko) (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europeare both only 8 km².","The only post-1950 records for this species in Europe are from two sites in Scotland in 1953 and 1961, and three in Ireland in 1951, 1987 and 2016 (Donegal). There are a number of old 19th century records of this species from the UK and Ireland, indicating a formerly wider distribution, occurring in the Outer Hebrides and elsewhere in Scotland, and Wales. It may have been overlooked in the absence of capsules in some  localities because of its small size, but the almost complete lack of more  recent records suggests it has probably disappeared from most localities. Why this should be  the case, when it used to grow in such apparently ordinary habitats, is  unknown, but it appears always to have been extremely rare. It is certainly in very small quantity, and there are probably fewer than 50 mature individuals.","This is a small Philonotis characterised by a disproportionately large capsule borne on a curved seta. Most records have been from damp, bare, and in many cases previously burnt, acid peat on heathy montane slopes, with a minority of records from unstable mineral soil amongst loose scree. The recent record from Donegal in 2016 was found on a well-drained peat bank (R. Hodd pers. comm. 2017). Apart from an implied association with Calluna spp., no information about associated species has been found. Although very rare and sporadic, it has been recorded in large patches at some sites (Blockeel et al. 2014). It is synoicous; capsules are apparently abundant, maturing in autumn. No specialised method of vegetative dispersal is known.","The reasons for the apparent decline of this species are uncertain. A large-spored species, it may reappear at some of its known sites if the conditions become appropriate. Overstocking with sheep may have played a role in recent years, as this certainly led to a decline in Calluna-dominated vegetation in Ireland in the late 20th century (Church et al. 2001, Lockhart et al. 2012a, Blockeel et al. 2014).","Some records are from within protected areas. A reduction in sheep-stocking in the hills may ultimately lead to the reappearance of this species. It would be desirable to know more about the reasons for the decline of this species. It has been assessed as Regionally Extinct in Britain and as Critically Endangered in Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012b, Callaghan and Hodgetts in prep.). Ex-situ conservation, more monitoring and research are recommended.",This species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Erzberger, P.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BARTRAMIALES,BARTRAMIACEAE,Philonotis,fontana,,Philonotis fontana  ,(Hedw.) Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Fountain Apple-moss (Philonotis fontana) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 due to a large distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category. Although no information on the population structure or size of this species exists, based on many recent widespread records, its overall population trend is considered to be stable. It is potentially threatened by climatic change and hydrological changes to its habitat due to human activities, although being present in protected areas will provide some protection for this species.",Stable,"This species is widely distributed throughout Europe (Frey et al. 2006), and is especially common in upland and northern regions, becoming more montane southwards. Outside Europe it is widespread in subarctic, boreal, cool-temperate and mountainous regions of the Northern Hemisphere, and also occurs in North Africa, Turkey, Iraq and Iran, extending to the tropics in Central America and East Africa (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for this moss species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","There is no detailed information on the population structure or size of this species, but it is very common in many parts of Europe and the population is very large. Its overall population trend is considered to be stable.","This species grows on moist or wet, open or slightly shaded soil and rocks, where flushed or intermittently flooded by water with some mineral enrichment. It is especially prominent in upland areas in bryophyte-dominated springs, mountain flushes, by upland streams and on dripping cliffs, where it is commonly associated with Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Montia fontana, Saxifraga stellaris, Aneura pinguis, Chiloscyphus polyanthos, Scapania undulata, Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Dichodontium palustre, D. pellucidum, Sarmentypnum exannulatum and Sphagnum spp. In more base-rich flushes it grows with a variety of ‘brown mosses’ such as Campylium stellatum, Cratoneuron filicinum, Palustriella spp. and Scorpidium spp. Other habitats include marshes and boggy fields, where it is often associated with Brachythecium rivulare and Calliergonella cuspidata, and ditches, ruts on wet tracks, damp woodland rides, lakesides, reservoir margins, wet rocks and quarries; in these more ruderal places it grows with plants such as Juncus bufonius, Blasia pusilla, Bryum pallens and Drepanocladus aduncus. It is occasionally found on tarmac, and on concrete (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0–3,000 m.It is dioicous, and sporophytes are frequent.","Although there are no immediate threats to this common species, potential threats to this species include impacts of climate change (such as droughts and weather extremes) as well as hydrological changes within its habitat caused by dams, water abstraction and other exploitative activities. There is no indication of a continuing decline in the habitat of this species.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Canary Islands (Vulnerable), Hungary (Vulnerable) and Germany (Near Threatened) (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in protected areas in Europe.",There is no information available on use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.,Blockeel, T.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BARTRAMIALES,BARTRAMIACEAE,Philonotis,hastata,,Philonotis hastata  ,(Duby) Wijk &amp; Margad.,,No,NT,B2ab(iii),No,NT,B2ab(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



Philonotis hastata is a pan-tropical species found in Europe only on the Macaronesian islands of Azores and Madeira, Portugal. This species grows on moderately shaded wet soil and in rock crevices by stream margins, wet cliffs and slopes. It is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 184 km2), and there is a continuing decline in the area and quality of its habitat; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. Even though the current population trend is thought to be stable, the habitat is deteriorating as a result of the effects of climatic changes, the intensification of fires and the increase in water demands related to urbanisation and touristic activities. It is estimated that the species occurs at only 13 locations. Further research is needed into the distribution and population trend of the species, as well as into the threats. Monitoring of habitat and population trends is recommended.",Stable,"Philonotis hastata is found in Europe only in the Azores and Madeira, Portugal (Gabriel et al. 2011, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). In the Azores, it is found in the islands of Flores, Faial, São Jorge, Terceira, São Miguel and Santa Maria. It is essentially a pan-tropical species that is frequent or common in many parts of the world, including tropical parts of Asia, America, sub-Saharan Africa, Australasia and Oceania. This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) in Macaronesia is ca 75,130 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 184 km2.","This species occurs at only a few sites in Madeira Island and in six islands of the Azores. In Madeira it has been collected recently at only two sites, but the preponderance of old records might suggest that the species is a short-lived colonist at many of its sites (Gabriel et al. 2011, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). The population trend of this species is assumed to be stable. It occurs generally on moderately shaded wet inland habitats, near the coast but also in the native forests, of the Azores and Madeira.","This species grows on moderately shaded wet soil and in rock crevices on stream banks, pool margins, wet cliffs and slopes, cascades and other wet inland habitats. It is most frequent in natural habitats near the coast but also occurs in the native forests of the Azores and Madeira, at altitudes ranging from 350 m to 950 m Asl (Gabriel et al. 2011, Sim-Sim et al. 2014).","This plant is confined to fragile habitats, particularly in Madeira where it has recently been seen at only two sites, although the preponderance of old records might result from the species being a short-lived colonist at many of its sites. Although suitable habitats are still present, the increase in water demands related to urbanisation and touristic activities, the effects of climate change, the intensification of fires and the spread of invasive alien plant species are immediate threats and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of suitable habitat. Taking into account the likely extent of these threats, this species is considered to occur at 13 locations.","In Madeira part of its distribution is included in the Madeira Natural Park which is protected through a Regional Decree. It occurs in most of the natural forests of Madeira, which are priority habitats under the EU Habitats Directive, and belong to the Natura 2000 network. In the Azores it also occurs in protected forest areas included in the Natura 2000 network. This species was assessed as Vulnerable in Madeira by Sim-Sim et al. (2014). Its presence at specific sites should be monitored in order to investigate the possibility of population fluctuations. Further research is needed into the distribution and population trend of the species, as well as into the threats. Monitoring of habitat and population trends is recommended.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hylander, K.","Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N., Martins, A. & Gabriel, R.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BARTRAMIALES,BARTRAMIACEAE,Philonotis,marchica,,Philonotis marchica  ,(Hedw.) Brid.,,No,EN,C2a(i),No,EN,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



The Southern Apple-moss (Philonotis marchica) occurs north to Iceland, Denmark, Latvia and northeastern Russia. It is widespread in the Mediterranean area south of the Danube and elsewhere, and occurs in the Azores and Madeira, but is rare in northern Europe. This species is assessed as Endangered since it is estimated that there are fewer than 2,500 individual-equivalents, with fewer than 250 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species is found. The population is certainly decreasing, as evidenced by its inclusion in many national level Red Lists, but more detailed information is scanty since the threats to this species are difficult to assess. Subpopulations in the north may require some specific conservation measures, such as keeping open sandy soil available for colonisation, but none are necessary in the south. Further research on the population size and trend, and particularly on the factors causing decline, are needed before any more specific conservation actions can be recommended.",Decreasing,"The Southern Apple-moss (Philonotis marchica) is a European southern-temperate species that occurs north to Iceland, Denmark, Latvia and northeastern Russia. It is widespread in the Mediterranean area south of the Danube and elsewhere, and occurs in the Azores and Madeira, but is rare in northern Europe. Elsewhere is occurs in North Africa, southwestern Asia to Kazakhstan and Afghanistan, North America, Mexico and South America (Colombia) (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 580 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca. 14 million km². However, these figures are uncertain and may be very inaccurate due to the difficulty of identifying species of Philonotis, and there may be many errors in the records.","The population trend of this species is decreasing, as evidenced by its inclusion in many country Red Lists across Europe.It seems to be a dynamic species of newly turned soil that disappears when conditions become unsuitable due to natural succession. Many records of this species are doubtful (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). In Hungary some subpopulations have disappeared (B. Pápp pers. comm. 2017). It remains difficult to elucidate a trend due to its life strategy but its habitat has generally declined across Europe. The population is not severely fragmented. It is very rare in the UK and there is only one locality in each of Serbia, Montenegro and Albania. In Greece there are a few scattered localities. In Austria and Germany there are more historical declines than in Switzerland (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). The new records from Switzerland belong to restored sites (N. Schnyder pers. comm. 2017). In total, it is estimated that there are fewer than 2,500 individual-equivalents, with fewer than 250 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species is found.","This small Philonotis is a pioneer species in neutral to slightly calcareous conditions at low altitudes, from 35 m to 1,800 m Asl. It is found on open, moist to wet, mostly  sandy or gravelly soils, particularly in sand and gravel pits, quarries  and on moist forest trails and at the silty margins of lakes, often in small, sterile colonies with Pohlia wahlenbergii(Meinunger andSchröder 2007). In the UK (Isle of Wight), itoccurs in two habitats: on moist soil slumps and on the  surface of wet friable sandstone rocks, sometimes in considerable shade, associated with Conocephalum conicum s.l., Pellia  endiviifolia and Epipterygium tozeri; and on a wet sandstone cliff behind some  beach huts, with Phragmites and Equisetum. According to Porley (2013), it appears to be a dynamic species,  occupying suitable long-lasting micro-sites and disappearing when  conditions become unsuitable (Porley 2013, Blockeel et al. 2014). In Russia it occurs in spring mires. In France, the species is found in hot springs, where it has been recorded recently and although it may have decreased and is rare, it is still found at a significant number of localities (V. Hugonnot pers. comm. 2017). It was alsofound buried in recent peat (several hundred years old) in a fen in the French Alps but it has certainly disappeared from such habitats in France (V. Hugonnot pers. comm. 2017). It is dioicous; sporophytes are very rare, but bulbils are commonly produced in the leaf axils, at least in some parts of Europe.","The threats to this species are difficult to assess, as it is probably mobile. However, the remaining site in the UK is vulnerable to housing and tourism developments, and to the spread of invasive alien species (Church et al. 2004). One subpopulation may have been lost when a section of the sandy cliff collapsed. Individual subpopulations are probably under these kinds of threat where it is rare in northern Europe, but it is likely to be secure in the south, where it is much more frequent. The primary habitat has been lost generally, and climate change will affect the habitat in southern Europe.","This species has been assessed as threatened in a number of countries, particularly in central Europe: as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic and Switzerland, as 'highly endangered' in Austria and the Netherlands, as Endangered in Bulgaria and Britain, and as Vulnerable in Poland and Slovakia. It is apparently Regionally Extinct in Belgium and Luxembourg. In addition it has been assessed as Data Deficient in Albania and Hungary, and as Near Threatened in Romania, Sicily and Slovenia (Hodgetts 2015). Subpopulations in the north may require some specific conservation measures, such as keeping open sandy soil available for colonisation, but none are necessary in the south. Further research on the population size and trend, and particularly on the factors causing decline, are needed before any more specific conservation actions can be recommended.",This species is not utlilised or traded.,"Marka, J.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Lönnell, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BARTRAMIALES,BARTRAMIACEAE,Philonotis,rigida,,Philonotis rigida  ,Brid.,,No,VU,C2a(i),No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Rigid Apple-moss (Philonotis rigida) has a wide distribution in Europe, with the extent of occurrence (EOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category. However the area of occupancy (AOO) is more restricted, estimated at 404 km2 in Europe and the EU 28. This species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and the EU 28 since its population size is smaller than 10,000 individuals equivalents, with fewer than 1,000 individual equivalents in each subpopulation, and there is a continuing decline in the population trend. The declining population trend is reported from western Europe, where most of the subpopulations are found. The main threats to and the causes of decline of some subpopulations (e.g., Ireland) are poorly known. In the Mediterranean, water abstraction, changes to the local hydrology due to the construction of artificial structures such as dams, and climate change threaten this species. Changes in water quality or shading might also be deleterious. This species might, however, just be ashort-lived colonist at many sites. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas in Europe. The prevention of water abstraction and habitat degradation, as well as population monitoring are recommended conservation measures for this species.",Decreasing,"In Europe this Mediterranean-Atlantic species grows from Macaronesia, Portugal and Spain north to Scotland, Normandy and the Alps, and east to the Balkans and Crete. Elsewhere it occurs in North Africa and south-western Asia (Georgia) (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category. However the area of occupancy (AOO) can be estimated at 404 km2 in Europe and the EU 28.","This moss species is autoecious (bearing male and female reproductive organs on the same plant) and capsules are frequent. Deciduous branchlets are frequently produced in leaf axils and these presumably serve as propagules; gemmae and tubers are unknown.

This species may have declined in Ireland, since the 21 recorded localities include only seven where it has been found since 1969 (of which only two were post-2000). It has also apparently disappeared from several accurately recorded localities which have been revisited. At some well known and frequently searched bryophyte localities it seems to have made a brief appearance in the past but not to have persisted. Hence the preponderance of old records might result merely from the species being a short-lived colonist at many of its sites (Holyoak 2011). It is a rare species in Britain, where it has declined (T. Blockeel pers. comm. 2017). In Portugal it is not rare and the subpopulations consist of many individual equivalents. Its population size is estimated to be less than 10,000 individual equivalents (considering each square meter as one individual equivalent) in Europe and the EU 28, with fewer than 1,000 individual equivalents in each subpopulation. It is not considered to be severely fragmented, but its European population trend is in decline.","This moss inhabits wet cliffs and river banks, often in coastal districts, where it may grow on soil and in rock crevices (Atherton et al. 2010). In Macaronesia, it has also been recorded from an artificial track (T. Blockeel pers. comm. 2017). In the UK it is locally plentiful at certain sites; on granitic rock and gritty detritus at the base of north-facing sea cliffs, or on horizontal or more typically steep and vertical surfaces, always where flushed with water, and often in crevices. It is associated with Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Cratoneuron filicinum, Didymodon tophaceus and occasionally Philonotis fontana (Holyoak 2010). Its altitudinal range is ca. 5–500 m.","In the Mediterranean, this species is affected by water abstraction and changes to the local hydrology of its habitat. In Portugal, the species can be affected by the construction of artificial structures such as dams (C. Garcia pers. comm. 2017). Climate change will probably also impact this species, with increased drought frequency and severity, and temperature extremes. However, it is unknown whether there is a continuing decline in the habitat of this species in Europe.

","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Romania (Critically Endangered), Ireland (Vulnerable), Britain (Endangered), Switzerland (Vulnerable), Bulgaria (Vulnerable) and Montenegro (Vulnerable) (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas. The prevention of water abstraction and habitat degradation, as well as population monitoring is needed.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Blockeel, T.,Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T, Söderström, L. & Garcia, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BARTRAMIALES,BARTRAMIACEAE,Philonotis,seriata,,Philonotis seriata  ,Mitt.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Spiral Apple-moss (Philonotis seriata) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category. Its population size is larger than 10,000 individual equivalents and is not severely fragmented. It has a presumably stable population trend, although in some countries it is regionally extinct, whilst in other regions the subpopulations are rather stable and numerous. The threats to this species include habitat alterations and climate change, though it is found in protected areas across its European range, offering it some protection from these threats. 



",Stable,"This Eurosiberian boreo-arctic montane species is widespread in Europe from Iceland, Jan Mayen and Arctic Scandinavia south to the mountains of southern Europe, reaching southern Spain, Tuscany and the Balkans, and east to the Urals. It is also reported from Madeira. Elsewhere it occurs in North Africa (Morocco), Turkey and the Near East, Iraq and Iran to the Altai mountains, the Himalayas, Tibet, China (Yunnan), Japan and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This species is common throughout Europe, in the lowlands in the north (e.g. Scandinavia) and at higher altitudes furthern south. Its population trend is generally stable, although in the Balkans it could be locally declining due to its habitat being degraded there. Its population size is larger than 10,000 individual equivalents (one individual equivalent is one square metre) in both the EU 28 and Europe. Its population is not severely fragmented. There is no information whether this species experiences extreme fluctuations. This species is often confused with the Fountain Apple-moss (Philonotis fontana).","This species is mainly a moss of acidic springs and streamsides in the mountains, often where snow lies late in the year (Atherton et al. 2010). In northern Scandinavia it is also present in the lowlands (L. Söderström pers. comm. 2017). This species is also found in alpine wetlands and on wet siliceous rocks (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). Its altitudinal range is ca. 460–2,860 m.","The threats to this species include habitat alterations and climate change, through increased droughts and temperature extremes. There is no information whether there is a continuing decline in the habitat of this species.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Belgium (Regionally Extinct), the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct), Germany (Vulnerable), and Slovenia (Vulnerable) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas in Europe.",There is no information available on use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Pilkington, S.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BARTRAMIALES,BARTRAMIACEAE,Philonotis,tomentella,,Philonotis tomentella  ,Molendo,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Woolly Apple-moss (Philonotis tomentella) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe in view of its wide distribution (in Fennoscandia it is widespread), with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, many recent records and its presumably stable population trend. Its population is larger than 1,000 individual equivalents. However many of the records are incorrect in central Europe, and it is not an easy species to identify. It could be over-recorded. In the EU 28, its population is considered nearer to 1,000 individual equivalents, and so it is assessed as Near Threatened there. Climate change, changes in local hydrological regimes and deterioration in water quality are all threats to this species. It is found in protected areas in Europe, offering it some protection from these threats.



",Stable,"This species has a wide range within Europe (Frey et al. 2006), but is rarer and more montane to the south and east. However the exact distribution in Europe is not fully known and it is commonly misidentified. Outside Europe there are numerous records from North America andGreenland, but also from north, western and central Asia. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","Many of the records are incorrect in central Europe, and it is not an easy species to identify. It could therefore be over-recorded (T. Blockeel pers. comm. 2017). Its European population trend is considered stable and it has a population size larger than 1,000 individual equivalents (one individual equivalent is equal to one square metre). In the EU 28, its population is considered nearer to 1,000 individual equivalents.","This species of moss thrives in damp rock crevices or on damp, shaded rocks by streams, usually in mountain regions, but at lower altitudes in the north (Smith 2004). It is usually found on base-rich rocks.Its altitudinal range is ca. 50–3,270 m.","The threats to this species includes changes in climate conditions, hydrological regimes and water quality in its habitat. There is no indication of a continuing decline in the habitat of this species.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Ireland (Vulnerable), Czech Republic (Vulnerable), Great Britain (Near Threatened), Romania (Near Threatened), Germany (Risk Assumed) and Poland (Indeterminate) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas in Europe.",There is no information available on use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Ros-Espín, R.","Sabovljevic, M. & Blockeel, T.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BARTRAMIALES,BARTRAMIACEAE,Philonotis,uncinata,,Philonotis uncinata  ,(Schwägr.) Brid.,,No,VU,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

In Europe, Philonotis uncinata occurs in just a few localities in the Azores Archipelago. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is only 36 km2), the population is considered severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat due to the ongoing threats. There is reason to believe that the species is sensitive to habitat degradation, which is occurring mainly due to change in the hydric balance, and habitat eutrophication due to grazing activities, to the increase of tourism and recreational activities and also to the effects of invasive alien species expansion. Immediate conservation action is recommended to avoid the extinction of this rare species. In addition, research is needed on the species distribution, size and trends, as well as complete information on its favoured habitats and ecology. Proper management of the main habitat is also recommended, focusing on the removal of invasive alien species, avoidance of clear-cutting of areas around native forests, and limitation of nitrification caused (directly or indirectly) by cattle grazing.",Decreasing,"In Europe, Philonotis uncinata occurs in the Azores Archipelago (Hodgetts 2015), on all islands (Gabriel et al. 2010, Frahm 2011). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is about37,381 km2, and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is only36 km2. However, the AOO value is uncertain given that there is very little information about the distribution of this species in the Azores. The species is considered pantropical and outside of Europe it is also found in Central and South America (Sjögren 2001).","In Europe, this pantropical moss is currently restricted to the Azores Archipelago, where it has been referred to all islands: Santa Maria and Terceira (Sjögren 2001); São Jorge (Claro 2008); Graciosa, Pico, Faial, Flores and Corvo (Frahm 2005) and São Miguel (Frahm 2011). However, there is very little information regarding the occurrence of this species in the Azores, and its exact distribution in each island remains unknown. The species is dioicous, but fertile plants are unreported in the archipelago, so subpopulations are probably isolated. These small and isolated subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation and the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. The current population trend is suspected to be decreasing since recent publications show that suitable habitat for Macaronesian bryophytes is decreasing (and is projected to decrease further) due to climate change (Ferreira et al. 2016, Patiño et al. 2016).","Although this species has been reported to occur in all islands of the archipelago, details of its habitat were just given for one locality, near a streamlet (Ribeira dos Caldeirões) on São Miguel Island, at lower altitude (180 m Asl). As other species in the same genus, this moss is found growing on soil or rock.","The species has been reported from the vicinity of a stream. In the Azores, the main threats are likely to be the change in the hydric balance, and habitat eutrophication due to grazing activities and the effects of invasive alien species expansion (especially Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum). The increase of tourism and recreational activities and the building of secondary roads may also hinder the presence of this moss, especially at lower altitude. Since the Azores are located on the mid-Atlantic ridge, geological events such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and landslides are likely to harm existing subpopulations of the species. An intensification of the effects of climatic change may cause damages on the stability of subpopulations, and the available suitable habitat for Macaronesian endemic bryophytes has been projected to decrease significantly (Patiño et al. 2016).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and it is not known from any protected area in the Azores. Proper management of the main habitat (streams and streamlets) is recommended, focusing on limitation of nitrification caused (directly or indirectly) by cattle grazing, and the removal of invasive alien species such as Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum. Research is needed on the sites of the different subpopulations, their size and trends, the species' habitat, ecology and threats. More research is needed to investigate the possibility of population fluctuations and even its permanence on the area where the species is known from.



",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Hugonnot, V.,Fettes, N.D.","Gabriel, R. & Sim-Sim, M.","Martinčič, A.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,ANTHOCERATOPHYTA,ANTHOCEROTOPSIDA,PHYMATOCEROTALES,PHYMATOCEROTACEAE,Phymatoceros,bulbiculosus,,Phymatoceros bulbiculosus  ,"(Brot.) Stotler, W.T. Doyle &amp; Crand.-Stotl.","This species was recently isolated in the genus Phymatoceros (Stotler et al. 2005), better known as Phaeoceros bulbiculosus.

In their global classification of hornworts based on extensive species sampling and 3-gene molecular phylogenetic analysis, Duff et al. (2007) distinguished between the western North American Phymatoceros phymatodes (M. Howe) R.J. Duff, J.C. Villarreal, Cargill & Renzaglia from the Europea",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Phymatoceros bulbiculosus is widespread in Mediterranean region, with a continuous distribution from Portugal to east in Greece and the Balkans. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is at least 6.1 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 872 km2. In the EU 28, the values are similar with an EOO of 6.0 million km2  and an AOO of 856 km2. This species is infrequent across a large part of its range, although some subpopulations in Iberian Peninsula can be locally abundant. The current population trend of this species in Europe is considered to be stable. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, changes in the landscape can lead to a loss of open ground, or otherwise negatively impact suitable habitats of this species. Further research on how to safeguard the species’ relatively fragile habitat is recommended and these habitats should then be protected. Further research on the ecology of the species is also recommended.

",Stable,"

The species is widespread in Mediterranean region, with a continuous distribution from Portugal to east in Greece and the Balkans (Sabovljević and Natcheva 2006). In France, the species is confined to the Mediterranean border. In North Africa is reported from some counties as Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria as well as from Macaronesia on the Canary Islands, Madeira and Azores archipelagos (Bischler 2004, Ros et al. 2007, Gonzalez-Mancebo et al. 2008,Dirkse et al. 2018, Gabriel et al. 2011). It occurs in Turkey, North, Central and South America and tropical Africa (Bischler 2004; Wigginton 2004). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is at least 6.1 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 872 km2. In the EU 28, the values are similar with an EOO of 6.0 million km2  and an AOO of 856 km2.

 

The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level to 900 m Asl.

","The subpopulation size is not known in many areas where the species occurs. This species is infrequent across a large part of its range, although some subpopulations in Iberian Peninsula can be locally abundant. There is currently not enough information to fully establish its population trend, but it is considered to be stable in Europe and the EU 28. The species may be under-collected because of its seasonal occurrence above-ground during the rainy periods in autumn and winter. The numerous long-stalked subterranean tubers are one of the characteristics of this species; which is the reason for its species name “bulbiculosus” (Casas et al. 2009).

This species is more common in the western half of the Iberian Peninsula than in the east (Casas et al. 1996), where it is recorded from more than 140 areas of 10 km2 (Brugués et al. 2017).

","

This species grows on alluvial acidic soil, in damp or wet depressions on cliff-tops, in open heath, grassland, shrub and limit of forest areas and on small river margins. It also occurs in anthropogenic habitats such as near walking paths. It is more common in the lowlands than in higher elevations, and is frequently found in “montados” in the Iberian area.

It is considered a characteristic species of the Isoeto-Nanojuncetea (Silva 2008). 



","

Changes in the landscape can lead to a loss of open ground, or otherwise negatively impact suitable habitats of this species. Alterations of land-use practices, such as decrease or increase in grazing pressure, leading to lack of or excessive disturbance, fire events, scrub encroachment, and afforestation may cause problems for this species.

Invasive plants, for example Oxalis pes-capri, generatepotential problems in some regions in the Portuguese Atlantic territories. Finally, the species is at risk to be negatively affected by the ongoing climate change through effect on its habitats.



","This species is included in the national Red List of Italy as Near Threatened (NT). Several Iberian subpopulations occur in some Natura 2000 sites or Natural Parks, such as Arrábida, Aires Candeeiros and south Mamede in Portugal and Natural Arribes del Duero and in Algeciras in Spain.



Further research on how to safeguard the species’ relatively fragile habitat is recommended and these habitats should then be protected. Further research on the ecology of the species is also recommended.



",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Laaka-Lindberg, S.,Englefield, E.","Sergio, C.","Juutinen, R.,Schröck, C.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,FUNARIALES,FUNARIACEAE,Physcomitrella,patens,,Physcomitrella patens  ,(Hedw.) Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Spreading Earth-moss (Physcomitrella patens) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO, 4,816 km2) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its presumably stable population trend. In addition, this species is used a model species in many laboratories, and is grown in vitro. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It is found in protected areas across its European range.",Stable,"This is a Euro-Siberian temperate species of temperate parts of Europe north to southern Scandinavia and north-western Russia, south to northern Spain, central Italy and northern Greece (Smith 2004). It is absent or rare in most of the Mediterranean region (Frey et al. 2006). Elsewhere it occurs in Siberia, Yakutia. Western and eastern North America (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) (estimated at over 7.4 million km2) and area of occupancy (AOO, 4,816 km2) greatly surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","This is a widespread species across Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This is a primary colonist of bare nutrient-rich mud, and is sometimes found in great abundance in the draw-down zone of reservoirs, at some of which it is associated with Riccia cavernosa and Physcomitrium sphaericum. Likewise it occurs on the bottoms of dried-up ponds (especially in dry summers) and on dredged mud by ponds and rivers. It is widespread but less abundant in other habitats where there is bare moist soil, including wet meadows and pastures (often where poached by farm animals or rutted by vehicles), on clay in arable fields, on the sides of ditches and streams, on wet farm tracks and woodland rides, and in old pits where water accumulates. It is found on both calcareous and mildly acid soils; on the latter Pseudephemerum nitidum is a regular associate. Although usually a plant of well-illuminated sites, it may occur in the shade of trees by ponds and reservoirs; it is sometimes restricted to such sites in very hot summers when the mud dries out too rapidly to allow it to develop in the open (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-1,180 m.

Sporophytes are abundant in this ephemeral short-lived species.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Bulgaria (Critically Endangered), Estonia (Critically Endangered), Finland (Endangered), Germany (Vulnerable), Slovakia (Vulnerable), Switzerland (Vulnerable), Slovenia (Vulnerable), Norway (Near Threatened), Sweden (Near Threatened), Hungary (Near Threatened) and Montenegro (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is found in protected areas across its European range.","This species is widely used as a model organism in scientific studies, because of its rapid life cycle and easily observed features.

","Fettes, N.D.,Natcheva, R.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,FUNARIALES,FUNARIACEAE,Physcomitridium,readeri,,Physcomitridium readeri  ,(Müll.Hal.) G.Roth,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Physcomitridium readeri is known from Great Britain, France, Spain and Portugal. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe, and therefore also the EU 28, is estimated to be around 625,000 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 32 km2. The AOO is expected to be an under-estimate as the species is thought to be expanding, although the current population trend is unknown. The current status of the plant in Europe is unclear, but it is suspected to be increasing in both its AOO and EOO, and the species seems relatively abundant in some places. Nevertheless, this species occupies a restricted range in Europe. The number of individual-equivalents in Europe is less than 1,000 (considered as mature individuals).

All records suggest that the moss is perhaps a new species introduced in Europe, however it is difficult, without new studies, to predict the precise origin and to predict new areas of occurrences in Europe. For the purpose of this assessment, it is considered native, until further research can be carried out to determine the origin of each subpopulation and the status of the species throughout its range. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable in both Europe and the EU 28.

 

The loss of ponds and other suitable habitats, as well as water pollution are threats to the species that should be taken into consideration. It is also seriously affected by increased tourism and eutrophication. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify new areas in the north of Spain and in other similar areas.",Unknown,"This species is known from North America, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. It was first reported in Europe by Hooper et al. (2010) from several localities in England. It is suggested that its presence in this country may eventually be considered as a recent introduction, given the phylogenetic relationships based on internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of Australian plants, although this is not understood.

Subsequently, this species was found in southern Portugal by Porley and Hodgetts (in Ellis et al. 2012), where the species, at first, was considered to be Physcomitrella patens. It was then later found in Hautes Pyrénées (France) and from two sites in Álava, Basque Country (northern Spain), by Infante and Heras (in Ellis et al. 2013). It is now also known from four sites in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013), enlarging the area of distribution of this moss in Europe. Within the Iberian Peninsula, most of the sites are in the south and center of Portugal (Infante et al. 2016).

The problem of whether this species is native to Europe remains unsolved, since the two new Spanish localities are in man-made habitats, whereas in Portugal, one locality is on the margin of a rice field near the Sorraia river, close to the catchment area of the Tagus river. These discoveries may indicate that the species has not been overlooked in Europe, but is more likely to be in expansion, as it was found in two very distant areas in Portugal (Infante and Heras in Ellis et al. 2013).

Based on available collections of the species from Great Britain, France, Spain and Portugal, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species in Europe, and therefore also the EU 28, is estimated to be around 625,000 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 32 km2. The AOO is expected to be an under-estimate as the species may be in expansion.","Usually, this species is often found amongst a sparse cover of herbs and grasses, and it forms relatively large subpopulations with the look of a small Pottiaceae.

The numerous new discoveries may indicate that the species has not been overlooked in Portugal, but is more likely to be in expansion (Ellis et al. 2014). The species seems to be in quick expansion at the moment (M. Infante pers. comm. 2016), but this may be because the species is being increasingly identified now. Therefore the current population trend for Europe (and therefore the EU 28) is unknown. The species seems relatively abundant in some places. The number of individual-equivalents in Europe is less than 1,000 (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent)","This species has been found growing on humid mud on the drawdown zone (the area at the edge of water that is frequently exposed to the air due to water level changes) in Atlantic areas, and was found with Physcomitrella patens and Riccia cavernosa, in a community dominated by small grasslands.

The Portuguese’s localities have comparable ecological conditions, and has been found with other Riccia, such as R. huebneriana and R. bifurca, as well as Micromitrium tenerum and Tortula truncata. In both areas, the moss grows in habitats subject to periodic inundation at the margin of a lagoon or water reservoir. It was found recently in the margin of a rice field near the Sorraia river near the Tagus catchment.

It is usually found fertile because it is a monoicous species (male and female reproductive organs on the same plant). It seems to be a pioneer species and is an annual moss, so there is uncertainty about the colonies. The spores are relatively large (± 40 µm) and have durable, thick and spinulose walls. This means they can remain dormant for extended periods.","The habitat is irregular as the species is dependent on weather conditions and water levels. The loss of ponds and other suitable habitats, as well as water pollution, are threats to the species that should be taken into consideration. Given its ecology and life strategy (annual ephemeral moss) and as it has generally been found in anthropogenic habitats, it is also seriously affected by increased tourism and eutrophication.

Another expected risk is the increase of invasive vegetation.","

 



In the Spanish and Portugese Red Lists (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012, Sérgio et al. 2013), this species has been assessed as Data Deficient (DD), because it is known from few sites, and there is not sufficient information available on the distribution pattern of the species.

 

Some areas of its distribution, particularly in Portugal, are in protected areas such as the Parque Natural de Sintra Cascais and Lagoa da Vela. However, there are currently no specific conservation actions in place for this species.

  Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify new areas in the north of Spain and in other similar areas.",There is no information on the use and trade on this species.,"Englefield, E.,Virtanen, R.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M. & Porley, R.D.","Vellak, K.,Blom, H.,Hodgetts, N.,Goldberg, I.,Lönnell, N.,Afonina, O.,Schröck, C.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,FUNARIALES,FUNARIACEAE,Physcomitrium,arenicola,,Physcomitrium arenicola  ,Laz.,,Yes,EN,B2ac(iv),No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)



Physcomitrium arenicola is endemic to Europe and is locally distributed in steppe and forest steppe zones of Ukraine and the southern regions of European Russia. This species is severely fragmented and rare throughout its range. The population size of this species is estimated to be around 1,100 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). Its subpopulations are small and isolated, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 120 km2 and it experiences extreme fluctuations throughout its range. It is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN) in Europe.



Habitats of this species exist for a short time and its subpopulation may display large variability in abundance and distribution in response to changing environmental conditions. Currently, the ecosystems of steppe and forest-steppe zones of Russia subject to significant human pressure, which negatively affects the population trend of this species. Further research of population trend and threats of this species is needed, and further site protection is also recommended.



This species is not found within the EU 28 and it is therefore Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to southeastern Europe. It has a scattered distribution in the southern parts of European Russia (specifically, the provinces of Saratov, Rostov, Belgorod, Volgograd, Nizniy Novgorod and Voronezh) and Ukraine. An additional locality is known from the Caucasus (Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Boiko 2014). 



The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 1 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 120 km2. The altitudinal range of this species is between 10 m and 200 m Asl. This species is not found in the EU 28 region.","The subpopulations of this annual monoecious species are small and are not numerous. The population trend is unknown in Europe.



The population is considered to be severely fragmented since the subpopulations are small and isolated from each other. It is frequently fertile, but the spores are large (40 to 45 µm) and probably cannot spread across long distances. Therefore, subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. This species also experiences extreme fluctuations, as in certain years, there are large numbers of individuals while in other years, there are no individuals. The spores may be underground but they require very specific conditions to survive. The population size is estimated to be around 1,100 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and with an individual-equivalent as 1 m2 on which the species grows), with less than 250 individual-equivalents per subpopulation.","This distinctive species grows on the bare sandy soil in the river banks, on the walls of ditches, ravines, sandy quarries, in the tracks of country roads in the steppes, and in dry meadow and semi-desert communities at low elevations (Popova 2002, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Doroshina 2011). It is an ephemeral annual species which appears in May. This species may be tolerant to weak salinity of soils. It needs some level of natural disturbance in the soil to thrive.","The threats to this species are intensive grazing in the floodplains of rivers, trampling and the planting of trees on the sandy soils in the steppe and forest steppe zone. Considering their small subpopulation sizes, this species can be easily affected by these threats (Sereda and Fedyaeva 2014, Agafonov 2011).","This species is included as a rare species in the regional Red List of bryophytes in Ukraine (3-rare species) (Boiko 2010, 2015). It is also assessed in some regions of Russia as a rare species (3), including in the Red Data Books of the Rostov province (Sereda and Fedyaeva 2014), the Voronezh province (Agafonov 2011), the Belgorod province (Prisnyi 2004) and the Volgograd province (Suragina 2011). Some subpopulations have been found within protected areas, such as the 'Askania-Nova' State nature reserve, and the ""Strelzovskaya steppe"" reserve, etc. Further research of population trend and threats of this species is needed, and further site protection is also recommended.",This species is not used or traded.,"Puche, F.,Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,FUNARIALES,FUNARIACEAE,Physcomitrium,eurystomum,,Physcomitrium eurystomum  ,Sendtn.,,No,VU,"B2b(ii,iii)c(iii,iv)",No,EN,"B2b(ii,iii)c(iii,iv)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Norfolk Bladder-moss (Physcomitrium eurystomum) is a Eurasian temperate species, and has a distribution centred in central Europe; it occurs in Europe from eastern England, Denmark and Estonia south to France, Italy and Bulgaria and east to Ukraine and European Russia. This species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and as Endangered in the EU 28 since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 500 km2 in Europe, and 450 km2 in the EU 28), there is a continuing decline in the AOO and habitat extent and  quality, as evidenced by the the trend  for stabilising water levels in water bodies, and the species is subject  to extreme fluctuations in the number of locations and individuals. The  latter is a feature of its natural biology, but has been exacerbated by human influence. Artificial stabilisation of water levels in lakes for leisure activities such as fishingand boating, and falling water tables within rivers and ponds are the main threats to this species. Water management regimes allowing fluctuation of water levels at sites where this moss is known to occur need to be encouraged. Periodic monitoring of the best subpopulations, and edge of range subpopulations, is desirable.",Decreasing,"The Norfolk Bladder-moss (Physcomitrium eurystomum) is a Eurasian temperate species, and has a distribution centred in central Europe; it occurs in Europe from eastern England, Denmark and Estonia south to France, Italy and Bulgaria and east to Ukraine and European Russia. Outside the European region the species occurs in Turkey, the Near East,  central and eastern Asia south to India and New Guinea, Japan and  tropical Africa (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 500 km² in Europe, and 450 km2 in the EU 28. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 4.1 million km², but the latter figure in particular is approximate owing to the vagueness of records in some parts of eastern Europe.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in any detail, but a decline can be inferred due to the decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. Subpopulations tend to fluctuate greatly (but more or less naturally) according to conditions in any given year. However, this fluctuation is exacerbated by reservoir management; when water levels are kept artificially high for any length of time, its habitat becomes unavailable and fluctuations can become extreme.

","This plant occurs on mud at the edge of ponds, lakes and rivers, more rarely in wet meadows and ditches. In eastern England it grows on sediment over humified sand on the dried-out margins and beds of meres with fluctuating water levels. Associates include Juncus  bufonius,Gnaphalium uliginosum,Pseudephemerum nitidum, Pohlia bulbifera, Bryum  klinggraeffii, Leptobryum pyriforme,Riccia cavernosa, Physcomitrella patens and Physcomitrium pyriforme. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 1,000 m Asl.



The species is autoicous, and capsules are abundant, maturing mainly in autumn (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeelet al. 2014).","Artificial stabilisation of water levels in lakes for leisure activities such as fishing and boating, and falling water tables within rivers and ponds are the main threats to this species (Church et al. 2001).","This moss is considered Critically Endangered in Britain, Austria and Hungary, Vulnerable in the Czech Republic, Germany, Slovakia, Switzerland and Estonia, Data Deficient in Slovenia, 'susceptible' in the Netherlands and 'threatened' in Belgium (Hodgetts 2015). Water management regimes allowing fluctuation of water levels at sites where this moss is known to occur need to be encouraged. Periodic monitoring of the best subpopulations, and edge of range subpopulations, is desirable. The species is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Rumsey, F.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Lönnell, N., Rothero, G., Schröck, C., Untereiner, A. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,FUNARIALES,FUNARIACEAE,Physcomitrium,pyriforme,,Physcomitrium pyriforme  ,(Hedw.) Hampe,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Bladder-moss (Physcomitrium pyriforme) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to this common species at the European level, and so no conservation measures are required at present. This species is known to occur in protected areas across Europe.",Stable,"This circumpolar temperate species occurs throughout most of Europe, including Macaronesia, north to southern Scandinavia and north-western Russia, east to the Ural mountains (Smith 2004). It is rare in the Mediterranean region. Elsewhere it occurs in North Africa (rare), Asia, temperate North America south to Mexico, Australia and New Zealand (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated at over 6.9 million km2 and area of occupancy (AOO) estimated at 2,684 km2, surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","This is a widespread and reasonably common species across Europe, where it is considered to have an overall stable population trend. However, there are reports that it has declined locally in some areas, including Britain (Blockeel et al. 2014).

","This is a pioneer species of open moist habitats on base-rich to moderately acid ground where soil or mud is exposed. It is most often found in damp grassland and marshy fields (sometimes among rushes), especially where the ground is disturbed or poached by cattle and other grazing animals. It is also frequent on the naturally eroded banks of streams and rivers or on their trampled edges, on ditch sides, and on dredged mud. The tufts are often more or less pure, but it may be associated with Riccia glauca, Calliergonella cuspidata, Cratoneuron filicinum, and on more acid soils with Fossombronia spp., Pseudephemerum nitidum and Trichodon cylindricus. Less commonly it has been recorded on coastal slopes, cultivated land, and bare soil on rutted tracks and roadsides. It is usually found in open places but sometimes grows in moderate shade in or at the edge of wet woodland (Atherton et al. 2010, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-1,300 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Portugal (Endangered), Slovenia (Vulnerable), Canary Islands (Data Deficient) and Sicily (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Wilbraham, J.,Cálix, M.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,FUNARIALES,FUNARIACEAE,Physcomitrium,sphaericum,,Physcomitrium sphaericum  ,(C.F.Ludw.) Fürnr.,,No,VU,"B2b(ii,iii)c(iii,iv)",No,VU,"B2b(ii,iii)c(iii,iv)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Dwarf Bladder-moss (Physcomitrium sphaericum) is a Eurasian temperate species distributed mainly in central Europe from Scotland and northern Germany south to Italy and the Balkans, and from western France east to Ukraine. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 576 km2 in Europe and 550km2 in the EU 28), there is a continuing decline in the AOO and habitat extent and quality, as evidenced by the number of local extinctions and the trend for stabilising water levels in water bodies, and the species is subject to extreme fluctuations in its number of locations and mature individuals. The latter is a feature of its natural biology, but it is considered that it has been exacerbated by human influence.

The main threat to this species is from maintenance of high water-levels in reservoirs, for example to benefit angling or water-sport interests or for water-supply purposes. It might also be at risk if reservoir water becomes eutrophic or other pollution occurs. Lakes and reservoirs where this species occurs need to be managed so that the water level fluctuates periodically, providing a regular exposure of habitat. Periodic monitoring of population and habitat trends is also desirable.",Decreasing,"The Dwarf Bladder-moss (Physcomitrium sphaericum) is a Eurasian temperate species distributed mainly in central Europe from Scotland and northern Germany south to Italy and the Balkans, and from western France east to Ukraine (Blockeel et al. 2014). There are older records from Finland and Sweden, but it has apparently disappeared in Scandinavia, as it has from Switzerland and Belarus. A record from northwestern Russia could not be located, and must be regarded as dubious, as it is well outside the main range of this species. It is still listed for Austria, but apparently there are only old records. Its occurrence in Spain and Serbia is doubtful. Outside the European region the species has been recorded from Iran, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Siberia, India, Nepal, east Asia and Japan. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 576 km² in Europe, and 550 km² in the EU 28. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 3.7 million km². Both figures are very approximate because of vagueness and  uncertainty about records in some areas, mainly in eastern Europe.","It seems clear that this species is decreasing, having disappeared from several countries.There  is a continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat as a  result of changes (stabilisation) of water regimes and eutrophication,  leading to competition with higher plants, as well as vegetation  succession. It is also subject to extreme fluctuations, partly because of this life strategy, but also because of reservoir management; when water levels are kept artificially high, the habitat disappears and is often not available for years. The current population trend is therefore thought to be decreasing.","This is a short-lived shuttle species of bare, organic, non-calcareous mud and clay on the margins of ponds and reservoirs, but avoiding overly nutrient-rich conditions. It may occur in great abundance on exposed mud-flats in years of drought, and in lesser quantity when normal summer conditions prevail, provided that sufficient mud is exposed in the draw-down zone. It is commonly associated with  Physcomitrella patens and Pseudephemerum nitidum, and with a number of other less common species, including Fossombronia wondraczekii, Riccia cavernosa, R. huebeneriana, Ephemerum spp., Pohlia camptotrachela, BryumcyclophyllumandAtrichumtenellum. Its altitudinal range is from 5 m up to 1,000 m Asl.



It is autoicous; capsules are abundant, normally maturing in late summer and autumn but potentially at other times if conditions are suitable. It reaches its maximum abundance in years of drought and can survive for many years as spores in submerged mud (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).





","The main threat to this species is from maintenance of high water-levels in reservoirs, for example to benefit angling or water-sport interests or for water-supply purposes. It might also be at risk if reservoir water becomes eutrophic or other pollution occurs.","This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Sweden, Endangered in Britain, Regionally Extinct in Finland, Switzerland and Belarus (and probably also Austria, although still listed there as 'highly endangered'). It is Vulnerable in Ireland (Northern Ireland only), the Czech Republic and Luxembourg. It is Data Deficient in Hungary, 'threatened' in Belgium and Germany, and 'rare' in Poland. It is still listed as Data Deficient in Spain and Serbia, although its occurrence in both countries is very doubtful (Hodgetts 2015). Lakes and reservoirs where this species occurs need to be managed so that the water level fluctuates periodically, providing a regular exposure of habitat. Periodic monitoring of population and habitat trends is also desirable. The species is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Mazimpaka, V.,Cálix, M.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Lönnell, N., Rothero, G., Schröck, C., Untereiner, A. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,AYTONIACEAE,Plagiochasma,appendiculatum,,Plagiochasma appendiculatum  ,Lehm. &amp; Lindenb.,"Plagiochasma appendiculatum is usually a large thalloid liverwort with considerable variability in the thallus size but is easily identified by its mostly single or double, large, orbicular scale appendages in the ventral scales (Bischler 1978).



The thallus is pale green or yellowish green, shiny; ventral scales with terminal appendix orbicular markedly constricted and folded. In contrast, P. rupestre has a light green thallus and appendix that is triangular and slightly constricted at the base.",No,VU,D2,No,VU,D2,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Plagiochasma appendiculatum has a relatively restricted distribution in Europe. In Europe, this liverwort is only known from Mallorca, in the Balearic Islands. In Mallorca, and therefore Europe, the species is considered to be rare, but its current population trend is unknown. It has a small area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe of around 16 km2 and a small extent of occurrence (EOO) of around 38 km2. It is found in coastal zones, which are very fragile, already highly subject to continuing and significant degeneration by anthropogenic influences.

The main threat is the unregulated recreational use of the area, which adds to increasing tourism activities. These are considered to be plausible future threats that could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. It is uncertain if this liverwort is an introduced species to the Balearic Islands. For the purpose of this assessment, it is considered native, until further research can be carried out to determine the origin of each subpopulation and the status of the species throughout its range. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and the EU 28.

This species requires new studies to find new areas of occurrence and monitoring existing population and habitat trends. In addition, the implementation of different strategies for site and habitat protection is recommended.",Unknown,"In Europe, this liverwort is only known from Mallorca, in the Balearic Islands. The species was first found in Europe by Rosselló and Sáez in 1996 (Cros et al. 2005). It has since been found at three localities but the most recent record was in 2015 (Ellis et al. 2016). 

It is uncertain if this liverwort is an introduced species to the Balearic Islands. Outside of Europe, this species shows a sub-tropical distribution. It is widely scattered throughout Eastern African to Asia, with its two core ranges in Africa (Perold 1995). This species also occurs in southwest of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra Island (Kürschner 2000) ranging to Himalayas, Formosa and Philippines (Bischler 1978, 1979).

The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe, and therefore also in the EU 28, is around 38 km2. The estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is around 16 km2. The altitudinal range of this species is between 20 m and 320 m Asl.","The plant was first found in Mallorca, from a karstic canyon. The plants were found to grow in small subpopulations (Cros et al. 2005).

The species was also discovered in the big canyon of the Torrent de Pareis, in about twenty well-developed subpopulations, occurring in large patches up to 0.5 m in diameter, and often growing mixed with P. rupestre (Ellis et al. 2016). These subpopulations were found to have a good state of vitality and some plants are fertile, with sporophytes, and seem to be well adapted to the environment.

      In Mallorca, and therefore Europe, the species is considered to be rare, but its current population trend is unknown.","The species is found on loamy soil (a combination of clay, silt, and sand) between limestone rock walls and boulders in the riverbed, or on loamy banks along the river. It has been found in areas that are between 500 m and 2,000 m from the coast in canyons with karstic origin.

The habitat of this species is very fragile, and is subject to continuing and significant degeneration by anthropogenic influences.","The main threat is the unregulated recreational use of the area, which adds to increasing tourism activities, and this could drive the species towards extinction in the near future. Forest fire events and climate change may also threaten the species (Infante and Heras 2012).","In Spain, this species has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012).



The sites of the species receive some formal protection as the plants occur in the Natura 2000 site of Gorg Blau and in the Important Bryophyte Area (IBrA) ""40 Barranc de Coma Freda o des Guix y Barranc de Gorg Blau-Port de Sa Calobra"", in serra de Tramuntana (Infante and Heras 2012).

This species requires new studies to find new areas of occurrence and monitoring existing population and habitat trends. In addition, the implementation of different strategies for site and habitat protection is recommended.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Pilkington, S.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,AYTONIACEAE,Plagiochasma,rupestre,,Plagiochasma rupestre  ,(J.R.Forst. &amp; G.Forst.) Steph.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)





Plagiochasma rupestre is a widespread but relatively scarce liverwort in Europe, with a preference for areas with arid to moist Mediterranean climates. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 5.9 million km2  and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 540 km2. The extent of the total population in Europe is unknown but this species is not rare across its range. The overall population trend seems to be stable for both Europe and the EU 28. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in regions such as Italy and Switzerland. Some anthropogenic pressure with habitat degradation by tourism, as well as the increase of fire frequency and of invasive species must be taken into account. This species would benefit from additional habitat protection, and further research into the population, ecology and threats.",Stable,"This is a widespread but relatively scarce liverwort in Europe, with a preference for areas with arid to moist Mediterranean climates (Bischler 2004). This species is thought to present a more or less continuous distribution through southern Mediterranean countries from Portugal to the Balkans,  Cyprus,Turkey and Israel and North Africa in Morocco. It is also present in all Macaronesian archipelagos. The species has also been recorded in southern Asia, South Africa, North Central and South America and Australasia (Bischler 2004). In Portugal, this species is recorded from the southern provinces, mainly in the Algarve, and in Spain, mostly in Mediterranean coastal areas (Casas et al. 1985).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 5.9 million km2  and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 540 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level up to 1,000 m Asl, but with a preference of only up to 100 m Asl (Bischler 2004).","The extent of the total population in Europe is unknown but this species is not rare across its range. The overall population trend seems to be stable and it is not considered to be fragmented. Bischler (2004) found the species in about 85 sample plots during their study in the Mediterranean and so now it is indicated in 175 points including Macaronesia. This species is rarer in southeastern Europe, and considered threatened in regions such as Italy and Switzerland. It is more or less widespread throughout the Iberian Peninsula and in Majorca.","The species grows on rock crevices or on walls and on banks, usually in shaded habitats and near the coast. It is often on calcareous bedrock, near tree bases and often along paths, sometimes on the edge of cultures. This species is usually found at low altitudes and in seasonally dry sites. The plants can be observed mainly in winter, when conditions are moist and vascular plants are less competitive.","This species is mainly threatened by anthropogenic pressure, through habitat degradation which is sometimes from tourism, as well as an increase of fire frequency and the increment of invasive species. Water pollution and soil drying in relation to global warming and abnormal summer drought may be also threats for this species in the future.","This species is considered Vulnerable in Italy (Aleffi and Schumacker 1995) and Switzerland (Schnyder et al. 2004). Some areas of its distribution range are in protected areas, particular in Portugal, such as Parque Natural da Arrábida and Arrábida/Espichel Natura 2000 area. 

This species would benefit from additional habitat protection, and further research into the population, ecology and threats.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Orgaz Alvarez, J.","Sergio, C. & Infante, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,PLAGIOCHILACEAE,Plagiochila,arctica,,Plagiochila arctica  ,Bryhn &amp; Kaal.,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

In Europe, Plagiochila arctica is known only from northern European Russia. The species occurs in hard to reach areas and there are only three known localities (collections) of this species for Europe, that are old and doubtful. This species generally occurs in high arctic areas that are not under anthropogenic pressure, so it seems that there are no major threats. However, there is no data available on the size of the subpopulations or the current population trend. The species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the small number of known specimens and the lack of recent data. The taxonomy, distribution, population size and trends of this species are poorly known and so further research is urgently needed.



This species is not found with the EU 28 and is therefore Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"This is a circum-arctic species but the true range of the species remains undefined, mainly because the taxonomy of the species is not clarified. In Europe, it is known from ""the somewhat doubtful collection of Kaalaas from northern Norway, Nordland, Andöya, below Orkla, Præstedalen"" (Damsholt 2002), a record that is now considered to be erroneous, as well as Franz Josef Land (Konstantinova and Potemkin 1996, Zhukova 1973) and the region of Arkhangelsk (CRIS 2017)

 

In Asia, this species is reported for arctic Yakutiaya and the Russian Far East, but the distribution of this species in the Russian arctic is poorly known because of misunderstandings of this critical taxon (Konstantinova and Potemkin 1996). In North America, this species is reported from Alaska, Devon Island, North Kent Island and Ellesmere Island. It is also known from Greenland (Damsholt 2002). This species was reported for Iceland (Inoue and Steere 1981) but that report was later rejected (Jóhannsson 2003, L. Söderström pers. comm. 2018).



The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 1.1 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 12 km2. The species occurs from sea-level up to around 700 m Asl in Ellesmere Island (Schuster 1980). This species is not found within the EU 28.",There is no data available on the size of the subpopulations or the current population trend. The species is known from three old collections.,"This species is found in rock crevices in moist calcareous moss-tundras, but the ecology of this species is poorly understood.","This species generally occurs in high arctic areas that are not under anthropogenic pressure, so it seems that there are no major threats.","This species is not known to occur in protected areas and it is not included in any national Red Lists. The taxonomy, distribution, population size and trends of this species are poorly known and so further research is urgently needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Pilkington, S.,Cálix, M.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,PLAGIOCHILACEAE,Plagiochila,asplenioides,,Plagiochila asplenioides  ,(L.) Dumort.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Greater Featherwort (Plagiochila asplenioides) is widespread and common almost throughout Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. The population trend appears to be stable, and it is known to form particularly large subpopulations in some upland areas and some lowland woodlands. This species is not threatened over its European range, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.",Stable,"

This species shows a temperate, boreal-alpine distribution. It is widespread and common almost throughout Europe, missing only from Macaronesia, Arctic regions and rarer in the southern parts of the continent. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is also known from the Caucasus, Siberia, Turkey, Iran and western North America. It has been found growing at elevations between 5 m and 2,850 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.",The population trend of this widespread and common species appears to be stable. It forms particularly large subpopulations in some upland areas and some lowland woodlands.,"This species occurs in extensive pure patches or scattered between other bryophytes. It is typical of humid forest floors in shady habitats (e.g., spruce forests), on humus over boulders and on dead wood (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014, Köckinger 2017). It also occurs in secondary habitats such as embankments along roads. Above the timberline, it can grow in more open habitats.","

This species is not threatened over its range as there appear to be no major threats to it.","Although generally common, this liverwort has been assessed as Endangered in the Netherlands, as Near Threatened in Italy, and as Data Deficient in Portugal (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Aleffi, M.,Hodgetts, N.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,PLAGIOCHILACEAE,Plagiochila,bifaria,,Plagiochila bifaria  ,(Sw.) Lindenb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Killarney Featherwort (Plagiochila bifaria) is a hyperoceanic southern-temperate species occurring on the Atlantic seaboard of Europe from Scotland south to Spain, Portugal and Macaronesia; it is very rare further east, in Belgium, Luxembourg (where it is considered extinct) and northern Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is reasonably frequent in oceanic areas, there is no indication of any decline and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"The Killarney Featherwort (Plagiochila bifaria) is a hyperoceanic southern-temperate species occurring on the Atlantic seaboard of Europe from Scotland south to Spain, Portugal and Macaronesia; it is very rare further east, in Belgium, Luxembourg (where it is considered extinct) and northern Italy (Apuan Alps). Elsewhere it occurs in Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, the Andes south to Bolivia, Brazil and the Galapagos Islands (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 3,052 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6.3 million km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in any detail, but the species is locally frequent and the current trend appears to be stable.","This leafy liverwort is locally frequent in deciduous woodland, where it grows usually in pure tufts or patches on basic to mildly acid rock outcrops, and on the trunks and branches of trees, especially ash and hazel. It is also found on sheltered rock faces in more open situations, especially near the coast in South Wales and southwestern England, and it is more tolerant of exposure than Plagiochila spinulosa. In the northern part of its range it favours a southwest to southeast aspect. All localities have a mild and humid climate. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 700 m Asl.



It is dioicous; both male and female plants occur in Britain and Ireland, and have been found intermixed; sporophytes are unknown (Blockeelet al. 2014).",There are no known threats to this species.,No conservation measures are required at present. It has been assessed as Endangered in Portugal and Spain. It is considered Regionally Extinct in Luxembourg (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Bergamini, A.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,PLAGIOCHILACEAE,Plagiochila,britannica,,Plagiochila britannica  ,Paton,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The British Featherwort (Plagiochila britannica) is a suboceanic boreo-temperate liverwort originally thought to be endemic to Britain and Ireland, but now also reported from Spain, Switzerland and Germany, and probably overlooked elsewhere in Europe. This species is a European endemic and is assessed as Least Concern since it is not uncommon on limestone in Britain and Ireland, and is probably overlooked elsewhere. In addition, there is no evidence of decline and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"The British Featherwort (Plagiochila britannica) is a suboceanic boreo-temperate liverwort originally thought to be endemic to Britain and Ireland, but now also reported from Spain, Switzerland and Germany, and probably overlooked elsewhere in Europe (Blockeel et al. 2014). It was reported from the Vosges in France by Frahm (2010) but subsequently not mentioned by the same author (Frahm 2013), so its status is France appears to be doubtful. The photograph in Frahm (2010) looks like Plagiochila porelloides. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 1,676 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.4 million km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, but there is no evidence of decline and the current trend is therefore considered to be most likely stable.","This is a calcicole, occurring in pure patches or mixed with other large bryophytes, on old shady walls and rocky banks in deciduous woodland and wooded ravines, and, less commonly, on steep rock faces in open but sheltered situations, usually with a northerly to easterly aspect. It often shares sites with Plagiochila asplenioides and Plagiochila porelloides, as well as Porella platyphylla, Ctenidium molluscum, Homalothecium sericeum, Rhynchostegiella tenella, Thamnobryum alopecurum and Tortella tortuosa. It also grows on tree bases and detritus by calcareous streams, and in loose bryophyte mats on the ground in base-rich woodland (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from 5 m up to 2,000 m Asl.



This species is dioicous; androecia and perianths are frequent, but sporophytes are very rare, July to September.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. It has been assessed as Data Deficient in Spain, Germany and Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Patiño, J.,Cálix, M.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,PLAGIOCHILACEAE,Plagiochila,carringtonii,,Plagiochila carringtonii  ,(Balf.) Grolle,,No,NT,"B2b(iii,iv,v)",No,NT,"B2b(iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



Carrington's Featherwort (Plagiochila carringtonii) is a distinctive oceanic boreal-montane species. The European plant is subsp. carringtonii, known only from Britain, Ireland and the Faroe Islands, and is thus endemic to Europe. This species is precautionarily assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 1,080 km²), and there may be a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. However, it is a naturally rare species of oceanic mountains. The rate of decline in western Ireland, where it was known from two sites, was thought to have slowed, but continuing overgrazing may now increase that rate once again. Providing its remote upland strongholds are not disturbed, and not subjected to over-stocking, this species should survive in Scotland. Therefore, the only necessary measures are site protection and management, and periodic monitoring. However, the situation in Ireland is less good, and the few sites for this species need to be protected from continuing overgrazing, and monitored regularly.",Decreasing,"Carrington's Featherwort (Plagiochila carringtonii) is a distinctive oceanic boreal-montane species. The European plant is subsp. carringtonii, known only from Britain, Ireland and the Faroe Islands, and is thus endemic to Europe. Subspecies lobuchensis Grolle occurs in Yunnan, Nepal and the eastern Himalaya. This species is one of the most notable disjunctive large liverworts of cool regions with high rainfall (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 1,080 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 241,565 km².","This species may have declined very slightly in the southern Highlands of Scotland. The species was known from two sites in western Ireland, one of which (Galway; last seen in 1984) is thought to have been lost as a result of overgrazing. Overall, it is difficult to say whether the population is stable or slightly declining, but the latter trend has been chosen on the basis of the Irish subpopulations.","This is a montane species of oligotrophic dwarf-shrub communities on well-drained slopes, where associates include Bazzania tricrenata, Herbertus hutchinsiae and Scapania ornithopodioides. It also occurs among block screes, on steep rock ledges, in acid grassland, and on rocky banks in the upper parts of steep, rocky woodland. Most localities have a northerly to easterly aspect, and all have a cool and extremely humid climate, except in the Cairngorms (Scotland), where it is confined to areas of late snow-lie. Its altitudinal range is from 70 m up to 805 m Asl.



It is dioicous; male inflorescences are fairly frequent, and only male plants are known in Europe (Blockeelet al. 2014).","Overgrazing in the uplands has affected this plant severely, especially in Ireland. This pressure appeared to be declining with fewer sheep in the hills, but now grazing is once again intensifying, and damage is continuing (N. Lockhart pers. comm. 2017). There appear to be no major threats to it in Scotland and the Faroe Islands.","Providing its remote upland strongholds are not disturbed, and not subjected to over-stocking, this species should survive in Scotland. Therefore, the only necessary measures are site protection and management, and periodic monitoring. However, the situation in Ireland is less good, and the few sites for this species need to be protected from continuing overgrazing, and monitored regularly. This species has been assessed as Endangered in Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012). It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,González Mancebo, J.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N. & Rothero, G.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,PLAGIOCHILACEAE,Plagiochila,exigua,,Plagiochila exigua  ,(Taylor) Taylor,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Petty Featherwort (Plagiochila exigua) is a hyperoceanic southern-temperate species. It occurs on the Atlantic seaboard of Europe, and is very rare outside its headquarters in Britain and Ireland, occurring in Macaronesia, southwestern Norway, the Pyrenees, Switzerland, northwestern France and Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although individual subpopulations are usually rather small and restricted to good quality habitats, the population of this species as a whole is substantial, and there is no indication of decline. No conservation action is required at present other than occasional monitoring of some subpopulations.",Stable,"The Petty Featherwort (Plagiochila exigua) is a hyperoceanic southern-temperate species. It occurs on the Atlantic seaboard of Europe, and is very rare  outside its headquarters in Britain and Ireland, occurring in Macaronesia, southwestern Norway, the Pyrenees, Switzerland, northwestern France and Italy. Elsewhere it occurs in the Himalayas, Japan, in Africa from the Democratic Republic of Congo  east to Tanzania and south to South Africa and Réunion, southeastern USA, Mexico, the Caribbean, the Andes and Brazil (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 3,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6.3 million km².","There is no reason to think that this species is not stable within its range. However it might be slightly over-recorded in some areas because of confusion with small forms of P. punctata. Subpopulations are usually small, but it appears to be abundant in the Azores. Its population is not severely fragmented and its population size is larger than 1,000 mature individuals. Sporophytes are not recorded in Britain.","This is a strongly hygrophilous species of deciduous woodland, where it grows usually as pure tufts or patches on moist rock outcrops, boulders, streamside rocks, ravine walls and on trunks and branches of trees, especially ash and hazel. It shares these niches with various members of the Lejeuneaceae, including Aphanolejeunea microscopica, Drepanolejeunea hamatifolia, Harpalejeunea molleri and Lejeunea patens, as well as Frullania tamarisci, Plagiochila bifaria, P. spinulosa and Radula aquilegia. It also grows outside woods, on sheltered rock faces on steep rocky slopes, particularly in southwestern Ireland. Its altitudinal range is from 10 m up to 740 m Asl.



It is dioicous; androecia are frequent, but female plants and sporophytes are unknown in Britain and Ireland. Vegetative reproduction is by caducous leaves (Blockeelet al. 2014).",The only potential threat to this species is the construction of hydro-electric schemes potentially causing a reduction in humidity in ravines. The spread of Rhododendron ponticum in ravines can also pose a threat to the species.,"No conservation action is required at present other than occasional monitoring of some subpopulations. It has been assessed as Vulnerable in Italy, Spain and Switzerland, and as Near Threatened in Norway (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Muller, F.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,PLAGIOCHILACEAE,Plagiochila,heterophylla,,Plagiochila heterophylla  ,Lindenb. ex Lehm.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Atlantic Featherwort (Plagiochila heterophylla) is a large hyperoceanic temperate liverwort known in Europe only from Britain, Ireland and Brittany in northwestern France. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has relatively large subpopulations in Scotland and the current population trend is stable. In Ireland, clear-felling of the woods in which it grows, or afforestation with conifers are probably the main threats to this species. In Scotland and in Ireland it often occurs in places where Rhododendron ponticum, an invasive alien species, is rampant. Protection and sensitive (low impact) management of native Atlantic woodland is the main measure required, as well as removal and control of rhododendron. Monitoring of subpopulations in Ireland and France is also recommended.",Stable,"The Atlantic Featherwort (Plagiochila heterophylla) is a large hyperoceanic temperate liverwort known in Europe only from Britain, Ireland and Brittany in northwestern France. A record from Sutherland in Scotland has not been refound despite repeated surveys. Strangely, the species is not known from Macaronesia. Elsewhere it is recorded from Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, Guyana, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and Bolivia (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 824 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 276,552 km².","There are some substantial subpopulations of this species in western Scotland and North Wales; it is rarer and forms smaller subpopulations elsewhere. There are six known localities in Ireland, however three of these have not been recently refound, but further searches are required, and at present there is no indication of significant declines. The current population trend is therefore stable.","This is a species of humid deciduous woodland, occurring mostly on acid boulders, rock outcrops and on the trunks of oak and birch trees. In southwestern Ireland it has also been recorded in a relatively open upland ravine. Occasionally it grows on other trees and on humus banks, rarely on logs. Usually in pure patches, it is often associated with other large bryophytes such as Plagiochila spinulosa and Scapania gracilis. It favours a southerly to easterly aspect. Its altitudinal range is from 20 m up to 370 m Asl.



The species is dioicous; only female plants are known; perianths are frequent, but sporophytes are unknown (Blockeelet al. 2014).","In Ireland, clear-felling of the woods in which it grows, or afforestation with conifers are probably the main threats to this species (Lockhart et al. 2012). In Scotland and in Ireland it often occurs in places where Rhododendron ponticum, an invasive alien species, is rampant. Although it seems to be able to resist a certain amount of shading by rhododendron, this species is excluded in very dense stands of rhododendron.","Protection and sensitive (low impact) management of native Atlantic woodland is the main measure required, as well as removal and control of rhododendron. Monitoring of subpopulations in Ireland and France is also recommended. This species has been assessed as Endangered in Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012) and is legally protected there. It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Muller, F.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Lönnell, N., Rothero, G. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,PLAGIOCHILACEAE,Plagiochila,longispina,,Plagiochila longispina  ,Lindenb. &amp; Gottsche,,No,EN,A3c,No,EN,A3c,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) 



In Europe, Plagiochila longispina occurs only in the Azores, Portugal. In spite of having being recorded on all the islands of the three geographic groups of the archipelago, its narrow ecological tolerance implies serious restrictions to its range. This species is assessed as Endangered since a population reduction of at least 50% within the next three generations is suspected, based on climate modelling for Macaronesian endemics such as the ecologically very similar P. maderensis. The reduction in the population is thus based on a suspected reduction in area of occupancy (AOO) and quality of the habitat. A three generation period for this species is considered to be around 50 years. In a recent publication, a reduction in the amount of suitable habitat for the ecologically very similar P. maderensis was projected of either 53% or 92% until 2070 due to climatic changes (high irradiation and increased drought stress in the Macaronesia region) and under two different climatic scenarios. It is suspected that a similar decline in the amount of suitable habitat will occur for P. longispina, even though this species was not included in the study. Therefore, this species qualifies for either Endangered or Critically Endangered under Criterion A. 



However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study (approximately 1-km² grid resolution), it is possible that this species may persist within the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity can be higher than in the surrounding environment. Taking this into account, as well as recognising the degree of uncertainty associated with future projections, it has been considered that the more conservative estimate of decline should be used to assess the extinction risk of this species. It is further assumed that even if there are suitable microclimatic areas within the unsuitable 1-km², these will be minimal (ravines, nooks and crannies) and thus the reduction in suitable habitat will lead to an almost linear reduction in the population. Thus, a population reduction of more than 50% is projected to occur within three generations and the species is assessed as Endangered.



This species is very sensitive to habitat degradation, which is occurring mainly due to the spread of invasive alien species, the increase in tourism and recreational activities and also the building of secondary roads. Land use change, particularly at the margins of its natural habitat, either to grasslands or forestry plantations is also a threat. The increased visitor pressure and artificial illumination in show-caves could possibly have negative effects on this species, and it has indeed disappeared from one cave site in the last ten years. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, as well as into its ecology and threats. Proper management of the habitat, including both forest and cave entrances, is strongly recommended, focusing on protection against invasive alien species, avoidance of clear-cutting of areas around native forests and nitrification caused (directly or indirectly) by cattle grazing. Monitoring of the habitat and population trends is recommended; in particular, monitoring of show-caves, to determine whether increased visitor numbers and illumination are significant threats.",Decreasing,"In Europe, Plagiochila longispina occurs only in the Azores, Portugal. In spite of having been recorded on all the islands of the three geographic groups of the archipelago (eastern, central and western) (Gabriel et al. 2010), its narrow ecological tolerance implies serious restrictions to its range. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca 40,310 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 116 km². Outside of Europe this species is also found in the Neotropics.","In Europe, this liverwort is currently restricted to the Azores archipelago, where it has been recorded from all the islands (Gabriel et al. 2010). Since this species seems to be almost entirely restricted to the Juniperion brevifoliae association (Sjögren 1978), and has a narrow ecological tolerance (Gabriel et al. 2011), the current population trend is presumed to be decreasing due to habitat degradation caused by the spread of invasive species (Silva et al. 2008) and the effects of climate change on the native vegetation (Ferreira et al. 2016). This species is perennial and its generation length is estimated to be between 11 and 25 years. Three generations are thus considered to be around 50 years. Although this species is not a Macaronesian endemic, there is a  projected reduction in the amount of suitable habitat for Macaronesian endemics (which share the same habitat): it is suspected that climate change, leading to higher irradiation and increased drought  stress, will also affect other forest species  (Patiño et al. 2016). The amount of suitable habitat for a species of  the same genus (P. maderensis) has been projected to decrease  by 53% or 92% by 2070, depending on the scenario. Since P. maderensis has a very similar life  strategy and ecological requirements to P. longispina, a similar decline for this species can therefore be suspected.



According to this study, the the number of 1-km² climatically suitable grid cells for P. maderensis has been projected to decrease using two different climate scenarios. The first is a stabilisation scenario (RCP 4.5) where total radiative forcing is stabilised before 2100, while the other scenario (RCP 8.5) is characterised by increasing greenhouse gas emissions over time representative for scenarios in the literature leading to high greenhouse gas concentration levels (Patiño et al. 2016). These projections were derived using two different Global Climate Models recommended for Europe and Mediterranean climates. In addition, the elevation range of P. maderensis is predicted to shift upwards, as conditions on Macaronesian islands become warmer and drier (Patiño et al. 2016). The variables considered for these projections included the maximum temperature of the warmest month and the precipitation (in mm) of the wettest month. The poikilohydric condition of bryophytes means their water content is directly regulated by environmental humidity and growth is restricted to periods of hydration. Temperature is also known to be an important factor for bryophyte growth (Patiño et al. 2016). However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study (approximately 1-km² grid resolution), it is possible that P. maderensis may persist within the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity is usually higher than in the surrounding environment. Nevertheless, these models clearly project a substantial decline in the climatically suitable area for P. maderensis within three generations.","This species is found mainly in native forest habitats, either mature or impoverished, being considered a species with a narrow ecological tolerance (Gabriel et al. 2011). It grows as an epiphyte as a characteristic species of the Juniperion brevifoliae association (Sjögren 1973, 1978), and on rocks and soil in very humid and sheltered places. It also occurs at some large cave entrances (Gabriel and Dias 1994, Jennings 2009). It may be found from 300 m to 950 m Asl, preferring altitudes from 600 m to 700 m Asl. This species is dioicous, but fertile plants are unknown in the Azores (Homem and Gabriel 2008).","This species has a narrow ecological tolerance (Gabriel et al. 2011) and is very sensitive to habitat degradation, which is occurring mainly due to the spread of invasive alien species (especially Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum) (Silva et al. 2008), the increase in tourism and recreational activities and also the building of secondary roads. Land use change, particularly at the margins of its natural habitat, either to grasslands or forestry plantations (e.g., Cryptmomeria japonica) is also a threat. The increased visitor pressure and artificial illumination in show-caves could possibly have negative effects on this species, and it has indeed disappeared from one cave site in the last ten years (R. Gabriel pers. comm. 2016). Since the Azores are located on the mid-Atlantic ridge, geological events such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and landslides are likely to harm existing subpopulations. An intensification of the effects of climatic change will probably threaten this species, as is happening with Macaronesian endemic species restricted to native forests (e.g., Patiño et al. 2016).","The species is found in the Macaronesian laurel forest, a natural habitat listed in Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive (EEC 1992). This species and its habitat should be protected by international, national and regional laws, but there are currently no specific conservation measures in place. It occurs in several natural parks in the Azores. However, these are restricted to very small areas surrounded by a humanized landscape, so natural corridors and buffer areas would benefit this species. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, as well as into its ecology and threats. Proper management of the habitat, including both forest and cave entrances, is strongly recommended, focusing on protection against invasive alien species such as Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum, avoidance of clear-cutting of areas around native forests and nitrification caused (directly or indirectly) by cattle grazing. Monitoring of the habitat and population trends is recommended; in particular, monitoring of show-caves, to determine whether increased visitor numbers and illumination are significant threats. Biology and nature conservation students should be made aware of bryophytes in general, and rare species in particular; since this liverwort is one of the most striking species in the Azorean bryoflora, students and nature conservationists should be aware of its presence.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Fettes, N.D.,Stebel, A.,Hodgetts, N.","Gabriel, R., Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,PLAGIOCHILACEAE,Plagiochila,maderensis,,Plagiochila maderensis  ,Gottsche ex Steph.,,Yes,EN,A3c,Yes,EN,A3c,EU28,,"Plagiochila maderensis is endemic to Madeira (Portugal) and the Canary Islands (Spain). The generation length of this species is between 11 and 25 years, and three generations would therefore be around 50 years. In a recent publication, a reduction in the amount of suitable habitat for this species was projected of either 53% or 92% until 2070 due to climatic changes (high irradiation and increased drought stress in the Macaronesia region) and under two different climatic scenarios. The reduction in the population is thus based on a reduction in area of occupancy (AOO) and quality of the habitat. This species therefore qualifies for either Endangered or Critically Endangered under Criterion A. 



However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study (approximately 1–km² grid resolution), it is possible that this species may persist within the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity can be higher than in the surrounding environment. Taking this into account, as well as recognising the degree of uncertainty associated with future projections, it has been considered that the more conservative estimate of decline should be used to assess the extinction risk of this species. It is further assumed that even if there are suitable microclimatic areas within the unsuitable 1-km², these will be minimal (ravines, nooks and crannies) and thus the reduction in suitable habitat will lead to an almost linear reduction in the population. Thus, a population reduction of more than 50% is projected to occur within three generations and the species is assessed as Endangered.



This species is mainly confined to the laurel forest, which is a fragile habitat threatened by climate change, leading to extreme temperatures and droughts (which could especially affect the very restricted southern subpopulations in Tenerife). Other important threats to this species include fire intensification and overgrazing (mostly by goats), which is an important constraint on the maintenance of the subpopulations in some parts of the Canary Islands. Further research is needed into the population size and trend. Its presence at specific sites should be monitored in order to investigate the decline of the subpopulations, mainly in Tenerife and La Gomera. Monitoring of the habitat and population trends is recommended, as well as management of the area to prevent the spread of invasive alien species and wildfires. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species.",Decreasing,"Plagiochila maderensis is endemic to the Canary Islands and Madeira. It is known from several sites in Madeira Island, and a few sites in Tenerife and La Gomera (Kürschner et al. 2007, Sim-Sim et al. 2011, González-Mancebo et al. 2012, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 36,240 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 184 km2.","The genus Plagiochila is well represented in the Macaronesian bryoflora, including several endemics. P. maderensis occurs in several sites on Madeira Island, where the subpopulations are large (Sim-Sim et al. 2005, Kürschner et al. 2007, Sim-Sim et al. 2011). In the Canary Islands, the species has a more restricted distribution and the subpopulations are smaller, being present in only ten 1-km2grid cells (González-Mancebo et al. 2012). The population trend is presumed to be decreasing since recent publications show that Macaronesian endemic bryophytes are suffering a decrease in population size and range. The generation length of this species is between 11 and 25 years, and three generations would therefore be 50 years. It is considered a perennial (long-lived) species (Dierssen 2001). 



According to Patiño et al. (2016), the amount of suitable habitat for this species has been projected to decrease by either 53% or 92% until 2070 due to climatic changes. The number of 1-km² climatically suitable grid cells for this species has been projected to decrease using two different climate scenarios. The first is a stabilisation scenario (RCP 4.5) where total radiative forcing is stabilised before 2100, while the other scenario (RCP 8.5) is characterised by increasing greenhouse gas emissions over time representative for scenarios in the literature leading to high greenhouse gas concentration levels (Patiño et al. 2016). These projections were derived using two different Global Climate Models recommended for Europe and Mediterranean climates. In addition, the elevation range of this species is predicted to shift upwards, as conditions on Macaronesian islands become warmer and drier (Patiño et al. 2016). The variables considered for these projections included the maximum temperature of the warmest month and the precipitation (in mm) of the wettest month. The poikilohydric condition of bryophytes means their water content is directly regulated by environmental humidity and growth is restricted to periods of hydration. Temperature is also known to be an important factor for bryophyte growth (Patiño et al. 2016). However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study (approximately 1-km² grid resolution), it is possible that this species may persist within the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity is usually higher than in the surrounding environment. Nevertheless, these models clearly project a substantial decline in the climatically suitable area for this species within three generations.

","This species grows in shady and humid conditions, frequently on sheltered slopes and on stream side rocks or rocky slopes along trails, but also on the basal parts of Erica. It forms scattered or pure mats sometimes associated with other Plagiochila species, especially P. stricta. In Madeira it occurs mainly on north-facing slopes with laurel and heath forest (Erica platycodon), from 500 m to 1,200 m Asl. In the Canary Islands it is restricted to forests located between 800 m and 950 m Asl. In both archipelagos this species might be considered as a good indicator of biodiversity. In future, the presence of Plagiochila in the laurel forest could be used as an indicator of floristic richness, becoming a useful tool for the recognition of the most relevant sites for the conservation of bryophyte diversity. Sporophytes have never been recorded for this species.","This species is mainly confined to the laurel forest, which is a fragile habitat threatened by climate change, leading to extreme temperatures and droughts (which could especially affect the very restricted southern subpopulations in Tenerife) (González-Mancebo et al. 2012, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). Other important threats to this species include fire intensification and overgrazing (mostly by goats), which is an important constraint on the maintenance of the subpopulations in some parts of the Canary Islands.","This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in the Canary Islands Red List (González-Mancebo et al. 2012) and in the Spanish Red List (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012), and as Near Threatened in the Red List of Madeira (Sim-Sim et al. 2014). The laurel and heath forests are protected by regional, national and international legislation. In Tenerife, the two localities are located in the Rural Park of Anaga and in a Special Area of Conservation (SAC). In La Gomera, the species is present in Garajonay National Park and the Natural Park of Majona. In Madeira, most of its distribution is also included in the Madeira Natural Park which is protected through a Regional Decree. Further research is needed into the population size and trend. Its presence at specific sites should be monitored in order to investigate the decline of the subpopulations, mainly in Tenerife and La Gomera. Monitoring of the habitat and population trends is recommended, as well as management of the area to prevent the spread of invasive alien species and wildfires. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Stebel, A.,Fettes, N.D.","Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.","Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,PLAGIOCHILACEAE,Plagiochila,papillifolia,,Plagiochila papillifolia  ,Steph.,,No,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v); C2a(ii)",No,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v); C2a(ii)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)



EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR) 



In Europe, Plagiochila papillifolia is known only from one site in a native forest in Pico Island (Azores, Portugal), where it is not known to produce sporophytes. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both only 4 km2), it occurs at only one location and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and probably in the number of mature individuals, due to the ongoing threats. In addition, it is estimated that there are fewer than 250 individual-equivalents, and since there is only one subpopulation, 100% of individual-equivalents are found at the only known site.



Since its first and only collection in 1992, the site ""Mistério da Prainha"" has been revisited by bryologists, but the species has not been found again; it may be subject to extreme fluctuations and might have disappeared. However, since it is very small, it is also possible that it still occurs in the forests of Pico, or even in other Azorean islands. There is reason to believe that this species is sensitive to habitat degradation, which is occurring mainly due to the spread of invasive alien species. Tourism and recreational activities and the building of secondary roads are also increasing in the area. Climate change and land-use change, particularly at the margins of its natural habitat, either to grasslands or forestry plantations are also threats. Research is needed into the population size and trends, the species' habitat, ecology and threats. Proper management of the habitat is recommended, focusing on the removal of invasive alien species, prevention of clear-cutting around native forests, and limitation of nitrification caused (directly or indirectly) by cattle grazing. Eventually it will be useful to consider recovery and/or benign introduction of this species.",Decreasing,"In Europe, Plagiochila papillifolia (a mainly neotropical liverwort) occurs only in Pico Island in the Azores, Portugal (Heinrichs et al. 2002, Gabriel et al. 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both only 4 km2. Since its first and only collection in 1992, the site ""Mistério da Prainha"" has been revisited by bryologists, but the species has not been found again; it may be subject to extreme fluctuations and might have disappeared. However, since it is very small, it is also possible that it still occurs in the forests of Pico, or even in other Azorean islands.","In Europe, this liverwort is currently restricted to a single known site in Pico Island in the Azores (Heinrichs et al. 2002, Gabriel et al. 2010). Since this species was found only once in the Azores, at 800 m Asl in a forest dominated by endemic species (in the Juniperion brevifoliae association), the current population trend is presumed to be decreasing, due to the effects of habitat degradation, the spread of invasive alien species and climate change (Ferreira et al. 2016, Patiño et al. 2016, Vergílio et al. 2016). Since this species grows on trees (epiphytic), one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one tree on which this species grows. It is estimated that there are fewer than 250 individual-equivalents, and since there is only one subpopulation, 100% of individual-equivalents are thought to be found at the only known site.","This liverwort species is currently known from a single site on Pico Island, at 800 m Asl, in native forest, on mature Juniperion brevifolia (Heinrichs et al. 2002). Sporophytes are unknown in the Azores.","There is reason to believe that this species is sensitive to habitat degradation, which is occurring mainly due to the spread of invasive alien species (especially Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum). Tourism and recreational activities and the building of secondary roads are also increasing in the area. Climate change and land-use change, particularly at the margins of its natural habitat, either to grasslands or forestry plantations (e.g., Cryptmomeria japonica) are also threats. Geological events such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and landslides have occurred in the Azores and are likely to occur again, with possible damaging consequences to this species. Taking into account the extremely restricted distribution of this species and the likely extent of the effects of these threats, the species is considered to occur at only one location.","The habitat of this species, the Macaronesian laurel forest, is listed on Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive (EEC 1992). There are currently no specific conservation measures in place for this species, although it does occur in Pico Island's Natural Park. Research is needed into the population size and trends, the species' habitat, ecology and threats. Proper management of the habitat is recommended, focusing on the removal of invasive alien species such as Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum, prevention of clear-cutting around native forests, and limitation of nitrification caused (directly or indirectly) by cattle grazing. Eventually it will be useful to consider recovery and/or benign introduction of this species. Biology and nature conservation students should be made aware of bryophytes in general and of rare species in particular.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Stebel, A.,Fettes, N.D.","Gabriel, R., Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,PLAGIOCHILACEAE,Plagiochila,porelloides,,Plagiochila porelloides  ,(Torr. ex Nees) Lindenb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Lesser Featherwort (Plagiochila porelloides) is a liverwort species which occurs in many different habitats, and is widespread and common almost throughout Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. The population of this species is very large and the trend appears to be stable. It can form large subpopulations in upland areas. This species is not threatened over its European range, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas in Europe. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.



",Stable,"This species shows a circumpolar boreal-temperate distribution. It is widespread and common almost throughout Europe, becoming rarer only in Arctic regions and in the southern parts of the continent. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is known from Europe, Macaronesia, North Africa, northern Asia, North America, Greenland and Mexico. It has been found growing from sea level up to 3,000 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.",The population of this species is very large and the current trend appears to be stable. It can form large subpopulations in upland areas.,"This liverwort occurs in many different habitats, from basic to acid rocks and rock faces, on walls and tree bases, but also on soil in forests and grassland and along streams (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014, Köckinger 2017). 



",There appear to be no major threats to this species in Europe.,"No conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in the Netherlands, as Endangered in the Canary Islands, and as Near Threatened in Andorra and Italy (Hodgetts 2015).",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Gunnarsson, U.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,PLAGIOCHILACEAE,Plagiochila,punctata,,Plagiochila punctata  ,(Taylor) Taylor,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Spotty Featherwort (Plagiochila punctata) is a hyperoceanic southern-temperate species that occurs on the Atlantic seaboard of Europe from southwestern Norway, through western Britain, Ireland and France, south to Spain, Portugal and Macaronesia, and east to the Ardennes. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is not uncommon in oceanic areas on the Atlantic seaboard, there is no evidence of decline, and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"The Spotty Featherwort (Plagiochila punctata) is a hyperoceanic southern-temperate species that occurs on the  Atlantic seaboard of Europe from southwestern Norway, through western  Britain, Ireland and France, south to Spain, Portugal and Macaronesia,  and east to the Ardennes. Elsewhere it occurs in tropical Africa, North  America (Tennessee), Mexico, Costa Rica, the Caribbean, the Andes and  Brazil (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 2,350 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6.1 million km².","The population size of this species is unknown, but there is no evidence of decline and the current population trend is most likely stable. It is not uncommon in oceanic areas on the Atlantic seaboard.","This liverwort is most frequent in deciduous woodland, growing usually as pure tufts or cushions on the trunks and branches of trees, especially oak, birch and alder. Lepidozia reptans, Hypnum andoi and Isothecium myosuroides are regular associates, as are a diverse array of oceanic lichens. It is also frequent on base-poor rock faces in woodland and, less commonly, in more open but sheltered rocky situations. Its altitudinal range is from 5 m up to 670 m Asl.



It is doicous. Male plants are very rare; perianths are occasional; sporophytes are known only from Costa Rica. It presumably spreads clonally by its deciduous leaves (Blockeelet al. 2014).",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Luxembourg, as Vulnerable in Spain, as 'rare' in Germany, and as Data Deficient in Portugal (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hedenäs, L.,González Mancebo, J.,Cálix, M.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,PLAGIOCHILACEAE,Plagiochila,retrorsa,,Plagiochila retrorsa  ,Gottsche,,No,EN,A3c,No,EN,A3c,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



Plagiochila retrorsa is found in the Azores and Madeira, but it also occurs in the United States. This species is assessed as Endangered since a population reduction of at least 50% within the next three generations is suspected, based on climate modelling for Macaronesian endemics such as the ecologically very similar P. maderensis. The reduction in the population is thus based on a suspected reduction in area of occupancy (AOO) and quality of the habitat. A three generation period for this species is considered to be around 50 years. In a recent publication, a reduction in the amount of suitable habitat for the ecologically very similar P. maderensis was projected of either 53% or 92% until 2070 due to climatic changes (high irradiation and increased drought stress in the Macaronesia region) and under two different climatic scenarios. It is suspected that a similar decline in the amount of suitable habitat will occur for P. retrorsa, even though this species was not included in the study. Therefore, this species qualifies for either Endangered or Critically Endangered under Criterion A. 



However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study (approximately 1-km² grid resolution), it is possible that this species may persist within the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity can be higher than in the surrounding environment. Taking this into account, as well as recognising the degree of uncertainty associated with future projections, it has been considered that the more conservative estimate of decline should be used to assess the extinction risk of this species. It is further assumed that even if there are suitable microclimatic areas within the unsuitable 1-km², these will be minimal (ravines, nooks and crannies) and thus the reduction in suitable habitat will lead to an almost linear reduction in the population. Thus, a population reduction of more than 50% is projected to occur within three generations and the species is assessed as Endangered.



This plant is threatened by habitat destruction and degradation, owing to the effects of climate change, changes in land use and the spread of invasive alien species, as well as habitat eutrophication due to overgrazing and the increase in forestry plantations. Climate change leading to higher irradiation and increased drought stress in the native laurel forest is considered the main threat to this species. Monitoring the habitat conditions in Madeira and the Azores is recommended in order to ensure the viability of the population.

",Decreasing,"Plagiochila retrorsa is found in the Azores and Madeira, but it also occurs in the United States (southern Appalachian Mountains). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 39,150 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 104 km2.","This species occurs at several sites in the laurel forest of Madeira Island and it is also known at a few sites in the Azores (São  Jorge and Terceira islands). In general the population trend seems to be decreasing, but it is important to revisit known sites to verify population status and regularly monitor habitat conditions (Gabriel et al. 2011, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). It is considered a long-lived species (perennial stayer) following Dierssen (2001). The generation length of this species is estimated to be between 11 and 25 years, and three generations are considered to be around 50 years. In a recent publication (Patiño et al. 2016), the amount of suitable habitat for an ecologically similar species in the same genus (the Macaronesian endemic P. maderensis) has been projected to decrease by 53% or 92% by 2070 because of climate change. 



Specifically, the number of 1-km² climatically suitable grid cells forP. maderensis  has been projected to decrease using two different climate scenarios.  The first is a stabilization scenario, while the other scenario is  characterized by increasing greenhouse gas emissions. These projections were derived using two different Global Climate  Models recommended for Europe and Mediterranean climates. In addition,  the elevation range of P. maderensis is predicted to shift upwards, as  conditions on Macaronesian islands become warmer and drier (Patiño et al. 2016).  The variables considered for these projections included the maximum  temperature of the warmest month and the precipitation (in mm) of the  wettest month. The poikilohydric condition of bryophytes means their  water content is directly regulated by environmental humidity and growth  is restricted to periods of hydration. Temperature is also known to be  an important factor for bryophyte growth (Patiño et al. 2016). However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study (approximately 1-km² grid resolution), it is possible that P. maderensis  may persist within climatically unsuitable grid cells in small  microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity is usually higher than in the  surrounding environment. Nevertheless, these models clearly project a  substantial decline in the climatically suitable area for P. maderensis within three generations. A very similar decline can be suspected for P. retrorsa.","This is a species of the natural laurel forest, growing in large and dense mats on rocky slopes and on the faces of damp boulders, frequently in the vicinity of temporary lagoons and swamps. It occurs at elevations between 400 m and 1,200 m Asl on Madeira and at 650 m Asl in the Azores (Sim-Sim et al. 2005, Kürschner et al. 2007, Gabriel et al. 2011, Sim-Sim et al. 2011).","This plant is threatened by habitat destruction and degradation, owing to the effects of climate change, changes in land use and the spread of invasive alien species, as well as habitat eutrophication due to overgrazing and the increase in forestry plantations. In addition, bryophytes have been considered unlikely to be able to evolve quickly in a changing environment, and their potential to become acclimatized to novel climatic conditions (drier and warmer) in the near future is limited (Patiño et al. 2016). Climate change leading to higher irradiation and increased drought stress in the native laurel forest is therefore considered the main threat to this species.

",In Madeira this is a species of the natural laurel forest included in the Madeira Natural Park which is protected through a Regional Decree. It is also a priority habitat under the EU Habitats Directive and was designated a Natura 2000 site. In 1999 the area was considered a World Natural Heritage by UNESCO. Monitoring the habitat conditions in Madeira and the Azores is recommended in order to ensure the viability of the population.,"This species is not utilised or traded.

","Hodgetts, N.,Stebel, A.,Fettes, N.D.","Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N., Martins, A. & Gabriel, R.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,PLAGIOCHILACEAE,Plagiochila,spinulosa,,Plagiochila spinulosa  ,(Dicks.) Dumort.,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Prickly Featherwort (Plagiochila spinulosa) is endemic to Europe, and a large hyperoceanic southern-temperate leafy liverwort that is very rare except in western Britain and Ireland, also occurring in Madeira, northern Spain, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, southwestern Norway and the Faroe Islands. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a stable population and there appear to be no major threats to it. It is frequent within oceanic parts of Britain and Ireland in particular. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"The Prickly Featherwort (Plagiochila spinulosa) is a large hyperoceanic southern-temperate leafy liverwort that is very rare in Europe except in western Britain and Ireland, also occurring in Madeira, northern Spain, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, southwestern Norway and the Faroe Islands (Blockeel et al. 2014). It is thought to have disappeared from Andorra. It appears to be a European endemic. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 2,840 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2.6 million km².","The population size of this species is unknown, but there is no evidence of decline and the current population trend is therefore considered to be stable. It is frequent within oceanic parts of Britain and Ireland in particular.","This is a characteristic species of western deciduous woodland, where it can form large tufts or cushions on boulders, rock outcrops, humus banks and tree trunks, often in association with Bazzania trilobata, Calypogeia fissa, Calypogeia muelleriana, Diplophyllum albicans, Lepidozia pearsonii, Saccogyna viticulosa, Scapania gracilis, Dicranum majus and Rhytidiadelphus loreus. It also occurs on sheltered rock faces and banks on open rocky slopes in the uplands, and occasionally on the north side of rock outcrops. It is less tolerant of exposure than Plagiochila bifaria and is restricted to sheltered inland valleys and rock outcrops in southwestern Wales, avoiding the coast. Its altitudinal range is from 5 m up to 740 m Asl.



It is dioicous; only female plants are known in Britain and Ireland and sporophytes are unknown. Presumably it spreads by deciduous leaves (Blockeelet al. 2014).",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Luxembourg, as Vulnerable in Norway and Madeira, and as Data Deficient in Andorra (where, however, it is thought to be extinct) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Muller, F.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,PLAGIOCHILACEAE,Plagiochila,stricta,,Plagiochila stricta  ,Lindenb.,,No,EN,A3c,No,EN,A3c,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



In Europe Plagiochila stricta is known only from Madeira and the Canary Islands (Tenerife and La Palma). This species is assessed as Endangered since a population reduction of at least 50% within the next three generations is suspected, based on climate modelling for Macaronesian endemics such as the ecologically very similar P. maderensis. The reduction in the population is thus based on a suspected reduction in area of occupancy (AOO) and quality of the habitat. A three generation period for this species is considered to be around 50 years. In a recent publication, a reduction in the amount of suitable habitat for P. maderensis was projected of either 53% or 92% until 2070 due to climatic changes (high irradiation and increased drought stress in the Macaronesia region) and under two different climatic scenarios. It is suspected that a similar decline in the amount of suitable habitat will occur for P. stricta, even though this species was not included in the study. Therefore, this species qualifies for either Endangered or Critically Endangered under Criterion A.



However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study (approximately 1-km² grid resolution), it is possible that this species may persist within the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity can be higher than in the surrounding environment. Taking this into account, as well as recognising the degree of uncertainty associated with future projections, it has been considered that the more conservative estimate of decline should be used to assess the extinction risk of this species. It is further assumed that even if there are suitable microclimatic areas within the unsuitable 1-km², these will be minimal (ravines, nooks and crannies) and thus the reduction in suitable habitat will lead to an almost linear reduction in the population. Thus, a population reduction of more than 50% is projected to occur within three generations and the species is assessed as Endangered.



Since this plant is mainly confined to the natural forest, alterations in flow regimes and changes in land use, mainly related to abstraction of surface water, are important threats to the species. The intensification in forest fires (which is strongly linked to the spread of invasive alien species), is also an important threat. Climate change, leading to higher irradiation and increased drought stress in the native laurel forest, is considered to be the major threat to this species. Despite the fact that most sites are included in protected areas, this is one of the Plagiochila species most sensitive to environmental alterations, so monitoring of the species and of habitat conditions is recommended in order to detect any changes, particularly in the Canary Islands. Ex-situ conservation may also be considered.

",Decreasing,"In Europe, Plagiochila stricta is known only from Madeira and the Canary Islands (Tenerife and La Palma) (Sim-Sim et al. 2004, 2005, 2008, 2011; Kürchner et al. 2007; González-Mancebo et al. 2009). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Bolivia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Jamaica, the Comoros Islands and Madagascar. In Europe, this species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 33,000 km², and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 164 km².

","This species occurs in several sites in the natural laurel forest on the northern slopes of Madeira and in the laurel forest of Anaga (Tenerife) and La Palma Island, where it was found in sheltered sites on streamside rocks (González-Mancebo et al. 2009). Despite the fact that most sites are included in protected areas, this is one of the Plagiochila species most sensitive to environmental alterations, and for this reason monitoring of the habitat conditions should be considered in order to ensure the viability of the population (particularly in the Canary Islands). This bryophyte is considered a long-lived species (perennial stayer) following Dierssen (2001). The generation length of this species is therefore estimated to be between 11 and 25 years, and a three generation period is considered to be around 50 years. In a recent publication, the amount of suitable habitat for an ecologically similar species in the same genus (the Macaronesian endemic P. maderensis) has been projected to decrease by 53% or 92% by 2070 because of climate change (Patiño et al. 2016). 



Specifically, the number of 1-km² climatically suitable grid cells for P. maderensis has been projected to decrease using two different climate scenarios. The first is a stabilization scenario, while the other scenario is characterized by increasing greenhouse gas emissions. These projections were derived using two different Global Climate Models recommended for Europe and Mediterranean climates. In addition, the elevation range of P. maderensis is predicted to shift upwards, as conditions on Macaronesian islands become warmer and drier (Patiño et al. 2016). The variables considered for these projections included the maximum temperature of the warmest month and the precipitation (in mm) of the wettest month. The poikilohydric condition of bryophytes means their water content is directly regulated by environmental humidity and growth is restricted to periods of hydration. Temperature is also known to be an important factor for bryophyte growth (Patiño et al. 2016). However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study (approximately 1-km² grid resolution), it is possible that P. maderensis may persist within climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity is usually higher than in the surrounding environment. Nevertheless, these models clearly project a substantial decline in the climatically suitable area for P. maderensis within three generations. A very similar decline can be suspected for P. stricta.

","This is a species of the natural laurel forest where the rainfall is higher than 3,000 mm per year and the humidity level is high (75-90%) year-round. It grows mainly on streamside and sheltered boulders and rocks on shaded slopes, forming scattered or pure mats. It is also found as an epiphyte on the bark of Laurus novocanarienesis and Persea indica (Sim-Sim et al. 2004, González-Manceboet al. 2009). Its altitudinal range is between 450 m and 1,000 m Asl.","Since this plant is mainly confined to the natural forest, alterations in flow regimes and changes in land use, mainly related to abstraction of surface water (domestic and commercial use), are important threats to the species. The intensification in forest fires (which is strongly linked to the spread of invasive alien species), is also an important threat. In addition, bryophytes have been considered unlikely to be able to evolve quickly in a changing environment, and their potential to become acclimatized to novel climatic conditions (drier and warmer) in the near future is limited (Patiño et al. 2016). Thus climate change, leading to higher irradiation and increased drought stress in the native laurel forest, is considered to be the major threat to this species.","In Madeira most of this species' distribution is included in the Madeira Natural Park which is protected through a Regional Decree. It is also a priority habitat, under the EU Habitats Directive and was designated a Natura 2000 site. In 1999, the areas was also designated a World Natural Heritage site by UNESCO. In the Canary Islands it occurs in the Natural Park of Anaga (also a Biosphere Reserve). This species was assessed as Vulnerable in the Canary Islands by González-Mancebo et al. (2012). Currently there are no specific conservation measures in place for this species in Madeira or the Canary Islands. Despite the fact that most sites are included in protected areas, this is one of the Plagiochila  species most sensitive to environmental alterations, so monitoring of the species and of habitat conditions is recommended in order to detect any changes, particularly in the Canary Islands. Ex-situ conservation may also be considered.","This species is not utilised or traded.

","Virtanen, R.,Englefield, E.","Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N., Martins, A. & Gabriel, R.","Huttunen, S.,Blom, H.,Hedenäs, L.,Lönnell, N.,Hodgetts, N.,Ignatov, M.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,PLAGIOCHILACEAE,Plagiochila,virginica,,Plagiochila virginica  ,A. Evans,,No,EN,A3c; C2a(i),No,EN,A3c; C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



Plagiochila virginica occurs in five of the Canary Islands (La Gomera, La Palma, Tenerife, El Hierro and Fuerteventura), and Madeira. This species is assessed as Endangeredsince it is estimated that there are fewer than 2,500 individual-equivalents, and that each subpopulation has fewer than 250 individual-equivalents. Since this species is an epiphyte, one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one tree on which this species grows. In addition, a continuing decline in the population is projected to occur due to climatic changes. A population reduction of at least 50% within the next three generations is suspected, based on climate modelling for Macaronesian endemics such as the ecologically very similar P. maderensis. The reduction in the population is thus based on a suspected reduction in area of occupancy (AOO) and quality of the habitat. A three generation period for this species is considered to be around 50 years. In a recent publication, a reduction in the amount of suitable habitat for P. maderensis was projected of either 53% or 92% until 2070 due to climatic changes (high irradiation and increased drought stress in the Macaronesia region) and under two different climatic scenarios. It is suspected that a similar decline in the amount of suitable habitat will occur for P. virginica, even though this species was not included in the study. Therefore, this species qualifies for either Endangered or Critically Endangered under Criterion A.



However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study (approximately 1-km² grid resolution), it is possible that this species may persist within the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity can be higher than in the surrounding environment. Taking this into account, as well as recognising the degree of uncertainty associated with future projections, it has been considered that the more conservative estimate of decline should be used to assess the extinction risk of this species. It is further assumed that even if there are suitable microclimatic areas within the unsuitable 1-km², these will be minimal (ravines, nooks and crannies) and thus the reduction in suitable habitat will lead to an almost linear reduction in the population. Thus, a population reduction of more than 50% is projected to occur within three generations and the species is assessed as Endangered.



Climate change affecting the environmental humidity of the laurel forest, and habitat destruction due to intensification of touristic activities are the main threats to this species in Madeira. Intensification of forest fires is another threat. Despite the fact that the Fuerteventura locality (where the natural laurel forest has been destroyed) is included in a protected area, the single small subpopulation is seriously threatened by cattle grazing. The restricted distribution of the species in Macaronesia justifies the future implementation of specific conservation measures along with the effective habitat protection and management, at the sites where the species is known to occur. Further research is needed into the population trend. 

",Stable,"Plagiochila virginica occurs in five of the Canary Islands (La Gomera, La Palma, Tenerife, El Hierro and Fuerteventura), and in Madeira (Sim-Sim et al. 2005, Kürschner et al. 2007, González-Mancebo et al. 2009, Sim-Sim et al. 2011). Outside of Europe, this species also occurs in eastern North America. In Europe, this species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 117,440 km², and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 76 km².","This species occurs in few sites on Madeira Island, where the subpopulations seem to be stable, although rather small. In the Canary Islands it occurs in five of the seven islands, but in Fuerteventura there is only one small subpopulation (Sim-Sim et al. 2005, Kürschner et al. 2007, González-Mancebo et al. 2009, Sim-Sim et al. 2011). The species is rather frequent on the islands of La Gomera and Tenerife (González-Mancebo et al. 2008). Since this species is an epiphyte, one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one tree on which it grows. It is estimated that there are fewer than 2,500 individual-equivalents, and that each subpopulation has fewer than 250 individual-equivalents. This bryophyte is considered a long-lived species (perennial stayer), following Dierssen (2001). The generation length of this species is estimated to be between 11 and 25 years, and a three generation period is therefore considered to be around 50 years. In a recent publication, the amount of suitable habitat for an ecologically similar species in the same genus (the Macaronesian endemic P. maderensis) has been projected to decrease by 53% or 92% by 2070 because of climate change (Patiño et al. 2016).



Specifically, the number of 1-km² climatically suitable grid cells for P. maderensis has been projected to decrease using two different climate scenarios. The first is a stabilization scenario, while the other scenario is characterized by increasing greenhouse gas emissions. These projections were derived using two different Global Climate Models recommended for Europe and Mediterranean climates. In addition, the elevation range of P. maderensis is predicted to shift upwards, as conditions on Macaronesian islands become warmer and drier (Patiño et al. 2016). The variables considered for these projections included the maximum temperature of the warmest month and the precipitation (in mm) of the wettest month. The poikilohydric condition of bryophytes means their water content is directly regulated by environmental humidity and growth is restricted to periods of hydration. Temperature is also known to be an important factor for bryophyte growth (Patiño et al. 2016). However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study (approximately 1-km² grid resolution), it is possible that P. maderensis may persist within climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity is usually higher than in the surrounding environment. Nevertheless, these models clearly project a substantial decline in the climatically suitable area for P. maderensis within three generations. A very similar decline can be suspected for P. virginica.

","In Madeira this species is an epiphyte on mature trees in humid and shady regions of the natural laurel forest, mainly on the northern slope at 600 m to 1,100 m Asl (Sim-Sim et al. 2005). In El Hierro (Canary Islands), it is found on wet, shaded walls within the laurel forest, while in Fuerteventura it inhabits the northern slopes of a small mountain summit (González-Mancebo et al. 2009). In La Gomera, it is a rather frequent species as an epiphyte on different tree species, including Juniperus cedrus, Laurus novocanariensis, Erica arborea and Morella faya, and occasionally occurs on decaying wood or on the ground (González-Mancebo et al. 2008). In Tenerife it also occurs on a number of tree species, but is most frequent on Laurus novocanarienesis, while in Madeira is more frequent on Ocotea foetens. 

","Climate change affecting the environmental humidity of the laurel forest, and habitat destruction due to intensification of touristic activities are the main threats to this species in Madeira. Intensification of forest fires is another threat. Despite the fact that the Fuerteventura locality (where the natural laurel forest has been destroyed) is included in a protected area, the single small subpopulation is seriously threatened by cattle grazing (González-Mancebo et al. 2009).

","The laurel forest is protected by regional, national and international legislation. In Madeira, most subpopulations are restricted to a few of the best forest sites in the Madeira Natural Park which is protected through a Regional Decree. Despite the fact that the Fuerteventura locality is included in a protected area, the small subpopulation is seriously threatened by cattle grazing. The restricted distribution of the species in Macaronesia justifies the future implementation of specific conservation measures along with the effective habitat protection and management, at the sites where the species is known to occur. Further research is needed into the population trend.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hugonnot, V.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N., Martins, A. & Gabriel, R.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Plagiomnium,affine,,Plagiomnium affine  ,(Blandow ex Funck) T.J. Kop.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Many-fruited Thyme-moss (Plagiomnium affine) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many records of its occurrence and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats to this species and it is present in protected areas throughout its range in Europe.",Stable,"This common European temperate moss is widespread from Macaronesia and the mountains of the Mediterranean region north to central Scandinavia and northern Russia, and east to the Urals (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it occurs in North Africa, Turkey, the Caucasus, Iran to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, and the western Himalayas (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This is a widespread and common species across Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This species grows in loose green patches or as isolated stems on ground that varies from base-rich to slightly acid. It is commonly found with other bryophytes or among grass on well-drained soil, earth-covered rocks and stones, needle-litter in conifer forest and less often on rotten wood. Habitats include lightly shaded woodland, often at the edge of rides and tracks, hedges and lane banks, old mossy walls, and ledges on and at the base of rock outcrops. It is a component of thin or short turf in grasslands, including unimproved pastures, river banks, road verges, gardens and churchyards. It occurs in coastal turf, even extending into the upper saltmarsh zone (Atherton et al. 2010). Associates includeThuidium tamariscinum, Eurhynchium and Brachythecium species  and other large common pleuroparpous mosses. Records from wet woodland and fens are unusual and some of them may be errors for related species (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,900 m. Sporophytes are rare, so the English name for this moss is very inappropriate.

",There are no known threats to this species.,No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Sicily (Data Deficient) and the Canary Islands (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to be present in protected areas in Europe.,There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Weibull, H.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Plagiomnium,confertidens,,Plagiomnium confertidens  ,(Lindb. &amp; Arnell) T.J.Kop.,,No,VU,D1,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)



In Europe,Plagiomnium confertidens has a scattered distribution throughout its range in European Russia, and a small area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be around 100 km2. The population trend seems to be negative in Europe, the species has low dispersal activity and its habitats are in decline due to the intensive exploitation and continuing reduction of forests areas in the European Russia. The overall population size is around 100 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). The species may be overlooked, however, the upper limit of individual-equivalents is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable.

This species is not found within the EU 28 and is therefore Not Evaluated.",Decreasing,"This is a mostly East Asian species, that is widely distributed in the southern parts of Siberia and the Russian Far East, as well as in Japan, China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan. In Europe, it grows near the western border of its global range and it has a scattered distribution in the Ural Mountains. Isolated localities are also known in the Republic of Tatarstan and the Vologda province (Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Ignatov et al. 2006, Konechnaya and Suslova 2004, Ignatov et al. 2005). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 530,000 km2 (based on total area within a minimum convex polygon around all known occurrences) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of the species is estimated to be around 100 km2 (based on a 2x2 km2 grid overlay on the range map). The altitudinal range of the species is between 100 m and 800 m Asl.

This species is not found within the EU 28.","The known subpopulations of this species are small and not numerous. All known herbarium specimens from Europe are sterile, the dispersal activity is low and this species probably cannot spread across long distances.

The population trend seems to be negative because the main habitats of the species (deciduous and coniferous forests) are vulnerable to intensive exploitation. It is estimated that there are around five individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in each subpopulation (considering each individual-equivalent as 1 m2), and there are around 20 subpopulations. Therefore, the overall population size is around 100 individual-equivalents. The species may be overlooked, however, the upper limit of individual-equivalents is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents.","This species grows on soil and near rock outcrops in deciduous and spruce forests. It is rarely found in swampy Alnus glutinosa forest (Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Ignatov et al. 2005). Its habitat quality is declining as a result of timber harvest in the Urals. The species does not produce sporophytes in the European area.",The main threats to this species are timber felling and the drying of swampy forests (Konechnaya and Suslova 2004).,"This species is included in the Red Data book of the Republic of Komi as a rare species (3) (Taskaev 2009) and is assessed in the Russian province of Vologda as Endanged (EN) (Konechnaya and Suslova 2004). Some subpopulations have been found within protected areas, and in fact most of the known subpopulations survived only within protected areas. In unprotected lands, there is a need for improved   habitat protection at sites where this species is known to occur.",This species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Hodd, R.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Plagiomnium,curvatulum,,Plagiomnium curvatulum  ,(Lindb.) Schljakov,Earlier this species was considered as Plagiomnium medium var. curvatulum (Lindb.) T.J.Kop.,No,LC,,No,NT,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



In Europe,Plagiomnium curvatulum is known from the northern areas. This species has an area of occupancy (AOO) of around 200 km2, but it has a large population size and a stable population trend. It has a scattered distribution in the arctic and sub-arctic regions where it occupies different types of vegetation and substrates, including anthropogenic habitats. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

In the EU 28, this species has an AOO of around 60 km2 and there are also some local declines in Finland. There are considered to be just over 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) across all the subpopulations of this region.  It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion D.



The possible threats of this species are the degradation of arctic and sub-arctic ecosystems due to predicted global warming, the exploitation of oil and gas fields, mining, the construction of roads and trampling. The distribution of this species is not well studied because this species was recently considered as variance of widely distributed species Plagiomnium medium. Therefore, further research of species distribution, population size and trends of this species is needed.",Stable,"This species has a scattered distribution in the arctic and sub-arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere. In north-western Europe, it is known from Svalbard, the Scandinavian mountains, the northern part of Finland and the adjacent areas of Russia (Murmansk province and Karelia). In the north-eastern part of European Russia, it has been found in isolated localities in the Nenets Autonomous district and the Republic of Komi, including the North and Polar Urals.



Elsewhere, it is known mostly in Siberia, the Russian Far East, North America and Greenland (Abramovaet al. 1961, Schljakov and Konstantinova 1982, Koponen 1968, Shubina and Zheleznova 1995, Drugova 2005, Ignatov et al. 2006, Maksimov and Zolotov 2010, Maksimov et al. 2010, Teteryuk 2014).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 3.1 million km2 (based on total area within a minimum convex polygon around all known occurrences), and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 200 km2 (based on a 2x2 km grid overlay on the range map). In the EU 28, the EOO of the species is estimated to be around 87,000 km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 60 km2. The distribution data may be incomplete, because this species was recently considered as Plagiomnium medium var. curvatulum. The altitudinal range of the species is between 200 m and 1,200 m Asl.","Numerous subpopulations of this species are known, but these are usually small. The subpopulation trend in Finland seems to be negative (Rassi et al. 2010). In Sweden and Norway, this species is rare but overlooked and probably stable. In Russia, this species also seems to be stable. The overall population trend is therefore considered to be stable. In the EU 28, there are considered to be just over 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) across all the subpopulations of this region.","This species grows in different types of habitats. It has been found on the soil of calcareous meadows and heaths dominated by Dryas spp. and mosses in alpine belt. It has been found in different types of forests, including mountain herb rich forests, birch forests and coniferous forests, where it grows on the rotten wood and calcareous rock outcrops (often in sites with trickling water). It has also been found on sandy soil on river banks, on the sea coast, in spring mires, in tundra and on anthropogenic habitats such as on lawns in the cities, or on soil near the cover of a manhole (Koponen 1968, Maksimov et al. 2010, Rassi et al. 2010, Drugova 2005).","The possible threats of this species are the degradation of arctic and sub-arctic ecosystems due to predicted global warming from climate change (Rassi et al. 2010), the exploitation of oil and gas fields, mining, the construction of roads and trampling.","This species is included in the Red List of Finland as Near Threatened (NT) and in Norway as Data Deficient (DD) (Rassi et al. 2010,  Kålås et al. 2010). Some subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Further research of species distribution, population size and trends of this species is needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Rumsey, F.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Plagiomnium,cuspidatum,,Plagiomnium cuspidatum  ,(Hedw.) T.J.Kop.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Woodsy Thyme-moss (Plagiomnium cuspidatum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, many records of its occurrence and its presumably stable population trend. There are no current threats and it is found in protected areas throughout its range in Europe.",Stable,"This circumpolar boreo-temperate species occurs over much of Europe north to Iceland, northern Scandinavia and Arctic Russia, south to southern Spain, central Italy and the Balkan mountains, but does not occur in the Mediterranean lowlands or Macaronesia (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it is found in North Africa, Asiatic Turkey, the Caucasus, Iran, northern and temperate Asia to China and Japan, North America, Mexico and East Africa (Kenya, Uganda) (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This is a widespread and common species over most of Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This common mildly basicolous moss is found in a number of habitats, including old moss-covered logs, stumps and tree bases in woodland on basic soils, usually alongside other large mosses such as Brachythecium rutabulum and Ptychostomum capillare; living tree trunks and branches where there is an accumulation of humus, especially on old elders; earthy ledges and boulders on base-rich rock; and occasionally on old mossy walls (Atherton et al. 2010). Less frequently it is a component of short herb-rich turf, especially on calcareous soil, for example in limestone turf in ancient mine sites, and sometimes also in coastal grassland. Its woodland sites are usually in light to moderate shade, but its sites in turf  are generally on open ground. Other associates includeHypnum cupressiforme, Homalia  trichomanoides, Anomodon viticulosus and Brachyhecium/Cirriphyllum spp. (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,520 m.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Ireland (Near Threatened) and Sardinia (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to be present in protected areas in Europe.

",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Duckett, J.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Plagiomnium,drummondii,,Plagiomnium drummondii  ,(Bruch &amp; Schimp.) T.J. Kop.,,No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



In Europe,Plagiomnium drummondii has a scattered distribution and it is rare  throughout its range. It is mainly distributed in the middle and southern boreal forest and in Europe, it is known from Finland, Latvia and European Russia. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 1 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 200 km2. There is inferred to be a continuing decline almost everywhere, except the North Urals, and the population is severely fragmented. Therefore, this species is assessed as Endangered (EN) in Europe.



In the EU 28, this species is known from Latvia and Finland. Here, the EOO is estimated to be around 50,000 km2 and the AOO is around 100 km2. There is a continuing decline in the population size, and the population is also severely fragmented. For these reasons, the species is also evaluated as Endangered (EN) in the EU 28.

The main threats to this species are forest managementactivities (removal of rotten wood) and reduction of forest areas due to the timber harvesting, which replaced dark coniferous trees with other tree species. Further research of population size and trend of this species is needed, as well as additional protection of some sites.",Decreasing,"This is a holarctic boreo-nemoral species that is mainly distributed in the middle and southern boreal forest. In Europe, this species is rare throughout its range and known from Finland, Latvia and European Russia. Elsewhere, this species is found in the mountains of southern Siberia, in the Russian Far East, Mongolia, China and North America (Ignatov et al. 2006, McIntosh 2014, Hodgetts 2015).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 1 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 200 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 50,000 km2 and the AOO is around 100 km2(SYKE 2013). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 20 m and 350 m Asl.","The species is frequently fertile, but its subpopulations are not numerous, and are small and isolated. Therefore, the population is considered to be severely fragmented as despite the fertility of the species, it may go extinct with a reduced possibility of recolonisation. A population reduction of this species was observed in Finland (Rassi et al. 2010), in Latvia (Abolin' 1968, B. Bambe, pers. comm. 2016) and in some regions of European Russia (Tver and Kirov Provinces) where this species is known mostly by old specimens. This species has been actively searched for in these areas but has not been found  (Notov et al. 2002, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Maksimov 2009). At the same time, a number of recent records of the species are known from the Russian provinces of Arkhangelsk, Kostroma and Vologda. Overall, the population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is inferred to be decreasing, except the North Urals, where this species seems to be stable (E. Ignatova pers. comm. 2017).","This species grows on soil, on decaying wood and on the bases of trees in the coniferous and deciduous forests, mainly with spruce and aspen. In some localities in central Russia and in the Middle Urals, it was found not only in the indigenous forests, but also in the secondary aspen woods.","The main threats to this species are forest management activities (removal of rotten wood) and reduction of forest areas due to the timber harvesting, which replaced dark coniferous trees with other tree species. Many fir forests have disappeared and some spruce forests have strongly declined, and the overall decline of conifers around the southern border poses a threat to the species.","This species is included in the Appendix I of the Bern Convention, Annex II of the Habitats Directive (EAA 2011, EEC 1992), and Red Lists of some regions of Russia, including the province of Leningrad (3 - rare species) (Tzvelev 2000), the Republic of Karelia (LC) (Ivanter and Kuznetsov 2007), the Republic of Udmurtia (4 - DD) (Baranova 2012), the Republic of Tatarstan (EN) (Ignatov 2006), the Vologda province and the Republic of Mari El. This species is also present in the Red List of Finland as Vulnerable (Rassi et al. 2010). Some of the known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Further research of population size and trend of this species is needed, as well as additional protection of some sites.",This species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Segarra, J.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Plagiomnium,elatum,,Plagiomnium elatum  ,(Bruch &amp; Schimp.) T.J.Kop.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Tall Thyme-moss (Plagiomnium elatum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and its presumably stable population trend in most areas. In some areas, however, such as the Balkans, this species is threatened by the degradation of wetlands through water abstraction, and there are reports of a decline in habitat for this species locally. It might also be affected by climate change where it is found at higher altitudes. It is known to occur in protected areas, however further habitat protection is needed in areas where this moss is rare and threatened.",Stable,"This is a European boreo-temperate species that occurs north to Iceland, northern Fennoscandia and Arctic Russia, but is absent from much of the Mediterranean region and mainly in the mountains (Smith 2004). It is also reported from North Africa and parts of western Asia, including Turkey, Georgia, and Iran to Kazakhstan (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","Although the habitat of P. elatum is threatened in some parts of Europe, where the species is presumably declining, this is a widespread species of moss across most of Europe, and it is therefore considered to have a stable population trend overall.","This rather large moss grows as scattered shoots or patches, sometimes extensive, in wet calcareous fens and limestone flushes with mosses such as Campylium stellatum, Philonotis calcarea, Tomentypnum nitens, Breidleria pratensisand Scorpidium spp.; it also occurs widely in wetlands, swamps, springs, flushes and seepages that are only slightly base-rich or mineral-rich, often on moorland and under rushes, associated with Lophocolea bidentata, Brachythecium rivulare and Calliergonella cuspidata, sometimes with Sphagnum teres and S. warnstorfii. Less common habitats are in wet woodland, including alder and willow carr, and on alluvial sand under trees by swift-flowing rivers with base-rich water (Atherton et al. 2010). It has also been recorded from reed swamp and marshes where the vegetation is tall but not too dense (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,240 m.



","In many area, including the Balkans, this species is threatened by the deterioration of wetlands through water abstraction. It might also be affected by climate change where it is found at higher altitudes. There are reports of a decline in habitat for this species locally, but it is unknown whether this is an overall trend across Europe.","Habitat protection is important in areas where this moss is rare and threatened. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Austria (Endangered), the Netherlands (Endangered), Germany (Vulnerable), Luxembourg (Near Threatened) and Romania (Near Threatened) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Kiebacher, T.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Plagiomnium,ellipticum,,Plagiomnium ellipticum  ,(Brid.) T.J.Kop.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The common Marsh Thyme-moss (Plagiomnium ellipticum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and its presumably stable population trend. Its population size is much larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents in both EU 28 and Europe and it is not severely fragmented. Its habitats are threatened in some areas, mainly in southern Europe, by water abstraction and climate change through increased severity and longevity of droughts. It is found in protected areas throughout its European range, offering it some form of protection from existing threats.",Stable,"This circumpolar boreo-arctic montane species is distributed in Europe from Iceland, Svalbard and Arctic Russia south to the mountains on the northern fringe of the Mediterranean region and in Corsica (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it occurs in Asiatic Turkey and the Caucasus, and it is widely across northern and temperate Asia to China and Japan, North America and southern South America.The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This is generally a common species, although it is less frequent in southern wetlands, which are generally threatened with destruction. Its overall population trend is considered to be stable. Its population size is much greater than 1,000 individual equivalents in the EU 28, and even greater in Europe, and it is not severely fragmented (one individual-equivalent is considered as one square metre).","This is a wetland species that occurs in a wide range of habitats. It is characteristic of mineral-rich ground but is less demanding of high base-status than Plagiomnium elatum, although it is not found in oligotrophic mires (Atherton et al. 2010). In woodland it grows in flushes and seepages and in alder and willow carr, sometimes with Calliergon cordifolium, Climacium dendroides, Brachythecium rivulareand B. rutabulum. A common habitat on moorland is in Juncus flushes and marshes, but it also occurs in springheads with Philonotis fontana, on lake margins, in wet ground by streams, and in wet rushy pastures. In calcareous fens it occurs in similar niches to P. elatum but is less common (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,400 m.","Wetlands in southern Europe are generally threatened by water abstraction and climate change through increased severity and longevity of droughts. However, there is no indication of an overall decline in this species' habitat in Europe.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Austria (Endangered), Luxembourg (Vulnerable), the Netherlands (Vulnerable), Romania (Vulnerable), Hungary (Near Threatened), Bulgaria (Data Deficient) and Slovakia (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas in Europe.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Wilbraham, J.,Cálix, M.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Plagiomnium,medium,,Plagiomnium medium  ,(Bruch &amp; Schimp.) T.J.Kop.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Alpine Thyme-moss (Plagiomnium medium) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level. It is found in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This  species is a circumpolar boreal-montane species that is generally  distributed in Europe from Iceland and northern Fennoscandia south in  the mountains to Portugal, northern Spain, southern Italy, Sicily and  northern Greece (Smith 2004, Frey et al. 2006). Elsewhere it occurs in the Caucasus. North Africa  (Morocco), Asiatic Turkey, Syria, central Asia and the Himalayas,  northern Asia to Japan, North America and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This is a widespread species across Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This species grows in shaded, lime-free, moist places, mainly in low mountain areas, especially in flushes andon alluvial sand on stream margins, among rocks and on rotting wood. Associates includeRhizomnium punctatum, Mnium hornum,  Philonotis fontana, Plagiothecium platyphyllum, P. succulentum and  Trichocolea tomentella.At lower altitudes it grows in nutrient-rich semi-natural alder stands with elms and ash, here mostly with Atrichum  undulatum, Plagiomnium undulatum and P. elatum. In Scotland, in grows in base-rich springs or in flushed vegetation at the base of crags at elevations above 600 m (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).

This is the only synoicous species in the P. affine group. Its altitudinal range is ca. 350-2,200 m.

","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Portugal (Endangered), Luxembourg (Endangered), Belgium (Threatened), Britain (Near Threatened), Czech Republic (Near Threatened) and Hungary (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas across Europe.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Wilbraham, J.,Cálix, M.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Plagiomnium,rostratum,,Plagiomnium rostratum  ,(Schrad.) T.J.Kop.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Long-beaked Thyme-moss (Plagiomnium rostratum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many recent records and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats and it occurs in protected areas across Europe.",Stable,"This European boreo-temperate species is distributed over most of Europe, including Macaronesia. It is rather scarce in Fennoscandia but reaches Iceland and northern Norway, and occurs in Arctic Russia. It is mainly in the mountains in the Mediterranean region (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it is recorded from North Africa, Turkey, Lebanon, Iraq, Caucasus, Iran, temperate Asia south to the Himalayas and China, New Guinea and temperate North America, south to Mexico. Most records from subtropical regions refer to the closely related P. rhynchophorum (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","This is a widespread and common species across Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This moss is found growing in glossy, prostrate patches on shaded basic rocks and base-rich soil, with associates such as Fissidens dubius, Plagiochila porelloides, Rhynchostegium muraleand Ctenidium molluscum. It is particularly characteristic of river banks, occurring on tree roots, rock slabs, stones and sandy alluvium under trees in places that are occasionally flooded (Atherton et al. 2010). Common associates by limestone streams include Dichodontium pellucidum s.l.,  Didymodon insulanus and Rhizomnium punctatum. It is not confined to river banks, and occurs also in woodland and on shaded banks on soil-covered stones and boulders, well-rotted logs and stony or compacted soil, often taking advantage of bare ground by paths. It is also found on ledges of sheltered rock outcrops and on and at the base of old walls, less commonly in thin moist grassland. It sometimes colonises embankment walls and concrete by shaded culverts and streams and occasionally damp tarmac. On limed forest roads, it occurs withCratoneuron filicinum  and Pohlia wahlenbergii. It is characteristic of limestone districts, but occurs widely on other substrates where there is sufficient base enrichment (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,300 m.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Finland (Near Threatened), Canary Islands (Data Deficient), Sicily (Data Deficient) and San Marino (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas across Europe.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Wilbraham, J.,Cálix, M.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Plagiomnium,undulatum,,Plagiomnium undulatum  ,(Hedw.) T.J.Kop.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Hart's-tongue Thyme-moss (Plagiomnium undulatum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many recent records, its large population size and stable population trend. There are no major threats to this species and it is found in many protected areas across Europe.",Stable,"This is a European temperate species occurring throughout Europe, from Macaronesia and the Mediterranean region north to Iceland, Scandinavia and northern Russia, absent only in the extreme north (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it occurs in North Africa, western Asia from Turkey to Georgia, Azerbaijan and Iran, and it is also reported from the Arctic Far East of Russia. It is represented in Macaronesia by a distinct variety, var. madeirense T.J. Kop. & Sérgio, which also occurs in Portugal (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

",This is a very common species with a stable population trend and large population size.,"This is a conspicuous and abundant moss in woodland on damp basic or neutral soils, occurring on soil in the ground flora, on logs and stumps, and cascading over base-rich rocks, often accompanied by Plagiochila asplenioides, Cirriphyllum piliferum, Eurhynchium striatum, Rhytidiadelphus  triquetrus, Brachythecium rutabulum, Thamnobryum alopecurumand Thuidium tamariscinum. It can also be found growing in fairly acidic places in boreal forest in Norway (Atherton et al. 2010). Although flourishing in shade it is also common in more open but sheltered places on lanes and hedgebanks, tracksides, disused railways, river banks, quarries and the bases of rock outcrops. It occurs in seepages and on dripping rocks in ravines and steep valleys, and in fens and mineral-rich upland flushes. Another common habitat is in short, damp unimproved grassland, including chalk and limestone turf on north-facing or sheltered banks, and widely in churchyards and lawns, where it is often stunted (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). It is known to produce sporophytes.  Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-1,920 m.



",There are no known threats to this species.,No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Sicily (Data Deficient) and San Marino (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in many protected areas.,There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Kiebacher, T.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BARTRAMIALES,BARTRAMIACEAE,Plagiopus,oederianus,,Plagiopus oederianus  ,(Sw.) H.A.Crum &amp; L.E.Anderson,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Oeder's Apple-moss (Plagiopus oederianus) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 due to its wide distribution in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category. Although there is no information on the population structure or size of this species, there are many recent records of its presence in Europe and so its population trend is assumed to be stable. Further research though is needed into its population structure, size and trends. The threats to this species are unknown. It occurs in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This circumpolar boreo-arctic montane species is widespread in  mountainous parts of Europe north to the high Arctic and south to the Pyrenees and the Mediterranean mountains. Elsewhere it is found in the Caucasus, Turkey, Iran, the Himalayas, northern and central Asia to China and Japan, North America, Greenland, Hawaii, and in the Drakensberg Mountains of southern Africa (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.",There is no information on the population structure or size of this species. According to many recent records it can be considered that this widespread moss species has an overall stable population trend.,"This cushion-forming moss occurs on basic rock ledges and in crevices, mostly on hard calcareous rocks, especially limestones and calcareous schists, but also on Old Red Sandstone, Ordovician shales, dolerite and other base-rich substrates. Habitats include rocky streamsides, ravines and valley woods, wooded limestone scars and north-facing crags. Commonly associated species include Metzgeria pubescens, Plagiochila porelloides, Ctenidium molluscum, Ditrichum gracile, Eurhynchium striatum, Fissidens dubius, Gymnostomum aeruginosum, Neckera crispa and Pohlia cruda. Its altitudinal range is ca. 180–2,660 m. It is synoicous, and sporophytes are common.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct), Ireland (Critically Endangered), Hungary (Vulnerable), Estonia (Vulnerable), Czech Republic (Vulnerable), Germany (Near Threatened) and Poland (Indeterminate) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is present in protected areas in Europe. Further research is needed into its population structure, size and trends.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Ros-Espín, R.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,PLAGIOTHECIACEAE,Plagiothecium,berggrenianum,,Plagiothecium berggrenianum  ,Frisvoll,,No,VU,D1,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

In Europe, Plagiothecium berggrenianum is found in Svalbard and in the arctic part of Russia. The species is known from around five localities in Svalbard and from at least four in the European part of the Russian Arctic. In both areas, the current population trend seems to be stable. However, the population size is estimated to be between 500 and 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable in Europe.

Svalbard offers only very restricted areas with suitable habitats for this species, which limits its occurrence and therefore increases the risk of extinction. In addition, climate change could potentially have some effects in the future. Research and monitoring is needed to gain a greater understanding of the population size, distribution and trends. In addition, the potential future impacts of climate change could be researched. 

This species is not found within the EU 28 region and therefore it is Not Evaluated.",Stable,"This species has a circumarctic distribution. It is found in Svalbard and in the arctic part of Russia in Kanin peninsula, Dolgi, Vaigach Island and Franz Josef Land (Frisvoll and Elvebakk 1996, Frisvoll and Blom 1997, Ignatov et al. 2006). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Alaska, northern Canada and Greenland (BFNA 2015) as well as Siberia (Ignatov et al. 2006).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 36 and 100 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1 million km2. The species does not occur within EU 28.","The species is known from around five localities in Svalbard (Frisvoll and Blom 1997) and from at least four in the European part of the Russian Arctic (O. Afonina pers. comm. 2017). In Russia, around 50 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) are estimated to occur at each site. The overall population size is therefore estimated to be between 500 and 1,000 individual-equivalents.There is no indication of decline in Svalbard or Russia, and so the current population trend of this species in Europe is considered to be stable.","This species grows on swales, wet tundra, rocky steep slopes and below bird cliffs in distinctly siliceous areas (Frisvoll and Blom 1997).","Svalbard offers only very restricted areas with suitable habitats for this species, which limits its occurrence and therefore increases the risk of extinction.

Climate change could potentially have some effects in the future, since the species is strictly arctic and climate change affects arctic regions more than temperate regions.","This species is in the Red List of Svalbard as Vulnerable (VU) (Frisvoll and Blom 1997). The species is present in protected areas in Svalbard. 

Research and monitoring is needed to gain a greater understanding of the population size, distribution and trends. In addition, the potential future impacts of climate change could be researched.",The species is not used or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hugonnot, V.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,PLAGIOTHECIACEAE,Plagiothecium,cavifolium,,Plagiothecium cavifolium  ,(Brid.) Z. Iwats.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The often-recorded Round Silk-moss (Plagiothecium cavifolium) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and its stable population trend. There are no known threats, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It is known to occur in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This is a circumpolar boreo-montane species of moss widely distributed in montane and northern Europe, including the Faroe Islands, Iceland and Arctic Russia (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it occurs in Greenland, northern Asia, Japan and North America.Material from the Falkland Islands is now considered a distinct species, P. falklandicum (Cardot & Broth.) M.E. Newton (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This is a widespread species of moss often recorded across Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This species grows on  base-rich to moderately acidic, loamy or clay-sandy soil  in partially shaded, damp to moderately dry places, especially in  oak-hornbeam forests.It grows on compacted, open soils in forests, on roadsides, embankments and slopes. Other habitatsinclude sandstone rock ledges in moorland and stream valleys,  and limestone rocks in woodland (Atherton et al. 2010). Associates includeAtrichum  undulatum, Dicranella heteromalla, Brachytheciastrum velutinum, Pohlia  nutans, Mnium hornum, M. stellare, Plagiochila porelloides, Polytrichum formosum,  Dicranum scoparium, Ptychostomum capillare, Rhizomnium punctatum and Cephalozia  bicuspidata. Other records are from moist, base-rich mountain rocks, growing in crevices, on ledges, on mossy boulders, and in rocky summit turf. In these places it may be associated with a wide variety of other calcicoles, including Ctenidium molluscum, Encalypta ciliata, Fissidens  adianthoides, Hypnum callichroum, Isopterygiopsis pulchella and Ptychostomum zieri (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 75-2,520 m.",There are no known threats to this species.,No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Portugal (Endangered) and Ireland (Vulnerable) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to be present in protected areas.,There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Orgaz Alvarez, J.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,PLAGIOTHECIACEAE,Plagiothecium,curvifolium,,Plagiothecium curvifolium  ,Schlieph. ex Limpr.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).

The Curved Silk-moss (Plagiothecium curvifolium) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many records of its occurrence, and its large population size and stable population trend. The threats to this species are unknown. It is known to be present in protected areas.",Stable,"This European temperate species occurs over most of Europe, north to northern Norway and the northern Urals, south to the mountains of the northern Mediterranean region (Smith 2004). The wider distribution is uncertain because of taxonomic confusion, especially with P. laetum, but P. curvifolium occurs in North America, eastern Asia and Japan (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B.

","This is a widespread species of moss in Europe, where it is considered to have a large and stable population.","This is a calcifuge species typically found in woodland, often in conifer plantations but also in deciduous woods. It is most common on tree stumps and fallen logs, but it also grows about tree bases and on exposed roots, especially of trees with acid bark such as alder, birch, oak and pine, rarely on trunks and branches (Atherton et al. 2010). Associated species may include Lepidozia reptans, Lophocolea heterophylla,Campylopus flexuosus, Herzogiella seligeri, Dicranum scoparium, Plagiothecium undulatumand Sciuro-hypnum starkei. It colonises siliceous rocks, litter and humus-rich soil, growing particularly luxuriantly on soil covered with decaying conifer needles, often in deeply shaded plantations and spruce forests. It is not often found outside woodland but has been recorded from peaty soil in heathland (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,000 m.",There are no known threats to this species.,No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Ireland (Vulnerable) and Bulgaria (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to be present in protected areas.,There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Vellak, K.,Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M.","Ochyra, R.,Kurbatova, L.,Schröck, C.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,PLAGIOTHECIACEAE,Plagiothecium,denticulatum,,Plagiothecium denticulatum  ,(Hedw.) Schimp.,"Three varieties of this species are recognised in Europe: var. denticulatum, var. obtusifolium (Turner) Moore and var. undulatum R.Ruthe ex Geh. (= P. ruthei Limpr.).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The often-recorded Dentate Silk-moss (Plagiothecium denticulatum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and its overall stable population trend. However, it may be declining in some areas, such as Britain, possibly because of a reduction in acid depositions. There are no major threats to it at the European level though, and it is present in protected areas across its range in Europe.



 



",Stable,"This circumpolar boreo-temperate species is widespread in Europe from Iceland, Svalbard and Arctic Russia south to Madeira and the mountains of the Mediterranean region (Smith 2004). It is widespread across the Northern Hemisphere, in Asia south to the Himalayas and China, Japan, Greenland, and North America south to California and New Mexico (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened Category under Criterion B.

","This is a widespread species often recorded across Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend. However, it may be declining in some areas, such as Britain, possibly because of a reduction in acid depositions (Blockeel et al. 2014).

","This is a moss of moist shady places on base-poor organic soils, especially in woodland, where it grows on tree stumps, tree bases, organic debris, rotting stumps and logs, banks and acid humus, often with Tetraphis pellucida. It also occurs on thin, often peaty soil over and at the base of rocks in bouldery woodland and on old walls (Atherton et al. 2010). It is more strongly calcifuge and extends to wetter habitats than other common Plagiothecium species, occurring on the ground in coniferous forest, on wet soil by streams, in marshes, flushes and wet acid grassland, also in reed swamps and carr woodland, where it may grow on sedge and fern tussocks. In montane regions it grows in wooded ravines and, at higher altitudes, in shady recesses between boulders in stable block scree and in earthy crevices in cliffs. Associates includeLophocolea heterophylla, Hypnum cupressiforme, Tetraphis  pellucida, Polytrichum formosum, Dicranella heteromalla, Herzogiella  seligeri, Dicranum montanum and Lepidozia reptans. Var. obtusifolium is generally more confined to upland and montane habitats, typically among boulders, in rock crevices and on ledges. It is often a component of the vegetation of high-level boulder fields and late-lying snow patches, along with species such as Schistochilopsis opacifolia, Moerckia blyttii, Pohlia ludwigii and, in hyperoceanic areas, large oceanic-montane liverworts. It also occurs in crevices on calcareous rock ledges, usually on north- or east-facing cliffs, with Ctenidium molluscum, Distichium capillaceum, Isopterygiopsis pulchella and other less widespread montane species. Var. undulatum grows in wetter places (and may be nothing more than a habitat form), such as alder, willow and birch swamp, lakesides, springs and mesotrophic wetlands (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-3,100 m.



",There are no known threats to this species.,No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Sicily (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to be present in protected areas.,There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Górski, P.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,PLAGIOTHECIACEAE,Plagiothecium,handelii,,Plagiothecium handelii  ,Broth.,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The very rare moss species, Plagiothecium handelii, was until recently known only from China. It is only known from Austria and Romania in Europe. The actual distribution is poorly known, and further records are to be expected, particularly within the distribution area of the similar species, P. neckeroideum. Nonetheless, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 72 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 41,000 km². Known subpopulations are relatively small and consist of a few individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre of ground on which the species grows. The overall population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents both in Europe and in the EU 28. It appears to be stable in Austria, and so the overall trend is considered the same. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and the EU 28. This species has very specific habitat requirements, and though little is known about the threats to it, the complex local climate of its scree slope habitat can certainly be disturbed by road construction and logging. Climate change may also pose a threat to it. Knowledge about the distribution, population size, ecology and threats must be significantly improved. Its presence in Romania needs to be reconfirmed and fieldwork is needed to determine whether it is present at other localities. It is known to occur in several protected areas in Austria. However, further site protection is a recommended conservation measure for this species.",Stable,"Plagiothecium handelii was until recently known only from China. Wynns and Schröck (2017) provided records from eastern North America and Europe, where it is only known from Austria and Romania, but from the latter only from an old herbarium specimen and its presence there should be reconfirmed. This species is certainly a rarity, but the actual distribution is poorly known, and further records are to be expected, particularly within the distribution area of the similar species, P. neckeroideum. Its occurrence in Germany is uncertain, but Molendo (1865) described a form of P. sylvaticum from the vicinity of Oberstdorf, which could be P. handelii. It has been found growing at elevations between 800 m and 2,200 m Asl. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 72 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 41,000 km².","The known subpopulations are relatively small and consist of a few individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre of ground on which the species grows. Somewhat larger subpopulations have been found only under optimal habitat conditions. The overall population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents. It appears to be stable in Austria, and so the overall trend is considered the same.","In Austria, this species colonises old, humus-rich, stabilized boulder screes in the mountains. It occurs in small humid cavities filled by humus under boulders. The bedrock is mostly granite and gneiss (Wynns and Schröck 2017). It often grows near Plagiothecium neckeroideum, but in habitats that are less humid and shaded.","Little is known about the threats to this species, but the complex local climate of scree slopes can certainly be disturbed by road construction and logging. Also climate change can potentially threaten this species.","Knowledge about the distribution, population size, ecology and threats must be significantly improved. Its presence in Romania needs to be reconfirmed and fieldwork is needed to determine whether it is present at other localities. It is known to occur in several protected areas in Austria. However, further site protection is a recommended conservation measure for this species.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Lara, F.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,PLAGIOTHECIACEAE,Plagiothecium,laetum,,Plagiothecium laetum  ,Schimp.,Plagiothecium laetum is very closely related to P. curvifolium and occasional plants appear to be intermediate and are difficult to identify. Some authors do not regard them as separate species and their status is unlikely to be clarified without molecular analysis. P. laetum can also be confused with small forms of P. denticulatum (Blockeel et al. 2014).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Bright Silk-moss (Plagiothecium laetum), found over most of Europe, is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and its stable population trend. There are no known threats to it, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in protected areas in its European range.



 



",Stable,"This circumpolar boreal-montane species occurs over most of Europe, from Scandinavia and Arctic Russia south to Portugal, northern Spain, Italy and the Balkan mountains (Smith 2004). It is widespread across northern and temperate Asia, Japan, Greenland and North America south to California and New Mexico (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B.

","This is a widespread species of moss found over most of Europe, and it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This is a calcifuge moss of shaded habitats, often found as flat patches on stumps, rotten logs and tree roots and bases in broadleaved woodland, less often under conifers. Most records are from trees with acid bark, especially oak and birch, but is also recorded from various other species including spruce, sycamore, hawthorn, ash, and the stools of coppiced hazel and sweet chestnut. It is occasionally found in wet woodland at the base of alders and willows. Less often it occurs on acid and peaty humus on shaded woodland banks, among siliceous rocks (rarely on old walls), and on the steep sides of gullies and ravines; in the mountains it is recorded from block scree and on steep rocky slopes. Associates includeTetraphis pellucida, Aulacomnium androgynum, Lepidozia reptans, Pohlia nutans and Hypnum cupressiforme (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 15-2,500 m.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Ireland (Vulnerable), Northern Ireland (Vulnerable) and Portugal (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Górski, P.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,PLAGIOTHECIACEAE,Plagiothecium,latebricola,,Plagiothecium latebricola  ,Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 



Because of its wide distribution, the entire population of the the Alder Silk-moss (Plagiothecium latebricola) has a rather wide but sparse distribution in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. It is small and often overlooked, so the population size and trend are difficult to assess. However, there is no indication that it is declining, and as the species is assessed as Least Concern in a majority of its countries of occurrence, the current population trend is expected to be stable. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and in the EU 28. It is sensitive to excessive light exposure and to removal of dead wood after felling. There is no known conservation action targeting this species specifically, but forest management should be adapted and felling avoided in known places of occurrence to protect local subpopulations. More research is needed on population trends, and to monitor the impacts of ongoing threats at threatened locations.",Stable,"This species is rather sparsely distributed at scattered localities from Norway and Russia in the north to Italy in the south, and from Ireland and Portugal (but not Spain) in the west to eastern European Russia in the east. It is absent from Macaronesia, much of the Mediterranean region and the far north. Previous records from Switzerland are erroneous. Elsewhere outside Europe, it is known only from North America. It has been found growing from sea level up to 600 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","The species is small and often overlooked (Meinunger and Schröder 2007), so the population size and trend are difficult to assess. Some localities are reported to be in a poor state (Nebel et al. 2001, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, ArtDatabanken 2016), but data on the actual size or trends of the subpopulations are largely lacking. However, there is no indication that it is declining, and as the species is assessed as Least Concern in a majority of its countries of occurrence (Hodgetts 2015, Caspari et al. 2018), the current population trend is expected to be stable.","The species occurs in moist or swampy deciduous forests with soils of low lime content and an acidic pH (Nebel et al. 2001, ArtDatabanken 2016). It mostly grows on stumps or pieces of dead wood, especially alder, less often on the bark and the roots or branches of living trees. It can also grow on humid soil at the base of sedge tussocks.",This species is sensitive to excessive light exposure and to removal of dead wood after felling (ArtDatabanken 2016).,"The species has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Slovakia, Luxembourg and Romania, Vulnerable (VU) in Ireland, Czech Republic and Latvia, Near Threatened (NT) in Finland and Estonia and 'highly endangered' in Austria (Hodgetts 2015). There is no known conservation action targeting this species specifically, but forest management should be adapted and felling avoided in known places of occurrence to protect local subpopulations (ArtDatabanken 2016). More research is needed on population trends, and to monitor the impacts of ongoing threats at threatened locations. It is known to occur in protected areas.",The species is not utilised or traded.,"Ingerpuu, N.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Baudraz, M.E.A. & Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,PLAGIOTHECIACEAE,Plagiothecium,neckeroideum,,Plagiothecium neckeroideum  ,Schimp.,"Further taxonomic studies are necessary to clarify the status of Plagiothecium noricum Molendo ex Limpr., which has so far been included under P. neckeroideum.",No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Plagiothecium neckeroideum is a very rare species of moss with very specific habitat requirements, requiring a constant cool-moist local climate. In Europe, it is restricted to the Alps, the eastern Carpathians and the Bohemian massif, with its distribution centred in the eastern Alps in Austria. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 300 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 230,000 km². There is no indication of a decline, and so a stable population trend is assumed. However the subpopulations are very small, with a total population size estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents. Since this species is found in rock crevices, one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre where the species grows. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and in the EU 28. 

The complex local climate of its scree habitat can be disturbed by the construction of roads. In low mountain ranges, forest management could be a threat (e.g., clear cutting). However, many sites appear to be un-threatened. It is difficult to assess the effects of climate change, but habitat shifting in the lower mountain ranges might be a problem, since this species may be unable to migrate to higher altitudes. Due to the rarity of this species, all currently known sites must be strictly protected. All known sites should be publicised to the authorities in order to obtain protection for this species in the long term. Further taxonomic studies are necessary to clarify the status of Plagiothecium noricum, which has so far been included under P. neckeroideum. Also further research into the population size, trends, distribution and threats to this species is recommended.",Stable,"In Europe this moss is restricted to the Alps, the eastern Carpathians and the Bohemian massif, with its distribution centred in the eastern Alps in Austria, where it is found scattered, particularly in the Hohe Tauern (Grims 1999). There are only three recent records from Switzerland (Swissbryophytes 2004-2018), but two of them are considered unreliable. There is one historical record from Italy, but with no precise locality, and it is considered uncertain. The occurrence of this species in Romania is uncertain: Plamada (2001) notes that its presence in Romania is based on an error, but there is another historical report from the Retezat Mountains (S. Stefanut pers. comm. 2017). It has also been recorded from the Czech Republic, Germany, Slovenia and Ukraine. Globally, this species has a highly disjunct distribution, being known elsewhere from east Asia (south Siberia, China,  Japan, Malaysia and Papua New Guinea) and Africa (Democratic Republic of  Congo). It is found growing at elevations from 600 m up to 1,800 m Asl. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 300 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 230,000 km².","This is a rare species of moss with specific habitat preferences. Many subpopulations are comparatively small. Only in optimal habitats can it be found in larger subpopulations. Little is known about the population size. Based on current knowledge, a population size smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents must be assumed. Since this species is found in rock crevices, one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre where the species grows. There is no indication of decline, so a stable population trend is assumed.","This moss colonises mostly north-facing, old and stabilized boulder screes, with stunted trees growing through the rocks, from the montane to the subalpine level (600-1,800 m Asl), where it grows in deep, shady and moist cavities (Grims 1999, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Schröck et al. 2014)). It therefore requires a constant cool-moist local climate.","Little is known about the threats to this species. The complex local climate of scree can be disturbed by the construction of roads, etc., so this species has certainly suffered locally. Especially in the low mountain ranges, forest management could be a threat (e.g., clear cutting). However, many sites appear to be unthreatened (Schröck et al. 2013). It is difficult to assess the effects of climate change, but habitat shifting in the lower mountain ranges might be a problem, since this species may be unable to migrate to higher altitudes (Köckinger and Schröck 2017).","This moss has been assessed as Endangered in the Czech Republic, Romania (where, however, it should probably be Data Deficient) and Slovenia, as Vulnerable in Switzerland, and as 'rare' in Austria and Germany (Hodgetts 2015). Due to the rarity of this species, all currently known sites must be strictly protected. All known sites should be publicised to the authorities in order to obtain protection for this species in the long term. Further taxonomic studies are necessary to clarify the status of Plagiothecium noricum, which has so far been included under P. neckeroideum. Also further research into the population size, trends, distribution and threats to this species is recommended. It is known to occur in protected areas.

 



",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Gunnarsson, U.,Englefield, E.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,PLAGIOTHECIACEAE,Plagiothecium,nemorale,,Plagiothecium nemorale  ,(Mitt.) A. Jaeger,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The widespread and often-recorded Woodsy Silk-moss (Plagiothecium nemorale) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and its stable population trend. There are no known threats to this species, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This European temperate species is widespread in Europe north to central Scandinavia, and commoner in the Mediterranean region and Macaronesia than P. succulentum (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it is found in North Africa (Algeria) and temperate Asia east to Japan and south to the Himalayas (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B.

","This is a widespread species of moss often recorded across Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This is primarily a woodland species of mildly basic to acid soils. A characteristic habitat is around the bases of trees, commonly beech, ash and oak, where it tends to grow in a zone above that of Mnium hornum, but it is also found widelynear streams on sandy or humic soil,  on earthy banks, on ledges, about stones, on decaying stumps and logs, and on coppice stools (Atherton et al. 2010). It is associated with many common lowland woodland bryophytes such as Brachythecium rutabulum, B. salebrosum, Plagiomnium undulatum,  P. cuspidatum, Atrichum undulatum, Eurhynchiumspp., Homalia  trichomanoides, Isothecium alopecuroides, Lophocolea heterophylla, Hypnum cupressiformeand Kindbergia praelonga.Calypogeia  fissa, Diphyscium foliosum and Fissidens bryoides are common associates at drier sites. It favours deciduous rather than coniferous woods, and occurs in other sheltered habitats, as on the banks of streams and rivers, by hedgerows, on lane banks, and on sea cliffs. It is more frequent in lowland districts than Plagiothecium succulentum, especially on slightly leached, calcareous soils, including chalk and basic clay, butis replaced by P. succulentum in arid oak-hornbeam forests on base-poor substrates. In the uplands it is rare, occurring in ravines, on rock ledges and in recesses among boulders in block scree and on steep slopes (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,460 m.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Finland (Near Threatened), Sicily (Data Deficient) and Canary Islands (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It has been found within protected areas across its range in Europe.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Górski, P.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,PLAGIOTHECIACEAE,Plagiothecium,piliferum,,Plagiothecium piliferum  ,(Sw.) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Hair Silk-moss (Plagiothecium piliferum) has a pronounced eastern distribution in Europe. Its distribution in central Europe is of special interest since it is spread in various high mountains of European Mediterranean region, but has not been recorded in the Alps. In the north, this species is rather rare but scattered almost throughout Fennoscandia. This species has fairly wide geographic range in Europe - the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 2,000 and 2,500 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 5 to 6 million km2. In the EU 28 the AOO is around 1,500 km2 and the EOO is around 5 million km2. It seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area in Europe and EU 28. In addition, there are no major threats to this species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, changes in canopy shading of rocks and boulders in forestry areas can have adverse effects on subpopulations, and this species is considered to be threatened in Portugal and Great Britain. Even so, no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species has a circumpolar boreal-montane distribution. In Europe, this species occurs from northern Fennoscandia and northern Russia (North Urals), south through to the Alps and the Carpathians and to Portugal, northern Spain, Sardinia, northern Italy and Romania (Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 30 m and 1,500 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species is reported from Asia and North America (Hedenäs et al. 2014). 

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 2,000 and 2,500 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 5 to 6 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 1,500 km2 and the EOO is ca 5 million km2.","This species has a pronounced eastern distribution in Europe. In Great Britain, it has been found in two localities - Caenlochan Glen and Ben Lawers in Scotland, but it has not been seen since 1939. In the United Kingdom there have been some unsuccessful targeted searches in recent years and it seems likely that this moss is extinct in Britain (Blockeel et al. 2014). In France, this species is confined to the Pyrenees and to Corsica (highest peak) and Italy (the Apennines). In Fennoscandia and adjacent parts of Russia, this is decidedly an Eastern species (Persson 1952). Its distribution in central Europe is of special interest since it is found in various high mountains of European Mediterranean region, but has not been recorded in the Alps (Herzog 1926). In the north, this species is rather rare but scattered almost throughout Fennoscandia (Mårtensson 1956), however, there is no indication of any decline. The overall current population trend is stable for both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows in relatively dry and shady environments on hard surfaces. It grows on rocks, quite often on perpendicular rock walls, crevices, and more rarely on the ground (Hedenäs et al. 2014).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. However, changes in canopy shading of rocks and boulders in forestry areas can have adverse effects on subpopulations.","The species is assessed in the Red Lists of Great Britain and Portugal as Critically Endangered (CR), and in Switzerland as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in several protected areas. No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Muller, F.,Fettes, N.D.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,PLAGIOTHECIACEAE,Plagiothecium,platyphyllum,,Plagiothecium platyphyllum  ,Mönk.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Alpine Silk-moss (Plagiothecium platyphyllum) is a European boreal-montane moss widespread but scattered in Europe, from northern Scandinavia and northwestern Russia south to Spain, Corsica, northern Italy and Bulgaria, east to Ukraine. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, while it is apparently rather scarce in Europe, it appears not to be threatened, according to our current understanding. There is no evidence of decline or severe fragmentation, and the number of individuals is above 1,000. The species might be vulnerable to erosion or eutrophication associated with high sheep stocking levels in the hills. No conservation measures are required at present. Further research is needed on the distribution of this species, as there may be errors in recording.",Stable,"The Alpine Silk-moss (Plagiothecium platyphyllum) is a European boreal-montane moss widespread but scattered in Europe, from northern Scandinavia and northwestern Russia south to Spain, Corsica, northern Italy and Bulgaria, east to Ukraine. It also occurs in Turkey, the Caucasus, Georgia and Iran, but the wider distribution is obscured by different taxonomic treatments. It is listed as doubtful for Russian Asia by Ignatov et al. (2006), but accepted for China in He (2008). In North America it is generally not regarded as distinct from P. cavifolium (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 1,130 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6.4 million km².","This species is common in the Balkans and it is abundant and widespread in the siliceous areas in the Alps. It is rare in the UK and Ireland. The current population trend is stable. Its population is not fragmented and the population size is above 1,000 mature individuals. It is surely under-recorded. 

","This is a moss of wet, shaded habitats, often in montane areas. A characteristic habitat is in high-altitude springs and flushes, but it also grows in wet rock crevices, under overhangs, on flushed rocks on cliffs, and by waterfalls and on stream banks. Many sites are on north-facing slopes. In flushes in Britain it has been recorded with Scapania paludosa, S. uliginosa and Bryum weigelii. Scapania undulata, Porella cordaeana, Rhynchostegium riparioides, Sciuro-hypnum plumosum, Mnium hornum, Plagiothecium succulentum,  Dichodontium pellucidum, Rhizomnium punctatum, Pellia epiphylla and  Hookeria lucens are additionally listed as associates in Germany. One of the Irish records was among boulders on the shore of a small, partly dried-out lake in a corrie (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from 20 m up to 2,320 m Asl. It can also be found on mixed forests, on decaying wood along streams.



It is autoicous; capsules are frequent, maturing in summer. Gemmae are unknown, but rhizoid initials are often present at the leaf apices and detached leaves probably serve as a means of propagation.

","No immediate threats have been reported. However, the species might be vulnerable to erosion or eutrophication associated with high sheep stocking levels in the hills.","No conservation measures are required at present. Further research is needed on the distribution of this species, as there may be errors in recording. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Luxembourg, as Endangered in Finland, as Vulnerable in Ireland, Spain and Bulgaria, as Near Threatened in Romania and Sweden, and as Data Deficient in Hungary (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Pilkington, S.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,PLAGIOTHECIACEAE,Plagiothecium,succulentum,,Plagiothecium succulentum  ,(Wilson) Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The common and widespread Juicy Silk-moss (Plagiothecium succulentum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and its overall stable population trend. There are no known threats to it, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It is found in protected areas across Europe.",Stable,"This is a Eurosiberian boreo-temperate moss that occurs north to Iceland and northern Scandinavia, but is rare or absent in much of the Mediterranean region, and its presence in Russia is uncertain (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it occurs in North  Africa (Tunisia) and Asiatic Turkey, but its distribution elsewhere in Asia is poorly documented because of taxonomic uncertainties (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B.

","This is a common and widespread species, especially in northern and western regions, and it is considered to have an overall stable population trend.","This moss grows on soil banks, tree bases, rock ledges or, more rarely, old stone walls and decaying wood, commonly in woodland and hedgerows, often near or on the banks of streams, but also on lane banks, among rocks on moorland, and on sea cliffs. It generally tends to be calcifuge, frequently growing in deep shade on shallow humus overlying neutral sandy or clayey soils, but usually avoiding peat. In chalky areas it is confined to well-leached substrates (Atherton et al. 2010). Common associates include Atrichum undulatum, Dicranella heteromalla, Mnium hornum,Aulacomnium  androgynum, Plagiothecium cavifolium, P.  denticulatum, P.  platyphyllum, Rhizomnium punctatum, Brachythecium  rivulare, Brachytheciastrum velutinum, Pohlianutansand Apopellia epiphylla. It has, however, some tolerance of base enrichment and has been recorded on old limestone walls. This is also evident in the mountains, where it is often found in places with a little basic influence, among boulders and on rock ledges. It sometimes also forms tufts by mountain springs (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-3,100 m.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Austria (Endangered), Bulgaria (Data Deficient) and Canary Islands (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to be present in protected areas across Europe.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Denyer, J.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,PLAGIOTHECIACEAE,Plagiothecium,svalbardense,,Plagiothecium svalbardense  ,Frisvoll,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Plagiothecium svalbardense is known only from three localities in Svalbard in Europe. The most recent collection is made in 1974, and it is unknown whether it has been searched for since. There is no current information about any population trend. Svalbard offers only very small areas with suitable living conditions for this species, which limits its occurrences and increases the risk of extinction. Because of current lack of knowledge, the species could, in theory, meet anything from Critically Endangered to Least Concern, and is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

Research and monitoring of the population of this species is therefore needed, as well as research into the impact of climate change.

This species is not found in the EU 28 and so is therefore Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"This species has an arctic distribution and is in Europe found only in Svalbard (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, there are reports from Taimyr in Russia (M. Ignatov pers. comm. 2017).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 16 and 32 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 40 km². This species is not found in the EU 28.","The species is known from three localities in Svalbard. The most recent collection is made in 1974, and it is unknown whether it has been searched for since. There is no current information about any population trend.",This species grows on non-calcareous substrate and is at present known from three major basement rock areas of Svalbard just below bird cliffs. The type locality is below a bird cliff at 50 m Asl (Frisvoll and Elvebakk 1996).,"Svalbard offers only very small areas with suitable living conditions for this species, which limits its occurrences and increases the risk of extinction. Climate change could potentially be a threat in the future, but its effect on the species are not clear.","This species is in the Red List of Svalbard (Frisvoll and Blom 1997) as Vulnerable (VU). The species occurs in protected areas in Svalbard.

Research and monitoring of the population of this species is needed, as well as research into the impact of climate change.",The species is not used or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Stebel, A.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,PLAGIOTHECIACEAE,Plagiothecium,undulatum,,Plagiothecium undulatum  ,(Hedw.) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Found across most of Europe, the Waved Silk-moss (Plagiothecium undulatum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many recent records of its occurrence and its overall stable population trend. There are no known threats, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It is known to occur within protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This large moss has a suboceanic boreo-temperate distribution in Europe, occurring north to the Faroe Islands, northern Norway (Nordland) and the Baltic States, east to Ukraine, and south to Portugal, central Italy and Bulgaria, becoming more montane in the southern parts of its range (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it is recorded from Turkey, Iran, China, eastern Asia, New Guinea and western North America (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B.

","This is a widespread species of moss found across most of Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This is a conspicuous calcifuge moss of acid woodland, where it often forms extensive carpets on damp humus, old logs and boulders in shaded, cool places. It is particularly characteristic of northern spruce, pine and mixed forests, bog forests, and upland oak and birch woods, in association with other robust bryophytes including Bazzania trilobata, Plagiochila asplenioides, Dicranodontium denudatum, Dicranum majus, D. scoparium,Eurhynchium striatum, Lophocolea  bidentata, Mnium hornum, Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi, Ptilium crista-castrensis, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Sphagnumspp. and Thuidium tamariscinum. In humid places it may ascend the lower parts of tree trunks. It extends less abundantly into lowland woods on acid humus, and to conifer plantations where the planting is not excessively dense. Outside woodlands it occurs on ravine banks and on wet and dry heath, often being a major component of the bryophyte layer in heather moorland and in dwarf-shrub heath on mountain slopes, particularly favouring northerly and easterly aspects and growing among boulders in block scree (Atherton et al. 2010). It is also found on blanket bogs and raised bogs, in flushed grassland, on coastal slopes, and on acid cliff ledges (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-1,830 m.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Hungary (Endangered), Portugal (Vulnerable), Luxembourg (Vulnerable), Bulgaria (Vulnerable), Estonia (Vulnerable) and Lithuania (Vulnerable) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to be present within protected areas.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.,Mazimpaka, V.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,LEMBOPHYLLACEAE,Plasteurhynchium,meridionale,,Plasteurhynchium meridionale  ,(Schimp.) M. Fleisch.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Portland Feather-moss (Plasteurhynchium meridionale) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory. It is possible that this species is more common, but is overlooked or is under-recorded. There are recent records from around the Mediterranean Basin, both in European and non-European parts. The overall population trend of this species appears to be stable. The threats to this species are unknown, but it is known to occur in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This Mediterranean-Atlantic moss occurs throughout Mediterranean Europe, including Macaronesia, extending north to Landes in France and Ukraine, with an isolated outpost in southern England. Elsewhere it is known from North Africa, Asiatic Turkey, Israel and Georgia (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This is a widespread species in Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.

",This species is found growing on limestone rocks and boulders in old quarries and on cliff slopes (Smith 2004). Its known altitudinal range is ca. 20-900 m.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Great Britain (Vulnerable), Slovenia (Near Threatened) and San Marino (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). This species occurs in protected areas.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Orgaz Alvarez, J.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,LEMBOPHYLLACEAE,Plasteurhynchium,striatulum,,Plasteurhynchium striatulum  ,(Spruce) M.Fleisch.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Plasteurhynchium striatulum is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level. It is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range.",Stable,"This species is a sub-Mediterranean - Atlantic moss widely distributed in Europe, where it is found from southern Scandinavia, through western and central Europe south to Algeria and east to the Caucasus and Turkey (Smith 2004). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This is a widespread species of moss often recorded across Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This species grows on calcareous rocks, stones and walls, and rarely on tree roots. The conditions are usually lightly to moderately shaded, and often in woodland. It is a southern species of moss, with a preference for warm and dry sites (Atherton et al. 2010).","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Sweden (Vulnerable), Norway (Near Threatened), Ireland (Near Threatened), Sicily (Near Threatened), Slovakia (Near Threatened), Romania (Near Threatened), the Canary Islands (Data Deficient) and the Netherlands (Susceptible) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range, such as National Parc Dolomiti Bellunesi in Italy.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Hodgetts, N.,Mazimpaka, V.,Cálix, M.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Platydictya,jungermannioides,,Platydictya jungermannioides  ,(Brid.) H.A.Crum,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 



Spruce's Leskea (Platydictya jungermannioides), an uncommon and small species, is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and a presumably stable population trend. There is a lack of information on the direct threats to this species, but it is assumed that habitat destruction and alteration can impact this species locally. It is known to occur in protected areas in its European range, offering it some formal protection from these threats.",Stable,"This is a rather uncommon but widely distributed species in Europe. Elsewhere it occurs in the Caucasus, northern and central Asia, and North America south to California and New Mexico. It has also been recently recorded from Antarctica, has been reported as rare in Tierra del Fuego and in South Georgia, and as locally common in the South Orkney and Alexander Islands. Thus, this is a rare moss of bipolar distribution (Ochyra 1999). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","There have been many recent records of this species, and thus it is considered to have a stable population size and trend in Europe.","This is a fine yellowish-green moss that inhabits damp, shaded rock crevices (usually limestone) in woods or sheltered ravines (Atherton et al. 2010). Sporophytes are rare. Its altitudinal range is ca. 5–3,100 m.","There is no information on the direct threats to this species, apart from habitat destruction and alteration. It is unknown whether there is a decline in the population or habitat quality.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Belgium (Regionally Extinct), Czech Republic (Critically Endangered), Luxembourg (Endangered), Germany (Vulnerable), Bulgaria (Vulnerable), Ireland (Near Threatened), Great Britain-Northern Ireland (Near Threatened), Romania (Near Threatened) and Hungary (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hassel, K.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M.","Schröck, C.,Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Platygyrium,repens,,Platygyrium repens  ,(Brid.) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Flat-brocade moss (Platygyrium repens) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its increasing population trend. It is known to occur in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Increasing,"In Europe, this circumpolar temperate species is commoner towards the east, reaching its western limits in northern Spain, northwards through France and Britain to northern Fennoscandia. It is absent from most of the Mediterranean region but reaches southern Italy (Atherton et al. 2010). Elsewhere it is widely distributed across the north temperate zone, south in Asia to northern India, Sichuan (China) and Japan, and very common in North America, especially in the east (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2014). It has also been recorded from Algeria (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This species has certainly increased in some areas, including Britain, northern France, Belgium and the Netherlands (Blockeel et al. 2014), and no decline has been reported elsewhere in Europe, so its overall trend is increasing.","This moss is an epiphyte on the trunks and branches of a wide range of deciduous trees and shrubs, with a mild preference for less acid bark types and an inclined surface. It is also frequently found on fallen branches and logs. It occurs in and at the of edge semi-natural broadleaved woodland, in wet woods (especially alder and willow carr), and on wooded stream banks, more rarely in hedgerows and orchards. Host trees are varied and include alder, apple, ash, birch, blackthorn, damson, elder, elm, hazel, hawthorn, hornbeam, maple, oak, poplar, sallow and willow. It has even been recorded on traveller’s joy (Clematis vitalba) (Blockeel et al. 2014).

Its altitudinal range isca. 0-1,710 m.

Sporophytes are rare in this dioicous species, but tiny deciduous shootlets are produced abundantly in the leaf axils at the tips of shoots, and are presumably dispersed by birds and mammals.",The threats to this species are unknown.,No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed as Data Deficient in Bulgaria and Montenegro (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas across its range.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Köckinger, H.,Fettes, N.D.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Platyhypnidium,grolleanum,,Platyhypnidium grolleanum  ,Ochyra &amp; Bednarek-Ochyra,"This species was described on the basis of a single herbarium specimen collected in 1946from the Krkonose Mountains in the Czech Republic (Ochyra and Bednarek-Ochyra  1999). However, the validity  of this species is in question, as it is believed to be a habitat  modification of a common species, Rhynchostegium riparioides.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"Platyhypnidium grolleanum was described on the basis of a herbarium specimen from 1946, found in the Krkonose Mountains in the Czech Republic. It has not been observed since its description, despite recent surveys in the area, and is taxonomically dubious as it is believed to be a habitat modification of a common species, Rhynchostegium riparioides. Therefore, not enough information is available to assign it to a threat Category, although if it proves to be a valid taxon, then it is certainly very rare and threatened (if not extinct). It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient due to taxonomic uncertainty, and the lack of data on its distribution and population size and trend. Further research is needed to assess the validity of this herbarium specimen, and determine its extinction risk. Then more data about its population size and trends, habitats, ecology and potential threats to the species should be gathered.",Unknown,"This species was described on the basis of a herbarium specimen from 1946,found in the Krkonose Mountains in the Czech Republic (Ochyra and Bednarek-Ochyra 1999). The taxon has not been found since, even though searches have been conducted in the area (J. Váňa pers. comm. 2017). However, the validity of this species is in question, as it is believed to be a habitat modification of a common species, Rhynchostegium riparioides.",The is no information about the population size or trend of this species.,"On the original label of the known herbarium specimen, this species was reported to occur on submerged siliceous stones in a mountain stream.",There is no information about threats to this species.,"Since this species has not been found since its description, and it is believed that it could be a mutated form of Rhynchostegium riparioides (J. Váňa pers. comm. 2017), its status as a valid taxon should first be assessed. If its existence as a species is confirmed, then more data about the population size and trend, habitats, ecology and  potential threats should be gathered. The area from where it was described is part of Krkonose National Park in the Czech Republic.",The species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Ignatova, E.,Englefield, E.","Baudraz, M.E.A. & Schnyder, N.","Bezgodov, A.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Platyhypnum,alpestre,,Platyhypnum alpestre  ,(Hedw.) Ochyra,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Hygrophypnum alpestre is common in the Scandinavian mountain chain, but is generally more rare in the lowlands. This species has a wide extent of occurrence (EOO) but a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the AOO of this species is between 1,800 and 1,900 km2, and its EOO is ca 10 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 1,200 km2 and the EOO is ca 2.5 million km2. However, the current population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28, and there are no major threats to this species. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species has a northern montane distribution in Europe (Hodgetts 2015). The species occurs in Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Svalbard and the Faroe Islands. It also occurs in the mountainous regions in central Europe, and in northern Asia and North America (Hedenäs et al. 2014). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 700 m to 3,300 m Asl.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,800 and 1,900 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 1,200 km2 and the EOO is ca 2.5 million km2.

","This species is common in the Scandinavian mountain chain in subalpine and low-alpine belts. Higher up, this species seems to be infrequent and has only exceptionally been reported from major altitudes (Mårtensson 1956). In the lowlands, it is rare (Hedenäs et al. 2014), however in some lowland areas it has been found to be quite frequent (K. Hylander pers. comm. 2017). In Finland, this species is rare in the whole country except for the mountains (Koponen et al. 1995). There is no report of any decline or incline in population size, and so the current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows on stones and alluvial sand in streams and sometimes in environments which dry out over long periods (Hedenäs et al. 2014). It has a somewhat wider ecological amplitude than the other species of the genus. In addition to the common occurrences, this species often grows on irrigated rock surfaces or in rills. Sometimes it occurs together with other species, such as Schistidium agassizii, and S. alpicola (Mårtensson 1956). This species usually grows on stones or tree bases, in many cases where there is cascading water.","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.",The species is in the Red List of Germany as Regionally Extinct (RE) (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown if this species occurs in any protected areas. No conservation action is needed at present.,The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Ingerpuu, N.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Platyhypnum,alpinum,,Platyhypnum alpinum  ,(Lindb.) Loeske,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Hygrohypnum alpinum is is restricted to mountains in Europe, but is widespread in northern Europe, especially in Norway and Iceland with stable, rather good, subpopulation sizes. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO), of ca 4.5 million km2 in Europe, and ca 2.2 million km2 in the EU 28. However, the area of occupancy (AOO) is more restricted - the AOO of this species is between 600 and 700 km2 in Europe, and ca 500 km2 in the EU 28. Despite some local declines, the species population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. The population is not severely fragmented and there are more than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in both Europe and the EU 28. The species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered threatened in several countries, including Poland, Romania and Switzerland. Climate warming is predicted to be a potential future threat to the species as some of its habitats can dry up and the species cannot move further upwards in some areas. In Norway and Austria, it could be affected by hydroelectric power plants.

For some time, this species was not considered as valid and therefore its distribution may not be fully known. Further research into the distribution of the species is therefore needed, as well as on the effects of climate change on the species is needed. Monitoring of the population size within the EU 28 is also needed.",Stable,"This species is restricted to mountains in Europe. In the Nordic region, this species occurs in the mountains in Norway, Sweden and adjacent part of Finland. Outside Fennoscandia, it is known from Iceland, and it also occurs scattered in central Europe, south to Italy (Hodgetts 2015). This species is also present in the mountain regions in North America (Hedenäs et al. 2014).

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 600 and 700 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4.5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 500 km2 and the EOO is ca 2.2 million km2.","This species is rare in Sweden. In Norway and in Iceland, this species is more or less common. In Finland, this species is declining (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). In central Europe, it is rare although it can be locally abundant (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). Despite some local declines, the species is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.

For some time, this species was not considered as valid and therefore its distribution may not be fully known. The population is not severely fragmented and there are more than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent).","This species occurs on boulders on the banks of, or within, swiftly running mountain streams (Hedenäs et al. 2014, Mårtensson 1956, Nyholm 1965).","Climate warming is predicted to be a potential future threat to this species as some of its habitats can dry up and the species cannot move further upwards in some areas. However, in Iceland, there are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. In Norway and Austria, it could be affected by hydroelectric power plants.","This species is in Red Lists of nearly all countries where it has been found. It is assessed as Potentiell gefährdet (4) in Austria, as Critically Endangered (CR) in Poland and Romania, as Endangered (EN) in Switzerland, as Vulnerable (VU) in Finland and as Data Deficient (DD) in Italy (only old records) (Hodgetts 2015). It is not known if this species occurs in protected areas. Monitoring of the population size within the EU 28 is needed. Further research into the distribution of the species is needed, as well as on the effects of climate change on the species is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Söderström, L.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Syrjänen, K., Konstantinova, N. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Platyhypnum,cochlearifolium,,Platyhypnum cochlearifolium  ,(Venturi) Ochyra,,No,EN,C2a(i),No,EN,C2a (i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Hygrohypnum cochlearifolium is found mainly in the Scandinavian countries, but is also known from other mountain areas in Europe. This species seems to be rare in all its range; it has very few findings and is recently detected only at few sites. Overall, it is estimated that there are less than 2,500 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe and in the EU 28. Each subpopulation has significantly less than 250 individual-equivalents. It is estimated that the species is decreasing and it will further be in decline as a result of climate change. No immigration is expected from outside of Europe. While immigration from Norway into the EU 28 is possible, it is unknown whether the immigration is significant, and it may be expected to decrease since there is a continuing decline. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN) in both Europe and the EU 28.

The major threat is climatic changes, especially higher temperatures which leads to the loss of late snowbeds and glaciers.  However, this species has probably been overlooked in some, less investigated, areas. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed.",Decreasing,"This species has a northern montane distribution in Europe (Hodgetts 2015). It is found mainly in the Scandinavian countries; in Norway, Sweden and Finland and on Svalbard. This species is reported from most parts of Norway and from the mountains in Sweden but has probably been overlooked in less investigated areas (Mårtensson 1956). This species is also known from other mountainous areas in Europe and from Asia and North America (Hedenäs et al. 2014). This species is more common inSiberia. The species is Regionally Extinct in Spain.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 200 and 300 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 70 km2 and the EOO is ca 3 million km2. The altitudinal range of this species is between 1,300 m and 3,700 m Asl.","This species seems to be rare in all its range (Hedenäs et al. 2014). In Norway, this species is distinctly alpine, and it is known from two areas (central mountain area in southern Norway and Finnmark). It may have been overlooked in other areas, but seems to be linked to rocks at high altitudes, where it grows on trickle surfaces and in and along small melt-water streams (Hassel et al. 2015). It is estimated that there are between 200 and 300 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and with 1 m2 used as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) in Norway and less than that in Sweden. There are four recent sites in Finland and only one recent site in European Russia. Overall, it is estimated that there are less than 2,500 individual-equivalents in Europe and in the EU 28. Each subpopulation has significantly less than 250 individual-equivalents.

  It is estimated that the species is decreasing and it will further be in decline as a result of climate change. Higher temperatures will cause the permanent snowdrifts and glaciers to decline, which in turn will lead to less suitable habitat for this species. This meltdown is already underway and changes in species diversity in the snow beds are documented. There is therefore a continuing decline in the extent of suitable habitat. The species also has very few findings and is recently detected only at few sites.","This species grows on acidic rocks in streams, on shaded, irrigated cliffs and boulders with seep water (Nyholm 1969). The species is found from subalpine to the alpine level (Hedenäs et al. 2014, Mårtensson 1956).","The major threat is climatic changes, especially higher temperatures which leads to the loss of late snowbeds and glaciers.","This species is included in several national Red Lists of European countries. It is assessed as 'Potentiell gefährdet' (4) in Austria, as Critically Endangered (CR) in Switzerland and Romania, as Endangered (EN) in Slovakia, as Vulnerable (VU) in Finland, Norway and Sweden, and as Regionally Extinct (RE) in Spain (Hodgetts 2015). It is not known if this species occurs in any protected areas. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Denyer, J.,Cálix, M.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Söderström, L. & Syrjänen, K.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Platyhypnum,duriusculum,,Platyhypnum duriusculum  ,(De Not.) Ochyra,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Broad-leaved Brook-moss (Hygrohypnum duriusculum) is rather frequent in the mountains in the north, but it is rarer in western and central Europe. This species has a fairly large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,500 and 2,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 1,300 km2 and the EOO is ca 5.8 million km2. The current population trend of this species is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28, and there are currently no major threats to it, asides from possible climate change impacts. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

This species is probably still under-recorded in some places, such as the United Kingdom. Monitoring and research of its population distribution and trend is needed.",Stable,"The range of this species is circumpolar, boreo-arctic montane. In Europe, this species is known from Iceland, northern Fennoscandia and arctic Russia, as far south as southern Spain (Sierra Nevada), the Alps, northwestern Italy (Tuscany), and the Balkan mountains. In the United Kingdom, this species has a wide but scattered distribution. The record in Scotland implies that it is probably still under-recorded. In England and Wales, there had been few records since 1980 until it was found at three separate sites in northern Wales during 2012, suggesting that it may have been under-recorded in these areas too (Blockeel et al. 2014). In the Nordic countries, with the exception of several low-lying provinces, the distribution of this species is concentrated in the subalpine and low-alpine belts (Mårtensson 1956). Outside of Europe, this species is reported from parts of Asia and North America (Hedenäs et al. 2014).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,500 and 2,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 1,300 km2 and the EOO is ca 5.8 million km2.","The species is rather frequent in the mountains in the north, but it is rarer in western and central Europe (Hedenäs et al. 2014). The current population trend seems to be stable for both Europe and the EU 28. However, a future change in climate might result in a change in population size.","In the Nordic countries, this species is found to grow on stones, gravel or alluvial sand in the flood zone of streams. In the alpine belt, this species is sometimes found in rills which have dried up. Irrigated rock surfaces more rarely form the substratum when they are not situated in the spray or flood zone of streams. Other species of the genus, Schistidium agassizii and S. alpicola are often associated with H. duriusculum (Mårtensson 1956). In Finland, this species grows in brooks with stones and rocks (Koponen et al. 1995).

In the United Kingdom, this is a moss of rocks in fast-flowing water, often in or near waterfalls but also on sheltered rocks in rapids on larger rivers. Most stands are permanently irrigated, particularly in smaller burns, but it also occurs in the lower part of the inundation zone in larger rivers. A characteristic niche is the downstream side of boulders that are constantly washed by a cascade upstream. There are good subpopulations on limestone in Sutherland, on base rich schist in Angus and on basic igneous rocks in north Wales, but this species also occurs on granite in the both the River Spey and the River Dee. It is associated with other typical riparian bryophytes, including Marsupella emarginata, Scapania undulata, Hygrohypnum ochraceum, Platyhypnidium riparioides, Schistidium rivulare, Sciuro-hypnum plumosum and rarely Schistidium agassizii.","The major threat to this species is changes in the climate, especially a higher temperature.","The species is assessed in the Red List of the Czech Republic, Great Britain, Slovakia and Switzerland as Near Threatened (NT), in Germany as V, and in Ireland as Critically Endangered (CR) (Hodgetts 2015). It is regionally endangered in Finland (Koponen et al. 1995). It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected area. Monitoring and research of its population distribution and trend is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"During, H.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Platyhypnum,molle,,Platyhypnum molle  ,(Dix. ex Hedw.) Loeske,,No,VU,C2a(i),No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Soft Brook-moss (Platyhypnum molle) is not rare in the north of Europe, however in western, central and southern Europe, it is more rare, including in the mountains of southwest, southern and eastern Europe. This species is assessed as Vulnerable in both Europe and the EU 28, since it is estimated that there are less than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe and in the EU 28, subpopulations are much smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents and a continuing decline is projected in the future due to the disappearance of the snow-beds.

Monitoring of subpopulations is recommended and research is needed to better understand how climatic changes will impact the species. Research is recommended into the distribution of the species, since some records may have been incorrectly identified since there has been some confusion with similar species, namely H. duriusculum and H. alpinum. This species could therefore be more widespread than currently known.",Unknown,"This species has a suboceanic, boreal-montane distribution. It is known from Iceland, arctic Europe (including Norway, Sweden and Finland, but not Svalbard), the mountains of central and western Europe, and south to the Sierra Nevada (southern Spain) and east to the Carpathians (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, this species is recorded from Asia and North America (Hedenäs et al. 2014). Some records may have been incorrectly identified since there has been some confusion with similar species, namely H. duriusculum and H. alpinum. This species could therefore be more widespread than currently known. 



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 400 and 600 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 9 million km2. Within the EU 28, the AOO is ca 300 km2 and EOO ca 5 million km2. The altitudinal range of this species is between 600 m and 3,300 m Asl.","In the Nordic countries, this species is not rare on the mountains of Iceland, Norway, Sweden (Hassel et al. 2015, Hedenäs et al. 2014), Finland and northern European Russia. It is rare in the British Isles, the Alps and the mountains of southwest, southern and eastern Europe. This species is present in many localities in the Kola Peninsula, and has also been found in the Urals, from where there is only one collection (Ignatov et al. 2006). In Finland, the subpopulations seem to be stable. It is estimated that there are less than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and with 1 m2 or one boulder on which the species grows used as a proxy for one individual-equivalent) in Europe and in the EU 28, and subpopulations are much smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents.

The current population trend is unknown for Europe and the EU 28, but a continuing decline is projected in the future.","This species grows in rocky streams where it forms part of a bryophyte mat over small rocks and stones, usually in the run-off from areas of late snow-lie, so that the habitat is permanently wet. More rarely, it can also occur as part of an open community on wet crags at high altitude in the mountains. Associated bryophytes are Nardia compressa, Scapania uliginosa, S. undulata, S. paludosa, Dichodontium palustre, Hygrohypnum ochraceum, Platyhypnidium riparioides and rarely Pohlia ludwigii (Hedenäs et al. 2014, Mårtensson 1956). This moss is a long-lived perennial species.",The major threat to this species is climatic changes.,"This species seems to have stable subpopulations and rather good subpopulation sizes in the north of Europe, however in western, central and southern Europe, this species has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in the United Kingdom, Spain, Slovakia and Switzerland and Endangered (EN) in Romania and Slovenia. It is also assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Finland and as Data Deficient (DD) in the Czech Republic (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in protected areas.

Monitoring of subpopulations and habitats is recommended and research is needed to better understand how climatic changes will impact the species. Research is recommended into the distribution of the species, since it may be more widespread than currently known.",This species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hylander, K.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Hodgetts, N.,Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Platyhypnum,norvegicum,,Platyhypnum norvegicum  ,(Schimp.) Ochyra,,No,VU,D1,No,EN,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Hygrohypnum norvegicum occurs in Norway, Sweden, Finland, Poland, Switzerland, Bulgaria and Russia. This species is very rare in the whole of Europe and is declining in some countries. In both Europe and the EU 28, the overall population trend remains unknown although there seems to have been a historical decline. It is also possible that the species could be affected by climate change in the future. In Europe, the population size of this species is thought to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable in Europe. In the EU 28, it is estimated that there are fewer than 250 individual-equivalents in total, and it is therefore assessed as Endangered.

The major threats to this species are the destruction of limnic environments, such as the destruction of or changes in the watercourses (flood prevention, channeling, straightening, breakwaters, thresholds etc.). Forestry could also pose a threat to the species through pollution and clear-cutting. It is important to preserve all known sites, especially the water quality, and avoid any kind of dehydration or hydro-engineering activities. Further research is needed in order to clarify the distribution of the species.",Unknown,"This species has a boreal montane distribution in Europe (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in Norway, Sweden, Finland, Poland, Switzerland, Bulgaria and Russia. This species is known from an area in central parts of southern Norway, up to Jämtland and extending over the northernmost Lappmarks and some northern provinces of Finland (Mårtensson 1956). It might be overlooked in Fennoscandia and Russia. In the Scandinavian mountains, this species occurs in the subalpine belt and low-alpine belt. A recent find at a comparatively low altitude in Dalarna province has been reported (T. Hallingbäck pers. obs. 2017). There are old findings in the Tatra mountains in Poland, as well as the Swiss Alps and one locality in Bulgaria. The species is also known from northern Asia and northern North America (Hedenäs et al. 2014).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 100 and 200 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 50 km2 and the EOO is ca 1 million km2. The altitudinal range of the species is between 300 m and 2,600 m Asl.","This species is very rare in the whole of Europe and is declining in some countries. In Norway, all sites, except for two from 1970, are from before the last century (1846-1892). The species can therefore be limited to mountainous areas in some eastern parts of southern Norway, and in Norway, there are only two localities from after 1950.  In Sweden, the small number of sites (seven) puts the species at risk. In Finland, there is one recent locality with seven individuals, although it is perhaps overlooked. The subpopulations in Poland, Switzerland (where the localities are only historical) and Bulgaria are very small and seem to be declining. In Russia, this species is present at three localities in the Kola Peninsula, where subpopulations are small. Some specimens from the Kola Peninsula have been erroneously recorded (Ignatov et al. 2006).

The population size of this species in Europe is thought to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent).  In the EU 28, it is estimated that there are fewer than 250 individual-equivalents in total. The subpopulations are small, with low dispersal capacity, sites are scattered and isolated and it therefore seem to be severely fragmented, as subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The overall population trend remains unknown in both Europe and the EU 28, although there seems to have been a historical decline. It is also possible that the species could be affected by climate change in the future.","This species grows on neutral to slightly acidic cliffs, close to streamlets or on irrigated rock surfaces in forested, low and sub-alpine areas (Mårtensson 1956). At some sites, this species has been found in wet hollows (Hedenäs et al. 2014). The main distribution of this species is in the spruce forest below the alpine zone. Most localities are close to very small watercourses which are not considered particularly threatened by watercourse development (Hassel et al. 2015).","The major threats to this species are the destruction of bodies of water with low salt concentration (limnic) environments, such as the destruction of or changes in the watercourses (flood prevention, channeling, straightening, breakwaters, thresholds etc.). Forestry could also pose a threat to the species through pollution and clear-cutting.","This species is in the Red List of Poland as rare (R), and is also assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in Finland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Bulgaria (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in at least one protected area.

  It is important to preserve all known sites, especially the water quality, and avoid any kind of dehydration or hydro-engineering activities. Further research is needed in order to clarify the distribution of the species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Bergamini, A.,Fettes, N.D.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Söderström, L. & Syrjänen, K.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Platyhypnum,smithii,,Platyhypnum smithii  ,(Sw.) Ochyra,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Arctic Brook-moss (Hygrohypnum smithii) is widespread in mountainous regions in central Europe and in Fennoscandia. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) of ca 6.8 million km2 in Europe and ca 4.7 million km2 in the EU 28. However, the area of occupancy (AOO) is more restricted - in Europe, the AOO is between 800 and 900 km2 and in the EU 28, the AOO is ca 500 km2. The species is quite common in several areas of its range and subpopulations can be considerably large. The current population trend is unknown. It is estimated that there are more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe and in the EU 28. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28, since it can be quite common in parts of its range and the population size is large. 

However, this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Romania, Slovakia and Switzerland. The major future threat is changes in climate, especially a higher temperature in the streams. However, it seems to be somewhat resistant to warmer water and the impact of climate change may not be significant in the near future. In central and western Europe, this species is rare and has declined and here the sites need some kind of protection. In addition, further research is required on the impact of climate change on this species.",Unknown,"This is a European boreal-montane species. It is recorded from Norway, Sweden, Iceland, Finland, Russia, the UK and the Faroe Islands. This species is widespread in mountainous regions in central Europe, as far south as the Pyrenees, the Alps and Bulgaria (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Russia, it occurs in the north in Murmansk Province - Khibiny Mountains, Sal'nye tundra, Chuna tundra, Rybachii Peninsula, Sal'nye tundra, Rybachii Peninsula (Ignatov et al. 2006). Outside of Europe, this species has been reported from parts of Asia and North America (Hedenäs et al. 2014). The altitudinal range of this species is between 500 m and 3,100 m Asl.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 800 and 900 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6.8 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 500 km2 and the EOO is ca 4.7 million km2.","In Fennoscandia, this species is widespread, but has its main distribution in the subalpine and low-alpine belts of the Scandes. In restricted areas, it may be common (Hedenäs et al. 2014). In Finland, this species is rare, but there have been many observations in Lapland, and it could be declining (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). The species is very rare in the lowlands, but it is quite common in several areas of its range and subpopulations can be considerably large. The current population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28. It is estimated that there are more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, with 1 m2 which the species grows used as a proxy for one individual-equivalent) in Europe and in the EU 28.","In Sweden, this species grows on stones or alluvial sand in the flood zone of, or submerged in, rapid streams with fast flowing water (Hedenäs et al. 2014). It is often associated with other species of the genus Hygrohypnum, as well as Marsupella aquatica and Schistidium agassizii. It has also been found on the bottom of a deep lake (Mårtensson 1956).

In the United Kingdom, this moss is a riparian species growing on rocks in water. It can also occur rarely in more or less permanent seepage lines on crags, high in the hills. In the burns, it is usually found near waterfalls or cascades, and in both habitats it occurs where the substrate, or run-off, is at least moderately base-rich and is most often strongly calcareous. It is locally frequent in the watercourses around Ben Lawers and Glas Maol above Glenshee, Perthshire, but is very scarce elsewhere. Associates include Jungermannia exsertifolia subsp. cordifolia, Marsupella emarginata, Scapania uliginosa, S. undulata, Blindia acuta, Hygrohypnum ochraceum, Palustriella falcata, Philonotis fontana and Tortella tortuosa (Blockeel et al. 2014).","The major future threat to this species is a change in climate, especially a higher temperature in the streams. However, it seems to be somewhat resistant to warmer water and the impact of climate change may not be significant in the near future.","This species is included in several national Red Lists of European countries. It is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Romania, as Endangered (EN) in Slovakia and Switzerland, as Vulnerable (VU) in Spain, as Near Threatened (NT) in Great Britain, as rare (R) in Germany and as Regionally Extinct (RE) in the Czech Republic (Hodgetts 2015).

  In central and western Europe, this species is rare and has declined and here the sites need some kind of protection. In the north, the species already occurs in both unprotected and protected areas. Further research is required on the impact of climate change on this species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Bergamini, A.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Söderström, L. & Syrjänen, K.","Ştefănuţ, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Plenogemma,phyllantha,,Plenogemma phyllantha  ,"(Brid.) Sawicki, Plášek &amp; Ochyra",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Frizzled Pincushion (Plenogemma phyllantha) is an oceanic boreo-temperate moss of Atlantic coasts of Europe from northern Spain (old records only) to Iceland, the Faroe Islands, northern Norway and northwestern Russia, and more rarely along the Baltic coast of Fennoscandia, also in northern Germany and Poland. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and often very abundant in northwestern Europe, especially in oceanic and coastal areas; it is definitely increasing, at least locally and possibly more widely, and no major threats have been identified. No conservation measures are required at present.",Increasing,"The Frizzled Pincushion (Plenogemma phyllantha) is an oceanic boreo-temperate moss of Atlantic coasts of Europe from northern Spain (old records only - not seen for more than 30 years in spite of searching) to Iceland, the Faroe Islands, northern Norway and northwestern Russia, and more rarely along the Baltic coast of Fennoscandia, also in northern Germany and Poland. Elsewhere it occurs on the western and eastern coasts of North America, the Fuegian region of South America, and Macquarie Island (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 5,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4.8 million km².","This species has undergone a dramatic increase in Britain and Ireland since the 1980s, where at one time its  distribution was primarily coastal. It is now almost ubiquitous in the lowlands of Britain and Ireland, though rarely as frequent as it  is by the coast. This is undoubtedly a real change, and may be due to  increased nutrient deposition as well as to reductions in SO2 pollution. In continental Europe it is still mainly a coastal species, but may be spreading inland locally.","This species can be saxicolous or epiphytic, forming small to large cushions, sometimes coalescing into large patches, on rocks and walls, and on the trunks and branches of a wide variety of trees and shrubs. Inland it is almost exclusively epiphytic, growing on trees on stream banks, in hedgerows, open woodland and wet Salix carr, on a wide range of hosts, but especially sallow, willow, ash, elder, hazel and sycamore. It is often abundant near western coasts where it may grow freely on maritime rocks and is usually the commonest epiphytic Ulota in exposed situations within 1–2 km of the sea. Frequent associates on trees are Frullania dilatata, Metzgeria violacea, Cryphaea heteromalla, Orthotrichum spp. and Ulota bruchii, and in southern and western regions Myriocoleopsis minutissima and Microlejeunea ulicina. Schistidium maritimum is a common associate on coastal rocks (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 460 m Asl.



It is dioicous; capsules are very rare. Conspicuous brown clusters of gemmae are almost always present on the tips of the upper leaves; gemmae are also produced on the protonema in culture.","There are no known current threats to this species, but SO2 pollution was a threat in the past.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species has been assessed as Endangered in Poland, and as 'threatened' in Belgium, and is considered Regionally Extinct in Spain (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Virtanen, R.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DITRICHACEAE,Pleuridium,acuminatum,,Pleuridium acuminatum  ,Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The widespread Taper-leaved Earth-moss (Pleuridium acuminatum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) (over 10 million km2) and area of occupancy (AOO, 4,004 km2) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level. It is known to occur in protected areas.",Stable,"This small European temperate moss is recorded throughout most of Europe, from Macaronesia, Portugal and the Mediterranean region to southern Fennoscandia and Ukraine, but is sparse in eastern Europe and not recorded from Russia (Smith 2004, Atherton et al. 2010). Elsewhere it occurs in North Africa (Morocco, Algeria), Turkey, eastern China, North America, southern Africa and Western Australia (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) (estimated at over 10 million km2) and area of occupancy (AOO, 4,004 km2) for this species greatly surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","This is a widespread species across most of Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This calcifuge plant is a common pioneer species of bare patches of sandy, clayey or peaty soils, normally on well-drained substrates. It occurs more often in moderately

stable habitats than those that are regularly disturbed. These include rough banks and ant-hills in pastures and by ponds, lanesides, stream and river banks, earthy rock ledges, bare patches on heathland, old quarries, and the rides of woodland rides and forest roads. It is also recorded from lawn edges and churchyards. Although it is sometimes a colonist in arable fields it is less common in this habitat than Pleuridium subulatum. It is found typically in exposed to lightly shaded places, more rarely in moderate shade. Its many associates include tuberiferous species of Bryum, Ceratodon purpureus, Pogonatum aloides, Pohlia lutescens and Trichodon cylindricus (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,300 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Norway (Endangered), Finland (Vulnerable), the Netherlands (Vulnerable), Slovakia (Near Threatened), Poland (Indeterminate) and Montenegro (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Patiño, J.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DITRICHACEAE,Pleuridium,subulatum,,Pleuridium subulatum  ,(Hedw.) Rabenh.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The widespread Awl-leaved Earth-moss (Pleuridium subulatum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) (estimated at over 14 million km2) and area of occupancy (AOO, 4,360 km2) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats, and it occurs in protected areas across its European range.",Stable,"This moss is a circumpolar temperate species with a very wide distribution in Europe, absent only from some high Arctic areas and a few of the smaller territories in the Mediterranean region (Frey et al. 2006). It is also found in North and South Africa, North America, the Caucasus, central and eastern Asia, New Zealand and Oceania (Smith 2004). The extent of occurrence (EOO) (estimated at over 14 million km2) and area of occupancy (AOO, 4,360 km2) greatly surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","This is a widespread species of moss across Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This small moss grows as scattered shoots or sometimes gregarious, on bare patches of clayey, sandy, gravelly or loamy, neutral to acid soils. It is occasionally associated with Pleuridium acuminatum but is less markedly calcifuge than that species and extends into wetter habitats. It is widespread in arable fields, being a member of the Tortula truncata–Anthoceros and Dicranella staphylina–Riccia glauca assemblages described by Preston et al. (2010) from fields with acid soils; additional associates in such fields include Dicranella schreberiana, Oxyrrhynchium hians and Phascum cuspidatum. Elsewhere it is found in a wide range of open habitats, including pastures and grass leys (especially in areas that are rutted or poached), earthy banks, streamsides, lawn edges, churchyards and cemeteries, old pits and quarries, lake and reservoir margins, bare ground on heathland, and woodland paths and rides. It is usually found in exposed places, sometimes in light shade (Blockeel et al. 2104). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-1,800 m.",There are no known threats to this species.,No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Finland (Near Threatened) and Canary Islands (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Natcheva, R.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PLEUROZIALES,PLEUROZIACEAE,Pleurozia,purpurea,,Pleurozia purpurea  ,Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Purple Spoonwort (Pleurozia purpurea) is an oceanic boreal-montane liverwort with a highly disjunct world distribution, with European records from Scotland, Ireland, southwestern Norway and the Faroe Islands. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is often abundant in western Scotland and Ireland, and is an almost ubiquitous member of humid heath and blanket bog communities in oceanic areas. In addition, the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. Some individual subpopulations, especially in central Ireland, may be threatened by peat cutting and drainage. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"The Purple Spoonwort (Pleurozia purpurea) is an oceanic boreal-montane liverwort with a highly disjunct world distribution, with European records from Scotland, Ireland, southwestern Norway and the Faroe Islands. A record from Jan Mayen appears to be based on a very old specimen, and it is not known if this species is still present. Elsewhere it is known from Alaska, British Columbia, Japan, Taiwan, the Himalayas and Guadeloupe (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 2,620 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 650,000 km².","There has apparently been a decline in records in Britain and Ireland (Blockeel et al. 2014), but there has been no real decline in the species, which is locally plentiful. The current population trend is stable.","This species is locally abundant in two main habitats. In the lowlands (below 450 m Asl) it occurs frequently on wet, ombrotrophic blanket bogs with Mylia taylorii, Campylopus atrovirens and Sphagnum compactum, especially in areas where Sphagnum growth is poor or unhealthy, and sometimes where considerable disturbance has taken place leaving little other than wet peat. It also occurs on drier, more disturbed blanket bogs and in wet heaths with Erica tetralix, Campylopus flexuosus and Racomitrium lanuginosum, and also in undisturbed high-quality blanket bogs. In the uplands, up to about 1,000 m Asl, it occurs frequently as a larger, paler plant than in the lowlands, growing in oligotrophic dwarf-shrub dominated heaths, grasslands, and moss, scree and cliff-ledge communities of steep, shaded north- to east-facing mountain slopes in corries, below cliffs and in stable block litters. It can be an abundant and constant component of the distinctive mixed leafy liverwort assemblage of dwarf-shrub heaths on steep, block-strewn slopes, with Anastrepta orcadensis, Bazzania tricrenata, Herbertus hutchinsiae, Mastigophora woodsii, Scapania gracilis and other large leafy liverworts. In the Cairngorms, this type of community is confined to areas of prolonged snow cover. The substrate is mainly peat or raw humus of low base content. Its altitudinal range is from 5 m up to 1,035 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014).



It is apparently dioicous in Europe, although autoicous in other parts of its range; it is rarely fertile, and only female inflorescences are known in Britain and Ireland (Paton 1999).","There are no known threats to this species. Some individual subpopulations, especially in central Ireland, may be threatened by peat cutting and drainage, but overall there are no serious threats.","No conservation measures are required at present for this species, which is a common and almost ubiquitous member of western Scottish and Irish damp heath and blanket bog. It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,González Mancebo, J.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYLOCOMIACEAE,Pleurozium,schreberi,,Pleurozium schreberi  ,(Brid.) Mitt.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

One of the most common species of moss in Europe, the Red-stemmed Feather-moss (Pleurozium schreberi) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, general abundance and stable population trend. There are no known threats to this species and so no conservation measures are required at present. It is known to occur in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This is a common circumpolar boreo-temperate moss that is widespread from the high Arctic, including Svalbard, south to the mountains of the northern Mediterranean region, reaching Macaronesia, northern Spain and Portugal, southern Italy and northern Greece (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it is circumboreal, occurring in North Africa (Algeria), Asia ranging from the high Arctic south to the Himalayas and Taiwan, and America south to northern South America. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","This is one of the most common species of moss in Europe, being widespread everywhere except in a few of the smaller southern territories. It is considered to have a stable population trend.","This is a conspicuous species of heathland, temperate woodland, coniferous and boreal forests and other base-poor habitats. It is common among dwarf shrubs, especially Calluna and Vaccinium, on upland moors and lowland heaths, Krummholz, stony alpine grassland and tundra, and it also occurs among boulders, in stable scree, on hummocks in bogs, in unimproved acid grassland and grassheath, and on fixed dunes. It may persist in old grassland in churchyards and parkland. In dense woodland and commercial conifer plantations it is confined to sites where there is sufficient light, for example on banks by forest roads. It is one of several robust pleurocarps that sometimes colonise former industrial sites, such as disused collieries and spoil tips (Atherton et al. 2010). Normally it grows on peaty and sandy soils and on raw humus; over limestone and other basic rocks it is confined to pockets of peat or leached soil.Associates includePolytrichum formosum, P. juniperinum, Dicranum scoparium, D.  polysetum, Pohlia nutans, Ptilidium ciliare, Hylocomium splendens,  Leucobryum glaucum, Hypnum jutlandicum, Rhytidiadelphus loreus and  Sphagnum species (Blockeel et al. 2014, Meinunger and Schröder 2007).Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,740 m.

",There are no known threats to this species.,No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed as Endangered (EN) in Madeira and Vulnerable (VU) in Portugal (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas across its range in Europe.,"This species may be a component of mosses collected for the horticultural trade (e.g. hanging baskets etc).

","Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Natcheva, R.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,POLYTRICHOPSIDA,POLYTRICHALES,POLYTRICHACEAE,Pogonatum,aloides,,Pogonatum aloides  ,(Hedw.) P. Beauv.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The common and widespread Aloe Haircap (Pogonatum aloides) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, many recent records and a presumably stable population trend. No threats have been identified, and it is known to be present within protected areas across Europe.",Stable,"This common European boreo-temperate moss occurs almost throughout central and western Europe from central Norway and the Baltic States southwards, and east to Ukraine; it is scattered in the Mediterranean region, but reaches Sicily and Crete (Smith 2004). It has not been reliably recorded from European Russia except for Kaliningrad. Elsewhere it is found in North Africa and western Asia east to Georgia and Azerbaijan (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B.

","This is a common and widespread species of moss in central and western Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This is a strictly calcifuge moss of bare substrates that remain relatively stable following disturbance, on loam, clay and peaty-gravelly soils, sometimes on stabilised sand and crumbling sandstone. It is a typical pioneer species on vertical soil banks in woodland, eroding banks by streams, on shady river and estuary banks, on slumps and the banks of gullies in the uplands, as well as in old quarries and pits, on old mine spoil and colliery tips, and by ditches and forestry tracks, often forming extensive colonies. In acid woodland it is often found on soil on the root plates of fallen trees. It is common in open habitats, but is somewhat shade-tolerant, occurring not just in woodland but below overhangs on the banks of moorland streams (Atherton et al. 2010). Associates include Diplophyllum albicans, D. obtusifolium, Nardia scalaris, Pellia epiphylla, Solenostoma gracillimum, Dicranella heteromalla, D. rufescens and Ditrichum heteromallum (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-3,080 m. This species is unusual in having a persistent protonema.





",There are no known threats to this species.,No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Estonia (Endangered) and Lithuania (Rare) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to be present within protected areas.,There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Hugonnot, V.,Fettes, N.D.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,POLYTRICHOPSIDA,POLYTRICHALES,POLYTRICHACEAE,Pogonatum,dentatum,,Pogonatum dentatum  ,(Menzies ex Brid.) Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Pogonatum dentatum is widely distributed in Fennoscandia, north European Russia and in the Urals. It seems to have expanded in central European Russia, Estonia and Latvia. In Europe, this species has large geographic range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 6.7 million km2. Numerous subpopulations of this species are known and its population trend appears to be increasing in both Europe and the EU 28 due to anthropogenic disturbances of ecosystems, that formed large areas of disturbed ground. In addition, there are no major threats to this species. For these reasons, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28. 

No conservation measures are required at present.",Increasing,"In Europe, this species has been found in Svalbard, Iceland, Fennoscandia, Estonia, Latvia, the northern part of the East European Plain, Novaya Zemlya and the Urals. During the 20th century, this species has expanded its distribution from the mountainous areas of Fennoscandia into the lowlands and reached central and east European Russia (Tver, Moscow, Ryazan Provinces and Republic of Tatarstan). Elsewhere, it has been found in the Caucasus, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Siberia, the Russian Far East, Mongolia, China, Japan, North Korea, Greenland and North America. Earlier it was referred to as an arcto-alpine taxa, but now it may be considered as an adventive species (Hassel 2000; Hassel et al. 2005; Maksimov and Maksimova 2007; Ignatov et al. 2006, 2017; Hradílek et al. 2011; Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species is from sea level to 2,080 m Asl.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 6.7 million km2.","Numerous subpopulations of this species are known. It is widespread in Sweden, Finland and seems to be expanded in Estonia and Latvia. In both Europe and the EU 28, the current population trend is considered to be increasing due to anthropogenic disturbances of ecosystems, that formed large areas of disturbed ground. The dispersal ability is very high, and the recent expansion of this species appears to be associated with changes in important life-history parameters in female shoots.","In natural habitats, this species occurs mainly in eroded patches in exposed heath and meadow communities, in snowbed communities, on alluvial soils and in eroded patches on the tundra, as well as between boulders in the rock fields and on river banks. Also, it has been found in man-made habitats, such as on roadsides, in ditches and wheel tracks, on remediated quarries and other anthropogenic habitats with disturbed vegetation cover. In general, the habitats occupied by this species are rather exposed to light, but it seems that the boreal habitats are more shaded than those in the alpine areas. This species is found at low and moderately high elevations (Hassel 2000, Ignatov et al. 2017).

No specialized vegetative diaspores are known for this species, but the leaves are rather fragile, both in moist and dry conditions. Shoots can arise from the base of the lamina of buried detached leaves. Together with detached leaves, stem fragments can also give rise to new shoots, and both may play an important role in local growth and dispersal of colonies. The diaspore bank seems to be rather short lived, less than 10 years. In lowlands, females invest in spore production while in mountain areas, females invest both in vegetative growth by branching, and spore production. Lowland females reach maturity one year earlier than in the mountain area. Spore establishment seems to be much more common in the lowland than in the mountains. The lowland phenotypes of this species are more ‘invasive’ than the mountain phenotypes. The high rates of diaspore establishment in lowland areas also support this observation (Hassel 2000, Hassel et al. 2005).

",There are no threats to this species. It seems to be well adapted in disturbed ecosystems.,Some known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. No conservation measures are required at present.,This species is not used or traded.,"Vanderpoorten, A.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,POLYTRICHOPSIDA,POLYTRICHALES,POLYTRICHACEAE,Pogonatum,nanum,,Pogonatum nanum  ,(Hedw.) P. Beauv.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Dwarf Haircap (Pogonatum nanum) has a wide, albeit scattered, European distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category. However, the species seems to be in decline throughout most of its European range (but still common in the north), in particular central Europe and in the UK, although there seems to be plenty of suitable habitat left for this moss species to colonise. Thus its overall population trend is assumed to be decreasing. Its population is not considered to be severely fragmented and the population size is probably greater than 10,000 individual equivalents. It is found in protected areas in Europe. This species is thus assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28. Research on population trends to determine whether perceived declines are real would be useful.",Decreasing,"This European temperate moss is widespread in Europe except in calcareous regions, north to Iceland and central Scandinavia, east to European Russia, and with scattered localities in the Mediterranean region and Macaronesia (Smith 2004). It otherwise occurs only in North Africa, Asiatic Turkey and Georgia (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy  (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B.

","A decline for this species of moss has been reported from central Europe, Britain and Ireland. It is also rare in the Balkans. Its overall population trend is thus assumed to be declining. However it can be locally abundant in acidic places, and can be abundant in the north, as in Scandinavia. Its population is not considered to be severely fragmented and the population size is estimated to be greater than 10,000 individual equivalents (one individual-equivalent is equal to one square metre in which it grows).

","This is a colonist of bare acid substrates on gravelly, sandy and loamy soils and on crumbling rocks in a wide variety of habitats. In some coastal areas it is found on bare or broken ground and the edges of paths on slopes and cliff tops; inland it occurs on roadside and pathside banks, in and near old quarries and pits, on the banks of streams and ditches, on bare ground on heaths and moors, along the edges of woodland rides and as a colonist of mine spoil (Atherton et al. 2010). In western Scotland it is particularly characteristic of mineral soil on outcrops of igneous rocks. Habitats are open and well illuminated, less often in light shade. It can grow in extensive almost pure stands, but more often as scattered stems amongst other pioneer species including Pogonatum aloides. Other frequent associates are Diplophyllum albicans, Solenostoma gracillimum, Atrichum undulatum, Ceratodon purpureus, Campylopus introflexusand Dicranella heteromalla (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-1,350 m.","There are no major threats to the species at the European level. It is not known if apparent declines are real or not, and if they are real, why they have occurred.

","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Switzerland (Critically Endangered), Ireland (Endangered), Northern Ireland (Endangered), Hungary (Endangered), Estonia (Endangered), Germany (Vulnerable), Czech Republic (Vulnerable), the Netherlands (Vulnerable), Lithuania (Vulnerable), Austria (Risk Assumed), Montenegro (Data Deficient), Sicily (Data Deficient) and Slovakia (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas in Europe. Research to determine whether perceived declines are real would be useful.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hugonnot, V.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,POLYTRICHOPSIDA,POLYTRICHALES,POLYTRICHACEAE,Pogonatum,urnigerum,,Pogonatum urnigerum  ,(Hedw.) P. Beauv.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The common and widespread Urn Haircap (Pogonatum urnigerum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, many recent records of its occurrence and its stable population trend. There are no known threats to it, and it occurs in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This circumpolar boreo-arctic montane species is widespread throughout Europe, from the Arctic south to Macaronesia and the mountains of the Mediterranean region (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it is circumboreal, extending south to North Africa (Algeria), Turkey, Iran, New Guinea and Tennessee (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B.

","This is a common and widespread species of moss in Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This is a common pioneer calcifuge species of infertile, gritty or gravelly mineral soils and in rock crevices, and also on peaty sand. It is characteristic of steep eroding banks and landslips in the uplands and gravelly shingle by streams; other habitats include old footpaths, earthy wall tops, disused quarries, old soil heaps, gravelly roads and tracks, old sand and gravel pits, mine spoil, and commonly on forestry roads and cuttings. On higher ground in the mountains it is found in gravelly screes, late-snow areas and on dry eroded slopes (Atherton et al. 2010). It is found in open to lightly shaded sites, and is associated with other pioneers such as Diplophyllum albicans, Nardia scalaris, Solenostoma gracillimum, Atrichum undulatum, Dicranella heteromalla, Ditrichum heteromallum, Oligotrichum hercynicum, Polytrichum juniperinumand P. piliferum. On forest roads it may be accompanied by Diplophyllum obtusifolium and Polytrichum commune var. perigoniale (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-3,000 m.





",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Portugal (Vulnerable), the Netherlands (Vulnerable) and the Canary Islands (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to be present within protected area.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Natcheva, R.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Pohlia,andalusica,,Pohlia andalusica  ,(Höhn.) Broth.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Gravel nodding-moss (Pohlia andalusica) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, recent records of its occurrence and its presumably stable population trend. The species is also probably under-recorded and so may be more numerous than thought. However, the area of occupancy (AOO) is rather small, estimated at ca. 1,600 km2. It is threatened locally, mainly in the form of reclamation of former mining sites, including landscaping and turning them into golf courses or other recreational or 'amenity' sites. However, this moss is likely to survive in its other habitats, where it is essentially ruderal. It is not significantly threatened at the European level, and there is no indication of an overall decline in the habitat of this species. It is known to be present in at least one protected area in Europe.



",Stable,"This is a suboceanic boreal-montane moss of northern, central and eastern Europe, from Iceland, north Norway and north-western Russia south to southern Spain (the type locality is in the Sierra Nevada), central Italy and Montenegro, and east to the Urals (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it is known from the Caucasus. Afghanistan, Siberia, northern and eastern Asia, and North America south to California (Blockeel et al. 2014, Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.The area of occupancy (AOO) however, is more restricted, being estimated atca. 1,600 km2.","This is a widespread but scarce species across Europe (although probably under-recorded), where it is considered to have a stable population trend. It is not considered to be severely fragmented and it does not experience extreme fluctuations.","This moss grows on damp calcareous substrates in open to partially shaded places, mostly on sandy or gritty soils, but also over acidic humus. One of the most characteristic habitats is on old mine spoil, especially where metalliferous, but it also grows on gravel paths and occasionally in flushes. Frequent associates include Ditrichum pusillum, Philonotis capillaris, Pohlia annotina; and on mine spoil Cephaloziella spp., Ceratodon purpureus, Lophoziopsis excisa, Isopaches  bicrenatus and several species of Cladonia. It grows in a very different habitat at a site in western Scotland, on bare soil at the foot of a cliff (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 15-3,210 m.



","The main threat to this species is reclamation of former mining sites, including landscaping and turning them into golf courses or other recreational or 'amenity' sites. However, this moss is likely to survive in its other habitats, where it is essentially ruderal.

","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Estonia (Regionally Extinct), the Netherlands (Highly Endangered), Slovakia (Endangered), Ireland (Endangered), Spain (Vulnerable), Great Britain (Near Threatened), Hungary (Near Threatened), France (At Risk), Germany (Data Deficient), Romania (Data Deficient), Latvia (Data Deficient) and Portugal (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to be present in at least one protected area in Europe, Holosiivskyi National Park in Ukraine.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Ignatova, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Pohlia,andrewsii,,Pohlia andrewsii  ,A.J.Shaw,,No,NT,D1,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



Pohlia andrewsii is only distributed in the arctic and high mountainous regions of Europe. It has an area of occupancy (AOO) of 200 km2 in Europe and 120 km2 in the EU 28, although this may be an underestimate as the species is under-recorded. Overall, the current population trend is considered to be stable. The overall population size in both regions is quite small, with less than 1,500 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in both Europe and the EU 28, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion D.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Finland and Norway. The threats to this species are not well studied, but a possible threat may be predicted global warming through climate change. Further research of population size, trend and threats of this species is needed.",Stable,"This arctic-alpine species is mainly distributed in the arctic and subarctic regions of Russia, North America and Greenland (Shaw 1981, Czernyadjeva 1999, Flora of North America 2014). Elsewhere, it was found in the mountains of the Caucasus, Southern Siberia, Yakutia and  Russian Far East (Ignatov et al. 2006).  In Europe, it has been found in Norway (including Svalbard), Finland, the mountains of  the central Europe, including the Alps, the Pyrenees and the Tatra mountains, as well as the Urals (Nordhon-Richter 1984, Bisang 1994, Kubinská and Janovicová 1996, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Skrzypczak 2008, Hugonnot 2011, Zheleznova and Shubina 2008).

The occurrence of this species in the arctic region and in areas of altitude in the Alps and the Pyrenees could be linked to fluctuations in the extension of Quaternary glaciers. This species could therefore be regarded as relict in the high mountains of Pyrenees (Hugonnot 2011). In Europe, the extent of occurrence of the species is estimated to be around 5.3 million km2 (based on total area within a minimum convex polygon around all known occurrences) and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 200 km2 (based on a 2x2 km2 grid overlay on the range map). In the EU 28, the EOO of the species is estimated to be around 2.1 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 120 km2. The altitudinal range of this species is between 100 m and 2,700 m Asl.","In Norway and Sweden, the subpopulations of this species are small and isolated (Rassi et al. 2010,  Kålås et al. 2010, Schnyder et al. 2004). In the Alps, this species is probably under-recorded, at least in Austria, where it is not fragmented and the subpopulation trends are regarded as stable. However, the subpopulations are always small, with only a few individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and with one individual-equivalent as 1 m2) (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). In the other parts of its European range, there is no available information concerning the subpopulation trends of this species.  In the Pyrenees, this species may be regarded as relict (Hugonnot 2011) and therefore its subpopulations may be vulnerable. Overall, the current population trend is considered to be stable. The overall population size of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is estimated to be smaller than 1,500 individual-equivalents.","This species grows in the humus-rich cracks of rocks in the tundra, on fine-grained substrata in dry or wet rocky crevices, on silicate rocks and stone fields, on bare soil in the coniferous forests, in gaps of alpine meadows and cushion plants habitats, in willow woodlands, on eroded slopes along rivers, bluffs, landslides, and even on anthropogenic habitats (for example, in pits or on the soil along forest roads) (Czernyadjeva 1999, Drugova 2007, Hugonnot 2011, C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017).","The threats to this species are not well studied, but a possible threat may be predicted global warming through climate change (Rassi et al. 2010). However, the impacts of climate change need to be better understood. Currently, there is no evidence of this threat in the Alps (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017).



","This species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in the Red Lists of Finland and Norway (Rassi et al. 2010,  Kålås et al. 2010). It is also assessed as Rare (R) in Germany, Data Deficient (DD) in Slovakia and Near Threatened (NT) in Switzerland (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996, Kubinská et al. 2001, Schnyder et al. 2004, Hodgetts 2015).

A lot of known subpopulations of this species have been found within protected areas, although further site protection is recommended. Further research of population size, trend and threats of this species is needed.

 

 

",This species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Rumsey, F.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Pohlia,annotina,,Pohlia annotina  ,(Hedw.) Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Pale-fruited Thread-moss (Pohlia annotina) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many recent records and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It is known to be present in protected areas in Europe.",Stable,"This is a European boreo-temperate species of northern and central Europe, occurring north to the Arctic and, east to the Ural mountains, but rare southwards in the Mediterranean region, although Crete. It also occurs in Macaronesia (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it has been recorded from North Africa (Algeria), Asiatic Turkey, Armenia, Siberia, eastern Asia, North America and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This is a widespread species across Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This is a species of open habitats, growing on acid to mildly basic moist (sometimes periodically wet) sandy, loamy or gravelly soils in a variety of habitats. Characteristic sites are on sandy or gravelly tracks and exposed reservoir margins, and in some upland areas in rock crevices and on crumbling sandstone and slate-shale rock exposures, especially where exposed on the steep banks of streams. Other habitats include hummocks and banks in unimproved acid grassland, ditch, stream and river banks, roadsides, woodland rides, disused quarries and waste ground (Atherton et al. 2010). It is also a colonist of slag heaps and spoil in old collieries, and is frequent in sand, gravel and china-clay pits and on old mine sites, where it is tolerant of high levels of heavy metals such as copper and may occur with rare metallophytes. Typical associates on sandy banks, tracks and reservoir margins include Nardia scalaris, Scapania irrigua, Solenostoma gracillimum, Archidium alternifolium, Atrichum tenellum, Dicranella rufescens, Pogonatum aloides, Pohlia camptotrachela, P. lutescens and Trichodon cylindricus, and on stream banks it is sometimes found with Solenostoma sphaerocarpum (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 5-3,000 m.

",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Estonia (Endangered), Canary Islands (Vulnerable), Romania (Near Threatened), Luxembourg (Near Threatened), Bulgaria (Data Deficient), Hungary (Data Deficient), Portugal (Data Deficient) and Sicily (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to be present in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Weibull, H.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Pohlia,atropurpurea,,Pohlia atropurpurea  ,(Wahlenb.) H.Lindb.,,No,NT,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

 EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Pohlia atropurpurea is found in northern Norway, Svalbard, northern Sweden, Finland and in northern Russia. Reports from Italy, Albania, Romania and Belarus need to be urgently checked. Some localities are probably now destroyed, but the species can still be found in Sweden, Finland, Svalbard and Norway. The population trend in both Europe and the EU 28 is currently unknown, but the number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) is estimated to be between 1,000 and 2,000 in Europe. Therefore, in Europe, this species is assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion D.

Within the EU 28, this species is known from very few sites, confirmed only from northern Sweden and northern Finland. The number of individual-equivalents is estimated to be between 500 and 1,000. Therefore, this species is assessed as Vulnerable in the EU 28.

In Sweden, Svalbard and the Kola Peninsula, there are no major threats. In Norway, the major threat is destruction of limnic environments and changes in watercourses. The species must urgently be sought on the older localities, to check its present status in Sweden and Norway.",Unknown,"This species has an arctic distribution and is found in northern Norway, Svalbard, northern Sweden and Finland as well as in northern Russia on the Kola Peninsula (Hodgetts 2015). According to Nordhorn-Richter (1982) all older data records of the species in central Europe (Germany) are incorrect. All reports from Italy, Albania, Romania and Belarus need to be checked. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in northern part of North America (BFNA 2015).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 100 and 200 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 7 and 10 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 20 and 50 km2 and the EOO is between 0.9 and 1 million km2.","This species seems to be very rare. In Sweden, this species is known from two older sites (these have not been seen since 1950) and according to Lönnell (2008), there are two modern sites (found in 2007 and 2013). In Norway, this species has six known sites from Sør-Trøndelag to Finnmark (Hassel et al. 2015). Some localities are probably now destroyed, but the species can still be found in Sweden, Finland, Svalbard and Norway. The number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) is estimated to be between 1,000 and 2,000 in Europe (using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equivalent). Within the EU 28, the number of individual-equivalents is estimated to be between 500 and 1,000. The population trend is currently unknown, although there is no indication of any general decline, and reports from Italy, Albania, Romania and Belarus need to be urgently checked.","This species has been found on bare, moist, silty or sandy, periodically flooded mineral soil, often in disturbed places and sometimes under willow bushes. The known sites are just above the birch forest region and close to watercourses flooded at high tide (Lönnell 2008). Several of the Nordic sites are rich in calcium.","In Swedish sites, there seems to be no major threats to this species. In Norway, the major threat is destruction of limnic environments and changes in watercourses (flood prevention, channeling, straightening). The sites in Svalbard and the Kola peninsula are probably safe.","This species is assessed in the Red List of Finland as Endangered (EN), in Albania as Data Deficient (DD), in Norway as Near Threatened (NT) and in both Sweden and Svalbard as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). The species seems not to occur in any protected areas.

The species must urgently be sought on the older localities, in order to check its present status in Sweden and Norway.",The species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.,Segarra-Moragues, J.","Hallingbäck, T","Giovanna Dia, M.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Pohlia,beringiensis,,Pohlia beringiensis  ,A.J.Shaw,,No,CR,B2ab(iii); D,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)



EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Pohlia beringiensis is severely fragmented and is only known from two localities in the Nenets Autonomous District of the arctic area of Russia. This species has a small area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be around 8 km2.  The population trend of this species is unknown, although the quality of habitats has shown a continuing decline due to heavy human impact on the ecosystems where this species grows. The known population size seems to be less than 50 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals), and therefore the species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR).

The main threats to this species are disturbance of ground cover due to the exploitation of oil and gas fields, mining, pipeline, building of roads and deer overgrazing. Further research of population size and trend of this species is needed.

This species is not found in the EU 28, and it is therefore Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"This is a rare arctic-alpine species with an incomplete circumpolar distribution. In Europe, it grows near the western border of its Eurasian range. It is known from two localities in the Nenets Autonomous District of Russia, specifically, in the vicinity of the Varandey village (old records dated 1931) and Vaygach Island. Elsewhere it has been found on the Kuraiskiy ridge (South-Eastern Altai), in the Transbaikal region, in arctic regions of Siberia, in the provinces of Chukotka and Magadan (upper stream of Kolyma River) and in the north-western part of North America (Alaska and Yukon) (Matveeva 2006, Ignatov et al. 2006, Shaw 2014).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 100 km2, and area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 8 km2 (based on a 2x2 km grid overlay on the range map). The altitudinal range of the species is considered to be between sea level and 60 m Asl.

The time and intensity of threats (disturbance of ground cover due to the human impact connected with exploitation  of oil and gas fields, building of roads, etc.) affect these areas relatively independently and so the species is estimated to occur in only two locations. This species is not found in the EU 28.","The subpopulations are small and are not numerous (Matveeva 2006). The species is vegetatively propagated by means of brood buds and is probably not efficient at long distance dispersal. Therefore, this species is considered to be severely fragmented as the subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced chance of recolonisation. The known population size seems to be less than 50 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and considering one individual-equivalents as 1 m2). The population trend of this species is unknown, but subpopulations near Varandey village could be disturbed due to the expansion of the village area since 1930. There have been no additional specimens collected from this locality since 1931.",This species grows on bare soil and on roadsides in the tundra zone (Matveeva 2006). The quality of the habitat has probably declined as a result of oil and gas drilling.,"The main threats to this species are disturbance of ground cover due to the exploitation of oil and gas fields, mining, pipeline, building of roads and deer overgrazing (Matveeva 2006). Considering the main threat of oil and gas drilling, the species occurs at two locations.","This species is included in the Red Data Book of the Nenets Autonomous District, in Russia, as rare a species with a sporadic distribution and small subpopulations (Matveeva 2006). The subpopulation in the Vaygach Island is within a protected area. Further research of population size and trend of this species is needed.",This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Cálix, M.,Pilkington, S.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Pohlia,bolanderi,,Pohlia bolanderi  ,(Lesq.) Broth.,,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Pohlia bolanderi is found in mountainous areas of Portugal, Spain and Madeira. It has a small area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 28, estimated to be around 68 km2, and the population is severely fragmented. In addition, although the overall population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28, it is experiencing a continuing decline in habitat extent and quality as a result of the effects of climate change, forest fire intensification and the impact of tourism, resulting in habitat degradation. It has therefore been assessed as Endangered in both Europe and the EU 28.

There are no conservation measures currently in the place for this species, but it does occur in some natural parks. The conservation actions required are mainly related with site and the habitat protection. Further research is needed on the population size and trends, and life history of this species. In addition, genetic studies are recommended and monitoring of habitat trends.",Stable,"This species has a very scattered distribution in the Holarctic region. It was first considered to be endemic to North America, known from British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California and Nevada (Shaw 1982) and also from  Alaska, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming (Shaw 2014).

This species is probably a relict taxon of the alpine region. It was first reported in Europe in the south of Spain, in the area of the Sierra Nevada Mountains (Rams et al. 2004). Werner et al. (2005) studied the genetic diversity of the subpopulation in southern Spain andRams et al. (2014) reported several other localities in the area of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, after revision of previous reports from this mountain range of other morphologically related Pohlia taxa.

It was also reported from central and northern Spain (Cantabria, León Madrid, Huesca (Pyrenees) and Zamora) by Guerra et al. (2007a, 2010) and Luceño et al. (2017). It was found at Serra da Estrela in the central northern part of Portugal (Guerra et al. 2007b), although here it was first identified as P. andalusica (Garcia et al. 2008). More recently, this species has also been found in Madeira (Sérgio and Sim-Sim 2011). 

The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is considered to be around 513,400 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 68 km2. The altitudinal range of the species in Europe is between 2,300 m and 3,250 m Asl.","This species is often mixed with very compact colonies of other bryophytes, such as Marsupella spp. in rock crevices. Sporophytes are absent in this species across all the known European subpopulations.

In Madeira, this species is declining, as it is found in a touristic area. In Spain, the subpopulations seem to be stable and the subpopulations in Sierra Nevada are large. In mainland Portugal, this species is also considered to be more or less stable. Therefore, the overall population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28.



However, the population is considered to be severely fragmented, as the subpopulations are small and isolated, and the species does not produce spores. Therefore, the subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","In all European areas, this species grows in disjointed and mountainous areas and it is relatively frequent. This includes the highest parts of Serra da Estrela and the Sierra Nevada Mountains, the highest volcanic peak of Madeira, and Cantabria, León and Madrid (Rams et al. 2004, 2014; Guerra et al. 2007a, 2010; Guerra 2016). 

The species has been found growing on exposed rocks associated with rupicolous (living among, inhabiting, or growing on rocks) vegetation, including Andreaea spp.. It is always found in very humid places, associated with grazing land of altitude, often in rock crevices in snow-beds or glacial lagoons. In all European localities, there is a certain similarity with the habitats of North America.

There is a decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, mainly due to the effects of climatic changes, forest fires intensification and the impact of touristic activities.","Most of the global population is affected by the major threats of climate change, forest fire intensification, the impact of tourism and exotic species invasions, resulting in habitat degradation.","This species was assessed as Data Deficient (DD) in the Portuguese Red List (Sérgio et al. 2013), but was evaluated as Vulnerable (VU D2) in mainland Spain (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012). It has been assessed as DD in Madeira by Sim-Sim et al. (2014).

There are no conservation measures currently in the place for this species, but it does occur in some natural parks. This includes the Parque Natural Serra da Estrela in Portugal and the Parque Natural da Madeira. In Spain, it is found in the Parque Natural del Lago de Sanabria y Sierras de Segundera y de Porto in the north, Parque Regional de la Sierra de Gredos in central Spainand Parque Nacional de Sierra Nevada in the south.

The conservation actions required are mainly related with site and the habitat protection. Further research is needed on the population size and trends, and life history of this species. In addition, genetic studies are recommended and monitoring of habitat trends.

",There is no information on the use and trade of this species,"Cálix, M.,Puche, F.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Pohlia,bulbifera,,Pohlia bulbifera  ,(Warnst.) Warnst.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Blunt-bud Thread-moss (Pohlia bulbifera) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many records of its occurrence and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level. It is present in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This is a circumpolar boreo-temperate species occurring In Europe north to Iceland, northern Fennoscandia and Arctic Russia, south to the Alps and Serbia, and with very few reports from the Mediterranean mountains. It is also in the Azores (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it is widespread across the Northern Hemisphere, especially in the boreal zone; it is mainly eastern in North America (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This is a widespread species across Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","Like most bulbiliferous species of Pohlia in Britain and Ireland, this species typically grows on open damp non-calcareous sandy, loamy and peaty soils. Its commonest habitat in many regions is on exposed flats by upland reservoirs, but it also occurs on alluvium and soil banks by streams, on lake margins, on sandy river banks, by tracks and roadsides, on bare ditch sides and disused quarries, on cliff ledges and in silty fields. Accompanying species may include Blasia pusilla, Fossombronia spp., Heterogemma capitata, Nardia scalaris, Solenostoma gracillimum, Archidium alternifolium, Atrichum tenellum, Dicranella rufescens, Ephemerum serratum, Leptobryum pyriforme, Pohlia annotina, P. camptotrachela, Pseudephemerum nitidumand tuberiferous species of Bryum (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 10-2,780 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Luxembourg (Critically Endangered), Romania (Critically Endangered), Slovenia (Endangered), Switzerland (Vulnerable), Estonia (Vulnerable), Germany (Near Threatened), Austria (Risk assumed), Sardinia (Data Deficient), Slovakia (Data Deficient) and Portugal (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in protected areas across its range in Europe.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Wilbraham, J.,Cálix, M.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Pohlia,camptotrachela,,Pohlia camptotrachela  ,(Renauld &amp; Cardot) Broth.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Crookneck Nodding-moss (Pohlia camptotrachela) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many recent records and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It is known to be present in protected areas across Europe.",Stable,"This suboceanic boreal-montane species is frequent in western and central Europe north to the Faroe Islands, northern Sweden, north-western Russia, the Baltic States and Ukraine, south to southern Spain, the Alps and Serbia (Smith 2004, Wallis 2012). Elsewhere it occurs in the Himalayas and is listed for Japan  and western North America (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This is a widespread species of moss across Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","his species grows preferentially on damp, neutral to acid sandy, clayey and loamy soils, though it also occurs on those that are more peaty. It is one of the characteristic species of exposed reservoir margins in the uplands, but is also found in a wide range of other habitats, on banks by ponds, streams and rivers, on lake margins, by paths, tracks and forest roads, and in wet, marshy pastures (especially where poached by cattle). In such habitats it is often found with Pohlia annotina. Other frequent associates include Fossombronia wondraczekii, Solenostoma gracillimum, Ptychostomum rubens, Bryum sauteri, B. tenuisteum, Dicranella rufescens, Ephemerum serratum, Pleuridium acuminatum, Pohlia bulbifera, Pseudephemerum nitidum and Trichodon cylindricus. Occasionally, and primarily in northern and western regions, it occurs in arable fields on acid soils, often where the crop is barley or oats (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 5-2,100 m.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Switzerland (Vulnerable), Luxembourg (Near Threatened), Hungary (Data Deficient), Slovakia (Data Deficient) and Serbia (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to be present in protected areas.



",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Wilbraham, J.,Cálix, M.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Pohlia,cruda,,Pohlia cruda  ,(Hedw.) Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Opal Thread-moss (Pohlia cruda) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many recent records and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats, and it is known to be present in many protected areas across Europe.",Stable,"This species is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane moss with a very wide distribution in Europe, from the Arctic to the Mediterranean, Madeira and the Canary Islands (La Palma) (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it is found in Algeria, Morocco, southern Africa, Asia, North, Central and South America, Hawaii, the Kerguelen Islands, Australia, New Caledonia and Antarctica (Smith 2004). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.



","This is a widespread species often recorded across Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This is a plant of dry or moist, mildly acid to basic habitats, both on rock and soil, usually in the uplands. It occurs typically in rather dry, shaded crevices, recesses and underhangs of montane cliffs, but on strongly calcareous rocks such as limestone it is normally found on accumulated humus rather than directly on the rock (Atherton et al. 2010). Where the substrate is basic, associates may include Tritomaria quinquedentata, Anoectangium aestivum and Mnium stellare; where it is more acid, they may be Diplophyllum albicans,  Bartramia pomiformis, Diphyscium foliosum, Mnium hornum and Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans. It also occurs on damp montane ledges among tall herbs, in association with mosses such as Dicranum scoparium, Hylocomium splendens, Racomitrium ericoides and Rhytidiadelphus loreus. Less common habitats include basic coastal rocks, steep earthy stream banks, old walls, ravines, and blocky talus slopes (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 10-3,260 m.

",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red List: Canary Islands (Vulnerable) and Lithuania (Vulnerable) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to be present in many protected areas.

",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Kiebacher, T.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Pohlia,crudoides,,Pohlia crudoides  ,(Sull. &amp; Lesq.) Broth.,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Lapland Thread-moss (Pohlia crudoides) occurs mainly in the arctic and subarctic parts of Europe. The population size is estimated to be between 500 and 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe and of fewer than 500 individual-equivalents in the EU 28. The current population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28 but it is expected to decrease as a result of climate change, although it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats, so there are no other major threats. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable in both Europe and the EU 28. 

Research on population size and trends is needed.",Unknown,"This species has a circumpolar arctic-montane distribution. It occurs mainly in the arctic and subarctic parts of Europe (Hodgetts 2015). It is known from Svalbard (Frisvoll and Blom 1997) and arctic Russia in the north of Europe, through to the mountains in Scandinavia and Finland, the south Urals (Ignatov et al. 2006), and an isolated area in the Austrian Alps (H. Köckinger pers. comm. 2017), as well as one old site in Britain (Scotland). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in northern part of North America, Greenland and Asia (BFNA 2015).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 250 and 300 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 5 and 6 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is estimated to be between 100 and 150 km2 and the EOO is between 2 and 3 million km2.","This is a rare mountain species occurring mainly in arctic regions known from several localities in Fennoscandia and Svalbard. In the Alps, it is a Pleistocenic relict and is confined to the formerly non-glaciated, easternmost part (H. Köckinger pers. comm. 2017). Here, there are only two collections from Carinthia but it is more widespread in northern Styria with about a dozen finds (H. Köckinger pers. comm. 2017). In Britain, it is only known from a single locality, where it was found growing in crevices of montane rocks below the east face of Sgurr nan Conbhairean in Ceannacroc Forest, Easter Ross, Scotland, in 1968 and has not been seen subsequently (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species is widespread in Scandinavia and the arctic part of European Russia.

The population size is estimated to be between 500 and 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) in Europe and of fewer than 500 individual-equivalents in the EU 28. The current population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28 but it is expected to decrease as a result of climate change. The population is not severely fragmented.","In the north of Europe, this species grows on soil between rocks and in rock crevices in the top part of the forest land to the alpine zone. It seems to avoid calcareous ground. In Nordic countries it grows in two ways: sterile beneath the mountains in shaded ravines or exposed high up inmountains (Hallingbäck et al. 2008).

In Austria, the species usually grows in north-facing boulder screes above the tree-line and is strictly acidophilous. It likes the deep and shady niches between large boulders (H. Köckinger pers. comm. 2017). In the United Kingdom, the species was growing together withBazzania tricrenata, Cephalozia bicuspidata, Diplophyllum albicans, Lophozia opacifolia, Nardia scalaris and Kiaeria starkei (Blockeel et al. 2014).",It is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats but it can be threatened by the effects of climate change.,"The species is in the red list of Great Britain as Regionally Extinct (RE) and Finland as Near Threatened (NT) (Hodgetts 2015). In Austria, it is considered threatened in Carinthia. where it only occurs in rather low altitude sites and it suffers from climate change. In Styria it is, however, much less threatened. Here it could be considered as Near Threatened (H. Köckinger pers. comm. 2017). This species is found in protected areas. Research on population size and trends is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Segarra-Moragues, J.,Cálix, M.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Giovanna Dia, M.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Pohlia,drummondii,,Pohlia drummondii  ,(Müll.Hal.) A.L.Andrews,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The widespread Drummond's Thread-moss (Pohlia drummondii) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, recent records of its occurrence and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It is known to be present in protected areas in Europe.",Stable,"This is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane mopss of northern and central Europe, north to Svalbard, with a few localities in the mountains of southern Europe (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it has been recorded from Turkey, Caucasus, Asia (especially the boreal and Arctic zone), Japan, western and north-eastern North America, Greenland, southern South America, Australia, South Georgia and the Antarctic (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

",This is a widespread species in northern and central Europe with a stable population trend.,"This is a relatively poor competitor and normally occupies habitats that are kept open by disturbance, erosion or inundation. It grows on acid sandy or loamy soils in moist or periodically dry habitats. It is found on sandy or gravelly alluvium in rock crevices and on banks by streams and rivers, on  reservoir margins, shingle banks, roadsides and moorland tracks, in old gravel pits, and in a range of montane and alpine habitats (Atherton et al. 2010). On sandy-gravelly tracks and banks, it may be associated with Cephalozia bicuspidata, Cephaloziella spp., Nardia scalaris, Scapania curta, S. irrigua, Calliergonella lindbergii, Campylopus subulatus, Dicranella heteromalla, Pogonatum urnigerum, Polytrichum piliferum and other propaguliferous Pohlia species. On summit debris, in snow patches and in alpine moss heaths, recorded associates include Gymnomitrion concinnatum, Conostomum tetragonum, Kiaeria starkei, Oligotrichum hercynicum, Pohlia ludwigii and Racomitrium lanuginosum (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 5-3,220 m.",There are no known threats to this species.,No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Spain (Vulnerable) and Romania (Near Threatened) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to be present in protected areas.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Kiebacher, T.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Pohlia,elongata,,Pohlia elongata  ,Hedw.,"There are three varieties of this species in Europe, var. elongata, var. acuminata (Hornsch.) Huebener and var. greenii (Brid.) A.J.Shaw.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Long-fruited Thread-moss (Pohlia elongata) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, recent records of its occurrence, a reasonably large population size and an overall stable population trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level. It occurs in protected areas across Europe.",Stable,"This species is a circumpolar boreal-temperate moss widely distributed in montane Europe from Macaronesia to the Arctic, but it is rare and restricted to the mountains in southern Europe. It is also present in the Caucasus, Turkey, Asia, Africa, North America and the Kerguelen Islands (Smith 2004). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","There is no information on the population structure. Subpopulations are often small, but the total population is probably reasonably large and the overall population trend in Europe is considered to be stable.","This moss forms small tufts in sheltered locations on thin soil in crevices of rock walls, on ledges, and on bare soil on banks, typically in stream gullies, ravines and on crags in the uplands, more rarely on rocky and earthy banks at lower altitudes. It prefers an acid substrate, and is normally found on humus-rich, skeletal or peaty soils, often in fairly dry sites (Atherton et al. 2010). Associated species may include Diplophyllum albicans, Bartramia pomiformis, Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans, Tetraphis pellucida and, at higher altitudes, Marsupella funckii. It occurs more rarely on mildly basic soils, and associates in such locations include Saxifraga hypnoides, Amphidium mougeotii, Anomobryum julaceum and Fissidens osmundoides. Var. greenii and var. acuminata are typically found at higher altitudes (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). At many of its sites it is present only in small quantity. Its altitudinal range is ca. 90-3,000 m.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Luxembourg (Critically Endangered), the Netherlands (Endangered), Estonia (Vulnerable), Hungary (Data Deficient) and the Canary Islands (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Wilbraham, J.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Pohlia,erecta,,Pohlia erecta  ,Lindb.,,No,EN,C2a(i),No,CR,"C2a(i,ii); D",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

Pohlia erecta has an arctic distribution and is known from only a few localities in Norway, Sweden and Finland. This seems to be a very rare mountain species. The population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe, with less than 250 in each subpopulation, while in the EU 28 (Finland and Sweden) it is estimated to be below 50 individual-equivalents in total, and therefore less than this in each subpopulation. The current population trend of this species is considered to be decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28. Therefore, this species is assessed as Endangered (EN) in Europe and as Critically Endangered (CR) in the EU 28.

The major future threat is the climatic change, especially less snow and a declining area of snowbeds. Site protection, monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is urgently needed. The snow patches where the species exists should be monitored in relation to climate change.",Decreasing,"This species has an arctic distribution and is known from only a few localities in Norway, Sweden and Finland (Hallingbäck et al. 2008). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in North America, but is restricted to western Canada and the Pacific Northwest (Flora of North America 2015). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 700 to 1,100 m Asl.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 40 and 100 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 0.1 and 0.2 million km². In the EU 28, it is only known from between two and ten localities, the AOO is between 8 and 40 km² and the EOO is between 8 and 100,000 km².","This seems to be a very rare mountain species growing on bare soil. In Norway, this species is found growing on irrigated sandy soil, often in snow beds, known from ca 10 sites (both old and current) in total, and seven recent localities. The subpopulations can be relatively large and in Norway the estimate the subpopulation size is estimated to be ca 30 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) per subpopulation (Hassel et al. 2015). The overall population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe, with less than 250 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation, while in the EU 28 (Finland and Sweden) the overall population size is estimated to be below 50 individual-equivalents. The population is not considered to be severely fragmented. 

In Sweden, this species is much rarer and only known from two sites. It was last seen in 1948, and so the species might now be nationally extinct in Sweden. In Finland, this species is also very rare and is considered to be declining, with one old site and another recent one (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). In Norway, this species is also expected to decrease in the future. The overall current population trend of this species is inferred to be decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows on exposed sandy bare, soil flushed by water or periodically inundated by melt-water from glaciers and snow patches. The species is a pioneer and seems to grow on substrates with a low pH (Hallingbäck et al. 2008).","The major future threat is the climatic change, due to less snow and a declining area of snowbeds.","This species is in the Red List of Finland as Endangered (EN), Norway as Vulnerable (VU) and in Sweden as Data Deficient (DD) (Hodgetts 2015). This species has been found in protected areas.

Site protection, monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is urgently needed. The snow patches where the species exists should be monitored in relation to climate change.",The species is not used or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,During, H.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Pohlia,filum,,Pohlia filum  ,(Schimp.) Mårtensson,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Fat-bud Thread-moss (Pohlia filum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, recent records of its occurrence and an overall stable population trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level. It is known to be present in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane species found in the Arctic and northern Europe, south to the Pyrenees and the Balkan mountains (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it occurs in the Caucasus, and it is widespread across the cooler regions of the Northern Hemisphere, including the Himalayas, Siberia, northern and eastern Asia, Japan, North America and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","There is no information on the population structure, but its overall population trend in Europe is considered to be stable.","This is a calcifuge species that is almost exclusively confined to soils of very low organic and nutrient content. Many of its localities are on sparsely vegetated ground in disused sand and gravel pits. In Cornwall (England) it occurs in china-clay pits, growing on sand, clay and mud at the edges of pools and mica dams. It has been recorded in similar but more natural habitats on damp sandy-gravelly soils by streams and rivers, and on moist sand in dunes. Other records are from sandy and gravelly soil by tracks and forest roads, and in one case on soil in the draw-down zone of a reservoir. It also occurs on bare ground at the front of glaciers. Associates include Blasia pusilla, Lophozia incisa, Nardia  scalaris, Scapania irrigua, Solenostoma gracillimum, Oligotrichum  hercynicum, Pohlia nutans, P. wahlenbergii and other bulbiferous Pohlia species (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 15-3,000 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Romania (Critically Endangered), Spain (Vulnerable), Czech Republic (Vulnerable), Slovakia (Vulnerable), Germany (Risk Assumed), Ireland (Near Threatened), Northern Ireland (Near Threatened), Montenegro (Data Deficient) and Portugal (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to be present in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Orgaz Alvarez, J.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Pohlia,flexuosa,,Pohlia flexuosa  ,Hook.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Orange-bud Thread-moss (Pohlia flexuosa) is a suboceanic boreal-montane species. In Europe, it apparently occurs from northern Spain and Italy north to Ireland, Britain and western Norway and east to Austria and Romania. Even though the taxonomy of this group of bulbiferous Pohlias has now been elucidated, recording in Europe has not caught up with it, and the distribution and status of this species is therefore very uncertain. However, it is clear that this species is widespread and not uncommon in Europe, and there appear to be no major threats to it. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern. No conservation measures are required at present but further work is needed to determine its distribution in Europe.",Unknown,"The Orange-bud Thread-moss (Pohlia flexuosa) is a suboceanic boreal-montane species. In Europe, it apparently occurs from northern Spain and Italy north to Ireland, Britain and western Norway and east to Austria and Romania. However, its European distribution is very tentative since recording has not yet caught up with the taxonomic revision by Lewis and Smith (1978), perhaps because this is considered an unglamorous group of mosses. Elsewhere it has been recorded from India, Sri Lanka and the Himalayas; it probably occurs elsewhere in Asia but the precise distribution is unclear because of taxonomic difficulties (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 400 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3 million km², but these figures are highly uncertain.","The current population trend of this species is unknown, but it appears to be widespread; it is a 'weed' species and subpopulations are transient.","This species grows on moist sandy or gritty soils in rocky places by streams and waterfalls in upland and montane regions, sometimes in very sheltered localities with hygrophilous liverworts, but it is also found on mineral and humic soils in open sites on the banks of stream gullies, on gravelly streamsides, and in crevices and on ledges of sandstone, schist, shale and other crumbling rocks, extending to upland crags. It sometimes occurs on steep sandy river banks with Diplophyllum albicans, Scapania scandica, Dichodontium pellucidum and Pohlia annotina. Elsewhere it is found in a variety of open or disturbed habitats, including roadsides and banks, old quarries and sand/gravel pits, ditch sides, a reservoir margin, and soil pockets in unimproved pasture. It is tolerant of zinc and other heavy metals. In Cornwall (England) it occurs on metal-rich sludge and below galvanised metal in china-clay pits, and it has been found in thin silt over metal-rich rock in a mine adit in North Wales (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from 5 m up to 765 m Asl. 



It is dioicous; immature capsules are reported by Lewis and Smith (1978) without locality, but are otherwise apparently unknown. Vegetative propagation is by caducous axillary bulbils.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. Further work is needed to determine its distribution in Europe. It is known to occur in protected areas and has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Romania, as Endangered in Spain, and as Vulnerable in Switzerland. It is Data Deficient in Norway (Hodgetts 2015).

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Lara, F.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Pohlia,lescuriana,,Pohlia lescuriana  ,(Sull.) Ochi,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The inconspicuous and often under-recorded Pretty Nodding-moss (Pohlia lescuriana) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and its presumably stable population trend, which is greater than 1,000 individual-equivalents, in both Europe and the EU 28. Although there are no major threats, over-shading and habitat change could potentially affect this species. It is found in protected areas throughout its European range.",Stable,"This is a species with a Euro-Siberian temperate distribution in Europe, occurring north to northern Norway and Arctic Russia, and south to Portugal, Corsica and Serbia, but is very rare in the Mediterranean region (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it is found across northern Asia to China and Japan, and in North America (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","Although this is an inconspicuous species that is often under-recorded, it is common and widespread in some areas, notably Scandinavia. Its population size is larger than 1,000 individual equivalents both in the EU 28 and Europe, and the overall population trend is likely to be stable (one individual-equivalent is considered as one square metre).","This species prefers moisture-retentive soils, and is therefore most commonly found on clays, though not those that are strongly basic. Its wide range of habitats includes the banks of rivers, streams and ditches, the margins of ponds and reservoirs, bare soil in old fields and among Juncus in wet pastures, rutted tracks, moist compacted soil by paths, and soil on rides, banks and other bare places in woodland. Associated species in these habitats may include Lophocolea bidentata, Blasia pusilla, Apopellia endiviifolia, Fossombronia pusilla, Anthoceros agrestis,  tuber-bearing Bryum spp., Ceratodon purpureus, Dicranella schreberiana, D. staphylina, Oxyrrhynchium hians, Pleuridium acuminatum, Pseudephemerum nitidum, Tortula truncata and Trichodon cylindricus. In addition it is an occasional component of arable field communities on acid soils in some areas (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 10-1,580 m.","It is usually found growing in secondary habitats, and there seem to be no major threats to the species. Reforestation (i.e. over-shading) and habitat change could potentially affect it.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Estonia (Critically Endangered), Spain (Vulnerable), Switzerland (Vulnerable), Austria (Risk Assumed), Portugal (Data Deficient), Slovakia (Data Deficient) and Ireland (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas throughout its range.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hespanhol, H.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Pohlia,longicolla,,Pohlia longicolla  ,(Hedw.) Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Pohlia longicolla is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many records (though not too recent) and stable population trend. Its population size is greater than 1,000 individual equivalents both in the EU 28 and Europe and it is not considered to be severely fragmented. The area of occupancy (AOO), however, is much more restricted, being estimated at ca. 980 km2. The potential threats to this species include climate change through longer drought periods and more frequent temperature extremes. It is present in protected areas throughout its European range.",Stable,"This species is widely but sparsely distributed in central and northern Europe, north to the Arctic, but is rare and confined to mountainous areas int he south. Elsewhere it occurs in Asia, Africa and North America (Nyholm 1993). The extent of occurrence (EOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category. The area of occupancy (AOO), however, is much more restricted, being estimated at ca. 980 km2.

","This species is relatively frequent in Russia, parts of Scandinavia and the Alps. Elsewhere it is a naturally rare species of inaccessible mountain sites. It has many records,  but not many recent ones from the mountainous zones of Europe. Its population trend is stable and its population size is greater than 1,000 individual equivalents both in the EU 28 and Europe (one individual-equivalent is considered as one rock). Its population is not considered to be severely fragmented.","This species grows in the alpine and sub-alpine belt of Europe, as well as in northern Europe in Scandinavia, in rock crevices and on soil (Cortini-Pedrotti 2001). It grows predominantly on moist, neutral to slightly acid soil amongst siliceous rocks (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). In the Alps it also grows on acid needle litter over limestone (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). In Scandinavia, it grows in between boulders in non-calcareous rock crevices and ledges on typically steep and dry slopes (T. Hallingbäck pers. comm. 2017). This species produces sporophytes. Its altitudinal range is ca. 600-3,010 m.",The potential threats to this species include climate change through longer drought periods and more frequent temperature extremes.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Czech Republic (Endangered), Montenegro (Endangered), Portugal (Vulnerable), Spain (Vulnerable), Germany (Vulnerable), Slovakia (Vulnerable), Romania (Near Threatened) and Bulgaria (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in protected areas, such as Hohe Tauern National Park in Austria.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Fettes, N.D.,Tsakiri, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Pohlia,ludwigii,,Pohlia ludwigii  ,(Spreng. ex Schwägr.) Broth.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Ludwig's Thread-moss (Pohlia ludwigii) is a circumpolar Arctic-montane species that occurs in northern and montane Europe, from Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Britain, northern Fennoscandia and Arctic Russia, south to the Pyrenees, Alps, Carpathians and Balkans (Serbia, Greece). The rather scattered distribution of this species in Europe, making it appear rare, coupled with the fact that it is often locally abundant in suitable places, make this a difficult species to assess. It is assessed as Least Concern since there is no evidence of decline and the current population trend is stable, but it should be a high priority for monitoring, in case climate change proves to be a threat.",Stable,"Ludwig's Thread-moss (Pohlia ludwigii) is a circumpolar Arctic-montane species that occurs in northern and montane Europe, from Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Britain, northern Fennoscandia and Arctic Russia, south to the Pyrenees, Alps, Carpathians and Balkans (Serbia, Greece). The record from Slovenia is considered doubtful. Records from Svalbard have all proved to refer to other species (Elvebakk and Prestrud 1996). In the light of this, the scattered distribution of this species in Europe might be somewhat inaccurate. Elsewhere it is recorded from Turkey, Caucasus, Iran, the Himalayas, China, Japan, western North America and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 888 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10.1 million km².","There seems to be little or no evidence of decline, but the very scattered distribution of this moss, and its reliance on areas of late snow-lie, create the suspicion that it may be declining. It can be locally abundant in suitable localities. In the Alps it seems to be stable and has been assessed as Least Concern in the UK, Norway and Sweden. Its current population trend is considered to be stable. It produces sporophytes and the population is not severely fragmented, although in the Balkans and in Spain the subpopulations are isolated. There are more than 1,000 mature individuals. 

","This is a species of moist or wet, sandy and gritty soils on banks and by streams, on soil overlying rock, on rock ledges and in scree. It is particularly characteristic of bryophyte-dominated vegetation in late snowbeds, where it can form very large patches, and accompanies species such as Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Cephalozia bicuspidata, Marsupella sphacelata, Nardia scalaris, Fuscocephaloziopsis albescens, Oligotrichum hercynicum, Pohlia drummondii and Polytrichastrum sexangulare. It is also locally frequent in montane bryophyte springs, in which associated species may include Anthelia julacea, Scapania uliginosa, Philonotis fontana, Pohlia wahlenbergii var. glacialis and Straminergon stramineum (Blockeel et al. 2014, ArtDatabanken 2015). Its altitudinal range is from 50 m up to 2,780 m Asl. 



It is dioicous; capsules are generally rare but can be locally abundant in some snowbed stands, mature in summer.","Climate change is the main threat or potential threat to this species, especially for isolated subpopulations are high altitudes.","At least some subpopulations should be monitored in various parts of its range. This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Spain, Romania and the Czech Republic, as Near Threatened in Finland and Slovakia, and as 'rare' in Germany (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Lara, F.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Pohlia,lutescens,,Pohlia lutescens  ,(Limpr.) H.Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Yellow Thread-moss (Pohlia lutescens) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 due to being widely distributed and fairly frequent across Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory. It is also considered to have a stable population trend. There are no known threats to this species and so no conservation measures are required at present. It is known to occur in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This is a European temperate species principally of central Europe, north to Scotland and southern Sweden, and south to France, Corsica and Bulgaria (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it occurs in the Asiatic Urals (Perm), the Russian Far East (Bezgodov and Ignatova 2013) and China (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.



","This is a fairly frequent and widespread species of moss across much of Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","Thisshort-lived pioneer species is characteristic of friable, neutral to mildly acid clay-loam and sandy-loam soils, in rather open to moderately shaded habitats by paths, ditches and streams, at the entrance of rabbit burrows, on banks in pastures and woodland, and on root-plates of fallen trees, lanesides, road cuttings and hedgebanks. Although typically found on relatively stable substrates, it has been recorded occasionally in arable fields (Atherton et al. 2010). A common associate on the more freely draining acid soils is Dicranella heteromalla, often accompanied by Ceratodon purpureus, Mnium hornum and Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans. Sometimes just a few individual stems of Pohlia lutescens occur in a mat of D. heteromalla. On loamy banks, the species is a member of a characteristic assemblage, which may include Atrichum undulatum, Bryum rubens, Dicranella rufescens, D. schreberiana, D. staphylina, Pleuridium acuminatum, Pseudephemerum nitidum  and Trichodon cylindricus. It has very rarely been recorded growing directly on soft sandstone (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 5-2,550 m.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Slovakia (Regionally Extinct), Switzerland (Near Threatened), Bulgaria (Data Deficient), Czech Republic (Data Deficient) and Italy (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to be present in protected areas in Europe, such as the Eifel National Park in Germany.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Tsakiri, E.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Pohlia,melanodon,,Pohlia melanodon  ,(Brid.) A.J.Shaw,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The common Pink-fruited Thread-moss (Pohlia melanodon) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many recent records of its occurrence and an overall stable population trend. There are no known threats to this species and so no conservation measures are required at present. It is known to occur in protected areas across Europe.",Stable,"This circumpolar southern-temperate species occurs throughout most of Europe, including Macaronesia and the Mediterranean region, but is scattered in Scandinavia, reaching northern Norway and north-western Russia east to the Ural mountains (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it occurs in North Africa, and is widespread in temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere, but apparently rare or overlooked in much of Asia and North America (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This is a common and widespread species of moss across most of Europe, and the population trend is considered to be stable.

","This is a plant of moist or wet soils, especially clay, that are circumneutral to basic, in open to lightly shaded habitats, sometimes in dense shade. It is characteristic of steep clay banks of ditches, streams and rivers particularly in the flood zone or where the bank is kept wet by seepage, often forming pure stands in such locations. It is also commonly present in a typical clay-bank community that includes Lunularia cruciata, Apopellia endiviifolia, Riccia spp., Bryum gemmiferum,tuber-bearing Bryum spp., Dicranella varia, D. schreberiana, D. staphylina, Didymodon tophaceus, Fissidens bryoidesand Pseudephemerum nitidum (Atherton et al. 2010). Elsewhere it may be found in a wide variety of habitats where moist soil is exposed, including pathsides, rutted tracks, bare patches in fields, clay pits, pond margins, marshes and woodland rides, sea cliffs, the entrances to caves and mines, and occasionally on banks of disintegrating rocks such as shale. It is a frequent component of arable field communities on basic soils and clay (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,335 m.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Czech Republic (Vulnerable), Slovakia (Vulnerable), Finland (Near Threatened), Switzerland (Near Threatened) and San Marino (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Tsakiri, E.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Pohlia,nutans,,Pohlia nutans  ,(Hedw.) Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The common Nodding Thread-moss (Pohlia nutans) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and an overall stable population trend. Although a decline in some parts of Europe has been recorded (Britain), possibly due to increasing levels of nitrogen in the environment, there is no serious threat to this species. It is known to occur in protected areas across its European range.



",Stable,"This common moss has a circumpolar wide-boreal distribution. It occurs almost throughout Europe from the Arctic to Macaronesia and the mountains of the Mediterranean region (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it occurs in North Africa (Morocco), Turkey and Iran, and is widespread throughout cool and cold regions of both hemispheres, including the Arctic and Antarctic. There are very few and scattered localities in the tropics (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","

This is a widespread and common species of moss. It is considered to have a stable population trend, although it may have declined in recent years in Britain (Atherton et al. 2010).","This species is common and often abundant on wet or dry, acidic, peaty, sandy or gravelly soil on heaths and moors, in acidic grassland, bogs, woods and on sand dunes. It also grows in the crevices of rocks or on boulders, dry-stone walls, in gravel pits, sand pits and abandoned industrial sites. It avoids base-rich or calcareous places (Atherton et al. 2010). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-3,215 m.","There is no indication of an overall decline in the habitat or population of this species in Europe, although there have been local declines. It may be threatened in some areas by increasing nitrogen in the environment.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Sicily (Near Threatened) and Sardinia (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.

",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Vellak, K.,Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Pohlia,obtusifolia,,Pohlia obtusifolia  ,(Vill. ex Brid.) L.F.Koch,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Blunt-leaved Thread-moss (Pohlia obtusifolia) is a circumpolar Arctic-montane species that occurs in northern and alpine Europe, in Iceland, northern Scandinavia, Svalbard, Novaya Zemlya, Scotland and the north Urals, south to northern Spain, the French Pyrenees, the Alps, Tatras, Carpathians and Bulgaria. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it has a restricted geographic range and is rare and threatened in the south part of its range, it is still a relatively common species in the Scandinavian mountains and in Arctic areas, and no appreciable decline has been observed. Climate change is presumably the greatest potential threat to this species. Some of the best subpopulations, and those near the edge of its range, should be monitored. Research into the population size and trend is also recommended.",Unknown,"The Blunt-leaved Thread-moss (Pohlia obtusifolia) is a circumpolar Arctic-montane species that occurs in northern and alpine Europe, in Iceland, northern Scandinavia, Svalbard, Novaya Zemlya, Scotland and the north Urals, south to northern Spain, the French Pyrenees, the Alps, Tatras, Carpathians and Bulgaria. It is probably extinct in the Czech Republic. Elsewhere it occurs in the Caucasus. Siberia, the Asian far east, Japan, western North America and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 796 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11.2 million km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown, but it appears to be declining in Scandinavia (T. Hallingbäck pers. comm. 2017). It is still a relatively common species in the Scandinavian mountains and in Arctic areas.","This is a plant of wet soil and gravel in the mountains (or at lower levels in the far north), where it forms small patches or occurs as scattered stems, usually in very open vegetation. Most sites are associated with areas of late snow-lie or snow-fed mountain streams, and it is a constituent of the community of bryophytes that often dominates in such areas. It occurs with a variety of common species such as Cephalozia bicuspidata, Diplophyllum albicans, Nardia scalaris, Oligotrichum hercynicum, Sanionia uncinata, Scapania subalpina and Pohlia nutans but also with typical chionophilous species like Gymnomitrion brevissimum, Fuscocephaloziopsis albescens, Ditrichum zonatum, Kiaeria falcata, K. starkei, Pohlia ludwigii and Polytrichastrum sexangulare. Occasionally it occurs in flushes with Scapania uliginosa, Sarmentypnum sarmentosum and S. exannulatum and it has also been found on a periodically irrigated calcareous-schist crag (Blockeel et al. 2014, ArtDatabanken 2015). Its altitudinal range is from 50 m up to 2,950 m Asl.



It is paroicous; capsules are frequent, maturing in late summer.



",Climate change is presumably the greatest potential threat to this species. No other threats have been identified.,"This species has been assessed as Endangered in Britain and Slovenia, as Vulnerable in Spain, Slovakia, Bulgaria and Romania, and as 'extremely rare' in Germany. In is considered Regionally Extinct in the Czech Republic (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas. Some of the best subpopulations, and those near the edge of its range, should be monitored. Research into the population size and trend is also recommended.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Laaka-Lindberg, S.","Hodgetts, N.","Virchenko, V.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Pohlia,proligera,,Pohlia proligera  ,(Kindb.) Lindb. ex Broth.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The easily overlooked and under-recorded Bent-bud Thread-moss (Pohlia proligera) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and an overall stable population trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level. It is known to occur in protected areas in Europe.",Stable,"This is a European boreal-montane species occurring north to the Arctic and south to Macaronesia, southern Portugal and Spain, but with only scattered records elsewhere in southern Europe (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it is found in the Caucasus, northern, central and eastern Asia, Japan, North America south to California, and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This is a widespread, but not always common, species of moss across Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This moss grows in disturbed or open habitats similar to those of Pohlia annotina, but apparently more often on soils of relatively high pH (above 6.0) as well as moderately acidic soils, and often in drier places than most of the other bulbiferous Pohlias. Recorded habitats include sandstone cliffs and cuttings, crevices of basalt and schist rocks, crumbling and unstable ravine slopes, soil and rock shelves by streams and rivers, old quarries and metal mines, earth below overhanging rocks and boulders, soil on cliffs and upland slopes, and pathsides in woodland. Recorded associates includeDicranella heteromalla, Pohlia cruda, P. lutescens and Calypogeia integristipula (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 120-2,900 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Northern Ireland (Regionally Extinct), Portugal (Endangered), Slovakia (Endangered), Slovenia (Vulnerable), Bulgaria (Vulnerable), Germany (Near Threatened), Switzerland (Near Threatened), Romania (Near Threatened) and Hungary (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas in Europe, including Hohe Tauern National Park in Austria.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Górski, P.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Pohlia,scotica,,Pohlia scotica  ,Crundw.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Scottish Thread-moss (Pohlia scotica) is a suboceanic boreal-montane species that is apparently endemic to Scotland, but further investigation may reveal its presence elsewhere in the boreal or Arctic regions of Europe. This little-known ruderal species is almost certainly still under-recorded. It is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it is certainly rare, the current population trend is stable and no threats have been identified. Further research is required to confirm its distribution, as it may occur in Scandinavia.",Stable,"The Scottish Thread-moss (Pohlia scotica) is a suboceanic boreal-montane species that is apparently endemic to Scotland, but further investigation may reveal its presence elsewhere in the boreal or Arctic regions of Europe (Blockeel et al. 2014). A good overview is provided by Rothero (2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 72 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8,000 km². This species is almost certainly still under-recorded and the real AOO and EOO are therefore likely to be larger.",There is no reason to suppose this species is decreasing and the current population is therefore considered to be stable. New colonies are occasionally found and more will probably be discovered in future.,"All records of this essentially ruderal species are from sand or gravel by rivers, lochs or burns where there is periodic irrigation and regular inundation. Plants become established and form stands of varying size which are then either engulfed by larger bryophytes and vascular plants, or destroyed by spates or wave action. This ecology is similar to that of the common Pohlia drummondii which often occurs in the same habitat. Associated species are often sparse and may owe as much to chance as to ecological affinity; species noted include Agrostis canina, Molinia caerulea, Potentilla erecta, Primula vulgaris, Nardia scalaris, Scapania irrigua, Pohlia drummondii, Polytrichum juniperinum, Sphagnum auriculatum, and at one site Bryum dixonii. Its altitudinal range is from 45 m up to 650 m Asl.



Gametangia and capsules are unknown; one collection appears to have some fragile deciduous branches but fragmentation in its harsh habitat is probably the main means of persistence and spread. Some stands show signs of persisting through gravel accumulation, new shoots growing up from buried stems (Blockeelet al. 2014).",There are no known widespread threats to this species.,"



No conservation measures are required at present, but further research is required to confirm its distribution, as it may occur in Scandinavia. It is listed as Data Deficient in Britain (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hugonnot, V.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Lönnell, N., Rothero, G. & Vanderpoorten, A.","Köckinger, H.,Schnyder, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Pohlia,sphagnicola,,Pohlia sphagnicola  ,(Bruch &amp; Schimp.) Broth.,"The taxonomic status of this species is unclear. It is closely related to Pohlia nutans (Hedw.) Lindb., but differs in being dioicous and having entire leaves, slightly shorter lamina cells, and smaller spores (up to 12 mm in diameter). Currently A. J. Shaw treats P. sphagnicola  within the P. nutans complex. In his opinion, the striking habitat (Sphagnum hummocks and peat bogs) is not diagnostic, as at least 80 % of P. nutans may occur at the same sites (Flora of North America 2014). Therefore, the true distribution of this species is not fully clear.",No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



In Europe,Pohlia sphagnicola is mainly located in Scandinavia and Estonia, where it is not rare and its current population trend appears to be stable. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 7 million km2 (based on total area within a minimum convex polygon around all known occurrences), and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 700 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 2.6 million km2, and the AOO is estimated to be around 500 km2. However, the distribution of species is not well studied due to difficulties with identification of sterile plants. The quality of its habitat (Sphagnum bogs) is declining in many regions, and the threat to this species of the degradation of mire ecosystems and vegetation. This is due to peatland drainage for forestry and agriculture, reduction of groundwater level and peatland fires, for example.



This species has been included within theP. nutans complex (Pohlia nutans is very widespread species), and so the taxonomic status of this species is unclear, and actual EOO and AOO values are unknown. Therefore, this species is listed as Data Deficient for Europe and EU 28. Further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed.",Stable,"The distribution of this species is not well studied, because it is difficult to distinguished it from Pohlia nutans, which is one of the most common species in the Northern Hemisphere. However, it has been reported from Scandinavia, central and south-eastern Europe, the Baltic countries, Belarus, some regions of European Russia, Siberia and the Russian Far East (Hodgetts 2015, Ignatov et al. 2006). It was also found in Serbia (Papp et al. 2012), southwest Asia (high mountain area of eastern Turkey) (Ellis et al. 2015) and Greenland (one specimen collected by T. Prestø in 2014) (GBIF 2018).  It has also been reported from North America (Flora of North America 2014). The occurrence in Austria is uncertain (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2016). In the Czech Republic, its presence is regarded as possible but a correctly identified herbarium specimen has not yet been found (Kučera et al. 2012). The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 1,200 m Asl.

According to available data, in Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 7 million km2 (based on total area within a minimum convex polygon around all known occurrences), and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 700 km2 (based on a 2x2 km2grid overlay on the range map). In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 2.6 million km2, and the AOO is estimated to be around 500 km2. Nevertheless, this species has serious taxonomic problems, as this species has been included within the P. nutans complex (Pohlia nutans is very widespread species) (Shaw 1982), and so it is hard to define actual EOO and AOO values. This species need careful examination of specimens kept at the herbaria and clarification of real distribution.","The subpopulations of this species are usually small, and the sporophytes are common. It grows among Sphagnum and it is difficult to find. The numerous subpopulations of this species are known from Scandinavia and Estonia (Vellak et al. 2015). In the other part of its European range, this species is rare (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003). The overall population trend seems to be stable.



 



","Usually, this species grows on mires among Sphagnum mosses, and rarely it is also found on rotten wood and on soil. Once, the species was found in rock crevices in the wet spruce forest (Zheleznova 1994). It has also been found in mountain bogs. There is a continuing decline in the habitat extent and quality.","The threat to this species of the degradation of mire ecosystems and vegetation. This is due to peatland drainage for forestry and agriculture, reduction of groundwater level and peatland fires, for example.","This species has been assessed as Data Deficient (D) in Germany, as Rare (R) in Poland, as Vulnerable (VU) in Switzerland, as Endangered (EN) in Romania, as regionally extinct (0) in Austria and it is doubtful in the Czech Republic (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996, Schnyder et al. 2004, Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012, Hodgetts 2015). Some known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Further research of taxonomy, distribution and population trend of this species is needed.

 

 

",This species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Vanderpoorten, A.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Pohlia,tundrae,,Pohlia tundrae  ,A.J.Shaw,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

In Europe, Pohlia tundrae has been recorded only from Austria, Germany and the Czech Republic. However, this species is easily confused with the common P. proligera, and therefore may be under-recorded. Its distribution is not fully known, but it is probably more widespread, at least in the Alps. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at 70,000 km2, whilst the area of occupancy (AOO) is much more restricted, estimated at just 20 km2. There is nothing known about the population size or trend of this species. This species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient in Europe and the EU 28.

It is found in limestone-free pioneer habitats of various types, and could be threatened by stochastic events and by natural succession in former mining areas, with an increase in shrubs and other woody vegetation. The isolated subpopulations in Germany and the Czech Republic should be protected. Knowledge about the distribution in the Alps must be significantly improved. A taxonomic study is also recommended to determine the status of the European subpopulations.",Unknown,"In Europe this species has been recorded only from Austria (Grims 1999), Germany (Biedermann and Müller 2011, Meinunger and Schröder 2007) and the Czech Republic (Kučera et al. 2012). However, Pohlia tundrae is easily confused with the common P. proligera, and therefore may be under-recorded (Suanjak and Köckinger 1993). Its distribution is not fully known, but it is probably more widespread, at least in the Alps. It has been found growing at elevations between 600 m and 2,500 m Asl. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at 70,000 km2, whilst the area of occupancy (AOO) is much more restricted, estimated at just 20 km2. Globally, it is a rare species known elsewhere from North America and Asiatic Russia.



",There is nothing known about the population size or trend of this species.,"This species is found in limestone-free pioneer habitats of various types (e.g., glacial alluvium, skeletal soil in grassland, tracksides, rock crevices). The German and Czech records are from rock crevices in collapsing mine shafts in former mining areas of granite rocks rich in heavy metals (Biedermann and Müller 2011, Müller 2017).","In Germany and the Czech Republic, this species could be threatened by stochastic events and by natural succession in former mining areas, with an increase in shrubs and other woody vegetation (F. Müller pers. comm. 2017).","This moss is included in national red list of the Czech Republic as Critically Endangered (Kučera et al. 2012). The isolated subpopulations in Germany and the Czech Republic should be protected. Knowledge about the distribution in the Alps must be significantly improved. A taxonomic study is needed to determine the status of the European subpopulations. Material from the Czech site was included in molecular research conducted by A.J. Shaw and a similarity with the American population was detected (A. J. Shaw in litt., F. Müller pers. comm. 2017). This species is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.,Aleffi, M.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Pohlia,vexans,,Pohlia vexans  ,(Limpr.) H.Lindb.,,No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



In Europe, Pohlia vexans is a rare species, with only a few records reported from each country of occurrence. It is present in three disjunct areas; one in central Europe centred around the Alps, one in northern Europe, in Norway and Sweden, and one in northern Russia. These three subpopulations are separated by a distance of over 1,000 km, an apparent obstacle for this otherwise good disperser. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 250 km² in Europe, and 100 km² in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. 



The numerous pre-1980 and pre-1950 records in Switzerland and Norway that have not been found since then, which seem to indicate that the overall population trend is decreasing. The main threat to this species is the destruction of habitats like alpine alluvia and the building of reservoirs for hydroelectric power plants. Monitoring the population size and trend to determine the reasons for the decline in Norway and Switzerland is recommended. In addition, site and habitat protection and appropriate management are recommended.",Decreasing,"In Europe, this species is present in three disjunct areas; one in central Europe centred around the Alps, in France, Italy, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia, one in northern Europe, in Norway and Sweden, and one in northern Russia, north of Arkhangelsk. These three subpopulations are separated by a distance of over 1,000 km, an apparent obstacle for this otherwise good disperser (Hallingbäck et al. 1998). The population is therefore considered fragmented. It can be found growing from sea level up to 2,600 m Asl. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 250 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at 3 to 3.5 million km². In the EU 28, the EOO is only ca 1.2 million km2and the AOO is 100 km2. Elsewhere this species occurs in northwestern North America.","This species is rare and there are only a few records reported from each country of occurrence. There is no overall population trend information. Nevertheless, the numerous pre-1980 and pre-1950 records in Switzerland and Norway that have not been found since then, which seems to indicate that the population is decreasing. In Switzerland, no findings have been reported since 1980, despite extensive recent fieldwork (Hofmann et al. 2011). In France, little information is available, but Chavoutier and Hugonnot (2013) report  four findings in Savoie, only one of which is recent. In Italy, the species  is only reported in the province of Trentino-Alto Adige, and the number  of findings is unknown (Università degli Studi di Trieste 2011).                In Austria, there are a few historic records from the Hohe Tauern Mts. and from Styria (Grims 1999), with one record from the latter re-found in the 1990's. There is only one record from European Russia (Maslovsky 2017), three  post-1950 records from Norway (NBIC and GBIF-Norway 2012)  and eleven recent records from Sweden (ArtDatabanken  2016). The population can be considered to be severely fragmented, as it is found is small, isolated subpopulations. These small subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","This species occurs on bare clay or sandy, humid soil, especially in alluvial zones, sometimes near glaciers, or at the side of paths, streams and roads (Grims 1999, Cortini Pedrotti 2001, Chavourtier and Hugonnot 2013, Flora of North America 2015). The species reproduces efficiently both sexually and vegetatively. It is often observed with sporophytes and also forms rhizoidal gemmae, reported to help small-scale propagation and dispersal in disturbed areas. Spores are small (15-21 um), indicating a good dispersal capacity.",The main threat is the destruction of habitats like alpine alluvia and the building of reservoirs for hydroelectric power plants. It is considered that there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat of this species.,"This species has been assessed as Endangered in Austria, as Vulnerable in Switzerland (Schnyder et al. 2004), and as Data Deficient in Norway and Slovenia (Hodgetts 2015). There are currently no conservation measures specifically targeting this species. Monitoring the population size and trend to determine the reasons for the decline in Norway and Switzerland is recommended. In addition, site and habitat protection and appropriate management are recommended. It is unknown whether this species occurs in protected areas.",The species is not utilised or traded.,"Mazimpaka, V.,Cálix, M.","Baudraz, M.E.A. & Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Pohlia,wahlenbergii,,Pohlia wahlenbergii  ,(F.Weber &amp; D.Mohr) A.L.Andrews,"There are three varieties of this moss in Europe, var. wahlenbergii, var. calcarea (Warnst.) E.F.Warb. and var. glacialis (Brid.) E.F.Warb.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Pale Glaucous Thread-moss (Pohlia wahlenbergii) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its overall stable population trend. The threats to this species are not known, but it is known to be present in at least one protected area in Europe, Kopaonik National Park in Serbia.",Stable,"This common moss has a circumpolar wide-boreal distribution, and occurs almost throughout Europe, being rare only in the Mediterranean region (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it is widespread in the temperate, boreal and Arctic zones of the Northern Hemisphere and the temperate Southern Hemisphere, south to the South Shetland islands, with isolated localities in the tropics, mainly in the Andes (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This is a widespread species of moss found across most of Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This species of moss favours moist areas, at both low and high elevations. At lower elevations, it prefers roadsides, track sides, sand pits, soil on the sides of ditches, marshes, waste ground, on and beside wet rocks in ravines and damp woodland rides (Atherton et al. 2010).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Canary Islands (Vulnerable) and Portugal (Vulnerable) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to be present in at least one protected area in Europe, Kopaonik National Park in Serbia.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Wilbraham, J.,Cálix, M.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,POLYTRICHOPSIDA,POLYTRICHALES,POLYTRICHACEAE,Polytrichastrum,alpinum,,Polytrichastrum alpinum  ,(Hedw.) G.L. Sm.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Alpine Haircap (Polytrichastrum alpinum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, its large population size and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats and so no conservation measures are required at present. It is known to be present within protected areas across its European range.",Stable,"This circumpolar boreo-arctic montane moss is common throughout Arctic and boreal Europe, south to the mountains of the Mediterranean region (Smith 2004). It is a bipolar species with a very wide distribution across the Northern Hemisphere, south to North Africa (Algeria), Turkey, the Himalayas, China and Taiwan. In the Southern Hemisphere it is found in Patagonia, Chile, Australia, New Zealand, subantarctic islands and Antarctica. It also occurs on mountains in Mexico and Guatemala (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B.

","This is a widespread species in many parts of Europe, and it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This is a calcifuge pioneer species found on upland heaths, moorlands and most commonly in montane habitats, including peaty banks, mossy banks of streams and gullies, rocky slopes, screes, cliff ledges, earth-covered rocks and rock crevices, and areas of late snow-lie. It is usually commoner on north- to east-facing slopes, generally in well-drained and relatively stable habitats, on gritty, sandy and peaty soils, often in thin turf. It occasionally colonises bare ground and banks in old quarries. In the north-west it is not unusual at sea level in turf below and among coastal rocks (Atherton et al. 2010). Common associates include a wide range of other calcifuge species, such as Diplophyllum albicans, Dicranella heteromalla, Dicranum scoparium, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum jutlandicum, Mnium hornum, Polytrichum formosum, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, and occasionally Bartramia halleriana. It can also be found in tundra grasslands and intra-zonally within boreal forest wetlands (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 5-3,260 m.



",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Hungary (Endangered), the Netherlands (Susceptible) and Sicily (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to be present within protected areas.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Fettes, N.D.,Natcheva, R.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,POLYTRICHOPSIDA,POLYTRICHALES,POLYTRICHACEAE,Polytrichastrum,altaicum,,Polytrichastrum altaicum  ,Ignatov &amp; G.L.Smith Merril,"This species was described in 1995 (Ignatov and Merill 1995), and recently its species rank was confirmed by molecular phylogenetic studies by Ivanova et al. (2014).",No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



Polytrichastrum altaicum is lacking reliable information on its distribution. In Europe, this species is only known from three localities, one within the EU 28 and two in Russia. In Europe, the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 1.1 million km2.  In the EU 28, the species is known from one locality in Lapland, and its AOO is 4 km2. There is no information on the population size, trend and threats to the species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Data Deficient in both Europe and the EU 28. Further research is needed on the distribution, population and threats to the species.",Unknown,"This species was described in 1995 (Ignatov and Merill 1995), and Ivanova et al. (2014) revealed its occurrence in Europe, in northern Finland, the Kola Peninsula and the Northern Ural Mountains. Elsewhere, this species is known from Siberia (the Altai and East Sayan Mts) (Ignatov et al. 2017). In Europe, the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 1.1 million km2.  In the EU 28, the species is known from one locality in Lapland, and its AOO is 4 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 800 m to 900 m Asl.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown, but obviously it is a rare species (Ivanova et al. 2014).","The species grows in rocky tundras, new glaciers, at the margins of late snow beds, along cold brooks, and on cliffs beside snow fields, at and above the timber-line (Ivanova et al. 2014).",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not included in any national or regional Red Lists. Some subpopulations have been found within protected areas, such as in Visherskiy State Nature Reserve in Russia. Further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed, as well as into the threats.",This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Duckett, J.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,POLYTRICHOPSIDA,POLYTRICHALES,POLYTRICHACEAE,Polytrichastrum,fragile,,Polytrichastrum fragile  ,(Bryhn) Schljakov,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)



Polytrichastrum fragile is lacking reliable information on its distribution. This species is only known from a four localities within the protected area on the Franz Josef Land.mIn Europe, the estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is around 60 km2, and the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is around 12 km2.

There is no information on the population size or trend of the species in Europe. Therefore, this species is assessed as Data Deficient. Further research is needed on the distribution, population and threats to the species.

This species is not found in the EU 28 and is therefore Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"The distribution of this species is imperfectly known, because for a long time it was considered as the variety of Polytrhichastrum alpinum and its distribution has not been studied in detail (thus situation is largely the same as with P. septentrionale). Not all literature are reliable, as quite a number of putative specimens in herbaria represent fragile forms of P.  alpinum (Ivanova et al. 2014). The recent studies confirmed the presence of this species mostly on the islands of the Arctic Ocean, northern Siberia, arctic Alaska, arctic Canada and Greenland (Smith Merrill 2007, Ignatov et al. 2017). In Europe, this species is known from Hooker and Northbrook Islands (Franz Josef Land Archipelago) (Ivanova et al. 2014, Czernyadjeva et al. 2015).

In Europe, the estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is around 60 km2, and the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is around 12 km2. The altitudinal range of the species in Europe is between 15 and 50 m Asl. This species is not found in the EU 28.",The population size and trend of this species are unknown.,"This species grows on soil in tundra, in the moss-lichen communities on gravel, and on lake banks.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The known European subpopulations were found within the protected area Russian Arctic National Park. Further study of the distribution, population size and trend of this species is needed, as well as into the threats.",This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Fettes, N.D.,Bergamini, A.","Baisheva, E.","Vanderpoorten, A.,Soltés, R.,Żarnowiec, J.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,POLYTRICHOPSIDA,POLYTRICHALES,POLYTRICHACEAE,Polytrichastrum,septentrionale,,Polytrichastrum septentrionale  ,"(Brid.) E.I.Ivanova, N.E.Bell &amp; Ignatov","This species has been accepted in the genus Polytrichastrum under the name P. norwegicum (Hedw.) Schljakov. However this name cannot be applied to this species (Ivanova et al. 2014). Smith (1971) lectotypified Polytrichum norwegicum Hedw. with an illustration by Oeder (of P. oederi) in Flora Danica (Fl. Dan. 2(5): 9, t. 297, 1766). This illustration depicts capsules that are inclined-horizontal, quite elongated and smooth-cylindrical, thus resembling P. alpinum, not P. septentrionale.   Ignatov & Smith Merill (1995) stated that the type of P. norwegicum is a form of P. alpinum, not identical with P. alpinum var. septentrionale.",No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment:  Data Deficient (DD)

The distribution of Polytrichastrum septentrionale is not well studied because for a long time it was considered as a variety of the widely distributed species P. alpinum. In the past, this taxa has been reported from many European countries, but its presence was not  confirmed later. A revision with expanded molecular study and subsequent revision of herbarium collections is needed to elucidate the species distribution. Presumably, this species is quite rare in Europe and has scattered distribution in northern and high-mountain regions. There is a lack of the available verified data on the population size and trend of this species. Some of known localities are situated in remote and sparsely populated northern areas, including protected territories. Therefore, this species is assessed as Data Deficient in both Europe and the EU 28. More research is needed to investigate the taxonomy, abundance, population size and trend of this species, as well as threats to this species.",Unknown,"The distribution of this arctic-alpine species is imperfectly known. In the past, it has been reported from many European countries as a variety of P. alpinum, and often data of its distributional were given combined with P. alpinum var. alpinum (Frisvoll and Elvebakk 1996). In the most recent European checklist it was synonymised with P. alpinum (Hill et al. 2006), and therefore fell off from researcher attention. Ivanova et al. (2014) resurrected the species based on result from molecular phylogenetic analysis, however that study was addressed mainly to Asia, with a limited sampling from Europe. A revision with expanded molecular study and subsequent revision of herbarium collections is needed to elucidate the species distribution (M. Ignatov pers. comm. 2018).



This species is generally known from arctic and sub-arctic areas of the northern hemisphere, but it also occurs in high mountains (Caucasus, Altay, Byryatia, Sakhalin, inland mountains of North America south to California, Utah and Colorado) (Smith Merrill 2007, Ignatov et al. 2017). In Europe, recent studies confirmed the presence of this species in Finland, Switzerland, Kola Peninsula, Franz Josef Land, north-eastern part of the East European Plain and Polar and North Urals (Ivanova et al. 2014, Ignatov et al. 2017, Czernyadjeva et al. 2015, Sofronova et al. 2018, Dyachenko 2016).  P. alpinum var. septentrionale was early recorded from Spain (Brugués et al. 1982), Ireland and the United Kingdom (Smith 1996), Slovakia (Chałubiński 1886, Šmarda and Vaněk 1955), Romania (Plămadă 1998), Austria, Bulgaria, Germany,Italy, Norway, Romania, Iceland, Svalbard, Sweden, Novaya Zemlya (Podpera 1954, Savicz-Ljubitskaya and Smirnova 1970, Duell 1985, Afonina and Czernyadjeva 1995, Frisvoll and Elvebakk 1996, Bjarnason 2015), but a lot of  literature was based on old records that were not later confirmed. Nevertheless, the possibility cannot be excluded that this species will be found in these regions.

The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 20 to 2,600 m Asl.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown. According available data, it is quite rare, but there are not evidences of its decline across its European range.","The species grows on moist, often peaty, soil and rocks in a wide range of open habitats, such as in tundra, on banks of streams, in snow fields, on screes, etc.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not included in any national or regional Red Lists. Some subpopulations were found within protected areas. Further research on the taxonomy, distribution, population size and threats of this species is needed.",This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Fettes, N.D.,Bergamini, A.","Baisheva, E.","Żarnowiec, J.,Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,POLYTRICHOPSIDA,POLYTRICHALES,POLYTRICHACEAE,Polytrichastrum,sexangulare,,Polytrichastrum sexangulare  ,(Flörke ex Brid.) G.L. Sm.,,No,NT,A3c,No,VU,A3c,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Northern Haircap (Polytrichastrum sexangulare) has a wide distribution in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory. The population size is estimated to be more than 10,000 individual equivalents, and it is not considered to be severely fragmented. However, this species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe since a decline of nearly 30% in snow beds, its habitat, is projected over the next century (three-generation period is ca. 100 years) due to climate change. The population is, in turn, projected to decline by nearly 30% as well. In the EU 28, it is assessed as Vulnerable since the population decline (based on habitat reduction) is expected to exceed 30% there. Although this species is found in protected areas, this may not be enough to counter the effects of its shrinking habitat due to climate change. Active protection, such as through ex-situ conservation measures like artificial propagation, are recommended for this species in Europe.",Decreasing,"This European Arctic-montane moss occurs from the Arctic south to the higher mountain ranges of central and southern Europe, reaching the Pyrenees, Apennines and Balkan mountains (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it occurs in the Caucasus, Siberia, the Russian Far East, Japan, the Aleutian Islands, northern North America south to Utah, and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This species can be abundant in snow beds and in Arctic areas. Since its snow bed habitat has declined, the population is suspected to be declining too. The population size is estimated to be greater than 10,000 individual equivalents (one individual-equivalent is equal to one occupied square metre). It is not severely fragmented. Its generation length is long, three generations probably lasting ca. 100 years. Considering its fragile habitat, a decline of nearly 30% is projected in the next century.","This is a moss characteristic of areas of late-lying snow, and therefore confined to high mountains in most parts of Europe. It reaches lower altitudes in the Arctic, where it grows in tundra. It is most frequent on areas of gravel associated with the snow patches, often where there is irrigation during snow melt or on the sides of meltwater channels. It also occurs at the base of crags and low ledges and also in the interstices of block scree, where snow accumulates during the winter. It forms a distinctive community with Kiaeria starkei, and other common associates include Salix herbacea, Neoorthocaulis floerkei, Cephalozia bicuspidata, Gymnomitrion brevissimum, Moerckia blyttii, Nardia scalaris, Fuscocephaloziopsis albescens, Andreaea nivalis, Ditrichum zonatum, Kiaeria falcata, Oligotrichum hercynicum, Pohlia ludwigii and Racomitrium heterostichum (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 5-3,220 m.",This species is affected by the melting of snow beds and a reduction in area of late-lying snow due to climate change.,"This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct), Spain (Vulnerable) and Germany (Risk Assumed) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas. Active protection, such as through ex-situ conservation measures like artificial propagation, are recommended.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Marka, J.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,POLYTRICHOPSIDA,POLYTRICHALES,POLYTRICHACEAE,Polytrichastrum,sphaerothecium,,Polytrichastrum sphaerothecium  ,(Besch.) J.-P. Frahm,,No,VU,D1,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Polytrichastrum sphaerothecium is only known in Europe from Iceland at a handful of sites on southern and southwestern part of the Island. The current population trend is considered to be stable, and there are no major threats to this species as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. However, the number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) is estimated to be between 500 and 1,000. Therefore, this species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe.

The species does not occur in any protected area, so site protection is called for. Better mapping of the distribution area is urgently needed as well as monitoring of population size and population trend.

This species is not found in the EU 28 and therefore it is Not Evaluated.",Stable,"This species is only known in Europe from a handful of sites on southern and southwestern Iceland (Hodgetts 2015, Jóhannsson 1990). The species is not endemic to Europe.

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 100 and 200 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 60,000 km2. This species is not found within the EU 28.","Very little information about the total population size of this species is known. However, the number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) is estimated to be between 500 and 1,000 (using 1 m2 as proxy for one individual-equivalent). There is no indication of any decline since it grows in remote places and its habitats are not exploited. The current population trend is therefore considered to be stable.","

In Iceland, this species grows on bare lava tuff, often together with Bryoxiphium norwegicum, although in less shaded habitats (Johannsson 1990).

","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","

The species does not occur in any protected areas, so site protection is called for. Better mapping of the distribution area is urgently needed as well as monitoring of population size and population trend.

",The species is not used or traded.,"During, H.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T","Damerell, P.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,POLYTRICHOPSIDA,POLYTRICHALES,POLYTRICHACEAE,Polytrichum,commune,,Polytrichum commune  ,Hedw.,"Hill et al. (2006) list this species as P. uliginosum, but the correct name is P. commune (N. Bell pers. comm. 2018). It includes var. perigoniale (Michx.) Hampe.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Haircap (Polytrichum commune) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its common abundance and wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and its overall stable population trend. There are no significant threats to it, although traditionally this species has been used in the production of items such as besoms (brooms), and even for thatching. It is used by some people to make a tea to dissolve kidney and gallstones, and also as a hair-strengthening rinse. No conservation measures at the European level are required at present, and it is known to occur within protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This is a large and very common circumpolar wide-boreal species which occurs north to Iceland and Arctic Russia, but not Svalbard; it is commonest in the higher-rainfall regions of the north and west, rare in the Mediterranean region (south to Crete) and in calcareous districts (Smith 2004). It is widespread across the Northern Hemisphere south to North Africa (Algeria, Morocco), south-western Asia and Mexico, and also occurs in South America, central and southern Africa, Australia and New Zealand (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B.

","This is a common and widespread species, and it is considered to have an overall stable population trend.","This species grows in a wide range of damp, acidic habitats, tolerating shade and moderate amounts of pollution and nutrient enrichment. It is often abundant on wet moorland in the uplands, but is also present in wet woodland, bogs, ditches, around lake margins and on heaths. In drier areas, it is present in old gravel pits and sand pits by pools under willow and birch scrub (Atherton et al. 2010). Associates include Sphagnum auriculatum, S. fallax, S. fimbriatum and S. palustre. Var. perigoniale grows in drier areas, including tracks and forest roads in conifer plantations, but it is also found on bare or disturbed peaty or sandy ground on heathland and moorland,  especially by tracks or in the wake of fires. Other habitats include bare patches in short or grazed turf, gravelly ground by streams, in old sand and gravel pits and quarries (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,640 m.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Hungary (Vulnerable), Canary Islands (Vulnerable) and Sicily (Near Threatened) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur within protected areas.","Traditionally this species has been used in the production of items such as besoms (brooms), and even for thatching.It is used by some people to make a tea to dissolve  kidney and gallstones, and also as a hair-strengthening rinse.","Wilbraham, J.,Cálix, M.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,POLYTRICHOPSIDA,POLYTRICHALES,POLYTRICHACEAE,Polytrichum,densifolium,,Polytrichum densifolium  ,Wilson ex Mitt.,"Polytrichum densifolium was described in 1859 from Sikkim. In India, it was also reported from southeasternTibet by Gangulee (1969) who considered the species to be Indo-Chinese. It was subsequently recognized in Japan, being treated at the varietal rank, being known from alpine and subalpine mountain belts in Honshu and Hokkaido and disjunctively from Yakushima Island (Osada 1966). In China, it is known only from Sichuan (in the forest belt) and Taiwan (Wu and Wang 2005). The species was thought to be restricted to India, China and Japan, until Smith Merrill (2007) referred most of the eastern North American specimens previously identified as P. formosum to Polytichastrum formosum var. densifolium. Similarly,  the recent study of genus Polytrichum in Russia (Ivanova et al. 2015) showed that most specimens from the territory of Russia previously named as P. formosum are transferred to P. densifolium. More detailed studies are needed to outline the boundary between the distribution areas of P. densifolium and P. formosum (Ivanova et al. 2015).",No,LC,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment:  Data Deficient (DD)

The European range of Polytrichum densifolium is not well studied, because for a long time it was considered as the variety of Polytrhichum formosum and its distribution has not been studied in detail. According available data, it has scattered distribution in the northern, central and eastern part of European Russia and in Finland. Probably, its European range is much larger and includes Baltic countries. There is a lack data available on the population size and trend of this species, but there is no evidence of decline across all the European range. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) for Europe. In EU 28, this species is known by old specimens from two localities in Finland.  There is no data available on the population size and trend of this species. It is assessed as Data Deficient for EU 28.

The possible threat to this species is a reduction and fragmentation of the forest areas due to the felling. More research is needed to investigate the the  abundance, population size and trend of this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the presence of this species was confirmed for the territory of European Russia. Some old specimens of this species collected in the beginning of 20th century are known from Finland (GBIF 2018), but it is likely that this species is common in this country (N. Bell pers. comm. 2018). Also, this species is highly likely to be present in the Baltic countries (Ivanova et al. 2015), but the data available are insufficient for mapping of its distribution in these countries. Elsewhere, this species is known from the Caucasus, Asian Russia (southern Siberia from Altai to Transbaikalia, the southern Russian Far East, and Chukotka), India, China, Japan and North America (Ivanova et al. 2015, Ignatov et al. 2017, Smith Merril 2007). It is absent from the Arctic, but widespread across northern North America (Smith Merrill 2007).

The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level to 600 m Asl.","The population size and trend of this species are not well studied. It has scattered distribution and is not very common in the most regions, but there are no evidences of its decline across all European range.","This species grows in the southern taiga and in mixed conifer and deciduous forests, mostly on upturned roots of fallen trees in mesic forests and on soil in various other disturbed places (along forest roads, etc.). Occasionally, this species also on the bases of tree trunks and on rocks covered with soil (Ivanova et al. 2015).",The possible threat to this species is the reduced areas of forest due to the logging.,"This species is not included in any national or regional Red Lists. Some subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Further research on the distribution, population size and threats of this species is needed.",This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Cálix, M.,Blockeel, T.,Hodgetts, N.","Baisheva, E.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,POLYTRICHOPSIDA,POLYTRICHALES,POLYTRICHACEAE,Polytrichum,formosum,,Polytrichum formosum  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Bank Haircap (Polytrichum formosum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many records of its presence and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats and it is known to occur within protected areas across its range.",Stable,"This common circumpolar boreo-temperate species occurs throughout much of Europe south to Macaronesia and the mountains of the Mediterranean region, but is rare in the Arctic (Smith 2004). Its distribution in Russia and eastern Europe is not known in detail since Ivanova et al. (2015) found that most eastern European records referred to P. densifolium. It is circumboreal, occurring south to North Africa (Algeria), Turkey, Syria, New Guinea and North America (where it is mainly represented by var. densifolium (Wilson ex Mitt.) Osada). It is also recorded from southern South America, Southern Africa, Australia and New Zealand (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B.

","This is a widespread species of moss over most of Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This is a species of neutral to acid woodland, especially under birch, oak, beech and conifers, on poorer soils and raw humus, and on well-rotted logs and stumps, often with Dicranella heteromalla, Kindbergia praelonga and Mnium hornum. It extends to woodlands on calcareous substrates but is limited there to rotten wood or niches where the soil is leached, as around the bases of old trees. It is widespread in more open habitats, occurring commonly in unimproved acid grasslands, lowland heaths, moorlands and more rarely higher ground in the mountains, growing on peat and acid humus, and in quite rocky places such as block screes and rocky slopes, including turf over limestone and other basic rocks. It is able to colonise old earthy wall tops, quarries, mine spoil and other post-industrial sites, and is occasionally found in turf in ancient lawns and on old graves in churchyards (Atherton et al. 2010). It sometimes grows with Polytrichastrum longisetum but prefers more stable and better drained situations; in upland areas it often occurs with common pleurocarpous mosses such as Hypnum jutlandicum, Plagiothecium undulatum and Thuidium tamariscinum (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,640 m.

",There are no known threats to this species.,No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Canary Islands (Vulnerable) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to be present within protected areas.,There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.,Mazimpaka, V.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,POLYTRICHOPSIDA,POLYTRICHALES,POLYTRICHACEAE,Polytrichum,hyperboreum,,Polytrichum hyperboreum  ,R. Br.,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Polytrichum hyperboreum is rather widespread and large in suitable habitats in northern Europe. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) but a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the AOO of this species is between 600 and 800 km2, and its EOO is ca 3.6 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 200 and 300 km2 and the EOO is between 0.4 and 0.6 million km2. There are no major threats to this species, as it is mainly found in undisturbed and hard to access tundra habitats. It seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its northern and arctic distribution area (Norway, Svalbard and Russia). Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe. 

However, within the EU 28, this species is estimated to have a slight continuing decline, because of a warmer climate. Since there are few actual sites in the EU 28, the species is considered to be Near Threatened (NT) in the EU 28, since it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

Monitoring of the population trend for this species is needed.",Stable,"This is an arctic species distributed from Iceland in the west to northern Russia in the east (Hodgetts 2015). In Fennoscandia, this species rarely occurs in the boreal zone and becomes more common in upper parts of the subalpine belt extending to high-alpine belt, where it probably is common (Mårtensson 1956) as well as in high arctic tundra of Svalbard. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, northernmost North America and northern Asia (Siberia) (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 600 and 800 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3.6 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 200 and 300 km2 and the EOO is between 0.4 and 0.6 million km2.","This species is rather widespread and large in suitable habitats in northern Europe. There is no indication of any present change in population size, and so the current population trend is considered to be stable in the north. However, a warmer climate in future in the tundra heaths might cause a change in abundance due to increased competition. Current reindeer grazing decreasing lichen cover can favour its persistence (R. Virtanen pers. comm. 2017). In the EU 28, this species is estimated to have a slight continuing decline, because of a warmer climate.","This species grows mainly in nutrient poor, tundra heath in which it may be abundant and may be so even at very high altitudes. Specimens of Dicranum fuscescens, Pogonatum alpinum, Polytrichum strictum, P. juniperinum, Ptilidium ciliare, Racomitrium lanuginosum and other bryophytes are often associated with this species (Mårtensson 1956).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is mainly found in undisturbed and hard to access tundra habitats. Current levels of reindeer grazing may or may not threaten some subpopulations.",This species is in the Red List of Iceland as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. Monitoring of the population trend for this species is needed.,The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Vellak, K.","Hallingbäck, T","Gapon, S.,Sabovljevic, M.,Ştefănuţ, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,POLYTRICHOPSIDA,POLYTRICHALES,POLYTRICHACEAE,Polytrichum,jensenii,,Polytrichum jensenii  ,I.Hagen,In many printed moss floras and checklists this taxon have been included as a variety or subspecies of the common species Polytrichum commune.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Polytrichum jensenii seems to be confined to the northern boreal and arctic regions of Fennoscandia, Svalbard and northern Russia. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 100 and 600 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 1 and 4 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 50 and 300 km2 and the EOO is between 0.1 and 0.5 million km2. There are no known threats to this species and although the current population trend is unknown, there is no evidence of any decline. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this taxon has earlier often been included as a variety or subspecies in the very common species Polytrichum commune, and so the true distribution, population size and trend of this species is not well known. Therefore, further research on the taxonomy, distribution and population size is badly needed, as well as research into the threats of this species.",Unknown,"This species has an arctic distribution confined to the northern boreal and arctic regions of Fennoscandia, Svalbard and northern Russia (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in the uppermost parts of the subalpine belt and lower parts of the low alpine belt. It is reported from comparatively few scattered localities in conifer forest areas of Fennoscandia (Mårtensson 1956). However, the distribution of this species is incompletely known because the species is largely overlooked, mainly since this taxon has often been included as a variety or subspecies in the common species Polytrichum commune. 

Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, northernmost North America, arctic Asia and China (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 100 and 600 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 1 and 4 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 50 and 300 km2 and the EOO is between 0.1 and 0.5 million km2.","Because this taxon has earlier often been included as a variety or subspecies in the very common species Polytrichum commune, the real population size and trend of this species is not well known, but there does not appear to be a decline.","This species grows in periodically flooded or irrigated places such as shores of lakes, streams and rivers and is perhaps more restricted to such habitats than P. commune, which otherwise have similar ecological demands (Mårtensson 1956).",There are no known threats to this species.,"The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. However, the lack of knowledge is severe and further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, as well as into the threats to this species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Schröck, C.","Hallingbäck, T","Maksimov, A.,Kurbatova, L.,Ştefănuţ, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,POLYTRICHOPSIDA,POLYTRICHALES,POLYTRICHACEAE,Polytrichum,juniperinum,,Polytrichum juniperinum  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Juniper Haircap (Polytrichum juniperinum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many recent records and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats, and it is known to be present within protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This circumpolar wide-boreal species is distributed hroughout Europe, north to Iceland and Svalbard, but is less common in the Mediterranean lowlands and in calcareous regions (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it is widespread across temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, south to North Africa, Turkey, the Caucasus, the Himalayas and China; it also occurs in Hawaii and temperate parts of the Southern Hemisphere south to Antarctica. In the tropics it occurs in the mountains of Central and South America, the Galapagos and New Guinea (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B.

","This is a widespread and common species of moss, and it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This is a species of well-drained acid substrates in a wide range of open habitats. It sometimes occurs with Polytrichum piliferum, but is able to grow in more closed vegetation and is less restricted to shallow infertile soils. It occurs on heathland (sometimes frequent following burning), bare ground in acid grassland, soil on rock ledges and on rocky outcrops, banks and cuttings by roads and tracks, bare ground in open woodland, coastal fixed dunes, old shingle beaches, cliff tops and earthy walls. It occurs in deep humus over limestone outcrops and other calcareous rocks, and is a frequent colonist of old quarries and mine spoil. It is rather rare in other ruderal habitats, such as broken tarmac, the edges of lanes and tracks, ancient lawns and disused railways (Atherton et al. 2010). Typically a pioneer of dry soils, it often grows with Campylopus introflexus, Ceratodon purpureus, Dicranum scoparium, Hypnum jutlandicum, Pleurozium schreberi and Cladonia species (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-3,260 m.",There are no known threats to this species.,No conservation measures are required at present. This species is not listed in any European National Red Lists (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to be present within protected areas.,There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Marka, J.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,POLYTRICHOPSIDA,POLYTRICHALES,POLYTRICHACEAE,Polytrichum,longisetum,,Polytrichum longisetum  ,Sw. ex Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The rather common Slender Haircap (Polytrichum longisetum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many recent records of its presence, population size estimated to be greater than 10,000 individual equivalents and its presumably stable population trend. Although it is listed as threatened in some European National Red Lists, it does not appear to face any major threats. It is present in protected areas throughout its range in Europe, offering it some protection.",Stable,"This is a circumpolar boreo-temperate species distributed mainly in the boreal zone in Europe, but reaching the Arctic. It is commoner in the north and west where peat deposits are more prevalent, and absent from most of the Mediterranean region (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, south to Turkey, Mongolia and Taiwan in Asia, and Colorado and Arizona in North America, and it also occurs in New Guinea, southern South America, New Zealand and Antarctica (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B.

","This species of moss is rather common and its population is estimated to be greater than 10,000 individual equivalents (one individual-equivalent is equal to one occupied square metre). Its population trend is considered to be stable.","This species of moss often colonises disturbed, acidic ground, for example in burnt heathlands and woodland. It may grow on rotten wood as well as on soil. It may be locally abundant in clear-felled woodlands on peat soils, and has occasionally been found growing on rocks by upland streams. In Scandinavia, where it is more common, it often inhabits damper, wet to swampy woodland (Atherton et al. 2010). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,820 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Spain (Critically Endangered), Hungary (Endangered), Slovakia (Vulnerable), Bulgaria (Vulnerable), Slovenia (Vulnerable), Switzerland (Near Threatened) and Germany (Risk Assumed) (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in protected areas.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Fettes, N.D.,Marka, J.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,POLYTRICHOPSIDA,POLYTRICHALES,POLYTRICHACEAE,Polytrichum,pallidisetum,,Polytrichum pallidisetum  ,Funck,,No,NT,,No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Polytrichum pallidisetum in Europe is known from the mountains of central Europe and Scandinavia, the Baltic countries (Estonia and Latvia) and Ukraine. This species is considered to be severely fragmented and it has a area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be around 600 km2. However, the overall current population trend is considered to be stable. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT).

In the EU 28, this species has an AOO estimated to be around 400 km2, it is considered to be severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the population. It is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN).

In some regions of central European Russia, this species become more common during last decades, but in general, the main habitats (old-growth coniferous forests) are vulnerable. The threats of this species are the drying of boggy woodlands, and the reducing of forests area due to the timber harvesting and forest management. Further research of population size and trend of this species is needed.",Stable,"This species has a predominantly Holarctic distribution, being rather scattered in most regions. In Europe, this species is known from the mountains of central Europe and Scandinavia, the Baltic countries (Estonia and Latvia) and Ukraine. It is also found in European Russia, where it has a sporadic distribution in the southern taiga zone, being common in some areas, such as the province of Tver and in the Urals. Elsewhere, it was found in the Caucasus (Georgia), in the mountainous areas of southern Siberia, in China, Japan, eastern North America and the Russian Far East, both the continental part, and the Sakhalin and Kuril Islands (Smith 2007, Ivanova et al. 2015, Hodgetts 2015). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species in Europe is estimated to be around 5.1 million km2 (based on total area within a minimum convex polygon around all known occurrences) and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 600 km2 (based on a 2x2 km2 grid overlay on the range map). In the EU 28, the EOO of the species is estimated to be around 1.9 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 400 km2. The altitudinal range of the species is between 50 m and 1,700 m Asl.","The species is considered to be severely fragmented, as most of its subpopulations are small and isolated. Although the species is frequently fertile, its rarity probably may be explained by lack of appropriate habitats (old-growth dark-coniferous forests). The subpopulations therefore may go extinct with a reduced possibility of recolonisation. In central Europe, population trend of this species seems to be negative. However, in central European Russia, it seems to have become more common during the last decades due to increasing of suitable substrata, such as in soil near the roots of wind-fallen trees (Ignatov et al. 2017). In Estonia, two new localities have been found since 2008 (K. Vellak pers. comm. 2017).  The overall current population trend is considered to be stable in Europe, but there is a decline in the EU 28.","This species grows in different types of coniferous and mixed forests, such as in wet spruce-aspen forests, in old-growth spruce forest stands, in Pinus mugo stands, in swampy forests on soil rich in humus, on bare soil over roots of fallen trees, on decaying wood and on rocks (Ignatov et al. 2017, Maksimov et al. 2003, Konechnaya and Suslova 2004, Erzberger et al. 2012, Ivanova et al. 2015, Martinčič 2015).","The threats of this species are the drying of boggy woodlands, and the reducing of forests area due to the timber harvesting and forest management (Konechnaya and Suslova 2004).","This species has been assessed as Data Deficient (DD) in the Red Lists of Finland, Sweden and Norway, as Vulnerable (VU) in Slovakia, Switzerland and Estonia, as Endangered (EN) in Slovenia and as category 4 in Austria (Hodgetts 2015). In the Russian province of Vologda it has been assessed as Near Threatened (NT) (Konechnaya and Suslova 2004). Some subpopulations have been found within protected areas, but further site protection is recommended. Further research of population size and trend of this species is needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Segarra-Moragues, J.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,POLYTRICHOPSIDA,POLYTRICHALES,POLYTRICHACEAE,Polytrichum,piliferum,,Polytrichum piliferum  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The common and widespread Bristly Haircap (Polytrichum piliferum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many recent records and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It is known to occur within protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This is a common circumpolar wide-boreal species present almost throughout Europe, including Macaronesia, north to the Arctic, but rare or absent in the Mediterranean lowlands (Smith 2004). It is widespread across the Northern Hemisphere, south to North Africa, Turkey, the Caucasus, the Himalayas, northern China, Japan and California. There are also scattered localities in central and southern Africa, Réunion, southern South America, Australia and Antarctica (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B.

","This is a widespread and common species of moss throughout Europe, and it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This is a strictly calcifuge pioneer species of well-drained sandy or gravelly substrates and dry peaty soils. Lowland habitats include dry soil in woodland clearings, dry heaths, fixed dunes, road cuttings, disused sand pits, and old mine and colliery spoil. In the uplands it grows on shingle banks of streams, stony lake margins, dry gravelly screes, block screes, rock outcrops and stony mountain ridge-tops (Atherton et al. 2010). It often favours large boulders, rocky flats and wall tops where a thin layer of leached peaty soil has developed. On volcanic and other basic rocks it requires a layer of acid humus. It is typical of very infertile soils, sometimes being the only bryophyte present in such places; it does not withstand competition and is rarely found in closed vegetation; sites are almost always well illuminated, though it occasionally persists for a while in shade. Associates include Campylopus introflexus, Ceratodon purpureus, Dicranum scoparium, Polytrichum formosum, P. juniperinum, Racomitrium spp. and Cladonia species (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-3,370 m.",There are no known threats to this species.,No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed as Near Threatened in Sicily (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to be present within protected areas.,There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Vanderpoorten, A.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,POLYTRICHOPSIDA,POLYTRICHALES,POLYTRICHACEAE,Polytrichum,strictum,,Polytrichum strictum  ,Menzies ex Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

This common species, the Bog Haircap (Polytrichum strictum), is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many records of its presence and its presumably stable population trend and large population size, estimated to be greater than 10,000 individual equivalents. There may have been some decline because of destruction of bogs, but this is not likely to be significant for this species at present. However it would clearly benefit from any measures taken to protect its peatland habitats in Europe. This species is known to occur in protected areas throughout its European range.",Stable,"This circumpolar boreo-arctic montane species is widespread in northern and central Europe where peaty habitats prevail, but rare or absent over most of the Mediterranean region, although recorded southwards to Sicily (Smith 2004). It is widespread across the Northern Hemisphere, especially in Arctic and boreal zones, and is reported from southernmost South America, South Georgia and Antarctica (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B.

","This is a common species in northern and central Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend and large population size. Its population is estimated to be greater than 10,000 individual equivalents (where one individual-equivalent is equal to one occupied square metre).","This moss typically forms dense patches or hummocks, often as almost pure stands or mixed with Sphagnum, less often Leucobryum, in raised and blanket bogs and wet heaths, more rarely in damp peaty woodlands, invariably on acid substrates (Atherton et al. 2010). Associated Sphagnum species include S. capillifolium, S. magellanicum s.l. and S. papillosum. It is occasionally found on bare, eroding peat and in old peat cuttings with Campylopus introflexus, and in drier sites on peat among boulders (Blockeel et al. 2014). It can be found within boreal and temperate forest bogs, or in peaty areas in boreal shrublands and tundra grasslands. Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,400 m.","Some declines of this species have probably occurred in some areas because of the destruction of bogs. However, this species can occur on disturbed or degraded bogs, and is not under immediate threat. It is unknown whether there is an overall decline in the habitat of this species in Europe.","No specific conservation measures are required at present, although this species would clearly benefit from any measures taken to protect its peatland habitats. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Luxembourg (Critically Endangered), Hungary (Vulnerable), Serbia (Vulnerable), Germany (Vulnerable), Switzerland (Near Threatened) and Latvia (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in protected areas throughout its range.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Wilbraham, J.,Cálix, M.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,POLYTRICHOPSIDA,POLYTRICHALES,POLYTRICHACEAE,Polytrichum,swartzii,,Polytrichum swartzii  ,Hartm.,"Polytrichum swartzii Hartm. has in many many printed moss floras, manuals and checklists been included as a variety or subspecies in the common species Polytrichum commune.",No,LC,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Polytrichum swartzii seems to be a northern montane species scattered throughout Fennoscandia, including Iceland, Svalbard and northern Russia. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,000 and 5,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 4 and 6 million km2. Although the population size and trend is unknown, there are no major threats to this species. Therefore, in Europe, it is assessed as Least Concern.

However, in the EU 28, the AOO is between 8 and 400 km2 and the EOO is between 8 and 2 million km2. This species considered as rare in this region but it may also be generally overlooked. Therefore, this species could potentially qualify for any category between Critically Endangered and Least Concern, and so it is assessed as Data Deficient in the EU 28.

Further investigation is needed into the distribution, population size and trends, as well as into the threats to this species.",Unknown,"This species seems to be a northern montane species scattered throughout Fennoscandia (Mårtensson 1956) including Iceland, Svalbard and northern Russia. Reports from Denmark, Germany and Italy needs to be confirmed (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, northernmost North America and Asia (BFNA 2007).



Its distribution in the Scandes is very incompletely known and the rather small number of documented localities occur in the prealpine or subalpine regions, and in Sweden it has not been collected above the birch forest belt (Mårtensson 1956). The distribution is incompletely known because the species may be largely overlooked, mainly since this taxon has often been included as a variety or subspecies in the common species Polytrichum commune. 

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,000 and 5,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 4 and 6 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 8 and 400 km2 and the EOO is between 8 km2 and 2 million km2.","

Because this taxon has often earlier been included as a variety or subspecies in the very common species Polytrichum commune, the real population size and trend of this species is insufficient known.

","This species grows in Sweden in wet birch forest. It seems to be more restricted to wet habitats than P. commune, which has rather large ecological amplitude. This species is generally associated with several, more or less trivial, mosses which occur in intermediate rich fens (Mårtensson 1956).","According to present knowledge, there are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. However, the lack of knowledge is severe and further investigation is needed into the distribution, population size and trends, as well as into the threats to this species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,During, H.,Fettes, N.D.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,PORELLACEAE,Porella,arboris-vitae,,Porella arboris-vitae  ,(With.) Grolle,,No,NT,C2a(i),No,NT,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Bitter Scalewort (Porella arboris-vitae) is widely distributed in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since the population size is estimated to be larger than 10,000 but smaller than 15,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals), and subpopulations always consist of fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents. In addition, a population decline has been documented in some areas and this species is possibly still declining in these areas. It is assumed that the population trend is declining, at least slightly; thus making this species close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion C. 

This species grows on inclined to vertical limestone or base-rich boulders and rock faces in shaded, humid, relatively warm forests. More rarely it can be found on tree trunks and bases of old trees, and is considered an indicator species for forests with a high conservation value. Subpopulations of this species are often small, but in more oceanic western areas, larger stands are not uncommon and it is relatively frequent and stable. Still, it is undoubtedly rare in some parts of Europe and, because the subpopulations are often small, forestry practices can pose a threat, especially the removal of old trees. Subpopulations on rocks seem not to be threatened or only slightly threatened. Larger subpopulations in central and eastern Europe should be strictly protected. More research on the population size, trends and threats is necessary for this species.



",Decreasing,"This species shows a submediterranean-subatlantic distribution in Europe, where it is widespread from the Mediterranean region (where it is relatively uncommon) north to southwestern Norway and from Spain and Ireland east to Ukraine (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its presence in the Baltic states and Russia is uncertain. It is absent from Macaronesia, and may have disappeared from the Netherlands. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is known elsewhere from Turkey, the Caucasus, Iran, China and North Africa. It has been found growing at elevations between 10 m and 1,750 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.



","Subpopulations of this species are often small, with larger subpopulations reported only very rarely in central and eastern Europe (Meinunger and Schröder 2007), but in more oceanic western areas larger stands are not uncommon, and it is relatively frequent and stable. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre, one boulder or one tree on which the species grows. The population size is estimated to be larger than 10,000 but smaller than 15,000 individual-equivalents, and a historical decline in some areas has been documented (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Schröck et al. 2013, 2014, Caspari et al. 2018). Subpopulations are always smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents. Due to the specific habitat requirements and the fact that it is considered threatened in some regional Red Lists, it is assumed that the population trend is declining, at least slightly.","This large liverwort grows on inclined to vertical limestone or base-rich boulders and rock faces in shaded, humid, relatively warm forests (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014, Köckinger 2017). More rarely it can be found on tree trunks and bases of old trees. At least in central Europe, this species is an indicator species for forests with a high conservation value. It rarely produces sporophytes, and dispersal is therefore limited to clonal regeneration.","Threat assessment is difficult. This species is undoubtedly rare in some parts of Europe and, because the subpopulations are often small, forestry practices can pose a threat,especially the removal of old trees.However, the subpopulations on rocks seem to be not threatened or only slightly threatened.","This liverwort is included in several national Red Lists and has been assessed as Endangered in Sweden, Hungary and Poland, as Vulnerable in Switzerland, as Near Threatened in Italy, Czech Republic, Germany and Luxembourg, as Data Deficient in Portugal and Slovakia, and is Regionally Extinct in the Netherlands (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in many protected areas. Larger subpopulations in central and eastern Europe should be strictly protected. Research on the population size, trends and threats is necessary.



 



",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Duckett, J.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,PORELLACEAE,Porella,baueri,,Porella baueri  ,(Schiffn.) C.E.O. Jensen,"In the past the species was considered as an allopolyploid (n = 12) hybrid between Porella platyphylla and Porella cordaeana (both n = 6) and so it was  not recorded. It apparently occurred as the result of two different  hybridisations, between male Porella platyphylla and female Porella cordaeana, and again with the sexes reversed, and it is not clear whether these represent the same  species. Differentiation from  its parent taxa by morphological methods is problematic, and reliable identification can be carried out by only chromosome counts and  other cytological methods (Meinunger and Schröder 2007).",No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Porella baueri is assessed as Data Deficient in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its hybrid origin and unknown range. There is no information on the population structure, size and trends of this species, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) as well as the area of occupancy (AOO) are unclear. The threats to it are unknown. It is also unknown whether this species occurs in any protected areas. Taxonomic and distributional research is needed to resolve the status of this species prior to defining conservation measures.



",Unknown,"The distribution of this leafy liverwort is in need of clarification because of confusion with both of its parent species (Frey et al. 2006). Boisselier-Dubayle et al. (1998) stated that the European range of this species was more restricted compared to parental Porella platyphylla and that it was absent from Atlantic areas. However, it  probably occurs within the range of both parent species (Frey et al. 2006). The extent of occurrence (EOO) as well as the area of occupancy (AOO) and for this species are unclear. It has also been recorded from the Caucasus.","There is no information on the population structure, size and trends of this species. Correspondence analysis using morphological characters revealed that its colonies cluster into two geographically separated groups, similar to one or other of the putative parental species. These results agree with the genetic analysis, that also revealed two main allelic associations, each with a distinct geographical range (Boisselier-Dubayle et al. 1998). In western Europe, the polyploid individuals had many genetic and morphological characteristics of P. cordaeana, whereas in eastern Europe, they were genetically and morphologically more closely related to P. platyphylla. Sporophytes are ephemeral and therefore rarely seen, and the spores are small (35-50 µm in diameter). Whether viable gametophytic offspring from this hybrid species are  produced remains unknown, however, it is suspected the development of  viable offspring is possible. No specialized asexual propagules are produced, but the plants may be disseminated by leaf or shoot fragments (Boisselier-Dubayle et al. 1998).","This species grows on rocks, and on the bark and roots of trees (Boisselier-Dubayle et al. 1998) mainly within temperate regions.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Poland (Endangered), Hungary (Vulnerable), Switzerland (Data Deficient), Italy (Data Deficient), Serbia (Data Deficient) and Slovenia (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research into resolving the status of this species is needed prior to defining conservation measures.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Hodgetts, N.,Natcheva, R.,Fettes, N.D.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,PORELLACEAE,Porella,canariensis,,Porella canariensis  ,(F. Weber) Underw.,"Although this species is referred to Cabo Verde (Fontinha et al. 2010), it was not possible to confirm its occurrence in this archipelago. Recent floristic expeditions in this region enable to confirm the occurrence of Porella arboris-vitae (Frahm et al. 1996).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Porella canariensis occurs in Macaronesia (Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands), the Iberian Peninsula and France. This species is assessed as Least Concern since even though it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,004 km²), the population is large, the current population trend is stable, and there is little evidence of a serious decline in the habitat. This is one of the most common bryophyte species in Macaronesian forests.",Stable,"Porella canariensis occurs in Macaronesia (Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands), the Iberian Peninsula and France. Outside of Europe, it also occurs in North Africa (Ros et al. 1999). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is about 3.2 million km², and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,004 km².","This species is the most common Porella in the Macaronesian laurel forests, occurring in the Madeiran laurisilva, but also in the adjacent islands of Porto Santo and Deserta Grande (Fontinha et al. 2010, Sim-Sim et al. 2014), and in all islands of the Canaries (González-Mancebo et al. 2008) and the Azores, where it is not rare (Borges et al. 2010, Gabriel et al. 2011). In Portugal the species occurs at many sites in the Sintra Mountain, a volcanic region with a strong Atlantic influence, where other Macaronesian bryophytes also grow, and in the mountainous regions of the northern and central parts of the country (Sérgio et al. 2013). Itoccurs in some sites in southern and northern Spain, and is also known from the French municipality of Trefeuntec in Brittany (van Dort and Smulders 2006). The population size is therefore large and the current trend is stable.","This species grows as an epiphyte on trees and also on rocks, boulders in ravines and stone walls in sheltered habitats, frequently along trails and watercourses. It occurs in remnants of the natural forest close to the coast in the Azores, up to 1,200 m Asl in the Canaries and up to 1,400 m Asl in Madeira in the ericaceous forest and thickets of Erica arborea (Fontinha et al. 2010, Gabriel et al. 2011, Lopes et al. 2015).","This plant is mainly found in native forests, which are fragile habitats, and the main threats to this species in Macaronesia include habitat degradation due to the effects of climate change, grazing and alterations to the water regime. The increase in fires, tourism, and the spread of invasive alien plant species are other important threats to this species. However, at present there is little evidence of a serious decline in habitat quality and extent.","In Madeira Island this is a frequent species in the natural laurel and heath forests included in the Madeira Natural Park, which is protected through a Regional Decree. In the Canary Islands it occurs in the Garajonay National Park, the Rural Park of Anaga, the Jandía Natural Park, which are all Special Areas of Conservation (SAC). In the Azores it occurs in the Nature Reserve of Biscoito da Ferraria, Nature Reserve & Recreation Park of Mata da Serreta (Terceira) and in the Natural Reserve of Morro Alto and Pico da Sé (Flores). In Portugal it is included in protected areas (Serra de Montejunto, Serra do Açor and natural park of Sintra-Cascais) and in some Natura 2000 sites (Serra do Açor, Monchique, Serra da Lousã, Serra da Freita e Arada, Serras de Aire e Candeeiros, and natural park Sintra-Cascais). This species was assessed as Vulnerable in Portugal by Sérgio et al. (2013). Appropriate management of the sites where the species occurs is recommended.","This species is not utilised or traded.

","Ignatova, E.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Sim-Sim, M., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M., Porley, R.D. & Sergio, C.","Belkina, O.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,PORELLACEAE,Porella,cordaeana,,Porella cordaeana  ,(Huebener) Moore,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Cliff Scalewort (Porella cordaeana) is widespread and common throughout most of Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. There may be a decline in some parts of Europe, but the population trend as a whole is considered to be more or less stable. It forms larger subpopulations by streams. The population size in Europe and also within the EU 28 is certainly much larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents, and could also possibly be above 10,000 (it is under-recorded in the Alps). Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and in the EU 28. Water engineering measures (abstraction of water, dams, renewable energy projects) and forestry probably represent the chief threats to this species. However, it occurs in protected areas across its range, offering it some formal protection from these threats. More research into population size, trends and threats to subpopulations in areas where it is threatened is recommended.",Stable,"This species shows a boreal to temperate distribution in Europe, where it is widespread and common throughout most of the continent, becoming rarer towards the east. It is missing from the extreme north, the Azores, the Canary Islands, Belarus, Lithuania, Moldova, much of European Russia and some of the smaller territories in the Mediterranean region. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is also known from northern  Africa, the Caucasus, Middle East, Afghanistan, China, the Himalayas and western  North America. It has been found growing from sea level up to 2,500 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.



","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, but the overall population trend is assumed to be more or less stable. It forms larger subpopulations by streams. The population size is larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre, one boulder or one tree on which the species grows. At least in the Alps, this species is certainly under-recorded. In Switzerland, it is thought that a decline has taken place (Schnyder et al. 2004).","This species grows on base-rich rocks in shady, damp or wet places. It is often on at least temporarily irrigated rocks on stream banks in upland areas, but also occurs on tree bases, exposed roots and rocks at or near running water or in springs (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014, Köckinger 2017). In limestone areas in the Alps, it also grows on the forest floor and at higher elevations under bushes.",Water engineering measures and forestry probably represent the main threats to this species.,"This liverwort has been assessed as Critically Endangered Latvia, as Endangered in Switzerland, as Vulnerable in Finland and Hungary, as Near Threatened in Ireland, Italy, Czech Republic, Germany, Slovakia and Estonia, and as Data Deficient in the Netherlands (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in protected areas. Research into sizes, trends and threats to subpopulations in areas where it is locally threatened is recommended.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Vellak, K.,Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.","Schröck, C.","Sabovljevic, M.,Ştefănuţ, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,PORELLACEAE,Porella,inaequalis,,Porella inaequalis  ,(Gottsche ex Steph.) Perss.,,Yes,EN,C2a(i),Yes,EN,C2a(i),EU28,,"Porella inaequalis is endemic to Madeira Island in Portugal. This species is assessed as Endangered since it is estimated that there are fewer than 2,500 individual-equivalents in Madeira, and that each subpopulation has fewer than 250 individual-equivalents. An individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be either a tree or a boulder where the species grows, or an individual patch on a cliff or ravine. In addition, a continuing decline in the population is projected since climatic changes are expected to affect the amount of suitable habitat for this species.



This bryophyte is restricted to the best-preserved areas of the laurel forest, which is a habitat susceptible to the effects of climate change, the impact of tourism, the spread of invasive alien species, and intensification of forest fires. It is therefore considered that there is already a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and possibly in the number of mature individuals. The lack of sporophytes with mature capsules seems to be a limiting factor in the dispersal ability of this species and probably a factor that will deplete genetic diversity. The restricted distribution and global importance of the species justify the future implementation of specific conservation measures, along with effective habitat protection and management, at the sites where it is known to occur. Further research into the population size and trend is recommended, as well as into the threats. An area-based management plan may be needed.Ex-situ conservation should be considered for this species.",Stable,"Porella inaequalis is endemic to Madeira Island in Portugal (Sim-Sim et al. 2014). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 188 km², and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 76 km².","All post-2010 records correspond to previously-known sites and new localities have not been found recently. The current population trend of this species is assumed to be stable. This liverwort is considered a long-lived species (perennial stayer) following Dierssen (2001). The generation length of of this species is estimated to be between 11 and 25 years, three generations are therefore considered to be around 50 years. An individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be either a tree or a boulder where the species grows, or an individual patch on a cliff or ravine. It is estimated that there are fewer than 2,500 individual-equivalents in Madeira, and that each subpopulation has fewer than 250 individual-equivalents.

","This species grows as an epiphyte, on boulders and cliffs, and more rarely on soil covered by a thick layer of small herbaceous plants (on slopes along water channels). This species seems to be confined to the northern slopes of Madeira in areas of natural laurel forest. The species occurs mainly between 800 m and 1,000 m Asl (Fontinha 2000, Fontinha et al. 2001, Fontinha et al. 2010). Mature sporophytes are not known.

","This bryophyte is restricted to the best-preserved areas of the laurel  forest, which is a habitat susceptible to the effects of climate change,  the impact of tourism, the spread of invasive alien species, and  intensification of forest fires. It is therefore considered that there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and possibly in the number of mature individuals. In addition, this continuing decline is projected into the future since a recent paper has shown that the amount of suitable habitat for Macaronesian endemic bryophytes is expected to decline significantly by 2070 due to climatic changes (Patiño et al. 2016). The lack of sporophytes with mature capsules seems to be a limiting factor in the dispersal ability of this species (Fontinha et al. 2001) and probably a factor that will deplete genetic diversity.","This is a species of the natural laurel forest that is included in the Madeira Natural Park which is protected through a Regional Decree. It is also a priority habitat under the EU Habitats Directive and was designated a Natura 2000 site. In 1999 the area was also designated a World Natural Heritage site by UNESCO. This species was considered rare in the European Red List of Bryophytes (ECCB 1995) and assessed as Vulnerable in Madeira by Sim-Sim et al. (2014). The restricted distribution and global importance of this species justify the future implementation of specific conservation measures, along with the effective habitat protection and management, at the sites where it is known to occur. Further research into the population size and trend is recommended, as well as into the threats. An area-based management plan may be needed. Ex-situ conservation should be considered for this species.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Tsakiri, E.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,PORELLACEAE,Porella,obtusata,,Porella obtusata  ,(Taylor) Trevis.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Broad Scalewort (Porella obtusata) is an oceanic southern-temperate species which is found from the Balkans, Italy, Corsica, Cyprus and the Aegean Islands along the western seaboard to southwestern Norway. It also occurs in Macaronesia. This oceanic species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a stable population and there appear to be no major threats to it. However, scrub encroachment due to reduced grazing has been cited as a threat in Norway. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"The Broad Scalewort (Porella obtusata) is an oceanic southern-temperate species which is found from the Balkans, Italy, Corsica, Cyprus and the Aegean Islands along the western seaboard to southwestern Norway. It also occurs in Macaronesia. Elsewhere it is recorded from North Africa, Turkey, China, Taiwan, Japan and Vietnam (Kürschner and Erdağ 2005, Ros et al. 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 2,180 km², and its extent of occurrence is ca 11.7 million km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown, but there is no reason to suppose it is not more or less stable.","This species grows on dry, rather exposed, south- or west-facing base-rich or acid low-lying rocks, often near the sea, growing with Pterogonium gracile, Ptychomitrium polyphyllum and Ulota phyllantha, sometimes just above high water mark. It also occurs, more rarely, as an epiphyte on ash, and on sheltered rocks in lanes, heaths, woodland, and ‘hedges’ in southwestern England (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 1,000 m Asl.



It is dioicous; female plants are common, male plants and capsules are very rare.","This species is  not threatened at the European level. However, scrub encroachment due to reduced grazing has been cited as a threat in Norway (Hassel et al. 2015).","No conservation measures are required at present. This species has been assessed as Endangered in Norway, as Vulnerable in Serbia, as Near Threatened in the Canary Islands and Madeira, and as Data Deficient in San Marino and Bulgaria (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Stebel, A.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,PORELLACEAE,Porella,pinnata,,Porella pinnata  ,L.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Pinnate Scalewort (Porella pinnata) is an oceanic southern-temperate species of southern and western Europe, occurring in Ireland, Britain, Portugal, Spain, France, Netherlands, Germany (where it is apparently extinct) and an outlying locality in Bulgaria. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it has a restricted range in Europe, it is apparently secure within its core range, with no evidence of current decline. This species is rare but locally abundant, and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are required at present.",Unknown,"The Pinnate Scalewort (Porella pinnata) is an oceanic southern-temperate species of southern and western Europe, occurring in Ireland, Britain, Portugal, Spain, France, Netherlands (pre-1905 record only), Germany (where it is apparently extinct) and an outlying locality in Bulgaria. Elsewhere it occurs in Africa, Turkey, China, Korea, India, North America and Cuba (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 1,212 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2.3 million km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown, but there is no evidence of current decline. It has disappeared from Germany and probably the Netherlands, but it seems to be stable in Ireland and Britain. This species is rare but locally abundant.","This is a rare but locally abundant liverwort on rocks and, less frequently, tree roots at or slightly above water level in wooded, fast-flowing lowland rivers and large streams, growing with Lejeunea lamacerina, Hyocomium armoricum and Thamnobryum alopecurum. It occurs more rarely submerged on boulders by lake margins. It is confined to non-calcareous waters but is absent from extremely acid sites. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 450 m Asl.



It is dioicous; only female plants occur in Britain and Ireland (Blockeelet al. 2014).",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Bulgaria, as Endangered in Spain, and as Vulnerable in Portugal. It is considered Regionally Extinct in Germany, and may also have disappeared from the Netherlands (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Orgaz Alvarez, J.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,PORELLACEAE,Porella,platyphylla,,Porella platyphylla  ,(L.) Pfeiff.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Wall Scalewort (Porella platyphylla) is widespread and common in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, but it forms large subpopulations where it occurs. The overall population trend is considered to be stable and the population size is very large. There are no threats to this species at the European level, and so no conservation measures are required at present. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and in the EU 28.",Stable,"This species shows a circumpolar boreal-temperate distribution. It is widespread and common in Europe, becoming rarer in the south, and missing only in Arctic regions, most of Macaronesia, Malta, Monaco and Gibraltar. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is known elsewhere from northern Africa, Central Asia and California. It has been found growing from sea level up to 2,200 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, but it forms large subpopulations where it occurs. The overall population trend is considered to be stable and the population size is very large.","This species occurs in a broad range of habitats, including inclined to vertical limestone or base-rich boulders and rock faces in forests, and on walls. It also grows on roots, tree bases and as an epiphyte on deciduous trees (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014, Köckinger 2017).",There appear to be no major threats to this species at the European scale.,"Although not generally threatened, this species has been assessed as Endangered in Poland, as Vulnerable in Portugal, as Near Threatened in Finland, Italy and Estonia, and as Data Deficient in the Canary Islands and San Marino (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation measures are required at present.  It occurs in many protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cronberg, N.,Englefield, E.","Schröck, C.","Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Pottiopsis,caespitosa,,Pottiopsis caespitosa  ,(Bruch ex Brid.) Blockeel &amp; A.J.E. Sm.,This name includes Weissia tyrrhena and Trichostomum triumphans. Further taxonomic research is needed.,No,VU,C2a(i),No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



The Round-fruited Pottia (Pottiopsis caespitosa) is a European temperate moss, widespread in the Mediterranean region, Macaronesia and Central Europe, north to southern Britain, Belgium, the Czech Republic and Romania. The species is assessed as Vulnerable since there are fewer than 10,000 individual-equivalents, with fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation - one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. This could be an extremely inaccurate estimate, but there is general agreement that it is not common and that it is decreasing. In addition, there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals in central Europe. Loss of habitat due to the invasion of scrub is the main threat to this species. This may be due to a reduction in grazing, or an increase in coarse vegetation because of the general increase in environmental nitrogen. Conservation action in the form of site management to keep calcareous grassland free from scrub is needed at sites where this species is known to occur. Taxonomic research is needed to elucidate the identity of this plant in relation to certain other taxa.",Decreasing,"The Round-fruited Pottia (Pottiopsis caespitosa) is a European temperate moss formerly considered endemic to Europe, but Ros and Werner (2007) concluded that it is not distinct from Weissia triumphans and related taxa. Thus defined, it is widespread in the Mediterranean region, Macaronesia and Central Europe, north to southern Britain, Belgium, the Czech Republic and Romania. It also occurs in North Africa, the Near East and Iran (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 1,068 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6.7 million km². These figures are likely to be inaccurate, as this species has been recorded very unevenly owing to taxonomic uncertainty.","This distinctive species is apparently sporadic in its appearance. The  low proportion of recent records suggests a decline but it is unclear to  what extent this is genuinely indicative of long-term loss. Its  ecology would merit further study. At some of its sites it has only been  recorded once or at long intervals. It was, for example, plentiful when  discovered in Herefordshire on Common Hill, Fownhope, by the Rev. A.  Ley in 1875, and again present in 1877; Ley was unable to refind it in  subsequent years, but it was rediscovered there in 1932 and 1968. It is  presumably able to persist as dormant spores.



In Britain it seems to be declining, since it is found on open calcareous areas that are decreasing due to invasion of scrub and lack of grazing in many sites. It is very rare in Switzerland, with only one recent record and five old records, so it seems to be declining. In Austria there is one historical site and one recent, but it seems to be under-recorded. In Germany it has declined. Indeed it is apparently declining throughout central Europe. It seems to be widespread in Spain. The population size is estimated to be smaller than 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. In addition it is estimated that there are fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation, but this may be a very inaccurate estimate considering there is much potentially suitable habitat throughout the Mediterranean area. The population is not severely fragmented.","This ephemeral moss is primarily a plant of skeletal calcareous soils in grassland. In England, it grows in chalk grassland on downland and ancient earthworks, where it grows on bare soil (especially on steep banks), on trampled ground along trackways and on the edge of sea cliffs; it is also found in disused chalk pits. Its associates may include various other species of bare calcareous ground, such as Didymodon ferrugineus, Ditrichum gracile and Microbryum curvicollum (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Austria and elsewhere it occurs on thin soil among calcareous rocks. Its altitudinal range is from 40 m up to 550 m Asl.



It is autoicous; capsules are frequent, maturing from December to April.","Loss of habitat due to the invasion of scrub is a threat. This may be due to a reduction in grazing, or an increase in coarse vegetation because of the general increase in environmental nitrogen.","This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic, as Endangered in Germany, Romania and Britain, as Vulnerable in Montenegro, and as Data Deficient in Portugal, Spain, Sicily, Slovakia and Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). Conservation action in the form of site management to keep calcareous grassland free from scrub is needed at sites where this species is known to occur. Taxonomic research is needed to elucidate the identity of this plant in relation to certain other taxa. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Ros-Espín, R.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,GYMNOMITRIACEAE,Prasanthus,suecicus,,Prasanthus suecicus  ,(Gottsche) Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Prasanthus suecicus is limited to areas of mountains in Europe. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) but a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the AOO of this species is between 350 and 400 km2, and its EOO is between 5 and 6 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 120 km2 and the EOO is ca 1 million km2. This species seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area in Europe and EU 28.  In addition, there are no evident threats known to the species as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in Austria. Even so, no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This is an arctic-alpine species which, in Europe, is limited to the mountains in Fennoscandia and Svalbard, as well as eastwards to arctic Russia. In the south, this species has been found to occur in the French and Austrian Alps (Hodgetts 2015). 

In the Nordic countries, this species occurs mainly above the tree line, occurring above 900 to 1,000 m Asl, however, to the north it is more common and descending into the birch forest (Damsholt 2002), and it is even found on cliffs in spruce forest (K. Damsholt pers. comm. 2017). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 700 m and 4,000 m Asl.

In Asia, this species is known from the Yenisei River valley, Tolstoinos. It is also known from Greenland (Damsholt 2002). 

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 350 and 400 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 5 and 6 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 120 km2 and the EOO is ca 1 million km2.","Very little information about the total population size of this species is known. There is no indication of any decline, and the current population trend in both Europe and the EU 28 is probably stable.","This species is mostly buried in rather slimy, alga-covered peaty soil, and so only the uppermost parts of the shoots are exposed. It is pioneering on dry exposed soil on summits of the mountains and moraine hills, free of snow early in the growing season of the year (Damsholt 2002).

This species occurs in wind exposed conditions together with Diapensia lapponica, Loiseleuria procumbens and, in the dampest sites, also Salix herbacea (Schuster 1988). It prefers a certain content of slate in the soil. It is a xerophyte, often associated with, for example, Gymnomitrion corallioides, G. apiculatum, G. concinnatum, Odontoschisma francisci, Marsupella spiniloba and M. sprucei (Damsholt 2002).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","This species is in the Red List of Switzerland as Data Deficient (DD), in Finland as Near Threatened (NT) and in Austria as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). 

The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Ganeva, A.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,JUNGERMANNIACEAE,Protolophozia,elongata,,Protolophozia elongata  ,(Steph.) Schljakov,,No,VU,D1,No,DD,,EU28,,"The European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Protolophozia elongata is probably a rare species, sporadically distributed in the mountains in Europe.  This species is poorly understood and is perhaps a bit under-collected. There has been taxonomic confusion surrounding this species. The current population trend of this species is unknown, but the total population size in Europe is estimated to be between 250 and 1,000 (considered as mature individuals). In the EU 28, the population size is estimated to be between 250 and 500. Therefore, this species is assessed as Vulnerable in both Europe and the EU 28.

In the Alps, as well as the mountains in Fennoscandia, the species may be threatened by climate change since the species cannot shift upwards to higher altitudes, and if temperatures increase, the current available habitat would become unsuitable. Research is needed into the taxonomy. Research is also needed into its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats.",Unknown,"This species has an arctic-alpine distribution and is sporadically distributed in the mountains. In Europe, it is known from the Nordic countries and ten known sites in Austria, as well as Slovenia and northern Russia (Hodgetts 2015, Konstantinova and Potemkin 1996, Konstantinova et al. 2009). Reports from Iceland, Germany, the northern part of former Yugoslavia and Poland seem to be erroneous. In Fennoscandia, it is known from one old site in Norway (the type locality) found in 1882 and around 10 sites in northern Sweden (mainly old ones), as well as one in northern Finland (Lammes 1977). Outside of Europe, this species is known from North America, British Columbia. Also known from Greenland (Damsholt 2002). This species is not endemic to Europe or the EU 28. There has been taxonomic confusion surrounding this species.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 8 and 200 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be between 0.5 and 5 million km2. In the EU 28, the estimated AOO is between 4 and 100 km2 and the estimated EOO is between 0.5 and 1 million km2.","There is very little information known about the total population size. It seems to be extremely rare and is only known from very few sites in Norway, Sweden, Finland, Austria and Slovenia. Even if this species is poorly understood and is perhaps under-collected, the population size is in Europe is estimated to be between 250 and 1,000 (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as proxy for each individual-equivalent). The current population trend is unknown for Europe.","This species grows mostly in the mountains. It grows among other bryophytes from weakly calcareous sites such as slopes on basaltic mountains, together with species such as Blepharostoma trichophyllum, Schistochilopsis grandiretis, Mesoptychia heterocolpos and Sphenolobus minutus. It is also found on more acidic slopes and hummocks of bogs and fens with Trilophozia quinquedentata ssp. turgida, Neoorthocaulis floerkei, Barbilophozia lycopodioides, Lophozia ventricosa, L. wenzelii and Pleurocladula albescens (Damsholt 2002). It is found mostly below the tree line, in the sub-alpine and only partly into the low-alpine belt (Damsholt 2002).","In the Alps, as well as the mountains in Fennoscandia, the species may be threatened by climate change since the species cannot shift upwards to higher altitudes, and if temperatures increase, the current available habitat would become unsuitable.","This species is in the Red List of Finland, and of Sweden as Data Deficient (Hodgetts 2015). It is also assessed in Norway as Endangered (EN) and in Austria as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.

Research is needed into the taxonomy. Research is also needed into its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats.",The species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Hodd, R.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,JUNGERMANNIACEAE,Protolophozia,herzogiana,,Protolophozia herzogiana  ,(E.A. Hodgs. &amp; Grolle) Váňa &amp; L. Söderstr.,,No,CR,D,No,CR,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)



EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)



Herzog's Notchwort (Protolophozia herzogiana) is an enigmatic species classified as suboceanic temperate. It is known from two sites in Britain (one in northern Scotland, one in southern England) and one in Lengenfeld, Thuringia, Germany. This species occurs at only three sites in Europe (and a further two in the Southern Hemisphere), and is highly susceptible to changes in the environment. There are undoubtedly fewer than 50 mature individuals throughout its European range, however they are measured. It could be argued that it should be assessed as Not Applicable, as originally it was assumed to be an introduction from the Southern Hemisphere, but it is now thought just as likely that it is native in the European region. It could also be argued that it should be Data Deficient, because of the possibility that it is a mutant taxon, but current taxonomy treats it as a good species, so it is considered better, in view of its extreme rarity and the small number of individuals, to assess it as Critically Endangered.



This species is clearly threatened by its sheer rarity, making it susceptible to stochastic events. In Germany it is potentially threatened by a decline in rotten wood. The three known sites for this species need to be protected and managed appropriately, with minimal disturbance, and a supply of dead wood ensured at the German site. All sites should be monitored regularly. Ex-situ conservation should be considered.",Unknown,"Herzog's Notchwort (Protolophozia herzogiana) is an enigmatic species classified as suboceanic temperate. It is known from two sites in Britain (one in northern Scotland, one in southern England) and one in Lengenfeld, Thuringia, Germany. In the Southern Hemisphere it is known from Rotorua, North Island, New Zealand and as one collection from the Tinderry Mountains, New South Wales, Australia. Thus, this exceedingly rare but highly distinctive species has been found at only three European sites. The English site is on Ministry of Defence land and it has been suggested that it might have been introduced on troops’ boots or equipment, or with wool shoddy (wool waste). On the other hand, the natural setting of the Scottish colony suggests a non-anthropogenic origin. That leaves Protolophozia herzogiana as a bipolar species known from just five sites globally. There remains a chance that this species is a mutant form of another species (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 12 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 283,000 km².","The original 1986 locality in England was destroyed but the plant was subsequently refound nearby in ca 1997/8. However, repeated searches have failed to find it again and it is now considered lost in England. The 2004 Mortlach Moss subpopulation in Scotland has not been refound, but there were only a few shoots in the original collection, and it is likely that it is extant. The original subpopulation on Rotorua was never refound. However, there is too little information on the population of this species to be able to detect a trend. It is  not clear if the population should be considered severely  fragmented, but it may well be. There are undoubtedly fewer than 50 mature individuals throughout its European range, however they are measured. 

  

","This puzzling species has been recorded from two different habitats in Britain. The first came from species-poor Calluna heath in Woolmer Forest, Hampshire (England), where it grew amongst Dicranum scoparium and on shaded Calluna and Betula debris associated with Calypogeia fissa, Cephalozia bicuspidata, Cephaloziella spp., Gymnocolea inflata, Lophozia ventricosa, Odontoschisma denudatum, Campylopus flexuosus, C. pyriformis, Hypnum jutlandicum, Pohlia nutans and Cladonia spp. At its second British colony, at Morlach Moss, Aberdeenshire (Scotland) it was found in small quantity on Sphagnum contortum in a slightly flushed bog. In Germany, it was found on damp decaying wood without any close associates. Its altitudinal range is from 90 m up to 300 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).



The species is dioicous; European colonies are not fertile; female plants have been recorded from New Zealand; gemmae are abundant.","This species is clearly threatened by its sheer rarity, making it susceptible to stochastic events. For example, the original site where the species was found in England  was subsequently buried under spoil produced when a pond was excavated  for Natterjack Toads (Epidalea calamita); fortunately it was discovered elsewhere at the same site in the area some years later, but now seems to have disappeared again. In Germany it is potentially threatened by a decline in rotten wood.","The three known sites for this species need to be protected and managed appropriately, with minimal disturbance, and a supply of dead wood ensured at the German site. All sites should be monitored regularly. Ex-situ conservation should be considered, and molecular work to ascertain whether it is no more than a mutant would be highly desirable. P. herzogiana will be evaluated as Critically Endangered in a forthcoming British Red List (Callaghan and Hodgetts in prep.), and is Not Evaluated in Germany (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in at least one protected area. Further research is required to confirm its European and global distribution, as well as to understand its European origin.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Rumsey, F.,Cálix, M.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N. & Rothero, G.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DICRANACEAE,Pseudephemerum,nitidum,,Pseudephemerum nitidum  ,(Hedw.) Loeske,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Delicate Earth-moss (Pseudephemerum nitidum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) (estimated at ca. 8 million km2) and area of occupancy (AOO) (estimated at 4800 km2) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats at the European level, although excessive nutrient input presumably has some impact on it through encouraging the growth of larger, more vigorous species. This species occurs in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This is a European temperate species known from Macaronesia, and Europe north to central Fennoscandia, east to Russia, south to southern Portugal, central Italy and northern Greece, but absent in much of the Mediterranean region (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it is known from North Africa (Algeria, Morocco), central Asia, Nepal, Japan, Western North America, Mexico, South America, central Africa, Madagascar, Tasmania and New Zealand (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) (estimated at ca. 8 million km2) and area of occupancy  (AOO) (estimated at 4,800 km2) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.",This is a widespread species with a stable population trend.,"This very small ephemeral species is often very gregarious, and large numbers can be found on damp ground exposed at the edges of lakes and reservoirs. It is also found on moist, disturbed, neutral or acidic soil in other habitats, including the sides of streams and ditches, muddy pastures, woodland rides and arable fields. It prefers nutrient-poor conditions with little competing vegetation. It is an ephemeral moss in which capsules mature rapidly in late summer and early autumn, but which can throughout the year if the ground remains moist (Atherton et al. 2010, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-1,920 m.","There are no known threats to this species, although excessive nutrient input presumably has some impact on it through encouraging the growth of larger, more vigorous species.

","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Estonia (Regionally Extinct), Austria (Endangered), Romania (Endangered), Slovakia (Vulnerable), Slovenia (Vulnerable), Bulgaria (Data Deficient) and Lithuania (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). This species occurs in protected areas across its range in Europe.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Marka, J.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Pseudoamblystegium,subtile,,Pseudoamblystegium subtile  ,(Hedw.) Vanderp. &amp; Hedenäs,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Pseudoamblystegium subtile is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution across the continent, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its presumably stable population trend. Also new records have recently been reported from Hungary and Albania, among other countries. However, as an epiphyte this species is susceptible to the removal of its habitat of dead or old trees, and airborne pollution from human activities. It is known to occur in protected areas in Europe.",Stable,"This species is widely distributed in Europe, but is rather more common further east in the continent, and absent in many western areas. Elsewhere it has a scattered Holarctic distribution, found in North America and Asia,  and also in South America (Flora of North America Editorial Committee  2007). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

",The overall population trend is considered to be stable.,"This species inhabits decaying logs, and older living tree-trunks, being typically found growing on bark.","This species can be affected by forest loss and degradation, and is susceptible as an epiphyte to airborne pollution.There is no information on any declines in the population or habitat of this species.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Poland (Rare), Germany (Near Threatened) and Finland (Near Threatened) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.","This species is not utilised or traded. 

","Wilbraham, J.,Cálix, M.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Pseudobryum,cinclidioides,,Pseudobryum cinclidioides  ,(Huebener) T.J.Kop.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The River Thyme-moss (Pseudobryum cinclidioides) is a large circumpolar boreal-montane species. It is frequent in Iceland, Scandinavia, the Baltic States and northern Russia, extending south to northwestern Britain, the Alps, Carpathians, mid-southern Urals and a few sites in the Balkans. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, event though it has declined dramatically in some areas, it is still too plentiful in the north to be considered threatened. However, it is probably declining even in the north and appropriate management and monitoring should be put in place. Habitat destruction and decline due to drainage is undoubtedly the main threat to this species, as has occurred on a large scale in Germany, resulting in a catastrophic decline. Afforestation, drying-out of habitats and many other factors also impact on the habitat of this species. The best sites for this species in areas where it is rare and threatened should be protected and managed appropriately, retaining a high water table. It should also be monitored in these areas, and also in its northern heartlands, where decline is taking place but is not yet catastrophic. This species would be expected to benefit from 'rewilding', if large areas are flooded to create wetlands.",Decreasing,"The River Thyme-moss (Pseudobryum cinclidioides) is a large circumpolar boreal-montane species. It is frequent in Iceland, Scandinavia, the Baltic States and northern Russia, extending south to northwestern Britain, the Alps, Carpathians, mid-southern Urals and a few sites in the Balkans. Outside Europe it is widespread across northern Asia to China and Japan, and in northern North America, and also occurs in the Caucasus, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 3,600 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10.7 million km².","This species has declined drastically in the southern parts of its range - in Germany, for example, it was once extremely common in wetlands, but it is now very rare and threatened (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). It is still plentiful in the north, although it may have declined locally there (Raeymaekers 2000, Davidson 2014). It is not clear that there has been a major decline in the UK, but it may have disappeared from Switzerland, where there are no recent records. In Austria it has an extremely restricted range where it seems to be stable. In Sweden it is very abundant. The population is not severely fragmented and the population size is larger than 10,000 mature individuals. 

","This moss grows in patches in wet, flushed ground in a variety of habitats, usually where there is some base-enrichment, but avoiding limestone, and often where there is some movement of water. It can form long narrow strips, sometimes many metres in length, along the flushed margin of streams in upland areas, where its associates may include Anthoxanthum odoratum, Deschampsia cespitosa, Equisetum arvense, Veronica serpyllifolia subsp. humifusa, Viola palustris, Marchantia polymorpha subsp. montivagans, Bryum weigelii, Philonotis seriata and, rarely, Splachnum vasculosum. It can also form large stands in springhead flushes in an interesting community with Carex curta, C. nigra, C. rariflora, Eriophorum vaginatum, Rubus chamaemorus, Saxifraga stellaris, Pohlia wahlenbergii var. glacialis, Polytrichum commune, Sarmentypnum exannulatum, Sphagnum fallax and S. russowii. Associates in Sweden includeHelodiumblandowii,Plagiomniummedium,RhizomniumpseudopunctatumandRhytidiadelphussubpinnatus; additional associates recorded in Germanyinclude Aulacomnium  palustre, Brachythecium rivulare, Straminergon stramineum, Sphagnum teres,  S. palustre, S. fimbratum, Chiloscyphus pallescens,  and Calliergonella cuspidata. It is also found with sedges and Calliergon cordifolium on the margins of lochs and lakes, in willow carr, Phragmites swamp, swamp forest and valley mires. It is sometimes found with Hamatocaulis vernicosus (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014, ArtDatabanken 2015). Its altitudinal range is from 10 m up to 2,450 m Asl. 



It is dioicous; capsules are very rare, maturing in early summer.



","Habitat destruction and decline due to drainage is undoubtedly the main threat to this species, as has occurred on a large scale in Germany, resulting in a catastrophic decline (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Afforestation, drying-out of habitats and many other factors also impact on the habitat of this species.","This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Germany and Slovakia, as Endangered in Britain, the Czech Republic, Luxembourg and Romania, as Vulnerable in Switzerland, Serbia and Belarus, as Data Deficient in Italy and Slovenia, as 'highly endangered' in Austria, as 'susceptible' in the Netherlands, and as 'rare' in Ukraine (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas. The best sites for this species in areas where it is rare and threatened should be protected and managed appropriately, retaining a high water table. It should also be monitored in these areas, and also in its northern heartlands, where decline is taking place but is not yet catastrophic. This species would be expected to benefit from 'rewilding', if large areas are flooded to create wetlands.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hassel, K.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Pseudocampylium,radicale,,Pseudocampylium radicale  ,(P.Beauv.) Vanderp. &amp; Hedenäs,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Swamp Feather-moss (Pseudocampylium radicale) is a temperate species scattered through northern and central Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, has a large population size, is probably under-recorded and there appear to be no major threat to it at the European scale. No conservation actions are needed at present.",Unknown,"The Swamp Feather-moss (Pseudocampylium radicale) is a temperate species scattered through northern and central Europe from central Scandinavia south to France, central Italy, Serbia and Crimea, and east to the southern Urals. Outside of Europe it is known from Siberia, east Asia, North America and Mexico (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 1,312 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7.7 million km².","In Russia it is present in several provinces, and it is present in 20 localities in Switzerland and in about 40 localities in Austria. In Hungary there are two known localities, although it disappeared from one locality in a montane area. There is one known locality from Serbia. The population is probably decreasing in some areas, as wet marshy areas are generally under threat. On the other hand, according to Meinunger and Schröder  (2007), it may have actually  increased in Germany due to the abandonment of ponds and wetlands that were once  more intensively used or managed. Furthermore, it may be more widespread than indicated, as it has been widely overlooked and occurs in unappealing habitats. The current population trend is therefore considered unknown. The population is not severely fragmented and its size is likely to be over 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be either one log or one square metre on which the species grows.","This is a rare species typically found on dead vegetation in wet or waterlogged places at altitudes between sea level and 2,200 m Asl. Typical habitats include pond edges; sedge beds, especially on Carex paniculata in swamp forests; on the decaying stems of rushes (Juncus) and on the bark of small rotting sallow branches in marshy hollows with Salix species; at the base of Molinia tussocks on a periodically burnt, partially drained and cut-over bog; reed beds, growing up the bases of dead reed stems or over decaying reed litter; and with Potentilla palustris in a fen. Other associates include Calliergon cordifolium, Drepanocladus aduncus, Riccardia chamedryfolia, Brachythecium rivulare, B. rutabulum, Plagiothecium denticulatum, P. curvifolium, Lophocolea heterophylla, L. bidentata, Leptodictyum riparium, Sphagnum squarrosum, S. fimbriatum, Mnium hornumand Leucobryum glaucum. It has also been found as scattered stems in damp stubble fields, presumably as a casual.Exceptionally, it is known from limey sandstone in humid places, and such forms have been  described as Amblystegium hygrophilum (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). It is autoicous; capsules are frequently present, maturing in summer.","No particular threats have been recorded, although it is presumably vulnerable to wholesale drainage and habitat destruction. According to Meinunger and Schröder  (2007), it may have actually increased due to the abandonment of ponds and wetlands that were once more intensively used or managed. It can also be affected by infrastructure development along the lakes.","No conservation actions are needed at present. However, this species is listed as threatened in some countries: it has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Luxembourg and Romania, as Endangered in Austria, Hungary, Norway and Serbia, as Vulnerable in Estonia and Switzerland; and as Near Threatened in Finland and Britain (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in some protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Köckinger, H.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Pseudocrossidium,hornschuchianum,,Pseudocrossidium hornschuchianum  ,(Schultz) R.H. Zander,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Found in most parts of Europe, Hornschuch's Beard-moss (Pseudocrossidium hornschuchianum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and its overall stable population trend. There are no known threats to it, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It is known to be present in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This Eurosiberian southern-temperate species is widespread in Europe, especially in the southern, central and western parts, becoming rare in the north, to western Norway southern Sweden and the Baltic States (Smith 2004). It also occurs in North Africa, south-western Asia to Kyrgyzstan, North America (rare and probably introduced), Ethiopia, South Africa, Australia and Tasmania (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This is a widespread species of moss in most parts of Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This species grows on well-drained and well-illuminated basic soils over rocks and on rock ledges, in thin chalk and limestone grassland, and on calcareous dune sand. However, in lowland regions it is a common ruderal mosses of gravelly, gritty and sandy soils. Typical habitats include roadsides, tracks surfaced with hardcore or limestone rubble, pavement edges, driveways, paths, and churchyards, but it is rare on tarmac and concrete, except where these are crumbling and have accumulated soil. It also occurs in old quarries, and gravel/sand pits. It tends to grow on bare ground kept open by trampling and other agencies rather than on regularly disturbed soil, and is thus rare in arable fields. It rarely persists in shade. On paths and tracks it may penetrate into otherwise inhospitable areas such as moorland. Barbula convoluta is a common associate in ruderal habitats, but it is sometimes abundant in the absence of that species. Other weedy associates include Bryum argenteum, B. dichotomum, B. ruderale, Barbula unguiculata, Streblotrichum convolutum, Tortula protobryoides and Cratoneuron filicinum (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-1,200 m.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Austria (Endangered), Norway (Vulnerable), Romania (Near Threatened) and Estonia (Near Threatened) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to be present in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Natcheva, R.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Pseudocrossidium,obtusulum,,Pseudocrossidium obtusulum  ,(Lindb.) H.A. Crum &amp; L.E. Anderson,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



Pseudocrossidium obtusulum is a small moss found in Sweden, central Germany, Austria, Spain, Sicily, Andorra, Bulgaria, Turkey and Russia. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of knowledge on its population size, trend and threats. It is an apparently rare but little-known species and further research is needed to clarify its status.",Unknown,"Pseudocrossidium obtusulum is a small moss found in Sweden (a handful of sites in Öland andGotland and one siteon the mainland), central Germany (Thuringia,Harz Mountains), Austria, Spain, Sicily, Andorra, Bulgaria, Turkey andRussia.The specieshas itsmaindistribution inNorth America, and also occurs in Greenland (ArtDatabanken 2015). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 156 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5.4 million km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown. It is a small, hardly-ever recorded species which appears to be rare and scattered.","This moss is found on chalk or limestonesoil.On Öland(Sweden) it growsmainlyonvery dry andsun-exposed south-facingslopes, often with P. revolutum. In Spain, it grows on calcareous, saline or gypsum soils (Casas et al. 2006).



The sporesripenin the spring (ArtDatabanken 2015). Gemmae are abundant.

",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species has been assessed as Near Threatened in Sweden and as Data Deficient in Germany and Bulgaria (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. Research into the population size, trend and threats to this obscure species is recommended.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Ros-Espín, R.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Pseudocrossidium,replicatum,,Pseudocrossidium replicatum  ,(Taylor) R.H. Zander,,No,EN,D,No,EN,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



Pseudocrossidium replicatum is a very rare taxon in Europe, known to occur in only a few Italian localities. This species is assessed as Endangered since it is estimated that there are less than 250 individual-equivalents in Europe. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square meter on which the species grows. The typical coastal Mediterranean habitat of this species is often threatened by anthropogenic activities. Moreover, tourism and recurrent restoration actions are the main threats to the Sicilian archaeological area where the species is found. Ex-situ conservation may be necessary and research into the population trend of this species and the impact of known threats is also recommended. Better site management and some education and communication actions would be beneficial to the conservation of this species.",Unknown,"Pseudocrossidium replicatum is a very rare taxon in Europe, known to occur in only a few Italian localities (Aleffi et al. 2008, Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, it is found in the American continent, eastern and southern Africa and southwestern Arabia (Dia et al. 2003).","This species occurs in small patches of a few square centimeters mixed with other acrocarpous mosses from genera such as Tortula and Didymodon. It is estimated that there are less than 250 individual-equivalents in Italy. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square meter on which the species grows. The current population trend is unknown.","This species grows in Mediterranean coastal habitats at elevations between 50 m and 200 m Asl. Moreover, in Sicily it was found at an archaeological site. It grows on soil, lava, calcareous rocks, cliffs and walls in dry and exposed environments. The plants are often mixed with those of other species, even of the same genus. Both in Italian and Sicilian localities the plants are sterile (Dia et al. 2003).","The typical coastal Mediterranean habitat of this species is often threatened by anthropogenic activities. Moreover, tourism and recurrent restoration actions are the main threats to the Sicilian archaeological area where the species is found.",There are no conservation measures in place for this species and it does not occur in any protected areas. Taxonomic research is recommended in order to determine whether the known European specimens belong instead to P. hornschuchianum. Ex-situ conservation may be necessary and research into the population trend of this species and the impact of known threats is also recommended. Better site management and some education and communication actions would be beneficial to the conservation of this species.,This species is not utilised.,"Orgaz Alvarez, J.,Englefield, E.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F. & Lüth, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Pseudocrossidium,revolutum,,Pseudocrossidium revolutum  ,(Brid.) R.H. Zander,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Found across most of Europe, the Resolute Beard-moss (Pseudocrossidium revolutum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many records of its occurrence and its overall stable population trend, especially in maritime parts of Europe. It is unknown whether this species is present in any protected areas, but there are no major threats to it at the European level.",Stable,"This is a sub-Mediterranean, sub-Atlantic species frequent in southern, western and central Europe, north to southern Sweden and Estonia and east to Ukraine (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it is found in North Africa and south-western Asia east to Afghanistan and Tajikistan (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B.

","This widespread species of moss is found across most of Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This is mainly a lowland species, occurring in the crevices of calcareous rocks in well-illuminated places. Its natural habitats include limestone and other base-rich cliffs and crags, and it also colonises old quarries and cuttings. It also occurs rather rarely on chalk banks and on hard or stony ground. In general, however, it is commoner on old walls than on natural rock, often on mortar where the building stone is non-calcareous, or on churchyard monuments made of limestone, and porous sandstone (Atherton et al. 2010). It is therefore widespread in areas where the underlying rock is acid; indeed in some districts it is confined to man-made habitats. Common associates include Streblotrichum commutatum, Ptychostomum capillare, Bryum radiculosum, Tortula muralis,T. viridifolia, Grimmia pulvinata, Schistidium crassipilum,  S. helveticum, Orthotrichum anomalum, O. cupulatum, Didymodon  rigidulusand Zygodon viridissimus (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-1,430 m.",There are no major threats to the species at the European level. There is no indication of a decline in the habitat of this species in Europe.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Switzerland (Critically Endangered), Austria (Highly Endangered), Sweden (Endangered), Czech Republic (Endangered), Germany (Near Threatened), Hungary (Near Threatened), Romania (Near Threatened) and Malta (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether this species is present in any protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Orgaz Alvarez, J.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Pseudohygrohypnum,eugyrium,,Pseudohygrohypnum eugyrium  ,(Schimp.) Kanda,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Western Brook-moss (Pseudohygrohypnum eugyrium) is a suboceanic boreal-montane species found in western and central Europe, north to central Scandinavia, south to Spain and Corsica, east to Poland and Romania, and it is reported from several of the Balkan states. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is locally frequent in suitable sites in Britain, Ireland and southern Norway, and the total population size is probably substantial. The countries where it is rare or threatened are on the edge of its range, so it is almost certainly naturally rare there. This species is potentially threatened by hydro-electric schemes reducing the water flow and humidity in streams. Otherwise no significant threats have been identified. No special conservation action is needed for this species.",Unknown,"The Western Brook-moss (Pseudohygrohypnum eugyrium) is a suboceanic boreal-montane species found in western and central Europe, north to central Scandinavia, south to Spain and Corsica, east to Poland and Romania, and it is reported from several of the Balkan states. Its presence in Greece and the Czech Republic is uncertain. Elsewhere it occurs in Turkey, eastern Asia, Japan, eastern North America (SE Canada south to Georgia) (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, this species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 1,944 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4.4 million km².","There is no population information on this species, but it is locally frequent in suitable sites in Britain, Ireland and southern Norway, and much less frequent and more scattered elsewhere. However, a proportion of records from Britain (and possibly Ireland) have recently been found to refer to H. subeugyrium. The current population trend is unknown, but it is considered unlikely to be declining significantly in its core range, and the total population size is probably substantial.","This plant is often found on boulders in swift-flowing streams, usually  in shade and often in rocky woodland, ravines and gullies, extending to  corries in the uplands, but it is not confined to watercourses, and may  occur on flushed rock surfaces and on boulders on the margins of lakes.  Substrates range from mildly acid to moderately base-rich, and  associates include Marsupella emarginata, Scapania undulata, Dichodontium spp., Heterocladium heteropterum, Hyocomium armoricum, Sciuro-hypnum plumosum and Thamnobryum alopecurum (Blockeel et al. 2014). It is autoicous and capsules are frequent, maturing in spring. It is found at elevations between 10 m and 1,800 m Asl.",This species is potentially threatened by hydro-electric schemes reducing the water flow and humidity in streams. Otherwise no significant threats have been identified.,"No special conservation action is needed for this species. It is not threatened in western Europe but has been assessed as Vulnerable in Romania, Slovenia and Switzerland, and as threatened in Austria, Belgium and Germany; it has also been assessed as Near Threatened in Sweden and as Data Deficient in Spain (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Erzberger, P.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Pseudohygrohypnum,subeugyrium,,Pseudohygrohypnum subeugyrium  ,(Renauld &amp; Cardot) Ignatov &amp; Ignatova,,No,NT,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Hygrohypnum subeugyrium is only known from Norway, Sweden and the eastern part of European Russia, and it is rare in each country. The population size in Europe is between 1,000 and 1,500 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). There are no signs of significant population change but the population trend is unknown. In the EU 28, it is estimated that there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents since the largest known subpopulation has around 50 individual-equivalents (and other subpopulations are considerably smaller) and there are only 15 known subpopulations. In Europe, this species is considered Near Threatened as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion D. In the EU 28, this species is assessed as Vulnerable due to the small population size. 

The population is not safe because of future threats; the major potential threats to this species are destruction of the limnic environments caused by trenching, small hydroelectric construction in the current river systems and forestry (clear cuttings). Protection of water courses where the species is found is necessary. In addition, further research on its habitat requirements, population trends and threats is needed.",Unknown,"This species is only known from Norway, Sweden and the eastern part of European Russia (Hodgetts 2015). It was recently discovered that it is also present in the UK (Blockeel et al. 2019). It seems to have a southern boreal or hemi-boreal distribution pattern. Outside of Europe, it is known from relatively few localities in Asia and North America (Hedenäs et al. 2014). It has a very disjunct global distribution.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 80 and 100 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 0.5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 70 km2 and the EOO is between 20,000 and 50,000 km2.","This species is rare in each country. There are only eight to ten known sites in Norway, and around 15 in Sweden. In European Russia, the species has only been collected from one site (Ignatov et al. 2006). As far we know, the species has a distribution which is limited to the boreal zone and inland. The occurrences seems to be small and at risk. Therefore the number of individual-equivalents is probably rather low. The population size in Europe is between 1,000 and 1,500 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² or a boulder on which the species is found as a proxy for an individual-equivalent). There are no signs of significant population change but the population trend is unknown. In the EU 28, it is estimated that there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents since the largest known subpopulation has around 50 individual-equivalents (and other subpopulations are considerably smaller) and there are only 15 known subpopulations.","This species grows on rocks in and close to small forest streams in the boreal region in lowlands (Hedenäs et al. 2014). In Asia, it has been found growing on cliffs and it is therefore possible that the species also grows on cliffs in European Russia. In Norway, there are also records of the species growing on cliffs and ravines. Sporophytes are common and spores are small. The species is therefore thought to be able to disperse well. However, available habitat may be the limiting factor in the distribution of the species. More research on its habitat requirements is needed.","The major potential threats to this species are destruction of the limnic environments caused by trenching, small hydroelectric construction in the current river systems and forestry (clear cuttings). However, it is unknown to what degree these threats impact the species and further research is needed.","This species is the Norwegian Red list as Data Deficient (DD) and in the Swedish Red List as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015).  It is known to occur in at least one protected area, however most sites are without any protection. Protection of water courses where the species is found is necessary. In addition, further research on its habitat requirements, population trends and threats is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Ingerpuu, N.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Söderström, L. & Syrjänen, K.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,LESKEACEAE,Pseudoleskea,artariae,,Pseudoleskea artariae  ,Thér.,,No,EN,D,No,EN,D,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Pseudoleskea artariae is known mainly from the Insubrian area on the Italian-Swiss border. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at ca. 588 km2, while the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at just 24 km2. It was previously reported from a Slovenian site in 1958. The population, although small, appears to be stable. The population size is estimated to be smaller than 250 individual equivalents, with at least 50 individual equivalents in Switzerland. Thus this species is assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU 28. Air pollution, development and construction activities for tourism threaten its habitat. It is not present in protected areas, making site protection a priority for its conservation. Further research on its distribution and population is needed.",Stable,"This species is known only from the Insubrian area on the Italian-Swiss border (Brusa 2001) and from the Slovenian region of Istria, where it was reported in 1958 but has not been seen since. Elsewhere it has been reported from Morocco. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca. 588 km2, while the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at just 24 km2.","The population, although small, appears to be stable within its small area of distribution in the Alps, mainly in Italy (Brusa 2001). Its population size is estimated at  fewer than 250 individual-equivalents (considering one square metre as one individual equivalent), with an estimated 50 individual-equivalents in Switzerland. Nothing is known about its Slovenian subpopulation.","This species is a thermophilous moss, mainly reported growing on dry calcareous rocks, although some reports record it from damp rocks and on cultivated trees of Morus sp. (Brusa 2001). In the recently reported localities, the moss always grows on dry rocks in thermophilous vegetation communities. Sporophytes have been found on this moss in Italy. Its altitudinal range is ca. 285-620 m.","The threats to this species are mainly development and construction activities for tourism and other recreational activities. Also, air pollution can negatively affect this species. However, it is unknown whether there is any decline in habitat extent or quality for this species.",This species is listed as Critically Endangered in Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). It is not present in protected areas. Site protection is recommended. Further research on its distribution and population is needed.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hugonnot, V.,Fettes, N.D.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.","Martinčič, A.,Köckinger, H.,Reimann, M.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,LESKEACEAE,Pseudoleskeella,catenulata,,Pseudoleskeella catenulata  ,(Brid. ex Schrad.) Kindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Chained Leskea (Pseudoleskella catenulata) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats to it, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It is known to occur in protected areas throughout Europe.",Stable,"This is a European boreal-montane moss with a continental distribution, frequent in the Alps, Carpathians and Balkan mountains, but more scattered in other parts of the continent (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it occurs in North Africa (Algeria, Morocco), Turkey, the Caucasus, Georgia to Kyrgyzstan, and central and eastern Asia, Japan. According to Wilson & Norris (1989) records from North America refer to other taxa (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This is a widespread species over most of Europe, and it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This is mainly a  montane plant, occurring in exposed, open areas, usually on base-rich rocks, especially limestone (Atherton et al. 2010). At lower altitudes, it grows inpartly shaded niches that retain moisture for a long time. Associated species includeSaxifraga oppositifolia, Ctenidium molluscum, Schistidium spp., Tortella tortuosa, Lescuraea incurvata, Didymodon rigidulus, Orthotrichum spp., Homalothecium sericeum and Leucodon sciuroides (Blockeel et al. 2014, Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Its altitudinal range is ca. 180-3,240 m.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Luxembourg (Critically Endangered), Estonia (Near Threatened) and Latvia (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Kiebacher, T.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,LESKEACEAE,Pseudoleskeella,nervosa,,Pseudoleskeella nervosa  ,(Brid.) Nyholm,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Nerved Leskea (Pseudoleskeella nervosa) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many recent records of its presence and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats and it is found in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This circumpolar boreal-montane species is widespread in Europe north to Iceland, Fennoscandia and Arctic Russia, becoming more montane in the south and reaching northern Spain, Sicily and northern Greece; it is however a continental species and therefore rather sparsely distributed in the west (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it is widely distributed across northern and central Asia and North America (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This is a widespread and common species across most of Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This is a basicolous epiphytic species, growing mainly on the bark of deciduous trees in forests and in open places.It is less common on calcareous rocks, mostly in shady places in forests, also on old walls and around castle ruins (Frey et al. 2006). Associates include Homalothecium sericeum, Pseudoamblystegium subtile, Hypnum cupressiforme, Leucodon sciuroides, Ptychostomum moravicum,  Isothecium alopecuroides, Porella platyphylla, Radula complanata,  Metzgeria furcata and Frullania dilatata, occasionally also  Pseudoleskeella catenulata on limestones. Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,650 m.",There are no known threats to this species.,No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed as Critically Endangered in Britain (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas across its range.,There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hugonnot, V.","Sabovljevic, M.","Köckinger, H.,Baisheva, E.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,LESKEACEAE,Pseudoleskeella,papillosa,,Pseudoleskeella papillosa  ,(Lindb.) Kindb.,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Pseudoleskeella papillosa is found mostly in the north and north-eastern parts of Fennoscandia. This moss species is rare, but it is also difficult to find and may be overlooked. The current population trend is probably stable, however, at all known localities the species occurs with few individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). In total there are around 104 and 184 localities known in Europe. Assuming two individual-equivalents, on average, to occur at each locality, the total population is likely to be 208 and 368 individual-equivalents in Europe. In the EU 28, there are between 85 and 175 localities and it is therefore estimated that there are between 170 and 350 individual-equivalents. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable in both Europe and the EU 28.

The major threat is forestry management in or close to the sites. However, logging does not usually occur near escarpments. Destruction of natural watercourses also constitutes a threat to the species. The species needs to be searched for in the old localities, especially below the mountain chain and in Finland, so that its status can be correctly determined.",Stable,"This species is markedly concentrated to the north and north-eastern parts of Fennoscandia, it is mainly boreal and also occurs in the subalpine belt. It is found in northern Norway, and in northern and central Sweden and Finland. It is also found in northern Russia and in the Urals (Ignatov et al. 2006). In Norway, there are some old records and one doubtful recent record at sea level which should be confirmed. This species is also common in Siberia. The species is therefore not endemic to Europe or the EU 28. 

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 400 and 500 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.6 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 350 km2 and the EOO is ca 0.3 million km2. The altitudinal range of the species is between 300 m and 700 m Asl.","This is a rare moss, however, it must be pointed out that it is difficult to find and it may be overlooked (Mårtensson 1956). It has never been found with sporophytes, and the distribution is severely fragmented, as the subpopulations are isolated and may go extinct with a reduced possibility of recolonisation. However, the species has not shown any clear decline and the current trend is probably stable in both Europe and the EU 28. At all known localities, the species occurs with few individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m² as a proxy for one individual-equivalent). 

In Finland, there are 150 localities (70 of which are recent; the older localities have not been verified recently), which may be due to an increase in fieldwork in recent years, as well as revision of herbarium material. In Sweden, there are around 15 recent sites. In European Russia, there are 15 localities in the Murmansk region and around 3 localities in the Urals. In total there are around 104 and 184 localities known in Europe. Assuming two individual-equivalents, on average, to occur at each locality, the total population is likely to be 208 and 368 individual-equivalents in Europe. In the EU 28, there are between 85 and 175 localities and it is therefore estimated that there are between 170 and 350 individual-equivalents.","The moss occurs mainly on shaded stone and rocks (dry rocky outcrops), often on more easily weathered rocks, for example diabase. In addition, the species is found occasionally on the stem bases of trees. It can occasionally also grow on soil close to rocks. The plant grows near watercourses, especially in canyons in northern Fennoscandia (Hedenäs et al. 2014). It has been found together with other species of Pseudoleskeella, Metzgeria furcata and Pterigynandrum filiforme (Mårtensson 1956).","The major threat is forestry management in or close to the sites. However, logging does not usually occur near escarpments. Destruction of natural watercourses also constitutes a threat to the species.","This species is included in several national Red Lists. In Finland and Sweden, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), and in Norway it is assessed as Endangered (EN) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in protected areas. The species needs to be searched for in the old localities, especially below the mountain chain, so that its status can be correctly determined.",The species is not used or traded.,"Lara, F.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,LESKEACEAE,Pseudoleskeella,rupestris,,Pseudoleskeella rupestris  ,(Berggr.) Hedenäs &amp; L. Söderstr.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Wispy Leskea (Pseudoleskeella rupestris) is probably relatively common in parts of the mountain areas of northern Europe, and may be overlooked due to the species previously being treated as a variety of P. nervosa. There is no indication of any decline, and therefore the current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. The population size is larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe, and in the EU 28, the population size is inferred to be between 1,000 and 4,000 individual-equivalents. In addition, there are no major threats to the species. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Slovakia and the Czech Republic. Further research should be carried out to determine the potential impact of climate change on the species in the future.",Stable,"This species has a boreal-montane distribution. In Europe, it is reported from Iceland, Svalbard, northern Fennoscandia and the northern Urals (Ignatov et al. 2006) to the Pyrenees and the Alps in the south. It has also been reported from Scotland. Outside of Europe, this species has been recorded from Asia and North America (Hedenäs et al. 2014).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 700 and 900 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 350 km2 and the EOO is ca 3.5 million km2.","In Europe, the species was previously treated as a variety of P. nervosa, which is contributing to the fact that there are relative few discoveries of species. The species has been overlooked for this reason. It is probably relatively common in parts of the mountain areas of northern Europe (Norway, Svalbard, Sweden, Finland and Iceland). As a whole it may be common in the subalpine and low-alpine belts, at least in calcareous areas, but it seems to be rare higher up and has not been collected at any remarkable altitude (Mårtensson 1956). 

The distribution of the species is not severely fragmented, although capsules are unknown, at least, not in the core area of distribution. There is no indication of any decline, and therefore the current population trend is considered to be stable. The population size in Europe is larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent). In the EU 28, the population size is inferred to be between 1,000 and 4,000 individual-equivalents.","In the Nordic countries, this species has been found growing on dry rocks in areas with base-rich bedrock. Sometimes it has also been found to grow on bark (Hedenäs et al. 2014). In some localities, it is found in caves or shady crevices and in or among harder, certainly non-calcareous rocks, often together with slender types of Pterigynandrum filiforme (Mårtensson 1956).

In the United Kingdom, it is a strict calcicole species (grows best in calcareous soil) occurring both on the sheltered surfaces of rocks in scree and on steeper rock faces, always in dry or very well-drained places. Occasionally it can occur in more mixed communities on small ledges on crags or on crumbling edges of boulders. Though normally a montane species, it has been recorded near sea level on the Durness limestone in northern Scotland. It often occurs as isolated, small, pure patches but also grows with Porella cordaeana, Scapania aequiloba, Amphidium mougeotii, Dicranoweisia crispula, Distichium capillaceum, Ditrichum gracile, Encalypta alpina, Grimmia ramondii, Hylocomium splendens, Isothecium myosuroides var. myosuroides, Pohlia cruda, Pseudoleskeella catenulata, Pterigynandrum filiforme, Tortella tortuosa and occasionally with rarities like Heterocladium dimorphum and Syntrichia norvegica (Blockeel et al. 2014).

In central Europe, the distribution is not fully known, but in Austria it occurs at high mountain summits (C. Schrock pers. comm. 2017).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. It could potentially be affected in the future by climate change, although the effects on the species are unknown.","This species is included in several national Red Lists. In Austria it has been assessed as 4 (Potentiell gefährdet/potentially endangered), in Spain, Switzerland and Albania as Data Deficient (DD), in Slovakia as Endangered (EN), in Finland and Great Britain as Near Threatened (NT), in Germany as rare (R) and in the Czech Republic as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015).

The species occurs in at least some protected areas throughout its distribution. Further research should be carried out to determine the potential impact of climate change on the species in the future.",The species is not used or traded.,"Muller, F.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,LESKEACEAE,Pseudoleskeella,tectorum,,Pseudoleskeella tectorum  ,(Funck ex Brid.) Kindb. ex Broth.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Pseudoleskeella tectorum is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level. It is found in protected areas across Europe.",Stable,"This species is widely but sparsely distributed in northern Europe and in mountainous regions further south, but it is absent from many areas (Frey et al. 2006). It also occurs in Asia and North America (Nebel and Philippi 2001). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.



","This is a fairly widespread but uncommon species, and it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This species grows on shaded and dry calcareous rocks and old walls, on old tiled roofs, and as an epiphyte on base-rich bark.Associates include Tortula  muralis, Syntrichia virescens, Nyholmiella obtusifolia and Orthotrichum cupulatum, but little more is known about the  ecology of this species (Meinunger and Schröder 2007).Its altitudinal range is ca. 300-2,580 m.

","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Czech Republic (Critically Endangered), Germany (Vulnerable), Switzerland (Vulnerable), Bulgaria (Data Deficient), Romania (Data Deficient), Albania (Data Deficient) and Austria (Risk Assumed) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Patiño, J.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,ADELANTHACEAE,Pseudomarsupidium,decipiens,,Pseudomarsupidium decipiens  ,(Hook.) Grolle,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Deceptive Featherwort (Pseudomarsupidium decipiens) is a strongly oceanic species confined in Europe to the western UK, Ireland, western France, Spain and Macaronesia (Azores and Madeira). This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large and stable population, and is locally frequent in suitable habitats in Scotland, Ireland and the Azores.",Stable,"The Deceptive Featherwort (Pseudomarsupidium decipiens) is a strongly oceanic species confined in Europe to the western UK, Ireland, western France, Spain and Macaronesia (Azores and Madeira). Outside the European region the species occurs in tropical and southern Africa, the Caribbean, St Helena and South America (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 2,308 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca. 3.4 million km².",There is no information available on the population of this species but it is estimated in at least the tens of thousands. There is no evidence of significant decline and the current trend is therefore considered to be stable.,"This species grows on dry but shaded, acid or mildly basic blocks and low rock outcrops in light to moderate shade within low-lying natural or semi-natural deciduous woodlands, generally on east, southeast or west aspects. It also favours shaded blocks on north-facing slopes where tree cover is open or absent. More rarely, it occurs on shaded rocks near the sea and on trees in extremely humid sites such as within the spray zone of waterfalls. In the Azores it is sometimes epiphyllous, usually growing in juniper forest. It is commonly associated with Hymenophyllum wilsonii, Bazzania trilobata, Lepidozia cupressina, Plagiochila spinulosa, Saccogyna viticulosa and Scapania gracilis, and is most plentiful and luxuriant at low elevations. It is found at elevations between 10 m and 1,500 m Asl. It is dioicous; British and Irish plants are all male, and sporophytes are unknown in Europe. Asexual reproduction is by caducous leaves (Sjogren 1997, Blockeel et al. 2014).","Individual subpopulations may be threatened by afforestation with alien species or hydro schemes, but overall the population is stable and secure.","The species is known to occur in protected areas. It has been assessed as Vulnerable in Spain (Garilleti and Albertos 2012). No actions are needed imminently, but subpopulations should be monitored.",This species is not known to be utilised.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Natcheva, R.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Lönnell, N., Rothero, G. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Pseudorhynchostegiella,duriaei,,Pseudorhynchostegiella duriaei  ,(Mont.) Ignatov &amp; Vanderp.,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment:Near Threatened (NT)

Pseudorhynchostegiella duriaei is found in Europe in the countries bordering the Iberian Peninsula, extending to the Baleares, southern France, Corsica, Sardinia and Italy. This is a rare species and somewhat patchily distributed throughout mainland Europe. Based on the available recent records, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 2.3 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 84 km2. Generally the species is found in very small subpopulation sizes due to the highly specific habitat requirements. The current population trend of this species is inferred to be declining in Europe. This species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Europe and the EU 28, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

This species is considered to be threatened in Portugal and Spain. This species would benefit from additional site and habitat protection and monitoring, and further research is recommended on the taxonomy, ecology and threats to this species.",Decreasing,"In terms of its phytogeography, this species is considered an oceanic-Mediterranean species, with preferences for coastal and temperate areas. It always exists in areas of Atlantic influence and the cartography in the Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean countries and Macaronesia (Sérgio and Hébrard 1982, Brugués et al. 2015) confirms this trend.

This species appears to be much more frequent in the Macaronesia region, with citations for different islands of the Azores and Madeira archipelagos (Hedenas 1992). It has a large distribution from Portugal, Spain, southern France, Italy, Corsica and Sardinia, expanding to Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco.

This species was excluded from the Canary Islands by Dirkse and Bouman (1995) after revision of the specimens, which were re-identified as Rhynchostegiella litorea (González-Mancebo et al. 2008).

Based on the available recent records, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 2.3 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 84 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 20 m to 1,300 m Asl, for confirmed records from France and Iberian Peninsula.



","This is a rare species and somewhat patchily distributed throughout mainland Europe. In the Macaronesian islands, this species is restricted to (semi-) natural areas. The current population trend of this species is inferred to be declining in Europe. It is a dioicous pleurocarpous moss that does not develop sporophytes. Generally the species is found in very small subpopulation sizes due to the highly specific habitat requirements.

It must be noted that, in Portugal, this species is currently indicated to one single locality (Sérgio et al. 2013, Brugués et al. 2015) and two in the Baleares. Recent sites are known in Sardinia, but there is only one old collection in Italy (Sérgio and Hébrard 1982). Generally, there are significantly more historical records than recent excluding the Portuguese record in the southwest of the country (Sérgio and Máguas 1991). In the Azores, the majority of references are old (Gabriel et al. 2011).","This species is found growing on acidic rocks and tree bases such as Abies pinsapo in Spain. It is a moss that is characteristic of saxicolous communities in areas with a strong oceanic influences. It is usually found on sheltered rocks in deep shade, often on the bottom of ravines or barrancos.","Some of the forest areas as in Azores and Portugal where this species occurs are currently extensively used for tourism, which results in some disturbance. Intensive conifer plantations have been grown in the past and such monospecific forest areas may decrease the availability of suitable areas for this species. Fire events are the major threat to this moss in some areas in Madeira and Portugal.

Furthermore, in the long term climate change, particularly droughts, might have a large impact on this species.","This species is included in several national Red Lists. It is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013) and as Endangered (EN) in Spain (Garilleti and Albertos 2012, Brugués and Gonzalez-Mancebo 2012) where an important proportion of its subpopulations have found. The threat status of this species is unclear in France, Crete, Sardinia and Italy. In the last Madeiran Red List, this species was recorded as Vulnerable (VU) (Sim-Sim et al. 2014).

The species occurs in a Portuguese protected area, in Sudoeste Alentejano-Costa Vicentina Natural Parck. In Spain, this species is found in two Important Areas for the Bryophytes (IBrA 17: Sierras del Sur de Cádiz) (Garilleti and Albertos 2012). This species would benefit from additional site and habitat protection and monitoring, and further research is recommended on the taxonomy, ecology and threats to this species.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Orgaz Alvarez, J.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Pseudoscleropodium,purum,,Pseudoscleropodium purum  ,(Hedw.) M.Fleisch.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Neat Feather-moss (Pseudoscleropodium purum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its presumably stable population trend. This species occupies a wide range of habitats, and though it is a very common species, it has been lost from many grasslands, being intolerant of agricultural improvement through the use of fertilisers. However it is known to occur in protected areas in Europe, offering it some protection from this threat.

",Stable,"This large European temperate moss is widespread in Europe, including Macaronesia, north to Iceland and southern Scandinavia, the Baltic States and adjacent parts of Russia, but is rare in the Mediterranean lowlands. Elsewhere it has been recorded in Algeria, Turkey, Israel, Caucasus, Azerbaijan and Iran. It has been widely introduced and become naturalised in other parts of the world, including western and eastern North America (Miller and Trigoboff 2001), St. Helena, Réunion, Sri Lanka, Japan, the Hawaiian Islands, southern Africa, Australia and New Zealand (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","This common moss is widespread across most of Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This large pleurocarpous moss forms coarse wefts in grassland and heaths on a variety of substrates from highly calcareous to mildly acid, but avoiding the most acid soils. It also avoids deep shade and very wet ground. Grassland habitats include unimproved calcareous and heathy turf, dunes, marshes, quarries, roadsides, banks and cliff tops, and it is a characteristic species of old lawns in many churchyards. In such places it is often associated with Brachythecium rutabulum, Hypnum cupressiforme, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus and other large bryophytes. It is common in open woodland and scrub, and along rides and paths in denser forest. In dry or seasonally damp Calluna heathland it commonly grows with Hypnum jutlandicum and Pleurozium schreberi. At higher altitudes it occurs on ungrazed ledges, usually where there is some basic influence (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species is tolerant of nitrification to some extent. Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,310 m.","Although still a very common species, it has been lost from many grasslands, being intolerant of agricultural improvement through the use of fertilisers (Blockeel et al. 2014). 

","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Finland (Near Threatened), Canary Islands (Near Threatened) and San Marino (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in protected areas in Europe.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Wilbraham, J.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,PYLAISIACEAE,Pseudostereodon,procerrimus,,Pseudostereodon procerrimus  ,(Molendo) M.Fleisch.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Alpine Comb-moss (Pseudostereodon procerrimus) is a rather rare circumpolar Arctic-montane species occurring in Norway, Scotland and Arctic Russia south to the Pyrenees, Alps, Apennines, Carpathians and Balkan mountains, east to the Arctic Urals, and also reported from Sicily. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. The main question for the future is whether climate change is likely to have a negative impact on it. No conservation measures are required at present, but monitoring of at least some subpopulations would be advisable.",Stable,"The Alpine Comb-moss (Pseudostereodon procerrimus) is a rather rare circumpolar Arctic-montane species occurring in Norway, Scotland and Arctic Russia south to the Pyrenees, Alps, Apennines, Carpathians and Balkan mountains, east to the Arctic Urals, and also reported from Sicily. Elsewhere it grows in the Caucasus to Kyrgyzstan, the Himalayas, Siberia, northern and eastern Asia, China, and Arctic and montane North America south to Montana (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 672 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8 million km².","The current population trend is stable. In Britain is very rare. Its population size is larger than 1,000 mature individuals. The population is not severely fragmented.","This is an calcicolous alpine moss, rarely growing below the tree line.On the summit of the  Wettersteingebirge (Germany), it grows in screeon north-facing crags that are humid and  cold, but also often free from ice and not too precipitous, with Brachythecium cirrosum, Hypnum bambergeri, H. vaucheri, H. revolutum and Cratoneuron curvicaule. Inthe Ammergauer Alps it grows with Tortella tortuosa, Distichium capillaceum and Hypnum bambergeri.At an isolated site in the Swabian Jura, it grows with Ctenidium molluscum, Ditrichum flexicaule and Encalypta vulgaris. In Scotland, it is a component of the species-rich turf over well drained, strongly calcareous schist or metamorphosed limestone, either on ledges or at the base of broken crags, generally on unshaded south-facing faces. Here, associates include Festuca vivipara, Galium sterneri, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Thymus polytrichoides, Draba incana, Minuartia sedoides, Myosotis alpestris, Persicaria vivipara, Ctenidium molluscum, Ditrichum gracile, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Brachythecium cirrosum, Entodon concinnus and Hypnum bambergeri (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from 540 m up to 3,300 m Asl. In the Alps it usually grows on alpine north-facing rock cliffs, mostly above 2,000 m Asl (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017).



This species is dioicous; capsules are rare.","There are no known threats to this species, which is generally secure in remote, high places. However, climate change is presumably a potential threat.

","This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Bulgaria, as Vulnerable in Britain and Spain, as Near Threatened in Slovakia, and as Data Deficient in Slovenia (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in protected areas. No conservation measures are required at present, but monitoring of at least some subpopulations would be advisable.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Wilbraham, J.,Cálix, M.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Pseudotaxiphyllum,elegans,,Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans  ,(Brid.) Z. Iwats.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Elegant Silk-moss (Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It is found in some protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This suboceanic boreo-temperate species is widespread in Europe from Macaronesia and southern Portugal north to Iceland and northern Norway, most common in the north-west and becoming progressively rarer to the east, reaching Ukraine, and rare southwards in the Mediterranean region, to Sicily and northern Greece (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it occurs in the Russian Far East, North America and Hawaii. It has also been reported from southern South America and the Falkland Islands (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

",The population of this species is large and the trend is considered to be stable.,"This is a common species of acid habitats in woods and on moorland, often growing in extensive pure patches (Atherton et al. 2010). It occurs on loamy, sandy and peaty soil in woods and on sheltered banks, and commonly also on and among rocks, both on raw humus and over bare surfaces. In woodlands it often grows on the soil around tree bases, and it sometimes colonises tree stumps and old logs. In heathy acid grassland a frequent habitat is around the bases of grass tussocks, whilst peatland populations often carpet the sides of Molinia tussocks. In warmer areas it is nearly confined to shaded sites, but it occurs in more open places in the west and north. It is tolerant of heavy shade and sometimes grows in large patches under dense shrub cover, even under Rhododendron; it is able to grow, in attenuated form, in deep dark holes in block scree and on rocky banks. Calypogeia spp., Diplophyllum albicans, Dicranella heteromalla and Mnium hornum are regular associates. On base-rich formations it is confined to niches where there is some accumulation of peat or humus (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,380 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Canary Islands (Endangered), Bulgaria (Vulnerable), Slovakia (Near Threatened), Hungary (Near Threatened), Romania (Near Threatened) and Montenegro (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is found in some protected areas.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Weibull, H.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Pseudotaxiphyllum,laetevirens,,Pseudotaxiphyllum laetevirens  ,(Dixon &amp; Luisier ex F. Koppe &amp; Düll) Hedenäs,,Yes,NT,B2b(iii),Yes,NT,B2b(iii),EU28,,"This European pleurocarpous moss species (Pseudotaxiphyllum laetevirens) occurs in the Azores Archipelago, on eight of the nine islands. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 414 km2), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat due to the ongoing threats; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. The main threats include direct habitat destruction due to fires (especially in the Iberian Peninsula and Madeira Island) but also habitat degradation due to the transformation of vegetation cover, including the expansion of invasive alien species, especially in the Azores. Proper management of the habitat is recommended, focusing on the impacts of climate change and exotic species. Monitoring population size and habitat conditions, both in Macaronesia and the Iberian Peninsula, is recommended in order to ensure the stability and continuity of the population.",Decreasing,"This European pleurocarpous moss species (Pseudotaxiphyllum laetevirens) occurs in the Azores Archipelago (on eight of the nine islands) (Gabriel et al. 2010), on Madeira Island (Sérgio et al. 2008), and in mainland Portugal and Spain (Hodgetts 2015). It is considered an European endemic species. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is about 1.4 million km2, and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 412 km2.","This species is currently known from more than 30 sites in the Azores (Gabriel et al. 2010, 2011) and also in Madeira Island (Sérgio et al. 2008) where it is considered widespread in the northern and central forests (Hedenäs 1992). More recently, it was found in Spain (Guerra et al. 2001) and Portugal (Sérgio and Silva 2007), where it is known from 22 sites (Sérgio et al. 2013). The current population trend is suspected to be decreasing, due to the effects of habitat degradation, spread of invasive alien species and climate change on native vegetation (Ferreira et al. 2016, Patiño et al. 2016, Vergílio et al. 2016).","

This moss grows in rock and soil crevices, near the base of boulders and trees, in protected habitats, especially in native forests of the Azores and Madeira archipelagos (Hedenäs 1992, Sjögren 1978). In the Iberian Peninsula, it is known from thermophyllous oceanic forests. It was reported as epiphyllous in the Azores, growing on ferns of the genus Elaphoglossum, Trichomanes and Blechnum. It prefers humid and very humid, shaded and sheltered places. This species has been found at elevations between 50 m (Espinho, Portugal) and 2,175 m Asl (Spain). In Madeira it occurs from 400 m to 1,200 m Asl (Hedenäs 1992), while in Azores it occurs from 200 m to 1,000 m Asl, and preferentially above 500 m Asl (Homem and Gabriel 2008). The species is known to produce sporophytes both in Madeira Island and some islands of the Azores Archipelago.","The main threats to this species include direct habitat destruction due   to fires (especially in the Iberian Peninsula and Madeira Island) but also   habitat degradation due to the transformation of vegetation cover, including   the expansion of invasive alien species (such as Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum   undulatum), especially in the Azores. There is therefore an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat of this species. It is also likely that climatic change   will lead to an intensification of the frequency and intensity of fires,   damaging the forests where this species is mainly found as well as an   alteration in water regime, thus hindering the species distribution   strategies. Since the Azores are located on the mid-Atlantic ridge, they are   also prone to the effects of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes with deleterious effects   on the existing subpopulations.","This Ibero-Macaronesian endemic species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Spain (Garilleti and Albertos 2012), and as Data Deficient in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013). In the Azores the species is almost restricted to native forest environments and was considered to have a narrow ecological tolerance (Gabriel et al. 2011). In fact, this is a species of natural laurel forest which is a priority habitat, under the EU Habitats Directive. Proper management of the habitat is recommended, focusing on the impacts of climate change and exotic species. There are no specific conservation measures in place, but it occurs in protected areas in the Azores and Madeira archipelagos. Monitoring population size and habitat conditions, both in Macaronesia and the Iberian Peninsula, is recommended in order to ensure the stability and continuity of the population.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Aleffi, M.,Cálix, M.","Gabriel, R.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,JUNGERMANNIACEAE,Pseudotritomaria,heterophylla,,Pseudotritomaria heterophylla  ,(R.M. Schust.) Konstant. &amp; Vilnet,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Pseudotritomaria heterophylla was described from the northeast of Ellesmere Island. In Europe, the occurrence of this species is somewhat doubtful, since the specimen from Franz Josef Land cannot be identified with certainty, although this species was recently recorded from Franz Josef Land but without any details on habitat and distribution. This species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient in Europe, as it is not possible to assign another Red List Category.

This species is an arctic species that was found recently in several arctic regions in Asian part of Russia, and so it is highly likely that the species occurs in the European arctic. It is necessary to study the morphology, ecology, threats and distribution of this species in Europe to make sound conclusions.

The species is not found in the EU 28 and so is Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"This is a poorly known species with a high arctic distribution. It was described from the northeast of Ellesmere Island by R. Schuster and it is so far known from this island and Greenland (Schuster 1969). In Europe, the occurrence of this species is somewhat doubtful, since the specimen from Franz Josef Land cannot be identified with certainty (Konstantinova and Potemkin 1996). However, recently Potemkin and Matveeva (2015) recorded this species again from Franz Josef Land but without any details on habitat and distribution.

 Recently the species was found in the arctic area of the Asian part of Russia, as well as in the mountains of Yakutiya and southern Siberia (Konstantinova et al. 2009). The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 250 m Asl.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species are both estimated to be 4 km2. This species is not found within the EU 28.",Nothing is known about the population size and trend of this species.,"This species is known to occur on ""weakly calcareous, moss-covered rubble and weathered rock, moistened by run off from persisting snow banks"", as well as on peaty soil along rivulets, in peaty meadows and on peaty soil between rock clefts (Schuster 1969).","It is probable that climate change, including habitat shifting and alteration, are threats for this species. However, the threats to this species are not known.","This species does not occurs in protected areas in Europe and it is not included in any Red Lists. Moreover, even its finding in Europe is questionable. It is necessary to study the morphology, ecology, threats and distribution of this species in Europe to make sound conclusions.",This species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Duckett, J.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,POLYTRICHOPSIDA,POLYTRICHALES,POLYTRICHACEAE,Psilopilum,cavifolium,,Psilopilum cavifolium  ,(Wilson) I. Hagen,,No,NT,B2b(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Psilopilum cavifolium occurs in Iceland, Svalbard, northern Norway, northern Sweden, Finland and Russia. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 200 and 1,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca between 2 and 3 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 20 and 100 km2 and the EOO is ca 0.05 million km2. The distribution of this species seems to be restricted arctic tundra, however, it is probably overlooked. The overall current population trend is unknown for both Europe and the EU 28. However, a warmer climate will probably mean a future projected decline, mainly because of competition from other species (both vascular, lichens and mosses).

In Europe as a whole, the species can not be considered as severely fragmented, particularly in the arctic zone, since it rather frequently produce sporophytes in the northernmost zone. This species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Europe because it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

South of the arctic zone, the distribution can be considered as severely fragmented, as the species is never found with sporophytes (hence low dispersal capacity) and here the geographic range (AOO) is much smaller. In addition, there is here today a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat. Therefore, in the EU 28, the species is assessed as Endangered (EN).

The major threat to this species is climate change. Further population research and monitoring is needed for this species.",Unknown,"This species has a mainly arctic, circumpolar distribution and occurs in Iceland, Svalbard, northern Norway, Sweden and Finland (Hodgetts 2015). In Sweden, this species is found on a handful of sites spread over two areas of the Lule and Torne Lappmark. In Norway, the only known records are from an area in Finmark. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, northernmost North America and northern Asia (Siberia) (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 200 and 1,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca between 2 and 3 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 20 and 100 km2 and the EOO is ca 0.05 million km2.","All known subpopulations are small. However, the species is rather easy to overlook, so it is nearly impossible to estimate the correct total population size. In Finland, this species is considered to be very rare. The distribution of this species seems not to be severely fragmented. However, south of the arctic zone, the distribution can be considered as severely fragmented, as the species is never found with sporophytes (hence low dispersal capacity) and these subpopulations are small and isolated and therefore may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The overall current population trend is unknown for both Europe and the EU 28. However, a warmer climate will probably mean a future projected decline, mainly because of competition from other species (both vascular, lichens and mosses).

","The species is weak against competition, and it prefers open, disturbed locations with exposed mineral and organic soil. It is found on north-facing slopes, below patches of snow and slopes in the mountains, where it grows in sparse colonies on bare, sandy or muddy, sometimes peaty soil in humid environments. Lübenau and Lübenau (1971) specifies the habitat to narrow ledges in the north-facing rock walls.","The major threat to this species is climate change. It is considered that climate change has a negative impact on nearly all native species in the arctic region, and the current warming of the climate on arctic ecosystems is very fast.



This species can be out-competed by larger Polytrichaceae when peat and soil become more stabilized (T. Prestø pers. comm. 2017).","This species is in the Red List of Iceland as Endangered (EN) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area.

Further population research and monitoring is needed for this species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Stebel, A.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,POLYTRICHOPSIDA,POLYTRICHALES,POLYTRICHACEAE,Psilopilum,laevigatum,,Psilopilum laevigatum  ,(Wahlenb.) Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Psilopilum laevigatum is known from Svalbard, the Nordic countries (Iceland, north Norway, Sweden and Finland) and northern Russia in Europe. This species seems to be rare but more widespread and abundant in Europe (especially in Iceland) than P. cavifolium. At present there is no decline documented, and the current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. The population size in Europe is larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) and therefore it is assessed as Least Concern.  However, within the EU 28 the population size is much smaller, between 250 and 1,000 individual-equivalents and therefore it is assessed as Vulnerable.

The major threat is climate change, especially in the long term. The current warming of the climate in arctic ecosystems is very fast and is one of the most important negative pressures of this and other species in arctic latitudes. No conservation action is needed at present, however, research and monitoring of the species population trend is urgent.",Stable,"This species occurs in the arctic and northern regions. It is recorded from Svalbard, the Nordic countries (Iceland, north Norway, Sweden and Finland) and northern Russia (Hodgetts 2015). It seems to be abundant in Iceland and Svalbard, rare in the Scandinavian mountain range and the Kola Peninsula. In Finland, there are about a dozen findings of this species in the northern parts (Juutinen and Ulvinen 2017). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in arctic North America and Asia (southward to 61ºN, including Archangelsk Province, eastern Siberia, Altai) (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 500 and 600 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 3 and 4 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 50 and 100 km2 and the EOO is ca 0.1 million km2.","This species seems to be rare but more widespread and abundant in Europe (especially in Iceland) than P. cavifolium. The total population size is most probably much larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) in Europe, but between 250 and 1,000 individual-equivalents in the EU 28. The current population trend seem to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","The species is found on nutrient poor sandy soil or alluvial sand. At lower altitudes, it is mainly the banks of streams and rivers that provide such habitats for this species. In the alpine belt, this species often appears in non-calcareous, late snow areas, growing in the company of Oligotrichum hercynicum, Polytrichum alpinum, Pohlia drummondii, Polytrichastrum sexangulare, and hepatics common in such places (Mårtensson 1956). Beside natural habitats, this species also grows in disturbed roadsides (L. Hedenäs pers. comm. 2017).","The major threat is climate change, especially in the long term. The current warming of the climate in arctic ecosystems is very fast and is one of the most important negative pressures of this and other species in arctic latitudes. This species can be out-competed by larger Polytrichaceae when peat and soil become more stabilized (T. Prestø pers. comm. 2017).","The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. No conservation action is needed, however, research and monitoring of the species population trend is urgent.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Vellak, K.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T","Maksimov, A.,Ştefănuţ, S.,Papp, B.,Sabovljevic, M.,Gapon, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,PTERIGYNANDRACEAE,Pterigynandrum,filiforme,,Pterigynandrum filiforme  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The often-recorded Capillary Wing-moss (Pterigynandrum filiforme) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many records and its presumably overall stable population trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level. It is known to occur in protected areas.",Stable,"This circumpolar boreal-montane species is widespread in Europe, ranging from the Arctic south to Macaronesia and the mountains of the Mediterranean region, where it is frequent (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it occurs in the Caucasus, North Africa, across northern and central Asia to Japan, North America south to Mexico, and Costa Rica (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B.

","This is a widespread species of moss often recorded across Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This species grows on exposed sandstone, limestone or igneous rocks. Although it found growing on hillsides and in river gorges, it tends to reach its maximum abundance on boulders found around the margins of lakes (Atherton et al. 2010). In Britain, it is also uncommon on mature trees with base-rich bark, especially ash (Fraxinus excelsior) (Atherton et al. 2010). In the Balkans, it is a very common (and abundant) epiphyte, especially on Fagus, but also on Quercus or Pinus species (J. Marka pers. comm. 2017). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0–2,990 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Ireland (Regionally Extinct), Lithuania (Critically Endangered), Belarus (Endangered), Latvia (Endangered), the Canary Islands (Vulnerable), Luxembourg (Vulnerable), Belgium (Threatened), Germany (Near Threatened) and the Netherlands (Susceptible) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Bates, J.,Cálix, M.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Pterygoneurum,kozlovii,,Pterygoneurum kozlovii  ,Laz.,"This species was described from Ukraine (Lazarenko 1946). A similar cleistocarpous Pterygoneurum species was described from Czechoslovakia (Vanek 1952) as P. smardaeanum Vanek; later it was synonymized with P. kozlovii (Abramova et al. 1973). P. kozlovii differs considerably from all other species оf the genus Pterygoneurum. It was assumed that this species has a hybrid origin from species belonging to Pterygoneurum and Phascum, or has a non-hybrid intermediate position between Pterygoneurum and Phascum. Later P. kozlovii was considered as a result of later evolution of Pterygoneurum species in specific conditions of carbonate salinity (Bachurina 1960, Boiko 2011). Recently this species was proposed to be submitted as a new separate genus Lazarenkia Boiko (Pottiaceae, Bryopsida) with one species – Lazarenkia kozlovii Boiko (Boiko 1911).",No,CR,D,No,CR,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

Pterygoneurum kozlovii is a rare species with a disjunct distribution in the northern of Europe. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since there are less than 50 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in the population, both in Europe and in the EU 28. In Europe, this species is very rare and is severely fragmented. It is known from only 16 localities and has small area of occupancy (AOO), estimated to be around 64 km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is estimated to be around 16 km2.

In central Europe, the trend of subpopulations seem to be negative, because the most of known specimens were collected more then 50 years ago. The trend of subpopulations in the eastern part of its European range are unknown, but all subpopulations are small and not numerous. Overall, the population trend is unknown. Probably, in the field studies this species is overlooked due to its small size. The other reason for the rarity of this species may be a lack of appropriate habitats, such as sites with low herb cover and carbonate salinity of soils. 

The main threats to this species are habitat degradation due to overgrazing, the plowing of steppe, urbanization and trampling. There is a continuing decline in the habitat quality due to the intensification of land use. Further research of distribution, population size and trend of this species is needed. Management of its habitat is needed through the traditional use of the land.",Unknown,"This is a rare species with a disjunct distribution in the northern hemisphere. This species has been recorded from Czechia (Kučera et al. 2017), Ukraine (Lazarenko 1946, Boiko 2015), Slovakia (Šmarda 1952, R. Šoltés pers. comm. 2016), Romania (Wallfisch 2001), Moldova, Mongolia (Tsegmed 2001), China (Tan et al. 1995) and North America, including British Columbia, Alberta and Saskatchewan (Zander 2007). It is also found in European Russia, in the provinces of Rostov and Saratov and the Republics of Tatarstan, Bashkortostan and Kalmykia, Altai, Taimyr and Yakutia (Pisarenko 2006, Ignatov et al. 2006, Doroshina 2011, Shafigullina 2012, E. Baisheva pers. comm. 2017). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 2 million km2(based on the total area within a minimum convex polygon around all known occurrences) while the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 64 km2 (based on a 2x2 km grid overlay on the range map). In the EU 28, the EOO of the species is estimated to be around 20,000 km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 16 km2. The altitudinal range of the species is between 20 m and 200 m Asl.","The subpopulations of this species are small and not numerous. A lot of localities in central Europe and Ukraine are known by old specimens collected more than 30 years ago. This plant is small and very difficult to find. It does not form very large subpopulations. The species may experience extreme fluctuations from one year to the other, and it is not known whether the spore bank remains in the soil. Therefore it is precautionary to consider that it does experience extreme fluctuation. In central Europe, the subpopulation trends of this species seem to be negative, because the most of known specimens were collected more then 50 years ago. Recently it was found only in Czechia (Kučera et al. 2017) and European Russia. The subpopulation trends in the eastern part of its European range are unknown. Overall, the current population trend is unknown. The number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) per subpopulations is one (considering one individual-equivalent as 1 m2) and there are 16 subpopulations. Therefore, there are less than 50 individual-equivalents in total.","This species grows on loamy and sandy, often saline soils in semi-arid steppes to semi-deserts.","The main threats to this species are habitat degradation due to overgrazing, the plowing of steppe, urbanization and trampling. There is a continuing decline in the habitat quality due to the intensification of land use. The habitats of this species may continue to be disturbed in the future because the steppe ecosystems of European Russia are subject to significant human pressure.","This species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in the Red Lists of Slovakia and Romania and as a rare species (R) in Ukraine (Kubinská et al. 2001, Didukh et al. 2009, Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012). In Russia, it has been assessed as an endangered species (1b) in the Rostov province and as a rare species (3) in the Saratov province (Shlyakhtin 2006, Sereda and Fedyaeva 2014). This species is known to occur in at least one protected area.

Further research of distribution, population size and trend of this species is needed. Management of its habitat is needed through the traditional use of the land.

",This species is not used or traded.,"Vanderpoorten, A.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Pterygoneurum,lamellatum,,Pterygoneurum lamellatum  ,(Lindb.) Jur.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Spiral Chalk-moss (Pterygoneurum lamellatum) has a southern temperate circumpolar distribution and is present in western, central and eastern Europe. Although this species has been assessed as threatened in several European countries and no precise data on the size and trend of its population are known, it is generally quite present in Europe and most likely does not approach any of the thresholds for a threatened Category. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern. However, since the species appears to be declining in different parts of its distribution, population monitoring would be appropriate.",Decreasing,"The Spiral Chalk-moss (Pterygoneurum lamellatum) has a Circumpolar Southern-temperate distribution. It is present in west, central and eastern Europe. Outside of Europe it is also found in central Asia, north and central America, and Greenland (Smith 2004, Lockhart et al. 2012, Hodgetts 2015, Stebel et al. 2016).","In many European countries the species is assessed as threatened and it appears to be in decline (Lockhart et al. 2012, Hodgetts, 2015). On the other hand, German data indicate that the species is spreading from central Europe, probably due to increasing temperatures in winter time (Moose Deutschland 2018). There is no exact information on the size of the subpopulations, and the current population trend is most probably slightly decreasing.","This is a pioneer colonist species, halotolerant, growing on calcareous soil, mud-capped limestone walls, in chalk pits and by roadsides (Dierssen 2001, Smith 2004). It is found at elevations between 140 m and 1,100 m Asl.","This is a pioneer colonist species, and the main threats to it are possibly the impact of grazing animals on its habitats, urban development, road building, disappearance of mud-capped walls and other human uses of its habitats.",No conservation measures are known for this species. It is rare and has been assessed as threatened in several European countries (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into its population size and trend.,This species is not utilised.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Górski, P.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Pterygoneurum,ovatum,,Pterygoneurum ovatum  ,(Hedw.) Dixon,"Guerra et al. (2006) consider Pterygoneuron compactum, P. crossidioides and P. squamosum to all be synonyms of P. ovatum.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Oval-leaved Pottia (Pterygoneurum ovatum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many recent records of its occurrence and its presumably overall stable population trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level and there is no indication of a major decline in the habitat of this species in Europe. It is known to be present in protected areas across its range. No specific conservation measures are required, but habitat management to retain open ground for colonisation may be important in some areas of this species European range.",Stable,"This is a circumpolar southern-temperate species occurring over much of Europe, including Macaronesia, north to southern Scandinavia, but surprisingly absent from several parts of the Mediterranean region (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it is found in North Africa, Turkey, the Near and Middle East. western and central Asia, China, North America (mainly western and central), southern Patagonia, Australia, New Zealand (introduced) and Antarctica (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B.

","This species apparently suffered a major population decline in Britain during the 20th century, but there has been a more steady trend since 1990 (Blockeel et al. 2014). There has also been a major decline in the Netherlands (BLWG and NDFF 2016). Elsewhere there is no information on the population structure, but the overall population trend of this species seems to be stable.","This is a plant of open and sunny habitats on chalk, limestone and other basic substrates, growing on banks, among rocks, in thin calcareous grassland, in pits and quarries, on sea cliffs and on loess and in sandy areas. Other small acrocarpous mosses in the genera Aloina, Tortula, Didymodon and Weissia are common associates. Although often on relatively stable ground, it also occurs on freshly disturbed soil on tracks and excavated ground, and it has been recorded exceptionally from stubble fields and pondside mud. In southern England, it was formerly one of the most characteristic colonists of newly mud-capped calcareous walls, and became increasingly rare with the disappearance of that habitat. In the Alps, the species grows on exposed rock ledges along with Stegonia latifolia (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,190 m.

","There are no known current threats to this species at the European level. The disappeareance of mud-capped walls in southern England caused many subpopulations to disappear during the early to mid 20th century.

","No specific conservation measures are required at present, but habitat management to retain open ground for colonisation may be important in some areas. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Ireland (Regionally Extinct), the Netherlands (Highly Endangered), Norway (Endangered), Austria (Endangered), Switzerland (Vulnerable), Serbia (Vulnerable), Germany (Near Threatened), Luxembourg (Near Threatened) and Finland (Near Threatened) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to be present in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Vellak, K.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M.","Popova, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Pterygoneurum,papillosum,,Pterygoneurum papillosum  ,Oesau,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The relatively new species, Pterygoneurum papillosum, was at first known only from Germany, but it has also recently been detected in Britain, based on studies of herbarium specimens and new fieldwork. However, its distribution remains to be properly defined. Further findings are expected to occur elsewhere when the species becomes better known. Considered stable in Germany, but declining in England, the overall population trend remains unknown, and almost nothing can be inferred about its population size. It is sensitive to the degradation of its habitat, especially (in England) the spread of coarse vegetation in calcareous grassland due to under-grazing and excessive nutrients. However, it is believed to be resistant to herbicides, but this remains to be tested. It should be searched for at other sites, both in England and Germany and in neighboring countries, so as to assess its actual distribution range and population size. For now, this species is too recently described to allow its assessment at a European scale, and thus is assessed as Data Deficient in Europe and in the EU 28.",Unknown,"This relatively new species (described in 2003 by Oesau) was at first only known in Germany, where it is now known from around 70 localities in a rather small area in Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz). It has also recently been detected in Britain, based on studies of herbarium specimens and new fieldwork (Blockeel and Ottley 2016). It is found at elevations between 50 m and 200 m Asl. Further findings are expected to occur elsewhere when the species becomes better known. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 170,000 km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is around 400 km2. Since there are currently no records from outside the region, this species is considered endemic to Europe.","In Germany, this species is known from ca 70 localities in a rather small  area in the viniculture area of Rheinhessen in Rhineland-Palatinate  (Rheinland-Pfalz). In Britain, it is now known from about seven sites scattered across southern England. It is considered stable in Germany, and more and more  localities are being discovered as the species is looked for. Although not well-known in England, it is considered to be declining here because of the continuing degradation of its habitat, especially the spread of coarse vegetation in calcareous grassland due to under-grazing and excessive nutrients. Thus the overall population trend is unknown. The population size of this recently-discovered species is also not known.","This ephemeral species has a very short reproductive cycle (Oseau 2003). In Germany it grows in vineyards, where it uses the gap between the autumn and spring herbicide application for its growth. It is found in patches on clayey or loess soils that experience heavy drought pressure in the summer and high humidity in the winter. It is believed to be resistant to herbicides (Oesau 2003), but this remains to be tested. In England, it grows on thin calcareous soils over lias, chalk and limestone in grassland and disused quarries.","As the species is linked in Germany with agriculture, especially vineyards, and in England with nutrient-poor calcareous grassland, it is sensitive to the degradation of its habitat, especially the  spread of coarse vegetation in calcareous grassland due to under-grazing  and excessive nutrients.","The species is considered Least Concern but Rare in the new Red List of Germany (Caspari et al. 2018). It will be listed as Endangered in the new British Red List (Callaghan and Hodgetts in prep.). The potential resistance of this species to herbicides ought to be further investigated. It should also be looked for at other sites, both in England and Germany and in neighboring countries, so as to assess its actual distribution range and population size. It is unknown whether this species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Wilbraham, J.","Baudraz, M.E.A., Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Pterygoneurum,sampaianum,,Pterygoneurum sampaianum  ,(Guim.) Guim.,"This species described for Portugal by Machado (1917) as Pottia sampaiana Mach., but later integrated in the genus Pterygoneurum (Machado 1928).",No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Pterygoneurum sampaianum is found in Europe in Portugal, Spain, France and Switzerland. Based on available recent information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 522 km2 and the area of occupancy is estimated to be around 120 km2. The AOO is assumed to be an under-estimate. The values for the EU 28 are an EOO of 420 km2 and an AOO of 104 km2. This species is currently known from 25 sites, mostly in Spain, and the current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is inferred to be decreasing. Therefore this species is assessed as Near Threatened for both Europe and the EU 28 as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

Modification in land use may be an important threat for this species, as well as changes related with vegetation evolution or habitat degradation by tourism pressure, fire, herbicides or pesticides. Further research is required to establish the future status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats. However, it is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (for example, open vegetation types with bare soil), mainly in known sites of this species.

",Decreasing,"

This species is considered a Mediterranean species and its presence is confirmed for a few European countries, including Portugal, Spain, France and Switzerland. In the Iberian Peninsula, this species is more widely distributed in Spain (Sérgio et al. 2007, Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012). It is also known from the Balearic Islands, although somewhat scattered (Guerra et al. 1995, Cano et al. 2001, Cano 2006, Pericàs et al. 2009). The unique locality of this species in Portugal is in the Algarve (Portimão) and since this locality has not been found again, it is considered as extinct in Portugal (Machado 1917; Sérgio et al. 2007, 2013). It is known from France in one locality (Hébrard 2009) and Switzerland in few old collections.

Outside of Europe, this species has been reported from Syria (Guerra et al. 1995).

Based on available recent information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 522 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 120 km2. The AOO is assumed to be an under-estimate and the values for EU 28 are an EOO of 420 km2 and an AOO of 104 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level to 1,450 m Asl.

","This species is currently known from 25 sites, mostly in Spain, where it is known from 12 provinces (Cano 2006, Cano et al. 2010), although limited to the eastern part of the country. It is a short leaved moss which grows in very small isolated patches, which makes it very difficult to detect.

It is restricted to (semi-) natural areas and, based on known status of all subpopulations, the current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is inferred to be decreasing.","This is a terrestrial bryophyte that is found growing on soil, on substrates strongly calcareous, sometimes on gypsiferous or in saline soils. The main habitat is on exposed places with semi-natural Mediterranean vegetation. This species is also found in “sabinares“ of Juniperus thurifera, pine forests, in “tomillares” or dry grasslands or pasture areas that are always extremely dry. However, the species can sometimes support some nitrification and is usually frequent in anthropogenic habitats.","

Modification in land use may be an important threat for this species, as well as changes related with vegetation evolution or habitat degradation by tourism pressure, fire, herbicides or pesticides.

Additionally, current climate warming with increased frequency, length and intensity of drought periods constitute a very strong threat for this species. 



","

This species is not included in the Red Data Book of Spain (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012), however in Aragon, it is listed as a species with special interest (Alcántara et al. 2007). In Portugal, this species is evaluated as Regionally Extinct (RE) and in Switzerland, it is considered Data Deficient (DD) (Schnyder et al. 2004). In the Iberian Peninsula, this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) (Sérgio et al. 2007, Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012). The species occurs in several protected areas within its range, including an Important Bryophyte Area, Monegros (Garilleti and Albertos 2012).

Further research is required to establish the future status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats. However, it is recommended to conserve suitable habitats (for example, open vegetation types with bare soil), mainly in known sites of this species.



 

",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Laaka-Lindberg, S.,Englefield, E.","Sergio, C. & Cano, M.","Juutinen, R.,Schröck, C.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Pterygoneurum,subsessile,,Pterygoneurum subsessile  ,(Brid.) Jur.,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Pterygoneurum subsessile is assessed as Least Concern in Europe in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, many recent records of its presence and a population size greater than 10,000 individual-equivalents. In the EU 28, however, the population size is probably around 10,000 individual-equivalents. Although its overall population trend is unclear, the habitat quality is declining and so the population trend is assumed to be decreasing. In certain areas the population is fragmented but the overall population is not considered to be severely fragmented. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened in the EU 28. The primary threat to this species is rapid successional changes to its fragile habitats. The species is not very competitive, and it can be affected by competition from dense vegetation. The maintenance of its primary habitat stage from the next succession change can benefit this species.",Decreasing,"This species is not infrequent in some of the xeric regions of central and southern Europe, but absent elsewhere. Elsewhere it is found in north-eastern, eastern, central and southwestern Asia, North Africa and in North, Central and South America (Pisarenko 2006). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B.

","The extent and quality of parts of its habitat is declining. The overall population size in Europe is estimated to be more than 10,000 individual equivalents (where one individual-equivalent is equal to one square metre), although in the EU 28 the population size is probably around 10,000 individual-equivalents. Its overall population trend is unclear, but the habitat quality is declining and so the population trend is assumed to be decreasing. In certain areas the population is fragmented but the overall population is not considered to be severely fragmented.","This species grows in saline and gypsiferous areas (Guerra et al. 2006), and on loess (B. Papp pers. comm. 2017). It is also present on soft, calcareous rocks (M. Ignatov pers. comm. 2017). In Bulgaria it is found on disturbed, bare calcareous soil in dry grasslands in the southern parts of the country. It is also typically found growing on loess surfaces along the Danube River (R. Natcheva pers. comm. 2017). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-800 m.","The primary threat to this species is rapid successional changes to its fragile habitats. The species is not very competitive, and it can be affected by competition from dense vegetation.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Serbia (Endangered), Slovakia (Endangered), Austria (Endangered), Czech Republic (Vulnerable), Germany (Vulnerable), Lithuania (Vulnerable), Switzerland (Vulnerable), Hungary (Near Threatened), Poland (Indeterminate), Bulgaria (Data Deficient), Slovenia (Data Deficient) and Italy (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in protected areas. The maintenance of its primary habitat stage from the next succession change can benefit this species.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Rumsey, F.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PTILIDIALES,PTILIDIACEAE,Ptilidium,ciliare,,Ptilidium ciliare  ,(L.) Hampe,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Ciliated Fringewort (Ptilidium ciliare) is widespread in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. It is especially common and abundant in the boreal and upland regions, with a population size into the hundreds of thousands or even millions in Europe and the EU 28. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. The large subpopulations in the uplands are more or less stable, but there is an ongoing decline in the lowlands. Thus the overall population trend is considered to be decreasing. It is sensitive to nutrient inputs, and intensive forestry also poses a threat. No conservation measures are required at present in upland areas. In the lowlands, the input of nutrients and pollutants from, for example, agriculture and industry needs to be reduced, as it does for many other species. Surveys in lowland areas are needed to monitor the performance of subpopulations and the habitat quality. 



",Decreasing,"This liverwort species shows a circumpolar boreal-arctic montane distribution. In Europe, it is widespread and common throughout the boreal and montane regions and rarer in the southern parts of the continent, being absent from Macaronesia and several countries in the Mediterranean region. According to Blockeel et al. (2014), it is also known outside Europe from northern  Asia, the Himalayas, northern North America, Argentina and New Zealand. It has been found growing at elevations up to 2,900 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","This species is often abundant in upland areas, and the population size is probably well into the hundreds of thousands or even millions of mature individuals in Europe and the EU 28. However, declines have been observed or estimated in lowland areas, such as in the German plain (Meinunger and Schröder 2007) and southeastern England (Blockeel et al. 2014). Therefore the overall population trend is considered to be decreasing.","This species occurs in a broad range of habitats. It grows on acidic soils in dwarf shrub heath and in coniferous forests, often at or above the treeline, and on silicate boulders and scree slopes (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014, Köckinger 2017). It can also occur in bogs and bog woodlands, here sometimes submerged in pools, and at higher altitudes in alpine grasslands. In calcareous areas it occurs only over acid humus.","The species is sensitive to nutrient inputs, and intensive forestry also poses a threat.","This liverwort has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Luxembourg, as Endangered in Bulgaria and as Vulnerable in Italy, the Netherlands and Germany (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in many protected areas. No conservation measures are required at present in upland areas. In the lowlands, the input of nutrients and pollutants from, for example, agriculture and industry needs to be reduced, as it does for many other species. Surveys in lowland areas are needed to monitor the performance of subpopulations and the habitat quality.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Weibull, H.,Englefield, E.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PTILIDIALES,PTILIDIACEAE,Ptilidium,pulcherrimum,,Ptilidium pulcherrimum  ,(Weber) Hampe,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Tree Fringewort (Ptilidium pulcherrimum) is widespread and common throughout most of Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. It forms large subpopulations in upland areas and the population trend as a whole is considered to be stable, although its status in particular geographical areas varies considerably over time. As it is an efficient disperser and dynamic colonist, it forms 'source and sink' subpopulations, with individual colonies coming and going, resulting in very uneven occurrences and rarity near the edges of its range (e.g., Ireland). There appear to be no major threats to it in Europe. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species shows a circumpolar boreal-montane distribution. It is widespread and common throughout most of Europe, but missing from Arctic regions and becoming much rarer in the southern parts of the continent, missing from Macaronesia and several countries in the Mediterranean region. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is known elsewhere outside Europe in Asiatic Russia,  Siberia, Tajikistan, China, Korea, Japan, Nepal and North America. It has been found growing at elevations between 800 m and 2,000 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","The population trend as a whole is assumed to be stable, although its status in particular geographical areas varies considerably over time, as it is a dynamic colonist. In some areas near the edge of its range (e.g., Ireland), it forms temporary sink subpopulations, with individual stands colonising from elsewhere (possibly Scandinavia) and not lasting very long. It forms large subpopulations in upland areas. The overall population size is very large.","This is a corticolous species that grows on usually rather dry dead wood and as an epiphyte on acid barks in moderately humid forests, often on exposed roots or tree bases (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014, Köckinger 2017). More rarely it grows on acid silicate boulders and on dry peat. As an efficient disperser (by spores) and a colonist, it forms 'source and sink' subpopulations, with individual colonies coming and going, resulting in very uneven occurrences near the edge of its range.","This species is not threatened over its range, although it is rare in some areas near the edges of its range.","Generally not threatened, this liverwort is included in some Red Lists near the edge of its range: it has been assessed as Endangered in Spain, as Vulnerable in Italy and as Near Threatened in Hungary (Hodgetts 2015). It is still officially listed as Regionally Extinct in Ireland, although it was rediscovered in Northern Ireland in 2012 (Blockeel et al. 2014; note that the Irish Red List covers both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.) No conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Weibull, H.,Englefield, E.","Schröck, C.","Schröck, C.,Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Ptilium,crista-castrensis,,Ptilium crista-castrensis  ,(Hedw.) De Not.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Ostrich-plume Feather-moss (Ptilium crista-castrenis) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and its probably stable population trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in some protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This is a widespread circumpolar boreal-montane species with a characteristic boreal-montane distribution in Europe, south to the Pyrenees and Balkan mountains and Turkey (Smith 2004). Globally it is circumboreal, extending north to the Arctic and south in Eurasia to the Himalayas, Yunnan (China), Japan, and in North America to Colorado and North Carolina (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","Although this species seems to be declining in some of the the southern parts of its distribution in Europe (or there are few recent records anyway), the overall population size and trend is considered to be stable. It may be increasing in some areas, such as in England (Blockeel et al. 2014).

","This speciecs is most frequent on acid, damp, peaty or humus-rich soil in shaded situations on the ground and on boulders in natural or semi-natural boreal and temperate Pinus, Picea, Betula, Quercus, or Betula-Corylus forest, growing with species such as Barbilophozia barbata, Hylocomium splendens, Hylocomiastrum umbratum, Plagiothecium undulatum, Pleurozium schreberi and Rhytidiadelphus loreus. It also occurs under Calluna on steep north- to east-facing block-strewn slopes in oceanic areas, associated with Breutelia chrysocoma, Campylopus setifolius and a wide range of large leafy liverworts such as Bazzania tricrenata, Herbertus hutchinsiae and Scapania gracilis (Atherton et al. 2010). It is less frequent in other damp montane sites such as moss-rich turf on steep north- to east-facing slopes, shaded recesses between boulders in stable block screes, unburnt heather moor, and shaded, mildly basic ledges in low-lying wooded ravines (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,200 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Ireland (Critically Endangered), Spain (Endangered), Luxembourg (Endangered), Bulgaria (Endangered), Hungary (Endangered), Germany (Near Threatened) and Albania (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in some protected areas across its range.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Hassel, K.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M.","Schröck, C.,Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,PTYCHOMITRIACEAE,Ptychomitrium,incurvum,,Ptychomitrium incurvum  ,(Schwägr.) Spruce,,No,CR,"B2ab(ii,iv,v)",No,CR,"B2ab(ii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered  (CR)

Ptychomitrium incurvum is found in southern Europe (France, Italy, Spain, Switzerland) with a limited occurrence in parts of the Pyrenees and in the southwestern Alps. The species has recently been confirmed for only two localities while most records date back to before 1980. Elsewhere is possibly extinct. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km2 in Europe and 4 km2 in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented and there is an inferred continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulation and number of mature individuals. No specific threat causes are known, but the species is always found only in small and isolated subpopulations and its rarity could be a cause of threat. Protection and proper management of known sites is recommended, as well as monitoring of the size and trend of the population. Ex-situ conservation for possible artificial propagation is also suggested.",Decreasing,"Ptychomitrium incurvum is found in southern Europe (France, Italy, Spain, Switzerland) with a restricted occurrence in the southwestern Alps (Hodgetts 2015). In particular in the Pyrenees, it was known to occur in Spain (in Navarra) where it is now considered Regionally Extinct, and also occurs in France (in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques and Hautes Pyrenées) where its status is uncertain. In Switzerland, it is confined to Ticinowhere it was collected for the last time in 2013, while in Italy it has been reported in northern Italy (Piedmont and Lombardy), but these records are from before 1950 (Aleffi et al. 2008, Frahm 2013, Hugonnot and Chavoutier 2016, Brugués and Ruiz 2018). Outside of Europe, it is widespread in eastern North America, from Canada (Southern Ontario) to Texas. Considering all the known records for this species, the area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 16 km2 and 12 km2 in the EU 28. However, the species is regionally extinct in Spain and no recent data are known for Italy and southwestern France. Recent records which are most likely to still be extant include only the eastern Pyrenees in France and Ticino in Switzerland. The real AOO of this species may, therefore, be as small as 8 km2 in Europe and 4 km2 in the EU 28.

","This is a rare species which grows in small and isolated subpopulations. These subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation and the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. The conservation status of the species appears unclear due to the lack of adequate knowledge. The current population trend is thought to be decreasing. Currently, its presence is certain only in southeastern France in the eastern Pyrenees and in Switzerland in Ticino (Aleffi et al. 2008, Frahm 2013, Hugonnot and Chavoutier 2016).","This is a colonist species, growing on different types of rock, and also rarely at the base of trees or on logs, with their glossy leaves tightly crispate when dry. It likes dry and warm microhabitats with a certain affinity with the humid climate. Although it normally prefers natural habitat, it was also mentioned on artificial substrates, including walls or tombstones. Its habitat is that of associations in Thlaspietea, typical of calcareous limestone and mountain-scree and alpine screes habitats (EEC 1992, Dierssen 2001, Frahm 2013, Hugonnot and Chavoutier 2016). It is found at elevations between 200 m and 600 m Asl.","No specific threat causes are known. Except that the species is always found only in small and isolated subpopulations and its rarity could be a cause of threat.

","No conservation measures are known for this species. However, although the species seems to tolerate a certain degree of artificialization, given its rarity, protection and proper management of known sites is recommended, as well as monitoring of the size and trend of the population. Ex-situ conservation for possible artificial propagation is also suggested. It is known to occur in at least one protected area.",This is species is not utilised.,"Hodgetts, N.,Ganeva, A.,Fettes, N.D.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,PTYCHOMITRIACEAE,Ptychomitrium,nigrescens,,Ptychomitrium nigrescens  ,(Kunze) Wijk &amp; Margad.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Ptychomitrium nigrescens has a restricted distribution in Europe, mainly in Macaronesia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 2.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 200 km2. The overall current population trend for this species in Europe is considered to be stable. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern for Europe and the EU 28.

Threats to this species include changes in water quality, afforestation and fire. Habitat alterations, such as tree removal, are also a threat, but in Macaronesia the species is widespread and found in various habitats, therefore the risk is less. This species would benefit from habitat protection and monitoring and invasive species control. Further research into the ecology of this species is recommended.",Stable,"

This species has with a restricted distribution, mainly in Macaronesia (Madeira, the Azores and the Canary Islands), including Cape Verde (Frahm et al. 1996), and it is also in mainland Portugal (the Algarve). This species is listed for Sicily in the recent list of Mediterranean bryophytes from a single locality (Ros et al. 2013), collected in 1911, but it is now considered extinct (Campisi et al. 2003). It was reported from southern France in one locality in Var Department (Hébrard and Desplanques 1970).

Based on the current available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 2.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 200 km2 (excluding Sicily). The altitudinal range is from ca. 10 m to 1400 m (Madeira), but in Portugal the altitudinal variation is less (160 to 450 m Asl).



","

The Macaronesian subpopulations (Madeira, the Azores and the Canary Islands) are stable and in recent years it has been found in several new areas. In the majority of the sites it grows in scattered, small subpopulations covering between 25 cm2 and 100 cm2. In Serra de Monchique, the Algarve (Portugal), this species is known currently from 9 or 10 sites, some with extensive subpopulations. In this area there is no evidence of a decline and targeted surveys have increased the number of occurrences (R. Porley pers. comm. 2018). It has been collected and recorded from all islands of the Azores (Gabriel et al. 2005), from Madeira and it is also frequent on six main islands of the Canaries (González-Mancebo et al. 2008). The overall current population trend for this species in Europe is considered to be stable.

In France, where it has been recorded only once, it has not been seen recently, and in Sicily it is considered Extinct.

","This is a species that is found growing on rocks (igneous or eruptive) in open or shaded situations, often along river or stream courses and sometimes inundated intermittently, on water-worn rock slabs, on boulder tops often buried in silt, on vertical rock sides and sometimes on stone walls. It is often shaded by trees or a thick shrub cover and may also occur at some distance from water. In Madeira, this species is frequent along “levadas”.



This species is commonly found with sporophytes.","Threats to this species include changes in water quality, afforestation and fire. Habitat alterations, such as tree removal, are also a threat, but in Macaronesia the species is widespread and found in various habitats, therefore the risk is lesser. The species may be vulnerable to excessive nitrification in the Azores and also, when the cement is replaced in the walls of eruptive rocks in the Azores and Madeira.","This species is included in the Red Data Book of Portugal as Critically Endangered (CR) (Sérgio et al. 2013) as, until recently, it was only known from a single site (Caldas de Monchique). The species occurs in several protected areas within its range including Natura 2000 sites (Monchique) and in natural parks in Madeira and the Azores.



This species would benefit from habitat protection and monitoring and invasive species control. Further research into the ecology of this species is recommended.

",There is no information on the use and trade of this species,"Cálix, M.,Hodd, R.","Sergio, C., Porley, R.D. & Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,PTYCHOMITRIACEAE,Ptychomitrium,polyphyllum,,Ptychomitrium polyphyllum  ,(Dicks. ex Sw.) Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Greater Pincushion (Ptychomitrium polyphyllum) is an oceanic southern-temperate moss that is frequent in parts of of western Europe, from Macaronesia, Portugal and Corsica north to Ireland, Britain, the Faroe Islands and southwestern Norway, and east to southern Sweden (where it has probably disappeared), Slovenia and Croatia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is abundant and stable in western coastal areas and there appear to be no major threats to it. It is very rare and sporadic elsewhere, where it is known only from (probably) transient occurrences, and more or less absent from eastern Europe. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"The Greater Pincushion (Ptychomitrium polyphyllum) is an oceanic southern-temperate moss that is frequent in parts of of western Europe, from Macaronesia, Portugal and Corsica north to Ireland, Britain, the Faroe Islands and southwestern Norway, and east to southern Sweden (where it has probably disappeared), Slovenia and Croatia. It is a European/Macaronesian endemic (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 3,900 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 9.4 million km².","The current population trend of this species is stable, at least in the west, where it may be abundant. Records from further east are probably mostly transient occurrences that would not have survived prolonged cold conditions, as it is thought to be sensitive to low temperatures.","This is a locally frequent and conspicuous plant in the north and west of Ireland and Britain, occurring as dense cushions in small crevices and hollows on the tops of dry, sun-exposed or slightly shaded, acid or mildly basic rocks, often where there is a thin cover of humus. It is found on slate, schist, gabbro, basalt, peridotite, granite and sandstone but is largely absent from limestone. Typical habitats are detached angular boulders and granite tors, stone walls, bridges, Cornish hedges and roadside rocks. Frullania tamarisci, Hedwigia stellata, Hypnum cupressiforme, Racomitrium aciculare, R. fasciculare, R. heterostichum and R. lanuginosum are common associates. It also occurs occasionally in old quarries and on mine waste, on coastal rocks, and on dry boulders in lightly shaded areas in wooded valleys. Near the southern and eastern edge of its range it is more often found in man-made habitats than on natural rock outcrops, even colonising railway ballast in some lowland areas. Though usually found on acid substrates, its tolerance of mildly basic conditions is indicated by several records from old concrete (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 2,100 m Asl.



It is autoicous; capsules are usually abundant, maturing in spring and early summer; protonemal gemmae are produced in culture.","This species is not threatened in the main part of its range, in Britain and Ireland. The scattering of old records from more continental areas could suggest local decline, but they were probably merely transient occurrences.","No conservation measures are required at present. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Luxembourg, as Vulnerable in Germany and Switzerland, as Near Threatened in Portugal and Andorra, and as Data Deficient in Slovenia. It is regarded as Regionally Extinct in Sweden and the Czech Republic (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Ros-Espín, R.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Ptychostomum,arcticum,,Ptychostomum arcticum  ,(R.Br.) J.R.Spence ex Holyoak &amp; N.Pedersen,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Arctic Bryum (Ptychostomum arcticum) is a circumpolar Arctic-montane species which has a circumboreal range, from the high Arctic south to the Alps and Macedonia.This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is still relatively abundant in Arctic areas, and a decline further south is not proven. The overall population trend is unknown, but even if it was of an overall decrease, it would not reach the thresholds for a threatened category. Its population size is estimated to be larger than 10,000 mature individuals. No conservation measures are currently needed for this species but subpopulations at the southern edge of its range should be monitored.",Unknown,"The Arctic Bryum (Ptychostomum arcticum) is a circumpolar Arctic-montane species which has a circumboreal range, from the high Arctic south to the Alps and Macedonia. It formerly occurred in the Pyrenees but is considered extinct there. Elsewhere it occurs in the Himalayas, Tibet and northern USA (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 1,120 km², and its extent of occurrence is ca 10.2 million km².","This species may be decreasing at the southern edge of its range but it remains abundant in Arctic and subarctic regions, and is not considered particularly threatened in the Alps, where it is certainly under-recorded (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). The overall population trend is unknown, but even if it was of an overall decrease, it would not reach the thresholds for a threatened category. Its population is not severely fragmented. Its population size is estimated to be larger than 10,000 mature individuals.","In Arctic and subarctic areas, this species grows in sparsely vegetated polar deserts. In Scandinavia it is widespread in the mountains but rare in the lowlands, on soil, soil-covered rock or in rock crevices, mostly in calcareous districts. It is recorded near sea level in some of the Baltic islands. It growson calcareous, stony, soil in the Alps. In Scotland it forms small tufts or patches on unshaded basic  mineral soil on the ledges of crags at mainly high altitude on  mountains, usually limestone or mica schist, but also on basalt on Skye.  In the Cairngorms National Park it is particularly associated with  outcrops of Dalradian Limestone and near Braemar it occurs on the same  crags as Athalamia hyalina, where typical associates include Bryum  pallens, Ctenidium molluscum, Distichium capillaceum, Encalypta  rhaptocarpa, E. streptocarpa and Tortella tortuosa. It has a wide altitudinal range from sea level up to 3,000 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014, Meinunger and Schröder 2007).



This moss is synoicous (rarely autoicous elsewhere); capsules mature in summer or autumn. Tubers, bulbils and gemmae are unknown, probably absent.","There are currently few serious threats to this species, but climate change may ultimately prove to be a threat. It is rare in southern areas and has apparently disappeared from the Pyrenees. However, it has a wide altitudinal range.","No conservation measures are currently needed for this species but subpopulations at the southern edge of its range should be monitored. It is listed as Endangered in Romania and Slovakia, as Vulnerable in Britain, Estonia and Switzerland, and considered Regionally Extinct in Spain. It is Data Deficient in Germany and Slovenia (Hodgetts 2015). Research is needed on its current distribution and population trend.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Marka, J.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Ptychostomum,bornholmense,,Ptychostomum bornholmense  ,(Wink. &amp; R.Ruthe) Holyoak &amp; N.Pedersen,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Potato Bryum (Ptychostomum bornholmense) is a European temperate species. It is a poorly-known species that is, however, unlikely to be threatened, as it is ruderal and relatively abundant in southern England, and probably also in much of western Europe. There is no evidence of decline. The species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. Further fieldwork and herbarium work is desirable to ascertain the true distribution and abundance of this species.",Unknown,"The Potato Bryum (Ptychostomum bornholmense) is a European temperate species. Confirmed records in Europe are from southern Norway and southern Sweden southwards to France and Greece, with an outlier in the Canary Islands. Its presence in Hungary is uncertain. Many other reports (from Europe and North America) do not use modern identification criteria, and therefore may be unreliable. Figures of tubers in recent literature from Spain and the Nordic countries suggest Bryum rubens is still being misidentified as this species (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 1,500 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) ca 8 million km². Both these figures are likely to be unreliable, but the map gives a reasonable indication of its known distribution.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown. It is ruderal and relatively abundant in southern England, and probably also in much of western Europe. There is no evidence of decline.","Unlike related species, this is not a plant of arable fields, but occurs on lime-free sandy, loamy or peaty soils on heathland, particularly after burning, or in acid woods. There are a number of records by lakes, reservoirs or ponds, and on the remote island of North Rona (Scotland) it has been collected from seal wallows which are churned into mud in winter. Several records refer to disturbance of the substrate, which may reflect its inability to compete with other plants. It seems to be rather strictly calcifuge, and this is shown by associates such as Campylopus flexuosus, Campylopus pyriformis, Ceratodon purpureus,Dicranella heteromalla, Dicranella staphylina, Polytrichumjuniperinum, Polytrichum formosum,Bryum algovicum, Bryum tenuisetum,Pogonatumurnigerum,Pleuridiumspp.,Pohliadrummondii, Pohlia nutansand Trematodonambiguus. References to its occurrence on calcareous soils are based on misidentified Bryum rubens. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 535 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014)  .



This moss is dioicous, less often synoicous, rarely autoicous; capsules are occasional, mature in spring. Rhizoidal tubers are scarce to abundant (the species cannot be reliably identified without them). Bulbils and axillary gemmae are lacking; the protonema is transient, and protonemal gemmae are produced.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. Further fieldwork and herbarium work is desirable to ascertain the true distribution and abundance of this species. It is considered Endangered in Luxembourg, Near Threatened in Ireland and Data Deficient in Norway, Sweden, Germany and Bulgaria (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Ignatova, E.","Hodgetts, N.","Bambe, B.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Ptychostomum,capillare,,Ptychostomum capillare  ,(Hedw.) Holyoak &amp; N.Pedersen,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The widespread and common Capillary Thread-moss (Ptychostomum capillare) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats to this species and thus no conservation measures are required at present. There are reports of this species from many protected areas across Europe.",Stable,"This cosmopolitan circumpolar boreo-temperate moss is widespread and common throughout almost all of Europe from the Arctic to the Mediterranean region and Macaronesia. Elsewhere it is found almost throughout the temperate and Arctic/Antarctic regions. There are also records from the tropics (mainly on mountains), but some of these may result from the treatment of P. torquescens as conspecific with B. capillare (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.",This is a very common and widespread species with a stable population trend.,"This is an almost ubiquitous moss in most parts of Europe, often common on rocks, walls, soil and tree bark, growing in the open or in light to moderate shade. It grows on basic rocks such as limestone and rather acid ones such as granite and sandstones, as well as those of intermediate reaction (e.g. basalt), and on a similarly wide range of man-made materials, including mortar, brickwork, old concrete, old tarmac and wooden fences. It also occurs on basic and slightly acid soils, in turf, and on a wide range of living trees (e.g. elder and elm and species with acid bark such as oaks), as well as fallen logs and stumps. Sites occupied are usually free-draining, and may be relatively dry, as on the tops of boulders or walls, or damp and humid, as on rocks in streams (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,700 m.",There are no known threats to this species.,No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed only in the National Red List of San Marino (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). There are reports of this species from many protected areas across Europe.,There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Laaka-Lindberg, S.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Ptychostomum,cernuum,,Ptychostomum cernuum  ,(Hedw.) Hornsch.,,No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



Confirmed European records of this circumpolar boreal-montane moss - the Cernuous Bryum (Ptychostomum cernuum) - are widespread from Fennoscandia southwards to the Sierra Nevada, Alps and Balkans, but it is now very rare or extinct over much of the lowlands of western and central Europe. This species has clearly declined dramatically in Europe, although some old records were probably misidentifications. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 260 km² in Europe and 236 km² in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an estimated and inferred continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO),  AOO, extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulation and number of mature individuals. It probably also qualifies under criterion C, but not enough is known about the population size to be sure.



The reasons for its widespread historic decline in Europe are poorly understood, but include drainage, destruction of coastal dune-slacks and development or other alteration of river and stream banks and lake margins. Eutrophication and 'tidying' of farmland areas may also be significant. Eutrophication or other pollution of farmland habitats must now limit the scope for its occurrence in many lowland regions. In Sweden, encroachment and exploitation of beaches, filling in ditches and restoration of old limestone quarries, gravel pits, etc. may pose threats to the species.



Ponds, dune systems and other moist undrained land should be preserved and maintained as far as possible. Current sites should be revisited and the species must be searched for at other potential localities as well as its biology and requirements investigated. The three extant subpopulations in Ireland should be a high conservation priority because they may be the last survivors of the species in Britain and Ireland and among the very few subpopulations left in temperate western Europe.Conservation management of the Irish subpopulations should seek to ensure that the plants do not become shaded as vegetation succession proceeds. Regular intervention may be needed to ensure that patches of open soil are available for the species to colonise. Ex-situ cultivation is also desirable as a safeguard against loss of the wild population.",Decreasing,"Confirmed European records of this circumpolar boreal-montane moss - the Cernuous Bryum (Ptychostomum cernuum) - are widespread from Fennoscandia southwards to the Sierra Nevada, Alps and Balkans, but it is now very rare or extinct over much of the lowlands of western and central Europe. Elsewhere it has a wide range in Asia, North America, Greenland and southern South America, and also occurs in New Zealand (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 260 km² in Europe, and 236 km² in the EU 28. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 8.5 million km².","This has always been a rare plant, and many of the older reports are errors based on misidentification of Bryum pallens or B. pseudotriquetrum. It has disappeared from the UK. Extensive surveys in Ireland since 2000 have revealed three extant localities; a fourth subpopulation found in Roscommon County (Ireland) in 1968 may have been lost due to changes in the lake-shore vegetation.In Germanyit is nowvery rareinBrandenburg and Saxony, andhas been lostin the other regions. It has also declined enormously in Scandinavia, and apparently elsewhere in Europe (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).However,  the magnitude of its decline in Ireland, Britain and some other  countries has probably been somewhat exaggerated by numerous  misidentifications in the past. The current population trend is considered to be decreasing. The small subpopulations are likely to be isolated from each other (large spores) and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation - the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. 

","This is a calcicole that grows in tufts or patches in more or less constantly damp (or wet in winter and dry in summer) open habitats such as dune slacks, lake shores and stream edges. It appears to be restricted to species-rich vegetation at sites poor in nutrients, where it relies on recurrent disturbance to create temporary patches of open soil. Some records are fromPhragmites beds in wet bogs  and ditches, also in old clay pits, quarries and on walls and steep  slopes on the coast where there is some base-rich seepage.Accompanying species include Calliergonella cuspidata, Barbula unguiculata, Drepanocladus aduncus, Funaria  hygrometrica, Amblyodon dealbatus, Philonotis spp. and Bryum spp. The large spores (22–30 μm) suggest that it may be a poor colonist. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to ca 300 m Asl. 

This is an autoicous species; capsules are produced freely and mature in late summer and early autumn. Tubers, bulbils and axillary gemmae are absent; protonemal gemmae are produced in culture (Hallingbäck et al. 2006, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).","This species is highly threatened Europe-wide. The reasons for its widespread historic decline in Europe are poorly understood, but include drainage, destruction of coastal dune-slacks and development or other alteration of river and stream banks and lake margins. Eutrophication and 'tidying' of farmland areas may also be significant. Eutrophication or other pollution of farmland habitats must now limit the scope for its occurrence in many lowland regions. In Sweden, encroachmentandexploitation ofbeaches,filling in ditchesandrestoration of oldlimestone quarries,gravel pits, etc.may posethreats tothe species (Hallingbäcket al. 2006, Lockhart et al. 2012).","Ponds, dune systemsand othermoistundrainedlandshould be preserved andmaintained as far as possible.Current sitesshouldbe revisitedandthe speciesmustbe searched for atotherpotential localities as well as itsbiologyand requirementsinvestigated.The three extant subpopulations in Ireland should be a high conservation priority because they may be  the last survivors of the species in Britain and Ireland and among the  very few subpopulations left in temperate western Europe. It is already a  priority species in Northern Ireland and is treated as a priority in the  UK Biodiversity Action Plans. Conservation  management of the Irish subpopulations should seek to ensure that the  plants do not become shaded as vegetation succession proceeds. Regular  intervention may be needed to ensure that patches of open soil are  available for the species to colonise. Ex-situ cultivation is also  desirable as a safeguard against loss of the wild population. This species has been assessed as Endangered in Ireland, Germany, the Czech Republic, Romania and Slovakia, as Vulnerable in Spain, as Near Threatened in Finland and as Data Deficient in Norway, Sweden, Hungary and Slovenia, as well as 'seriously threatened with extinction' in Austria and 'threatened' in Belgium. It is considered Regionally Extinct in Britain, the Netherlands and Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Natcheva, R.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Ptychostomum,compactum,,Ptychostomum compactum  ,Hornsch.,"There are two varieties, var. compactum and var. rutheanum (Warnst.) Holyoak & N.Pedersen. The common and widespread one seems to be var. rutheanum, with var. compactum occurring mainly, if not entirely, on high ground in the Alps (Blockeel et al. 2014).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The widespread species of moss, Ptychostomum compactum, is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, a population size larger than 1,000 individual equivalents, a presumably stable population trend, and plenty of recent records throughout Europe. Though there are no known major threats to this species, saline areas and coastal sand dunes where it occurs are under pressure across Europe. However it is found in protected areas, offering it some protection from threats.",Stable,"This is a circumpolar boreo-temperate moss that is widespread in Europe from Iceland and Svalbard southwards to Spain and the Balkans. Elsewhere it occurs in Asia east to Japan, North America, Greenland, Ethiopia, Tanzania, South America, Australia, New Zealand, the Falkland Islands, South Georgia and Kerguelen Island (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","This species is common in the saline, grassland areas of Hungary and can be abundant in good years. In Scandinavia it is under-recorded. Its overall population trend is stable. Its population size is larger than 1,000 individual equivalents both in the EU 28 and Europe (one individual equivalent is considered as one square metre). Its population is not considered to be severely fragmented.","This species is found in the steppe zone of Europe and prefers open habitats. It can be found on wet sandy, clayey, or peaty soils, and fine soil above rocks (limestones, sandstones) on slopes and in pits. In Britain and Ireland and other parts of north-western Europe it commonly forms large populations on coastal sands, both on semi-fixed foredune slopes beneath Ammophila or Festuca rubra and on open areas, e.g. in dune slacks or at pathsides in dune grassland (Blockeel et al. 2014). It is also present in saline grasslands. (Zolotov 2000, Frey et al. 2006). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,890 m.","There are no known major threats to this species in Europe. However, saline areas and coastal sand dunes where it occurs are under pressure across Europe.","Although no immediate conservation measures are required, this species forms part of a community in coastal sand dunes that is under threat in many areas. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Luxembourg (Endangered), Switzerland (Vulnerable), Bulgaria (Near Threatened), Serbia (Data Deficient), Slovakia (Data Deficient), Czech Republic (Data Deficient), Sardinia (Data Deficient) and Sicily (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas in Europe.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Ochyra, R.,Martinčič, A.,Górski, P.,Köckinger, H.,Aleffi, M.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.","Fettes, N.D.,Stebel, A.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Ptychostomum,creberrimum,,Ptychostomum creberrimum  ,(Taylor) J.R.Spence &amp; H.P.Ramsay,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 

The Tight-tufted Thread-moss (Ptychostomum creberrimum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its presumably stable population trend. The species seems to be an uncommon transient colonist that is scattered in Europe, but not threatened. It is often recorded from suitable habitats where adequate conditions exist. There are no known major threats to the species at the European level, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"The European range of this circumpolar boreo-temperatespecies extends from the Arctic to the Mediterranean region and Macaronesia. Although often apparently rather rare and scattered in parts of Europe, globally this species is one of the most widespread and common species of the genus Ptychostomum, occurring throughout the Northern Hemisphere (it is a common weed in North America) and disjunctly distributed in the Southern Hemisphere (Argentina and Australia) (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","This species is widespread across Europe, but often rather rare and sparsely distributed, and probably under-recorded because of identification difficulties. As far as can be ascertained, it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This species is found growing on damp to dry open soil, often mixed with sand, generally over rocks, in grasslands and in rocky areas in low to high elevations. Most records come from roadside banks or waste places, but it has occasionally been recorded on dunes, in flower pots, or in crevices in rocks and walls. There is an Irish record from a rotten log. It is likely that most, if not all colonies are transient and that P. creberrimum acts as a widespread but rare colonist (Blockeel et al. 2014, Frey et al. 2006). Its altitudinal range is ca. 5-3,000 m.

This is a synoicous species in which capsules are common, maturing in summer. Tubers, bulbils and axillary gemmae are absent",There are no known major threats to the species at the European level.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Romania (Endangered), Czech Republic (Endangered), Switzerland (Near Threatened), Great Britain (Near Threatened), Ireland (Data Deficient), San Marino (Data Deficient), Sicily (Near Threatened), Germany (Data Deficient), Albania (Data Deficient), Bulgaria (Data Deficient), Hungary (Data Deficient), Montenegro (Data Deficient) and Serbia (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). This species occurs in protected areas, and was reported recently from Durmitor National Park in Montenegro.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Fettes, N.D.,Stebel, A.","Sabovljevic, M.","Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Ptychostomum,cyclophyllum,,Ptychostomum cyclophyllum  ,(Schwägr.) J.R.Spence,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Round-leaved Bryum (Ptychostomum cyclophyllum) is a circumpolar boreal-montane moss, which is distributed from northern Scandinavia and Russia southwards to France, the Alps, Bulgaria and Macedonia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since its population size is large and this is still an under-recorded species. Even though the area of occupancy (AOO) is currently estimated to be ca 600 km², this figure may be rather inaccurate owing to uncertainty about its full distribution in northern Russia and the fact that it can be under-recorded. The real AOO may therefore be substantially larger. However, the species is certainly declining and threatened in western and central Europe - although it is still relatively abundant in the north. Naturally (or in some cases artificially) fluctuating water levels in ponds, lakes and reservoirs where this species is known to occur should be maintained. In some sites, vegetation should be controlled by cattle grazing.",Decreasing,"The Round-leaved Bryum (Ptychostomum cyclophyllum) is a circumpolar boreal-montane moss, which is distributed from northern Scandinavia and Russia southwards to France, the Alps, Bulgaria and Macedonia; reports from Spain and Portugal are erroneous (although it is still in the Portuguese Red List as Data Deficient, so there may be some uncertainty). It is difficult to be sure of the extra-European range of this species because it has been confused in the older literature and in herbaria with the Arctic Bryum cryophilum, because the illegitimate name B. obtusifolium has been applied to both. However, this species appears to be widespread in Asia east to Japan and Korea, with records in Greenland and North America (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 600 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7.8 million km². These figures may be rather inaccurate owing to uncertainty about its full distribution in northern Russia and the fact that it can be under-recorded.","This species has apparently declined in western and central Europe, with  no recent records  from the English Lake District, Austria, Switzerland or the German  lowlands. Trends elsewhere in Europe are unknown. Its population is not severely fragmented.

In Sweden it can be very abundant in acidic shores and it seems to be stable in Scandinavia. The overall current population trend seems to be declining since it has decreased in central Europe and Britain. The overall population size is larger than 10,000 mature individuals. 



","This species grows mixed with other mosses or forms lax straggling mats or patches, or loose pure tufts, on wet soil, bare sandy mud and other marshy ground by streams, pools and lakes. In Britain it grows (or formerly grew) mainly in the periodically inundated zones beside large lakes and reservoirs, but with records also from the edge of a canal and in a sedge swamp.Associates include Pseudephemerumnitidum,Atrichumtenellum,Bryumtenuisetum,Ephemerumserratum,Archidiumalternifolium,Ricciaspp.,Fossombronia spp.,Physcomitriumspp., BryumpseudotriquetrumandCalliergonellacuspidata (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). It also occurs in tundra and polar desert in the far north. Its altitudinal range is from 75 m to 2,000 m Asl. It appears to be a pioneer species that can build up to large stands in suitable conditions, but in other years it may not appear at all.



It is dioicous; capsules are rare, maturing in summer. Filamentous axillary gemmae are often present and sometimes abundant in clusters in upper leaf axils and extending in strips along the stem between leaves. Bulbils and tubers are unknown; protonemal gemmae are produced in culture.","Causes of the declines in western and central Europe are  unknown in detail, although changing patterns of inundation of lake shores or  eutrophication might be involved. It seems to preferponds in areas whereold farming methods are prevalent, and is therefore threatened when ponds are 'modernised', with loss of habitat. It is particularly sensitive to artificial stabilisation of water levels (e.g., for fishing), as that promotes encroachment from reeds and other lakeside vegetation, and takes away less permanent habitats (Churchet al. 2001, Meinunger and Schröder 2007).","Naturally (or in some cases artificially) fluctuating water levels in ponds, lakes and reservoirs where this species is known to occur should be maintained. In some sites, vegetation should be controlled by cattle grazing (for example). Some old sites need to be re-surveyed. This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Britain, Latvia and Slovakia, as Endangered in the Czech Republic, Germany and Bulgaria, as Vulnerable in Serbia, as 'rare' in Poland and as Data Deficient in Switzerland, and (if correct) Portugal (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Marka, J.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Ptychostomum,demissum,,Ptychostomum demissum  ,(Hook.) Holyoak &amp; N.Pedersen,,No,EN,C2a(i),No,EN,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The  Alpine Hump-moss (Ptychostomum demissum) is a rare circumpolar Arctic-montane species found in northern and central Europe from Iceland, Svalbard and northwestern Russia (Kola) southwards to the Alps and Macedonia. The species is assessed as Endangered since the population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents, with fewer than 250 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. In addition, there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, estimated from known declining subpopulations (i.e., Great Britain and Switzerland). The main threat to this species is climate change (habitat shifting and alternation), coupled with its natural rarity, making it vulnerable to stochastic events. Little can be recommended except protection of mountain massifs and continued surveillance of known subpopulations.",Decreasing,"The  Alpine Hump-moss (Ptychostomum demissum) is a rare circumpolar Arctic-montane species found in northern and central Europe from Iceland, Svalbard and northwestern Russia (Kola) southwards to the Alps and Macedonia. Elsewhere it occurs in the Caucasus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, the Himalayas, and is scattered in central and eastern Asia, China. North America (south to Colorado) and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014).



This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 260 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6.8 million km².","This species is naturally rare and scattered across mountain areas in Europe. It always occurs in very small quantity. The British subpopulation has always been small but it has declined. In Switzerland it has also declined but in Austria it seems to be stable, although it is probable that the species will be affected in the future by climate change. In Scandinavia it is rare but there is no sign of decline. Its overall population trend is estimated to be slightly declining. Its population is not severely fragmented. The population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents, with fewer than 250 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows.","This is a moss of ledges of calcareous crags high in the hills, growing on calcareous mica-schist, metamorphosed limestones and calcareous hornblende schists. It grows on naturally eroding soil on damp, sheltered ledges on broken crags, and also in the overhanging clumps of bryophytes which often occur at the top edge of boulders and on low crags. Its altitudinal range is from 10 m to 3,000 m Asl (Hallingbäck et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014). In the Alps it is a high alpine species with recent records and could be affected by climate change. 



It is dioicous, with male and female plants growing intermixed; capsules are not very common (mature in summer), but it is easily overlooked without them.","The main threat to this species is climate change (habitat shifting and alternation), coupled with its natural rarity, making it vulnerable to stochastic events.","Little can be recommended except protection of mountain massifs and continued surveillance of known subpopulations. This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Britain and Switzerland, as Endangered in Finland and Romania, as Vulnerable in Bulgaria, as Near Threatened in Slovakia, as 'rare' in Germany, and as Data Deficient in Sweden and Slovenia (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Erzberger, P.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Ptychostomum,donianum,,Ptychostomum donianum  ,(Grev.) Holyoak &amp; N.Pedersen,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Don's Thread-moss (Ptychostomum donianum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its reasonably wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, andits presumably stable population trend. There are few, if any, known threats to this species at the European level, and thus no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This is a Mediterranean-Atlantic species (Frey et al. 2006) that is rather frequent in western and southern Europe and Macaronesia. Elsewhere it occurs in south-eastern Asia and northern and southern Africa (Smith 2004). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","This moss can be frequent within its range, and its population trend is considered stable.","Typically thi is a moss of slightly acid to slightly basic soil on banks or in wall crevices, growing in open or lightly shaded places, but often where sheltered. It occurs beside roads, along river and stream banks, in churchyards, at woodland edges, in quarries and cuttings, beside paths, above sea cliffs and in crevices of old walls and bridges. Regular associates include Epipterygium tozeri, Fissidens viridulus and Microeurhynchium pumilum (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-1,200 m.","The threats to this species are largely unknown but probably few. Re-pointing of old walls can eliminate individual colonies.

","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Belgium (Regionally Extinct), Canary Islands (Near Threatened), the Netherlands (Susceptible) and Switzerland (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether this species occurs in protected areas.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Fettes, N.D.,Muller, F.","Sabovljevic, M.","Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Ptychostomum,imbricatulum,,Ptychostomum imbricatulum  ,(Müll.Hal.) Holyoak &amp; N.Pedersen,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Tufted Thread-moss (Ptychostomum imbricatulum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known major threats to the species at the European level. Although it is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas, this is a common species and it is probably present in some across Europe.",Stable,"This species of moss is a circumpolar boreo-temperate species widespread in Europe from the Arctic to the Mediterranean region and often common in southern Europe. Although it is thought to be more or less cosmopolitan (Smith 2004), its detailed distribution is obscured by difficulties in identification and frequent confusion with other species. Globally it is known from cold and temperate regions of both the Northern and Southern hemispheres, and from mountains in tropical Africa and America. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","There is no direct information available on the population structure, size andtrends of this species, but it is a common species and so is assumed to have an overall stable population trend.","This species grows in exposed dry habitats such as waste places, the tops of walls, trail banks and dry grassland (Frey et al. 2006). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-3,450 m. It is dioicous and capsules are common.",There are no known threats to the species at the European level.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Ireland (Vulnerable) and Northern Ireland (Vulnerable) (Hodgetts 2015). Although it is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas, this is a common species and it is possibly present in some across Europe.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Hodd, R.,Cálix, M.","Sabovljevic, M.","Allen, D.J.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Ptychostomum,inclinatum,,Ptychostomum inclinatum  ,(Sw. ex Brid.) J.R.Spence,"Bryum amblyodon Müll.Hal., which was also widely used as a name for the taxon in question, is conspecific with Ptychostomum pseudotriquetrum according to R. Ochyra, who studied the type (P. Erzberger pers. comm. 2017). Ptychostomum archangelicum (Bruch &Schimp.) J.R.Spence is amended to Ptychostomum inclinatum (Sw. ex Brid.) J.R.Spence (D. Holyoak pers. comm. Sept 2018).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The widespread, often-recorded Archangel Bryum (Ptychostomum inclinatum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, its presumably stable population trend and plenty of recent records. There are no known major threats to this species, and thus no conservation measures are required at present. It is known to occur in protected areas in Europe.",Stable,"This circumpolar boreo-temperate moss is widespread in Europe from Iceland and Svalbard southwards to Spain and the Balkans. It is present in the lowland and alpine zones of Europe (northern Europe and  high mountains in southern Europe), and is one of the most widespread  of the Bryaceae in Russia (Zolotov 2006). It is known elsewhere from the cold and temperate zones of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, including Australia and Antarctica (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This widespread species is often recorded across Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This moss grows mainly in unshaded basic habitats and dry, calcareous soils in cool temperate climates, on soil or sand (on dunes, in dune slacks and at saltmarsh edges), on rock ledges, in chalk pits and gravel pits, and on banks, roadsides or waste ground. It also grows sometimes in rock crevices, e.g. on limestone pavement or on basic rocks on mountains and cliffs, in high alpine grasslands and on walls and old buildings. It normally avoids acid substrates and peat, but O’Toole and Synnott (1971) found that in Ireland this species appeared as a colonist on freshly exposed peat one year after addition of calcium carbonate and phosphorus (Blockeel et al. 2014, Frey et al. 2006). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-3,000 m.",There are no known major threats to the species at the European level.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Czech Republic (Endangered), Luxembourg (Vulnerable), Switzerland (Vulnerable), the Netherlands (Vulnerable), Estonia (Vulnerable), Bulgaria (Near Threatened), Romania (Near Threatened), Austria (Risk Assumed) and Hungary (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas in Europe.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Weibull, H.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Ptychostomum,longisetum,,Ptychostomum longisetum  ,(Blandow ex Schwägr.) J.R.Spence,,No,CR,C2a(i),No,CR,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

Ptychostomum longisetum is found at relatively few localities across Europe. It is estimated that there are less than 250 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in both Europe and the EU 28. Each subpopulation has less than 50 individual-equivalents. In addition, there has been a historic decline in the range of this species and there is still an ongoing decline in the population size. There is a continuing decline in the extent of this habitat in Europe. This species is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered in both Europe and the EU 28.

Each site is threatened by habitat loss and degradation caused by trenching of rich fens. It is therefore important to protect all extant sites from trenching and other habitat destruction. However, this species has not been intensively searched for in recent years, which may account for the lack of recent records in the literature. It may therefore be more common than currently known. Further research is needed into its distribution, population size and trends, as well as into the impact of the known threats on the population.",Decreasing,"This is a montane species with relatively few localities. It is currently known from one site in Iceland, from northern Sweden, northern Norway (Finnmark) and eastwards to northern Finland and some parts of Russia (Murmansk region and Tartarstan, Ignatov et al. 2006), and south to Poland, Germany, the Czech Republic, Switzerland and Slovenia (Hodgetts 2015). This species has not been intensively searched for in recent years, which may account for the lack of recent records in the literature. It may therefore be more common than currently known. This species also occurs in North America (Spence 2014).

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 150 and 300 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is estimated to be around 100 km2 and the estimated EOO is around 1.1 million km2.","This is a rare species that is known from only a few scattered localities, mainly in northern Europe. The species has become extinct in Austria, Germany and the Czech Republic and most records of this species in Europe are old, from before 1950. In Switzerland, there is only one historical record from 1867 and the species may also be extinct there.

The subpopulations of this species are small and the species occurs in a scattered way. The spores are quite large and the species may have poor dispersal abilities. Most of these small subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a small probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.

It is estimated that there are less than 250 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and with 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent) in Europe and in the EU 28. Each subpopulation has less than 50 individual-equivalents. There has been a historical decline in the range of this species and there is still an ongoing decline in the population size.","This species grows on peat among mosses in calcium rich marshlands and inundated shores in the mountains. It is a demanding species occurring in, so called, 'rich fens', typically on wet mineral soil in exposed sub-alpine and alpine habitats (Hallingbäck et al. 2008). Most samples seem to have been collected in shallow rich fens or similar habitats because they often contain stems of mosses such as Campylium stellatum, Meesia uliginosa, Scorpidium cossonii and S. scorpioides (Mårtensson 1956). There is a continuing decline in the extent of this habitat in Europe.","Each site is threatened by habitat loss and degradation caused by trenching of rich fens, and habitat of this species is undergoing a continuing decline in its extent in Europe. A warmer climate can well be a future threat to this species through long periods of drought.","This species is included in the Red Lists of both Germany and Czech Republic as Regionally Extinct (RE). In Switzerland, it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD), in Finland as Endangered (EN), in Norway as Near Threatened (NT) and in Iceland as Lower Risk (Hodgetts 2015). The species is not known to occur within any protected areas.

Further research is needed into its distribution, population size and trend, as well as into the impact of the known threats on the population. It is important to protect all extant sites from trenching and other habitat destruction.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Laaka-Lindberg, S.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Ptychostomum,moravicum,,Ptychostomum moravicum  ,(Podp.) Ros &amp; Mazimpaka,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Syed's Thread-moss (Ptychostomum moravicum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its presumably stable population trend. No threats are known to this species and thus no conservation measures are required at present. It has been recorded from many National Parks across Europe.",Stable,"The European rangeof this circumpolar temperate moss extends from the Arctic to the Mediterranean and Macaronesia (Canary Islands). Elsewhere it has been recorded from North Africa (Algeria, Morocco), Asia and North America. The identity of similar plants in the West Indies and South America needs further investigation (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","This moss is common and widespread almost throughout Europe, and it is considered to have a stable population trend.","In north-western Europe, this moss characteristically grows on the bark of trees and bushes (especially elder, ash, sycamore and field maple), and is much more closely tied to this habitat than the allied and commoner Bryum capillare. It also occurs more rarely on stumps, rotten logs, rocks, soil and sedge tussocks. The epiphytic habitat does not prevail throughout Europe, since in the central Spanish Pyrenees it grows on thin soil over rocks (including limestone) and in Sweden on granitic boulders in forests, especially beneath trees with base-rich bark (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,570 m.",There are no known threats to this species at present.,No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Canary Islands (Data Deficient) and Malta (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It has been recorded from many National Parks across Europe.,There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Ganeva, A.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Ptychostomum,pallens,,Ptychostomum pallens  ,(Sw.) J.R.Spence,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Pale Thread-moss (Ptychostomum pallens ) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its large population and wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats to the species at the European level, and thus no conservation measures are required at present. It is known to occur in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This circumpolar wide-boreal moss is widespread in Europe from the Arctic to the Mediterranean region and Macaronesia (Canary Islands). Elsewhere it is circumboreal, occurring in Asia south to the Caucasus, Iran, Nepal and Japan, in North America and Greenland, and also in Rwanda, Zambia, Ecuador, Peru and Argentina (Tierra del Fuego) (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","This is a common and widespread species in Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend. However, the situation may not be simple. Analysis of records in Britain and Ireland since 1960 indicates a steady decline in both upland and lowland areas that is not easily explained. This contrasts with the dramatic increase reported from inland sites in the Netherlands (Blockeel et al. 2014). 

","This is a frequent moss occurring in varied unshaded or lightly shaded sites with damp substrates that vary from strongly basic to moderately acid. It grows on sand, gravel, soil, soft rocks or occasionally even peat. Habitats occupied include sand-dune slopes, dune slacks, gaps in grassland cover (in pastures including limestone and chalk  grasslands), pathways, roadsides, stream, river and lake edges, woodland rides and clearings, damp banks, quarries, sand pits, brick pits, and disturbed soil on waste ground. It is also found on wet rocks, crevices among rocks, sometimes growing in dense cushions on limestone, as well as on damp walls, and beside springs and upland flushes. It sometimes forms extensive bright pink patches, for example on base-rich lead mine spoil. There are a small number of records from cultivated fields (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,900 m.",There are no known threats to the species at the European level.,No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Canary Islands (Endangered) and Hungary (Vulnerable) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.,There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Ganeva, A.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Ptychostomum,pallescens,,Ptychostomum pallescens  ,(Schleich. ex Schwägr.) J.R.Spence,Ptychostomum boreale (F. Weber & D. Mohr) Ochyra & Bednarek-Ochyra is amended to Ptychostomum pallescens (Schleich. ex Schwägr.) J.R.Spence (D. Holyoak pers. comm. 2018) (Ochyra & Bednarek-Ochyra 2015).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The common and widespread, but overlooked Tall-clustered Thread-moss (Ptychostomum pallescens) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, andits presumably stable population trend. It grows in a wide variety of habitats, and there are no known threats to this species.",Stable,"This is a circumpolar boreo-temperate species with a range in Europe that extends from Iceland and Svalbard southwards to the Mediterranean region and Macaronesia (Canary Islands). Elsewhere it occurs in North and Central Africa, Asia, North, Central and South America, Greenland, New Zealand and the Antarctic Peninsula (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","There is little information on the population structure and size of this species. However, it is known to be common and widespread and also overlooked, and its overall population trend can be considered stable.","This species grows on soil (e.g. on roadsides, waste ground, in quarries or sand/gravel pits), on sand dunes and in crevices in rocks and walls, mostly in open places on basic to mildly acid substrates. It particularly favours places that are polluted by metals – beneath dripping, galvanized roofs, metal roofs and windows, abandoned metal mines, and at the base of galvanized crash barriers. However, it also occurs in places that lack high concentrations of metals, such as on soil in quarries and dunes, in crevices of rocks and walls, and on concrete (Blockeel et al. 2014, Atherton et al. 2010). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-3,270 m.",There are no known threats to this species.,"This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Luxembourg (Vulnerable), Bulgaria (Data Deficient), Hungary (Data Deficient), Germany (Data Deficient), Sicily (Data Deficient), Canary Islands (Data Deficient) and San Marino (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Laaka-Lindberg, S.","Sabovljevic, M.","Englefield, E.,Weibull, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Ptychostomum,pseudotriquetrum,,Ptychostomum pseudotriquetrum  ,(Hedw.) J.R.Spence &amp; H.P.Ramsay ex Holyoak &amp; N.Pedersen,"There are two varieties, var. bimum (Schreb.) Lilj. and var. pseudotriquetrum, distinguished solely by their sexuality (var. bimum is synoicous, var. pseudotriquetrum dioicous).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Marsh Bryum (Ptychostomum pseudotriquetrum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its large population and wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its presumably stable population trend. There are no major threats to the species at the European level, except that its wetland habitats are generally under pressure. It is known to occur in protected areas across Europe, offering it some protection from threats.",Stable,"This species occurs throughout Europe from the Arctic to the Mediterranean region and Macaronesia. It is widely distributed throughout cold and temperate circumpolar zones, and thus is present in North and South America, Asia, Africa and New Zealand (Flora of North America editorial committee 2014). It is also present in Antarctica (Smith 2004). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","This is a common and widespread species of moss, and it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This is a common moss in unshaded or lightly shaded moist to wet places, with at least slight base available, on soil, peat, among other bryophytes or low phanerogams, as well as on rock or in rock crevices. It is especially characteristic of flushes and streams in hill or mountain regions, and of dune slacks and fens with short vegetation, but it occurs in many other habitats with comparable conditions, e.g. flushed rocks, including sea cliffs, short wet grassland, wet heaths, wet soil near late-lying snow patches in the mountains and the shores of pools and lakes, as well as in old quarries, mine workings and other disturbed habitats such as wet tracksides. It occasionally grows submerged or in places subject to regular inundation (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-3,300 m.","There are no major threats to the species at the European level, except that wetlands generally are under pressure.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Canary Islands (Vulnerable), Andorra (Near Threatened) and Malta (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in protected areas in Europe.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Vellak, K.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Ptychostomum,rubens,,Ptychostomum rubens  ,(Mitt.) Holyoak &amp; N.Pedersen,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Crimson-tuber Thread-moss (Ptychostomum rubens) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its large population and wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its presumably stable population trend. There are no major threats to it at the European level, and thus no conservation measures are required at present. This species has been reported from Moricsala Island Nature Reserve in Latvia, and no doubt occurs in many other protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This European temperate species is widespread in Europe from central Scandinavia southwards to Portugal, Spain, Italy, the Balkans and Macaronesia. Elsewhere it occurs in the Caucasus,  North Africa (Tunisia), Turkey, Pakistan, India, Japan, North America (rare, presumably introduced), Brazil and New Zealand (presumably introduced) (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","This common species is widely distributed across Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This moss is common on slightly acid to highly basic disturbed soils in a wide range of habitats, including gardens, soil heaps, banks, molehills in pastures, churchyards, sand dunes, cliff tops, roadsides, woodland rides and waste ground. It is frequent in most types of arable field, often abundant and tolerating considerable fertiliser applications, occurring with Tortula truncata and few other mosses in the most eutrophicated fields (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,120 m.

It is dioicous but capsules are frequent. Rhizoidal tubers are frequent.",There are no major threats to the species at the European level.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Romania (Critically Endangered), Canary Islands (Vulnerable), Estonia (Vulnerable) and Bulgaria (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). This species has been reported from Moricsala Island Nature Reserve in Latvia, and no doubt occurs in many other protected areas.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Erzberger, P.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Ptychostomum,torquescens,,Ptychostomum torquescens  ,(Bruch &amp; Schimp.) Ros. &amp; Mazimpaka,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Twisting Thread-moss (Ptychostomum torquescens) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, many recent records of its occurrence and its presumably stable population trend. The threats to this species are unknown but likely to be few, and so no conservation measures at the European level are required at present. This species is part of an ex-situ bryophyte collection maintained in-vitro in Belgrade University Botanical Gardens. It has been recorded as occurring in protected areas across Europe.



",Stable,"This Mediterranean-Atlantic moss is widely distributed in Europe from Scotland, southern Sweden and the Czech Republic to Macaronesia and the Mediterranean basin, where it is common. It has not been recorded from European Russia. Elsewhere it is known in Africa, Asia, North, Central and South America, Australia and New Zealand. However, knowledge of its global range is incomplete because of confusion with B. capillare or treatment as a synonym of that species (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","This is a fairly widespread species across Europe, and the population trend is considered stable.","This moss typically grows on calcareous soil in open sunny places, especially on free-draining substrates. It occurs on banks, in open patches in grassland, on roadsides, about old quarries, on the top of sea cliffs, in sand dunes and on thin soil overlying rocks, especially limestone but also hard metamorphic rocks, serpentinite and concrete.

Typical associates includeCtenidium molluscum, Fissidens dubius, Weissia spp. and, in coastal sites, Trichostomum brachydontium (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 5-1,470 m.","The threats to this species are unknown but likely to be few, if any.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Sweden (Regionally Extinct), the Netherlands (Endangered), Ireland (Vulnerable), Northern Ireland (Vulnerable), Bulgaria (Vulnerable), Hungary (Vulnerable),  Romania (Near Threatened), Germany (Risk Assumed), Czech Republic (Data Deficient) and Slovenia (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is part of an ex-situ bryophyte collection maintained in vitro in Belgrade University Botanical Gardens. It has been recorded as occurring in protected areas.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Virtanen, R.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Ptychostomum,zieri,,Ptychostomum zieri  ,(Hedw.) Holyoak &amp; N.Pedersen,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The common Zierian Alpine Hump-moss (Ptychostomum zieri) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, many recent reports of its occurrence, a large population size of over 10,000 individual equivalents and its presumably stable population trend. There are no major threats to the species at the European level, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It is found in many protected areas in Europe.",Stable,"This is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane moss widely distributed in northern and montane parts of Europe. Elsewhere it occurs in North Africa (Morocco), Turkey, Caucasus, the Himalayas, northern and central Asia, Japan, North America, Greenland and southern Africa (Natal, Lesotho) (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for this species largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","This species is quite common in most montane areas. The subpopulations are small but there are many of them, and it is not considered to be severely fragmented. Its overall population trend is stable. Its population size is etimated at greater than 10,000 individual equivalents (one individual equivalent is considered as one square metre).","This mos is locally frequent in montane regions, as tufts, small patches or intermixed with other bryophytes on soil on damp shaded ledges or in crevices of basic rocks. It is often a temporary colonist of small patches of exposed soil, most often on north- or east-facing montane crags of limestone, mica-schist, volcanic tuff, gabbro, basalt, or calcareous sandstone, growing with Anoectangium aestivum, Ctenidium molluscum, Pohlia cruda and Tortella tortuosa. It also grows on bare soil and fine gravel in gullies on shaded cliffs, sometimes with Poa alpina and Saxifraga oppositifolia. More rarely it occurs in crevices of basic rock walls of ravines and gullies, often associated with Bryoerythrophyllum ferruginascens, and on bare soil amongst rocks influenced by base-rich seepage (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 30-2,880 m. It is dioicous, and capsules are occasional to frequent.",There are no major threats to this species at the European level.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists:  Czech Republic (Endangered), Bulgaria (Vulnerable), Hungary (Vulnerable), Spain (Vulnerable), Belgium (Threatened), Finland (Near Threatened), Germany (Near Threatened), Switzerland (Near Threatened), Ireland (Near threatened), Northern Ireland (Near Threatened) and Albania (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in many protected areas in Europe.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Ignatova, E.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M.","Papp, B.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Pulvigera,lyellii,,Pulvigera lyellii  ,"(Hook. &amp; Taylor) Plášek, Sawicki &amp; Ochyra",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Pulvigera lyellii is widespread in the northern hemisphere. It is frequently recorded across Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 12 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be at least 1,736 km2.  The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be stable. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

Little is known about the major threats affecting this species, but it is probably impacted by anthropogenic pressure on epiphytic habitats or by expected climate change. Further research on the threats to this species is therefore required.

",Stable,"This is a suboceanic temperate species, that is widespread in the northern hemisphere with a clear preference for areas with an oceanic-Mediterranean climate. In Europe, this species is widely distributed from Scandinavia, and the British Isles to the basin of the Mediterranean area in Portugal, Spain and North Africa, west to Turkey extending northwards to Ukraine and westwards to Madeira and the Canary Islands (Ros et al. 2013).

In southeastern Europe, this species has so far been reported from the most countries (Sabovljević et al. 2008).

This species is also distributed in a disjunct area in western North America, from Alaska and California to Mexico (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2014). Based on the most recent available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 12 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be at least 1,736 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level to more than 1,800 m Asl in Switzerland.



",This species is widespread and is frequently recorded across Europe in ecological and floristic studies. The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be stable. The distribution centre the seems to be British Islands (Blockeel et al. 2014) and Iberian Peninsula where the species is frequent (Lara and Garilleti 2014),"This is an epiphytic species that is found in open bryophyte community. It is found on isolated trees or in woods. It occurs with a clear preference in areas with an oceanic-Mediterranean influence or with a temperate climate. This species is very sensitive to sulphur dioxide levels or other air pollutants, and so it is frequently absent in industrial areas or in center of cities.","Little is known about the major threats affecting this species, but it is probably impacted by anthropogenic pressure on epiphytic habitats or by expected climate change. Other human-induced changes such as forest management can negatively impact the species, as well as the air pollution and fire.","There is no specific conservation action currently in place for this species, and no conservation action is currently required. This species is not threatened in many of the countries where it is found. However, it is evaluated as Critically Endangered (CR) in Finland and as Vulnerable (VU) in Slovenia (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in numerous protected areas throughout its range. Further research on the threats to this species is required.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Hodgetts, N.,Mazimpaka, V.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C., Garcia, C. & Lara, F.","Puglisi, M.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Pylaisia,polyantha,,Pylaisia polyantha  ,(Hedw.) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Many-flowered Leskea (Pylaisia polyantha) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many recent records and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats to this species and so no conservation measures are required at present. This species is found in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This circumpolar temperate moss is widespread in Europe (not in Iceland), but not uncommon through most of Scandinavia and reaching Arctic Russia (Smith 2004). It is rare in the south and the Mediterranean region, extending to Sicily, Macaronesia (Canary Islands), Algeria (doubtfully), Turkey, Caucasus, Iran, temperate and boreal Asia, and also occurs in North America south to Mexico (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","This is a widespread species in Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend. Pylaisia polyantha has increased in Britain in recent decades (Blockeel et al. 2014).","This is an epiphyte on the trunks and branches of a range of broadleaved trees and shrubs by roadsides, in hedgerows and orchards, in open woodland and scrub, on river banks and near quarries. It sometimes persists on stumps and logs. It is found on a very wide range of trees, including apple, ash, elder, elm, sallow, sycamore and willow, occurring on twigs as well as on the trunks and larger branches (Atherton et al. 2010). In the Peak District and perhaps elsewhere it occurs in great abundance on trees near limestone quarries, and it may benefit from the deposition of dust and particles. Its British range, especially its absence from Ireland and western Scotland, reflects the continental tendencies

shown by its distribution in Europe. Although it has recently been found at several sites in south Wales on a wide range of hedgerow shrubs, most of these are in the least oceanic areas (Blockeelet al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-2,400 m.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Canary Islands (Endangered), Sicily (Near Threatened) and Portugal (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is found in protected areas across its range in Europe.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Duckett, J.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Pylaisia,selwynii,,Pylaisia selwynii  ,Kindb.,,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)



Pylaisia selwynii is sporadically distributed in the boreal and mixed forests of European Russia. The species has a large geographic range, with the extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 1.2 million km2. The subpopulations of this species are numerous and abundant, and the current population trend is considered to be stable. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe. The main threat to this species is the reduction of forest areas, but the impact of logging may be ambiguous, and the extension of this species range may be connected with increasing of aspen forests area due to the human activity. Further research of the population size and trends of this species are needed.

This species is not found in the EU 28, and is therefore Not Evaluated.",Stable,"This species is distributed in the boreal and temperate forests of Russia, China and Japan, as well as in North America where it is the most frequent and common species of the genus (Arikawa 2014). In Europe, it is known from European Russia where it is more often in the middle and south taiga sub-zones (Ignatov and Ignatova 2004, Ignatov et al. 2006). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species in Europe is estimated to be around 1.2 million km2 (based on total area within a minimum convex polygon around all known occurrences) and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 240 km2 (based on a 2x2 km grid overlay on the range map). This species is not found in the EU 28. The altitudinal range of the species is between 50 and 900 m Asl.","The subpopulations of this species are numerous and abundant. The species often grows in a small patches (up to 2-5 cm2)  among other epiphytic bryophytes. It is frequently fertile. No special research of the subpopulations have been conducted, but the population trend of this species seem to be stable, or maybe slightly increasing. Probably, the extension of this species range may be connected with increasing of aspen forests area due to human activity.

A lot of its habitats were revealed quite recently, in the last two decades. There is therefore a lack of historical records.","This species grows in spruce-aspen, spruce-pine, aspen and aspen-birch forests on the bark of aspen (the main host-tree of Pylaisia selwynii). More rarely, it is found on the trunks of elm, ash, oak, willow, on deadwood and old concrete (Ignatov and Ignatova 2004, Andrejeva 2010). In the Leningrad province of Russia, the distribution of this species is connected with massifs of old-growth forests (Doroshina et al. 2016). In the Urals, this species often grows in secondary aspen forests that replace indigenous forests after clear-cutting during the natural reforestation (Baisheva et al. 2015).","The main threat to this species is the reduction of forest areas, but the impact of logging may be ambiguous. In the Leningrad province of Russia, the distribution of this species is connected with massifs of old-growth forests (Doroshina et al. 2016). In the Urals, this species often grows in secondary aspen forests that replace indigenous forests after clear-cutting during the natural reforestation (Baisheva et al. 2015). Probably, the extension of this species range may be connected with increasing of aspen forests area due to the human activity.","This species is assessed in the Leningrad province as Vulnerable (VU), in the Republic of Bashkortostan as rare (R) and the Republic of Mari El as insufficiently known species (4) (Tzvelev 2000, Mirkin 2011, Bogdanov et al. 2013). Some subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Further research of the population size and trends of this species are needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Patiño, J.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,FUNARIALES,FUNARIACEAE,Pyramidula,tetragona,,Pyramidula tetragona  ,(Brid.) Brid.,,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Pyramidula tetragona has a Submediterranean-suboceanic distribution and it is present in northern and central Europe. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 340 km2 in Europe and 292 km2 in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to ongoing threats. 

Habitat loss could be attributed to the intensification of grazing and farming, and the use of herbicides and fertilizers, as well as the cessation of agricultural practices followed by subsequent colonisation of bushes and trees. Climatic conditions are also very important since this species appears in spring after particularly humid seasons. It may therefore be threatened by temperature extremes brought about by climate change. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is recommended, and appropriate site management of the sites where the species is known to occur is important. Creating strips of uncultivated land or less intensively cultivated areas at the edges of the fields could benefit the species. Protecting the rocky outcrops where the species can still be found is also recommended.",Unknown,"Pyramidula tetragona has a Submediterranean-suboceanic distribution. It is present in northern and central Europe. Outside of Europe it is also found in North America, in northeast and southwest of Asia and in northern Africa (ECCB 1995, Papp et al. 2010, Høitomt et al. 2012, Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is 340 km2 in Europe and 292 km2 in the EU 28.","This species in general is rare and forms small subpopulations with a high fluctuation over the years in size. Under favorable conditions it appears to be able to develop mature sporophytes twice a year. In most of its distribution area, the summer is quite hot and dry and not suitable for growth and reproduction. Its life strategy is best described as an annual shuttle. In times of unfavorable conditions, such as drought or frost, it probably survives by creating a diaspore bank. The current population trend is unknown. This species has large spores and underground tubers that are not well suited for long-distance dispersion (Papp et al. 2010, Høitomt et al. 2012). The subpopulations are therefore small and isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. Thus, the population is considered to be severely fragmented.","This is an annual shuttle species, and it prefers moist and clayey soils, and is found in arable fields and grasslands or around rock outcrops (Cortini Pedrotti 2001, Dierssen 2001, Høitomt et al. 2012).","No specific threats are reported, but habitat loss could be attributed to the intensification of grazing and farming, and the use of herbicides and fertilizers, as well as the cessation of agricultural practices followed by subsequent colonisation of bushes and trees.Climatic conditions are also very important since this species appears in spring after particularly humid seasons (ECCB 1995, Papp et al. 2010, Høitomt et al. 2012). It may therefore be threatened by temperature extremes brought about by climate change.","This species is included in Annex I of the Bern Convention. This species is at risk of extinction in several countries and regions (e.g., Germany, Sicily) and it is included in many national Red Lists (e.g., Finland, Serbia and Montenegro, Sweden, Hungary, Romania and Switzerland). Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is recommended, and appropriate site management of the sites where the species is known to occur is important. Creating strips of uncultivated land or less intensively cultivated areas at the edges of the fields could benefit the species. Protecting the rocky outcrops where the species can still be found is also recommended. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Cronberg, N.,Englefield, E.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Racomitrium,aciculare,,Racomitrium aciculare  ,(Hedw.) Brid.,"Racomitrium has been split into four genera by some authors (e.g., Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2007), but molecular work does not support this (e.g., Larrain et al. 2013).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Yellow Fringe-moss (Racomitrium aciculare) is a suboceanic boreo-temperate moss that is widespread in Europe, especially in the west, north to Iceland, the Faroes and northern Norway, and south to the mountains of the Mediterranean region, extending rarely eastwards to the Ural mountains; it also occurs in Macaronesia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and widespread in much of Europe, and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"The Yellow Fringe-moss (Racomitrium aciculare) is a suboceanic boreo-temperate moss that is widespread in Europe, especially in the west, north to Iceland, the Faroes and northern Norway, and south to the mountains of the Mediterranean region, extending rarely eastwards to the Ural mountains; it also occurs in Macaronesia. Elsewhere it occurs in the Caucasus, North Africa, Turkey, eastern Asia (Japan) and North America from southern Alaska and Labrador south to Arizona (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 5,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 16.8 million km².","This is a common species over much of Europe, at least in western and upland areas. The current population trend is stable.","This species normally forms green to blackish tufts or patches on rocks that are at least periodically wet. Its most characteristic habitat is on rocks and boulders in and by clear, fast-flowing streams and rivers, where it is inundated only in periods of flood and high water, and it also occurs by upland lakes. It is usually on well-illuminated rocks or in light shade, sometimes in rather heavy shade. It occurs on a wide variety of rock types ranging from acid to mildly basic, provided that these are hard enough for a firm attachment, but it generally avoids highly calcareous strata. Common associates are Marsupella emarginata, Scapania undulata, Dichodontium pellucidum, Hygrohypnum ochraceum, Hyocomium armoricum and Sciuro-hypnum plumosum, but on mildly basic rocks it sometimes occurs with riparian Schistidium species and Cinclidotus fontinaloides. It colonises man-made structures such as bridge bases and reservoir embankments. Occasionally it is found in places remote from water, especially on boulders and wall tops, and sometimes it occurs in very dry sites, as on intrusions of igneous rock in limestone areas. More rarely it turns up in areas that lack natural rock outcrops, growing on damp paving slabs and gutters, particularly in churchyards. Very unusual habitats have included old tarmac and metal pipes, and isolated tufts have been found on tree trunks. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 2,600 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014).



It is dioicous; capsules are produced freely, maturing in spring.",There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and common species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is included in a few Red Lists near the edge of its range and where there are few natural rock outcrops: it has been assessed as Vulnerable in the Canary Islands, the Netherlands, Slovenia and Estonia. It is considered Data Deficient in Hungary (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Tsakiri, E.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Racomitrium,affine,,Racomitrium affine  ,(Schleich. ex F.Weber &amp; D.Mohr) Lindb.,"Racomitrium has been split into four genera by some authors  (e.g., Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2007), but molecular  work does not support this (e.g., Larrain et al. 2013).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Lesser Fringe-moss (Racomitrium affine) is a European temperate species occurring in Madeira, the Faroe Islands, southern and western Fennoscandia, northwestern Russia, the mountains of central Europe, but only rarely in southern Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common in the main part of its range, the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. In spite of patchy recording owing to historical taxonomic confusion, and confusion in the field with related species of Racomitrium, the species is not currently threatened and no conservation actions are needed.",Stable,"The Lesser Fringe-moss (Racomitrium affine) is a European temperate species occurring in Madeira, the Faroe Islands, southern and western Fennoscandia, northwestern Russia, the mountains of central Europe, but only rarely in southern Europe. Records from Belarus and Cyprus are unconfirmed. Elsewhere it is known from Turkey, Caucasus, and eastern and western North America (Blockeel et al. 2014).This species has not been recorded consistently, as its taxonomy was only elucidated relatively recently (Frisvoll 1988), so this information will not be entirely complete. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 2,828 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8.6 million km².","The current population trend is considered to be stable, since the species is common in upland parts of western Europe and there is no indication of decline. The population is not severely fragmented and the population size is over 10,000 mature individuals.","Like Racomitrium heterostichum this species grows on a wide range of acid to mildly basic rocks. Although the two species sometimes occur together, R. affine is less common at higher altitudes and is often found in sheltered places on outcrops and boulders in light woodland and on the banks of streams. It extends to moister habitats on periodically irrigated rock faces, where R. aquaticum has been recorded as an associate. However, it may also occur on exposed rocks on hill summits, upland cliffs and moorland. Human-made habitats include boulders by reservoirs, quarries, wall tops, roof tiles and occasionally gravestones. Recorded associates includeAndreaea rupestris, other species of Racomitrium and Cynodontium polycarpon. It normally grows on hard rock surfaces but has been recorded from turf over coastal shingle. Its altitudinal range is from 5 m up to 3,000 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). 



It is dioicous; capsules are occasional, maturing in spring.",There appear to be no major threats to this widespread species.,"No conservation measures are required at present for this species, which is common in upland parts of western Europe. It is, however, rarer at the edge of its range, and has been assessed as Vulnerable in Bulgaria and Luxembourg, as Near Threatened in Slovakia, and as Data Deficient in Hungary, Madeira and Montenegro (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in protected areas. 

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Denyer, J.,Cálix, M.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N., Schröck, C., Sergio, C. & Untereiner, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Racomitrium,aquaticum,,Racomitrium aquaticum  ,(Brid. ex Schrad.) Brid.,"Racomitrium has been split into four genera by some authors  (e.g., Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2007), but molecular  work does not support this (e.g., Larrain et al. 2013).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Narrow-leaved Fringe-moss (Racomitrium aquaticum) is a suboceanic temperate moss that is distributed throughout Europe in upland areas to north of the Arctic Circle in Norway (where it is rare), southwest to the Azores, Madeira and Tenerife, and east to the Carpathian and southern Ural mountains; it is very rare in the Mediterranean region. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, is fairly common in the hills of northwestern Europe, and there is no indication of decline in this core area. However, there may be some threat and decline in central and southern Europe. Few conservation measures are required at present, although monitoring of some of the edge-of-range subpopulations may be desirable, and even protection where it is rare.",Unknown,"The Narrow-leaved Fringe-moss (Racomitrium aquaticum) is a suboceanic temperate moss that is distributed throughout Europe in upland areas to north of the Arctic Circle in Norway (where it is rare), southwest to the Azores, Madeira and Tenerife, and east to the Carpathian and southern Ural mountains; it is very rare in the Mediterranean region. Elsewhere it occurs in northeastern Turkey and the Caucasus. Records from other parts of the world apparently belong to related species, so it is very nearly a European endemic (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 3,900 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 14.4 million km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown, although some marginal subpopulations may be declining.","This large moss forms flattish, often pendent olive to dark green patches on acid rocks, typically in places kept at least intermittently wet by seepage in winter, but often drying out in summer, and not subject to regular inundation. It is most often on vertical or near-vertical crags where water runs or trickles, but also on inclined, flushed slabs on rocky hillsides and stream banks, though it is not normally a riparian species. It may colonise rock cuttings and rock faces in old quarries. Frequent associates include Andreaea rothii, A. rupestris, Marsupella  emarginata, Diplophyllum albicans, Racomitrium heterostichum, Scapania nemorea, Heterocladium  heteropterum, Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans. Campylopus atrovirens is a regular associate in strongly oceanic areas. Rarely, it occurs on soil in late-snow patches at high altitudes, even forming swelling tufts around high-level springs and the streams that come from them. It usually grows in open brightly lit sites, but can tolerate moderate shade. It is commonest and most conspicuous at moderate altitudes. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 3,000 m Asl (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).



It is dioicous; capsules are occasional, maturing in spring.","While not threatened in its core range in the hills of western Europe, this calcifuge species is rather rare and threatened in the central European mountains by the spreading of limestone dust in forests, insensitive water management and perhaps other negative  influences.","This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Hungary, Endangered in the Canary Islands, Near Threatened in Slovakia and Slovenia, and Data Deficient in Sardinia (where it has not been recorded recently) and Montenegro (Hodgetts 2015). Few conservation measures are required at present, although monitoring of some of the edge-of-range subpopulations may be desirable, and even protection where it is rare. It occurs in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Tsakiri, E.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Racomitrium,canescens,,Racomitrium canescens  ,(Hedw.) Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Hoary Fringe-moss (Racomitrium canescens) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO, ca. 12 million km2) and area of occupancy (AOO, 3,032 km2) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It is known to occur in protected areas.",Stable,"This circumpolar boreo-arctic montane species is common throughout much of central and northern Europe and in the mountains of the Mediterranean region (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it occurs in Turkey and the Caucasus, and in Asia south to the Himalayas and east to Japan, and North America from southern Alaska, British Columbia and Newfoundland south to Colorado (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe the extent of occurrence (EOO), estimated at ca. 12 million km2, and area of occupancy (AOO), estimated at 3,032 km2, greatly surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","This is a widespread species across Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This is a mainly lowland plant of sandy heaths, short dune grassland and stony soil over basic rock in rather dry situations. It is usually at least weakly calcicolous, at least in Britain and Ireland, often being found on limestone and basic igneous rocks such as gabbro and basalt (Atherton et al. 2010). It also extends to high altitudes on gravelly limestone rock ledges and slopes, and like the other species of the Racomitrium canescens group it colonises broken ground in old quarries. Associates on calcareous ground include Abietinella abietina, Flexitrichum gracile and Entodon concinnus. It is widespread in coastal habitats, especially in open areas and in rabbit-grazed turf on calcareous dunes, but also on broken rock ledges and slopes (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-3,300 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Ireland (Vulnerable), North Ireland (Vulnerable), the Netherlands (Vulnerable), Sicily (Near Threatened) and Germany (Near Threatened) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Górski, P.,Fettes, N.D.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Racomitrium,ellipticum,,Racomitrium ellipticum  ,(Turner) Bruch &amp; Schimp.,"Racomitrium has been split into four genera by some authors  (e.g., Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2007), but molecular  work does not support this (e.g., Larrain et al. 2013).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Oval-fruited Fringe-moss (Racomitrium ellipticum) is an oceanic boreal-montane moss confined to northwestern Europe from Britain and Ireland to the Faroe Islands, Iceland and western Norway; there is an outlying locality in the Anaga massif in northern Tenerife (Canary Islands). This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is frequent or even locally abundant in suitable habitats in its core range, and there is no evidence of decline, either here or at its outlying site in Tenerife. However, the subpopulation in Tenerife is very small, and suffers from trampling by visitors, and is potentially vulnerable to climate change and collection by botanists. No conservation measures are required at present, but regular monitoring is recommended at the Tenerife site.",Stable,"The Oval-fruited Fringe-moss (Racomitrium ellipticum) is an oceanic boreal-montane moss confined to northwestern Europe from Britain and Ireland to the Faroe Islands, Iceland and western Norway; there is an outlying locality in the Anaga massif in northern Tenerife (Canary Islands). It has also recently been reported from Turkey (Giresun), and is listed for Japan (Blockeel et al. 2014). Reports from Portugal, Spain and Jan Mayen in Blockeel et al. (2014) are assumed to be errors. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 2,516 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4.6 million km².","This species is frequent or even locally abundant in suitable habitats in its core range. Records show an increasing trend, but this may be because of increased recording in upland areas rather than reflecting a real increase; however, there is no reason to suppose it is decreasing, and the current trend is therefore considered to be stable. The subpopulation in Tenerife is very small (Garilleti and Albertos 2012). 

","This species typically forms small dark green tufts on mountain rock faces that are usually slightly basic, most commonly on igneous and metamorphic strata such as gneiss and basalt. It is characteristic of slabby rocks, less often on the vertical faces of montane crags that are sheltered from direct sunlight and where there is some seepage or periodic irrigation. Many sites are therefore in north-facing mountain corries, but it has also been recorded on rocks in block litter, and on boulders by streams and lochs. It is also a frequent component of the flora in the inundation zone of burns. Andreaea alpina and Blindia acuta are common associates, and it may be accompanied by small liverworts such as Hygrobiella laxifolia and Marsupella emarginata. Its altitudinal range is from 10 m up to 990 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Tenerife it is restricted to rocks that are often enveloped in fog (Garilleti and Albertos 2012).



Dioicous; capsules are produced freely, mature in early summer.","There are no known threats to this species over most of its range. However, the outlying site in Tenerife suffers from trampling by visitors, and is potentially vulnerable to climate change and, because of the very small size of this subpopulation, collecting by botanists (Garilleti and Albertos 2012).","No conservation measures are required at present. It is regarded as Critically Endangered at its one outlying site in the Canary Islands (Tenerife), where regular monitoring is recommended (Garilleti and Albertos 2012). It occurs in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Hedenäs, L.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Racomitrium,elongatum,,Racomitrium elongatum  ,Ehrh. ex Frisvoll,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Long Fringe-moss (Racomitrium elongatum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO, 10.3 million km2) and area of occupancy (AOO, 3,304 km2) greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level, and so no conservation measures are required at present. This species is known to occur in protected areas in Europe.",Stable,"This suboceanic boreo-temperate species is widespread in western and central Europe, north to Iceland, the Faroe Islands and north Norway, and south to Macaronesia and the mountains of the Mediterranean region (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it occurs in Turkey, northern Russia and the Russian Far East, North America and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO), estimated at over 10.3 million km2, and area of occupancy (AOO), estimated at 3,304 km2, greatly surpass the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory.","This is a widespread species across most of Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This species grows abundantly in dry, sunny and sandy or clay habitats, in pine forests, on steep path sides, on dunes, in heaths and in grassy places (Bednarek-Ochyra 1995, Soltes 2008). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-3,000 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Ireland (Vulnerable), Northern Ireland (Vulnerable), the Netherlands (Vulnerable), Bulgaria (Data Deficient), Montenegro (Data Deficient) and Romania (Not Evaluated) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in protected areas in Europe.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Orgaz Alvarez, J.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Racomitrium,ericoides,,Racomitrium ericoides  ,(Brid.) Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Dense Fringe-moss (Racomitrium ericoides) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO, 8.2 million km2) and area of occupancy (AOO, 3,180 km2) both greatly surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many recent records and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level, and so no conservation measures are required at present. This species is found in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This is a moss with a suboceanic wide-boreal distribution. It is widespread in Europe, but commonest in the west, reaching Svalbard in the north, less common in the south than R. elongatum and absent from most of the Mediterranean region (Smith 2004). Globally it is circumboreal, being recorded from Turkey, Japan and North America (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO), estimated at over 8.2 million km2, and area of occupancy (AOO), estimated at 3,180 km2, both surpass the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory.","This is a widespread and common species across much of Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This species is common in a wide range of open habitats. It occurs on dry or intermittently moist sandy or gritty soils from near sea level to high altitudes, sometimes in natural habitats on gravelly streamsides, open turf and rock ledges, but perhaps more often by the sides of tracks, forest roads, and in old quarries and pits. When growing in turf, it favours thin soil over rocks and stony ground, and may occur in turn at the edge of gravelly flushes (Atherton et al. 2010). Rarely it grows directly on rock surfaces and old wall tops. It is sometimes mixed with R. elongatum, and other associates include Scapania irrigua, Calliergonella cuspidata, Pogonatum urnigerum, Pohlia annotina and Polytrichum juniperinum. Although commoner on moderately acid ground, it sometimes grows in limestone grassland or on thin soil over limestone (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-3,215 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Romania (Endangered), Luxembourg (Vulnerable), the Netherlands (Vulnerable), Slovakia (Data Deficient) and Albania (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is found in protected areas across its range in Europe.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Cronberg, N.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Racomitrium,fasciculare,,Racomitrium fasciculare  ,(Schrad. ex Hedw.) Brid.,"Racomitrium has been split into four genera by some authors  (e.g., Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2007), but molecular  work does not support this (e.g., Larrain et al. 2013).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Green mountain Fringe-moss (Racomitrium fasciculare) is a European Boreo-temperate species which occurs in western and northern Europe, north to Iceland and Svalbard, in the mountains of central Europe south to the Pyrenees, and Bulgaria, and east to the Carpathian and Ural mountains. It also occurs in the Azores and Madeira. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, there is no evidence of decline in its core area in the north and west, and there appear to be no major threats to it. It is rare and possibly locally threatened in some of its more marginal areas, but no conservation research or action are currently needed at the European level.",Stable,"The Green mountain Fringe-moss (Racomitrium fasciculare) is a European Boreo-temperate species which occurs in western and northern Europe, north to Iceland and Svalbard, in the mountains of central Europe south to the Pyrenees, and Bulgaria, and east to the Carpathian and Ural mountains. It also occurs in the Azores and Madeira. Elsewhere it is rare in northern and eastern Russia, and occurs in Japan, North America (south to Colorado), and Tahiti (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at ca 5,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 18.7 million km².","The population size of this species is unknown in detail, but it is very large. The current trend appears to be stable in its core areas of distribution in the north and west.","This is a very characteristic species of dry or moist acid rock surfaces, forming low, lax, yellow-green or brownish to olivaceous mats of richly branched shoots. It grows on a wide range of rock types, extending to mildly basic igneous rocks, but not on limestones. It is usually found on horizontal or slightly inclined surfaces, growing in boulder fields and scree, as well as on isolated rocks on hillsides, moorland and stream banks, and below cliffs; it is also common in old quarries and on walls, occasionally on roof slates and tiles. Common associates include Andreaea rupestris, other species of Racomitrium, especially R. affine and R. heterostichum, and in some areas Hedwigia stellata, Kiaeria  blyttii, Marsupella emarginata, Grimmia donnianaand Cynodontium  polycarpon. It is not shade-tolerant and is usually found in the open or in light woodland. Although most common in upland and montane areas, it is occasionally found in lowland regions that lack suitable rock outcrops, growing on roof tiles, stone walls and flagstones, especially in churchyards (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 2,700 m Asl.



It is dioicous; capsules are frequent, maturing in late spring, occasionally later.

",There are no known major threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present, and it is known to occur in protected areas. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Luxembourg, as Endangered in Romania, Slovenia and Madeira, as Vulnerable in Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland and Estonia; also as Near Threatened in Slovakia and as Data Deficient in Bulgaria (Hodgetts 2015).

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Ingerpuu, N.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Racomitrium,hespericum,,Racomitrium hespericum  ,"Sérgio, J.Muñoz &amp; Ochyra","Bednarek-Ochyra (2006) synonymized R. hespericum with R. aciculare. However, Muñoz et al. (2015) highlighted the differences between them.",Yes,NT,B2b(iii),Yes,NT,,EU28,,"Racomitrium hespericum is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. Subpopulations are abundant when there is a suitable habitat. Based on all records of the species from Portugal and Spain, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 123,478 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 248 km2. There has been some increase in known localities, partly due to an improved knowledge of the plant’s niches and ecology. On other hand, it is a species that must be given some special attention as it is an endemic of the Iberian Peninsula and occurs preferentially in riparian habitats with some sensitivity. The overall current population trend is considered to be decreasing. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.



The species might be seriously affected by the fragility of the aquatic habitats, due to eutrophication and pollution as well as increasingly artificial habitats (using concrete in canals). It may also be affected in the future by climate change.



Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to assess other existing threats. The impacts of water pollution require better understanding.",Decreasing,"

This species is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. The species was described in 1995 from different sites of northern Portugal and Spain in aquatic habitats, submerged or in water currents, often living associated with other aquatic Racomitrium species.



This species was first collected in 1879 by Newton in Valongo (Portugal) and by Luisier in 1909, but was originally identified asR. aciculare in herbarium collections. Further samples were taken from Portugal by different collectors in the provinces of Minho, Trás-os-Montes, Alto Douro, Beira Litoral, Beira Baixa, Alto Alentejo and Baixo Alentejo (Casas et al. 1996, Werner 1997, Vieira et al. 2005, Sérgio and Silva 2007, Garcia et al. 2008).



The number of Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) squares (10 x 10 km) in 1995 (Sérgioet al. 1995) was only ca 15 across Portugal and Spain, but as a result of further fieldwork, it is now reported from a larger number of UTM squares and new sites, ca 60 in Portugal and ca 20 in Spain. 



After a modelling analysis with several programs (Sérgio et al. 2007), it is thought that this species may have a high probability of occurring in areas overlapping with recently recognized sites, including the mountain of the Gerês and Douro International, as well as other areas close to the border with Spain.



In the recent Iberian Bryophyte Flora (Muñozet al. 2015), this species is listed as present in different provinces, such as the Algarve, Alto Alentejo, Beira Alta, Beira Baixa, Beira Litoral, Douro Litoral, Minho and Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. In Spain, it has scarcely been found, but has recently been reported from Zamora (Guerra et al. 2008) and is listed in a total of 10 provinces (Sérgio and Muñoz 2016). The provinces are Ávila, Cáceres, Ciudad Real, La Rioja, Madrid, Asturias, Palencia, Salamanca, Segovia and Toledo (Muñozet al. 2015). 



The apparent increase in localities and area is partly down to an improved knowledge of the plant’s niches and ecology, as a result of fieldwork in the Iberian Peninsula and from PhD programs in aquatic habitats (Vieira et al. 2016).



Based on all records of the species from Portugal and Spain, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 123,478 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 248 km2. The altitudinal range of the species is between 50 m and 2,000 m asl.","This species is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula (Sérgio et al. 1995), where it mostly occurs in the north, west and central parts. Subpopulations are abundant when there is a suitable habitat and the species can be found with Racomitrium aquaticum and R. aciculare, but forms more or less isolated tufts.



This is a long-lived species. In Portugal, the found subpopulations have been often fertile, with tufts often around 400 cm2.



In Spain, the species is locally abundant (M. Infante pers. comm. 2016) and the subpopulations are assumed to be stable. However, in Portugal, the species is assumed to be in decline as the anthropogenic influence can be significant in some of its habitats. The overall current population trend is therefore considered to be decreasing.","This species is an aquatic species that thrives under highly acidic conditions. It grows on granitic rocks that are submerged by water courses, on vertical rock surfaces or wet rocks and waterfalls, particularly in high altitude areas. It is usually associated with other species of Racomitrium and different genres such as Marsupella, Scapania, Heterocladium, Hyocomium and Rynchostegium.



This species can be associated with Nardus grasslands, in mountain areas on substrates that consist largely of silica, or in alluvial forests (deposits of clay, silt, and sand as a result of water flow) with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus spp.","Little is known about the major threats affecting this species but it is probably affected by anthropogenic pressure on aquatic habitats, such as changes in water management causing aquatic pollution. Also, the alteration of natural water channels and rocks, that are expected to be replaced by concrete canals, may cause a reduction of loss in important habitat features for this species. It may also be affected in the future by climate change.","This species is not considered threatened in the Iberian Peninsula (Sergio et al. 2006). In Portugal, it is considered to be Least Concern (LC) but with special attention (Sérgio et al. 2013), as it is referenced from about 60 sites across the country. In Spain, this species is also evaluated as LC (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012). 



It is a species that must be given some special attention as it is an endemic of the Iberian Peninsula and occurs preferentially in riparian habitats with some sensitivity.



The greater proportion of sites of occurrence, particularly in Portugal are inside protected areas, such as the Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês, the Parque Natural da Serra de Alvão-Marão, the Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela and the Parque Natural de São Mamede. In Spain, this species is also present in protected areas, including the Parque Nacional de Guadarrama, the Parque Nacional de Cabañeros, the Parque Natural de Arribes del Duero, and the Parque Natural Fuentes Carrionas y Fuente Cobre.



Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to assess other existing threats. The impacts of water pollution also require better understanding.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Ingerpuu, N.,Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Racomitrium,heterostichum,,Racomitrium heterostichum  ,(Hedw.) Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Bristly Fringe-moss (Racomitrium heterostichum) is widespread and often recorded in Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in both Europe and the EU 28 are larger than the threshold values for the application of a threatened category. It is considered to have a stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, even though this species may be locally threatened, there are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

This species is however threatened in some European countries, such as Hungry and the Netherlands. It would therefore benefit from further local habitat protection.",Stable,"

This is a temperate species, that is widespread and not rare in western Europe. This species is known from Scandinavia, Great Britain, and Ireland to the Iberian Peninsula and in the Macaronesian Islands in the south. It is thought to present a more or less continuous distribution in all countries from France, Corsica, Italy and southeastern Europe (Sabovljević et al. 2008) to northwestern Russia and Ukraine (Hodgetts 2015), always in more or less natural habitats. Outside of Europe, this, species is found in western North America and North Africa (Frisvoll 1988, Hastings and Ochyra 2007).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in both Europe and the EU 28 are larger than the threshold values for the application of a threatened category. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is variable from 15 to 2,500 m Asl in the Iberian area (Munõz et al. 2015), but from 600 m to 3,000 m Asl in Switzerland.      



",This is widespread species that is often recorded across Europe and it is considered to have a stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28.,"

 

This is a European temperate species of weakly acidic rocks, found in a diverse range of habitats on shaded or exposed rocks, largely in mountain forest habitats. This species is also found on banks, the sides of ditches, and often on vertical or sloping substrates.

The species is dioicous and has insufficient potential for local dispersal due to the sporadic spore production.



 

","Even though this species may be locally threatened, there are no major threats at the European level to this widespread species. Local threats include agricultural and forestry intensification, and fire events some Mediterranean areas.","

This species is listed in the national Red Lists of Hungry and the Netherlands (Hodgetts 2015). Some areas of occurrence are in natural parks or in Natura 2000 areas, such as in Portugal, Spainand other countries. Even so, this species would benefit from further local habitat protection.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Fettes, N.D.,Natcheva, R.,Hodgetts, N.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Racomitrium,himalayanum,,Racomitrium himalayanum  ,(Mitt.) A.Jaeger,"Racomitrium has been split into four genera by some authors  (e.g., Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2007), but molecular  work does not support this (e.g., Larrain et al. 2013).",No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



The Himalayan Fringe-moss (Racomitrium himalayanum) is a hyperoceanic boreal-montane moss that is known in Europe only from Scotland. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since there are certainly fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents in Scotland. Taking into account that this species grows on rocks, one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one boulder or one square metre of rock on which the species grows. The current population trend is stable and besides climate change there appear to be no other major threats to the species at present. The sites where it occurs are protected and periodically monitored, so no other conservation actions are currently needed.",Stable,"The Himalayan Fringe-moss (Racomitrium himalayanum) is a hyperoceanic boreal-montane moss that is known in Europe only from Scotland. Elsewhere it is disjunct in India, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Tibet and China (Yunnan, Shensi) (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 48 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 277 km².","This species was relatively recently recognised in Scotland, and its population in the Highlands seems to be stable. It is estimated that there are fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents. Taking into account that this species grows on rocks, one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one boulder or one square metre of rock on which the species grows.","Unlike most species of Racomitrium, this moss is a strong calcicole and its stands often pick out the most obviously calcareous rocks in the mountains. All the recorded sites are on the calcareous mica-schist of the Breadalbane mountains in the Scottish Highlands from Ben Lawers in the east to Beinn an Dothaid in the west. All stands are on open sites on slabby rocks, either on crags or more frequently on large boulders in scree, usually in places where there is strong insolation and where the plant rapidly dries out after rain. Most sites are very open and have much bare rock but associates include Saxifraga nivalis, S. oppositifolia, Thymus polytrichus, Woodsia alpina, Frullania tamarisci, Amphidium lapponicum, Blindia acuta, Bryum dixonii, Encalypta streptocarpa, Grimmia funalis, Hypnum bambergeri, Pterigynandrum filiforme, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Schistidium strictum, S. trichodon and Tortella tortuosa. Its altitudinal range is from 700 m up to 1,100 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014).



It is dioicous; capsules are frequent, mature in spring.",The only realistic potential threat to this species is climate change.,"Most of the sites for this species are in remote and protected localities, and it is subject to periodic monitoring; no other conservation measures are required at the moment. It is listed as Vulnerable in Britain (Hodgetts 2015).",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Weibull, H.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Racomitrium,lamprocarpum,,Racomitrium lamprocarpum  ,(Müll.Hal.) A.Jaeger,"Plants yellowish green to almost black; rigid, fairly robust, 3-10 cm long, stems shortly branched. Leaves straight, lanceolate, with reflexed apex, leaf margin 2-4-stratose, lamina bistratose in the upper part, rarely with unistratose spots; costa is strong, multistratose. Capsula abundant, cylindrical. Spores 18-28 μm.

This species was formerly described as Portuguese endemic species under Racomitrium levieri Kindb. (Kindberg 1887) and R. dixonii Mach. Guim. (Machado 1915). More recently they have been synonymized to R. lamprocarpum, a taxon from austral (Southern Hemisphere) continents, by Ochyra et al. (1988).

 





 

",No,NT,"B2b(ii,iii)",No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Racomitrium lamprocarpum is relatively common, and known from Spain and Portugal in Europe. In the center of Peninsula, this species is more rare. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe, and therefore the EU 28, is estimated to be around 716,700 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 372 km2. However, the AOO is small, assumed to be an under-estimate. The current population trend of this species in Europe, and therefore the EU 28, is inferred to be decreasing.The species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened for both Europe and the EU 28, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

The major threat affecting this species is due to anthropogenic pressure on aquatic habitats. Other human-induced changes, such as water management can also negatively impact the species. Water pollution and stream drying in relation to global warming and abnormal summer drought may be a threat for this species in the future. The most important actions for the conservation of the species are related to the maintenance of the quality of the habitats in the areas of occurrence. In addition, further research and monitoring of the population size and trends, habitat trends, and research into taxonomy is required.",Decreasing,"This species was first described in Europe from Serra da Estrela in Portugal as R. levierii (Kindberg 1887). Machado described this moss as R. dixoni based on plants from Sierra de Arga, in the north of Portugal (Machado 1915). It was originally considered an endemic for Portugal, but Ochyra et al. (1988) assessed both as synonymous with R. lamprocarpum, a southern hemisphere species very common in South America and Tierra del Fuego as well as in eastern Africa.

This species is also found in Spain and the total distribution range in Iberian Peninsula was presented by Casas et al. (1992) with few points of occurrence. It has since been found again in numerous areas (Vieira et al. 2005, Garcia et al. 2008) although so far, the more recent findings are still limited to the same provinces.



Based on the available recent records of the species, its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe, and therefore the EU 28, is estimated to be around 716,700 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 372 km2. The AOO is assumed to be an under-estimate since the species can be easily confused with the Racomitrium species, but it is unlikely to be greater than 2,000 km2. The altitudinal range of the species in Europe is between 50 m and 1,950 m Asl.","This species is relatively common, being recently referred to provinces of Portugal and Spain (Muñoz et al. 2015) in areas with some Atlantic influence.  The last record is thought to be from 2010 in the Minho province (Sérgio et al. 2012). In the center of Peninsula, this species is more rare.



The current population trend of this species in Europe, and therefore the EU 28, is inferred to be decreasing.","This species grows on granitic rocks in water courses and streams, as well as in cascades or on wet rock slopes. It is found mainly in mountainous areas.

This species is found in aquatic communities with other bryophytes, and generally submerged in the river bed or in streams (rheophilous conditions) (Ochyra et al. 1988, Vieira et al. 2005).","The major threat affecting this species is due to anthropogenic pressure on aquatic habitats. Other human-induced changes, such as water management can also negatively impact the species. For alterations of habitat features, such changing natural cascades and water channels, it is predicted that rocks will be replaced with concrete.

Water pollution and stream drying in relation to global warming and abnormal summer drought may be a threat for this species in the future","In the Iberian Peninsula, this species was not considered to be endangered (Sergio et al. 2007) but in Portugal, it was evaluated with Special Attention (Sérgio et al. 2013).

In the last Red List of Spain (Brugués and Gonzalez-Mancebo 2012) is listed as Data Deficient (DD), due to insufficient knowledge of the existing distribution as the species is frequently identified as R. aquaticum.

The greater proportion of the species range, particularly in Portugal, is included in protected areas. In Portugal, the species is found in the Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês, the Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela, the Parque Natural da Serra de São Mamede, the Parque Natural do Alvão and the Natura 2000 Sites of Serra d'Arga, Serras da Freita e Arada and Lagoas de Bertiandos e de S. Pedro de Arcos.



In Spain, the species, reported from an old collection, is found in Siete Picos in the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park. 

The most  important actions for the conservation of the species are related to the  maintenance of the quality of the habitats in the areas of occurrence. In addition, further research and monitoring of the population size and trends, habitat trends, and research into taxonomy is required.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Pilkington, S.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Racomitrium,lanuginosum,,Racomitrium lanuginosum  ,(Hedw.) Brid.,"Racomitrium has been split into four genera by some authors  (e.g., Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2007), but molecular  work does not support this (e.g., Larrain et al. 2013).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Woolly fringe-moss (Racomitrium lanuginosum) is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane moss that is widespread in Europe north to the high Arctic, becoming montane further south and absent in much of the Mediterranean region. It is also present in Macaronesia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, and although it has declined in some areas and the current population trend is decreasing, it is still an abundant moss in northern parts of Europe. Even though it remains a very common species in upland regions, monitoring of key subpopulations is recommended.",Decreasing,"The Woolly fringe-moss (Racomitrium lanuginosum) is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane moss that is widespread in Europe north to the high Arctic, becoming montane further south and absent in much of the Mediterranean region. It is also present in Macaronesia. Elsewhere it is a very widely distributed bipolar species, recorded in Turkey, northern and eastern Asia, the Himalayas, North America south to California, southern South America, southern Africa, southeastern Australia, New Zealand, Antarctica, and with scattered occurrences on some tropical mountains (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 5,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 20.7 million km².","Recent decades have seen severe declines in at least some areas and the current population trend is considered to be decreasing, but it remains a very common species in upland regions (Blockeel et al. 2014).

","This is a common species in the uplands occurring in a remarkably wide range of nutrient-poor habitats. It is abundant, and sometimes dominant, over large tracts of stony mountain plateau, where it gives its name to Racomitrium-heath. It is also common on rocks, especially in boulder fields and scree, and frequently in old quarries, in well-drained sites that may be dry for long periods, and it is sometimes conspicuous on hummocks in ombrogenous bogs and in stony base-rich flushes. It also occurs as a constituent of moorlands, wet heaths and sandy coastal turf. In some areas it is as common on walls, both dry-stone and mortared, and roof tiles as it is as on natural rock and it survived in a stunted form on mortared walls near industrial areas when levels of SO2 pollution were high. Although it is often abundant on siliceous and other acid rocks, it also occurs sporadically on limestone rocks and scree and skeletal limestone turf, and very locally in old chalk grassland. It is even recorded from gravelly graves in churchyards and old industrial waste such as slag, and may be strikingly abundant on some colliery spoil tips (Blockeel et al. 2014). Common associates include Andreaea rupestris, Dicranum scoparium, Ptilidium ciliare, Racomitrium heterostichum, R. microcarpon, Grimmia longirostris, G. muehlenbeckiiand Hedwigia ciliata(Hallingbäck et al. 2006,Meinunger and Schröder 2007). In oceanic wet heath it is associated with Sphagnum spp., Breutelia chrysocoma, Campylopus spp. and Pleurozia purpurea. Its altitudinal range is from 5 m up to 3,270 m Asl.



It is dioicous; capsules are occasional, maturing in spring.","Racomitrium-heath on the high mountains has suffered a severe decline in Britain and Ireland in recent decades. The most important causes are overgrazing by sheep and high levels of acid and particularly nitrogen deposition (Pearce et al. 2003). In the lowlands there has been a decline in chalk grassland, where nutrient input may be a factor, but some sites have been lost to scrub invasion and the deterioration of habitat (Blockeel et al. 2014).","This species has been assessed as Endangered in the Netherlands and Latvia, as Vulnerable in Germany, as Near Threatened in Switzerland and Sicily, and as Data Deficient in Hungary and Montenegro (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas, and monitoring key subpopulations is recommended.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Weibull, H.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Racomitrium,lusitanicum,,Racomitrium lusitanicum  ,Ochyra &amp; Sérgio,,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,v)",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU28,,"Racomitrium lusitanicum is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, found only in northern Portugal and at one locality in Spain. This species has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO), estimated to be around 156 km2, it is considered to be severely fragmented and is experiencing a continuing decline in the habitat extent and quality. The current population trend is inferred to be decreasing. The species is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN).



The main threat to the species is thought to be anthropogenic pressure on its aquatic habitat, including water pollution and habitat alteration. In addition, climate change, intensification of forest fires and the impact of tourism all impact the species.The most urgent actions for the conservation of the species are related to the maintenance of the quality of the habitats, especially in the areas of occurrence. Further research and monitoring in the population size, population trends and habitat trends of this species is needed, as well as further research on the threats.",Decreasing,"



This species is endemic to Iberian Peninsula. It was described in 1992 based on a record found in the Serra do Gerês (Ochyra and Sérgio 1992). However, it had been previously collected by F. Welwitsch in Serra da Estrela, but was only identified during a review of these records from the Herbarium of Jardim Botânico, Museu National de Histoire Naturelle in Portgual (Garcia et al. 2008). The species is found in the mountainous areas of northern Portugal, and has also been recorded from the provinces of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (Vieira et al. 2005, Sérgio et al. 2009). It has also been reported in 1988 to one Spanish locality near the border, at Serra del Invernadeiro in the province of Ourense (Muñoz et al. 2015).



Based on available recent records of the species, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 14,400 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 156 km2. The AOO is assumed to be under-estimate as is a species not easy to identify in the field, but it is unlikely to be greater than 500 km2. The altitudinal range of the species in Europe is between 120 m and 1,900 m asl.","In Portugal, there are 29 known sites since 1980 and only two records from before this date. The concentration of known sites are in the Serra da Estrela (Garcia et al. 2008) but also in the Serra do Gerês, which is more than 150 km away. The species was first found in the northern part of Portugal and later reported to Spain in the Serra del Invernadeiro (Muñoz et al. 2015).



The species is relatively common, but the current population trend is inferred to be decreasing, and its fragile habitat is declining. A significant part of the population is distributed north of Douro River (Sérgio 2016). The population is considered to be severely fragmented, as it has small and isolated subpopulations that occur very locally on big boulders. Also the species does not reproduce frequently by produce spores, and therefore may go extinct with a reduced possibility of recolonisation.

","This species is found in aquatic communities of vertical rocks, particularly granite. Sometimes, the species is found submerged in a river bed, in streams or in cascades of flowing water (Ochyra and Sérgio 1992, Vieira et al. 2005). 

","Little is known about the major threats affecting this species but it is thought to be declining due to anthropogenic pressure on aquatic habitats. Threats to this species and its habitat are thought to include climate changes, intensification of forest fires, eutrophication and the impact of tourism. Other human-induced changes, such as water management, can also have a negative impact on the species, and a reduction or loss of habitat can be caused through the alteration of natural cascades and water channels with concrete.



Water pollution, streams drying up and abnormal summer drought may threaten this species in the future.","This species was first assessed as Vulnerable (VU) throughout its entire range (Sérgio et al. 2007), but has more recently been assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Portugal, based on the number of sites of occurrence (Sérgio et al. 2013). 



The greater proportion of the species range, is found in protected areas. In Portugal, it is found in the Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês, the Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela, the Parque Natural do Alvão and the Natura 2000 site of Serras da Freita e Arada. In Spain, the species occurs in the Parque Natural 'O Invernadeiro'.



The most urgent actions for the conservation of the species are related to the  maintenance of the quality of the habitats, especially in the areas of  occurrence.



Further research and monitoring in the population size, population trends and habitat trends of this species is needed, as well as further research on the threats.",The species is not utilized.,"Cálix, M.,González Mancebo, J.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Racomitrium,macounii,,Racomitrium macounii  ,Kindb.,"Two subspecies are recognized in the European countries. The subsp. alpinum is distinguished by the presence of less robust tufts of bright reddish-brown color, right leaves in the dry state and with hyaline point toothed and reflex.

In this assessment, the two subspecies are considered and evaluated as Racomitrium macounii s.l.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"

European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Macoun's Fringe-moss (Racomitrium macounii), with two subspecies (subspecies macounii and subspecies alpinum), is scattered but widely distributed in Europe, North America and Asia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 9.2 million km2 and area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be at least 1,444 km2. The total population size of this species in Europe is unknown. However, subpopulations can be relatively frequent in suitable habitats such as mountain areas. The overall current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is also unknown. However, it is likely that this species is overlooked. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

The main threats to this species are mainly due to the habitat degradation in touristic areas. The implementation of measures for the maintenance and conservation of natural habitats are recommended. In addition, further research on the ecology and population is required.

",Unknown,"

This species occurs in the Holartic region, in severalareas of North America, Europe and Asia. The two subspecies (subsp. macounii and subsp. alpinum) are scattered but are widely distributed in Europe and North America  (Hastings and Ochyra 2007). The subsp. alpinumwas also confirmed for Asia (Turkey and Japan) (Frisvoll 1988, Smith 2004, Muñoz 1991, Casas et al. 2006). Several collections were then made after the Frisvoll study, such as in the Czech Republic, where it was first reported in 2003 (Kučera and Váňa 2003).

 



The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 9.2 million km2and area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be at least 1,444 km2. The altitudinal range of this species is from 150 m Asl in Portugal to 3,000 m Asl in Switzerland.



","

The total population size of this species in Europe is unknown. However, subpopulations are usually small, although they are relatively frequent in suitable habitats such as mountain areas. These plants are difficult to detect in the field, as they form small colonies and are clustered with other species of the same genus. The overall current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is also unknown.



","

Some variation in the ecology of eachof the two subspecies is noticedin differentcountries. In general, the subsp. alpinum colonizes acidic rocks along riverbanks and exposed rocky outcrops in mountainous or high altitude areas with high precipitationand a typical Atlantic influence. It may be associated withother Racomitrium and Andreaea species.

The subspecies macounii is considered a photophilous moss, typical of exposed acidic rocks, periodically moist, in high altitude mountains, sometimes closely associated to snow dependent communities. 



","The main threats to this species are mainly due to the habitat degradation. Human-induced changes, such as forestry management, can present a negative impact to the species. The fire risks and competition from other bryophytes such as Campylopus introflexus, with a concomitant increase in the same habitats, put some subpopulations at risk, currently and in the future.

  The increase in temperatures due to climatic changes may also pose a threat to the species.","

In general, in Europe, the two subspecies are not threatened (ECCB 1995) but the majority of areas where it occurs are fragmented, as are circumscribed to mountain enclaves. The distribution of subsp. macounii is much more restricted than subsp. alpinum and in some national lists it has been assigned to a threat category: Vulnerable (VU) in Ireland (Hodgetts and Lockhart 2013), Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013) and Spain (Brugués and González-Mancebo, 2012); and Endangered (EN) in the Czech Republic (Kučera and Váňa 2003).

The species is known to occur in some natural parks, including Parque Natural Serra da Estrela and Peneda-Gerês in Portugal, Parque Natural de Posets-Maladeta and Sierra Nevada in Spain.

The implementation of measures for the maintenance and conservation of natural habitats are recommended. In addition, further research on the ecology and population is required.



",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Bates, J.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C. & Hespanhol, H.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Racomitrium,microcarpon,,Racomitrium microcarpon  ,(Hedw.) Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Racomitrium microcarpon occurs throughout the continental part of Europe, and it is more or less common in mountains. This species has a very large geographical range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 5,000 and 8,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is a bit more than 10 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 4,000 km² and the EOO is between 3 and 4 million km². This species seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area in Europe and EU 28. In addition, there are no evident threats known to the species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

No conservation action is needed at present.",Stable,"This species occurs throughout the continental part of Europe where it is more or less common in mountains from Svalbard in the north to Italy in the south, northwest to Iceland and east to the Ural Mountains (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, this species occurs in North America, and it is found in Asia in western and central Siberia (Ochyra and Szmajda 1990). The altitudinal range of this species is between 10 m and 2,800 m Asl.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 5,000 and 8,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is a bit more than 10 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 4,000 km² and the EOO is between 3 and 4 million km².","The species is common in northern Europe up to the high-alpine, arctic zone, but less common in the southern parts and in lowland. There is no indication of any decline and the population size seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows on dry, acidic rocks and mineral soil, typically in large mats on flat or slightly sloping rocks and boulders in semi-open or exposed habitats (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). This species is also found on rocks and boulders close to or even in urban areas (S. Laaka-Lindberg pers. comm. 2018).",There are no major threats to this species.,This species is in the Red List of Germany as Near Threatened (NT) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in several protected areas. No conservation action is needed at present.,The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Weibull, H.","Hallingbäck, T","Syrjänen, K.,Blom, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Racomitrium,nivale,,Racomitrium nivale  ,"(Köckinger, Bedn.-Ochyra &amp; Ochyra) Köckinger",,Yes,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



Racomitrium nivale is a European endemic, known only from a narrow area with two localities in the eastern Alps of Austria and two localities in Switzerland, although it is likely to be slightly more widespread than this. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 16 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at 4,000 km2. Due to the remoteness of the habitats this species occupies, a stable population trend could potentially be assumed, but because of the extremely high altitude of the subpopulations, the long-term effects of climate change cannot be ruled out. Thus the overall trend is unknown. Although the population size is not known in detail, the mountains where it grows offer sufficient habitat space, so an overall population of more than 250 but fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents is estimated. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species occurs. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable globally, in Europe and the EU 28.



This is a species exclusively of areas high in the mountains where there is long-lying snow. It prefers lime-free, inclined rock faces with long snow coverage. The known localities are in a protected area, and are to that extent, secure. In the future, more research is needed on its distribution and population size and trends. Monitoring to assess the possible impacts of climate change on its habitat is recommended.",Unknown,"This species is a European endemic, known from a narrow area with two localities in the eastern Alps of Austria (Köckinger et al. 2007) and two localities in Switzerland (N. Schnyder pers. comm. 2018). The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 16 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at 4,000 km2. It has been found growing at elevations between 2,700 m and 3,100 m Asl.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, since it occurs in remote habitats; a stable population trend could potentially be assumed, but due to the extremely high altitude of the subpopulations, the long-term effects of climate change cannot be ruled out. Thus the overall trend is unknown. Although the population size is not known in detail, the mountains where it grows offer sufficient habitat space, so an overall population of more than 250 but fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents is estimated. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species occurs.","This is a species exclusively of areas high in the mountains where there is long-lying snow. It prefers lime-free, inclined rock faces with long snow coverage (Köckinger et al. 2007).","The habitats of this species are not threatened, but this is a nivale species, so effects of climate change cannot be ruled out. In addition, this species has only been known to be sterile so that long distance dispersal might be restricted.","The known localities are partially in a protected area, and are to that extent, secure. In the future, more research is needed on its distribution and population size and trends. Monitoring to assess the possible impacts of climate change on its habitat is recommended.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Ignatova, E.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.","Ştefănuţ, S.,Sabovljevic, M.,Bambe, B.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Racomitrium,obtusum,,Racomitrium obtusum  ,(Brid.) Brid.,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Racomitrium obtusum is an endemic European species, with a distribution scattered in the whole of western Europe. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 900 and 1,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 500 and 700 km2 and the EOO is ca 3.4 million km2. This is a widespread and locally common species in northwestern lowland part of Europe, however, it is more or less rare in central and eastern Europe. It seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area in Europe and EU 28. In addition, there are no evident threats known to the species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.



No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species has a sub-oceanic distribution, scattered in the whole of western Europe. It is reported from Iceland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Great Britain, Ireland, France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Hungary and Romania (Hodgetts 2015). However, it has traditionally been treated as a mere 'forma' of R. heterostichum in Britain and Ireland. The species seems to be endemic to Europe (Ochyra and Szmajda 1990).



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 900 and 1,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 500 and 700 km2 and the EOO is ca 3.4 million km2.","This is a widespread and locally common species in northwestern lowland part of Europe, however, it is more or less rare in central and eastern Europe. The population trend is probably stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows on acidic cliffs and boulders in semi-open or exposed situations, typically on flushed rocks (Hallingbäck et al. 2006).",There are no evident threats known to the species.,The species is in the Red List of Germany as Endangered (EN) (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected area. No conservation action is needed at present.,The species is not used or traded.,"Weibull, H.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T","Blom, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Racomitrium,panschii,,Racomitrium panschii  ,(Müll.Hal.) Kindb.,,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Racomitrium panschii is restricted to Svalbard and northern Russia in Europe. The area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 100 and 200 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 0.1 and 0.2 million km². The number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in each subpopulation can be rather large (with more than 100 individual-equivalents per locality), and the overall population size is estimated to be over 1,000 individual-equivalents. The current population trend of this species in Europe is unknown, but there is no indication of any decline. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe.

The threats to the species are mostly unknown. However, in arctic area it might be threatened by habitat loss because of a warmer climate. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed, as well as further research into the threats to this species.

This species is not found within the EU 28 and is therefore Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"This species has an arctic distribution range, and is restricted to Svalbard and northern Russia in Europe (Hodgetts 2015).

Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North America, and arctic and temperate Asia (BFNA 2007).



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 100 and 200 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 0.1 and 0.2 million km². This species is not found within the EU 28.

","The species is known from a handful of sites in Svalbard (Frisvoll and Blom 1997) and northern Russia (Ignatov et al. 2006). In Russia, this species is present in Franz Josef Land at two localities. The number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for each individual-equivalent) in each subpopulation can be rather large (with more than 100 individual-equivalents per locality). In Russia, there are around 20 individual-equivalents in each locality (M. Ignatov pers. comm. 2017). The overall population size is estimated to be over 1,000 individual-equivalents.  The current population trend of this species in Europe is unknown, but there is no indication of any decline.",This species grows on exposed sandy and nutrient poor soil on arctic heaths (Frisvoll and Elvebakk 1996).,"The threats to the species are mostly unknown. However, in arctic area it might be threatened by habitat loss because of a warmer climate.","This species occurs in protected areas in Svalbard. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed, as well as further research into the threats to this species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Laaka-Lindberg, S.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Söderström, L., Syrjänen, K., Ingerpuu, N. & Huttunen, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Racomitrium,sudeticum,,Racomitrium sudeticum  ,(Funck) Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Slender Fringe-moss (Racomitrium sudeticum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated at ca. 11 million km2 and area of occupancy (AOO) estimated at 2,280 km2, surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level. This species is found in protected areas across Europe.

",Stable,"This circumpolar boreo-arctic montane species is common in northern Europe, reaching Svalbard and Jan Mayen, and south, in the mountains, to the Pyrenees, Corsica and Bulgaria (Smith 2004). It is a very widely distributed bipolar species, in the Northern Hemisphere south to the Himalayas in Asia and northern California in N America. In the Southern Hemisphere in southern S America, SE Australia and Antarctica. (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO), estimated at ca. 11 million km2, and area of  occupancy (AOO), estimated at 2,280 km2, both surpass the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory.","This is a widespread species in Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This is a montane species occurring on a wide range of dry or intermittently moist acid to mildly basic rocks, usually in exposed places; it grows on hard rock surfaces, often plentifully, in many upland habitats, including summit fellfields, boulder fields, scree, crags, tors and lakeside rocks (Atherton et al. 2010). Its associates include Gymnomitrion obtusum, Andreaea rupestris, A. rothii, Racomitrium fasciculare, R. heterostichum and R. lanuginosum, as well as less common montane species such as Dicranoweisia crispula. It occurs occasionally on soil, especially in areas of late snow-lie. Some records are from dry-stone walls (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 15-3,630 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Estonia (Vulnerable), Portugal (Vulnerable) and Germany (Near Threatened) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is found in protected areas across Europe.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"During, H.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,RADULACEAE,Radula,aquilegia,,Radula aquilegia  ,"(Hook. f. &amp; Taylor) Gottsche, Lindenb. &amp; Nees",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Brown Scalewort (Radula aquilegia) is an hyperoceanic southern-temperate leafy liverwort found in the Faroe Islands, Britain, Ireland, southwestern Norway, Spain and Macaronesia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population trend is stable, and it appears there are no serious threats to it. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"The Brown Scalewort (Radula aquilegia) is an hyperoceanic southern-temperate leafy liverwort found in the Faroe Islands, Britain, Ireland, southwestern Norway, Spain and Macaronesia. Records from Portugal are erroneous. Elsewhere it has been recorded in the Himalayas and China (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 2,383 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4.5 million km².",This species is apparently stable within its range.,"This species occurs most frequently as pure patches growing on shaded damp acid or mildly basic boulders and vertical rock walls in low-lying sheltered wooded ravines, often with Drepanolejeunea hamatifolia, Harpalejeunea ovata and Lejeunea spp. creeping through it. It also occurs on sheltered rocks by the sea, on the walls of sea caves, and in shaded recesses of low sea cliffs, often with Frullania microphylla and F. teneriffae. This species even grows in short, bryophyte-rich turf on coastal cliff tops in some hyperoceanic Scottish islands. It occurs more rarely on damp, shaded blocks in deciduous woods with Adelanthus decipiens and Tritomaria exsecta, and on shaded damp basic cliff faces, generally north- or east-facing, in the submontane or even montane zone with Preissia quadrata, Anoectangium aestivum and Pohlia cruda. In extremely humid places such as the spray zone of waterfalls and on rocky slopes in high-rainfall areas of western Scotland and southwestern Ireland it grows mixed with other hepatics as an epiphyte on oak, hazel and, more rarely, birch trunks and lower branches. In its English and Welsh localities it is restricted to mildly basic substrates. In Macaronesia, it is commonly an epiphyte and an epiphyll, growing on the stems and leaves of trees in dense forests (especially Ilex azoricus), as well as on sheltered rocks on north-facing slopes. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 800 m Asl (and to 1,200 m Asl in the Azores).



The species is dioicous; males plants are uncommon, females are common; perianths and capsules are rare, occurring May to November (Bouman and Dirkse 1990, Blockeelet al. 2014).","While there are apparently no serious threats to this species at present, hydro-electric schemes that involve abstracting water from humid ravines or flooding such areas may be a threat. Fire, invasive alien plants (rhododendron) and forest management may be threats in Macaronesia.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Spain and the Canary Islands (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Ros-Espín, R.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G. & Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,RADULACEAE,Radula,carringtonii,,Radula carringtonii  ,J.B. Jack,,Yes,NT,B2ab(iii),Yes,NT,B2ab(iii),EU28,,"

Carrington's Scalewort (Radula carringtonii) is a hyperoceanic southern-temperate species with a known distribution confined to the Atlantic fringe of Europe, occurring in the extreme west of Ireland and Britain (Scotland), and Macaronesia (Azores, Canary Islands, Madeira, Porto Santo and Desertas). Although there are reports of this species from Costa Rica and Bolivia, these are now known to be erroneous, and a report from the island of Réunion seems highly improbable, so this species should be reinstated as a European/Macaronesian endemic.



This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,108 km²), and there is a continuing decline in the area and quality of its habitat; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. Even though the current population trend is thought to be stable, the habitat is deteriorating as a result of the effects of climatic changes, leading to extreme temperatures and drought, especially in the southernmost subpopulation (Tenerife), eutrophication due to overgrazing and the increase in forestry plantations. Important threats to this species in Ireland and Scotland include water abstraction for hydroelectric schemes. In Scotland, water quality changes are a potential threat to the species due to deforestation and nitrification and overstocking of sheep. Its presence at specific sites should be monitored in order to investigate the dynamics of the subpopulations, mainly in Tenerife and Scotland. Further research into the threats is recommended.



",Stable,"Carrington's Scalewort (Radula carringtonii) is a hyperoceanic southern-temperate species with a known distribution confined to the Atlantic fringe of Europe, occurring in the extreme west of Ireland and Britain (Scotland), and Macaronesia (Azores, Canary Islands, Madeira, Porto Santo and Desertas) (Luís et al. 2005, Stech et al. 2010, Gabriel et al. 2011, Hodgetts 2011, Dirkse et al. 2012, Lockhart et al. 2012a). Although there are reports of this species from Costa Rica and Bolivia, these are now known to be erroneous (Blockeel et al. 2014), and a report from the island of Réunion seems highly improbable, so this species should probably be reinstated as a European/Macaronesian endemic (Patiño et al. 2013). Its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3.4 million km², and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,108 km².

","This species occurs at about 15 localities in southwestern Ireland, and is locally abundant at some of them (Lockhart et al. 2012a). It is rare in Scotland, occurring at substantially fewer than 15 localities and always in small quantity, but is probably not declining (N. Hodgetts pers. comm. 2017). It occurs at several localities in Madeira and in all the islands of the Azores, where it is not rare and often quite abundant. In the Canary Islands it occurs only on Tenerife, and recently it was confirmed that the subpopulation there is decreasing due to stochastic events (Luís et al. 2005, Gabriel et al. 2011, Dirkse et al. 2012). However, the overall population trend is assumed to be more or less stable.","In Macaronesia, this species grows epiphytically on the trunks and bases of Laurus, Tilia and Erica spp., and on slopes and rocks, in very damp places, sometimes close to streams in the natural forests of the Azores, Tenerife and Madeira. It has also occasionally been found as an epiphyll (Luís et al. 2005, Gabriel et al. 2011, Dirkse et al. 2012). In western Scotland and Ireland it occurs on shaded, mildly basic blocks and on damp, shaded vertical rock walls in low-lying wooded ravines, often near the sea. Associates include Drepanolejeunea hamatifolia, Harpalejeunea ovata, Plagiochila exigua, Radula aquilegia, Fissidens dubius, Trichostomum hibernicum and, more rarely, Acrobolbus wilsonii. Only one of the Scottish sites, on Mull, is in an open situation, but R. carringtonii is found on boulders on open, north- or northeast-facing hillsides in Ireland (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is between 20 m and 1,600 m Asl. This species is dioicous. Both sexes occur in Britain and Ireland but sporophytes are very rare, occurring in August and September.","The main threats to this species in Macaronesia are habitat destruction and degradation due to climate change, leading to extreme temperatures and drought, especially in the southernmost subpopulation (Tenerife), eutrophication due to overgrazing and the increase in forestry plantations. An increase in fires and the spread of invasive alien plant species are also threats. Important threats to this species in Ireland and Scotland include water abstraction for hydroelectric schemes (Lockhart et al. 2012a). In Scotland, water quality changes are a potential threat to the species due to deforestation and nitrification and overstocking of sheep.","This species has been assessed as Endangered in the Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2012), as Vulnerable in Britain (Hodgetts 2011), Near Threatened in Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012b) and rare in Europe (ECCB 1995). There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. It occurs in Madeira, the Azores and Tenerife in natural forests which are protected by regional, national and international legislation. In Tenerife, the only locality is located in the Rural Park of Anaga which is a Special Area of Conservation (SAC). In Madeira most of its range is included in the Madeira Natural Park with is protected through a Regional Decree, and the natural laurel forest is a priority habitat under the EU Habitats Directive which was designated a Natura 2000 site. In 1999 the area was also designated a World Natural Heritage site by UNESCO. In the Azores it also occurs in protected forest areas included in the Natura 2000 network.​ In Ireland it occurs in several protected sites including National Parks and Special Area of Conservation (SAC) (Lockhart et al. 2012a). Its presence at specific sites should be monitored in order to investigate the dynamics of the subpopulations, mainly in Tenerife and Scotland. Further research into the threats is recommended.","This species is not utilised or traded.

","Kucera, J.,Cálix, M.","Sim-Sim, M., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M., Porley, R.D. & Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,RADULACEAE,Radula,complanata,,Radula complanata  ,(L.) Dumort.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Even Scalewort (Radula complanata) is very common and widespread throughout almost the whole of Europe, where it grows as an epiphyte on mainly deciduous trees. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category, and the population is large and stable. In addition, there are no major threats to this species at the European level. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species is very common and widespread over nearly all of Europe, ranging from Portugal and Ireland in the west to Russia in the east and from the Mediterranean in the south up to northern Scandinavia and Iceland in the north. It is not known only from Macaronesia, the high Arctic, the Faroe Islands, Malta, Monaco, Gibraltar and San Marino. Its presence in Cyprus is uncertain (Ros et al. 2007). Outside Europe it is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, through Asia, North America and Greenland. It is also known from north Africa (Nebel and Philippi 2005). It has been found growing from sea level up to 2,600 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","The population is very large and the current trend seems stable. In Germany, where this species was previously assessed as Vulnerable due to air pollution, it is now recovering and spreading again (Meinunger and Schröder 2007).","This species grows as an epiphyte on mainly deciduous trees in different kind of forests, in scrub and on isolated trees. In the mountains it also often grows on non-calcareous rocks or on humus-covered calcareous rocks in open to shady habitats.","There appear to be no major threats to this species in Europe. It it somewhat sensitive to acid rain, but this impact has decreased in most countries.","The species has been assessed as Near Threatened in Italy, but is otherwise not listed as threatened anywhere in Europe (Hodgetts 2015). There is no need for conservation actions for this species. It is known to occur in protected areas across Europe.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Hodgetts, N.,Marka, J.,Fettes, N.D.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,RADULACEAE,Radula,holtii,,Radula holtii  ,Spruce,,Yes,NT,B2ab(iii),Yes,NT,B2ab(iii),EU28,,"Holt's scalewort (Radula holtii) is a European/Macaronesian endemic confined to southwestern Ireland, Britain (western Scotland), northwest Spain, Portugal and Macaronesia (Azores, Canary Islands and Madeira). This species grows epiphytically on trees, on rocks and can also be epiphyllous. It is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 376 km²), and there is a continuing decline in the area and quality of its habitat as a result of the effects of climatic changes, water pollution and water abstraction for hydroelectric schemes; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. The main threats to this species in Macaronesia are eutrophication due to overgrazing, an increase in forestry plantations, climate change leading to extreme temperatures and drought, an increase in fires, and the spread of invasive alien plant species. Water pollution and water abstraction for hydroelectric schemes could endanger this species at some sites, especially in Ireland and Scotland. Monitoring of some subpopulations, especially in Spain, the Canary Islands and Scotland, is recommended. A proposal for a hydroelectric scheme at one of the two sites in Scotland was recently rejected because of the important bryophyte flora present.",Stable,"Holt's Scalewort (Radula holtii) is a hyperoceanic southern-temperate European/Macaronesian endemic confined to southwestern Ireland, Britain (western Scotland), northwest Spain and Portugal and Macaronesia (Azores, Canary Islands and Madeira) (Luís et al. 2005, Gabriel et al. 2011, Hodgetts 2011, Infante et al. 2012, Lockhart et al. 2012a, Sérgio et al. 2013, Blockeel et al. 2014). It has also been discovered recently in France (Bonte and Boudier 2016). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3.4 million km², and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 376 km².","This species occurs in several localities in Madeira and in eight of the nine islands of the Azores archipelago. In the Canary Islands, where it occurs in Tenerife and La Gomera, it has recently been confirmed that the subpopulations are threatened mainly due to the effects of climatic changes on the structure of the natural forests and the fragmentation of their habitats (González-Mancebo et al. 2012). In Scotland, Ireland, Spain and Portugal it occurs generally in small and dispersed subpopulations. In southwest Ireland it is very locally frequent, while in Scotland is very rare, being present at only two localities. While it seems to be decreasing in mainland Portugal, Canary Islands and Spain, it seems to be stable in Ireland, Madeira and the Azores, and the overall population trend is thought to be stable.

","In Macaronesia this species is found in humid and shaded places such as ravines in the laurel forest. It grows epiphytically on trees, on rocks (usually granite or basalt), and can also be epiphyllous on Trichomanes speciosum and other plants in very damp areas. It can also grow at cave entrances (Luís et al. 2005, Stech et al. 2010, Gabriel et al. 2011, Infante et al. 2012, Sérgio et al. 2013, R. Gabriel pers. comm. 2016). In Portugal, it occurs on dripping rocks in woodland, and on riverbanks mixed with other aquatic bryophytes. In Ireland and Scotland, this species is found on deeply shaded, wet rocks in recesses and caves by waterfalls, in dripping ravines, or in the bed of wooded ravines or streams. It occurs more rarely in deep caves between blocks on steep slopes where there is percolating water. Common associates are Jubula hutchinsiae, Lejeunea eckloniana, Riccardia chamedryfolia and, more rarely, Cyclodictyon laetevirens (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is between 30 m and 1,600 m Asl. It is paroicous and often fertile; capsules are fairly frequent but gemmae are very rare.","



The main threats to this species in Macaronesia are eutrophication due to overgrazing, an increase in forestry plantations, climate change leading to extreme temperatures and drought, an increase in fires, and the spread of invasive alien plant species. Water pollution and water abstraction for hydroelectric schemes could endanger this species at some sites, especially in Ireland and Scotland (Lockhart et al. 2012a). Even though the current population trend is stable, there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of suitable habitat for this species.

","This species was assessed as Endangered in the Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2012), as Critically Endangered in Spain (Garilleti and Albertos 2012), as Vulnerable in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013), as Near Threatened in Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012b) and as rare in Europe (ECCB 1995). There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. In Madeira most of its distribution is included in the Madeira Natural Park with is protected through a Regional Decree. It is a species of the natural laurel forest which is a priority habitat under the EU Habitats Directive and was designated a Natura 2000 site. In 1999 the area was also designated a World Natural Heritage site by UNESCO. In the Azores it also occurs in protected forest areas included in the Natura 2000 network.​ In Portugal it is included in the Gerês National Park which was designated a Natura 2000 site. In Ireland it occurs in some Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) and on Maumtrasna Mountain, that is considered a World Natural Heritage site. Monitoring of some subpopulations, especially in Spain, the Canary Islands and Scotland, is recommended.A proposal for a hydroelectric scheme at one of the two sites in Scotland was recently rejected because of the important bryophyte flora.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Mazimpaka, V.","Sim-Sim, M., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M., Porley, R.D. & Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,RADULACEAE,Radula,jonesii,,Radula jonesii  ,"Bouman, Dirkse &amp; Yamada",,Yes,EN,C2a(i),Yes,EN,C2a(i),EU28,,"Radula jonesii is endemic to the Canary Islands (Tenerife) and Madeira, and is known from five localities in Madeira Island, and only one locality on Tenerife. This species is assessed as Endangered since it is estimated that there are fewer than 2,500 individual-equivalents in Macaronesia and each subpopulation is estimated to have fewer than 250 individual-equivalents. This species is mainly epiphytic, and one individual-equivalent is considered to be one tree or shrub on which the species grows. In addition, there is a continuing decline in the population due to the ongoing threats to its habitat. In the Canary Islands, there has been a recent decline due to stochastic events - several storms during the last ten years have caused the destruction of part of the habitat.



The main threats to this species include habitat destruction and degradation due to climate change leading to extreme temperatures and drought - especially in the Tenerife subpopulation. Other threats include anthropogenic activities, especially those related to ecological tourism, which if not properly implemented, may contribute to changes in the microhabitat conditions for this sensitive liverwort, the increase in fires and the spread of invasive alien plant species. The restricted distribution of the species and the global importance of the Macaronesian population justify the future implementation of specific conservation measures, along with the effective habitat protection and management, at the sites where it is known to occur. It should be monitored at some sites, especially in Tenerife. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered.",Decreasing,"Radula jonesii is endemic to the Canary Islands (Tenerife) and Madeira, and is known from five localities in Madeira Island, and only one locality on Tenerife (González-Mancebo et al. 2012a, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5,100 km², and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km².","This species occurs in five localities on Madeira Island, but the subpopulations are small and highly fragmented (Stech et al. 2010, Sim-Sim et al. 2011). In the Canary Islands, it occurs only at a single site on Tenerife, where there has been a recent decline due to stochastic events - several storms during the last ten years have caused the destruction of part of the habitat (González-Mancebo et al. 2012a). The population trend is presumed to be decreasing, as there is evidence of a decline in Tenerife. Since this species is mainly epiphytic, one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one tree or shrub on which the species grows. It is estimated that there are fewer than 2,500 individual-equivalents in Macaronesia, and each subpopulation is estimated to have fewer than 250 individual-equivalents.","This species occurs exclusively in ravines and on north-facing slopes in old-growth laurel forest. In Madeira, this species grows always in well preserved areas of the natural laurel forest with a high mist frequency. It grows mainly as an epiphyte on different evergreen trees of the laurel forest, although it also occurs on humid and shaded rocks (Bouman et al. 1988, González-Mancebo et al. 2003). In Tenerife it occurs at 800 m Asl and in Madeira it is most common around 800 m to 1,000 m Asl.","The natural laurel forest is a fragile habitat. The main threats to this species include habitat destruction and degradation due to climate change leading to extreme temperatures and drought - especially in the Tenerife subpopulation. Other threats include anthropogenic activities, especially those related to ecological tourism, which if not properly implemented, may contribute to changes in the microhabitat conditions for this sensitive liverwort, the increase in fires and the spread of invasive alien plant species.","This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in the Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2012b), as Endangered in Madeira (Sim-Sim et al. 2014) and as Endangered in Europe (ECCB 1995). The natural laurel forest in which it occurs is protected by regional, national and international legislation, and is a priority habitat under the EU Habitats Directive. In Tenerife, the only locality is located in the Rural Park of Anaga and in a Special Area of Conservation (SAC). In Madeira most of its distribution is included in the Madeira Natural Park, which is protected through a Regional Decree and was designated a Natura 2000 site. In 1999 the area was also designated a World Natural Heritage site by UNESCO. The restricted distribution of the species and the global importance of the Macaronesian population justify the future implementation of specific conservation measures, along with effective habitat protection and management, at the sites where it is known to occur. It should be monitored at some sites, especially in Tenerife. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Orgaz Alvarez, J.,Englefield, E.","Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,RADULACEAE,Radula,lindenbergiana,,Radula lindenbergiana  ,Gottsche ex C. Hartm.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Lindenberg's Scalewort (Radula lindenbergiana) is widespread throughout most of Europe, but is not as common as the closely related species Radula complanata. However, it is probably under-recorded, as it is not easily distinguished from R. complanata. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threat Category, and the current population trend seems to be stable. Although it can be locally threatened by air pollution and changes in forest management, there is no major threat to it at the European level. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. No conservation actions are required at present.",Stable,"This species is widespread over most of Europe but is not as common as Radula complanata. However, it is probably under-recorded, as it is not easily distinguished from R. complanata. It ranges  from Portugal and Ireland in the west to Russia in the east and from the  Mediterranean in the south to Scandinavia and Iceland in  the north. In Russia, it is only known from northern regions. It is also known from Macaronesia and the  Faroe Islands, but not from Svalbard or the extreme north. It occurs from sea level in the north but is more confined to the mountains in central and southern Europe, where it can be found up to 2,700 m Asl. Outside Europe it is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, occurring through Asia, North America and southern Greenland. It is also known  from north Africa and there are disjunct reports from southern Africa (Nebel and Philippi 2005). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","The population is large and the current trend seems to be stable, since there is no indication of a decline.",This species grows mainly on non-calcareous rocks or on humus-covered calcareous rocks in open to shady  habitats. At lower elevations it can also be found as an epiphyte on mainly deciduous trees in different  kinds of forests.,"The species may be locally threatened by air pollution. In Finland, the rather small subpopulations may be threatened by changes in forest management (Laaka-Lindberg et al. 2009). On the European scale though, there seems to be no major threat to it.","The species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Finland, Hungary and Bulgaria, as Near Threatened in Italy and Germany, and as Data Deficient in Hungary (Hodgetts 2015). There is no need for any conservation actions at present. It is known to occur in protected areas across its range in Europe.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Duckett, J.,Cálix, M.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,RADULACEAE,Radula,nudicaulis,,Radula nudicaulis  ,Steph.,,No,VU,C2a(i),No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



In Europe, Radula nudicaulis occurs in several localities on the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo, and in the Azores Archipelago it is known from the islands of Pico, Faial, São Jorge, São Miguel and Terceira. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it is estimated that there are fewer than 10,000 individual-equivalents, and that each subpopulation has fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents. Since it is mostly an epiphyte and also found on boulders, one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one tree, shrub or rock on which it grows. There is also evidence of a current decline in the population due to the ongoing threats. The main threats include alterations to flow regimes, landslides, habitat degradation due to climate change, and the intensification of forest fires, which is strongly linked to the spread of invasive alien species. Other important threats are habitat eutrophication due to overgrazing and the increase in forestry plantations. In addition, anthropogenic activities, especially those related to ecotourism, may affect the microhabitat of this sensitive liverwort if not properly managed. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is needed in order to ensure the viability of the subpopulations, particularly in the Azores.

",Decreasing,"In Europe, Radula nudicaulis occurs in several localities on the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo, and in the Azores Archipelago it is known from the islands of Pico, Faial, São Jorge, São Miguel and Terceira (Gabriel et al. 2011, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). Elsewhere, this is a species of tropical South America (Gradstein and Costa 2003, Luís et al. 2005). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 92,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 240 km².","This species occurs in several localities on the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo. In the Azores, although occurring on five islands, it is considered a scarce species with narrow ecological tolerance (Gabriel et al. 2011, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). This species is difficult to identify in the field. Since it is mostly an epiphyte and also found on boulders, one  individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one tree, shrub or rock on  which it grows. It is estimated that there are fewer than 10,000 individual-equivalents, and that each subpopulation has fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents. There is also evidence of a current decline in the population and the trend is therefore considered to be decreasing.","Both in Madeira and in the Azores, this species occurs in natural forests and, in Madeira, in the island’s central mountain massif at altitudes ranging from 570 m to 1,700 m Asl. It grows on trunks of Erica arborea, E. azorica, Laurus novocanariensis and L. azorica and on rocks, in very damp and shaded areas and sometimes in ravines with a northern exposure (Luís et al. 2005, Stech et al. 2010). This species is dioicous.","The main threats to this species include alterations to flow regimes, landslides, habitat degradation due to climate change, and the intensification of forest fires, which is strongly linked to the spread of invasive alien species. Other important threats are habitat eutrophication due to overgrazing and the increase in forestry plantations. In addition, anthropogenic activities, especially those related to ecotourism, may affect the microhabitat of this sensitive liverwort if not properly managed. Disturbance can lead this species to stop producing sporophytes. Since the Azores are located on the mid-Atlantic ridge, they are also prone to the effects of volcanoes and earthquakes with potentially deleterious effects to the existing subpopulations. There is a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat.","The native forests in which it occurs in Madeira and the Azores are protected by regional, national and international legislation. The laurel forest of Madeira is a priority habitat under the EU Habitats Directive and was designated a Natura 2000 site. In 1999 the area was also designated a World Natural Heritage site by UNESCO. In Madeira most of this species' distribution is included in the Madeira Natural Park, which is protected through a Regional Decree. This species was considered rare in the European Red List of Bryophytes (ECCB 1995). Currently, there are no specific conservation measures in place for this species in Madeira and the Azores. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is needed in order to ensure the viability of the subpopulations, particularly in the Azores.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Aleffi, M.","Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N., Martins, A. & Gabriel, R.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,RADULACEAE,Radula,visianica,,Radula visianica  ,C.Massal.,,Yes,CR,D,Yes,CR,D,EU28,,"Radula visianica is endemic to Europe and is only known from five recent localities in Austria. The species has gone regionally extinct in Italy where it was known from two localities. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it is estimated that there are less than 50 individual-equivalents in Europe. One individual-equivalent is considered one square metre on which the species grows. There are no major threats to the currently known sites in Austria, since these are remote and hard to access. Ex-situ conservation is recommended for this species. Further research is needed into its distribution, to ascertain whether the species has a larger population size than currently known.",Stable,"This species is endemic to Europe, where it is currently known from five recently found extant localities in Austria (Köckinger 2016). The species has gone extinct in Italy where it was known from two localities (Massalongo 1904, Gerola 1938), and the species has not been seen in Italy since 1938. Aleffi et al. (2004) conducted some searches in the two known Italian localities: on the Colli Euganei in Veneto (Massalongo 1904) and in the Bosco Welsperg (Fiera di Primiero, Val Cismòn) in Trentino-Alto Adige (Gerola 1938), however, the species was not re-found.","There are only five known localities, which are all small, with up to ten individual-equivalents per locality, but sometimes less. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered one square metre on which the species grows. Currently, it is estimated that there are less than 50 individual-equivalents in Europe. The current population trend is thought to be stable.","This species grows on north-facing moist dolomite rocks in montane to sub-alpine areas in Austria. In Italy, the species was assumed to be an epiphyte, but the substrate of the type collection is thought not to have been recorded correctly. Probably the species had a wider ecological amplitude formerly. Searches had been restricted to improper habitats until recently. It is found at elevations between 1,200 mand 1,800 m asl. The recent collections from the Austrian part of the Alps suggest that this enigmatic liverwort is primarily a plant of basic rocks which only rarely tolerates other substrates. There it was found in small patches on north-facing, moist to wet dolomite rocks from the high-montane to the subalpine belts; in particular on vertical rock faces, in shallow niches or on detritus-covered rock, but never creeping directly on open rock surfaces. It usually grows among other bryophytes; sometimes with erect shoots even in dense cushions of mosses. Most frequently, it was observed together with Hydrogonium croceum, Orthothecium rufescens, Hymenostylium recurvirostrum, Ditrichum gracile, Palustriella commutata var. sulcata, Fissidens dubius, Mesoptychia collaris, Pedinophyllum interruptum, Cololejeunea calcarea, the alga Trentepohlia aurea and cyanobacteria, always in loose and moist, low-altitude expressions of the plant community Caricetum firmae (Köckinger 2016).",There are no major threats to the currently known sites in Austria since these are remote and hard to access.,"It would be advisable to consider ex-situ conservation for this species, but according to Köckinger (2016), this may prove impossible due to the ecology of the species. Further research is needed into its distribution, to ascertain whether the species has a larger population size than currently known.",This species is not utilised.,"Ganeva, A.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F. & Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,RADULACEAE,Radula,voluta,,Radula voluta  ,"Taylor ex Gottsche, Lindenb. &amp; Nees",,No,NT,D1,No,NT,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



The Pale Scalewort (Radula voluta) is a rare hyperoceanic temperate liverwort known in Europe only from western parts of Ireland and Britain. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it is estimated that there are fewer than 1,500 individual-equivalents; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion D. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one boulder or one square metre on which the species grows. This species is at risk due to its rarity and the mainly small subpopulations, which may be sensitive to stochastic events. 



While there are apparently no widespread threats to this species at present, hydro-electric schemes that involve abstracting water from humid ravines or flooding such areas may be a threat. Some of the best subpopulations should be protected, treated with sensitive low-intensity site management, and monitored. This is particularly important for this species, as a relatively small decline would place it in a threatened category. It could easily become Vulnerable if monitoring suggests that the number of individual-equivalents has fallen below 1,000.",Stable,"The Pale Scalewort (Radula voluta) is a rare hyperoceanic temperate liverwort known in Europe only from western parts of Ireland and Britain. Elsewhere, it is an African and Indian Ocean species, recorded from Ethiopia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, South Africa, Socotra, Madagascar, Réunion and Mauritius. It was formerly considered disjunct in eastern North America and Peru, but these plants are now considered synonymous with relatively widespread South America taxa (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 460 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 174,243 km².","This current population trend appears to be more or less stable. Some subpopulations are large, but most are small or very small. It is estimated that there are fewer than 1,500 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one boulder or one square metre on which the species grows.","Despite its rarity, this species is found in several habitats. It occurs most commonly, but usually in small quantity, growing amongst other bryophytes such as Hyocomium armoricum and Thamnobryum alopecurum on shaded, damp blocks at and slightly above water level and near waterfalls and cascades in low-lying wooded ravines and gorges, associated with Lejeunea lamacerina, Riccardia chamedryfolia and, occasionally, Jubula hutchinsiae. More rarely it forms extensive pure bright green patches on lightly shaded, mildly basic blocks in and by small streams and cascades in low-lying mixed deciduous woods (mainly oak, elm, ash) and on shaded rock outcrops in woods on steep slopes where there is some intermittent water seepage. It also grows on the sides of caves in cascading wooded streams. In such situations it generally avoids the deeply shaded areas occupied by Jubula hutchinsiae. A few subpopulations are large, but the majority comprise just a few patches. Its altitudinal range is from 10 m up to 600 m Asl.



It is dioicous; male plants are frequent but female plants are unknown in Europe. Gemmae are also unknown in Europe (Blockeelet al. 2014).","While there are apparently no widespread threats to this species at  present, hydro-electric schemes that involve abstracting water from  humid ravines or flooding such areas may be a threat.","Some of the best subpopulations should be protected, treated with sensitive low-intensity site management, and monitored. This is particularly important for this species, as a relatively small decline would place it in a threatened category. It has been assessed as Near Threatened in Britainand as Least Concern in Ireland(Lockhart et al. 2012, Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Ros-Espín, R.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,PORELLALES,RADULACEAE,Radula,wichurae,,Radula wichurae  ,Steph.,,Yes,NT,A3c,Yes,NT,A3c,EU28,,"Radula wichurae is endemic to Macaronesia and occurs in the Canary Islands (Tenerife), Madeira, Porto Santo and in all the islands of the Azores Archipelago. This species is long-lived and its generation length is estimated to be between 11 and 25 years. A three generation period is considered to be around 50 years. In a recent publication, a reduction in the amount of suitable habitat for this species was projected of either 36% or 80% until 2070 due to climatic changes (high irradiation and increased drought stress in the Macaronesia region) and under two different climatic scenarios. The projected reduction in the population is thus based on a reduction in area of occupancy (AOO) and quality of the habitat.



However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study (approximately 1-km² grid resolution), it is possible that this species may persist within the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity can be higher than in the surrounding environment. Taking this into account, as well as recognising the degree of uncertainty associated with future projections, it has been considered that the more conservative estimate of decline should be used to assess the extinction risk of this species. It is further assumed that even if there are suitable microclimatic areas within the unsuitable 1-km², these will be minimal (ravines, nooks and crannies) and thus the reduction in suitable habitat will lead to an almost linear reduction in the population. However, the species is capable of growing in semi-natural habitats and gardens, and it is still fairly frequent in Madeira and the Azores - a population reduction of 36% within three generations is therefore considered slightly pessimistic. A population reduction of around 25%, on the other hand, is considered more likely given the available information and the species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened under Criterion A3. 



The main threats to this species include habitat eutrophication due to overgrazing, the increase in forestry plantations, and habitat degradation due to the effects of climate change (leading to extreme temperatures and drought, especially in Tenerife). Intensification of fires, which is strongly associated with the spread of invasive alien plant species, is also a threat to this species. Other important threats include anthropogenic activities, especially those related to ecotourism, which, if not properly managed may affect the microhabitat of this sensitive liverwort. In addition, bryophytes have been considered unlikely to be able to evolve quickly in a changing environment, and their potential to become acclimated to novel climatic conditions (drier and warmer) in the near future is limited. Climate change in the native laurel and heath forest are therefore considered to be the major threat to this species. Monitoring the habitat conditions in Macaronesia region is recommended in order to ensure the stability and continuity of the population. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species.",Stable,"Radula wichurae is endemic to Macaronesia and occurs in the Canary Islands (Tenerife), Madeira, Porto Santo and in all the islands of the Azores Archipelago (Stech et al. 2010, Gabriel et al. 2011, Dirkse et al. 2012, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 391,640 km², and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 384 km².","This species seems to be stable in Madeira Island and Porto Santo. There is also no evidence of decline in the Azores Archipelago, where it occurs in all the islands and is fairly common down to sea level. However, in the Canary Islands it occurs only in Tenerife, where a decline due to stochastic events was recently confirmed (Gabriel et al. 2011, Dirkse et al. 2012, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). The overall current population trend of this species is assumed to be stable. This bryophyte is considered a long-lived species (perennial stayer)  following Dierssen (2001). The generation length of this species is  estimated to be between 11 and 25 years, and a three generation period  is therefore considered to be around 50 years.



The amount of suitable habitat for this species has been projected to decrease by 36% or 80% by 2070 due to climate change. The number of 1-km² climatically suitable grid  cells for this species has been projected to decrease using two  different climate scenarios. The first is a stabilization scenario, while the  other is characterized by increasing greenhouse gas  emissions.  These projections were derived using two different Global Climate  Models recommended for Europe and Mediterranean climates. In addition,  the elevation range of this species is predicted to shift upwards, as  conditions on Macaronesian islands become warmer and drier (Patiño et al. 2016).  The variables considered for these projections included the maximum  temperature of the warmest month and the precipitation (in mm) of the  wettest month. The poikilohydric condition of bryophytes means their  water content is directly regulated by environmental humidity and growth  is restricted to periods of hydration. Temperature is also known to be  an important factor for bryophyte growth (Patiño et al. 2016).  However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study  (approximately 1-km² grid resolution), it is possible that this species  may persist within the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small  microhabitats such as ravines, where humidity is usually higher than in the  surrounding environment. Nevertheless, these models clearly project a  substantial decline in the climatically suitable area for this species  within three generations.

 

","This species grows on slopes, rocks and/or tree trunks, as well on the base of tree trunks, mainly in shaded places in the forest (Gabriel et al. 2011, Dirkse et al. 2012, Luís et al. 2005). It occurs at altitudes ranging from sea level up to 850 m Asl.

","The main threats to this species include habitat eutrophication due to overgrazing, the increase in forestry plantations, and habitat degradation due to the effects of climate change (leading to extreme temperatures and drought, especially in Tenerife). Intensification of fires, which is strongly associated with the spread of invasive alien plant species, is also a threat to this species. Other important threats include anthropogenic activities, especially those related to ecotourism, which, if not properly managed may affect the microhabitat of this sensitive liverwort. In addition, bryophytes have been considered unlikely to be able to evolve quickly in a changing environment, and their potential to become acclimatized to novel climatic conditions (drier and warmer) in the near future is limited (Patiño et al. 2016). Climate change in the native laurel and heath forest are therefore considered to be the major threat to this species.

","This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in the Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2012), as Near Threatened in Madeira (Sim-Sim et al. 2014) and as Vulnerable in Europe (ECCB 1995). There are no specific conservation measures in place, but the species is present in protected areas. The natural laurel forests are protected by regional, national and international legislation, and constitute a priority habitat under the EU Habitats Directive. In Tenerife, the only locality is in the Rural Park of Anaga, a Special Area of Conservation (SAC). In Madeira most of the species' distribution is included in the Madeira Natural Park, which is protected through a Regional Decree, was designated a Natura 2000 site, and in 1999 was designated a World Natural Heritage site by UNESCO. In the Azores it also occurs in protected forest areas included in the Natura 2000 network.​ The importance of protected areas for the conservation of this species is also highlighted by Patiño et al. (2016). Monitoring the habitat conditions in Macaronesia region is recommended in order to ensure the stability and continuity of the population. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species. 

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Stebel, A.","Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N., Martins, A. & Gabriel, R.","Martinčič, A.,Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,AYTONIACEAE,Reboulia,hemisphaerica,,Reboulia hemisphaerica  ,(L.) Raddi,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment:Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment:Least Concern (LC)

The Hemisphaeric Liverwort (Reboulia hemisphaerica) is widespread throughout the whole of Europe, although it is not a very common species. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. It appears to be stable in southern and western parts of Europe, but declining in some central and northern parts because of changes in agricultural practice and habitat destruction (dry meadows). It grows on soil in dry meadows or pastures or on soil-covered calcareous or siliceous rock ledges in open habitats. While there may be some local decline, this species is still widespread and there is no appreciable decline in Europe as a whole. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and in the EU 28.

The species may be threatened locally by the destruction of habitats or by changes in agricultural practices. Excessive nitrogen in the environment and the loss of grazing by goats or sheep, leading to the loss of dry pastures to bushes and trees, may also pose threats to this species. Conservation actions, such as site protection and management and resource and habitat protection are necessary for the protection of dry meadows and pastures.",Stable,"The Hemisphaeric Liverwort (Reboulia hemisphaerica) as a whole (the several subspecies are not evaluated) is distributed throughout Europe from the Macaronesian islands to the Ural mountains and from the Mediterranean up to northern Scandinavia and Iceland in the north (Hodgetts 2015). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. It has an almost worldwide distribution, occurring outside Europe throughout Asia, in North and South America, Africa, Australia and New Zealand. This species grows from sea level up to 2,500 m Asl.","Although not a very common species with scattered subpopulations, this species does not seem to be declining in most countries, especially in southern and western Europe. It is declining in Germany according to Meinunger and Schröder (2007) and in Poland according to Szweykowski (2006) and probably also in some other countries where it is Red Listed. However, there is no appreciable decline in Europe as a whole and the current population trend is considered to be stable.","The species grows on soil in dry meadows or pastures or on soil-covered calcareous or siliceous rock ledges in open habitats (Paton 1999, Damsholt 2002). It rarely occurs in artificial habitats such as stone walls.","This species may be threatened locally by the destruction of habitats or by changes in agricultural practices. Excessive nitrogen in the environment and the loss of grazing by goats or sheep, leading to the loss of dry pastures to bushes and trees may be threats (Nebel and Philippi 2005). Xerothermic grassland is threatened in many parts of central and northern Europe, such as in Poland (P. Górski pers. comm. 2017).","The species has been assessed as Vulnerable in the Red Lists of Germany, Switzerland and Estonia, and as Near Threatened in Finland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Luxembourg and Italy (Hodgetts 2015). It is considered Regionally Extinct in Latvia. Conservation actions, such as site protection and management and resource and habitat protection are necessary for the protection of dry meadows and pastures. It is known to occur in protected areas.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Gunnarsson, U.,Englefield, E.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Rhabdoweisia,crenulata,,Rhabdoweisia crenulata  ,(Mitt.) H.Jameson,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Greater Streak-moss (Rhabdoweisia crenulata) is an oceanic boreal-montane species of western Europe that is rare everywhere except in Britain and Ireland, also occurring in the Alps and the Pyrenees, Belgium (where it is extinct), and southwestern Norway, with isolated eastern localities in the Czech Republic and Romania. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is a colonist, the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"The Greater Streak-moss (Rhabdoweisia crenulata) is an oceanic boreal-montane species of western Europe that is rare everywhere except in Britain and Ireland, also occurring in the Alps and the Pyrenees, Belgium (where it is extinct), and southwestern Norway, with isolated eastern localities in the Czech Republic and Romania. A record from Slovenia is doubtful. Elsewhere it occurs in the Himalayas, China, Greenland, North America (North Carolina only), the Dominican Republic, South America (Colombia) and Hawaii. The disjunct distribution of this species resembles that of several large liverworts such as Pleurozia purpurea and Scapania ornithopodioides. The liverwort disjunctions are sometimes attributed to fragmentation of range following failure of sexual reproduction, but such an explanation cannot possibly apply to the abundantly fertile colonist R. crenulata (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 1,600 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3 million km².","There seems to have been very little change in the distribution and abundance of this species. The current population trend is considered to be stable. In its core area of the British Isles, subpopulations are usually small, but the total population must be substantial. It is considered 'rare' in Spain.","Of the three Rhabdoweisia species, this is the most demanding of humidity, occurring on shaded ledges and crevices of siliceous rock in humid or damp situations, often under overhangs. It occurs typically on rock walls in gorges and ravines, especially near waterfalls, in rocky Atlantic woodland, and on north-facing crags, occasionally among boulders in scree. It is usually found on acid substrates, including slates and sandstone, but also occasionally on basic rock. Its altitudinal range is from 10 m up to 1,330 m Asl.



The species is monoicous; capsules are abundant, maturing in summer (Blockeelet al. 2014).",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Romania, as Endangered in the Czech Republic, as Vulnerable in Spain and Switzerland, and as Near Threatened in Norway. It is considered Regionally Extinct in Belgium (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Ros-Espín, R.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G. & Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Rhabdoweisia,crispata,,Rhabdoweisia crispata  ,(Dicks. ex With.) Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Toothed Streak-moss (Rhabdoweisia crispata) is a suboceanic boreal-montane species. In Europe it grows from the Faroe Islands, Ireland, Britain, northern Norway and Latvia, through the mountains of central Europe and the Urals, south to northern Spain, Italy and Bulgaria. It is also in the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although subpopulations are mostly small, it is widespread, the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"The Toothed Streak-moss (Rhabdoweisia crispata) is a suboceanic boreal-montane species. In Europe it grows from the Faroe Islands, Ireland, Britain, northern Norway and Latvia, through the mountains of central Europe and the Urals, south to northern Spain, Italy and Bulgaria. It is also in the Canary Islands. Elsewhere it has been recorded in Siberia, northern and eastern Asia south to Java, Japan, North America from Arctic Alaska south to Georgia, Greenland, Hawaii, South America (Bolivia) and Africa (Lesotho and South Africa) (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 3,260 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 12.2 million km².","There is little indication of change in the distribution or abundance of this species, but it is at least scarce in some areas. Subpopulations are usually small. The current population trend is stable.","This species usually occurs on thin humus in crevices and recesses among siliceous rocks, on cliff ledges, and under overhanging boulders, favouring sheltered and lightly shaded situations, typically in gullies, in wooded ravines, among scree and on crags. It sometimes colonises quarry waste. Although often on granite, sandstone, slates and shales with calcifuges such as Diplophyllum albicans and Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans, it is not restricted to acid rocks, occurring on basic schist in several parts of the Scottish Highlands. Its habitat overlaps both Rhabdoweisia fugax and R. crenulata, but it is less common in the drier niches occupied by R. fugax, and it ascends to higher altitudes on montane cliffs than either of the other species (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from 20 m up to 2,665 m Asl.



It is monoicous; capsules are usually abundant, maturing irregularly through most of the year.",There appear to be no major threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. It has been assessed as Endangered in Switzerland, as Vulnerable in Finland, Spain, Germany and Bulgaria, as Near Threatened in Ireland and the Czech Republic, as 'rare' in Poland, and as Data Deficient in the Canary Islands and Slovakia (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Cronberg, N.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,RHABDOWEISIACEAE,Rhabdoweisia,fugax,,Rhabdoweisia fugax  ,(Hedw.) Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Dwarf Streak-moss (Rhabdoweisia fugax) has a very wide range in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. It is a generally frequent species, although often occurring in small quantity. Some local declines have been reported (e.g., in Ireland), but the overall current population trend for Europe is stable. A few local threats, such as the spread of urban areas or clear-cutting of forests, may impact this species, but there is no overall threat at the European level. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. No conservation measures are required at present. However, more information about the population trend is needed, and particularly the causes of the observed decline in Ireland should be investigated.",Stable,"This species is widespread in Europe, from Scandinavia and Russia in the north to the Mediterranean region in the south, and from Macaronesia and Portugal in the west to Russia in the east, but is not recorded from Iceland, Svalbard, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, Kosovo, Lithuania, Belarus, Estonia, southern European Russia and some of the smaller Mediterranean countries (Hodgetts 2015). Outside Europe, this species occurs in Central and South America and Africa. It has been found growing from sea level up to 2,800 m Asl (Hofmann et al. 2011). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","The species is frequent in most of Europe (Nebel and Philippi 2001, Lockhart et al. 2012), but often occurs in small quantity. A local decline is reported in Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012), but the overall current population trend for Europe is stable and the population size is large.","This species mostly grows in lime-free, humid and shady sites, often covered with a thin humus layer, such as in cracks, crevices and gaps on lime-free stones, the bases of rocks, north-facing slopes or in deep gorges (Nebel and Philippi 2001, ArtDatabanken 2010). It can stand a higher light intensity at higher elevations (Hofmann et al. 2011).","A few local threats are reported, such as the spread of urban areas in Sweden (ArtDatabanken 2010) or clear-cutting in Baden-Württenberg, Germany (Nebel and Philippi 2001), but there is no overall threat at the European level.","This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Ireland and as Near Threatened in Hungary (Hodgetts 2015), and is rare in some areas. This species is listed as one of the Northern Ireland Priority Species (Lockhart et al. 2012). More information about the population trend is needed, and particularly the causes of the observed decline in Ireland should be investigated. It is known to occur in protected areas in Europe.",The species is not utilised or traded.,"Aleffi, M.,Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.","Baudraz, M.E.A. & Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DITRICHACEAE,Rhamphidium,purpuratum,,Rhamphidium purpuratum  ,Mitt.,,Yes,NT,B2b(iii),Yes,NT,B2b(iii),EU28,,"

Rhamphidium purpuratum is widely distributed in Macaronesia, including Madeira, all islands of the Azores (with the exception of Graciosa and Santa Maria), and Tenerife and La Gomera in the Canary Islands. It has also been found on the Mediterranean island of Crete and mainland Portugal. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 368 km2), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat due to ongoing threats; thus making it close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B. Desiccation of the water courses due to water extraction is the most important threat to this species, together with the effects of climatic change which are already occurring, especially in southern areas. In addition, fire is another factor that contributes to water courses desiccation and direct mortality of the species. The natural freshwater habitats, including those across the laurel forest and the Rhododendron ponticum forest, should be monitored and protected from the impacts of human activities.

",Unknown,"Rhampidium purpuratum is endemic to Europe. The species is widely distributed in Macaronesia, including Madeira (Sérgio et al. 2008), all islands of the Azores (with the exception of Graciosa and Santa Maria) (Gabriel et al. 2005), and Tenerife and La Gomera in the Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2008). It has also been found on the Mediterranean island of Crete (Blockeel 2007, 2012) and mainland Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2011). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3.7 million km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 368 km2.","

This is a rare but widely distributed species in the Macaronesian islands (the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands), mainland Portugal and Crete. The species was considered extinct in mainland Portugal by Sérgio et al. (1994, 2001), but later a new subpopulation was discovered in a southern region (Sérgio et al. 2011). The species is not rare in the Azores (Gabriel et al. 2011). The current population trend is unknown. It is estimated that there are between 10,000 and 15,000 individual-equivalents, and that each subpopulation has less than 1,000 individual-equivalents. It is considered that one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is one square metre on which the species grows.

 

","

 

This is a riparian species (Patiño et al. 2006, Luis et al. 2010, Sérgio et al. 2011), although it occasionally grows on soils at the margins of streams and waterfalls, and more rarely on soil-banks in humid laurel forests or wet schist rocks in Crete (Blockeel 2007). In Portugal, it also occurs at the margin of streams in wetter forests of Rhododendron ponticum and Alnus glutinosa (Sérgio et al. 2011). This species has been found at elevations from 150 m to 800 m Asl.

","

Desiccation of the water courses due to water extraction is the most important threat to this species, together with the effects of climatic change which are already occurring, especially in southern areas (J.M. González-Mancebo pers. comm. 2017). In addition, fire is another factor that contributes to water courses desiccation and direct mortality of the species. There is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat of this species due to the abovementioned threats.

","

The species is known to occur in protected areas and has been assessed as Endangered in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013), as Vulnerable in the Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2012), as Near Threatened in Madeira (Sim-Sim et al. 2014) and as Endangered in Crete (Blockeel 2012). The natural freshwater habitats of the species, including those within the laurel forest and the Rhododendron ponticum forest, should be monitored and protected from the impacts of human activities.

",This species is not utilised.,"Bates, J.,Cálix, M.","González Mancebo, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Rhizomnium,andrewsianum,,Rhizomnium andrewsianum  ,(Steere) T.J.Kop.,,No,EN,B2ab(iii); C2a(i),No,EN,EN B2ab (iii); C2a (i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Rhizomnium andrewsianum is reported in Europe from Iceland, Norway, Svalbard, northern Sweden, northern Finland and northern Russia. The species seems to be genuinely rare in Norway, Sweden and Finland. However, in Svalbard the species seems to be rather common. This species has a fairly restricted area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 160 and 200 km2, and within the EU 28, the AOO is 12 km2. 

It is estimated that the total number of individual-equivalents in Europe (considered as mature individuals) is between 1,000 and 2,000 and within EU 28 between 500 and 1,000. In addition, there is no subpopulation bigger than 250 individual-equivalents. In addition, this species is considered to be severely fragmented. The current population trend is considered to be decreasing, as a result of climate warming causing the habitats of this species to become drier. Therefore, this species is assessed as Endangered in both Europe and the EU 28.

Monitoring, and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed.

",Decreasing,"This species has a mainly high arctic distribution range and is reported from Iceland, Norway, Svalbard, northern Sweden, northern Finland and northern Russia (Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 200 m and 2,000 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, northernmost North America and Asia (BFNA 2015).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 160 and 200 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.6 million km2. Within the EU 28, the AOO is 12 km2 and the EOO is 1,280 km2.

","The species seems to be genuinely rare in Norway, Sweden and Finland. The number of localities are three in Sweden and three in Norway. In Finland, the moss was first found in 1967 from Kuusamo where it has now likely disappeared. There is one more recent record from northern Finland (Koponen 2009). However, in Svalbard, the species seems to be rather common.

  In mainland Norway, the distribution is limited to the northernmost, most arctic part, and where appropriate, moist mountain habitats should not be scarce. In Sweden, there are indications that the species' habitats are becoming drier and can dry up even more if the climate becomes warmer, which means that this species may be threatened and disappearing from its sites. The same might be true for Svalbard. Therefore, the overall current population trend is considered to be decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28. Based on the few findings in Fennoscandia, it is estimated that the total number of individual-equivalents in Europe (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for each individual-equivalent) is between 1,000 and 2,000 and within EU 28 between 500 and 1,000 and no subpopulation is bigger than 250 individual-equivalents. This species has no sporophytes and low dispersal capacity. Therefore, this species is considered to be severely fragmented, as the subpopulations are small and isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation (Hassel et al. 2015).","This species grows on humus-rich, slightly calcareous mineral soil, in flushed alpine slopes or along rivulets at high altitudes (Hallingbäck et al. 2006).","There are indications that the habitats of this species are becoming drier and can dry up even more if the climate becomes warmer, which means that this species may be threatened and could disappear from all its sites.","This species is assessed in the Red List of Finland as Critically Endangered (CR), in Norway as Endangered (EN), in Iceland as Data Deficient (DD) and in Sweden as Near Threatened (NT) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area.

Monitoring, and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,During, H.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Rhizomnium,gracile,,Rhizomnium gracile  ,T.J.Kop.,,No,CR,D,No,CR,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

Rhizomnium gracile is very rare and has been found in only a few places in Europe. In Europe, as well as EU 28, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 8 and 24 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 8 and 100 km2. The current population trend is unknown, and the major threats to this species are not known. However, the number of individual-equivalents in both Europe and the EU 28 is most probably less than 50 (considered as mature individuals). Therefore, this species is assessed as Critically Endangered in both Europe and the EU 28.

It is important to continue searching for this species in order to know its full distribution and population trend, as well as further research on the threats.",Unknown,"This species has a boreal-arctic distribution and it is only known from northern Fennoscandia (Hodgetts 2015). In Finland, the species is found at one place in Kuusamo in year 1967 (Koponen, T. 2009).In Sweden, two findings are known, one place in Lule Lappland and one in Jämtland. Both Swedish findings were made in 2002 by Henrik Weibull and both collections have been confirmed by an expert (T. Koponen and H. Weibull pers. comm. 2017). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in North America (BFNA 2015).

In Europe, as well as the EU 28, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 8 and 24 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 8 and 100 km2.","Very little information about the total population size of this species is known. Since this species has been looked for it many times, it must be very rare. Most probably, the number of individual-equivalents in both Europe and the EU 28 is less than 50 (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equivalent).

In Finland, the only correct finding is from Jäkälävuoma (Kuusamo) and was collected in 1967 by M. Bowers (Koponen 2009). In Sweden, this species has been found at two sites, one in northernmost Sweden (Lapland) and the other one in the mountains of Jämtland. The current population trend of this species is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28.","The ecology of this species in Europe is very poorly known. The collection from Finland is a rocky gorge with a cool microclimate with shading Norway spruces. In North America, this species grows on moist eroded turf in calcareous, mineral-rich fen areas, in shaded bare peat microhabitats, in wooded poorer mires, and in moose tracks of rich fens (Koponen 2009). It has also been reported from the shores of lakes and minor bodies of stagnant water.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is in the Red List of Finland as Critically Endangered (CR) (Hodgetts 2015). The known site in Finland is in a protected area. It is important to continue searching for this species in order to know its full distribution and population trend, as well as further research on the threats.

",The species is not used or traded.,"Orgaz Alvarez, J.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Rhizomnium,magnifolium,,Rhizomnium magnifolium  ,(Horik.) T.J.Kop.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Large-leaf Thyme-moss (Rhizomnium magnifolium) shows a boreal-montane distribution in Europe, where it occurs mostly at higher altitudes, in permanently wet habitats such as flushes, rock crevices in crags, springs and on irrigated rocks. It is widespread and common in the mountain ranges of Europe, becoming much rarer in the south, and is absent from several areas, including Macaronesia. It distribution may not be fully known because of confusion with other species of the genus. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, and are particularly unclear in the lowlands. The subpopulations seem to be large and stable in the Alps and Scandinavia. The population size is certainly above 10,000 individual-equivalents. This species is not threatened in mountainous areas, but in the lowlands, drainage and water discharge can pose a threat to it. No conservation measures at the European level are required at present. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.



",Unknown,"The Large-leaf Thyme-moss (Rhizomnium magnifolium) shows a boreal-montane distribution in Europe, where it is widespread and common in the mountain ranges, becoming much rarer in the south, and is absent from several areas, including Macaronesia. It distribution may not be fully known because of confusion with other species of the genus. It has been found growing at elevations between 200 m and 2,600 m Asl. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is known elsewhere from Georgia, Siberia, the Himalayas, central and eastern Asia, Japan, North America and Greenland.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, and are particularly unclear in the lowlands. The subpopulations seem to be large and stable in the Alps and Scandinavia. The population size is certainly above 10,000 individual-equivalents in Europe and the EU 28. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows.","This moss occurs mostly at higher altitudes, in permanently wet habitats such as flushes, rock crevices in crags, springs and on irrigated rocks (Grims 1999, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).","This species is not threatened in mountainous areas.In the lowlands, drainage and water discharge can pose a threat (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Schröck et al. 2013, 2014).","This moss has been assessed as Endangered in Portugal, as Vulnerable in Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia and Estonia, and as Data Deficient in Bulgaria (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas.","This species is not utilised or traded.

","Cálix, M.,Pilkington, S.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Rhizomnium,pseudopunctatum,,Rhizomnium pseudopunctatum  ,(Bruch &amp; Schimp.) T.J.Kop.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Felted Thyme-moss (Rhizomnium pseudopunctatum) occurs in a variety of wetland habitats, and shows a boreal-montane distribution in Europe, where it is widespread. The precise distribution in the lowlands is not completely clear, because of confusion with other species. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened category. It is abundant in northern Europe, especially in Scandinavia and parts of European Russia, where the subpopulation are more or less stable. But declines have been observed in Ireland, Britain, Germany and Austria. Thus the overall population trend is considered to be decreasing. However, the population size is estimated to be considerably above 10,000 individual-equivalents. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.

Most sites in the northern parts of Europe are not threatened at present. Drainage and intensive grazing are major threats, especially in the lowlands and the south. In Britain and Ireland, cessation of grazing is also a major threat. This species is confined to cool, wet sites, which also means that climate change might be considered a threat. No conservation measures are required at present in many parts of its distribution range. Nevertheless, some large and particularly isolated subpopulations should be protected, particularly in southern Europe. In addition, the correct management of grazing is needed. A targeted monitoring program should at least document the effects of climate change on this species in the Alps. It occurs in many protected areas, offering it some protection from aforementioned threats.",Decreasing,"The Felted Thyme-moss (Rhizomnium pseudopunctatum) shows a boreal-montane distribution in Europe, where it is widespread from Iceland, the Faroe Islands, northern Scandinavia and neighbouring regions of Russia south to central Europe, and also present in the mountains south to the Pyrenees and Balkans. The precise distribution in the lowlands is not completely clear, because of confusion with other species. It has been found growing at elevations between 5 m and 2,600 m Asl. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is also known from the Caucasus,  western Siberia to eastern Asia south to Taiwan, North America and  Greenland.","This species is widespread and abundant in northern Europe, especially in Scandinavia and parts of European Russia, where the subpopulation are more or less stable. Outside this area, the situation is completely different. In Britain and Ireland (Blockeel et al. 2014) and Germany (Meinunger and Schröder 2007), this species shows a strong historical decline and is still declining. In Austria, this species is rare, occurring from the upper montane to the alpine belt and is also declining (Köckinger and Schröck 2017). According to Hoffmann et al. (2011), this species is widespread in Switzerland, with sites also in the lowlands. Thus the overall population trend is considered to be decreasing. However, the population size is still considerably larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents in Europe and in the EU 28. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species occurs.","This species occurs in base-rich to subneutral mire habitats, from rich fens to much less strongly calcareous sites. It occurs in flushes, springs, swampy woodland, lakesides and fens. According to Blockeel et al. (2014), sporophytes are frequent.","Most sites in the northern parts of Europe are not threatened at present. However, human impact is a factor even at higher altitudes in the Alps (for example Austria). Drainage and intensive grazing are major threats, especially in the lowlands and the south. In Britain and Ireland, cessation of grazing is also a major threat (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species is confined to cool, wet sites, which also means that climate change might be considered a threat.","This moss is considered Vulnerable in Austria, Germany and the Netherlands, and Near Threatened in Ireland, and Slovakia (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation measures are required at present in many parts of its distribution range. Nevertheless, some large and particularly isolated subpopulations should be protected, particularly in southern Europe. In addition, the correct management of grazing is needed. A targeted monitoring program should at least document the effects of climate change in the Alps. It occurs in many protected areas.","This species is not utilised or traded.

","Cálix, M.,Pilkington, S.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Rhizomnium,punctatum,,Rhizomnium punctatum  ,(Hedw.) T.J.Kop.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Dotted Thyme-moss (Rhizomnium punctatum) is a typical moss species of damp shaded places, where it occurs in a broad range of habitats, including wetlands, stream banks, forests and wet soil. It shows a circumpolar boreal-temperate distribution and is widespread and common throughout Europe, becoming rarer in the southern parts of the continent. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. The population trend is stable throughout almost all of Europe. It forms particularly large subpopulations in upland areas. The overall population size is estimated to be well into the millions. It is not threatened over its range, and no specified conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.



 



 



 



",Stable,"The Dotted Thyme-moss (Rhizomnium punctatum) shows a circumpolar boreal-temperate distribution. It is widespread and common throughout Europe, missing only in the Canary Islands, some Mediterranean islands and parts of the Arctic, and becoming rarer in the southern parts of the continent. It has been found growing at elevations from near sea level up to 2,600 m Asl. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. According to Blockeel et al. (2014), it is known outside Europe from northern Africa, Turkey, the Caucasus, Iran and Asia east to Siberia.",This moss is abundant and stable almost throughout Europe. It forms particularly large subpopulations in upland areas. The population size is estimated to be well into the millions across Europe and the EU 28.,"A typical moss of damp shaded places, it occurs in a broad range of habitats, including wetlands, stream banks, forests and wet soil. In woodland it also colonises dead wood and tree bases (Grims 1999, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).",This species is not threatened over its range.,"No conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas. It is listed as Near Threatened in Sicily.

","This species is not utilised or traded.

","Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.,Aleffi, M.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Rhodobryum,ontariense,,Rhodobryum ontariense  ,(Kindb.) Kindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Rhodobryum ontariense is a calciphilous species growing on soil or soil-covered rocks in rather dry deciduous forests or in dry grasslands. It has a widespread but scattered distribution in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Although there are some local declines, particularly of subpopulations occurring within dry grasslands, there is no overall decline at the European level, and so the population trend is considered as stable. Subpopulations are usually small, with larger subpopulations reported only rarely. However the population is assumed to be significantly larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be a square metre or one boulder where the species grows. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.

Threats to this species are the excessive nutrient inputs into dry grassland habitats. This can cause strong increases in the above-ground biomass of vascular plants which in turn leads to heavy shading and finally, potentially, to the disappearance of this species. No conservation measures are required at present for the subpopulations in the forests, but those in dry grasslands should be managed. Further research and monitoring of population and habitat trends, for at least some of the subpopulations, is recommended. A study of the potential threats also appears to be necessary. It occurs in at least one protected area in its known range across Europe.",Stable,"This species has a widespread but scattered distribution in Europe (Nebel and Philippi 2001), occurring in Finland, Sweden, France, Italy, Spain, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Luxembourg, Poland, Slovakia, Switzerland, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Crimea, Estonia, Latvia, Ukraine and the Urals (Russia). It is missing from Arctic regions, large parts of the Balkan Peninsula and many eastern areas. It is found growing at elevations between 150 m and 1,900 m Asl. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Outside Europe, this species is known from North America, India, Japan, southeastern Asia and Malaysia.","The population size and population trends of this species are unknown in detail. Whilst the population trend is assumed to be stable at present, a historical decline may have taken place (Nebel and Philippi 2001), because of forest management and the decline in grassland. Subpopulations are usually small, with larger subpopulations reported only rarely (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). However, the population size is assumed to be significantly above 1,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be a square metre or one boulder where the species grows.",This is a calciphilous species on soil or soil-covered rocks in rather dry deciduous forests or in dry grasslands. It also rarely occurs on tree bases.,"Nutrient inputs in dry grasslands leads to strong increases in the above-ground biomass of vascular plants which in turn leads to heavy shading and finally, potentially, to the disappearance of this species. However, knowledge is too scant to provide a reliable evaluation of the threats to this species in these habitat types. The significantly larger subpopulations in forests are currently not threatened.","This moss is included in several national Red Lists and has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Luxembourg, as Endangered in Finland, as Vulnerable in Romania, and as Near Threatened in Germany and Slovakia (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation measures are required at present for the subpopulations in the forests, but those in dry grasslands should be managed. Further research and monitoring of population and habitat trends, for at least some of the subpopulations, is recommended. A study of the potential threats also appears to be necessary. It occurs in at least one protected area in its known range across Europe.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Puche, F.,Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,BRYACEAE,Rhodobryum,roseum,,Rhodobryum roseum  ,(Hedw.) Limpr.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Rose-moss (Rhodobryum roseum) has a circumpolar boreal-temperate distribution and can be described as a typical species of moist to wet forests. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in Europe and it has a large population. The overall population is certainly above 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre or one log on which the species grows. Thus this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28. In mountainous areas and in Scandinavia the subpopulations are assumed to be stable. On the other hand, there appears to be a long-term decline in the lowlands of some European countries such as the UK and Germany, where subpopulations are often small.

The drainage of wet forests and eutrophication at lower elevations are the main threats to this species. There are no conservation measures required at present in mountainous areas or in Scandinavia. However, site management and monitoring is recommended for lowland subpopulations. Further research is also needed into the population and habitat trends, as well as the threats to this species. It occurs in many protected areas across its range in Europe.",Decreasing,"The Rose-moss (Rhodobryum roseum) shows a circumpolar boreal-temperate distribution. In Europe, it is widespread throughout the continent, missing only in Arctic regions and becoming rarer in the southern parts of the continent. It is found growing from sea level up to 2,400 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is also known from Asia (including Japan) and North America.



","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail. In mountainous areas and in Scandinavia the current population is assumed to be stable. There appears to be a long-term decline in the lowlands of England and Germany (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). In Germany, Meinunger and Schröder (2007) suggest a decrease in the development of sporophytes. In central Europe, the subpopulations are often small. The overall population trend therefore appears to be decreasing. The number of individual-equivalents is certainly larger than 10,000. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre or one log on which the species grows.","According to Blockeel et al. (2014), this species grows in Britain and Ireland on well-drained soil which is usually calcareous, in the open or sometimes in light shade. It is found in grassland, on sand dunes and in dune slacks, in open woodland and on rock ledges. Otherwise, it can be described as a typical species of moist to wet forests.",The drainage of wet forests and eutrophication at lower elevations are the main threats to this species.,"This moss is included in several national Red L and has been assessed as Vulnerable in Hungary, and as Near Threatened in Ireland and Northern Ireland (Hodgetts 2015). There are no conservation measures required at present in mountainous areas or in Scandinavia. However, site management and monitoring is recommended for lowland subpopulations. Also further research is needed into the population and habitat trends, as well as the threats to this species. It occurs in many protected areas across its range in Europe.",This species is not utilized or traded.,"Mazimpaka, V.,Cálix, M.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Rhynchostegiella,azorica,,Rhynchostegiella azorica  ,Hedenäs &amp; Vanderp.,"This species was described in 2015, based on genetic analysis (Vanderpoorten et al. 2015), since it is challenging to identify on morphological grounds. Furthermore, the authors suggest that previous reports of four Rhynchostegiella species from the Azores are erroneous and that a single, morphologically variable species, R. azorica, occurs in the archipelago (Vanderpoorten et al. 2015). At the present, this species (R. a.) is considered valid, and is therefore assessed.",Yes,NT,B1a+2a,Yes,NT,B1a+2a,EU28,,"Rhynchostegiella azorica is endemic to the Azores, and occurs in three Azorean Islands (Flores, Faial and Terceira). This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10,500 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km²), and it occurs at fewer than ten locations; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. However, since this species was only recently described, it is unknown whether there is a continuing decline occurring, and the population trend is also unknown. The habitat could be declining but it is too early to say for sure. In addition, due to the difficulty in identifying it morphologically and its recent description, it is possible this species is more widespread than is currently known. Research is needed into the population size and trends, its habitats, ecology and threats. Proper management of its habitat is recommended, focusing on the removal of invasive alien species, and limitation of nitrification caused (directly or indirectly) by cattle grazing.",Unknown,"Rhynchostegiella azorica is endemic to the Azores, and was recently described by Vanderpoorten et al. (2015). It occurs in three Azorean islands (Flores, Faial and Terceira). The known extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10,500 km², and the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km². Taking into account the difficulty in identifying it morphologically and its recent description, it is possible this species is more widespread than is currently known.","This Azorean endemic moss species occurs in three islands: Flores (three localities), Faial (one locality) and Terceira (one locality). The population trend of this species is unknown. Like the other species in this genus, this species is considered long-lived with a generation length estimated at between 11 and 25 years, and a three generation period of about 50 years.","This species was recently described from disturbed Erica azorica heath, and also in the splash zone of waterfalls and shaded gorges (Vanderpoorten et al. 2015). It grows mostly on rocks, from sea level up to around 300 m Asl (Vanderpoorten et al. 2015).","Habitat degradation due to the spread of invasive alien species (especially Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum) and the increase in tourism and recreational activities are among the main threats to this species (Silva et al. 2008). An intensification of the effects of climate change may cause damage to the stability of subpopulations, as is occurring with other Macaronesian endemics (cf. Patiño et al. 2016). The habitat could be declining (e.g., Triantis et al. 2010) due to habitat conversion to pastureland, production forests (e.g., Cryptomeria japonica) and opening of roads. Geological events such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and landslides have occurred in the Azores and are likely to occur again, with possible damaging consequences to this species. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of these threats and the distribution of this species, it is estimated to occur at less than ten locations.","This species is known to occur in the Natural Park of Flores Island. There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, although it is present in protected areas. Since this is a recently described species, with relatively few records, further research is needed into the population size and trend, its habitats, ecology and threats. Proper management of its habitat is recommended, focusing on the removal of invasive alien species such as Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum, and limitation of nitrification caused (directly or indirectly) by cattle grazing. Biology and nature conservation students should be made aware of bryophytes in general and of rare species in particular. Taxonomic research is needed since there were a number of other species from the same genus in the Azores that are now considered synonyms of R. azorica - material should also be re-examined to define morphological traits useful for its identification.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Hodd, R.,Cálix, M.","Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N., Martins, A. & Gabriel, R.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Rhynchostegiella,bourgaeana,,Rhynchostegiella bourgaeana  ,(Mitt.) Broth.,"Vanderpoorten et al. (2015), suggests that in the Azores, all records of the genus Rhynchostegiella are R. azorica.",Yes,EN,A3c; B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,A3c; B2ab(iii),EU28,,"The moss Rhynchostegiella bourgaeana is a Macaronesian endemic species, which is found in the Azores and on three of the seven Canary Islands. In a recent publication, there is a projected reduction in the amount of suitable habitat for Rhynchostegiella bourgaeana of 91% or 99% until 2070 due to climatic changes (high irradiation and increased drought stress in the Macaronesia region). These projections could support and assessment of Critically Endangered under Criterion A. 



However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study (approximately 1–km2 grid resolution), it is possible that this species may persist within the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats. Taking this into account, as well as recognizing the degree of uncertainty associated with future projections, it has been considered that a more conservative estimate of decline should be used to assess the extinction risk of this species. The reduction in the population is thus based on a reduction in area of occupancy (AOO) and quality of the habitat. A population reduction of more than 50% is projected to occur within three generations (which are estimated to be around 50 years). In addition, the species has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO)is smaller than 200km2), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat.



In addition to climatic changes, loss of habitat due to construction and fires, loss of habitat integrity mainly due to fragmentation, the increase in the number of invasive species and change of water dynamics, are also major threats to this species. In the Azores, the species should be looked for, to confirm its presence on the Archipelago. Proper management of the habitat is recommended, focusing on the impacts of climate change water conduction. Monitoring the subpopulations and habitat conditions in sites where the species is known to occur is recommended in order to ensure the stability and continuity of the population.



",Decreasing,"The moss Rhynchostegiella bourgaeana is a Macaronesian endemic, which is found in three of the seven Canary Islands (El Hierro, Tenerife and Gran Canaria) (Losada Lima et al. 2010). The species was also reported from a single locality in São Miguel Island (Silveira 1937, Allorge and Allorge 1952); however, the corresponding specimen has not been traced (Vanderpoorten et al. 2015), and it was not reported by other bryologists, so it may have gone extinct there or may be a case of misreporting - its presence should be considered uncertain in the archipelago. This pleurocarapous moss was also reported from the Cadiz area (Guerra et al. 2014), but examination of type material of Rhynchostegium letourneuxii Besch. and material from the Cadiz area showed that the alar groups are smaller and consist of differently shaped cells than in R. bourgeana; the type, as well as the Cadiz material, most likely belong to the variable Rhynchostegium confertum (Dicks.) Schimp. (Patiño et al. 2017). Thus, the Macaronesian endemic status of R. bourgeana is reinstated, and the species may be restricted to the Canary Islands. The minimum species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 9,743 km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) 136 km2, while the maximum EOO (including the uncertain record from the Azores), is 150,532 km2 but the AOO is quite similar, with only 140 km2.","The main centre of distribution of this species seems to be in the Canary Islands, where it is confirmed to occur in three islands (El Hierro and Gran Canaria, one locality each; Tenerife, three localities) (Losada Lima et al. 2010, Dirkse et al. 2012). In the Canary Islands, this autoicous species has occasionally been seen with sporophytes (Dirkse et al. 2012). It is considered a long-lived species with an estimated generation length between 11 and 25 years, and a three generation period is considered to be around 50 years. Since this species is mainly found in laurisilva forest, and that this habitat is considered fragmented and degraded (Dirkse et al. 2012), the current population trend is thought to be decreasing. The availability of climatically suitable habitat for Macaronesian endemic bryophytes is also projected to decline (Patiño et al. 2016). In addition the known subpopulations are small and isolated, and may become extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.","In the Canary Islands, this species occurs on laurisilva forest and heath, from 400 m to 750 m Asl (Dirkse et al. 2012). The species grows mostly on rocks, in wet and shaded conditions (Dirkse et al. 2012).","Habitat loss and habitat degradation due to the effects of forest fragmentation and landl slides (Dirkse et al. 2012) are among the main threats to this species. In addition, the change of water dynamics, due to the channelling of water to urbanizations and increase in wildfires, are serious threats to the survival of the species. An intensification of the effects of climatic change may cause damage to the stability of subpopulations of this species, as is occurring with other Macaronesian endemics (cf. Patiño et al. 2016). Besides, climate change will impact the amount of suitable habitat for this species (Patiño et al. 2016). Indeed, that area, measured as the number of 1–km2 climatically suitable grid cells for the species, has been projected to decrease by either 91% or 99% until 2070 due to climatic changes. These projections were derived using two different Global Climate Models recommended for Europe and Mediterranean climates. The first is a stabilization scenario (RCP 4.5) where total radiative forcing is stabilised before 2100, while a more stringent scenario (RCP 8.5), characterized by increasing greenhouse gas emissions over time, is representative for scenarios leading to high greenhouse gas concentration levels (Patiño et al. 2016). In addition, the elevation range of this species is predicted to shift upwards, as conditions on Macaronesian islands become warmer and drier (Patiño et al. 2016). The variables considered for these projections included the maximum temperature of the warmest month and the precipitation (in mm) of the wettest month.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, although it is considered as Vulnerable in the Spanish Red List (Garilleti and Albertos 2012), and some subpopulations occur inside protected areas in the Canary Islands, although others are situated in disturbed areas. Proper management of the habitat is recommended, focusing on the impacts of climate change water conduction. The importance of protected areas for the conservation of this species is also highlighted by a recent publication, which found that while currently only less than half (46.2%) of the climatically suitable 1-km2 grid cells of habitat are found within protected areas, this proportion is predicted to increase to 50.2% under RCP 4.5 and to 100% under RCP 8.5 (Patiño et al. 2016). Monitoring the habitat conditions in the sites where it occurs is recommended in order to ensure the stability and continuity of the small subpopulations, subject to stochastic effects. Further taxonomic research is also needed in order to determine whether the records from the Azores correspond to this species.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Górski, P.,Fettes, N.D.","Gabriel, R. & Sim-Sim, M.","Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Rhynchostegiella,curviseta,,Rhynchostegiella curviseta  ,(Brid.) Limpr.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Although the Curve-stalked Feather-moss (Rhynchostegiella curviseta) is not very widespread, either worldwide or in Europe, it is fairly common within its main distribution area, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe still largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. The overall population trend is unknown, but there are no major threats to it at the European level, even if there may be local threats. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern. There are no conservation actions targeting this species, and occurrences in protected areas are unknown.",Unknown,"In Europe, the Curve-stalked Feather-moss (Rhynchostegiella curviseta) occurs in the southern and southwestern part of the continent, from Portugal in the west to Bulgaria in the east, and from Britain and Germany in the north to Sicily in the south. Although reports from Madeira and the Azores are regarded as doubtful by Patiño et al. (2007), it is still included in the Azores checklist (Gabriel et al. 2010). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Outside Europe it occurs in southwestern Asia, northeastern Asia  (Tajikistan) and North Africa.","Little information is known about the population trend of this species. Subpopulations are reported to be stable in Germany (Nebel et al. 2001), but a decline of >80% is reported in the Swiss bryophyte Red List (Schnyder et al. 2004). Although the overall population trend is unknown, it is fairly common within its main distribution area.","This species grows on humid, shaded rocks and cliffs with a more or less neutral pH, in nutrient-rich sites. It often grows on rocks close to streams and sometimes on walls and human constructions.",There appear to be no major threats to this species at the European scale.,"The species is listed as Regionally Extinct in Ireland, but it has been refound there recently (Blockeel et al. 2014). It has also been assessed as Critically Endangered in Slovakia and Switzerland, as Vulnerable in Austria and Hungary, and as Data Deficient in Romania and Slovenia (Hodgetts 2015). There are no conservation actions targeting this species, and it is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not utilised or traded.,"During, H.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Baudraz, M.E.A. & Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Rhynchostegiella,litorea,,Rhynchostegiella litorea  ,(De Not.) Limpr.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Rhynchostegiella litorea is a mainly Mediterranean species, and is found growing on stone walls and crevices, stumps and tree trunks, at high pH sites in humid to wet conditions, from the lowlands up to the hills. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Overall, the population trend is estimated to be stable, and the species is listed as Least Concern in a majority of its countries of occurrence. Therefore, the species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28. There appears to be no threats, major or otherwise, to this species at the European level. No conservation action targeting this species is necessary.",Stable,"This is a mainly Mediterranean species, with a distribution that ranges from Portugal in the west to Greece in the east, and from Britain in the north to Sicily in the south. According to Patiño et al. (2017), it is not present in Macaronesia, where records of it are instead referring to Macaronesian endemics. Its elevation ranges from the lowlands up to the hills. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Elsewhere, the species occurs in southwestern Asia, North Africa and South Africa (Arts 1998).","Subpopulations in Britain are reported to be probably stable in a note by Hodgetts (2011). Overall, the population trend is estimated to be stable.","This species occurs on stone walls and crevices, stumps and tree trunks, at high pH sites in humid to wet conditions.","There appears to be no threats, major or otherwise, to this species at the European level.","The species has been assessed as Near Threatened in Britain and as Data Deficient in Germany (Hodgetts 2015), where the few records have not yet been confirmed (Caspari et al. 2018). No conservation action targeting this species is necessary. Occurrences in protected areas are unknown.",The species is not utilised or traded.,"During, H.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Baudraz, M.E.A. & Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Rhynchostegiella,pseudolitorea,,Rhynchostegiella pseudolitorea  ,Hedenäs &amp; J.Patiño,"This species was described in 2017, based on genetic and morphologic analysis of Rhynchostegiella litorea from Madeira, and Canary Islands. Actually all the records from the two archipelagos belong to R. pseudolitorea (Patinõ et al. 2017).",Yes,NT,B2b(iii),Yes,NT,B2b(iii),EU28,,"Rhynchostegiella pseudolitorea is endemic to Macaronesia (Canary Islands and Madeira). It grows on stones and rocks in heavily shaded, permanently wet streams, ravines or levadas walls, but also in open areas where it occurs on rocks in small crevices. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 356 km2), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the area and quality of its habitat due to channelling of water to urbanizations and touristic activities, as well as the increase in wildfires; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. Proper management of the habitat is recommended, focusing on the impacts of climate change and water availability. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is also recommended. 

",Unknown,"Rhynchostegiella pseudolitorea is endemic to Madeira and the Canary Islands, and was recently described by Patiño et al. (2017). It occurs in Madeira, Porto Santo and Deserta Grande Island. In the Canary Islands it occurs in six of the seven islands (El Hierro, La Palma, La Gomera, Tenerife, Gran Canaria and   Lanzarote) (Sérgio et al. 2006, González-Mancebo et al. 2008). This species' known extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 152,870 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 356 km2.","The species is relatively frequent on Madeira, where the current subpopulations are assumed to be stable. However, in the Canary Islands this species was assessed as Near Threatened (González-Mancebo et al. 2012). The overall current population trend of this species is unknown.","This moss occurs from 50 m to 1,500 m Asl, on stones and rocks in heavily shaded, permanently wet streams, ravines or levadas walls. In Madeira it occurs mainly in the margins of streams in the laurel forest but also in mesic areas in the lower parts of the island; in the Canary Islands it is more frequent in dry or wet laurel forests or in open pine forest (Dirkse and Bouman 1995, Luís et al. 2010, Patiño et al. 2017).","Habitat loss, especially in the low altitude sites, presently occupied with urban areas, and habitat degradation due to the channelling of water to urbanizations and touristic activities and the increase in wildfires, are serious threats to the survival of the species. An intensification of the effects of climatic change may cause damage to the stability of subpopulations, as is occurring with other Macaronesian endemics (Patiño et al. 2016). There is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat of this species due to the above mentioned threats.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, although it has been assessed as Near Threatened in the Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2012). Proper management of the habitat is recommended, focusing on the impacts of climate and changes in water availability. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is also recommended. The species is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Virtanen, R.,Englefield, E.","Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Rhynchostegiella,tenella,,Rhynchostegiella tenella  ,(Dicks.) Limpr.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Tender Feather-moss (Rhynchostegiella tenella) has a wide distribution throughout Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. This species is frequently encountered and not threatened in the vast majority of its European countries of occurrence. Its threatened status in Bulgaria and the Czech Republic are based on rarity and does not imply a decline. The population trend as a whole is considered to be stable. Given the stability of the population, and the lack of any major threats, this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and in the EU 28. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Tender Feather-moss (Rhynchostegiella tenella) occursfrom Portugal and Macaronesia in the west to Ukraine in the east, and from Scandinavia (Norway and Sweden) in the north to Sicily and Greece in the south. It is found growing from sea level up to 1,200 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Elsewhere it occurs insouthwestern and northeastern Asia and Africa (Nebel and Philippi 2001).","This species is frequently encountered and not threatened in the vast majority of its European countries of occurrence. Its threatened status in Bulgaria and the Czech Republic is based on rarity and does not imply a decline (Kučera and Váňa 2003, Natcheva et al. 2006). Therefore, the population trend as a whole is considered to be stable.","This species lives on sheltered basic rocks or walls, coastal cliffs and more rarely on tree boles (Smith 2004).","There are no major threats to this species at the European level and it is not listed as threatened in most countries of occurence. There may, however, be local threats.","The species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Austria and Bulgaria, as Near Threatened in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary, and as Data Deficient in Norway (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation measures are currently needed. This species is known to occur in protected areas across its range in Europe.",The species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Gunnarsson, U.","Baudraz, M.E.A. & Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Rhynchostegiella,teneriffae,,Rhynchostegiella teneriffae  ,(Mont.) Dirkse &amp; Bouman,"Rhynchostegiella macilenta (Renauld & Cardot, 1902) was formerly considered a Macaronesian endemic species but was recently synonymized with R. teneriffae (Patiño et al. 2017).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Teesdale Feather-moss (Rhynchostegiella teneriffae) is widespread in southern, western, and central Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, in spite of the paucity of records in Mediterranean countries, it is considered frequent and widespread there, and in central and western Europe. There are very few apparent threats to this species, although some sites may be threatened by forestry operations. In addition, the current population trend is stable. No conservation measures are necessary for this species at present.",Stable,"The Teesdale Feather-moss (Rhynchostegiella teneriffae) is a submediterranean-subatlantic species. This species is widespread in southern, western, and central Europe, north to southern Norway and Sweden, northern Germany and the Czech Republic. It is also present in the Canary Islands and Madeira. Its presence in Poland seems to be open to question: although it is listed as 'Endangered' ('E'), Ochyra et al. (2013) say that it has not correctly been reported from Poland. Elsewhere it is recorded in North Africa, southwest Asia, Caucasus, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at ca. 4,000 km² (likely to be an underestimate, due to under-recording in the Mediterranean area), and its extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca. 8.8 million km². There are likely to be some errors in the recording of this species, owing to its similarity to R. curviseta.","This species is widespread and relatively frequent in the south, becoming rarer to the north. The current population trend is stable.","This is a species of wet rocks, masonry and occasionally tree roots by streams and waterfalls, often close to flowing water, also on flushed rocks and dripping cliffs, growing from ca.5 m to ca. 1,400 m Asl. It is very tolerant of shade, and most sites are in woodland, on wooded stream banks or in gills and ravines; it may occur in dark recesses, ledges and caves. It is weakly basiphilous, and occurs on limestone, basic sandstone and shales. Associates on streambanks include Conocephalum conicum s.l., Cinclidotus fontinaloides, Fissidens crassipes, Hygroamblystegium fluviatile, Hygrohypnum luridumand Rhynchostegium riparioides; elsewhere recorded associates include Fissidens pusillus, F. gracilifolius, Brachythecium rivulare, Sciuro-hypnum populeum, Brachytheciastrum velutinum,Rhynchostegium murale, Thamnobryum alopecurum, Plagiochila porelloides, Taxiphyllum wissgrillii,  Didymodon sinuosus and Mnium stellare. On wet cliffs and flushed rocks it may occur with Palustriella commutata (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). It is autoicous; capsules are frequent, and mature in winter and spring.","There are very few apparent threats to this species, although some sites may be threatened by forestry operations (Meinunger and Schröder  2007).","No conservation measures are necessary for this species at present. It is however on the Red List of some countries in Europe, particularly towards the edge of its range: it has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Norway, Romania and Slovakia, as Endangered in the Czech Republic and Sweden, as Vulnerable in Hungary, Slovenia and Switzerland. In addition it has been assessed as Data Deficient in Albania, Bulgaria and Sicily, and as Near Threatened in the Canary Islands (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Marka, J.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Rhynchostegiella,trichophylla,,Rhynchostegiella trichophylla  ,Dirkse &amp; Bouman,Rhynchostegiella trichophylla Dirkse & Bouman (1995: 110) is considered a Macaronesian endemic species (Patiño et al. 2017).,Yes,VU,A3c,Yes,VU,A3c,EU28,,"The pleurocarpic moss Rhynchostegiella trichophylla is a southern Macaronesian endemic, occurring in six islands of the Canary Islands Archipelago and Madeira Island. In a recent publication, a reduction in the amount of suitable habitat for this species of either 74% or 94% until 2070 due to climatic changes (high irradiation and increased drought stress in the Macaronesia region) has been projected, meaning this species could qualify for Endangered or Critically Endangered under Criterion A. However, taking into account the spatial grain of the study (approximately 1 km2grid resolution), it is possible that this species may persist within the climatically unsuitable grid cells in small microhabitats. Taking this into account, as well as recognising the degree of uncertainty associated with future projections, it has been considered that the more conservative estimate of decline should be used to assess the extinction risk of this species. The reduction in the population is thus based on a reduction in area of occupancy (AOO) and quality of the habitat. It is further assumed that even if there are suitable microclimatic areas within the unsuitable 1 km2, these will be minimal (ravines, nooks and crannies) and thus the reduction in suitable habitat will lead to an almost linear reduction in the population. However, the species is known to grow in drier areas outside the laurel forest, and it is still fairly frequent in the Canary Islands where the area of laurel forest is even increasing - a population reduction of 74% within three generations is therefore considered very unlikely and too pessimistic. A population reduction of more than 30% but less than 50%, on the other hand, is more likely given the available information and known threats and the species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable under Criterion A3.



In addition to climatic changes, loss of habitat integrity mainly due to fragmentation, the increase of herbivore non-native species, change of water dynamics and fires are also major threats to this species. Monitoring the subpopulations and habitat conditions in sites where the species is known to occur is recommended in order to ensure the stability and continuity of the population. Proper management of the habitat is recommended, focusing on the impacts of climate change, preventing fires and alleviating the pressure coming from urbanisation.",Stable,"The pleurocarpic moss Rhynchostegiella trichophylla is a southern Macaronesian endemic, occurring in six islands of the Canary Islands Archipelago (El Hierro, La Palma, Gomera, Tenerife, Gran Canaria and Lanzarote) (Losada Lima et al. 2010) and Madeira Island (Ellis et al. 2011). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 69,000 km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 124 km2.","In Madeira, this species is known from only one locality, at 160 m Asl, in the southern slope of the island (Ribeira Brava) (Ellis et al. 2011). In the Canary Islands it is frequent in the laurel forests, on soils, and also on rocks, and it also occurs outside the laurel forests at the entrance of caves in drier areas. In the Canary Islands, the area of laurel forest is increasing.This species is considered long-lived with an estimated generation length between 11 and 25 years, and a three generation period estimated to be around 50 years. It is autoicous and sometimes is found fertile; its spores are small, 8-15 μm, a size that meets the critical condition for long-distance dispersal by wind (Vanderpoorten et al. 2015). The current population trend is uncertain, but may be stable.","This moss develops in sheltered and more or less humid conditions, both in Madeira Island, where it was found in a protected rocky slope, in one of the main hydrographic basins of Madeira (Ribeira Brava) (Ellis et al. 2011), and in the Canary Islands. It may be found from 140 m (Madeira Island) to above 1,300 m Asl in the Canary Islands, although in Tenerife island occurs in the entrance of caves at 2,350 m Asl (González-Mancebo et al. 1991). Its preferential habitat includes laurel forest or mature Erica-Myrica woodland (Dirkse and Bouman 1995). It is considered a pioneer, forming thin overlays, often encrusted with debris, on soft stones or bare earth inside forests in sheltered, but not wet, places (Dirkse and Bouman 1995). This species was also found in cave entrances, on Tenerife and Lanzarote, the driest island where it occurs (Dirkse and Bouman 1995).","Among the main threats to this species, habitat degradation due to the effects of forest fragmentation, the change of water dynamics due to the channelling of water to urbanizations, and the increasing occurrence of wildfires (which are likely to become of higher frequency, extension and duration due to climate change), are the most serious ones. An intensification of the effects of climatic change may cause damage on the stability of subpopulations, and impact on the amount of suitable habitat for this species (Patiño et al. 2016). Indeed, that area, measured as the number of 1–km2 climatically suitable grid cells for the species, has been projected to decrease by either 74% or 94% until 2070 due to climatic changes. These projections were derived using two different Global Climate Models recommended for Europe and Mediterranean climates. The first is a stabilization scenario (RCP 4.5) where total radiative forcing is stabilised before 2100, while a more stringent scenario (RCP 8.5), characterized by increasing greenhouse gas emissions over time, is representative for scenarios leading to high greenhouse gas concentration levels (Patiño et al. 2016). In addition, the elevation range of this species is predicted to shift upwards, as conditions on Macaronesian islands become warmer and drier (Patiño et al. 2016). The variables considered for these projections included the maximum temperature of the warmest month and the precipitation (in mm) of the wettest month.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this southern Macaronesian endemic species; nevertheless, it occurs inside protected areas in the Canary Islands (three Important Bryophyte Areas) and in the Natural Park of Madeira Island. In the Red List of the Madeira Archipelago it was not evaluated because there was only a single record (Sim-Sim et al. 2014). The importance of protected areas for the conservation of this species is also highlighted by a recent publication, which found that while currently only circa half (51%) of the climatically suitable 1-km2 grid cells of habitat are found within protected areas, this proportion is predicted to increase to 70.1% under RCP 4.5 and to 96.5% under RCP 8.5 (Patiño et al. 2016). Proper management of the habitat is recommended, focusing on the impacts of climate change, preventing fires and alleviating the pressure coming from building. Monitoring the habitat conditions in the sites where it occurs is recommended in order to ensure the stability and continuity of the small subpopulations, subject to stochastic effects. Biology and nature conservation students should be made aware of bryophytes in general and rare and endemic species in particular; also the nature guides of the parks where the species occurs should be aware of the existence of the best subpopulations in order to be able to monitor them through time.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Cronberg, N.,Englefield, E.","Gabriel, R. & Sim-Sim, M.","Górski, P.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Rhynchostegiella,tubulosa,,Rhynchostegiella tubulosa  ,Hedenäs &amp; J.Patiño,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"Apparently endemic to the eastern Mediterranean region, Rhynchostegiella tubulosa has only been recently described, and may perhaps have a wider distribution in Europe than currently known. A thorough revision of herbarium material and additional field investigations in the eastern Mediterranean, which remains poorly surveyed, would be necessary for a precise assessment of its distribution. It is expected that with further revision and field research it will be recorded more widely. Therefore, this species is assessed as Data Deficient in Europe and the EU 28, until its distribution and population size, structure and trends are better documented. The threats to this species are unknown, but it occurs within two Natura 2000 sites, offering it some protection from potential future threats.",Unknown,"This species has been recently described (Patiño et al. 2017). It is apparently an Aegean-Cypriotic endemic, but a thorough revision of herbarium material and additional field investigations in the eastern Mediterranean, which remains poorly surveyed, would be necessary for a precise assessment of its distribution (Patiño et al. 2017).","Since this species has only been recently recorded, there is still very little information on the population structure, size and trends. The known distribution so far includes one locality in Crete, Nomos of Rethimnon, on the south side of the Giparis  Gorge, a few kilometres east of Asi Gonia, Kea Island (Greece), Lakonia (mainland Greece) and  Cyprus (Patiño et al. 2017). Since then, an additional three records of this species have been made (in 2016) on the Aegean Island of Andros (Cyclades) reported by  Blockeel (2017), where it formed small mats in shaded, schist rock  surfaces.","At Nomos of Rethimnon, on the south side of the Giparis Gorge, a few kilometres east of Asi Gonia, this species was found growing on shaded limestone in the gorge at an elevation of 250 metres Asl (Patiño et al. 2017). On the Aegean Island of Andros (Cyclades), it forms small mats in shaded, schist rock surfaces  (Blockeel 2017).",The threats to this species are unknown. It is unknown whether there is a decline in the habitat of this species.,"Two of the sites where this species is found are within the Greek Protected Areas (Natura 2000) network, namely Andros Island (Bird Directive Site (SPA), Andros: Kentriko Kai Notio Tmima, Gyro Nisides Kai paraktia Thallasia Zoni (GR4220028)) and Kea Kea Island (Habitat Directive Site (SAC), Anatoliki Kea (GR4220011)). Further research is needed into the population size and trend of this species, as well as into potential threats to it.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Bergamini, A.,Fettes, N.D.","Sabovljevic, M.","Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Rhynchostegium,alopecuroides,,Rhynchostegium alopecuroides  ,(Brid.) A.J.E.Sm.,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Portuguese Feather-moss (Rhynchostegium alopecuroides) is an European endemic species with an oceanic temperate distribution. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it is rare, there is no evidence of decline and the current population trend is considered to be stable. In addition, there appear to be no major threats to this species at the European scale, even though it is sensitive to water pollution. No specific conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Portuguese Feather-moss (Rhynchostegium alopecuroides) is an European endemic species with an oceanic temperate distribution (Lara et al. 1994, Dierssen 2001, Smith 2004, Hodgetts 2015).

","No exact data on the size of the subpopulations are known. In general, in the countries where it has been reported, it is considered from occasional to rare. There is no evidence of decline and the current population trend is therefore considered to be stable.","This species is moderately acidophytic-subneutrophytic and occurs attached to rocks in fast flowing rivers. It is ecologically very exigent and sensitive to water pollution (Dierssen 2001, Smith 2004, Moose Deutschland 2018).

","There appear to be no major threats to this species at the European scale. However, it is sensitive to water pollution.",No conservation measures are known or needed for this species. It is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Fettes, N.D.,Köckinger, H.,Hodgetts, N.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Rhynchostegium,confertum,,Rhynchostegium confertum  ,(Dicks.) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Clustered Feather-moss (Rhynchostegium confertum) is widely distributed in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Subpopulations are reported as stable where information is available. Some authors report the species as easily overlooked and highlight the fact that some apparent declines might be artefacts. Thus overall, the population trend is considered as stable, and it is considered as Least Concern in the vast majority of European countries where it occurs. Subpopulations can be locally threatened through the destruction of old walls and construction activities, but there are no major threats to this very common species at the European level. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28. It does not require any particular conservation measures.",Stable,"In Europe, the Clustered Feather-moss (Rhynchostegium confertum) ranges from Iceland and Norway in the north to Spain, Greece and Sicily in the south, and from Portugal and Ireland in the west to Ukraine in the east. It is found growing from sea level up to 1,200 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. This mainly palearctic species also occurs in North Africa and Asia (Nebel and Philippi 2001).","Subpopulations are reported as stable where information is available. Some authors report the species as easily overlooked and highlight the fact that some apparent declines might be artefacts (Nebel et al. 2001, Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Overall, the population trend is considered as stable.","This species lives on all types of rocks, stones and walls, either in natural or man-made habitats, in moderately humid and shady sites, with high nutrient availability.","Subpopulations can be locally threatened through the destruction of old walls and construction activities, but this does not threaten this very common species at the European level.","The species has been assessed as Endangered in Sweden (ArtDatabanken 2016), as Near Threatened in Norway, Bulgaria and Hungary, and as Data Deficient in San Marino and Slovakia (Hodgetts 2015). It is assessed as Least Concern in all its other European countries of occurrence. This species does not require any particular conservation measures. It is known to occur in protected areas across its range in Europe.",The species is not utilised or traded.,"Ignatova, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.","Baudraz, M.E.A. & Schnyder, N.","Ştefănuţ, S.,Schröck, C.,Soltés, R.,Sabovljevic, M.,Maksimov, A.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Rhynchostegium,confusum,,Rhynchostegium confusum  ,"Cezón, J.Muñoz, Hedenäs &amp; Huttunen","Rhynchostegium confusum was described recently as a new species from the Iberian Peninsula (Cezón et al. 2010). It is closely related to R. confertum, from which it differs in its noticeably wider stem leaves with wider and apically spurred costa, more flexuous branch leaves, and shorter seta. However, certain identification requires studies under the microscope. Molecular data show that the new species derives from R. confertum.",Yes,VU,D1,Yes,VU,D1,EU28,,"Rhynchostegium confusum seems to be restricted to the Iberian Peninsula, and is endemic to the EU 28. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 191,136 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 136 km2. However, this could be an underestimate at the species may be under-recorded. Its habitat quality is potentially impacted by several anthropogenic pressures such as reduction in water quality and quantity and an increasing frequency of intensive forest fires. There is no information on the population trend but the number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) is definitely less than 1,000. Therefore, this species is assessed as Vulnerable.



However, this species has only been recently described. Therefore, more information is needed; it is possible that the species will be found in additional areas of the Iberian Peninsula or in other montane regions with Mediterranean influence. Further research on the population, ecology and threats to this species is required.",Unknown,"The species seems to be restricted to the Iberian Peninsula. It was described only recently, initially from Avila, Ciudad Real and Toledo in Spain (Cezón et al. 2010), and from Portugal (the Algarve) in the foothills of Serra de Monchique (Ellis et al. 2013). Subsequently, this species was found in other provinces in Spain (Cáceres, Málaga and Salamanca) as well in Portugal (Douro Litoral and Baixo Alentejo) (Guerra et al. 2015). Examination of LISU herbarium material suggests that Portugal represents an important area for this species, as well as the centre of Spain to Algeciras.



The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 191,136 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 136 km2. However, this could be an underestimate at the species may be under-recorded. The altitudinal range is from 10 m to 1,600 m in Serra da Estrela, Portugal.","This species is apparently endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and it is not common, it seems to be very scattered but is possibly under-recorded. There is no information on the population trend but the number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent) is definitely less than 1,000. Some points are based on old collections (for example, Welwitsche, from Gerês in northern Portugal) however there is no reason to suppose it has disappeared.","This species grows tightly attached to siliceous rocks, usually in shade, very rarely on tree bases, near but always above normal water levels in small rivulets or ravines that dry out during the summer (Cezón et al. 2010). It is frequently found with sporophytes. In the Algarve, this species grows on rock in a low-altitude Rhododendron ponticum ssp. baeticum ravine and in Serra da Estrella it was found on granite by a spring in an alcove of a wall. Its habitat quality is potentially impacted by several anthropogenic pressures such as reduction in water quality and quantity and an increasing frequency of intensive forest fires.","Threats to this species are speculative but could include changes in water quantity and quality, afforestation with non-native trees, and fire which causes silting and pollution of streams. Climatic changes may be important in the future, and canalization of water courses may also threaten this species.



In Serra da Estrella, this species is found alongside a road that is exposed to heavy tourist use.





","There is no conservation action aimed at this species. It occurs in protected areas including Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela, Parque Nacional de Cabañeros and Parque Regional de la Sierra de Gredos. It is considered Data Deficient (DD) in the Red List of Spain (Garilleti and Albertos 2012).



This species would benefit from additional habitat protection and monitoring. Further research on the population, ecology and threats to this species is required.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Segarra, J.","Sergio, C. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Rhynchostegium,megapolitanum,,Rhynchostegium megapolitanum  ,(Blandow ex F.Weber &amp; D.Mohr) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Megapolitan Feather-moss (Rhynchostegium megapolitanum) is widely distributed in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Although some recent findings appear to indicate an increasing population trend, this species is reported to be undersampled and often overlooked in many places. Thus for now, the population trend is considered to be stable. This species is particularly fond of sand dunes, which appear to be its characteristic habitat. It favours sites with a low-nutrient content and tends to lose ground to its competitors when there is eutrophication of the habitat. This species is also vulnerable to acidification of its habitat. Given its predilection for south-exposed hillsides, it is also sensitive to habitat destruction for housing construction. Although it is subject to several threats, the species remains Least Concern in the majority of its countries of occurrence. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and in the EU 28. There are no conservation measures currently targeting this species. Habitat and resource protection are recommended, which requires limiting both nutrient loads from agriculture and construction pressure. More information about the occurrence of this often overlooked species is needed, as it is currently difficult to assess its population trends and size.",Stable,"The Megapolitan Feather-moss (Rhynchostegium megapolitanum) ranges from Scandinavia in the north to Sicily in the south, and from Ireland and Portugal in the west to Russia in the east (Hodgetts 2015). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Outside of Europe, it occurs in North Africa (Algeria, Morocco) and also in Asia (Nebel and Philippi 2001).","Although some recent findings appear to indicate an increasing population trend, this species is reported to be undersampled and often overlooked in many places (Nebel and Philippi 2001, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, ArtDatabanken 2015). It is therefore difficult to know whether the species population has indeed increased or not. The overall population trend is therefore considered to be stable.","This species usually occurs on bare soil at open, light, usually south-exposed and relatively dry sites (Nebel and Philippi 2001, Swissbryophytes 2004-2018). Sand dunes are a particularly characteristic habitat. It favours sites with a low-nutrient content and tends to lose ground to its competitors when there is eutrophication of the habitat.","This species is sensitive to eutrophication and acidification of its habitat, and therefore competition with other species (Artdatabanken 2016). Given its predilection for south-exposed hillsides, it is also sensitive to habitat destruction for housing construction (Nebel et al. 2001, Lachat et al. 2011).","The species is Regionally Extinct in Austria, and has been assessed as Vulnerable in the Canary Islands, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Romania; as Near Threatened in Sweden, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Luxembourg and Switzerland; and as Data Deficient in Finland  (ArtDatabanken 2015, Hodgetts 2015). There are no conservation measures currently targeting this species. Habitat and resource protection are recommended, which requires limiting both nutrient loads from agriculture and construction pressure. More information about the occurrence of this often overlooked species is needed, as it is currently difficult to assess its population trend and size. It is found in protected areas.",The species is not utilised or traded.,"Virtanen, R.,Englefield, E.","Baudraz, M.E.A. & Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Rhynchostegium,murale,,Rhynchostegium murale  ,(Hedw.) Schimp.,"Rhynchostegium arcticum is now considered synonymous with R. murale, based on recent molecular studies (M. Ignatov pers. comm. 2018).

Molectular phylogenetic studies (M. Ignatov pers. comm. 2019) revealed incongruence between morphological and genetic diversity among specimens referred to Rhynchostegium murale s.s tr. and R. arcticum, thus not supporting a separate status of the latter taxon. Before the evidence for Rhynchostegium arcticum recognition as a separate species is found, we include it in Rhynchostegium murale.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Wall Feather-moss (Rhynchostegium murale) is very common and abundant everywhere in central Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. The population trend for this species is considered as stable. Although it is a pioneer species, which often loses out to other species as part of a natural succession, there are no major threats to it at the European level. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern. No conservation measures are known or thought to be necessary.",Stable,"The Wall Feather-moss (Rhynchostegium murale) is found from Scandinavia in the north to Italy and Greece in the south, and from Portugal and Ireland in the west to Russia in the east. Its elevation range spans from the lowlands to the alpine zone, with findings in the Alps up to around 2,400 m Asl (Swissbryophytes 2004-2018). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Outside Europe, it also occurs in parts of Asia and North Africa (Nebel and Philippi 2001).","The population trend for this species is considered as stable. It is reported as very common from all over central Europe (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, ArtDatabanken 2015).","This species grows on calcareous rocks and stones in forests and elsewhere, and on the banks of streams or on man-made walls, at sites that are moderately humid, exposed to light, with a neutral to basic pH, and usually with a relatively high nutrient concentration. It is a pioneer species, which often loses out to other species as part of a natural succession.",There are no major threats to this species at the European level.,"The species has been assessed as Endangered in Lithuania, as Vulnerable in Portugal and as Data Deficient in the Canary Islands (Hodgetts 2015). It is listed as Least Concern in all other European countries of occurrence with a national Red List. No conservation measures are known or thought to be necessary. This species is known to occur in some protected areas across its range in Europe.",The species is not utilised or traded.,"Virtanen, R.,Englefield, E.","Baudraz, M.E.A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Rhynchostegium,riparioides,,Rhynchostegium riparioides  ,(Hedw.) Cardot,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Long-beaked Water Feather-moss (Rhynchostegium riparioides) is widely distributed, with a range that more or less covers the whole of Europe. It ranges from the lowlands to the subalpine zone, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. This species grows in and on the sides of ponds, reservoirs and streams, on submerged or emergent stones and rocks of any type, where it can remain submerged in water for at least some of the time. It is very common and abundant throughout most of its range and has a stable population trend over most of Europe. There are no reports of any local declines. On the contrary, increased levels of eutrophication in Europe may lead to an increase in the population size of this species, which does not seem to be adversely affected by it. There appear to be no threats to it. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28. No conservation action is necessary at present.",Stable,"The range of the Long-beaked Water Feather-moss (Rhynchostegium riparioides) more or less covers the whole of Europe, including Macaronesia, but becomes rare or absent in Arctic areas. It ranges from the lowlands to the subalpine zone, with the highest record at around 2,300 m Asl (Moosflora der Schweiz 2011). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Outside of Europe, this widespread species occurs in North, Central and South America,  Asia, and northern and central Africa.","This species is very common and has a stable population trend over most of Europe. There are no reports of any local declines. On the contrary, increased levels of eutrophication in Europe (Lachat et al. 2011) may lead to an increase in the population size of this species, which seems to not be adversely affected by this factor.","This more or less aquatic species grows in and on the sides of ponds, reservoirs and streams, on submerged or emergent stones and rocks of any type (Nebel and Philippi 2001). It is not sensitive to eutrophication, and is also found growing on walls, concrete and other human constructions where it can be submerged in water for at least some of the time.",There are no major threats to this species in Europe.,"The species has been assessed as Least Concern in all European countries with a national Red List except Finland, where it is listed as Near Threatened (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation action targeting this species has been recorded, or is necessary. It is known to occur in protected areas across its range in Europe.",The species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Wilbraham, J.","Baudraz, M.E.A. & Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Rhynchostegium,rotundifolium,,Rhynchostegium rotundifolium  ,(Scop. ex Brid.) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Round-leaved Feather-moss (Rhynchostegium rotundifolium) is widespread but scattered in Europe. This species occurs in humid and shady places where the nutrient content is high. Local subpopulations are reported to be small, and may be decreasing in some regions (some local declines are inferred from the regional assessments of the species). However, it is probably much under-recorded in central Europe (with the exception of Germany), as it often grows in 'uninteresting' places, and there is no obvious decline in most countries of occurrence. Thus the population trend for the whole of Europe is assumed to be stable. The population size is estimated to be larger than 1,000 but smaller than 3,000 individual-equivalents. The population size is most likely larger than 1,500 individual-equivalents since this species is under-recorded. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. As it is threatened by its removal during maintenance of ancient monuments, as well as by the destruction of ruins, one useful action would be to raise the awareness of this moss among the managers of historical heritage sites. Far from being a destructive influence, mosses can even form a protective layer against erosion by wind and rain. Old ruins, graveyards and monuments can be a valuable habitat for bryophytes.",Stable,"In Europe, the Round-leaved Feather-moss (Rhynchostegium rotundifolium) ranges from Italy in the south to Britain and the southern Urals in the north, and from the Urals in the east to France and the western Pyrenées in the west. Elsewhere it is present in the Caucasus, Asiatic Russia, Iran and northeastern Asia (Nebel and Philippi 2001). It is a lowland species ranging from sea level up to 800 m Asl. In Europe, its extent of occurrence (EOO) reaches ca 6 million km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at between 850 and 1,200 km2.","There are generally few records of this species in each known country of occurrence in Europe. For example, it is only reported from four sites in European Russia, three sites in Britain, eight in Hungary, ca 20 in France, ca 200 in Germany, 17-20 in Switzerland and not more than 50 in other European countries. Local subpopulations are reported to be small (Nebel and Philippi 2001). The population trend for the whole of Europe seems to be stable, even if it may be decreasing in some regions (some local declines are inferred from the regional assessments of the species). However, it is probably much under-recorded in central Europe (with the exception of Germany), as it often grows in 'uninteresting' places. The population size is estimated to be larger than 1,000 but smaller than 3,000 individual-equivalents. The population size is most likely larger than 1,500 individual-equivalents since this species is under-recorded. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows.","This species occurs in humid and shady places where the nutrient content is high. It grows in open deciduous forests, in parks, under shrubs, on trunks and roots, but also on stones. It adapted very well to ruins and other remains of human constructions, a habitat in which most records are reported to occur in some areas (in Germany for example; Nebel and Philippi 2001). It can also grow on limestone. It often occurs in ruderal and post-industrial sites.","When growing on ruins and the remains of human constructions, the species is threatened by both the removal of the ruins and their 'cleaning': maintenance of ancient monuments often includes the removal of bryophytes. Previously this was thought to be an important threat for this species, especially in Germany, which hosts a large proportion of the population, since most records were reported to occur on ruins (Nebel and Philippi 2001). However, more recently the species has also been found on banks by railway tracks, in secondary woodland, on discarded bricks, as well as on the rotting bark of some trees, often in ancient parks.","The species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Britain and Sicily, as Endangered in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Luxembourg and Romania, as Vulnerable in Hungary, as Near Threatened in Germany and Switzerland, as Data Deficient in Bulgaria and Montenegro and as  'susceptible' in the Netherlands (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in protected areas across its range in Europe. There has been some conservation action targeting this species in Britain. As it is threatened by its removal during maintenance of ancient monuments, as well as by the destruction of ruins, one useful action would be to raise the awareness of this moss among the managers of historical heritage sites. Far from being a destructive influence, mosses can even form a protective layer against erosion by wind and rain. Old ruins, graveyards and monuments can be a valuable habitat for bryophytes.",The species is not utilised or traded.,"Hedenäs, L.,Cálix, M.","Baudraz, M.E.A., Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Rhynchostegium,strongylense,,Rhynchostegium strongylense  ,(Bott.) W.R.Buck &amp; Privitera,,Yes,EN,D,Yes,EN,D,EU28,,"Rhynchostegium strongylense is endemic to the Mediterranean area and is only found in the islands of Pantelleria, Ischia and Stromboli (Italy). This species is assessed as Endangered since it is estimated that there are fewer than 250 individual-equivalents. One fumarole is considered one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual). The most pressing threat to this species is linked to tourism. All places are subject to significant and frequent foot traffic. However, since the species grows around the inner mouth of the fumaroles, it is probably not negatively affected by the tourists. At present there is no indication of a decline. A future volcanic eruption could wipe out all the individuals in one of the islands at once. It is necessary to confirm whether this species is still present in Stromboli. Further research is recommended into the population trend and potential conservation measures.",Stable,"Rhynchostegium strongylense is endemic to the Mediterranean area. This species is only found in the islands of Pantelleria, Ischia and Stromboli. The record from Stromboli is historical (from 1899, 1907 and 1908). No recent searches have been conducted in Stromboli, and it is therefore uncertain whether the species is still present there. There are more recent records (late 1990s) in the other two islands (Buck and Privitera 1999). This species extent of occurrence (EOO) is 43,000 km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2.","The current population trend seems to be stable. Since this species grows in fumaroles, it is considered that one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is one fumarole on which the species grows (Buck and Privitera 1999). It is estimated that there are fewer than 250 fumaroles in the three known localities.","This species is found in the inner part of the fumarole mouth, a place characterized by a very hot and humid microclimate of a subtropical type. This species therefore relies on volcanic activity. It grows at elevations between 200 m and 700 m Asl.","The most pressing threat is linked to tourism. All places are subject to significant and frequent foot traffic. However, since the species grows around the inner mouth of the fumaroles, it is probably not negatively affected by the tourists. Each of the three known islands have active volcanoes, and a volcanic eruption could destroy the fumaroles. At present there is no indication of a decline (Puglisi and Privitera 2011).","Currently,there are no conservation measures in place for the species. It is necessary to confirm whether this species is still present in Stromboli. Further research is recommended into the population trend and potential conservation measures. The species is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Hedenäs, L.,Cálix, M.","Cogoni, A., Campisi, P., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F. & Lüth, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYLOCOMIACEAE,Rhytidiadelphus,loreus,,Rhytidiadelphus loreus  ,(Hedw.) Warnst.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Little Shaggy-moss (Rhytidiadelphus loreus) is a calcifuge species of humid, montane woodlands, where it occurs on soil, boulders and logs. It is widespread and common in western and central Europe, becoming rarer in the extreme north and in the southern and eastern parts of the continent. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. Although a historical decline in some areas due to SO2 pollution was documented, nowadays the population trend is considered stable, and the population size is very large, exceeding 10,000 individual-equivalents. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.

This species is not utilized or traded specifically, but sometimes forms a component of mosses collected for hanging baskets in the horticultural trade. Intensive forestry with short rotation times are the main threat in some areas. In other areas, it can be very common in forestry plantations. No conservation measures are required at present, and it is known to occur in many protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"The Little Shaggy-moss (Rhytidiadelphus loreus) shows a suboceanic boreal-temperate distribution. It is widespread and common in western and central Europe, becoming rarer in the extreme north and in the southern and eastern parts of the continent, where it is found growing at elevations up to 2,500 m Asl. It is missing from the Arctic, many Mediterranean areas, Hungary, European Russia (except Kaliningrad), Latvia and Belarus. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is also known outside Europe from Turkey and North America.



","The population size and population trends of this species are unknown in detail, but the total population is very large. A historical decline in some areas due to SO2 pollution is documented (Blocked et al. 2014), but nowadays the population is considered stable. The population size is far larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre, one boulder, or one log on which the species grows.","This is a calcifuge species of humid, montane woodlands, where it occurs on soil, boulders and logs (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). At higher altitudes it also occurs in dwarf shrub heath. In oceanic areas it can form extensive swards in upland grassland heath, occasionally replacing Racomitrium lanuginosum (Blockeel et al. 2014).","A historical decline in some areas due to SO2 pollution was documented, but this is now a past threat which is unlikely to return. Intensive forestry with short rotation times are the main threat in some areas. In other areas, it can be very common in forestry plantations.",This moss is considered Critically Endangered in Lithuania and Vulnerable in Estonia and Madeira (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas.,"This species is not utilised or traded specifically, but sometimes forms a component of mosses collected for hanging baskets in the horticultural trade.","Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Marka, J.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYLOCOMIACEAE,Rhytidiadelphus,squarrosus,,Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus  ,(Hedw.) Warnst.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Springy Turf-moss (Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus) occurs in a wide range of habitats, but especially grassy habitats such as wet meadows, pastures or roadsides. It also occurs in shrubland, light woodland, heath and moorland. In many areas it is a characteristic and abundant moss of urban parks and gardens. It is very common and widespread throughout Europe, but rarer to almost absent in the Arctic and in the Mediterranean lowlands. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large and stable population, and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are required at present. It is known to occur in many protected areas across its European range.



 

",Stable,"In Europe, the Springy Turf-moss (Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus), a boreo-temperate species, is widespread and common throughout the continent, but rarer to almost absent in the Arctic and in the Mediterranean lowlands. It can be found growing at elevations up to 2,300 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is also known outside Europe from Turkey,  Georgia, Kazakhstan, southern Siberia, eastern Asia, Greenland,  Newfoundland, north-western North America, Tasmania and New Zealand  (where it is introduced).

","The population is stable and very large. The number of individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) runs into the millions. One individual-equivalent is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows.","This species occurs in a wide range of habitats, but especially grassy habitats such as wet meadows, pastures or roadsides (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). It also occurs in shrubland, light woodland, heath and moorland (Blockeel et al. 2014). In many areas it is a characteristic and abundant moss of urban parks and gardens.



",This species is very common and there are no major threats to it.,No conservation measures are required at present. This moss occurs in many protected areas.,"This species is not utilised or traded specifically, but sometimes forms  a component of mosses collected for hanging baskets and packing in the horticultural  trade.","Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Natcheva, R.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYLOCOMIACEAE,Rhytidiadelphus,subpinnatus,,Rhytidiadelphus subpinnatus  ,(Lindb.) T.J. Kop.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Scarce Turf-moss (Rhytidiadelphus subpinnatus) is a species of damp, lightly shaded forests, grassy streamsides and shrublands. It is widespread throughout much of Europe, missing only in the Arctic regions, Iceland, Denmark, Portugal, Spain, Hungary, Greece and large parts of the Balkans. It may no longer occur in Ireland, where there was a single record in the 1960's. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail. At the European scale the population is probably more or less stable, but due to intensive forestry this species is likely to be in decline in some regions. The population size estimated to be above 10,000 individual-equivalents. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28. Intensive forestry with short rotation times appears to be the main threat to it, but no conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas across its European range. Due to confusion with Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, further investigations are necessary in order to clarify the total distribution and possible regional threats to this species. 



 



 

",Unknown,"The Scarce Turf-moss (Rhytidiadelphus subpinnatus) shows a circumpolar boreal-montane distribution. It is widespread throughout much of Europe, missing only in the Arctic regions, Iceland, Denmark, Portugal, Spain, Hungary, Greece and large parts of the Balkans. It may no longer occur in Ireland, where there was a single record in the 1960's. It can be found growing at elevations up to 2,200 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is also known outside Europe from northern and central Asia and North America.



","The population size and population trends of this species are unknown in detail. At the European scale the population is probably more or less stable, but due to intensive forestry this species is likely to be in decline in some regions (Schröck et al. 2014). In mountainous areas this species can form large subpopulations. The population size is estimated to be larger then 10,000 individual-equivalent. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre, one log, or one boulder on which the species grows.","This is a species of damp, lightly shaded forests, grassy streamsides and shrublands (Meinunger and Schröder 2007).",Intensive forestry with short rotation times is the main threat to this species.,"This moss has been assessed as Regionally Extinct in Ireland, as Vulnerable in Romania, and as Near Threatened in Britain (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas. Due to confusion with Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, further investigations are necessary in order to clarify the total distribution and possible regional threats.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Pilkington, S.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYLOCOMIACEAE,Rhytidiadelphus,triquetrus,,Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus  ,(Hedw.) Warnst.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Big Shaggy-moss (Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus) is an abundant species in a broad range of habitats, including forests, shrublands, grasslands, meadows, screes, and also on humid rocks and logs. It is widespread and common throughout Europe, missing only from the Azores, the Canary Islands, and some Arctic and dry Mediterranean regions. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, a large and stable population, and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are required at present and it is known to occur in many protected areas.



 



 



",Stable,"The Big Shaggy-moss (Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus) shows a circumpolar boreal-temperate distribution. It is widespread and common throughout Europe, missing only from the Azores, the Canary Islands, and some Arctic and dry Mediterranean regions. It can be found growing at elevations up to 2,800 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is also known outside Europe from northern  Africa (Algeria), Turkey, Iran, Asia south to the western  Himalaya and Taiwan, and North America. It is introduced in New Zealand.",The population of this species is very large and stable. It can form very large subpopulations. The population size runs into the millions.,"This is an abundant species in a broad range of habitats, including forests, shrublands, grasslands, meadows, screes, and also on humid rocks and logs (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).",This species is abundant and there are no major threats to it.,"This moss has been assessed as Vulnerable in Madeira, and as Near Threatened in Portugal and Sicily (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas.","This species is not utilised or traded specifically, but may be collected inadvertently as part of collections for horticultural purposes such as packing or hanging baskets.","Hugonnot, V.","Schröck, C.","Martinčič, A.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,RHYTIDIACEAE,Rhytidium,rugosum,,Rhytidium rugosum  ,(Hedw.) Kindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Wrinkle-leaved Feather-moss (Rhytidium rugosum) is a large and beautiful moss species that is widespread and common in central and northern parts of Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. There has been a population decline at least in the lowlands of central Europe, where it is still slowly declining due to abandonment of pastureland and higher nutrient inputs. In the mountains and in Scandinavia, though, subpopulations are large and stable. However, the overall population trend is considered to be decreasing. On the other hand, the population size is large, and estimated to be much larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals). This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. In the lowlands, specific and focused management is needed to preserve the open, low-nutrient habitats this species occurs in. 



 



",Decreasing,"This species shows a circumpolar boreal-arctic montane distribution, and is widespread and common in central and northern parts of Europe, reaching southwards to the mountains of Spain, southern Italy and northern Greece. It is absent from many lowland areas in the Mediterranean region, Macaronesia, Denmark, the Faroe Islands, Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova and Kaliningrad. According to Blockeel et al. (2014), it is widespread in the cooler parts of the Northern Hemisphere, extending  southwards to the Himalayas, southern China, Mexico, Guatemala and  Bolivia, and also occurs in the mountains of tropical Africa (Kenya, Uganda). It has been found growing at elevations up to 3,000 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","There has been a historical decline of this species in the lowlands of central Europe due to excessive nutrient input and the abandonment of pastures and dry grasslands (Schnyder et al. 2004, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Schröck et al. 2013, 2014). In the mountains and in Scandinavia, however, subpopulations are large and stable. However, the overall population trend is considered to be decreasing. The population size is large, and is estimated to be above 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre or one boulder on which the species grows. This species produces sporophytes extremely rarely and therefore has a long generation length (with three generations estimated at 100 years). Despite the low capacity for sexual reproduction and dispersal, a comparatively high number of haplotypes are found in Europe (Sabovljević and Frahm 2011, Hedenäs 2014, Hedenäs 2017).","This large and beautiful moss is a calcicolous species of dry open grasslands and more or less south-facing limestone rocks and cliffs (Grims 1999, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).

","This species needs insolated, open habitats. Abandonment of pastureland and higher nutrient inputs lead to changes in competition and invasion by scrub and grasses, out-competing this species.","This moss is included in several national Red Lists and has been assessed as Vulnerable in Northern Ireland, Estonia, and the Netherlands (Hodgetts 2015); and as Near Threatened in Germany (Caspari et al. 2018). In the lowlands, specific and focused management is needed to preserve the open, low-nutrient habitats this species occurs in. The population development and the impact of the threats in the lowlands should be recorded by a monitoring programme. It occurs in many protected areas across Europe.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Wilbraham, J.,Cálix, M.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,METZGERIALES,ANEURACEAE,Riccardia,chamedryfolia,,Riccardia chamedryfolia  ,(With.) Grolle,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Jagged Germanderwort(Riccardia chamedryfolia) occurs in most European countries, and is not rare in the northern countries. This species has a wide geographic range. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 19.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 18,684 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 10.5 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 6,248 km2. In both Europe and the EU 28, the total number of individual-equivalents is considered to be more than 10,000 (considered as mature individuals), and the current population trend is stable. The species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in view of its widespread distribution and stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Luxembourg and Poland. The threats for the species are water pollution and draining of marshes. In addition, threats might include several types of dams and water management but scope of these are unknown. No conservation measures are required at present. However, further research to determine the real distribution and population size in central Europe is needed, as well as further research into the threats to this species.",Stable,"This holarctic species is not rare, and has a mostly suboceanic-montane distribution, although it is rare in the arctic. This species occurs in most European countries.

In the north of Europe, it is found up to the coast of Barents Sea in Murmansk Region and in the northern part of Norway (Damsholt 2002), as well as being scattered in Asian Russia and the Russian Far East (Konstantinovaet al. 2009), China and Japan. However, it is important to note that in Austria many records are wrong and there are only two recently confirmed records (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). In North America, this species is found in the west from Alaska to California, and in the east from Nova Scotia to Florida. In Africa, this species is known from Tunisia. This species is also known from Greenland, Iceland, Macaronesia and the Azores (Damsholt 2002).



In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 19.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 18,684 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 10.5 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 6,248 km2. In Scandinavian countries, this species has been found to occur up to 650 m Asl, up to 950 m Asl in Great Britain (Paton 1999), up to 1,600 m Asl in Romania (Stefanut 2008) and up to 2,200 m Asl in the Swiss Alps (NISM 2017).","The current population trend of this species is stable in both Europe and the EU 28. This species is not rare in the northern countries, particularly in Scandinavia (Damsholt 2002) and in the north of Russia as well as in western European countries, such as Great Britain (Paton 1999) and Germany. In the north, subpopulations are rather large and the total number of individual-equivalents in both Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be more than 10,000 (considered as mature individuals, and counting one individual-equivalent as 1 m2). Plants with male and female branches are frequent, but sporophytes occur rarely (Damsholt 2002).","This species occurs on damp to wet, base-rich to mildly acidic substrates. It is found in shaded to exposed habitats from wet shaded forest ground, where it occurs on the ground, on tree roots, on decaying logs and on dune slacks. It can occur as a hydrophyte in wet mires, medium rich fens, swamps, along brooks, or submerged in ditches or in oligotrophic lakes and mires (Paton 1999, Damsholt 2002).","The threats for the species are water pollution (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017) and draining of marshes. In addition, threats might include several types of dams and water management but scope of these are unknown.","This species is included in the national Red Lists of some southern and some central European countries. It is assessed as Endangered (E) in Luxembourg, as Vulnerable (VU) in Poland and as Near Threatened (NT) in Austria, the Czech Republic, Switzerland, Italy and Portugal (Hodgetts 2015). However, it seems like in Europe as a whole the species is not declining. The species occurs in many protected areas. No conservation measures are required at present. Further research to determine the real distribution and population size in central Europe is needed, as well as further research into the threats to this species.",The species is not used.,"Seneca, A.,Cálix, M.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,METZGERIALES,ANEURACEAE,Riccardia,incurvata,,Riccardia incurvata  ,Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Lesser Germanderwort (Riccardia incurvata) occurs mostly in western and central Europe, and north to the Scandinavian countries (Damsholt 2002) and Murmansk Province. The population size of this species is rather large, with more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). In addition, this species has a large geographic range - the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 10.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2,124 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 6.5 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 1,916 km2. Even so, the species is still considered to be under-recorded. The current population trend is considered to be stable. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28. 



However, this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Slovakia, Romania and Spain. Although there seems that there are no major threats for the species, commercial and agricultural dams and water management can impact the species in lower altitudes, and in secondary habitats. Further research into the distribution of this species is needed.",Stable,"This is a boreo-montane, suboceanic species that occurs mostly in western and central Europe, and north to the Scandinavian countries (Damsholt 2002) and Murmansk Province. In Asia, it is known from single localities in southern Siberia (Konstantinova et al. 2009). In North America, this species is found in the west. This species is also found in Iceland (Damsholt 2002).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 10.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2,124 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 6.5 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 1,916 km2. This species occurs in lowland, from near sea level up to 670 m Asl in Great Britain (Paton 1999) and 2,600 m Asl in the Swiss Alps (NISM 2017).","The population size of this species is rather large, with more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and counting 1 m2 as one individual-equivalent). Even so, this species is ""almost certainly under-recorded"" (Paton 1999). The current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species is found on nearly bare, damp, sandy or peaty soil along small lakes, in flood plains and on banks of streams, as well as in sand and gravel pits (Paton 1999, Damsholt 2002).","It seems that there are no major threats for the species, apart from commercial and agricultural dams and water management in lower altitudes, and only in secondary habitats.","This species is included in several national Red Lists for European countries. It is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in Spain, Austria, the Czech Republic, Switzerland, Poland and Bulgaria, as Gefährdet (3) in Germany, as Endangered (EN) in Romania, as Critically Endangered (CR) in Slovakia and as Data Deficient (DD) in Hungary (Hodgetts 2015), but it seems like in Europe as a whole the species is not declining. The species occurs in several protected areas, including in Russia (Konstantinova 2004). As the species is likely to be under-recorded (Paton 1999), further research into the distribution is needed.",The species is not used.,"Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.,Segarra-Moragues, J.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,METZGERIALES,ANEURACEAE,Riccardia,latifrons,,Riccardia latifrons  ,(Lindb.) Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Bog Germanderwort (Riccardia latifrons) is widespread across Europe and it is often abundant. It has a large geographic range - in Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 15.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 7,348 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 10.5 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 6,248 km2. In both Europe and the EU 28, the number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) is large, much more than 10,000, and the overall current population trend is stable. The species is listed as Least Concern in view of its widespread distribution and stable population trend, in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, in central Europe, there are probably declines because of decreasing appropriate habitats, and there may be local threats of drainage and changes in nutrification of bogs and fens. Even so, no special conservation action is needed.",Stable,"This is a circum arctic-boreal species, although it does not occur in the high arctic. In Europe, this species is found in the north of Russia to the Balkans and Bulgaria in the south. This species is also known from the Azores and Iceland (Damsholt 2002). In Asia, this species is known from Siberia, the Russian Far East (Konstantinova et al. 2009), China and Japan. In North America, this species is known from Alaska to California in the west and from Quebec to Florida in the east, as well as Cuba and Bermuda. In Africa, this species is known from Tunisia.

This species occurs from near sea level in Nordic countries and Great Britan (Paton 1999) up to 1,800 m Asl in Switzerland (NISM 2017). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 15.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 7,348 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 10.5 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 6,248 km2.","This species is widespread across Europe and it is often abundant. It often occurs with sporophytes. In both Europe and the EU 28, the number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent) is large, much more than 10,000. The overall current population trend is stable, and this is also shown by subpopulations in the north. However, in central Europe, there are probably declines because of decreasing appropriate habitats (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017).","The species occurs mostly in two types of habitats. In the north of Europe, it is found on wet, decaying wood in wet woodlands, mostly wet coniferous or mixed forest, as well as in bogs where it occurs on Sphagnum hummocks, among Sphagnum and on decaying wood (stumps and trunks etc.). More rarely, the species occurs in wetlands in tundra zone.","There are no major threats for this species in Europe, apart from probably drainage and changes in nutrification of bogs and fens in central Europe (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017).","The species is widespread all over its natural area, and it is not threatened in any European countries (Hodgetts 2015). The species occurs in many strict nature reserves in European Russia (Konstantinova 2004). No special conservation action is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Blockeel, T.,Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,METZGERIALES,ANEURACEAE,Riccardia,multifida,,Riccardia multifida  ,(L.) Gray,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Delicate Germanderwort (Riccardia multifida) occurs in most European countries, and is generally rather widespread. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 18.7 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 13,000 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 13.1 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 12,400 km2. In addition, in both Europe and the EU 28, the current population trend seems to be stable and the population size is more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in view of its widespread distribution and stable trend in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species may be threatened in some countries, and although there are no major threats to this species as whole, drainage is a threat in the lowlands. Even so, no specific conservation actions are currently required.",Stable,"This species has a boreo-montane, probably bipolar, distribution. It occurs in most of the European countries from northern European Russia and the Scandinavian countries in the north to the Balkans, Sardinia, Sicily and Crete in the south. It is known as well from Iceland, Macaronesia and the Azores. In Asia, this species is found from the Caucasus to the Himalayas, Sikkim, China, Yunnan, and Japan (Damsholt 2002). The species is also known from Tunisia, South Africa, southern Greenland, eastern and western North America, Hawaii, and from Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands in South America. This species is found in lowland to alpine regions, reaching 975 m Asl in Great Britain (Paton 1999) and up to 2,200 m Asl in Switzerland (NISM 2017).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 18.7 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 13,000 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 13.1 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 12,400 km2.","This species is rather widespread in many countries, including Norway, Sweden (Damsholt 2002), Switzerland (NISM 2017) and Germany (Meinunger and Schroeder 2007). In both Europe and the EU 28, the current population trend seems to be stable and the population size is more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent).  Gemmiparous plants are rare, but plants with sporophytes are not rare (Damsholt 2002).","This species has been found on moist rocks, on clay, loam and sand, also on peat, leaf litter, grass tussocks, over bryophytes in wetlands (bogs, marches, fens) and on the margins of streams and lakes (Paton 1999, Damsholt 2002).","Although there are no major threats to this species as whole, drainage is a threat in the lowlands (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017).

",This species is included in Red Lists of several European countries and may be threatened in certain countries (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are currently required.,The species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Rumsey, F.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,METZGERIALES,ANEURACEAE,Riccardia,palmata,,Riccardia palmata  ,(Hedw.) Carruth.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Palmate Germanderwort (Riccardia palmata) occurs in most European countries. It has a wide geographic range - in Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 12.7 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 7,892 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 10.1 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 6,956 km2. In addition, the population trend of this species is stable, the population size is much more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) for both Europe and the EU 28. There are no major threats to the species. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in view of its widespread distribution and stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28. 

No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This circumpolar species occurs in most European countries, and also in Macaronesia and the Azores (Paton 1999). In Russia, it is not rare in Siberia and the Russian Far East (Konstantinova et al. 2009). In Asia, this species occurs in China and Japan. In North America, this species is found both in the the west, from Alaska to California, and in the east from Newfoundland to Florida. This species is also reported from Mexico, Cuba and Bermuda (Damsholt 2002). This species is found from near sea-level in Great Britain (Paton 1999) up to 2,200 m Asl in Switzerland (NISM 2017).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 12.7 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 7,892 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 10.1 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 6,956 km2.","The population trend of this species is stable for both Europe and the EU 28, and the population size is much more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using one log on which the species grows as one individual-equivalent) for both Europe and the EU 28. Sporophytes are not rare for this species.","This species is restricted mainly to coniferous and mixed forests where it occurs on decaying wood (damp, soft, decorticate logs and stumps). It prefers areas with high humidity, particularly brook side forests, moist woodlands and ravines. It occurs as well on peat and plant debris in block screes, on banks of streams and on dead Sphagnum in bogs (Paton 1999, Damsholt 2002).","It is probable that logging and wood harvesting can decrease subpopulation sizes in this species, but the overall population of this species is large, so they are not considered real threats.","This species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in the national Red Lists of Finland, Italy and Hungary (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in many strict nature reserves of Russia (Konstantinova 2004) and Europe (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). No conservation measures are required at present.",Species is not used or traded.,"Séneca, A.,Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,RICCIACEAE,Riccia,atlantica,,Riccia atlantica  ,Sérgio &amp; Perold,,Yes,CR,C2a(i),Yes,CR,C2a(i),EU28,,"Riccia atlantica is endemic to the Madeira Archipelago (where it is present in Ponta de São Lourenço in Madeira Island, at one site in Porto Santo, and one site in Deserta Grande) and the Selvagens Archipelago. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it is estimated that there are fewer than 250 mature individuals, and that each subpopulation has fewer than 50 mature individuals. In addition, a continuing decline in the population is projected due to the ongoing threats to its habitat. The main threats to this species are touristic development, recreational activities, climate change, and an increase in wildfires. In addition, spread of coarse vegetation such as grasses could threaten the development of new subpopulations of this species, if new bare surfaces are not exposed for the plant to colonise. Changes in local agricultural practices may result in a reduction or alteration of substrates available for the plant development. The species is sensitive to changes in the vascular vegetation due to its restricted distribution, and monitoring is required to closely evaluate any changes in the habitat. The present area of distribution should be carefully protected from touristic developments and recreational activities, and inappropriate modern agricultural practices in the vicinities should be avoided. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this very rare species.",Stable,"Riccia atlantica is endemic to the Madeira Archipelago (where it is present in Ponta de São Lourenço in Madeira Island, at one site in Porto Santo, and one site in Deserta Grande) and the Selvagens Archipelago, where it is also known from one site, and where it was collected for the first time in 2005 (Sérgio and Perold 1992, Sérgio et al. 2006, Sim-Sim et al. 2008, 2010, 2014). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is about 11,260 km², and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km².","This species is naturally restricted due to its specialised habitats requirements. The current population trend is assumed to be stable, but complete extinction has been predicted by 2070 due to the loss of climatically suitable habitat under one of the climate change scenarios put forward by Patiño et al. (2016). This is an annual shuttle species and its generation length is estimated to be between one and five years. Each rosette is considered as one mature individual. It is estimated that there are fewer than 250 mature individuals, and that each subpopulation has fewer than 50 mature individuals.

 

","This species is an annual shuttle of exposed coastal cliffs and eroded soil and volcanic deposits in rock hollows, with an altitudinal range from 50 m to 250 m Asl. In the Ponta de São Lourenço area, it forms part of a community of short-lived bryophytes. It has a low dispersal capacity and most of the large spores remain in the vicinity of the parent colonies (spores are ca 65-80 µm in diameter). It is adapted to xerophytic conditions and is associated with other ecologically similar species, such as Riccia spp. and Exormotheca pustulosa (ECCB 1995, Fontinha et al. 2001, Kürschner et al. 2008a, 2008b, Sim-Sim et al. 2008, 2010).","Because of its habitat and its specialized ecology, this species is potentially threatened by several factors, including touristic development, recreational activities, climate change and wildfires. The spread of coarse vegetation such as grasses could threaten the development of new subpopulations of this species, if new bare surfaces are not exposed for the plants to colonise. Changes in local agricultural practices may result in a reduction or alteration of available substrates (ECCB 1995). The main threat to the subpopulations in Madeira and Porto Santo are touristic pressure, while the main threat to the subpopulation in Deserta Island is climate change, since this species is found near shrubs which are likely to become less abundant as the temperatures rises. In the Selvagem subpopulation, the main threat is the increasing salinity of the soil, which is leading to a continuing decline in the amount of suitable habitat for this species. Taking into account the likely extent of these threats and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only four locations.","In Madeira, this species benefits from regional legislationand its distribution in Madeira, Deserta Grande and Selvagem overlaps with Natura 2000 sites (Fontinha et al. 2001, Sim-Sim et al. 2008, 2010). The present area of distribution should be carefully protected from touristic developments and recreational activities, and inappropriate modern agricultural practices in the vicinities should be avoided. This species was assessed as Vulnerable in the Madeira Archipelago by Sim-Sim et al. (2014). Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this very rare species. Because this species is naturally restricted due to its specialised habitats  requirements, it is important to revisit known sites to  verify the subpopulation status and monitor habitat conditions in order to  confirm that the current level of protection ensures the viability of the  population.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Patiño, J.,Cálix, M.","Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N., Martins, A. & Gabriel, R.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,RICCIACEAE,Riccia,atromarginata,,Riccia atromarginata  ,Levier,,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Riccia atromarginata is, in Europe, mostly found in the Iberian Peninsula. It is widespread in the Mediterranean but it has a restricted distribution in the rest of Europe. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 280 km2), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to ongoing threats.

Land-use changes such as under- or over-grazing (excessive disturbance), scrub encroachment and afforestation can lead to loss of suitable open ground for this species. Loss of hollows, such as trackways and small depressions, that remain damp for periods are also a significant threat to this species. Fire events and invasive alien plants are also potential treats. This species is thought to have declined due to touristic influence in the Algarve.

More information is needed on the overall population size and trends and ecology, but its habitat is relatively fragile and so should also be protected and monitored.",Stable,"

This Mediterranean-Atlantic species is widespread in the Mediterranean region (Jovet-Ast 1986, Bischler 2004, Ros et al. 2007). It has been reported from Macaronesia in the Canary Islands (González-Mancebo 2008, Dirkse et al. 2018) and Madeira Archipelago (Sérgio et al. 2006) and recently in Cape Verde, Fogo Island (Sérgio and Melo in Ellis et al. 2015). This species has a restricted distribution in the rest of Europe, as it is only in the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain), the Balearic Islands and towards the east in Greece mainland and Crete (Sabovljević and Natcheva 2006, Ros et al. 2007). Its distribution includes southwestern and central Asia (including Israel, Jordan and Syria) and North and Central America, as well as Madagascar in the western Indian Ocean (Bischler 2004). This species is more frequent in North Africa where it has been reported in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt.

This species can be considered an amphi-atlantic species as its occurrence is also mentioned in few areas in the central part of America, in Mexico and Texas (Bischler-Causse et al. 2005).

Based on the most recent available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be at least 3.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 284 km2. The altitudinal range of this species is from sea-level to above 1,000 m Asl (Bischler 2004).



","

The subpopulation size in each area where this species is known to occur is unknown, but it is infrequent across its range. It is Critically Endangered in Italy (Hodgetts 2015) and Vulnerable in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013). There is not enough information regarding its current population trend but it is probably stable, and this species may be under-collected, because it is related to seasonal rain in autumn and winter. However, there are certainly fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation, although some references are old and therefore it is not possible to establish an overall population size. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows.

So far, the sites of occurrence are mostly in the south of Portugal and Spain, as well as in four islands of the Baleares (Cros et al. 2008). This species was most recently found in three new localities in Spain in Sierra de Aracena (Draper et al. 2004) and Valencia province (Puche and Gimeno 2004) as well as in Lanzarote in Canary (Dirkse et al. 2018). In France, the subpopulation is confined to the Mediterranean border (Bischler 2004). In many of the other countries, it is known from few localities and some are listed in old taxonomic revisions (Jovet-Ast 1986).

Spores produced by this dioicous plant are very big (to 125 µm) but infrequent (Casas et al. 2009) and are probably not dispersed far. Since most subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation, the population is considered to be severely fragmented.



","This species is restricted to open habitats in semi-arid and arid areas with high drought conditions. However, this liverwort grows in very temporary wet soil on depressions or ditch banks, in soil over rock, or open grassland, shrub and forest. Samples could be collected in anthropogenic landscapes near walking paths and mostly in the lowlands. It is found in coastal areas some with tourism influence.","Land-use changes such as under- or over-grazing (excessive disturbance), scrub encroachment and afforestation can lead to loss of suitable open ground for this species. Loss of hollows, such as trackways and small depressions, that remain damp for periods are also a significant threat to this species. Fire events and invasive alien plants are also potential treats.

This species is thought to have declined due to touristic influence in the Algarve.","

This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in the national Red List of Italy (Hodgetts 2015) and it is assessed as Vulnerable in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013). Some Portuguese subpopulations occur in Natura 2000 sites, such as sites including Barrocal Algarvio and Espichel in Arrábida, and in Spain in Parque Natural de Sierra de Aracena (Draper et al. 2004).

More information is needed on the overall population size and trend and ecology, but its habitat is relatively fragile and so should also be protected and monitored.



",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Hodd, R.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,RICCIACEAE,Riccia,beyrichiana,,Riccia beyrichiana  ,Hampe ex Lehm.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Purple Crystalwort (Riccia beyrichiana) is a widespread species with a worldwide distribution. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 18.9 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be at least 2,044 km2. The total population size of this species in Europe is unknown but this species is not rare across its total range. It may be under recorded. The overall population trend seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species may be negatively affected by anthropogenic pressure with habitat degradation. The habitat of this species should be monitored, and further research on the ecology and population size of this species is needed.



",Stable,"This is a widespread species with a worldwide distribution. This species is found in north, western and central Europe, north Africa and north America, with preferences to areas with Mediterranean climate (Bischler 2004). In Europe, it presents a more or less continuous distribution from Scandinavia, Great Britain, France, the Iberian Peninsula and Mediterranean countries to some countries in the Balkans (Ros et al. 2007, Hodgetts 2015) and in the Macaronesian archipelago of the Azores (Gabriel et al. 2011). This species is rarer in the east of Europe, in Greece (Erzberger 2006) and Turkey (Ozenoğlu Kiremit et al. 2016) and in Bulgaria (Hodgetts 2015). 

 

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 18.9 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be at least 2,044 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level to 1,000 m Asl or above (Bischler 2004). 

","The total population size of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is unknown but this species is not rare across its total range. It may be under recorded. The overall population trend seems to be stable. In the Iberian Peninsula, this species is relatively frequent, recorded mainly in lowlands in the southern half and it is rarer in the north (Sérgio and Carvalho 2003, Cros et al. 2008, Casas et al. 2009). Bischler (2004) found this species in 97 sample plots in 17 Mediterranean areas.

The plants can be observed mainly in winter, when conditions are moist and vascular plants are less competitive. It is a difficult species to observe.

","The species grows on soil in rock crevices and on banks by streams, usually in shaded habitats. Its affinity is often on acidic (pH 4-6) bedrock near temporary water courses but often along the paths (Bischler 2004). Sometimes, this species is found on the edge of agricultural areas as in vegetable fields. It usually grows at lower altitudes and in seasonally drier sites. There are local declines in the habitat quality.","The threat to this species is a strong anthropogenic pressure with habitat degradation, as well as, the increase of fire frequency and the progression of invasive species (such as Oxalis pes-caprae or Carpobrotus edulis). Water pollution and soil drying in relation to global warming and abnormal summer drought may be also threats for this species in the future.","

This species is included in the national Red Lists of some European countries. It is considered Critically Endangered (CR) in Italy and Germany, as Endangered (EN) in Finland and as Data Deficient (DD) in Bulgaria. Also, it is considered Rare in Poland (Hodgetts 2015). This species is found in different some protected areas, such as in Portugal and in Spain at Parque Natural de Izki (Infante and Heras 2004). Also, it is present in two Spanish Important Bryophyte Areas, in Somosierra y Sierra de Ayllón (IBrA: 10) and Parque Regional de la Sierra de Gredos (IBrA: 11) (Infante and Heras 2012).

The habitat of this species should be monitored, and further research on the ecology and population size of this species is needed.

",There is no information on the use and trade of this species,"Fettes, N.D.,Stebel, A.","Sergio, C.","Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,RICCIACEAE,Riccia,bicarinata,,Riccia bicarinata  ,Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Riccia bicarinata is widespread in the Mediterranean region. The subpopulation sizes in each area of occurrence are unidentified, however this species is infrequent across its range. Some subpopulations can be locally abundant, such as in the Iberian Peninsula. The current population trend of this species is thought to probably be stable, and the species may be under-recorded. Based on the most recent available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be at least 3.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 828 km2. This species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

It is however thought to have declined due to lack of grazing and scrub encroachment and loss of open heathland trackways and influences of introduced species. More information is needed on the overall population size and trends if this species but its habitat is relatively fragile and should be protected. Invasive species control of Oxalis pes-caprae would also benefit this species.",Stable,"

This species is widespread in the Mediterranean region, with a continuous distribution from Portugal to Greece and the Balkans (Sabovljević and Natcheva 2006) extending to central Asia (Bischler 2004). In North Africa, this species is reported from Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. It is found in Macaronesia in the Canary Islands but only in Gran Canaria, and also in southwest Asia (Israel, Syria and Turkey) (Bischler 2004, Ros et al. 2007, Dort and Nieuwkoop 2003, González-Mancebo et al. 2008).

Based on the most recent available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be at least 3.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 828 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from sea-level to above 1,000 m Asl (Bischler 2004).

","The subpopulation sizes in each area of occurrence are unidentified, however this species is infrequent across its range. Some subpopulations can be locally abundant, such as in the Iberian Peninsula. There is not enough information to fully establish its population trend but it is considered to probably be stable, although this species is probably under-collected, because it is related to seasonal rain in autumn and winter. In France, the subpopulation is confined to the Mediterranean border (INPN 2003-2018).

So far, the number of sites of occurrence is high in the south of Portugal and in Spain (Casas et al. 1996) - in the Iberian Cartography, it is listed as occurring in more than 140 squares (10 km2) (Sérgio et al. 2014).

Spores are frequently produced by this monoecious or dioicous species (Casas et al. 2009) but are probably not dispersed far.","

This liverwort is found growing in damp or wet depressions on cliff-tops, in open heath, grassland, shrub and limit of forest areas and on small river margins. This species grows on soil in rock crevices or on rock ledges. Samples could be collected in anthropogenic landscapes near walking paths and mostly in the lowlands. 



","

Land-use changes such as under- or over-grazing (excessive disturbance), scrub encroachment and afforestation can lead to loss of suitable open ground. Loss of hollows, such as trackways and small depressions, that remain damp for periods, are also a significant threat to this species. Fire events and invasive plants, such as Oxalis pes-caprae are also potential problems in some regions, including some Portuguese Atlantic territories. 



 

","

This species has been assessed as the national level as Critically Endangered (CR) in Italy, although it was recently found in Parco Nazionale del Cilento, Campania (Preston and Blockeel 2006). The presence of the species in Sicily is within the Madonie Regional Natural Park (Dia 1992).The last Italian checklist (Aleffi et al. 2008) and the Mediterranean checklist (Ros et al. 2007) does not consider the Sicilian records to be doubtful, although the record made in 1992 is already relatively old. The Portuguese subpopulations occur in some Natura 2000 sites and natural parks such as Arrábida, Aires Candeeiros and S. Mamede.

More information is needed on the overall population size and trends if this species but its habitat is relatively fragile and should be protected. Invasive species control of Oxalis pes-caprae would also benefit this species.



",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Hodd, R.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,RICCIACEAE,Riccia,bifurca,,Riccia bifurca  ,Hoffm.,"

Recent bar-coding studies on British material has implied the possibility that there are two genetically distinct collections and suggests some confusion with R. beyrichiana (Bell et al. 2013) .



",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Lizard Crystalwort(Riccia bifurca) is present in northern, western, central and eastern Europe and south to the Mediterranean. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 14.6 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 808 km2. There is insufficient information to establish its population trend, therefore it is unknown for both Europe and the EU 28. However, it is probably under-recorded, and it can also be locally abundant.

The decline in the extend and quality of the habitat in particular those occurring in the natural areas, mainly due to the effects of climatic changes, forest fires intensification, the impact of agricultural activities and exotic species invasions. More information is needed on the population size and trends but its habitat is relatively fragile and should be protected and monitored.",Unknown,"

This species is present in northern, western, central and eastern Europe, northern and central Asia, North America, and Australasia (Bischler 2004). The species is also present in North Africa (Algeria) and southwest Asia in Lebanon (Bischler 2004, Ros et al. 2007). It is considered a southern-temperate species that is widespread in Europe, from Iceland and Scandinavia to Britain, and south to the Mediterranean. It is found from Portugal to Greece and Crete, and in Macaronesia. 

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 14.6 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 808 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from sea-level to above 1,000 m Asl (Bischler 2004).



","The subpopulation sizes in each area of occurrence are not known, but this species is generally infrequent across its range. However, it can also be locally abundant. There is insufficient information to establish its population trend, therefore it is unknown for both Europe and the EU 28. However, it is probably under-recorded, partly because its appearance is related to seasonal rain in autumn and winter. 



In Britain, the population is confined to the Lizard Peninsula, in southwest England. One sub-population is said to consist of hundreds of thalli. It is however thought to have declined due to lack of grazing and scrub encroachment and loss of open heathland track-ways (Porley 2013, Blockeel 2014).","This species is a European southern-temperate calcifuge of predominately lowland damp or wet depressions on cliff-tops, in open heath, grassland and forest, soil in rock crevices and on rock ledges, on ditch banks, often by footpaths. In England, it occurs over serpentine. It is mostly near the coast and does not tolerate competition or shading. Spores are readily produced by this monoecious species but are probably not dispersed great distances.","Land-use changes such as under- or over-grazing (excessive disturbance), scrub encroachment and afforestation can lead to loss of suitable open ground for this species. Loss of depressions, such as trackways and hollows, that remain damp for periods are also significant threats to this species. Invasive plants, such as Carpobrotus, are also a potential problem in some areas","This species is considered to be Critically Endangered (CR) in Switzerland (Schnyder et al. 2004), Endangered (EN) in Romania (Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012) and threatened in some other countries.

The English subpopulations occur in a Natura 2000 site (The Lizard) and it is a protected species in Britain. Conservation grazing occurs on some headlands on The Lizard, and whilst not aimed specifically at this species, it should benefit it. In Portugal, this species is found in protected areas such as Penêda-Gerês, Serra da Estrela and São Mamede Natural Parks. 

More information is needed on the population size and trends but its habitat is relatively fragile and should be protected and monitored.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Natcheva, R.","Sergio, C. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,RICCIACEAE,Riccia,breidleri,,Riccia breidleri  ,Juratzka ex Steph.,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) 



Riccia breidleri is a European endemic found only in the Alps, with reported occurrences in Austria, France, Switzerland and Italy. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at ca 68,000 km², but it has a very small and restricted area of occupancy (AOO), estimated at just 160 km². It has been recorded from ca 50-60 localities, and there are also a number of new records from the Savoie (France) and Switzerland, due to recent intensive fieldwork. Due to its very special habitat, the rather small number of subpopulations and the very large spores (dispersal capacity may be limited), the population can be considered severely fragmented. The overall population trend is considered to be unknown. The population size is estimated to be very likely below 1,000 individual-equivalents (but above 250) in Europe and in the EU 28. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable. Threats to this species include inappropriate management of ski slopes, construction of dams for hydro-electric schemes, and overgrazing by cattle and sheep. Eutrophication and climate change may be a further threat. The best sites for this species should receive statutory protection and be managed appropriately, with more awareness raised of this endemic European species.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Alps in Europe, with reported occurrences in Austria, France, Switzerland and Italy (Geissler 1984). It has been found growing at elevations between 1,900 m and 2,750 m Asl. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 160 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 68,000 km².

","The species is recorded from ca 50-60 localities (or ca 40 4x4 km2 squares), some of which have not been visited for decades. However, there are also a number of new records from the Savoie (France)  and Switzerland, due to recent intensive fieldwork. Due to its very special habitat, the rather small number of subpopulations and the very large spores (dispersal capacity may be limited). These small and isolated subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation and the population can therefore be considered severely fragmented. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. Subpopulations usually consist of only a few occupied square meters, sometimes only a few cm2,  and it is estimated that the population size is very likely to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents (but larger than 250) in Europe and in the EU 28.Although it has not been observed at some localities recently, it is likely that the species still  exists at most of them (Hofmann 2009), and also that a number of  undetected localities exist in the Alps (Chavoutier and Hugonnot  2013). Seven out of eight historical subpopulations were refound in Switzerland during recent fieldwork, which indicates that the subpopulations may be quite  stable. However, for now, the current population trend is considered to be unknown. 





","The species grows in temporary pools that fill with melting snow water in the spring then dry out in late summer. It usually occurs on weakly acidic, nutrient-poor soils over gneiss and schists.","Threats include inappropriate management of ski slopes, which can break up the fragile soils on which this plant grows, construction of dams for hydro-electric schemes, and especially overgrazing by cattle and sheep, which may disturb the edge of the ponds where the plants grow. Eutrophication by dung deposition of theses animals may be a further threat. Habitat quality and subpopulations are likely to decrease slowly due to these threats, but there is high uncertainty. There are reports that some known subpopulations have been  destroyed by ski operations, car park construction (Köckinger 2017) and possibly  hydroelectric schemes. Climate change may also be a threat for this  species.","This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Italy, Austria and Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). The best sites for this species should receive statutory protection. Bryological surveys are essential before permission is given for the construction of any new ski runs if they go through potential habitat for this species. The intense use of ponds at known sites of Riccia breidleri by cattle or sheep should be prevented (e.g., by fences). More studies are needed on the spatial distribution and ecology of this species. Population genetic studies are recommended to get a better knowledge on the functional connectivity of the subpopulations. It is unknown whether this species occurs in any protected areas. 

",The species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,During, H.,Fettes, N.D.","Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,RICCIACEAE,Riccia,canaliculata,,Riccia canaliculata  ,Hoffm.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Channelled Crystalwort (Riciia canaliculata) is widespread albeit infrequent in Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 9.6 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 1,200 km2. Data on the population size and trends of this species is sparse, particularly in mainland Europe. The current population trend for Europe and the EU 28 is assumed to be stable across much of its area of occurrence. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, there have been some local declines, and this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Portugal. The species shows a narrow habitat niche and so changes to natural seasonal water-level fluctuations, water quality issues (eutrophication) and loss of ponds and pools are significant threats to this species across its range. More information is needed on the overall population size and trends and ecology. Its habitat should be protected and monitored, mainly in countries where the species is threatened.",Stable,"

This European temperate species is widespread albeit infrequent in Europe. It is found from Norway, Sweden and Finland, east to Poland, Hungary and the Balkans and south to Portugal, Spain, Corsica, Sardinia, Italy, Greece, Crete and Turkey (Ros et al. 2007). This species is also present in North America (Bischler 2004), as well as North Africa (Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia) and southwest Asia in Israel (Bischler 2004, Ros et al. 2007).

Based on the most recent available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 9.6 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 1,200 km2. The altitudinal range of this species is from near sea level to 200 m Asl in the Mediterranean areas (Bischler 2004) and to 600 m Asl in Switzerland (Swissbryophytes 2017).



","Data on the population size and trends of this species is sparse, particularly in mainland Europe. However, one site (Brown Moss) in England holds an estimated 10,000 plants (Pilkington 2016). In Britain, this species has undergone a decline and currently it is known from just 4 squares (10 km2) in England and Scotland. However the current population trend for Europe and the EU 28 is assumed to be stable across much of its area of occurrence.","This is an ephemeral species of seasonally exposed, base-poor sediments around the margins of pools, lakes and reservoirs, and in open depressions in Mediterranean shrubland and sometimes in rock crevices in substrates with a pH of 5 to 6 (Bischler 2004). This species produces large spores in abundance that remains dormant in the sediment for many years, germinating only when water levels fall. Long-distance dispersal is possibly mediated by birds.

","Changes to natural seasonal water-level fluctuations, water quality issues (eutrophication) and loss of ponds and pools are significant threats to this species across its range. The invasion of non-native vascular plants (such as Crassula helmsii) is also a local threat. The species does not tolerate excessive shade or competition and natural succession to scrub and woodland of pools and reservoir margins soon eliminates it.","This species is included in several national Red Lists. It is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) (Pilkington 2016) in the Iberian Peninsula and as Critically Endangered (CR) in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013), but it is not included in the Spanish Red List (Garilleti and Albertos 2012) where a major proportion of its subpopulations occur. In Switzerland, this species is considered to be Regionally Extinct (RE) (NISM 2017).

There is no specific conservation aimed at this species, although it occurs on at least one Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) in England. More information is needed on the overall population size and trends and ecology. Its habitat should be protected and monitored, mainly in countries where the species is threatened.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Cronberg, N.,Englefield, E.","Sergio, C. & Porley, R.D.","Caspari, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,RICCIACEAE,Riccia,cavernosa,,Riccia cavernosa  ,Hoffm.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Cavernous Crystalwort (Riccia cavernosa) has a relatively wide distribution in Europe although it is of sporadic occurrence. Based on the most recent information available, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 11.9 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,324 km2. There is little data on population size or trends of this species in Europe, but the overall current population trend of this species is inferred to be stable for Europe and the EU 28, but it is known to be stable in some local areas, such as in England and Ireland. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for Europe and the EU 28.

Changes to natural seasonal water-level fluctuations, water quality issues (eutrophication) and loss of ponds, pools and other periodically wet habitats are significant threats across the range of this species. The conservation of riverine Mediterranean shrubby vegetation, open riparian forests and temporary ponds is essential for the survival of this species; this was in part provided by extensive traditional pasturing of goats and sheep. Further research on the population size and trends is required, and habitat trends should be monitored.",Stable,"

This is a circumpolar, temperate species, widespread in Europe although of sporadic occurrence. This species is known from the Mediterranean region but with few records. According to Ros et al. (2007), it is present in the Balearic and Canary Islands, Croatia (although doubtful), Spain, France, Italy, Madeira, Portugal and Sicily, as well as Egypt, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia.

Based on the most recent information available, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 11.9 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,324 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is usually from near sea level to 1,000 m Asl (Bischler 2004) but it is found up to around 1,400 m Asl in Switzerland.

","

There is little data on population size or trends of this species in Europe.  However, in Britain and Ireland it is considered to be relatively stable. Therefore, the overall current population trend of this species is inferred to be stable for Europe and the EU 28. In the Iberian Peninsula, this species has been recorded in ca 25 squares (10 km2), the majority post-1970 (Infante and Brugués 2019).



","This species is an ephemeral plant of seasonally inundated, slightly acidic to base-rich sediments around ponds, lakes, reservoirs and gravel pits, in soil depressions or hollows in Mediterraneanshrubland. It is more rarely found on poorly-drained arable land, and also on ditch banks and in rock crevices. It produces spores in abundance which remains dormant in the sediment or soil for prolonged periods, germination triggered by falling water levels or drying out of soils. In the Mediterranean, this species grows on soils with a pH from 7.5 to 8 in areas without snow (Bischler 2004). Exceptionally, this species can appear in very large subpopulations in some years, but normally it occurs in small quantity.","Changes to natural seasonal water-level fluctuations, water quality issues (eutrophication) and loss of ponds, pools and other periodically wet habitats are significant threats across the range of this species. The species does not tolerate excessive shade or competition and natural succession to scrub and woodland soon eliminates it. It produces large spores in abundance and these apparently remain viable in the soil or sediment for many years.","This species is included in the Portuguese Red Book as Critically Endangered (CR) (Sérgio et al. 2013). In Spain, including the Canary Islands, this species is nationally assessed as Least Concern (LC) (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012). However, it was assessed as Endangered (EN) in the national Red List of Switzerland (Schnyder et al. 2004) and as Data Deficient (DD) in Romania (Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012). It is present in diverse protected areas throughout its range.



The conservation of riverine Mediterranean shrubby vegetation, open riparian forests and temporary ponds is essential for the survival of this species; this was in part provided by extensive traditional pasturing of goats and sheep. Further research on the population size and trends is required, and habitat trends should be monitored.",Species not utilized.,"Cronberg, N.,Englefield, E.","Sergio, C. & Porley, R.D.","Schröck, C.,Lönnell, N.,Blom, H.,Vellak, K.,Afonina, O.,Goldberg, I.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,RICCIACEAE,Riccia,ciliata,,Riccia ciliata  ,Hoffm.,"The taxonomy of taxa referred to as Riccia ciliata Hoffm. is unsatisfactory in many respects. There are radically divergent interpretations. In the work of Hugonnot (2010) references are provided to the relevant morphology to allow the differentiation of Riccia ciliata Hoffm. and R. ciliata sensu Jovet-Ast.

Then, with conclusion of this author, Riccia ciliata Hoffm. is synonymous with R. canescens and R. trichocarpa but not with Riccia crinita. Thus, the general distribution in Europe of Riccia ciliata Hoffm. is doubtful without the study and review of representative specimens for the different countries.",No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Riccia ciliata has a large distribution that includes northern, western, central and eastern Europe. The species seems to be rarer in central and southern Europe. There is little data on population size or trends for this species in Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 9.9 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 688 km2. However, the taxonomy of this species is unsatisfactory in many respects. Thus, the general distribution in Europe is doubtful without the study and review of representative specimens for the different countries. Given the lack of certainty on the taxonomic status of the species, this species is assessed as Data Deficient in Europe and the EU 28. Further research is needed to clarify the distribution and its status.",Unknown,"

This species has a large distribution that includes northern, western, central and eastern Europe, central and southeastern Asia (Bischler 2004), and North Africa (Ros et al. 2007). In Europe, this is a temperate to Mediterranean species. It is present from Scandinavia through central Europe with some absences, such as Denmark, Iceland, the Netherlands and England. This species is reported to the south from the west Mediterranean region to Turkey (Hodgetts 2015). It is also present in Macaronesian archipelagos, including the Canary Islands from six islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2008), in Madeira (Sérgio et al. 2006), and also Cape Verde (Wigginton 2018), although it has not been found in the Azores.

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 9.9 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 688 km2. The altitudinal range of this species is from near sea level to 1,000 m Asl in the Mediterranean (Bischler 2004), up to 700 m Asl in Portugal and up to 1,600 m Asl in Switzerland.

However, the taxonomy of this species is unsatisfactory in many respects. Thus, the general distribution in Europe is doubtful without the study and review of representative specimens for the different countries. 

","There is little data on population size or trends for this species in Europe. Spores are produced in abundance and lie dormant in sediments for several years until suitable conditions prevail and germination commences. So, the species exhibits fluctuations but this may be due to the fact of the instability of appropriate habitats and the extend of dry period. The species seems to be rarer in central and southern Europe.","

This species is an ephemeral annual species, that grows in acidic soil, in temporary wet depressions, on the ground in shrub vegetation or on grasslands. Limiting ecological factors are possibly aridity, high altitude and rocks with pH above 7 (Bischler 2004).



","

Little data is available on the threats to this species, but anthropogenic impact, such as agro-industry plantations and increment of aridity, is thought to be a reason for a decline of this species on some sites, such as in Portugal.

However, this species does not tolerate excessive shade or competition with vascular vegetation. Water pollution and soil drying in relation to global warming and abnormal summer drought may be also threats for this species in the future. Also fire influences with increasing of sediments will be a threat in some situations.

","The species is included in several national Red Lists. It is assessed as Regionally Extinct (RE) in Finland, Critically Endangered (CR) in Norway, Endangered (EN) in Austria and Slovakia and as Vulnerable (VU) in Switzerland, Hungary, Romania and Sweden (Hodgetts 2015).

This species occurs in some protected areas throughout its range, including natural parks in Portugal. Further research on the population, ecology, and threats is required.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Cronberg, N.,Englefield, E.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,RICCIACEAE,Riccia,ciliifera,,Riccia ciliifera  ,Link ex Lindenb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Riccia ciliifera is a widespread liverwort. This species presents a more or less continuous distribution through nearly all Mediterranean countries. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 7.2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be at least 512 km2. This species is not rare across its part of its range, although it is relatively scarce in northern and central Europe, but common in the Iberian Peninsula. The overall current population trend of this species is inferred to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28. 

However, this species is considered to be threatened several countries, including in Sweden, Austria, the Czech Republic. Some anthropogenic pressure with habitat degradation, as well as the increase of fire frequency are threats to this species. Further research on the population is required.",Stable,"

This is a widespread sub-Mediterranean liverwort. It is relatively scarce in northern and central Europe. This species presents a more or less continuous distribution through all Mediterranean countries from Portugal to the Balkans (Ros et al. 2007), although it is not reported to the Balearic Islands, Malta, Crete, Cyprus, Serbia and Slovenia (Ros et al. 2007, Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, the distribution includes North Africa and northern to central Asia (Bischler 2004). Also, this species is found in Macaronesia in the Canary Islands and Madeira (González-Mancebo et al. 2008, Sérgio et al. 2006).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 7.2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be at least 512 km2. The altitudinal range of this species is from near sea level to around 1,500 m in Spain and 2,600 m Asl in Switzerland (Bischler 2004). 



","The total population extent is unknown, but this species is not rare across its part of its range. The overall population trend seems to be stable in the Mediterranean area, and therefore inferred to be stable for both Europe and the EU 28, and the species is not considered to be fragmented. Bischler (2004) found the species in about 27 sample plots in studies across the Mediterranean, however in Europe the northern limit of this species is Sweden and Germany (Hodgetts 2015) in the east. This species is rarer in northwestern Europe. This species is widespread throughout the Iberian Peninsula. In Portugal it is relatively common and has been recorded from all provinces, and in Spain it has been recorded in the majority of provinces in the south.","The species grows on soil depressions and on banks by streams, usually in exposed habitats. Its affinity is often on acidic bedrock often along the paths, some time on the edge of agricultural areas and on soil over rocks. This species grows in glades, mostly in pinewoods and cork oak forests and on temporarily waterlogged soils. It usually grows at lower altitudes and frequently in seasonally drier sites. It is a dioicous species, with preferences to areas with moist to semi-arid climate with Mediterranean vegetation (Bischler 2004). The plants can be observed mainly in winter, when conditions are moist and vascular plants are less competitive. There are some local declines in the habitat quality.

","

The threat to this species is mainly anthropogenic pressure with habitat degradation, as well as the increase of fire frequency. Water pollution and soil drying in relation to global warming, abnormal summer drought and fire influences may be also threat for this species in the future. 



","

This species is considered to be threatened in Sweden, Austria, the Czech Republic, Switzerland and Romania. It is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Hungary and Italy. In Luxembourg, this species is evaluated as Critically Endangered (CR) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is not the subject of any specific action plans, however is reported and confirmed as present in some Natural Parks, such as in Portugal, including Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela and Parque Natural da Serra de São Mamede. Further research on the population is required.

",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Cronberg, N.,Englefield, E.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,RICCIACEAE,Riccia,crinita,,Riccia crinita  ,Taylor,Hugonnot (2010) treats Riccia crinita as R. ciliata.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Riccia crinita is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and a stable population trend. There are many records of its occurrence but the area of occupancy (AOO) remains rather small, estimated at 600 km2. The subpopulations are fragmented although not severely, as this species has numerous potential habitats. As it is an ephemeral species, it experiences fluctuations, although these are not extreme since the overall population size remains stable in the spore bank. The threats to this species includes habitat degradation and destruction through urban development and tourism in the Mediterranean. Also climate change and drought can harm this species. Conversely it also grows on disturbed soils and it needs some disturbance in its habitat to persist. It is present in protected areas throughout its range in Europe, offering it some protection from the aforementioned threats.",Stable,"This rather rare species has a wide but scattered distribution, being mainly found in central Europe, around the Mediterranean and in the Canary Islands. It is also present in Africa, Asia, South America and Australia (Damsholt 2002, Bischler 2004, Nebel and Philippi 2005). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B. The area of occupancy (AOO) however is rather limited, and estimated according to literature references to be 600 km2.

","There is no information on the population structure, size and trends of this species. In Hungary, there are several subpopulations in rocky grasslands growing on limestones, however the population size is usually not large. Its population trend is considered to be stable. It is not severely fragmented. As it is an ephemeral species, it experiences fluctuations, although these are not extreme since the overall population size remains stable in the spore bank. The population is greater outside of Europe for this species.



","This species grows along road margins, on slopes, on ground and among calcareous or schist rocks (Casas et al. 2009). It produces sporophytes. This is an ephemeral species that appears in the winter and early spring. Its altitudinal range is ca. 0–895 m.",The threats to this species includes habitat degradation and destruction through urban development and tourism in the Mediterranean. Conversely it also grows on disturbed soils and it needs some disturbance in its habitat to persist. Also climate change and drought can harm this species. There are some indications of local habitat declines for this species due to tourism development and natural ecosystem changes.,"No specific conservation measures are recommended. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Italy (Critically Endangered), Austria (Critically Endangered), Romania (Critically Endangered), Switzerland (Vulnerable), Hungary (Vulnerable), Czech Republic (Near Threatened), Poland (Rare) and Slovakia (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in protected areas throughout its range.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Patiño, J.,Cálix, M.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,RICCIACEAE,Riccia,crozalsii,,Riccia crozalsii  ,Levier,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Ciliate Crystalwort (Riccia crozalsii) is known from 30 European countries, with large representation in the Iberian Peninsula. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 8.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be at least 1,096 km2. The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is unknown, however this species is frequent across its range. Some subpopulations can be locally abundant, and the species is probably under-collected. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, the species is threatened in some European countries, such as, Austria, Ireland, Italy, Germany, Hungary, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Switzerland. Land-use changes such as under- or over-grazing (excessive disturbance), scrub encroachment and afforestation can lead to loss of suitable open ground for this species. More information is needed on the overall population size and trends and the ecology of this species, but its habitat is relatively fragile and should be protected. 



 

",Unknown,"This species is widespread in the Atlantic and Mediterranean areas. It is found from 30 countries in Europe, with a more or less continuous distribution from Ireland, Great Britain, France, Portugal, Spain, Italy to Greece and the Balkans in the east (Sabovljević and Natcheva 2006), extending to central Asia, tropical and South Africa and Australasia (Bischler 2004). In North Africa, this species is reported in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, as well as in southwest Asia in Israel, Lebanon and Turkey (Bischler 2004, Ros et al. 2007). This species is also indicated from Macaronesia in Madeira, the Azores and the Canary Islands (Kürschner et al. 2008, Gabriel et al. 2010, González-Mancebo et al. 2008, Dirkse et al. 2018).  

 

Based on the most recent available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 8.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be at least 1,096 km2. The altitudinal range of this species is from sea-level to 2,200 m Asl in Switzerland.





","

The subpopulation sizes in each area of occurrence are unidentified, however this species is frequent across its range and in suitable habitats. It is very rare in some northern areas but some subpopulations can be locally abundant, such as in the south of Portugal and Spain in Andalucía (Infante and Heras 2004, Cano et al. 2010). However, there is not enough information to establish the overall current population trend, so it is unknown for Europe and the EU 28. This species is probably under-collected, because it is related to seasonal rain in autumn and winter. In France, the subpopulation is confined to the Mediterranean border (INPN 2013-2018).



","This is an European Mediterranean-Atlantic liverwort growing in damp or wet depressions on cliff-tops, in open heath, grassland, shrub and limit of forest areas and on small river margins. It grows on exposed wet soils, in soil over rocks, from the lowlands to the high mountains. Samples could be collected in anthropogenic landscapes near walking paths and mostly in the lowlands.

Spores are frequently produced by this monoecious species (Casas et al. 2009) but are probably not dispersed far.","Land-use changes such as under- or over-grazing (excessive disturbance), scrub encroachment and afforestation can lead to loss of suitable open ground for this species. Loss of hollows, such as trackways and small depressions, that remain damp for periods are also a significant threat to this species. Fire events and invasive plants, such as Oxalis pes-caprae, are also potential problems in some regions, such as in some Portuguese Atlantic areas. 

 



","

This species is assessed as Endangered (EN) in Ireland and Italy (Hogetts 2015), and as Vulnerable (VU) in Switzerland (Schnyder et al. 2004, Lockhart et al. 2012, Hodgetts 2015). This species has recently been refound in Montenegro (Papp and Erzberger 2007).

The Portuguese subpopulations occur in some Natura 2000 site or natural parks, such as in Arrábida, Aires Candeeiros and S. Mamede. In Spain, this species is also confirmed in Parque Regional de la Sierra de Gredos, which is considered an Important Bryophyte Area (Infante and Heras 2012).

More information is needed on the overall population size and trends and the ecology of this species, but its habitat is relatively fragile and should be protected. 

","

There is no information on the use and trade of this species.","Hodgetts, N.,Tsakiri, E.,Fettes, N.D.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,RICCIACEAE,Riccia,crustata,,Riccia crustata  ,Trab. ex Grolle,"Thallose liverwort with dorsal side whitish with epidermal cells globose, with calcareous deposits. Dioicous. Spores with alveoli only slightly differentiated.",No,VU,"B2ab(i,iii)",No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Riccia crustata is reported in a few areas in eastern Spain and in the Balearic Islands, but is more rare in the south of the country. It is also found in Cyprus, France and Bulgaria. The area of occupancy (AOO) of the species in Europe and the EU 28 is estimated to be around 200 km2 and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 2.2 million km2. The population is considered to be severely fragmented. This species is entirely dependent of fragile habitats, and there is a continuing decline in the habitat quality. Therefore, this species has been assessed as Vulnerable for Europe and the EU 28.

The main threats to this species are anthropogenic pressure, habitat destruction and the possible increase of fire frequency. In addition, an increase of forest plantations, water pollution and global climate change causing soil drying and abnormal summer drought may also threaten this species in the future.

Action is urgently needed to manage and protect existing areas, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future. The biological value of calcareous temporary ponds have long been recognized in order to conserve the habitats, and oxidisation of the organic matter during the dry phase is needed.",Stable,"This species is recorded from the Mediterranean basin in numerous countries (Bischler 2004, Ros et al. 2007), and its range extends to central Asia and disjunct areas of Australia (Jovet-Ast 2000). 

In Europe, it is reported from a few areas in the western, central and eastern parts of Spain and the Balearic Islands (Brugués et al. 2016), France (Offerhaus and Hugonnot 2004, Hugonnot et al. 2014), Cyprus (Jovet-Ast 1986) and Bulgaria (Petrov 1966). The species is no longer considered to occur in Portugal (Söderström et al. 2007).

The area of occupancy (AOO) of the species in Europe and the EU 28 is estimated to be around 200 km2 and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 2.2 million km2. The altitudinal range of the species in Europe is between 50 m and 500 m Asl.","The total population size of the species is unknown, but it is infrequent across its range. The species is widespread and locally abundant in Spain with more than 20 subpopulations, although the subpopulations are not very large in both mainland Spain and in the Balearic islands. This species is very rare in France (seven localities), in Bulgaria (two localities, Natcheva pers. comm. 2017) and in Cyprus.

Recent surveys in France did not reveal any new subpopulations of this species, even in similar ecological conditions (Hugonnot et al. 2014). In Bulgaria, it was known from two localities, from where it may have now disappeared. 

This species is dioicous (male and female reproductive organs on separate plants) and sporophyte production is relatively rare and absent in France. Regeneration, to maintain subpopulations, is dependent on marginal budding where adventive thalli are formed. The presence of the species may therefore correspond to relict areas. Isolated subpopulations due to the species being a habitat specialist, and rare sporophyte production means that the species may go extinct with a reduced possibility of regeneration, and so the population is considered to be severely fragmented. However, the overall population trend is considered to be stable. 



","This species grows on open, gypsiferous or saline, temporarily wet soils, in the lowlands but rarely in montane areas. It is found on shallow temporary ponds with a recurrent dry phase and in calcareous grasslands (Hugonnot et al. 2014).

The typical habitat of this species is open, semi-arid sites with related xerophytic communities (adapted to dry or desert areas), as specified by Ros and Guerra (1987), Bischler (2004) and Cano et al. (2010). However, the ecology of the species is still not sufficiently understood across the whole Mediterranean area.

This species has an short (annual) life strategy, which makes this liverwort vulnerable to extreme events, such as drought. There is a continuing decline in the habitat area and quality, through habitat evolution mainly from the growth of vascular plants in the area.","The main threats to this species are anthropogenic pressure, habitat destruction and the possible increase of fire frequency. Another threat is the increase of 4x4 vehicles which are practically the only management regime used today because of generalized pasture abandonment in France (Hugonnot et al. 2014). There is a decline in the habitat area and quality, through habitat evolution from the growth of vascular plants in the area. In Monegros (Spain), the main threat to the species is intensive trampling. 



In addition, an increase of forest plantations, water pollution and global climate change causing soil drying and abnormal summer drought may also threaten this species in the future.","This species is more or less frequent in mainland Spain and the Balearic Islands, and has been assessed as Least Concern (LC) in these two areas in the last Spanish Red list (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012). In Bulgaria, this species has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) (Natcheva et al. 2009, Peev et al. 2015).

In Spain, the species has been found in some protected areas, including the Natura 2000 site “Monegros”, the Important Bryophyte Area (IBrA) number 38 and in the Parque Natural de El Hondo (Infante and Heras 2012).Today, some sites in France benefit from statutory protection in a natural reserve in Burgundy (Huggonot et al. 2014). 

Action is urgently needed to manage and protect existing areas, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future. The biological value of calcareous temporary ponds have long been recognized in order to conserve the habitats, and oxidisation of the organic matter during the dry phase is needed.",This species is not utilized.,"Hodgetts, N.,Tsakiri, E.,Fettes, N.D.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Brugués, M., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,RICCIACEAE,Riccia,crystallina,,Riccia crystallina  ,L.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Blue Crystalwort (Riccia crystallina) is widespread worldwide, but it is a relatively scarce liverwort in Europe. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 12 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be at least 420 km2. The total population extent is unknown but this species is not rare across its total range. The overall population trend seems to be stable, and this species may be under recorded. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species might be impacted by anthropogenic pressure with habitat degradation, as well as, the increase water pollution, fire frequency and of invasive species. Soil drying in relation to global warming and abnormal summer drought may be also threats for this species in the future. This species would still benefit from additional habitat protection and targeted site management. Further research into the population and threats is recommended.



",Stable,"

This species is widespread worldwide, but it is a relatively scarce liverwort in Europe, with preferences to areas with a dry Mediterranean climate (Bischler 2004). This species is thought to present a more or less continuous distribution through all Mediterranean countries from Portugal to the Balkans but it is also found in Turkey, Israel, Lebanon and North Africa from Egypt, Libya and Morocco. This species is also present in all Macaronesian archipelagos (Bischler 2004, Ros et al. 2007). The species has also been recorded in northern and central Asia, tropical and southern Africa, Central and South America as well as Australasia (Bischler 2004). 

This species is widespread but rare throughout northern Europe, such as in Great Britain, but it is absent in Austria, the Czech Republic, Switzerland and probably in Hungary.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 12 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be at least 420 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from sea level to 800 m Asl or above (Bischler 2004). 



","The total population extent is unknown but this species is not rare across its total range. The overall population trend seems to be stable but can be considered fragmented. However, this species may be under recorded.

This species is rarer in the south-east of Europe. In the Iberian Peninsula, this species is recorded mainly in lowlands in the southern half but it is rarer in the north (Casas et al. 2009). Bischler (2004) found this species in 37 sampling plots during his study in the Mediterranean. In the Azores, this species is rarer and indicated to two islands only (Gabriel et al. 2011). The plants can be observed mainly in winter, when conditions are moist and vascular plants are less competitive.","The species grows on soil, in rock crevices or walls, and on banks by streams, usually in shaded habitats. Its affinity is often to calcareous bedrock near temporary water courses but often along paths. Sometimes, this species is found on the edge of agricultural areas, such as in vegetable fields and more rarely in gardens, on footpaths or in urban parks. This species is usually found at lower altitudes and in seasonally drier sites. There are local declines in the habitat quality.","

The threat to this species is mainly a strong anthropogenic pressure with habitat degradation, as well as, the increase of fire frequency and the increment of invasive species, however, can be frequently found in urban areas. Water pollution and soil drying in relation to global warming and abnormal summer drought may be also threats for this species in the future. 



","

This species is considered to be locally threatened in some European countries. It is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Italy and as Endangered (EN) in Bulgaria (Hodgetts 2015). In Britain, this species is Not Evaluated (NE) as it is considered an alien species (Hodgetts 2011). In Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013) and Madeira (Sim-Sim et al. 2014) this species is considered Least Concern (LC).

This species is found in different sites in Parque Natural de S. Mamede in Portugal, as well as in other European protected areas. However, this species would still benefit from additional habitat protection and targeted site management. Further research into the population and threats is recommended.

",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.,Puche, F.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,RICCIACEAE,Riccia,duplex,,Riccia duplex  ,Lorb. &amp; Müll. Frib.,"This species is not considered valid by some authors (Damsholt 2002, Meinunger and Schröder 2007) as it is considered to be a synonym of Riccia canaliculata. However, it is considered valid by others (Ros et al. 2007). R. canaliculata and R. duplex have a different number of chromosomes, but are almost identical morphologically.",No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

  EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)    



In most countries, Riccia duplex is not accepted as a valid species, but is treated as a diploid variety of R. canaliculata and is thus synonymized with it. It is difficult to separate from this species, as R. canaliculata and R. duplex have a different number of chromosomes, but are almost identical morphologically. There is no available information on the population size and trend of this species. It is thought to be threatened by the destruction of wetlands. Further taxonomic research is needed, as well as research into its distribution, population size and trends, threats and ecology. For now, this species is assessed as Data Deficient due to lack of data.",Unknown,"According to Hodgetts (2015) the species is distributed in Europe in Spain, Italy and Poland. It is thought to have disappeared from Portugal - it is recorded in the southwestern part of the Iberian peninsula  (Portugal and Spain: three records from before 1970, according to Puche et al. 2018). Its presence in Hungary is uncertain. It has recently been deleted from the checklists of Germany (S. Caspari pers. comm. 2017) and Sweden (T. Hallingbäck pers. comm. 2017). There is one old record (from 1957) from Baden-Württemberg (Nebel and Philippi 2005). In Meinunger and Schröder (2007) as well as on in Von Brackel et al. (2018), Riccia duplex is not accepted as a species but it is synonymized with R. canaliculata. In Italy there is one record from Friuli mapped on the distribution atlas (Università degli Studi di Trieste 2011). In the Swedish online map (ArtDatabanken 2015) there is no record indicated from Sweden. Damsholt (2002) writes that the older records from southern Sweden are doubtful and probably belong to R. canaliculata. In Poland only one station from 1940 is known (Szweykowski 2006). Outside Europe it is said to occur in northern Africa and Australia (Nebel and Philippi 2005).",There is no available information on the population size and trend of this species.,Riccia duplex grows like the very similar R. canaliculata on wet mud or in water in moory lakes.,Like the similar R. canaliculata this species is threatened by the destruction of wetlands.,"This species is listed in the Red List of Italy as Critically Endangered, but it is not clear if it is a distinct species. Further taxonomic research is needed. Research is also needed into its population size and trend, threats and ecology. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Fettes, N.D.,During, H.,Hodgetts, N.","Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,RICCIACEAE,Riccia,fluitans,,Riccia fluitans  ,L.,All the Indian specimens identified asRiccia fluitans areRiccia stricta (Manju et al. 2012).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Floating Crystalwort (Riccia fluitans) is reported from a large number of European localities. It is widespread in Europe, extending north to southern Scandinavia and scattered in southern Europe, from Portugal to east to the Balkans. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 9.3 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2,804 km2. Based on the large EOO and AOO, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28. 

However, the current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is inferred to be decreasing.This species is declining due to perturbation of watercourses and riparian systems. It is a habitat specialist which is very sensitive to environmental degradation and should be monitored carefully as it could become threatened in the near future. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, especially in the regions where it is known mostly from old records.",Decreasing,"

This species is a circumpolar southern-temperate species, that is widespread in Europe, extending north to southern Scandinavia and scattered in southern Europe, from Portugal to east to the Balkans. This species is not known in Macaronesia.

This species is widespread in both the northern and southern hemispheres, with an almost cosmopolitan distribution, but there is confusion with other taxa of the Riccia fluitans complex (Blockeel et al. 2014).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 9.3 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2,804 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level to 300 m Asl in Great Britain but up to 1,000 m Asl elsewhere (Bischler 2004).



","Data on the population size and trend of this species in Europe is lacking, although there is some evidence of a recent decline in Britain (Blockeel et al. 2014). It is also in decline in some other regions such as Midi-Pyrénées (Celle et al. 2010), in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013) and in Switzerland (Schnyder et al. 2004). Therefore, the current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is inferred to be decreasing.","This is an aquatic species, floating on the surface of water in ponds, ditches, canals and in reed-swamps. It also occurs terrestrially on exposed mud by river outflows, on damp stonework and concrete by the water’s edge. In Portugal, it has been found in rice fields. Sporophytes are very rare and appear as swellings on older parts of the thallus. Spores probably remain dormant in the sediment for long periods of time, but this species also spreads by vegetative growth and fragmentation, parts of the floating thalli sink to the bottom of the pool or pond where they overwinter.","Documented threats to this species include the loss of ponds and other suitable periodically flooded sites, and changes in water quality and possibly eutrophication, at least locally, for example by large subpopulations of Canada geese in Britain. Scrub encroachment and excessive shading of its sites is also a threat.



This species habitat and substrate has for millennia been impacted due to human exploitation of the riparian environment. The alteration of flooding regimes of rivers, eutrophication and increased downstream silt loads and channel deepening for water storage and damming rivers have all contributed to the pressure on this species.","This species is assessed as Vulnerable in the national Red List of Spain (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012), as well as in Switzerland (Schnyder et al. 2004) and it is also considered as Critically Endangered in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013).

There is no specific conservation action aimed at this species, but it would benefit from habitat protection and monitoring and invasive species control. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, especially in the regions where it is known mostly from old 20th Century records.

The species occurs in several protected areas within its range including some Natural Parks or in Natura 2000 sites.",This species is an aquarium favorite plant and is available through nurseries and aquatic plant suppliers.,"Cálix, M.,Wilbraham, J.","Sergio, C. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,RICCIACEAE,Riccia,frostii,,Riccia frostii  ,Austin,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Riccia frostii is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, and its overall stable population trend. Its area of occupancy (AOO), however, is much more restricted, being estimated at just 120 km2. This species is rather under-recorded due to a short seasonality of appearance, and it is thought to be easily found, but at the appropriate times of year and in adequate places. This species does experience fluctuations (it is highly dependent on environmental conditions) in its AOO and number of locations and subpopulations, but these are not considered to be extreme. 

This species grows on wet, alluvial soil on reservoir margins, mainly in steppe areas. It is also found alongside rivers and in cities. Concreting of the water beds and stone embankments along rivers could affect the species, as well as fundamental changes to the water regime of rivers, thereby preventing fluctuations of the water table which seem essential to temporarily expose mud for the species to grow on. Locally, there are some indications of a decline in habitat for this species. It is present in protected areas throughout its range, offering it some formal protection from these threats.",Stable,"This is a plant of central and eastern Europe. It is also present in north-eastern Turkey, tropical Africa, Asia, North America and South America (Bischler 2004). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category. The area of occupancy (AOO), however, is much more restricted, being estimated at just 120 km2.

","This species is rather under-recorded due to a short seasonality of appearance, and it is thought to be easily found, but at the appropriate times of year and in adequate places (P. Erzberger pers. comm. 2017, B. Papp pers. comm. 2017). Thus it is likely to have an overall stable population trend. In Italy, Spain, Serbia and Romania, the records for this species are rather old, but in Hungary, there were 24 new records for this species (Erzberger et al. 2015). It is rare, however, in Ukraine and is listed as Rare in the Russian Red Data Book.","This species grows on wet, alluvial soil on reservoir margins, mainly in steppe areas (Bischler 2004, Casas et al. 2009). It is also found alongside rivers and in cities (Erzberger et al. 2015, L. Söderström pers. comm. 2017). This species appears in the autumn and although it experiences fluctuations, these are not extreme since the individuals remain in the spore bank. It is highly dependent on environmental conditions and the water level. It was once found on a fish pond in Croatia (B. Pápp pers. comm. 2017) ), and east of the town of Osijek at the river Drava near its confluence with the Danube (Boros 1968). 

","The direct threats to the species are unknown. Concreting of the water beds and stone embankments along rivers could affect the species, as well as fundamental changes to the water regime of rivers, thereby preventing fluctuations of the water table which seem essential to temporarily expose mud for the species to grow on. Locally, there are some indications of a decline in habitat for this species.

","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Austria (Regionally Extinct), Italy (Critically Endangered), Romania (Critically Endangered), Hungary (Data Deficient) and Spain (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in protected areas throughout its range.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Patiño, J.,Cálix, M.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,RICCIACEAE,Riccia,glauca,,Riccia glauca  ,L.,In this assessment Riccia glauca var.ciliaris Warnst.is included within the concept of Riccia glauca s.l.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Glaucous Crystalwort (Riccia glauca) is widespread across Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species in Europe is estimated to be more than 16.6 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 3,288 km2. The species seems rarer in the south of Europe, but the current population trend of this species is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, the species is threatened in some European countries, such as, Sweden, Portugal, Italy and Bulgaria. There is little data available on threats to this species, but the artificial impact of water-levels in reservoirs is thought to be a reason for local declines of this species on some sites, such as in Portugal. There is no specific conservation action aimed at this species, but it would benefit from habitat protection where it is declining. Further research on the ecology, threats and population size and trends is required.",Stable,"

This species has a large distribution that includes northern, western, central and eastern Europe, central and eastern Asia, North and Central America and Australia (Bischler 2004), as well as North Africa and southwestern Asia (Ros et al. 2007). In Europe, it is considered a temperate sub-Mediterranean species, that is found from Scandinavia through central Europe, scattered in the south and with some absence in the eastern Mediterranean region, such as in Kosovo and Macedonia (Hodgetts 2015) This species is also reported in the Macaronesian archipelago in the Azores (Gabriel et al. 2011), Madeira and Porto santo (Ellis et al. 2017) and the Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2008).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species in Europe is estimated to be more than 16.6 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 3,288 km2. The altitudinal range in the Mediterranean area is reported from sea level to around 1,000 m Asl (Bischler 2004). In Portugal, this species is found at less than 450 m Asl, but in Spain, it is found up to 1,400 m Asl (Infante and Heras 2004).

","There is little data on the population trend or size of this species in Europe, but the current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. The species seems rarer in the south of Europe. Spores are produced in abundance and lie dormant in sediments for several years until suitable conditions prevail and germination commences. Therefore, the species exhibits fluctuations but this may be due to the fact of the instability of the appropriated habitat.","This is an ephemeral annual species, that is found in neutral to acidic sediments on the draw-down zone of reservoirs, large ponds and lakes, occasionally on ditch banks and in damp hollows on the ground in evergreen forest. Limiting ecological factors are possibly aridity, high altitude and calcareous substrates (Bischler 2004).","There is little data available on threats to this species, but the artificial impact of water-levels in reservoirs is thought to be a reason for local declines of this species on some sites, such as in Portugal. This species does not tolerate excessive shade or competition with vascular vegetation. Increasing aridity is detrimental to this species. Water pollution and soil drying in relation to global warming and abnormal summer drought may be also threats for this species in the future. Also fire influences with increasing of sediments will be a threat in some conditions.","This species is included in several national Red Lists. It is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in Italy and Sweden, as Critically Endangered (CR) in Portugal, as Endangered (EN) in Bulgaria and as Near Threatened (NT) in Germany and Hungary (Hodgetts 2015).

    Some areas of occurrence are found in protected areas, such as natural parks in Portugal. There is no specific conservation action aimed at this species, but it would benefit from habitat protection where it is declining. Further research on the ecology, threats and population size and trends is required.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Tsakiri, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,RICCIACEAE,Riccia,gothica,,Riccia gothica  ,Damsh. &amp; Hallingb.,,Yes,NT,D1,No,NT,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



Riccia gothica is found in Sweden, Germany and France, and seems to be endemic to Europe. This species is so far only known from a hand-full of sites in Sweden, and one or two sites in Germany and France, but the current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In Sweden, the number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) is estimated to be between 500 and 1,000, and so depending on how large the subpopulations are in Germany and France, the estimated population size of this species is likely to be just greater than 1,000 individual-equivalents. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened in both Europe and the EU 28, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion D.



The species is relatively newly described and it is still poorly known. It should therefore be actively sought for to determine its full presence in Europe. More knowledge about its distribution, population size and trend is needed.",Stable,"This species seems to be endemic to Europe. It is found in Sweden (Damsholt 2002), Germany and France (Frahm 2008a, 2008b; Grünberg et al. 2014).



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 60 and 90 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 0.3 million km2.

","This species is so far only known from a hand-full of sites in Sweden (Damsholt 2002), and one or two sites in Germany and France (Frahm 2008a, 2008b; Grünberg et al. 2014). The species is relatively newly described and it is still poorly known. It should be actively sought on rocky ground with thin calcium-rich open soil.



The knowledge from Sweden indicates that this species is truly rare and the number of individual-equivalents in Sweden (considered as mature individuals) is estimated to be between 500 and 1,000 (using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent). Depending on how large the subpopulations are in Germany and France, the estimated number of individual-equivalents is likely to be just greater than 1,000 in both Europe and the EU 28. There are no signs of significant population change, and the overall current population trend is considered to be stable. Even if the subpopulations are strongly fluctuating between years, the sporophytes produce long-lived spores which are dormant in the soil at each site.","This species grows on open exposed, calcareous, often disturbed soil. It occurs together with Riccia subbifurca, R. sorocarpa and R. beyrichiana (Damsholt 2002).","This species is known from less than 20 sites, and all sites are potentially threatened by agricultural practices or other kinds of human disturbances.","This species is in the Red List of Sweden as Vulnerable (VU) and in Germany as Data Deficient (DD) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. This species should be actively sought to determine its full presence in Europe. More knowledge about its distribution, population size and trend is needed.

",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Vellak, K.","Hallingbäck, T","Ştefănuţ, S.,Sabovljevic, M.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,RICCIACEAE,Riccia,gougetiana,,Riccia gougetiana  ,Durieu &amp; Mont.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Riccia gougetiana has a European-Mediterranean-Central Asiatic distribution pattern. Its distribution includes central and eastern Europe, in particular the Mediterranean, also including Macaronesia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the current population trend is stable, and although it may sometimes be threatened by anthropogenic factors, it is a resilient species which does not currently approach any of thresholds for a threatened Category. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"Riccia gougetiana has a European-Mediterranean-Central Asiatic distribution pattern. Its distribution includes central and eastern Europe, in particular the Mediterranean, also including Macaronesia. Outside of Europe it is found also in North America, North Africa and extends to central Asia (Dierssen 2001, Schumacker and Váňa 2000, Bischler 2004, Hodgetts 2015, Blockeel and Nieuwkoop 2016, Stotler and Crandall-Stotler 2017).","Although there is no quantitative data on the size of the subpopulations, this species is quite frequent throughout Europe, and the current population trend can be considered stable.","This is an annual shuttle species, considerably acidophytic, seasonally hydrophytic and halotolerant. It is found on sandy ground, in soil depressions, in dry or seasonally wet grasslands. It is also found in Mediterranean scrublands and open forests (Dierssen 2001, Bischler 2004). It is found at elevation between 50 m and 1,000 m Asl.","No specific threats are reported. Only in Romania and Slovakia is the species considered threatened since it is rare there. However, a possible cause of decline could be habitat degradation due to anthropogenic causes.","No conservation measures are known for this species. It is included in some regional Red Lists of countries at the edge of its distribution area. Overall, at the European level no specific conservation measures are necessary for this species. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Górski, P.,Fettes, N.D.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,RICCIACEAE,Riccia,huebeneriana,,Riccia huebeneriana  ,Lindenb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Violet Crystalwort (Riccia huebeneriana) that is found from southern Scandinavia through central Europe, scattered in the south and largely absent from the eastern Mediterranean region. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 6.4 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 928 km2. Some subpopulations are known to be large,  and the current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be stable. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, the species is considered to be threatened in some European countries, such as Italy, Spain, Switzerland, the Czech Republic, Luxembourg and Portugal. Little data is available on the threats to this species, but the artificial manipulation of water-levels in reservoirs is thought to be a reason for a decline of this species on some sites in Britain, as well as in Portugal. There is no specific conservation action aimed at this species, but it would benefit from site management where it is threatened. In addition, further research on the population and threats to this species is required.",Stable,"

This is a European temperate species, that is found from southern Scandinavia through central Europe, scattered in the south and largely absent from the eastern Mediterranean region. It is also reported in Macaronesian archipelago, although only from one island in the Azores (Terceira). Outside of Europe the species is found in Morocco and Algeria.

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 6.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 928 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in the Mediterranean area is ca 200 m (Bischler 2004), although in Portugal, the species is found lower than 450 m Asl and in Switzerland, it is found up to 600 m Asl. In Britain, this species is found in the lowlands from 5 m to 250 m Asl.

","There is little data on the population trend or size in Europe. In Britain and Portugal, some subpopulations are large with millions of thalli occurring under optimal conditions. Spores are produced in abundance and lie dormant in sediments for several years until suitable conditions prevail and germination commences. The species therefore exhibits fluctuations in population size but this is probably due to the unpredictability of the habitat. The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be stable.","This species is an ephemeral colonist of neutral to acidic sediments on the draw-down zone of reservoirs, large ponds and lakes, occasionally on ditch banks and in damp hollows on the ground in evergreen forest. In the Mediterranean, limiting ecological factors are possibly aridity, high altitude and calcareous substrates (Bischler 2004).","Little data is available on the threats to this species, but the artificial manipulation of water-levels in reservoirs is thought to be a reason for a decline of this species on some sites in Britain, as well as in Portugal. However, it does not tolerate excessive shade or competition with vascular vegetation. Increasing aridity is detrimental to this species. Water pollution and soil drying in relation to global warming and abnormal summer drought may be also threats for this species in the future.","

The species is assessed in national Red Lists as Regionally Extinct (RE) in Austria, Endangered (EN) in Switzerland (Schnyder et al. 2004), the Czech Republic (Kučera et al. 2012) and Luxembourg (Werner 2003) and Vulnerable (VU) in continental Spain (Brugués and González- Mancebo (2012), Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013) and Italy (Hodgetts 2015).

This species was reported in diverse European protected areas, such as some in Portugal including Lagoas de Bertiandos e S. Pedro de Arcos, Valongo and Pateira de Fermentelos (Sérgio et al. 2013).

There is no specific conservation action aimed at this species, but it would benefit from site management where it is threatened. In addition, further research on the population and threats to this species is required.

",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Ros-Espín, R.","Sergio, C., Garcia, C. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,RICCIACEAE,Riccia,lamellosa,,Riccia lamellosa  ,Raddi,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Riccia lamellosa has a predominantly Mediterranean distribution in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a stable population trend, and although it may sometimes be threatened by anthropogenic factors, it is resilient, can occur in man-made sites, and does not approach any of the thresholds for a threatened Category. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"Riccia lamellosa is a Steno-Mediterranean species, rarely extending towards the southern part of eastern Europe. It also occurs in Macaronesia, North and Central Africa, Central and South America, and Australasia (Bischler 2004, Hodgetts 2015).",No exact data on the size of the subpopulations are known. The current population trend is assumed to be stable.,"This species is considerably acidophil-basophil and is found on soil covered rocks and walls, in Mediterranean dry grasslands and garigue/phrygana, in open Mediterranean coniferous forests, on sites with highly seasonal moisture conditions (Dierssen 2001, Bischler 2004)). It also occurs in man-made habitats such as olive groves, gardens and archaeological sites. It is found from sea level up to above 1,000 m Asl.","No major threats are known to affect this species. Moreover, according to its ecology, it tolerates well the occurrence of anthropogenic activities. However, in man-made habitats, the use of herbicides and other management activities could reduce its presence in the future.



 



 



",No conservation measures are currently needed. This species occurs in protected areas.,"

This species is not utilised.

","Pilkington, S.,Cálix, M.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,RICCIACEAE,Riccia,ligula,,Riccia ligula  ,Steph.,"According to Jovet-Ast (1986) Riccia ligula is related to others small Riccia such as R. warnstorfii Limpr. and R. bifurca Hoffm. but the differences between this species are accepted as significant by means of the thalus and spores morphology.

Bischler (2004) studying Mediterranean plants accepted that there is an independent taxon with a scarce occurrence.",No,EN,B2ab(v),No,EN,B2ab(v),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Riccia ligula is known in France, Sardinia, Italy, Switzerland and Macaronesia. Its presence in Portugal is uncertain. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 64 km2 in Europe, and 52 km2 in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals due to ongoing threats.

The subpopulation sizes in each area of occurrence are unknown, but this species is infrequent across its range. This species is entirely dependent on fragile habitats. As result of its rarity, little is known concerning the reasons for its decline or also all potential threats. The main causes of the threat of this moss can be related with anthropogenic pressures, habitat destruction and the possible increase of the fire frequency or intensification of tourism influences. This species would benefit from targeted habitat and site protection and management. In addition, further research and monitoring into the population trends of this species, and research into the ecology and threats of this species.",Decreasing,"

This is a taxonomically difficult species that occurs only in Europe, North Africa and Israel (Jovet-Ast 1986, Bischler 2004, Ros et al. 2007). In Europe, it is known in France, Sardinia, Italy, Switzerland and Macaronesia (from the Azores in a locality on Terceira Island, Porto Santo and the Canary Islands in La Palma). The presence of this taxon in Portugal is uncertain, since there is only the report of Nicholson (1913) but the herbarium material corresponds to others Riccia species (Sim-Sim 1989).

After its discovery in Italy in Lago Maggiori in the 19th Century (Stephani 1898) and later in Lombardia (Giacomini 1950), the species has been reported to very few areas in France, Sardinia (Bischler and Jovet-Ast 1972, Bischler 2004). The majority of records are from old collections and some are not confirmed, such as in France, there is a locality from 1924 (Infante Sanchez 2015) and a record in Italy (Aleffi et al. 2008).

There has been one more recent collection at Porto Santo Island (Sérgio in 1990 in LISU). More recent localities for this species were reported to the Canary Islands and Porto Santo in a publication of Kürschner et al. (2008) that described new associations and subassociations: Mannio androgynae-Exormothecetum pustulosae oedi-podielletosum australis to the Macaronesia (Madeira and Canary). This report is the most recent for this species.  About 50% of recorded sites are from before 1970.

Based on available records, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 3.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 64 km2. However, the values for the EU 28 are smaller: the EOO is 3.1 million km2 and the AOO is 52 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level to 1,000 m Asl or above (Bischler 2004).

","The subpopulation sizes in each area of occurrence are unknown, but this species is infrequent across its range. The current population trend in Europe and the EU 28 is inferred to be decreasing. This species has large spores and therefore poor long-range dispersal abilities. The existing small and isolated subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. Thus, the population is considered to be severely fragmented.

","The habitat of this species is typical of Mediterranean matorral vegetation (Bischler 2004). It is found in ruderalized depressions, rocks or banks in semi-arid scrub or forest communities. The vegetation consists also of dry grasslands or in Macaronesia in scarcely vegetated by Euphorbietum piscatoriae succulent scrub or Hyparrhenia hirta grassland (Kürschner et al. 2008).","As a result of its rarity, little is known concerning the reasons for its decline or also all potential threats. The main causes of the threat of this moss can be related with anthropogenic pressures, habitat destruction and the possible increase of the fire frequency or intensification of tourism influences.

Other human-induced changes, such as some habitat reduction by agriculture could also affect this species, as well as increasing anthropogenic nitrogen, such as in the Azores (Sérgio and Gabriel 1994, Gabriel et al. 2011). Additional herbicides or pesticides may be a threat for this species in the future.

The increase of forest plantations, water pollution and soil drying in relation to global climatic changes and abnormal summer drought may be also threats for this species in the future.","This species is assessed at a national level as Vulnerable (VU) in Madeira (Sim-Sim et al. 2014), Switzerland (Schnyder et al. 2004) and Italy (Hodgetts 2015). In Porto Santo Island, the last locality of occurrence, the Pico Branco is included in a Special Area of Conservation (Natura 2000 Sites-PTPOR0002). 

 

Action is urgently needed to manage and protect existing areas as in Porto Santo Island, as well as to ensure that suitable habitat continues to be available in future. The construction of new tourist structures needs to be controlled in the existing sites. 

 

This species would benefit from targeted habitat and site protection and management. In addition, further research and monitoring into the population trend of this species, and research into the ecology and threats of this species.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Séneca, A.,Hodgetts, N.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,RICCIACEAE,Riccia,macrocarpa,,Riccia macrocarpa  ,Levier,"

Sérgio (1992) whilst revising the type of R. macrocarpa and some specimens of the North American species, Riccia campbelliana M.Howe from its original locality, concluded that these species were indistinguishable and should be considered conspecific. This suggested a much broader distribution for this species, also including a record from South Africa (Sérgio 1992, Perold 1999). Subsequently in a molecular phylogenetic study of the genus Riccia, Wheeler (1998), confirmed that the two entities were indeed conspecific and presented the map distribution.



",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Riccia macrocarpa has a bipolar disjunction between the temperate regions of the northern and southern hemispheres. This species is widespread in the Mediterranean and subtropical regions of Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 4.5 million km2 and area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 580 km2. There is not enough information to establish the population trend. However, this species is probably under-collected. It is frequent in the Iberian Peninsula, where the majority of the European population is found. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

It is, however, thought to be impacted by lack of grazing and scrub encroachment and loss of open heathland trackways, influences of fires and introduced species. More information is needed on the overall population size and trend, but its habitat is relatively fragile and should be protected and monitored.",Unknown,"

This is an amphi-tropical species that is reported to both the northern and southern hemispheres (Sérgio 1992, Perold 1999). This species is widespread in the Mediterranean and subtropical regions of Europe (Gradstein 2016) extending to central Asia. It has an almost continuous distribution in Mediterranean countries from Portugal, Spain and the Baleares to Greece, the Balkans, Crete and Turkey in the east. (Sabovljević and Natcheva 2006). In southwest Asia, this species is reported from Israel and Jordan, but also in North Africa in Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria. This species is also found in Macaronesia in the Canary Islands (Bischler 2004, Ros et al. 2007) but only in four islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2008). Also, this species is found in the Madeira Archipelago in Porto Santo Island (Sérgio et al. 2006) and Cape Verde (Ellis et al. 2015). In many others European countries, this species is known from dispersed localities (Jovet-Ast 1986) and some are listed in old catalogues or few recent floristic studies. 

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 4.5 million km2 and area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 580 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea-level to 1,000 m Asl or above (Bischler 2004).





","The subpopulation sizes in each area of occurrence are unidentified, but this species is infrequent across its range, apart from the Iberian Peninsula, principally in Portugal (Sérgio 1992). There is not enough information to establish the current population trend. However, this species is probably undercollected, because it is related to seasonal rain in autumn and winter. In France, the subpopulation is confined to the Mediterranean border (INPN 2017).



So far, the number of sites of occurrence are mostly found in the south of Portugal and Spain (Casas et al. 1992) in more than 90 squares of 10 km. Spores are frequently produced by this monoecious or dioicous species (Casas et al. 2009) but they are probably not dispersed far.","

This species is a suboceanic Mediterranean liverwort, that is found growing in damp or wet depressions on cliff-tops, in open heath, grassland, shrub and at the limit of deciduous forest areas and on small river margins. This species is also found on soil in rock crevices or on rock ledges. Samples could be collected near walking paths but mostly in the lowlands. 



","Land-use changes such as under- or over-grazing (excessive disturbance), scrub encroachment and afforestation can lead to loss of suitable open ground for this species. Loss of hollows, such as trackways and small depressions, that remain damp for periods are also a significant threat to this species. Fire events and invasive plants, such as Oxalis pes-caprae are also potential problems in some regions as in some Portuguese areas. The excesses of eutrophication will be a threat as well the predicted climatic changes in Mediterranean. 

 

It is, however, thought to have declined due to lack of grazing and scrub encroachment and loss of open heathland trackways, influences of fires and introduced species.","

This species is assessed at the national level as Endangered (EN) species in Italy (Hodgetts 2015). The Portuguese subpopulations occur in some Natura 2000 sites and natural parks, such as Arrábida, Aires Candeeiros and S. Mamede. In Spain, this species is found in the natural park of la Albufera de Valencia, which is considered an Important Bryophyte Area by Infante and Heras (2012).

More information is needed on the overall population size and trend, but its habitat is relatively fragile and should be protected and monitored.

",There is no information on the use and trade of this species,"Cálix, M.,Séneca, A.,Hodgetts, N.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,RICCIACEAE,Riccia,michelii,,Riccia michelii  ,Raddi,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Riccia michelii is an European-Mediterranean-Central Asiatic species. Its distribution extends from western Europe (Portugal and Spain), to southern Europe (Mediterranean), including most of the Balkan countries. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the current population trend is stable, and although it may sometimes be threatened by anthropogenic factors, it is a resilient species and it does not currently approach any of the thresholds for a threatened Category. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"Riccia michelii is an European-Mediterranean-Central Asiatic species. Its distribution extends from western Europe (Portugal and Spain), to southern Europe (Mediterranean), including most of the Balkan countries. Outside of Europe it is found in northern Africa and Central Asia (Bischler 2004, Ros et al. 2007, Hodgetts 2015).","Although there are no quantitative data on the size of the subpopulations and it is included in some regional red lists (Hodgetts 2015), this species is quite frequent in Europe, and the current population trend can be considered stable.","This species is found on shallow soils, especially in the Mediterranean shrublands and open forests, in seasonally wet grassland, on ground with sandy soil and a negligible slope. It prefers a neutrophilic or slightly acidic soil (Dierssen 2001, Bischler 2004). It is found from seal level up to 1,000 m Asl.","No specific threats are known to affect this species, but considering the environments in which it lives, repeated wildfires can pose a possible threat to its habitat.","This species is included in some regional Red Lists (Hodgetts 2015). In Switzerland this species has been assessed as Vulnerable (Schnyder et al. 2004). It is also Regionally Extinct in Germany (Moose Deutschland 2018). It is present in sites of protected areas. Overall, at present, at European level no specific conservation measures are necessary for this species.",This is species is not utilised.,"Hassel, K.,Englefield, E.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.","Blom, H.,Schröck, C.,Goldberg, I.,Vellak, K.,Afonina, O.,Lönnell, N.,Hodgetts, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,RICCIACEAE,Riccia,nigrella,,Riccia nigrella  ,DC.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Black Crystalwort (Riccia nigrella) has a wide distribution in southern and western Europe including the Macaronesia and European Turkey. It grows on bare soil in open and lightly shaded habitats on non-calcareous substrates. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in the Mediterranean, the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. However, it has a precarious presence at the northern edge of its range. It can occur on artificial habitats such as forest roads and tracks. Although it may sometimes be threatened by anthropogenic factors, it does not currently approach any of the thresholds for a threatened Category. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Black Crystalwort (Riccia nigrella) is an incompletely cosmopolitan species belonging to the Mediterranean-Atlantic Oceanic floristic element. It has a wide distribution in southern and western Europe including Macaronesia and European Turkey. It is also found in southwestern Asia, North and South Africa, and North and Central America (Perold and Volk 1988, Dierssen 2001, Bischler 2004, Hodgetts 2015).","Although there are no quantitative data on the size of the subpopulations, and it is included in some regional Red Lists, the species is quite common in the Mediterranean basin and there are no major threats to it. It may have a precarious presence in the northern margin of its range (Bischler 2004, Hodgetts 2015). The current population trend is considered to be stable.","This is a southern species which grows on siliceous soils in unshaded habitats, and on soils which tend to become arid seasonally, such as rocky ledges, slopes, thin soil on rocks, tops of walls, embankments and paths, in Mediterranean garrigue/phrygana and shrubland, in open forests (matorral), occasionally in fields (Dierssen 2001, Atherton et al. 2010).","There are no reported threats, except in Great Britain where the species is threatened by the destruction of vegetation habitats and succession (Blockeel et al. 2014).",No specific conservation actions are necessary at present. It is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Ingerpuu, N.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,RICCIACEAE,Riccia,papillosa,,Riccia papillosa  ,Moris,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Riccia papillosa is an European-Mediterranean species; its distribution includes Macaronesia, central, eastern and southern Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the current population trend is stable the species does not currently approach any of the thresholds for a threatened Category. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"Riccia papillosa is an European-Mediterranean species; its distribution includes Macaronesia, central, eastern and southern Europe, northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Bischler 2004, Ros et al. 2007).","There is no precise information on the population. Only for Bulgaria it is reported that the species has a limited distribution with a low growth rate (Peev 2011) while it is probably extinct in Austria and Germany. Overall, the current population trend is thought to be stable. 















","The habitats in which this species can be found include wetlands, evergreen forest, deciduous forest, grassland, and cliffs. It lives on open land in herbaceous communities and small shrubs in forest clearings, and it prefers shallow soil over limestone rocks (Dierssen 2001, Bischler 2004). It is found from sea level up to 1,000 m Asl.





","There is no precise information on threats affecting this species, but given its ecological characteristics and habitat preferences, potential threats include climate change, agricultural activities, reforestation, soil pollution, ceasing of grazing leading to the excessive growth of shrubs, and loss of micro-habitats such as exposed lawns with sparse vegetation (Peev 2011)","This species is not subject to specific conservation actions, and none are needed at present. It is extinct in Germany and Austria and moreover is considered threatened in Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary and Portugal (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Ingerpuu, N.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,RICCIACEAE,Riccia,perennis,,Riccia perennis  ,Steph.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Riccia perennis has a European-Mediterranean distribution and its range includes southern and eastern Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it is rare, the current population trend is stable and it does not currently approach any of the thresholds for a threatened Category. In the Iberian Peninsula, it seems to be quite frequent. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"Riccia perennis has a European-Mediterranean distribution and its range includes southern and eastern Europe, as well as northern Africa. Overall, it is a rare species in Europe (Schumacker and Vaňa 2005, Sotiaux et al. 2007). However, it seems to be quite frequent in the southwest part of the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain). It has also been reported in France, Corsica, Sardinia Italy and Greece, as well as in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia (Ros et al. 2007, Aleffi et al. 2008, Cogoni et al. 2009, Özenoğlu Kiremit and Hugonnot 2010, Sérgio et al. 2013, Sérgio et al. 2016, Sérgio et al. 2019). It was wrongly reported to occur in Ukraine (Boiko 2014).","No precise information on the population is known. This species is quite frequent in the southwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula and is also reported in France, Corsica, Sardinia, Italy and Greece. The species, although rare, does not seem to be declining and the current population trend is therefore assumed to be stable.","This is a species of moist soils which lives in shallow depressions temporarily flooded in Mediterranean habitats, such as at the edges of rivers, but is never very exposed. It is usually found in sandy or clayey soils which are poor in humus and with a relatively acid pH. Although rare, it is among the typical species of the genus Riccia found in Mediterranean temporary ponds, a priority habitat of the EU Habitats Directive (EEC 1992, Dierssen 2001, Bischler 2004, Cogoni et al. 2009, Sérgio et al. 2013). It is found from sea level up to 1,000 m Asl.",Agricultural practices such as the use of fertilizers and reduction or loss of habitat characteristics can be a threat to this species (Sérgio et al. 2013).,"No conservation measures are known for this species. It occurs in some protected areas (Cogoni et al. 2009, Sérgio et al. 2013). This liverwort was included in the previous Red List of European Bryophytes where it was considered to be rare (ECCB 1995).",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Hassel, K.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.","Schröck, C.,Afonina, O.,Blom, H.,Vellak, K.,Goldberg, I.,Hodgetts, N.,Lönnell, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,RICCIACEAE,Riccia,rhenana,,Riccia rhenana  ,Lorb. ex Müll. Frib.,"This species has in the past been confused with R. fluitans, and this taxonomic uncertainty has made it difficult to determine the geographical distribution and ecological affinities of these species (Wyatt and Davison 2013).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Pond Crystalwort (Riccia rhenana) is present in central-northern, western and eastern Europe. This species has been assessed as Least Concern since it is quite well distributed in Europe, no decline has been reported, and it does not appear to approach any of the thresholds for a threatened Category. However, its distribution area is largely identical to that of R. fluitans, and both species can also grow mixed together. Moreover, a further complication is that these are widespread and common species in the aquarium trade, raising the possibility of human introductions in parts of its current range. Therefore specific studies are recommended to ascertain the situation of the population.",Unknown,"The Pond Crystalwort (Riccia rhenana) is present in central-northern, western and eastern Europe. Outside of Europe it is also found in Asia and North America. The distribution area of R. rhenana is largely identical to that of R. fluitans, and both species can also grow mixed together. However, a further complication is that these are widespread and common species in the aquarium trade, raising the possibility of human introductions in parts of its current range (Paton 1999, Ṣtefănuţ 2011, Lockhart et al. 2012, Wyatt and Davison 2013, Hodgetts 2015, Moose Deutschland 2018). It could be more widespread than is currently known.","This species can be confused with R. fluitans and both species are used in the aquarium trade. The population size and trend are unknown, but no decline has been reported.","This species is a sub-neutrophytic and hydrophytic species. It is found on wet humus-rich mud on pond margins, where it can also float. It colonizes shallow pools, mostly shaded but it also tolerates the drying up phases of pools. This species is often found in vegetation associations including Riccietum fluitantis, Lemnion minoris, Nymphaeion and Phragmition (Paton 1999, Dierssen 2001). It is found from elevations between 100 m up to 390 m Asl.",Increased levels of eutrophication and climate change could pose a threat to this species (Moose Deutschland 2018).,"Noconservation measures are known for this species. Because of its rarity and uncertain knowledge, some of the countries in which it occurs have assessed it as Data Deficient. It would therefore be necessary to monitor the size, distribution and trends of the subpopulations, as well as ensure the correct management of their commercial use. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is used in the aquarium trade (Cavallini and Paulis 2018).,"Ingerpuu, N.,Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,RICCIACEAE,Riccia,sommieri,,Riccia sommieri  ,Levier,,No,NT,"B2b(iii,v)",No,NT,"B2b(iii,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Riccia sommieri is endemic in the Mediterranean region, although not to Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 1.6 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 212 km2. The subpopulation sizes in each country of occurrence are unidentified, but this species is infrequent across its range. This species is decreasing in some Portuguese areas, and the overall current population trend is also thought to be decreasing. In addition, there is a decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened for both Europe and the EU 28 as it was close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

The main threats to this species are due to the effects of climatic changes, forest fires intensification, the impact of touristic activities and exotic species invasions. Conservation grazing should benefit this species. More information is needed on the overall population size and trend, but its habitat is relatively fragile and should be protected.",Decreasing,"

This species is endemic in the Mediterranean region. It is distributed in the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain), North Africa (Morocco and Algeria) and in some arid to semi-arid zones in Sardinia, Italy, Greece and Crete (Bischler 2004, Ros et al. 2007). This species is absent in Macaronesia.

Based on the most recent available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 1.6 million km2and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 212 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level to 1,000 m Asl or above (Bischler 2004).

","

This species has the highest spatial consistency among the models presented by Sérgio et al. (2007). The distribution is mainly conditioned by the latitudinal factor, and soil acidity and alkalinity.

The subpopulation sizes in each country of occurrence are unidentified, but this species is infrequent across its range. This species is probably under collected  because it is related to seasonal rain in autumn and winter. However, it is decreasing in some Portuguese areas, and the overall current population trend is also thought to be decreasing. 



","This species is a Mediterranean liverwort, that is found in lowland areas with a mean temperature of the coldest month ranging from 4 to 10°C or above, and with no snow (Bischler 2004). The suitability of areas for this species shows a trend towards non-acidic soil in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2007). This species is found in temporary damp or wet depressions, in open heath, grassland and shrubs, as well as in soil in rock crevices and on rock ledges.

Samples could be collected in anthropogenic landscapes near small rivers or walking paths and mostly in the lowlands. There is a decline in the quality of the habitat of this species.","Land-use changes such as under- or over-grazing (excessive disturbance), scrub encroachment and afforestation can lead to loss of suitable open ground for this species. Loss of depressions, such as trackways and hollows, that remains damp for periods are also a significant threat to this species. Invasive plants and fire events are also a potential problem in some areas.","

This species has been evaluated as Rare at the European level (ECCB 1995) but it has not been assessed as threatened in any country. It is considered Least Concern in Portugal and Spain (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012, Sérgio et al. 2013) and as Data Deficient in Italy (Hodgetts 2015).

The Portuguese subpopulations of this species occur in some Natura 2000 sites and natural parks, including Serra de Aires/Candeeiros, Arrábida and São Mamede. Conservation grazing should benefit this endemic Mediterranean liverwort. More information is needed on the overall population size and trend, but its habitat is relatively fragile and should be protected.



","There is no information on the use and trade of this species,","Ganeva, A.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,RICCIACEAE,Riccia,sorocarpa,,Riccia sorocarpa  ,Bisch.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Common Crystalwort (Riccia sorocarpa) is found throughout Europe, including in Macaronesia and European Turkey, but it is rare or absent in continental parts of the Arctic. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Unknown,"The Common Crystalwort (Riccia sorocarpa) is an incompletely cosmopolitan species belonging to the Euro-siberian wide-temperate floristic element. Its distribution encompasses much of Europe, including Macaronesia and European Turkey, but it is rare or absent in continental parts of the Arctic. It is widespread throughout the northern hemisphere, with scattered localities in the tropics. In the southern hemisphere it occurs in southern Africa, South America and Australasia (Dierβen 2001, Bischler 2004, Hodgetts 2015, Köckinger 2017).



","This is a common and locally abundant species, with subpopulations that are sometimes quite extensive. The population size is therefore quite large. The current population trend is unknown.","

This is a common species which grows on bare soil in a wide range of habitats, including soil pockets on rocky slopes, exposed soil on river banks and by reservoirs, cultivated fields, abandoned land, gardens, pathsides, terrace walls, open Mediterranean forests, garrigue/phrygana, and also in perennially arid areas. It grows on both acid and base-rich substrates (Dierβen 2001, Bischler 2004, Atherton et al. 2010). It is found from sea level up to 2,400 m Asl (Köckinger 2017).",The species is common and occurs in a wide range of habitats. Only the occurrence of intensive farming practices can be a threat to its presence on arable land.,"

No conservation actions are necessary at present. The species is found in protected areas.","

This species is not utilised.","Ingerpuu, N.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,RICCIACEAE,Riccia,subbifurca,,Riccia subbifurca  ,Warnst. ex Croz.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"

European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Least Crystalwort (Riccia subbifurca) is recorded from Scandinavia, and found southwards to western central and southern Europe. It is apparently scarce in the Mediterranean region. Based on the most recent available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around  8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 1,732 km2. The current population trend is assumed to be stable in the majority of known areas. It is not possible to make any statements regarding population size, although it is thought to be abundant in some places and may be under-collected. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

There are few threats to this species in Europe although agricultural intensification and conversion of arable land, for example to permanent pasture, could lead to some losses. European agri-environment schemes (non-cultivated field margins, minimal fertilizers, etc.) probably contribute to the conservation of this species, but more research is needed. Further research on the population size and threats to this species is also required.

",Stable,"

This is a European submediterranean-suboceanic species (Blockeel et al. 2014) recorded from Scandinavia, and found southwards to western central and southern Europe. It is apparently scarce in the Mediterranean region but recognized in Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Corsica to the Balkans (Albania, Croatia, Macedonia and Montenegro), Greece and also Crete. In Greece, this species was later excluded (Ros et al. 2007). This species is also reported in Macaronesia in the Canary Islands (three islands) and Madeira (Sérgio et al. 2006, Ros et al. 2007, González-Mancebo et al. 2008, Kürschner 2008). It is scattered in Great Britain and in the north of Ireland (Blockeel et al. 2014).

The species is also known from North Africa in Algeria, and in Israel and central Asia (Bischler 2004, Ros et al. 2007). It is also present in Australia (Blockeel et al. 2014).

Based on the most recent available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around  8 million km2and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 1,732 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is 6 million km2and the AOO is 1,600 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level to 100 m Asl in the Mediterranean (Bischler 2004) and to around 1,400 m Asl in Switzerland (Swissbryophytes 2018).

 



","

The current population trend is assumed to be stable in the majority of known areas. It is not possible to make any statements regarding population size. In Mediterranean areas, this species could be abundant nonetheless it seems largely dispersed in the anthropogenic areas. However, its apparent rarity in some areas could be due to the necessity to observe early in winter which makes and hence likely under collected.

","

This is small liverwort that is typically found on periodically wet soil, especially in evergreen or deciduous forests, grasslands or scrub vegetation, in river and stream banks, including arable fields and gardens. It is intolerant of competition and needs open soils to maintain subpopulations. It is a predominately lowland species.

This species produces abundant and resistant spores which remain in the diaspore bank for an unknown period.



","

There are few threats to this species in Europe although agricultural intensification and conversion of arable land, for example to permanent pasture, could lead to some losses. Invasive species can be a risk as well as increase in fire events.



","

This species is not threatened in most of European countries (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in some natural parks, such as Gerês, Monnchique and Tejo Internacional in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2006), Sierra de Gredos and Sierra Nevada in Spain, being the last two considered as Important Bryophyte Areas (Infante and Heras 2012).

European agri-environment schemes (non-cultivated field margins, minimal fertilizers, etc.) probably contribute to the conservation of this species, but more research is needed. Further research on the population size and threats to this species is also required.



",There is no information on the use and trade of this species,"Hespanhol, H.,Englefield, E.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,RICCIACEAE,Riccia,trabutiana,,Riccia trabutiana  ,Steph.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Riccia trabutiana is present in Macaronesia (Azores, Canary Islands and Madeira) and is most widespread in southern Europe. It also reaches central Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the current population trend is stable and it does not appear to approach any of the thresholds for a threatened Category. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"Riccia trabutiana is a boreosubtropical species. It is present in Macaronesia (Azores, Canary Islands and Madeira) and is most widespread in southern Europe. It also reaches central Europe. Outside of Europe it is present in northern and tropical Africa and in central Asia (Dierssen 2001, Bischler 2004, Ros et al. 2007, Gabriel et al. 2010, Hodgetts 2015).","In Germany, small subpopulations are known but in general there is no precise information (Moose Deutschland 2018). In general, although it is not common, no cases of decline have been reported and the current population trend is therefore assumed to be stable.","This species forms small and dense colonies. It lives in wetlands, grassland and steppe, in habitats periodically flooded, on shallow clayey soils over rocks. It is tolerant to drought. It is found in several bryophyte communities such as Riccietum atromarginato-lamellosae and Mannion androgynae, but also communities of vascular plants such as Asplenietea and Thero-Brachypodietea (Dierssen 2001, Bischler 2004).",The main threats to this species could be the grazing and the colonization of its habitats by bushes.,Noconservation measures are currently needed. The species is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Ingerpuu, N.,Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,RICCIACEAE,Riccia,warnstorfii,,Riccia warnstorfii  ,Limpr.,Not aquatic,No,VU,C2a(i),No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Riccia warnstorfii is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and the EU 28 since its population size is smaller than 10,000 individual-equivalents, with the largest subpopulation consisting of no more than 1,000 individual-equivalents, and an inferred decline in the population due to a decline in the quality and extent of its habitat. However, the species may be under-recorded and has been mistakenly recorded in the past, as it is difficult to identify correctly in the field. Although its subpopulations are always small, the population is not considered to be severely fragmented. Abandonment of agricultural land and conversely intensive agriculture (including overuse of fertilizers), can affect the species as it needs a certain degree of disturbance. The conversion of agricultural fields to grasslands is also a threat to the species. Further research is needed to clarify its distribution and population size and trend in view of its wide but scattered distribution in Europe and its presumably decreasing population trend. As a precaution against further decline, a recommended conservation measure would be to establish an ex-situ collection of this species.",Decreasing,"This species is scattered and rare in Europe. Globally it is widely distributed, being found in North Africa (Morocco and Algeria) and South Africa (Bischler 2004, Damsholt 2002),  North America (Frey et al. 2006) the Indian subcontinetn (Nebel and Philippi 2005). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species surpasses the thresholds of Criterion B to be included in a threatened category. The area of occupancy in Europe (AOO) is estimated at 844 km2.

","This species is difficult to identify, and some records may be incorrect, as historically it has been widely confused with R. subbifurca. On the other hand, it may also be under-recorded. Recent reports have come from Germany, Portugal, Spain and France. It is very dependent on environmental conditions. Its current population size is unknown and although it remains difficult to estimate this, considering recent reports it is assumed to be smaller than 10,000 individual equivalents for Europe and the EU 28 (one individual-equivalent is considered to be one occupied square metre). Its subpopulations are always small (Meinunger and Schröder 2007), with the largest subpopulation consisting of not more than 1,000 individual-equivalents. Mature individuals are considered as those that bear spores. The population is not considered to be severely fragmented. Its current population trend is assumed to be decreasing because of a decline in habitat quality and extent.","This species grows on escarpments, ledges, and rock crevices. The substrate can be sandy soil, clay, sandy clay or minimal soil over rocks, with an acidic to neutral pH (Bischler 2004). It has also been reported from an agricultural field. In its northernmost range, it is also reported growing in calcareous soils (Damsholt 2002). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0–800 m.","Abandonment of agricultural land and conversely intensive agriculture (including overuse of fertilizers), can affect the species as it needs a certain degree of disturbance. The conversion of agricultural fields to grasslands is also a threat to the species. This species is facing a decline in habitat quality and extent across Europe and the EU 28.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Sweden (Vulnerable), Italy (Near Threatened), Austria (Endangered), Czech Republic (Vulnerable), Germany (Vulnerable), Switzerland (Vulnerable), Estonia (Vulnerable), Luxembourg (Endangered), the Netherlands (Regionally Extinct), Hungary (Data Deficient) and Romania (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). Further research is needed to clarify its actual distribution and population size and trend. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas. As a precaution against further decline, it would be good to establish an ex-situ collection of this species.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Górski, P.","Sabovljevic, M., Mani, S., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,RICCIACEAE,Ricciocarpos,natans,,Ricciocarpos natans  ,(L.) Corda,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Purple-fringed Riccia(Ricciocarpos natans) has a practically global distribution. It is widespread and abundant in suitable  habitat throughout the world. Albeit infrequent in southern Europe, the distribution is from Norway, Sweden and Finland, east to Poland and Hungary, Switzerland and the Balkans. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 9.7 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 1,624 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is 4.7 million km2, and the AOO is ca 1,304 km2. No specific information is available on the population size, however this species is abundant in suitable habitat throughout its range and is not considered to be in decline. The current population trend is considered to be stable for Europe and the EU 28. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.



There are no specific threats to this species. However there are changes to natural seasonal water-level fluctuations, water quality problems and loss of ponds across its range. The species does not tolerate excessive eutrophication competition and natural succession of pools. In Europe, more information on the current population size, trends and the overall rate of decline is needed, and confirmation of the species occurrence and distribution in all parts of its known range. Its habitat should be protected, mainly in countries where the species threatened.",Stable,"This is a sub-cosmopolitan species that is present in most European countries, although it is absent in the Mediterranean islands and in Macaronesia (Söderström et al. 2002).

This temperate species is widespread globally as well as in Europe. Albeit infrequent in southern Europe, the distribution is from Norway, Sweden and Finland, east to Poland and Hungary, Switzerland and the Balkans. In Mediterranean countries, this species is uncommon in Spain, France and Italy and not reported in Portugal.

Based on the most recent available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 9.7 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 1,624 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is 4.7 million km2, and the AOO is ca 1,304 km2.

 

 

The altitudinal range of this species is from near sea level to 200 m Asl in the Mediterranean areas, and to 600 m Asl in Switzerland. In France, this species has been detected at ca 1,000 m Asl (Hugonnot 2004).","No specific information is available on the population size, however this species is abundant in suitable habitat throughout its range and is not considered to be in decline. The current population trend is considered to be stable for Europe and the EU 28. This species is controlled by its habitat requirements and so subpopulations are inconsistent from year to year.

In the Mediterranean, this species has undergone a decline and Bischler (2004) did not find it in any locality. This species has declined (beginning before 1950) in England and it is very rare in Wales and unknown from Scotland. However, it is classified as Nationally Scarce in Britain (therefore not considered to be threatened). In Ireland, there is no indication of a significant decline (Lockhart et al. 2012, R. Porley pers. comm. 2018). 

The large number of known localities in some countries can be the result of field studies, however is a species with an aquatic habitat with more or less specificity and vulnerability tends to be rarer. Any perturbation to the niche could be a threat to the species establishment. In some countries, the species is apparently decreasing, for example 50% of reports are old in Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012).","This species is mostly found floating in sheltered shallow water of         ponds, pools, and swamps that tend to be warm or nutrient enriched. It is sometimes stranded and anchored along shorelines. It is often found growing         with duckweeds (Lemna sp., Spirodela sp.) and water-fern (Azolla sp.).

This species is found in calm and permanent waters, little or nothing contaminated, frequently accompanied by Riccia fluitans and Lemna minor. It can grow on the land of the margins of the water sheet when the level descends. This is an ephemeral species of seasonally aquatic habitats but also around the sediments and the margins of pools, lakes and reservoirs, and in open depressions in temperate or boreal vegetation. If fertile, this species produces big spores in abundance which remains dormant in mud for many years, germinating only when water levels fall.

Gametangia are rare and sporophytes have never been found in some zones, such as in Britain or Ireland, and it is thought to spread clonally (R. Porley pers. comm. 2018).","There are no specific threats to this species. However there are changes to natural seasonal water-level fluctuations, water quality problems and loss of ponds across its range. The species does not tolerate excessive eutrophication competition and natural succession of pools.

In Essex (eastern England) it is thought to have declined as result of clearing ponds of the invasive Crassula helmsii (Porley pers. comm. 2018).","This species is assessed as Endangered in the Red List of Spain (Garilleti and Albertos 2012), as Vulnerable in Slovakia and Switzerland and Critically Endangered in Luxembourg and Slovenia (Hodgetts 2015). 

In Spain, one area where this species is known to occur is in a natural park in Andalucía (Doñana). In Britain or Ireland, there is limited surveillance at a few sites. For example, at Wicken Fen SSSI in Cambridgeshire it has been under surveillance for a long period of time, from 1929 to the present (in every year), and on Brown Moss SSSI in Shropshire it was reported in 2012. It is known from at least 12 SSSIs, although not all will have recent records and few have this species listed as a feature (R. Porley pers. comm. 2018).

In Europe, more information on the current population size, trends and the overall rate of decline is needed, and confirmation of the species occurrence and distribution in all parts of its known range. Its habitat should be protected, mainly in countries where the species threatened.",This species is not utilised.,"Hodgetts, N.,Muller, F.,Fettes, N.D.","Sergio, C. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,SPHAEROCARPALES,RIELLACEAE,Riella,affinis,,Riella affinis  ,M.Howe &amp; Underw.,,No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



Riella affinis is a Mediterranean species that in Europe is only known to occur in two sites in the Canary Islands. This species grows on man-made ponds that currently represent a threatened habitat due to the abandonment of agriculture and construction of touristic and industrial developments. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are 8 km²), it occurs at only two locations and there is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat. Recent visits to the localities from where the species was reported could not confirm its continuing presence, but this does not necessarily mean that it has disappeared or that it is declining. Since it has an annual shuttle life strategy, it is probably still present in the spore bank at the pond margins. Desiccation of the ponds due to human activities, including recreational activities, and the increasing demand for water for different purposes are the most important threats to this species. Its presence at specific sites should be monitored in order to investigate whether there is a decline in the subpopulations. Further research is also recommended into the population size and trend.

",Unknown,"In Europe, Riella affinis is only known from the Canary Islands (Tenerife and Gran Canaria). Globally, it is a Mediterranean species with a disjunct distribution, occurring elsewhere in North Africa, South Africa (Dierssen 2001) and California (Thomson 1941, Cirujano et al. 1988). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 8 km².","



In the Canary Islands, this species is restricted to the islands of Tenerife and Gran Canaria, with a single known site on each island. This species is very rare and restricted to the margins of man-made ponds. Recent visits to the localities where the species was reported could not confirm its continuing presence (González-Mancebo et al. 2012a), but this does not necessarily mean that it has disappeared. It has an annual shuttle life strategy, and it is probably still present as a spore bank at the pond margins. The current population size and trend are unknown.

",This is a freshwater species of stagnant waters with a high pH (Dierssen2001). It is restricted to the margins of man-made ponds between 100 m and 350 m Asl. This habitat is extremely unstable due to the seasonal changes in the water level as a result of water abstraction for human(tourist and agricultural) activities.,"



 



Desiccation of the ponds due to human activities, including recreational activities, and the increasing demand for water for different purposes are the most important threats to this species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of desiccation and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only two locations.

 

","The conservation of natural and artificial freshwater habitats is important for the conservation of this species. Freshwater habitats represent one of the most threatened habitats in the Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2012a). This species was assessed as Endangered in the Canary Islands and in Spain (González-Mancebo et al. 2012b, Brugués and González-Mancebo 2014). The restricted distribution of the species and the global importance of the Macaronesian population justify the future implementation of specific conservation measures, along with effective habitat protection and management, at the sites where it is known to occur. Its presence at specific sites should be monitored in order to investigate the decrease of the subpopulations. Further research is also recommended into the population size and trend. It is not known to occur in any protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Hedenäs, L.","González Mancebo, J., Sim-Sim, M., Gabriel, R., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,SPHAEROCARPALES,RIELLACEAE,Riella,bialata,,Riella bialata  ,Trab.,"In old individuals and herbarium specimens, the geminate wing is difficult to observe leading to confusion with R. notarisii (F. Puche pers. comm. 2016).",No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Riella bialata is known from only seven localities, six in Spain and one in Algeria. The number of individuals is difficult to estimate because of the aquatic habitat of the species and its dependence on the regional climatic conditions of the year. The population trend remains unknown. All the subpopulations are isolated, and so the population may be severely fragmented, but this is unknown. The area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is small, estimated to be around 20 km2 but R. bialata could be misidentified with the species of the R. notarisii group; therefore the samples of the R. notarisii should be studied, and until then, this species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient, as it is not possible to assign another Red List Category based on the current information available.

There is no indication of a decline, although the majority of population are at risk by the fragility of the habitat. Sub-populations of this species are extremely fluctuant; if lagoons do not have enough water in autumn, then the plants do not grow. Threats to the species include soil disturbances that can destroy the spores that remain on soil, and changes in water regime that decrease water levels or flooding periods of lagoons.",Unknown,"

This species is a member of the Mediterranean element, and it occurs in southern Europe in Spain. Outside of Europe, it is known from northern Africa in Algeria. This species has been detected in freshwater seasonal ponds and temporarily flooded rice crops.

It is known from only seven localities, six in Spain: Cádiz, Ciudad Real, Sevilla and Valencia (F. Puche pers. comm. 2018), and one (type locality) in Algeria (Puche and Segarra-Moragues 2013).

The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is around 46,000 km2 and the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is around 20 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 5 m to 658 m Asl.

","

Subpopulations of this species are fluctuating as, if lagoons have not enough water in autumn, plants do not grow. In Mediterranean type climates with seasonal oscillation in temperatures and rainfall, several years of drought often occur. The number of individuals is therefore difficult to estimate because of the aquatic habitat of the species and its dependence on the regional climatic conditions of the year.

In rice fields (Valencia), this species occupied only small areas inside them and on the margins of the crops, however it has been collected twice in 1991 and in 2012. In Cádiz, the latest records are from Laguna de la Vega in 2010; in Valencia it was last collected in 2012 in La Albufera. It has been recently recorded in Laguna de los Tollos, Sevilla and in Laguna del Retamar in Pedro Muñoz, Ciudad Real, Laguna Chica de Villafranc a de los Caballeros, Toledo (F. Puche pers. comm. 2018). In these two lagoons, populations were scarce so the number of locations and the area of occupancy (AOO) can be overestimated. However, intensive searches may reveal that this species could occur in other areas in which conditions are very similar where it has passed unnoticed or misidentified with other monoicous species or of the R. notarisii species complex.

Spore production is the only guarantee of population persistence to the next favourable season and they need to pass through a period of several months of drought to be able to germinate (F. Puche pers. comm. 2018). Due to its ephemeral condition, its population trend remains unknown. All the subpopulations are isolated, and so the population may be severely fragmented, but this is unknown. 

","This species grows in temporary lagoons, at the margins of lagoons and in temporarily damp soils and rice crop fields, with fresh to very slightly brackish water. The plant size varies from several centimeters for plants growing submerged to less than one centimeter for plants growing on damp soil. 

Annual population persistence is determined by the amount of rain and the subsequent water level. In late spring-early summer, the plants die back due to ponds drying out or being out-competed by vascular plants or algae.","

The main threats are soil disturbances that can destroy the spores that remain on soil. These lagoons are totally dry in summer allowing access to vehicles to these areas. In addition, changes in water regime can decrease water levels or flooding periods of lagoons. These can occur by climate change or because of inadequate land and water management for agricultural purposes (if water is drained out for irrigation of crops or lagoons are desiccated for land use transformation).

Habitat destruction is an important threat, as while some of the lagoons are protected, others are not. In Spain, there is great pressure from tourism on coastal areas. Aquatic vascular plants like Phragmites australis or Tamarix spp. can cover the margins of the lagoons during the dry years, plant rhizomes modify the soil characteristics and aerial parts of plants decrease the light on water surface thus, precluding the growth of plants of Riella.

",Four of the five Spanish sites are included in protected areas.The species is not classified in the last Red List of Spain (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012) as its addition to the European liverwort flora occurred after that report (Puche and Segarra-Moragues 2013).,There is no information on the use and trade of this species,"Stebel, A.,Fettes, N.D.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M., Porley, R.D., Puche, F. & Segarra-Moragues, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,SPHAEROCARPALES,RIELLACEAE,Riella,cossoniana,,Riella cossoniana  ,Trab.,"Riella cossoniana is considered a different and distinct species of the Riella cossociana var. echinate. Now this variety is considered an independent species from Riella echinata (Söderström et al.  2016).



In some areas the existing records as from Grand Canary (Van Dort and Nieuwkoop 2003) correspond to Riella echinata (Segarra-Moragues et al. 2014).

 



",No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Riella cossoniana shows a highly disjunct distribution in the Mediterranean areas, with scattered localities in Spain and France. In Europe (and therefore also the EU 28), the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 144,000 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 56 km2. The current population trend of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) remains unknown. The number of individuals is difficult to estimate because in temporarily flooded habitats, the non-observation of plants at any given moment is not an indicator of its absence.

As with most of aquatic plants, this species is extremely sensitive to biotic and abiotic factors that disturb habitat quality. Fluctuating water levels, increasing numbers of aggressive species, and other human activity, are the major threats. There is a decline in the quality of the habitat of this species. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened for both Europe and the EU 28, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

Considering the reasons of the species rarity, the habitat sensitivity and the possibility that the species may be unrecorded, it can be assumed that its distribution is insufficiently known. Future field work will reveal the actual extent of the populations of R. cossoniana. Monitoring programmes will be important to support new knowledge concerning the conservation status.",Unknown,"

This species shows a highly disjunct distribution in the Mediterranean areas, with scattered localities in Spain and France (Segarra-Moragues et al. 2014).

Confirmed records of the species outside of Europe (Martinez et al. 2014) are from Algeria, Israel, Jordan, India, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. The occurrence of this species in Tunisia and Morocco by Bischler (2004) require confirmation (Martinez et al. 2014).

In Europe (and therefore also the EU 28), the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 144,000 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 56 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level to 250 m Asl.



","Most occurrences of this species are known from the western Mediterranean area. Spain presents the largest number of subpopulations - it is currently known from Alicante, Barcelona, Guadalajara, Murcia, Toledo and Valencia (Martinez et al. 2014). Subpopulations in France have been recently reported from Camargue area (southern France), and were collected from 10 localities. Four nearby subpopulations occur within the perimeter of the Tour du Valat Regional Natural Reserve, and another in the industrial polygon of the Grand Port Maritime de Marseille. 

This is an dioicous, annual, ephemeral species, however it produces sporophytes and so it is a good disperser. Spore production is one guarantee of subpopulation persistence to the next favourable season, but they need to pass through a period of several months of dryness to be able to germinate. So, subpopulations can rapidly spread not only by germination from the resistant spores but also by vegetative propaguliferous scales.

This pattern may reflect a higher abundance in suitable habitats for this species, however all new localities can correspond to the sampling effort in these two areas. Also due to its ephemeral condition, the current population trend of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) remains unknown.



Subpopulations of this species can fluctuate, as is the case with the majority of Riella species. The number of individuals is difficult to estimate because of its aquatic habitat and in temporary pools, and so spore germination may be conditioned by salt concentration and the drying out period, which vary between years. So, in temporarily flooded habitats, the non-observation of plants at any given moment is not an indicator of its absence. The species is not considered to show extreme fluctuations because the seed bank remains in the soil until the ecological conditions are adequate. This is related mainly to salinity level.

","

This species grows in sediments in small flooded depressions of brackish water, in seasonal ponds with total summer drought, and associated semiarid to arid environments, but isolated from other hydrophyte plants.

In natural conditions, this is an dioicous, annual, ephemeral species. Water level impacting salt dilution in sediments where this species grows is an important factor to the germination of the spores.

The habitats where this species occurs include halophyte communities, dominated in French areas, typically by Arthrocnemum macrostachyum and Sarcocornia perennis (Martinez et al. 2014).

The biotopes containing Riella spp. have been designated as priority habitats for conservation by the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC and encoded in the Natura 2000 network as “1150 Coastal lagoons” and “1420 Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic halophilous scrubs (Sarcocornetea fruticosi)”.

As with most of aquatic plants, this species is extremely sensitive to biotic and abiotic factors that disturb habitat quality. There is a decline in the quality of the habitat of this species.

","

As with most of aquatic plants, this species is extremely sensitive to biotic and abiotic factors that disturb habitat quality. Fluctuating water levels, increasing numbers of aggressive species, and other human activity, are the major threats. Recent studies also suggest that this species is very sensitive to water transparency (Martinez et al. 2014).

The main indirect threats are soil disturbances that can disturb the spores that remain on soil. These can also occur as a result of climate change or by inadequate land and water management for agricultural use, resulting in desiccated lagoons. The increase of vascular plants could be an effect of eutrophication but plant rhizomes also modify soil characteristics. Habitat destruction is an important threat, as well as the great touristic pressure on coastal areas.

","

In Spain, the subpopulations from Barcelona, Málaga, Toledo and Valencia occur in protected areas however, the areas are not specifically managed for the maintenance of Riella thus, some subpopulations have a severe threat of being overgrown by vascular plants (Barcelona, Valencia) or may be affected by nearby recreation activities (Toledo). Of the five known localities in France (Camargue), the four ones from Tour du Valat are included within the area of the Regional Nature Reserve and thus, have full protection. This area is also part of the Natura 2000 network (Site of Community Importance FR9301592).

Habitat destruction is an important threat, however some of the lagoons where this species occurs are protected. Action related with site protection, management and invasive or problematic species control will be important. In addition, further research and monitoring on the population is required. Future field work will reveal the actual extent of this species. Monitoring programmes will be important to support new knowledge concerning the conservation status.

",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Hespanhol, H.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M., Porley, R.D., Puche, F. & Segarra-Moragues, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,SPHAEROCARPALES,RIELLACEAE,Riella,echinata,,Riella echinata  ,"(Müller) Segarra-Moragues, Puche &amp; Sabovljević","

Riella cossoniana var. echinata Müll.Frib., which was considered for a long time to be a synonym of R. cossoniana, has now been recognised as a different species: Riella echinata (Müll.Frib.) Segarra, Puche & Sabovljević.

",No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"

European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Riella echinata is found in southern Europe in freshwater or brackish water seasonal ponds, from mainland Spain, the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be either 20 km2 or 24 km2), it is considered to occur at only five locations (assuming Ibiliza subpopulation has disappeared), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and number of mature individuals due to ongoing threats. The number of individuals is difficult to estimate because of its aquatic habitat and its dependence on the regional climatic conditions of the year. The overall population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is decreasing.

The main threats to this species are soil disturbances that can destroy the spores that remain in the soil. The lagoons are totally dry in the summer, allowing access to vehicles to these areas, which can create such disturbances. Changes in the water regime can decrease water levels or flooding periods of the lagoons. These can occur due to climatic changes or by inadequate land and water management for agricultural purposes. Aquatic vascular plants can cover the margins of the lagoons during the dry years, plant rhizomes modify the soil characteristics and aerial parts of plants decrease the light reaching the water surface, thus precluding the growth of plants of Riella. The increase of vascular plants could be an effect of eutrophication.

Site protection and appropriate management is recommended, as well as control of invasive alien plant species. Further research is recommended into the population size and trend, and monitoring of the population trend would be beneficial. An area-based management plan may be needed.

 

",Decreasing,"

This species is found in freshwater or brackish water seasonal ponds, in southern Europe from mainland Spain, the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands and in North Africa (Morocco).

The species is endemic to the Mediterranean region with only seven known localities, six of which occur in Spanish territories: one in Ibiza (Balearic Islands) by Cros (1982) as R. helicophylla, two in Gran Canaria (Canary Islands) (Dirkse et al. 1993, Van Dort and Nieuwkoop 2003) as R. cossoniana, and three in Valencia (mainland Spain). In addition, the type locality is situated in Morocco, where the species was described as Riella cossoniana var. echinata. A further locality from Gran Canaria “Barr. de la Aldea, E. of San Nicolás de Tolentina"" (Dirckse et al. 1993) is not considered here as the material was not checked in the taxonomic revision of theofRiella subgenusTrabutiella to which the species belong (Segarra-Moragues et al. 2014).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 154,031 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 24 km2. However, the subpopulation in Ibiza may have disappeared and it is therefore possible that the real AOO is only 20 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level to 300 m Asl.","

Subpopulations of Riella echinata are extremely fluctuant. The number of individuals is difficult to estimate because of its aquatic habitat and depends on the regional climatic conditions of the year. These are not considered extreme fluctuations because the seed bank remains in the soil until the conditions are adequate. Subpopulations of Valencia, Marjal del Moro, Laguna Reserva limícolas and Laguna de la Focha, have been collected in 2010, 2012 and 2013. Nonetheless, plant density declined since their first discovery in 2010 as the consequence of the invasion of the habitat by vascular plants (Arundo donax L., Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin ex Steudel, Tamarix sp., Typha sp., etc.) which rapidly outcompete subpopulations of Riella.

The other subpopulation, Sueca, Ullal de Baldoví, was collected in 2010 and 2012, but the conditions of the lagoon have changed since vascular plants are now occupying the lagoon.

The subpopulation from Ibiza was collected in 1978 and reported by Cros (1982) as R. helicophylla. Subsequent attempts to recollect the plants in 2008 have been unsuccessful (Brugués et al. 2010) with urbanisation as a likely cause of this failure. This subpopulation may therefore be gone.



Nothing is known about the Canary Islands subpopulations, but Dirkse et al. (1993) consider the plants to be rather common in Arguineguín and Bco. de la Palma, near Agaete.



","

This species grows in fresh to very slightly brackish water in temporary lagoons, margins of lagoons and seasonal ravines. It is an annual ephemeral plant in natural conditions. Annual population persistence is determined by the amount of rain and water levels, but in late spring-summer plants die back due to ponds drying out or being outcompeted by vascular plants or algae. Spore production is the only guarantee of population persistence to the next favorable season and they need to pass through a period of several months of dryness to be able to germinate.

","The main threats to this species are soil disturbances that can destroy the spores that remain in the soil. The lagoons are totally dry in the summer, allowing access to vehicles to these areas, which can create such disturbances. Changes in the water regime can decrease water levels or flooding periods of the lagoons. These can occur due to climatic changes or by inadequate land and water management for agricultural purposes (for example, if water is drained out for irrigation of crops or lagoons are desiccated for land use transformation). In Spain, there is great touristic pressure on coastal areas.



Aquatic vascular plants like Phragmites australis or Tamarix spp. can cover the margins of the lagoons during the dry years, plant rhizomes modify the soil characteristics and aerial parts of plants decrease the light reaching the water surface, thus precluding the growth of plants of Riella. The increase of vascular plants could be an effect of eutrophication. On the basis of this threat, and the restricted distribution of this species, it is estimated that it occurs at only five locations (assuming the subpopulation from Ibiza has disappeared).","Three subpopulations are included in protected areas as Parque Natural de la Albufera de Valencia. The species is not yet evaluated as threatened in continental Spain or the Canary Islands as it was described as a new species after the last Red List (Garilleti et al. 2012). Site protection and appropriate management is recommended, as well as control of invasive alien plant species. Further research is recommended into the population size and trend, and monitoring of the population trend would be beneficial. An area-based management plan may be needed.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Laaka-Lindberg, S.","Sergio, C. & Puche, F.","Gunnarsson, U.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,SPHAEROCARPALES,RIELLACEAE,Riella,helicophylla,,Riella helicophylla  ,(Bory &amp; Mont.) Mont.,"

In the context of a worldwide study of the genus Riella, a taxonomic study of R. helicophylla is underway based on herbarium specimens and additional sampling of fresh material throughout its range. After the study of these samples and their comparison with the type material, we can state that what has been called Riella helicophylla includes two taxa, R. helicophylla and another taxon. These two taxa have been observed to grow together in some localities. These results are being prepared for publication (Puche et al. 2011 and Segarra-Moragues pers. comm. 2019).



",No,NT,B2b(iii),No,NT,B2b(iii),EU28,,"

European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Riella helicophylla is a liverwort endemic to the Mediterranean region both within and outside of Europe. In Europe, its distribution includes Spain, including the Balearic Islands, Portugal, France, Sardegna, Cyprus and Malta. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 200 km2), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. Based on the uncertainty surrounding the identification of this species, the overall current population trend of this species in Europe is unknown. 

In the context of a worldwide study of the genus Riella, a taxonomic study of this species currently underway, based on herbarium and sampling of fresh material, throughout its geographic range. According to the current state of knowledge, it can be confirmed that historical citations of this species in the Mediterranean countries are uncertain, thus the study underway will clarify its distribution.

It is important to conserve lagoons and water regimes for this species, and in some cases macrophytes must be controlled if its growth covers the sheet of water it can prevent the growth of Riella. It is also important to maintain water quality avoiding high eutrophication, and to avoid passage through the lagoons when they are dry because spores that remain in the dry sediment could be destroyed. Further research into the taxonomy to establish the full distribution of this species is required. In addition, further research and monitoring in the population and habitat trends is recommended.



",Unknown,"

This liverwort species is endemic to the Mediterranean region. Its distribution includes Spain, including the Balearic Islands, Portugal, France, Cyprus, Malta, as well as Israel, Jordan and Turkey in southwest Asia and Algeria, Egypt and Tunisia in North Africa (Ros et al. 2007). Recently this species has been published from Sardinia (Ellis et al. 2018)

The revision of the specimens from the Balearic island of Ibiza, Mallorca and also from Malta, revealed misidentification with R. echinata (Segarra-Moragues et al. 2014), R. notarisii and R. mediterranea, respectively (J. Segarra-Moragues pers. comm. 2018). 



The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 1.3 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 204 km2. However, there is taxonomic uncertainty surrounding this species and therefore these values might be highly inaccurate. A taxonomic revision is underway, and current concepts are likely to evolve soon (J. Segarra-Moragues pers. comm. 2018) These species are very difficult to distinguish from other related taxa. The results of new studies will be important to elucidate the real distribution of these different taxa. According to the current state of knowledge, the distribution of this species in the Mediterranean remains uncertain. 

","

Important first collections in Europe were by Allorge (1929) in Villacañas (Toledo, Spain), and this species was later gathered in numerous localities mainly in the Iberian Peninsula (Guerra et al. 1986, Sáez et al. 1998, Puche Pinazo and Boisset López 2009). The size of the subpopulations of this species are very variable and difficult to evaluate. Its growth can be altered by changes in the habitat conditions. It depends on the availability and duration of water in the lagoons and the growth of macrophytes that outcompete subpopulations of this species. In addition, there is sometimes a large growth of algae that makes its observation difficult in the field. In exceptional cases of shallow lagoons with few macrophytes and little growth of algae, it is possible to evaluate the size of the subpopulation.

Some French subpopulations are thought to be extinct, such as in Hérault. However, the subpopulation of the saline du Caban was reviewed in 2012 and is considered to be the largest subpopulation currently known in France (Bourguignon and Gourvil 2012).

Based on the uncertainty surrounding the identification of this species, the overall current population trend of this species in Europe is unknown.

","This species is found in temporary brackish lagoons, coastal or inland. It is found in alkaline marshes or ponds, and salt exploitation sites. In recent years in the Spanish range, the lagoons of the Monegros and Castilla la Mancha lack of water, which is partly due to the drought period, with much lower rainfall than the average, and to the installation of drip irrigation in the crops that surround them. The installation of these wells in large areas contributes to diminish the level of the aquifer, which together with the scarce rains, results in insufficient water and a shortening of the hydroperiod in the lagoons. However, when the sediment collected from these dry lagoons is cultivated, plants are obtained in the laboratory. There is a spore bank in the soil, that can survive many years of habitat drought.","The main threats to this species are soil disturbances that can destroy the spores that remain in the soil. These lagoons are totally dry in summer allowing access to vehicles to these areas. Changes in water regime can decrease water levels or flooding periods of lagoons. These can occur by climate change or by inadequate land and water management for agricultural purposes (if water is drained out for irrigation of crops or lagoons are desiccated for land use transformation).

Habitat destruction results from abstraction of surface water and fires. In Spain, there is great touristic pressure on coastal areas.

Aquatic vascular plants like Phragmites australis or Tamarix sp.pl. can cover the margins of the lagoons during the dry years, the plant rhizomes modify the soil characteristics, and aerial parts of plants decrease the light reaching the water surface, thus precluding the growth of plants of Riella.","

This species presents community interest as is included in the Annex II of the Habitats Directive and in Appendix I of the Bern Convention and was previously evaluated as in danger (E) in the European Bryophytes Red List (EEC 1992, ECCB 1995). This species is also listed in several national Red Data books and national Red Lists of European countries. It is assessed as Endangered in continental Spain and the Balearic Islands Red Lists (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012) and as Critically Endangered in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013).

The site of Notre-Dame de l'Agenouillade in France is now protected by the land acquisition, but urbanisation in the periphery which isolates the subpopulation from other potential habitats (Bourguignon and Gourvil 2012). Some occurrence areas in mainland Spain as Monegros (Zaragoza and Huesca provinces) and El Fondò (Valencia province) are considered as Important Bryophyte Areas (Infante and Heras 2012).

It is important to conserve lagoons and water regimes for this species, and in some cases macrophytes must be controlled if its growth covers the sheet of water it can prevent the growth of Riella. It is also important to maintain water quality avoiding high eutrophication, and to avoid passage through the lagoons when they are dry because spores that remain in the dry sediment could be destroyed.

Further research into the taxonomy to establish the full distribution of this species is required. In addition, further research and monitoring in the population and habitat trends is recommended.

",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Ros-Espín, R.,Englefield, E.","Sergio, C. & Puche, F.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,SPHAEROCARPALES,RIELLACEAE,Riella,mediterranea,,Riella mediterranea  ,"Segarra, Puche, Sabovl., M.Infante &amp; P.Heras",Riella mediterranea has been repeatedly mistaken with species of both subgenera of Riella (Segarra-Moragues et al. 2014).,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



Riella mediterranea has a Mediterranean distribution. It has only been found in the Iberian Peninsula, Balearic Islands (Menorca), Malta, Israel, Cyprus and Morocco. This species is assessed as Data Deficient since it has recently been described and there is a lack of data about its exact distribution, population size and trend, as well as about potential threats affecting it. Further research is needed in order to determine its extinction risk.",Stable,"Riella mediterranea has a Mediterranean distribution. It has only been found in the Iberian Peninsula, Balearic Islands (Menorca), Malta, Israel, Cyprus and Morocco (Gil-López et al. 2014, Segarra-Moragues et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015, Tziortzis and Barone 2015). It is found at elevations between 67 m and 250 m Asl.

","This species has only been recently described, and has been recorded from fewer than ten localities in Europe. It is currently known in Spain from four localities and at least one of those is subject to habitat decline. A new records has been reported from Cyprus. The current population trend is thought to be stable. 

 

","This species is found in arid or semi-arid environments submerged in temporary ponds in fresh or slightly brackish waters (Segarra-Moragues et al. 2014).



 



 



","This is a very rare species in Europe. It has recently been described and its exact distribution, population size and trend are not well known, and neither are the threats. In Spain it is reported that at least one of the sites is subject to habitat decline. A declining factor can be represented by the global rise in temperatures.

","This species is known from only a few places, and in some of them habitat declines have been reported. In Spain it occurs at only four localities, and in at least one locality habitat decline has been is reported. The species has been assessed as Endangered in Spain. In Malta and Israel, it is considered as Data Deficient (Segarra-Moragues et al. 2014). Specific protection actions are recommended for the site where the species grows. The species is found in at least one protected area, the Doñana National Park in Spain (J. Segarra pers. com. 2018). Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, as well as into the threats to this species.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Ingerpuu, N.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,SPHAEROCARPALES,RIELLACEAE,Riella,notarisii,,Riella notarisii  ,(Mont.) Mont.,"

Riella notarisii is a species complex with poorly defined taxonomic boundaries including R. battandieri Trab., R. cyrenaica Maire, R. gallica Balansa ex Trab., R. indica Steph., R. reuteri Mont., R. sersuensis Trab. (Söderström et al. 2016) and R. spiculata.

 

          



 

",No,NT,B2b(iii),No,NT,B2b(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Riella notarisii is found in freshwater seasonal ponds in Europe. It is known from Crete, Croatia, France, Greece, Italy including Sardinia and Sicily, Spain including the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands, and Portugal. There are no data on the size and trend of the European population and so the current population trend in Europe and the EU 28 is unknown. The species is rare and the population fluctuates. 

However, voucher materials supporting citations of this species need revision as this species can be misidentified with R. bialata. A taxonomical revision of monoicous Riella species is necessary to know how many species there are and their characteristics. So, the data presented refer to the state of knowledge based on the references and some revisions of herbarium material of this species. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 132 km2), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to ongoing threats; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B.

This species faces several threats. Lagoons soil disturbance can destroy spores that remain on soil, these lagoons are totally dry in summer and the access of vehicles within the lagoon has sometimes been noticed. Changes in water regime can alter the hydroperiod  of the lagoon. These lagoons occur in Mediterranean areas in which irrigation water for crops is scarce and many times water is drained and used for crop irrigation. Aquatic vascular plants can also cover the lagoon shores, and the rhizomes and leaf debris of those plants modify the soil surface; the aerial parts of the plants also decrease the light reaching the water surface, thus altering the habitat conditions required for the development of plants of Riella.

The main action to protect these plants is to maintain the surface of lagoon, or shores of lagoon clear of vascular plants as Phragmites australis and Tamarix spp. Other important actions during conservation management should ensure not to remove soil from the lagoon in summer when lagoons are dry, avoiding people or circulation of vehicles through the lagoon and to maintain water regimes. Further research on the taxonomy and population size and trend is required.",Unknown,"

This species is found in freshwater seasonal ponds in Europe. It is known from Crete, Croatia, France, Greece, Italy including Sardinia and Sicily, Spain including the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands and also Portugal and North Africa including Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia (Ros et al. 2007). One locality in mainland Italy (Cosenza, Tarsia lake) is now indicated based on a revision of a collection from 2014 stored in the herbarium of Museo di Storia Naturale della Calabria (F. Puche pers. comm. 2018). The distribution has a typically Mediterranean pattern, but with an extinct report from Switzerland (Hodgetts 205).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 3 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 132 km2. In the EU 28 the values are slightly smaller with an EOO around 2,6 million km2, and an AOO of 124 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level up to 1,375 m Asl.

 

However, voucher materials supporting citations of this species need revision as this species can be misidentified with R. bialata. The latter has been added recently to the European flora (Puche and Segarra-Morague 2013), and the identification keys do not include this species.",There are no data on the size and trend of the European population and so the current population trend in Europe and the EU 28 is unknown. The species is rare and the population fluctuates.,"

This species grows in fresh or slightly brackish water in temporary lagoons, shores of lagoons and temporary wet soils. This species may thrive while habitats remain flooded thus, their presence may vary from one year to another. Individual sizes vary considerably depending on their development having occurred submerged or as emerged plants on very humid soil, in which case the plants are smaller. When the lagoon dries out at the end of spring or summer, plants die and only spores remain. This period of drought is followed by germination when lagoons are flooded the following autumn.

This is a monoicous and an ephemeral species in natural conditions.



","

This species faces several threats. Lagoons soil disturbance can destroy spores that remain on soil, these lagoons are totally dry in summer and the access of vehicles within the lagoon has sometimes been noticed. Changes in water regime can alter the hydroperiod  of the lagoon. These lagoons occur in Mediterranean areas in which irrigation water for crops is scarce and many times water is drained and used for crop irrigation.

Habitat destruction can be another threat, althoughonly some of the lagoons are protected. In Spain there is great pressure on coastal areas by tourism.

Aquatic vascular plants like Phragmites australis or Tamarix sp.pl. can cover the lagoon shores, and the rhizomes and leaf debris of those plants modify the soil surface; the aerial parts of the plants also decrease the light reaching the water surface, thus altering the habitat conditions required for the development of plants of Riella.

Climatic change could decrease precipitation and increase temperatures, all of these would produce alterations of water cycle in lagoons.



","This species is listed in several national Red Lists. In Switzerland, this species is assessed as Extinct (last collection 1917, Schnyder et al. 2004). In the Iberian Red List (Sérgio et al. 2007) and in the recent Portuguese Red List (Sérgio et al. 2013), this species is considered as Endangered, but in Peninsular Spain and the Balearic Islands it is assessed as Vulnerable (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012). Previously in Europe, the species name was considered as Endangered (ECCB 1995). Some subpopulations are included in protected areas, but not all. In mainland Spain, the species is present in two important areas for bryophytes, in Monegros and Albufera de Valencia (Infante and Heras 2012).

 

The main action to protect these plants is to maintain the surface of lagoons, or shores of lagoons clear of vascular plants such as Phragmites australis and Tamarix spp. Other important actions during conservation management should ensure not to remove soil from the lagoon in summer when lagoons are dry, avoiding people or circulation of vehicles through the lagoon and to maintain water regimes.

Further research on the taxonomy and population size and trend is required.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Hodgetts, N.,Aleffi, M.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C. & Puche, F.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,SPHAEROCARPALES,RIELLACEAE,Riella,parisii,,Riella parisii  ,Gottsche,,No,RE,,No,RE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Regionally Extinct (RE)

EU 28 regional assessment: Regionally Extinct (RE)

Riella parisii is endemic to the Mediterranean area, and the only confirmed reference in Europe is from continental Spain based on a collection in an uncertain locality in the Malaga region. This Spanish locality is ambiguous, because it is not precise and since 1952 noone has been able to refind it, even though extensive searches have taken place in the area. This species is therefore assessed as Regionally Extinct.

Since 1925 there are no collections of R. parisii in Algeria, and its natural habitats could have been destroyed. This species may therefore also be extinct in Algeria, and thus globally extinct.

New field studies will be important in order to locate new subpopulations (in Algeria) since this species may be extinct.

",,"

This species is endemic to the Mediterranean area, and has been reported from Spain, France, Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia (Ros et al. 2007).

There is only a reference, without a specific locality, to Morocco (Bischler 2004). The record in Tunisia is a mistake as it was excluded by Jovet-Ast and Bischler (1971). The reference from France (Skrzypczak 2001) is also a misidentification with a species of the Riella notarisii complex, thus, it should be excluded from France (J. Segarra-Moragues and F. Puche pers. comm. 2018). This species has also been reported from diverse Algerian localities (Trabut 1942).

So, the only confirmed reference in Europe is from continental Spain by Müller (1953) based on a collection in an uncertain locality in the Malaga region.



","

The European record of this species dates back to 1952 and has not been collected again in Spain. The locality is uncertain in the Málaga region and so the current population trend of this species in Europe is unknown. There have been extensive searches for this species in the Málaga region, but the species has never been re-found.

Outside of Europe, owing to the information in the literature, the plants were quite abundant in subpopulations in Algeria. However, their current status is unknown based on the absence of recent records (the most recent in 1925, Jelenc 1957). Important habitat transformation since their last collections may have occurred, leading to its decline or disappearance.



","This species apparently grows in fresh and slightly brackish water. It has been reported from coastal marshes and irrigation channels in Algeria, together with Typha sp. and Scirpus sp. The habitat in the European range in Spain is not specified which contributes to the difficulty of relocating the subpopulation.","Changes in water regime can decrease water levels or flooding periods of lagoons. These can occur by climate change or by inadequate land and water management for agricultural purposes (if water is drained out for irrigation of crops or lagoons are desiccated for land use transformation). In Spain there is great touristic pressure on coastal areas in the area where the species was reported. In the Algerian range a significant habitat destruction or alteration due to change in land use has been reported. 

Aquatic vascular plants like Phragmites australis or Tamarix sp.pl. in possible or predictable areas can cover the margins of the lagoons during the dry years, plant rhizomes modify the soil characteristics and aerial parts of plants decrease the light reaching the water surface thus, precluding the growth of plants of Riella.","In the last Red List for Spain, this species is evaluated as Data Deficient (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012), although new field studies will be important in order to locate new subpopulations since this species may be extinct in Europe.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species,"Virtanen, R.,Englefield, E.","Sergio, C. & Puche, F.","Schröck, C.,Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,PYLAISIACEAE,Roaldia,revoluta,,Roaldia revoluta  ,(Mitt.) P.E.A.S.Câmara &amp; M.Carvalho-Silva,"Two varieties of this species are recognised in Europe, var. revolutum and var. dolomiticum (Milde) Mönk.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Revolute Plait-moss (Roaldia revoluta) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and its presumably stable population trend. Although it is an uncommon high-mountain species, there are recent records from many suitable sites. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level, but climate change could be a potential threat. This species is known to occur in protected areas across Europe.",Stable,"In Europe this is a circumpolar Arctic-montane species occurring from Iceland, Svalbard and Arctic Russia south to southern Spain (Sierra Nevada), the Alps and the Balkan mountains (Smith 2004). This is a bipolar species that is distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere in Arctic and montane habitats, occurring in northern and central Asia, the Himalayas to China and the Russian Far East, North America, Greenland, Mexico, South America (Patagonia), central Africa (Uganda), the South Island of New Zealand and Antarctica (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category under Criterion B.",This is a widespread but only locally frequent species recorded in the mountains over most of Europe and at lower altitudes in the Arctic. It is considered to have a stable population trend.,"This species grows primarily on base-rich, moist mountain rocks and in rocky turf,mostly on north-exposed rock faces and ridges and  summits as well as in mountain ravines. Associates include Brachythecium cirrosum,  Cratoneuron curvicaule, Hypnum procerrimum, H. bambergeriand H. vaucheri (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). It occurs at sea level in the northern reaches of its range, but is most  frequent at higher elevations. Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-3,300 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level, but climate change could be a potential threat.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct), Great Britain (Endangered), Romania (Endangered), Slovakia (Vulnerable), Bulgaria (Vulnerable), Montenegro (Data Deficient) and Albania (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in protected areas across Europe.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Wilbraham, J.,Cálix, M.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,JUNGERMANNIACEAE,Saccobasis,polita,,Saccobasis polita  ,(Nees) H. Buch,"This species was only recently accepted as a species as it was considered a subspecies of S. polymorpha. Therefore, there may be records of this species that may actually belong to S. polymorpha. Further research is needed in order to clarify the true distribution of these two species.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Saccobasis polita is not rare in the north of Europe and in the upper belts of the mountains of central and western Europe, as well as on the western slopes of the Urals. It is rather abundant and common in appropriate sites, particularly in northern Europe. The population trend of this species is stable, and the population size is larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in both Europe and the EU 28.



This species has a large geographic range, with an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe of around 10 million km2 and an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of around 2,768 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 4.5 million km2 and the AOO is around 1,736 km2. In addition, there are no major threats to this species. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, large population size and stable population trend.

However, it is considered threatened in some countries, including Slovakia and Romania. Research and monitoring of taxonomy, distribution and trends are needed because S. polymorpha often has not been distinguished from this species.",Stable,"This species has an arctic-boreo-montane distribution. It is not rare in the north of Europe and in the upper belts of the mountains of central and western Europe, as well as on the western slopes of the Urals. In North America, it is found in the west from Alaska and Yukon to British Columbia, and in the east it is very rare, found from Ellesmere Island to Newfoundland and Quebec. It is also reported from Greenland and Iceland (Damsholt 2002, Schuster 1969). In Asia, it is reported from the mountains of south Siberia and the Russian Far East (Konstantinova et al. 2009). 

The distribution of this species is uncertain because of confusion with S. polymorpha, which is probably much more common in the north of the holarctic. Particularly in Svalbard, this species is recorded as common (Frisvoll and Elvebakk 1996), but during a 10 year study of the hepatics of Svalbard, only this species was collected (N. Konstantinova pers. obs. 2016). In the north, this species occurs at sea level (Damsholt 2002) and reaches 2,225 m Asl in the Tatra Mountains (Górski and Váňa 2014).

    The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is around 10 million km2 and the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is around 2,768 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 4.5 million km2 and the AOO is around 1,736 km2.

","In Murmansk Province, this species is rather abundant in some localities, and it is also common in appropriate sites in Scandinavia, Iceland and Scotland. In Austria, it is known from at least 100 localities (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2016). The population trend of this species is stable, and the population size is larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent) in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species is restricted to areas with basic rocks, and in some areas is characterized as a calcicole (thrives in lime rich soil) (Paton 1999). It occurs on damp or moist rocks, and usually on thin humus or peaty muck over the rocks, or over other bryophytes. It is also found in wet rock crevices, in rich fens or swamps and often as a pioneer directly on damp, mainly basic, sediment sand rocks (Damsholt 2002, Schuster 1969). In the Alps, it is present in snow beds (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2016). The sporophytes occur very rarely and gemmae are extremely rare.",There are no major threats to this species.,"The species is included in Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as Endangered (EN) in Slovakia, as Vulnerable (VU) in Romania, as Near Threatened (NT) in Italy, as rare (R) in Germany and as Data Deficient (DD) in Slovenia (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in Kandalakshskiy and Laplandskiy Strict Nature Reserves (Konstantinova 2004). Research and monitoring of taxonomy, distribution and trends are needed because S. polymorpha often has not been distinguished from this species.",This species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Duckett, J.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,JUNGERMANNIACEAE,Saccobasis,polymorpha,,Saccobasis polymorpha  ,(R.M. Schust.) Schljakov,,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Saccobasis polymorpha has a large geographic range, with an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe of around 1.3 million km2 but the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is small, around 80 km 2. This is an arctic species that is often treated as subspecies of Saccobasis polita. As a result, the distribution of this species is not fully known. The current population trend for this species is probably stable. The population size is probably more than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). However, this species is poorly known and the number of individual-equivalents is probably underestimated. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe.

This species is not found within the EU 28 and therefore the species is Not Evaluated.



",Stable,"This is an arctic species that is often treated as subspecies of Saccobasis polita. As a result, the distribution of this species is not fully known. Apart from in Europe, where the species is recorded from Iceland (Damsholt 2002, but L. Soederstroem pers. comm 2019 has doubts), northern Russia (Konstantinova et al. 2009) and Svalbard (Frisvoll and Elvebakk 1996, N. Konstantinova pers. obs. 2017), this species is known from the northeast of North America (Schuster 1969), Alaska (Konstantinova 2000), Labrador (Hedderson et al. 2001), Greenland (Schuster 1988, Schuster and Damsholt 1974) and north of Asia including upper belts of mountains of south Siberia. The species is relatively recently described and certainly much more widespread in the Arctic. 

The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is around 1.3 million km2 and the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is around 80 km2. The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 1,500 m Asl.

This species is not found within the EU 28.



 



","In the Murmansk Province, the subpopulations of this species are relatively large, there are of at least ca 50 known records. The current population trend for this species is probably stable. The population size is probably more than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent). However, this species is poorly known and the number of individual-equivalents is probably underestimated.



","This is clearly a basophilic species. The species occurs more often on moist soil covered rocks, ledges of cliffs (basic), in crevices of cliffs, on rocks in seepages, on peaty soil along brooks in tundra, on schist in the beds of temporary streams.

 



 

","There are no threats for the species except if global warming increases the competition from warmer demanding plants. This will, however, not have any significant effect within the assessment period.",This species occurs in the Lapland State Nature Reserve (Borovichev 2014) and in some nature reserves in Svalbard (N. Konstantinova pers. obs. 2017). No conservation measures are required at present.,The species is not used or traded.,"During, H.,Fettes, N.D.","Konstantinova, N.","Vellak, K.,Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,GEOCALYCACEAE,Saccogyna,viticulosa,,Saccogyna viticulosa  ,(L.) Dumort.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Straggling Pouchwort (Saccogyna viticulosa) is an oceanic southern-temperate leafy liverwort. It occurs in Macaronesia, Ireland, Britain, the Faroe Islands, western Norway, southern and western France, Corsica, Spain, Portugal and Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is frequent, often abundant, the current population trend is stable and there is no evidence of decline.",Stable,"The Straggling Pouchwort (Saccogyna viticulosa) is an oceanic southern-temperate leafy liverwort. It occurs in Macaronesia, Ireland, Britain, the Faroe Islands, western Norway, southern and western France, Corsica, Spain, Portugal and Italy (Apuan Alps). Reports from Sardinia are considered doubtful, and those from the Czech Republic and Lithuania have been disregarded as highly improbable. A near-European endemic, elsewhere it is reported only from Lebanon (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 2,860 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7.4 million km².","This current population trend appears to be stable, there is no evidence of decline.","This leafy liverwort is locally abundant on shaded, slightly moist boulders in deciduous woods (oak, birch, hazel, ash), on damp shaded ledges, banks, and rocks in wooded low-lying ravines and gullies, on and amongst boulders in sheltered block litters, usually north- or east-facing, and on steep, sloping rocks where there is some water seepage and some shade. It also occurs amongst other bryophytes on shaded humus banks by the sea, on rocky coastal slopes, on sheltered sea cliffs, and, more rarely, in damp crevices in granite tors, in hepatic-rich dwarf-shrub heath on steep north- or east-facing block-strewn slopes, and on shaded peaty banks. It is indifferent to rock type, and often most luxuriant in slightly basic situations but rare on limestone. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 705 m Asl in the UK, and up to 1,500 m Asl in Madeira.



The species is dioicous; sporophytes are very rare, April to May (Blockeelet al. 2014).","There are no known widespread threats to this species. However, in Portugal the species is impacted by drought, and invasive rhododendron will impact some sites.","No conservation measures are required at present, and it is known to occur in protected areas. It has been assessed as Vulnerable in Italy (Aleffi and Schumacker 1995).

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Blockeel, T.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G. & Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DITRICHACEAE,Saelania,glaucescens,,Saelania glaucescens  ,(Hedw.) Broth.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Blue Dew-moss (Saelania glaucescens) is a widespread species throughout the whole of Europe. There may be a decline in some central European countries (such as Germany), where it is disappearing in the lowlands. It does seem to be rare in several countries. However the overall population trend appears to be stable. This species grows in rock crevices and over mineral, mostly calcareous ground in soil cavities, below tufts of grass and sometimes on peat. The sites where this species grows (rock walls) are usually not that threatened. Where it (rather uncommonly) grows on peat in bogs, however, it is threatened by habitat destruction (peat cutting and abstraction of water). Although it can be locally threatened, there is no major threat to it at the European level. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and in the EU 28.",Stable,"The Blue Dew-moss (Saelania glaucescens) is common and widespread over most of Europe. It is widely distributed from Spain in the west to the Russian Ural mountains in the east and from Crete in the south to Iceland and Svalbard in the north. It is remarkably rare in Britain and is not known from Ireland. It is found growing at elevations up to 2,600 m Asl. Outside Europe it occurs in the Caucasus, in northern and eastern Asia, South Africa, North America, Greenland, New Zealand and Hawaii (Nebel and Philippi 2001). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for a threat Category.","In Germany, this species has disappeared from lower elevations and is now restricted to the Alps (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). There may be a decline in other central European countries, where it is disappearing in the lowlands. It seems to be rare in several countries but is widespread, especially in Scandinavia and Russia. Over all there seems to be no big decline, and the current trend is considered to be stable.","This species grows in rock crevices and over mineral, mostly calcareous ground in soil cavities, below tufts of grass and sometimes on peat. It grows in open or slightly shaded habitats (Nebel and Philippi 2001, Hallingbäck et al. 2006).","The sites where this species grows (rock walls) are usually not threatened. Where it (rather uncommonly) grows on peat in bogs, however, it is threatened by habitat destruction (peat cutting and abstraction of water). Climate change may cause a decline at lower elevations. Although the species can be locally threatened, there is no major threat to it at the European level.","The species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Latvia, as Endangered in Germany, Switzerland, Czech Republic and Estonia, as Vulnerable in Hungary and Britain, and as Near Threatened in Slovakia (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas across its range in Europe.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Mazimpaka, V.,Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Sanionia,nivalis,,Sanionia nivalis  ,Hedenäs,,No,NT,B2b(iii),No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Sanionia nivalis is widespread in the Scandinavian mountain range. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 200 and 500 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3 million km2. Within the EU 28, the AOO is between 170 and 250 km2. There is no report of any historic decline, however, the number and sizes of snowbeds are already decreasing and will continue to decrease (as climate models predict). The current population trend is therefore decreasing, in both Europe and the EU 28. It is projected that within three generations there might be a population reduction of around 10%. It is estimated that there are more than 10,000 individual-equivalents in Europe. In the EU 28, it is estimated that there are less than 10,000 individual-equivalents. In Europe, this species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. In the EU 28, this species is assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criteria B and C.

Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed.",Decreasing,"This species has an arctic distribution and is found on Iceland, Svalbard, northern Norway, Sweden and Finland (Hedenäs 1989, Hodgetts 2015). It is also found in northern Russia (Murmansk region, Ignatov et al. 2006), however, a record from Leningrad region in Russia need to be checked. Outside of Europe, this species is known from northern Asia and North America (Hedenäs et al. 2014). The altitudinal range of the species is between 1,000 m and 2,000 m Asl.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 200 and 500 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3 million km2. Within the EU 28, the AOO is between 170 and 250 km2.

","This species is widespread and still common in the Scandinavian mountain range. There are also several finds from Svalbard (Frisvoll and Blom 1997), one from Jan Mayen and several from Iceland. It seems to be rare at lower altitudes. A collection from only 350 m Asl in Möre og Romsdal in the southern part of Norway is known. In Finland, this species is declining (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). It is most probably widespread in the arctic region (Hedenäs 1989). There is no report of any historic decline, however, the number and sizes of snowbeds are already decreasing and will continue to decrease (as climate models predict). The current population trend is therefore decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28. It is projected that within three generations there might be a population reduction of around 10%.

This species has sporophytes rather often and the population is not considered to be severely fragmented. It occurs at well above ten locations. Subpopulations are often relatively large with around 50 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 on which the species grows as a proxy for one individual-equivalent). It is estimated that there are more than 10,000 individual-equivalents in Europe. In the EU 28, it is estimated that there are less than 10,000 individual-equivalents.","This species grows close to snow or in connection with the melt streams from the patches of snow and glaciers (Hedenäs et al. 2014). The main habitats of the species seem to be large, late snowbeds in the middle- and high-alpine regions, and the shores of glacier-fed brooks. In the late snow-beds, this species is found both in and beside small brooks or brooklets close to the snow that remain in the middle of the summer, but also among boulders further away from the snow (Hedenäs 1989). This species is a perennial stayer and three generations are considered to be around 50 years. There is an ongoing, continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat.","The effects of rising temperatures can be negative to species that are associated with snow beds and other habitats, when they require moisture from the snowdrifts, since the size and duration of glaciers and snowfields are strongly declining (Kjøllmoen et al. 2010, Koch et al. 2014, Nesje et al. 2012, Wolden 2015). It is also expected that species which are associated with such habitats will decline due to the negative impact from competition from vascular plants (Björk and Molau 2007, Sandvik and Odland 2014).","This species is in the Red List of Finland as Near Threatened (NT) (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown if this species occurs in any protected areas. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Schröck, C.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Sanionia,orthothecioides,,Sanionia orthothecioides  ,(Lindb.) Loeske,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The St Kilda Hook-moss (Sanionia orthothecioides) is found along the coasts of Iceland, Scotland, the Faroe Islands, Svalbard and mainland northern Europe, as well as western Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is large, but it has a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the AOO of this species is ca 1,200 km2, and its EOO is ca 5 million km2. Within the EU 28, the AOO is ca 500 km2 and the EOO is between 0.7 and 0.8 million km2. This species seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area in Europe and EU 28. In addition, there are no current major threats known to the species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

No conservation action is needed at present.",Stable,"This species has a boreo-arctic distribution. The species is found along the coasts of Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Svalbard and mainland northern Europe (Norway, Sweden, Finland, including arctic Russia and Jan Mayen), as well as western Europe from the north of the British Isles according to Hedenäs (1989) and Hedenäs et al. (2014). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from sea level to 400 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species is reported from northern Asia and northern North America.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is ca 1,200 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5 million km2. Within the EU 28, the AOO is ca 500 km2 and the EOO is between 700 and 800,000 km2.

","The species is locally common, for example on Iceland (Hedenäs 1989), and is overlooked in some countries. The current population trend seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species is mainly found in rock crevices and meadows near the sea (Hedenäs 1989).

  In the United Kingdom, this species grows among grass and heath in coastal habitats, especially on sea cliffs. These habitats include short, herb-rich grassland, Empetrum-heath, rock outcrops covered with Armeria, and salt-sprayed grassy cliffs. Recorded associates in such places include Breutelia chrysocoma and Bryum alpinum. In Shetland, this species has also been found on the floor of an old quarry, mixed with Frullania tamarisci, Hypnum jutlandicum, Polytrichum juniperinum and Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus. On St Kilda, in the Hebrides, this species is locally abundant in mossy turf on steep east-facing slopes close to the sea, associated with Dicranum scoparium, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum jutlandicum, Isothecium myosuroides var. brachythecioides, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Rhytidiadelphus loreus and R. squarrosus. It occurs both as relatively pure stands and as isolated stems amongst the other mosses (Blockeel et al. 2014).

","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed rock shores of northern Europe. The future rise in sea level may be a potential threat.",This species is known to occur in protected areas. No conservation action is needed at present.,The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Ingerpuu, N.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Sanionia,uncinata,,Sanionia uncinata  ,(Hedw.) Loeske,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

  The Sickle-leaved Hook-moss (Sanionia uncinata) is a very common species all over Europe from the lowlands up to the alpine zone in central and southern parts of Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, the current population trend is stable, and there appear to be no major threats to it. In general, there is no need for conservation measures for this species.",Stable,"The Sickle-leaved Hook-moss (Sanionia uncinata) is a very common species all over Europe from the lowlands up to the alpine zone in central and southern parts of Europe, at elevations from sea level up to 3,300 m Asl. It is distributed from Madeira, Portugal and Ireland in the west to Russia in the east and from Greece and Sicily in the south to Svalbard in the north. Outside Europe is is found in Asia, North and South America, Greenland, Africa, Australia, New Zealand and the Antarctica (Hedenäs and Hallingbäck 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","The subpopulations appear to be stable in most of the distribution area for this species, and so the current population trend is considered stable.","This species grows on soil, dead wood, on humus over rocks and on tree bases in forests and in open alpine habitats (see e.g., Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Hedenäs and Hallingbäck 2014). It is also sometimes found growing on peat in bogs.",This species is common in most of its countries of occurence and there appear to be no major threats to it.,This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in the Red List of Portugal and as Near Threatened in Hungary and Luxembourg (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in several protected areas. In general there is no need for conservation measures for this species.,This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Englefield, E.,Hylander, K.","Schnyder, N.","Blom, H.,Vellak, K.,Lönnell, N.,Schröck, C.,Hodgetts, N.,Afonina, O.,Goldberg, I.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,CALLIERGONACEAE,Sarmentypnum,exannulatum,,Sarmentypnum exannulatum  ,(Schimp.) Hedenäs,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Ringless Hook-moss (Sarmentypnum exannulatum) is a wetland species inhabiting a broad range of moderately acid, nutrient-poor habitats, such as fens and bogs. It has a circumpolar, boreal-temperate distribution and is widespread in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range and a large population. 

However, there have been historical declines of subpopulations in many lowland areas, and it is likely that this species is still declining in lowland areas. The population reduction has not been determined at the European level, but most likely does not reach the thresholds for a threatened Category under Criterion A. The most important threats to this species are drainage of wetlands, destruction of habitats and excessive nutrient input, leading to strong increases in the above-ground vascular plant biomass and thus to heavy shading of the moss layer. In the lowlands, focused management to preserve open, wet nutrient-poor habitats is necessary. Further research should be carried out on the population size, distribution, trends and threats to this species, and monitoring of current population and habitat trends is also recommended. It is known to occur in many protected areas across its range in Europe, offering it some form of protection from these threats.",Decreasing,"The Ringless Hook-moss (Sarmentypnum exannulatum) shows a circumpolar, boreal-temperate distribution. It is widespread throughout the European continent, reaching north to Iceland and Svalbard and south to the mountains of the Mediterranean region. It is found growing from seal level up to 2,800 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. According to Blockeel et al. (2014), this species is widespread elsewhere in  the Northern Hemisphere in North America and Asia, including Japan, India and the Himalayas, and North Africa (Morocco). In the Southern Hemisphere it occurs in southern South America, the  subantarctic islands, Australia and New Zealand.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail. There have been historical declines in many lowland areas due to nutrient input, drainage and habitat destruction, and it is likely that this species is still declining in lowland areas. In the higher mountains and in Scandinavia, however, the subpopulations are large and more or less stable. The population size is far larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows.","This is a wetland species inhabiting a broad range of moderately acid, nutrient-poor habitats. It is typical of poor fens, flushes, heathland ponds, lakes and springs.","The most important threats to this species are drainage of wetlands, destruction of habitats and excessive nutrient input, leading to strong increases in the above-ground vascular plant biomass and thus to heavy shading of the moss layer.","This moss is included in several national Red Lists and has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Luxembourg and Hungary, and as Vulnerable in Portugal, Germany (Caspari et al. 2018), Netherlands and Slovenia (Hodgetts 2015). In the lowlands, focused management to preserve open, wet nutrient-poor habitats is necessary. Further research should be carried out on the population size, distribution, trends and threats to this species, and monitoring of current population and habitat trends is also recommended. It is known to occur in many protected areas across its range in Europe.",This species is not utilized or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Marka, J.,Hodgetts, N.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,CALLIERGONACEAE,Sarmentypnum,sarmentosum,,Sarmentypnum sarmentosum  ,(Wahlenb.) Tuom. &amp; T.J.Kop.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Twiggy Spear-moss (Sarmentypnum sarmentosum) occurs in permanently wet, base-rich, but lime-free and always cold habitats. It has a more boreal to arctic distribution in Europe and is widespread in the north, but more limited in the south of the continent. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. In higher altitudes in the Alps and in Scandinavia, the subpopulations are large and considered more or less stable. In lower mountain ranges and altitudes, the subpopulations are smaller and are experiencing a decline. The overall population trend is assumed to be slightly decreasing. The rate of decline has not been determined at the European level but it does not reach the thresholds for a threatened Category. The population size is also estimated to be far above 10,000 individual-equivalents. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.

This species is threatened in the higher parts of the Alps (for example in Austria) due to the development of tourism and recreational areas, and the subsequent construction of roads and other infrastructure. Drainage and intensive grazing are also major threats. This species is confined to cool, wet sites, which also means that climate change can also be considered a threat, as this species can migrate only to a limited extent to higher habitats. In terns of conservation of this species, areas where large and particularly isolated subpopulations are found should be protected. In addition, better grazing management is needed in the Alps. A targeted monitoring program should at least document the effects of climate change in the Alps. It occurs in many protected areas across its range in Europe, offering it some protection from potential threats.",Decreasing,"The Twiggy Spear-moss (Sarmentypnum sarmentosum) has a boreal to arctic distribution in Europe and is widespread in the north of the continent, reaching Iceland and Svalbard, and can be found further south to the Pyrenees and Bulgaria, but is hardly found around the Mediterranean region. It may have disappeared from Belgium. It is found growing at elevations between 10 - 2,700 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) this species is widespread in the  Northern Hemisphere, occurring in North America and Europe extending north to the  high Arctic. It is also found in Turkey, southern South America, Australia, New Zealand,  subantarctic islands and Antarctica. It is also scattered on tropical mountains in  Africa, Papua New Guinea and South America.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail. In higher altitudes in the Alps and in Scandinavia, however, the subpopulations are large. In the lower mountain ranges the subpopulations are smaller. The overall population trend is assumed to be slightly decreasing (Schröck et al. 2013, 2014). The population size is larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents, where one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows.","This species occurs in permanently wet, base-rich, but lime-free and always cold habitats. It grows in flushes, springs, transition mires, poor fens, snowbeds, heaths and on seeping rocks. 



","Many sites are not threatened at present. However, human impact is increasing in the higher parts of the Alps (for example in Austria), due to the development of tourism and recreational areas, and the subsequent construction of roads and other infrastructure. Drainage and intensive grazing are also major threats. This species is confined to cool, wet sites, which also means that climate change can also be considered a threat, as this species can migrate only to a limited extent to higher habitats.","This moss is included in several national Red Lists in countries near the southern edge of its range. It is Regionally Extinct in Belgium (Sotiaux and Vanderpoorten 2001). It has been assessed as Endangered in Spain and Slovenia, as Vulnerable in Romania, as Near Threatened in the Czech Republic and 'rarer' in Germany (Hodgetts 2015, Caspari et al. 2018).

No conservation measures are required at present in most parts of its range. Nevertheless, areas where large and particularly isolated subpopulations are found should be protected. In addition, better grazing management is needed in the Alps. Further research should be carried out on the population size, distribution, trends and threats to this species, and monitoring of current population and habitat trends is also recommended. A targeted monitoring program should at least document the effects of climate change in the Alps. It occurs in many protected areas across its range in Europe.





 

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Vellak, K.,Englefield, E.","Schröck, C.","Kurbatova, L.,Doroshina, G.,Kučera, J.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,CLEVEACEAE,Sauteria,alpina,,Sauteria alpina  ,(Nees) Nees,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Sauteria alpina is quite widespread throughout Europe, and is found in Svalbard, Scandinavian countries, central Europe and northern European Russia. In Europe, this species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO), estimated to be around 11 million km2, although the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 800 km2.  In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 2.9 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 390 km2. The current population trend of the species is stable, and this species is common and abundant in some areas, particularly in Svalbard, Iceland and the Pyrenees. There are currently no major threats to this species. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, climate change may have a negative impact on the species in the future, although the effects need to be investigated. Oil and gas drilling probably can destroy some subpopulations in the Russian arctic area but this has not happened yet. Therefore, further research is required on the threats to the species.",Stable,"This is a widespread arctic-alpine species. It is quite widespread throughout Europe, and is found in Svalbard, Scandinavian countries, central Europe and northern European Russia. Elsewhere, it is also found in Greenland, North America and the arctic part of Asia (Damsholt 2002). In arctic regions, such as Svalbard, the species occurs at sea level but in Scandinavian countries and in central Europe it occurs at high elevation in alpine belts. For example, in the Tatra mountains, this species is found up to 2,100 m Asl (Górski and Váňa 2014).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 11 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 860 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 2.9 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 390 km2.","In calcareous areas in arctic the species is rather common and abundant, particularly in Svalbard where the species occupies sometimes huge areas (Frisvoll and Elvebakk 1996). It is rarer in the areas where there are no calcareous sites. It is scattered in Scandinavian countries, and it is rather rare in Murmansk Province. It is very common in Iceland and in the Pyrenees. It is also relatively common in the Tatra mountains (Górski and Váňa 2014). The current population trend of the species is stable.","This is an obligate calcephilous species (thrives in lime rich soil) that is restricted to poorly explored areas in the arctic and high mountainous areas. This species occupies different disturbed areas by natural processes (such as permafrost and), that are very common areas in the arctic and high mountains. It occurs in calcareous areas, in soil-filled crevices on shaded calcareous rocks and between boulders. It is also found on weathered shists, on damp clayey calcareous soil along streams and on shores of lakes and on solifluction slopes. In central Europe, it is found at high altitudes. In the arctic areas it sometimes dominates in some communities (Koroleva and Borovichev 2014).

The species is paroicous or autoicous and is found often with sporophytes.","There are no major threats to this species, apart from probably climate warming, although it is naturally protected in the crevices and slopes and thus the effects on the species need to be investigated. Oil and gas drilling probably can destroy some subpopulations in the Russian arctic area but this has not happened yet.","This species occurs in several strict nature reserves in European part of Russia, including in the Laplandskiy State Nature Reserve (Borovichev 2014),  the Pechoro-Ilychskii State Nature Reserve (Dulin 2008) as well as in many protected areas in Svalbard. It is included in Red Lists of several European countries (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation measures are required at present, although further research of the threats to this species, particularly future climate change, is recommended.",The species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Patiño, J.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,aequiloba,,Scapania aequiloba  ,(Schwägr.) Dumort.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Lesser Rough Earwort (Scapania aequiloba) has a mostly European distribution. The species occurs sporadically in most European countries, but it can be abundant and the subpopulations are usually large. The current population trend is stable. This species has a wide geographic range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe estimated to be around 6.8 million km2 and an area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be around 2,696 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 6.5 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 2,212 km2. In addition, in both Europe and the EU 28, the population size is considered to be more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28, in view of its widespread distribution, large population size and stable population trend.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in several European countries, including Finland, Hungary and Serbia. Water use and dams can be potential threats for this species, although further research on the threats to this species is required.",Stable,"This is a boreal-montane species with a mostly European distribution. In Europe, the species occurs sporadically in most European countries. In Scandinavian countries, it is rather common in the calcareous regions of Norway and Sweden but it is rare in Finland (Damsholt 2002). In the north of Russia, the species is reported from single localities in Murmansk Province (Schljakov and Konstantinova 1982) and Karelia (Bakalin 1999). Apart from Europe, it is known from the Caucasus and by a doubtful report from Ellesmere Island (Damsholt 2002). The altitudinal range of the species is from near sea level, for example in Great Britain, up to 1,175 m Asl (Paton 1999) and 2,300 m Asl in the Tatra mountains (Górski and Váňa 2014).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 6.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2696 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 6.4 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 2,212 km2.

 

","This species can be abundant and the subpopulations are usually large. The current population trend is stable, and the population size of this species is more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent) in both Europe and the EU 28.","This is a calcicole species (thrives in lime rich soil) and it occurs on moist limestone and other types of base-rich rocks, especially schists. It is found on shaded calcareous rock walls, on hillsides and cliff ledges in mountains, on boulders, on rocks and boulders along river sides, on earthy banks of streams, on rather dry rocks and boulders in humid gullies and ravines and on well-drained boulders and hummocks in flushes, but it is rarely found in shell-sand dunes (Paton 1999).",There are no threats to the species.,"The species is included in several national Red Lists of European countries. It is assessed as Endangered (EN) in Finland, Hungary and Serbia, as Critically Endangered (CR) in Luxembourg, as Near Threatened (NT) in France, as Gefährdet (V) in Germany and as Data Deficient (DD) in San Marino (Hodgetts 2015). However, in most European countries where the species occurs it is not threatened. One of localities of the species in Russia is situated in Panajarvi National Park. Further research is required to confirm the major threats to this species.",This species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Schröck, C.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,apiculata,,Scapania apiculata  ,Spruce,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Scapania apiculata is found in numerous European countries, but is characterized by restricted habitat requirements. It has an extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe that is estimated to be around 7.7 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,428 km2. The current population trend is unknown, but there is a decline of old-growth forest in Europe, and a continuing decline in the area and quality of habitats projected. Therefore, in Europe, this species is assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

In the EU 28, the AOO is estimated to be around 1,088 km2 and there are known declines in Sweden, as well as a continuing decline in the area and quality of habitats projected, but no additional terms can be used. This species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened in the EU 28 regional assessment as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B as well.

The main threats for the species are logging and wood harvesting. The overtaking of decaying wood can lead to the disappearance of suitable habitats for this species. Further research into the population size and trends is needed but no conservation measures are required at present.",Unknown,"This is a boreo-montane, holarctic species. In Europe, this species occurs from the Pyrenees in the west, to central Europe, the Urals and the Caucasus in the east. In Russia, it is known from the European part, as well as all parts of Siberia and the Russian Far East (Konstantinova et al. 2009). It is also found in Japan. In North America, this species is found in the west from Alaska to New Mexico, and in the east from Quebec to New York (Damsholt 2002). The species occurs from 200 m Asl near Oslo (Damsholt 2002) up to 1,800 m Asl in Switzerland (NISM 2017).

 

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 7.7 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,428 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 3.5 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 1,088 km2.","The current population trend is unknown. However, it is probably stable in Russia but may be decreasing in some European countries because of intensive forestry. In Sweden, there are around 2,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using one log for one individual-equivalent) and the species is declining here (T. Hallingbäck pers. comm. 2017). In Europe, the number of individual-equivalents is more than 10,000.","The species is characterized by restricted habitat requirements. It occurs on shaded decaying logs mostly in coniferous or mixed forests. The most favourable habitats for the species are humid forest types, like slightly paludified or brook-side forests and the forest continuity and closed canopy old-growth forests are the most profitable to this species (S. Laaka-Lindberg pers. comm. 2017, N. Konstantinova pers. obs. 2017). This species often occurs as well on periodically flooded logs (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). There is a decline of old-growth forest in Europe, and a continuing decline in the area and quality of habitats projected.","The main threats for the species are logging and wood harvesting. The overtaking of decaying wood can lead to the disappearance of suitable habitats for this species. This species has become more rare in Finland, as a result of primeval forest fragmentation and the lack of dead wood in managed forests (S. Laaka-Lindberg pers. comm. 2017).","This species is treated as Critically Endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable in many European countries (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in several protected areas, including in several strict nature reserves of Russia (Konstantinova 2004). Further research into the population size and trends is needed but no conservation measures are required at present.  

",This species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Schröck, C.,Hodgetts, N.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,aspera,,Scapania aspera  ,M. Bernet &amp; Bernet,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Rough Earwort (Scapania aspera) is found across Europe and the Caucasus, including the Asian part of Turkey. The species may have experienced local declines but the overall population trend is stable. This species has a large geographic range in both Europe and the EU 28. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 6.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy is estimated to be around 6,072 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 5.5 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 5,800 km2. This species therefore assessed as Least Concern in view of its widespread distribution and stable trend in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species has experienced local declines due to habitat loss as a result of construction, and is considered threatened in some countries, including the Czech Republic and Hungary. Even so, no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species is endemic to Europe and the Caucasus, including the Asian part of Turkey. It has a lowland and subalpine distribution, and is more rarely alpine. The altitudinal range of the species is from near sea level to 1,500 m Asl in the Tatra Mountains (Górski and Váňa 2014) and 2,200 m Asl in the Swiss Alps (NISM 2017).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 6.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 6,072 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 5.5 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 5,800 km2.

","Plants of this species with gemmae are frequent, and female plants with perianths are not rare, but sporophytes are very rare in Fennoscandia (Damsholt 2002) and rare in Great Britain (Paton 1999). The species may have experienced local declines but the overall population trend is stable.","This is a calcicole species (thrives in lime rich soil) that occurs on limestone and other base-rich rocks, from moist to rather dry, exposed habitats including limestone and chalk turf on sheltered north-facing slopes, on sand-dunes, rock ledges and boulders on the coast, in ravines and old quarries, on rocky slopes and mountains crags, on old stones walls, on rocks and boulders besides streams, rivers and lakes and rarely, on tree trunks covered with limestone dust (Paton 1999).",This species has experienced local declines due to habitat loss as a result of construction.,"The species is included in national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in the Czech Republic and Hungary, as Gefährdet (V) in Germany, as rare (R) in Poland and as Near Threatened (NT) in Italy (Hodgetts 2015). However, the species occurs in the majority of European countries, and it is not threatened in most of countries. The species occurs in Plitvička jezera National Park (Alegro et al. 2014). No conservation measures are required at present.","This species is not used or traded.

","Cálix, M.,Hodd, R.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,brevicaulis,,Scapania brevicaulis  ,Taylor,Potemkin (2002) considers Scapania degenii to be a synonym of this species and represents just a form.,No,VU,C2a(i),No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Degen's Earwort (Scapania brevicaulis) is known mainly from west and central Europe and Scandinavia. This species is relatively rare in the whole of Europe. The total population size is probably between 2,000 and 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). No subpopulation is larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents. It is likely that there is a continuing decline in both Europe and the EU 28. Therefore, this species is assessed as Vulnerable in both Europe and the EU 28.

The major threat is drainage (trenching) of rich fens and the loss of unregulated waterfalls. Sites with viable subpopulations need to be protected.",Decreasing,"This species has an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane distribution known mainly from west and central Europe and Scandinavia. It is known from Great Britain, France, Switzerland, Austria, eastwards to former Czechoslovakia, Poland, Russia (Belkina et al. 1991, Potemkin 2005) and Romania (Stefanut 2008). In the Nordic countries, it is found on Iceland, in Norway and Sweden (Damsholt 2002). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 10 m and 1,050 m Asl. In Asia, this species is known from Siberia, Yenisei River valley. In North America, it is found in the west, and known from Alaska, Northwestern Territories and Manitoba of Canada and it is found in the east from Labrador to Ontario and westwards to Minnesota. This species is also known from Greenland (Damsholt 2002).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 380 and 500 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5 million km2. In the EU 28 the AOO is between 140 and 200 km2 and the EOO is ca 1 million km2.","This species is relatively rare in the whole of Europe. The total population size is probably between 2,000 and 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equivalent). No subpopulation is larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents. There is likely to be a continuing decline, in both Europe and the EU 28. The distribution seems to not be severely fragmented.","This species grows among other bryophytes on damp banks, along small rills or in rock crevices below waterfalls, often together with calciphytes such as Schljakovianthus quadrilobus, Mesoptychia heterocolpos, M. gillmanii, M. alpestris, Jungermannia pumila and Plagiochila porelloides and in rich fens together with, for example, Saccobasis polita and Gymnocolea borealis. This species is a strict calcicole, that favours substrates derived from basic schist and limestone, which rare in Britain except in parts of the Breadalbane Mountains. It grows in characteristic green or yellowish tufts in moist mossy turf on damp hillsides, in and beside stony flushes, and on wet rock ledges and cliffs. Frequent associates are Aneura pinguis, Blepharostoma trichophyllum, Mesoptychia bantriensis, Scapania aequiloba, Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Campylium stellatum, Ctenidium molluscum, Ditrichum gracile, Fissidens adianthoides, Sarmentypnum sarmentosum, Scorpidium revolvens and Tortella tortuosa. Other associates include rare alpine calcicoles such as Barbilophozia lycopodioides, Schljakovianthus quadrilobus, Meesia uliginosa and Trichostomum hibernicum (Blockeel et al. 2014).",The major threat is drainage (trenching) of rich fens and the loss of unregulated waterfalls.,"This species is assessed in the Red List of Romania as Data Deficient (DD), in Norway as Endangered (EN) and in Sweden as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. Sites with viable subpopulations need to be protected.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Laaka-Lindberg, S.","Hallingbäck, T","Górski, P.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,calcicola,,Scapania calcicola  ,(Arnell &amp; J. Perss.) Ingham,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Calcicolous Earwort (Scapania calcicola) occurs in many European countries. It has a fairly wide geographic range - in Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 10.7 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,984 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 6.4 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 1,100 km2. The current population trend of this species seems to be stable in appropriate sites, and there are no major threats to the species. In addition, the number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) is more than 10,000, as the species is not rare in many countries. This species is frequent, and often abundant, within its area of distribution in Europe and the EU 28, and with no evidence of decline, it is assessed as Least Concern for both regional assessments.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including the Czech Republic, Great Britain and Finland. Even so, no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species occurs in many European countries from Scandinavia in the north to the Balkan countries and Spain in the south, as well as in most countries of central Europe. This is a mostly montane suboceanic species, that occurs in subalpine areas, and less often in the alpine belt. This species is found rarely in lowland, at 260 m Asl, up to 1,040 m Asl in Britain (Paton 1999) and up to 2,600 m Asl in Switzerland (NISM 2017). 

The species mostly occurs in EU 28 countries.

Records from Svalbard should refer toS. ligulifolia but this taxon is not distinguished at species level by some authors (Damsholt 2002). This species can also often be confused with S. aequiloba (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 10.7 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,984 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 6.4 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 1,100 km2.","The current population trend of this species seems to be stable in appropriate sites. The number of individual-equivalents is more than 10,000 (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent), as the species is not rare in many countries in both Europe and the EU 28. Sporophytes are unknown in Britain (Paton 1999) as well as in the Scandinavian countries (Damsholt 2002).","This species occurs on moist shaded ledges, on rock outcrops, in crevices, on steep banks on limestone or on a thin layer of soil over calcareous sandstone, limestone, calcareous mica schists or basalt, as well as on river sides (Paton 1999, Damsholt 2002).","There are no major threats to this species.

","This species is included in the national Red Lists of many European countries. It is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in Austria, Switzerland, Hungary, Serbia, Great Britain and Finland. In the Czech Republic, it is assessed as Endangered (EN) (Hodgetts 2015) but it seems like in Europe as a whole, the species is not declining. This species is known to occur in protected areas. No conservation measures are required at present.",This species is not used or traded.,"Schröck, C.,Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,carinthiaca,,Scapania carinthiaca  ,J.B. Jack ex Lindb.,"There are two morphotypes of this species (Scapania carinthiaca s.str. and S. massalongi),  which were for a long time treated as separate taxa (Müller 1954),  before being synonymised by Potemkin (1999). Most records in Europe  belong to the massalongi-morphototype, while the carinthiaca-morphotype  is very rare. Further studies with fertile plants are  desirable, especially as two morphotypes can be distinguished in  the Alps, following Meinunger and Schröder (2007) and others.",No,EN,C2a(i),No,EN,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Scapania carinthiaca is known in Europe from the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Tatra Mountains and Scandinavia. The main centre of distribution seems to be in Norway and Sweden. Knowledge is much poorer elsewhere, including the Alps, and this species is certainly more widespread there than is currently known. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 400 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 350,000 km². In Norway and Sweden, it is regarded as a species with a continuing population decline, and the overall population trend is thought to be decreasing because of the specialised and vulnerable nature of its habitat. The population size in Europe and in the EU 28 is estimated to contain fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) (but more than 250), with each subpopulation containing much fewer than 250 individual-equivalents. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered. Threats to this species include all forest management activities (especially reductions in the amount of dead wood), hydropower development and flood protection measures. A comprehensive management and monitoring program is needed for this species, with an increase in areas designated for its protection recommended.",Decreasing,"In Europe, this species is known from the Alps (Italy, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany), the Pyrenees (Andorra), the Tatra Mountains (Poland, Slovakia) and Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, Finland). However, there are only two old records from Slovakia and one old record from Poland. In the Czech Republic it is considered to be Regionally Extinct (Kučera et al. 2012). No information on the occurrence in Liechtenstein is available. The main centre of distribution seems to be in Norway and Sweden. Knowledge is much poorer elsewhere, including the Alps, and this species is certainly more widespread there than is currently known. Elsewhere this species is known from North America, the Russian part of  the Caucasus (Konstantinova and Savchenko 2013), the Russian Far East  (Choi et al. 2012) and Siberia. It has been found growing at elevations between 100 m and 1,800 m Asl. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 400 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 350,000 km².","For a long time, little was known about the distribution and population size of this species, but since it was listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive, the level of knowledge has improved significantly (EEC 1992). In Norway (Hassel et al. 2015) and Sweden (ArtDatabanken 2015), it is regarded as a species with a continuing population decline. Currently, about 100 localities are known in Europe, of which about 80 are in Norway and Sweden. The overall population trend is thought to be decreasing, because of the specialised and vulnerable nature of its habitat. It usually occurs in small quantity on a few (usually less than ten) logs at each site. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one log on which the species is found. Therefore, it can be estimated that there are currently fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe and in EU 28 (but more than 250). As described above, each subpopulation has much fewer than 250 individual-equivalents.",This species occurs in Europe almost exclusively on decaying wood. It needs trees near watercourses that are periodically flooded to ensure the necessary supply of substrate (Köckinger 2017). It has also been reported on siliceous rock in Switzerland and sandstone in the Czech Republic. Another record has been made on the base of a tree in Austria (Schlüsslmayr 2005).,"All forest management activities on sites represent a threat to the species. Reduced amount of deadwood, especially in and near creeks and streams, are serious threats. Also hydropower development and flood protection measures are major threats. The subpopulations are often sterile, so that the possibilities for long distance dispersal are clearly restricted and recolonisation is more difficult. The subpopulations away from Norway and Sweden show a higher risk, which must be taken into account in nature conservation planning.","This liverwort is listened in Annex II of the Habitats Directive and in the Bern Convention (EEC 1992). It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Finland, Germany, Italy and Slovakia, as Endangered in Norway and Sweden, as Vulnerable in Austria and Switzerland and as Data Deficient in Andorra (Hodgetts 2015). It is regarded as Regionally Extinct in the Czech Republic. A comprehensive management and monitoring program is needed for this species. Further surveys are necessary, particularly in the Alps, since the distribution is inadequately known there. Although it is known to occur in some protected areas, more are recommended.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Köckinger, H.,Fettes, N.D.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,compacta,,Scapania compacta  ,(Roth) Dumort.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Thick-set Earwort (Scapania compacta) is endemic to the Old World. In Europe, it occurs along the Atlantic coast from the south of Scandinavia in the north to the Iberian Peninsula and the Mediterranean area. It therefore has a large geographic range - the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 12 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 7,944 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is around 11 million km2 and the AOO is 7,828 km2. The population trend of this species is stable, and the population size of this species in both Europe and the EU 28 is more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals).

This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species is endemic to the Old World. In Europe, it occurs along the Atlantic coast from the south of Scandinavia in the north to the Iberian Peninsula and the Mediterranean area. This species is also known from Macaronesia, Madeira, the Canary Islands and the Azores (Damsholt 2002, Potemkin et al. 2008). The majority of the subpopulations of this species is restricted to the EU 28 countries. In Asia, this species is only known from Turkey. In Africa, the species is recorded from Tunisia. The altitudinal range of the species is from near sea level up to 2,000 m Asl in the Tatra Mountains (Górski and Váňa 2014).

 

 

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 12 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 7,944 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is around 11 million km2 and the AOO is 7,828 km2.","The population trend of this species is stable in both Europe and the EU 28. It is one of the commonest species in western Britain (Paton 1999) and it is not rare in the south of Fennoscandia (Damsholt 2002). The population size of this species in both Europe and the EU 28 is more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 mat as a proxy for one individual-equivalent).","This species is a pioneer on exposed, sandy, acidic soil and on older sand dunes. It also occurs along the margins of peat mires on rocky banks, moist rock walls and periodically moist cliff terraces, tolerating desiccation. It rarely occurs at base of tree trunks (Damsholt 2002). In Great Britain, it is locally abundant on acidic or occasionally on base-rich boulders, rocks and rock ledges, on rocky coastal slopes and hillsides, in woodlands, sheltered valleys and old quarries, main spoil and heathlands, as well as on the banks of streams (Paton 1999).

Male plants and plants with perianths and sporophytes are rather frequent, at least in Scandinavian countries (Damsholt 2002) and Great Britain (Paton 1999).",This species occurs in sites that are not under anthropogenic pressure. There are no major threats to the species.,"This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in the Netherlands and Romania, as Endangered (EN) in Slovakia and Bulgaria, as Vulnerable (VU) in Switzerland and Slovenia, as Near Threatened (NT) in Italy and Luxembourg, as Data Deficient (DD) in the Czech Republic, as category 2 (EN) in Germany and as Regionally Extinct (RE) in Finland (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in protected areas. No conservation measures are required at present.",This species is not used or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Górski, P.","Konstantinova, N.","Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,crassiretis,,Scapania crassiretis  ,Bryhn,,No,LC,,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Scapnia crassiretis occurs sporadically in the mountains of central, southern and eastern Europe, as well as in the northern part of European Russia and Scandinavia. In both Europe and the EU 28, this species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) but a relatively small area of occupancy (AOO). In Europe, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 5.5 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 252 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 2.5 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 128 km2. The current population trend of this species seems to be stable. In addition, several new localities were discovered recently in the Tatra Mountains and it is under-recorded in the polar Urals. Also, there are no major threats to this species. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe.

In the EU 28, the population trend is stable, and there are also no major threats. However, the population size is considered to be less than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable.

",Stable,"This is a circum-polar, boreo-montane species found in subalpine to subarctic areas. It occurs sporadically in the mountains of central, southern and eastern Europe, as well as in the northern part of European Russia and Scandinavia. In Asia, this species is known from Russia, including arctic Siberia, southern and eastern Siberia and the Russian Far East (Konstantinova et al. 2009). In North America, this species is known from Alaska and Quebec, and it is also recorded from Greenland (Schuster 1974). In Scandinavia, this species occurs from 250 m Asl to between 900 m and 1000 m Asl (Damsholt 2002), but it is found up to 2,200 m Asl in Switzerland (NISM 2017).

 



In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 5.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 252 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 2.5 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 128 km2.","The current population trend of this species seems to be stable. In addition, several new localities were discovered recently in the Tatra Mountains (Górski and Váňa 2014). In the north-west of Russia (particularly in Murmansk Province) it is not rare. In Murmansk Province, there are more than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and with 1 m2 used as a proxy for one individual-equivalent). There are several localities in the polar Urals where this species is under-recorded. In the EU 28, the population size is considered to be less than 1,000 individual-equivalents. The species is always found with gemmae, but sporophytes are rare.","This species occurs both on acidic, neutral and basic rocks and rock detritus in moist, shaded places, such as rocky walls dripping with water, rocky ledges, wet rocks in alpine grassland and the banks of small streams (Damsholt 2002, Górski and Váňa 2014). 

",There are no major threats to this species. Climate change could be a potential threat at the somewhat lower mountain ranges.,"This species is included in several national Red List of European countries. It is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Romania, as Endangered (EN) in Finland and Italy, and as Vulnerable (VU) in Sweden and Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). The species occurs in several protected areas. No conservation measures are required at present.

",This species is not used or traded,"Mazimpaka, V.,Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,curta,,Scapania curta  ,(Mart.) Dumort.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Least Earwort (Scapania curta) is widespread in many European countries. It has a large geographic range - in Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 21 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 3,472 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 13 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 2,520 km2. The population size of this species is rather large, and is much more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in both Europe and the EU 28. The current population is stable in both regions, and there are no major threats to this species. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in view of its widespread distribution and stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28.

The species may be locally threatened in certain countries, but no conservation measures are required at the European level at present.",Stable,"This species has an arctoboreal-montane, circumboreal distribution. It is widespread in many European countries, including Iceland, Macaronesia and the Azores (Damsholt 2002, Paton 1999). In Asia, it has been reported from all parts of Siberia including arctic Siberia (Konstantinova et al. 2009). In North America, this species is known both from the west and the east, and it is also known from Greenland (Damsholt 2002). The record from Svalbard is doubtful and needs to be verified (Frisvoll and Elvebakk 1996). This species occurs from near sea level in northern Russia up to 2,600 m Asl in Switzerland (NISM 2017) and 2,200 m Asl in the Tatra Mountains (Górski and Váňa 2014).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 21 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 3,472 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 13 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 2,520 km2.","The population size of this species is rather large, and is much more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent) in both Europe and the EU 28. The current population trend is stable in both regions. The species occurs often in pure mats as well as intermixed with other bryophytes. The species occurs always with gemmae, but sporophytes occur rarely (Paton 1999).","This species is found on moist sandy soil along paths, woodlands trails, along ditches, along springs on steep slopes or along small streams, and in old quarries (Paton 1999, Damsholt 2002).",There are no major threats to this species.,"The species may be threatened in certain countries (Hodgetts 2015), but in Europe as a whole the species is not declining. It occurs in many protected areas, including many strict nature reserves of European Russia (Konstantinova 2004). No conservation measures are required at present.",This species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,González Mancebo, J.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,cuspiduligera,,Scapania cuspiduligera  ,(Nees) Müll. Frib.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Untidy Earwort(Scapania cuspiduligera) is restricted mostly to the north of Europe, particularly Scandinavian countries and northern Russia, as well as the mountains of western, southern and eastern Europe. This species has a widespread distribution and a stable population trend in Europe and the EU 28. The species has a large geographic range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe estimated to be around 11 million km2 and an area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be around 1,276 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 5.4 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 848 km2. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28. 

However, this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Luxembourg and Romania. Very is little known about the actual population size and trend of this species. Further research and monitoring is therefore required on the population size, distribution and trends, as well as research on potential threats to the species.",Stable,"This species is mainly an arctic-montane species, but it also, more rarely, occurs in the subarctic. In Europe, the species is restricted mostly to the north, particularly Scandinavian countries and north Russia, as well as the mountains of western, south and eastern Europe. The species is widespread in the mountains of Scotland (Paton 1999). In North America, this species has been recorded from Alaska (Söderström et al. 2015) to California in the west and from Ellesmere Island to Vermont in the east (Schuster 1974). In Asia, the species is recorded from all subdivisions of the Russian Arctic, as well as from east, west and south Siberia and the northern part of the Russia Far East (Konstantinova et al. 2009). It is also known from Japan, Greenland, Iceland and Spitsbergen (Damsholt 2002). In the southern hemisphere, this species has been found in Colombia and Argentina in South and Central America and the Democratic Republic of Congo in Africa (Paton 1999).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 11 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,276 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 5.4 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 850 km2. The altitudinal range of this species is from close to sea-level in Spitsbergen (unpublished data, N. Konstantinova pers. obs. 2016) up to 3,000 m Asl in the Swiss Alps (NISM 2017).","This species is widespread at high elevations in calcareous areas in the mountains of central Europe (C. Schroeck pers. comm. 2017). In Great Britain, it is characterized as ""lowland to subalpine and rarely alpine"" (Paton 1999). In the Scandinavian countries, it is ""frequent at high altitudes, in the north descending to near sea level"" but rarely occurs at lower altitudes (Damsholt 2002). This species is not rare in Svalbard. Its subpopulations in Svalbard are usually small. The current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This is a pioneer species on moist basic rocks. It occurs mainly on limestone and base rich rocks where flood water or seepage are base-rich, on shaded calcareous rocks, walls and soil-filled small crevices. It is also found on loose, weathered calcareous schists, on sandy detritus on river-side rocks and banks in wooded valleys and ravines. It is rare on damp shell-sand in dunes (Paton 1999). It occurs as well in alpine meadows in snowbed communities. In arctic tundra, it also occurs scattered among bryophytes on spots of bare soil in moss-lichen tundras (Frisvoll and Elvebakk 1996, N. Konstantinova pers. obs. 2016).","The threats to this species are unknown. More research on potential threats is required.

","The species occurs in protected areas, such as the Nordaust-Svalbard Naturreservat and Forlandet Nasjonalpark in Svalbard (unpublished data, N. Konstantinova pers. obs. 2016). It is included in the Red Lists of several European countries. The species has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Luxemburg and Romania, as Vulnerable (VU) in Finland, Ireland and the Czech Republic, and as Near Threatened (NT) in Italy and Slovakia. It is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) in Northern Ireland and Spain, and as Vorwarnliste (V) in Germany (Hodgetts 2015), but it seems like in Europe as a whole, the species is not declining. No conservation measures are required at present. However, very is little known about the actual population size and trend. Further research and monitoring is therefore required on the population size, distribution and trends, as well as research on potential threats to the species.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,González Mancebo, J.","Konstantinova, N., Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,degenii,,Scapania degenii  ,Schiffn. ex Müll.Frib.,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Degen's Earwort (Scapania degenii) is known to occur in Great Britain, several central European and Scandinavian countries, as well as in northern Russia. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 5.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1000 km2  but there are no addition terms for using criterion B. The number of mature individuals is slightly more than 1,000 (using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent), so criterion D is not appropriate but it is closed to thresholds for a threatened category.  The species occurs mostly in mountains and areas that are not under any anthropogenic stress, and there are thought to be no other major threats to the species, but the population trend is unknown. The species is assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion D. 

 

The species is considered to be threatened in some European countries, including Slovakia and Austria. No conservation measures are required at present but given the taxonomic uncertainty around whether the taxon is conspecific with S. brevicaulis, it is necessary to clarify the taxonomy of this species and of S. brevicaulis.",Unknown,"We follow here R.M.Schuster (1972) and treated Scapania degenii as a good species that is not conspecific with S. brevicaulis as it was proposed by Potemkin 1999. Scapania brevicaulis is strictly arctic mostly American species (Schuster 1972).   All records of Scapania brevicaulis of authors who follow Potemkin (l.c.) we refer here to S. degenii,  particularly that from Scandinavia (Damsholt 2002)  and Tatra Mountains (Górski and Váňa 2014) etc.  The species occurs scattered in Sweeden, Great Britain,  France, Austria, one uncirtain locality in Switzerland (N.Schnyder, pers. comm., 2019), eastwards to former Czech Republik, Slovakia, Poland, Romania, Iceland, N Russia (Paton 1999). In Asia, the species occurs in many areas including southern and eastern Siberia and the Russian Far East (Konstantinova et al. 2009). In North America, it is found from both the west (Alaska) and the east, as well as from Greenland (Schuster 1974). In general, this is an arctic montane species. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 30 m and 3,000 m Asl.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 5.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1000 km2. In EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 3.4 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 700 km2.","There is no data on the size of the population of this species. The species occurs mostly in mountains and areas that are not under any anthropogenic stress, but the current population trend is unknown.","This species is restricted to regions with basic rocks, and to the banks of streams, rock and ledges and steep mountain slopes. In Great Britain, this species is characterized as a calcicole (thrives in lime rich soil), and it is known to occur on ""humus rich soil on limestone or shist, occasionally on basalt, dolomite, sandstone and serpentine"" (Paton 1999). In Scandinavia, Damsholt (2002) reports that this species occurs in rich fens, although this author does not distinguish this species from S. brevicaulis.","The species mainly occurs in hard to reach areas that are usually not under influence of anthropogenic factors. Therefore, there are thought to be no major threats to the species.","This species is relatively rare. It is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in Austria, as Endangered (EN) in Slovakia, as Near Threatened (NT) in Italy and as rare (R) in Germany (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in protected areas. No conservation measures are required at present but it is necessary to clarify the taxonomy, distribution and ecology of this species and of S. brevicaulis.",This species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Schröck, C.,Hodgetts, N.","Konstantinova, N.","Ştefănuţ, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,glaucocephala,,Scapania glaucocephala  ,(Taylor) Austin,,No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(i)",No,CR,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

Scapania glaucopcephala is very rare in the Nordic countries, and it is only known from a handful of localities in Sweden and Norway. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 400 and 500 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 1.5 and 2.0 million km2. Within Europe, the number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) is less than 2,500, and no subpopulation is bigger than 50 individual-equivalents. The species is severely fragmented (very restricted dispersal capacity) and its habitat is continuously declining in quality (because of decreasing quantity and quality of dead wood). The species is therefore assessed as Endangered in Europe.

In the EU 28, the AOO is between 300 and 450 km2 and the EOO is between 0.3 and 0.4 million km2. There are less than 250 individual-equivalents, it is declining and there is no subpopulation that is bigger than 50 individual-equivalents. The species is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered.

 The major threat to this species is the destruction of limnic environments, like watercourse changes through flood prevention, channeling, straightening, breakwaters and thresholds. More sites need to be protected and managed so that timber is allowed to be present in the water courses.",Decreasing,"This species has an arctic-alpine distribution. It is known from Norway, Sweden and northern Russia. There is a report of this species from Germany, however, it is now considered to be Regionally Extinct (Hodgetts 2015). In Asia, this species is known from Siberia, in the Lena River area. In North America, this species is transcontinental, and found in the west from British Columbia, and in the east from Quebec to New York.

This species is very rare in the Nordic countries, and it is only known from a handful of localities in Sweden and Norway. This species has previously been reported from a part of east Finland that now belongs to Russia.

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 400 and 500 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 1.5 and 2.0 million km2. In the EU 28 the AOO is between 300 and 450 km2 and the EOO is between 0.3 and 0.4 million km2.","Within Europe, the number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) is less than 2,500 (using number of logs as a proxy for individual-equivalents) and within the EU 28, there are less than 250 individual-equivalents, with no subpopulation bigger than 50 individual-equivalents. The current population trend is declining continuously because the amount of suitable substrate with high quality is declining (old processed big logs lying in water). The species is considered to be severely fragmented, as the subpopulations are small and isolated, with no spore dispersal and therefore may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","This species grows on decaying logs of coniferous trees in deep shade in Alnus incana swampy forest, with scattered Picea abies, in small patches at parts of logs not occupied by pioneer species, together with, e.g. Lophozia ascendens, Anastrophyllum hellerianum, Scapania apiculata, Chiloscyphus profundus and Nowellia curvifolia (Damsholt 2002). This species, at least in Sweden, grows in area with some influence of limestone (Weibull 2014).","The major threat to this species is the destruction of limnic environments, like watercourse changes through flood prevention, channeling, straightening, breakwaters, thresholds etc. A second threat is declining amounts of suitable substrate which is mainly old big logs, temporary submerged in water courses (U. Gunnarsson pers. comm. 2017, Weibull 2014).","This species is assessed in the Red List of Sweden as Data Deficient (DD), in Norway as Endangered (EN) and in Germany as Regionally Extinct (RE) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. However, more sites need to be protected and managed so that timber is allowed to be present in the water courses.",The species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Vanderpoorten, A.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,gracilis,,Scapania gracilis  ,Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Western Earwort (Scapania gracilis) is a hyperoceanic southern-temperate leafy liverwort. It is found throughout the coastal regions and adjacent mountainous parts of western Europe, from Macaronesia, Portugal and Spain north to Ireland, Britain, Norway, Sweden and Denmark. It also occurs in Italy and Romania. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is frequent and often abundant in oceanic areas, and there is no real indication of decline anywhere, or major threats. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"The Western Earwort (Scapania gracilis) is a hyperoceanic southern-temperate leafy liverwort. It is found throughout the coastal regions and adjacent mountainous parts of western Europe, from Macaronesia, Portugal and Spain north to Ireland, Britain, Norway, Sweden and Denmark. It also occurs in Italy and Romania. Outside Europe it has been recorded in Turkey and Morocco (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 4,400 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km².","The current population trend appears to be stable, the species is abundant and is found in a wide range of habitats.","This is a conspicuous liverwort that is abundant over much of northern and western Britain and Ireland, in a wide range of habitats. It is particularly common in rocky places, especially on acid but sometimes on mildly basic substrates, both in woodland and in more open situations. Habitats include coastal rocky banks and gullies, woods, exposed rocky hillsides, cliffs, block screes and rocky lake margins. In woodland, it often grows in extensive sheets on boulders, logs, stumps and living tree trunks, with associates such as Hymenophyllum wilsonii, Frullania tamarisci, Plagiochila punctata and P. spinulosa. It is usually a conspicuous component of oceanic montane bryophyte mats, both in dwarf-shrub heaths and in sheltered block screes, with Anastrepta orcadensis, Bazzania tricrenata, Herbertus hutchinsiae, Pleurozia purpurea and with rarities such as Anastrophyllum donnianum, Mastigophora woodsii and Plagiochila carringtonii (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 900 m Asl.



This liverwort is dioicous; plants are often fertile, and perianths and sporophytes are frequent, produced March to July; gemmae are usually abundant.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Sweden and Italy, and as Data Deficient in Romania. It is considered Regionally Extinct in Germany and the Netherlands (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.,Ros-Espín, R.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,gymnostomophila,,Scapania gymnostomophila  ,Kaal.,,No,LC,,No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Narrow-lobed Earwort (Scapania gymnostomophila) mostly occurs in Europe in mountains, mostly in the north. This species is rare and scattered in central Europe, and is especially rare in lowlands of Europe. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 900 and 1,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 11 and 12 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 500 and 600 km2 and the EOO is ca 5 million km2. This species seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its core distribution area in northern Europe, where there are also no major threats to it, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. In addition, the population size in the north is considered to be greater than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). In Europe, the species is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

However, in the EU 28, the historic decline has been considerable and the subpopulation sizes in the majority of the EU 28 countries are rather small. Within the EU 28, the population size is likely to be just less than 10,000 individual-equivalents. Therefore, this species is assessed as Vulnerable in the EU 28.

In southern and central Europe the species is threatened by habitat destruction. Within the EU 28 (especially central Europe), sites with good subpopulation sizes need protection.",Stable,"This species has a boreo-arctic, montane distribution. It occurs in Europe in mountains, from the Pyrenees in the south to Scandinavia, Iceland and Svalbard in the north (Hodgetts 2015). This species is scattered in Ireland, Great Britain and Scotland in the west with rare occurrences in Germany, former Czechoslovakia and eastwards to Poland and northern Russia. In Asia, this species is known from Siberia, Yenisei River valley and Kamchatka peninsula. In North America, this species is transcontinental, and found in the west from Alaska to British Columbia and in the east from Ellesmere Island to Maine, as well as Greenland (Damsholt 2002).

In the Nordic countries, this species is more common to the north and in the mountains, with relict occurrences in lowlands, such as in southern Sweden and eastern Finland (Damsholt 2002). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 15 m and 2,900 m Asl.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 900 and 1,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 11 and 12 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 500 and 600 km2 and the EOO is ca 5 million km2. The distribution of this species is not severely fragmented.","This species is widespread in northern Europe, however, rare and scattered in central Europe, and is especially rare in lowlands. It always occurs in small patches or as scattered stems among other bryophytes. In mountains, this species is more frequent and in northern Europe, such as in Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Svalbard, this species is abundant in calcareous habitats in mountains. There is currently no indication of any decline in northern Europe, where the species still is common. However, in central Europe, the species has been declining for a long period. Therefore, the current population trend is considered to be stable in Europe but declining in the EU 28.

The total population size in all of Europe is most probably close to 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equivalent). Within the EU 28, it is likely to be just less than 10,000 individual-equivalents, with no subpopulation bigger than 1,000 individual-equivalents, but slightly more than 10,000 in the whole of Europe.","In the Nordic countries, this species grows creeping among other bryophytes in rock crevices and on humid rock walls of calcareous rocks and slate, often together with calciphytes such as Mesoptychia heterocolpos, Mesoptychia badensis, M. gillmanii, Tritomaria scitula, Cephalozia pleniceps, Cephaloziella massalongii, Blepharostoma trichophyllum, Plagiochila asplenioides ssp. porelloides, Odontoschisma macounii, and often with mosses such as Gymnostomum aeruginosum, Orthothecium intricatum and Distichium capillaceum (Damsholt 2002).

In the United Kingdom, this species is also a strict calcicole growing on damp mossy limestone, schist or basalt rock faces, often on shaded north- or east-facing slopes, where it grows in earthy rock crevices or mixed with bryophytes such as Preissia quadrata, Scapania calcicola, Solenostoma subellipticum, Amphidium mougeotii, Anoectangium aestivum, Gymnostomum aeruginosum, Myurella julacea and Tortella tortuosa. In western Ireland, this species grows in mossy crevices in low-altitude limestone pavement and in steep, heavily grazed turf on shell sand above a beach, as well as on two mountains. In the United Kingdom, all localities are in the mountains (Blockeel et al. 2014).","In northern Europe, there are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. However, in southern and central Europe, the species is threatened by habitat destruction.","This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in Germany, Ireland, Austria, Slovakia, Estonia and Svalbard, as Critically Endangered (CR) in Italy, Spain, Switzerland and Romania, as Endangered (EN) in the Czech Republic, as Near Threatened (NT) in Finland and the Great Britain, and as rare (R) in Poland (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area.

Within the EU 28 (especially central Europe) sites with good subpopulation sizes need protection.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Schröck, C.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T","Ştefănuţ, S.,Sabovljevic, M.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,helvetica,,Scapania helvetica  ,Gottsche,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Scapania helvetica is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category, population size greater than 1,000 individual equivalents and its overall stable population trend. However, the area of occupancy (AOO) is more restricted, estimated to be between 500 - 1,000 km2, and the subpopulations are very small, though stable. Many records are quite old. Even the newly reported records (for example, from Macedonia) come from very old material. However there are some newly reported subpopulations from Romania.  

This species grows in very fragile and sensitive high mountain sites, and so can be affected by climate change and habitat modifications. However there are no reported significant declines in habitat at the European level. The hydrology at sites where this species occurs should be maintained, with construction and other damaging activities minimised or prevented. Ex-situ conservation measures, such as artificial propagation, could also be recommended actions at the national level. It is known to occur in protected areas in Europe, offering it some formal protection from these threats.",Stable,"This species is restricted to the high mountains of central and southern Europe, including the Pyrenees, Alps, Apennines and Carpathians (Frey et al. 2006), where it has a scattered distribution. It is also present in the Caucasus, so is a near-endemic to Europe. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category. The area of occupancy (AOO), however, is more restricted, being estimated between 500 - 1,000 km2.

","Although its differentiation from Scapania scandica is problematic, this species is frequently encountered in the Alps and in the Carpathians. Sporophytes have been found on individuals growing in the Alps. The subpopulations are very small, though they seem to be stable (for example, in Switzerland) and there are newly reported subpopulations from Romania. Its overall population trend appears to be stable. Its population size is estimated to be larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considering one occupied square metre as an individual -equivalent).","This species grows on rocks and soil on moraines (Frey et al. 2006). It is present in slightly basic sites, although the bedrock is mainly siliceous (C. Schrock pers. comm. 2017). Nebel and Philippi (2005) stated this species to grow in very wet subalpine places, and that late-lying snow is needed. Its elevation limits are 600 - 3,000 m.","The direct threats to this species are unknown. However, it grows in very fragile and sensitive high mountain sites, and so can be affected by climate change and habitat modifications. Locally there are some indications of a decline in habitat, but there are no reported significant declines in habitat at the European level (C. Schrock pers. comm. 2017).","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Italy (Critically Endangered), Czech Republic (Critically Endangered), Slovakia (Vulnerable), Switzerland (Vulnerable), Romania (Vulnerable), Bulgaria (Vulnerable), Ukraine (Rare) and Germany (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in protected areas. The hydrology at sites where this species occurs should be maintained, with construction and other damaging activities minimised or prevented. Ex-situ conservation measures could also be recommended actions at the national level.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Bates, J.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,hyperborea,,Scapania hyperborea  ,Jørg.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Scapania hyperborea is found in northern Europe. It has a wide geographic range - in Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,052 km2. In the EU 28, the species only occurs in Sweden, and the EOO is estimated to be around 969,994 km2 and the AOO is around 416 km2. In both Europe and the EU 28, the number of individuals-equivalents is more than 1,000 (considered as mature individuals). The species occurs in mainly in hard to reach areas that are usually not under influence of anthropogenic factors, and so there are no major threats to the species, and the current population trend is assumed to be stable. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

The only factor that probably can affect the population size is climate change. As there is little known about both the population size and trend of this species, further research into the taxonomy, distribution and population size is needed.

",Stable,"This is an arctic montane circumpolar species (Konstantinova 2000) although it is not recorded for the Alps and the mountains of central Europe (Damsholt 2002). In North America, this species has been found from the arctic to the south, to the Rocky Mountains in the west and in the east from Ellesmere Island, to New Hampshire. It is also found in Greenland, Iceland and Spitsbergen (Schuster 1974) and the Asian part of the Russian arctic (Konstantinova et al. 2009). In the north of Scandinavia and in Murmansk Province, it is rather common (Schljakov and Konstantinova 1982). This species has a scattered occurrence in Karelia (Bakalin 1999) and in the south of Scandinavia (Damsholt 2002). Scapania tundrae is sometimes included in this species (Potemkin 1999), so the full distribution is not yet known.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,056 km2. In the EU 28, the species only occurs in Sweden, and the EOO is estimated to be around 969,994 km2 and the AOO is around 416 km2.","There is little known about both the population size and trend of the species. However, taking into account that the species occurs in mainly in hard to reach areas, that are usually not under influence of anthropogenic factors, we can assume that the current population trend is stable. Scapania tundrae is sometimes included in this species (Potemkin 1999) so to reveal the extant distribution and ecology of the species, additional studies are needed. In some sites in Murmansk Province rather big mats occur, and in Svalbard the species is sometimes abundant but it is often replaced by S. tundrae. The revision of collections of both species is needed to reveal differences in ecology, distribution and population size of both species.

In both Europe and the EU 28, the number of individuals-equivalents is more than 1,000 (considered as mature individuals, and with a 1 m2 mat used as a proxy for one individual-equivalent).

 



","This species has been found in mires, snow bed areas, on peat and fine earth on low banks of shallow water small streams, and on soil on small hillocks in moist tundras.",It seems that there are no threats for the species. The only factor that probably can affect the population size is climate change.,"The species occurs in several strict nature reserves of Russia including Kandalakshskiy and Pechero-Ilechskiy (Konstantinova 2004, Borovichev 2014). As there is little known about both the population size and trend of this species, further research into the taxonomy, distribution and population size is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,González Mancebo, J.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,irrigua,,Scapania irrigua  ,(Nees) Nees,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Heath Earwort (Scapania irrigua) is widespread, and occurs in almost in all European countries. This species has a large geographic range - the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 14.2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 15,636 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 6.95 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 13,360 km2. The current population of this species is large and the trend is stable, particularly in the north of Russia. In addition, there are no major threats to the whole population of this species. Therefore, in view of its widespread distribution and stable population trend, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.  

However, drainage may have a negative impact in some central and western European countries, and there is some decreasing of subpopulations in connection with this in these areas. Even so, no conservation measures are required at present. However, further research is needed to clarify taxonomic status, distribution and ecology of this taxon.",Stable,"This arctic boreal-montane holarctic species is widespread, and is found from the southern part of the arctic in the north to deciduous forest in the south, where it is rather rare (Damsholt 2002). This species occurs in almost in all European countries, including Iceland. It is also widespread in the Asian part of Russia (Konstantinova et al. 2009), and it is also known to occur in Japan. In North America, this species is transcontinental, and is widespread in both the west and in the east, as well from Greenland (Schuster 1974). This species occurs from near sea level in the north to 3,000 m Asl in the Swiss Alps (NISM 2017).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 14.2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 15,636 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 6.95 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 13,360 km2.","The current population of this species is large and the trend is stable, particularly in the north of Russia. In some countries of central and western Europe, there is some decreasing of subpopulations in connection with the drainage of wetlands. Gemmae are not rare for this species, and sporophytes are thought to occur rather rarely but are probably overlooked. This species often occurs as large mats. In the north of Europe, Scapania irrigua subsp. rufescens is not rare.","This is a mostly palustrial species (found in marshes or fens), that is restricted to acidic Sphagnum mires, and more rarely it occurs in ombrotrophic mires (dependent on atmospheric moisture for its nutrients) and diverse swampy areas. It can often also be found on moist sandy soil along paths, along ditches, along springs on steep slopes and along the margins of lakes and streams (Damsholt 2002, Paton 1999).","There are no major threats to the whole population of this species. However, drainage may have a negative impact in some central and western European countries.","This species occurs in many protected areas, including many strict nature reserves of European Russia (Konstantinova 2004). No conservation measures are required at present. However, further research is needed to clarify taxonomic status, distribution and ecology of this taxon.",This species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Seneca, A.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,kaurinii,,Scapania kaurinii  ,Ryan,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Scapania kaurinii is known from Svalbard, the southern and central mountains of Norway, northern Sweden and north-western Finland, as well as northern Russia. In the Nordic countries, this species is rare with very scattered occurrences in the arctic, including Svalbard, and with very few sites in the Fennoscandian mountain range. However, it can be somewhat overlooked as it can resemble Scapania hyperborea, a species that is common in the wet fens in the mountains.  The overall population trend is inferred to be decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat of this species, as a result of the disappearance of snow beds. It is estimated that there are less than 2,500 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe and in the EU 28. However, there is at least one very large subpopulation with a minimum of 250 individual-equivalents at the highest peak in Finland (which is protected).Therefore, this species is assessed as Vulnerable in both Europe and the EU 28.



The major threat to this species is a warmer climate. Reduced habitat area is considered to be the greatest ongoing threat to this species. Available habitat has shifted because of the ongoing climate change and the available habitat area has become smaller. Another threat is the disappearance of snow beds which is also expected to negatively impact the population. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed.",Decreasing,"This species has an arctic distribution. It is known from Svalbard, the southern and central mountains of Norway, northern Sweden and north-western Finland, as well as northern Russia (Kola Peninsula and Novaya Zemlya). There is a doubtful record from the Caucasus, which needs confirmation. In Asia, this species is known from Siberia, the Chukotka Peninsula. In North America, this species is known from Alaska and Ellesmere Island, and it is also found in Greenland, but only with one station with paroicous plants (Damsholt 2002). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 800 and 2,000 m Asl.

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 100 and 300 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2.5 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 60 km² and the EOO is ca 40,000 km².

","In the Nordic countries, this species is rare with very scattered occurrences in the arctic, including Svalbard, and with very few sites in the Fennoscandian mountain range. However, it can be somewhat overlooked as it can resemble Scapania hyperborea, a species that is common in the wet fens in the mountains. The species often grows as single shot among others mosses. In Finland, this species seems to be declining and some old localities have been searched, but the species was not found. The overall population trend is inferred to be decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28, and there is an ongoing loss of suitable habitat.

In Finland, there are large subpopulations, with several patches covering half an hectare, with between 250 and 500 individual-equivalents  (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equivalent), and probably more than 250 individual-equivalents. However, most subpopulations are much smaller. It is estimated that there are less than 2,500 individual-equivalents in Europe and in the EU 28. However, there is at least one very large subpopulation with a minimum of 250 individual-equivalents at the highest peak in Finland (which is protected).","This species grows among other bryophytes on acidic moist soil, and among stones and boulders in boulder fields (usually cold north slopes), kept wet during the summer by water from melting snow. It grows often together with Marsupella condensata, Scapania spitsbergensis, Gymnomitrion concinnatum, Lophozia sudetica and Tetralophozia setiformis (Damsholt 2002). In Fennoscandia, this species grows at high levels (1,000 to 1,800 m Asl) in the mountains. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat of this species, as a result of the disappearance of snow beds.","The major threat to this species is a warmer climate. Reduced habitat area is considered to be the greatest ongoing threat to this species. Available habitat has shifted because of the ongoing climate change and the available habitat area has become smaller (Hassel et al. 2015). In central Norway and in Sweden, there has been a documented upward shift of the species in altitude since the 1930s (Hassel et al. 2015). In many places the species is now found at the very tops of mountains. Another threat is the disappearance of snow beds which is also expected to negatively impact the population.","This species is in the Red List of Finland as Vulnerable (VU), Norway as Endangered (EN) and Sweden as Data Deficient (DD) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. 

  Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Ignatova, E.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Maksimov, A.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,ligulifolia,,Scapania ligulifolia  ,R.M.Schust.,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Scapania ligulifolia is a high arctic species, that is only known from Svalbard and Russia (Franz Josef Land) in Europe. The species was also only described in 1974 and historical records are therefore lacking. The actual distribution of this species is unclear. The subpopulations are small and there are only a few stems growing among other bryophytes. There is no information about any decline and the population trend of this species in Europe is unknown. Therefore, in Europe, this species could in theory, be anything from Critically Endangered to Least Concern, and is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.

Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed. Fieldwork in needed in Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya to determine the actual distribution of this species. 

This species does not occur within the EU 28 and is therefore Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"This species is only known from Svalbard (Konstantinova and Savchenko 2012) and Russia (Franz Josef Land Archipelago) in Europe, and it is a high arctic species. This species might be more common in the high arctic than currently known since some authors consider it a subspecies of S. calcicola. The species was also only described in 1974 and historical records are therefore lacking. The actual distribution of this species is unclear. The species is not endemic to Europe.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 60 and 80 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 40,000 and 60,000 km². This species does not occur within the EU 28.

","It seems that the species is scattered in Svalbard and is probably overlooked because of its small size and scattered occurrence (Konstantinova and Savchenko 2012). The subpopulations are small and there are only a few stems growing among other bryophytes. There is no information about any decline and the population trend of this species in Europe is unknown. While the currently known population size is quite small, it is expected that more localities can be found if other areas with suitable habitat in Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya are surveyed. However, if the climate change continues and the area becomes much warmer and drier, the species will likely decline in future.","In Svalbard, this species grows in calcium-rich habitats on clay near rocks, at the edge of moss cushions on seepages, in micro-depressions in rocky lichen communities, on dead mosses in snow bed communities, on plant detritus on polygons, on moist soil between rocks and in small cracks under rocks. The commonest admixed species are Blepharostoma trichophyllum var. brevirete, Cephaloziella varians and Scapania gymnostomophila (Konstantinova and Savchenko 2012).",The major threat is the climatic change. It is considered that climate change has a negative impact on nearly all species in the arctic region. The current warming of the climate on the arctic ecosystem is very fast and is one of the most important negative pressures of this and other species in arctic latitudes.,"The species is known to occur in protected areas. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed. Fieldwork in needed in Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya to determine the actual distribution of this species.",The species is not used or traded.,"During, H.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,lingulata,,Scapania lingulata  ,H. Buch,,No,NT,D1,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The distribution of the Tongue Earwort(Scapania lingulata) in Europe is imperfectly known because the species is probably often overlooked. The current population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28, and there are no major threats. This species is not rare within its area of distribution, but the population size of this species is poorly known, and mostly subpopulations are small. There are probably just a little bit more than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in both Europe and the EU 28, as the majority of subpopulations of this species are restricted to EU 28 countries. This species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened for both Europe and the EU 28, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion D.

No conservation measures are required at present. However, further research of taxonomy, distribution and population size is required in order to better understand the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species has a suboceanic-montane, amphi-atlantic distribution, but it is imperfectly known because the species probably is often overlooked (Paton 1999). This species is rather rare in the south of Scandinavia but it is becoming more common in the north (Damsholt 2002). It is known from several sites in Kareliya, Murmansk Province and from the islands of the Arctic Ocean. This species also occurs in the Caucasus, the Russian Far East (Konstantinova et al. 2009), in eastern North America, Greenland, the Faroe Islands and Iceland (Damsholt 2002). This species is found in lowland and subalpine areas, and more rarely alpine areas, from near sea level to 1,220 m Asl in Great Britain (Paton 1999).In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 8.3 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,604 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 4.7 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 1,192 km2.","The population size of this species is poorly known, but the subpopulations are mostly small. This species is rather common in Scotland (Paton 1999) and in the north of Scandinavia (Damsholt 2002). There are probably just a little bit more than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and counting 1 m2 as one individual-equivalent) in both Europe and the EU 28, as the majority of subpopulations of this species are restricted to EU 28 countries. The current population trend is unknown in both regions. Sporophytes are unknown in this species.","This species occurs in mostly acidic, moist crevices of rocks, on soil covered ledges of cliffs, on rock walls and on rotten wood.",There are no major threats to the species.,"The species is included in the national Red Lists of many European countries but it is not threatened in suboceanic areas (Hodgetts 2015). The species occurs in protected areas, including the Lapland Strict Nature Reserve (Borovichev 2014). 

No conservation measures are required at present. However, further research of taxonomy, distribution and population size is required in order to better understand the status of this species.",This species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Ganeva, A.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,mucronata,,Scapania mucronata  ,H. Buch,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Scapania mucronata can be rare in central Europe, but is probably rather common in the north. Based on the available information, this species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 15.9 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2,268 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 6.5 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 1,528 km2. The current population trend appears to be stable, and there are no major threats to this species. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

The species may be threatened in certain countries, but it seems like in Europe as a whole the species is not declining, and so no conservation measures are required at present. However, there is some ambiguity in the treatment of this species, as it is often included as S. praetervisa and as a result, the true distribution is unclear. Further research of taxonomy is therefore necessary to clarify ecological features, the distribution and trends of this species.",Stable,"This is an arctic boreal-montane, holarctic species. It occurs from the arctic to the edge of deciduous forest, and is found in most European countries (Damsholt 2002). In Asia, it is recorded from Siberia and the Russian Far East (Konstantinova et al. 2009), as well as from Japan. This species is widespread both in the east and the west of North America, and also occurs in Greenland (Schuster 1974). This species is not always distinguished as separate species (e.g. Paton 1999) to S. praetervisa as a result, the distribution is unclear. This species occurs from near sea level in the north up to 2,200 m Asl in the Swiss Alps (NISM 2017).

 

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 15.9 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2,268 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 6.5 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 1,528 km2.","The current population trend appears to be stable, but in central Europe the subpopulations are small and this liverwort is rare (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). However, in the north of Europe this species is probably rather common but because of taxonomic uncertainty, both the distribution and population size are not clear.","This species is found to grow on soil, on ledges and in crevices of cliffs, as well as on both acidic and basic, and more rarely, on decaying wood (Damsholt 2002).",There are no major threats to this species.,"The species may be threatened in certain countries (Hodgetts 2015), but it seems like in Europe as a whole the species is not declining, and so no conservation measures are required at present. The species is known to occur in protected areas, including in in several strict nature reserves of Russia (Konstantinova 2004).

Further research of taxonomy is necessary to support the treatment of this species as a separate species toS. praetervisa and to clarify ecological features, the distribution and trends of this species.","This species is not used or traded.



","Hedenäs, L.,Cálix, M.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,nemorea,,Scapania nemorea  ,(L.) Grolle,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Grove Earwort (Scapania nemorea) is a widespread species, restricted mostly to relatively warm climates in Europe but is also recorded from late-lying snow-beds in the Alps. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 14.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 16,000 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 11.5 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 15,000 km2. The current population trend of this species is stable, and there are no major threats. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in some European countries, including the Netherlands, Hungary and Estonia. No special conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This is a widespread temperate-montane species. It is restricted mostly to relatively warm climates but is also recorded from late-lying snow-beds in the Alps, where it occurs up to 2,200 m Asl (NISM 2017).

At high elevations and in northern Europe, this species is probably replaced byS. crassiretis that sometimes treated as subspecies or variety of this species. Apart from Europe, this species also occurs in the Asian part of Russia (Konstantinova et al. 2009), the Caucasus and east North America. This species is also found in the Azores and Macaronesia (Damsholt 2002).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 14.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 16,000 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 11.5 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 15,000 km2.","This species is frequent, and often abundant and with no evidence of decline. The species often occurs in huge mats and it always has gemmae, but sporophytes are not common.","This species occurs on shaded, sandy-clay banks, on moist acidic rock walls, on cliffs, sometimes on decaying wood in moist sites on banks of streams or pools, on rocks on the sides of waterfalls and along trails. It is restricted mostly to deciduous or mixed forests, but also occurs on late-lying snow-beds along brooks.",There are no major threats for this species.,"This species is included in national Red Lists of a few European countries. It is assessed as Endangered (EN) in the Netherlands, as Vulnerable (VU) in Hungary and Estonia and as Near Threatened (NT) in Finland and Italy (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in many protected areas. No special conservation measures are required at present.",This species is not used or traded.,"Hodd, R.,Cálix, M.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,nimbosa,,Scapania nimbosa  ,Taylor ex Lehm.,,No,NT,B2b(iii),No,NT,B2b(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



The Cloud Earwort (Scapania nimbosa) is an oceanic boreal-montane species of cool temperate high rainfall areas. In Europe it is known only from Scotland, western Ireland and southwestern Norway. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 660 km² in Europe, and 536 km² in the EU 28), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. Overstocking with sheep has certainly caused a significant reduction in the habitat quality at most Irish sites, and many unknown subpopulations are likely to have disappeared. Recent field survey in Ireland has rediscovered it at all but one of its known sites, and also found it at new sites, although usually in small quantity, but this merely reflects increased survey effort. Burning is also a potential threat, as well as the expansion of graminoid species in Scotland. Climatic warming may also affect this species. In Norway the treeline is increasing in altitude, and this may impact this species.



The population probably exceeds 1,000 mature individuals, but is almost certainly smaller than 10,000 mature individuals and it is unlikely that any single subpopulation consists of more than 1,000 mature individuals. However, the available data is insufficient to determine whether there is a continuing decline in the population at present and the species is therefore not assessed as Vulnerable under Criterion C. There is no indication of decline in the core range of this species in Scotland, where there are still significant and stable subpopulations. Some key subpopulations should be monitored. Otherwise, apart from climate change, keeping stock levels in the hills at a reasonable level is probably the main conservation recommendation.",Decreasing,"The Cloud Earwort (Scapania nimbosa) is an oceanic boreal-montane species of cool temperate high rainfall areas. In Europe it is known only from Scotland, western Ireland and southwestern Norway, with an old record from north Wales that is not considered here. Elsewhere it is disjunct in Nepal, Sikkim, Tibet, Yunnan, Guizhou and Taiwan (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 660 km² in Europe, and 536 km² in the EU 28. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 225,600 km².","Recent field surveys in Ireland have rediscovered this species at all but one of its  known sites, and also found it at new sites, although usually in small  quantity. However, this does not reflect an increase, or even stability, but just an increase in survey effort; the habitat in Ireland has certainly declined, and many unknown subpopulations are likely to have disappeared. It has been lost from Errigal in Co. Donegal (Lockhart et al. 2012, Hodd 2016). It is very rare in Norway, but it seems to be stable in Scotland. Subpopulations in Scotland are widespread in the northwest Highlands and can be quite abundant at some sites. Although it is a perennial stayer that is not known to produce sporophytes and most likely reproduces by fragmentation, it cannot really be said to be severely fragmented, as the whole population occurs in quite a compact area. The population probably exceeds 1,000 mature individuals, but is almost certainly smaller than 10,000 mature individuals and it is unlikely that any single subpopulation consists of  more than 1,000 mature individuals. However, the available data is insufficient to determine whether there is a continuing decline in the population at present. There is no indication of decline in the core range of this species in Scotland, although it has almost certainly declined in Ireland, and it has disappeared historically from Wales.","This species grows as loose coppery red tufts, or mixed with other bryophytes in turf on open well-drained rocky slopes and in mossy block screes, usually in sheltered situations or in mountain corries facing north to east, more rarely on acid cliff ledges. Its requirements are apparently similar to those of Scapania ornithopodioides, but it is a rarer species, usually present in smaller quantities, and anecdotally it may require colder conditions (R. Hodd pers. comm. 2017). Associates in Scotland and Ireland include Anastrepta orcadensis, Anastrophyllum alpinum, A. donnianum, Bazzania pearsonii, B. tricrenata, Mylia taylorii, Plagiochila carringtonii, S. ornithopodioides, Racomitrium lanuginosum and Rhytidiadelphus loreus. All localities have a cool wet climate, and often enjoy late snow-lie. It is a typical member of the mixed ‘northern hepatic mat’ of northwestern Scotland. Its altitudinal range is from 300 m up to 960 m Asl.



It is only known sterile; gametangia and sporophytes are unknown; gemmae are very rare (Blockeelet al. 2014).","Overstocking with sheep  has certainly caused a significant reduction in the habitat quality at most Irish sites (Lockhart et al. 2012), threatening this species, but recent survey work has found it to be more frequent than previously thought, although still in small amount. Burning is also a  potential threat, as well as the expansion of graminoid species in Scotland. Climatic warming may also affect this species. In Norway the treeline is increasing in altitude, and this may impact this species.","Some key subpopulations should be monitored. Otherwise, apart from climate change, keeping stock levels in the hills at a reasonable level is probably the main conservation recommendation. It has been assessed as Endangered in Norway and Ireland (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Ros-Espín, R.,Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Lönnell, N., Rothero, G. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,obcordata,,Scapania obcordata  ,(Berggr.) S.W. Arnell,,No,LC,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment:Least Concern (LC)

In Europe, Scapania obcordata is rather common in Svalbard, the north of Russia, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. This species is rather common and it is abundant at some sites on islands, along the coast of the Arctic Sea, as well as in some areas of Scandinavia and northern European Russia.

This species has a relatively large geographic range - its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is estimated to be around 5.2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 732 km2. The EOO in the EU 28 is estimated to be around 110,110 km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 136 km2. However, this is probably an underestimate due to the poor knowledge of the distribution of liverworts in the north of Russia and Scandinavian countries. No studies on the size and dynamics of subpopulations have been undertaken, but the current population trend seems to be stable, and the population size is considered to be much bigger than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). This species is normally found in areas that are not very populated, and so there are no major threats to the species. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, oil-drilling has destroyed several localities of this species in Nenets Okrug. It is probable that gas drilling and, as a consequence, building of pipelines for transportation may have also destroyed several localities. In addition, climate change can influence subpopulations but its influence is minor. The ecology and distribution of this species are poorly known, and so the status of this species needs to be determined throughout its range. There has been misidentification of this species. Therefore, further research is required on the taxonomy, distribution, ecology and threats of this species, in addition to monitoring of the population trend.



",Stable,"This arctic circumpolar species is widespread in the north of North America and Eurasia (Damsholt 2002, Konstantinova et al. 2009). In Europe, this species is rather common in Svalbard, the north of Russia, Iceland, occurs sporadically in the mountains of Norway and Sweden, and it is rare in Finland. In the southern regions of the Scandinavian countries, this species is occurring at high elevations in the mountains (Damsholt 2002). In the far north (Svalbard), this species occurs from near sea level.

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 5.2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 732 km2. However, this is probably underestimated due to the poor knowledge of the distribution of liverworts in the north of Russia and Scandinavian countries. In the EU 28, this species is known from a few localities in Sweden. The EOO in the EU 28 is estimated to be around 110,110 km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 136 km2.

","This species is rather common and it is abundant at some sites on islands and along the coast of the Arctic Sea, as well as in the alpine and subalpine zone of Scandinavia and northern European Russia. No studies on the size and dynamics of subpopulations have been undertaken, but the current population trend seems to be stable in Europe and the EU 28. This species is not rare in Sweden. In Svalbard, the subpopulations are large. In Murmansk Province, it is quite common in the mountains. In Scandinavia, it is also quite common. The population of this species is not severely fragmented in Europe. The population size in both Europe and the EU 28 is probably much bigger than 1,000 individual-equivalents (using 1 m2 as an equivalent to one individual) (T. Hallingbäck pers. comm. 2018).","This species occurs on bare soil along the sides of rivers and temporary streams, as well as on plots of bare soil in tundra communities, under rocks and in soil-filed crevices of rocks, and sometimes along roads and trails. It is characteristic for snow bed communities.","Oil-drilling has destroyed several localities of this species in Nenets Okrug. It is probable that gas drilling and, as a consequence, building of pipelines for transportation may have also destroyed several localities but this project has now stopped. In general, this species is common and is normally found in little-populated areas, and so this is a minor threat for the whole population, and climate change can influence subpopulations but its influence is minor.","This species occurs in Kandalakshskiy Strict Nature Reserve (Konstantinova 1998) and Laplandskiy Strict Nature Reserve (Borovichev 2014). The ecology and distribution of this species are poorly known, and so the status of this species needs to be determined throughout its range. There has been misidentification of this species. Therefore, further research is required on the taxonomy, distribution, ecology and threats of this species, in addition to monitoring of the population trend.",This species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Vellak, K.","Konstantinova, N.","Hallingbäck, T,Mezaka, A.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,obscura,,Scapania obscura  ,(Arnell &amp; C.E.O. Jensen) Schiffn.,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Scapania obscura is known from Iceland in the northwest, to Finland and northern Russia. It has also been reported from the Alps (Germany, Italy, Switzerland), which needs confirmation. Very little information about the total population size is known, partly because of an old taxonomic confusion. The species can be overlooked in large area of northern Europe. Probably, the species is rather rare in its distribution area in northern Europe and in the Alps. The local subpopulations are mainly small and scattered.

Because of a long time of taxonomic confusion, there is a lack of knowledge about the distribution and population size, and the species can therefore meet the criteria anything from Critically Endangered to Least Concern, and therefore it is considered to be Data Deficient. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed, as well as research into the taxonomy.",Unknown,"This species has a northern suboceanic-alpine distribution (Damsholt 2002). It is known from Iceland in the northwest, to Finland and northern Russia in Murmansk Region (Konstantinova et al. 2009). It has also been reported from the Alps (Germany, Italy, Switzerland), which needs confirmation. In the Nordic countries, this species is occurring at high elevation in the mountains, close to long-existing snow-beds in the alpine and subalpine regions. In North America, this species is very rare, known from Baffin Island and Oregon (Wagner 2014). It is also known from Greenland (Damsholt 2002).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 300 and 500 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 3 and 4 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 80 and 100 km² and the EOO is between 0.8 and 0.9 million km². Because of a long time of taxonomic confusion (Potemkin 2002), there is a lack of knowledge about the distribution and population size.","Very little information about the total population size is known, partly because of an old taxonomic confusion. The species can be overlooked in large area of northern Europe. Probably, the species is rather rare in its distribution area in northern Europe and in the Alps. The local subpopulations are mainly small and scattered. In Finland this species is declining (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2018). The current population trend of this species is unknown for both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows among other bryophytes pioneering at high elevation on humid, acidic, sandy banks of rivulets with cold melting water, at sites where it often suffers from submersion during the growing season; here found together with Marsupella sparsifolia, M. condensata, Nardia geoscyphus, Lophozia sudetica, Schistochilopsis incisa, Anthelia juratzkana, Pleurocladula albescens and Scapania subalpina (Damsholt 2002). In Finland, this species grows often submerged in mountain streams and springs or on wet soil on stream banks. It may grow also on stones and rocks irrigated by melting snow in birch zone to fjell peaks (Syrjänen 2009).","Very little is known about this taxon. It is possible that the subpopulations are threatened by habitat loss and climate change, however it is not known.","This species is in the Red List of Finland as Vulnerable (VU), in Germany as Rare, in Italy as Critically Endangered (CR) and in Switzerland as Data Deficient (DD) (Hodgetts 2015).

It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected area. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed, as well as research into the taxonomy.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Virtanen, R.","Hallingbäck, T","Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,ornithopodioides,,Scapania ornithopodioides  ,(With.) Waddell,,No,NT,"B2b(iii,iv,v)",No,NT,"B2b(iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment:Near Threatened(NT)



EU 28 regional assessment:Near Threatened(NT)



The Bird's-foot Earwort (Scapania ornithopodioides) is an oceanic boreal-montane liverwort. It is confined in Europe to western Britain and Ireland, southwestern Norway and the Faroe Islands. There is little indication of decline in the core range of this species in  Scotland and Norway, although it has declined in at least some of its Irish and Welsh sites. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 1,330 km² in Europe, and ca 540 km² in the EU 28) and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulation and number of mature individuals; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. The decline in Ireland is sporadic, but on the whole it is ongoing because upland management continues without much regard to the habitat of this species. Burning is also a potential threat. Climatic warming may also affect this species. Some key subpopulations should be monitored. Otherwise, apart from climate change, keeping stock levels in the hills at a reasonable level is probably the main conservation recommendation.",Decreasing,"The Bird's-foot Earwort (Scapania ornithopodioides) is an oceanic boreal-montane liverwort. It is confined in Europe to western Britain and Ireland, southwestern Norway and the Faroe Islands. Elsewhere it is disjunct in cool temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere and on tropical islands, occurring in the Himalayas, China, Japan, Taiwan, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Hawaii, the Aleutian Islands, Alaska and British Columbia (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 1,330 km² in Europe, and ca 540 km² in the EU 28. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 805,165 km².","Although reasonably secure in its core areas of Scotland and Norway, this species has declined in Ireland, but even there declines are very slight. Some subpopulations are large, others very small. It is not known if the English subpopulations still exists. The population certainly exceeds 1,000 mature individuals, and may even be larger than 10,000, although it is unlikely that any single subpopulation consists of  more than 1,000 mature individuals.As a perennial stayer that is not known to produce sporophytes, it might be said to be severely fragmented, given its decline in Ireland and Wales, but the subpopulations are all within a fairly compact area, restricted by climate and habitat, so on balance it is not severely fragmented.","This is a distinctive species growing as scattered stems amongst other bryophytes or as pure, dark reddish-brown patches at moderate to high altitudes in mossy block screes, on rocky well-drained slopes, on ledges on or at base of low cliffs, and in dwarf-shrub heaths. In Ireland it has also been found in waterlogged flushed areas (R. Hodd pers. comm. 2017). It is most commonly found on acid substrates on open slopes or in mountain corries with a northerly to easterly aspect, where shade and humidity are maintained. In the Cairngorms (Scotland) it grows in mossy block screes in late-snow areas. All sites enjoy a cool wet climate. Characteristic associates include a range of other oceanic montane hepatics such as Anastrepta orcadensis, Anastrophyllum donnianum, Bazzania pearsonii, Mastigophora woodsii and Pleurozia purpurea, and commoner species such as Bazzania tricrenata, Diplophyllum albicans, Mylia taylorii, Scapania gracilis and Racomitrium lanuginosum. Although abundant and prominent at some sites, it can grow in extremely small quantity and is then rather easily overlooked. Its altitudinal range is from 100 m up to 1,040 m Asl.



It is dioicous and usually non-fertile; perianths are very rare, male plants and sporophytes are unknown; gemmae are rare (Blockeelet al. 2014).","In Ireland, overgrazing by sheep has damaged the habitat in some areas, particularly in the Connemara area of West Galway. Burning is also a potential threat. Climatic warming may also affect this species (Lockhart et al. 2012).","Some key subpopulations should be monitored. Otherwise, apart from  climate change, keeping stock levels in the hills at a reasonable level  is probably the main conservation recommendation. It has been assessed as Vulnerable in Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012). It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Ros-Espín, R.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Lönnell, N., Rothero, G. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,paludicola,,Scapania paludicola  ,Loeske &amp; Müll. Frib.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Bog Earwort (Scapania paludicola) is widespread in the continental part of Europe but rare in Great Britain. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 12 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 5,524 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 5 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 4,568 km2. The current population trend of this species is stable, and the population size is definitely more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). The majority of the subpopulations of the species are in the north of Europe, where there are no major threats to the species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Slovakia and Romania. It is probable that acid rain can reduce subpopulations in central Europe. No conservation measures are required in the north of Europe and in the mountains, but lowland subpopulations in central Europe should be protected. Also, there is sometimes a problem of distinguishing this species from S. hyperborea, so taxonomic study is needed.",Stable,"This species has a circum arcto-boreal-montane distribution. It is widespread in the continental part of Europe but rare in Great Britain, where it is ""lowland and subalpine"" and reaches to between 190 and 370 m Asl (Paton 1999). In central Europe, this species occurs up to 1,665 m Asl in the Tatra Mountains (Górski and Váňa 2014) and up to 2,600 m Asl in the Swiss Alps (NISM 2017). In the north, this species occurs up to Iceland (Damsholt 2002) and Svalbard (Frisvoll and Elvebakk 1996) and Novaya Zemlya (Konstantinova and Potemkin 1997). In Asia, this species is known from Siberia, the Russian Far East (Konstantinova et al. 2009) and Japan. In North America, this species is transcontinental and also occurs in Greenland (Damsholt 2002). 

 

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 12 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 5,524 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 5 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 4,568 km2.","The current trend of this species is stable in northern Europe. However, as a result of declines in appropriate habitats, particularly wetlands, this species is decreasing in central Europe (C.Schroeck pers. comm. 2018).  Overall, the current population trend is considered to be stable. In the north of Russia, this species often occurs in large mats of several decimeters or meters but can also be mixed with other bryophytes. The population size is definitely more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent). Gemmae do not occur frequently in this species, and sporophytes are unknown.","This species often occurs in rather rich neutral to acidic fens and bogs, but also occurs on irrigated neutral and even acidic rocks, on the banks of streams, along small rills irrigated by late snow areas, and more rarely, on decaying logs in moist depressions (Damsholt 2002).","Drained wetlands in central Europe may negatively impact on the species, but in the north of Europe it seems there are no major threats.","The species is included in several national Red Lists of European countries. It is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in Austria and the Czech Republic, as Endangered (EN) in Romania and as Critically Endangered in Slovakia (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in many strict nature reserves of Russia (Konstantinova 2004). No conservation measures are required in the north of Europe and in the mountains, but lowland subpopulations in central Europe should be protected C. Schroeck pers. comm. 2018). There is sometimes the problem of distinguishing this species from S. hyperborea, so taxonomic study is needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Denyer, J.,Cálix, M.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,paludosa,,Scapania paludosa  ,(Müll.Frib.) Müll.Frib.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Floppy Earwort (Scapania paludosa) is mainly found in Europe in the higher mountains and in the north. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 11.3 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,788 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 6.1 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 960 km2. Although the AOO in both regions is less than 2,000 km2, the current population trend of this species is stable and the population size is, for sure, more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Austria, the Czech Republic and Romania. Intense grazing could pose a threat in some countries, although the species normally occurs in hard to reach areas. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species has a circumpolar, subalpine-subarctic to suboceanic distribution. It is mostly restricted to upper forest and subalpine belts. In Europe, this species is found in the higher mountains and in the north. In Asia, this species is found in eastern and southern Siberia, the Russian Far East of Russia, the Caucasus (Konstantinova et al. 2009) and Japan. In North America, this species occurs both in the west and east, and is also known from Greenland and Iceland (Damsholt 2002).

In Switzerland, this species occurs from 600 m up to 2,600 m Asl (NISM 2017). In Great Britain, this species is found ""rarely descending to 350 m Asl"" (Paton 1999) and in Scandinavia, it is found ""in the very north descending to 100 m Asl"" (Damsholt 2002). In the Murmansk Province, this species is found from 100 m to 200 m Asl in the north and up to 600 m Asl in the mountains.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 11.3 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,788 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 6.1 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 960 km2.","In most countries belonging to the EU 28, this species is rather rare but in Sweden, the species is widespread. The current population trend of this species is stable. The population size is, for sure, more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and with 1 m2 used as a proxy for one individual-equivalent). This species often occurs in large mats of several decimeters or meters but can also be mixed with other bryophytes. Gemmae are not frequent on this species, and sporophytes are unknown.","This species occurs on rocks and stones or sandy soil, are are along and in the beds of small brooks, more often submerged in running water that is neutral or mildly basic. This species is also found on the sides of waterfalls, along springs on steep slopes, in snow-beds that are not dried up during the whole season (Damsholt 2002, Paton 1999) and in wet heath and fens (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017).","Intense grazing could pose a threat in some countries (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017), although the species normally occurs in hard to reach areas, particularly in central Europe.



","The species is included in several national Red Lists. It is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in Austria, the Czech Republic, Romania and Serbia, as Near Threatened (NT) in Finland and Italy and as Data Deficient in Spain (Hodgetts 2015). This species occurs in several protected areas, including in strict nature reserves in Russia (Konstantinova 2004). No conservation measures are required at present.",This species is not used or traded.,"González Mancebo, J.,Cálix, M.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,parvifolia,,Scapania parvifolia  ,Warnst.,,No,NT,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Obscure Earwort (Scapania parvifolia) is found scattered in Europe. It has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) but a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 7.7 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 156 km2. However, the species is probably overlooked. The population size for this species is rather small, with the number of individual-equivalents around 1,000 (considered as mature individuals) in Europe, but the current population trend is probably stable. In addition, there are no major threats to this species, as it is restricted to waste areas. This species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Europe in view of the small number of individual-equivalents, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion D.

In the EU 28, this species is very rare, but the population trend is probably stable. The AOO is estimated to be around 60 km2 and the known number of individual-equivalents in the EU 28 is less than 1,000. Therefore, this species is assessed as Vulnerable.

However, the distribution of this species is not clear because it has not always been separated from Scapania scandica by some European authors. Therefore, there are doubts about the taxonomic significance, and the supposed underestimation of the number of individual-equivalents. Further research is needed on population size and trend in order to clarify the status of species throughout its range.",Stable,"This species is reported from Great Britain as very rare (Paton 1999), and is probably scattered in Scandinavia (Schuster 1974), in the Murmansk Province and the west side of the Urals in European Russia, as well as in Yakutia, southern Siberia and the Russian Far East (Konstantinova et al. 2009). This species also occurs in Japan, Svalbard, Greenland and North America (Schuster 1974). This species is found in lowland to alpine areas, from 195 m Asl up to 990 m Asl in Great Britain (Paton 1999) and to 2,480 m Asl in the Tatra Mountains (Górski and Váňa 2014). The distribution of this species is not clear because it has not always been separated from Scapania scandica by some European authors, even on the subspecies or variety level (Damsholt 2002).

 

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 7.7 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 156 km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is estimated to be around 60 km2. The species is probably overlooked.","This species occurs usually as a mixture in small mats or scattered among other bryophytes. The population size for this species is rather small but probably stable in both Europe and the EU 28. The number of individual-equivalents is around 1,000 (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent) in Europe, and less in the EU 28. The species almost always occurs with gemmae, although perianth and male plants are not rare. Sporophytes are very rare in Great Britain (Paton 1999), and not seen in Russia.","This species is found on moist, acidic to neutral and peaty soil, on loam or shist in crevices and on the ledges of rocks, on mountain slopes and on banks of rivers (Paton 1999). It is mostly a pioneer on disturbed ground, restricted to waste areas.","It is probable that there are no threats for this species, particularly in northern countries, as it is restricted to waste areas.","This species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in the Czech Republic, as Vulnerable (VU) in Slovenia, as Data Deficient (DD) in Great Britain and Austria, and as rare (R) in Germany (Hodgetts 2015). The species occurs in Lapland Strict Nature Reserve (Borovichev 2014). Further study of the taxonomy is needed to support the status of this species, and further research into the distribution and ecology is quite important because it is often not distinguished from S. scandica. No conservation measures are required at present.",This species is not used or traded.,"Górski, P.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,praetervisa,,Scapania praetervisa  ,Meyl.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment:  Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Ciliate Earwort (Scapania praetervisa) occurs mainly in western, northern and central Europe. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) but a relatively small area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the estimated EOO is around 10.6 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 464 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 10.6 million km2 and the area of occurrence (AOO) is estimated to be around 220 km2. The population size and current population trend of this species are poorly known, but it is probably stable because of the occurrence of the species in crevices of rocks and other sites that are generally not threatened. The number of individual-equivalent (considered as mature individuals) is more than 10,000 both in Europe and the EU 28. In addition, it seems that there are no major threats to the species, particularly in the northern countries. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern both in Europe and the EU 28.

Further research is needed on its population size and trend in order to clarify its status throughout its range.",Stable,"This is an arctic-montane, circumpolar species, which has, in general, a more northern distribution than S. mucronata, which this species has previously been confused with. This species occurs mainly in western, northern and central Europe (Damsholt 2002). It is rather rare in Great Britan (Paton 1999). In Asia, it is recorded for southern Siberia, Yakutiya, Chukotka and Kamchatka Peninsula (Konstantinova et al. 2009). This species is also recorded for Greenland (Schuster 1974). The altitudinal range of this species occurs from near sea level in the north up to 3,000 m Asl in Switzerland (NISM 2017).

In Europe, the estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is around 5.7 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 464 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 10.6 million km2 and the area of occurrence (AOO) is estimated to be around 220 km2.","The population size and current population trend of this species are poorly known, but it is probably stable because of the occurrence of the species in crevices of rocks and other sites that are generally not threatened.","This species is probably a calciphilous or basiphilous species, that occurs more often in calcium-rich sites. It grows on soil in crevices and on ledges of cliffs, as well as on bare alluvial sand along streams (Damsholt 2002).","It seems that there are no major threats to the species, particularly in the northern countries.","In more than half of European countries where the species occurs, it is Red Listed as Data Deficient, Near Threatened, Vulnerable or even Critically Endangered (Hodgetts 2015). However, it seems like in Europe as a whole the species is not declining, and no conservation measures are required at present. The species is recorded in protected areas. Further research of taxonomy is necessary to support the treatment of this species and S. mucronata as separate species and to clarify its ecological features and distribution.","This species is not used or traded.



","Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Schröck, C.","Konstantinova, N.","Ştefănuţ, S.,Maksimov, A.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,scandica,,Scapania scandica  ,(Arnell &amp; H. Buch) Macvicar,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Norwegian Earwort (Scapania scandica) is not rare in central, western and northern Europe. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 15.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 5,276 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 8.9 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 4,232 km2. The overall current population trend is stable, and the population size is more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no major threats. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in view of its widespread distribution and stable population in both Europe and the EU 28.

No conservation measures are required at present. However, further research into the taxonomy and distribution of this species is needed, as this species may be overlooked and some authors treat it as the same species as Scapania parvifolia.",Stable,"This mostly sub-oceanic species is not rare in central, western and northern Europe (Paton 1999), including west and north parts of European Russia, northern and polar Urals. In Asia, this species is found in all sectors of the Arctic, in southern Siberia, the Russian Far East and the Caucasus (Konstantinova et al. 2009). This species is also known from North America, Greenland (Schuster 1974), Iceland, the Azores and the Faroe Islands (Paton 1999). The altitudinal range of this species is from near sea level in Great Britain and in northern Russia up to 3,300 m Asl in the Swiss Alps (NISM 2017).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 15.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 5,276 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 8.9 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 4,232 km2. This species may be overlooked and some authors (for example, Damsholt 2002) treat it as the same species as Scapania parvifolia.","The species occurs in small mats or scattered among other bryophytes, but the number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent) is, for sure, more than 10,000 in both Europe and the EU 28. The species may be threatened in certain countries, but it seems like that in Europe as a whole, the species is not declining. The majority of the subpopulations are in the north of Europe where there seems not to be a decline. Therefore, the overall current population trend is stable for both Europe and the EU 28. This species usually occurs with gemmae, while perianths occur sporadically and sporophytes are rather rare (Paton 1999).","This species is found on moist, acidic to basic rich, loamy, gravelly or peaty soil. It is a pioneer on disturbed soil in different sites, particularly on banks of streams, on rocky slopes along tracks, in old quarries, between the boulders in boulder screes, in crevices of rocks and on earthy ledges of rocks, as well as sometimes on paths, sand-dunes and sea cliffs (Paton 1999).","This species often occurs on disturbed sites including anthropogenic ones as well as on cliffs and block screes. These sites are usually not threatened, and so there are no major threats to this species.","The species occurs in several strict nature reserves of European Russia (Konstantinova 2004). It is included in national Red Lists of several European countries (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation measures are required at present.

However, further research into the taxonomy and distribution of this species is needed, as this species may be overlooked and some authors treat it as the same species as Scapania parvifolia.",This species is not used or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Tsakiri, E.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,scapanioides,,Scapania scapanioides  ,(C.Massal.) Grolle,"This taxon is considered to be conspecific with Scapania glaucocephala by some authors (Müller 1954, Schljakov 1981).",Yes,CR,D,No,CR,D,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)



EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)



The European endemic species, Scapania scapanioides, is considered to be conspecific with Scapania glaucocephala by some authors, so that its distribution is insufficiently known. It is, however, undoubtedly extremely rare, so far only known from the Alps (Switzerland, Austria, Italy). Although systematic surveys are missing and there is nothing known about the population trend, it can be estimated that the current population size is below 50 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) in Europe and the EU 28. This species is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered.



Only about 10 small and isolated subpopulations are known. Threats to this species include commercial forest management activities, hydropower developments and flood protection measures. Because of the poor knowledge and the extreme rarity of it, a comprehensive management and monitoring program is necessary. The taxonomic relationship with the mainly boreal Scapania glaucocephala must be studied in detail on the basis of well-developed individuals, and ex-situ conservation programmes should be considered for this species.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is considered to be conspecific with Scapania glaucocephala by some authors (Müller 1954, Schljakov 1981), so that its distribution is insufficiently known. It is, however, undoubtedly extremely rare, and is so far only known from the Alps (Switzerland, Austria, Italy). The record from the Tatra Mountains (Poland) belongs to another species (Górski and Váňa 2014). It is found growing at elevations between 500 m and 1,700 m above sea level. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 32 km2 in Europe and 20 km2 in the EU 28. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 90,000 km2.","Nothing is known about the population trend, but it is considered a very rare species. So far, there are only about 12 records from Europe. However, this species is certainly more widespread than is currently known. Since this species grows on logs, one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one log where the species grows. It is estimated that there are fewer than 50 individual-equivalents in Europe and in the EU 28. Due to the very scattered localities, the population must be considered as severely fragmented, as the subpopulations are small and isolated, and may become extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.",The species occurs exclusively on decaying wood in humid localities in the mountains (Köckinger 2017). It needs trees near watercourses that are periodically flooded to ensure the necessary supply of substrate.,"Commercial forest management activities represent a threat to this species. Reduced amount of deadwood, especially in and near creeks and streams, are serious threats. Hydropower developments and flood protection measures are also major threats.","This liverwort has been assessed as Endangered in Italy and as Vulnerable in Austria and Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). Because of the poor knowledge and the extreme rarity of the species a comprehensive management and monitoring program is necessary. Further surveys are necessary, since the distribution is inadequately known. Particularly in the southern Alps of Switzerland, Italy and Slovenia, the real distribution should be clarified. The taxonomic relationship with the mainly boreal Scapania glaucocephala must be studied in detail on the basis of well-developed individuals. Ex-situ conservation should be considered for this species. This species does not occur in any protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Wilbraham, J.,Cálix, M.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,simmonsii,,Scapania simmonsii  ,Bryhn &amp; Kaal.,,No,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Scapania simmonsii is very rare and known from four localities in north-western Russia. A specimen labelled from Svalbard was most likely collected in western Ellesmere Island (Canada). There is no information about any decline, and so the current population trend of this species is unknown in Europe.There is no information on any threats on this species. However, the current warming of the climate on the arctic ecosystem is very fast and is one of the most important negative pressures of this and other species in arctic latitudes. This species has only four actual confirmed locations within Europe and because of the future potential threat of climate change, which might drive this species to become Critically Endangered in a very short time, this meets the threshold for Vulnerable. Monitoring and research on the distribution, population size and trend of this species is needed, as well as threats to the species.

This species is not found in the EU 28 and is therefore Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"This species has an arctic distribution and is reported for the Kola Peninsula (Borovichev 2014), and north Finland (according to Arnell 1956). Regarding Svalbard, the label to the voucher specimen lacks detailed information on the locality, but was most likely collected in western Ellesmere Island (Canada), because at the time of Bryhn and Kaalaas visited an area with the same name (King Oscar’s Land), very similar to Oscar II Land at Spitsbergen (Damsholt 2002). The record from northern Finland (Petsamo, Kiviaidan Tunturi) reported in Arnell (1956) belongs now to Russia. Outside of Europe, this species is found from Alaska to Greenland, south to Quebec in North America and Siberia to the Chukotka Peninsula in Asia (Stotler and Crandall-Stotler 2017).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 16 and 40 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 10,000 and 40,000 km². This species is not found within the EU 28.","The species is very rare and known from four localities in north-western Russia (Kola Peninsula; Borovichev 2014). There is no information about any decline, and so the current population trend of this species is unknown in Europe.","This species grows mostly as scattered shoots among other bryophytes (Arnell 1956). In the Murmansk region, this species is found in calcareous areas on rocks in gentle slopes influenced by groundwater (Borovichev 2014).","There is no information on any threats on this species. However, the current warming of the climate on the arctic ecosystem is very fast and is one of the most important negative pressures of this and other species in arctic latitudes.

","This species is known to occur in at least one protected area. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed, as well as threats to the species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Ignatova, E.","Hallingbäck, T","Lockhart, N.,Napreenko, M.,Bambe, B.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,sphaerifera,,Scapania sphaerifera  ,H. Buch &amp; Tuom.,,No,CR,D,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

In Europe, Scapania sphaerifera is only known from only locality in Murmansk Province, where the specimen was collected in 1936. Repeated attempts to find this species at the type locality have been unsuccessful. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are both estimated to be around 4 km2. In Europe, the species is known only from the type collection, which was large but did not exceed 1 m2. Therefore, the population size of this species in Europe is one individual-equivalent (considered as a mature individual). There is no recent information available on the population size and trend of this species, and there is some uncertainty around the future threats. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct).

Climate change may pose a future threat, especially the increasing occurrence of droughts. The habitat where the species was found is not very accessible. It is recommended to undertake repeated surveys in order to confirm whether the species may still be present in Europe, as well as further research into its life history and the threats to the species.

This species is not found within the EU 28 and it is therefore Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"This liverwort was described from Fennoscandia (Buch and Tuomikoski 1936) and for a long time it was known only from the type locality near Puchjakuru ravine in Murmansk Oblast in European Russia (Schljakov and Konstantinova 1982). Repeated attempts to find this species at the type locality have been unsuccessful (N. Konstantinova pers. comm. 2017), and it was last seen around 1936. Since then, however, it has been reported as common in southern and western Siberia (Konstantinova and Savchenko 2008) and in the Russian Far East (Choi et al. 2012). The altitudinal upper limit of this species is 200 m Asl.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are both estimated to be around 4 km2. This species does not occur in the EU 28.","In Europe, the species is known only from the type collection, which was large but did not exceed 1 m2. Therefore, the population size of this species in Europe is one individual-equivalent (considered as a mature individual, as 1 m2 is used as a proxy for one individual-equivalent). There is no information available on the recent population size and trend of this species, as it has not been found since 1936 despite repeated searches, although it is situated in hard to reach areas.",This species has mainly been found on acidic shaded boulders in ravines with high air humidity or on fine soil between boulders in rock fields. In the only known locality in Europe it was collected in a deep ravine on rocks with Andreae rupestris.,"The threats to this species are not known. Climate change may pose a future threat, especially the increasing occurrence of droughts. The habitat where the species was found is not very accessible.","The only known locality of this species in Europe is situated on the territory of Kutsa National Park, which is a protected area in Murmansk Province. The species is included in the Red Data Book of Murmansk Province (Konstantinova et al. 2014). It is recommended to undertake repeated surveys in order to confirm whether the species may still be present there, as well as further research into its life history and the threats to the species.",This species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Tsakiri, E.,Fettes, N.D.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,spitsbergensis,,Scapania spitsbergensis  ,(Lindb.) Müll. Frib.,,No,VU,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv,v); C2a(i)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU B2 (a,b, (iii, iv, v))

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN B2 (a,b, (iii, iv, v)); C2 (a i))

Scapania spitsbergensis is, in Europe, only known from northern Norway, Sweden, Finland, Svalbard and northern Russia. The occurrence of this species is limited to small areas. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 100 and 1,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 2 and 3 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 50 and 200 km² and the EOO is between 0.1 and 0.2 million km². This is a very rare species that is only found at high altitudes, in addition to some very few lowland subpopulations. The number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe is estimated to be between 10,000 and 15,000. In the EU 28, it is estimated to be between 5,000 and 10,000 individual-equivalents, and each subpopulation is smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents. The species is severely fragmented. The population trend is inferred to be declining, and is projected to continue. Therefore, this species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and in the EU 28 as Endangered.

A warmer climate has undoubtedly a negative impact on an arctic species like this. Monitoring and research of the population size is needed.",Decreasing,"This species has an arctic distribution. In Europe, it is only known from northern Norway, Sweden, Finland, Svalbard and northern Russia. In the Nordic countries, this species occurs at 1,500 to 1,880 m Asl and is only rarely found at low elevations (for example, Kuusamo in Finland).

In Asia, this species is known from northern Siberia (Taimyr Peninsula) and eastern Siberia (Amur district, Zeya River valley). In North America, this species is sporadically known from the northern coast of Alaska in the west and from Ontario and Maine in the east. It is also known from Greenland (Damsholt 2002).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 100 and 1,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 2 and 3 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 50 and 200 km² and the EOO is between 0.1 and 0.2 million km².","This is a very rare species that is only found at high altitudes, in addition to some very few and old lowland subpopulations. The number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for each individual-equivalent) in Europe is estimated to be between 10,000 and 15,000. In the EU 28, the population size is estimated to be between 5,000 and 10,000 and each subpopulation is smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents, and isolated from each other. The species is currently severely fragmented, because it is rarely found with gemmae, perianths or sporophytes. This indicate that the species has a very limited capacity for long distance spread, and so the subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The type locality for the species is on Svalbard, where the species is also rare, with only one site (Hassel et al. 2015). The current population trend is inferred to be decreasing in both the EU 28 and in the whole of Europe, and it is projected to continue.","This species grows among other bryophytes in deep, narrow clefts among acidic rocks, protected from desiccating winds and kept humid by melting snow at the top of the rocks, among boulders and stones, often found together with, for example, Gymnomitrion concinnatum, G. corallioides, Lophozia sudetica, Tetralophozia setiformis, Ptilidium ciliare and Racomitrium lanuginosum, but also at irrigated slopes with sandy soil, in carpets of, for example, Andreaea obovata, Arctoa fulvella, Gymnomitrion apiculatum and Lophozia wenzelii (Damsholt 2002).",It is considered that climate change has a negative impact on nearly all native species in the arctic region. The current warming of the climate on arctic ecosystems is occurring very quickly and is one of the most important negative pressures of this and other species in arctic latitudes. A warmer climate has undoubtedly a negative impact on an arctic species like this.,"This species is in the Red List of Sweden as Near Threatened (NT), both Finland and Norway as Endangered (EN) and Svalbard as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. Monitoring and research of the population size is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Gunnarsson, U.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,subalpina,,Scapania subalpina  ,(Nees ex Lindenb.) Dumort.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Northern Earwort (Scapania subalpina) is found in the high mountains in western and central Europe, but is very common both in the mountains and in the lowlands in northern Europe. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 16.1 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2,552 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 8.1 million km2 and the AOO is around 1,308 km2. The current population trend is stable and the population size is large - more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in both Europe and EU 28. In addition, there are no major threats to this species. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is threatened in certain countries, such as Spain and Slovakia but as in Europe as a whole, the species is not declining, no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This is a circumpolar and circumboreal montane species with single localities in the high arctic. In western and central Europe, this species is mostly found in the high mountains, such as the Scottish Highlands (Paton 1999) and the Alps where it is rather common. This species is also known from single localities in Svalbard (Frisvoll and Elvebakk 1996) and is found in Iceland and Madeira (Damsholt 2002). In northern Europe, this species is very common both in the mountains and in the lowlands. In Asia, this species occurs in the Asian part of Russia (Konstantinova et al. 2009), as well as in Japan. In North America, this species is common in the mountains both in the east and the west, also it is common in Greenland (Schuster 1974). The altitudinal range of this species is from sea level up to 2,600 m Asl in the Alps (NISM 2017).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 16.1 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2,552 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 8.1 million km2 and the AOO is around 1,308 km2.","The species occurs often in large mats (turfs) that, in the north, can occupy large areas on river sides and in flood zones of rivers. The current population trend is stable, and the population size is more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent) in both Europe and the EU 28. It is widespread in many EU 28 countries, including Sweden (Damsholt 2002) and many central European countries, including Poland, the Czech Republic (Górski and Váňa 2014) and Great Britain (Paton 1999).","This species is found on moist, sandy soil in flood zones of rivers, streams and lakes, as well as on stones in beds of small brooks and fast-running small streams, in poor fens, along trails, in ditches and on the sides of springs on steep slopes. It is found on both on acidic to base-rich substrates.   





","There are no major threats to this species, as the majority of the subpopulations of this species are in the north of Europe and are found in high mountainous areas.","This species occurs in many protected areas. This species is threatened in certain countries, such as Spain and Slovakia (Hodgetts 2015) but in Europe as a whole, the species is not declining and so no conservation measures are required at present.","This species is not used or traded.

","Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Tsakiri, E.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,tundrae,,Scapania tundrae  ,(Arnell) H.Buch,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment:  Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Scapania tundrae is only known in Europe from Norway, Svalbard, northern Sweden and European Russia. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 100 and 200 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 2 and 3 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca between 4 and 40 km² and the EOO is between 4 and 100 km². Very little information about the total population size of this species in Europe is known. However, there is no information of any decline, and the population size might be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. Therefore, until we know more about the status of this species, it is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

This species has been confused with the similar species Scapania hyperborea, and since the present knowledge of this taxon is insufficient, studies to clarify the taxonomic status is needed as well as a study of the true distribution, population size and trends is needed.",Unknown,"This species has a predominantly northern and arctic distribution. It is only known from Norway, Svalbard, northern Sweden, Murmansk, Novaya Zemlya and the Ural Mountains in Russia (Damsholt 2002, Konstantinova and Lapshina 2017). In Scandinavia, this species is only known from the central part of southern Norway at an altitude of 1,250 m to 1,300 m Asl and from northernmost Sweden, at an altitude of 700 to 800 m Asl. In Asia, this species is known from Siberia (Yenisei River valley). In North America, this species is only known from Canada (leg. Tuomikoski). It is also known from a single locality in western Greenland (Damsholt 2002).

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 100 and 200 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 2 and 3 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca between 4 and 40 km² and the EOO is between 4 and 100 km².","Very little information about the total population size of this species in Europe is known. Since it has been confused with the similar species Scapania hyperborea and even considered to be just a variety of this species (Potemkin 1999), the information of population size, distribution and trend is very difficult to interpret and assess. However, there is no information of any decline, and the population size might be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","In Nordic countries, this species grows among other bryophytes along the edges of tarns or rivulets, or on moist, acidic, irrigated, alluvial, sandy soil, near late snow areas, often together with, for example, Anthelia juratzkana, Scapania hyperborea, S. paludicola, Lophozia sudetica, L. wenzelii and Cephalozia bicuspidata ssp. ambigua (Damsholt 2002). In Russia, this species occurs in short grass green-moss subalpine meadow, on soil, mixed with Kiaeria starkei, Sanionia uncinata, Pohlia nutans (Konstantinova and Lapshina 2017).","It is considered that climate change has a negative impact on nearly all native species in the arctic region. The current warming of the climate on arctic ecosystems is currently occurring very quickly and is one of the most important negative pressures of this, and other species, in arctic latitudes.","This species is in the Red List of Norway as Endangered (EN) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in at least one protected area. Since the present knowledge of this taxon is insufficient, studies to clarify the taxonomic status is needed, as well as a study of the true distribution, population size and trends.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Puche, F.,Cálix, M.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,uliginosa,,Scapania uliginosa  ,(Lindenb.) Dumort.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Marsh Earwort(Scapania uliginosa) is found in subalpine and alpine belts in western and central Europe, and in northern Europe, it is quite common both in the mountains and the lowlands in sub-oceanic areas. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 12 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2,324 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 5.5 million km2 and the AOO is around 1,560 km2. The current population trend is stable, and population size is greater than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no major threats to this species. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in view of its widespread distribution and stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28. 



This species is threatened in certain countries, such as Great Britain and Romania. However, in Europe as a whole, this species is not declining, and so no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This is a circumpolar montane species with single localities in the high arctic. In western and central Europe, this species is mostly found in subalpine and alpine belts. This species is found in the Alps at 2,600 m Asl (NISM 2017) and descending to 275 m Asl in Great Britain (Paton 1999), as well as single localities in Svalbard where this species occurs near sea level (Frisvoll and Elvebakk 1996). This species is also found in Iceland (Damsholt 2002). In the northern Europe, the species is quite common both in the mountains and the lowlands in sub-oceanic areas. In Asia, this species occurs in eastern and southern Siberia, and the Russian Far East (Konstantinova et al. 2009) and Japan (Paton 1999). In North America, this species is known only from the west, but it is also common in Greenland (Schuster 1974).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 12 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2,324 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 5.5 million  km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 1,560 km2.","The species occurs often in extensive turfs that, in the north, can occupy large areas on the sides of river. Gemmae and sporophytes are very rare for this species. The current population trend is stable, and population size is greater than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent) in both Europe and the EU 28. This species is not rare in Sweden (Damsholt 2002) and in many central European countries, including Poland and the Czech Republic (Górski and Váňa 2014).","This species is found on rocks in running water, on the banks of rivers, on irrigated rock surfaces in mountains, along small brooks irrigated by late snow areas and in the spray zone of waterfalls, often submerged (Paton 1999, Damsholt 2002).",There are no major threats to this species as the majority of the subpopulations are found in high mountains in the north of Europe. Climate change may have a negative impact at the somewhat lower mountain ranges.,"This species is known to occur in many protected areas. This species is threatened in certain countries, such as Great Britain and Romania (Hodgetts 2015). However, in Europe as a whole, this species is not declining, and so no conservation measures are required at present.",This species is not used or traded.,"Duckett, J.,Cálix, M.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,umbrosa,,Scapania umbrosa  ,(Schrad.) Dumort.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Shady Earwort (Scapania umbrosa) is widespread in western and central Europe but rather rare in the European part of Russia. This species has a large geographic distribution - in Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 12.7 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 9,400 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 9.8 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 7,492 km2. In the majority of European countries where the species occurs, it is widespread and not declining. The current population trend is stable. In addition, there are no major threats to this species. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in view of its widespread distribution and stable trend in both Europe and the EU 28.

This species may be threatened in a few countries, however, no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species has a suboceanic-montane, circumpolar distribution. It is widespread in western and central Europe but rather rare in the European part of Russia. This species also occurs in the Azores (Schuster 1974). In Asia, this species is known from single localities in southern Siberia and several localities in the Russian Far East (Konstantinova et al. 2009). In North America, it is restricted to spruce-fir biomes, but it is widespread both in the east and the west. In Europe, the species is found from lowland to subalpine, and it occurs from near sea-level in Great Britain up to 1,800 m Asl in the Switzerland Alps (NISM 2017).

 

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 12.7 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 9,384 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 9.8 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 7,492 km2","This species usually occurs in small (sometimes in large) areas of turf or mixed with other bryophytes. Gemmae and sporophytes are rather common (Damsholt 2002). In the majority of European countries where the species occurs, it is widespread and not declining. The current population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species is found on decaying wood, acidic rocks and sandy soil in sites with high humidity, such as near streams, waterfalls, sometimes on bark and at the bases of living trees (Damsholt 2002, Paton 1999).",There are no major threats for the species.,"The species is recorded in many protected areas. This species may be threatened in a few countries (Hodgetts 2015), however, no conservation measures are required at present.","This species is not used or traded.



","Bates, J.,Cálix, M.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,undulata,,Scapania undulata  ,(L.) Dumort.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Water Earwort (Scapania undulata) is found in many European countries, and in northern Europe, this species is very common both in mountains and lowlands. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 20.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 33 million km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 12.1 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 2,964 km2. In both Europe and the EU 28, the current population trend of this species is stable, and there are no major threats to this species. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in view of its widespread distribution and stable population trend in Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Luxembourg, Hungary and Estonia. However, given that the majority of the subpopulations of the species are in the north of Europe and in high mountains where there doesn’t seem to be a decline, no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This is a circumpolar and circumboreal montane species, but it is not known from the high arctic. In northern Europe, this species is very common both in mountains and lowlands. It occurs in Iceland and Macaronesia (Damsholt 2002). In Asia, this species occurs in all sectors of the Asian part of Russia including the Caucasus (Konstantinova et al. 2009), as well as in Korea and Japan (Damsholt 2002). In North America, this species is common in mountains both in the east and west, and it is also common in Greenland (Schuster 1974). In Africa, this species is known from Tunisia. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near seal level up to 1,160 m Asl in Great Britain (Paton 1999) and up to 2,600 m Asl in the Swiss Alps (NISM 2017).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 20.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 32,936 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 12.1 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 29,164 km2.","This species often occurs in extensive mats (turfs) that can occupy a large areas on river sides and in springs, particularly in mountains in the north. Gemmae occur rather frequently, while perianths and sporophotyes are frequent in Great Britain (Paton 1999) but occur rather rarely in the north of Russia. The current population trend of this species is stable in Europe and the EU 28. This species has a widespread distribution and stable trend in many central European countries, including Poland, the Czech Republic (Górski and Váňa 2014) and Great Britain (Paton 1999).","This species is found on acidic, neutral or basic rich, wet or moist rocks, boulders, stones, sandy or gravelly soil, and it is often submerged in the bed of streams, along river sides, on stones in shaded brooks and rivulets in forested areas, as well as on the margins of pools, lakes, springs and irrigated cliffs (Damsholt 2002, Paton 1999). The species often occurs in large extensive mats covering several square meters on stream sides.",There are no major threats to this species.,"This species may be threatened in certain countries. In particular, it has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in Luxembourg, Hungary and Estonia (Hodgetts 2015). However, in most European countries, this species is not threatened. The species occurs in many protected areas, including several strict nature reserves of Russia (Konstantinova 2004). No conservation measures are required at present.",This species is not used or traded.,"Laaka-Lindberg, S.,Englefield, E.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,verrucosa,,Scapania verrucosa  ,Heeg,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Scapania verrucosa is found growing in high mountain regions and in mountain forests in Europe. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory under Criterion B. The area of occupancy (AOO), however, is more restricted, being estimated at 120 km2. Its overall population trend is considered to be stable, but it is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and the EU 28 since its population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual equivalents.

The drought and high-light intensity conditions caused by the clear-cutting of forests or construction activities suppresses the development of this species. Climate change, temperature extremes and longer periods of drought can also affect its populations. There are some indications of local habitat declines for this species in Europe. However it is present in protected areas in Europe, offering it some formal protection from these threats. Research on its distribution is needed since there are several old records. Further research on the biological and ecological features of this species is needed, with the aim to inform appropriate conservation measures. Ex-situ artificial propagation is also recommended.",Stable,"This is a suboceanic-subalpine species (Frey et al. 2006) found in the Pyrenees, Alps and Carpathian mountain ranges. Elsewhere it is present in Turkey, the Caucasus, Siberia, the Himalayas, China, Japan, Hawaii and Mexico (Garilleti and Albertos 2012, Mamontov and Potemkin 2013). The extent of occurrence (EOO) surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B. The area of occupancy (AOO), however, is more restricted, being estimated at 120 km2.","There is no information on the population structure of this species. It is difficult to identify, and it reproduces only vegetatively (Garilleti and Albertos 2012). Its overall population trend is apparently stable. Its population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents, with one individual-equivalent being considered as one rock on which this species grows.","This species is found growing in high mountain regions and in mountain forests mainly on non-calcareous rocks, and rarely at the base of tree trunks (Frey et al. 2006). Its elevation limits are ca. 700 - 2,000 m (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017).","The threats to this species include habitat alterations as stated by Garilleti and Albertos (2012). The drought and high-light intensity caused by clear-cutting of forests or construction activities suppresses the development of this species. Climate change, temperature extremes and longer periods of drought can affect its populations. There are some indications of local habitat declines for this species in Europe.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Spain (Regionally Extinct), Bulgaria (Endangered), Italy (Vulnerable), Austria (Vulnerable), Switzerland (Vulnerable) and Romania (Vulnerable) (Hodgetts 2015). Research on its distribution is needed since there are several old records. It is present in protected areas. Further research on the biological and ecological features of this species is needed, with the aim to inform appropriate conservation measures. Ex-situ artificial propagation is also recommended.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Patiño, J.,Cálix, M.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Scapania,zemliae,,Scapania zemliae  ,S.W. Arnell,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Scapania zemliae is only known to occur in Europe on the islands of the Arctic Ocean, particularly Franz Josef Archipelago and Novaya Zemlya. The species is known from several specimens in a herbarium. There are no recent descriptions of localities and subpopulations. The current population trend is unknown. The species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient in view of the small number of known specimens and the lack of recent data.

This is a poorly known species that is probably overlooked, as it occurs in hard to reach areas. Further research is needed to clarify the status of the species throughout its range, including on taxonomy, population size and population trends.

This species does not occur in the EU 28 countries and therefore it is Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"This arctic species is poorly known, and in Europe is only known to occur on the islands of the Arctic Ocean, particularly Franz Josef Archipelago and Novaya Zemlya (Konstantinova and Potemkin 1997). Apart from in Europe, this species occurs in Alaska (Potemkin 1995), and has been also reported from Greenland as S. invisa (Schljakov 1981, Schuster 1974).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe are both estimated to be around 8 km2, but it is probably overlooked. This species has not been found in the EU 28.",There is no data available on the size of the subpopulations. The species is known from several specimens in a herbarium. There are no recent descriptions of localities and subpopulations. The current population trend is unknown.,This species occurs on soil covered rocks in arctic tundra.,"The species occurs in the high arctic, in hard to reach areas. Therefore, it seems there are no major threats to this species.","This is a poorly known species that is probably overlooked, as it occurs in hard to reach areas. Further research is needed on its taxonomy, population size and population trend in order to clarify its status throughout its range. The species was recorded for the national park ""Russian Arctic"". No conservation measures are required at present.",This species is not used or traded.,"Hodd, R.,Cálix, M.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,abrupticostatum,,Schistidium abrupticostatum  ,(Bryhn) Ignatova &amp; H.H.Blom,This taxon has also been considered as a subspecies to Schistidium platyphyllum (Mitt.) Kindb.,No,LC,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Schistidium abrupticostatum is found in northern Norway, Sweden and Russia in Europe. Very little information about the total population size is known. Also, the current population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28, although there is no indication of any decline, at least in the north. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 100 and 200 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 8 and 84 km2 and the EOO is between 8 and 84 km2. There are no major threats known to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. Therefore, in Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern. However, within the EU 28, this species might be very rare or may just be overlooked and therefore could realistically be anything from Critically Endangered to Least Concern, and is therefore considered to be Data Deficient.

 No conservation measures are required at present, but a survey in order to find modern localities and monitoring at some of its edge-of-range sites might be useful.",Unknown,"This species is restricted to the arctic and subarctic part of Europe. It is found in northern Norway, Sweden and in the Murmansk Province, Russia (Hodgetts 2015, Ignatova et al. 2010). The species is not endemic to Europe to the EU 28.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 100 and 200 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 8 and 84 km2 and the EOO is between 8 and 84 km2. In the EU 28, it is not clear if this species is very rare or may just be overlooked, and therefore the AOO and EOO for this region may be considered inaccurate.","Very little information about the total population size is known. Also, the current population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28. However, there is no indication of any decline.","This species grows on basic rocks (limestone, etc.) in or adjacent to water. In addition, this species occurs on lake shores, where water levels vary throughout the year, or where waves often wash over calcareous rocks. It grows along with other mosses like S. agassizii, S. rivulare, S. sordidum and Blindia acuta (Blom 1996).","There are no major threats known to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected area. No conservation measures are required at present, but monitoring at some of its edge-of-range sites might be useful.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hassel, K.","Hallingbäck, T","Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,agassizii,,Schistidium agassizii  ,Sull. &amp; Lesq.,"Schistidium agassizii is sometimes confused with S. rivulare, which is also found along watercourses. It differs by having lanceolate leaves, mostly with flat or weakly curved margins, costa ending well below the apex, and absence of hyaline points (Cortini Pedrotti 2001, Smith 2004, Hastings and Ochyra 2007).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Water Grimmia (Schistidium agassizii) is quite common in the countries of northern, western and central Europe, in particular, the subalpine belt and lower parts of the low alpine belt. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it can be locally rare, it has a large geographic range, the current population trend is thought to be stable, and it does not approach any of the thresholds for a threatened Category. However, given the general vulnerability of the habitat in which it lives, it would be useful to monitor sites where it occurs to prevent inappropriate management.",Stable,"The Water Grimmia (Schistidium agassizii) has a European Boreal-montane distribution. It is quite common in the countries of northern, western and central Europe, in particular, the subalpine belt and lower parts of the low alpine belt. The species is known to occur in most provinces of Fennoscandia. It is also present in North and South America, and China (Smith 2004, Hastings and Ochyra 2007, Hodgetts 2015, Lockhart et al. 2012).","This species grows as cushions or lax tufts. In many countries, although the species is present, it is not very common and there are no specific quantitative data on the size of the subpopulations. However, it is widespread in Europe and the current population trend is thought to be stable.","This is a colonist species, from moderately acidophytic to subneutrophytic. It lives on rocks subject to flooding along fast-flowing streams and rivers, but also in shallow fen pools seasonally flooded. The species enters the associations of Fontinalion antipyreticae and Racomitrion acicularis (Dierssen 2001, Smith 2004). It is found at elevations between 300 m and 3,800 m Asl.","Like most aquatic species, the main potential threats are related to modifications of the water systems: water pollution, water canalization, and inappropriate management of the banks (Lockhart et al. 2012).","Noconservationmeasures are known for this species. However, given the general vulnerability of the habitat in which it lives, it would be useful to monitor sites where it occurs to prevent inappropriate management. It is found in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Hespanhol, H.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,andreaeopsis,,Schistidium andreaeopsis  ,(Müll.Hal.) Laz.,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)



Schistidium andreaeopsis is only known in Europe by a very old specimen from a single locality in the Novaya Zemlya. Reliable information on its distribution is lacking. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe is small, estimated to be around 4 km2. In addition, there is no information on the population size, trend and threats to the species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Data Deficient in Europe, as it is not possible to assign this species another Red List Category. Further research is needed on the distribution, population and threats to the species. 

This species is not found within the EU 28 and therefore it is Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in the arctic and subarctic of Asian Russia from Taimyr to Chukotka, in the islands of the Arctic Ocean, and known from a few localities southward to the permafrost zone of Yakutia. In Europe, it is only known by one old record of from Novaya Zemlya, where the specimen was collected by O. Extam in 1891 (Blom et al. 2006, Ignatov et al. 2017).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 4 km2. The single locality was found at an altitude of 150 m Asl. This species is not found within the EU 28.",The population size and trend of this species in Europe are unknown.,It grows on soil in tundras and arctic deserts mostly in calcareous areas (Ignatov et al. 2017).,The threats to this species are unknowm.,"This species is not included in any national or regional Red Lists, and it is not known to occur in any protected areas. Further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed, as well as into the threats.",This species is not used.,"Hodgetts, N.,Ignatova, E.,Englefield, E.","Baisheva, E.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,apocarpum,,Schistidium apocarpum  ,(Hedw.) Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Sessile Grimmia (Schistidium apocarpum) is common and very widely distributed throughout Europe, where both the area of occupancy (AOO) and the extent of occurrence (EOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, but enough is known to be able to say that the population is very large and stable - the population size is certainly well above 10,000 mature individuals. This species grows mostly on rocks, walls or, more rarely, on tree trunks and logs near running water or lakes, and is widespread in man-made habitats. There are no major threats to this species at the European level, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It already occurs in many protected areas across its range in Europe. Further research is needed into the population size, distribution and trends. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.



",Stable,"In Europe, The Sessile Grimmia (Schistidium apocarpum) is common and is very widely distributed throughout the continent, although it becomes rarer in Macaronesia  and Portugal, and there are still gaps in knowledge where fieldwork and floristic studies have not kept pace with the taxonomy of this genus. It is found growing at elevations up to 2,300 m Asl. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) and the extent of occurrence (EOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is also known outside Europe from Turkey, Asiatic western Russia, northern North America and Greenland.","The population size and population trend of this species are unknown in detail, but enough is known to be able to say that the population is very large and stable. The number of individual-equivalents (1 individual-equivalent = 1 occupied square metre or boulder on which it grows) is certainly well above 10,000.","This species occurs mostly on rocks, walls or, more rarely, on tree trunks and logs near running water or lakes (Blom 1996). It is widespread in man-made habitats.

",There are no major threats to this species at the European level.,"Following Hodgetts (2015), this species has been assessed as Vulnerable in the Canary Islands, as Near Threatened in Madeira, and as Data Deficient in Portugal and Switzerland. Further research is needed into the population size, distribution and trends. No conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas across its range in Europe.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Laaka-Lindberg, S.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,atrofuscum,,Schistidium atrofuscum  ,(Schimp.) Limpr.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Black Mountain Grimmia (Schistidium atrofuscum) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated at over 6 million km2, surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory,and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known major threats to the species at the European level, although where there are local threats, habitat protection may be required. It is found in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This is a European boreal-montane species locally frequent in the mountains of Spain, central Europe and the Balkans, but much confused in southern Europe with S. helveticum; it is frequent on Öland and Gotland (Sweden), and has isolated sites in Iceland and Norway (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it is scattered in Turkey, and disjunct in Canada (Alberta) and New Mexico (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO), estimated at just over 6 million km2, surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category.","This is a moderately widespread, though not particularly common, species, and it is considered to have a stable population trend. While locally frequent in some areas (e.g. the mountains of Spain), it is a rare plant over much of its range.



","This species occurs as large, dark, readily disintegrating tufts, frequently mixed with silt and small stones on dry, crumbling, west- or south-facing, strongly calcareous schist or metamorphosed limestone cliffs (Atherton et al. 2010). It usually occurs as discrete cushions with much bare rock around but also occurs with a number of other typical calcicoles including Flexitrichum flexicaule, Orthotrichum anomalum, Pseudoleskeella catenulata, Schistidium papillosum, S. robustum, Tortella fasciculata and T. tortuosa, along with a number of rare species including Didymodon icmadophilus, Hypnum vaucheri, H. procerrimum, Schistidium helveticum, Stegonia latifolia and Tortula leucostoma (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 350-3,200 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level, although there may be some threats locally.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Norway (Endangered), Great Britain (Vulnerable), Bulgaria (Near Threatened), Romania (Near Threatened), Slovakia (Near Threatened), Germany (Data Deficient), Switzerland (Data Deficient) and Poland (Indeterminate) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is found in protected areas across its range in Europe. Habitat protection may be required locally.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,During, H.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,boreale,,Schistidium boreale  ,Poelt,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Schistidium boreale is distributed in Fennoscandia, the adjacent areas of Russia, the mountains of central Europe (including the Alps, Tatras and Ore Mountains), and in the Urals. In Europe, this species has wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 5.6 million km2, although the area of occupancy is more restricted, and estimated to be around 992 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 1.7 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 400 km2. In Scandinavia, numerous subpopulations of this species are known. In central Europe and in the Urals it is quite rare, but probably is slightly under-recorded. In both Europe and the EU 28, the overall current population trend seems to be stable. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.The possible threat to this species may be the disturbance of its habitats due to mining and recreational activities, such as trampling. Further research of population size and trend of this species is needed, as well as site protection.",Stable,"In Europe, this circumpolar alpine species is distributed in Fennoscandia, the adjacent areas of Russia, the mountains of central Europe (including the Alps, Tatras and Ore Mountains), and in the Urals. A single locality was found in central European Russia in Lipezk Province. In the Alps, this species is slightly overlooked (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). Elsewhere, it is known from Siberia, including Yamal Peninsula, Taymyr, Altay, Kuznetsk Alatau, Buryatia, Transbaikal region and Yakutia, the Russian Far East (Chukotka) and North America (Canada and Alaska) (Blom 1996, Ignatov et al. 2006, Hodgetts 2015, Ignatov et al. 2017). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from sea level to 2,120 m Asl.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 5.6 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1000 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 1.7 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 400 km2. 



","In Scandinavia, numerous subpopulations of this species are known. In central Europe and in the Urals it is quite rare, but probably is slightly under-recorded. The overall current population trend seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. Usually, this species is quite sparse, but in warm, rich sites it may be very common and cover large areas on boulders and cliffs (Blom 1996). The species is frequently fertile.","This euthrophic and weakly thermophytic species grows mostly on limestone or dolomite rock outcrops. It has also been found on hematite, phyllite, mica-shist and some other alkaline volcanic rocks, on large boulders and cliffs on well warmed and quite illuminated slopes, within or at the edge of conifer, birch  and linden forests, in canyons and on sea-shore cliffs. More rarely, it has been found on soil in tundras and on artificial substrates, such as on mortar stone walls (Pilous 1993; Blom 1996; Meinunger and Schröder 2007; Šoltés and Pavlarčík 2011; Schröck et al. 2013; Ignatov et al. 2006, 2017). 



","The possible threat to this species may be the disturbance of its habitats due to mining and recreational activities, such as trampling. In the Southern Urals, some of known habitats are situated within mountain river valleys that are heavily visited by tourists.","This species is included in the national Red List of Austria (4), Slovakia (Critically Endangered - CR) and Saxony, Germany (Data Deficient - DD) (Grims and Köckinger 1999, Kubinská et al. 2001,  Müller 2007). Some known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Further research of population size and trend of this species is needed, as well as site protection.",This species is not used or traded.,"Puche, F.,Englefield, E.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,brunnescens,,Schistidium brunnescens  ,Limpr.,"This species comprises two subspecies, ssp.; brunnescens and ssp. griseum (Nees & Hornsch.) H.H.Blom.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Schistidium brunnescens is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, recent records and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level, and so no conservation measures are required at present. This species occurs in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This species of moss is distributed mainly in central and southern Europe, with outlying subpopulations in Scandinavia. Elsewhere it occurs in Asiatic Turkey (Blom 1996). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category.

","Blom (1996) stated that in Europe, this species is widespread but notably absent from the westernmost part of the continent. It is a generally rare species, but it seems to be locally common in some limestone areas, for example, as seen in some parts of Hungary (Erzberger and Schröder 2008). Overall the current population trend appears to be stable.","This species grows on dry, exposed calcareous rocks in open vegetation (Blom 1996). Its altitudinal range is ca. 150-2,800 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Portugal (Critically Endangered), Romania (Endangered), Bulgaria (Near Threatened), Switzerland (Data Deficient) and Germany (Not Evaluated) (Hodgetts 2015). This species occurs in protected areas across its range in Europe.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Hedenäs, L.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,bryhnii,,Schistidium bryhnii  ,I.Hagen,,Yes,VU,D1,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)



Schistidium bryhnii seems to be endemic to Norway and Europe. This is a very rare species that seems to be restricted to a small area in Norway. The current population trend of this species is unknown. However, the overall population size is considered to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) although close to it. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable in Europe.



The major threat is mining and quarrying. However, also all kind of overgrowth (bushes, trees) that leads to shadows on the rock surfaces will be negative for the species. A monitoring program to follow the population trend is important since the species seems to be endemic to Europe. Further research is needed into the population size and trends, as well as into the threats to this species.



A report from Romania needs a confirmation, but is likely to be incorrect. Therefore, in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated.

",Unknown,"This species is known only from three or four localities in southeastern Norway, and they are situated within a radius of 11 km (Hassel et al. 2015). A report from Romania (Mohan 1998) is probably S. pruinosum (H. Blom pers. comm. 2017) and so needs confirmation. The species seems to be endemic to Norway, and therefore Europe.



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 30 and 50 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10,000 km2. This species is not found within the EU 28.

","This is a very rare species that seems to be restricted to a small area in Norway. Geographically, the species is known only from a small area in Drammen and Asker (Blom 1996). Beside the type locality, it is also known from two nearby sites in Oslo region. According to a recent survey (from September 2016), there are three main localities in Norway, two localities are situated in protected areas, with several hundred individual-equivalents in each. The overall population size of this species in Europe is considered to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equivalent), although close to it (H. Blom pers. comm. 2017). The current population trend of this species is unknown.","This species grows in crevices of exposed cliffs and boulders. It is found on both acidic minerals like granite or gneiss and more basic ones like basalt or porphyry. The localities include tall and steep exposed cliffs with a southern or western exposure. At the type locality the species grows in narrow fissures which are kept moist after rainfall. Generally, the cliffs here are dry and dominated by several Grimmia species and Hedwigia ciliata. This species is, however, mostly restricted to the moister fissure zones and only rarely occurs within closed Grimmia societies. Infrageneric mixed stands with including this species are rare, but the most frequently accompanying species is S. pruinosum (Blom 1996). 



The habitats are considered to be stable, but overgrowth can possibly affect parts of the type locality.","The major threat is mining and quarrying. However, also all kind of overgrowth (bushes, trees) that leads to shadows on the rock surfaces will be negative for the species.","This species is in the Red List of Norway as Endangered (EN) (Hassel et al. 2015). This species is known to occur in two protected areas. A monitoring program to follow the population trend is important since the species seems to be endemic to Europe. Further research is needed into the population size and trends, as well as into the threats to this species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Górski, P.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,canadense,,Schistidium canadense  ,(Dupr.) Ignatova &amp; H.H.Blom,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)



Schistidium canadense is assessed as Data Deficient as reliable information on its distribution is lacking. This species is only known from a single locality in Sortavala and its area of occupancy is small, there is no information on the population size, trend and threats to the species. Further research is needed on the distribution, population and threats to the species.



 

This species is not found within the EU 28 and therefore it is Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"The distribution of this species is not well studied, because it was relatively recently described and found only in single locality in Sortavala (Republic of Karelia, Russia) (Ignatova et al. 2009). Elsewhere, it is known from North America.



 

The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 4 km2. This species is not found in the EU 28. This species was found at an altitude of 540 m Asl.","One small subpopulation of this species is known. The abundance, population size and trend of this species are not known.",The species was found on the rock outcrops in the boreal forest. It produces spores very frequently.,"The threats to this species are unknown. The area is highly visited by tourists, but the effects of this threat on the species are unknown.

","There are no conservation measures in place for this species. It is not included in any national or regional Red Lists. Further research of distribution, population size and trend of this species is needed, as well as potential threats. 

",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Duckett, J.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,confertum,,Schistidium confertum  ,(Funck) Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Compact Grimmia (Schistidium confertum) is widespread but scattered in Europe, although the overall distribution is still not fully known. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. The subpopulations at higher altitudes are assumed to be stable and in the Alps the subpopulations are large. In the lowlands of Germany, and perhaps in other parts of central Europe, the species shows at least a historical decline (and is probably still declining) and the subpopulations are often small. Thus the overall population trend is unknown. However the population size is certainly larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre or one boulder on which the species grows. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28. 

This species occurs on sunny, lime-free to moderately acidic silicate rocks or boulders in temperate forest and shrubland habitats. In the lowlands it is threatened by afforestation, and by the rocks it grows on becoming overgrown with coarse vegetation, presumably because of a general increase in nutrient input. In the lowlands, focused management to preserve open and low-nutrient habitats is required (as it is for many other species). Monitoring and further research is required to assess population development and the impact of threats in the lowlands. In the Alps and other high mountain ranges no conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in at least one protected area.",Unknown,"In Europe, the Compact Grimmia (Schistidium confertum) is widespread but scattered, becoming rarer in the north and absent from the Azores and Madeira, although the overall distribution is still not fully known. It is found growing at elevations between 200 m and 3,000 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is also known outside Europe from northern  Africa, Turkey, Georgia, Armenia, Ossetia, Kashmir, Tibet, Alaska and  Greenland.","The population size and trends of this species are unknown in detail. The subpopulations at higher altitudes are assumed to be stable and in the Alps the subpopulations are larger. In the lowlands of Germany (Meinunger and Schröder 2007), and perhaps in other parts of central Europe, the species shows at least a historical decline and the subpopulations are often small. Thus the overall population trend is unknown. However, the population size is certainly larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre or one boulder on which the species grows.","This species occurs on sunny, lime-free to moderately acidic silicate rocks or boulders in temperate forest and shrubland habitats (Blom 1996, Meinunger and Schröder 2007).","In the lowlands this species is threatened by afforestation, and by the rocks it grows on becoming overgrown with coarse vegetation, presumably because of a general increase in nutrient input.","This moss is included in several national Red Lists and has been assessed as Endangered in Luxembourg, as Vulnerable in Sweden, Czech Republic and Germany, as Near Threatened in Bulgaria and Romania, and as Data Deficient in Britain, Ireland, Portugal, Switzerland and Hungary (Hodgetts 2015). In the lowlands, focused management to preserve open and low-nutrient habitats is required (as it is for many other species). Monitoring and further research is required to assess population development and the impact of threats in the lowlands. In the Alps and other high mountain ranges no conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in at least one protected area.



","This species is not utilised or traded.

","Hugonnot, V.,Fettes, N.D.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,confusum,,Schistidium confusum  ,H.H.Blom,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Based on the current state of knowledge Schistidium confusum is a widespread but rare species in Europe, being one of the rarer species in the genus Schistidium. The distribution is not fully known but it seems likely that this continental species is absent from western and southern Europe. However, this species is very easy to overlook, and so there is no doubt that it is more widespread than is currently known. There is no exact information about the population size and trend of this species. It is assumed to be stable in Norway and Sweden. In the rest of Europe, the level of knowledge is relatively low, but it is likely that at least some subpopulations are stable. The overall population trend is thus assumed to be stable. The population size is estimated to be well above 1,000 individual-equivalents, though an accurate estimation of the total population size is very difficult as there are relatively few localities known in each country. This species is therefore assessedas Least Concern in Europe and in the EU 28.

In addition, it often grows in secondary habitats, and for this reason there is strong evidence that this species might be assessed as Least Concern. On the other hand, comparatively few sites are known throughout Europe and any estimation of the population size is very uncertain. This moss grows on basic rocks, especially limestone, but also on moderately acidic siliceous rocks and often also on concrete. It clearly favors sun-exposed sites in secondary habitats in the open cultivated landscape or in forest clear-cuts. Most subpopulations are largely unthreatened. Due to the habitat requirements, some subpopulations in the cultivated landscape are threatened by being overgrown by bushes and trees as well as by general afforestation. As this species is almost restricted to Europe, the responsibility for its conservation here is very high. In future, the overall distribution, population size and the threats in Europe should be clarified. In some regions this species is doubtless very rare and in particular subpopulations in primary habitats should be protected and managed as required. It is known to occur in protected areas across its range, affording it some protection from potential threats.",Stable,"This species is widespread but rare in Europe, being one of the rarer species of the genus Schistidium. It is known from Scandinavia, central Europe, Hungary, Poland, Latvia, Estonia and northwestern European Russia. The overall distribution is not fully known but it seems likely that this continental species is absent from western and southern Europe. It is found growing at elevations between 10 m and 2,000 m Asl. Outside Europe it is only known from Russia (Blom et al. 2006). As this species is very easy to overlook, it is certainly more widespread than is currently known.","There is no exact information about the population size and trend of this species. It is assumed to be stable in Norway and Sweden, where it grows in remote places (T. Hallingbäck pers. comm. 2017). In the rest of Europe, the level of knowledge is relatively low, but it is likely that at least some subpopulations are stable. In Germany, the subpopulations appear to be very small (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). The overall population trend is thus assumed to be stable. The population size is estimated to be well above 1,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre or one boulder on which the species grows). On the other hand, relatively few localities are known in each country, so that an estimation of the total population size is very difficult.","This moss grows on basic rocks, especially limestone (Blom 1996), but also on moderately acidic siliceous rocks and often also on concrete. It clearly favors sun-exposed sites in the open cultivated landscape or in forest clear-cuts.","Most subpopulations are largely unthreatened. Due to the habitat requirements, some subpopulations in the cultivated landscape are threatened by being overgrown by bushes and trees as well as by general afforestation.","This moss is included in several national Red Lists and has been assessed as Endangered in Hungary and as Vulnerable in Germany (Caspari et al. 2018). Because this species is almost restricted to Europe, the responsibility for its conservation here is very high. In future, the overall distribution, population size and the threats in Europe should be clarified. In some regions this species is doubtless very rare and in particular subpopulations in primary habitats should be protected and managed as required. It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Mazimpaka, V.,Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,crassipilum,,Schistidium crassipilum  ,H.H.Blom,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Thickpoint Grimmia (Schistidium crassipilum) is a common and widely distributed moss throughout most of Europe, but absent from large parts of European Russia.In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened category. However, the overall distribution is not fully known. The population size is very large, certainly well in excess of 10,000 individual-equivalents, and the overall population trend is more or less considered stable, although there is some uncertainty. This species occurs on calcareous rocks, walls or other anthropogenic substrates, and is the commonest species of Schistidium on man-made substrates in many lowland areas of western Europe. There are no major threats to this species at the European level, and no conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.



 



 



",Stable,"The Thickpoint Grimmia (Schistidium crassipilum) is widely distributed throughout most of Europe, but absent from large parts of European Russia. It is found growing at elevations up to 2,200 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. However, the overall distribution is not fully known. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is also known outside Europe from northern Africa,Turkey and northwestern North America.","The population size is very large, certainly well in excess of 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre or one boulder on which the species grows. The overall population trend is more or less considered stable, although there is some uncertainty.","This species occurs on calcareous rocks, walls or other anthropogenic substrates (Blom 1996). It is the commonest species of Schistidium on man-made substrates in many lowland areas of western Europe.

",There are no major threats to this species at the European level.,"No conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas. This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Portugal, as Near Threatened in Finland, and as Data Deficient in Sicily, Switzerland and Bulgaria (Hodgetts 2015).",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Cronberg, N.","Schröck, C.","Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,crenatum,,Schistidium crenatum  ,H.H.Blom,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Schistidium crenatum is, in Europe, restricted to Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia. This species occurs mainly in mountains, however some localities are close to the coast. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 100 and 200 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.5 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 80 and 100 km² and the EOO is ca 0.5 million km². This species is widespread in the central and northern part of the mainland of Fennoscandia. It seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area in Europe and EU 28. In addition, there are no evident threats known to the species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

Since the species seems to be stable and widespread, no conservation action is needed.",Stable,"This species is restricted to Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia, in the Leningrad region and the South Ural Mountains (Blom 1996, Ignatov et al. 2006).  This species occurs mainly in mountains, however some localities are close to the coast. The species is not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 100 and 200 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.5 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 80 and 100 km² and the EOO is ca 0.5 million km².","This species is widespread in the central and northern part of the mainland of Fennoscandia, absent in the southernmost and western parts. There is no indication of any decline, and so the current population trend is considered to be stable in Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows both on acidic and basic rocks. Typically found within the flood zone of streams, but also on periodically flushed cliffs (Blom 1996).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected area. Since the species seems to be stable and widespread, no conservation action is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Górski, P.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,dupretii,,Schistidium dupretii  ,(Thér.) W.A.Weber,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Dupret's Grimmia (Schistidium dupretii) has a circumpolar boreal-alpine distribution. It is widespread but rather scattered in Europe, and is absent from many countries. Most of the known localities are from the Alps and Scandinavia, but the overall distribution is not fully known. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. The population size and trends of this species are unknown in detail, but the population trend is probably more or less stable. The population size is certainly above 10,000 individual-equivalents. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.

This species is found growing mostly on calcareous and base-rich siliceous rocks, and often on man-made substrates such as concrete in more precipitous areas. It is not threatened over its European range, although it is rare in some areas. The full distribution needs to be clarified in the future. However, no conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas.",Stable,"Dupret's Grimmia (Schistidium dupretii) shows a circumpolar boreal-alpine distribution. It is widespread but rather scattered in Europe, and is absent from many countries. Most of the known localities are known from the Alps and Scandinavia, but the overall distribution is not fully known. It is found growing at elevations between 300 m and 3,000 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is also known outside Europe from Georgia,  Kazakhstan, the Indian Himalayas, Japan and North America. 



 



 



","The population size and trends of this species are unknown in detail, but it is probably more or less stable. The population size is certainly above 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent is considered to be one square metre or one boulder on which the species grows.","This species grows mostly on calcareous and base-rich siliceous rocks, and often on man-made substrates such as concrete in moreprecipitous areas (Blom 1996, Meinunger and Schröder 2007). It occurs in temperate and boreal forests and shrublands in Europe, as well as rocky and urban areas.","This species is not threatened over its European range, although it is rare in some areas.","This moss has been assessed as Vulnerable in Hungary, and as Data Deficient in Britain, Spain, Switzerland and Montenegro (Hodgetts 2015). The full distribution needs to be clarified in the future. However, no conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Cronberg, N.","Schröck, C.","Schröck, C.,Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,echinatum,,Schistidium echinatum  ,Ignatova &amp; H.H.Blom,,No,EN,D,No,EN,D,EU28,,"

European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The distribution of Schistidium echinatum is not well studied, because it was recently described. In Europe, it has a small area of occupancy (24 km²) and was found only in Austria, France and the Southern Urals. In the Southern Urals, the possible threat to this species is habitat loss due to timber harvesting. The abundance, population size and trend of this species are not known. The species is assessed as Endangered in both Europe and in the EU 28 since the population size is estimated to between 50 and 250 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals).

Further research of distribution, population size and trend of this species is needed, as well as site protection.

",Unknown,"The distribution of this species is not well studied, because it was relatively recently described (Ignatova et al. 2009). In Europe, the species is known from Austria, France (V. Huggonnot, pers. comm. 2019) and the Southern Urals. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 24 km2 and extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 130,000 km2. In EU 28, AOO of this species is estimated to be 20 km2, and EOO is estimated to be around 1,300 km2. Elsewhere, the species also has been found in the Caucasus and in western North America (Ignatova et al. 2009, Ignatova et al. 2016). The altitudinal range of this species is between 450 m and 2,800 m Asl.



","The abundance, population size and trend of this species are not known. The subpopulations are small and probably isolated, since this is a mountain species. It is therefore considered severely fragmented, as the subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population size in both Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be smaller than 50 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and with an individual-equivalent as 1 m2 on which the species grows), but it is probably under-recorded, although it is unlikely to be more than 250 individual-equivalents.

","

The species has been found on limestone and volcanic rocks in the alpine and subnival belts (below snow), in mountainous forests (Ignatova et al. 2009).

","In the Southern Urals, the possible threat to this species is habitat loss due to timber harvesting. 



","The species is not included in any regional Red Lists, but it is found within protected areas in Austria and France. Further research of distribution, population size and trend of this species is needed, as well as site protection.  



","The species is not used or traded.

","Englefield, E.,Hylander, K.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,elegantulum,,Schistidium elegantulum  ,H.H.Blom,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Elegant Grimmia (Schistidium elegantulum) is widespread in Europe, becoming rarer or absent in some eastern parts of the continent, Macaronesia, the Mediterranean area and the extreme north. However, the overall distribution is not fully known. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, but the current population trend is assumed to be stable. The population size is certainly above 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent is considered to be one square metre or one boulder on which the species grows. Thus this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.

This species grows on calcareous or neutral rocks, base-rich siliceous rocks and often also on walls in semi-shaded to sunny places. There are no major threats to this species at the European level.The overall distribution needs to be clarified, but no conservation measures are required at present, and it occurs in many protected areas.",Stable,"The Elegant Grimmia (Schistidium elegantulum) is widely distributed in Europe, becoming rarer or absent in some eastern parts of the continent, Macaronesia, the Mediterranean area and the extreme north. However, the overall distribution is not fully known. It is found growing at elevations up to 2,200 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) this temperate moss is also known outside Europe from Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, Russia, China, Japan and Mexico.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, but the current population trend is assumed to be stable. The population size is certainly above 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent is considered to be one square metre or one boulder on which the species grows.","This species grows on calcareous or neutral rocks, base-rich siliceous rocks and often also on walls in semi-shaded to sunny places (Blom 1996, Meinunger and Schröder 2007). It occurs in temperate and boreal forests and shrublands in Europe, as well as rocky and urban areas.  



 



 



 



 

",There are no major threats to this species at the European level.,"Although not threatened in Europe as a whole, this moss is included in some national Red Lists. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Portugal, as Vulnerable in Finland, and as Data Deficient in Ireland, Switzerland and Bulgaria (Hodgetts 2015). The overall distribution needs to be clarified, but no conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hylander, K.","Schröck, C.","Afonina, O.,Blom, H.,Schröck, C.,Vellak, K.,Goldberg, I.,Hodgetts, N.,Lönnell, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,flaccidum,,Schistidium flaccidum  ,(De Not.) Ochyra,,No,VU,C2a(i),No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Chubby Grimmia (Schistidium flaccidum) is a rare moss that shows a temperate distribution range centred in the mountains of central and southern Europe, with scattered subpopulations elsewhere. The subpopulations in the higher mountain ranges are more or less stable. In the lowlands and the lower mountain ranges the species shows a historical and ongoing decline and the subpopulations are small. Thus the overall population trend is assumed to be decreasing. Although there is no precise estimate of the population size, it is likely that there are fewer than 10,000 individual-equivalents, and subpopulations are always smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre or one boulder on which the species grows. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and the EU 28. 

This species occurs in rock fissures, or more rarely on surfaces, under overhangs of crags on mostly sunny, south-facing siliceous rocks, never on limestone. The subpopulations in the higher mountains are largely un-threatened. In the lower mountain ranges and the lowlands, this species is threatened by being overgrown by bushes and trees as well as by general afforestation. No conservation measures are required at present in the higher mountains. In some regions this species is doubtless very rare and subpopulations should be monitored, protected and managed as required. It occurs in at least one protected area in its European range.",Decreasing,"In Europe, the Chubby Grimmia (Schistidium flaccidum) shows a temperate distribution range centred in the mountains of central and southern Europe, with scattered subpopulations elsewhere, as far south as Tenerife. It is much rarer in Norway and  European Russia. It is found growing at elevations between 50 - 3,100 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. According to Blockeelet al. (2014) it is also known outside Europe from Asian Russia,  Caucasus, northern Africa, Turkey, Afghanistan, Kashmir and North  America.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail. The more remote subpopulations at higher altitudes are probably stable, and some subpopulations in the Alps are relatively large (Schnyder et al. 2004, Schröck et al. 2013). It shows at least a historical decline, and possibly an ongoing decline, in the lowlands of Germany (Meinunger and Schröder 2007) and perhaps in other parts of central Europe too, where the subpopulations are often small (e.g., Caspari et al. 2018). The population size is likely to be smaller than 10,000 individual-equivalents, but there is no detailed estimate. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre or one boulder on which the species grows. Subpopulations are always smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents.","In the Alps this species occurs in rock fissures, or more rarely on surfaces, under overhangs of crags on mostly sunny, south-facing siliceous rocks; never on limestone (Blom 1996, Meinunger and Schröder 2007).","The subpopulations in the higher mountains are largely unthreatened. In the lower mountain ranges and the lowlands, this species is threatened by being overgrown by bushes and trees as well as by general afforestation.","This moss is included in several national Red Lists. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Romania, as Endangered in Portugal, Czech Republic, Germany, Poland and Hungary, as Vulnerable in Great Britain and Switzerland, as Near Threatened in Bulgaria, and as Data Deficient in Slovakia (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation measures are required at present in the higher mountains. In some regions this species is doubtless very rare and subpopulations should be monitored, protected and managed as required. It occurs in at least one protected area.



",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.,Mazimpaka, V.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,flexipile,,Schistidium flexipile  ,(Lindb. ex Broth.) G.Roth,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Schistidium flexipile is a predominately an alpine species, known from the mountains of Scandinavia, descending to coastal areas of northern Norway, as well as Iceland, Russia, Poland, Spain and Scotland. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 900 and 1,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 9 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 60 and 100 km² and the EOO is between 8 and 9 million km². This species is abundant above the tree-line in the mountains of Scandinavia as well as on Iceland. It seems to be rare in Scotland, Poland and Russia, but it seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area in Europe and EU 28. In addition, there are no evident threats known to the species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

No conservation action is needed at present.",Stable,"This species has a boreo-arctic montane distribution. It is common in the mountains of Scandinavia, descending to coastal areas of northern Norway, and it is the commonest member of the S. apocarpum complex in Iceland. This species also recorded from Russia (Karelia, Murmansk, Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land) and from mountains in Poland, as well as Spain, in recent years (data from GBIF 2017). Outside of this area, this species is also known from Scotland (Isle of Skye). It is a predominately an alpine species. It is most common in the subalpine and low alpine regions, and has been collected up to about 1,300 m Asl on Hardangervidda and in the Jotunheimen Mountains, southern central Norway (Blom 1996, Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, northernmost North America and Asia (BFNA 2007).

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 900 and 1,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 9 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 60 and 100 km² and the EOO is between 8 and 9 million km².","This species is abundant above the tree-line in the mountains of Scandinavia as well as on Iceland. It seems to be rare in Scotland, Poland and Russia. There is no indication of any decline, and so the current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows on exposed, dry or moist boulders and ledges. Above the tree-line, this species is most abundant on sunny slopes, but rare or absent on moist slopes with an eastern or northern exposure. It grows on siliceous rocks and base-rich rocks such as schist and phyllite. This species is primarily a mountain plant in Scandinavia, but in the central and northern part of the territory it also grows on sea-shores, lake shores and along rivers in the lowlands.

This species often grows in the same localities asS. venetum, S. frigidum and S. scandicum but mixed stands between them are not common. On sea-shore ledges, it often grows intermingled with S. apocarpum and S. maritimum.  This species is usually common at its localities, and on south-faced ledges and larger boulders it often dominates (Blom 1996). On lowland localities, it is almost invariably found near water, typically on cliffs near swift streams, sometimes also at lake shores. On the Scottish site, it forms small, tight cushions in dry basalt rock crevices with Bryoerythrophyllum ferruginascens, Dichodontium pellucidum, Homalothecium sericeum, Schistidium strictum and Encalypta alpina.","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.",It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected area. No conservation action is needed at present.,The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,During, H.,Fettes, N.D.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,frigidum,,Schistidium frigidum  ,H.H.Blom,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Frigid Grimmia (Schistidium frigidum) is common on Iceland and Svalbard, and is found throughout the Scandinavian mountains, as well as northern arctic Russia and on the Faroe Islands. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,000 and 2,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 240 km² and the EOO is around 3 million km2. This species is very abundant at its localities and it seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area in Europe and EU 28. In addition, there are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

No conservation action is needed at present.",Stable,"This species has an arctic-montane distribution. It is common on Iceland and Svalbard, found throughout the Scandinavian mountains, as well as northern arctic Russia. It is also present on the Faroe Islands. There are two old records (confirmed by H. Blom pers. comm. 2017) and two modern (M. Lüth pers. comm. 2017) from Switzerland. All four records are from high altitudes. It is also reported from Austria (Köckinger et al. 2011), Britain (Blockeel et al. 2014) and Andorra (Blockeel et al. 2008), and some lowland localities in the Ladoga area, Russian Karelia (Blom 1996). In Norway and Sweden, this species has its main distribution in the alpine regions, up to about 1,600 m Asl. However, this species has also been collected in the subalpine region. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North America and Asia (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,000 and 2,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 240 km² and the EOO is around 3 million km².

","This species is very abundant at its localities, and it is the commonest member of the S. apocarpum complex in the arctic, along with S. papillosum. In the Alps, most, if not all specimens previously considered to be this species are now thought to belong to the recently described S. obscurum (Ignatova et al. 2006). There is no indication of any decline, and so the current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows on more or less exposed boulders, ledges and cliffs in the mountains. The substrate is acidic to slightly basic. Typically, this species is found at sun-exposed, but moist to wet sites, for example. along streams or by late-melting snow beds (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). The great majority of specimens are from above the tree-line, but the species also occurs on cliffs in subalpine birch woods. In Scandinavia, this species is particularly common and often dominant on periodically moist ledges in heaths and late snow areas, and on rocks along rivers and brooks. In this region, it occurs on siliceous and base-rich rocks, but not on limestone and dolomite. In central Europe, this species is collected on mica-shist. This species often grows intermingled with Racomitrium lanuginosum, R. canescens subsp. latifolium, Hypnum revolutum and Didymodon asperifolius. The most common infrageneric mixed species is S. papillosum. In the Jotunheimen Mountains, in south-central Norway, it often grows with S. poeltii and S. flexipile (Blom 1996).

In the United Kingdom, this species grows on base-poor siliceous, metamorphic or igneous rocks, avoiding the calcareous geology favored by most British Schistidium species. There are records from boulders and rock faces in mountain gullies, an upland gully in shale, and rock outcrops by lakes and rivers (Blockeel et al. 2014).

","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","It is unknown if this species occurs in any protected areas. There is no indication of any decline, and so no conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Laaka-Lindberg, S.","Hallingbäck, T","Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,frisvollianum,,Schistidium frisvollianum  ,H.H.Blom,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Schistidium frisvollianum is known from Svalbard, northern Fennoscandia and the adjacent area of Russia. The species seems to rather rare and restricted to northern Europe. There is no indication of any decline, and so the current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. There are no major threats to the species as it is found on mostly dry habitats. The overall population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents, both at the pan-European and the EU 28 level. Therefore, this species is assessed as Vulnerable in both Europe and the EU 28.

Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed.",Stable,"This species has an arctic circumpolar distribution. It is known from Svalbard, northern Fennoscandia and the adjacent area of Russia (Karelia, Komi, Nenetz Autonomous Regionand Murmansk) according to Blom (1996) and from Novaya Zemlya (O. Afonina, pers. comm. 2017).

In Norway, this species is known from few localities in the north. The specimens were collected between 250 and 820 m Asl. The species grows at about 800 m in northwestern Finland, and probably occurs on the calcareous mountains in the Torneträsk area of northern Sweden (Blom 1996).

Outside of Europe, this species is also found in northern part of North America and Asia (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 100 and 200 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 64 km² and the EOO is ca 112,000 km².

","The species seems to rather rare and restricted to northern Europe. There is no indication of any decline, and so the current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In Sweden, this species is only present at three localities. In Finland, it is present in at least 20 localities (although not all of them are confirmed), in Russia about five, in Norway there are eight and in Svalbard there are 13. Considering an average of five to ten individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for each individual-equivalent) per site, the overall population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents, both at the pan-European and the EU 28 level.","This species grows in crevices of dry, soft, calcareous rocks and boulders, occasionally very abundant. The bedrock is usually limestone and dolomite. A common habitat is fissures of dry exposed rock walls, and in Svalbard, this species often grows on bird cliffs. Sometimes, this species has been collected in moister habitats, such as drainage channels and stream gorges, and a few labels indicate a terrestrial habitat, viz. calcareous detritus and silty soil (Blom 1996). The first Swedish site to be found was a solitary, sun-exposed limestone boulder in a rich coastal fen (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). It is found on calcareous ridges with little snow cover in Norway (H. Blom pers. comm. 2017).

",There are no major threats to the species as it is found on mostly dry habitats.,"This species is in the Red List of Sweden as Data Deficient (DD) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is found in protected areas.

Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hespanhol, H.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,grande,,Schistidium grande  ,Poelt,,Yes,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



Schistidium grande is an endemic species of the European Alps, so far known only from France, Austria, Germany, Switzerland and Italy. However, its distribution is insufficiently known because of the inaccessibility of its habitats. This species is almost certainly more widespread than is currently known in the northern limestone Alps. A stable population trend is assumed, as there are few immediate threats to these inaccessible places. Also, it is estimated that the population size is between 500 and 1,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable globally, in Europe and in the EU 28.



This is a characteristic species of north-facing, moist limestone cliffs on mountain peaks in the higher alpine levels, often growing near areas of long-lying snow. The habitats are largely unthreatened, except perhaps by climate change. As it is an endemic European species, responsibility for its global preservation is very high. No conservation measures are currently necessary. However, the knowledge about its distribution should be significantly improved. Some monitoring to assess the possible impact of climate change is desirable. It is known to occur in at least one protected area.",Stable,"This is an endemic species of the European Alps, so far known only from France, Austria, Germany, Switzerland and Italy (Ellis et al. 2017). It is found growing at elevations between 2,000 m and 3,000 m Asl. The area of occupancy is estimated to be between 400 and 1,000 km2, and the extent of occurrence at ca 80,000 km2.","The exact population size or trend of this species is not known in detail, but the subpopulations in Austria and Germany seem to be larger than elsewhere. However, the distribution is insufficiently known because of the inaccessibility of the habitats.This species is almost certainly more widespread than is currently known in the northern limestone Alps. A stable population trend is thus assumed, as there are few immediate threats to these inaccessible places. Also, it is estimated that the population size is between 500 and 1,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows.","This is a characteristic species of north-facing, moist limestone cliffs on mountain peaks in the higher alpine levels, often growing near areas of long-lying snow (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Schröck et al. 2014).","The habitats of this species are largely unthreatened (Schröck et al. 2013, 2014, Köckinger and Schröck 2017), except perhaps by climate change.","It is an endemic species, so responsibility for its global preservation is very high. Since the habitats are largely unthreatened, no conservation measures are currently necessary (Schröck et al. 2014). However, the knowledge about its distribution should be significantly improved. Some monitoring to assess the possible impact of climate change is desirable. It is known to occur in at least one protected area.","This species is not utilised or traded.

","Natcheva, R.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,grandirete,,Schistidium grandirete  ,H.H.Blom,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Schistidium grandirete is currently reported from Svalbard, northern Sweden and Nova Zemlya. This species is known from 13 localities in Svalbard, two to three in Novaya Zemlaya and three in Sweden. There is no indication of any historic decline in Europe, and so the current population trend for Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be stable. However, within the EU 28, this species is very rare. In Europe, the overall population size is close to 500 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals), with an upper limit of 1,000 individual-equivalents. In the EU 28 (Sweden), there are fewer than 250 individual-equivalents, but it is under-recorded and thus its upper limit is also estimated to be 1,000 individual-equivalents. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable in both Europe and the EU 28.

The major threat to this species is that it is most probably is sensitive to a warmer climate, since it occurs in wet habitats that, at least in northern Sweden, are predicted to dry up if the climate continues to get warmer. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed. Further surveys are needed in northern Sweden and Svalbard. 

",Stable,"This species has an arctic distribution, and is currently reported from Svalbard, northern Sweden (Hodgetts 2015) and Nova Zemlya (O. Afonina, pers. comm. 2017). In Sweden, this species is known from three localities in the northernmost part. These specimens were probably collected in the low alpine region. On Svalbard, the species is widespread. It has been collected almost from sea-level up to about 1,000 m Asl on Svalbard - where most collections are from mountain slopes at 250 to 500 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, northernmost North America and Asia (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 70 and 100 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.1 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is 12 km² and EOO is 6,840 km².

","The species is reported as ""frequent"" on Svalbard by Frisvoll and Elvebakk (1996). However, within the EU 28, this species is very rare (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). There is no indication of any historic decline in Europe, and so the current population trend for Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be stable.

This species is known from 13 localities in Svalbard, two to three in Novaya Zemlaya and three in Sweden. In each site, it is estimated that there is around 20 mature individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for each individual-equivalent). Therefore, in Europe, the overall population size is close to 500 individual-equivalents, with an upper limit of 1,000 individual-equivalents. In the EU 28 (Sweden), there are fewer than 250 individual-equivalents, but it is under-recorded and thus its upper limit is also estimated to be 1,000 individual-equivalents.","This species grows on calcareous rock and soil that is (at least periodically) moist, for example, flushed cliffs. It prefers eutrophic (rich in nutrients) sites and late snow areas, soil in seepage, rocky seepage channels, moss meadows along limestone outcrops and hummock in sedge meadow tundra, snow beds in shaded north-facing gullies but there are also labels (from Svalbard) which clearly refer to a true rupestrial habitat (Blom 1996).","The major threat to this species is that it is most probably is sensitive to a warmer climate, since it occurs in wet habitats that, at least in northern Sweden, are predicted to dry up if the climate continues to get warmer. This species can be out-competed by large mosses and vascular plants.","This species is in the Red List of Sweden as Data Deficient (DD) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is present in protected areas. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed. Further surveys are needed in northern Sweden and Svalbard.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Laaka-Lindberg, S.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,helveticum,,Schistidium helveticum  ,(Schkuhr) Deguchi,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Schistidium helveticum is common in the Mediterranean part of Europe, and is found east to the Caucasus, scattered north through Germany to disjunct sites in southwestern Norway and Sweden. This is the only common and widespread species of Schistidium in the Mediterranean area. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) but a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 600 and  1,200 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 1,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 5 million km2. The current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Norway and Luxembourg. The major threat to this species is that grazing is ceasing. Even so, no conservation action is needed at present.",Stable,"This species has a European, southern-temperate distribution. It is common in the Mediterranean part of Europe, and is found east to the Caucasus, scattered north through Germany to disjunct sites in southwestern Norway and Sweden (Blockeel et al. 2014). 





In central Europe, this species occurs north to the Ardennes, Westfalen and Thuringia. However, this species seems to be absent from eastern Europe (Blom 1996). In Scandinavia, this species is known from two nearby localities in Rogaland, southwestern Norway, both situated below 100 m Asl (Blom 1996). In central Europe, this species is restricted to the lowlands, whereas it mostly grows at higher elevation in the southern part of its distribution area, namely 500 to 1,900 m Asl in southern Europe (Blom 1996). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is therefore 10 m to 1,900 m Asl. The species is not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 600 and 1,200 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 1,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 5 million km2.","This is the only common and widespread species of Schistidium in the Mediterranean area. It is quite common also in Germany and some parts of the Carpathian Mountains. 

This Schistidium has been detected recently in the United Kingdom at two sites that support rich bryophyte floras. It grows on Old Red Sandstone conglomerate rocks facing south-east in the gorge of the water in the Cairngorms, and on south-west-facing dolerite on Breidden Hill, Montgomeryshire. Associates at the Water of Ailnack include Ditrichum flexicaule, Hypnum vaucheri and S. atrofuscum, whilst Grimmia funalis, G. muehlenbeckii, S. apocarpum and S. pruinosum grow alongside. Given the frequency of this species on limestone in Mediterranean Europe, it is surprising that it has not been found on limestone in southern England (Blockeel et al. 2014).

There is no indication of any decline, and so the current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows on calcareous or (much less frequently) igneous rocks. It is characteristic of warm, exposed sites, but in the southern part of its distribution area, this species also occurs in more shaded and humid localities, sometimes on north-facing slopes. The two known Norwegian specimens were collected on concrete, one at a wall-top, the other, interestingly, on the findings of a gun site, built by the Germans during the Second World War (Blom 1996).

This species mostly grows in pure stands. The only known mixed species in Schistidium are S. brunnescens and S. crassipilum. In central Europ, this species and S. brunnescens often occur at the same localities, and their habitat ecology in this area is probably quite similar (Blom 1996).",The major threat to this species is that grazing is ceasing.,"This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed in Austria as 3, in Great Britain, Portugal, Switzerland, Albania and Bulgaria as Data Deficient (DD), in Norway as Endangered (EN), in Germany as G, in Poland as I, in Sweden and Hungary as Near Threatened (NT) and in Luxembourg as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Laaka-Lindberg, S.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T","Juutinen, R.,Schröck, C.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,holmenianum,,Schistidium holmenianum  ,Steere &amp; Brassard,,No,CR,C2a(i),No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Schistidium holmenianum is, in Europe, only found on Svalbard and in Novaya Zemlaya. This species is ""rare"" on Svalbard and was last collected there in 2013. In Novaya Zemlaya, this species is present in one locality. The current population trend is inferred to be decreasing, and a future decline in the population size is also expected, as habitat quality of this species is declining. The overall population size of this species is very small and presumably below 250 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). Therefore, this species is assessed as Critically Endangered in Europe.

 

The effects of climate change are unclear in the habitats of this species, but it could potentially be affected by competition with other plant species and the changes of the permafrost levels. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed, as well as further research into the potential impact of climate change.

This species is not found in the EU 28 and is therefore Not Evaluated.",Decreasing,"This species has an arctic distribution and is, in Europe, only found on Svalbard (Blom 1996, Hodgetts 2015). It is also found in Novaya Zemlaya (O. Afonina, pers. comm. 2017).

Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, northernmost North America and northern Asia (BFNA 2007).



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 16 and 32 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5,000 km². The species does not occur within the EU 28.","This species is ""rare"" on Svalbard and was first found in one locality in 1977 (Frisvoll and Elvebakk 1996, Frisvoll and Blom 1997). It was last collected there in 2013. In Novaya Zemlaya, this species is present in one locality. Its overall population size is very small and presumably below 250 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as proxy for each individual-equivalent).

  The habitat quality of this species is declining, and will most probably do also in near future as a result of changes in permafrost which could affect the hydrology and have negative effects on the species, together with competition with other plants. The current population trend is inferred to be decreasing, and a future decline in the population size is also expected. This is a long-lived species.","This species grows in arctic fens, moist moss tundra and on flushed arctic slopes. It has been found in a plain fed by a river in Svalbard.","The effects of climate change are unclear in the habitats of this species, but it could potentially be affected by competition with other plant species and the changes of the permafrost levels.","This species has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in Svalbard (Frisvoll and Blom 1997). The species is present in protected areas. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed, as well as further research into the potential impact of climate change.",The species is not used or traded.,"Weibull, H.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Schröck, C.,Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,lancifolium,,Schistidium lancifolium  ,(Kindb.) H.H.Blom,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Schistidium lancifolium occurs mainly in the lowlands of central and eastern Europe, although there are also some westernmost localities in Germany and the most southwestern in Spain, and the species is also found in northernmost Norway and Sweden and southernmost Italy. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 500 and 600 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 7 and 8 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 150 and 200 km² and the EOO is ca 2.5 million km². This species seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area in Europe and EU 28. In addition, there are no evident threats known to the species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

No conservation action is needed at present.",Stable,"This species occurs mainly in the lowlands of central and eastern Europe and it has a distinct eastern distribution. There are some westernmost localities in Germany, Switzerland and Spain, and the species is also found in northernmost Norway and Sweden and southernmost Italy (Hodgetts 2015). Most localities are situated in areas with a humid climate, however, the occurrence in Lipetzk Province in Russia, indicates that this species also can grow in areas with a drier, continental climate (Blom 1996).

This species is widespread in Norway and Sweden in the southern and central parts, but so far, it is known from only a few localities in the northern part of the territory; the northern-most locality (Troms, Signaldalen) is situated at 69° 10' N. At this locality, and at all known localities in western Norway, this species grows on wall-tops by roadsides. The species is particularly common in the Oslo area of southeastern Norway (Blom 1996). In Russia, this species is known from many localities in Karelia and a few from Murmansk (Ignatova et al. 2006) and one from Kaliningrad. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 10 m to 1,700 m Asl. The species is not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 500 and 600 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 7 and 8 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 150 and 200 km² and the EOO is ca 2.5 million km².","This species is generally common at its localities and typically occurs in numerous, dense tufts, thus resembling the population structure of S. dupretii which replaces it on exposed limestone boulders. There is no reports of any decline and so the current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species is an early pioneer on shaded boulders and lower parts of cliffs in humid forests and in river gorges. It is most common on siliceous rocks, but has also been collected on base-rich phyllites and greenstones. It is rather rare on limestone in Fennoscandia. In Norway and Sweden, this species is particularly common in deciduous forests with tall herbs and ferns on stony slopes. This species is one of the most shade-tolerant species in the genus, and may grow on the top of low boulders which are completely hidden by the field-layer during the vegetation period. On siliceous boulders, this species often grows with Grimmia hartmanii, Hypnum cupressiforme, Plagiomnium cuspidatum, Brachythecium populeum and B. reflexum. Within the genus, S. apocarpum and S. papillosum are the species most frequently collected mixed with this species.","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.",The species is in the Red List of Germany as Data Deficient (DD) (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected areas. No conservation action is needed at present.,The species is not used or traded.,"Weibull, H.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T","Goldberg, I.,Hodgetts, N.,Blom, H.,Lönnell, N.,Vellak, K.,Afonina, O.,Schröck, C.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,maritimum,,Schistidium maritimum  ,(Sm. ex R.Scott) Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Seaside Grimmia (Schistidium maritimum) is an oceanic boreo-temperate moss which occurs along the coasts of northern and western Europe south to France and east to northern European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. It is abundant around rocky coasts in northwestern Europe, and no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"The Seaside Grimmia (Schistidium maritimum) is an oceanic boreo-temperate moss which occurs along the coasts of northern and western Europe south to France and east to northern European Russia. However, it has not been seen in northern Germany for over 100 years (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Elsewhere it occurs in the Russian Far East, Japan, the Aleutian Islands, eastern and western North America and Greenland (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 3,160 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6.3 million km².","There is no evidence of any recent or sustained decline, in spite of its disappearance from Germany over 100 years ago. The current population trend is therefore considered to be stable.","This is the most maritime moss in the flora of Europe. In Britain and Ireland, it is common and locally abundant in dry or periodically moist crevices and ledges of boulders, rocks and sea cliffs above the main Xanthoria parietina zone but well within the normal extent of sea spray. The zone occupied varies according to the degree of exposure of the site. Common associates in exposed situations include Armeria maritima, Sedum anglicum, Ulota phyllantha and Ramalina spp., whereas in sheltered areas and crevices they are Asplenium marinum, Tortella flavovirens and Trichostomum brachydontium. It also occurs as a low-growing non-fertile form in closed but grazed upper saltmarsh turf, with Carex extensa, Festuca rubra, Glaux maritima, Juncus gerardii and Plantago maritima. It is seemingly indifferent to rock type except that it is very rare on limestone. It is strictly coastal, not normally extending more than 100 m or so inland along streams and inlets, although it can be found a kilometre or more inland on estuaries (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 280 m Asl.



It is autoicous; capsules are common, maturing winter to early spring.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. It has been assessed as Vulnerable in Estonia and as 'susceptible' in the Netherlands, as well as Regionally Extinct in Germany (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Marka, J.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,obscurum,,Schistidium obscurum  ,"H.H.Blom, Köckinger &amp; Ignatova",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Schistidium obscurum is known from few localities in Europe, some sites in Austria, Switzerland and one in Svalbard. Very little information about the total population size is known, although this species is definitely not frequent anywhere. The population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28. However, it might be under-recorded. There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. Because of the current lack of knowledge, the species can meet anything from Critically Endangered to Least Concern, and is therefore given the status Data Deficient.



 

Research on this species is needed in order to assess the population size, distribution and trend.",Unknown,"This species is known from few localities in Europe, some sites in Austria, at least one in Switzerland and one in Svalbard (Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species is from 100 m to 2,800 m Asl. The species is not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 12 and 24 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 0.7 and 1 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 4 and 12 km² and the EOO is between 4 and 24 km².","Very little information about the total population size is known. However, this species is definitely not frequent anywhere, and usually only occurs in few small cushions. The population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows in small crevices of north-facing dry cliffs of dolerite with nival (perpetual snow) vegetation near mountain tops etc. It also occurs on rocks above brooks but not influenced by water. In Svalbard, the species occupies the surface of a rock outcrop on a steep southwest-facing slope. All reports of S. frigidum from the Alps (Blom 1996, Grims 1999, Köckinger et al. 2008) seemingly belong to this species. However, this true species proved to be widespread in Austria. Its altitudinal amplitude ranges from the alpine to the nival zone, where it is growing mainly on rock-walls and ledges of base-rich mica-schist or amphibolite, usually in north-exposed and somewhat protected areas, and only in the highest sites tolerating also south-facing and more exposed habitats. Contrary to S. frigidum, this species was never found on boulders (Ignatov et al. 2010).

  Typical associate species include S. papillosum, S. trichodon var. nutans, S. umbrosum, Hymenoloma crispulum and Tortella fragilis (Ignatov et al. 2010).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","This species is in the Red List of Austria as 4 (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected area. 

Research on this species is needed in order to assess the population size, distribution and trend.",The species is not used or traded.,"Weibull, H.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,occidentale,,Schistidium occidentale  ,(E.Lawton) S.P.Churchill,"According Ochyra and Bednarek-Ochyra (2015) the identity of Schistidium occidentale was confirmed as well as its name is lectotypified and some diagnostic characters, as “Schistidium occidentale (E. Lawton) S.P. Churchill is a species described as Grimmia occidentalis E. Lawton and distinguished as a separate taxon in 1940. It was described also as G. alpicola Hedw. var. rivularis (Brid.) Wahlenb. fo. acutifolia Grout.",No,CR,D,No,CR,D,EU28,,"

European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

Schistidium occidentale is only known in Europe from Spain.  It was first reported in the Sierra Nevada and new localities were later found in this mountainous range. The current population trend of this species in Europe is inferred to be decreasing. There are few subpopulations in Spain, and so the population size in Europe is less than 50 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). Therefore, this species is assessed as Critically Endangered for both Europe and the EU 28.

Little is known about the major threats affecting this species but it is probably affected by anthropogenic pressure on aquatic habitats, the increase in fire frequency, or the expected climate change may be also threats for this species in the future. Other threats could be those derived from high mountain tourism, although these are currently considered to be minimal. Management recommendations include the application of current appropriate legislation within the Natural Park of Sierra Nevada, the monitoring of subpopulations, incorporate germplasm banks and study the genetic variability of subpopulations and finally control anthropogenic impacts, particularly those derived from tourism in the broad sense and livestock activities. Further research into the population size, taxonomy, threats and conservation actions for this species is required.

",Decreasing,"

This is a moss with disjunctive occurrence between Europe and western North America (Casas et al. 2001, McIntosh 2007). Spain is the only country in Europe where the species is known. It was first reported by Casas et al. (2001) in the Sierra Nevada and new localities were later found by Brugués et al. (2002) and Rams et al. (2014) in this mountainous range.

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 98,000 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 20 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 2,800 m to 3,000 m Asl.

","In Europe, there are few subpopulations, with very few individuals and fragmented into small nuclei scattered over summits and only in a protected area, the National Park of Sierra Nevada. The population size in Europe is less than 50 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and with one rocks or boulder used as a proxy for one individual-equivalent). The available data does not allow an exhaustive analysis of the population trend, although they seem to point to a slight decrease in their abundance in the last 10 years in Europe (Rams et al. 2012). The life cycle is 6 to 10 years.","This is a species of high mountain localities, on cryoro-Mediterranean environments. This species lives submerged or semi-submerged in streams, or in the middle of acidic schists rocks, with a poorly developed of soil layer. Its cycle is strongly influenced by the existence of snow reserves in the tops of the mountain during the summer months

The habitat is very sensitive to climatic or anthropogenic alterations that can reduce the reservoirs of snow in the summits of the mountain range. The plants are autoicous and frequently fertile.","Little is known about the major threats affecting this species but it is probably affected by anthropogenic pressure on aquatic habitats, the increase in fire frequency, or the expected climate change may be also threats for this species in the future.

Other threats could be those derived from high mountain tourism, although due to the particular habitat of this species and the lack of attraction for visitors, these are considered minimal in this moment (Infante and Heras 2012).","This species was listed in the first Red List of bryophytes of the Iberian Peninsula (Sérgio et al. 2006) and subsequently in the Spanish Red List as Critically Endangered (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012). Sierra Nevada is considered an Important Bryohyte Area in Spain (Infante and Heras 2012).

Management recommendations include the application of current legislation that protects plants that are within the scope of the Natural Park of Sierra Nevada, especially in terms of urban planning and new infrastructure, the monitoring of the evolution of the known subpopulations and to incorporate germplasm banks and study the genetic variability of subpopulations (Rams et al. 2012) and finally control anthropogenic impacts, particularly those derived from tourism in the broad sense and livestock activities.

Further research into the population size, taxonomy, threats and conservation actions for this species is required.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Bates, J.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,papillosum,,Schistidium papillosum  ,Culm.,This species appears to intergrade with S. strictum on Scotland (N. Hodgetts pers. comm. 2018).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Rough Grimmia (Schistidium papillosum) is found in much of northern, central and eastern Europe. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 6,000 and 8,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 13 and 15 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 2,000 and 4,000 km2 and the EOO is between 5 and 6 million km2. The species is widespread, at least in northern Europe, and it seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area in Europe and EU 28. In addition, there are no evident threats known to the species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

No conservation action is needed at present. Further research on the distribution of this species is required, as in some areas where this species is thought to be absent are certainly due to insufficient investigation.",Stable,"This species has a boreo-arctic montane distribution in Europe. It is found in much of northern, central and eastern Europe, but is rare in hyper-oceanic areas and absent from most of the Mediterranean. It is also recorded in some parts of Russia. In Scandinavia, this species is the commonest member of the S. apocarpum complex (Blom 1996). This species occurs throughout Norway and Sweden. The absence from some areas in southernmost Sweden may be real, as it is known from only three localities in Denmark; but other areas where this species is thought to be absent are certainly due to insufficient investigation. It seems to be absent in natural habitats in the coastal lowland areas of southwestern Norway, as all sites in this geographic region represent occurrences on artificial substrates like cement constructions etc. (Blom 1996). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 10 m to 3,100 m Asl. 

Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North America and Asia (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 6,000 and 8,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 13 and 15 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 2,000 and 4,000 km2 and the EOO is between 5 and 6 million km2.","The species is widespread, at least in northern Europe. In Norway and Sweden, this species is common. In Finland, this species is one of the most common Schistidium species and it has stable subpopulations (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). In Ukraine, there are six records of this species, most of them in the Ukrainian Carpathians (V. Virchenko pers. comm. 2017). The total current population trend is probably stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","The ecology of this species is highly variable. The habitats of this species are variable regarding moisture, shade and bedrock type. It can grow on both acidic and basic rock (from granite to limestone) and occurs in dense forests, as well as exposed sites in open pastures.

In the United Kingdom, most records are from base-rich rock, especially limestone and mica-schist. It has also been recorded from basic igneous rock and calcareous sandstone. Associates in the UK include Ctenidium molluscum, Grimmia funalis, G. ramondii, Leucodon sciuroides, Pseudoleskeella catenulata, S. apocarpum, S. dupretii and S. robustum.

This species grows on boulders as well as under overhanging cliffs and on rocks with all kind of exposure, but avoids the driest habitats, such as the zenith part of limestone boulders. Its niche overlaps greatly with most other Schistidium species, but on moist, siliceous north-facing ledges in forests or in mountains, it is often the only species of the complex. In the southern part of Norway and Sweden, this species is rare on calcareous rocks, but in the central and northern part of the territory, it is equally as frequent on calcareous as on siliceous rocks (Blom 1996). Amann et al. (1918) describes S. papillosum as ""calcifuge"" in central Europe, and Poelt (1953) states that the species is lacking on pure limestone and dolomite and is most frequent on base-rich schists in the Alps. Thus, there seems to be a tendency towards a lesser tolerance for calcareous substrate towards the south of the distribution area of this species (Blom 1996).

In the arctic, this species also grows on mixed mineral soil in the tundra. Mixed stands with S. apocarpum and S. pulchrum, two other species with wide habitat ranges and mesotrophic optima, are particularly frequent. This is a frequent weedy species in Scandinavia occurring, mostly in large quantities, in all kinds of artificial habitats. It is also usually a very abundant species in natural habitats, and often dominates on moist cliffs and boulders in humid sites (Blom 1996).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","This species is assessed in the Red Lists of Spain, Switzerland, Albania and Bulgaria as Data Deficient (DD), in Hungary as Endangered (EN) and in Great Britain as Near Threatened (NT) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in many protected areas. No conservation action is needed at present. Further research on the distribution of this species is required, as in some areas where this species is thought to be absent are certainly due to insufficient investigation.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Ignatova, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T","Schröck, C.,Ştefănuţ, S.,Sabovljevic, M.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,platyphyllum,,Schistidium platyphyllum  ,(Mitt.) H.Perss.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Broadleaf Grimmia (Schistidium platyphyllum) is widespread and sometimes locally abundant in northern Europe, becoming very rare in the south. However, this species was not separated for a long time from S. rivulare, so its distribution is still not fully known. The population size and population trends of this species are unknown in detail, but the population is considered to be large and stable. In central Europe this species appears to be increasing. The population size is certainly above 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to one square metre or one boulder on which this species occurs. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.

This is a riparian species occurring on base-rich rocks or boulders along streams, usually above the summer water level. It can also occur in secondary habitats such as imported boulders and stonework by reservoirs, and even on damp tarmac. It is more or less un-threatened over most of its range, but mismanagement of natural water bodies presents a threat at least in some regions. No conservation measures are required at present and  it is known to occur in many protected areas. In the future, its overall distribution in Europe should be clarified.",Stable,"In Europe the Broadleaf Grimmia (Schistidium platyphyllum) is much more common in the northern part of the continent, becoming very rare in the south. However, Schistidium platyphyllum was not separated for a long time from S. rivulare, so its distribution is still not fully known. It is found growing at elevations between 10 - 1,800 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) this moss is distributed across the  Northern Hemisphere, but its precise distribution is not completely  known.","The population size and population trends of this species are unknown in detail, but the population is considered to be large and stable. In central Europe this species appears to be increasing. The population size is certainly above 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to one square metre or one boulder on which this species occurs.","This is a riparian species occurring on base-rich rocks or boulders along streams, usually above the summer water level (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). It can also occur in secondary habitats such as imported boulders and stonework by reservoirs, and even on damp tarmac.","This species is more or less unthreatened over most of its range, but mismanagement of natural water bodies presents a threat at least in some regions.","This moss is included in some national Red Lists, mainly towards the southern edge of its range. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Romania, as Vulnerable in Ireland, and as Data Deficient in Italy, Spain, Switzerland and Hungary (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas. In the future, its overall distribution in Europe should be clarified. 



 



","This species is not utilised or traded.

","Hodgetts, N.,Ignatova, E.,Englefield, E.","Schröck, C.","Papp, B.,Schnyder, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,poeltii,,Schistidium poeltii  ,H.H.Blom,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Schistidium poeltii is, in Europe, restricted to Fennoscandia. The species is common in the Jotunheimen mountains, south-central Norway, and is much rarer in the more continental central parts of Norway. In Sweden, this species is only known from two localities, and there are three records from Finland. However, this species grows in abundance at its localities, and it seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area in Europe and EU 28. In addition, the population size of this species is larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals), and there are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

Climate change could have some potential effects on the species regarding water availability, but these need to be investigated. Monitoring and research on the effects of climate change are therefore needed.",Stable,"This species has a northern distribution and is, in Europe, restricted to Fennoscandia (Norway, Sweden and Finland). It grows in the western part of the Scandinavian mountain range and occurs mainly in Norway (Blom 1996). The altitudinal range of this species is from 600 m to 1,900 m Asl.

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 200 and 400 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 250,000 km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 20 km² and the EOO is ca 94,000 km².","This is an oceanic mountain species. The species is common in the Jotunheimen mountains, south-central Norway, and is much rarer in the more continental central parts of Norway. So far it has been collected only once in the northern part of Scandinavia. In Sweden, this species is only known from two localities. There are three records from Finland. This species grows in abundance at its localities (Blom 1996). There is no indication of any decline, and its current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. The population size of this species is larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for each individual-equivalent) in both Europe and the EU 28. The population is not severely fragmented.","This species grows on base-rich siliceous rock that remains wet for long periods of time on rocks in the upper part of sloping rock surfaces on alpine heaths. Typically, this species is found on sloping flat rocks more or less continuously irrigated by trickling water (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). In the Jotunheimen Mountains (south-central Norway), this species very often grows intermingled with Racomitrium canescens subsp. latifolium and Grimmia unicolor, whilst G. elongata and Didymodon asperifolius frequently occur in fissures on the same ledges. The most common infrageneric mixed species is S. frigidum (Blom 1996).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. Climate change could have some potential effects on the species regarding water availability, but these need to be investigated.",This species is known to occur in protected areas in Norway and Finland. Monitoring and research on the effects of climate change are needed.,The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Ignatova, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Ştefănuţ, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,pruinosum,,Schistidium pruinosum  ,(Wilson) G.Roth,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Mealy Grimmia (Schistidium pruinosum) is a widespread but generally rather rare species. It has a fairly large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 1,000 and 2,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 800 and 900 km2 and the EOO is between 5 and 6 million km2. The population size is probably stable in both Europe and the EU 28. It is most probable that there are much more than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no major threats to this species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species has a temperate distribution in Europe. It is endemic to Europe and Asia Minor (Blom 1996). It is a widespread but generally rather rare species. In Great Britain and in central Europe, it has been collected in montane areas from 200 m up to 1,650 m Asl. The species is recently also found in the Republic of Karelia in Russia (Ignatova et al. 2018). It has been found in Switzerland, from a few localities in the Pyrenees, the Cantabrian Mountains, the Apennines and the Rila mountains in Bulgaria from 1,450 m Asl (Blom 1996). In southern Europe, this species is known from the mountains of Serbia and Greece. Outside of Europe, there are localities in northern Turkey and the Caucasus (Blockeel et al. 2014).

This is one of the most distinctive members of the S. apocarpum complex and it is likely to be accurately recorded, although further colonies doubtless await discovery in Scotland (Blockeel et al. 2014).

It has a southern distribution in Norway and Sweden and is found as far north as 64°17' N. In Norway, there are two localities where this species grows at higher elevation than usual in areas with a more continental climate in Oppland (south central Norway), both at about 500 m to 600 m Asl. At the latter locality, this species grows together with mountain plants such as Schistidium venetum and S. frigidum, but there are also southern thermophytic species present.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 1,000 and 2,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 800 and 900 km2 and the EOO is between 5 and 6 million km2.","This species grows in abundance at its localities. This is a widespread but generally rather rare species. There is not information of any decline and the population size is probably stable in both Europe and the EU 28. The number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for each individual-equivalent) is unknown, however, most probably there are much more than 1,000 individual-equivalents in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows on acidic to basic rock, with a preference for basalt and greenstone. This is a thermophilous ('warm loving') species that may be very abundant at dry, sun-exposed to half-shaded sites (Hallingbäck et al. 2006).

In the United Kingdom, this species can be strikingly abundant on sunny igneous and metamorphic rocks. These include basalt in Northern Ireland and on Mull, dolerite in eastern Wales and serpentine on Shetland; the English colonies are on intrusive lava in limestone dales. Plagiochila bifaria, Anomobryum concinnatum, Grimmia decipiens, G. funalis, G. muehlenbeckii, G. ovalis, G. pulvinata, S. apocarpum, S. maritimum var. piliferum and S. strictum have been recorded as associates (Blockeel et al. 2014).

In the Nordic countries, this species is typical of warm sunny cliffs and boulder sides. Occasionally, it grows in more humid sites in open woodland and at sea-shore cliffs. It grows on calcareous as well as siliceous rocks. In the Oslofjord area, in southeastern Norway, it is common and characteristic on Permian eruptive rocks (basalt, porphyry), and it seems to be common in the basalt areas of Scotland. This species frequently grows intermixed with S. confertum, and from central Europe there are some mixed stands with S. flaccidum. It is rare in artificial habitats (Blom 1996).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","This species is in the national Red List of several European countries. It is assessed as 4 in Austria, as Data Deficient (DD) in Northern Ireland, Spain, Finland, Switzerland, Albania and Bulgaria, as Endangered (EN) in Luxembourg and Romania, as G in Germany and as Near Threatened (NT) in Hungary (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected area. No conservation measures are required at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Weibull, H.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T","Schröck, C.,Vellak, K.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,pulchrum,,Schistidium pulchrum  ,H.H.Blom,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Schistidium pulchrum is rare in central Europe but is widespread in Finland and adjacent parts of Russia. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) but a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the AOO of this species is between 600 and 900 km2, and its EOO is ca 9 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 200 and 300 km2 and the EOO is ca 3 million km2. The population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28, and there are no major threats to this species. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28. No conservation measures are needed at present.",Stable,"This species has a continental circumboreal distribution. It is rare in central Europe (Blom 1996). In Norway and Sweden, this species has a north-eastern distribution. The species is widespread in Finland and adjacent parts of Russia (Ignatova et al. 2006). It is rare above the tree line in Scandinavia, the highest locality is at about 1,200 m Asl in Hardangervidda, south central Norway (Blom 1996) however in Switzerland there are sites situated at 2,700 m Asl (N. Schnyder pers. comm. 2017). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North America and Asia (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 600 and 900 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 9 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 200 and 300 km2 and the EOO is ca 3 million km2.","This species is generally not very abundant at each locality in Scandinavia (Blom 1996). Most localities are, however, from forest areas of the inner continental valleys where the species is common. The current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows on slightly acidic to basic rocks. It occurs both in open and forested habitats, but typically it is found in sub-alpine coniferous forests or alpine birch forests. This species prefers sites with relatively humid air, such as brook valleys. Typical habitats are boulders and ledges in spruce forest and boreal deciduous woods with Alnus incana and Betula pubescens, but it is also common in river gorges. This species grows on a wide variety of bedrock types, but in Scandinavia it is most frequent on phyllite, schist and greenstone (Blom 1996). There are few collections from artificial habitats. This species grows intermixed with several other Schistidium species, but the only common mixed species is S. papillosum (Hallingbäck et al. 2006).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.",This species is in the Red Lists of Spain and Switzerland as Data Deficient (DD) (Hodgetts 2015) and in the Red List of Svalbard as Vulnerable (VU) (Frisvoll and Blom 1997). This species is known to occur in at least one protected area. No conservation action is needed at present.,The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Ignatova, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T","Belkina, O.,Schröck, C.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,recurvum,,Schistidium recurvum  ,H.H.Blom,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Schistidium recurvum is known from rather few localities in the Fennoscandian mountain range as well as the Kola Peninsula. In both Europe and the EU 28, this species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) but a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 100 and 200 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 4 and 5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is at least 20 km2 and the EOO is at least 59,000 km2. However, it is probably under-collected. In addition, the current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28, and there are no major threats to it, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28. 

However, a rising tree level in the mountains, might be a threat in combination with a very limited number of localities. Even so, no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species is known from rather few localities in the Fennoscandian mountain range as well as the Kola Peninsula (Hallingbäck et al. 2006), but it is probably under-collected. In the southern part of the territory, this species has been collected at altitudes between 880 m and 1,300 m Asl, and in the northern part (Alta in Finnmark), it has been collected at 100 m Asl (Blom 1996). This species is also known from Finland (Hodgetts 2015) and the northwestern part of Russia (Ignatova et al. 2006). The species is not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 100 and 200 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 4 and 5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is at least 20 km2 and the EOO is at least 59,000 km2.",This species occurs in abundance in most sites (Blom 1996). The current population trend is probably stable in both Europe and the EU 28.,"This is an alpine species that grows on dry or moist boulders or outcrops and on the lower part of cliffs. It often occurs and sometimes dominates on boulders and ledges beneath steep south-facing cliffs. In Scandinavia, this species has been collected on schist, phyllite and gabbro (Blom 1996). This species often grows with S. scandicum, S. flexipile and S. venetum, but mixed stands are rare (Blom 1996).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. However, a rising tree level in the mountains, might be a threat in combination with a very limited number of localities.","This species is in the Red List of Finland as Near Threatened (NT) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in protected areas, at least in Norway (K. Hassel pers. comm. 2017). No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Muller, F.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,rivulare,,Schistidium rivulare  ,(Brid.) Podp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The River Grimmia (Schistidium rivulare) is widespread throughout Europe and is present in most countries, but rarer in the east and south. Some of the records may belong to Schistidium platyphyllum or S. apocarpum, so the exact distribution is not fully known. The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, but the population is assumed to be very large and stable. The population size is certainly well above 10,000 mature individuals. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.

This is a riparian species occurring on moderately base-rich to strongly acid rocks and boulders along streams, usually above the summer water level. It also occurs on tree roots and in anthropogenic habitats such as imported stones and retaining walls by rivers and reservoirs. It is more or less un-threatened over most of its range, but the mismanagement of natural water bodies presents a certain threat, at least in some regions. However no conservation measures are required at present, and it occurs in many protected areas. In future, the overall distribution in Europe should be clarified.",Stable,"The River Grimmia (Schistidium rivulare) is widespread throughout Europe and is present in most countries, but rarer in the east and south. Some of the records may belong to Schistidium platyphyllum or S. apocarpum, so the exact distribution is not fully known. It is found growing at elevations up to 2,800 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) this moss shows a bipolar  distribution, occurring across Asia south to the Himalayas, China and Japan, in North America south to Arizona and New Mexico, and in the Southern  Hemisphere occurring in southern South America, the sub-antarctic islands and the  Antarctic Peninsula. Reported occurrences in tropical America, tropical  Africa, Australia and New Zealand may belong to different species.","The population size and population trends of this species are unknown in detail, but the population is assumed to be very large and stable. The population size  is certainly well above 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre of ground or one boulder where the species grows.","This is a riparian species occurring on moderately base-rich to strongly acid rocks and boulders along streams, usually above the summer water level (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). It also occurs on tree roots and in anthropogenic habitats such as imported stones and retaining walls by rivers and reservoirs.","This species is more or less unthreatened over most of its range, but the mismanagement of natural water bodies presents a certain threat, at least in some regions.","This moss is included in several national Red Lists towards the southern edge of its range. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Montenegro, as Vulnerable in Slovakia, and as Near Threatened in Portugal (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas. In future, the overall distribution in Europe should be clarified.","This species is not utilised or traded.

","Fettes, N.D.,Natcheva, R.,Hodgetts, N.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,robustum,,Schistidium robustum  ,(Nees &amp; Hornsch.) H.H.Blom,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Robust Grimmia (Schistidium robustum) is widespread but rather scattered in Europe. Its centre of distribution is in mountainous regions, especially the Alps, where it is abundant, but the overall distribution is not fully known. However the known extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. The population size and trend of this species are also unknown in detail, but the population is estimated to be large and stable. The population size is certainly far larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre or one boulder on which the species grows. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.

This moss grows on calcareous rocks of different types, including on anthropogenic habitats such as walls. No major threats to this species have been identified at the European level, and thus no conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas across its European range. In future, the overall distribution in Europe should be clarified. 



 



 



",Stable,"The Robust Grimmia (Schistidium robustum) is widespread but rather scattered in Europe. Its centre of distribution is in mountainous regions, especially the Alps, where it is abundant, but the overall distribution is not fully known. It is found growing at elevations between 30 - 3,000 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is also known from Asian Russia (Caucasus), Georgia and North America.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, but the population is estimated to be large and stable. The population size is certainly far larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre or one boulder on which the species grows.","This moss grows on calcareous rocks of different types, including on anthropogenic habitats such as walls (Blom 1996, Meinunger and Schröder 2007).","No major threats to this species have been identified at the European level.

","This moss is included in some national Red Lists. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Luxembourg and Romania, as Vulnerable in Ireland, and as Near Threatened in Hungary (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas. In future, the overall distribution in Europe should be clarified.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Ignatova, E.","Schröck, C.","Tubanova, D.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,scandicum,,Schistidium scandicum  ,H.H.Blom,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Schistidium scandicum is endemic to Europe, and known from Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia. This species is common in the southern part of the Scandinavian mountain range and adjacent valleys, but seemingly rarer in the northern and eastern parts. It has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) but a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 200 and 400 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3.7 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 40 km2 and the EOO is ca 0.4 million km2. The current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no major threats to this species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28. No conservation action is needed at present.

",Stable,"This species has a northern distribution in Europe (Blom 1996, Hodgetts 2015) and is endemic to Europe. It is known from Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia. Most localities are situated in the subalpine and low alpine zones, but it occurs at lower elevations in both Norway and Sweden (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). The altitudinal range of this species is therefore between 50 m and 1,300 m Asl.



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 200 and 400 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3.7 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 40 km2 and the EOO is ca 0.4 million km2.

","This species is common in the southern part of the Scandinavian mountain range and adjacent valleys, but seemingly rarer in the northern and eastern parts. Occasionally it is very abundant. The current population trend seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows in fissures of rock walls, boulders and steep ledges with a southern or western exposure, often at warm sunny sites. The species has been collected from a variety of base-rich bedrock types, but not from limestone and dolomite (Blom 1996). The species sometimes grows together with Schistidium flexipile, S. papillosum, S. recurvum and S. umbrosum, but mixed stands are rare (Blom 1996).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.",This species is in the Red List of Finland as Data Deficient (DD) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in protected areas both in Norway and Sweden. No conservation action is needed at present.,The species is not used or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Muller, F.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,sibiricum,,Schistidium sibiricum  ,Ignatova &amp; H.H.Blom,,No,VU,D1,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



Schistidium sibiricum is a rare and severely fragmented species, that was only described in 2009. The population size of the species is considered to be less than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe. In the EU 28, this species is known only in one site at southwestern Finland, and population size is between one and four individual-equivalents, but the full distribution of this species is not known. The current population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable (VU) for Europe and Data Deficient (DD) for EU 28.

This species is not sufficiently studied, particularly in the EU 28. There seem to be no apparent threats for this species, but further research is required on this. Further research is also needed on the distribution and population trend of the species. There is also a need for improved habitat protection at sites where it is known to occur.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species has been found in south-western Finland (Sammaltyöryhmä 2015), the Murmansk province of Russia and in the Middle and Southern Urals. Elsewhere, it is widely distributed in the southern part of the Russian Far East, and was also found in Kamchatka and south Siberia (from Transbaikalia to Altay) (Ignatova et al. 2009, Baisheva et al. 2015, Bezgodov and Maksimova 2015, Ignatov et al. 2017). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 1.4 million km2 (based on total area within a minimum convex polygon around all known occurrences), and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 24 km2 (based on a 2x2 km grid overlay on the range map). In the EU 28, this species was found in one locality, and its AOO and EOO are therefore both estimated to be 4 km2.","The abundance, population size and trends of this species are not known. The species is frequently fertile. However, the subpopulations are very small and isolated and its population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented, as they may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and with one individual-equivalent as one stone, one boulder or 1 m2 on which the species grows). It can be locally abundant (M. Ignatov pers. comm. 2017). In the EU 28, this species is present only in one site at southwestern Finland, and population size is between one and four individual-equivalents (K. Syrjänen pers. comm 2018).","This species grows on stones on the banks of streams and lakes, in creek beds, and more rarely, in more dry habitats on slopes (Ignatov et al. 2017).","There seems to be no apparent threats for this species, although further research is required.","This species is not included in any national or regional Red Lists. It is not known from any protected areas, but clearly there is a need for improved   habitat protection at sites where it is known to occur. Further research on the distribution, population size and threats of this species is needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hylander, K.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,sinensiapocarpum,,Schistidium sinensiapocarpum  ,(Müll.Hal.) Ochyra,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment:  Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment:  Least Concern (LC)

In Europe, Schistidium sinensiapocarpum is locally distributed and has only been found in Austria, where it grows in the Alps. The species does not have a very large geographic range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 6,300 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 80 km2.  Probably, this species is overlooked  in the central European mountains, and its real EOO and AOO are much more. Currently, the species seems to be stable and the population size is estimated to be above 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). Due to the high elevation range, there are no major threats to this species. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC) both in Europe and in the EU 28.

Further research is needed on the distribution, population and threats to the species.",Stable,"In Europe, this species is only known from the Austrian Alps (Köckinger et al. 2008, C. Schröck pers. comm. 2016). Elsewhere, it is distributed in mountainous regions of central China, Asiatic Russia (from Transbaikalia to Altay), the Caucasus, Mexico and Haiti (Blom et al. 2006, Ignatov et al. 2017). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated be around 6,300 km2 (based on total area within a minimum convex polygon around all known occurrences), and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 80 km2 (based on a 2x2 km grid overlay on the range map). The altitudinal range of the species is between 1,600 m and 2,600 m Asl. In Europe, this species is not found outside the EU 28 region.","In Austria, there are between 30 and 40 known subpopulations of this species (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2016). The population trend is stable. It has a restricted continental distribution. The population size is considered to be above 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and with 1 m2 on which the species grows considered as one individual-equivalent).",This species grows on rocks in mountainous regions at high altitudes.,"Due to the high elevation range, the species is found in high mountainous areas and thus faces no threats.","This species is not included in any regional Red Lists, but some subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed.",This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Duckett, J.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,sordidum,,Schistidium sordidum  ,I.Hagen,,No,LC,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Schistidium sordidum is recorded from Fennoscandia, Russia, Germany, France, Austria, and Switzerland. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 200 and 300 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 4 and 5 million km2. Although the current population trend of this species is unknown, there are no major threats to this species in northern Europe and so it is assessed as Least Concern in Europe.

In the EU 28, the AOO is between 8 and 200 km2 and the EOO is between 8 km2 and 1 million km2. It look like the species is very rare in EU 28, however, it might instead be very overlooked. The current population trend is unknown in the EU 28 and the species could meet any category from Critically Endangered to Least Concern. Therefore, this species is assessed as Data Deficient within the EU 28.

Research on the population size and trend of this species is needed.",Unknown,"This species is recorded from Fennoscandia and adjacent region in Russia (St Petersburg) as well as Arctic Russia (V. Fedosov pers. comm. Nov. 2018). It is also recorded from Germany, France, Austria and Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). The species is not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 200 and 300 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 4 and 5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 8 and 200 km2 and the EOO is between 8 km2 and 1 million km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 100 m to 2,800 m Asl.","Very little information about the total population size is known. This species under-recorded in both Europe and the EU 28. However, it is found, for example, in the well investigated area of Torne Träsk area in northern Sweden (Blom 1996). The current population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28. It look like the species is very rare in EU 28, however, it might instead be very overlooked.",This species grows on calcareous rocks beside streams or on periodically irrigated ledges and cliffs in the low- and subalpine regions (Blom 1996).,"There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","This species is in the Red List of Finland as Vulnerable (VU), in Switzerland as Data Deficient (DD) and in Germany as rare (R) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in at least one protected area.

Research on the population size and trend of this species is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Muller, F.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,spinosum,,Schistidium spinosum  ,H.H.Blom &amp; Lüth,,Yes,CR,C2a(i),No,CR,C2a(i),EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)



EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)



According to current knowledge, Schistidium spinosum is a European endemic which has a continental distribution centred on the Alps, and is so far known only from about 20 sites in France, Germany, Switzerland and Austria. It was described in 2002, and so its distribution is not yet fully known. It is certainly one of the rarer species of the genus Schistidium. Some new sites may be expected, but probably not many. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 80 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 215,000 km2. Although the exact population size is not known, it is estimated that there are fewer than 250 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals). In addition, each subpopulation has fewer than 50 individual-equivalents. Some subpopulations are very small and subpopulations in Thuringia and Bavaria (Germany) have declined sharply. The overall population trend is therefore assumed to be decreasing. This species is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered globally, in Europe and in the EU 28 based on the number of mature individuals in each subpopulation combined with a population decline.



This species grows on very acidic rocks, often silicate rocks that contain heavy metals, in sunny sites. Due to its preferred habitat, abandonment and cessation of grazing, followed by overgrowth of coarse vegetation, is a major threat. Also, mining or removal of  large rocks cannot be excluded as a threat to it. It is necessary to know more about the exact distribution of this rare species. In addition, the known sites should be protected and managed and a monitoring programme is recommended. It is known to occur in at least one protected area.",Decreasing,"According to current knowledge, this species is a European endemic which has a continental distribution centred on the Alps, and is so far known only from about 20 sites in France, Germany, Switzerland and Austria (Köckinger and Schröck 2017). It was described in 2002 (Blom and Lüth 2002), so its distribution is not yet fully known. It has rather specialised habitat requirements, so it is certainly one of the rarer species of the genus. Some new sites may be expected, but probably not many. It has been found growing at elevations between 450 m and 2,300 m above sea level. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 80 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 215,000 km2.","Although no exact information is known about the population size, it is estimated that there are fewer than 250 individual-equivalents in total. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. In addition, each subpopulation has fewer than 50 individual-equivalents. There is only a little information known concerning the population trend. Meinunger and Schröder (2007) noticed that individual sites become overgrown following abandonment and cessation from grazing, and that the subpopulations in Thuringia and Bavaria (Germany) have declined sharply. Some other subpopulations are thought to be stable. At least some subpopulations are very small (M. Lüth pers. comm. 2017). The overall population trend is therefore assumed to be decreasing.","This species grows on very acidic rocks, often silicate rocks that contain heavy metals, in sunny sites (Blom and Lüth 2002).","Due to its preferred habitat (open sunny rocks), abandonment and cessation of grazing, followed by overgrowth of coarse vegetation, is a major threat. Also, mining or removal of large rocks cannot be excluded as a threat to this species.","According to current knowledge, this is a European endemic, and it is necessary to know more about the exact distribution of this rare species. In addition, the known sites should be protected and managed and a monitoring programme is recommended. It is known to occur in at least one protected area (SAC Prims). This species is assessed as Data Deficient in Germany (Caspari et al. 2018) and Switzerland (Schnyder et al. 2004).",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.,Blockeel, T.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,strictum,,Schistidium strictum  ,(Turner) Loeske ex Mårtensson,"This species appears to be distinct in some parts of it range (e.g., Scandinavia), but in Britain and Ireland it appears to intergrade with S. papillosum. Also, records of this oceanic species from central and eastern Europe are probably incorrect. Therefore there is probably still some taxonomic work to be done before the identity, relationships and status of this species are completely clear.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment:Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Upright Brown Grimmia (Schistidium strictum) is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane moss that may or may not have an oceanic distribution in Europe. This is a problematic species, in that (a) it is not certain that it is distinct from a related species, S. papillosum; (b) recording in its core oceanic area has been uneven; and (c) records from central and eastern Europe may not be correct. However, there are sufficient records to make it clear that it is not particularly rare in the west (fairly large population size), there is no evidence that it is declining, and there are no known major threats to it. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern. No conservation measures are required at present.",Unknown,"The Upright Brown Grimmia (Schistidium strictum) is a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane moss that may or may not have an oceanic distribution in Europe. Blockeel et al. (2014) suggest that it is restricted in Europe to Britain, Ireland, western Norway, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Spain and Madeira. Records from France and Switzerland seem credible. Records from elsewhere in Europe - including Italy, Bulgaria, Romania and Belarus - must be regarded with scepticism. It is locally frequent in western North America. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 1,936 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7.2 million km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown. However, it is not infrequent in some western areas, and the total population size must be fairly large.","This species forms tight orange-tinged tufts or more straggling patches on basic igneous and siliceous rocks in the uplands. It grows both on cliffs, with associates such as Anoectangium aestivum, Distichium capillaceum, Grimmia torquata and Neckera crispa, and on boulders, alongside Frullania tamarisci, Blindia acuta, Ctenidium molluscum, Encalypta ciliata and Tortella bambergeri. There are also records from stones in base-rich flushes and from rocks used to build stone walls. British and Irish colonies are in open situations, whereas Blom (1996) reports S. strictum as being shade-tolerant and typical of humid forests in Norway (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from 10 m up to 1,000 m Asl.



It is autoicous. Capsules are common, maturing January to February.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. It is listed as Near Threatened in Ireland and Data Deficient in Spain, Switzerland and Romania (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Soltés, R.,Doroshina, G.","Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Ignatova, E.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,subflaccidum,,Schistidium subflaccidum  ,(Kindb.) H.H.Blom,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Schistidium subflaccidum is relatively widespread in Austria, but otherwise so far there are only a few records from France, Switzerland and Albania. It is certainly more widespread in the Alps and is probably also found in the mountains of southeastern Europe. The knowledge about the exact distribution of this species is completely inadequate. Nothing is known about the overall population size or trend. However, this species is not uncommon in suitable sites in Austria, where it is estimated that there are more than 1,000 individual-equivalents. This assessment is thus carried out practically on the basis of knowledge in Austria, where the species is relatively widespread and no threat exists. For this reason, although it seems to be rare from its currently known distribution, this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.

This moss grows on calcareous silicate rock and silicate carbonate rock, and also on walls, usually in bright and exposed positions. It is also often found on boulders in pastures and rocky outcrops in alpine grassland. The habitat of this species is completely safe and no major threats to it at the European level are known. In future, the overall distribution in Europe should be clarified, as well as more research into the population size and trends. It is known to occur in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Unknown,"The knowledge about the exact distribution of this species is completely inadequate. This species is relatively widespread in Austria (Köckinger et al. 2008, Schröck et al. 2013), but otherwise so far there are only a few records from France, Switzerland and Albania. It is certainly more widespread in the Alps and is probably also found in the mountains of southeastern Europe. It has been found growing at elevations between 1,000 - 2,500 m Asl. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at 50,000 km². Outside Europe, the species occurs in North America (Canada) and closer to Europe, there is a record from the Caucasus (Blom et al. 2006).","Nothing is known about the overall population size or trend of this species. However, this species is not uncommon in suitable sites in Austria, where it is estimated that there are more than 1,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre or one boulder on which the species grows. The overall population size therefore is likely to be significantly larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents.","This moss grows on calcareous silicate rock and silicate carbonate rock, and also on walls, usually in bright and exposed positions. This species is often found on boulders in pastures and rocky outcrops in alpine grassland.","The habitat of this species is completely safe and no major threats to it at the European level are known (Schröck et al. 2013, Köckinger and Schröck in prep.).","In future, the overall distribution in Europe should be clarified, as well as more research into the population size and trends. It is known to occur in protected areas.","This species is not utilised or traded.

","Cálix, M.,Hodd, R.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,subjulaceum,,Schistidium subjulaceum  ,H.H.Blom,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Schistidium subjulaceum is known from two separate areas in the Scandinavian mountains, as well as in European Russia. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) but a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the AOO of this species is between 100 and 200 km2, and its EOO is ca 0.5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 28 km2 and the EOO is ca 90,000 km2. This species occurs in abundance at its localities, and it has a stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no major threats to this species. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28. No conservation measures are required at present.



 

",Stable,"This species has a northern distribution in Europe. It is known from two separate areas in the Scandinavian mountains (Blom 1996) and more recently it has also been found in Russia (Karelia Province - Ignatov et al. 2006). In the south of Norway, this species occurs in the Hardanger area (one locality), the Jotunheimen and Dovre mountains and at a few outlying localities further East (in Hedmark county). In the north, this species is found from the Hattjelldalen area and the upper part of Umeälven in adjacent Sweden north to Millselv in Troms County, Norway. Although the knowledge of the distribution of this species is probably far from complete, its absence from the southern part of the Scandinavian mountain range and from Finnmark, northernmost Norway, may be significant (Blom 1996). Most localities are situated in the subalpine and low alpine zones, but it has been collected at 400 m Asl in Hedmark and occurs down to about 150 m Asl in Nordland and Troms counties (Blom 1996). The altitudinal range of this species is between 150 m and 2,000 m Asl. 

Outside of Europe, this species is also found in northernmost North America and Asia (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 100 and 200 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 0.5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 28 km2 and the EOO is ca 90,000 km2.

","This species occurs in abundance at its localities. It is rare in the Jotunheimen Mountains, but very common in the Dovre Mountains and in the Torneträsk area in northern Sweden - both are areas which are well investigated. The current population trend seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows on slightly basic to calcareous rocks, in or near running water. Typically, it is found on or very near the shoreline, where it is continuously irrigated by splashing water, but sometimes also a bit further away on cliffs that are periodically flushed (Blom 1996). Usually, this species occurs on boulders and gently sloping rocks in the epilittoral zone, but sometimes it is also found at periodically inundated sites, like periodically irrigated rocks in open birch wood and on boulders and nearly flat rocks in meadows below waterfalls (Blom 1996). Most often it grows in pure tufts, and it rarely occurs mixed with other taxa in the S. apocarpum complex. Mixed stands with Shistidium platyphyllum and S. agassizii are more common (Blom 1996).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.",This species is in the Red List of Finland as Endangered (EN) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in protected areas both in Norway and Sweden. No conservation action is needed at present.,The species is not used or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Muller, F.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,submuticum,,Schistidium submuticum  ,Zick. ex H.H.Blom,,Yes,LC,,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



Schistidium submuticum is endemic to Europe, and is known from two subspecies: submuticum and arcticum. It has a north-eastern distribution, except for a disjunct occurrence on Iceland. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 500 and 600 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 7 and 8 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 90 and 100 km2 and the EOO is ca 0.5 million km2. The population size in Europe is above 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). Both subspecies seem to have a stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. Therefore, in Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern.



However, within the EU 28, it is estimated that there are below 1,000 individual-equivalents and it is thus assessed as Vulnerable.



No conservation action is needed at present, but it is worth noting that the arcticum subspecies is a more rare northern taxon and could be more susceptible than the nominate subspecies.",Stable,"This species is endemic to Europe. It has a north-eastern distribution except for a disjunct occurrence on Iceland. Six out of nine Schistidium specimens studied from the Lipetzkaya province, Russia, were found to be this species, and it is probably common in calcareous areas throughout much of European Russia. All specimens are from lowland areas (Blom 1996). The subspecies submuticum is rare in Scandinavia and becomes more frequent towards the east. It is known from three localities in southeastern Norway, a single locality in Sør-Trøndelag, central Norway, and a single Swedish locality in Dalarna. The altitude ranges from 70 to 440 m Asl (Blom 1996). The subspecies arcticum occurs in the northern part of the Scandinavian mountain range from Stora Umevatten, Lycksele lappmark in the south to Nordreisa, Troms in the north. This taxa does also occur in Svalbard in one site (Frisvoll and Blom 1997). The species seems to be endemic to Europe.



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 500 and 600 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 7 and 8 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 90 and 100 km2 and the EOO is ca 0.5 million km2.","The nominate subspecies occurs in lowland and has a south-eastern distribution with assumed concentration of sites in the agricultural landscape. These areas are poorly explored, therefore unknown. Local subpopulations are small. Outside of Norway, the knowledge of population size and trend is very poor. In Ukraine, this species occurs only on man-made substrates, although it is probably widespread in Ukraine (V. Virchenko pers. comm. 2017). 



In Russia, this species is very common and there are many localities. In the lowlands of Russia, this is probably the most common species (H. Blom pers. comm. 2017). There are many new collections from Finland in the south from concrete substrates (K. Syrjanen pers. comm. 2017). In Norway and Sweden, this species is rare. Both subspecies seem to have a stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28. The population size in Europe is above 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for each individual-equivalent), and it is not severely fragmented. In Estonia, there are three localities, in Finland there are around 40 localities and in Sweden there are three to four localities. Considering an average of five to 10 individual-equivalents in each site, there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents estimated to be in the EU 28.","This species is a lowland taxon, and found together with S. dupretii and S. confusum on exposed limestone. The ecology of the exclusively alpine subspecies arcticum is poorly known. The subspecies submuticum grows on more or less exposed calcareous rocks. In Snåsa, central Norway, it was found growing in abundance on moist, low and gently sloping limestone ledges, in grass-land beneath a steep, south-facing hill. At one locality in southeastern Norway, it grew on a small limestone wall at a road-side.



According to specimen labels, this species occurs at river banks in Russia, whereas a few Finnish specimens were collected on wall-tops (Blom 1996).Schistidium submuticum subsp. arcticum grows on calcareous rocks, but has also been collected on sandstone and graphitic schist. Only scarce information is available regarding the Fennoscandian localities. On Mount Veigematto in Torne Lappmark, Sweden, it occurs on dolomite boulders, and on Mount Saana, northwestern Finland, this species grows on moist dolomite ledges in the basal part of a south-faced cliff (Blom 1996). The species is related to open limestone rock (rock walls) and walls. The habitat of the natural bedrock considered to be in decline as a result of developments, overgrowing and quarries.","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","This species is in the Red List of Svalbard (Frisvoll and Blom 1997) as Vulnerable (VU). In Norway, the species is considered to be Least Concern (LC) (Hassel et al. 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area.



No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Weibull, H.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Goldberg, I.,Schröck, C.,Blom, H.,Lönnell, N.,Vellak, K.,Afonina, O.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,tenerum,,Schistidium tenerum  ,(J.E.Zetterst.) Nyholm,,No,VU,D1,No,EN,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Schistidium tenerum is, in Europe, known from Svalbard, Iceland, Fennoscandia and European Russia. A record from Slovakia is highly doubtful. The species is very rare and the subpopulations are considered to be stable, but increased hydroelectric power development in the north can be a real threat to any of the sites. The overall current population trend is therefore unknown. The population is considered to be severely fragmented. The overall population size is estimated to be below 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe and below 250 individual-equivalents in the EU 28. Therefore, this species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and as Endangered in the EU 28.

This species is not safe because of threats from hydroelectric exploitation and from the potential future threat of global warming. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed, as well as further research into the potential impacts of global warming.",Unknown,"This species has an arctic-alpine, imperfectly circumpolar distribution. Its distribution pattern is similar to many circumarctic species (Blom 1996). Beside Svalbard, this species occurs in Iceland and Fennoscandia - from Troms and Finnmark in northern Norway and the adjacent part of Finland. Nyholm (1956) reported it from Tome Lappmark, northern Sweden, but neither Blom (1996) nor Bremer (1980) have seen the actual specimens, and the species was excluded from Sweden in the check-list of Sweden in 1992 (Söderström et al. 1992). A record from Slovakia is highly doubtful. More recently, this species has also been found in Russia in the Kola Peninusla (O. Afonina pers. comm. 2017). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North America and Asia (BFNA 2007). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 10 m to 360 m Asl.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 200 and 2,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2.5 million km². Within the EU 28, the species occurs only in Finland and the AOO is considered to be between 10 and 100 km².","The species is very rare and is found along rivers, valleys and close to waterfalls. Several new sites have been discovered, however the distribution is probably severely fragmented since it nearly always lack sporophytes (Blom 1996) and the subpopulations of this species seem to be isolated.

In Finland, the species could decline as a result of climate change, however it occurs in rather dry situations or with some occasional moisture (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). The increased hydroelectric power development in the north can be a real threat to any of the sites. The overall current population trend is therefore unknown.

 

There are around eight localities in Finland, 30 in Svalbard, 10 in Norway, one in Iceland and two in Russia. This species is very common in Svalbard (H. Blom pers. comm. 2017). In each locality there are around 10 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for each individual-equivalent) in Svalbard and there are about 50 individual-equivalents in Finland. Therefore, the overall population size is estimated to be below 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe and below 250 individual-equivalents in the EU 28.","This species grows on dry, exposed or semi shaded rocks. It occurs in habitats with no or little snow cover like cliffs and wind-swept ridges. In Norway, this species grows on cliffs, often in river gorges or by waterfalls, and on Svalbard, it is common on bird cliffs (Blom 1996). In Norway, this species has been collected from siliceous and base-rich rocks, and in northwestern Finland, it occurs on sediment rocks. 

  Infrageneric mixed stands with this species are rare. In Norway, it has been collected mixed with S. boreale and on Svalbard, it frequently grows with S. frisvollianum on bird perches (Blom 1996).

","The major threat today is the destruction of limnic environments because of damming of water courses as an effect of hydroelectric exploitation. A future potential threat is also global warming, but further research is required on this.","This species is in the Red List of Norway as Near Threatened (NT), and Iceland, Finland and Slovakia as Vulnerable (VU) (Hassel et al. 2015, Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in protected areas. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed, as well as further research into the potential impacts of global warming.",The species is not used or traded.,"Séneca, A.,Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,trichodon,,Schistidium trichodon  ,(Brid.) Poelt,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Stook Grimmia (Schistidium trichodon) occurs mostly in mountains. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 2,000 and 3,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 6 and 7 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 1,500 km2 and the EOO is between 4 and 5 million km2. It seems to have a stable population trend in both regions, and there are no major threats to this species. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in Luxembourg, Slovakia and Ireland. Even so, no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species has a European, boreal-montane distribution. It occurs mostly in mountains - this species is common in the Alps and the Scandes, and is found eastwards to the Carpathians and the Caucasus (Blockeel et al. 2014). 

In central Europe, this species occurs in the northern and central mountains - from the Ardennes in the west to the Carpathians of Romania in the east (at altitudes of 620 m to 1,500 m Asl). In northern Europe, this species is known from Westmorland, Durham and Scotland in Great Britain, at altitudes from 570 m to 930 m Asl, and 100 m to 1,190 m Asl (Hill et al. 1992), as well as from a few localities in central and northern Finland. Apart from the southern part of Sweden, this species occurs almost throughout Norway and Sweden. In southeastern Europe, this species is known from Mt. Kasbek, Georgia (Blom 1996). The species is common in the western part of the territory, but increasingly rarer to the east. Its distribution is probably governed by humidity and the occurrence of calcareous rocks (Blom 1996). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in northern part of North America and Asia (BFNA 2007). 

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 2,000 and 3,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 6 and 7 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 1,500 km2 and the EOO is between 4 and 5 million km2.","Very little information about the total population size is known, but the current population trend is considered to be stable, as there is no indication of any threat or decline.","This species grows on calcareous rocks. Limestone and dolomite are the most common bedrock types, but in Norway and in the Alps, it also grows on various schists, phyllites and greenstones. It is a shade-tolerant mesophyte, typical of partly moss-covered boulders and outcrops in closed or open forests. This species grows with species such as Ctenidium molluscum, Campylium halleri, Ditrichum gracile, Fissidens dubius and Neckera crispa and it is a faithful species of the moss society Ctenidietum mollusci. The species also grows on fully exposed rocks, but then mostly along brooks and rivers or on periodically irrigated ledges (Blom 1996).

The species grows often intermingled with nearly all Schistidium species found on calcareous rocks, the most frequent mixed stands are with S. robustum, S. papillosum and S. boreale. In the coastal areas of Norway, this species is common on wall tops, but it is much rarer in artificial habitats in areas with a drier climate. This species is usually very abundant locally, and on moist or irrigated ledges it may cover patches of several square meters. However, on wall tops by roadsides in Norway, only one or a few tufts were observed at each locality (Blom 1996).

In the United Kingdom, this is an upland species on limestone scree, on boulders, on outcropping ribs of rock, or occasionally on cliffs. Some sites experience periodic flushing. Associates include Ctenidium molluscum, Encalypta streptocarpa, Fissidens dubius, Schistidium papillosum and Tortella bambergeri. There are no records from artificial habitats in Britain or Ireland (Blockeel et al. 2014).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","This species is assessed in the Red Lists of Luxembourg as Critically Endangered (CR), Slovakia as Endangered (EN), Poland as I, Finland and Romania as Near Threatened (NT), Germany as V, and Ireland and Northern Ireland as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.,Blockeel, T.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,umbrosum,,Schistidium umbrosum  ,(J.E.Zetterst.) H.H.Blom,,No,LC,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment is Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Schistidium umbrosum is found mostly in northern Europe, but also occurs in central Europe. It may be rare all over Europe, although at suitable sites the species occurs in abundance and the current population trend seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) but a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 100 and 200 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 3 and 4 million km2. In addition, there are no major threats to this species. Therefore, in Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern.

However, in the EU 28, the AOO is between 4 and 40 km2 and the EOO is between 4 and 600,000 km2. It is unknown if the distribution is very small or much bigger since the species might be overlooked. The species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient, as it could qualify for any category between Critically Endangered and Least Concern, under Criterion B.

No conservation action is needed at present. Further research is required on the distribution and population size of this species, particularly in the EU 28.

",Stable,"In northern Europe, this species occurs in Svalbard in the north throughout the Scandinavian mountain range, but there are few collections south of the Dovre Mountains (central Norway). It is widespread in the western, oceanic part of Norway (Jotunheimen Mountains and in the Hardangervidda area), and southern-central Norway (Blom 1996). In northern Sweden, there are some sites known and more recently it has also been found in northern Russia, in Murmansk Province (Ignatova et al. 2006). Besides northern Europe, this species is also found in central Europe in Austria, Switzerland, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro (Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 100 m to 3,000 m Asl. The species is not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 100 and 200 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 3 and 4 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 4 and 40 km2 and the EOO is between 4 and 600,000 km2. It is unknown if this species is overlooked or not in the EU 28.

","Judging from field experience, this species is rare all over Europe (Blom 1996). In Finland, this species is declining (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). However, at suitable sites the species occurs in abundance and seems to be stable. Therefore, the overall current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows in fissures of vertical or overhanging cliffs in the mountains. This is a specialized habitat. In Scandinavia, the species is associated with base-rich rocks, particularly hard schists and phyllites (Blom 1996). The species is also found on south-facing woodland mountain sides.

  This species is sometimes associated with Grimmia anodon and Orthotrichum species, but infra-generic mixed stands are rare. Numerous collections from the Dovre Mountains in central Norway and from the Torneträsk area in northern Sweden have been made (Blom 1996). These are the two ""classical"" areas for alpine bryophytes in Scandinavia (Blom 1996).","There are no major threats known to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","This species is in the Red List of Finland as Near Threatened (NT), Austria as 4, Switzerland as Data Deficient (DD) (Hodgetts 2015), and in Svalbard as Vulnerable (VU) (Frisvoll and Blom 1997). The species is known to occur in several protected areas.

No conservation action is needed at present. Further research is required on the distribution and population size of this species, particularly in the EU 28.",The species is not used or traded.,"Rumsey, F.,Cálix, M.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,GRIMMIACEAE,Schistidium,venetum,,Schistidium venetum  ,H.H.Blom,,No,LC,,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Schistidium venetum is known from northern Europe and a few sites in the Alps.

In the whole of Europe, very little is known about the total population size of this species, although it is estimated to be less than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). It usually occurs in abundance at its localities, and the overall current population trend seems to be stable. In addition, there are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. In Europe, this species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. 

However, within the EU 28 the species is rare, although the population size is stable and there are no major threats. The population size is considered to be less than 1,000 individual-equivalents, and so in the EU 28, this species is assessed as Vulnerable. 

This species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Finland, Iceland and Svalbard. Protection of its suitable habitat is recommended, as well as further surveys and research on its distribution and population.

",Stable,"This species is known from northern Europe (Blom 1996) and a few sites in the Alps (Köckinger et al. 2008). Its distribution has a northern atlantic bias. In northern Europe, outside Scandinavia, it is known from single localities in northwest Finland, the Kola Peninsula and Karelia in Russia (Ignatov et al. 2006), Iceland and Svalbard (rare on both islands). The northernmost locality of the species is situated in Svalbard (Frisvoll and Blom 1997). This species also occurs throughout the Scandinavian mountain range. It is rare below the subalpine region and has been collected up to 1,450 m Asl in the Dovre mountains, in central Norway (Blom 1996), although the altitudinal range of the species is between 10 m and 1,500 m Asl. In the Alps, this species has been found in Austria (Köckinger et al. 2008). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland and northernmost North America (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 200 and 400 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 4.7 million km2. Within the EU 28, the AOO is estimated to be around 32 km2 and the EOO is estimated to be around 0.6 million km2.

","Very little is known about the total population size in the whole of Europe for this species. It usually occurs in abundance at its localities (Blom 1996). In northern Europe, the species does not seem to be declining. Within the EU 28 the species is rare and some localities are threatened. Even so, the current population trend for this species is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.

Around 20 localities are known in Norway, two in Finland, 10 in Sweden and seven in Iceland. The number of localities in European Russia is unknown, but considering that there are between 20 and 50 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) in each site, the population size is estimated to be below 10,000 individual-equivalents. In the EU 28, there is estimated to be less than 1,000 individual-equivalents. The population is not considered to be severely fragmented in either Europe or the EU 28.","This is a predominately mountainous species that has been found growing on acidic to basic rocks, typically at more or less exposed sites that are irrigated by trickling water. Occurrences below the tree line are usually linked to exposed, flushed cliffs near streams. It is particularly common in heaths on low ledges which are kept moist by the turf above for a prolonged period following rainfall. It can also occur in rock walls. In Scandinavia, this species grows on siliceous and base-rich rocks, whereas most specimens from outside of Scandinavia were collected from siliceous rocks, according to specimen labels (Blom 1996). At the few known lowland localities, the species grows on exposed and irrigated rocks by brooks and rivers. This species has been found with S. papillasum, S. poeltii and S. frigidum (Blom 1996).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","This species is in the national Red Lists of Finland, Iceland and Svalbard as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in protected areas. Further surveys and research on its distribution and population are needed. Protection of its suitable habitat is also recommended.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Orgaz Alvarez, J.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Schistochilopsis,grandiretis,,Schistochilopsis grandiretis  ,(Lindb. ex Kaal.) Konstant.,,No,LC,,No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(i)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Schistochilopsis grandiretis is rare but widely distributed in the mountains of northern Europe. The population trend in northern Europe (the core area) seems to be stable. However, in the Alps and the Carpathians, the species has declined quite a lot. In the EU 28, the overall current population trend of this species is therefore inferred to be declining and the distribution has become severely fragmented. 

The total population size in Europe is most probably larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) including Iceland, Svalbard and northern Russia, and between 2,500 and 5,000 individual-equivalents within the EU 28. The largest subpopulation is between 500 and 1,000 individual-equivalents. In the north of Europe, there are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe.  In the EU 28, this species is assessed as Vulnerable. 

Monitoring of the population trend is needed.",Stable,"This species has a subarctic-alpine distribution. In Europe, it is known from Germany, Switzerland and Austria in the Alps, above 2,000 m Asl, and eastwards to northern Russia (Hodgetts 2015). It is also known from Iceland and Spitsbergen. In the Nordic countries this species is rare, sporadically occurs in the mountains of Norway and Sweden and it is also known from northern Finland as well as one old site in Denmark.

In Asia, this species is known from Siberia, Novaya Zemlya, Taimyr Peninsula, Chukotka Peninsula, and Kamchatka. In North America, this species is known from Alaska in the west, from Quebec to Vermont in the east, and it is also known from Alberta, Manitoba and Minnesota. This species is also known from Greenland (Damsholt 2002).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 600 and 900 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 5 and 6 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 300 and 600 km² and the EOO is between 1 and 2 million km².","This species is rare but widely distributed in the mountains of northern Europe. The total population size is most probably larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) in Europe as a whole (including Iceland and Svalbard), and between 2,500 and 5,000 individual-equivalents within the EU 28. The largest subpopulation is between 500 and 1,000 individual-equivalents. Specimens with perianths are rare and sporophytes are very rare (Damsholt 2002). Within the EU 28, the distribution is probably severely fragmented as the subpopulations are small and isolated and may therefore go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.

The population trend in northern Europe (the core area) seems to be stable, even if a warmer climate can change this in future. However, in the Alps and the Carpathians, the species has declined quite a lot. Therefore the overall population trend in Europe is stable. In the EU 28, the overall current population trend of this species is inferred to be declining.","This species grows among other bryophytes on moist, exposed peaty soil over calcareous ledges or at hummocks in rich fens, often together with, for example, Odontoschisma macounii, Geocalyx graveolens, Cephalozia pleniceps, Mesoptychia gillmanii and Blepharostoma trichophyllum (Damsholt 2002).","In the north of Europe, there are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. In Finland, construction and ditching of rich fens has been a major threat to this species in the past (Laaka-Lindberg 2009). If the warmer climate results in drier ground and more competition of lowland plants, the species may risk of a decline. Also, changes in groundwater levels as a consequence of climate change may threaten this species in the future (Laaka-Lindberg 2009).","This species is in the Red Lists of Austria, Switzerland and the Czech Republic as Vulnerable (VU), Finland as Endangered (EN), Germany as D, Italy as Data Deficient (DD), Netherlands as Regionally Extinct (RE) and Slovakia as Critically Endangered (CR) (Hodgetts 2015).

  The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. Monitoring of the population trend is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Gunnarsson, U.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Schistochilopsis,hyperarctica,,Schistochilopsis hyperarctica  ,Konstant. &amp; L. Söderstr.,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Schistochilopsis hyperarctica is only known from Svalbard and from the Ural Mountains. However, this is a problematic species since it has been only relatively recently described and several authors recommend further taxonomic research to ensure it is not merely a variable form of another similar species in the same genus (S. opacifolia). The actual distribution of this species is very unclear, although it seems to be rare. Very little information exists about the total population size and trend. This species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. The species could potentially be anything from Critically Endangered to Least Concern. 

Taxonomic research is needed in order to confirm the validity of this species, as it may be only a variable form of another species. If valid, research is needed to determine its extinction risk, including into its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Monitoring of the population trend is also needed.

This species is not found in the EU 28 and is therefore Not Evaluated.

",Unknown,"This is an arctic species (Damsholt 2002, Hodgetts 2015), only known from Svalbard (Dicksonfjorden) and from the Ural Mountains in Russia (Dulin 2008). In Asia, this species is known from Siberia, Chukotka Pen. In North America, this species is known from Ellesmere Island. This species is also known from northern Greenland, Kap København (Damsholt 2002). However, this is a problematic species since it has been only relatively recently described and several authors recommend further taxonomic research to ensure it is not merely a variable form of another similar species in the same genus (S. opacifolia). The actual distribution of this species is very unclear.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 20 and 40 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 0.7 million km². This species does not occur within the EU 28.

","Very little information exists about the total population size and trend. However, the species is very rare.","This species grows scattered among other bryophytes, pioneering on exposed calcareous clay or around the edges of polygons, together with other species that prefer calcium rich soil like Scapania gymnostomophila, S. cuspiduligera, Jungermannia pumila ssp. polaris, Clevea hyalina and Schistochila gillmanii (Damsholt 2002).","Svalbard offers only very small areas with suitable living conditions for this species, which limits is occurrences and increases the risk of extinction. It is considered that climate change has a negative impact on nearly all native species in arctic region. The current warming of the climate on arctic ecosystem is occurring very quickly and is one of the most important negative pressures of this and other species in arctic latitudes. However, due to the lack of data on this species, the impact of the threat of climate change on this species is unknown.","This species is in the Red List of Norway as Endangered (EN) (Hodgetts 2015) and in Svalbard as Vulnerable (VU) (Frisvoll and Blom 1997). The species is known to occur in protected areas. Taxonomic research is recommended in order to confirm the validity of this species. Research is also needed into its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Monitoring of the population trend is also needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Gunnarsson, U.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Schistochilopsis,incisa,,Schistochilopsis incisa  ,(Schrad.) Konstant.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Jagged Notchwort (Schistochilopsis incisa) is common and widespread throughout most of Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Only in the lowlands of Germany and the Netherlands is it declining, but in most countries it is reported as stable, and so the overall current trend is considered stable. It may be locally threatened by the destruction of mires or inappropriate forest management, but there is no major threat to it at the European level. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. No conservation actions are required at present.",Stable,"This species is common and widely distributed in Europe, becoming rarer and more restricted to the mountains in central and southern areas. It occurs from the Azores, Spain and Ireland in the west to the Urals in the east, and from Greece and Italy in the south to Iceland and Novaya Zemlya in the north (Damsholt 2002). It may have disappeared from the Netherlands. Outside Europe it is widespread in Asia, North America and Greenland. It is found growing from sea level up to 3,100 m Asl (Hofmann et al. 2011). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","The current population trend seems to be stable and the population size is very large. Only in the lowlands of Germany (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Caspari et al. 2018) and the Netherlands is it declining. In the Netherlands there are no records known after 1990 (BLWG and NDFF 2016). It may be that some records in alpine areas or the far north should be referred to Schistochilopsis opacifolia.","This species grows in a variety of habitats, including on humus or rotten wood in forests, over siliceous rocks, in snowbeds, along rivulets or sometimes in acidic mires, growing in Sphagnum or on bare peat (Bisang 1999, Nebel and Philippi 2005).","The species may be locally threatened by the destruction of mires (Meinunger and Schröder 2007) or                  inappropriate forest management, but there is no common threat at the European level.","The species has been assessed as Endangered in Germany, as Vulnerable in Spain, Andorra and Luxembourg, as Near Threatened in Italy and as Data Deficient in Hungary. It is considered Regionally Extinct in the Netherlands (Hodgetts 2015). There are no conservation actions needed for this species at the European level. It is found in protected areas in Europe.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Köckinger, H.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Schistochilopsis,opacifolia,,Schistochilopsis opacifolia  ,(Culm. ex Meyl.) Konstant.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Alpine Notchwort (Schistochilopsis opacifolia) is widespread throughout northern Europe, but is strictly restricted to the mountains in central and southern Europe. In any case, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) still largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. The current population trend seems to be stable. It may be locally threatened by the destruction of mires, and climate change may be a potential threat, but there are no major threats at the European level. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. No conservation actions are required at present.",Stable,"This species is widely distributed in northern Europe but is much more restricted, outside Arctic areas, to the mountains than the similar Schistochilopsis incisa. It is strictly restricted to the mountains in central and southern Europe, usually occurring above 1,200 m Asl (Bisang 1999). It is absent from Macaronesia and virtually absent from the Mediterranean region. It occurs between Spain and  Ireland in the west and northern Russia in the east and from Romania, where according to Ştefǎnuţ (2008) it is very rare, the Pyrenees and northern Italy  in the south to Iceland, Svalbard and Novaya Zemlya in the north. Outside Europe it is widespread through Asia,  North America and Greenland (Damsholt 2002). It is found growing from sea level up to 3,100 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","The current population trend seems to be stable. The population size is large and surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. In parts of the Carpathians, this species is rare and can therefore be potentially threatened.","This species grows mainly in open, humid, montane to alpine habitats such as spring communities, alpine pastures, snowbeds, mires or along rivulets. It is more tolerant of calcarean influence than Schistochilopsis incisa (Damsholt 2002).","The species may be locally threatened by the destruction of mires, and climate change may be a potential threat, but there are no major threats at the European  level at present.","This species is considered Critically Endangered in Italy, Endangered in Slovakia and Romania, Vulnerable in Spain, Andorra and Ireland, and Data Deficient in the Czech Republic, Germany and Montenegro (Hodgetts 2015). In all other countries with a Red List it is assessed as Least Concern. No conservation actions are needed at present. It occurs in protected areas across Europe.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.,Aleffi, M.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,SCHISTOSTEGACEAE,Schistostega,pennata,,Schistostega pennata  ,(Hedw.) F.Weber &amp; D.Mohr,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Goblin Gold (Schistostega pennata) is widespread, though rarely common, over much of Europe, wherever there is siliceous bedrock (it is lacking in calcareous regions). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. The current population trend seems to be stable over the whole of its European range. In some regions it is a rare species, but an obvious decline has not been observed. It may be threatened by climate change, and local changes in habitat quality (light or humidity conditions) and mining activities, but there is no major threat to it at the European level. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"This species is widespread, but rarely very common, wherever there is siliceous bedrock. It is lacking in calcareous regions and it may have disappeared from Belarus. In Europe it ranges from northern Portugal and the Pyrenees in the west to the Urals in Russia in the east, and from northern Italy and Romania in the south to northern Scandinavia in the north (Hällingback et al. 2006). It is absent from the far north, Macaronesia and most of the Mediterranean region. Outside Europe it is distributed in northern and eastern Asia and in North America. It is found growing from sea level up to 2,100 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","The current population trend seems to be stable over the whole of its European range, or at most there is a slight decline. In some regions it is a rare species, but an obvious decline has not been observed. The population is also large.","The species grows in shady, humid forests, in caves of siliceous rocks or under boulders on acidic soil or stone, also on the root plates of fallen birches in peatlands (Ignatov and Ignatova 2001) and in rabbit holes in open grassland (Atherton et al. 2010). The sites have to be protected from direct rainfall. Secondary habitats are inside goat stables made of siliceous stones where the conditions are humid and shady.","This species may be threatened by climate change, changes in habitat quality (light or humidity conditions) and mining activities (Sérgio et al. 2013).","The species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Lithuania, as Endangered in Slovakia, as Vulnerable in Latvia, Spain, Switzerland and Luxembourg (Hodgetts 2015), as Near Threatened in Portugal and Finland, and as Data Deficient in Bulgaria. It is considered Regionally Extinct in Belarus. It is included in protected areas at least in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013) and Switzerland (Bertram 2000). No conservation measures are currently needed.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Englefield, E.,Ros-Espín, R.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,JUNGERMANNIACEAE,Schizophyllopsis,sphenoloboides,,Schizophyllopsis sphenoloboides  ,(R.M. Schust.) Váňa &amp; L. Söderstr.,,No,EN,D,No,CR,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

Schizophyllopsis sphenoloboides is a very rare species with very small subpopulations. In Europe, this species is only known from Svalbard, northern parts of Sweden, Finland and northwestern Russia. The current population trend is unknown for both Europe and the EU 28. There are no major threats known to this species, as it is found in hard to access habitats.The population size is estimated to be larger than 50 individual-equivalents in Europe (considered as mature individuals), but probably less than 250 individual-equivalents. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered in Europe.

In the EU 28, it is estimated that there are less than 50 individual-equivalents, and this species is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered in the EU 28.

However, this species can be easily confused with Sphenolobus minutus and is difficult to recognise in the field. It is therefore probably more common than currently known. Further fieldwork is therefore recommended to confirm the population size.",Unknown,"This species has an arctic distribution. In Europe, this species is only known from Svalbard, northern parts of Sweden, Finland and northwestern Russia (Damsholt 2002, Hodgetts 2015). In northwestern Russia, it has been found in Murmansk Province in the Lapland State Nature Biosphere Reserve and other sites, and from the northeast corner of the Kola Peninsula (Borovichev 2014). It is also found in the northern Ural mountains. In Asia, this species is known from central and easternmost Siberia, in the Chukotka Peninsula. In North America, this species is known from from Alaska and the Mackenzie River delta in Canada. It is also known from Greenland (Damsholt 2002).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 36 and 100 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1 million km2. Within the EU 28, the AOO is 24 km2 and the EOO is 0.24 million km2. However, this species can be easily confused with Sphenolobus minutus and is difficult to recognise in the field. It is therefore probably more common than currently known.","This species is rare in Europe and is a possible member of a group of hepatics that has survived the Pleistocene in arctic refugia, north of the continental ice sheet (Schuster and Konstantinova 1996). Subpopulations are usually small with only a couple of individuals. There are four known sites in Sweden, and three in Finland (however, two of the sites may have disappeared since it has been searched for recently without success). On Svalbard there is only one known locality and in the Murmansk region around ten localities . In the Urals there is another known locality. The population size is estimated to be larger than 50 individual-equivalents in Europe (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equivalent), but probably less than 250 individual-equivalents. In the EU 28, it is estimated that there are less than 50 individual-equivalents.

  The species seems to be very rare, however there is no indication of any decline, although the current population trend is unknown for both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows among other mosses on cliffs and at hummocks in rich fens often together with, e.g. Sphenolobus minutus, Lophoziopsis excisa, Mesoptychia rutheana, Geocalyx graveolens, Riccardia latifrons and Saccobasis polita. It has also been found on top of boulders on thin peaty soil, below north-facing rock walls in ravines (Damsholt 2002). The habitat of this species is subject to natural disturbance due to frost action, and the species is therefore dependent on this natural disturbance.","There are no major threats known to this species, as it is found in hard to access habitats.",This species is in the Red List of Finland as Endangered (EN) and Sweden as Data Deficient (DD) (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected area. Research and monitoring of the population is needed.,The species is not used or traded.,"Virtanen, R.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Söderström, L., Syrjänen, K., Ingerpuu, N. & Huttunen, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,BRYALES,MNIACEAE,Schizymenium,pontevedrense,,Schizymenium pontevedrense  ,"(Luisier) Sérgio, Casas, Cros &amp; Brugués","According to Shaw (1985) the genus Mielichhoferia Nees, Hornsch. and Sturm, is distinguished by various characters which resulted in changing the taxonomic position of this endemic of the Iberian Peninsula to Schizymenium Harv. ex Hook. (Sérgio et al. 1990).



The taxonomic status of this genus is still uncertain and is currently being researched.",Yes,VU,C2a(i),Yes,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"Schizymenium pontevedrense is found in Portugal, Spain, and has recently been reported on Madeira. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 206,400 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 92 km2. The AOO is assumed to be an under-estimate as is a species not easy to identify in the field if the plant is sterile, and it can be confused with some species of Philonotis. A recent increase in the number of localities is the result of new studies and it also reflects the inconsistent recording by field bryologists in more suitable areas for the species occurrence. The current population trend is therefore inferred to be decreasing in Europe. The population size of the species is estimated to be less than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered to be mature individuals), and the number of individual-equivalents in each subpopulation is less than 1,000. Therefore, this species is assessed as Vulnerable. 



Threats to the species include increased tourism and road construction or enlargement of transport routes, fire and competition from Campylopus introflexus.



Further research is required on its taxonomy and to establish the current status of the species throughout its range. It will be important to establish a base line and a monitoring survey in some sites to evaluate future trends of more important subpopulations. Removal of invasive vegetation and protection of some subpopulations will also help the species. In addition, the impacts of climate change on natural areas requires better understanding, as well as some ecosystem processes associated with invasive species that can be connected with the conservation of this moss.",Decreasing,"This moss was found by Luisier for the first time in 1918, in the north of Spain, near Pontevedra, but was only described in 1927 (Luisier 1927). It was later collected in Portugal (Sérgio 1980) and has also been found in other areas of Spain (Casas et al. 1989). It has only been reported in four localities based on collections from before 1980 (Casas et al. 1989). However, after this date, it has been found in new areas, in north and central Portugal, corresponding to about 12 sites in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013a, 2015). The recent increase in the number of localities is the result of new studies and it also reflects the inconsistent recording by field bryologists in suitable areas for the species.



This species is considered an endemic of the Iberian Peninsula, and corresponds to an element with phytogeographical interest. However it is reported to the first time in Madeira by Dirkseet al. (2018) in one locality. This species is also closely related to S. campylocarpum, which is found in Central America (Shaw 2000).



The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 206,400 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 92 km2. The AOO is assumed to be an under-estimate as is a species not easy to identify in the field if the plant is sterile, and it can be confused with some species of Philonotis. The altitudinal range of the species is between 20 m and 1,780 m asl.

  

","This species usually forms relatively large colonies with Philonotis spp. In some localities, the plants have a certain stability, and in these areas, they will gradually occupy new niches as the species is normally fertile. However, overall, the species is probably in decline due to anthropogenic pressure on its habitat, with decline of some of the colonies observed in some areas, as in the Serra de Sao Mamede Natural Park. The current population trend is therefore inferred to be decreasing in Europe.



The population size of the species is estimated to be less than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered to be mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent), and the number of individual-equivalents in each subpopulation is less than 1,000.","This species usually colonizes soil and the crevices of acidic rocks in Atlantic areas that are relatively humid. It is also found in small depressions or shady slopes, near communities of Diplophyllum albicans, Bartramia pomiformis, Ditrichum subulatum, Campylostelium strictum, Campylopus flexuosus and Cephaloziella turneri, among others. The majority of subpopulations are generally found on the edges of paths and roads.



This species is usually fertile because it is synoecious (having male and female reproductive organs mixed in the same gametoecium) and seems to be a pioneer in need of small cracks free of vegetation to settle again. There is a continuing decline in the habitat quality.","Although there is no immediate threats, the increased tourism and road construction or enlargement of transport routes are risk factors. This species is seriously affected by changes in road infrastructures (as is the case of road widening), touristic paths and eutrophication. Fire and competition from other bryophytes, such as Campylopus introflexus put the few subpopulations at risk.  



It is suspected to be declining, due to anthropogenic pressure on its habitats, such as rock walls that are expected to be replaced concrete, and climate change may be a future threat.

","Initially, in the Iberian Peninsula, the species was not considered to be threatened (Sérgio et al. 1994). However, in the last national Red List of Spain it has been assessed as Vulnerable (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012) and in the last national Red List of Portugal, it has been assessed as Near Threatened (NT) (Sérgio et al. 2013b). In both cases, this is because the species is present only in few sites, has a clear phytogeographic importance and it is an endemic species to Europe.



The majority of confirmed records in Portugal are inside protected areas, including the Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês, the Parque Natural de Montesinho, the Natural da Serra de Alvão-Marão, the Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela and the Natural da Serra de São Mamede. One locality in Spain is inside the Parque Natural de Las Batuecas-Sierra de Francia. However, in both countries there are no specific conservation actions in place for this species.



Further research is required on its taxonomy and to establish the current status of the species throughout its range. More efforts are needed to identify new areas in the north of Spain and to confirm an old record in Pontevedra, since after several efforts the species has been found again in this area. It will be important to establish a base line and a monitoring survey in some sites to evaluate future trends of more important subpopulations. Removal of invasive vegetation and protection of some subpopulations will also help the species. In addition, the impacts of climate change on natural areas requires better understanding, as well some ecosystem processes associated with invasive species that can be connected with the conservation of this moss.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Fettes, N.D.,Tsakiri, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,ANASTROPHYLLACEAE,Schljakovia,kunzeana,,Schljakovia kunzeana  ,(Huebener) Konstant. &amp; Vilnet,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Schljakovia kunzeana is scattered in the European mountains but becomes more common towards the north and also in lowlands. This species has a large geographical range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 5,000 and 6,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 12 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 3,000 and 4,000 km² and the EOO is ca 5.5 million km². It seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its main distribution area in northern Europe and EU 28. In addition, although there are some local threats, there are no evident threats known to affect the whole European population of this species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in several countries, including the Czech Republic, the Netherlands and Romania. Even so, no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species has a boreal-montane distribution. It is scattered in the European mountains but becomes more common towards the north and also in lowlands. It is known from Iceland, Svalbard, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, northern Russia, Ireland, Great Britain, Spain, Holland and Belgium in the west, to France, Germany, Switzerland, northern Italy, Austria and eastwards to the Czech Republic, Poland, Romania and northern Russia (Damsholt 2002). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 150 m to 1,250 m Asl.

In Asia, this species is known from Siberia. In North America, this species is found in the west from Alaska to Colorado, and in the east from Ellesmere Island to New York. It is also known from Greenland (Damsholt 2002).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 5,000 and 6,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 12 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 3,000 and 4,000 km² and the EOO is ca 5.5 million km².","The species is widespread in Europe and is becoming more common towards the north. To the south, this species has rare occurrences in the cold mires of the lowlands of the temperate zone. The population size seems to be stable, at least in Fennoscandia, on Iceland and Svalbard, as well as in northern Russia. Therefore, the overall current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.

Sporophytes are unknown in Britain. In the Nordic countries, they are very rare, however, gemmae are usually present.","In the Nordic countries, this species grows among other bryophytes, on peaty soil near wet rock walls, along small streams or as single or few plants among Sphagnum in mires. This species is a pioneer on wet acidic rock walls and sometimes occurs on decaying logs (Damsholt 2002). In Finland, it is often found in swampy forests where the microclimate is rather constantly humid (S. Laaka-Lindberg pers. comm. 2018). 

In the United Kingdom, this species occurs in damp or waterlogged sites, with circum-neutral to slightly acidic water, including basin mires, valley bogs, flushes, wet moorland hollows and mountain stream sides. Associates in the United Kingdom include Mylia anomala, Odontoschisma sphagni, Aulacomnium palustre, Dicranum scoparium, Sphagnum capillifolium subsp. rubellum, S. inundatum, S. papillosum and S. subnitens, and several sites are shared with Scapania paludicola. There are a few records from dry, rocky, upland habitats, but some recent records from rocks result from confusion with other species. Paton (1999) also mentions this species growing on peat overlying limestone and on rotting wood, but both are likely to be atypical situations (Blockeel et al. 2014).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is often found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. However, locally in Finland, more intensive logging and changes in microclimate are threats to this species (S. Laaka-Lindberg pers. comm. 2018).","This species is in the Red Lists of Germany, the Czech Republic, the Netherlands and Romania as Endangered (EN), Italy and Luxembourg as Critically Endangered (CR), Slovakia as Data Deficient (DD), Great Britain and Estonia as Near Threatened (NT), Ireland as Regionally Extinct (RE), Poland as V and Spain and Bulgaria as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in several protected areas.

No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Ingerpuu, N.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,ANASTROPHYLLACEAE,Schljakovianthus,quadrilobus,,Schljakovianthus quadrilobus  ,(Lindb.) Konstant. &amp; Vilnet,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Schljakovianthus quadrilobus is widespread in the north of Europe, however nowhere is it really common, and towards the south, this species is rare. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) but a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the AOO of this species is between 1,500 and 2,000 km2, and its EOO is ca 10 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 700 km2 and the EOO is ca 3.7 million km2. It seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area in Europe and EU 28. In addition, there are no evident threats known to the species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Italy and Romania. Even so, no conservation action is needed at present.",Stable,"This species has an arctic-montane distribution. It is known from Scotland, Spain and France in the west to central Europe, Germany, Switzerland, northern Italy and Austria, eastwards to the former Yugoslavia, Romania, former Czechoslovakia, Poland and north to Iceland, Fennoscandia, Svalbard and northern Russia. It is also reported from the Caucasus (Hodgetts 2015). In the Nordic countries, this species mainly occurs in the alpine and subalpine zones of the mountains (Damsholt 2002).

In Asia, this species is known from Siberia, Novaya Zemlya, and Yenisei River valley. In North America, this species is transcontinental, and is found in the west from Alaska to British Columbia, and in the east from Ellesmere Island to Newfoundland. It is also known from Greenland (Damsholt 2002).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,500 and 2,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 700 km2 and the EOO is ca 3.7 million km2.","The species is widespread in the north, however it is not really common anywhere, and towards the south, this species is rare to very rare. In Svalbard, it is one of the most common bryophyte species. In the limestone Alps, this species is not rare. There is no reports of any decline and the population trend is probably stable in Europe and the EU 28, particularly in northern Europe. It is estimated that there are well above 10,000 individual-equivalents in Europe and in the EU 28 (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for each individual-equivalent).","This species grows among other bryophytes on humid slopes, on wet soil above wet rock walls, at edges of small streams and in fens, preferring calcareous surroundings, but also occurring as poorly developed, persistently juvenile plants in acidic areas. In the mountains, this species grows in snow beds and along streams with melting water (Damsholt 2002). The species is found both in mountainous areas as well as in lowlands in rich fens and besides streams.

In the United Kingdom, this species is restricted to soft basic schist and metamorphosed limestone at relatively high altitudes. It avoids harder limestone. It usually grows on damp rock ledges, in damp mossy turf or in stony flushes with other calcicole plants. It is locally frequent on some calcareous areas on steep flushed banks below crags, usually mixed with other liverworts (Blockeel et al. 2012).","There are no major threats to this species, at least not in northern Europe where it is found in undisturbed habitats.","This species is in the Red List of Italy as Critically Endangered (CR), in Germany as D, in the Czech Republic and Romania as Endangered (EN), in Great Britain, Slovakia and Switzerland as Near Threatened (NT) and in Poland as R (Hodgetts 2015).

No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Schröck, C.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Sciuro-hypnum,curtum,,Sciuro-hypnum curtum  ,(Lindb.) Ignatov,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Sciuro-hypnum curtum is widespread species in boreal forests in the continental part of Europe, although it is also found in Asia and North America. This is a  common species in most parts of continental Europe. The population trend is probably stable and the population size is very large in both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no evident threats to the species known, and there is no conservation action required. This species has a large geographic distribution, with an area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe estimated to be between 8,000 and 9,000 km2, and an extent of occurrence (EOO) of around 10 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 6,000 and 7,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 4.2 million km2. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, it is considered to be threatened in Romania. No conservation action is needed at present.",Stable,"This is a widespread species in boreal forests of Eurasia. It is widespread in the continental part of Europe; from Spain in the southwest to Greece in the southeast, and northwards to Fennoscandia and northern Russia (Hodgetts 2015). It seems to be lacking in the British Isles, Ireland and Iceland. The species is also present in large parts of Asia (Hedenäs et al. 2014), and occurs in North America, mainly in its eastern part, with solitary localities in the West (Ignatov and Milyutina 2007a,b). The species is therefore not endemic to Europe or the EU 28. Since the taxon has been previously confused with S. oedipodium, (which is mainly found in North America), care should be taken with material that has not been recently identified (Ellis et al. 2017).

In Russia, this species occurs throughout the boreal zone, essentially corresponding to the distribution of Picea abies, and avoiding territories with only Larix spp. forests. Additional discussion on the distribution and mapping the species is given by Ignatov and Milyutina (2007a).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 8,000 and 9,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 6,000 and 7,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 4.2 million km2.","This is a widespread and common species, in most parts of continental Europe. The population trend is probably stable and the population size is very large in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows on litter, debris, humus-rich soil and soil-covered rocks and cliffs, sometimes on rotten wood or mineral soil and tree bases (Hedenäs et al. 2014). It grows in mesic boreal forests (spruce, pine) and tall-herb meadows. In spruce forests (with Oxalis acetosella, ferns, Rhytidiadelphus subpinnatus, Plagiomnium affine etc.) of European Russia, this species often dominates. It also grows in tall-herb communities (sometimes mixed with conifer trees), as well as in fern-dominated spruce forests (Ignatov and Milyutina 2007b). This is a moss growing in mats often with sporophytes.",There are no evident threats known to the species.,"This species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in Romania and as Data Deficient (DD) in Italy, Spain, Slovakia and in Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known occur in at least one protected area.

No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Laaka-Lindberg, S.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Sciuro-hypnum,dovrense,,Sciuro-hypnum dovrense  ,(Limpr.) Draper &amp; Hedenäs,,No,VU,C2a(i),No,EN,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Sciuro-hyphum dovrense is considered to have a population size in Europe of less than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals), and with less than 1,000 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation. In addition, there is a projected continuing decline. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable.

In the EU 28, it is assessed as Endangered as its population size is estimated to be below 2,500 individual-equivalents, with less than 250 in each subpopulation. Again, there is also a continuing projected decline.

This species is projected to be affected by the melting of the snow beds as a result of climate change, although there are no other major threats. Any actions that can stop or slow down the climate change are welcome. Meanwhile the habitat of the species (arctic and alpine water courses) need to be monitored.",Decreasing,"This species has a boreal to alpine distribution in Europe. It is a mountain species that is known from Fennoscandia (northern Norway, Sweden and Finland), the adjacent part of Russia and a non confirmed report from Switzerland (Draper and Hedenäs 2009).

For European Russia, it has been reported from the Kola Peninsula (M. Ignatov pers. comm. 2017). The report of Karelia in Hodgetts (2015) is probably not correct (A. Maksimov pers. comm. 2017). In Nordic countries, this species is found in the mountains of Norway, Sweden and Finland. The report from Switzerland (Amann 1918) should first be confirmed to assure its occurrence in central Europe (Draper and Hedenäs 2009). Apart from Europe, the species is known from northern Asia (Afonina 2004, Hedenäs et al. 2014).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 50 and 90 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 0.3 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 36 km2 and the EOO is ca 45,000 km2.

","The currently known subpopulations of this mountain species suggest that it is relatively rare, however it might be overlooked. In Finland, climate change is a threat to this species, and the subpopulations are declining (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). The overall current population trend of the species is also considered to be decreasing. Since the species requires snow cover (snowbeds), as well as a moist substrate, the predicted climate change, with a less snowy area in the cold region of Europe, will make the conditions for this species less favourable and most probably this species will continue to decline in future.



There are only a few recent records as it has only been accepted at the species level recently. In Finland, there are about 50 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent). There are 15 localities known in Sweden. In Europe, the overall population size of the species is estimated to be below 10,000 individual-equivalents, with less than 1,000 in each subpopulation. In the EU 28, the overall population size is estimated to be below 2,500 individual-equivalents, with less than 250 in each subpopulation.",This species grows in connection with patches of snow in low and middle alpine regions (Hedenäs et al. 2014). Typical habitats of this species are late snowbeds and moist soil (Draper and Hedenäs 2009).,"The major threat to this species is warming of the climate, and it becomes drier with less snow cover. Beside climate change, there are no other major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","This species is assessed in Finland as Endangered (EN) (Hodgetts 2015).

Any actions that can stop or slow down the climate change are welcome. Meanwhile the habitat of the species (arctic and alpine water courses) need to be monitored. It is found in protected areas.",The species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Hodd, R.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Sciuro-hypnum,flotowianum,,Sciuro-hypnum flotowianum  ,(Sendtn.) Ignatov &amp; Huttunen,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Sciuro-hypnum flotowianum is known from most countries of central and southeastern Europe. This species has a fairly wide geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,800 and 2,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3.2 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 1,600 km2 and the EOO is ca 2.5 million km2. Very little information about the total population size is known, and the current population trend is unknown for both Europe and the EU 28. However, this species may be overlooked in some regions, and it is widespread and stable in some places, including Germany, which is the core area of this species is Europe. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species seems to have declined in some countries including in the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Bulgaria and in Hungary. The major threat is logging, especially clear-cutting, thinning and woodcutting. Further research on the population distribution, size and trends of this species is required.",Unknown,"This species is known from most countries of central and southeastern Europe (Hodgetts 2015). In northern Europe, this species is only reported from Norway from two old localities (Hassel et al. 2015) and it is lacking in westernmost parts of Europe. According to Ignatov and Milyutina (2007) it occurs in Russia in the Caucasus and in Kaliningrad (Ignatov et al. 2006). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from sea level to 1,200 m Asl. 

This species is not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,800 and 2,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3.2 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 1,600 km2 and the EOO is ca 2.5 million km2.","Very little information about the total population size is known. This species seems to be common and widespread in Germany at least, but seems to have declined in some countries including in the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Bulgaria and in Hungary. This species may be overlooked in some regions, since it is widespread and stable in some places (S. Caspari pers. comm. 2017). In Switzerland Sciuro-hypnum flotowianum occurs with few recent finds from the Northern Alps and Tessin and one from the Jura (Swissbryophytes 2017). In the midlands, the species has not been collected for over 40 years. In the 2000s, the species was found only in permanent observation areas of the Biodiversity Monitoring Switzerland (Biodiversitätsmonitoring Schweiz 2014), in six different areas distributed across Switzerland. It may happen that the species is overlooked as S. populeum and therefore not collected. 

However, the overall current population trend is unknown for both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows on soil, rocks (limestone) and exerted roots in forests.","The major threat is logging, especially clear-cutting, thinning and woodcutting.","This species is assessed in the Red List of Austria as 3, in Spain, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Norway as Data Deficient (DD), in Poland as rare (R), in the Netherlands as Regionally Extinct (RE), and in Luxembourg, Switzerland, Bulgaria and Hungary as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected area. Further research on the population distribution, size and trends of this species is required.",The species is not used or traded.,"Schröck, C.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T","Maksimov, A.,Kurbatova, L.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Sciuro-hypnum,glaciale,,Sciuro-hypnum glaciale  ,(Schimp.) Ignatov &amp; Huttunen,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Europe regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Snow Feather-moss (Sciuro-hypnum glaciale) has a disjunct distributionand is not frequent in the European range, except in Fennoscandia and the Alps. In Norway, Sweden and the Alps, this species is found scattered and frequently, but in other parts of its European range, this species is quite rare. In the EU 28, this species is more frequent in Sweden and Austria. Numerous subpopulations of this species are known and the overall current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. Most of the known habitats of this species are situated in hard-to-get areas, including arctic regions and snowy or glacier peaks. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, the subpopulation trends seem to be negative in Finland and Romania, and in most EU 28 countries, it is quite rare. The loss of habitats related to possible warming of the climate may be predicted. Further research of population size and trend of this species is needed.",Stable,"In Europe, this circumpolar, arctic-montane species is known from Iceland, Svalbard and Scandinavia in the north, and south to the Iberian Peninsula, the Apennines and the Balkan mountains. In European Russia, it is known in the arctic, the mountains of Kola Peninsula and the North Urals. Elsewhere, it has been found in the Caucasus, Middle Asia (Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan), southern Siberia, Kamchatka, China, North America, Greenland and south Georgia. The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 3,000 m Asl.

It is probably present in South America and the sub-antarctic islands, but further study and comparison with material from the northern Hemisphere is needed. Despite its broad range, the species is very rare in Asia and in North America, but it is somewhat less rare in Europe, especially in Scandinavia (Ignatov and Milyutina 2007, Ignatov et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). Reports from Albania and Montenegro (Sabovljević et al. 2008) remain unconfirmed (Orgaz et al. 2011). 

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 11 million km2.","Numerous subpopulations of this species are known, and the species is often fertile. In Norway, Sweden and the Alps, this species is found both scattered and frequently, but in other parts of its European range, this species is quite rare. The subpopulation trends seem to be negative in Finland and Romania (Rassi et al. 2010, Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012), but there is no evidence of a decline across the whole European range, and so the overall current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In the EU 28, this species is more frequent in Sweden and Austria.","This species grows mostly in humid environments on limestone-free to calcareous wet soil and rocks. It is found in snow beds, near streams, in crevices of sheltered block scree and rocks, in alpine heath and meadows, in fern-dominated communities, and in north-facing corries where snow patches linger well into the summer, and often it is found growing on the fern litter (NISM 2017, Grims 1999, Ignatov and Milyutina 2007, Orgaz et al. 2011, Blockeel et al. 2014, Stoyanov et al. 2016).","Most of the known habitats of this species are situated in hard-to-get areas, including arctic regions and snowy or glacier peaks. The possible threat to this species are the destruction of these habitats due to predicted global warming from climate change and recreational activities, such as trampling (Rassi et al. 2010).","This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) in Albania, as (D) in Germany, as Endangered (EN) in Romania, as Vulnerable (VU) in Finland, Spain, Slovakia and Bulgaria (VU), and as Near Threatened (NT) in Great Britain (Marka et al. 2012, Ludwig and Schnittler 1996, Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012, Hodgetts 2011, Rassi et al. 2010, Brugués et al. 2014, Kubinská et al. 2001, Natcheva et al. 2006). In the Republic of Komi, in Russia, it is considered as a 'care demanding' species which is relatively rare and grows in habitats with anthropogenic pressure (Zheleznova and Shubina 2008). Some known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Further research of the population size and trend of this species is needed, as well as some site protection.",This species is not used or traded.,"Orgaz Alvarez, J.,Englefield, E.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Sciuro-hypnum,latifolium,,Sciuro-hypnum latifolium  ,(Kindb.) Ignatov &amp; Huttunen,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment:Near Threatened (NT)

Sciuro-hypnum latifolium has wide distribution in Europe, but is quite rare almost everywhere, especially in the mountains of central Europe, the Mediterranean region and the Balkans. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 8.3 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,200 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 2.6 million km2, and the AOO is estimated to be around 800 km2. The total number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe may be estimated to be less than 2,500.  This species is more frequent in Sweden, but in most other EU 28 countries, it is rare and needs protection. In many places in central Europe this species is known only by old specimens found more than 50 to 100 years ago, and its population trend seems to be negative. This species is evaluated as Near Threatened (NT) in the EU 28, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

In Europe, most of the known habitats are situated in sparsely populated regions. Currently, there is no evidence of declines in this species across the whole European range. Therefore, in Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern.

In the northern regions, the possible threats to this species may be warming temperatures from climate change, forest management activities and peatland drainage. In the mountains of central Europe, threats connected with human activity are not so relevant. Further research of population size and trend of this species is needed, as well as site protection.",Stable,"In Europe, this arcto-alpine species has a scattered distribution in Iceland, Fennoscandia, in the Alps and the Balkan area, in the north-eastern part of the North European Plain, Kolguev Island and in the North and Polar Urals. In Scandinavia, Kola Peninsula and northeastern European Russia, this species is moderately rare, and in the Mediterranean region, it is very rare. Elsewhere, it has been found in Siberia, the Russian Far East, Greenland and in the Pacific regions of North America, where it is spreading in high mountains southwards up to Colorado and New Mexico (Ignatov et al. 2006, Ignatov and Milyutina 2007, Orgaz et al. 2011, Hodgetts 2015). The presence of this species in the Pyrenees and Romania is uncertain (S. Ştefănuţ pers. comm. 2017, Infante Sánchez 2015). The altitudinal range of this species is from sea level up to 3,900 m Asl.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 8.3 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,200 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 2.6 million km2, and the AOO is estimated to be around 800 km2.","This species is rare in the mountains of central Europe, the Mediterranean region and the Balkans. It is moderately rare in Scandinavia, the Kola Peninsula and northeast European Russia. In the EU 28, this species is more frequent in Sweden, where it seems to be stable. In most other EU 28 countries, it is rare and needs protection. The species seems to be stable in Fennoscandia, but in the Alps, a lot of known localities were found more than 50 to 100 years ago (Orgaz et al. 2011, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Sguazzin 2010). The overall current population trend for Europe and the EU 28 is unknown.

In the northern regions, this species is often fertile, but in the subpopulations from central Europe, plants with sporophytes are rare or absent. This species forms loose to moderately dense patches. It is estimated that there are less than three to five individual-equivalents per locality (considered as mature individuals, and each individual-equivalent as 1 m2 on which the species occurs).The total number of individual-equivalents in Europe population may be estimated to be less than 2,500.The overall population trend of this species is probably stable in Europe, but is declining in the EU 28.","This species grows in arctic, alpine and northern boreal environments in humid habitats. This species is found on moist weakly acidic or neutral soil and rocks, on acidic humus, more rarely on rotten wood, on shady rocky slopes, in alpine meadows, on the banks of lakes and mountain streams, in the mountain herb-rich coniferous and birch forests, among other mosses in various mires, on snow fields and in wet tundras (Zheleznova 1994, Grims 1999, Ignatov and Milyutina 2007, Orgaz et al. 2011, Drugova 2009).","In the northern regions, the possible threats to this species may be warming temperatures from climate change, forest management activities and peatland drainage (Rassi et al. 2010). In the mountains of central Europe, most known habitats are situated in hard-to-access and sparsely populated areas where threats connected with human activity seem to be not so relevant.","This species is included in the national Red Lists of Finland (Near Threatened - NT), Germany (rare - R), Switzerland (Vulnerable - VU), Bulgaria (VU) and Austria (4 – potentially threatened) (Rassi et al. 2010, Ludwig and Schnittler 1996, Schnyder et al. 2004, Natcheva et al. 2006), and it is also considered threatened in the Trentino-Alto Adige region of Italy (Cortini Pedrotti and Aleffi 2011). Some of the known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Further research of population size and trend of this species is needed, as well as site protection.",This species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Patiño, J.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Sciuro-hypnum,oedipodium,,Sciuro-hypnum oedipodium  ,(Mitt.) Ignatov &amp; Huttunen,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Sciuro-hypnum oedipodium is poorly known because of a historic mix up with S. curtum. In Russia, there are at least some findings, still it can be quite rare in Europe, as it seems to be lacking in most countries. The distribution, population size and trends are unknown, and so the knowledge is still too insufficient in order to determine which of the different Red List criteria that is most likely. While there are records in herbaria attributed to this species, these may be misidentifications. Therefore, this species is assessed as Data Deficient.

Research is needed in order to determine whether this species is present in the EU 28, as well as into its distribution, population size and trend, and threats.

It is highly unclear whether this species is present in the EU 28, and so this species is Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"Because this species has long been confused with S. curtum, the correct distribution in Europe is not known for sure. It seems to be lacking in most countries. In Europe, the only present records are from Murmansk, the South Urals (M. Ignatov pers. comm. 2017) and the Caucasus and from Karachaevo-Cherkessia (Teberdinskij Reserve) both in Russia (Ignatov and Milyutina 2007b). The area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) is therefore unknown for this species, and it is not known if it occurs in the EU 28. The known altitudinal range of this species is between 500 and 2,800 m Asl.

This species is widespread in western North America, but it is totally absent in the eastern part of this continent (Ignatov and Milyutina 2007a). Additional discussion on the taxonomy is given by Ignatov and Milyutina (2007b).",There is very little information available about the total population size in Europe - the population size and trend for this species are unknown.,"This species is known to grow in the Kola Peninsula and on the Ural mountains in hemi-boreal or boreal forest where it grows on rocks and rotten logs. In the Caucasus, it grows in the upper forest belt and subalpine belts, on soil, in pine forests and in grasslands. In Chukotka, this species grows within the hot spring area (Ignatov and Milyutina 2007a). This is a moss growing in mats, and it is often found with sporophytes.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"Research on the distribution, population size and trend of this species is required, as well as research into the threats. Herbarium material should be checked since there are records of of this species which most likely belong to S. curtum. This species is known to occur in at least one protected area.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Vellak, K.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Napreenko, M.,Maslovky, O.,Ştefănuţ, S.,Soltés, R.,Sabovljevic, M.,Zheleznova, G.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Sciuro-hypnum,ornellanum,,Sciuro-hypnum ornellanum  ,(Molendo) Ignatov &amp; Huttunen,"Some authors consider this species as an alpine form of Cirriphyllum piliferum (Düll 1994, Frey et al. 1995).",No,EN,D,No,EN,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



In Europe,Sciuro-hypnum ornellanum has a scattered distribution, and a small area of occupancy (AOO), estimated to be around 84 km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is estimated to be around 52 km2. The population trend in the eastern part of European range of this species is unknown, but subpopulations are small and not numerous. In central Europe, the trend of the species seems to be negative, and the most of known specimens were collected more then 50 years ago. The population size is estimated to be smaller than 250 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in both Europe and the EU 28. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered in both Europe and the EU 28.

The possible threat to this species is mining in the Kola Peninsula. Further research of the population size and trend of this species is needed.",Unknown,"This is a disjunctive arcto-alpine species with a scattered but wide distribution. It is found in the northern and mountainous regions of Europe and Asia, specifically Siberia, Chukotka, Kamchatka, Kazakhstan and Kyrgizstan (Ignatov et al. 2006). It has also been found in Alaska (Afonina and Breen 2009). In Europe, it is known from a few localities in the Alps, the Dinaric Alps, the Tatras, the Caucasus, the Urals, Murmansk province and the Pechora Lowlands (Castelli 1961, Grims 1999, Schröck et al. 2013, Ignatov et al. 2006, Ignatov and Milyutina 2007, Hodgetts 2015). The last finding of this species in Germany was in 1905 (Meinunger and Schröder 2007), and its occurrence in Greece (Sabovljević et al. 2008), Sicily and Crete remains unconfirmed (Orgaz 2011, Hodgetts 2015). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 4.9 million km2,  and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 84 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of the species is estimated to be around 369,000 km2, and the AOO is estimated to be around 52 km2. The altitudinal range of this species is between 200 m to 2,800 m Asl.","In central Europe, the subpopulation trends of this species are probably negative, because most of the known specimens in Germany, France and Italy were collected more than 50 to 100 years ago (Grims and Köckinger 1999, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Aleffi et al. 2008, Orgaz 2011). In the Kola Peninsula, the subpopulations of this species are small and not numerous (Belkina et al. 2014). The subpopulation trends in the eastern part of European range of this species are unknown, and currently, the overall population trend for Europe and the EU 28 is not known. The population size is estimated to be smaller than 250 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and considering each individual-equivalent as 1 m2).","This species grows on soil and humus in tundra, and in alpine and subalpine mountain belts. It is found in tall-herb meadows, in dwarf Betula and Salix communities, especially in the sites with relatively high snow accumulation in winter, and in shaded places near limestone outcrops (Ignatov and Milyutina 2007). It is also found on limestone rocks under Rhododendron hirsutum and Salix shrubs (Amann et al. 2013, Schröck et al. 2013), and on the banks of mountain streams (Degteva 2016).",The possible threat to this species is mining in the Kola Peninsula (Belkina et al. 2014).,"This species is assessed as 'potentially endangered (4) in Austria, as Endangered (EN) in Slovenia and as Data Deficient (DD) in Slovakia and Switzerland (Grims and Köckinger 1999, Schnyder et al. 2004, Kubinská et al. 2001, Martinčič 2016, Hodgetts 2015). In Russia, this species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in the Murmansk province (Belkina et al. 2014) and as a rare species (3) in the Republic of Komi (Taskajev 2009). Some known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Further research of the population size and trend of this species is needed.

 

 

",This species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Mazimpaka, V.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Sciuro-hypnum,plumosum,,Sciuro-hypnum plumosum  ,(Hedw.) Ignatov &amp; Huttunen,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Rusty Feather-moss (Sciuro-hypnum plumosum) is widespread in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Subpopulations are reported to be stable where data is available, and the species is considered to be Least Concern in the overwhelming majority of the countries with national or regional Red Lists. The population trend as a whole is considered stable and there is no indication of fragmentation of the subpopulations. In fact, its relatively small spores (15-19 μm) indicate that it is probably a good disperser. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern. It can be locally threatened by pollution of streams but there is no major threat to it at the European level. It would benefit from a reduction in water pollution in areas where this is a factor threatening it.",Stable,"The Rusty Feather-moss (Sciuro-hypnum plumosum) is widespread in Europe, ranging from Scandinavia in the north to Italy in the south, and from Russia in the east to Portugal, Ireland and Macaronesia in the west (Hodgetts 2015). It is found growing from sea level up to 2,800 m Asl. It is widespread globally, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, where it also occurs in the northern part of Africa, Asia,  and North and Central America, as well as in New Zealand and Hawaii (Hedenäs and Hallingbäck 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","Subpopulations are reported to be stable where data is available (Meinunger andSchröder 2007), and the species is considered to be Least Concern in the overwhelming majority of the countries with national or regional Red Lists. Therefore, the population trend as a whole is considered stable. There is no indication of fragmentation of the subpopulations.","This is a widespread species. It grows on stones, soil and occasionally on wood, in somewhat acidic, generally shady and moist places, most often on emergent rocks in streams (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Hoffman et al. 2011). Its relatively small spores (15-19 μm) indicate that it is probably a good disperser.","The species can be locally threatened by pollution of streams (Nebel and Philippi 2001, Meinunger andSchröder 2007), but there is no major threat to it at the European level.","The species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Bulgaria, the Canary Islands and Estonia (Hodgetts 2015) and as Near Threatened in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013). It is considered Data Deficient in Hungary and in Latvia (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in many protected areas across its range in Europe, like Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela in Portugal. No further conservation measures are required. It would benefit from a reduction in water pollution in areas where this is a factor threatening it.",The species is not utilised or traded.,"Cronberg, N.,Englefield, E.","Baudraz, M.E.A. & Schnyder, N.","Afonina, O.,Lönnell, N.,Hodgetts, N.,Schröck, C.,Goldberg, I.,Blom, H.,Vellak, K.,Virchenko, V.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Sciuro-hypnum,populeum,,Sciuro-hypnum populeum  ,(Hedw.) Ignatov &amp; Huttunen,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Matted Feather-moss (Sciuro-hypnum populeum) is a widespread species in Europe, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Subpopulations are reported to be stable where information is available, and thus the overall population trend is considered to be stable. There is no particular threat to this species. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. No particular conservation measures are needed.",Stable,"The Matted Feather-moss (Sciuro-hypnum populeum) is a widespread species which ranges from southern Lapland in the north to Italy and Sicily in the south, and from the Iberian Peninsula and Ireland in the west to Russia in the east (Nebel and Philippi 2001, Hodgetts 2015), although it becomes rare in the Arctic regions of Europe. It also occurs in Macaronesia. It is found growing from sea level up to 2,800 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Elsewhere it is recorded from Africa, North America, and southwestern, northern and eastern Asia (Turkey, Caucasus, Japan, Himalaya).",Subpopulations are reported to be stable where information is available (Nebel and Philippi 2001). Thus the overall population trend is considered to be stable.,"This species grows mainly in shady, humid to somewhat drier places on calcareous or slightly acidic substrates with a high nutrient content (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). It occurs mainly on stones but also often as an epiphyte or on bare soil and roots. In man-made landscapes, it also grows on stones, walls and concrete (Nebel and Philippi 2001).",There are no major threats to this species at the European level.,"The species has been assessed as Endangered in Madeira and as Data Deficient in Sicily and Portugal (Hodgetts 2015). In Portugal, literature records have been rejected, so there is some doubt about its occurrence. There is no major threat to the species, which therefore requires no particular conservation measures. It is known to occur in protected areas across its range in Europe, such as UNESCO Biosphere Entlebuch in Switzerland.",The species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Aleffi, M.,Cálix, M.","Baudraz, M.E.A. & Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Sciuro-hypnum,reflexum,,Sciuro-hypnum reflexum  ,(Starke) Ignatov &amp; Huttunen,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 



EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Reflexed Feather-moss (Sciuro-hypnum reflexum) is widely distributed in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Although little information about its population is available, it is known to have a spreading tendency in Germany, it is considered stable (but rare) in Britain, and there are many new findings in Switzerland which suggest that a decline there is unlikely, and that the species is most probably under-recorded. The overall population trend is thus assumed to be stable. The species occurs mainly in mountainous or subalpine forests. There are no known threats to this species, which is therefore assessed as Least Concern. Further research and monitoring of its population size, distribution and trends is recommended.",Stable,"In Europe, the Reflexed Feather-moss (Sciuro-hypnum reflexum) ranges from Iceland, Scotland and Svalbard in the north to the Mediterranean region in the south, and from Spain in the west to Russia in the east (Nebel and Philippi 2001, Hodgetts 2015). Its presence in Greece remains to be confirmed (Hodgetts 2015). It is found growing from sea level up to 2,800 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Outside Europe, it is also found in North America and Asia.","Little information is available about the population trend of this species. Meinunger and Schröder (2007) report a spreading tendency in Germany, especially in the northern part of the country. It is considered stable (but rare) in Britain (Hodgetts 2011), and many new findings in Switzerland suggest that a decline there is unlikely, and that the species is most probably under-recorded (Hoffman et al. 2011). Thus the overall population trend is assumed to be stable.","The species occurs mainly in mountainous or subalpine forests, dwarf shrub heaths and alpine pastures in shady and somewhat humid places. It grows over slightly acidic soil, dead wood or branches of shrubs close to the ground level (Nebel and Philippi 2001, Hoffman et al. 2011). It is much less common at lower elevations in central and southern Europe.",There are no known threats to this species in Europe.,"The species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Luxembourg (Werner 2003), as Vulnerable in Hungary (Papp et al. 2010), as Near Threatened in Britain (Hodgetts 2011) and as Data Deficient in Serbia (Hodgetts 2015). It is also reported as ""at risk"" in Sicily where it has only been reported from a single site (Campisi et al. 2002). It is not threatened in Germany (Caspari et al. 2018) where, although it may be decreasing in parts of the region, it may be increasing in others (Nebel and Philippi 2001). The occurrence of this species in Greece needs to be clarified. It is known to occur in protected areas across its range in Europe. Further research and monitoring of this species' population size, distribution and trend is recommended.",The species is not utilised or traded.,"Erzberger, P.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Baudraz, M.E.A. & Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Sciuro-hypnum,starkei,,Sciuro-hypnum starkei  ,(Brid.) Ignatov &amp; Huttunen,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Starke's Feather-moss (Sciuro-hypnum starkei) has a widespread but scattered distribution in Europe, occurring from Portugal in the west to Russia in the east, and from Scandinavia in the north to Italy in the south. It is mainly a species of montane regions, and it becomes rarer and more montane in the south. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Subpopulations seem to be stable all over Europe. In the countries where it is listed as threatened, this species was classified on the basis of its rarity rather than a decline, and so the overall population trend is considered to be stable. It  is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28. It is not threatened in most countries of occurrence, however, climate change is a possible threat in some countries at the edge of it range. Industrial forestry management is also a threat in some areas. The effects of the only threats (forest management and liming) seem minor, and therefore no conservation actions are needed. Further research and monitoring of this species' population size, distribution and trends is recommended.",Stable,"Starke's Feather-moss (Sciuro-hypnum starkei) is widespread but scattered in Europe, occurring from Portugal in the west to Russia in the east, and from Scandinavia in the north to Italy in the south (Hodgetts 2015). It is mainly a species of montane regions, and it becomes rarer and more montane in the south. It can be found growing from sea level up to 3,000 m Asl (Hoffman et al. 2011). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Outside Europe, it also occurs in North America and Asia.","Subpopulations seem to be stable all over Europe. In the countries where it is listed as threatened, this species was classified on the basis of its rarity rather than a decline. For example, it is estimated that there are fewer than 250 individual-equivalents in Britain (Hodgetts 2011). One  individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. In Bulgaria and Spain the area of occupancy is below 20 km2 or there are fewer than five localities (Natcheva et al. 2006, Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012). Elsewhere, subpopulations are considered stable wherever information is available. Thus the overall population trend is considered to be stable.","The species grows on acidic, nutrient-rich substrates, often on bare soil but also on decaying wood, tree bases and sometimes on stones, in shady and moderately humid sites, usually in forests (Nebel and Philippi 2001, Cortini Pedrotti 2006). It occurs from montane to alpine elevations, only exceptionally under 500 m Asl, although this might vary with latitude (Nebel and Philippi 2001, Hoffman et al. 2011).","The species is not threatened in most countries of occurrence. However, climate change is a possible threat in some countries at the edge of it range. Industrial forestry management is also a threat in some areas.","The species has been assessed as Endangered in Britain, as Vulnerable in Spain and Bulgaria, as Near Threatened in Romania and as Data Deficient in Montenegro (Hodgetts 2015). It has also been highlighted as a species potentially at risk in the preliminary list of Sicily (Campisi et al. 2002). The effects of the only threats (forest management and liming) seem minor (Meinunger and Schröder 2007), and therefore no conservation actions are needed. More data should be sampled about the occurrence of the species in Montenegro in order to allow a proper local assessment. It occurs in many protected areas across its range in Europe, such as Parque Natural de Posets-Maladeta protected area in Aragón, Spain. Further research and monitoring of this species' population size, distribution and trends is recommended.",The species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Ros-Espín, R.","Baudraz, M.E.A. & Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Sciuro-hypnum,tromsoeense,,Sciuro-hypnum tromsoeense  ,(Kaurin &amp; Arnell) Draper &amp; Hedenäs,"The species is sometimes mistaken in the field with S. reflexum, as they are similar-looking. It is under-recorded.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Sciuro-hypnum tromsoeense occurs in large parts of northern Europe, has a widespread distribution, and is found in mountainous areas. Although there may be local declines, there is no evidence of any major declines to the species, and so the population trend is presumed to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, it faces no major threats as it is found in areas that are hard to reach and relatively undisturbed, and the population size of the species is larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in both Europe and the EU 28. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern for both regional assessments.

No conservation action is needed for this species at the moment, however, further research is needed to clarify the current distribution of the species.

",Stable,"This species is a boreal and montane-alpine moss that occurs in large parts of northern Europe, and is probably most related to the mountain chains. Until recently, this species was known from a few localities in the European mountains and the boreal zone (Draper and Hedenäs 2008), but is now known from several parts of Europe. It has been found in Norway, Sweden, Finland, European Russia and from the mountains in large parts of central Europe (Hedenäs et al. 2014) including the French, German, Austrian, Swiss and Italian parts of the Alps, and the Carpathian mountains in Poland (Draper and Hedenäs 2008). Outside of Europe, this species is also recorded from Asia (Hedenäs et al. 2014). 

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 300 and 500 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 6 million km2. In the EU 28, the estimated AOO is between 200 and 300 km2 and the estimated EOO is ca 2 million km2. However, the species is under-recorded.","The species is widespread in the mountains of Europe, however it is not common anywhere, but is probably not rare either. In Finland, this species is probably not rare in the north, and is the subpopulation trend is either stable or, more probably, declining (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). However, there is no reason to believe there is any major decline. This species is not too rare in Sweden either, but appears to be scattered in the Kola Peninsula (European Russia). The current distribution in central Europe is uncertain.

The overall current population trend of this species seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. Its population is not considered to be severely fragmented and the total population size is larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent).","This species grows in moist environments, often in the forest, but sometimes more openly, on the ground, on boulders and on rotten wood (Hedenäs et al. 2014). This is normally a humicolous or terri-saxicolous species that grows on moist soil (Draper and Hedenäs 2008). It is reported from rotten wood and fresh or humid soil, over and around rocks (in Sweden), on wet rocks (in Finland), on soil near a small brook (in Russia), as an epiphyte growing on other plants (in Poland), on calcareous soil and rotten wood (in Austria), on rotten wood and as an epiphyte growing on other plants (in Germany), on litter under young Larix spp. (Switzerland), and as an epiphyte and on fresh soil over calcareous rocks in France (Draper and Hedenäs 2008).

It is an autoicous species (male and female organs on the same plant but in separate locations) and it produces frequent sporophytes (M. Ignatov pers. comm. 2017).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and sometimes hard to access habitats.","This species is in the Red Lists of both Germany and Switzerland as Data Deficient (DD) and it is assessed in Finland as Near Threatened (NT) (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in protected areas throughout its range.

No conservation action is needed for this species at the moment. However, further research is needed to clarify the current distribution of the species across Europe.",The species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Mazimpaka, V.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Scleropodium,cespitans,,Scleropodium cespitans  ,(Müll.Hal.) L.F.Koch,"Scleropodium cespitans may be confused with Cirriphyllum crassinervium but this species is a larger plant than the first, it has the most concave leaves and shorter cells (Smith 2004, Cortini Pedrotti 2006).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Tufted Feather-Moss (Scleropodium cespitans) has a Suboceanic Temperate distribution. It is present in northern and central Europe including Macaronesia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, has a large and stable population and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Tufted Feather-Moss (Scleropodium cespitans) has a Suboceanic Temperate distribution. It is present in northern and central Europe including Macaronesia. Outside of Europe it is present also in Turkey and western North America (Smith 2004, Hodgetts 2015).","No precise information on the population size is known, but in central Europe the species is very widespread and no direct threats are reported. The population is therefore considered to be large and stable.","This is a perennial hygrophytic species, which lives in seasonally or occasionally inundated places. It occurs on the roots and trunks of trees, on soil, rocks and boulders, often on surfaces with slight soil accumulation.It is located from the plain to the hill, from sea level up to 1,300 m Asl (Dierssen 2001, Smith 2004, Cortini Pedrotti 2006, Atherton et al. 2010).



 



 



",No major threats are known to affect this species at European level.,No conservation measures are currently needed. This species is known to occur in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Hedenäs, L.,Cálix, M.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Scleropodium,touretii,,Scleropodium touretii  ,(Brid.) L.F.Koch,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Glass-Wort Feather-Moss (Scleropodium touretii) has a Mediterranean Atlantic distribution, extending north to the United Kingdom, Ireland and Denmark. It is also found in Macaronesia and in European Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it appears to be abundant and stable in the Mediterranean region. However, in some central and northern European countries, sites are few and the subpopulations are often small, sometimes threatened by anthropogenic activities. In regions where it is threatened, it requires long-term monitoring, an assessment of trends in habitat changes, and studies on population development, in order to identify appropriate conservation measures.",Unknown,"The Glass-Wort Feather-Moss (Scleropodium touretii) has a Mediterranean Atlantic distribution, extending north to the United Kingdom, Ireland and Denmark. It is also found in Macaronesia and in European Turkey. Outside of Europe it is found in North Africa, southwestern Asia and western North America (Smith 2004).","This species is widely distributed in southern Europe and appears to be abundant and stable in the Mediterranean region, but it is rare and localised at the northern end of its range. In some central and northern European countries, sites are few and the subpopulations are often small. These subpopulation are sometimes threatened by anthropogenic activities, and are therefore increasingly restricted to rocky sites that are not at risk (Moose Deutschland 2018). The current population trend is unknown.","This is a perennial species, growing in open or partly shaded places. It is characteristic of habitats that are seasonally dry, including open woodland, maquis, garrigue and phrygana, thin soil over rocks, dry grasslands, stable dunes, banks and cliffs. In northwestern Europe it occurs mainly in coastal habitats. It is tolerant of trampling (Dierssen 2001, Cortini Pedrotti 2006, Atherton et al. 2010).","This species is threatened by human settlements, forest clearance, and agricultural activities. It is characterized by a low potential for sexual reproduction (Peev 2011).","

In the Mediterranean area, the species appears to be stable, but in regions where it is threatened it requires long-term monitoring, an assessment of trends in habitat changes, and studies on population development, in order to identify appropriate conservation measures. It is found in protected areas. The species has been assessed as Endangered in Ireland, Germany, Romania and Bulgaria, and is Regionally Extinct in Austria and Belgium. Its presence is uncertain in the Czech Republic and Slovenia (Hodgetts 2015).",This species is not utilised.,"Hedenäs, L.,Cálix, M.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Scopelophila,cataractae,,Scopelophila cataractae  ,(Mitt.) Broth.,,No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



The Tongue-leaf Copper-moss (Scopelophila cataractae) has a circumpolar southern-temperate distribution. In Europe it is known from Spain, France, Ireland, Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 248 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulation and number of mature individuals due to habitat loss. 



Subpopulations are usually small and threatened by redevelopment or vegetational succession, and several are known to have been destroyed due to land reclamation, ecological restoration and construction. Sites supporting this species need protection and suitable management, involving retention and creation of bare metalliferous ground for colonisation. Some sites are now part of industrial archaeology tourist attractions, and communication with the site owners and managers is necessary to incorporate conservation of metalliferous bryophytes into the management plan. At least some subpopulations should be monitored. There is some doubt as to its native status in Europe, but it is best regarded as a native species unless proved otherwise.",Decreasing,"The Tongue-leaf Copper-moss (Scopelophila cataractae) has a circumpolar southern-temperate distribution. In Europe it is known from Spain, France, Ireland, Britain, Belgium, The Netherlands and Germany. Outside the European region the species is widely distributed in tropical and East Asia north to Japan and Korea, North America north to Massachusetts, Central and South America, and tropical Africa. Male and female plants occur in America, but as separate subpopulations; capsules are known in Asia (Blockeel et al. 2014). 



Opinions differ as to whether it is a native species in Europe: it may have been introduced with imported metal ore, but on the other hand it may simply be a rare metalliferous member of the native European flora. For the purposes of this assessment it is considered native. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 248 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.4 million km².","Subpopulations are ecologically restricted, but can cover large areas in some places (Belgium, northern France and the Netherlands). The current population trend is decreasing and several subpopulation have been destroyed due to land reclamation, ecological restoration and construction. Most subpopulations are small and isolated since the species does not produce sporophytes and is therefore likely to have poor dispersal abilities. Thes subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation and the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.","This species, well known as a ‘copper moss’, is tolerant of heavy-metal contamination and is known from a number of old mine sites. In Cornwall and Ireland it is characteristic of old copper mines, growing on old waste heaps, around mine buildings and shafts, and on the outwash of streams flowing through toxic areas, typically on clayey and silty soils and often associated with Cephaloziella massalongi and C. nicholsonii. Most of its other occurrences are associated with old lead and zinc mines. On lead mines associates may include Cephaloziella stellulifera, Pohlia annotina, P. nutans and Weissia controversa. Although some subpopulations consist of small scattered shoots, others consist of deep, dense turfs. It has never been found in truly natural habitats in Europe, where it is  genetically uniform. Its altitudinal range is from 20 m up to 700 m Asl.



It is dioicous; only male plants have been found in Europe. Rhizoidal tubers and protonemal gemmae have been noted in some specimens. Male and female plants occur in America, but as separate subpopulations; capsules are known in Asia (Blockeelet al. 2014).","The substrate for this species is becoming less frequent, as old mines fall into disuse and suitable new ground is no longer being actively created, so it is at risk from  vegetational succession. Many sites, as in South Wales and Ireland, have been lost  to reclamation (and ecological restoration) and construction. Illegal tipping at a site in Ireland destroyed one patch of S. cataractae in 2006; some tipping was still occurring there in 2008 despite statutory protection of the site (Lockhart et al. 2012, Blockeel et al. 2014). The site on the Lleyn peninsula in North Wales, where this species was abundant (Rumsey and Newton 1989), was destroyed illegally when the local golf club developed the adjacent disused mine site. They were prosecuted and obliged to try to restore the habitat. A small quantity of the plant was still present when the site was surveyed in ca 2004 (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2017).","Sites supporting this species need protection and suitable management, involving retention and creation of bare metalliferous ground for colonisation. Some sites are now part of industrial archaeology tourist attractions, and communication with the site owners and managers is necessary to incorporate conservation of metalliferous bryophytes into the management plan. At least some subpopulations should be monitored. This species has been assessed as Endangered in Britain, and as Vulnerable in Ireland and Spain (Hodgetts 2015).



Confirmation of the origin of this species in Europe is needed, where it was only first reported in 1985 and is restricted to mining sites. It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Ros-Espín, R.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Lönnell, N., Rothero, G., Untereiner, A. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Scopelophila,ligulata,,Scopelophila ligulata  ,(Spruce) Spruce,,No,NT,B2b(iii),No,NT,B2b(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



 Scopelophila ligulata is a cosmopolitan species which, in Europe, is found more abundantly in the Alps and Pyrenees, with other isolated subpopulations in Macaronesia, Italy and Norway. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 140 km2 in Europe, and 112 km2 in the EU 28), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B.

In Europe, this is not a common species anywhere, and it is only locally present. Many of their localities are old, and there has been little effort to try to find it again. This species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including the Canary Islands, Italy and Switzerland. Recreational activities (nature tourism) could locally cause losses, such as in the Azores and the Canary Islands, but there is still no evidence to confirm this. This species would benefit from additional specific habitat protection where it is threatened. Further research is required on the population, ecology and threats to this species, and the population trend should be monitored.",Unknown,"This species is an acrocarpous (female sex organs) cosmopolitan moss, distributed in tropical and temperate regions. In Europe, this is a rather scarce species that is present particularly in the Alps and the Pyrenees. In fact, the locus classicus for the species is in the Pyrenees (Spruce 1849). Other isolated points where this species is found include the island of São Miguel, which is the only known locality in the Azores (Persoon 1948, Gabriel et al. 2011), and the island of La Gomera in the Canary Islands. This species is also found in central Italy (Aleffi and Tacchi 2012) and recently, in the Norwegian southern coast (Appelgren et al. 2016).

 

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around at 5.3 million km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 140 km2. In the EU 28,the EOO is about 2.6 million km2and the AOO is 112 km2. The altitudinal range of this species is from 30 m to 2,200 m Asl, although it is variable in the different regions. It is found in Norway from 30 m to 50 m Asl, in the Pyrenees from 320 m to 2,200 m Asl, in the Alps from 640 m to 1,760 m Asl, in Italy from 250 m to 664 m Asl, in the Canary Islands from 250 m to 500 m Asl, and in the Azores at 400 m Asl.



","In Europe, this is not a common species anywhere, and it is only locally present. It is regarded as a 'copper' moss, tolerating substrates  rich in metal sulphides (Schumacker et al. 1989), toxic to most bryophytes; copper mosses are  usually rare in all their distribution area, but this area is also usually  large. No population studies are available for this species, hence the population size and trend are unknown. It is dioicous, and sexual reproduction is unknown in Europe and North America, but sporophytes are present in collections from Asia and South America (Shaw and Anderson 1988). The spores are small (8–13 μm) which should facilitate long distance dispersal.","



The species is a chalcophyt associated with metal sulphides (copper and zinc, iron, lead), on acidic substrates with high concentration of water-soluble iron and sulphate. It is also an acidophilous and photophilous species, generally found on the face of cliffs.

This species is saxicolous or terricolous, and it is usually on cliffs, that are often humid or splashed by small rivulets, as well as on old walls that are made of mining detritus, around sulphurous hot springs (in the Azores), and sometimes in shaded sites by deciduous forest. The most usual associated species recorded are Mielichhoferia elongata, M. mielichhoferi, Grimmia atrata and Cephaloziella massalongi; additionally, Coscinodon cribrosus, Ditrichum zonatum, Gymnocolea inflata subsp. acutiloba and other species.

","Threats to this species are unknown, as its habitat is linked to geological conditions that can exist under different vegetation types and climates. Schatz (1955) proposed that 'sulphur/copper mosses' would have thrived during the Tertiary Period, when volcanic activity was more widespread, and that they may in that sense be regarded as “living fossils”.

Recreational activities (nature tourism) could cause losses locally, in the Azores and the Canary Islands, but there is still no evidence to confirm this. In Italy, the main threats are the tourism influence and habitat loss by extraction and mining, but these are only very local (Aleffi and Tacchi 2012).","This species has been considered as Rare in Europe (ECCB 1995), and it is included in several national Red Lists. It is assessed as Critically Endangered in the Canary Islands, as Endangered in Italy, as Vulnerable in Switzerland and as Data Deficient in Slovenia and Austria (Hodgetts 2015).

Some of the subpopulations are included in protected areas, mainly within the Natura 2000 network, but no specific attention is paid to this species, and so it would benefit from additional specific habitat protection where it is threatened. Further research is required on the population, ecology and threats to this species, and the population trend should be monitored.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Laaka-Lindberg, S.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,SCORPIDIACEAE,Scorpidium,cossonii,,Scorpidium cossonii  ,(Schimp.) Hedenäs,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Intermediate Hook-moss (Scorpidium cossonii) is a widespread species in Europe, but is much more common in the north than in the south, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Although several strong local declines are reported in the literature (Germany and the Netherlands) and its habitat is declining, it seems to be not threatened at the European level, and is apparently stable in most parts of its range. It is sensitive to the degradation and destruction of wetlands, especially drainage and excessive nutrient input, but as a fen species, it occurs in many protected areas across its range in Europe. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"This is a widespread species which ranges from Spain and Ireland in the west to Russia in the east, and from Norway (including Svalbard) in the north to Italy and Spain in the south, but is much more common in the north than in the south, and is absent from Macaronesia. Elsewhere this species occurs in North and South America and Asia (Nebel and Philippi 2001). It is found growing from sea level up to 2,800 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","As the differentiation of this species from the closely related Scorpidium revolvens is relatively new, the distribution and abundance of both are not easy to assess. S. cossonii remains common or abundant in much of northern Europe, but several local declines are reported elsewhere, which may or may not have ceased. A strong historical, and possibly ongoing, decline is reported in Germany (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). In the Netherlands, a decline of 80% is reported from 1950 to 1960, with another 50% decline between 1960 and 2000 (BLWG and NDFF 2016). There has been a small decline in the Vorarlbergs, Austria (Schröck et al. 2013). Details about subpopulation trends are not available elsewhere, but it seems not to be threatened and is apparently stable in most parts of its range. The current European population is therefore large and stable.","This species occurs in wet, nutrient-poor, often lime-rich, sun-exposed areas, with a neutral to basic pH (Nebel and Philippi 2001). It grows in springs, by streams, in wet depressions, always in at least temporarily submersed or inundated sites, from low to alpine elevations. The highest findings in the Alps reach up to around 2,800 m Asl (Hofmann et al. 2011).","Because of its ecology, this species is sensitive to the degradation and destruction of wetlands, especially drainage and excessive nutrient input. It is therefore threatened by pollution through agricultural effluents and by the drainage of wetlands, areas for construction or to gain arable land. The magnitude of the impact on the species is unknown, but in many countries, especially in central Europe, there has been a strong decline in the 19th and 20th Centuries due to drainage of fens.","This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Romania and Luxembourg, as Endangered in Hungary and Germany, as 'threatened' in the Netherlands, as Near Threatened in the Czech Republic, and as Data Deficient in Bulgaria (Hodgetts 2015). As a fen species, it occurs in many protected areas. No conservation measures are currently needed.

",The species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Aleffi, M.,Cálix, M.","Baudraz, M.E.A., Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,SCORPIDIACEAE,Scorpidium,revolvens,,Scorpidium revolvens  ,(Sw.) Rubers,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



In Europe, the Rusty Hook-moss (Scorpidium revolvens) is a widespread species, though its distribution in many places remains difficult to assess because of the difficulty of differentiating it from its related species, S. cossonii. Nonetheless, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Although there has been a decline in many regions, especially in central Europe, it remains common and often abundant in many northern areas. It is sensitive to the degradation and destruction of wetlands, particularly excessive nutrient input and pollution through agricultural effluents, and drainage for agriculture or construction. Since the population is still quite large, the species is assessed as Least Concern. There are no particular conservation measures targeting this species, but more survey work is recommended,  particularly in some areas where this species has not been well differentiated from S. cossonii.",Decreasing,"In Europe, this is a widespread species which occurs from Spain in the west to Russia in the east, and from the high Arctic in the north to Italy in the south, but it becomes much rarer in Mediterranean regions, and is absent from Macaronesia. It may have disappeared from the Netherlands (Hodgetts 2015). Its presence in Bosnia-Herzegovina remains uncertain, and  distribution in many places remains difficult to assess because of the  difficulty of differentiating it from its related species Scorpidium cossonii. A globally widespread species, it also occurs in Asia, North and South America and New Zealand (Nebel and Philippi 2001). It is found growing from sea level up to 2,400 m Asl (Hofmann et al. 2011). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","As the differentiation of this species from the closely related Scorpidium cossonii is relatively new, the distribution and abundance of both are not easy to assess. This species is less common than S. cossonii in some regions. There has been a decline in many regions, especially in central Europe, in the past and it is not clear if this decline has stopped. However, it remains common and often abundant in many northern areas. The population size is much higher than 10,000 mature individuals.","The species occurs in very wet, often periodically submersed, light-exposed, nutrient-poor sites with a neutral to acidic pH. It grows in peaty fens and transitional fens (Hedenäs et al. 2014).","This species is sensitive to the degradation and destruction of wetlands, particularly excessive nutrient input and pollution through agricultural effluents, and drainage for agriculture or construction. Many subpopulations must have been lost to these factors, although there are few precise data.","This species has been assessed as Endangered in Germany, the Czech Republic and Slovenia, as Vulnerable in Bulgaria and Austria, and as Data Deficient in Spain (Hodgetts 2015). It is regarded as Regionally Extinct in the Netherlands. It is assessed as Least Concern in the majority of European countries where it occurs. It occurs in many protected areas. There are no particular conservation measures targeting this species. More survey work is needed in some areas, particularly where this species has not been well differentiated from S. cossonii.",The species is not utilised or traded.,"Ros-Espín, R.,Englefield, E.","Baudraz, M.E.A., Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,SCORPIDIACEAE,Scorpidium,scorpioides,,Scorpidium scorpioides  ,(Hedw.) Limpr.,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Hooked Scorpion-moss (Scorpidium scorpioides) has in historical time been widespread in all Europe, but has declined in the lowlands of Central and South Europe. In the north, there are still no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. In the Central and South, it is affected by anthropogenic nutrient loads, nitrogen deposition and eutrophication. It is suspected that there has been a decline of approximately 25% in the last 50-100 years, and this decline is also projected into the future based on the quality of its habitats. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened, in both Europe and the EU 28, as it is close to to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion A.

However, this species is still common, particularly in northern Europe. Site protection and appropriate management are recommended to prevent the further destruction of its habitats, and further research is required to confirm population size and trends.",Decreasing,"This species has a boreo-arctic montane distribution. It has been widespread in central and northern Europe, but has declined in the lowlands, becoming a montane species towards the south and reaching the Pyrenees, Corsica, the Alps, northern Italy and Bulgaria (Blockeel et al. 2014). In the north, this species occurs throughout Fennoscandia as well as Iceland, Svalbard (Frisvoll and Blom 1997) and the Faroe Islands. Outside of Europe, it is recorded from northern Asia, North America and South America (Hedenäs et al. 2014).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 20,000 and 30,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 12 and 14 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 16,000 and 19,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 5 million km2. The altitudinal range of the species is between sea level and 3,600 m Asl.","In the north and in the British Isles and Ireland, this species is generally common in rich fen areas and lime rich lakes. However, in some continental areas, it is today more or less rare. In, for example, Denmark there are several very old findings, and just a few modern ones (Goldberg 2017).

In Poland, this species is considered endangered and it has been recorded throughout the country, but is mainly aggregated in the post-glacial landscapes of northern Poland and in some upland areas. However, the species is in Poland today rarely found and the population size is decreasing (Gorski et al. 2018).

  In the United Kingdom, more intensive recording has increased the number of sites, especially in parts of Scotland and south Wales, but the species has been in long-term decline in England, partly from habitat loss but also from eutrophication: under nutrient-rich conditions it is replaced by Calliergonella cuspidata (Kooijman 2012). In Russia, the species is more common in the arctic parts although it is more common in the south (O. Afonina pers. comm. 2017). 



The rich fen habitat of this species has decreased throughout its range, in both central and southern Europe and the EU 28, during the three-generation period (estimated to be between 50 and 100 years) by around 25%.","This species grows in calcareous to intermediate wet marshes, floating in ponds, on beaches or quite often submerged lakes (Hedenäs et al. 2014).

In the United Kingdom, this species occurs in wet base-rich, often calcareous conditions, most frequently in rich fens, growing in waterlogged hollows, in soaks and runnels draining from springs, and at the infilled margins of small low-lying lakes. It is commonly associated with Aneura pinguis, Campylium stellatum, Fissidens adianthoides, Scorpidium cossonii, S. revolvens and Sphagnum contortum. It also occurs in upland sedge-rich flushes with Blindia acuta, in mud-bottom stands within communities at the margins of small lakes with Chara spp., submerged in pools with Utricularia spp., in dune slacks with Drepanocladus lycopodioides, and in calcareous spring-fens with Palustriella falcata. More rarely, this species occurs in old marlpits, in flushes in lowland wet heaths and valley bogs, and on flushed rocks and cliff ledges in the uplands (Blockeel et al. 2014).

This species is one of the more common mosses of the rich fens often covering large areas with only few stems of Drepanocladus trifarius and Aneura pinguis intermingled or growing together with other mosses. It grows in shallow fens as well as deeper and is often seen floating. Moreover S. scorpioides has proved to be a frequent moss component in the bottom vegetation of several lakes. It is more rarely found on irrigated flat rock surfaces, in percolation streaks or in rapidly moving water (Mårtensson 1956).","The major threats to this species are drainage of natural wetlands and cultivation of mires and other moist open habitats. The species is declining, at least in central and southern Europe generally, as its habitats have declined (Davidson 2014, Raeymaekers 2000), and it is today considered threatened over much of central and southern Europe, but it is not yet threatened in the north. In the north, there are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. In the south, it is affected by anthropogenic nutrient loads, nitrogen deposition and eutrophication.","This species is included in several national Red Lists. In Slovakia and Hungary it has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR), in the Netherlands as EB (critically endangered), in Austria, it has been assessed as category 2 (endangered), in Poland as endangered (E), in Germany, Spain, the Czech Republic and Romania, it has been assessed as Endangered (EN), in Switzerland, Bulgaria and Ukraine it has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU) and in Luxembourg, it has been assessed as Regionally Extinct (RE) (Hodgetts 2015). The habitats of this species have been assessed as Endangered on the European Red List of Habitats, and are threatened by destruction of fens and eutrophication.

The species occurs in several protected areas in northern Europe. In central, western and southern Europe, the best sites should be protected and managed appropriately. Further research is needed to confirm the population size, distribution and trends.",The species is not used or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Muller, F.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Scorpiurium,circinatum,,Scorpiurium circinatum  ,(Brid.) M.Fleisch. &amp; Loeske,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Curving Feather-Moss (Scorpiurium circinatum) is quite widespread in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. It does not approach any of the thresholds for a threatened Category. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Curving Feather-Moss (Scorpiurium circinatum) has a Mediterranean-Atlantic distribution. It is found in Mediterranean and Atlantic Europe to the British Isles, in central Europe, from Macaronesia to European Turkey and Crimea. It is also found outside Europe in North Africa, Asia Minor, Iran and Subsaharan Africa (Cape Verde, Djibouti, Mauritius, Socotra) (Smith 2004, O`Shea 2006, Guerra 2018).",Quantitative data on the size of the subpopulations is not available. This species is quite frequent in almost all of Europe  and there is no indication of decline. The current population trend is therefore assumed to be stable.,"This is a perennial southern species of warm habitats. It lives on shaded or exposed rocks, walls and soil, on pebbly soil, in open turf and around rock outcrops, on banks in sand dunes, occasionally on roots and at the bases of trees (Dierssen 2001, Smith 2004, Cortini Pedrotti 2006). It is found from sea level up to 1,250 m Asl (Guerra 2018).",There appear to be no major threats to this species.,This species is included in a few regional Red Lists (Hodgetts 2015). At the European level no specific conservation measures are necessary for this species. It is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Hedenäs, L.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Scorpiurium,deflexifolium,,Scorpiurium deflexifolium  ,(Solms) M.Fleisch. &amp; Loeske,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Scorpiurium deflexifolium is present above all in the countries bordering the Mediterranean. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the current population trend is stable and it does not approach any of the thresholds for a threatened Category. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"Scorpiurium deflexifolium has a Mediterranean distribution. It is found from Macaronesia to southeastern Europe. It is also found in North Africa, and southwestern Asia (Dierssen 2001, Erzberger 2006, Papp and Erzberger 2007, Marka 2014, Hodgetts 2015).","There is no exact data on the size of the subpopulations. This species forms compact mats and although it is considered as quite rare in several countries, its conservation status appears to be stable in most of the distribution area. The current population trend is thought to be stable.","This is a perennial species. It is subneutrophytic, seasonally hygrophytic and lives at the bases of trees, stones and wet rocks along streams. It tolerates temporary submersion (Dierssen 2001, Cortini Pedrotti 2006). It is found at elevations between 50 m and 300 m Asl.",There is no information on the threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are known for this species. It occurs in protected areas. It is included in some regional Red Lists, and some authors have defined it as quite rare (Dirkse 1993, Cortini Pedrotti 2006, Gariletti and Albertos 2012, Sergio et al. 2013, Marka 2014).",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Hodd, R.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Scorpiurium,sendtneri,,Scorpiurium sendtneri  ,(Schimp.) M.Fleisch.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

This widely scattered and rare moss species, Scorpiurium sendtneri, has a wide distribution in the Mediterranean region, with an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of ca. 1,943,000 km2, largely surpassing the threshold values for a threatened category. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at ca. 500 km2, mainly in the EU 28. Although there is no direct information on the population structure, size or trends of this species, considering that its subpopulation in Portugal is stable and has over 1,000 individual equivalents, it is considered in Europe to have an overall large population size and stable population trend. Thus it is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28. The threats to this species are unknown, but it is known to occur in protected areas across its European range.



",Stable,"This species of moss is found scattered throughout the Mediterranean region of Europe (Frey et al. 2006). It is also found in Turkey and North Africa. The extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species is estimated at ca. 1,943,000 km2, surpassing the threshold values for a threatened category. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at ca. 500 km2, mainly in the EU 28.","There is no direct information on the population structure, size or trends of this species. It has been found widely scattered and is quite rare, although on some trees in Portugal it can be locally abundant. It is possibly under-recorded elsewhere. In Portugal it is stable and the subpopulation size is over 1,000 individual equivalents (one individual equivalent is considered as one tree). Its population is not considered to be severely fragmented. The population trend is presumed to be stable.","This species grows epiphytically on the bark of trees, including Quercus faginea, Platanus trees and olive trees.",The threats to this species are unknown. There is no indication of a decline in the habitat of this species.,"This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Slovenia (Endangered), Portugal (Data Deficient), Spain (Data Deficient) and Albania (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas in Europe. There is a need for more research on the population, size, distribution and trends for this species.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Schröck, C.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T, Söderström, L. & Garcia, C.","Ştefănuţ, S.,Sabovljevic, M.,Ignatova, E.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,SELIGERIACEAE,Seligeria,acutifolia,,Seligeria acutifolia  ,Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Sharp rock-bristle (Seligeria acutifolia) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide but scattered distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, a population size greater than 1,000 individual-equivalents and its stable population trend. It is probably under-recorded. There are no direct threats identified, but it can be affected through drying of its microhabitat as a result of intensive forestry, as well as the increased prevalence and severity of droughts due to climate change. It occurs in protected areas throughout its range. 



",Stable,"This European temperate species is scattered through Europe, from the Mediterranean region north to central Scandinavia (Dia and Hallingbäck 2005). Elsewhere it occurs in North Africa (Morocco), Turkey, the Caucasus and North America (British Colombia and Alaska) (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B.

","This species is not particularly common, but it is probably widely overlooked and under-recorded. However, it is relatively frequent in Greece and parts of Britain and Ireland. It produces sporophytes and can be abundant where it occurs. Its overall population trend is stable and its population size is more than than 1,000 individual-equivalents (where one individual-equivalent is considered to be one rock on which this species is found growing).","This tiny moss is typically found on the bare surface of shaded, often north-facing, calcareous rocks, often in crevices and under overhanging rocks. It occurs in places that are moist, at least in winter, but not normally subject to dripping or running water. Limestones are the commonest substrates, but in some Irish localities it occurs on metamorphosed chalk, where it may become impregnated with tufa. Most sites are on natural rock outcrops, more rarely on stones and boulders, in woods and ravines, or on open hillsides sheltered from direct sunlight, but it has also been recorded occasionally in old quarries. It usually occurs in pure patches, but may grow with or close to Didymodon rigidulus,  Oxyrrhynchium hians, Tortella tortuosa, Marchantia quadrata, Scapania  aspera, Jungermannia atrovirens, Gymnostomum aeruginosum, Seligeria donnianaand Orthothecium intricatum (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Sporophytes are frequent. Its altitudinal range is ca. 20–1,130 m.","The direct threats to this species are unknown. As for minor threats, it can be affected through drying of its microhabitat as a result of intensive forestry, as well as the increased prevalence and severity of droughts due to climate change.","No specific conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Norway (Vulnerable), Bulgaria (Vulnerable), Czech Republic (Vulnerable), Slovakia (Vulnerable), Sweden (Near Threatened), Germany (Risk Assumed), Montenegro (Data Deficient), Switzerland (Data Deficient) and Portugal (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Bates, J.,Cálix, M.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,SELIGERIACEAE,Seligeria,austriaca,,Seligeria austriaca  ,T.Schauer,Meinunger and Schröder (2007) consider this moss as a form of Seligeria patula. Further  taxonomic studies are needed.,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The moss Seligeria austriaca occurs only in the Alps (Switzerland, Germany, Austria) in Europe, but is clearly under-recorded and the overall distribution is not yet fully known. Nevertheless, it is a rare species, currently known from about 20 to 30 localities, with an area of occupancy (AOO) estimated at 120 km², and an extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 40,000 km². There are no signs of a decline, and thus the population trend is assumed as stable. The population size is estimated to contain more than 250 but fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) in both Europe and the EU 28. Therefore, this species is assessed as Vulnerable. Although almost no threats exist to it, since only relatively few sites are known worldwide, large subpopulations in the Alps should be protected. Taxonomic studies are recommended to clarify the status of the taxa within Seligeria trifaria s. l.",Stable,"This moss occurs only in the Alps (Switzerland, Germany, Austria) in Europe, where between 20 and 30 records are known so far. The species is clearly under-recorded. The taxonomic value of this species is evaluated very differently. Meinunger and Schröder (2007) consider this moss as a form of Seligeria patula. However, taxonomic studies are lacking and the delimitation based on the size of the spores and their surface texture is relatively simple. This species was for a long timeregarded as endemic to the Alps, before being discovered outside Europe, in Japan and Korea.However, genetic and morphological studies of Asian and European subpopulations have not yet been carried out. It has been found growing at elevations between 700 m and 1,200 m Asl. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 120 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 40,000 km².","Little is known about the population size and trend of this species. However, it is estimated that the current population trend is stable. The population size is estimated to be larger than 250 but smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. The dispersal abilities of this species are good.","This small species grows on more or lesssouth-facing, sunny cliffs of calcareous rocks, where it can be found in relatively dry crevices in the montane to subalpine belt (Grims 1999, Meinunger and Schröder 2007).","This rare species is hardly threatened, owing to the secure nature of its habitat (Schröck et al. 2013, 2014).","This moss is included in the national Red List of Switzerland as Vulnerable (Schnyder et al. 2004). Further studies on the distribution and ecology of this rare species are needed. Taxonomic studies are also needed, to clarify the status of the taxa within Seligeria trifaria s. l. Since only relatively few sites are known worldwide, large subpopulations should be protected. It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Pilkington, S.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,SELIGERIACEAE,Seligeria,brevifolia,,Seligeria brevifolia  ,(Lindb.) Lindb. &amp; Arnell,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Short Rock-bristle (Seligeria brevifolia) occurs in northern Europe and in the Alps, but it is rare and scattered in Britain. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) but a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 500 and 600 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 6 and 7 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 150 and 200 km2 and the EOO is ca 3 million km2. However, owing to its small size, this species is easily overlooked. This species seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area in Europe and EU 28. In addition, there are no major threats to this species. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, such as Switzerland and Iceland. River channelization and rock excavations may have caused loss of one locality in Finland, and uncontrolled rock climbing or trampling may threaten some localities. Even so, no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species has a Euro-Siberian, boreal-montane, distribution range. It occurs in northern Europe and in the Alps, but it is rare and scattered in Britain. There are also a few localities on the Carpathian and Ural Mountains (Blockeel et al. 2014). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 300 m and 2,800 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in northernmost North America and Asia (BFNA 2007).In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 500 and 600 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 6 and 7 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 150 and 200 km2 and the EOO is ca 3 million km2.","In northern Europe, this species is widespread and locally abundant in calcareous districts. In the United Kingdom, it was first found in 1978 (Hill 1980). Owing to its small size, this species is easily overlooked but it is clearly a very rare species in most parts of the United Kingdom (Blockeel et al. 2014). The population size is much larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) in Europe and the EU 28. It has not been re-found from one locality in northern Finland, but the overall population trend is probably stable, at least in its core area.","In the Nordic countries this species grows on shaded calcareous rocks, as well as on siliceous stones flushed by calcium rich water. It is typically found under overhangs or in deep crevices, but also on moist shaded vertical cliffs and on calcareous rocks along stream and river shores (Hallingbäck et al. 2006, Virtanen 2009).

  In the United Kingdom, this moss grows in moist sheltered niches in rock crevices or under overhanging rocks, sometimes on the upper surface growing vertically downwards. On Snowdon, the substrate is pumice tuff, a porous base-rich volcanic rock; associates there include Conocephalum salebrosum, Anoectangium aestivum and Pohlia cruda. At its two sites in the Peak District in Derbyshire, this species grows on very slightly basic millstone grit on low, north-facing crags by moorland streams, where its associates include Blindia acuta, Seligeria recurvata and Tetrodontium brownianum. In East Perthshire its habitat is in crevices of mica-schist rocks on a montane crag facing north-east (Blockeel et al. 2014).","There are no major immediate threats to this species, as it is mainly found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. River channelization and rock excavations may have caused loss of one locality in Finland, and uncontrolled rock climbing or trampling may threaten some localities (Virtanen 2009).

","This species is in the red list of Austria as 4, both Switzerland and Iceland as Critically Endangered (CR), Germany as rare (R), and Finland and Great Britain as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). The species occur in at least one protected area.

  No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Muller, F.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,SELIGERIACEAE,Seligeria,calcarea,,Seligeria calcarea  ,(Hedw.) Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Chalk Rock-bristle (Seligeria calcarea) is scattered throughout much of Europe. This species is widespread and not rare in calcareous sites in Germany, Russia and the United Kingdom. In northern Europe and in the Mediterranean region, this species is very rare, and only found in a few localities. This species has a wide geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 2,400 and 3,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 6 and 7 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 2,000 and 2,300 km2 and the EOO is ca 4 million km2. The subpopulation size at each site is relatively small, but the total number of sites within Europe and EU 28 is probably close to 1,000, and at present it seems to have a more or less stable population trend. In addition, there are no major threats to this species. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Sweden, the Czech Republic and Spain. Protection of more sites is needed.",Stable,"This species has a temperate European distribution range. It is thinly scattered in western and central Europe, occurring in Fennoscandia, Britain, France, Austria, Germany and Switzerland, and it was considered as regionally extinct in Finland, although a new record from Kuusamo has been reported (Virtanen 2009). It is also found at few sites east to Ukraine and European Russia, but absent from the arctic and the Mediterranean region (Blockeel et al. 2014). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 10 m to 2,020 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in North America (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 2,400 and 3,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 6 and 7 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 2,000 and 2,300 km2 and the EOO is ca 4 million km2.","This species is widespread and not rare in calcareous sites in Germany, Russia and the United Kingdom. In northern Europe and in the Mediterranean region, this species is very rare, and only found in a few localities. There is no information of any decline in its core area, and the overall current population trend is considered to be stable.

In the United Kingdom, subpopulations occurring in chalk pits have suffered from some decline because of in-filling. However, many new sites have been found in the UK since 1990, especially in the western part of its range, and in Northern Ireland (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Finland, this moss has not been re-found from one of its old localities (Virtanen 2009), and it was thus deemed regionally extinct. However, there is a very recent new record from Kuusamo (Virtanen 2009). Even if the subpopulation size at each site is relatively small, the total number of sites within Europe and EU 28 is probably close to 1,000, and at present it seems to have a more or less stable population size.","In Nordic countries, this species grows on calcareous stones, mostly in shaded and moist habitats but sometimes also in more exposed areas (Hallingbäck et al. 2006).

In the United Kingdom, this species is growing as thin patches on shaded, bare, calcareous vertical rock faces, boulders and rubble. The commonest substrate is chalk but it also grows on oolitic limestone, very rarely on harder limestone. It occurs in similar habitats to Seligeria calycina, though not often mixed with it, having a greater preference for stable surfaces, especially those exposed in chalk pits; elsewhere it is found on banks in woodland, scrubby downland and chalk grassland, and in northeastern Ireland, on stones on steep grassy slopes and below crags. Exceptionally, this species occurs on built structures, such as on walls and pillars of Bath stone in Reading and an ornamental wall in Poole; in Dorset it has been recorded on chalk lumps in hardcore surfacing. Associated species include Leiocolea turbinata and Tortula muralis (Blockeel et al. 2014).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed in Austria as 4, in Hungary and Slovenia as Data Deficient (DD), in Sweden and the Czech Republic as Endangered (EN), in the Netherlands as GE, in Slovakia as Near Threatened (NT), in Poland as rare (R), in Finland it has been assessed as Regionally Extinct (RE), however, it has been recently found again (Virtanen 2009). In addition, this species has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in Northern Ireland, Spain, Switzerland, Romania and Estonia (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. However, protection of more sites is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Köckinger, H.","Hallingbäck, T","Martinčič, A.,Ochyra, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,SELIGERIACEAE,Seligeria,calycina,,Seligeria calycina  ,Mitt. ex Lindb.,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The English Rock-bristle (Seligeria calycina) is a small suboceanic temperate moss that has most of its European population in southeastern England. It is apparently very rare outside this area, with a few records in Ireland, northern France and Belgium, and isolated localities in Portugal, Crete, Serbia, Sicily and European Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is not rare on English chalk and limestone and there is no indication of decline or major threats.",Stable,"The English Rock-bristle (Seligeria calycina) is a small suboceanic temperate moss that has most of its European population in southeastern England. It is apparently very rare outside this area, with a few records in Ireland, northern France and Belgium, and isolated localities in Portugal, Crete, Serbia, Sicily and European Turkey. An old report from mainland Italy is incorrect. It is a European endemic (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 2,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2.5 million km².","The population size and trends of this species are unknown in detail, but it seems likely that core subpopulations are stable on English chalk and limestone.","This tiny moss is usually found on detached or embedded fragments of chalk, of various sizes, normally on steep banks and on the ground in woodland and scrub, but also in old chalk pits, around animal holes and burrows, and in sheltered chalk grassland. Less often it grows on natural chalk outcrops in woodland. Common associates include Fissidens gracilifolius, Rhynchostegiella tenella, Taxiphyllum wissgrillii and Tortella inflexa. Its strong preference for chalk is shared by Seligeria calcarea but it is only occasionally mixed with that species. Rarely it also occurs on soft oolitic limestone, but not on harder limestones. Its altitudinal range is from 15 m up to 300 m Asl.



It is autoicous; capsules are usually present, maturing in summer (Blockeelet al. 2014).",There are no known threats to this species.,This species should survive if chalk and limestone habitats are retained. It has been assessed as Data Deficient in Ireland (Northern Ireland only); it is considered Regionally Extinct in Portugal (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Ros-Espín, R.,Cálix, M.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,SELIGERIACEAE,Seligeria,carniolica,,Seligeria carniolica  ,(Breidl. &amp; Beck) Nyholm,,Yes,EN,D,No,EN,D,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



The Water Rock-bristle (Seligeria carniolica) is rare species that seems to be endemic to Europe, but not the EU 28. It is only found at a few localities in each country. The population is considered to be severely fragmented, but the current population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28. The population size of the species is estimated to be less than 250 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals), in both Europe and the EU 28. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered in both regional assessments.



This species seems to be vulnerable to changes in water flow and water quality, which can reduce the occurrence of the species. The species is also threatened by the shading of bushes when grazing ceases and drainage. Protection of the sites and the hydrology at each locality is needed. It is important that the hydrology at each site continues to keep the cliffs and boulders moist during the vegetation season. Beside this, further research and monitoring of the population size and trends is needed.",Unknown,"This species has a montane distribution. It is a rare species with several sites in French Jura mountain range (Dirkse et al. 1990, Philippe and Ochyra 2017). However, in most other countries, including Austria, Germany, Norway, Serbia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom, it is known from just a few localities in each (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species seems to be endemic to Europe, but not the EU 28.



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 160 and 200 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be between 2 and 3 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is estimated to be between 150 and 160 km2 and the EOO is estimated to be around 2 million km2. The altitudinal range of this species is between 1 m and 1,150 m Asl.

","The species is very rare in the whole of Europe, and is only found at a few localities in each country. The current population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28, and although there is some evidence of decline in certain countries, it is uncertain whether it is continuous. Several subpopulations in central Europe documented before 1960 have not been seen recently, for example in Germany, Serbia, Slovenia, and Switzerland (Philippe 2018).



At its original British site, at the Black Burn stream in Roxburghshire, Scotland, this species was re-found in September 2014, along with another new site that was found nearby. In addition, several new sites with rich subpopulations were found in 2016 in the French Alps (Philippe and Ochyra 2017).



The population size is estimated to be smaller than 250 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent) for both Europe and the EU 28. The population is considered to be severely fragmented since it is found in small and isolated subpopulations, and the dispersal ability of this species seems to be restricted, so subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced possibility of recolonisation.","In the French Alps, this species occurs in steep gullies on limestone, in the splash zone, which is for most of the year, washed by a thin film of carbonated water. This species grows within a millimeter thin calcite encrusted microbial mat(Philippe and Ochyra 2017).



In the Nordic countries, this species also grows on moist calcareous stones. In Sweden (Gotland), it is found on wet, marl limestone in close proximity to the sea (Pettersson 1975). It is typically found on small shelves on calcareous vertical sea cliffs. The cliffs are covered by algae from which the dark capsules emerge like small pins (Hallingbäck et al. 2006).



The site in Norway was at the lower edge of Betula pubescens woodland, at about 1,150 m Asl. Several small, intermittent streams (runnels) flow through the block scree on the lower part of the slope and these are derived from late snow patches, the meltwater from which trickles over exposures of dark grey, impure limestone above the tree line. The scree is composed mainly of mica- and quartzitic-schist boulders ranging in size from a few centimetres to well over 1 m. The substrate is intermittently irrigated and covered with a number of bryophytes and coated with a thin tufa deposit. This species appeared to be confined to one or two boulders in two of these sites, in spite of a careful search on a subsequent visit (Coker 1983).



In Austria, it has also been found in a primary spring fen (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). In the Swiss, Bavarian, Serbian and Slovenian localities, it was growing on periodically irrigated limestone or calcareous sandstone (Gams 1951).



In the United Kingdom, the Scottish locality was on an outcrop of impure limestone in association with Gyroweisia tenuis, Tetrodontium brownianum and Seligeria recurvata. At a site in Northumberland (England), it occurs on boulders in a shallow ravine with scattered birch trees (Lobley 1965). It grows close to the water level and may be submerged for long periods. The boulders are of calcareous sandstone and associates include Dichodontium pellucidum, Gyroweisia tenuis, Rhizomnium punctatum, Seligeria recurvata and Tetrodontium brownianum (Blockeel et al. 2014).



There is no evidence of any continuing decline in habitat quality, however, the uncertainty is rather high.

","This species seems to be vulnerable to changes in water flow and water quality (Blockeel et al. 2014). A small change in the area's hydrology can easily reduce the occurrence of the species. Also the shading of bushes, which often is the case when grazing ceases, can be a problem (Hassel et al. 2015). The species can also be affected by drainage.","This species is included in several national Red Lists. It is assessed as Regionally Extinct (RE) in Germany and Switzerland, as category 2 (Stark gefährdet/endangered, Ludwig et al. 1996) in Austria, as Critically Endangered (CR) in Norway and Great Britain, as Endangered (EN) in Sweden, Critically Endangered (CR) in Franche-Comté (Bailly et al. 2009) and as Data Deficient (DD) in Slovenia and Romania (Hodgetts 2015). The species is found in at least one protected area.



Protection of the sites and the hydrology at each locality is needed. It is important that the hydrology at each site continues to keep the cliffs and boulders moist during the vegetation season. Beside this, further research and monitoring of the population size and trends is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Stebel, A.,Fettes, N.D.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,SELIGERIACEAE,Seligeria,donniana,,Seligeria donniana  ,(Sm.) Müll.Hal.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Donn’s Rock-bristle (Seligeria donniana) is widespread in upland parts of Europe, but rare in the lowlands. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. It is thought that the overall population trend is stable, and the population size is estimated to be larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) in both Europe and the EU 28, even though the subpopulations are often small. In addition, there are no major threats to it at the European level. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species is widespread in upland parts of Europe from Ireland and Spain in the west to Russia in the east, but rare in the lowlands. It is missing from Macaronesia, the Arctic, and many countries in the Mediterranean and Balkan regions. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is also known outside Europe from western and  central Asia, Japan and North America south to Colorado and Tennessee. It is found growing at elevations between 10 m and 2,500 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, but the current trend is thought to be stable. The population size is certainly above 10,000 individual-equivalents in both Europe and the EU 28, but the subpopulations are often small. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre or one boulder on which the species grows.","This is an extremely small species of often moist, calcareous to base-rich cliffs, growing in crevices, under overhangs and more rarely on small rock fragments (Grims 1999, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).



",This species is not threatened over most of its range; only at the edges of the natural distribution is this species rare or threatened.,"This moss has been assessed as Endangered in Hungary and Estonia, as Vulnerable in Bulgaria and Serbia, as Near Threatened in Finland and Luxembourg, as 'rare' in Poland, and as Data Deficient in Montenegro (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Erzberger, P.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,SELIGERIACEAE,Seligeria,irrigata,,Seligeria irrigata  ,(H.K.G.Paul) Ochyra &amp; Gos,,Yes,VU,D1,Yes,VU,D1,EU28,,"Seligeria irrigata is a rare, endemic species to Europe that has so far been recorded only in France, Germany, Austria, Italy and Slovakia, with about 30 localities known in total. The distribution is still inadequately known, but the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 124 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 71,000 km2. Little is known about the population size and the trend, but the current trend is thought to be overall stable. The largest known site has about 20 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals), but most subpopulations are smaller. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since the population size is estimated to be larger than 250 but smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents. There appear to be no major threats to it, due to its more or less secure habitats. However, larger subpopulations should be strictly protected.",Stable,"This is an endemic species to Europe that has so far been recorded only in France (Philippe and Ochyra 2017), Germany (Meinunger and Schröder 2007), Austria (Grims 1999, Köckinger et al. 2008, Schröck et al. 2014), Italy (Ellis et al. 2011, 2014) and Slovakia (Ochyra and Gos 1992). Altogether about 30 sites have been found, of which two-thirds are located in Austria. The distribution is still inadequately known. It has been found growing at elevations between 600 m and 1,000 m Asl. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 124 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 71,000 km2.","Little is known about the population size and trend of this species, but the current trend is thought to be stable. The largest known site has about 20 individual-equivalents, but most subpopulations are smaller. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. The population size is estimated to be larger than 250, but smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents.","This moss grows on permanently wet or sprayed limestone rock cliffs, mostly in narrow, shady ravines (Grims 1999, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Schröck et al. 2014). It prefers dolomite as a substrate.","Due to its more or less secure habitats, this species is not considered threatened (Zechmeister et al. 2013, Schröck et al. 2014, Köckinger and Schröck 2017).","This moss is included in the national Red List of Slovakia as Critically Endangered (Ferakova et al. 2001). Since it is a European endemic species, larger subpopulations should be strictly protected. Further studies on the distribution and ecology of this rare species are necessary. It occurs in at least one protected area.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Vanderpoorten, A.,Cálix, M.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,SELIGERIACEAE,Seligeria,oelandica,,Seligeria oelandica  ,C.E.O.Jensen &amp; Medelius,,No,NT,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Irish Rock-bristle (Seligeria oelandica) is known from Norway, Svalbard, Sweden, United Kingdom, Ireland, Switzerland and Slovakia, but it is rare everywhere. This species has few localities. In the mountains, the subpopulations seem to be stable, however in the lowland, some of the sites are threatened and the species is slightly declining. There is insufficient data to elucidate an overall population trend, and therefore it is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28. In Europe, the overall population size is estimated to be around 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals), and so this species is assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion D. In the EU 28, there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents, and so this species is assessed as Vulnerable.



The occurrences of this species are dependent on humidity, which makes the species vulnerable to long periods of drought. However, in the mountains, there are no known major threats to this species since it occurs in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed.",Unknown,"This species has a boreo-arctic montane distribution. It is known from Norway, Svalbard, Sweden (Öland, Gotland and Lapland), United Kingdom, Ireland and Switzerland (Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). The finding in Slovakia (the western Carpathians) is described in detail in Ochyra (1991). Outside of Europe, this species is found in Asia and North America (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 150 and 300 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3.8 million km². Within the EU 28, the AOO is 132 km² and the EOO is 2.2 million km²","The species has few localities. The present number of localities are at least five in Sweden. In Norway, the species is now known from eight localities from Oppland to Troms in the north. It is most rare in southern Norway, where it has been systematically sought in recent years, which have only resulted in one new site (Sør-Trøndelag) according to Hassel et al. (2015). In Svalbard, this species is found at three sites (Frisvoll and Blom 1997). Information about the subpopulations in Switzerland and Slovakia (the Carpathians) is still missing.

This species has been known in northwestern Ireland since 1962 (Crundwell and Warburg 1963) and there are strong subpopulations there. Remarkably and unexpectedly, this species was discovered in southern Wales in 2009 and is known there only from a single flushed rock face at Craig y Cilau (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Britain and Ireland, the species seems to be fairly stable. In the mountains, the subpopulations seem to be stable, however in the lowland, some of the sites are threatened and the species is slightly declining. There is insufficient data to elucidate an overall population trend, and therefore it is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28. Even though its spores are quite large, the population does not seem to be severely fragmented. 

In Sweden (where the type locality is), this species occurs partly in the mountains and the species has relatively few individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in each locality. In Sweden, it is estimated that there are between 10 and 50 individual-equivalents in each site (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for each individual-equivalent). In Norway, it is estimated that there are around five individual-equivalents per site, and thus it is estimated to be 40 individual-equivalents in total (H. Blom pers. comm. 2017). In Ireland, there are a few hundred individual-equivalents and in Britain, there are between one and 10 individual-equivalents. The overall population size is therefore estimated to be around 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe. In the EU 28, there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents. 

","In the Nordic countries, this species grows on periodically flushed calcareous stones and schist. In the mountains, this species is found in dried up, small brooks, on sloping flat rocks and on shores of lakes and streams. On Öland and Gotland, it is found on sea cliffs and along streams (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). In Norway, this species grows on irrigated lime stones in forests and mountains (Hassel et al. 2015).

  In the United Kingdom and Ireland, this species is confined to vertical or overhanging carboniferous limestone rock faces (and associated calcareous shales), that are kept constantly wet by water seepage or splashing, mostly at the base of north- or east facing crags, rarely on rocks or stone in open flushes; the plants tend to be encrusted with lime. The only regular associates are Jungermannia atrovirens and Seligeria patula (Blockeel et al. 2014).

","The occurrences of this species are dependent on humidity, which makes the species vulnerable to long periods of drought. In the mountains, there are no known major threats to this species since it occurs in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. However, the lowland sites are vulnerable to changes in water flow and water quality. A small change in the area's hydrology can easily reduce the occurrences. This species can also be affected by eutrophication.","This species is Red Listed in Slovakia and Great Britain as Critically Endangered (CR), and in Norway, Sweden, Svalbard, Ireland, Northern Ireland and Switzerland as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015).

This species is known to occur in protected areas. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Mazimpaka, V.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,SELIGERIACEAE,Seligeria,patula,,Seligeria patula  ,(Lindb.) Broth.,"For the nomenclature of this species, see Ochyra (1994).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Seligeria patula has an unclear distribution because of taxonomic uncertainties, but has an arctic-alpine to temperate distribution in Europe. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 240 and 300 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3.7 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO isca 176 km² and the EOO is ca 2.8 million km². There are relatively few individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) found at each site in some areas, but other areas have larger subpopulations. The overall population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28. There are more than 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe and in the EU 28. In addition, there are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Spain, Switzerland and Norway. No conservation action is needed at present. However, a taxonomic study is needed in order to solve the distribution uncertainties caused by taxonomic problems.",Stable,"This species has a temperate distribution range in Europe. The distribution is unclear because of the taxonomic uncertainties. In a broad sense, the Seligeria trifaria complex (which this species belongs to) has an arctic-alpine to temperate distribution in Europe, but not reaching Svalbard, with a few occurrences in the mountains of the Mediterranean region as well Ireland, United Kingdom, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia and Romania (Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). Recently, new sites have been found in Switzerland (Bergamini et al. 2018). Outside of Europe, the species is found in North America (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 240 and 300 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3.7 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 176 km² and the EOO is ca 2.8 million km².

 

","In the Nordic countries, this species is found only in few localities in southern Sweden, and in Norway, it is known from a total of 10 localities. In Estonia, this species was found on Väike-Pakri Island (Harju County) in 1994 (Vellak et al. 2001), however, despite searching, it has not been found since at this site (K. Vellak pers. comm. 2017).  In the United Kingdom, this species is also rare and is found in Ireland and south Wales (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Switzerland, this species has been found in the Alps, canton of Schwyz, by Lübenau-Nestle in 1993, and in the Swiss Jura Mountains, canton de Neuchatel (Bergamini 2009). It was observed in the summer of 2017 (H. Hoffmann pers. comm. 2017) near La Dole (Philippe 2018). For a long time, this taxon was considered as taxonomically critical, until Gos and Ochyra (1994) clearly circumscribed it.

There are relatively few individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for each individual-equivalent) found at each site in some areas, but other areas have larger subpopulations. The overall population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28 (even though there might be slight declines in some marginal areas), and there are large subpopulations in the Alps on cliffs. There are more than 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe and in the EU 28.","In the Nordic countries, this species grows in moist shaded crevices of calcareous rocks (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). In the United Kingdom, this is often the only bryophyte species present on lightly to deeply shaded, vertical or overhanging calcareous rocks down which water seeps. An algal scum is usually present, and the moss is often heavily impregnated with tufa. Typically, this species is found on vertical crags in ravines and gills, but also in recesses and sheltered rock faces on more open hillsides. Most of its sites are on carboniferous limestone. In Ireland and south Wales, this species sometimes grows with Seligeria oelandica; other associates may include Jungermannia atrovirens, Gymnostomum aeruginosum and G. calcareum; Orthothecium rufescens is present at some of its sites but not usually in close association (Blockeel et al. 2014). The species may be slightly thermophilous (characteristic of warmer environments).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","This species is in the Red List of Austria as 4, Spain as Critically Endangered (CR), Germany, Great Britain, Czech Republic and Slovakia as Data Deficient (DD), Sweden as Endangered (EN), Ireland as Near Threatened (NT), Poland as rare (R), and Norway, Switzerland and Estonia as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area.

No conservation action is needed at present. However, a taxonomic study is needed in order to solve the distribution uncertainties caused by taxonomic problems.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Aleffi, M.,Cálix, M.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,SELIGERIACEAE,Seligeria,pusilla,,Seligeria pusilla  ,(Hedw.) Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Dwarf Rock-bristle (Seligeria pusilla) shows a temperate to boreal distribution in Europe, where it is widespread in upland areas but rare or absent in the lowlands. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. There have been local population declines, but the rate of decline has not been documented, and is not thought to be significant at a European level. Thus the overall population trend is considered as stable. The population size is estimated to be certainly far above 10,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) in both Europe and EU 28. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. It is not threatened over most of its range, and so no conservation measures are required at present in most areas. In regions where the species is rare, the subpopulations should be protected from changes in the local climate (from forestry, hydraulic engineering etc).",Stable,"This species shows a temperate to boreal distribution in Europe. It is widespread in upland areas but rare or absent in the lowlands. It is absent from the Arctic and Macaronesia. It may have disappeared from Finland. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is also known from Turkey,  Asia east to Japan and eastern North America. It is found growing at elevations between 30 m and 2,500 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, but the species is thought to be stable in the Alps, where it is abundant in calcareous areas, and in Britain and Ireland. However, it is thought to be rare and declining in some areas, including Scandinavia (Hassel et al. 2015) and the Czech Republic (Kučera et al. 2012). The overall current population trend is considered as stable. The population size is certainly far above 10,000 individual-equivalents in Europe and the EU 28. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre or one boulder on which the species grows.","This is a small species of often moist, calcareous or base-rich rocks, growing in crevices, on cliffs, under overhangs, on boulders and on small rock fragments (Grims 1999, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). This species also inhabits secondary habitats such as quarries.","This species is not threatened over most of its range. In Norway, logging and regulation of waterways are threats to the local climate of the habitats.","This moss has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Portugal, as Vulnerable in Norway, the Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Hungary and Serbia, and as Near Threatened in Luxembourg and Estonia (Hodgetts 2015). It is Regionally Extinct in Finland. No conservation measures are required at present in most areas. In regions where the species is rare, the subpopulations should be protected from changes in the local climate (from forestry, hydraulic engineering etc). It occurs in many protected areas.



 



",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Ros-Espín, R.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,SELIGERIACEAE,Seligeria,trifaria,,Seligeria trifaria  ,(Brid.) Lindb.,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



The Trifid Rock-bristle (Seligeria trifaria) is a European temperate species. However, its distribution is unclear because of taxonomic uncertainties: in many areas S. trifaria sens. lat. is recorded, without distinguishing S. trifaria sens. strict. and S. patula. In a broad sense, the S. trifaria complex has an Arctic-alpine distribution in Europe, but not reaching Svalbard, with a few occurrences in the mountains of the Mediterranean region. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend. Many records, particularly old ones, are probably of other taxa. It is possible that S. trifaria sens. strict. is threatened, but there is insufficient information at present. Further research is needed to determine its status.",Unknown,"The Trifid Rock-bristle (Seligeria trifaria) is a European temperate species. However, its distribution is unclear because of taxonomic uncertainties: in many areas S. trifaria sens. lat. is recorded, without distinguishing S. trifaria sens. strict. and S. patula. In a broad sense, the S. trifaria complex has an Arctic-alpine distribution in Europe, but not reaching Svalbard, with a few occurrences in the mountains of the Mediterranean region. It is represented in northern Asia and northern North America by S. tristichoides Kindb., which also occurs in Scandinavia (Blockeel et al. 2014). No map has been produced because of uncertainty about the distribution of this species in relation to related species.",The population and population trends of this species are unknown.,"This tiny species grows on  shady, wet, vertical to overhanging limestone rocks. It often grows alone but can grow with sparseFissidens gracilifolius, Eucladium verticillatum, Gymnostomum  calcareum, Pedinophyllum interruptum and Jungermannia atrovirens (Meinunger and Schröder 2007).



It is autoicous; capsules are rather less frequent than in other members of the genus, but not uncommon, maturing in summer (Blockeelet al. 2014).","No definite threats have been identified for this species, but it is likely that eutrophication resulting in an increased growth of algae may be a threat.","No conservation measures are recommended at present, but it is necessary to revise herbarium specimens and undertake new fieldwork to ascertain the true status of this species in Europe. This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Germany, Spain and Romania, and as 'rare' in Poland, but is considered Data Deficient in Britain, Bulgaria and Hungary. It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Erzberger, P.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,GRIMMIALES,SELIGERIACEAE,Seligeria,tristichoides,,Seligeria tristichoides  ,Kindb.,,No,NT,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Seligeria tristichoides is found in Norway, Svalbard, northernmost Sweden, Finland and northern Russia. This species is rather widespread in northern Europe, however, it occurs everywhere in very small subpopulations. The current population trend is unknown, but there are no major threats to this species. In Europe, the total population size is estimated to be between 1,000 and 1,500 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion D.

In the EU 28, there are considered to be less than 1,000 individual-equivalents in the EU 28. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable in the EU 28.

Locally, tourism or rock climbing might have a negative impact on this species. Research and monitoring of the population trend is needed.

",Unknown,"This species has a northern continental and arctic distribution. It is found in Norway, Svalbard, northernmost Sweden, Finland, Russia and Bulgaria (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in North America (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 300 and 400 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 5 and 6 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 70 and 90 km2 and the EOO is between 0.3 and 0.4 million km2.","This species is rather widespread in northern Europe, however, it occurs everywhere in very small subpopulations. The population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28. The total population size is estimated to be between 1,000 and 1,500 individual-equivalents in Europe and less than 1,000 individual-equivalents in the EU 28 (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equivalent).","This species grows on calcareous rocks. Typical microhabitats include overhanging calcareous rockwalls on flushed, or shaded, vertical cliffs of dolomite or calcium rich schist (Hallingbäck et al. 2006, Virtanen 2009).","There are no immediate major threats to this species, as it is mainly found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats, but locally tourism or rock climbing can cause threats.","This species is in the Red Lists of Finland, Sweden, Svalbard and Bulgaria as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. Research and monitoring of the population trend is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Stebel, A.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,SEMATOPHYLLACEAE,Sematophyllum,adnatum,,Sematophyllum adnatum  ,(Michx.) E. Britton,,No,NA,,No,NA,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)



Sematophyllum adnatum is very widely distributed in the neotropics. In Europe, it was recently recorded for the first time at a few localities in northern Italy and in Switzerland. The first locality from which it was described was near a nursery garden for water plants and it is thought very likely that this species is not native to Europe. In addition, since the species produces many sporophytes, it is very unlikely that it has been historically overlooked. It is therefore assessed as Not Applicable.",Increasing,"Sematophyllum adnatum is very widely distributed in the neotropics. In Europe, it was recently recorded for the first time in a few localities of northern Italy and in Switzerland (G. Brusa in Blockeel et al. 2000, Aleffi et al. 2008, Ellis et al. 2015). The first locality from which it was described was near a nursery garden for water plants and it is thought very likely that this species is not native to Europe (G. Brusa in Blockeel et al. 2000). In addition, since the species produces many sporophytes, it is very unlikely that it had been historically overlooked.",This introduced species is currently expanding its range in Europe.,"As reported by G. Brusa in Blockeel (2000) and by Ellis et al. (2015), this species lives on rotten wood in marsh environments or at the base of trunks in open woods. The plants produce a large number of sporophytes, having therefore high reproductive potential and viability.",There are no threats to this species in Europe.,"No conservation action is needed for this introduced species, which grows in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Hassel, K.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Blockeel, T., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Ignatov, M., Kucera, J., Lara, F. & Lüth, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,SEMATOPHYLLACEAE,Sematophyllum,demissum,,Sematophyllum demissum  ,(Wilson) Mitt.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Protrate Signal-moss (Sematophyllum demissum) has an oceanic distribution in Europe, where it is found in Ireland, Britain (Wales), northern Spain, France, southwestern Germany, Luxembourg, the oceanic part of the southern Alps in Switzerland and Italy, and Serbia. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at ca 1,000 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 1.8 million km². Although this species is rare in most of its countries of occurrence, there seems to be no indications of a decline and the overall current population trend appears to be stable. The overall population size is assumed to be large, but an estimate of the number of individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) cannot be made in the present state of knowledge. However, it is estimated that ca 250-1,000 individual-equivalents occur in Wales alone. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. Possible threats to this species include changes in forest management, shading from invasive species (Rhododendron in Ireland) and also woodland liming. Most sites seem to be unthreatened at the moment.",Stable,"This species has an oceanic distribution and is known from southwestern Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012), Britain (Wales), northern Spain, France, southwestern Germany, Luxembourg, the oceanic part of the southern Alps in Switzerland and Italy, and Serbia (Sabovljević 2006). A record from Norway seems to be erroneous, since it is not listed in the Norwegian online atlas (Artsdatabanken 2016). It has probably disappeared from Belgium (Hodgetts 2015). Outside Europe, the species is known from Algeria, Turkey, Japan and eastern North America (Lockhart et al. 2012). It can be found growing at elevations between 50 m and 700 m Asl. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at ca 1,000 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 1.8 million km².","Although this species is rare in most of its countries of occurrence (Cortini Pedrotti 2001, Atherton et al. 2010, Lockhart et al. 2012), there seems to be no major decline and the current population trend appears to be stable. It is very common in the southern Alps, southwestern Germany and eastern France. The overall population size seems to be large, but an estimate of the number of individual-equivalents cannot be made in the present state of knowledge. It is estimated that ca 250-1,000 individual-equivalents occur in Wales alone (Callaghan and Hodgetts in prep.). One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre or one boulder on which the species grows.","This species grows on siliceous rocks or boulders (sandstone or granite) in shady places, mostly in deciduous forests, often near streams. It also grows in conifer forests. It is mainly a lowland species and does not seem to be a strong competitor.","Possible threats are changes in forest management (Nebel and Philippi 2001) or shading from invasive Rhododendron in Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012). Woodland liming has also been reported as a threat to this species. However, most sites seem to be unthreatened at the moment.","The species has been assessed as Endangered in Italy, as Vulnerable in Britain, Luxembourg and Switzerland, and as Near Threatened in Ireland (Hodgetts 2015). It is considered Regionally Extinct in Belgium (where the most recent record is from 1978, according to Sotiaux et al. (2007)). According to Lockhart et al. (2012), most of its Irish sites lie within protected areas. Also in Serbia it is recorded in a protected area (Sabovljević 2006).",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Cálix, M.,Pilkington, S.","Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,SEMATOPHYLLACEAE,Sematophyllum,substrumulosum,,Sematophyllum substrumulosum  ,(Hampe) E. Britton,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Bark Signal-moss (Sematophyllum substrumulosum) has a preference for coastal and temperate areas. This species is assessed as Least Concern for Europe and the EU 28 as it is widespread and its current population trend is considered to be increasing in both regions. The species has a large geographic range - the extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is estimated to be around 7.6 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,056 km2. Climate change is likely to expand the range of this species due to temperature increases.

Fire events are the major threat to this moss in some areas. Some of the forest areas where this species occurs are currently extensively used for tourism, which result in some disturbance. However, intensive conifer plantations and increased temperatures from climate change are likely to contribute to the increase of this species range. This species does not need special conservation action, as it is common and recreasing, although maintenance of forested habitats, even if industrial, may benefit the species.",Increasing,"In terms of its phytogeography, this species is considered an oceanic-Mediterranean species, with preferences for coastal and temperate areas. It always exists in areas of Atlantic influence and the cartography of the Iberian Peninsula and Macaronesia (Casas et al. 1985, Sérgio et al. 2011) confirms this trend.

This species appears to be frequent in the Macaronesia region, with citations for different islands of the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Island archipelagos. It has a large distribution in Europe, from the north of France to the Mediterranean area (Portugal, Spain, Balearic Islands, Italy, Corsica,Sicily, Albania, Croatia,Greece and Montenegro), expanding to Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco. It also occurs in the Algeciras (Guerra and Gallego 2005) in enclaves with Macaronesian vegetation.

After being discovered for the first time in the United Kingdom in the Scilly Islands (Holyoak 1996), this species was also repeatedly found in Sussex (Een 2004, Matchum et al. 2005). It was found in Belgium (De Beer and Arts 2000) and in the Netherlands (van Melick 2003, van Zanten 2003) in two different regions. The species was reported from six new localities in France, Brittany (De Zuttere and Wattez 2008) and more recently, Bosanquet (2013) reported the species in south-west Ireland. The species has been recorded in two new sites in the Basque Country and in different sites in the Landes (France) and in Parc Naturel Régional du Haut-Languedoc (Hugonnot, in Ellis et al. 2018).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species in Europe is estimated to be around 7.6 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,056 km2. The altitudinal range of the species is between 20 m and 1,400 m Asl.","This species frequently develops sporophytes. It has very small spores (about 12 μm in diameter) and wind is probably its main vehicle of dispersion. The long-distance dispersal mechanism of this species, and new habitat conditions as a result of climatic changes will provide new areas of occurrence in Europe (Sérgio et al. 2011, Bosanquet 2013).

  The species is common and abundant in characteristic habitat, particularly in Portugal and Spain (Guerra and Gallego 2005) and in Macaronesia. The current population trend of this moss is considered to be increasing in both Europe and the EU 28.

","This moss has been collected as an epiphyte on different plants, but it is very frequently found on the branches of Acacia species, on the trunks of conifer trees and also on top of fungi species. It is frequently found on rotten wood, and is more or less common on acidic rocks.

This species is autocious (male and female reproductive organs on the same plant, in separate places) and pleurocarpous (female reproductive organs on short, lateral branches, and not at the tips of branches). This species is a signal of climatic changes (Sérgio et al. 2011, Bosanquet 2013).","Fire events and air pollution are the major threats to this moss in some areas. Some of the forest areas where this species occurs are currently extensively used for tourism, which results in some disturbance. However, intensive conifer plantations have been grown in the past and such monospecific forest areas may increase the presence of this species. Climate change is likely to expand its range due to temperature increases (Sérgio et al. 2011).","This species is found on protected areas throughout its range. This species does not need special conservation action, as it is common and increasing. However, maintenance of forested habitats, even if industrial, may benefit the species. Air pollution control is also important. Further research into the ecology of this species is required, and monitoring of habitat trends would be beneficial.","

There is no information on the use and trade of this species.","Englefield, E.,Lara, F.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,AMBLYSTEGIACEAE,Serpoleskea,confervoides,,Serpoleskea confervoides  ,(Brid.) Loeske,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

  The Tiny Feather-moss (Serpoleskea confervoides) is widespread throughout Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. The population trend seems to be stable and there are no major threats to the species at the European level. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and in the EU 28.",Stable,"The Tiny Feather-moss (Serpoleskea confervoides) is widespread in Europe. It is distributed from Ireland in the west to the Ural mountains in Russia in the east and from Spain and Greece in the south to Scandinavia in the north. Its presence in the Macaronesian Islands is not confirmed (Hodgetts 2015). Outside Europe it is widespread in the Caucasus and North America (Nebel and Philippi 2001). It occurs from sea level up to 2,100 metres. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","The subpopulations are stable and are considered as Least Concern in the majority of the countries with national or regional Red Lists. Therefore, the European population trend as a whole is considered stable. There is no indication of severe fragmentation of the population.","This species grows on calcareous rocks and stones, mainly in forests. It is also found growing sometimes on artificial substrates, like concrete (Nebel and Philippi 2001).",There appear to be no major threats to this species in Europe.,"This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in the Red Lists of Estonia and Hungary, as Near Threatened in Ireland, Northern Ireland and Spain and as Data Deficient in Belarus, Serbia and Montenegro (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in at least one protected area (Sihlwald, Switzerland).",This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Englefield, E.,Hylander, K.","Schnyder, N.","Afonina, O.,Lönnell, N.,Blom, H.,Hodgetts, N.,Vellak, K.,Goldberg, I.,Schröck, C.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SOLENOSTOMATACEAE,Solenostoma,callithrix,,Solenostoma callithrix  ,(Lindenb. &amp; Gottsche) Steph.,,No,NT,"B2ab(iii,v)",No,NT,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) 



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



In Europe, Solenostoma callithrix is only known from Macaronesia - Azores, Canary Islands and Madeira archipelagos. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 412 km²), and there is a continuing decline in the area and quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. The habitat is deteriorating as a result of inappropriate streambank management, alterations in water flow, and climate change. The global importance of the Macaronesian population justifies future implementation of specific conservation measures, along with effective habitat protection and management, at some sites where the species is known to occur.

",Decreasing,"In Europe, Solenostoma callithrix is only known from Macaronesia - Azores, Canary Islands and Madeira archipelagos (Gabriel et al. 2011, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). This species is mainly neotropical and is also found in Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras and Jamaica. This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 417,900 km², and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 412 km².","This species occurs in the natural forests of the northern and central parts of Madeira. In the Azores it is recorded from all the islands except Graciosa, and is not considered rare (Gabriel et al. 2011, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). In the Canary Islands it is recorded only in La Gomera (González-Mancebo et al. 2008). The current population trend is assumed to be decreasing due to the continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat.","This species grows in shaded habitats, on moist or wet soil, and is particularly common on streambanks, frequently in the upstream part of the river. This species occurs between 175 m Asl in the Azores and up to 1,350 m Asl in La Gomera (Canary Islands).","Inappropriate streambank management, including removal of streambank trees, alterations in water flow and water quality (related to overgrazing and intensification of agriculture resulting in eutrophication), and climate change (leading to higher irradiation and increased drought stress) are the main threats to the species. An increase in fires and the spread of invasive alien species are also threats to this species, mainly in Madeira and the Azores.","This species occurs in the Madeira Natural Park which is protected through a Regional Decree. In the Azores it occurs in the Nature Reserve of Biscoito da Ferraria and Pico Alto and the Nature Reserve and Recreation Park of Mata da Serreta (Terceira). In the Canary Islands it occurs in the Garajonay National Park, the Rural Park of Anaga, and the Jandía Natural Park, the latter a Special Area of Conservation (SAC). This species was assessed as Near Threatened in Madeira by Sim-Sim et al. (2014). In the Canary Islands this species was assessed as Data Deficient (Hodgetts 2015). The global importance of the Macaronesian population justifies future implementation of specific conservation measures, along with effective habitat protection and management, at some sites where the species is known to occur. 

","This species is not utilised  or traded.

","Hespanhol, H.,Englefield, E.","Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N., Martins, A. & Gabriel, R.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SOLENOSTOMATACEAE,Solenostoma,confertissimum,,Solenostoma confertissimum  ,(Nees) Schljakov,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 

 

Solenostoma confertissimum sporadically occurs in the mountains and in the north of Europe. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO), estimated to be around 11 million km2 in Europe and around 5.2 million km2 in the EU 28. The area of occupancy (AOO) of the species is estimated to be around 1,228 km2 in Europe and around 865km2 in the EU 28. Moreover, this species is probably under-recorded. The population size is more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in both Europe and the EU 28 and the current population trend is stable. The majority of the subpopulations are in the north of Europe or in high mountains in sites that are nor declining or threatened. In addition, there are no major threats to this species. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in view of its widespread distribution and stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28.

There is some confusion of this species with Solenostoma sphaerocatpum, especially in the far north. Therefore, further research into the taxonomy and distribution of this species is required, although no special conservation measures are needed at present.",Stable,"This is an arctic-boreo montane species that sporadically occurs in the mountains and in the north of Europe. The distribution of this species is poorly known because of confusion with Solenostoma sphaerocatpum, especially in the far north (Schuster 1969, 1988). In Europe, this species is known to reach altitudes of 2,228 m Asl in the Tatra mountains (Górski and Váňa 2014) and 2,400 m Asl in the Alps (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). Apart from Europe, this species occurs in the Asian part of Russia, including Siberia and the Russian Far East (Konstantinova et al. 2009). In North America, it is recorded to be more common in the west, from Alaska to California, and more rare in the east, in the Great Lakes area (Bakalin 2014).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 11 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,228 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 5.2 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 865 km2. However, this species is probably under-recorded.","The subpopulations of this species are relatively large, and the population size is more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent) in both Europe and the EU 28. The current population trend is stable. The majority of the subpopulations are in the north of Europe or in high mountains in sites that are nor declining or threatened. The species is not rare in several countries of the EU 28, such as Great Britain (Paton 1999) and Sweden (Damsholt 2002). In appropriate sites, this species can be abundant. Sporophytes are not rare and even reported as common in Great Britain (Paton 1999).","This species occurs on moist base-rich rocks or calcareous soil covered rocks, as well as on ledges or in soil-filled crevices on mountains. It is also found on soil among boulders in boulder screes, on banks of streams, sometimes in snow bed communities and along trails in tundra and northern taiga. In Great Britain, this species is ""sometimes abundant on limestone and schist"" (Paton 1999) .",There are no major threats to this species.,"The species occurs in several protected areas, including in several strict nature reserves of Russia (Konstantinova 2004). This species is included in red lists of some European countries (Hodgetts 2015). No special conservation measures are required at present but study of taxonomy and distribution is needed in view of the misidentification of species especially in the far north (Frisvoll and Elvebakk 1996; Schuster 1969, 1988).",This species is not used or traded.,"Orgaz Alvarez, J.,Englefield, E.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SOLENOSTOMATACEAE,Solenostoma,gracillimum,,Solenostoma gracillimum  ,(Sm.) R.M. Schust.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Crenulated Flapwort (Solenostoma gracillimum) is a pioneer liverwort species which is common and widespread throughout the whole of Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Subpopulations seem to be stable in most countries and there is no indication of a decline. Thus the overall population trend is considered as stable. There are no major threats to it at the European level. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species is common and widespread over the whole of Europe and ranges from the Macaronesian Islands in the west to Russia in the east and from Sicily in the south to northern Scandinavia and Iceland in the north. It appears to be absent from the extreme north, and has not yet been recorded from Moldova, Kaliningrad and a few of the smaller Mediterranean countries and territories (Hodgetts 2015). Outside Europe, it occurs in western and northern Asia, Japan, north Africa, North and Central America and Greenland (Damsholt 2002). It is found growing from sea level up to 2,800 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","The population size is very large and subpopulations seem to be stable in most countries; there is no indication of a decline. Thus, the current population trend is considered as stable.","This leafy liverwort grows on open, humid, non-calcareous soil in forests, along footpaths and sometimes in mires, often in somewhat disturbed sites. In the alpine zone it grows in rocky areas, alpine pastures, and non-calcareous screes.",This pioneer species is common and not threatened in most countries.,"Although not generally threatened, this species has been assessed as Endangered in Montenegro, as Vulnerable in Bulgaria, as Near Threatened in Germany, Hungary and Italy, and as Data Deficient in the Canary Islands. It is regarded as Regionally Extinct in Estonia (Hodgetts 2015). There is no need for conservation action for this species. It is known to occur in protected areas across Europe.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Englefield, E.,Ros-Espín, R.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SOLENOSTOMATACEAE,Solenostoma,handelii,,Solenostoma handelii  ,(Schiffn.) Müll. Frib.,,No,CR,C2a(i); D,No,CR,C2a(i); D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

EU 28 regional assessment:  Critically Endangered (CR)

Solenostoma handelii has a very narrow and fragmented distribution in Europe, with an area of occupancy (AOO) of just 20 km2. This could potentially be smaller, as the subpopulation in Spain has not been seen in almost 90 years. The population is also considered severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in habitat extent and quality, so the overall population trend is considered to be declining. In addition, it has a very small population size, being estimated at fewer than 50 individual-equivalents. Therefore this species is assessed as  Critically Endangered in Europe and the EU 28. 





 

The direct threats to this species include habitat degradation and changes to the water regime of the areas where it occurs, such as from water abstraction or climate change. Habitat destruction could pose a problem to the species since it occurs by roadsides. The species is not known to occur in any protected areas. Targeted site protection and management are urgently needed to conserve this species. An ex-situ programme or artificial propagation is also recommended, with a view to transplanting individuals back into the natural habitat where appropriate.",Decreasing,"This rare species is known in Europe only from Spain and Crete. In Spain, it is known only from A Coruña; a record from Lugo was an error (L. Söderström pers. comm. 2017). In Crete it has been recorded at six sites in four localions. It is also found in Turkey and Japan (Garilleti and Albertos 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B. Its area of occupancy (AOO), however, is just 20 km2.","The Spanish population has not been seen in almost 90 years (Garilleti and Albertos 2012). In Crete it has a scattered distribution and the localities are small. The original locality in Crete was destroyed by road construction in 2005, but fortunately Lüth and Frahm (2008) found a few surviving patches above the road in March 2007. The overall population trend is declining. Its population size is estimated at less than 50 individual-equivalents (where one individual-equivalent is one occupied square metre). It is unknown whether the subpopulations are connected but suitable habitat is extremely restricted and it is likely that there are no connections. Thus the population can be considered severely fragmented. 

","This species grows in peaty heathlands (Casas et al. 2009), and as mats on wet rocks (Lüth and Frahm 2008). In Crete, it occurs in seepages and springs in schist rocks, usually by the side of roads. Other rare species occurring nearby include Rhamphidium purpuratum and Trematodon longicollis. Sporophytes have been found in the Crete subpopulations (T. Blockeel pers. comm. 2017).  Its altitudinal range is ca. 300–350 m.","The direct threats to this species include habitat degradation and changes to the water regime of the areas where it occurs, such as from water abstraction or climate change. Habitat destruction could pose a problem to the species since it occurs by roadsides. There is a continuing decline in the habitat extent and quality of this species. It is known to be present in only four localities.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Spain (Critically Endangered) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is not known to occur in any protected areas. Targeted site protection and management are urgently needed to conserve this species. An ex-situ programme or artificial propagation is also recommended, with a view to transplanting individuals back into the natural habitat where appropriate. 

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Ignatova, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SOLENOSTOMATACEAE,Solenostoma,hyalinum,,Solenostoma hyalinum  ,(Lyell) Mitt.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Transparent Flapwort (Solenostoma hyalinum) is rather common and widespread over the whole of Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Although it can be rare in some countries, there is no significant decline at the European level, and thus the overall population trend is considered as stable. The total population size is also high. There are no major threats to it at the European level, though locally it can be impacted by air pollution (nitrogen) and being overgrown by other plants. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. No conservation actions are required at present.",Stable,"This species is rather common and widespread over the whole of Europe and ranges  from the Macaronesian Islands in the west to Russia in the east and  from Sicily in the south to northern Scandinavia and Iceland in the north. It is absent only from the far north, Liechtenstein, Kosovo, Belarus, Lithuania, Moldova, southern European Russia and a few of the smaller Mediterranean countries and territories. All the specimens labelled Solenostoma hyalinum from the Faroe Islands have proved to be S. paroicum (Damsholt 2002). Outside Europe it occurs in western and northern Asia, Japan,  north Africa, North and Central America and Greenland. It is found growing from sea level up to 2,200 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","The population size of this species is very large. There seems to be a slight decline in Germany according to Meinunger and Schröder (2007) and Nebel and Philippi (2005). Although this species is rather rare in many countries, it is common in others, and there is no significant decline at the European level. Thus, the current population trend is considered as stable.","The species grows on humid, neutral, non-calcareous soil or over siliceous rocks in forests or sometimes in fens, often near running water.","Possible threats to this species are the increasing impact of nitrogen and being overgrown by other plants, as mentioned in Nebel and Philippi (2005).","The species has been assessed as Endangered in Hungary, as Vulnerable in Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996), Luxembourg, Estonia and the Canary Islands, as Near Threatened in Italy, Czech Republic and Andorra, as 'rare' in the Netherlands, and as Data Deficient in Montenegro. No conservation action is required at present. It occurs in many protected areas.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Cálix, M.,Hodd, R.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SOLENOSTOMATACEAE,Solenostoma,obovatum,,Solenostoma obovatum  ,(Nees) C. Massal.,"Solenostoma subellipticum was reduced to a synonym of this species, S. obovatum by Shaw et al. (2015). However, this synonymy must still be regarded as uncertain, considering the clear morphological and ecological distinctions in some parts of its range.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Egg Flapwort (Solenostoma obovatum) is frequent and widespread in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Although the species is rather rare in many countries, it is quite common in others, and there is no significant decline at the European level. The overall population trend is thus thought to be stable. There are no major threats to it at the European level, though locally it may be impacted by increasing levels of nitrogen and the abstraction of water. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species is frequent and widespread in Europe, but less so than Solenostoma hyalinum. It  ranges  from Portugal and Ireland in the west to Russia in the east  and  from Sicily in the south to Iceland and Svalbard in the north. It is mostly confined to the mountains in central and southern Europe, and is absent from Macaronesia, the Baltic states, Belarus, Moldova, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Denmark, and several countries in southern Europe (Hodgetts 2015). However, recording has probably been uneven due to confusion with other species of Solenostoma. Outside  Europe, it occurs in western and northern Asia, north Africa,  North America and Greenland (Nebel and Philippi 2005). It is found growing from sea level up to 2,700 m Asl (Hofmann et al. 2011). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","Although the species is rather rare in many countries, it is quite common in others, and there is no significant decline at the European level. The current population trend is thus thought to be stable and the population size surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","The species grows on humid, non-calcareous rocks, soils and detritus in shady to open habitats, often in acidic springs or along rivulets.",Possible threats to this species are the impact of increasing levels of nitrogen and the abstraction of water (Nebel and Philippi 2005).,"The species has been assessed as Endangered in Portugal, as Vulnerable in Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996), and as Near Threatened in Italy and Finland. No conservation measures are required at present. It is known to occur in protected areas in Europe.

",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Cálix, M.,Pilkington, S.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SOLENOSTOMATACEAE,Solenostoma,paroicum,,Solenostoma paroicum  ,(Schiffn.) R.M.Schust.,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Shining Flapwort (Solenostoma paroicum) is an oceanic temperate liverwort endemic to Europe. It occurs mainly in Britain and Ireland, with outlying records from France (Vosges), Belgium (Wallonia) and the Faroe Islands. This species is endemic to the European region, extending out of the EU 28 Member State area only in the Faroe Islands. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it.",Stable,"The Shining Flapwort (Solenostoma paroicum) is an oceanic temperate liverwort endemic to Europe. It occurs mainly in Britain and Ireland, with outlying records from France (Vosges), Belgium (Wallonia) and the Faroe Islands. It is thought to be extinct in Erzgebirge, Germany (Blockeel et al. 2014). A record from mainland Spain (Ros et al. 2007) requires confirmation. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 1,832 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 911,000 km².","It appears to be stable in Britain. It may have declined in Ireland but the position is not clear. The current population trend is considered stable. There are almost certainly more than 1,000 mature individuals overall.","This is a plant of wet habitats on gravel in and by streams, and on cliff ledges kept moist by dripping or seepage of water, chiefly in upland areas. Hygrobiella laxifolia, Jungermannia pumila, Solenostoma obovatum, Dichodontium pellucidum and Sciuro-hypnum plumosum are characteristic associates. More rarely it occurs on irrigated gravelly banks by streams and in gullies, and on peaty ditch banks in the lowlands. Localities are base-poor to moderately base-rich and frequently shaded and humid. Its altitudinal range is from 10 m up to 600 m Asl.



It is paroicous or occasionally dioicous. Perianths and capsules are common. Gemmae are unknown (Blockeelet al. 2014).",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present, but monitoring in Ireland, Belgium and France is desirable. It has been assessed as Near Threatened in Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012), and is Regionally Extinct in Germany (Caspari et al. 2018). It is found in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Orgaz Alvarez, J.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G. & Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SOLENOSTOMATACEAE,Solenostoma,sphaerocarpum,,Solenostoma sphaerocarpum  ,(Hook.) Steph.,Shaw et al. (2015) proposed the reduction of Solenostoma pusillum to S. sphaerocarpum based on their similar morphologies and molecular evidence.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Round-fruited Flapwort (Solenostoma sphaerocarpum) is rather common and widespread over most of Europe, although becoming confined to the mountains in central and southern areas. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Although it can be rare in some countries, there appears to be no significant declines at the European level. Apparent declines in some areas (e.g., Britain) might be due to confusion with other species. Thus the current population trend is considered stable. There are no major threats to it, but locally it can be impacted by increasing nitrogen in the environment and changes in the water table. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. No conservation measures at the European level are required at present.",Stable,"This is a rather common and widespread species over most of Europe, although becoming confined to the mountains in central and southern areas. It ranges from Portugal and Ireland in the west to Russia in the east and from Sicily in the south to northern Scandinavia (including Svalbard) and Iceland in the north (Hodgetts 2015). It is not known to occur in Macaronesia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Kaliningrad, Moldova, some parts of Russia, and some of the Mediterranean and Balkan countries. Outside Europe, it occurs throughout Asia, in Africa, North, Central and South America and Greenland (Neben and Philippi 2005). It is found growing at elevations between 200 m and 2,700 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","The population size is very large since, although this species is rather rare in many countries, it is common in others, and there appears to be no big decline at the European level. Apparent declines in some areas (e.g., Britain) might be due to confusion with other species (Blockeel et al. 2014). Thus, the current population trend is considered as stable.

","The species grows on moist, sandy soil over non-calcareous rocks in shady to open habitats, often along rivulets. In the mountains, it occurs in humid alpine grassland and in snow-bed communities.

",Possible threats to this species are the impact of increasing nitrogen in the environment and changes in the water table (Nebel and Philippi 2005).,"The species has been assessed as Endangered in Hungary, as Vulnerable in Estonia and as Near Threatened in Ireland, Germany and Italy (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in protected areas in Europe.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Mazimpaka, V.,Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,ARNELLIACEAE,Southbya,nigrella,,Southbya nigrella  ,(De Not.) Henriq.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Blackwort (Southbya nigrella) is quite widespread in western Europe, with a prevailing presence in Mediterranean area. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the current population trend is stable and it does not approach any of the thresholds for a threatened Category. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Blackwort (Southbya nigrella) is known from western Europe and Mediterranean countries. Outside of Europe it is also found in North Africa and southwestern Asia (Paton 1999).



","The population size is unknown. The plants grow forming thin mats which are often fertile. The species is not very common, but overall, it has quite a wide distribution in Europe and the current population trend is thought to be stable.","This species mainly lives on limestone in rock crevices, on walls, on banks and tracks (Paton 1999, Dierssen 2001) in temperate woods as well as in maquis and garrigues also near the coast.","No major threats are known for this species. Nevertheless, in Mediterranean area wildfires can pose a threat.","This species is rare in Great Britain and in the Canary Islands. Consequently it has been assessed as Vulnerable in these areas (Hodgetts 2015). Moreover, it has been considered Near Threatened in Italy. At the European level, the species does not seem to need specific conservation actions. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Hedenäs, L.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,ARNELLIACEAE,Southbya,tophacea,,Southbya tophacea  ,(Spruce) Spruce,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Green Blackwort (Southbya tophacea) is quite widespread in Europe and mostly found in Mediterranean countries. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a stable population trend and there appear to be no major threats to it, with the potential exception of wildfires in the Mediterranean area. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"In Europe, the Green Blackwort (Southbya tophacea) is distributed in the Mediterranean countries, and is also found in Macaronesia, Portugal, Ireland, United Kingdom, and southwestern Russia. Moreover, it is found in North Africa and southwestern Asia (Paton 1999).","The population size is unknown, but there is no indication of a decline and the current population trend is therefore considered stable.","This species grows on wet or humid to fairly dry, calcareous or clayey soils on banks, tracks, dunes, limestone cliffs, and disused marl quarries (Paton 1999, Dierßen 2001) in woody or in shrubby habitats.","While there is no available information on threats to this species, in Mediterranean habitats wildfire is a potential threat.","At the European level, this species is not under legal protection but it is included in some regional Red Lists such as those of Great Britain and Ireland where it has been assessed respectively as Vulnerable and Critically Endangered (Hodgetts 2015). No specific conservation measures are currently needed. The species is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Hespanhol, H.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,SPHAEROCARPALES,SPHAEROCARPACEAE,Sphaerocarpos,europaeus,,Sphaerocarpos europaeus  ,Lorb.,Molecular studies strongly suggest that the European plants are different from the American Sphaerocarpos texanus; in which case S. europaeus Lorbeer would be the appropriate name (Bell et al. 2013).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Sphaerocarpos europaeus has a Mediterranean-suboceanic distribution in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. The species is threatened by changes in agricultural practice, such as early ploughing and high fertilizer and herbicide applications, and so it is declining in some areas, especially in Britain and central Europe. It is probably stable in the Mediterranean region. Overall, the population trend is thought to be decreasing slightly. However, as the decline is not significant enough at the European level, and as there are still many subpopulations, this species is assessed as Least Concern. Appropriate management in areas where this species is known to have significant subpopulations, such as on overwintering stubble fields, is recommended.",Decreasing,"The species has a Mediterranean-suboceanic distribution. In Europe, it is distributed from the Macaronesian Islands and Portugal in the west to Hungary and Greece in the east and Sicily and Crete in the south to central Germany (Meinunger and Schröder 2007), the Netherlands and southern England in the north. In Switzerland, where it had been considered as extinct in the Red List of 1992 (Urmi et al. 1992), because the original site had been destroyed, it was later re-found at a new site (Schnyder 2003). Outside Europe, it occurs in northern Africa, North America and, as an introduction, in Australia (Nebel and Philippi 2005). It is found growing from sea level up to 600 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","The species is threatened by changes in agricultural practice and so it is declining in some areas, especially in Britain and central Europe. It is probably stable in the Mediterranean region. It produces many spores, but these are rather big, so the dispersal capability is limited. Overall, the current population trend is thought to be decreasing slightly but the population size still supasses the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","The species is a winter annual plant (Porley 2008) that grows on non-calcareous soil in open habitats, especially arable fields, gardens and plant nurseries (Atherton et al. 2010).",The species grows in arable land that is threatened by early ploughing and high fertilizer and herbicide applications. This threat will probably become more accentuated in the future.,"The species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Italy, as Endangered in Luxembourg and Switzerland, as Vulnerable in Germany, Britain and the Canary Islands, as 'rare' in the Netherlands and as Data Deficient in Hungary (Hodgetts 2015). Areas where this species is known to have significant subpopulations  need to be managed in such a way that it survives, with overwintering  stubble fields, for example. It is unknown whether this species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.,Mazimpaka, V.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,SPHAEROCARPALES,SPHAEROCARPACEAE,Sphaerocarpos,michelii,,Sphaerocarpos michelii  ,Bellardi,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Micheli’s Balloonwort (Sphaerocarpos michelii) is a rather scarce species showing a mediterranean-suboceanic distribution in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. The species is threatened by changes in agricultural practice, such as early ploughing and high fertilizer and herbicide applications, and so it is declining in some areas, especially in Britain and Germany. It is probably stable in the Mediterranean region, and it is rapidly increasing on campsites in the Netherlands, at the northern margin of its distribution area. Overall, the current population trend is estimated to be more or less stable, and there are still many subpopulations. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. Appropriate management in areas where this species is known to have significant subpopulations, such as on overwintering stubble fields, is recommended.",Stable,"This is a rather scarce species with a mediterranean-suboceanic distribution. In Europe it is  distributed from the Canary Islands and Portugal in the west to Bulgaria and Cyprus in the east and from Sicily and Crete in the south to southwestern Germany (Meinunger and Schröder 2007), Poland, the Netherlands and southeastern England  in the north. There was an old record from 1870 in Austria but is has not been seen since (Saukel and Köckinger 1999). It is absent from wide areas of northern and eastern Europe. Outside  Europe, it occurs in Turkey, Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, North Africa and North and South America (Nebel and Philippi 2005, Blockeel et al. 2014). It is found growing from sea level up to 400 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","This species is declining in some areas, especially in Britain (Callaghan and Hodgetts in prep.) and central Europe (Nebel and Philippi 2005). In the  Mediterranean region it is probably stable. It is rapidly increasing on campsites in the Netherlands, at the northern margin of its distribution area (van Dijk et al. 2015). It produces many spores, but these are rather big, so the dispersal capability is limited. Overall the current population trend is estimated to be more or less stable, and its size surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","This species is a lowland winter annual plant (Porley 2008) that grows on  non-calcareous soil in open habitats, especially arable fields,  gardens and in plant nurseries (Atherton et al. 2010) or in vineyards (Nebel and Philippi 2005). In England, it has been found on sandy ground in car parks and caravan sites, soil between paving stones and made-up paths (Blockeel et al. 2014). It is rapidly increasing on camp sites in the Netherlands (van Dijk et al. 2015).","The species grows an arable land, and is threatened by early ploughing and high fertilizer and  herbicide applications. This threat will probably be more accentuated in  the future.","The species is Regionally Extinct in Austria, and has been assessed as Vulnerable in  Germany, Britain and the Canary Islands, as 'rare' in the  Netherlands and as Data Deficient in Bulgaria (Hodgetts 2015). Areas where this species is known to have significant subpopulations need to be managed in such a way that it survives, with overwintering stubble fields, for example. It is unknown whether this species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Cálix, M.,Pilkington, S.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,SPHAEROCARPALES,SPHAEROCARPACEAE,Sphaerocarpos,stipitatus,,Sphaerocarpos stipitatus  ,Bisch. ex Lindenb.,"Plants are annual, dioicous, thalli furcate to irregularly circular; on the dorsal side surrounded by the involucres that almost cover the dorsal surface. Involucre 2-stratose, stalked and sub-globose, constricted in the upper part and with a small aperture. Spores in tetrads; without well-defined alveoli but with irregular lamellae.

Research on this species, including molecular work is currently being undertaken in order to clarify its status.",No,NA,,No,NA,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)

Sphaerocarpus stipitatus is assessed as Not Applicable as it is considered to be introduced in Portugal, possibly from a botanical garden. It is very rare in Europe, with restricted ranges in few a hectads in Portugal. It is also very uncommon species in South Africa and Chile.",Unknown,"This species is found in the centre of Portugal in semi-natural areas (one in a botanical garden), including a locality in an agriculture area (Sérgio and Sim-Sim 1991).

The current status of the plant in Portugal is unclear. The species is not native to Europe. It existed in the Coimbra botanical garden but was unintentionally destroyed. It was probably introduced from this botanical garden. It was not found again since the collection at the end of the 19th century. Several years later, another subpopulation was found in a semi-natural site. The species appeared in an area on the bank of Mondego River. This river passes through the city of Coimbra.

This liverwort is restricted to the southern hemisphere (Proskauer 1954), in Chile (where the type specimen had been collected in 1829) and in South Africa (Perold 2000). The species was also found at a remote area in high altitude locality in East Nepal (Long 1993), where its accidental introduction is questionable.

The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 30 m and 70 m Asl.","This species was probably introduced with botanical species during the last two centuries. There is no information about the population. Despite repeated visits to the two known localities or related areas the species has not been found since 1984, so probably it is extinct in the country.","In Portugal, this species grows in wet, shaded and humid places, in alluvial soils or on mud. This species has a short life span. It is an annual plant that is dioecious (male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals), and it is without gemmae.","The species may be affected by pollution from agriculture intensification, causing eutrophication in the river.","There is currently no specific conservation actions aimed at this species however, the taxon is probably extinct from the two localities.Worldwide, it is a very uncommon species in South Africa and Chile.

In the Portuguese Red List (Sérgio et al. 2013), the species as been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR). The species does not occur in any protected areas. 

Research is needed on the taxonomy and threats of this species.",There is no use or trade information for this species.,"González Mancebo, J.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,affine,,Sphagnum affine  ,Renauld &amp; Cardot,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Imbricate Bog-moss (Sphagnum affine) is widespread in western Europe, although most records are reported in countries such as Norway and Sweden. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 4,000 and 6,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5.5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 2,268 km2 and EOO is ca 4 million km2. The distribution in many parts of Europe is still unclear since this species was recently taxonomically part of S. imbricatum which was split into this species and S. austinii. It seems to have a more or less stable population trend in the northwest part of Europe. However, this species is considered to be threatened in Finland, Ireland and the Czech Republic. So, in the continental part of Europe seems to be decreasing, and the overall current population trend is considered to be decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28. Due to the large geographic range in Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe. However, in the EU 28, this species is assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

The destruction of the habitats of this peat moss in continental Europe has lead to a severe decline in its population size. Site protection is required, as well as further research on the distribution of this species.

",Decreasing,"This is a suboceanic boreal-montane species. It is known from Iceland and Norway in the north, south to the Alps, from the Azores and Ireland in the west, and to Finland and adjacent parts of Russia in the east (Flatberg 2013). The distribution in many parts of Europe is still unclear since this species was recently taxonomically part of S. imbricatum which was split into this species and S. austinii (Flatberg 1986). In some herbaria, there is still material under the name of S. imbricatum which might instead belong to this species. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 10 m and 2,100 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in North America (BFNA 2007).

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 4,000 and 6,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5.5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 2,000 km2 and EOO is ca 4 million km2.","The species is widespread in western Europe (Flatberg 1986). However, in the United Kingdom, this species is clearly a rare plant (Blockeel et al. 2014). Most records are reported in countries such as Norway and Sweden. It seems to be rare in, for example, Austria, Germany, Iceland, Switzerland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Poland and Romania (Lockhart et al. 2012). In Russia, this species is very rare and only occurs in the westernmost part (Maksimov 2007). The population is not considered to be severely fragmented.

It seems to have a more or less stable population trend in the northwest part of Europe. However, this species is considered to be threatened in Finland, Ireland and the Czech Republic. In Austria, Switzerland and Germany this species has been decreasing. So, in the continental part of Europe seems to be decreasing. The overall current population trend is therefore considered to be decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28. A curiosity is that a leaf fragment of this species was found in the colon of the Tyrolean Iceman, who had drunk water from an alpine bog pool 5,400 years ago (Dickson et al. 2005). This indicates that this species might have had a wide distribution ca 5,000 years ago.","In the United Kingdom, this species, unlike its close relative Sphagnum austinii, does not grow on the surface of deep-peat bogs, but in weakly minerotrophic mires. It most often is found where the ground is very wet, as in swampy runnels on rafts among Phragmites by lakes. It also occurs in slightly basic flush-bogs with associates such as S. inundatum, S. fallax and S. papillosum, and occasionally in ditches and on flushed stream banks (Blockeel et al. 2014).","The destruction of the habitats of this peat moss in continental Europe has lead to a severe decline in its population size. 

","Like all species of peat mosses, this species is listed under the Habitat Directives. The species is listed on Annex V and so may be occupied with withdrawal and usage restrictions. Furthermore, their habitat is provided protection in Annex I. Active raised bogs and active blanket bog are shown as a priority habitat type. The Federal Republic of Germany, as well as Thuringia and Rhineland-Palatinate, assess this species in the risk category 2 (""high risk""). The state of Brandenburg refers to the extreme rarity of this species as potentially at risk. The species is also included in the Red Lists of Finland as Endangered (EN), in Ireland and the Czech Republic as Vulnerable (VU), in Austria (1) and the Netherlands (EB) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in several protected areas. Site protection is required, as well as further research on the distribution of this species.

","This, together with other Sphagnum species, is used in peat industry, for heating and for soil improvement in the horticulture sector.","Virtanen, R.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,angermanicum,,Sphagnum angermanicum  ,Melin,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Sphagnum angermanicum is known in Europe from Norway, Sweden and Iceland. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 600 and 800 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca is 1.5 million km2. The present status in Iceland is unknown. The subpopulation size in Norway is large, and it is seems to have a stable trend in Europe as a whole. Therefore in Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern.



In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 130 km2 and the EOO is ca 87,000 km2. In addition, the low number and small sizes of the subpopulations make it sensitive to environmental changes, stochastic events and deterministic habitat loss. In Sweden, the overall current population trend is considered to be somewhat decreasing. This species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened in the EU 28, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

It is important to protect all known localities of this species from peat excavation, dehydration and eutrophication. The species seems to benefit from some kind of fine-scale disturbance like trampling of large mammals and wheel tracks of small cross-country vehicles. In addition, further research and monitoring is required on the population trends and the distribution of this species.",Stable,"This species has a northern suboceanic distribution. In Europe, it is found in Norway and Sweden (Flatberg and Moen 1972, Gunnarsson 2004) and a single occurrence is reported from Iceland (Johannsson 1992). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in North America (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 600 and 800 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca is 1.5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 130 km2 and the EOO is ca 87,000 km2.

","In Norway, there are many sites and there is no sign of decline of this species. The present status in Iceland is unknown. In Sweden, this species is rare, the occurrences are relatively small, are widely separated and rarely produce sporophytes (Gunnarsson 2004). This makes them sensitive to environmental changes as well as stochastic events, and reduces the probability that a locality will be recolonised. Most subpopulations are small, occupying less than 5 m2 each (Gunnarsson 2004). However, within Europe, this species is not considered to be severely fragmented. 

In Sweden, just after the last glaciation, this species may have expanded its range when suitable habitat became available after the glacial ice retreated. Since then, habitats have vanished or fragmented and today only a few relict subpopulations exist. This dioicous species has only once been reported with sporophytes in Scandinavia in modern time, but according to the genetic data, both the low level of linkage among loci and the estimated rate of recombination show evidence of sexual reproduction. However, reproduction may have been more frequent in the past. Based on the current knowledge of the species habitat requirements, life history, and the small population sizes, the species will have an uncertain future in Sweden (Gunnarsson et al. 2005).

The overall current population trend is considered to be stable for Europe, but decreasing in the EU 28.

","In Norway, the sites are situated inland and not close to the coast. The typical altitude of this species is from 200 m to 500 m Asl (Flatberg and Moen 1972). The species is minerotrophic and is found in open mire or mire margins (Flatberg 2013). Typical associated species in Norway are Sphagnum papillosum, S. pulchrum, Drosera rotundifolia and Scirpus caespitosus (Flatberg and Moen 1972).

  The Swedish sites of this species have similar vegetation composition as reported from Norway. In Sweden, the known localities fall into two habitat types. The most common type is sloping intermediate fens, sometimes with flarks (15 localities). Less common are patches at the margins of streams (three localities) or lakes (one locality). The species occur in Sweden on mires with a mean pH of ca 5 (Gunnarsson 2004).

","Within Norway, there does not seem to be any threats to this species. However, in Sweden and on Iceland, the low number and the small size of each subpopulations make the species sensitive to environmental changes, stochastic events and deterministic habitat loss. Also peat exploitation, like excavation of peat bogs and fens are a threat factor.","This species is in the Red Lists of Sweden as Near Threatened (NT) and Iceland as Critically Endangered (CR) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. It is important to protect all known localities of this species from dehydration and eutrophication. The species seems to benefit from some kind of fine-scale disturbance like trampling of large mammals and wheel tracks of small cross-country vehicles (Gunnarsson 2004). The sensitivity of the species to environmental changes, stochastic events and deterministic habitat loss shows there is a clear need for special conservation attention (Gunnarsson 2004). In addition, further research and monitoring is required on the population trends and the distribution of this species.","This, together with other Sphagnum species, is used in peat industry, for heating and for soil improvement in the horticulture sector.","Fettes, N.D.,During, H.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,angustifolium,,Sphagnum angustifolium  ,(Russow) C.E.O. Jensen,"The Sphagnum recurvum group is a taxonomically difficult assemblage of the section Cuspidata and consists of morphologically highly similar species (Sphagnum angustifolium, S. fallax and S. flexuosum). Genetic and morphological analyses show that European specimens of the S. recurvum group form three distinct gene pools based on 11 polymorphic microsatellite markers. Individuals defined as morphotype “fallax” appear to be genetically clearly distinct from both morphotype “angustifolium” and “flexuosum”. However, for the latter two morphotypes, traditionally used morphological and genetic markers provide partly incongruent taxonomic delimitations. Probably, taxonomic controversies are due to the extreme phenotypic plasticity of morphological characters rather than to porous species boundaries (Szurdoki et al. 2014).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Fine Bog-moss (Sphagnum angustifolium) is common in the north and east, including Sweden, Finland and the other Baltic countries. This species becomes scattered towards the south and west. Numerous and large subpopulations of this species are known, and the current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.



However, this species may be negatively effected by the degradation of mire ecosystems. In the regions where mires are rare and vulnerable vegetation, this species may need protection. Further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed.",Stable,"This is a circumpolar peat moss with slight continental tendencies. It is widely distributed in arctic and boreal zones of Holarctica, but it is less frequent in the temperate and forest steppe zones. In Europe, this species is most common in the north and east, from the lowlands to sub-alpine, and becoming scattered towards the south and west. Elsewhere, it has been found in Siberia, the Russian Far East, China, Japan, Greenland and North America (Daniels and Eddy 1985, Seneca 2003, Tsakiri et al. 2006, Ignatov et al. 2006, McQueen and Andrus 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between sea level and 2,400 m Asl.In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 12 million km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 6.1 million km2.",Numerous and large subpopulations of this species are known. This species is often dominated in some associations of transitional and raised bogs (Savicz-Ljubitzkaja and Smirnova 1968). The current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.,"This species has a fairly high tolerance of trophic states. It grows on oligotrophic and mesotrophic open and wooded mires at low to high elevations. This species occurs from hummocks to lawns and tolerates moderate shading (Laine et al. 2009). This species grows as pure mats or as scattered shoots among other Sphagnum species. It is present on low hummocks and hummock sides, but may occasionally be found in partially submerged (Daniels and Eddy 1985, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003).  

","The main threats to this species is the degradation of mire ecosystems due to peatland drainage for forestry and agriculture, the harvesting of peat and peat mosses, reductions in the groundwater level, and peatland fires.

","This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed in Germany (V), the Netherlands (GE - susceptible),  Slovakia (Data Deficient - DD), Switzerland (Near Threatened - NT), Hungary (NT), Montenegro (DD) and  Serbia (Vulnerable - VU)  (Siebel et al. 2013, Ludwig and Schnittler 1996, Kubinská et al. 2001, Schnyder et al. 2004, Sabovljevic et al. 2004, Papp et  al. 2010, Hodgetts 2015). A lot of the known subpopulations have been found  within protected areas. All Sphagnum mosses belong at genus level to Annex V of the Habitats Directives. 

In the regions where mires are rare and vulnerable vegetation, this species may need protection. Further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed.","Peat mosses (e.g. Sphagnum) and peat are widely used for agriculture. In some eastern European countries, the peat mosses are still used for the building of wooden houses as an insulation material.","Aleffi, M.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.","Aleffi, M.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,annulatum,,Sphagnum annulatum  ,H. Lindb. ex Warnst.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Sphagnum annulatum is widespread in northern Fennoscandia and Russia. This species has a fairly large extent of occurrence (EOO) but a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the AOO of this species is at between 760 and 1,000 km2, and its EOO is ca 1.9 million km2. In the EU 28 the AOO is ca 244 km2 and the EOO is ca 0.5 million km2. Very little information is known about the total population size and population trend of this species in both Europe and the EU 28. It seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area in Europe and EU 28. In additions, there are no major threats to this species. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species is widespread in northern Fennoscandia and Russia (Hodgetts 2015). It seems to have a northern boreal distribution pattern (Flatberg 2013). A record from Romania needs to be confirmed. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in northern part of North America and Asia (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is at between 760 and 1,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.9 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 244 km2 and the EOO is ca 0.5 million km2.

","Very little information is known about the total population size and population trend of this species in both Europe and the EU 28, but it is, in general, considered to be stable.","This species grows in very wet mineral poor mires, often in or close to springs (Flatberg 1988).","There are no known threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed mires and wetlands that are hard to access.",The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. No conservation action is needed at present.,"This, together with other Sphagnum species, is used in peat industry, for heating and for soil improvement in the horticulture sector.","Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.,Aleffi, M.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,aongstroemii,,Sphagnum aongstroemii  ,C. Hartm.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Aongstroem's peat moss (Sphagnum aongstroemii) is distributed mostly in arctic and sub-arctic regions. In Europe, it has large geographic range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 3.6 million km2 and an area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be around 2,800 km2. There is also no evidence of its decline. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern. However, the main threats to this species are the drainage and exploitation of bogs, and near the southern border of its range, this species is more rare and needs protection. A lot of known localities are situated in remote and sparsely populated areas.

In the EU 28, this peat moss it has numerous abundant subpopulations in Sweden and Finland. The EOO of the species is estimated to be around 650,000 km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 2,400 km2. This species is not threatened in these countries. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern. However, this species does seem to be extinct in Estonia, and needs protection towards the southern border of its range. Further research on the population size, distribution and trends of this species is needed.",Stable,"This circumpolar peat moss is distributed in the arctic and subarctic regions. It is mainly boreal with a continental tendency. This species is widespread through northern Scandinavia, has a scattered distribution in northern European Russia, and is rare further south. In Fennoscandia, this species is common in the southern boreal region and it is rare in the hemiboreal/temperate region (Laine et al. 2009). Elsewhere, it has been found in Siberia, the Russian Far East, in the northern parts of China and Japan and in North America (Savicz-Ljubitskaya and Smirnova 1968, Daniels and Eddy 1985, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Ignatov et al. 2006, Michaelis 2011, Hodgetts 2015). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 3.6 million km2 (based on total area within a minimum convex polygon around all known occurrences) and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2,800 km2 (based on a 2x2 km grid overlay on the range map). In the EU 28, the EOO of the species is estimated to be around 650,000 km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 2,400 km2. The altitudinal range of the species is from sea level to 600 m Asl.","In the arctic regions, there are numerous and abundant subpopulations of this species known and the population trend seems to be stable. Near the southern border of its European range, this species is presented by isolated subpopulations that may be vulnerable. The only known locality in Estonia has probably been destroyed by drainage (Vellak et al. 2013).  

","This species grows in open or semi-open areas, that are relatively weakly minerotrophic or oligotrophic. It is often found near the margins of mires, in tundra communities, beside streams or lakes, in bogged pine and fir forests or, occasionally on wet rock faces in moist depressions at low to moderate elevations. It may form pure hummocks or grow in mixed stands with other species of Sphagnum among dwarfs and sedges (Daniels and Eddy 1985, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003).",The main threats for this species are the drainage and exploitation of bogs.,"This species may need protection near the southern border of its European range. It is included in the regional Red List of Estonia as Regionally Extinct (RE) (Vellak et al. 2015) and in the Red Lists of some regions of Russia, including Leningrad as Vulnerable (VU) (Tzvelev 2000) and Vologda as Endangered (EN) (Konechnaya and Suslova 2004). Some of the known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Further research on the population size, distribution and trends of this species is needed.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Cálix, M.,Wilbraham, J.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,arcticum,,Sphagnum arcticum  ,Flatberg &amp; Frisvoll,,No,NT,D1,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

In Europe, Sphagnum arcticum is restricted to Svalbard, where it is know from around 22 sites, in two different areas. This species is used in peat industry, for heating and for soil improvement in the horticulture sector. Svalbard offers only very small areas with suitable living conditions for this species, which limits is occurrences and increases the risk of extinction. However, the population trend is unknown, but the population size is estimated to be a bit larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). This species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened in Europe, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion D. 

This species could potentially be affected by increased climatic temperatures, causing the melting of permafrost and subsequent changes in hydrology, as well as with competition with other plants. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed.

This species is not found in the EU 28 and is therefore Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is restricted to Svalbard, where it is found in two different areas (Flatberg and Frisvoll 1984, Frisvoll and Blom 1997). Outside Europe, it is known from Greenland, Alaska, the Canadian arctic and the Taymyr peninsula in Siberia (Frisvoll and Elvebakk 1996, Ignatov et al. 2006).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 88 and 100 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,000 km2. This species is not found in the EU 28.","The species is restricted to Svalbard and is known from around 22 sites. The population trend is unknown. The population size is estimated to be a bit larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for individual-equivalents).","According to Eurola (1971), this species grows at the edge of hummocks in tundra heath mire vegetation in Svalbard. Flatberg (2013) report that calcareous moist moss-tundra vegetation seems to be the typical habitat for this species. There is no evidence of any continuing decline in habitat quality, however, the uncertainty is rather high.","Svalbard offers only very small areas with suitable living conditions for this species, which limits is occurrences and increases the risk of extinction. This species could potentially be affected by increased climatic temperatures, causing the melting of permafrost and subsequent changes in hydrology, as well as with competition with other plants.","This species do not occur in the Red List of Svalbard, but it does occur in protected areas. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed.","This, together with other Sphagnum species, is used in peat industry, for heating and for soil improvement in the horticulture sector.","Hodgetts, N.,Aleffi, M.,Cálix, M.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,auriculatum,,Sphagnum auriculatum  ,Schimp.,"According to Shaw et al. (2012), this species does not occur in America, and is a European endemic.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Cow-horn Bog-moss (Sphagnum auriculatum) is widespread in the Atlantic parts of western and central Europe, becoming rare towards the south and north and even rarer in the east. Nonetheless, its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. It can be common in suitable habitats almost throughout Europe, and is capable of being a rapid colonist, but shows a historical decline in some areas, where it may still be slightly declining, because of habitat destruction. Thus the overall population trend is considered decreasing. However, the estimated population size is very far above 10,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) in Europe and the EU 28. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. At the European scale, this species is not threatened, but it needs wet nutrient-poor habitats and therefore the most important threats, at least at a regional scale, are drainage, destruction of habitats and increasing nutrient inputs. Further research to distinguish the records of this species from those of Sphagnum inundatum is recommended. 



 



 



 



 



 



 



",Decreasing,"This species is widespread in the Atlantic parts of western and central Europe, becoming rare towards the south and north and reaching the Arctic only in northern Norway (Blockeel et al. 2012). It is also rarer in the eastern parts of Europe. It has also been recorded from Turkey and North Africa. This species was until recently thought to have a wide circumboreal distribution, but according to Shaw et al. (2012), it is missing in North America. Therefore the worldwide distribution of this species is unclear. It is found growing from sea level up to 2,400 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","This species is common and widespread in suitable habitats almost throughout Europe, although not found in the Canary Islands, a few of the smaller and less well-recorded countries, or in the far north. It is often confused with Sphagnum inundatum, and exact population data are not available. However, the population trend is very far above 10,000 individual-equivalents in Europe and the EU 28. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. This species is capable of being a rapid colonist, but shows a historical decline in some areas, where it may still be slightly declining, because of habitat destruction. Thus the overall population trend is considered decreasing.","This bog-moss occurs in a broad range of wet, acid habitats, including springs, flushes, bogs, fens, woodlands, dripping rocks and submerged in lakes (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014, Laine et al. 2018). It also colonises secondary habitats, for example ponds and ditches along paths or forest roads.","At the European scale, this species is not threatened. However, it needs wet nutrient-poor habitats and therefore the most important threats, at least at a regional scale, are drainage, destruction of habitats and increasing nutrient inputs leading to changes in vegetation.","This species has been assessed as Endangered in Slovakia and Hungary, as Vulnerable in Madeira, Austria, Montenegro, Romania and Serbia, as Near Threatened in Luxembourg and as Data Deficient in Albania and Estonia (Hodgetts 2015). At the European scale, no conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas. Further research to distinguish the records of this species from those of Sphagnum inundatum is necessary.Like all Sphagnum species, this is listed on Annex V of the EU Habitats Directive (EEC 1992).



","This species is not utilised or traded specifically, but Sphagnum as a genus is harvested and traded for horticultural purposes.","Pilkington, S.,Cálix, M.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,austinii,,Sphagnum austinii  ,Sull.,,No,NT,A3c,No,NT,A3c,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Austin's Bog-moss (Sphagnum austinii) is a hyperoceanic temperate species. It is occasional to frequent in western Norway, Ireland and Scotland, rare round the west shores of the Baltic, in Wales and northern and western England. There are isolated occurrences in central Europe, but it has disappeared from many of these localities. The species is assessed as Near Threatened since it is suspected that there has been a population reduction of between 20% and 25% over the past three generations of this species (around 100 years); thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion A. The population reduction is based on a decline in the habitat, since its habitat has declined substantially for a variety of reasons (afforestation, exploitation and commercial harvesting of bogs, nitrogen deposition, long-term climate change). It is assumed that a decline in the habitat leads to an almost linear decline in the population. In view of this, it seems inevitable that this bryophyte (a long-lived perennial stayer species) has declined substantially. All remaining large bogs that support significant subpopulations of this species require protection and management to ensure minimal disturbance and a continuation of the hydrology. Education is also needed to raise awareness of the vulnerability and international significance of this species. Monitoring at selected sites is recommended.",Decreasing,"Austin's Bog-moss (Sphagnum austinii) is a hyperoceanic temperate species. It is occasional to frequent in western Norway, Ireland and Scotland, rare round the west shores of the Baltic, in Wales and northern and western England. There are isolated occurrences in central Europe, but it has disappeared from many of these localities. Elsewhere it occurs in the Colchic region (southeast corner of the Black Sea in Turkey and Georgia), and Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 2,260 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2.8 million km².","Many bogs even in the core of its range, for example in the Irish  midlands and the Scottish Flow Country, support only a few hummocks, and many of these localities, especially in Ireland, have been destroyed or severely damaged and degraded. The  Quaternary history of this species has long puzzled ecologists. Up to  the Middle Ages, it was a major peat former in both Britain and Ireland,  and dense layers of S. austinii peat are found in cores in many British  and Irish bogs. It then disappeared, but not synchronously and not in  response to any obvious change in the climate. Hughes et al. (2008) and Swindles et al. (2015) implicate aerial deposition of soil dust as an important cause of  decline, and suggest that the species has survived up to the present time  only where annual deposition of atmospheric nitrogen is less than 10 kg/ha (Blockeel et al. 2014). The population is not severely fragmented and the population size is larger than 10,000 mature individuals. This is a long-lived species with a three-generation period of around 100 years, and its habitat has presumably declined by 20-25% over this period. Furthermore, raised bog and blanket bog have both declined Europe-wide - the former is listed as Vulnerable and the latter as Near Threatened in the European Red List of Habitats (Janssen et al. 2016).","This species is found on ombrotrophic bogs, mainly raised bogs and saddle bogs, where the peat is deep and wet, sometimes forming large hummocks among Calluna vulgaris, Eriophorum vaginatum and Trichophorum cespitosum, associated with other bog Sphagnum species, notably S. capillifolium, S. fuscum, S. magellanicum and S. papillosum. The dense tussocks of S. austinii are characteristically interwoven with abundant bog liverworts. Odontoschisma sphagni is an almost constant associate (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 595 m Asl.



It is dioicous; capsules are rare, maturing in summer.","Peat-cutting, especially on an industrial scale in central Ireland, has been a major threat to this species. Another is afforestation of peatlands with non-native conifers. It appears that aerial deposition of soil dust and consequent nitrogen loading is now a significant threat. This species may also be undergoing a long-term decline owing to climate change.","All remaining large bogs that support significant subpopulations of this species require protection and management to ensure minimal disturbance and a continuation of the hydrology. Education is also needed to raise awareness of the vulnerability and international significance of this species. Monitoring at selected sites is recommended. This species has been assessed as Endangered in Germany, Latvia and Slovakia, as Vulnerable in Britain and is 'seriously threatened with extinction' in Austria. It is regarded as Regionally Extinct in the Czech Republic (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.","While not specifically targeted for use or trade, like other species of Sphagnum, this species is vulnerable to collection for horticultural purposes. Peat from this species (among others) is harvested domestically and commercially.

","Schröck, C.,Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N., Blockeel, T., Konstantinova, N., Papp, B., Schnyder, N. & Schröck, C.","Maksimov, A.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,balticum,,Sphagnum balticum  ,(Russow) C.E.O. Jensen,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Baltic Bog-moss (Sphagnum balticum) is widespread in almost all of Fennoscandia and in the arctic and boreal zones of European Russia. This species has large range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 7.2 million km2 in Europe, and around 4.5 million km2 in the EU 28. The current population trend appears to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) in both regional assessments.



However, in some countries, the number of subpopulations of this species has been decreased over the past century, particularly in drought bogs, and it is thought to have disappeared in the Netherlands. The main threat to this species is the degradation of bog ecosystems. Harvesting of peat and Sphagnum mosses is particularly harmful in the temperate and forest-steppe regions where the bogs are rare and at risk. Further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed. This species may need protection in the regions where oligotrophic raised bogs (low levels of nutrients) are rare.",Stable,"This is a circumpolar, boreo-arctic, montane peat moss. In Europe, this species has northern and somewhat continental tendencies. It is present in most of Scandinavia and extends as far south as the Alps and the Carpathians. In the Alps, this species is probably still a little bit under-recorded (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). In central Europe, it is a rare species, being more frequent in the Izera Mountains and the Sudety Mountains (Górski et al. 2015). In European Russia, this species is widespread in tundra and boreal forests. The species seems to be disappeared from the Netherlands (Siebel et al.2013). The attitudinal range of this species in Europe is from sea level to 1,500 m Asl.  

Elsewhere, it has been found in northern Asia, North America and Greenland, and single localities are known from the Caucasus and northern China (Daniels and Eddy 1985, Ignatovet al. 2006, McQueen and Andrus 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 7.2 million km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 4.5 million km2.","In the arctic and boreal regions, numerous and abundant subpopulations of this species are known. It is common in Sweden, except in the south-western part of the country (Laine et al. 2009). In the United Kingdom, and near the southern border of its European range, there are small isolated subpopulations that may be at risk because this species is poorly suited to the present climate of these territories and it has suffered badly from habitat loss (Blockeel et al. 2014). The current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows in oligotrophic, acidic, open or semi-open, wooded, raised or transitional bogs dominated by Sphagnum species, sedges, cotton-grass or dwarf shrubs. It is abundant in hollows and may form floating mats, sometimes submerged (Daniels and Eddy 1985, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Blockeel et al. 2014). This species also occurs as carpets and lawns of wet mires (Laine et al. 2009), along bog pool margins and in hollows, or as single shoots between other Sphagnum mosses (Vellak et al. 2013). In Poland, it was found in disturbed habitats, such as on walls of a draining ditch in the northern area where peat digging ceased (Górski et al. 2015).

","The main threat to this species is the degradation of bog ecosystems due to for example, the harvesting of peat and Sphagnum mosses, peatland drainage, and the reduction of groundwater level. The harvesting is particularly harmful in the temperate and forest-steppe regions where the bogs are rare and at risk.","It is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Slovakia, as Endangered (EN) in Great Britain and Romania, as vulnerable (V) in Poland, as 0 in Austria, as 2 in Germany, as RE (disappeared) in the Netherlands, as rare (R) in Ukraine, as Data Deficient (DD) in Switzerland, and is also assessed in some regions of Russia - Tula Province (3 - rare species), Voronezh Province (1 - endangered) and Mari El Republic (3 - rare species) (Hodgetts 2011, 2015; Grims and Köckinger 1999; Ludwig and Schnittler 1996; Siebel et al. 2013; Ochyra 1992; Kubinská et al. 2001; Schnyder et al. 2004; Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012; Didukh 2009; Shcherbakov 2010; Agafonov 2011; Bogdanov et al. 2013).

AllSphagnum mosses belong at the genus level to Annex V of the Habitats Directives. Some known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed. This species may need protection in the regions where oligotrophic raised bogs (low levels of nutrients) are rare.","Sphagnum mosses and peat are widely used for agriculture. In some eastern European countries, peat mosses are still used for building of wooden houses as an insulation material.","Pilkington, S.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,beothuk,,Sphagnum beothuk  ,R.E.Andrus,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Sphagnum beothuk is found in western Europe. This species seems to be widespread in Norway and the United Kingdom. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 500 and 1,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 1 and 2 million km2. It seems to have a viable and stable population, in Europe, particularly in Norway, although may be slightly decreasing in the United Kingdom and Ireland, the known core areas of this species. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe.

Within the EU 28, the AOO is betweeen 100 and 200 km2, the known population size is smaller and the current population trend is moderately decreasing. The population is not severely fragmented. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in the EU 28, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.



There are some threats to this species, since it is mainly a lowland species and its habitats is often drained, and affected by peat cutting and forest plantations. Further research is required in order to know the correct distribution of this species, as well as the threats to it.",Stable,"This is an oceanic boreo-temperate species (Hill 2017) known from western Europe and North America. This species was relatively recently reported from Norway and Scotland (Kyrkjeeide et al. 2015) as well as Ireland (Lockhart and Douglas 2017), Sweden (Lönnell 2017) and England (Hill 2017). This species appears to be confined to highly oceanic areas. Outside of Europe, the species occurs in Newfoundland in North America (BFNA 2007),

The species is not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.

This species has previously has been included in the very common taxon of S. fuscum. Dr Mark Hill has been examining specimens of fuscum s.l. in the United Kingdom and about half have proved to be this species, while half are S. fuscum s.str. So far, all the records from higher altitudes in the Scottish Highlands and northern England have proved to be S. fuscum. Records from the oceanic fringe (Hebridean Islands and the great bogland of N Scotland), and all records from Wales and southern England are this species. The altitudinal range of this species is between 10 m and 380 m Asl.



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 500 and 1,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 1 and 2 million km2. Within the EU 28, the AOO is estimated to be between 100 and 200 km2 and its EOO is between 0.5 and 0.8 million km2.","The species seems to be widespread in Norway, Ireland and the United Kingdom. However, since this species has previously has been included in the very common taxon of S. fuscum, this species might be overlooked and widespread, at least in the westernmost fringe of Europe. The subpopulation sizes in Sweden seem to be small compared to Norway (N. Lönnell pers. comm. 2017). In Sweden, the species seems to be rare. It seems to have a viable and stable population within Norway, the core area of this species today. The overall current population trend is considered to stable in Europe, with some local declines and moderately decreasing in the EU 28. The species is probably not severely fragmented within Europe.","This species forms dense hummocks similar to S. fuscum. In Norway and Ireland, it grows in ombrotrophic mires. Its lowland habitat is closely similar to that of S. austinii, with which it frequently grows (M. Hill pers. comm. 2017). However, in North America, this species appears to grow in more minerotrophic sites than S. fuscum (Andrus 2006).","In the United Kingdom and Ireland, this species is disappearing as a result of bogs being drained, cut for turf or planted up with conifers. In Norway, the threats are unknown.","The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. It is necessary to check all herbaria records of the closely related S. fuscum in other countries in western Europe, in order to know the correct distribution of this species. In addition, further research on the threats is required.","This, together with other Sphagnum species, is used in peat industry, for heating and for soil improvement in the horticulture sector.","Wilbraham, J.,Cálix, M.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,capillifolium,,Sphagnum capillifolium  ,(Ehrh.) Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Acute-leaved Bog-moss (Sphagnum capillifolium) shows a circumpolar boreal-temperate distribution and is widespread in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, but the subpopulations are often very large. However, it has declined in the past, and is probably still declining, at least in some areas, because of habitat destruction. Thus the overall population trend is considered to be decreasing. However, the estimated population size is undoubtedly far above 10,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals), and probably well into the millions, in Europe and the EU 28. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. At the European scale, this species is not threatened, but it needs wet nutrient-poor habitats and therefore the most important threats, at least at a regional scale, are drainage, destruction of habitats and increasing nutrient inputs.",Decreasing,"This species shows a circumpolar boreal-temperate distribution. It is widespread in Europe, becoming rarer only in the south, where it is confined to mountains in the Mediterranean area. Due to confusion with Sphagnum rubellum the distribution in some areas is not completely clear. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) this species is widespread throughout the  Northern Hemisphere, also occurring in North America and northern Asia. It is found growing at elevations up to 2,700 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.



","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, but the subpopulations are often very large. However, it has declined in the past, and is probably still declining, at least in some areas, because of habitat destruction. Thus the overall population trend is considered to be decreasing. However, the population size is undoubtedly far above 10,000 individual-equivalents, and probably well into the millions in Europe and the EU 28. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows.","This bog-moss occurs in different types of acid, wet to moist habitats, including bogs, poor fens, transition mires, bog woodland and, at higher altitudes, on bouldery slopes, in flushes, on rocks and among dwarf shrubs (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014, Laine et al. 2018).","This species is not threatened over most of its European range. However, it needs wet, nutrient-poor habitats and therefore the most important threats, at least at the regional level, are drainage, destruction of habitats and nutrient inputs leading to changes in competition.","This moss has been assessed as Vulnerable in Luxembourg, Netherlands, Hungary, Serbia, as Near Threatened in Switzerland and as Data Deficient in Ireland (Hodgetts 2015). At the European scale no conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas.Like all Sphagnum species, this is listed on Annex V of the EU Habitats Directive (EEC 1992). 

","This species is not utilised or traded specifically, but Sphagnum as a genus is harvested and traded for horticultural purposes.","Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.,Séneca, A.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,centrale,,Sphagnum centrale  ,C.E.O. Jensen,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Sphagnum centrale is widely distributed in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Because of the difficulty in separating this species from Sphagnum palustre, precise data on its distribution and population size are not available. The subpopulations are at least sometimes large, however, this species shows a historical decline, and is probably still declining, because of habitat destruction. Thus the overall population trend is considered to be decreasing. The population size is very large, though, with the number of individual-equivalents estimated to be far above 10,000 in both Europe and the EU 28. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. At the European scale this species is not threatened, but it needs wet, nutrient-poor habitats, and therefore the most important threats are drainage, destruction of habitats and nutrient inputs. Further research on the population size, distribution and differentiation from Sphagnum palustre is needed, and in regions where the species is rare, larger subpopulations should be protected and managed if necessary.



 



",Decreasing,"This species shows a circumpolar boreal-temperate distribution. It is widespread in Europe, showing a slightly continental distribution, extending from the far north to mountains in the Mediterranean area (Laine et al. 2018). Due to confusion with Sphagnum palustre the distribution is not clear. It is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, also occurring in North  America and northern Asia, with further occurrences in Australia  and New Zealand. It is found growing at elevations up to 2,300 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","Because of the difficulty in separating this species from Sphagnum palustre, precise data on its distribution and population size are not available. However, the subpopulations are at least sometimes large. In Austria, a spread into degraded, acidifying meadows can also be observed. However, this species shows a historical decline, and is probably still declining, because of habitat destruction. Thus the overall population trend is considered to be decreasing. However, the population size is still far above 10,000 individual-equivalents in both Europe and the EU 28. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows.","This species occurs in different types of moderately acid, wet to moist habitats, such as bogs, poor fens, transition mires and, at higher altitudes, in bouldery slopes, in flushes, on rocks and in dwarf shrubs (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014, Laine et al. 2018). It prefers more open habitats than Sphagnum palustre, but it still occurs in bog woodlands of different types. In the Austrian Alps, it tends to occur at higher altitudes than S. palustre.","At the European scale this species is not threatened, but it needs wet, nutrient-poor habitats, and therefore the most important threats are drainage, destruction of habitats and nutrient inputs leading to changes in competition.","This moss has been assessed as Endangered in Spain and Hungary, as Vulnerable in Austria, Montenegro and Serbia, and as Data Deficient in Portugal and Germany (Hodgetts 2015). At the European scale no conservation measures are required at present. Further research into the population size, distribution and differentiation from Sphagnum palustre is needed. It occurs in many protected areas, but in regions where the species is rare, larger subpopulations should be protected and managed if necessary.Like all Sphagnum species, this is listed on Annex V of the EU Habitats Directive (EEC 1992).

","This species is not utilised or traded specifically, but Sphagnum as a genus is harvested and traded for horticultural purposes.



","Englefield, E.,Laaka-Lindberg, S.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,compactum,,Sphagnum compactum  ,Lam. &amp; DC.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Compact Bog-moss (Sphagnum compactum) shows a circumpolar, boreal-temperate distribution and is widespread in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. In the northern parts of Europe and at higher altitudes in the Alps, some subpopulations are large. Because of the destruction of habitats, this species has declined historically, and it is still declining, at least at lower altitudes. Thus the overall population trend is considered to be decreasing. However, the population size is estimated to be very far above 10,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) in both Europe and the EU 28. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. At the European scale this species is not threatened. It needs low-nutrient habitats and the most important threats are drainage, destruction of habitats, overgrazing and increasing nutrient input. In regions where the species is rare and declining, larger subpopulations should be protected, managed and monitored if necessary.",Decreasing,"This species shows a circumpolar, boreal-temperate distribution. In Europe, it is widespread from the mountains of southern and central Europe north to Iceland and arctic Russia. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) this species is widespread in the  Northern Hemisphere, also occurring in North America and northern Asia, with additional records from Colombia, Hawaii and New Zealand. It is found growing at elevations between 10 m and 2,600 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail. In the northern parts of Europe and at higher altitudes in the Alps, some subpopulations are large. Because of the destruction of habitats, this species has declined historically, and it is still declining, at least at lower altitudes (Blockeel et al. 2014, Caspari et al. 2018) and in the Alps, due to overgrazing. Thus, the overall population trend is considered to be decreasing. However, the population size is very far above 10,000 individual-equivalents in both Europe and the EU 28. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species is found.","This species occurs in exposed acid mires and heaths, and also over humus on silicate rocks and in wet woodlands (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014, Laine et al. 2018). It tends to grow in drier habitats than most species of Sphagnum, and is most characteristic of wet to relatively dry heath.","At the European scale this species is not threatened. It needs low-nutrient habitats and the most important threats are drainage, destruction of habitats and increasing nutrient input leading to changes in vegetation.In the Alps and some other areas, overgrazing and the associated destruction of vegetation is a serious threat.","This moss has been assessed as Endangered in Hungary and Madeira, as Vulnerable in Germany (Caspari et al. 2018), Netherlands and Slovenia, and as Near Threatened in Slovakia (Hodgetts 2015). At the European scale no conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas, but in regions where the species is rare and declining, larger subpopulations should be protected, managed and monitored if necessary.Like all Sphagnum species, this is listed on Annex V of the EU Habitats Directive (EEC 1992).","This species is not utilised or traded specifically, but Sphagnum as a genus is harvested and traded for horticultural purposes.","Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.,Puche, F.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,contortum,,Sphagnum contortum  ,Schultz,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Twisted Bog-moss (Sphagnum contortum) shows a circumpolar boreal-montane distribution and is widespread in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Some subpopulations of this species are large and stable, particularly in northern Europe, but due to the destruction of habitats, it shows a continuing population decline overall. However, the population size is estimated to be far above 10,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) in both Europe and the EU 28. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. This species needs wet, nutrient-poor and open habitats and therefore the most important threats are drainage, destruction of habitats and abandonment. At the European scale no conservation measures are required at present, but in regions where the species is rare and declining, larger subpopulations should be protected and managed if necessary.



 



",Decreasing,"This species shows a circumpolar boreal-montane distribution. It is widespread from the Pyrenees and mountains of central Europe north to the Arctic, but is rare or absent in Macaronesia and many Mediterranean countries. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is widespread in the  Northern Hemisphere, also occurring in North America and northern Asia. It is also reported outside Europe from north-eastern Turkey. It is found growing at elevations between 5 m and 2,000 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","Some subpopulations of this species are large and stable, particularly in northern Europe, but due to the destruction of its habitats, there is a continuing population decline overall. However, the population size is far above 10,000 individual-equivalents in both Europe and the EU 28. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows.","This species occurs in base-rich, wet habitats like fens, flushes, quaking mires, spring mires, and more rarely in wet woodlandsand in meadows (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014, Laine et al. 2018).","This species needs wet, nutrient-poor and open habitats and therefore the most important threats are drainage, destruction of habitats andabandonment. Drainage and excessive nutrient input leads to an acidification of the habitats and increasing competition from nutrient-demanding species, which represents a long-term threat to this species, which is restricted to base-rich sites.","This moss has been assessed as Endangered in Austria (Grims and Köckinger 1999) and Germany (Caspari et al. 2018), as Vulnerable in Spain, Netherlands, Slovakia, Hungary, Montenegro and Serbia, as Near Threatened in Finland and the Czech Republic, and as Data Deficient in Albania (Hodgetts 2015). At the European scale no conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas, but in regions where the species is rare and declining, larger subpopulations should be protected and managed if necessary.The habitats are of high nature conservation value, therefore monitoring should follow the further development of habitat quality and populations. Like all Sphagnum species, this is listed on Annex V of the EU Habitats Directive (EEC 1992).","This species is not utilised or traded specifically, but Sphagnum as a genus is harvested and traded for horticultural purposes.","Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Tsakiri, E.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,cuspidatum,,Sphagnum cuspidatum  ,Ehrh. ex Hoffm.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



In Europe, the Feathery Bog-moss (Sphagnum cuspidatum) is widely distributed, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. This species is relatively abundant among Sphagnum species, especially in some parts of northern and western Europe. However, there has surely been a decline of this species in the past in many countries due to the destruction of bogs. At least a small decline in population trend and size is currently indicated, although it remains difficult to quantify. As a wetland and peat bog species, it is affected by the diminution of its habitat, due to drainage and increased nutrient input through agricultural use. Locally the building of dams and exploitation of peat are also threats. However, the species is still no close to meeting any of the thresholds for a threatened Category and is therefore assessed as Least Concern. More research should be undertaken to estimate population size and decline.",Decreasing,"In Europe, this species ranges from Scandinavia and Russia in the north to Greece, Italy and Spain in the south, and from Portugal in the west to eastern Russia in the east. It rarely grows above the Arctic Circle (Blockeel et al. 2014), and is absent from Madeira, the Canary Islands and some of the smaller Mediterranean countries. Elsewhere it is found in the Americas, Asia and parts of Africa (Nebel and Philippi 2005). It is found growing from sea level up to 2,050 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","There has surely been a decline of this species in the past in many countries due to the destruction of bogs. In Switzerland, Schnyder et al. (2004) cite a decrease of 20-30% in population size, comparing pre-1940 data with post-1984 data. In Germany, Meinunger and Schröder (2007) consider the species abundant in its core distribution area, but state that it has disappeared from many places in the rest of Germany. The dispersal capability is limited as the species only rarely produces sporophytes and the subpopulations are rather isolated in the island-like distributed bogs. This seems to indicate at least a small decline in population trend and size, although it remains difficult to quantify, and the species remains abundant in many parts of northern and western Europe. The population size still surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","This is a typical species of wet pools in ombrotrophic, open or forested bogs or in slightly minerotrophic mires. Here it can form large carpets.

","Like all Sphagnum species, this species can be collected as a floral accessory (Pouliot et al. 2015), but the effects of this on its survival are expected to be low. On the other hand, the growth of this species can be negatively affected by habitat degradation, in particular excessive nutrient input in its environment (Nebel and Philippi 2005). Its habitat is known to be decreasing in several places in Europe (see Schröck et al. 2013, Natcheva et al. 2006, Fischer et al. 2015 for examples in Austria, Bulgaria and Switzerland). The main reasons for this decline are drainage and increased nutrient input through agricultural use. Locally the building of dams and exploitation of peat are also threats (Fischer et al. 2015). Also the habitat quality is declining in some countries, especially in central Europe (Klaus 2007).","This species has been assessed as Endangered in Austria, Germany, Bulgaria and Hungary, as Vulnerable in Slovakia and Serbia, as Near Threatened in Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015) and as Critically Endangered in Luxembourg (Werner 2016). Like all Sphagnum species, S. cuspidatum is listed on Annex V of the EU Habitats Directive (EEC 1992), and is protected in Switzerland under the ""Ordinance on the Protection of Nature and Cultural Heritage"" (The Swiss Federal Council 1991). Most peat bogs in this country are also under national protection (BAFU 2015). Other occurrences in protected areas are not known, although Meinunger and Schröder (2007) state it occurs in some protected areas in Germany. More research should be undertaken to estimate population size and decline.","Like all Sphagnum species, this species can occasionally be used as a decorative accessory in floral ornamentation (Pouliot et al. 2015). Peat, which is formed largely from the remains of Sphagnum, can also be used as a growth medium in horticulture and c","Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Tsakiri, E.","Baudraz, M.E.A. & Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,divinum,,Sphagnum divinum  ,Flatberg &amp; Hassel,"This species belonged earlier (before 2018) to a broader species concept S. magellanicum. However, by using molecular and morphological methods, S. magellanicum was split into three species S. divinum, S. medium and S. magellancum (Hassel et al.2018). The two first occur in Europe but the last S. magellanicum do mainly occur in South America.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Sphagnum divinum is most probably a widespread peat moss in Fennoscandinavia and in the boreal zone of European Russia. This species has a large range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) between 1 and 10 million km2 in Europe, and between 2 and 6 million km2 in the EU 28. The current population trend of this species in Europe seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) in both regional assessments.



However, in the regions where raised bogs are rare, the subpopulations of this species may be small and vulnerable. It is considered to be threatened in several countries, including Hungary, Spain and Serbia. The main threats for this species include the degradation of mire ecosystems due to peatland drainage for forestry and agriculture, the harvesting of Sphagnum species and peat, reductions in groundwater level and peatland fires. Near the southern edge of its European range, further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed. In addition, in the regions where raised bogs are rare, this species may need protection.",Stable,"Circumpolar in the Northern Hemisphere. The S. divinum is the most common and widespread of the two European species that were left, when Sphagnum magellanicum was split into three species, and it is one of the most widespread Sphagna in Europe (Laine et al. 2018). It is common in boreal, boreo-nemoral and nemoral zones, and from highly oceanic to slightly continental regions, with a slight southern trend. According to Laine et al. (2018) is has not been recorded from arctic areas, and occasionally found above the tree limit in the low-alpine zone. In mainland Europe extends in the South to Spain, Italy and the Dinaric Alps, and to Georgia in the east in the submeridional zone. lt ascends to altitude of ea. 2000 m in the Switzerland Alps. Distributionis still uncertain due to confusion with S. medium.","

The population size is probably very large and the trend is stable, at least in northern Europe.

","Sphagnum divinum is a mire margin and mire forest species on peat substrate. The main habitat in Fennoscandia is ombrotrophic (poor fen) and sometimes mesotrophic (intermediate fen), hummock-dominated vegetation (Hassel et al. 2018). In Russia (Republic of Komi) it was common on hummocks and lawns in a Pinus-covered ombrotrophic mire, with dominant Rhododendron tomentosum and Chamaedaphne in the scrub layer, often associated with S. angustifolium, S. capillifolium and S. fuscum in the hummocks (Flatberg, personal field notes 2017).",The destruction of the habitats of the peat moss Sphagnum is the only evident threat.,"Like all species of peat mosses Sphagnum divinum enjoys with the Fauna-Flora-Habitat Directive Nr.92/43/EWG in the updated version from 1 January 2007 certain protective mechanisms.

  The genus is listed on Annex V and may be so occupied with withdrawal and usage restrictions. Furthermore, their habitat is provided by recording the 'acid Moore with Sphagnum ""in Annex I under protection, which SACs have to be designated for these habitats. Active raised bogs and active blanket bog are shown here even as a priority habitat types to be treated. The species occur in at least one protected area.

","This, together with other Sphagnum species, is used in peat industry, for heating and for soil improvement in the horticulture sector.

","Cálix, M.,Denyer, J.","Ignatov, M., Baisheva, E. & Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,fallax,,Sphagnum fallax  ,H. Klinggr.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Flat-topped Bog-moss (Sphagnum fallax) is widespread in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. It is common and abundant in many areas in the west and north, but as it is linked to wetlands and peat bogs, a decreasing habitat throughout Europe, the population size and trend is considered as decreasing (although it has been shown to be more resistant than most species of the genus to the main threats that are facing Sphagnum). Nonetheless, it remains fairly common, and there is no evidence of a strong decline in population size at the European scale. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. More investigation should be undertaken to monitor population and habitat trends in the future.",Decreasing,"In Europe, this species occurs from west to east from Portugal to Russia, and from north to south from Scandinavia to Greece, Spain and Italy (but not found in Macaronesia, Sicily and some smaller Mediterranean countries). This species occurs all around the Northern Hemisphere, and is  particularly common in oceanic and suboceanic parts of Europe (Blockeel  et al. 2014). It is also found in America and Asia (China) (Flora of  North America Editorial Committee 1997). It is found growing from sea level up to 2,000 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","This species is common and abundant in many areas in the west and north. There has probably been a slight decrease in population size and a strong decrease in habitat quality and area in Austria (Schröck et al. 2013). In Germany, the species is considered to be abundant and stable (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Hölzer 2010, Caspari et al. 2018). In The Netherlands, the species showed a (temporary?) increase in recent years (since about 1990) in acidifying mesotrophic mires (H. During, pers comm. 2017). As wetlands are decreasing both in quality (for Switzerland, see: Klaus et al. 2007) and in area throughout Europe, one can expect a decrease in the size of the population. The population size still surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","The species occurs in damp to very wet, acidic and light-exposed bogs and mires. It can form floating forms in very wet areas. It is one of the least demanding species of Sphagnum, often occurring in suboptimal habitats, and often among the first species to recolonise disturbed areas.","As with all Sphagnum species, S. fallax can be collected as a decorative floral accessory (Pouliot et al. 2015), but effects of this use are expected to be low. Although wetlands and damp habitats, this species main habitat, are decreasing both in area and quality throughout Europe (Klaus et al. 2007, Stoate et al. 2009, Lachat et al. 2011, Fischer et al. 2013), this species has been shown to be relatively resistant to nutrient uptakes, even favoured by it in certain cases (Hölzer 2010). Therefore, the effects of this threat are expected to be lower than for similar species. In Portugal, the species is also considered threatened by tourism and unregulated ski installations (Sérgio et al. 2013).","The species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Bulgaria, Serbia and Austria, as Near Threatened in Luxembourg, Switzerland and Hungary, (Hodgetts 2015) and as Data Deficient in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013). As all Sphagnum species, S. fallax is protected in Switzerland under the ""Ordinance on the Protection of Nature and Cultural Heritage"" (The Swiss Federal Council 1991). Most peat bogs in this country are also under national protection (BAFU 2015). The species is considered as depending on this protection in the Swiss Red list of Bryophytes (Schnyder et al. 2004). Like all Sphagnum species, it is listed on Annex V of the EU Habitats Directive (EEC 1992). In Portugal, the species also occurs in the Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela and in the Natura 2000 site of the same name (Sérgio et al. 2013). More investigation should be undertaken to monitor population and habitat trends.","Like all Sphagnum species, S. fallax can be collected as a decorative floral accessory, and it can have several uses in horticulture, for instance as a growth substrate for flowering plants (Pouliot et al. 2015). This species is not utilized or traded spe","Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.,Séneca, A.","Baudraz, M.E.A. & Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,fimbriatum,,Sphagnum fimbriatum  ,Wilson,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



In Europe, the Fringed Bog-moss (Sphagnum fimbriatum) is widely distributed, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. It is relatively rare in many areas in Europe, but subpopulations in its core range remain stable, and thus the overall population trend is considered as stable. Although its main habitat is undergoing degradation at the European scale (drainage and increased nutrient contents through agricultural use, locally also the building of dams and exploitation of peat), it is a good coloniser, which can also adapt to other biotopes. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"In Europe, this species ranges from Spain and Ireland in the west to Russia in the east, and from Iceland and Norway (including Svalbard) in the north to upland parts of the Mediterranean region in the south. It is absent from Macaronesia and many Mediterranean countries. Elsewhere it is present in Asia, North and South America and on  some Pacific Islands (New Zealand) (Flora of North America Editorial  Committee 2007). It also seems to have been introduced in South Africa (Hölzer 2010). It is found growing from sea level up to 1,270 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","Subpopulations are described as stable, or quickly regenerating through colonisation of new areas, wherever information is available (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Hölzer 2010). As the species almost always produces sporophytes, it is a good disperser and capable to colonise new habitats quickly. On the other hand it is not a good competitor and can be superseded by other species in the succession of habitats. Thus the overall population trend is considered as stable or even increasing.","This species usually grows at the edges of peat bogs, in transition sites toward forested areas, in acidic, humid and shadowy conditions (Hölzer 2010, Hofmann et al. 2011). Swamp woodland under birch trees is a typical habitat in Britain. A good pioneer species, producing many spores, it can also grow in secondary ecosystems, such as in drainage ditches.","As with all Sphagnum species, S. fimbriatum can be used in horticulture, either as a decorative ornament, or as a growing substrate for other species (Pouliot et al. 2015), but the effects of this use are expected to be negligible. It can also be affected by the loss or degradation of peat bogs and other wetlands, which are declining throughout Europe (Stoate et al. 2009, Fischer et al. 2013). The main reasons for this decline are drainage and increased nutrient contents through agricultural use, locally also the building of dams and exploitation of peat (Fischer et al. 2015). However, as a good coloniser, this species should not be as strongly affected by these threats as some other Sphagnum species.","The species has been assessed as Endangered in Slovenia, as Vulnerable in Slovakia, Switzerland and Austria, as Data Deficient in Bulgaria, and as Near Threatened in Hungary (Hodgetts 2015).Like all Sphagnum species, it is listed on Annex V of the EU Habitats Directive (EEC 1992).Like all Sphagnum species, S. fimbriatum is protected  in Switzerland under the ""Ordinance on the Protection of Nature and  Cultural Heritage"" (The Swiss Federal Council 1991). Most peat bogs in  this country are also under national protection (BAFU 2015). The species  is considered as depending on this protection in the Swiss Red list of  Bryophytes (Schnyder et al. 2004).","As with all Sphagnum species, S. fimbriatum can be collected as a decorative floral accessory and Sphagnum can be used in horticulture, for instance as a growth substrate (Pouliot et al. 2015). This species is not utilized or traded specifically, but Spha","Cálix, M.,González Mancebo, J.","Baudraz, M.E.A. & Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,flexuosum,,Sphagnum flexuosum  ,Dozy &amp; Molk.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Flexuous Bog-moss (Sphagnum flexuosum) is widespread but scattered throughout the arctic and boreal zones of Holarctica. This species has a large range - in Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 8.5 million km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 5 million km2. Numerous and abundant subpopulations of this species are known, and the current population trend of this species is considered to be stable. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both the European and EU 28 regional assessments.



However, this species is threatened in some countries, including Ireland, Luxembourg and Hungary. The main threat for this species is the degradation of bog ecosystems due to the harvesting of peat and Sphagnum mosses, peatland drainage and the reduction of groundwater level. In the regions where mires are rare, this species may need protection. Further research is required on the population size, distribution, trends and threats of this species.",Stable,"This circumpolar, boreo-temperate, peat moss appears to be widespread but scattered throughout the arctic and boreal zones of Holarctica. In Europe, it is distributed from Fennoscandia, south to the mountains of Portugal and the Balkans, in the lowlands and extending into the sub-alpine and alpine zones. It is less frequent in the temperate areas and in the north of the forest steppe zones. In 2006, it was revealed in Montenegro (B. Papp and E. Szurdoki pers. comm. 2018). Elsewhere, it has been found in Georgia, Siberia, Kazakhstan, the Russian Far East, Japan and North America (Daniels and Eddy 1985, Ignatov et al. 2006, McQueen and Andrus 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 1,900 m Asl.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 8.5 million km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 5 million km2.","Numerous and abundant subpopulations of this species are known. It is abundant in Scandinavia and numerous regions within the arctic and boreal zones of European Russia (Ignatov et al. 2006). In Fennoscandia, this species it is common from the middle boreal to the temperate zone, and is rare north of the polar circle (Laine et al. 2009). The current population trend of this species is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows in mesotrophic and slightly oligotrophic open mires and wet open woodland, or along their margins, in weakly minerotrophic marshes, in flushed grassland over mineral soil with a high organic content at low to alpine elevations. In Fennoscandia, this species grows in lawns and carpets from poor to intermediate fens (Laine et al. 2009). It grows as pure mats or as scattered shoots among other Sphagnum species. This species forms soft hummocks or grows in the intermediate zones between hollows and the tops of hummocks (NISM 2017, Daniels and Eddy 1985, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Blockeel et al. 2014).  



","The main threat for this species is the degradation of bog ecosystems due to the harvesting of peat and Sphagnum mosses, peatland drainage and the reduction of groundwater level.","This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in Ireland, Luxembourg, Hungary and Serbia, as Near Threatened in Switzerland, as 3 in Austria, as V in Germany, and it is assessed in some regions of Russia, such as the Tula Province (3 - rare species) and Rostov Province (3 - rare species) (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996,  Grims and Köckinger 1999, Schnyder et al. 2004, Sabovljevic et al. 2004, Papp et al. 2010, Lockhart et al. 2012, Hodgetts 2015, Shcherbakov 2010, Sereda and Fedyaeva 2014).

AllSphagnum mosses belong at genus level to Annex V of the Habitats Directives. A lot of the known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. In the regions where mires are rare, this species may need protection. Further research is required on the population size, distribution, trends and threats of this species.",Peat and Sphagnum are widely used for agriculture. In some countries of eastern Europe the Sphagnum species are still used for building of  wooden houses as a insulation material.,"Duckett, J.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,fuscum,,Sphagnum fuscum  ,(Schimp.) H. Klinggr.,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Rusty Bog-moss (Sphagnum fuscum) is common and abundant in bogs in boreal and tundra regions of northern Europe. However, it is rare in central and southern Europe. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 20,000 and 50,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 12 million km2. The overall current population trend in Europe is slightly declining, but the species is stable in many areas. There are threats to this species, both in the past, present and in the future, however, the population size is today very large in regions outside the EU 28. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe as a whole.

In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 19,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 4.5 million km2. Within this area, the species has declined. Since this species has a long generation time (ca 16.7 years), the population within the EU 28 has declined between 20 and 30% over the last three generations. Therefore, within the EU 28, this species is assessed as Near Threatened, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion A.

This species is threatened by bogs being drained, cut for turf or planted up with conifers, and effects of atmospheric nitrogen deposition, as well as being threatened by climate change in the future. In the southern, eastern and western part of Europe, this species has become rare and good sites need to be protected. In addition, further research is required on the population distribution, size and trends of this species.",Decreasing,"This species has a wide distribution in boreo-arctic montane regions throughout Europe. It occurs in northern Europe, and is found to the south in the Pyrenees and the Alps (Hodgetts 2015). In the boreal zone and tundra, this species is present mainly in the continental interiors, and avoids the Atlantic parts. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 10 m and 2,230 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North America and Asia (BFNA 2007).

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 20,000 and 50,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 12 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 19,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 4.5 million km2.","This species is common and abundant in bogs in boreal and tundra regions of northern Europe (Flatberg 2013), however, it is rare in southern Europe. In central Europe, this species has decreased historically, however, it has probably stabilized in the last 10 to 20 years. It seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area in northern Europe. In Poland, there has been a rapid vanishing of S. fuscum from acidic mires in the region of Pomerania, where it used to be common (Gorski et al. 2018), and generally, the species is decreasing in its southern lowland European range (Dierssen 2001). In the lowlands of the United Kingdom, the species is no doubt disappearing as a result of bogs being drained, cut for turf or planted up with conifers, as well as a result of the effects of atmospheric nitrogen deposition. It often persists as a few isolated tussocks. Therefore, the overall current population trend for this species in Europe is inferred to be declining slightly.



In the EU 28, there is a strong, continuing decline. Since this species has a long generation time (ca 16.7 years), within the EU 28, the species has declined between 20 and 30% over the last three generations.","This species grows on undisturbed parts of raised or blanket bogs, and on peaty slopes above 500 m Asl. More rarely, this species grows as hummocks within flushes. In the United Kingdom, it occurs on raised bogs and other flattish deep-peat bogs, where it grows among S. capillifolium and S. austinii, with which it frequently grows. In mountainous parts of Scotland, this species is found mainly on blanket peat above 400 m Asl, forming large hummocks among Calluna vulgaris. It sometimes also occurs in flushes. In the eastern Highlands of Scotland, this species has been noted as a component of the Sphagnum layer beneath Calluna on steep north- and east-facing slopes above 500 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014).","This species is threatened by bogs being drained, cut for turf or planted up with conifers, and effects of atmospheric nitrogen deposition (M. Hill pers. comm. 2017). It is also predicted to decrease because of climate change since it has an optimal temperature for net photosynthesis at 15°C (Silvola and Heikkinen 1979).","This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed in Germany as Endangered (EN), in Austria as 3, in Spain as Critically Endangered (CR), in the Netherlands as KW, in Belgium as Mn, in the Czech Republic as Near Threatened (NT), in Poland as V and in Switzerland and Slovenia as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in several protected areas.



In the southern, eastern and western part of Europe, this species has become rare and good sites need to be protected. Even if this species is still widespread and abundant in the north and north-east, the species will might decline in the future in the whole Europe because of a warmer climate. In addition, further research is required on the population distribution, size and trends of this species.","This, together with other Sphagnum species, is used in peat industry, for heating and for soil improvement in the horticulture sector.","Cálix, M.,Mazimpaka, V.","Hallingbäck, T","Hugonnot, V.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,girgensohnii,,Sphagnum girgensohnii  ,Russ.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessments: Least Concern (LC)



In Europe, Girgensohn's Bog-moss (Sphagnum gingersohnii) is very widespread, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. It is sensitive to the degradation of wetland habitats mainly through drainage, eutrophication, pollution, land use shifts and urbanisation. However, national subpopulations are reported as stable wherever information is available, and the species is listed as Least Concern in the overwhelming majority of the countries with a national Red List. Therefore, the current population trend is considered stable, and this species is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"In Europe, this species is very widespread, occurring from Portugal to Russia, and Svalbard to Italy and Spain (Nebel and Philippi 2005, Hodgetts 2015). It is absent only from Moldova, Greece, and some smaller Mediterranean countries and territories. It also occurs in the entire Northern Hemisphere, from North America to Asia (Nebel and Philippi 2005). It is found growing from sea level up to 2,200 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","National subpopulations are reported as stable wherever information is available (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Lockhart et al. 2012), and the species is listed as Least Concern in the overwhelming majority of the countries with a national Red List (Hodgetts 2015). Therefore, the current population trend is considered stable and the population size largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","This is a shade-tolerant species, and it is found in various habitats. It often occurs in  wet depressions in swamps, humid soils inforests or dwarf shrub heaths, and on the edges of peat bogs (Daniels and Eddy 1990, Nebel and Philippi 2005). It is a mainly subalpine species, which nevertheless can occur in the lowlands, growing from sea level to well above the tree line (2,200 m Asl) (Nebel and Philippi 2005, Meinunger and Schröder 2007).

","The species is sensitive to the degradation of wet habitats mainly through drainage, eutrophication, pollution, land use shifts and urbanisation (Zedler and Kercher 2005, Lachat et al. 2011).","This species is included in the national Red Lists of a few countries, being assessed as Endangered in Hungary, Vulnerable inLuxembourg and Serbia, Near Threatened in Ireland and 'highly endangered' in the Netherlands (Hodgetts 2015). Like all Sphagnum species, it is listed on Annex V of the EU Habitats Directive (EEC 1992). In Switzerland it is protected under the ""Ordinance on the Protection of Nature and Cultural Heritage (NCHO)"", which protects all Sphagnum species (The Swiss Federal Council 1991). The species is known from many protected areas, including the Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela, in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013).

","Like all Sphagnum species, this species can occasionally be used as a decorative accessory in floral ornamentation (Pouliot et al. 2015). This species is not utilized or traded specifically, but Sphagnum as a genus is harvested and traded for horticultura","Hespanhol, H.,Englefield, E.","Baudraz, M.E.A. & Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,inundatum,,Sphagnum inundatum  ,Russow,"The extra-European distribution of the taxon is confused by the mismatch between morphology and phylogeny. If a broad definition is taken, this species is in eastern North America and may occur in eastern Asia. With the narrow, cladistic definition used by Shaw et al. (2012), this species becomes a European endemic (Blockeel et al. 2014).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Lesser Cow-horn Bog-moss (Sphagnum inundatum) is widespread in western Europe, and is more scattered in eastern and southeast Europe. This species has large range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 8.4 million km2 in Europe, and around 5.7 million in the EU 28. In the United Kingdom, Sweden and Norway, numerous and abundant subpopulations of this species are known. The current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both regional assessments for Europe and the EU 28.



However, in some parts of its range, this species is mostly presented by small and isolated subpopulations, and it is considered to be threatened in several countries, including Luxembourg, Hungary and Slovenia. In Estonia, monitoring suggests the state of this species is worsening. Further research on the population size, distribution and trends of this species is definitely needed.",Stable,"This species is a circumpolar, boreo-temperate, peat moss. It is distributed in sub-oceanic and boreal regions of Holarctica. It is less frequent in the temperate zone, although its distribution is incompletely known (Laine et al. 2009). This species is widespread in western Europe, is locally common in the United Kingdom and Scandinavia and is more scattered in eastern and southeast Europe. In European Russia, the range of this species is not completely studied, but it seems has a sporadic distribution, being more frequent in the west. Elsewhere, it has been found in the Caucasus (Georgia), the Far East (southern Russian Far East, China, Japan) and North America (Daniels and Eddy 1985, Papp et al. 2004, Erzberger and Papp 2007, McQueen and Andrus 2007, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Ignatov et al. 2006, Martinčič 2009, Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015, Lazarević et al. 2016). The distribution of this species is not well studied due to some taxonomic problems (Shaw et al. 2012). The altitudinal range of this species is from sea level to 2,000 m Asl.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 14 million km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 9.2 million km2.","In the United Kingdom, Sweden and Norway, numerous and abundant subpopulations of this species are known. In the other parts of its range, this species is mostly presented by small and isolated subpopulations, for instance, in Sicily (Campisi et al. 2002). In Estonia, monitoring suggests the state of this species is worsening, while three known subpopulations of this species were not found in 2016 (K. Vellak pers. comm. 2017). However, the overall current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.

","This species grows in wet, mesotrophic and eutrophic, open mires and bogged forests, in Sphagnum-fen communities with a high level of water or growing in moderately flooded places, in the floating vegetation near the margins of lakes and pounds, in ditches, in damp pastures, along stream-sides and in flushes, in moorland soaks where there is slight mineral enrichment, and more rarely, in small depressions between cliff faces at low to moderately high elevations (Savich-Lyubitzkaya and Smirnova 1968, Daniels and Eddy 1985, Rybniček 1984, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Blockeel et al. 2014). In Fennoscandia, it grows in oligotrophic wet fens, poor fens and bog pools, forming carpets in margins of ponds, and it is occasionally inundated (Laine et al. 2009, Vellak et al. 2013).

 

","The main threat for this species is the degradation of mire ecosystems due to peatland drainage for forestry and agriculture, harvesting of peat, reduction of groundwater level and worsening of water quality, as well as peatland fires etc.","This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as Endangered (EN) in Luxembourg, Hungary and Slovenia, as Vulnerable (VU) in Romania, Serbia and Estonia, as Near Threatened (NT) in Finland, as V in Germany, and as Data Deficient (DD) in the Czech Republic and the Vologda Province of Russia (Rassi et al. 2010, Ludwig and Schnittler 1996, Kučera et al. 2012, Papp et al. 2010, Kubinská et al. 2001, Sabovljevic et al. 2004, Konechnaya and Suslova 2004, Hodgetts 2015, etc.). It is protected by law due to its fragile and rare habitat in Estonia (Vellak et al. 2013). The whole genus of Sphagnum is listed in Annex V of the EU Habitats Directives. Some of the known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Further research on the population size, distribution and trends of this species is definitely needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Duckett, J.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,jensenii,,Sphagnum jensenii  ,H.Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Sphagnum jensenii is known from northern and central Scandinavia, Poland, the Baltic countries, Belarus, Romania and in northern, central and eastern European Russia. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 5.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 6,000 km2. In the EU 28, this species has an EOO estimated to be around 1.5 million km2 and an AOO estimated to be around 5,000 km2. In Sweden and Finland, the numerous and abundant subpopulations of this species are known, and it is common in the Kola Peninsula. The current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, such as Romania and Poland. There is a possible negative trend of subpopulations near the south-western border of this species range within the EU 28. The possible threats for this species are peatland drainage for forestry and agriculture, the harvesting of Sphagnum species and peat, peatland fires. Further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed.",Stable,"This is a circumpolar, boreo-subarctic species with northern and somewhat continental tendencies. In Europe, it has been found throughout much of northern and central Scandinavia, in Poland, the Baltic countries, Belarus, Romania and in northern, central and eastern European Russia. Some findings were made quite recently (Andrejeva and Filip’eva 2005, Vetkin et al. 2015). Elsewhere, it has been found in Siberia, the Russian Far East, China, Japan, and North America. This species has a scattered distribution in the most part of its European range (with the exception of Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula) (Daniels and Eddy 1985, Wojtuń 2004,McQueen and Andrus 2007, Ignatov et al. 2006, Séneca and Söderström 2009, Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species is from sea level to 1,500 m Asl.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 5.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 6,000 km2. In the EU 28, this species has an EOO estimated to be around 1.5 million km2 and an AOO estimated to be around 5,000 km2.","Numerous subpopulations of this species are known in Scandinavia and the Murmansk Province of Russia. The overall current population trend seems be stable in Europe and the EU 28. However, in Romania, Estonia, Belarus and central and eastern European Russia, the subpopulations of this species are small and isolated. However, this species is not severely fragmented. There is a possible negative trend of subpopulations near the south-western border of this species range within the EU 28. In Estonia, only two localities are known from the 1950s and this species has been not found later again, so the trend is unknown (Vellak et al. 2013). Still, this species is abundant in the north of its distribution area (Laine et al. 2009).","This species grows in wet oligotrophic mires, weakly minerotrophic fens, in hollows in bogged pine and fir-birch forests and on floating vegetation in lakes at low to middle elevations. Usually it grows partly submerged in pools, rarely on hummocks. This species prefers open or lightly shaded habitats, and forms mats of rather prostrate individuals or occurs in association with other Sphagnum species (Daniels and Eddy 1985, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Zheleznova 1994).

","The possible threats for this species are peatland drainage for forestry and agriculture, the harvesting of Sphagnum species and peat,  peatland fires.","

This species is included in several national Red Lists of European countries. It is assessed as Endangered (EN) in Romania, as vulnerable (V) in Poland and as Data Deficient (DD) in Estonia, as well as being assessed in some regions of Russia, including the Mari El Republic, the Pskov Province (3 - rare species), the Republic of Tatarstan, the Penza Province (2 - En), and the Novgorod Province (VU) (Hodgetts 2015, Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012, Vellak et al. 2015, Bogdanov et al. 2013, Nazirov 2016, Vetkin et al. 2015, Nedospasova 2014,  Ivanov 2013).

Some of the known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed.

 

",Sphagnum species and peat may be used for agriculture.,"Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,lenense,,Sphagnum lenense  ,H. Lindb. ex L.I. Savicz,,No,NT,B2b(iii),No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)



In Europe, Sphagnum lenense is known from the north-eastern part of European Russia where it has a scattered distribution. It is found at the border of its Eurasian range and it probably has natural rarity in Europe. The abundance, population size and trends of this species are not known, but subpopulations may be vulnerable due to their presence at the border of their range. Also, the habitats of the species are declining in quality in some areas due to exploitation of oil and gas fields.

This species has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of 80 km2, although the bryophyte flora of this territory is not well investigated, therefore, the actual population size of this species may be significantly higher due to the presence a large number of suitable habitats. In adjacent areas to the European range of this species, for example on the western slope of the Polar Urals (Yangana Pe mountain ridge) and in the north of western Siberia, this species is quite common. 



In view of its small AOO and  continuing decline in quality of habitats in some areas, this species is listed as Near Threatened. Further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed.

This species is not found within the EU 28 and is therefore Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"This species has a predominantly Asiatic-North American range. It is widely distributed in the northern regions of Siberia, the Russian Far East, Alaska, North America, Greenland and China (Daniels and Eddy 1985, Ignatov et al. 2006). In European Russia, it grows on the western border of its Eurasian range and has been found in Malozemelskaya and Bolshezemelskaya tundra, as well as from the Polar Urals (Savich-Lyubitzkaya and Smirnova 1968, Kuvaev 1970, Lavrinenko and Lavrinenko 2015, Zheleznova et al. 2010). Previously, this species was reported from the Kola Peninsula, but this record has not been confirmed by herbarium specimens and there is no evidence of its current presence in this region (O. Belkina pers. comm. 2016), therefore this potential locality is disregarded for the purpose of this assessment. In Europe, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 163,000 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 80 km2. The altitudinal range of the species is between sea level and 700 m Asl.

This species is not found in the EU 28 region.","The abundance, population size and trends of this species are not known, but subpopulations may be vulnerable due to their presence at the border of their range. A lot of subpopulations are situated in the remote and thinly populated regions and the species is quite rare. However, the bryophyte flora of the territory where the species is found is not well investigated, therefore, the actual population size of this species may be significantly higher due to the presence of a large number of suitable habitats. On the western slope of the Polar Urals (Yangana Pe mountain ridge) and in the north of western Siberia, this species is quite common  (E. Lapshina pers. comm. 2018).","This species has been found in open moss-dominated oligotrophic and mesotrophic mires in the mountain tundra belt, in wet tundras and in the bogged coniferous forests up to 700 m Asl. This species usually forms low hummocks and mats, and rarely grows on stones (Savich-Lyubitzkaya and Smirnova 1968, Daniels and Eddy 1985, Zheleznova 1994). Some known habitats are situated in the regions with intensive exploitation of oil and gas fields and these habitats are declining in quality.",The possible threat to this species is the degradation of tundra vegetation due to the exploitation of oil and gas fields and deer grazing (Lavrinenko and Lavrinenko 2015).,"This species is not included in any regional Red Lists. Some populations have been found within protected areas. This species requires the protection of existing sites. Further research is also required to search for new sites, to study the biology and the ecology of the species and to estimate the population size.",The species is not used or traded.,"Rumsey, F.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,lindbergii,,Sphagnum lindbergii  ,Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Lindberg's Bog-moss (Sphagnum lindbergii) is scattered in the south of the Nordic countries, and it is common to very common and abundant in central and northern Fennoscandia. This species has a wide geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 11,000 and 15,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 9,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 3.5 million km2.  This species seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area in Europe and EU 28. In addition, there are no evident threats known to the species. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in Germany and Svalbard. Even so, no conservation action is needed at present.",Stable,"This species has a circumpolar, boreo-arctic, montane distribution. It is found mainly in the subarctic, boreal northern Europe. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 100 m and 1,150 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North America, and Asia (Ochyra and Szmajda 1990, BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 11,000 and 15,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 9,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 3.5 million km2.","The species is abundant in the boreal zone, becoming scarcer northwards and it is rare south of the boreal zone. In the Nordic countries, this species is scattered in the south, and it is common to very common and abundant in central and northern Fennoscandia. In the arctic zone, this species is widespread including the continental interiors, although it is not abundant here. The overall current population trend is probably stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In the south, the species seems to survive in artificial habitats, such as ditches.","In the Nordic countries, this species grows in mineral-poor, open fens in the wettest parts of each fen (Flatberg 2013). In the United Kingdom, the main habitat of this species is oligotrophic flushes and springs in the mountains, often in drainage channels and hollows among blanket bog, sometimes in meltwater rills from snow beds. Ratcliffe (1958) the main associates of this species as Polytrichum commune, Sphagnum auriculatum, S. papillosum and S. russowii.",There are no major threats to this species.,This species is in the Red List of Germany as Endangered (EN) (Hodgetts 2015) and of Svalbard as Vulnerable (VU) (Frisvoll and Blom 1997). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. No conservation action is needed at present.,"This, together with other Sphagnum species, is used in peat industry, for heating and for soil improvement in the horticulture sector.","Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.,Blockeel, T.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,majus,,Sphagnum majus  ,(Russow) C.E.O. Jensen,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Olive Bog-moss (Sphagnum majus) is common throughout most of Fennoscandia but decreases in frequency towards the south and west. It is rare and scattered in central Europe. This species has a large range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 8 million km2 in Europe. The overall current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.



However, near the western and southern border of the European range, some subpopulations may be at risk and have decreased over the past century, particularly in drought bogs. It is considered to be threatened in some countries, such as Slovakia, Spain and Slovenia. Possible threats for this species include the degradation of bog ecosystems due to Sphagnum species and peat harvesting, peatland drainage and the reduction of groundwater level. Near the southern border of its European range, further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed. In the regions where oligotrophic bogs are rare, this species may need protection.",Stable,"This is a circumpolar peat moss, mostly distributed in sub-arctic and boreal zones of the Holarctic. In Europe, this species has northern and somewhat eastern and continental tendencies. Elsewhere, this species has been found in Siberia, the Far East, Japan and North America (Daniels and Eddy 1985, McQueen and Andrus 2007, Ignatov et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species is from sea level up to 2,300 m Asl.

In Europe, two varieties of this species have different geographic distributions.Sphagnum majus subsp. majus has a more northern and northeastern pattern of distribution (Flatberg 1987) than S. majus subsp. norvegicum. Probably, many of the references from more southern and western areas should be referred to the latter (Muñoz and Aldasoro 1995, Munín and Fuertes 2000, Séneca and Söderström 2009).

 

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 8 million km2.  In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 4.7 million km2.","In Europe, numerous subpopulations of this species have been found. It is common throughout most of Fennoscandia but decreases in frequency towards the south and west. It is rare and scattered in central Europe. Near the western and southern border of the European range some subpopulations may be at risk. In western and central Europe, the number of subpopulations has been decreased over the past century, particularly in drought bogs. In Fennoscandia and European Russia, the species seems to be stable. The overall current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species is hydrophilous, and so grows in water and submerged in pools and hollows (Laine et al. 2009), or it forms carpets in very wet parts of open, oligotrophic to weakly mesotrophic, mires. It has been found in drainage tracks, on the banks of overgrown lakes and on hilly tundra (NISM 2017, Savicz-Ljubitzkaja and Smirnova 1968, Daniels and Eddy 1985, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003).","The possible threats for this species are the degradation of bog ecosystems due to Sphagnum species and peat harvesting, peatland drainage and the reduction of groundwater level, etc.","This species is included in several national Red Lists of European countries. It is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Slovakia, as Endangered (EN) in Spain and Slovenia, as Vulnerable (VU) in Romania, as 3 in Austria, as 2 in Germany and as BE in the Netherlands (Siebel et al. 2013, Ludwig and Schnittler 1996, Kubinská et al. 2001, Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012, Hodgetts 2015, Martinčič 2016). In European Russia, this species is not included in any regional Red Lists, but subpopulations have been found within numerous protected areas. Near the southern border of its European range, further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed. In the regions where oligotrophic bogs are rare, this species may need protection.","In the bogs of boreal zones, Sphagnum species and peat may be harvested for agricultural use. In some countries of eastern Europe, peat mosses are still used for building of wooden houses as a insulation material.","Englefield, E.,Hassel, K.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.","Schröck, C.,Goldberg, I.,Afonina, O.,Blom, H.,Vellak, K.,Lönnell, N.,Hodgetts, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,medium,,Sphagnum medium  ,Limpr.,"This species belonged earlier (before 2018) to a broader species concept S. magellanicum. However, by using molecular and morphological methods, S. magellanicum was split into three species S. divinum, S. medium and S. magellancum (Hassel et al. 2018). The two first occur in Europe but the last S. magellanicum do mainly occur in South America.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Sphagnum medium is, in Europe, known from the British Isles, Denmark, Estonia, Austria, Germany, Ireland, Latvia, Norway, and Sweden. The population size is probably very large and the trend is stable, at least in northern Europe. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 2,000 and 10,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 2 and 6 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 1,000 and 5,000 km² and EOO is between 1 and 4 million km². Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

There are no conservation measures needed at present.



 



",Stable,"

This species was originally described by Limpricht in 1881, and is part of what earlier was called S. magellanicum, which in 2018 was split into three different species (S. divinum, S. magellanicum, S. medium; cf. Hassel et al. 2018).

According to Hassel et al. (2018) the available information suggests that this species has an amphi-Atlantic distribution, see also Laine et al. (2018). Similar distribution patterns are shared with other Sphagnum species such as S. affine, S. angermanicum, and S. beothuk. So far genetically and morphologically confirmed material is known from: the British Isles, Denmark, Estonia, Austria, Germany, Ireland, Latvia, Norway, and Sweden. The species is recently reported from Finland (Riikka Jutinen pers. com. 2018). Outside of Europe, this species is recorded from Canada (Newfoundland and Labrador, Quebec) and the USA (Maine, New Jersey, Pennsylvania).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 2,000 and 10,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 2 and 6 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 1,000 and 5,000 km² and EOO is between 1 and 4 million km².

","The population size is probably very large and the trend is stable, at least in northern Europe.","According to Hassel et al. (2018) the main habitat for this species in northwestern Europe is ombrotrophic mires (bogs), where the species is found in open (mainly treeless) expanses with vegetation of elevated hummocks most commonly dominated by ericaceous species, and underlying, wetter hollows with Eriophorum vaginatum and Trichophorum cespitosum ssp. cespitosum as the most common vascular plants. In this mosaic community, this is a common species in hollow carpets and lawns, where it is often found growing in extensive pure mats or in mixture with other peat mosses such as S. papillosum, S. rubellum, S. balticum, S. tenellum, S. cuspidatum, and S. majus.",The destruction of the habitats of this and other peat mosses has been and is still the main threat.,"Like all species of peat mosses, this species is listed in the Habitats Directive in the updated version from 1 January 2007. The genus Sphagnum is listed on Annex V and may be so occupied with withdrawal and usage restrictions. Furthermore, the main habitat for this genus is within “Acid Moore with Sphagnum"" in Annex I, which SACs have to be designated for these habitats and are therefore under certain protection. Active raised bogs and active blanket bog are shown here even as a priority habitat types to be treated. 

The species occur in several protected areas. No conservation measures are required at present.

","This, together with other Sphagnum species, is used in peat industry, for heating and for soil improvement in the horticulture sector.","Cálix, M.,Duckett, J.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,molle,,Sphagnum molle  ,Sull.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Blushing Bog-moss (Sphagnum molle) is a suboceanic temperate species. It occurs on the Atlantic seaboard of Europe from Spain north to the Arctic Circle in Norway, and it is rare in southern Finland, the Baltic States and central Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it is rare and threatened near the edge of its range, there seems to be little or no threat in the northwest, and it is still too frequent to be considered threatened in Europe as a whole. While it must have declined, owing to the decline of wetland habitats, there is no indication that the decline is severe enough to approach the thresholds of a threatened Category.",Decreasing,"The Blushing Bog-moss (Sphagnum molle) is a suboceanic temperate species. It occurs on the Atlantic seaboard of Europe from Spain north to the Arctic Circle in Norway, and it is rare in southern Finland, the Baltic States and central Europe. Elsewhere it occurs in northeastern Turkey and the Atlantic seaboard of North America from Texas and Florida north to Newfoundland (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 2,500 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6.2 million km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, but it presumably must have declined somewhat owing to habitat destruction and degradation. However, it can occur unpredictably - e.g., on degraded (burnt and drained) raised and blanket bogs in Ireland -  so it may not have declined as much as more sensitive Sphagnum species, and habitat loss is likely to have a greater negative impact than habitat degradation (J. Denyer pers. comm. 2017).

","This species occurs in the lowlands of Ireland and northern Britain mainly on raised bogs, both where these are intact and where somewhat damaged. In southern England it is found at the transition between wet heath and valley bog, with associates such as Sphagnum compactum, S. papillosum and S. tenellum. In areas of high rainfall it grows in a variety of habitats such as damp peaty streamsides, boggy grassland and shallow blanket bogs, often on partially bare peat with Trichophorum cespitosum subsp. germanicum (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from 10 m up to 1,450 m Asl.



It is autoicous; capsules are frequent, produced in summer.","Destruction and degradation of bogs are the main threats to this species, including afforestation, commercial peat harvesting, drainage, etc.","Wetland habitats where this plant grows, especially near the edge of its range, should be preserved and managed appropriately. It should be monitored in areas where it is threatened. This specie has been assessed as Endangered in Finland, Portugal, Germany, Lithuania and Latvia, as Vulnerable in Spain, Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland, Serbia, Belarus, Estonia and Ukraine, and as Data Deficient in Slovakia and Romania. It is considered Regionally Extinct in the Czech Republic (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Vanderpoorten, A.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,nitidulum,,Sphagnum nitidulum  ,Warnst.,"According to Andrews (1941: p. 99), ""... S. nitidulum Warnst. from the Azores is evidently S. capillaceum var. tenellum (Schimp.) Andr. (= S. rubellum Wils.)."". However, this species has been considered in several checklists (e.g., Corley et al. 1982, Eggers 1982, Sjögren 2001, Gabriel et al. 2005, 2010) but its status was considered ""insufficient"" by Crosby (1999), because it was not revised since its pre-1963 publication. Besides, Vanderpoorten et al. (2011: p. 346), suggest that ""... Sphagnum nitidulum, ..., are of doubtful taxonomic status and are likely to be conspecific with the widespread ... S. rubellum ... (B. Goffinet pers. comm.)..."". The endemic taxa was considered an obscure species due to the presumed destruction of the type (Hill et al. 2006). Many of the Sphagnum species described by Warnstorf have been reduced to synonymy and a critical taxonomic revision of this species is needed. 



However, C. Sérgio and R. Gabriel have seen and photographed the type in 1991, and have recognized some constancy of features such as the stem colour (yellowish-pink), that reappears in several collections over time (LISU, AZU). All the seen samples are taken from the type locality (fumaroles, Furnas do Enxofre). In MOBOT there is a register made by William D. Reese (MO-2465) in Vermont-Lamoille (USA), which could be an erroneous reference of the species. It is thus important thatS. nitidulum is subject to molecular analysis to understand its true taxonomic nature.",Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),EU28,,"The moss Sphagnum nitidulum is endemic to the Azores, and is known only from a very small area in Terceira Island. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 12 km2), it occurs at only one location, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to ongoing threats. There is reason to believe that the species is sensitive to habitat degradation, which is occurring mainly due to the effects of invasive alien species expansion, the increase of tourism and recreational activities and also the building of secondary roads and increased nitrification of soil and water systems. Land-use change, particularly at the margins of its natural habitat, either to increase grasslands or the plantation of exotic species is also a threat for the survival of this species. 



Immediate conservation action is recommended to avoid the extinction of this extremely rare species, and ex-situ conservation should be considered. Eventually it will be useful to consider recovery and/or benign introduction of this species. In addition, research is needed on the population size and trends, the species' habitats, ecology and threats. Proper management of the main habitat is also recommended, focusing on the removal of invasive species, avoidance of clear-cutting of areas around native forests, and limitation of nitrification caused (directly or indirectly) by cattle grazing.

",Unknown,"The moss Sphagnum nitidulum is endemic to the Azores, known only from a very small area in only one of the nine islands of the archipelago (Terceira, Central Group) (Gabriel et al. 2010). Both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) are 12 km2.","This Azorean endemic Sphagnum species is extremely rare and local, being referred only to one site in Terceira Island, the well-known fumaroles ""Furnas do Enxofre"" (Warnstorf 1911). The population size is considered small since it estimated that there are fewer than 200 individual-equivalents. Taking into account that this species grows on soil, it is consider that one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is one square meter on which the species grows. In addition, 100% of the individual-equivalents are found in only one subpopulation. The population trend is unknown, but it is known not to be increasing, in spite of the plantation of a border of endemic shrubs and trees. There are still many invasive species – in particular Rubus ulmifolius growing over the Sphagnum bog.



Recent publications show that Macaronesian endemic bryophytes are suffering a decrease in population size and range due to climate change (Ferreira et al. 2016, Patiño et al. 2016). It is therefore important to monitor the trend of this small subpopulation.","This species is currently known from one single site on Terceira Island (Azores), on warm spots in the sulphurous fumaroles (""Furnas do Enxofre"") growing on soil. The collections were made around 550 m to 650 m Asl (Gabriel 1994, Gabriel et al. 2011).","This appears to be a unique species in the archipelago and in Macaronesia, being the only endemic Sphagnaceae referred for the region; so far it is only known from one site in Terceira Island. The species was found in sulfurous fumaroles, a very rare natural habitat in the Azores. Although a major touristic area, ""Furnas do Enxofre"" are currently protected inside the Natural Park of Terceira Island. The species may be sensitive to habitat degradation, which is occurring mainly due to the effects of land-use change at the margins of its natural habitat, either to increase grasslands or the plantation of exotic species (e.g., Cryptmomeria japonica), which may alter the water dynamics of the system, and also the increase in invasive alien species such as Rubus ulmifolius. The increase of tourism and recreational activities and also the building of secondary roads is also a threat for the survival of this species. Since the Azores are located on the mid-Atlantic ridge, geological events such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and landslides are likely to harm the species. An intensification of the effects of climatic change may cause damages on the stability of populations of Sphagnum nitidulum, as is occurring with other Macaronesian endemics (Patiño et al. 2016). Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of these threats and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","This species occurs in one the habitats mentioned in Annex I of the Habitats Directive (710//120-Turfeiras). Besides, in the Azores it is mentioned in the Regional Decree 15/2012, as a protected species and genus. It is currently known from only one locality, which is found in a protected area. Research is needed on the population size and trends, the species' habitats, ecology and threats. Proper management of the main habitat is recommended, focusing on the removal of invasive alien species such as Rubus ulmifolius, the plantation of endemic vegetation, and the limitation of nitrification caused (directly or indirectly) by cattle grazing. More research is needed to investigate the possibility of population fluctuations and even its permanence on the only known site of occurrence. Eventually it will be useful to consider recovery and/or benign introduction of this species. Biology and nature conservation students should be aware of bryophytes in general and rare and endemic species in particular. The nature officers, especially the ones working on Terceira Island Natural Park should receive some training to learn to recognize this species in the field and monitor it through time. Ex-situ conservation should also be considered for this species.



Taxonomic research is needed in order to clarify whether the current species concept is valid.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Köckinger, H.,Fettes, N.D.","Gabriel, R. & Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,obtusum,,Sphagnum obtusum  ,Warnst.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Obtuse Peat Moss (Sphagnum obtusum) has a wide, but scattered, distribution. In Europe, this species has an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 10.8 million km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 5 million km2. It is more frequent in Fennoscandia and the boreal zone of European Russia. Numerous subpopulations of this species are known, and in both Europe and the EU 28, the current population trend of this species is stable. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC) in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, in western and southern Europe, the subpopulations of this species are small and isolated. This species is extinct in the United Kingdom, and is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Slovakia, Hungary and Romania. The main threats for this species are the degradation of mire ecosystems due to peatland drainage for forestry and agriculture, Sphagnum species and peat harvesting, reduction of groundwater level and peatland fires. Some of the known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed. Near the southern and western border of its European range, this species needs protection.",Stable,"This is a circumpolar, boreo-arctic, montane peat moss with continental tendencies. In Europe, it has a scattered distribution throughout sub-arctic and boreal zones and it is quite rare in arctic and montane areas - it is found in Iceland and northern Europe, where it is rare in the west, but widespread in European Russia, and scattered southwards to central Europe and Bulgaria. Elsewhere, it has been found in the Caucasus, Siberia, the Russian Far East, China, Japan, North America and Greenland (Daniels and Eddy 1985, Hugonnot and Mahevas 2004, Hugonnot 2004, Ignatov et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species is from sea level to 700 m Asl.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 10.8 million km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 5 million km2.","Numerous subpopulations of this species are known. In European Russia, this species dominates in some types of plant communities of mesotrophic bogs in pools (Ignatov and Ignatova 2003). In western and southern Europe, for example in France, Germany, Serbia, Croatia, Bulgaria, the subpopulations of this species are small and isolated. In Austria, this species is known mostly by old records. This species is extinct in the United Kingdom (Blockeel et al. 2014) because of the melioration of peatlands. The species has been encountered at numerous sites in Hungary, at which it is not currently found (Szurdoki 2003). Near the southern border of its European range its subpopulations become more vulnerable, but in general, the population trend across all of Europe and the EU 28 seems to be stable.","This species grows in mats of floating vegetation of overgrown lakes, in oligotrophic to mesotrophic mires, in tundra mires and along stream or lake margins. It also grows in lawns and carpets, in wet transitional and quaking mires, and sometimes it is immersed (Savicz-Ljubitskaya and Smirnova 1968, Daniels and Eddy 1985, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Laine et al. 2009, Vellak et al. 2013). 

","The main threats for this species are the degradation of mire ecosystems due to peatland drainage for forestry and agriculture, Sphagnum species and peat harvesting, reduction of groundwater level and peatland fires, etc.","This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Slovakia, as Endangered (EN) in Hungary and Romania, as Vulnerable (VU) in Serbia, as Near Threatened (NT) in the Czech Republic, as 2 in Austria and Germany, as Data Deficient (DD) in Bulgaria and as Regionally Extinct (RE) in Great Britain (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996, Natcheva et al. 2006, Papp et al. 2010, Sabovljevic et al. 2004, Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012, Hodgetts 2015). It is also assessed in some regions of Russia - Belgorod Province (III - rare species), Lipezk Province (II - VU), Moscow Province (II - EN), Ryazan Province (II), Tula Province (II) (Prisnyi 2004, Shcherbakov 2014, Varlygina et al. 2008,  Ivanchev and Kazakova 2011, Shcherbakov 2010). Some of the known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed. Near the southern and western border of its European range, this species needs protection.",Sphagnum species and peat are widely used for agriculture.,"Górski, P.,Fettes, N.D.","Ignatov, M. & Baisheva, E.","Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,olafii,,Sphagnum olafii  ,Flatberg,,No,VU,D1,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Sphagnum olafii is a very rare species in Europe, restricted to the 'Nordenskiöld Land' area of Svalbard. There are less than 5 localities known in Europe, and no information about the current population trend. However, the population size is estimated to be between 250 and 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) and therefore this species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe. 

This species, is used in peat industry, for heating and for soil improvement in the horticulture sector. Svalbard offers only very small areas with suitable living conditions for this species, which limits is occurrences and increases the risk of extinction. The species could potentially be affected by the melting of permafrost and subsequent changes in hydrology, together with competition with other plants. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed.

This species is not found within the EU 28 and therefore it is Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"This species is, in Europe, restricted to the 'Nordenskiöld Land' area of Svalbard (Flatberg 1993, Frisvoll and Blom 1997, Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, it is found in Greenland and North America (Canada, Quebec), (Flatberg 2007, Hassel et al. 2014). It has recently been reported also from the Asian part of Russia (Chukotka Peninsula and Zabaikalsky Territory; Flatberg et al. 2016). The locality in Zabaikalsky Territory is the southernmost locality for this species which lies outside the arctic zone.

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 32 and 50 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 160 km2. The species is restricted to a quite small area, of less than five localities within Nordenskiöld Land. This species is not found within the EU 28 region.

","This species is very rare in Europe and the population is very restricted to a small area in Svalbard, with less than 5 localities within Nordenskiöld Land. There is no information about any decline in population size, and so the current population trend is unknown. The population size is estimated to be between 250 and 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for individual-equivalents).","This species grows in tundra mire of somewhat sloping terrain, where it forms small mats and low hummocks (Frisvoll and Blom 1997). According to Flatberg (2013) it prefers lime rich moss-tundra. There is no evidence of any continuing decline in habitat quality, however, the uncertainty is rather high.","Svalbard offers only very small areas with suitable living conditions for this species, which limits is occurrences and increases the risk of extinction. The species could potentially be affected by the melting of permafrost and subsequent changes in hydrology, together with competition with other plants.

","This species is in the Red List of Svalbard (Frisvoll and Blom 1997) as Vulnerable (VU), and it is known to occur in protected areas. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed.","This, together with other Sphagnum species, is used in peat industry, for heating and for soil improvement in the horticulture sector.","Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Ganeva, A.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,palustre,,Sphagnum palustre  ,L.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Blunt-leaved Bog-moss (Sphagnum palustre) is widely distributed in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Detailed information is unavailable because of confusion with Sphagnum centrale, but it is known that it is a common species in at least some areas, however, it shows a historical decline, and is probably still declining, because of habitat destruction. Thus the overall population trend is considered to be decreasing. The population size is very large, though, with the number of individual-equivalents estimated to be far above 10,000 in both Europe and the EU 28. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. At the European scale this species is not threatened, but it needs wet, nutrient-poor habitats, and therefore the most important threats are drainage, destruction of habitats and nutrient inputs. In regions where the species is rare, larger subpopulations should be protected and managed if necessary.",Decreasing,"This species is widespread in Europe except in the Mediterranean lowlands and the far north. Due to confusion with Sphagnum centrale, the distribution is not completely clear, but it is undoubtedly a common species. Globally it shows a circumpolar, boreal-temperate distribution.  According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is widespread in the  Northern Hemisphere occurring also in North America and across  northern Asia. It is found growing at elevations up to 1,600 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","Detailed information is unavailable because of confusion with Sphagnum centrale, but it is known that the population is large, and that it is a common species in at least some areas, particularly in the north and west. However, due the destruction of habitats on the European scale, it shows a historical and probably continuing decline. Thus the current population trend is considered to be decreasing. The population size is certainly far above 10,000 individual-equivalents in Europe and the EU 28. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows.","This large bog-moss occurs in different types of acid, wet and moist habitats, including fens, carrs, wet woodlands and wet meadows (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014, Laine et al. 2018). It readily colonises drainage ditches and disturbed areas. It is not characteristically a bog species. It is a shade tolerant species. In the Austria Alps, it is restricted to the lowlands, missing at higher altitudes.","At the European scale this species is not threatened. However, it needs wet, nutrient-poor habitats, and therefore the most important threats are drainage, destruction of habitats and increasing nutrient inputs leading to changes in competition.","This moss has been assessed as Vulnerable in Serbia, as Near Threatened in Portugal and Hungary and as Data Deficient in Albania (Hodgetts 2015). At the European scale no conservation measures are required at present. Further research on the population size, distribution and delimitation against Sphagnum centrale would be useful. It occurs in many protected areas, but in regions where the species is rare, larger subpopulations should be protected and managed if necessary.Like all Sphagnum species, this is listed on Annex V of the EU Habitats Directive (EEC 1992).","This species is not utilised or traded specifically, but Sphagnum as a genus is harvested and traded for horticultural purposes.","Englefield, E.,Ros-Espín, R.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,papillosum,,Sphagnum papillosum  ,Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Papillose Bog-moss (Sphagnum papillosum) is common in Great Britain, Scandinavia, and sporadically distributed in many regions of the European Russia. In Europe, this species has large range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 12 million km2. Numerous subpopulations of this species are known, and in both Europe and the EU 28, the current population trend is considered to be stable. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.



However, near the southern border of the range of this species, some subpopulations may be vulnerable. This species is considered in threatened in some countries, including Romania, Slovakia and Serbia. The main threats for this species are the degradation of mire ecosystems due to peatland drainage for forestry and agriculture, the harvesting of Sphagnum species and peat, the reduction of groundwater level and peatland fires. Further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed. This species needs protection near the south border of its European range.",Stable,"This is a circumpolar, boreo-temperate, peat moss distributed across Europe. It is found southwards to the Balkans and the Iberian Peninsula. This species is common in much of western and northern Europe and it is sporadically distributed in the boreal zone of European Russia. It was cited for Serbia by Martinčič (1968), but without a precise locality. Recent field studies did not provide new data or findings in this country (Lazarević et al. 2016). Elsewhere it is known from the Caucasus, Siberia, the Russian Far East, China, Japan, North America and Greenland (Daniels and Eddy 1985, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, McQueen and Andrus 2007, Ignatov et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species is from sea level to 1,900 m Asl.

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 12 million km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 7 million km2.","In Europe, numerous subpopulations of this species are known. If the water supply is sufficient, this species has quite high rate of increase in length and biomass productivity (Krebs et al. 2016) and often plays an important role in the overgrowing of hollows (Savicz-Ljubitzkaja and Smirnova 1968). In Great Britain and Scandinavia, this species is common (Daniels and Eddy 1985) and it seems to be stable. It is very common and abundant in Sweden and Finland (Laine et al. 2009). The overall current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. Near the southern border of the species range, some subpopulations may be vulnerable. In the temperate and forest-steppe zones of European Russia and Ukraine, many findings were made more than 50 years ago (Popova 2002).","This species is widely distributed in open oligotrophic and slightly mesotrophic bogs and boggy moorland, especially on deep wet peat. This species has also been found in poor fens, beside streams or in flushes, on the banks of overgrown lakes, in bogged pine forests, in transitional sedge and equisetum mires and in tundra bogs. It can form dense carpets and distinct  hummocks, or it occurs in flat carpets growing in hollows. In Finland, this species is regarded as an indicator of mineral water influence (NISM 2017, Daniels and Eddy 1985, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Blockeel et al. 2014).","The main threats for this species are the degradation of mire ecosystems due to peatland drainage for forestry and agriculture, the harvesting of Sphagnum species and peat, the reduction of groundwater level and peatland fires, etc.","This species is included the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Romania, as Vulnerable (VU) in Slovakia, Serbia and Slovenia, as Near Threatened (NT) in Switzerland, as 3 in Austria and Germany and as I in Poland (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996, Kubinska et al. 2001, Schnyder et al. 2004, Sabovljevic et al. 2004, Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012, Hodgetts 2015). It is also assessed in some regions of European Russia, including the Republic of Tatarstan (En), Kursk Province (2), Lipezk Province (2), Ulyanovsk Province (3 - rare species) and Kaluga Province (3) (Nazirov 2016, Zolotukhin 2002, Shcherbakov 2014, Artem'eva et al. 2015, Antokhina 2015). Some of the known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed. This species needs protection near the south border of its European range.",Sphagnum species and peat are widely used for agriculture. In some countries of eastern Europe these species are still used for building of wooden houses as an insulation material.,"Englefield, E.,Hassel, K.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.","Blom, H.,Goldberg, I.,Hodgetts, N.,Schröck, C.,Lönnell, N.,Vellak, K.,Afonina, O.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,platyphyllum,,Sphagnum platyphyllum  ,(Lindb. ex Braithw.) Sull. ex Warnst.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Flat-leaved Bog-moss (Sphagnum platyphyllum) is widely distributed, but is rare in the main part of range except Sweden and Finland. It is also known from most of regions of European Russia where its subpopulations are not large, but numerous. This species has large geographic range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 10 million km2 in Europe and the area of occupancy (AOO) is more than 4,500 km2. In the EU 28, this species has an EOO of around 5.5 million km2 and an AOO of around 3,000 km2. In both Europe and the EU 28, the overall current population trend of this species is considered to be stable. In addition, the population seems to be more than 2,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, there are local declines of quality of habitat, area of occupancy and number of subpopulations, and this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Luxembourg. The main threats for this species are the degradation of mire ecosystems due to conversion for human use, peat harvesting, fragmentation, decreasing of ground water level as a result of drainage of mires and climate change. Further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed.",Stable,"This circumpolar, boreal-montane peat moss has a scattered distribution in the boreal and mountain regions of Holarctica. In Europe, this species is known from Iceland, Fennoscandia, European Russia and it also occurs across the lowlands of western, central, and southeast Europe, becoming increasingly montane to the south. Elsewhere, it has been found in the Caucasus (Georgia), Middle Asia (Kazakhstan), Siberia, the Russian Far East, China, Japan, Greenland, North and South America (Daniels and Eddy 1985, Ignatov et al. 2006, McQueen and Andrus 2007, Oosterveld 2011, Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 2,200 m Asl.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 10 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is more than 4,500 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 5.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 3,000 km2.","This species is quite common only in Scandinavia, where numerous subpopulations are known (Laine et al. 2009). This species was considered as extinct in Netherlands, but in 2007 it was found again (BLWG and NDFF 2016). In the other parts of its European range the subpopulations of this species are isolated and not abundant, and some of them have negative subpopulation trends due to the loss of habitats, resulting in local declines of quality of habitat, area of occupancy and number of subpopulations. Despite this, the overall current population trend of this species is considered to be stable in Europe and the EU 28. The population size in Europe and the EU 28 seems to be much more than 2,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and with each individual-equivalent as 1 m2).","This species grows submerged or close to the water surfaces in wet, mesotrophic to slightly eutrophic mires, sedge-sphagnum fens, in sedge-dominated soakways, cotton grass-sedge tundras, bogged forests or mineral-rich seasonally flooded sites like the banks of streams, pools, rivers and lakes (Daniels and Eddy 1985, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Savicz-Ljubitzkaja and Smirnova 1968). This species is able to tolerate somewhat calcareous conditions (Feldmeyer-Christe et al. 2001).","The main threats for this species are the degradation of mire ecosystems due to conversion for human use, peat harvesting, fragmentation, decreasing of ground water level as a result of drainage of mires and climate change.","This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Ireland, Romania and Northern Ireland, as 3 in Austria, as 2 in Germany and Lithuania, as Mn in Belgium, as Critically Endangered (CR) in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Luxembourg and the Netherlands (Ernstig bedreigd - heavily threatened), as Vulnerable (VU) in Hungary, Serbia and Slovenia, and as rare (R) in Poland (Lockhart et al. 2012, Grims and Köckinger 1999, Kučera et al. 2012, Ludwig and Schnittler 1996, Werner 2003, Siebel et al. 2013, Sabovljevic et al. 2004, Kubinská et al. 2001, Papp et al. 2010, Rašomavičius 2007, Hodgetts 2015). It is also assessed in some regions of European Russia, such as the Republic of Bashkortostan (3 - rare species), the Republic of Tatarstan (En), Mari El Republic (3), Saratov Province (3), Ulyanovsk Province (3) amd Voronezh Province (0 - Ex) (Mirkin 2011, Nazirov 2016, Bogdanov et al. 2013, Shlyakhtin 2006,  Artem'eva et al. 2015, Agafonov 2011). 

Some of known subpopulations were found within protected areas. Further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed.

 

",This species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Vellak, K.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.","Sabovljevic, M.,Ştefănuţ, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,pulchrum,,Sphagnum pulchrum  ,(Lindb.) Warnst.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Golden Bog-moss (Sphagnum pulchrum) is mainly distributed in north-western Europe, the Baltic countries and the adjacent areas of Russia and Belarus. In Europe, this species has quite large range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 5 million km2. In the EU 28, this sub-oceanic species is common and abundant in Sweden, Finland and the United Kingdom. In both Europe and the EU 28, the current population trend is considered to be stable. In north-western Europe, numerous subpopulations of this species are known. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is rare in central Europe. In some parts of its European range, this species has a disjunct distribution due to the absence of appropriate habitat conditions causing natural rarity in the continental regions. The threats for this species include the degradation of mire ecosystems due to peatland drainage for forestry and agriculture, reduction of groundwater level and peatland fires. The distribution of this species is probably not sufficiently studied, because it can easily be overlooked due to its similar appearance with Sphagnum fallax. Near the borders of its range, further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed.",Stable,"This is a sub-oceanic, boreo-temperate peat moss, that is mainly distributed in north-western Europe, the Baltic countries and the adjacent areas of Russia and Belarus. Also, isolated localities are known in central Europe and in the East European Plain. Since 2009 (first known locality) it has been found in several new localities for Estonia (Vellak et al. 2011, Vellak et al. 2015). Elsewhere, it has been found in the Russian Far East, Japan and North America (on the East Coast, and rarely on the West Coast) (Daniels and Eddy 1985, Ignatov et al. 2006, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). The presence of this species in Romania is doubtful, because although it was published in Flora Romania Exsiccata (no. 2393), it was later revised by Plămadă (1998), as S. quinquefarium var. flexicaule (S. Ştefănuţ pers. comm. 2017). In Slovakia, this species is probably absent (Šoltés 2000). The altitudinal range of this species is from sea level to 2,000 m Asl.

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 5 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is more than 5200 km2. However, the distribution of this species is probably not sufficiently studied, because it can easily be overlooked due to its similar appearance with Sphagnum fallax (Laine et al. 2009).","In north-western Europe, numerous subpopulations of this species are known. It is very common and abundant on the sea coast of Norway, and it is common in central Sweden and Finland (Laine et al. 2009). It is common in the United Kingdom. In other parts of its European range this species has a disjunct distribution due to the absence of appropriate habitat conditions causing natural rarity in the continental regions. In continental areas, this species is quite rare, but there is no evidence of it decreasing across all of its European range. The overall current population trend is therefore considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. Some new localities of this species were recently found in Estonia, Austria (Vellak et al. 2011, Zechmeister et al. 2013, Schröck et al. 2013) and European Russia.","This species grows in a wide range of permanently moist or wet habitats, such as oligotrophic to mesotrophic mires, wet fields, alpine lawns, valley bottoms, wet woods, flushed banks, ditches and the banks of streams and hollows. It forms floating mats or dense carpets, and rarely it may be submerged in shallow pools. This species is usually found at low to moderate elevations.","The threats for this species are the degradation of mire ecosystems due to peatland drainage for forestry and agriculture, reduction of groundwater level and peatland fires, etc.

 

 

","This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as 2 in Germany, as BE in the Netherlands, as Data Deficient (DD) in Slovakia and Romania, as Vulnerable (VU) in Slovenia and as 4 in Lithuania (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996, Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012, Siebel et al. 2013, Kubinská et al. 2001, Rašomavičius 2007, Hodgetts 2015). It is also assessed in some regions of European Russia, including Leningrad Province (3 - rare species), Novgorod Province (Critically Endangered - CR), Komi Republic (3), Vologda Province (3), Tver Province (3) (Tzvelev 2000, Vetkin et al. 2015, Taskaev 2009, Konechnaya and Suslova 2004, Sorokin 2002). Some of the known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Near the borders of its range, further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Wilbraham, J.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,pylaesii,,Sphagnum pylaesii  ,Brid.,"Sphagnum pylaisii belongs to Sect. Hemitheca Lindb. ex Braithw. of the genus Sphagnum L..

It is characterized by the creeping habitus, mostly by the absence of branches in fascicles and by the poorly ramified stems, the absence of pores in the hyalocysts. The unbranched form found everywhere in Europe, belongs according some authors to the var. sedoides (Brid.) Lindb. (Daniels and Eddy 1985). The species presents a strong morphological variation.",No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Sphagnum pylaesii is know from few localities and it is very rare throughout its range and some records are often old. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 92,300 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 172 km2. There is a possibility that the plant has been overlooked and so the AOO may be an under-estimate, but it is unlikely to be greater than 500 km2. The current population trend of this species in Europe is unknown, but there is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat. In addition, it is considered to be severely fragmented. This species has therefore been assessed as Endangered in both Europe and the EU 28.

Known threats in France and Spain include the reduction and destruction of peat areas. In France, it is declining due to agricultural activities and the abandonment of land, and in Spain, the species is in decline because of habitat eutrophication. It is also affected by wind farms. Fire events and the influence of invasive alien species are also important threats.

This species is listed in the annex of the Bern Convention and in the Habitats Directive and in recent years it has been the subject of additional research, especially on their ecology and new occurrence in others areas, as well as information on types of potential threats. It seems that this species needs free space on more or less bare and regularly disturbed soil, or rocks crevices in areas with strong drainage influences. Invasive species control will be an important action. Priority should be given to targeted surveying of its historic localities, searching potential new habitats and identifying all potential threats.",Unknown,"This is an amphiatlantic species with an oceanic affinity. It is found in North America, western South America and in few western areas of Europe (Séneca and Söderström 2009). In Europe, it is known from two isolated zones in Finisterre, France and in the provinces of Coruña, Oviedo and Lugo in Spain (Brugués et al. 2007). There are historical records for this species in France (Augier 1966, Touffet 1968, Lecointe et al. 1994, Bates and Hodgetts 1995), as well as in the north of Spain (Casares 1920, Allorge 1970, Fernández Ordóñez 1987, Casas et al. 1997).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 92,300 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 172 km2. The AOO may be an under-estimate, but it is unlikely to be greater than 500 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 40 m and 690 m Asl.","This species is known in France from restricted areas, but in Spain, recent efforts have failed to find the plant at some of its historical localities (Brugués et al. 2013) as some areas of occurrence are from before 1970.

This species has only been found a few times in subpopulations greater than than 1 m2 in size, but the species is more or less well distributed in peat areas in some Brittany regions (Bensettiti et al. 2016). In these areas, the species is present in about 30 small depressions, excluding the Arrée mountains where the subpopulations are larger but in small patches of a few m2. In Spain, the subpopulations are quite big and well established and it is locally abundant. 

In Europe, the species is sterile but is possible that it has been overlooked, as the plant resembles a pleurocarpous moss. However, the species seems to be severely fragmented as the subpopulations are isolated, especially in France, and this is a poor disperser. The subpopulation may therefore go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The current population trend is unknown for Europe and the EU 28.","According to Daniels and Eddy (1985), the species develops in hollows that are subject to periodic flooding by slightly minerotrophic water. It can also be found in moist areas receiving runoff from peatlands that are moderately low in nutrients. Based on a tentative synthesis of ecological situations in Europe, Stieperaere et al. (1988) and Rodrígues-Oubiña et al. (2001) suggest that a larger study of the synecology of this species throughout its whole distribution area is required.

In France, this species is found in depressions on peat substrates of Rhynchosporion and in association with Sphagnum pylaisii and Rhynchosporetum alba. In the north of Spain, it has been found on rocks that have water running through them, and not only in peat soil (Brugués et al. 2007). In North America, specifically in the Atlantic provinces of Canada, the species mostly shows coastal occurrences (Faubert et al. 2011).

This species seems to be quite resilient, but there is a decline in the quality of the habitat in Europe.","In France and Spain, the reduction and destruction of peat areas (Bensettiti et al. 2016) poses a threat. In France, it is declining due to agricultural activities and the abandonment of land, as well as changes in the hydrological regime. Fire events and the influence of invasive alien species are also important threats.

The habitats of Spanish subpopulations were described by Rodrígues-Oubiña et al. (2001), who noted that the species is in decline because of habitat eutrophication. It is also affected by wind farms.","This species is listed in the annex of the Bern Convention and in the Habitats Directive (ECCB 1995, Hällingbäck and Hodgetts 2000), and in recent years it has been the subject of additional research, especially on their ecology and new occurrence in others areas, as well as information on types of potential threats.

It was evaluated as VU in Europe (ECCB 1995) as was known only from scarce localities. More recently, it was considered to be in danger in France (Bensettiti et al. 2016) and has been assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Spain (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012).

In Europe, the species occurs in some places that are now under protection and no longer disturbed by the extensive agro-pastoral activities and other threats. In France, it is found in the “Reserve Naturelle de Venec (Finisterre)” and in Spain, it is found in “Sierra de Xistral (Galicia)”, which is an area in the Natura 2000 network. Monitoring is taking place in France in a few sites. 

It seems that this species needs free space on more or less bare and regularly disturbed soil, or rocks crevices in areas with strong drainage influences. Invasive species control will be an important action. Priority should be given to targeted surveying of its historic localities, searching potential new habitats and identifying all potential threats.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species,"Weibull, H.,Englefield, E.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,quinquefarium,,Sphagnum quinquefarium  ,(Lindb.) Warnst.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Five-ranked Bog-moss (Sphagnum quinquefarium) is a suboceanic boreal-montane species frequent in much of Ireland and western parts of Britain, and occurring in the mountains of central and western continental Europe, reaching the Arctic in Norway. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and frequent in western areas and in mountainous areas elsewhere. It has a large and stable population, and there is no indication of any major threats. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"The Five-ranked Bog-moss (Sphagnum quinquefarium) is a suboceanic boreal-montane species frequent in much of Ireland and western parts of Britain, and occurring in the mountains of central and western continental Europe, reaching the Arctic in Norway. It is discontinuously circumpolar, with scattered occurrences in western and central Asia, eastern Asia, and western and eastern North America (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 4,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8.6 million km².",This is a frequent and widespread species with a large population (although no details are known) and no evidence of decline. The current  population trend is therefore considered to be stable.,"Unlike most species of Sphagnum, this species almost always grows on relatively dry well-drained ground, chiefly in woods, but also on stream banks, block-strewn mountainsides and heathery slopes, where shaded or well sheltered. Tufts or more extensive patches are often mixed with Calluna vulgaris and Vaccinium myrtillus. Common bryophyte associates in Britain and Ireland are Scapania gracilis, Dicranum majus, D. scoparium, Pleurozium schreberi and Sphagnum capillifolium. In Germany, it occurs mainlyin moist coniferous forests, on slopes, shaded rock outcrops, in block scree and under dwarf shrubs, where associates includeS. palustre, S. capillifolium, S. russowii, S. angustifolium and Plagiothecium undulatum. Its altitudinal range is from 10 m up to 2,255 m Asl.



It is autoicous; capsules are occasional, ripening in August and September (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeelet al. 2014).",There are no known threats to this species.,No conservation measures are required at present. It has been assessed as Vulnerable in Hungary and Estonia (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Ros-Espín, R.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,recurvum,,Sphagnum recurvum  ,P.Beauv.,"According to Crum (1997), Sphagnum recurvum andS. flexuosum are synonymous but this notion is rejected by the flora of North America. In Europe the Sphagnum recurvum complex consists of a group of five closely related and similar species (Sastad and Flatberg 1994), but S. recurvum in the strict sense was not thought to occur in Europe (Hill et al. 2006) until 2009 (Dias et al. 2009).",No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



In Europe,Sphagnum recurvum occurs only in Terceira Island (Azores), where it is not known to produce sporophytes. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are 8 km2), it occurs at only two locations, and a continuing decline is inferred in the extent and quality of the habitat. There is reason to believe that the species is sensitive to habitat degradation, which is occurring mainly due to the effects of invasive alien species expansion (especially Rubus ulmifolius), the increased nitrification of soil and water systems and land-use change, particularly at the margins of its natural habitat, either to increase grasslands or the plantation of exotic species. An intensification of the effects of climatic change may also have negative effects on the population. Proper management of the main habitat is recommended, focusing on the removal of invasive alien species, avoidance of clear-cutting of areas around native forests, and limitation of nitrification caused (directly or indirectly) by cattle grazing. Research is needed on the population size and trends, the species' habitats, ecology and threats.",Decreasing,"Sphagnum recurvum is widespread across Asia, South and North America, Europe and New Zealand. This is considered one of the most common species of Sphagnum in the coastal plain of the southeastern United States (Anderson et al. 2009), and might have reached the Azores on its own. In Europe the Sphagnum recurvum complex consists of a group of five closely related and similar species (Sastad and Flatberg 1994), but S. recurvum in the strict sense was not thought to occur in Europe (Hill et al. 2006) until 2009 (Dias et al. 2009). Presently, this species has been recorded on Terceira Island in the Azores Archipelago (Dias et al. 2009, Gabriel et al. 2010) where its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 8 km2.

","In Europe, this moss is currently restricted to Terceira Island (Dias et al. 2009, Gabriel et al. 2010). Sporophytes are unknown in the archipelago. The current population trend is suspected to be decreasing, due to the effects of habitat loss and degradation, spread of invasive alien species and the impact of climate change on native vegetation (Ferreira et al. 2016, Patiño et al. 2016, Vergílio et al. 2016). Since this species grows on the soil, one individual-equivalent (i.e. mature individual) is considered to be one square meter on which the species grows. It is estimated that there are less than 10,000 individual-equivalents. 

","This species is usually found in bogs, hummocks or on wet ground under coniferous forests. It forms carpets in a variety of very poor to  poor fen habitats, including sedge fens (McQueen and Andrus 2006, FNA 2007), pocosins and bay swamps at low to  moderate elevations. In Terceira Island the species was identified in two Sphagnum dominated peatlands, from medium (550 m Asl) to moderate elevations (800 m Asl) (Dias et al. 2009). 

","The species is found in peatlands, which are protected habitats under the EU Habitats Directive. This species may be sensitive to habitat degradation, which is occurring mainly due to the effects of land-use change at the margins of its natural habitat, either to increase grasslands or the plantation of exotic species (e.g., Cryptmomeria japonica). The expansion of invasive alien species such as Hedychium gardnerianum and Rubus ulmifolius may also hinder its natural distribution in the Azores. Changes in water dynamics of the system, due to the nitrogen addition on neighbouring grasslands and water exhaustion due to plantations may hinder the permanence of the species in the Azores. Since the archipelago is located on the mid-Atlantic ridge, geological events such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and landslides are likely to harm existing subpopulations of the species. An intensification of the effects of climatic change may also cause damage to the species, as is occurring with several Macaronesian endemics (Patiño et al. 2016). Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of these threats and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only two locations.","This species occurs in one the Habitats included in Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive (710//120-""Turfeiras""). Besides, in the Azores the genus Sphagnum is protected, as mentioned in the Regional Decree 15/2012. Currently it is known from only two subpopulations on Terceira Island, but it is present in one protected area. Proper management of the main habitat is recommended, focusing on the limitation of nitrification caused (directly or indirectly) by cattle grazing, the stabilization of loss of habitat, the removal of invasive alien species such as Hedychium gardnerianum and Rubus ulmifolius and the plantation of endemic vegetation around the fens where it occurs. Research into subpopulation sizes and changes is recommended. Biology and nature conservation students should be made aware of bryophytes in general and rare species in particular; Sphagnum mosses are relatively easy to recognize in the field, and their role in water retention should be acknowledged. The officers working on Terceira Island Natural Park should receive some training to learn to recognize this species in the field and monitor it through time.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Köckinger, H.,Fettes, N.D.","Gabriel, R. & Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,riparium,,Sphagnum riparium  ,Ångstr.,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Cleft Bog-moss (Sphagnum riparium) is common in northern Europe, becoming scattered and rare southwards to the Alps and the northern European plain. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 10,000 and 15,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 7,900 km2 and the EOO is ca 4 millions km2. It seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution northern and main area in Europe. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern in Europe.

However, within the EU 28, and especially in central Europe, there has been a strong, continuing decline. Since this species has a long generation time (ca 16.7 years), the population within the EU 28 has declined between 20 and 30% over the last three generations. Therefore, within the EU 28, this species is assessed as Near Threatened, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion A2c.

This species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Bulgaria, Hungary and Slovenia. This species is threatened in those areas in the European lowlands which are intensively cultivated. Beside habitat loss, dehydration, eutrophication and nitrogen deposition are also some of the threat factors. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed.

",Unknown,"This species has a circumpolar boreal-montane distribution. It is common in northern Europe, becoming scattered and rare southwards to the Alps and the northern European plain. This species is mainly present in continental interiors and the boreal zone, and is uncommon in the arctic. However, it has recently also been found in Svalbard (Wojtuń 2007). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 10 m to 940 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North America and Asia (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 10,000 and 15,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 7,900 km2 and the EOO is ca 4 millions km2.

","In northern Europe, this species is very widespread and locally abundant. In the Nordic countries, it is common to very common, abundant, displaying a slight continental tendency. However, in central and eastern Europe, the species is rare in most countries, such as Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Slovakia, Slovenia and Switzerland. The current population trend in the north is unknown. The overall current population trend is unknown for Europe. However, there has been a historic strong population decline in central Europe and the species is considered to be decreasing in the EU 28. Since this species has a long generation time (ca 16.7 years), the population within the EU 28 has declined between 20 and 30% over the last three generations.","In the north, this species is typically found in weakly to moderately base-rich springs, flushes and in poor but very wet fens (Flatberg 2013). In the United Kingdom, this species is most often found on swampy ground and at the edge of pools, semi-submerged in water. It also occurs in springs, ditches, boggy grassland and streamside flushes. The places where it grows are generally unremarkable. This species is usually associated with Sphagnum fallax and S. palustre (Jones et al. 2006).","As for most of the Sphagnum species, this species has a strong preference for undisturbed, high quality habitats. As a result, this species is threatened in those areas in the European lowlands which are intensively cultivated. Beside habitat loss, dehydration, eutrophication and nitrogen deposition are also some of the threat factors.","This species is assessed in the Red List of Austria as 2, in the Netherlands as BE, in Bulgaria, Hungary and Slovenia as Critically Endangered (CR), in Switzerland as Data Deficient (DD), in Belgium as Mn and in Slovakia and Svalbard as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015, Frisvoll and Blom 1997). 

The species is known to occur in several protected areas. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed.","This, together with other Sphagnum species, is used in peat industry, for heating and for soil improvement in the horticulture sector.","Hodgetts, N.,During, H.,Fettes, N.D.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,rubellum,,Sphagnum rubellum  ,Wilson,"Several authors don't recognize this taxa as a separate species and consider it as a variety of Sphagnum capillifolium var. rubellum. It may hybridize with Sphagnum capillifolium subsp. capillifolium, but intermediates are much less frequent than the parent taxa (Blockeel et al. 2014). The taxonomy and distribution of this taxa need clarification (Ignatov and Ignatova 2003).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Red Bog-moss (Sphagnum rubellum) is distributed in the boreal and temperate zones of the Holarctic. It is frequent in south-western coastal areas of Norway, Sweden and Finland, and is widely distributed in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. This species has a large geographic range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe estimated to be around 12 million km2. In the EU 28, this EOO is estimated to be around 6 million km2. The population trend seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28, and numerous subpopulations of this species are known. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, in central and southeast Europe, this species is quite rare. The possible threats to this species include the degradation of mire ecosystems due to peatland drainage for forestry and agriculture, harvesting of Sphagnum species and peat, reduction of groundwater level and peatland fires, etc. Further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed. In the regions where mires are rare and vulnerable, this species may need protection.",Stable,"This is a circumpolar peat moss that is distributed in the boreal and temperate zones of the Holarctic. It is more abundant in warmer, more sub-oceanic regions and does not reach the mires in the forest-steppe zone. In Europe, it is frequent in south-western coastal areas of Norway, Sweden and Finland. Elsewhere, it has been found in the Caucasus, Siberia, the Far East, China, India, Japan, Greenland, North and South America (Daniels and Eddy 1985, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Ignatov et al. 2006, Hodgetts 2015). The distribution of this species is not well known because a lot of specimens refer to Sphagnum capillifolium. For instance, in the United Kindom, subsp. capillifolium and subsp. rubellum have not been recorded with sufficient consistency to be mapped separately (Blockeel et al. 2014).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 12 million km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 6 million km2. The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 2,200 m Asl.","Numerous subpopulations of this species are known. The population trend seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. This species is frequent in Sweden and Finland, but it is rare in the lake district in Finland and it is absent in northern parts of the countries (Laine et al. 2009). It is widely distributed in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania (Vellak et al. 2013, Abolin' 1968, Jukoniene 2003). In central and southeast Europe, this species is quite rare.","This species grows in oligotrophic and slightly mesotrophic mires, forming extensive carpets and low hummocks. It is common in drier parts of mires, on damp heath, in open, acidic woodland, in tundra mires, and more rarely, on mountains above the timber line (NISM 2017, Savicz-Ljubitzkaja and Smirnova 1968, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Daniels and Eddy 1985).","The possible threats to this species include the degradation of mire ecosystems due to peatland drainage for forestry and agriculture, harvesting of Sphagnum species and peat, reduction of groundwater level and peatland fires, etc.","This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as G in Germany, as 3 in Austria, as Vulnerable (VU) in Luxembourg, as Near Threatened (NT) in Switzerland, Serbia and Slovenia, and it is also assessed in some regions of Russia, including as 3 (rare species) in both Mari El Republic and Ulyanovsk Province (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996, Grims and Köckinger 1999, Werner 2003, Schnyder et al. 2004, Sabovljevic et al. 2004, Hodgetts 2015, Bogdanov et al. 2013, Artem'eva et al. 2015). Some known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed. In the regions where mires are rare and vulnerable, this species may need protection.",Sphagnum species and peat are widely used for agriculture.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Vellak, K.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,rubiginosum,,Sphagnum rubiginosum  ,Flatberg,,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Sphagnum rubiginosum is only known from Norway in Europe, where it is widely distributed. In Europe the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 500 and 600 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 143,000 km2. Very little information is known about the total population size of this species, and the current population trend is unknown. However, there are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe. No conservation measures are required at present.

This species does not occur within the EU 28, and so it is Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species has only been found in Norway. This species was previously reported in Finland, which later proved to be incorrect. In Norway, it is widely distributed. According to BFNA (2007) this species is also found in North America (Alaska, Canada and USA).

In Europe the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 500 and 600 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 143,000 km2. This species does not occur within the EU 28.

","Very little information is known about the total population size of this species, and the current population trend is unknown in Europe, although there is no indication of any decrease.","The majority of the known records in Norway of this species are from western and northern exposed, often steep slopes, in humid spruce (Picea abies) forests. Here, this species often forms extensive mats covering the ground floor as the sole peat-moss or together with S. girgensohnii and S. quinquefarium. This species also sometimes grows mixed with S. russowii. Other habitats in spruce forests include rock and boulder faces in shaded habitats. In coastal areas of western Norway, this species has also been found in humid Pinus sylvestris and Betula pubescens forests (Flatberg 1993).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.",It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas. No conservation action is needed at present.,"This, together with other Sphagnum species, is used in peat industry, for heating and for soil improvement in the horticulture sector.","Aleffi, M.,Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,russowii,,Sphagnum russowii  ,Warnst.,"This species is associated with Sphagnum centrale, S. fallax, S. fimbriatum, S. girgensohnii, and S. squarrosum. Because of its not particularly distinct phenotype as well its strong tendency to produce hemiisophyllous stem leaves, S. russowii is probably the most frequently misidentified Sphagnum  species. The combination of the flat, stellate capitulum, unranked  branch leaves, and lingulate stem leaf will usually suffice to identify  it. S. capillifolium has a rounded capitulum and a pointed stem leaf while S. subtile also has a rounded capitulum but a shorter and more triangular stem leaf. In montane and arctic mires it can be confused with S. warnstorfii  but the latter usually has conspicuously 5-ranked branch leaves (Krzakowa et al. 1995, Munin and Fuertes 1998, Flatberg et al. 2006).



As one  might expect in such a widespread and common species, the characters  can vary considerably. For example, one regularly finds plants that are  consistent in every respect with the description except that they lack  stem cortical pores. Some stem leaves have almost no septations in the  hyaline cells while other forms have most of the cells septate. As with  similar variation in the likewise common S. fuscum, there is no consistent pattern and so taxonomic recognition of the variants is unwarranted.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



In Europe, Russow's Bog-moss (Sphagnum russowii) is common in the northern countries, but tends to retreat to the mountains in central and southern Europe. Nonetheless, it is widespread in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. This species can be sensitive to the destruction or degradation of wetlands and at least some local declines have occurred, but it shows a high capacity to colonise new areas, which limits the threat to its survival. It also uses other types of habitats. Thus it is considered to have an overall stable current population trend, and is assessed as Least Concern. More investigation should be undertaken so as to quantify the potential effects of horticultural use on this species.",Stable,"In Europe, this species is common in the northern countries, but tends to retreat to the mountains in central and southern Europe. It ranges from Spain, Italy and Bulgaria in the south to Iceland, Norway (except Svalbard) and arctic Russia in the north, and from Portugal and Ireland in the west to Russia in the east (Hölzer 2010). It is absent from Macaronesia, Moldova, Greece, and some smaller Mediterranean countries and territories (Hodgetts 2015). Elsewhere it is widespread in northern Asia, North America and Greenland. It is found growing at elevations between 100 m and 2,600 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","At least some local declines have occurred, as its status of Endangered in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013) implies a continuing decline in both habitat and number of locations or subpopulations. As these populations are at the western edge of its distribution in Europe, this might cause a decrease in extent of occurrence. On the other hand, subpopulations in Germany and Switzerland are considered stable (Schnyder et al. 2004, Meinunger and Schröder 2007), and the species is listed as Least Concern in the majority of countries with a national Red List, which tends to indicate an overall stable current population trend.","This species is usually found on wet acidic, humic soil or peat in bogs and on the  margins of mires and in open areas of poor to rich fens. It also occurs in boreal forest and wet woodland. It easily colonises newly suitable, secondary ecosystems (Hölzer 2010).","Due to its ecology, this species is sensitive to the degradation and destruction of wetlands. Nevertheless, as it has good colonisation abilities, the impact of this threat is limited. The impact of harvest for horticultural use is unknown.","The species has been assessed as Endangered in Luxembourg, Hungary and Portugal, as Vulnerable in Serbia and as Near Threatened in Ireland and Switzerland (Sérgio et al. 2013, Hodgetts 2015). As with all Sphagnum species, S. russowii is protected in Switzerland under the ""Ordinance on the Protection of Nature and Cultural Heritage"" (The Swiss Federal Council 1991). Most peat bogs in this country are also under national protection (BAFU 2015). The species is considered as depending on this protection in the Swiss Red list of Bryophytes (Schnyder et al. 2004). Also like all Sphagnum species, it is listed on Annex V of the EU Habitats Directive (EEC 1992). In Portugal, the species occurs in two protected areas, the Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela and the Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês, as well as the two Natura 2000 sites of the same names (Sérgio et al. 2013). More investigation should be undertaken so as to quantify the potential effects of horticultural use on this species.","Like all Sphagnum species, S. russowii is used in horticulture as a decorative floral accessory and a growth substrate for other plant species (Pouliot et al. 2015). However the extent of use, sale and the impact of this off take/cultivation is unknown. T","Mazimpaka, V.,Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.","Baudraz, M.E.A. & Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,skyense,,Sphagnum skyense  ,Flatberg,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Skye Bog-moss (Sphagnum skyense) is a hyperoceanic temperate species endemic to Britain (northwestern Scotland and central Wales) and southern and western Ireland. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is now known to be fairly widespread in the west of Britain and in Ireland. In addition, there is no evidence of decline or major threats, but it remains scarce. No specific actions are needed at present.",Stable,"The Skye Bog-moss (Sphagnum skyense) is a hyperoceanic temperate species endemic to Britain (northwestern Scotland and central Wales) and southern and western Ireland (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 300 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 149,000 km².","This is a scarce plant, but some subpopulations are reasonably large, and it is estimated there are more than 1,000 mature individuals. There is no evidence of decline and the current population trend is considered stable.","The colourful tufts of this robust and handsome plant are found on steep heathy and grassy slopes in areas of high rainfall, mainly where north-facing. The communities in which it occurs are varied and often species-rich, including large liverworts of the ‘northern hepatic mat’ assemblage. A characteristic associate is Breutelia chrysocoma, and it is also sometimes mixed with Campylopus setifolius and Herbertus stramineus. In Ireland, it has been found with Hymenophyllum wilsonii and various ‘northern hepatic mat’ liverworts (Lockhart et al. 2012), but some of its sites, for example in the Ox Mountains, are not nearly so rich. Its altitudinal range is from 30 m up to 710 m Asl.



Sex organs have not been found (Blockeelet al. 2014).","There are no obvious threats at present, but anything, such as overgrazing (e.g., in Ireland, where stocking rates have declined but habitat decline continues) that might interfere with the integrity of the vegetation on the steep turf might be detrimental.",No specific actions are needed at present. It has been assessed as Data Deficient in Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012). It is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Ros-Espín, R.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,squarrosum,,Sphagnum squarrosum  ,Crome in Hoppe,"In its typical robust form with strongly squarrose branch leaves, Sphagnum squarrosum  is unmistakeable. Smaller forms such as occur in the higher mountains  may be difficult to identify accurately without careful examination of  microscopic details. In the tundra there sometimes occur large, terete  forms of S. squarrosum but these are usually considerably more robust than S. teres.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 



The Spiky Bog-moss (Sphagnum squarrosum) is widely distributed in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Although some local declines are reported, the current population trend of this common species seems to be stable. It might be affected by the degradation of wetland and humid habitats, mainly through agricultural impacts, but these are expected to remain low, owing to its use of several habitat types and a good colonisation capacity. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This species ranges from Iceland, Norway (including Svalbard) and arctic Russia in the north to Italy and Greece in the south, and from the Azores, Portugal and Ireland in the west to Russia in the east, missing only from a few of the smaller Mediterranean countries and territories (Hodgetts 2015). It is a widespread species across Asia, North Africa, North America andin New Zealand (Hölzer 2010). It is found growing from sea level up to 2,300 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","Little information about the population trend is available for this common species, yet insights can be inferred from some of its national assessments. A continuing decline is occurring in both Spain and Portugal (Garilleti and Albertos 2012, Sérgio et al. 2013) and its classification as threatened in several other countries implies other locally decreasing trends, but in general, at the European scale, the current population trend is considered to be stable. In the Netherlands, it seems to be benefiting from the recent increase in nitrogen deposition (H. During pers. comm. 2017). 



","This species forms loose carpets in damp or wet, acidic, shady to moderately light-exposed habitats, such as in wet swampy forests, intermediate fens and stream margins or springs. It never occurs in peat bogs (Hölzer 2010).It can be found from the lowlands to the subalpine area.","The species is expected to be sensitive to the degradation of wetlands and fens. However, it efficiently colonises and uses other types of habitats, which ought to buffer this effect. Effects of harvest for horticultural use are expected to be low, as this species does not occur in peat bogs.","The species has been assessed as Endangered in Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013), as Vulnerable in Spain, Montenegro and Serbia, and as Near Threatened in Luxembourg and Hungary (Hodgetts 2015). In Portugal, the species is present in the Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela protected area, and in the Natura 2000 site of the same name. In Switzerland, the species is protected nationwide, as all Sphagnum species (BAFU 2015, The Swiss Federal Council 1991). In this country, it is considered to be dependant on the federal protection of wetlands for its survival (Schnyder et al. 2004). As the quality of wetlands is still decreasing (Fischer et al. 2015) there may still be some threat.Like all Sphagnum species, this is listed on Annex V of the EU Habitats Directive (EEC 1992).","As it does not grow in bogs, it is not affected by peat exploitation. This species is not utilized or traded specifically, but Sphagnum as a genus is harvested and traded for horticultural purposes.","Cálix, M.,Patiño, J.","Baudraz, M.E.A. & Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,strictum,,Sphagnum strictum  ,Sull.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Pale Bog-moss (Sphagnum strictum) is generally a rare species in Europe, but is common in parts of Scotland and Norway. It has a wide geographic distribution, with an area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe estimated to be between 2,500 and 3,000 km2 and an extent of occurrence (EOO) of around 3 million km2. The geographic distribution of this species is also large in the EU 28, with an AOO of ca 1,184 km2 and an EOO of ca 1.2 million km2. The population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28 and there are no major threats to the species. In addition, its population size is estimated to be larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in both regions, and it is likely to be under-recorded. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern for Europe and the EU 28.

However, there are some localized threats from plantations in the United Kingdom, and this species is considered threatened in Germany and Iceland. Even so, no conservation action is needed at present.",Stable,"This species has a oceanic temperate distribution. It is found in Denmark, Iceland, Norway, southern Sweden (Andersson et al. 1986), United Kingdom (Daniels and Eddy 1985) and also recently in Germany (Frahm 2009, Hesse 2009). This species is very rare, except in Scotland, where it is widespread, and in western Norway, where it is common. In the United Kingdom, this species is almost exclusively western, growing in districts with high rainfall (Blockeel et al. 2014). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in North America (BFNA 2007) and Central Africa (O'Shea 2006).



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 2,500 and 3,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 1,184 km2 and the EOO is ca 1.2 million km2. The altitudinal range of this species is between 20 and 560 m Asl.","The species more or less rare all over Europe, however, very little information about the total population size is known. In the United Kingdom, there is an apparent slight decline in western Scotland due to many of its localities being planted with conifers. This species is still frequent on Rum, where it was found in 15 tetrads between 2000 and 2006 (Pearman et al. 2008). However it is under-recorded.

In Denmark, the species has only been recorded in one locality at a ditch, but it has not been seen again since 1953. In Sweden, it only occurs along the west coast but it is under-recorded. In Iceland, there is only one locality recorded. In the United Kingdom and Norway, there are hundreds of localities recorded. In Norway the subpopulations seem to be stable. The overall population trend of this species seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In both regions, its population size is larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent), and the population is not severely fragmented.","In the United Kingdom, this species grows on moist peaty banks, in oligotrophic flush bogs, on shallow blanket bogs and in wet heaths, almost invariably among Molinia caerulea and often with Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix, Myrica gale and Sphagnum tenellum. The habitat is rather similar to that of S. compactum, and similarly, this species may also be favored by disturbance. It normally grows in well-illuminated situations but can persist for several years in shade beside ditches and under trees in young forestry plantations. In Sweden, the habitat preference is very much the same as in the United Kingdom, however it has never been found in bogs. This species also grows in coastal birch forests in Norway.","In the United Kingdom, this species has experienced a slight decline due to the plantation of conifers. There are no other known major threats to the species that impact it across its whole distribution.","This species is included in several national Red Lists. In Germany, it has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR), in Iceland as Endangered (EN) (Hodgetts 2015), and in Ireland and Northern Ireland as Data Deficient (DD) (Lockhart et al. 2012). This species is known to occur in protected areas.

No conservation action is needed.","This, together with other Sphagnum species, is used in peat industry, for heating and for soil improvement in the horticulture sector.","Schröck, C.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,subfulvum,,Sphagnum subfulvum  ,Sjörs,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Sphagnum subfulvum has mainly been found in northern Europe, as well as the mountains of central and southern Europe. This species is used in peat industry, for heating and for soil improvement in the horticulture sector. The current population trend is probably stable and the population size is large in both Europe and the EU 28. This species has a large geographic range. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 6,000 and 8,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2.6 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 5,300 km2 and the EOO is ca 1.8 million km2. Although in central and southern Europe, this species is threatened by habitat change from drainage and eutrophication, there are no major threats to this species in northern Europe. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Estonia, Switzerland and Bulgaria. In central and southern Europe, this species needs land protection, or some other kind of protection, especially against ditching, eutrophication and other activities that can dehydrate the habitat of the species. In Austria, grazing intensity should be managed in order to prevent trampling and soil erosion. Further research is required on the population size, distribution and trends.

",Stable,"This species is boreal to hemiboreal, and has mainly been found in northern Europe from Norway in the west to Estonia and northern Russia (Flatberg 2013, Ignatov et al. 2006). In central and southern Europe, it is mainly occurring in the mountains, for example in Bulgaria, Poland and Switzerland, where it is rare. This species is also reported from Austria, Italy and Romania (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, it is also found in Siberia (Ignatov et al. 2006) and North America (McQueen and Andrus 2006). This species is therefore not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 6,000 and 8,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2.6 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 5,300 km2 and the EOO is ca 1.8 million km2.

","In the Nordic countries, this species is rare in the south (Andersson et al. 1986), but is fairly common to very common in the north where the species is stable. In Finland, this species has probably decreased in the south, but is common in north, and it is stable in Finland as a whole (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). On the continent this species is rare to very rare (Hodgetts 2015). The overall current population trend is probably stable and the population size is large in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows in the Nordic countries in slightly soligenous, often topogenous, intermediate fens, both at the mire expanse and mire margins, sometimes close to mire brooks (Flatberg 1985, Sjörs 1944). It is considered an species found in aapa mires, a broad wetland with open areas in its centre (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017).","In northern Europe, there are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. In central and southern Europe, it is threatened by habitat change caused by drainage and eutrophication. However in the north, since this is an aapa mire species, the habitat is not threatened.","This species has been nationally assessed in Estonia as Endangered (EN), in Poland as rare (R), and in Switzerland and Bulgaria as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in several protected areas in northern Europe.

In central and southern Europe, this species needs land protection, or some other kind of protection, especially against ditching, eutrophication and other activities that can dehydrate the habitat of the species. In Austria, grazing intensity should be managed in order to prevent trampling and soil erosion. Further research is required on the population size, distribution and trends.","This, together with other Sphagnum species, is used in peat industry, for heating and for soil improvement in the horticulture sector.","Patiño, J.,Cálix, M.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,subnitens,,Sphagnum subnitens  ,Russow &amp; Warnst.,Sphagnum  subnitens var. subnitens is relatively common and widespread; var. ferrugineum Flatberg is much rarer and more restricted to oceanic areas and the Alps.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Lustrous Bog-moss (Sphagnum subnitens) is a suboceanic boreo-temperate species. It is common in most of Europe but becomes rare in the north and east and montane in the south. In Macaronesia, it occurs in the Azores and Madeira. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it is considered rare and threatened in some countries, these are all near the edge of its natural range. It is secure, stable and not decreasing in its main areas of distribution and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"The Lustrous Bog-moss (Sphagnum subnitens) is a suboceanic boreo-temperate species. It is common in most of Europe but becomes rare in the north and east and montane in the south. In Macaronesia, it occurs in the Azores and Madeira. Elsewhere it occurs in western Asia and North Africa. It is probably introduced in western North America and New Zealand (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 5,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 16 million km².","There is no evidence of any decline, and overall current population trend of this species is stable.","This is one of the less acid-demanding species of Sphagnum, occurring in a wide range of habitats including boggy grassland, marshes, fens, runnels, ditches, flushed banks, moist rock ledges and wet woodland. It often grows towards the edge of base-rich flushes, replacing the ‘brown mosses’ that are found in the centre. In marl-rich fen, it frequently occupies the top or sides of tussocks of Molinia caerulea and Schoenus nigricans, above the main calcareous influence. In the drier parts of Britain and Ireland, it rarely grows with Sphagnum capillifolium, which prefers more acid ground with less water movement. However, the ecological distinction becomes blurred in the north and west, where the two species often occur together on ombrotrophic bogs, as well as in flushes and on rocky slopes. In continental Europe it also grows in minerotrophic bog forests. Other frequent associates include S. warnstorfii, S. subsecundum, S. teres, S. palustre, S.  papillosum, Aulacomnium palustre, Campylium stellatum and Scorpidium cossonii. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 2,100 m Asl.



It is autoicous; capsules are common in late summer (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeelet al. 2014).

",There are no known major threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species has been assessed as Endangered in Ukraine, as Vulnerable in Germany, the Netherlands, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Serbia and Madeira, as Near Threatened in Luxembourg, as 'highly endangered' in Austria, and as Data Deficient in Slovakia, Albania and Hungary (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.","Sphagnum growing in bogs or wet woodland is often collected for horticultural purposes, and presumably S. subnitens is sometimes included.","Ros-Espín, R.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,subsecundum,,Sphagnum subsecundum  ,Nees in Sturm.,"Despite the fact that this species has been attributed to disjunct ranges that include all major continents (literature reports have placed this species in North and South America (Crum 1984), Africa (Eddy 1985), southeast Asia (Eddy 1977), New Guinea (Eddy 1977), and New Zealand (Sainsbury 1955)), phylogenetic analyses suggest that this species  is actually restricted to Europe and eastern North America (Shaw et al. 2008).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Cow-horn Bog-moss (Sphagnum subsecundum) is widely distributed in the southern part of the arctic zone and in the boreal zone, as well as in the mountains of central and southern Europe. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 16 million km2. In the EU 28, this species is scattered, but has a wide distribution, with an EOO of around 8.5 million km2. It is locally common in Sweden and Finland, being more rare towards the south. The current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28, and numerous subpopulations of this species are known. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in Luxembourg, Hungary and Serbia. The main threats for this species include the degradation of mire ecosystems due to peat harvesting, peatland drainage for forestry and agriculture, reduction of groundwater level and peatland fires. Further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed.",Stable,"In Europe, this peat moss is widely distributed in the southern part of the arctic zone and in the boreal zone, as well as in the mountains of central and southern Europe. It is frequent in the boreal and temperate regions of European Russia and in the Urals, and isolated localities have been found in the mires of the forest-steppe zone. Elsewhere, this species is known from the Caucasus, Middle Asia, Siberia, the Russian Far East, China, Japan and North America (Daniels and Eddy 1985, Ignatov et al. 2006, Hodgetts 2015). However, the actual distribution needs clarification due to recent taxonomic analyses (see taxonomic notes). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from sea level to 2,400 m Asl.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 16 million km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 8.5 million km2. However, it should be noted that these are very rough estimates for the EOO of this species.","Numerous subpopulations of this species are known. The current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. This species is locally common in Sweden and Finland, being more rare towards the south, although in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, it is sparsely distributed (Vellak et al. 2013, Abolin' 1968, Jukoniene 2003).","This species grows in mesotrophic to slightly eutrophic transitional mires, fens and quagmires, near the edges of open, poor fens, on wet ground in the overgrowing ditches and careers, along stream-sides or on wet, peaty slopes, though usually avoiding areas of dense shade. This species is typical for early successional stages of mire forming. It is found at low to moderately high elevations (Daniels and Eddy 1985, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003).","The main threats for this species are the degradation of mire ecosystems due to peat harvesting, peatland drainage for forestry and agriculture, reduction of groundwater level and peatland fires, etc.","This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as Near Threatened in Ireland and Slovenia, as Data Deficient in the Azores and Sicily, as 3 in Austria and Germany, as Endangered (EN) in Luxembourg, as EB in the Netherlands, and as Vulnerable (VU) in Hungary and Serbia (Lockhart et al. 2012, Grims and Köckinger 1999, Ludwig and Schnittler 1996, Werner 2003, Siebel et al. 2013, Papp et al. 2010, Sabovljevic et al. 2004, Hodgetts 2015). It is also assessed in some regions of Russia, such as the Belgorod Province (3 - rare species), Tula Province (VU) and Moscow City (3) (Prisnyi 2004, Shcherbakov 2010, Samoilov and Morozov2011). Some of the known subpopulations were found within protected areas. Further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Marka, J.","Ignatov, M. & Baisheva, E.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,tenellum,,Sphagnum tenellum  ,(Brid.) Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Soft Bog-moss (Sphagnum tenellum) is found across Europe, and is very common in the Nordic countries. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 20,000 and 30,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 17,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 5 million km2. This species seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its core distribution area in northern Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no evident threats known to the species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species has a suboceanic boreo-temperate distribution. It is reported from western Europe from Spain in the south to northern Norway, and extending east through central Europe to western Russia, and found in the west to Iceland and Ireland (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North America and Asia (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 20,000 and 30,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 17,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 5 million km2.","In the Nordic countries, this species is very common, abundant in raised bogs as well as moist heath (Flatberg 2013, Isoviita 1970). In the north, this species seems to be stable, and in the United Kingdom the species is frequent, however since 2000, it has declined significantly in the lowlands (Blockeel et al. 2014). The overall current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows in a range of open moist or wet peaty habitats where the soil is very acidic. In bogs, this species occupies a position that is intermediate between Sphagnum capillifolium on hummocks and S. cuspidatum in hollows, commonly growing with one or other of them, as well as with S. balticum. On heaths, this species is found on moist ground subject to occasional burning, often as an associate of S. compactum. In areas of high rainfall, this species also occurs on flushed heath banks, on mountain crags, and in sheltered crevices among rocks (Flatberg 2013).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.",Sphagnum tenellum is in the Red List of Germany as Endangered (EN) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is also included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (V. Vitrchenko pers. comm. 2017). It is known to occur in several protected areas. No conservation action is needed at present.,"This, together with other Sphagnum species, is used in peat industry, for heating and for soil improvement in the horticulture sector.","Englefield, E.,Hespanhol, H.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,teres,,Sphagnum teres  ,(Schimp.) Ångstr. in Hartm.,"Shade forms of this species are more squarrose but these are usually considerably smaller than S. squarrosum, although earlier it has been treated as a variety or subsp. of S. squarrosum. Two recently described Sphagnum species - S. mirum and S. tundrae are morphologically similar to S. teres. (Flatberg and Thingsgaard 2003)",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Rigid Bog-moss (Sphagnum teres) is widely distributed from arctic and boreal regions to the forest-steppe zone. It is common in Sweden, Finland, and Baltic countries. This species has a large range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of around 14 million km2 in Europe and around 6 million km2 in the EU 28. The current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28, and numerous and quite large subpopulations of this species are known. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28 regional assessments.

However, this species is more threatened in southeast and central Europe. It is considered to be threatened in several countries, including Hungary, Slovenia and the Netherlands. Possible threats to this species include the degradation of mire ecosystems due to peat harvesting and water retention, the eutrophication of minerotrophic mire communities, peatland drainage for forestry and agriculture, reduction of groundwater level and peatland fires. Near the southern border of its European range, further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed.",Stable,"This peat moss is widely distributed in the arctic, boreal and temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere, including the tundra and continental interiors. In the mountains, the range of this species reaches to southern Europe, the Caucasus, China, Japan and India. It occurs throughout Europe from the lowlands to the montane zone. Elsewhere, this species is recorded in North America and Greenland (Daniels and Eddy 1985, Ignatov et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015, Xing-jiang and He 2016). The altitudinal range of this species is between 20 m and 2,400 m Asl.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 14 million km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 6 million km2.","Numerous and quite large subpopulations of this species are known. It is common in Sweden, Finland, and Baltic countries, but it is more threatened in southeast and central Europe. The current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species has tolerance of a quite wide range of variation in trophic status, water level and shade. It forms scarce to dense carpets in a variety of damp or wet mesotrophic to somewhat eutrophic habitats, including open fen, scrub, fen woodland, minerotrophic calcium-rich fen, flushes and stream-sides, in the moss tundras. It may be common in the mires of sub-alpine zone, as well as in mats of floating vegetation in overgrown lakes, and in transitional mires with dominance of Phragmites australis in the forest-steppe zone. In the United Kingdom, it is a characteristic indicator of the more base-rich areas on wet moorland. The habitat distinction from Sphagnum squarrosum is not very distinct, but this species rarely grows in shade and is characteristic of flushed, relatively nutrient-poor mires, rather than nutrient-rich swamps (Savicz-Ljubitzkaja and Smirnova 1968, Daniels and Eddy 1985, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Blockeel et al. 2014).","The possible threats to this species are the degradation of mire ecosystems due to peat harvesting and water retention, the eutrophication of minerotrophic mire communities, peatland drainage for forestry and agriculture, reduction of groundwater level and peatland fires, etc.","This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Ireland, Northern Ireland, and Luxembourg, as 3 in Austria and Germany, as Vulnerable (VU) in the Netherlands and Serbia, as Data Deficient (DD) in Albania, as Critically Endangered (CR) in Hungary, and as Endangered (EN) in Slovenia (Lockhart et al. 2012, Grims and Köckinger 1999, Ludwig and Schnittler 1996, Werner 2003, Siebel et al. 2013, Papp et al. 2010, Sabovljevic et al. 2004, Marka et al. 2012). Some of the known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Near the southern border of its European range, further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed.



",This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Hedenäs, L.,Cálix, M.","Ignatov, M. & Baisheva, E.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,troendelagicum,,Sphagnum troendelagicum  ,Flatberg,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); C2a(i),No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)



Sphagnum troendelagicum is an endemic species with a small and restricted range; it is found only in Nord-Trøndelag in Norway. Despite intensive investigations on similar mire localities, it has not been found elsewhere. The population of this species is estimated to contain 450 individual-equivalents (considered to be mature individuals). In addition, the population is considered to be declining, and no subpopulation is bigger than 250 individual-equivalents. The species is found at 5 locations, considering habitat exploitation as the main threat. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered in Europe.



Further exploitation of marshes is considered to be the biggest threat to this species, due to its lack of dispersal capacity and its limited distribution area. Drainage, afforestation, cultivation, sod cutting and other land use affect the mires. In addition, this species has a small drought tolerance, as so will also be negatively impacted by climate change. This will also result in the competition from other species.



It is very important that all known sites, as well as surrounding potential sites, are protected from trenching and other activities that change the water-table in the mires. Also ex-situ conservation of this species is strongly recommended. It is important to monitor all known subpopulations.



This species is not found within the EU 28 and it is therefore Not Evaluated.",Decreasing,"This species is only known from Norway (Flatberg 2013, Hodgetts 2015). It has a very small and restricted range. It was described by Flatberg (1988), and it is only found in five municipalities in Nord-Trøndelag, four of them in Namdalen and one in Snåsa. Despite intensive investigations on similar mire localities, this species has not been found elsewhere.



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 70 and 80 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,500 km2. This species does not occur in EU 28.","Field experience from Namdalen indicates that a large number of marshes have been lost because of drainage during the last 100 years. This has been considered to have led to significant reduction in the species' area of occupancy and suitable habitats.The Norwegian population is estimated to contain 450 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent). The species is considered to have a small population that is in decline (Hassel et al. 2015) and no subpopulation is bigger than 250 individual-equivalents. The population is not severely fragmented. The species is found at 5 locations, considering habitat exploitation as the main threat.","This species grows in open minerotrophic fens or fen margins, influenced by mineral ground water (Flatberg 2013). This species is an allodiploid taxa, and is not found with sporangium (Stenøien et al. 2011, Såstad et al. 2001). It is assumed to have limited vegetative spreading through shot fragments.","Through its lack of dispersal capacity and a limited distribution area, it is considered that further exploitation of marshes is the biggest threat to this species. A large number of fens have been lost in the districts where this species occurs because of drainage from the last 100 years. Afforestation, cultivation, sod cutting and other land use has also been affecting the mires. The major threat today is the negative effects of climate change, which results in competition from other species, including other Sphagnum spp. (Hassel et al. 2015). This species has a small drought tolerance.","This species is included in the Red List of Norway as Endangered (EN) (Hassel et al. 2015). This species is known to occur in at least in one protected area.



It is very important that all known sites, as well as surrounding potential sites, are protected from trenching and other activities that change the water-table in the mires. Also, ex situ conservation of this species is strongly recommended. Meanwhile, it is important to monitor all known subpopulations.","This, together with other Sphagnum species, is used in peat industry, for heating and for soil improvement in the horticulture sector.","Englefield, E.,Hespanhol, H.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,tundrae,,Sphagnum tundrae  ,Flatberg,,No,NT,D1,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

In Europe, Sphagnum tundrae is found only in Svalbard and has a limited distribution, but is one of the most common peat-moss in the Isfjorden (Nordenskiöld Land) area. This species is used in peat industry, for heating and for soil improvement in the horticulture sector. The population size is estimated to be of fewer than 1,500 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals), but it is unlikely to be below 1,000 individual-equivalents. This species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion D.

Svalbard offers only small areas with suitable living conditions for this species, which limits its occurrence and increases the risk of extinction. The species could potentially be affected by the melting of permafrost and subsequent changes in hydrology, together with competition with other plants. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed.

This species does not occur within the EU 28 and it is therefore Not Evaluated.",Stable,"This species has a limited distribution on Svalbard (Flatberg 1994). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in North America (Yukon and Alaska) (BFNA 2007). This species is not endemic to Europe.



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 80 and 90 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 400 km2. This species is not found within the EU 28.","This species is, besides S. squarrosum and S. fimbriatum, the most common peat-moss in the Isfjorden (Nordenskiöld Land) area of Svalbard, and is much more common than S. teres (Flatberg and Thingsgaard 2003, Flatberg 2013). Its common occurrence on Svalbard indicates that search in the field and herbaria will likely add new localities from other arctic and subarctic areas. There are around 25 to 30 localities (Frisvoll and Blom 1997), with 50 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) estimated in each site. Therefore, the overall population size is between 1,250 and 1,500 individual-equivalents in Europe. The population is not severely fragmented. 

There is no information about a current decline, and current population trend is considered to be stable in Europe. However, even if the species is relatively common, a warmer and drier climate could lead the species to decline in the future. 

","In Svalbard, this species grows on sloping to nearly flat wet tundra moss ground ('arctic mire') where it forms small to fairly large mats and cushions of varying size and height (Flatberg and Thingsgaard 2003, Flatberg 2013).

It seems to be favoured by a constant supply of ground water (Frisvoll and Elvebakk 1996). It occurs most frequently in the less eutrophic habitats, where S. squarrosum is the most commonly associated peat-moss and Alopecurus alpinus is often a dominating species in the field layer. Sphagnum teres prefers more eutrophic and less constantly wet habitats in Svalbard and only once have the two species been found in intimate field mixture. At the type locality in Endalen, the following species were recorded with this species: Alopecurus alpinus, Bistorta vivipara, Cassiope tetragona, Draba lactea, Equisetum scirpoides, Festuca rubra, Luzula confusa, Oxyria digyna, Ranunculus sulphureus, Salix polaris, Vahlodea atropurpurea, Aulacomnium turgidum, Warnstorfia sp and Straminergon stramineum.","Svalbard offers only small areas with suitable living conditions for this species, which limits its occurrence and increases the risk of extinction. The species could potentially be affected by the melting of permafrost and subsequent changes in hydrology, together with competition with other plants.","This species occurs in protected areas. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed.","This, together with other Sphagnum species, is used in peat industry, for heating and for soil improvement in the horticulture sector.","Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Tsakiri, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,venustum,,Sphagnum venustum  ,Flatberg,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Sphagnum venustum is only known in Europe from one location in Norway, and it is a relatively newly described species. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is at least 4 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4 km2. However, this species may be overlooked. Very little information about the total population size of this species is known, and the current population trend is unknown. Therefore, this species is assessed as Data Deficient as lack of knowledge means this species could be, in theory, any category from Critically Endangered to Least Concern.

Monitoring and research on the distribution, population size and trends of this species is needed, as well as research into the threats. 

This species is not found within the EU 28 and therefore it is Not Evaluated.

",Unknown,"This species has in Europe been found only in Norway (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, this species is known to occur in Labrador in eastern Canada (BFNA 2007). This species is relatively newly described (Flatberg 2008).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is at least 4 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4 km2. This species is not found within the EU 28.

","Very little information about the total population size of this species is known, and the current population trend is unknown for Europe. However, this species may be overlooked in northern Europe (Flatberg 2013).

In Canada, this species is rather widely distributed in the region of the northern boreal zone, with some places (such as the type locality) close to the subalpine zone in the area with subarctic conditions. Its further distribution is uncertain and requires a more deliberate search, preferably in other atlantic areas. The climate in the area where this species was found in Europe is fairly humid, and although lying in the northern boreal zone, the summers are relatively warm, but the winters are cold and permafrost is found in the mires. The occurrence of species such asMyrica gale and Sphagnum pylaesii in the mires in the area probably reflects a fairly humid climate (Flatberg 2008).","It seems that this is a mire species, and at the sites where it was found in southern Labrador it mostly occupied poor fen lawns and carpets. It is known to occur in both soligeneous and topogenous mire sites. A commonly associated bottom layer species was the poor carpet species S. lindbergii. It was found in hummocks only occasionally. It should therefore most probably be looked for in poor fens, although occurrences in intermediate fens and ombrotrophic mires cannot be wholly disregarded (Flatberg 2008).

  This species grows on mineral poor mires in northern boreal zone. At the only known site in Europe (Steinkjer, Nord-Trøndelag in Norway), this species grows together with Sphagnum angermanicum (Flatberg 2013)",The specific threats to this species are unknown.,"It is unknown if this species occurs in any protected areas. Monitoring and research on the distribution, population size and trends of this species is needed, as well as research into the threats.","This, together with other Sphagnum species, is used in peat industry, for heating and for soil improvement in the horticulture sector.","Hodgetts, N.,Schröck, C.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,warnstorfii,,Sphagnum warnstorfii  ,Russow,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Warnstorf's Bog-moss (Sphagnym warnstorfii) is widely distributed in arctic and boreal regions. It is common in Sweden, Finland and Baltic countries. This species has a large range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 12 million km2 in Europe and around  6 million km2 in the EU 28. It often dominates in rich fens and can grow in a quite wide range of pH and shade conditions. The overall current population trend of this species is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28, and numerous and large subpopulations of this species are known. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both the Europe and EU 28 regional assessments.



Nevertheless, near the western and southern border of its European range, subpopulations of this species are locally declining. It is considered to be threatened in Luxembourg, Spain, Serbia and Slovenia. The main threats to this species include the degradation of mire ecosystems due, for example, peat harvesting, peatland drainage for forestry and agriculture, and reduction of groundwater level and peatland fires. Near the southern border of range, habitat protection and further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species are needed.",Stable,"This circumpolar, boreo-arctic, montane peat moss is widely distributed in the arctic and boreal zones of the Holarctic. In western and central Europe, it is recorded north to Svalbard and south to the Pyrenees and the Balkan mountains. Also, this species is quite common in the arctic and boreal regions of European Russia and in the Urals. Elsewhere, it is known from the Caucasus, Middle Asia (Kazakhstan), Siberia, the Russian Far East, China, India, Japan, North America and Greenland (Daniels and Eddy 1985, Ignatov et al. 2006, McQueen and Andrus 2007, Hodgetts 2015, Xing-jiang and He 2016). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between sea level and 2,300 m Asl.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 12 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 9,500 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 6 million km2.","Numerous and large subpopulations of this species are known. This species often dominates in rich fens and has a high dispersal ability (Mikulášková et al. 2014). This species is common in Sweden, Finland and Baltic countries, but may be extinct in Hungary (Papp et al. 2010)  . Nevertheless, near the western and southern border of its European range, subpopulations of this species are declining in area of occupancy (AOO), quality of habitat and number of localities (Lockhart et al. 2012, Brugués et al. 2014). However, the overall current population trend is still considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This strongly minerotrophic species (Laine et al. 2009) forms loose carpets and low tussocks in rich fens and flushes, in wet meadows, on wet ground in overgrowing ditches, on the sides of streams, in bogged woodlands, in moss and lichen-moss tundras, and more rarely, near the edge of raised bogs. This species predominantly grows in slightly acidic to more neutral pHs, but also tolerates base-rich conditions. This species may occur in both open habitats and under quite dense canopy of shrubs and trees. The ability to cope with a high pH/calcium level is at least partially determined genetically, perhaps via speciﬁc physiological mechanisms or a hummock-forming ability (Savicz-Ljubitzkaja and Smirnova 1968, Daniels and Eddy 1985, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Mikulášková et al. 2014).","The main threats to this species are the degradation of mire ecosystems due to, for example, peat harvesting, peatland drainage for forestry and agriculture, reduction of groundwater level and peatland fire.","This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Ireland and Northern Ireland, as Vulnerable (VU) in Spain, Serbia and Slovenia, as Critically Endangered (CR) in Luxembourg, as 3 in Austria, as 2 in Germany, and as Regionally Extinct (RE) in Hungary (Lockhart et al. 2012, Grims and Köckinger 1999, Ludwig and Schnittler 1996, Werner 2003, Papp et al. 2010, Sabovljevic et al. 2004, Brugués et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015, Martinčič 2016). It is also assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in the Tula Province of Russia (Shcherbakov 2010). Some of the known subpopulations were found within protected areas. Near the southern border of range, habitat protection and further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species are needed.

",This species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,González Mancebo, J.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,SPHAGNOPSIDA,SPHAGNALES,SPHAGNACEAE,Sphagnum,wulfianum,,Sphagnum wulfianum  ,Girg.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) The Wulf's Peatmoss (Sphagnum wulfianum) has a sporadic distribution due to specific habitats requirements of open mires and dense peatland forests. This species is mostly distributed in the boreal zones of Eurasia and North America. It is fairly common in Finland and in eastern middle Sweden, although in some parts of central Europe, it is rare. Although the distribution is scattered, this species has a large geographic range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) is large - around 4.5 million km2 in Europe and around 1.6 million km2 in the EU 28. The area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is around 4,700 km2 in Europe and around 4,300 km2 in EU 28. There is no evidence of its decline and so, as a whole, the population trend across Europe and the EU 28 appears be stable. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28. However, there is some evidence of its decline near the western and southern border of its European range, and this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Norway, Romania and Ukraine. The main threats to this species include the degradation of mire ecosystems and wet forests due to peatland drainage for forestry and agriculture, reduction of groundwater level, peatland fires and peat harvesting. Site protection and further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed.",Stable,"This is a circumpolar peat moss, that is mostly distributed in the boreal zones of Eurasia and North America. It is fairly common in Finland and in eastern middle Sweden. In other parts of central Europe, it is one of the rarest peat moss species, but extends through eastern Poland, the Baltic countries, Belarus and north-eastern Ukraine to northern Romania. In European Russia, it has a scattered distribution from northern taiga to the southern border of Picea spp. range, and some isolated localities have been found in the mires of forest-steppe zone. In the EU 28, this species has a sporadic distribution due to specific habitats between open mires and dense peatland forests (Ingerpuu and Vellak 2013). Its status as a glacial relict in Europe may be reconsidered (Gałka 2010, Kyrkjeeide et al. 2012). Elsewhere, it has been found in Kazakhstan, Siberia, Russian Far East, China, North America and Greenland (Daniels and Eddy 1985, Ignatov et al. 2006, Laine et al. 2009, Gałka 2010, Hodgetts 2015, Xing-jiang and He 2016). The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 1,100 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 4.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 4,700 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 1.6 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 4,300 km2.","Numerous subpopulations of this species are known. The spore production is infrequent, but the dispersal ability of species is probably high (Kyrkjeeide et al. 2012). Near the western and southern border of European range the subpopulation trends seem to be negative, such as in Norway, where this species is endangered (Kålås et al. 2010) and in Ukraine, where only old records dated before 1945 are known (Didukh 2009), but there is no evidence of its decline across the whole of its range. Therefore, the overall current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.It is common in Finland and in eastern middle Sweden, scattered on the west coast of Finland and southern Sweden (Laine et al. 2009). It is rather common in Estonia and Latvia, rare in Lithuania (Vellak et al. 2013, Abolin' 1968, Jukoniene 2003), and seems to be a weak competitor in comparison with other Sphagnum species growing in the same habitat (Ingerpuu and Vellak 2013).","This species forms small carpets and small hummocks in conifer swamp habitats, especially in moist spruce forests, in which it grows on damp mineral soil, peat and peat hummocks near the bases of trees. More rarely, it occurs in more open conditions in dwarf shrub communities of the sub-arctic zone or in the overgrown felling areas, at low to moderately high elevations (Daniels and Eddy 1985, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Shcherbakov 2010).","The main threats to this species are the degradation of mire ecosystems and wet forests due to peatland drainage for forestry and agriculture, reduction of groundwater level, peatland fires and peat harvesting.","This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as Endangered (EN) in Norway, Romania and Ukraine, as vulnerable (V) in Poland and Lithuania, and as Near Threatened (NT) in Estonia and Ukraine (Rašomavičius 2007, Kålås et al. 2010, Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012, Vellak et al. 2015, Hodgetts 2015). It is also assessed in some regions of Russia, including as Vulnerable (VU in the Ulyanovsk Province,  Kursk Province (VU), and Republic of Mordovia, and as EN in the Tula Province (Zolotukhin 2002, Shcherbakov 2010, Artem’eva et al. 2015). Some of the known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. In Estonia, this species is legally protected because of habitat degradation (K. Vellak pers. comm. 2017). Site protection and further research on the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Cronberg, N.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Sphenolobopsis,pearsonii,,Sphenolobopsis pearsonii  ,(Spruce) R.M.Schust.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Horsehair Threadwort (Sphenolobopsis pearsonii) is a tiny suboceanic boreal-montane leafy liverwort. It is a highly disjunct species of cool temperate, high rainfall areas, occurring in Europe in Ireland, Britain, Norway and the Faroe Islands and Iceland. This small liverwort is uncommon but probably still under-recorded within its limited area of distribution. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the current population trend is considered to be stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"The Horsehair Threadwort (Sphenolobopsis pearsonii) is a tiny suboceanic boreal-montane leafy liverwort. It is a highly disjunct species of cool temperate, high rainfall areas, occurring in Europe in Ireland, Britain, Norway and the Faroe Islands and Iceland. Elsewhere it has been recorded from the Himalayas, Taiwan, Japan, Borneo, New Guinea, North America (Alaska, British Columbia, Tennessee and North Carolina), Kenya, Malawi and Tristan da Cunha (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 1,044 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 1.6 million km².","There is no reason to suppose this liverwort has declined and the current population trend is therefore considered to be stable. It is very small and easily overlooked, so it may still be under-recorded. The number of mature individuals are estimated at well over 1,000.","This species grows in minute, green to blackish mats, or as scattered stems, appressed to damp, shaded rock walls and boulders in sheltered ravines, on large blocks in scree, and on vertical rock walls on montane cliffs with a north to east aspect. Rocks are usually acid (e.g., granite and gneiss), and are humid but not usually irrigated. The plants may grow directly on the rock or on a thin peaty or mossy crust, sometimes mixed with filamentous algae. Associates include Diplophyllum albicans (commonly), Jungermannia spp., Lejeunea patens and Marsupella emarginata. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 890 m Asl.



It is dioicous; male plants are frequent, female plants rare; sporophytes are unknown; gemmae are absent (Blockeelet al. 2014).",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. It has been assessed as Near Threatened in Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012). It is found in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Ros-Espín, R.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Lönnell, N., Rothero, G. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Sphenolobus,minutus,,Sphenolobus minutus  ,(Schreb.) Berggr.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Sphenolobus minutus is frequent and often abundant within its area of distribution. It is mostly found in the north and in the upper belts of the mountains of central and western Europe. This species has a large geographic range - the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 17.3 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 10,100 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 8.4 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 6,600 km2. The population size is large and the current population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no major threats to this species. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in view of its widespread distribution and stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28.

The species is considered to be threatened in a few countries, including the Netherlands, Estonia, and Hungary. However, in most European countries it is common and not declining, and no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This is a widespread arctic-boreal montane species with a circumpolar to circumboreal, bipolar distribution. In Europe, this species is abundant in the north and in the upper belts of the mountains of central and western Europe.

This species occurs northwards up to Svalbard and the islands of the Arctic Ocean and westwards to Jan Mayen and Iceland (Damsholt 2002). In Asia, this species is quite common in the all sectors of the arctic, Siberia and the Russian Far East (Konstantinovaet al. 2009). In North America, this species is found from the tundras to the upper edge of the deciduous forest region, both in the west and east, and northwards to Greenland. This species is also reported from  Japan and South Africa (Schuster 1969). The altitudinal range of this species is from near sea level in the north up to 3,000 m Asl in the Swiss Alps (NISM 2017). 

 

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 17.3 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 10,100 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 8.4 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 6,600 km2.","In the north of Europe, this species is common and occurs both in huge mats and mixed with other bryophytes. It is abundant in lowland tundras, the northern part of taiga and the upper belts of European mountains. It has a scattered occurrence and low abundance both in the high arctic and the southern part of taiga. The population size is large and the current population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28. Sporophytes occur rarely, at least in the north of Europe, but gemmae are not rare, especially in the far north of Europe.","In the the north, this species is almost present everywhere, but it is more common in acidic sites occurring on peaty soil in moss and moss-lichen tundras and in taiga. On mountains, this species occurs on soil covered boulders, rocks and cliffs, between boulders, in boulder screes, as well as on decaying wood. It is also found in wetlands particularly on humlocks in Sphagnum-bogs and in mires (Damsholt 2002, Paton 1999). In the arctic, this species also occurs in base-rich sites (Schuster 1969).",There are no major threats to this species.,"The species is treated as threatened in a few countries. It is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in the Netherlands, as Vulnerable (VU) in Estonia, and as Endangered (EN) in Hungary (Hodgetts 2015). However, in most European countries it is common and not declining, and no conservation measures are required at present. The species occurs in many strict nature reserves of European Russia (Konstantinova 2004).",This species is not used or traded.,"Hedenäs, L.,Cálix, M.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,SCAPANIACEAE,Sphenolobus,saxicola,,Sphenolobus saxicola  ,(Schrad.) Steph.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Curled Notchwort (Sphenolobus saxicola) is distinctly continental in Europe, and is uncommon in the mountains of central and eastern Europe, becoming more frequent in Scandinavia. This species has a large geographical range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 2,000 and 3,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 6 and 7 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 1,800 and 2,000 km² and the EOO is ca 3 million km². This seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area in Europe and EU 28. In addition, there are no evident threats known to the species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered threatened in some countries, including Romania and the Czech Republic. Even so, no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species has a circumpolar boreal-montane distribution. It is distinctly continental in Europe, and is uncommon in the mountains of central and eastern Europe, becoming more frequent in Scandinavia.

This species is sporadically occurring in Scotland, Germany, northern Italy, the Czech Republic, Poland, Latvia, Romania, northern and Central Russia (Damsholt 2002). This species is considered to be regionally extinct in Austria and Slovakia. In the United Kingdom, this species has a relatively eastern distribution in Scotland (Blockeel et al. 2014). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 10 m and 700 m Asl.

In Asia, this species is known from northern Siberia, Lena and Yenisei River valleys and Japan. In North America, it is found in the west from Alaska, Yukon to British Columbia, and in the east from Baffin Island to Maine and North Carolina; leaving a gap between these two general areas, except for Minnesota. This species is also known from southernmost Greenland (Damsholt 2002).

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 2,000 and 3,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 6 and 7 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is between 1,800 and 2,000 km² and the EOO is ca 3 million km².","This species occurs mainly in the lowland and is a rare plant of boulder screes, and it is rarer in the higher altitudes in mountains. In the Nordic countries it is rather common in Sweden, Norway and Iceland (Damsholt 2002). In Finland, this species is very common on siliceous rocks and cliffs throughout the country, and the species seems to be stable (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). The only finding of this species in Romania is from 1866 (Stefanut 2008).

The overall current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.



","In the Nordic countries, this species grows among other bryophytes on acidic rock faces and larger boulders, but mostly at shaded humid sites, such as ravines, screes where accumulated rocks below north-facing walls are covered by a mixture of Neoorthocaulis attenuatus, L. silvicola, Sphenolobus minutum, Bazzania trilobata, Trilophozia quinquedentata, Lophoziopsis longidens, Mylia taylorii, Scapania gracilis and mosses like Andreaea rupestris, Racomitrium lanuginosum, R. heterostichum and Dicranum scoparium (Damsholt 2002). In Finland, this species often grows as rather large patches and in suitable habitats (boulder screes, vertical rock walls etc.) and it doesn't seem to have any major threats (S. Laaka-Lindberg pers. comm. 2018).

  In the United Kingdom, the species has been found growing on dry, north-facing, acidic scree on a slope with scattered native Pinus sylvestris trees above a small loch. Associated species in Scotland include Tetralophozia setiformis, Cynodontium jenneri, C. strumiferum, Racomitrium lanuginosum and a range of lichens (Blockeel et al. 2014). Mature perianths and sporophytes are extremely rare in Europe. These have never been found in Britain (Blockeel et al. 2014), however sporophytes have been found in Finland in 1984 (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). Gemmae are absent in this species.","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","This species is in the Red List of Romania as Critically Endangered (CR), Italy as Data Deficient (DD), Germany and the Czech Republic as Vulnerable (VU), Great Britain as Near Threatened (NT), Poland as rare (R), and Austria and Slovakia as Regionally Extinct (RE) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area.

No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Virtanen, R.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,SPLACHNOBRYACEAE,Splachnobryum,obtusum,,Splachnobryum obtusum  ,(Brid.) Müll. Hal.,"Although the moss Splachnobryum obtusum is well established as an independent taxonomic unit, further research is needed in order to clarify the biogeographic status of those subpopulations living ""in the wild"".",No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



There appears to be some uncertainty associated with the natural presence of Splachnobryum obtusum in Europe. Considering just the possible natural occurrence of the species, this   moss is presently known from Hungary (one single old record), from Italy, and from the   Azores (two sites). This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it is estimated that there are fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents in the wild. Since this species is terricolous, one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square-meter on which the species grows. The main threat to this species is considered to be the increase of touristic pressure and, in the Azores, increased nitrification due to grazing activities. Further research is needed on the genetic diversity of the subpopulations, population size and trends, the species' habitat, ecology and threats. Taxonomic research should also be carried out in order to clarify its taxonomic and biogeographic status.",Unknown,"There appears to be some uncertainty associated with the natural presence   of Splachnobryum obtusum in Europe.   This acrocarpic moss is a sub-cosmopolitan species from the tropical and   subtropical regions and, according to Arts (2001), often introduced in   glasshouses in temperate regions of North America and Europe. In Europe it   has been reported in several countries such as France (sub S. corbieri),   Germany, Hungary, United Kingdom (England, Scotland) and in Macaronesia it   was recorded in the Azores (Arts 2001); the species was also found in Italy. Indeed, authors such as Corley et al. (1981) did not include it in the main list because they   did not consider those occurrences sufficiently natural. Accordingly, the   checklist of European mosses (Hill et   al. 2006) considers it a non-native species for Europe. However, these   authors also recognized that Splachnobryum   obtusum occurs in the open in Hungary and the Azores, although Sjögren   (2001) considers it an introduction in the archipelago. More recently, the   Mediterranean mosses' checklist (Ros et   al. 2013) accounts for its presence in the Azores (and a single record   in Egypt) and the latest European checklist (Hodgetts 2015) recognize its native presence in the Azores, Italy and Hungary. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) amounts to   ca 1.4 million km2, and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2.","The species is known from only a few   sites, two in the Azores Archipelago (São Miguel and Santa Maria Islands), one in Hungary (Eger) and one in Italy (Vesuvio). In the Azores there are no indications that the species is spreading to other islands (Sjögren 2001, Gabriel et   al. 2005, Gabriel et al. 2010)   or sites (Vajda 1960, Erzberger and Papp 2004). In the Hungarian   checklist it is considered a ""single old record"" (Papp et al. 2010) but in the Azores it   appears to be stable since it was collected in 1981 (Sjögren 2001) and 1996   (C. Sérgio, pers. comm. 2017). Since this species is terricolous,   one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square-meter on which the species   grows. It is estimated that there are fewer than 1,000   individual-equivalents, and that each subpopulation has fewer than 250   individual-equivalents. The current population trend is unknown.","This small acrocarpic moss may be found growing on wet soil, or rocks near   streams, on ditch banks and around thermal springs, such as happens in the   Azores (Sjögren 2001) and in Hungary (Vajda 1960). However, in Europe it is   also known to occur in habitats disturbed by man, including the vicinity of   glasshouses (e.g., Dierssen 2001). The altitudinal range goes from 180 m (Hungary) to 300 m Asl (São Miguel Island).","This moss species grows around hot springs, both in Hungary and the Azores and in the Vesuvio region in Italy. These   are touristic places, where the pressure from the visitors may increase in   the future, hindering the permanence of the species on site.","Both in Hungary (Papp et al. 2010, Hodgetts 2015) and in the Azores it is considered a Data Deficient   species (Gabriel et al. 2011).   There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but in   the Azores, the species occurs in São Miguel Natural Park, near Lagoa das   Furnas. Further research is needed on the genetic diversity of these   subpopulations, population size and trends, the species' habitat, ecology and   threats.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Cálix, M.,Pilkington, S.","Gabriel, R. & Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,SPLACHNALES,SPLACHNACEAE,Splachnum,ampullaceum,,Splachnum ampullaceum  ,Hedw.,,No,NT,,No,VU,C2a(i)b,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Cruet Collar-moss (Splachnum ampullaceum) is rare across all of its range, except upland parts of the UK, Ireland and Fennoscandia where it is relatively common. In many lowland areas of central Europe and European Russia, there has been a reduction in the extent of occurrence, quality of habitats and population size as a result of modified agricultural practices (reduction of grazing) and degradation of wetlands ecosystems were observed during last century. The current population trend is therefore decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28.

The number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in each subpopulation seems to be less than 50, and the overall population size of this species across EU 28 countries appears to be around 4,000 individual-equivalents. Currently, the number of individual-equivalents in the European population seems to be around 10,000 or more. Also, this species is characterized by extreme fluctuations in the number of individual-equivalents due to high substrate specialisation. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion C, and as Vulnerable in the EU 28.

The threats to this species are adjustments in extensive grazing, prohibition of grazing in protected areas, reductions of pasture areas caused by keeping animals in sheds, declines in wild herbivore populations, reductions and fragmentation of forest and mire landscapes due to the drying of peatlands and felling. The restoration of habitats (re-establishing wetlands) and further research of population size, trend and distribution of this species are needed.",Decreasing,"In Europe, this boreo-montane species is known from the north to Fennoscandia and from the south to the Pyrenees and the Dinaric Alps (Montenegro). In European Russia, this species is distributed across all boreal zones, but it is rare everywhere. In the European lowlands, the localities of this species are known mostly by old data (19th and early 20th century). Elsewhere, this species is known from the Caucasus, Siberia, Middle Asia (Tajikistan), Tibet, Japan and North America (Ignatov et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). Probably, this species may be slightly overlooked, because sterile specimens developing under unfavorable conditions may be misidentified (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). 

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 7.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 6,400 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 5.1 million km2, and the AOO is about 4,000 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between sea level and 2,300 m Asl.","Local subpopulations are small due to high substrate specialisation of this species. As a rule, the areas of appropriate substrate are small (less than 0.5 m2), and so the number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and with 1 m2 used as a proxy for one individual-equivalent) is restricted by substrate area size. Also, this species is characterized by extreme fluctuations in the number of individual-equivalents due to the high substrate specialisation.

In Europe, this species is very rare across all its range, except Britain, Ireland and Fennoscandia. It has declined in many lowland areas of central Europe and European Russia. This species is likely to be extinct in Belgium (Sotiaux et al. 2007) and the Kalinigrad province of Russia (Dolnik and Napreenko 2007). In Finland and Sweden, numerous subpopulations of this species are known, but in southern Sweden the population trend seems to be negative (Weibull 2008, Juutinen and Ulvinen 2017). In the western Carpathians, the one local subpopulation size was of one individual-equivalent, because only one tuft covered an area of 0.25 m2 was found (Ellis et al. 2013).  The overall population size of this species across EU 28 countries appears to be around 4,000 individual-equivalents, although it may be more, because it is relatively common in upland parts of the UK and Ireland (N. Hodgetts pers. comm. 2019). Currently, the number of individual-equivalents in the European population seems to be around 10,000 or slightly more. The number of individual-equivalents in each subpopulation across Europe seems to be less than 50.

Sporophytes are common, but the possibility of spore germination depends on the nearby availability of very short-lived (1-2 years) substrate and high humidity of habitats. During the last centuries, declining of this species across all European lowland areas was observed, as a result of modified agricultural practices and the degradation of wetland ecosystems (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeelet al. 2014, Amosov et al. 2008). The population trend is therefore considered to be decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species is a specialised colonist of old decomposed dung (often cattle dung, but also from other herbivores and bears), that remains moist and decays slowly and therefore this species is confined to wet, acidic ground. This species grows in moist to wet habitats in grazed heathland, rough acidic pastures, wet meadows, fens and bogs, at the edges of swampy birch and spruce forests (NISM 2017, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Ellis et al. 2013, Blockeel et al. 2014).","The threats to this species are adjustments in extensive grazing, prohibition of grazing in protected areas, reductions of pasture areas caused by keeping animals in sheds, declines in wild herbivore populations, reductions and fragmentation of forest and mire landscapes due to the drying of peatlands and felling, and in European Russia, the reduction of livestock (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Amosov et al. 2008, Blockeel et al. 2014). Also, the usage of vermectin, an endectocide drug used to control parasites in domestic stock may be a possible threat to this species, because low concentrations of such drugs kills dung flies and other coprophilous insects (associated with dung) that disperse the spores of this species (Cox 1999, Blockeel et al. 2014).","This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as 2 in Austria and Germany, as Regionally Extinct (RE) in Belgium and the Netherlands, as Near Threatened (NT) in the Czech Republic, Romania and Switzerland, as Critically Endangered (CR) in Montenegro and Slovakia, as Vulnerable in Spain (VU) and Poland (V), as Endangered (EN) in Slovenia and in some regions of Russia, such as Kirov Province (3 - rare species), Arkhangelsk Province (EX), Kostroma Province (1  - EN), Saint-Petersburg (EN), Mari El Republic (0 - EX), Republic of Tatarstan (EN), Vologda Province (NT) and Tver Province (Grims and Köckinger 1999, Ludwig and Schnittler 1996, Sotiaux et al. 2007, Kučera et al. 2012, Sabovljevic et al. 2004,   Siebel et al. 2013, Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012, Kubinská et al. 2001, Brugués and González-Mancebo 2014, Schnyder et al. 2004, Baranova et al. 2014, Amosov et al. 2008, Elenevskiy and Konstantinov 2009, Noskov 2004, Bogdanov 2013, Nazirov 2016, Konechnaya and Suslova 2004, Sorokin 2002). In most of the EU 28 countries in central Europe, this species has declined during last century and is considered as a species of elevated conservation concern. Some known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. The restoration of habitats (re-establishing wetlands) and further research of population size, trend and distribution of this species are needed.",This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Hespanhol, H.,Englefield, E.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,SPLACHNALES,SPLACHNACEAE,Splachnum,luteum,,Splachnum luteum  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Yellow Moosedung Moss (Splachnum luteum) is mostly distributed in Fennoscandia and adjacent areas of Russia. In some regions of European Russia, this species is rare, but there is no evidences of this species declining across all of its European range.  In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 2.7 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 4,200 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 0.9 million km2, and the AOO is about 3,000 km2.In the EU 28, this species is known from Sweden and Finland where it appears to be stable. In Fennoscandia, the main range of this species, there are no major threats for this species. Therefore, this species assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.



The possible threats to this species are the reduction and fragmentation of old wet forests and hunting reducing the population size of animals that produce the dung on which this species grows. In the regions where this species is rare, the protection of habitats is recommended. Further research of population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed.",Stable,"In Europe, this circumpolar species is distributed mostly in Fennoscandia and adjacent areas of Russia. A few isolated localities are known from boreal regions of the East European Plain and in the North and Polar Urals. Elsewhere, it has been found in Siberia, the Russian Far East and North America (Ignatov et al. 2006, Weibull 2008, Juutinen and Ulvinen 2017). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 2.7 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 4,200 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 0.9 million km2, and the AOO is about 3,000 km2. The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 900 m Asl.","Local subpopuations of this species are quite small due to high substrate specialisation of this species. As a rule, the areas of appropriate substrate are small (less than 0.5 m2), and the number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) is restricted by substrate area size. Sporophytes are common, but possibility of spore germination depends on availability nearby of very short-lived substrate (less than three years) and high humidity of habitats. Therefore, this species is characterized by fluctuations in the number of individual-equivalents due to the high substrate specialisation. The subpopulation trends of this species in Fennoscandia seem to be stable (Weibull 2008, Juutinen and Ulvinen 2017), but in some regions of European Russia, declines were observed (Amosov et al. 2008, Konechnaya and Suslova 2004). However, the overall current population trend seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species is a specialised colonist of wet decaying dung of bears, moose, wild boars, domestic cattle and other herbivores. It grows in wet and moist habitats on bogs, at the edges of mesotrophic mires, and in swampy birch and spruce forests (Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Ignatov and Ignatova 2013, Fedosov and Popov 2004, Weibull 2008).","The possible threats to this species are the reduction and fragmentation of old wet forests due to drainage and logging, as well as reductions in the population size of animals through hunting, which will reduce the quantity of available dung of which this moss grows (Amosov et al. 2008, Konechnaya and Suslova 2004). However, in Fennoscandia, there are no major threats for this species.","This species is included in the regional Red Lists of some regions of Russia, including the Arkhangelsk Province (2 - V), Vologda Province (VU) and the Kostroma Province (3 - rare species) (Amosov et al. 2008, Konechnaya and Suslova 2004, Elenevskiy and Konstantinov 2009). This species is known to occur in at least one protected area. In the regions where this species is rare, the protection of habitats is recommended. Further research of population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Ingerpuu, N.,Hodgetts, N.","Baisheva, E.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,SPLACHNALES,SPLACHNACEAE,Splachnum,melanocaulon,,Splachnum melanocaulon  ,(Wahlenb.) Schwägr.,,Yes,EN,C2a(i),No,EN,C2a(i),EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



Splachnum melanocaulon is a very rare species, with a northern boreal distribution. It is estimated that there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe and in the EU 28. In addition, there is an estimated continuing decline in the population size and each subpopulation has less than 250 individual-equivalents. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered in both Europe and the EU 28. 



In Finland, the decline in population size seems to be related to forestry and drainage, leading to a decrease in the available substrate. This species grows primarily on animal droppings, mainly from moose, however, the population trend has not shown increases despite an increase in the numbers of moose, and consequent availability of moose dung. Intensified forestry can have a negative impact on the population in the future.



Research on the population size and trends is needed, as well as into the threats to this species. Research is needed into the population dynamic of this species to determine whether it might show extreme fluctuations in population size. Due to its specific ecological requirements the species needs landscape-level measures to ensure its conservation.



This species is a good candidate for promoting citizen science and raising awareness to its unique ecology. 

",Decreasing,"This species has a northern boreal distribution. It is rare in the Nordic countries (Norway, Sweden and Finland) and northern Russia (Hodgetts 2015). In Sweden, this species has been overlooked in the past. The species is endemic to Europe (however, not to the EU 28).



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be around 100 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is estimated to be around 80 km2 and the EOO is ca 0.1 million km2.

","This is a very rare species. The number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) is estimated to be less than 1,000 (using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent) in Europe and in the EU 28 and each subpopulation has less than 250 individual-equivalents. In Norway, there are only two localities in Finnmark of this species, one in Tana (1968) and a geographically unspecified older finding from Alta. In Sweden, it is found scattered from Dalarna to Lule Lappmark, and in Finland, it is known from several places in northern part; there are six recent localities, but around 20 older sites have disappeared (Ulvinen 2009). It is also known from northern Russia (Ignatov et al. 2006).



In Finland and Russia, this species is declining (K. Syrjänen and M. Igantov pers. comm. 2017). The subpopulation trend in Norway and Sweden is unknown, but it is considered that the overall current population trend is decreasing. Most subpopulations are small, but there are some known larger subpopulations. The abundance of moose in northern Scandinavia has been stable in parts and increasing in parts, but the relationship between moose population trends and the trend of this species is not well known.","This species grows primarily on animal droppings (mainly moose), but also on stumps of deciduous trees in forests, and swamps with some decaying organic material (Ulvinen 2009). The species has a short life cycle, and its colonies are short-lived. Its capsules are formed in early summer, and for this reason it can be overlooked in the field (Hallingbäck et al. 2008).","There are no obvious threats to this species, as it is found in a very common type of habitat. However, intensified forestry can have a negative impact on the population in the future. A potential future threat is the decline in the animal populations on which this moss depends. Drainage also poses a threat to the species since it requires moist areas to grow (Ulvinen 2009). In Finland, the decline in population size seems to be related to forestry and drainage, leading to a decrease in the available substrate.","This species is in the Red List of Finland as Endangered (EN), and is also assessed in Norway as Vulnerable (VU) and in Sweden as Near Threatened (NT) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in protected areas. 



Research on the population size and trends is needed, as well as into the threats to this species. Research is needed into the population dynamic of this species to determine whether it might show extreme fluctuations in population size. Due to its specific ecological requirements, the species needs landscape-level measures to ensure its conservation.



This species is a good candidate for promoting citizen science and raising awareness to its unique ecology.",The species is not used or traded.,"Muller, F.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,SPLACHNALES,SPLACHNACEAE,Splachnum,pensylvanicum,,Splachnum pensylvanicum  ,(Brid.) Grout ex H.A. Crum,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Splachnum pensylvanicum is known from one single locality in Latvia, and therefore has a small extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO), with both estimated to be around 4 km2. The abundance, population size and trends of this species are not known, and the threats to the species have also not been investigated. It is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) in both Europe and the EU 28 regions because appropriate data on abundance and distribution are lacking. Further research is needed on the distribution, population and threats to the species.",Unknown,"In Europe this species was reported from Latvia where it grows in the Niedrāju-Pilkas bog (Abolina 2001, Bambe 2002). This species was probably earlier reported as Tetraplodon balticus from the Kalinigrad province of Russia (Gross 1912) and the Ślęża mountain in Poland (Reimers and Hueck 1929, M. Napreenko pers. comm. 2016). Elsewhere, it is known from the sub-Atlantic regions of North America, from Labrador to Florida (Marino 2014).

This species is only found in one locality, and therefore has a small extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO), with both estimated to be around 4 km2.",One small subpopulation of this species is known. The population trend is unknown.,"This species was found on a hummock in a bog hollow and on the footpath to the bog (B. Bambe pers. comm. 2016). Usually, this species grows on the dung of herbivores. It is probable that the primary substrate was decomposed by the time the species was collected.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species was found within the nationally designated protected area of ""Niedrāju - Pilkas purvs"", which is within the Natura 2000 network (EEA 2013). Further research is needed on the distribution, population and threats to the species.",This species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Ingerpuu, N.,Hodgetts, N.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,SPLACHNALES,SPLACHNACEAE,Splachnum,rubrum,,Splachnum rubrum  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Splachnum rubrum is widespread in the Nordic countries and northern Russia, and it is also reported from a few sites in Estonia, Latvia and Romania. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) but a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the AOO of this species is between 1,500 and 2,000 km2, and its EOO is ca 3.3 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 1,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 1.3 million km2. This species seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area in Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no evident threats known to the species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

No conservation action is needed at present.

",Stable,"This species has a boreal distribution in Europe. It is widespread in the Nordic countries and northern Russia (Hodgetts 2015). It is also reported from a few sites in Estonia, Latvia (Āboliņa 2001) and recently also Romania (Stefanut and Goia 2012). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in northern part of North America and Asia (BFNA 2015).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,500 and 2,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3.30 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 1,000 km² and the EOO is ca 1.3 million km².","This species is scattered in the boreal part of Europe, and it is very rare elsewhere. Many old records are from prior to 1910, suggesting that this species was more common due to the greater amount of cow manure in forests, as well as along roads and trails. However, during the last 10 years, the species has probably not decreased and the current population trend is therefore considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows almost exclusively on herbivore (mainly elk) droppings in forest, swamp forest and markins of mires where the ground is more or less permanently moist (Hallingbäck et al. 2008).","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","The species is assessed in the Red List of Estonia as Endangered (EN), in Latvia as 1 and in Romania as Critically Endangered (CR) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in at least one protected area. No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Laaka-Lindberg, S.","Hallingbäck, T","Goldberg, I.,Hodgetts, N.,Lönnell, N.,Blom, H.,Schröck, C.,Vellak, K.,Afonina, O.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,SPLACHNALES,SPLACHNACEAE,Splachnum,sphaericum,,Splachnum sphaericum  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Round-fruited Collar-moss (Splachnum sphaericum) is known from many countries in Europe. This species is the most widespread of all Splachnum species in Europe. This species has a wide geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 6,000 and 8,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 9 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 5,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 4 million km2. This species seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area in Europe and the EU 28. There are no evident threats known to the species in the north of Europe. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in several countries, including Slovakia and Serbia, and declines have been seen in the United Kingdom. In the lowland areas in central and western Europe, chemical drugs used to control parasites in domestic stock might have a negative impact on this species. Even so, no conservation action is needed at present.

 

",Stable,"This species has a circumpolar, boreo-arctic montane distribution. It is known from many countries in Europe, from Iceland in the west, Svalbard in the north, Russia in the east, and Italy and Serbia in the south. The altitudinal range of this species is from 30 m to 2,530 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species occurs in North America and northern Asia as well as Greenland (Ochyra and Szmajda 1991). 

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 6,000 and 8,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 9 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 5,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 4 million km2.

","This species is the most widespread of all Splachnum species in Europe. In northern Europe, there is no indication of any negative or positive trend. In the United Kingdom, there has been a recent decline. During the period from 2007 to 2010, this species was found only once in north-east England, compared with 10 records of Tetraplodon mnioides, whereas older records suggest that in the 1950s and 1960s it was twice as common as the Tetraplodon. It is likely that the use of endectocide drugs to control parasites in domestic stock has been a major factor in this decline. There is at present no information about any other countries in Europe. However, the overall current population trend is considered to be stable.","This species grows almost exclusively on herbivore droppings (typically elk or reindeer) in bogs and mires where the ground is more or less permanently moist but relatively sun-exposed (Hallingbäck et al. 2008).

In the United Kingdom, the species is growing on old decaying dung, mainly of herbivores (cattle, sheep and deer) in places where the dung remains moist and decays slowly, and therefore typically found on wet, acidic substrate - mainly on moorland, bogs, wet heaths and rough pastures. It is also fairly frequent on the remains of dead animals, where it may be associated with Tetraplodon mnioides. This species is more demanding of moisture than T. mnioides but is not confined to sites that are waterlogged, and may occur on moorland slopes, the floors of old quarries and other moist but well-drained places (Blockeel et al. 2014).

","In the north, especially in the mountains, there are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. In the lowland areas in central and western Europe, chemical drugs used to control parasites in domestic stock might have a negative impact on this species.","This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed in Belgium and Estonia as Regionally Extinct (RE), in the Czech Republic and Romania as Near Threatened (NT), in Germany as 3, in Poland as E, in Slovakia and Serbia as Critically Endangered (CR), in Slovenia as Endangered (EN) (Hodgetts 2015) and in Svalbard as Vulnerable (VU) (Frisvoll and Blom 1997). The species is known to occur in at least some protected sites. No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Mazimpaka, V.,Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T","Miserere, L.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,SPLACHNALES,SPLACHNACEAE,Splachnum,vasculosum,,Splachnum vasculosum  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Rugged Collar-moss (Splachnum vasculosum) is relatively widespread in northern Europe and is common at higher altitudes and latitudes. This species has a wide geographic range in Europe - the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 3,000 and 5,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 8.5 and 9 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 1,500 and 2,000 km2 and the EOO is between 3.5 and 4 million km2.  This species seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area in Europe and the EU 28. There are no evident threats known to the species in the north. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in Romania and Great Britain. In the west and south of Europe, the use of chemical like endectocide drugs to control parasites in domestic stock has been a factor in local declines. Even so, no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species has a circumpolar-arctic-montane distribution. It is found in Iceland, Svalbard, Fennoscandia, northern Russia and the North Urals, as well as south to Estonia and Germany (one locality, extinct), France, Italy and Romania (Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species is from 10 m to 930 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in northern part of North America, Greenland and northern Asia (Siberia) (BFNA 2015).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 3,000 and 5,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 8.5 and 9 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 1,500 and 2,000 km2 and the EOO is between 3.5 and 4 million km2.

","The species is relatively widespread in northern Europe and is common at higher altitudes and latitudes.

In Finland, this species has almost disappeared from the southern half of the country, but subpopulations are still viable in fens at reindeer herding area in Lapland and on fells, but it is probably declining (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017).

    In the north, the subpopulation sizes seem to be stable and therefore the overall current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. However, in the United Kingdom, the trend is declining, although it is easily overlooked in the absence of capsules. Field experience suggests that this decline is real. It is likely that the use of endectocide drugs to control parasites in domestic stock has been a factor in this decline.","This species grows almost exclusively on herbivore droppings (typically elk or reindeer) in bogs and mires where the ground is more or less permanently moist but relatively sun-exposed (Hallingbäck et al. 2008).

In the United Kingdom, this species prefers flushes and typically occurs in Philonotis fontana springs, but it can also occur in more markedly calcareous flushes; it seems to avoid the most acidic flushes characterised by Sphagnum spp. and the most calcareous springs with species of Palustriella (Blockeel et al. 2014). Like most Splachnaceae, this species presumably becomes established through colonising dung in a spring but can spread more widely once established and can persist at the same site for a long time. Associates in more acidic springs in the United Kingdom include Chiloscyphus polyanthos, Jungermannia exsertifolia, Scapania uliginosa, S. undulata, Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Philonotis fontana, P. seriata, Pohlia wahlenbergii and Sarmentypnum exannulatum (Blockeel et al. 2014).

","There are no major threats to this species in the north. In the west and south of Europe, the use of chemical like endectocide drugs to control parasites in domestic stock has been a factor in local declines.","This species is assessed in the Red Lists of Germany and Estonia as Regionally Extinct (RE), in Romania as Critically Endangered (CR), in Italy as Data Deficient (DD) and in Great Britain as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Bergamini, A.","Hallingbäck, T","Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Stegonia,latifolia,,Stegonia latifolia  ,(Schwägr.) Venturi ex Broth.,,No,NT,C2a(i),No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Hood-leaved Screw-moss (Stegonia latifolia) is sparsely distributed in Europe. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) but a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the AOO of this species is between 750 and 1,000 km2, and its EOO is ca 13 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 400 and 500 km2 and the EOO is ca 4.5 million km2. The species is rare and declining in most parts of Europe. At each site, the species typically occur in very small subpopulations. 

In Europe, this species is estimated to be extant at 1,000 sites with 10 individual-equivalents at each site (considered as mature individuals). The total number of individual-equivalents is estimated to be ca 10,000, declining population size, and with no subpopulation bigger than 1,000 individual-equivalents. The species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened in Europe, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion C.

Within the EU 28, the estimated number of sites is 500, with little less than 10 individual-equivalents at each site. There is a decrease in the population size, especially in the majority of EU 28 countries and no subpopulation size is bigger than 1,000 individuals-equivalents. Therefore, in the EU 28, this species is assessed as Vulnerable.

More sites where this species is found need to be protected. Monitoring and research on the population size is also needed.

",Decreasing,"This species has a circumpolar arctic-montane distribution. It is sparsely distributed in Europe from Iceland, Svalbard, Fennoscandia and arctic Russia in the nort to the mountains of northern Spain, northern Italy and the Balkan Peninsula (Republic of Macedonia, Bulgaria and Romania) in south. It is also known from the Caucasus Mountains. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 420 m to 3,300 m Asl. 

The species is not endemic to Europe or the EU 28, since outside of Europe, it is also found in North America and Asia (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 750 and 1,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 13 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 400 and 500 km2 and the EOO is ca 4.5 million km2.

","This species is rare and declining in most parts of Europe and is in the red list of several European countries. At each site, the species typically occurs in very small numbers. In Europe, this species is estimated to be extant at around 1,000 sites with ca 10 individual-equivalents at each site (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent). Within the EU 28, the estimated number of sites is 500 sites with little less than 10 individual-equivalents at each site. Across both regions, no subpopulation size is bigger than 1,000 individual-equivalents.

There is a decrease in the population size, especially in the EU 28 countries and so the current population trend is considered to be decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows on bare, strongly calcareous soil with a high content of organic matter. It prefers sun-exposed rock ledges, rock crevices and steep slopes where new patches of soil are continuously bared. It is typically found on loose soil beneath over-hanging grass tufts in south-facing alpine precipices (Hallingbäck et al. 2008, Virtanen 2009). In the United Kingdom, this species grows on open, calcareous, mineral soil on ledges of broken crags in the mountains. Almost all of the sites are on soils derived from metamorphosed limestone but it also occurs on strongly calcareous schist; all recent sites are in the eastern Grampians, the most ‘continental’ part of Scotland. The thin soil on the ledges is subject to frost heave in the winter and dries out rapidly in the summer and these harsh conditions mean that competition is reduced and some small ledges only support this species with no other bryophytes. Where associates do occur they are often sparse but typical species include Mesoptychia collaris, Preissia quadrata, Reboulia hemisphaerica, Bryum pallens, Ctenidium molluscum, Didymodon ferrugineus, Distichium capillaceum, Ditrichum gracile, Encalypta rhaptocarpa, E. streptocarpa, Tortella tortuosa, the lichen Solorina saccata, and at some sites the rarities Clevea hyalina, Scapania gymnostomophila, Bryum arcticum and Tortula leucostoma (Blockeel et al. 2014).","There are no obvious threats to this species, as it is found in relatively open habitats and with little direct human disturbances. However, it has been declining in several parts of Europe during many years and at present and in the longer term, climatic warming may be the the fact that reduces its habitat range even more.","This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed in Slovenia as Endangered (EN), in Germany as 'Gefährdung anzunehmen' (G), in Great Britain, Slovakia and Romania as Near Threatened (NT), Iceland as Lower risk (LR), in the Czech Republic as Regionally Extinct (RE), and in Finland, Spain and Bulgaria as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area, however, more sites need to be protected. Monitoring and research on the population size is also needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Vellak, K.,Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T","Ştefănuţ, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,CALLIERGONACEAE,Straminergon,stramineum,,Straminergon stramineum  ,(Dicks. ex Brid.) Hedenäs,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Straw Spear-moss (Straminergon stramineum) is a typical species of base-poor wetland habitats. It shows a boreal to arctic distribution, being very widespread in the cooler regions of Europe north to the high Arctic, reaching south to the mountains of southern Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. In higher altitudes and in northern parts of Europe, the subpopulations are large and considered more or less stable. In lowland areas, the subpopulations are smaller and are experiencing a decline. At the European scale the population trend is likely to be decreasing to some extent. Although the rate of decline has not yet been determined, it is thought to not reach the thresholds for a threatened category. The population size is also estimated to be far above 10,000 individual-equivalents. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.

This species needs wet, nutrient-poor and open habitats. The most important threats to it are from drainage, destruction of its habitats and nutrient inputs leading to changes in competition. Although it should be noted that because of the acidification of calcareous fens, this species can also colonise new sites. In the lowlands, focused management to preserve open, wet and nutrient-poor habitats is required. Monitoring at selected sites of current population and habitat trends where it is locally threatened is also recommended. It occurs in many protected areas across its range in Europe, offering it some protection from potential threats.",Decreasing,"The Straw Spear-moss (Straminergon stramineum) shows a boreal to arctic distribution, being very widespread in the cooler regions of Europe north to the high Arctic, reaching south to the mountains of southern Europe. It is found growing at elevations between 5 - 2,700 m Asl. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is also known outside of Europe, from Turkey, Caucasus, northern and temperate Asia, including Japan, North  America, northern South America, Australia and New Zealand.","The population size and trends of this species are unknown in detail. However, in the lowlands there has been an ongoing decline due to nutrient input, drainage and habitat destruction. On the other hand, because of the acidification of calcareous fens, this species can also colonise new sites. In the higher mountains and in northern areas, subpopulations are large and more or less stable. At the European scale the population trend is likely to be decreasing to some extent. The population size is larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows.","This is a typical species of base-poor wetland habitats such as poor fens, quaking bogs, springs, oligotrophic flushes, snowbeds and, more rarely, on irrigated siliceous rocks.



","This species needs wet, nutrient-poor and open habitats. The most important threats are drainage, destruction of habitats and nutrient inputs leading to changes in competition.","This moss is included in several national red lists: it is Vulnerable (VU) in Portugal, Luxembourg and Hungary, and Near Threatened (NT) in Germany (Caspari et al. 2018). In the lowlands, focused management to preserve open, wet and nutrient-poor habitats is required. Monitoring at selected sites of current population and habitat trends where it is locally threatened is also recommended. It occurs in many protected areas across its range in Europe.

 





",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Puche, F.,Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Streblotrichum,commutatum,,Streblotrichum commutatum  ,(Jur.) Hilp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Lesser Bird's-claw Beard-moss (Streblotrichum commutatum) is a common species in oceanic and Mediterranean parts of Europe, but its full distribution is not very well understood because it has been very unevenly recorded, having usually been regarded as a variety of S. convolutum, or even not as a good taxon at all. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and widespread. Although its distribution, frequency and status are not known in detail due of uneven recording, it is nevertheless clear that it is not under threat. It often behaves as a ruderal plant (weed). No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"The Lesser Bird's-claw Beard-moss (Streblotrichum commutatum) is a common species in oceanic and Mediterranean parts of Europe, but its full distribution is not very well understood because it has been very unevenly recorded, having usually been regarded as a variety of S. convolutum, or even not as a good taxon at all. It is therefore certainly under-recorded. Its distribution elsewhere is unclear: it may be a European endemic but it is more likely that it occurs in other temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated, very approximately, to be ca 5,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5.5 million km².","This species is common and apparently stable, as far as can be ascertained. There is no evidence of decline.","This species is characteristic of old walls and rock crevices, but also occurs in ruderal habitats, including arable fields (Blockeel et al. 2014). Otherwise, there is little in the literature to distinguish its ecology from that of S. convolutum. Its altitudinal range is from seal level up to ca 550 m Asl.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present, although it has been assessed as Near Threatened in Sicily and as Vulnerable in Slovenia (Hodgetts 2015). More research is needed to ascertain whether this species is a European endemic. It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Schröck, C.,Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N.","Ştefănuţ, S.,Sabovljevic, M.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Streblotrichum,convolutum,,Streblotrichum convolutum  ,(Hedw.) P. Beauv,This species was placed in Streblotrichum by Kučera et al. (2013).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Lesser Bird's-claw Beard-moss (Streblotrichum convolutum) is widespread throughout almost the whole of Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. This moss is common and usually abundant, and it may have even increased in abundance. The subpopulations are stable, and so the overall population trend is considered as stable. There are no major threats to this at the European level, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.



",Stable,"This species is widespread throughout almost the whole of Europe, but it is rare or missing in the Arctic, and has not yet been recorded from the Faroe Islands, Malta, Monaco, the Vatican and Moldova (Hodgetts 2015). It is widespread across the temperate Northern Hemisphere and  occurs also in Central America, Africa and Australia. It is believed to have been introduced to New Zealand (Blockeel et al. 2014). It has been found growing at elevations from sea level up to 2,500 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.

 





","This moss is common and usually abundant throughout almost the whole of Europe. There is no indication of decline, and it may have increased in abundance. The current population trend is considered as stable and the population size is very large. 

","This is a very common and widespread species in a broad range of open or disturbed habitats in the lowlands (Grims 1999, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). It prefers neutral to base-rich soil and occurs on paths, at the edge of roads, in arable fields, grassland and gardens, and also on cliffs and alluvium.","This species is not threatened over its range, as there are no major threats to it.",No conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Rumsey, F.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Streblotrichum,enderesii,,Streblotrichum enderesii  ,(Garov.) Loeske,This species was placed in Streblotrichum by Kučera et al. (2013).,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Streblotrichum enderesii is a naturally rare species with a very restricted distribution. Its main global distribution centre is in the eastern Alps, and it also occurs in the mountains of southeastern Europe. It is often overlooked, and so is probably more widespread than is currently realised. It was long regarded as a European endemic, but now has also been reported outside Europe. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at ca 400 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 600,000 km². Although many records are considered to be historical (e.g., Switzerland, Italy), there is no indication of a current decline, and so the current population trend is considered to be stable. As an extreme pioneer, an estimation of the population size is difficult, but it is thought that there are between 250 and 1,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals). This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and in the EU 28. Historically this species has lost habitat to hydropower development and flood protection measures (regulation of water courses, construction of large dams, etc). Today, however, there are few threats to it in the Alps. More research on the exact distribution and abundance of this species is recommended, and stable subpopulations of this species in primary habitats in Europe should be strictly protected.",Stable,"The main global distribution centre for this species is in the eastern Alps (Switzerland, Italy, Germany, Austria, Slovenia), and it also occurs in the mountains of southeastern Europe (Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina), where it is probably more widespread than is currently known. Isolated records are known from Poland, Slovakia and Ukraine, but the record from Ukraine is considered doubtful, as its locality seems anomalous. In the Czech Republic, this species is considered Regionally Extinct. This species was long regarded as an European endemic, but now has also been reported outside Europe from Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan  (Ignatov et al. 2006), Turkey (Canli and Çetin 2014) and north Africa  (Jiménez et al. 2002). In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at ca 400 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 600,000 km².","Altogether about 100 records of this species are known, with a clear concentration in the calcareous Alps of Germany and Austria. This species is often overlooked, so it is probably more widespread than is currently realised. As an extreme pioneer, an estimation of the population size is difficult, but it is thought that there are between 250 and 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe. One  individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre where the  species occurs. Although many records are considered to be historical, there is no indication of a decline, and so the current population trend is considered to be stable.","This is an extreme pioneer species on calcareous sites in montane areas (Grims 1999, Meinunger and Schröder 2007). It  grows in recently-formed habitats such as eroded stream banks or on the root plates of fallen trees. However, it seems to colonise only new habitats that are formed naturally, and does not colonise disturbed man-made habitats.","Historically this species has lost habitat to hydropower development and flood protection measures (regulation of water courses, construction of large dams, etc). Today there are few threats in the Alps (Schröck et al. 2013, 2014, Köckinger and Schröck 2017). Threats elsewhere are unknown.","This moss has been assessed as Endangered in Slovakia, as Vulnerable in Austria, Switzerland and Serbia, and as Data Deficient in Italy, Germany and Slovenia (Hodgetts 2015). It is considered Regionally Extinct in the Czech Republic. More needs to be learned about the exact distribution and abundance of this species. Stable subpopulations in primary habitats should be protected. It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Natcheva, R.,Fettes, N.D.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Syntrichia,bogotensis,,Syntrichia bogotensis  ,(Hampe) Mitt. ex R.H. Zander,,No,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv)+2ab(ii,iii,iv)",No,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv)+2ab(ii,iii,iv)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



In Europe, Syntrichia bogotensis occurs only in Madeira Island, Portugal. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 50 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km²), it occurs at only four locations, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, and possibly in the AOO and number of subpopulations. This species was reported for the first time in Macaronesia on the basis of six existing collections from Madeira but recent fieldwork has failed to find it again. Moreover, one of the sites where it was collected in 1984, in the area of Pico Ruivo, has been damaged by fire in the last ten years. The main threats to this species include the climatic changes causing intensification of wildfires, and disturbance to the natural laurel and heath forests of Madeira. These effects also promote the spread of invasive alien species, soil erosion and alteration of microclimatic conditions in the laurisilva forest. Further research is needed into the distribution and population trend of the species, as well as into the threats. Monitoring of habitat and population trends is recommended.",Decreasing,"In Europe, Syntrichia bogotensis occurs only in Madeira Island, Portugal (Gallego and Cano 2005). The Madeiran climatic conditions support the growth of warm-temperate and tropical taxa such as S. bogotensis, which elsewhere is disjunct in the neotropics, occurring in Central America (including Mexico) and western South America. This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 50 km², and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².","This species was reported for the first time in Macaronesia on the basis of six existing collections from Madeira (Gallego and Cano 2005). Unfortunately, recent fieldwork has failed to find it again. Moreover, one of the sites where it was collected in 1984, in the area of Pico Ruivo, has been damaged by fire in the last ten years. The current population trend is thought to be decreasing.","This species is mainly epiphytic on the bark of Tilia sp. and Ocotea foetens. It occurs between 600 m and 1,800 m Asl.","The main threats to this species include the climatic changes causing intensification of wildfires, and disturbance to the natural  laurel and heath forests of Madeira. These effects also promote the spread of invasive alien species, soil erosion and alteration of microclimatic conditions in the laurisilva forest. Taking into account the likely extent of the effect of forest fires and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occurs at only four locations.","Most of the range of this species is included in the Madeira Natural Park which is protected through a Regional Decree. This species occurs in the central mountain massif, which is a Special Area of Conservation (SAC). This species was assessed as Vulnerable in Madeira by Sim-Sim et al. (2014). Further research is needed into the distribution and population trend of the species, as well as into the threats. Monitoring of habitat and population trends is recommended.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Köckinger, H.","Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N., Martins, A. & Gabriel, R.","Reimann, M.,Martinčič, A.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Syntrichia,calcicola,,Syntrichia calcicola  ,J.J.Amann,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Syntrichia calcicola is widespread but scattered in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. However, the overall distribution is not fully known, partly because the species is poorly understood in some countries. The most important habitats for it are dry grassland, rocks and rock debris, but it also occurs on roadsides and walls. The population size and trend are unknown in detail. However, the population size certainly larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) in both Europe and the EU 28 - even though the subpopulations are often small. In dry grasslands this species has certainly declined, but this decline was offset by colonisation of habitats such as walls and roadsides, so the current population trend is considered to be stable. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. Shrub encroachment following abandonment and afforestation pose a threat to this species in some areas, though at the European scale, no conservation measures are required at present. Subpopulations in dry grasslands should be protected and managed as required, and the overall distribution of this species should be clarified in the future.",Stable,"This species is widespread but scattered in Europe, reaching southern Scandinavia in the north, but the overall distribution is not fully known, partly because the species is poorly understood in some countries (Hodgetts 2015). Outside Europe, it also occurs in southwestern Asia and northern Africa. It has been found growing at elevations between 100 m and 2,700 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","The population size and trends of this species are unknown in detail. The population size is certainly above 10,000 individual-equivalents, but the subpopulations are often small. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre or one boulder on which the species grows. In dry grasslands this species has certainly declined, but this decline was offset by colonisation of habitats such as walls and roadsides, so the current population trend is assumed to be stable.","This species occurs mainly on sunny, dry, base-rich to lime-rich habitats, especially on shallow soils or over humus on rocks (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). The most important habitats are dry grassland, rocks and rock debris, but it also occurs on roadsides and walls.","In dry grasslands, this species has certainly declined due to shrub encroachment following abandonment. Afforestation is also a threat in some areas.","This moss has been assessed as Endangered in Slovakia, as Near Threatened in Sicily, and as Data Deficient in Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). At the European scale, no conservation measures are required at present, but the subpopulations in dry grasslands should be protected and managed as required. It occurs in many protected areas. The overall distribution should be clarified in the future.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Rumsey, F.,Cálix, M.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Syntrichia,caninervis,,Syntrichia caninervis  ,Mitt.,"This taxon is part of a complex that comprises: Syntrichia caninervis Mitt. var. caninervis, S. caninervis  var. gypsophila (J.J. Amann ex G. Roth) Ochyra, S. caninervis var. abranchesii (Luisier) R. H. Zander, S. handelii  (Schiffner) S. Agnew & Vondr. var. handelii, S. handelii  var. ferganensis (Laz.) Ochyra, S. pseudohandelii (J.  Froehl.) S. Agnew & Vondr., and S. rigescens (Broth. &  Geh.) Ochyra. As reported by Gallego et al. (2002), they are recognized on the basis of microscopic characters, but sometimes it is not easy to distinguish them.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Syntrichia caninervis is found in the eastern part of Europe, from Ukraine to the Caucasus. It is also found scattered in central Europe, from Spain to Estonia. This species is part of a group of other five taxa not always easy distinguishable. It is assessed as Least Concern since there is no indication of decline and the species does not appear to be close to meeting any of the thresholds for a threatened Category. Still, specific studies on its distribution, size and trend of the population, as well as on threats would be useful.",Unknown,"According to the available literature, Syntrichia caninervis is a moss species found in the eastern part of Europe, from Ukraine to the Caucasus. It is also found scattered in central Europe, from Spain to Estonia. Outside of Europe it is known from North America, North Africa and Asia. However, this distribution could be incorrect considering the difficulty in distinguishing this taxon from others in the same species complex (Gallego 2002).","This moss forms extensive mats, but the population size is unknown and is very difficult estimate. The current population trend is also considered unknown. Specific studies on this would be needed in view of the macroscopic similarity of this species with another six taxa in the same species complex (Gallego 2002).",This is a typical desert moss that lives on soil crusts or in rock crevices in open and dry habitats of arid or semiarid grassland from low to medium altitude.,"The habitat where this species lives can sometimes be threatened by overgrazing. However, it is unknown whether the species is affected by this potential threat and the threats to this species are considered unknown.","This species is not under legal protection. Data on conservation status of the subpopulations are missing. Consequently, population studies to ascertain distribution, size, trend or threats would be necessary. This species is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Ingerpuu, N.,Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Syntrichia,echinata,,Syntrichia echinata  ,(Schiffn.) Herrnst. &amp; Ben-Sasson,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



Syntrichia echinata is only known from a few localities in the eastern Mediterranean. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since, even though it is thought to be under-recorded it is estimated that there are currently fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe. One individual-equivalent is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. Since it is a mountainous species, it mostly occurs in remote and sometimes hard to access areas. There appear to be no major threats. More field research is needed to determine whether the species is more widespread than currently known. Specific ex-situ conservation actions may be needed.",Stable,"Syntrichia echinata is only known from a few localities in the eastern Mediterranean. Outside of Europe, it is known in southwestern Asia (Campisi et al. 2006). The species could be more widespread in Greece than is currently known since there are many suitable habitats that have not been explored yet (T. Blockeel pers. comm. 2017). Its currently known area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km2.","The current population trend is thought to be stable. In Sicily, there is only one small subpopulation. Based on the known subpopulations of this species, it is estimated that there are fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents in Europe. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. However, since this species is considered to be under-recorded, future studies could uncover more subpopulations.","This is a saxicolous species (growing on rocks and boulders) that lives in the subhumid Mesomediterranean belt in woody areas. In Greece, it is xerophytic and grows in mountains. It grows at elevations between 1,100 m and 2,000 m Asl.","This is a very rare species in Europe. Since it is a mountainous species, it mostly occurs in remote and sometimes hard to access areas. There appear to be no major threats.",This species is not subject to any specific conservation actions. More field research is needed to determine whether the species is more widespread than currently known. It is known to occur in protected areas. Specific ex-situ conservation actions may be needed.,This is species is not utilised.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Vellak, K.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Blockeel, T., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Ignatov, M., Kucera, J., Lara, F. & Lüth, M.","Gapon, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Syntrichia,fragilis,,Syntrichia fragilis  ,(Taylor) Ochyra,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment:  Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Syntrichia fragilis seems to have a fragmented distribution being known in the oceanic islands of Madeira and the Canary Islands, up to more temperate countries such as Switzerland, Austria (where it has been recently refound), and the Czech Republic. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has an overall wide distribution and there are some recent reports that seem to indicate it is expanding north. Nevertheless, due to the lack of data on the population size and trend, ecology and threats, further research is needed in order to determine its conservation status.",Stable,"Syntrichia fragilis occurs in the Northern Hemisphere being found in Europe, North America and Asia. Moreover, it is reported also from Central and South America where it is mostly found in western territories. In Europe, it seems to have a fragmented distribution being known in the oceanic islands of Madeira and the Canary Islands, up to more temperate countries such as Switzerland, Austria (where it has been recently refound), and the Czech Republic (Blockeel et al. 2006). Overall, in Europe this species is known from few localities but it recently seems to show an expansion to the north.",No data are available on the population size and trend. In view of its wide distribution it is to be assumed that the European population is likely to be stable even if not very common.,"This species grows on soil and rock, acidic or basic, as well as on bark. As concerns its habitat, it is up until now a poorly known species in Europe (Dierssen 2001), with fragmented literature and herbarium data. In Switzerland it lives on exposed rocks and on sunny cliff and in vineyards (Swissbryophytes 2017).","It is unclear why this species is so rare. Based on its ecology, it could be more widespread and its distribution could be better known. The threats to this species are unknown.","This species is included in many regional Red Lists (Hodgetts 2015). Therefore, it is protected at national level in some European countries. However, no specific conservation measures are in place. At the European level, further research is needed into the population size and trend, as well as potential threats to this species. It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Denyer, J.,Cálix, M.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Syntrichia,handelii,,Syntrichia handelii  ,(Schiffn.) S. Agnew &amp; Vondr.,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



Syntrichia handelii is a rare species in Europe and is only known from a few localities in the Mediterranean area. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on the population size and trend, as well as on threats. Subpopulations presumably consist of only a few individuals, but this is uncertain, since it is difficult to macroscopically distinguish this species from other species in the Syntrichia caninervis complex. Further research is needed to determine the extinction risk of this species.",Unknown,"Syntrichia handelii is known in Europe, North Africa and southwestern Asia. In Europe it is quite rare, being only reported from the Mediterranean area (Hodgetts 2015).","The only data on subpopulation are reported for Spain by Gallego et al. (2012). In this country the species is present with only one subpopulation comprising less than 250 individuals. The species forms tufts of 1-1,5 cm high. The current population trend is unknown.","This species grows in chasmophytic communities or in spiny dwarf-shrubs vegetation on crevices of limestone rocks, on rock faces and on walls, rarely on bark (Gallego et al. 2002).","No specific threats are known, but wildfires in the Mediterranean area pose a potential threat to this species.",The species is not under legal protection at European level not at regional level. It lives frequently in protected areas but specific research to determine the size of the subpopulations and to monitor the population trend would be necessary even if they are not easy because of the difficulty in distinguishing this species macroscopically from other species of the Syntrichia caninervis complex.,This species is not utilised.,"Hodgetts, N.,Séneca, A.,Cálix, M.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Syntrichia,laevipila,,Syntrichia laevipila  ,Brid.,"Syntrichia pagorum has often been recognised as a separate species, but most recent authors treat it as a synonym of S. laevipila.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Small Hairy Screw-moss (Syntrichia laevipila) is a widespread species in Europe. It is more common in the southern part of its distribution area, while is often rare in the central and eastern part. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a stable population trend and does not approach any of the thresholds for a threatened Category. At present no specific conservation actions are needed.",Stable,"The Small Hairy Screw-moss (Syntrichia laevipila) is an incompletely cosmopolitan species, especially in temperate zones, while it is very rare in tropical regions and absent in the Arctic and Antarctic. It is quite common in southern and western Europe, northwards to south Scandinavia and Poland. It is most frequent in the Mediterranean territories (Hodgetts 2015).","Quantitative data on the size of subpopulations is not available. This species is widespread in some parts of Europe (but absent from most of Scandinavia, and most of European Russia), and there are no data indicating a decline, even if it is rare in some territories. On the contrary, there is evidence of a recovery in some areas that were formerly subject to SO2 pollution, e.g., Britain (Blockeel et al. 2014). The current population trend is therefore considered to be stable. 



","This is a corticolous species, frequentlyoccurring both in natural and man-made habitats. More rarely it grows on rock, and it is found from sea level up to 4,000 m Asl (Gallego et al. 2004).","This species is at risk in some countries of central and eastern Europe (Hodgetts 2015). As concerns threats, data on its conservation status in Bulgaria referto habitat degradation as a major threat,including forest felling, and microclimate change, as well as atmospheric pollution (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Environment and Water 2011).",This species is included in many regional Red Lists (Hodgetts 2015). At the European level no specific conservation measures are necessary for this species. It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Patiño, J.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Syntrichia,latifolia,,Syntrichia latifolia  ,(Bruch ex Hartm.) Huebener,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Water Screw-moss (Syntrichia latifolia) is a temperate species which is widespread in western and central Europe, becoming rarer in southern Europe, where the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. The population size is large, with the number of individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) estimated to be certainly well above 10,000. The population trend is stable or perhaps even increasing (in secondary habitats). This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. It is not threatened over most of its European range (only at the edges of its natural distribution is this species rare), and so no conservation measures are required at present at the European scale.",Stable,"In Europe, this is a temperate species of moss widespread in western and central Europe, north to southern Scandinavia (but missing in Finland) and east to Ukraine (it is missing or very rare in Russia), being rarer in southern Europe (and missing from Greece, some regions of the Balkans, and absent from many of the Mediterranean islands, the Azores and the Canary Islands). According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is also known from Turkey, Asian Russia (Yakutia) and western North America. It has been found growing from sea level up to 700 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, but is assumed that the current trend is stable, or increasing in secondary habitats (Blockeel et al. 2014). The population size is certainly well above 10,000 individual-equivalents in Europe and in the EU 28. Oneindividual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre, one boulder or one host tree on which it grows.","This is a lowland moss which occurs mainly on roots and tree bases subject to periodic flooding along streams and rivers, but it also occurs on rock, stone, concrete, walls and bridges (Grims 1999, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). It can even grow on damp tarmac surfaces.","This species is not threatened over most of its European range, and only at the edges of its natural distribution is this species rare. The felling of individual trees, for example, can represent a threat.","Although not threatened at the European level, this species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Bulgaria, as Endangered in Norway and Slovakia, as Vulnerable in Austria and Romania, as Near Threatened in the Czech Republic and Hungary, as Data Deficient in Switzerland, and as 'rare' in Poland (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation measures are required at present at the European scale. It occurs in at least one protected area.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,González Mancebo, J.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Syntrichia,minor,,Syntrichia minor  ,"(Bizot) M.T. Gallego, J. Guerra, M.J. Cano, Ros &amp; Sánchez-Moya",This species was originally described as a variety of Syntrichia papillosissima and was only elevated to species level in 2000 by Gallego et al. (2000).,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



Syntrichia minor is a Mediterranean species reported for the first time from Europe in 2000, in southern Spain. In 2002, it was reported from Greece and after that from Cyprus and the Canary Islands. More recently, it has been found in France. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend. It seems to be a rare species, and further studies could lead to a threatened assessment. On the other hand, this species could have a wider distribution in the Mediterranean area in view of its similarity to S. virescens, of which S. minor was considered a variety until a short time ago.",Unknown,"Syntrichia minor is a Mediterranean species reported for the first time from Europe in 2000, in southern Spain (Gallego et al. 2000). In 2002, it was reported from Greece (Blockeel 2002) and after that from Cyprus and the Canary Islands (Blockeel 2003, Gallego 2005). More recently, it has been found in France (Ellis et al. 2015). Outside of Europe, it has been recorded in Lebanon and Morocco (Ros et al. 2013). Since this taxon was only raised to the species level in 2000, its current distribution is still poorly known. It had been previously neglected as it was considered a variety of S. papillosissima.","There are no exact data on the size or trend of the population, but it seems to not be a common species. It forms small cushions of a few square centimetres.","This species lives as an epiphyte on Quercus faginea, Quercus ilex, Olea europaea, Pinus nigra subsp. salzmannii and also on Juniperus species. It also grows on Vitis vinifera. Moreover, it is found on rock or limestone soil in oak woods or maquis. It is found at elevations between 100 m and 1,700 m Asl.","Fire and other ecosystems disturbances due to human activities can threaten the habitat of this species. However, until now this species does not seem to be at imminent extinction risk even if it is rare in Europe.","Research on the distribution of this species is needed, since its range is poorly known. Similarly, the population size and trend, as well as potential threats should be investigated. It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Pilkington, S.,Cálix, M.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Blockeel, T., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Ignatov, M., Kucera, J., Lara, F. & Lüth, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Syntrichia,montana,,Syntrichia montana  ,Nees,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Intermediate Screw-moss (Syntrichia montana) is widespread and occurs over most of Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. The population size in Europe and also within the EU 28 is certainly more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals). There is a decline of this species in primary habitat types in central Europe, but this is compensated for by its colonisation of secondary habitats, so the population trend as a whole is at least stable, or probably increasing, due to an increase in secondary habitats. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. Threats such as afforestation and shrub encroachment following abandonment have impacted its primary habitats (sun exposed rocks), but there are no recorded threats in its secondary habitats. At the European scale, no conservation measures are required at present, but the subpopulations in primary habitats should be protected and managed as required.



 



 



 



",Increasing,"In Europe, this species shows a sub-Mediterranean to sub-Atlantic distribution range, occurring over most of Europe, but being rarer in northern areas and in the Alps, and missing from the Arctic, Finland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Gibraltar, the Azores, Malta, Monaco, the Vatican, Belarus, Moldova, Latvia, Lithuania, and most of European Russia. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is also known outside Europe from northern Africa, Turkey, the Near East, Iran to Tajikistan and  North America. It has been found growing at elevations up to 2,600 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","This species has declined in primary habitats in central Europe (on sun exposed rocks), due to afforestation and shrub encroachment following abandonment. However, the population trend as a whole is assumed to be stable or (probably) increasing, due to an increase in secondary habitats (Blockeel et al. 2014, Caspari et al. 2018). The population size is certainly well above 10,000 individual-equivalents in both the EU 28 and Europe. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre, one boulder or one host tree on which it grows.","This species occurs on limestone or more rarely on base-rich silicate rocks, on crags and cliffs, and also on walls and as an epiphyte (Grims 1999, Meinunger and Schröder 2007). It is spreading into ruderal habitats and polluted areas in Great Britain (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from seal level up to ca 2,600 m Asl.

","This species has certainly declined in its primary habitats of sun-exposed rocks, due to afforestation and shrub encroachment following abandonment (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). There are no recorded threats in its secondary habitats.","This moss is included in the Norwegian Red List as Vulnerable (Hassel et al. 2015), and is Data Deficient in San Marino (Hodgetts 2015). At the European scale, no conservation measures are required at present, but the subpopulations in primary habitats should be protected and managed as required. It occurs in many protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Mazimpaka, V.,Hodgetts, N.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Syntrichia,norvegica,,Syntrichia norvegica  ,F. Weber,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Norway Screw-moss (Syntrichia norvegica) shows an  arctic-montane distribution and is widespread in the mountainous regions of Europe, being especially common and abundant in the Alps, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. There is no indication of a decline and the overall population trend is assumed to be more or less stable. The population size in Europe and also within the EU 28 is certainly larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals). This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. It is not threatened over most of its range, although some outlying subpopulations in areas where it is rare may be threatened by stochastic events. No conservation measures are required at the European scale at present, but isolated subpopulations (e.g., in Britain) should be protected and monitored.",Stable,"In Europe, this moss species shows an arctic-montane distribution, occurring in mountainous regions in most of Europe, but missing from Ireland, the Azores, the Canary Islands, Denmark and the Benelux states, becoming rare or absent in some lowland Mediterranean areas, over most of the Baltic states and Central European Russia. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is also known outside Europe from the Caucasus, northern Africa (Morocco), Turkey, Iran, mountains of Central  Asia and Himalaya, across northern Asia to Japan, North America,  Greenland, Mexico and southern Africa. It has been found growing at elevations between 500 m and 3,600 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","While the population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, the current trend is assumed to be more or less stable. The population size is certainly far above 10,000 individual-equivalents in Europe and also within the EU 28, and at least in the Alps, and some other mountain areas, it is quite abundant. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre, one boulder or one host tree on which it grows.","This moss occurs in sunny habitats on limestone or base-rich silicate rocks, on soil and snow-beds, and also secondarily on walls of natural stones, from the montane to the alpine belt (Grims 1999, Meinunger and Schröder 2007).","This species is not threatened over most of its range, but some outlying subpopulations in areas where it is rare may be threatened by stochastic events.","This moss has been assessed as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic, as Endangered in Britain, as Vulnerable in Slovakia, Romania and Estonia, as Near Threatened in Bulgaria and as Data Deficient in Hungary (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation measures are required at the European scale at present, but isolated subpopulations (e.g., in Britain) should be protected and monitored. It occurs in many protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hedenäs, L.,Cálix, M.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Syntrichia,papillosa,,Syntrichia papillosa  ,(Wilson) Jur.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Marble Screw-moss (Syntrichia papillosa) is widespread in the temperate parts of central and western Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. It grows as an epiphyte on many different tree and shrub species, with many of the subpopulations occurring in urban areas. There is no indication of a decline, and the population trend is considered at least stable or perhaps even increasing. The population size in Europe and also within the EU 28 is certainly much larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals). This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. It is not threatened over most of its range, however, the removal of old trees can pose a threat, and this may be significant in areas where it is rare, near the edges of its range. No conservation measures are required on a European scale at present, but it may be necessary to protect old single trees in regions where the species is rare (e.g., Norway).



 



 



 



",Stable,"This is a temperate species of moss widespread throughout most of Europe, being fairly common in western and central areas, but becoming much rarer in the north and east, and is missing from the Arctic and most of European Russia, as well as some smaller and less well-known southern territories. According to Størmer (1969) the species belongs to the Pterogonium gracile ecological group with a Mediterranean-Atlantic distribution. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is also known outside Europe from Morocco, Turkey, the Caucasus, and North and South America. It has been found growing at elevations up to 1,400 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","The population size of this species is unknown in detail, but is certainly far above 10,000 individual-equivalents in Europe and also within the EU 28. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre, one boulder or one tree on which the species grows. The population trend is at least stable or perhaps even increasing.","This moss grows as an epiphyte on many different tree and shrub species, occurring only rarely on walls, stones, concrete and tarmac (Grims 1999, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Many of the subpopulations are in urban areas. It is a lowland species.","This species is not threatened over most of its range. However, the removal of old trees can pose a threat, and this may be significant in areas where it is rare, near the edge of its range.","This moss has been assessed as Endangered in Bulgaria, as Vulnerable in Slovakia, as Near Threatened in Norway and Portugal, as 'rare' in Poland, and as Data Deficient in the Canary Islands (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation measures are required on a European scale at present, but it may be necessary to protect old single trees in regions where the species is rare (e.g., Norway). It occurs in at least one protected area.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hedenäs, L.,Cálix, M.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Syntrichia,papillosissima,,Syntrichia papillosissima  ,(Copp.) Loeske,This species is very similar macroscopically to other species of the Syntrichia ruralis complex from which it is distinguishable by microscopical characters of leaves such as the papillosity of cells.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Syntrichia papillosissima it has a quite wide, mediterranean-montane distribution, being known in the western part of the continent and moreover in Germany and Hungary, up to the European Caucasus. It is frequently locally rare but it may be under-recorded because of its macroscopical similarity to other species in the S. ruralis complex. There appear to be no major threats to this species, and it is therefore assessed as Least Concern. Further research into the population size and trend is recommended.",Unknown,"Syntrichia papillosissima is known in Europe, Asia, North America, Mexico and North Africa. In Europe it has a quite wide, mediterranean-montane distribution, being known in the western part of the continent and moreover in Germany and Hungary, up to the European Caucasus (Hodgetts 2015). It is not a frequent species, but it is possible that it is under-recorded because of its similarity with species of the S. ruralis complex.",It is very difficult to obtain data on the size of subpopulations because of this species' high similarity to other taxa of the Syntrichia ruralis complex from which it is only distinguishable by microscopical characters. The current population trend is therefore considered unknown.,This species grows on dry soil and on rocks in Mediterranean woods.,No major threats are known to affect this species.,The species is not under legal protection. Determining the conservation status of its subpopulations is difficult due to the need to do microscopic examinations of plants in order to differentiate this species from other species of the complex to which it belongs. Further research into the population size and trend is recommended. It is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Rumsey, F.,Cálix, M.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Syntrichia,princeps,,Syntrichia princeps  ,(De Not.) Mitt.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Brown Screw-moss (Syntrichia princeps) is a species with a prevailing distribution in the Mediterranean area, where it is quite common in various habitat types. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the current population trend appears to be stable and there are no major threats affecting it. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Brown Screw-moss (Syntrichia princeps) is known, but quite rare, in Sweden and Great Britain, in almost all the Mediterranean area, where it is more abundant, and in a few localities in central Europe (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, it is also found in West Asia, Africa, Australia and Antarctica.","No specific data are available on the size of the population, but it is quite frequent forming cushions or tufts up to 10 cm. The current population trend is assumed to be stable.","This species lives on calcareous rock, soil or on bark in shaded or lighted conditions, both dry or moist.","This species is probably rare at the edge of its distribution range. Therefore, it is ""naturally"" at risk in some countries such as Sweden or Great Britain and Ireland. In the main area of distribution, such as in the central Mediterranean area, it is more frequent and there do not appear to be any major threats to it.","Overall in Europe no specific and direct conservation actions are currently needed. In those territories where it is at risk because it is rare, it has been included in regional Red Lists and assessed as Near Threatened (in Sweden and Great Britain), as Endangered (in Luxembourg), as Vulnerable (in Bulgaria) and as Critically Endangered (in Romania) (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Vanderpoorten, A.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Syntrichia,rigescens,,Syntrichia rigescens  ,(Broth. &amp; Geh.) Ochyra,,No,CR,D,No,CR,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)



EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)



Syntrichia rigescens is a Mediterranean species known from very few localities in Europe, west Asia, and Morocco. In Europe, it lives in only two localities in France, in the Hautes-Alpes. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it is estimated that there are fewer than 50 individual-equivalents in Europe. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one boulder or tree on which the species grows. Being known in only one locality in Europe, this species is at high risk of extinction. It was reported in a fallow near a village in 1992. Consequently, it could be threatened by the anthropization of the area. The known locality might be in a natural reserve and the habitat has not significantly changed in the last 20 years. Research is needed into the population trend of the species. Moreover, for this taxon, ex-situ conservation actions are needed, as well as specific legislation measures.",Unknown,"Syntrichia rigescens is a Mediterranean species known from very few localities in Europe, west Asia, and Morocco. In Europe, it lives in only two localities in France, in the Hautes-Alpes (Boudier 1992, V. Hugonnot pers. comm. 2017). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km2.","The current population trend of this species is unknown. It is estimated that there are fewer than 50 individual-equivalents in Europe. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one boulder or tree on which the species grows. In fact, only two small sites are known and both have a very small number of individual-equivalents.","This is a xerophilous, photophilous and basiphilous species that grows on granitic or calcareous rocks and seldom as an epiphyte at high altitude in mountain peaks communities related to Sedo-Scleranthetalia (Dierssen 2001). It reproduces only from gemmae, and sporophytes are unknown. It is found at elevations between 950 m and 1,900 m Asl.","Being known in only one locality in Europe, this species is at high risk of extinction. It was reported in a fallow near a village in 1992. Consequently, it could be threatened by the anthropization of the area.","The known locality might be in a natural reserve and the habitat has not significantly changed in the last 20 years. Research is needed into the population trend of the species. Moreover, for this taxon, ex-situ conservation actions are needed, as well as specific legislation measures.",This species is not utilised.,"Patiño, J.,Cálix, M.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Kucera, J., Lara, F. & Lüth, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Syntrichia,ruralis,,Syntrichia ruralis  ,(Hedw.) F. Weber &amp; D. Mohr,"Syntrichia ruralis is a taxonomically problematic species. S. papillosissima was formerly treated as a variety or subspecies of it, but is now generally recognised as a distinct species. S. ruraliformis and S. calcicola are variously treated at different ranks by different authors, and in some territories S. calcicola is regarded as a synonym. In this assessment S. ruralis excludes S. papillosissima and S. calcicola, while S. ruraliformis is treated as a variety (T. Blockeel pers. comm. 2018).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Great Hairy Screw-moss (Syntrichia ruralis) is a widespread species which is reported from almost the whole continent. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large and stable population, is quite common in various habitat types, and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Great Hairy Screw-moss (Syntrichia ruralis) is very widespread in Europe (Hodgetts 2015). It is reported from almost the whole continent and it is quite common in various habitat types. Outside of Europe it is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, but rare or absent in the tropical zone. In the southern hemisphere it is known from southern South America and southern Africa.","Since this species is fairly frequent, and common in various habitats and substrates, the current population trend can be considered stable. In some regions it readily colonises man-made habitats. The overall population size is presumably very large.","This species lives in various habitat types. The plants may be saxicolous, terricolous or corticicolous, both in well-illuminated and lightly shaded conditions. Habitats include rock outcrops, crags, stony and sandy ground, and coastal sand dunes. It is also widespread on walls, roofs, concrete, old tarmac, and other artificial substrates.",No major threats are known to affect this species.,No specific conservation actions are necessary for this common and widespread species. It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Patiño, J.,Cálix, M.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Syntrichia,sinensis,,Syntrichia sinensis  ,(Müll. Hal.) Ochyra,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment:Vulnerable (VU)

The naturally very rare Syntrichia sinensis is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and the EU 28 since its population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents. The population is also severely fragmented, as it is found in small, isolated subpopulations. The population trend, however, is considered to be stable. The extent of occurrence (EOO) surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory under Criterion B. The area of occupancy (AOO), however, is much more restricted, being estimated at 488 km2. Direct threats are largely unknown, but it may be threatened by the overgrowth of vegetation. It is known to occur in protected areas throughout its European range. Ex-situ propagation and population transfer to potential suitable habitats could be recommended conservation actions for this species.",Stable,"Frey et al. (2006) stated this very rare species to be only  present in the Alps, Carpathians and Caucasus mountain ranges. However,  there are recent records outside these mountain ranges, such as from  Greece (Puglisi et al. 2012), Cyprus, Spain, Kosovo and Russia. This species is globally widely distributed, and is found in North Africa, Asia and North America (Darzikolaei et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B. The area of occupancy (AOO), however, is much more restricted, being estimated at 488 km2.","This is naturally a very rare species and possibly also overlooked. There are  22 records of this species in Europe, most of which are rather old. The estimated population size for this species is smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents (where one individual-equivalent is equal to one occupied square metre). The population is also severely fragmented as it is found in small, isolated subpopulations. These small subpopulations may go extinct with little probability of recolonisation. The species population trend, however, is considered to be stable.","This species grows on exposed rocks or soils, both on basic and acidic substrates (Guerra et al. 2006). It can also be found growing on artificial walls. It is a thermophilic species. Its altitudinal range is ca. 320-2,000 m.","The threats to this species are unknown, but the overgrowth of vegetation could potentially negatively impact it.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Switzerland (Critically Endangered), Austria (Highly Endangered) and Spain (Vulnerable) (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in protected areas. Ex-situ propagation and population transfer to potential suitable habitats could be recommended conservation actions for this species.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Natcheva, R.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Syntrichia,subpapillosissima,,Syntrichia subpapillosissima  ,(Bizot &amp; R.B. Pierrot ex W.A. Kramer) M.T. Gallego &amp; J. Guerra,A taxonomic study of the Syntrichia ruralis-complex is needed.,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The distribution of Syntrichia subpapillosissima in Europe is very inadequately known because of taxonomic confusion and inconsistency of recording. It is a pioneer species of sunny, dry, calcareous soils, rocks and rock debris. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, as well as ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to determine its extinction risk. Also, a taxonomic study of the Syntrichia ruralis-complex is needed. A decline in dry grassland due to abandonment and afforestation is very likely, but this may have been offset by its occurrences in secondary habitats, such as on roofs.",Unknown,"The distribution of this species in Europe is very inadequately known because of taxonomic confusion and inconsistency of recording. According to Casas et al. (2006) this species shows a scattered distribution in the Iberian Peninsula, where it is known from Andorra, Spain and Portugal. Occurrences are also known from Austria, Germany, France, Macedonia, Greece and Croatia (Papp et al. 2013). According to Gallego et al. (2002) this species is also known outside Europe from southwestern Asia and northern Africa, but its occurrence in North America is uncertain (H. During pers. comm. 2017). It has been found growing at elevations between 50 m and 600 m Asl.



 



","The population size and trend of this species are unknown. It has probably declined in dry grasslands, but this may have been offset by its occurrences in secondary habitats, such as on roofs. According to Nebel and Philippi (2001), the subpopulations in Baden Württemberg (Germany) are always small.","This is a pioneer species of sunny, dry, calcareous soils, rocks and rock debris (Nebel and Philippi 2001). More rarely, it occurs as an epiphyte (Casas et al. 2006).","Due to insufficient data, threats on the European scale are not well known. A decline in dry grassland due to abandonment and afforestation is very likely.","Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, as well as into the potential threats to this species. Also, a taxonomic study with regard to its relationship with closely related taxa such as Syntrichia ruraliformis is needed. The species is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Hedenäs, L.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Syntrichia,virescens,,Syntrichia virescens  ,(De Not.) Ochyra,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Lesser Screw-moss (Syntrichia virescens) is a widespread species in Europe, and is found from the north to the Mediterranean region, and eastewards to the Caucasus. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Lesser Screw-moss (Syntrichia virescens) is a Mediterranean Temperate species which is widespread in Europe. It is found from the north to the Mediterranean region, and eastwards to the Caucasus. Its presence is variable, being seldom rare, as in Great Britain or quite common, as in Italy (Cortini Pedrotti 2001). However, this distribution can be underestimated because of its similarity with some other species of the same genus such as S. intermedia or S. laevipila (Whitelaw and Burton 2015). Outside of Europe it is reported from California.","The current population trend can be assumed to be stable since no data on decline are known. However, no specific data are available on the size of the population. The species reproduces frequently, producing sporophytes and moreover through propagules.







","It lives frequently as an epiphyte on the bark of numerous broadleaved tree species, both in temperate forests and in man-made habitats such as gardens in urban areas. It sometimes grows on rocks and walls, rarely on soil.","While there appear to be no major threats to this species in Europe, a potential threat is habitat alteration due to forest cutting.","This species is quite frequent in various countries of its distribution area and it is not under legal protection. In Norway, Poland and Bulgaria it is included in the Red Lists as a threatened species (Hodgetts 2015). Overall, no specific conservation actions are needed at the European level. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Górski, P.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,JAMESONIELLACEAE,Syzygiella,autumnalis,,Syzygiella autumnalis  ,"(DC.) K. Feldberg, Váňa, Hentschel &amp; Heinrichs",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Syzygiella autumnalis is not rare in many European countries, and particularly in Nordic countries and in European Russia, the species is rather common. This species has a large geographic range - the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 6.7 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2,708 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 4.7 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 2,440 km2. In addition, the current population trend is stable. The species is listed as Least Concern in view of its widespread distribution and stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28.



This species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Italy, Switzerland and Finland. This species can be affected by forestry, and perhaps land management in some areas. However, as this species is so widespread, there are no conservation measures required at present.",Stable,"This is a lowland species, with a temperate-boreo-montane distribution. It occurs in the north up to the southern regions of the Scandinavian countries (Damsholt 2002), Karelia and the northern Urals in Russia (Konstantinova et al. 2009). The species is not rare in many European countries (Damsholt 2002, Paton 1996). In Asia, it is rather common in the Caucasus, the Asian part of Russia (Konstantinova et al. 2009), Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan, the Himalayas and Sikkim (Damsholt 2002). In North America, this species occurs in the west from Alaska to Oregon, Montana and Wyoming, and in the east from Newfoundland to North Carolina and Mexico (Schuster 1969). This species has also been recently reported from Venezuela (Schuster 2002).

The altitudinal range of this species is from near sea-level to 360 m Asl in Great Britain (Paton 1999) and 1,600 m Asl in the Tatra Mountains (Górski and Váňa 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 6.7 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2,708 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 4.7 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 2,440 km2.","There is no data available on the size of the subpopulations but the species sometimes occurs as large mats. In Scandinavian countries (Damsholt 2002) and central European Russia, at least, it often occurs with sporophytes (N. Konstantinova pers. obs. 2016). The current population trend is stable. In Nordic countries and in European Russia, the species is rather common (Damsholt 2002, N. Konstantinova pers. obs. 2016).

","This species has a wide ecological amplitude. It occurs on moist, shaded, hard or soft acidic to neutral rock outcrops, as well as on the sides of boulders, and sandstone on the edge of moist, half-buried stones and rocks in forests. It is also very common on moist, bare logs and stumps, on bark on the bases and lower or nearly horizontal trunks of living trees in damp sheltered deciduous or mixed forests, wooded valleys and on shaded rocky slopes (Paton 1999, Damsholt 2002).","This species is ""possibly decreasing due to changes in land management; mysteriously unknown in Ireland"" (Paton 1999). This species can be affected by forestry. 

","The species is included in several national Red Lists of European countries. It is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Italy, as Vulnerable (VU) in Finland, Spain and the Czech Republic, as Near Threatened (NT) in Luxembourg and Hungary, and as Endangered (EN) in Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). This species occurs in many protected areas across of Europe.  It occurs in many strict nature reserves in European Russia, particularly Volzhsko-Kamskiy, Zhigulevskiy, Pechero-Ilychskii and Prioksko-Terrassnyi (Konstantinova 2004). There are no conservation measures required at present.",This species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Ganeva, A.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,JAMESONIELLACEAE,Syzygiella,rubricaulis,,Syzygiella rubricaulis  ,(Nees) Stephani,This species was moved to the genus Syzygiella from Jamesoniella following Váňa et al. (2013).,No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) 



The leafy liverwort Syzygiella rubricaulis is found in two mountainous localities in the Azores, one in Pico Island and another in São Miguel Island. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) smaller than 1,000 km2, area of occupancy (AOO) is 64 km2), it occurs at only two locations, the population is considered to be severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat due to the ongoing threats. There is reason to believe that the species is sensitive to habitat degradation, which is occurring due to a number of causes including the increase of tourism (which is increasing steadily in the Azores). 



This anthropogenic disturbance involves recreational activities such as trampling. The visitation of mountain trails is increasing with higher visitation of both localities where the species occurs. Besides, at about 1,000 m Asl, there are still some native forests which are being impacted by the presence of invasive alien species expansion. An intensification of the effects of climatic change may also cause damage. Immediate conservation action is recommended to avoid the extinction of this species. In addition, further research is needed on the population size and trends, the species' habitats, ecology and threats. Proper management of the main habitat is also recommended, focusing on stricter regulation of tourists and their access to mountain trails, as well as the removal of invasive species.",Decreasing,"The leafy liverwort Syzygiella rubricaulis is one of the most interesting disjunct species living in the Azores and the high mountains of the Neotropics (Sjögren 2001, Gaspar et al. 2013). In the Azores, it was recorded on only two of the nine islands, namely Pico and São Miguel (Sjögren 2001, Gabriel et al. 2005, 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 881 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of just 64 km2.","In Europe, this inconspicuous liverwort is restricted to the Azores Archipelago (Gabriel et al. 2010). In spite of being looked for in the nine islands of the archipelago, this species was only found in Pico mountain (Pico Island) (Persson 1938, Allorge and Allorge 1950, Schumacker and Vána 1999, Sjögren 2001) and Pico da Vara mountain (São Miguel Island) (Schumacker 2001). The species is dioicous (Gaspar et al. 2013) but so far, no perianths were referred to the Azores and the species appears to have poor dispersal ability. The two small and isolated subpopulations could go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization, and the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. 



The current population trend is suspected to be decreasing due to the loss of habitat (Juniperion and impoverished Juniperion on mountains) (sensu Sjögren 1973). In addition, the effects of climate change (increased temperature and consequent decrease in relative humidity) are expected to negatively affect this species, as is happening with the endemic bryophytes in Macaronesia that occur in the laurel and juniper forest (Ferreira et al. 2016, Patiño et al. 2016). Since this species is epilithic, an individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be a rock or boulder on which the species grows. It is estimated that there are fewer than 2,500 individual-equivalents in Europe, and that each subpopulation has fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents.","In the Azores this species is currently restricted to mountainous areas at elevations between 900 m and 1,200 m Asl (Gabriel et al. 2011), which reveals the same trend than in Central and South America (Gaspar et al. 2013). In the Azores it grows on rocks (Allorge and Allorge 1950), in small subpopulations (Sjögren 2001, Schumacker 2001).","There is reason to believe that the species is sensitive to habitat degradation, which is occurring due to a number of causes including the increase of tourism (which is increasing steadily in the Azores). This anthropogenic disturbance involves recreational activities such as trampling; the visitation of mountain trails is increasing with higher visitation of both localities where the species occurs. Besides, at about 1,000 m Asl, there are still some native forests which are being impacted by the presence of invasive alien species expansion (especially Hedychium gardnerianum and Clethra arborea - in São Miguel Island). An intensification of the effects of climatic change may also cause damage. Furthermore, geological events such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and landslides, have occurred in the Azores and are likely to happen again, with possible damaging consequences to this species. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of these threats, and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only two locations.","

There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. In the Azores, it occurs in both Natural Parks of the islands where it was observed. Proper management of the sites and habitat is recommended, focusing on stricter regulation of tourists and their access to mountain trails, along with the removal of invasive alien species (Hedychium gardnerianum, Clethra arborea). Biology and nature conservation students should be made aware of bryophytes in general and rare species in particular. Further research is needed on the population size and trends, the species' habitats, ecology and threats.

",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Schröck, C.,Englefield, E.","Gabriel, R. & Sim-Sim, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,TARGIONIACEAE,Targionia,hypophylla,,Targionia hypophylla  ,L.,"

The complex Targionia hypophylla–Targionia lorbeeriana includes a haploid and a triploid cytotype in Europe and the Atlantic islands. As presented by isozyme analysis (Boisselier-Dubayle and Bischler 1999), high levels of fixed heterozygosity and duplication of one of the chromosome sets characterize the triploids. According to these authors, triploid African and Australasian colonies do not share the same duplicated genome as the triploids from Europe and from the Atlantic islands. Also the electrophoretic data show independent origins of the European-Atlantic and African-Australasian polyploids.

However, according to Grolle and Long (2000), as well as Söderström et al. (2016), the T. hypophylla and T. lorbeeriana complex is recognised and includes both species.



",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"

European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Orobus-seed Liverwort (Targionia hypophylla) is present in the majority of the Mediterranean countries in Europe, and it is one of the most common liverworts in the European Mediterranean area. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 11 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be at least 1,548 km2. The overall population trend for both Europe and the EU 28 seems to be stable and this species is not considered to be fragmented. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Ireland, Germany and Netherlands. Some anthropogenic pressure with habitat degradation, as well as the increase of fire frequency and of invasive species are to be considered as threats to this species. This species would benefit from invasive species control, and further research is required on the taxonomy, population and threats to this species.

",Stable,"

 

This is a widespread but relatively scarce liverwort in northern Europe, with preferences for areas with a moist, Mediterranean, temperate climate (Bischler 2004). This species is thought to present a more or less continuous distribution through the southern Mediterranean countries,  being present in the majority of the Mediterranean countries (Ros et al. 2007) from Portugal to the Balkans, Turkey, Israel and North Africa to Morocco. This species is also present in all Macaronesian archipelagos. The species has also been recorded in southeastern Asia, tropical and South Africa, North, Central and South America, Australasia and Oceania (Perold 1993, Bischler 2004). It is rarer in the northeast of Europe, with a threatened status in Ireland, Germany, the Czech Republic and Switzerland. This species is widespread throughout the Iberian Peninsula and in Mallorca. In Portugal, it is recorded from all provinces of the country and in Spain in the majority of provinces (Sérgio and Queiroz Lopes 1972, Zamora et al. 1990).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 11 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be at least 1,548 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level up to 1,000 m Asl in Switzerland and up to 1,500 m Asl in Spain (Bischler 2004).

 

","

The total population size of this species in Europe is unknown, but this species is not rare across its total range. It is one of the most common liverworts in the European Mediterranean area (Bischler 2004). The overall population trend for both Europe and the EU 28 seems to be stable and this species is not considered to be fragmented. Bischler (2004) reported this species to about 650 sample plots, based on field data from all over the Mediterranean area. Nevertheless, in Europe, the northern limit is Germany, Ireland and, in the east, Bulgaria and Cyprus.

","This species grows on rock crevices and on banks by streams, usually in shade habitats. Its affinity is often to calcareous bedrock, often along the paths, some time on the edge of agricultural areas and artificial walls. This species is usually found at lower altitudes and frequently in seasonally drier sites. There are some local declines in the habitat quality and the plants can be observed mainly in winter, when conditions are moist and vascular plants are less competitive.","The threats to this species are mostly to do with anthropogenic pressure with habitat degradation, as well as, the increase of fire frequency and the influence of invasive species as Campylopus introflexus. Water pollution and soil drying in relation to global warming and abnormal summer drought may be also threats for this species in the future.","

The species is threatened in some European countries, such as Ireland (Lockhart et al. 2012), Germany, Netherlands, the Czech Republic and Switzerland. The species is known to occur in some protected areas throughout its range, such as in the Iberian Peninsula. This species would benefit from invasive species control, and further research is required on the taxonomy, population and threats to this species.

",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,González Mancebo, J.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,MARCHANTIOPSIDA,MARCHANTIALES,TARGIONIACEAE,Targionia,lorbeeriana,,Targionia lorbeeriana  ,Müll. Frib.,"

Targionia lorbeeriana is considered to be part of a complex, Targionia hypophylla,but for most authors it is a distinct species.It includesa haploid (9 chromosomes) and a triploid cytotype in Europe and the Atlantic islands. As shown by isozyme analysis (Boisselier-Dubayle and Bischler 1999), high levels of fixed heterozygosity and duplication of one of the chromosome sets characterize the triploids that are fertile. According to these authors, triploid African and Australasian colonies do not share the same duplicated genome as the triploids from Europe and the Atlantic islands. On other hand electrophoretic data show independent origins of the European-Atlantic and African-Australasian polyploids.

According to Grolle and Long (2000) as well as Söderström et al. (2016), the two species are recognized as distinct.

",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"

European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Targionia lorbeeriana can be considered a widespread moss in Mediterranean area, mainly confined to the Iberian Peninsula, where it is recorded from a large number of provinces. The species is rarer in the eastern Mediterranean. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is is estimated to be around 5.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 264 km2.  For EU 28, the values are smaller with an EOO of 5.5 million km2 and an AOO of around 248 km2. It is possible that in some areas, this species is under-recorded, since it can be misidentified as T. hypophylla. The overall population trend is stable for both Europe and the EU 28. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

However, the species is threatened in some European countries, such as Italy. The threats to this species are mainly related to anthropogenic pressure with habitat degradation, as well as, the increase of fire frequency and the increment of invasive species. This species would benefit from additional habitat protection where it is threatened, and invasive species control. Further research on the ecology and threats to this species is also required.

",Stable,"

This is a widespread liverwort with preferences for areas with a moist Mediterranean climate (Bischler 2004). The distribution is not well known in some regions, because it may be confused with T. hypophylla. This species is relatively rare in central Europe and the eastern Mediterranean part. In the Iberian Peninsula, this species is recorded at the majority of provinces (Sérgio and Queiros-Lopes 1972, Zamora et al. 1990, Sérgio and Carvalho 2003) and in the Baleares Islands. This species is also present in the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. Also disperse in some countries of North Africa (Ros et al. 2007).

 



The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is is estimated to be around 6.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 276 km2. For EU 28, the values are smaller with an EOO of 5.5 million km2 and an AOO of around 248 km2.  The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level to 2,200 m Asl.","The total population size of this species is unknown but this species seems not rare across its total range. It is possible that in some areas, this species is under-recorded, since it can be misidentified as T. hypophylla.

In the Iberian Peninsula, this species is frequent in suitable habitats and the subpopulations are very common and abundant. The overall population trend is stable for both Europe and the EU 28.

","The ecology is similar to T. hypophyllaand the plants grow on rock crevices or walls and on banks by streams, usually in shade habitats. Its affinity is often on calcareous bedrock near temporary water courses, but often along the paths, some time on soil in Mediterranean vegetation or in forested areas.It can also live on stone walls, sometimes on mortar. This species is found in seasonally drier sites.","

The threats to this species are mainly related to anthropogenic pressure with habitat degradation, as well as, the increase of fire frequency and the increment of invasive species as Campylopus introflexus. Water pollution and soil drying in relation to global warming and abnormal summer drought may be also threats for this species in the future.

","

This species is threatened in some European countries, such in Italy (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in some protected areas throughout its range. However, this species would benefit from additional habitat protection where it is threatened, and invasive species control. Further research on the ecology and threats to this species is also required.

",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Rumsey, F.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Taxiphyllum,densifolium,,Taxiphyllum densifolium  ,(Lindb. ex Broth.) Reimers,,No,EN,B2ab(v),No,EN,B2ab(v),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

This rare species, Taxiphyllum densifolium, is assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU 28. It has a very restricted distribution, with the area of occupancy (AOO) being estimated at just 80 km2 (64 km2 in the EU 28). The population is severely fragmented since it is found in small, isolated subpopulations, and the trend is declining. Its population size is estimated to be between 250 and 2,500 individual equivalents. Many records of this species have come from protected areas or areas with minimal human influence, and in some countries (Hungary) it is a legally protected species.



 

Modern forestry management practices, especially around the rocky outcrops where this species occurs, and the opening up of forest ecosystem are threats to this species. An increased risk of droughts due to climate change also poses a potential threat. Habitat protection and adequate management are recommended conservation measures for this species.",Decreasing,"This is a rare eastern European/Pontic (Caucasian) montane species (Nemeth 2011), where it is distributed sporadically in Slovakia (High Tatra and Muranske Mountains), Poland (Bieszczady Mountains), Hungary (Bukk and Pilis Mountains), Romania (Ghetari), Serbia (Suva Mountains, Djerdap and Vlasina) and Croatia (Plitvice and Rijeka). The only record from the Czech Republic is considered to be an error (Kučera and Váňa 2003). Elsewhere it extends only to the Caucasus (Frey et al. 2006), where it is locally abundant. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at ca. 807,100 km2, surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened category. However the area of occupancy (AOO) is very restricted, being estimated at just 80 km2 (and 64 km2 within the EU 28).","This is a rare species, and its overall population trend is slightly decreasing. The known current population size is around 250 individual equivalents (one individual equivalent is one square meter), but the species is certainly overlooked and its population size could potentially be larger, although almost certainly smaller than 2,500 individual equivalents. There could potentially be up to 600 individual equivalents in the EU 28. The population is considered to be severely fragmented since it is found in small, isolated subpopulations which may go extinct with little probability of recolonisation.

","This species grows on shaded limestone and volcanic rocks in temperate forests, mainly of beech (Ignatova et al. 2005, Frey et al. 2006).","Modern forestry management practices, especially around the rocky outcrops where this species occurs, and the opening up of the forest ecosystem are threats to this species. An increased risk of droughts due to climate change also poses a potential threat. However, it is unknown whether there is any significant decline in this species' habitat.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Romania (Endangered), Slovakia (Vulnerable), Hungary (Vulnerable) and Poland (Rare) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas throughout its range, such as Djerdap National Park in Serbia, and Plitvice National Park in Croatia. In Hungary it is protected by law. Habitat protection and adequate management is recommended for this species.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Duckett, J.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,HYPNACEAE,Taxiphyllum,wissgrillii,,Taxiphyllum wissgrillii  ,(Garov.) Wijk &amp; Margad.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Depressed Feather-moss (Taxiphyllum wissgrillii) is a temperate moss species of woodlands, where it occurs on limestone and other neutral to base-rich rock types, soil and tree bases. It is widely distributed throughout Europe, particularly in upland regions, but absent from most of the Mediterranean region, the extreme north, Macaronesia, Lithuania and Belarus. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, but the overall trend is probably more or less stable. The population size is certainly above 10,000 individual-equivalents, and at least in some upland regions, the species is quite abundant. In the lowlands it is much rarer. This species is not threatened at a European scale, but in the lowlands many semi-natural forests are threatened by forestry. Although it occurs in many protected areas across its European range, in the lowlands, semi-natural forests with a constantly humid climate should be maintained and protected. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.



 



",Stable,"In Europe, the Depressed Feather-moss (Taxiphyllum wissgrillii), a temperate species, is widespread in upland regions but absent from most of the Mediterranean region, the extreme north, Macaronesia, Lithuania and Belarus. It can be found growing at elevations between 10 m and 2,000 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is also known outside Europe from northern  Africa (Tunisia), Turkey, Caucasus, Azerbaijan, Iran and is also  reported from Siberia.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown in detail, but the overall trend is probably more or less stable. The population size is certainly above 10,000 individual-equivalents, and at least in some upland regions the species is quite abundant. In the lowlands it is much rarer. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre, one boulder or one tree on which it grows.","This is typically a species of woodlands, where it occurs on limestone and other neutral to base-rich rock types, soil and tree bases (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). 



","This species is not threatened at a European scale, but in the lowlands many semi-natural forests are threatened by forestry. 



","This moss has been assessed as Vulnerable in Bulgaria and as Data Deficient in Montenegro (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation measures are required at present. In the lowlands, semi-natural forests with a constantly humid climate should be maintained and protected. It occurs in many protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Orgaz Alvarez, J.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,SPLACHNALES,SPLACHNACEAE,Tayloria,acuminata,,Tayloria acuminata  ,Hornsch.,,No,VU,D1,No,CR,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

Tayloria acuminata seems to be restricted to mountains in Europe and to arctic biomes. The species is rare in all regions of Europe. Many records are historical, therefore the current trend of this species remains unknown. The population size in Europe is estimated to be between 250 and 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals), although the exact number is currently unknown. Therefore, this species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe

In the EU 28, the species is assessed as Critically Endangered since there are no recent records and thus less than 50 individual-equivalents are estimated.

The habitat seems not to be threatened throughout its range, but the threats to this species are difficult to assess since animal and bird manure is a key substrate. Further research on its distribution, ecology, population size and trend of the species is needed, as well as into the threats to the species.",Unknown,"This species seems to be restricted to mountains in Europe and to arctic biomes. Beside the mountains in central Europe (the Alps, the Tatras and the Carpathians), this species is reported from Iceland, Svalbard, Norway (very rare) and Russia, including Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya in European Russia (Afonina and Czernyadjeva 1995). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 200 m to 2,680 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species is also reported from Asia and North America (Crum and Anderson 1981, Ignatov et al. 2006). 



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is ca between 100 and 200 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 40 km2 and the EOO is ca 0.5 million km2.","The species is rare in all regions of Europe. In Norway, it is known from six localities, of which only two are recent (by 2010), while the rest are from before 1903. There will therefore be natural population changes in time and space, and it is difficult to assess any threats if bird manure is a key substrate. The species is relatively easy to see and identify, and the few findings therefore indicate that it is generally rare. In Norway, this species occur scattered both in the southern and northern mountain chain, perhaps with preference for mountainous areas with a continental climate (H. Blom pers. comm. 2017). In Poland, this species is one of the rarest mosses (Ochyra and Szmajda 1991). In Austria, there are only six historical localities and the species has not been found again in modern time (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017).

The species has a short lived shuttle strategy, depending on flies for dispersal and it has a patchy distribution. The population is considered to be severely fragmented since it has small and isolated subpopulations that may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population size in Europe is estimated to be between 250 and 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and with 1 m2 used as a proxy for an individual-equivalent), although the exact number is currently unknown. In the EU 28, there are no recent records and thus less than 50 individual-equivalents are estimated. The habitat seems not to be threatened throughout its range. Many records are historical, therefore the current trend of this species remains unknown. 

","This species grows on relatively moist, humus-rich soil in sub-alpine coniferous forests or lush alpine birch forests. The species appears to have a certain preference for bird droppings, organic substrate, but the details of this are unknown. This species is typically found growing on stones, low boulders and fallen tree-trunks where less litter is accumulated than on the surrounding ground (Hallingbäck et al. 2008). In Svalbard, it is associated with bird cliffs (Frisvoll and Elvebakk 1996).",The threats to this species are difficult to assess since animal and bird manure is a key substrate. The closing of the forest could be a potential threat for the species since it needs semi-open habitats.,"This species is assessed in the Red List of Austria as 0, in Germany as Regionally Extinct, in Iceland and Switzerland as Vulnerable (VU), in Romania as Critically Endangered (CR), in Italy as Data Deficient (DD), in Poland as I and in Norway as Near Threatened (NT) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is present in protected areas. Further research on its distribution, ecology, population size and trend of the species is needed, as well as into the threats to the species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Laaka-Lindberg, S.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,SPLACHNALES,SPLACHNACEAE,Tayloria,froelichiana,,Tayloria froelichiana  ,(Hedw.) Mitt. ex Broth.,,No,NT,B2b(iii),No,NT,B2b(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



Tayloria froelichiana is quite well distributed in Europe from northern to southern territories, but it is often locally rare and in some case its presence has not been recently confirmed. It lives in the high mountains and its habitat is considered Vulnerable because of tourism and climate drought. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 544 km2 in Europe and 376 km2 in the EU 28), and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. The habitat of this species is often decreasing and has been assessed as Vulnerable in the European Red List of Habitats (E4.1. - Vegetated snow patch). The threats to this species are climate change, touristic activities, and grazing. Protection of the sites where this species grows is strongly recommended. Further research is needed into the population size and trend of this species, as well as into the threats affecting it.",Unknown,"Tayloria froelichiana is an arctic-alpine species found in Europe, North America and Asia. In Europe, it lives in the high mountains from Fennoscandia to the Pyrenees, the Alps and extending eastwards to Slovenia and Serbia (Hodgetts 2015). In the Italian Alps it is found in many localities from east to the west of this chain. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is 544 km2 in Europe, and 376 km2 in the EU 28.","In the literature, specific data on the population size and trend are not available. However, the habitat of this species is often decreasing and has been assessed as Vulnerable in the European Red List of Habitats (E4.1. - Vegetated snow patch) (Janssen et al. 2016). Therefore, it is possible that there is an ongoing population decline, but at present no data are known. This species forms more or less extensive patches, mixed with many other bryophytes, lichens, grasses and dwarf-shrubs. The patches often measure 5-10 square cm.","This species is chionophilous and acidophilous, but often also basiphilous. It grows on soil in snowfields of alpine, subalpine and tundra grasslands.","The habitats of this species are included in the European Red List of Habitats, and have been assessed as Vulnerable (Janssen et al. 2016). The threats to this species are climate change, touristic activities, and grazing. Due to these threats, habitat decline in both quality and quantity has been reported. This species has been included in several regional Red Lists because of its rarity (Hodgetts 2015). Overall, in view of its wide distribution, the species seem not to be at imminent risk of extinction in Europe, but there are no recent reports in certain parts of its range, and an overall trend is therefore difficult to establish.","This species is not under specific legal protection, but it is included in several regional Red Lists (Hodgetts 2015) and its habitat is in the Red List of European Habitats (E4.1. - Vegetated snow patch). Consequently, protection of the sites where this species grows is strongly recommended. Further research is needed into the population size and trend of this species, as well as into the threats affecting it.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Ingerpuu, N.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,SPLACHNALES,SPLACHNACEAE,Tayloria,hornschuchii,,Tayloria hornschuchii  ,(Grev. &amp; Arn.) Broth.,,No,EN,D,No,EN,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



In Europe,Tayloria hornschuchii is confined to the Alps (Switzerland, Italy, Austria) and the Carpathians (Slovakia, Romania). Altogether, between 40 and 50 localities have been reported, of which over 90% are in Austria. This species has a very restricted range at high altitudes in the mountains, so the available habitat is very limited. Accurate data on population size are not available, but it is estimated that there are between 50 and 250 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) in Europe and in the EU 28. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered. The population trend is unknown. It is probably threatened on some of the lower mountains on which it occurs (< 2,500 m Asl), because of climate change, but due to the inaccessible and largely non-threatened habitats (at least at higher elevations), no special conservation measures are necessary at present.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is confined to occur in the Alps (Switzerland, Italy, Austria) and the Carpathians (Slovakia, Romania). Altogether, between 40 and 50 localities have been reported, of which over 90% are in Austria. Its current status in Switzerland is uncertain, since a recent search had to be stopped due to snowfall (Bergamini 2002); the most recent record is from 1936, but it seems probable that it still exists in this country. In Italy there are only historical records, but knowledge is poor. Elsewhere, this species is known from North America, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Chukotka (Asiatic Russia), Nepal, China and Japan. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 200 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 300,000 km².","One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre where the species occurs. Subpopulations is Austria can vary from one individual-equivalent to five or six individual-equivalents. This species is considered a short-lived shuttle according to Dierssen (2001), and three generations are considered to be around 20 years. It is estimated that there are between 50 and 250 individual-equivalents in Europe and in the EU 28. The current population trend is unknown.","This plant grows in the alpine to subnival belt on subneutral soil, on shady, smaller silicate rock ledges and in gaps in alpine lawns (Grims 1999). Its altitudinal range is from ca 2,000 m to 3,000 m Asl.","This species is probably threatened on some of the lower mountains on which it occurs (< 2,500 m Asl), because of climate change (Köckinger and Schröck 2017). It is likely to be less threatened at higher altitudes, where, however, it is little-known because of inaccessibility. No significant population reduction is expected as a result of climate change in the next 20 years.","This moss has been assessed as Endangered in Romania, as Vulnerable in Switzerland and as Data Deficient in Italy (Hodgetts 2015). More information needs to be collected about the population size and current distribution. Due to the inaccessible and largely non-threatened habitats, no special conservation measures are necessary. It occurs in at least one protected area.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Puche, F.,Cálix, M.,Segarra, J.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,SPLACHNALES,SPLACHNACEAE,Tayloria,lingulata,,Tayloria lingulata  ,(Dicks.) Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Tongue-leaved Gland-moss (Tayloria lingulata) is widespread in calcareous mountains in northern Europe and it is even common in some parts. In central and southern Europe, this species is more or less rare. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 2,000 and 5,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 1,000 km² and the EOO is ca 3 million km². This species seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area in Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no evident threats known to the species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in several countries, including Switzerland and Romania. Even so, no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species has a holarctic distribution, and is found northwest to northern Russia in the west, and south to the Alps and the Carpathians. It is also reported from the Caucasus Mountains. The altitudinal range of this species is from 100 m to 2,740 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species is known to occur in northern Asia and North America (Ochyra and Szmajda 1991).



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 2,000 and 5,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 1,000 km² and the EOO is ca 3 million km².","This species is widespread in calcareous mountains in northern Europe and it is even common in some parts. In central and southern Europe, this species is more or less rare. This species is very rare in Austria, Germany and Ukraine (Hodgetts 2015). In the core area (northern Europe), this species seems to be stable and so the overall current population trend in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be stable.","This is a calcicolous species that grows on turf-containing soil in wet or moist habitats, for instance along brooks, in rich fens or moist crevices (Hallingbäck et al. 2008).

In the United Kingdom, this species grows on strongly base rich soil. A typical site would be in a stable bryophyte community that develops as a turf, on the top of hummocks in open, stony flushes, often with Fissidens osmundoides and Meesia uliginosa. This species can also occur in more open but still stable ground on the margin of flushes. In rich habitat, there are numerous associates, the most common being Aneura pinguis, Preissia quadrata, Scapania undulata, Blindia acuta, Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Fissidens osmundoides and Philonotis fontana; less common associates are Scapania degenii, Saccobasis polita, Cinclidium stygium, Meesia uliginosa, Oncophorus virens and Timmia norvegica (Blockeel et al. 2014).

","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in many kinds of habitats that are not utilized by man.","The species is in the Red Lists of Great Britain, Switzerland and Romania as Vulnerable (VU), Austria as 3, Slovakia as Endangered (EN), Bulgaria and Slovenia as Data Deficient (DD), Poland as I, and Germany and Ukraine as Rare (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in at least one protected area. No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Stebel, A.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,SPLACHNALES,SPLACHNACEAE,Tayloria,rudolphiana,,Tayloria rudolphiana  ,(Garov.) Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(i)",No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(i)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The rare species, Tayloria rudolphiana, is nearly endemic to the northern Alps of Switzerland, Germany and Austria. In Europe, it has a very restricted and fragmented distribution, with the area of occupancy (AOO) estimated at 350 km² (120 km2 in EU 28), and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 18,000 km². A continuous decline is observed and also projected into the future due to habitat loss and climate change, such that the current population trend is considered as decreasing. In addition, the population is considered to be severely fragmented. Currently only about 250 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) are known to occur in Europe, with less than half of this number within the EU 28 (Germany and Austria). However, it is estimated that there are more than 250, but fewer than 2,500 individual-equivalents in Europe and in the EU 28, and that no subpopulation has more than 250 individual-equivalents. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered. Its habitat of subalpine pastures with isolated sycamore trees is threatened due to inappropriate management and climate change. Recommended conservation measures include protecting host trees and adequately managing sites where this species occurs, as well as raising more awareness of the species in general.",Decreasing,"This species is nearly endemic to the northern Alps of Switzerland, Germany and Austria. A similar species, Tayloria  delavayi from  Yunnan (China) was synonymized with T. rudolphiana by Koponen (1992). Little is known about the Chinese subpopulation, as only very few old records, from before 1920, are known (Koponen 1992). The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 350 km² in Europe and 120 km2 in the EU 28. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 18,000 km².","Seven recent sites are known in Austria, but there are probably more (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). A decline is assumed in Austria, due to the decline in sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus trees (Schröck et al. 2013). In Germany there are about eight recent sites (Weddeling and Ludwig 2003, Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Thirteen sites were known in Germany before 1980, so there may be a decline there too. In Switzerland, there have been several studies on this species (Hofmann et al. 2006, Hofmann et al. 2016, Müller 2016, Kiebacher et al. in press), resulting in about 130 recent (post-1980) records within a area of 45 km2 (i.e., 130 individual-equivalents, where an individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered a single  tree on which it occurs). In spite of the relatively large number of records, a decline is also assumed in Switzerland, as there has been a decline in habitat trees there, just as there has in Austria. Thus, the current population trend is considered as decreasing. 

Although this species produces many small spores, distribution and establishment on 'new' trees may be problematic owing to the rarity and isolation of suitable substrate trees (Kiebacheret al. 2018). Often the trees bearing this species are very isolated, making distribution even more difficult. These small and isolated subpopulations may go extinct with little chance of recolonisation, so the population is considered to be severely fragmented. Currently around 250 individual-equivalents are known to occur in Europe. It is estimated that the total population must be smaller than 2,500, and that no subpopulation has more than 250 individual-equivalents.","This species grows almost exclusively on old and usually solitary sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus trees, or rarely on beech Fagus sylvatica and other deciduous trees in subalpine open pastures, occasionally in open woodland, between altitudes of 900 and 1,800 m Asl. in the northern Alps. It can also grow very rarely on rocks. It needs a humid climate in sheltered, often rather shady sites.","Subalpine pastures with isolated sycamore trees are much influenced by man. The importance of the trees for the farmers is decreasing and the old trees are no longer used in their original manner. This means that the management of these trees is often neglected and no young trees are planted (Kiebacher et al. 2018). Thus, as the old trees die out, the amount of potential habitat for this species decreases. Un-grazed pastures are sometimes overgrown by other trees. Also climate change may have negative effects, as the humidity of these areas decreases.","This species is listed as a protected species in the EU Habitats Directive (EEC 1992) and the Bern Convention. In Switzerland it is protected by law in Annex 2 of the ""Natur- und Heimatschutzverordnung"" from 1991. It is included in the Red Lists of the three countries of occurrence: it is Critically Endangered in Austria, Endangered in Germany and Vulnerable in Switzerland. Several studies have been made to count the sites or individuals of the plants (Hofmann et al. 2006, Hofmann et al. 2016, Müller 2016, Kiebacher et al. 2018) and attempts have been made to protect the host trees and to increase awareness for this species.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Segarra, J.,Cálix, M.","Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,SPLACHNALES,SPLACHNACEAE,Tayloria,serrata,,Tayloria serrata  ,(Hedw.) Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,NT,"B2b(iii,v)",No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Tayloria serrata is restricted to the mountains of central and eastern Europe, and is rare in northern Europe. This species is rare all over Europe except for in Austria, where it is abundant in the calcareous parts of the Alps. In both Europe and the EU 28, the population size of this species is larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). The area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 400 and 500 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 400 km2 and the EOO is ca 2.5 million km2. The current population trend is decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28. However, the population is not severely fragmented. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened in both Europe and the EU 28 as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

This species is considered to be threatened in several countries, including Sweden, Romania and the Czech Republic. The major threat to this species is changing agricultural practices. Encouragement of animal grazing is needed in northern Europe. In addition, further research on the distribution of this species is required.



",Decreasing,"This species is restricted to the mountains of central and eastern Europe, including the Alps, Carpathian and the Ural mountains (Hodgetts 2015). It is considered rare to very rare in northern Europe (Hallingbäck et al. 2008). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 50 m to 2,825 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species also occurs in Asia and North America (Crum and Anderson 1981, Ignatov et al. 2006).



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 400 and 500 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 400 km2 and the EOO is ca 2.5 million km2.","This species is rare all over Europe except for in Austria, where it is abundant in the calcareous parts of the Alps. In Norway, this species was collected from six sites in subalpine areas of Aust-Agder to Finnmark. Its habitat requirements are poorly known, however pasture and farm meadows and other natural pasture with highly decomposed cattle manure and other organic detritus may be the main locus. The species has a short lived shuttle strategy depending on insects for spore dispersal, and therefore has a dynamic change of sites and substrates in time and space. However, the population is not severely fragmented. The low number of findings indicate that the species is rare. Declines in dairy farming over the past 50 years are considered to have led to the reduction of suitable areas for this species and so there probably is an ongoing population reduction.

In both Europe and the EU 28, the population size of this species is larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equivalent). There is a continuing decline in both regions and there are no subpopulations that are bigger than 1,000 individual-equivalents.","In Norway and Sweden, this species grows as single shoots on bare soil among old and biodegradable litter in old growth, tall-herb spruce forest (Hallingbäck et al. 2008). This species seems to have a broader ecological tolerance than Splachnum or Tetraplodon spp. In the Alps, this species grows on sub-alpine to alpine meadows and in Norway in sub-alpine meadows.",The major threat to this species is changing agricultural practices and that cattle grazing at the localities of this species is ceasing in northern Europe.,"This species is in the Red Lists of Norway, Sweden, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Romania as Endangered (EN) and in Poland as I (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown if this species occurs in any protected areas.



It is important to encourage more cattle grazing of meadows. In addition, further research on the distribution of this species is required.",The species is not used or traded.,"Laaka-Lindberg, S.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Lönnell, N.,Goldberg, I.,Vellak, K.,Schröck, C.,Afonina, O.,Blom, H.,Hodgetts, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,SPLACHNALES,SPLACHNACEAE,Tayloria,splachnoides,,Tayloria splachnoides  ,(Schleich. ex Schwägr.) Hook.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Tayloria splachnoides is restricted to the mountains of Europe, and has a relatively small area of occupancy (AOO) across its distribution, of between 200 and 300 km2 in Europe, and around 130 km2 in the EU 28. The trend in Europe is more or less unknown, but there is no indication of decline overall. It seems to be stable in Norway and Sweden. It has been under-recorded, but most of the localities contain only a few individuals. However, the population size is thought to be larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in both Europe and the EU 28. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern for both regional assessments.

 

No conservation action is needed, but further research is required on its population trend and the threats to the species, as these are currently unknown.",Unknown,"This species is restricted to the mountains of Europe. It is considered to be rare to very rare in the Carpathian and the Ural mountains (Hodgetts 2015). However, it seems to be more or less frequent in the Alps and in the Scandes. In Russia, it is present in the Kola Peninsula (Ignatov et al. 2006). Outside of Europe, this species occur in North and Central America, northwestern Greenland and at a few sites in Asia (Ochyra and Szmajda 1991). 

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 200 and 300 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 130 km2 and the EOO is ca 3 million km2. The altitudinal range of the species is between 200 and 2,400 m Asl.

","This species is considered to be rare and with small population sizes in most parts of Europe. The trend in Europe and the EU 28 is more or less unknown, but there is no indication of decline overall. It seems to be stable in Norway and Sweden. 

In Austria, including historical localities there are around 40, and the newer localities are around 20 sites. It has been under-recorded, but most of the localities contain only a few individuals.

The population size in Europe and the EU 28 is therefore considered to be larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual). Its population is not severely fragmented.","This species grows almost exclusively in lush, sub-alpine coniferous forests or mountain birch forests. It is typically found growing in herb-rich cliffs on stones, low boulders and fallen tree-trunks where less litter is accumulated than on the surrounding ground. It can be found in tall herb habitats, for example among ferns (Hallingbäck et al. 2008).","Besides the rarity of the species itself, the threats are difficult to assess since animal and bird manure is a key substrate, and are therefore unknown.","This species is included in several national Red Lists. In Germany, Switzerland and Finland, it is assessed as Endangered (EN), in Slovakia, Bulgaria and Romania it is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR), in Austria it is assessed as category 4 (potentially endangered), in Norway and Sweden it is assessed as Least Concern (LC), the Czech Republic it is assessed as Regionally Extinct and in Poland it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). 

The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. No conservation action is needed. Further research is needed on its population trend and the threats to the species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Weibull, H.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Vellak, K.,Schröck, C.,Blom, H.,Goldberg, I.,Hodgetts, N.,Lönnell, N.,Afonina, O.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,SPLACHNALES,SPLACHNACEAE,Tayloria,tenuis,,Tayloria tenuis  ,(Dicks. ex With.) Schimp.,,No,VU,C2a(i),No,EN,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Slender Gland-moss (Tayloria tenuis) is rare all over Europe. The population has declined historically across Europe, and there is an indication or suspicion that the population continues to decline in both Europe and the EU 28. The total number of individual-equivalents in Europe is today most probably less than 10,000, but more than 2,500 (considered as mature individuals) and the largest subpopulation is much less than 1,000. Therefore, in Europe, this species is assessed as Vulnerable. 

However, in the EU 28, the population size is smaller than 2,500 individual-equivalents, with less than 250 in each subpopulation. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered in the EU 28.



The major threat is that cattle grazing is nowadays ceasing in the mountains and in forest lowlands. Animal husbandry changes lead to changes in the quality of the dung on which this species often grows. It is important to continue with cattle grazing in the mountain slopes. Meanwhile, further research is required on the biology, distribution and population trend of this species.",Decreasing,"This species has a circumpolar, boreal-montane distribution. It is found in Fennoscandia, northern Russia and the Urals, as well as the Baltic States, and south to northern Spain, the Alps and the Carpathians. Outside of Europe, this species also occurs in Asia and North America (Crum and Anderson 1981, Ignatov et al. 2006).

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 800 and 1,500 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 1,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 4 million km2.

","Today this species is rare all over Europe. There has been a population decline in all of Europe. In the United Kingdom, the only known site has not been seen the past 50 years, since 1977 (Blockeel et al. 2014). 

There is an indication or suspicion that the population continues to decline in both Europe and the EU 28, although may be less acute than the historical decline. The total number of individual-equivalents in Europe is today most probably less than 10,000, but more than 2,500 (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) and the largest subpopulation is much less than 1,000. In the EU 28, the population size is smaller than 2,500 individual-equivalents, with less than 250 in each subpopulation. The population is not severely fragmented.","In the Nordic countries, this species grows on cow dung, as well as elk and other herbivore dung in forest environments in the the northern mountains. However, it can also grow on nitrogen-rich leaf litter or dead wood in an advanced state of decomposition (Hallingbäck et al. 2014).

In the United Kingdom, this species nowadays grows on organic soils or decaying vegetable matter. However, historically, it occurred more often on cow dung. At the most recent sites, this species occurs on bare peat amongst Calluna vulgaris in rather nondescript wet heath on the flank of a low hill (at ca 100 m Asl) with little to distinguish the habitat from many very similar sites in the northeast of Scotland (D.G. Long pers. comm. 2017). The absence of obvious dung in the substrate at this site does not mean that dung was not present when the plant first became established. The other record, in 1942, was also found on dung. Recorded sites elsewhere in Europe include dung, peat, decaying plant debris and tree stumps. There is no information on associated species and no other bryophytes are present in herbarium material examined (Blockeel et al. 2014).

",The major threat is that nowadays cattle grazing is ceasing in the mountains and in forest lowlands. Animal husbandry changes lead to changes in the quality of the dung.,"This species is included in the Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed in Latvia and Lithuania as 3, in Great Britain as Critically Endangered (CR) (Possibly Extinct), in Slovakia as Critically Endangered (CR), in Italy and Switzerland as Data Deficient (DD), in the Czech Republic and Estonia as Endangered (EN), in Poland as I, in Finland and Sweden as Near Threatened (NT), in Northern Ireland as Regionally Extinct (RE), and in Spain and Romania as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015).



It is important to continue with cattle grazing in the mountain slopes. Meanwhile, further research is required on the biology, distribution and population trend of this species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Laaka-Lindberg, S.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Goldberg, I.,Hodgetts, N.,Vellak, K.,Afonina, O.,Blom, H.,Schröck, C.,Lönnell, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LEPIDOZIACEAE,Telaranea,azorica,,Telaranea azorica  ,(H.Buch &amp; Perss.) Pócs ex Schumacker &amp; Váňa,,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU28,,"Telaranea azorica is endemic to Macaronesia where it is found in six islands in the Azores Archipelago and one in the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 224 km2), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat due to conversion to plantations and opening of roads and expansion of invasive alien species, as well as indirect effects of increasing tourism and continuing exploration of nearby grasslands. Monitoring the habitat conditions both in the Canary Islands (where only one site was reported) and in the Azores, where it is an emblematic species of native forests, is recommended in order to ensure the stability and continuity of the population.",Unknown,"The leafy liverwort, Telaranea azorica, is a Macaronesian endemic species, occurring in six of the nine Azorean islands (Gabriel et al. 2010), and in Tenerife, on the Canary Islands Archipelago (Losada Lima et al. 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 158,436 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 224 km2.","This inconspicuous leafy liverwort is endemic to two Macaronesian archipelagos (the Azores and the Canary Islands) (Gabriel et al. 2010, Dirkse et al. 1993). In Tenerife Island, it occurs only in one place, with a very small and restricted subpopulation (González-Mancebo et al. 2012). In the Azores it is known from six islands, where it is not common, and presents low abundance (i.e., cover) levels (e.g., Sjögren 1978). The species is presumed to be dioicous, but so far only male branches have been described (Buch and Persson 1941), and no perianths were referred either to the subpopulations of the Azores or the Canary Islands. Thus, the subpopulations are small and isolated and my go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation - the population is considered to be severely fragmented.



The species grows mainly in the early successional stages of colonization, disappearing when epigeic species intrude (Sjögren 1978), and as such may be a medium-lived species, a colonist, with a generation length of between 6 and 10 years. A three generation period is therefore considered to be around 20 years. Since this species is mainly epiphytic, one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one tree or shrub where the species grows. It is estimated that there are fewer than 10,000 individual-equivalents, and fewer than 1,000 individuals in each subpopulation.



The current population trend is unknown, but suspected to be decreasing due to the loss of habitat native forests, both the associationJuniperion brevifoliae (sensu Sjögren 1973) and Laurus submontante forests, that occur in the Azores (Elias et al. 2016) and the latter in the Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2012). The lowest elevation record of this species, at 250 m Asl, is one of the oldest (from 1968); the area (Mistério da Prainha) was surveyed many times after 1968, and the species was not found there, which could point towards a decreasing population trend. 



Recent publications show that Macaronesian endemic bryophytes are predicted to exhibit a decrease in population size and range (Ferreiraet al. 2016, Patiño et al. 2016). The number of 1–km2 climatically suitable grid cells for this species is predicted to decrease by either 60% or 80% of its current distribution under future climate conditions until 2070, depending on the scenario followed (Patiño et al. 2016). This prediction is based on a study which derived its projections using two different Global Climate Models recommended for Europe and Mediterranean climates under two RCP (representative concentration pathways). One was a stabilization scenario where total radiative forcing is stabilized before 2100, while the other scenario is characterized by increasing greenhouse gas emissions over time, representative for scenarios in the literature leading to high greenhouse gas concentration levels (Patiño et al. 2016).","This species is almost completely restricted to the mature Juniperion forest (sensu Sjögren 1973), being considered a species with narrow ecological tolerance (Gabriel et al. 2011). It is one of the characteristic species of the association Lepidozietum azoricae (Sjögren 1978). It grows on bark, either as epiphytic or epixylic (mostly on Juniperus brevifolia), and also on fern fronds, as epiphyllous, preferably on very humid and sheltered places (Sjögren 1978, Homem and Gabriel 2008). It may be found from 250 m to 1,075 m Asl, preferring altitudes above 750 m Asl (Gabriel et al. 2011).","The species is found in Macaronesian laurel forests, a natural habitat of interest to the European Union (EEC 1992 - Annex I: Habitat 45.6). This liverwort has narrow ecological tolerance (Gabriel et al. 2011) and is very sensitive to habitat degradation, which is occurring mainly due to the effects of invasive alien species expansion (especially Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum), the increase of tourism and recreational activities, and the associated building of secondary roads. Land use change (e.g., Triantis et al. 2010), particularly at the margins of its natural habitat, either to increase grasslands or the plantation of exotic species (e.g., Cryptmomeria japonica) is also a threat for the survival of this species. An intensification of the effects of climatic change will probably damage the stability of the subpopulations, since it is restricted to native vegetation areas (Ferreira et al. 2016, Patiño et al. 2016). Besides, since the Azores are located on the mid-Atlantic ridge, geological events such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and landslides are likely to harm existing subpopulations of the species.","This liverwort has been assessed as Endangered in Spain (Garilleti and Albertos 2012), considering its single record in the Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2012). In the Azores it is found in six islands, but it is considered a scarce species with narrow ecological range (Gabriel et al. 2011), being found mostly in native forest environments. There are no specific legislation or conservation measures in place for this species, although it occurs within protected areas in the Azores. Even if Macaronesian native forests are recognized as an important habitats (EEC 1992, Habitat 45.6), in the Azores the species is restricted to very small areas, surrounded by anthropogenic landscapes, so natural corridors and buffer areas would benefit this species. This species and its habitat, should be protected and managed in order to guarantee its persistence. Proper management of the habitat is strongly recommended, focusing on the protection against invasive alien species, such as Hedychium gardnerianum, clear-cutting of areas around native forests, and nitrification caused (directly or indirectly) by cattle grazing. Biology and nature conservation students should be made aware of bryophytes in general and rare species in particular. Further research is needed on the population size and trends and the species' habitats and ecology; an area-based management plan should be enforced for this species, especially in the Canary Islands, where it occurs in a single locality.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Cálix, M.,Vanderpoorten, A.","Gabriel, R. & Sim-Sim, M.","González Mancebo, J.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LEPIDOZIACEAE,Telaranea,europaea,,Telaranea europaea  ,J.J. Engel &amp; G.L. Merr.,"Telaranea nematodes sensu auct. eur. non (Gottsche ex Austin) M. Howe was considered to be the correct name for the species present in Europe and Macaronesia, until Engel and Smith-Merrill (2004) described T. europaea as a new species to include Macaronesian and European subpopulations, while T. nematodes was maintained in tropical areas.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Telaranea europaea is known from coastal regions in Europe, and is found in Ireland, Wales, England, France, Spain and Portugal and in the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. The only place outside Europe where this species is found is in Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 3,808 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 432 km2. Nevertheless, the current overall population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be more or less stable over the time. The distribution shows neither fragmentation nor extreme fluctuations and the population is neither very small nor restricted. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.



This species is subject to different threats, such as disturbances by neighbouring forestry works, recreational activities (walking, fishing, aquatic sports), and small dam construction or regulation. This species would benefit from further habitat protection. Further research is required into the population, ecology and threats to this species. In addition, habitat and population trends should be monitored.",Stable,"This species is present in hyperoceanic coastal regions in Europe, including Ireland, Wales, England, France, Spain and Portugal and in the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. Outside of Europe, this species has been recorded in Asia, in northeastern Turkey (Keçeli and Abay 2007). Its locus classicus is from Ireland, western Cork, Castletown Bear-haven, near the entrance to Dunboy Castle.



The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 3,808 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 432 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level to 1,025 m asl in the Azores. It is found to 600 m asl in the Canary Islands, to 400 m asl in Spain and southwestern France, to 100 m asl in Bretagne (France), 180 m asl in Ireland and Great Britain and from 300 m to 800 m asl in Portugal. 

","

This species is relatively abundant in southwestern Ireland, while it is found on isolated sites in the rest, very distant one from the others. Although no studies are available on the Irish subpopulations, the species has a reduced presence in each site. Only one locality in northern Portugal has not been re-found since its discovery in the early 20th century. 



In the Azores, the species is rather abundant, since it is found on all its islands (Gabrielet al. 2011). In Madeira and the Canary Islands, the species is quite rare (González-Mancebo et al. 2008) but again, no studies are available. In the Canary Islands, there may have been a decline, since the Laurisilva where it grows is a threatened habitat that has been reduced mainly by fires and erosion. Nevertheless, the current overall population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be more or less stable over the time. The distribution shows neither fragmentation nor extreme fluctuations, the population is neither very small nor restricted, and there are no studies available for the number of mature individuals.

","This species is a calcifuge, it grows epibryophytic or humicolous on humus or peaty banks, more occasionally on decaying wood, but always on humid but well-drained substrata.



This species is rarely found as pure stands, often associated withCalypogeia muelleriana, C. arguta, C. fissa, Hookeria lucens, Diplophyllum albicans, Cephaloza bicuspidata, Saccogyna viticulosa, Leucobryum juniperoideum, Kurzia trichoclados, Fissidens polyphyllus, Nowellia curvifolia, Jubula hutchinsiae, Pallavicinia lyellii, etc.



On the continent, it occupies ravines, under forests of Quercus robur or Alnus glutinosa, or very shady by microtopographic conditions, and it is often associated to sites with Atlantic ferns such as Hymenophyllum tunbrigense, Woodwardia radicans or Culcita macrocarpa (Paton 1999, Infante 2000, Sérgio et al. 2013). In England and Wales, it seems favoured by woods with Rhododendron ponticum, probably providing shade and stable atmospheric humidity (Watling 2013, Porley 2013). It is more rarely found on Molinia caerulea tussocks in marshes or wet heaths (Ireland as Paton 1999 and Bretagne according Durfort and Jaffrézic 2011, Durfort  2015).



In the Macaronesian islands, it is found under theEricaceous Laurisilva forests, dominated by Erica platycodon, E. arborea, Ilex canariensis and Laurus novocanariensis in the Canary Islands, or Juniperus brevifolia, Prunus azorica and Frangula azorica in Azores. All forests are situated in areas with important mist precipitation. The species is particularly abundant along waterfalls, associated to different bryophytes such as Radula nudicaulis, Aphanolejeunea sintenisii, Alophosia azorica, R. jonesii, etc. (Allorge and Persson 1938, Sérgio et al. 2006, Patiño et al. 2006).



There is no evidence of habitat decline at the European level, although it may be occurring locally.

","This species is subject to different threats, such as disturbances by neighbouring forestry works, recreational activities (walking, fishing, aquatic sports), and small dam construction or regulation. It has been noted that restoration works to eliminate alochtonous species (mainly Rhododendron ponticum) could affect the continuity of certain subpopulations in Great Britain (Porley 2013, Watling 2013).



In the Macaronesian islands, the threat of climate change, fire events and habitat shifting should be added to those noted for the continent.","This species is considered Endangered in Great Britain (Porley 2013) and France (Hodgetts 2015); and Vulnerable in Spain (Brugués and González-Mancebo, 2012) and Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013). In the Canary Islands, it is considered Vulnerable (González-Mancebo et al. 2012), and Near Threatened in Madeira (Sim-Sim et al. 2014). Regarding official lists, it should be noted that is also included in the regional catalogues of the Basque Country and Galicia autonomous communities in Spain (Infante et al. 2017).



Many of the subpopulations of this species are included in protected areas, mainly Natura 2000 network, but no specific attention is paid to this species, so it would benefit from further habitat protection. Further research is required into the population, ecology and threats to this species. In addition, habitat and population trends should be monitored.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Englefield, E.,Cronberg, N.","Sergio, C. & Infante, M.","Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,ANASTROPHYLLACEAE,Tetralophozia,filiformis,,Tetralophozia filiformis  ,(Stephani) Urmi,,No,CR,D,No,CR,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

Tetralophozia filiformis is only found in Europe at two small localities in the Spanish provinces of Cantabria and Asturias. The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 142 km2 and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is around 16 km2. The population trend is considered to be stable in Europe, and therefore also the EU 28. However, the population size of the species is estimated to be less than 50 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). Therefore, this species is assessed as Critically Endangered for both Europe and the EU 28.

Fires occur often to maintain an open habitat and pastures and excessive grazing can be an important threat. Invasive species, such asCampylopus introflexus, can directly lead to death of the species. Fire and cattle management is necessary to protect the habitat of this species. This species' habitat should be protected, improving favorable management methods and the alien species should be controlled. Further research on the population and ecology of this species is required. Monitoring of the maintenance and conservation of the saxicolous acidic habitats will be important for the conservation of this species.",Stable,"In Europe, the species is only found in the Spanish provinces of Asturias (Urmi 1983) and Cantabria (Fuertes Lasala 1987, Oliván et al. 2001, Infante and Heras 2012). Elsewhere, it is found in the Himalayas, Malaysia, southeast Asia, Japan and the north Pacific coast of North America.It has been also reported from Korea (Choi et al. 2010) and in the Russian Far East (Konstantinova et al. 2002).

The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 142 km2 and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is around 16 km2. The altitudinal range of the species is from 280 m Asl in Asturias, and up to 1,550 m Asl in Cantabria.","There are two subpopulations of this species in Europe, one in Asturias and the other in Cantabria. The first subpopulation is small and was found in Asturias in 1980 (Urmi 1983), with a calculated area of around 50 m2. The second subpopulation, found in Cantabria, was in an area of less than 4,000 m2 (Infante and Heras 2012). The population trend is considered to be stable in Europe, and therefore also the EU 28. The population size is estimated to be less than 50 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using one boulder on which the species grows as a proxy for one individual-equivalent). It does not produce sporophytes and it is dioicous (male and female reproductive organs on separate plants).","The species grows on acidic rocks in shady areas with northern exposure, and with Erica arborea shrubland. The species is found on very humid and mossy areas, and accompanying species include Dicranum scoparium, Leucobryum glaucum, Sphagnum spp., Plagiochila porelloides and Anastrepta orcadensis. This is a medium-lived species (Dierβen 2001)","This species inhabits a fragile habitat that is difficult to restore after fires. In Cantabria, fires occur often to maintain an open habitat and pastures and excessive grazing can be an important threat (Infante and Heras 2012). Invasive species, such as Campylopus introflexus, can directly lead to death of the species.","The two localities of the species are inside Natura 2000 areas. In Spain, this species has been assessed as Endangered (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012). Fire and cattle management is necessary to protect the habitat of this species. This species' habitat should be protected, improving favorable management methods and the alien species should be controlled.

Further research on the population and ecology of this species is required. Monitoring of the maintenance and conservation of the saxicolous acidic habitats will be important for the conservation of this species.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Virtanen, R.,Englefield, E.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M. & Porley, R.D.","Schröck, C.,Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,ANASTROPHYLLACEAE,Tetralophozia,setiformis,,Tetralophozia setiformis  ,(Ehrh.) Schljakov,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

In Europe, the Monster Pawwort (Tetralophozia setiformis) is a widespread species across northern Europe. The species is listed as Least Concern in Europe in view of its widespread distribution, stable population trend, and because there are no major threats. This species has a large geographic range, with the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 8.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 3,560 km2. However, it is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Slovakia, Austria and the Czech Republic.

In the EU 28, the EOO of the species is estimated to be around 3.2 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 1,800 km2. In the mountains of central Europe, this species is rather rare and number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in the EU 28 is considered to be close to 1,000. This species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened in the EU 28..

In central Europe, where the species has a relict distribution, it is necessary to study the population size and trends. Research on the potential impact of climate change on the species is also required.",Stable,"This arctic-montane species is widespread in mountains of the arctic and subarctic. In Europe, is it restricted mostly to the mountains of Scandinavia and northern Russia, as well as the islands and archipelagos of the north oceans, including Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land and Iceland. In western Europe, this species is known from relict occurrences in the high alpine peaks of Scotland, Great Britain and the Ardennes, Belgium. Also, it is known from central Europe, in Germany (the Harz and the Black Forest), Austria and northern Italy. Records from France require verification. Further east, it is known from the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the Tatra mountains and northern Russia (Damsholt 2002). In Asia, it is known from all areas of the arctic as well as from the mountains of Yakutiya, western, eastern and south Siberia and the Russian Far East (Konstantinova et al. 2009). In North America, the species occurs from Alaska to British Columbia in the west and from Ellesmere Island to Maine and New York in the east. This species is also known from Greenland (Schuster 1969). The species occurs from sea level in the arctic up to 2,700 m Asl in the Tatras (Górski and Váňa 2014) and up to 3,000 m Asl in the Alps (NISM 2017).

 

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 8.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 3,560 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of the species is estimated to be around 3.2  million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 1,800 km2","The subpopulations are very large and it is common in the mountain areas. The species is widespread in the mountains of the arctic and subarctic. In the mountains of central Europe, the species is rather rare. In the EU 28, the number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using one rock or 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent) is considered to be close to 1,000. The overall population trend of the species is stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species is found on relatively dry acidic rocks, on rock-faces and ledges, on and among boulders in scree slopes, and, more rarely, on fine earth and soil. It is often in turfs without other bryophytes or mixed with some mosses, such as Rhacomitrium lanuginosum.","There are no major threats to the species, but the effects of climate change on the species should be studied.","This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Slovakia, Vulnerable (VU) in Austria and in the Czech Republic, Data Deficient (DD) in Italy and is threatened (2) in Germany (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in many strict nature reserves of European Russia. In central Europe, where the species has a relict distribution, it is necessary to study the population size and trends. Research on the potential impact of climate change on the species is also required.",This species is not utilized.,"Cálix, M.,Hedenäs, L.","Konstantinova, N., Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,TETRAPHIDOPSIDA,TETRAPHIDALES,TETRAPHIDACEAE,Tetraphis,pellucida,,Tetraphis pellucida  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Pellucid Four-tooth Moss (Tetraphis pellucida) is widespread and common throughout most of Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. The population is considered to be large and the trend is stable, with no indication of fragmentation of the subpopulations. There are no major threats to it at the European level. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. No conservation actions are needed.",Stable,"This species ranges from Ireland in the west to the Ural mountains in the east and from Spain and Greece in the south to northern Scandinavia in the north (Hodgetts 2015). It has not been reported from Iceland, Svalbard or Macaronesia, and it can only be found in the mountains in the Mediterranean region. Outside Europe, it is widespread in northern Asia and North America. It is found growing from sea level up to 2,400 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.",The population is considered to be large and the current trend is stable. There is no indication of fragmentation of the subpopulations.,This species grows on rotten wood and sometimes on acidic litter in woodland or on open peat in bogs. It is also known from shaded sandstone rocks (Blockeel et al.2014).,There appear to be no major threats to this species in Europe.,"The species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Serbia and Montenegro, but in all other European countries with a Red List it is considered as Least Concern (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation actions are needed. It is known to occur in protected areas in Europe.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hugonnot, V.","Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,SPLACHNALES,SPLACHNACEAE,Tetraplodon,angustatus,,Tetraplodon angustatus  ,(Hedw.) Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Narrow Cruet-moss (Tetraplodon angustatus) is distributed in Fennoscandia and across mountains ridges, as far south as the Carpathians and the Apennines. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 7.2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2,200 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of the species is estimated to be around 4.3  million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 1,400 km2. However, it is quite rare almost everywhere, except Fennoscandia, A lot of known habitats where this species occurs are situated in sparsely populated mountain regions, the current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28 and numerous subpopulations of this species are known. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28. 

However, this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Switzerland, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. The possible threats to this species are declines in forest areas due to felling and forest fires. Even so, no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"In Europe, this circumpolar, boreo-montane species is distributed in Fennoscandia and across mountains ridges, as far south as the Carpathians and the Apennines. This species is known from the Alps, Rhön Mountains, the Sudetes and the Holy Cross Mountains. In European Russia, this species has a sporadic distribution in arctic and boreal areas, as well as in the Urals. Elsewhere, it is known from the Caucasus, Middle Asia (Kazakhstan), Siberia, the Russian Far East, China, Bhutan, Japan, Greenland and North America (Ochyra and Szmajda 1991, Ignatov et al. 2006, Cykowska-Marzencka 2013, Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 2,400 m Asl.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 7.2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2,200 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of the species is estimated to be around 4.3  million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 1,400 km2.","This species is quite rare almost everywhere, except Fennoscandia. Numerous subpopulations of this species are known, but local subpopulations are not large due to substrate specialization of this species. In the Czech Republic, the area covered by this species per locality was 3 to 45 cm2 (45-560 sporophytes) depending on the areas of suitable substrate (Kučera 2004). This species is frequently fertile. The population trend is probably not declining, because new localities were recently revealed not only in Scandinavia, but also in different parts of the European range (Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Cykowska-Marzencka 2013). The current population trend is therefore considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This is a coprophilous moss (grows on dung), that grows in habitats with various light and humidity conditions on highly decomposed animal carcasses, animal droppings, bird pellets, decaying wood, needle litter, nitrogen-rich soil or raw humus in mountain scree and open woodlands, as well as in wet and swampy coniferous and coniferous-aspen forests, often near foothpaths. Also, this species has been found in anthropogenic habitats, such as on stones covered with humus near railway lines. This species occurs from lowlands to subalpine and alpine belts (Ignatov amd Ignatova 2003, Kučera 2004, Blockeel et al. 2014, Ellis et al. 2015).","The possible threats to this species are declines in forest areas due to felling and forest fires (Amosov et al. 2008). However, a lot of known habitats where this species occurs are situated in sparsely populated mountain regions.","This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) in Ireland, as Endangered (EN) in Switzerland, and as Vulnerable (VU) in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Romania, as well as in some regions of Russia, including Arkhangelsk Province (4 - DD), Vologda Province (EN) and Republic of Udmurtia (2 - VU) (Lockhart et al. 2012, Schnyder et al. 2004, Kučera et al. 2012, Kubinská et al. 2001, Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012, Amosov et al. 2008, Konechnaya and Suslova 2004, Baranova 2012).  In central Europe, this species is considered as a species of elevated conservation concern in four EU 28 countries. Some of the known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. No conservation measures are required at present.",This species is not used or traded.,"Mazimpaka, V.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,SPLACHNALES,SPLACHNACEAE,Tetraplodon,blyttii,,Tetraplodon blyttii  ,Frisvoll,,Yes,EN,D,No,RE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Regionally Extinct (RE)



Tetraplodon blytii is endemic to Europe, with a distribution restricted to Norway, Sweden and Svalbard. The species is probably very rare. The current population trend of this species is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28. The overall population size is estimated to be between 50 and 250 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe. Therefore, this species is assessed as Endangered (EN) in Europe.



In the EU 28, there are only two sites, both in Sweden, and here it is assessed as Regionally Extinct (RE), since there have been several efforts to find the species, but without a positive result.



The threats to this species are unknown, but it could potentially be affected by changes in the population dynamics of lemmings and voles, as this species grows on pellets (from birds), dead lemmings, carcasses and on the droppings and hairballs of predators in the mountains. The species need to be searched for during the right time when there are abundant lemmings, so further research is required to confirm the true distribution of this species in Europe. In addition, further research into the threats is recommended.",Unknown,"This is an arctic species with a distribution restricted to Norway, Sweden and Svalbard (Hassel et al. 2015, Hodgetts 2015). This species is not found outside Europe.



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 50 and 100 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 0.6 million km2. In the EU 28 (Sweden), there are only two sites, both old, and thus in Sweden the species is possibly extinct. The altitudinal range of this species is from 50 m to 820 m Asl.

","The species is probably very rare. There are ca 10 old collections made in Norway (Hassel et al. 2015), but only one recent locality (Sør-Varanger in Finnmark) collected in 2016 by Torbjørn Høitomt. In Svalbard there are six localities (Frisvoll and Blom 1997), mainly old records, however, one more recent finding was made in year 2003 by Arve Elvebakk.



In Sweden, only two rather old records are known (collected year 1918 and 1973). Since it was only described in 1978 (Frisvoll 1978), the distribution of this species might still be incompletely known.



The species has a short lived shuttle strategy, with spores that are insect spread, and due to the substrate it has a patchy distribution. The size of subpopulations therefore must be considered to vary considerably in space and time, and in line with fluctuations in rodent populations, but this is not considered as a threat factor. 



The population size, based on the findings since 2000 (one finding in Norway and Svalbard each), is estimated to be between 50 and 250 individual-equivalents in Europe (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for each individual-equivalent). In the EU 28 (Sweden), there are only two sites, both old, and thus in Sweden the species is possibly extinct.","This species grows on pellets (from birds), dead lemmings, carcasses and on the droppings and hairballs of predators in the mountains. Probably, this species has a preference for relatively dry sites (Hallingbäck et al. 2008). In Norway and Sweden, the sites are all in mountain ranges, all collections are apparently from the sub-alpine to the low alpine zone.","The threats to this species are unknown, but it could potentially be affected by changes in the population dynamics of lemmings and voles.","This species is in the national Red List of Sweden as Endangered (EN) and in Norway and Svalbard as Vulnerable (VU) (Frisvoll and Blom 1997, Hodgetts 2015). However, it is likely that this species is no longer found in Sweden.



This species is not known to occur in any protected areas. The species needs to be searched for during the right time when there are abundant lemmings, so further research is required to confirm the true distribution of this species in Europe. In addition, further research into the threats is recommended.",The species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Patiño, J.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,SPLACHNALES,SPLACHNACEAE,Tetraplodon,mnioides,,Tetraplodon mnioides  ,(Hedw.) Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Slender Cruet-moss (Tetraplodon mnioides) is the most widespread of all species in this genus in Europe. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 5,000 and 6,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 12 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 4,000 km² and the EOO is ca 4 million km². It seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area in Europe and EU 28. In addition, there are no evident threats known to the species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in several countries, including Germany, Romania and Slovakia. Even so, no conservation measures are required at present.

",Stable,"This species has circumpolar boreo-arctic, montane distribution. In Europe, it is known from Iceland, Svalbard, Fennoscandia and arctic Russia in the north and to Spain, Italy and Montenegro in the south. The altitudinal range of this species is from sea level to 2,500 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species has a wide distribution in northern Asia and North America (Ochyra and Szmajda 1991).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 5,000 and 6,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 12 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 4,000 km² and the EOO is ca 4 million km².

","This is the most widespread of all species in this genus in Europe. There is no direct evidence of decline, and so the overall current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows on carcasses and on droppings and hairballs/pellets of predators, but also on reindeer droppings (Hallingbäck et al. 2008). It is often found on extensive mats of Racomitrium elongatum, in and along roadsides or quarries or on exposed basalt cliffs in forested habitats.

This moss colonises decaying animal remains. It is typically found on bones, especially of sheep and deer, but occasionally small mammals and birds such as grouse. It also colonises bird pellets, old dung (especially from carnivores), and has even been found growing in a discarded sardine tin. It has few associates, other than Tetraplodon angustatus and Splachnum species. It is largely restricted to upland areas on moorland, montane slopes, and raised and blanket bog, only rarely on lowland heath. Though this species often occurs on wet ground, it does not require constant moisture and sometimes grows on bones or dung on dry slopes and in block scree (Blockeel et al. 2014).",There are no evident threats known to the species.,"The species is in the Red List of Austria as 4, Belgium as Regionally Extinct (RE), the Czech Republic, Switzerland and Montenegro as Vulnerable (VU), Estonia and Spain as Data Deficient (DD), Germany, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia as Endangered (EN), the Netherlands (GE) and Poland as rare (R) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in several protected areas. No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hespanhol, H.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,SPLACHNALES,SPLACHNACEAE,Tetraplodon,pallidus,,Tetraplodon pallidus  ,I. Hagen,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Tetraplodon pallidus is only found in Iceland, Svalbard, northern Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia in Europe. This species is very common in Svalbard, but has a scattered distribution in the Scandinavian mountains. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) but has a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 600 and 800 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 240 km2 and the EOO is ca 0.1 million km2. This species seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area in Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no evident threats known to the species. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.



No conservation action is needed at present.",Stable,"This species has a northern, arctic to subarctic distribution and is only found in Iceland, Svalbard, northern Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia (Frisvoll 1978, Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in northern part of North America and Greenland (BFNA 2015).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 600 and 800 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 240 km2 and the EOO is ca 0.1 million km2.

","The species is scattered in the Scandinavian mountain range (Frisvoll 1978, Hallingbäck et al. 2008) and it is very common in Svalbard (Frisvoll and Blom 1997). There is no indication that the species is decreasing or increasing, and therefore the current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This is an exclusively alpine species often found growing on reindeer droppings but also found on, for example, the droppings and pellets/hairballs of carnivores and birds of prey (Frisvoll 1978, Hallingbäck et al. 2008). The habitat of this species is open alpine heath.",There are no major threats to this species.,This species is in the Red Lists of Finland as Near Threatened (NT) and Iceland as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in several protected areas. No conservation action is needed at present.,The species is not used or traded.,"Orgaz Alvarez, J.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,SPLACHNALES,SPLACHNACEAE,Tetraplodon,paradoxus,,Tetraplodon paradoxus  ,(R. Br.) I. Hagen,,No,VU,D1,No,EN,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Tetraplodon paradoxus is known from the northern parts of Norway, Finland, Russia and Svalbard. The species is quite frequent on Svalbard, however in Norway, this species is rare. There are no reports of any decline, but the current population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28. There are around 40 localities in total, with an estimate of between five and 10 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) per site and thus the population size in Europe is estimated to be between 200 and 400 individual-equivalents, up to a total of 1,000 individual-equivalents. In the EU 28 (Finland), it is estimated that there are fewer than 250 individual-equivalents. Therefore, this species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and as Endangered in the EU 28.

The threats to this species are unknown, but it could potentially be affected by through changes in the reindeer population size, as this species grows mainly on reindeer dung. The name T. paradoxus has earlier mistakenly been applied to some records of T. pallidus. Research on the biology, threats, distribution and status of this species is needed. 

",Unknown,"This species has a truly arctic distribution. It is known from the northern parts of Norway, Finland and Russia and is widespread in, for example, Svalbard (Frisvoll 1978, Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in northern part of North America and Greenland (BFNA 2015).

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 150 and 300 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 0.7 million km². In the EU 28 (only found in Finland), the AOO is 28 km² and its EOO is ca 193 km².

","The species is quite frequent on Svalbard (Frisvoll and Blom 1997), however in Norway, this species is rare (Hassel et al. 2015). In Finland, this species is found in seven sites (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017), and in European Russia, it is known from only a few localities (Zheleznova and Shubina 2015).

There are no reports of any decline, but the current population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28. The population is not severely fragmented

In Finland, there are only a few individual-equivalents per site, between five and 10 (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equivalent). In Norway, there are two recent sites (Hassel et al. 2015) and in Svalbard it is known from 25 localities (Frisvoll and Blom 1997). In Novaya Zemlaya, this species is known from only one locality (Zheleznova and Shubina 2015). There are around 40 localities in total, with an estimate of between five and 10 individual-equivalents per site and thus the population size in Europe is estimated to be between 200 and 400 individual-equivalents, up to a total of 1,000 individual-equivalents. In the EU 28 (Finland), it is estimated that there are fewer than 250 individual-equivalents. 

","This species grows mainly on reindeer dung, but can also grow on slate shingle. It can also be found on hairballs. Little is known about the ecology of the species, but the most important habitat seems to be ridges in the low to middle alpine zone.

This is a species with a short lived shuttle strategy. The dispersal mechanism for this species is unknown, since this, unlike all other Tetraplodon species has a closed capsule - the capsule must be ruptured for spores to be released. One possibility is that the capsules are eaten by reindeer and are spread in that way. All the other species in the genus have capsules with lid and open easily and are probably dispersed by insects. It often grows together with T. pallidus. 

","The threats to this species are unknown, but it could potentially be affected by through changes in the reindeer population size.","This species is in the national Red Lists of Norway and Finland as Endangered (EN) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in protected areas.



Research on the biology, threats, distribution and status of this species is needed. The name T. paradoxus has earlier mistakenly been applied to some records of T. pallidus (Frisvoll 1978).",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Schröck, C.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,SPLACHNALES,SPLACHNACEAE,Tetraplodon,urceolatus,,Tetraplodon urceolatus  ,(Hedw.) Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,EN,D,No,EN,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The naturally rare species, Tetraplodon urceolatus, has a very restricted European distribution, being confined to the Alps (Switzerland, Italy, Germany, Austria). Although there is no indication of a population decline, it has seemingly disappeared from some areas, but with new records of its presence in other places. The overall population trend is thus unknown. This species is precautionarily assessed as Endangered since, based on current knowledge, the population size in Europe and in the EU 28 is estimated to be between 150 and 300 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals). Climate change may pose a risk since the amount of suitable habitat will probably decline as the habitat shifts upwards, though in general, its habitat is largely unthreatened. Further research in order to assess the possible impact of climate change is needed, and a future re-assessment based on better data is recommended.",Unknown,"This species has a very restricted European distribution, being confined to the Alps (Switzerland, Italy, Germany, Austria). Records from France are uncertain (Ros et al. 2013), and those from European Russia have been discounted (Ignatov pers. comm. 2007). Elsewhere it is known from North America, Greenland, the Caucasus and central Asia. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 200-300 km² in Europe and between 150-200 km² in the EU 28. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 45,000 km².","There are no current records of this very rare species in Italy (Aleffi et al. 2008), and it has probably disappeared from Germany. It has also apparently disappeared locally in Austria (Zechmeister et al. 2013), but the alpine peaks where this species grows are under-explored. In Switzerland, new localities have been discovered (Schnyder and Müller 2009). Based on current knowledge, the population size is estimated to be between 150 and 300 individual-equivalents in Europe and EU 28. One individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. The overall population trend is unknown.","This is a nitrophilous and cryophilous species of alpine lawns and habitats dominated by cushion-forming vascular plants enriched by animal excrement ('Lägerflur' in German) (Grims 1999). It grows in the alpine to subnival belt, often on wind-exposed ridges and peaks, at elevations between 2,100 m and 3,000 m Asl.","This is a naturally rare species of a very restricted, but largely unthreatened, habitat (Schröck et al. 2013, 2014). Climate change may pose a risk since the amount of suitable habitat will probably decline as the habitat shifts upwards (Köckinger and Schröck 2017). However, it is not possible to estimate the percentage of population reduction in the next 100 years, as this will also depend on the presence of animals in its range.","This moss has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Switzerland, as Vulnerable in Austria and as Data Deficient in Italy (Hodgetts 2015). It is considered Regionally Extinct in Germany. More information needs to be collected about the population size and the current distribution. No special conservation measures are necessary, as it grows in a largely inaccessible and unthreatened habitat. It is known to occur in protected areas. In order to assess the possible impact of climate change, a monitoring program is necessary.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Séneca, A.,Cálix, M.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HOOKERIALES,LEUCOMIACEAE,Tetrastichium,fontanum,,Tetrastichium fontanum  ,(Mitt.) Cardot,,Yes,VU,"B2ab(iii,v); C2a(i); D1",Yes,VU,"B2ab(iii,v); C2a(i); D1",EU28,,"

Tetrastichium fontanum is an Ibero-Macaronesian endemic species restricted to the archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira and Canary Islands, and a single locality in the south of Spain. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 820 km2), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, as well as in the number of mature individuals. In addition, it is estimated that there are fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents (one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the plant grows). It is unclear whether each subpopulation has fewer than 250 individual-equivalents, but they certainly have fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents. Desiccation of the water courses due to water extraction is the most important threat to this species, as has been happening in Gran Canaria, together with the effects of climate change, especially in southern areas. Fire is another factor that contributes to watercourse desiccation and direct mortality of this species. The loss of laurel forest poses another important threat. Grazing pressure may affect the species through nitrification of pasturelands, where the caves are found. Forest habitats where this species is found should be preserved, including the natural freshwater habitats and humid caves. Monitoring of the population trend is also recommended.

",Decreasing,"Tetrastichium fontanum is an Ibero-Macaronesian endemic species restricted to the archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira and  Canary Islands, and a single locality in the south of Spain (González-Mancebo et al. 2012a). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.4 million km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 820 km2.","

 

 



This species is widely distributed in Macaronesia, but the overall population trend is declining, and the population is considered to be severely fragmented due to the restricted habitat of the subpopulations; these small and isolated subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. This species is relatively frequent in the Azores and Madeira, but much more restricted in the Canary Islands and southern Spain. The subpopulation in Cadiz (Spain), although small, seems to be stable and is found within a protected area. The subpopulation in the Canary Islands (where the laurisilva forest is fragile and highly fragmented and the water courses are very fragmented), it is presumed to be decreasing due to desiccation of the natural habitat, and it may be extinct in Gran Canaria (González-Mancebo et al. 2012a). It is estimated that there are ca 23 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) in the Canary Islands (one individual-equivalent is considered to be one square metre on which the plant grows), only about three individual-equivalents in Spain, and around 200 individual-equivalents in the Azores. It is most frequent in Madeira. The total population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents. It is unclear whether each subpopulation has fewer than 250 individual-equivalents, but they certainly have fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents.","This species grows on rocks, frequently at the margins of streams and next to waterfalls, and more rarely on rocks in humid areas of the natural laurel forest. It can be found in narrow humid narrow ravines, always in sheltered habitats, and even in caves and water tunnels. In the Azores, it has its highest frequency in cave entrances at low altitudes (Jennings 2009, Gabriel et al. 2011). In southern Spain it occurs on dripping rock walls in dark, wet Rhododendron ponticum forest. Its altitudinal range is between 50 m and 1,900 m Asl.

","



Desiccation of the water courses due to water extraction is the most important threat to this species, as has been happening in Gran Canaria, together with the effects of climate change, especially in southern areas. Fire is another factor that contributes to watercourse desiccation and direct mortality of this species. The loss of laurel forest poses another important threat. Grazing pressure may affect the species through nitrification of pasturelands, where the caves are found.

","



This species was assessed as Near Threatened in Madeira (Sim-Sim et al. 2014), as Vulnerable in the Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2012b), and as Endangered in Spain (Garilletti and Albertos 2012, Brugués and González-Mancebo 2014). In the Azores this species has been included in the list of the 100 priority species for management (Cardoso et al. 2016). In the Canary Islands this species occurs in the Garajonay National Park, and in Madeira it is found in the Madeira Natural Park. In the Azores it is also found in the Nature Park of Terceira. Forest habitats where this species is found should be preserved, including the natural freshwater habitats and humid caves. Freshwater habitats represent one of the most threatened habitats in the Canary Islands since most of them have disappeared due to human exploitation (González-Mancebo et al. 2012a). Monitoring of the population trend is also recommended. 

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,During, H.,Hodgetts, N.","González Mancebo, J., Sim-Sim, M., Gabriel, R., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M., Porley, R.D. & Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HOOKERIALES,LEUCOMIACEAE,Tetrastichium,virens,,Tetrastichium virens  ,(Cardot) S.P.Churchill,,Yes,NT,B2b(iii),Yes,NT,B2b(iii),EU28,,"Tetrastichium virens is an Ibero-Macaronesian endemic species, restricted to the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands, plus a single locality in southern Spain. It grows mostly in the humid sites in macaronesian laurel forests and in mainland Spain at the margins of streams in Rhododendon ponticum forests. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 608 km2), and there is a continuing decline in the area and quality of its habitat as a result of the ongoing threats; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. The major threats to this species include habitat destruction and degradation and climate change, which promotes an increase in wildfires and encourages the spread of invasive alien species. In southern Spain desiccation of the water courses is the most important threat. The conservation of humid Macaronesian laurel forests and natural freshwater habitats in the Rhododendron ponticum forest in southern Spain are vital for the conservation of this species. In the Azores this species is already considered a priority for management. Monitoring is recommended for the habitat and population.",Unknown,"Tetrastichium virens is an Ibero-Macaronesian endemic species, restricted to the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands, plus a single locality in southern Spain (Cano et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.3 million km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 612 km2.","



In Madeira this is one of the most frequent and dominant taxa occurring in the laurel forests (Sim-Sim et al. 2014). However, in the Canary Islands and southern Spain the species is much more restricted, occurring in only one locality in Tenerife and La Palma (Dirkse et al. 2018) and one locality in southern Spain (González-Mancebo et al. 2012, Brugués and González-Mancebo 2014). In the Azores it is considered to have a narrow ecological tolerance (Gabriel et al. 2011). The current population trend in unknown.

","



This species grows in humid sites in the native laurel forests of Macaronesia, on rocks and soil banks, and also as an epiphyte near water courses. In Spain it grows in a forest with Rhododendron ponticum.In the Azores it has also been found at cave entrances (Jennings 2009). Its altitudinal range is from 75 m to 1,050 m Asl in the Azores, and up to 1,600 m Asl in Madeira (Hedenäs 1992). It grows between 800 m and 900 m Asl in the Canary Islands, and between 150 m and 300 m Asl in mainland Spain.



","



The humid laurel forests of Macaronesia and the forests with Rhododendron ponticum in southern Spain are fragile habitats. Major threats include habitat destruction and degradation and climate change, which promotes an increase in wildfires and encourages the spread of invasive alien species (such as Hedychium gardnerianum in the Azores). In southern Spain desiccation of the water courses is the most important threat (Cano et al. 2012).

","This species is known to occur in protected areas and has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Spain, and as Vulnerable in the Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2012, Brugués and González-Mancebo 2014). The conservation of humid Macaronesian laurel forests and natural freshwater habitats in the Rhododendron ponticum forest in southern Spain are vital for the conservation of this species. In the Azores this species is a priority for management (Cardoso et al. 2016). Monitoring is recommended for the habitat and population.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Virtanen, R.,Englefield, E.","González Mancebo, J., Sim-Sim, M., Gabriel, R., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.","Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,TETRAPHIDOPSIDA,TETRAPHIDALES,TETRAPHIDACEAE,Tetrodontium,brownianum,,Tetrodontium brownianum  ,(Dicks.) Schwägr.,Tetrodontium brownianum has in some European countries been treated as a variety of Tetrodontium ovatum (T. ovatum var. brownianum (Dicks.) Mårtensson).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Brown's Four-tooth Moss (Tetrodontium brownianum) is very rare, and its core distribution area is in west Europe. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 2,500 and 3,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 2,300 km2 and the EOO is ca 2 million km2. It seems to have a viable and stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28. In the temperate part of Europe, this species is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.

However, in the boreal region of Europe, forestry is a threat to this species, as it needs deep shade, and so clear-cutting jeopardizes this species. No conservation action is required at present, however a better knowledge of the distribution and trend is needed.



",Stable,"This species has a suboceanic temperate distribution. It is found in Great Britain in the west to the Spanish part of the Pyrenees in the southwest, as well as in central Europe (mainly the Alps and the Carpathians), and eastwards to Ukraine and Finland in the northeast (Nyholm 1969). The altitudinal range of this species is between 10 m and 860 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in North America, Asia (Japan) and the Pacific Islands (New Zealand) (BFNA 2007).

In some countries in Europe, the taxonomists have traditionally treated Tetrodontium brownianum as a variety of T. ovatum, and therefore some of the reports T. brownianum are lacking or simply referring to T. ovatum sensu stricto.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 2,500 and 3,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 2,300 km2 and the EOO is ca 2 million km2.

","This species is very rare and in, for example, Britain the records show a declining trend since 1990, however, that can reflect that the species has been under-recorded in some areas (Blockeel et al. 2014).



In Finland both this species and Tetrodontium ovatum probably have a stable subpopulations (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). The overall current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","In the United Kingdom, this species grows on moist, but not permanently wet, siliceous rocks that are acidic or slightly basic, most often on sandstone but also igneous rocks. This species grows directly on the rock surface in sheltered places where there is little other competition, typically in crevices or under overhangs, on vertical faces or growing down from the ceiling of rocky recesses. It is found in low-lying wooded ravines, on cliffs by moorland streams and on montane crags, and is very tolerant of shade. It is often in extensive pure patches, sometimes with few or no sporophytes, but may be associated with other shade-tolerant species, including Cephalozia bicuspidata, Diplophyllum albicans and Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans. On weakly basic rock, this species may occur with or close to Blindia acuta and Seligeria recurvata (Blockeel et al. 2014).","In the boreal region of Europe, forestry is a threat to this species, as it needs deep shade, and so clear-cutting jeopardizes this species. In the temperate part of Europe, this species is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats and it is unlikely that there has been a significant decline (Blockeel et al. 2014).","This species is assessed in the Red Lists of Finland and Slovenia as Data Deficient (DD), in Poland as I, in Ireland, Northern Ireland, the Czech Republic and Luxembourg as Near Threatened (NT), in Slovakia as Regionally Extinct (RE) and in Spain as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015).

It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected area. No conservation action is required at present, however a better knowledge of the distribution and trend is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Ignatova, E.","Hallingbäck, T","Bambe, B.,Maksimov, A.,Ştefănuţ, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,TETRAPHIDOPSIDA,TETRAPHIDALES,TETRAPHIDACEAE,Tetrodontium,ovatum,,Tetrodontium ovatum  ,(Funck) Schwägr.,In some European countries Tetrodontium ovatum has been treated as a variety of Tetrodontium brownianum (T. brownianum var. ovatum (Funck) Wijk & Margad.),No,NT,"B2b(iii,iv)",No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Tetrodontium ovatum has a scattered distribution both in central and northern Europe. This is a rare, however, probably overlooked species. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) but a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the AOO of this species is between 200 and 300 km2, and its EOO is less than 2 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 150 km2 and the EOO is ca 1 million km2. Since it is mainly a forest species in Europe and the EU 28, there is a continuing decline from clear cutting of trees and so the overall current population trend is considered to be decreasing. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened for both Europe and the EU 28 as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

It is important to protect the known sites from clear-felling of trees. Further research is required on the distribution of this species.

",Decreasing,"This species has a scattered distribution both in central and northern Europe (Hodgetts 2015). The species is mainly recorded from Norway, Sweden and Germany. Some records from central Europe (the Czech Republic, France, Switzerland, Austria and Ukraine might be something else than the sensu stricto of this species). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 100 m to 2,050 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in North America (predominantly coastal) (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 200 and 300 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 2 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 150 km2 and the EOO is ca 1 million km2.

","This is a rare, however, probably overlooked species. Since it is mainly a forest species in Europe, there is a continuing decline because of clear cutting of trees close to the sites where the species occurs both in Sweden and in Norway. In Finland, this species probably has a stable population (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). The overall current population trend is considered to be decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows on moist, siliceous rocks shaded by trees, in rocky slopes in boreal forest regions. It grows directly on the rock surface where there is little other competition from other mosses, typically in crevices or under overhangs, on vertical faces or growing down from the ceiling of rocky recesses. It is typically found in wooded ravines and is very tolerant of shade.",The major threat is logging in natural boreal forest.,"This species is assessed in the Red List of Germany as 0, Austria as 4, Finland and the Czech Republic as Data Deficient (DD), Sweden and Switzerland as Vulnerable (VU) and in Norway as Near Threatened (NT) (Hodgetts 2015).

This species is known to occur in several protected areas. It is important to protect the known sites from clear-felling of trees. Further research is required on the distribution of this species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hassel, K.","Hallingbäck, T","Goldberg, I.,Hodgetts, N.,Afonina, O.,Vellak, K.,Lönnell, N.,Schröck, C.,Blom, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,TETRAPHIDOPSIDA,TETRAPHIDALES,TETRAPHIDACEAE,Tetrodontium,repandum,,Tetrodontium repandum  ,(Funck) Schwägr.,"Tetrodontium repandum has, in older European literature, been treated as the subspecies T. brownianum subsp. repandum (Funck) Boulay or as variety T. ovatum var. repandum (Funck) Mårtensson.",No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Small Four-tooth Moss (Tetrodontium repandum) is found in the British Isles, the Pyrenees, central Europe, Fennoscandia and northwestern Russia. This species is rare all over Europe. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) but a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the AOO of this species is between 200 and 300 km2, and its EOO is ca 3.6 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 100 and 200 km2 and the EOO is ca 2.5 million km2. The current population trend is unknown, but the species has a large subpopulation size in the north of Europe, and it is relatively safe.

The population size is inferred to be between 2,000 and 4,000 individual-equivalents in Europe (considered as mature individuals). Therefore, in Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern. However, within EU 28 the population size is estimated to be between 1,000 and 1,500 individual-equivalents. In the EU 28, the species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion D.

Forestry seems to be a threat to this species, as it needs deep shade. Research and monitoring of the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed.

",Unknown,"This species has a suboceanic boreal-montane distribution. It is known from Britain (where it has probably disappeared), the Pyrenees, central Europe, Fennoscandia and northwestern Russia. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 30 to 2,380 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in the northern part of North America and Asia (Japan) (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 200 and 300 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3.6 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is between 100 and 200 km2 and the EOO is ca 2.5 million km2.

","This species is rare all over Europe. In the United Kingdom, there are two known very old localities of this species, however, it has not been refound at any site, and was last seen in 1958. Therefore, it is considered as Regionally Extinct in Great Britain (Hodgetts et al. 2015). In central Europe, this species is very rare. There are no direct observations of any current decline but the current population trend is unknown in Europe and the EU 28. The population size is inferred to be between 2,000 and 4,000 individual-equivalents in Europe (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m2 as a proxy for an individual-equivalent). The size of the population within the EU 28 is estimated to between 1,000 and 1,500 individual-equivalents.",This species grows mainly in mountainous areas on the underside of moist and acid rocks in deep shade.,"Forestry seems to be a threat to this species, as it needs deep shade. A clear-cut therefore jeopardizes the population size.","This species is in the Red List of Austria as 4, Slovakia as Critically Endangered (CR), Poland as I, Finland and the Czech Republic as Near Threatened (NT), Great Britain as Regionally Extinct (RE) and Switzerland as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area.

Research and monitoring of the population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Laaka-Lindberg, S.","Hallingbäck, T","Goldberg, I.,Schröck, C.,Hodgetts, N.,Lönnell, N.,Blom, H.,Syrjänen, K.,Afonina, O.,Vellak, K.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,NECKERACEAE,Thamnobryum,alopecurum,,Thamnobryum alopecurum  ,(Hedw.) Nieuwl. ex Gangulee,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Fox-tail Feather-moss (Thamnobryum alopecurum) is a large moss species which occurs in forest habitats throughout Europe. It is widespread and common over most of Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the thresholds for a threatened Category. The population is very large, with the number of individual-equivalents far above 10,000 (almost certainly in the millions). It is quite abundant in the uplands, where large subpopulations occur. The population trend is more or less stable. At the European scale, this species is not threatened, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas across its range in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28.",Stable,"In Europe, this species is widespread throughout the continent, missing only from the extreme north, Lithuania, much of European Russia, Moldova and some of the smaller territories in the Mediterranean region. It has been found growing at elevations from near sea level up to 2,000 m Asl. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the thresholds for a threatened Category. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is also known from northern  Africa, Turkey, and parts of West Asia, from Georgia to Azerbaijan and Iran.","The population of this species is very large and the trend is more or less stable. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre, one boulder, or one tree on which the species grows. The population size is certainly far above 10,000 individual-equivalents (almost certainly in the millions), and is quite abundant, at least in the uplands, where large subpopulations occur. In the lowlands this species is rarer, but often frequent in suitable habitats.","This large moss occurs on calcareous to neutral rocks, and more rarely on tree bases, along streams or in moist forests in valleys, often in conditions of deep shade (Grims 1999, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). At higher latitudes it occurs in more open habitats. It also grows in secondary habitats such as on walls.","At the European scale, this species is not threatened over its range as there appear to be no major threats to it.","This moss is mainly unthreatened, but has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Latvia, as Vulnerable in the Canary Islands, as Near Threatened in Andorra and Estonia, and as Data Deficient in San Marino (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hugonnot, V.","Schröck, C.","Soltés, R.,Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,NECKERACEAE,Thamnobryum,angustifolium,,Thamnobryum angustifolium  ,(Holt) Crundw.,"Thamnobryum angustifolium was discovered in Derbyshire by G.A. Holt in 1883, where it still  occurs. The Cumbria site was discovered in 2008 by M. Lawley. There has been much discussion about the nature of this species. Furness and Gilbert (1980) showed that it maintains its characters distinct from T. alopecurum in culture. There are at least three distinct morphological features that distinguish this species from T. alopecurum. Hodgetts and Blockeel (1992) considered that it is more closely related to T. cataractarum and the Madeiran T. fernandesii than to T. alopecurum.



However, more recent molecular work by Olssonet al. (2009) suggests that, while T. angustifolium is undoubtedly a distinct entity morphologically, colonies of this plant (and of other narrowly endemic Thamnobryum species) may originate from the surrounding subpopulations of T. alopecurum. In this case, the two subpopulations of T. angustifolium are independently derived from local T. alopecurum, and have evolved convergently in response to the rheophilous habitat (Blockeel et al. 2014).



F. Rumsey (pers. comm. 2016) comments, ""My view is that ifT. angustifolium and T. cataractarum are retained [as species] then the material from the River Eden also needs to be given the same rank. Each represent local variations from T. alopecurum. To suggest that the Eden material is more similar genetically, etc. to the Cressbrookdale plant than it is to local T. alopecurum, or to T. cataractarum is I believe wrong."".",Yes,CR,D,Yes,CR,D,EU28,,"The Derbyshire Feather-moss (Thamnobryum angustifolium) is a large semi-aquatic oceanic temperate species endemic to England. It is known from only two localities. This species is clearly very rare, although its taxonomic identity requires confirmation. However, for the present it is included in the British and European checklists as a species, and it is certainly morphologically distinct from the common T. alopecurum, so it is better to assess this species at some level rather than to assign it to Data Deficient. The number of mature individuals is estimated to be smaller than 50, and as a result the species is considered Critically Endangered.



Recent molecular work by Olssonet al. (2009) suggests that, whilst T. angustifolium is undoubtedly a distinct entity morphologically, colonies of this plant (and of other narrowly endemic Thamnobryum species) may originate from the surrounding subpopulations of T. alopecurum. In this case, the two known subpopulations of T. angustifolium are independently derived from local T. alopecurum, and have evolved convergently in response to the rheophilous habitat (Blockeel et al. 2014).",Stable,"The Derbyshire Feather-moss (Thamnobryum angustifolium) is a large semi-aquatic oceanic temperate species endemic to England, where it is known from only two localities (one south of Carlisle, the other in the Peak District). A specimen supposedly from Ireland is of doubtful provenance and a record from Madeira is erroneous (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 16 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 61 km².","This species appears to be stable at its locus classicus in Derbyshire, however when last observed in 2015 a large part of the subpopulation there was brown and moribund. Its trend in the other subpopulation is unknown. The overall number of mature individuals (measured as individual-equivalents, where one individual-equivalent is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows) is considered likely to be smaller than 50, and arguably it could be as small as 2, if it is considered that there is a single functional individual at each of the two sites where it occurs.","This straggling dark green dendroid moss has been found at two rather different localities, both in England. In the Derbyshire Dales, where it has been known for many years, it grows on a shaded limestone rock by a calcareous spring in a wooded ravine, where it is inundated by water in winter but dry in summer. It is intermixed with Thamnobryum alopecurum. At a more recently-discovered site in Cumbria, it grows on the vertical sides of sandstone slabs on the bank of the River Eden, where it is submerged in fast-flowing water for most of the year. Its altitudinal range is from 55 m up to 245 m Asl.



It is dioicous, and only male plants are known (Blockeelet al. 2014).",This species is sensitive to disturbance from cavers (at the Derbyshire site). Any pollution of the spring in which the Derbyshire site grows may also threaten it.,"The locus classicus is in a nature reserve and the other locality in Cumbria is within a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). There should be as little disturbance to the Derbyshire site as possible, and monitoring should take place regularly. It is currently listed in Britain as Data Deficient (Hodgetts 2015) but it may be that the correct assessment is Critically Endangered. There is a clear need to resolve the taxonomic identity of this species in relation to T. alopecurum.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Natcheva, R.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G. & Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,NECKERACEAE,Thamnobryum,cataractarum,,Thamnobryum cataractarum  ,N. Hodgetts &amp; Blockeel,"Thamnobryum cataractarum was discovered in 1991 in Twisleton Glen, a locality well known for oceanic bryophytes (Hodgetts and Blockeel 1992). It is morphologically close to the Madeiran T. fernandesii.



Olssonet al. (2009) used molecular techniques to suggest that, like T. angustifolium, T. cataractarum and T. fernandesii may both be independent local derivatives of T. alopecurum, evolving convergently in response to their habitat (Blockeel et al. 2014).



F. Rumsey (pers. comm. 2016) commented, ""My view is that if T. angustifolium and T. cataractarum are retained [as species] then the material from by the R. Eden also needs to be given the same rank. Each represent local variations from T. alopecurum. To suggest that the Eden material is more similar genetically, etc. to the Cressbrookdale plant than it is to local T. alopecurum, or to T. cataractarum is I believe wrong.""",Yes,CR,D,Yes,CR,D,EU28,,"The Yorkshire Feather-moss (Thamnobryum cataractarum) is apparently endemic to a single site in Yorkshire, England, with intensive searching failing to find it at apparently similar localities nearby. For the present it is included in the British and European  checklists as a species, and it is certainly morphologically distinct  from the common T. alopecurum, so it is better to assess this species at some level rather than to assign it to Data Deficient. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it is estimated that there are fewer than 50 mature individuals. 



The main threats to this species are water pollution from agricultural run-off and inappropriate water management upstream, such as possible hydro-electric schemes. There should be as little disturbance to the site as possible, and monitoring should take place regularly. Confirmation of the taxonomic identity of the species is required.",Stable,"This oceanic-temperate aquatic species is apparently endemic to a single site in Yorkshire, England. Intensive searching has failed to find it at apparently similar localities nearby (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are both 4 km².","As far as is known, the population is stable. The overall number of mature individuals is considered likely to be smaller than 50.","Morphologically and ecologically similar to Thamnobryum angustifolium, this species grows on vertical or steeply sloping streamside rocks in a narrow, deeply incised ravine where a calcareous stream flows over base-poor rocks of the Ingletonian strata. Pure swards of T. cataractarum grow in the swiftly flowing stream, submersed 10–25 cm below the summer water level. At shallower depths, plants extend into a zone where Cinclidotus fontinaloides and Rhynchostegium riparioides predominate and Fissidens crassipes, F. rufulus and Palustriella commutata (the former var. virescens) occur as associates. Isolated stems can also be found amongst T. alopecurum just above the water level. In waterfalls, T. cataractarum grows with Rhynchostegium riparioides just below the water surface. Its altitudinal range is from 160 m up to 210 m Asl. 



Gametangia and capsules are unknown (Blockeelet al. 2014).","The main threats to this species are water pollution from agricultural run-off and inappropriate water management upstream, such as possible hydro-electric schemes.","The single known site is in a nature reserve. There should be as little disturbance to the site as possible, and monitoring should take place regularly.  It is currently listed in Britain as Data Deficient (Hodgetts  2015), but it may be that the correct assessment is Critically Endangered. There is a clear need to resolve the taxonomic identity of this species in relation to T. alopecurum.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Rumsey, F.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G. & Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,NECKERACEAE,Thamnobryum,fernandesii,,Thamnobryum fernandesii  ,Sérgio,"Recent molecular work by Olsson et al. (2009) suggests that while Thamnobryum fernandesii is a distinct entity, colonies may originate from surrounding colonies of T. alopecurum. Authors differ in opinion on this subject, but for the purposes of this assessment, this is considered a valid species (Sergio et al. 2008, Hodgetts 2015).",Yes,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU28,,"Thamnobryum fernandesii is endemic to Madeira Island, Portugal, and is found only in a rather small area in the northern central part of the island. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 122 km2, area of occupancy (AOO) is 52 km2), it occurs at less than ten locations, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. Considering that this species grows on rock walls or in and near waterfalls, an individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one boulder on which the species grows. It is estimated that there are fewer than 10,000 individual-equivalents in Madeira, and that each subpopulation has fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents. However, the current population trend is unknown, and it is uncertain whether there is a continuing decline in the population. However, the population might be decreasing  due to the destruction and degradation of its habitat, including changes in the water regime and quality (pollution). Changes in the management of the natural laurel forest, along with changes in the humidity and light regimes of the forest, are threats to this species. More research is needed into the population size and trends, the species habitat, ecology and threats. In addition, proper management of the habitat is recommended, focusing on conservation of water regimes and monitoring of water quality.",Unknown,"Thamnobryum fernandesii is endemic to Madeira Island, Portugal (Sim-Sim et al. 2014). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 122 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 52 km2.","The population trend of this species is unknown but presumed to be decreasing due to the ongoing threats to the laurel forest. It is known from 6-8 fragmented sites in the natural laurel forest. Considering that this species grows on rock walls or in and near waterfalls, an individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one boulder on which the species grows. It is estimated that there are fewer than 10,000 individual-equivalents in Madeira, and that each subpopulation has fewer than 1,000 individual-equivalents.","This species is found in permanently wet habitats, on dripping rock  walls or in and near waterfalls. It is confined to very well conserved  areas of the natural forest in the northern central part of Madeira. Its altitudinal range is from 50 m to 1,600 m Asl (Hedenäs 1992, ECCB 1995, Fontinha et al. 2001).","Threats to this species include the destruction and degradation of its habitat, including changes in the water regime and quality (pollution). Changes in the management of the natural laurel forest, along with changes in the humidity and light regimes of the forest, are threats to this species (ECCB 1995, EEA 2012). Taking into account the extent of the effects of these threats and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at fewer than ten locations.","This species is included in Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive. It occurs in the Madeira Natural Park which is protected through a Regional Decree. This is also a priority habitat under the Habitats Directive and was designated a Natura 2000 site. In 1999 the area was also designated a World Natural Heritage site by UNESCO. This species was assessed as Vulnerable in the European Red List of Bryophytes (ECCB 1995) and as Vulnerable in Madeira by Sim-Sim et al. (2014). More research is needed into the population size and trends, the species' habitat, ecology and threats. In addition, proper management of the habitat is recommended, focusing on conservation of water regimes and monitoring of water quality.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Köckinger, H.,Fettes, N.D.","Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N., Martins, A. & Gabriel, R.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,NECKERACEAE,Thamnobryum,maderense,,Thamnobryum maderense  ,(Kindb.) Hedenäs,"The taxonomic status of this species is not clear since some authors doubt that it is a valid species (Stech et al. 2001, Frahm and Sabovljevic 2006, Olsson et al. 2009).",No,NT,B2ab(iii),No,NT,B2ab(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) 



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



Thamnobryum maderense occurs in the Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands, the Iberian Peninsula and Britain. Outside of Europe the species also occurs in Morocco. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 244 km2), and there is a continuing decline in the area and quality of its habitat, in particular the native forest of Macaronesia; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. The main threats to this species include habitat destruction and degradation due to climate change, possibly leading to the intensification of landslides and tree fall, overgrazing and alterations in the ecosystem's hydric balance. The increase in wildfires, touristic activities, and the spread of invasive alien plant species are other important threats to this species. The global importance of the European subpopulations justifies the future implementation of specific conservation measures, along with effective habitat protection and management, at the sites where it is known to occur. Research is needed into the taxonomy of this species as some authors do not consider it a valid species.

",Stable,"Thamnobryum maderense occurs in the Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands (Hedenäs 1992), the Iberian Peninsula (Sérgio and Garcia 2000) and Britain (Blockeel et al. 2014). In the Canary Islands this species is recorded from Tenerife but its presence there is uncertain (González-Mancebo et al. 2008). Outside of Europe the species also occurs in Morocco (Ros et al. 2013). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3.5 million km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 244 km2.","This species is widespread and often frequent in the natural or almost natural forests of the northern and central parts of Madeira Island. In the Azores it occurs in five islands (Flores, Pico, São Jorge, São Miguel and Terceira), where it is presumed that subpopulations are stable. In the Iberian Peninsula it occurs in some sites in the Serra de Sintra and in the mountainous regions of the northern and central parts of Portugal and southern Spain (Sérgio et al. 2013), where it can be abundant. In Britain, it is possibly an alien species (Olsson et al. 2009), but its status is obscure and its taxonomy needs to be clarified (Hodgetts 2011). The overall current population trend is stable.","This species grows in moist habitats such as in forest ravines, usually on rocks but also as an epiphyte or on firm soil. It frequently grows on rocky slopes along the trails. It seems to avoid the wettest habitats (dripping rocks or close to waterfalls). It occurs mainly between 200 m in Britain to 1,300 m Asl in Madeira (Hedenäs 1992, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). Sporophytes have been found in Portugal, Madeira and the Azores (C. Sérgio, M. Sim-Sim and R. Gabriel pers. comm. 2016).","The native forests of Macaronesia are fragile habitats, and the main threats to this species include habitat destruction and degradation due to climate change, possibly leading to the intensification of landslides and tree fall, overgrazing and alterations in the ecosystem's hydric balance. The increase in wildfires, touristic activities, and the spread of invasive alien plant species are other important threats to this species.","In Madeira, the natural laurel and heath forests are included in the Madeira Natural Park which is protected through a Regional Decree. In the Azores it occurs in the Nature Reserve of Biscoito da Ferraria (Terceira). In Portugal it is included in the protected areas of Alvão Natural Park, Serras Aire e Candeeiros, Serra da Estrela Natural Park and Sintra/Cascais Natural Park, which are designated Natura 2000 sites. In Britain this species occurs in the Brecon Beacons National Park and the Peak District National Park. This species was assessed as Near Threatened in Portugal by Sérgio et al. (2013). The global importance of the European subpopulations justifies the future implementation of specific conservation measures, along with effective habitat protection and management, at the sites where it is known to occur. Research is needed into the taxonomy of this species as some authors do not consider it a valid species. A more comprehensive molecular study is recommended in combination with detailed morphological studies of the molecularly sampled specimens.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Stebel, A.,Fettes, N.D.","Sim-Sim, M., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M., Porley, R.D. & Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,NECKERACEAE,Thamnobryum,neckeroides,,Thamnobryum neckeroides  ,(Hook.) E. Lawton,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

This rare species, Thamnobryum neckeroides, was first detected in Europe in 2003, where there are between 30 and 40 known localities, though the distribution is inadequately known. Although the population size is unknown in detail, it is estimated that there are at least 100, but fewer than 500, individual-equivalents in total. Subpopulations are mostly small with between one and five individual-equivalents per site. The overall population trend is considered to be stable. It seems likely that there are more than 250 individual-equivalents in both Europe and in the EU 28, and this species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable.

This species is found growing on rocks in humid forests in Europe, and its habitat is considered as only slightly threatened, with threats primarily caused by dismantling of rock formations on which this species grows or through changes in its forest microclimate. Conservation measures include more site protection for the larger and more isolated subpopulations. The exact distribution, the total population size and the extent of the threats should be clarified by further investigations. Most sites in Germany where this species occurs are in protected areas, and so offer it some formal protection from aforementioned threats.",Stable,"In Europe, this species shows a somewhat continental distribution and was first detected by Mastracci (2003). To date, there are records from Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Italy, the Czech Republic, Ukraine, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Norway and Sweden. Altogether between 30 and 40 localities are known, but the distribution is as yet incompletely known. It has been found growing at elevations between 10 m and 1,400 m Asl. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 156 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 1.5 million km². This species also occurs in North America, Asia (Abkhazia, Russia, South Korea, China and India) and New Zealand.



","Since this species grows on boulders and tree-bases, one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one boulder or one tree on which it grows. Subpopulations are mostly small with between one and five individual-equivalents per site. It is estimated that there are between 100 and 500 individual-equivalents in Europe and in the EU 28. It seems likely that there are more than 250 individual-equivalents in both Europe and in the EU 28. The overall population trend is considered to be stable. Most subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a small probability of recolonisation. The population could therefore be considered to be severely fragmented.",This moss grows on humid silicate or rarely limestone rocks in humid forests in the sub-montane to montane belt (Meinunger and Schröder 2007).,"This species is only slightly threatened, as its habitats are largely secure (Schröck et al. 2013, 2014, Köckinger and Schröck 2017). Threats are primarily caused by dismantling of rock formations on which this species grows or through changes in its forest microclimate.","Since the presence of this moss in Europe was first detected by Masstracci (2003), it has been Red Listed only in the Czech Republic (Kučera et al. 2012) as Endangered and in Estonia (Ingerpuu et al. 2018) as Critically Endangered. It is listed as Data Deficient in Norway, Poland and Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). It is certainly a rare species, and larger and more isolated subpopulations should be protected. The exact distribution, the total population size and the extent of the threats should be clarified by further investigations. Most sites in Germany where this species occurs are in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Segarra-Moragues, J.,Cálix, M.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,NECKERACEAE,Thamnobryum,rudolphianum,,Thamnobryum rudolphianum  ,Mastracci,"Recent molecular work by Olsson et   al. (2009) suggests that while T. rudolphiagum is a distinct entity, with   a “unique plastid sequence with two autapomorphic substitutions” some of   their colonies may originate from surrounding T. alopecurum. Authors   differ in their opinion on this subject, but for the purposes of this   assessment, this is considered a valid species (Gabriel et al. 2010, Hodgetts 2015).",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU28,,"The Azorean endemic moss Thamnobryum rudolphianum is known from five of the nine islands of the archipelago (Corvo, Faial, Pico, São Jorge and Terceira). This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 84 km2), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat due to ongoing threats. There is reason to believe that the species is sensitive to   habitat degradation, which is occurring mainly due to change in the hydric   balance, and habitat eutrophication due to grazing activities, to the   increase of tourism and recreational activities and   to the effects of invasive alien species expansion. Research is needed into the population size and trends, the species' habitat, ecology and threats. In addition, proper management of the sites where the species is known to occur and its habitat is recommended, focusing on the conservation of water regimes, the monitoring of water quality (limiting nitrification caused, directly or indirectly, by cattle grazing), the removal of invasive alien species and the limitation of tourists inside the caves.",Unknown,"The Azorean endemic moss Thamnobryum rudolphianum (Mastracci 2004), is known from five of the nine islands of the archipelago (Corvo, Faial, Pico, São Jorge and Terceira) (Gabriel et al. 2010). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11,700 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 84 km2.","This moss is found in wet ravines, at the entrance of caves and in mature   Juniperion forest (e.g., Mastracci 2004). Patches of this species are   generally small (smaller than 20 cm2), and it is found in only a few localities,   generally only one per island (less than 10), inside “caldeiras” or deep   ravines, and if a site became extinct it would be unlikely for it to be recolonised again. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. The population trend is unknown, but suspected to be decreasing since recent   publications show that Macaronesian endemic bryophytes are predicted to suffer a   decrease in population size and range due to climate change (Ferreira et al. 2016, Patiño et al. 2016).","This species grows in shady and sheltered environments, either on moist rocks, in wet or dry streams, also at cave entrances, and on the bark of endemic tree species such as Laurus azorica, in native vegetation (Mastracci 2004). It was not found in open vegetation (e.g., scrubs with Erica azorica) or in anthropogenic habitats, such as grasslands or Cryptomeria japonica plantations. It is known to occur at elevations from 250 m (Corvo Island, Ribeira das Rocinhas) to 1,500 m (Pico Island), but it is more frequent at altitudes of 600-800 m Asl (Gabriel et al. 2011).","The main threats to this species are likely to be the changes in the hydric balance, grazing activities and increasing plantation of exotic species such as Cryptomeria japonica in the margins of its main habitat - native forests. Habitat   degradation is also occurring in forest and streams due to the effects of invasive alien species expansion (especially Hedychium gardnerianum, Pittosporum   undulatum and Rubus ulmifolius) and opening of secondary roads, that may alter their humidity   and light regimes. In caves, especially show-caves, the existing subpopulations   may be harmed due to the increase of tourism. Since the Azores are located on   the mid-Atlantic ridge, geological events such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and   landslides are likely to harm existing subpopulations. An   intensification of the effects of climatic change may also cause damage to the species, as it is   occurring with other Macaronesian endemics (Patiño et al. 2016).","This species, as other Azorean endemic species is currently protected by   the Regional Decree n.º 15/2012/A, and at least a part of the population   occurs within protected areas (e.g., Natural Park of Terceira Island; Natural   Park of Pico Island). Research is needed into the population size and trends,   the species' habitat, ecology and threats. In addition, proper management of   the sites where the species is known to occur and its habitat is recommended, focusing on the conservation of water regimes,   the monitoring of water quality (limiting nitrification caused, directly or   indirectly, by cattle grazing), the removal of invasive alien species (e.g. Hedychium   gardnerianum, Pittosporum undulatum) and the limitation of   tourists inside the caves. Biology and nature conservation students should be made aware of bryophytes, especially endemic species such as T. rudolphianum; the officers working on the Natural Parks should receive some training to learn how to recognize this   species in the field and monitor it through time.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Stebel, A.,Fettes, N.D.","Gabriel, R.","Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,NECKERACEAE,Thamnobryum,subserratum,,Thamnobryum subserratum  ,(Hook.) Nog. &amp; Z. Iwats.,,No,EN,D,No,EN,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The naturally rare Thamnobryum subserratum occurs on boulders or rocks by watercourses in the submontane and montane forest belts of Europe. There are only 11 known European localities for this species. There is little known about population size and nothing about trends, although there is no indication of a population decline. The population size is estimated to be larger than 50 but smaller than 250 individual-equivalents. For this reason, this species is assessed as Endangered in Europe and in the EU 28.

The level of threats is difficult to determine, but the abstraction of water for commercial uses, and the construction of hydroelectric power stations and water discharge, can pose a threat to this species. At least locally it is also threatened by its rarity, since stochastic events can lead to local extinctions. More site protection forlarger, as well as more isolated subpopulations, should be a conservation priority. The exact distribution, population size and extent of the threats should be further investigated.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species has so far been recorded only from Austria (Köckinger et al. 2008), Latvia, Estonia and Sweden. Although the distribution is inadequately known, it is certainly a naturally rare species. It has been found growing at elevations between 20 - 900 m Asl. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 40 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at 431,000 km². According to Ignatova and Ignatov (2011), outside of Europe it is widely distributed in south-eastern Asia. It is also reported from the Russian Far East  and China. Whether it also occurs in North America requires  further investigation. 

 



","There is little known about the population size and nothing about the current population trend. The population size is estimated to be larger than 50 but smaller than 250 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre or one boulder on which the species occurs. It is certainly a  naturally rare species, with only 11 European localities known. Most subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a small probability of recolonisation. The population could therefore be considered to be severely fragmented.","This species prefers moist, shaded siliceous boulders or rock faces by streams and in creeks, often in smaller gorges in the submontane and montane belt (H. Köckinger pers. comm. 2016).","In general this species appears to be only slightly threatened (Köckinger and Schröck in 2017), but the abstraction of water for commercial uses, and the construction of hydroelectric power stations and water discharge, can pose a threat to it. At least locally this species is also threatened by its rarity, since stochastic events can lead to local extinctions.","This species has been assessed as Endangered in Sweden (Hallingbäck 2015) and Estonia (Ingerpuu et al.2018). In Carinthia (Austria) this species is assessed as Rare (Köckinger and Schröck 2017). Larger, as well as more isolated subpopulations, should be protected. The exact distribution, population size and extent of the threats should be further investigated. It is unknown whether this species occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Stebel, A.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.","Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,THUIDIACEAE,Thuidiopsis,sparsa,,Thuidiopsis sparsa  ,(Hook. f. &amp; Wilson) Broth.,,No,NA,,No,NA,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)



EU 28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)



Thuidiopsis sparsa was probably introduced in a single locality in Madeira Island and is therefore assessed as Not Applicable. Very little else is known about it.",Unknown,"Thuidiopsis sparsa was probably introduced in a single locality on Madeira (Frey et al. 2006, Sérgio et al. 2006). Elsewhere this species is known in Australia, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, the Fiji Islands, New Zealand and Vanuatu.","This species has been reported from the Monte region of Madeira Island (near Funchal), where it was collected by Luisier in 1934 and described by Hedenäs (1992) as Crypto-hypnum montei, which was later synonymized with Thuidiopsis sparsa. Since then it has never been found again. It is supposed that this species was probably introduced to a single locality in Madeira.","Very little is known about the habitat of this species except that is was collected in 1934 on the soil in an area which was previously a park. The species is only known from the village of Monte on the southern side of Madeira Island, where it was collected between 550 m and 600 m Asl (Hedenäs 1992).","The reason this species probably disappeared may be related to the increase in tourism, urbanization and the construction of new road infrastructures in the area of Monte (Funchal) where the species was collected in the thirties of last century. 

",This species was considered Insufficiently Known in the European Red List of Bryophytes (ECCB 1995) and as Data Deficient in Madeira by Sim-Sim et al. (2014). No conservation action or research are needed.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hespanhol, H.","Sim-Sim, M., Hodgetts, N., Martins, A. & Gabriel, R.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,THUIDIACEAE,Thuidium,assimile,,Thuidium assimile  ,(Mitt.) A. Jaeger,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Philibert's Tamarisk-moss (Thuidium assimile) is a widespread and abundant species in suitable habitats almost everywhere in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. Some local declines are reported due to increased nutrient loads and fertilization, but there is no indication of a significant decline at the European scale, and so the current population trend is considered as stable. As mentioned, it is sensitive to increases in levels of fertilizer and high nutrient loads. Nevertheless, it is very common and can easily colonise new sites, including in anthropogenic landscapes, so the effects of this threat remain low. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. It can only benefit from the protection of its habitat against increased nutrient loads.",Stable,"The species is common and widespread in Europe, from Spain and Ireland in the west to Russia in the east, and from northern Scandinavia (except Svalbard and the Faroe Islands) and Arctic Russia in the north to Italy in the south. It has not been recorded from Macaronesia, Portugal, Greece or some of the smaller Mediterranean countries and territories (Hodgetts 2015). Elsewhere it also occurs in North, South and Central America and parts of Asia (Nebel and Philippi 2001). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","The species is very widespread and relatively abundant throughout most of Europe, so the population size is very large (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Hofmann et al. 2011, ArtDatabanken 2016). Some local declines are reported due to increased nutrient loads and fertilization (see for instance Meinunger and Schröder 2007, BLWG and NDFF 2016). There is no indication of a significant decline at the European scale, and so the current population trend is considered as stable.","This species forms carpets on exposed to shady, nutrient-poor sites in open, wet to moderately dry grasslands or in minerotrophic mires, usually on calcareous substrates, less often on humic soil in forests on the base or roots of trees (Nebel and Philippi 2001, ArtDatabanken 2016). Its elevation range spans from around sea level to ca 2,500 m Asl (Nebel and Philippi 2001, Hofmann et al. 2011).","The species is sensitive to increases in levels of fertilizer and high nutrient loads. Nevertheless, it is very widespread and can easily colonize new sites, including in anthropogenic landscapes, so the effects of this threat remain low.","The species is listed as 'highly endangered' in the Netherlands (Hodgetts 2015), where its habitat and area of occupancy have declined dramatically due to land use changes and increased nutrient loads (BLWG and NDFF 2016). The species can only benefit from the protection of its habitat against increased nutrient loads. It occurs in protected areas across Europe.",This species is not utilised or traded commercially.,"Cálix, M.,Patiño, J.","Baudraz, M.E.A. & Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,THUIDIACEAE,Thuidium,delicatulum,,Thuidium delicatulum  ,(Hedw.) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Delicate Tamarisk-moss (Thuidium delicatulum) has a very broad extent of occurrence in Europe, occurring in nearly the entire continent, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. It is a common species, with subpopulations considered stable in most countries of occurrence. The overall population size is thus very large and the trend is stable. Although some local threats are reported, there is no major threat to the species at the European scale. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"In Europe, this is a common species which ranges from Spain and Ireland in the west to Russia and Ukraine in the east, and from Scandinavia and Russia (except islands) in the north to Italy in the south (Hodgetts 2015). It has not yet been found in the high Arctic or in several of the smaller Mediterranean countries and territories. Elsewhere, this species occurs in Asia and South, Central and North America (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2014). It is found growing from sea level up to 2,300 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.",Subopulations are considered stable in most countries of occurrence. The overall population size is very large and the current trend is stable.,"The species grows in carpets in forests, rich fens, dry meadows and pastures on any type of humic substrates. It grows on soil, decaying wood and plant litter in fens, but avoids the most acid sites.                  In France, it often grows in oak (Quercus) woodlands, on slightly acidic, basaltic boulders (V. Hugonnot pers. comm. 2017).","In the Netherlands, where it is listed as 'highly endangered', the reasons for its rarity are not completely understood (BLWG and NDFF 2016). In Germany, it is reported as locally threatened through the construction of roads, access for forest management and leisure activities (Nebel and Philippi 2001). However, there is no overall major threat to the species at the European scale.","The species has been assessed as 'highly endangered' in the Netherlands and as Near Threatened in Germany (Caspari et al. 2018) and Bulgaria (Hodgetts 2015). This species does not require any conservation measures at the European scale, but local protection might be needed in those countries. It occurs in protected area across Europe.",The species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Patiño, J.","Baudraz, M.E.A. & Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,THUIDIACEAE,Thuidium,recognitum,,Thuidium recognitum  ,(Hedw.) Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Lesser Tamarisk-moss (Thuidium recognitum) is widespread throughout most of Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. The total population size is large and the current population trend is stable. Although there are some local threats, such as through construction, exploitation of forests for leisure activities, or felling of trees, there is no major threat to the species at the European level. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. No particular conservation measures are required for this species.",Stable,"In Europe, this is a widespread species which ranges from Italy in the south to Scandinavia (except Svalbard) and Arctic Russia in the north and from Spain and Ireland in the west to Russia in the east. It has not been recorded from Macaronesia or some of the smaller Mediterranean countries and territories. Elsewhere it occurs in North and South America, Asia and north Africa (Nebel and Philippi 2001). It is found growing from sea level up to 2,000 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","Subpopulations seem to be stable wherever information is available or can be inferred; see for example Meinunger and Schröder (2007) for Germany, Hofmann et al. (2011) for Switzerland, BLWG and NDFF (2016) for the Netherlands and NBIC and GBIF-Norway (2012) for Norway. The total population size is large and the current population trend is stable.","The species grows on exposed or shaded, moderately humid substrates, often on stones or humic ground in forests (Nebel and Philippi 2001, Meinunger and Schröder 2007), or in grasslands. Often indifferent to pH, it is an upland calcicole in Britain and Ireland.","There are some local threats through construction, exploitation of forests for leisure activities, or felling of nearby trees (Nebel and Philippi 2001, ArtDatabanken 2016). There is no major threat to the species at the European scale.","The species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Ireland, as Near Threatened in Germany (Hodgetts 2015) and as 'highly endangered' in the Netherlands. There are no particular conservation measures in place or required for this species. It occurs in protected area across Europe.",The species is not utilised or traded.,"Séneca, A.,Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.","Baudraz, M.E.A. & Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,THUIDIACEAE,Thuidium,tamariscinum,,Thuidium tamariscinum  ,(Hedw.) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Common Tamarisk-moss (Thuidium tamariscinum) is a very common and widespread species which is present almost throughout the whole of Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population is large and stable, and there are no major threats to it. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This is a very common and widespread species which is present almost throughout the whole of Europe, with the exception of the high Arctic, Moldova, parts of Russia and some of the smaller Macaronesian/Mediterranean countries and territories (Nebel and Philippi 2001). Elsewhere it occurs in Asia, Africa, and North, Central and South America. It is found growing from sea level up to 2,000 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.",The species is common and subpopulations are stable almost throughout Europe. Thus the current population trend is considered as stable.,"This species occurs in forests, on shaded, nutrient-rich and moderately humid sites on a variety of soils. It also occurs in more open sites such as grassland and heath, and in anthropogenic habitats such as gardens and parks.",There appear to be no major threats to this species in Europe.,"This species is common and not threatened in most parts of Europe, but has been assessed as Vulnerable in Bulgaria, and as Near Threatened in Madeira (Hodgetts 2015). It requires no particular conservation measures at the European scale. It occurs in protected area across Europe.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Pilkington, S.,Cálix, M.","Baudraz, M.E.A. & Schnyder, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,TIMMIALES,TIMMIACEAE,Timmia,austriaca,,Timmia austriaca  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Sheathed Timmia (Timmia austriaca) is widely distributed in the north to Svalbard and in the mountain regions. In European Russia, this species has a sporadic distribution, mostly in boreal regions, as well as in the Urals. It is not rare in Fennoscandia, the Alps and boreal regions of European Russia. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 13 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 5,000 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 5 million km2, and the AOO is estimated to be around 3,000 km2. The current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28, and there are numerous subpopulations of this species known across Europe, including in Sweden, Finland and Austria. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both the European and EU 28 regional assessments.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Spain, Great Britain and Hungary. The possible threats to this species may be the destruction of habitats due to mining and felling of mountain forests. Even so, no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"In Europe, this circumpolar, boreo-arctic, montane species is widely distributed in the north to Svalbard and in the mountain ranges, south to the Pyrenees, Corsica and Greece. In European Russia, this species has a sporadic distribution, mostly in boreal regions, as well as in the Urals. Elsewhere, it is known from the Caucasus, Turkey, Siberia, the Russian Far East, China, the Himalayas, Greenland and North America (Ignatov et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). This species was cited as Regionally Extinct in the Red List of the Czech Republic (Kučera et al. 2012), but in 2015 it was re-found in the Krkonoše Mountains (J. Váňa pers. comm. 2015). The altitudinal range of the species is between sea level and 2,600 m Asl.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 13 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 5,000 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 5 million km2, and the AOO is estimated to be around 3,000 km2.","Numerous subpopulations of this species are known, including in Sweden, Finland and Austria. The abundance and population size of this species are not well studied, but the current population trend seems to be stable. This species may be locally frequent, especially in Fennoscandia and in north taiga regions of European Russia (Hallingbäck et al. 2006, Ignatov et al. 2017). It is not rare in the Alps and boreal regions of European Russia.","This calcicolous species grows in relatively humid habitats with various light conditions, on calcareous and humus soil over limestone and basic silicate rocks in the rock crevices, on ledges and near the base of crags in the forests and open woodlands (in the mountains - mostly in the forest and subalpine belts), near the entrance of caves, in stone fields, as well as on banks of streams and on alluvium in the flood-plains (Grims 1999, Blockeel et al. 2014, Ignatov et al. 2017).",The possible threats to this species may be the destruction of habitats due to mining and felling of mountain forests.,"This species is included the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as 2 in Germany, as Endangered (EN) in Great Britain and Hungary, as Near Threatened (NT) in Slovakia and as Vulnerable (VU) in Spain (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996, Hodgetts 2011, Papp et al. 2010, Kubinská et al. 2001, Brugués and González Mancebo 2014). This species was assessed as Regionally Extinct (RE) in the Czech Republic (Kučera et al. 2012), but after new findings in 2015 it should be re-evaluated as Critically Endangered (CR) (J. Váňa pers. comm. 2015). Many of the known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. No conservation measures are required at present.",This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Rumsey, F.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,TIMMIALES,TIMMIACEAE,Timmia,bavarica,,Timmia bavarica  ,Hessl.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Timmia bavarica has a wide but sporadic distribution, which includes remote northern and sparsely populated mountain regions. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 13 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 3,000 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 6 million km2, and AOO is estimated to be more than 2,000 km2. In the EU 28, this species is relatively frequent in Sweden, Austria and Spain, and may be locally frequent, especially in the Scandinavian mountains, the Alps and the Urals. The current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28, and numerous subpopulations are known. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both the European and EU 28 regional assessments.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Finland, the Czech Republic and Hungary. The possible threats to this species are mining, felling of mountain forests and recreational activities. In the lowland regions where calcareous or shists rock outcrops are rare, the habitats of this species may need protection.",Stable,"This circumpolar species has a wide distribution across the Holarctic regions, in the mountain regions, as well as in the some lowland areas with calcareous outcrops from the arctic to forest steppe zone. In Europe, it has been found north to Svalbard and Iceland and southwards to the Mediterranean regions. It is more frequent in the Scandinavian mountains, the Alps and the Urals. Elsewhere, it has been found in North Africa (Algeria, Morocco), the Caucasus, Iran, Afghanistan, Middle Asia, Siberia, the Russian Far East, the Himalayas, China, India, Japan, the Pacific Islands (Hawaii), Greenland and North America (Brassard 2007, Hodgetts 2015, Ignatov et al. 2017). The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 2,800 m Asl.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 13 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 3,000 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 6 million km2, and AOO is estimated to be more than 2,000 km2.","Numerous subpopulations of this species are known. This species is frequently fertile. The abundance and population size of this species are not well studied, but the population trend seems to be stable. This species is relatively frequent in Sweden, Austria and Spain, and it may be locally frequent, especially in the Scandinavian mountains, Alps and in the Urals. New findings of this species were recently made in different parts of its European range (Puglisi et al. 2012, Zheleznova and Shubina 2015). In the past, this species probably was declining in the lowlands (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017).","This species grows on calcareous or shist rock outcrops, inside crevices and under large rocky blocks, on the calcium and humus rich soil near the bases of cliffs or around large boulders. It is also found in shaded or semi-shaded habitats with high humidity in the forests, often near entrance into the caves. This species has also been found in tundra and arctic-montane communities, such as alpine heaths and meadows (Hallingbäck et al. 2006, Rassi et al. 2010, Ignatov et al. 2017).","The possible threats to this species are mining, felling of mountain forests and recreational activities, such as trampling and rock climbing (Rassi et al. 2010, Shcherbakov 2014).","This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) in Albania and Sardinia, as Endangered (EN) in the Czech Republic and Hungary, as Near Threatened (NT) in Estonia, as Vulnerable (VU) in Finland and Montenegro, and as 3 in Germany, as well as some regions of European Russia, such as the Arkhangelsk Province (3 - rare species), Murmansk Province (2 - VU), Republic of Karelia (1 - CR) and Lipezk Province (2 - VU) (Marka et al. 2012, Kučera et al. 2012, Vellak et al. 2015, Rassi et al. 2010, Ludwig and Schnittler 1996, Papp et al. 2010, Sabovljevic et al. 2004, Hodgetts 2015, Amosov et al. 2008, Konstantinova et al. 2014, Ivanter and Kuznetsov 2007, Shcherbakov 2014). Many of the known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. In the lowland regions where calcareous or shists rock outcrops are rare, the habitats of this species may need protection.",This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Hodgetts, N.,Mazimpaka, V.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,TIMMIALES,TIMMIACEAE,Timmia,comata,,Timmia comata  ,Lindb. &amp; Arnell,,No,LC,,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Timmia comata is a widespread species in northern European mountains and the arctic region, however it is very rare in the lowlands and in central Europe. The overall population trend is probably stable in Europe. It is estimated that there are well above 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe. In addition, the population trend is stable and there are no major threats to the species. In Europe, it is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

In the EU 28, there are also no major threats and the population trend is thought to be stable. However, it is estimated that there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents, and therefore the species is assessed as Vulnerable. 

However, there are some local threats, with two sites in Finland threatened by forestry activities. In addition, research is recommended into its distribution, since it is unclear whether it occurs in France and Romania. The species may be more common than currently known in the north.

",Stable,"This is a northern European species, found mainly in the Nordic countries, Iceland, Svalbard and northern Russia (Hedenäs 2011, Hodgetts 2015). The single records from France and Romania need confirmation. In the southern to northern Urals, there are many recent records and the species is not rare there (Ignatov et al. 2006). There are many recent records from Svalbard, in two areas (Frisvoll and Blom 1997). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North America and Asia (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 300 and 500 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 9 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 120 km2 and the EOO is ca 2 million km2. The altitudinal range of the species is between 100 m and 2,420 m Asl.

","The species is widespread in the north in mountains and the arctic region, however very rare in the lowlands and in central Europe. The population trend is probably stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In Finland, the species is common in the Kuusamo and Salla regions. The overall population trend is probably stable in both Europe and the EU 28. It is estimated that there are well above 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) in Europe, but less than 1,000 in the EU 28. In the EU 28, it is estimated that there are around 150 individual-equivalents in Sweden and around 500 in Finland.","This species grows on moist calcareous soil and it is found in shady habitats with humid air. For example, it has been found beneath protruding schist ledges and in rock crevices (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). The species also grows in more exposed areas in the far north. Sporophytes are unknown but the species produces deciduous leaves which allow vegetative reproduction.","There are no major threats to the overall population, as it is found in undisturbed habitats. Two sites in Finland are not found in protected areas, and are threatened by forestry activities - cutting down of the trees would make the area drier which would be unsuitable for this species.","This species is included in several national Red Lists. In Iceland, it has been assessed as Lower Risk (LR), in Romania it has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) and in Finland, it has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). The species occur in several protected areas. No conservation action is needed. However, research is recommended into its distribution, since it is unclear whether it occurs in France and Romania. In addition the species may be more common than currently known in the north.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Ros-Espín, R.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,TIMMIALES,TIMMIACEAE,Timmia,megapolitana,,Timmia megapolitana  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Timmia megapolitana is mainly found in Russia, and is found more rarely in the countries around the Baltic Sea (southern Finland, Estonia, Poland), and along the North Sea. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 200 and 1,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 5 and 6 million km². It is rather common in the central parts of European Russia, and it seems to have a viable and stable population trend in Europe, as Russia is its main area in Europe. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe.

However, in the EU 28, this species is a rare species and is declining. This species is considered to be threatened in several countries in this region, including Great Britain and Spain. The AOO is ca 68 km² and the EOO is ca 3 million km². Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened in the EU 28 as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

Since the main habitat of this species is fresh water shores, which are periodically inundated and that the species has become extinct in some regions, the threat has probably to do with habitat loss or water pollution or both. This species need to be better investigated, monitored and searched for in western Europe, and further research is also required on the threats to this species.",Stable,"This species has circumpolar, temperate distribution. In Europe, this species is mainly found in Russia (Ignatov et al. 2006), and is found more rarely in the countries around the Baltic Sea (southern Finland, Estonia, Poland), and along the North Sea (England, the Netherlands and Spain) (Hodgetts 2015, Ignatov et al. 2006, Ochyra and Szmajda 1994). In Russia, this species is more widespread. Records from southern Europe mostly refer to the closely related Timmia bavarica, which is sometimes regarded as a subspecies of this species. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from sea level to 100 m Asl.

In Asia, this species is widely distributed but scattered in Siberia, extending in the south to northern Mongolia and in the Far East including the Primorye region in Russia, as well as provinces in China and Japan (Ochyra and Szmajda 1994). It appears that this is the most widespread and common species in North America (BFNA 2007).

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 200 and 1,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 5 and 6 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 68 km² and the EOO is ca 3 million km².

","In western Europe, this is a rare species. However, it is rather common in the central parts of European Russia and it also occurs in southern areas of Asian Russia (M. Ignatov pers. comm. 2017). It has become extinct in Germany and Poland. There are no recent findings of this species in Ukraine (V. Virchenko pers. comm. 2017).

It is very likely that the occurrence of this species in the central European Plain is relictual from the Boreal period, when it could have reached this area together with coniferous forest from the unglaciated regions of Siberia (Ochyra and Szmajda 1994).

In the United Kingdom, the subpopulation was not discovered until 2000 (Porley and Ellis 2002), but it is extensive and presumably long-established. However, its origin is unknown, and it may be a relatively recent, natural colonist. This species has also been found in a similar habitat in the Netherlands (van der Pluijm 1993). The subpopulation in Finland was for a long time presumable gone, however, it was recently found again (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2015). In the core area (in Russia) the species seems to be stable, and so the current population trend is considered to be stable in Europe. However, it is inferred to be declining in the EU 28.

","This is a calciphilous wetland moss growing on wet, swampy meadows and in fens. This is the only species of Timmia that occurs in anthropogenic habitats (Ochyra and Szmajda 1994). This species grows mainly in fresh water shores which are periodically inundated. In western Europe, this species is found in tidal willow forest. However, in Finland, unlike all other Timmia species, it was found more or less in man-made habitats, on moist calcareous clay in a park and a botanical garden (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). However, it was also discovered more recently in a more “natural” habitat also in Finland (T. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2015). In Russia, this species grows in non-man made habitats, on shores, along rivers, and under willows and other bushes in the inundating zone. In Russia, this species grows on wet, shady limestone outcrops and on alluvium on steep creek banks, occasionally also on tree bases along river banks (M. Ignatov pers. comm. 2017).

In the United Kingdom, this species is known only from an area of freshwater but tidal willow fen in Norfolk. It occurs on inclined or horizontal silt-covered branches, trunks, roots and bases of Salix, less often of alder trees, where tidal flow helps to reduce the accumulation of leaf litter. The ground water is mildly calcareous. Its associates at this site are Lunularia cruciata, Amblystegium serpens, Brachythecium rutabulum, Oxyrrhynchium hians, Fissidens taxifolius and Rhynchostegium confertum.

","Since the main habitat of this species is fresh water shores, which are periodically inundated and that the species has become extinct in some regions, the threat has probably to do with habitat loss or water pollution or both. In Poland, this species is heavily threatened with extinction as a result of the road construction in the early 1930s that most certainly destroyed a subpopulation of this species on the roadside bank in the vicinity of Elblag (Ochyra and Szmajda 1994).



","This species is in the Red Lists of Germany and Poland as Extinct (Ex), Spain and Romania as Critically Endangered (CR), Ukraine as Endangered (EN), the Netherlands as GE, Finland as Regionally Extinct (RE) and Great Britain and Estonia as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected areas. This species need to be better investigated, monitored and searched for in western Europe, and further research is also required on the threats to this species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Gunnarsson, U.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,TIMMIALES,TIMMIACEAE,Timmia,norvegica,,Timmia norvegica  ,J.E. Zetterst.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Norway Timmia (Timmia norvegica) is quite widespread in the Scandinavian Peninsula, as well as Iceland and Svalbard, but is also found in some parts of central Europe. This species has a fairly large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,600 and 3,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 12 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 850 km2 and the EOO is ca 5 million km2. It seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its distribution area in Europe and EU 28. In addition, there are currently no major threats to this species. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28. 

However, this species is considered to be threatened in several countries, including Bulgaria, Spain and Finland. It might be that climate change is a future threat, especially if the amount of rainfall will change dramatically. Even so, no conservation action is needed at present.

",Stable,"This species has a circumpolar, boreo-arctic, montane distribution. In Europe, this species is known from Iceland, Svalbard, the Nordic countries and arctic Russia, and it is found south to the Pyrenees, the Alps, central Italy, Bulgaria, Corsica and the Caucasus (Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 250 m to 2,710 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species occurs as far north as land in Greenland, in the Canadian Arctic and Siberia, where it has a continuous range from Vaigach Island and Novaya Zemlya to the Chukchi Peninsula (BFNA 2007, Ochyra and Szmajda 1994).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,600 and 3,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 12 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 850 km2 and the EOO is ca 5 million km2.

","This species is quite widespread in the Scandinavian Peninsula, as well as Iceland and Svalbard. The species is considered to be stable in northwestern Europe, not least in Norway and Sweden. The overall current population trend is therefore stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","In Europe, this is a calcicolous, alpine species, typically found on moist soil between boulders or in cracks and crevices. It prefers half-shade and constant, high air humidity (Hallingbäck et al. 2006).

  In the United Kingdom, this species occurs on at least periodically irrigated, mineral soils derived from calcareous rocks, usually at high altitudes on the mainland but occurs much lower down on the basalt of Skye and on the Carboniferous Limestone in northwestern Ireland. Stands normally consist of scattered shoots or small groups of stems in an open turf, either at the base of crags or on ledges which have occasional flushing from above, or on the stable edges of flushes. A typical site would be on soil at the base of a crevice or on sheltered ledges where there has been a build-up of micaceous soil. Associates include Aneura pinguis, Anoectangium aestivum, Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Campylium stellatum, Cratoneuron filicinum, Ctenidium molluscum, Distichium capillaceum, Fissidens adianthoides, Meesia uliginosa, Mnium thomsonii, Oncophorus virens, Orthothecium rufescens, Tortella tortuosa and, rarely, Tayloria lingulata (Blockeel et al. 2014).

 

In Poland, this species thrives almost exclusively on humus covering limestone rocks, usually in moist to wet and sheltered to exposed places, for example in the rock fissures, under overhanging boulders, in local depressions and caves (Ochyra and Szmajda 1994).","It might be that climate change is a future threat, especially if the amount of rainfall will change dramatically. Besides this, there are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","The species is assessed in the Red Lists of Andorra, Spain and Finland as Endangered (EN), in Bulgaria as Critically Endangered (CR), in Great Britain as Near Threatened (NT), and Ireland, Romania, Slovakia and Switzerland as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015).

The species is known to occur in several protected areas. No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hassel, K.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T","Blom, H.,Schröck, C.,Hodgetts, N.,Lönnell, N.,Goldberg, I.,Vellak, K.,Afonina, O.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,TIMMIALES,TIMMIACEAE,Timmia,sibirica,,Timmia sibirica  ,Lindb. &amp; Arnell,,No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v); C2a(i)",No,CR,"B2ab(iii,v); C2a(i,ii); D",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

In Europe, Timmia sibirica has a small population size, considered to be between 500 and 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals), with less than 250 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation and a projected continuing decline as a result of climate change. In addition, it has a small area of occurrence (AOO) estimated to be between 40 and 60 km2, with a severely fragmented population and a continuing decline in habitat and individuals. It is therefore assessed as Endangered.

In the EU 28, this species is assessed as Critically Endangered, as it has an estimated population size of fewer than 250 individual-equivalents, with less than 50 individual-equivalents in each subpopulation and 90-100% of individual-equivalents in one subpopulation. It also has a small AOO and extent of occurrence (EOO), both estimated to be around 4 km2. In addition, there is only one location, considering climate change as the main threat, and a continuing decline in habitat and individuals.

The species may be affected by the melting of the permafrost and drying of the tundra environment. It could also be affected by competition with other plant species. Monitoring of the population trend of the species is needed, as well as research on its present distribution.



 

",Decreasing,"This species has an arctic distribution and it is only found on Svalbard and in northern Sweden (Hallingbäck et al. 2006) and recently in Arctic Russia (V. Fedosov pers. comm. Nov. 2018). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland and northernmost North America (BFNA 2007). The species is therefore not endemic to Europe.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 40 and 60 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be between 0.1 and 0.2 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is estimated to be around 4 km2 and the EOO is also estimated to be around 4 km2.

","The single Scandinavian finding of this species is from a mountain site in the middle alpine zone. This locality was revisited by Tomas Hallingbäck and Peter Carlsson in 2014, without any result (T. Hallingbäck pers. comm. 2017). 

The subpopulations on Svalbard are restricted to less than 10 localities (Frisvoll and Blom 1997). The population trend in Svalbard is unknown, although apparently, it is not widespread and might decline as a result of a reduced habitat quality and extent potentially caused by climate change. 

An average estimation of about 50 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) in each site gives an overall estimate of around 500 individual-equivalents, with an upper range limit of 1,000 individual-equivalents. In the EU 28 (Sweden), the subpopulation size is estimated to be smaller than 250 individual-equivalents. The population of this species is severely fragmented in Europe since capsules are very rare, and the dispersal abilities of this species are therefore most probably very restricted. Sporophytes have been found only in arctic Russia and Alaska (BFNA 2007, Ignatov et al.2017). The species may therefore go extinct with reduced possibility of recolonisation.

In addition, there is considered to be only one location in the EU 28, considering climate change as the main threat.

","At the single locality in Sweden, this species was found growing on a mountain precipice with trickling water at around 1,100 m Asl. In Svalbard, it seems to occupy a more diverse range of habitats, although water also seems to be a key factor there (Frisvoll and Blom 1997).

In Siberia, this species occurs on wet soils on rocks in open tundra areas (O. Afonina pers. comm. 2017). In North America it occurs near snow beds or in depressions in open tundra (BFNA 2007).",The species may be affected by the melting of the permafrost and drying of the tundra environment.,"This species has been assessed in Sweden as Data Deficient (DD) (Hodgetts 2015). The species occurs in protected areas. Monitoring of the population trend of the species is needed, as well as research on its present distribution.",The species is not used or traded.,"Stebel, A.,Fettes, N.D.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Timmiella,anomala,,Timmiella anomala  ,(Bruch &amp; Schimp.) Limpr.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Timmiella anomala is quite wide distributed in Mediterranean countries where it is rare in most countries; it lives in disturbed habitats such as dry grasslands. It is rare and at risk in some territories but no specific data are known on the population size and trend. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it does not seem to be close to meeting any of the thresholds for a threatened Category. However, further research into the population size and trend is recommended. Moreover, a better knowledge of ecological features of this species would also be useful.",Unknown,"Timmiella anomala is found in a few countries in Europe, mostly in the Mediterranean area but it also has been reported from northeastern Russia (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in America, Asia and North Africa.","No quantitative data are available on the population size and trend. Since it is not common in Europe and often at risk in many countries, the trend is not valuable without a specific estimate. It is mostly found in Mediterranean Europe, where, however, it is not common.","This species lives on soil, or in crevices in rocks in rock faces or in dry grasslands.","The habitat of this species is subject to overgrazing, whereas fire can be a potential threat as well.","Research into the population size and trend is recommended. Moreover, a better knowledge of ecological features of this species would also be useful. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Rumsey, F.,Cálix, M.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Timmiella,barbuloides,,Timmiella barbuloides  ,(Brid.) Mönk.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Timmiella barbuloides has a prevailing Mediterranean distribution in Europe. It frequently lives in dry grasslands and shrublands and is also found in man-made habitats. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. No specific conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"Timmiella barbuloides is found in the Mediterranea area of Europe (Hodgetts 2015), as well as in Macaronesia, tropical Africa, northeastern and eastern Asia and South America.","The plants are robust and form tufts of many cm of diameter. Quantitative data on the size of the subpopulations are not available, but the current population trend is presumably stable, also considering that colonies produce abundant sporophytes.","This is a terricolous and saxicolous species that lives in evergreen shrublands and in dry grasslands with communities of Cisto-Micromerietea or Thero-Brachypodietea respectively (Dierssen 2001). Moreover, it can grow in man-made habitats such as shaded walls on urban parks.",No specific threats are known to affect this species.,This species is not under legal protection. No specific conservation actions are currently needed. It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Schröck, C.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Timmiella,flexiseta,,Timmiella flexiseta  ,(Bruch) Limpr.,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



In Europe, Timmiella flexiseta is quite rare. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend. The species could be under-recorded since it is not possible to identify it without sporophytes and can be easily overlooked. Further research is needed in order to determine its extinction risk. Further research is needed in order to determine its extinction risk.",Unknown,"The European range of Timmiella flexiseta comprises the Mediterranean area and Macaronesia, where it is quite rare. It is known in Portugal, Canary Islands, Italy (in only one locality, Sicily and Sardinia. It has been also reported recently for the Eastern Aegean Islands (Ikaria) (Blockeel 2016). It is likely present in Chios, but this could not be confirmed due to the lack of sporophytes. The species could be under-recorded since its identification is not possible without sporophytes. The record of this species from Spain is erroneous, but its presence in western Spain is likely (Soria et al. 2006, Ros et al. 2013). Outside of Europe, it is known to occur in the western part of North America and southwestern Asia. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 60 km2.","Since it is not possible to identify it without sporophytes, it is not possible to estimate the population size of this species. The size of the subpopulations is unknown as well. The current population trend is also unknown.",This is a xerophytic species growing on sunny sandy soil. It very rarely has sporophytes and lives in Mediterranean environments at low altitude. It can be found along road ditches as well.,"In Mediterranean habitats, where this species lives, wildfire can threaten some subpopulations. Afforestation or encroachment of shrubs could also lead to the loss of suitable habitat.","In the Canary Islands this species has been assessed as Data Deficient. In Portugal, it has been assessed as Endangered (Sérgio et al. 2013). It has been found in protected areas. Field studies are recommended, and it would be interesting to analyse the gametophytes carefully to determine whether it is possible to morphologically distinguish non-fruiting specimens of T. flexiseta and T. barbuloides. Further research is needed into its population size and trends, as well as into potential threats.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Laaka-Lindberg, S.","Campisi, P., Cogoni, A., Blockeel, T., Garcia, C., Hodgetts, N., Lara, F. & Lüth, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,BRACHYTHECIACEAE,Tomentypnum,nitens,,Tomentypnum nitens  ,(Hedw.) Loeske,,No,NT,A2c,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Woolly Feather-moss (Tomentypnum nitens) is common in the arctic and boreal zones of Europe, but it is less common southwards throughout central and eastern Europe. The total population size of this species is above 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in both Europe and the EU 28. The three-generation period is 100 years and it is estimated that the habitat of the species has undergone a decline of around 25% during this period, as it is threatened by the destruction of fens and eutrophication. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened for both Europe and the EU 28, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion A.

This species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Luxembourg, Bulgaria and Hungary.  However, this species is still common, particularly in northern Europe. Site protection and appropriate management are recommended to prevent the further destruction of its habitats, as well as long-term monitoring of the species.

",Decreasing,"This species has a circumpolar boreo-arctic montane distribution. In Europe, it is common in the arctic and boreal zones, including Norway, Svalbard, Sweden, Finland and Iceland. It is less common southwards throughout central and eastern Europe, reaching Spain, central Italy and Bulgaria (Hodgetts 2015). The species is now more or less rare in most parts of southern and central Europe. It is widespread in northern Russia (Ignatov et al. 2006), Asia and North America (Hedenäs et al. 2014). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 5 m to 2,500 m Asl.

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be around 16,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 15 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is estimated to be around 13,250 km2 and the EOO is ca 4.5 million km2.

","In northern Europe (at least Norway, Sweden and Finland), this species is more or less common in mineral rich fens, especially in the mountains (Hallingbäck 2016). In the continental and eastern parts of Europe, it is common locally. For example in Poland, this species remains relatively common in minerotrophic fens in some region (Gorski et al. 2018). However, this species has declined in historical times because of trenching and conversion of rich fens and other wetlands to arable land. The overall current population trend is considered to be decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28.

In the United Kingdom, this species was locally common in mires from 10,000 to 6,000 years ago, often with Helodium blandowii and Paludella squarrosa (Blockeel et al. 2014). Natural processes relating to soil acidification has caused its decline in highland areas. Artificial drainage in historical times caused its decline in southern England, and some northern populations have been eliminated by eutrophication and afforestation. It has almost disappeared from East Anglia, and it is still present at a few isolated English site at Reaps Moor, Staffordshire. It survives at just four out of ten known Welsh sites, with dense vegetation growth, scrub encroachment and conversion to conifer plantations causing eradication of subpopulations (Birch and Bosanquet 2013).

The three-generation period is 100 years and it is estimated that the habitat of the species has undergone a decline of around 25% during this period. It is not severely fragmented and the total population size of this species is above 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) in both Europe and the EU 28. 

","This species grows in northern Europe in mineral rich fens, where it favours slightly elevated sites such as logs, stumps, or hummocks, and it often grows together with Sphagnum warnstorfii (Hedenäs et al. 2014). It is more common towards higher latitudes where the ecological niche broadens. 

In the United Kingdom, it grows in open calcareous mires and flushes with gently flowing water of around pH 6 or more, and sometimes that are mildly nutrient-rich. Its lowland sites are often species-rich fens or fen-bog transition mires, with sedges, rushes and a pleurocarpous moss carpet developed over a peaty or mineral substrate with few tall plants. The associated moss carpet typically includes Campylium stellatum, Scorpidium cossonii and S. scorpioides. At upland sites it occurs in wet fields and flushes, often on gentle slopes flushed by water from steeper ones. This species is also known from springheads and many of its Irish sites are in small flushes formed by basic water upwelling in extensive areas of blanket bog. In the Scottish Highlands, it is mainly found in mesotrophic peaty alpine mires dominated by sedges and ‘brown mosses’. Here, the species may be associated with Sphagnum contortum, S. squarrosum, S. teres or S. warnstorfii. It can also occur in dune slacks.

","The major threats to this species include drainage of natural wetlands and cultivation of mires and other moist open habitats. The species is generally declining in central and southern Europe, due to habitat destruction (Davidson 2014, Raeymaekers 2000).","This species is included in several national Red Lists. It has been assessed as category 2 (endangered) in Germany, as category 3 (endangered/vulnerable) in Austria, as Critically Endangered (CR) in Luxembourg and as Ernstig bedreigd (EB) in the Netherlands. It has also been assessed as Endangered (EN) in Bulgaria and Hungary, as Mn in Belgium, as Near Threatened in the Czech Republic and Slovenia, as V (vulnerable) in Poland, and as Vulnerable (VU) in Great Britain, Ireland, Northern Ireland and Spain (Hodgetts 2015). Its habitats have been assessed as Endangered on the European Red List of Habitats. This species is known to occur in several protected areas.

Restoration of fen habitats is needed, as well as long term monitoring.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Schröck, C.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortella,alpicola,,Tortella alpicola  ,Dixon,"This species was described from the Himalayas, India by Dixon (1930) and for a long time it was only known in Eurasia from one locality, until Zander (1993) considered Tortella tortelloides (S. W. Greene) H. Rob. to be conspeciﬁc to this species. He reported an earlier name for Tortella tortelloides based on the type  of T. alpicola Dixon. In Antarctica, this species was described as Sarconeuron tortelloides (Greene et al. 1970). Also, it was reported from Colombia (Churchill and Linares 1995) under the name T. tortelloides and in Hawaii as T. fragilis var. tortelloides (S.W. Greene) R.H. Zander & Hoe (Zander and Hoe 1979). As a  result of the examination of specimens of the genus Tortella from North America, as well as  material from the southern hemisphere, Tortella alpicola was reconfirmed taxonomically as a  distinct species (Eckel 1997).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Tortella alpicola has a scattered distribution in the mountainous regions of Europe. Currently, its distribution is not well studied because previously, specimens of this species were referred to as other species. However, it is considered to have a stable population trend and there is no evidence of its decline throughout its European range. In addition, there have been several recent new records.

In Europe, this species has a large geographic distribution, with the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species estimated to be around 5.2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be around 120 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of the species is estimated to be around 1.6 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be about 48 km2. However, this species is certainly under-recorded, so these values may be much more. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered threatened in some areas (mainland Spain and the Canary Islands), and the possible threats to this saxicolous species may be mining and trampling, leading to the loss of habitats and degradation of cliff vegetation. Further research of distribution, population size and trend of this species is needed.",Stable,"The distribution of this arcto-alpine species is not sufficiently studied because it could have been overlooked in previous studies. It is known from the Antarctic (Alexandra Island), North America (USA and Canada), South America (Columbia), Hawaii, India, Mongolia, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and the Caucasus (Eckel 1997, Ignatov et al. 2006, Ignatova and Doroshina 2008). In Europe, it was recently reported from the Canary Islands, the Pyrenees, the Alps, mountainous Scandinavian areas and the Urals (Otnyukova et al. 2004; Rams et al. 2006; Schröck et al. 2013, 2014; Dirkse and Losada-Lima 2011; Garilletti and Albertos 2012; Hugonnot 2013; Hassel and Høitomt 2013; Ellis et al. 2016). The altitudinal range of the species is between 300 m and 3,300 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 5.2 million km2 (based on total area within a minimum convex polygon around all known occurrences), and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 120 km2 (based on a 2x2 km grid overlay on the range map). In the EU 28, the EOO of the species is estimated to be around 1.6 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be about 48 km2.  However, this species is certainly under-recorded, so these values may be much more (C.Schröckpers. comm. 2017).

","The population size of this species are not well studied, since the records in Europe are fairly recent. The population trend seems to be stable.","This species grows on rock crevices and on ledges of limestone, as well as schist, granite, obsidian, quartzite and sandstone, and in wet tundra (Otnyukova et al. 2004, Dirckse and Losada-Lima 2011).","The possible threats to this saxicolous species may be mining and trampling, leading to the loss of habitats and degradation of cliff vegetation.","This species has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in the Canary Islands, as Endangered (EN) in Spain and as Data Deficient (DD) in Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). Some of the known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Further research of distribution, population size and trend of this species is needed.",This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Cálix, M.,Vanderpoorten, A.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortella,cuspidatissima,,Tortella cuspidatissima  ,"(Cardot &amp; Thér.) O.Werner, Köckinger &amp; Ros","Tortella arctica (H.W. Arn.) Crundwell & Nyholm is according to Werner et al. considered as a synonym to Tortella cuspidatissima (Cardot & Thér.) O.Werner, Köckinger & Ros.",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",No,CR,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN B2ab(ii,iii,iv))

EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(ii,iii,iv))

Tortella cuspidatissima is only known from a few localities in Europe - three sites in Sweden, and one site in northern Russia. This species has a small geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 8 and 16 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is with an upper estimate of 300,000 km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is 8 km2 and the EOO is 16 km2. This species is severely fragmented, and each site is threatened and habitat decline is predicted because of a warmer climate in the future. The current population trend in both Europe and the EU 28 is therefore declining. This species is assessed as Endangered in Europe and Critically Endangered in the EU 28.

Site protection, monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trends are urgently needed.

",Decreasing,"This species is only found at three locations in Europe, two in Sweden (Engelmark 1974; Hedenäs and Eckel 2011) and one in northern European Russia (Herbarium of the mosses of Russia 2018). Outside of Europe, this species has a broad distribution in arctic Siberia, North America and Greenland (Eckel 2007). The altitudinal range of this species is between 200 m and 800 m Asl.



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 8 and 16 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is with an upper estimate of 300,000 km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is 8 km2 and the EOO is between 8 and 16 km2.

Since this species is newly reported from Europe, is morphologically similar to other Tortella species, and specimens do need to be identified under the microscope, the species might therefore be overlooked and it might not be as rare as it is currently known.","Since this species has only recently been found in Europe, the actual distribution and population size are not fully understood. At the localities where the species was found, the subpopulation size is very small and restricted to only a few square meters (Hallingbäck et al. 2008; L. Hedenäs pers. comm. 2011). 

In Sweden it was first found in Staloluokta and later on near Mattåive in Lule lappmark according to T.-B. Engelmark (pers. comm.), which both are situated in northernmost Sweden. Later on Lars Hedenäs collected the taxon (under the name of T. arctica) in the mountains of Jämtland (Hedenäs and Eckel 2011), located in Middle Sweden. 

The locality in Russia is situated in the Nenets Autonomous region, on west coast of Vaigach Island, near the mouth of the River Talat, which flows into the Lyamchina Bay (Misha Ignatov pers. comm. 2017). The current population trend is at high risk of decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28. The species is considered to be severely fragmented, because no sporophytes has been found, and its subpopulations are small and isolated and therefore may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","According to Longton (1982), this species grows on the middle to lower slopes or on raised beaches and other lowland areas, characterised by Dryas integrifolia, Carex rupestris, Saxifraga oppositifolia and Salix arctica, and often together with Oncophorus wahlenbergii and Schistidium holmenianum. 

In northernmost Sweden Tortella cuspidatissima is growing in rather extensive tufts in wet parts of a Dryas octopetala-heath. The moss community is typical for a Dryas heath in this area and the  tufts are sparsely intermingled with poorly developed plants of Ditrichum flexicaule, Pseudoleskeella tectorum and Hypnum bambergeri (Engelmark 1974).

In Central Sweden the species was found at a margin of periodically wet depression in mountain heath (Hedenäs and Eckel 2011).

The Russian site is a tundra habitat - a gravelly ridge with characterised by Carex rupestris and Dryas octopetala (Herbarium of the mosses of Russia 2018).

In North America, this species grows in depressions in mesic to wet tundra, in soil over limestone and sandstone, below snowfields, on hillsides, in upland seepages and seepage channels, at the edges of streams and ponds, on wet rock surfaces, in fens, wet frost boils and frequently on ridges in wetter areas; in Carex-Eriophorum meadows, Dryas communities, Cassiope heaths; in wet sandy meadows; at low to high elevations (Eckel 2007).",The current warming of the climate in arctic ecosystems is likely to be the most important threat to this species.,"This species does not occur in any protected areas. Site protection, monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trends are urgently needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Mazimpaka, V.,Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortella,fasciculata,,Tortella fasciculata  ,(Culm.) Culm,"This species is one of two species (the other being Tortella pseudofragilis) that were formerly referred to Tortella bambergeri, a name which is no longer used(Köckinger and Hedenäs 2017).",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



SinceTortella fasciculata has only recently been segregated from the plant formerly known as Tortella bambergeri, its distribution is unclear. The global distribution is completely unknown, so for the present it is regarded as a European endemic. It is widespread and stable in western Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. It can be estimated that the population is both stable and large, with certainly over 10,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals). In addition, there appear to be no major threats to this species. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern. No conservation measures are required at present, but further research is needed into the exact distribution of this species.",Stable,"Since this species has only recently been segregated from the plant formerly known as Tortella bambergeri, its distribution is unclear. According to Köckinger and Hedenäs (2017), it shows a suboceanic-submediterranean distribution, with confirmed records from Austria, Belgium, Croatia, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Britain. T. bambergeri was recorded from the Canary Islands, Italy, Luxembourg, Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania, Slovenia and Russia, but it is not yet known if these records refer to T. fasciculata or T. pseudofragilis. The global distribution is completely unknown, but for the present it is regarded as a European endemic. It has been found growing at elevations between 200 m and 1,600 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","Although the distribution of this species is incompletely known, it can be estimated that the population is both stable and large, with certainly more than 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre or one boulder on which the species grows. However, in certain regions there are certainly only isolated or small subpopulations.","According to Köckinger and Hedenäs (2017), this species is a distinctly thermophilous moss occurring on warm and predominantly south-facing crags on vertical to inclined rock surfaces in full sun or moderate shade, rarely on walls. This species prefers calcareous rocks such as limestone, but also grows on base-rich siliceous rock.",There appear to be no major threats to this species in Europe.,No conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in many protected areas. The exact distribution of this species remains to be determined.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Gunnarsson, U.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortella,flavovirens,,Tortella flavovirens  ,(Bruch) Broth.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Yellow Crisp-moss (Tortella flavovirens) is a widespread species in Europe that lives in coastal environments and sometimes in man-made habitats. In the Mediterranean area it is more frequent and the current population trend is considered to be stable. The species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Yellow Crisp-moss (Tortella flavovirens) is widespread in Europe, being found from the Faroe Islands to Mediterranean countries, and eastwards to the Caucasus (Hodgetts 2015). Moreover, it is also found in North Africa, Asia, Macaronesia, North America and New Zealand (Smith 2004, Eckel 2007).","No quantitative data are available on the size of the subpopulations. The species is more frequent in the Mediterranean area. It grows forming patches often mixed with other species. Overall, the current population trend can to be considered stable in view of its widespread distribution.","This is a xerophytic, photophytic, halotolerant species which lives near coastal areas on dunes, sandy soil, dry shrublands in the maquis and sometimes in man-made habitats near the sea.","Touristic frequentation and human disturbance can be a threat for the subpopulations of this species. However, so far no data on a specific decline have been reported, and the species appears not to be at immediate risk.","Due to its widespread distribution and the absence of serious threats, no direct conservation actions are necessary at the European level. In some countries such as in Norway and Romania, it has been included in the national Red Lists due to its rarity. It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Hodgetts, N.,Köckinger, H.,Englefield, E.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortella,fragilis,,Tortella fragilis  ,(Hook. &amp; Wilson) Limpr.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Brittle Crisp-moss (Tortella fragilis) has a sporadic distribution, connected with calcareous substrates. In Europe, this species has a large range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 13 million km2, which also includes remote northern and sparsely populated mountain regions. In the EU 28, it has scattered distribution, being more frequent in Scandinavia and more rare towards south. The current population trend of this species appears to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28, and numerous subpopulations are known, although they may be small. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.



However, this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Bulgaria and Great Britain, and is considered Regionally Extinct in the Netherlands. The possible threats to this species may be the destruction of habitats due to mining and timber harvesting in mountain forests. Further research of the population size and trend of this species is needed.",Stable,"In Europe, this species has a wide distribution north to Iceland and Svalbard, and southwards in the mountains to the Pyrenees (Blockeel et al. 2014) and the Balkans, where it was recently found in Croatia (Papp et al. 2013), Macedonia (Papp et al. 2016) and Greece (Papp and Tzakiri 2017). In European Russia, this species has been found in arctic and boreal regions, as well as in the Urals. The distribution of this species is connected with calcareous substrates. Elsewhere, it is known from North Africa (Atlas mountains), Turkey, the Caucasus, Middle Asia, Siberia, the Russian Far East, the Himalayas, Taiwan, Thailand, China, North America, Tierra del Fuego, Lesotho, New Zealand, Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic islands (Ignatov et al. 2006, Eckel 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between sea level and 3,020 m Asl.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 13 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 3,000 km2. In the EU 28, EOO is estimated to be around 7 million km2, and AOO is esimated to be more than 1,900 km2.","Numerous subpopulations of this species are known. Sporophytes are rare, but this species is capable of vegetative propagation by means of deciduous fragile leaf apices. The abundance and population size of species are not well studied, but the local subpopulations do not seem to be large. For instance, in the Southern Urals, it is estimated that there are less than one to three individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in one locality (considering each individual-equivalent as 1 m2) (E. Baisheva pers. comm. 2017). In the mountain regions, this species may be locally frequent and stable (Grims 1999, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Hallingbäck et al. 2008). It is more frequent in Scandinavia (Denmark, Sweden, Finland), and more rare towards south (Hallingbäck et al. 2008). The overall current population trend is therefore considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows on calcareous or acidic rock outcrops, on rocks covered by fine-grained soil, on peaty humus and calcium rich soil, on decaying wood in mountain forests, tundras, alpine meadows, in the fens, arctic deserts, on crevices and ledges of cliffs in maritime habitats and near springs (Hallingbäck et al. 2008, Ignatova et al. 2013).",The possible threats to this species may be the destruction of habitats due to mining and timber harvesting in mountain forests.,"This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in Bulgaria, Great Britain, and Poland (V), as 3 in Germany and Lithuania, as 2 in Latvia and as Regionally Extinct (RE) in the Netherlands (Natcheva et al. 2006, Ludwig and Schnittler 1996, Hodgetts 2011, Rašomavičius 2007, Siebel et al. 2013, Ochyra 1992, Hodgetts 2015). Some of the known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Further research of the population size and trend of this species is needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Ganeva, A.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortella,humilis,,Tortella humilis  ,(Hedw.) Jenn.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

This rather rare species,  Tortella humilis, is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide but scattered distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, recent reports of its occurrence and no known major threats. The population trend also appears to be stable and the population size is estimated to be greater than 1,000 individual-equivalents. Its population is not considered to be severely fragmented. However this species should be carefully monitored for any potential or emerging threats. It is known to occur in protected areas throughout its range in Europe.",Stable,"Frey et al. (2006) described this rather rare species as scattered in the Mediterranean region and rare in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. It has a wide global distribution and is also found in Africa, North America, South America, Asia and the Pacific Islands (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B.

","This species is always found in small quantity, but records have increased in recent years in some areas. It is not abundant in Greece (T. Blockeel pers. comm. 2017), but can be more frequently found in Spain (B. Papp pers. comm. 2017). The population trend seems to be stable and the population size is larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents (where one individual-equivalent is equal to one occupied square metre). Its population is not severely fragmented. 

","This species grows on calcareous soils (Frey et al. 2006), in Mediterranean shrubland and also at the base of pine trees (Guerra et al. 2006). It also growsalso on walls and old wood. Tortella tortuosa is a common associate on limesone, but there are many other associates in secondary habitats (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-430 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level. There is no indication of a decline in this species habitat in Europe.","This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Bulgaria (Critically Endangered), Portugal (Endangered), Switzerland (Vulnerable), Romania (Near Threatened), Albania (Data Deficient), Germany (Data Deficient) and Sicily (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is present in protected areas. This species should be carefully monitored to determine any possible threats.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Rumsey, F.,Cálix, M.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortella,inclinata,,Tortella inclinata  ,(R. Hedw.) Limpr.,T. inclinata var. densa is considered by some bryologists as a separate species of Tortella densa.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Bent Crisp-moss (Tortella inclinata) has a wide distribution from northern Norway to the Mediterranean region. This species is more common in some countries of southern and central Europe, but towards the north, it is rarer and distribution is restricted with calcareous substrate. In Europe, this species has large range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 9.5 million km2. In both Europe and the EU 28, the current population trend is stable and numerous subpopulations. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.



However, there are some possible threats to this species, which include the destruction of habitats due to mining, the expansion of built-up areas and recreational activities. The detailed distribution of the varieties T. inclinata var. densa and  T. inclinata var. inclinata is uncertain, as they are not differentiated between in some European floras and checklists. Further research of taxonomy, distribution, population size and trend of this species and both varieties is therefore needed.",Stable,"In Europe, this species has a wide distribution from northern Norway to the Mediterranean region. In European Russia, it was found in a few localities on the Timan Ridge and in the Urals. Elsewhere, it is known from Turkey, the Caucasus, Middle Asia (Tadjikistan), Siberia, Israel, the Arabian Peninsula, North and South America (Ignatov et al. 2006, Bezgodov et al. 2006, Eckel 2007, Ignatova et al. 2013, Blockeel et al. 2014). The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 2,600 m Asl.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 9.5 million km2.

The varietyTortella inclinata var. inclinata is a taxa with the wide distribution mentioned above. T. inclinata var. densa is considered by some bryologists as a separate species of Tortella densa. This taxa has a disjunctive Holarctic distribution and it is considered to be a temperate element in Europe (Smith 2004). In Europe, it is known from many countries covering about the same range as T. inclinata var. inclinata, but in some regions it is more frequent at higher elevations. In European Russia, it is not yet still known (Fedosov and Ignatova 2009, Ellis et al. 2012).","Numerous subpopulations of this species are known. The abundance and population size of this species are not well studied, but in the mountains of central Europe and Mediterranean regions, this species is quite frequent, and the overall population trend seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In the EU 28, this species is more common in some countries of southern and central Europe, such as Spain, Italy, Austria, Germany, Slovenia and the Czech Republic, where it appears to be stable, but towards the north, this species is rarer and its distribution is restricted to calcareous substrate.","This species grows in relatively dry, exposed habitats on limestone cliffs, sandy and calcium rich soil, gypsum, in petrophyte (rocky) steppe, among low herbs and on bare ground. This species is found on calcareous dune slacks, in calcareous dune grassland, on marine coastal basalt cliffs, sandy gravel and shingle in dune-heath, on shingle along river banks and in anthropogenic habitats, such as quarries and roadsides, at low to high elevations (Grims 1999, Rassi et al. 2010, Blockeel et al. 2014, Ignatova et al 2013, Hallingbäck et al. 2008).","The possible threats to this species are the destruction of habitats due to mining, the expansion of built-up areas (Rassi et al. 2010), recreational activities such as trampling and climbing, as well as overgrowing shrubs and trees of petrophyte (rocky) grasslands (especially of dry alvar habitats in northern Europe).","This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Finland, Romania and Luxembourg, and in the Netherlands (GE), as 3 in Latvia and as Data Deficient (DD) in Malta, as well as being assessed in the Republic of Komi in Russia (2 - EN) (Rassi et al. 2010, Werner 2014, Frahm and Lüth 2008, Siebel et al. 2013, Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012, Hodgetts 2015, Taskaev 2008). Some of the known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Further research of taxonomy, distribution, population size and trend of this species is needed.",This species is not used or traded commercially.,"Vanderpoorten, A.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortella,inflexa,,Tortella inflexa  ,(Bruch) Broth.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Sassari Crisp-moss (Tortella inflexa) is a Mediterranean-Atlantic species which is quite well distributed in the western part of Europe and lives in various habitat types. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population is assumed to be large and stable, and no major threats are reported to affect it. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Sassari Crisp-moss (Tortella inflexa) has in Europe a Mediterranean-Atlantic distribution, and is found from Great Britain to Sicily, and eastwards to Serbia and Bulgaria. Outside of Europe, it is reported from North Africa and southwest Asia. It have a variable frequency, being common in some parts such as in Israel and occasional in others (Heyn and Herrnstadt 2004). In Europe too this species is rare to occasional in some countries (Smith 2004) or quite common in other parts (Cortini Pedrotti 2001).","No quantitative data are available on the European population of this species. Overall, in view of the distribution, it can be assumed that the population is large and stable.","This is a saxicolous species growing in limestone rocks or on chalk. It lives in various habitats types such as dry grasslands, woodlands and also some man-made habitats.","At present, no major threats are known to affect this species.","In the Mediterranean territories, as well as in the core of its distribution this is not a protected species. It is rarer in the eastern part of its distribution, such as in Germany or Slovenia and in this case it is included in the national Red Lists. Overall, at the European level no specific conservation actions are necessary. It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Köckinger, H.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortella,limbata,,Tortella limbata  ,(Schiffn.) Geh. &amp; Herzog,,Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),EU28,,"



Tortella limbata is endemic to the Canary Islands and the Madeira Archipelago. This species is assessed asVulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km2), it occurs at only eight locations, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. The most important threat to this species is related to habitat disturbance in Tenerife, Gran Canaria and Porto Santo, as a result of the increase in urbanisation and tourism. In addition, the effects of climate change and the subsequent increase in wildfires have affected the subpopulation in La Gomera. Habitat management and protection might be enough for the maintenance of this species, but is important to develop more research to determine and monitor the population size and trend.

",Unknown,"



Tortella limbata is a Macaronesian endemic species that occurs only in the Desertas and Porto Santo islands in the Madeira Archipelago (Sérgio et al. 2008), and in La Gomera, Gran Canaria and Tenerife in the Canary Islands (Schiffner 1902, Cezón and Muñoz 2006, Hill et al. 2006). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 51,630 km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km2.

","



 



This species has been collected only a few times, and there are only eight known localities in both archipelagos (Madeira and Canary Islands). The current population trend is unknown.

","



This species occurs on rocks, frequently in small crevices and depressions. In the Madeira Archipelago it occurs in the coastal areas of two dry islands, but in the Canary Islands it can grow up to 1,100 m Asl in open areas in the humid mountain belt in La Gomera (Cezón and Muñoz 2006) as well as in the laurel forests.

","The most important threat to this species is related to habitat disturbance in Tenerife, Gran Canaria and Porto Santo, as a result of the increase in urbanisation and tourism. In addition, the effects of climate change and the subsequent increase in wildfires have affected the subpopulation in La Gomera. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of urbanisation and wildfires, and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only eight locations.

 

","The Desertas islands  are classified as a Biogenetic Reserve by the Council of Europe  (Fontinha et al. 2001) and both Desertas and Porto Santo are Special Areas for Conservation  (SACs).In La Gomera this  species occurs in the Garajonay National Park. In Tenerife, although it occurs in the Paisaje Protegido de las  Lagunetas, it does not have real protection and the  habitat is highly disturbed. In general, habitat management and  protection might be enough for the maintenance of this species, but is  important to develop more research to determine and monitor the population size and trend. It has been assessed as Vulnerable for both the Madeira  region and for the Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2012, Sim-Sim et  al. 2014).",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,During, H.","González Mancebo, J., Sim-Sim, M., Gabriel, R., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortella,nitida,,Tortella nitida  ,(Lindb.) Broth.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Neat Crisp-moss (Tortella nitida) is a quite widespread species in Europe. It is more frequent in mediterranean countries. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the current population trend is stable and it does not approach any of the thresholds for a threatened Category. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Neat Crisp-moss (Tortella nitida) is a Mediterranean-Atlantic species which is only known in Europe and North Africa (Ros et al. 2013, Hodgetts 2015). In Europe, it is found from Great Britain to Mediterranean countries and eastwards towards the Caucasus, even if it is rarer there (Hodgetts op. cit., Ignatova and Doroshina. 2008).","Plants grow forming cushions of a few square centimetres or extensive patches of many square centimetres. Quantitative data on the size of the subpopulations are missing, but the current population trend can be considered stable in view of its widespread distribution in Europe, and lack of evidence of any decline.",This species grows on calcareous rock and on walls in open coastal habitat. It is a xerophytic and photophytic species of dry grasslands and shrublands.,"Fire as well as touristic activities can pose threats to the habitats of this species. However, at present no data indicate a decline in the population.",This species is not under legal protection at the European level. No specific conservation actions are necessary at present. It is Red Listed in those countries where it is rare such as Switzerland and Bulgaria (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Hylander, K.,Englefield, E.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortella,pseudofragilis,,Tortella pseudofragilis  ,(Thér.) Köckinger &amp; Hedenäs,"This species is one of two species (the other being Tortella fasciculata) that were formerly referred to Tortella bambergeri, a name which is no longer used(Köckinger and Hedenäs 2017).",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Since Tortella pseudofragilis has only recently been segregated from the plant formerly known as Tortella bambergeri, its distribution is unclear. The global distribution is completely unknown, so for the present it is regarded as a European endemic. It appears to be widespread and frequent in central Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. It can be estimated that the population is both stable and large, with certainly over 10,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals). In addition, there appear to be no major threats to it. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. No conservation measures are required at present, but further research is needed into the exact distribution of this species.",Stable,"Since this species has only recently been segregated from the plant formerly known as T. bambergeri,  its distribution is unclear. According to Köckinger and Hedenäs (2017),  it shows a boreo-montane distribution, with confirmed  records from Austria (where it is widespread), the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland. T. bambergeri was recorded from the Canary Islands, Italy, Luxembourg, Bulgaria,  Greece, Montenegro, Romania, Slovenia and Russia, but it is not yet  known if these records refer to T. fasciculata or T. pseudofragilis. The global distribution is completely unknown, but for the present it is regarded as a European endemic. It has been found growing at elevations between 400 m and 2,500 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category.","Although the distribution of this species is incompletely known, it can  be estimated that the population is both stable and large, with  certainly over 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre or one boulder on which the species grows. However, in certain regions there are certainly only isolated or small subpopulations.","According to Köckinger and Hedenäs (2017) this species is a slightly cryophilous moss occurring on limestone or base-rich siliceous rocks, often on boulders in woodland, in gorges or even in the flood zone of rivers, but rarely on walls. With increasing altitude, it occurs in more open habitats.",There appear to be no major threats to this species in Europe.,No conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in many  protected areas. The exact distribution of this species remains to be  determined.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Lara, F.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortella,rigens,,Tortella rigens  ,Alberts.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Tortella rigens has a restricted distribution range in Europe, and is only found in Sweden, Estonia and Finland (Åland). In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is at between 700 and 1,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 0.16 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 690 km2 and the EOO is ca 0.15 million km2. However, it seems to have a stable population trend in its distribution range in Europe and the EU 28. In general, this species is mainly doing well in Sweden where the majority of the population occurs. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, threats to this species include the abandonment of pastoral systems, over-grazing and tourism. Monitoring of the population trends of this species could be useful.",Stable,"This species has a restricted distribution range in Europe. It is found in Sweden, Estonia and Finland (Åland Islands). Reports from Slovakia and southern Germany are not correct (Hedenäs 2015b). At least 95% of all localities are found in southern Sweden (Hedenäs 2015a). In Sweden, this species can locally be quite abundant in the regions of Öland and Gotland, on limestone alvars. In addition, there are some small, scattered occurrences in other limestone areas in southern Sweden. Reports about findings in the mountains have been proven false (Hallingbäck and Lönnell 2015).

The distribution in general also comprises of a few localities in Åland (Finland), Estonia and North America. At one of the two sites in Estonia where it originally was found 1902, the species has not been found again. However, several new localities (around 15) have been recorded in Estonia (K Vellak and N. Ingerpu pers. comm. 2017). Although the species has attracted attention in Norway, the species is not found there (Hassel and Høitomt 2013). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in North America (Ontario, Michigan, New York and Ohio) (BFNA 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is at between 700 and 1,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 0.16 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 690 km2 and the EOO is ca 0.15 million km2.","Genetic analysis suggests that subpopulations within the three Swedish main distribution areas have different trends. The Öland subpopulation has the greatest genetic variation and is stable, but the Västergötland subpopulation is currently decreasing (Hedenäs 2015a,b). In general, this species is mainly doing well in Sweden where the majority of the population occurs. The overall current population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28. Sporophytes are very rare and have been found on Gotland and in the archipelago of Stockholm (Hedenäs 2015a).","This species grows on sun- and wind-exposed limestone flatrock, typically on limestone pavement areas with a thin soil cover (Albertson 1946). This species often occurs in very shallow depressions at the margin of temporary wet places that contain water for a bit longer after rain than other parts of the alvar (H. Weibull pers. comm. 2017). It seems to benefit from light trampling but it can't tolerate intensive grazing or fertilisation. This species often grows together with other Tortella spp., for example, T. tortuosa and T. inclinata, Ditrichum flexicaule and Encalypta vulgaris (Hallingbäck and Lönnell 2015).","The major threat to this species is the abandonment of pastoral systems. In the largest sites in southeast Sweden, over-grazing and tourism exploitation of the alvar grounds (for example on Öland) could quickly eliminate the main part of the total population.","This species is in the Red List of Estonia as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015), and it is listed in the EU’s Habitats Directive Annex II. Many sites in Sweden and Estonia where this species is found are today protected. However, monitoring of the population trends of this species could be useful.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Vellak, K.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T","Afonina, O.,Belkina, O.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortella,spitsbergensis,,Tortella spitsbergensis  ,"(Bizot &amp; Thér.) O.Werner, Köckinger &amp; Ros","According to Werner et al. (2014) Trichostomum arcticum is considered as a synonym to Tortella spitsbergensis (Bizot & Thér.) O.Werner, Köckinger & Ros. The basionym to Tortella spitsbergensis is Grimmia spitsbergensis Bizot & Thér., Bull. Sci. Bourgogne 5: 70. 71. 1935.",No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Tortella spitsbergensis is known from the western part of Svalbard. Only five sites (some of these relatively close to each other) are known in Europe. The area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe is very restricted, between 20 and 32 km2.  The population size is therefore considered to be very small. The current population trend of this species in Europe is inferred to be decreasing, and the species is at risk because of climate change. In addition, the species is considered to be severely fragmented. Therefore, this species is assessed as Endangered in Europe. Further research is needed into the population size and trends, as well as into the threats to this species. 

This species is not found in the EU 28 and therefore it is Not Evaluated.",Decreasing,"This species has an arctic distribution and in Europe, has only been found on Svalbard (Frisvoll and Blom 1997, Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, this species has been confirmed from Canada (Newfoundland), and Russia in Chukotka, northern and southern Siberia (Werner et al. 2014).

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 20 and 32 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 8,000 and 9,000 km2.  This species is not found in the EU 28.","Only five sites (some of these relatively close to each other) are known in Europe and this area is within the westernmost part of Svalbard. The population size is therefore considered to be very small. The current population trend of this species in Europe is inferred to be decreasing, and the species is at risk because of climate change. It is considered as severely fragmented since no sporophytes has been found, and the subpopulations are small and isolated. Therefore, the subpopulations of this species may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","This species grows on calcareous gravel, fens, rich mires, sedge meadows, low polygons, in wet or occasionally dry tundra areas, and is often associated with snow-melt runnels at moderate elevations in Dryas tundra (Zander 2007, Werner et al. 2014).",The very small population size of this species makes it vulnerable to any changes in the habitat. The major threat to this species is climatic change. The current warming of the climate is likely to be the most important negative pressure on this species.,"It is unknown if this species occurs in any protected area. Further research is needed into the population size and trends, as well as into the threats to this species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Schröck, C.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortella,squarrosa,,Tortella squarrosa  ,(Brid.) Limpr.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Tortella squarrosa is a widespread species in Europe. It is more common in the southern part of its distribution area, while is often rare in central and eastern Europe. Normally, it grows extensively forming turfs that stabilize the soil. It rarely forms sporophytes, but has a great ability to propagate by fragmentation of the leaves. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the current population trend is stable and the species does not approach any of the thresholds for a threatened Category. However, the species is vulnerable to climate change because it is sensitive to an increase in aridity of the sites where it occurs. Site management and monitoring of the population trend is recommended.",Stable,"Tortella squarrosa has a Submediterranean-Subatlantic distribution. In Europe, it is widely distributed from Macaronesia in the west to European Turkey in the east. Outside of Europe, it is found in western Asia, China, the Himalayas, North and Central America, northern Africa and Kenya (Smith 2004, Eckel 2007, Hodgetts 2015).



 



 



 



 



 

 

","This species generally forms broad turfs, has a high level of asexual reproduction, and moderate level of sexual reproductive effort which is sometimes rare, as in many countries capsules are not known (Cortini Pedrotti 2001, Smith 2004). The current population trend is stable as there is no evidence of decline. 





","This is a competitive perennials species, basiphytic, xerophytic, photophytic with a moderate tolerance to disturbance. It grows on dry ground and on sand dunes, in chalk and limestone grassland. It also grows on forest ground or soil near streams, vineyards and recently burnt places (Dierssen 2001, Smith 2004, Eckel 2007, Swissbryophytes 2012). It is found from sea level up to 1,200 m Asl. 



 



","This species could be particularly threatened by the increase in the aridity of the sites where it occurs, due to climatic changes. Currently, there is no evidence of a continuing decline in the population or in the habitat.","This species is vulnerable to climate change because it is sensitive to an increase in aridity of the sites where it occurs. However, conservation actions are not known. Site management and monitoring of the population trend is recommended. The species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Virtanen, R.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.","Lönnell, N.,Blom, H.,Vellak, K.,Hodgetts, N.,Goldberg, I.,Afonina, O.,Schröck, C.,Virchenko, V.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortella,tortuosa,,Tortella tortuosa  ,(Schrad. ex Hedw.) Limpr.,"Molecular sequence data provides convincing evidence that Tortella bambergeri, as understood over the last three decades, consists of two species (Köckinger & Hedenäs 2017). On the other hand, a careful investigation of the holotype of Trichostomum bambergeri revealed its synonymy with Tortella tortuosa (in its current broad sense), which was confirmed by the molecular sequences of two plants from the Alps that were morphologically similar to the T. bambergeri type and that proved to be unrelated to the European plants currently named so. For T. bambergeri, two valid described names were detected; T. fasciculata, a suboceanic-submediterranean floristic element, and T. pseudofragilis, a boreo-montane element. Beside molecular differences, the two species can be distinguished mainly by their differently shaped cells of the upper leaf margin and by differences in the orientation of dry leaves (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Frizzled Crisp-moss (Tortella tortuosa) has a wide distribution throughout almost all of Europe. In Europe, this species has large range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 15 million km2. It is found in remote northern territories, and is quite frequent in mountain regions as well as in the lowlands with basic outcrops. This species is widely distributed in Sweden, Finland, Germany and many other EU 28 countries in central Europe, the Mediterranean region and the Balkans. The current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28, and numerous and large subpopulations of this species are known. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both the European and EU 28 regional assessments.

However, in regions where limestone and chalk outcrops are rare, the possible threat to this species may be overgrazing in calcareous grasslands and mining. The detailed distribution of the varieties T. tortuosa var. tortuosa and T. tortuosa var. fragilifolia is not sufficiently studied, as they are not differentiated between in many European floras and checklists. Further studies are therefore needed to clarify distribution and taxonomical affiliations of these varieties in Europe.

",Stable,"This species has a wide distribution throughout almost all of Europe, including Iceland and Svalbard in the north, and the Mediterranean region in the south. In European Russia, it is known from numerous localities in the north to arctic regions, southwards to the steppe zone, as well as in the Urals, but it is almost completely absent in large areas with a lack of rock outcrops in the plains of central European Russia. Elsewhere, it is known from North Africa, Turkey, the Caucasus, Near East, Siberia, the Russian Far East, China, Japan, Nepal, India, Greenland, North and South America (Ignatov et al. 2006, Eckel 2007, Ignatova et al. 2013, Blockeel et al. 2014). The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 2,700 m Asl.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 15 million km2, and area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 10,000 km2.","This species is widely distributed in Sweden, Finland, Germany and many other EU 28 countries in central Europe, the Mediterranean region and the Balkans. It is quite frequent in mountain regions as well as in the lowlands with basic outcrops. Numerous and large subpopulations of this widespread species are known. The population trend seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This calciphilous species (suited to a calcareous soil) grows in habitats with various light and humidity conditions, mostly on limestone, but also on slates, gypsum, sandstone and even acidic rock outcrops. It is found on wooded and exposed cliffs and boulders, on rock ledges and crevices in ravines, in recesses in scree litter on slopes, in forests and open woodlands near the upper border of forest belt, in dry tundra, arctic mires and on anthropogenic substrates, such as limestone pavements, old sheltered dry-stone walls and old concrete structures. More exceptionally, this species may become established on tree trunks in limestone valleys (Grims 1999, Blockeel et al. 2014, Ignatova et al. 2013, Kachanovskiy et al. 2015).","In the regions where limestone and chalk outcrops are rare, the possible threat to this species may be overgrazing in the calcareous grasslands (Agafonov 2011, Zolotukhin 2002), as well as mining.

","This species is included in the Red Lists of  Belarus (Critically Endangered - CR), San Marino (Data Deficient - DD) and some regions of European Russia, such as the Voronezh Province (3 - rare species) and Kursk Province (2 - VU) (Kachanovskiy et al. 2015, Hodgetts 2015, Agafonov 2011, Zolotukhin 2002). Some of the known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Further studies to clarify  taxonomy and distribution of the varieties of this species in Europe are needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Mazimpaka, V.","Baisheva, E.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,acaulon,,Tortula acaulon  ,(With.) R.H. Zander,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Cuspidate Earth-moss (Tortula acaulon) is common and frequent in Europe, especially in temperate and semi-arid regions. It is more frequent in central and southern Europe. In Europe, this species has a wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 9 million km2. The population trend of this species across its range within Europe and the EU 28 seems to be stable. It seems to be well adapted to human impact, growing in the agricultural landscapes and some other man-made habitats. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

The threats to this species are not well studied. No conservation measures are required at present, but further research into the threats to this species is needed.",Stable,"In Europe, this species is widely distributed from central Norway and southern Sweden in the north to the Mediterranean region in the south. In European Russia, it has a sporadic distribution, being more frequent in forest steppe and steppe regions. Elsewhere, it is known from Macaronesia, North Africa, Turkey, the Near East, the Caucasus, Middle Asia, Siberia, Russia Far East, North, Central and South America (Argentina and Uruguay), Australia and New Zealand (Ignatov et al. 2006, Cano and Gallego 2008, Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 1,800 m Asl.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 9 million km2.","The population trend appears to be stable and in some places, may even increase depending on the presence of suitable habitats. This species is common and frequent, especially in temperate and semi-arid regions.This species is frequently fertile. In Germany, the expansion of this species to the areas with siliсate bedrock was observed as a result of limestone used for road building, the dumping of construction waste and similar activities (Meinunger and Schröder 2007).","This ruderal species (first to colonize disturbed lands) grows on the patches of bare calcareous, sandy or loamy soil in the steppes and dry meadows, as well as in the cultivation landscape, such as at the edges of arable fields, on the banks of ditches, cultivated ground (including stubble fields and garden soil), waste ground, thin grassland, ant-hills in pasture, roadsides and quarries etc. It is found mostly on acidic to basic, fertile, mineral soil, and avoids highly acid peaty substrates (Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Blockeel et al. 2014). This species seems to be well adapted to human impact, growing in the agricultural landscapes and some other man-made habitats.",The threats to this species are not well studied.,"This species is included in the Red Lists of Germany (nb) and Slovenia (Data Deficient - DD) (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996, Martinčič 2015, Hodgetts 2015). Some of the known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. No conservation measures are required at present, but further research into the threats to this species is needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.,Ganeva, A.","Baisheva, E.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,amplexa,,Tortula amplexa  ,(Lesq.) Steere,,No,NA,,No,NA,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)



EU 28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)



The Clasping Screw-moss (Tortula amplexa) is an introduced suboceanic temperate species native to western North America, and known in Europe only from Britain. As an introduced species, it is assessed as Not Applicable.",Increasing,"The Clasping Screw-moss (Tortula amplexa) is an introduced suboceanic temperate species native to western North America, and known in Europe only from Britain (Blockeel et al. 2014). It was discovered in 1973 in clay used  for a pottery class. The clay was traced back to its origin in  Leicestershire, and the plant was found growing in the wild there (Side and Whitehouse 1974). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 36 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 24,500 km².",Recent records indicate a slow but steady expansion of the range of this species in Britain (Blockeel et al. 2014).,"Its original British site was a clay pit in Leicestershire (England), where it was a primary colonist of neutral or slightly acid clay dumps. Subsequent records have been from clay and sandy soil in old gravel pits, soil on the vertical bank of the River Stour, clay at the edge of an unsealed track, and rutted clay on a track in relict woodland. These records suggest that it may be dispersed in watercourses and by vehicles, but it is not known whether the subpopulations have a common origin. It shows a clear preference for acid to slightly calcareous clay, rarely on sandy soils, and most often occurring in small, nearly pure patches. Recorded associated include Barbula unguiculata, Bryum argenteum, B. dichotomum, B. gemmiferum, Ceratodon purpureus, Dicranella varia, D. schreberiana, Funaria hygrometrica and Pseudocrossidium hornschuchianum. Its altitudinal range is from 10 m up to 130 m Asl.



It is dioicous; only female plants are known in Britain. Rhizoidal tubers are common (Blockeelet al. 2014).",There are no known threats to this species.,No conservation measures are required at present. It does not occur in any protected areas.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Köckinger, H.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,ampliretis,,Tortula ampliretis  ,Crundw. &amp; D.G. Long,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Tortula ampliretis is endemic to the Canary Islands (all islands with the exception of Fuerteventura). This species has a restricted geographic range, but there is no indication of a decline or fluctuation in the population. It occurs in a wide variety of habitats and a large elevational range, which may indicate that the population is relatively stable and healthy. This bryophyte species is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Tortula ampliretis is endemic to the Canary Islands (all islands with the exception of Fuerteventura) (Losada Lima et al. 2010). Its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 40,100 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 100 km2.",This species has a wide geographical and elevational distribution in the Canary Islands. The current population trend is presumably stable.,"This species occurs on soil in various habitats from the lowlands in the infra-mediterranean bioclimatic zone to 2,080 m Asl in the upper limit of the Canarian pine forests (González-Mancebo et al. 2004), on both south- and north-facing slopes. It is a xerophytic species found in dry places (During 1981).","There are currently no major threats to this species, although the high frequency of fires in the Canarian pine forest might represent a problem for some subpopulations. Increasing touristic pressure in the Canary Islands might also pose a significant threat to this species at lower altitudes.","General habitat protection might be appropriate for the maintenance of this species. In La Palma part of the subpopulation occurs inside the National Park of Caldera de Taburiente; it also occurs in Parque Natural de la Corona Forestal in Tenerife, Parque Rural del Nublo (that contains the Reserva Natural Integral de Inagua), and Parque Natural de Pilancones in Gran Canaria, but there are also subpopulations outside of protected areas. It has been assessed as Least Concern by Brugués and González-Mancebo (2014).

","This species is not utilised or traded.

","Englefield, E.,Hespanhol, H.","González Mancebo, J., Sim-Sim, M., Gabriel, R., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,atrovirens,,Tortula atrovirens  ,(Sm.) Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Rib-leaf Moss (Tortula atrovirens) is an incompletely cosmopolitan species that grows in a range of open and even disturbed habitats and tolerates saline substrates. It frequently reproduces with abundant sporophytes in winter-spring. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a stable population trend and no major threats are reported. In Germany, some subpopulations have declined or been destroyed by the remodelling and partial abandonment of vineyards, but the species has plenty of alternative sites where it can survive. At the European level no conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,The Rib-leaf Moss (Tortula atrovirens) has a Circumpolar Southern-temperate distribution. It is widespread in warm-temperate and subtropical regions of both hemispheres but is rare or absent in the tropical zone and the Arctic/Antarctic (Smith 2004).,"There is no available data on the size of the population, but the current population trend can be considered stable in the light of its wide distribution and lack of evidence of any decline.","This is a pioneer species of open habitats. It is highly xerophytic and moderately salt-tolerant, growing on well-drained, unshaded, often base-rich soil pockets on rocks, cliffs and walls, and also on thin, sandy, mildly saline soil on sea banks. It can occur in arid sites and in semi-desert areas. It is found from the lowland plain to the subalpine zone (Dierssen 2001, Cortini Pedrotti 2001, Zander and Eckel 2007, Atherton et al. 2010). It is found from sea level up to 1,300 m Asl.","This species has been assessed as threatened in some countries (Hodgetts 2015). In Germany, some subpopulations have declined or been destroyed by the remodelling and partial abandonment of vineyards, but the species has plenty of alternative sites where it can survive (Moose Deutschland 2018). Otherwise, no major threats are reported to affect this species.","No conservation measures are known for this species, or currently needed. The species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Ingerpuu, N.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,bogosica,,Tortula bogosica  ,(Müll. Hal.) R.H. Zander,,No,NT,B2b(iii),No,NT,B2b(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



In Europe, Tortula bogosica is known from Terceira and Santa Maria islands in the Azores, and Tenerife and Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km2), and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. Habitat destruction owing to urbanisation and tourism, landslides, and climate change are the main threats to the species. In addition, an increase in wildfire frequency could also pose a threat. While this species is mostly found in lowland areas at high risk from urban development, it has a relatively wide distribution in northern and southern slopes, and it may be more abundant than is currently known since it is a small species which may have been overlooked or not detected in some areas until now. It might also occur in the Madeira Archipelago. Further research is recommended into its population size and trend.",Unknown,"In Europe, Tortula bogosica is known from Terceira and Santa Maria islands in the Azores, and from Tenerife and Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands. It is primarily a tropical montane species, that also occurs in Africa and Cabo Verde (Dierssen 2001). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 55,380 km2, and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km2.","This is a restricted species in the Azores and Canary Islands (Gabriel et al. 2011, González-Mancebo et al. 2012, Sim-Sim et al. 2014). It is found in the lowlands of the islands, which are more prone to urbanisation and touristic pressures. Indeed, it has apparently disappeared from one of the localities in Tenerife, where a parking lot was constructed (Long et al. 1981). This species is a short-lived shuttle which produces large spores and is believed to have poor dispersal abilities. It is possible that more fieldwork, at least in the Canary Islands will increase the number of known localities, since this is a small species distributed in both, north- and south-facing slopes. More fieldwork is necessary to determine whether the population is severely fragmented. The current population trend is unknown.","This is a xerophilous species growing on exposed, seasonally damp soils in coastal zones. Its altitudinal range is between 50 m and 400 m Asl.","Habitat destruction owing to urbanisation and tourism, landslides, and climate change are the main threats to the species. In addition an increase in wildfire frequency could also pose a threat. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat.","The area of distribution of this species should be protected from tourist developments and recreational activities, at least in some of the localities. The locality in Gran Canaria is situated in Parque Rural del Nublo. Further research is recommended into the population size and trend.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hassel, K.","González Mancebo, J., Sim-Sim, M., Gabriel, R., Hodgetts, N. & Martins, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,bolanderi,,Tortula bolanderi  ,(Lesq.) M. Howe,,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Tortula bolanderi is one of the rarest bryophytes in continental Europe which occurs only in few localities in Mediterranean area of Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Sardinia and Sicily. However this species has a relatively wide distribution. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 68 km2), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat.

The threats to this species include some anthropogenic pressures such as habitat degradation caused by tourism, as well as, the increase of fire frequency and of invasive alien species, such as with Campylopus introflexus in Portugal. Water pollution and soil drying due to global warming and abnormal summer drought may be also threats for this species in the future. This species would benefit from specific habitat protection, and invasive species control, particularly for Campylopus introflexus. Further research into the population size and trend of this species is required.



",Unknown,"This is a widespread but relatively rare oceanic-Mediterranean species in Europe, with a preference for areas with a Mediterranean climate. It has been reported from North America, Europe and North Africa in Morocco (Zander 2007, Ros et al. 2013).

This species was found for the first time in the Canary Islands by Størmer (1959) based on a collection in Hierro, and a later finding was then made by Sunding (1967), in Gran Canaria. Now, in the Canary Islands, the species is locally frequent and known from five islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2008). It is also present in Madeira, but in continental Europe it occurs only in the Mediterranean area from Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Sardinia and Sicily (Blockeel 1995, Rams et al. 2014, Cano and Guerra 2006).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 2.3 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 68 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 130 m Asl in France up to around 2,000 m Asl in Tenerife, near the Teide mountain.","The subpopulation size in each area of occurrence of this species is unidentified, but this species is infrequent across its range. It is rare in the Mediterranean areas in which it is found but it is more common in the Canary Islands. This species may be under recorded but in some regions, the reports are old, such as in France in the region of Var (Crundwell and Whitehouse 1976). Additionally, the species has only been reported at a few new sites recently, including one locality in Madeira in 1994, in Sicily (Blockeel 1995), in Portugal and Spain (Rams et al. 2014, Cano and Guerra 2006), Sardinia (Frahm et al. 2008) and in the Vatican City (Aleffi 2015).

However, this species is probably under-collected, because it is related to seasonal rain in the autumn, which is irregular. The species has been only recently discovered in new localities, but there is not enough information to establish its population trend, and so it is unknown in Europe. The population size is estimated to be smaller than 10,000 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre of ground or one boulder on which the species grows. Most of the subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.","This species grows on rock crevices and on banks, usually not in exposed sites, colonising skeletal acidic soils and sometimes in contact with the outcropping rock. It is usually found at lower altitudes and in seasonally moist substrates, associated to sclerophyllous species, sometimes associated to introduced vegetation or in natural areas with Juniperus spp. or Quercus spp.

    The plants are dioicous, rarely with sporophytes but with rhizoidal gemmae.","The threats to this species include some anthropogenic pressures such as habitat degradation caused by tourism, as well as, the increase of fire frequency and of invasive alien species, such as with Campylopus introflexus in Portugal. Water pollution and soil drying due to global warming and abnormal summer drought may be also threats for this species in the future. There is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat.","This species is evaluated as Data Deficient in the national Red Lists of Spain, Portugal and Madeira (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012, Sérgio et al. 2013, Sim-Sim et al. 2014) and Least Concern in the Canary Islands (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012).

It is assessed as LC only in Canary but DD in Portugal and Spain. Can be under recorded but in some regions the reports are old as in France in Var region (Crundwell and Whitehouse 1976).

 

 

 

There is not specific conservation action in place for this plant, but some occurrences of the species are within natural parks, such as in Spain, in Sierra Nevada, which is an Important Bryophyte Area (IBrA:16, Garilleti and Albertos 2013). In Portugal, this species occurs in Parque Natural do Douro Internacional and in Natural Parc of Madeira.

This species would benefit from specific habitat protection, and invasive species control, particularly for Campylopus introflexus. Further research into the population size and trend of this species is required.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Rumsey, F.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C. & Cano, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,brevissima,,Tortula brevissima  ,Schiffn.,"Tortula brevissima can sometimes be confused with T. muralis  (Privitera and Puglisi 1999, Werner et al. 2002).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Tortula brevissima mainly occurs in two distinct geographical areas: central-south and eastern Europe and the Middle East. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is easily confused with small specimens of T. muralis, and is therefore probably often overlooked and more widespread than currently known. In addition, it is quite widespread in Europe. It is, however, considered that further investigations are needed on the population size and trend.",Unknown,"Tortula brevissima mainly occurs in two distinct geographical areas: central-south and eastern Europe and the Middle East (Privitera and Puglisi 1999, Blockeel 2009, Hodgetts 2015). It is easily confused with small specimens of T. muralis and is therefore probably often overlooked and more widespread than currently known.","This species is considered rare, it forms small groups and it is mixed with other species with xeromorphic habit. It is easily confused with small specimens of T. muralis (Privitera and Puglisi 1999). The current population trend is unknown.","This is considered to be a steppic species, having its main distribution in the continental and sub-desertic parts of the Iano-turanian area, as well as arid areas of southern Spain. It is a colonist species that grows on exposed, dry, calcareous or gypsiferous soils. More rarely it is found on dry walls or rock crevices. It is also halotolerant (Privitera and Puglisi 1999, Dierssen 2001, Cano 2006). It is found at elevations between 40 m and 880 m Asl.","The species is threatened by the invasion of bushes, the backfilling of cavities and the demolition of old buildings with mud walls. On the other hand, it is able to repopulate suitable secondary sites (Moose Deutschland 2018).","There are no conservation measures in place for this species. However, its presence could be currently underestimated because of  its confusion with other similar species, and its presence could therefore be wider than currently known. Further research is needed into the population size and trend. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Ingerpuu, N.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,canescens,,Tortula canescens  ,Mont.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Dog Screw-moss (Tortula canescens) has a Mediterranean-Atlantic distribution. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widely distributed in southern Europe, and the current population trend is stable. No specific conservation actions are currently needed.",Stable,"The Dog Screw-moss (Tortula canescens) has a Mediterranean-Atlantic distribution. In Europe it is found from the Azores in the Island of Santa Maria and the Canary Islands in the west, to Ireland and Great Britain in the north (where the species is rare and endangered), extending to central and southeastern Europe up to Ukraine and Crimea in the east (Smith 2004, Hodgetts 2015, Portal da Biodiversidade dos Açores 2018). It was also recently found in Andorra (Sotiaux and Vanderpoorten 2017). Outside of Europe, it also occurs in Turkey, central Asia and North Africa (Missouri Botanical Garden 2015).","In general, this species is quite present in Europe, even if it is difficult to evaluate the size of the subpopulations because it often grows together with other species belonging to the same genus, such as T. atrovirens. Hybrids between T. canescens and T. muralis have also been studied (Košnar 2014, Moose Deutschland 2018). The current population trend is stable, as there is no evidence of a decline. 





","This is a colonist species which grows on and between rocks, on acid soil at the edges of paths, as well as in rock cracks and on unshaded walls, chiefly along coastsides (Cortini Pedrotti 2001, Dierssen 2001, Smith 2004, Atherton et al. 2010). It is found from sea level up to 1,340 m Asl.","Subpopulation sizes may be subject to annual variations. The sites in which the species is found, such as roadsides and cultivated fields, are influenced by anthropogenic actions (Lockhart et al. 2012, Swissbryophytes 2012, Moose Deutschland 2018).","The species in Europe is quite present, and is only considered rare and/or threatened in a few countries (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation measures are currently needed. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Ingerpuu, N.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,caucasica,,Tortula caucasica  ,Broth.,"A recent study of the nomenclatural types of members of the Tortula sect. Pottia showed, that Tortula caucasica should be considered to be conspecific with Tortula modica (syn. Pottia intermedia), and must replace that name (Ros et al. 2008).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Intermediate pottia moss (Tortula caucasica) has a wide distribution and is common in the densely populated lowlands, as well as in the low mountains. It is more frequent in central and southern Europe. The current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. It is well adapted to human impact, growing in the agricultural landscapes, roadsides, quarries and many other man-made habitats. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.



However, in boreal regions, the possible threat to this species is the destruction of habitats due to reforestation, and the expansion of built-up areas. No conservation measures are required at present. Further research is required on the distribution of this species, as it may be slightly overlooked. Also, there are some difficulties with the correct identification of this taxa, as it is difficult to separate plants with underdeveloped sporophytes from T. truncata.",Stable,"In Europe, this species is widespread from the Mediterranean region, and it is found northwards to Iceland and southern Scandinavia. In European Russia,  this species has a sporadic distribution in steppe and forest steppe regions, and a few localities are known from the forest zone. Probably, this species is slightly overlooked. Also, there are some difficulties with the correct identification of this taxa, as it is difficult to separate plants with underdeveloped sporophytes from T. truncata. Elsewhere, this species is known from North Africa, Turkey, the Near East, the Caucasus, western and southern Siberia, Japan, North America and Chile (where it is perhaps introduced) (Ignatov et al. 2006, Cano and Gallego 2008, Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species is from sea level to 1,200 m Asl.","Numerous subpopulations of this species are known. The species is  frequently fertile. In natural habitats, such as in the steppes or dry meadows, the local subpopulations usually are small, and the  species grows in small patches between herbs. In man-made habitats, the subpopulation sizes may be quite large depending on amount of the suitable substrate (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). This species is common in the densely populated lowlands, as well as in the low mountains. The population trend of  this species across European range seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows on calcareous to slightly acidic soils, clay, sandstone, sand and gravel, on bare earth on rock ledges, on thin turf (including mole-hills and ant-hills), on seaside banks and cliffs, on ridges in saltmarshes, in patches of bare soil in arable lands, pastures, meadows, roadsides, ditch banks, quarries, garden paths, flower beds, on the ground of coastal dykes and on old stone walls covered by soil, etc. (Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Blockeel et al. 2014).","In boreal regions, the possible threat to this species is the destruction of habitats due to reforestation, such as overgrowing of meadows, pastures and arable lands by trees, as well as expansion of built-up areas (Rassi et al. 2010).","This species is included in the Red Lists of Finland (Near Threatened - NT), Ireland and Northern Ireland (Vulnerable - VU) (Rassi et al. 2010, Lockhart et al. 2012, Hodgetts 2015). Some of the known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. No conservation measures are required at present. Further research is required on the distribution of this species, as it may be slightly overlooked.",This species is not used or traded.,"Virtanen, R.,Englefield, E.","Baisheva, E.","Goldberg, I.,Schröck, C.,Blom, H.,Afonina, O.,Vellak, K.,Lönnell, N.,Hodgetts, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,cernua,,Tortula cernua  ,(Huebener) Lindb.,,No,VU,C2a(i),No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Flamingo-moss (Tortula cernua) has a wide distribution from the high arctic in Svalbard, and south to northern Italy, Slovenia and Ukraine. In Europe, it has an overall population size of less than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals), with less than 1,000 in each subpopulation, and the current population trend is considered to be decreasing. In the EU 28, there are fewer than 2,500 individual-equivalents but there can be more than 250 in each subpopulation. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable in both Europe and the EU 28.

In some countries, including Germany, Finland, Switzerland and Romania, this species is highly threatened. The major threat to this species is that the disturbance of the uppermost soil layer is ceasing. The habitat is today threatened by the overgrowth of the open lime surfaces at the localities. The sites where this species is found therefore need to be managed or grazed, to ensure the overgrowing vegetation is removed and the lime surfaces exposed.",Decreasing,"This moss species has a wide distribution from the high arctic in Svalbard, and south to northern Italy, Slovenia and Ukraine (Hodgetts 2015). In Sweden, it is known only from three sites; one that is from the 1800s (Sala), while the other two are modern (2000 and 2011) and found in limestone quarries. In Finland, it is also known from three localities from the 1960s to the 2010s. In Norway, this species is known from 15 localities that are scattered along the coast from Trondheim to Porsanger. Lime rich bedrock, probably influenced by salt spray seems to be the most common sites (only one finding, 1975, from more recent times). In Slovenia, it is rare and has only been found once (Blanár and Petrášová 2007). In Russia, it has been found once in the Murmansk area (Red Data Book of Murmansk 2014) and in several sites in the Caucasus (Ignatov et al. 2006). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North America and Asia (BFNA 2007).





In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 300 and 500 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca 10 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 150 km2 and the EOO is ca 2.7 million km2. The altitudinal range of this species is between 20 m and 1,500 m Asl.

","In both Sweden and Finland, this species shows a lot of fluctuation on its growing sites. It is probably declining in sites where formerly open sites with chalk soil are being closed, but it has also recently been found in one new chalk-quarry locality in central Finland (Virtanen 2009, K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). This species is threatened in central Europe. Also in Norway and Sweden, the species is in decline (Hassel et al. 2015, ArtDatabanken 2015).

In Ukraine, this species has been found again in 1985 at its old localities in outskirts of Kamyanka town (V. Virchenko pers. comm. 2017). 

In the United Kingdom, the species is in serious decline because its substrate is no longer being renewed and is slowly weathering away or being invaded by higher (vascular) plants. A large subpopulation was lost when its principal site was used for landfill. It has never been found in natural habitats in Britain and the origin of these subpopulations is unknown (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Finland, it is known from only a few sites. In Switzerland, this species was most recently observed in 1942 (Hofmann 2012).

The population is not severely fragmented and do not show fluctuations, but not extreme fluctuations. The total size of the subpopulations in the United Kingdom is estimated to be between 250 and 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent). The overall population size of the species is smaller than 10,000 individual-equivalents, with less than 1,000 in each subpopulation, and the current population trend is considered to be decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28.","In the Nordic countries, this species grows on calcareous soil. In Sweden, it occurred in great abundance for a few years around 2000 and 2011, in limestone quarries, where it grew within a very limited area of heavily disturbed, sandy and clay soil and than faded away within a year or two (T. Hallingbäck pers. obs. 2010). In Svalbard, it occurs near the sea in natural habitats (H. Blom pers. comm. 2017).

In the United Kingdom, it is a ruderal species (growing on waste ground) of highly calcareous soil, characteristically on various forms of firm, fine-textured lime waste and quarry spoil. It usually occurs at the foot of spoil heaps, by paths and in quarry hollows, in sites that provide some protection from desiccation. Most of the localities are in or near the Magnesian Limestone quarries. At its classic site, at Sprotborough near Doncaster, its substrate was ‘flue-dust’, a powder-like by-product of the dolomite crushing and drying process that was cleaned out of the dust extraction mechanisms. At one former site, it occurred on lime deposited from water pumped from a colliery. In Cheshire, it occurred on lime beds created as a by-product of the chemical industry. All these substrates have a very high alkaline content which inhibits colonisation by dense vegetation. There is also an old record from Millstone Grit moorland, perhaps originating from imported lime. Didymodon tophaceus is almost constantly present, while Funaria hygrometrica and Leptobryum pyriforme are among the few other immediate associates (Blockeel et al. 2014).

In Switzerland, this species was most probably growing on a damp walls of calcareous rock (clay, mortar) and on sandy loamy soil (Hofmann 2012). In Finland, it grows on strongly calcareous open habitats, bare ground chalk cliffs as limestone or lime burning places on mixed heaps. The current situation of its distribution in Finland is that it is small and fragmented (Virtanen 2009).

 

In central Europe, this species is found on calcareous cliffs and lime-rich walls. There are many records from secondary habitats (e.g. old castles) (C. Schrock pers. comm. 2017).","The major threat to this species is that the disturbance of the uppermost soil layer is ceasing. The habitat is today threatened by the overgrowth of the open lime surfaces at the localities. The occurrence of this species is dependent on, for example, active limestone quarries, and so survival is very uncertain.","This species is included in several national Red Lists. It is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Germany, Finland, Switzerland and Romania, and as 2 (Stark gefährdet/highly endangered) in Austria (Hodgetts 2015). It is assessed as Endangered (EN) in Sweden and Great Britain, as Vulnerable (VU) in the Murmansk region, as Data Deficient (DD) in Hungary and Slovenia, as rare (R) in Poland, and as Regionally Extinct (RE) in Belgium and the Czech Republic (Virtanen 2009, Hodgetts 2015).

The species is not known to occur in any protected area. The sites need to be managed or grazed. The species would benefit if the overgrowing vegetation could be removed and the lime surfaces could be exposed either by hand or with a shovel.",The species is not used or traded.,"Gunnarsson, U.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,cuneifolia,,Tortula cuneifolia  ,(Dicks.) Turner,"Tortula cuneifolia, as well as T. freibergii and T. solmssi, are extremely variable in leaf shape and may be confused (Smith 2004).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Wedge-leaved Screw-moss (Tortula cuneifolia)  has a Mediterranean-Atlantic distribution. It is present in south, west and eastern Europe, including Macaronesia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since in southern European the species is widely present, the current population trend is stable, and there appear to be no major threats to it. This species is included in some Red Lists and considered rare in some central and northern European countries, so research on the size and trend of subpopulations would be necessary at local level.",Stable,"The Wedge-leaved Screw-moss (Tortula cuneifolia) has a Mediterranean-Atlantic distribution. It is present in south, west and eastern Europe, including Macaronesia (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe it is present in Turkey, Syria, Palestine, Central Asia, North Africa and North America (Smith 2004).","

Although quantitative data on the size of the subpopulations are not available, the current population trend can be considered stable. This is a fairly common species throughout Europe although rare in some countries and produces capsules frequently in the spring. In particular, in Germany is it reported that subpopulations are small, and in danger because of the rarity of the species (Moose Deutschland 2018), while in Ireland the causes of its decline are unknown (Lockhart et al. 2012).","This is a colonist species which grows on bare soil or in rock crevices, waste ground, cliff ledges and in old quarries and fallow fields, near the coast (Dierssen 2001, Smith 2004, Atherton et al. 2010). The species is found from sea level up to 210 m Asl.",No major threats are known to affect this species.,"No conservation measures are known for this species. This species is included in some Red Lists and considered rare in some central and northern European countries, so research on the size and trend of subpopulations would be necessary at local level. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Söderström, L.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,freibergii,,Tortula freibergii  ,Dixon &amp; Loeske,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Freiberg's Screw-moss (Tortula freibergii) is a locally very rare species with a Mediterranean Oceanic distribution. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it does not currently seem to approach any of the thresholds for a threatened Category. It could be more common than currently known. However, this is a very rare species in the world, and should, therefore, be protected in the sites where it occurs. Appropriate management of the sites is important, and raising awareness of this species is recommended. Further research into the population size and trend is needed, and the population and habitats should be monitored.",Unknown,"Freiberg's Screw-moss (Tortula freibergii) is a Oceanic-Mediterranean species. It is a rare European species, and it is found in very few localities in Great Britain, Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Malta and Greece (Smith 2004, Sergio et al. 2013, Hodgetts 2015, Blockeel 2017). It is also found in Algeria in northeastern Africa (Garilleti and Albertos 2012).","This is a rare moss globally. Its distribution is rather fragmented and the subpopulations are made up of few individuals. It is often found together with other species of the genus Tortula such as T. solmsii and T. cuneifolia, which makes it difficult to estimate the population size and trend (Sáez et al. 2006, Callaghan 2008, Blockeel et al. 2010, Garilleti and Albertos 2012, Sérgio et al. 2013).","It is a acidophytic-subneutrophytic colonist species. It is saxicolous, living on acid rock outcrops and old walls, in cracks and fissures of limestone, in more or less shady places near watercourses and springs or sites with high soil moisture. It is found both in Mediterranean scrub and sclerophyllous forests. In several sites, the species has often been found in aquatic habitats such as Mediterranean temporary ponds (3170 *) (ECCB 1995, Cortini Pedrotti 2001, Dierssen 2001, Smith 2004, Brockeel et al. 2010, Garilleti and Albertos 2012, Sérgio et al. 2013). It is found at elevations between 50 m and 680 m Asl.","The habitat in which it frequently lives (riparian forests, areas subject to periodic floods, etc.) are considerably fragile. Urban development, widening of roads, catching of water, overgrazing, inadequate agricultural practices, etc. can represent short-term risks for the continuity of the species in some localities (ECCB 1995, Garilleti and Albertos 2012, Sérgio et al. 2013).","No conservation actions are known. This is a very rare species in the world, and should, therefore, be protected in the sites where it occurs. Appropriate management of the sites is important, and raising awareness of this species is recommended. Further research into the population size and trend is needed, and the population and habitats should be monitored. In some cases, it is located within nature reserves and according to a study conducted by Callaghan (2008) in England, on its area of occupancy (AOO), it could be more common than currently known.",This species is not utilised.,"Fettes, N.D.,Köckinger, H.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.","Konstantinova, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,guepinii,,Tortula guepinii  ,(Bruch &amp; Schimp.) Broth.,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Tortula guepinii has an Oceanic Submediterranean distribution. In Europe, this species is rare and is present in few localities in France, Italy, Germany, Portugal and Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is considered quite stable, the habitats where it occurs are not particularly fragile and there appear to be no significant threats. It does not appear to approach any of the thresholds for a threatened Category. Some subpopulations are found in protected areas and it would be useful to do awareness and carry out communications actions about this species.",Stable,"Tortula guepinii has an Oceanic Submediterranean distribution. In Europe, this species is rare and is present in few localities in France, Italy, Germany, Portugal and Spain (Hodgetts 2015). The species is also known in North Africa in Morocco (Ros et al. 2000), Turkey (Ören and Keçeli 2014), Israel and North America in different areas of California and Mexico.



 





 

 



 

","This species is generally found in a few small subpopulations located in protected areas. There are no significant threats and the current population trend appears to be stable (Garilleti and Albertos 2012, Sérgio et al. 2013, Moose Deutschland 2018).","This is a short-lived shuttle species. It is terrestrial and lives in exposed places, arid on acid or volcanic substratum, in open forests dominated by oaks and Mediterranean scrub dominated by Cistaceae (Dierssen 2001, Garilleti and Albertos 2012). It is found at elevations between 30 m and 810 m Asl.","The subpopulations are generally defined as apparently stable. The habitats it occupies do not seem particularly fragile, since these sites fall mostly in protected areas. Excessive trampling of the site could pose a threat (Garilleti and Albertos 2012, Sérgio et al. 2013, Moose Deutschland 2018).",There are no conservation actions currently in place for this species. Some subpopulations are found in protected areas and it would be useful to do awareness and carry out communications actions about this species.,This species is not utilised.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Köckinger, H.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,hoppeana,,Tortula hoppeana  ,(Schultz) Ochyra,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Tortula hoppeana is known mostly in Europe from the mountainous areas north to Svalbard and Iceland, southwards to the Pyrenees and the Balkan mountains. In the EU 28, this species is distributed mostly in mountainous ridges, where it may be locally frequent, for instance, in some areas of  Austria and Spain. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species  is estimated to be around 12 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 2,800 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 5 million km2 , and the AOO is estimated to be around 1,500 km2. The population trend of this species across Europe and the EU 28 seems to be stable, although a decline was observed in the Czech Republic. This species is assessed as Least Concern in both the European and EU 28 regional assessments.



However, local subpopulations are not large and the possible threat to this species is the destruction of habitats due to mining. The population size of this species is not well studied and so further research of the population size and trend of this species is needed.",Stable,"This bipolar, arctic-montane species has a wide, almost continuous, range throughout much of the arctic and it is scattered in the mountains in the southern part of the Holarctic. In Europe, it is known mostly from the mountainous areas north to Svalbard and Iceland, southwards to the Pyrenees and the Balkan mountains. A few localities have been found on rock outcrops in the plains. In European Russia, this species is reliably known from the Urals (Ignatov and Ignatova 2003). It has also been reported from northwestern Russia (Borszczow 1857), the Voronezh Province (Popova 2002) and Novaya Zemlya (Ekstam 1898, Savicz-Ljubitskaya and Smirnova 1970). Elsewhere, it is known from North Africa (Morocco), Turkey, Iran, the Caucasus, Middle Asia, Siberia, the Russian Far East, the Himalayas, Tibet, Greenland, North America and Antarctica (Ignatova et al. 2006, Ochyra 2004). The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 3,300 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species  is estimated to be around 12 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 2,800 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 5 million km2 , and the AOO is estimated to be around 1,500 km2.","The population size of this species is not well studied, but local subpopulations are not large, being limited by the size and availability of suitable substrate (small patches of bare soil and humus in the rock crevices, ledges, etc.) - they usually consist of several square decimeters. The species is frequently fertile. The population trend seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28, although a decline was observed in the Czech Republic. In the EU 28, this species is distributed mostly in mountainous ridges, where it may be locally frequent, for instance, in some areas of  Austria and Spain.","This species grows on basic and acidic substrata, such as on thin fine-grained soil and humus over calcareous crags, cliff ledges and rock crevices, on scree slopes, in alpine heaths and grasslands in the forest, on subalpine and alpine mountain belts, and more rarely, on rock outcrops in the plains. Also, it has been found on shingle along banks of rivers and on patches of open humus in fens (Grims 1999, Savicz-Ljubitskaya and Smirnova 1970, Ignatova and Ignatov 2003, Casas 2006, Hallingbäck et al. 2008).",The possible threat to this species is the destruction of habitats due to mining.,"This species is included in the Red Lists of the Czech Republic (Endangered - EN) and the Republic of Karelia, Russia (2 - EN)  (Kučera et al. 2012, Ivanter and Kuznetsov 2007). Some of the known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Further research of population size and trend of this species is needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Vanderpoorten, A.","Baisheva, E.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,inermis,,Tortula inermis  ,(Brid.) Mont.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The quite common Tortula inermis is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many records of its occurrence, a population size greater than 1,000 and its overall stable population trend.It is red-listed in several European countries, mainly at the edge of its range, but there are no major threats to this species, and so bo conservation measures are required at present. It is found in protected areas across Europe.",Stable,"This European southern-temperate species is widespread in southern Europe and the Mediterranean region, but rare north of the Alps in Europe, with isolated records in Scotland and Belgium (Nebel and Philippi 2000). Eastwards it extends to North Africa, south-western Asia east to Kazakhstan and Mongolia, Japan, western North America and Mexico (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B.

","This species seems to be quite common in southern Europe (T. Blockeel pers. comm. 2017). Its population trend is stable and its population size is certainly greater than 1,000 individual-equivalents (where one individual-equivalent is equal to one occupied square metre). Its population is not considered to be severely fragmented.","This species is mainly found growing on soil and among rocks, and very rarely at the bases of trees (Werner et al. 2003, Guerra et al. 2006). Sporophytes are common for this species. Its altitudinal range is ca. 340-2,200 m.",There are no major threats to the species at the European level. There is no indication in decline of this species habitat in Europe.,"No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Luxembourg (Critically Endangered), the Czech Republic (Critically Endangered), Portugal (Endangered), Switzerland (Endangered), Germany (Vulnerable), Slovenia (Vulnerable), Hungary (Data Deficient), Romania (Data Deficient) and Great Britain (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Ros-Espín, R.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,israelis,,Tortula israelis  ,Bizot &amp; F. Bilewsky,"Morphologically, Tortula israelis it is very similar to Tortula muralis Hedw. with which it lives and from which it is distinguishable by the presence of single, very high, bifurcate  leaf papillae, clearly visible in the cross section of the leaf (Cano et al. 1996, Blockeel 2003).

 





",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Tortula israelis presents morphological affinities with Tortula muralis and can easily be confused with it. Considering that the two are only distinguishable microscopically, its distribution could be much more widespread than is currently known, as it may be under-recorded. Furthermore, the current population trend is stable and no threats are known to affect it. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"Tortula israelis is a Mediterranean species and is found in several localities in Spain (including the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands), Portugal, Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily), Greece and Cyprus. It is also found in Turkey and in Israel (Aiello and Dia 2000, Cogoni et al. 2006, Ros et al. 2013, Hodgetts 2015).



 



 



 



","There is no exact knowledge on the population size. The species often lives mixed with Tortula muralis to which it is very similar and with which it can easily be confused. Considering that the two are only distinguishable microscopically, its distribution could be much more widespread than is currently known, as it may be under-recorded (Cano et al. 1996). The current population trend is considered to be stable, as there is no evidence of decline.","This is a nitrophilous, colonist species that grows on walls, calcareous rocks, stone fissures, shaded ravines and rarely on salty soils (Aiello and Dia 2000, Dierβen 2001, Cortini Pedrotti 2001, Cogoni et al. 2006). It is found from sea level up to 100 m Asl.",No threats are known to affect this species.,No conservation measures are necessary at present. The species occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Hodgetts, N.,Schröck, C.,Englefield, E.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,laureri,,Tortula laureri  ,(Schultz) Lindb.,,No,CR,C2a(i),No,EN,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

The very rare Tortula laureri shows an arctic-alpine distribution range in Europe and is known from the Alps (Switzerland, Germany, Italy, Austria, Slovenia), Norway and Svalbard. This species is precautionarily assessed as Critically Endangered since it is estimated that the population size is smaller than 250 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) and that each subpopulation has fewer than 50 individual-equivalents. In addition, although the current distribution is inadequately known, the species is most probably declining and may have disappeared from Switzerland, and perhaps also Slovenia. Thus the current population trend is considered to be decreasing. 

There are few immediate threats to this species, which grows in remote areas. Its suspected decline is linked to grazing regimes, but the evidence for decline is rather weak, and it may still be rediscovered at some of its historical sites through further field surveys. Whether climate change has an influence is unknown. In view of the unfavorable state of knowledge on this species, work on the current distribution, population size, and threats to it are recommended as a priority. Because this species is so rare, all subpopulations should be protected and, if necessary, managed.",Decreasing,"This moss shows an arctic-alpine distribution range in Europe and is known from the Alps (Switzerland, Germany, Italy, Austria, Slovenia, see for example Grims 1999, Meinunger and Schröder 2007), Norway and Svalbard (Artskart 2016). It may have disappeared from Switzerland, and perhaps also Slovenia.In Europe, it is estimated that the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is 1.3 million km2, and the area of occurrence (AOO) is between 120 and 200 km2. Outside Europe, it is known from North America, Greenland and central Asia. It has been found growing at elevations between 50 m and 2,800 m Asl.","Overall, out of a total of 40 to 50 known localities for this species, it is known to be extant at fewer than half. Current occurrences of this species in the Alps are known only from Germany, where there  are two recent sites, and Austria, with about ten  recent sites. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. Each subpopulation consists of one to five individual-equivalents. It is restricted to a relatively small area in mainland Norway  (Drivdalsfjellene), where the records are mostly from the 19th Century, with one observation from 1979; this species is therefore considered to be declining there (Hassel et al. 2015). There are eight records from Svalbard  from the 1970's, and the species is thought to  be stable there. There are no recent records from Switzerland, Italy or Slovenia. Although very little is known about the population size, it is estimated that there are fewer than 250 individual-equivalents (but more than 50) in both Europe and in the EU 28. Each subpopulation has fewer than 50 individual-equivalents. It is therefore very rare and the current population trend is most likely decreasing.","This species grow over lime-rich slate or on base-rich silicate rocks, where it occurs on sub-neutral humus in rock crevices on rocky slopes covered with grasses or cushion-forming vascular plants in the alpine to sub-nival belt (Alps, Grims 1999).","There are few immediate threats to this species, which grows in remote areas. In Norway, its suspected decline is linked to grazing (Hassel et al. 2015). In the Alps, no overall threat can be identified, but more data is needed. In Germany and Austria, certain sites have become overgrown by coarser plants as a result of a lack of grazing. Whether climate change has an influence is unknown, but has been adopted at the regional level as a risk factor (Köckinger and Schröck 2017).","This rare moss has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Norway and Germany, as Vulnerable in Slovenia, and as Data Deficient in Italy (Hodgetts 2015). It is considered Regionally Extinct in Switzerland (Schnyder et al. 2004). In view of the unfavorable state of knowledge on this species, work on the current distribution, population size, and threats to it are recommended as a priority. Because it is so rare, all occurrences should be protected and, if necessary, managed. This species is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Duckett, J.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,leucostoma,,Tortula leucostoma  ,(R. Br.) Hook. &amp; Grev.,,No,EN,D,No,EN,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

There is no doubt that the Alpine Pottia (Tortula leucostoma) is a naturally rare species, with around 90 localities currently known in Europe. Although the overall distribution is a little unclear due to confusion with Tortula hoppeana, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. However, the area of occupancy (AOO) is very restricted, estimated to lie between 240 m and 400 km2. In the Alps and in Svalbard, according to current knowledge, the subpopulations are probably stable and no threats have been identified. On the other hand, declines have been observed in Scotland and Norway. The extent of the declines and whether these are really continuous is not documented. Thus the overall population trend is considered unknown. Subpopulations are small and usually consist of between one and five individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) with an overall population size estimated to lie between 100 and 250 individual-equivalents in both Europe and the EU 28. Therefore this species is assessed as Endangered. Although the majority of sites where this species occurs have very little human influence, further investigations are urgently needed into the exact distribution and any potential threats to it. Protection and management of  the larger and isolated subpopulations is a recommended conservation measure for this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species shows an arctic-alpine distribution and occurs in Svalbard, the mountains of Norway and Sweden, Scotland (UK), the Alps (France, Switzerland, Germany, Austria), Italy (Abruzzi, South Tirol), the Balkans (Macedonia, Bulgaria) and Arctic Russia (Blockeel et al. 2014). The record from Ukraine is considered uncertain. The distribution is a little unclear because of confusion with xerophytic forms of Tortula hoppeana. Older data without supporting herbarium specimens should therefore be treated with caution. Elsewhere it occurs in North America, Greenland and Asia. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) largely surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. However, the area of occupancy (AOO) is very restricted, estimated to lie between 240 and 400 km2. It has been found growing at elevations between 50 m and 3,000 m Asl.","This rare and scattered species always occurs in small quantity. Both in Scotland (Blockeel et al. 2014) and Norway (Hassel et al. 2015), it is considered to be markedly declining and only small current subpopulations are documented. Of the two known sites in Scotland, it is thought to have disappeared from one. No declines have been documented in the Alps. Thus the overall population trend is considered unknown. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre where the species grows. Subpopulations usually consist of between one and five individual-equivalents, with most of the subpopulations having only one or two individual-equivalents. It is estimated that there are between 100 and 250 individual-equivalents in Europe and in the EU 28.","This small moss grows in the alpine to subnival belt, mostly on rock detritus and in the crevices of base-rich rocks, or more rarely in gaps between stands of cushion-forming vascular plants in alpine lawns (Grims 1999, Meinunger and Schröder 2007).","The majority of the sites are in areas with very little human influence, where no threats have been identified (Köckinger and Schröck 2017). However, more investigation is needed. The ledges where it grows tend to be unstable, but while this presumably leads to the destruction of some plants, it also creates habitat for colonisation. In Scotland, it is believed to have disappeared from one site because of the encroachment of birch Betula pubescens scrub following under-grazing (Blockeel et al. 2014).","This moss has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Britain, as Vulnerable in Norway, Sweden and Bulgaria, as 'extremely rare' in Germany and as Near Threatened in Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). Large and isolated subpopulations should be protected and managed if necessary. Due to the low level of knowledge about the distribution and threats of this species, further investigations are urgently needed. It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Aleffi, M.,Hodgetts, N.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,lindbergii,,Tortula lindbergii  ,Broth.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The often-recorded Lance-leaved Pottia (Tortula lindbergii) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many recent records of its presence and its overall stable population trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It occurs within protected areas in Europe.",Stable,"This moss has a circumpolar southern-temperate distribution in Europe. It is found from Macaronesia and the Mediterranean north to southern Scandinavia and the Baltic States (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it occurs in North Africa, southwestern and central Asia, China, Japan, and North America (Idaho to Texas and South Carolina) (Blockeel et al. 2014). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B.

","This is a widespread species often recorded across much of Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This species is found growing on soils (Guerra et al. 2006), and prefers warm and dry open habitats (Nebel and Philippi 2000). It is a colonist of open or disturbed, usually calcareous soil, most frequently found over chalk and limestone, but also recorded from calcareous clay and sand, dolerite, loess, sandstone and serpentine. Typical habitats include thin rocky turf over limestone, earthy rock ledges, open chalk downland (where it sometimes grows on ant-hills and mole-hills), quarries, soil on sea cliffs and banks by the sea. Associates include Microbryum spp., Reboulia hemisphaerica, Riccia sorocarpa, Encalypta vulgaris, Tortula caucasica, T. protobryoides, Pseudocrossidium spp., Pterygoneurum spp. and Weissia spp. It only rarely occurs in more artificial habitats, such as mud-capped walls (a habitat that has now largely disappeared), stubble fields and paths (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-1,400 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Estonia (Critically Endangered), Ireland (Critically Endangered), Norway (Endangered), Austria (Endangered), the Netherlands (Endangered), Switzerland (Vulnerable) and Germany (Near Threatened) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur within protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hespanhol, H.,Englefield, E.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,lingulata,,Tortula lingulata  ,Lindb.,"The poorly known taxon Tortula montenegrina (Breidl. & Szyszyl.) Broth. was largely neglected in most treatments of  Tortula, or considered as a subspecies (T.  lingulata subsp. montenegrina (Breidl. & Szyszyl.) Podp.), variety (T. lingulata var. montenegrina (Breidl. Szyszyl.) Broth.), or synonym of T. lingulata (Corley et al. 1981, Ignatov and Afonina 1992). In 2010, Barbula montenegrina Breidl. & Szyszyl. and  respectively T. montenegrina were synonymised with Tortula muralis subsp. obtusifolia (Schwagr.) Culm. (Košnar and Kučera 2010). For a taxonomical study, see also Košnar & Kolář (2009).

",No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) 

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) 

Tortula lingulata is a severely fragmented and very rare species. It is known from 24 localities and has small area of occupancy, estimated to be around 92 km2 in Europe and around 80 km2 in the EU 28. In addition, there are less than 100 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in the population.  In all regions its subpopulations are small, isolated and not numerous. The population trend of the European population is not well studied, but there have been local declines, including in the Czech Republic. The rarity of species is mainly connected with lack of appropriate substrata (Devonian sandstone). The threats to this species are unknown, but if the habitats of this species are disturbed in the future, this species may sharply decline due to its narrow ecological amplitude. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in both Europe and the EU 28.

Further research of the distribution, population size, trend of this species is needed, as well as the threats.",Unknown,"In Europe, this rare saxicolous species is known to occur in Estonia, Latvia, Leningrad and Pskov in Russia, Ukraine, the Czech Republic and Germany (Tzvelev 2000, Ābolina 2001, Kučera and Váňa 2003, Ingerpuu et al. 2008, Ignatov et al. 2006, Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Boiko 2015). It has also been reported from Montenegro (Sabovljevic et al. 2004) and France (De Zuttere 1993), where it was listed as Tortula lingulata var. montenegrina, but according recent taxonomical revision these taxon is considered as Tortula muralis subsp. obtusifolia (Košnar and Kučera 2010). Elsewhere, it has been found in the Krasnodar territory of Russia, the Caucasus and in Tajikistan (Mamatkulov 1975, Ignatov et al. 2006).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 829,000 km2 (based on total area within a minimum convex polygon around all known occurrences), and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 92 km2(based on a 2x2 km grid overlay on the range map). In the EU 28, the EOO of the species is estimated to be around 367,000 km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 80 km2. The altitudinal range of the species is between 50 m and 1,100 m Asl.","The known subpopulations of this species are small and not numerous. This species forms almost pure small patches with a mean shoot density per 1 cm2 of 30 ± 10 (n=15; min 17, max 60) (Ingerpuu et al. 2008). The population trend of species is not well studied but fairly recent findings have been recorded from Estonia (Ingerpuu et al. 2008). The species has declined in the Czech Republic since the 1950s to almost one tenth of the size of its original subpopulations and it is considered Critically Endangered there (J. Kucera pers. comm. 2017). The dispersal ability is probably low. In European Russia the capsules are very rare (Ignatov and Ignatova 2003), in Estonia the capsules were registered only in two of five investigated localities (Ingerpuu et al. 2008). The rarity of species is mainly connected with lack of appropriate substrata,meaning the subpopulations are isolated. This species is therefore considered to be severely fragmented, as the subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced possibility of recolonisation. It is estimated that there are less than one to three individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) per locality (considering each individual-equivalent as 1 m2), and it is known from 24 localities. Therefore, there are less than 100 individual-equivalents in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows on open slopes and between bushes on steep and hard sandstone outcrops, such as red Devonian sandstone with a pH range of 5.9 to 7.5. This habitat is quite rare (Ingerpuu et al. 2008, Kurbatova 2008, Košnar and Kučera 2010). If the habitats of this species are disturbed in the future, this species may sharply decline due to its narrow ecological amplitude.",The threats to this species have not been investigated.,"This species is included in the European Red Data Book as an insufficiently known species (ECCB 1995). It has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in the Czech Republic, as Rare (R) in Germany, as Data Deficient (DD) in Montenegro, as Near Threatened (NT) in Estonia, as category 3 in Latvia and as a rare species with restricted range (3) in Russia (Sabovljevic et al. 2004, Ludwig and Schnittler 1996  Vellak et al. 2015,  Kurbatova 2008, Anonymous 2014, Hodgetts 2015). Some of the known subpopulations have been found within protected areas.  Further research of the distribution, population size, trend of this species is needed, as well as the threats.",This species is not used or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Ganeva, A.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,marginata,,Tortula marginata  ,(Bruch &amp; Schimp.) Spruce,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Bordered Screw-moss (Tortula marginata) has a Mediterranean-Atlantic distribution. It is found in the southwest of Europe including Macaronesia and its presence extends to European Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in Europe, the current population trend is stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. No conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Bordered Screw-moss (Tortula marginata) has a Mediterranean-Atlantic distribution. It is found in the southwest of Europe including Macaronesia and its presence extends to European Turkey. It is also present in Western Asia, India and North Africa (Smith 2004, Hodgetts 2015).","There is no precise information on the population size. Only for Germany, is it reported as a species that forms small and short-lived nuclei while in Ireland it seems to behave as an opportunistic but persistent species (Lockhart et al. 2012, Moose Deutschland 2018). While the species is present in many countries, it is not so abundant, rather it is scarce and not so common. This could be due to insufficient knowledge of its distribution, or to the scarceness of its habitats. Still, the current population trend is considered stable as there is no indication of decline.","This is a colonist species which grows on moist, often shaded or sheltered basic rocks and walls, in temperate shrubs and riparian woods (Dierssen 2001, Atherton et al. 2010). It is found from sea level up to 390 m Asl.",There appear to be no major threats to this species. Although in some few countries it is rare there is no evidence suggesting a decline.,"No conservation measures are known for this species, and none are currently needed. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Schröck, C.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,mucronifolia,,Tortula mucronifolia  ,Schwägr.,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) 

European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) 

Tortula mucronifolia is know from the north to arctic regions and south to steppe areas, but it is quite rare almost everywhere, except some boreal and mountain areas, for instance, in the Alps and the Urals. In Europe, this species has large range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 11 million km2, and area of occupancy (AOO) is around 1,100 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 4.5 million km2, and the AOO is around 700 km2.  The species range includes remote northern territories and sparsely populated mountain areas. The population trend in both Europe and the EU 28 seems to be stable, but in some countries declines have been observed. There is a decline in the habitat quality of this species. The population size of this species is not well studied, but in both Europe and the EU 28, it seems to be significantly more than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). This species is evaluated as Near Threatened (NT) in both Europe and the EU 28 as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in some European countries, including the Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary, Slovakia, Romania, as well as in some Russian regions. There is a decline in the habitat of this species due to the mining, the felling of forests with limestone rock outcrops, tourism activities such as trampling, and the expansion of built-up areas. Further research of population size and trend of this species is needed.",Stable,"In Europe, this species has a sporadic distribution north to Svalbard and Iceland, southwards to the Pyrenees and the Balkan mountains where it is rare and was only recently reported for Serbia (Kosovo) and Albania (Pantović and Sabovljević 2017, Shehu 2004). In European Russia, it is known in many regions from the boreal to steppe zones, being quite rare everywhere except the Urals and Vologda Province. Elsewhere, it is known from North Africa, the Caucasus, Middle Asia, Siberia, the Russian Far East, China, Mongolia, Japan, North America, Mexico, Greenland and New Zealand (Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Ignatov et al. 2006, Zander and Eckel 2007, Beever et al. 1992). The altitudinal range of this species is from sea level to 3,000 m Asl.



In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 15 million km2, and area of occupancy (AOO) is around 1100 km2.  In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 4.5 million km2, and the AOO is around 700 km2.","The population size of this species is not well studied, but in Europe and the EU 28, it seems to be significantly more than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and with 1 m2 used as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). Usually, local subpopulations are isolated and not large. The species is frequently fertile. The population trend in both Europe and the EU 28 seems to be stable, but in some countries declines have been observed (Rassi et al. 2010, Kučera et al. 2012). This species is quite rare almost everywhere, except some boreal and mountain areas, for instance, the Alps and the Urals. In the EU 28, this species has a rare or scattered distribution in countries from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean region.","This species grows in semi-shaded to open habitats with varying humidity, on bare calcareous soil over limestone rock ledges and crevices in the forest and alpine communities, on the walls of steep river banks, on trunk bases and on the roots of trees covered by silt in the floodplains. This species is found from plain areas with rock outcrops to sub-alpine and alpine mountain belts (Grims 1999, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Hallingbäck et al. 2008). There is a decline in the habitat quality of this species.","The possible threats to this species are the destruction of habitats due to the mining, the felling of forests with limestone rock outcrops, tourism activities such as trampling, and the expansion of built-up areas (Rassi et al. 2010, Shcherbakov 2010, Agafonov 2011).","This species is included in the Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as 3 in Germany, as Critically Endangered (CR) in the Czech Republic, as Data Deficient (DD) in Sweden and Bulgaria, as Endangered (EN) in Finland, Hungary and Romania, as Vulnerable (VU) in Slovakia, and it is also assessed in some regions of European Russia, including the Murmansk Province (2-VU), the Republic of Karelia (3-VU), Voronezh Province (3 - rare species), Tula Province (4-DD) and Lipezk Province (3 - rare species) (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996; Kučera et al. 2012; Westling 2015; Natcheva et al. 2006; Rassi et al. 2010; Papp et al. 2010; Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012; Kubinská et al. 2001; Hodgetts 2015; Konstantinova et al. 2014; Ivanter and Kuznetsov 2007; Agafonov 2011; Shcherbakov 2010, 2014). Some of the known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Further research of population size, distribution and trend of this species is needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Ganeva, A.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Baisheva, E.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,muralis,,Tortula muralis  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Wall Screw-moss (Tortula muralis) has wide distribution in the densely populated lowlands, as well as in the  mountains, except extremely northern and high mountain areas. It is more frequent in central and southern Europe, numerous subpopulations are known and the current population trend of this species is stable in both Europe and the EU 28. There are no major threats to this species, and it is well adapted to human impact, being common in populated areas. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species is widespread in temperate regions of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, except the arctic and antarctic, and it is rare in tropical regions. In Europe, this species is widely distributed, and it is found north to Iceland and central Scandinavia, and southwards to the Mediterranean region. In European Russia, it is known in many places from the boreal to steppe zone, as well in the Urals (Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Ignatov et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species is from sea level up to 2,200 m Asl.

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 18 million km2 in Europe and around 10 million km2 in the EU 28.","Numerous and large subpopulations of this species are known, especially in densely populated areas (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). The species is frequently fertile. The population trend of this species seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. It is more frequent in central and southern Europe.","This species is found in habitats with various light conditions in natural forest and steppe ecosystems on limestone, sandstone and chalk outcrops, as well as on man-made habitats, such as brick and stone walls, roof tiles, bridges, concrete, compacted soil, and more rarely, on wood encrusted by dust and on soil near gypsum outcrops. This species tries to avoid acidic substrates. It is very common in cities, towns and villages, even in city centres and industrial areas (Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Blockeel et al. 2014).","There are no known threats to this species. It is well adapted to human impact, being common in the populated areas.",This species is included in the regional Red List of the Saratov Province of Russia (Shlyakhtin 2006). Some of the known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. No conservation measures are required at present.,This species is not used or traded.,"Vanderpoorten, A.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,pallida,,Tortula pallida  ,(Lindb.) R.H. Zander,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Tortula pallida is present in the Mediterranean basin and in the islands of Macaronesia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite present in its distribution area and it does not seem to approach any of the thresholds for a threatened Category. Currently, no conservation measures are in place for this species and no data indicating a decline. Nevertheless further research into the population size and trend is recommended.",Unknown,"Tortula pallida has a Mediterranean distribution. In Europe, it is present in the Mediterranean basin and in the islands of Macaronesia (Hodgetts 2015). It is also found in North Africa. It is an ephemeral species and it is not always easy to distinguish it in the field (Ros et al. 2013).","This species is described in some check-lists as rare, and in general there is no exact information about the population (Cortini Pedrotti 2001, Sérgio et al. 2013). The current population trend is therefore unknown.","This is a ephemeral colonist species. It lives near hedges and ditches, on stabilized sandy soils in coastal habitats. It is moderately halotolerant and grows in Sarcocornietea, Crithmo-Limonietea and Agropyron-Lygeion vascular communities (Dierssen 2001, Cortini Pedrotti 2001).","While there is no data indicating a decline in the European population, the habitats of this species could be subject to excessive foot traffic.",No conservation measures are in place for this species. It occurs in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend is recommended.,This species is not utilised.,"Hodgetts, N.,Ingerpuu, N.,Englefield, E.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,protobryoides,,Tortula protobryoides  ,R.H. Zander,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Tall Pottia (Tortula protobryoides) has a large range, but it is quite rare almost everywhere. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 8.5 million km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 6.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 3,000 km2. However, it is probably also slightly overlooked due to its small size, high variety of population density and growing on short time existing substrata.

In Europe, the reasons for the rarity of this annual species are not completely understood. It seems to be adapted to human impact, growing in man-made habitats, but the quality of some habitats are currently declining due to the changes in land use. However, the current population trend is considered to be stable. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).

In the EU 28, this species is declining in many regions and there are considered to be around 15,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). The number of individual-equivalents per local subpopulation may probably be estimated as between one and 20. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion C.

The possible threat to this species may be reforestation, such as the overgrowing of abandoned pastures and arable lands. For the maintenance of appropriate habitats, traditional management of calcareous grasslands is needed to prevent the overgrowth of meadows by trees and shrubs. Further research of population size and trend of this species is needed.",Stable,"In Europe, this circumpolar species is distributed in the north to southern Sweden and Finland where it was only recently found (Juutinen et al. 2016), and in the south to the Mediterranean region. In European Russia, this species has a sporadic distribution in steppes, with a few records in boreal zones and in the Urals. Elsewhere, it is known from the Canary Islands, Turkey, Syria, the Caucasus, Middle Asia, North America and Mexico (Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Ignatov et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014). The altitudinal range of the species is from sea level to 1,200 m Asl.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 8.5 million km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 6.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 3,000 km2. Probably, it is slightly overlooked due to its small size, high variety of population density and growing on short time existing substrata.","Numerous subpopulations of this annual species are known, but the species is quite rare almost everywhere. Local subpopulations are not usually large (the species grows in small turfs) and they are dependent on the area of suitable substrata. The number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) per local subpopulation may probably be estimated as between one and 20 (considering each individual-equivalent as 1 m2). In the EU 28, there are about 15,000 individual-equivalents in total. This species is frequently fertile and able to spread rapidly (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). In view of observed decline of this species in some EU 28 countries mainly due to the changes in land use, the population trend within the EU 28 is rather negative, but overall current population trend across Europe seems to be stable.","This species grows on bare calcareous or clay soil in the steppes and dry pasture meadows, on the edges of arable lands, on slopes in the ravines, on thin soil and turf over limestone rocks, on chalk outcrops, on compacted ground in chalk and limestone quarries, chalky banks, tracks and paths, roadsides, ditches, bare patches and ant-hills in chalk grassland, on sandy soil and sandstone cliffs by the sea (NISM 2004, Grims 1999, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Hallingbäck et al. 2008, Blockeel et al. 2014). The habitats of that species are decreasing across the EU 28 due to overgrowth and eutrophication of calcareous grasslands (Juutinen et al. 2016), and abandonment of traditional management of alvar meadow (K. Vellak pers. comm. 2017).","The possible threat to this species may be reforestation, such as the overgrowing of abandoned pastures and arable lands by trees leading to increase of herbage density and disappearance of patches of bare soil (Hallingbäck 2016). This species seems to be adapted to human impact.","This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as 3 in Austria and Lithuania (rare species), as Data Deficient (DD) in the Canary Islands and Sicily, as Critically Endangered (CR) in Switzerland, as Endangered (EN) in Bulgaria, as Vulnerable (VU) in Estonia, as Near Threatened (NT) in Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden and Romania, as BE (endangered) in the Netherlands and as Regionally Extinct (RE) in Northern Ireland and Ireland (Grims and Köckinger 1999, Natcheva et al. 2006, Vellak et al. 2015, Lockhart et al. 2012, Rašomavičius  2007, Siebel et al. 2013, Campisi et al. 2003, Kubinská et al. 2001, Martinčič 2015, Westling 2015, Schnyder et al. 2004, Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012, Hodgetts 2015). This species is also evaluated as CR by the Finnish Bryophyte Expert Group for Finland (Juutinen et al. 2016). Some of the known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. This species favours small-scale disturbances (Hallingbäck et al. 2008). For the maintenance of appropriate habitats, traditional management of calcareous grasslands is needed to prevent the overgrowth of meadows by trees and shrubs. Further research of population size and trend of this species is needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Vanderpoorten, A.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,randii,,Tortula randii  ,(Kenn.) R.H. Zander,,No,EN,B2ab(iv); C2a(i),No,EN,B2ab(iv); C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Tortula randii occurs in northern Europe, and has mainly a coastal range. This species is extremely rare, known from only a few places in each country. In Europe, as well as the EU 28, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 40 and 100 km². It is considered to be severely fragmented with a continuing decline in both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, even if today the exact population size is not known, the number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in Europe and EU 28 is inferred to be less than 2,500, and has no subpopulation bigger than 250 individual-equivalents. Therefore, this species is assessed as Endangered in both Europe and the EU 28. 

The species is primarily threatened by the overgrowth of other vegetation and encroachment of its habitat. Therefore, site protection is required. Known localities should be revisited, in order to investigate the current status of subpopulations. It should be sought for in areas where the environment is appropriate, in order to possibly find more subpopulations. An attempt to re-introduce ex-situ greenhouse cultures into natural environments in Ukraine has failed.

",Decreasing,"This species occurs in northern Europe, and has mainly a coastal range along the coast of Norway, and the southernmost coast of Sweden, Estonia, Latvia (probably disappeared) and Poland (Hodgetts 2015). It has also been found in Slovakia (Müller 2014) and Ukraine (Lazarenko 1974). This species is not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 40 and 100 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 0.8 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is 35 km2 and the EOO is ca 0.5 million km2.

","This species is extremely rare, known from only a few places in each country. It is known from less than five sites in Sweden (Hallingbäck et al. 2008), only one site in Norway (Hassel et al. 2015) and in Latvia (where it has possibly disappeared), Poland, Slovakia and Ukraine from only a few sites. In Estonia, it is considered to be regionally extinct since there is only one record from 1890 (Vellak and Ingerpu 2007). The current population trend is assumed to be a continuing decline in both Europe and the EU 28. In the whole of Europe, as well as the EU 28, the population size is smaller than 2,500 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) and has no subpopulation bigger than 250 individual-equivalents. 

In Sweden, there are around 10 individual-equivalents at each site. The species is severely fragmented, as the subpopulations are small and isolated, with low dispersal capacity and therefore may go extinct with a reduced possibility of recolonisation.","In northern Europe, this species grows close to the sea on sandy soil with organic content. It can probably withstand high salt concentrations, unlikely most mosses. It has been found growing at the edges of blocks, in the cracks of rocks and on small patches of bare earth. At one locality, it has been found in a ditch in a seashore meadow (Hallingbäck et al. 2008). In northern Europe, it is found together with Hennediella heimii, Amblystegium serpens and B. salinum. In southeastern Europe (Ukraine), however, it has been described as growing on granite cliffs close to a river, along with mosses like Hennediella heimii and Conardia compacta (Lazarenko 1974). In Slovakia, it is reported from an area of a travertine spring, where it grows in the halophilous community Scorzonero parviflorae-Juncetum gerardii together with other halophilous vascular plants and mosses (Müller 2014).",The species is primarily threatened by the overgrowth of other vegetation and encroachment of its habitat.,"This species is in the Red Lists of Norway and Sweden as Endangered (EN), and is assessed as rare (R) in Poland and Ukraine, and as Regionally Extinct (RE) in Estonia (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to occur in protected areas. 

The first action is to re-visit known localities to investigate the current status of subpopulations. It should be sought for in areas where the environment is appropriate, in order to possibly find more subpopulations. An attempt to re-introduce ex-situ greenhouse cultures into natural environments in Ukraine has failed. More site protection is required.",The species is not used or traded.,"Vellak, K.,Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.","Gapon, S.,Ştefănuţ, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,revolvens,,Tortula revolvens  ,(Schimp.) G. Roth,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



In Europe,Tortula revolvens has a widespread Mediterranean distribution. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although is frequently locally rare, it may be under-recorded because it is often confused with other species of the same genus. In addition, there appear to be no major threats to this species. At the local level, since it is rare, research on the size and trend of subpopulations would be necessary, and monitoring of the population trend is recommended.",Unknown,"Tortula revolvens has a Mediterranean distribution. It is present from Macaronesia to countries around the Mediterranean Basin, North Africa and southwest Asia (Dierssen 2001, Hodgetts 2015). It is often confused with T. atrovirens and T. brevissima, and its distribution could therefore be better ascertained.","This species is reported as rare in most of the countries where it is present. The population size and trend are unknown, but a decrease has been reported in Germany (Moose Deutschland 2018). It is quite common in Spain.","This species is exclusively gypsophilous. It is found in fissures and on chalky rocks with a thin layer of soil, on exposed and sunny soils (Dierssen 2001, Cortini Pedrotti 2001, Guerra and Cros 2004). It is found at elevations between 140 m and 900 m Asl.","In general, there appear to be no major threats to this species in Europe. Only in Germany, encroachment by grasses and shrubs has been shown to cause a reduction in the local subpopulations. Some sites are also threatened by mining. On the other hand, the species is able to colonise suitable secondary sites such as road embankments.","No specific conservation actions are known. At the local level, since it is rare, research on the size and trend of subpopulations would be necessary, and monitoring of the population trend is recommended. The species is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Ingerpuu, N.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,schimperi,,Tortula schimperi  ,"M.J. Cano, O. Werner &amp; J. Guerra",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Tortula schimperi is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many recent and new records of its presence, an AOO that has recently significantly increased and its overall stable population trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level. It is found within protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This species is widely distributed in Europe except for the far north, but its detailed distribution is in need of confirmation. It also occurs in North Africa, Turkey and North America (Cano et al. 2005). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO, estimated at 2,500 km2) surpass the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory under Criterion B.

","This is a widespread species over much of Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend. Records have increased in recent years, but that may be because it is better understood than it used to be.

","This species grows on light, well-drained soils, often chalky, sandy or gritty, but also on clay, and at the bases of rocks and trees (Guerra et al. 2006). In Britain,it is less base- demanding than Tortula subulata, and grows on earth, usually in shelter or shade and often under trees, in or at the edge of woodland, on roadsides and hedgebanks, and on the banks of streams. It has also been recorded from a gravel pit, and in a churchyard (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0-1,950 m.","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Romania (Near Threatened), Sicily (Data Deficient), Czech Republic (Data Deficient), Germany (Data Deficient), Switzerland (Data Deficient), Slovenia (Data Deficient) and Great Britain (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is known to be present within protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Schröck, C.,Hodgetts, N.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,solmsii,,Tortula solmsii  ,(Schimp.) Limpr.,"It is sometimes difficult to separate this species from other Tortula (in particular T. freibergii), and forms occur which are difficult to place. This may affect distributional data.



",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Solms' Screw-moss (Tortula solmsii) was first found in Portugal, in the Algarve. It is now known in Europe from Albania, European Turkey, Greece, Crete, Italy, Spain and Macaronesia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 7 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 220 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is around 7 million km2 and the AOO is around 220 km2. There is little data on population size or trends, and so the current population trend in Europe and the EU 28 is unknown, although it does not appear to be declining in most areas. it is frequent in Macaronesia with no evidence of decline and subpopulations here are normally fertile. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is possibly declining in Britain, and it is rare in the Iberian Peninsula. Threats to this species are not well known, but changes in water quality or quantity will clearly affect subpopulations occurring in streams. Anthropogenic activities relating to habitat degradation may also threatened the species. This species would benefit from additional habitat protection and monitoring. In addition, further research on the population size and trends, the threats and ecology of this species is required.",Unknown,"

This is a Mediterranean–Atlantic species (Smith 2004). It was first found by H. Solms-Laubach in the 19th century in Portugal, in the Algarve (the locus classicus). There is a very old record for Albania (Höhnel 1893) from the region of Shkodra. This species was also reported from European Turkey, Greece and Crete (Düll 1966, Sabovljević et al. 2008). In Italy, it is infrequent in Campania, Sicily, Sardinia (Aleffi et al. 2008) with a recent record in southeast Sicily in Nature Reserve Saline di Priolo (Privitera et al. 2015). In Macaronesia, this species has been recorded from four islands of the Azores (Gabriel et al. 2010) and from seven islands of the Canary Islands (González-Mancebo et al. 2008), as well as from Madeira (Sérgio et al. 2006). This species is also present in Great Britain (Long and Hill 1982, Porley 2013).

The distribution of this species in the European Mediterranean area is listed by Ros et al. (2013), however the species is also present North Africa (Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia).

The species is was considered extinct in Spain (Sérgio et al. 2006) known from a single old collection by Merino (1916) in northern Spain (Gallize, Pontevedra province) until it was re-found, in 2016, in Cádiz province, southern Spain, in Los Alcornales Natural Park (R. Porley pers. comm. 2018).

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 7 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 228 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is around 7 million km2 and the AOO is around 220 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from near sea level to 1,500 m Asl.



","There is little data on population size or trends, and so the current population trend in Europe and the EU 28 is unknown, although it does not appear to be declining in most areas. In Britain, this species is possibly declining (Porley 2013); its stronghold is the extreme southwest of England, on the Isles of Scilly. In the Iberian Peninsula, this speices seems to be very rare and is somewhat patchily distributed and fragmented throughout its European mainland range. However, it is frequent in Macaronesia with no evidence of decline and subpopulations here are normally fertile.","This is a species of friable sandstone cliffs and sandy estuarine banks, usually in sheltered situations away from direct sun, on sandstone rocks in and by streams often under shade, on moist soil banks and crevices in stone walls, sometimes on mortar. In Britain, it is strongly coastal (Porley 2013). Sporophytes are only occasionally produced on this dioicous species.","Threats to this species are not well known, but changes in water quality or quantity will clearly affect subpopulations occurring in streams. Anthropogenic activities relating to habitat degradation by tourism, water pollution, fire events and spread of invasive plants may also constitute threats.","

There are no specific conservation measures aimed at this species. It is not rare in all Macaronesia archipelagos, although it was previously listed as Rare in the Red Data Book of European bryophytes (ECCB 1995)

This species is listed as Vulnerable in Britain (Hodgetts 2011) and Portugal (Sérgio et al. 2013) and as Regionally Extinct in Spain (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012). However, it was recently discovered in southern Spain. In southeastern Sicily, this species occurs in the nature reserve of Saline di Priolo (Privitera et al. 2015).

This species would benefit from additional habitat protection and monitoring. In addition, further research on the population size and trends, the threats and ecology of this species is required.

",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Hodgetts, N.,Puche, F.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,subulata,,Tortula subulata  ,Hedw.,"Tortula subulata is a species that shows a great variability in relation to the shape and characteristics of the phytids, and this led to the description of numerous intraspecific taxa (Cano 2006).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Awl-leaved Screw-moss (Tortula subulata) is quite widespread in Europe and it grows in both natural and man-made habitats. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large and stable population and there appear to be no major threats to it. No specific conservation actions are necessary at present.",Stable,"The Awl-leaved Screw-moss (Tortula subulata) has a Eurosiberiman Southern-temperate distribution. It is widely distributed throughout Europe, including Macaronesia and European Turkey. It is also present in Asia, North Africa and eastern North America (Smith 2004, Hodgetts 2015).","Quantitative data on the size of the subpopulations is not available. The species is widespread in all of Europe and there is no evidence of a decline, so the population can be considered to be large and stable.","This is a colonist species. It grows on well-drained soil around tree bases, on wall tops, in crevices of rock, along the edges of the roads and in woodland, and also along the flood zone of streams (Dierssen 2001, Atherton et al. 2010). It is found from sea level up to 2,600 m Asl. 



 



 



 



",No relevant threats are known to affect this species.,"In general, no specific conservation actions are necessary. The species is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Hodgetts, N.,Ingerpuu, N.,Englefield, E.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,systylia,,Tortula systylia  ,(Schimp.) Lindb.,,No,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv)",No,VU,"B2b(ii,iii)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Tortula systylia occurs in Europe, in the mountains of the Nordic countries and the Alps. In northern Europe, this species is very rare and has so far only been found at few, scattered localities. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 176 and 300 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.9 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is 48 km2 and the EOO is ca 1 million km2. The current population trend in both Europe and the EU 28 is considered to be declining, and the distribution of this species is considered to be severely fragmented. In addition, the quality of the habitat of this species is likely to decline as a result of the cessation of grazing and subsequent overgrowth. Therefore, this species is assessed as Endangered in both Europe and the EU 28.

The localities of this species should be visited to investigate the current status. If the species is found, its exact habitat characteristics should be examined and relevant authorities must be contacted in order to monitor and protect the species against exploitation or too intensive grazing.",Decreasing,"This is an exclusively arctic-alpine species occurring in the mountains of the Nordic countries and the Alps. It is reported from Finland, Norway, Sweden, Svalbard, France, Italy, Austria, Germany and Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Greenland, North America and Asia (BFNA 2007). The species is not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 176 and 300 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.9 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is 48 km2 and the EOO is ca 1 million km2.","In northern Europe, this species is very rare and has so far only been found at few, scattered localities in birch forest or low alpine zone in the mountains. In Norway, about 20 localities are known and most collections are from the 1800s. In Sweden, there is evidence that indicates that this species has been declining. The moss has been only once recorded in Finland (1935) and has not been found again (Virtanen 2009). The known populations in the Alps (Austria, France, Germany, Italy and Switzerland) seems to be very small and declining. The current population trend in both Europe and EU 28 is considered to be declining. Despite proper spore production and in theory a good possibility of dispersal, the species is considered to be severely fragmented, as the subpopulations are small and isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","This species grows on bare, calcareous mineral soil with or without intermixture of organic matter in slopes or on rock ledges in the mountains. The species occurs sometimes together with Syntrichia ruralis, Pseudoleskeella spp., Distichium spp., Encalypta spp. and Bryum spp. (Mårtensson 1956).","The quality of the habitat of this species is likely to decline as a result of the cessation of grazing and subsequent overgrowth. At high altitudes, there are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats (even for grazing animals).","This species is assessed in the Red List of Germany as Endangered (EN), in Austria as 4, in Switzerland as Critically Endangered (CR), in Italy as Data Deficient (DD), in Norway and Sweden as Near Threatened (NT), in Finland as Regionally Extinct (RE) (Hodgetts 2015) and in Svalbard as Vulnerable (VU) (Frisvoll and Blom 1997). At least one site in Sweden is protected.



The localities of this species should be visited to investigate the current status. If the species is found, its exact habitat characteristics should be examined and relevant authorities must be contacted in order to monitor and protect the species against exploitation or too intensive grazing.

",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Hassel, K.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,truncata,,Tortula truncata  ,(Hedw.) Mitt.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Pottia (Tortula truncata) has a wide distribution and is well adapted to human impact, being common in the arable landscapes of lowlands. In the EU 28, this species is known from all states, being more frequent in the United Kingdom, southern Scandinavia, central and southern Europe. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 17 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 20,000 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 10 million km2, and the AOO is estimated to be more than 15,000 km2. In both Europe and the EU 28, there are numerous known subpopulations of this species and the current population trend is stable. In addition, it is well adapted to human impact. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both the European and EU 28 regional assessments.

The threats of this species are not sufficiently studied. Further research is therefore required on the threats.",Stable,"In Europe, this species is distributed from the Mediterranean region to the north in Iceland and southern Fennoscandia. In European Russia, it has been found in many regions from the southern taiga subzone to the steppes, as well in the Urals. Elsewhere, it is known from North Africa, Turkey, the Caucasus, Macaronesia, Iran, Siberia, the Russian Far East, Japan, North and South America, Australia and New Zealand (Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Ignatov et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 1,300 m Asl.

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 17 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 20,000 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 10 million km2, and the AOO is estimated to be more than 15,000 km2.","Numerous subpopulations of this species are known, especially in the arable landscapes in the lowlands. The species is frequently fertile. The population trend of this species seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In the EU 28, this species is known from all states, being more frequent in the United Kingdom, southern Scandinavia, central and southern Europe. In Europe, this species is common in the arable landscapes of lowlands.","This species grows on disturbed, fertile, non-calcareous, mineral soil in both natural and man-made habitats. This species is found on clay, sandy or sludge soil in the patches of open ground in the pastures (including mole-hills and ant-hills), in the meadows and steppes, at the edges of arable lands, gardens, on track-sides and roadsides, in quarries, ditches, sand and gravel pits, stream and river banks, reservoir margins and rocky cliff slopes. In the mountainous regions, this species has been found mostly in the valleys (Grims et al. 1999, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Hallingbäck et al. 2008, Blockeel et al. 2014).",The threats of this species are not sufficiently studied. It is well adapted to human impact.,This species is not included in the any regional Red Lists. Some of the known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Further research is required on the threats to the species.,This species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Denyer, J.","Baisheva, E.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,ucrainica,,Tortula ucrainica  ,(Laz.) R.H. Zander,"The doubtful status of this species was discussed by Ignatov et al. (2001). The species was thought to be an autopolyploid of Tortula cernua (Lazaranko and Lesnyak 1972) and therefore may ""originate"" within a broad range of the quite widespread species T. cernua (M. Ignatov pers. comm. 2018).",No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE) 



In Europe,Tortula ucrainica is only known from a single locality, in Ukraine. There are no known recent records of this species, the last finding was in 1964 (S. Gapon pers. comm 2018). The abundance and population size of this species are not known. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient (DD) in Europe. This species may be considered as autopolyploid of T. cernua (Lazaranko and Lesnyak 1972) and its distribution may therefore be wider  (Ignatov et al. 2001).

Trampling may be a threat to the species, as it is present in an area that is highly visited by tourists, however, further research is needed on the threats. Further research is also needed on the taxonomy, distribution, population and trend of this species.

This species is not found within the EU 28 and therefore it is Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"This species was described by A. Lazarenko (1929) and in Europe, it is still only known from single locality in Ukraine, in a canyon of the Tyasmin River in the Kamyanka village of Cherkassy Oblast' (Bachurina and Mel'nichuk 1988, Boiko 2014, Gapon 2013). The distribution of this species is not well studied. In the past, this species was reported as a very rare moss from the Caucasus, Russian Far East and Middle  Asia (Bachurina and Melnichuk 1988, Bardunov and Cherdantseva 1982, Mamatkulov et al. 1998, Ignatov et al. 2001), but in the last checklist of eastern Europe and northern Asia is was presented as found only in Ukraine and in question in the Russian Far East (Ignatov et al. 2006).  

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of the species are both estimated to be around 4 km2. The species was found at an elevation of 135 m Asl. This species has not been found in the EU 28.",One subpopulation is known. The abundance and population size of this species are not known.,This species grows on granites exposed to carbonate water splashes.,"The possible threat may be trampling, as it is present in an area that is highly visited by tourists.","The species was found within the protected area of Tyasminskiy kanyon in Ukraine (Gapon 2013), but this place is heavily visited by tourists. Further research on the distribution, population size and trend of this species is needed, as well as the threats.",This species is not used or traded.,"Vanderpoorten, A.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,vahliana,,Tortula vahliana  ,(Schultz) Mont.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Chalk Screw-moss (Tortula vahliana) is present in Mediterranean and Atlantic Europe, including Macaronesia, and extends north to Great Britain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since there appear to be no major threats to it, and it does not approach any of the thresholds for a threatened Category. It grows in both natural and man-made habitats and no specific conservation actions are necessary at the European  level. However further research into the population size and trend is recommended.",Unknown,"The Chalk Screw-moss (Tortula vahliana) has a Mediterranean-Atlantic distribution. It is present in the Mediterranean and Atlantic Europe, including Macaronesia, and extends north to Great Britain. It is also found in western Asia (Turkey), North Africa (Morocco) and South America (Chile) (Dierssen 2001, Andriessen et al. 2002, Smith 2004, Hodgetts 2015). This species is not always easy to distinguish in the field. It is often reported from only one site.","The population size and trend are unknown. In general it is considered not very common, moreover, without sporophytes, it is difficult to distinguish it from some species of the genus Tortula (Cano 2006). In Ireland the destruction of its habitat has contributed to its local disappearance (Lockhart et al. 2012).","This is a colonist species. It is found on deeply shaded and moist, clay soil along roadsides, in disused chalk pits and also on mud walls. Is is moderately halotolerant, less present in disturbed soils (Dierssen 2001, Smith 2004, Lockhart et al. 2012). It is found from sea level up to 600 m Asl.","There appear to be no major threats to this species in Europe. In Ireland, the disappearance of mud-capped walls could pose a threat to this species.","

No conservation measures are necessary at present. However, research is needed into its distribution, population size and trend. It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Ingerpuu, N.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,viridifolia,,Tortula viridifolia  ,(Mitt.) Blockeel &amp; A.J.E. Sm.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Bristly Pottia (Tortula viridifolia) has a Mediterranean-Atlantic distribution. It is present in the south and west of Europe, and in the north up to the Faroes Islands. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and has a stable population trend. It may be locally threatened due to excessive foot traffic, but it is also found in protected areas. Appropriate conservation actions at the local level are recommended.",Stable,"The Bristly Pottia (Tortula viridifolia) has a Mediterranean-Atlantic distribution. It is present in the south and west of Europe, and in the north up to the Faroes Islands. It is also present in southwest Asia and North Africa (Smith 2004, Privitera et al. 2008, Ros et al. 2011, Ros et al. 2013, Bonini et al. 2013, Hodgetts 2015).

","In general, there is no precise information on European subpopulations. In Spain there are two small subpopulations which suggests a fragmentation from a larger range in the past; but now these subpopulations are stable (Ros et al. 2011). Overall, the current population trend is most likely stable.","

This is an annual, terricolous, shuttler species, which is frequently found in open coastal habitats, on thin soil over rocky banks, on cliffs and earthy crevices, on ant hills and by paths (Dierssen 2001, Smith 2004, Atherton et al. 2010). It is found from sea level up to 1,500 m Asl.","Although it is often found in protected areas, it may be locally at some risk due to human foot traffic and grazing animals.","No specific conservation actions are in place for this species. However, since its habitats are subject to excessive foot traffic, even if it is also in protected areas, habitat monitoring measures would be appropriate to protect subpopulations that would appear to sometimes be fragmented.",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,González Mancebo, J.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,vlassovii,,Tortula vlassovii  ,(Laz.) Ros &amp; Herrnst.,"The taxonomical position of this Pottiaceae species is, according to criteria, introduced by Zander (1993) with the new combination in the genus Tortula proposed by Ros and Herrnstadt (2010) for Phascum vlassovii as Tortula vlassovii.",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv); D",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv); D",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Tortula vlassovii is found in Europe from Germany and Spain. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also in the EU 28) is estimated to be around 287,621 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 40 km2. This species is known to inhabit two very disjunct areas, and found from nine localities in Spain and four sites in Germany. The current population trend in Europe is unknown, but the species is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the habitat quality. It is estimated that the number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) is less than 1,000. Therefore, this species is assessed as Endangered for both Europe and the EU 28

The intensification of agriculture could affect the species, as the species occurs frequently in arable field sides. In Spain, intensive cattle trampling can be a threat. Desertification could have different effects on the species, possibly leading to distribution shifts. It could also be affected by touristic and commercial development. It is recommended to conserve and monitor suitable habitats, for example open vegetation types with in gypsiferous and saline bare soils, mainly in known sites of this species. Further research is required to establish the status of the species throughout all its distribution range as well as to identify the others existing threats, which may be different in Spain and Germany.

",Unknown,"This species was reported for the first time in Europe by Jiménez et al. (1990) and Guerra et al. (1991) from two localities of eastern Spain, and it was then later found in other isolated areas of the country, and was also more recently described in Germany (Oesau 2006). The disjunct distribution pattern between Spain and central Germany is also similar to Acaulon casasianum.

Outside of Europe, this species exists in North America in California, Canada in British Columbia, central Asia, Armenia, Ukraine and Turkey (Zander 2007).



Based on the available recent information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe (and therefore also in the EU 28) is estimated to be around 287,621 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 40 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is about 300 m to 350 m Asl in Germany and 400 m to 1,330 m Asl in Spain.","This species is known to inhabit two very disjunct areas. In Spain, the number of localities until 2012 was only nine (Martínez-Sánchez et al. 1991, Brugués et al. 1993, Guerra et al. 2006, Guerra et al. 2010, Ederra et al. 2012) and the species is known from seven provinces in the northeast and south of the country (Guerra et al. 2006): Álava, Almería, Barcelona, Granada, Lerida, Murcia and Navarra. In Germany, this species was found in 2002 and 2006, in four sites in the northern Upper Rhine valley, Hessen and Rheinland-Pfalz (Oesau 2006).

The species can be relatively common in some places, as in the neighboring vineyards or vineyards and the open places in semiarid steppe areas are strong fragments. The population is considered to be severely fragmented as this species is a poor disperser and it has very specific habitats requirements, being thus found in isolated subpopulations that may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. It is assumed that little is known about the population’s dynamic in these two disjunct areas and so the current population trend in Europe is unknown. It is estimated that the number of individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and with 1 m2 used as a proxy for one individual-equivalent) is less than 1,000.

In the Basque Country there has been a recovery plan in the lagoon but it is not known in what way it will have affected this unique locality of the species in this region (P. Heras pers. comm. 2018). 



","The main habitat of this species is on exposed gypsiferous or saline soils at places with semi-natural grasslands. The areas in Germany are in vineyards and in relatively populated areas. In Spain, this species is also found in semi-natural habitats in open areas, including lagoons and arable fields near gypsum slope.

Normally this species associates with Bryum caespiticium, Ceratodon purpureus and some Pottiaceae, such as Syntrichia ruralis, Microbryum curvicollum, Protobryum bryoides, Pterygoneurum ovatum, Syntrichia caninervis, Tortella inclinata, Tortula brevissima as well as different Riccia species.

    This is an ephemeral species with a short time span that is difficult to find and is possibly under-recorded in typical habitat (Martínez-Sánchez et al. 1991). However, there is a continuing decline in the habitat quality.","The intensification of agriculture could affect the species, as the species occurs frequently in arable field sides. In Spain, intensive cattle trampling can be a threat. Desertification could have different effects on the species, possibly leading to distribution shifts. It could also be affected by touristic and commercial development.

It is likely to be in decline in (semi-) natural areas due to anthropogenic pressure mainly in Spain. It is an ephemeral moss and very dependent by precipitation regime. Its distribution may expand as a result of climate changes.","This species is included in the Red Data Book of Spain as Vulnerable (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012) and as Endangered in Germany.

The species occurs in several protected areas within its range, and it is listed by Garilleti and Albertos (2012) as occuring in Important Bryophyte Areas (IBrA): Número IBrA: 28: Castellfullit de Riubregós.

  It is recommended to conserve and monitor suitable habitats, for example open vegetation types with in gypsiferous and saline bare soils, mainly in known sites of this species. Further research is required to establish the status of the species throughout all its distribution range as well as to identify the others existing threats, which may be different in Spain and Germany.",This species is not utilized.,"Cálix, M.,González Mancebo, J.","Sergio, C. & Cano, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Tortula,wilsonii,,Tortula wilsonii  ,(Hook.) R.H. Zander,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Wilson's Pottia (Tortula wilsonii) has an Oceanic Mediterranean-Atlantic distribution. It is found in particular in the Mediterranean region and in western Europe. This is an uncommon species that is difficult to detect in the field. Considering its greater overall distribution in southern Europe, where it is more stable, this species is assessed as Least Concern. However, due to the lack of data on the population size and trend, and threats, further research is needed to confirm its status.",Stable,"Wilson's Pottia (Tortula wilsonii) has an Oceanic Mediterranean-Atlantic distribution. It is foundin particular in the Mediterranean region and in western Europe.



Outside of the European region, it is also found in southwestern Asia and North Africa (Smith 2004, Lockhartet al. 2012, Ros et al. 2013, Hodgetts 2015).",This is an uncommon species that is difficult to detect in the field and the subpopulations are small in size. The current population trend is thought to be stable.,"This species is an annual shuttler. It grows commonly in coastal localities both  on rocky cliffs than on sandy soils and walls, along slopes and trails (Dierssen 2001, Smith 2004).",There is not enough information to identify the threats to this species. The most likely cause of population reduction could be caused by the loss of its habitat for the development of herbaceous vegetation.,No conservation measures are known for this species. Appropriate site management and further research into the population size and trend are needed. In several local Red Lists it is considered threatened. It occurs in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Ganeva, A.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,BRUCHIACEAE,Trematodon,ambiguus,,Trematodon ambiguus  ,(Hedw.) Hornsch.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Ambiguous Long-necked Moss (Trematodon ambiguus) is widespread in Europe, however, it is not common anywhere. This species has a large population size, considered to be more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals), in both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no major threats to this species, as it is often found in habitats disturbed by man. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both regions.

However, in some countries, this species is considered to be threatened, including in Germany, the Czech Republic, Bulgaria and Romania. The species has increased in the Netherlands due to the restoration of peatland habitats. Some disturbance is needed in order to maintain the soils open.  The current population trend of the species is unknown and further research is needed to clarify its status.

",Unknown,"This species has a boreal-montane distribution in Europe. It is scattered from Iceland in the northwest (Ochyra et al. 1988), throughout Fennoscandia (Hallingbäck et al. 2006), eastwards to the Ural mountains in Russia (Ignatov et al. 2006, Zheleznova and Shubina 2008) and south to the Pyrenees (Heras Pérez and Infante Sanchez 2009), Balkan mountains (M. Sabovljević pers. comm. 2017), Romania (S. Stefanut pers. comm. 2017) and to Ukraine (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, this species is found in Asia and North America (Ochyra et al. 1988).

In Europe, the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is at least 1,500 km2, and its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1 million km2. In the EU 28 the AOO is estimated to be around 728 km2 and the EOO is estimated to be around 0.5 million km2. The altitudinal range of the species in Europe is between 100 m and 2,100 m Asl.

","This species is widespread in Europe, however, it is common nowhere. It does not seem to be declining except in some of the countries where this species is on the national Red Lists, such as in Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, Great Britain, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovenia and Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). In northern Europe, the population size seems to be rather large and stable with no sign of decline (e.g. Hedenäs et al. 2002) and in the Netherlands and the lowland of Belgium the species seem to be increasing in some sod cutting or other large scale disturbed areas (During et al. 2006). In Germany and Russia, it has decreased dramatically. In Finland, there are many old records but it is still found both in the north and the south of the country. In Austria, there are more historical records than new ones (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). In the United Kingdom, there is only one record from 1883 (Blockeel 2014). It is an ephemeral species.

The overall population trend is currently unknown in both Europe and the EU 28, but the population size is larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent). The population is not severely fragmented.","In the Nordic countries, this species grows on bare, peaty or loamy soil as well as on fine sand. It prefers moderately or weakly acidic soils. It is found in roadsides, ditches, tracks and tracks created by forest machine wheels. More natural habitats are riverbanks, periodically inundated shores and grazed wet meadows. The species is found scattered in lowland woodland regions (Hallingbäck et al. 2006).

In the United Kingdom, this species occurs on damp, and somewhat disturbed, ground that is rich in organic material. The single British find was from a moorland track where it was growing among Bryum pallens. It was collected in 1883 and has never been found again but would easily be overlooked when not fruiting. It may have been a transitory occurrence originating from wind-borne spores from Scandinavia (Blockeel et al. 2014).

","There are no major threats to this species, as it is often found in habitats disturbed by man, like roadsides, ditches and tracks.","This species is included in several national Red Lists. It is assessed as 2 (Stark gefährdet) in Austria, as Critically Endangered (CR) in Germany, the Czech Republic, Bulgaria and Romania, as rare in Lithuania (3) and Poland (R), as Vulnerable (VU) in Spain, Switzerland and Slovenia, as Gevoelig (GE/near threatened) in the Netherlands and as Near Threatened (NT) in Estonia. It is also assessed as Mn in Belgium, and as Regionally Extinct (RE) in Great Britain (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in at least one protected area. No conservation action is needed. 

The species has increased in the Netherlands due to the restoration of peatland habitats. Some disturbance is needed in order to maintain the soils open. Further research is required to determine the population trend of this species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Schröck, C.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,BRUCHIACEAE,Trematodon,brevicollis,,Trematodon brevicollis  ,Hornsch.,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Trematodon brevicollis is very rare and is found in the Nordic countries, as well as in Russia (Murmansk area) and in the Alps. In both Europe and the EU 28, it is estimated that there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). The current population trend is unknown in Europe and the EU 28, but there is no indication of a current decline. However, the species is projected to be affected by climate change in the future and it could experience a decline, particularly in non-mountainous areas, as it may lead to the overgrowth of the specific habitat where the species grows. Due to the small population size, this species is assessed as Vulnerable in both Europe and the EU 28.

Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed. Further research on the effects of climate change is needed.

",Unknown,"This is an arctic-alpine species, that is very rare and found in the low- and mid-alpine zones in the Nordic countries, as well as in Russia (Murmansk area, Ignatov et al. 2006) and in the Alps (Hodgetts 2015). An old record from St Petersburg region in Russia has been confirmed as incorrect (O. Afonina pers. comm. 2017). Outside of Europe, the species is known from Asia, North America and Greenland (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2007).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be around 108 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3.8 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 36 km2 and the EOO is ca 0.8 million km2.

","This is a very rare species and is included in the Red Lists of the majority of the countries where it occurs. There is no indication of a current decline, but the species is projected to be affected by climate change in the future and it could experience a decline. However, the species also occurs in mountain areas which will not be very affected by climate change and therefore the decline is not considered to be immediate. The current population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28. The population is not severely fragmented. It is estimated that there are less than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) in both Europe and the EU 28.","This is a short-lived, weak competitor growing on bare soil in dry and exposed base-rich mountain slopes, typically found in south-facing schist slopes with a thin humus cover that are devoid of snow in winter (Hallingbäck et al. 2006). A typical associate is the moss species Plagiobryum demissum (Gams 1950). It is a high mountain species in the Alps (C. Schrock pers. comm. 2017). In Finland, it occurs on open calcareous tundra heath above the birch limits (Virtanen and Ulvinen 2009).","The major threat is future climate change, that will lead to overgrowth of the specific habitat where the species grows.","This species has been assessed as Potentiell gefährdet (4) in Austria, as Critically Endangered (CR) in Finland, as Endangered (EN) in Switzerland and as Vulnerable (VU) in Sweden (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in at least one protected area.

Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed. Further research on the effects of climate change is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Schröck, C.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,BRUCHIACEAE,Trematodon,laetevirens,,Trematodon laetevirens  ,Hakelier &amp; J.-P.Frahm,,No,EN,D,No,EN,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Trematodon laetevirens is only known from Norway, Sweden and Finland in Europe, where it is very rare. It is a fairly newly described species and it can possibly be detected in other regions of Europe. However, in Europe and in the EU 28, it is estimated that overall, there are less than 250 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in the population. The current population trend is considered to be decreasing in Europe and the EU 28, and the population is expected to decline in future because of a warmer climate that will result in a denser vegetation cover. The species is therefore assessed as Endangered in both Europe and the EU 28.

Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed.

",Decreasing,"In Europe, this species is only known from the Nordic countries of Norway, Sweden and Finland (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in North America and Greenland (BFNA 2007). 

In Europe, the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is 52 km2, and its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 85,000 km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 24 km2 and the EOO is ca 26,400 km2. The altitudinal range of the species is between 700 m and 2,000 m Asl.

","This species is very rare in the mountainous districts of northern Europe. It is a fairly newly described species and it can possibly be detected in other regions of Europe. In Finland, there are four recent sites and in each site, the species only grows within 1 m2 (used as proxy for one individual-equivalent, which is considered as a mature individual). In Sweden, there are around ten localities, and most localities have around five individual-equivalents. The type locality is estimated to have around 10 individual-equivalents, so it is estimated that there is around 55 individual-equivalents in Sweden. In Norway, there are seven recent localities with around 5 individual-equivalents per locality, meaning there are around 35 individual-equivalents in this country in total. In Europe and in the EU 28, it is therefore estimated that overall, there are less than 250 individual-equivalents in the population. The current population trend is considered to be decreasing in Europe and the EU 28, and the population is expected to decline in future because of a warmer climate that will result in a denser vegetation cover.","This species grows on humus-rich soil under cliff overhangs with percolating alkaline water and in rock crevices on slopes, typically on schist slopes above the timber line (Hallingbäck et al. 2006, Ulvinen 2009). First described in the 1970s (Hakelier and Frahm 1976), it is still known only from a few localities in the Nordic countries (Hallingbäck et al. 2006).","The major threat is future climate change that will lead to overgrowth of the specific habitat that the species grows. However, the species will not be significantly affected in the near future. The type locality is found in an area with a large ski resort, but the species seems to survive there, at least at present.","This species is Endangered (EN) in Finland and Norway, and Vulnerable (VU) in Sweden (Hodgetts 2015). The species occurs in at least one protected area. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population size and trend is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Schröck, C.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,BRUCHIACEAE,Trematodon,longicollis,,Trematodon longicollis  ,Michx.,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



The Long-necked Moss (Trematodon longicollis) in Europe is rare and occurs only in the Mediterranean area only in the fumaroles of Ischia, Pantelleria and Crete. It is very rare and fragmented, present only in three localities in the Mediterranean. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since the population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 mature individuals. Even though the current population trend is thought to be stable, the main threat to this species is possibly the presence of large numbers of tourists. Raising awareness about the presence of this species in sites frequented by tourists could be useful.",Stable,"The Long-necked Moss (Trematodon longicollis) is a tropical species and has a disjunct cosmopolitan distribution. In Europe, this species is rare and occurs in the Mediterranean area only in the fumaroles of Ischia, Pantelleria and Crete. Outside of Europe it is present in the American Continent, Asia (China, Japan, Papua New Guinea), and Pacific Islands (New Caledonia) (Brullo et al. 2001, Zander 2007, Lüth and Frahm 2008, Hodgetts 2015, Missouri Botanical Garden 2015). It has a restricted geographic distribution, with an area of occupancy (AOO) of only 12 km2.","This species forms quite abundant subpopulations. The species' sampling sites in Italy and Greece are few, but there is no more precise information (Brullo et al. 2001, Lüth and Frahm 2008). It is very rare and fragmented, present only in three localities in the Mediterranean. The current population trend is thought to be stable. The population size is estimated to be smaller than 1,000 mature individuals.","This is a short-lived shuttle species.It grows on damp sand or clay, on the edge of volcanic and sulfated craters. From low to moderate elevations (250 m to 350 m asl) (Dierssen 2001, Cortini Pedrotti 2001).",This is a very rare species in Europe. The main threat to this species is possibly the presence of large numbers of tourists.,"The species lives in particular hot-humid microclimatic conditions, and is found only in particular habitats such as fumaroles, which represent a conservative environment. Raising awareness about the presence of this species in sites frequented by tourists could be useful. The species occurs in at least one protected area. 



 

 



 



 



 



 



 



",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M.,Hodd, R.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,BRUCHIACEAE,Trematodon,perssoniorum,,Trematodon perssoniorum  ,P.Allorge &amp; Thér. ex V.Allorge,"Vanderpoorten et al. (2011: p.   346), suggest that ""... and Trematodon   perssoniorum, are of doubtful taxonomic status and are likely to be   conspecific with the widespread ... T. longicollis (Rumsey, unpubl.   data)..."". The similarity between both taxa was already recognized by   Valentine Allorge (1951: 181), when she describes the endemic species:   ""Cette espèce se rapproche, à première vue, de Trematodon longicollis   Michaux"", however, she proceeds listing a number of differences between   both species, mostly including the smaller size of the Azorean plants,   including the size of stomates and spores (21-30 um vs. 50 um). However,   recent morphometric studies of T. longicollis, show that the range of   spore size is between 24.0-29.6 um (Luizi-Ponzo and Barth 1998, Schwarz 2014). It is thus important that T. perssoniorium is subject to   molecular analysis to understand its true taxonomic nature. However, since it was recognized by Hodgetts (2015), and in spite of   the uncertainty regarding the taxonomic status of this species, it is considered a valid species here.",Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),EU28,,"The moss Trematodon perssoniorum is endemic to the Azores, where it occurs in São Miguel Island. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of   occurrence (EOO) is 56 km2),it occurs at only one location, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the   extent and quality of the habitat due to ongoing threats. There is reason to believe that the species is sensitive to   habitat degradation, which is occurring mainly due to change in the hydric   balance, and habitat eutrophication due to grazing activities, due to the   increase of tourism and recreational activities and also due to the effects of   invasive alien species expansion. Immediate conservation action is   recommended to avoid the extinction of this extremely rare species, and ex-situ conservation should be considered. In addition,   research is needed on the population size and trends, the species' habitats,   ecology and threats. Proper management of the main habitat is also   recommended, focusing on the removal of invasive alien species, avoidance of   clear-cutting of areas around native forests, and limitation of nitrification   caused (directly or indirectly) by cattle grazing.",Unknown,"The moss Trematodon perssoniorum is endemic to the Azores, where it occurs in São Miguel Island (Gabriel et al. 2010). This is an extremely rare and   local species, which was only recorded from a small area (Caldeira Grande and Ribeira das Furnas), where it was   collected in 1937 (acknowledged by Allorge and Persson 1938, described by   Allorge 1951). Other collections were made by Hübschmann (Hübschmann 1974),   Schwab (Schwab 1981) and Rumsey (Sjögren 2004). This species' extent of occurrence   (EOO) is 56 km2, and its area of occurrence (AOO) is only 48 km2.","The population size is considered small since it   estimated that there are fewer than 200 individual-equivalents. Taking into account   that this species grows on soil, it is considered that one   individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is one square meter on which it grows. In addition, 100% of the   individual-equivalents are found in only one subpopulation, near the warm   volcanic waters of Furnas and Ribeira Quente (São Miguel Island). The   population trend is unknown, but could be decreasing since recent publications show   that Macaronesian endemic bryophytes are suffering a decrease in population   size and range due to climate change (Ferreira et al. 2016, Patiño et   al. 2016).","This species is currently known from one single locality on São Miguel   Island, on the margins of warm sulphurous lake (Caldeira Grande), and stream   (Ribeira Quente) growing on brown clay soil near the fumaroles. The   collections were made from 150 m to 400 m Asl, but mostly at 350 m Asl.","This appears to be a species with a very restricted distribution; so far it is   only known to occur in a small area of São Miguel Island, near the fumaroles, in the margins of a lake and a   streamlet. In the Azores, the main threat to this species is likely to be   the change in the hydric balance, and habitat eutrophication due to grazing   activities. There is reason to believe that the species is sensitive to   habitat degradation, which is also occurring due to the effects of increasing tourism and recreational activities, the building of secondary roads and also the expansion of invasive alien species (especially Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum   undulatum). Since the Azores are located on the mid-Atlantic   ridge, geological events such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and landslides are   likely to harm the population. An intensification of the   effects of climatic change may cause damage to the stability of the species, as is occurring with other   Macaronesian endemics (Patiño et al. 2016). Taking into   account the likely extent of the effects of invasive alien species expansion and increased touristic pressure, and the restricted   distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, as it is currently known from only one locality, but it is present within the limits   of the São Miguel Natural Park, a protected area. Research is   needed into the population size and trends, the species' habitat, ecology and   threats. Proper management of the main habitat is recommended, focusing on   limitation of nitrification caused (directly or indirectly) by cattle   grazing, and the removal of invasive alien species such as Hedychium   gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum. More   research is needed to investigate the endemic nature of the taxa (see taxonomic note), the possibility of population fluctuations   and even its permanence on the area where the species is known from, a   heavily touristic site. Biology and natureconservation students should be aware of   bryophytes in general and rare and endemic species in particular. The officers working on São Miguel Natural Park should receive some training to learn to recognize this species in the field   and monitor it through time. Ex-situ conservation should   also be considered for this species.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Cálix, M.,Hodd, R.","Gabriel, R.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,TRICHOCOLEACEAE,Trichocolea,tomentella,,Trichocolea tomentella  ,(Ehrh.) Dumort.,,No,NT,A2c,No,NT,A2c,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Handsome Woollywort (Trichocolea tomentella) is a temperate species which is widespread in Europe, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. This beautiful liverwort has a large population size, with more than 10,000 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) in Europe and the EU 28, and has stable subpopulations in the higher mountain ranges. However, in large parts of Europe, this species shows at least a historical decline. In the lowlands, especially, this species is still declining and the subpopulations are often small. Thus, the current population trend is decreasing. This species rarely produces sporophytes, so dispersal is almost limited to clonal regeneration. It is a long-lived species, and a period of three generations is estimated to be ca 100 years. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since a population reduction of close to, but below, 30% is estimated to have occurred over the last 100 years; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion A. This reduction is based on a decline in extent and quality of habitat. This liverwort is very sensitive to changes in habitat conditions, and for these reasons, logging, drainage and pollution pose serious threats to it. Particularly large lowland subpopulations in natural to near-natural habitats should be protected and managed as required. In addition, a monitoring program is recommended to monitor the population trend and habitat quality.",Decreasing,"This is a temperate species which is widespread in western and central Europe and southern Scandinavia, being very scarce in the extreme east and in the Mediterranean region. According to Blockeel et al. (2014) it is also known from southern Siberia (Altai), China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, the Himalayas,  southeastern Asia, Fiji, Samoa and eastern North America. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpass the threshold values for application of a threatened Category. It is found growing at elevations between 10 m and 2,600 m Asl.","Some of the habitats, at least in the higher mountain ranges, are not threatened or much disturbed, and here the subpopulations are more or less stable. However, in large parts of Europe, such as in Scandinavia (Rydgren et al. 2012), this species shows at least a historical decline based on decline in extent and quality of habitat. In the lowlands, especially, this species is still declining and the subpopulations are often small (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Hoffmann et al. 2011, Zechmeister et al. 2013, Blockeel et al. 2014, Schröck et al. 2014). Thus the current population trend is decreasing. However, the population size is larger than 10,000 individual-equivalents in Europe and the EU 28. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows.

This species rarely produces sporophytes, so dispersal is almost limited to clonal regeneration. It is a long-lived species, and a three generation period is estimated to be ca 100 years. A population decline close to, but below, 30% over the last 100 years is estimated for this species.","This beautiful liverwort occurs in moist, often shaded places in woodlands close to springs or running water (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014, Köckinger 2017). It is a typical species in swamp forests, and also grows in more open wetland habitats. It also grows on shady, damp rocks.","This species is very sensitive to changes in habitat conditions. For these reasons, logging, drainage and pollution pose particularly serious threats to it.","This liverwort has been assessed as Endangered in Portugal, Bulgaria, Serbia and Hungary, as Vulnerable in Finland, Germany and Luxembourg, and as Near Threatened in Italy (Hodgetts 2015). Particularly large lowland subpopulations in natural to near-natural habitats should be protected and managed as required. In addition, a monitoring program is necessary to monitor the population trend and habitat quality. It occurs in protected areas.







 





",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Patiño, J.","Schröck, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,DICRANALES,DITRICHACEAE,Trichodon,cylindricus,,Trichodon cylindricus  ,(Hedw.) Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Trichodon cyclindricus has a wide distribution from Iceland and Svalbard to the Mediterranean region and the Balkans. In the EU 28, this species is more frequent in Sweden, Finland and many countries in central Europe. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 17 million km2, and area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 13,000 km2. In EU 28, EOO is estimated to be around 10 million km2, and AOO is estimated to be more than 9,000 km2. In both Europe and the EU 28, numerous subpopulations are known, the population trend seems to be stable and the number of individual-equivalents is far above 10,000 (considered as mature individuals). In addition, this species seems to be well adapted to human impact, being typical for urban areas and some other man-made habitats. There are therefore no major threats. For these reasons, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Spain, Bulgaria and Romania. However, no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This boreo-temperate species is widespread in Europe, and is found in the north to Iceland and Svalbard, and southwards to the Mediterranean region. Recently, this species was found in Croatia (Papp et al. 2013, Alegro et al. 2014) and Albania (B. Papp pers. comm 2017), and confirmed for Andorra (Sotiaux and Vanderpoorten 2017). In European Russia, it is quite frequent in the forest zone and in the Urals, being rare in the steppe regions. Elsewhere, it is known from the Canary Islands, Turkey, the Caucasus, Middle Asia, Siberia, Japan, North America and New Zealand (Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Ignatov et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014). This species is often overlooked (Grims 1999), and its distribution is not well studied, especially in the regions with poorly surveyed bryophyte flora. The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 2,400 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 17 million km2, and area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 13,000 km2. In EU 28, EOO is estimated to be around 10 million km2, and AOO is estimated to be more than 9,000 km2.","Numerous and large subpopulations of this species are known. The species is frequently fertile. The population trend seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. The population size of this ruderal species (grows on waste ground) depends on the availability of man-made habitats and suitable substrates, and can increase under disturbance. The population size is considered to be far above 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and with one individual-equivalent as 1 m2) (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). In the EU 28, this species is known many states, and is more frequent in Sweden, Finland and many countries in central Europe.","This species grows in exposed or semi-shaded, relatively dry natural and man-made habitats on non-calcareous bare sandy soil and clay on arable fields, roadsides, ditches, in the pits, on steep slopes of stream and river banks and in forests (Grims 1999, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Hallingbäck 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014).","There are no threats because this species needs disturbance, and therefore it is well adapted to young secondary habitats.

","This species is included in the Red Lists of the Canary Islands, Spain, Bulgaria and Romania as Vulnerable (VU) and it is also assessed in the Murmansk Province of Russia (3 - NT) (Brugués et al. 2014, Natcheva et al. 2006, Ştefănuţ and Goia 2012, Hodgetts 2015, Konstantinova et al. 2014). A lot of the known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. No conservation measures are required at present.",This species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Cálix, M.,Puche, F.","Baisheva, E.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LEPIDOZIACEAE,Tricholepidozia,tetradactyla,,Tricholepidozia tetradactyla  ,(Hook. f. &amp; Taylor) E.D.Cooper,,No,NA,,No,NA,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)

Long's Threadwort (Tricholepidozia tetradactyla) is an oceanic temperate species believed to have been introduced to Britain with garden plants from New Zealand and/or Australia, where it occurs as native. As an alien introduction from the Southern Hemisphere post-1500, this species is assessed as Not Applicable.

",Stable,"Long's Threadwort (Tricholepidozia tetradactyla) is an oceanic temperate species believed to have been introduced to Britain with garden plants from New Zealand and/or Australia, where it occurs as native. The species was first discovered in 1970 in Wisley. Its range elsewhere in the Southern Hemisphere is uncertain (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 16 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,267 km².","This introduced species does not seem to be spreading appreciably, but existing colonies remain.","This is a calcifuge of deeply shaded, damp, sandy or peaty soil, decorticated logs and stumps, and circumneutral rock at two major gardens: one in Surrey (England) and the other in Argyll (Scotland). First discovered in 1970 at the Royal Horticultural Society Garden near Wisley, and subsequently collected from the Younger Botanic Garden near Dunoon. Calypogeia muelleriana is an associate at both sites; Cephalozia bicuspidata and Pellia epiphylla grow alongside at the RHS Garden; and Lepidozia reptans, Lophocolea bidentata, L. semiteres and Scapania nemorea are nearby at the Younger Botanic Garden (Paton, 1999). Its altitudinal range is from 25 m up to 40 m Asl (Blockeel et al. 2014). 



It is dioicous; female plants are frequent, but male plants and sporophytes are unknown.",There are no known threats to this introduced species.,"No conservation measures are required for this introduced species. It is Not Evaluated (NE) in Britain. It does not occur in any protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Erzberger, P.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Lönnell, N., Rothero, G. & Vanderpoorten, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Trichostomum,brachydontium,,Trichostomum brachydontium  ,Bruch,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Variable Crisp-moss (Trichostomum brachydontium) is a cosmopolitan species that lives in various habitat types. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large and stable population and there appear to be no major threats to it.  Nospecific conservation actions are currently needed.",Stable,"The Variable Crisp-moss (Trichostomum brachydontium) is a cosmopolitan species with a Submediterranean-Subatlantic floristic element.In Europe, it has a widespread distribution. Outside Europe, it is found in Africa, China, Japan, Western and North Asiaand in the American Continent (Smith 2004, Zander 2007, Hodgetts 2015).","This species, in its main distribution areas, can lead to the formation of large stocks, but in general, exact quantitative data on the size of subpopulations is not available. In Europe, it seems that subpopulations are not threatened, and it, therefore, is considered to have a large and stable population.","

This is a perennial species with few and large spores. It is halotolerant and grows in a wide variety of habitats, preferably on calcareous rocks but also on acidic soil. It may be the most abundant acrocarp in many coastal slopes where it lives on banks, cliffs, sand dunes, crevices of rocks, soil-capped ledges but it can also grow in more internal sites as in rocky woodlands. It may grow in unshaded or shaded places (Dierssen 2001, Cortini Pedrotti 2001, Smith 2004, Zander 2007, Atherton et al. 2010, van Rooy 2013). It is found from sea level up to 700 m Asl.",No major threats are known to affect this species.,No conservation measures are necessary. This species is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Ganeva, A.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.","Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Trichostomum,crispulum,,Trichostomum crispulum  ,Bruch,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Curly Crisp-moss (Trichostomum crispulum) is known from many countries, being more common in southern, mountainous regions. It is quite frequent in Great Britain, Ireland, in the Alps, the Apennines and the mountains of the Iberian Peninsula. In Europe, this species has a large range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 10 million km2. The current population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28, numerous subpopulations are known and this species appears to be adapted to human impact and able to grow in some man-made habitats. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.



In the regions where limestone outcrops are rare, the possible threat to this species may be recreational activity, such as trampling, or the abandonment of thin-soil calcareous meadows leading to overgrowing of grasslands with bushes and trees. Further research of population size and trend of this species is needed.",Stable,"In Europe, this circumpolar species is known from a few localities in the northern regions (in Svalbard and Scandinavia) and it is quite widespread in western and central Europe, and southwards to the Mediterranean region. In European Russia, it is more frequently found in the steppe zone, although isolated localities have been found in the Urals and in taiga regions. Elsewhere, it is found in Macaronesia, Africa, southwestern Asia, including the Arabian Peninsula, the Caucasus, Siberia, Middle Asia, the Russian Far East, Greenland, North and Central America, Australia and the Pacific Islands (Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Ignatov et al. 2006, Zander 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014, Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 2,760 m Asl.

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 19 million km2in Europe and around 10 million km2 in the EU 28.","Numerous subpopulations of this species are known, but the population size of this species is not well studied. In many natural ecosystems, the subpopulations are small and isolated, but in some man-made habitats, such as quarries, the subpopulations may be quite large (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). The current population trend of this species seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. It is more common in southern, mountainous regions, and it is quite frequent in Great Britain, Ireland, in the Alps, the Apennines and the mountains of the Iberian Peninsula.","This species grows in well illuminated to slightly shaded habitats with various levels of humidity. It is found in crevices and on ledges of limestone outcrops, in calcareous soil near the bases of lime cliffs, on patches of bare soil in steppes and within Juniperus bushes, in chalk and limestone grasslands, on alvar and dry meadows, on the coast on calcareous dunes and blown sand, on moist rocks in gullies and on stream banks. It is also found in man-made habitats such as old quarries and mine workings, on alkaline industrial waste, on old walls and wall mortar, on tracks and forest roads surfaced with limestone rubble and on limestone pavements (Grims 1999, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Hallingbäck 2008, Blockeel et al. 2014).","In the regions where limestone outcrops are rare, the possible threat to this species may be recreational activity, such as trampling (Amosov et al. 2008), or the abandonment of thin-soil calcareous meadows leading to overgrowing of grasslands with bushes and trees.

","This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as endangered (BE) in the Netherlands, as Data Deficient (DD) in Norway and San Marino, as Near Threatened (NT) in Estonia, as Vulnerable (VU) in Slovakia and in the Arkhangelsk Province of Russia (3 - rare species) (Siebel et al. 2013, Kålås et al. 2010, Vellak et al. 2015, Kubinská et al. 2001, Hodgetts 2015, Amosov et al. 2008). Some of the known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. Further research of population size and trend of this species is needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Vanderpoorten, A.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LOPHOZIACEAE,Trilophozia,quinquedentata,,Trilophozia quinquedentata  ,(Huds.) Bakalin,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Trilophozia quinquedentata is often abundant throughout its range in Europe. It has a large geographic range - in Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 14.3 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 17,588 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 6.5 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 13,216 km2. The current population trend is stable in Europe and the EU 28, and there are no major threats to this species. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in view of its widespread distribution and stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species may be threatened in certain countries, such as in Portugal, but in Europe as a whole the species is not declining, and so no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This is a widespread, arctic boreal-montane species. It is one of the most common species in the north of European Russia, and it is widespread in the north of Scandinavia (Damsholt 2002), Svalbard (Frisvoll and Elvebakk 1996, Konstantinova and Savchenko 2012). It is also found in Iceland and Jan Mayen (Damsholt 2002).

This species occurs from near sea level in the north up to 2,655 m Asl in the high Tatra Mountains (Górski and Váňa 2014) and 3,000 m Asl in the Swiss Alps (NISM 2017). In central Europe, this species is restricted to mountains where it is common. In Asia, this species occurs in the Asian part  of Russia, including in Siberia and the Russian Far East, as well as in the Caucasus (Konstantinova et al. 2009). This species is very common in the mountains and in the north of North America. It is also known from Greenland (Damsholt 2002).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 14.3 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 17,588 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 6.5 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 13,216 km2.","This species is often abundant and occurs in extensive mats. Gemmae are rare, but sporophytes are not rare in the Alps (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). The current population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species occurs on basic to neutral substrates, on soil between boulders, in boulders screes and in soil covering rocks on mountains. It is also found in rocky moist tundras, in pools and depressions in forests, in rich fens and eutrophic wetlands. This is one of the most widespread and sometimes abundant species in arctic deserts and tundras, and it is quite common in wetlands and in appropriate sites in forest-tundras, as well as subalpine and alpine belts of mountains.  



",There are no major threats to this species.,"This species may be threatened in certain countries, such as in Portugal (Hodgetts 2015), but in Europe as a whole the species is not declining, and so no conservation measures are required at present. The species occurs in many protected areas across Europe.",This species is not used or traded.,"Duckett, J.,Cálix, M.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Triquetrella,arapilensis,,Triquetrella arapilensis  ,Luisier,"This is a European endemic species with taxonomic and phytogeographic importance (Sérgio 1990, Shaw et al. 2003).",Yes,NT,B2b(iii),Yes,NT,,EU28,,"Triquetrella arapilensis is the only species of the genus present in Europe. This species is restricted to the dry climate in the Mediterranean areas of Portugal and Spain, and is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. The estimated extent of the occurrence (EOO) of the species in Europe, and therefore also the EU 28, is around 195,000 km2 and the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 268 km2. Little is known about the subpopulations, however, the current population trend is considered to be stable in Europe, and therefore also the EU 28. However, it is inferred that there is a decline in the habitat of the species due to anthropogenic pressure in Mediterranean forests and scrub and therefore the habitat quality is declining. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.



Intensification or changes in agricultural and forestry practices are a threat to this species. In addition, trampling, excessive land use, changes in biotic and habitat conditions, fires and firefighting, and the spread of invasive species are also serious threats to the preservation of this species. Site management is needed to protect this species.",Stable,"This genus has a typically disjunct distribution, occurring in western North America (California), South America, Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand (Casas et al. 1993, Zander 1993). The distribution of this genus is thought to be the result of dispersion, rather than an ancient vicariance origin (Hedderson and Zander 2007).



This is the only species of the genus present in Europe. This species was recorded in Spanish flora by Luisier (1915) and later recorded and mapped at different times in Portugal and across the Iberian Peninsula by Allorge (1947), Casaset al. (1985) and Sérgio et al. (1994).  



This species is restricted to the dry climate in the Mediterranean areas of Portugal and Spain, and is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. It is common in the western part, being widespread in the central region, but it has not been observed in a large area of the eastern part of the Iberian Peninsula. In the northern part of the Tagus river, this species has a relatively wide distribution (Sérgioet al. 2013a).



In Portugal and Spain, this species is known inca. 80 Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) squares (10 by 10 km) (Cros et al. 2016). The estimated extent of the occurrence (EOO) of the species is around 195,000 km2 and the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 268 km2. The altitudinal range of the species in Europe is between 50 m and 1,280 m asl.","This is an endemic species of the Iberian Peninsula, with strong preference for regions with Mediterranean and continental influence. It forms loose patches and the subpopulations may occur in some quantity, but sometimes are locally rare. The species is fragmented in scattered areas throughout the western half of the Iberian Peninsula (Guerra et al. 2006), reaching its more eastern locality in the Spanish province of Albacete (de las Heras et al. 1989).



Little is known about the subpopulations, but in a few areas the species is decreasing due to wildfires. However, the current population trend is considered to be stable in Europe, and therefore also the EU 28.","This species was mostly found on soil between rocks, with soil litter, or in rock crevices and earthy slopes in exposed situations. It was also found on dry substrates among acidic rocks, granite stonework, quartzite or schist, and more rarely on tree trunks. It grows in more or less natural vegetation in mixed Mediterranean forests, particularly in evergreen oak (Quercus rotundifolia) or in pinewoods. It is also found in scrub vegetation, often at low or moderate elevations. It is inferred that there is a decline in the habitat of the species due to anthropogenic pressure in Mediterranean forests and scrub and therefore the habitat quality is declining.



The plants are always sterile, possibly dioecious, but with axillary branches, easily detached as propaguliferous structures.","This species grows in many field margins and earth banks with no or little soil disturbance, where there are rocky outcrops. Thus, intensification or changes in agricultural and forestry practices are a threat to this species. Trampling, excessive land use, changes in biotic and habitat conditions, fires and firefighting, and the spread of invasive species are also serious threats to the preservation of this species.



Current climate warming with increased frequency, length and intensity of drought periods can be favorable for this species in less continental areas, however, in others zones it can have a negative impact.

","This species is listed in the National Red Lists of Spain and Portugal, where it is not considered to be threatened (Brugués and González-Mancebo 2012, Sérgio et al. 2013b). The species is present in protected areas throughout its range.



Site management is needed to protect this species.",The species is not utilized.,"Hodgetts, N.,Puche, F.,Cálix, M.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LOPHOZIACEAE,Tritomaria,exsecta,,Tritomaria exsecta  ,(Schmidel ex Schrad.) Schiffn. ex Loeske,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). 

The Cut Notchwort(Tritomaria exsecta) is rather widespread in Europe, apart from in the north and the higher belts of mountains. It has a large geographic range - in Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 7.8 million km2and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2,192 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 7.1 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 1,972 km2. The current population trend is stable both in Europe and the EU 28, and there are no major threats to the whole population of this species. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in view of its widespread distribution and stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species may be threatened in certain countries, particularly in Sweden, Ireland, the Canary Islands and Hungary. Removal of deadwood may have a negative impact on the species in some countries. Even so, in Europe as a whole the species is not declining, and so no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species has a temperate montane, holarctic distribution. It is restricted mostly to the middle or southern parts of boreal regions, as well as mixed and decidous forests and forest belts in mountains. It is more widespread in suboceanic areas. In Europe, it is rather widespread apart from in the north and the higher belts of mountains (Damsholt 2002, Paton 1999). It is also known from Macaronesia in Madeira (Damsholt 2002). In Asia, this species is found in Siberia and the Russian Far East, apart from in the arctic (Konstantinova et al. 2009). It is also found in the eastern Himalayas, China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea and Borneo (Damsholt 2002). In North America, this species is transcontinental, and found in the coniferous forest region both in the east and the west.

The altitudinal range of this species is from near sea-level in Great Britain (Paton 1999) up to 2,200 m Asl in the Swiss Alps (NISM 2017). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 7.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2,192 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 7.1 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 1,972 km2.

","This species is widespread in most European countries. This species usually occurs in small patches, always with gemmae, and sporophytes are not rare. The current population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","The species normally occurs on decaying wood and moist sandstone. It is more rarely found on bark at the bases of trees and on peat between boulders in boulder screes (Paton 1999, Damsholt 2002).",There are no threats for the species apart from localized threats of the removal of deadwood in some countries (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017).,"This species may be threatened in certain countries, particularly in Sweden, Ireland, the Canary Islands and Hungary (Hodgetts 2015) but in Europe as a whole the species is not declining, and so no conservation measures are required at present. The species occurs in many protected areas, including several strict nature reserves of European Russia (Konstantinova 2004).","This species is not used or traded.



","Englefield, E.,Ignatov, M.,Hodgetts, N.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LOPHOZIACEAE,Tritomaria,exsectiformis,,Tritomaria exsectiformis  ,(Breidl.) Schiffn. ex Loeske,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Larger Cut Notchwort (Tritomaria exsectiformis) is widespread in most European countries, apart from the northern regions of Russia and Scandinavia. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 11.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 5,320 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 6.9 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 4,748 km2. This species is not rare, the subpopulations can be quite large, and the current population trend of this species is stable. In addition, there are no major threats to this species. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

Further research is required into the taxonomy of the species, particularly as in the high arctic, this species is probably replaced by variety arctica.",Stable,"This is a boreal-montane, circumpolar species. It is restricted mostly to coniferous forests, and has an altitudinal range from near sea-level to 1,860 m Asl (Duell and Meinunger 1989). This species is widespread in most European countries, apart from the northern regions of Russia and Scandinavia. 

This species is recorded for Svalbard but this record should be verified, as it probably refers to arctic extremes of the species, as in the high arctic, this species is probably replaced by subspecies arctica. In western North America, this species occurs from Alaska and Yukon in the north to British Columbia and Colorado, in the east from Newfoundland to North Carolina. This species is also known from southern Greenland. In Asia, this species is known from the Caucasus (Russia and Turkey), Siberia and the Russian Far East (Konstantinova et al. 2009).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 11.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 5,320 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 6.9 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 4,748 km2.","In appropriate sites, this species is not rare and the subpopulations can be quite large, such as in Great Britain, where the species can be ""locally abundant"" (Paton 1999). The current population trend of this species is stable. This species occurs both in pure mats and as a mixture in mats with other bryophytes. This species almost always occurs with gemmae but male and female plants with perianths and sporophytes are very rare.  Subsp. arctica R.M.Schust. of the species is very rare and poorly known.","This species is found in a great range of habitats, but is mostly restricted to zones of coniferous forest. It occurs on decaying logs and stumps, on peaty soil over cliffs, on thin soil on rock walls or vertical sides of boulders and on sandy, moist acidic soil as well as on acidic stones in shaded brooks and rivulets. It is also found on peat and Sphagnum hummocks in bogs (Damsholt 2002, Paton, 1999). In the arctic, this species is very rare and probably mostly occurs as var. arctcica.",There are no major threats for the species in general.,"This species is not threatened in any European countries where it occurs (Hodgetts 2015). This species occurs in many protected areas across Europe, including in many of nature reserves in European part of Russia (Konstantinova 2004). Further research is required into the taxonomy of the species, particularly in the high arctic.",This species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Ignatova, E.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,MARCHANTIOPHYTA,JUNGERMANNIOPSIDA,JUNGERMANNIALES,LOPHOZIACEAE,Tritomaria,scitula,,Tritomaria scitula  ,(Taylor) Jørg.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Tritomaria scitula is more or less frequent in the arctic but has a scattered distribution because of its ecological preference for calcareous soil. It is restricted mainly to the far north and high mountains where it can be abundant in some sites. The majority of the subpopulations of this species are in the north of Europe. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) in both Europe and the EU 28, but the area of occupancy (AOO) is more restricted - in Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 11.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,204 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 3.5 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 444 km2. However, the current population trend is stable and there are no major threats to the species. In the EU 28, there are presumed to be around 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals), and more than this in Europe. Therefore, in both Europe and the EU 28, this species is therefore assessed as Least Concern.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Slovakia and Romania. Further research is required on the population size, distribution and trends of this species especially in central Europe.",Stable,"This is an arctic-montane, circumpolar species that is more or less frequent in the arctic but has a scattered distribution because of its ecological preference for calcareous soil. In central Europe, this species is rather rare and restricted to high elevations - it has an altitudinal range from near sea-level in the high arctic up to 3,400 m Asl in the mountains of central Europe, particularly in the Alps (Damsholt 2002). In the Scandinavian countries and in European Russia, this species occurs in the higher mountains and to the north, in and above the birch region (Damsholt 2002, Konstantinova et al. 2009). This species is also known from Jan Mayen Island, Iceland and Svalbard. In Svalbard, it is rather common and even abundant in appropriate sites (Frisvoll and Elvebakk 1996, Konstantinova and Savchenko 2012).

In Asia, this species is recorded for all sectors of the arctic as well as for eastern and southern Siberia (Konstantinovaet al. 2009). In North America, this species is known in the west from Alaska to British Columbia and in the east from Quebec, and around the Great Lakes, Michigan,Wisconsin and Minnesota. It is also known from Greenland (Schuster 1969).

In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 11.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,204 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 3.5 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 444 km2.","This species is restricted mainly to the far north and high altitudes in mountains where it can be abundant in some sites. The majority of the subpopulations of this species are in the north of Europe. In Svalbard, the species is not rare in appropriate sites and it occurs usually in small mats or scattered among other bryophytes (Frisvoll and Elvebakk 1996), but sometimes in more or less large (several decimeters) cushions (N. Konstantinova pers. obs. 2016). The current population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In the EU 28, there are presumed to be around 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalent) and therefore there are more than this number of individual-equvialents in the whole of Europe.

The species always occurs with gemmae, but sporophytes are very rare (Damsholt 2002, N. Konstantinova pers. obs. 2016).

 

","In central and northern Europe, this species is restricted to shaded calcareous rocks, walls, soil-filled small crevices and weathered calcareous schists where it occurs on thin layers of humid soil (Damsholt 2002). This species occurs as well between stones and boulders in rock fields, and in arctic areas and high altitudes, it is found on mountains and in snowbeds. In Svalbard, this species occurs in moist tundra over basic rocks mixed with other bryophytes as well as on soil between boulders, sometimes in large pure mats (N. Konstantinova pers. obs. 2016).

","There are no major threats to this species.

","This species is included in national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Slovakia, as Vulnerable (VU) in Romania, as rare (R) in Poland, as Data Deficient (DD) in Andorra and Spain, and as Near Threatened (NT) in Italy (Hodgetts 2015). This species occurs in several protected areas across Europe; it is not rare in nature reserves and national parks in Svalbard, including in Nordaust-Svalbard Naturreservat (Konstantinova and Savchenko 2012) and Forlandet Nasjonalpark (N. Konstantinova pers. obs. 2016) and others. It also occurs in several strict nature reserves in European Russia, including Pechoro-Ilychskiy, Pinezhskiy (Konstantinova 2004) and Basegi (Konstantinova et al. 2010).

Further research is required on the population size, distribution and trends of this species.",This species is not used or traded.,"Hedenäs, L.,Cálix, M.","Konstantinova, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Ulota,bruchii,,Ulota bruchii  ,Hornsch. ex Brid.,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Bruch's Pincushion (Ulota bruchii) is a European temperate species widespread in western, central and northern Europe, reaching the Faroe Islands, northwestern Norway, the Baltic States and Ukraine, south to Portugal, the Alps and Bulgaria. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is a very common epiphyte, it has a large and stable population and there appear to be no significant threats to it. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"Bruch's Pincushion (Ulota bruchii) is a European temperate species widespread in western, central and northern Europe, reaching the Faroe Islands, northwestern Norway, the Baltic States and Ukraine, south to Portugal, the Alps and Bulgaria (Blockeel et al. 2014). It appears to be a European endemic. Its distribution is, however, probably incompletely known, as the species in and around the Ulota crispa complex have been recorded unevenly. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 4,240 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6.4 million km².","This species is stable, or perhaps increasing, in Europe. It is a common species.","This is a common epiphyte forming tufts on the twigs and branches, but also the trunks, of a wide range of trees and shrubs. Unlike most Orthotrichum species, it is abundant in oceanic regions on host species that include oak, hazel, rowan and sallow – though often limited by the growth of pleurocarps – and occasionally on dwarf shrubs such as heather and bilberry. It is also widespread in eastern and lowland regions, especially in sheltered places such as light woodland, scrub, streamsides and sheltered valleys, and is often prominent on the branches of sallows in wet woodland. It is rare in mature closed woodland but occurs on trunks beneath the tree canopy where it is not too deeply shaded, especially on smooth-barked trees such as ash, and on coppice shoots of hazel and oak. It occurs only rarely on acid rocks, for example on gritstone walls in light shade. Common associates include Frullania dilatata, Metzgeria furcata, Metzgeria violacea, Hypnum andoi, Hypnum cupressiforme, Orthotrichum affine, Ulota crispa and Ulota phyllantha  (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 1,390 m Asl.



It is autoicous; capsules are abundant, maturing mainly from autumn to spring. Gemmae are produced on the protonema in culture.","There are no known ongoing threats to this species. It is sensitive to SO2 pollution, but has recovered extremely well following improvements in air quality in the latter half of the 20th Century.","This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Serbia, and as Data Deficient in Bulgaria, Montenegro and Romania (Hodgetts 2015). No conservation measures are required at present. It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Virtanen, R.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N.","Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Ulota,calvescens,,Ulota calvescens  ,Wilson,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Balding Pincushion (Ulota calvescens) is an endemic oceanic southern-temperate Macaronesian-Atlantic species, occurring in Macaronesia, southern Portugal and Spain to northwestern France, Ireland and Britain. It has also recently been recorded from Norway, and there is a surprising outlying record from Serbia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is not infrequent within its range, and appears to be expanding in parts of Britain. In addition, there appear to be no significant threats to it. No conservation measures are required at present, except that monitoring some of the outlying subpopulations might be recommended.",Increasing,"The Balding Pincushion (Ulota calvescens) is an endemic oceanic southern-temperate Macaronesian-Atlantic species, occurring in Macaronesia, southern Portugal and Spain to northwestern France (Brittany), Ireland and Britain (Blockeel et al. 2014). It has also recently been recorded from Norway (Artsdatabanken 2016), and there is a surprising outlying record from Serbia (Papp and Sabovljević 2002). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 2,064 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7.3 million km².",,"This is an epiphyte forming neat tufts on trees and shrubs, especially sallows and hazel, but also alder, ash, birch, rowan, sycamore and occasionally other species, including a planted hornbeam. It occurs in sheltered scrub and woodland, stream banks, ravines and gullies, in the shelter of crags, even on scrubby roadsides and in woodland on old coal spoil. In its recently discovered sites in the South Pennines its habitats are equally varied, from stream valleys to light or scrubby woodland and groups of sallows in marshy or boggy ground, but it tends not to occur in closed woodland, except along tracks or by clearings. In northwestern Scotland and Shetland it has been recorded as an epiphyte on heather. Some recent occurrences have been in the shelter of conifer plantations, usually on rowan, sycamore or sallow. It is usually accompanied by other species of Ulota, and in the oceanic west by small Lejeuneaceae, Frullania and Metzgeria species. In England its associates include Frullania dilatata, Cryphaea heteromalla, and several Orthotrichum species (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from 5 m up to 400 m Asl.



It is autoicous; capsules are common, maturing earlier than those ofUlota bruchii and Ulota crispa, expanded in late spring and dehiscing in summer.",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present, except that monitoring some of the outlying subpopulations might be recommended. This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in Portugal, Spain and Serbia, and as Data Deficient in Norway (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Virtanen, R.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Ulota,coarctata,,Ulota coarctata  ,(P. Beauv.) Hammar,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Club Pincushion (Ulota coarctata) is scattered and rare within most of its range in Europe. However, it has quite a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 2,000 and 3,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 1,760 km2 and the EOO is ca 4 million km2. Although this species has previously been declining from acid rain and other air pollution, there have been reductions in sulphur dioxide pollution and the current population trend is stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are now no major threats to this species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.  

No immediate conservation action is needed. However, long term monitoring is probably needed.",Stable,"This species has a suboceanic boreal-montane distribution. In Europe, this species occurs north to central Scandinavia, the Baltic states, Belarus and Ukraine, south to northern Spain, the Alps and Montenegro and west to Ireland (Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from 25 m to 1,445 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in the eastern part of North America and Asia (BFNA 2015).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 2,000 and 3,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 1,760 km2 and the EOO is ca 4 million km2.

","This species is scattered and rare within most of its range in Europe and, in the last 50 years, it has decreased in many countries (especially in the lowlands). However, during the last 10 years, much of the decline seems to have stopped. For example, in Britain there has been an increase in records in southern parts. Many of these are likely to be chance occurrences from windborne spores from continental Europe, following reductions in sulphur dioxide pollution. The subpopulations in western Scotland appear to be stable, though scattered (Blockeel et al. 2014). Also, in Sweden the species has recovered from a time period when it was quite rare, partly because of acid rain and other air pollution. Therefore, the overall current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","In Nordic countries, this species grows on smooth bark of deciduous trees (usually Populus tremula, Salix caprea and Alnus incana) in places with humid air. Typical habitats include ravines and moist mixed deciduous forests, but in areas with sufficiently moist air and high annual precipitation, this species is also found at forest edges and in abandoned pastures (Hallingbäck et al. 2008).

In the United Kingdom, this is a rare epiphyte forming small yellowish or dark green tufts on birch, hazel, oak, sallow and other trees and bushes in sheltered humid scrub and woodland. Its recent occurrence in Ireland was on sallow and hazel in scrub at the base of a rocky slope. In southern Britain, many recent records are from Salix in wet places, but others are from ash, oak and poplar. Associates at its southern sites include Cololejeunea minutissima, Microlejeunea ulicina, Dicranoweisia cirrata, Orthotrichum spp., Ulota bruchii and U. crispa (Blockeel et al. 2014).

","Following a reductions in sulphur dioxide pollution in most parts of Europe, there are, today, no major threats to this species.","This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. This species is assessed in Germany as Vulnerable (VU), in the Czech Republic and Switzerland as Critically Endangered (CR), in Hungary as Data Deficient (DD), in Poland as E, in Ireland and Luxembourg as Endangered (EN), in the Netherlands as GE, in Belgium as Mn, in Romania as Near Threatened (NT), and in Sweden, Spain, Slovakia and Estonia as VU (Hodgetts 2015).

  This species is known to occur in at least one protected area. No immediate conservation action is needed. However, long term monitoring is probably needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Stebel, A.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Ulota,crispa,,Ulota crispa  ,(Hedw.) Brid.,"The last taxonomical revision of Ulota crispa complex confirmed the existence of three morphotypes, ascribable to the previously described Ulota crispa s.l., U. crispula and U. intermedia, which can be differentiated by an ample set of qualitative and quantitative morphological characters.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The distribution of  the Crisped Pincushion (Ulota crispa s. str.) is not well studied, because many of the specimens previously identified are now referred to as U. intermedia or U. cf. crispula.

According available data, this species is common and widespread throughout western, central and southern Europe including lowlands and mountainous ridges. In Europe, this species has large range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 4 million km2. In both Europe and the EU 28, numerous and large subpopulations of this species are known, and its population trend appears to be stable. For these reasons, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

The threat to this species is the reduction of forests due to felling. In the areas situated near the northern and eastern border of European range of this species, the protection of its habitats may be recommended. Further research of taxonomy, population size, distribution and trends of this species is needed.",Stable,"This species exists as sensu stricto (s. str.) and sensu lato (s.l.). The assessment and map are based on the species s.str, which is not present in all the territories in which the species s.l. has formerly been recognized (Caparrós et al. 2016).



This species has a temperate amphioceanic distribution. It is widespread in western and central Europe, and found northwards to southern Norway and Sweden, southwards to Iberian Peninsula and eastwards to the Carpathians (Caparrós et al. 2016, T. Hallingbäck pers. comm. 2018). Elsewhere, it is known from the Caucasus (being especially abundant in southernmost part of the Black Sea coastal area, eastwards to Kabardino-Balkaria), China, the Russian Far East (Primorsky Territory), Japan, Taiwan and western coast of North America (Caparrós et al. 2016, Ignatov et al. 2018, Fedosov and Ignatova 2018).



In Europe, this species has large range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 4 million km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is from sea level to 1,500 m Asl.

However, the distribution of the species is not well studied, because of many specimens previously identified are now referred toU. intermedia or U. cf. crispula (Caparrós et al. 2016, Ignatov et al. 2018).","Numerous and large subpopulations of this species are known. It is common and widespread throughout western, central and southern Europe including lowlands and mountainous ridges. The species is frequently fertile. The population trend seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.",This epiphytic species grows mostly on tree trunks of deciduous trees.,"The threat to this species is the reduction of forests due to felling. 

","This species was included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Slovakia and Hungary, as vulnerable (V) in Poland (Natcheva et al. 2006, Rassi et al. 2010, Kubinská et al. 2001, Papp et al. 2010, Ochyra 1992). Some of the known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. In the areas situated near the northern and eastern border of European range of this species, the protection of its habitats may be recommended. Further research of taxonomy, population size, distribution and trends of this species is needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Vanderpoorten, A.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Ulota,crispula,,Ulota crispula  ,Bruch,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Ulota crispula is widespread and frequent in central and southern Europe, but there are still many gaps in the knowledge of its distribution. However, it is clear that it is fairly frequent or even common within its range, and that there are few, if any, real threats to it. Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern. No conservation actions are recommended.",Unknown,"After many years of confusion, this part of the genus Ulota has now been elucidated by Caparrós et al. (2016). Ulota crispula is widespread and frequent in central and southern Europe, but there are still many gaps in the knowledge of its distribution. Globally, it is an amphi-Atlantic species, outside Europe widespread throughout eastern North America and southwestern Asia (Pontic Mountains, Caucasus). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated, very roughly, to be ca 1,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4.6 million km².","This species is widespread in central Europe, but there is no information on its population trend or abundance. However, it seems likely that, as a colonist that produces sporophytes frequently, it is a common epiphytic moss, with individual stands probably short-lived, but the meta-population robust.","This is an epiphytic moss, which grows on a variety of trees at elevations between ca 80 m and 1,400 m Asl (Caparrós et al. 2016). The sporophytes, which are common, mature in late spring.","There are currently no significant threats to this species. However, it is sensitive to atmospheric SO2 pollution, and has presumably recovered in many areas since SO2 levels reduced in the late 20th Century.",No conservation actions are recommended. This species is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hylander, K.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N.","Juutinen, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Ulota,curvifolia,,Ulota curvifolia  ,(Wahlenb.) Sw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Ulota curvifolia is widespread and not rare in Fennoscandia and the adjacent part of Russia. Outside of this area, this species is very rare. This species has a fairly large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,700 and 3,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 1,300 km² and the EOO is ca 1.6 million km². It seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its main distribution area in northern Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no evident threats known to this species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.



No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species has a boreal distribution in Europe. It is known from Finland, Norway, Sweden, Estonia, Austria, Albania, arctic Russia, the Middle and South Urals, northwestern Russia and the sub-polar and North Urals (Hodgetts 2015). The record from Albania is regarded as dubious by Lara & Garilleti (pers. comm. 2018) and needs to be confirmed. This species is also reported from Germany, however, this record is based on a confusion of localities; the locality is in fact in Austria (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017). Outside of Europe, this species is found in Greenland, North America and Asia (BFNA 2007). 

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 1,700 and 3,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5 million km². In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 1,300 km² and the EOO is ca 1.6 million km².

","This species is widespread and not rare in Fennoscandia and the adjacent part of Russia. Outside of this area, this species is very rare. There is no decline reported, and so the current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","This species grows on acidic rocks in dry situations in coniferous forests, typically where a minor overhang shelters the tufts from rain. Sites range from the lowland taiga to the low alpine zone, at higher altitudes and typically found at open warm, south-facing sites (Hallingbäck et al. 2008).",There are no major threats to this species.,"This species is in the Red List of Albania as Data Deficient (DD), Austria as 4, and Estonia as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in at least one protected area. No conservation measures are required at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Denyer, J.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Ulota,drummondii,,Ulota drummondii  ,(Hook. &amp; Grev.) Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Drummond's Pincushion (Ulota drummondii) is widespread in western Europe and in the mountains of central Europe. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 3,300 and 5,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4.5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 2,500 km2 and the EOO is ca 3.7 million km2. Although this species has previously declined, it now seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its main distribution area in northern Europe and EU 28. There are no current threats known to this species, following a reduction in sulphur dioxide pollution. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, such as Slovakia and Estonia, and may have gone extinct in Germany and the Czech Republic. Even so, no immediate conservation action is needed, although long term monitoring is probably needed.

",Stable,"This species has a suboceanic boreal-montane distribution. It is known from northwestern Europe, most frequently in western Fennoscandia, where it reaches the arctic in northwestern Norway, east to Finland, the Baltic States and northwestern Russia, and south to France, central Germany (believed extinct), the Tatra Mountains and the Carpathians (Poland, Czech Republic and Slovakia) and Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). It is also reported from Ukraine. The altitudinal range of the species in Europe is from sea level to 1,210 m Asl. Outside of Europe, this species is also found in northern part of North America and Asia (BFNA 2015).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 3,300 and 5,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4.5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 2,500 km2 and the EOO is ca 3.7 million km2.","This species is widespread in western Europe and in the mountains of central Europe. In the 1960s to end of the 1980s, there was a decline of this species in Europe because of sulphur dioxide pollution.

In the United Kingdom, there does not appear to have been any recent change in the range and frequency of this species. The decline at the southern edge of its range in Lancashire and Yorkshire is long-standing and probably caused by air pollution. It was described as 'luxuriant' in Upper Teesdale in the 19th century but is not so now. There is perhaps signs of the early stages of a recovery in part of the United Kingdom (Blockeel et al. 2014). Also, the same trend of recovered has been noted in Sweden. The overall current population trend is considered to be stable for both Europe and the EU 28.

","In Nordic countries, this species grows on smooth bark of deciduous trees, such as Corylus, Populus tremula, Quercus and Salix. It is also very rarely found on stones (Hallingbäck et al. 2008).

In the United Kingdom, this species is an epiphyte on branches and trunks of trees and shrubs, commonly on Salix and Sorbus, but also on other species, including birch, hazel, alder, and juniper. It is found in wooded ravines, open woodland, in river valleys and other sheltered places such as the base of crags. It is usually accompanied by other Ulota species, including U. calvescens in western Scotland. Further east, the associates include Orthotrichum striatum and O. stramineum (Blockeel et al. 2014).

","Following a reduction in sulphur dioxide pollution in most parts of Europe, there are now no major threats to this species and it is recovering in areas where acid rain has stopped or declined.","This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. In Germany, it is assessed as Extinct (EX), in Slovakia as Critically Endangered (CR), in Ireland, Northern Ireland, Switzerland and Latvia as Data Deficient (DD), in Poland as E, in the Netherlands as GE, in Finland and the Czech Republic as Regionally Extinct (RE) and in Estonia as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is known to occur in at least one protected area.

No immediate conservation action is needed. However, long term monitoring is probably needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hodgetts, N.,Vellak, K.","Hallingbäck, T","Ştefănuţ, S.,Schröck, C.,Soltés, R.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Ulota,hutchinsiae,,Ulota hutchinsiae  ,(Sm.) Hammar,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Hutchins' Pincushion (Ulota hutchinsiae) is widespread in the European mountains and southern Fennoscandia. This species has a large geographic range - in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 4,000 and 5,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5.9 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 3,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 5 million km2. Despite some declines previously, this species seems to have a viable and stable population trend within its main distribution area in northern Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no major threats to this species. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Slovakia, Germany and Portugal. Even so, no conservation action is needed at present.

",Stable,"This species has a suboceanic boreal-montane distribution. This species is widespread in the European mountains and southern Fennoscandia, it is found north to the Faroe Islands, Norway and northwestern Russia, extending east to the Tatra Mountains and the Carpathians, south to Portugal, Spain, Corsica and Bulgaria and east to Ukraine (Hodgetts 2015). The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 1,570 m Asl. Outside Europe this species is also found in eastern part of North America, Alaska and Asia (BFNA 2015).

The species is not endemic to Europe or the EU 28.



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 4,000 and 5,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5.9 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 3,000 km2 and the EOO is ca 5 million km2.","This species is widespread in Europe. In the Nordic countries, the population size seems to be stable. There has been a decline in England, and this has been mostly long-standing. Holyoak (2012) notes the disappearance of mosses that favour acidic rock environments from lowland areas of Cornwall, and suggests airborne pollution as a likely cause, worsened by recent increases in nitrogen deposition (Blockeel et al. 2014). New localities in southern Germany (Lüth 2003) indicate that the species is recovering in some areas.","This species grows in Nordic countries on siliceous rock faces, boulders and flat rocks, often beneath trees with a bark pH above 5. Typically, this species is found in deciduous forests and forest edges, sometimes near lakes and, especially to the north, with a preference for south-facing slopes and precipices (Hallingbäck et al. 2008).

In the United Kingdom, this species is the most regularly saxicolous species of the genus in Britain and Ireland, found as tufts on dry or intermittently flushed acidic or basic rocks and boulders, especially igneous rocks but also sandstone, very rarely on trees. Habitats include coastal outcrops, at the side of streams, lightly wooded ravines, lake margins, stable block scree, and sheltered mountain corries, though mainly at lower altitudes. Associates on coastal rocks include Frullania fragilifolia, F. teneriffae and Ulota phyllantha. Other associates include Grimmia spp. and, rarely, Glyphomitrium daviesii (Blockeel et al. 2014). In southern Germany, the species occurs mainly in boulder rich deciduous forest, especially oak or linden forest (Lüth 2003).

","There are no major threats to this species, as it is found in undisturbed and hard to access habitats.","This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed in Germany, Portugal, the Czech Republic and Bulgaria as Endangered (EN), in Slovakia as Critically Endangered (CR), in Spain as Data Deficient (DD), in Poland as E, in Romania as Near Threatened (NT), in Belgium and Hungary as Regionally Extinct (RE), and in Switzerland and Estonia as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015).



At least one locality is found within a protected area. No conservation action is needed at present.",The species is not used or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Gunnarsson, U.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Ulota,intermedia,,Ulota intermedia  ,Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Ulota intermedia is widespread and frequent in northern and western Europe, but there are still many gaps in the knowledge of its distribution. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is clear that it is fairly  frequent or even common within its range, and that there are few, if  any, real threats to it. No conservation actions are recommended.",Unknown,"After many years of confusion, this part of the genus Ulota has now been elucidated by Caparrós et al. (2016). Ulota intermedia is widespread and frequent in northern and western Europe, but there  are still many gaps in the knowledge of its distribution. Globally, it  is circumboreal, widespread on the east and west coasts of northern North  America and Japan and the Russian Far East, and also present in central Asia. This species' area of  occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated, very roughly, to be ca 2,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5 million km².","This species is widespread in northern and western Europe, but there is no  information on its population trend or abundance. However, it seems  likely that, as a colonist that produces sporophytes frequently, it is a  common epiphytic moss, with individual stands probably short-lived, but the  meta-population robust.","This is an epiphytic moss, which grows on a variety of trees at elevations between ca 5 m and 1,500 m Asl. The sporophytes, which are common, mature in late spring.","There are currently no significant threats to this species. However, it is sensitive to atmospheric SO2 pollution, and has presumably recovered in many areas since SO2 levels reduced in the late 20th Century.",No conservation actions are recommended. It is found in protected areas.,This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Schröck, C.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N.","Bambe, B.,Ştefănuţ, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Ulota,macrospora,,Ulota macrospora  ,E.Bauer &amp; Warnst.,,Yes,EN,D,No,EN,D,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



Ulota macrospora is an epiphytic European endemic species, occurring only at middle elevations in central Europe. It can easily be overlooked or confused with other more common Ulota species. It is known from France, Switzerland, Luxembourg, the Czech Republic, Austria, Germany, and recently Switzerland.Its distribution is not fully known and it is likely that new localities may be found with focused fieldwork. All of its localities host very small subpopulations. At present, the species is known from no more than 40 sites throughout Europe. The population trend is unknown, however it is estimated that the population contains fewer than 250 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) in both Europe and the EU 28. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered. Threats to it are not well known, but a hypothesized link between air pollution and its decrease in Germany exists. More work is needed to understand the ecological niche of the species and the relationships with forest management. It appears that it is able to colonise secondary habitats but only in certain ecological conditions. There are no known conservation actions in place targeting this species. Further research is needed into the population size, trends and distribution, the ecology and threats to this species.",Unknown,"This species is a European endemic, occurring only at middle elevations between 300 m and 1,300 m Asl in central Europe. It is known from France, Switzerland, Luxembourg, the Czech Republic (Biedermann et al. 2014), Austria and Germany. It has been re-found in about twelve sites in Switzerland recently (Kiebacher et al. in prep.). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be between 150,000 and 180,000 km2and its area of occupancy (AOO) between 120 and 200 km2. It can easily be overlooked or confused with other more common Ulota species. The distribution is not fully known and it is likely that new localities may be found with focused fieldwork.","Subpopulations are small and rare in Germany, where 20 recent occurrences were confirmed (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Four more sites were found after the publication of the German atlas in Sachsen (Biedermann et al. 2014) and three in Hessen and Niedersachsen (Eckstein et al. 2015). In Switzerland, it has been considered as probably extinct in the Red List of 2004 but the species has now been re-found in twelve sites. In Luxembourg, the species has been found at only one site, in 2002 (Hans 2004). In France, four relatively old occurrences (<1996) and two recent ones (2009) are known from the Doubs, Vosges and Moselle departments respectively (Boudier and Pierrot 1996, Frahm and Bick 2013, V. Hugonnot pers. comm. 2017). All those localities host very small subpopulations (a few tufts) of the species. Nowadays, the species is known from no more than 40 sites throughout Europe, each of them hosting between one and three (to a maximum of five) tufts. Since this species is epiphytic, one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be a tree on which the species grows. It is estimated that there are fewer than 250 individual-equivalents in Europe and in the EU 28. The population trend is unknown but at least a slight decline seems probable.","This is an epiphytic species, usually living on solitary trees or trees at the edge of forests (on Picea abies, Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica, Acer pseudoplatanus, Corylus avellana or Salix caprea), in moderately shady and humid sites (Nebel and Philippi 2001).","Threats to the species are not well known. Nebel and Philippi (2001) hypothesize a link between air pollution and its decrease since the end of the 19th Century in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.","The species is listed as Least Concern but rare in Germany (Caspari et al. 2018) and as Critically Endangered in Luxembourg and Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). In France, there is no national Red List for bryophytes. More work is needed to understand the ecological niche of the species and the relationships with forest management. It appears that it is able to colonise secondary habitats but only in certain ecological conditions. Removal of sporophytes may threaten the species. There are no known conservation actions in place targeting this species. Further research is needed into the population size, trends and distribution, the ecology and threats to this species. It is known to occur in protected areas in Europe.",The species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Aleffi, M.,Hodgetts, N.","Baudraz, M.E.A., Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Ulota,rehmannii,,Ulota rehmannii  ,Jur.,,No,CR,D,No,CR,D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)



EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)



The rare epiphytic species, Ulota rehmannii, has a just a few scattered localities in central Europe, with the current extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 500,000 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) between 20 to 80 km2. Although there have been recent (re)discoveries of this species, it is not known from more than 20 current sites in Europe, all seemingly hosting one to very few (<5) individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals) each. This leads to an overall population size estimated between 20 and 50 individual-equivalents. This species is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered in Europe and in the EU 28. It has declined in the past, but there is evidence that it now may be recovering slowly because of cleaner air. However, the exact population trend remains unknown. Air pollution and deforestation pose a threat to this species. There are currently no conservation measures targeting this species in particular, but the policies and measures aiming at lowering atmospheric pollution levels over the past few decades seem to have benefited it. Such measures should be continued in the future and the known sites of occurrence protected (especially against tree felling, which would destroy the species' only substrate). Monitoring of the current subpopulations, especially but not only close to recent sites, should be performed. Ex-situ conservation, such as artificial propagation, is also recommended. Known sites should be further protected. More research into the population size, trends, distribution and threats to this species is needed.",Unknown,"This rare moss has a just a few scattered localities in central Europe, having been recorded only in France, Austria, Germany, Belgium, Poland, Slovakia and Ukraine. However, it is considered Regionally Extinct in Austria, Poland and Slovakia (Hodgetts 2015). It has been found growing at elevations between 300 m and 1,000 m Asl. The current extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 500,000 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) between 20 to 80 km2. Elsewhere this species occurs only in Asia (Nebel and Philippi 2001, Wang and Jia 2012).","The species is only known from one recent site in Belgium (Sotiaux and Sotiaux 1999), three in Germany (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Lüth 2009, Biedermann et al. 2014) and one in France (Hugonnot 2014). All have small subpopulations, hosting (according to available information) no more than one tuft, considered as one individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) each. No additional tufts could be found in the vicinity of the existing records whenever research was undertaken (Sotiaux and Sotiaux 1999, Lüth 2009, Hugonnot 2014). There are two sites in Ukraine from the 1930's, and its continuing presence at these sites needs to be reconfirmed. Overall, the species is estimated to occur at no more than 20 current sites, all seemingly hosting one to very few (<5) individual-equivalents. This leads to an overall population size estimated at 20 to 50 individual-equivalents. Unlike other Ulota species, U. rehmannii is relatively easy to recognize in the field because of its smooth calyptra. It can therefore be detected relatively easily, at least in the spring. Because of the past extinctions and the fact that the Ukraine records are old, it has to be assumed that there has been a decline in the area of occupancy (AOO). This is a medium- to long-lived species with a generation length estimated at between 11 and 25 years. The population trend is unknown.","This is an epiphytic species. Older findings were mainly recorded on spruce (Picea abies) (Limpricht 1895), but current collections have been made on poplar (Populus sp.), Goat Willow (Salix caprea), Common Hazel (Corylus avellana) and Mountain Ash (Sorbus aucuparia). Interestingly, the findings in France and Baden-Würtemberg (Germany) are reported to occur close to an industrial area (Saint-Etienne) or in a former, but now abandoned, industrial wasteland (Lüth 2009, Hugonnot 2014).","The sensitivity of epiphytic bryophytes, in particular the family to which this species belongs, to air pollution is well known. This must surely have been a cause of its drastic decline in the 20th Century, and many authors hypothesize that the species' current reappearances are a consequence of lower air pollution levels (Sotiaux and Sotiaux 1999, Lüth 2009, Hugonnot 2014). The recent reports of this species close to previous or  current industrial zones suggest that it is now recolonising previously polluted areas, although the source of diaspores is unknown (Lüth 2009, Hugonnot 2014). Deforestation in the Ukrainian Carpathian mountains is also a threat to this species.","The species is listed as Regionally Extinct in Austria, Poland and Slovakia and as Critically Endangered in Germany (Caspari et al. 2018). There are currently no conservation measures targeting this species in particular, but the policies and measures aiming at lowering atmospheric pollution levels over the past few decades seem to have benefited it. Such measures should be continued in the future and the known sites of occurrence protected (especially against tree felling, which would destroy the species' only substrate). Monitoring of the current subpopulations, especially but not only close to recent sites, should be performed. The species is known to occur in the ""Réserve Naturelle Nationale des Gorges de la Loire"" natural preserve in France, close to Saint-Etienne (Hugonnot 2014). Ex-situ conservation is recommended. Known sites should be protected. Further research into the population size, trends, distribution and threats to this species is needed.",The species is not utilised or traded.,"Aleffi, M.,Cálix, M.,Hodgetts, N.","Baudraz, M.E.A., Schnyder, N., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,SPLACHNALES,SPLACHNACEAE,Voitia,hyperborea,,Voitia hyperborea  ,Grev. &amp; Arn.,,No,VU,D1,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Voitia hyperborea is a rare arctic moss. In Europe, it has been only found on Svalbard and in arctic northern Russia. The current population trend is probably stable, but the total size of the population within Europe is most probably smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). The size is very much dependent on the size of the wild reindeer population in the arctic region, as the species grows on reindeer droppings, which are declining. Therefore, this species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe.

Besides the obvious threat of a declining population size of wild reindeer, a warmer climate can also have a negative effect of the growth of this species, since it is well adapted to a cold climate. Monitoring of the population trends of this species is needed.

This species is not found in the EU 28 and so it is Not Evaluated.",Stable,"This species is a rare arctic moss. In Europe, it has been only found on Svalbard and in arctic northern Russia (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in northern part of North America, Greenland and Asia (BFNA 2015).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 80 and 500 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 0.2 and 0.4 million km2. This species has not been found in the EU 28.","Very little information about the total population size of this species is known. The size is very much dependent on the size of the wild reindeer population in the arctic region, as the species grows on the droppings (Frisvoll and Blom 1997). The total size of the population within Europe is most probably smaller than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as proxy for an individual-equivalent). The current population trend is probably stable.","This species grows on organic substrates such as reindeer droppings or carcasses in the tundra biome, often with Tetraplodon spp. (Frisvoll and Blom 1997).","Besides the obvious threat of a declining population size of wild reindeer (since it grows on its dropping), a warmer climate can also have a negative effect of the growth of this species, since it is well adapted to a cold climate.",The species is known to occur in at least one protected area. Monitoring of the population trends of this species is needed.,The species is not used or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,During, H.","Hallingbäck, T",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,SPLACHNALES,SPLACHNACEAE,Voitia,nivalis,,Voitia nivalis  ,Hornsch.,,No,CR,C2a(i); D,No,CR,C2a(i); D,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

Voitia nivalis is one of the rarest bryophytes in Europe, and has a very restricted distribution, being confined to the Alps (France, Italy, Switzerland, Austria), with an area of occupancy (AOO) estimated at 88 km², and an extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 36,000 km². There are significantly more historical records than recent ones, as evidenced by herbarium specimens, and the population has certainly declined. Thus the overall population trend is considered to be decreasing. The only currently known subpopulation of this species, found in Austria, consists of fewer than 50 individual-equivalents (i.e., mature individuals). Although systematic surveys are lacking, the precautionary principle must be used on the basis of the very small population size, as stochastic processes could lead to its extinction. This species is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered. Past threats to this species included over-collection in the 19th Century, with present threats such as climate change pushing it to higher altitudes, further limiting the potential habitat. Recommended conservation measures include that all localities for this species should be protected and managed appropriately, and that no more herbarium specimens should be collected.",Decreasing,"In Europe, this species shows a very restricted distribution, being confined to the Alps (France, Italy, Switzerland, Austria). However, current sites are only known from Austria (Grims 1999, Köckinger et al. 2008, Köckinger and Schröck 2017). This species also occurs outside Europe, in central Asia. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 88 km², and the extent of occurrence (EOO) at ca 36,000 km².","The current subpopulation of this species in Austria consists of fewer than 50 individual-equivalents. One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre on which the species grows. This species has apparently disappeared from many localities in Europe. In France, the record from Gams (1950) could not be refound in the field despite investigation (L. Chavoutier pers. comm. 2016). This species is also likely to have disappeared from Switzerland, since focused fieldwork has been carried out there with no success. In Italy, there have been very few bryological surveys in the potential areas, and the status of this species is therefore not known. In Austria, several subpopulations have been lost. Herbarium specimens show that there were significantly larger subpopulations in the 19th Century. For these reasons, there is clearly a decline in the population, and thus the overall population trend is considered to be decreasing.","This plant grows in alpine to subnival, wind-exposed meadows and in cushion-forming vascular plant communities, often south-exposed. It is a very continental element, and can now be found almost exclusively on the drier south-facing side of the Alpine main ridge (Grims 1999, Köckinger and Schröck 2017). Its altitudinal range is ca 2,000 m up to 3,000 m Asl.","The species occurs at high elevations where human impact is usually low. Nevertheless, the threats are significant. Although most of the places it grows are barely accessible, the available habitat is quite small. In the 19th Century, this species was an extremely coveted plant and accordingly many specimens were collected; there are many, and in some cases also large, specimens lodged in herbaria. This must certainly have had a serious impact on the population and contributed to a decline. In addition, the climate in the 19th Century was much harsher, which gave this species good growth conditions. Today, climate change means that this species is being pushed to higher altitudes, further limiting the potential habitat (Köckinger and Schröck 2017).","This moss has been assessed as Endangered in Austria (Grims and Köckinger 1999), and as Regionally Extinct in Switzerland (Schnyder et al. 2004). It cannot be refound in France, and the position in Italy is unknown. All localities should be protected and no herbarium specimens should be collected. A study of the current distribution, population size and threats should be carried out. It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Hassel, K.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.","Afonina, O.,Blom, H.,Hodgetts, N.,Lönnell, N.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,CALLIERGONACEAE,Warnstorfia,fluitans,,Warnstorfia fluitans  ,(Hedw.) Loeske,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Floating Hook-moss (Warnstorfia fluitans) is widely distributed in sub-arctic and boreal regions. This species is frequent in Sweden, Finland and Baltic countries. It has large range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 12 million km2. Numerous subpopulations are known and the current population trend in both Europe and the EU 28. In the past, it had disappeared in many places due to human impact, but this species seems to be capable to recover under wetland restoration. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is rare in several countries in central and southern Europe, where mires are rare and vulnerable vegetation for natural reasons, and in part because the draining during last century. It is considered to be threatened in Luxembourg and Slovenia. However, no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"In Europe, this bipolar species is distributed from Iceland and Svalbard, southwards to the mountains of the Mediterranean region. In European Russia, it is known in arctic regions, forest and forest steppe zone, as well in the Urals. Some old reports of this species were doubtful; recently this species was excluded from the checklist for Portugal and the Balearic Islands (Fuertes et al. 2006). The presence of this species in the Canary Islands is based on old data of the 19th century (Ros et al. 2013), and the old record in Greece is clearly an error (T. Blockeel pers. comm. 2018). Elsewhere, it has been found in Macaronesia, Africa, Turkey, the Caucasus, Middle Asia, Siberia, the Russian Far East, the Himalayas, Сhina, Japan, North and South America, Kerguelen Islands, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and Australia (Ignatov et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014). The altitudinal range of this species is from sea level to 2,600 m Asl.

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 19 million km2in Europe and around 10 million km2 in the EU 28.","Numerous subpopulations of this species are known. This species is rare in some EU 28 states in central and southern Europe, where mires are rare and vulnerable type of vegetation for natural reasons. In the lowlands of central Europe, this species has declined during the last century due to drainage of wetlands, but currently in the former peat mining areas, the subpopulations have been observed to be recovering (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Still, this species is frequent in Sweden, Finland and the Baltic countries. In the large part of its European range, including in the EU 28, the population trend of this species seems to be stable.","This species grows submerged in the shallows of oligotrophic and mesotrophic bogs, on upland blanket bogs, on the mats of floating vegetation and banks of overgrowth lakes, in shallow acidic pools on wet heaths, and more rarely, on cliffs with oozing water. In the Kola Peninsula, it was found in man-made habitats, such as urban areas (Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Drugova 2009, Blockeel et al. 2014, Hedenäs et al. 2014).",The possible threat to this species is the degradation of wetlands ecosystems due to drainage and peat harvesting.,"This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as 3 in Austria, as Data Deficient (DD) in Albania, the Canary Islands, Portugal, Sardinia and Spain, as Near Threatened (NT) in Bulgaria and Switzerland, as vulnerable (V) in Germany, and as Endangered (EN) in Luxembourg and Slovenia (Grims and Köckinger 1999, Marka et al. 2012, Natcheva et al. 2006, Ludwig and Schnittler 1996, Werner 2003, Martinčič 2015, Brugués et al. 2014, Schnyder et al. 2004, Hodgetts 2015). A lot of the known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. No conservation measures are required at present.",This species is not used or traded.,"Seneca, A.,Cálix, M.","Baisheva, E.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,CALLIERGONACEAE,Warnstorfia,procera,,Warnstorfia procera  ,(Renauld &amp; Arnell) Tuom.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Warnstorfia procera is known from the Nordic countries (Norway, Sweden and Finland) and from Russia. This species is widespread in northern Europe. It has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) of around 1.4 million km2 in Europe, and around 0.7 million km2 in the EU 28. However, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is more restricted - in Europe, the AOO is between 800 and 1,000 km2, and in the EU 28, the AOO is ca 650 km2.

There is no report of any decline of the population in Europe or the EU 28, and the population size is estimated to be well above 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals) in both regions. In addition, there are no major threats to the overall population, as it is found in undisturbed habitats. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

Peat excavation is a threat to to a small proportion of the population, and there have been local declines in southern Finland. Even so, no conservation action is needed at present.

",Stable,"This species has a boreal distribution. It is known from the Nordic countries (Norway, Sweden and Finland) and from Russia (Leningrad region) (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, this species occurs in northern areas of northern Asia (Hedenäs et al. 2014).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 800 and 1,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.4 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 650 km2 and the EOO is ca 0.7 million km2.

","This species is widespread in northern Europe. In Finland, it is common in the northern part of the country and is found in mires (Tuomikoski 1949). It has decreased in the southern part of the country, but it is still common and abundant in the whole country, and it is stable (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). In northern Sweden, the species is also common and stable, and it is widespread in Norway. There is no report of any decline of the population in Europe and the EU 28, so the overall current population trend is considered to be stable. The population size is estimated to be well above 10,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent) in Europe and in the EU 28.","In Sweden, this species is found in Aapa mires, mineral poor fens and patterned fens. It grows in open parts, often in flarks, rarely in spring influenced habitats (Tuomikoski 1949). The species also rarely occurs on lake shores and immersed in lakes (Hedenäs et al. 2014).

","There are no major threats to the overall population, as it is found in undisturbed habitats. Peat excavation is a threat to this species, but only to a small proportion of the population.",The species is known to occur in protected areas. No conservation action is needed at present.,The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Ingerpuu, N.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,CALLIERGONACEAE,Warnstorfia,pseudostraminea,,Warnstorfia pseudostraminea  ,(Müll. Hal.) Tuom. &amp; T.J. Kop.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Warnstorfia pseudostraminea is considered as rare in most European countries. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) of around 7.5 million km2 in Europe, and around 2.6 million km2 in the EU 28. The area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is more restricted - between 800 and 1,000 km2 in Europe and around 680 km2 in the EU 28. However, this species is often overlooked. The overall current population trend in Europe and the EU 28 is unknown, but the species is probably stable in Scandinavia. In addition, the population size is probably large and there are quite large subpopulations, particularly in Sweden. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

In central Europe, the species is considered rare. There has been a decline in some countries, but no immediate conservation action is needed. However, long term monitoring is probably needed. Further research is also recommended into the distribution of the species, since it is though to have been overlooked in some areas, and some herbarium material may have been misidentified.",Unknown,"This species has a temperate to arctic distribution range in Europe. It is known from the Nordic countries (including Svalbard), central Europe and large parts of Russia as well as Ukraine (Hodgetts 2015). Moreover, it is reported from Asia, New Zealand, North America, southern South America and sub-antarctic islands (Hedenäs et al. 2014). The species was formerly confused with other similar species and there might be more localities, such as in Finland, than currently known. Herbarium material should be checked.

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 800 and 1,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7.5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 680 km2 and the EOO is ca 2.6 million km2.

","The species is known from localities scattered across Europe, but the species is probably overlooked in many areas. In Finland, this species is somewhat under-collected, but it is probably uncommon, and probably stable (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). In Norway, this species is known from seven localities. In Sweden, there are at least 50 localities are known. At one site, there are more than 100 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals, and using 1 m2 as a proxy for one individual-equivalents) (T. Hallingbäck pers. obs. 2017). In central Europe, the species is considered rare. There has been a decline in some countries. The subpopulation trend is probably stable in Scandinavia, but the overall current population trend in Europe and the EU 28 is unknown. The population size is probably large and there are quite large subpopulations in Sweden (with many hundreds of m2).","This species grows in mineral poor and acidic environments, and it has a preference for some vegetation disturbance. It grows in sloping fens, ditches, shores along brooks, spring-influenced habitats and in forest, as well as in temporary pools of water (Hedenäs et al. 2014). It also grows submerged in ponds. The species usually produces sporophytes and grows in disturbed habitats which indicates it has good dispersal abilities.",The major threat is drainage (trenching) and habitat loss. It is considered that peat cutting and other drainage or reclamation of wetlands generally have reduced suitable areas in the past 100 years and that this could be a limited threat going forward in future.,"This species is included in several national Red Lists of European countries. It is assessed as extinct in Austria, as Regionally Extinct (RE) in Slovenia, as Critically Endangered (CR) in Romania, as Endangered (EN) in the Czech Republic, as Vulnerable (VU) in Svalbard and Switzerland, and as Data Deficient (DD) in Germany, Norway and Italy (Hodgetts 2015). It has however, been more recently found in Austria, where it is now known from three localities. This species is known to occur in at least one protected area.

No immediate conservation action is needed. However, long term monitoring is probably needed. Further research is also recommended into the distribution of the species, since it is though to have been overlooked in some areas, and some herbarium material may have been misidentified.",The species is not used or traded.,"Weibull, H.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,CALLIERGONACEAE,Warnstorfia,trichophylla,,Warnstorfia trichophylla  ,(Warnst.) Tuom. &amp; T.J. Kop.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Warnstorfia trichophylla is very widespread in the European mountains. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO), of around 5.3 million km2 in Europe and around 1.3 million km2 in the EU 28. However, it is has a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the AOO of this species is between 300 and 400 km2, and in the EU 28, the AOO is ca 200 km2. The overall population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28, but subpopulations in northern Europe are probably stable. In addition, there are no major threats to this species. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28. 



No conservation action is needed. Monitoring of the habitat and population is recommended in the Alps, and field work should be carried out since the species is rare but its distribution is still unclear. Research into the population trend, particularly in central Europe is also recommended.",Unknown,"This species has a wide distribution range. It is known from large areas of Fennoscandia, northern Russia, the Carpathians (Poland) and the Alps (South to the Italian part) according to Hodgetts (2015). Outside of Europe, this species is recorded from northern Asia, northern North America and in Colombia, South America (Hedenäs et al. 2014).

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 300 and 400 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5.3 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 200 km2 and the EOO is ca 1.3 million km2. 

","This species is widespread in northern Europe (Norway, Sweden and Finland, adjacent part of Russia, the Urals, Estonia and Latvia), and occurs here both in mountains and in the lowlands. In Finland, this species is one of the most common submerged lake moss in Finland, and is stable (K. Syrjänen pers. comm. 2017). Outside this region, this species seems to be rare and occurs only at higher elevations in the Carpathians, the Alps and the Ural Mountains. The overall population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 28, but subpopulations in northern Europe are probably stable.","In Europe, this species normally grows submerged or floating in water that is intermediately mineral-rich, but with a relatively high pH (between 5.1 and 6.7). It is found mostly in small lakes, water-filled kettle holes, ox-bow lakes and other small aquatic habitats (Hedenäs et al. 2014). Rarely does it occur in lake shore vegetation. It can also grow together with such species as Calliergon megalophyllum, and is a true water plant (Tuomikoski 1949). In Finland, this species is growing in the shallow waters of the lakes, sheltered bays where it can encounter extensive and dense stands. Also, at the bottom of even quite meager lakes, it can occur in great masses, almost filling the whole site (Tuomikoski 1949). For example, a mass vegetation of this species on the bottom of Koskerilahti bay in the lake Salonjärvi (Suojärvi) has been recorded, with a size of at least 0.5 ha of this moss species (Tuomikoski 1949). Sporophytes are rare and only produced when the species grows on shore vegetation.",There are no major threats to this species.,"This species is included in Red List of Austria as Data Deficient (DD), in Poland as endangered (E), and in Estonia as Near Threatened (NT) (Hodgetts 2015). The species is known to occur in protected areas.

No conservation action is needed. Monitoring of the habitat and population is recommended in the Alps, and field work should be carried out since the species is rare but its distribution is still unclear. Research into the population trend, particularly in central Europe is also recommended.",The species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Séneca, A.,Hodgetts, N.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,HYPNALES,CALLIERGONACEAE,Warnstorfia,tundrae,,Warnstorfia tundrae  ,(Arnell) Loeske,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Warnstorfia tundrae is widespread in northern Europe, especially in Fennoscandia and the adjacent part of Russia. In both Europe and the EU 28, this species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) - around 5 million km2 and 1.3 million km2 respectively. However, it has a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) of between 600 and 900 km2 in Europe and ca 300 km2 in the EU 28. The species seems to be stable in northern Europe, however outside of this area, it might be declining. The overall population trend is probably stable in both Europe and the EU 28. In addition, there are no evident threats known to the species. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species is rare in the Baltic countries, Iceland and Romania, and there may be local declines outside of northern Europe. Research and monitoring are recommended in the isolated southern localities, and site protection is needed.",Stable,"This species has a northern, more or less arctic, distribution. It is known from all the Nordic countries including Iceland, as well as Svalbard, westernmost Russia, the Baltic States (Hodgetts 2015) and Romania (S. Stefanut pers. comm. 2017). There is also one locality in France. It is especially widespread in northern Finland (Koponen et al. 1995) and northern Sweden. Outside of Europe, it is recorded from northern Asia (the species was described from Siberia) and northern North America (Hedenäs et al. 2014).

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 600 and 900 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 300 km2 and the EOO is ca 1.3 million km2.

","This species is widespread in northern Europe, especially in Fennoscandia and the adjacent part of Russia. It is rare in the Baltic countries, Iceland and Romania. The species seems to be stable in northern Europe, however outside this area it might be declining. The overall population trend is probably stable in both Europe and the EU 28.","In Sweden, this species grows in mineral- and somewhat nutrient-rich fens and on shores, occasionally submerged in lakes. The species is found in the same habitats as Calliergon giganteum and C. richardsonii (Hedenäs et al. 2014).

  In Finland, it grows in fens and is often found together with Scorpidium scorpioides, S. revolvens, Calliergon giganteum, and (in mountain regions and northern parts of Fennoscandia) Sarmentypnum sarmentosum. Several observations include also Drepanocladus capillifolius, D. exannulatus, Hamatocaulis vernicosus, Calliergon richardsonii, and Sphagnum species of the Subsecunda group (Tuomikoski 1949). At lake shores, the most common companions of this species are Calliergon megalophyllum, Scorpidium scorpioides, Warnstorfia procera, Fontinalis hypnoides and F. antipyretica (Tuomikoski 1949).

","There are no major threats to this species, as it is very widespread and locally common in northern Europe.","This species is included in the national Red List of Estonia as Vulnerable (VU), of Lithuania as Endangered (1) and of Romania as Critically Endangered (CR) (Hodgetts 2015). Some of the localities are situated in protected areas. Research and monitoring are recommended in the isolated southern localities, and site protection is needed.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Englefield, E.,Ignatov, M.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Weissia,brachycarpa,,Weissia brachycarpa  ,(Nees &amp; Hornsch.) Jur.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Small-mouthed Beardless-moss (Weissia brachycarpa) has a wide distribution from southern Scandinavia to the Mediterranean region and the Balkans. It is quite frequent in the forest steppe and steppe regions of Ukraine and European Russia. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 12.4 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 9,000 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 9.2 million km2, and the AOO is estimated to be more than 7,000 km2. The current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28. This species is well adapted to several human impacts, being typical for agriculture landscapes and some man-made habitats. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, this species has some relatively small local subpopulations and rarity in some regions. The possible threat to this species is the destruction of habitats due to reforestation, such as through the overgrowing of meadows, pastures and arable lands by trees, use of pesticides, as well as expansion of built-up areas. Even so, no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"In Europe, this circumpolar species is widespread in the north to central Scandinavia and south to the Mediterranean region. In European Russia, it was found mostly in forest-steppe and steppe regions with few records in the southern part of forest zone. Elsewhere, it is known from North Africa, Turkey, the Caucasus, the Near East, Middle and East Asia, southern parts of Siberia and the Russian Far East and North America (Ignatov et al. 2006, Blockeel et al. 2014). Probably, the species is slightly overlooked due to its small size and special habitat conditions of substrates that exist for a short time. The altitudinal range of this species is from sea level to 2,200 m Asl. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 12.4 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be more than 9,000 km2. In the EU 28, the EOO is estimated to be around 9.2 million km2, and the AOO is estimated to be more than 7,000 km2.","Numerous subpopulations of this species are known. The species is frequently fertile. Usually, the subpopulations are not large and the species grows in small patches between herbs or other mosses. The population size often depends on repeated small scale disturbances of vegetation cover, that creates suitable substrates for this species, such as patches of bare soil and loam. In spite of the small size and isolation of local subpopulations in many areas, the population trend of this species across European range, including in the EU 28, seems to be stable.","This species grows on patches of bare soil in steppes, dry grasslands and bush communities, on chalk and lime outcrops, on mineral and peaty soils in heathland, on clay and clay-loam in fields and grass leys, woodland rides, on clear-cutting areas, ditch banks, old pits, pond and reservoir margins, roadsides and cemeteries, etc. (Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Blockeel et al. 2014).","The possible threat to this species is the destruction of habitats due to reforestation, such as through the overgrowing of meadows, pastures and arable lands by trees, use of pesticides, as well as expansion of built-up areas (Rassi et al. 2010). However, this species is well adapted to several human impacts, being typical for agriculture landscapes and some man-made habitats.","This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Finland, as vulnerable in Germany (V) and the Netherlands (KW) and as Data Deficient (DD) in Malta, Slovakia and San Marino (Rassi et al. 2010, Ludwig and Schnittler 1996, Siebel et al. 2013, Kubinská et al. 2001, Hodgetts 2015). Some of the known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. There are no conservation measures required at present.",This species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Denyer, J.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Weissia,condensa,,Weissia condensa  ,(Voit) Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Curly Beardless-moss (Weissia condensa) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) largely surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, many records of its presence and its presumably stable population trend. There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level. It occurs in protected areas across its range in Europe.",Stable,"This is a sub-Mediterranean, sub-Atlantic species with a wide distribution in southern, western and central Europe (including Macaronesia and Cyprus) north to southern Britain and Ireland, Belgium, Germany, Poland and Ukraine (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it occurs in North Africa and south-western Asia east to Tajikistan, Afghanistan and southern Siberia (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B.

","This is a widespread species in southern central and western Europe, where it is considered to have a stable population trend.","This lowland species is found growing on thin, dry, sun-exposed calcareous soils in turf banks, on stony banks, on limestone terrain and among boulders (Frey et al. 2006). It is recorded from calcareous turf, scree and broken ground (including long-disused quarries) overlying chalk, more rarely on limestone and clay; on the harder limestones it has also been recorded from soil-filled crevices among boulders.Associates includeEncalypta vulgaris, Homalothecium lutescens, Tortula lindbergii, Streblotrichum convolutum, Didymodon luridus, Grimmia pulvinata,  Weissia brachycarpa, Mannia fragrans and Tortella squarrosa (Meinunger and Schröder 2007, Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is ca. 30–2,340 m.



","There are no known threats, major or otherwise, to the species at the European level.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Luxembourg (Endangered), Austria (Endangered), Switzerland (Vulnerable), Germany (Vulnerable), Great Britain (Near Threatened), San Marino (Data Deficient) and Ireland (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in protected areas across its range in Europe.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Hodgetts, N.,Górski, P.,Fettes, N.D.","Sabovljevic, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Weissia,controversa,,Weissia controversa  ,Hedw.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Green-tufted Stubble-moss (Weissia controversa) has a wide distribution from Iceland and Scandinavia to the Mediterranean region and the Balkans. In the EU 28, this species is known many states, being more frequent in central and southern Europe. The current population trend of this species seems to be stable in both Europe and the EU 28, and numerous subpopulations are known. In addition, it seems to be well adapted to human impact, being typical for agricultural landscapes and some other man-made habitats. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.



However, this species has relatively small local subpopulations and rarity in some regions. In the forest zone, the possible threat to this species may be the overgrowing of meadows and abandoned arable lands by trees. Even so, no conservation measures are required at present. Further research is required on the taxonomy and distribution, particularly for the varieties of this species.",Stable,"This species is widely distributed across almost all Europe. It is found in the north to Iceland and south to Cyprus, being rare in arctic and boreal regions. In European Russia, it is known by few records in the forest, forest-steppe and steppe zones. Elsewhere, it is widely distributed in all continents, except Antarctica (Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Blockeel et al. 2014). The altitudinal range of this species is between sea level and 2,200 m Asl. Probably, it is slightly overlooked and its ""rarity"" in some regions is the result of insufficiently extensive bryological investigations. Some findings were made relatively recently (Pantović and Sabovljević 2017).

The detailed distribution of the varietiesW. controversa var. controversa, W. controversa var. crispata and W. controversa var. densifolia are not sufficiently studied, as they are not differentiated between in many European floras and checklists.","Numerous subpopulations of this species are known. The species is frequently fertile. Usually, the subpopulations are not large, and the species grows in small patches between herbs or other mosses. The population size often depends on repeated small scale disturbances of vegetation cover creating the suitable substrates for this species, such as patches of bare soil and loam, etc. In spite of its small size and the isolation of local subpopulations in many areas, the population trend of this species in both Europe and the EU 28 seems to be stable. In the EU 28, this species is known from many states, being more frequent in central and southern Europe.","This species mostly grows in well illuminated habitats on bare soil and clay in pastures, meadows, edges of lawns and arable lands, in calcareous grasslands, on silt deposits near the streams and lakes, on both calcareous and acidic rock ledges, on the slopes of gullies, on coastal banks and cliffs, on roadsides, in felled areas and forest glades, etc. (Grims et al. 1999, Ignatov and Ignatova 2003, Blockeel et al. 2014).","In the forest zone, the possible threat to this species may be the overgrowing of meadows and abandoned arable lands by trees. This species seems to be well adapted to human impact, being typical for agriculture landscapes and some other man-made habitats.","This species is included in the Red Lists of Germany (vulnerable - V), the Netherlands (vulnerable - KW), San Marino (Data Deficient - DD) and some regions of European Russia, such as Leningrad Province (3 - rare species) and Vologda Province (Endangered - EN) (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996, Siebel et al. 2013, Hodgetts 2015, Tzvelev 2000, Konechnaya and Suslova 2004). Some of the known subpopulations have been found within protected areas. No conservation measures are required at present. Further research is required on the taxonomy and distribution, particularly for the varieties of this species.",This species is not used or traded.,"Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.,Ganeva, A.","Baisheva, E. & Ignatov, M.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Weissia,levieri,,Weissia levieri  ,(Limpr.) Kindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Although rather rare and threatened locally, Levier's Beardless-moss (Weissia levieri) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and an overall stable population trend. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at approximately 600 km2.  The population size is estimated to be greater than 1,000 individual equivalents, and is not considered to be severely fragmented. The population size and distribution could potentially be larger as it is an overlooked species. The overgrowth of vegetation and the succession of open habitats to more closed-type ecosystems threatens this species. Maintenance of open areas and habitats, achieved by grazing, is a key management requirement for this species. It is likely to occur in protected areas in Europe.  



",Stable,"This is a rare but widely scattered Mediterranean-Atlantic species of southern Europe, occurring north to southern Britain, western France and Slovenia, east to southern European Russia (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it occurs in North Africa (Morocco), Georgia, Armenia and Asiastic Turkey (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B. The area of occupancy (AOO), however, is more restricted, estimated at approximately 600 km2. 

","In Britain, it is very rare but seems to be stable (T. Blockeel pers. comm. 2017). In the Mediterranean it also seems to be stable (B. Papp pers. comm. 2017). The species can be overlooked, but its population size is estimated to be larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents (where one individual-equivalent is equal to one occupied square metre). Its population is not considered to be severely fragmented.","This species grows on soil-covered calcareous rocks (Frey et al. 2006). It is found along the coast in Croatia and Bulgaria (B. Papp pers. comm. 2017). In Bulgaria the species is fairly common on open, calcareous soil in dry grasslands. This species is possibly more widespread than reported but is routinely overlooked, especially when sterile (R. Natcheva pers. comm. 2017).

",The overgrowth of vegetation and the succession of open habitats to more closed-type ecosystems threatens this species. There is no indication of a decline in the habitat of this species in Europe.,"This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Portugal (Critically Endangered), Romania (Critically Endangered), Great Britain (Endangered), Slovenia (Data Deficient), Bulgaria (Data Deficient) and Italy (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). Maintenance of open areas and habitats is a key management requirement for this species. This can be achieved by grazing (Porley 2013). It is likely to occur in protected areas.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Pilkington, S.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Weissia,longifolia,,Weissia longifolia  ,Mitt.,"There are two varieties, var. longifolia and va. angustifolia (Baumbartner) Crundw. & Nyholm, but they are not always clear-cut, and they have not been differentiated in many parts of Europe.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Crisp Beardless-moss (Weissia longifolia) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 in view of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpassing the threshold values for application of a threatenedcategory, and its overall stable population trend. Its population size is larger than 1,000 individual equivalents and is not considered to be severely fragmented. Also, it is an under-recorded species, as it can only be recorded during the spring months. This species could be affected by a lack of grazing and the overgrowth of vegetation. However, there is no indication of a decline in the habitat of this species in Europe, and so no conservation measures are required at present. It is found in protected areas across its European range.",Stable,"This is a European temperate species widespread in Europe, especially in the south, north to central Norway and north-western Russia, and east to the Ural mountains (Smith 2004). Elsewhere it grows in North Africa and western Asia east to southern Siberia and Japan. The two varieties have not been consistently differentiated in different areas (Blockeel et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) surpasses the threshold values for application of a threatened category under Criterion B.



","This is a widespread species but is generally not very common. However its population trend is stable. Its population size is larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents and it is not considered to be severely fragmented (one individual-equivalent is considered as one occupied square metre). It is an under-recorded species, as it can only be recorded during the spring months.","This moss grows on open, sun-exposed, base-rich, loamy or marly soils, and also sometimes on more acid substrates (Frey et al. 2006). It may occur in dry grasslands and on rocky outcrops,  on roadsides, in gravel pits and quarries as well as in fields and damp meadows. Associates include Microbryum floerkeanum, M. curvicollum,  Barbula unguiculata, Streblotrichum convolutum, Tortula acaulon, T. lindbergiiand Ptychostomum rubens (Meinunger and Schröder 2007). Its altitudinal range is ca. 0–1,680 m.","This species could be affected by a lack of grazing and the overgrowth of vegetation. However, there is no indication of a decline in the habitat of this species in Europe.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is listed in the following National Red Lists: Finland (Vulnerable), Norway (Vulnerable), Ireland (Vulnerable), Northern Ireland (Vulnerable), Slovenia (Near Threatened), Switzerland (Near Threatened) and Malta (Data Deficient) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Cálix, M.,Bates, J.","Sabovljevic, M., Papp, B., Blockeel, T., Ignatov, M., Hallingbäck, T & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Weissia,multicapsularis,,Weissia multicapsularis  ,(Sm.) Mitt.,"Work by Werner et al. (2005) showed W. multicapsularis to be genetically distinct from W. longifolia by using nrITS sequence data. However, more recent work (D. Callaghan pers. comm. 2018) has shown that the type specimen is a mixture of two other species, so the name W. multicapsularis cannot be maintained. Plants that have been named W. multicapsularis by modern authors constitute a species that will be described later in 2019. Meanwhile, 'W. multicapsularis' can be assessed if only modern and reliable records are used.

",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"



The Many-fruited Beardless Moss (Weissia multicapsularis) is an oceanic temperate species currently confined to southwestern England. The species is known from three small subpopulations in the wild, all in Cornwall, England. The species was previously listed as Critically Endangered because it has such a small range and tiny population, all outside of protected areas, and is highly sensitive to changes in land-management practices. It is now assessed as Data Deficient because the taxonomy has only recently been resolved (not yet published) and its status is insufficiently known (D. Callaghan pers. comm. 2017). It is genuinely considered that this species could be anything from Least Concern to Critically Endangered.



",Unknown,"The Many-fruited Beardless Moss (Weissia multicapsularis) is an oceanic temperate species currently confined to southwestern England. Outside Britain it is known from France (where it has apparently disappeared) and from Italy (where there is also only a very old record that requires confirmation). There are old reports from Algeria (Blockeel et al. 2014), however these records also require confirmation and are excluded here. There is much taxonomic uncertainty surrounding this species (see taxonomic note). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 88km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 20,000km². These figures are based on the recent records from England only.","

In England, this species was until recently known from just two localities separated by about 55 km on the south coast of Cornwall. In Talland Bay there are three to four subpopulations over ca 200 m, totalling ca 17 cm². At Portscatho there are three subpopulations over a ca 500 m linear stretch, totalling ca 15 cm². There is a relatively newly  discovered Cornish site at Gwendreath consisting of a single small patch of ca 5×5 cm. Very recent work (D. Callaghan pers. comm. 2017) has found a total of six very small subpopulations totally ca 50 patches. The current population trend is unknown. 

 

","This is an extremely rare species of moist bare ground in non-calcareous habitats. Recent records from Cornwall have been on partly bare patches of loamy soil on the top of low hedges (Cornish hedges) between fields not far from coastal cliff tops, and on thin soil over slaty rock on low banks in unimproved pasture. A new Cornish site was found in 2014 on clayey soil at the edge of a steep track leading onto horse pasture, partially shaded by adjacent heathy scrub. The one other recent record, from Monmouthshire, is from vertical soil on a field bank. Many of the earlier records were from clay or sandy clay. Recorded associates include Bryum donianum, B. rubens, Fissidens spp., Oxyrrhynchium hians, Pleuridium acuminatum, Trichostomum brachydontium and Weissia controversa. Its altitudinal range is from 10 m up to 110 m Asl.



It is autoicous; capsules are frequent, maturing in spring (Blockeelet al. 2014). Contrary to statements that  W. multicapsularis is a dynamic  colonist, it is now understood to behave as a perennial stayer and is  faithful to sites, persisting if the niche is maintained.

","Neglect (lack of grazing), competition from vascular plant growth and other bryophytes, nutrient enrichment and scrub encroachment are severe and increasing threats. Though always rare, this species is now thought to be very rare indeed, and highly threatened. However, due to taxonomic issues and lack of clarity, this remains to be confirmed, as the species may not be as rare as currently thought. The  chief factor in its apparent decline appears to be loss of suitably open,  nutrient-poor ground, as a result of the lack of grazing and  disturbance, and in woodlands perhaps from shading and vascular plant  growth on rides. Its sites in Cornwall are actively managed.



","The following recommendations were made by Ron Porley in the previous assessment: Portscatho: small-scale hand-clearance of grass on top of soil-capped walls. Talland Bay: currently grazed by ponies which will help to keep grassland open and disturbed. Material from Talland Bay is in ex-situ cryopreservation facility (Royal Botanic Gardens Kew). Until recently it was assessed as Critically Endangered in Britain; it is now Data Deficient for taxonomic reasons (Hodgetts 2015).



Further research is required to elucidate the taxonomy of this species. It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Ros-Espín, R.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Weissia,perssonii,,Weissia perssonii  ,Kindb.,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Persson's Stubble-moss (Weissia perssonii) is an oceanic temperate moss, and a European endemic of the Atlantic fringe, from Spain (two localities) and western France (Brittany) to the Faroe Islands, Norway and Sweden, with Britain and Ireland forming the core of the range. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is a common coastal species, the current population trend is stable, and there appear to be no significant threats at the European scale.",Stable,"Persson's Stubble-moss (Weissia perssonii) is an oceanic temperate moss, and a European endemic of the Atlantic fringe, from Spain (two localities) and western France (Brittany) to the Faroe Islands, Norway and Sweden, with Britain and Ireland forming the core of the range (Blockeel et al. 2014). A record from eastern Sweden has yet to be confirmed. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 1,360 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.9 million km².","There is no evidence of decline and the current trend is considered to be stable. Subpopulations in some countries (e.g., Spain) are very small.","This species is almost confined to coastal districts, occurring in well-drained, sunny to partly shaded sites on banks, coastal slopes, sea cliffs and cliff tops, growing on soil, crumbling rock, and in rock crevices with a thin layer of humus; it tolerates exposure to sea spray. In coastal habitats the substrate is often acid, even peaty, but it has been recorded from Carboniferous Limestone in South Wales and at inland sites it may require a higher base content than on the coast. It is sometimes mixed with Weissia controversa, and other regular associates include Schistidium maritimum, Tortella flavovirens, Trichostomum brachydontium and, in southwestern districts, Tortula viridifolia. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 300 m Asl.



It is autoicous; capsules are abundant, maturing in late winter and spring (Blockeelet al. 2014).",There are no significant threats to this species at the European scale. The two subpopulations in Spain have been impacted by tourism and by competition by larger plants.,"No conservation measures are required at present in most parts of its range. It has been assessed as Vulnerable in Sweden and Spain, and as Near Threatened in Norway (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Englefield, E.,Ros-Espín, R.","Hodgetts, N., Lockhart, N., Rothero, G. & Sergio, C.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Weissia,rostellata,,Weissia rostellata  ,(Brid.) Lindb.,,Yes,NT,C2a(i),No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Beaked Beardless-moss (Weissia rostellata) is endemic to Europe. This species is found mostly in western and central Europe. This is a rather rare species. Known occurrences are all very small and consist of few individuals. In Europe, the total population size a bit more than 10,000 (inferred) individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals), and the size of the largest subpopulation is roughly 1,000 individual-equivalents. In addition, the current population trend in Europe is considered to be decreasing. Therefore, in Europe, this species is assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion C. 

Within the EU 28, the population size is less than 10,000 individual-equivalents and has an inferred continuing decline. The largest subpopulation is between 250 and 1,000 individual-equivalents. Therefore, for this regional assessment, the species is assessed as Vulnerable.

The major threat is probably drainage (trenching) and also that grazing in many regions is ceasing or is too intensive. Further research is needed to clarify its population size and trend in order to assess the status of this species in Europe. 

",Decreasing,"This species is found in west and central Europe, north to Norway and Sweden, south to the Carpathians, the Alps and Italy. Eastwards, the species is found across to south east European Russia, Ukraine and the Caucasus (Hodgetts 2015). One report in literature regarding the occurrence of this species in North Africa seems doubtful and refers to, according to Crundwell and Nyholm (1972), W. ludoviciana. Outside of Europe, this species is also reported North America according to BFNA (2007) under the name of Weissia phascopsis.

In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 750 and 900 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5.4 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 700 km2 and the EOO is ca 1.8 million km2. The altitudinal range of the species is between 5 m and 2,280 m Asl.

","This is a rather rare species. Known occurrences are all very small and consist of few individuals. It has scattered localities in the United Kingdom, as well as countries north of the Alps from western France to Wroclaw, Poland (Szafran 1957), Norway (Hassel et al. 2015) and Sweden (Hallingbäck et al. 2008). this species also has scattered localities in the Czech Republic (Kucera 2005), Belgium, France, Luxembourg (de Zuttere and Schumacker 1984), as well as Denmark (Brandt-Pedersen 1979), Slovenia (Pavletic 1955), Hungary (Vajda 1971) and Russia (Savicz-Ljubitzkaja and Smirnova 1970, Ignatov et al. 2006). However, the Spanish record from the Balearic Islands is now regarded as erroneous (Guerra 2002). Recent publications have reported this species in the Netherlands (Buter 2000) and Switzerland, with two more Swiss records subsequently added (Bergamini and Meier 2000).

In both Norway and Sweden, the species seems to have declined during the last half century. In Norway, there have been several searches for the species both in old localities and in suitable areas, but the species has not been found. It was last seen in Norway in 1904 thus the status in Norway is uncertain.

In the United Kingdom, this species is sporadic in its occurrence, and there is a possible decline suggested in the 1991–1994 Atlas (Blockeel et al. 2000, 2014). In Germany, it seems to be threatened (S. Caspari pers. comm. 2017).

This species is thought to have over 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalent), although it is possible that there could be less than 10,000 individual-equivalents within Europe. Within the EU 28, the population size is less than 10,000 individual-equivalents. The moist habitat of this species in central Europe seems to be declining, and the overall current population trend is probably decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28. The population is not considered to be severely fragmented.","This species has been found growing on exposed mud or soil, often in wet places. The species is a pioneer in newly exposed ground. It seems to demand high habitat quality regarding the substrate, humidity and light. Bergamini and Meier (2000) describe the habitat and associates in Switzerland and Crundwell and Nyholm (1972) note that it occurs 'on damp clay, especially at the sides of ponds and in arable fields; widely distributed but nowhere common'. Further notes on its ecology made in the field in a record from the United Kingdom state that it grew unshaded to partly shaded (by grasses and with Juncus acutiflorus) on damp clay-mud of the base, or top edge of a shallow sparsely vegetated ditch near the lake (Holyoak 2006). It was less common than some of the associated mosses because it grew only on wet clay substrate, and not on sandy or silty muds.

In the Nordic countries, this species grows on bare, calcareous clay. It is frequently found at the bottom of clay pits, on river banks and around ponds, in field margins and orchards (Hallingbäck et al. 2008).



In the United Kingdom, it is an ephemeral species which is an early colonist of moist bare ground. It is most frequent on clay and other water-retentive soils in arable fields and on the exposed margins of reservoirs and occasionally rivers, but it is also found in other habitats where moist soil is exposed, as on the banks of ditches, coastal slopes, woodland rides, hollows in fields and pastures, and even once on a landscaped coal tip. It is typical of neutral to mildly acidic soils, and Pseudephemerum nitidum is a common associate. Didymodon tomaculosus has been found in some of its arable field sites. By reservoirs, it may occur in the communities characterized by Fossombronia spp., Physcomitrium sphaericum and bulbiliferous Pohlia spp. (Blockeel et al. 2014).","The major threat is probably drainage (trenching) and also that grazing in many regions is ceasing or is too intensive. However, more research on the threats to this species is required.","This species has been assessed as extinct in the wild (category 0) in Austria, as Data Deficient (DD) in the Czech Republic and Slovenia, as Endangered (EN) in Norway and Hungary, and as Vulnerable (VU) in Sweden, Luxembourg and Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). In addition, it has been assessed as Indeterminate in Germany, as Kwetsbaar/Vulnerable (KW) in the Netherlands, as Near Threatened (NT) in Ireland and Northern Ireland, and as rare (R) in Poland (Hodgetts 2015).

The species is known to occur in at least one protected area.



Suitable sites where the species is known to occur need to be lightly grazed or managed in a way that improves the population size of this species. Further research is needed into the population size and trends, as well as into the threats to this species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Denyer, J.,Cálix, M.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Weissia,rutilans,,Weissia rutilans  ,(Hedw.) Lindb.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Pointed-leaved Stubble-moss (Weissia rutilans) has temperate distribution and is thought to be a very rare species all over Europe. There is a lack of rigid information on its population trend, but there is no indication of decline and it is thus assumed to be stable. Its overall population size is estimated to be larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals). 

This species also has a large geographic range, with an area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be between 2,000 and 3,000 km2 in Europe, and around 1,900 km2 in the EU 28. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11 million km2 in Europe and ca 3.8 million km2 in the EU 28. It may be under-recorded in Austria. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 28.

However, it is considered to be threatened in some countries, including Switzerland, Sweden and Romania. The species seems to favor moist, open habitats that are moderately grazed. Traditional grazing in moist natural pastures in some areas may have decreased, leading to overgrowth. These sites therefore need to be managed or grazed. The species would benefit if the overgrowth vegetation could be removed and the surfaces could be exposed. Research is needed to study the population size and trends, as well as into the threats to this species and its ecology.

",Stable,"This species has temperate distribution in Europe. It is present in western and central Europe, and is found north to southern Scandinavia and Iceland, east to the Caucasus and Ural mountains, and it is rare in the Mediterranean region (Hodgetts 2015). Outside of Europe, this species is also found in Australia (Catcheside 1980), Japan (Iwatsuki 1991) and Africa (O'Shea 2006). 

  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is estimated to be between 2,000 and 3,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 1,900 km2 and the EOO is ca 3.8 million km2. The altitudinal range of the species is between 10 m and 710 m Asl.","This is a very rare species all over Europe. In the Czech Republic, the ecology of this species does not differ from the much more common species W. controversa, but because of the rarity, there is very little data (Kucera 2005).

In the United Kingdom, its general rarity is difficult to explain. There was a decline in records to a low-point in the mid-1980s, with only a slight recovery since then. It is probably overlooked to some extent, but the low numbers of records from well worked counties suggest that its scarcity is genuine (Blockeel et al. 2014). 

In the Nordic countries, there is an uncertainty whether the subpopulation has decreased, however it occurs in habitats that have been moderately grazed, and grazing in moist natural pastures in most European countries has decreased.

In Austria, it has only been recently recorded once, but it is surely under-recorded (C. Schröck pers. comm. 2017).

In Russia, this species is found at one locality in the southern Urals (Ignatovet al. 2006).

In Switzerland there are some old records, however, in 2018, on the southern flank of the Hungerberg,Weissia rutilans, was found (Swissbryophytes 2004-2018).

The species is not severely fragmented. There is a lack of rigid information on its population trend, but there is no indication of decline and it is thus assumed to be stable. Its overall population size is estimated to be larger than 1,000 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and using 1 m² as a proxy for an individual-equivalents).

","In the Nordic countries, this species grows on calcareous clay or on sandy soil. It is the only Weissia species preferring moderately shady and moist habitats (compared to the other Weissia species). Examples of habitats in Sweden are groves, ravines and regularly moistened road embankments (Hallingbäck et al. 2008). In Norway, it has also been found in the soil of uprooted trees in old-growth forests together with Bryum spp., although most of the old localities are in disturbed areas (H. Blom pers. comm. 2017). In Germany, there are localities in forests too (C. Schrock pers. comm. 2017). This species has large spores.

In the United Kingdom, this species grows in a variety of open, mildly acidic habitats, especially on mineral soils. Habitats include pastures and arable fields, woodland rides, earthy banks, slopes, old pits, quarries and mines, and the banks of streams, ditches and reservoirs. It is also recorded in flushes and on soil among calcareous rocks in the uplands. Its habitats are similar to those of W. controversa but it is characteristic of more moist and mostly non-calcareous soils. W. brachycarpa var. brachycarpa is an occasional associate. It sometimes occurs in light shade, as on woodland rides (Blockeel et al. 2014).

","The species seems to favour moist, open habitats that are moderately grazed. Traditional grazing in moist natural pastures in some areas may have decreased, leading to overgrowth.","This species is listed in several national Red Lists. In Austria, it has been assessed as category 2 (endangered), in Switzerland and Romania as Critically Endangered (CR), in Slovakia as Data Deficient (DD), in the Czech Republic as Endangered (EN), in Luxembourg, Germany and Hungary as Near Threatened (NT), in Poland as rare (R), and in Sweden, Ireland, Northern Ireland and Spain as Vulnerable (VU) (Hodgetts 2015). This species is present in protected areas.

The sites need to be managed or grazed. The species would benefit if the overgrowth vegetation could be removed and the surfaces could be exposed either by hand or with a shovel. Research is needed to study the population size and trends, as well as into the threats to this species and its ecology.",The species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Vanderpoorten, A.","Hallingbäck, T, Hedenäs, L., Huttunen, S., Ignatov, M., Ingerpuu, N., Konstantinova, N., Syrjänen, K. & Söderström, L.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Weissia,squarrosa,,Weissia squarrosa  ,(Nees &amp; Hornsch.) Müll. Hal.,,Yes,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii)",No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii)",EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



Spreading-leaved Beardless-moss (Weissia squarrosa) is a very rare species all over Europe, and is endemic to the region. This species has a fairly small area of occupancy (AOO) - in Europe, the AOO of this species is between 600 and 800 km2, and in the EU 28, the AOO is ca 620 km2. Although there are some areas where this species is not declining, such as Norway and Sweden, the overall current population trend is considered to be decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28. The major threat is intensive use of arable land, like ploughing, drainage (trenching) and that grazing has ceased in many for the species suitable farm lands, and so there is also a decline in the habitat. This species is considered to be severely fragmented. Therefore, this species is assessed as Vulnerable in both Europe and the EU 28.



It is important to allow arable land to lie fallow, and avoid early ploughing of arable land. Further research is needed into the population size and trends, as well as into the threats to this species. 

",Decreasing,"This species has a suboceanic, temperate distribution in Europe. It is scattered in western and central Europe, northern to central Norway, southern Sweden and the Baltic States, east to the southern Ural Mountains, with a few reports from Mediterranean Europe (Hodgetts 2015). The species is endemic to Europe. The altitudinal range of this species is from 5 m to 1,500 m Asl.



In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is between 600 and 800 km2, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5.5 million km2. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 620 km2 and the EOO is ca 2.8 million km2.

","This species is a very rare species all over Europe. In the United Kingdom, it appeared to have suffered a severe decline, as suggested in the 1991–1994 Atlas, but a review by Bosanquet and Preston (2005) revealed a number of recent collections that had been misidentified as W. rostellata. It remains a rare species but is undoubtedly overlooked. In Sweden, this species is known from a handful of sites and here there is an indication or suspected decline. In Norway, it was last seen in 1913, and there is a doubt that the species still occurs in this country (Hassel et al. 2015).



Recent records suggest that this species benefits from the practice of allowing land to lie fallow, and early ploughing of arable land has probably contributed to a long-term decline (Blockeel et al. 2014). The overall current population trend is considered to be decreasing in both Europe and the EU 28. Even if the species often has sporophytes, the dispersal capacity seems to be restricted and the species is considered to be severely fragmented, as the subpopulations are small and isolated and therefore may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","This species grows in Nordic countries on bare, slightly calcareous clay. Typically, this species is found around ponds and along ditches, on stubble-fields and patches of bare soil in deciduous forests (Hallingbäck et al. 2008).



In Poland, the species was recently found in the western Carpathians, at 365 m Asl, on dry, sandy soil in ditch at the margin ofAbies alba forest, associated with Bryum rubens and Ceratodon purpureus (Voncina and Stebel 2017).



In the United Kingdom, this is a rare species of moist bare non-calcareous soil, being particularly characteristic of mildly acidic clay (on British localities with a pH of 6.3 to 7.2). This species occurs in fields, on fallow ground and grass leys, and by ditches and ponds, but is apparently very rare in woodland and other shaded sites. Little information is known about its habitat at its older sites, but many recent records are from arable fields left as fallow as set-aside land, or intermittently cultivated, and a few are from very ordinary looking rye-grass leys (Bosanquet and Preston 2005). The most common associates of this species at recent sites have beenBarbula unguiculata, Bryum rubens and Tortula truncata (Blockeel et al. 2014).

","The major threat is intensive use of arable land, like ploughing, drainage (trenching) and that grazing has ceased in many for the species suitable farm lands.","This species is included in the national Red Lists of several European countries. It is assessed as 1 in Austria, as Endangered (EN) in Germany, Norway, Luxembourg and Slovakia, as 3 in Lithuania, as Critically Endangered (CR) in Romania, as Data Deficient (DD) in Spain and Slovenia, as Near Threatened (NT) in Sweden, Great Britain and Estonia, as rare (R) in Poland as R, as Regionally Extinct (RE) in Finland and the Netherlands, and as Vulnerable (VU) in the Czech Republic and Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015).



This species is known to occur in at least one protected area.



It is important to allow arable land to lie fallow, and avoid early ploughing of arable land. Further research is needed into the population size and trends, as well as into the threats to this species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Vellak, K.,Englefield, E.","Hallingbäck, T","Sabovljevic, M.,Maksimov, A.,Belkina, O.,Schröck, C.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Weissia,sterilis,,Weissia sterilis  ,W.E. Nicholson,Recent field work by R.V. Lansdown (reported as a pers. comm. in Blockeel et al. 2014) has revealed problems with its separation from W. longifolia. In the first year of growth it may produce capsules on unbranched shoots and is then largely indistinguishable from W. longifolia. Research is currently underway to determine the correct taxonomic position of this plant (Callaghan and Bell in prep.).,Yes,NT,B2b(iii),Yes,NT,B2b(iii),EU28,,"The Sterile Beardless-moss (Weissia sterilis) is a small oceanic temperate species restricted to southern Britain and northeastern France. Although this species has been regarded as very rare and threatened, it has been listed in Britain as Data Deficient because of taxonomic difficulties. Current fieldwork and preliminary investigations suggest that this may not be a good species, only doubtfully distinct from Weissia longifolia. However, a full reassessment has not yet been done, so W. sterilis is treated here as a species. It is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 260 km²), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to the general deterioration in chalk grasslands; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion B. 



Like many other species of open habitats on chalk it has become rare because of the ploughing of downland and the cessation of grazing. The general increase in environmental nitrogen may also have played a part. This species requires conservation and active management of the chalk downland in which it grows, to maintain open skeletal soils and to prevent scrub encroachment. Further research is needed into its taxonomy.",Decreasing,"The Sterile Beardless-moss (Weissia sterilis) is a small oceanic temperate species restricted to southern Britain and northeastern France. It is doubtfully recorded from the Czech Republic. It is an European endemic (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 260 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 71,000 km².","This rare species may be decreasing, but more research is needed to confirm a continuing decline in the population.","This moss occurs as scattered stems or patches on exposed soil and in bare patches in short turf with Homalothecium lutescens, often in places where it has been grazed by rabbits . Unlike Weissia rostellata and Weissia multicapsularis, it is confined to dry calcareous sites on chalk and limestone, particularly on south-facing slopes, with an outlying occurrence on dolerite in Wales. It is particularly characteristic of chalk downland, including ancient earthworks, and has also been recorded from old pits. It tends to occur on more stable ground than Weissia brachycarpa var. obliqua, but may grow with that species and with Weissia controversa. Its altitudinal range is from 25 m up to 270 m Asl.



It is autoicous; capsules are common, maturing in winter and spring (Blockeelet al. 2014).",Like many other species of open habitats on chalk it has become rare  because of the ploughing of downland and the cessation of grazing. The general increase in environmental nitrogen may also have played a part. There is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat.,"This species requires conservation and active management of the chalk downland in which it grows, to maintain open skeletal soils and to prevent scrub encroachment. Further research is needed into its identity, as it is 'taxonomically unresolved' (D. Callaghan pers. comm. 2017). It has been assessed as Data Deficient in Britain (Hodgetts 2015). It occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Ros-Espín, R.,Englefield, E.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,POTTIALES,POTTIACEAE,Weissia,wimmeriana,,Weissia wimmeriana  ,(Sendtn.) Bruch &amp; Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Weissia wimmeriana is a quite widespread species in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the current population trend is thought to be stable, and there appear to be no major threats to it. It grows in both natural and man-made habitats and no specific conservation actions are necessary at present.",Stable,"Weissia wimmeriana has a European Boreal-montane distribution.In Europe it is found in the Alpine-montane areas.Outside Europe, it is located in the Caucasus, Turkey and Kashmir (Smith 2004, Hodgetts 2015). It is found at elevations between 500 m and 2,600 m Asl.","No exact data on the size of  the subpopulations are known, but the current population trend is thought to be stable.","This is a colonist species which grows in earthy crevices of calcareous rocks with humus, on soils derived from heavy-metal mine workings (Dierssen 2001, Cortini Pedrotti 2001, Smith 2004).","

There appear to be no major threats to this species in Europe.","This species is included in many regional Red Lists. However, no specific conservation measures are in place or currently needed. The species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Hugonnot, V.,Fettes, N.D.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.","Köckinger, H.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Zygodon,catarinoi,,Zygodon catarinoi  ,"C.A. Garcia, F. Lara, Sérgio &amp; Sim-Sim",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Zygodon catarinoi has a wide distribution in the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain) and it is also found in continental Greece, Crete and Cyprus. The species has a large geographic range, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) estimated to be around 1.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 204 km2. The current population trend of this species in Europe is considered to be stable. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 28.

However, the species is affected by forestry management. The habitat area and quality is declining in some areas, mainly as a consequence of fires. However, the distribution of the species may expand as a result of climate change. Necessary conservation actions are the control of fire events, removal of plantations and restoration of natural or semi-natural forests (montado and ddehesas systems) of Quercus rotundifolia. Further research and monitoring is required on the population size and trend, as well as the threats to this species.",Stable,"This species was first detected in the field in 2004 (Barrancos, Portugal) and described in 2006 (Garcia et al. 2006). It has a wide distribution in the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain) and it is also found in continental Greece (Calabrese and Muñoz 2008), Crete (Blockeel et al. 2012) and Cyprus (Frahm et al. 2009, Ellis 2011, Kaufmann and Berg 2014). Outside of Europe, this species has been found in Morocco, Libya (Youssef et al. 2009) and Turkey (Ellis et al. 2012). 

Based on available recent records, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28) is estimated to be around 1.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 204 km2. The altitudinal range of this species in Europe is between 100 m and 1,520 m Asl (Mazimpaka and Lara 2014).","This is an epiphytic moss that is restricted to the western Mediterranean, although an extension of its range in the future is likely, since it could have been overlooked due to confusion with Z. rupestris. Although it has been found on different plants and on different wood types, this species seems to prefer trunks of Quercus rotundifolia, in cleared woods or isolated trees from the sub-oceanic south-western area of the Iberian Peninsula. It has been discovered in several geographically distant localities from the Mediterranean region of the Iberian Peninsula. This species is also known to occur in some localities from northern Morocco (Rif and Middle Atlas), and in Greece, Cyprus, Libya and Turkey.

Declines in the population cannot be accurately estimated with the data available and without the implementation of a monitoring programme, but the population trend is currently considered to be stable in Europe (and therefore also the EU 28). In Portugal, some subpopulations appear to be in good condition especially in the type locality. In Spain, where numerous new localities have been recently reported (Cezón and Muñoz 2013, Medina et al. 2015), it is a frequent species and in some localities has been assessed as moderately abundant (Medina et al. 2015). 



The subpopulations in the type locality are large, but this is not the case in all areas. The species is not very common in some areas of occurrence as in Portugal but is more frequent in Spain. The species lives in well-preserved areas and its range is likely to expand due to climate change.","This moss is mainly an epiphyte, and it prefers relatively exposed situations. It is mostly found in cleared woods or isolated trees, although it occasionally thrives in the interior of dense and relatively humid woods; then the specimens are large, the leaf papillae are shorter and the bistratose patches are less developed.

Except in Morocco, the species has appeared occasionally growing together with Zygodon rupestris, which, is widespread in the Mediterranean, and is even present in dry areas. Other bryophytes that frequently grow in company of this moss include Syntrichia laevipila, Orthotrichum tenellum, O. diaphanum, O. macrocephalum, Leucodon sciuroides, Fabronia pusilla, Habrodon perpusillus, Frullania dilatata, Dialytrichia fragilifolia and Hypnum cupressiforme.



The habitat area and quality is declining in some areas, mainly as a consequence of fires.","The species is affected by pollution in forestry, and its main threat is forestry management. It is also affected by fires.","This species is listed in the Atlas and Red Data Book of Portugal as Data Deficient-new (DD-n) (Sérgio et al. 2013).

The species occurs in some important protected areas. In Portugal, it is found in the Parque Natural da Serra de São Mamede, the Parque Natural de Montesinho, the Parque Natural do Tejo Internacional. In Spain, it occurs in the Parque Nacional de los Picos de Europa, the Parque Nacional de Monfragüe, the Parque Natural de la Sierra Norte de Sevilla, the Parque Natural Serranía de Cuenca, the Parque Natural Arribes del Duero, the La Reserva Natural de Lagunas de Villafáfila, the Parque Natural del Alto Tajo, and the Reserva de la Biosfera Dehesas de Sierra Morena, among other areas. This species is found in several Natura 2000 sites.

Necessary conservation actions for this species are the control of fire events, removal of plantations and restoration of natural or semi-natural forests (montado and dehesas systems) of Quercus rotundifolia. Further research and monitoring is required on the population size and trend, threats and the habitat of this species.",There is no information on the use and trade for this species.,"Hodgetts, N.,Ganeva, A.,Fettes, N.D.","Sergio, C., Bergamini, A., Garcia, C., Garilleti, R., Infante, M. & Porley, R.D.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Zygodon,conoideus,,Zygodon conoideus  ,(Dicks.) Hook. &amp; Taylor,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Lesser Yoke-moss (Zygodon conoideus) is an oceanic temperate species, occurring in western Europe from Macaronesia, Spain and Portugal to Ireland, Britain, the Faroe Islands, southern Scandinavia, eastern Germany and Switzerland; it has doubtfully been recorded in Greece (Corfu). This oceanic species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large and increasing population and at present there are no significant threats to it. No conservation measures are required.",Increasing,"The Lesser Yoke-moss (Zygodon conoideus) is an oceanic temperate species, occurring in western Europe from Macaronesia, Spain and Portugal to Ireland, Britain, the Faroe Islands, southern Scandinavia, eastern Germany and Switzerland; it has doubtfully been recorded in Greece (Corfu). Elsewhere it occurs in northeastern North America (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 4,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7.4 million km².","This species has increased dramatically in recent decades,  especially in central and eastern parts of England (Blockeel et al. 2014). While this is partly  explained by reduced levels of SO2 pollution, climatic factors may also  be involved. In Ireland, however, and perhaps other areas, much of the  apparent increase may be due to higher levels of recording activity. It  has enjoyed a similar spectacular increase in the Netherlands (van der  Pluijm 2012).","This is an epiphyte which is common on ash, elder, sallow, sycamore and willow, but also on oak, beech, birch and many other trees. It is most often found in humid sheltered places in deciduous woodland, in scrub, and on stream banks, and can be the dominant epiphyte in some wet willow woodlands. It is common on nutrient- and base-rich bark, but is less demanding in this respect than Zygodon viridissimus. Associates include Frullania dilatata, Metzgeria consanguinea, M. furcata, M. violacea, Microlejeunea ulicina, Cryphaea heteromalla, Hypnum andoi, H. cupressiforme, Neckera pumila, Orthotrichum spp. and Z. viridissimus. It is recorded rarely on base-rich rock and masonry, but this is not a typical habitat. Even more unusual is its occurrence on thatched roofs in Glamorgan, and perhaps elsewhere (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 600 m Asl.



It is dioicous; capsules are abundant in western regions, rather rare towards the east, maturing in spring. Vegetative propagation is by narrowly fusiform gemmae, which are almost always present on the stems and on the often extensive perennial protonema. Gemmae have also been observed on the protonema in culture.","There are no known current threats to this species, but SO2 pollution was a threat in the past.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species has been assessed as Endangered in Finland, as Vulnerable in Portugal, Luxembourg and Switzerland, as Near Threatened in Sweden, and as Data Deficient in the Canary Islands and Spain (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Hodgetts, N.,Bergamini, A.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Zygodon,dentatus,,Zygodon dentatus  ,(Limpr.) Kartt.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Zygodon dentatus is an epiphyte of humid deciduous and mixed forests in Europe. The main distribution centre for this species in Europe is in the Alps, where it is widespread and fairly common, though more research into its distribution in the Carpathians is needed. The population is large and the species seems to be spreading from the Alps, where there are large subpopulations, to the north and northwest. It is also spreading in parts of Germany, and it has apparently spread recently to Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. It is unlikely that this spread is associated only with a better exploration of these areas. Thus the population trend is tentatively increasing. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and in the EU 28. The biggest threat to this species is forestry, especially management such as clear-cutting or the extension of the forest road network, altering the cool-humid forest climate. No special conservation measures are necessary at present.",Increasing,"The main distribution centre for this species in Europe is in the Alps (Grims 1999, Meinunger and Schröder 2007), where it is widespread and fairly common in the precipitous area north of the main Alpine ridge in Switzerland, Germany, Austria and Liechtenstein. There are also scattered records in the Carpathians, the majority of them from Poland, but also Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania and Ukraine. It has also recently been recorded from Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. Very isolated localities exist in Norway, where up to now four records have been made. It grows at elevations between 100 m and 1,800 m Asl. This species was long regarded as a European endemic, but records have been made recently from Georgia and Turkey. There is also a   questionable record from the USA (Arizona).","Not much is known about the exact population size and trend, but this species seems to be spreading from the Alps, where there are large subpopulations, to the north and northwest. It is also spreading in parts of Germany, and it has apparently spread recently to Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. It is unlikely that this spread is associated only with a better exploration of these areas. The population size is large and far above 10,000 mature individuals.","This moss is an epiphyte of humid deciduous and mixed forests. In the Alps it grows especially on beech and maple, but also on other tree species and even conifers (Grims 1999, Meinunger and Schröder 2007).","The biggest threat to this species is forestry, especially management such as clear-cutting or the extension of the forest road network, altering the cool-humid forest climate. However, all in all, this epiphyte seems to be only slightly threatened.","This moss has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Luxembourg and Slovakia, as Endangered in Poland, as Vulnerable in Norway and Austria, and as Near Threatened in the Czech Republic and Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). Especially in the Carpathians, the distribution of this species should be better recorded. Due to the only slightly threatened habitats, no special conservation measures are necessary at present. It is known to occur in protected areas.","This species is not utilised or traded.

","Fettes, N.D.,Köckinger, H.,Hodgetts, N.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.","Kučera, J.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Zygodon,gracilis,,Zygodon gracilis  ,Wilson,,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Slender Yoke-moss (Zygodon gracilis) has a very disjunct distribution in Europe, with localities known from the Carpathians, the Alps, and a small area in northern England. The centre of distribution is in the Alps, but its distribution is still inadequately known. The population trend is currently unknown, but there is little indication of decline (the subpopulations in the Alps appear to be stable). Most of the subpopulations are small and isolated, and the population is considered to be severely fragmented. The population size is estimated at between 400 and 600 individual-equivalents. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and in the EU 28. The habitat of this species is not threatened in the Alps, except in Switzerland, where the largest subpopulation is threatened by a planned quarry. In Britain, only a few current sites are known in a very restricted area of the Yorkshire Dales; the main threats there appear to be overstocking of livestock and poorly carried-out wall maintenance. Little is known about the subpopulations in the Carpathians. As a high proportion of the global population occurs in Europe, Europe has a high responsibility for the conservation of this species. It is especially important to protect larger and more isolated subpopulations, and better site management is recommended in areas where it occurs. The current distribution should be better investigated, as well as potential threats to the species.",Unknown,"This species has a very disjunct distribution in Europe, with localities known from the Carpathians (Slovakia, Poland), the Alps (Switzerland, Austria, Germany, Italy), and a small area in northern England. The centre of distribution is in the Alps, where most of the records are known from Switzerland (Swissbryophytes 2004-2018) and Austria (Grims 1999, Schröck et al. 2013), but its distribution is still inadequately known. Its presence in France and Romania is uncertain. At present, there are about 30 known sites where this species occurs in Europe. It grows at elevations between 300 m and 2,000 m Asl. The species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 200,000 km2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 160 km2. This species is also very disjunct globally, occurring elsewhere only in British Columbia in North America. Records from South America are doubtful.","One individual-equivalent (i.e., mature individual) is considered to be one square metre or one boulder on which the species grows. It is estimated that there are between 400 and 600 individual-equivalents in Europe, at 40-60 localities, but little can be said about the current population trend, which is therefore unknown. Most of the subpopulations are small and isolated (this species is a poor disperser, because the species only very rarely produces sporophytes), and may go extinct at some sites with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. Strangely, the isolated subpopulation in northern England appears to be one of the biggest. The majority of subpopulations (ca 30) are in the Alps.","This moss grows on shady to sunny, mostly relatively dry limestone rocks and boulders (Schröck et al. 2013) and on drystone walls in Britain (Blockeel et al. 2014). It is restricted to areas with a high rainfall in the montane to alpine belt.","The habitat of this species is not threatened in the Alps, except in Switzerland, where the largest subpopulation is threatened by a planned quarry. InBritain, only a few current sites are known in a very restricted area of the Yorkshire Dales; the main threats there appear to be overstocking of livestock and poorly carried-out wall maintenance. Little is known about the subpopulations in the Carpathians. Isolated subpopulations are threatened by stochastic events.","This moss is included in several national Red Lists and has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Slovakia, as Endangered in Britain, Italy and Poland, and as Vulnerable in Switzerland (Hodgetts 2015). As a high proportion of the global population occurs in Europe, Europe has a high responsibility for the conservation of this species. It is especially important to protect larger and more isolated subpopulations. The current distribution should be better investigated, as well as potential threats to the species. Site management is recommended. It is known to occur in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Pilkington, S.","Schröck, C., Bisang, I., Caspari, S., Hedenäs, L., Hodgetts, N., Kiebacher, T., Kučera, J., Ştefănuţ, S. & Vana, J.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Zygodon,rupestris,,Zygodon rupestris  ,Schimp. ex Lorentz,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Park Yoke-moss (Zygodon rupestris) is a quite widespread species in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population is large and stable and there appear to be no major threats to it. It grows in both natural and man-made habitats and no specific conservation measures are currently needed.",Stable,"The Park Yoke-moss (Zygodon rupestris) has a Circumpolar Southern-temperate distribution. In Europe it is widely present in the temperate and warm-temperate zones, and is also found in the Caucasus, southwestern Asia, Central Asia, Japan and North America (Smith 2004, Hodgetts 2015, Ignatov et al. 2018). However, many older records from the Mediterranean region may refer to the recently described species Z. catarinoi (Garcia et al. 2006).","This species generally forms tufts among other mosses, but sometimes it occurs in extended patches. The population is large and stable.","This is a colonist species. It is an epiphyte and it particularly favours the bark of old trees, especially ash and oak, and occasionally it grows on shady, base-rich rocks. It grows in Mediterranean shrublands (mattoral) and coniferous forests. It can occur on isolated trees in a wide range of habitats, and also on cultivated trees, for example in olive groves, and on street trees (Dierssen 2001, Cortini Pedrotti 2001, Smith 2004, Atherton et al. 2010, T. Blockeel pers. com. 2018). It is found from sea level up to 1,250 m asl.         

 





 



 



 



",No major threats are reported to affect this species.,No conservation measures are necessary at present. This species is known to occur in protected areas.,This species is not utilised.,"Vanderpoorten, A.,Cálix, M.","Campisi, P. & Cogoni, A.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Zygodon,sibiricus,,Zygodon sibiricus  ,"Ignatov, Ignatova, Z. Iwats. &amp; B.C. Tan","The identity of the European specimens of this species, as well as its taxonomic status, needs confirmation. It is very close to Z. rupestris and can be separated for sure only when sporophytes are present (Z. sibiricus has a reduced, short peristome, while in Z. rupestris peristome is usually absent). However, all European specimens lack sporophytes. It appears to be difficult to obtain DNA sequences for frequently used molecular markers, so there is no  molecular evidence that could confirm or reject the identity of European collections with Siberian ones (this species was described from Khabarovsk Territory). Moreover, in some treatments it is stated that peristome of Z. rupestris is absent or reduced (Smith 2004); it puts in question the separate status of Z. sibiricus (E. Ignatova pers. comm. 2017).",No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)



Currently, only two isolated subpopulations of Zygodon sibiricus are known in Europe.  However, this species is very close to Z. rupestris and the two species can be separated for sure only when sporophytes are present, but all European specimens lack sporophytes. 

 The abundance, population size and trends of this species have not been investigated, although the habitat of species (mixed and broad leaved forests) are vulnerable to timber harvesting, and are experiencing a continuing decline. As the distribution of this species is not sufficiently studied, mainly due to the difficulties in identifying its sterile plants. Therefore, it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD). Recommended conservation measures include the protection of existing sites, and further research to discover new sites, to study the biology and the ecology of the species.

This species is not found in the EU 28 and therefore it is Not Evaluated.",Unknown,"The distribution of this species is not well studied, because it was relatively recently described (Ignatov et al. 1999) and may be overlooked in the field due to the small number and size of the plants. There are also difficulties with identifying, because sterile specimens of this species are similar to Zygodon rupestris and the two species can be separated for sure only when sporophytes are present, but all European specimens lack sporophytes and may be referred to as this species mainly due to differences of the ecology and distribution of these species (this species grows mainly in the taiga zone, especially in the floodplain forests on the bark of aspen, poplar, willow and birch, rarely on rocky substrate, whereas Z. rupestris - mainly on the bark of broadleaved trees and  juniper in the dry forests and open woodlands, as well as on rocks (Ignatov et al. 2018).

In Europe, this species is rare and has been found  in the Vologda and Niznniy Novgorod Provinces in the East European Plain, as well as in  the Urals. Elsewhere, the species has been found in the hemiboreal forests of southern Siberia and the Russian Far East (Ignatov et al. 1999, Ignatov et al. 2018, Ignatov et al. 2006, Dyachenko and Dyachenko 2016). 

 

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 315,000 km2 and area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 16 km2. The altitudinal range of the species is between 100 m and 600 m Asl. This species is not found within the EU 28 region.

Considering timber logging as a major threat, the species is estimated to occur in only three locations.","The species is present in two isolated forest massifs in different regions of European Russia. The abundance, population size and trends of this rare species are not known. The dispersal ability seems to be low. The sporophytes of this species have not been found in Europe (Ignatov and Ignatova 2003), although the  species can spread vegetatively by brood bodies (gemmae originated from  leaves) that probably cannot spread across long distances (M. Ignatov pers. comm. 2017). The subpopulations are very small and isolated from each other, and thus the population is considered to be severely fragmented as subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. In each locality, it is estimated that there are between 10 and 20 individual-equivalents (considered as mature individuals and with each individual-equivalent being defined as a tree on which the species grows), and therefore the overall population size in Europe is around 30 to 40 individual-equivalents.","This species grows in Spruce-Birch and Aspen forests, on the bark of Populus, Salix, Betula, Acer platanoides, and, more rarely, on limestone. The quality of its habitat is declining due to forest logging.","The main threats to this forest species include timber harvest, which leads to habitat fragmentation. 

","The species has not been found in any protected areas throughout its range. In Europe, it is not included in any national or regional Red Lists. There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but the protection of existing sites is recommended, as well as searching for new sites, to study the biology and the ecology of the      species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Cálix, M.,Vanderpoorten, A.","Baisheva, E., Ignatov, M., Konstantinova, N., Maslovsky, O., Sabovljevic, M. & Ştefănuţ, S.",,,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Zygodon,stirtonii,,Zygodon stirtonii  ,Schimp.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The range of Stirton's Yoke-moss (Zygodon stirtonii) in Europe is very difficult to assess because it has been recorded unevenly. Although the precise distribution and status of this taxon in Europe is obscure, enough is known in terms of its abundance and threats to be able to assess it as Least Concern. No conservation measures are required at present.",Unknown,"The range of Stirton's Yoke-moss (Zygodon stirtonii) in Europe is very difficult to assess because it has been recorded unevenly. The map, extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are therefore very inaccurate, and no figures have been inserted for altitude. In a study of Dutch material, van der Pluijm (2012) found evidence that Zygodon viridissimus and Z. stirtonii cross-fertilise each other and produce hybrid sporophytes, and concluded that they should be treated as varieties. This species' AOO in Europe is estimated to be ca 300 km², and its EOO is ca 3 million km². Both figures are probably extremely inaccurate; the AOO figure is certainly a gross under-estimate.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown, as recording has been so uneven. However, it is clearly widespread and not uncommon, and the total population size is likely to be substantial.

","The  speciesgrows on neutral and dolomitic rocks, mainly in semi-natural or natural humid broadleaved forests. It can also be epiphytic. On rock, associates include Encalypta streptocarpa, Fissidens dubius, Tortella  tortuosa, Orthothecium intricatum and Neckera species.As an epiphyte, it is found with Zygodon viridissimus (Meinunger and Schröder 2007).",There are no known threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are required at present. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Spain, Endangered in Luxembourg, Vulnerable in Norway, and Data Deficient in Finland and Poland (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.

",This species is not utilised or traded.,"During, H.,Fettes, N.D.,Hodgetts, N.","Hodgetts, N.","Ştefănuţ, S.",,
Bryophytes,2019_October,PLANTAE,BRYOPHYTA,BRYOPSIDA,ORTHOTRICHALES,ORTHOTRICHACEAE,Zygodon,viridissimus,,Zygodon viridissimus  ,(Dicks.) Brid.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Green Yoke-moss (Zygodon viridissimus) is a European temperate species widespread in Europe, north to Iceland and central Finland, east to the Baltic States and Ukraine. It also occurs in Macaronesia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common in most of its European range, there are no major threats and no indication of decline. It may have increased in some areas with cleaner air since the middle of the 20th Century. No conservation measures are required at present.",Unknown,"The Green Yoke-moss (Zygodon viridissimus) is a European temperate species widespread in Europe, north to Iceland and central Finland, east to the Baltic States and Ukraine. It also occurs in Macaronesia. Elsewhere it occurs in the Caucasus, North Africa, Turkey, the Russian Far East, Japan, and northeastern North America. However, the wider distribution is uncertain because many reports (including those from the Mediterranean region) are of the species in a broad sense and refer to Zygodon rupestris or other taxa. In the broad sense it is widespread across the Northern Hemisphere (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 5,000 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 14 million km².","As an epiphyte it was less affected by air pollution in Britain than many  Orthotrichum species, though it disappeared from trees in regions  suffering high levels of pollution. Following recent reductions in SO2  levels it is now widespread on trees in these areas (Blockeel et al. 2014). This species is common in most of its European range. The current population trend is unknown but there is no evidence of decline.","This species forms dense cushions or patches as an epiphyte, but avoids deep shade and strongly acid bark. It is frequent on ash, oak, sycamore, field maple, elder and sallow, less common on beech and a wide range of other species, often associated with Frullania dilatata, Metzgeria furcata, Hypnum cupressiforme and Orthotrichum spp. It is also widespread on sheltered but well-lit natural outcrops of limestone, sandstone and basic igneous rocks; it is tolerant of sea spray and is particularly characteristic of coastal rocks, sometimes in exposed places. It is frequent on old stone and mortared walls, as in churchyards and on bridges, especially on their sheltered sides, and also on brick and concrete. Associates on walls include Didymodon rigidulus, Grimmia pulvinata, Homalothecium sericeum and Tortula muralis (Blockeel et al. 2014). Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 780 m Asl.



It is dioicous; capsules are rare to occasional, maturing in spring. Gemmae are almost always present on the stems and are also produced on the protonema in culture.","There are no current threats to this species, though SO2 pollution was a threat in the past.","No conservation measures are required at present. This species is regarded as threatened in some countries towards the edge of its range and has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Slovakia, as Endangered in Poland and the Czech Republic, as Vulnerable in Finland and Romania, as Near Threatened in Estonia, and as Data Deficient in Italy (where there are no recent records, except in Sicily) (Hodgetts 2015). It is found in protected areas.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"During, H.,Hodgetts, N.,Fettes, N.D.","Hodgetts, N.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Aglais,ichnusa,,Aglais ichnusa,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"This species is restricted to Corsica and Sardinia. Found at altitudes from 700-2,500 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to Corsica and Sardinia.",This species replaces the Small Tortoiseshell (A. urticae) on the Islands of Corsica and Sardinia. It may be found in nearly all habitats but only in mountainous area at altitudes higher than 700 m. The larval foodplant is Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica). It is double-generationed. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.,"Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level. But since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. More research to distribution and ecology is needed.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Aglais,io,,Aglais io,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs throughout most of Europe up to 64° N in Scandinavia. In Spain, it is present only in the northern half and the Sierra Nevada. Sea level-2,500 m. It is furthermore found in the whole temperate zone of the Palearctic. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.",This is a common and widespread species in its European range. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from the Netherlands and United Kingdom. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Luxembourg and Ukraine (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).,"In temperate Europe, the Peacock is one of the best-known butterflies, because of its striking appearance and common occurrence. There is no other diurnal butterfly with such noticeable eye-spots on the upperside of its wings. In good years, the Peacock can be present in large numbers. It is often seen in gardens and parks on herbaceous borders and flowering shrubs, looking for nectar. Eggs are laid on Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica) in damp, shady places, sometimes at edges of woodland. Occasionally, Hop (Humulus lupulus) is also used. The caterpillar is black with branched black spines and many tiny white spots. It looks similar to the caterpillar of the Map (Araschnia levana), but has prominent spines or thorns on its head. The caterpillars live gregariously in flimsy webs. Sometimes, plants are completely covered with spun silk, which serves as a home for tens of caterpillars. They leave the web to pupate on the foodplant. The adult butterfly goes into hibernation, hiding in cold lofts and sheds. There can be as many as three generations a year, depending on the geographical position and the weather conditions. Habitats: urban parks and large gardens (12%), towns, villages, industrial sites (11%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (9%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (8%), mixed woodland (7%), mesophile grasslands (6%), fallow land, waste places (5%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Aglais,urticae,,Aglais urticae,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This is a common butterfly all over Europe. It is absent from the Atlantic islands and the Mediterranean islands except Sicily. Sea level-3,000 m. It is also found in Asia Minor and Central Asia, Siberia to the Pacific Ocean, China, Mongolia and Korea. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a common and widespread species in its European range. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Hungary, Ukraine and United Kingdom. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Slovenia, Spain and the Netherlands (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Small Tortoiseshell is a common and welcome guest in parks and gardens and is sometimes very abundant. It occurs in low numbers in nearly all habitats. Its only foodplant is Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica). The foodplants are often growing on nutrient-rich, disturbed ground in the sun, such as in rough vegetation at the edges of meadows treated with manure or fertilizer. The eggs are laid in large batches on the underside of the nettle leaves. The caterpillars are gregarious, living in flimsy webs until they go their separate ways in the last larval instar. The caterpillar of the Small Tortoiseshell is black with two shiny yellow lines along the side of its back and bristly with yellowy-green spines. It forms its pupa on the foodplants. The Small Tortoiseshell hibernates as a butterfly and can often be found in the cold months hiding in houses or sheds. It is one of the first butterflies to be seen in spring. Habitats: urban parks and large gardens (11%), towns, villages, industrial sites (11%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (9%), mesophile grasslands (8%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (8%), fallow land, waste places (7%), mixed woodland (7%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Anthocharis,cardamines,,Anthocharis cardamines,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"In large parts of Europe to 69° N, it is widespread and common. It is absent from parts of southern Spain and southern Portugal, the Balearic Islands, Malta, Crete and Rhodes. 0-2,100 m. Further in the whole Palearctic except for the extreme north and south. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a common and widespread species in its European range. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Belgium, Luxembourg, Romania, Sweden and United Kingdom (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","In Western Europe, the first Orange-tip gives us the feeling that spring has arrived. However, high in the mountains, these butterflies only appear in the middle of the summer. The Orange-tip occurs in damp to quite wet grasslands at the edge of woods, or near thickets. The eggs are laid singly on flowerheads of different crucifers and their bright-orange colour makes them easy to find. At first, the caterpillars feed on the flowerbuds of the foodplant and later on the fruits. They live alone, which accords with their cannibalistic nature. When ready to pupate, they move into rough vegetation, climbing up a little twig and turning into a light-brown pupa, suspended from the plant by a silken girdle. The Orange-tip hibernates in this stage and has one generation a year. Habitats: mesophile grasslands (14%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (12%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (12%), mixed woodland (10%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (8%), urban parks and large gardens (5%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Anthocharis,damone,,Anthocharis damone,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in the south of Italy, east of Sicily, FYR of Macedonia, on Greek mainland and Corfu. 350-1,300 m. It is also present from Turkey to the Middle East and the south of Transcaucasia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct from Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Eastern Orange-tip is a butterfly of open, grassy scrub, such as very open maquis and is often found on steep, rocky, south-facing limestone slopes. In Sicily, the butterflies are mostly seen on ancient lava beds. The females lay their eggs on the flowers of woads (Isatis spp.), mainly on I. tinctoria. The caterpillars feed on the flowers and ripening seeds. Pupation takes place on withered stalks. It has one generation a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (33%), heath and scrub (33%), sclerophyllous scrub (33%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Anthocharis,euphenoides,,Anthocharis euphenoides,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs in central Portugal, Spain (except the extreme Northeast), southeast of France (from Pyrenees to the Alps), adjacent part of Italian Alps and central Italy. Its elevational range is 0-1,800 m. This is a European endemic species.",This species is widespread in part of Europe. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Portugal (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).,"This butterfly inhabits warm, dry places with flower-rich, grassy vegetation and scattered bushes. Eggs are laid one by one on the flowerbuds of various crucifers, such as the buckler mustards Biscutella laevigata and B. auriculata, London Rocket (Sisymbrium irio) and Hedge Mustard (S. officinale). The caterpillars feed mainly on ovaries, but at times are also cannibalistic. This species hibernates as a pupa and has one generation a year. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (25%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (16%), dry siliceous grasslands (16%), phrygana (8%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (8%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (8%), broad-leaved evergreen woodland (8%), inland sand-dunes (8%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Anthocharis,gruneri,,Anthocharis gruneri,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs locally in the the south of the Balkans: in Albania, FYR of Macedonia, southwest of Bulgaria and on Greek mainland. 0-1,800 m. Also present from Israel and Syria to the Middle East, Iran and Turkey to Transcaucasia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Albania (data provided by the national partner of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","Gruner’s Orange-tip lives on dry, open grasslands, on rocky, often calcareous slopes, scrub and clearings in dry woodland. The eggs are laid on Aethionema species, including Burnt Candytuft (A. saxatile) and A. orbiculatum, the caterpillars eating both the leaves and ripening seeds. It has one generation a year and the pupa hibernates. Habitats: screes (25%), sclerophyllous scrub (25%), phrygana (25%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (25%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Apatura,ilia,,Apatura ilia,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This is a species of Central and Southeast Europe. It does not occur in Scandinavia, Great Britain, Ireland, the Netherlands, North Germany and the Mediterranean islands. In Portugal only in Minho, in Spain, it is restricted to the Cantabrian Mountains, Huesca, Catalonia and western Pyrenees. This species is not present in the south of Italy, and is found in Greece only in the northwestern part of the country. 300-1,500 m. It is also found in Northeast China, Japan and Korea, excluding Transcaucasia, Middle Asia and Siberia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in Europe, this species is local and restricted to areas with sufficient habitat of good quality. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Luxembourg. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Germany, Latvia, Moldova, Romania and Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Lesser Purple Emperor is found in clearings and along paths in damp, deciduous woodland that is often situated in river valleys or on the banks of rivers. The butterflies are often seen near puddles on the road and on dung from other animals. Especially the males are attracted to strongly smelling cheese. Its foodplants are poplars (Populus spp.) and willows (Salix spp.). The female, choosing rather small, not so robust trees, deposits its eggs on the upperside of leaves that are half in the shade, or in the sun. The caterpillars usually lie along the nerve in the middle of the leaves, nibbling the rest of the leaf away more or less symmetrically. The half-grown caterpillar spins a little pad in the fork of a twig on which it hibernates. In spring, it returns to the fresh buds and leaves to feed. It pupates suspended from the underside of a leaf or branch. To the north of the Alps and at high altitudes, the Lesser Purple Emperor has one generation a year, but in warm valleys and south of the Alps, it can have two generations a year. There is a striking form, clythie, in which the white of the markings on the upperside of the wings is largely replaced by pale orange. It forms a proportion of most populations and is sometimes common. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (31%), mixed woodland (25%), alluvial and very wet forests and brush (23%), water-fringe vegetation (5%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Apatura,iris,,Apatura iris,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This is a species of Central and Southeast Europe. It does not occur in Ireland and the Mediterranean islands. In Portugal only in Minho, in Spain, it is restricted to the Cantabrian Mts., Sierra de Guadarrama, Sierra de la Themanda and the Pyrenees. In Italy it is present only in the north, and in Greece, only in the northwest. In Great Britain and Sweden, it is restricted to the south. Sea level-1,500 m. It is also found in Siberia, China, Korea and Japan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in Europe, this species is local and restricted to areas with sufficient habitat of good quality. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Luxembourg. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Germany, Latvia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia and United Kingdom (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Purple Emperor inhabits damp, mature, deciduous woods with clearings in them. These woods often have different tree species, stream valleys and woodland rides. Male butterflies are often seen near puddles on the road and on the dung of other animals. They are also attracted to strongly smelling cheese. The males and females meet each other at the top of master oaks, or other old trees that are taller than the rest, situated at the margin of the woods. Various willows (Salix spp.) are used as foodplants, the female depositing its eggs preferably at the top of the tree, on the upperside of shaded leaves. The caterpillars often lie along the main nerve of the leaves, nibbling off the rest of the leaf more or less symmetrically. The half-grown caterpillar spins a small cushion in the fork of a twig on which it hibernates. In spring, it resumes feeding on the buds and fresh young leaves. It pupates, suspended from the underside of a leaf and has one generation a year. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (35%), mixed woodland (26%), alluvial and very wet forests and brush (15%), urban parks and large gardens (7%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (5%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"In the Netherlands, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Apatura,metis,,Apatura metis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs locally in Southeast Europe along the bigger rivers, particularly along the Danube and its tributaries Tisza, Drava and Sava. It is also present in the south of Hungary, the east of Croatia, the north of Bosnia, the northwest of Serbia and of Albania. It is scattered in Bulgaria, southeastern Romania and in the extreme northeast of Greece. 0-650 m. It is furthermore present through West Siberia to Northeast China, Korea and Japan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Austria. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Moldova and Romania (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","Freyer’s Purple Emperor is a butterfly of very warm, damp places. The butterflies can be found along wooded riverbanks, with its foodplant, White Willow (Salix alba). The males and females meet each other at the tops of tall trees and the females lay their eggs in small batches at the top of the tree, on leaves in the crown. The caterpillars grow quickly and pupate suspended under a leaf or on a twig. The caterpillars from the generation that follows, hibernate. The butterflies have a varied diet. The females visit flowers for nectar, aphids for honeydew and ripe fruit for the sugars. The males are often found on damp ground, on dung and on carrion. The butterflies are also attracted to sap oozing from wounded trees. This species has two generations a year. Habitats: mixed woodland (23%), alluvial and very wet forests and brush (23%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (17%), water-fringe vegetation (17%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","The species is listed on the Habitats Directive Annex 4 and Bern Convention Annex 2. This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Aphantopus,hyperantus,,Aphantopus hyperantus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This is a Central European species. It does not occur on the Mediterranean islands, in Portugal, Spain except the Cantabrian Mountains to the eastern Pyrenees, almost all Italy, south and central Greece, north of Scotland, and in the north of Scandinavia. Sea level-1,600 m. Across temperate Asia to Korea. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a common and widespread species in its European range. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Netherlands. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Belgium, Luxembourg, Moldova and Ukraine (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Ringlet can be found in grassy places with bushes, woodland clearings and on grasslands bordering woods. The habitats vary from dry to rather wet, such as at the edge of a raised bog. The butterflies are avid visitors of such flowers as thistles, knapweed and other plants rich in nectar. The caterpillars feed on nutrient-rich grasses, such as cock’s-foot (Dactylus spp.), false-bromes (Brachypodium spp.), fescues (Festuca spp.) and cat’s-tails (Phleum spp.). The female usually just releases her eggs, letting them fall into the vegetation, either while perched or in flight. The caterpillars hibernate, hidden in a grass tussock and when they resume feeding, only do so at night. They also pupate deep down in the vegetation. The Ringlet has one generation a year. Habitats: mesophile grasslands (15%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (12%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (12%), mixed woodland (8%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (8%), dry siliceous grasslands (8%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"In Portugal, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level. This is one of the butterflies that can be common also outside nature reserves. It benefits from proper management of semi-natural grasslands. The species will benefit from the establishment of areas of High Nature Value Farmland (Paracchini et al., 2008). In countries where the species is declining, habitats should be managed appropriately and the effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Apharitis,acamas,,Apharitis acamas,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range. However, at the Greek level, it might be considered as Near Threatened owing to its rarity and reported decline.",Decreasing,"This species occurs locally on Cyprus and in parts of Turkey. 0-1,600 m. This species occurs from central Sahara to Egypt, Middle East, Arabia, Western Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Northwestern India. Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","In Europe, this species is restricted to the island of Cyprus. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Cyprus (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","This butterfly occurs in dry, hot places, on abandoned agricultural ground, scrub or steppe. Populations are small. Little is known about its life cycle, or on which plant the eggs are laid or whether the first instar caterpillars feed from it. However, it is probable that the females, like those of other silver-line butterflies, accept plants from various (Leguminosae, Polygonaceae, Cistaceae) genera on which to lay their eggs. It is known that the two last instars live in the nest of Crematogaster ants, where they feed on ant grubs and pupae, and, to a lesser extent, on food that the ants bring in. It is not improbable that, as soon as they hatch, the very young caterpillars find their way to the ants’ nest. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Aporia,crataegi,,Aporia crataegi,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species is widespread and common in large parts of Europe up to 64° N. It is absent from north and central Norway, Sweden and Finland, the British islands, the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia, the Ionian islands, Crete and the Cyclades. 500-2,000 m. It is also present in the entire Palearctic Region, except for the extreme north and south. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. The species shows strong natural fluctuations, and can be absent in some years and almost a pest in others. It is reported extinct from the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Austria, Luxembourg, Romania and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Albania, France, Latvia, Norway and Serbia (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Black-veined White can be found on many different types of vegetation in a variety of landscapes, but seems to prefer habitats in the neighbourhood of woods or scrub. It is, however, quite a mobile butterfly, that can be encountered everywhere. The numbers of this butterfly species can fluctuate greatly and the reasons for this are not well understood. It may build up huge populations at unusual places, such as hedges along motorways, but can also disappear from large areas for many years. They can often be seen drinking on such nectar plants as thistles. The eggs are laid in large clusters of often sixty or more, on the leaves of trees and bushes of the rose family (Rosaceae), such as hawthorn (Crataegus spp.), Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), Cherry (Prunus spp.), Apple (Malus spp.), also in orchards. The caterpillars spend their time in a communal silken nest until they pupate, the nest in which they hibernate being more substantial. When they are ready to pupate, they disperse over the foodplant, the yellow pupa with black spots, suspended in a silken girdle. The Black-veined White has one generation a year. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (17%), mixed woodland (11%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (10%), mesophile grasslands (7%), orchards, groves and tree plantations (7%), heath and scrub (6%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Araschnia,levana,,Araschnia levana,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Increasing,"This is a Central European species, absent from the northwest and southeast of France, Scandinavia, Britain and Italy. In Spain, it is only found in the eastern Pyrenees. Sea level-1,500 m. It is also found in the temperate forest zone of Asia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a common and widespread species in its European range. It has expanded its original range spectacularly since the middle of the 20th century both in northern and southern direction. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from the Netherlands. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Belgium, Luxembourg and Slovakia (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Map is a common butterfly of woodland edges, coppices, hedgerows and wood banks. It has two generations a year. The butterflies of the spring generation are predominantly orange and those of the summer generation predominantly black on the upperside of the wings. In warm years, there may be a partial third generation that in colour is somewhere between the spring and summer form. The Map gets its name from the intricate pattern on the underside of its wings. These butterflies enjoy basking in the sun with their wings wide open, often on the ground. The Map has a dainty floating flight, but it settles again quite quickly. The foodplants are Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica) and Small Nettle (U. urens). The eggs are deposited in short chains on the underside of the nettle leaves and look very much like threaded pearls. The caterpillar is black with red-brown spines and two prominent spines or “horns” on its head capsule, absent in the caterpillar of the Peacock (Inachis io). The caterpillars are gregarious, but do not spin a nest. They pupate on the foodplants and pass the winter as a pupa. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (18%), mixed woodland (17%), urban parks and large gardens (11%), orchards, groves and tree plantations (7%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (7%), mesophile grasslands (6%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PAPILIONIDAE,Archon,apollinus,,Archon apollinus,,,No,NT,"B1b(i,v)",No,LC,,EU27,,"The European extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 20,000 km². Furthermore the species is declining in part of its European range (European part of Turkey). Therefore, it is classified as Near Threatened in Europe. As the Greek population is reported stable and this is the only country in the EU27 where it occurs, the species is considered as Least Concern in the EU27 member states.",Stable,"This species occurs in the north of Greece near Thessaloniki and on some Greek islands. 0-1,100 m. Its range extends through Turkey to Jordan and the north of Iraq and Iran. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The False Apollo can be found in the early spring in sheltered places in olive groves, vineyards, on rocky slopes with bushes and in open woodland. They are also seen in damp places, such as stream margins. They use various birthworts (Aristolochia spp.) as larval foodplants, such as Birthwort (A. clematitis) and on Samos and Lesbos, A. bodamae. Unlike other Papilionidae, the caterpillars cannot be seen on the foodplants, as they live hidden in a spun leaf. The False Apollo has one generation a year and passes the winter in the pupal stage in the ground. Habitats: heath and scrub (50%), sclerophyllous scrub (50%).",This species is threatened by agricultural activities and land claims. The intensification of agriculture caused the disappearance of the foodplants over large areas. Abandonment leads to shrub invasion and finally to the loss of suitable habitat. Furthermore fires can destroy habitat patches.,Research is needed urgently on the distribution and ecology of the species. Protected areas should be established and management plans executed. The effects of conservation measures should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Arethusana,arethusa,,Arethusana arethusa,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This is a species of the south of Europe. This species occurs in Greece and the Balkans as far as northeast Italy, East Austria and Slovakia. It is also found on the Iberian Peninsula (except the south of Portugal and west of Galicia) and in France (Charente-Maritimes to Eure, Somme, Meurthe-et-Moselle and Haut-Rhin). Sea level-2,000 m. It is also found in Morocco and the Caucasus, Asia Minor and the Middle East to Southwest Siberia and Tian-Shan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in Europe, this species is local and restricted to areas with sufficient good quality habitat. It is reported extinct in Germany. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Romania. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Slovakia, Slovenia and Ukraine (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The False Grayling is an inconspicuous butterfly. It occurs on warm, nutrient-poor grasslands, often situated near the edges of woodland or scrub, on both calcareous and acid soils. The female drops her eggs at random into the vegetation, leaving the young caterpillars to choose what to eat. They feed on different grasses, including Upright Brome (Bromus erectus), Gray Hair-grass (Corynephorus canescens), Tor-grass (Brachypodium pinnatum), Crested Dog’s-tail (Cynosurus cristatus) and fescues (Festuca spp.). The caterpillars hibernate in the first larval instar. They pupate in a grass tussock and have one generation a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (36%), dry siliceous grasslands (26%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (10%), mesophile grasslands (6%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (6%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Argynnis,adippe,,Argynnis adippe,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in large parts of Europe up to 66° N. It is absent from Scotland, Ireland and the Mediterranean islands (except Sicily). 0-2,100 m. It is also found in the rest of the Palearctic, except for the extreme North and South. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Denmark and United Kingdom. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Latvia, Luxembourg, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia and Sweden (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The High Brown Fritillary occurs on woodland edges and in woodland clearings, where there is lush, rough vegetation with plenty of nectar plants. It is often seen together with the Silver-washed Fritillary (A. paphia) and the Dark Green Fritillary (A. aglaja). The eggs are laid on the leaves of violets (Viola spp.) and also on the bark of trees or dead leaves with violets growing near them. The tiny caterpillar remains within the egg during the winter and from about the beginning of March, hatches and starts feeding on violet leaves. It pupates on a twig or on a leaf close to the ground. The High Brown Fritillary has one generation a year. There is variation in colour, mainly of the underside of the hindwing. The different forms are common to rare in different parts of the range. A. a. cleodoxa, a form common in the Pyrenees, has a yellow hindwing with practically no pattern. To the south of the Pyrenees, A. a. cleodippe has clearly defined markings and hardly any green powdering. A. a. clorodippe, with the green underside of its hindwing and also with well-defined markings, is common in the south-east of its range and in mountainous areas. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (20%), mixed woodland (15%), mesophile grasslands (11%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (9%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (9%), dry siliceous grasslands (8%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Argynnis,aglaja,,Argynnis aglaja,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species is widespread and common in all of Europe. It is absent from the Mediterranean islands, except Sicily. 0-2,200 m. It is present in almost the whole Palearctic. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it can be very local and restricted to a few areas with sufficient habitat of good quality. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Denmark. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Germany, Latvia, Luxembourg, Moldova, Republic of Ireland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Sweden, the Netherlands, Turkey (European part), Ukraine and United Kingdom (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Dark Green Fritillary can be found on many different types of flower-rich grasslands. The grassland is often situated in or at the edge of woodland and may be dry, calcareous or dune grassland, or damp grasslands along the edges of bogs. The eggs are laid on the often already withered leaf-stems of violets (Viola spp.). Directly after hatching, the small caterpillar prepares for hibernation, hiding itself in the litter layer until the spring. It then begins to feed on the fresh, new growth of the violet plants, continuing into the summer, when it pupates either in the moss layer, or under a tussock of grass. The caterpillars are quite mobile and visit several plants when feeding. The Dark Green Fritillary is single-brooded. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (17%), mixed woodland (12%), mesophile grasslands (12%), dry siliceous grasslands (9%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (8%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (7%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (7%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"In the Netherlands, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Argynnis,elisa,,Argynnis elisa,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs in all mountainous areas of Corsica and Sardinia. On Corsica, common in the central mountains and on the mountain l'Incudine, on Sardinia in Monti del Gennargentu. Found at altitudes from 800-1,800 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Corsican Fritillary is a mountain butterfly, found on grassy vegetation in clearings in deciduous woods. The small caterpillars hatch out in spring and begin to feed on violets, preferring plants growing under juniper bushes. Among the foodplants mentioned in the literature are various Viola species, such as Wild Pansy (V. tricolor), Yellow Wood Violet (V. biflora), Pale Wood Violet (V. reichenbachiana) and V. corsica. The Corsican Fritillary has one generation a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (50%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (50%).","Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","The species is listed on the Habitats Directive Annex 4 and Bern Convention Annex 2. This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level. However, since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Argynnis,laodice,,Argynnis laodice,,,No,LC,,No,NT,A2c,EU27,,"At the European level, this species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat. In the EU27 countries, a population decline of almost 30% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, it is classified as Near Threatened within the EU27.",Stable,"This is an Eastern European species, occurring particularly in the Baltic States and scattered in the south of Finland, Poland, Hungary, the north of Romania and Slovakia. 0-500 m. It is also found in Siberia, China, Korea and Japan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in Europe, this species is local and restricted to areas with sufficient habitat of good quality. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Germany. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Hungary and Latvia (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Pallas’s Fritillary can be easily recognized by the noticeable jagged, white line, running across the underside of the hindwing. It can be found on damp, flower-rich grassland in open, or deciduous forests or mixed woods. Both males and females are fond of sucking nectar from bramble blossom. The caterpillars live on Marsh Violet (Viola palustris) and Heath Dog Violet (V. canina). It has one generation a year and passes the winter in the egg stage. Habitats: humid grasslands and tall herb communities (15%), mixed woodland (15%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (12%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (9%), mesophile grasslands (9%), alluvial and very wet forests and brush (6%).","This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level. However, in part of the EU27 range, the species is threatened by changes in woodland management.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Argynnis,niobe,,Argynnis niobe,,,No,LC,,No,NT,A2c,EU27,,"At the European level, this species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat. In the EU27 countries, a population decline of almost 30% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, it is classified as Near Threatened within the EU27.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in large parts of Europe. It is absent from the extreme south of Spain and Portugal, the Mediterranean islands (except Sicily), coastal areas of Italy, Britain, Ireland and north Scandinavia. 0- 2,400 m. It is furthermore present east to West Siberia and from Turkey across Iran and Afghanistan to the Tian-Shan and the Altai. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it can be very local and restricted to a few areas with sufficient habitat of good quality. It is reported extinct in Belgium. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Czech Republic, Germany, Poland, the Netherlands and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, Hungary, Latvia, Norway, Slovakia, Slovenia and Sweden (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Niobe Fritillary occurs on poor, dry grassland, often with woodland or scrub nearby. The eggs are laid on the woody stock of violets (Viola spp.). The caterpillar develops quickly within the egg, but does not hatch until after hibernation. Staying hidden during the day, it feeds on the violet plants at night. It pupates low down in the vegetation. The Niobe Fritillary has one generation a year. The form eris, with no silver spots on the underside of its hind wings, occurs at very high altitudes. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (15%), mesophile grasslands (13%), dry siliceous grasslands (11%), mixed woodland (10%), heath and scrub (7%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (6%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (6%).","This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level. However, in part of the EU27 range, the species is threatened by intensification of use and abandonment of grasslands. In some Western European countries, nitrogen deposition leads to a change in the vegetation structure of heathlands and coastal dunes, leading to local extinctions.","In the Netherlands, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Argynnis,pandora,,Argynnis pandora,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs over almost all of South Europe; the northern edge of its range is the southwestern coast of France, the eastern Pyrenees and Drôme, the Italian Alps (although absent from large parts of the north of Italy), Austria, Czech Republic and Slovakia. It is also found on many islands in the Mediterranean. 0-1,600 m. It is furthermore present in North Africa and across Asia Minor and Central Asia to Pakistan and West China. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. It is also a migrant species in parts of its range, and can colonize areas temporarily. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia and Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Cardinal is a woodland butterfly occurring at woodland edges and in glades with bushes and grassy, flower-rich vegetations. Like the Silver-washed Fritillary (A. paphia), these butterflies are often seen in places where plants rich in nectar, such as thistles, are plentiful. The Cardinal is a fast and powerful flyer, vagrants being sometimes observed outside the distribution range, in Switzerland, for example. The eggs are laid singly on the leaves of violets (Viola spp.). It hibernates as a small caterpillar and pupates in spring, suspended low down on the foodplant or on the nearby vegetation. It has one generation a year. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (22%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (11%), mixed woodland (8%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (8%), sclerophyllous scrub (8%), dry siliceous grasslands (8%), mesophile grasslands (5%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Argynnis,paphia,,Argynnis paphia,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in large parts of Europe. It is absent from the southern half of Spain, Scotland and the north of England, large parts of Denmark, north and central Norway, northern Sweden and northern Finland. 0-1,500 m. It is furthermore present across the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, the Tian-Shan, Siberia to the Amur; Turkey, Iran, China, Korea and Japan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. It is reported extinct in the Netherlands. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Denmark, Germany, Latvia, Luxembourg, Portugal, Republic of Ireland, Romania, Turkey (European part), Ukraine and United Kingdom (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Silver-washed Fritillary is a large, conspicuous butterfly that is often present in large numbers. Needing a lot of nectar, they are often found on thistles at the edge of woodland. They also occur on rough vegetation in woodland clearings. The males have black streaks of scent-scales on their forewings. Unlike other butterflies, the eggs are not laid on the foodplant. Instead, the female deposits them singly on the branches and trunks of trees growing at woodland edges. As soon as they emerge from the egg in the late summer, the tiny caterpillar looks for somewhere to hibernate. In spring it starts looking for violets (Viola spp.), on which it feeds at night, hiding under the leaves of the foodplant during the day. It pupates on a stalk of a violet plant, or in a crevice in the bark of a tree. The Silver-washed Fritillary has one generation a year. The females come in two colour variations, the more usual, orange form and the heavily dusted, dark form valezina. In some populations this form is quite common, but in others very rare. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (25%), mixed woodland (19%), coniferous woodland (11%), mesophile grasslands (9%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (5%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (5%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Aricia,agestis,,Aricia agestis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species is common and widespread in Central and South Europe. It is absent from Spain (except in the north), Ireland, Scotland, western Denmark, Scandinavia, Latvia, Estonia and the Balearic Islands. 0-1,700 m. It is present further east to the Middle East, Iran and Siberia up to the Amur. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it can be very local and restricted to a few areas with sufficient habitat of good quality. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Luxembourg and United Kingdom. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Germany, Romania and Ukraine (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Brown Argus occurs on warm grasslands, in heaths and in dunes. It can also be found on sandy, pioneer vegetation, as for example in sand-pits, or where houses are being built. It lays its eggs on small crane’s-bill (Geranium spp.) and rockroses (Helianthemum spp.). It may build up numerous, small populations. At first, the small caterpillars only scrape off the undermost layer of the leaves making little “windows” in the leaves. Later, the bigger caterpillars feed on the whole leaf. They are often attended by Lasius and Myrmica ants. The caterpillars can hibernate at any stage. Pupation takes place in the litter layer. The Brown Argus has two to three generations depending on the geographical location. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (18%), dry siliceous grasslands (18%), mesophile grasslands (11%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (6%), fallow land, waste places (6%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Aricia,anteros,,Aricia anteros,,,No,NT,,No,LC,,EU27,,"The species has shown a 25-30% distribution and population decline over its European range. The strongest declines are reported from Bosnia and Ukraine. It is therefore classified as Near Threatened (A2c) in Europe. In EU-27 countries Bulgaria and Greece more or less stable, so classified as Least Concern.",Decreasing,"The Blue Argus occurs in the southeast of Europe from the mountains on the coast of Croatia, via Serbia, to the mountains of southwest Bulgaria and scattered in Greece as far as the Peloponnesos. It occurs between 400–2,400 m elevation. It is also found in Turkey and Iran.","Although widespread in a part of Europe, this species is local and restricted to areas with sufficient good quality habitat. Strong declines in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Ukraine. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Blue Argus is a species of flower-rich grasslands and rocky slopes with grassy vegetation. Sometimes, they are also seen on scrub or in woodland clearings. This butterfly is often found on calcareous soil. Various species of cranesbill (Geranium spp.) are used as food plants, including G. asphodeloides, Bloody Cranesbill (G. sanguineum) and Rock Cranesbill (G. macrorrhizum). The caterpillars feed on the leaves and are attended to by ants. Depending on the altitude, the Blue Argus has one to three generations a year. Habitats include dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (33%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (33%), mesophile grasslands (16%), screes (16%).","The species has a restricted global range. Main threats come from agricultural activities, abandonment and fires causing habitat destruction.","More research is needed on the distribution and ecology of the species. Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. In Serbia, the species only occurs in protected areas.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Aricia,artaxerxes,,Aricia artaxerxes,,This butterfly has different sub-species.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in Scotland, North of England, Scandinavia up to 70° N, locally in the Baltic States, central Europe, the Alps, the Balkans and the southwest of Europe. At sea-level in Scandinavia, but at increasing altitudes to the south of up to 2,300 m. It is also found eastward to the Altai mountains. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in Europe, this species is local and restricted to areas with sufficient habitat of good quality. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Poland. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Germany, Latvia, Sweden, Ukraine and United Kingdom (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","It is difficult to distinguish the Northern Brown Argus from the Brown Argus (A. agestis). However, the location and type of habitat often helps. The Northern Brown Argus occurs in cooler places, at higher altitudes than the Brown Argus and its range extends much further north. It likes open grasslands or dry vegetation at the edges of woods. It is also more closely bound to calcareous soil than the Brown Argus. The eggs are laid on various rockroses (Helianthemum spp.), as well as on various crane’s-bills (Geranium spp.). The caterpillars feed on the leaves, often attended by Lasius ants. When the caterpillars are half-grown, they hibernate. Pupation takes place in the litter layer. There is always only one generation. This butterfly has different sub-species. Over most of its range, A. a. allous occurs, with no white spots on the upperside of the wings and distinct black spots underneath them. The sub-species A. a. artaxerxes that occurs in Scotland and northern England, does have white spots on the wing upperside, while the dark spots on the underside are either absent, or much less obvious. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (15%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (15%), mesophile grasslands (15%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (10%), dry siliceous grasslands (10%), mixed woodland (6%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (6%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"In Hungary, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Aricia,cramera,,Aricia cramera,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Increasing,"This species occurs in Portugal, Spain (except the northwest), the Balearic Islands and Sicily (Italy). 0-1,800 m. It is also found in North Africa. The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents.",This species is widespread in part of Europe.,"This butterfly species can be found in flower-rich, waste places, in scrub or at woodland edges. The most important foodplants are stork’s-bills (Erodium spp.) and crane’s-bills (Geranium spp.), of which the caterpillars eat the leaves. Knapweeds (Centaurea spp.), rockroses (Helianthemum spp.) and Leguminous plants, such as clovers (Trifolium spp.) and brooms (Cytisus spp.) have also been mentioned. This species has two to three generations a year and is often found together with Myrmica or Lasius ants. Habitats: fallow land, waste places (16%), sclerophyllous scrub (16%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (16%), broad-leaved evergreen woodland (16%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (16%), heath and scrub (16%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Aricia,eumedon,,Aricia eumedon,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in Finland, Sweden (also on Öland and Gotland), in the mountains of Norway, east and south of Germany and further eastwards, in the Alps, sporadically in Italy and Sicily, Croatia, FYR of Macedonia and Bulgaria, north and central Greece, France (the Pyrenees and Central Massif), Spain (Pyrenees, Cantabrian Mts., Sierra de la Demanda, Cuenca, S. de Maria, S. de Tejeda). 700-2,500 m in central and south of Europe, below 1,000 m in Scandinavia. It is also found in Turkey and east to Mongolia, Tian Shan and Altai. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in Europe, this species is local and restricted to areas with sufficient habitat of good quality. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Germany, Slovenia and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, France, Latvia, Serbia, Sweden and Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Geranium Argus occurs locally, in meadows, stream valleys and at woodland edges. The female lays its eggs in the flowers of crane’s-bills (Geranium spp.), at the base of the ovary into which the small caterpillar bores its way on hatching out. It stays there for about a week. It then starts feeding on leaves, first gnawing on the stems, which causes them to wilt. When half-grown, the caterpillars hibernate in the litter layer, but pupate on the foodplant. They are sometimes attended by ants of the genera Myrmica, Lasius and Tapinoma. The Geranium Argus has only one generation a year. Habitats: humid grasslands and tall herb communities (22%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (12%), mesophile grasslands (10%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (8%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (8%), water-fringe vegetation (6%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"In Portugal, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Aricia,hyacinthus,,Aricia hyacinthus,,,No,RE,,No,RE,,EU27,,"In Europe, this species was only known from a few places in Southwest Romania. The last records come from Ruszkaberg in South Banate in the period 1908-1913. As this species has not been reported since, it can be assumed extinct in Europe (Székely, 2008).",,"It occurred very locally in the southwest of Romania: South Banate, Poiana Ruscai Mts., Retezat Mts. and southwest of Transylvania (Székely, 2008). 600-1,200 m. It is also found in western Anatolia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted in Europe to Southwest Romania. There have been no reports for almost 100 years. This species can be considered regionally extinct in Europe. It is still present in western Turkey (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","In Romania this species has been reported from limestone areas, limestone gorges, rock slopes and grasslands and meadows. The caterpillars fed on Bloody Crane’s-bill (Geranium sanguineum) and had a relationship with Lasius-ants. They hibernated in the larval stage (Székely, 2008). In Turkey reported from moist habitats (Hesselbarth et al., 1995). Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.",The main threats are unknown. The species has not been reported for almost 100 years.,"As this species is extinct in Europe, no actions can be taken for its persistence. Since it is still present in West Anatolia, a re-introduction can be considered. In such case, detailed research on the ecology of this species is necessary.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Aricia,montensis,,Aricia montensis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Unknown,"This species occurs in the mountains of Spain. It is also found in North Africa. The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.",The Southern Mountain Argus is often consisdered a subspecies of the Northern Brown Argus. It is found in the mountains south of where the Northern Brown Argus occurs. The Southern Mountain Argus thrives on warm and hot rocky places with an open grassy vegetation with flowers. The eggs are deposited on various rockroses (Helianthemum spp.). The caterpillars feed on the leaves. The Southern Mountain Argus has one generation a year. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.,This species is not believed to face major threats.,No specific conservation actions are needed.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Aricia,morronensis,,Aricia morronensis,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs very locally in many mountainous areas in Spain (including the Sierra Nevada, S. de Guadarrama, S. de Gredos, Cantabrian Mts) and the Pyrenees (Ordesa) and possibly in France (Hautes Pyrénées). Found at altitudes from 800-3,000 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Spanish Argus is found in alpine and sub-alpine grasslands, on rocky slopes with patches of grassy vegetation and on scree slopes with scanty plant growth. In the Sierra Nevada, it occurs above 2,000 m on rocky plains of dark-coloured slate with a low-growing vegetation. The eggs are laid on different species of storksbill (Erodium spp.). The caterpillars eat the leaves and hibernate when still small. They are attended by various ant species. The Spanish Argus has only one generation a year. Habitats: dry siliceous grasslands (25%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (25%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (25%), screes (25%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Aricia,nicias,,Aricia nicias,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in the Eastern Pyrenees, the Alps (France, northwest Italy, southwest and east Switzerland), south Finland and central Sweden. 0-300 in North Europe, 1,200-2,000 m in the Pyrenees and Alps. It is also present in South and West Siberia and Altai. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Sweden (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Silvery Argus occurs on flower-rich grasslands with some bushes or trees, in grass along the hedges, at the edge of woodland and in sunny, grassy woodland clearings. The grassland on which the Silvery Argus occurs is usually damp and high, but it is also seen on dry grassland. The female lays its eggs on the flowers of Wood Crane’s-bill (Geranium sylvaticum) and Meadow Crane’s-bill (G. pratense). The caterpillars eat the leaves as well as the flowers. They are attended by ants. In Spain and Sweden, this butterfly probably hibernates in the egg stage and in the Alps as a caterpillar. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (20%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (20%), coniferous woodland (20%), dry siliceous grasslands (10%), mesophile grasslands (10%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (10%), mixed woodland (10%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Azanus,ubaldus,,Azanus ubaldus,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Stable,"In Europe, it only occurs on the Canary Islands. It is furthermore found in North and tropical Africa, the Middle East and South Asia. Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","Females of the Desert Babul Blue lay their eggs on different species of Acacia trees, therefore the butterflies can only be found where these trees grow. They prefer those growing in hot and dry places. Sometimes an entire population is restricted to only one tree, even if there are others present nearby. The butterflies fly rapidly amongst the branches, the flowers of the Acacia trees are their main nectar source. They also take water from damp ground. The caterpillars are attended by ants from the genus Camponotus and Prenolepis. It is not known how many generations are produced in a year, but it is probably more than one. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Boloria,alaskensis,,Boloria alaskensis,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Unknown,"This species occurs in the Tundra from the Polar Urals to eastern Chutkotka, in North America from Alaska to the North Territories of Canada. Up to 1,500 m (Tuzov 2,000, Gordunov 2001). Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","Lowland or mountain tundra are the types of habitat where this butterfly can be found. At higher altitude, it also occurs on subalpine meadows. The caterpillars feed on Polygonum spp. and violets (Viola spp.). This species has one generation a year (Tuzov 2,000, Gordunov 2001). Habitats: humid grasslands and tall herb communities (50%), mesophile grasslands (50%).",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Boloria,angarensis,,Boloria angarensis,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Unknown,"This species occurs from Urals across north and central Siberia to East Yukatia, the Altai, the Sayan, the Amur and Ussuri regions and North Korea. Up to 2,200 m (Tuzov 2,000). Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","Boloria angarensis is a butterfly species typical for bogs, clearings and edges of moist coniferours forests. The main foodplants are Vaccinium species. It produces one generation a year (Tuzov, 2,000; Gorbunov, 2001). Habitats: humid grasslands and tall herb communities (100%).",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Boloria,aquilonaris,,Boloria aquilonaris,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species is widespread in the north of Europe. In Central Europe, the distribution is much more fragmented and the species occurs south to Central France, south of Switzerland, Central Austria and Slovakia. 100-2,000 m. It is also found in Western Siberia and Northern Kazakhstan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Germany, Romania, the Netherlands. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Latvia (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Cranberry Fritillary inhabits raised bogs and wet heaths, mostly in sheltered places at the edges of woods, or in clearings. Open water is often in the neighbourhood. The female lays its eggs singly on the leaves of Cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos) and Marsh Andromeda (Andromeda polifolia). The caterpillar goes into hibernation in the moss layer just after hatching, only beginning to feed and grow the following year. However, in adverse conditions, the caterpillar may hibernate a second time. It pupates low down in the vegetation. It is usually single-brooded. Habitats: raised bogs (43%), fens, transition mires and springs (16%), blanket bogs (13%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (10%), water-fringe vegetation (6%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"In the Czech Republic, the Netherlands and Ukraine, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is in decline (mainly in Central Europe) important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Boloria,chariclea,,Boloria chariclea,,,No,NT,A3c,No,NT,A3c,EU27,,"The Climatic Risk Atlas (Settele et al., 2008) calculates a possible decline of >98% of the climate envelope between 1980 and 2080 based on the most pessimistic of the three climate change models used GRAS-scenario. This species is classified as Near Threatened because (i) observed rates of CO2 emissions and temperature increases already exceed those foreseen in the worst-case scenario models and (ii) it is appropriate to take a precautionary approach. The species might be endangered in the long run by climate change.",Stable,"In Europe, it only occurs north of 68° N in Lapland in the north of Scandinavia. 100-1,400 m. It is furthermore present east over the polar tundra of the Palearctic Region to Wrangel Island and Chukotka. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Of the typical arctic butterflies in Fennoscandia, this is one of the more widespread and more abundant ones. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Finland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Arctic Fritillary occurs in a harsh environment, the windy, dry, rocky tundra in the far north of Europe, with a vegetation of grass and dwarf shrubs. The foodplant is not certain, but Cassiope tetragon (Ericaceae) and violets (Viola spp.) may be used. The butterflies, that only appear for about two weeks a year, fly close to the ground, seeking the shelter of rocks or hollows. The Arctic Fritillary has one generation a year. The flight period is dependent on the weather. Usually the butterflies are on the wing starting from late June to early July, but the emergence may be delayed until early August in cold years. Habitats: heath and scrub (20%), sclerophyllous scrub (20%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (20%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (20%), mesophile grasslands (20%).","The species occurs in low densities and has strong population fluctuations. In the long run, the species might be threatened by climate change (Settele et al., 2008).",More research is needed on the distribution and ecology of the species. Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Boloria,dia,,Boloria dia,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in Central Europe. It is absent from Ireland, Britain, Scandinavia, the Netherlands, Iberian Peninsula (except northern provinces and Cantabrian Mts.), south of Italy, the Mediterranean islands except Sicily and large parts of Greece. 500-1,600 m. It is furthermore present east to West and Central Asia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Denmark and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","In the northern part of its range, the Weaver’s Fritillary can be found on warm slopes with open woodland, scrub and flower-rich grassland. More to the south, it is also found in damp, shady places. The eggs are laid singly on various violets (Viola spp.). The caterpillars hibernate when half-grown in the litter layer. They pupate deep down in the vegetation. Weaver’s Fritillary has two to three generations a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (15%), mesophile grasslands (14%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (11%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (8%), mixed woodland (7%), dry siliceous grasslands (7%), alluvial and very wet forests and brush (5%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"In Portugal, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Boloria,eunomia,,Boloria eunomia,,"There are two sub-species, B. e. eunomia and B. e. ossiana.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs locally mostly in North and East Europe: Finland, Sweden and Norway (except the coasts), the Baltic States. Further south, scattered populations are present in Spain (Cantabrian Mts.), France (the Pyrenees, Vosges and Ardennes), Belgium (Ardennes), Luxembourg, Germany (South and East and the Eifel), north of Italy, south of Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Stara Planina in Bulgaria and Serbia, Poland. 0-1,800 m. Recently found in Turkey. It is furthermore found in the temperate forest zone of the Holarctic. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Slovakia. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Germany, Luxembourg, Poland and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Belgium, Latvia (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Bog Fritillary occurs on wet grasslands and marshy ground by streams, rivers, or lakes and at the edges of raised bogs. Sometimes, the area they occupy is very small. They can be seen beside streams, flying slowly back and forth between small patches where its foodplant Common Bistort (Polygonum bistorta) is growing. The small caterpillars live together in a loosely spun nest and hibernate when half-grown. However, the larger, later caterpillars are solitary and considerably more mobile, frequently leaving their foodplants in order to bask in the sun on another plant. The Bog Fritillary has one generation a year. There are two sub-species, the smaller, more brightly marked B. e. eunomia and B. e. ossiana, that occurs in Norway, Sweden, Finland and the Baltic countries. The species' range in Central Europe is highly fragmented. Habitats: humid grasslands and tall herb communities (26%), raised bogs (26%), fens, transition mires and springs (14%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (8%), blanket bogs (5%), water-fringe vegetation (5%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","In Bulgaria, the Czech Republic and Serbia, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Boloria,euphrosyne,,Boloria euphrosyne,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs throughout most of Europe, it is absent from the south of the Iberian Peninsula, the eastern part of Italy, north of Denmark, east of Ireland, the Netherlands and the Mediterranean islands except Sicily. Sea level-2,000 m. It is furthermore found in the temperate zone of the Palearctic. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. It is reported extinct from the Netherlands since the 1960s. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Denmark, Germany and United Kingdom. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Latvia, Luxembourg, Poland, Republic of Ireland and Sweden (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Pearl-bordered Fritillary occurs at the edges of woods and in clearings, in meadows and on pastures near scrub. Its habitats are usually dry and moderately rich in nutrients. The butterflies are quite mobile, leaving the habitat in search of nectar, visiting vegetation that ranges from very dry to wet. Most species of violet (Viola spp.) can be used as a foodplant. The female lays its eggs singly, either on a foodplant or on a neighbouring plant. The caterpillars feed on the violet leaves, hibernating in a rolled-up, withered leaf, when half-grown. It pupates on the foodplant, close to the ground. It has one to two generations a year. Habitats: mixed woodland (16%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (16%), coniferous woodland (14%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (9%), mesophile grasslands (9%), raised bogs (5%), dry siliceous grasslands (5%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Boloria,freija,,Boloria freija,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs from 58° N to the extreme north in large parts of Norway, Sweden and Finland, although it is absent from Norwegian coastal zone. It is very local in Latvia and Estonia. In the northern part of its range, this species is more common than in the south. 200-1,000 m. It is furthermore found in almost the whole northern Palearctic, Japan and North America. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Estonia. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Latvia. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Finland and Sweden (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","Frejya’s Fritillary occurs in damp, peatland habitats. The female lays its eggs singly on Bog Whortleberry (Vaccinium uliginosum) and possibly also on Cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus), Bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), Alpine Bearberry (A. alpinus) and Crowberry (Empetrum nigrum). The butterflies can also be seen on drier, grassy vegetation, searching for nectar, visiting Moss Campion (Silene acaulis) frequently. Frejya’s Fritillary is single-brooded. Habitats: raised bogs (45%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (18%), fens, transition mires and springs (9%), mesophile grasslands (9%), heath and scrub (9%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (9%).",This species is extinct in Estonia and strongly declining in Southern and Central Finland due to habitat (bog-) destruction and is starting to decline along its southern range in Sweden. There are no signals of decline in Norway yet.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Boloria,frigga,,Boloria frigga,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"A northern species that occurs in large parts of Finland, Norway and central and north of Sweden. It is also rare in the Eastern Baltic States. 100-450 m. It is furthermore found in the montane or lowland tundra and bogs of the Holarctic. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Latvia. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Finland and Sweden (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","Frigga’s Fritillary is mostly found on open bogs and in swampy areas with shrubs of Birches (Betula spp.) and willows (Salix spp.) scrub, in swampy areas in birch woods and on bogs in coniferous forests. It is a rare fritillary that occurs locally and always in low to very low numbers. Despite its size, it is an inconspicuous butterfly. The eggs are laid singly on Cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus). This species produces one generation a year. Habitats: raised bogs (60%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (10%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (10%), mesophile grasslands (10%), fens, transition mires and springs (10%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","In Lithuania, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Boloria,graeca,,Boloria graeca,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Although the species shows a decline in Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is not considered threatened on the European or EU27 member states level by experts. Therefore, it is classified as Least Concern.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in the French Alps and adjacent part of the Italian Alps and in the Balkans from Bosnia and Herzegovina to the southwest of Bulgaria and north and central Greece. 1,500-2,600 m. It is also found in Turkey. The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Balkan Fritillary can be found in the mountains on flower-rich grasslands, or on grassland with scattered bushes and in clearings in woods. These butterflies usually fly close to the ground. Various violets (Viola spp.) are used as foodplant. The female lays its eggs either on the foodplant, or on a plant nearby. The Balkan Fritillary has one generation a year and hibernates as a small caterpillar. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (44%), coniferous woodland (33%), mixed woodland (22%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Boloria,improba,,Boloria improba,,,No,EN,B2c(iv),No,EN,B2c(iv),EU27,,This species has a very restricted distribution in Fennoscandia and is also known from high arctic areas like Novalja Zemlja in Russia. The total area of known occupancy is presumably less than 400 km². It appears to fluctuate more than average for Arctic species. It will be red listed in Sweden and Finland. It is listed as Endangered both at the European and in EU27 level.,Decreasing,"In Europe, it only occurs north of 68.5° N in a small area in the border region of Norway, Sweden and Finland. 600-950 m. It is also found in the polar tundra from through Asia and North America. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Sweden (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Dusky-winged Fritillary, occurs in the extreme north of Europe on open, grassy expanses, often on gentle slopes, sheltered from the prevailing westerly wind. It can occur in large numbers, in some places with hundreds of butterflies at once. Before they mate, these butterflies behave in a characteristic way, with the male following the female, flying in short spurts and seeming to make grasshopper-like jumps. The eggs are laid on various plants, including Alpine Bistort (Polygonium viviparum), but it is not certain whether this is its foodplant. The egg takes two years to develop into a butterfly. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (20%), mesophile grasslands (20%), heath and scrub (20%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (20%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (20%).","The species occurs usually in low densities in a restricted range in Northern Europe. Furthermore it appears to fluctuate more than other Arctic butterflies. Climate change, and the related changes in vegetation and timberline, might be a long term threat owing to its limited distribution.","The species is listed on the Habitats Directive Annex 2. More research is needed on the distribution and ecology of the species. The population trend should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes. In Sweden, none of the populations are in Natura 2000 areas. In Finland, all populations are in Natura 2000 areas.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Boloria,napaea,,Boloria napaea,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in Europe in separate areas: Eastern Pyrenees (very local), in the Alps and in Scandinavia (mountainous areas of Norway, Sweden and extreme north of Finland). In central Europe 1,500-2,500 m, in Scandinavia 0-1,100 m. It is also found in South Siberia, Altai and North America. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.",This species is widespread in the mountainous areas of Europe. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).,"In Scandinavia, the Mountain Fritillary occurs in the mountains on wide, open, dry areas near the tree-line and on grassy, flower-rich slopes. At lower altitudes, it is also found in wet areas where birches (Betula spp.) and willows (Salix spp.) are growing. In the Alps, this fritillary can be found on dry, quite flat alpine and sub-alpine grassland on stony soil. As the evening falls, the butterflies roost communally, usually on rough vegetation in a wet place. The female lays its eggs singly on various violets, including Yellow Wood Violet (Viola biflora) and also on Alpine Bistort (Polygonum viviparum), or on plants growing in the vincinity. The caterpillars take one or two years to develop, depending on the climate. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (66%), heath and scrub (11%), sclerophyllous scrub (11%), blanket bogs (11%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. It only occurs in protected areas in Spain. No specific conservation actions are needed.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Boloria,oscarus,,Boloria oscarus,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Unknown,"This species occurs from the western part of Siberia across the mountains of South Siberia to the Ussuri region and East Siberia, Mongolia and North China (Tuzov 2,000, Gorbunov 2001). Up to 2,000 m. Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This butterfly usually occurs on dry meadows and slopes but is sometimes also found on wet sites. The caterpillars feed on different species of violets (Viola spp.). This butterfly species is single-brooded (Tuzov 2,000, Gorbunov 2001). Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Boloria,pales,,Boloria pales,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"In Europe, this species occurs in a number of widely separated mountainous areas: in the Cantabrian Mts., the Pyrenees, the Alps, central Apennines, the Tatra, Carpathians, Rila and Pirin Mts. in southwest Bulgaria and the mountains of Albania, FYR of Macedonia, Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is rare in the eastern part of its range. 1,200-3,000 m, mostly above 1,500 m. It is also found in the mountains of central Asia east to China and Tibet. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a characteristic species of subalpine and alpine meadows, that can be found in many mountain chains. In its habitat, it is often one of the most common fritillaries. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Romania. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Shepherd’s Fritillary is a characteristic species of flower-rich sub-alpine and alpine grasslands and can even be found on quite heavily grazed pastures. They can occur in high numbers. At the end of the day, they often roost communally in damp vegetation with tall plants. Long-spurred Pansy (Viola calcarata) is the major foodplant, but Alpine Plantain (Plantago alpina), Lady's Mantle (Alchemilla spp.) and valerians (Valeriana) are probably also used. Caterpillars are mostly found on plants growing in dry, rocky places. The Shepherd’s Fritillary has one generation a year and passes the winter in the larval stage. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (77%), heath and scrub (16%), blanket bogs (5%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. It only occurs in protected areas in: Slovakia, Bulgaria and Poland. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Boloria,polaris,,Boloria polaris,,,No,VU,A4c,No,VU,A4c,EU27,,"In Sweden, the species now only occurs in three 2x2 km squares. It can still be found in northern Finland, but the southern range limit is gradually moving northwards. Fennoscandian experts feel that the species can be expected to continue to decline during the coming ten years. It is therefore considered as Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"This species occurs only in the extreme north of Europe: in the north of Norway, of Finland and very rarely in the north of Sweden. 100-1,400 m. It is furthermore found in the polar tundra of the whole Holarctic. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Finland and Sweden (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The habitat of the Polar Fritillary is open tundra, with a patchwork of short vegetation. Its foodplant is unknown. Just like other butterflies of the far north, the period in which they can be seen varies a lot from year to year, depending on the weather conditions preceding emergence. It takes two years for the egg to develop into a butterfly. Habitats: heath and scrub (25%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (25%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (25%), mesophile grasslands (25%).","This species has a restricted range, occurs in low densities and has strong population fluctuations. Climate change, and the related increased timberline and vegetation changes, might be a long term due to its limited distribution.",More research is needed urgently on its distribution and ecology. Important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Boloria,selene,,Boloria selene,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in North and Central Europe to the north of Spain and Portugal, south of France, north of Italy and south of Bulgaria. It is absent from the Mediterranean islands and Ireland. Sea level-2,300 m. It is furthermore found in the whole central Palearctic zone and North America. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Latvia, Serbia, Slovenia, Sweden and United Kingdom (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary, is found in damp to wet meadows or on low intensity-grazed pastures. It is also found on raised bogs and in swampy habitats. Populations may occur in small, sheltered locations, but also in an open landscape. The butterflies can often be seen taking nectar, prefering various species of thistles. The eggs are laid on violets (Viola spp.). When half-grown, the caterpillars hibernate in a rolled-up leaf of the foodplant. They pupate low down on a stalk in the litter layer. At high altitudes and in the north, the Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary has one generation a year, but has two generations a year elsewhere. Habitats: humid grasslands and tall herb communities (19%), mesophile grasslands (14%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (7%), mixed woodland (6%), coniferous woodland (5%), fens, transition mires and springs (5%), dry siliceous grasslands (5%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","In the Netherlands, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Boloria,selenis,,Boloria selenis,,,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat. This species is absent from the EU27 member states.",Unknown,"This species is present from the Volga River and southern Urals across Siberia, the Altais, the Sayan and Transbaikalia to the Far East, the Amur and Ussuri regions and Mongolia. Up to 2,200 m (Tuzov 2,000). The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This butterfly species can be found in moist to dry steppes and meadow-steppes. In the Western part of its range, it thrives in wet biotopes as well. The females deposits the eggs on many violet species (Viola spp.). It usually has two generations a year, but in the eastern part of its range, three generations a year are normal (Tuzov, 2,000). Habitats: humid grasslands and tall herb communities (20%), mixed woodland (20%), mesophile grasslands (20%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (20%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (20%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,No conservation actions are needed for this species.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Boloria,thore,,Boloria thore,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in Europe in two clearly separated areas: in Lapland, central Norway, western Sweden and Lithuania and in the Alps of Switzerland, Italy, Austria, Slovenia and Bavaria. In the north 300-1,000 m, in the Alps 800-1,800 m. It is furthermore found in the forest zone of the Palearctic Region, east to north China, Korea and Japan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Germany, Norway and Sweden (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","In the Alps, Thor's Fritillary can be found in flower-rich places, in clearings, or in sheltered “alcoves” at the edges of woods. It prefers damp, north-facing slopes and is often found beside streams or in ravines. In the Scandinavian part of its range, the butterflies can be seen in clearings in birch woods and coniferous forests and near mountain lakes, swampy places, in gullies and river beds. The Yellow Wood Violet (Viola biflora) is its major foodplant, but other violets are used as well. The female lays its eggs either on the foodplant, or on a neighbouring plant and the caterpillars take nearly two years to develop. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (22%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (22%), fens, transition mires and springs (16%), mixed woodland (11%), water-fringe vegetation (5%), mesophile grasslands (5%), heath and scrub (5%), sclerophyllous scrub (5%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Boloria,titania,,Boloria titania,,,No,NT,A2c,No,LC,,EU27,,"At the European level, a population decline of almost 30% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, this species is considered as Near Threatened. In the EU27 countries, this species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in Europe in several separate areas: France (Aude and from the Massif Central to the French Alps and the Jura), in the Alps (from France further to Austria), central Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania and in Northeast Europe: in Latvia, Estonia and south of Finland. 300-2,000 m. Locally over the temperate zone of the Holarctic Region. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Strong populations in Alps, but declining in lowland habitats in North and East Europe. It is reported extinct in Poland and Slovakia. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Latvia and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Germany and Romania (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","Titania’s Fritillary occurs in grassy, open places at the edges of woodland, or in woodland clearings, or on grassland with scattered trees, mostly on damp to swampy ground, where its foodplant Snake-root or Common Bistort (Polyganum bistorta) is growing among tall flower-rich vegetation. Various violets (Viola spp.) are also used as a foodplant. The female deposits its rather large eggs singly on either the foodplant, or on a plant nearby. The caterpillars go into hibernation in an early stage and pupate at the end of the spring on a stalk, near to the ground. This species is single-brooded. Habitats: humid grasslands and tall herb communities (20%), mixed woodland (17%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (14%), mesophile grasslands (14%), coniferous woodland (11%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (8%).",This species is especially threatened by changes in the management of semi-natural grasslands. Both intensification of use and abandonment will have a negative impact on this butterfly. Moreover Schweiger et al. (2008) show that this butterfly species might be endangered in future by climate change by a mismatch between the future climate envelopes for the butterfly and its main foodplant.,"In Bulgaria, the species only occurs in protected areas. In countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Boloria,tritonia,,Boloria tritonia,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Unknown,"This species occurs from Urals to the Ussuri region, Amur region, Mongolia, Alaska, West Canada. Up to 1,500 m (Tuzov 2,000, Gordunov 2001). Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This butterfly species occurs on rocky slopes with steppes and rocky habitat near crests. The females lays its eggs on Saxifraga bronchialis. The species produces one generation a year (Tuzov 2,000, Gordunov 2001). Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Borbo,borbonica,,Borbo borbonica,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered as Not Applicable, because Europe is at the margin of its global distribution.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species only occurs very locally in Spain, where it is reported from Gibraltar and Ebro estuary. There are probably no stable populations. This vagrant species sometimes turns up in other places along the Mediterranean coast. Sea-level. Its range extends to Africa and Middle East. Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Zeller’s skipper is mostly seen near the coast where it lives in marsh areas with foodplants such as rice (Oryza ssp.), Maïs (Zea ssp.) or Saccharum. These butterflies are strong flyers, sometimes showing migratory behaviour. The caterpillars feed on various grasses. In North Africa, where they also occur, Sorghum halepense and Leersia hexandra are also used as foodplants. It is not clear how many generations a year the species has, but it is probably one. No detailed habitat descriptions available.",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Brenthis,daphne,,Brenthis daphne,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"A southern species that occurs locally: north of Spain, south of France, Italy, the Alps, south of Germany, south of Poland and the Balkans. It is absent from the Mediterranean islands except Sicily and Samos. 100-1,800 m. It is also found from the Middle Europe across Asia Minor to Central Asia and along the south of Siberia to central China, Korea and Japan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in Europe, this species is local and restricted to areas with sufficient habitat of good quality. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Germany. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Turkey (European part) and Ukraine (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Marbled Fritillary occurs at the edges of woods or in scrub where brambles are growing. It takes nectar from thistles growing in rough vegetation. Eggs are deposited singly on the leaves and sepals of brambles (Rubus spp.), where they pass the winter, protected by withered leaves. In spring, the small caterpillar feeds on the new, young leaves in the leaf buds, the later larval stages eating older leaves. The pupa is suspended from a leaf or branch of the foodplant. The Marbled Fritillary is single-brooded. Habitats: mesophile grasslands (14%), mixed woodland (14%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (14%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (9%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (9%), dry siliceous grasslands (7%), heath and scrub (7%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","In Portugal, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Brenthis,hecate,,Brenthis hecate,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in large parts of Europe: in mountainous areas in the north, southeast and central Spain, in the south of France (from the Pyrenees to the Dordogne and eastwards to the Alps), in the north of Italy and in Southeast Europe from Austria and Slovakia to central Greece and Romania. 100-1,700m. It is also found in Asia Minor and Central Asia to the Altai. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in Europe, this species is local and restricted to areas with sufficient good quality habitat. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Austria and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Lithuania (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Twin-spot Fritillary can be found in flower-rich grassland, situated in the shelter of a woodland edge, or in scattered bushes. The most important foodplant is Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria), although different species of Dorycnium, a leguminous plant, are named as a foodplant in Spain. It has one generation a year and passes the winter in the egg or caterpillar stage. Habitats: mesophile grasslands (21%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (15%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (15%), dry siliceous grasslands (12%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (9%), mixed woodland (6%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"In the Czech Republic and Portugal, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Brenthis,ino,,Brenthis ino,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This is a Central European species. In Spain and Portugal only in the north, in France not on the provençal coast, in Italy only in the Alps and an isolated population in Calabria, not in Greece and the Mediterranean islands. In Scandinavia to 66 °N. Sea level-2,000 m. It is also found in the entire temperate part of the Palearctic Region. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. It is reported extinct from the Netherlands. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Luxembourg and Romania (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Lesser Marbled Fritillary occurs on damp to wet, flower-rich, rough vegetation, growing in the shelter of woodland. This can be situated in a valley, or on the banks of a stream, in abandoned meadows and swampy habitats. Because of changes in agricultural practices, this butterfly has been able to expand into some abandoned wet meadows. After continuing succession, these meadows will get overgrown by scrub and become unsuitable for the Lesser Marbled Fritillary. Eggs are laid singly or in pairs on the leaves and flowerheads of Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria), Goat's-beard (Aruncus dioicus), Great Burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis) and brambles (Rubus spp.). It hibernates either as an egg or a caterpillar. The caterpillars feed at night and in bad weather, also during the day. They pupate on the foodplant. The Lesser Marbled Fritillary is single-brooded. Habitats: humid grasslands and tall herb communities (41%), water-fringe vegetation (8%), mesophile grasslands (8%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (7%), mixed woodland (7%), fens, transition mires and springs (5%), alluvial and very wet forests and brush (5%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","In Portugal and Serbia, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Brintesia,circe,,Brintesia circe,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This is a Central and Southern European species. This species occurs south of a line from central France, south of Germany and south of Poland eastwards. It is absent from the south of Portugal, northwest of Spain and north of Italy. Sea level-1,700 m. It is also found in the Caucasus and Transcaucasia. The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. It is reported extinct in Luxembourg. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Romania and Slovenia. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Germany and Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Great Banded Grayling is immediately noticeable by its size and is one of the largest butterflies of Europe. It glides more than it flies and can be seen on dry grasslands at the edges of woodland and on poor and moderately nutrient-rich agricultural land. The butterflies need quite a lot of nectar and are easily observed on the purple flowers of thistles and other plants. The females release their eggs into the vegetation, sometimes while perched, often while in flight. The caterpillars can use most grasses as a foodplant. The tiny caterpillar first hibernates in a grass tussock, only in spring beginning to feed and grow. The caterpillars pupates in a cocoon in a little hollow in the ground. This butterfly species has one generation a year. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (25%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (20%), mixed woodland (11%), coniferous woodland (8%), mesophile grasslands (8%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (8%), sclerophyllous scrub (5%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Cacyreus,marshalli,,Cacyreus marshalli,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species has not been evaluated, as it is introduced in Europe (not native). It is originally a species from South Africa.",Increasing,"This is originally a South African species, not native in Europe. It is spreading rapidly in the Mediterranean. It occurs in Europe since 1989. It is now found on the Balearic Islands, Spain (eastern coast and some inland areas), south of France, north and central Italy, southwest of Slovenia and the Croatian coast. The species can be expected everywhere in the Mediterranean in the coming years. This butterfly is also seen further northwards up to the south of England and the Netherlands.",This species is widespread in the Western Mediterranean after its introduction in 1989 to Mallorca. It is expanding east and north. The species can be expected to colonise the rest of the Mediterranean soon. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Spain (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).,"Originally a species from southern Africa, the Geranium Bronze became a plague in Majorca at the end of the 1980s. It had probably been imported on Pelargonium cultivars, the ordinary or garden geraniums. From there out, because of the large popularity of these plants, it was imported and colonized large parts of Spain and France, using the Pelargonium cultivars as foodplant. The caterpillars mostly eat the flowers and buds of Pelargonium, but also the rest of the plants, including the inside of the main stem, where they are safe from insecticides. Finally, the plants collapse. The expansion can be expected to continue. In South Africa, the Geranium Bronze uses wild Geranium species as foodplant, making it possible that this butterfly will establish itself in the wild in warm parts of Europe. However, in cooler areas, it cannot settle permanently, because it has no diapause and could not survive the winter. Numerous generations a year, depending on the temperature. Habitats: urban parks and large gardens (50%), towns, villages, industrial sites (50%).",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Callophrys,avis,,Callophrys avis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs throughout Portugal and scattered in Spain (including Catalonia, Basque Country, Extremadura and Andalusia) and in France on the Mediterranean coast from the Pyrenees to the Maritime Alps and in the Rhône Valley. It is also found in Northwest Africa. The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Portugal (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","Chapman's Green Hairstreak is mostly found in woods and scrubs with Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo). The female chooses the young leaves of the older, larger trees on which to lay its eggs. Coriaria myrtifolia has also been named as foodplant. It pupates on the ground at the base of the foodplant. It has one generation a year. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (50%), broad-leaved evergreen woodland (25%), heath and scrub (25%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Callophrys,chalybeitincta,,Callophrys chalybeitincta,,The species is often misidentified as being C. rubi.,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Unknown,"This species occurs in the south of Russia, northeast Caucasus and Transcaucasia and northeast Turkey (Tuzov 2,000, Gordunov 2001). Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","Callophrys chalybeitincta occurs in most of its range in the same habitat as the green hairstreak (Callophrys rubi), a widespread and common species at woodland edges and on scrubby fields in the lowland and at lower altitudes. The species is often misidentified as being C. rubi. Therefore details about its habitat, ecology and behaviour are unknown (Hesselbarth, Van Oirschot & Wagener 1995). In Suchumi (Kaschtak-Tchubuni) ovipositions have been observed on the flowerbuds of Rhododendron flavum, but there are no records for Turkey. In Russia, caterpillars have been found feeding on bramble (Rubus spp.). This species probably has one generation a year (Tuzov 2,000, Gordunov 2001), but it could also be bivoltine (Hesselbarth, Van Oirschot & Wagener 1995). It hibernates in the pupal stage. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Callophrys,rubi,,Callophrys rubi,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species is widespread and common all over Europe. It is absent from the Atlantic islands, Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland Islands. 0-2,300 m. It is also found in Siberia to the Amur. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a common and widespread species in its European range. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Germany, Luxembourg, Republic of Ireland, Romania, the Netherlands, Turkey (European part), Ukraine and United Kingdom (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Green Hairstreak can be found on nutrient-poor grassland, heathland and at the edges of bogs and marshes. The butterflies like resting in trees and shrubs, such as Alder Buckthorn (Frangula alnus), where they are well hidden by their green colour. However, a tap on a branch can bring tens of them out into the air. The Green Hairstreak is extremely polyphagous. The eggs are laid on a variety of plants, including Heather (Erica spp.), rockroses (Helianthemum spp.) and Alder Buckthorn (Frangula alnus), leguminous plants and species of Rosaceae. The caterpillars feed on the buds, flowers and young leaves. They pupate in the litter layer and the pupa hibernates. The Green Hairstreak has one generation a year. Habitats: heath and scrub (16%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (12%), mixed woodland (10%), coniferous woodland (7%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (6%), raised bogs (6%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (6%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Callophrys,suaveola,,Callophrys suaveola,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Unknown,"This species occurs in the south of the Ural, west and south Altai, northeast Turkey, Kazakhstan, southwest and central Asia (Tuzov 2,000, Gordunov 2001). Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","In Northeast Turkey, this species occurs on damp slopes at altitudes between 1,600 and more than 3,000 m. The vegetation at these sites consists of high herbs and shrubs, mainly Prangos species and other Umbelliferae. The soil is kept wet by melting snow (Hesselbarth, Van Oirschot & Wagener 1995). In Russia the habitat has been described as being steppe-clad slopes, also with shrubs and bushes at lower altitudes between 1,000 and 2,000 m (Tuzov 2,000, Gordunov 2001). In Russia, the foodplants of the caterpillars are different Ferula spp., but from the Turkish populations it is not known where the females lay their eggs. The species has one generation a year. Habitats: inland cliffs and exposed rocks (33%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (33%), dry siliceous grasslands (33%).",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Carcharodus,alceae,,Carcharodus alceae,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it is relatively widespread and has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years.",Stable,"This species is found in South and Central Europe up to 50° N. It also occurs on most Mediterranean islands. 0-2,000 m. Its range extends to Central Asia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. In Switzerland the species is expanding, largely due to sowing of Malvaceae (in the seeds mix) by farmers in their field margins, as ecological compensation measures. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Luxembourg and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Germany, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia and Spain (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Mallow Skipper is a butterfly of warm, grassy places, usually with rough vegetation, as, for example, rough patches on warm slopes. It is a mobile butterfly, that strays outside its usual habitat and that thus can be met in unexpected places. In warm summers, they migrate northwards and can be seen in warm, south-facing river valleys. The resident populations are usually small. The butterflies are often seen visiting flowers for nectar. They also spend a lot of their time basking in the sun, their wings wide open, showing to full advantage their beautiful purple to olive-green metallic sheen. Eggs are laid singly on the upperside of the leaves of mallows (Malva ssp.). The caterpillars thrive on this food, growing very quickly. This skipper has up to three or more generations in a year. As winter approaches, the fully-grown caterpillars make a cocoon in the litter layer. They pupate in spring. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (21%), fallow land, waste places (13%), mesophile grasslands (11%), dry siliceous grasslands (9%), orchards, groves and tree plantations (7%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (7%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Carcharodus,baeticus,,Carcharodus baeticus,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs over nearly all Portugal and Spain except the north coast and Pyrenees, southeastern France (Pyrenees, Provence, Alps) and adjacent part of Italian Alps, Apennines and Sicily. It has been recorded at altitudes from 0-1,700 m and is a European endemic species.",This species is widespread in part of Europe. It is reported extinct in Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).,"The Southern Marbled skipper occurs on dry, sparse vegetation, in dunes, in dry, grassy places, scrubland and on rocky slopes. Foodplants are various horehounds, including Horehound (Marrubium vulgare), Black Horehound (Ballota nigra foetida) and Ballota spp. The female lays its eggs one by one on the leaves and shoots of the small foodplant. The small caterpillars live hidden in a spun leaf. The older, larger caterpillars spin two neighbouring leaves together to make a safe shelter. When they are fully-grown, the caterpillars go down to the base of the foodplant and spin a few dried leaves together in which to pupate. The species was not seen in the Alps in the last 40 years where it probably had just one generation a year, while in Spain there are two or three generations a year. It hibernates as a caterpillar. Habitats: coastal sand-dunes and sand beaches (33%), dry siliceous grasslands (33%), screes (33%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Carcharodus,flocciferus,,Carcharodus flocciferus,,,No,NT,A2c,No,LC,,EU27,,"At the European level, a population decline of almost 30% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, this species is considered as Near Threatened. In the EU27 countries, this species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years (including when considering the uncertainty limits).",Decreasing,"This species occurs scattered over large parts of Europe: the Iberian Peninsula (not in the south-eastern part), locally in the south and centre of France, Italy (except the Po Valley), from the French Alps to Southern Poland, the Baltic States and most Balkan countries down to central Greece. Up to 2,000 m. Its range extends to Morocco, Turkey, Iran and Kazakhstan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Czech Republic. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Germany, Slovakia and Slovenia. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Moldova and Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Tufted Marbled Skipper can be found on flower-rich grasslands, with very different moisture levels, ranging from dry to wet. It also occurs at the edges of woodland and in bushy vegetation. The males usually perch on a tall plant and very actively defend their territory. The female lays its eggs singly on the leaves of various woundworts (Stachys spp.). Betony (S. officinalis) is often used, but also Hedge Woundwort (S. sylvatica), Alpine Woundwort (S. alpina) and Marsh Woundwort (S. palustris). The young caterpillar lives in a curled-up leaf. When it is bigger, it spins two neighbouring leaves together to make a shelter where it remains during the day, coming out at night to feed on the leaves of the foodplant. It also pupates in such a shelter. This butterfly has one or two generations a year, depending on its location in the range. It overwinters either as a caterpillar or a pupa. Habitats: mesophile grasslands (21%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (18%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (15%), dry siliceous grasslands (10%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (7%), mixed woodland (5%).",This species is especially threatened by changes in the management of semi-natural grasslands. Both intensification of use and abandonment will have a negative impact on this butterfly.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. In countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Carcharodus,lavatherae,,Carcharodus lavatherae,,,No,NT,A2c,No,NT,A2c,EU27,,"Both at the European and EU27 member states level, a population decline of almost 30% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, this species is considered as Near Threatened.",Decreasing,"This is a southern species. This species occurs in central and North-East Spain, South of France and Central Massif, Italy, North-East Balkans and North Greece. 200-1,600 m. It is also found in North Africa, Asia minor and Caucasus. The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Slovakia and Turkey (European part). Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Germany, Hungary and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Moldova, Romania, Slovenia and Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The green sheen on the upperside of the wings and body of the Marbled Skipper distinguish it from other skippers in this genus. It lives in warm, flower-rich places. Populations are usually small and it is exceptional to see a large number of these butterflies gathered together. On very hot days, needing to drink, they look for damp ground. The eggs are laid singly on the sepals of various woundworts (Stachys spp.), especially Perennial Yellow Woundwort (S. recta). The young caterpillars spin a loose shelter from leaves, under which they hide themselves while they feed, first eating the seeds and, later, the leaves of the plant. They hibernate in the third or fourth instar and pupate at the base of the foodplant. The Marbled Skipper has one generation a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (36%), dry siliceous grasslands (20%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (12%), sclerophyllous scrub (8%).",This species is threatened by changes in the management of semi-natural grasslands. Both intensification of use and abandonment will have a negative impact on this butterfly.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. In countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Carcharodus,orientalis,,Carcharodus orientalis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in the Balkans from the south of Croatia down to Central Bulgaria (Stara Planina) and Southeast Romania and southwards to the south of Greece and various Greek islands. 0-1,700 m, sometimes to 2,100 m. Its range extends to Caucasus, Turkey and Middle East. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Hungary. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Turkey (European part) and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Bulgaria (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Oriental Marbled Skipper is mostly found on grasslands, on rocky slopes with grassy vegetation and occasionally on bushy or on low, shrubby vegetation. The butterflies fly quickly, close to the ground. When they are at rest, they usually have their wings wide open. The caterpillars feed on woundworts (Stachys spp.). After the hibernation caterpillars can be found in rolled-up leaves. It has two to three generations a year according to locality and altitude of the site and hibernates as a caterpillar. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (41%), mesophile grasslands (16%), phrygana (16%), dry siliceous grasslands (8%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (8%), sclerophyllous scrub (8%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Carcharodus,stauderi,,Carcharodus stauderi,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered as Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species only occurs on some Greek islands in the eastern Aegean. Here only at sea-level. In other parts of its range (North Africa, Turkey, North Iran and Afghanistan) up to 2,400 m. Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This skipper can be seen an dry, rocky slopes with patches of a flower-rich vegetation, on low, bushy vegetation and even in villages. The butterfly flies close to the ground and usually rests with its wings wide open. It produces one to several generations a year depending on the locality of the site; on the Aegean Islands most observations were made in May and June. In Turkey the flight period covers the time from early June to late September. In the European part of its range, the caterpillars feed on Horehounds (Marrubium sp.). Habitats: cliffs and rocky shores (50%), phrygana (50%).",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Carcharodus,tripolinus,,Carcharodus tripolinus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in North Africa from the Sahara desert to the coast, and in the southern coast of Portugal and Spain (from Lisbon to Cadiz). The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.",It replaces C. alceae in the Southern edge of the Iberian peninsula. It is probably more widespread than previously thought.,"The False Mallow Skipper occurs on hot and dry places with flowers and patches of grass. It is also found in rocky gullies and on slopes. The larval hostplant is Common Mallow (Malva sylvestris). The species produces several generations a year and is on the wing from March to September. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available, but probably similar to C. alceae.",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,Further research on the distribution of this species is needed.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Carterocephalus,palaemon,,Carterocephalus palaemon,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in the north of the Pyrenees, central and Northern France, Southern and Eastern Belgium, Southern and Eastern Netherlands, Germany except the North, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Baltic States southwards to the Balkans and Northern Greece. 200-1,600 m. It is also found across temperate Asia to Japan and North America. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Luxembourg and Romania. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Finland, Germany, Latvia, Switzerland and United Kingdom (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Chequered Skipper usually occurs on damp grassland at woodland margins, or where there is woodland nearby, including road verges, also on the drier areas of raised bogs and at their edges. Breeding grounds are also known in somewhat drier locations at higher altitudinal levels. Populations are usually small in size, though numbers can be high. The female lays its eggs one by one on the blades of coarse-leaved grasses. The caterpillars spin folded grass leaves together into a little tube, in which they spend most of their life, leaving it only to feed. The traces of the caterpillar, small half-moons nibbled away from the edge of the grass-blade, are relatively easy to find. The caterpillars hibernate in a more substantial tube-like shelter. It pupates, its papery, pale-yellow pupa suspended from withered grass by a silken girdle. The Chequered Skipper has one generation a year. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (20%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (19%), mixed woodland (16%), mesophile grasslands (14%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Carterocephalus,silvicolus,,Carterocephalus silvicolus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in Northeast Germany (Helmstedt to Schwerin See), in Northern Poland and the Baltic States, in Denmark (only on Lolland), in Norway (from Telemark and Akerhaus up to Troms). In Sweden, it is limited to Skane, Smaland, Gotland, Närke, Söderland, Uppland and Dalarna to the Arctic Circle, Finland. Level 0-200 m. It is also found across temperate Asia to Mongolia and Japan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. It is reported extinct in Czech Republic and Slovakia. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Germany. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Denmark, Latvia and Ukraine (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Northern Chequered Skipper can be found flying on the damp, flower-rich grass of woodland rides. They can often be seen drinking nectar from various speedwells (Veronica spp.). The eggs are laid on various coarse-leaved grasses. The caterpillar lives in a shelter spun from a blade of grass. In the last larval instar, the caterpillar makes a shelter from withered leaves in which it hibernates. The pale-yellow pupa is suspended in a silken girdle in the vegetation. It pupates in spring. The Northern Chequered Skipper has one generation a year. Habitats: mixed woodland (34%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (26%), alluvial and very wet forests and brush (13%), coniferous woodland (8%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Catopsilia,florella,,Catopsilia florella,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Increasing,"This species occurs in all Africa south of Sahara, and from the Canary Islands through Egypt to India and China. 0-500 m. Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a migratory species from Africa, occurring only on a few Atlantic islands.","The African Migrant was first reported in 1965 from Tenerife where it established populations in the coastal areas and colonized the other islands. It can be seen on all kinds of places with a high abundance of flowers, also parks and gardens. The eggs are laid on the leaves of Cassia didymobotrya, which is an introduced ornamental plant from Africa, but also other introduced Cassia species are used. This butterfly has no diapause stage, therefore is produces eight to nine generations a year and is on the wing throughout the year. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.",This African migrant is not threatened in Europe.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Celastrina,argiolus,,Celastrina argiolus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs all over Europe, except North Scandinavia, Scotland and large parts of Ireland. 0-1,900 m. It is also found in North Africa, Turkey, central Asia, Japan and North America. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a common and widespread species in its European range. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Luxembourg, Spain and United Kingdom (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Holly Blue occurs widely, although the populations are always small. This small butterfly is very often seen in parks and gardens, as well as at woodland edges and in bushy places. The eggs are laid on the calyx or stem of the flowerbuds or on the ripe fruits of various plant species, including Holly (Ilex aquifolium), Ivy (Hedera helix), Spindle-tree (Euonymus europaeus), Alder Buckthorn (Frangula alnus), brambles (Rubus spp.) and heathers (Calluna vulgaris and Erica spp.). At first, the caterpillars feed on the buds and fruits of the foodplant, only later eating leaves. They are attended by ants. The Holly Blue has two generations a year and hibernates in the pupal stage. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (23%), mixed woodland (16%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (10%), urban parks and large gardens (9%), heath and scrub (8%), towns, villages, industrial sites (5%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Charaxes,jasius,,Charaxes jasius,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in most coastal regions of the south of Europe: from Portugal, via the south and east of Spain (and locally in central Spain) and the southeast of France (to Ardèche) as far as Greece. It is absent from the western Adriatic coast between central Italy and Istria (Croatia), but found on most islands in the Mediterranean Sea. Sea level-1,200 m. It is also found in Africa. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in a part of Europe, this species is local and restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Spain (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","With the whimsical patterning on the undersides of its wings and elegant little tails, the Two-tailed Pasha is one of the most beautiful European butterflies. It breeds in warm, dry places with many shrubs and trees where its foodplant, the Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo) is abundant. The males defend their territory fanatically, attacking other insects. The butterflies can often be seen feeding on the juices of rotting fruit, such as figs and are also attracted to alcoholic drinks. They are strong flyers, often roaming into areas where their foodplant is absent. The Two-tailed Pasha has mostly two generations a year and in some places possibly three. It hibernates as a caterpillar and pupates suspended from the foodplants. On Gibraltar, Samos and Cyprus, it also uses other foodplants. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (35%), phrygana (21%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (21%), coastal sand-dunes and sand beaches (7%), dry siliceous grasslands (7%), broad-leaved evergreen woodland (7%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Chazara,briseis,,Chazara briseis,,,No,NT,A2c,No,NT,A2c,EU27,,"Both at the European and EU27 member states level, a population decline of almost 30% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, this species is considered as Near Threatened. It should however be noted that, in many Western and Central European countries, both the distribution and population size of this species have declined severely during the 20th century (so before the last ten years).",Decreasing,"A southern species with a fragmented distribution area. This species occurs in the northeastern half of the Iberian Peninsula, south and central France, central Italy, Sicily, locally in south and east Germany, south of Poland and Switzerland. It is also found in the Balkans, including all of Greece. However, it is absent from Crete, Corsica, Sardinia and the Balearic Islands. Sea level-2,000 m. It is also found in North Africa and Asia Minor, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan and Middle Asia to Afghanistan, Northwest.China and Siberia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. In the southern part of its range, it is more widespread. It is reported extinct in Belgium and Luxembourg. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Turkey (European part). Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from FYR of Macedonia, France, Switzerland and Ukraine (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Hermit inhabits steppe-like grasslands in dry, warm places. In the northern part of its distribution range, it is restricted to dry chalk hills. Although it is a very large butterfly, when its wings are closed, it blends perfectly into its surroundings. Especially when resting on a rock, they are almost invisible. The female deposits her eggs one at a time on the withered blades of many different grasses, including false-bromes (Brachypodium spp.), bromes (Bromus spp.) and fescues (Festuca spp.). The caterpillars hibernate in the first larval instar. They pupate in a sort of cocoon, in a little hollow in the ground, or sometimes low down on the foodplant. The Hermit has one generation a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (32%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (17%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (12%), dry siliceous grasslands (10%).","This species is threatened by changes in the management of semi-natural grasslands. Although intensification has a negative impact on this species, most populations in Central Europe are actually threatened by abandonment or even a small reduction of the grazing intensity.","In the Czech Republic, the species only occurs in protected areas. In countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. Special attention should be paid to a well balanced intensity and timing of grazing. More research on this is urgently needed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Chazara,persephone,,Chazara persephone,,,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat. This species is absent from the EU27 member states.",Unknown,"This species occurs in Southern Russia, Crimea (Ukraine), Azerbaijan, Asia Minor and Kazakhstan, further into Southwest Asia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This species occurs on rocky areas with a low vegetation, steppes, forests, mountain slopes, sometimes semi-deserts and bushy areas up to 1,800 m in the Caucasus (Tshikolovets, 2003). The larvae feed on several species of grasses. Habitats: dry siliceous grasslands (33%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (33%), mixed woodland (33%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,No conservation actions are needed for this species.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Chazara,prieuri,,Chazara prieuri,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs locally in the east of Spain in the vicinity of Huesca, Saragossa, Madrid, Cuenca, Teruel, Alicante, Murcia and Granada. 600-1,400 m. It is also found in North Africa. The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Spain (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Southern Hermit inhabits open, dry areas such as limestone plateaus, dry steppe-like grasslands, grassy slopes with scrub and sometimes steep, wooded slopes. The butterflies occur very locally in low numbers. They are often seen with The Hermit (C. briseus). Various grasses are used as foodplants. This species has one generation a year and hibernates as a caterpillar. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (50%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (50%).","Although this species shows a small decline, it is not believed to face major threats.",Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Chilades,galba,,Chilades galba,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.

However, at the Greek level, it might be considered as Near Threatened owing to its rarity (the extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 20,000 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km²) and reported decline.",Decreasing,"In Europe, it occurs only on Cyprus at low altitudes. It is also found in Asia Minor, Levant, Transcaucasia, Iran, North India and the deserts of central Asia. Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.",In Europe this butterfly only occurs locally on Cyprus and in a suitable habitat it can be seen in large numbers. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Cyprus (data provided by the national partner of Butterfly Conservation Europe).,"One suitable habitat is on the old town walls of Nicosia on which one of its foodplants, Prosopis farcta (Leguminosae), grows. More to the east of the island, Prosopis stephaniana and Acacia leucophloea are used as foodplants. This butterfly is a good flyer that probably roams northwards each year. However, it can only occur as a resident in areas where it does not freeze in winter. On Cyprus, it probably has two generations a year. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.",The species has a restricted range in Europe and is threatened by urbanisation of coastal habitats.,More research is needed on the distribution and ecology of the species. Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Chilades,trochylus,,Chilades trochylus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in the south of Bulgaria, north and central Greece, on several Greek islands and Cyprus. 0-1,000 m. It is also found in Turkey, Egypt, the Middle East, Iran, Afghanistan and throughout Africa and Southeast Asia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to patches with good habitat.","The Grass Jewel is Europe's smallest butterfly. It flies rapidly keeping very close to the ground. This rapid flight and its small size make that it is rarely noticed. It occurs in warm, dry places such as open, stony ground with grassy vegetation and some bushes, or on waste places and abandoned agricultural land. The areas it occupies are sometimes very small. The caterpillar feeds on different Heliotropum species and on Adrachne telephioides. They are attended by ants. On Mount Parnassus, the caterpillars are attended by Acantholepis ants, outside of Europe also by Pheidole, Prenolepis and Iridomyrmex ant species. The Grass Jewel has two or three generations a year and passes the winter in the pupa stage. Habitats: phrygana (50%), sclerophyllous scrub (50%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level. In Bulgaria, the species only occurs in protected areas.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Coenonympha,amaryllis,,Coenonympha amaryllis,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Unknown,"This species is present in the southern Urals, Altai Mountains, West and East Siberia, Transbaikalia, the Amur and Ussuri regions, China, Mongolia and Korea. Sea level - 1,700 m (Tuzov, 2,000; Tshikolovets, 2003). Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This butterfly is a typical species of lowland and mountain meadows, tundra and steppe habitats. In the eastern part of its range it is also found in sparse larch forests and moorlands. In the mountains it often occurs in tundra and alpine meadows. The caterpillars feed and hibernate on the leaves of various Poa species. This butterfly has one generation a year has one generation a year(Tuzov 2,000, Tshikolovets 2003). Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (50%), dry siliceous grasslands (50%).",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Coenonympha,arcania,,Coenonympha arcania,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This is a Central European species. Not present in the south of Spain, large parts of Portugal, the southern coast of France, north Brittany, Britain, Ireland, the Netherlands, large parts of Belgium, north of Germany, Denmark, south of Greece and many Mediterranean islands. In Scandinavia it is only found in the south of Sweden and near the Oslo Fjord. Sea level-1750 m. It is also found across the Caucasus to Asia Minor. The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. It is reported extinct in Denmark and the Netherlands. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Belgium, Germany, Latvia, Luxembourg, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Pearly Heath is found on dry, to moderately damp, grasslands and grassy places at the edges of woodland or scrub. The Pearly Heath is common in some areas. They are active butterflies that fly a lot and are therefore easy to find. The males can often be found, perched in scrub, basking in the sun, from where they chase any females that pass by. In the evening, the butterflies gather to roost communally in scrub or at wood margins. Meadow-grasses (Poa spp.), bents (Agrostis spp.), melicks (Melica spp.), fescues (Festuca spp.) and many other grasses are used as foodplants, the preferred species differing between regions. The female lays its eggs one by one, or in short rows, on blades of grass. When half-grown, the caterpillar hibernates in a tussock of grass, also pupating there later, deep down in the tussock. This species has one generation a year. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (18%), mesophile grasslands (15%), mixed woodland (11%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (11%), heath and scrub (8%), dry siliceous grasslands (8%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Coenonympha,corinna,,Coenonympha corinna,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs on the islands Corsica, Sardinia and Capraia. Found from sea level-1,200 m, occasionally to 2,000 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Corsican Heath is found in different sorts of habitats, flower-rich grasslands at lower altitudes, dry scrub of open or dense maquis, deciduous woodlands, especially in valleys and ravines and coniferous forests at high altitudes. It uses the false-brome Brachypodium retusum and other grasses as foodplants. This species has several, overlapping generations a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (50%), sclerophyllous scrub (50%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Coenonympha,dorus,,Coenonympha dorus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs throughout most of Portugal and Spain, in the southeast of France (from the eastern Pyrenees, via the Cevennes and Provence to the Alps), the adjacent part of the Italian Maritime Alps and in north and central Apennines. 100-2,200 m. It is also found in Northwest Africa. The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents.",This species is widespread in part of Europe. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Spain (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).,"The Dusky Heath is a butterfly of dry, grassy vegetation, such as found on rocky slopes in low scrub, thickets and in woodland clearings. Different grasses are used as foodplant, including bent (Agrostis spp.) and Sheep's-fescue (Festuca ovina). It has one generation a year and hibernates as a caterpillar. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (50%), heath and scrub (16%), sclerophyllous scrub (16%), dry siliceous grasslands (16%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Coenonympha,gardetta,,Coenonympha gardetta,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Decreasing,"Occurs from France to Slovenia: in the east of France, in the northern part of the Massif Central; in the Jura; in the Alps from the French Alps to the Karavanke Mountains. in Austria, and Julian Alps in Slovenia. Found at altitudes from 800-2,900 m although mostly between1,400-2,400 m. This is a European endemic species.",This species is widespread in the mountainous areas of Europe. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).,"The Alpine Heath is mostly found on open, sub-alpine and alpine grasslands and on grasslands with scattered bushes and trees. It can occur in high numbers in some places. The female lays its eggs, mostly one by one, on grass stalks. The caterpillars hibernate and pupate at the beginning of the summer, the pupa hanging from a plant, usually close to the ground. It has one generation a year. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (55%), mesophile grasslands (22%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (22%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but in countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Coenonympha,glycerion,,Coenonympha glycerion,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in the north of Portugal and the north of Spain (Cantabrian Mts., Pyrenees to Montes Universale). This species occurs from the south of Finland via the Baltic States, Poland, Central and East Germany and the south of Belgium to the northeast of France and from Switzerland via the north of Italy and central Apennines, the Balkans to the north of Greece. 200-2,000 m. It is also found from central and south Siberia to Japan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. It is reported extinct in Belgium. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, France, Germany, Spain and Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Chestnut Heath inhabits dry to damp grasslands in woods, meadows, nutrient-poor grassland, calcareous grasslands and open marshy habitats. These grasslands are sometimes quite intensively grazed, as can happen on calcareous grassland. However, if grazing is absent, for a few years, change in the grassland does not seem to affect the butterflies. The butterflies do not fly very much and only cover limited distances. The eggs are laid one by one in short rows on the blades of grasses, such as fescues (Festuca spp.), Tor-grass (Brachypodium pinnatum), Purple Moor-grass (Molinea caerulea), Upright Brome (Bromus erectus) and Crested Dog.s-tail (Cynosurus cristatus). Pupation takes place deep down in the vegetation. The Chestnut Heath has one to two generations a year, depending on the altitude and latitude of its breeding ground. In the field the Chestnut Heath is often confused with the Small Heath (C. pamphilus) and therefore not noticed. On the Iberian Peninsula, there is a sub-species C. g. iphioides, with brightly contrasting eyespots on the underside of the hindwing. Habitats: mesophile grasslands (23%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (12%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (12%), mixed woodland (11%), dry siliceous grasslands (9%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (6%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Coenonympha,hero,,Coenonympha hero,,,No,VU,A2c,No,VU,A2c,EU27,,"In Europe and the EU27 countries, a population decline of more than 30% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, this species is considered as Vulnerable. It should however be noted that both the distribution and population size of this species, especially in Western and Central Europe, have declined severely during the 20th century (so before the last ten years).",Decreasing,"This species occurs in small, strongly isolated populations, in France (Allier, Nievre, Saone-et-Loire, Ain, Jura Mountains, Haut Rhin, Bas Rhin, Seine-et-Marne, Meuse and Moselle), northwest, northeast and central Switzerland, south and east Germany, Poland, the Baltic States, south of Finlan and of Sweden, Slovakia and north Austria. Sea level-750 m. This species is present across temperate Asia to China, Korea and Japan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in the eastern part of its European range, but in most of Western and Central Europe it is very rare and restricted to a few sites of good quality habitat. C. hero is declining in Western and Central Europe. Strongholds nowadays in Eastern Europe (Russia, Baltic states). It is reported extinct in Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Luxembourg, Switzerland and the Netherlands. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Germany and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, France, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland and Sweden (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Scarce Heath occurs in damp to wet grassy meadows in or at the edges of woods. Sometimes, they occur away from woods in drier places or in flower-rich grassland. The butterflies are fond of settling in grass and do not fly far, nor very often. Among the grasses they use as food are Tufted Hair-grass (Deschampsia cespitosa) and Bearded Couch (Elymus caninus). When half-grown, the caterpillar hibernates in a grass tussock, later also pupating there. This species has one generation a year. Habitats: humid grasslands and tall herb communities (26%), mixed woodland (19%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (14%), mesophile grasslands (9%), fens, transition mires and springs (7%).","The main threats are from drainage, agricultural improvements and changing grassland and woodland management. This has caused strong declines and even local extinctions in many countries in Western and Central Europe.","The species is listed on the Habitats Directive Annex 4 and Bern Convention Annex 2. This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. In Western and Central European countries where the species is in decline, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Coenonympha,leander,,Coenonympha leander,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in Southeast Europe: south of Serbia, FYR of Macedonia, Albania, Romania (south of the Carpatian Mountains), Bulgaria and in the north of Greece. 350-1,900 m, often at higher altitudes than 900 m. It is furthermore present in South Siberia and across Transcaucasia to Asia Minor and Iran. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in a part of Europe, this species is local and restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Romania (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Russian Heath is found both on dry, as well as somewhat damp, grassy vegetation, at wood margins and in woodland clearings and on grasslands. The butterflies have a rather low flight. At rest, just like other heaths, the Russian Heath keeps its wings closed. Sheep's-fescue (Festuca ovina) and Slender False-brome (Brachypodium sylvaticum) are among the grasses used as foodplants. This species has one generation a year and hibernates as a caterpillar. Habitats: mesophile grasslands (25%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (25%), mixed woodland (25%), dry siliceous grasslands (16%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (8%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Coenonympha,oedippus,,Coenonympha oedippus,,,No,EN,A2c,No,LC,,EU27,,"A decline of 50-80% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, this species is considered as Endangered. In EU27 countries, this species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat. It should however be noted that both the distribution and population size of this species in the EU27 countries have declined severely during the 20th century (so before the last ten years).",Decreasing,"This species occurs in France (the western Pyrenees, les Landes, Gironde to Charente-Maritime and Charente, Sarthe, Seine-et-Marne, Savoie and Isère), Switzerland (Rhine Valley and Tessino), Italy (Varese, Treviso, Friuli-Venezia-Giulia), Slovenia, Austria, Liechtenstein, Poland and Hungary. Sea level-500 m. It is also found throughout Kazakhstan and South Siberia to China, Korea and Japan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This species is extremely local in very isolated populations and is restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Bulgaria, Germany, Switzerland and Slovakia. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Austria, Slovenia and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Croatia, France, Hungary (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The False Ringlet is a very local species that is declining at an alarming rate in several countries, though more stable in others. It inhabits low-lying, grassy marshes and reed-beds that are usually situated in the shelter of woodland, creating a warm and humid environment. The butterflies fly very slowly and hardly ever colonize nearby habitats. The eggs are deposited one by one on the blades of grasses, like meadow-grasses (Poa spp.), rye-grasses (Lolium spp.), hair-grasses (Deschampsia spp.), sedges (Carex spp.) and Purple Moor-grass (Molinea caerulea). The caterpillars hibernate half-grown in the tussock, where they pupate as well. The False Ringlet has one generation a year. Habitats: humid grasslands and tall herb communities (26%), blanket bogs (20%), raised bogs (13%), fens, transition mires and springs (10%), mixed woodland (6%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (6%), water-fringe vegetation (6%).",Agricultural improvements (inc. land drainage) as well as abandonment of grassland habitats are the largest threats for Coenonympha oedippus. It survives nowadays in small and fragmented habitats where colonies are threatened by isolation.,"The species is listed on the Habitats Directive Annexes 2 and 4 and Bern Convention Annex 2. More research is needed urgently on the distribution and ecology of the species. Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. In Hungary, Austria and France, the species only occurs in protected areas.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Coenonympha,orientalis,,Coenonympha orientalis,,,Yes,VU,A2c,No,DD,,EU27,,"The species has a limited range in Europe. A strong decline is reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is considered as Vulnerable at the European level. The situation in Greece (EU27 country) is unclear, therefore it is listed as Data Deficient in the EU27.",Decreasing,"The Balkan Heath is restricted to a small area of the Balkans, between 800-2,000 m elevation. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Strong declines in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).",This species is local in grassy woodland clearings. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.,This species has a limited global range and only occurs in a few countries in the Balkan. The ecology and habitat requirements are largely unknown. This butterfly is probably threatened by abandonment.,More research on distribution and ecology is needed. Important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Coenonympha,pamphilus,,Coenonympha pamphilus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat. However, in the European Grassland Butterfly Indicator (Van Swaay & Van Strien, 2008) this species shows a decline in European grasslands, its main habitat. The species might become threatened in the future.",Stable,"This species occurs throughout Europe, as far north as 69° N. It does not occur in the extreme north of Scandinavia and on some islands. Sea level-2,000 m. It is also found in the rest of the temperate Palearctic region. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a common and widespread species in its European range. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Belgium, Finland, Luxembourg, Malta, Republic of Ireland, the Netherlands and United Kingdom (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Small Heath is a common species of nearly all types of grassland. It is mostly found on fairly open, poor meadows and pastures. The female deposits her eggs one by one, or in rows, on the blades of most grasses, including meadow-grasses (Poa spp.), Sweet Vernal-grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum), fescues (Festuca spp.) and bents (Agrostis spp.). The caterpillar grows very quickly on nutritious grasses, but can also use poor grasses, growing then more slowly. In the third or fourth larval instar, the caterpillar hibernates deep down in a tussock of grass, where it also later pupates. The number of generations a year is between one and three and depends on the geographical position of the habitat. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (12%), dry siliceous grasslands (11%), mesophile grasslands (10%), improved grasslands (6%), urban parks and large gardens (5%), fallow land, waste places (5%).","Although this species is still common and widespread, it shows a population decline in the European grasslands. The main cause is the intensification of agriculture, although abandonment could also affect populations in Eastern Europe.","This is one of the butterflies that can be common also outside nature reserves. It benefits from proper management of semi-natural grasslands. The species will benefit from the establishment of areas of High Nature Value Farmland (Paracchini et al., 2008). In countries where the species is declining, habitats should be managed appropriately and the effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Coenonympha,phryne,,Coenonympha phryne,,,No,CR,A2c,No,NE,,EU27,,"In Ukraine, this species is restricted to two small plots of virgin steppe in the north-eastern part of Crimea, where it is reported to decline (Van Swaay & Warren, 1999: decline >75% in 25 years). The status and trend in Russia are unclear, but this species is rare (distribution is less than 1%). It is therefore considered as Critically Endangered. This species is absent from the EU27 member states.",Decreasing,"This species is present from the Crimea in Ukraine through Southern Russia to northern and central Tian-Shan, West Siberia (south) and the Altai Mts. Up to 3,000 m, in Urals and Caucasus only up to 800 m (Tuzov 2,000, Tshikolovets 2003). It occurs in the steppe zone from Eastern Europe to the Altai. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Ukraine (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","Coenonympha phryne may be found in virgin steppes, semi-desert and dry slopes on limestone. While the sites where the butterflies are on the wing are usually small, the local density of individuals can be high. The males show a particular fast flight, chasing on females to mate with. The females try to get rid of the males by dropping out of the air and landing in dense grassy fescue vegetation, where they then hide for a while. The foodplants are probably several species of Stipa and fescues (Festuca spp). Hibernation takes place as caterpillar or as pupa. This species is single-brooded (http://babochki-kryma.narod.ru/main.htm). Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (50%), dry siliceous grasslands (16%), mixed woodland (16%), mesophile grasslands (16%).","This butterfly and its habitats are threatened by agricultural improvements, fragmentation and recreational activities.",More research is needed on the distribution and ecology of the species. Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Coenonympha,rhodopensis,,Coenonympha rhodopensis,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs in Italy very locally in the Apennines and Mount Baldo in the Alps. In southeast Europe, it is present in several mountainous areas (from the Croatian coastal mountains, Bosnia, south of Serbia and FYR of Macedonia to southeast of Bulgaria and north of Greece). Found at altitudes between 800-2,500 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Eastern Large Heath occurs mainly on grasslands above the tree-line. It is sometimes found in clearings in damp woodland. The caterpillars feed on fescues (Festuca spp.), Blue Moor-grass (Sesleria albicans), cotton-grasses (Eriophorum spp.), White Beak-sedge (Rhynchospora alba) and Beaked Sedge (Carex rostrata). This species has one generation a year and passes the winter as a caterpillar. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (41%), mesophile grasslands (33%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (25%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,The species occurs only in protected areas in Croatia. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Coenonympha,thyrsis,,Coenonympha thyrsis,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs on almost all Crete (between an altitude of 0-1,800 m). This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Cretan Small Heath occurs on grassy vegetation and in open scrub. The butterflies fly quickly and close to the ground. When resting, they always keep their wings closed. It is uncertain how many generations this species has a year, either one generation with a long flight period, or two or more generations, each with a short flight-period. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (50%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (50%).","Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level. But since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Coenonympha,tullia,,Coenonympha tullia,,,No,VU,A2c,No,NT,A2c,EU27,,"In Europe, a population decline of more than 30% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, this species is considered as Vulnerable. In the EU27 countries a decline of more than 25% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, this species is considered as Near Threatened. It should however be noted that both the distribution and population size of this species in the EU27 countries have declined severely during the 20th century (so before the last ten years).",Decreasing,"This is a species of North, East and Central Europe: Scandinavia, except the northwestern coast, the Baltic States, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, north of England, the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium (Ardennes), east and northeast of France, northwest of Switzerland, north of Austria, northern Balkans, north of Bosnia and Herzegovina, formerly also in the Jaice region in Bosnia. This species occurs from sea level-1,200 m. It is also found in the temperate zone of Asia and North America. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in Europe, this species is local and restricted to areas with sufficient good quality habitat. It is reported extinct in Hungary and Slovenia. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, France, Germany, Romania and Switzerland. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Latvia, Republic of Ireland, Slovakia, Sweden, Ukraine and United Kingdom (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Large Heath inhabits raised bogs, wet heaths, swampy habitat and wet grasslands, often occurring on quite rough vegetation. As a consequence of land drainage remaining habitat patches are often small which makes them difficult to detect. However, in a vast peatland, the Large Heath can be common and the butterfly can be seen flying back and forth between wet patches with the foodplants. There is some uncertainty about the identity of the foodplants. Probably, there are regional differences in their use. Cotton-grass (Eriophorum vaginatum) is certainly important, but other Eriophorum species, beak-sedges (Rhynchospora spp.), fescues (Festuca spp.), Purple Moor-grass (Molinea caerulea) and a few sedges (Carex spp.) are also mentioned. The female deposits its eggs singly on, or in the neighbourhood of, the foodplant. The caterpillars hibernate in the third or fourth larval instar, hidden in tussocks of grass. They try to find a position in the vegetation that offers protection from predators above and from high winter water levels below. They also pupate in the tussocks of the foodplant. The Large Heath has one generation a year. There are many regional sub-species, that are distinguished by the degree of development of the eye-spots. Habitats: raised bogs (25%), blanket bogs (21%), fens, transition mires and springs (21%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (15%).","The most important threat to this species is land drainage, mostly because of agricultural improvements in the surrounding area.","In the Netherlands, Romania and the Czech Republic, the species only occurs in protected areas. In countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. Habitat conservation is the most important conservation measure, including prevention of drainage in surrounding agricultural areas. Restoration of bogs should only be undertaken with great care and after thorough research, as a quick rise of the watertable can also have a negative impact on the species.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Colias,alfacariensis,,Colias alfacariensis,,The Berger’s Clouded Yellow and the Pale Clouded Yellow (C. hyale) are so similar that it is not possible to identify them with certainty,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in Southern and Central Europe, as far as the southeast of Belgium and up to 54° N in Poland. It is a migrant in the south of Britain, north of Germany and the Netherlands. It is absent from Sardinia, the south of Greece, the east of Thrace and European Turkey. 0-2,100 m. It is also found in Asian Turkey. The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Germany, Luxembourg, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Berger’s Clouded Yellow is a butterfly of dry, open grasslands on calcareous soils. In the northern part of its distribution range, it often occurs on the south-facing slopes of hills or mountains. The Berger’s Clouded Yellow is much more sensitive to cold than the Pale Clouded Yellow (C. hyale), the caterpillars growing less quickly and even undergoing periods of inactivity in bad weather. Eggs are mostly laid on Horseshoe Vetch (Hippocrepis comosa), also on Crown Vetch (Coronilla varia). Hibernation takes place on the foodplant, or on the ground in the litter layer. For pupation the caterpillar attaches itself to a foodplant, turning into a light-green pupa, suspended by a silken girdle. This species has two or three generations a year. The Berger’s Clouded Yellow and the Pale Clouded Yellow are so similar that it is not possible to identify them with certainty. Habitat helps a little, Berger’s Clouded Yellow being almost only seen on calcareous grasslands with Horseshoe Vetch, whereas the Pale Clouded Yellow prefers lucerne fields. However, during migration, C. hyale can turn up almost everywhere. These species are easy to distinguish as caterpillars. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (27%), dry siliceous grasslands (10%), improved grasslands (10%), fallow land, waste places (8%), heath and scrub (6%), mesophile grasslands (6%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"In Poland, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Colias,aurorina,,Colias aurorina,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs scattered in Western and Central Greece. 550-2,000 m, above 1,100 m in the Peloponnesus. It is furthermore present through Turkey to Syria, Northwestern Iran and the Caucasus. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.",This species is local in part of Europe.,"The Greek Clouded Yellow is found on dry grasslands with scattered bushes and in open coniferous woodland. The female lays its eggs on the leaves of its larval foodplant, Astracantha rumelica and the milk-vetch Astragalus parnassi, that are often abundant in the habitats. This species has one generation a year and hibernates as a young caterpillar, finishing its growth and pupating in spring. Habitats: coniferous woodland (20%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (20%), dry siliceous grasslands (20%), sclerophyllous scrub (20%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (20%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,No conservation actions are needed for this species.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Colias,caucasica,,Colias caucasica,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs locally in mountainous areas in the Balkans: southwest of Serbia, central and south Bosnia and Herzegovina, FYR of Macedonia, southeast of Bulgaria and north of Greece. 1,200-2150 m. It is furthermore found in the northwestern part of Turkey and the Caucasus. The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from FYR of Macedonia. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Balkan Clouded Yellow is found above 1,700 m (but also reported from one spot of 1,100 m in Bosnia and Herzegovina) on open, rocky slopes with low vegetation. At lower altitudes, the butterflies can be seen in woodland clearings. The caterpillars feed on the leaves of Hairy Broom (Chamaecytisus hirsutus) and C. eriocarpus. There are often large numbers of larval foodplants in the habitats. It has one generation a year. Habitats: coniferous woodland (40%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (40%), heath and scrub (20%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Colias,chrysotheme,,Colias chrysotheme,,,No,VU,A2c,No,VU,A2c,EU27,,"In Europe and the EU27 countries, a population decline of more than 30% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, this species is considered as Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"This species occurs from the southeast of Czech Republic and east of Austria eastwards to Slovakia, Hungary and Romania. 300-1,000 m. It is furthermore present through Turkey, north of Iran, West Siberia and the Altai Mountains across the south of Siberia to Transbaikalia, Mongolia and Northeast China. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Czech Republic. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Austria, Hungary and Slovakia. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Moldova, Romania and Ukraine (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Lesser Clouded Yellow is found on open, dry, steppe-like grassland and rocky slopes. Its main foodplant is the Milk-vetch (Astragalus austriacus), but Milk-vetch (A. glycyphyllos) and vetches (Vicia spp.) are also used. This species has three to four generations a year and hibernates as a caterpillar. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (58%), dry siliceous grasslands (25%), phrygana (8%), mesophile grasslands (8%).","The main threats are agricultural changes, afforestation and built development. In the western part of the European range, populations have got scattered and are now isolated. Furthermore, the species shows strong fluctuations.",More research is needed on the distribution and ecology of the species. Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. Management plans must be made for the remaining sites in the western part of the range. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Colias,crocea,,Colias crocea,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species is resident in the south of Europe, in some years also further north. It is migrant in the Baltic States, the south of Scandinavia, north of Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Britain and Ireland. When resident 0-1,600 m; migrants up to 3200 m. It is also found in North Africa and across Turkey and the Middle East, the Caucasus and Kazakhstan to W Siberia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a migrant species that cannot survive winters in the northern half of Europe or in the mountains. Because of the strong annual fluctuations, no trends can be detected.","In warm summers, the Clouded Yellow can be seen practically over the whole of Europe, often on fields of clover or lucerne, or other flower-rich vegetations. It lays its eggs one by one, on the leaves of such leguminous plants as Lucerne (Medicago sativa), clovers (Trifolium spp.) and vetches (Vicia spp.). It pupates, suspended in a silken girdle on the foodplant. In the south, where it can survive the winter, the Clouded Yellow passes the winter as a caterpillar. In the north, because it cannot tolerate the cold, it only appears as a summer migrant, recolonizing from the south. This species has four to six generations a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (10%), mesophile grasslands (8%), improved grasslands (6%), fallow land, waste places (6%), phrygana (5%), agricultural land and artificial landscapes (5%), scrub and grassland (5%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (5%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Colias,erate,,Colias erate,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in Eastern and Southeastern Europe: from East Austria and Czech Republic south-eastwards to the north of Greece. However, because of its mobility, it is not clear where it is permanent or a temporary resident or vagrant. 0-1,900 m. It is found across the Caucasus, Transcaucasia and Turkey to West China and Mongolia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a common and widespread species in its European range, but has large annual fluctuations. In recent decades the species has expanded in western and northern direction. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Ukraine (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Eastern Pale Clouded Yellow is a very mobile species and can therefore be seen in all kinds of places. This, originally Asian species greatly extended its range during the 1970s and 1980s. Fifty years ago it was known in Europe only from the Black Sea coast. Lucerne (Medicago sativa) is its most important larval foodplant. The caterpillars can also be found on other leguminous plants. This species has several generations a year, three to five have been reported from Bulgaria and Romania. It passes the winter as a caterpillar. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (27%), improved grasslands (10%), fallow land, waste places (6%), mesophile grasslands (6%), sclerophyllous scrub (6%), dry siliceous grasslands (6%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Colias,hecla,,Colias hecla,,,No,NT,A3c,No,NT,A3c,EU27,,"The Climatic Risk Atlas (Settele et al., 2008) calculates a possible decline of >98% of the climate envelope between 1980 and 2080 based on the most pessimistic of the three climate change models used GRAS-scenario. This species is classified as Near Threatened because (i) observed rates of CO2 emissions and temperature increases already exceed those foreseen in the worst-case scenario models and (ii) it is appropriate to take a precautionary approach. The species might be endangered in the long run by climate change.",Stable,"This species occurs north of 66° N in Norway, Sweden and Finland. 0-900 m. It is furthermore present on the tundras of Eurasia and North America. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Finland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Northern Clouded Yellow occurs in the mountains of Lapland above the birch zone, on open, grassy meadows and stony slopes. The butterflies fly very quickly and are difficult to approach. Eggs are laid singly or in small groups on the larval foodplants, or on neighbouring plants. Alpine Milk-vetch (Astragalus alpinus) is the most important foodplant, but other milk-vetches (Astragalus spp.) may also be used. The caterpillars feed on the flowers, leaves and stems, sometimes taking two years to complete their life-cycle. Hibernation can take place as a caterpillar or a pupa. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (33%), coastal sand-dunes and sand beaches (16%), heath and scrub (16%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (16%), mesophile grasslands (16%).","The main threat is overgrazing by reindeers, especially in Finland. Astragalus plants are eaten first by these herbivores. Due to its limited distribution, it might get threatened in the long term by climate change.","Research is needed on the distribution and ecology of this species. In countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Colias,hyale,,Colias hyale,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This is a central European species: south of Sweden, south of Finland, the Baltic States, Denmark, southeast of Belgium, France, Pyrenees, Switzerland, Austria as far as the Northern Balkans, further in Spain (Granada and Palencia). It is absent from the south of Italy, the west and southwest of the Balkans, Greece and the Mediterranean islands. In the north of its distribution range, this species is a migrant. 0-1,800 m. It is furthermore present through Siberia to Mongolia and Northwest China. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. It is also a migrant species in parts of its range and can colonize areas temporaryly. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Luxembourg and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Italy (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Pale Clouded Yellow is mostly found on fields of clover or lucerne, but also on meadows that are grazed at low intensity where many leguminous plants are growing. It prefers open landscapes with few trees or bushes. Eggs are laid singly on many species of Leguminosae. The caterpillar feeds on young leaves and overwinters as half-grown caterpillar. It pupates, suspended in a girdle from a stalk on the foodplant. The Pale Clouded Yellow has two or three generations a year, depending on geographical location and altitude of the flight area. In the northern part of of its range, it is a migrant species, but in most of Central Europe it is a resident. The adult Pale Clouded Yellow is very hard to distinguish from Berger's Clouded Yellow (Colias alfacariensis), while the caterpillars are very different. The latter species is only found on calcareous grasslands with Horseshoe Vetch (Hippocrepis comosa). Although the Pale Clouded Yellow has a preference for clover and lucerne fields, when migrating, it can turn up almost anywhere. Habitats: mesophile grasslands (18%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (12%), improved grasslands (10%), dry siliceous grasslands (9%), fallow land, waste places (9%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Colias,myrmidone,,Colias myrmidone,,,No,EN,A2c,No,CR,A2c,EU27,,"This species shows a strong decline in most of its range, but especially in the western part. It is reported to have disappeared recently from Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary and Slovenia. The situation in Russia, holding an important part of the present distribution, is unclear. A decline of 50-80% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, this species is considered as Endangered at the European level. In the EU27 countries, a decline of more than 80% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, this species is considered as Critically Endangered at the Eu27 level.",Decreasing,"This Eastern species occurs very locally in sparse populations. Lithuania, Poland, southeast of Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary and Romania. In the flood plain of the Danube. 0-500 m. Its range extends to West Siberia. The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. The species has declined strongly over most of its range. It is reported extinct in Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary and Slovenia. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Croatia, Poland, Romania, Serbia and Slovakia. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Ukraine (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Danube Clouded Yellow occurs in dry, warm grassland where its foodplant, the broom Chamaecytisus ratisbonensis is always abundant. However, the amount of shelter from bushes can vary considerably. The female lays its eggs on the foodplant, the caterpillars hibernate in the litter layer. It has two to three generations a year. The species shows serious declines, especially at the western edge of its range. Within the last years it disappeared most probably from Germany, the Czech Republic, Austria, Hungary, Slovenia and Serbia. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (30%), mesophile grasslands (21%), dry siliceous grasslands (21%), coniferous woodland (8%), mixed woodland (8%).","This species is threatened both by intensification of use and abandonment of semi-natural grasslands, its main habitat. Furthermore, especially for the westernmost parts, climate change is considered as one of the most important reasons for its decline, even though it cannot fully explain the situation. It is certain that in some cases land-use changes even under AgriEnvironmental Schemes have led to drastic declines (see also Konvicka et al., 2008). In general, loss of habitat and habitat connectivity, unfavarouble grassland management (wrong timing or intensity) and climate change (less continental climate) must be considered (Dolek, M. & Hager, A. 2008). Abandonment is probably the largest threat to the populations in Eastern Europe.","The species is listed on the Habitats Directive, Annexes 2 and 4. More research is urgently needed on the distribution and ecology of the species. Important habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. It benefits from proper management of semi-natural grasslands. The species will benefit from the establishment of areas of High Nature Value Farmland (Paracchini et al., 2008). In Hungary the species only occurs in protected areas.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Colias,palaeno,,Colias palaeno,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"In Europe, it only occurs in central and northern Europe: the Jura and Vosges, the Alps, Switzerland, south and east of Germany, Scandinavia except Denmark, the Baltic States and further to the east. 100-2,500 m. It is furthermore found in the boreal and temperate zones of Eurasia to Japan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Belgium. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Austria, Germany, Poland and Slovakia. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from France, Italy, Latvia and Ukraine (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Moorland Clouded Yellow occurs at the edges of raised bogs and also on blanket bogs. At high altitudes, it is found in drier habitats. Eggs are laid singly on Bog Whortleberry (Vaccinium uliginosum). At first, the caterpillars only eat the upper layers of the leaf, producing “windows”, but later, the whole leaf is eaten. The caterpillars hibernate among the dry leaves of the litter layer and the next spring feed and grow further, before finally pupating on a branch of the foodplant. It has one generation a year. Habitats: raised bogs (35%), blanket bogs (12%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (12%), fens, transition mires and springs (9%), coniferous woodland (6%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (6%), mixed woodland (6%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Colias,phicomone,,Colias phicomone,,,Yes,NT,,No,NT,A2c,EU27,,"Although the estimated decline of this species is less than 30%, a decline of more than 30% would be within the uncertainty limits. It is therefore classified as Near Threatened in the world, Europe and the EU-27.",Decreasing,"The Mountain Clouded Yellow occurs in Europe in mountainous areas: Cantabrian Mountains, the Pyrenees and Alps. It occurs between 900-2,500 m elevation in the Alps and 1,500-2,800 m in Spain. This is a European endemic species.",This species is widespread in the mountainous areas of Europe. Strong declines in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Ukraine. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria and France (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).,"The Mountain Clouded Yellow has its breeding ground in flower-rich alpine meadows. Although they are quick, strong flyers, they do not migrate and do not leave their habitat as C. hyale or C. croceus do. Various leguminous plants are used as larval foodplants, including Horseshoe Vetch (Hippocrepis comosa), White Clover (Trifolium repens), Common Birdsfoot-trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) and vetches (Vicia spp.). This butterfly species usually has one generation a year, but in some years there is a partial second generation. The caterpillars hibernate after their second moult. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (87%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (12%).","This species shows a decline in part of its European range, but direct threats are unknown. As it is a species from alpine meadows, it could become threatened by changes in agricultural practices or climate change.",This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. In countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Colias,tyche,,Colias tyche,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"In Europe, it occurs in Arctic Fennoscandia, polar Urals and Novaya Zemlya. It is also found in Taimyr, Yamal Peninsula, North America and Greenland (Tolman & Lewington 2008). The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Russia and Sweden (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Pale Arctic Clouded Yellow is found in Lapland in the mountains and in lowland areas. They occur in marshy habitats in the birch zone, marshes on mountain slopes and on dry to wet alpine grasslands. The butterflies appear early in the year, as soon as the birches burst into leaf. Its foodplants are Alpine Milk-vetch (Astragalus alpinus), Yellow Alpine Milk-vetch (A. frigidus) and possibly also Vaccinium species. This species has one generation a year and mostly hibernates as a chrysalis, but sometimes as a caterpillar. Sometimes, it remains a pupa for a second winter. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale. Climate change could be a possible long term threat.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No direct conservation actions are neededat a European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Colotis,evagore,,Colotis evagore,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Increasing,"In Europe, this species is only reported from scattered records in the southeast of Spain (from Cadiz to Alicante). It is furthermore present from North Africa and the Middle East across Iraq, Iran and Afghanistan to the south of Turkmenia, Uzbekistan and Pakistan. Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Desert Orange-tip occurs on fallow land, on dry flower-rich vegetation and on stony slopes. There are several overlapping generations each year, so that butterflies can be seen from spring to autumn. In summer and autumn they are more numerous and can sometimes be seen further inland. The caterpillars live on the leaves of Caper (Capparis spinosa). The Desert Orange-tip passes the winter as a pupa. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (50%), fallow land, waste places (50%).",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Cupido,alcetas,,Cupido alcetas,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Increasing,"This species occurs scattered in large parts of South and East Europe: in northeast Spain and central Pyrenees, the southern half of France, north and central Italy, Switzerland (Wallis and near Geneva), via Austria to the south of Poland and to the south, some areas in the Balkans and north of Greece. 0-1,500 m. It is also found in Turkey, South Siberia, the Urals and the Altai. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Greece and Spain (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Provençal Short-tailed Blue occurs in woodland clearings, at the edges of woods, on grassy vegetation near bushes and along the banks of streams and edges of ditches. Goat’s-rue (Galega officinalis) and Crown Vetch (Coronilla varia) are its most important foodplants, but other leguminous plants, such as Common Birdsfoot-trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), Common Vetch (Vicia sativa) and Lucerne (Medicago sativa) are also used. The caterpillars feed mostly on the flowers, but also on the leaves and are attended by ants. These ants mostly belong to the genus Formica. This butterfly species has two to three generations a year and hibernates as a caterpillar. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (15%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (12%), mesophile grasslands (12%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (12%), alluvial and very wet forests and brush (9%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (9%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Cupido,argiades,,Cupido argiades,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in Central Europe between the north of Spain and central Germany. This species is only resident in the south of its range and a migrant in the north. It is absent from Portugal, most of Spain and large parts of Italy and Greece. 0-1,000 m. It is furthermore present through Asia to Japan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. It is reported extinct in Belgium and Turkey (European part). Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Moldova (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","Although the Short-tailed Blue looks rather like the Holly Blue (Celastrina argiolus), it has very fine, small tails and prominent eye-spots on the hindwings. The Short-tailed Blue occurs in local populations on damp grassland, heathland and flower-rich verges. It lays its eggs on Lucerne (Medicago sativa) and various clovers (Trifolium spp.), vetches (Vicia spp.), birdsfoot-trefoils (Lotus spp.) and melilots (Melilotus spp.). When the caterpillars are fully-grown, they leave the foodplant to hibernate and later pupate in the litter layer. This butterfly species has two to three generations a year. Habitats: mesophile grasslands (19%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (11%), dry siliceous grasslands (10%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (7%), improved grasslands (7%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (7%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Cupido,decoloratus,,Cupido decoloratus,,,No,NT,A2c,No,LC,,EU27,,"At the European level, a population decline of almost 30% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, this species is considered as Near Threatened. In the EU27 countries, this species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been
evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to
meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past
10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in Eastern Europe: from Eastern Austria, Czech Republic and Slovakia and further southwards to Northwest Greece. 250-1,000 m. It is also found in Turkey. The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Croatia, Greece, Slovakia, Slovenia (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Eastern Short-tailed Blue occurs in clearings in deciduous woodland and on flower-rich, grassy vegetation with scattered bushes. The caterpillars feed on the flowerheads of Black Medick (Medicago lupulina) and Lucerne (M. sativa). The Eastern Short-tailed Blue has three generations a year and hibernates as a caterpillar. Habitats: mesophile grasslands (17%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (17%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (13%), alluvial and very wet forests and brush (10%), dry siliceous grasslands (10%), sclerophyllous scrub (6%).",This species is especially threatened by changes in the management of semi-natural grasslands. Both intensification of use and abandonment will have a negative impact on this butterfly.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. In countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Cupido,lorquinii,,Cupido lorquinii,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in Europe only on the south of the Iberian Peninsula. 0-2,000 m. It is also found in North Africa. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","Lorquin’s blue prefers open, flower-rich scrub. The female lays its eggs on the sepals of Kidney-vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria) and when the caterpillar hatches out, it bores a hole in the calyx through which it feeds on the young fruits and ripening seeds. When the caterpillars are feeding or at rest, they position themselves lengthways on the red-flecked sepals of the foodplant, well camouflaged, their colours matching those of their surroundings. They are attended regularly by ants. Lorquin’s Blue has one generation a year and passes the winter as a pupa. Habitats: heath and scrub (50%), sclerophyllous scrub (50%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Cupido,minimus,,Cupido minimus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs from Norway to the north and east of Spain and from Ireland till far into Asia. 50-2,800 m. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. It is reported extinct in the Netherlands since the 1980s, though vagrants from Belgian populations are reported regularly. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Albania, Belgium, Finland, Germany, Luxembourg, Republic of Ireland, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","This butterfly is well named. It is very small and its modest colours make it even seem smaller than it really is. The Small Blue can only be found on calcareous soils. An open, mostly rather short vegetation and a warm microclimate typify its habitat. The butterflies may occur in large numbers. They lay their small, white eggs on the underside of leaves and in flowerheads of Kidney-vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria). A practised eye can detect them between the flowers and the sepals. The creamy-white caterpillars feed on the flowers and seeds and are seldom seen. However, workers of various ant species attend them regularly. When fully-grown, the caterpillars hibernate either between the withered petals of dead flowers, or in the litter layer and pupate on the ground. The Small Blue has one or two generations a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (22%), mesophile grasslands (15%), dry siliceous grasslands (14%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (7%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (6%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (6%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"In Portugal, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Cupido,osiris,,Cupido osiris,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs locally in large parts of South and Central Europe: it is scattered, in north and central Spain, east France (from the Pyrenees to Burgundy and the Jura), southwest Switzerland (Wallis), northwest and central Italy, east Austria and most Balkan countries as far as Greece (and on Lemnos). 500-2,000 m. It is also found in Turkey and central Asia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Germany. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovakia. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Albania, Austria and Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Osiris Blue lives on sunny, flower-rich grassland and road verges rich in sainfoin (Onobrychis spp.), which it uses for its nectar and as foodplant. The caterpillar feeds on various sainfoins (Onobrychis spp.), such as Sainfoin (O. viciifolia), Mountain Sainfoin (O. montana) and O. arenaria. In literature, other leguminous plants are also mentioned, including Bladder Senna (Colutea arborescens), Kidney-vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria) and Bitter Vetch (Lathyrus montanus). The eggs are laid on the flowerheads. The caterpillars feed on both the flowers and developing seeds and are attended by workers of different ant species, one of them being Lasius alienus. The Osiris Blue has one or two generations a year, but the second may only be partial. The caterpillars hibernate and pupate between two leaves. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (24%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (17%), mesophile grasslands (13%), coniferous woodland (10%), dry siliceous grasslands (6%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (6%), mixed woodland (6%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Cyaniris,semiargus,,Cyaniris semiargus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat. However in the European Grassland Butterfly Indicator (Van Swaay & Van Strien, 2008) this species shows a decline on European grasslands, its main habitat. The species might become threatened in the future.",Stable,"This species occurs in large parts of Europe from central Scandinavia to Italy and Greece. It is also found Spain, in the north and in some mountain ranges (Sierra de Alfacar, S. Nevada, S. de Segura, S. de Espuna, Montes Universales, S. de Guadarrama, S. de la Demanda). It is absent from Ireland, Britain, the Peloponnese and Mediterranean islands except Sicily. 0-2,200 m. It is furthermore present east to Turkey and the Middle East and through central Asia to North China and Korea. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. It is reported extinct in the Netherlands since the 1970s, but recently recolonised one site. Extinct in the United Kingdom. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Latvia, Luxembourg, Moldova, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Turkey (European part) and Ukraine (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Mazarine Blue usually occurs on quite damp vegetation in flower-rich meadows and pastures and at the edges of woodland. These butterflies are fond of basking together in groups and are then easy to find and to be observed. The female deposits its eggs on the flowerheads of Red Clover (Trifolium pratense), eating the unopened buds. The first instar caterpillar only feeds on buds and flowers, later stages also feed on leaves. The colours of the caterpillars are well adapted to their surroundings, with much pink in the first instar and the green in later stages. The caterpillars can hardly be seen while feeding on the foodplants. Ants of the genera Lasius and Camponotus attend the caterpillars. Depending on the altitude and position in the range, the Mazarine Blue has one to three generations a year. Habitats: mesophile grasslands (30%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (14%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (9%), mixed woodland (8%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (7%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (5%), dry siliceous grasslands (5%).","Although this species is widespread throughout a large part of Europe, it is sensitive to both intensified use of and abandonment (and subsequent shrub invasion) of grasslands","More research on distribution and ecology is needed. This is one of the butterflies that can be common also outside nature reserves. It benefits from proper management of semi-natural grasslands. The species will benefit from the establishment of areas of High Nature Value Farmland (Paracchini et al., 2008). The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Cyclyrius,webbianus,,Cyclyrius webbianus,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Restricted to the Canary Islands. Generally found from 200 to 2,500 m, although it has been recorded near the summit of Mount Teide on Tenerife at 3500 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to the Canary Islands.","The Canary Blue can be found amongst scrub on rocky places, that are mostly at low altitudes and also on waste ground near human settlements. The larvae feed on many plant species, such as Cytisus canariensis, Spartocytisus rubigenus, Lotus sessilifolius, L. hillebrandii, L. glaucus, Adenocarpus viscosus and Teline stenopetala. At low altitudes, this species produces many overlapping generations and can be seen throughout the year. It is not known how many generations are produced and what the diapause stage might be on sites at high altitudes, such as Mount Teide on Tenerife.Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.","Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.",This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level. But since it has a restricted global range. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored closely by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Danaus,chrysippus,,Danaus chrysippus,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Stable,"This species occurs in the south of Europe in coastal areas along the Mediterranean. It is probably resident from the southeast of France to the southwest of Italy, Serbia and west and southwest of Greece. It is also found on most of the large islands in the Mediterranean. There are temporary populations on the southern and eastern coasts of Spain; the difference between these and permanent populations is not clear. This is a strong migrant species, which is found on most continents. Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Plain Tiger occurs in coastal areas on warm, rocky places with scrub, on agricultural land and in gardens. The Plain Tiger can fly great distances and in this way can found new populations. The caterpillars feed on the milkweeds Asclepias curassavica and Cynachum procera, on Fuerteventura on Caralluma burchardii, a local native plant. It has several generations a year and does not hibernate. In areas with cold winters, populations can therefore only be temporary. It is difficult to establish whether the species is present as a resident the whole year, or as a migrant, only breeding in the summer. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (16%), phrygana (16%), improved grasslands (16%).",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Danaus,plexippus,,Danaus plexippus,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Stable,"This species is resident in coastal areas of the Canary Islands, except Lanzarote, and in the Malaga province in the south of Spain. In other areas, it is only a vagrant. It is a relatively new species for Europe. It was first reported from the Canary Islands in 1880, but the populations in the south of Spain were only discovered in 1980. Sea level-100 m. This is a strong migrant species, which is found on most continents. Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","There are only a few populations of the Monarch in Europe and these are in the south. However, in America it is famous for its migration behaviour and it can even be found as a rare visitor in the coastal areas of North-west Europe. The populations are situated in warm to very warm dry places, such as erosion gullies. The butterfly can also be seen in parks and gardens. The populations are usually small and surrounded by agricultural areas. In Spain, the eggs are laid on the milkweed Asclepias curassavica and on the Canary Islands also on the related Bristly-fruited Silkweed (Gomphocarpus fruticosus). The butterflies breed continually and may have several generations a year. The use of herbicides and insecticides and the burning of refuse are threatening them with extinction. Habitats: agricultural land and artificial landscapes (40%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (20%), scrub and grassland (20%), fallow land, waste places (20%).",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,aethiopella,,Erebia aethiopella,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs only in the alpine zone of southeast France and northwest Italy (from the Maritime Alps to the Hautes-Alpes and Cottian Alps). Found at altitudes between 1,800-2,400 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The False Mnestra Ringlet occurs on grassy slopes and near woods. The female lays its eggs on Festuca paniculata, a fescue that only occurs locally. As it is the only foodplant known, this accounts for the rare occurrence of this butterfly. The False Mnestra Ringlet is single-brooded and passes the winter as a caterpillar. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (33%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (33%), broad-leaved evergreen woodland (33%).","Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level. But since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,aethiops,,Erebia aethiops,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in moderately high and high mountains: Scotland and northwest England, France (Massif Central, Cévennes, east of France), southeast of Belgium (Famenne), via Germany and Poland to Latvia and via the north of Italy and the Balkans to the north of Greece. 400-2,000 m. Across central Russia to West Siberia and across the Caucasus to East Turkey. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in Europe, this species is local and restricted to areas with sufficient good quality habitat. It is reported extinct in Lithuania and Luxembourg. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia and United Kingdom (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Scotch Argus can be found in a wide variety of habitats. It inhabits flower-rich grasslands and grassy woodland clearings and can also be found on heathland, bogs and marshy areas with very open woodland. Many different grasses can be used as a foodplant, such as Purple Moor-grass (Molinea caerulea), Blue Moor-grass (Sesleria albicans), Tor-grass (Brachypodium pinnatum), Cock’s-foot (Dactylus glomerata), fescues (Festuca spp.), cat’s-tails (Phleum spp.), Sweet Vernal-grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum) and Quaking Grass (Briza media) and also sedges (Carex spp.). The caterpillar hibernates in the second or third larval instar. It pupates in the litter layer and is single-brooded. Habitats: coniferous woodland (20%), mixed woodland (18%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (14%), mesophile grasslands (12%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (10%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (8%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","In Hungary, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,alberganus,,Erebia alberganus,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs in the Alps from French Alps to Hohe Tauern in Austria and Dolomites in Italy. It is only found in the southern part of the Alps in Switzerland, it is also present in central Italy and is very rarely in Bulgaria (Stara Mountains.) and Serbia. Found at altitudes between 900-2,200 m. This is a European endemic species.",This species is widespread in the mountainous areas of Europe. It is reported extinct in FYR of Macedonia. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).,"The Almond-eyed Ringlet is found on sub-alpine grasslands and on, sometimes damp, grasslands, in woodland clearings or in the shelter of woods. The butterflies can often be seen on flowers, drinking nectar. On warm days, the males congregate to drink on damp patches. In the Alps, the caterpillars feed on Sheep's Fescue (Festuca ovina) and Sweet Vernal-grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum). They hibernate when half-grown and pupate at the end of the following spring. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (33%), mesophile grasslands (33%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (33%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"In Bulgaria, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,calcaria,,Erebia calcaria,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs only in the Alps in the border region of Italy, Slovenia and Austria (Venetian Alps, Julian Alps and Karavanke Mountains.). Found at altitudes between 1,350-2,000 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Lorkovic’s Brassy Ringlet inhabits southern exposed slopes with alpine grassland interspersed with rocks. These butterflies are only active when the sun is shining. They fly close to the ground, visiting flowers from time to time and spend much of their time on rocks, resting. The female deposits her eggs on dry grass stalks, just above the ground. The caterpillars feed on Mat-grass (Nardus stricta) and on different fescues (Festuca spp.). Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (50%), screes (25%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (25%).","Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","The species is listed on the Habitats Directive Annexes 2 and 4 and Bern Convention Annex 2. In Slovenia, the species only occurs in protected areas. In Austria, none of the populations are in Natura 2,000 areas.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,cassioides,,Erebia cassioides,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Decreasing,"Scattered occurrence in several mountainous regions of Europe: Spain (Cantabrian Mountains., Pyrenees), France (Pyrenees, Massif Central and the western and eastern Alps), central Italy, Romania (Carpathians), Bulgaria (Rila and Pirin Mountains.) and in the mountains of Serbia, Albania and Bosnia. Found at altitudes between 1,600-2,600 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Strong declines in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Romania. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Common Brassy Ringlet occurs on dry, grassy slopes, rocky slopes with patches of grassy vegetation and scree. The female lays its eggs on dry stalks of grass, close to the ground. Its foodplants are various fescues (Festuca spp.). The caterpillars hibernate in the first or second larval instar and pupate the following year between June and August. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (58%), screes (25%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (16%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","In Bulgaria, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but in countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,christi,,Erebia christi,,,Yes,VU,"B2ab(iii,v)",No,VU,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU27,,This endemic and local species is restricted to the border area of Switzerland and Italy. The species is known from seven locations and is reported to be declining in Italy. It is therefore listed as Vulnerable.,Decreasing,"The species occurs in a very small area in the southern part of the Simplon in Switzerland and Italy. In all, there are five locations known in Switzerland in an area of 10 x 10 km² and only two in Italy. It occurs between 1,600-1,900 m elevation. This is a European endemic species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. A strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% has been reported from Italy (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe). In Switzerland, in the 1980s, road building destroyed some of the largest subpopulations. After that there is no information on the trend in Switzerland.","Rätzer’s Ringlet is found on steep, sunny slopes on acid soil with patches of grassy vegetation and rocks and scattered larch or fir trees. It is one of the rarest European butterflies, with not more than six or seven populations. The butterflies often bask in the sun with their wings wide open. The males congregate regularly on damp ground. The females visit different nectar plants and are especially fond of thyme. They lay their eggs on the dry grass stems of Sheep's Fescue (Festuca ovina). Before completing their development, the caterpillars hibernate twice. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.","The species is mainly threatened by habitat destruction. The species is popular with collectors, but there is no evidence to determine whether this is contributing to its decline.","The species is listed on the Habitats Directive Annexes 2 and 4 and Bern Convention Annex 2. More research is needed on the distribution and ecology of the species. Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. In Italy, not all populations are in the European Natura 2000 networking programme areas.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,claudina,,Erebia claudina,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,A2c,EU27,,"This is a very local Alpine species. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 20,000km² and the species is reported to be declining. As none of the other criteria are met, this species is considered Near Threatened.",Decreasing,"This species occurs only in the mountains of central Austria (in an area of approximately 4,000 km²) from Mallnitz to the Saualpe in Carinthia. It occurs mostly between 1,600-1,900 m elevation. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The White Speck Ringlet owes its name to the row of small white spots on the underside of the hind-wings of both the males and females. This Erebia is mostly found near the tree-line on flower-rich grasslands with scattered trees, or along sunny edges of woods. Foodplants are various grasses, especially Tufted Hair-grass (Deschampsia cespitosa). It probably takes two years to develop from egg to butterfly. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (100%).","Some populations are threatened by the abandonment of Alpine pastures. Furthermore, building activities related to ski tourism may harm the remaining populations.",More research is needed on the distribution and ecology of the species. Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,cyclopius,,Erebia cyclopius,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Unknown,"This species occurs from the Northern Urals across Siberia, north of Mongolia and north. China to North Korea (Tuzov, 1997). Up to 2,000 m. Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This species occurs on grassy forest places and edges, flowery hills and rocky slopes with meadow and steppe vegetation (Tshikolovets, 2003). Habitats: humid grasslands and tall herb communities (50%), mixed woodland (50%).",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,dabanensis,,Erebia dabanensis,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Unknown,"This species occurs from the Sayan Mountains and the Polar Urals across Siberia to the Chukot Peninsula, Kamchatka. Up to 2,500 m (Tuzov 2,000, Gordunov 2001). Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This Erebia species occurs on lowland meadows and stony slopes with sparse vegetation. It can also be found on mountain tundra between 1,000 and 2,500 m might. The larval foodplants are probably different species of fescues (Festuca spp.). There is one generation a year (Tuzov, 2,000; Gordunov, 2001). Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,disa,,Erebia disa,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs north of 65° N in Norway, Sweden and Finland. 350-500 m. Across the northern areas of Eurasia to the north of Mongolia and the north of China; also in North America. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Sweden (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","Just like the Lapland Ringlet (E. embla), the Arctic Ringlet is a marsh butterfly, but the two species do not overlap, the Arctic Ringlet avoiding lowland marshes. It occurs above 350 m altitude, on open marshes in woods, namely marshes with a low cover of grasses and sedges without trees or bushes, although surrounded by birch trees. It also occurs at lakesides and near small streams and is also seen in woodland clearings in its search for nectar. Its foodplants are grasses. It takes two years for the egg to develop into a butterfly. Habitats: raised bogs (33%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (16%), fens, transition mires and springs (16%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (16%), mixed woodland (16%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,discoidalis,,Erebia discoidalis,,,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat. This species is absent from the EU27 member states.",Unknown,"This species occurs from the most northeastern part of European Russia, through the northernmost parts of Asia to North America and in the mountains of central and East Asia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This butterfly can be found on swamps and grassy places with scrubs and small forests (Tshikolovets, 2003). Habitats: humid grasslands and tall herb communities (50%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (50%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,No conservation actions are needed for this species.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,edda,,Erebia edda,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Unknown,"This species occurs from the Urals through the temperate part of central and East Asia to Sakhalin and North Korea (Tshikolovets, 2003). Up to 2,500 m. Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This species occurs on forest edges and flowery slopes (Tuzov, 1997), open places in coniferous and mixed forests (Tshikolovets, 2003). Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,embla,,Erebia embla,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"The species occurs in Sweden and Norway north of 60° N, scattered over Finland and very rarely in Estonia and Latvia. 100-400 m. Across Middle and South Siberia to Kamchatka, North Mongolia and North Korea. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Latvia. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Finland and Sweden (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Lapland Ringlet inhabits bogs and marshes with sedges and grasses and scattered groups of willows and myrtle. The marshes are often situated in coniferous or birch woods. Its foodplants are probably sedges (Carex spp.), Tufted Hair-grass (Deschampsia cespitosa) and Bog Hair-grass (D. setacea). These butterflies are difficult to find because they are shy and always occur in low numbers. Also, their habitat is very inaccessible. The development of the Lapland Ringlet from egg to butterfly takes two years. Habitats: raised bogs (42%), fens, transition mires and springs (14%), mixed woodland (14%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (14%), coniferous woodland (14%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,epiphron,,Erebia epiphron,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Decreasing,"Occurs in several separate areas: in Spain (Cantabrian Mountains., Sierra de la Demanda, Sierra de Gistral (Lugo), Sierra de Cebollera), the Pyrenees, Andorra, France (Massif Central, Cévennes, Auvergne and Vosges), the whole alpine area from France to Slovenia, Czech Republic (Sudeten), Slovakia and Poland (Tatra), Romania (Carpathians, Retezat Mountains), Serbia, FYR of Macedonia (Sar Planina, Jakupica Planina, Pelister Massif), Albania, northwest Greece (Varnous Mountains), northwest England (Cumbrian Mountains), Scotland (Perthshire). In the Alps 1,200-2,400 m, in England and Scotland above 500 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in the Republic of Ireland and Ukraine. Strong declines in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Romania. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Serbia, United Kingdom (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Mountain Ringlet inhabits mountainous areas that are snow-covered in winter. It is found on damp grasslands and rough vegetation, often in the shelter of a slope or woodland edge. The female lays its eggs on various grasses and sedges, including fescues (Festuca spp.), Mat-grass (Nardus stricta) and Heath-grass (Danthonia decumbens). The caterpillar hibernates twice. It completes the first larval instar before hibernating the first time. By the end of the summer it reaches the fourth instar before hibernating again. The following year, it pupates in summer and the butterfly emerges. The Mountain Ringlet is a very variable butterfly with many local and regional sub-species and forms. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (64%), heath and scrub (16%), dry siliceous grasslands (8%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","In Croatia, Slovakia and the Czech Republic, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but in countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,epistygne,,Erebia epistygne,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"The Climatic Risk Atlas (Settele et al., 2008) calculates a possible decline of more than 98% of the climate envelope between 1980 and 2080 based on the most pessimistic of the three climate change models used (GRAS-scenario). The species might be endangered in the long term by climate change. This species is classified as Near Threatened because (i) observed rates of CO² emissions and temperature increases already exceed those foreseen in the worst-case scenario models, (ii) it is appropriate to take a precautionary approach and (iii) a decline in the population is already observed.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in Southeast France (from Languedoc to Provence and the French Alps) and Spain (in the foothills of the eastern Pyrenees and in mountainous areas in the centre, near Guadalajara, Cuenca and Teruel). In France, it occurs between 450-1,500 m elevation, in Spain 900-1,500 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from France (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Spring Ringlet appears in the early spring in grassy, rocky clearings in open woodland. The Spanish populations in the Montes Universales occur in clearings or on level ground in light pinewoods on calcareous soil, on short, grassy vegetation with low shrubs and scattered rocks. The main foodplant is Sheep's-fescue (Festuca ovina), but other fescues and meadow-grasses (Poa species) have also been named as foodplants. The Spring Ringlet has one generation a year. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (50%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (50%).",Abandonment of semi-natural grasslands is a threat to this butterfly. Furthermore in the long term climate change might have a large impact on this species.,More research is needed on the distribution and ecology of the species. The species should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,eriphyle,,Erebia eriphyle,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Decreasing,"Occurs locally only in the Alps: in Switzerland in the Northern Alps and Engadin, Italy in the Ortler Alps and Dolomites, Germany in the Allgäuer Alps and in Austria as far east as the Rax mountains. Found at altitudes between 1,200-2250 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Eriphyle Ringlet occurs locally in the Alps and is one of the smaller ringlets. It is a characteristic species of the north-facing slopes, occurring on rough, herbaceous vegetation in the alpine and sub-alpine zones, where there are plenty of alder (Alnus spp.) saplings. They are often found in places where the conspicuous plants Adenostyles alliariae and Masterwort (Peucedanum ostruthium) are growing. It uses Sweet-Vernal-grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum) and Tufted Hair-grass (Deschampsia cespitosa) as foodplants. Some of the caterpillars leave the egg before the winter, but most of them hibernate in the egg and emerge in spring, when they all start feeding on grasses. In autumn, they hibernate again and moult twice before pupating at the end of May. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (100%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but in countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,euryale,,Erebia euryale,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in many mountainous regions in Europe: the Cantabrian Mts., Pyrenees, Massif Central, Jura, Alps (from the French Alps to the Julian and Austrian Alps), central Italy, Bohemian Forest, Sudeten, Tatra, Carpathians, the north of Europe from Finland to the Ural Mts. and in Southeast Europe, the Dinarian Alps and mountains of Albania, FYR of Macedonia, Bulgaria and the north of Greece. 750-2,500 m. It is also found on Asian side of the Ural Mts. The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents.","Although widespread in Europe, this species is local and restricted to areas with sufficient habitat of good quality. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Germany and Romania (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Large Ringlet occurs in open woodland, in grassy clearings in woods and above the tree-line on grassland with rather tall vegetation. In the Jura Mountains, these butterflies can be found at the edge of raised bogs and at an altitude of 1,000 m, also in light, damp woods. The Greek populations also seem to prefer damp places. Both the males and females visit flowers for their nectar and the males can often be seen drinking on damp ground or on dung. Various grasses are used as foodplant, including Blue Moor-grass (Sesleria albicans), Wood Meadow-grass (Poa nemoralis), Red Fescue (Festuca rubra), Sheep's-fescue (F. ovina), Calamagrostis varia and also sedges (Carex spp.). It takes two years for the development from egg to butterfly. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (40%), coniferous woodland (21%), mixed woodland (18%), heath and scrub (9%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (6%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,fasciata,,Erebia fasciata,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Unknown,"This species can be found from Northeast Europe through the northernmost parts of Asia to America (Tshikolovets, 2003). Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","It is found in lowland and mountain tundras (Tuzov, 1997). Habitats: mixed woodland (33%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (33%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (33%).",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,flavofasciata,,Erebia flavofasciata,,,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"This is an Alpine species. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 20,000km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km². Furthermore the species is declining. As the species is not severely fragmented, the number of locations is probably more than 10 and the species is not known to fluctuate, it is considered as Near Threatened.",Stable,"This species occurs locally between 2,200-2,600 m elevation in a limited part of the Alps: in southeastern Switzerland (Engadin and Ticino Alps) and in neighbouring parts of the Italian and Austrian Alps. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","Even before it settles, the Yellow-banded Ringlet can be recognized by the conspicuous yellowish band on the underside of the hind-wing. The butterflies occur above the tree-line on steep, sunny slopes. They can often be seen taking nectar in grasslands with rather tall, flower-rich vegetation. However, females lay their eggs in shorter, grassy area, settling low down in the vegetation and releasing eggs one by one onto the ground. The caterpillars feed on Sheep's Fescue (Festuca ovina) and go into hibernation twice. Habitats include alpine and subalpine grasslands (100%).","This species has a restricted global range. Although the species is reported to be declining in Switzerland, no direct threats are known.",More research is needed on the distribution and ecology of the species. Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,gorge,,Erebia gorge,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Decreasing,"The species occurs in many mountainous areas in Europe: in the Cantabrian Mountains (Spain), the Pyrenees, the Alps, central Italy, Velebit Mountains. (Croatia), Dinarian Alps (Bosnia), mountains of southern Serbia, south of Albania and southwest of Bulgaria, Carpathians (Romania) and the Tatra (Poland / Slovakia). Found at an altitude between 1,600-3,000 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Ukraine. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria and Romania (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Silky Ringlet can be found on screes, sunny, rocky slopes and dry grasslands with scattered rocks. The butterflies often bask in the sun on stones, but, with their wings closed, they are hardly noticeable. They are rarely seen visiting flowers. The caterpillars are found on fescues (Festuca spp.), Alpine Meadow-grass (Poa alpina), P. minor and Blue Moor-grass (Sesleria albicans). The caterpillars take two years to develop. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (47%), screes (33%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (9%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","In Bulgaria, Slovakia, Croatia and Poland, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but in countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,gorgone,,Erebia gorgone,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs in the Pyrenees between 1,500 and 2,500m; in Spain particularly, at altitudes higher than 2,000 m in the central part of the Pyrenees. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Gavarnie Ringlet is found on screes with patches of grassy vegetation and on steep, grassy slopes. Meadow-grasses (Poa spp.) are the main foodplants. It hibernates as a caterpillar. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (66%), screes (33%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,hispania,,Erebia hispania,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining with more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs in Spain in the Sierra Nevada (between altitudes of 1,800-2,700 m). This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Spanish Brassy Ringlet inhabits alpine grasslands, grassy slopes with bushes, grassy rocky slopes and screes on both calcareous and non-calcareous soils. This species only occurs locally, but sometimes in large numbers. Its foodplants are various fescues (Festuca spp.) and meadow-grasses (Poa spp.). The caterpillars hibernate, pupating the following spring. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (66%), screes (33%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"In Spain, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,jeniseiensis,,Erebia jeniseiensis,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Unknown,"This species occurs in the northeasternmost part of the European Russia and in the northern parts of Central and East Asia (Tshikolovets, 2003). Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This butterfly can be found on tundras, grassy scrubs, meadows and open coniferous forests (Tshikolovets, 2003). Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,lefebvrei,,Erebia lefebvrei,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs only in the Cantabrian Mountains (Picos de Europa), Sierra de la Demanda and the Pyrenees. Found between altitudes of 1,700-3,000 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The dark-coloured Lefèbvre’s Ringlet is mostly found on open, rocky slopes with patches of grassy vegetation, often on calcareous soil. Various fescues and meadow-grasses are used as foodplant, such as Sheep's Fescue (Festuca ovina), F. paniculata, Alpine Meadow-grass (Poa alpina) and Smooth Meadow-grass (P. pratensis). It hibernates as a caterpillar and has one generation a year. Habitats: screes (66%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (33%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,ligea,,Erebia ligea,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species has a divided distribution range. The northern part consists of Scandinavia, Denmark and the Baltic States; the southern part comprises eastern France (Vosges to Alpes Maritimes, Massif Central), eastern Belgium, central Germany, south of Poland, the Balkans and the north of Greece (Rhodope Mts., Vermion Mts., Varnous Mts.). In Italy it only occurs in the Alps and Apennines. It is absent from the Pyrenees and Iberian Peninsula. In Central Europe above 500 m and in Scandinavia from sea level but in all places well below the tree-line. This species occurs in the forest zone of the entire Palearctic Region. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Latvia, Romania and Sweden (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Arran Brown occurs in sheltered, grassy, flower-rich places in woodland. These places are usually rather damp and shady. The female deposits its eggs on the withered blades of various grasses, including cock's-foots (Dactylus spp.), hair-grasses (Deschampsia spp.), fescues (Festuca spp.) and Heath-grass (Danthonia decumbens). Sedges (Carex spp.) are also used. The egg hibernates and the following year, the caterpillar feeds and grows and in the last larval instar hibernates again. In summer, the caterpillar pupates. The Arran Brown has one generation a year, but the life cycle takes two years to complete. Habitats: coniferous woodland (28%), mixed woodland (26%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (19%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (11%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","In Hungary, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,manto,,Erebia manto,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Decreasing,"In Spain in the Picos de Europa, in the French and Spanish Pyrenees from Pto de Somport to the Col du Tourmalet, Pto de Benasque and Pic Carlit. Further in France, in the Massif Central on the Plomb du Cantal and Mont Dore, locally in the Maritime Alps and from NE Isère to Haute-Savoie and the Vosges. From the Central Alps to the Julian Alps, Tatra and Fatra (Slovakia), Carpathians (Romania) and on the Durmitor (Montenegro). It is also found in Bosnia, on Vlasic Pl., Vranica Pl. and Jahorina Pl. In the sub-alpine zone, preferably found at altitudes between 1,200-1,900 m, occasionally 2,400 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Strong declines in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Romania, Ukraine. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, France and Slovakia (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Yellow-spotted Ringlet is a species of cool and cold conditions. Above the tree-line it occurs on open mountain meadows and below it inhabits damp, flower-rich grasslands and woodland glades. The female deposits her eggs one at a time on the blades of various grasses, such as fescues (Festuca spp.) and cat’s-tails (Phleum spp.). It hibernates twice, the first time as an egg or a tiny caterpillar, without having fed at all. During the next summer, the caterpillar develops as far as the penultimate stage and then hibernates again. It pupates in the following summer. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (68%), heath and scrub (12%), dry siliceous grasslands (6%), coniferous woodland (6%), broad-leaved evergreen woodland (6%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","In Romania, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but in countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,medusa,,Erebia medusa,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This is a Central and East European species. It occurs from east and central France (Cher and Allier to Ardennes and Savoie) via the southeast of Belgium, north of Germany and of Poland eastwards. It is also found from the north of Italy via the Balkans to the north of Greece and the area in between. Above 400 m in the Ardennes, up to 2,200 m in the Alps. It is also present in Asia Minor, the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, the Urals and S Siberia, the north of China and the north of Mongolia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. It is reported extinct in Belarus and Turkey (European part). Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Luxembourg and Romania. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Slovakia and Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Woodland Ringlet occurs in many different biotopes. It can be found on damp, flower-rich grasslands and rough vegetation near or in woodland, in marshes, but also on calcareous grasslands. Its foodplants are various grasses, such as Purple Moor-grass (Molinea caerulea), fescues (Festuca spp.), Tor-grass (Brachypodium pinnatum), Upright Brome (Bromus erectus) and Wood Millet (Milium effusum) and also sedges (Carex spp.). The caterpillar is active at night and mostly hibernates when half-grown, but at very high altitudes it may hibernate twice. It pupates in the litter layer and usually has one generation a year. However, the development from egg to butterfly may take one or two years. Habitats: coniferous woodland (16%), mixed woodland (16%), mesophile grasslands (14%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (11%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (11%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (9%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (6%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,melampus,,Erebia melampus,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs in the Alps from the Maritime Alps to East Austria, at altitudes 800 - 2,400 m, but most populations occur at 1,600 – 2,000 m. This is a European endemic species.",This species is widespread in the mountainous areas of Europe. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).,"The Lesser Mountain Ringlet occurs in many different biotopes. It can be found on wet grasslands, pastures and meadows, on dry, nutrient-nutrient-poor grasslands in open woodland, on dry grasslands with bracken and above the tree-line on alpine grasslands. Because of the wide choice in biotope, this butterfly is common throughout the Alps. In the time up to hibernation, the caterpillars feed during the day. After hibernating, they are only active at night. They can be found on Wood Meadow-grass (Poa nemoralis), Sweet Vernal-grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum) and Sheep's Fescue (Festuca ovina). The development from egg to butterfly takes one year. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (66%), mesophile grasslands (16%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (16%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but in countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,melas,,Erebia melas,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Decreasing,"Occurs in many southeastern European mountainous regions: in the south of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, southwest and east of Serbia, north of Albania, FYR of Macedonia, Romania (including the Carpathians), southwest and central Bulgaria and in Greece. Found at altitudes between 900-2,800 m, usually over 1,500 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Strong declines in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Romania. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Slovenia (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Black Ringlet can be found on rocky slopes with patches of grassy vegetation, in dry and sub-alpine and alpine grasslands and sometimes in clearings in coniferous woods. The butterflies fly close to the ground, often resting with wings wide open. The caterpillars feed on Sheeps-fescue (Festuca ovina) and possibly other grasses. The Black Ringlet has one generation a year and hibernates in the larval stage. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (30%), coniferous woodland (30%), screes (20%), mesophile grasslands (10%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (10%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but in countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,meolans,,Erebia meolans,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs in separate mountainous areas in Spain (Sierra de Bejar, S. de Gredos, S. de Guadarrama, S. de la Demanda, Cantabrian Mts. and Pyrenees), France (Pyrenees, Massif Central, Jura and Vosges), Switzerland, south of Germany, Liechtenstein, west of Austria, central Italy (Alps and Apennines). Absent from the Carpathians, Tatra and mountains of the Balkans. 600-2,300 m. This is a European endemic species.",This species is widespread in the mountainous areas of Europe. Strong declines in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Austria. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Germany (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).,"The Piedmont Ringlet occurs on a variety of grassy places in and near woods. The female lays its eggs on many different grasses, including fescues (Festuca spp.), Wavy Hair-grass (Deschampsia flexuosa), Mat-grass (Nardus stricta) and several species of bent (Agrostis spp.). At very high altitudes, when the caterpillars are half-grown, they hibernate in the litter layer. They may hibernate twice before pupating deep down in the vegetation. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (54%), mesophile grasslands (18%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (9%), heath and scrub (9%), coniferous woodland (9%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but in countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,mnestra,,Erebia mnestra,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs in the Alps from France via the south of Switzerland to the Salzburger Alps in Austria. Found at altitudes of 1,400-2,600 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Strong declines in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Austria (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","Mnestra’s Ringlet occurs on sub-alpine and alpine grasslands, especially dry grasslands on steep, sunny slopes. The butterflies are seldom seen on flowers, drinking nectar. The female lays its eggs close to the ground on dry stalks of grass. The plain green caterpillars have been found on fescues (Festuca spp.) and also on Blue Moor-grass (Sesleria albicans). They hibernate twice. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (100%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but in countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,montana,,Erebia montana,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs in several mountainous areas: in the Alps from the Ligurian Alps and French Alps to Tirol (Brenner Pass) and the Dolomites, the Apuan Alps, north and mid-Apennines. Found at altitudes of 1,100-2,500 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Marbled Ringlet is mainly found on warm, rocky slopes with patches of grassy vegetation in flower-rich grasslands and occasionally in woods, for the most part on limestone. When the butterflies settle on stones or on the ground with their wings closed, they are hardly noticeable. However, they can be seen visiting flowers, which they do regularly. The caterpillars hibernate in the first larval instar and in spring begin feeding on fescues (Festuca spp.), or on Mat-grass (Nardus stricta). The caterpillars have been found on the larger tussocks growing in the shelter of rocks. They pupate in June or July. Habitats: inland cliffs and exposed rocks (50%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (25%), screes (25%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but in countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,neoridas,,Erebia neoridas,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs in Spain (the Pyrenees, particularly in the East), in large parts of Southeast France (eastern Pyrenees, Massif Central, Provence, the French Alps) and in Italy (the western Alps, Apuan Alps and central Apennines). Found at altitudes between 500-1,600 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Autumn Ringlet occurs in woodland clearings and on grassy vegetation with scattered bushes. The caterpillars feed on different grasses, such as Crab-grass (Digitaria sanguinalis), Alpine Meadow-Grass (Poa alpina), Smooth Meadow-grass (Poa pratensis), Annual Meadow-grass (P. annua), Sheep's-fescue (Festuca ovina) and Meadow Fescue (F. pratensis). This species is single-brooded and hibernates as a caterpillar. Habitats: mesophile grasslands (33%), coniferous woodland (33%), screes (33%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,nivalis,,Erebia nivalis,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Decreasing,"Scattered occurrence in the Alps: central Switzerland (only near Grindelwald), northeast of Italy (in two widely separated areas, Val di Vizze and Monte Peralba in the Carnic Alps) and Austria (from the Brenner Pass to the Niedere Tauern. Found at altitudes between 2,100-2,600 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","De Lesse’s Brassy Ringlet occurs above the tree-line on sunny, rocky, steep open slopes with patches of grassy vegetation. The caterpillars are found on Festuca quadriflora and take nearly two years to develop. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (33%), screes (33%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (33%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but in countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,oeme,,Erebia oeme,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Decreasing,"Occurs in several mountainous regions in South and Central Europe: the Pyrenees, Massif Central, Jura, the Alps (French, central Swiss, East Italian, Bavarian, Austrian and Julian Alps) and in the Balkans from western Croatia to the north of Greece. Mostly found at altitudes of 1,500-2,000 m, sometimes 300-2,600 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Bright-eyed Ringlet is often found on damp to wet grasslands, sometimes with lots of sedges in the vegetation. However, it also occurs on dry grasslands, rocky slopes and in woodland clearings. The grass in some of these habitats may be quite tall. Several different foodplants are known, including sedges (Carex spp.), rushes (Juncus spp.), Purple Moor-grass (Molinea caerulea), Quaking Grass (Briza media), Red Fescue (Festuca rubra) and meadow-grasses (Poa spp.). The caterpillars take one or two years to develop, depending on the altitude of the breeding ground. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (62%), heath and scrub (18%), mesophile grasslands (12%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (6%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but in countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,orientalis,,Erebia orientalis,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs only in Bulgaria (in Stara Planina., Rila and Pirin Mountains) and Serbia. Found at altitudes of 1,800-2,600 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This Erebia occurs in sub-alpine and alpine grasslands, often near woodland. It has one generation a year. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (75%), mixed woodland (25%).","Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","In Serbia, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level. But since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,ottomana,,Erebia ottomana,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs locally in the south of Europe: in France in the southeast of the Massif Central (Ardèche, Cévennes), in northeast Italy (vicinity Lago di Garda) and in Southeast Europe from the southwestern part of Croatia, the south of Bosnia and of Serbia to central Greece. 800-2,600 m (mostly 1,400-2,000 m). It is also found in Asian Turkey. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","In the mountains, the Ottoman Brassy Ringlet occurs on slopes and level ground with grassy vegetation. At lower altitudes, it is found in woodland clearings. The caterpillars feed on Sheep's-fescue (Festuca ovina) and other fine-leaved grasses. It has one generation a year. Habitats: coniferous woodland (33%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (22%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (11%), dry siliceous grasslands (11%), mesophile grasslands (11%), screes (11%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,palarica,,Erebia palarica,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Restricted to the Cantabrian mountains in the northwest of Spain. Found at altitudes of 1,000 - 1,700 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This large ringlet is found in grassy vegetation with scattered bushes, such as broom (Cytisus spp.) and Tree Heath (Erica arborea), on acid soils. The caterpillars feed on meadow-grasses (Poa spp.) and fescues (Festuca spp.). Chapman's Ringlet is single-brooded. It is not known in which stage hibernation takes place. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (50%), mesophile grasslands (50%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,pandrose,,Erebia pandrose,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species has a scattered occurrence in Europe: the eastern Pyrenees, the Alps, central Apennines, mountainous areas of the southwestern Balkans, the Carpathians and Tatra and in the north of Europe in Norway, west of Sweden and north of Finland. In central Europe 1,600-3100 m, in South Scandinavia 900-1,200 m and in Lapland from sea level. It is also found in the mountains of the south of Siberia and Mongolia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria and Romania (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","Within its range the Dewy Ringlet is one of the more common Erebias. In Scandinavia, it is mostly found in damp places where grass and bushes are growing, often near small streams and in more mountainous areas on grassy slopes. In Central Europe, the butterflies occur on stony, alpine meadows with a vegetation of short grasses and dwarf shrubs. These butterflies have a characteristic, undulating flight. This gives the impression that they are not using their hindwings and are just about to fall to the ground. The female lays its eggs on different grasses, such as fescues (Festuca spp.), meadow-grasses (Poa spp.), Blue Moor-grass (Sesleria albicans), or Mat-grass (Nardus stricta). In most parts of its range, the caterpillars hibernate twice. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (66%), heath and scrub (16%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"In Slovakia, Bulgaria and Poland, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,pharte,,Erebia pharte,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Decreasing,"The species occurs in Europe in mountainous areas in the Alps, the Tatra and the Carpathians. Found at altitudes between 1,000-2,500 m, mostly 1,400-1,900 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Strong declines in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Romania. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","This Ringlet owes its rather odd name to the absence of eye-spots on both surfaces of the wings. The Blind Ringlet occurs both on dry and damp grasslands, especially where the vegetation is tall and in grassy places at the edge of woodland. Above the tree-line, they occur mainly on dry vegetation. They have various foodplants, depending on the habitat. In dry places, the caterpillars can be found on Mat-grass (Nardus stricta), Festuca quadriflora and Sheep's Fescue (F. ovina) and in damper places in the shade on Red Fescue (F. rubra), Glaucous Sedge (Carex flacca) and C. ferruginea. The caterpillar hibernates twice, pupating at the end of May between spun grass stalks. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (87%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (12%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","In Slovakia, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but in countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,pluto,,Erebia pluto,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs in the Alps from French Alps to Hohe Tauern and Dachstein Mts. in Austria and Julian Alps in Slovenia, also in central Italy. Found at altitudes of 1,800-3,000 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Sooty Ringlet is a butterfly of mountainous areas with everlasting snows and glaciers. It occurs high up, on steep screes and moraines, breeding on patches with a mosaic of sparse vegetation and small stones. The female deposits the pale-coloured eggs on mostly light-coloured stones. Once the caterpillar has emerged from the egg, it sometimes has to travel some distance before finding one of the grasses it uses as a foodplant. Caterpillars have been found on the fescues Festuca halleri and F. quadriflora, as well as on Annual Meadow-grass (Poa annua). The caterpillars take two or possibly three years to develop. Habitats: screes (40%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (40%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (20%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","In Slovenia, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but in countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,polaris,,Erebia polaris,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs at the edge of the Arctic Ocean in extreme north ofNorway and bordering part of Finland. Sea level -200 m, sometimes to 400 m. It is furthermore present sporadically to the southern Urals. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Arctic Woodland Ringlet is often found on damp grasslands, but it also occurs on dry grasslands and in waste places, often where there is shelter from birches, or juniper bushes. Unlike the other ringlets in Lapland, the Arctic Ringlet (E. disa) and the Lapland Ringlet (E. embla), this species does not occur on peat bogs. It lays its eggs on Wood Millet (Milium effusum) and Swamp Meadow-grass (Poa palustris). The caterpillars take nearly two years to develop. Habitats: dry siliceous grasslands (100%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,The species is listed on the Habitats Directive Annex 2 (under the name Erebia medusa polaris).,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,pronoe,,Erebia pronoe,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Decreasing,"Occurs only in Europe, in several mountainous regions: Cantabrian Mountains, the Pyrenees, the Alps (from France to Austria and Slovenia), the Jura, Tatra, Fatra (Czech Republic), Carpathians and in the Balkans, the Dinarian Alps, Stara Planina (Romania), Rila Mountains (Bulgaria) and the mountains of FYR of Macedonia and Albania. 900-2,500m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Ukraine. Strong declines in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Romania. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Slovakia (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Water Ringlet is found especially on flower-rich grasslands, rocky, grassy slopes and near woodland. The female usually deposits her eggs close to the ground, on dry stalks of grass. The caterpillars feed on Sheep's Fescue (Festuca ovina), F. quadriflora and various meadow-grasses (Poa spp.). The caterpillars hibernate in the first larval instar and pupate in June or July of the following year. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (50%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (18%), heath and scrub (13%), screes (9%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","In Croatia, Poland and Slovakia, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but in countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,rhodopensis,,Erebia rhodopensis,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs very locally in the mountains of southeast Europe: in Serbia, west of FYR of Macedonia, southeast and central Bulgaria and north of Greece. Found at altitudes of 1,800-2,600 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Nicholl’s Ringlet is mainly found on sub-alpine and alpine grasslands, where the butterflies fly close to the vegetation. They are sometimes seen near woods. It has one generation a year. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (40%), coniferous woodland (40%), mesophile grasslands (20%).","Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","In Bulgaria and Serbia, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level. But since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,rondoui,,Erebia rondoui,,This species was recently split from Spanish Brassy Ringlet (E. hispania).,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"This species, which was recently split from Spanish Brassy Ringlet (E. hispania), is known only from the Pyrenees, including Andorra, from altitudes of 1,650-2,300 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This species occurs on rocky grassy slopes and alpine meadows. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (66%), screes (33%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level. But since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,rossii,,Erebia rossii,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Unknown,"This species occurs in the northern Urals and the polar tundras of European Russia and in the arctic parts of Asia and North America and the mountains of Central and East Asia (Tshikolovets, 2003). Up to 2,000 m. Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This species can be found on tundras and swamps. Its hostplants are Carex spp. (Tshikolovets, 2003). Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (50%), mesophile grasslands (50%).",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,scipio,,Erebia scipio,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs in the southeast of France (from Drôme and Vaucluse to the French Alps) and in the bordering Italian Alps. Found at altitudes of 1,400-2,500 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.",The Larche Ringlet inhabits steep screes and rocky slopes of limestone with sparse grassy vegetation. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.,This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level. Research is needed on its ecology and habitat.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,sthennyo,,Erebia sthennyo,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs only in the central Spanish and French Pyrenees. Found at altitudes of 1,800-2,700 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The False Dewy Ringlet looks very like the Dewy Ringlet (E. pandrose) but, as far as it is known, the two species do not occur in the same habitat type. This species mostly occurs on steep, rocky slopes with patches of grassy vegetation. The caterpillars feed on various meadow-grasses (Poa spp.) and fescues (Festuca spp.). It has one generation a year has one generation a year and hibernates in the larval stage. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (50%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (25%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (25%).","Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level. But since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,stiria,,Erebia stiria,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs in the southeastern Alps, from southern foothills of Monte Baldo and Dolomites in Italy, southern Austrian Alps, via the Julian Alps and Karavanke Mountains to the west and southwest of Croatia. Found at altitudes between 300-1,800 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Strong declines in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Austria (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Styrian Ringlet is found mostly on rocky limestone slopes with patches of grassy vegetation and on scree. The caterpillars feed on various grasses, such as Blue Moor-grass (Sesleria albicans) and Alpine Meadow-grass (Poa alpina). The Styrian Ringlet is single-brooded. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (40%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (40%), screes (20%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but in countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,styx,,Erebia styx,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Decreasing,"Occurs in the eastern Alps: from Ticino (Monte Generoso) in Switzerland and the Dolomites (Italy) to the Julian Alps (Slovenia) and northwards to the Allgäuer Alps (Germany) and Karwendel Mountains (Austria). Found at altitudes between 600-2,200 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Strong declines in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Austria (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Stygian Ringlet occurs on warm, steep, rocky slopes with grassy vegetation and sometimes scattered bushes, often on limestone. Its foodplant is Blue Moor-grass (Sesleria albicans). In Switzerland, it takes two years for the egg to develop into a butterfly. The tiny caterpillar goes into hibernation immediately after leaving the egg, only starting to feed the next spring. In autumn, they again hibernate, pupating in June or July of the following year. In other areas at lower altitudes, they can complete their life cycle in one year. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (33%), screes (33%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (33%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but in countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,sudetica,,Erebia sudetica,,,Yes,VU,A2c,No,VU,A2c,EU27,,"This is a local species with scattered populations in Europe. Population declines have been reported in Switzerland and Romania. In Romania there are two distinct populations: a large one in the Eastern Carpathians (Rodna) and one in the Southern Carpathians (Retezat), which seems to be on the brink of extinction. In Poland the situation is unclear, and it is not known if the species maintains a resident population at the moment. It is considered that both in Europe and the EU-27 countries the species has declined by more than 30%. Therefore it is classified as Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"This is a European species that occurs very locally in widely separated areas: in France in the Massif Central (Monts du Cantal) and the Alps (Savoie and Isère), in central Switzerland (Grindelwald), in Czech Republic (Sudeten) and in Romania in three places in the Carpathians. Its elevational range is 1,200-2,000 m. This is a European endemic species.","The Sudeten Ringlet is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Poland. Strong declines in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Romania. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Switzerland. Populations are more or less stable in France. In Czech Republic, there is a (quite strong) range decline, but the population size appears to be stable (Eionet 2010).","The Sudeten Ringlet occurs on alpine and sub-alpine grasslands, especially those near the tree-line. They are most numerous on damp grasslands with tall grasses and flowering plants, but they also reproduce on dry grassland. Although Sweet Vernal-grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum) is probably the most important foodplant, other grasses, such as Annual Meadow-grass (Poa annua), are also used. It has one generation a year and passes the winter as a caterpillar. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (37%), coniferous woodland (25%), mixed woodland (12%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (12%), mesophile grasslands (12%).","The main threats are intensified grazing and abandonment. Considering its limited distribution, the Sudeten Ringlet may become threatened in the long term by climate change. As the species is not treated in the Climatic Risk Atlas (Settele et al. 2008) there is no information on the possible change of the climate envelope.","The species is listed on the Habitats Directive Annex 4 and Bern Convention Annex 2. More research is needed on the distribution and ecology of the species. Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. In the Czech Republic, Poland and Romania, the species only occurs in protected areas.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,triaria,,Erebia triaria,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs in the north of Portugal, in some mountainous areas in north and central Spain (including Sierra de Cuenca, Sierra de Gredos, Sierra de Guadarrama and Cantabrian Mountains), the Pyrenees, the Alps of France, south of Switzerland and Italy and of the Balkans in Croatia, south of Bosnia and Albania. Its elevational range is 400-2,500 m. This is a European endemic species.",This species is widespread in mountainous areas of Europe.,"In the Alps, de Prunner’s Ringlet is found on very dry grasslands with scattered rocks, whereas more to the south it occurs in clearings in woods growing on rocky ground, in Spain in clearings in pine forests on limestone. Its foodplants are Sheep’s-fescue (Festuca ovina), Smooth Meadow-grass (Poa pratensis), Alpine Meadow-grass (P. alpina) and Feather-grass (Stipa pinnata). It hibernates as a caterpillar and has one generation a year. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (55%), mesophile grasslands (22%), coniferous woodland (11%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (11%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"In Portugal, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,tyndarus,,Erebia tyndarus,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs in the Swiss Alps, central Italian Alps, Allgäuer Alps in Germany and Alps of Austrian Tirol. Its elevational range is 1,200-2,700 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Swiss Brassy Ringlet occurs in woodland clearings on grassy, rocky slopes and on screes. The caterpillars feed on different fescues (Festuca spp.) and on Mat-grass (Nardus stricta). The caterpillars hibernate when they are still small. They develop further the following spring, pupating sometime between June and August. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (44%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (22%), broad-leaved evergreen woodland (11%), screes (11%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but in countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Erebia,zapateri,,Erebia zapateri,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs only in eastern Spain in the mountains near Teruel, Cuenca and Guadalajara (such as the Sierra de Albarracin). Its elevational range is 1,000-1,600 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.",Zapater’s Ringlet is found in clearings in pinewood; these sometimes small clearings have grassy vegetation and shrubs. It usually occurs on limestone. The butterflies often visit thyme for nectar. Different fescues (Festuca spp.) and meadow-grasses (Poa spp.) are used as foodplants. This butterfly is single-brooded and passes the winter as a caterpillar. Habitats: coniferous woodland (100%).,This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Erynnis,marloyi,,Erynnis marloyi,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in Southeast Europe: Albania, FYR of Macedonia, Bulgaria and scattered over the Greek mainland and some islands. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","Inky Skippers are very dark little butterflies that fly rapidly, close to the ground. They are found on dry grasslands, in dried-up riverbeds, on rocky slopes and in woodland clearings. They can often be seen basking in the sun, wings wide open, on light-coloured stones. The males gather in groups of sometimes more than 20 individuals on higher places in the landscape, where the females can find them to mate. Especially the females can often be seen drinking nectar on thyme. The larvae feed on bushy rosaceans particularly on Prunus spinosa and P. cocomilla. The Inky Skipper has one or two generations a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (33%), screes (16%), sclerophyllous scrub (16%), phrygana (16%), dry siliceous grasslands (16%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Erynnis,tages,,Erynnis tages,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat. However, in the European Grassland Butterfly Indicator (Van Swaay & Van Strien, 2008) this species shows a decline in European grasslands, its main habitat. Therefore, the species might become threatened in future.",Stable,"This species occurs in Europe up to 62° N, but IS absent from Northern Scotland and large parts of Ireland, Southern Portugal, South-West of Spain, Mediterranean islands except Corfu and Sicily. It is also found in parts of Western and Central Asia. 50–2,000 m. The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it can be very local and restricted to a few areas with sufficient habitat of good quality. It is reported extinct in Latvia. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Denmark and Turkey (European part). Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Republic of Ireland, Serbia, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine and United Kingdom (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Dingy Skipper is a small, inconspicuous butterfly. In the north of its range it occurs on chalk grasslands, but further to the south it is also found on road verges and on grazed grasslands. It lays its eggs on the leaves of leguminous plants such as Crown Vetch (Coronilla varia), Horseshoe Vetch (Hippocrepis communis) and Common Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), usually choosing plants growing near bare patches. The caterpillar spins a small, tube-like shelter from leaves of the larval foodplant, living and feeding in it until fully grown. It then builds a sturdier shelter in which to pass the winter. In spring, without further feeding, it pupates, either in the shelter, or in the moss layer. The adult butterfly is often found on Bugle (Ajuga spp.) and, while visiting flowers, is easily observed. It rests, mothlike, with its wings closed over its back, but holds them open when alighting on a flower. It is the only skipper occurring in Ireland. The Dingy Skipper usually only has one generation a year, but in warm summers and in the southern part of its range, it sometimes has a second generation that may be only partial. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (19%), dry siliceous grasslands (16%), mesophile grasslands (14%), heath and scrub (7%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (6%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (5%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (5%).","Although this species is widespread throughout a large part of Europe, it is sensitive to both intensified use of and abandonment (and subsequent shrub invasion) of grasslands","This species will benefit from the establishment of areas of High Nature Value Farmland (Paracchini et al., 2008). The effects should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Euchloe,ausonia,,Euchloe ausonia,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in Italy (Tuscany and south) and further eastwards: Dalmatia, Albania, FYR of Macedonia, Bulgaria, southeast of Romania, Greece (including Crete and other Greek islands) and on Cyprus. 0-1,600 m. Further in North Africa, from Southern and Eastern Europe to West Siberia, the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, across Asia Minor and the Middle East to Middle Asia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Romania and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Moldova and Serbia (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Eastern Dappled White is a species of warm, dry places. It occurs on flower-rich grasslands and waste ground, along hedges and the edges of woods; it also visits parks and gardens. Various crucifers are used as larval foodplant, such as a Charlock (Sisymbrium arvensis), Woad (Isatis tinctoria), buckler mustards (Biscutella spp.), Evergreen Candytuft (Iberis sempervirens) and Crested Bunias (Bunias erucago). The caterpillars feed on the flowers and ripening seeds. This butterfly species has two generations a year and hibernates as a pupa. It may remain in diapause as a pupa for two or more years. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (40%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (15%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Euchloe,bazae,,Euchloe bazae,,,Yes,VU,B2ab(v),Yes,VU,B2ab(v),EU27,,"This is one of the few European butterfly species where the population size is probably less than 10,000 individuals. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 700 km² based on 10 x 10 km squares. The species occurs in six locations. Furthermore, a decline of 6-10% in 10 years is reported. This species is therefore considered as Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"This species was first discovered in 1982, in Spain near Baza (Granada). Later, the species was also found in Huesca and western Catalonia. It occurs between 150-1,000 m elevation. This is a European endemic species.","The Spanish Greenish Black-tip is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas in Spain. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Spain (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe). The population size is estimated to be smaller than 10,000 butterflies.","The Spanish Greenish Black-tip is found in semiarid grasslands or scrub (vegetation types Santolino-Gypsophiletum struthium and Rhamno-Cocciferetum pistacietosum) on calcareous or gypsum substrate. The caterpillars feed on Eruca vesicaria and Boleum asperum, eating the leaves as well as the ripening seeds. The species has one generation a year, with a partial second generation, and hibernates as a pupa.","This species has a very restricted range in Europe and the population size is small. Regarding its limited distribution it might become threatened in the longer term by climate change. As the species is not treated in the Climatic Risk Atlas (Settele et al., 2008) there is no information on possible changes to its climate envelope.",More research is needed on the distribution and ecology of the species. Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Euchloe,belemia,,Euchloe belemia,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat..",Stable,"This species occurs in Portugal and south and central Spain, in isolated populations as far as the northwest (Burgos, Galiza). 0-1,000 m, sometimes to 1350 m. It is also present in North Africa, Chad, Middle East, Turkey, Iran and Pakistan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. In Portugal, it is well distributed in the southern half of Portugal, with populations in the Douro basin (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Green-striped White occurs in flower-rich places, between bushes, on waste ground and on abandoned agricultural land. It occurs locally, but can be numerous in its flight area. The butterfly flies quickly and close to the ground. The caterpillars eat the ripening seeds of different crucifers, such as Diplotaxis, Erucastrum and Sisymbrium ssp. The Green-striped White has two generations a year in spring and passes the winter as a pupa. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (25%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (25%), dry siliceous grasslands (25%), fallow land, waste places (25%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Euchloe,charlonia,,Euchloe charlonia,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in the Canary Islands, from Morocco and Algeria through North Africa, Iraq, Iran to the north of India. Sea level to 2,000 m. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The butterflies of the Greenish Black-tip are found on dry, grassy vegetation on calcareous soil and in rocky areas. On the Canary Island, the caterpillars feed on Reseda lancerotae and Carrichtera annua, eating the leaves as well as the ripening seeds. The Greenish Black-tip has several generations a year and hibernates as a pupa. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (100%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,No conservation actions are needed for this species.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Euchloe,crameri,,Euchloe crameri,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs all over Spain and Portugal, in France (in eastern Pyrenees and the French Alps including foothills) and Italy (central Alps, Liguria and Northern Apennines). 0-2,000 m. It is also present in Northwest Africa, Libya and Egypt. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Western Dappled White flies in dry flower-rich grassland, road verges, waste ground, abandoned agricultural land and at the edges of woodland and scrub with crucifers. The eggs are laid singly on the flowerbuds of crucifers, such as Charlock (Sinapis arvensis), Buckler Mustard (Biscutella laevigata), radishes (Raphanus spp.) and candytufts (Iberis spp.). The larvae feed on flowers and developing seeds. This butterfly has two generations and hibernates in the pupal stage. It may remain in diapause as a pupa for several years. Habitats: dry siliceous grasslands (15%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (15%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (10%), fallow land, waste places (10%), sclerophyllous scrub (10%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (5%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Euchloe,eversi,,Euchloe eversi,,"Euchloe eversi was considered a subspecies of the Green-striped White (E. belemia). Based on studies in molecular biology, it has been separated from the nominate species (Back et al. 2008), but recent studies put this conclusion again under discussion (Suarez et al. 2009).",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Unknown,"Restricted to the Canary Island of Tenerife. Its elevational range is above 2,000 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The species occurs in the Canades des Teide at altitudes of 2,000 m and higher. The larval foodplant is Descurainia bourgeana. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.","Although a rare endemic, this species is not believed to face major threats.","More research on the ecological requirements is needed. As far as is known now, no specific conservation actions are needed at a European level. But since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Euchloe,grancanariensis,,Euchloe grancanariensis,,Euchloe grancanariensis was formerly considered a subspecies of the Green-striped White (E. belemia).,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,Restricted to the Canary Island of Gran Canaria. This is a European endemic species.,"A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.",This species occurs on dry open grassland with some bushes of Euphorbia species. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.,"Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","More research on the ecological requirements is needed. As far as is known now, no specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Euchloe,hesperidum,,Euchloe hesperidum,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,Restricted to the Canary Island of Fuerteventura. This is a European endemic species.,"A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Canary Green-striped White occurs in places that have been abandoned after cultivation. The larval foodplant, Sisymbrium erysomoides, must be available in sufficient quantity. It has two generations a year (Tolman and Lewington 2008). Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.","Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","More research on the ecological requirements is needed. As far as is known now, no specific conservation actions are needed at a European level. But since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Euchloe,insularis,,Euchloe insularis,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs only on Corsica and Sardinia and is the only Dappled White that can be found on these islands. On Corsica, it is quite rare, but more abundant on Sardinia, especially on the coast and at low altitudes. Its elevational range is 0-1,300 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Corsican Dappled White is a species of dry, grassy vegetation and of dry scrub. The Candytuft (Iberis pinnata), the Hoary Mustard (Hirschfeldia incana) and mustards (Sinapis spp.) are used as foodplants. It has two generations a year, in early spring and late spring, but as the second generation is only partial, only small numbers of butterflies can be seen in May and June. It hibernates as a pupa. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (20%), phrygana (20%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (20%), dry siliceous grasslands (20%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (20%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Euchloe,penia,,Euchloe penia,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs locally in the the south of the Balkans: in Albania, FYR of Macedonia, southwest of Bulgaria (Pirin Mts.) and Greece. 0-2,000 m. It is also found in Lebanon, Syria and in the north of Iraq. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Albania (data provided by the national partner of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Eastern Greenish Black-tip is mostly found on steep, rocky, limestone slopes with patches of grassy vegetation and in open, dry scrub. The butterflies often settle on the ground, or on rocks, with their wings half-open, but when it is very hot, they cool off in the shadow of rock crevices. Their flight is rapid, rather like that of skippers. The stock Matthiola tessela is its foodplant. It is not clear how many generations this species has a year, but it is probably two. Habitats: phrygana (25%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (25%), sclerophyllous scrub (25%), screes (25%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"No conservation actions are needed for this species. In Bulgaria, the species only occurs in protected areas.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Euchloe,simplonia,,Euchloe simplonia,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs in the western Alps (in border region of France, Switzerland and Italy). In Spain restricted to the mountain areas in the North, but the exact distribution is poorly known. Its elevational range is above 450 m, mostly 1,200-2,400 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Mountain Dappled White is locally common in flower-rich alpine and sub-alpine grasslands and on rocky slopes. The males fly quickly, whereas the females are rarely seen in flight. They lay their eggs singly on the flowerheads of various crucifers, such as Barbarea spp., buckler mustards (Biscutella spp.), candytufts (Iberis spp.) and rockets (Sisymbrium spp.). The caterpillars are solitary and usually eat the ovaries of the plants, but they can also be cannibalistic. They pupate on rocks or in low-growing vegetation and pass the winter in this stage, sometimes remaining a pupa for more than one winter. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (12%), phrygana (12%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (12%), dry siliceous grasslands (12%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (12%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (12%), mesophile grasslands (12%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but in countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Euchloe,tagis,,Euchloe tagis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in the south of Portugal (very rare), Spain (southern half and locally in the north including surroundings of Burgos, Aragon), France (near Cahors, Provence and the Alps) and the northwest of Italy. 0- 1,200 m, sometimes to 2,400 m. It is also found in Morocco and Algeria. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.",This is a local species.,"This butterfly owes its specific name to the River Tagus in Portugal, along the banks of which it was first found. The Portuguese Dappled White is found on warm, dry rocky places with patches of flower-rich grassy vegetation, in dry scrub and on abandoned agricultural land. As foodplant several species of candytufts (Iberis spp.) are used. The caterpillars eat the ovaries and flowers. It has one generation a year and hibernates as a pupa. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (25%), fallow land, waste places (12%), inland sand-dunes (12%), broad-leaved evergreen woodland (12%), dry siliceous grasslands (12%), sclerophyllous scrub (12%), phrygana (12%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Euphydryas,aurinia,,Euphydryas aurinia,,This is a very variable species with many sub-species.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This is a species of South and Central Europe. In Scandinavia to 62° N. It is absent from Italy (except the extreme north), south and central Greece, the Mediterranean islands and East Britain. Sea level-2,000 m. This species occurs throughout the temperate zone through Siberia to Korea. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in Europe, this species is local and restricted to areas with sufficient good quality habitat. It is reported extinct in the Netherlands. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Germany, Latvia, Luxembourg, Republic of Ireland, Slovakia and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland and United Kingdom (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Marsh Fritillary occurs in very different types of habitat, like moist, sheltered grasslands, along the edges of raised bogs and on dry, calcareous grasslands. The foodplants are Devil’s-bit Scabious (Succisa pratense), Small Scabious (Scabiosa columbaria), Field Scabious (Knautia arvensis) and teasels (Dipsacus spp.). The eggs are laid in large clumps under the leaves. The caterpillars spin a substantial nest between the leaves of the foodplants, feeding in it and also hibernating communally there. However, later they are solitary and look for places deep in the vegetation in which to pupate. The Marsh Fritillary has one generation a year. This is a very variable species with many sub-species. In Spain and Portugal, E.a. beckeri is larger and brighter than most sub-species, with bold, black markings. E.a. debilis is found above 1,800 m in the Alps and Pyrenees and is smaller, with a lot of black markings and hardly any orange. E. a. provincialis occurs in the south of France and is pale orange. E. a. hibernica occurs in Ireland and is very distinctive with prominent red and heavy black markings. Habitats: humid grasslands and tall herb communities (26%), mesophile grasslands (21%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (9%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (7%), heath and scrub (5%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (5%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","The species is listed on the Habitats Directive Annex 2 and Bern Convention Annex 2. In Denmark, the species only occurs in protected areas. In Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece and Luxembourg, it is not known if all populations are in Natura 2000 areas. In countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Euphydryas,cynthia,,Euphydryas cynthia,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Decreasing,"The species occurs in the Alps (from the foothills of the French Alps to the Niedere Tauern in Austria) and in the southwest of Bulgaria (Rila and Pirin Mts.). In the Alps, its elevational range is 900-3,000 m (most numerous at altitudes higher than the tree-line), in Bulgaria 2,000-2,800 m. This is a European endemic species.",This species is widespread in the mountainous areas of Europe. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).,"The Cynthia's Fritillary occurs on sub-alpine and alpine grassland with short, grassy vegetation and low-growing shrubs and in rocky areas. They fly quickly, close to the ground and are fond of basking in the sun on rocks or bare patches of ground. The female lays its eggs in clusters under leaves of Alpine Plantain (Plantago alpina) and Long-spurred Pansy (Viola calcarata). The caterpillars are black and bristly with yellow bands between each segment. They can be very numerous and take two years to develop. The first hibernation takes place communally in a silken web. In the fourth larval instar, they hibernate a second time, solitary under stones, where they later pupate. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (30%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","In Bulgaria, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but in countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Euphydryas,desfontainii,,Euphydryas desfontainii,,,No,NT,A3c,No,NT,A3c,EU27,,"The Climatic Risk Atlas (Settele et al., 2008) calculates a possible decline of >98% of the climate envelope between 1980 and 2080 based on the most pessimistic of the three climate change models used GRAS-scenario. This species is classified as Near Threatened because (i) observed rates of CO2 emissions and temperature increases already exceed those foreseen in the worst-case scenario models and (ii) it is appropriate to take a precautionary approach. The species might be endangered in the long run by climate change. In Portugal this is one of the rarest species, known only from the Algarve.",Stable,"This species occurs in the south of Portugal and in a number of hilly and mountainous regions in Spain: southeast Spain (from the southern tip to Valencia), middle of Spain (Sierra de Cuenca and in Castile), North Spain (Pyrenees and foothills as far as Catalonia) and just in the French part of the eastern Pyrenees. 0-1,800 m. It is also found in North Africa. The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents.",This is a local species in part of Europe.,"The Spanish Fritillary occurs on open, grassy places with stony soil and lots of shrubs. It uses various foodplants, such as Cephalaria leucantha and C. syriaca, the teasels Dipsacus fullonum and D. comasus, scabious (Scabiosa and Knautia spp.) and possibly knapweeds (Centaurea spp.). The female lays its eggs in small batches on the underside of leaves. The caterpillars live in a communal spun nest, also hibernating there. There is one generation a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (25%), broad-leaved evergreen woodland (25%), sclerophyllous scrub (25%), heath and scrub (25%).",This species could be threatened by climate change in the future.,"More research is needed on the distribution and ecology of the species. The population trend should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes. If a climate change related decline is observed, ecological research must determine what conservation measures should be untertaken to safeguard the species.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Euphydryas,iduna,,Euphydryas iduna,,,No,NT,A3c,No,NT,A3c,EU27,,"The Climatic Risk Atlas (Settele et al., 2008) calculates a possible decline of >98% of the climate envelope between 1980 and 2080 based on the most pessimistic of the three climate change models used GRAS-scenario. This species is classified as Near Threatened because (i) observed rates of CO2 emissions and temperature increases already exceed those foreseen in the worst-case scenario models and (ii) it is appropriate to take a precautionary approach. The species might be endangered in the long run by climate change.",Stable,The species occurs in Norway and Sweden above the Arctic Circle up to the Northern Arctic Sea and in Finland in the border region with Norway. 300-700 m. It is also found in the polar and mountain tundra of Siberia to Mongolia and Caucasus in the south. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.,This species is widespread in part of Europe.,"At lower altitudes in Lapland, this lovely fritillary occurs on flower-rich swampy areas and wet slopes with scattered birches. Above 500 m, it is found in drier rocky places. Compared to the other fritillaries that occur in Lapland, the Lapland Fritillary is remarkably colourful. It is one of the first arctic species to be seen, appearing practically as soon as the snow has melted. It flies quickly, zigzagging low over the vegetation. The female lays its eggs in small groups on plantains (Plantago spp.), Alpine Speedwell (Veronica alpina), Rock Speedwell (V. fruticans) and species of Vaccinium. The caterpillars live communally in small silken webs and hibernate there. They pupate in spring. It has one generation a year. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (33%), sclerophyllous scrub (16%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (16%), raised bogs (16%), heath and scrub (16%).","This species appears to be fluctuating extremely between years, which may be related to a variation in the length (2 to 4 years) of its lifecycle. This species could be endangered by climate change in the future.","More research is needed on the distribution and ecology of the species. The population trend should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes. If a climate change related decline is observed, ecological research must determine what conservation measures should be untertaken to safeguard the species.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Euphydryas,intermedia,,Euphydryas intermedia,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in Europe only in the Alps: from the French Alps to Austria and Slovenia. Mostly 1,700-2,200 m, but also seen at 1,000-2,500 m. It is furthermore found in the Urals, south and west Siberia, Mongolia, Northeast China and Korea. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.",This species is widespread in the mountainous areas of Europe. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria and Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).,"The Asian Fritillary can be seen searching for nectar or foodplants on open scrub, rich in herbaceous plants, or in clearings in open woodland, in flower-rich grassland and on vegetation of dwarf shrubs above the tree-line. These butterflies only occur locally, although at times in large numbers. The female lays all her eggs at once, on the underside of a leaf of its foodplant, Blue Honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea). The caterpillars live in communal webs and in autumn make a more substantial shelter of leaves, spun together with silk, in which to hibernate. They take two years to develop and have to hibernate twice. The fully-grown caterpillar leaves the nest after the second hibernation and pupates on the foodplant or adjacent rocks. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (11%), coniferous woodland (11%), mixed woodland (11%), blanket bogs (5%), broad-leaved evergreen woodland (5%), screes (5%), water-fringe vegetation (5%), raised bogs (5%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (5%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Euphydryas,maturna,,Euphydryas maturna,,,No,VU,A2c,No,LC,,EU27,,"In Europe a population decline of more than 30% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, this species is considered as Vulnerable. In the EU27 countries, this species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat. It should however be noted that both the distribution and population size of this species in the EU27 countries have declined severely during the 20th century (so before the last ten years).",Decreasing,"This species occurs in several separate areas: southeast of Sweden, south of Finland, the Baltic States and northeast of Poland. Locally in the north and southeast of of Germany, north of Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and further eastwards and southwards to the north of Greece. In France in Oise, Seine-et-Marne, Yonne, Nièvre, Allier, Saône-et-Loire, Côte-d'Or, Haute-Marne and Haute-Saône. 200-1,000 m. It is also found in the temperate zone of Siberia up to Transbaikalia and Yakutia in the east and to northwest of China and Mongolia in the south. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Belgium and Luxembourg. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Germany and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, FYR of Macedonia, France, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Romania, Serbia and Slovakia (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Scarce Fritillary occurs in clearings, where young ash trees are growing in open, mixed woodland. The eggs are laid in one batch on a leaf of Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) or Aspen (Populus tremula), preferably at a height of 4 to 10 m. The butterfly generally has a slow, gliding flight but can speed up when necessary. The caterpillars build a nest of silk and leaves and feed together at first, while still quite small. They go into hibernation, remaining in the nest, which usually falls to the ground onto the woodland floor. In spring, they leave the nest and separate, spreading out in search of food. They use a variety of larval foodplants at this stage, including honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.), plantains (Plantago spp.), or privets (Ligustrum spp.). They pupate in the litter layer. It has one generation a year although some of the caterpillars hibernate a second time before pupating. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (42%), mixed woodland (18%), alluvial and very wet forests and brush (7%), mesophile grasslands (7%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (5%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (5%).","This is a typical species of open woodlands and coppice, mostly threatened by changes in woodland management or the felling or destruction of the forests.","The species is listed on the Habitats Directive Annexes 2 and 4 and Bern Convention Annex 2. In part of its European range, this species depends on specific woodland management. In countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. In Italy, none of the populations are in Natura 2000 areas. In Estonia, France and Germany, it is not known if all populations are in Natura 2000 areas.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Favonius,quercus,,Favonius quercus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species is common and widespread in almost all Europe. It is only in the south of Scandinavia and is absent from northern Scotland and northern Ireland. 0-2,000 m. It is also found in the Middle East, the south of Urals and Kazakhstan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a common and widespread species in its European range. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Romania. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Belgium, Latvia, Luxembourg, Serbia, Ukraine and United Kingdom (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Purple Hairstreak is only found in deciduous woodlands whit oaks, its only foodplant. It occurs in oakwoods or oak scrub and also on large, solitary oak trees. The butterflies do not visit flowers. Instead, they remain near the tree, looking for leaves with a layer of honeydew left behind by aphids. This sugary secretion is the butterflies. most important source of energy. The eggs are laid at the base of the buds. The small caterpillar has developed by the time winter comes, but it remains in the egg, emerging in spring to feed on the buds and also on the flowers of the oak. It does not eat the leaves. Sometimes it is attended by Lasius ants. When mature, the caterpillars leave the foodplant and pupate in the moss layer. The Purple Hairstreak has one generation a year. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (54%), mixed woodland (13%), urban parks and large gardens (7%), broad-leaved evergreen woodland (7%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (7%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. Research is needed to understand the causes of its decline in several countries.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Gegenes,nostrodamus,,Gegenes nostrodamus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs scattered in South Europe: from the southeastern half of the Iberian Peninsula to the western coast of Italy and from the southwest of Croatia, via the southwest of Serbia, to Bulgaria and Greece. This species occurs also on Sicily, Sardinia and Crete. Mostly at lower altitudes on coast, inland to 1,600 m. It is also found in North Africa and across Turkey and the Middle East to Afghanistan, Pakistan and North India. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","Like the Pigmy Skipper (G. pumilio), the Mediterranean Skipper can be found in rocky or stony places, such as dried-up riverbeds, on dry, grassy vegetation or in thickets and low scrub along the coast. The males defend their territory perched on a stone or on the ground, returning to the same spot if disturbed. These butterflies fly fast and close to the ground. The caterpillars feed on reed (Phragmites australis) and the grass Saccharum ravennae. It has one to three generations a year. There are far fewer butterflies in spring than in summer or autumn. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (37%), phrygana (37%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (25%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Gegenes,pumilio,,Gegenes pumilio,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs scattered in Mediterranean coastal areas, Italy (locally on the western coast) and from Croatia down to Greece where it is scattered on the mainland. It also occurs on many islands in the Mediterranean (Majorca, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Cyprus, Crete and other Greek islands). 0-400 m, inland Greece to 1,800 m. It is also found in North Africa and Asia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in France. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Pigmy Skipper occurs in the same types of habitat as the Mediterranean Skipper (Gegenes nostrodamus). Dry gullies, rocky slopes, sandy or stony riverbanks with sparse vegetation, dry grassland and low scrub near the coast are all places where these butterflies can be seen, often basking in the sun on stones and bare soil. In spring, there are fewer butterflies than in summer and autumn. The caterpillars feed on the grasses Hyparrhenia hirta and Sorghum halepensis. The Pigmy Skipper has two to three generations a year. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (28%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (28%), phrygana (28%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (14%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Glaucopsyche,alexis,,Glaucopsyche alexis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs throughout most of Europe except the western part of the Iberian Peninsula, England, Ireland, European lowlands and the north of Scandinavia. 0-1,500 m. It is also found in North Africa and central Asia to the Amur. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. It is reported extinct in Estonia. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Latvia, Poland and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Germany, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Romania, Slovakia, Switzerland and Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Green-underside Blue is a pretty sight on both dry and damp flower-rich grassy vegetation, such as meadows and woodland clearings. The females lay their eggs between the flowers of all species of leguminous plants, including brooms (Cytisus spp.), vetches (Vicia spp.), Crown Vetch (Coronilla varia), Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia), Genista spp. and melilots (Melilotus spp.). The caterpillars feed on the leaves and are frequently attended by the workers of various ants. The Green-underside Blue has one generation a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (18%), mesophile grasslands (16%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (15%), dry siliceous grasslands (11%), sclerophyllous scrub (5%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Glaucopsyche,melanops,,Glaucopsyche melanops,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Increasing,"This species occurs in the north of Portugal, almost all of Spain, the southeast of France from the Pyrenees, via the Cevennes and Provence to the Alps and Italy in the western Ligurian Alps. 0-1,200 m. It is also found in Northwest Africa. The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents.",This species is widespread in part of Europe. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Spain (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).,"The Black-eyed Blue occurs in open shrub, or open woodland, whit Genista or large bushes of broom (Cytisus spp.). Eggs are laid on the flowers of various leguminous plants, such as Dorycnium spp., birdsfoot-trefoils (Lotus spp.), Anthyllis spp., brooms (Cytisus spp.) and Genista spp.. The caterpillars feed on the flowers and are attended by ants belonging to one of the species of the genus Camponotus. The Black-eyed Blue hibernates in the pupal stage. It usually has one generation a year, although in Spain, sometimes two. Habitats: heath and scrub (40%), sclerophyllous scrub (40%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (20%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Glaucopsyche,paphos,,Glaucopsyche paphos,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs only on Cyprus. Found at altitudes from 300-1,200 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","At lower altitudes, this Blue is found in scrub, where Genista fasselata, its probable foodplant, is growing. Above 1,000 m, these butterflies occur in clearings in pine woods. It has one generation a year. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.","Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level. But since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Gonepteryx,cleobule,,Gonepteryx cleobule,,The Canary Brimstone used to be considered a subspecies of the Cleopatra (G. cleopatra).,Yes,VU,"B1ab(iii,v)",Yes,VU,"B1ab(iii,v)",EU27,,"The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this endemic butterfly is less than 5,000 km² (but larger than 100 km²), the number of locations is fewer than ten and it has a continuing decline. Therefore it is classified as Vulnerable at the global, European and the EU27 level.",Decreasing,"The Canary Brimstone occurs in the Canary Islands at elevations between 1,000-1,500 m, sometimes up to 2,000 m. In winter it also occurs at lower elevations. This is a European endemic species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Population declines have been estimated at 10%.","This butterfly can be seen in laurel forests on the north sides of the mountains, but also in other types of forests; they are very mobile and can be seen far away from their reproduction sites. The caterpillars feed on Rhamnus glandulosa and R. crenulata. It is not known how many generations a year are on the wing. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.","This is a European endemic with a restricted range. The survival of the species is bound to its habitat, the laurel forest, which is still threatened although a part is legally protected. The main threats for laurel forests on the Canary Islands are tourist resorts and illegal building destroying part of the habitats, especially alongside roads or near settlements. Fires are another significant threat. Accidentally and intentionally set for livestock grazing, crop planting, timber and real estate speculation are also impacting the laurel forest.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. Since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Gonepteryx,cleopatra,,Gonepteryx cleopatra,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in the south of Europe: the Iberian Peninsula (except the northwest), France (southern half), Italy (except central Apennines), Dalmatian coast and Greece. It is also found on many islands in the Mediterranean. 0-1,600 m. It is also found in Northwest Africa, Turkey and the Middle East. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.",This is a common and widespread species in its European range. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Malta (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).,"The Cleopatra is found in open woodland, woodland edges and open bushy places and maquis. The males are easily recognized in flight by the orange patches on their forewings; the female looks very much like G. rhamni. They are strong flyers that sometimes roam outside their breeding area. The eggs are laid on the young leaves of various buckthorns, such as Buckthorn (Rhamnus catharticus), Mediterranean Buckthorn (R. alaternus) and Alpine Buckthorn (R. alpinus). The caterpillars feed on the leaves and pupate on the twigs of the foodplant. The Cleopatra hibernates as an adult butterfly and therefore can be seen flying for most of the year. It has probably only one generation a year. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (22%), broad-leaved evergreen woodland (13%), heath and scrub (9%), phrygana (9%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Gonepteryx,farinosa,,Gonepteryx farinosa,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in Southeastern Europe in Albania, FYR of Macedonia, southwest of Bulgaria and Greece (including several Greek islands). 0-2,000 m, mostly lower than 1,500 m. Across Turkey and Transcaucasia to the Pamirs- Alai and the Himalaya. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.",This species is widespread in part of Europe. It is reported extinct in Serbia. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Albania (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).,"The Powdered Brimstone caterpillars feed on the prickly Christ’s Thorne (Paliurus spina-christi) and on various buckthorns, such as Rhamnus alpinus), R. sibthorpianus and R. lycioides. The butterflies are therefore often seen on bushy vegetation, namely in warm, dry places and on rocky slopes. However, in their search for nectar, they also fly in other places. It has one generation a year and, like other brimstones, hibernates as a butterfly. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (50%), screes (25%), sclerophyllous scrub (25%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"No conservation actions are needed for this species. In Bulgaria, the species only occurs in protected areas.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Gonepteryx,maderensis,,Gonepteryx maderensis,,,Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,iii)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,iii)",EU27,,"The survival of the species is bound to the management of its remaining habitat, the laurel forest, which is still threatened although most of it is legally protected. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 500 km², it has fewer than 5 locations and a continuing decline (Van Swaay & Warren, 1999). Therefore classified as Endangered, in the EU27 countries as well as in Europe and globally.",Decreasing,"The Madeiran Brimstone is restricted to the island of Madeira at elevations between 500-1,500 m. This is a European endemic species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. This butterfly has low population densities. It is declining on Madeira.","The Madeiran Brimstone occurs only in the dense primary laurel forest at middle altitudes. The larval foodplant is Rhamnus glandulosa (Rhamnaceae). The number of generations per year is unknown. Habitats: broad-leaved evergreen woodland (50%), mesophile grasslands (50%).","The species is restricted to primary vegetation, susceptible to human interference. The most direct threat comes from habitat loss because of reclamation and change to agricultural land.",More research is needed urgently on the distribution and ecology of the species. Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Gonepteryx,rhamni,,Gonepteryx rhamni,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species is widespread and common throughout most of Europe. It is absent from Scotland, north of Norway, Finland, Atlantic islands, the Balearic islands and Crete. 0-2,500 m. Also present from North Africa to the Caucasus, West and South Siberia to Transbaikalia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a common and widespread species in its European range. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from the Netherlands. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Belgium, Republic of Ireland, Romania, Ukraine and United Kingdom (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","For many, the Brimstone is the first sign of spring. The butterflies hibernate in heaps of twigs or grass tussocks and on any warm day, even in January, the males appear. The females, that are paler in colour, are seen a little later. The eggs are laid one by one on the young branches and leaves of buckthorns (Rhamnus spp.). The caterpillars feed on the young leaves. They pupate, suspended from the underside of a twig or nerve of a leaf. In summer, when the butterflies emerge, they do not mate but instead may become inactive for quite long periods before they hibernate. Courtship and mating do not take place until next spring. The Brimstone has one generation a year. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (14%), mixed woodland (13%), heath and scrub (10%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (7%), urban parks and large gardens (7%), mesophile grasslands (5%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (5%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Hamearis,lucina,,Hamearis lucina,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in large parts of central Europe, north and central Spain, north and central Italy, Sicily (the only Mediterranean island on which it occurs) and north and central Greece, south of England, southeast of Belgium, central and south Germany and central and south Poland. There is one population in Latvia and it is extinct in Lithuania and European Turkey. 50-1,600 m. It is also found in Asian Turkey. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in Europe, this species is local and restricted to areas with sufficient good quality habitat. It is reported extinct in Lithuania. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Latvia, Luxembourg, Turkey (European part), Ukraine and United Kingdom. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Moldova, Poland, Portugal, Romania and Sweden (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Duke of Burgundy Fritillary occurs in woodland clearings, along the edges of paths in the woods and at woodland edges, and on tall/scrubby calcareous and damp grassland. Although the populations are often very local, the numbers of butterflies can be considerable. These butterflies resemble small fritillaries, although taxonomically they are closely related to the blues (Lycaenidae). Eggs are laid on the underside of the leaves of Primula species. The caterpillars feed at night, hiding during the day by lying along the main nerve of the Primula leaf. They leave the larval foodplants to hibernate in the litter layer. Mostly, it has only one generation a year, but in warm areas, there may be a second generation late in the year. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (24%), mesophile grasslands (16%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (12%), mixed woodland (12%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (11%), heath and scrub (9%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species requires sensitive management of semi-natural grasslands and would benefit from the establishment of areas of High Nature Value Farmland (Paracchini et al., 2008). The effects should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes. The species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range, but occurs only in protected areas in Portugal.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Hesperia,comma,,Hesperia comma,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species is widespread throughout Europe except south of Portugal and Spain, Ireland, large parts of central Scandinavia and south of Italy. In Britain, it is present only in the extreme south. 0-2,300 m. Its range extends from Northwest Africa across Europe and temperate Asia to Southwest China, the Amur and the Chukot Peninsula to North America. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Belgium, Latvia, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Moldova, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain and Sweden (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Silver-spotted Skipper occurs on open, nutrient-nutrient-poor grasslands, heathlands and on sparsely covered blown sand. The habitat varies from dry to moist, but is never rich in nutrients. However, in their search for nectar, the skippers do visit nutrient-rich areas with flowers close to their breeding ground. Eggs are laid on various fine-leaved grasses, passing the winter in this stage. In spring, the caterpillars emerge and spin a shelter from blades of grass in which they spend most of their time, usually coming out to feed at night. When fully-grown, the caterpillar spins a cocoon of silk and grass blades near the ground in which it pupates. The Silver-spotted Skipper has one generation a year. Habitats: mesophile grasslands (16%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (15%), dry siliceous grasslands (11%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (8%), heath and scrub (7%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","The species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range, and occurs only in protected areas in the Netherlands. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes. The subspecies H. comma catena is listed on Annex 2 of the Habitats directive. This subspecies is restricted to mountain areas of northern Norway, Sweden and Finland. Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Heteropterus,morpheus,,Heteropterus morpheus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in widely scattered locations, often isolated from each other: north of Spain (from Oviedo to San Sebastian), France (extreme western part of the Pyrenees to Brittany and Somme). Belgium and the Netherlands (near Weert), south of Sweden, central and eastern Lithuania, through Poland, northeast Germany, east Czech Republic, east Austria until the north of the Balkans, north of Italy, southeast Bulgaria and European Turkey. 0-1,000 m. Its range extends to Mongolia, North China and Korea. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in Europe, this species is local and restricted to areas with sufficient habitat of good quality. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Latvia, Romania and the Netherlands. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Germany, Hungary, Slovakia, Switzerland and Ukraine (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The conspicuous pattern on the underside of the wings of the Large Chequered Skipper is unlike that of any other European butterfly. Furthermore, it has a characteristic, bouncing flight, low over the vegetation. It occurs in damp, rough, grassy places, such as grasslands, road verges, edges of streams, at the edges of raised bogs and in woodland clearings. The populations are often small. The eggs are laid singly or in small batches on the blades of grasses, such as Purple Moor-grass (Molinea caerulea) or Purple Smallreed (Calamagrostis canescens). The caterpillar makes a tubular shelter from grass, at first using a folded blade and later using spun grass-blades. It leaves its shelter in search of food. The caterpillars pass the winter in the shelter, making it stronger before they pupate. Pupation takes place in spring. The caterpillars then attach themselves to their shelter by a silken girdle and a small pale-green pupa is formed. The Large Chequered Skipper has one generation a year. Habitats: humid grasslands and tall herb communities (26%), mixed woodland (11%), mesophile grasslands (11%), heath and scrub (9%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (9%), water-fringe vegetation (7%), fens, transition mires and springs (5%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Hipparchia,aristaeus,,Hipparchia aristaeus,,Some authors regard H. senthes a subspecies of H. aristaeus.,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Restricted to the islands of Corsica, Sardinia, Elba, Giglio and Capraia. Its elevational range is 500-1,900 m. This is a European endemic species. Some authors regard H. senthes a subspecies of H. aristaeus.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Southern Grayling occurs on open, grassy slopes, on rocky slopes, in scrubby vegetation and in open woodland. The caterpillars feed on grasses, including Albardine (Lygeum spartum). They continue feeding on warm winter days. In spring they pupate in the ground. The Southern Grayling has one generation a year. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (20%), phrygana (20%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (20%), mixed woodland (20%), screes (20%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level. But since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Hipparchia,autonoe,,Hipparchia autonoe,,,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat. This species is absent from the EU27 member states.",Unknown,"This species can be found in the southeast of Russia and North Kazakhstan and in the Caucasus up to 3,000 m (Tshikolovets, 2003). The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This butterfly occurs on steppe and semi-desert habitats in mountains and at foothills, dry steppes in valleys and subalpine meadows (Tuzov, 1997). Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (50%), dry siliceous grasslands (50%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,No conservation actions are needed for this species.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Hipparchia,azorina,,Hipparchia azorina,,The taxonomy of the Azores-graylings is still under debate. At this moment only H. miguelensis is considered a separate species.,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Although this species occurs in a small extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO), it is not declining by more than 30% nor shows extreme fluctuations according to Russell et al. (2007). Therefore it is listed as Least Concern.",Decreasing,"This species is restricted to the Azores. H. azorina occurs on Faial, Pico, Sao Jorge, Terceira, Flores and Corvo (although some authors consider the population on the two latter (western) islands to be H. occidentalis). Its elevational range is 400-2,000 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Azores Grayling is a butterfly of sheltered places on grassy slopes on the Azores. The butterflies are often observed on flowers where they come for nectar. The only foodplant is probably Festuca jubata. The Azores Grayling has one generation a year (Tolman and Lewington 2008). Habitats: agricultural land and artificial landscapes (33%), heath and scrub (33%), mesophile grasslands (33%).","Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level. But since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Hipparchia,bacchus,,Hipparchia bacchus,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species only occurs in two locations, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 20 km². It is furthermore threatened by agriculture. Therefore it is classified as Vulnerable.",Stable,"Restricted to two locations on the Canary Island El Hierro, between 300-1,500 m elevation. This is a European endemic species.","This is a very local and rare European endemic, restricted to (semi-) natural areas on El Hierro, Canary Islands. It is not known how large the population is, but numbers might well be under 10,000 adults.","This Grayling is confined to one of the Canary Islands, El Hierro, where it can be found on the very steep and grassy cliffs and the vineyards at the base of the cliffs. It has one generation a year (Tolman and Lewington 2008). Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.","This species is restricted to two locations on one island. It is threatened by the conversion of steep areas to vineyards and intensivation of vineyard management, including the use of insecticides.","As this species has a restricted global range and is very rare, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Hipparchia,christenseni,,Hipparchia christenseni,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,Occurs only on the Greek island of Karpathos. Its elevational range is 300-750 m. This is a European endemic species.,"A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Karpathos Grayling is found on rocky slopes covered with open scrub and in clearings in coniferous woods, where the butterflies often rest on the trunks of trees. This species has one generation a year. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (50%), phrygana (50%).","Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level. But since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Hipparchia,cretica,,Hipparchia cretica,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Confined to Crete and found at elevations of up to 1,500 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas, but common in Crete.","The Cretan Grayling is found on dry, scrubby vegetation, often with sparse trees and also in olive groves. It has one generation a year. Habitats: phrygana (50%), sclerophyllous scrub (50%).","Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level. But since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Hipparchia,cypriensis,,Hipparchia cypriensis,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,This species is restricted to Cyprus. This is a European endemic species.,"A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas on Cyprus.","The Cyprus Grayling is a very common endemic butterfly species in Cyprus, emerging in April but dispersing to higher altitudes by early summer. Large numbers congregate in the mountains during the summer months, returning to coastal regions in autumn (John and Parker 2002). Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.","Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level. But since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Hipparchia,fagi,,Hipparchia fagi,,,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"In Europe and the EU-27 countries, a decline of more than 25% falls within the uncertainty limits for population declines for this species.&#160; Therefore it is considered to Near Threatened.",Decreasing,"The Woodland Grayling occurs south of a line from the southern border of Belgium, central Germany and southern Poland eastwards. It is absent from north and west of France, as well as the Mediterranean islands, except Sicily and Lefkada. On the Iberian Peninsula it occurs only in Aragon and Catalonia. It occurs from sea level to 1,600 m elevation. This is a European endemic species.","This is a common and widespread species in its European range. It is reported extinct from Luxembourg. Strong declines in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Germany, Romania, Slovenia and Ukraine. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria and Slovakia (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Woodland Grayling is a butterfly of open woods that occurs on grassy vegetation, along woodland rides and in woodland glades. The butterflies often settle on tree trunks where, with their wings tightly closed and the eye-spots hidden, they are very well camouflaged. The eggs are laid on the blades of grasses such as fescues (Festuca spp.), false-bromes (Brachypodium spp.) and bromes (Bromus spp.). The caterpillars grow very slowly and hibernate half-grown in the litter layer. The caterpillar pupates in a little hollow in the ground, spinning a kind of cocoon. The Woodland Grayling has one generation a year. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (25%), dry siliceous grasslands (12%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (10%), coniferous woodland (10%), mixed woodland (10%), heath and scrub (7%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (7%).",This species is threatened by changes in the management of semi-natural grasslands and open woodlands. Both intensification and abandonment will have a negative impact on this butterfly.,"In Ukraine, the species only occurs in protected areas. In countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Hipparchia,fatua,,Hipparchia fatua,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in Southeast Europe: south of Bosnia, FYR of Macedonia, south and east of Bulgaria and in large parts of Greece (including many Greek islands). Sea level-1,500 m; mostly below 600 m. It is also found across Asia Minor to Transcaucasia and Iran. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","Freyer’s Grayling can be found in dense thickets, on rocky slopes, on dry, grassy vegetation, in open woodland and in olive groves and orchards. There are trees in most habitats. In appearance and choice of biotope, Freyer’s Grayling is very similar to the Tree Grayling (H. statilinus). The butterflies are fond of resting on the ground or on tree trunks and hardly ever visit flowers. It uses different grasses as foodplants and has one generation a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (42%), coniferous woodland (14%), mixed woodland (14%), screes (14%), sclerophyllous scrub (14%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Hipparchia,fidia,,Hipparchia fidia,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs throughout most of Portugal and Spain (except the extreme north), in the southeast of France (from the eastern Pyrenees via Ardèche to the French Alps) and adjacent part of the Italian Maritime Alps. Sea level-1,500 m, sometimes -2,200 m. It is also found in Northwest Africa. The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents.",This species is widespread in part of Europe.,"The Striped Grayling occurs mostly on dry, rocky slopes with bushes and grassy vegetation and in open woodland. The butterflies often rest on the ground or on tree trunks. Foodplants are various grasses, such as Bermuda-grass (Cynodon dactylon), Cock’s-foot (Dactylus glomerata), meadow-grasses (Poa spp.) and false-bromes (Brachypodium spp.). This butterfly is single-brooded and hibernates as a caterpillar or pupa, on or just in the ground. Habitats: heath and scrub (33%), sclerophyllous scrub (33%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (16%), broad-leaved evergreen woodland (16%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Hipparchia,gomera,,Hipparchia gomera,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Although this species occurs in a small extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO), it is not declining by more than 30% nor shows extreme fluctuations according to Russell et al. (2007). Therefore it is listed as Least Concern.",Stable,Restricted to the Canary Island Gomera. 200-400 m. This is a European endemic species.,"A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas on Gomera, Canary Islands.","This Grayling is confined to one of the Canary Islands, Gomera. There, it can be found on the steep and grassy cliffs and on rocky gullies and slopes, mostly where there is also some bushy vegetation or laurel forest at close range. It has one generation a year (Tolman and Lewington 2008). Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.","Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level. But since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Hipparchia,hermione,,Hipparchia hermione,,,No,NT,A2c,No,NT,A2c,EU27,,"Both at the European and EU27 member states level, a population decline of almost 30% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, this species is considered as Near Threatened.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in several separate areas. Its distribution is often not clear, because of confusion with H. fagi. It is found in Portugal, Spain (east and northeast), France (the Pyrenees, Massif Central, Basses-Alpes, Yonne, Saône-et-Loire and Jura), west of Italy (in the mountains), south of Switzerland, Austria, north of Hungary, east of Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania, south of Poland, east of Lithuania, southeast of Latvia, south of Norway. 500-1,500 m. It is also found in Northwest Africa. The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. It is reported extinct in Luxembourg. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Austria, Czech Republic, Germany and Romania. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Latvia, Lithuania, Poland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Rock Grayling can be found at the edge of very open woodland on poor steppe-like grasslands, as found, for example, near open coniferous woods growing on sandy ground. In these habitats, there are usually rockmasses or other forms of open ground. The butterfly often rests on the ground or against tree trunks, where the colours and pattern of the underside of its wings provide excellent camouflage. The eggs are laid on different grasses, including fescues (Festuca spp.) and false-bromes (Brachypodium spp.). The caterpillars grow very slowly and hibernate when half-grown in the litter layer. They pupate in a little hollow in the ground, after spinning a sort of cocoon. The Rock Grayling has one generation a year. Habitats: coniferous woodland (34%), dry siliceous grasslands (14%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (11%), inland sand-dunes (8%), mixed woodland (8%), broad- leaved deciduous forests (8%), sclerophyllous scrub (5%), heath and scrub (5%).",This species is threatened by changes in the management of semi-natural grasslands and open woodlands. Both intensification of use and abandonment will have a negative impact on this butterfly.,"In Ukraine, the species only occurs in protected areas. In countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Hipparchia,leighebi,,Hipparchia leighebi,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,B2a,EU27,,This species has a very restricted range and an area of occupancy (AOO) of less than 400 km². Only five locations are known. The species is not reported to be declining. It is therefore classified as Near Threatened (almost meeting the criterion B2a) both at the European and EU27 level.,Stable,This species is restricted to the Eolian Islands of Italy: Volcano and Panarea. It occurs from sea level to 500 m. This is a European endemic species.,"The Eolian Grayling is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas in Italy.","The Eolian Grayling replaces the Grayling (H. semele) on the Eolian Islands in Italy, where it is a common and widespread species. Its ecology resembles that of the Grayling. It occurs in open places on rocky slopes and gullies, often close to scrub, but it may also be found in gardens and open woods. The eggs are deposited on many grass species. The Eolian Grayling is single-brooded. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.",This species has a restricted range on a few small islands.,"Since this species has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Hipparchia,maderensis,,Hipparchia maderensis,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Although this species occurs in a small extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO), it is not declining by more than 30% nor shows extreme fluctuations according to Russell et al. (2007). Therefore it is listed as Least Concern.",Decreasing,This butterfly species is restricted to the island of Madeira. This is a European endemic species.,"A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","This species can be found in areas with herbaceous covering above 1,000 m and in areas of the Laurisilva where heath is predominant. Habitats: dry siliceous grasslands (20%), coniferous woodland (20%), mixed woodland (20%), broad-leaved evergreen woodland (20%), volcanic features (20%).","Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level. But since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Hipparchia,mersina,,Hipparchia mersina,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Stable,"This species occurs on the Greek islands of Lesbos and Samos. 150-1,100 m. Its main range is in Turkey. Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This grayling can be found in very open, dry coniferous woodland with an undergrowth of scattered bushes and grasses. It has one generation a year. Habitats: coniferous woodland (100%).",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Hipparchia,miguelensis,,Hipparchia miguelensis,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Although this species occurs in a small extent of occurrence (EOO) and AOO, it is not declining by more than 30% nor shows extreme fluctuations according to Russell et al. (2007). Therefore it is listed as Least Concern.",Decreasing,"Restricted to Sao Miguel, in the Azores. Its elevational range is 600-1,000 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","Le Cerf's Grayling can be found in on grassy vegetation in small valleys and sheltered hollows. The butterflies are often observed on flowers where they come for nectar. Probably, the only foodplant is Festuca jubata. The species has one generation a year (Tolman and Lewington 2008). Habitats: mesophile grasslands (33%), agricultural land and artificial landscapes (33%), heath and scrub (33%).","Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level. But since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Hipparchia,neapolitana,,Hipparchia neapolitana,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"This species is restricted to the south of Italy. Its elevational range is 800-1,100 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas in Italy.",The Italian Grayling is is restricted to a small region on the South of Italy. It occurs on dry stony grasslands. This species is single-brooded (Lafranchis 2004). Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.,"Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","Since this species has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Hipparchia,neomiris,,Hipparchia neomiris,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Confined to the islands of Corsica, Sardinia, Elba and Capraia. Its elevational range is 300-2,100 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Corsican Grayling is found on open slopes covered with grassy vegetation and scrub or dwarf scrub, sometimes with coniferous woodland nearby, although they also occur above the tree-line. Different grasses are used as foodplants, including the fescue Festuca morisiana. The caterpillars do not have a real diapause and continue feeding throughout the winter. It has one generation a year. Habitats: heath and scrub (50%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (50%).","Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Hipparchia,pellucida,,Hipparchia pellucida,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs on the Greek islands of Lesbos and Ikaria, and on the Crimea. Sea level-1,800 m. It is also found in Turkey, the north of Iraq, the north of Iran and the Transcaucasus. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Eastern Grayling occurs in dry, bushy vegetation in open pinewoods and in rocky areas with grassy vegetation. The caterpillars feed on grasses, although on which species is not known. It has one generation a year. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (20%), phrygana (20%), screes (10%), mixed woodland (10%), coniferous woodland (10%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (10%), sclerophyllous scrub (10%), dry siliceous grasslands (10%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Hipparchia,sbordonii,,Hipparchia sbordonii,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,B1a+2a,EU27,,This species has a very restricted range and an area of occupancy (AOO) of less than 400 km². Only five locations are known. The species is not reported to be declining. Therefore it is classified as Near Threatened (almost meeting the criteria B1a+2a) both at the European and EU27 level.,Stable,This species is restricted to the Ponza Islands in Italy. This is a European endemic species.,"The Ponza Grayling is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas on the Ponza Islands in Italy.",The Ponza Grayling is the only grayling on the island of Ponza. It occurs on dry grassland and scrub close to trees. This species is single-brooded (Lafranchis 2004). Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.,This species has a very restricted range on a few isolated islands.,"Since this species has a very restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Hipparchia,semele,,Hipparchia semele,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Decreasing,"Occurs in almost all of Europe. However, in Scandinavia, Britain, Ireland and the Baltic States it is largely restricted to coastal areas. Absent from some parts of west France and large parts of Greece, Albania, FYR of Macedonia, south of Bulgaria and the Mediterranean islands except Sicily. Its elevational range is from sea level to 2,000 m. This is a European endemic species.","Although widespread in Europe, this species is local and restricted to areas with sufficient and good quality of habitat. Strong declines in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Austria, Czech Republic, Luxembourg, Slovenia, the Netherlands, United Kingdom. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Belgium, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Republic of Ireland, Romania, Slovakia and Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Grayling is found in dry, infertile habitats, occurring on poor, dry grasslands, dry heaths and in dunes along the coast. The males and females meet each other above a solitary tree in a wide open landscape, such as a pine on heathland or on bare patches of ground in dune areas. The female lays its eggs on various fine-leaved grasses, including fescues (Festuca spp.), bents (Agrostis spp.) and bromes (Bromus spp.). Walking over the bare ground, it approaches a grass tussock and deposits an egg on a withered grass blade a few centimetres above the ground. The caterpillar grows very slowly, feeding mostly at night. It hibernates deep down in a grass tussock. When it is ready to pupate, it spins a kind of cocoon in a little hollow in the ground. The Grayling has one generation a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (14%), dry siliceous grasslands (12%), coniferous woodland (10%), coastal sand-dunes and sand beaches (10%), heath and scrub (10%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (8%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (7%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but in countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Hipparchia,senthes,,Hipparchia senthes,,Some authors regard H. senthes a subspecies of H. aristaeus.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species is present from Albania and the FYR of Macedonia to the south of Bulgaria and Greece, including some of the Aegian islands. There is a recent record from the northern Adriatic island Cres (Croatia). 50-1,600 m. It is also found in Turkey. The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents.",This species is widespread in part of Europe.,"The Balkan Grayling replaces the Grayling (H. semele) in the Southern part of the Balkan peninsula. It may be found on dry grassland, scubs and open woodlands from sea level up to an altitude of 1,600 m. It has one generation a year. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Hipparchia,statilinus,,Hipparchia statilinus,,,No,NT,A2c,No,NT,A2c,EU27,,"Both at the European and EU27 member states level, a population decline of almost 30% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, this species is considered as Near Threatened. It should however be noted that both the distribution and population size of this species in Central Europe have declined severely during the 20th century (so before the last ten years).",Decreasing,"This is a species that occurs from the southwest to southeast of Europe: on the Iberian Peninsula, in the southwest and south of France, Italy, south of Switzerland, Austria and all over the Balkans. It also occurs locally in Poland and Lithuania. There are a few scattered and isolated populations in the Netherlands and Germany. Sea level-1,500 m. It is also found in Morocco, Asia Minor, the Caucasus and Transcaucasia. The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas in the northern part of its range. In the south, it is widespread. It is reported extinct in Belgium and Czech Republic. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Germany, Romania, Slovenia, The Netherlands and Turkey (European part). Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Spain and Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","Especially in the northern part of its range, the Tree Grayling is a typical inhabitant of the open steppe. It occurs in very warm, dry and nutrient-poor areas with much open ground and sparse vegetation, such as on rockmasses and at the edge of blown sands. The size and markings of this butterfly are very variable. While remaining on the ground, the female deposits her eggs one by one on withered blades of grass. Grey Hair-grass (Corynephorus canescens), Sheep's-fescue (Festuca ovina), Brown Bent-grass (Agrostis vinealis), bromes (Bromus spp.), Feather grass (Stipa pinnata) and other grasses are used as foodplants. The small caterpillar passes the winter in a grass tussock and, if it does not freeze, remains active during the winter. However, growth only begins after hibernation. As development is very slow, the caterpillar only pupates towards the end of the summer in August. The flight period of the Tree Grayling, that only has one generation a year, is therefore very late. Habitats: dry siliceous grasslands (21%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (17%), coniferous woodland (9%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (9%), heath and scrub (7%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (7%), inland sand-dunes (5%).","This species is threatened by changes in the management of semi-natural grasslands and (in West and Central Europe) open sand dunes and heathlands. Here also nitrogen deposition leads to a faster succession of open sand areas, thus reducing the area of suitable habitat substantially. In some Central European countries the abandonment of former military training areas also leads to the invasion of shrubs and trees, further reducing the habitat.","In Lithuania and the Netherlands, the species only occurs in protected areas. In countries where the species is declining, (especially Western and Centreal Europe) important habitats should be protected and managed. More research is needed to the ecology of this species, here again, especially in Western and Central Europe. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Maes, D., Wynhoff, I., Settele, J., Warren, M., Wiemers, M., Šašić, M., López Munguira, M., Verovnik, R. & Verstrael, T.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Hipparchia,syriaca,,Hipparchia syriaca,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in Southeast Europe from the coastal mountains of Croatia to the southeast of Romania and south of Greece (including several Greek islands) and on Cyprus. 0-1,300 m, sometimes 1,900 m. It is also found through Turkey to Syria and Iran. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in a part of Europe, this species is local and restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Turkey (European part). Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Greece (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Eastern Rock Grayling looks very much like the Woodland Grayling (H. fagi) and they occur together in some places. This butterfly is a species of scrub and open woodland of all kinds, deciduous, coniferous and mixed. At the hottest part of the day, the butterflies hardly fly at all, resting with closed wings on the shadow side of the tree trunk, or on the ground where they blend into their surroundings. They hardly ever visit flowers. Their flight is quick and powerful. The caterpillars feed on grasses. Although single-brooded, they can be seen from May until September. The butterflies may be inactive during the hot, dry summer. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (50%), broad-leaved evergreen woodland (12%), mixed woodland (12%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (12%), coniferous woodland (12%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.",This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Hipparchia,tamadabae,,Hipparchia tamadabae,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Although this species occurs in a small extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO), it is not declining by more than 30% nor shows extreme fluctuations according to Russell et al. (2007). Therefore it is listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Restricted to the Canary Island Gran Canaria. Its elevational range is 400-2,000 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas on Gran Canaria, Canary Islands.","This Grayling is confined to one of the Canary Islands, Gran Canaria. It can be found rocky gullies surrounded by pine forest. It has one generation a year (Tolman and Lewington 2008). Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.","Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level. But since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Hipparchia,tilosi,,Hipparchia tilosi,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species occurs in fewer than five locations, it's area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 20 km² and it is threatened by tourist activities and fires. Therefore it is classified as Vulnerable.",Stable,"The La Palma Grayling occurs only on the Canary Island of La Palma, between 400-1,300 m elevation. This is a European endemic species.","This is a very local and rare European endemic, restricted to (semi-) natural areas on La Palma, Canary Islands. It is not known how large the population is, but numbers might well be under 10,000 adults.","This Grayling is confined to one of the Canary Islands, La Palma. It can be found in rocky gullies surrounded by laurel or pine forest. It has one generation a year (Tolman & Lewington 2008). Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.",This species is restricted to few locations on one island. It is threatened by tourist activities and fires.,"As this species has a restricted global range and is very rare, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Hipparchia,volgensis,,Hipparchia volgensis,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs in the south of Russia and The Balkans: in Serbia, FYR of Macedonia, Bulgaria and the north of Greece. Its elevational range is 600-1,500 m, sometimes 2,500 m. This is a European endemic species.",This species is widespread in part of Europe.,"Delattin’s Grayling is a butterfly of warm and dry places. It is found on rocky slopes, on dry grasslands and in open woodland. It has one generation a year. The adults butterflies are on the wing from June to July. Further details on the ecology of this species are unknown. Habitats: dry siliceous grasslands (25%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (16%), mixed woodland (16%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (16%), sclerophyllous scrub (8%), phrygana (8%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (8%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Hipparchia,wyssii,,Hipparchia wyssii,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Although this species occurs in a small extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO), it is not declining by more than 30% nor shows extreme fluctuations according to Russell et al. (2007). Therefore it is listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Only present on Tenerife, Canary Islands. Its elevational range is 1,400-2,000 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas on Tenerife, Canary Islands.",The Canary Grayling is a widespread but local species in the central mountains of Tenerife. It occurs on sparsely vegetatied rocky gullies in pine forests. The species has one generation a year (Tolman and Lewington 2008). Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.,"Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level. But since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Hyponephele,huebneri,,Hyponephele huebneri,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Unknown,"This species occurs from the utmost Eastern Europe to Mongolia and China. Up to 800 m (Tshikolovets, 2003). Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This species occurs on semideserts, dry steppes and arid stony hills up to 800 m (Tshikolovets, 2003). Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Hyponephele,lupina,,Hyponephele lupina,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Increasing,"This species occurs in the southwest and southeast of Europe: central Portugal, Spain (except the northwestern and northeastern parts), central Pyrenees, Southeast France, locally in central and south Italy and in the north of Sicily, in Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary and in the Balkans from Croatia to the southeast of Romania and Greece (including some islands) and on Cyprus. 400-2,000 m. It is also found in the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, Asia Minor, Middle Asia, Kazakhstan and South Siberia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. It is reported extinct in Czech Republic. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from France, Hungary, Romania, Serbia and Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Oriental Meadow Brown is a butterfly of warm, dry places. They can be found on dry grasslands with scattered bushes, or dry scrub vegetation and in open woodland. At rest, their wings are almost always closed. They have a rapid flight, often keeping to the shadow cast by trees or bushes. Grasses, such as meadow-grasses (Poa spp.) and fescues (Festuca spp.) are used as foodplants. It has one generation a year and hibernates in the larval stage. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (15%), dry siliceous grasslands (15%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (11%), sclerophyllous scrub (7%), mixed woodland (7%), phrygana (7%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","In Portugal, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Hyponephele,lycaon,,Hyponephele lycaon,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has been declining by 24% in Europe in the last ten years.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in the north of Portugal and large parts of Spain, in the south of France and of Switzerland, north of Italy, from Austria, Czech Republic, south and east of Poland to the south of Finland and further eastwards. It is also present throughout the Balkans, including Greece. Sea level-2,200 m. It is also found in the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, temperate Asia from Turkey to Mongolia, China and South Siberia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in Europe, this species is local and restricted to areas with sufficient good quality habitat. It is reported extinct in Slovenia. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Czech Republic, Germany, Romania, Slovakia and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Hungary, Latvia, Moldova and Serbia (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Dusky Meadow Brown occurs in many different grassland types. It is important that its habitat is dry and warm. In the north of its range, the grassland is steppe-like and more to the south the butterfly is found in more dense vegetations. It uses various grasses as foodplant, including fescues (Festuca spp.), false-bromes (Brachypodium spp.) and Feather-grass (Stipa pinnata) and other Stipa species. When the female is about to lay an egg, it first alights on the ground and walks to a foodplant, then it chooses a low-hanging grass blade on which to deposit an egg. The caterpillar hibernates in the first larval instar and only starts feeding in spring. At first, it feeds mainly during day, but when the weather gets too warm, it only feeds at night. Pupation takes place deep in the vegetation or litter layer. The Dusky Meadow Brown has one generation a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (24%), dry siliceous grasslands (22%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (9%), heath and scrub (5%), mesophile grasslands (5%), coniferous woodland (5%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Iolana,iolas,,Iolana iolas,,,No,NT,A2c,No,NT,A2c,EU27,,"Both at the European and EU27 member states level, a population decline of almost 30% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, this species is considered as Near Threatened.",Decreasing,"This is a southeastern European species: in Spain in the Sierra Nevada, Montes Universales and Catalonia, France from the eastern Pyrenees to Provence and Savoie, Switzerland (Rhone Valley), north and central Italy, Austria and further eastwards and southwards. 100-1,800 m. It is also found in North Africa, Turkey and Iran. The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Austria and Slovakia. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Romania. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Hungary and Serbia (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Iolas Blue is Europe’s largest blue. It occurs locally on calcareous soil, with shrubs of Bladder Senna (Colutea arborescens). In Greece, C. cilicica is also used. This plant is practically the most important source of nectar for the butterflies. At times, the males can be seen some distance away from their habitat, but the females stay near the foodplants. They lay their eggs, usually several at a time, on the inside of the calyx and inside the bladder-like fruits. The caterpillars feed on the seeds and are visited frequently by ants, for example workers of Tapinoma erraticum and Camponotus cruentatus. Usually, the caterpillar can easily be seen by holding a pod up to the light. When fully-grown, the caterpillars pupate at the base of the foodplant, passing the winter as a pupa. Although it occasionally has a partial second generation, the Iolas Blue usually has only one generation a year. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (19%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (19%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (14%), mesophile grasslands (14%), phrygana (9%), dry siliceous grasslands (9%).","This species is mainly threatened by intensification of agriculture. Where it occurs in vineyards, removal of Colotis-shrubs as well as the use of herbicides and insecticides, forms a serious threat as well.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. In countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PAPILIONIDAE,Iphiclides,podalirius,,Iphiclides podalirius,,The subspecies I. p. feisthameli is sometimes considered as a separate species.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species is widespread throughout Europe, except in Ireland, Britain, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland and Estonia. 0-1,500 m. The subspecies I. p. feisthameli occurs in Spain and the south of France. It is sometimes considered as a separate species. Its range extends to North Africa and to Turkey and the Middle East across Kazakhstan to the Altai, Southwest. Siberia and West China. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. It is reported extinct in Luxemburg. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Germany, Romania, Serbia, Spain and Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","This large, conspicuous butterfly with its elegant gliding flight, is very impressive. It occurs in warm, dry places with scrub and rough vegetation. The males of the Scarce Swallowtail congregate on hilltops, dancing in the air and waiting for the females, a type of behaviour known as “hill-topping”. They visit thistles and other flowers rich in nectar. The eggs are laid on the leaves of small bushes or trees of Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) and other Rosaceae. The caterpillars feed on the leaves. When fully-grown, they pupate, suspended in a silken girdle in the foodplant. Depending on its position in the range and on the altitude, the Scarce Swallowtail has one to three generations a year. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (12%), orchards, groves and tree plantations (9%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (9%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (9%), sclerophyllous scrub (9%), urban parks and large gardens (6%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Issoria,eugenia,,Issoria eugenia,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Unknown,"This species is present from the Polar Urals to Kamchatka in the North to montane tundra and Tibet in the south. Up to 3,000 m (Tuzov 2,000, Gorbunov 2001, Tshikolovets 2003). Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This butterfly species occurs on tundras, swamps and moist meadows in forests and in the mountains. It produces one generation a year and hibernates as a caterpillar (Tuzov 2,000, Tshikolovets 2003)). Habitats: coniferous woodland (50%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (50%).",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Issoria,lathonia,,Issoria lathonia,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs all over Central and Southern Europe. It is absent from islands in the East of the Mediterranean, Ireland and Britain. Resident up to 63° N in Scandinavia, migrant to 66° N. 0-2,500 m. It is furthermore present through the temperate part of Russia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it can be very local and restricted to a few areas with sufficient habitat of good quality. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Luxembourg, the Netherlands. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Norway, Spain, Spain - Canary Islands and Ukraine (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The large, silver-white mirrors on the underside of the hindwings, distinguish the Queen of Spain Fritillary from other fritillaries. They are strong flyers and can be seen outside their breeding grounds.The butterflies of the first generation that emerge at the end of the spring are quite small, but those of summer generations are often bigger. They can be found on a wide range of dry, flower-rich grasslands, wasteland and fields. The female deposits its eggs singly on the underside of the leaves of violets (Viola spp.) on which the caterpillars later feed. On this nutritious diet the caterpillars grow very quickly, pupating low down in the vegetation. The Queen of Spain Fritillary has two to four generations a year, depending on the altitude and geographical position of the habitat. Hibernation takes place in the larval stage in temperate areas, but probably it can overwinter in other stages as well. Habitats: dry siliceous grasslands (13%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (10%), fallow land, waste places (9%), mesophile grasslands (8%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (7%), improved grasslands (5%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Kirinia,climene,,Kirinia climene,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Increasing,"This species occurs very locally in Southeast Europe: in the east of Serbia and of Albania, FYR of Macedonia, northwest of Greece and of Bulgaria. It is also found in Ukraine. 700-1,600 m. It is furthermore found in Turkey, the Caucasus and Iran. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in a part of Europe, this species is local and restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Lesser Lattice Brown is a butterfly of grassy woodland glades. It occurs both in deciduous and mixed woodland. The butterflies have a rapid flight. They often rest in trees, but sometimes on shorter vegetation. The caterpillars feed on grasses, such as Annual Meadow-grass (Poa annua), but also on larger, coarse-leaved species. The Lesser Lattice Brown has one generation a year. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (33%), mixed woodland (22%), broad-leaved evergreen woodland (11%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (11%), heath and scrub (11%), sclerophyllous scrub (11%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Kirinia,roxelana,,Kirinia roxelana,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in the Balkans: from the south of Croatia, and of Bosnia to the south of Romania and Greece. This species occurs also on several Greek islands and on Cyprus. 0-1750 m. It is also found on Turkey, Israel, Syria, the north of Iraq and western Iran. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in a part of Europe, this species is local and restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Romania. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Lattice Brown inhabits open, dry woodland and dry scrub. In the hottest part of the day, the butterflies settle on tree trunks, hiding in the deep shade of bushes and thickets. They are sometimes seen on dry riverbeds. The female deposits its eggs in crevices in the bark of trees and bushes. The caterpillars feed on grasses, such as meadow-grass (Poa spp.), quaking grass (Briza spp.), brome (Bromus spp.) and foxtail (Alopecurus spp.). The Lattice Brown has one generation a year. It hibernates as a caterpillar. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (57%), sclerophyllous scrub (28%), broad-leaved evergreen woodland (14%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Laeosopis,roboris,,Laeosopis roboris,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs in almost all of Portugal and Spain (except the northwest part) and in the southeast of France from the east of the Pyrenees to the French Alps. Found at altitudes from 100-1,900 m. This is a European endemic species.",A local species in Southwest Europe.,"The Spanish Purple Hairstreak occurs in damp, deciduous woods, on rough vegetation beside streams and rivers and in parkland. The butterflies spend most of their time in the top of ash trees, the larval foodplant and are difficult to see. However, when they leave the tree in search of nectar, drinking from flowers growing at the edge of the woods or on broad verges, they are more noticeable. They are especially fond of the flowers of the umbellifer Thapsia. The female lays its eggs on several species of Ash, like Fraxinus excelsior, F. ornus and F. angustifolia. The eggs remain on the tree for the rest of the summer, autumn and winter. The small caterpillars that emerge in spring, feed on the flowers and fresh leaves of the foodplants. Ants of different species of the genus Lasius sometimes visit the caterpillars. They pupate in the leaf litter. This species has one generation a year. Habitats: alluvial and very wet forests and brush (33%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (33%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (16%), water-fringe vegetation (16%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level in this part of its distribution.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Lampides,boeticus,,Lampides boeticus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in temperate zones all over the world. In Europe, it is a long term resident in the south of Europe only. In the north of its distribution range, it is a rare vagrant. 0-2,700 m. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","In the southern part of its range, this species is widespread. In the northern part, it is local and the situation depends on the migration from the south. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Albania, Romania, Spain and Ukraine (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The underside of the wings of the Long-tailed Blue have an attractive pattern of fine, wavy lines and two striking eye-spots near the tails on the hindwings. The habitats are typified by the presence of many species of leguminous plants that serve as foodplants and plenty of nectar-rich flowers for the butterflies. The habitats are warm, dry places, sometimes in agricultural areas. Bladder Senna (Colutea arborescens) is a well-known foodplant, but other leguminous species are also used. The caterpillars feed on the ripening seeds and on farms where peas and beans are grown, they can cause outbreaks. In natural situations, the caterpillars are attended by various ant species. The life cycle of the Long-tailed Blue takes four to six weeks. It does not go into hibernation and can therefore only occur as a resident where it is warm enough for all stages to survive and where there is a continuous supply of food for the caterpillars and adult butterflies. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (17%), phrygana (12%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (10%), heath and scrub (7%), dry siliceous grasslands (7%), orchards, groves and tree plantations (7%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (7%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Lasiommata,maera,,Lasiommata maera,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs throughout most of Europe up to 68° N in Scandinavia. It is absent from the southwest of Spain, the south of Portugal, large parts of Belgium, the Netherlands, Great Britain, northwest of Germany, Denmark, the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia and Crete. Sea level-2,000 m. It is also found in North Africa, Asia Minor, the Middle East, the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, the Urals, Central Asia, and Southwest Siberia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Luxembourg and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Belgium, Germany, Romania, Slovakia and Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Large Wall Brown occurs in quite different habitats. It is mainly found in warm, dry places near rocks and nutrient-poor grassland, or on rough vegetation near woodland edges. However, it can also occur on damp grassland and rough vegetation near wood margins. The butterflies need a lot of nectar, often visiting purple or pink flowers of thistles and other nectar-rich plants. The female lays its eggs on the blades of grasses that include Holcus spp., bents (Agrostis spp.) and small-reeds (Calamagrostis spp.). The caterpillars hibernate when half-grown in a grass tussock and pupate later deep down in the vegetation. The Large Wall Brown has one generation a year in the north of its distribution range and two a year in the south. Habitats: mixed woodland (15%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (12%), mesophile grasslands (9%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (8%), heath and scrub (7%), coniferous woodland (7%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Lasiommata,megera,,Lasiommata megera,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat. However, in the European Grassland Butterfly Indicator (Van Swaay & Van Strien 2008) this species shows a decline in European grasslands, its main habitat. The species might become threatened in the future.",Stable,"This species occurs throughout most of Europe except mid and north of Scandinavia, Scotland, Finland and Estonia. Sea level-3,000 m. It is also found in North Africa and eastwards to the Caucasus, Asia Minor, the Middle East, also Central Asia and Kazakhstan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a common and widespread species in its European range, although it shows strong declines in number in many parts. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from the Netherlands and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Belgium, Luxembourg, Norway, Republic of Ireland, Romania, Sweden, Turkey (European part) and United Kingdom (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Wall Brown inhabits many different types of grassland, natural grasslands, as well as not all too intensively farmed land. The butterflies are mostly very active, the males very alert. They fly up when disturbed from rocks or walls on which they often bask in the sun and are therefore conspicuous. The males have a broad scent-brand on their forewings. The female deposits her eggs on the blades of many different grasses, including fescues (Festuca spp.), false-bromes (Brachypodium spp.), cock’s-foot (Dactylus spp.), bromes (Bromus spp.) and Crested Dog’s-tail (Cynosurus aristatus). When half-grown, the caterpillar hibernates in the litter layer, where it later, deep down, pupates. The Wall Brown has two to three generations a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (13%), dry siliceous grasslands (12%), heath and scrub (7%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (6%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (6%), mesophile grasslands (6%), fallow land, waste places (5%).","Although this species is widespread throughout a large part of Europe, it is sensitive to both intensified use of and abandonment (and subsequent shrub invasion) of grasslands","More research is needed on the distribution and ecology of the species. This is one of the butterflies that can be common also outside nature reserves. It benefits from proper management of semi-natural grasslands. The species will benefit from the establishment of areas of High Nature Value Farmland (Paracchini et al., 2008). The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Lasiommata,paramegaera,,Lasiommata paramegaera,,This butterfly species used to be considered a sub-species of the Wall Brown (L. megera),Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs on the islands of Corsica, Sardinia, Capraia and Montecristo. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This butterfly species can be fairly common in maquis habitat. It used to be considered a sub-species of the Wall Brown (L. megera). The life-cycle of these two species is very similar. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (50%), dry siliceous grasslands (50%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Lasiommata,petropolitana,,Lasiommata petropolitana,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs locally in the moderately high mountains in the south of Europe (500-2,500 m) and in Scandinavia (100-1,200 m). It is furthermore found in temperate Asia (except for the extreme north) to Mongolia, the Amur region and Northeast China. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in Europe, this species is local and restricted to areas with sufficient good quality habitat. It is reported extinct in Czech Republic. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Latvia and Sweden (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Northern Wall Brown is found in woodland clearings and meadows in woodland, usually in relatively warm places with large rockmasses. The butterflies are fond of basking in the sun on warm rocks or on the ground. The eggs are laid on a number of grasses, including fescues (Festuca spp.), small-reeds (Calamagrostis spp.) and cock’s-foot (Dactylus spp.). The Northern Wall Brown hibernates either in the last larval instar, or as a pupa and has one generation a year. Habitats: mixed woodland (28%), coniferous woodland (28%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (13%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (6%), heath and scrub (6%), mesophile grasslands (6%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","In Croatia, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Leptidea,duponcheli,,Leptidea duponcheli,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in the southeast of France (from Ardèche as far as the Alps and Provence) and in the Balkans from the southwest of Serbia as far as Bulgaria, the south of Greece and Crimea. 50-1,200 m, sometimes to 1,900 m. It is also found through Turkey to Transcaucasia and the Caucasus. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in a part of Europe, this species is local and restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Albania (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Eastern Wood White occurs on dry grassland, often whit scattered trees or bushes and in open woods. It is found on both calcareous and non-calcareous soils. The habitats of the Eastern Wood White are drier and warmer than those of the Wood White (L. sinapis) and Real´s Wood White (L. reali). The eggs are laid on the leaves of Meadow Vetchling (Lathyrus pratensis), Yellow Vetchling (L. aphaca) and birdsfoot-trefoils (Lotus spp.), mostly on plants growing in the shade. The caterpillars feed on the leaves of the foodplant. The Eastern Wood White has two generations a year and hibernates in the pupal stage. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (26%), dry siliceous grasslands (26%), cliffs and rocky shores (6%), heath and scrub (6%), sclerophyllous scrub (6%), phrygana (6%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (6%), mixed woodland (6%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Leptidea,morsei,,Leptidea morsei,,,No,NT,A2c,No,EN,A2c,EU27,,"At the European level, a decline of 27% would be within uncertainty limits for this species' population decline, as the Russian situation outbalances the declines in the West. Therefore, this species is considered as Near Threatened. In the EU27 countries, a decline of 50-80% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore it is considered as Endangered.",Increasing,"This is an Eastern European species: occurs in Czech Republic, Slovakia, east of Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Hungary and Romania. The occurence in Bulgaria needs verification. In most countries, it is rare or very rare. 250-1,400 m. It occurs across Siberia to the Magadan and Ussuri regions; Mongolia, Korea, the north of China and Japan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is very rare and local in the western part of its range, where the situation is unclear in many countries. It seems to be more common in Eastern Europe, but it is never abundant and is mostly declining. It might be confused with other Leptidea species. It is reported extinct in Czech Republic and Serbia. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Austria, Croatia, Hungary and Slovenia. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Moldova, Romania and Slovakia (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","Apart from its greater size and slightly falcate forewings the species can be separated from the other Wood Whites (Leptidea spp) by the conspicuous gliding flight displayed by the males. Fenton's Wood White can be seen on damp, grassy vegetation at the sunny edges of woods, in grassy woodland clearings and on regenerating woodland on grassland. They occur almost exclusively in deciduous woods. This butterfly has two generations a year and hibernates in the pupal stage. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (40%), mesophile grasslands (15%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (10%), coniferous woodland (10%), mixed woodland (10%).",The main threat is changes of woodland management.,"The species is listed on the Habitats Directive, Annexes 2 and 4. More research is needed on the distribution and ecology of the species. Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. None of the populations are in Natura 2000 areas in Austria and the Czech Republic.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Leptidea,reali,,Leptidea reali,,"Real´s Wood White has recently been separated from the Wood White (L. sinapis). However, in the field the species cannot be distinguished from each other.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"Its range is still unclear because of its recent splitting from L. sinapis, but is possibly within the range of L. sinapis. The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents.",Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Denmark. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Republic of Ireland and Romania (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).,"Real´s Wood White has recently been separated from the Wood White (L. sinapis). However, in the field the species cannot be distinguished from each other. Their distribution is not yet entirely clear. Their life cycles are similar. However, L. reali is not known to have more than 2 generations, and is not present as far south as L. sinapis in Europe. In the southern part of its range it is limited to humid to wet meadows and clearings, but becomes more ubiquitous in middle Europe where L. sinapis seems to prefer dryer habitats (Verovnik & Glogovcan 2007). Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","More research to the exact distribution and ecology of this species is neede. This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Leptidea,sinapis,,Leptidea sinapis,,"At present, the Wood White is divided into two species, the Wood White (L. sinapis) and Real´s Wood White (L. reali) which are indistinguishable in the field.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in the whole of Europe and eastwards across the Caucasus, Turkey, the Middle East, Middle Asia, Kazakhstan and South Siberia to the Baikal region. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","It is reported extinct in Denmark. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Poland, the Netherlands and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Latvia, Luxembourg, Slovakia, Spain, Turkey (European part) and United Kingdom (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","At present, the Wood White is divided into two species, the Wood White (L. sinapis) and Real´s Wood White (L. reali) which are indistinguishable in the field. Their distribution is not yet entirely clear. Their life cycles are similar. These fragile butterflies occur on damp, warm grassland near bushes and scrub. They lay their thin, spindle-shaped eggs on different species of Lathyrus, Vicia and birdsfoot-trefoil (Lotus spp.). Cream turning to bright yellow as they mature, they are easy to find. The pupa is pale green and the winter is spent in this stage. In the northern part of its range, it has one generation a year, in the central part it has two generations a year and in the southern part sometimes three. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,More research to the distribution and ecology is needed after the species has been split. This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Leptotes,pirithous,,Leptotes pirithous,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species is common and widespread in Mediterranean Europe. Northwards it occurs only as migrant. 0-1,200 m. It is also found in North Africa, Middle East, Turkey, central Asia and India. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","In the southern part of its range, this species is widespread. In the northern part, it is local and the situation depends on migration from the south. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Albania, Romania, Spain, Turkey (European part) and Ukraine (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Lang’s Short-tailed Blue is a small, inconspicuous butterfly that occurs in flower-rich places and on rough vegetation. It is often seen near scrub and on fields of Lucerne (Medicago sativa). The eggs are laid on various leguminous plants, such as melilots (Melilotus spp.), Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) and also species of Rosaceae and Plumbaginaeceae. The caterpillar feeds on the flowers and seeds of the foodplant and has been found in association with ants of the genus Lasius. The life cycle of the Lang’s Short-tailed Blue takes four to eight weeks, depending on the temperature. Because it is not certain whether this species can go into diapause, in this case in the egg or caterpillar stage, it is also unclear, whether Lang’s Short-tailed Blue is a resident or migrant in southern Europe. It is also possible that the populations are dependent on annual recolonization from Africa. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (16%), sclerophyllous scrub (14%), dry siliceous grasslands (14%), phrygana (11%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (7%), urban parks and large gardens (7%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LIBYTHEIDAE,Libythea,celtis,,Libythea celtis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Increasing,"This species occurs in large parts of the South of Europe: from the north of Portugal, east and central Spain, via the southeast of France, extreme southeast of Switzerland to the south of Slovakia and further southwards in Italy and all over the Balkans. It is also found on several islands in the Mediterranean. 0-1,500 m. It is furthermore found in North Africa and across Asia Minor to Korea, China and Japan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Romania and Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Nettle-tree Butterfly is one of the snout butterflies, so-called because of its long maxillary palps, which point forward seemingly forming a snout. They are often found in scrub or woods, whit the major foodplant, the Nettle Tree (Celtis australis). Species of Prunus, Ulmus, or other species of Celtis are possibly also used as foodplants. This butterfly is a good flyer that often roams some distance from its habitat and can be seen in all kinds of places. The eggs are laid singly on the leaf buds, early in the year because this butterfly hibernates in the adult stage, appearing again in March. The green caterpillars keep mostly to the underside of the leaves and also pupate there. The Nettle-tree Butterfly has one generation a year; the adult hibernates sometimes as soon as August, the brown underside of its wings providing a good camouflage in the dense undergrowth where it spends the winter looking very much like a dead leaf. Habitats: mixed woodland (17%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (17%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (13%), urban parks and large gardens (13%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (8%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Limenitis,camilla,,Limenitis camilla,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This is a Central European species. This species occurs from the Baltic States to the north of Greece and from the south of England to France (except in the south). It is absent from Scandinavia and only in the east of Denmark. In Spain, it is only in the Cantabrian Mts. And the Pyrenees. Its is also absent from the south and the east of Italy and the Croatian coast. Sea level-1,500 m. It is also found in Turkey, Northwest Kazakhstan, Amur, Northeast China, Korea and Japan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in Europe, this species is local and restricted to areas with sufficient good quality habitat. It is reported extinct in Turkey (European part). Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Romania and United Kingdom. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Luxembourg and Moldova (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The White Admiral is a true woodland butterfly and is found in clearings and woodland rides. The female lays its eggs on young honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.) leaves, preferring those half in the shade. The caterpillars feed on the leaves in a characteristic way. Starting at the tip and working towards the stalk, they leave the main nerve intact and use it to rest upon. The hibernation is in the second larval instar. To make the hibernaculum the remaining part of the leaf is spun into a little tube and the leaf stalk is spun tightly onto a twig. After hibernating, the caterpillar feeds on the newly-emerged leaves. It pupates upside down on a twig and has one generation a year. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (56%), mixed woodland (20%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Limenitis,populi,,Limenitis populi,,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU27,,"At the European level, this species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat. In the EU27 countries, a population decline of more than 25% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, it is classified as Near Threatened within the EU27.",Stable,"This species occurs locally in Central Europe. In France, it is present only in the northeast and Brittany, in Germany and Belgium only in the south, in Southeast Norway, South and Central Sweden, south of Finland to the north of Greece. 100-1,500 m. It also occurs in the whole temperate forest zone of the Palearctic Region. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in Europe, this species is local and restricted to areas with sufficient good quality habitat. It is reported extinct in Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, France, Germany and Romania. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Belarus, Belgium, Hungary, Latvia, Serbia, Slovakia and Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","An encounter with the Poplar Admiral is one of those things that one never forgets. It is an impressive butterfly and the woods it inhabits are areas of natural beauty. They are found in mixed woodlands with damp clearings, where its foodplants Aspen (Populus tremula) and Black Poplar (Populus nigra) grow. The female deposits its eggs one by one on leaves that are preferably situated in the sun, with more branches above them. The caterpillar feeds on the leaves, damaging them in a characteristic way. Starting at the point, they eat the softer tissue, leaving the middle nerve untouched. This nerve is supplied with a spun thread, which catches the caterpillar’s frass. When about two-thirds of the leaf is left, the caterpillar uses it to build a hibernaculum, which is fastened tightly onto a twig with spun thread. It hibernates in the second larval instar and in spring eats large numbers of leaves before finally pupating, suspended from a leaf. The Poplar Admiral has one generation a year. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (42%), mixed woodland (27%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (8%), dry siliceous grasslands (6%).","This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level. However, in part of the EU27 range, the species is threatened by intensification of the woodland management.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Limenitis,reducta,,Limenitis reducta,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in a continuous area from Galicia (Spain) via the south and the east of France, Italy and the Alps eastwards. Sea level-1,500 m. It is also found through Turkey and the Middle East to the west of Iran. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. It is also a migrant species in parts of its range, which can colonize areas temporary. It is reported extinct in Czech Republic, Luxembourg and Ukraine. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Austria, Germany and Slovakia. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Romania and Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Southern White Admiral occurs in warm to very warm places in woodland and scrub, often situated near streams, springs or other damp places. The eggs are laid on nearly all species of honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.). The caterpillars feed on the leaves in the manner characteristic of this genus, nibbling at the soft tissues while leaving the main nerve untouched. For hibernation, a small cradle is made from the remains of the leaf, which is secured to a twig with silk. When they come out of hibernation, they begin feeding on the young honeysuckle leaves. The caterpillar pupates suspended from a twig of the foodplant. This species has one generation a year north of the Alps, but two in the Mediterranean region. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (38%), mixed woodland (19%), coniferous woodland (7%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (7%), sclerophyllous scrub (7%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Lopinga,achine,,Lopinga achine,,,No,VU,A2c,No,VU,A2c,EU27,,"In Europe and the EU27 countries, a population decline of more than 30% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, this species is considered as Vulnerable. It should however be noted that both the distribution and population size of this species in Western and Central Europe have declined severely during the 20th century (so before the last ten years).",Decreasing,"This is a Central European species, local and very rare. In Spain possibly only in Biscay, in France except Atlantic coast and south, Switzerland, north of Italy via Slovenia to the east, continuous from Southeast Germany to the south of Finland. 200-1,500 m. It is also found eastwards across northern Central Asia to Korea and Japan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. The Woodland Brown is declining in large parts of Europe. Present strongholds are mainly in East Europe. It is reported extinct in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Belgium, Bulgaria and Luxembourg. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Czech Republic, Germany, Poland and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, France, Hungary, Latvia, Romania, Slovakia and Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Woodland Brown is fond of warm, open places in damp, deciduous or mixed woods with well-developed shrub and herbaceous layers. These habitats may be flooded in winter. The butterflies rarely visit flowers, preferring to feed on honeydew, moisture on buds and sap runs from wounded trees. The males often settle on puddles on the ground, while the females tend to stay in the very top of the trees. Females and caterpillars are restricted to a narrow zone under the tree and bush canopy along the edges of clearings where the host plant must be present (Bergmann, 2001). Eggs are laid on all species of grasses, including fescues (Festuca spp.), meadow-grasses (Poa spp.), small-reeds (Calamagrostis spp.) and false-bromes (Brachypodium spp.) and also on sedges (Carex spp.). The half-grown caterpillar hibernates in a grass tussock, where later in the year it also pupates. The Woodland Brown has one generation a year. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (45%), mixed woodland (29%), alluvial and very wet forests and brush (8%), coniferous woodland (5%).","Changes in woodland or woodland management are the main threats all over the continent. Nevertheless agricultural abandonment and land drainage are important threats in some countries, mainly because the habitat was maintained in a successional change by grazing.","The species is listed on the Habitats Directive Annex 4 and Bern Convention Annex 2. In countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. It is important to maintain suitable glades by grazing or clearing at regular intervals to prevent overshading of its habitat. To improve overgrown sites small clearings (10-30 m in diameter) should be created, wide enough to allow the sun to reach the ground (Bergman pers. comm.).",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Lopinga,deidamia,,Lopinga deidamia,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Unknown,"This species occurs from the Urals across the south of Siberia, China and Mongolia to Korea and Japan. Up to 1,700 m (Tuzov 2,000, Gordunov 2001). Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","In the Western part of its range this butterfly occurs in open coniferous forests, but more tot the East it is also found in tundras in the mountains, flying over stony slopes and alpine meadows at the upper forest border. The females lay their eggs on a number of grass species, such as Agrostis, Elytrigia and Calamagostis species. Usually only one generation a year is produced but in favorable conditions a second generation might appear as well (Tuzov 2,000, Gordunov 2001, Tshikolovets 2003). Habitats: mixed woodland (50%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (50%).",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Lycaena,alciphron,,Lycaena alciphron,,"There are different sub-species, L. a. alcyphron with orange males and brown females, L. a. melibaeus where the males have almost no purple and the females have black hindwings and L. a. gordius where the violet suffusion on the upperside of the wings of the males is reduced. Females of this subspecies are orange instead of brown on the upperside of the wings.",No,LC,,No,NT,,EU27,,"At the European level, this species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat. In the EU27 countries, a population decline of almost 30% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, it is classified as Near Threatened within the EU27.",Decreasing,"It occurs locally and in sparse populations in the Baltic States, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Germany, it is widespread and common in the Balkans, north and central Greece, European Turkey and in the mountainous areas of Italy, Switzerland, south and central France and north and central Spain and in the Sierra Nevada. 50-2,500 m. It is also found in Morocco and through Turkey to the south of Siberia and Mongolia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Germany, Latvia. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Croatia, Romania, Serbia, Spain, Switzerland and Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Purple-shot Copper is found both in damp and dry places on many kinds of flower-rich grassland. Only the male has the beautiful purple sheen on the upperside of its wings. Eggs are laid on sorrels (Rumex spp.), mainly Common Sorrel (R. acetosa). This butterfly species hibernates as a fully-developed caterpillar in the egg, or in the first instar. The caterpillars feed at night and stay hidden during the day. They pupate in the litter layer. It has one generation a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (19%), dry siliceous grasslands (17%), mesophile grasslands (17%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (10%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (8%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (6%).","This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level. However, in part of the EU27 range, the species is threatened by intensification of use and abandonment of grasslands.","No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Lycaena,bleusei,,Lycaena bleusei,,"Until recently the Iberian Sooty Copper was regarded as a subspecies of Lycaena tityrus (Casulo et al., 1989).",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Restricted to Spain and Portugal, where it is found in several mountain ranges in central Spain and in the Portuguese Alentejo. Field work is needed to find new populations in suitable areas. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The habitat consists of grassland clearings in open Quercus ilex and Q. pyrenaica woodlands, but also in traditionally grazed grasslands and open areas in pine forests. The species has two generations and hibernates as a larva in the second generation. The larva feeds on several Rumex species. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but more research is required on the distribution and ecology of the species, especially field work to find new populations in suitable areas.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Lycaena,candens,,Lycaena candens,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in the Balkans from Croatia to Bulgaria and in north and central Greece. 900-2,000 m. It is also found in Asian Turkey. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Balkan Copper can be found in damp grassland, sub-alpine and alpine meadows and in woodland clearings with a well-developed herb layer. Populations are usually very local, but in meadows, abundances can sometimes be very high. Different sorrels (Rumex spp.), including Common Sorrel (R. acetosa) are used as larval foodplants. It has one generation a year. This butterfly looks very like the Purple-edged Copper (Lycaena hippothoe) and used to be classified as a sub-species of it. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (50%), mesophile grasslands (50%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Lycaena,dispar,,Lycaena dispar,,The Large Copper has several sub-species in Europe.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs from eastern England via the Netherlands and northern Germany to Finland, southwestern France and from the north of Italy to Turkey. 0-1,000 m. It is furthermore found in the temperate and subtropical parts of the palaearctic. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in Europe, this species is local and restricted to areas with sufficient habitat of good quality. The species has several subspecies, some of them being extremely local and endangered (e.g. L. dispar batavus) or even extinct (L. dispar dispar is reported extinct in United Kingdom). Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Luxembourg and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Greece, Italy and Romania (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Large Copper occurs in marshy habitats and on the peaty banks of lakes, rivers and streams and more to the East also on waste lands. Nectar plants are important, especially for the females. Eggs are laid on large sorrels (Rumex spp.) like R. crispus, R. obtusifolius and Water Dock (R. hydrolapathum), but never on Common Sorrel (R. acetosa) or Sheep's Sorrel (R. acetosella). The young caterpillars first eat from the underside of the leaves, making the characteristic ‘windows’. Later caterpillars feed on the whole leaf. They hibernate when half-grown between withered leaves at the base of the foodplant. They are sometimes associated with ants (Myrmica rubra and Lasius niger). The Large Copper has several sub-species in Europe. The largest of them, L. d. batava, is confined to the extensive wetlands in the north of the Netherlands. The males of this subspecies occupy territoria in the warmest places in depressions in the vegetation. Their caterpillars feed only on Water Dock (Rumex hydrolapathum). There are two smaller subspecies, L. d. rutila and L. d. carueli, that use other large sorrels as foodplants. The subspecies L. d. batava has one generation a year and the other subspecies two or sometimes even three. Habitats: humid grasslands and tall herb communities (26%), water-fringe vegetation (14%), fens, transition mires and springs (11%), mesophile grasslands (8%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (7%), blanket bogs (5%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (5%).","Where the species lives in marshland, it is threatened by reclamation, groundwater extraction or desiccation. Grassland and wasteland habitats become unsuitable if they are abandoned and become invaded by shrubs and trees.","The species is listed on the Habitats Directive Annexes 2 and 4 and Bern Convention Annex 2. More research is needed on the distribution and ecology of the species. Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. In the Netherlands, the species only occurs in protected areas. In Estonia, Finland and Germany, it is unknown if all populations are in Natura 2000 areas.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Lycaena,helle,,Lycaena helle,,,No,EN,A2c,No,LC,,EU27,,"A decline of 50-80% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, this species is considered as Endangered. In EU27 countries, it is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years (and such a decline is also not within the uncertainty limits). It should however be noted that both the distribution and population size of this species in the EU27 countries have declined severely during the 20th century (so before the last ten years).",Decreasing,"This species occurs in scattered populations from the north of Norway to the Pyrenees and from the east of Belgium to East Asia: France (Ariège to the Jura and western Vosges), western Switzerland, Luxembourg, Belgium (Ardennes) and Germany (in the upland area including the Eifel). 100-1,800 m. It is futhermore found through the temperate and partly arctic areas of the Palearctic. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. In Central Europe, it is restricted to isolated and scattered locations. It is reported extinct in Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Latvia and Slovakia. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Belarus, Germany, Luxembourg and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Lithuania, Norway, Romania, Sweden and Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Violet Copper is a rare butterfly that is often confined to very small sites, where it may be seen in large numbers. It is found in swampy, wet grassland and rough vegetation bordering streams and lakes. In Central Europe, eggs are laid on the underside of the leaves of Bistort (Polygonum bistorta). In the north of its range Viviparous Bistort (Polygonum vivipara) is also used as larval foodplant. The young caterpillars eat the lower epidermis, thus making the characteristic “windows”. It passes the winter as a pupa. It has one, sometimes two, generations a year. Habitats: humid grasslands and tall herb communities (37%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (10%), water-fringe vegetation (8%), fens, transition mires and springs (8%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (5%), mesophile grasslands (5%).","Land drainage and agricultural improvements are the most important threats for this species. In some cases, because of agricultural abandonment, meadows get covered with rough vegetation and finally trees and shrubs. Central European populations are often small and isolated, making it hard for the species to recolonise former sites.","The species is listed on the Habitats Directive, Annexes 2 and 4. In Belarus and Poland, the species only occurs in protected areas. None of the populations are in Natura 2000 areas in Austria. In spite of legal protection of important butterfly habitats special management of these habitats for L. helle is only conducted in few countries (e.g. in Belgium). It requires sensitive management of semi-natural grasslands and would benefit from the establishment of areas of High Nature Value Farmland (Paracchini et al., 2008). Populations should be monitored closely, for example by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Lycaena,hippothoe,,Lycaena hippothoe,,"The Purple-edged Copper has a few sub-species: L. h. hippothoe, L. h. eurydame and L. h. striberi",No,LC,,No,NT,,EU27,,"At the European level, this species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat. In the EU27 countries, a population decline of almost 30% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, it is classified as Near Threatened within the EU27.",Decreasing,"Various sub-species occur: L. hippothoe stiberi in Scandinavia north of 62° N, L. hippothoe eurydame in the Alps of Switzerland, Austria, France and Italy and in the Apennines 1,500-2,500 m and L. hippothoe hippothoe in valleys and further in the north of Spain, Central Europe to the the south of the Balkans and Greece. 0-2,500 m. It is furthermore found in Central and South Siberia and the Altai. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. It is reported extinct in the Netherlands. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Germany, Hungary and Romania. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Latvia, Luxembourg, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden and Ukraine (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Purple-edged Copper occurs on wet to damp grasslands, where the male butterflies attract the attention, perched on a tall grass or other plant, watching over their territory. The populations are mostly very local, but in a meadow, the butterflies can often be very numerous. The eggs are laid on various sorrels (Rumex spp.). At first the small caterpillar only scrapes off a few cell layers on the leaf surface, so making translucent “windows”, but later they feed on the whole leaf. The caterpillar hibernates when still small and completes its growth in spring, pupating in the litter layer. It has one generation a year in the northern part of its range. In the southern part of its range it produces two generation and can sometimes be found on dry grasslands as well. The Purple-edged Copper has a few sub-species. The lowland sub-species (L. h. hippothoe) has a largely orange forewing; the mountain sub-species, L. h. eurydame, that occurs between 1,500 and 2,500 m, has completely brown females; and the Scandinavian L. h. striberi has wholly orange forewings, resembling a Small Copper (L. phlaeas). Habitats: humid grasslands and tall herb communities (30%), mesophile grasslands (24%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (11%), fens, transition mires and springs (7%).","This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level. However, in part of the EU27 range, the species is threatened by intensification of use and drainage of wet grasslands.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Lycaena,ottomana,,Lycaena ottomana,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in Southeast Europe from Bosnia and Herzegovina via Montenegro to Bulgaria and Greece (including some islands). Very rare in the northern part of distribution range. 0-1,600 m, although mostly below 1,000 m. It is also found in Asian Turkey. The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Grecian Copper can be found in low, scrubby vegetation, maquis and woodland clearings and also occurs in dry and moist grassland at the bottom of valleys. Sorrel, especially Sheep's Sorrel (Rumex acetosella), is used as larval foodplant. This butterfly species has two generations a year. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (25%), phrygana (25%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (25%), mesophile grasslands (16%), mixed woodland (8%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Lycaena,phlaeas,,Lycaena phlaeas,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs all over Europe south of the Arctic Circle. 0-2,400 m. It is furthermore found in North Africa, temperate and subtropical Asia and North America. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a common and widespread species in its European range. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Ukraine and United Kingdom. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Luxembourg, Republic of Ireland, Romania and Spain (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Small Copper is a very common, wide-ranging butterfly. It is found on all types of grasslands and heathlands, roadsides and along the banks of canals. The butterflies often visit flowers and the males, perched on a tall blade of grass, defend their territory fiercely, flying out towards conspecific males. Eggs are laid on different species of sorrel, mainly Common Sorrel (Rumex acetosa). In the absence of sorrel, Knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare) serves as a larval foodplant. This butterfly species overwinters as a caterpillar. In the north of its range, the Small Copper has two generations a year, whereas in the southern part, it may have three or four. Habitats: dry siliceous grasslands (14%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (11%), mesophile grasslands (9%), heath and scrub (7%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (6%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (5%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Lycaena,thersamon,,Lycaena thersamon,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in central Italy and in the Southeast and East of Europe (from eastern Austria, Czech Republic and Slovakia to Romania and Greece, on Greek islands (Thasos, Kos and Rhodes and Cyprus). 0-1,600 m. It is found further east through Turkey to Israel, Afghanistan, southern Urals and Altai. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Austria and Slovenia. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovakia and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Cyprus, Romania, Serbia and Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Lesser Fiery Copper is mostly found on dry, flower-rich grasslands, both on calcareous and acid soils. They are also seen on waste land, very open scrub and rocky slopes. The butterflies are often seen drinking from the flowers of Danewort (Sambucus ebulus). Its most important larval foodplant is Knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare), although other Polygonaceae species are probably also used. The caterpillars feed on both the flowers and the leaves. This butterfly species hibernates as a caterpillar and has several generations a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (20%), dry siliceous grasslands (13%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (10%), urban parks and large gardens (6%), fallow land, waste places (6%), mesophile grasslands (6%).",The species is threatened by intensification and abandonment of semi-natural grasslands.,"More research is needed on the distribution and ecology of the species. Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. It benefits from proper management of semi-natural grasslands. The species will benefit from the establishment of areas of High Nature Value Farmland (Paracchini et al., 2008).",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Lycaena,thetis,,Lycaena thetis,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range. However, there are only 3-4 small populations in Greece and the area with larval habitat is extremely small and being destroyed and at the Greek level, it might be considered as Endangered (B2ab(iii)) owing to its rarity and reported decline.",Stable,"This species has a very local occurrence in south and central Greece. 1,500-2,300 m. It is also found in Turkey, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq and Iran. Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","In flight, with the rich orange-red of the upperside of their wings, Fiery Copper males do honour to their name. However, with their wings folded, they are difficult to see. It is a mountain butterfly, often seen near the tree-line, in rocky, calcareous areas with low-growing open vegetation. The foodplant Prickly Thrift (Acantholimon androsaceum) is a member of the Plumbaginaceae. The choice of a species of this family is remarkable, as all other copper butterflies have Polygonaceae species as larval foodplants. The foodplant is restricted to Greece in Europe, but more widespread in Turkey. The Fiery Copper is often seen with the Odd-spot Blue (Turanana taygetica), as both use Prickly Thrift as larval foodplant. Habitats: phrygana (33%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (33%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (33%).","The species has a limited range and no dispersal potential, as its foodplant has a restricted range. Furthermore, the area gets destroyed by new roads and other building activities.",More research is needed on the distribution and ecology of the species. Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. The existing populations should be protected.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Lycaena,tityrus,,Lycaena tityrus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs all over Europe to 58° N. It is absent from Scandinavia, Britain and the Mediterranean islands except Sicily and Samos. 0-2,500 m. It is furthermore found in Turkey and east to Siberia, Kazakhstan and the Altai Mountians. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a common and widespread species in its European range. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Germany, Luxembourg, Romania, the Netherlands and Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Sooty Copper is found in a variety of habitats, damp and dry grassland, heathland, bogs, but also scrub and clearings in woodland, mostly in small numbers. Eggs are laid on sorrels (Rumex spp.), especially on Common Sorrel (R. acetosa). The caterpillar hibernates at the base of the plant in any of the instars. They pupate in the litter layer. It has up to three generations a year. Habitats: mesophile grasslands (14%), dry siliceous grasslands (12%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (8%), heath and scrub (8%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (8%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (5%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (5%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Lycaena,virgaureae,,Lycaena virgaureae,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"In Spain, it is present in the Sierra de Gredos, S. de Guadarrama, Cantabrian Mts. and the Pyrenees. In France in Central Massif and the Alps. It is also found in Switzerland, Italy, Germany, Austria, south of Belgium, the Baltic States, Fennoscandia to Arctic Circle, the Balkans and further eastwards to Siberia. 0-2,000 m. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Belgium, Luxembourg and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Denmark, Germany, Latvia, Romania, Slovakia and Sweden (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","It would be difficult to miss the beautiful and conspicuous Scarce Copper. The white patches on the underside of the hindwing distinguish it from other coppers. It prefers sheltered, flower-rich grassland in or near woods. The female visits a wide range of composites, especially Golden-rod (Solidago virgaureae) from where it gets its species name. The female lays its eggs at the base of the flowering stems of all species of sorrel (Rumex spp.). The eggs do not hatch until the following spring when the small caterpillars make a good meal of the new, fresh vegetation. It has one generation a year. Habitats: mesophile grasslands (18%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (15%), mixed woodland (11%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (8%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (8%), dry siliceous grasslands (7%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (7%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","In Portugal, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Maniola,chia,,Maniola chia,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,Occurs commonly on the Greek islands Chios and Inousses. Its elevational range is from sea level to 800 m. This is a European endemic species.,"A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Where it occurs, it is rather common.","This Meadow Brown can be seen on dry, grassy vegetation with scattered bushes and near agricultural land. The butterflies are inactive in summer. It has one generation a year. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (100%).","Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level. But since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Maniola,cypricola,,Maniola cypricola,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs only on Cyprus. Its elevational range is from sea level to 1,500 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This Meadow Brown is often found in shady places, such as in woods, orchards and among scrubby vegetation and it is also occurs on more open sites. These butterflies have a rapid, linear flight. The caterpillars feed on grasses, although exactly which species is not known. There is one generation a year. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.","Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level. But since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. Research is needed on its ecology and habitat requirements.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Maniola,halicarnassus,,Maniola halicarnassus,,,No,NT,B1a,No,NT,B1a,EU27,,"This species is endemic from the Greek island of Nisiros, whose area is appr. 42 km², so the Extend of Occurrence is less than 100 km². Furthermore, this island can be regarded as one location. Since no decline has been reported and the species does not appear to fluctuate, it is classified as Near Threatened.",Unknown,"This species occurs in Europe only on the Greek island Nisiros. Sea level-100 m. It is also found in the southwest of Turkey, but here the range is restricted as well. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a species with a very restricted distribution, both globally and in Europe.","This meadow brown is found on dry, open scrub and near agricultural land on the Greek island Nisiros. In the summer months, the butterflies are inactive. This species is single-brooded. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (50%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (50%).","In Europe, the very small range of this species (the extent of occurrence - EOO - is less than 100 km²) in one location makes it vulnerable to environmental changes. Outside Europe the butterfly can be found only around Budrum in Southwest Turkey.","Since this species has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Maniola,jurtina,,Maniola jurtina,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs all over Europe to 63° N. It is absent from central and north Scandinavia. Sea level-1,700 m. It is also found east to West Siberia and across Asia Minor and the Caucasus to Turkmenia and Iran. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a common and widespread species in its European range. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Luxembourg, Malta, Republic of Ireland, Sweden and United Kingdom (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Meadow Brown is a common butterfly of many different grassland types, both natural grasslands and not too intensively used farmland and semi-natural grassland. The butterflies are noticeable by their lively behaviour. The female deposits its eggs on a large number of grasses, including species of fescue (Festuca spp.), false-brome (Brachypodium spp.), cock's-foot (Dactylus spp.), dog’s-tail (Cynosurus spp.) and brome (Bromus spp.). Sometimes, it also just drops the eggs in flight. The caterpillar goes into hibernation in the litter layer when half-grown. It also pupates deep in the litter layer. The Meadow Brown has one generation a year. Habitats: mesophile grasslands (14%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (9%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (8%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (8%), dry siliceous grasslands (7%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (7%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level. This is one of the butterflies that can be common also outside nature reserves. It benefits from proper management of semi-natural grasslands. The species will benefit from the establishment of areas of High Nature Value Farmland (Paracchini et al., 2008). In countries where the species is declining, habitats should be managed appropriately and the effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Maniola,megala,,Maniola megala,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Unknown,"In Europe, it only occurs on the Greek island Lesbos. Sea level-900 m. Its main distribution is in Turkey. Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This meadow brown prefers damp places with grassy vegetation and bushes. The butterflies have a long flight period and are inactive in summer. It has one generation a year. Habitats: water-fringe vegetation (50%), fens, transition mires and springs (50%).",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Maniola,nurag,,Maniola nurag,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Scattered occurrence on Sardinia. Most abundant in the Monti del Gennargentu, where it is found at elevations of 600-1,300 m; elsewhere at 400 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Sardinian Meadow Brown is mostly found on bushy vegetation with Cistus, on grassland with bushes, in woodland clearings and in open woodland and near streams. The butterflies often fly close to the ground. Compared to M. jurtina, that occurs in the same habitats but also on higher altitudes, M. nurag is much smaller and much lighter and more orange-yellow on the upper-side of the wings. Females aestivate during the hottest period of summer waiting for first autumn rains for egg laying. After mating, the female stores the sperm and eggs get fertilized after the aestivation period when females lay their eggs (Grill et al., 2006). The caterpillars live on grasses, including Festuca morisiana, an endemic fescue of Sardinia. The caterpillars are mainly active at night and continue feeding throughout the winter as long as it does not freeze. The Sardinian Meadow Brown has one generation a year. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.","Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face immediate threats. According to Grill et al. (2006) global warming could disrupt the aestivation, which might threaten the species in future.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level. But since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Maniola,telmessia,,Maniola telmessia,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in Europe only on islands in the Eastern Aegean Sea. Sea level-1,300 m. It is also found in Turkey, Jordan, Israel, Iraq and Iran. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.",This is a local species with a restricted European distribution.,"This meadow brown is a butterfly of open woodland, found in oak woods, mixed woods and coniferous forests and also in open scrub. Further, it is seen in olive groves, vineyards and occasionally villages. The butterflies mostly fly in the shadow of trees and bushes, keeping close to the ground. In contrast to the Meadow Brown (M. jurtina), this butterfly is hardly ever found on open, flower-rich grasslands. Butterflies are present from the spring until the autumn, but during the hot, dry summer months, they are inactive, hiding in trees or bushes, or on tree trunks. Although the females mate soon after emergance, they do not lay their eggs in summer. The eggs mature during the period of inactivity in summer and are deposited during the following autumn on several species of grasses. This meadow brown has one generation a year. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (50%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (50%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,No conservation actions are needed for this species.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Melanargia,arge,,Melanargia arge,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs in Italy from central Italy to the northeast of Sicily. Its elevational range is 350-1,500 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Italian Marbled White occurs locally in small populations. It occurs in rocky, calcareous places on patches of dry, grassy vegetation among loose thickets of Prickly Juniper (Juniperus oxycedrus), Rosa sempervirens, the bramble Rubus ulmifolius and Thymus capitatus, with a few scattered trees. The caterpillars feed on grasses such as Feather Grass (Stipa pinnata) and the false-brome Brachypodium retusum. The Italian Marbled White has one generation a year and only flies for three weeks per year in any one location. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"The species is listed on the Habitats Directive Annexes 2 and 4 and Bern Convention Annex 2. This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level. In Italy, not all populations are in Natura 2,000 areas.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Melanargia,galathea,,Melanargia galathea,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This is a species of Central and Southeast Europe. It is absent from Scandinavia, Estonia, Latvia, north of Lithuania, north of Germany, the Netherlands, north and central Britain, Ireland, Portugal, south of Greece and the Mediterranean islands. In Spain, it is only in the Cantabrian Mts.and the Pyrenees. Sea level-1,800 m. It is also found in North Africa and from the Southern Urals across the Caucasus and Asia Minor to the north of Iran. The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents.",This is a common and widespread species in its European range. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Luxembourg and United Kingdom (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).,"The Marbled White inhabits many different types of nutrient-poor grassland. It is common in the southern part of its range, also on road verges and in agricultural areas. The butterflies need a lot of nectar and are often seen on plants in bloom. Various grass species, mostly fine-leaved, are used as foodplants. The female usually just drops its eggs into the grass, sometimes while flying. The first instar caterpillar hibernates without eating first. In periods of hot weather, the other instars can also go without food. They pupate deep in the vegetation. The Marbled White has one generation a year. Habitats: mesophile grasslands (22%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (16%), dry siliceous grasslands (15%), mixed woodland (6%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (5%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (5%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Melanargia,ines,,Melanargia ines,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Increasing,"This species occurs all over the Iberian Peninsula, except the north of Spain. Sea level-1,600m. It is also found in North Africa. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.",This species is widespread in part of Europe.,"The Spanish Marbled White is found in warm, dry places with low vegetation on rocky slopes, on flower-rich grassy vegetation and in scrub. Its foodplants are grasses of the genus Stipa. The caterpillars hibernate, pupating on the ground in the early spring. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (50%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (50%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Melanargia,lachesis,,Melanargia lachesis,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Increasing,"Occurs on Iberian Peninsula (but absent from the Spanish northern coast and most of the southwest) and in France (along the Mediterranean from the Pyrenees to Rhône Valley and as an isolated population in the vicinity of Montauban). Its elevational range is from sea level to 2,000 m, sometimes 2,500 m. This is a European endemic species.",This species is widespread in part of Europe. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Spain (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).,"The Iberian Marbled White occurs in flower-rich, dry to damp grasslands, near dry scrub and along woodland edges and hedgerows. Grasses such as Annual Meadow-grass (Poa annua), Meadow Fescue (Festuca pratensis), Compact Brome (Bromus madritensis) and Brachypodium retusum are used as foodplants. This species is single-brooded and hibernates as a caterpillar. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (22%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (22%), scrub and grassland (11%), mesophile grasslands (11%), broad-leaved evergreen woodland (11%), screes (11%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (11%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but in countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Melanargia,larissa,,Melanargia larissa,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in Southeast Europe: from coastal zone of Croatia, via south of Bosnia and of Serbia to the south of Greece and on some Greek islands. 0-1,500 m, sometimes -2,100 m. It is also found through Turkey to Transcaucasia and northwest of Iran. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in a part of Europe, this species is local and restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Albania and Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Balkan Marbled White occurs on dry grasslands, rocky slopes, in open scrub and in grassy clearings in woods. The caterpillars feed on different grasses. This butterfly is single-brooded and hibernates as a caterpillar. Habitats: inland cliffs and exposed rocks (37%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (37%), sclerophyllous scrub (12%), phrygana (12%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Melanargia,occitanica,,Melanargia occitanica,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in central Portugal, large parts of Spain (except Southwest and orth), southeast of France (from the eastern Pyrenees via Ardèche and Provence to the French Alps) and in bordering part of the Italian Maritime Alps. Sea level-1,500 m. It is also found in Northwest Africa. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.",This species is widespread in part of Europe. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Portuga and Spain (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).,"The Western Marbled White is mostly found in dry, rocky places with grassy vegetation and scattered rocks, although it is also seen in damper locations. Its foodplants are various grasses, such as Tor-grass (Brachypodium pinnatum), Bermuda-grass (Cynodon dactylon), Cock’s-foot (Dactylus glomerata) and several Stipa spp. This species has one generation a year. It spends the summer as young larva without feeding, but feeds during the winter. It hibernates as a caterpillar. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (40%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (40%), mesophile grasslands (20%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Melanargia,pherusa,,Melanargia pherusa,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Only occurs on West Sicily in the mountains south of Palermo (the very similar M. arge occurs in northeast Sicily). Its elevational range is from 600-1,000 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Sicilian Marbled White lives in rocky places with dry, grassy vegetation. Its foodplants are grasses and probably the false-brome Brachypodium retusum is one of them. After hatching, the tiny caterpillar first eats the shell of its egg and then becomes inactive in summer months, only beginning to feed in autumn. The next spring, when it is fully-grown, it spins a little tent from sand and plant remains in which to pupate. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.","Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Melanargia,russiae,,Melanargia russiae,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species has a scattered occurrence in Europe: northeast Portugal, north and central Spain (but not in the northern coastal zone and the western Pyrenees), southeast of France (eastern Pyrenees, south of the Massif Central to the Alps), south and central Italy, north of Sicily and in the Balkans in the western part of FYR of Macedonia, Albania and north of Greece. In Spain 400-1,500 m, in Italy 1,000-1,500 m and in the Balkans 1,000-2,100 m. It is also found from the Southern Urals and Kazakhstan to South Siberia and from Asia Minor and the Middle East across Iran to Middle Asia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in a part of Europe, this species is local and restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Hungary. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Albania (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","Esper's Marbled White is a butterfly of grassy vegetation, occurring both on acid and calcareous soils. They are often found on dry, rocky slopes but also in grassy glades in woods. They are fond of visiting thistles and like plants for their nectar. Various meadow grasses (Poa spp.) and false bromes (Brachypodium spp.), Feather Grass (Stipa pinnata) and Aegilops geniculata are used as foodplants. The caterpillars hibernate and pupate on the ground in spring. This species has one generation a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (30%), dry siliceous grasslands (15%), mesophile grasslands (15%), sclerophyllous scrub (7%), phrygana (7%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (7%), coniferous woodland (7%), mixed woodland (7%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Melitaea,aetherie,,Melitaea aetherie,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Increasing,"This species occurs very locally in the south of Europe: in South Portugal (up to just north of Lisbon), in Southwest Spain (and in isolated populations near Granada and Jaén) and in Northwest Sicily. In Spain and Portugal 0-800 m, on Sicily 800-1,100 m. It is also found in Northwest Africa. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","In Spain, the Aetherie Fritillary is found in clearings in disturbed Holm Oak (Quercus ilex) woodlands, where its foodplants, thistles (Cirsium spp.) and knapweeds (Centaurea spp.), such as Star Thistle (Centaurea calcitrapa), Brown Knapweed (C. jacea) and C. carratracensis grow. In Sicily, it is found in open, warm, dry places whith Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus), which is probably the foodplant here. The female lays its eggs in batches on the foodplants. The Aetherie Fritillary has one generation a year and hibernates as a caterpillar. The sub-species that occurs on Sicily may have two generations a year. Habitats: broad-leaved evergreen woodland (100%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Melitaea,arduinna,,Melitaea arduinna,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs locally in the Balkans: in mountainous regions in FYR of Macedonia, Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and S Romania. 500-1,500 m. Recently also found at the Black Sea coast of Bulgaria. It is also found across Asia Minor to Central Asia and Altai. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Romania (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","Freyer’s Fritillary is found on flower-rich grassy vegetation and in woodland clearings on both calcareous and acid soil and seems to prefer moist places. The female lays its eggs in large batches on the leaves of knapweeds (Centaurea spp.). The caterpillars feed and also hibernate communally in a nest of spun silk. When almost fully grown, they separate and pupate close to the ground, on the stems of plants. It has one generation a year. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (25%), mesophile grasslands (25%), mixed woodland (12%), dry siliceous grasslands (12%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (12%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (12%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Melitaea,asteria,,Melitaea asteria,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Decreasing,"Occurs in the eastern part of the Alps: in Switzerland only in extreme east (Engadin), the eastern and central Italian Alps and in Austria as far as the Gurktaler Alps. Its elevational range is from 2,000-3,000 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria and Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","This tiny, rather dark Fritillary, with its faded markings, always looks as though it has been worn by much flying. The Little Fritillary occurs above the tree-line on alpine meadows with a short vegetation. They have a rapid, zigzagging flight. The female lays its eggs in clusters on the leaves of Alpine Plantain (Plantago alpina). Because the breeding grounds are at such high altitudes and the growing season is so short, the caterpillars take nearly two years to develop and are more numerous in some years than others. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (100%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but in countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Melitaea,athalia,,Melitaea athalia,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs throughout most of Europe. It is absent from the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula (except Sierra Nevada), the Mediterranean islands, south of Greece, Ireland and Britain (except the South). The sub-species M. a. celadussa occurs on the Iberian Peninsula, also in the south of France and of Switzerland, Italy and Sicily. Sea level-2,700 m. It is also found across temperate Asia to the Amur region and Kamchatka Peninsula. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Luxembourg, the Netherlands and United Kingdom. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Denmark, Germany, Latvia, Moldova, Sweden and Ukraine (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Heath Fritillary is found in many different biotope types, ranging from dry to damp, grassy, flower-rich places, often situated near bushes or in woodland, or in clearings and along the edges of paths in woods. Its foodplants are plantains (Plantago spp.), cow-wheats (Melampyrum spp.), speedwells (Veronica spp.), foxgloves (Digitalis spp.) and toadflaxes (Linara spp.). The female lays its eggs in clusters on the underside of the leaves. The caterpillars feed communally in silken nests, also hibernating together when half-grown. They then disperse over the plant, either into small groups, or, mostly, become solitary. They pupate on the foodplant and usually have one generation a year, except in the south, where they have two. Habitats: mesophile grasslands (17%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (15%), dry siliceous grasslands (11%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (11%), mixed woodland (11%), heath and scrub (6%), coniferous woodland (5%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"In United Kingdom, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Melitaea,aurelia,,Melitaea aurelia,,,No,NT,A2c,No,LC,,EU27,,"At the European level, a population decline of almost 30% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, this species is considered as Near Threatened. In the EU27 countries, this species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This is a Central European species. It is absent from Scandinavia, the Netherlands, north and central Belgium, northwest and southwest of France, the Iberian Peninsula, the Mediterranean islands, Italy (except in the north) and Greece (except in the north). 100-1,500 m. It is also found across the Caucasus and the north of Kazakhstan to West Siberia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Belgium, Poland and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, France, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Serbia and Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","Nickerl’s Fritillary occurs on open, dry grasslands and heaths on calcareous slopes and is very heat-tolerant. The female deposits her eggs in clusters on the underside of the leaves of its foodplant Ribwort Plantain (Plantago lanceolata). The caterpillars feed and also hibernate in communal silken nests. They pupate low down in the vegetation. Nickerl’s Fritillary has one generation a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (33%), mesophile grasslands (24%), dry siliceous grasslands (12%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (9%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (6%).",This species is especially threatened by changes in the management of semi-natural grasslands. Both intensification of use and abandonment will have a negative impact on this butterfly.,"In Ukraine, the species only occurs in protected areas. In countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Melitaea,britomartis,,Melitaea britomartis,,,No,NT,A2c,No,NT,A2c,EU27,,"Both at the European and EU27 member states level, a population decline of almost 30% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, this species is considered as Near Threatened.",Decreasing,"This is a species of eastern Central Europe, with some isolated occurrences outside this region. Thus, it is local in southeastern Sweden, southeastern Germany, northern Italy (Aosta, Susa, Turin, Lago Maggiore, Lago di Garda, Venezia) and Bulgaria (Stara Pl.). It is more common in southern Lithuania, northeastern Poland, eastern Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania and further eastwards. 300-1,000 m. It is also found across the north of Kazakhstan and the south of Siberia to Northeast China and Korea. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Sweden, Switzerland. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Germany (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","Assmann’s Fritillary occurs on warm grasslands and heath that are often situated at the edges of woodland, or near groups of shrubs. Its foodplants are Ribwort Plantain (Plantago lanceolata), Yellow Rattle (Rhinanthus minor) and the Speedwell (Veronica austriaca). The female lays its eggs in batches on the underside of the leaves. The caterpillars feed communally in a silken nest, where they also hibernate. They then separate, later pupating low-down in the vegetation. This fritillary is single-brooded. Habitats: mesophile grasslands (27%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (27%), dry siliceous grasslands (11%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (11%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (11%), mixed woodland (5%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (5%).",This species is threatened by changes in the management of semi-natural grasslands. Both intensification of use and abandonment will have a negative impact on this butterfly.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. In countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Melitaea,cinxia,,Melitaea cinxia,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This is mainly a species of Central and Eastern Europe. In Scandinavia, it is only found in the south. It is also found on Sicily and Corfu, but otherwise absent from the Mediterranean islands. Also absent from the Iberian Peninsula (except northern provinces, Sierra de Guadarrama, Montes Universales and the north of Portugal), almost the whole Netherlands, Ireland and Britain, except the Isle of Wight. Sea level-2,000 m. This species occurs in most of the Palearctic, except for the polar tundra, north of Siberia and the Far East. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Austria, Latvia, Luxembourg, Sweden, the Netherlands and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Turkey (European part) and United Kingdom (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Glanville Fritillary is found on many different types of flower-rich grasslands, both on calcareous and acid soils. This butterfly can survive on meadows and pastures, as well as on road verges and forgotten patches of vegetation, sometimes small habitats supporting large populations. Various plantains (Plantago spp.), speedwells (Veronica spp.) and knapweeds (Centaurea spp.) are used as foodplants. The eggs are laid in large batches on the underside of the leaves. The caterpillars live gregariously in a spun nest, also hibernating in a bigger nest when half-grown. In spring, a small proportion of the caterpillars develop quickly, going on to produce a partial, second generation. The remaining caterpillars develop more slowly. Thus, the Glanville Fritillary usually has one generation a year and in favourable locations a partial second generation. Habitats: mesophile grasslands (20%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (17%), dry siliceous grasslands (17%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (8%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (5%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Melitaea,deione,,Melitaea deione,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This southwestern European species occurs in Portugal, large parts of Spain (southeast and central Spain, Sierra de Gredos and further eastwards, northeast Spain, the Pyrenees and Cantabrian Mts.), in the southeast of France, in the Italian Alps and in Switzerland (very locally in Wallis). 150-1,600 m. It is also found in Northwest Africa. The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents.",This is a local species from (semi-) natural habitats in Southwest Europe.,"The Provençal Fritillary occurs in all types of flower-rich, grassy places; on flower-rich grasslands, both in damp and dry places and on calcareous as well as acid soil, on flower-rich, grassy vegetation on the banks of rivers and streams, in scrub and at woodland edges. In Switzerland, at the extreme north of its distribution range, it is only found in dry, warm, bushy places. Its foodplants are toadflax (Linaria spp.), snapdragons (Antirrhinum spp.) and sometimes also foxgloves (Digitalis spp.). The female lays its eggs in small batches on the underside of the leaves. The caterpillars hibernate in a spun shelter. In most locations, this species has two generations a year, however in the Alps, only one. Habitats: mesophile grasslands (28%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (28%), dry siliceous grasslands (28%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (14%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Melitaea,diamina,,Melitaea diamina,,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU27,,"At the European level, this species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat. In the EU27 countries, a population decline of almost 30% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, it is classified as Near Threatened within the EU27.",Stable,"This is a species of Central Europe. It occurs in an area between the north of Germany and the north of Italy and further eastwards. In Western Europe, it is only present in the northern provinces of Spain, central western, southwestern and eastern France and eastern Belgium. It is also found in the south of Scandinavia, locally in Latvia and in the Balkans to Bulgaria. 100-2,000 m. It is furthermore present across the south of Siberia to Northeast China, Korea and Japan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in Europe, this species is local and restricted to areas with sufficient good quality habitat. It is reported extinct in Denmark and the Netherlands. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bulgaria, Luxembourg and Romania. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, FYR of Macedonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Moldova, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia and Sweden (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The False Heath Fritillary is found in sheltered, marshy habitats and damp woodland clearings. At higher altitudes, it is also found on rough, calcareous grasslands. Different species of valerian (Valeriana spp.) are used as foodplants, the female depositing its eggs in large clusters on the underside of the leaves. The small caterpillars only feed for a short time before hibernating communally in a silken shelter. After hibernation, they separate, later pupating low down on the foodplant. The False Heath Fritillary usually has one generation a year, but at low altitudes in the Alps and in Spain, it sometimes has two. Habitats: humid grasslands and tall herb communities (31%), fens, transition mires and springs (11%), mesophile grasslands (11%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (7%), dry siliceous grasslands (5%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (5%).","This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level. However, in part of the EU27 range, the species is threatened by intensification of use (especially drainage) and abandonment of grasslands, as well of the drainage of wet woodlands.","In Portugal, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Melitaea,didyma,,Melitaea didyma,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This is a species of Southern and Central Europe. This species occurs south of a line from mid-France via mid-Germany, northeast of Poland and southeast of Latvia. It is absent from some of the Mediterranean islands. Sea level-2,400 m. It is also found in North Africa, Asia Minor, Siberia up to Northwest China. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. It is reported extinct in Liechtenstein and Luxembourg. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Czech Republic, Germany, Poland. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Latvia, Lithuania, Portugal, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland and Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Spotted Fritillary can be found on nutrient-poor grasslands, steppe-like vegetation and dry, rough vegetation near rocks and on slopes. Further, it is also seen on fallow agricultural land, or at the edges of fields It uses a wide variety of plants as foodplant, plantains (Plantago spp.), toadflaxes (Linara spp.), speedwells (Veronica spp.), foxgloves (Digitalis spp.), woundworts (Stachys spp.), valerians (Valeriana spp.) and mulleins (Verbascum spp.). The female lays its eggs in clumps on the underside of the leaves, near to the ground. At first, the caterpillars feed communally in a loosely spun shelter, but they separate quite soon, either into smaller groups, or become solitary. The caterpillars hibernate alone, or in small groups, in a spun web. They pupate low down on the foodplant or in the vegetation. The Spotted Fritillary has one to three generations a year, depending on the geographical location and altitude of its breeding ground. The adult butterfly is extremely variable in its wing markings and wing colours. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (25%), dry siliceous grasslands (21%), mesophile grasslands (9%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (6%).","This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level. Howwever, it shows a rapid decline in Poland and seems to occur only in eastern Poland now. In Portugal half of the populations is lost since the 1970s and now highly fragmented.","In the Czech Republic, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Melitaea,parthenoides,,Melitaea parthenoides,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Decreasing,"This is a species of Southwestern Europe. It occurs on the Iberian Peninsula, except south of Portugal; France, except the northeast; the Swiss Jura and Schaffhausen; the Ligurian and Cottian Alps in northwestern Italy and locally in the south of Germany. 400-2,500 m. This is a European endemic species.","Although widespread in a part of Europe, this species is local and restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Austria. Strong declines in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Germany. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Meadow Fritillary occurs in both dry and moderately damp habitats in many kinds of open, grassy, flower-rich places near woodland. Plantains (Plantago spp.) are the main foodplants, especially Ribwort Plantain (P. lanceolata). The eggs are laid in clusters on the underside of the leaves. The caterpillars feed and hibernate communally in a silken shelter, only separating in the last larval instar. They then look for a safe place to pupate, low down on the foodplant. The Meadow Fritillary usually has two generations a year, but only one in cooler breeding grounds. Habitats: mesophile grasslands (25%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (25%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (16%), dry siliceous grasslands (16%), alluvial and very wet forests and brush (8%), fens, transition mires and springs (8%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but in countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Melitaea,phoebe,,Melitaea phoebe,,M. telona was recently split from this species.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"As M. telona was recently split from this species, the range of M. phoebe might have to be re-examined, especially in Southeastern Europe. So far M. phoebe is a species of Southern and Central Europe: it occurs south of a line from Brittany via central Germany, northeast of Poland and southeast of Latvia. It is absent from the Mediterranean islands except Sicily, Chios and Lesbos (though M. telona might be present there instead). It is also found across Asia Minor to Transbaikalia, Mongolia and West China. Sea level-2,000 m. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. It is reported extinct in Belgium, Czech Republic, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Germany and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Latvia, Serbia, Slovakia and Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Knapweed Fritillary occurs in dry, open places with flower-rich vegetation. These grasslands are often in a sheltered situation at the edge of woodland, or of groups of shrubs. In the north of its range, the grasslands are mostly calcareous. The larval foodplants are knapweeds (Centaurea spp.). The female lays its eggs in large batches on the undersides of the leaves. The small caterpillars live gregariously in a silken nest, also hibernating together. Later, they become solitary and choose somewhere close to the ground to pupate. The Knapweed Fritillary usually has two generations, but at higher altitudes and in the north of its range only one. Habitats: mesophile grasslands (21%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (18%), dry siliceous grasslands (16%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (8%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (6%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Melitaea,telona,,Melitaea telona,,"This species has recently been split from M. phoebe (Russel et al., 2007).",No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"As this species has only been recently recognized, there is not enough good information on its distribution and trend. For this reason, it is listed as Data Deficient.",Stable,"This species has recently been split from M. phoebe (Russel et al., 2007). Much of its range is still to be examined, but it seems to occur from the Middle East to Southeastern Europe and possibly Italy. The situation in North Africa is still unclear. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","It occurs in dry, open places with flower-rich vegetation. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.","Information on threats are only reported from Hungary. Here most populations are small, fragmented and isolated. The habitats are threatened by the cessation of animal husbandry. Research to the distribution and ecology of the species is needed before a proper analysis of threats and conservation measures can be made.",Research on the distribution and ecology of the species is needed before a proper analysis of threats and conservation measures can be made.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Melitaea,trivia,,Melitaea trivia,,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU27,,"At the European level, this species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat. In the EU27 countries, a population decline of more than 25% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, it is classified as Near Threatened within the EU27.",Increasing,"This species has a scattered occurrence in large parts of Southern Europe: north of Portugal, mountains in north and central Spain, in Italy locally from the Alps to the south of the Apennines and from Slovenia and Slovakia to the whole of Southeast Europe. 0-2,200 m. It is furthermore present through Asia Minor, West Siberia, Northwest China and Mongolia, the mountains of Central Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Northwest India. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in Europe, this species is local and restricted to areas with sufficient good quality habitat. It is reported extinct in Czech Republic. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Austria. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia and Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Lesser Spotted Fritillary occurs on flower-rich, grassy vegetation, in both dry and damp places and on waste ground. Various mulleins (Verbascum spp.) are used as foodplants, including Aaron’s Rod (Verbascum thapsus), V. densiflorum and V. longifolium. The eggs are laid in batches on the underside of the leaves. The young caterpillars feed, gregariously in a communal web, where they also hibernate. After hibernation, they form smaller groups and are often seen on the upper surface of the leaves. This species has one or two generations a year, depending on the climatic zone of its flight area. Habitats: mesophile grasslands (30%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (21%), dry siliceous grasslands (17%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (13%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (13%).","This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level. However, in part of the EU27 range, the species is threatened by intensification of use and abandonment of grasslands.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Melitaea,varia,,Melitaea varia,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs in France in the Alps and foothills, in Switzerland in Wallis and Engadin, in Austria in Tirol and in Italy in the Alps and central Apennines. Its elevational range is 1,200-2,600 m, mostly higher than 1,800 m. This is a European endemic species.",This species is often abundant within its range. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).,"The Grisons Fritillary is a small Fritillary that breeds on flower-rich sub-alpine and alpine grasslands and on sunny, grassy slopes. The adult butterflies visit mostly low plants for nectar and the males are also seen on damp patches, excrement and dead animals. The female lays its eggs in clusters on the foodplant. The caterpillars have been found on Alpine Plantain (Plantago alpina) and Achillea species, but Spring Gentian (Gentiana verna) and Stemless Trumpet Gentian (G. acaulis) are also named as foodplants. The caterpillars hibernate, pupating in June or July of the following year, the pupa usually hanging from a stone. However, at higher altitudes, development is slower, taking nearly two years and they hibernate twice. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (100%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but in countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Minois,dryas,,Minois dryas,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This is a species of Southern Central Europe. This species occurs in France (except the northwest and the extreme south), north of Italy, Switzerland, south of Germany, Poland via Balkans to the north of Greece. In Spain, it is limited to the Cantabrian Mts. and the Pyrenees. 100- 1,700 m. It is furthermore found in Turkey, West and Central temperate Asia, Mongolia and Japan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in Europe, this species is local and restricted to areas with sufficient good quality habitat. It is reported extinct in Luxembourg. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Germany. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Albania, Austria, Moldova and Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Dryad inhabits grassy, rather rough vegetation, often located at the edge of woodland or scrub and mostly quite damp. The foodplants are relatively broad-leaved, nutritious grasses, such as Purple Moor-grass (Molinea caerulea), small-reeds (Calamagrostis spp.) and bromes (Bromus spp.). The female drops its eggs in flight into the grass. The tiny caterpillars emerge and, without feeding, enter a period of inactivity during the summer months. In autumn, they begin to feed, hibernating in the first or second larval instar. The caterpillars make a little hollow in the ground in which to pupate, but do not spin a cocoon. The Dryad has one generation a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (20%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (13%), mesophile grasslands (11%), dry siliceous grasslands (9%), alluvial and very wet forests and brush (6%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (6%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Muschampia,cribrellum,,Muschampia cribrellum,,,No,NT,B2a,No,NT,B2a,EU27,,"This species has a fragmented and scattered distribution. Decline is only reported from FYR of Macedonia. In Bulgaria and Serbia, there are several unpublished localities in the border area. The situation in Southern Russia is unknown. The European area of occupency (AOO) (excluding Russia) is estimated at 42 km². Therefore, it is considered Near Threatened in Europe. In the EU27 countries, this species only occurs in Romania and Bulgaria. In both countries new populations have been found recently, but in Romania, many of them are very small and directly threatened. Therefore, it is also considered as Near Threatened.",Stable,"It only occurs very locally in Europe, in FYR of Macedonia (Skopje region), the border area of Bulgaria and Serbia and western Romania. 500-800 m. It is found further east in western and southern Siberia, the Altai, Sayan, Transbaikalia, the Amur and Ussuri regions. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from FYR of Macedonia (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Spinose Skipper is a butterfly that likes warm, dry places. It is especially fond of dry flower-rich grassland with scattered bushes. It uses various cinquefoils (Potentilla spp.) as larval foodplant. It has one generation a year and passes the winter as a caterpillar. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (42%), phrygana (28%), dry siliceous grasslands (28%).","Outside Russia, the species is occuring in very small habitat patches having also very small populations, up to tens of individuals per generation. These are threatened both by agricultural activities as well as abandonment.","As much is still unknow for this species, research on distribution and ecology is urgently needed. Important habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Muschampia,proto,,Muschampia proto,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in the south of Europe: in the south of Portugal, Spain (except the northwestern part), France (southeastern coast and Drôme), central Italy (Gargano, Calabria and northern Sicily), Croatia, Serbia, FYR of Macedonia and Greece (including the islands Kithira, Karpathos and Simi). 0-1,800 m. It is also found in Northwest Africa, Palestine and Iran. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in a part of Europe, this species is local and restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bulgaria. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Portugal (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Sage Skipper occurs on dry, flower-rich grassland, in open scrub, on rocky ground with sparse vegetation. However, in its habitat, the larval foodplants should be abundant. Various species of Phlomis are used, such as Jerusalem Sage (P. fructicosa), P. lychnitis, P. herba-venti and perhaps also Horehound (Marrubium spp.). Although there is probably only one generation a year, the butterflies of the Sage Skipper can be seen from spring until autumn, due to prolonged emergence from the pupa. This skipper passes the winter as a caterpillar inside the egg. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (29%), phrygana (23%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (17%), heath and scrub (11%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (11%), dry siliceous grasslands (5%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"In Bulgaria, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Muschampia,tessellum,,Muschampia tessellum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs locally in the south of the Balkans, in FYR of Macedonia, Bulgaria, southeast Romania, northwest Greece and on Greek island Simi. 0-1,100 m. Its range extends to Turkey and Iran and across the south of Russia and Kazakhstan to Mongolia and Yakutia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Tessellated Skipper occurs on various types of open grassy vegetation, on both calcareous and non-calcareous soils. The butterflies feed preferably on thymes (Thymus sp.), vetches (Vicia sp.) and yarrows (Achillea millefolium). The butterflies have a rapid flight, often quite close to the ground. The caterpillars feed on the labiates Phlomis tuberosa and P. samia, hiding in spun leaves. The Tessellated Skipper has one generation a year and passes the winter as a small caterpillar. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (26%), phrygana (13%), dry siliceous grasslands (13%), urban parks and large gardens (6%), sclerophyllous scrub (6%), heath and scrub (6%), mesophile grasslands (6%), water-fringe vegetation (6%), screes (6%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level. However, since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Neolycaena,rhymnus,,Neolycaena rhymnus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs from Ukraine, western, central and eastern Kazakhstan to the Altai and Sayan Mountains. Up to 1,400 m (Tuzov 2,000, Gordunov 2001). The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Ukraine (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","Neolycaena rhymnus occurs on dry grassland on acid and calcareous soils. Often places with this butterfly species can be well described as steppes with occasional bushes or shrubs. The larval foodplant is Caragana frutex. The winter is passed in the egg stage. There is one generation a year (Tuzov 2,000, Gordunov 2001). Habitats: dry siliceous grasslands (50%), screes (25%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (25%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.",More research is needed on the distribution and ecology of the species. Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Neptis,rivularis,,Neptis rivularis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Unknown,"This species occurs from the southern side of the Alps (Valle d'Aosta), south of Switzerland and southeast of Austria and further eastwards to the south of Poland and Romania. It is also found locally in the south of the Balkans to the north of Greece. 500-1,600 m. It is furthermore present throughout the whole temperate zone of the Palearctic Region. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Poland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Hungarian Glider is a butterfly of light, damp woodland, occurring in deciduous, as well as in mixed woods. It is similar to the White Admiral (Limenitis camilla), which is also a woodland butterfly. The butterflies are rarely seen drinking nectar from flowers. It glides from perch to perch with only an occasional flap of the wings. Goat's-beard (Aruncus dioicus), Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria), Bridewort (Spiraea salicifolia) and S. chamaedryfolia are used as foodplants. The female deposits the eggs singly on the upperside of the leaves. After hatching, the tiny caterpillar first eats the eggshell and then makes a shelter in the tip of the leaf. In four places, it eats out narrow grooves across the leaves and subsequently spins the edges of the leaves together. It only leaves the shelter to feed. In autumn, it makes another shelter in which to hibernate. It has one generation a year. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (42%), alluvial and very wet forests and brush (19%), mixed woodland (15%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Neptis,sappho,,Neptis sappho,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in Eastern Europe: from the northeast of Italy and the south of Austria eastwards to Romania and locally in the south of the Balkans to the north of Greece. Up to 1,500 m. It is also found in the forest and forest-steppe zone Siberia and in Nepal, Mongolia, China, Korea and Japan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Czech Republic and Poland. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Moldova, Romania and Slovakia (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Common Glider inhabits damp, deciduous woodland, especially in river valleys. The butterflies often settle in the top of the trees to rest or bask in the sun, with their wings wide open, just like the Hungarian Glider (N. rivularis). This butterfly has a characteristic flight, elegantly gliding from perch to perch. The caterpillars feed on Spring Pea (Lathyrus vernus), Black Pea (L. niger) and also on Black locust (Pseudorobinia accacia). The Common Glider has two generations a year and hibernates as a small caterpillar. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (50%), mixed woodland (25%), alluvial and very wet forests and brush (16%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Nymphalis,antiopa,,Nymphalis antiopa,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in the north and east of Europe down to and including the north of Spain. It is vagrant in the south of England, the north of Germany, the Netherlands and the north of Belgium. It is absent from the Mediterranean islands, Sicily included. Sea level-2,500 m. It is also found in the whole temperate zone of the Holarctic Region. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in Europe, but in areas with a maritime climate it can be very rare or even missing. It is reported extinct in Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Belgium, Romania and Turkey (European part). Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from France, Germany, Latvia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia and Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe). This species shows migrating behaviour in some years.","The Camberwell Beauty is an imposing butterfly with its large, deep-brown wings, beautifully edged with wide, pale borders. They are strong butterflies and can fly large distances, although this only happens in some years. They occur near patches of woodland in stream valleys, gullies, along woodland edges and on scrub. Because they are fairly mobile, they can be seen in open countryside far away from their foodplants. The female lays its eggs in large clusters around the twigs of birches (Betula spp.), willows (Salix spp.) and poplars (Populus spp.). In some years, they show a tendency to migrate in summer and autumn. At first, the caterpillars live together in a communal web, becoming solitary when nearly fully-grown. The caterpillar is easily recognized, black and spiny with a double row of red spots on its back. They pupate on the bark of the foodplants. The adult butterflies hibernate in a hollow tree, wood pile or just hidden in the vegetation and wait for spring before mating. The Camberwell Beauty has one generation a year. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (26%), mixed woodland (19%), coniferous woodland (10%), urban parks and large gardens (8%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (7%), alluvial and very wet forests and brush (5%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Nymphalis,polychloros,,Nymphalis polychloros,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in large parts of Europe, including all the south and east. It is rare in the south of England and the Netherlands. It is absent from Ireland and north and central Scandinavia. It is also found across Asia Minor to West Siberia and West China. Sea level-1,700 m. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in Europe, but in areas with a maritime climate it can be very rare or even missing. It is reported extinct in the Netherlands and United Kingdom. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Denmark, Luxembourg and Romania. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, Germany, Latvia, Moldova, Serbia, Slovakia and Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Large Tortoiseshell is found in warm, sunny places in deciduous woods and near groups of trees. Elms (Ulmus spp.), willows (Salix spp.) and sometimes fruit trees or Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) are used as foodplants. The female, usually choosing a twig from the previous year, deposits a large group of eggs in a band around it. The caterpillars live together in silken tents until the last larval instar when they become solitary. They are fond of sitting on the sunny side of the foodplant or on branches in the sun. The caterpillar is dull, dark-grey with rust-coloured stripes along its back and sides and long rust-brown spines. The pupa hangs from a twig in the foodplant, looking very like a withered leaf. The newly-emerged butterflies often roam. The Large Tortoiseshell hibernates as a butterfly in cool, dark places such as in a hollow tree. It has one generation a year. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (21%), mixed woodland (18%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (13%), urban parks and large gardens (11%), orchards, groves and tree plantations (7%), coniferous woodland (5%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Nymphalis,vaualbum,,Nymphalis vaualbum,,,No,LC,,No,VU,A2c,EU27,,"The main distribution in Russia, where the trend is unknown. The species shows (probably natural) expansions and retractions at the edge of its continental range. This means that, in most of Europe outside Russia, the species comes and goes. The last ten (and even fifty) years, declines have mainly been reported, but they could be part of long-term natural fluctuations. Declines are reported from the western edge of its range. The decrease of the overall European distribution and population trend is estimated to be less than 25% by experts. This specie sis therefore considered as Least Concern at the European level.In the EU27 countries, all situated at the edge of the main distribution, the species distribution has declined by 46% in the last ten years. For this reason, the species is considered Vulnerable in the EU27 countries.",Decreasing,"This species occurs locally in Eastern Europe: from east of Austria to the Balkans and further eastwards. It is also found in the south of Finland, the Baltic States and Poland, although probably only temporary populations. Outside Russia, it is difficult to ascertain whether this species has permanent populations, or is only present as a vagrant, reproducing but unable to survive the winter. It is furthermore present east to China, Korea and Japan, also North America. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in the eastern part of its range, this species is local and rare in the western part. It is reported extinct in Austria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Slovenia and Slovakia. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Romania and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Serbiadata provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The False Comma is somewhat similar to the Comma (Polygonia Central album), but although the wings are strongly toothed, the indentations are much less deep than those of the Comma. It also resembles the Large Tortoiseshell, but the white patches near the tips of the forewing and on the front edge of the hindwing distinguish it from both these butterfly species. It occurs in the lowlands of Eastern Europe, in deciduous or mixed woods. It prefers damp woods and is found in clearings or at the wood edge. It is a mobile butterfly and a strong migrant. Because of its migratory behaviour, it is difficult to ascertain whether populations are permanent or temporary. The female lays its eggs in spring, clustered around the twigs of the foodplants which may be birches (Betula spp.), willows (Salix spp.), poplars (Populus spp.), or elms (Ulmus spp.). The False Comma has one generation a year and because it hibernates as a butterfly, can be seen for much of the year. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (43%), urban parks and large gardens (12%), towns, villages, industrial sites (12%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (12%), alluvial and very wet forests and brush (12%), mixed woodland (6%).","It is unclear what the causes for the declines in the western part of its European range are. They might be part of natural fluctuations, but little is known of the population dynamics of this species.","The species is listed on the Habitats Directive, Annexes 2 and 4. More research on the distribution, ecology and population dynamics is needed.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Nymphalis,xanthomelas,,Nymphalis xanthomelas,,,No,LC,,No,NT,A2c,EU27,,"The species shows (probably natural) expansions and retractions at the edge of its continental range. This means that in most of Europe outside Russia, the species comes and goes. The last ten years, declines have mainly been reported, but they could be part of long-term natural fluctuations. In Europe, the main part of the distribution is in Russia, where the trend is unknown. However, experts believe the European population should be considered as Least Concern. In the EU27 countries, all at the edge of the range of this species, declines are reported in several countries. The EU27 distribution has declined by 27% in the last ten years. For this reason, the species is considered Near Threatened in the EU27 countries.",Decreasing,"This species occurs locally in Eastern Europe: from the Baltic States in the north, via eastern Poland, eastern Slovakia, eastern Hungary and Croatia to northwestern Greece in the south and further eastwards. It is not clear where the populations of this species are permanent and where as a migrant it only has temporary populations. It is furthermore present in the entire Palearctic Region except for the extreme north. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in the eastern part of its range, this species is local and rare in the western part. It is reported extinct in Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany and Slovenia. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Romania. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Moldova and Serbia (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Yellow-legged Tortoiseshell occurs in lowland woodland in Eastern Europe, in damp, deciduous woods growing on flood plains, or on the wooded banks of streams and rivers. Different trees are used as foodplants, including willows (Salix spp.), poplars (Populus spp.), elms (Ulmus spp.) and Nettle Tree (Celtis australis). Until nearly fully-grown, the caterpillars inhabit large communal nests, which they spin in branches that hang over the water. The Yellow-legged Tortoiseshell hibernates as a butterfly hidden in hollow trees or wood piles. It has one generation a year. Habitats: mixed woodland (25%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (25%), alluvial and very wet forests and brush (18%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (11%), urban parks and large gardens (7%).","It is unclear what the causes for the declines in the western part of its European range are. They might be part of natural fluctuations, but little is known of the population dynamics of this species.","More research on the distribution, ecology and population dynamics is needed. In Croatia, the species only occurs in protected areas. In countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Ochlodes,sylvanus,,Ochlodes sylvanus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species is widespread throughout Europe up to 64° N. It is absent from the south of Portugal, Ireland and Scotland. 0-1,800 m. Local populations are found in the south of Spain above 1,000 m. Its range extends eastwards across Turkey to Syria and Iran and across central Asia and Siberia to Mongolia, Korea and Sakhalin. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a common and widespread species in its European range. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina and United Kingdom. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Belgium, Luxembourg, Portugal, Romania and Spain (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Large Skipper is found on sunny, grassy vegetation in or near woods and scrub. It often visits flowers and the development of some rough vegetation close to the breeding ground is thus favourable. They are especially fond of bramble blossom for nectar. The female deposits its eggs onto the blades of coarse-leaved grasses one by one. The caterpillars make a shelter by spinning blades of grass together and pass the winter in the third larval instar. When fully grown, they also spin leaves and silk together, to form a tube-like shelter in which to pupate. The Large Skipper has one generation a year. Habitats: mesophile grasslands (17%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (12%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (10%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (7%), mixed woodland (6%), dry siliceous grasslands (6%), dry calcareous grassland.",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Oeneis,bore,,Oeneis bore,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs only in Lapland north of 67° N. 100-1,100 m. It is also found across subpolar tundras of Siberia to the Chukot Peninsula and Alaska. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Finland and Sweden (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Arctic Grayling mostly occurs on almost bare mountain slopes and on dry, stony ground with a vegetation of low grasses, mosses and lichens. At high altitudes, the butterflies fly along slopes and narrow ledges that offer shelter from the westerly winds. Especially the females are also found on damper ground, looking for nectar plants. The eggs are laid on Sheep's-fescue (Festuca ovina), preferably on tussocks growing in the shelter of rocks or shrubs. It takes two years for the egg to develop into a butterfly and the caterpillars hibernate twice. Habitats: humid grasslands and tall herb communities (20%), screes (20%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (20%), heath and scrub (20%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (20%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Oeneis,glacialis,,Oeneis glacialis,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Decreasing,"Occurs only in the Alps from the French Alps to the Carnic Alps in the south of Austria. Its elevational range is 1,400-2,900 m. This is a European endemic species.","This species is widespread in the mountainous areas of Europe. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, France (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","At altitudes of about 1,500 m, the Alpine Grayling occurs on dry, scrubby vegetation. Above the tree-line, they can be seen in dry, stony alpine grasslands and on dry, open sunny slopes. Most habitats have a stream in the vicinity. Perched on a stone, the males defend their territory, chasing away other butterflies, as well as other insects. The female lays its eggs one at a time on dry grass stalks close to the ground. The caterpillar hibernates in the first larval instar and having fed during the growing season, hibernates again in the last instar. Eventually, some time between April and June, it pupates. Its main foodplant is Sheep's-fescue (Festuca ovina) but other fescues are also used. This butterfly is single-brooded. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (42%), water-fringe vegetation (14%), screes (14%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (14%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but in countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Oeneis,jutta,,Oeneis jutta,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in south and central Norway, in large parts of Sweden and Finland as far north as Lapland, in the Baltic States and northeast of Poland. It is furthermore present east to Siberia and North America and down to Mongolia, the Amur region and North Korea in the south. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Finland, Latvia, Poland and Sweden (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","Both in lowland and mountains, the Baltic Grayling occurs in peaty and swampy habitats. Most butterflies are found in damp habitats with a vegetation of grasses and sedges, often with open water in the middle and surrounded by coniferous woodland. The butterflies frequently visit the wood edge looking for flowers, because the peat vegetation is poor in nectar plants. They also rest on the branches or trunks of trees, or on dead wood. The Baltic Grayling shares its habitat with hardly any other butterfly. The female lays its eggs on various grasses, but which ones the caterpillars feed on is not known. The caterpillar’s development takes nearly two years. Habitats: raised bogs (70%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (10%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (10%), coniferous woodland (10%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Oeneis,magna,,Oeneis magna,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Unknown,"This species occurs in the polar Urals and arctic and temperate parts of Asia (Tshikolovets, 2003). Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This butterfly can be found on woodland clearings and glades, dry glades near forest swamps, sometimes on dry meadows. Main larval hostplants are Carex spp. (Tshikolovets, 2003). Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Oeneis,melissa,,Oeneis melissa,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Unknown,"This species occurs from the northernmost part of the Urals through the arctic and temperate parts of Asia and North America (Tshikolovets, 2003). Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This butterfly can be found on meadows and rocky tundras. The main larval hostplant is Carex spp. (Tshikolovets, 2003). Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (50%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (50%).",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Oeneis,norna,,Oeneis norna,,,No,NT,A3c,No,NT,A3c,EU27,,"This species is declining in Finland, particularly in its southern range, but still widely distributed in Fennoscandia and in arctic areas of Russia from Kola peninsula to the Ural. The Climatic Risk Atlas (Settele et al., 2008) calculates a possible decline of >98% of the climate envelope between 1980 and 2080 based on the most pessimistic of the three climate change models used GRAS-scenario. This species is classified as Near Threatened because (i) observed rates of CO2 emissions and temperature increases already exceed those foreseen in the worst-case scenario models and (ii) it is appropriate to take a precautionary approach. The species might be endangered in the long run by climate change.",Stable,"This species occurs in Lapland and in central Norway north of 62° N. 250-900 m. It is also found in the polar tundras of Europe and Asia, the montane tundras of Siberia and the Far East. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Finland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Norse Grayling occurs in both dry and wet biotopes, on marshes with a vegetation of mosses and grasses, at the edges of swampy habitats and streams, in low birch scrub, on sparse vegetation in clearings in birch woods and on sunny, rocky slopes with low shrubs. The butterflies spend much of the day resting on tree trunks or on the ground with their wings closed and are so hardly noticeable. They are quick flyers and difficult to approach. The female lays its eggs on various sedges and grasses. The egg takes two years to develop into a butterfly and the caterpillars hibernate twice. Habitats: raised bogs (33%), heath and scrub (16%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (16%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (16%), mesophile grasslands (16%).",This species could be threatened by climate change on the long run.,"More research is needed on the distribution and ecology of the species. The population trend should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes. If a climate change related decline is observed, ecological research must determine what conservation measures should be untertaken to safeguard the species.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Oeneis,polixenes,,Oeneis polixenes,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Unknown,This species occurs in the northern Urals and northern parts of Asia and North America. Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.,"This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This species can be found on tundras and mountain swamps (Tshikolovets, 2003). Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (50%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (50%).",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Oeneis,tarpeia,,Oeneis tarpeia,,,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat. This species is absent from the EU27 member states.",Unknown,"This species occurs on the steppes of Eastern Europe, West and Central Asia. It is also found in the Caucasus (Tshikolovets, 2003). The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This species occurs on virgin steppes, sometimes with rocky and calcarous places; on steppes and subalpine meadows up to 2,000 m in the Caucasus. Main larval hostplants Poa avena and Festuca ovina (Tshikolovets, 2003). Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (50%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (50%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,No conservation actions are needed for this species.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PAPILIONIDAE,Papilio,alexanor,,Papilio alexanor,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in the southeast of France and just in the adjacent Alps of Northwestern Italy, extreme south of Italy (Aspromonte) and east of Sicily, the Balkans, Croatia (coastal area), Albania and large parts of Greece including several Greek islands. Mostly between 300-1,500 m. Its range extends to Turkey and the Middle East, Middle Asia to Iran and Afghanistan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from FYR of Macedonia. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Croatia and France (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Southern Swallowtail is mostly found on warm, dry calcareous slopes with a flower-rich vegetation and low-growing bushes. They prefer slopes that are steep and rocky. They are especially active during the hottests hours of the day. Different foodplants are known, all of them umbellifers. Ptychotis saxifraga is the most important one in the western part of its range, but eggs are also laid on Opopanax chironium, Seseli montanum and Trinia glauca. In the Eastern part, the caterpillars feed mostly on various fennels (Ferula spp.) and also on Opopanax hispidus, Burnet saxifrage (Pimpinella saxifraga), Scaligeria cretica and Wild Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa). The caterpillars eat the flowers and ripening seeds. They seem to prefer plants growing in very sparse vegetation near bare patches. The Southern Swallowtail has one generation a year and passes the winter in the pupal stage. Habitats: phrygana (40%), sclerophyllous scrub (20%), heath and scrub (20%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (10%), dry siliceous grasslands (10%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","The species is listed on the Habitats Directive Annex 4 and Bern Convention Annex 2. This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific action is needed at a European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PAPILIONIDAE,Papilio,hospiton,,Papilio hospiton,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"In previous assessments (Collins and Morris 1985), Papilio hospiton was listed as Endangered, based on a population decline caused by habitat destruction, commercial collecting and destruction of its foodplants. Aubert et al. (1996) found that the species was in fact not declining, although elimination of the foodplants could lead to a potential decline of the butterfly. As long as traditional land use characterized by overgrazing and controlled burning continues, the foodplants are however not in danger. Following the present Red List criteria, this species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not declined by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of Occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000 km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Increasing,"Only occurs on Corsica and Sardinia. Its elevational range is between 400-1,500 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Corsican Swallowtail is a butterfly of open, grassy slopes, often with some scattered rocks and bushes and of slopes with low-growing scrub. Just as the Swallowtail, P. machaon, these butterflies show hill-topping behaviour, the males assembling on hilltops or other prominent features in the landscape, waiting for the females to arrive. In Corsica, they are found on three different foodplants, Giant Fennel (Ferula communis), Ruta corsica and Peucedanum paniculatum, different populations being strictly bound to one type of foodplant. However, in Sardinia, the caterpillars are only found on Giant Fennel (Ferula communis). The Corsican Swallowtail has one generation a year and hibernates in the pupal stage. On Corsica reported to do well after forest fires. Habitats: heath and scrub (16%), sclerophyllous scrub (16%), phrygana (16%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (16%), dry siliceous grasslands (16%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (16%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"The species is listed on the Habitats Directive Annexes 2 and 4, Bern Convention Annex 2 and CITES Appendix I. This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level. In France and Italy, not all populations are in Natura 2,000 areas.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PAPILIONIDAE,Papilio,machaon,,Papilio machaon,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species is widespread throughout Europe, except in Ireland and Denmark. In England, it is only present in Norfolk. In the Netherlands, it occurs mostly in South-Limburg, it is rarer northwards. 0-3,000 m. It is also found in rest of the Palearctic and North America. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a common and widespread species in its European range. It is reported extinct in Denmark. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Latvia, Luxembourg, Romania, Serbia, Spain and Ukraine (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Swallowtail is a species of flower-rich meadows and small-scale farmland. The males and females meet at hilltops or above high trees, showing a type of behaviour known as “hill-topping”, with the butterflies dancing up and down in the air. The Swallowtail needs a lot of nectar. In the south of the range, they also occur in parks and gardens. Eggs are laid on various umbellifers, including Wild Carrot (Daucus carota) and Rutaceae. The British population in the Norfolk Broads only uses Milk-Parsley (Peucedanum palustre) as a foodplant. The fully-grown larvae are very conspicuous, bright green with black stripes and orange spots. When disturbed they can suddenly show a Y-shaped, orange scent-gland or osmeterium, just behind its head, producing a strong, unpleasant smell. The caterpillars from autumn generations leave the foodplant to pupate on the ground and hibernation takes place as a pupa. The caterpillars of the summer generations pupate low down on the larval foodplant. Depending on the altitude of the breeding ground and its position in the distribution range, the Swallowtail produces one to three generations a year. Habitats: mesophile grasslands (9%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (8%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (8%), fallow land, waste places (8%), urban parks and large gardens (7%), orchards, groves and tree plantations (6%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"In the United Kingdom, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Pararge,aegeria,,Pararge aegeria,,"In the south of its range, the sub-species P. a. aegeria is found and in the north the sub-species P. a. tircis. In between there is a range of intermediate forms.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs throughout most of Europe except mid and north of Scandinavia. Sea level 1,800 m. It is also found in North Africa, the Caucasus and Asia Minor. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a common and widespread species in its European range. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Latvia, Moldova, Romania, Spain and Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Speckled Wood is a typical woodland butterfly. The woods may be deciduous, coniferous or mixed and the butterfly occurs along woodland rides, in clearings and at wood edges. In the north, it occurs mostly in quite extensive areas of woodland, but in the south a line of trees can be sufficient to support a population. Each male claims its territory on a sunny branch, projecting out of the crown of the tree or on a sunny patch on the ground and waits there for a female to fly along. The foodplants are grasses that grow in woodland and damp grassland, such as fescues (Festuca spp.), false-bromes (Brachypodium spp.), meadow-grasses (Poa spp.), cock's-foot (Dactylus spp.), Purple Moor-grass (Molinea caerulea) and Holcus spp. The female deposits its eggs singly on the blades of grass. Hibernation takes place as a caterpillar or pupa, deep down in a tussock of grass. The Speckled Wood has two to three generations a year. In the south of its range, the sub-species P. a. aegeria with orange blotches on the dark-brown wings is found and in the north the sub-species P. a. tircis with paler, creamy blotches. In between there is a range of intermediate forms. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (28%), mixed woodland (17%), coniferous woodland (12%), alluvial and very wet forests and brush (8%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (7%), urban parks and large gardens (7%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Pararge,xiphia,,Pararge xiphia,,,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)",EU27,,"The extent of occurence (EOO) is less than 5000 km² and the species is declining. The number of locations is one, as the threat of competition occurs on the whole island. The Madeiran Speckled Wood is therefore classified as Endangered at the global, European and the EU27 level.",Decreasing,This species is restricted to the island of Madeira. This is a European endemic species.,"This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Madeiran Speckled Wood is a typical woodland butterfly. It can be found throughout the year in laurel and chestnut forests. The caterpillars' foodplants are grasses such as the false-brome Brachypodium sylvaticum, Holcus lanatus and Agrostis gigantea. This species produces several generations a year. In summer, the number of butterflies sometimes decreases for a while (Tolman & Lewington 2008). Habitats: broad-leaved evergreen woodland (100%).","This is a European endemic with a restricted range. Although habitat is still abundant on Madeira, the Madeiran Speckled Wood is apparently gradually being replaced by Pararge aegeria, a widespread species in Europe. Pararge aegeria colonized the island in the 1970s and is still expanding its range.",More research is needed on the distribution and ecology of the species and the interactions between P. xiphia and P. aegeria. The trend of both species should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Pararge,xiphioides,,Pararge xiphioides,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Restricted to the Canary Islands Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Gomera and La Palma. Its elevational range is 200-2,000 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas on the Canary Islands.","The Canary Speckled Wood is a typical woodland butterfly. It can be found throughout the year in laurel and chestnut forests. The caterpillars' foodplants are grasses that grow in woodland and damp grassland, such as false-bromes (Brachypodium spp.), cock’s-foot (Dactylus spp.), Luzula forsteri, Oryzopsis miliacea, Agrostis tenuous and Carex divulsa. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.","Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level. But since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. More research to distribution and ecology is needed.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PAPILIONIDAE,Parnassius,apollo,,Parnassius apollo,,,No,NT,A2c,No,NT,A2c,EU27,,"Both at the European and EU27 member states level, a population decline of almost 30% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, this species is considered as Near Threatened. It should however be noted that both the distribution and population size of this species, in many lowland sites, have declined severely during the 20th century (so before the last ten years).",Decreasing,"This species occurs in most of the large mountainous areas in Europe: Spain, south of France, Switzerland, Austria, south of Germany as far as the Mosel, Italy, the Balkans and Greece, south of Norway, Sweden and Finland. 1,000-2,400 m, sometimes at lower altitudes. Its range extends to the Tian-Shan and Siberia and Mongolia; also from the Northern Urals to Transcaucasia, Turkey and the Middle East. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Belarus, Latvia and Romania. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Germany, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Bulgaria, France, Norway, Spain and Sweden (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Apollo occurs in mountainous areas on steep, sunny slopes with sparse vegetation. In Europe, there are many different sub-species, forms and aberrations, because of the very divided nature of the distribution area and as a consequence, large isolation of populations. Separated by mountains, the populations develop independently of one another, so that quite marked differences arise. However, their ecology is similar. The butterflies are fond of visiting thistles and other flowering plants. The female lays its eggs singly or in small groups on or near the foodplant stonecrop (Sedum spp.). The eggs develop but the tiny caterpillar hibernates inside the eggshell or as newly hatched larva in its close vicinity. In spring it starts feeding on the buds of the foodplant. The caterpillars of later instars also eat the leaves. When it is time to pupate, the caterpillars look for a safe place between the stones, where they then spin a flimsy cocoon in which to change into a pupa. The Apollo has one generation a year. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (23%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (19%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (11%), screes (9%), coniferous woodland (7%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (7%).","This species is declining in areas of low altitude. These lowland populations suffer from fragmentation and isolation. Large and strong populations are still found in the high parts of the Alps and other high mountain ranges. The species is attractive to collectors, especially the subspecies of small lowland populations, but there is no evidence to determine whether this is contributing to its decline.","The species is listed on the Habitats Directive Annex 4, Bern Convention Annex 2 and CITES Appendix II. In Poland, the species only occurs in protected areas. The species is legally protected in many countries. In spite of this legal protection, there is often no special attention to the habitat management. As a consequence, many small lowland populations are declining. The production and implementation of species action plans are urgently needed.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PAPILIONIDAE,Parnassius,mnemosyne,,Parnassius mnemosyne,,,No,NT,A2c,No,LC,,EU27,,"At the European level, a decline of more than 25% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, this species is considered as Near Threatened. In the EU27 countries, this species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"Scattered, local populations in the Pyrenees, Central Massif, the Alps, mountainous areas in Italy, Sicily, the Balkans and Greece, Germany (also in Harz Mts. and Rhön), Norway, Sweden, Finland and Baltic States. 0-2,300 m. Its range extends across the Caucasus to the Middle East and eastwards across Iran, Afghanistan and Middle Asia to West Siberia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Germany, Latvia and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Albania, Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Hungary, Romania and Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Clouded Apollo occurs in mountainous regions on damp to moderately dry grassland, usually with woodland or scrub in the neighbourhood. The butterflies can often be seen visiting red or purple flowers for the nectar they need. The foodplant is Corydalis, that at the time of egg laying is not yet above ground. The eggs are laid on its dried stems, on grass blades, or on other plants not too far from the foodplants. The egg hibernates. In spring, as soon as it has hatched, the small caterpillar starts its search for a suitable foodplant. When fully-grown, it pupates in a closely spun cocoon of fine threads, situated above the ground in the leaves of the foodplant. The Clouded Apollo has one generation a year. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (22%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (19%), mesophile grasslands (14%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (10%), mixed woodland (8%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (8%).",This species is especially threatened by changes in the management of semi-natural grasslands and woodland. Both intensification of use and abandonment will have a negative impact on this butterfly.,"The species is listed on the Habitats Directive Annex 4 and Bern Convention Annex 2. In countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PAPILIONIDAE,Parnassius,phoebus,,Parnassius phoebus,,,No,NT,A2c,No,NT,A2c,EU27,,"Both at the European and EU27 member states level, a population decline of almost 30% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, this species is considered as Near Threatened.",Decreasing,"In Europe, it only occurs in the Alps and Northern Urals: in France, Italy, Switzerland and Austria (as far as in Steirmark). It is very rare in Liechtenstein and in the south of Germany. 1,200-2,800 m, most populations 1,800-2,200 m. It is also found in the Caucasus, the Altai and Siberia to the Far East and North America. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.",This species is widespread in the mountainous areas of Europe. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Germany. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria and France (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).,"The Small Apollo occurs in the mountains, especially in damp places, such as beside streams and where it gets flooded from time to time. Such spots are the habitat of Yellow Mountain Saxifrage (Saxifraga aizoides). However, the Small Apollo living in the Mercantour in the south-west of the Alps, use Roseroot (Rhodiola roseum) as foodplant. The eggs are either laid on or in the vicinity of the foodplant. The very small caterpillar sometimes passes the winter in the egg, sometimes outside it. The fully-grown caterpillars are black with a row of orange-red or yellow spots along each side. At the beginning of the summer, they spin a flimsy cocoon in which to pupate, either low down on the larval plant, or on the ground. The Small Apollo has one generation a year. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (37%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (12%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (12%), mesophile grasslands (12%), water-fringe vegetation (12%), fens, transition mires and springs (12%).",The species is threatened by changes in the management of (sub)-alpine meadows. It might get threatened in future by climate change.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. In countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Pelopidas,thrax,,Pelopidas thrax,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Stable,This species occurs on Cyprus and on the Greek islands of Samos and Rhodes. Its range extends through Turkey to Africa and Asia. Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.,"This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Millet Skipper can be seen on dry, grassy vegetation along the coast, in dried-up riverbeds, on rocky slopes and also where grain is grown. The butterflies have a very rapid flight, close to the ground and often colonize new areas. In North Africa, the caterpillars use Common Millet (Paniceum miliaceum) as foodplant, but the European foodplant is unknown. Millet skippers probably have two generations a year. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Phengaris,alcon,,Phengaris alcon,,"In some publications it is referred to as two distinct species: P. alcon on wet heathland, moist fen meadows and bogs at low altitude and P. rebeli on dry and subalpine calcareous grasslands. However, genetic research has shown that both have to be considered as being one species.",No,LC,,No,NT,A2c,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern at the European level, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat. In the EU27 countries, a population decline of more than 25% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, it is classified as Near Threatened within the EU27.",Decreasing,"In Central Europe, this species is found from the south of Sweden down to the north of Spain and from France eastwards. 0-1,000 m. It is furthermore present east through Siberia to Mongolia and Altai. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This species always occurs in local, isolated populations and is restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Belgium, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, the Netherlands and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Denmark, France, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Russia, Spain and Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Alcon Blue occurs in local, scattered populations, on low-lying wet heathland, on moist fen meadows and bogs and on dry calcareous grasslands. In some publications it is referred to as two distinct species: P. alcon on wet heathland, moist fen meadows and bogs at low altitude and P. rebeli on dry and subalpine calcareous grasslands. However, genetic research has shown that both have to be considered as being one species. The bright, white eggs are easy to find. They are laid on the flowers and sepals of Marsh Gentian (Gentiana pneumonanthe) or Willow Gentian (G. asclepiadea) in the case of the wet P. alcon form, and on Cross Gentian (G. cruciata) by the dry P. rebeli form. At first, the small caterpillars feed on the ovaries of the foodplant, but they pass the later instars in the nests of various Myrmica ants, M. ruginodis, M. scabrinodis and sometimes M. rubra. They hibernate and pupate in the ant nests. The Alcon Blue has one generation a year. Habitats of the form alcon, adapted to wet localities: humid grasslands and tall herb communities (30%), mesophile grasslands (9%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (9%), heath and scrub (9%), fens, transition mires and springs (7%). Habitats of the form rebeli, adapted to dry localities: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (50%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (33%), dry siliceous grasslands (11%), mesophile grasslands (5%).","Changes in agricultural management (improvements like land drainage as well as abandonment) threaten this species in grasslands. Fragmentation and isolation is the most important threat on heathlands, although the species can survive for a long time in small habitat patches. In Western Europe (the Netherlands, Belgium), it is also threatened in nature reserves by habitat degradation of wet heathlands, caused by large-scale lowering of groundwater table and nutrient input.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. In countries where the species is declining, suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. Especially egg-counts have proven to be very effective and are possible with a small time-investment.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Phengaris,arion,,Phengaris arion,,,No,EN,A2bc,No,EN,A2bc,EU27,,"Strong population declines of more than 30% are reported for this species. Furthermore, based on the European Grassland Butterfly Indicator (Van Swaay & Van Strien, 2008), this species has declined in European grasslands, one of its main habitats, since 1990 as well as in the last ten years by more than 90%. In the EU27 countries the decline is even more than 97%. Therefore, it is estimated that the overall decline qualifies this species for the category Endangered.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in Central Europe from north and central Spain via France to Denmark, south of Sweden and south of Finland and from the south of Italy and Greece to Siberia, Mongolia, China and Japan. Re-introduced successfully into a number of areas in southern England. 0-2,000 m. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in Europe, this species is local and restricted to areas with sufficient good quality habitat. It is reported extinct in the Netherlands. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Latvia, Luxembourg, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Lithuania, Moldova, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland and Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe). Based on the European Grassland Butterfly Indicator (Van Swaay & Van Strien 2008), this species has declined in European grasslands, one of its main habitats, since 1990 as well as in the last ten years by more than 90%.","The Large Blue occurs locally on dry, open grasslands on limestone. It is one of the larger, more conspicuous blues. The females lay their eggs on different species of thyme (Thymus spp.), but also on Marjoram (Origanum vulgare). The caterpillars feed on the buds and flowers of the foodplant. After a few weeks they leave their foodplant and allow themselves to be taken by workers of the antspecies Myrmica sabuleti and sometimes of M. scabrinodis, to the ants nest. The caterpillars feed on the ant grubs, hibernating and pupating there as well. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (20%), dry siliceous grasslands (15%), mesophile grasslands (9%), coniferous woodland (7%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (7%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (7%), heath and scrub (6%).","In many parts of Europe this species is restricted to nature reserves. Here the main threat is inappropriate management, as this species is very susceptible to small changes in grazing pressure or other changes in management. Where the species is more widespread, loss of habitat by agricultural intensification and abandonment, as well as afforestation, are the main threats.","The species is listed on the Habitats Directive Annex 4 and Bern Convention Annex 2. P. arion is one of the best investigated butterfly species in Europe. Ecological demands are relatively well known especially in Western Europe, but special attention for the species in habitat management is only given in a few, mainly Western European countries (e.g. United Kingdom). Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. In Belgium, Denmark and in the United Kingdom, the species only occurs in protected areas. The species and its habitat are legally protected in many countries. P. arion has been reintroduced in the United Kingdom. It benefits from proper management of semi-natural grasslands. It requires sensitive management of semi-natural grasslands and would benefit from the establishment of areas of High Nature Value Farmland (Paracchini et al., 2008).",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Phengaris,nausithous,,Phengaris nausithous,,,No,NT,A2c,No,NT,A2c,EU27,,"Both at the European and EU27 member states level, a decline of more than 25% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, this species is considered as Near Threatened. It should however be noted that both the distribution and population size of this species in Western Europe have declined severely during the 20th century (so before the last ten years).",Decreasing,"This species occurs especially in Central Europe: some populations in the north of Spain, east of France, north of Switzerland, south and central Germany, south of Poland, the north of the Balkans. 0-1,600 m. It is furthermore present east to central and southern Urals and Altai. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Romania, the Netherlands and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, France, Germany, Hungary, Slovenia and Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Dusky Large Blue occurs on damp, moderately nutrient-rich grassland and rough vegetation. The butterflies are usually found on or near the foodplant Great Burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis). Having lived on the flowerheads of this plant for a few weeks, the small caterpillars go down to the ground, in order to be carried away usually by workers of the ant Myrmica rubra to an ant nest. There, they remain feeding on ant grubs, hibernating and pupating in the early summer. The newly-emerged butterflies leave the nest. The Dusky Large Blue is one of the most specialized of the “ant blues” being most adapted to one species of host ant. Populations adapted Myrmica scbrinodis as main host ant are very rare. It has one generation a year. Habitats: humid grasslands and tall herb communities (36%), water-fringe vegetation (15%), blanket bogs (12%), fens, transition mires and springs (9%), dry siliceous grasslands (6%), mesophile grasslands (6%).","The main threats on a European scale come from agricultural improvements (like drainage) and abandonment. As the species also occurs a lot along roadverges, changes to the roads and the management of the verges can have a negative impact as well.","The species is listed on the Habitats Directive Annexes 2 and 4 and Bern Convention Annex 2. In Ukraine and Romania, the species only occurs in protected areas. In France and Germany, it is unknown if all populations are in Natura 2000 areas. The species has been re-introduced in the Netherlands in 1990. Like for other Phengaris (former Maculinea)-species, the ecological demands of this species are relatively well known.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Phengaris,teleius,,Phengaris teleius,,,No,VU,A2c,No,VU,A2c,EU27,,"In Europe, a population decline of more than 30% is reported in the last ten years. In the EU27 countries, a population decline of more than 30% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, this species is considered as Vulnerable both at the European and the EU27 level.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in widely scattered populations in Central Europe: in France, north of Switzerland, north of Italy, south and central Germany, south of Poland, Czech Republic, Austria, Hungary and further eastwards to Mongolia, Korea and Japan. 0-1,600 m. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Belgium. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Germany and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, France, Hungary, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Scarce Large Blue can be found in moderately nutrient-rich meadows whit Great Burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis). In northern Europe, it occurs in open, short vegetation, but in the warm, southern regions, it is also found in rough vegetation. The butterflies tend to keep near the foodplants. The small caterpillars only feed on the flowerheads for two or three weeks. They then go down to the ground where they wait to be picked up by worker ants of the genus Myrmica and carried off to the ants' nest. There they feed on ant grubs. The caterpillars also hibernate and pupate in the ants' nest. The species of host ant varies in different parts of its range. The Scarce Large Blue has one generation a year. Habitats: humid grasslands and tall herb communities (38%), mesophile grasslands (16%), blanket bogs (12%), water-fringe vegetation (9%), fens, transition mires and springs (9%).","This species is threatened by changes in agricultural management, like drainage, improvement or abandonment.","The species is listed on the Habitats Directive Annexes 2 and 4 and Bern Convention Annex 2. Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. As the species in not mobile, it needs areas with large and well connected patches of habitat. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. In the Netherlands, the species only occurs in protected areas. In France and Germany, it is unknown if all populations are in Natura 2000 areas. The species has been re-introduced in the Netherlands in 1990. The habitats of P. teleius are legally protected in many countries, but since many populations are not in nature reserves no special attention is given to the habitat demands. Like for other Phengaris (former Maculinea)-species, the ecological demands of this species are relatively well known.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Pieris,balcana,,Pieris balcana,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Scattered occurrence in the Balkans from Croatia to the southwest of Bulgaria and central Greece. Its elevational range is 0-1,300 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Balkan Green-veined White is very similar to the Green-veined White and the choice of biotope is almost the same. The butterflies are often found on vegetation along hedges and at the edges of woodland and also in woodland clearings. Eggs are laid on various crucifers. This butterfly species has two to three generations a year and hibernates in the pupal stage. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (66%), coniferous woodland (16%), mixed woodland (16%).","Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.",This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Pieris,brassicae,,Pieris brassicae,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species is widespread and common to 66° N. Vagrants seen far northwards. 0-2,600 m. It is also present in North Africa, Turkey to Middle Asia, West and South Siberia, Transbaikalia, the Amur and Ussuri regions, Mongolia, China and Japan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a common and widespread species in its European range. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Netherlands and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Albania, Hungary, Luxembourg, Malta, Republic of Ireland, Romania, Serbia, Spain and United Kingdom (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Large White almost can be found in almost all habitat types. It lays its eggs singly or in small clusters on the underside of the leaves of the hostplants, which are mainly broad-leaved crucifers, like Brassica spp., Crambe spp., Lunaria spp. and Cakile spp., including various cultivated brassicas, that offer enough food for the gregarious caterpillars. On such a nutritious diet, the caterpillar grows very quickly, reaching the pupal stage in three to six weeks. The white pupa is suspended in a silken girdle from the foodplant. The Large White has several generations a year, the number depending on the geographical location and latitude of the flight area and the length of the summer. Habitats: urban parks and large gardens (12%), towns, villages, industrial sites (9%), orchards, groves and tree plantations (8%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (7%), mesophile grasslands (7%), improved grasslands (6%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.",This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Pieris,bryoniae,,Pieris bryoniae,,The butterfly of the Mountain Green-veined White strongly resembles that of the Green-veined White (P. napi).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in Europe in mountainous areas: Jura, the Alps (as far as Provence), the Pyrenees, Tatra and Carpathian Mts. 800-2,700 m. It is also found in high-montane areas and tundras of the Palearctic Region. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Hungary. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, France and Romania (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The eggs, caterpillars and pupae are also almost indistinguishable. In some places, such as in the Alps and the Jura Mountains, these species occur together. The Mountain Green-veined White is found in flower-rich grasslands along river banks and at woodland edges. Buckler Mustard (Biscutella laevigata), pennycresses (Thlaspi spp.) and bittercresses (Cardamine spp.) are used as foodplants. The female, heavily dusted on its upperside with yellow or grey, lays its eggs singly on the flowers or leaves of the larval foodplant. It shows a preference for smaller plants growing on poor ground. It has one or two generations a year and hibernates in the pupal stage. In areas, where this species occurs together with the Green-veined White, like in the Southeast Alps, one may often find hybrids of both species. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (22%), coniferous woodland (11%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (8%), mixed woodland (8%), heath and scrub (5%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (5%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. It only occurs in protected areas in: Hungary, Czech Republic. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Pieris,cheiranthi,,Pieris cheiranthi,,,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU27,,"This species has an area of occupancy (AOO) of approximately 350 km² and an extent of occurrence (EOO) of less than 5,000 km² (but larger than 100 km²). The species is extinct on one of the three islands where it used to occur and reported to decline on the others. The number of locations is less than or equal to 5. It is therefore classified as Endangered in the EU27 countries, Europe and the world.",Decreasing,"The Canary Islands Large White is restricted to the Canary Islands. This species is widespread and locally common on La Palma. On Tenerife, it is restricted to the northern coastal region. It is probably extinct on Gomera. Its elevational range is 200-1,400 m. This is a European endemic species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Canary Islands Large White occurs in wet and shaded, rocky gullies in laurel forests and wet cliffs. The eggs are deposited on the leaves of Crambe strigosa, a plant species endemic to wet places in laurel forests and on the introduced species Tropaelum majus. The caterpillars live in much the same way as those of the Large White (Pieris brassicae). They are gregarious but disperse in the late larval instars. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.","Destruction of primary, natural habitat appears to be largely responsible for the decline in many areas and possibly for its extinction on some islands. The habitat is endangered because of anthropogenic pressure (Wiemers, 1995). Like with Pieris wollastoni, the introduction of the alien parasites Cotesia glomerata (Lozan et al. 2007) might be a possible cause of the decline, as the former population of Pieris cheiranthi on La Gomera also became extinct in the 1970s.",More research is needed urgently on the distribution and ecology of the species. Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Pieris,ergane,,Pieris ergane,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs scattered in the south of Europe: Spain very locally (Cuenca, Cantabrian Mts. and Pyrenees), France (eastern Pyrenees and Hautes Alpes), central Italy, the eastern Alps (Italy, Austria, Slovenia) and further through southwest Hungary to most Balkan countries. 0-2,000 m. It is also found through Turkey to Iran and Transcaucasia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Romania. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Albania and Serbia (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Mountain Small White likes warm and dry places and is found on dry, nutrient-poor grasslands, in rocky places, in open scrub and in large clearings in woods. The flight areas are usually on calcareous soil. The males can sometimes be seen in large groups on damp ground. Compared to other whites, this butterfly has a slow flight. The main larval foodplant is Burnt Candytuft (Aethionema saxatile), but A. orbiculatum and Woad (Isatis tinctoria) are also used. The eggs are laid singly. The pupa is normally fixed to stones and rocks. There are two or three generations a year and the pupa of the autumn generation hibernates. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (25%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (18%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (18%), screes (12%), dry siliceous grasslands (6%), sclerophyllous scrub (6%), mixed woodland (6%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Pieris,krueperi,,Pieris krueperi,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in the Southern Balkans: in Albania, FYR of Macedonia, Bulgaria and Greece (including on several Greek islands). 0-1250 m. It is also found in Transcaucasia, Kopet-Dagh, Syria to Middle Asia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","Krueper’s Small White occurs in warm, dry places on calcareous, rocky slopes with scattered low, herbaceous vegetation. Eggs are laid on the sepals of Golden Alyssum (Alyssum saxatile) and A. montanum. The caterpillars feed on the ovaries. It hibernates as a pupa and has two or more generations a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (25%), screes (25%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (25%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Pieris,mannii,,Pieris mannii,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in Southern and Eastern Europe: Portugal, Spain (very locally, more abundant in Catalonia), France (southeast and locally in western France and near Paris), south of Switzerland (locally), Italy (including Sicily), Austria, Slovakia and further south-eastwards in the Balkans. The species recently expanded into the south of Germany. 0-2,000 m. It is also found in Morocco and from Turkey to Syria. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Czech Republic. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Hungary, Romania and Slovakia. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from France and Serbia (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Southern Small White, which looks very like the Small White (P. rapae), occurs on both calcareous and non-calcareous dry, grassy vegetation, in open scrub and open woodland. The most important larval foodplants are the candytufts Evergreen Candytuft (Iberis sempervirens) and I. saxatilis, although other crucifers, such as Alyssoides utriculata and mustards (Sinapis spp.) are also used. The eggs are laid singly or in small groups on the uppersides of the leaves. The caterpillars feed on the leaves. It has two to three generations a year, pupating on plant stalks and stones. It overwinters as a pupa and the butterflies emerge in spring. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (16%), dry siliceous grasslands (13%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (13%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (10%), sclerophyllous scrub (6%), mixed woodland (6%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","In Hungary, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Pieris,napi,,Pieris napi,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species is widespread and common in nearly all Europe, except Sardinia, the Shetland Islands and the Atlantic islands. 0-2,000 m. It is also present through the entire Palearctic Region except for the extreme north and south. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.",This is a common and widespread species in its European range. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from the Netherlands and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Belgium and Spain (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).,"The Green-veined White occurs in many different habitats and landscapes with varying amounts of shelter. It can be found on all types of grasslands and heathlands in open or more closed landscapes. However, a too dry habitat is not favourable. This butterfly is very variable in appearance, having several forms and sub-species. The eggs are laid singly or in small numbers on many, mostly wild, crucifers. It pupates on a stalk and overwinters in this stage. The Green-veined White has several generations a year, the number depending on the geographical location and altitude of the flight area and the length of the summer. Habitats: mesophile grasslands (9%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (7%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (7%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (7%), towns, villages, industrial sites (6%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Pieris,rapae,,Pieris rapae,,"In Britain, this butterfly species and the Large White (P. brassicae) are commonly called cabbage whites.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species is widespread and common all over Europe. 0-3,000 m. It is also present in the entire Palearctic Region with the exception of the extreme North and South. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a common and widespread species in its European range. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Ukraine and United Kingdom. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Albania, Malta and Republic of Ireland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Small White is found in any type of habitat where its larval foodplants grow, such as gardens, parks, grasslands, heathland and woodland. The eggs are laid on the underside of the leaves of a wide variety of crucifers, including cultivated brassicas and also on Reseda species, such as Wild Mignonette (R. lutea). The caterpillars grow very rapidly, sometimes pupating after two weeks. The pupa hangs in a silken girdle, normally on vertical surfaces and hibernates in this stage. The Small White has several generations a year, depending on the geographical position and altitude of the flight area and the length of the summer. Habitats: urban parks and large gardens (10%), towns, villages, industrial sites (9%), mesophile grasslands (8%), orchards, groves and tree plantations (7%), improved grasslands (6%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (5%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Pieris,wollastoni,,Pieris wollastoni,,This species is considered as a subspecies of Pieris brassicae by some authors.,Yes,CR,B1ab(v),Yes,CR,B1ab(v),EU27,,This species is restricted to the island of Madeira. It has not been reported since the 1970s despite several visits of lepidopterists to its former habitat. An adequate survey is needed to define if the species is extinct or not. It is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct).,Unknown,This species is restricted to the island of Madeira. This is a European endemic species.,"The Madeiran Large White is an extremely local species, restricted to the island of Madeira. In the 1970s, it was considered rare. There are some reports from the 1980s, in which lepidopterists reported it to be widely distributed, but searches for this species in the early 1990s were unsuccessful. As the species has not been seen on this relatively small island for at least 20 years, it is believed to probably be extinct.","This butterfly was mostly found in north-exposed valleys in the Laurisilva forests on Madeira. They occurred in many habitat types where the larval hostplant grows in abundance and where many nectar-rich plants, such as thistles and knapweed, were available as a source of nectar. The females deposited the eggs in batches on the leaves of diverse genera and species of crucifers, such as Caper (Capparis spinosa) and Tropaelum majus. The caterpillars lived in small groups, dispersing in the later instars, when they were ready to pupate. Hibernation took place in the pupal stage. This butterfly produced several generation a year and could be found from March until late October. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.","The causes for the decline of Pieris wollastoni are unknown, but Gardiner (2003) proposed the introduction of diseases and Lozan et al. (2008) the introduction of the alien parasitoid Cotesia glomerata as possible causes.","A well coordinated search for the species should be conducted to make sure that there is not a population left somewhere on the island. If a remaining population is found, immediate research on the ecology and conservation should be carried out.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Plebejus,aquilo,,Plebejus aquilo,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This nordic species is found in Norway from 66° N to the North Cape, in the north of Sweden, northwest of Finland and north of Russia. 50-900 m. It is also found in arctic Asia and America. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","In Scandinavia, the Glandon Blue occurs on slate and shale rocks with patches of grassy vegetation and Crowberry (Empetrum nigrum), especially in areas sheltered from the northwestern wind. The females deposit the eggs on Yellow Mountain Saxifrage (Saxifraga aizoides) and Purple Saxifrage (S. oppositifolia). The small caterpillars first feed on the flowerbuds and hibernate. Later, they also feed on the leaves. The Arctic Blue is single-brooded. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"The species is listed on the Habitats Directive Annex 2. In Sweden, it is unknown if all populations are in Natura 2000 areas. More research on the distribution and ecology is needed.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Plebejus,argus,,Plebejus argus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species is widespread and locally common in large parts of Europe. It is absent from the south of Portugal, parts of south and central Spain, Ireland, Scotland, the north of Scandinavia, Sardinia and Sicily. 0-2,000 m. It is furthermore present in Turkey and throught temperate Asia to the north of China and Japan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Ukraine and United Kingdom. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Sweden and Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Silver-studded Blue can be found in warm places on short vegetation, ranging from dry to quite damp, such as heath and nutrient-poor grassland. Especially impressive are the roosting places with enormous groups, sometimes of hundreds of butterflies, asleep in a very small area. The eggs are laid on Cross-leaved Heath (Erica tetralix) and on a wide range of leguminous plants. Usually, the eggs are deposited low down on the foodplant or on its woody parts. The egg hibernates. The caterpillars live on the leaves of the foodplants. They are often attended by Lasius ants that lick them and perhaps even defend them. Pupation often takes place in the outer passages of the ant nests. The ants also attend the pupa. Depending on the geographical position and altitude of occurrence, the Silver-studded Blue has one or two generations a year. Habitats: heath and scrub (13%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (11%), mesophile grasslands (10%), dry siliceous grasslands (9%), mixed woodland (5%), coniferous woodland (5%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","In the Netherlands, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Plebejus,argyrognomon,,Plebejus argyrognomon,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in southern Norway, southern Sweden, eastern Latvia, the Balkans, northern Greece, parts of Italy, northwestern Switzerland, south of Germany, south of Belgium, Poland and France (limited to Dordogne, Charente, Vienne, Isère, Haute Savoie up to Paris). 200-1,500 m. It is also found in Asian Turkey and east through the temperate and subtropical parts of the Palearctic. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Belgium. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Norway and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Germany, Latvia, Moldova, Serbia, Slovakia, Sweden and Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","Reverdin’s Blue can be found on nutrient-poor grassland in places ranging from dry to moist at the edges of woodland or scrub. Eggs are laid on Crown Vetch (Coronilla varia) and Milk-vetch (Astragalus glycyphyllos). The female mostly chooses a woody part of the plant, where the egg hibernates. The small caterpillars feed on the young leaves. They are attended by Lasius and Myrmica as well as Formica and Camponotus ants and pupate deep down in the vegetation. Except in Scandinavia where it has one generation a year, the Reverdin's Blue has two generations a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (22%), mesophile grasslands (17%), dry siliceous grasslands (11%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (8%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (6%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Plebejus,bellieri,,Plebejus bellieri,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"This species is endemic to Sardinia and Corsica, found from sea level to 1,400 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This beautiful blue butterfly only occurs on grassy vegetation close to shrubs and woodland edges on the islands of Corsica and Sardinia. The caterpillars probably feed on greenweed (Genista spp.), but this needs further confirmation. It has one generation a year. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,More research to distribution and ecology is needed. This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Plebejus,dardanus,,Plebejus dardanus,,,No,NT,B1a,No,NT,B1a,EU27,,"In Europe, this species has an extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 5,000 km² and an AOO is less than 100 km². Furthermore, it occurs in less than ten locations and is fragmented at the European level. There is not good data available on the population trend. At the EU27 countries level, this species only occurrs in Bulgaria (three localities, two of them not confirmed last years) and in Greece (two sites), but population trends are not known. It is therefore considered as Near Threatened both at the European and EU27 level.",Decreasing,"The mountains of Bosnia, S Bulgaria and N Greece, and a few lowland populations in the north of Ukrain. 1,500-2,500 m. It is also found in Caucasus Major and Minor, Armenian Highlands, Asia Minor, and Iran. 1,500-3500 m (Tuzov, 2,000; Gordunov, 2001). The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a very local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas in Southeastern Europe. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is only known from two localities, in Bulgaria from three localities, two of them not confirmed in the last years, and in Greece from two sites on Mt. Orvilos. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Ukraine (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","This butterfly occurs on mountain meadows on bare, rocky slopes on calcareous ground where the foodplants grow. The most important foodplant is Androsace villosa, the caterpillars feeding on both its leaves and flowers. In Asia, it has been found feeding on Androsace kosopoljanskii (Tuzov, 2,000). This butterfly passes the winter as a caterpillar and has one generation a year. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.","The species had a restricted and fragmented range in Europe and is sensible for overgrazing. Due to its limited distribution it might get threatened on the longer run by climate change. As the species is not treated in the Climatic Risk Atlas (Settele et al., 2008) there is no information on the possible change of the climate envelope.","More research is needed on the distribution and ecology of the species. Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. In Bulgaria and Bosnia and Herzegovina, the species only occurs in protected areas.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Plebejus,eurypilus,,Plebejus eurypilus,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered as Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution.",Stable,"This species occurs in the south of Greece (Taijetos Mts. 1,400-2,200 m) and on Samos (1,000-1450 m). It is furthermore found in Turkey, the Middle East, Iran and the south of Russia to Afghanistan. Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Eastern Brown Argus occurs in dry, rocky places with low-growing bushes. Usually, it flies above the tree-line, but it can also be seen on open patches near the tree-line. The caterpillars feed on Astracantha rumelica, partly boring themselves in the stem of the foodplant. They are attended by Camponotus ants. The Eastern Brown Argus has one generation a year and hibernates as a caterpillar. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (50%), phrygana (50%).",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Plebejus,glandon,,Plebejus glandon,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"This species is restricted to the Alps and Pyrenees. Found at altitudes from 1,500-2,700 m. This is a European endemic species.",This species is widespread in the mountainous areas of Europe. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).,"In Central Europe, Glandon Blues are found up to the snow-line on grassy vegetation, where the foodplants grow on open patches, such as on scree slopes and beside streams. On calcareous soils, Androsace chamaejasme is used and on non-calcareous soils, the caterpillars feed on A. obtusifolia and Vitaliana primuliflora. The caterpillars feed on the leaves and sometimes the flowers of the foodplants. The Glandon Blue hibernates as a caterpillar and has one generation a year. Habitats: Alpine and subalpine grasslands (61%), screes (15%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (7%), heath and scrub (7%), dry siliceous grasslands (7%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but in countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Plebejus,hespericus,,Plebejus hespericus,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Decreasing,"Occurs in isolated populations in several mountainous areas in south and central Spain: near Granada (Sierra Nevada, S. de Alfacar), near Teruel (S. de Albarracin), near Madrid and Toledo. Found at altitudes from 400-1,400 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Spain (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","This Blue mostly occurs on dry grassland, waste ground and scrub. The caterpillars feed on the milk-vetches Astragalus alopecurioides and A. turolensis and possibly other Astragalus species. The milk-vetches only occur very locally which explains the local occurrence of this butterfly. The female deposits the eggs on the leaves of the foodplant where the caterpillars feed. Hibernation takes place in the early larval instars. It has one generation a year and both the caterpillars and pupae are attended by ants of species from several genera, such as Formica, Plagiolepis, Camponotus and Crematogaster. When the caterpillars are ready for pupation, they often search for a safe place in the entrance of an ant nest. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (50%), fallow land, waste places (50%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but in countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Plebejus,idas,,Plebejus idas,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species is widespread in large parts of Europe. It is absent from Portugal and large parts of Spain except the north and Sierra Nevada and Montes Universales. It is also absent from Britain, south of Greece, south of Italy and the Mediterranean islands except Corsica and Sardinia. 200-2,100 m. It is furthermore found in Turkey, Middle East, Asia and North America. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. It is reported extinct in Belgium and the Netherlands. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Slovakia and Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Idas Blue can be found on nutrient-poor grassland and heath rich in herbaceous plants, both in open places and woodland. Eggs are laid on many different species of leguminous plants, such as Broom (Cytisus scoparius), Hairy Greenweed (Genista pilosa), Common Birdsfoot-trefoil (Coronilla varia), White Melilot (Melilotus alba) and the Ericaceae, Ling or Heather (Calluna vulgaris) and Bog Whortleberry (Vaccinium uliginosum) and the Yellow Rockrose (Helianthemum oelandicum). The female deposits the egg onto a woody part of the foodplant where the egg then hibernates. The caterpillars are attended a lot by ants, especially those of the genera Formica and Lasius. When fully grown, the caterpillar crawls into the passages of the ant nest to pupate. Depending on the geographical location and the altitude of their habitat, the Idas Blue produces one or two generations a year. Habitats: heath and scrub (14%), mesophile grasslands (12%), mixed woodland (11%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (8%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (8%), dry siliceous grasslands (8%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (8%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Plebejus,loewii,,Plebejus loewii,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered as Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution.",Stable,"This species occurs in Europe only on Greek islands Kos, Patmos, Kalimnos, Tilos and Rhodes. 0-800 m. It is furthermore found in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan. Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","Loew’s Blue occurs in dry, rocky places both with low bushes and grassy vegetation. In Greece, a leguminous plant is probably used as foodplant, although exactly which species is not known. In Saudi Arabia, the caterpillars have been found on various types of milk-vetch (Astragalus spp.). The Loew’s Blue is probably single-brooded in Europe, but it produces more generations further to the East. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (50%), phrygana (50%).",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Plebejus,optilete,,Plebejus optilete,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in the north of Europe or at higher altitudes further south: the Alps of southeast France, Switzerland, Austria and Italy, south and east Germany, Slovenia, Serbia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, via the Baltic States to Finland, Scandinavia and Denmark. In northern Europe from sea-level up to 1,400 m, in southern Europe 1,500-2,800 m. It is furthermore present through Asia to Japan and North America. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Germany, Slovakia, Slovenia, the Netherlands and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Denmark, Latvia, Poland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Cranberry Blue occurs on raised bogs, heath and also in woodland clearings, where dwarf shrubs are growing. Although populations are at times extremely small, they can also have considerable numbers of butterflies. Eggs are laid on Marsh Andromeda (Andromeda palustris), Heath (Erica tetralix) and a small number of Vaccinium species, including Cranberry (V. oxycoccos). The caterpillars eat both the flowers and leaves of the foodplants, moving from one plant to another. When they are half-grown, they move into the litter layer and hibernate. However, they pupate on the plant, spinning a silken girdle in which the pupa hangs. The Cranberry Blue has one generation a year. Habitats: raised bogs (30%), coniferous woodland (20%), heath and scrub (10%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (10%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (5%), mixed woodland (5%), blanket bogs (5%), fens, transition mires and springs (5%).","This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level. Along the southern edge of its range, it is threatened by drainage of the bogs it lives in.","In the Netherlands, Slovenia, Serbia and Ukraine, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Plebejus,orbitulus,,Plebejus orbitulus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in the Alps (from France to Slovenia and Austria) and in the mountains of Norway and the bordering part of Sweden and the Urals. 1,000-2,700 m in the Alps, 800-1,200 m in Scandinavia. It is also found in the mountains of Central Asia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.",This species is widespread in the mountainous areas of Europe. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).,"In the Alps, the Alpine Blue is mostly found on sunny, rocky slopes, scree slopes with patches of flower-rich vegetation and often on the rough vegetation growing beside streams. These butterflies usually fly to lower-lying areas in search of nectar. The foodplants are Alpine Milk-vetch (Astragalus alpinus), Alpine Sainfoin (Hedysarum hedysaroides) and probably Mountain Beaked Milk-vetch (Oxytropis jacquinii). In Scandinavia, this blue occurs in the mountains on open, damp slate slopes where its foodplant Alpine Milk-vetch grows. The Alpine Blue hibernates in the pupal stage and has one generation a year. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (77%), screes (22%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Plebejus,psyloritus,,Plebejus psyloritus,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs only in central and east Crete. Found at altitudes from 1,300-2,000 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Cretan Argus occurs on rocky ground where there are bushes and a plentiful supply of milk-vetch (Astragalus spp.), the caterpillars’ foodplant. Although it only occurs locally, sometimes large numbers can be seen flying around. The butterflies fly rapidly, often staying close to the foodplants. When they settle on the ground, with their wings closed, they are hardly noticeable. The Cretan Blue is single-brooded. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (50%), phrygana (50%).","Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level. But since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Plebejus,pylaon,,Plebejus pylaon,,,No,NT,A2c,No,NE,,EU27,,"In Europe, a population decline of almost 30% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, this species is classified as Near Threatened. This species is absent from the EU27 member states.",Decreasing,"This species occurs from the southern European part of Russia to the Altai, Tian Shan, Northwest China, Mongolia. Up to 2,500 m (Tuzov 2,000, Gordunov 2001). The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Ukraine (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Eastern Zephyr Blue can be found on steppes or on slopes with a steppe-like vegetation. The larval foodplants are several Astragalus species, for example in Northwet Kazakhstan, females deposit the eggs on Astragalus rupifragus. The species has one generation a year and hibernates as a caterpillar (Tuzov 2,000, Gordunov 2001, Tshikolovets 2003). Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.",More research is needed on the distribution and ecology of the species. Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Plebejus,pyrenaicus,,Plebejus pyrenaicus,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs very locally in Southern Europe: Spain (Picos de Europa in Cantabrian Mountains.) and France (central Pyrenees, Gavarnie, Tourmalet and Cauterets). Found at altitudes from 1,500-2,500 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Gavarine Blue occurs on open alpine and sub-alpine grasslands and on bare, rocky slopes where the foodplants grow on narrow ledges or in crevices. Often, the soil is calcareous and the rocks are limestone. The most important foodplant is Androsace villosa, the caterpillars feeding on both its leaves and flowers. This butterfly passes the winter as a caterpillar and has one generation a year. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (36%), mesophile grasslands (27%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (18%), screes (18%).","Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level. But since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Plebejus,sephirus,,Plebejus sephirus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs locally in Southeast Europe: from Hungary and west and southeast Romania southwards to the Peloponnesos in Greece. Sea level to 1,600 m. It is also found in Asian Turkey. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Romania, Serbia and Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Zephyr Blue can be found on open, flower-rich grassland, on rocky slopes and sometimes on scrub or at the edges of woods. The butterflies fly close to the ground and only visit flowers occasionally. The males can be seen in large groups on damp ground. The females lay their eggs on different species of milk-vetch (Astragalus), such as A. excapus, A. dasyanthus, A. parnassi, A. angustifolius and A. rumelica. The caterpillars eat the leaves of the foodplant and are attended by ants, belonging to a broad number of species. Also, they often pupate at the entrance of an ant nest. The Zephyr Blue has one generation a year and passes the winter as a small caterpillar. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (41%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (16%), dry siliceous grasslands (16%), mesophile grasslands (8%), phrygana (8%), sclerophyllous scrub (8%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. In Hungary, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Plebejus,trappi,,Plebejus trappi,,,Yes,NT,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This is a local species restricted to Italy and Switzerland. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) less than 20,000 km² and it has an area of occupancy (AOO) of less than 2,000 km². The species is reported to be declining in Switzerland and stable in Italy. Therefore it is listed as Near Threatened in Europe and Least Concern in the EU-27 countries.",Stable,"Occurs very locally: only in Switzerland (Berner Alps and Walliser Alps) and in the north of Italy (Piedmont -Val di Cogne and Val d'Ossola- and Val Venosta), between 800-2,000 m elevation. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","This is a butterfly of warm, dry grassland and dry, coniferous forests on calcareous soils. In Switzerland, it is only found where its foodplant Astragalus exscapus grows. In Italy, it also lays its eggs on A. centralpinus, a milk-vetch that does not occur in Switzerland. The caterpillars hibernate when they are half-grown and resume feeding in spring, choosing young shoots near to the ground. They are also attended by Formica ants. This blue has one generation a year. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.","The most severe threats comes from agricultural improvements, especially irrigation of xerothermophilous steppes and the intensification of grazing by sheep. Habitats abandonment is also a threat.",More research is needed on the distribution and ecology of the species. Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Plebejus,zullichi,,Plebejus zullichi,,,Yes,EN,B1b(iv)c(iv)+2b(iv)c(iv),Yes,EN,B1b(iv)c(iv)+2b(iv)c(iv),EU27,,"This is a European endemic restricted to the Sierra Nevada (Spain), where it occurs at 25 locations, has an area of occupancy (AOO) of 12 km² and an extent of occurence (EOO) of less than 5,000 km². The species is showing a population decline plus strong fluctuations. Therefore it is listed as Endangered.",Decreasing,"This species is restricted to the Sierra Nevada in Southern Spain, between 2,500-3,000 m elevation. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas in the Sierra Nevada, Spain. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Spain (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe). The species is showing large populations fluctuations (M. Munguira, pers. comm.)","In the Sierra Nevada, these butterflies are found in sheltered depressions in an otherwise open landscape, where the foodplant Androsace vitaliana grows abundantly. The female lays its eggs among fresh leaves inside the rosettes of the foodplant and the young larvae feed on the parenchyma of the leaves, then overwinter as third instar larvae and use the flowers and developing seeds as food in the next spring. Habitat: plant communities growing on screes with Festuca grasses. It lives in dry and exposed areas such as hilltops where the vegetation is scarce and the foodplant grows close to the ground in the crevices or rocky areas.","The main threat comes from the construction of infrastructure for ski-tourism. Regarding its limited distribution, it might become threatened in the longer run by climate change. As the species is not treated in the Climatic Risk Atlas (Settele et al., 2008) there is no information on the possible change of the climate envelope.","Protected areas have been identified and established. The species now occurs only in protected areas. In the future, these areas must be well managed. Future research on the distribution and population trend will be needed. The species should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes. If a climate change related decline is observed, targeted ecological research must determine what conservation actions should be untertaken to safeguard the species.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Polygonia,Central album,,Polygonia Central album,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs throughout most of Europe up to 68° N in Scandinavia. It is absent from Ireland, Scotland, the Spanish Atlantic coast and south of Portugal. Sea level-2,000 m. This species occurs in the forest zone of the Palearctic Region. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a common and widespread species in its European range. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Luxembourg, Romania and Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Comma is a butterfly of wood edges and clearings in wood, except in very dry places. It is easily recognized by the deep indentations in the margins of its wings and the small white comma on the otherwise dusky underside of the hindwing. Eggs are laid on many different plant species, like Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica), bramble (Rubus spp.), elm (Ulmus spp.), willow (Salix spp.), Hazel (Corylus avellana) and Hop (Humulus lupulus). The caterpillar is solitary, brownish-black with long spines and a broad white stripe on its back towards the rear, making it look like a bird dropping. The pupa hangs from the foodplant on a small stalk. The butterflies hibernate in hollow trees, hedgerows and shrubs. In large parts of Europe it has two generations a year. However, in Scandinavia it only has one generation and in warm locations in Spain and Greece, it can have three. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (14%), mixed woodland (14%), urban parks and large gardens (13%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (13%), towns, villages, industrial sites (6%), orchards, groves and tree plantations (6%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Polygonia,egea,,Polygonia egea,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in the south of Europe from the southeast of France and further eastwards: France in Ardèche and Provence, almost all of Italy (very rare in the north of Italy), along the Dalmatian coast to Greece and Bulgaria. It is also found on many islands in the Mediterranean. 0-1,700 m. It is furthermore present across Asia Minor to Afghanistan and Central Asia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in a part of Europe, this species is local and restricted to areas with sufficient good quality habitat. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Slovenia and Turkey (European part). Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from France (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Southern Comma is a species of dry grasslands and dry scrub. The major foodplant is Common Pellitory (Parietaria officinalis), a plant that often grows on old walls, so that these butterflies are often found near buildings. They can often be seen, wings wide open, basking in the sun on walls and rocks, or on the ground. The caterpillars probably also feed on Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica), willows (Salix spp.) and elms (Ulmus spp.). The Southern Comma has two to three generations a year and just as the ordinary Comma (P. Central album), hibernates as an adult butterfly. It can therefore be seen early in spring. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (26%), phrygana (21%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (21%), dry siliceous grasslands (8%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Polyommatus,admetus,,Polyommatus admetus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in Southeast Europe: in Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, western Bosnia, Serbia, Albania, western FYR of Macedonia, Bulgaria, southern Romania and Greece. 0-1,800 m. It is also found in Turkey. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Austria. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Slovakia. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Romania and Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Anomalous Blue occurs in woodland clearings, open scrub, on sheltered slopes and in agricultural areas. All the places are warm and have a flower-rich grassy vegetation. The females lay their eggs on the flowers of Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) and Cockscomb Sainfoin (O. caput-galli). The caterpillars are attended by different species of ants, for example from the genera Crematogaster, Camponotus or Tapinoma. The Anomalous Blue has one generation a year and hibernation takes place on the ground, the small caterpillars hiding under stones. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (46%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (30%), mesophile grasslands (15%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (7%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Polyommatus,albicans,,Polyommatus albicans,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in large parts of Spain. However, it is absent from the northwestern and western coasts and from areas bordering Portugal. 400-2,000 m. It is also found in North Africa. The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Spanish Chalkhill Blue can be seen in dry, calcareous rocky places with grassy vegetation and in dry, open scrub. The only foodplant recorded in Spain is Hippocrepis commutata. The female lays its eggs on the leaves. The caterpillars are often found accompanied by Tapinoma ants. This butterfly species is single-brooded. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (50%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (50%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Polyommatus,amandus,,Polyommatus amandus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs from Spain (Sierra Nevada, Cantabrian Mts., S. de la Demanda and Montes Universales and the Pyrenees), south of France, western Italy and further eastwards. It is also found from central Switzerland via East Germany to the south of Scandinavia. 100-2,000 m. It is furthermore found in Morocco and east to Turkey, West Asia and Iran. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Moldova, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland and Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The German name for this butterfly, Prächtiger Blauling, Magnificent Blue, is well chosen, if only for the colour of the males. They are a bright sky-blue and they also attract attention by their territorial behaviour. The females’ modest brown has a greenish-blue sheen. Amanda's Blue occurs on flower-rich grassland with damp patches, that has some shelter from bushes or a nearby woodland edge. The female lays its eggs on the leaves of various leguminous plants. The caterpillars hibernate in the litter layer and are attended by ants of the genera Lasius, Myrmica, Formica and Tapinoma. They also pupate in the litter layer. Amanda's Blue is single-brooded. Habitats: mesophile grasslands (24%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (16%), dry siliceous grasslands (13%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (9%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (9%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Polyommatus,aroaniensis,,Polyommatus aroaniensis,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs in the mountains of the north, west and south of Greece. It is also found in the south of Bulgaria (where it is rare). Found at altitudes from 400-2,000 m, mostly below 1,500 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Grecian Anomalous Blue occurs on dry grassland, in dry scrub, on rocky slopes and also sometimes on woodland rides or in clearings in the woods. The female lays its eggs on the flowers of the sainfoin Onobrychis arenaria. The caterpillars feed on the flower heads and are attended by various ant species, amongst others Camponotus gestroi and Crematogaster sordidula. The Grecian Anomalous Blue has one generation a year and hibernates in the larval stage. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (33%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (33%), screes (33%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"It is important to keep open dry clearings at montane-subalpine levels (Lafranchis et al., 2007). In Bulgaria, the species only occurs in protected areas. Since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Polyommatus,bellargus,,Polyommatus bellargus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in large parts of Central and Southern Europe. It is absent from the south of Italy, the south of the Peloponnese, the Mediterranean islands except Majorca, Ireland, Scotland, the north of Germany, Scandinavia, Estonia and Latvia. 100-2,000 m. It is also found in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Caucasus. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in Europe, this species is local and restricted to areas with sufficient habitat of good quality. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Germany, Luxembourg and Poland. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Ukraine and United Kingdom (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Adonis Blue is found on calcareous soil on moderately to very sparsely vegetated grassland, that is often sheltered by neighbouring woods or shrub. Its foodplants are Horseshoe Vetch (Hippocrepis comosa) and Crown Vetch (Coronilla varia) and the eggs are laid on the leaves. It pupates in the litter layer. The caterpillars are attended by ants of the genera Myrmica, Lasius, Plagiolepis, Tetramorium, Formica and Tapinoma. The Adonis Blue usually has two generations a year and the caterpillars of the second generation hibernate. There are also some single-brooded populations in the south of Greece. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (37%), dry siliceous grasslands (15%), mesophile grasslands (13%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (7%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (5%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","In Belgium, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Polyommatus,caelestisssimus,,Polyommatus caelestisssimus,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Only occurs in central Spain in the vicinity of Teruel, Cuenca and Guadalajara, particularly in the Montes Universales. Found at altitudes from 900-1,800 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas in Central Spain.",This Chalkhill Blue is always found on calcareous soil and occurs on short vegetation in sheltered hollows in clearings in coniferous forests. The female lays its eggs on the leaves of Horseshoe Vetch (Hippocrepis comosa). This butterfly species is single-brooded. It hibernates as an egg or as a very young caterpillar of the first larval instar. Feeding starts only in spring after hibernation. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.,"Although a rare endemic, this species is not believed to face major threats.","Since this species has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. Research is needed on its ecology.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Polyommatus,coelestinus,,Polyommatus coelestinus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in the mountains of the south of Greece, the Peloponnese. 700-1,800 m. It is furthermore found in eastern Ukraine and southern Russia. It is also found in Asia Minor, Iran and Kazakhstan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Pontic Blue can be found in woodland clearings and sheltered places above the tree-line with flower-rich, grassy vegetation. The butterflies have also been seen in dense scrub. The caterpillars feed on Tufted-Vetch (Vicia cracca) and possibly other Vicia species. It has one generation a year and hibernates in the larval stage. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (75%), mesophile grasslands (25%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,No conservation actions are needed for this species.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Polyommatus,coridon,,Polyommatus coridon,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs in Central Europe. It is absent from Ireland, Scotland, Scandinavia, the Netherlands, the Iberian Peninsula (except northern provinces), the Mediterranean islands (except Corsica and Sardinia) and most of the south of Italy. Found at altitudes from 100-2,000 m. This is a European endemic species.","Although widespread in Europe, this species is local and restricted to areas with sufficient habitat of good quality. Strong declines in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Luxembourg, Ukraine, United Kingdom. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Lithuania, Romania and Spain (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Chalkhill Blue occurs on calcareous soil in dry and flower-rich places with a short vegetation. They seem to prefer sheltered places. Sometimes, populations can be extremely large which is especially obvious in the late afternoon when the butterflies come together to roost. Hundreds of butterflies can be seen, their heads pointing downwards into the vegetation, wings upright, the light-coloured underwings gleaming in the evening sun. Horseshoe Vetch (Hippocrepis comosa) is its only foodplant, the female laying her eggs on the leaves. The eggs hibernate. The caterpillars are attended by ants of the genera Myrmica, Lasius, Formica, Plagiolepis, Tetramorium, Aphaenogaster and Tapinoma. The Chalkhill Blue pupates in the litter layer. It usually only has one generation a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (35%), dry siliceous grasslands (13%), mesophile grasslands (13%), heath and scrub (5%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (5%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (5%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but in countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Polyommatus,corydonius,,Polyommatus corydonius,,,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU27,,"At the European level, this species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.This species is absent from the EU27 member states.",Stable,"This species occurs in the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, northeast of Turkey and northwest of Iran. 2,000-3200 m (Tuzov 2,000, Gordunov 2001). The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This butterfly species is mainly found on open stony places but it also occurs in glades of mountain forests. In Turkey, the hostplant is probably Hippocrepis comosa (Hesselbarth, van Oirschot & Wagener 1995, Baytas 2007), outside Turkey other species of the genus Hippocrepis might be used as well. The species has one generation a year (Tuzov 2,000, Gordunov 2001, Tshikolovets 2003). Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,No conservation actions are needed for this species.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Polyommatus,cyane,,Polyommatus cyane,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered as Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution.",Unknown,"This species occurs in the Volga region, southern Urals, Siberia, southern Altai, Kazakhstan, Transbaikalia, northwestern China and Mongolia. Up to 3,000 m (Tuzov 2,000, Gordunov 2001). Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This blue butterfly can be found in places with semi-desert to steppe habitat with grassy vegetation in the mountains. Larval foodplants are Limonium gmelinii, L. leptolobum, Goniolimon cuspidatum and G. speciosum. The species has one generation a year (Tuzov, 2,000; Gorbunov, 2001). Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (100%).",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Polyommatus,damocles,,Polyommatus damocles,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"The present status of this species is not known, therefore it is listed as Data Deficient. This species is absent from the EU27 member states.",Unknown,"This species occurs from Crimea and the southern European part of Russia and the Don river basin to the the south of Urals in the east (Tuzov 2,000, Gordunov 2001). The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This blue butterfly occurs on stony steppes, gullies and limestone outcrops. Larval foodplants are Hedysarum spp,. The females deposit the eggs on dry plant parts. The hibernation takes place in the second larval instar. It has one generation a year (Tuzov 2,000, Gordunov 2001, Tshikolovets 2003). Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (33%), dry siliceous grasslands (33%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (33%).",No information is available on threats for this species.,"More research is needed on the ecology, population size and trends, distribution and threats of this species. It is not known if conservation actions are needed for this species.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Polyommatus,damon,,Polyommatus damon,,,No,NT,A2c,No,NT,A2c,EU27,,"Both at the European and EU27 member states level, a population decline of almost 30% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, this species is considered as Near Threatened.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in several mountainous regions: in Spain, generally rare but locally common in the north and east; south of France, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, south and east of Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Serbia and Greece. 1,000-2,100 m. It is also found in Turkey, south and central Urals, Mongolia and Altai. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Poland. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Czech Republic, Germany and Slovakia. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Hungary, Latvia and Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Damon Blue is found on calcareous soil, on grasslands, rough vegetation, such as small patches at the edge of scrub or woodland and also on abandoned Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) fields. It lays its eggs on different species of Onobrychis, including Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia). The caterpillars seem to like being between the flowers and only start to feed late in the afternoon. They are often attended by ants of the genera Lasius or Formica. They pupate in the litter layer. The Damon Blue has one generation a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (34%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (21%), dry siliceous grasslands (17%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (13%).",This species is threatened by changes in the management of semi-natural grasslands. Both intensification of use and abandonment will have a negative impact on this butterfly. The (sub)-alpine populations are less threatened than the lowland populations.,"In Hungary, the Czech Republic and Bulgaria, the species only occurs in protected areas. In countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Polyommatus,damone,,Polyommatus damone,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered as Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in the southern European part of Russia, Crimea, south of Siberia, west of Mongolia. Sea level to 1,800 m (Tuzov 2,000, Gordunov 2001). Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Ukraine (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","This butterfly species occurs on stony steppes and limestone outcrops. Its larval foodplants are Hedysarum spp. The female lays the eggs on the leaves. Hibernation takles place in the second or third larval instar. Depending on geographical location of the site, one or two generations a year will be produced (Tuzov 2,000, Gordunov 2001, Tshikolovets 2003). Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (100%).",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Polyommatus,daphnis,,Polyommatus daphnis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs locally in Southwest Europe. It is local in the northeast of Spain (to Madrid), south of France, in Switzerland (Wallis), central Italy, Sicily and lower mountainous areas of Germany. It is more common in Southeast Europe, from the south of Poland to the Balkans and Greece. 200-1,800 m. It is also found in Turkey, Lebanon, Syria, Iran, Transcaucasus and Southern Urals. The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents.","Although widespread in Europe and fairly common in Southeast Europe, this species is local and restricted to areas with sufficient and good quality of habitat in the rest of the continent. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Germany and Slovenia. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Romania, Slovakia and Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Meleager's Blue is a local butterfly that occurs on poor, rough vegetation and nutrient-poor grassland often near woods. The populations are usually small. The scalloped edge of the hindwing of the female distinguishes this species from all other blues. The female lays its eggs on Horseshoe Vetch (Hippocrepis comosa) and Crown Vetch (Coronilla varia), favouring plants that grow in the shade provided by rocks or woodland. The caterpillars are attended by ants, including species of Lasius, Formica and Tapinoma. Either the egg or the small caterpillar hibernates and pupation takes place in the litter layer. The Meleager's Blue has one generation a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (40%), dry siliceous grasslands (14%), mesophile grasslands (11%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (8%), mixed woodland (5%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Polyommatus,dolus,,Polyommatus dolus,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs locally in southeastern France (from Hérault and Cevennes to the Maritime Alps) and northwestern Italy in the Maritime Alps. Found at altitudes from 600-1,800 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Furry Blue occurs on dry, flower-rich, grassy vegetation with scrub, on waste ground and in clearings in deciduous or coniferous woods. The female lays its eggs on Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifola) and possibly also on various medicks (Medicago spp.). The butterflies are attended by ants. Hibernation takes place when the caterpillars are still small. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (40%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (40%), dry siliceous grasslands (20%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Polyommatus,dorylas,,Polyommatus dorylas,,,No,NT,A2c,No,NT,A2c,EU27,,"Both at the European and EU27 member states level, a population decline of almost 30% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, this species is considered as Near Threatened.",Decreasing,"This species occurs from north and central Spain via south and central France to the south of Sweden and Lithuania, in Eastern Europe as far as Greece and north and central Italy. It is absent from the Mediterranean islands. 100-2,200 m. It is also found in Turkey and Transcaucasus. The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Belgium, Luxembourg and Latvia. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Czech Republic, Germany, Romania and Sweden. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Lithuania, Slovakia, Switzerland and Ukraine (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Turquoise Blue likes the warmth, occurring on dry, flower-rich slopes and calcareous grassland, often where there is shelter from a wood or from bushes. The butterflies are nearly always seen on calcareous ground. The populations are usually small in mountainous areas, where they often occur with other blues. The female lays its eggs on Kidney-vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria), depositing them onto the underside of the leaves and also on the sepals. The newly-hatched caterpillars feed by scraping off the undermost layer of cells, so making little “windows” in the leaves. Later, they feed on the whole leaf. They are attended by various ant species, including those belonging to the genera Myrmica, Lasius and Formica. The caterpillars pupate in the litter layer. The Turquoise Blue mostly has two generations, but at higher altitudes and in the north of its range, It has one generation a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (33%), dry siliceous grasslands (18%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (12%), mesophile grasslands (12%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (12%).",This species is threatened by changes in the management of semi-natural grasslands. Both intensification of use and abandonment will have a negative impact on this butterfly.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. In countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Polyommatus,eleniae,,Polyommatus eleniae,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,There is no information on the trend or population size and insufficient information on the distribution of this species. Therefore it is listed as Data Deficient.,Unknown,"This species is only known from Mt. Falakró and its immediate surroundings in the northwest of Greece (Coutsis & De Prins, 2005). This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This species occurs in low-intensity grazed or recently abandoned clearings and bushy grasslands with sparse trees. The main host plants are Onobrychis spp., and probably O. ebenoides (Lafranchis et al., 2005). Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.","This species is a rare endemic, and not much is known about threats. The species is probably sensitive to overgrazing by sheep (Lafranchis et al., 2005).","On Mt. Falakró (northeastern Greece), the number of sheep has dramatically decreased since 2000 and been replaced with cattle. This has led to the expansion of Onobrychis spp. in the extensive sub-alpine grasslands, which could be favourable for this butterfly species. However, much more research is needed on the distribution and ecology of this butterfly. Since this species has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be closely monitored, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Polyommatus,eros,,Polyommatus eros,,"Until recently the Eros Blue was divided into two species: Polyommatus eros (Eros Blue), a mountain butterfly, and Polyommatus eroides (False Eros Blue), a butterfly of hills and mountains in Eastern Europe. Recent molecular research has shown that these are in fact one species.",No,NT,A2c,No,NT,A2c,EU27,,"Both at the European and EU27 member states level, a population decline of almost 30% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, this species is considered as Near Threatened.",Decreasing,"The mountain form, the former P. eros, occurs in the Pyrenees, the Alps (from French Alps as far east as Hoch Tauern in Austria), mid-Apennines and in mountains in the southwest of Croatia and the southwest of Serbia. 1,200-2,700 m, mostly higher than 1,800 m. The former P. eroides occurs in scattered populations in Eastern Europe and the Balkans. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in a part of Europe, this species is local and restricted to areas with sufficient good quality habitat. It is reported extinct in Czech Republic. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Poland and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Eros Blue is a mountain butterfly occurring on sub-alpine and alpine grasslands, on rocky places with flower-rich vegetation and on scree slopes. Purple Beaked Milk-vetch (Oxytropis halleri) and O. fetida are probably its major foodplants, but other leguminous plants such as Astragalus sempervirens, A. leontinus and Common Birdsfoot-trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) have also been named. The former False Eros Blue occurs on dry grasslands on sand, calcareous soil, or rocky ground and at woodland edges. The males can often be seen in large numbers on damp ground taking in moisture and dissolved minerals. Various milk-vetches (Astragalus spp. and Oxytropus spp.) are used as foodplants and possibly Dyer’s Greenweed (Genista tinctoria). The Eros Blue has one generation a year. Habitats of the mountain butterflies: alpine and subalpine grasslands (55%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (33%), screes (11%). Habitats of the butterflies on hills in Eastern Europe: dry siliceous grasslands (28%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (21%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (14%), mesophile grasslands (7%), coniferous woodland (7%), mixed woodland (7%), inland sand-dunes (7%).",The former P. eros is not considered threatened in the European part of its distribution. The former P. eroides is threatened by agricultural improvements and abandonment.,"P. eroides was formerly a separate species listed on the Habitats Directive, Annexes 2 and 4. More research is needed on the distribution and ecology of the species. Important habitats, especially of the former P. eroides, should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. P. eroides: it is unknown if all populations are in Natura 2000 areas in the Czech Republic and Slovakia; not all populations are in Natura 2000 areas in Bulgaria and Poland.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Polyommatus,escheri,,Polyommatus escheri,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in large parts of the south of Europe: the eastern half and the north of Spain, the Pyrenees, the southeast and west of France (Poitou), south of Switzerland, Italy (the Alps, Liguria, Tuscany to Campania), Slovenia and the Balkans from southwest of Croatia, via the south of Herzegovina and the southwest of Serbia to the south of Greece and of Bulgaria. 0-2,000 m. It is also found in Morocco. The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents. The European colonies are particularly significant for the global survival of the species.","Although widespread in a part of Europe, this species is local and restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Turkey (European part). Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Slovenia, Spain and Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","Escher’s Blue occurs on dry and flower-rich grassland, damp rough vegetation, in flower-rich rocky places, on scrub and at woodland edges and on agricultural land. The females lay their eggs singly on milk-vetches (Astragalus spp.), in particular A. monspessulanus. Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) may also be a foodplant. When still small, the caterpillar goes into hibernation and in spring completes its growth, feeding on the leaves and flowerbuds of the foodplants. When fully grown, it leaves the foodplant and pupates under stones. Both caterpillars and pupae are attended by ants of various genera, including Myrmica, Formica, Lasius and Plagiolepis. Escher’s Blue is single-brooded. It hibernates as a caterpillar. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (38%), phrygana (16%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (11%), screes (5%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (5%), mesophile grasslands (5%), dry siliceous grasslands (5%), sclerophyllous scrub (5%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Polyommatus,fabressei,,Polyommatus fabressei,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs in central and southern Spain from the Sierra de Cazorla in the south to the Iberian System in the North, always on calcareous substrate. Found at altitudes from 750 -1,900 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","Oberthür’s Anomalous Blue occurs on dry, grassy slopes and in dry, often rocky places where short vegetation alternates with scrub. The female lays its eggs on the dry flower stalks of Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia and O. argentea). The caterpillars are attended by ants. This butterfly has one generation a year and hibernates in the larval stage. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (50%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (50%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Polyommatus,fulgens,,Polyommatus fulgens,,This butterfly used to be considered a sub-species of the Furry Blue (P. dolus).,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Only occurs in northern Spain (from the Cantabrian Mountains to Catalonia). Found at altitudes from 600-1,800 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This butterfly used to be considered a sub-species of the Furry Blue (P. dolus), but there is a clear difference in the number of chromosomes of each species. However, the life cycles and choice of biotope are the same. Eggs are laid on Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia). The caterpillars are frequently attended by ants. This butterfly hibernates when the caterpillar is still small. It has one generation a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (100%).","Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level. But since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Polyommatus,galloi,,Polyommatus galloi,,,Yes,VU,B2ab(iv)c(iv),Yes,VU,B2ab(iv)c(iv),EU27,,"The area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km², the number of locations is 10, the species is declining and shows strong fluctuations. Therefore the species is classified as Vulnerable at the European and EU27 level.",Stable,"Gallo’s Anomalous Blue occurs only in mountains of Calabria in the south of Italy, between 1,100-2,200 m elevation. This is a European endemic species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. A population decline from 10-23% is reported from Italy. This species shows large population fluctuations (E. Balletto, pers. comm.).","Gallo’s Anomalous Blue occurs both on flower-rich grassland and in woodland clearings. At higher altitudes, it is often found on rocky slopes and screes. This butterfly is single-brooded. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.","This species has a limited range in Europe and shows strong fluctuations. It is particularly sensitive to the adverse influences of grazing. Even though the effects of sheep overgrazing is particularly severe, even slight grazing by domestic stock can result in considerably diminished population densities, which soon fall well below 50% of the normal. A potential threat is over-collecting, although for the time being this is not an issue. (Balletto 1993).","More research on the distribution and ecology is needed. This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. Since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. The species is listed on the Bern Convention Annex 2.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Polyommatus,golgus,,Polyommatus golgus,,The subspecies in Sierra de la Sagra is considered by some as a separate species (P. sagratox).,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species is restricted to two mountain chains in Southern Spain, where it occurrs in 9 locations. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km² and it is threatened by tourism development. It is therefore classified as Vulnerable under criterion D2.",Stable,"This species occurs only in the south of Spain, in the Sierra Nevada at 2,500-3,000 m and Sierra de la Sagra at 1,700-2350 m elevation. This is a European endemic species. Recently the populations in the Sierra de la Sagra (formerly described as Polyommatus sagratrox) have been assigned to this species causing the duplication of the area of occupancy (AOO) for taxonomic reasons.","The Nevada Blue is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","In the Sierra Nevada, the Nevada Blue can be found in open patches in dwarf Juniper scrub and on grassy vegetation growing between acid, slate rocks and schist. In the Sierra de la Sagra, the butterflies are found on dry, open calcareous slopes with short vegetation. Here, the climatic conditions are extreme, the ground being covered with snow for nine months of the year. One of the plants that can withstand these conditions, the kidney-vetch Anthyllis vulneraria, is the foodplant. The female lays its eggs singly on the upperside of the leaves. The caterpillars hibernate and pupate in the ground in June. The later instars are often found in the company of ants. Habitats: screes (50%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (50%).",This species has a very restricted range. Its main threat comes from the building of tourist infrasructure and tourist activities. Considering its limited distribution it might become threatened in the long term by climate change. As the species is not treated in the Climatic Risk Atlas (Settele et al. 2008) there is no information on possible changes to the climate envelope.,The species is listed on the Habitats Directive Annexes 2 and 4 and Bern Convention Annex 2. More research is needed on the distribution and ecology of the species. Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. Not all populations are in Natura 2000 areas.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Polyommatus,hispanus,,Polyommatus hispanus,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs only in Europe. Found in Spain (eastern coast and southern foothills of the Pyrenees), France from the Eastern Pyrenees via the Provence as far as the Alps and northwards via Ardèche to the Jura and northwestern Italy in coastal areas as far as North Tuscany. Found at altitudes from 0-1,200 m. This is a European endemic species.",This species is widespread in part of Europe.,"The Provence Chalkhill Blue occurs on dry, calcareous soils covered with a flower-rich grassy vegetation, often with scattered bushes. Eggs are laid on Horseshoe-vetch (Hippocrepis comosa). The caterpillars are attended by ants of the genera Plagiolepis and Crematogaster. The Provence Chalkhill Blue has two generations a year and the butterflies can be seen as late as October. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (40%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (20%), heath and scrub (20%), sclerophyllous scrub (20%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Polyommatus,humedasae,,Polyommatus humedasae,,,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU27,,"This is an endemic species from the northwest of Italy (Aosta), where it is only found at three locations. The area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 10 km² and the species is reported to be declining. Therefore this species is classified as Endangered at the European and EU27 level.",Decreasing,"This species only occurs in the Valle d'Aosta in the Italian Alps, where there are at most five populations. It occurs at 800-1,000 m elevation, sometimes as high as 1,600 m. The area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 10 km² and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 5,000 km². This is a European endemic species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Piedmont Anomalous Blue occurs on warm, dry, rocky slopes with groups of bushes and patches of grassy, species-rich vegetation, where nectar is abundant. The female lays its eggs on Mountain Sainfoin (Onobrychis montana) and Sainfoin (O. viciifolia). The caterpillars feed on the flowers and when still small, hibernate. In spring, they are attended by ants. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.","The species has a restricted range and very limited dispersal possibilities. The main direct threats come from grassland abandonment, causing shrubs and trees to invade the habitat. It is uncertain whether trade in collected specimens is an additional threat.","Using a butterfly-net is strictly forbidden in the Pondel-site, which supports the main population. Controls appear to be very efficient. The remaining sites should be well managed and the species should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. The species is listed on the Bern Convention Annex 2.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Polyommatus,icarus,,Polyommatus icarus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species is widespread and common all over Europe. This species occurs locally on the Canary Islands. It is absent from Madeira and the Azores. 0-3,000 m. It is also found in Turkey, Middle East and temperate Asia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a common and widespread species in its European range. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Luxembourg, Republic of Ireland, Romania, Spain, Ukraine and United Kingdom (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Common Blue is a very common butterfly. It looks rather like Chapman's Blue (P. thersites). It can be found on most types of grassy vegetation, ranging from quite dry, nutrient-poor grassland to moderately damp meadows. The female lays its eggs on a variety of leguminous plants, including Common Birdsfoot–trefoil (Lotus corniculatus). The caterpillars feed on the leaves. They are attended by ants of the genera Lasius, Formica, Myrmica, Tapinoma and Plagiolepis. When half-grown, the caterpillars may hibernate in the litter layer. In hot climates, aestivation also takes place, in the egg or larval stage. The caterpillars pupate in the litter layer. Depending on the geographical position and altitude of the breeding ground, the Common Blue has one to three (or occasionally even more) generations a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (12%), dry siliceous grasslands (11%), mesophile grasslands (9%), urban parks and large gardens (6%), fallow land, waste places (5%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (5%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Polyommatus,iphigenia,,Polyommatus iphigenia,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered as Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution. However, at the Greek level, it might be considered as Endangered owing to its rarity (restricted to one population on Mt. Chelmos, the area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 10 km², and experts reporting it is becoming extremely rare and now only known from two locations) and reported decline.",Stable,"In Europe, it only occurs on Mt. Chelmos and its surroundings in the south of Greece. Mostly 1,100-1,700 m but sometimes seen at lower altitudes (but not lower than 500 m). It is also found in Turkey and Transcaucasus. Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Chelmos Blue is found in dry open, calcareous places with a short vegetation, sometimes also in open patches in scrub or in woodland clearings. The females seldom leave their breeding ground, but the males roam outside it, for example, searching for patches of moist ground. The sainfoin Onobrychis alba is used as foodplant. Overgrazing by goats can form a threat for this butterfly; the only foodplants that survive are those growing amongst thorny plants. The caterpillars are attended by ants. The Chelmos Blue has one generation a year and hibernates when still a small caterpillar, under a stone. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (50%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (50%).","The species has a restricted range, though it is more widespread outside Europe. The species is treatened by overgrazing as well as abandonment.",More research is needed on the distribution and the ecology of the species. Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Polyommatus,nephohiptamenos,,Polyommatus nephohiptamenos,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"A European endemic, only occurring in the border area of Bulgaria and Greece. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 5000 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is less than100 km². There are probably fewer than 10 locations. No information on trends or fluctuations is available, and the species is therefore classified as Near Threatened.",Unknown,"The Higgins’s Anomalous Blue occurs locally in mountains in northern Greece and rarely in bordering mountainous area of southern Bulgaria. It occurs mostly between 1,500-2,000 m, sometimes at lower altitudes. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Higgins’s Anomalous Blue is a mountain butterfly, found above the tree-line on flower-rich, calcareous grasslands. The males tend to roam outside their usual habitat. Onobrychis montana ssp. scardica, a sainfoin that only grows in the Balkans, is used as foodplant. The caterpillars hibernate when they are still small, the following spring feeding on the young leaves of the sainfoin (an Eurasian perennial herb). They are often found with ants. Higgins’s Anomalous Blue has one generation a year. Habitats: mesophile grasslands (33%), screes (33%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (33%).","Probably threatened by intensified grazing, abandonment and wildfires, but much is still unknown.","More research is needed on the distribution and ecology of the species. Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. In Bulgaria, the species only occurs in protected areas.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Polyommatus,nivescens,,Polyommatus nivescens,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"The Climatic Risk Atlas (Settele et al., 2008) calculates a possible decline of more than 98% of the climate envelope between 1980 and 2080 based on the most pessimistic of the three climate change models used (GRAS-scenario). This species is classified as Near Threatened because (i) observed rates of CO² emissions and temperature increases already exceed those foreseen in the worst-case scenario models and (ii) it is appropriate to take a precautionary approach. The species might be endangered in the long term by climate change.",Stable,"This species has a scattered distribution across Spain, particularly in the east: from the south (vicinity of Granada and Murcia), via central Spain (area of Sierra de Guadarrama, surroundings of Cuenca and Teruel) to the Pyrenees and Cantabrian Mts. It occurs between 200-2,100 m elevation. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Mother-of-pearl Blue occurs in flower-rich grasslands and on warm, dry chalk rocks with scattered patches of grassy vegetation and occasional bushes. The female lays its eggs on the leaves of Kidney-vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria), seeming to prefer smaller plants. The small caterpillars go into hibernation and after feeding and growing further, they pupate at the end of the spring on the ground. The caterpillars are attended by ants of the species Tapinoma nigerrimum. The Mother-of-pearl Blue has one generation a year. Habitats include dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (33%), inland cliff sand exposed rocks (33%), sclerophyllous scrub (33%).",Direct short-term threats come from large scale wood plantations (Eucalyptus). In the longer term this species might become threatened because of climate change.,"More research is needed on the distribution and ecology of the species. Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. If a climate change related decline is observed, ecological research must determine what conservation measures should be untertaken to safeguard the species.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Polyommatus,orphicus,,Polyommatus orphicus,,,Yes,VU,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",Yes,VU,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",EU27,,"This species is restricted to the border area of Bulgaria and Greece. In Greece, it is considered to be one of the most endangered butterfly species. Recently experts could only find a few specimens. The main site was largely destroyed by a quarry in 2008. The foodplant, Onobrychis alba, is extremely local, growing only on marble. At present there is only one known population, with a handful of butterflies, on the verge of extinction in Greece. After grazing with sheep has stopped, open habitats have become very restricted, mostly along forest roads and on steep rocky places, usually with tall grass. In Bulgaria this endemic is very local, relatively rare and has an extremely small range. The total number of locations is probably fewer than ten. The species is therefore considered as Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to the Rhodopi mountains. Most of its range is in Bulgaria, but it is known from a single locality in Greece. Its area of occurrence (AOO) is estimated to be 16 km² (12 km² in Bulgaria, 4 km² in Greece). It occurs between 300-1,500 m elevation. This is a European endemic species.","A very local species, restricted to few locations with good quality habitat in the border area of Bulgaria and Greece. Strong declines in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Greece (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The species occurs on dry, rocky, often steep places in calcareous areas. The hostplant is Onobrychis alba (Fabaceae) (Lafranchis et al. 2007). Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.","This is a rare European endemic with a very restricted range. The remaining populations are threatened by abandonment, causing the open habitats to disappear and shrubs to invade. The Greek population has been almost destroyed by a quarry.","More research is needed urgently on the distribution and ecology of the species . This will make clear what management is needed for the last populations. First indications are that it is important to keep open dry clearings at montane-subalpine levels (Lafranchis et al., 2007). Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed and strictly protected. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. In Greece, the species only occurs in protected areas but these do not always seem to be effective at stopping habitat destruction.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Polyommatus,pljushtchi,,Polyommatus pljushtchi,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"No information is available on the population size, trends and on the threats. It is therefore considered as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"This species is restricted to the Crimea (Tuzov 2000, Gordunov 2001). This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This butterfly species is restricted to the Crimea where it can be found on rather large scree slopes. The butterflies are difficult to detect. The population density is low. In addition, they prefer to sit on the rock or stay perched on low growing plants rather than fly. They are very sedentary and always come back to particular micro-sites. These are often windy places. The eggs are deposited on the leaves of Hedysarum spp. There is one generation a year (Butterflies of Crimea website 2009). Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.","A rare endemic, for which almost no information is available on the status and threats.","More research on distribution and ecology is needed. Since this species has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Polyommatus,ripartii,,Polyommatus ripartii,,,No,LC,,No,NT,A2c,EU27,,"At the European level, this species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years. In the EU27 countries, a population decline of almost 30% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, it is classified as Near Threatened within the EU27.",Decreasing,"This species occurs scattered in South and East Europe: in the south, central and north of Spain, southeast of France (from Ardèche to the Alps and Provence), northwest of Italy, south of Poland and the south of the Balkans (from Bosnia and Herzegovina to Greece). 1,000 -1,800 m. It is furthermore found in Turkey, south of Siberia, Tian Shan and Altai. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Hungary and Turkey (European part). Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Poland. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Serbia (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","Ripart’s Anomalous Blue is mostly found on dry, grassy places with bushes. Different sainfoins are used as foodplant, such as Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia), O. arenaria, Rock Sainfoin (O. saxatilis) and O. alba. The female lays its eggs on the flowers. The caterpillars hibernate when still small. They are often attended by ants, usually of the genera Crematogaster, Camponotus and Lasius. The Ripart’s Anomalous Blue has one generation a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (56%), sclerophyllous scrub (12%), dry siliceous grasslands (12%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (6%), mesophile grasslands (6%), mixed woodland (6%).","This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level. However, in part of the EU27 range, the species is threatened by intensification of use and abandonment of grasslands.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Polyommatus,thersites,,Polyommatus thersites,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in the south of Europe as far as central Germany and central Poland, south and east of France, the eastern half of Spain and the south of Portugal. 0-1,700 m. It is also found in Turkey, the Middle East, Iran, Southern Urals and Tian Shan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Belgium. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Germany, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland and Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","Chapman's Blue looks very much like the Common Blue (P. icarus). It occurs in warm, dry places, such as calcareous and nutrient-poor grasslands, fields of sainfoin and abandoned agricultural land. Eggs are laid on Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) and in Greece also on Cockscomb Sainfoin (O. caput-galli). The caterpillars feed on soft parts of the leaflets, leaving the veins. The small caterpillars go into hibernation and in those parts of the range with hot climates, the egg goes into aestivation. The caterpillars are attended by ants of the genera Lasius, Formica, Myrmica and Tapinoma and hide in the litter layer and pupate. Chapman's Blue usually has two generations a year, but in the south of the range also three. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (30%), mesophile grasslands (15%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (9%), sclerophyllous scrub (6%), heath and scrub (6%), dry siliceous grasslands (6%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (6%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","In Portugal, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Polyommatus,violetae,,Polyommatus violetae,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species occurs in two locations only, and has an area of occupancy (AOO) of 8 km². It is unclear if the species is declining or fluctuating, as no population research has been done so far. It is threatened by reafforestation, overgrazing and fires and is therefore listed as Vulnerable D2.",Unknown,"The Andalusian Anomalous Blue is restricted to two mountain ranges in the region of Andalusia, Spain (Sierra de Tejeda and Sierra de Almijara), between 1,500 - 1,600 m elevation. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, it is restricted to locations with good quality habitat in Andalusia (Spain).","The Andalusian Anomalous Blue occurs in warm places in mountain ranges, where flower-rich areas can be found. The foodplant is Sainfoin (Onobrychis argentea). The caterpillars hibernate when they are still small, and feed on the flowers and leaves of the foodplant. Often they are encountered together with ants of the genera Camponotus and Plagiolepis. The habitat is a short Mediterranean scrub growing on calcareous substrate. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.","Reafforestation, overgrazing and fires are the major threats for the species. The habitat of the species is however within a Natural Park.","More research on the distribution and ecology of this species is urgently needed. Since this species has a very restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Pontia,callidice,,Pontia callidice,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in Europe in the Pyrenees and Alps. 1,500-3400m in the Alps, in the Spanish Pyrenees above 2,000 m. It is also found in tundras and mountains (up to the desert zone) throughout the Palearctic Region. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Slovenia. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Austria. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from France (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Peak White is found high in the mountains in flower-rich grasslands. The eggs are laid singly on Alpine Bittercress (Cardamine bellidifolia ssp. alpina), Hutchinsia alpina, Erysimum helveticum and Reseda glauca, especially on those growing on open stony patches. The caterpillars mostly eat the lower leaves and hide under stones when the weather is bad. In the Alps, the Peak White usually has only one generation a year and hibernates as a pupa. However, in warm summers or at lower altitudes, a partial second generation is sometimes produced that passes the winter as a caterpillar. In the Spanish Pyrenees, two generations a year are usual and it hibernates either as a pupa or a caterpillar. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (72%), screes (9%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (9%), mixed woodland (9%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Pontia,chloridice,,Pontia chloridice,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs very locally in Southeastern Europe: Albania, east and south of Bulgaria, northeast of Greece and on Cyprus. Low altitudes to 1,500 m. It is also present through Turkey, Middle Asia and Kazakhstan to South Siberia and Mongolia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in FYR of Macedonia (but rediscovered in 2007) and Turkey (European part). Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Albania and Moldova (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Small Bath White is a rare butterfly. It is often found on stony places, such as gravelly riverbanks and dry riverbeds and similar sites with rounded stones. It also occurs on damp or dry grassy places and in open scrub. The butterflies are strong flyers, showing some migrant behaviour and can thus be found outside usual habitat. Cleome ornithopodioides is probably the most important larval foodplant, the caterpillars feeding on the leaves, flowers and ripening seeds. The fully-grown caterpillars make their way to the ground to pupate on stones. This species has two generations a year and hibernates as a pupa. Habitats: inland cliffs and exposed rocks (27%), screes (27%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (27%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (9%), dry siliceous grasslands (9%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"In Bulgaria, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Pontia,daplidice,,Pontia daplidice,,"This butterfly (known as P. daplidice for the last 250 years) was recently separated into two species: P. daplidice and P. edusa Fabricius, 1777 (Geiger et al. 1988), but the latter is currently considered to be a subspecies of the former (Porter et al. 1997; Honey and Scoble 2001). Nominotypical daplidice occurs throughout northwest Africa, the Iberian peninsula, Corsica, Sardinia and northwest Europe (occurs occasionally in the UK as an infrequent migrant/vagrant). P. daplidice edusa occurs in northwest France, and Italy eastwards, with a hybrid zone in northwest Italy. The taxa were separated by electrophoretic analysis and cannot be separated with any degree of certainty on external morphology.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and does not meet any of the criteria.",Stable,"P. daplidice occurs west of a line from Northwest Europe through West Switzerland and West Italy. 0- 2,500 m. The exact border to P. edusa is not always clearly defined. Furthermore, both species are highly mobile. In the Netherlands, it looks like old records (before 1960) are mostly from P. daplidice, whereas more recent records seem to belong to P. edusa. It is also found in North Africa. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it can be very local and restricted to a few areas with sufficient habitat of good quality. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Bath White complex has recently been split into two species in the 1980´s, the Bath White (P. daplidice), which mainly occurs in the Western Mediterranean and the Eastern Bath White (P. edusa), which is distributed over the rest of Europe. However, these two species cannot be distinguished in the field. Their life cycles are also very similar. The adult butterflies are very variable in appearance, not only in their markings, but also in their size. They are very mobile, fast flying and migrate northwards and westwards in warm years. They occur in warm, stony places; often disturbed ground, such as road verges, abandoned agricultural land or quarries. The females lay their eggs on such crucifers as mustards (Sinapis spp.), Alyssum spp. and also on mignonettes (Reseda ssp.). The caterpillars feed mainly on the flowers and seeds. Pupation takes place on the stalk of the foodplant. The Bath White has two or more generations a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (10%), dry siliceous grasslands (9%), fallow land, waste places (9%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (8%), mesophile grasslands (8%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (5%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Pontia,edusa,,Pontia edusa,,"The Bath White complex has recently been split into two species in the 1980´s, the Bath White (P. daplidice) and the Eastern Bath White (P. edusa). However, these two species cannot be distinguished in the field.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"P. edusa occurs east of a line from Northwest Europe through West Switzerland and West Italy. The exact border to P. daplidice is not always clearly defined. Furthermore, both species are highly mobile. In the Netherlands, it looks like old records (before 1960) are mostly from P. daplidice, whereas more recent records seem to belong to P. edusa. Its range extends also further east to Middle Asia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Sweden and Ukraine (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Bath White complex has recently been split into two species in the 1980´s, the Bath White (P. daplidice), which mainly occurs in the Western Mediterranean and the Eastern Bath White (P. edusa), which is distributed over the rest of Europe. However, these two species cannot be distinguished in the field. Their life cycles are also very similar. The adult butterflies are very variable in appearance, not only in their markings, but also in their size. They are very mobile, fast flying and migrate northwards and westwards in warm years. They occur in warm, stony places; often disturbed ground, such as road verges, abandoned agricultural land or quarries. The females lay their eggs on such crucifers as mustards (Sinapis spp.), Alyssum spp. and also on mignonettes (Reseda ssp.). The caterpillars feed mainly on the flowers and seeds. Pupation takes place on the stalk of the foodplant. The Eastern Bath White has two or more generations a year. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,No conservation actions are needed for this species.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Praephilotes,anthracias,,Praephilotes anthracias,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Unknown,"This species occurs in the lower region of the Volga River, Kazakhstan, Turkmenisat, Tadzhikistan, Uzbekistan, locally in West China. 300-1,200 m (Tuzov 2,000, Gordunov 2001). Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This butterfly species occurs in local populations in sandy deserts. The females lay the eggs singly on the shoots of Calligonum species. The caterpillars feed on both flowers and buds. This species produces one generation a year. The pupa hibernates (Tuzov 2,000, Gordunov 2001). It was first found in Europe in 1998 (Tshikolovets 2003). Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Proterebia,afra,,Proterebia afra,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Increasing,This species occurs in Croatia in the coastal and inland coastal zone (0-700 m) and in the northwest of Greece (550-1250 m). It is present across the south of Russia to the Southern Urals and Kazakhstan and across the Caucasus and Asia Minor. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.,"This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Ukraine (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Dalmatian Ringlet is an early spring species, and occurs on dry grasslands with open or semi closed scattered bushes and on rocky slopes. Butterflies can be observed in the low flight or resting on ground. The female lays its eggs on Sheep's-fescue (Festuca ovina) and Bromus condensatus, depositing them a few at a time on tussock. The Dalmatian Ringlet has one generation a year. Habitats: phrygana (25%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (25%), sclerophyllous scrub (12%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (12%), dry siliceous grasslands (12%), mixed woodland (12%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Pseudochazara,amymone,,Pseudochazara amymone,,This Grayling used to be considered a subspecies of Brown's Grayling (P. mamurra).,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"A very rare and local species, of which almost nothing is known. Pamperis (1997) reports four locations only. The area of occupancy (AOO) is most probably under 20 km² and it is threatened by land abandonment. Therefore it is listed as Vulnerable D2.",Unknown,"This species occurs only in northwest Greece, between 500-1,500 m elevation. This Grayling used to be considered a subspecies of Brown's Grayling (P. mamurra), which occurs in the Asian part of Turkey. This is a European endemic species.","This is an extremely local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","These butterflies are mostly found in open, shrubby vegetation, but also in clearings and along paths in woods. This species is single-brooded. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (100%).",Almost nothing is known about this species. It is probably threatened by abandonment.,"As almost nothing is known about the distribution and ecology of this species, basic research on distribution and ecology is needed. Only after that can important habitats be distinguished. These should be protected and well-managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Pseudochazara,anthelea,,Pseudochazara anthelea,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in Southeastern Europe: in Croatia, Bosnia, southwest of Bulgaria, Albania, FYR of Macedonia and scattered over Greece (including Crete and islands in the Eastern Aegean). It is also found in Turkey and the north of Iraq. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","With the white bands on each wing and the dark narrow scent-brand, the males of the White-banded Grayling are unmistakable. The butterflies occur on dry, grassy vegetation in open scrub and on rocky slopes. Sometimes, they are seen in open woods. They often drink nectar from thistle-like plants. The males defend their territory, perching on a rock or other prominent features in the surroundings. This butterfly is single-brooded. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (40%), sclerophyllous scrub (20%), phrygana (20%), screes (20%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Pseudochazara,cingovskii,,Pseudochazara cingovskii,,,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",No,NE,,EU27,,"This species occurs in one location only, near Pletvar in the FYR of Macedonia. The total distribution area is less than 1.5 km². The population size is possibly below 10,000 specimens in bad years. The population is in decline because of habitat destruction by quarrying. This species is therefore considered as Critically Endangered at the European level. It is absent from the EU27 state members and is therefore assessed as Not Evaluated at the EU27 level.",Decreasing,"This species occurs only in the Pletvar Massif near Prilep in the FYR of Macedonia, between 1,000-1,200 m elevation. This is a European endemic species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from FYR of Macedonia (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe). The population size is possibly below 10,000 specimens in bad years.","The Macedonian Grayling inhabits dry, limestone rocks with grassy vegetation here and there. It has one generation a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (100%).","This is a European endemic, restricted to one location globally. The area of habitat for the species is shrinking due to active quarries. Without any intervention the species is critically threatened with extinction.",The most urgent action is the protection of the remaining habitat from further destruction by quarrying. Research is also needed on the ecology and habitat requirements of the species to ensure that a proper management plan can be drawn up to prevent the species from becoming extinct. The effects of the management should be monitored closely by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Pseudochazara,euxina,,Pseudochazara euxina,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(v),No,NE,,EU27,,"A very local and endemic species, restricted to fewer than five locations. The population is reported in decline (Van Swaay & Warren, 1999: 15-25% decline in 25 years). Therefore it is listed as Endangered. This species is absent from the EU state members and is therefore assessed as Not Evaluated at the EU27 level.",Decreasing,"This species is restricted to the Crimea, Ukraine. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is smaller than 5,000 km². This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","This butterfly occurs in Ukraine on the Crimean mountain steppes and in pine forest on a limestone mountain area covered by grassland. The foodplant is Stipa pennata. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (50%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (50%).",Populations are reported to be threatened by tourist activities and fires.,More research is needed on the distribution and ecology of the species. Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. In Ukraine the type-locality is under protection in the Ialta state reserve.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Pseudochazara,geyeri,,Pseudochazara geyeri,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in Southeastern Europe: in the east of Albania, southwest of FYR of Macedonia and northwest of Greece. 1,400-1,700 m. It is also found in Turkey and Transcaucasia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Grey Asian Grayling is found in the mountains on dry, often stony or rocky slopes with grassy vegetation. The butterflies fly low over the ground, but often settle on stones or bare ground. They frequently visit flowers. Different grasses are used as foodplants. It has one generation a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (66%), dry siliceous grasslands (33%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,No specific conservation actions are needed.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Pseudochazara,graeca,,Pseudochazara graeca,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs in the south of FYR of Macedonia and scattered in Greece. Its elevational range is 1,000-2,200 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Grecian Grayling occurs mainly on calcareous slopes with grassy vegetation and on rocky slopes. The butterflies fly close to the ground. When at rest on the ground with their wings closed, they are hardly noticeable. The caterpillars feed on various grasses. This species is single-brooded. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (66%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (33%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Pseudochazara,hippolyte,,Pseudochazara hippolyte,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"In Europe, it only occurs locally in the mountainous areas of southeastern Spain, including the Sierra Nevada, S. de los Filabres and S. de Maria. 1,400-2,700 m. It is also found from Southern Urals across Kazakhstan and North Tian-Shan to Mongolia and the north of Tibet. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.",This species is widespread in part of Europe.,"The Nevada Grayling occurs in the mountains in open, dry places where grassy vegetation alternates with bare, sandy or pebbly ground and where sometimes scattered bushes are growing. They have also been seen on screes. The caterpillars feed on grasses, but the species are not certain. Possibly, Sheep's-fescue (Festuca ovina), Blue Moor-grass (Sesleria albicans) and the false-brome Brachypodium distachyon are used. This species has one generation a year and passes the winter as a caterpillar. Habitats: heath and scrub (25%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (25%), dry siliceous grasslands (25%), screes (25%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Pseudochazara,mniszechii,,Pseudochazara mniszechii,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in the mountains of the northwest of Greece. 850-1,500 m. It is also found in Turkey, Iran and Armenia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Dark Grayling occurs on dry, rocky slopes with patches of low vegetation and scattered bushes and also in open coniferous woodland. The butterflies often settle on bare ground and can also be seen drinking nectar from large thistle-like plants. Grasses are used as foodplants, but it is not known which species. The Dark Grayling has one generation a year. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (50%), coniferous woodland (50%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Pseudochazara,orestes,,Pseudochazara orestes,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,This is an endemic species to the border area of Bulgaria and Greece. The area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 10 km² and the number of populations is probably fewer than five. In Bulgaria it is restricted to one locality. This species is probably threatened by abandonment. Therefore it is listed as Vulnerable.,Unknown,"This species occurs in the Pirin Mountains, in the southwest of Bulgaria and the Phalakron, Menikion and Orvilos mountains in the north of Greece, between 800-1,800 m elevation. This is a European endemic species.","Dils’ Grayling is a very local species, restricted to few locations with good quality habitat.","Dils’ Grayling occurs on slopes with shrubs and small trees and on steep, rocky slopes. The female lays its eggs on grasses, often those growing in the shade in rocky crevices. It has one generation a year. Habitats: screes (33%), sclerophyllous scrub (33%), phrygana (33%).","The main threat is probably abandonment of habitat, causing more trees and shrubs to invade. However, much is still unknown about this species.","As little is known from this species, more research on the distribution and ecology is needed. Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. In Bulgaria, the species only occurs in protected areas.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Pseudophilotes,abencerragus,,Pseudophilotes abencerragus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs locally in south and central Spain and south of Portugal. 100-1,500 m. It is also found in North Africa and West Arabia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The False Baton Blue is found in stony areas with flower-rich vegetation and scrub. The foodplant in Europe is Cleonia lusitanica. The caterpillars feed on flower buds and the overwintering stage is the pupae. Larvae are regularly attended by Plagiolepis and Crematogaster ants. In Europe, It has one generation a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (50%), fallow land, waste places (50%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Pseudophilotes,barbagiae,,Pseudophilotes barbagiae,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs only on Sardinia (Monti del Gennargentu). Found at altitudes from 800-1,500 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Sardinian Blue occurs on dry, rocky, mountainous slopes and on flowery patches in open scrub. Various species of thyme (Thymus spp.) are used as foodplant. The Sardinian Blue is single-brooded. Habitats: phrygana (50%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (50%).","Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level. But since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Pseudophilotes,baton,,Pseudophilotes baton,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Decreasing,"Occurs on the Iberian Peninsula, in France, south and central Germany, Switzerland, Czech Republic, western Austria and Italy. Found at altitudes from 0-2,000 m. This is a European endemic species.","Although widespread in a part of Europe, this species is local and restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Belgium and Poland. Strong declines in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Austria, Czech Republic, Germany. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Baton Blue can be found on dry, grassy and flower-rich vegetation, especially on warm patches. They are often seen on flowers, drinking nectar. The females lay their eggs on the flowers and leaf stalks of various species of thyme (Thymus spp.), savory (Satureja spp.), lavender (Lavandula spp.) and mint (Mentha spp.). The caterpillars feed on the flowers and developing seeds of the foodplant. They are attended by Myrmica scabrinodis and Lasius alienus ants, but workers from other ant species may visit them, too. The Baton Blue passes the winter as a caterpillar or a pupa and has two generations a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (38%), dry siliceous grasslands (22%), sclerophyllous scrub (11%), heath and scrub (11%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (5%), mesophile grasslands (5%), phrygana (5%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Pseudophilotes,bavius,,Pseudophilotes bavius,,,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU27,,"At the European level, this species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.This species is absent from the EU27 member states.",Decreasing,"This species occurs very locally in Southeast Europe: in the northwestern part of Romania, Serbia, FYR of Macedonia and northwest and south of Greece. It is also found on the Crimea and in Turkey, Caucasus and Northwest Africa. 600-1,100 m. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This species is local and restricted to areas with sufficient habitat of good quality. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from FYR of Macedonia and Turkey (European part). Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Romania, Serbia and Ukraine (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Bavius Blue occurs on flower-rich, dry grassland, on dry, stony slopes and on open patches in shrub and in vineyards on calcareous soil. Various species of Salvia are used as foodplant, including Sage (S. officinalis), S. nutans, S. verbenaca and Whorled Clary (S. verticillata). The caterpillars feed mostly on the flowers, but sometimes also on the leaves. They are frequently found with ants. The Bavius Blue has one generation a year. The pupa hibernates. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (50%), phrygana (20%), dry siliceous grasslands (10%), sclerophyllous scrub (10%), screes (10%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","The species is listed on the Habitats Directive, Annexes 2 and 4. It is unknown if all populations are in Natura 2000 areas in Greece. Not all populations are in Natura 2000 areas in Romania. More research is needed on the distribution and ecology of the species. Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Pseudophilotes,panope,,Pseudophilotes panope,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Unknown,This species is present in the northwestern part of Kazakhstan. Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.,"This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This butterfly species is mostly found in small and scattered populations in steppe and semi-desert habitat in calcareous outcrops. The female deposits the eggs on the flowers and newly formed bean pods of various Astragalus species. The caterpillars feed on the seeds. They are often attended by ants. This species has one generation a year. Hibernation takes place in the pupal stage (Tuzov, 2,000; Tshikolovets, 2003). Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Pseudophilotes,panoptes,,Pseudophilotes panoptes,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"The Climatic Risk Atlas (Settele et al., 2008) calculates a possible decline of more than 98% of the climate envelope between 1980 and 2080 based on the most pessimistic of the three climate change models used (GRAS-scenario). This species is classified as Near Threatened because (i) observed rates of CO² emissions and temperature increases already exceed those foreseen in the worst-case scenario models, (ii) it is appropriate to take a precautionary approach as the species might be endangered in the long term by climate change and (iii) a population decline is already observed in most of its range.",Stable,"Restricted to Portugal and Spain (south of the Cantabrian Mountains and the Pyrenees), between 600–1,900 m elevation. This is a European endemic species.",An abundant species throughout its range. Declines in distribution or population size of 6–30% have been reported from Spain (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).,"The Panoptes Blue resembles the Baton Blue very closely. It is also found in dry, scrubby and flower-rich places. The foodplants are Thymus zygis, T. vulgaris and T. mastichina. The species has one generation a year and the habitat can be described as low scrub with Salvia, Lavandula or Rosmarinus and open areas within sclerophyllous woodlands. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.",This species might be susceptible to climate change in the long term.,"The population trend should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes. If a climate change related decline is observed, ecological research must determine what conservation measures should be undertaken to safeguard the species. More research on distribution and ecology is needed.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Pseudophilotes,vicrama,,Pseudophilotes vicrama,,,No,NT,A2c,No,NT,A2c,EU27,,"Both at the European and EU27 member states level, a population decline of almost 30% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, this species is considered as Near Threatened.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in large parts of Eastern Europe: from the south of Finland and the Baltic States, via southeast Germany, East Austria and Northeast Italy and further eastwards in the Balkans as far as Greece, on many Greek islands and on Cyprus. 0-1,900 m. It is furthermore present through Turkey and central Asia to China. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to areas with good habitat. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Czech Republic, Germany, Latvia, Poland, Slovakia and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Estonia, Romania, Slovenia and Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","This blue is found on dry grassland on sandy or stony soils, south-facing slopes with grassy vegetation, on steep slopes, in rocky gullies, on railway embankments, on road verges and in scrub. Various species of thyme (Thymus spp.) and savory (Satureja spp.) are used as foodplant, the eggs being mostly laid on the flowerheads. The caterpillars feed on the flowers and ripening seeds and are often found with ants, amongst other Myrmica sabuleti. This butterfly species has two generations a year. Habitats: dry siliceous grasslands (30%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (27%), coniferous woodland (8%), heath and scrub (8%), sclerophyllous scrub (5%), phrygana (5%).","This species is threatened by changes in the management of semi-natural grasslands. Both intensification and abandonment will have a negative impact on this butterfly, but abandonment is the most direct threat at the moment.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. In countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Pyrgus,alveus,,Pyrgus alveus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Increasing,"This species occurs in most mountains of northern Portugal, Spain, central France, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, the Balkans, Greece, south and central Germany and Poland, up to 60°N in Norway, Sweden, Finland and the Baltic States. 800-2,000 m. Its range extends to Northwest Africa, Turkey and the Caucasus, eastwards across Siberia and Central Asia to the Far East and East China. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Austria, Germany and Slovenia. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Belarus, Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, Norway and Serbia (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Large Grizzled Skipper is usually found in mountainous areas on dry, poor, flower-rich grassland and rough vegetation. Quick-flying, it also likes basking on the ground and drinking from wet mud. It is a very variable butterfly with many different sub-species and forms, making identification difficult. Choosing the smaller leaves, the female lays it’s eggs singly on various cinquefoils (Potentilla spp.) and rock-roses (Helianthemum spp.). At first, the caterpillar lives between spun leaves on plants, later on it spins a tent-like shelter on the ground. It passes the winter in this stage and builds a special tube-like structure in which to pupate. There are one or two generations a year. Habitats: mesophile grasslands (26%), dry siliceous grasslands (17%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (15%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (15%), heath and scrub (8%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"In Portugal, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Pyrgus,andromedae,,Pyrgus andromedae,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Decreasing,"Occurs in widely scattered areas in the Pyrenees (very rare), the Alps (from the French Alps to the Julian, Kamnikean and Karavanke Mountains), the Balkans, southwest Bosnia, southwest Serbia and northwest Former Republic of Macedonia and in Northern Europe on border between Norway and Sweden and in Lapland. Recently also reported in the Romanian Carpathians. In Switzerland 1,000-2,700 m, in Spain 1,500-2,000 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Strong declines in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Austria (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Alpine Grizzled Skipper occurs in damp, moist, grassy places, often near streams or bogs in the Alps and Pyrenees. In Scandinavia, they are seen on dwarf scrub vegetation and also in rocky places on steep slopes. The larval foodplants is White dryas (Dryas octopetala). The caterpillars live in a communal shelter of spun leaves. They hibernate, pupating in a similar shelter the following spring. It has one generation a year. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (55%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","In Bulgaria, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Pyrgus,armoricanus,,Pyrgus armoricanus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs on Iberian Peninsula, on Corsica and Sardinia, in Italy, the Balkans, Greece and European Turkey, South and Central France, South and East Germany, Denmark (only on Seeland and Bornholm), in South Sweden, Poland and further eastwards. 0-1,700 m. Its range extends to Northwest Africa and through Turkey to Iran and Lebanon. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Belgium. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Austria, Poland, Portugal and Turkey (European part). Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from France, Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","Oberthür's Grizzled Skipper is generally limited to unimproved grasslands, occurring on nutrient-poor grassland, both in the dunes and on dry, chalk slopes. In the north of its range, the populations are small, but large numbers of butterflies make up the southern populations. The butterflies can often be seen visiting flowers and seem to be especially fond of Globularia. The female lays its eggs singly on the underside of the leaves of cinquefoils (Potentilla spp.) and rockroses (Helianthemum spp.). The caterpillars of the first instar only eat the surface layer, leaving translucent “windows” in the leaf. The larger caterpillars eat the whole leaf and live in a tent-like shelter, spun from one or more leaves. It is the caterpillar that hibernates. It pupates in a cocoon on the ground. There is one generation a year in the northern range. In the southern range there are two or even three generations a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (29%), mesophile grasslands (17%), dry siliceous grasslands (14%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (5%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (5%), heath and scrub (5%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Pyrgus,bellieri,,Pyrgus bellieri,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs in the southeast of France (Lozère, Provence, Alps), north and northeast of Spain and Italy (Westwen Italian Alps and Apennines). Found at altitudes 500-2,000 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This grizzled skipper likes flower-rich, grassy vegetation. It occurs on sub-alpine and alpine grasslands as well as on damp, sometimes rough, grassy vegetation. Various cinquefoils (Potentilla spp.) are used as foodplant, including Tormentil (P. erecta), Silverweed (P. anserina), Spring Cinquefoil (P. tabernaemontani) and Creeping Cinquefoil (P. reptans). Helianthemum spp. have been recorded as foodplant in France. This butterfly hibernates in the larval stage and has one generation a year. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (33%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (33%), mesophile grasslands (33%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Pyrgus,cacaliae,,Pyrgus cacaliae,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Decreasing,"Occurs in some mountainous areas in Europe: central Pyrenees including Andorra, the Alps (from French Alps to Austria), southwest Bulgaria and Romania and the south of the Carpathians. Found at altitudes of 1,000-2,800 m. This is a European endemic species.",This species is widespread in the mountainous areas of Europe. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria and Romania (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).,"Damp grassland, at the edge of bogs or streams, is the habitat of the Dusky Grizzled Skipper, although they sometimes occur on dry grasslands and are most numerous near the tree-line. They are quite mobile butterflies and are therefore often seen outside their habitat. Males show marked territorial behaviour. Surveying its territory from a perch, a tall tree usually serving as a lookout, he drives away butterfly passing by. Any other male Dusky Grizzled Skipper is pursued for tens of metres before the chase is given up and the male returns home. The female lays its eggs on various species of cinquefoil (Potentilla spp.), such as Tormentil (P. erecta) and Alpine Cinquefoil (P. crantzii) and also on Sibbaldia species. It prefers plants growing on drier places, such as on hummocks in damp habitats, or at a little distance from its habitat. The caterpillars live hidden between spun leaves and it is in this stage that the Dusky Grizzled Skipper hibernates. It has one generation a year. The development takes two years. Habitats include alpine and subalpine grasslands (72%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (9%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (9%), mixed woodland (9%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","In Bulgaria, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Pyrgus,carlinae,,Pyrgus carlinae,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs in western part of the Alps: French Alps (from the Drôme), northwest Italy and southwest and central Switzerland to Tessin Alps. Found at altitudes from 600-2,200 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Carline Skipper prefers dry, south-facing slopes with quite short vegetation. However, they can also be seen on damp grasslands and in very open larch woods. Large numbers can sometimes occur locally. The female lays its eggs singly on the underside of the leaves of various cinquefoils (Potentilla spp.). The caterpillar remains in the egg during the winter, emerging in spring. It then spins a shelter by attaching a leaf of the foodplant to the ground, in which it lives, hidden. It pupates close to the ground and has one generation a year. Habitats: humid grasslands and tall herb communities (16%), mesophile grasslands (16%), dry siliceous grasslands (16%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (16%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (16%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Pyrgus,carthami,,Pyrgus carthami,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in Northeast Portugal, most parts of Spain except the southwest and the north, south and central France, Switzerland, parts of north and central Italy, the Balkans, north Greece (Phalakron and Menikion Mts.), south and east Germany, Poland, south Lithuania. 600-1,800 m. Its range extends to Turkey and Western Siberia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Belgium. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Germany and Slovenia. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Czech Republic, Moldova, Serbia, Slovakia and Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Safflower Skipper is the largest grizzled skipper in Central Europe. It prefers sheltered places, occurring on dry, often calcareous grasslands and rough vegetation in sheltered places . They often rest near bushes or at the edges of woods. They lay their eggs singly on the upperside of the leaves of cinquefoils (Potentilla spp.), the caterpillar later using leaves as food. However, the caterpillars are difficult to find, because they hide in plant cushions during the day, in order to survive the summer heat. The caterpillars hibernate in spun leaves in the litter layer, probably in the last larval instar. However, in breeding experiments, each stage was found to be capable of hibernating. Before they pupate, the caterpillars make a sturdy cocoon. The Safflower Skipper has one generation a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (28%), dry siliceous grasslands (14%), mesophile grasslands (11%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (7%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (7%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (7%), screes (7%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Pyrgus,centaureae,,Pyrgus centaureae,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in large parts of Norway, Sweden and Finland, from 60° N to Lapland, except Norwegian coast. It is also found in Northern Russia. 0-950 m. Its range extends to the mountains of Siberia and the north of Mongolia and North America. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Finland and Sweden (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Northern Grizzled Skipper prefers damp, moist and wet places. It is mostly found in open areas of bogs or swamps, in scrub near swamps and above the tree-line on stretches of wet ground with dwarf shrubs. With its inconspicuous colours and rapid flight, the butterflies of this grizzled skipper are difficult to follow. The female lays its eggs on Cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus). Little is known about the way the caterpillars live. This species has one generation a year. Habitats: raised bogs (60%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (20%), blanket bogs (20%).","This species is declining on the southern edge of its range in Finland and to a lesser extent in Sweden. It is not threatened in northern Scandinavia (Van Swaay & Warren, 1999).","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Pyrgus,cinarae,,Pyrgus cinarae,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in the southeast of Europe, Bulgaria, FYR of Macedonia and north of Greece and very locally in central Spain (Cuenca - Montes Universales). It is also found throug Ukraine and the south of Russia to the Urals. 400-1,900 m, in Spain between 900-1,600 m. Its range extends to Turkey and the south of Urals. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Sandy Grizzled Skipper is usually found in dry, often rocky, flower-rich places, both on calcareous and non-calcareous soil. They can also be found along woodland rides, in open scrub and in dried-up riverbeds. In Spain, it occurs in clearings in pinewoods. The butterflies can often be seen congregating in groups on moist ground to obtain both water and dissolved minerals. In South-east Europe, the foodplant is Sulphur Cinquefoil (Potentilla erecta), but that of the Spanish populations is not known. This species has one generation a year and hibernates in the larval stage. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (25%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (12%), screes (12%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (12%), cliffs and rocky shores (12%), heath and scrub (12%), dry siliceous grasslands (12%).","This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level, but the population in Spain is considered vulnerable due to its very limited distribution range.",This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Pyrgus,cirsii,,Pyrgus cirsii,,,Yes,VU,A2c,No,VU,A2c,EU27,,"In Europe and the EU27 countries, a decline of more than 30% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, taking a precautionary approach, this species is classified as Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"This species is found in large parts of Portugal and Spain and most of France except the north and west. In Switzerland, it occurs in Vaud, Valais and the Jura. It is rare in South Germany, Northwest Italy and Austria. The extent of distribution is not clear yet. Its elevation range is 300-1,300 m. This is a European endemic species. The status of this species in the northeast of Turkey requires revision.","Although widespread in part of Europe, this species is local and restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Austria and Slovenia. Strong declines in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Germany and Switzerland. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from France (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","This grizzled skipper occurs in warm, flower-rich grasslands, preferring those in sheltered situations, for example on slopes or near shrubs or woodland. In the northern part of its range, it is only found in very warm places. The female lays its eggs singly on the underside of the leaves of various cinquefoils (Potentilla spp.), choosing the smaller plants. This butterfly hibernates as a very tiny caterpillar in the egg, in which it remains until the spring. It then emerges and spins a small shelter from leaves. In the last larval instar, this is replaced by a parchment-like shelter. It pupates in a cocoon. It has one generation a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (20%), dry siliceous grasslands (20%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (20%), mesophile grasslands (20%), inland sand-dunes (10%), fallow land, waste places (10%).",This species is threatened by changes in the management of semi-natural grasslands. Both intensification and abandonment will have a negative impact on this butterfly.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. In countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Pyrgus,malvae,,Pyrgus malvae,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs over most of Europe except the extreme south and north. It is absent from the Iberian Peninsula, the south of France, Ireland, north of Britain and Fennoscandia north of 65° N. 0-1,900 m. Its range extends through Asia to Korea and Japan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from the Netherlands, Turkey (European part), Ukraine and United Kingdom. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Luxembourg, Romania and Sweden (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Grizzled Skipper occurs in many different habitats, mostly on dry, as well as moist, flower-rich grasslands and also on calcareous grasslands and heaths. The butterflies often bask in the sun on patches of bare ground. The eggs are laid one by one on the underside of the leaves of cinquefoils (Potentilla spp.) and strawberries (Fragaria spp.), including Wild Strawberry (F. vesca). The caterpillar builds a small shelter from a leaf, in which it stays hidden, feeding on the leaves of the foodplant. The sturdy cocoon in which it pupates is spun from plant remains. This species has one or two generations, depending on the location and altitude of the breeding ground. The taras form, with large, white patches on the upperside of the wings, is found more in the Grizzled Skipper than in other skippers, especially in males. Habitats: mesophile grasslands (16%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (11%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (10%), dry siliceous grasslands (9%), mixed woodland (8%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (6%), heath and scrub (6%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","In the Netherlands, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Pyrgus,malvoides,,Pyrgus malvoides,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs in the southwest and south of Europe: from central France, south Switzerland and Austria down to Spain, Portugal and Italy. Found at altitudes from 0-2,500 m. This is a European endemic species.",Strong declines in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Austria (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).,"Only the genitalia, both of the males and females, distinguish this butterfly from the Grizzled Skipper (P. malvae). It can be found in a variety of damp and dry habitats, such as acid or calcareous grasslands, heathlands, bogs, rocky slopes and open scrub. Sometimes small areas of just some tens of square metres can be used for breeding. The caterpillars feed on several species of cinquefoils (Potentilla spp.), agrimony (Agrimonia spp.) and strawberry (Fragaria spp.) and especially on tormentil (Potentilla erecta). When the caterpillars are fully-grown, they leave the larval foodplant and spin a cocoon at its base in which to pupate. This species has mostly two generations a year, but at higher altitudes it is only single-brooded. It passes the winter as a pupa. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (26%), dry siliceous grasslands (13%), mesophile grasslands (13%), heath and scrub (6%), sclerophyllous scrub (6%), phrygana (6%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (6%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (6%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Pyrgus,onopordi,,Pyrgus onopordi,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs locally throughout Portugal and Spain, southeast of France (and in the Quercy), southwest of Switzerland, the Italian Alps, central and southern Italy. 0-2,000 m. It is also found in Northwest Africa. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Germany and Slovenia (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Rosy Grizzled Skipper has a characteristic anvil-shaped spot on the underside of its hindwing. These butterflies can be seen on different types of grassy vegetation and on rocky slopes. Different foodplants are used in different parts of its range. In Switzerland the eggs are laid on rockroses (Helianthemum spp.) and cinquefoils (Potentilla spp.), in Spain, mallows (Malva spp.) are used. In most places, the Rosy Grizzled Skipper has two generations a year and in some places three. It hibernates as a caterpillar. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (33%), dry siliceous grasslands (11%), mesophile grasslands (11%), improved grasslands (11%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (11%), sclerophyllous scrub (11%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (11%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Pyrgus,serratulae,,Pyrgus serratulae,,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU27,,"At the European level, this species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat. In the EU27 countries, a population decline of almost 30% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, it is classified as Near Threatened within the EU27.",Stable,"This species occurs in Spain in mountainous areas, including Sierra Nevada, S. de Segura,, S. de la Demanda, S. de Guadarrama, Serrania de Cuenca, Montes Universales, Cantabrian Mts. and Pyrenees. It is also found in the south and central France, south and central Germany, Poland, south Lithuania, Switzerland, Austria, north and central Italy (Apennines), the Balkans, Greece and European Turkey. 50-2,400 m. Its range extends through Turkey to Iran and Lebanon and across south Siberia to Mongolia and northeast China. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Czech Republic, Germany, Luxembourg and Turkey (European part). Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Belarus, Hungary, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Switzerland (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Olive Skipper occurs in areas that do not become too hot in summer, on poor to rough, flower-rich grasslands, which are either open or surrounded by woodland. The Olive Skipper is quite mobile and may be seen in unexpected places. The eggs are deposited on the underside of the leaves of cinquefoils (Potentilla spp.) and master-worts (Astrantia spp.). The caterpillar lives in a small shelter, spun from a rolled-up leaf, feeding on the leaves of the foodplant. It passes the winter in a cocoon and pupates the following spring at the base of the foodplant. This skipper has one generation a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (28%), dry siliceous grasslands (21%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (14%), mesophile grasslands (14%).","This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level. However, in part of the EU27 range, the species is threatened by intensification of use and abandonment of grasslands.","In Belgium, Portugal and Slovenia, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Pyrgus,sidae,,Pyrgus sidae,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs locally in central Spain (Caceres region, Sierra de Gredos), France (from south coast to Ardèche and Maritime Alps), Italy (west coast as far as Naples, central Italy) and from Istria (Croatia), the southwest of Croatia, south of Bosnia and south of Serbia down to the north of Greece and Romania. Between 50-1,800 m. Its range extends to through Turkey to Iran and Afghanistan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Hungary and Slovenia. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Romania. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Moldova, Serbia, Spain and Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The yellow and white bands on the underside of its hindwing make the Yellow-banded Skipper unmistakable. These skippers can be found on flower-rich grasslands, flower-rich stony slopes in gullies and in open scrub. The butterflies fly slowly, close to the ground. Sulphur Cinquefoil (Potentilla recta), Potentilla hirta and perhaps also Abutilon theophrasti are used as larval foodplants. It hibernates as a caterpillar and has one generation a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (25%), mesophile grasslands (10%), coniferous woodland (10%), screes (7%), sclerophyllous scrub (7%), phrygana (7%), dry siliceous grasslands (7%).","This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level. In Spain, it is considered vulnerable due to its very limited distribution range.",This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Pyrgus,warrenensis,,Pyrgus warrenensis,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Decreasing,"Occurs locally in the Alps: from southwest Switzerland (east Wallis) and Ortler Alps in Italy to the mountainous areas of South Germany, Hohe Tauern in Austria and foothills of the Alps in Slovenia. Found at altitudes from 1,800-2750 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Declines in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Slovenia (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","Warren's Skipper occurs mostly on flower-rich alpine grasslands. The males fly where flowers are most abundant, along mountain streams, for example. From a perch on a bush or tall plant, they also defend their territory. The females meanwhile are often found on warm, dry patches near bushes, where they lay their eggs one by one on the rockroses (Helianthemum spp.), preferring the smaller plants. The small caterpillar lives hidden in a spun leaf, while caterpillars of later stages spin two leaves together and finally, make a larger shelter from several leaves. The Warren's Skipper has one generation a year and passes the winter as a caterpillar. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (100%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","In Slovenia, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but in countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Pyronia,bathseba,,Pyronia bathseba,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs throughout most of Portugal and Spain (except the northwest and the north coast), in the southeast of France from the Pyrenees to the Ardèche, Drôme and Var. 100-2,000 m. It is also found in Northwest Africa. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.",This species is widespread in part of Europe. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Spain (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).,"The markings on the Spanish Gatekeeper are brighter than those of the other gatekeepers. The butterflies are mostly found on dry, rather rough, grassy vegetation with trees or bushes in the neighbourhood. The caterpillars feed on grasses, especially false-bromes (Brachypodium spp.), but also probably bromes (Bromus spp) and meadow-grasses (Poa spp.). The Spanish Gatekeeper is single-brooded and passes the winter in the caterpillar stage. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (16%), phrygana (16%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (16%), dry siliceous grasslands (16%), scrub and grassland (16%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level. This is one of the butterflies that can be common also outside nature reserves. It benefits from proper management of semi-natural grasslands. The species will benefit from the establishment of areas of High Nature Value Farmland (Paracchini et al., 2008). In countries where the species is declining, habitats should be managed appropriately and the effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Pyronia,cecilia,,Pyronia cecilia,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in large parts of the south of Europe: almost all of Portugal and Spain (except the north coast), southeast of France (to the Massif Central), large parts of Italy (in north almost absent) and in Southeastern Europe from the coastal line of Croatia through Albania to the west and south of Greece. This species occurs also on several islands in the Mediterranean Sea. Sea level-1,200 m. It is also found in Africa and Northwest Turkey. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.",This species is widespread in part of Europe. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Turkey (European part). Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Spain (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).,"The Southern Gatekeeper can be found on dry grasslands, rocky slopes with grassy vegetation, in open scrub and now and then in woodland clearings. The foodplants are grasses, probably Deschampsia spp., although this is not exactly certain. This butterfly species has one or two generations a year and passes the winter as a caterpillar. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (37%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (25%), phrygana (12%), dry siliceous grasslands (12%), broad-leaved evergreen woodland (12%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Pyronia,tithonus,,Pyronia tithonus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This is a species of Central and Southern Europe. It does not occur in Scandinavia, north of Germany, north of Poland, the Baltic States, north of Ireland, Scotland, south of Italy and on the Mediterranean islands except Corsica and Sardinia. Sea level-1,700 m. It is also found in Morocco and in the western part of Turkey. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. It is reported extinct in Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Romania, the Netherlands, Turkey (European part) and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Germany, Luxembourg, Republic of Ireland, Serbia, Spain and United Kingdom (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Gatekeeper occurs on many different types of grassland. Mostly, it chooses rather rough, dry to damp vegetation, situated beside woodland or scrub, or not far from them. The butterflies are fond of basking in the sun on scrub and are often seen visiting flowers. The female lays its eggs singly on the leaf-blades of nearly all soft grasses, such as Cock’s-foot (Dactylus spp.), fescues (Festuca spp.), bents (Agrostis spp.) and Rye-Grass (Lolium spp.). The caterpillar avoids bright sunlight and feeds mostly on grasses growing in the shade. When half-grown, it hibernates in a tussock of grass. It completes its growth the following year and pupates low down in the vegetation. The Gatekeeper has one generation a year. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (16%), mesophile grasslands (10%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (10%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (10%), alluvial and very wet forests and brush (7%), dry siliceous grasslands (7%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level. This is one of the butterflies that can be common also outside nature reserves. It benefits from proper management of semi-natural grasslands. The species will benefit from the establishment of areas of High Nature Value Farmland (Paracchini et al., 2008). In countries where the species is declining, habitats should be managed appropriately and the effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Satyrium,acaciae,,Satyrium acaciae,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs up to 49° N in France and up to 51° N in Germany and Poland. It is absent from the south of Italy, the Mediterranean islands, Portugal and Spain (except in the north and Montes Universales). 0-2,000 m. It is also found in Turkey. The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents.","This is a local species. It is reported extinct in Belgium. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Romania and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from France, Germany, Moldova (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Sloe Hairstreak is found in dry scrub in woods, at wood margins, or in the open landscape. They are also seen in abandoned vineyards on calcareous soils. When looking for nectar, the butterflies seem to prefer white flowers. Blackthorn or Sloe (Prunus spinosa) is practically the only foodplant of the Sloe Hairstreak and eggs are laid on branches that are in the sun. The small caterpillars stay in the egg until after the winter, emerging in spring and feeding on the young Blackthorn leaves. When fully-grown, they leave the foodplant to pupate on the ground in leaf litter. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (30%), heath and scrub (22%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (11%), mixed woodland (11%), mesophile grasslands (5%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Satyrium,esculi,,Satyrium esculi,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs throughout most of Spain and Portugal (except the northwestern coastal area), in the southeast of France from the eastern Pyrenees to the French Alps and adjacent part of the Italian Alps. It is also found on the Balearic Islands and Northwest Africa. 0-1,300 m. The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents.",This species is widespread in part of Europe.,"The False Ilex Hairstreak can be found in dry scrub, open, deciduous woodland, or in mixed woodland. The butterflies can often be seen drinking nectar on thyme. The females lay their eggs on various oak species, including the Holm Oak (Quercus ilex), Common or Pedunculate Oak (Q. robur), Kermes or Holly Oak (Q. coccifera) and Pyrenean Oak (Q. pyrenaica). The small caterpillars only emerge from the egg the following spring, when they start eating the young oak leaves. The ant species Camponotus cruentatus has been found to attend the small caterpillars. This butterfly species has one generation a year. Habitats: tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (20%), broad-leaved evergreen woodland (20%), fallow land, waste places (10%), urban parks and large gardens (10%), orchards, groves and tree plantations (10%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (10%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Satyrium,ilicis,,Satyrium ilicis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs locally in most Central European countries. In Scandinavia, it is only present in the extreme South, in Spain and Portugal, it is local. It is absent from Britain, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and Crete. 0-1,600 m. It is also found in Turkey, the Middle East, Urals and Northwest Asia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in Europe, this species is local and restricted to areas with sufficient good quality habitat. It is reported extinct in Denmark. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, the Netherlands and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Latvia, Luxembourg, Moldova, Slovakia, Slovenia and Sweden (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Ilex Hairstreak occurs locally at woodland edges and in coppices with warm, dry oak scrub. The female lays its eggs on small oak trees. The tiny caterpillar hibernates in the egg, or in the first larval instar. It feeds on the young oak leaves, eventually pupating in the litter layer under the foodplant. Both Camponotus and Crematogaster ants occasionally visit the caterpillars. The adult butterflies need nectar, feeding on flowering Common Privet (Ligustrum vulgare) and on bramble blossom (Rubus spp.). It has one generation a year. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (45%), heath and scrub (15%), mixed woodland (13%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Satyrium,ledereri,,Satyrium ledereri,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered as Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution.",Stable,"In Europe, it occurs only on the Greek island Samos. 1,000-1,400 m. It is also found in Turkey, Lebanon, Iran and Transcaucasus. Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Orange-banded Hairstreak occurs above 1,000 m on open, dry, calcareous slopes with short vegetation and in dry scrub. The eggs are laid on the woody stems of Atraphaxis billardieri, a member of the Polygonaceae. The caterpillars feed on the leaves of the foodplants. The Orange-banded Hairstreak has one generation a year. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (50%), phrygana (50%).",Not examined.,No conservation actions are needed for this species.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Satyrium,pruni,,Satyrium pruni,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs from the extreme south of Finland and the south of Sweden to the north of Italy and the Balkans, except the Mediterranean coastal regions. In France, it is present in the Southeast to the east of the Pyrenees. In central England, there are local populations. 200-750 m. It is furthermore present east to Mongolia, Korea and Japan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in Europe, this species is local and restricted to areas with sufficient good quality habitat. It is reported extinct in Denmark. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Romania and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, Slovakia and United Kingdom (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Black Hairstreak can be found in habitats with Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) bushes. This may be in moderately dry woodland, or in a hedgerow, or on a woodbank, but it also occurs on solitary groups of Blackthorn bushes. Places with brambles are favourable, providing the nectar the butterflies need. The eggs are laid on Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), but sometimes other Prunus species are used. The female chooses twigs that will flower the next spring. The small caterpillars that develop, pass the winter in the eggshell. When they emerge, they feed on the buds and flowers. When the caterpillars are fully-grown, they pupate. The black and white pupa, suspended in a silken girdle from a twig, looks very like a bird dropping, an attempt to avoid predation. The Black Hairstreak has one generation a year. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (33%), mixed woodland (18%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (13%), heath and scrub (9%), sclerophyllous scrub (5%), orchards, groves and tree plantations (5%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Satyrium,spini,,Satyrium spini,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in South and Central Europe to about 54° N. It is absent from northwestern France, the Netherlands, Scandinavia, Estonia, Latvia, large parts of Italy and most Mediterranean islands. 0-2,000 m. It is also found in Turkey, Lebanon, Iraq and Iran. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. It is reported extinct in Luxembourg. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Romania. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Moldova and Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Blue-spot Hairstreak can be found in sunny, warm places, on groups of bushes, or on scrub at the edge of a wood, with some flowering vegetation as nectar source nearby. The female lays its eggs on various buckthorns (Rhamnus spp.), choosing branches located in the sun. The small caterpillar only emerges in spring, having passed the winter in the eggshell. It immediately starts to eat buds and young leaves. When fully-grown, it pupates on the foodplant, the pupa suspended by a silken girdle. The Blue-spot Hairstreak has one generation a year. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (21%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (19%), heath and scrub (12%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (9%), dry siliceous grasslands (9%), mixed woodland (7%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Satyrium,w-album,,Satyrium w-album,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs from South Scandinavia to the extreme north of Spain. It is also found in the south of Britain. It is absent from European Turkey and the Mediterranean islands, except Sicily. 100-1,300 m. Further east to Kazakhstan and Japan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Ukraine and United Kingdom. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Hungary, Latvia, Romania and Serbia (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The White-letter Hairstreak usually occurs where there is a group of elm (Ulmus spp.) trees, either growing in a wood, sometimes even in the centre of a large town. However, there are populations known that occupy a solitary tree. The eggs are laid on the wood at the base of the flower buds, the female favouring terminal buds situated at the top of the tree. The small caterpillar stays inside the egg during the winter months, emerging in spring, boring its way into a flowerbud. It feeds on flowerbuds and flowers, but not on leaves. A non-flowering tree is therefore not a suitable foodplant. The caterpillars are sometimes attended by ants of Lasius or Formica species. They pupate in the litter layer under the tree. The White-Letter Hairstreak has one generation a year. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (39%), mixed woodland (18%), urban parks and large gardens (12%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (12%), alluvial and very wet forests and brush (5%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Satyrus,actaea,,Satyrus actaea,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years, its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than 20,000km² and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs in central Portugal (Serra da Estrela), almost all of Spain (except the northern coast and northwest part), in the southeast of France (from the Eastern Pyrenees to Auvergne and the Alps) and in the bordering part of the Italian Alps. Its elevational range is 100-2,500m. This is a European endemic species.",This species is widespread in part of Europe.,"The Black Satyr can be found on grassy vegetation, rocky slopes and in scrub. The caterpillars feed on various grasses, such as fescues (Festuca spp.), meadow-grasses (Poa spp.), false-bromes (Brachypodium spp.) and bromes (Bromus spp.). They hibernate and then pupate on the ground at the end of the spring in May to June. The Black Satyr is single-brooded. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (42%), dry siliceous grasslands (14%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (14%), mesophile grasslands (14%), heath and scrub (14%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"In Portugal, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Satyrus,ferula,,Satyrus ferula,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in the south of Europe: north of Spain (central Pyrenees), south of France (from the Dordogne southwards and eastwards), the southern Alps of Switzerland, Austria and Italy, also in the Apennines and Calabria and from Croatia to Bulgaria and Greece. 400-1,800m. It is also found in Morocco and from Kazakhstan and Central Asia to Transbaikalia and West China. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in Europe, this species is local and restricted to areas with sufficient good quality habitat. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Slovenia (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","In the mountains, the Great Sooty Satyr is mostly found in open, dry, rocky places with grassy vegetation. At lower altitudes, the butterflies occur in open clearings in woods, or at wood edges. They can often be seen drinking nectar on thistles and scabious (Knautia spp.). The female lays its eggs low down on dry grass stems. The caterpillars hibernate when still quite small and pupate in May or June. Sheep's-fescue (Festuca ovina) is the most important foodplant, but other fescues (Festuca spp.), false-bromes (Brachypodium spp.) and bromes (Bromus spp.) are probably also used. Habitats: alpine and subalpine grasslands (16%), alluvial and very wet forests and brush (12%), screes (12%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (12%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (12%), dry siliceous grasslands (12%), phrygana (8%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Satyrus,virbius,,Satyrus virbius,,,Yes,LC,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals. It is absent from the EU-27.",Unknown,"This species occurs in the southeast of Russia and the Crimea (Ukraine), maybe also in the east of Ukraine. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This species can be found on steppes, dry grassy slopes, stony and rocky places, clearings and glades in mountain forests (Tshikolovets, 2003). On the Crimea hostplants are Festuca spp. and other Poaceae (http://babochki-kryma.narod.ru/main.htm). Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.","Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.",This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Scolitantides,orion,,Scolitantides orion,,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU27,,"At the European level, this species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat. In the EU27 countries, a population decline of almost 30% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, it is classified as Near Threatened within the EU27.",Decreasing,"This species occurs locally in the northeastern part of Spain, south of France, Italy, Southeast Europe and the south of Norway, of Sweden and of Finland. 0-2,000 m. It is also found through Turkey and central Asia to Japan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. This species has a large, but discontinuous distribution over Europe. It is declining in North and Central Europe, more or less stable in South Europe. Decrease in Central Europe might be over-estimated, since the species can survive for a long time on small and isolated patches. It is reported extinct in Turkey (European part). Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Germany, Norway, Poland and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Romania, Russia, Slovakia and Sweden (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Chequered Blue, a small but conspicuous butterfly, can be seen on warm and rocky slopes and narrow ledges, where there is little vegetation, apart from its foodplants White Stonecrop (Sedum album) and Orpine (Sedum telephium). The females lay their eggs on the leaves of the foodplant near the stem. The caterpillars are often found with ants. The pupa overwinters and is often hidden under stones or in small hollows in the ground near the foodplant. The Chequered Blue produces one or two generations a year, depending on its geographical position. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (23%), inland cliffs and exposed rocks (15%), dry siliceous grasslands (13%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (7%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (7%), screes (7%), sclerophyllous scrub (5%), phrygana (5%).","This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level. However, in part of the EU27 range, the species is threatened by abandonment of grasslands and shrub invasion on dry, rocky slopes.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Spialia,orbifer,,Spialia orbifer,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs on Sicily and in Southeast Europe from Slovakia, Hungary and Croatia and further southwards to Greece and many Greek islands. 0-2,000 m. It is also found throughout temperate Asia from Turkey across Central Asia to Korea. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in a part of Europe, this species is local and restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Austria and Czech Republic. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Serbia, Slovakia and Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Orbed Red-underwing Skipper occurs on dry, flower-rich grasslands, on roadside verges, at the edges of woods, on abandoned agricultural land, rocky slopes and along dried-up river beds. The butterflies have a rapid flight, close to the ground. The eggs are laid on the flowerheads of Salad Burnet (Sanguisorba minor) and, in Eastern Europe, possibly also on Great Burnet (S. officinalis). The round flowerheads of the foodplant are the caterpillars' first food, but as they grow larger, they hide between spun leaves. Hibernation takes place on the ground, in the litter layer. They also pupate in rolled-up leaves of the foodplant. This skipper has two generations a year and hibernates as a caterpillar. Habitats: mesophile grasslands (29%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (23%), alluvial and very wet forests and brush (17%), dry siliceous grasslands (11%), sclerophyllous scrub (5%), cliffs and rocky shores (5%), phrygana (5%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"In the Czech Republic, the species only occurs in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are needed, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Spialia,phlomidis,,Spialia phlomidis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in the Balkans from Southwest Serbia to Bulgaria and Greece. 0-2,200 m. Its range extends through Turkey to the north of Israel, the north of Iran and Transcaucasus. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Persian Skipper occurs on dry grasslands, on dry scrub, in rocky places and at woodland edges. On hot days males and females congregate on damp ground where they are easy to spot. Although the larval foodplant is not known for certain, probably various bindweeds (Convolvulus spp.) are used. Also, it is not clear how many generations it has a year, but it is probably two. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (30%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (30%), dry siliceous grasslands (20%), phrygana (10%), screes (10%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Spialia,sertorius,,Spialia sertorius,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species is widespread in Central and Southern Europe: the Iberian Peninsula, France, southeast Belgium, west Germany, west Czech Republic, Austria, Switzerland and Italy. 0-1650 m. It is also found in North Africa and Asia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is reported extinct in the Netherlands. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Poland and Slovakia. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Luxembourg, Slovenia (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Red-underwing Skipper is a small butterfly that likes warm habitats. It occurs on calcareous and other dry grasslands and also in dry, rough vegetation, as long as its larval foodplant, Salad Burnet (Sanguisorba minor), is present. The eggs are laid between the buds on the flowerheads of this plant and the caterpillars feed on the young leaves. Hibernation takes place as a caterpillar, in warm areas when still small and further north when fully grown. The caterpillars pupate in the litter layer, in a sturdy cocoon made from plant remains. Because of its rapid flight and inconspicuous behaviour, this small butterfly is often not even noticed. However, they are often present in large numbers over quite a small area. The butterflies like visiting flowers. It has one or two generations a year, depending on the position of the breeding ground within the range. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (38%), dry siliceous grasslands (12%), heath and scrub (9%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (9%), mesophile grasslands (9%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Spialia,therapne,,Spialia therapne,,This skipper used to be considered a sub-species of the Red-underwing Skipper (S. sertorius).,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Only occurs on Corsica and Sardinia. Found at altitudes from 0-1,500 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This butterfly is the smallest of the European skippers; the wingspan of the males is only two centimetres across, that of the females slightly more. They can be found on grassy, flower-rich patches among scrub and rocks. It has two generations a year. This skipper used to be considered a sub-species of the Red-underwing Skipper (S. sertorius) and resembles it closely in the way it lives. Habitats include sclerophyllous scrub (33%), phrygana (33%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (33%).","Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level. But since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Tarucus,balkanicus,,Tarucus balkanicus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Although the species shows a decline in some part of its range (strongest declines reported from Bosnia, Albania and the European part of Turkey), it is not considered threatened by experts, as its habitat and foodplants are common in Meditteranean shrubland and maquies in Southeast Europe. Therefore, it is classified as Least Concern.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in Southeast Europe from the coastal areas of Croatia down to Albania and northeast Bulgaria, FYR of Macedonia, north and central Greece, Corfu and Cyprus. 0-1,200 m. It is also found in North Africa, the Middle East and central Asia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in a part of Europe, this species is local and restricted to areas where Paliuris spina-christi occurs. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Albania and Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Little Tiger Blue is mostly found where its foodplant Christ's Thorn (Paliurus spina-christi) is growing, in open scrub and in agricultural areas where it is used as hedging plant. On Cyprus, it also occurs on another prickly plant, Jujube (Ziziphus lotus). The caterpillars eat from the underside of the leaves, making parallel grooves that look like translucent “windows” from above. Because of their quick flight and small size, these butterflies are not easy to observe. They have several generations a year and hibernate in the pupal stage. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (55%), phrygana (44%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.",More research is needed on the distribution and ecology of the species. Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Tarucus,theophrastus,,Tarucus theophrastus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"In Europe, it occurs only in coastal areas of southeast Spain (between Granada and Murcia). 0-2,500 m. It is also found in north and central Africa and southwest Arabia. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The markings on the underside of its wings make the Common Tiger Blue an eye-catching butterfly. It breeds in warm, dry, scrubby vegetation, spending much of its time on the foodplants Christ’s Thorn (Paliurus spina-christi) and Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba), that are usually plentiful where it lives. The caterpillars betray their presence by the translucent “windows” that they make by hollowing out grooves on the underside of the leaves. The Common Tiger Blue has several generations a year and passes the winter as a caterpillar. Habitats: heath and scrub (50%), sclerophyllous scrub (50%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Thecla,betulae,,Thecla betulae,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs in Central Europe, from Scandinavia to the north of Spain. It is absent from large parts of Italy and the Mediterranean islands. 50-1,500 m. It is furthermore present through Asia to Korea. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a widespread species in its European range, but in some regions it is very local and restricted to (semi-) natural habitats. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Luxembourg, the Netherlands. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Croatia, Denmark, Hungary, Latvia, Republic of Ireland, Romania, Switzerland, Turkey (European part) and United Kingdom (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Brown Hairstreak occurs in scrub, along hedges near deciduous woodland and in parks, but the butterfly is rarely seen. However, the eggs that are laid at the base of the buds of various Prunus species are easy to find. In winter the pearly-white eggs show up on the bare twigs of the shrubs or trees. The egg, thus, hibernates, hatching in spring. The small caterpillar bores its way into a bud, hollowing it out, later on also eating the leaves of the foodplant. Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) is often used, but also cultivated species of Prunus, such as plum and cherry trees. The caterpillars pupate in the shrub layer under the tree serving as foodplant. This butterfly species has one generation a year. Habitats: broad-leaved deciduous forests (29%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (18%), mixed woodland (14%), urban parks and large gardens (12%), heath and scrub (6%), orchards, groves and tree plantations (6%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme by counting the eggs in winter.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Thymelicus,acteon,,Thymelicus acteon,,,No,NT,A2b,No,NT,A2b,EU27,,"Although this species is widespread and often common in the southern half of its range, it shows strong declines in Central Europe. At the European and EU27 level, it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years. However, in the European Grassland Butterfly Indicator (Van Swaay & Van Strien 2008), this species shows a decline of more than 30% in European grasslands, its main habitat. For this reason, the species is considered as Near Threatened.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in large parts of Europe up to 54° N. In England, it is only present on Dorset coast. It is absent from the Balearic Islands, Corsica and Sardinia, large parts of northern Italy, northern Germany and northeastern Poland. 0-1,600 m. Its range extends to North Africa and the Middle East. The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas in the northern part of its range. In the south widespread. It is reported extinct in the Netherlands since the 1980s. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from FYR of Macedonia, Luxembourg, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Portugal, Romania, Switzerland and United Kingdom (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Lulworth Skipper can be found on warm, dry grassland, with bushes or scrub nearby, or at the edge of woodland. In the north of its range, it is mostly found on calcareous grassland. Populations of the Lulworth Skipper are sometimes very large. Eggs are laid on the withered leaves of many grasses. Directly after hatching, the small caterpillar spins a cocoon in which to hibernate. It does not begin to eat and grow until the following spring. It then builds a shelter by spinning blades of grass together, which it only leaves when looking for food. When fully grown, it pupates, changing into a green pupa suspended in the vegetation by a silken girdle. The Lulworth Skipper has one generation a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (31%), mesophile grasslands (15%), dry siliceous grasslands (11%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (11%), sclerophyllous scrub (6%).","This species is especially threatened by changes in agricultural activities. If the management of chalk grasslands (mostly low intensity) is stopped, T. acteon can become very abundant for a few years on the tall grasses. After the invasion of trees and shrubs, the species disappears. Heavy grazing is harmful as larvae live in a spun leaf shelter for a part of the year.","In the southern half of its range (Mediterranean), the species will benefit from the establishment of areas of High Nature Value Farmland (Paracchini et al., 2008). In Central Europe, where the species is restricted to local calcareous grasslands, it benefits from proper management of semi-natural grasslands. In Belarus, the species only occurs in protected areas. In countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Thymelicus,christi,,Thymelicus christi,,Thymelicus christi was formerly considered a subspecies of the Lulworth Skipper (T. acteon),Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"This species is reported from all Canary Islands, except Lanzarote and Fuerteventura (Wiemers 1995). This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.",Thymelicus christi has two or three generations per year. Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.,"Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Thymelicus,hyrax,,Thymelicus hyrax,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Unknown,"This species occurs locally in central Greece and on islands Samos, Chios, Lesbos and Rhodes. On Greek mainland 600-800 m, on the islands from Sea-level up to 250 m. It is also found across Turkey to Iran and Israel. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Levantine Skipper occurs mostly in warm, dry places with scrub, both inland and on the coast. They have also been seen in dry, stony places and on agricultural land, including olive groves and vineyards. They fly rapidly, close to the ground. This butterfly has one generation a year. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (50%), phrygana (50%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,No conservation actions are needed for this species.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Thymelicus,lineola,,Thymelicus lineola,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species is widespread throughout Europe, except Sardinia, Ireland, North of England and North of Scandinavia. 0-2,200 m. Its range extends from North Africa through the temperate zone to East Asia. It is introduced in North America. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a common and widespread species in its European range. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from the Netherlands. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Austria, Belgium, Luxembourg, Portugal and Romania (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Essex Skipper occurs in many types of flower-rich places with tall grass, such as grasslands, road verges and on banks of streams. Sometimes, the populations can have thousands of individuals. It is often seen with the Small Skipper (T. sylvestris). Although very similar, these golden skippers can be distinguished by the colour of the underside of their antennal clubs. That of the Essex Skipper is black and that of the Small Skipper varies from brown to yellow. Because these butterflies need quite a lot of nectar, they can often be seen drinking on thistles, knapweeds and other purple or pink flowers rich in nectar. The female deposits its eggs in groups in the leaf-sheaths of coarse grasses and lays them when the foodplants are already withered. It is the eggs that hibernate. The development of the caterpillar takes place the following spring. At first, the caterpillar only feeds during the day, but later also at night. They pupate in the vegetation. The pupa may be suspended from a grass blade by a silken girdle, but also just by the tip. The Essex Skipper has one generation a year. Habitats: mesophile grasslands (19%), dry siliceous grasslands (14%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (9%), fallow land, waste places (9%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (8%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (8%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,HESPERIIDAE,Thymelicus,sylvestris,,Thymelicus sylvestris,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species is widespread throughout Europe, except in Sardinia and Corsica, the Balearic Islands, Ireland, North of Britain, Norway, Sweden and Finland. 0-1,900 m. Its range extends to Iran. The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents.","This is a common and widespread species in its European range. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from the Netherlands and Ukraine. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Belgium, Luxembourg, Portugal, Romania and Serbia (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Small Skipper occurs in all types of flower-rich places with tall grass, such as grasslands, road verges and edges of streams. They are often seen with the Essex Skipper (T. lineola) and can be distinguished from it by the colour of the underside of the antennal club, which ranges from brown to yellow, while that of the Essex Skipper is black. Furthermore, the scent brand on the forewing of the male is broader, longer and more conspicuous than that of the Essex Skipper. The butterflies visit thistles, knapweeds and other purple or pink flowers for their nectar. A female deposits eggs in batches of three to twenty in the leaf-sheaths of coarse-leaved grasses. Unlike the Essex Skipper, it only uses young, green leaves. After about three weeks, the eggs hatch and the small caterpillars begin spinning a shelter straightaway in which to hibernate. The next spring, they begin to feed. At first, they only feed during the day and later also at night. They pupate in a web of loosely spun white threads. The Small Skipper has one generation a year, but the butterflies emerge over a long period. Habitats: mesophile grasslands (20%), dry siliceous grasslands (14%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (12%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (11%), mixed woodland (7%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (6%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Tomares,ballus,,Tomares ballus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs scattered in south and central Portugal and Spain as far north as Castilia and northeast as far as the Pyrenees. In France, it is only present along the Mediterranean coast from the Rhône estuary to the Maritime Alps. 0-1,300 m. It is also found in North Africa. The largest part of the global distribution area of the species is situated in Europe, but the species also occurs in other continents.",This species is widespread in part of Europe. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Spain (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).,"The Provence Hairstreak can be found on abandoned agricultural land, especially on calcareous soils, in abandoned vineyards and bushy areas. Various leguminous plants are used as larval foodplant, mainly of the genera Anthyllis, Dorycnium, Trifolium, Astragalus, Medicago, Ornithopus and Lotus. The female deposits its eggs singly on the unopened leaves. The caterpillars are sometimes attended by ants, e.g. Plagiolepis pygmaea. This butterfly species has one generation a year and passes the winter as a pupa in the soil. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (33%), dry siliceous grasslands (33%), sclerophyllous scrub (16%), fallow land, waste places (16%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Tomares,callimachus,,Tomares callimachus,,,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat. This species is absent from the EU27 member states.",Decreasing,"This species occurs from South Europe and Kazakhstan to Asia Minor, west of Tian Shan, Crimea, Turkey, Iran, Kazakhstan. Up to 1,400 m (Tuzov 2,000, Gordunov 2001). The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Ukraine (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","Being very conspicuous with its orange spots on the wings, this butterfly will be easily spotted on dry rocky places and on hills with a steppe-like vegetation or in deserts. The female deposits the eggs on Astragalus vulpinus or A. leptostachys. The tiny caterpillars first feed on the flowers, in the later instars they change to feeding on seeds. This beautiful butterfly has one generation a year (Tuzov 2,000, Gordunov 2001). Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (20%), screes (20%), mixed woodland (20%), dry siliceous grasslands (20%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (20%).","Although this species shows a decline in a part of its European range, it is not believed to face major threats at the European scale.","No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Tomares,nogelii,,Tomares nogelii,,,No,VU,A2c,No,RE,,EU27,,"This species has disappeared from Romania and Moldova before 1999. It now only occurs in the Ukraine, where it is declining. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 20,000 km². A decline of more than 30% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, it is listed as Vulnerable. It is extinct in the EU27 countries.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in Romania, Moldova, the Ukraine and the Asian part of Turkey. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. The species occurs in small isolated colonies in Southeast Europe. The last records from Romania are dating from the 1980's, although there are rumours that it has been found again. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Ukraine. Situation in Moldova unclear (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Nogel’s Hairstreak inhabits very open, dry woodland, dry grasslands in woodland areas and steep slopes. Its main larval foodplant is the milk-vetch Astragalus ponticus. It has one generation a year and hibernates as a pupa. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (60%), phrygana (20%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (20%).","Tomares nogelii is a habitat specialist, extremely monophagous and has a highly fragmented distribution, of which little is known. Tourist activities and agricultural improvement have diminished many populations. The remaining populations are mainly threatened by changes in agricultural practices.",More research is needed on the distribution and ecology of the species. Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. The species occured only in protected areas in Romania. Protecting the remaing sites from further destruction should be a priority.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Tongeia,fischeri,,Tongeia fischeri,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Unknown,"This species occurs from the southeastern Urals across Siberia, northeast Kazakhstan, Mongolia and the north of China to Sakhalin, Korea, Japan (Tuzov 2000, Gordunov 2001). Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","Tongeia fisheri occurs on dry stony slopes on small hills and slopes in mountains at about 800-2,000 m. It is also found in rocky river and stream valleys and on glades in coniferous forests. Larval foodplants are Orostachys spinosa, O. malacophylla, Sedum spp and Pseudosedum spp. This species produces two generations a year and hibernates as a caterpillar (Tuzov 2,000, Gordunov 2001, Tshikolovets 2003). Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Turanana,taygetica,,Turanana taygetica,,,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"This species is restricted to a few sites in Greece (less than five locations). The habitat is being destroyed. The larval foodplant apparently has a very restricted distribution. Therefore, it is classified as Endangered in Europe and the EU27 countries.",Stable,"This species occurs in the south of Greece on Mt. Chelmos and in Taijetos Mts. 1,500-2,300 m. It is also found in Turkey. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The Odd-spot Blue occurs in dry, calcareous places covered with low-growing shrubs. The butterflies are frequently seen drinking the nectar from flowers, especially thyme. The male butterflies sometimes leave their usual habitat in their search for damp patches of ground. The females lay their eggs on the flowers of Acantholimon androsaceum (Plumbaginaceae). The Odd-spot Blue often shares its habitat with Fiery Copper (Lycaena thetis), its caterpillars using the same species of foodplant. The Odd-spot Blue has one generation a year and passes the winter in the pupal stage. Habitats: sclerophyllous scrub (100%).","This species has a restricted European distribution. It is threatened by changes in the agricultural practices (mainly abandonment), quarrying and tourist activities. It is also a popular butterfly for collectors, but there is no evidence to determine whether this is contributing to its decline. Due to its limited distribution, it might get threatened on the longer run by climate change. As the species is not treated in the Climatic Risk Atlas (Settele et al., 2008) there is no information on the possible change of the climate envelope.",More research is needed on the distribution and ecology of the species. Suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed. The effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Vanessa,atalanta,,Vanessa atalanta,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This migrant species can be seen all over Europe. Numbers vary a lot from year to year, depending on the weather. Sea level to ca. 2,500 m. It is also found in Siberia, Asia Minor, Central Asia, North Africa, North America and New Zealand. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a migrant species that cannot survive winters in the northern half of Europe or in the mountains. Each spring and summer these areas have to be recolonized. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Malta, Spain and Ukraine (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Red Admiral is a wide-ranging, migratory butterfly that in temperate areas can only survive the winter where it is exceptionally mild, though the area with successfull overwintering seems to be moving north in the last decade. Each year, butterflies from southern Europe fly northwards and in good years Red Admirals can be seen practically everywhere. They are often seen in gardens and parks. The butterflies need a lot of nectar. They also feed on rotting fruit and at harvest time are often seen in orchards. They are also attracted to the resin oozing from trees. The Red Admiral is a distinctive and beautiful butterfly, the unusual, contrasting colours prevent it from being confused with any other species. It lays its eggs on Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica) in sunny, but not all too dry places. The caterpillars live alone or in small groups in small tent-like shelters made by spinning leaves together. The caterpillars of the Red Admiral are variable in appearance, ranging from yellow with black spots to plain dark-brown to black. They also pupate in a little tent of spun leaves. Habitats: humid grasslands and tall herb communities (9%), mesophile grasslands (9%), urban parks and large gardens (7%), agricultural land and artificial landscapes (6%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (6%), mixed woodland (6%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Vanessa,cardui,,Vanessa cardui,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This migrant butterfly can be seen all over Europe. Numbers can vary greatly from year to year depending on the weather. Sea level-3,000 m. This butterfly has a global distribution. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.",This is a migrant species from Africa colonizing Europe each year. The numbers in Europe largely depend on the magnitude of the migration.,"The Painted Lady is a visitor from the south, that is difficult to confuse with other butterflies. The black triangle on the tip of the forewing distinguishes it from the proper fritillaries. It is a migrant and cannot survive the winter in temperate climates. Each year, Western Europe is recolonized by butterflies from the south of Spain and Africa. In good years, the Painted Lady can be seen nearly everywhere, but otherwise seems to be absent. It often basks in the sun on the ground or on vegetation with its wings wide open, taking off into a powerful, gliding flight when approached. It visits a variety of flowers for nectar. The Painted Lady lays its eggs on very different foodplants in Europe. It prefers various thistles (Cirsium spp., Carduus spp. and Onopordum spp.), but also uses mallows (Malva spp.) especially in the south and Viper’s Bugloss (Echium vulgare) and Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica). The eggs are laid singly on the upperside of the leaves, the caterpillars feeding in a shelter of loosely spun leaves. They pupate on the foodplant. Habitats: mesophile grasslands (11%), alpine and subalpine grasslands (7%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (7%), urban parks and large gardens (5%), fallow land, waste places (5%), scrub and grassland (5%), agricultural land and artificial landscapes (5%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Vanessa,virginiensis,,Vanessa virginiensis,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Unknown,"This is an American species, with a small European distribution in the southwest of Europe. Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.",This species is local in the southwestern part of Europe. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Spain - Canary Islands (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).,"The American Painted Lady can be found on any place with a rich abundance of flowers. The eggs are deposited on a wide range of plants, such as several genera of Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Boraginaceae, Urticaceae, Balsaminaceae and Scrophulariaceae. Except for February and November, they are on the wings throughout the year on the island of Tenerife. Probably, the adult butterflies can have a diapause in the cold winter months that might be interrupted when temperatures occasionally rise (Tolman & Lewington, 2008). Habitats: scrub and grassland (50%), agricultural land and artificial landscapes (50%).",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Vanessa,vulcania,,Vanessa vulcania,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,This species is restricted to Madeira and the Canary Islands. This is a European endemic species.,"A local species, restricted to Madeira and the Canary Islands.","The Indian Red Admiral is a butterfly species typical of laurel forests, but it is also found in man-made types of habitat, such as gardens and parks. The female deposits the eggs singly on Urtica morifolia and Parietaria sp. Plants growing in shaded conditions are preferred to those growing in the sun. The caterpillars stays in a shelter made by a rolled-up leaf of its foodplant, where it also pupates. The Indian Red Admiral can be seen throughout the year because it has no diapause and produces many generations a year (Tolman and Lewington 2008). Habitats: agricultural land and artificial landscapes (50%), scrub and grassland (50%).","Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level. But since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,NYMPHALIDAE,Ypthima,asterope,,Ypthima asterope,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Stable,"This species occurs scattered on Cyprus and on the Greek islands Samos, Rhodes, Simi and Kastellorizo. Mostly at lower altitudes than 500 m. Main distribution in Turkey, the Middle East, India and Africa. Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","The African Ringlet occurs in short scrub, rocky areas with low vegetation and dry riverbeds. It uses grasses as foodplants. The main flight periods are in April and September/October. In Cyprus, it has two generations a year. On the Greek islands, it probably has several generations a year. Habitats: phrygana (100%).",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Zegris,eupheme,,Zegris eupheme,,,No,NT,A3c,No,NT,A3c,EU27,,"The Climatic Risk Atlas (Settele et al., 2008) calculates a possible decline of >98% of the climate envelope between 1980 and 2080 based on the most pessimistic of the three climate change models used GRAS-scenario. This species is classified as Near Threatened because (i) observed rates of CO2 emissions and temperature increases already exceed those foreseen in the worst-case scenario models and (ii) it is appropriate to take a precautionary approach, as the species might be endangered in the long run by climate change.",Stable,"This species occurs locally, but sometimes abundantly, in southeastern and central Spain (from the southeastern and eastern coasts through to Burgos and Salamanca). It is also found in Russia and Ukraine. 0-1,000 m, sometimes to 1,400 m. It is present from North Africa through Southern Europe to Eastern Kazakhstan, the Middle East and the north of Iran. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Ukraine (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Sooty Orange-tip is mostly seen in dry, flower-rich places, waste ground and abandoned agricultural land. Crucifers, such as London Rocket (Sisymbrium irio), the buckler mustard Biscutella auriculata, Hoary Mustard (Hirschfeldia incana) and radishes (Raphanus spp.), are usually abundant in its habitat. They are used by the butterflies for their nectar and as larval foodplants. The butterflies have a quick, zigzagging flight. The Sooty Orange-tip hibernates as a pupa. This pupal stage may last for one, two, or three years. It has one generation a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (30%), fallow land, waste places (20%), dry siliceous grasslands (20%), improved grasslands (10%), water-fringe vegetation (10%).","In the long term, this species might become threatened due to climate change.","The species should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes. If a climate change related decline is observed, ecological research must determine what conservation measures should be untertaken to safeguard the species.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PIERIDAE,Zegris,pyrothoe,,Zegris pyrothoe,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Unknown,"This species is present in the Lower Volga, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and West China (Tuzov 2,000, Gorbunov 2001, Tshikolovets 2003). Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This butterfly species is mostly seen in deserts, semi-deserts and dry meadows on plains, in river valleys and at foothills. The larval foodplant is unknown. The species produces one generation a year and overwinters as a pupa (Tuzov 2,000, Gorbunov 2001, Tshikolovets 2003). Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (50%), dry siliceous grasslands (50%).",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PAPILIONIDAE,Zerynthia,caucasica,,Zerynthia caucasica,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Unknown,"This species is present on the southern and eastern coasts of the Black Sea, northwest of the Caucasus. Up to 1,800 m (Tshikolovets 2003, Baytas 2007). Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. It is not clear if there are populations in the part of Southern Russia considered to be European.","The Caucasian Festoon occurs in moist bushy clearing and other open places in deciduous and mixed forests and on wet meadows on hills. female lays its eggsThe female lays its eggs mostly on a birthwort species (Aristolochia iberica). The species has one generation a year and passes the winter in the pupal stage (Tshikolovets 2003, Baytas 2007). Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.",There are no main threats known in Europe.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PAPILIONIDAE,Zerynthia,cerisy,,Zerynthia cerisy,,,No,NT,A2c,No,NT,A2c,EU27,,"Both at the European and EU27 member states level, a population decline of almost 30% falls within the uncertainty limits for this species' population decline. Therefore, this species is considered as Near Threatened.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in the Balkans: from Croatia, Bosnia, southeast of Serbia and southeast of Romania to the north of Greece. This species occurs also on some Greek islands and on Cyprus. 0-1,100 m. Its range extends to Israel, Iraq and Iran. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in a part of Europe, this species is local and restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Romania. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Turkey (European part) (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The Eastern Festoon occurs in warm, usually dry, places such as in dry grassland with scattered bushes, in scrub, near hedges, on agricultural land, vineyards and olive groves. It is also found in river valleys. Choosing plants growing near bushes or trees, the female lays its eggs mostly on Birthwort (Aristolochia clematitis), but also on other birthworts. The Eastern Festoon has one generation a year and passes the winter in the pupal stage. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (40%), sclerophyllous scrub (20%), mesophile grasslands (10%), mixed woodland (10%), phrygana (10%), heath and scrub (10%).",This species is threatened by changes in the management of semi-natural grasslands. Both intensification of use and abandonment will have a negative impact on this butterfly.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. It only occurs in protected areas in Croatia. In countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PAPILIONIDAE,Zerynthia,cretica,,Zerynthia cretica,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10,000 adult individuals.",Stable,"Occurs only locally on Crete. Its elevational range is 0-1,500 m. This is a European endemic species.","A local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas.","This Festoon is often seen in dry, open scrub, but also on agricultural land, in olive groves and vineyards and sometimes in damp places. The Birthwort Aristolochia cretica, which only grows on Crete and perhaps also A. sempervirens, are used as host plants. It has one generation a year and hibernates as a pupa. Habitats: heath and scrub (50%), sclerophyllous scrub (50%).","Although this is a European endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.","No specific conservation actions are needed at a European level, but since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PAPILIONIDAE,Zerynthia,polyxena,,Zerynthia polyxena,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in the southeast of France (from Hérault and further eastwards, abundant in Camargue), Italy (including Sicily) and large parts of Southeastern Europe (from Austria to Greece and Romania). 0-1,700m, usually at lower altitudes than 900 m. Its range extends to Southern Urals and Northwest Kazakhstan. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.","Although widespread in Europe, this species is local and restricted to areas with sufficient good quality habitat. It is reported extinct in Germany and Switzerland. Strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% have been reported from Romania. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Albania, Austria, France, Serbia, Turkey (European part) and Ukraine (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","The caterpillars of the Southern Festoon live on various birthworts, such as Aristolochia clematitis, A. rotunda, A. pallida and A. pistolochia. Because their foodplants grow in different habitats and because the caterpillars also have different foodplants in different areas, this spring butterfly can be found in quite different habitats. In the western part of its range, it can be seen in open places along rivers with the foodplant A. rotunda. In the mountains, the butterflies can be seen in dry, sunny, rocky places, where A. pallida and A. pistolochia grow. In Austria, it is in vineyards on sunny slopes, where A. clematitis grows as a weed, that the Southern Festoon is seen. In Greece, the butterfly occurs in damp areas, as well as on dry slopes, according to the species of birthwort used as foodplant. The eggs are laid singly or in small groups on the underside of the leaves, where the caterpillars are usually also found. The caterpillars have a striking appearance. Mostly beige with black spots, it has some orange tubercles on each segment, each ending in a black, spiny tuft. The Southern Festoon has one generation a year and hibernates as pupa. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (14%), humid grasslands and tall herb communities (12%), mesophile grasslands (12%), heath and scrub (9%), dry siliceous grasslands (7%), sclerophyllous scrub (7%), alluvial and very wet forests and brush (7%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"The species is listed on the Habitats Directive Annex 4 and Bern Convention Annex 2. This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,PAPILIONIDAE,Zerynthia,rumina,,Zerynthia rumina,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern, as it has been evaluated against all the IUCN criteria and does not meet, nor is it close to meeting (e.g. populations have not been declining by more than 25% in the past 10 years), the thresholds for any category of threat.",Stable,"This species occurs over almost all Portugal and Spain (except extreme north of Portugal and the northern and western coasts of Spain) and France (Mediterranean coastal areas and from eastern Pyrenees and Cevennes to the Alps). 0-1,800 m. It is also found in North Africa. The global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside Europe.",This species is widespread in part of Europe. It is reported extinct in Andorra. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Spain (data provided by the national partners of Butterfly Conservation Europe).,"The Spanish Festoon can be found on scrub and dry, grassy vegetation. The butterflies are often found in rocky areas, where they can be seen, wings wide open, basking on stones. The female lays its eggs singly or in small groups on birthworts (Aristolochia spp.). The caterpillars feed on these poisonous plants, pupating for the winter. It can sometimes take two to three years before the butterfly emerges from the pupa. With the exception of a few sites in southern Spain, where it produces two generations, this species has one generation a year. Habitats: dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (18%), sclerophyllous scrub (12%), dry siliceous grasslands (12%), mesophile grasslands (6%), inland sand-dunes (6%), broad-leaved deciduous forests (6%), tree lines, hedges, small woods, bocage, parkland dehesa (6%).",This species is not believed to face major threats at the European level.,"This species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level, but in countries where the species is declining, important habitats should be protected and managed. The effects should be monitored by Butterfly Monitoring Schemes.",,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Zizeeria,karsandra,,Zizeeria karsandra,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Unknown,"This species occurs in Western Sicily, Malta, some Aegean Islands and Crete, Turkey, Cyprus, West Asia and North Africa. Up to 800 m (Pamperis 1997, Lafranchis 2004). Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.","This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas. Decline in distribution or population size of 6-30% have been reported from Cyprus (data provided by the national partner of Butterfly Conservation Europe).","This tiny butterfly occurs on hot meadows and clearings close to the sea. It flies low to the ground and is easily overlooked. The female lays the eggs on Oxalis spp. The species produces several generations a year (Pamperis, 1997). Detailed habitat descriptions are not available.",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Butterflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,LEPIDOPTERA,LYCAENIDAE,Zizeeria,knysna,,Zizeeria knysna,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is considered Not Applicable, as Europe is at the margin of its global distribution range.",Decreasing,"This species occurs scattered over the Iberian Peninsula, Spain (particularly on the south coast, locally on the east coast and inland (Castilian Plateau, Cantabrian Mts.)) and North and Central Portugal. 0-1,800 m. It is also found in North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia and Australia. Europe is at the margin of the global distribution area of the species.",This species is widespread in Southwest Europe.,"The African Grass Blue is a modest little blue, that flies close to the ground. It is a species of dry grassland, road verges, waste ground and gardens, but sometimes butterflies are found in damp, shady places. Various medicks are used as foodplant, such as Lucerne (Medicago sativa), Tree Medick (M. arborea), Small Medick (M. minima), Black Medick (M. lupulina) and possibly various Oxalis species. The caterpillars are attended by ants of the genus Pheidole. The African Grass Blue has two or more generations a year, but passes the winter as a caterpillar. There are only a few butterflies in the first generation. Habitats: fallow land, waste places (25%), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (25%), dry siliceous grasslands (25%), urban parks and large gardens (25%).",Not examined.,No specific conservation actions are needed at the European level.,,,"van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,AESHNIDAE,Aeshna,affinis,,Aeshna affinis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution across central and southern Europe and its abundance in most of its range. There is no evidence of decline, nor any specific threats.",Increasing,"Aeshna affinis is distributed from Europe eastwards to Mongolia. In Europe its main range is found in the south although it is relatively uncommon in the Iberian Peninsula and parts of Italy. It favours warm summers and in Europe it occurs more northerly in the east of its range probably as result of the higher summer temperatures in that region. The recent increase in summer temperature has led to an expansion of its European range to the north which led to the species becoming established in The Netherlands, northern Germany and being recorded for the first time in Denmark in 2006.","The species is rare north of the Alps and the Loire but widespread in South Europe. In the southern parts of the Ukraine it is common but in other parts such as the Iberian Peninsula it is scarce. The number of specimens varies strongly per site, ranging from some specimens to 1,000.","The species exclusively reproduces at standing waters. It prefers shallow, well-vegetated waters sheltered from the wind and exposed to the sun. Many of the habitats dry up partially during summer and become covered with vegetation often including rushes (Juncus), sedges (Carex) or low reed (Phragmites). In Italy, it was also found in rice fields in the past.",The species is currently not threatened. It is able to reproduce in waters that dry up in summer as long as the habitat contains water until the end of spring.,There is no indication of a strong decline anywhere in its range and conservation measures are not necessary.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,AESHNIDAE,Aeshna,caerulea,,Aeshna caerulea,,"In Nearctic the species is replaced by its sister species Aeshna septentrionalis (Burmeister, 1839). By some authors this species is considered to be a subspecies of A. caerulea.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). The species is widespread and common in the northern part of its range. In Central Europe it is limited to the Alps, where it is not rare, and to some other mountain ranges to the east where it is generally uncommon. There are no indications for a strong decline in the northern, main part of its range. In Central Europe it is showing a decline but this is less than 30% in the past ten years and not expected to be 30% in the next decade. This species is likely to be impacted by climate change, which might result in a rapid decline and local extinctions in parts of Central Europe. However, the Central European populations make up only a very small part of its European range and a decline in this region would not impact its conservation status on a European scale. The species is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Decreasing,"Aeshna caerula ranges from Scotland to Kamchatka Peninsula in the east. It has a boreal-alpine distribution being common and widespread in the Taiga and Tundra areas and having a patchy distribution in mountains further south. It is one of the most northerly species in the world extending to the North Cape. In Europe its lowland areal goes south to Scotland, the south of Sweden, northern Latvia and the northern parts of Russia. In the Siberian part of its range its lowland distribution reaches further south to the area of lake Baikal. In central Europe the species is confined to mountains and it is reasonably widespread in the Alps, seemingly scarce and localised in the Sudety mountains from the northern Czech Republic to southern Poland and in the Carpathians in northern and eastern Slovakia. It is scarce in the western parts of the Bohemian Forest (Šumava). In Slovakia it occurs close to the Ukraine border and it is likely to be present in this country as well. The species has been mentioned for the Bihar mountains in Romania but this record has never been confirmed and although the occurrence of this species in Romania is not unlikely it is here regarded as doubtful. A record from Gomelskaya oblast in the south of Belarus was published without further information and is also considered doubtful and assumed incorrect. If true it would constitute the southernmost lowland record in Europe (Buczyński et al. 2006). In its Central European range it does not occur below 800 m and almost all records are from 1,000 m or above.In some central European countries the species is limited to a small number of populations making it vulnerable for local extinction. In Poland, Czech Republic as well as in Slovakia it has a very patchy distribution. In France Aeshna caerulea is known with certainty only from four localities from the Haute-Savoie department (municipalities of Chamonix-Mont-Blanc, Vallorcine and Samoëns), within a range of 1,700-2,200 m. In Italy the species was only known from three localities until 2006. The record above Passo Rolle (Dolomiti) has been confirmed but the two other localities, the Lago di Chiesa in Valmalenco (1,600 m, Lombardy) and a pond in Val Vallaga (2,000 m Alto Adige) are in need of confirmation. From 2006 onwards, six new localities were found in Alto Adige (Libella Group, pers comm.). In Slovenia, the species is only known from one record, and so far, no populations have been found. In Germany the species is limited to Baden-Württemberg (one population in the Black Forest) and two regions in the south of Bayern.","The species is common in the northern part of its range where it is one of the most common dragonfly species. To the south of its lowland range it is already getting scarcer being more confined to higher areas and occurring in smaller numbers. The species is scarcer in the central European mountain range, where many populations are isolated and small, although larger population with several thousands of specimens have also been found there.","Aeshna caerulea is adapted to live in areas with long, strong winters and short summers with a low air temperature. This enables the species to live in areas where most other dragonflies are unable to live. It seems that in warmer areas it is out-competed by other dragonflies such as Aeshna juncea. In colder areas its range of habitats seems to be broader probably due to the reduced pressure of other species. In the north of Europe, in its lowland range, the species is present in standing waters and sometimes in slowly running waters. Here it can be found in bog pools and sedge swamps in moors, heaths and tundra’s. Above the tree line it is mostly found in peaty pools. In its central European, mountainous part of its range the species is exclusively found in standing waters above 800 m. Here it is found in permanent waters of mostly 5 to 80 m2 surface and with a water depth of generally 20 cm or less. The vegetation consists of Sphagnum, sedges (Carex) and Cottongrass (Eriophorum). The water is frozen for a large part of the year. The water temperature can however rise quickly during day-time in spring and summer to temperatures above 20 degrees Celsius.","In the north of its range the species is mainly found in areas with low environmental pressure. Most of the populations in the central European mountains are also located in areas with relatively little human impact. However, populations in farmland or in touristic areas are threatened by the impacts of cattle trampling the vegetation and tourist activities (introduction of fish, boats). The distribution of the species is largely determined by its need for a cold climate reducing the competition of other species. Climate change is likely impacting the distribution of this species already. The impact is likely to be most severe in its Central European range where there are more isolated occurrences. Especially the populations in the western parts of the Tatra, Sudety mountains and the Bohemian Forest are threatened as there are relatively few populations which mostly lie at altitudes which are already on the verge of its climatological possibilities.",Especially the central European populations should be protected from the impact of grazing by cattle and from tourist activities. There is no need for conservation measures for the northern populations. The main threat is probably climate change. Except from increasing the amount of available habitat there is little which can be done to counterbalance the impact of climate change.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,AESHNIDAE,Aeshna,crenata,,Aeshna crenata,,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT). Most of its European range is found in Russia and although very little is known on the distribution of dragonflies in this country it seems to be reasonably widespread and not rare in the north and across the Ural to the south. The species is therefore assessed as being of Least Concern on European scale. The distribution of the species within the 27 member states of the European Union is small as it is confined to the southern quarter of Finland and ca. 10 localities in Lithuania and Latvia. There are however no reasons to assume that it experiences a strong decline in this region at present. Ongoing large-scale logging might result in a decline in the next ten years and for this reason the species is assessed as Near Threatened in the EU 27 region.,Stable,"Aeshna crenata occurs from northeast Europe east to Kamchatka, Sakhalin and North Korea. The majority of its range lies in Russia. It occurs mostly in areas with a temperate climate but is locally present north of the Polar Circle. In Europe it is known from scattered localities in the southern quarter of Finland (10 to 15 localities), from c. ten localities in Northeast Lithuania, one locality in southeast Latvia, one locality in northern Belarus and it is not rare in northern Russia (e.g., Bernard 2002, 2003; Buczyński et al. 2006; Mauersberger 2000; Valtonen 1988; Peter 1997). The area of distribution bends south in the Ural and the species is reasonably common in the southern parts of this mountain range (Yanybaeva et al. 2006). From the Ural on the species range continues into temperate Asia. Over 90% of its European range lies in Russia, an area for which only poor data is available.",The species seems to be common in large parts of temperate Asia. In the European part of its range it seems to be scarce in the west. Most of its European range lies in Russia and for this area poor information on its presence and abundance is available but it seems to be common in northern Russia. Based on limited information it seems that densities in suitable habitat normally vary from tens to several hundreds of specimens.,"In Finland and the Baltic states Aeshna crenata is mostly found at pools and small to medium sized forest lakes which are acid and poor in nutrients. In most cases the banks are covered with a vegetation of peat moss (Sphagnum) and sedges (Carex) and mature forest is found in the direct vicinity. In the northern and eastern parts of European Russia, the habitat spectrum is larger comprising also river valleys, larger lakes and dead river arms with vegetation of Water Horsetail (Equisetum fluviatile) and sedges (Carex).",Most European populations are found in areas with relatively little human pressure. The most important threat is probably large scale logging of forest.,Additional fieldwork is needed in Lithuania and Latvia in order to find additional populations. The range of the species in the European part of Russia is very poorly known. Fieldwork in the whole northern part of Russia is needed. Based on this an assessment should be made of the conservation status of this species in these countries. It should be determined whether or not this species is sufficiently present in protected areas. If not then newly protected areas should be identified.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,AESHNIDAE,Aeshna,cyanea,,Aeshna cyanea,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Aeshna cyanea is common in a large part of Europe and is found in a wide variety of habitats which are not under pressure. The species is therefore considered as being of Least Concern.,Stable,"Aeshna cyanea has a western Palaearctic distribution and almost its whole range lies within Europe. It is most abundant in central Europe. It does not occur in Ireland and is rare in Scotland. In Fennoscandia it is found in the southern thirds of Finland and Sweden and in the southern fringe of Norway. The species is expanding its range towards the north. To the east it occurs to the Ural but it is absent from most of the Siberian lowland. The species becomes scarcer to the south of Europe being absent from many of the Mediterranean islands. It is highly localised in northern Africa with only a few sites. The species is mainly confined to mountain areas in the Balkan Peninsula. In the Ukraine, it is distributed mostly in the northwest, north and centre of the country. The species is found in the mountains of north Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan and the Caucasus and reaches east to the mountains of north Iran.","The species is abundant throughout most of its range and it exists frequently in large populations. Despite those large populations, adults are seen in small numbers at the waterbodies because they have a territorial behaviour.The populations are stable overall and even increasing in Fennoscandia.","Aeshna cyanea is mostly found in standing and running waters with a slow current. It has a clear preference for small and at least partly shaded waters. When it occurs at larger water bodies it shows a clear preference for those parts which are visually demarked from the main part of the water, for instance by some higher vegetation. The species needs waters where at least parts of the bottom are free of emerging vegetation. These situations can be found in pools which are still in the early stages of succession or more often in pools where leaves from nearby trees and bushes cover a part of the bottom. It is often the only dragonfly to be present in small, largely shaded forest pools often with no substrate other than leaf litter and in this situation larvae can occur in very high densities. In Central Europe it is also one of the most common dragonflies at garden ponds. The species is able to resist weeks of desiccation.Adult males are highly territorial and often only a small fraction of the actual adult population is found at the waterside. For this reason many adults are found in nearby forest were they often hunt low by the ground in the shade of trees or bushes.",The species is common in most of its range and occurs in habitats that are not threatened in any way.,No specific measures are needed.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,AESHNIDAE,Aeshna,grandis,,Aeshna grandis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). The species is moderately common to common in large parts of Central and Northern Europe. Its habitats are not under specific threats and there is no indication for a decline. Some isolated occurrences in the Mediterranean part of Europe might be threatened by climate change. These populations are however of marginal importance compared to its main range. The species is therefore assessed as being of Least Concern.,Stable,"Aeshna grandis is a largely European species that is found east to the lake Baikal area. Its European range is largely confined to Central and Northern Europe. Its continuous range goes south to the Massif Central, the Alps and the mountains of Romania. Isolated populations are present in the Pyrenees (Spain and France) and Montenegro. In the south of its range, already in the south of Germany, the species becomes largely confined to mountainous areas. It is reasonably common in much of its Central European range but becomes almost omnipresent and abundant in the north and northeast of its range. In the west and south, the species clearly favours forested areas and is lacking in the open landscapes of Hungary. In the Ukraine, it is mostly distributed in the north, becomes more rare in the south and is absent in the Black Sea region.",The species is widespread in most of its Central and Northern European range and becomes scarcer and more confined to mountains towards the south. In the south of its range populations are often more isolated and relatively small. Although widespread in much of Central Europe the numbers are often low and at most reproduction habitats only several to a few dozens of emerging adults can be found each year. The species is more common in the north and northeast of its range and the numbers of specimens emerging from a single habitat is often higher there.,"In the northern part of its range it is found in a wide variety of standing and slowly flowing waters. The species is found at a large variety of habitats such as larger pools, lakes, canals, oxbows and fenlands. It is also found in water storage areas, ponds, ditches and peat excavations. Most habitats have in common that they are situated in forested areas and have a rich bank side or submerged vegetation. In the south and west of its European range, the species is absent from habitats in the early stages of succession and seems to need more mature habitats. The numbers of emerging adults found at a single site is generally low which led to the suggestion that several suitable habitats at close distance from each other are needed to have a vital population. This seems to be true for most of Central Europe, however in Eastern Europe the situation might be different. In Central Europe the majority of populations is found in man made habitats, but again this might be different in the east of its range.","There are no specific threats to this species. Some of the isolated occurrences in the south, like those in the Pyrenees and Montenegro, might be threatened by climate change.",There are no current conservation measures needed.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,AESHNIDAE,Aeshna,isoceles,,Aeshna isoceles,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Aeshna isoceles has a large European range and is found in the southern two-thirds of Europe although it is rare or absent in large parts of this area. Regionally the species seems to have declined. However there are also areas, for instance the Netherlands and Britain, where the species has shown an increase in the last decade. Overall there is no indication for a strong decline in Europe and there are no reasons to assume that such a decline would take place in the next decades. For this reason the species is assessed of being of Least Concern.This said it must be stated that good information on parts of Eastern Europe, and especially on Russia, is lacking. In some of these areas conversion of land to arable land or improvements of agricultural land may lead to the destruction of habitats on a large scale.",Stable,"Aeshna isoceles is a largely European species occurring east through Turkey, the Levant to the Caucasus and the border of the Caspian Sea in Iran. The species is rare in North Africa and confined to the northern Maghreb. Except for isolated populations in Norfolk and Suffolk it is absent in Ireland and Great Britain. To the north it is found to the southern tip of Sweden, Gotland and Latvia. Although it is distributed over a large part of Europe it is rare to absent in large areas. This pattern seems to be largely explained by its preference for warmer areas combined with its preferences for extensive reed marshes or beds of Water Soldier (Stratiotes aloides). Due to this it is absent from mountain areas and large parts of the north (too cold) while it is rare for instance in the Iberian Peninsula and large parts of Germany, probably due to the lack of extensive reed marshes.","The species has a large European range although it is in many areas rare to absent. In areas where it does occur it can be very abundant and is often found in high numbers. Regionally the species seems to have declined in the recent past. Good indication for this is known from Belgium and some parts of Germany (De Knijf et al. 2006, Ott and Piper 1998). On the other hand a strong increase has been seen in areas such as Britain, northeast France and the Netherlands.","Aeshna isoceles prefers extensive bank vegetation of reed, bullrush (Typha) or Water Soldier (Stratiotes aloides). Throughout its range it reproduces at reed beds at standing or sometimes slowly flowing waters like channels, marshes, ponds, and lakes. In the north of its range it is often abundant at vegetations of Water Soldier (Stratiotes aloides), which occurs in standing water of good quality, mostly in low peat areas. Preferred are sunny habitats, that have some shelter from the wind and are never largely shaded.","There is no indication for a major decline throughout its range. However, due to the patchiness of its distribution there are many areas with isolated occurrences and regionally the species is often threatened. In areas where it is mainly found in vegetation with Water Soldier (Stratiotes aloides) the species is mainly threatened by a decline of this plant due to decrease of water quality. Especially the increase of phosphate in the water seems to induce major decline of this plant. Also mismanagement of vegetation of Water Soldier is a threat. Without management these vegetations will ultimately disappear and dredging the plants of Water Soldier every two or three years is needed to maintain the vegetation. However mismanagement might lead to the removal of all Water soldier vegetation in an area at once, which has a negative impact on the species. The species is less susceptible for the water quality in areas where the species mainly occurs in vegetation with reed. Here alteration of the habitat or a too intensive use of the banks is a threat.Especially in Central and Western Europe much suitable habitat went lost in the last century due to the conversion of marshland to farmland or to the further improvement of farmland. This issue has become less pressing in Central Europe, however it is not unlikely that large amounts of suitable habitat are being converted in order to improve farmland in eastern Europe.","The species is not threatened on a European level. The species is however rare in some regions and has shown locally a strong decline. At these locations, management plans for the conservation and restoration of habitats are needed.",,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,AESHNIDAE,Aeshna,juncea,,Aeshna juncea,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Aeshna juncea is widespread and common in a large part of Europe and no strong decline is expected to occur. For these reasons the species is assessed as Least Concern.Isolated occurrences in central Europe and especially in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balkan are likely to be affected by Climate Change. Aeshna juncea deserves attention in these areas.,Stable,"Aeshna juncea has the largest range of all Aeshna species occurring in the northern parts of Europe, Asia and North America. In Europe it is widespread and common in the north. Towards the south it becomes scarcer and in southern central Europe it is largely confined to higher altitudes. In Ukraine it is not numerous, distributed mostly in the northwest and north. It is fairly common and widespread in the Alps and the Pyrenees but is scarce and known only from scattered localities in the mountains of the Balkans and of the Iberian Peninsula.","The species is fairly common in most of its range and often abundant when found, especially in mountain areas (alpine areas). It is rare in Iberia, but locally common in the Pyrenees.","Aeshna juncea is confined to standing, largely unshaded habitats. Throughout its range bogs seem to be the preferred habitat. The species favours cooler climates and can be found in a wider range of habitats in Scandinavia and at high altitudes (>1,000 m) in central Europe including slow flowing waters. At lower altitudes in Central Europe the vast majority of the populations is found in bogs with Sphagnum and sedges or rushes. More rarely and in lower numbers it is found in other habitats such as quarries, garden ponds, dune pools, fens or low peat areas with fields of Water Soldier. In the southwest of its range it is largely confined to nature reserves and it is found mostly in natural or semi-natural habitats.","In the past, the populations in Central and Southern Europe have decreased due to habitat destruction such as deforestation and agricultural expansion. Most southwestern populations are found in nature reserves. Nutrification had a negative impact on the species but it seems less susceptible to this than many other species occurring in bogs. The most important future threat is likely to be climate change resulting in the alteration of peat bogs. This will certainly impact the more isolated populations in South and southcentral Europe such as the populations on the Iberian Peninsula and the Balkans.","The species is safe in much of its northern and central European range. Isolated occurrences in central Europe and in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balkans require attention. Fieldwork is needed in Iberia and the Balkans in order to identify the main populations. Based on that, areas can be selected for which management plans are required. Monitoring of isolated populations is needed in order to have an early warning of the impact of climate change.",,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,AESHNIDAE,Aeshna,mixta,,Aeshna mixta,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Aeshna mixta is a widespread and common species in Europe and is expanding its range northwards. It is classed as Least Concern.,Increasing,"Aeshna mixta has a wide range occurring from Europe to the north of Asia eastwards to Japan although it is absent from most of Siberia. The species is also found in the northern parts of the Maghreb. The species is common across a large part of Europe but is in Fennoscandia limited to the south of Sweden and the utmost south of Norway and Finland. It reaches its highest abundance in central Europe. In the last two decades it has been steadily expanding its range towards the north, increasing in Britain, reaching Ireland in 2000 (Nelson and Thompson 2003) and Finland in 2003 (Karjalainen 2007). In Sweden, it has been expanding 300 km towards the north in the last ten years. In Ukraine, the species is widespread and common in all the country; in the south huge migrations occur at the end of the summer.",Aeshna mixta is common and widespread in most of its range. In Central Europe it is the most common larger dragonfly in the autumn.,"The species reproduces mainly in standing, largely unshaded waters but is also found at slowly flowing waterbodies. It occurs in a wide range of waters, although seldom in acidic waters and can occur in brackish habitats. It is mainly found at larger waters with abundant riparian vegetation and large populations are found both in natural and artificial habitats.",The species is among the most common European dragonflies and is currently not threatened.,Specific conservation measures for this species are not needed.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,AESHNIDAE,Aeshna,serrata,,Aeshna serrata,,In some literature the name A. osiliensis Mierzejewski 1913 is used for the European populations of A. serrata around the Baltic Sea. The characters separating these two taxa are however weak and here A. osiliensis is regarded as a synonym of A. serrata.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Although the habitat of this species in Northeast Europe and its distribution in Southeast Europe are poorly known it is not likely that the species is currently threatened. The species is therefore assessed as Least Concern on European scale.,Stable,"The main range of this species is found in the open and half open steppes of the temperate parts of Asia from where it occurs east to Kamchatka (Dumont 2005). In the west it is known from single records from Armenia and from lake Van in Turkey. In the south of the Ural it is common at steppe and forest-steppe lakes (Yanybaeva et al. 2006). It is likely that it is occurring in parts of southern Russia, however information on this area is poor. There are two old records from the eastern parts of the Ukraine and one recent record but all these records need to be validated. Suitable habitat might be present and given the fact that this region is poorly explored it seems not unlikely that populations of the species are present here. An isolated occurrence of the species is found around the Baltic Sea. Here the species is found at one Russian island, the coast of Estonia, Finland and Sweden, only in the latter country it is also found in inland localities. Recently a male was found in the north of Denmark. It is unknown if the records in Denmark refer to just a vagrant or whether there is a local population. There is one record from the Komi Republic in northern Russia. This record has however not been verified and is here regarded as doubtful (Peters 1997).",In the southern Ural the species was found to be common (Yanybaeva et al. 2006). The paucity of records west of the Ural seems to suggest that it is here much more scarce or absent. Although the species has a small range along the Baltic sea it is often common and abundant when found.,"Aeshna serrata is found in larger standing waters and is, compared to the closely related A. crenata, more found in open landscapes. In the southern Ural the species is found in steppe and forest steppe lakes' (Dumont et al. 2005). In the interior parts of Sweden, it occurs at open eutrophic lakes and pools with extensive beds of reed (Phragmites sp., Typha spp.). In the surroundings of the Baltic Sea the species seems to have a preference for brackish waters. The species is found at vegetation of reeds on the banks of the Baltic sea and at nearby wetlands.","At the moment no specific threats are known. Little is known on the situation in the southern Ural but presumably the species is not strongly threatened there. The Baltic population is dependent on coastal wetlands. Development for tourism on the coast of Estonia and Finland could be a threat to the species. It is not unlikely that the majority of the Baltic population breeds in the Baltic Sea or in habitats strongly influenced by the Baltic Sea. Changes in the water quality of the Baltic Sea could therefore potentially be a threat to this species.In Sweden, populations are included in protected bird areas. Flooding the area for bird protection measures has negative impacts on the reed bed habitat.",Relatively little is known on the biology and the main habitat of this species adjacent to the Baltic Sea. Information on this is needed to better understand its conservation status. The range of this species in southern Russia outside the Ural and eastern Ukraine is unknown. Information on this would help to understand the conservation status of this species.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,AESHNIDAE,Aeshna,subarctica,elisabethae,Aeshna subarctica elisabethae,,The nominate subspecies occurs in Northern America. In Europe and Asia A. subarctica elisabethae is found. Two types of A. subarctica elisabethae occur in Europe which mainly differ in the amount of yellow pattern in the thorax. It seems that in cooler climates the darker type prevails while in the lowland of central Europe the paler type is more common. These types can be found together and are at least partly determined by climatological circumstances and are therefore not considered to be subspecies.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). There are no indications of a strong decline in Northeast and the north of Central Europe. There are some indications that it is declining in parts of its central European range and it is not unlikely that a rapid decline will be seen in this part of its range over the next ten years. Its Central European distribution is very small compared to its distribution in the north of Europe and a decline in this part of Europe will not impact strongly on its conservation status in Europe. The species is therefore assessed as Least Concern.,Decreasing,"Aeshna subarctica elisabethae occurs in the northern parts of Europe, Asia and North America. In Europe, the species is largely confined to the northeast. It is probably common in large parts of the north of European Russia from where its range continues to Finland, Sweden and Norway. The species is also moderately represented in the Baltic states, northern Poland and probably in northern Belarus although only a handful of records are available. Its lowland area continues from there to northern Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands. More to the south it is known from more isolated occurrences at higher altitudes in Belgium, France, southern Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, southern Poland. An isolated record is known from Bulgaria. The occurrence of this species in the Balkans was never confirmed and this record is considered to be doubtful.",Its specific habitat requirements make the species uncommon and sparse in large parts of its range. Densities at suitable sites can however be high.,"The species is confined to moors and bogs with vegetation of Sphagnum. These are most often natural waters in large moors but can also be habitats created by peat extraction. Its specific habitat requirements make that it is confined to higher altitudes in central Europe. The majority of the populations are found in bogs with floating peatmoss, which serves as larval habitat. Less often the species is found in habitats where the peatmoss is part of the bankside vegetation or is lying on the bottom.",Most populations are found in areas with relatively little human activity or in nature reserves and this species is therefore safe from large-scale habitat destruction. In areas where only small pieces of moors and peatbog still exist the ceasing of peat extractions is an increasing problem. In these places the aquatic habitats might fall dry as a result of natural succession of the vegetation. The same effect could be caused by climate change in southcentral Europe.,"In its central European lowland range, large-scale restoration of peat moors will help the long-term survival of this species in the region. In areas with isolated populations the species might be threatened by natural succession of the vegetation. The creation of pits in peat bogs may offer in these cases new reproductive habitats. In the future this species might be strongly impacted by climate change especially in central Europe. Monitoring of populations, especially those ones that are isolated is therefore advisable.",,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,AESHNIDAE,Aeshna,viridis,,Aeshna viridis,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT). EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT). The species has shown a considerable decline at least in western Europe and this decline is still continuing. It could be approaching Criterion A2. This is the only European dragonfly species which is almost completely dependent on a specific plant species (Stratiodes aloides). This species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened.,Decreasing,"This species is confined to the western part of the Palaearctic and is found from the Netherlands in the west to the Central Siberian lowland. Its European range is largely confined to parts of Northeast Europe. It is relatively widespread in the northern parts of European Russia, Poland and the Baltic states. In the Ukraine it is only found in the northeast while in Finland and Sweden it is confined to the southern half. In West Europe it is found in the Netherlands, parts of Denmark and the north of Germany. More isolated occurrences are known from Austria, Hungary and Croatia.","Although this species has a relatively wide range, it is only locally common. Densities at the reproduction sites can be high.","In the European part of its range, Aeshna viridis is almost completely confined to habitats with large fields or Water Soldier. These fields are found in standing or slowly flowing, largely unshaded waters with a mesotrophic to moderately eutrophic status. Natural habitats where this species can occur are lakes or oxbows. In Western Europe occurrences in more natural habitats have become rare and there it is mainly found in man-made waters like large ditches and channels in low peat areas.","Aeshna viridis is almost completely dependent on the presence of fields of WaterSoldier. This species quickly disappears when water becomes polluted, especially when the amount of phosphate rises. The decrease of water-quality due to poor water management is the main threat for this species on European scale. At least in Western Europe relatively many populations are found in agricultural areas. Here the increase of maize production is a specific threat. All throughout its range, but especially in Western Europe this species occurs in man-made waters like ditches and channels. In these habitats natural succession of the vegetation will eventually end with the Water-soldier being replaced by other plants. The species is dependent on open areas around the smaller reproduction sites and overgrowth with trees and shrubs could outshade the species and eliminate the population.","This species is listed in the Habitats Directive and the Bern Convention.Especially for populations dependent on man-made habitats management plans are needed. For many areas in the Netherlands these are already in place (De Jong et al. 2001). Especially the isolated populations in Germany, Hungary, Croatia and Austria deserve attention.In some areas, management in which the vegetation of Water Soldier is removed every few years is needed in order to maintain the habitat. This management should however be done in a rotation model in such a way that there is always habitat available.",,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,AESHNIDAE,Anax,ephippiger,,Anax ephippiger,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Anax ephippiger is a wide-ranging and abundant species with no evidence of decline. In Europe it will probably benefit from climate change. It is assessed as Least Concern on European scale.,Stable,"Anax ephippiger has a very wide range, including large parts of Africa extending over Arabia eastwards to India where it typically occurs in arid and semiarid areas. It shows very strong migratory behaviour and is sometimes found migrating in enormous numbers and huge distances. The species reproduces in fluctuating numbers in southern Europe. Yearly these migration waves from Africa and Arabia reach Europe but the numbers of individuals arriving vary strongly from year to year. This migration rarely reached central and north Europe and in these years it can turn up anywhere in Europe even reaching as far as Iceland (Tuxen 1976). The most notable of these influxes took place in 1995 when the species was found all over the continent (Burbach and Winterholler 1998). In Central Europe specimens arriving in spring might successfully reproduce resulting in emergence in late summer of the same year. The most northern cases of reproduction are from the south of Germany and western Poland (Burbach and Winterholler 1997, Bernard and Musiał 1995). Larvae are however not capable of surviving the winter in Central Europe.","In its main range, from Africa to India, it is one of the most common and widespread species present. In southern Europe, the species is scarce although it can be found in large numbers. In the remainder of Europe, it is rare and in many countries it is only known from migrants (only one or two individuals). The numbers of emerging individuals can be however large at reproduction sites (Corbet 2000).","The biology of the species is strongly adapted to breeding in seasonal habitats. In its main range migrating individuals travel with rain bearing winds which lead them to areas with rain. Here the species lays eggs, often at the end of the winter, in standing waters created by the rainfall (Corbet 1999, Dumont and Desmet 1990, Dumont 1977). The larvae have a rapid growth completing their development in two to three months allowing them to emerge before the habitat dries out. Like in its main range the European breeding sites also consist mainly of standing, shallow and often seasonal waters. Due to the seasonality of the water the amount of vegetation is often very limited. The low water table and the lack of vegetation make that the temperature of the water is high allowing a rapid growth of the larvae. As can be expected for a species living mainly in seasonal waters the larvae tolerate high salinity. Most reproduction sites in Europe are found in coastal wetlands.",Large scale development of coastal Mediterranean wetlands is a threat for this species.,This species is relatively save and probably will benefit from climate change. Preventing development of coastal Mediterranean wetlands is of importance to this species.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,AESHNIDAE,Anax,immaculifrons,,Anax immaculifrons,,,No,VU,C1; D1+2,No,VU,C1; D1+2,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU). EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU). Listed as Vulnerable because the species is known from less than 15 localities and probably less than 1,000 mature individuals occur in the region. It is suspected that a population decline, estimated to be more than 10%, would be met over the next 10 years. This species could meet the Endangered category in the near future.",Unknown,"Anax immaculifrons is an Oriental/Indomalayan species distributed from China through West Bengal, Nepal, Pakistan and Afghanistan with its main distribution in southern Asia (India, Sri Lanka) and its western limit along the Levantine and Aegean Coast (Boudot et al. 2009). Only since the 1990th it became clear that the species is less rare along the Mediterranean than hitherto believed. Populations have been found in the lower mountains all along the southern Mediterranean coast of Turkey. In Europe the species is marginally present and confined to Cyprus (four locations) and to the Greek islands of Karpathos (5 locations), Ikaria (1 location) and Rhodos (>3 locations).",This species generally occurs in low densities. All European records refer to one to five individuals. It is likely that in Europe at most several dozens of specimens are present at a single site.,"Unlike other Anax species, in the eastern Mediterranean the species avoids open stagnant waters and is found at permanent, often partly shaded, rocky streams of a few meters wide. The larvae are found at still sections of brooks or in rock pools.",An increased extraction of water or pollution of water in Europe can easily lead to the destruction of habitats. The species in Europe is depended on permanent running water. An increased intake of water for tourism or agricultural purposes can cause desiccation of stream habitats. Climate change is an important threat.,"The middle large streams were this species is occurring have a rich aquatic fauna and are under threat throughout the Eastern Mediterranean. In order to secure this species for Europe it is needed that on all of the European islands were it occurs (Cyprus, Karpathos, Ikaria and Rhodos) one or more locations become protected and are included in a nature reserve. Fieldwork in order to map the distribution of the species on the islands is needed.",,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,AESHNIDAE,Anax,imperator,,Anax imperator,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Anax imperator is common and widespread in the southern two-thirds of Europe with no indication of declines across its range. It is Least Concern on European and pan-Europe level.,Increasing,"Anax imperator is common in large parts of Africa and western Eurasia. In Europe, it is only absent from the northern parts Finland, Norway and Sweden. The species has considerably expanded its range northwards in recent decades. It is common and widespread across the Mediterranean region.",This species is widespread and abundant.,"The species is found at standing or slightly running waters, often large and well-vegetated. Adults are strong fliers and can frequently be seen away from waterbodies.","Its habitat, large standing waters, is not under any specific threat.",None needed.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,AESHNIDAE,Anax,junius,,Anax junius,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA). EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA). A common species in Central and North America which occurs very rarely as wanderer in Europe. The species does not reproduce in Europe and is therefore assessed as Not Applicable.,Unknown,"Anax junius is a common species in central and north America which has crossed the Atlantic up to Europe. The only European records are those of six individuals on the Isles of Scilly and in Cornwall in September 1998 and a male caught on the French coast near Nantes in September 2003 (Meurgey and Perron, 2004; Pellow, 1999). The British records coincided with an Atlantic depression with strong westernly winds.",This species occurs in large numbers in its Central and North American range. It does however not reproduce in Europe and only a handful of specimens have been observed.,"In Central and North America it is found at standing, marshy waters including temporary or slightly brackish ones.",Not relevant.,Not applicable.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,AESHNIDAE,Anax,parthenope,,Anax parthenope,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). The species is wide ranging in the southern two-thirds of Europe and is common in large parts of its range. Its habitats are not under any specific threat and the species is therefore assessed as Least Concern on European scale.,Increasing,"Anax parthenope ranges from Europe and North Africa over the Arabian Peninsula eastwards to China and Japan. In the east of its Asian range the subspecies A. p. julius occurs, which might proof to be a distinct species. The species is common in large areas of the Mediterranean and Southeast Europe but is absent from most of the northern half of Iberia. In Central Europe it is scarcer, occurring more northerly in the east due to the warmer summers in that part of Europe. The species has expanded its range to the north since the 1990s. The first successful reproduction in Great Britain was found in 1999 (Parr et al. 2004) and in the Netherlands in 2006 (Bouwman et al.. 2008). Recently a young female was found near Omsk constituting by far the most northern record of the species on the Siberian plain (Kosterin 2007). These records suggest that the northwards expansion of the species is taking place over very wide range.",The species is common in its Mediterranean and Southeast European range although observed numbers are generally low. A. parthenope is rare in large parts of Central Europe and many records at the northern limit of its range pertain to wandering individuals.,"The species occurs at standing, often large and sometimes brackish waterbodies, more rarely at slowly running waters.",The habitat of the species is not under any specific threat.,None needed.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,AESHNIDAE,Boyeria,cretensis,,Boyeria cretensis,,"Formerly, confused with and regarded as a subpopulation of Boyeria irene (Fonscolombe, 1838), but both species are clearly distinct (Boudot 1989, Peters 1991).",Yes,EN,C2a(i),Yes,EN,C2a(i),EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN). EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN). Boyeria cretensis is endemic to the island of Crete, Greece. Its present known extent of occurrence is about 2,120 km² (polygon method) and the species is presently known only from 21 places spread over 11 streamlets. Overall, there are no more than 2,500 mature individuals left in these populations. A future population and range decline is expected due to climate change and rapid habitat destruction due to water exploitation. All lotic (flowing water) habitats in Crete are endangered given the present climate trend and related increased water captation (capturing water at its source) developed as a reaction. Therefore this species is listed as Endangered.",Decreasing,"Boyeria cretensis is endemic to the island of Crete (Greece). Most individuals are found in small subpopulations isolated by high mountain systems and dry areas: a first aggregate of five river systems is known west of the Lefka Ori mountains in the westernmost part of Crete, another of 11 river systems lies between the Lefka Ori and the Psiloritis (Mount Idi) mountains and north of the latter in Central Crete, whereas one single isolated locality was found east of the Dikti mountains in the easternmost part of Crete (Battin 1989, Boudot et al. 2009, Lopau 2000, Schneider and Müller 2006).","The species occurs generally in small populations, but a population of more than 110 adults has been recorded in one place. It is known that the species is extinct in the type locality and it is believed to be extinct in four other localities.","The species is highly specific in its habitat, being associated with the upper courses of permanent shady brooks with moderate current and rock pools. The distribution of this endemic dragonfly is restricted to rivulets with permanent water and pronounced gallery vegetation in a narrow belt between 50 and 600 m above sea level belonging to the thermo-Mediterranean and meso-Mediterranean zone of Crete.","B. cretensis has presumably declined as a result of rapid habitat destruction and degradation, human exploitation of water, water pollution, eutrophication and forest destruction. B. cretensis is threatened due to its very restricted distribution, its low number of known localities (26 places on 17 streamlets) and its high level of stenotopy (adapted to a specific environment). The current agricultural policy favours the decrease of B. cretensis by allowing for and favouring the cultivation and irrigation of olive trees, the change of water regime of streams and streamlets and the destruction of their gallery vegetation. Many populations are small and relatively isolated. Climatic change alone will also have a negative impact on breeding sites in the future, but this is already exacerbated by the increased water demand for agriculture and urbanized areas.","Control of water use and preservation of gallery forest are required. The extractions of water from springs and headwaters should be absolutely prohibited, whereas this kind of alteration is clearly increasing throughout Greece as a response to climate change. Erection of natural reserves involving the upper course of Cretan brooks is necessary. Mapping of populations is also needed, as current records are limited (only 21 from 1980 onwards). The establishment of protected areas is necessary.",,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,AESHNIDAE,Boyeria,irene,,Boyeria irene,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). This species is common at nearly all rivers in South and Southwest France and probably so in most parts of Iberia. It is more scattered in mainland Italy, and in Sicily it is either very rare or just a vagrant. Over its whole range, there is no indication of a strong decline, although there has been a strong and large scale degradation of water quality and streams structure during the last 150 years. The category of Least Concern is given.",Stable,"Boyeria irene is a West Mediterranean endemic that extends north along the Atlantic area of France up to Brittany and Normandy. More to the east, it extends up to Franche Comté in France whereas a permanent isolated population is known for a long time in central Switzerland in the Lucerne lake and its tributaries. Scarce vagrant specimens have been recorded on the southernmost borders of Germany at the confines of Switzerland and Austria as well as in the southernmost part of the Vosges mountains in France. Such behaviour may be favoured by the current climate warming. In Italy, it is distributed in the western Mediterranean part. The species also occurs in northern Africa, where it is confined to the northern parts of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.","This species is widespread over nearly all rivers in southern France and is probably also widespread in most parts of Iberia and the western part of Italy (except Sicily, where there is only one record). However, its habit of being most active at dusk may cause it to be often overlooked during the day, except in shady rivers.","B. irene is found in streams and rivers with a shaded environment. It sometimes occurs in large lakes, particularly in Switzerland and the French pre-alpine area.","Pollution and destruction of habitat are the main threats. Drought in connection to global warming, over-irrigation and related lowering of underground water tables results in the desiccation of rivers and local extinction.","It is necessary to control water pollution, control over-irrigation for agricultural purposes, and to control water extraction for urban and industrial needs.",,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Brachythemis,leucosticta,,Brachythemis leucosticta,,"Untill recently this species was known as Brachythemis leucosticta. Dijkstra & Matushkina (2009) showed that this species should be seperated into B. leucosticta, occuring in the southern half of Africa, and B. impartita, occuring in the northern parts of Africa and Mediterranean Europe. All European records are believed to belong to B. impartita.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Being ecologically very flexible, Brachthemis leucosticta is abundant wherever it has established populations. In recent decades it has expanded northward in Italy (Sicily,Sardinia) and the Iberian Peninsula. It is not considered threatened at present and is assessed as Least Concern.",Increasing,"Brachythemis leucosticta is one of the most abundant and widespread species of tropical Africa. The species is fairly common in the Maghreb, along the Nile in Egypt and in the Levant. The species seems to be increasing in Turkey were it is still uncommon and limited to the south. In Europe, it is found in Cyprus (first recorded in 2006, Cottle 2007), Sicily, Sardinia and the south of Portugal and Spain. It has been expanding its European range in the last two decades (Boudot et al. 2009). It is likely that an increase of temperature in the next decade will enable the species to extend its range further north to mainland Italy, for instance.",The species is often common when found and is probably increasing in most of its European range due to climate change.,"The species breeds in a wide range of stagnant water bodies, from larger lakes to small pools, where it flies low over bare and open ground. It occurs often in large numbers, perching close to one another on the ground. It shows migratory tendencies and easily occupies newly created waters.",This species is not under any specific threat.,No conservation measures are needed.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,AESHNIDAE,Brachytron,pratense,,Brachytron pratense,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). After a decline in the 1980s and 1990s B. pratense is showing an increase within its western European range since the 1990s. The species is fairly common and widespread in some areas with no known major threats. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.,Stable,"Brachytron pratense is largely confined to Europe. It is absent from North Africa and occurs east to the Ural but does not reach Siberia. The only occurrences outside Europe are found in Turkey, Iran, Azerbaijan, and Georgia where the species occurs over a wide area but is generally rare. The main range of the species is found in Central Europe. In the north it occurs to the south of Scandinavia and Finland. In Southern Europe it becomes rare being largely absent from the Iberian Peninsula and the hottest and dryest parts of Italy and the Balkan Peninsula. It is present in most of Ukraine.","The species is common and abundant throughout most of its range. In south Europe many populations are small and isolated. It can occur in low numbers but it can be fairly abundant at its breeding localities.The species declined in large parts of western Europe in the 1970s and 1980s. Since the 1990s the species seems to be recovering there and it has, at least regionally, shown a strong increase. A decline is expected to take place in the south of Europe, were the species is much more rare and often occurs in isolated population.","Most populations are found at standing or slow-flowing waters and it is in these habitats that it reaches its highest numbers. The species is also found close to the shore of the Baltic Sea. The species needs abundant vegetation and is most often found at sites with reed (Phragmites), bulrush (Typha), bur-reed (Sparganium), club-rush (Schoenoplectus) and in some parts of its range in vegetations of Water Soldier (Stratiotes aloides). Suitable vegetation can be found in lakes, pools, oxbows, canals, marshes, (fish)ponds and less often in bogs, dune ponds and ponds in parks.",In the 1970s and 1980s the species declined in large parts of western Europe due to poor water management and nitrification. The impact of these threats is declining. Another threat to the species is the introduction of grass carps which often leads to the destruction of the aquatic and bankside vegetation. In South Europe the species is likely to be threatened by climate change and locally by poor water management.,"The species is safe in most of its Central European range. The species is much more rare in the south of its range and here isolated populations deserve attention. For populations on the Iberian Peninsula, in Italy and the countries of the Balkans fieldwork is needed to retrieve information on the distribution and the conservation status of populations. Monitoring is needed in order to gather information on the impact of climate change.",,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,AESHNIDAE,Caliaeschna,microstigma,,Caliaeschna microstigma,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near threatened (NT). EU 27 regional assessment: Near threatened (NT). C. microstigma is still fairly common in the southern parts of the Balkan Peninsula but is rare further north. The species inhabits fast-flowing and shaded waters, a habitat type threatened by water captures, droughts, development of tourism, human settlements and climate change. As a result of this it is likely that the species is showing a continuing decline in its European range. This decline will however probably be less than 30% in a period of ten years. For these reasons the species is assessed as Near Threatened.",Decreasing,"Caliaeschna microstigma is a largely Southwest Asian species which occurs as far east as Afghanistan. The species occurs in the Caucasus but from there it does not reach into Europe. Its European range is limited to Cyprus, Greece and its islands and the Balkan Peninsula (Boudot et al. 2009). It is widespread in Bulgaria but does not reach Romania. Along the Adriatic it is found as far north as Croatia. In addition to this there are some old records from the Neretva river in Bosnia and Herzegovina.",The species is often fairly abundant when found.,Caliaeschna microstigma occurs in stony brooks and small rivers which are at least partly shaded. The habitats are fast running with sections of stiller water where the larvae are present (Breuer and Douma-Petridou 2000). The species is mostly found in hilly or mountainous regions but most European populations are found below 500 m.,Habitat destruction due to building activities or more intensive agricultural use of areas are important threats. Removal of trees or forest on the banks of brooks and rivers will lead to local extinction of the species. In the future the increased demand for water and the increase of prolonged dry periods due to climate change will be the main threat.,The countries in Southeast Europe should map the distribution of the species and assess the percentage of populations found in protected areas. Based on this it must be judged if additional protected areas are needed. Legislation for the use of water from brooks needs to be made or further implemented in many of those countries. Monitoring is needed to better understand the ecology of this species and the impact of conservation management.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,CALOPTERYGIDAE,Calopteryx,haemorrhoidalis,,Calopteryx haemorrhoidalis,,"The infra rank taxa occasi (Italy, France) and asturica (Spain) are no more accepted as true subspecies but regarded only as local forms (Maibach 1987).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Calopteryx haemorrhoidalis is widespread and common where it occurs in the Mediterranean region. Populations are small and scattered in the northern part of its range but the species seems to show a tendency to expand northwards due to global warming. In some places, forest closure led to the disappearance of the species, but then forest clearing produced a reverse effect. Overall, there is no current evidence of decline and the species is assessed as Least Concern in its whole European range.",Stable,"Calopteryx haemorrhoidalis is a west Mediterranean endemic, that is widespread over the south of Europe, including the Mediterranean islands, and the north of Africa (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia).","This species is common wherever it is found in the Mediteranean area. Scattered small populations or isolated specimens have been recorded recently far north from its traditional range (e.g., the French Jura Plateau), probably as a result of climate warming.",The species favours streams and rivers with clear and well oxygenated waters with generaly a swift current speed. It likes lightly wooded banks but when the temperatures are low the adults are frequently found under the full sun.,"The species is impacted by a wide range of threats such as: destruction of habitats, water pollution, desiccation of rivers due to irrigation or due to prolonged dry periods, tree-cutting, changes in river and banks structure as well as dam construction.","Control of pollution and of water use for agricultural, urban and industrial purpose, as well as protection and management of sunny riverine forest are needed for the conservation of the present populations.",,,"Boudot, J.P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,CALOPTERYGIDAE,Calopteryx,splendens,,Calopteryx splendens,,"A number of subspecies and forms have been described in the C. splendens group. Their validity is sometimes doubtful and the overall systematic and genetic of this collective taxon is far from being elucidated, although genetic research currently develops rapidly.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). C. splendens is a widespread and common species throughout most of Europe. Exception is the Iberian Peninsula, where it is replaced by C. xanthostoma, and the northern part of Scandinavia and Finland. As for other widespread and common species it is considered as Least Concern.",Stable,"Calopteryx splendens is common in a large part of Europe, but is not present in the Iberian Peninsula. It is not found in the northern half of Fennoscandia. The species ranges eastwards into Central Asia.",The species is common and abundant in most of Europe although it declined in the 1960s and 70s in large parts of western Europe as a consequence of intensive stream management as well as water pollution. The populations have been recovering since the 1990s and the current population trend is stable.,The species favours brooks and rivers but is largely absent from torrents and shaded waters. It can also occur in flowing ditches and channels.,"Chemical water pollution is the main threat to this species but is not causing the populations to decline at the moment.As the infrarank forms of this species are still under debate, threats in certain areas of its range may be more serious as they may affect a subspecies or form with a strongly more restricted range than the whole collective species.",There are no conservation measures needed except for further taxonomic research to define the infraranks.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,CALOPTERYGIDAE,Calopteryx,virgo,,Calopteryx virgo,,"In addition to the nominal subspecies, which spread over most of Europe, this taxon is differentiated into two additional subspecies, Calopteryx virgo meridionalis Selys, 1873, in the western Mediterranean area and C. v. festiva (Brullé, 1832) in the eastern Mediterranean countries and the South of mainland Italy.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Calopteryx virgo is a common and widespread species in most of Europe, where it is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This species is widespread and generally common all over Europe. It is absent from northwest Fennoscandia and parts of the Iberian peninsula. In the Ukraine it occurs mostly in the north. The nominal subspecies inhabits the cold and temperate climatic areas, whereas the subspecies C. v. meridionalis is confined to the western Mediterranean area and the French Atlantic districts.","C. virgo is generally common over its whole range and regularly occurring in hilly and mountainous areas, in streams with high oxygen levels. In lowlands, it is present mainly in forest areas and much more rare in agricultural landscape.",This species reproduces in flowing waters and prefers small and medium-sized cooler running waters which are at least partly shaded.,Regionally large scale logging or forest closure by natural succession are threats to this species but they do not seem to impact the species on European scale.,There are no conservation measures needed.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,CALOPTERYGIDAE,Calopteryx,xanthostoma,,Calopteryx xanthostoma,,"This species is sometimes regarded as a subspecies of C. splendens. It has been reported to be in introgression (genetic movement from one species gene pool to another) by Calopteryx splendens in places where both species meet. This phenomena is believed to induce a natural regression of C. xanthostoma by genetic assimilation and may eventually result in its disappearance on the long term. (Weeker et al. 2001, Dumont et al. 2005)",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). The species is currently not threatened and the populations from Iberia and southwest France seem to be more or less stable. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.,Stable,"Calopteryx xanthostoma is a southwest European endemic abundant in the south and the southwest of France and in most of Iberia. In the latter area, it becomes more scarce towards the south. In Italy, it is recorded with certainty from Liguria only; records from Sicily may be due to a confusion with some infrarank forms of C. splendens without or with a very narrow hyaline fringe at wings tip (C. s. caprai, C. s. balcanica). Records from North Africa were old and unclear and were most probably erroneous. In the contact area between C. xanthostoma and C. splendens, both taxa are reported to hybridize, for example in Liguria and between the Loire and Garonne in France, with decrease of C. xanthostoma in favour of C. splendens through genetic assimilation. This and genetic distance analysis between both taxa suggest that C. xanthostoma is a relict taxa that survived the Pleistocene glaciations in the west Mediterranean refugium but is presently challenged by post glacial invaders, with introgression and replacement processes.",This species is fairly common and abundant in its main area.,"This species favours open and moderately shaded running waters. It avoids cold torrents, high mountains and deep shade, but is found in slow-flowing areas in large water courses where C. splendens also occurs (for example, lowland rivers and canals).","Destruction of habitat through gravel pitting and tourism infrastructures as well as water pollution by human activities are the main threat for this endemic species. The drying up of streams during the summer is now occurring throughout its range as a result of climate change, over irrigation and human consumption in urbanized areas, so that a strong regression of the species is to be expected in the future if drought periods increase in time and frequency.","Control of stream structure, pollution and water use are needed to preserve this species.",,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,COENAGRIONIDAE,Ceriagrion,georgifreyi,,Ceriagrion georgifreyi,,"Until recently C. georgiferyi was considered a subspecies of Ceriagrion tenellum but both male and female show distinct morphological characters and it is now considered to be a full species (Schneider 1986, Kalkman 2005).",No,CR,"A3c;B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",No,CR,"A3c; B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR). EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR). C. georgifreyi has a restricted distribution and is in Europe limited to the Greek islands of Kerkyra, Thasos and Zakynthos. Information on the current status of the three known populations is not available. Based on the habitat requirements of the species and the strong pressure on aquatic habitats on each of the three mentioned islands it is inferred that the species has shown a strong decline and is very likely to continue declining. In addition to this the Area of Occupancy is probably less than 10 km2 and only three locations are known with no possibilities for exchange between these populations. Based on the above the species is assessed as Critically Endangered.",Decreasing,"Ceriagrion georgifreyi has a relatively small range and occurs along a narrow coastal strip in the northern half of Israel, West Syria, southern Turkey and three Greek islands. Records of Ceriagrion from Lesvos and from continental Greece published as C. tenellum may refer to C. georgifreyi. No voucher specimens are available for these records and new fieldwork needs to be undertaken to establish the identity of these populations. A record of C. georgifreyi from Niksar in north Turkey was reported by Schneider (1986) based on a series from the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh. This population belongs to the northern limit of the species and may tentatively be recognized as valid, although a label error or a problem of homonymy in the locality name cannot be ruled out. In Europe the species is only known from three Greek islands. From each of these islands only a single record is available: Kerkyra (1971), Thasos (1997) and Zakynthos (1998) (Kalkman 2005).",In Europe the species is only known from three Greek islands were only a small number of specimens were collected. Information on the actual size of these populations is lacking. In Turkey the species is generally found in low densities in relatively small habitats. It is therefore likely that the European populations are small to very small.,"The species is poorly known and there are no detailed accounts on the habitats where the species is found. The habitat is described as small and shallow, both standing and slowly running waters (Kalkman et al. 2004). The habitat where breeding is assumed is heavily vegetated with spike-rush (Eleocharis) and lesser water-parsnip (Berula erecta). In Hope (2007) it is stated that 'It is found in small muddy brooks and larger brooks'. Based on the above and unpublished records the habitat can best be described as brooks, small runnels and seepages with rich aquatic vegetation.","The reproduction sites occupied by the species are generally small and easily destroyed by agricultural practises and building activities. Climate change resulting in the desiccation of the habitats is the main present and future threat, which will affect the species over its whole range. Presently only three European localities are known for this species. Information on these sites is very poor but probably all of them are very small. All of these sites can probably be destroyed by a single small event such as the construction of a house, increased intake of water or a very dry year. In order to prevent this species from becoming extinct immediate action is needed.",The exact locality and status of the European populations are unknown and information on the habitat requirements of the species is scant. Habitat destruction can therefore easily cause the extinction of this species on any of the three islands where it occurs. The foremost conservation measure is therefore identifying the current locations and disclosing this information to the local authorities and conservation officers. Based on more adequate habitat information it must be seen if local conservation measures are possible to counterbalance the impact of climate change.Several records of unidentified specimens of Ceriagrion are known from Lesvos and from continental Greece. These localities should be revisited and the identity of the species should be confirmed.This species could easily become extinct in Europe in the next decade. Immediate action is needed.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,COENAGRIONIDAE,Ceriagrion,tenellum,,Ceriagrion tenellum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). The species is not considered threatened on European scale as it has a relatively large range and is regionally showing an increase. Most of the populations in northern Italy, the northern coast of the Adriatic Sea and those on Crete and Ios are isolated and are likely to be threatened. Mapping of the remaining populations followed by conservation action is needed in that part of Europe. On European scale the species is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Over three-quarters of the distribution of Ceriagrion tenellum lies in Europe. The species is widespread in the western Mediterranean (including northwest Africa), extending into northwest Europe. Its most northern populations are found in the south of Great Britain, the Netherlands and western Germany. The species is widespread in Italy but is rare and local on the eastern side of the Adriatic Sea where it is found in a small coastal fringe in Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Albania. It is absent from mainland Greece but is found on Crete and nearby Ios.The species is largely absent in a corridor running west to east in northern France and southern Belgium. This corridor splits the European area of the species in two. At least in the Netherlands and Flanders the species is showing a strong increase and is expanding its range. This is likely to happen in other parts of its northern range also and expansion of the species from northern France into the corridor is likely. Several records of unidentified specimens of Ceriagrion are known from Lesvos and from continental Greece and might belong to C. tenellum.","The species is generally widespread and populations are scattered and often found in small and localised waters. The species is often abundant when found and at least in the north of its range, where it is found in bogs, it often occurs in high densities.","As already remarked, the European distribution of the species is split in two by a corridor running west to east in northern France and southern Belgium where the species is largely absent. South of this corridor the species is mainly found at seepages, small brooks or seepage fed standing waters with rich aquatic vegetation although it is regionally also found in bogs (eg. Brittany and Haute-Saône). In the north of France the species is rare although suitable habitats seem to be present. This suggests that climatic conditions are here limiting the distribution of the species. The occurrence of the species further north seems to be facilitated by the use of a different type of habitat. In northern Belgium, the Netherlands, and adjacent Germany and in Great Britain the species is mainly found in bogs with Sphagnum. In this area the species has shown an increase in the last decade and the species is increasingly found in other types of habitats such as small brooks.","C. tenellum is in most of its range not threatened and there are no indications of a decline. The situation is different for the population in northern Italy and those on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. Here the species is limited to often small and isolated populations. It is likely that many of these have been impacted by habitat destructions due to agricultural practises and building activities. Moreover, these populations will likely be impacted by climate change. Prolonged dry and hot periods might result in desiccation of streams or the diminish of seepages.The populations in Baden-Württemberg (Germany) and Switzerland are relatively small and isolated. Most of these lie in nature reserves and there are no indications for a continuing decline.","In northern Italy and on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea the species can serve as indicator for habitat quality of brooks and seepages. The distribution of the species in Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Albania should be carefully mapped and for each country an assessment should be made of the conservation status of the populations. Based on this, local measurements should be proposed and information should be disclosed to the local authorities and conservation officers. The need of local measurements to counterbalance the impact of climate change should be considered.",,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,COENAGRIONIDAE,Coenagrion,armatum,,Coenagrion armatum,,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT). The range of this species has been reduced in Europe
since the beginning of the 20th century. C. armatum is
presently very rare in the northern parts of west and Central Europe. The
populations are however stable in Fennoscandia and probably in northeast Europe.The species is in many places confined to small pockets of habitat, is highly sensitive to habitat alteration and is a good candidate for further decline due to climate change. As there are probably stable populations in Russia, the species is classified as Least Concern in Europe. At the level of the EU 27, the species might approach a decline of 30% in the next ten years and could qualify for Criterion A. Therefore it is classified as Near Threatened.",Decreasing,"The species has a wide range from west Europe to Kamchatka in the east. The species has isolated populations in the Netherlands, the north of Germany, and Denmark, and a more continuous range in northeast Europe including the south of Scandinavia and Finland, eastern Poland and northern Ukraine. By far the largest number of populations is found in southern Fennoscandia and northeast Europe. The species is absent from the south of the Ukraine and the south of Russia although populations are known from the southern Caucasus countries (Georgia, Armenia). It is extinct in the United Kingdom.","In the west of its range, the species is very local and has been extirpated from large parts of its initial range. It is presently very rare to rare in the Netherlands, north Germany, Poland (probably extinct in most of the country), uncommon in southern Scandinavia but fairly common in parts of Finland and Russia.","This species has a very specialized habitat and is mainly met in fields of sedges (Carex), Water Horsetail (Equisetum fluviatile) and reeds bordering shallow mesotrophic and weakly eutrophic pools and lakes. The density of the vegetation should be moderate, neither too low nor too high a density, in order to provide both shelter and space to move.","Water pollution and significant eutrophication, fish farming, natural succession of the vegetation leading to the closure of the habitat are the main threat for this species. Dessication due to climate change is a present and future threat to this boreal species.","Water quality should be preserved, fish farming restricted and the natural vegetation maintained, restored or managed in the most favourable places.",,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,COENAGRIONIDAE,Coenagrion,caerulescens,,Coenagrion caerulescens,,"The various subspecies formerly described are no more regarded as valid as they are merely based on the high variability of the species (Schmidt 1959, Conesa Garcia 1995).",No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT). EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT). Listed as Near Threatened, because although the species is irregularly distributed throughout the west Mediterranean its Area of Occupancy is less than 5,000 km2 in Europe. Also a progressive degradation of its habitats is obvious in many areas and is expected to continue at an even larger scale due to over-irrigation, pollution, decreasing rainfall, wetland drainage and increasing drought periods, thus making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable. A future decrease of the species is expected due to global warming and small rivers drainage due to human activities so that it is assessed as Near Threatened in its European range.",Decreasing,Coenagrion caerulescens is a west Mediterranean endemic species.,"The species is widespread in Sicily and Spain but is much more scattered in Portugal and the southernmost two thirds of mainland Italy. It is very rare in France, although strong populations exist there.","C. caerulescens reproduces in sunny rivers, brooks, spring and seepages with grassy borders and/or aquatic vegetation. It is replaced by the close relative C. scitulum in standing and slowly flowing waters.","Water pollution and harnessing for human use, destruction of wetlands due to draining, over-irrigation, and droughts in connection to global warming, are the main threats to this species.",Necessary conservation measurements are the control of water pollution and preservation and management of the habitats where the species occurs.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,COENAGRIONIDAE,Coenagrion,ecornutum,,Coenagrion ecornutum,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD). EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE). According to the current available published information, the species is not threatened in Europe at the moment. Due to the gap of about 2,000 km separating the Uralian isolate from the main range of the species, no recolonisation can be expected in case of extinction. In the light of current evidence, the species is assessed as Data Deficient, but is probably of Least Concern as it seems to be abundant at the sites where it is found.It does not occur within the EU 27.",Stable,"Coenagrion ecornutum is an Asiatic species which ranges from Japan and Korea to the West Altai and shows a relict isolate in the south Ural (Yanybaeva 1999b; Kosterin 2005; Yanybaeva et al. 2006). The European part of this isolate seems restricted to parts of the Bashkortostan Republic and is about 2,000 km apart from the main range of the species.",Coenagron ecornutum is stated to be quite abundant at the four localities published.,"Coenagrion ecornutum reproduces mostly in standing waters, in the European part it is known mainly from lakes but has been recorded in running waters as well.",The potential threats to this species are not known.,The presence of this species in Europe is poorly known and specific information on its habitat choice and potential threats is lacking. A field survey is needed for this species.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,COENAGRIONIDAE,Coenagrion,hastulatum,,Coenagrion hastulatum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Coenagrion hastulatum prefers acidic waters, it is mostly abundant and no immediate threat exists on a European scale. High temperatures might represent a major threat, contributing to the disappearance of breeding habitats in the south and the southwest of its range. Although it is locally or regionally threatened in south and western Europe, it is assessed as Least Concern on European scale.",Unknown,"Coenagrion hastulatum occurs from southwest France and Scotland to east Siberia. It is abundant in northern and eastern Europe but is restricted to mountainous regions in the west and the south of its range. Southwestern and southernmost populations from the Balkans, the Pyrenees range and the Massif Central are confined to high elevation peat bogs and acid swamps and pools, are post-glacial relicts and are clearly disjunct of the main range of the species. Besides, the species is regularly scattered over most of the Alps and other mountains in Central Europe, where it is locally common in acid habitats.","The species is abundant in the core of its range and irregularly abundant in the west and south. In the west, it shows locally a very high density in acid pools and swamps and sometimes in true peat bogs.","C. hastulatum prefers acid swamps, pools and peat bogs. However, it inhabits a larger habitat spectrum, including also other water bodies with rich and abundant vegetation.","There is no strong threat in the north and east of its range. Present and future global warming and multiple drought periods represent a major threat to breeding habitats throughout west and south Europe. There, some localities are also in risk of degradation by livestock. In Germany, the species is locally declining due to agriculture induced eutrophication and emissions (e.g. pork breeding). A decline in the Biosphere Reserve Palatinate Forest (Germany) was shown as a consequence of climatic changes and lack of water (Ott 2007).","On a European scale, no specific conservation measures are needed. However, in the south and southwest of its range, monitoring of the species in the best breeding habitats is recommended and new habitats should be created whenever older ones disappear through natural succession or abnormal drought periods. Where livestock presents a threat to the species, those habitats should be preserved.",,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,COENAGRIONIDAE,Coenagrion,hylas,,Coenagrion hylas,,"The European population has been regarded by some authors as a distinct subspecies (Lohmann 1992, Kiauta & Kiauta 1991), but subsequent studies showed that threre is no evidence for this.",No,VU,D2,No,VU,D2,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU). EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU). This Siberian species is one of the rarest damselflies of Europe with only few and often small populations. As a result of intensive research in the Austrian Tirol (valley of the Lech river), the whole area inhabited by this species in Europe has proved to be very small (presently <14 reproducing localities over an EOO of about 470 km² and an AOO of 10 km²). Drought periods in connection to climate change may seriously alter available habitats (desication of shallow pools). The species is classified Vulnerable.",Stable,"A species with a disjunct area. A very large and continuous population occurs in Siberia up to Japan, a first disjunct population occurs in the surroundings of the north Ural (Ob river delta) and a second one is located more to the west in the Austrian Tirol (valley of the Lech river) (Kosterin 2005, Landmann et al. 2005, Müller 2000, Raab et al. 2006). The single German population (lake Zwingsee near Inzell, Bavaria) is now extinct due to habitat management and fish farming. The fragmented area of the species is attributed to post-glacial climate oscillations, the species having immigrated towards the west of Europe during the Atlantic period - post-glacial climatic optimum. Subsequent climate cooling coupled to high habitat specialization led to the fragmentation of the primary range of the species over large areas.","The species is known from 14 reproducing localities in Austria, but populations show very contrasting density from a place to another and from year to year. Some localities show about 800 to 5,000 exuviae per year, depending on the year. This species is assuredly one of the rarest Odonata in Europe.","In Europe, the species is confined to shallow and more or less peaty pools and small lakes with clear oligotrophic water and zones of slow shallow running and seepage water.","At the moment, the populations are stable and the species is not threatened. Potential future threats include water pollution, changes of habitat structure and water regime, eutrophication, introduction of fishes, climate change and collection even at low rate by entomologists. In the west Palearctic, this species is very sensitive to capture by humans. Drought periods in relation to climate change may lead to a serious decrease of the species in Europe.","Precautionary conservation measures are needed such as control of water pollution and water regime, and restoration of some water bodies as well as restricted capture by entomologists, except for true scientific research, with control of localities by officers. Coenagrion hylas (ssp. C. hylas freyi) is listed in Annex II of the EC Habitats Directive and is included in Annex II of the Bern Convention. The Austrian localities are included in a Natura 2000 area and in the subsequent ""Tiroler Lech"" Naturpark.",,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,COENAGRIONIDAE,Coenagrion,intermedium,,Coenagrion intermedium,,,Yes,VU,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,VU,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU). EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU). Coenagrion intermedium is endemic to the island of Crete, Greece. Its present known extent of occurrence is about 3,800 km² (polygone method) and the species is presently known from only 13 places spread over only 9 streamlets and one streamfed pond (10 localities) and is confined to upper courses of brooks with shady habitats and moderate current speed. A future population and range decline is expected due to climate change and rapid habitat destruction due to water exploitation. All lotic habitats in Crete are endangered given the present climate trend and related increased water caption. Given these threats and the low number of locations, the species is assessed Vulnerable.",Unknown,"Coenagrion intermedium is endemic to Crete (Greece) (Battin 1989, 1993; Boudot et al. 2009). Most of its populations are isolated by high mountain systems and dry areas.","According to Jödicke (2005), the species is widespread and common on Crete.",Jödicke (2005) mentions Coenagrion intermedium from both running and standing waters. The former is probably the most important habitat as running waters are more common on the island. The species was found at brooks near the coast but also in those stretches more inland. It is absent from brooks without vegetation. The species has a preference for stretches of brooks with a slow current. Larvae have been collected from between submerged tree roots.,"C. intermedium has presumably declined as a result of rapid habitat destruction and degradation, human exploitation of water, water pollution, eutrophication and forest destruction. C. intermedium is threatened due to its restricted distribution and its few numbers of known localities (currently 13 places on nine streams). The current agricultural policy leads to the decrease of C. intermedium by allowing for and favouring the cultivation and irrigation of olive trees, the change of water regime of streams and streamlets and the destruction of bank side vegetation. Climatic change will also have a negative impact on breeding sites in the future, but this is already exacerbated by the increased water demand for agriculture and urbanized areas.","Control of water use and gallery forest preservation are required. The capture of springs and headwaters should be absolutely prohibited, whereas this kind of alteration clearly increases throughout Greece as a reaction to climate change. Erection of natural reserves involving the upper course of Cretan brooks is necessary. Mapping of populations is also needed, as current records are limited (only 13 from 1980 onwards).",,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,COENAGRIONIDAE,Coenagrion,johanssoni,,Coenagrion johanssoni,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). The species is limited to areas with a boreal climate but has a large range in North and Northeastern Europe where suitable habitat is common and the species is widespread and often abundant. The species is therefore assessed as Least Concern.,Stable,"Coenagrion johanssoni ranges from Scandinavia, where it is not uncommon in peaty areas, to the Baltic states, where it is rare, and to north and east Siberia.","The species is widespread over almost all of Fennoscandia and northern Russia in peaty habitats. Moderate-sized populations are generally observed, but adults are easily overlooked due to their small size.","C. johanssoni occurs in pools and lakes bounded with Sphagnum bogs, transition mires, in peaty swamps, and fens.",The species is moderately common to widespread and is not threatened in Europe.,There is no need for specific conservation measures.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,COENAGRIONIDAE,Coenagrion,lunulatum,,Coenagrion lunulatum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Coenagrion lunulatum is threatened mostly due to climate change in its western and southern range. However, the species has a relatively wide range in northeast Europe and is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Coenagrion lunulatum ranges from western Europe (Ireland and France) to central and northern Europe and further to North Japan. In the west and the south its range is fragmented in isolated aggregates of post-glacial relict populations confined to both cold lowlands (Ireland) and mountainous areas (France, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovenia). In the Ukraine, it is very rare in the northwest and extremely rare in the central part.",C. lunulatum is very rare in its relict areas in the west and western Central Europe. It becomes more common further east and north of continental Europe and in Fennoscandia.,"C. lunulatum is mostly a spring and early summer species which reproduces in pools bound by Sphagnum bogs and transition mires, in swamps, marshes, lakes, and in field and forest pools and lakes.","C. lunulatum is highly endangered by global warming and multiple abnormal drought periods in its western and southern range, where it is disconnected from its main area and is present only as post-glacial relict populations. Several good localities in the Massif Central in France have been found completely dry during the torrid summer 2003 and it is not known if the species re-established subsequently. Also in northern Germany it is endangered by changes in the water table and partly drying out of the waters. However, the species is widely scattered to widespread over large areas and in innumerable potential localities in the core of its range, so that it is not threatened at the European scale.","No conservation measures are needed in the core of its range. Climate change might lead to a further decline of the isolated populations in the west and southwest of its range. Increasing the amount of habitat by restoration or maybe by the creation of new habitats might be successful in maintaining the presence of the species. In Germany, it is classed as Critically Endangered in the national Red List.",,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,COENAGRIONIDAE,Coenagrion,mercuriale,,Coenagrion mercuriale,,"The Italian populations are sometimes regarded as a distinct subspecies, Coenagrion mercuriale castellanii, but the differences between the two taxa are poorly significant and remain to be assessed on a statistical basis. In addition, C. m. castellani has been erroneously reported from the Maghreb as a good species. This is due to a confusion with either C. scitulum or C. caerulescens or both and is definitely incorrect.",No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT). EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT). This is mainly an Atlanto-Mediterranean species which decreases in density and frequency in other climatic areas. Therefore, its main distribution centre ranges from France to northern Africa. In the Mediterranean region, it is expected that future summer drying of small brooks in connection to global warming and more frequent long summer drought periods will result in a significant decrease of the species over large areas in the next decades. The category Near Threatened is recommended for the overall range area based on projected future population decline approaching 30% over the next ten years as agricultural expansion continues; there is a risk of a very rapid decline within the next five years. Populations in individual countries will clearly merit a higher status (e.g., the species is threatened in Germany and Italy).",Decreasing,"Coenagrion mercuriale occurs in western Europe and the Maghreb. More than 1,550 localities have been recorded in Europe for this species, among which at least 70 are probably lost. In Italy, only five recent records were published after 1990 and the species has clearly declined both in the southern areas and in Sicily (where it may be extinct) due to small streams drying up. Possibly, 50% of the known locations in Italy have become extinct.","In Europe, the species is rather common in France. It is more scattered in southern Iberia, rare in Germany, very rare in the United Kingdom, Belgium, Liechtenstein, extinct in southern Switzerland, Luxembourg, Austria and the Netherlands. About half of the Italian records are old and may refer to populations that are now extinct; the species is currently rare in Italy. Moreover, it is extinct or erroneously recorded in Slovenia, erroneously recorded from Albania, Hungary, Slovakia, Macedonia, the Republic of Moldova, Bulgaria, Romania and the Caucasus.","C. mercuriale is found in small brooks and springs with aquatic and riparian vegetation, generally more or less calcareous. Also, the species lives in man-made irrigation channels, which are permanently wet.","The main threats include river straightening (channelisation), water harnessing, swamps and soil drainage, water table lowering through irrigation, meadow destruction and conversion towards other agricultural management, water pollution. All modern intensive agricultural practices lead to the extirpation of the species. Drought in relation to global warming, forest closure and plantation of trees on river banks, poor management of bank side vegetation and the large scale of clearance of the ditches are also major threats.Flourishing populations still occur in many countries but their survival is definitely incompatible with modern intensive agricultural practices and forest closure. Although the species remains widespread in France, most of the populations at the periphery of its main area have been destroyed and a continuous decline is observed in any area where agriculture shifts from grasslands to irrigated ploughed fields, the worst situation being reached with maize (a crop that is irrigated throughout the summer months) and rice cultivation.","This species is included in Annex II and IV of the European Habitats Directive. Main conservation measures inlcude the management of water courses, control of water pollution, management that keeps the vegetation open. Intensification of agriculture should be avoided. Examples of restoration took place in some restricted places in the UK, Belgium and northeast France.",,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,COENAGRIONIDAE,Coenagrion,ornatum,,Coenagrion ornatum,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT). EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT). C. ornatum has a specialised habitat, is highly localised and showed a strong decrease in the west of Europe. It is not rare in the east and southeast, where its status is presently not well documented. This species is fragmented in large parts of Europe and a rapid decline could take place in a relatively short period.In the western part of its range C. ornatum is very scarce and has declined at a higher rate than in other parts of its range (perhaps even as high as 25% decline there). The species has limited ability to disperse and may be more susceptible to habitat loss than more mobile species. Climate changes and human factors (e.g., expansion of settlements, intensification of agriculture) may destroy its specialised habitats. It is projected that declines will be seen in the species' range (area of occupancy and extent of occurrence) and population size in the near future. It is difficult to be certain about the scale of these declines, but given the ongoing threats to its available habitat it is projected that C. ornatum may decline by 10-30% over the next 10 years (nearly meeting VU A3c). Thus this species is listed as Near Threatened.",Decreasing,"Coenagrion ornatum ranges from West and Central Europe, where it is very rare after a strong decrease, to East and Southeast Europe, where it is probably more widespread. Most localities in the west and the north are presently disjunct from its main area, but it is unclear if this multiple fragmentation is natural or resulting from human activities.",Small to moderate-sized populations are generally reported. The species is very rare in the west but its present status in the east and southeast of Europe is poorly documented.,"Coenagrion ornatum is a specialized species confined to seepage waters with a thin water film and small sunny brooks, streamlets and ditches with organic mud and dense hygrophilous herbaceous vegetation (Scirpus, Iris pseudacorus, Mentha aquatica, Nasturtium officinale, Sparganium spp.).","Draining operations for intensive agriculture, habitat drying up and destruction due to rainfall deficit, drought periods, water extraction and over-irrigation with lowering of the watertable, hard cleaning and correction of brooks and ditches, abandonment of soft cleaning of ditches in traditional agricultural landscape and trampling by livestock are responsible for the continuous extinction of this highly specialized species in large parts of Europe.","C. ornatum is included in Annex II of the European Habitats Directive and thus all its habitats should be preserved from any kind of alteration. In some areas, the continuation of soft cleaning of ditches in traditional agricultural landscape contribute to the conservation of the species, but the application of hard cleaning technologies to brooks and ditches as well as the developement of draining procedures to wet soils and grasslands destroy the habitat of this specialised species.",,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,COENAGRIONIDAE,Coenagrion,puella,,Coenagrion puella,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Coenagrion puella is a very common species in Europe. It is assessed as Least Concern.,Stable,"Coenagrion puella is a very common and widespread species which extends from western Europe to the Maghreb and Central Asia. Its northern limit extends from Scotland to south Norway, Sweden and Finland. In the British Isles it was found to have expanded its range upon about 100 km to the north since 1970, which was attributed to global warming (Hickling et al. 2005).","C. puella is one of the most common damselflies in Europe, where it generally shows populations with high density.","In the European part of its range this species shows high density populations in standing waters but occurs also in small numbers in streams, rivers and ditches.",The species is not threatened at the European scale.,The species does not need specific conservation measures.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,COENAGRIONIDAE,Coenagrion,pulchellum,,Coenagrion pulchellum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). C. pulchellum is fairly common to common in most of temperate Europe and inhabits a wide range of water bodies with rich vegetation. It is assessed Least Concern.,Stable,"Coenagrion pulchellum is widespread from West Europe to West Siberia. In the north it extends to central Fennoscandia. In the British Isles, and locally in Fennoscandia, it was found to have expanded its range to the north since 1970 (Hickling et al. 2005, Flenner and Sahlen 2008) which was attributed to global warming. In the south it reaches the north of Spain, Portugal, Italy, the Balkans and Anatolia.","Coenagrion pulchellum is an abundant species. In the south of France, Spain, Italy, the Balkans and Anatolia its range becomes fragmented and it turns rare to very rare.In several regions in western Europe (Germany, Luxembourg, Belgium), a declining population trend has been noted over the last decades.",Coenagrion pulchellum is mostly linked to standing waters with a rich riparian vegetation. It is also found in slow-flowing waters.,The species is not threatened at the European scale. Drying up of habitats due to rainfall deficit in connection to global warming is a future threat with regards to the survival of the species in the south of its range.,The species does not need specific conservation measures on a European scale. Monitoring the trend of the populations in western Europe and research of the threats causing the decline are needed and appropriate conservation measures need to be developed on the base of those findings.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,COENAGRIONIDAE,Coenagrion,scitulum,,Coenagrion scitulum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Coenagrion scitulum is scattered throughout its range and shows flourishing populations in some countries. Due to climate change the species is clearly increasing in the north, however it might decline in parts of the south. Due to its widespread range and its potential to gain new territories in the north, it is assessed as Least Concern in Europe.",Stable,"Coenagrion scitulum extends from the west of Europe to the Maghreb and to Iran. It is rather common in western and central France and in most of Iberia, but is generally more scattered elsewhere. It is extinct in the British Isles. It is extending its range north and increases in Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Germany (e.g. Rheinland-Pfalz, Hessen), where several populations already occur. The latest expansion northwards seems to have been initiated during the last 15 years with the first records in Lorraine in northeast France (1995), Luxembourg (1996), Belgium (1998), Switzerland (2001), the Netherlands (2003), Germany: Nordrhein-Westfalen (2002), Bayern (2006).",This species is fairly common when found.,"The species occurs at sunny standing or slowly flowing waters with rich aquatic vegetation of Myriophyllum and Ceratophyllum, as well as grassy pools and swamps.","There are no major threats for this species. Some threats may include water pollution, over-irrigation with lowering of the water table, draining of swamps and drought in connection to global warming. It is expected that the species range will shift to the north as a result of global warming.",Control of agricultural practices and water use are recommended conservation measures.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,CORDULEGASTRIDAE,Cordulegaster,bidentata,,Cordulegaster bidentata,,"Sicilian populations have more extended yellow marks and have been described as a distinct subspecies, C. bidentata sicilica Fraser, 1929. Populations from Calabria have been ascribed to this subspecies, but they show smaller yellow spots and an obvious variability, so that they are intermediate between this subspecies and the nominal one. The populations in the southern Balkans are distinct from C. b. sicilica but have larger yellow spots than the nominal subspecies. The overall systematic organisation of the various members of this taxon remains presently unclear (Boudot, 2001; Boudot et al., 2009).",Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT). EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT). The species has a very wide extent of occurrence, but its specialized habitat means its area of occupancy is much smaller. Due to its sensitivity to habitat changes and the possibility of declining permanency of sources in its range, it is assessed as Near Threatened. However, the Sicilian subspecies, C. b. sicilica, is very rare and might be endangered.In the Balkans and eastern Carpathians, C. bidentata is sometimes found in strong populations. Further genetic work is required to determine the taxonomic status of the different populations.",Decreasing,"Cordulegaster bidentata is endemic to Europe occurring in western, south, southeast and central Europe. The eastern limit of the species are the Carpathians in the west of the Ukraine.","This species is much more localised than Cordulegaster boltonii but is moderately scattered in central and western Europe. It shows very variable densities from one locality to another, ranging from only one visible (reproducing) individual to obviously flourishing populations.Adults are often hidden and are quite difficult to find. Their larval sites are sometimes difficult to access or recognize, particularly in mountainous areas. As a result, this is a poorly known species that is often overlooked by odonatologists and was in the past erroneously considered to be extinct in some countries. There is no recent record referring to the Sicilian subspecies (Cordulegaster bidentata sicilica) in Sicily, which was always very rare - the last record from Sicily was in 1981 (Galletti and Pavesi 1985, Verschuren 1989). Only few records of C. b. sicilica may correspond to identified breeding sites.","The larvae are confined to the sources and upper courses of brooks. The species is thus highly specialized and reproduces mainly in headwater streams, with the best habitats in tufa springs and calcareous small brooks. Its reproducing habitat is often difficult to find. In some areas it seems to have been extirpated in acidified brooks as a result of acid rains, but in other areas it is still recorded in streams with a pH <4.","The major threats to this species are drought as a result of global warming, particularly in the south of its range, and water extraction for human use and irrigation. Some populations are threatened by water acidification due to acid rains or conifer plantations and forest closure whereas other populations show not to be affected by this. In the south of France, former flourishing populations are known to be extinct as a result of rainfall deficit and recent very hot summers and related spring exhaustion. In north Greece and other Mediterranean countries, some populations were extinct as a result of water capture directly at the source for irrigation.","Necessary conservation measures include the preservation of good quality water resources, particularly in headwaters, and the preservation and restoration of broadleaved open forests. A better knowledge of the breeding sites of the Sicilian subspecies is in need.",,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,CORDULEGASTRIDAE,Cordulegaster,boltonii,,Cordulegaster boltonii,,"Four subspecies are described: Cordulegaster boltonii boltonii, which occurs throughout most of the species' distribution, from Iberia to its northern range; C. b. immaculifrons in southern France and Iberia; C. b. iberica in Iberia; and C. b. algirica in southern Spain and the Maghreb. The subspecies may need further revision on light of current genetic investigations, so only the species-level assessment is done here.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Cordulegaster boltonii is widespread and fairly common throughout most of Europe, without indications of a strong decline. The species is therefore assessed as Least Concern on a European scale. However, populations and subspecies from the south of its range may suffer some decline due to drought periods in the future.",Stable,"Cordulegaster boltonii occurs in a large part of Europe. The core of the range extends from western Europe up to Fennoscandia and western Poland. A broad marginal zone covers eastern Europe up to the Ural where it is severely fragmented. Its southeastern limit is uncertain due to a frequent confusion with C. heros in the literature, but the species reaches at least eastern Slovakia and northern Ukraine. A further record of C. boltonii from the Urals may be well this species. The species is lacking from the Balkans, where it is replaced by C. heros.",The species is common and fairly abundant within the core of its range.,"The species is found in flowing waters, streams and sometimes small rivers, including mountain torrents. It often occurs in forest but also in open moors and heaths.","None, though water pollution may be an issue in some locations. Droughts are posing a threat to the southern populations. The species has been eliminated from some sites due to channelisation, technical maintenance of running waters. In Poland, in the past chemical, industrial pollution was eliminating some populations in the 1970s.",There are no conservation measures needed at present.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,CORDULEGASTRIDAE,Cordulegaster,helladica,buchholzi,Cordulegaster helladica buchholzi,,"This species is considered a subspecies of Cordulegaster helladica, but given the closeness of the two taxa, genetic investigations are in work to provide new taxonomic information.",Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv)+2ab(ii,iii,iv);C2a(i)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv)+2ab(ii,iii,iv); C2a(i)",EU27,,European regional assessment: Endangered (EN). EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN). This subspecies is endemic to three distinct Cyclades Islands in Greece and is found over a range of only about 117 km². It is known from 15 locations and its range is severely fragmented in three islands between which no easy gene exchange nor recolonization is possible. Some localities have recently been found to be dry and deserted. Habitat loss caused by water withdrawal and forest fires is the main threat to the species. Therefore this species is listed as Endangered.,Decreasing,"This subspecies is endemic to only three of the Cyclades Islands: Andros, Tinos and Naxos (Boudot et al. 2009).","Nineteen localities over 15 brooks have been reported from Naxos, Tinos and Andros Islands in Greece. Some of these have recently been found to be dry.",The species is found in mountain brooks (headwaters) and spring areas.,"The main threats are drought periods in relation to climate change, water harnessing for human use and forest fires. Another threat posed might be over-collection.",Conservation actions on forest preservation and control of water use are needed.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,CORDULEGASTRIDAE,Cordulegaster,helladica,helladica,Cordulegaster helladica helladica,,"In addition to the nominotypical one, two subspecies have been described, namely C. h. buchholzi (Lohmann, 1993) and C. h. kastalia (Lohmann, 1993).",Yes,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN). EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN). Cordulegaster helladica helladica is endemic for southern Greece and is scattered over about 50 locations within an area spreading from the Peloponnese to Euboe Island (Boudot 2001) (Area of Occupancy c. 60 km²). Some populations are flourishing, but others are small or have become extinct. The species is deemed to be severely fragmented and it is expected to show a continuing decline due to increasing demand for water for irrigation combined with a reduced precipitation due to climate change.",Decreasing,"Cordulegaster helladica is endemic to the southernmost part of northern Greece and the Peloponnese Peninsula. This collective taxon involves three weakly differentiated subspecies, namely Cordulegaster helladica helladica from the whole Peloponnese and Euboea island, C. h. buchholzi from Naxos, Tinos and Andros islands and C. h. kastalia from the Delphi archeological site only.",A number of populations are still flourishing but some of the south Peloponnese populations are now extinct due to desiccation of springs.,The preferred habitat of the species are mountain brooks (headwaters) and spring areas.,"The main threats are water harnessing for human use as well as forest fires. Several springs in the Taygetos mountains in South Peloponnese where good populations were known ten years ago have been found to be dry in July 2008 (J.P. Boudot, pers. comm.) due to forest fires and/or rainfall deficit, depending on the locality. Many new irrigation devices starting from tiny springs and headwater courses have been recently installed throughout Greece to compensate the present rainfall deficit. Even olive trees and vineyards are now sometimes irrigated (J.P. Boudot, pers. comm. 2008) - in both north and south Greece that is problematic to many species confined to these habitats.","Forest conservation and control of water use are needed. Any installation of irrigation device in springs and headwater courses should be prohibited, but these are increasing throughout Greece.",,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,CORDULEGASTRIDAE,Cordulegaster,helladica,kastalia,Cordulegaster helladica kastalia,,This species is considered a subspecies of Cordulegaster helladica but genetic investigations are in work to get new informations about the systematic position of the various members of C. helladica.,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii);D,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR). EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR). This subspecies is known only from a single and very touristic place of about 100 m². Dessication of the Kastalian spring (karst regime) due to increased water demand and the land use in the higher mountains, cleaning-out of the only known spring and brook location, and over collection by entomologists are the main threats. Thus this subspecies qualifies as Critically Endangered.",Unknown,This subspecies is known from only one locality; the sacred Kastalian spring in the ancient Delphi archaeological site (Boudot et al. 2009).,The population of this species is very low - about ten adults have been observed during single visits.,"The subspecies reproduces in the structures of the ancient Kastalian spring, where females were seen during egg deposition and where exuviae (moulted skins) were collected, and possibly in the downstream brooklet, which has only few water.","The main threat is cleaning-out of the sacred Kastalian spring at Delphi, the single known locality of C. h. kastalia. The population is so small that collection could be a threat.","At Delphi, a good understanding of the water pathway in the karst-type mountain is required. The area of the Kastalian spring is now efficiently closed and collecting is no longer a threat, but a water caption device has been installed in the downstream brook for olive tree irrigation, so that the brook was dry at mid elevation in July 2008. Any large scale cleaning-out of the spring and brook should be prohibited but giving restricted access for the purpose of monitoring is needed.",,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,CORDULEGASTRIDAE,Cordulegaster,heros,,Cordulegaster heros,,"The two subspecies described, C. h. heros Theischinger, 1979 and C. heros pelionensis Theischinger,1979 differ only by the shape or the lack of the black band on the frons and will not be assessed separately.",Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) - approaching B2b(ii,iv). EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) - approaching B2b(ii,iv). The distribution of the endemic C. heros is restricted from central to southeastern Europe. A better knowledge of its distribution in for instance Romania is urgently needed. It is locally common but apparently scattered because of its specific habitat (shaded brooks, streams and medium-sized rivers with gritty bottom). This species is threatened mainly by habitat loss, dessication of rivers increased by climate change, which results in streams drying up as a consequence of rainfall deficit and increase of water extraction and spring capture for irrigation purpose. Forest destruction through logging and forest fires also contribute to stream dessication. At the European scale, the species is assessed Near Threatened because of its scattered distribution and specialization and its likely reduction in the near future.",Decreasing,"Cordulegaster heros is a central and southeastern European endemic taxon ranging from Austria and Slovakia to a large part of the Balkans. The species was only described in 1979 and only in the last two decades its distribution started to become clear (Adamović et al. 1992, Bedjanic and Salamun 2003, Blaskovic et al. 2003, Bulankova and David 2003, Kotarac 1997, Uboni et al. 2007, Janský and David 2008). Its eastern limit in Romania is unknown and it might even go as far east as the Ukraine. It is locally common but scattered because of its specific habitat, mostly shaded rivulets in mountainous areas. In the south of its range, this species is currently decreasing due to climate change, rainfall deficit, spring capture and desiccation of streams.",The species is not uncommon within its range and occurs in small to rather large-sized populations.,"C. heros is found at shaded streams in mountains and hills, with sandy and rocky beds (Lang et al. 2001).","Increased drought periods and drying up of habitats as a result of climate change is already a present threat in parts of the southern Balkans, including Romania, so that some previously known localities are now extinct. Some localities have been destroyed due to water capture directly at springs. Wood-logging, forest fire and forest destruction are other threats contributing to stream dessication.","C. heros is listed in the Annexes II and IV of the European Habitats Directive; that implies that their habitat should not be altered. This is clearly not respected in some countries, i.e. in Greece where wild spring capture and water extraction regularly increase for irrigation purpose to compensate rainfall deficit.",,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,CORDULEGASTRIDAE,Cordulegaster,insignis,,Cordulegaster insignis,,"The overall taxonomy of C. insignis is much more complex than previously believed. Many local forms of this polytypic species in North and Central Turkey as well as in some Aegean islands do not fit the so-called ""specific"" criteria of the populations from the type locality and other parts of the southwestern part of the Taurus range. All subspecies previously described should be reconsidered on a statistical basis and with the help of the new genetic tools available in modern systematic. This is in progress but is still not finished. However, the European members of C. insignis seem to pertain anywhere to the nominal subspecies, although Romanian specimens have been described as C. i. montandoni (now considered a synonym).",No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN). EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN). The West Asian C. insignis shows its western range limit in the east of Europe, where it is scatterred within four countries, including some Aegean islands. 23 localities are known over about 135,000 km2. The European populations of C. insignis are more threatened than the Asian ones. Climatic changes and rapid development of tourism and infrastructure are likely to cause a decline in abundance through habitat loss and degradation. Due to its fragmented range and specialized biology and confinement to spring areas, headwater brooks and, more rarely, middle-sized running water, the AOO of this species is far below 500 km2. Therefore it qualifies as Endangered.",Unknown,"In Europe, Cordulegaster insignis is recorded from some eastern Greek islands (Samothraki and Thassos) and from easternmost parts of Bulgaria, Romania as well as the European part of Turkey (Thracian Turkey and Göckçeada island) (Boudot et al. 2009).","Population size seems to be small in Europe, where the species is only scattered as local isolated populations. The species is more common in the Asian part of its range.","Small shaded brooks, streams and tiny streamlets with rocky and sandy beds, ditches along roads, spring areas with seepage waters. As in several Cordulegaster species, the larvae seems to be able to resist short drought periods by moving into depth in moist sediments.","Habitat destruction (forest fires, water extraction, etc.) is the main threat to the species. Drought and drying up of habitats as a result of climate change led already to the extinction of the species in critical localities.","Control of water use by humans and preservation of forests are needed, but no current conservation actions are in place.",,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,CORDULEGASTRIDAE,Cordulegaster,picta,,Cordulegaster picta,,"Cordulegaster picta includes two forms, a yellow form which resemble C. heros and some forms of C. insignis and C. helladica in colour pattern, and a black form which resemble C. bidentata in colour pattern. The black form seems to be localized in the western Rhodopes mountains (between Greece and Bulgaria). There is no subspecific differentiation between the two forms. The examination of the abdominal appendages is needed for a correct identification of all these taxa.",No,VU,C1,No,VU,C1,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU). EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU). There are no specific data on current population trends but the total European population is certainly less than 10,000 adults per generation. Climatic changes and rapid development of tourism, followed by development of infrastructures are likely to cause a decline in abundance (through habitat changes and degradation). Due to increasing drought conditions, forest fire and water extraction, it is projected that the populations are likely to decline by at least 10% over the next ten years (VU C1). It is unlikely that any immigration from Anatolia would be able to rescue the European ones in case of strong decrease.",Stable,"Cordulegaster picta ranges mostly from the South Caucasus countries (Azerbaijan) to northeast Greece over the whole of Turkey (Boudot et al. 2009; Donath 1987; Lopau 1999, 2000, 2005; Lopau and Wendler 1995). A recent record from Montenegro changes the western limit of the species from about 300 km to the northwest (Gligorovic et al. 2008).",Populations can be large but from most populations precise data is lacking.,The species reproduces in running waters ranging from tiny shaded streamlets to middle-sized rivers in hilly to mountainous areas.,"Increased drought periods and drying up of habitats due to rainfall deficit and over irrigation as a result of climate change is the most important threat for this species. Woodlogging, forest fire and forest destruction are other threats contributing to stream desiccation.",Control of water use is needed.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,CORDULEGASTRIDAE,Cordulegaster,trinacriae,,Cordulegaster trinacriae,,"Many records of this taxon have been published under the closely related C. boltonii, but both taxa are structurally well distinct, although colour pattern is almost similar. Ongoing genetic investigations confirms the full species rank for this taxon.",Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT). EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT). Cordulegaster trinacriae is endemic to southern Italy (Boudot 2001, Boudot et al. 2009). Its extent of occurrence covers approximately 48,000 km², but due to its restricted larval habitat and its linear distribution patterns, its known area of occupancy is around 60 km². Increased research will probably lead to the discovery of many more localities. In Sicily, the species area is fragmented due to deforestation and destruction of spring and stream habitats (Gerecke 1991) and on this island conservation measures are particularly needed. The species is common in its area of distribution in mainland Italy and its range seems to be continuous with many flourishing populations in nature reserves. However, deforestation and complete or partial water extraction at springs for human use are ongoing in several areas which will likely lead to a decline in the future. This species is listed as Near Threatened as an ongoing decline is expected although this will be less than 30% in the next 10 years.",Decreasing,"Cordulegaster trinacriae is endemic to Sicily and southern Italy (Campania, Calabria and Basilicata); its northern limit is in Lazio where the species contacts or overlaps with C. b. boltonii. The northern limit of the species is still unclear (Boudot 2001, Boudot et al. 2009, Utzeri and d'Antonio 2005).","About 60 localities have been reported for this species, some of which have been published under the closely related C. boltonii. Within its area of distribution it seems to be common and sometimes abundant on mainland Italy but it seems scarce on Sicily. However, some ancient localities have been obviously destroyed due to urbanization and water caption for human needs.",The species is found in running waters from mountain brooks to large rivers.,This species has been extirpated from some of its localities due to habitat destruction through deforestation and water extraction for human use. Global warming may lead to a strong reduction of the species in the future. The species occurs often in larger brooks and rivers. This fact decreases its vulnerability to desiccation due to climate change compared to other Cordulegaster species from southeast Europe.,"This species is listed on Annexes II and IV of the EU Habitats Directive. There are currently no conservation measures targeting this species, but there is a need to preserve forests and control the water use.",,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,CORDULIIDAE,Cordulia,aenea,,Cordulia aenea,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). C. aenea is common and widespread in most of Central and Northern Europe and does not show a decline. The species is assessed as being of Least Concern on European scale.,Stable,"Cordulia aenea is a north Eurasian species ranging from West Europe eastwards to Kamchatka and Japan. The specimens from the eastern part of its range have been described as subspecies C. a. amurensis, which is sometimes regarded as a full species (Jödicke et al. 2005). The species is widespread and common in the northern two-thirds of Europe. In the Mediterranean southern third of Europe it is scarce and largely limited to mountain lakes and bogs.",The species is common across its range and often abundant when present.,"The species is found in standing or, more rarely, slow-flowing waters. Western and southern populations are found mainly at woodland lakes, bogs and heaths. In northern and eastern Europe the species has a wider habitat spectrum. It is also found in man-made habitats such as fishponds, oxbows and gravel pits. The species is only found at permanent, not too shallow waters and is absent from temporary waters.",This species does not face major threats.,Cordulia aenea is common and not threatened in most of its European range. Isolated occurrences in southern Europe might need attention. Fieldwork and monitoring in order to map the occurrences and to assess their conservation status is needed in southern Italy and the southern parts of the Balkan Peninsula. Local action such as conservation and restoration of habitats might be needed in those areas.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Crocothemis,erythraea,,Crocothemis erythraea,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 assessment: Least Concern (LC). Crocothemis erythraea is common and widespread in a large part of Europe, is expanding its range northwards and the species is not under any specific threat. Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern.",Increasing,"Crocothemis erythraea is one of the most common and widespread species of Africa, western Asia and southern Europe. It is common and widespread in the southern half of Europe (Boudot et al. 2009) and in the south of Ukraine (Dyatlova 2006). In the last two decades it has been strongly expanding its range in the north being now indigenous to many areas were it previously did not occur (Ott 2007).",The species is common in most of its range and is steadily expanding its range northwards.,"The species occurs at a wide range of running and standing, unshaded waters including rice paddies and brackish lagoons. In the north part of its range it is mostly found at not too shallow, well vegetated waters.",The species is not under any specific threat.,There are no conservation measures needed.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Diplacodes,lefebvrii,,Diplacodes lefebvrii,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 assessment: Least Concern (LC). Diplacodes lefebvrii has a relatively small European range being confined to southern Iberia, Cyprus and Rhodos. However the species does not seem to be under specific threat and it might benefit from climate change. The species is therefore assessed as being of Least Concern.",Stable,"Diplacodes lefebvrii is a very widespread and common species in especially the non-forested parts of Africa. It is found from the Indian subcontinent to southwest Asia and Arabia. In the Mediterranean it is fairly common on the south and east coast. Its European range is confined to Cyprus, the Greek island of Rhodes and the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula. Its range in Europe seems limited by climatological circumstances and the species might benefit from climate change.",Within its distribution area the species can be locally common.,"The species inhabits standing, unshaded waters. In Europe it is always found at low altitudes often in coastal waters in dunes or coastal wetlands at the marshy edges of pools and lakes. In Cyprus, it was found at a dam lake with a vegetation of Phragmites spp. and Typha spp. (Lopau and Adena 2002).",None at present.,The species is not theatened and its conservation does not have priority. However information on its distribution and habitat is scant.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,COENAGRIONIDAE,Enallagma,cyathigerum,,Enallagma cyathigerum,,"Male abdomen 25-25mm and hind wing 18-21 mm. Female abdomen 22-28mm and hind wing 18-22mm. Vertex and occiput black, marked with pyriform postocular pale blue spots, in between present a similar coloured streak but not connecting two spots. Segment 8 to 10 with fine spines on hind femora and tibae. Abdomen bright glossy azure blue with a small subapical cordate black spot. Superior anal appendages 1/3rd of abdomen segment 10.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Enallagma cyathigerum is a widespread and common European species and its habitats are not threatened. The species is therefore assessed as Least Concern.,Stable,"Enallagma cyathigerum is one of the most widespread damselflies in the world. Its range covers Europe, Asia, northwest Africa and northern America. The species is widespread and common in the European part of its range occurring to the far north of Scandinavia. It becomes scarcer towards the Mediterranean being absent from many of the islands and being rare in the low and dry regions of Spain, Italy and Greece. In India the species is found in Manipur (Lamjao, Bishenpur), Jammu and Kashmir and West Bengal. Besides India these are also found in Europe,Central Asia,Tibet, North America and British Isles.",The species is common and widespread in its European range and only in the south populations are more scattered. The sizes of the populations are generally high. It can occur in very high densities in central and northern Europe.,E. cyathigerum commonly occurs at standing and slow-flowing waters. The species is especially common at sites with the lack of fish such as acid bogs or at sites where the vegetation provides shelter from fishes. The species can occur in slightly brackish waters. It is one of several species which commonly reproduces in the Baltic Sea.The species inhabits stagnent water bodies and also amongsts marshy habitats. It breeds in ponds and marshes.,There are no major threats to this species.,There are no conservation measures needed.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,EUPHAEIDAE,Epallage,fatime,,Epallage fatime,,Epallage fatime is the only European representative of the Oriental family Euphaeidae. This family holds 69 species most of which are limited to the tropical parts of Asia.,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT). EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT). The species has very likely experienced a decline in the European part of its range due to its small AOO and continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat. The species is mainly threatened by canalisation and pollution of its habitat. There is however no indication that this decline has been very strong. At present and in the future the species will probably be impacted by desiccation of brooks due to climate change and it is not unlikely that this will result in a strong decline in the next decade. For this reason the species is assessed as Near Threatened.,Decreasing,"Epallage fatime has a largely southwest Asian distribution. The easternmost records are from Afghanistan and Pakistan. From there it occurs widespread in the hills and lower mountains of Iran and Turkey to the mainland of Southeast Europe. It is absent from the Arabian Peninsula and the more arid parts of Iran, Iraq and Syria. It reaches south along a small fringe of the eastern Mediterranean occurring in western Syria, Lebanon, Israel and the Palestinian Territories. The species is not uncommon in Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan and occurs in the Russian parts of the Caucasus but is absent further north. In Europe Epallage fatime is confined to Cyprus, some Greek islands and the southeast mainland of Europe. It is not rare in mainland Greece, European Turkey and the southeast of Bulgaria. Only one record is known from Macedonia but it is likely that some populations are present there. There is one published record from Hungary. This records is however very unlikely and is here considered invalid.",Epallage fatime has a limited range in Europe but seems to be relatively common in the areas where it occurs. It is often abundant when found and often several dozens of specimens are present in a stretch of one hundred meters.,"Epallage fatime occurs in areas with hills and lower mountains. It is exclusively found in running waters and seems to be limited to habitats with a stony substrate. Most often it is found in brooks and smaller rivers although it also occurs in small numbers in larger rivers. Larvae live under stones at places with high current. The legs are placed in an outstretched position and the abdomen and legs are flattened, both are probably adaptations to living in a strong current. In addition to this they are the only European species with sausage shaped lamellae and gills on the sides of their abdomen, both adaptations for the intake of oxygen. Based on this it has been suggested that they would be able to survive in stagnant water in times when current of the water stops due to desiccation. There is however no proof for this and the species seems to be lacking from habitats where there is no year-round current. Adults are found near the water resting on stones or, preferably, on higher vegetation near the water.",Agricultural practices along or nearby brooks resulting in pollution and canalisation of the habitat have probably had the most severe impact on this species in Europe. However many habitats where this species occurs lie in mountainous areas and are therefore relatively save from large scale agricultural practices. The main present and future threat seems to be climate change. Not only will this result in the desiccation of the habitat during spells of hot weather but this will also increase the use of the limited water resources for agricultural practices. Many new irrigation devices starting from tiny springs and headwater courses have been recently installed throughout Greece to compensate the present rainfall deficit.,This species has a limited European range and an evaluation should be made of the number of populations within reserves. Legalisation for the use of natural water resources for agricultural practices should be made.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,CORDULIIDAE,Epitheca,bimaculata,,Epitheca bimaculata,,"All the Siberian populations previously described as subspecies (E. b. sibirica Selys, 1887, E. b. altaica Belyshev, 1951) are now regarded as synonym of the nominotypical form, so that E. bimaculata extends over an enormous range going from western France to the Far East of Russia and Japan.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Epitheca bimaculata is irregularly distributed and regionally shows flourishing populations in Europe. In the west, it shows a fragmented area and disappeared from several regions and is missing in the north and the south. It is much more common in the east than in the west of Europe and is not threatened on a European scale. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,Epitheca bimaculata is an Eurasian species ranging over an enormous area from the west of France to east Siberia and Japan. It has a scattered and patchy distribution in the west and the south of its range. It is extinct in the Netherlands and has not been recorded for a long time in Italy and Bosnia and Herzegovina although this might be due to lack of fieldwork. It is missing in the north and the very south of the continent.,"This is a relatively poorly known species, which was for a long time believed to be threatened with extinction in the west of Europe. In the last two decades it was found that its scarceness can at least partly be explained due to the behaviour of the imagos which spent most of their time in the forest and are scarcely met. However, based on exuviae collection at emergence, it was recorded in many areas where it was not expected to occur and some populations were found to be large (1,000-5,000). Population density ranges from one single exuviae to more than 5,000 for apparently similar habitats.","The main habitat are oligotrophic to eutrophic lakes, frequently with abundant submerged and floating vegetation, but partly or completely surrounded by trees or bushes in Europe. Also found in pools, oxbows, old abandoned gravel pits and fishponds.","The extreme variation in population density for apparent similar habitats is far from being elucidated, so that it is difficult to decide which parameters are favourable and which are unfavourable for the species. However, intensive aquaculture and any strong human impact on a water body such as calibration with abrupt banks and mowing grass to have clean banks for fishermen or picnicking people are clearly unfavourable. The species disappeared from large parts of Germany due to transformation of ""wild"" lakes and ponds into ""clean"" waterbodies for fishermen and Sunday picnics.In the southern part of its range, it could be threatened in the future by droughts due to climate change.",There are no conservation measures needed.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,COENAGRIONIDAE,Erythromma,lindenii,,Erythromma lindenii,,Until 2004 E. lindenii was placed in the genus Cercion although already Heidemann & Seidenbusch (1993) suggested that the species should be placed in Erythromma based on larval characters. It was not until Weekers & Dumont (2004) confirmed this idea with a DNA-study that this was widely accepted.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Erythromma lindenii is widespread and common in its range and seems to expand to the north, at least in western Europe. The species is therefore assessed as being of Least Concern.",Stable,"Erythromma lindenii has its main distribution in the European part of the Mediterranean and in western Europe. It is also present in northern Africa. The species is very common and widespread in the Iberian Peninsula, Italy and France. More to the north it becomes scarcer. The core of its range reaches its northern limit in the Netherlands and the southern half of Germany. It has an isolated occurrence in mid-eastern Germany and western Poland. In Eastern Europe it is largely confined to low elevations and areas near the Mediterranean Sea and the species is rare in coastal Romania. The species which is red listed in Ukraine is sometimes rather numerous in delta parts of large rivers in the southern part of the country. The species was also recently found in Crimea (G. Prokopov, unpublished data, identified by L. Khrokalo; V. Savchuk, unpublished data). The species has expanded its range to the north from the 1990s onwards. This has been noted in Belgium, the Netherlands, and central and northern Germany (Bouwman et al. 2008, De Knijf et al. 2006, Hunger et al. 2006).","E. lindenii is common and widespread in most of its range and often occurs in high densities. The species is more rare and localised, but still abundant in the north of its range.","Erythromma lindenii is found in running waters such as larger brooks, connected oxbows, rivers, channels and in larger standing waters like lakes, (fish)ponds and gravel pits. Reproduction waters are generally largely unshaded, large, oxygen rich and clear. The species is less common at swift running waters, and in rivers and brooks with a strong current it is often confined to areas where the force of the water is less strong. In most cases there is rich aquatic vegetation but the vegetation on the banks is often poorly developed or even absent. In fish free waters the aquatic vegetation is of less importance suggesting that the vegetation is mainly important to avoid predation. The standing waters where the species occurs are often impacted by wind causing waves or are fed by seepage. This makes that the abiotic condition of the waters resemble those of running waters. Throughout its range the species is confined to lower altitudes and most of the records are from below 500 m.",The species is at the moment not threatened.,"No specific action for this species is needed in most of its range as it is common and shows an increase in parts of its northern range. In the east of its range, especially in Romania where it is rare and in the Ukraine where it is in decline, it is needed to map the current distribution in order to judge if conservation measures are needed.",,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,COENAGRIONIDAE,Erythromma,najas,,Erythromma najas,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Erythromma najas is common in a large part of Europe and at the moment there are no indications of a decline. The species is assessed as being of Least Concern.,Stable,"Erythromma najas is a widespread species ranging from west Europe to Japan. Its main European range lies in Central and northeastern Europe where the species is common and widespread in the lowlands. It reaches north to the central parts of Fennoscandia. It becomes less common to the south of central Europe but is still fairly widespread in parts of southern France and the north of Italy. E. najas is absent from the Iberian Peninsula, very rare in Italy and known from scattered records in the Balkans only. The situation in Romania and the Ukraine is not clear but it is likely to be common in the north.","The species is common and often abundant in central and northeastern Europe. The density of populations is high in large parts of its range. In the south of its range populations are more scattered, smaller and often isolated.","Erythromma najas occurs at largely unshaded, standing or slow-flowing waters. Frequently, an important characteristic of the habitat is the presence of aquatic vegetation with floating leaves (Nuphar lutea, Nymphaea alba or Potamogeton natans). The species occurs in eutrophic as well as mesotrophic waters. In smaller abundance the species inhabits distrophic waters.",The species is not considered threatened in most of its range. It is however likely to be impacted by climate change in the south of its range. Drought and poor water management are the most important threats for highly isolated populations in the south. The only population in the south of Italy (Lago Monticchio) may be impacted by tourist developments as these two lakes are not in a pristine environment and are surrounded by a road.,In most of its range specific actions are not needed. The isolated populations in Italy and in the southern parts of the Balkans are threatened. It is advisable to map these populations in order to assess their conservation status.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,COENAGRIONIDAE,Erythromma,viridulum,,Erythromma viridulum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Erythromma viridulum is widespread and common in most of southern and central Europe and there are no indications of a decline. Therefore the species is assessed as Least Concern.,Increasing,"The main range of Erythromma viridulum lies in southern and central Europe. In North Africa the species is limited to the Maghreb. In the east it occurs in the Ukraine, the southern parts of Russia, and in the eastern Mediterranean up to Turkmenistan. Since the 1980s it has expanded its range over 100-500 km to the north. It was first found in Belarus in the end of the 1990s (Tishchikov and Tishchikov 2000), in 1999 in the United Kingdom (Dewick and Gerussi 2000), in 2001 in Denmark, and in 2000 in Sweden.",The species is often abundant when found.,"Erythromma viridulum is found in largely unshaded, standing or slow-flowing, sunny waters with aquatic vegetation, including brackish waters. It is especially common at waters with rich aquatic vegetation where the males can be seen perching on algal mats, hornworts (Ceratophyllum), water-milfoils (Myriophylum) and other plants.",The species is not considered threatened.,The species is common in large parts of its range and is expanding northwards. No conservation action is needed.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,GOMPHIDAE,Gomphus,flavipes,,Gomphus flavipes,,"The Asiatic Gomphus ubadschii Schmidt 1953, considered as a subspecies of G. flavipes during a long time is now placed at the full species rank.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). The habitat requirements of G. flavipes, slow-flowing large rivers, makes it localised, but not rare. After a past strong regression in the west, the populations are now increasing. Due to huge populations in every appropriate river in central and eastern Europe, the species is assessed as Least Concern.",Increasing,"Gomphus flavipes is an Eurasian species ranging from the Atlantic coast of France to east Siberia where it is confined to large lowland river systems (e.g., Rhine, Rhône, Loire, Po, Elbe, Danube). The species showed a strong decline in West Europe in the 20th century but has shown a strong increase since the 1990s (e.g., Bouwman et al. 2008, Brockhaus and Fisher 2005, Hunger et al. 2006).","The species went extinct in large parts of western Europe due to a decline in the 20th century. The species has increased strongly since the 1990s and it has re-colonised most of its former range. This increase in records is partly due to increased research but is mostly due to a genuine increase. This increase is probably due to a combination of climate change, a decrease of stream pollution and better river management.","Gomphus flavipes is confined to large lowland rivers with sandy to silty bottom with organic sediment; the larger the river, the stronger the population. However, it is now increasingly found in tributaries and has probably a more diffuse distribution. For example, in the plain of the Po River it is scatterred over the network of channels used to rice field management.","Currently, no major threats are known for this species. Only at the margins of its extent, the species might have been more susceptible to threats such as pollution in the past.",G. flavipes is included in the European Habitats Directive. There are no conservation measures needed.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,GOMPHIDAE,Gomphus,graslinii,,Gomphus graslinii,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT). EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT). This species is endemic to southwestern Europe and has a disjunct distribution. Habitat degradation is expected to result in an overall decrease of at least 10% per decade in the future although good data on its decline are lacking. The Near Threatened category is recommended.,Decreasing,"This species is endemic from the southwest of Europe, where it occurs in France, Spain and Portugal. This species is known from an area of about 140,000 km² in France and is scattered over 372,000 km² in Iberia (and mostly over 172,000 km², the other 200,000 km² bearing only two localities). In Iberia, the species remains rare despite its recent discovery at several sites in Portugal (Malkmus 2002, Lohr 2005) and Valencia in 2006 (Boudot et al. 2009).","The species is endemic to Spain, Portugal and France. In south and west France, the species is rather common in eight departments only, rare in 12, and extinct in four. It is scattered and very rare in Spain and Portugal. The species is rather common only over 51,000 km² in France, from the lower Rhone river to the Charente-Maritime department via the southern edge of the Massif Central. It is rare to extinct elsewhere in France and in the west of central France it is much more scarce than one century ago, due to pollution and river management. In these areas the species is threatened with extinction or already extinct. Strong variations in densities are noticed from year to year.",The preferred habitat of this species are slow-flowing streams.,"Its main problems with respect to its survival lies in water pollution and stream structure changes, and also in summer drought, which occurred more and more frequently and durably in recent years, with drying of many rivers and relative increase in pollution. Good populations in France occur in three riverine systems. In Iberia there are no records of large populations.",This species is listed on Annexes II and IV of the EU Habitats Directive. Control of water quality throughout the species' range and the establishment of reserves is needed.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,GOMPHIDAE,Gomphus,pulchellus,,Gomphus pulchellus,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Gomphus pulchellus is fairly common in France, Belgium, part of The Netherlands, Germany and Switzerland, as well as in the southwestern half of Iberia. It has been expanding during the last half of the century in most of its northern and eastern range. It is not threatened and is assessed as Least Concern in the region.",Stable,"Gomphus pulchellus is an European endemic species ranging from the whole of Iberia to the western half of Germany, western Austria and Switzerland. Isolated records from Italy refer to vagrants, the records from Croatia and Slovakia might be erroneous or vagrants.",The species is generally common throughout its range.,"Gomphus pulchellus reproduces in all kinds of slow and moderately flowing and standing waters, avoiding strong currents. It reproduces also in some peat bogs up to 1,500 m above sea level. It is most common in slow lowland rivers and their backwaters and abandoned gravel pits. The larvae occupy sandy patches, which may be covered with coarse detritus. The adults are found sometimes far from their breeding habitats.",None at present.,No conservation actions are currently needed.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,GOMPHIDAE,Gomphus,schneiderii,,Gomphus schneiderii,,"This species is very similar to Gomphus vulgatissimus and is sometimes considered as a mere subspecies of the latter, with which it can be easily confused. Both taxa either overlap and hybridize or are related through clinal variation, so that the demarcation limit between them cannot be traced with certainty. Due to this, information on distribution in parts of the Balkan Peninsula is unclear.",No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT). EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT). The main bastion of G. schneiderii in Europe is the Greek Peloponnese Peninsula. In the other parts of its European range the species is scattered and seems mostly local. Although it is not presently threatened, stream desiccation due to climate change and increasing over-irrigation may make it much more rare within the next decades. Therefore the species is assessed as Near Threatened in its European range, approaching A4c. More information on population numbers, trends and taxonomy is needed.",Unknown,"Gomphus schneiderii ranges from the southern Balkans to Iran. Its northern limit is unclear and conflicting due overlapping, hybridization or clinal variation with G. vulgatissimus from Montenegro to European Turkey. The species is known to be common in Greece.","Gomphus schneiderii is widespread in the Peloponnese, but is more scattered in north and northeast Greece. Records from European Turkey, northeastern Greece, Albania, Macedonia and Montenegro are very scarce and refer mostly to mixed populations with G. vulgatissimus.",Gomphus schneiderii reproduces mostly in slow rivers and streams with sandy and silty bottoms. It also breeds occasionally in large lakes.,"Water pollution, stream desiccation and related rainfall deficit, regulation of rivers and gravel pitting directly in the river bed are the main threats for this species.",Control of water pollution and conservation of natural river dynamics and structure are necessary conservation measures.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,GOMPHIDAE,Gomphus,simillimus,,Gomphus simillimus,,"The nominotypical form of this collective taxon, G. s. simillimus, is a West European endemic. The Moroccan and West Algerian populations constitute a slightly distinct and somewhat heterogeneous subspecies, G. s. maroccanus Lieftinck, 1966.",No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT). EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT). Gomphus simillimus is currently not threatened in Europe but, as for other stream species, it is highly sensitive to water pollution, direct gravel extraction in river beds, dredging, regulations of rivers and streams, suppression of riverine trees and over-irrigation. Although it remains rather common in some areas in western and southern France, it is not common in Iberia. It is estimated that the species declines with maybe more than 10% in a period of ten years. The species is assessed as Near Threatened based on its current distribution and the degradation of the hydrographic network throughout its range.",Decreasing,Gomphus simillimus is a West European Atlanto-Mediterranean endemic ranging from south Iberia to northeast France eastwards to the upper Rhine river between Germany and Switzerland. The occurrence of this species in Slovakia and Czech Republic needs confirmation.,"The species is irregularly abundant in the southwestern half of France and is rare and very scattered in the rest of the country. It is scarce in Iberia, where it remains very scattered.","In Europe, this species reproduces mostly in slow-flowing large rivers and small streams, and rarely in abandoned gravel pits near to rivers and oxbow pools with phreatic waters.","This species is very sensitive to water pollution and stream structure degradation such as gravel pitting directly in major stream beds, dredging, regulation of rivers and streams, construction of dams, suppression of riparian trees, etc. Drainage, over-irrigation and stream dessication as a result of climate change and related rainfall deficit constitute other threats.","Actions need to be taken towards the conservation of natural dynamics of running waters, conservation of natural structure of streams and rivers, as well as control of pollution.",,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,GOMPHIDAE,Gomphus,ubadschii,,Gomphus ubadschii,,"Formerly considered as a subspecies of Gomphus flavipes under the invalid homonym Gomphus flavipes lineatus (Bartenef, 1929).",No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD). EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD). It is not clear if this species is present in Europe and fieldwork is needed to establish its presence. The species is assessed as Data Deficient.,Unknown,"Gomphus ubadschii replaces G. flavipes in Anatolia and further east to Syria, Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia. There is no proof that this taxon occurs within the European territory. There is an old record from Lemnos island in the Aegean (Werner, 1938) which could either refer to Gomphus flavipes or to G. ubadschii (Boudot et al. 2009). The species is known from the foothills of the Caucasus and might therefore occur in the southeastern parts of Europe.",No data are available. A single old record of G. flavipes from Lemnos was ascribed to G. ubadschii by some authors without valid arguments.,G. ubdaschii is found in rivers throughout its range.,The occurence of this species in Europe is doubtful and hence no information on threats is available.,The occurrence of this species in Europe is doubtful.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,GOMPHIDAE,Gomphus,vulgatissimus,,Gomphus vulgatissimus,,"The demarcation limit between G. schneiderii and G. vulgatissmus is poorly defined, as both can be easily confused due to overlap, hybridisation and/or clinal variation. This generates conflicting reports.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Gomphus vulgatissimus is a widespread species ranging from the Atlantic to southwestern Siberia and the populations are increasing. It is assessed as Least Concern.,Stable,"Gomphus vulgatissimus is present from northern Iberia to southwest Siberia. Little information is available about this Siberian distribution. To the north it reaches the southern half of Fennoscandia. In the British Isles it was found to have expanded its range upon about 100 km to the north since 1970, which is attributed to global warming. In the south it extends to the northern half of Greece, whereas in the southern half there is an overlap with G. schneiderii where hybridisation is possible.",The species remains generally common and is increasing in most of its range.,Gomphus vulgatissimus is typical from small to large rivers with sandy to silty or clayey sediments but is also found in streamlets and ditches. It reproduces also in standing waters when these are well oxygenated (lakes and river backwaters or gravel pits furnished with phreatic water). It avoids fast flowing rocky-bottomed waters. The larvae burrow in fine sand and silt preferably covered with organic detritus.,"This species does not face any threats at the moment. In the past, chemical pollution and channelisation together, have been reducing populations, but the general population trend is now increasing.",No conservation measures are necessary at present.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,COENAGRIONIDAE,Ischnura,aralensis,,Ischnura aralensis,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD). EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE). The discovery of Ischnura aralensis in Europe is very recent (Yanibaeva et al. 2006) and only little is known about its true range. Although the species is split in several disjunct sub-populations in Central Asia due to both natural and human-induced drought, the European populations seems to stay in a wetter area and may be possibly much more widespread than currently known. It is assessed as Data Deficient at the European scale.The species does not occur within the EU 27.",Unknown,"Ischnura aralensis is a Central Asia species which occurs throughout Kazakstan (Asia) and Bashkortostan (Easternmost European Russia) under rather isolated subpopulations, due to the current dry period (exacerbated by water use by humans). It is expected that it was much more widespread in the region under a continuous range during the wetter periods of the Holocene 9,000-3,000 BP (Yanibaeva et al. 2006).",Ischnura aralensis was found to be fairly abundant in its known localities.,Ischnura aralensis is found in lakes in the lower parts of the southern Ural mountains.,"Drought periods, either natural or due to human influence constitute the main threat of the species in its Asian range, which turned probably extinct in the Aral Sea area and some Central Asia localities due to the drying up of the Aral Sea, the Syr Darya and the Amu Darya (a consequence of unadapted cotton culture). Presently, the species is probably not threatened in its five known European Uralian localities.",The species is probably currently not threatened and information on threats is poor but probably no conservation measures are needed.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,COENAGRIONIDAE,Ischnura,elegans,,Ischnura elegans,,"A wealth of subspecies have been described in this collective species, of which I. e. elegans (Vander Linden, 1820), I. e. ebneri Schmidt, 1938 and I. e. pontica Schmidt, 1938 are presently widely accepted. However, their respective distribution is poorly understood so that all will be assessed together here. The females are polymorphic (three female morphs exist) and show a number of forms, some of which being genetically determined and others related to age.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). I. elegans is a widespread and very common species which is not threatened in Europe and is assessed as Least Concern.,Stable,"Ischnura elegans occurs from Ireland and Spain to Japan, including the whole of Europe except the most northern and southwestern parts. In the British Isles it was found to have expanded its range for about 140 km to the north since 1970, that was attributed to global warming (Hickling et al. 2005).",Ischnura elegans is a widespread and one of the most common and abundant damselflies in Europe.,"This species reproduces in standing and slow-flowing running waters. It is very common on eutrophic and mesotrophic sites, but avoids acid waters. It is rather tolerant to salinity.",I. elegans is able to colonize a wide range of habitats and is not threatened.,No specific measures are needed.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,COENAGRIONIDAE,Ischnura,fountaineae,,Ischnura fountaineae,,,No,VU,D,No,VU,D,EU27,,"European regional assessment:Vulnerable (VU). EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU). Ischnura fountaineae is known from only one small lake of less than 1 km2 in Europe. No numeric evaluation is available but the total number of imagoes is certainly less than 250 per generation, so that the species fits the D criteria for the Endangered (EN) category. However, an immigration from Tunisia, where the species is well implanted, is possible and would be able to regenerate the local population, so that the category is downgraded from 1 category and the final assessment is Vulnerable (VU).",Unknown,"Ischnura fountaineae ranges from North Africa and the Middle East to Central Asia and favour arid environments. In Europe it is present only in Pantelleria, an Italian volcanic island with a rather warm sulphurous crater lake situated 72 km east of Tunisia and 101 km southwest of Sicily and reaching about 89 km2 in area. (Boudot et al. 2009, Lohmann 1989, Utzeri and d'Antonio 2005)",The species is abundant on its location on Pantelleria.,"The larvae of Ischnura fountaineae are known to be very tolerant to high salinity and the species favours hot arid areas. This is well exemplified in the Pantelleria population, which is confined to a hot (50°C) sulphurous crater lake showing gas emissions and surrounded by sulphurous springs and a sparse belt of rushes (Juncus sp.).",Touristic frequentation and livestock trampling are probably the main threats for this unique population. Climate change and pollution are potential future threats.,The Pantelleria lake should be preserved from trampling by livestock and tourist activities.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,COENAGRIONIDAE,Ischnura,genei,,Ischnura genei,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).  Ischnura genei is endemic to some islands in the west Mediterranean, but within its range it is widespread and common. The population trend seems to be stable and is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Ischnura genei is endemic to Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Malta and two small islands of the Archipelago Toscano (Capraia and Giglio). It is absent from the mainland.",Ischnura genei is generally common.,The species breeds in all kinds of standing waters and sometimes in slow flowing rivers and ditches.,The species is presently not threatened.,A protection of standing waters in all the Mediterranean islands is recommended.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,COENAGRIONIDAE,Ischnura,graellsii,,Ischnura graellsii,,Ischnura graellsii seems to be progressively replaced by I. elegans through unidirectional hybridization in North Spain (Monetti et al. 2002).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Ischnura graellsii is widespread and fairly common in the European part of its range, without indications of decline. The species is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Ischnura graellsii is present in Iberia and northern Africa, where it is widespread and abundant.",The species is very common within its distribution range.,I. graellsii is found at all types of running and standing waters.,None at present.,Not needed at present.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,COENAGRIONIDAE,Ischnura,hastata,,Ischnura hastata,,"In the past, this species was placed in a distinct monotypic genus (Anomalagrion Selys, 1857)",No,VU,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",No,VU,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU). EU 27 regional assessment:Vulnerable (VU). I. hastata is a highly dispersive species which presumably reached the Azores in the past through storm winds. Although it cannot be excluded it was accidentaly introduced together with exotic animals and/or plants, or transported in water tanks by ancient sailors (Cordero et al. 2005). The European EOO of I. hastata is small (not more than 2,310 km²) and its AOO is around 20 km² or slighly more. It shows a scattered distribution over nearly all islands of the archipelago and was most probably primarily common at every place it was living. However, the situation appears to have changed dramatically during the last decades, during which increased cattle breeding led to a strong water eutrophication and consumption. This resulted in a significant decrease of the species and local extinction. A long-lasting monitoring should be urgently established to follow future population trend with accuracy.Listed as Vulnerable because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 20,000 km², its Area of Occupancy is around 20 km² or slighly more, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the Extent of Occurrence, Area of Occupancy, extent and quality of its habitat, the number of mature individuals, and a decrease in number of locations.",Decreasing,"Ischnura hastata is a widespread American species which presumably reached the Azores thanks to storms winds. The species is known to be a strong disperser in spite (or thanks to) of its small size, and was caught by nets attached to planes 300 m above the ground.","The species is said to be widespread and common in the Azores and has been recorded from about 20 localities on every islands of the archipelago, except on Graciosa. In Santa Maria it is very rare, as suitable habitats are almost non existent. One locality has been lost during the last decenniums due to cattle breeding and related water pollution and consumption. Only females have been found in the Azores and it was demonstrated that reproduction proceeds via parthenogenesis (Cordero et al. 2005). This is the single case of parthenogenesis which is known in Odonata until now. Population size might be over 2,000 reproductive females in ponds of 100 m diameter in favourable localities.",The species is common on oligotrophic unpolluted standing waters but disappears with eutrophication due to cattle breeding (Lorenzo-Carballa 2009),"The species is more and more threatened in the Azores through water eutrophication and consumption, which occur at an accelerated rate due to increasing farming (cattle breeding). Eutrophication extirpates the species, which subsists in abundance only in oligotrophic ponds. Water use for cattle drinking lowers water levels and produces ponds without emergent vegetation, where female damselflies cannot lay eggs.Obviously, this remarkable species is very sensitive to water pollution, and despite the high density that some ponds might show, it becomes rapidly more and more at risk. The species became extinct in at least one pond (Lagoa do Capitão) in Pico since the visit by Belle in 1988 (Belle and van Tol 1990), and is now very rare in Lagoa do Caiado (where it was common in 2003). The density of cattle in the islands is very high and the demand for water increases rapidly, that, together with the proliferation of cyanobacteria due to nutrient inputs to pastures through dejections, accelerate eutrophication (Lorenzo-Carballa 2009).",Control of cattle displacement and any measures to mitigate eutrophication are needed. Several localities are situated in nature reserves and should be in practice protected.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,COENAGRIONIDAE,Ischnura,pumilio,,Ischnura pumilio,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Ischnura pumilio is widespread over the whole of Europe, except Scandinavia, and do not show any decline. It is a pioneer species of which the strong fluctuations of populations are a natural component of its biology. It is assessed as Least Concern in Europe.",Stable,"Ischnura pumilio is a powerful colonizer which spreads from the Azores to Mongolia over the whole of Europe (except most of Scandinavia), the Maghreb, the Levant and West Asia.","This species is widely spread as scattered populations, mostly confined to newly created or ephemeral waterbodies over its whole range. In these kinds of habitats, populations are generally first abundant, then will decrease progressively with colonization by vegetation and animals. Besides, it subsists as small populations in swamps, peat bogs, springs, brooks, and ditches.","Recently created habitats with sparse vegetation can bear huge populations, but the species can also be found in a wide variety of sites such as small or temporary ponds (also nutrient-poor and acidic ones), springs, brooks, and ditches. Populations are often short-lived, disappearing with vegetation succession. I. pumilio is a species which benefits from climatic changes, as it “likes” waters with changing water tables (Ott 2008).",Rainfall deficit can cause the species extinction over wide areas in the south of its range. Change in the management of rice cultivation and water management led to a decline in Italy.,Not needed at present.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,COENAGRIONIDAE,Ischnura,saharensis,,Ischnura saharensis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Ischnura saharensis is known in Europe from 20 localities scattered over not more than 7,200 km2. There is no sign of decline but its AOO seems to be small (appr. 20 km²). Based on this its status would be either Near Threatened or even Vulnerable (D2). However because the species seems to have no clear threats and a significant immigration from Morocco is expected, this status should be downgraded to Least Concern.",Stable,"Ischnura saharensis is mainly a North African species that extends in Europe only to the Canary Islands (where it was recorded initially as I. senegalensis), and presumably to the Madeira archipelago (sub. I. maderae and I. senegalensis).",The insular European populations of Ischnura saharensis are widely scattered and the species is not rare in the Canary Islands.,"Ischnura saharensis is very mobile and new rain pools in desert areas are quickly colonised (Dumont 2007). The species is well adapted to arid environments and is known to disperse easily and successfully colonize ephemeral water bodies appearing during the rain season (Boudot 2008). Its larval period is short and adults appear before the pools, ponds and lakes will be dried up.","There is no present threat for this species, which is a rapid colonizer of any new water body, but an increased desertification of the Canary Islands would lead to a severe decline.",No conservation measure is needed.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LESTIDAE,Lestes,barbarus,,Lestes barbarus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Lestes barbarus is a widespread and fairly common species throughout its European range. The species tends to expand to the north. It is considered Least Concern on the European scale.,Stable,"Lestes barbarus ranges from the Maghreb to the northwest of India, Mongolia and the south of Siberia. To the north it extends over southern, western and central Europe. It is a strong wanderer that shows more isolated and sometimes short-lived populations up to southeast England (since 2002) and north to Lithuania. In the northern half of Europe, it may be absent for many years and then it is capable of suddenly establishing large colonies that may persist for some years. It shows a northern expansion since the mid 1990s.",Lestes barbarus is widespread and fairly common in the main part of its range.,"Lestes barbarus inhabits sunny standing waters. The species favours temporary water conditions, which are typical of sites that dry out early in summer, such as dune and meadow pools, shallow depressions and delta brackish hydrosystems. The eggs are inserted in the vegetation from spring to autumn but usually hatch after winter, when the temporary pools are filled. Then the larval period is very short (1-2 months) so that the reproductive cycle completes before habitat desiccation. This is a perfect adaptation to the Mediterranean and related climates, where the rain season is restricted from autumn to early spring.",This species does not face major threats at present at European level. Destruction of habitat by agriculture and tourism infrastructure is a general threat all along the Mediterranean coast.,"The species is naturally fluctuating in relation to the prevailing weather conditions and this is not the sign of a true decline. Therefore, no conservation measures are needed.",,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LESTIDAE,Lestes,dryas,,Lestes dryas,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Lestes dryas is widespread throughout most of Europe and there is no sign of decline, so it is assessed as Least Concern on the European scale.",Stable,Lestes dryas is an holarctic species which inhabits mostly the northern part of Eurasia and America. It is widespread in Europe although it became more scattered in the Mediterranean area. The species also occurs in North Africa as a last glacial relict.,"In the west of its range, Lestes dryas is common mostly in the mountainous areas. It is more regularly found at any altitude in the centre and the east of Europe.","Lestes dryas is a specialist of temporary water conditions, including waterbodies that typically dry out in the course of summer or have shallow borders providing warm micro-habitats for the larvae. These conditions can also occur at the margins of permanent waterbodies. Sites usually have dense growth of rushes and sedges. The eggs are inserted in the vegetation from spring or summer to autumn but hatch usually after winter, a period where the temporary pools are filled. Then the larval period is very short (6-10 weeks) so that the reproductive cycle completes before habitat desiccation.",This species is not threatened on the European scale.,"No special measures are required, as the species is widespread.",,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LESTIDAE,Lestes,macrostigma,,Lestes macrostigma,,,No,VU,"B2ab(ii)c(ii,iii,iv)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii)c(ii,iii,iv)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU). EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN). Lestes macrostigma exhibits a fragmented distribution in Europe and shows strong variations in population density between successive years. It is generally rare and unstable, although it has several flourishing localities in the Ukraine and Great Hungarian Plain and the related East Austrian lowlands. Climate change and change in management practices may impact the species. In Europe its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km², although in EU27 its current AOO is certainly less than 500 km². The species meets the Vulnerable category in Europe (and Endangered in EU27) because of its small AOO, extreme annual fluctuations and a continuous decline in the quality of its habitat.",Decreasing,"Lestes macrostigma ranges from West Europe to Mongolia. It has a scattered distribution and shows strong fluctuations in numbers from year to year. It occurs mostly in coastal areas and in the Central European Pannonian Basin (Hungary and eastern Austria, Neusiedlersee area).","Lestes macrostigma shows strong fluctuations from year to year. Flourishing and fairly stable popluations are known from the south of France, east Austria and Hungary. Although the Neusiedlersee area is rather well protected, only 23 Hungarian 10X10 km UTM squares out of a total of 44 have been recorded from 1960 onwards (Devai 1994), so that it is probable that the species experienced a decrease in this country during the 20th century.","Lestes macrostigma is mostly confined to shallow brackish waters with rushes, sedges and Salicornia spp. in coastal wetlands. It is also known from inland basins with low rainfall and strong evaporation favouring continental brackish waters (Central and Eastern Europe with a continental climate). Some populations from Corsica were claimed to reproduce in fresh waters, but this should be confirmed through chemical analysis.","The species has a very scattered range and shows isolated populations. The main threat is the conversion of natural brackish ponds into commercial salt exploitations. Besides, the natural instability of this species is an intrinsic threat.","In some localities, water regime is managed for salt production, that may eliminate the species, therefore these activities should be regulated. Prevention of development in coastal areas for tourism and industry and protected areas should be established.",,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LESTIDAE,Lestes,parvidens,,Lestes parvidens,,"Until recently Lestes parvidens was considered a subspecies of Lestes viridis. Both L. viridis and L. parvidens should be placed in a separate genus, Chalcolestes Kennedy, 1920, on the background of genetical analysis (Dumont, pers. comm.).",No,LC,,No,DD,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD). The species is common and widespread in large parts of Southeast Europe and is assessed Least Concern at European level. Its range in Italy and the Balkans is not precisely known and more research is needed. The species is considered DD for EU27.,Unknown,"The exact range of Lestes parvidens is not precisely known because of its similarity with L. viridis and its former inclusion in the latter as a subspecies. All older literature data from the Balkans referred to L. viridis, but Olias et al. (2007) showed that a large part of these records pertain to L. parvidens. Lestes parvidens ranges from Corsica, Italy to southern Ukraine, the Balkans, Asia Minor, and the Levant. Lestes parvidens and L. viridis overlap in large parts of Italy and the Balkans and their precise distribution in this area is not yet clear.","Due to the long-lasting confusion between Lestes parvidens and L. viridis, the respective distribution of these two taxa is not precisely known in the Balkans and the characteristics of their populations can not be assessed. In the Ukraine, it is quite common in large river deltas. The size and trend of the Italian populations is unknown.",Lestes parvidens shows the same biology and ecology as L. viridis and reproduces both in standing and slow-flowing waters surrounded by trees and bushes with soft bark and wood. The eggs are inserted in these bushes and trees from spring to autumn but hatch usually after winter.,Drying up of rivers and standing waters due to over-irrigation and increased drought periods as a result of climate change is the main threat to this species.,Water extraction for agriculture and urban use must be controlled.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LESTIDAE,Lestes,sponsa,,Lestes sponsa,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Lestes sponsa is widespread and common in Europe and no significant decline has been recorded on the European scale. However, a decrease is presently observed in several parts of western Europe, so that a careful monitoring of this species should be recommended in the future in this part of its range. The species is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Lestes sponsa ranges from western Europe to Japan and is very common across almost the whole of Europe. The southern border of its range extends from northern Spain to the central Balkans. In the British Isles, it was found to have expanded its range upon about 140 km to the north since 1970, that was attributed to global warming. Its northern limit goes presently from northern Scotland to the north of the Bothnian Bay and north Russia.","This species is widespread, represented by large populations, and is one of the most common damselflies. A decline has been observed in some western areas (e.g. northwestern Germany, Luxembourg, Belgium).","This species inhabits a wide range of standing waters with emergent vegetation. It may also be numerous at newly created shallow localities, but it is not specifically a pioneer species. The eggs are inserted in the vegetation from spring to end summer but hatch usually after winter.",The species is not threatened on the European scale.,No conservation measures are needed.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LESTIDAE,Lestes,virens,,Lestes virens,,"Two subspecies are currently recognized, namely Lestes v. virens (Charpentier, 1825) in the west Mediterranean area, and L. virens vestalis Rambur, 1842 in the rest of Europe. The distinction of these two spp. is sometimes not possible in parts of France. The precise identity of the Anatolian member of L. virens is still unclear. This species is assessed without any subspecies distinction.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Lestes virens is widespread throughout Europe, with no evidence of decline. Although some decrease may be expected in the south of its range in the future due to climate change, the populations are expanding in the north. The species is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,Lestes virens ranges from west France and Iberia to Asia. Its northern limit includes the south of Sweden and the Baltic States.,"This species is generally widespread and locally abundant, although locally it is rare in some European provinces. It has been expanding its range to the north in the last decade.","Lestes virens is found in a variety of standing waters, either seasonal or permanent e.g. lakes, ponds, marshes and acid peat bogs. The eggs are inserted in the vegetation from late spring to autumn but hatch usually after winter, when all water bodies are filled. Then the larval period is short (2-3 months), so that the reproductive cycle completes before habitat desiccation. This allows the species to successfully colonize temporary pools.","The species is not threatened on the European scale but locally it may be eradicated from fish ponds if they are maintained too intensively. As any other Lestes, it is very sensitive to fish predation, so that it maintains high populations only in water bodies with microhabitats preserved from fish access. On a local scale, the species can be sensitive to agricultural land and water pollution.Climate change is causing the decline of some west Mediterranean populations (strong rainfall deficit in autumn and winter will give dry pools in spring, so that larvae will not develop) but leads to more favourable habitat situations in northern Europe at the same time.",The species does not need specific conservation measures on the European scale.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LESTIDAE,Lestes,viridis,,Lestes viridis,,"Until ten years ago L. parvidens was considered a subspecies of L. viridis, but there is now a wide consensus that both taxa should be considered separate species. Both L. viridis and L. parvidens should be placed in a separate genus, Chalcolestes Kennedy, 1920, on the background of genetical analysis (Dumont, pers. comm.).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Lestes viridis is widespread and common in Europe. It is assessed as Least Concern.,Stable,"Lestes viridis ranges from western and Central Europe to the Maghreb. A slight range expansion towards Denmark and northeastern Poland has been observed. The species is common in its European range, although its status in the Balkans and eastern Europe is still unclear due to confusion between this taxon and L. parvidens.","Lestes viridis is widespread and fairly common over a wide range of habitats, occurring in large populations.","Lestes viridis reproduces in any kind of standing and slow-flowing water with bordering trees or bushes with soft bark and wood. The species has a strong dependence on this kind of vegetation as it is needed for egg laying and its reproductive ecology. Unlike other Lestes, it does not occur in ephemeral conditions (for example, shallows, drying-out pans), although its biology would allow it to reproduce in temporary habitat.",The species is presently not threatened on the European scale.,No conservation measures are presently required.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Leucorrhinia,albifrons,,Leucorrhinia albifrons,,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT). Leucorrhinia albifrons has experienced a very strong decline in its western and parts of its Central European range in the last century. The rate of decrease has become less although it is likely that the decline is still taking place. The species is rare in western Europe and populations are isolated. A further decline in this part of its range will lead to the extinction of this species in a large region and thus strongly narrow its Extent of Occurrence. The species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened at EU 27 level.However, the species occurs in numerous localities in Russia and is therefore classified as Least Concern on European level.",Stable,"Leucorrhinia albifrons is a palearctic species ranging from western Siberia to Scandinavia and to southwestern France. The species is scarce to fairly common in eastern and northeastern Europe (including southern Scandinavia). It has strongly declined in Germany, the Netherlands (one population left), Austria, Switzerland, France, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Ukraine (two localities). The species is rare in these countries and most remaining populations are isolated.","The species is fairly common in northern Poland, the Baltic states, Russia, Sweden and Finland. However, it is very rare and has strongly declined to the west and south of this area. The populations seem to be stable at a low level in parts of western Europe, but are still declining in other areas (e.g. France).The northern and eastern populations are frequently large, but the western and southern populations are relatively small.","L. albifrons is found in acid peaty lakes and pools and mesothrophic to weakly eutrophic lakes. The species has a preference for habitats that are largely unshaded but surrounded by forest. The species can co-exist with fish, however, it is either found in acidic waters, which are non-suitable for fish, or in habitats with abundant floating and emergent vegetation, which gives shelter to predation by fish.","The major decline in western Europe was largely caused by the large-scale conversion of peat bog systems for agricultural purposes (mainly first half of the 20th century) and the eutrophication of mesothrophic lakes (mainly second half of the 20th century). Other smaller or more regional threats are/were pollution by pesticides, fish farming, drainage of and/or tree plantations in peaty areas, development of tourism infrastructure. It seems that the major decline of this species largely ceased but it is likely that the species is still declining in parts of its range.",The species is one of the protected dragonflies listed in the Habitats Directive of the European Union. According to this law the distribution within the 27 member states has to be mapped and measures should be taken to prevent a further decline. The distribution of this species is in most member states relatively well known. Large-scale habitat destruction has largely ceased and the intensity of eutrophication has decreased. Most of the remaining threats are more local and need local action. In a large part of its range only isolated populations are found. It is needed to increase the amount of available habitat at these locations in order to secure the presence of this species in the long term.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Leucorrhinia,caudalis,,Leucorrhinia caudalis,,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT). Leucorrhinia caudalis has experienced a very strong decline in its Western and parts of its Central European range in the last century. The rate of decrease has become less although and in some parts of its range it is showing an increase. The species is rare in Western Europe and populations are isolated. A further decline in this part of its range will lead to the extinction of this species in large region and thus strongly narrowing its Extent of Occurrence. The species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened in the EU 27 member states.On a European scale, the species has numerous populations, and is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,Leucorrhina caudalis is a palearctic species ranging from western Siberia to western Europe. The species is scarce to fairly common in northeastern and eastern Europe including parts of southern Fennoscandia. The species experienced a strong decline in western and parts of Central Europe. It is now rare in this part of its range and many populations are isolated.,"The species is very rare in western and parts of central Europe and has strongly declined. However, it is moderately represented to the northeast of these areas. The species is nowhere really common and at many sites only small numbers are found but abundance can be high at suitable habitats.","Leucorrhinia caudalis is most frequently found at oligotrophic to weakly eutrophic lakes or bogs in forest with a rich vegetation of aquatic plants and often with floating leaves. In west and Central Europe the species is often found in oxbows, fishponds, peat excavations, gravel pits or quarries. Unlike the other Leucorrhinia species it often occurs in waters that are rich in fish.","The decrease in the number of suitable habitats due to intensive water management, eutrophication and pollution was the main threat to this species. It seems that the major decline of this species largely ceased and in some parts of its range it seems to be slowly increasing being able to colonize oxbows, peat excavations, old quarries, and gravel pits.",The species is one of the protected dragonflies listed in the Habitats Directive of the European Union. According to this law the distribution within the 27 member states has to be mapped and measures should be taken to prevent a further decline. The distribution of this species is in most member states relatively well known. Large-scale habitat destruction has largely ceased and the intensity of eutrophication has decreased. Most of the remaining threats are more local and need a local actions. In a large part of its range only isolated populations are found. It is needed to increase the amount of available habitat at these locations in order to secure the presence of this species in the long term.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Leucorrhinia,dubia,,Leucorrhinia dubia,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). L. dubia is widespread and common in large parts of northeast Europe and there are no indications of a decline. The species shows fragmented distribution in the south and west of its range. It is likely that a continuing decline is taking place in the latter area, which in the future might increase even more due to climate change. At present, the species is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Leucorrhinia dubia is a northern Palearctic species, ranging eastwards to Siberia. The species is common in north Europe and it is fairly common in suitable habitats in the northern part of central Europe. It is scarcer in the south of Europe where it is confined to mountains such as the Alps (common), the Massif Central and the Pyrenees. There are only four known locations in the Balkans: one in Bulgaria, two in Montenegro and one in Serbia.","L. dubia is common in large parts of northern Europe and often occurs in high densities. Although in northwest Germany, the species is declining.",The species occurs most often in acidic forest waters with a Sphagnum vegetation. It is found in fish free waters or avoid fish by living in the Sphagnum vegetation (larvae).,"In the northeastern part of its range, the species is not threatened but the species has declined in parts of Central Europe due to habitat destruction and eutrophication of bogs and lakes. These threats are now less significant as eutrophication ceased and many habitats are found in reserves or in areas where there is relatively little human impact. In the south of its range the species is more rare and often exists in isolated populations. Here the species is regionally threatened by infrastucture developments for tourism in the mountains and locally by the introduction of fish as well as groundwater extraction. In northwestern Germany, the population decline is probably caused by eutrophication due to atmospheric input. Climate change also affects these southern populations. L. dubia is affected negatively in the southern part of its range by climatic changes, e.g. in the German federal states Rhineland-Palatnate and Bavaria (Ott 2008).",Conservation measures are only needed in the southern part of its range. Monitoring of these populations and their trend is therefore advisable. When needed local management plans should be made.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Leucorrhinia,pectoralis,,Leucorrhinia pectoralis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Although L. pectoralis showed a strong decline in western Europe in the last century, the species is still widespread and fairly common in Europe. The decline of the species largely stopped and there are locally signs of recovery. The species is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Decreasing,"Leucorrhina pectoralis is a palearctic species ranging from western Siberia to western Europe. The species is scarce to fairly common in northeastern and Central Europe including southern and central Fennoscandia. Compared to its congeners it has a relatively southern distribution being found across the Alps, in northern Italy and in a large part of the Balkans.",L. pectoralis is fairly common in north and eastern Europe where the populations are frequently large. The species experienced a strong decline in at least western and parts of Central Europe. It is now rare in this part of its range and many populations are isolated and relatively small.,"Compared to other Leucorrhinia species, it is found in a relatively wide array of habitat types such as borders of bogs, forest lakes and pools (sometimes acidic), fenlands, marshy ditches, oxbows and even sluggish rivers or canals. Its habitats are often largely unshaded, permanent, at most weakly eutrophic waters with rich vegetation thus avoiding fish predation. Its optimal habitat varies very much from region to region.","L. pectoralis has suffered from large-scale conversion of fenlands and peat systems for agricultural use and from eutrophication. In the Netherlands and Germany, the species is regionally showing signs of recovery. Hence, the species does not face major threats at the moment.",The species is one of the protected dragonflies listed in the Habitats Directive of the European Union. According to this law the distribution within the 27 member states has to be monitored and measures should be taken to prevent a further decline. The distribution of this species is in most member states relatively well known. However distribution information in parts of the Balkan is still scant. Large-scale habitat destruction has largely ceased and the intensity of eutrophication has dropped. Any remaining threats are more local and need local activities.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Leucorrhinia,rubicunda,,Leucorrhinia rubicunda,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). The species is fairly common in northern Europe and large parts of central Europe and there are no signs that a strong decline is taking place in that part of its range. Population in the south of its Central European range have shown a strong decline in the past. On the European level the species is assessed as Least Concern.,Decreasing,"L. rubicunda is fairly common and widespread in northern and Central Europe. Its continuous area of distribution reaches south to northern Belgium, central Germany and the mountains of northern Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia and the northern Ukraine. The species occurs further south in the Ural area where it is still common in the south of this mountain range (Yanybaeva et al. 2006). The species becomes rare to the south of its Central European range and its southernmost populations are found in the northern parts of the Alps. The species decreased in Central Europe and has probably become extinct in the North of France. In the Alps less than 20 populations are known which are confined to Bayern and Baden-Württemberg, most of which are isolated and small.",The species is fairly common to common in the north and parts of Central Europe and is often abundant.,The species occurs frequently in acidic waters with a vegetation of Sphagnum although its habitat spectrum is wider. Most populations are found in forest areas.,"This species does not face threats in northern and eastern Europe. In the last century L. rubicunda declined in Central Europe due to habitat destruction such as large-scale transformation of peatland for agricultural purposes and the large-scale introduction of drainage systems. These kinds of habitat destruction have now largely ceased. In the south, present day threats are increased ground water extractions, vegetation succession leading to the decline of open water and desiccation due to periods of hot weather. Especially the latter might increase due to climate change and might be a threat for the remaining populations in the south.","This species seems to be relatively safe in most of its range and there are no conservation measures needed. At the western and southern margins of its range, e.g. in the Alps, restoration projects of peat marshes and bogs are required.",,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Libellula,depressa,,Libellula depressa,,"In some literature, this species has been assigned to the genera Platetrum or Ladona (Schmidt 1987) but presently most authors use the Libellula as genus name.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). This species is widespread and abundant in most of Europe and is not under any specific threat. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.,Stable,Libellula depressa is a largely western Palaearctic species which is widespread in Europe and ranges east to Central Asia. The species is common and widespread in most European countries but is absent from Ireland and confined to the southern third of Fennoscandia.,"It is one of the most common and widespread species of Europe, except for the far north.","Libellula depressa is found in largely unshaded, standing and slow-flowing waters, often occurs in small, shallow, sunny water bodies and biotopes in early succession stages. The species is often one of the first to colonize new man-made waters.",The habitats of Libellula depressa are not under any specific threat.,No specific measures are needed.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Libellula,fulva,,Libellula fulva,,"The southwest Asian Libellula pontica was until recently considered to be a subspecies of L. fulva. In some literature, this species has been assigned to the genus Ladona. Here it is assessed as Libellula.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). L. fulva is widespread in southern and central Europe, but is in many regions scarce to absent. The species has locally declined in the last century but is currently stable and locally increasing. Therefore, it is considered of Least Concern on European scale although it deserves attention in some regions.",Stable,"Libellula fulva has a wide range in southern and Central Europe and occurs east to the Caspian sea and the Caucasus. In many regions the species is scarce to absent and almost completely absent from the Iberian Peninsula. At least in the 1970s and 1980s a decline was noted in large parts of its western European range but in the last two decades the species seems to be stable in most regions and in some areas an increase has been noted, especially in the northeast.",The species is moderately represented to fairly common across its range. The populations are often large.,"The species is most often found at sunny, standing and at slow-flowing waters, and often near forest. It prefers mesotrophic to eutrophic non-acidic waters. It is mainly present at places with extensive, high and dense riparian vegetation such as beds of reed (Phragmites), reedmace (Typha) or sedges. In some areas it is found in large wetlands such as low peat marshes or coastal wetlands. Less often it is present at channels or at deeper waters in quarries.","In the north and east of its range, the species does not face any threats.The local decline in the 1970s and 1980s was probably caused by large scale habitat destruction, water pollution and poor management of wetlands. In these areas, the types of habitat where L. fulva is found are nowadays often part of protected areas and improved legislation has in many countries resulted in a strong improvement of the water quality. Due to this the decline of the species largely stopped. Currently the species is mainly threatened on a local scale by poor management of wetlands. An increased demand for water in the Mediterranean might result in an increase of groundwater extraction which will impact the species.","No specific action on European scale is needed. In southern parts of its range, it is advisable to monitor the populations and to assess the regional conservation status.",,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Libellula,quadrimaculata,,Libellula quadrimaculata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Libellula quadrimaculata is common and not threatened in Europe.,Stable,Libellula quadrimaculata has a wide range and occurs from Europe and Morocco to Kamchatka and Japan. The species is widespread and common in most of Europe but becomes scarcer towards the south and is absent from most of the Mediterranean islands.,This species is one of the most common dragonflies in Europe and occurs in large populations.,This dragonfly is widespread and generally abundant in any kind of standing and most slow-flowing waters often with well developed vegetation. Its habitat preferences vary over the region.,"Presently, there are no threats to this species.",No conservation measures are needed.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,GOMPHIDAE,Lindenia,tetraphylla,,Lindenia tetraphylla,,,No,VU,A2c+3c;C1+2a(i),No,VU,A2c+3c; C1+2a(i),EU27,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU). EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU). Assessing the conservation status of L. tetraphylla is difficult as part of these records might pertain to wandering individuals and some populations might be temporary. The numbers of European sites with large viable populations is less than fifty and might be less than 25. In total the European population probably counts less than 10,000 adults annually and subpopulations are estimated to be smaller than 1,000. In several localities, which were known to hold viable populations, water pollution and the increased demand for water has resulted in a decrease of available habitats and in some cases in the loss of the population. Examples of this are the Koronia Lake in northern Greece and the Stimfalia Lake in the Peloponnese, which were found almost dry during July 2008 (pers. comm. J.-P. Boudot). The higher demand for water combined with climate change is inferred to lead to a reduction in number of populations and population size of over 30 % in the next ten years. For this reason the species is assessed as Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"Lindenia tetraphylla is found in Mediterranean, Arabia and southwest and Central Asia (Schorr et al. 1998). The easternmost populations are found in Turkmenistan and Afghanistan. In the Mediterranean, it is mainly found in the east with populations known from the Levant, Turkey, the Balkan Peninsula, Italy (mainland and Sardinia) (Boudot et al. 2009). The westernmost populations are found in Spain (probably extinct) and the Maghreb (Tunisia) where it was found in 2000 after a century without records (Kunz and Kunz 2001). All European records are confined to the Mediterranean. The species has found to be strongly migratory in Arabia and for that reason a part of the records in Europe could pertain to wandering specimens.",The number of populations in Europe is low and probably many populations are relatively small although it is sometimes fairly abundant.,"In Europe Lindenia tetraphylla is mostly found at lakes and more rarely at slowly flowing, larger waters (Schorr et al. 1998). Detailed information on larval requirements of the species is lacking. The species has been found to occur at large beds of reed at several lakes in Croatia and Italy but has in Tunisia been noted from a lake with hardly any vegetation and was found at two barrage lakes with no or little vegetation at the Turkish island of Gökçeada (Hacet and Aktac 2006).",European populations are mainly found at lakes. Pollution of the water by wastewater or due to nearby agricultural practices are important threats to this species. Over-exploitation of water due to the increased water demand in combination with climate change are important present and future threats. At some sites in Italy over-collections is a problem.,"The presence of this species in Europe is dependent on a relatively small number of larger water bodies. Fieldwork in order to confirm the presence and estimate the abundance of this species at lakes where this species has been recorded is needed. Based on this the local conservation status of the waterbodies needs to be determined. In many cases these waters will also have a high conservation value for fish, mollusc and waterbirds. In these cases action plans based for these groups could well be combined. The species is included in the EU Habitats Directive.",,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,MACROMIIDAE,Macromia,splendens,,Macromia splendens,,,Yes,VU,A4ce,Yes,VU,A4ce,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU). EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU). The species is endemic to Spain, Portugal and France. M. splendens apparently rapidly disappears when faced with water pollution, oxygen deficiency and introduction of non-indigenous crayfish, so a regular decrease in the number of occupied sites is expected in the future. In addition, the dramatic drought from which Iberia and Southern France now suffer repeatedly will inevitably lead to a reduction of the number of populations of 30% or more in this area during the next decade. The species is assessed as Vulnerable as it is expected to show a decline of 30% in the next ten years due to a continuing decline of the habitat quality. The species should be monitored and further surveys are required to confirm the full extent of its range.",Decreasing,"The species shows a disjunct distribution with the largest populations in southern France and northwest Iberia. Only single and old records are known from these two distribution centres. The whole area inhabited by this species reaches about 470,000 km². The two main distribution centres cover about 92,000 km² in France and 64,000 km² in northwest Spain (Galicia) and north Portugal.","The species has been reported with certainty from 14 departments in south and southwest France, but it is currently known only in 12 of these. Only in four departments it is not uncommon. In Iberia, flourishing populations are known in Galicia and north Portugal. In the rest of the western half of the Iberian Peninsula it is known from scattered and often isolated localities were it is found in low numbers. Macromia splendens is often difficult to find and is fairly rare. However, new findings (Chelmick 2006, Cordero Rivera 2000, Malkmus 2002, French INVOD inventory 2007) show that it is considerably less rare than previously believed.","It is found in streams and rivers at the slowly or nearly standing parts, even when induced by hydroelectric dams. Hydroelectric dams can support good populations when they are elongated and look like large rivers. The species is very scarcely reproducing in completely standing waterbodies.","Water pollution, drought and introduction of non-indigenous crayfish (J.-L. Dommanget pers. comm. 2008). The dramatic droughts of which Iberia now suffers repeatedly, that convert river barrage in lake-like habitats, will inevitably lead to the reduction of many populations in this area in the next decade. In addition, the introduction of exotic crayfish in the Tarn river in France led apparently to a significant decrease of the Macromia population during the last decade and this will probably continue in the future (J.-L. Dommanget pers. comm. 2008). Places where the species occurs are often favoured by tourists for swimming. A general degradation of water quality is noted almost everywhere throughout the species' range.",Necessary conservation measures include the control of water pollution and use by humans and the prevention of the introduction of non-indigenous crayfish. Establishments of nature reserves are recommended.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,COENAGRIONIDAE,Nehalennia,speciosa,,Nehalennia speciosa,,,No,NT,,No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT). EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable - VU B2ab(ii,iii,iv)Nehalennia speciosa has shown a strong and continuing decline in Europe. Although it disappeared from much of its European range and became isolated in many regions it still has a large range in northeast Europe. There are numerous populations in the eastern range of its distribution, for example in Russia, and the species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened at European level.In the European member states, it is estimated that the species has undergone a decline of around 30 % in the number of populations and sites, but most of this decline took place longer than 10 years ago and it is not suspected that this decline will continue in the next decade at such a high rate. The species is found at less than 1,000 very small sites in Europe and it is therefore assumed that the AOO is <2,000 km². The sites are severely fragmented and there is a noted decline in area of occupancy, area of habitat and the number of sites. For this reason the species is assessed as Vulnerable for the European member states.",Decreasing,"Nehalennia speciosa has a wide, partly fragmented, range from west Europe over northern Asia to Japan. The westernmost records are from Belgium and the Netherlands while in the north the species occurs to the southern parts of Sweden and Finland. Its southern limits are found in north Italy, Austria, Czech Republic, northern Romania and western and northern Ukraine. There are two old records known from the south of Ukraine: Crimea and Kherson (the latter seems to be doubtful) (Bernard and Wildermut 2005). The species has severely declined and went extinct in the Netherlands (last record 1912), Belgium (1960), Luxembourg (1960), Romania (1953), Slovakia (1960), and France (19th century). In most of the countries with recent records the species has declined and in several countries only isolated populations remain, e.g. Italy with five populations (T. Fiorenza and I. Pecile pers comm.) and Denmark with two populations.",At many localities suitable habitat is often of limited size and less than a few hectars large. The species however occurs often in high numbers and many populations count several hundreds to several thousand individuals.,"Nehalennia speciosa occurs in pools, bogs, fens and marshes and is most often found in shallow borders of acidic, nutrient-poor water bodies and wet depressions of bogs and fens. The habitat is largely unshaded but almost always lies in woodland of, in most cases, Pine (Pinus) or Spruce (Picea). The species is confined to specifically structured vegetation with uniform growth of narrow-leaved plants spaced densely enough to provide protection, but loosely enough to allow free movement. Slender Sedge (Carex lasiocarpa) and Bog-sedge (C. limosa) form at most European locations the dominant vegetation. Other plants, which can form a dominant part of the vegetation, include Beaked Sedge (C. rostrata), Tufted Sedge (C. elata), Purple Moor-grass (Molinia caerulea) and Water Horsetail (Equisetum fluviatile). A crucial factor for the species microhabitat is the low depth of the water. This allows the water to warm up fast, favouring a fast development of the larvae, and makes the habitat unsuitable for predators like fish. N. speciosa is one of the few European dragonfly species that still mainly occur at primary (not altered by humans) habitats.",At many European localities the species went extinct due to habitat destruction caused by drainage and land reclamation. From the 1960s onwards pollution by nitrate became a dominant factor in the decline of the species. This resulted in the alteration of the vegetation due to which the needed vegetation structure disappeared. Pollution by nitrate is still an important factor but seems to have become less intensive. A relatively new factor is prolonged spells of hot and dry weather resulting in the desiccation of the habitats. Local threats are degradation of habitats by livestock and tourism.,"The species has a very specific habitat choice and a limited dispersal ability. Many of the remaining European localities are isolated and local extinction at these places will be definite. Actions to be undertaken for this species are:- Mapping the distribution of the remaining populations by checking all suitable locations. - Eliminating direct local threats like impact by livestock and tourism.- Downgrading the local impact of pollution by nitrate and desiccation. This can be done by creating forest surrounding the locality, which will shield areas from pollution by nitrate from adjacent farmland (but mind the impact on the hydrology).There is little experience with creating suitable habitat for this species. Given the specific habitat choice this is probably not easy. However a recent experiment with this in Niedersachsen in 2005 resulted in successful reproduction in 2008 (Clausnitzer 2009) showing that it is possible to create new habitats for the species. In areas where there are only small and isolated populations left, experiments like the one mentioned for Niedersachsen are needed in order to find ways to secure populations in the long term.This species is severely threatened in large parts of its northern European range and should be legally protected at European and national level where not in place already.",,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,GOMPHIDAE,Onychogomphus,costae,,Onychogomphus costae,,,No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v); C1",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN). EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN). Onychogomphus costae is an endemic Ibero-Maghrebian species. In Europe it has been recorded from 21 streams (presently 17) in Spain and Portugal. Flourishing populations are now scarce in Spain (at most two from a total of 18 recent records). Many other populations have either declined or are only incidental records, or are already extinct due to pollution, excessive water use, lowering of groundwater tables and subsequent drying up of rivers.There is now little or no genetic exchange between the Iberian and Maghrebian populations, and in addition the Spanish populations seem rather sedentary. Based on the quality of habitat a strong decline of over 30% is likely in a period of ten years due to the increased pressure on river systems. The species fits Endangered based on its fragmented distribution and its area of occupany being less than 500 km².",Decreasing,"Onychogomphus costae is an endemic Ibero-Maghrebian species. In Europe its EOO extends presently over 250,000km2 although its AOO is much smaller as it is known from only 23 localities in Spain and south Portugal. Eight populations are presently considered extinct.",The species is most often found in low numers but can be locally abundant.,"Its preferred habitat are larger, slowly flowing waters in a hot environment. In North Africa, it is found in naturally salted waters up to 4g of sodium chloride (NaCl) and calcium sulphate (CaSO4).","The main threats are use of water by humans (drainage, over-irrigation, pollution, etc.), stream management, dam construction, and drought due to ongoing climate change.","Conservation of natural dynamics of running waters, control of pollution, conservation of natural structure of streams and rivers, are necessary conservation measures.",,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,GOMPHIDAE,Onychogomphus,forcipatus,albotibialis,Onychogomphus forcipatus albotibialis,,"Onychogomphus forcipatus is a taxon which includes three well differentiated taxa traditionally regarded as subspecies : the nominotypical one, Onychogomphus forcipatus forcipatus (Linnaeus, 1758), a West Mediterranean endemic, Onychogomphus forcipatus unguiculatus (Vander Linden, 1823) and an Asiatic endemic, Onychogomphus forcipatus albotibialis Schmidt, 1954. They show a structural differentiation, do not overlap significantly and don't seem to produce intermediate or hybrid populations in their contact areas. Hence, they all appear to merit a full species rank, but genetic analysis should bring confirmation before definitive conclusion. All are widespread in their respective range. These three major taxa will be assessed separately here.",No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT). EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT). In Europe, Onychogomphus (f.) albotibialis is restricted to some East Aegean Islands and to Cyprus. There, it is still widespread and fairly common, although the use of water by humans is more and more problematic in relation to current rainfall deficit and climate change. The species would meet the Near Threatened status, but immigration from nearby Turkey is expected to reinforce local populations. However this will not help when suitable habitat ceases to exist. The taxon is therefore assessed as Near Threatened.",Decreasing,"Onychogomphus (f.) albotibialis is an Asiatic taxon widespread mostly over the whole of Anatolia, Iran and south Turkmenistan. European localities occur in the Greek and Turkish East Aegean islands as well as in Cyprus, all these countries constituting the western limit of the taxon.",Onychogomphus (f.) albotibialis is common throughout its European range.,"In its European range, Onychogomphus (f.) albotibialis reproduces in running waters, but in Turkey it is known to reproduce also in large lakes","Stream desiccation due to over-irrigation, construction of dams, rainfall deficit and climate change as well as water pollution are the main threats for this taxon.",Control of water use and pollution are needed to maintain the European populations of Onychogomphus (f.) albotibialis.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,GOMPHIDAE,Onychogomphus,forcipatus,forcipatus,Onychogomphus forcipatus forcipatus,,"Onychogomphus forcipatus (Linnaeus, 1758) is a collective taxon which includes three well differentiated taxa traditionally regarded as subspecies : the nominotypical one, Onychogomphus forcipatus forcipatus (Linnaeus, 1758), a West Mediterranean endemic, Onychogomphus forcipatus unguiculatus (Vander Linden, 1823) and an Asiatic endemic, Onychogomphus forcipatus albotibialis Schmidt, 1954. They show a definite structural differentiation, don't overlap significantly and don't seem to produce intermediate or hybrid populations in their contact areas. Hence, they all appear to merit a full species rank, but genetic analysis should bring confirmation before definitive conclusion. All are widespread in their respective range. These three major taxa will be assessed separately here.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Onychogomphus f. forcipatus is widespread and common despite the increasing pressure on river systems in Europe and is assessed as Least Concern.,Stable,Onychogomphus f. forcipatus ranges from the west and north of Europe to the south of the Balkans and western Siberia. It is missing from the northern half of Scandinavia. The populations from Sicily are clearly disjunct from the main range.,Onychogomphus f. forcipatus is common throughout Europe and occurs generally in medium to high densities.,Onychogomphus (f.) forcipatus is found mostly in unshaded rivers and streams. It is rarely found at large well oxygenated lakes and river backwaters.,"The main threat is posed by habitat modifications such as construction of dams, pollution and gravel mining in the main river bed.",No specific action on European scale is needed.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,GOMPHIDAE,Onychogomphus,forcipatus,unguiculatus,Onychogomphus forcipatus unguiculatus,,"Onychogomphus forcipatus is a taxon which includes three well differentiated taxa traditionally regarded as subspecies : the nominotypical one, Onychogomphus forcipatus forcipatus (Linnaeus, 1758), a West Mediterranean endemic, Onychogomphus forcipatus unguiculatus (Vander Linden, 1823) and an Asiatic endemic, Onychogomphus forcipatus albotibialis Schmidt, 1954. They show a structural differentiation, do not overlap significantly and don't seem to produce intermediate or hybrid populations in their contact areas. Hence, they all appear to merit a full species rank, but genetic analysis should bring confirmation before definitive conclusion. All are widespread in their respective range. These three major taxa will be assessed separately here.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Onychogomphus forcipatus unguiculatus extends over the whole West Mediterranean, except Islands. It is widespread and fairly common, although the use of water by humans is more and more problematic in relation to current rainfall deficit and climate change. The species is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Onychogomphus forcipatus unguiculatus is a West Mediterranean endemic which ranges from South West Europe to the Maghreb. It is lacking from the Mediterranean islands, although it extends over almost the whole mainland Italy (except the ultimate NE), it is surprisingly replaced by Onychogomphus f. forcipatus in Sicily.",Onychogomphus forcipatus unguiculatus is common throughout its range.,Onychogomphus (f.) unguiculatus is found mostly in unshaded rivers and streams. It is rarely found at large well oxygenated lakes and river backwaters.,Onychogomphus forcipatus unguiculatus is presently not threatened at the European scale.,There is no need for specific conservation measures.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,GOMPHIDAE,Onychogomphus,uncatus,,Onychogomphus uncatus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). In its main range, Onychogomphus uncatus is widespread and there is no evidence of decline. Therefore, the species is assessed as Least Concern at the European scale.",Stable,"Onychogomphus uncatus is an Atlanto-West Mediterranean endemic which ranges from southwest Europe to the Maghreb. It is lacking from most Mediterranean islands, except Sicily. Additional disjunct but flourishing and long-lasting populations occurred formerly on the Rhine river on the Switzerland/Germany border. There it is almost extinct as the species was not found since 1991 in spite of thorough fieldwork (last record 1991 in Germany, 1979 in Switzerland) (Sternberg and Buchwald 2000, Wildermuth et al. 2005, Hunger et al. 2006). Isolated records from Belgium (1975, 1979), Vaud province in Switzerland and Doubs Department in France refer only to vagrant individuals.",Onychogomphus uncatus is fairly common in most of the region.,Onychogomphus uncatus is typically found in fast-flowing streams with a preference for partially shaded environments.,The main threats are stream desiccation and pollution due to climate change and human activities and the elimination of the riparian vegetation resulting in the destruction of bank structure.,No measures on European scale are needed. This species would benefit from a better regulation of water use for agriculture and urban needs and from conservation of riparian forests.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,GOMPHIDAE,Ophiogomphus,cecilia,,Ophiogomphus cecilia,,"In the east of its range it is replaced by O. obscurus, which is sometimes regarded to be a subspecies of O. cecilia.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). The species has a wide range, is fairly common and does not show a decline at the moment. The species is assessed as being of Least Concern.",Stable,"Ophiogomphus cecilia occurs from west Europe east to lake Baikal. The species is widespread in Central and northeast Europe but is scarce to moderately represented in western parts of its range. Old records from the Iberian Peninsula are recognized as incorrect (Ferreira et al. 2006). The species has declined strongly during the first three-quarters of the last century in parts of its range and became extinct in several regions. In west and south Europe it is limited to the Loire basin in France, the Po river in Italy and scattered populations in the Balkan Peninsula. Since the 1990s, the species has shown an increase in at least the Netherlands and Germany, in both countries it became rare in the last century. This increase is probably a result of an increased water quality and a more natural management of river systems.",The species is fairly common in most of its European range. The densities vary strongly from site to site but it is frequently locally abundant.,The adults are found in running waters that are at least partly unshaded. It is found in rivers and brooks in the lowland with a sandy bottom. The species is largely absent from stony mountain brooks or rivers with a strong current or in muddy rivers.,"There are no serious threats to the species in the core of its range at present. Most of the decline in the last century was probably due to water pollution and large-scale channelisation of rivers and brooks. In the south, the species is presently threatened by increased use of river water for irrigation (for example in the Po floodplain) and canalisation of water courses which causes high fluctuations of water levels and seasonal drying. In some river systems waves caused by large boats might lead to an increased mortality of emerging adults.",No specific conservation measures are needed on a European scale; the species is already protected under the EU Habitats Directive (Annex II). Local measures should be applied for those populations that are under threat.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Orthetrum,albistylum,,Orthetrum albistylum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). O. albistylum has a fairly large European range and is found in habitats which are not under threat. In recent decades it expanded its range northwards. The species is therefore assessed as Least Concern.,Increasing,"Orthetrum albistylum ranges from western Europe eastwards to Japan and mainly occupies the warmer parts of the temperate region of Europe and Asia. The species is reasonably widespread in eastern Europe where it occurs northwards to central Poland but has a small range in west Europe where it is largely confined to the southern two-thirds of France and northern Italy.The northern distribution within Europe seems to be determined to a large extent by the summer temperatures. An expansion of its range most probably due to the increased summer temperatures was noted in Switzerland, Poland and the German states of Baden-Württemberg and Bayern (Buczyński et al. 2002, Hunger et al. 2006, Monnerat 2005, Weihrauch et al. 2003).",The species has a patchy distribution but is generally not uncommon within its European range. The populations are frequently large.,"The species is mostly found in largely unshaded, warm standing or slow-flowing waters. It frequently occurs at man-made waters like channels, quarries and ponds. The species is also often found at marshes, pools and oxbows in river systems.",The species does not face any major threats.,The ecology of this species is still not well understood and more research is needed. No further conservation measures are needed at the moment.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Orthetrum,brunneum,,Orthetrum brunneum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Orthetrum brunneum is generally common in southern Europe and there are no reasons to assume that it is declining. The species is less abundant in Central Europe and has expanded its range northwards in the last two decades and this process is continuing. It inhabits a wide variety of habitats and in addition its pioneer behaviour allows it to rapidly colonize man-made aquatic habitats. It is assessed as Least Concern.,Increasing,"Orthetrum brunneum ranges from western Europe and the Maghreb to Central Asia and northeast China (Jödicke et al. 1997). It is common and widespread in large parts of southern Europe. It is scarcer in Central Europe but has in recent years expanded its range northwards up to Lithuania and Latvia (Bernard and Ivinskis 2004, Kalņinš 2008).",This species is generally abundant in Mediterranean Europe. It is less abundant in Central Europe where its occurrence is naturally variable in the aspects of extent and abundance.,"The species is found at sunny brooks, slow-flowing rivers, and ditches, seepages and spring areas, pools, and gravel pits. It is mostly found at sites in early successional stages. It behaves as a pioneer species, which appears promptly at new, often man-made, habitats and often disappears as soon as the vegetation gets higher.",There are no major threats to this species at present. The species benefits from climate change and newly created habitats in the north of its range but may decline in parts of its southern range due to desiccation of streams.,No specific actions are needed for this species.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Orthetrum,cancellatum,,Orthetrum cancellatum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Orthetrum cancellatum is common and widespread across Europe and is not under any specific threat.,Stable,Orthetrum cancellatum is a widespread European species which occurs eastwards over central Asia to the northern parts of China. It is found all over the European continent including the Mediterranean islands but is absent from the north of Britain and the northern half of Fennoscandia.,This is one of the most common European species and frequently occurs in large populations.,The species is found in largely unshaded standing or slow-flowing waters.,The species is not under threat.,No specific actions are needed.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Orthetrum,chrysostigma,,Orthetrum chrysostigma,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 assessment: Least Concern (LC). Orthertrum chrysostigma has a relatively small European range but it is common and not under pressure.,Stable,"Orthertrum chrysostigma is a very widespread and common species on the African continent and in Arabia. It is common in the Levant and from there reaches the southern coast of Turkey, Cyprus and the Greek Islands of Rhodes, Lesbos and Crete (two records only). In West Europe it is found in parts of Portugal and Spain where it reaches north as far as the Ebro delta. The species is likely to benefit from climate change and should be expected to colonise the south of France, Sicily and Sardinia.",The species has a limited range in Europe but is often common when found.,The species is found at both running and standing waters with a strong preference for those which are sunny and shallow.,None at present.,No conservation actions are required.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Orthetrum,coerulescens,,Orthetrum coerulescens,,"Two subspecies of O. coerulescens are currently recognised: O. c. anceps (North Africa, Sardinia, the southern Balkans, southern Ukraine, and the Middle East) and O. c. coerulescens (northern, western and Central Europe). Males with intermediate characteristics were recorded in the Mediterranean region, Hungary and in the Balkans, where the two subspecies overlap (Askew 2004, Mauersberger 1994).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Orthetrum coerulescens is widespread and locally abundant in Europe, with no evidence of decline. Therefore, the species is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,Orthetrum coerulescens is a largely western Palaearctic species which is widespread in Europe and the Maghreb and extends to northwest India in the east (Mauersberger 1994) and southern Fennoscandia in the north. It is largely absent from the Baltic states and countries east of Poland.,The species is widespread within its range and often abundant.,"The species is mostly found at largely unshaded, permanent, small, moderately overgrown, running waters like brooks, runnels or ditches. It inhabits also standing waters, springs, seepages near pools or heathland. The habitat preferences seem to vary across its range, for example, lakes in the north, peat bogs in the west, and intermittent rivers in the Mediterranean.","This species is currently not under threat, but is impacted by the increased demand for irrigation or drinking water. Groundwater extraction can lead to a decrease of the amount of seepage water. In the south and partly in the centre of its range the species is affected by climate change due to the desiccation of brooks and runnels. The abandonment of traditional use of ditches such as mowing and cleaning, leads to the species decline.",The species does not require specific conservation actions at the moment. It is however one of several species inhabiting running waters that may be impacted in the long term by climate change and the increasing demand for water.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Orthetrum,nitidinerve,,Orthetrum nitidinerve,,,No,VU,A2c+3c; C1,No,VU,A2c+3c; C1,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU). EU 27 assessment: Vulnerable (VU). The species is presumed to have increased in North Africa but records seem to indicate that it declined in the European part of its range. This can partially be explained by a lack of recent data from some regions (Sicily for instance). More research on its present distribution, population size and habitat is needed. It is inferred that this decline has been 30% or more in the last decade. The species is rare in Europe and might show a continuing decline in the next decades. Based on the number of populations presently known (less than 25) the number of mature individuals is probably less than 10,000, therefore the species is assessed as Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"Orthetrum nitidinerve is endemic to the Maghreb and southwest Europe. The species seems to be most common in the Maghreb, while in Europe it is found in Sicily, Sardinia, near Naples (Italy), Portugal and Spain with the exception of the more humid northwest (Boudot et al. 2009). Relatively few records from 1980 onwards are known for its European range suggesting that the species has declined.",The species is rare in the European part of its range and only small numbers are seen.,The species is found in standing but mostly flowing waters in rather arid areas. All records of O. nitidinerve from Tunisia presented by Jödicke et al. (2000) refer to running waters.,"Regulation of rivers, water extraction and water pollution are the main threats to this species.","Information on habitat, distribution and trends is scant. Therefore, fieldwork is needed to clarify the distribution and habitat requirements of this species.",,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Orthetrum,sabina,,Orthetrum sabina,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 assessment: Least Concern (LC). Orthertrum sabina has a very wide global range and only marginally occurs in Europe (Cyprus, Kos, Samos, Rhodos). In total, less than 20 European localities are known. It occupies a broad range of habitats and there is no indication that it may be declining and the species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe.",Stable,"Orthertrum sabina is a very widespread and common oriental species, whose range extends to Australia and China. The westernmost populations are found in the Maghreb and along the Turkish Mediterranean coast. Its European distribution is limited to Cyprus and the Greek islands of Samos, Kos and Rhodos where less than 20 localities are known.","The species is common and often abundant at the Turkish coast. Most European records (Cyprus, Kos, Samos and Rhodos) pertain to less than 10 individuals.","The species inhabits all kind of unshaded standing and slow-flowing waters. It is found at channels, runnels, ponds and easily inhabits man made waters like ditches.",The habitat of the species is not under any specific threat.,None needed at present.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Orthetrum,taeniolatum,,Orthetrum taeniolatum,,"This small Orthetrum is mainly Asian in distribution and is replaced in Africa by its sister taxon Orthetrum kollmannspergeri Buchholz, 1959. All North African records of O. taeniolatum therefore need re-examination (Dumont & Veschuren 2005).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 assessment: Least Concern (LC). Orthertrum taeniolatum is mainly an Asian species which just reaches Europe and occurs on the islands of Cyprus, Rhodos and Lesbos. The species is fairly common on these islands and there are no specific threats to its habitat. The species is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Orthetrum taeniolatum is found in the Indian peninsula and Southwest Asia. It extends from the Indian subcontinent to the Middle East and reaches the Mediterranean coast in Israel, Lebanon, Syria, southern Turkey, and some Greek islands. Records south of Jordan and Israel need re-examination as these might belong to Orthetrum kollmannspergeri (Clausnitzer and Dijkstra 2005, Dumont and Verschuren 2005). In Europe it is confined to Cyprus and the Greek islands of Rhodos and Lesbos (Boudot et al. 2009, Lopau and Adena 2002). The species might benefit from climate change.","The species is generally common within its range. It is fairly common on the three European islands of Cyprus, Rhodos and Lesbos.",O. taeniolatum is found at unshaded standing and slow-flowing waters.,The species is not under any specific threat.,No conservation measures are needed.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Orthetrum,trinacria,,Orthetrum trinacria,,"Populations from south Iraq and Kuwait have been ascribed to a poorly differentiated subspecies, Orthetrum t. igarashii Asahina, 1973, of which the taxonomic status needs clarification.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 assessment: Least Concern (LC). Orthetrum trinacria is fairly common in Sicily, Sardinia, Malta, Pantelleria and parts of the southern half of Portugal and Spain. Its habitats are not under specific threat and it might benefit from climate change. The species is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Orthetrum trinacria is a common and widespread Afrotropical species which extends north up to the Ebro Valley in Spain and to the Middle East (Boudot et al. 2009). Records from Turkey have never been confirmed and are considered doubtful. In Europe, the species is known from the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta and the Italian island of Pantelleria. Although now not uncommon in the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula the first record only dates back to 1983 (Belle 1984). This makes it likely that the species has shown an increase in the last decades. The only European record in the east of the Mediterranean is old (prior to 1929) and comes from Rhodos. The species is likely to benefit from climate change.",Within its European range the species is fairly common but seldom abundant.,The species is found in standing waters such as large lakes.,The species is not under any specific threat.,No specific action for this species is needed.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,CORDULIIDAE,Oxygastra,curtisii,,Oxygastra curtisii,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT). EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT). The species is nearly endemic to Europe where it is fairly common in large parts of the Iberian Peninsula and France. However it might show a continuing decline due to the pressure on its habitat, (large scale water quality degradation and stream structure transformations), global warming and subsequent frequent summer drought and desiccation of streams. The species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (approaching criteria A3bc).",Stable,"Oxygastra curtsii is largely confined to southwestern Europe. The species is very rare in North Africa, occurring in Morocco in three localities only. Its European EOO exceeds 1 million km² and over 1,500 localities have been recorded and its total AOO exceeds most likely 2,000 km². Its main area of distribution is found in the Iberian Peninsula and France. In Italy it is known from only 20 streams and lakes and records from only three localities have been published since 1990 but this is most likely due to the lack of surveys. The species has declined in the northern margin of its range and has been lost from the UK and the Netherlands, although it probably has always been very rare in these countries. In Germany and Luxembourg it remains confined to only one river at the border between these two countries.","In Europe, this species is very rare in Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland and uncommon in Italy, northeastern and eastern France, rather common to common in the southwestern half and the Mediterranean fringe of France (Grand and Boudot 2006). The species is scattered with a rather low density over the whole Iberian Peninsula, but is much more present in the west than previously believed. It is Regionally Extinct in the United Kingdom (last recorded in 1957) and the Netherlands (1982).","The species reproduces in slow flowing streams and by exception in standing waters such as lakes, pools and ponds.","A general decrease is to be expected almost anywhere in the future (but much less in a large part of the southwestern half of France and western Iberia than elsewhere, due to both mountainous features and a lower agricultural pressure), owing to extensive water quality degradation and large scale stream transformations (alteration of structure and functioning, including canal construction), removal of trees bordering the streams (Salix, Alnus), global warming and subsequent frequent summer droughts and stream drying up.","This species is listed in Annexes II and IV of the EU Habitats Directive and in Appendix II of the Bern Convention. Control of water pollution, conservation of ""natural"" stream structure, riverine Alnus and Salix are required. For Germany a conservation action plan has been published (Ott et al. 2007).",,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Pantala,flavescens,,Pantala flavescens,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA). EU 27 assessment: Not Applicable (NA). Pantala flavescens is a vagrant to Europe although it is likely that it might establish itself over the next decades. At the moment it is considered as Not Applicable for Europe.,Unknown,"Pantala flavescens is a well-known circumtropical migrant which is common in Australia, Asia, Africa and North and South America. The species is remarkably rare in North Africa and Europe. It probably reproduces regularly in the Levant and maybe also in Cyprus and Turkey. Within Europe, records have been published from Montenegro (Ober 2008), the Greek island Rhodos (Laister 2005) the European part of Turkey (Hacet and Aktaç 2004, 2006) and mainland Greece. The species has been mentioned from France and Spain; which is probably based on a misinterpretation of French literature by Jurzitza (1967). Records from Britain are either dubious or refer to ship-assisted specimens. There are presently no indications that it reproduces within Europe but it is not unlikely that it will increase in the next decades and will become indigenous for the European fauna.",Only a handfull of individuals have been recorded in Europe. The species is however common and extremely abundant in most of its range outside of Europe.,The species is found in all kinds of standing waters.,Not applicable.,Not applicable.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,GOMPHIDAE,Paragomphus,genei,,Paragomphus genei,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Paragomphus genei is an African species which reaches the south of Europe only, but is locally abundant where it occurs. In the recent years the knowledge on distribution has increased in Sardinia and in the south west of the Iberian Peninsula. No threats are presently known and therefore the species is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"The African Paragomphus genei shows only scattered localities in southern Europe and its European records are limited to southwest Iberia, Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily and the south of Calabria in mainland Italy.","The African species is restricted to south Europe, where it can be locally common.","The species is found at standing waters, both small (e.g. cattle ponds) and large lakes, and running waters like permanent rivers and intermittent rivers with residual pools.",Habitat destruction due to pollution and desiccation due to water extraction are the main threats.,"Recommended conservation measures are the preservation of water quality and control of water use for agriculture and urbanized areas. The maintenance of cattle ponds even if they are not used for agricultural purposes anymore, would benefit the species.",,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,PLATYCNEMIDIDAE,Platycnemis,acutipennis,,Platycnemis acutipennis,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Platycnemis acutipennis is assessed as Least Concern on the European scale due to its abundance.,Stable,"Platycnemis acutipennis is an Atlanto West Mediterranean endemic which is known from Iberia and France only, where it is generally common.",The species is common and occurs often in large populations.,Platycnemis acutipennis occurs mainly in low to fairly fast running waters but may be also found in standing waters in large amounts.,The species is common and is not threatened in spite of its restricted range.,No specific measures are needed for this species.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,PLATYCNEMIDIDAE,Platycnemis,latipes,,Platycnemis latipes,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Platycnemis latipes is assessed as Least Concern on the European scale due to its abundance.,Stable,"Platycnemis latipes is an Atlanto West Mediterranean endemic which is known from Iberia and France only, where it is generally common.",The species is common and occurs often in large populations.,Platycnemis latipes occurs mainly in low to moderately fast running waters in lowlands and hilly areas. It is rarely met in standing waters.,The species is common and is not threatened in spite of its restricted range.,No specific measures are needed for this species.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,PLATYCNEMIDIDAE,Platycnemis,pennipes,,Platycnemis pennipes,,"Parts of the Balkan populations are refered to the subspecies Platycnemis pennipes nitidula (Brullé 1832). It has a very narrow range and seems to hybridize with the nominotypical subspecies so that its precise range is still unclear. Both taxa are assessed together here, although some peoples regard them to distinct species due to their structural differences.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). P. pennipes sensu lato is widespread and common throughout most of Europe. Due to its adaptability it is assessed as Least Concern. However it is necessary to pay a special attention to the subspecies P. p. nitidula, which has a restricted distribution in the Balkans and is suceptible to decrease in the near future due to climate change and related rainfall deficit.",Stable,"Platycnemis pennipes ranges from West Europe (excluding the whole Iberian Peninsula, except for the north of the Spanish province Catalonia) to Siberia and Anatolia. It is missing in the northern part of Fennoscandia. The subspecies P. p. nitidula is restricted to parts of the Balkans (Adriatic islands and coast from Montenegro to Greece, Peloponnese, Cyclades Islands).",P. p. pennipes and P. p. nitudula are widespread and common throughout their range.,"A very ubiquist and opportunist species which is met anywhere in lowlands and rarely in the mountains, on almost any kind of standing and flowing waters if they are not too torrential: floodplains, oxbows, streams, rivers, fishponds, abandoned gravel pits, etc. It does not colonize acid peat bogs.","P. pennipes sensu lato is a very adaptable species and is frequently the last species which disappears from areas with very intensive agriculture. It is not under any threat at present. However, the restricted range of P. p. nitidula, makes it more susceptible to threats such as climate change and rainfall deficit.","No specific conservation measures are needed for P. p. penipes. With respect to P. p. nitidula, control of water use is needed in the Mediterranean area.",,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,PLATYCNEMIDIDAE,Platycnemis,subdilatata,,Platycnemis subdilatata,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA). EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA). Platycnemis subdilatata is only a vagrant species in Europe, where only one adult was recorded. It is assessed as Not Applicable.",Unknown,Platycnemis subdilatata is a Maghrebian endemic which was recorded once in the Canary Islands (Kalkman and Smit 2002) as a single male probably brought by African storm winds (passive vagrancy).,"No reproducing population has been identified in Europe, although one adult has been recorded in the Canary Islands.","In Africa, Platycnemis subdilatata reproduces successfully mostly in permanent running waters.",No resident population is known in Europe.,None.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,COENAGRIONIDAE,Pyrrhosoma,elisabethae,,Pyrrhosoma elisabethae,,Until recently this species was regarded as subspecies of Pyrrhosoma nymphula. Kalkman & Lopau (2006) illustrated the differences between the two taxa and confirmed that they should be treated as valid species.,Yes,CR,"A4c;B2ab(ii,iii)",No,CR,"A4c; B2ab(ii,iii)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR). EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR). P. elisabethae is known from less than 10 locations, several of which are confirmed to have become extinct or are only based on old records (more than 20 years old). All locations are confined to the Greek island of Kérkira, Peloponnese and northwest Greece and southern Albania (area of occupancy is less than 10 km²). The population is split into three main areas that are fragmented. Habitat requirements are poorly known but up to date it was found in the immediate vicinity of well-vegetated streams. Such habitats are heavily influenced by the climatic changes and development of tourism and human settlements. It is clear that this is one of the most threatened damselfly species in Europe.The species meets the threshold requirements for Critically Endangered under criterion B. It is also projected that the population is likely to decline by 30-50% over the next 10 years (VU A4c).",Decreasing,"Pyrrhosoma elisabethae is endemic to the southern Balkans. It is known from eight localities from Peloponnese, Kérkira and southern Albania (Kalkman and Lopau 2006) and from one record in northwest Greece (Muranyi 2007).",Most localities have been visited only once or twice and information on the size of the populations is scarce. The limited information suggest that the species occurs in low to very low densities and some of the known populations might have less than a hundred adult individuals per year.,"Information on habitat requirements is poor. The following notes on the habitat are available:- Corfu: a ditch and along a slow flowing river in the coastal plains- Peloponnese: brooklets with clear, cool water and rich vegetation and a well-vegetated brook Based on this and on some pictures of the habitat it can be concluded that the species mainly occurs in brooks and sometimes in rivers with abundant aquatic vegetation. It is likely that the species cannot survive in habitats that fall dry during hot summers. It is not clear if the species can reproduce in standing waters.","The management of brooks in Albania and Greece is very poor. The natural situation of brooks is, in many cases, destroyed for irrigation purposes and concrete channels often replace brooks. Further threats are water pollution and too intensive management (e.g. the clearing of all riparian vegetation). In recent years climate change has become one of the main threats and during recent hot and dry summers several brooks in Greece where found to be dry. Information on this for the sites where the species occurs is lacking, it is however likely that at least some of its populations were affected by the dry periods. Two known populations were visited in 2007: one population was found extinct and at the other site the habitat was degraded and only one male was found.","This is one of the most threatened European dragonflies and conservation actions are needed immediately. First action to be undertaken is to visit all known localities to establish if the species survives, to gather detailed information on its habitat and to map local threats. Based on this information locations can be selected where the species might occur for further fieldwork. For the known populations a species action plan needs to be created. This needs to be done on population level and in close co-operation with local authorities and landowners. It is mandatory that several of the locations should be included in nature reserves.",,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,COENAGRIONIDAE,Pyrrhosoma,nymphula,,Pyrrhosoma nymphula,,"No valid subspecies is known, as P. elysabethae match definitely the full species rank (Kalkman & Lopau, 2006)",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Pyrrhosoma nymphula is a common species in most of Europe and there are no indications for a decline. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.,Stable,Pyrrhosoma nymphula is a western Palaearctic species that is widespread over a large part of Europe. It is absent from northernmost Fennoscandia and from most of the Mediterranean islands. The species is getting less common to the east of its range and is absent from parts of European Russia and most of the eastern Ukraine. To the southeast it extends to the Caucasus and the north of Iran. In North Africa it is only found in the north of Morocco.,This species is in large parts of Europe one of the most common damselflies and occurs frequently in large populations.,"In most of Europe the species is found both in standing and slow flowing waters. In eastern and northern Europe, the species is less common in standing waters and mostly reproduces at running waters. In most cases habitats have rich aquatic vegetation. The species is mostly absent from temporary habitats.","The species is not threatened in most of its European range. In the Mediterranean it might be impacted by climate change and combined with general habitat degradation, this might locally lead to extinction.",The species is not considered threatened and no specific conservation actions are required.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Selysiothemis,nigra,,Selysiothemis nigra,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 assessment: Least Concern (LC). Selysiothemis nigra is a very mobile species which is adapted to colonise new, ephemeral waters. The species has a limited range in Europe and is generally scarce, therefore it is assessed as Least Concern.",Increasing,"The main area of distribution of Selysiothemis nigra is found in Central Asia, the Middle East and the Mediterranean. Its European distribution is almost completely confined to the coastal areas of the Mediterranean. The only exceptions are records from the Black Sea coast of Bulgaria and two records from the Black Sea coast of the Ukraine. The species is known from all European Mediterranean countries with the exception of France and Slovenia. It has however a very scattered distribution being rare in many countries although it seems slightly more abundant along the east coast of Spain, on Sicily and especially in Croatia. Northernmost records are now from the extreme north of Spain (at no more than 25 km south of the French border), to the north of Italy, the east of Bulgaria, Ukraine and the southwest of the Ural.",The species has a scattered distribution in the European part of its range and is scarce in many areas. However it can be locally very abundant.,"In Europe S. nigra seems to be mostly confined to coastal, shallow standing waters that are unshaded and often brackish. S. nigra is a strong migrant and probably has a short larval phase which allows it to reproduce in ephemeral water bodies.",In Europe S. nigra is dependent on coastal wetlands. Development for tourism is therefore a threat to the species. The species is adapted to reproduce in ephemeral water bodies and will therefore be less impacted by climate change than other species.,Coastal wetland areas are under threat in the Mediterranean due to all kinds of infrastructure developments of which tourism is one of the most important. Limiting the amount of infrastructure developments in coastal areas and designating protected areas is needed for species dependent on these habitats.Data on the population size is scant in Europe and fieldwork is needed. Information on habitat requirements are largely absent and no information on trends is available.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,CORDULIIDAE,Somatochlora,alpestris,,Somatochlora alpestris,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Somatochlora alpestris is a habitat specialist, in the south of its range occurring in small populations. The species is widespread and common in parts of Fennoscandia and probably Russia with no indication of decline and therefore assessed as Least Concern. The isolated populations in Central Europe face some threats and should receive national attention.",Unknown,"Somatochlora alpestris is a typical boreoalpine species showing a fragmented area extending from eastern France to northern Fennoscandia, Siberia and northern Japan. Populations in Central Europe are confined to mountain ranges above 600 m a.s.l. only and are disconnected from the populations of Fennoscandia, northwest Russia and Siberia, which occurs down to sea level. The species is scattered throughout the Alps as well as in the Central European mountains ranging from the Vosges in France to the Harz in Germany and to the Carpathians in southwest Ukraine.","Adults of S. alpestris are easily overlooked and the total number which can be observed in a locality does not reflect the total number of exuviae which can be found during the emergence period. Based on exuviae, the population sizes are varying from one locality to another and are dependent on the micro-habitats that fit larvae requirement. The species is fairly common in the Alps and Fennoscandia, but occurs in small isolated populations in the rest of Central Europe.",S. alpestris favours small water bodies in Sphagnum bogs and transition mires. It also occurs in peat excavations. Adults show great sensitivity to summer weather conditions and are decimated by summer snowfalls exceeding 3 - 4 days. The species is tolerant to deep freezing and desiccation.,"In the northern part of its range, S. alpestris does not face any threats. In the southern part of its range, the species is threatened at lower altitudes. The pollution and destruction of peat bogs, peaty swamps and moorlands due to livestock excrements with eutrophication and trampling is a strong threat in the mountains of Central Europe. Tourism development may destroy some localities in the Alpine region. In addition, the natural succession of peaty habitats to dry lands may lead to the extinction of the species. Therefore, the abandonment of artisanal small scale peat extraction activities lead to peat bog closure in favour of ""dry"" heath, grasslands and forests. Climate change can reinforce this process.","No conservation measures are needed for the northern part of its range. In the south of its range, the protection of breeding habitats is needed and locally habitats should be preserved from access by livestock. The creation of water holes and small excavations in Sphagnum peat bogs is likely to create favourable micro habitats for this species and should be recommended whenever peat bogs become dry through natural succession or abnormal drought periods.",,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,CORDULIIDAE,Somatochlora,arctica,,Somatochlora arctica,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Somatochlora artica is widespread over West, Central and Northern Europe and is found in a wide range of altitudes. In the south it is confined to mountain regions as isolated lowland localities so that its range is fragmented there. The species is common, widespread and not threatened in large parts of northern Europe. Therefore the species is assessed as Least Concern on EU27 and European scale. However in Central and South Europe the species is scarce to rare occuring in isolated and often small populations. Here habitat loss due to climate change could lead to a rapid decline and the species is therefore of regional conservation concern.",Unknown,"It ranges from southwest France, Ireland and Scotland to North Japan. Somatochlora arctica is common in Fennoscandia and the Alps but is scarce to rare in other parts of Central and Eastern Europe. It occurs in some isolated areas in southwest Bulgaria and the Pyrenees.",The species is often difficult to find as the habitats may look unsuitable for dragonflies. Populations of adults of S. arctica are mostly small to medium large.,"S. arctica favours Sphagnum peat bogs and transition mires where the larvae are found at places with a very small amount of open water. These situations can be found at depressions, water holes, margins of small pools, peat excavations, moorlands and tundra. In its southern range it has a preference for higher altitudes.","No threats are present in the Fennoscandian and northern Russian part of its range. However, the species is threatened in Central and southern Europe. The destruction of peat bogs due to access by livestock, industrial peat extraction, forests and peaty waterbody management are a threat in lowlands and low elevation mountains and probably led to the destruction of habitats in the past. More recently, desiccation of several habitats has been reported under the influence of climate change (Ott 2006). Natural succession of the vegetation can lead to the reduction of available habitats.","No measures are needed in the Fennoscandian and northern Russian part of its range. The protection of breeding habitats is needed throughout Central Europe and habitats should be preserved from access by livestock. The creation of water holes and small excavations in Sphagnum peat bogs is likely to create favourable micro-habitats for this species and should be recommended whenever peat bogs become dry. In several EU member states it is Red Listed (e.g., Germany: CR; Austria: VU; Poland: VU; Denmark: CR).",,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,CORDULIIDAE,Somatochlora,borisi,,Somatochlora borisi,,"Marinov & Seidenbusch (2007) place this taxon in a new monotypic genus, Corduliochlora. We refrain from using Corduliochlora as long as no overall phylogenetic study of the Corduliidae has been undertaken.",Yes,VU,C1+2a(i),No,VU,C1+2a(i),EU27,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU). EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU). Currently there are no threats from traditional human activities in the area. However, future intensification of agriculture and of conifer plantations in connection to the extension of the European Union represent notable threats for the next 10 years. In addition, current climate warming with increased frequency, length and intensity of drought periods constitute a very strong threat for the species. The adult population size is probably less than 10,000 adults, and a decrease of 10% is expected during the next 10 years, due to more modern economic development, forest management and climate warming. Thus this species is listed as Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"Somatochlora borisi is a recently discovered species. Based on current knowledge of the species (Marinov 2001, Grebe et al. 2005, Boudot et al. 2004, Lopau 2005, Fleck et al. 2007) it is a strict endemic of the eastern Balkans occurring in the area that crosses the borders of Greece, Bulgaria and Turkey. All 17 known inhabited stream systems fall within a 13,750 km² area within both the Eastern Rhodopes and the northern and southern foot-slopes of the Istranca range, the latter being an eastern continuity of the Rhodopes range. This area has a hot and humid climate and has much forest cover, which is used both for wood production and traditional extensive rearing of goats and sheep. A number of valleys, when not planted with conifers, are well preserved and have a great entomological and botanical richness.","Seventeen stream systems are presently known to be inhabited by this species. Based on exuviae collections, counting and extrapolation during and after emergence of adults, the species seems relatively abundant in some places (100-500), and relatively reduced in others (less than 50). A rough extrapolation estimates less than 10,000 adults per year.","The main habitat are forest rivers at places with low current and below 300 m above sea level. Larvae are able to survive the drought summer period in disconnected residual pools in river beds. However, the species does not reproduce in standing water.","Most of the forest areas where this species occurs are currently extensively used for traditional rearing of goats and sheep, which result in a number of clearing areas. However, intensive conifer plantations have been grown in the past and such monospecific forest areas seem to be unfavourable for S. borisi. Monospecific plantations of Robinia pseudacacia are now developed on abandoned agricultural fields, which may reduce the availability of maturation and foraging areas. Additional conifer plantations, water pollution and stream drying in relation to global warming and abnormal summer drought may be a threat for this species in the future. As early as end July 2008, Greek localities visited showed only disconnected residual pools with no flowing water at all. With drought periods increasing in intensity, length and frequency, the species is at risk of extinction.","Necessary conservation actions are the control of water pollution, removal of conifer plantations and restoration of deciduous forests combined with the creation or maintenance of non-wooded sunny areas, particularly in the bottom of valleys. Conservation of clear riparian forests, traditionally induced by extensive rearing of goats and sheep, is required, as well as conservation of riverine trees. Two rivers inhabited by this species are included in the Greek national Dadia Protected Area buffer zone.",,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,CORDULIIDAE,Somatochlora,flavomaculata,,Somatochlora flavomaculata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). No immediate threat is evident on the European scale and the species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. In the south, increased frequency, intensity and length of drought periods are expected in the future so the species might be more threatened in parts of its range.",Stable,Somatochlora flavomaculata extends from France and southern Fennoscandia to Siberia and Mongolia. In the south only scattered populations are recorded from Italy and the Balkans.,"S. flavomaculata is fairly common in Fennoscandia and northeast Europe and is scattered in the western and southern parts of its range. It occurs locally in large populations, however southern and western populations are frequently small. Since the 1980s an increase in abundance has been observed in the north and in the east.","The species generally prefers peaty water bodies with abundant vegetation. It occurs in fens, wet meadows, ponds, ditches, and edges of Sphagnum peat bogs. It is rarely found in slow-running waters.","There are no major threats to this species in northern and eastern part of its range where populations are increasing. In western and southern Europe the species is much more scarce and declined strongly in the 1960s to 1980s due to intensive land use (e.g. drainage). This decline seems to have stopped and recently an increase has been noted in part of this range. Increased drought periods related to climate change may lead to the drying up of additional marshes and to the extinction of several southern populations in the future. In Fennoscandia, climate change might favour this species development.","In most part of its range no conservation measures are needed at present. In some member states, the species is included in national Red Lists (Germany: EN; Austria: EN). Therefore, local conservation measures such as restoration of marshy areas are recommended.",,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,CORDULIIDAE,Somatochlora,graeseri,,Somatochlora graeseri,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD). EU 27 regional assessment (not present): Not Evaluated (NE). Somatochlora graeseri is reputed to occur in a large part of the Ural on both the Asiatic and European side. Its range is isolated from its main range in Eastern Asia by a large gap and migration between these two areas is not likely. Detailed information on its abundance and its habitat choice in the Ural is lacking and therefore the species is assessed as Data Deficient although the species is likely not to be threatened.,Unknown,"Somatochlora graeseri is a Siberian species extending from North Japan to the western border of central Siberia and shows a relict disjunct area over the whole Ural range (Yanybaeva 1999a, Kosterin 2005, Yanybaeva et al. 2006).",Somatochlora graeseri is said to be abundant in the Bashkirian Nature Reserve and has been recorded in the Balaya River headwaters as well (both in the Bashkortostan Republic). No precise information has been published about this species within the European part of the Ural Mountains.,"In the south Ural, Somatochlora graeseri inhabits oxbows in the forest zone but seems to be absent from lakes.",Somatochlora graeseri is probably not threatened in the Ural Mountains.,The species occurs in the Bashkirian Nature Reserve. No specific conservation measures are recommended at the moment. However more information on distribution and habitat is needed.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,CORDULIIDAE,Somatochlora,meridionalis,,Somatochlora meridionalis,,"There is some debate over whether Somatochlora meridionalis is a valid species or only a subspecies of S. metallica. In this assessment, both taxa will be treated as full species. Some old records dealing with S. metallica in the Balkans may refer to S. meridionalis.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). S. meridionalis has the center of its distribution in the Balkans, where it is locally fairly common. It is found in running water which is often deeply shaded with sunny places. Exact data on population size, trends and area of occupancy (AOO) are lacking but it is clear that its preferred habitat is impacted by climatic changes and human activities. In September 2003 and July 2008, several known localities were either dry or reduced to pools in river beds without any running water (J.P. Boudot, pers. obs.). However, as it has a relatively wide range in southeast Europe, it is presently assessed as Least Concern, with the caveat that the species is a likely candidate for Near Threatened with more data on range and threats. A reassessment should be carried out when more data is available.It is important to resolve problems with literature data from the Balkans, as all old records referring to S. metallica may refer to S. meridionalis.",Unknown,"Somatochlora meridionalis occurs in southeast Europe, Italy, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Czech Republic and some scatterred localities in Asian Turkey. Southeast France is the westernmost limit of its range and its type locality is in Italy. Its distribution in the Balkans is not yet clear due to confusion with S. metallica (Boudot et al. 2009, Wildermuth 2008).",The species can be locally common.,This species is mostly found in shaded running waters and occasionally reproduces in standing waters.,"Habitat destruction due to over-irrigation, rainfall deficit, forest fires, human settlement are the main threats to the species. Increased drought and drying up of brooks as a result of climate change is already a threat, as the species has its main range in the Mediterranean countries.",Control of water use for agriculture and urbanized areas and prevention from water pollution are necessary conservation measures.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,CORDULIIDAE,Somatochlora,metallica,,Somatochlora metallica,,"There is some debate over whether Somatochlora meridionalis is a valid species or only a subspecies of S. metallica. In this assessment, both taxa will be treated as full species. Some old records dealing with S. metallica in the Balkans may be indeed S. meridionalis.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). S. metallica is widespread and often common in northern and eastern Europe. It is not threatened on European scale and is assessed as Least Concern.,Stable,"Somatochlora metallica ranges from northeast Spain and France to northern Fennoscandia and central Siberia. In the south of its range the species is restricted to mountain lakes in some countries of former Yugoslavia, west Bulgaria and Romania. Two old records from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Albania may refer to Somatochlora meridionalis and have to be checked.It is important to resolve problems with literature data from the Balkans, as all old records referring to S. metallica may be indeed S. meridionalis.",The species is common throughout most of northern Europe where the populations are often large. It is rare in southern Europe where it is mostly confined to mountains.,"It occurs in standing and flowing waters, avoiding fast currents.",There are no specific threats to this species on European scale. Habitat destruction and desiccation due to climate change may lead to a decrease in its southernmost localities.,None needed for this species.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,CORDULIIDAE,Somatochlora,sahlbergi,,Somatochlora sahlbergi,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD). EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD). There is not enough information available on population trend, size or its distribution and therefore the species is classified Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Somatochlora sahlbergi is a northern holarctic species, distributed from the extreme north of Norway, Sweden, and Finland to the Russian Far East, including Kamchatka, and to Alaska. More to the south, the species is known from five disjunct localities within a mountain area (800 - 2,000 m) ranging from the Altaï Mountains to the southwest of east Siberia. Most localities fall within the so-called ""treeline area"": tundra and mountain birch or dwarf pine forest above the Taiga.","In Europe, Somatochlora sahlbergi is one of the most elusive Odonata, as its range corresponds to the most cloudy and rainy area of Fennoscandia and northwest Russia. It has been scarcely observed, less than 25 records of single specimens or small populations are available. Larvae have been found in the Kevo area in several peaty pools showing more than 50 cm water depth and bordered with sedges according to Butler (1992). This kind of habitat is omnipresent in the subarctic birch belt and the tundra, so that the species is probably more widespread than believed, although not common.","In Europe, Somatochlora sahlbergi reproduces north of 67° N only. It favours both peaty pools with emergent vegetation of sedges, Myrica gale, and pools in Sphagnum peat bogs, within the tundra and the open stunted subarctic mountain birch forest belt (Betula pubescens tortuosa). It is often found in areas with permafrost. Little is otherwise known about its ecology.","A part of the European area of the species is under the influence of the atmospheric pollution issued from Russian industry at the north Kola Peninsula (acid deposition and heavy metals). As not much information is available about this species, it is not sure whether this poses a threat. It is also not clear how climate change would affect the species.",More research on population numbers and range and the biology and ecology as well as possible threats is needed. Appropriate conservation measures should be applied thereafter.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LESTIDAE,Sympecma,fusca,,Sympecma fusca,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Sympecma fusca is a wide-ranging and abundant species showing no indications of decline. The species is assessed as Least Concern.,Stable,Sympecma fusca is largely confined to the Western Palaearctic and more than half of its area of distribution lies in Europe. The species is widespread and regionally common in southern and central Europe. S. fusca is expanding its range northwards in the Netherlands and Sweden since the 1990s. The species is almost absent from European Russia. Its distribution in Belarus is poorly known.,The species is generally common in its range and is often abundant. In some countries such as Hungary it is one of the most common damselflies.,"Sympecma fusca occurs at standing or slow-flowing waters with abundant vegetation and the presence of dead, floating plants in spring. The latter must have a soft tissue as they are used for oviposition. A wide variety of habitats are used, such as bogs, marshes, large lakes and gravel pits. The species mates and lays eggs in early spring, emerges in summer and hibernates as adult. This has consequences for the preferred habitat. The habitat needs to have a warm local climate allowing the adult to be active already in the period from February to April. Larvae need to develop fast in a period of only several weeks to three months and thus need relatively warm water with a high abundance of prey allowing a fast growth. After emergence the adults need place to feed after which they disperse to their wintering site. The wintering site is often at several kilometres distance from the reproduction site. Wintering often takes place in dead herbs or grasses of half a meter to a meter high near or in open forest.","For unclear reasons the species showed a decline in at least the northwestern part of its range in the 1960s and 1970s. In the 1980s the species had become rare in large parts of Central and western Europe and was deemed threatened on several national Red Lists such as those of Germany, The Netherlands and Belgium. Since then, the species has shown a strong increase and presently it is not believed to be under threat in any of the European states. At the moment there are no threats which are specifically impacting on this species.",Currently no specific actions are needed.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LESTIDAE,Sympecma,paedisca,,Sympecma paedisca,,"This species is known under different names, which were, until recently, frequently used. Jödicke (1997) showed that the name S. paedisca has priority over the names annulata, braueri and striata. The latter three names are still sometimes used for subspecies occurring in the southeast of its range. These subspecies are largely based on the reduced dark pattern on the thorax. This character is however merely correlated with the hot climate of Central Asia where specimens become gradually paler over a large area. Due to this it is not possible to distinguish clearly definable subspecies and the subspecies should be considered invalid.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Sympecma paedisca is not common in a large part of East Europe and there are no indications for a decline. In the Netherlands and northern Germany, the species has declined severely in the 20th century, this decline has however largely ceased and locally the species is increasing again. In the Alps, the species has declined and is probably still declining. Without measurements taken in this region it is likely the species will be lost from some parts of this area. The species is assessed as Least Concern but conservation measures are needed in the west of its range to prevent local extinction.",Decreasing,"Sympecma paedisca has a huge range occurring from western Europe to Japan. Most of its range lies in the temperate zone and the species is largely lacking from the boreal region. In Europe the species is rather common and widespread in the northeast only. This area includes northern and eastern Poland, the Baltic States, Belarus, northern Ukraine and Russia. In western Europe, it is limited to a small band running from the Netherlands across northern Germany. The species has a relict distribution in the Alps (in Italy in Piedmont region) and the mountains in the west of the Czech Republic. Sympecma paedisca went through a severe decline in both western Europe and the Alps. Recently it is increasing in the Netherlands, Germany and expanding its range in Finland and probably Sweden.","Sympecma paedisca is widespread and often common in parts of eastern Europe. In the west of its range, it is scarce and localised. The localities where it occurs are, however, often formed by large systems such as lakes or large fenlands. Due to this fact, most populations are relatively large and not seldom the species is found in high numbers.","Sympecma paedisca is found in a remarkably wide variety of habitats. In Europe, it occurs in mesotrophic to moderately eutrophic standing, or seldom slowly flowing, waters. These range from large lakes, fenlands, peat bogs to gravel pits. The habitat always has an abundant bank side and aquatic vegetation. As in S. fusca, the adults hibernate during winter and mate and lay eggs in early spring. Emergence of the larva takes place in the second half of the summer after which most adults leave the vicinity of the reproduction site to hibernate at localities often at several kilometres distance of their larval habitat. Different habitat types can be suitable for wintering as long as there is a vegetation of knee-high herbs or grasses on several sides bordered by higher bushes or trees. The low vegetation is used in autumn for foraging and as hideout in winter whereas the surrounding higher vegetation provides shelter from the wind. In the Netherlands it was noted that the adults prefer relatively dry conditions during winter probably as moisture increases the chances on fungus diseases.","There are no threats known in eastern Europe. As for many dragonflies, habitat destruction played a major role in its decline in West Europe during most of the 20th century. The degradation of habitat quality seems to have become the key factor in its decline in the last decades. Eutrophication resulting in a decrease of the quality and quantity of aquatic and floating vegetation played a role in large parts of West Europe. In the Netherlands and in northern Germany, the abandonment of traditional management might have been a key factor. The ceasing of the extraction of peat and the decrease in land area where reed is mowed, resulted in a dramatic drop of the amount of aquatic and floating vegetation and the increase of woodland in traditionally more open fenland (Ketelaar et al. 2007). At least in the Netherlands the extraction of peat in order to restore the amount of aquatic and floating vegetation resulted in a subsequent increase of S. paedisca.","This species is included on the EU Habitats Directive Annex IV and for this reason it is likely that for many reproduction sites management plans will be made in the near future. Especially for isolated occurrences as found in West Europe and the Alps management plans are needed. In Italy, the distribution of the species is poorly known making it presently impossible for this country to give this species the protection required according the EU legislation. The habitats used by S. paedisca in West Europe for reproduction are almost always of high biodiversity value and often these habitats have a very rich dragonfly fauna. The species is therefore a strong indicator of habitat quality.",,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Sympetrum,danae,,Sympetrum danae,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Sympetrum danae is common and widespread in the northern two-thirds of Europe and its habitat is not threatened. The species is assessed as Least Concern on European level.,Stable,Sympetrum danae is common and widespread in Central and North Europe. The species is largely absent from the southern third of Europe and is there found only at higher elevations (Alps and Pyrenees).,The species is widespread and often abundant in Central and in large parts of northern Europe. In South Europe it is only found in mountain areas where it is fairly common.,"Sympetrum danae is most often found in acidic waters such as bogs, moorlands and acidic lakes. More rarely it is found in drying ponds, ditches, fens, old gravel pits. In the Mediterranean region it is confined to bogs and lakes in mountainous areas.","The species is not under any specific treat. Acidification and nutrification, which impacted many species of bogs and heath lakes have not lead to a decline of this species. In the future breeding habitats in the mountains of the Mediterranean region may be affected by climate change.",No specific actions for this species are needed. Monitoring of this species in isolated southern localities is recommended.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Sympetrum,depressiusculum,,Sympetrum depressiusculum,,,No,VU,A2c+3c+4c,No,VU,A2c+3c+4c,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU). EU 27 assessment: Vulnerable (VU). S. depressiusculum is generally rare, has a patchy distribution and has shown a strong decline throughout most of its European range. It is estimated that this decline has been over 30% in the last ten years and might be over 30% in the next ten years. The species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable on European scale, even if in the near future, agricultural development in Eastern European Countries may lead to a decrease and loss of habitat and the species could mach the Endangered category.",Decreasing,"Sympetrum depressiusculum ranges from Europe to the Pacific coast of Asia. In Japan, it is an invasive species from the Asian mainland. Its European range covers Central, East and Southeast Europe. The species has a patchy distribution and there are large areas within its main range where it is rare to absent. A strong decline has taken place nearly everywhere from the second half of the 20th century onwards. The species is very rare (close to extinction) in Italy and in southern France with the last record from the Camargue dating back to 1987. The only known populations in France are found in the Rhone Valley and it seems to be extinct in the rest of the country. Strong declines and regional extinctions are also known from Austria, Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland.","Sympetrum depressiusculum is scarce throughout its European range and population numbers have dropped in many areas in Europe. In the past the species was locally very abundant. In Belgium, France, Germany, and Italy the number of sites and populations has decreased by more than 50% in the last decade (De Knijf et al. 2006, Deliry et al. 2008, Ott et al. in press). However, in Poland, the species seems to be stable but this is possibly due to a lack of recent data.","The species shows strong regional differences in habitat preferences. The key factor seems to be that it needs unshaded, often shallow and warm waters. Typically they become dry towards the end of the summer until next spring. Those situations can be found at borders of large lakes and in marshes. These kinds of situations are also found in fishponds and rice paddies in South Europe.","Major threats to this species are changes in rice cultivation in southern Europe and fish aquaculture and increasing use of ponds for angling in northern and central Europe, that has led to changes and destruction of its habitat. As a consequence to this habitat loss there is higher larval competition with other dragonflies species and predation by fish.Climate change will probably impact this species but it is difficult to predict if this will be positive or negative.","Considering the relatively low number of strong populations in most countries it is advisable that for each of these the conservation status is determined and, if necessary, management plans are made. Protection of breeding sites is absolutely needed, preventing the intensive use of ponds for angling and through regulation of rice field management. The current agricultural practises at rice fields make them unsuitable for S. depressiusculum. It is however not unlikely that relatively small adaptations in the management of rice fields will increase the biodiversity without decreasing the production of rice. Research in order to see if this applies for S. depressiusculum is needed.",,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Sympetrum,flaveolum,,Sympetrum flaveolum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). The species is common and widespread in Eastern and large parts of Central and Northern Europe. The species is scarce in Southern Europe but there are no indications that it is declining. It is assessed as Least Concern on European scale.,Stable,Sympetrum flaveolum ranges from western Europe to Japan. The species is widespread in Eastern and Central Europe and the southern half of Fennoscandia. In Britain and Ireland the species only occurs as a vagrant. In southern and western Europe the species has a patchy distribution and in the south it is largely limited to mountain areas only occurring in the lowland after invasions from Central and Eastern Europe.,The species is very common in Eastern Europe but numbers fluctuate from year to year in the south and west of its range depending on invasions.,"In Eastern Europe the species is found at all kinds of standing waters. In the west and south of Europe it mainly inhabits shallow unstable waters, such as flooded meadows, swampy depressions or dune lakes that may partially dry up during summer. In the south of its range it is limited to mountain areas.","The species is not threatened in most of North, Central and East Europe. In the west of its range the numbers largely depend on invasions and there are no indications that its preferred habitats are declining. In West Europe the species is regarded as Endangered in several countries. In the south of its range, where it is generally rare, it is limited to mountain areas. Here habitat degradation, for instance due to climate change, is probably affecting the species.","The species does not require action on European scale. The species is probably threatened with extinction in some countries in southern Europe and considered endangered in some western countries (Germany: EN, Switzerland: CR, Austria: CR). Here fieldwork is needed to map the main population so that the regional conservation status can be assessed.",,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Sympetrum,fonscolombii,,Sympetrum fonscolombii,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 assessment: Least Concern (LC). Sympetrum fonscolombii is widespread and common in a large part of Europe and is expanding its range northwards, as it is a strong migrant. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern.",Increasing,"Sympetrum fonscolombii is a widespread and common species found throughout Africa, southern Europe and eastwards to the Indian Subcontinent. The species is common and widespread in the southern half of Europe. The species becomes scarcer towards the north but has expanded its range considerably in the last two decades and is now common in most of Central Europe. The species shows a strong tendency to migrate and has been found northwards as for as Scotland, the Swedish island of Öland and Latvia. It is likely that climate change will facilitate a further northwards expansion in the next years.",The species is common and widespread throughout most of its range and is among the most common dragonflies of southern Europe. It can occur in high densities.,"Sympetrum fonscolombii is found mostly at sunny, often shallow, standing waters (including man-made barrage lakes), it also occurs in running water. The species is in the Mediterranean especially abundant at coastal wetlands and rice fields. Especially in the north of its range it is mostly found at bare, warm and shallow habitats such as quarry lakes, sand pits and newly created ponds.",The species is not threatened.,Not needed.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Sympetrum,meridionale,,Sympetrum meridionale,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 assessment: Least Concern (LC). Sympetrum meridionale has a wide range and in many areas of southern Europe it is a common species. It is showing an increase in Central and Western Europe. The species is assessed as Least Concern on European level.,Increasing,"Sympetrum meridionale occurs from southern Europe and the Maghreb to Central Asia. The species is generally common in the southern third of Europe but is scarce in the Iberian Peninsula. It can be very abundant in some areas, for instance in the Donau delta in the Ukraine and Romania. The species is rare in Central Europe but has shown a strong increase in the last decade and the most northern records are from the German Wadden Islands.","The species is scarce in the north of its range but common and often abundant in the southern half of Europe, except for Iberia.","Sympetrum meridionale favours unshaded, hot and often shallow standing waters which partially or totally dry up during summer. These are mostly well vegetated and marshy. The species is also found in coastal wetlands, on rivers, backwaters and marshes.",The species is not under any specific threat.,No specific measures required at present.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Sympetrum,nigrifemur,,Sympetrum nigrifemur,,It has been discussed whether S. nigrifemur is a subspecies of S. striolatum. But here it is assessed as a valid species.,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 assessment: Least Concern (LC). The species is widespread and flourishing within its range and does not seem to be threatened. Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern.,Decreasing,The species is endemic to the Canary Islands and to Madeira.,The populations are widespread and flourishing on some of those island (Boudot et al. 2009).,It is found mostly in running waters but also occurs in standing waters.,The populations do not seem to be in decline at the moment. Water use for tourism is the main possible threat to this species.,No conservation measures are needed.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Sympetrum,pedemontanum,,Sympetrum pedemontanum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). S. pedemontanum has a fragmented distribution throughout Central and Eastern Europe. It is localised but it can be abundant at breeding sites (e.g., rice fields in the River Po catchments area). The trend of the species varies from region to region with expansion in some areas but strong decreases in large parts of Switzerland (CR)., Germany (EN). and Austria (VU). In these countries it deserves attention. On the whole there is no reason to assume that the species has shown a strong decline in the last decade or to expect one in the next decade. The species is therefore assessed as being of Least Concern on European scale. It needs to be noted that the species requires attention on a regional scale.",Stable,"Sympetrum pedemontanum ranges from Europe through the warmer, non-arid parts of temperate Asia to Japan. In Europe, its main distribution is in Central Europe. The westernmost European records, Galicia in Spain and northwest France and Wales, probably all pertain to vagrants. The westernmost populations are found in Catalonia (Lockwood 2007), the Camargue, Belgium and the Netherlands. The species is found throughout Central and East Europe but it is generally scarce and absent in some regions. The species seems to have decreased in many areas in the second half of the 20th century. The situation since the 1990s is unclear. In some areas like Baden-Württembergs it has shown a strong decrease since 1990 (Hunger et al. 2006) but in other areas such as the Netherlands (Bouwman 2008) it has strongly expanded its range in the last decade.",The species has a patchy distribution in Europe being rare to absent in many areas but common and widespread in others. Populations can be large.,"Sympetrum pedemontanum shows a strong regional variation in habitat preferences. In most cases it seems to be associated with sunny, seepage fed waters, which may explain why it is most frequently found in hilly areas. Many habitats where it occurs become partially inundated in winter and early spring. This can be either along standing or along running waters. In northern Italy, the species is found in this kind of environment in rice fields. Most often the species is found at waters with a high calcium content but this is not a requirement as it can also be found at seepages and runnels at more acid environments such as lakes or bogs. In most of its range S. pedemontanum has a preference for man-made waters like slowly running ditches, channels and complexes of ponds. These are often seepage-fed and have a fair amount of vegetation, which does not get too high or dense as these habitats are cleaned every few years. Other man-made waters that can be occupied are ponds and quarries.","The species is rare in many regions and habitat destruction due to water pollution and developments could regionally lead to extinction. As for the habitat and the trend, the threats for S. pedemontanum probably vary strongly from region to region. In areas where the species is largely dependent on man-made waters an increased intensification of agricultural practise could lead to the loss of habitats. However S. pedemontanum is one of the few uncommon European species which is capable to have sizeable populations in agricultural areas. The abandonment of inundation areas along running waters as grazing areas may regionally lead to a decline of the species as it does not occur in situations where the vegetation becomes to high. In the Mediterranean the changing patterns of temperature and precipitation might become a threat to the species.",The species does not need attention on European scale. Action needs to be undertaken on a regional scale as the trends of the species and its habitat choice vary from region to region. In some regions the species might be threatened by the abandonment of traditional agricultural activities. Here nature organisations could consider taking over this role. In areas were the species is mostly found in man-made waters the focus should be on helping water management organisations and farmers to establish a management protocol for ditches and channels which both facilitates the drainages and the nature value.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Sympetrum,sanguineum,,Sympetrum sanguineum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). The species is common and wide ranging and shows no signs of decline and is assessed as Least Concern.,Stable,Sympetrum sanguineum is found from northwest Africa (Maghreb) and Europe eastwards through western Siberia and Southwest Asia to the northwestern part of Mongolia. The species is widespread in the southern two thirds of Europe but becomes scarce in the arid regions of the Mediterranean and is absent or rare on the Mediterranean islands. The species is absent from the northern three-quarters of Scandinavia.,The species is widespread and common in its range and is one of the most common dragonflies in Central Europe.,S. sanguineum is found in standing or rarely in slow-flowing waters with a rich aquatic and bank side vegetation. It is most often found in marshy vegetation along lakes and ponds.,The species is not under any specific threat.,Specific conservation measurements are not needed.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Sympetrum,sinaiticum,,Sympetrum sinaiticum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 assessment: Least Concern (LC). Sympetrum sinaiticum has a relatively small European range, can be found in a broad range of habitats and the species does not seem to decline. Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Sympetrum sinaiticum occurs in North Africa and the Levant. In Europe, the species is confined to east and south Spain where it is regionally common.",The species has a small European range but is reasonably common and locally abundant.,The species is found in both running and standing waters for reproduction. It also occurs in temporary conditions and ditches with running waters. It can be expected that a broad habitat spectrum is occupied by this species. S. sinaiticum aestivates during the summer and can be found far away from wetlands before reproducing in autumn (Jödicke et al. 2000).,"The species is found in a wide variety of habitats and often occupies man-made waters. There are no specific threats to the habitat of this species besides general habitat degradation. The species is probably not strongly impacted by climate change as it is univoltine and aestivates as adult during the hot period of the year. Due to this, larvae are only present in the winter and spring and are not affected by desiccation of the habitat during summer.","The habitats of this species are probably not under any specific threat and specific conservation measures for this species are not needed. The information on the types of habitats used in Spain is limited and it would be useful to have more specific information on habitats, possible threats and trends of this species.",,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Sympetrum,striolatum,,Sympetrum striolatum,,"Sympetrum nigrescens from the atlantic coast of Ireland, Scotland and Norway are considered subspecies as there are no morphological characters separating the species and the differences in colouration in many cases do not alow a certain identification. Molecular work based on COI and ITS2 showed that the genetic distances between these taxa are small and fall in the range of within-species variation (Pilgrim & von Dohlen 2007). There is however no consensus on the status of this taxon.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). Sympetrum striolatum is assessed as Least Concern in Europe as it is widespread, common and its habitats are not threatened.",Stable,Sympetrum striolatum is widespread in Europe and the Maghreb and is found eastwards to east Asia where it is represented by several closely related subspecies which are sometimes regarded as full species. The species is very common in most of Europe but becomes scarcer to the north only reaching the southern third of Scandinavia.,The species is generally common and abundant throughout its European range; it becomes scarcer and more localised in the Baltic States and Fennoscandia.,"Sympetrum striolatum is found in a large range of largely unshaded, standing waters or seldom in slowly running waters. The species is often found in man-made habitats and is one of the first species to colonise new ponds or quarries. It occasionally occurs in running or brackish waters.",The species is not threatened.,Conservation action is not required at present. The taxonomic status of S. nigrescens needs to be resolved.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Sympetrum,vulgatum,,Sympetrum vulgatum,,"In northern Spain, subspecies ibericum occurs, which requires further taxonomic study. Sympetrum decoloratum, which occurs in Asian Turkey and further east is considered to be a valid species, and not a subspecies of S. vulgatum. In eastern Asia several other subspecies have been described.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). The species is not threatened on a European scale, as it is common and widespread in most of its range. The species might be declining in the south due to climate change. The species is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Sympetrum vulgatum has a wide distribution and occurs eastwards to China and Japan. It is a common and widespread species in Central and eastern Europe. The species is largely absent from the southern third of Europe where it is mainly confined to higher elevations (Boudot et al. 2009). In Italy, it is probably the rarest species of Sympetrum (E. Riservato, pers. comm.). The species is in Britain only known from wanderers and is largely absent from the northern third of Fennoscandia. The subspecies S. v. ibericum, which is found in the French Pyrenees and northern Spain, is generally rare.","The species is common and widespread in northern Central and Eastern Europe and frequently occurs in large populations. In the south, the species is rare and easily overlooked between the far higher numbers of S. striolatum and S. meridionale.","The species is found in all kinds of standing, largely unshaded waters. In the Mediterranean region it reaches its southernmost distribution, constrained by climatic factors, and confined to areas of high elevation. Details on the habitat of S. vulgatum ibericum are lacking.","The species is not threatened in most of its range. However, climate change in the Mediterranean region may affect its subspecies S. vulgatum ibericum.","No specific actions are needed for S. vulgatum on a European scale. However, fieldwork and monitoring to establish its conservation status in the Mediterranean and to assess if climate change is impacting on the species is needed. This is especially true for the subspecies S. v. ibericum and work on its taxonomy and habitat requirements is needed.",,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Trithemis,annulata,,Trithemis annulata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 assessment: Least Concern (LC). Trithemis annulata is common in a large part of the Mediterranean and showed a strong expansion northwards. Its habitats are not under any specific threats and the species is therefore assessed as Least Concern.,Increasing,"Trithemis annulata is a wide ranging Afrotropical species that has expanded its range in southwestern Europe rapidly in recent decades. It expanded over the whole of the Iberian Peninsula from 1978 onwards and was found in southwestern France for the first time in 1994 (Ferreras Romero 1981, Grand 1994). It is now regularly recorded from the Garonne estuary to the Rhône delta (Grand and Boudot 2006). The same expansion has been noted in Italy and to a lesser extent in the Balkan Peninsula. Recently the species was found at Fuerteventura, Canary Islands (Boudot et al. 2009). Climate change seems to be the main driver of this expansion.",The species is common within its range and is often abundant. Its populations are increasing all over its European range.,"The species inhabits a wide range of mostly standing and unshaded waters. It favours warm conditions and is often found in ditches, gravel pits and small lakes.",This species is not under any specific threat.,None needed.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Trithemis,arteriosa,,Trithemis arteriosa,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA). EU 27 assessment: Not Applicable (NA). The presence of Trithemis arteriosa in Europe is less than 1% of its global range. It is therefore assessed as Not Applicable.,Unknown,"This species occurs mainly in North Africa, the Levant and Asia. In Europe, this species is only present in Cyprus. A single female of Trithemis arteriosa has been recorded from Malta in 2002 (Ejeber et al. 2008). This record was subsequently questioned (Sciberras 2008), then proved to be erroneous from photographies and not validated (Boudot et al. 2009). There was also one old record from Rhodos which needs to be confirmed.",The only known populations for Europe are in Cyprus.,"At the moment we have no indication that the species is reproducing in Europe, therefore the exact habitat where it is reproducing in Europe is not known.",Not applicable in Europe.,Not applicable in Europe.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Trithemis,festiva,,Trithemis festiva,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 assessment: Least Concern (LC). This species is just at its distribution limit in the East Aegean Islands, where it has been recorded for a long time in Rhodos and Cyprus. No major threats are present. In addition, a regular immigration is possible from Anatolia, so that T. festiva is classified LC.",Stable,"Trithemis festiva is a widespread oriental species which reaches its westernmost limit of distribution on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey, Cyprus and Rhodos, where it is rather common.",The species is common within its east Mediterranean range.,"Trithemis festiva occurs in brooks, small rivers, and standing waters including ponds. It seems to tolerate a slight degradation of its habitat.",The species does not face major threats at the moment. The water and pollution levels should be controlled as streams drying up due to over-irrigation and increased drought periods could lead to a decline in the future.,The use of water and pollution levels should be controlled.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Trithemis,kirbyi,,Trithemis kirbyi,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA). EU 27 assessment: Not Applicable (NA). The species has only recently been found breeding in one Spanish province. This presence is less than 1% of its global range and it is therefore assessed as Not Applicable.,Increasing,"Trithemis kirbyi is widespread in Africa and the Indian Subcontinent and reaches the southern Mediterranean coast. Recently the species has been found in Sardinia in 2003 (Holuša 2008) and in southern Spain in 2008 (Chelmick and Pickess 2008). In the province of Malaga, it was found breeding in 2008 (Cano-Villegas and Conesa Garcia 2009). It is not unlikely that this is a prelude to an expansion of its range to southern Europe as it has happened with other African species like Trithemis annulata and Brachytremis leucosticta.",The species is not uncommon within its range in the Maghreb and often fairly abundant when found. It is likely that the same will be true for Europe if the species proofs to become a stable part of the European fauna.,"The species has only recently been found reproducing within Europe. Outside Europe, the species breeds in open, largely unshaded streams and runnels with a bare, stony or rocky bottom. The species is often found in open, arid landscapes but is also often present near settlements where it breeds in concrete ditches, and drink water basins for cattle and fountains.",No major threats are known.,No conservation measures are needed at the moment.,,,"Kalkman, V.J.",,,
Dragonflies,2010_March,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ODONATA,LIBELLULIDAE,Zygonyx,torridus,,Zygonyx torridus,,,No,VU,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)",No,VU,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU). EU 27 assessment: Vulnarable (VU). There are presently (1980 onwards) not more than 18 localities of Zygonyx torridus in Europe, but the populations are extremely fragmented in two aggregates, one in the Canary Islands and the other one in South Iberia. One more record is available from Sicily. One recently known population is now extinct (Kunz et al. 2006). Both subpopulations may be possibly connected with the small Moroccan population, but no data exists in this respect.In Spain, several populations have been lost within the last 20 years due to water use for tourism and agriculture. Ongoing climate change may result in the loss of more locations in the future. In Portugal, the species could not be confirmed since its first records in 1985, possibly due to lack of field investigation.The Canary Islands and particularly Tenerife and Gran Canaria suffer from drought, which has been reported as early as 1967 due to the depletion of the primary Laurisylva ecosystem. Many wells in Tenerife were already dry in 1967, many streamlets are now almost dry in summer and, as an indicator, moist loving ferns have undergone a severe reduction between 1920 and 1970 (Malmquist et al. 1993). The situation is not better at Gran Canaria, where only three permanent streams subsist, in addition to some permanent summer pools in temporary streams and small springs (Nilsson et al. 1998). A future degradation of the habitat and a future decline of the species is expected.Although the species had been assessed NT in the overall Mediterranean Bassin and in North Africa, it should be regarded as Threatened in its European range (EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)). However, due to its evident mobility a rescue effect from North Africa to the Canary Islands and continental Spain remains possible and therefore its status is downgraded to Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"Zygonyx torridus is a widespread African and oriental species with a range extending in the northwest to the Canary Islands, South Iberia, and Turkey and Iran in the east (Bemmerle 2005, Boudot et al. 2009, Kunz et al. 2006). Its distribution in Europe shows a patchy belt with either aggregated or isolated localities stretching from the Canary Islands to South Spain and Sicily (Italy).","In Europe, the species is rare, localised and sometimes incidental, though occasionally it is locally common. Although there is only one record in Sicily and in Portugal, the species is much more common and well established in the Canary Islands and in some Spanish localities.",Typical habitats of Z. torridus in Europe are waterfalls and rapid stretches of permanent rivers and brooks which are partly shaded in the warmer parts of Europe. This is a very mobile species which may be met as groups of vagrant adults elsewhere than in their true reproducing habitats. This species has a good dispersal ability.,"In Iberia and the Canary Islands, human impacts on the natural freshwater resources are the main threat (Kunz et al. 2006). The destruction of Mediterranean running water systems as a result of human consumption for agriculture, urbanization and tourism increase rapidly. Water pollution, over-irrigation with lowering of the water-table and stream drying up, river damming and spring capture are also key threats. Together with climate change with increased drought periods this may result in the loss of breeding habitat.",A regulation of water use and pollution levels in its distribution range is needed and the present breeding habitats should be preserved.,,,"Boudot, J.-P.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Adenocarpus,anisochilus,,Adenocarpus anisochilus  ,Boiss.,"A. anisochilus is very similar to A. lainzii (which is itself sometimes treated as synonym of A. complicatus subsp. parvifolius) to the extent that Ginés López González (2001) suggests that it should be included as synonymous to it. The Plant List (2016) considers this species to be a subspecies of Adenocarpus complicatus (L.) Gay. However, it is considered as a valid species in Flora Iberica (Castroviejo 1999).",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,,,,Unknown,"This species is endemic to southern Portugal (Castroviejo 1999, A. Carapeto pers. comm. 2016) with an EOO is around 30,000 km2.","The species can be locally abundant, but the population trend is unknown.","This plant is found in oak forests, in the margin of paths and in fresh soils (A. Carapeto pers. comm. 2016). It is found up to 700 m.","The species can be locally affected by quarries and by the expansion of Eucalyptus plantations. However, this species is a good coloniser.","This species is present in protected areas throughout its range. Further research on its distribution, population trend, and taxonomic identity is needed.",The species is not utilized.,"Fraga i Arquimbau, P. & Allen, D.J.","Buira, A., Carapeto, A., García Murillo, P.G. & Monteiro-Henriques, T.",,"García, M.",
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Adenocarpus,desertorum,,Adenocarpus desertorum  ,Castrov.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Unknown,"This species is endemic to Spain and found only near Cáceres, Extremadura in Spain (Castroviejo 1999). The estimated extent of occurrence of this species is 846 km2.","There are four confirmed subpopulations. There are thought to be 28,300 individuals, with 26,800 of those living in a single subpopulation. The largest subpopulation is expanding as it benefits from fire, although the general population trend is unknown. It is assumed here that all the individuals are mature as there are no data available on this.",The species is a shrub up to 3 m tall. It is found on scree and pasture land where other plants have been removed by fire. It has also been found on roadsides. It is found on granitic and acid soils (P. Garcia Murilla pers. comm. 2016). Found at elevations between 390-990 m (Bañares et al. 2008).,"There is potential for the smaller populations of this species to be lost if there is a change in land use as there are thought to be potential installations of windfarms. Climate change modelling shows a shift in suitable habitat away from its present location, that may in the future cause a decline. The species may be affected locally by the management of pastures.","This species is reported as held in a single ex situ collection (BGCI 2016). The species is not found within a protected area. It was listed as Near Threatened in the Atlas y Libro Rojo de la Flora Vascular Amenazada de España (Bañares et al. 2008). In the regional Decree 37/2001 the species is assessed as Endangered. Taxonomic research is needed on the validity of this species, as it is part of the group of Adenocarpus complicatus.",There is no use or trade of this species.,"García Murillo, P.G. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C. & Beech, E.","Buira, A. & Fraga i Arquimbau, P.","García, M.",
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Adenocarpus,foliolosus,,Adenocarpus foliolosus  ,(Aiton) DC.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"This species is endemic to the Canary Islands, where it is found on all islands excluding the eastern islands of Fuerteventura and Lanzarote (Anthos 2016, Gobierno de Canarias 2017). The species occurs between 500 and 1,800 m above sea level. The estimated extent of occurrence of this species is estimated to be c.20,131 km2.","Bramwell and Bramwell (1990) noted that on Gran Canaria, Tenerife and La Gomera islands the species was fairly locally frequent. del-Arco et al. (2009) reported the range of the species (as a component of the Adenocarpus foliolosus -Chamaecytisetum angunstifolii association) on La Gomera to be increasing as a result of expansion in to deforested, burnt and abandoned agricultural areas, where it is widespread.","This is a leguminous shrub of up to 2-4 m. It is found on the borders of pine and laurel forests, and as understory within forests (Bramwell and López 1999), but also in juniper forest and in more open, often previously burnt areas, and in rocky areas, and it is also widespread in abandoned agricultural areas (del-Arco et al. 2009). It is considered a pyrophitic species, with populations able to recover rapidly following fire events (Arévalo et al. 2014), and it is commonly found in repeatedly burnt patches (del-Arco et al. 2009).","Past conversion of forest into pasture led to habitat fragmentation and loss (Guimarães and Olmeda 2008), however the species tolerates fire well and colonises abandoned agricultural areas (del-Arco et al. 2009).",Adenocarpus foliolosus is reported as held in five ex situ collections (BGCI 2015). The species was listed as not threatened in 1984 (Barreno et al. 1984). Laurisilva is listed in Annex 1 of the Habitats Directive as a priority habitat.,"Use of this species used as a forage species for livestock and as a bed for cattle is reported, and medicinal properties have been attributed to it.","Rivers, M.C. & Allen, D.J.","Beech, E.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Adenocarpus,gibbsianus,,Adenocarpus gibbsianus  ,Castrov. & Talavera,"The Plant List (2016) considers this species to be a subspecies of Adenocarpus aureus (as Adenocarpus aureus subsp. gibbsianus (Castrov. & Talavera) Rivas Mart. & Cantó). However, it is considered a valid species in Flora Iberica (Castroviejo 1999) and this authority will be followed for the purposes of this assessment.",Yes,VU,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,VU,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",,,,Decreasing,This species is endemic to the southern coastal areas of Huelva autonomous region in southern Spain (Castroviejo 1999). The species has an extent of occurrence of 466 km2and an area of occupancy is 52 km2.,"There are 11,000 individuals and the subpopulations are divided in two localities. It has problematic germination, recruitment and flowering processes (Bañares et al. 2008). It is estimated that there are around 5,000 mature individuals. The population trend is declining.",The species is found in cork oak and pine forests on stabilised dunes in coastal areas.,"Whilst a part of the population is found within a National Park, another part of the population is found in the industrial areas of Huelva, where it is affected by pollution, and industrial and urban development. It can also be impacted by deforestation in the buffer area of the natural park, and by fires. Based on industrial development, the species is found at ten locations.",Part of the population is found in Doñana National Park. The species was assessed as Critically Endangered (A4ade) in the Spanish Red List (Bañares et al. 2008). The taxonomic status of this species needs to be clarified.,The species is not utilized.,"Fraga i Arquimbau, P. & Allen, D.J.","Buira, A. & García Murillo, P.G.",,"García, M.",
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Adenocarpus,ombriosus,,Adenocarpus ombriosus  ,Ceballos & Ortuno,,Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",,,,Decreasing,"Adenocarpus ombriosus is endemic to the island of El Hierro, the Canary Islands, Spain,where it grows between 500 and 1,400 m asl, distributed in four locations that are located on the north of the island:Montaña de Jináma, El Salvador,Hoya de Arinés and Hoya de Fileba (Mesa Coello and Marrero Gómez 2004). The area of occupancy is between 1-5 km². The subpopulation of Hoya de Arinés was not found in 2007 (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).
","Four subpopulations known with a total of 339 individuals:8 individuals in El Salvador,40 in Jinámar, onein Hoya de Arinés and 290 in Hoya de Fileba. The presence of seedlings in the wild is relatively frequent. However, they tend to be generally low and weak, and often succumb to the summer drought.This leads to very low recruitment dynamics and an extremely slowly growing population (Mesa Coello and Marrero Gómez2004).





These locations were visited in 2007 and 189 individuals were recorded:6 individuals in El Salvador,42 in Jinámar,0 in Hoya de Arinés and 141 in Hoya de Fileba (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).","It forms part of scrublands within communities of ""fayal-brezal""Myrico fayae-Ericetum arboreae, often found in windy areas. Common accompanying species areErica arborea,Micromeria hyssopifolia,Chamaecytisus proliferus,Carlina salicifolia,Sonchus hierrensis,Phyllis nobla,Pericallis murrayi andMyrica faya. It can also grow within replacement communities on crop fields, along with Argyranthemum hierrense,Sideritis ferrensis,Bituminaria bituminosa,Rubus ulmifolius,Artemisia thuscula,Rumex lunaria,Euphorbia lamarkii, and againPericallis murrayi.


It is a hermaphrodite plant that does not present evidence of vegetative reproduction.Experiences of germinationex situ showrelatively highsuccess, of between 38 and53% (Mesa Coello and Marrero Gómez 2004).
","Main threat to this species is grazing. Landslides have been also reported as threats, mainly on Hoya de Fileba and Jinama, as well as droughts (Mesa Coello and Marrero Gómez 2004).","This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species with “Protección Especial” in the national list of species in regime of special protection of Spain and as species ""En peligro de extinción"" in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is listed as EN B2ab(iii,v) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).





Populations of Hoya de Fileba, Montaña de Jinama and El Salvador are included in the Parque Rural de Frontera (SCI). Seeds are stored in the germplasm banks of Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo and Servicio de Biodiversidad de la Viceconsejería de Medio Ambiente.





Plant material from every subpopulation should be stored in germplasm banks. Population reinforcement and predator control measures should be implemented(Mesa Coello and Marrero Gómez 2004).",,"Peraza Zurita, M.D. & Bilz, M.","Mesa Coello, R. & Marrero Gómez, M.V.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Adenocarpus,viscosus,,Adenocarpus viscosus  ,(Willd.) Webb & Berthel.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"Adenocarpus viscosus is endemic to the Canary Islands (Tenerife, La Palma and La Gomera).",A. viscosus is described as one of the dominant shrub species in the Corona Forestal Natural Park and Reserva Especial de las Palomas (Arévalo and Fernandez-Palacios 2005).,"A. viscosus is a shrub species which grows in the subalpine zone and generally more xeric habitats, it is generally found growing in pine forests (Pine canariensis is the dominant species).","Direct destruction of habitats, over-exploitation of resources and invasive species are the three principal past and present threats to the biological diversity of the Canary Islands. The lack of fire had a negative effect on the regeneration of endemic Pinus canariensis because P. radiata dies after fire, whereas P. canariensis is highly resistant. Fire will have a positive effect, eliminating the exotic pine that is not adapted to fire and opening new areas for the establishment of new stands of Canarian pine. The pine forests, for their part, have been able to regenerate thanks to reforestation programmes.","There are no known conservation measures specifically for A. viscosus, but the species is currently known to occur in some protected areas: Teide National Park, Corona Forestal Natural Park and Reserva Especial de las Palomas (Tenerife). Samples of seed of A. viscosus should be collected and stored as an ex situ conservation measure.",The species is not utilised.,"Hilton-Taylor, C.","Contu, S.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,SAXIFRAGALES,CRASSULACEAE,Aeonium,balsamiferum,,Aeonium balsamiferum  ,Webb & Berthel.,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,,,,Stable,"Aeonium balsamiferum is a plant endemic to the Canary Islands, Spain (Reyes Betancort and Carqué Álamo 2004), native to the island of Lanzarote and naturalised in Fuerteventura. It can be found between 200 and 300 m asl, distributed into 13-15 subpopulations, with a total area of occupancy of 17 km2.","Its total population size is estimated in more than 20,000 individuals (Reyes Betancort and Carqué Álamo 2004). Sexual reproduction is poor and the species propagates asexually. Population trend seems to be stable, although predominance of mature individuals could affect the long-term conservation of the species (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).",It appears on rupicolous communities dominated byConvolvulo lopezsocasii-Oleetum cerasiformis orOdontospermo intermedii-Euphorbietum balsamiferae subas.aeonietosum lancerottensis. It can also colonize abandoned fields and walls of artificial stones (Reyes Betancort and Carqué Álamo 2004).,"In the massif of Famara, in Lanzarote, the main threat to this species are landslides (Reyes Betancort and Carqué Álamo 2004). Collection and trampling have been as well reported as threats to the accessible individuals. Other threats are possible works and potential urban development in the area. Low sexual propagation levels limit genetic exchange.","This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed VU D2 in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).





Most of the subpopulations present a good state of conservation (Bañareset al. 2004). Many of them are included in the protected areas Parque Rural de Betancuria (SCI), Monumento Natural del Malpaís de La Arena (SCI), Parque Natural del Archipiélago Chinijo (SCI) and Paisaje Protegido La Geria.





Plant material should be stored in germplasm banks. Research about its flowering and reproductive biology should be developed, as well as about the possible hybridisation phenomena withA. lancerottense. Possible genetic differences between the subpopulations of Lanzarote and those in Fuerteventura should be analysed (Reyes Betancort and Carqué Álamo 2004).",,"Peraza Zurita, M.D. & Bilz, M.","Reyes-Betancort, J.A. & Carqué Álamo, E.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,SAXIFRAGALES,CRASSULACEAE,Aeonium,gomerense,,Aeonium gomerense  ,(Praeger) Praeger,,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",,,,Decreasing,"Aeonium gomerense is endemic to the island of La Gomera, the Canary Islands, Spain (Rodríguez Delgadoet al. 2006). Its presence has been recorded from 600 to 1,100 m asl., in six localities in the central western part of the highest part of the island, between the valleys of Hermigua and San Sebastián. Four subpopulations are native: Cumbre de La Carbonera, Bajo de la Carbonera, Espigón del Negrito and Enchereda; the other two have been introduced: Fuente de la Araña and Lomo de La Horca.Its extent of occurrence is lower than the area of La Gomera, lower than 500 km2, and its area of occupancy has been estimated in 5 km² (O. Rodríguez, A.García Gallo and G. Cruz pers. comm. 2011).
","The number of individuals has been estimated in 4,672 (Rodríguez Delgadoet al. 2006). Decreasing patterns have been observed in some subpopulations (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). The locations are mainly populated by adult individuals and poor regeneration levels have been observed (Bañareset al. 2006). Flowering occurs sporadically and a given individual may not produce flowers during several years. 


In natural populations, though, mortality and development of young individuals are balanced.","A. gomerense is a perennial sub-shrub that grows on rocky habitats on slopes, cliffs and crags, mostly north-facing, within the associationSoncho-Greenovietum diplocyclae (Greenovio-Aeonietea), characterised by the presence of species such asGreenovia diplocycla, Aeonium castellopaivae,A. subplanum, A. viscatum, Monanthes laxifloraand Sonchus gonzalez-padronii (Rodríguez Delgadoet al. 2006). Its ecological optimum are humid monteverde associationsLauro novocanariensis-Perseetum indicae, butin its lower limit of distributionit can also progress along with aggressive thermophile species such asEuphorbia lamarckii, Echium aculeatum, Carlina salicifolia, Micromeria variaand Paronychia canariensis.





Hermaphrodite plant, autogamous and allogamous that can propagate well asexually.","The main threats affecting this species are intensive grazing and competition with exotic species, mainlyOpuntia ficus-indica. Other threats are landslides, collection and phenomena of hybridisation with the native speciesAeonium castello-paivae(Rodríguez Delgadoet al. 2006).","This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed in the Spanish Red List as Vulnerable B1ac(iv)+2ac(iv); D1+2 (Moreno 2008). At regional level it is included as species ""de interés para los ecosistemas canarios"" in the regional catalogue of protected species for the Canary Islands.





All the populations are included in the protected areas Parque Nacional de Garajonay and Parque Natural de Majona, and a recovery programme is being developed at the Parque Nacional de Garajonay. Two locations have been fenced.





Proposed measures in order to ensure the conservation of the species are: The maintenance of theex situ andin situ actions included in the recovery programme of the species, the creation of a plan for the conservation of its habitat and the establishment of fences around the populations in order to protect them against potential herbivorous predators (Rodríguez Delgadoet al. 2006).",The species has been described as good pasture.,"Bilz, M. & Peraza Zurita, M.D.","Rodríguez Delgado, O., García Gallo, A., Cruz Trujillo, G.M., Carqué Álamo, E. & Marrero Gómez, M.V.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Anagyris,latifolia,,Anagyris latifolia  ,Brouss. ex Willd.,,Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv,v); C2a(i)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv,v); C2a(i)",,,,Decreasing,"Anagyris latifolia is endemic to the islands of Tenerife, Gran Canaria, La Gomera and La Palma, the Canary Islands, Spain (Mesaet al. 2004), where it can be found between 150 and 1,300 m asl. In Tenerife, there are about 30 subpopulations distributed in the western midlands and the south of the island, Anaga and an area of the coast of Icod. There are three known populations inLa Gomera, three in La Palma and four in Gran Canaria. Its area of occupancy is more than 10 km² but less than 80 km². Several locations reported in the past have not been found again. Populations remain in retreats on inaccessible rocks and cliffs (Buord and Lesouëf 2006). Regressive trends have been reported for its distribution range, especially in La Palma and Tenerife (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).
","This  plant appears distributed into small populations with a reduced number  of individuals, sometimes one single individual. A progressive dynamic  has been observed in some locations where grazing was stopped, but the  majority of populations exhibit very low to zero recruitment, although  seedlings have been frequently found (Mesa et al. 2004). 





Main populations occur in Tenerife, where 27 subpopulations have been recorded, with a total of 208 individuals. In La Palma, there are three subpopulations, totalling 160 individuals. In La Gomera, three populations are known, totalling nine individuals. In Gran Canaria four subpopulations are known totalling 10 individuals.





The total population is around 387 individuals. Numerous populations that were known in the past are now extinct (Buord and Lesouëf 2006).





The populations count as severely fragmented, as the majority of the known subpopulations correspond to isolated individuals. Apart from that, the populations on Tenerife are very dispersed. Although, the seeds of this plant are dispersed by birds, those birds are moving in a localised and geographically restricted manner, so that a dispersal between populations is unlikely.Urbanisation and agricultural land use in between the populations increases the fragmentation affect.
","A. latifolia is a deciduous shrub of up to 3 m height with yellow flowers (Mesaet al.2004). It is a component of the dry scrub found at low altitudes (Buord and Lesouëf 2006).





Tenerife populations generally develop onsalic materials, from the coast (in the northern side) to 1,300 m asl (on slope facing south), always within thickets ofKleinia neriifoliae-Euphorbietea canariensis, especially in the potential distribution area ofJunipero canariensis-Oleetum cerasiformis or transition scrublands fromJuniperus sp. forest to pine forest (Mesaet al. 2004).In La Gomera it appears withinBrachypodio arbusculae-Juniperetum canariensis; in La Palma it is integrated into communitiesRhamno crenulatae-Juniperetum canariensi and in Gran Canaria it grows withinPistacia lentisci-Oleetum cerasiformis.Frequent accompanying species include:Rubia fruticosa, Olea europaeassp.guanchica, Juniperus turbinatassp.canariensis, Euphorbia obtusifolia, Hypericum canarienseand Kleinia neriifolia.





It blooms from mid-autumn to mid-winter.Fruits ripen from January to March and pulses around April and May, which is also the season from which the leaves begin to be lost.It has been observed that the flowers are pollinated by bees (Apis mellifera).It is suspected that dispersal is carried out by birds, even as large as ravens. Seeds viability can last more than four years.
","Major threats to the species are grazing and the predation by rabbits which eat young plants and seedlings. Competition with native and invasive plants has negative effects on A. latifolia. Some populations grow near roads and areas of urban or agricultural expansion (Mesa et al. 2004).
","Anagyris latifolia is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species ""En peligro de extinción"" in the national catalogue of threatened species and in the regional catalogue of protected species. It is listed as CR B1ab(iii,iv,v) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).





Some populations occur within protected areas. Part of the populations are located in the Reserva Natural Especial Guelguén (SCI), Parque Rural Anaga (SCI), Parque Natural Corona Forestal (SCI), Paisaje  Protegido Siete Lomas, Parque Rural Teno (SCI), Reserva Natural Especial Barranco  del Infierno (SCI) and the Parque Rural Majona (SCI). Seeds are stored in the germplasm banks of the E.T.S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo and Viceconsejería de Medio Ambiente (Mesa et al. 2004).





Proposed measures include population reinforcement actions at the most isolated sites and development of habitat restoration programmes.





Seed collection from isolated shrubs is crucial to maintain a relatively large genetic diversity for future reintroduction needs (Buord and Lesouëf 2006).",,"Marrero Gómez, M.V., Peraza Zurita, M.D. & Bilz, M.","Mesa Coello, R., Marrero Gómez, M.V., Carqué Álamo, E., Oval de la Rosa, J.P., Naranjo Suárez, J., Santana-López, M.I., Alfonso Jiménez, L., Hernández González, A., Rodríguez Martín, B. & Acevedo Rodríguez, A.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Anthyllis,hystrix,,Anthyllis hystrix  ,"(Willk. ex F.Barceló) Cardona, Contandr. & E.Sierra",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"This species is endemic to the island of Menorca, Balearic Islands, Spain, where it is widespread (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007) primarily on the northern coast of the island (Fraga i Arguimbau 2015). Stable trends have been reported for its distribution (Commission of the European Communities 2009).","The population has a high number of individuals (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007), with some subpopulations holding several thousands of individuals. A total population size of over 10,000 individuals with a stable trend, has been reported (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Some northern coastal populations may even be expanding, however inland populations are declining and might be considered threatened (Fraga i Arguimbau 2015).","This small shrub grows in rocky areas, often where exposed to winds. Main populations are in coastal areas, although also found inland. Found from 5 to 200 m asl.","The main potential threats are coastal development, trampling by walkers, horse riding, non-motorised vehicles and motorised vehicles, natural fires and competition with exotic species (Commission of the European Communities 2009). However most of these threats have been controlled through the implementation of two LIFE Nature projects.","This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as Near Threatened in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).





The species has been the focus of two LIFE Nature projects (LIFE2000/NAT/E/7355: Conservación de áreas con flora amenazada en la isla de Menorca (2001-2004); and LIFE07NAT/E/000756: Restauración de hábitats de especies prioritarias en la isla de Menorca (LIFE+ RENEIX, 2009-2013).





Some populations would benefit from specific conservation measures, and the genetic relationship between coastal and inland populations should be investigated (Fraga i Arguimbau 2015). It is present in protected areas throughout its range.",The species is not known to be utilised.,"Buira, A. & Allen, D.J.","Fraga i Arquimbau, P.","Peraza Zurita, M.D.","García, M.",
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,ASTERACEAE,Argyranthemum,winteri,,Argyranthemum winteri  ,(Svent.) Humphries,,Yes,CR,"B2ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B2ab(iii,v)",,,,Decreasing,"Argyranthemum winteri is restricted to the Jandia Peninsula, in the south of Fuerteventura, Canary Islands, Spain. It is found growing between 500 and 800 m asl, distributed into threeknown locations:Crestas de Jandía,Solana del Ciervo andDegollada del Culantrillo.Its area of occupancy is 4 km².  
","A total population of 272 individuals was reported by Scholz(2004): 150 in Crestas de Jandía, 110 in Solana del Ciervo and 12 in Degollada del Culantrillo. The populations have been in serious decline over the past ten years. The subpopulation of Solana del Ciervo has experienced a 90% reduction of its size in this period. About 100 seedlings were observed in June 2002, but have anuncertain future due to trampling by livestock.





In 2006, 510 individuals were recorded:422 in Crestas de Jandía, 76 in Solana del Ciervo and 12 in Degollada del Culantrillo. It is thought that this increasein Crestas de Jandíais dueto improved monitoring methods rather than to population progressive patterns (Gobierno de Canarias 2009), and that the species has experienced strong regression in its population size since the 1980s.









","This shrubgrows on steep slopes with more or less well developed soils, and also on cliffs, but its size remains smaller in these sites (Scholz 2004). It can be found mainly inAndryalo variae-Astericetum sericeicommunity. Frequent accompanying species areNauplius sericeus, Sideritis pumila, Seneciobollei, Maytenus canariensis, Ononis christii, Echium handienseandBupleurumhandiense. 





It looses its leaves in summer as mechanism of adaptation to xerophitic conditions. Fructification and germination present appropriate levels. It can propagate by cuttings.



","Main threat is trampling by livestock, that affects plants directly and fractures the topsoil layers, causing loss of stability and shifting of the slope, which can be exacerbated bywinter rains (Scholz 2004). Nitrogen accumulation leads to the spread of ruderalannual plants that fail to halt erosion.Predationhas been also reported as a threat when there is general shortage of available food, although the shrub is not highlydesired by herbivorous. Drought events also exert impact on the species.






","This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under  Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife  and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as CR B2ab(iii,v) in the Spanish Red List 2008 (Moreno 2008) and included as ""vulnerable"" in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands.





Their populations are included in the protected area ParqueNatural Jandía (SCI) (Scholz 2004). There are seeds stored in the germplasm banks of theJardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo and the E.T.S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Madrid.





Proposed measures include recovery and reenforcement of wild populations, through creation of grazing activities exclusion areas and management of the number of grazing animals in the area. Plant material should be stored in germplasm banks.



",,"Bilz, M. & Peraza Zurita, M.D.","Scholz, S.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,PLUMBAGINALES,PLUMBAGINACEAE,Armeria,berlengensis,,Armeria berlengensis  ,Daveau,,Yes,CR,"B2ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B2ab(iii,v)",,,,Decreasing,"Armeria berlengensis is endemic to the Berlenga archipelago, off the Portuguese coast. It occurs on the islands Berlenga, Estelas and Farilhões (ICN 2006). Its extent of occurrence is smaller than 200 km² and the area of occupancy is smaller than 10 km² as the geographic range for this species has been reported to be 0.95 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The largest of the islands has an area of 1 km².","This plant has once been described as common in almost all of the islands, but significant declines have been measured in some areas (ICN 2006). The subpopulations count as severely fragmented as there is no assumed genetic exchange over the distance of the islands.","This sub-shrub is dispersed along the periphery of the islands. This plant grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 1230 ""Vegetated sea cliffs of the Atlantic and Baltic Coasts"" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).","There are two main threats. First, theovercrowdingofseagulls which leads to eutrophication and the gulls also use this cushion-formed plant to create their nests. Secondly, the expansion of the invasive speciesCarpobrotus edulis andMesembryanthemum crystallinum leads to increased competition. However, the latter seems to be less of a problem nowadays (ICN 2006).",Armeria berlengensis is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is legally protected in Portugal. Control and eradication of invasive species is recommended. The species is frequently being monitored and its localities are inaccessible to humans which provides protection in itself (ICN 2006).,,"Alves, P. & Bilz, M.","Caldas, F.B.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,ASTERACEAE,Artemisia,argentea,,Artemisia argentea  ,L'Hér.,,Yes,VU,C2a(i),Yes,VU,C2a(i),,,,Decreasing,"Artemesia argentea is endemic to the Madeira archipelago (Desertas, Madeira, Porto Santo islands) (Euro+Med 2016). This species occurs in 15-20 locations, and has an estimated extent of occurrence of 3,064 km2 and an estimated area of occupancy of 76 km2. The species occurs between 0 and 300 metres above sea level.","This species is locally common in Porto Santo but not in Madeira. The population numbers in Madeira are in the hundreds. The population is declining in Porto Santo and as this is the largest part of the population, the trend is decreasing.","Artimisia argentea is a small shrub, up to 1 m tall that is found in rocky coastal areas and shrubland connected to dry woodland of Olea and Euphorbia communities. These areas are very dry.","The threat to this species is overgrazing from feral goats and rabbits, especially affecting the Porto Santo subpopulations. It is possibly threatened by over-collection.",There are five known ex situ collections in botanic gardens of this species (BGCI 2016). The species was listed as Vulnerable in the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998). It is found in Natura 2000 sites.,"The species is used as an ornamental. It is also known to have many medicinal properties, as vermifuge, stomachic and for treatment for stroke and as emmenagogue amongst others (L. Ramos and M. Sequeira pers. comm. 2016).","Carapeto, A., Silva, L., Monteiro-Henriques, T., da Silva Menezes de Sequeira, M., Beech, E. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C. & Fernandes, F.","Baeta, O.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,ASTERACEAE,Artemisia,molinieri,,Artemisia molinieri  ,"Quézel, Barbero & R.J.Loisel","This species has sometimes been suspected to be an alien species, although known from nowhere else, or to be an artificial hybrid (Couteaux and Pons 1987), although later rejected by Torrell et al. (1999) without clear justification.",Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)),,,,Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Flassans-sur-Issole, Besse-sur-Issole and Pignane communes in the central Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southern France (Quézel et al. 1966, Le Berre et al. 2017, SILENE 2018). Both the EOO and the AOO are very restricted, measured at 16 km2 using the recommended 2x2 km grid cells and based on available locality data, and the species occurs in five locations (SILENE 2018). The species is thought to occur in five locations; there are some smaller recorded localities, but these are very small (just a few square metres in area) and transient.","There are only six subpopulations and the number of individuals is quite high in only two of them (Lac Redon south of Flassans-sur-Issole, and  Lac de Gavoty southeast of Besse-sur-Issole). The population size and trend fluctuate naturally, sometimes decreasing after long flooding, sometimes becoming extremely dense, sometimes dominant in its biotope since the association becomes monospecific, and even extending to new places (J.-M. Tison pers. comm. 2018). Where the species was discovered during two last decades, the population size seems to be very low, with in 2018 only between one to four individual plants found at each of these secondary locations.",The species is restricted to temporary pools on karst. It is a perennial and amphibious species found in vegetation of tall annuals sometimes covered by deep water during long periods (Corine biotope 22.342: Tall Mediterranean amphibious swards).,"The species is threatened by urbanization, overgrazing and vineyard development, in addition to changes in native vegetation dynamics. The impact of climate change and anthropogenic use on the hydrological regime, and hence on this species, requires further research.","The species was assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)) in the regional assessment (Noble et al. 2015) and as VU in the earlier national Red List for France (UICN France et al. 2012). Two marshes where the species is found are included in Natura 2000 sites following purchase during the ""Temporary Marshes"" LIFE project. The three main subpopulations (99% of the AOO) are protected both by land control and prefectoral order. Regular monitoring, including of population dynamics, are undertaken by the regional conservatory and botanical conservatory. Searches for new sites have been successful in recent times. This species has no specific management requirements but some local impacts needs to be controlled, especially pasture management and water quality supply. Ex situ conservation is in place in the Conservatoire Botanique National Méditerranéen de Porquerolles.





Both the origin and the identity of this species has been questioned. This species has sometimes been suspected to be an alien species, although known from nowhere else, or to be an artificial hybrid (Couteaux and Pons 1987), although later rejected by Torrellet al. (1999) without clear justification. There is no clear evidence on either issue, although the plant have low fertility, almost ruderal, and rather expansive in main subpopulations (J.-M. Tison pers. comm. 2018).",Material under this name is found in the ornamental plant trade.,"Grillas, P. & Allen, D.J.","Catard, A.","Tison, J.-M., Diadema, K. & Grillas, P.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,ASTERACEAE,Atractylis,arbuscula,,Atractylis arbuscula  ,Svent.& Michaelis,"According to Caujapéet al. (2008), this species includes two subspecies: Atractylis arbuscula ssp. arbuscula, and Atractylis arbuscula ssp. schizogynophylla.",Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",,,,Decreasing,"Atractylis arbuscula is endemic to the Canary Islands, Spain, being present in Gran Canaria (Atractylis arbuscula ssp.schizogynophylla) and Lanzarote (Atractylis arbusculassp.arbuscula) (Rodríguez Delgadoet al. 2004). There are three known locations, one in Gran Canaria: Santa María de Guía; and two in Lanzarote: Teguise and Haría. The area of occupancy is 5 km².





Regressive trends have been reported for the distribution of this species since the 1970s (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).
","In Gran Canaria, it hasdisappeared  from elsewhere in the north of the island where it had been collected  or observed in the past, but in the location of Santa María de Guía.The populationsin Lanzarote show slow expansion. The total population is 2,952 individuals, and only 202 individuals were recorded in Gran Canaria (Rodríguez Delgadoet al. 2004).
","In Lanzarote it grows within coastal scrublands, on sandy substrates or sandy-stony ground within the communityChenoleo-Salsoletum vermiculatae (Rodríguez Delgadoet al. 2004). Frequent accompanying species are:Salsola vermiculata, Lycium intricatum, Suaeda ifniensis, Ononis hesperia, Helianthemum canariense, Lavandula pinnata, Kleinia neriifolia, Euphorbia regis-jubaeandCenchrus ciliaris.





 In Gran Canaria, the species grows on slopes and edges of coastal cliffs as part of communities ofAstydamio-Euphorbietum aphyllae. Common accompanying taxa include:Euphorbia aphylla, Astydamia latifolia, Euphorbia balsamifera,Limonium pectinatum, Lycium intricatum,Kleinia neriifoliaand Neochamaelea pulverulenta.





It is a hermaphrodite plant with pollination and dispersal by wind.Flowering occurs mainly in spring, peaking after the rainy season, when many seedlings can be observed, though they present low rates of survival.Fructification is concentrated mainly inMay and July. High germination levels have been identified.","In Lanzarote the populations are affected by urbanisation and tourism, mainly due to construction of residential properties nearby the species locations. It is also affected by landslides and natural competition. In Gran Canaria, threats include changes in land use to agricultural uses andlandslides.
","Atractylis arbuscula is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as EN B2ab(iii,v) in the Spanish Red List 2008 (Moreno 2008). It is included as species ""En peligro de extinción"" in the national and regional catalogues of threatened species.





The species occurs in the protected area Parque Natural Archipiélago Chinijo (SCI). Seeds are stored in the germplasm bank of the Jardín Botánico Canario Viera y Clavijo. Proposed measures include development of population trend monitoring and establishment of moreex situ conservation measures. The population in Gran Canaria requires site protection(Rodríguez Delgadoet al. 2004).",,"Bilz, M. & Peraza Zurita, M.D.","Rodríguez Delgado, O., García Gallo, A. & Cruz Trujillo, G.M.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,CARYOPHYLLALES,CHENOPODIACEAE,Atriplex,lanfrancoi,,Atriplex lanfrancoi  ,(Brullo & Pavone) G.Kadereit & Sukhor.,This species was moved from genus Cremnophyton to Atriplex following Kadereit et al. (2010).,Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v)",,,,Decreasing,This species is restricted to the islands of Malta and Gozo (including Fungus Rock) where it has a fragmented distribution on the western and southern coasts; it is absent from the eastern coasts (Lanfranco 1989a). The extent of occurrence (EOO) 159 km2 and the area of occupancy is 64 km2.,"The total wild population is estimated at several thousands of individuals, but comprehensive surveys have not been undertaken, in part due to the inaccessibility of some coastal cliffs. Whilst recent surveys (Mifsud 2013) have found new populations of this species, a slow continuing decline in population size and in the number of mature individuals is inferred based on habitat loss and other threats. The species has a discontinuous distribution and is considered severely fragmented, which could perhaps be an indication of decline, possibly due to habitat loss caused primarily by cliff collapse; for example, a significant coastal cliff collapse impacted one sub-population (S. Mifsud pers. comm. 2016). Unconfirmed records ofAtriplex mollis (Sommier and Caruana Gatto 1915, Borg 1927) along the San Pawl il-Baħar-Mistra cliffs might refer to this species, however neitherA. mollis nor this specieshave been observed in this area in recent decades (Mifsud 2013). Recruitment in its natural habitat is very low, possibly due to the insect (Eurytoma spp.), as well as an unknown parasitic endophytic fungus, that apparently limits reproductive success. In its natural habitat, this species is also gradually being replaced by invasive alien plants, particularlyAgave americana andOpuntia ficus-indica, O. stricta, and Carpobrotus edulis (Commission of the European Communities 2009).","This is an evergreen, perennial, multi-branched woody shrub grows on sheer seaside cliffs along the southern and southwestern coastal cliffs of mainland Malta and the western and northwestern cliffs of Gozo, including Fungus Rock. Its preferred habitat are the lower parts of steep coralline limestone coastal cliffs (Lanfranco 1989a, Commission of the European Communities 2009), and it is also rarely found along more accessible cliff-top plateaus, but it never extends more than 100 m inland from the cliff edge (Mifsud 2013). It has however been successfully propagated, initially using in vitro micropropagation techniques, inland both in pots and in open ground.





This species has several traits considered ancient in an evolutionary sense, such as an unusual chromosome number (10), and an ecological preference for rock crevice habitats. Like other Maltese endemics, it probably represents a relict element of the old Tertiary flora. The species was originally described in a new monotypic genus, Cremnophyton (Brullo and Pavone 1987) but following genetic analysis, the genus was recently merged into Atriplex (Kadereit et al. 2010). The species had long been confused with Atriplex portulacoides (= Halimione portulacoides), a plant of saline marshlands and dunes (not cliffs) also occurring on the Maltese Islands.","The species' cliff habitat is primarily impacted by ongoing natural sea-cliff erosion processes, as well as by pressure waves from explosions from nearby limestone quarrying; the most recent landslide being in the Hal-Far area in 2010. Dust pollution from quarrying seems to be a minor problem. A number of subpopulations are directly impacted by the dumping of tar and other wastes, a crime difficult to control.





This species has been found to be affected by an endemic gall midge,Asphondylia scopuli (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), which induces fleshy spherical bud galls of about 4-5 mm in diameter in the leaf axils. The larvae are in turn parasitized by two other insects: Mesopolobus melitensis (family Pteromalidae), also endemic to Malta, and a still unidentified species of Eurytoma (family Eurytomidae), probably also endemic (Dorchin et al. 2014). The low sexual reproduction of the plant has been observed to be caused by the Eurytoma sp. that feeds on the seeds. Moreover, all wild plants tested were infected by an as yet unidentified fungus that apparently limits reproductive success (note that plants raised in vitro and consequently free of the fungus are easy to propagate by cuttings).





In its natural habitat, the species is also gradually being replaced by invasive alien plants, particularlyAgave americana and Opuntia ficus-indica.","This species (as Cremnophyton lanfrancoi) was assessed previously as Critically Endangered in 2006 (de Montmollin and Strahm 2005, Lanfranco and Stevens 2016).





Actions in Place


Internationally, this species is listed in Appendix I of the Bern Convention, and since Malta’s EU accession to the European Union in May 2004, in Annex II and IV of the 92/43/EEC Habitats Directive as a priority species.





Within Malta, the species is protected by 92/43 EU Directive Regulations, 2006 (Legal Notice 311/2006 as amended), and included in the national Red Data Book as 'Rare' (Lanfranco 1989b, Stevens 1999). All cliffs on Malta and some cliffs on Gozo are also protected and/or scheduled either as Special Areas of Conservation, Special Protection Areas, Sites of Scientific Importance and/or Areas of Ecological Importance within the Natura 2000 framework. The islet known as Ħaġret il-Ġeneral (Fungus Rock), where this species also occurs, is a Nature Reserve where access is forbidden, except for research purposes.





In situ: The coastal cliffs where this endemic species occurs are now almost all scheduled as Natura 2000 protected sites and are currently under approved management plans by the Environment and Resource Authority of Malta. A recent survey carried out by the Environment Protection Directorate (now part of the Environment Resource Authority) revealed new subpopulations of this species (Mifsud 2013), slightly expanding its actual range. Apart from being monitored periodically for its conservation status, specific actions for protection of this species are under effect, such as permitting for any kind of development or activity regarding the species or/and its habitat.





Ex situ: This species has been propagated by laboratory techniques (in vitro micropropagation)  with great success and is available to local nurseries and gardeners. Such ex situ material is also easily propagated by cuttings.





Actions Needed


The most important action required is the monitoring of the area of occupancy to better understand its conservation status and the enforcement of the current legislation, especially, over illegal dumping, land reclamation and the introduction of alien species particularly on the easily accessible plateau. More research is needed to identify the factors responsible for this species' population decline, ecology, habitat fragmentation and its propagation by seeds. The extension of the existing protected areas should be considered by the competent authority to cover the entire distribution of this species in Gozo.","The species is not widely used except occasional instances as an ornamental, using plants derived directly or indirectly from micropropagated material.","Allen, D.J. & Rivers, M.C.","Mifsud, S., Lanfranco, E. & Stevens, D.T.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Bencomia,brachystachya,,Bencomia brachystachya  ,Svent.,,Yes,CR,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",Yes,CR,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",,,,Decreasing,"


Bencomia brachystachya is endemic to the island of Gran  Canaria, the Canary Islands, Spain (Martín Osorio et al. 2004).


  It is found in two locations on the mountains in La Caldera de Tirajana, between 1,100 and 1,700 m asl at the foot of cliffs and on cliffs in scrub.The area of occupancy of the species has been reported to be three units of 500 x 500 m (0.75 km²), and to be found in two units of 1x1 km. The area of occupancy has been estimated to be between 0.75 and 2 km².",The two fragmented populations have been reported to host 96 individuals showing a decreasing trend (Martín Osorioet al. 2004).,"This species is a woody shrub that grows on rocky and shrubby cliffs with inclinations between 39-90 degrees. It can be found in associations of Chamaecytiso canariae-Adenocarpetum villosi, Greenovio-Aeonietum caespitosi, growing together with species asTeline microphylla, Paronychia canariensis, Echium onosmifolium, Rumex lunaria, Bituminaria bituminosa, Atalanthus pinnatus, Kleinia neriifolia, Todaroa cf. montanaandErysimum bicolor(Martín Osorioet al. 2004).
","Main threats are the modification of hydrographic functioning, grazing and competition with exotic species.



","This species is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as Critically Endangered in the Spanish Red List:  CR B2 ab(iii,iv,v) (Moreno 2008), and as species ""En peligro de extinción"" in the national and regional catalogues of threatened species.








The two known populations are included in the protected area Monumento Natural de los Riscos de Tirajana. The location of Caideros Altos is at the same time included in the area SCI of the same name and its status of conservation is a matter of concern. The location of Barranco de Tunte is outside the limits of this SCI but it shows an acceptable status of conservation.





Seeds of the species are stored in the germplasm bank Banco de Germoplasma del Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo in Gran Canaria, where research about the cultivation and micropropagation of the species is performed. This centre deals as well with the monitoring of the populations of the species.





  Grazing exclusion zones must be designated in order to carry out further population surveillance and monitoring (Martín Osorioet al. 2004).





 
",,"Bilz, M. & Peraza Zurita, M.D.","Martín Osorio, V.E., Wildpret de la Torre, W., Hernández Bolaños, B. & de Rioja Santos, Y.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Bencomia,caudata,,Bencomia caudata  ,(Aiton) Webb & Berthel.,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,,,,Increasing,"This species is considered to be endemic to the Canary Islands, where it is found on the islands of La Palma, Tenerife andGran Canaria (Gobierno de Canarias 2017). In the 19th century the species was reported to be present in Madeira, but this record referred to a cultivated specimen (Press and Short 1994). It occurs from 500 to 1,500 m above sea level (Tosco 2017). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of wild populations has been estimated to exceed 9,600 km2. Its area of occupancy (AOO) has been estimated to be c.335 km2.
","There is little information concerning the population size of this species. It is likely that the reduction of thelaurisilva forest caused by its past exploitation negatively affected the populations this species. Currently, thelaurisilva forest covers only 12.5% of its potential area (Fernández-Palacios 2009). However, in Gran Canaria and locally in other islands, certain recovery patterns can be identified due to the abandonment of farming activities. Although actual number of individuals is uncertain, prospects for the species are positive and the species is frequently identified as locally abundant across its populations.
","This is an evergreen shrub that can reach up to 3-4 m in height. It is found within humid evergreen forests referred to as laurisilva. Since it grows best in sunlight, it can be found along roads, cliffs and canopy openings (Dirección General de Protección de la Naturaleza 2011).","Although the regression of laurisilva forest was likely to have negatively affected this species, current threats to the species include browsing by the herbivorous species Arruí (Barbary sheep; Ammotragus lervia) on the island of La Palma, where it was introduced for hunting.","Bencomia caudata is present in several protected areas. According to BGCI (2017), there are 27 ex situ collections including this species worldwide. The taxon was assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Spain (Moreno 2008, Bañares et al. 2010).





Conservation actions needed would include the implementation of control measures on herbivorous predators. Further research on population status would be also desirable.",This species is used in reforestation and land restoration programmes and as an ornamental plant.,"Marrero-Rodríguez, Á, Naranjo-Suárez, J., Santana-López, M.I., Allen, D.J. & Peraza Zurita, M.D.","Requena Suarez, D.K. & Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Bencomia,exstipulata,,Bencomia exstipulata  ,Svent.,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,,,,Increasing,"Bencomia exstipulata is a plant native to the Canary Islands, Spain. It grows on the mountains of the islands of La Palma and Tenerife at altitudes from 2,000 to 2,100 m asl. (Marrero Gómez et al. 2004). In Tenerife, there is only one single small natural subpopulation in the Teide. Two more natural subpopulations were reported in the past: one of them disappeared and the other one has not been found again. In La Palma there are two natural subpopulations, the one at Tajodeque and one more, recently discovered, in Cabecera del Barranco de Hoyo Verde.





The species has been re-introduced to more locations so the number of confirmed locations is 12. Its area of occupancy has been estimated in 12 km².","The three natural subpopulations include 111 individuals. More individuals have been reintroduced into the wild in the protected areas Parque Nacional de la Caldera de Taburiente and Parque Nacional del Teide    (Marrero Gómez et al. 2004). Total population size was reported to be between 654 (Marrero Gómez et al. 2004) and 1,145 specimens (Gobierno de Canarias 2004). In La Palma, population size has been reported to be 3,333 individuals, from which 3,126 are reproductive individuals. In Tenerife, a total of 1,098 reproductive individuals have been counted.





This total population size comprises natural individuals and reintroduced specimens which are considered reproductive population. Total population trend is increasing, though slowly, because of the slow reproductive dynamics of the species and the low rates of survival of the seedlings, which frequently die due to drought events.


The species has extremely slow propagation dynamics. Germination takes several years to occur. The low recruitment and the high longevity of the adult individuals are balanced so the natural subpopulations show certain stability though there is complete predominance of adult individuals.
","This shrub grows in high mountain areas on slopes, on rocky substrates and cracks, within the association Greenovion aureae. It can also be found at foothills, where the soil is deeper and more developed, characterised by the association Spartocytision supranubii (Marrero Gómez et al. 2004). It grows rarely on flat areas   (Buord and Lesouëf 2006). It can also grow in the understorey of high altitude pine forests.","Predation by introduced species such as rabbits has been reported as an important threat to the species (Marrero Gómez et al. 2004). Its low  reproductive rates and the low number of individuals present in natural  subpopulations are also threats. Game species, Mouflon and Barbary Sheep, are also threats to the species (Buord and Lesouëf 2006). Predation by goats and rats, and fires are furthermore impacting on this species.
","This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed VU D1 in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008) and as species ""En peligro de extinción"" in the national and regional catalogues of threatened species.





In Tenerife the populations are within the limits of the protected area Parque Nacional del Teide (SCI). In La  Palma the species occurs throughout the protected areas Parque Nacional de la Caldera de Taburiente (SCI), Parque Natural de las Nieves (SCI) and SCI Barlovento, Garafía, El Paso y Tijarafe.





A recovery programme has been developed which includes research about the population biology of the species and the re-introduction of new individuals (Marrero Gómez et al. 2004, Buord and Lesouëf 2006). 





Proposed actions include the continuation of re-introduction programmes,ex situ production of sexual and asexual propagation material and storage of seeds of the species in germplasm banks.",,"Bilz, M. & Peraza Zurita, M.D.","Bañares Baudet, A., Carqué Álamo, E., Palomares Martínez, A. & Marrero Gómez, M.V.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Bencomia,sphaerocarpa,,Bencomia sphaerocarpa  ,Svent.,,Yes,CR,D,Yes,CR,D,,,,Decreasing,"


Bencomia sphaerocarpa is endemic to the island of El Hierro, Canary Islands, Spain (Martín Osorioet al. 2004), where it can be found on the northern side of the island, from 400 to 1,200 m asl, in three locations: Tinco, Hoya de Fileba and Tábano. Only one of them shows an acceptable degree of conservation. The presence of the species in the island of La Palma has been reported in the past, but it has not been recently confirmed. 


The area of occupancy of the species has been calculated to be between 0.75 and 3 km2. Decreasing trends have been reported for the distribution of the species (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).
","The population size has been reported to be 24 individuals: six individuals in Tinco and surroundings, three at Hoya de Fileba and 15 in Tábano (Martín Osorioet al. 2004). Decreasing trends have been reported for the population size (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).","


This species grows isolated and scattered on slopes and distributed in small groups of several medium size individuals in more sheltered areas. 








It grows preferably in very humid valley floors and basaltic shady crags, on deep well developed substrates, within the potential distribution of evergreen laurel-leaved tree forest (monteverde), always under the influence of low clouds. Frequent accompanying species are Erica arborea, Teline stenopetala, Phyllis nobla, Rumex maderensis, Sonchus hierrensis, Greenovia aurea, Pericallis murrayi, Aichrysom punctatum and Carduus baeocephalus. It is linked to the associations Visneo mocanerae-Arbutetum canariensis and Pericalli murrayi-Myricetum fayae.


The range of dispersion of the seeds of this species has been reported to be low. The birds that eat the fruits acting as vectors for the dispersion have a restricted distribution. When not eaten by birds, ripe fruits fall down close to the plant.","The main threats affecting the species are fires, storms and landslides, and drought events (Martín Osorioet al. 2004). The subpopulation of Tábano is also affected by small herbivorous predators and possible works on surrounding roads. The subpopulation of Fileba is as well threatened by grazing.","Bencomia sphaerocarpa is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed Critically Endangered CR D in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008), and as species ""En peligro de extinción"" in the national and regional catalogues of threatened species.





The species occurs within the protected area Parque Rural de Frontera (SCI). Seeds from every subpopulation have been collected and stored in the germplasm bank Banco de Germoplasma del Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo. A monitoring programme has been developed for the subpopulation in Fileba and 20 individuals have been re-introduced in Tábano. Both subpopulations are considered the most threatened and have been fenced (Martín Osorioet al. 2004).


In order to ensure the conservation of the species grazing exclusion zones must be designated, the activities of reintroduction, reinforcement or transfer of individuals must be kept in place, disease control programmes have to be implemented and population monitoring and research in reproductive dynamics have to be developed.",,"Bilz, M. & Peraza Zurita, M.D.","Martín Osorio, V.E., Wildpret de la Torre, W. & Hernández Bolaños, B.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,RANUNCULALES,BERBERIDACEAE,Berberis,maderensis,,Berberis maderensis  ,Lowe,,Yes,CR,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",,,,Stable,"This species is   endemic to the island of Madeira, Portugal (Borgeset al. 2008). The extent of occurrence is estimated to be less than 5 km2. The species is found between 1,400 and 1,700 metres above sea level.","Berberis maderensispopulation is restricted to one area and was believed to be stable. The population size has been estimated to be below 1,000 mature individuals (Commission of the European Communities 2009), however this figure is thought to be an overestimate with the population size likely to be less than 200 mature individuals (Sequeira and Fernandes pers. comm. 2016). The main range of this species is at high altitudes in the Central Mountain Massif which was subject to a major fire rage in summer 2010 which badly affected this species. The population trend is now again stable, following the decrease after the fire.","This species is a shrub up to 3-4 m tall. It grows on rocky slopes and walls, in Madeira's central mountains ridge. The species forms part of the Habitats Directive listed habitat 4050 ""Endemic Macaronesian heaths"" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).","This plant also suffers from competition with exotic flora (Jardimet al.2006), especially Cytisus scoparius. There is also a major threat that arises from fires such as the one in summer 2010 that affected the Central Mountain Massif (J.A. Carvalho, unpublished data). It is likely fires will become more intense due to invasive species. It may be threatened by landslides in the future.
","Berberis maderensis is listed  on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the  Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats  (Bern Convention). It is listed under the Top 100 priority taxa for Macaronesia (Martínet al.2008). Jardim et al. (2006) considered the plant to be at Critical Risk. It was assessed by Carvalho (2011) as Data Deficient. This species is found in two ex situ collections (BGCI 2017). The area where the species occurs is under protection of the Parque Natural da Madeira and it is included in the Natura Network 2000.


It is suggested that the invasive species in the area are controlled and there is population reinforcement to ensure the survival of this species.",The wood of this species was used in the past as inlay wood but this is no longer the case.,"Silva, L., Beech, E. & Allen, D.J.","Fernandes, F. & da Silva Menezes de Sequeira, M.","Carvalho, J.A.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,CARYOPHYLLALES,AMARANTHACEAE,Bosea,yervamora,,Bosea yervamora  ,L.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Canary Islands (Gobierno de Canarias 2017), where it is present in La Palma, El Hierro, La Gomera, Tenerife, Gran Canaria and southern Fuerteventura (two individuals) (Fernández-Palacios et al. 2008). Based on the distribution of herbarium specimens, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the wild populations is approximately 24,835 km2 (GBIF 2017). It occurs from 100 to 600 m above sea level (Kunkel 1981).","There is no specific information on populations. Nonetheless, it is likely that the reduction of the thermophilic forest has negatively affected populations of this species in the past. As of 2006, the thermophilic forest covered only 17.3% of its potential area (Fernández-Palacios et al. 2008).","This is a shrub that grows up to 3 m tall. It is found in dense thickets of evergreen sclerophyll shrubs and abundantly in thermo-sclerophyllous forests (Fernández-Palacios et al. 2008, del Arco et al. 2006, 2010). It can develop hanging branches of over 4 m in slopes exposed to high levels of sunlight and humidity. The species produces fruit which is consumed by birds, which favours its dispersal (Dirección General de Protección de la Naturaleza 2011).","The largest threat that populations of Bosea yervamora face is the conversion of thermophilic forests to land for agriculture (WWF 2017), which previously has already resulted in the loss of area and biodiversity in this ecosystem (Fernández-Palacios et al. 2008). However much of the conversion took place in the past, with most populations now occurring in less-impacted areas. Bosea yervamora is highly susceptible to goat (Capra hircus) grazing, especially on the island of Fuerteventura (Gangoso et al. 2006), however the remaining known individuals are inaccessible to goats.","Some of the known locations this species are found in protected areas (Protected Planet 2017). In addition, it is found in over 20 ex situ collections in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2017). The species is available in forest nurseries for reforestation work. On Fuerteventura, conservation breeding from the remaining two individuals is underway (S. Scholz pers. comm. 2016).","This species is sometimes used in restoration programs, especially on slopes. Its fruit can be used to dye cloth and as an abortion-inducing medicine for livestock (Kunkel 1981). Due to its aesthetic appearance, it is also used as an ornamental plant.","Reyes-Betancort, J.A., Scholz, S., del Arco Aguilar, M. & Allen, D.J.","Requena Suarez, D.K. & Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,APIALES,APIACEAE,Bupleurum,handiense,,Bupleurum handiense  ,(Bolle) G.Kunkel,,Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iv,v)",,,,Decreasing,"Bupleurum handiense is endemic to the islands of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, the Canary Islands, Spain, where it grows between 300 and 800 m asl. The species is found in two locations, distributed into four subpopulations in Lanzarote, and two in Fuerteventura. Its area of occupancy has been estimated in 11 km² (Martín Osorio et al. 2006). Its extent of occurrence is below 5,000 km2. Regressive patterns have been reported for its area of occupancy (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).",The population size has been determined to be 510 individuals (305 in Lanzarote and 205 in Fuerteventura) (Martín Osorio et al. 2006). Some subpopulations present a typical pyramidal age structure where the presence of young non-reproductive individuals is predominant. The populations are slightly decreasing (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).,"The optimum habitats for the species are associations of shrubs such as Kleinio-Euphorbietea canariensis. Under human and predators pressure the species may appear sheltered in cliffs and crags within rupicolous communities. In Lanzarote it grows mainly along with Euphorbia balsamifera,Kleinia neriifolia andLavandula canariensis, and within the association Reichardio famarae-Helychrysetum gossypini. In Fuerteventura it can be found in communities characterized by the presence of Euphorbia canariensis, and in ""Monteverde""  shrublands along withMaytenus canariensis, Visnea mocaneraandEchium handiense.",The main threats to this species are intensive grazing and habitat quality loss. Changes in land use into crop areas have also been reported as a threat (Martín Osorioet al. 2006).,"The species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is classed ad Endangered B1ab(i,ii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iv,v) in the Spanish Red List 2008 (Moreno 2008). It is listed as species “Vulnerable” in the catalogue of threatened species of the Canary Islands.


All the subpopulations of the species in Lanzarote but one are within the protected area Parque Natural del Archipiélago Chinijo, also a SCI, and have been classed ZEPAs. In Fuerteventura, the subpopulations are within the Parque Natural de Jandía and SCI de Jandía, and have also been classed as ZEPAs.


The collection and storage of plant material in germplasm banks, the implementation of environmental education programmes and the development of population monitoring plans are the main actions proposed in order to ensure the conservation of the species. The subpopulation of Barranco de Vinámar, Fuerteventura, should be fenced.",,"Bilz, M. & Peraza Zurita, M.D.","Martín Osorio, V.E., Wildpret de la Torre, W. & Alcántara Vernet, E.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,LAMIALES,LAMIACEAE,Bystropogon,maderensis,,Bystropogon maderensis  ,Webb & Berthel.,,Yes,EN,D,Yes,EN,D,,,,Unknown,"This species is endemic to Madeira Island. The estimated extent of occurrence is 115 km2. The area of occupancy has not been estimated but is also likely to be restricted. It is found between 300 and 1,500 m above sea level.",There are fewer than 250 mature individuals of this species (Jardim et al. 2006).,This species is a shrub up to 1 m tall. It occurs on the edges and in clearings of the laurisilva forest.,"The main threat comes from the increased pressure from tourism, specifically from hiking and clearing of plants along footpaths, which is where this species is found (Jardim et al. 2006).","The species was listed as 'Rare' in 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998). There are four known ex situ collections in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016). The species occurs in the Natural Park Madeira and a site of the Natura 2000 Network (Laurisilva da Madeira). Further ex situ collections are desired, including seeds (Jardim et al. 2006). It was considered Vulnerable by Jardim (2000).","Infusion of the fresh leaves of this species are used in traditional medicine in Madeira Island as sedative, hypnotic and somnofacient (Vieira 1992).","Carapeto, A., Silva, L., Monteiro-Henriques, T., Beech, E. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C., da Silva Menezes de Sequeira, M. & Fernandes, F.","Baeta, O.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,LAMIALES,LAMIACEAE,Bystropogon,punctatus,,Bystropogon punctatus  ,L'Hér.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Unknown,"This species is endemic to Madeira. The estimated extent of occurrence is 256 km2, and although not estimated, the area of occupancy is likely to be very much less than 500 km2. The species is found between 100 and 1,500 m above sea level.","There is no population information for this species, however it is thought to have a population of well over 1,000 individuals.","This species is a shrub up to 1 m tall. It occurs on the edges and in clearings of the laurisilva forest, both in Mediterranean and humid forest at higher elevations.",There are no significant threats to this species but at lower altitudes the species can be affected by invasive species.,There are four known ex situ collections in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016). The species occurs in the Natural Park Madeira and a site of the Natura 2000 Network (Laurissilva da Madeira).,An infusion of the fresh leaves of this species is used in traditional medicine in Madeira Island as sedative and somnofacient (Castilho 2007).,"Monteiro-Henriques, T., Silva, L., Carapeto, A. & Allen, D.J.","da Silva Menezes de Sequeira, M., Beech, E. & Fernandes, F.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,ASTERACEAE,Carlina,salicifolia,,Carlina salicifolia  ,(L.f.) Cav.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"This species is endemic to the Madeira and Canary Islands (Greuter 2006-2009). In the Canaries, the species is common on the central islands of Tenerife and Gran Canaria (Gobierno de Canarias 2017). In Madeira, it is present on all three main islands. The extent of occurrence exceeds 160,000 km2. On the Canaries, the species is found between 200 and 1,300 m asl (Febles Hernández 1984).",Febles Hernández (1984) described the species as 'frequent' in ravines of forested areas on the Canaries.,"This is a shrub that reaches one meter in height. It is found in ravines and rocky areas, usually within forested areas (Febles Hernández 1984).","Although the species is likely to have been impacted by past forest loss on the islands, populations are now probably stable.",There is no conservation action required.,There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Rivers, M.C.","Allen, D.J.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,ASTERACEAE,Carthamus,balearicus,,Carthamus balearicus  ,(J.J.Rodr.) Greuter,"Susanna de la Serna (1987) proposed placing this species within the monotypic distinct genus Femeniasia based its outstanding position within the Cardueae tribe and the Centaureinae subtribe. Although widely followed, we at present maintain the species within Carthamus following Greuter (2006-2009).",Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,,,,Stable,"This species is endemic to Menorca in the Balearic Islands (Spain), where it occurs in three areas in the north of the island; Favàritx, Cala Mica-Binimel là and Fornells-Tirant. Recent research showed that the three known subpopulations are somewhat genetically differentiated, thus their isolation might have occurred a long time ago. Its extent of occurrence is c.33 km2 and its actual area of occupancy is 1.7 km2, but measured using the recommended 2x2 km grid the AOO is 28 km2. It occurs in five locations.","A population census found over 3,400 individuals in 2014. Within the last ten years, no negative fluctuations have been observed, whether in the distribution area or in the number of mature plants. Moreover, an acceptable recruitment level has been confirmed through monitoring.","This small shrub grows in open scrublands close to the sea, on sandy, stony or clayey soils. It is a coastal species adapted to strong and persistent north winds (tramuntana). It grows mainly in dry sunny places, especially on steep and stony slopes and is part of a plant community dominated by spiny cushion-like shrubs (Launaeetum cervicornis, habitat 3.8.3: Spiny Mediterranean heaths - phrygana, hedgehog heaths and related coastal cliff vegetation).","In the last 12 years some of the most important threats have been controlled in the two most important subpopulations (Favàritx and Cala Mica-Binimel·là) i.e., uncontrolled roads, alien invasive plant species occurrence, mainly Carpobrotus spp., soil tillage from small-holder farming, and excessive recreational activities. However, the subpopulation at Fornells-Tirant is still threatened with soil tillage, concentrated to small areas, and with the development of touristic resorts.","This taxon is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) under the name Centaurea balearica. It is included as a species ""En peligro de extinción"" in the national catalogue of threatened species of Spain. It is listed as Vulnerable (A1e; B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D2) under the name Femeniasa balearica in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). In the last version of the Balearic Red List of vascular plants (Saéz et al. 2017) it is listed as Vulnerable (C2a(i); D2), the evaluation included in this work was developed in 2015. A more recent evaluation (2017) done within the conservation plan suggests and improvement of its conservation status to Vulnerable (D2) or even NT. The species was retained as VU (D2) in the recent Mediterranean Island Plant assessment (Fraga i Arguimbau et al. 2017).





In situ


The entire population falls within Spanish Natura 2000 network sites; Dels Alocs a Fornells (ES0000231), La Mola i s'Albufera de Fornells (ES0000232), and D'Addaia a s'Albufera (ES0000233). Since 2001, two LIFE Nature projects have focused on the long-term conservation of this species. Within LIFE2000 NAT/E/7355 (2001 to 2005), actions related to the conservation of this species were mainly addressed at the eradication of the alien invasive Carpobrotus spp., social awareness, and the development of a management plan. Later, in 2012, this management plan was approved by the Regional Government of the Balearic Islands and updated as a Conservation Plan according to regional legislation.





Some actions of the LIFE+ Reneix - Priority species’ habitats restoration in the island of Menorca programme (LIFE07/NAT/E/000756; 2009 to 2014) were aimed at the conservation the largest population of this species (at Cala Mica-Binimel·là) by addressing two threats: uncontrolled roads and excessive human frequentation. Recent monitoring of the restored areas within this project showed that the species is able to perform active re-colonisation.





Besides the actions of these projects and the development of the management plan, active management activities focused on this species, such as the monitoring of the populations and their threats, are still ongoing.





Ex situ


This species is cultivated in several botanic gardens, and at the regional level at the Sóller Botanic Garden (Majorca). Moreover, seeds from three subpopulations have been collected in 2014 and 2015 and will be stored at the germplasm bank of Sóller.





Conservation actions required


Monitoring of the outcomes of the conservation actions developed within the LIFE projects is recommended in order to see if they are effective in the long-term and, in particular, to see what will be the long-term response of the species to habitat restoration. It is also very important to assess if the recruitment patterns observed in some areas will last with a regular positive trend.





The population of Fornells-Tirant needs an evaluation of the real impact of the threats and the development of suitable actions if needed in order to prevent a return to a higher risk category.",This species is not utilised.,"Allen, D.J.","Fraga i Arquimbau, P.","Sáez Goñalons, L., Rita Larrucea, J., Bibiloni, G., Peraza Zurita, M.D., Mus Amézquita, M. & Moragues Botey, E.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,ASTERACEAE,Centaurea,horrida,,Centaurea horrida  ,Badarò,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),,,,Stable,"Centaurea horridais endemic to Sardinia. It grows between 0-240 m above sea level (Pignattiet al. 2001). Its distribution is limited to sea-cliffs in islands and peninsulas where it forms patches of isolated populations, both in primary and secondary dwarf communities (Biondi et al. 2001).


The extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are therefore very restricted and are 172 km² and 42 km² respectively with a total of four locations (Pisanu and Filigheddu in: Rossiet al. 2008).","The species is present in five subpopulations, defined as geographically distinct groups within the population: 


Isola Asinara, Provincia di Sassari, Comune di Porto Torres;


Isola Piana, Provincia di Sassari, Comune di Porto Torres;


Penisola di Stintino, Provincia di Sassari, Comune di Stintino;


Penisola di Capo Caccia: Provincia di Sassari, Comune di Alghero;


Isola Tavolara, Provincia di Olbia-Tempio, Comune di Olbia (Pisanu and Filigheddu in: Rossiet al.2008).The five sites differ in terms of geography, substrata and land use (Pisanu and Filigheddu in: Rossi et al. 2008; Pisanu et al. 2009).


The population trend seems to be stable, but a strong decrease of the habitat, about 20% in the last 50 years has been recorded, due to change of management regime and infrastructure development (Pisanu and Filigheddu in: Rossiet al.2008).","It is an heliophylic and xerophytic plant who grows in coastal areas and on different substrates on calcareous, dolomitic, granitic or metamorphic rocks    (Pignattiet al. 2001).Centaurea horrida can be found in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):


1240 Vegetated sea cliffs of the Mediterranean coasts with endemicLimonium spp.


5320 Low formations ofEuphorbia close to cliffsThe coastal habitat occupied byC. horrida has decreased from 36.67 km in 1956 to 29.84 km in 2006. Therefore, the extent of habitat has undergone a continuous decline of 18.62% in 50 years (Pisanuet al. 2009).","The main threat to the species is habitat loss either due to the change of management regime such as abandonment of pasture activities that lead to vegetation succession and overgrowth withJuniperus phoenicea L. ssp.turbinate (Farriset al. 2009) or due to infrastructure development, especially for tourism. The latter has led to a  documented habitat loss of 27.2% in 50 years, measured as a  decrease in coastal perimeter, after construction and tourist use of the  cliffs (Pisanu and Filigheddu in: Rossiet al. 2008, Pisanuet al. 2009). Furthermore, the grazing by introduced or native ungulates impacts on this plant (Pisanu and Filigheddu in: Rossiet al. 2008, Pisanuet al. 2009). On Tavolara Island,C. horrida is hybridising with the congenericCentaureafiliformis Viv. (Pisanuet al. 2009, Pisanuet al. 2010).





Moreover, the plant has a very limited dispersal ability: more than 60% of the seedlings grow very close to the mother plant (Pisanu and Filigheddu in: Rossiet al. 2008, Pisanuet al. 2009) and genetic analysis revealed a very low genetic flow among populations (Mameliet al. 2008).","This plant is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats  Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of  European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).





Centaurea horrida was listed as Vulnerable on the last national red lists    (Pignattiet al.2001, Conti et al. 1997).





Three subpopulations are within protected areas (the Regional Park of Porto Conte, established in 1999; the National Park of Asinara, established in 1997; the Protected Marine Area of Tavolara-Punta Coda Cavallo, established in 1997). Two subpopulations have no effective protection, even though they are located in two “Natura 2000” sites (ITB010043: coasts and islets of northwest Sardinia; ITB010082: Piana Islet). There are 150 seeds stored in the Seed Bank of the University of Cagliari (BG-SAR).",,"Abeli, T., de Montmollin, B. & Bilz, M.","Filigheddu, R. & Pisanu, S.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,ASTERACEAE,Cheirolophus,falcisectus,,Cheirolophus falcisectus  ,Svent. ex Montelongo & Moraleda,,Yes,EN,B2b(iii)c(iv),Yes,EN,B2b(iii)c(iv),,,,Stable,"Cheirolophus falcisectus is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria, the Canary Islands, Spain, where it can be found on the mountains of the western part of the island, between 400 and 850 m asl. It is distributed into four locations, comprising seven subpopulations: Altos de Los Molinos, Cañada de José Valencia, Cañada del Pino, Morro  del Saltadero, Degollada de Aguasabina, Montaña de Hogarzales (Caidero  de Tocodomán) and Andén del Pino (Olangua 2009). Its area of occupancy is 9 km².","Total population size has been determined to be 4,207 individuals (Olangua 2009). Population trends for this species throughout the different locations is in general stable or even following a slow increasing trend due to the decrease in grazing pressure (Almeida Pérez and Naranjo Cigala 2004, Gobierno de Canarias 2004). 





All the subpopulations have been reported to present moderate regeneration levels, including individuals in different stages of development, but its expansion has been reported to be still  limited by  grazing and by the low ecological plasticity of the species. Sexual reproduction rates of this species have been described as limited and its asexual propagation is restricted by grazing. Predation, along with its lack of ecological plasticity, lead to fluctuating presence of mature individuals.","This shrub grows on basaltic substrates, on shady crags and slopes. It can be found within the associationMayteno-Juniperion canariensis, as part of the communitiesSoncho-Aeonion on crags and rocky slopes, and within shrublandsRhamno-Oleetea cerasiformis andAeonio-Euphorbion canariensis. Common accompanying species areTaeckholmia pinnata, Descurainia preauxiana, Sonchus acaulis, Aeonium manriqueorum, Pancratium canariense, Bupleurum salicifolium ssp.aciphyllum, Argyranthemum escarrei and Echium decaisnei.





It appears always sheltered in areas that are difficult to access.","The main threat affecting the different subpopulations is grazing. Furthermore, the fruits of this shrub are frequently attacked by insect larvae. Occasional droughts are also affecting the species. One subpopulation (Degollada de Aguasabina) is as well affected by the presence of a highly used hiking path that goes through it.","This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species ""En peligro de extinción"" in the national catalogue of threatened species and in the regional catalogue of protected species. It is listed Endangered B1b(iii)c(iv)+2b(iii)c(iv) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). 





The taxon occurs in the protected area Reserva Natural Especial de Güígüí and Parque Rural del Nublo, also SACs. Seeds have been collected and stored in the germplasm bank Banco de Germoplasma del Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo.


 


Proposed measures in order to ensure the conservation of the species are the control of traditional grazing activities, the eradication of wild goats in the protected area Reserva Natural Especial de Güígüí and on Alto de los Molinos, the establishment of population dynamics monitoring programmes and the collection of seeds from every known location to be stored in germplasm banks.",,"Bilz, M., Santana-López, M.I. & Peraza Zurita, M.D.","Almeida Pérez, R.S. & Naranjo Cigala, A.","Peraza Zurita, M.D.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,ASTERACEAE,Cheirolophus,junonianus,,Cheirolophus junonianus  ,(Svent.) Holub,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),,,,Stable,"Cheirolophus junonianus is endemic to the island of La Palma, the Canary Islands, Spain (Rodríguez Delgadoet al. 2004), where it grows at an altitude between 200 and 425 m asl. It has two subpopulations in Fuencaliente, on the southern part of the island. Its area of occupancy is 2 km² and its extent of occurrence is lower than the area of this municipality, which is 56 km² (O. Rodríguez, A.García Gallo and G. Cruz pers. comm. 2011).","Its total population size has been estimated in 1,942 individuals and it is considered to have been stable throughout the past decades. A slight trend towards increasing its population size and colonize new areas has been observed (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The species tends to produce a high number of seedlings but these have been reported to show low growth and survival rates (Rodríguez Delgadoet al. 2004).","C. junonianus occurs in xerophilous ruderal shrublands(Artemisio-Rumicetum lunariae) that grow in unstable naturally or human modified substrates within the Canarian vegetation community tabaibal-cardonal (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Its secondary habitat is the tabaibal dulce(Echio-Euphorbietum balsamifera), on more stable rocky substrates. Its common accompanying species areEchium brevirame, Periploca laevigata, Rubia fruticosa, Kleinia  neriifolia, Euphorbia obtusifolia, Paronychia canariensis, Aeonium  spathulatumand Monanthes muralis(Rodríguez Delgadoet al. 2004).","Tourism has been described as the main threat to the species, including trampling, riding and the presence of non-motorised vehicles   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Occasional landslides and game activities have also been reported as threats (Rodríguez Delgadoet al. 2004).","This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is classed EN B2ab(iii,v) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). At regional level it is listed as species ""de interés para los ecosistemas canarios"" in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. 





The two locations are included in the protected area Monumento Natural de los Volcanes de Teneguía. Seeds have been collected and are stored in the germplasm banks Banco de Germoplasma del Jardín Botánico Canario Viera y Clavijo and Banco de Germoplasma de la ETSIA, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.





In order to ensure the conservation of the species a surveillance and control programme has to be developed.","It has medicinal properties as hypoglycemic, cytostatic and antibiotic, due to its content of aguerina.","Bilz, M. & Peraza Zurita, M.D.","Rodríguez Delgado, O., García Gallo, A., Cruz Trujillo, G.M. & Pérez de Paz, P.L.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,ASTERACEAE,Cheirolophus,massonianus,,Cheirolophus massonianus  ,(Lowe) A.Hansen & Sunding,,Yes,EN,D,Yes,CR,B2ab(iv),,,,Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Madeira Archipelago, where only two populations are known; one on the cliffs of Cabo Girão on Madeira Island, and the second on the cliffs of Pico Branco, on the island of Porto Santo (Jardimet al.2006). The species is found between 100 and 500 m above sea level. The estimated area of occupancy is 8 km2.","The population on Madeira Island is estimated to hold about 30 mature  individuals, and the population in Porto Santo is estimated to hold less  than 250 mature individuals (Jardimet al.2006). In total, the population is between 200-250 mature individuals   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Historically, there were twice the number of subpopulations, with another on both islands. The Madeiran population near Funchal was destroyed as the city expanded.","This species is a small and profusely branched shrub that only grows on very steep cliffs, on soil accumulated in rock crevices, under direct influence of sea winds (Jardimet al. 2006). It occurs in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 1250 ""Vegetated sea cliffs with endemic flora of the Macaronesian coasts""   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).","The main threat is posed by habitat loss and degradation due to urbanisation, garbage dumping, erosion and landslides (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Agriculture is also a threat. In Porto Santo, grazing by rabbits is a problem.","This species is listed on Annex II and IV of the Habitats Directive. The population on the island of Porto Santo is protected and included in a Natura 2000 site. The population on Madeira Island is also in a Natura 2000 and it is naturally protected from anthropogenic impacts. This species is considered Critically Endangered in Jardim et al. (2006).





TheJardim Botânico da Madeira Eng.º Rui Vieira holds living individuals and seed of this plant.",There is no use or trade of this species.,"Monteiro-Henriques, T., Carapeto, A., da Silva Menezes de Sequeira, M., Beech, E. & Allen, D.J.","Fernandes, F. & Silva, L.","Carvalho, J.A. & Baeta, O.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,ASTERACEAE,Cheirolophus,santos-abreui,,Cheirolophus santos-abreui  ,A.Santos,,Yes,CR,"B2ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B2ab(iii,v)",,,,Unknown,"Cheirolophus santos-abreuiis endemic to the island of La Palma, the Canary Islands, Spain, where it can be found growing between 450 and 850 m asl, in two locations: Barranco de La Madera and Barranco de El Río, near Santa Cruz de La Palma. Its area of occupancy has been calculated to be between 1 and 2 km².","Total population size has been reported to be 85 individuals (Martín Cácereset al. 2004, Buord and Lesouëf 2006). The two known subpopulations have been reported to present a rather well structured age distribution, but to be affected by the decrease in the number of viable seeds caused by parasite insects and by predation of young plants and sprouts.","This small shrub grows on steep slopes of difficult access in deep ravines. It can form part of rupicolous shrublandsSoncho-Aeoniongrowing along with elements of thermophilous forestsRhamno crenulatae-Oleetalia cerasiformis, and elements of sub-humid laurel-leaved trees forestsLauro-Perseeto indicae andPinus canariensis (Martín Cácereset al. 2004). Most common accompanying species arePhyllis nobla, Bystropogon origanifolius var.palmensis, Descurainia millefolia, Pinus canariensis, Hypericum grandifolium, Sonchus hierrensis, Paronychia canariensis, Carlina falcata, Erica arborea, Sideritis bolleana, Laurus novocanariensis, Bupleurum salicifolium, Apollonias barbujana, Cedronella canariensis, Teline stenopetala, Ceballosia fruticosa, Festuca agustiniiandSpartocytisus filipes.





 Presence of individuals is restricted to sheltered sites and accessible specimens are preyed upon by goats.","Grazing by roaming goats and the introduced game speciesAmmotragus lerviahas been reported as the main threat affecting this species and its habitat(Martín Cácereset al. 2004). Other threats are competition with the exotic speciesAgeratina adenophora, the animal parasiteChaetorellia sp. which causes the number of viable seeds to decrease, and landslides.","This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species ""En peligro de extinción"" in the national catalogue of threatened speciesand in the regional catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is classed Critically Endangered B2ab(iii,v) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). 





The two subpopulations occur within the protected area Parque Natural de Las Nieves (SCI). The species has been successfully cultivated in nurseries and seeds are stored in the germplasm bank Banco de Germoplasma de la Viceconsejería de Medio Ambiente del Gobierno de Canarias. The location of Barranco de La Madera is protected by a fence.





More seeds have to be collected and stored in germplasm banks. Programmes to control domestic and wild grazing species as well as invasive species, have to be implemented. Research on reproductive biology of the species should be developed.",,"Bilz, M. & Peraza Zurita, M.D.","Martín Cáceres, K., Mesa Coello, R. & Santos Guerra, A.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,ASTERACEAE,Cheirolophus,satarataensis,,Cheirolophus satarataensis  ,(Svent.) Holub,"This taxon included two subspecies: Cheirolophus satarataënsis (Svent.) Holub ssp. satarataënsis and Cheirolophus satarataënsis (Svent.) Holub ssp. dariasi (Svent.) Kunk. The latter has been recognized as the different species, Cheirolophus dariasi.",Yes,VU,B2ab(iii); D2,Yes,VU,B2ab(iii); D2,,,,Stable,"Cheirolophus satarataënsis is endemic to the island of La Gomera, the Canary Islands, Spain. It has a locally restricted distribution, growing between 350 and  800 m asl, throughout six locations on the south part of the island (Mesa Coelloet al. 2004a,b). Its  area of occupancy is 18 km².
","Cheirolophus satarataënsishas a total population size of slightly more than 4,000 individuals (Mesa Coelloet al. 2004a,b). New subpopulations were found in 2005 so the number of specimens is thought to be higher (Gobierno de Canarias 2009), and no regressive trends have been reported.
","Cheirolophus satarataensisgrows on rocky substrates on crags, as a component of scrublands along with species such asAtalanthus canariensis, Convolvulus floridus, Sideritis nutans, Brachypodium arbuscula, Pimpinella junoniae, Greenovia diplocycla, Aeonium saundersii andAeonium decorum(Mesa Coelloet al. 2004a,b). Seedlings and juvenile individuals appear restricted to sites out of reach of grazing species.
","Grazing has been reported to be the most important threat affecting this taxon, mainly during early stages of development (Mesa Coello et al. 2004a,b). Other threats are competition with aggressive native vegetation. Some subpopulations are as well affected by access improvement works.","This taxon is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed VU D2 in the Spanish Red List 2008 (Moreno 2008). It is included as species ""de interés para los ecosistemas canarios"" in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands.





Most of the subpopulations are included in the protected areas Parque Rural de Valle Gran Rey, Paisaje Protegido de Orone (SCI) and SCI Cuenca de Benchijigua-Guarimiar. Plant material is stored in the germplasm banks of the E.T.S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos and Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo.





The storage of plant material in germplasm banks should be enhanced, measures to control herbivorous predators should be implemented and some subpopulations should be reinforced.",,"Bilz, M. & Peraza Zurita, M.D.","Mesa Coello, R., Oval de la Rosa, J.P. & Marrero Gómez, M.V.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,ASTERACEAE,Cheirolophus,tagananensis,,Cheirolophus tagananensis  ,(Svent.) Holub,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,,,,Stable,"Cheirolophus tagananensisis endemic to the island of Tenerife, the Canary Islands, Spain, where it can be found growing between 50 and 350 m asl, distributed throughout three geographically isolated locations in the mountains of Anaga: Roque de las Ánimas, Roque de Antequera and Roque del Aderno (Marrero Gómezet al. 2004). One more location, Mesa del Sabinar, was reported in the past but it has not been found in the last visits to the area. Its area of occupancy is 3 km².
","Its total population size has been calculated to be 626 individuals: 330 in Roque de las Ánimas, 295 in Roque de Antequera and one individual in Roque del Aderno (Marrero Gómezet al. 2004). The subpopulations seem to be stable, although the amount of viable seeds is frequently reduced due to insects. No regressive trends have been reported for its population size (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). Total population size is thought to be higher, even of several hundreds of individuals, but monitoring is difficult due to the inaccessibility of the subpopulations.","It grows on rocky crags influenced by the sea breeze. In this environment it can be found in rupicolous shrublands including elements characteristic of communities of thermophilous forest, such asSoncho radicati-Aeonietum tabulaeformis. Frequent accompanying species areTeline pallida ssp.pallida, Globularia salicina, Aeonium tabulaeforme, Aenium arboreum, Aeonium urbicum, Aeonium lindleyii,Sonchus radicatus andLugoa revoluta.





At lower altitude, species characteristic of the vegetal formation ""tabaibal dulce"" appear as elements of the rupicolous scrubland, forming communities such asAeonietum lindleyi, whereEuphorbia balsamifera ssp.balsamifera, Sideritis dendrochahorra, Aeonium lindleyii, A. volkerii, Sonchus radicatus, Asparagus umbellatus ssp. umbellatus, Plocama pendula andJuniperus turbinata ssp.canariensis are frequent.","Grazing has been the main threat to this species, but its impact has not been recently reported. The expansion of the subpopulations is limited by natural competition with other species and the occasional occurrence of storms and landslides (Marrero Gómezet al. 2004).","This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species ""de interés para los ecosistemas canarios"" in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is listed as Endangered B2ab(iii,v) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).





All the subpopulations are within the protected area Parque Rural de Anaga (SCI). Seeds are stored in the germplasm banks of the E.T.S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Madrid and Servicio de Biodiversidad de la Viceconsejería de Medio Ambiente. A population trend monitoring programme is being developed on the subpopulation of Roque de las Ánimas (Marrero Gómezet al. 2004).





Plant material from every location should be stored in germplasm banks. Population trend monitoring and surveillance programmes should be implemented. Micropropagation andex situ plant cultivation should be developed in order to reinforce the subpopulation of Roque del Aderno.",,"Bilz, M. & Peraza Zurita, M.D.","Marrero Gómez, M.V., Mesa Coello, R. & Oval de la Rosa, J.P.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,VIOLALES,CISTACEAE,Cistus,chinamadensis,,Cistus chinamadensis  ,Bañares & P.Romero,,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",,,,Stable,"Cistus chinamadensis is a taxon endemic to the Canary Islands, Spain. Three subspecies have been described:Cistus chinamadensis subsp.chinamadensis,Cistus chinamadensis subsp.gomerae and Cistus chinamadensis subsp. ombriosus. This taxon is present in a total of seven locations and its total area of occupancy is 11 km². Its total distribution range at a species level, seems to have decreased.





Cistus chinamadensis subsp.chinamadensis is endemic to the island of Tenerife, the Canary Islands, Spain (Mesa Coelloet al.2004), where it can be found between 400 and 700 m asl, in Anaga, on the northeastern part of the island. It is present in three locations:Roque de los Pinos, Mesa del Brezal and Monte de Aguirre with an area of occupancy of 4 km2. Distribution trends for this subspecies have been described as stable or increasing (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).





Cistus chinamadensis subsp.gomeraeis endemic to the island of La Gomera, where it can be found between 1,050 and 1,300 m asl, in two natural locations: Los Roques and Roque Imada (Bañareset al. 2008, Gobierno de Canarias 2009). One more natural population, known as Lerguito, was reported in the past but it has not been found since 1996. The taxon in also present in Cherelepín, where it was successfully introduced to in 1998. It has been introduced to three more sites but the viability of these populations is not known yet. Its area of occupancy is 6 km² (Marrero Gómezet al.2008b) and its distribution is decreasing (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).





Cistus chinamadensis subsp. ombriosus is endemic to the island of El Hierro, where it grows at 1,250 m asl, in one single location near Valle de El Golfo (Marrero Gómezet al.2008a). Its area of occupancy is 1 km². It is believed that its distribution range was higher in the past (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).
","Total population size for this taxon, including the three subspecies described, is estimated in around 2,700 reproductive individuals. Recruitment has been described as slow but constant, but under competition seedlings can not progress. Population trend at a species level seems to be more or less stable, given the trends reported for the three subspecies.





Cistus chinamadensis subsp.chinamadensis has a population reported to be 2,280 individuals: 2,100 individuals in Roque de los Pinos; 80 in Mesa del Brezal and 100 in Monte de Aguirre(Mesa Coelloet al. 2004). In 2009 the three known locations were visited and2,186 adult individuals and 2,025 juvenile specimen were recorded (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). Population trend for this subspecies is thought to be increasing or stable.





Cistus chinamadensis subsp.gomerae has a population size reported to be 436 and 451 individuals (Marrero Gómezet al.2008b). In 2009, 473 mature individuals and 150 juvenile specimen were recorded (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). It seems that the natural population trend is decreasing, and higher population size is due to developed re-introduction plans.





Cistus chinamadensis subsp. ombriosus present a population size of 49 individuals (Marrero Gómezet al.2008a). The only known population has been reported to be well age-structured. In 2009, 47 mature individuals are recorded, and 46 juvenile specimen (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). Population trend for the last year seems to be slightly stable.
","The species presents low ecological plasticity and slow propagation dynamics. Its grows within communities ofsub-humid laurel-like evergreen forests ""monteverde"" and ""fayal-brezal"".





Cistus chinamadensis ssp.chinamadensisgrows on ledges of communities of ""monteverde"" and ""fayal-brezal"", mainly within shrublands which could be included inTelino-Adenocarpion foliolosi. Frequent accompanying species areParonychia canariensis,Lavandula canariensis,Micromeria varia,Pinus canariensis,Myrica faya,Hypericum canariense,Globularia salicina,Erica arborea,Ilex canariensis,Aeonium canariensis andCarlina salicifolia.





Cistus chinamadensis subsp.gomerae also occurs within scrublands of typeTelino-Adenocarpion foliolosi, in ledges of communities of ""monteverde"" and ""fayal-brezal"" (Marrero Gómezet al.2008b). It can also develop in cracks and less commonly it can progress in shady under-canopy sites. Frequent accompanying species areChamaecytisus proliferus,Erica arborea,Cistus monspeliensis,Teline stenopetala,Andryala pinnatifida andDicheranthus plocamoides.





Cistus chinamadensis subsp. ombriosus grows in gaps withinMyrica faya-Erica spp. forests, on crags and cliffs (Marrero Gómezet al.2008a). Frequent accompanying species areErica arborea,Greenovia diplocycla,Asplenium onopteris,Carlina salicifolia,Micromeria hyssopifolia,Tolpis proustii,Myrica faya,Sonchus hierrensis,PericallismurrayiandCeterach aureum.
","Threats affecting this taxon are grazing, competition with native and exotic species, landslides, fires and droughts.





Cistus chinamadensis subsp.chinamadensisis affected by grazing and competition with exotic species (Mesa Coelloet al. 2004). The location of Monte de Aguirre is as well affected by logging activities in the area.





Cistus chinamadensis subsp.gomeraeis affected by competitionwith more aggressive native species such asErica arborea,Cistus monspeliensisandCytisus proliferus. It was highly affected by a fire in 1983 (Marrero Gómezet al.2008b, Gobierno de Canarias 2009). Grazing has been also reported as a threat.





Cistus chinamadensis subsp.ombriosus is not clearly affected by anthropogenic threats. Threats to this subspecies are fires, landslides, droughts and natural competition with more aggressive species (Marrero Gómezet al.2008a).
","This taxon is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species with “Protección Especial” in the national list of species in regime of special protection of Spain.





Cistus chinamadensis ssp.chinamadensis is listed as EN B2ab(iii,v) in the Spanish Red List 2008 (Moreno 2008). It is included as species ""de interés para los ecosistemas canarios"" in the catalogue of threatened species of the Canary Islands. All the subpopulations are within the protected area Parque Rural de Anaga (SCI). Plant material from some subpopulations is stored in the germplasm banks of E.T.S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos UPM and Servicio Biodiversidad Viceconsejería de Medio Ambiente Gobierno de Canarias.





Plant material from every subpopulation should be stored in germplasm banks, reinforcement plans and herbivorous control measures should be implemented, surveillance should be improved. The area of Roque de los Pinos should be proposed as exclusion area (""Zona de Exclusión"").





Cistus chinamadensis subsp.gomerae is listed as CR B2ab(ii,v) in the Spanish Red List 2008. It is included as species ""Vulnerable"" in the catalogue of threatened species of the Canary Islands. The subpopulations of Los Roques and Cherelepín occur within the protected area Parque Nacional de Garajonay (SCI) and the location Roque de Imada is included in the SCI Barranco del Charco Hondo (Marrero Gómezet al.2008b). Plant material is stored in the germplasm banks E.T.S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos and Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo. A recovery plan has been developed in the Parque Nacional de Garajonay, which includes population monitoring and reinforcement measures. Proposed measures in order to ensure the conservation of this taxon include seed storage in germplasm banks, the maintenance of reinforcement of natural populations actions and the introduction of new populations in suitable areas for their progress. Herbivorous control measures should be established.Cistus chinamadensis subsp.ombriosusis is listed as CR D in the Spanish Red List (Marrero Gómezet al. 2008) and as species ""En peligro de extinción"" in the catalogue of threatened species of the Canary Islands. The only known location is included in the protected area Parque Rural de Frontera. Plant accessions should be stored in germplasm banks, population reinforcement and introduction plans should be developed.
",No information available.,"Peraza Zurita, M.D. & Bilz, M.","Mesa Coello, R., Marrero Gómez, M.V., Carqué Álamo, E. & Bañares Baudet, A.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,VIOLALES,CISTACEAE,Cistus,libanotis,,Cistus libanotis  ,L.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Decreasing,"Cistus libanotis is endemic to the southwestern Iberian peninsula in Spain and Portugal. There is a record from Tunisia(Nicoletti et al. 2014) and also from Morocco, but these records may belong to C. clusii and here the species is considered a European endemic.","This species is very common in the habitats where it is present, although it is not very common in Portugal (A. Carapeto pers. comm. 2016). The overall population trend is declining due to the destruction of its habitat.","Cistus libanotis is a shrub up to 120 cm tall with white flowers. It is found in pine, juniperus and cork forests, being present in Halimium halimifolium communities, and in shrublands near coastal beaches on sandy soils of old dunes (Castroviejo et al. 1993).",The species is affected by coastal and touristic development as it inhabits coastal dunes and sandy soils (P. Garcia Murillo pers. comm. 2016). It is also affected by forestry activities in Portugal (A. Carapeto pers. comm. 2016).,"Confirmation of the distribution of this species is required, particularly in relation to potential presence in North Africa. There are ten known ex situ collections in botanic gardens (BGCI 2016). It is present in protected areas throughout its confirmed range.",There is no information on the trade or uses of this species.,"García, M. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C., Monteiro-Henriques, T., García Murillo, P.G., Buira, A., Fraga i Arquimbau, P. & Carapeto, A.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,VIOLALES,CISTACEAE,Cistus,psilosepalus,,Cistus psilosepalus  ,Sweet,"In Tela Botanica, this species is referred to as Cistus inflatus Pourr. Ex Demoly.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"The species is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, being present across the western parts of Spain, and all of Portugal except the southeast (Anthos 2017, Flora-On 2017). In France, it is only present in two localities (Association Tela Botanica 2016).","The species is very abundant in Portugal and Spain, although in France it seems to be more rare. The population trend seems to be stable.","A small shrub (0.6-1.0(1.2) m in height), this species is found on humid, schist or sandy soils with un-decomposed organic matter (P. Garcia Murillo pers. comm. 2016), generally in open habitats, amongst low grasses, on the edge of wetlands etc. It is found on siliceous soils and up to 1,100 m. This species requires humidity to thrive, and in the northern part of the distribution this humidity is climatic, while in the southern part it is edaphic.","There are no major threats to this species, and it responds well to disturbances.","The species is present in protected areas and it is protected by law in Castilla la Mancha as a taxon of special interest in the Decree 200/2001 from 6th November, in Madrid as a 'Vulnerable' taxon in the Decree 18/1992 and in the Basque Country as 'Vulnerable' taxon in the 10/1/2011. In the Red Book of the Basque Country (Aizpuru et al. 2010) it is assessed as Vulnerable under Criterion D2. In France, it is assessed as Endangered (Association Tela Botanica 2016).",There is no information on the use and trade of the species.,"Fraga i Arquimbau, P. & Allen, D.J.","Buira, A., Carapeto, A., García Murillo, P.G. & Monteiro-Henriques, T.",,"García, M.",
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,SAPINDALES,RUTACEAE,Cneorum,pulverulentum,,Cneorum pulverulentum  ,Vent.,Chamaelea pulvurelenta (Vent.) Tiegh. is the accepted name by Canarian botanists.,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"This species is endemic to the Canary Islands, where it is found in lower areas of Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, and possibly extinct, from El Hierro (Rigueiro et al. 2009). Although it has been also reported from El Hierro and La Palma, its presence in these islands is uncertain (Stierstorfer 2005, Á. Marrero Rodríguez pers. comm. 2017). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) has been estimated in around 8,160 km2. It is a locally abundant species, and its area of occupancy (AOO) has been estimated at up to 1,000 km2.","The species is very common locally, being at times an abundant element in the communicates where it is present. Thus, no population estimates have been calculated for this species. Although a decline in population could have been identified in the past, the species populations are thought to be currently stable or even increasing.
","The species is a shrub that grows up to 1.5 m tall with yellow flowers. It is found within Tabaibal-cardonal community, a very mixed vegetable formation of the lowland and coastal areas of the Canary Islands where shrubby bushes predominate, with stony soils and low organic matter. It is pollinated by small solitary bees, ants and introduced honey bees; seeds are dispersed by lizards (Rigueiro et al. 2009).","The lowland and coastal habitat of this species is likely to be impacted by coastal developments, including urbanisation and agricultural development.",There are 14 known ex situ collections of Cneorum pulveruentum (also stored under the synonym Neochamaelea pulverulenta). No conservation action is identified as needed.,"The species has medicinal uses (Pérez de Paz and Hernández 1999) and has been associated withmummification practices carried out by the indigenous population of the islands.
","Marrero-Rodríguez, Á, Naranjo-Suárez, J., Reyes-Betancort, J.A., Santana-López, M.I., Peraza Zurita, M.D. & Allen, D.J.","Requena Suarez, D.K. & Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,SAPINDALES,RUTACEAE,Cneorum,tricoccon,,Cneorum tricoccon  ,L.,,Yes,VU,"B2ab(iii,v)",Yes,VU,"B2ab(iii,v)",,,,Decreasing,"This species is present in the Iberian Peninsula (including the Balearic Islands), southern France, and Italy (southwestern Sardinia and in the west coast of the peninsula; southern Tuscany (Argentario) and on the adjacent island of Giannutri in the Tuscan Archipelago) (Lázaro-Nogal et al. 2013, L. Peruzzi pers. comm. 2017). In the Balearic Islands, the species is now almost extinct on Menorca, with only one small population currently known (Rotllan-Puig and Traveset 2016).","The species is rare in mainland Spain, although it can be abundant on some of the Balearic Islands and in France. The species is declining in some parts of its range (Menorca, Malaga), and the overall population trend seems to be declining (Rotllan-Puig and Traveset 2016). As more than 50% of the population is isolated, there is no exchange between them and the dispersion agents are declining, the population is considered to be severely fragmented.","This species is a small evergreen shrub and a phototoxic species. The species is found in garrigues, Mediterranean maquis and pine forests in littoral areas normally in calcareous soils. Seed from this plant are eaten and dispersed by lizards; on the Balearic Islands, these are Podarcis lilfordi Günther in the Gymnesic Islands (Mallorca, Menorca, Cabrera and surrounding islets), and Podarcis pityusensis Boscá in the Pythiusic Islands (Eivissa, Formentera and surrounding islets). Populations of these lizards have been impacted by predation by introduced mammals (Traveset et al. 2012).",The species is affected by touristic infrastructure and the loss of the dispersal agents as a result of predation by introduced mammals.,"The species is found in protected areas. It is listed in Andalucia as species of special protection, Decree 23/2012; in Catalonia as Vulnerable (Resolution of 732/2015), in Valencia as non-catalogued protected taxon as Extinct (Decree 70/2009). It is listed in the Red List of Andalucia as Endangered (Cabezudo et al. 2005), in Catalonia as Near Threatened (Sáez et al. 2010), and in Valencia as Extinct in the Wild (Laguna et al. 1998).","Material under this name occurs in the more specialist ornamental plant trade. Traditional medicinal uses are ascribed to it, as well as use, presumably at a subsistence scale, as a fuel as for tannin (PFAF 2017).","Fraga i Arquimbau, P., Beech, E. & Allen, D.J.","Buira, A. & García Murillo, P.G.","Peruzzi, L.","García, M.",
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,SOLANALES,CONVOLVULACEAE,Convolvulus,argyrothamnos,,Convolvulus argyrothamnos  ,Greuter,,Yes,CR,B2ab(v),Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),,,,Stable,"This species is endemic to Crete, where it is known from two locations in northwestern and southeastern parts of the island. The northwestern location is in the Rokka Gorge (Chania Prefecture) at 150 m Asl. In the southeast, the species is known from a single limestone cliff in the Psoriaris Gorge in the region of Ierápetra (Lassithi Prefecture) at 450 m Asl. Shrubs with the appearance of this species have been observed growing in inaccessible sites within the Samariá Gorge, however occurrence there has not yet been confirmed and is not included here.","The species is considered to be severely fragmented, with only two confirmed subpopulations known and located in two distant areas of the island, with very small subpopulations (only 14 mature individuals at Psoriaris Gorge and 60 at Rokka Gorge in 2015). When the species was last assessed (Iatroú and Kypriotakis 2011), fewer than five individuals were known at the Psoriaris Gorge location (there were eight in 1984, six in 1993 and only four in 1996). The increase is considered to be the result of further survey work and the use of telescopic means (binoculars and telescopic photographic lens); at the time, the Rokka Gorge site had only recently been discovered and was unconfirmed.",This perennial shrub is found growing on limestone cliff within gorges.,"Grazing by goats represents the primary threat to this species, whilst wildfires, plant collection, or the very low number of mature individuals and the low probability of genetic exchange within the population, leading to a possible genetic depression probably also impact this species.","A range of conservation actions are in place for this species.





Legal


At the international level, this species is included in Appendix I of the Bern Convention and in Annexes II and IV of the 92/43 EC Directive as a priority species. The subpopulation of Lassithi Prefecture enjoys indirect protection as it falls within the Dikti: Oropedio Lasithiou, Katharo, Selena, Krasi, Selakano, Chalasmeni Koryfi Natura 2000 site (GR4320002).





In situ


As a result of it being included as a priority species in Annexes II and IV of the 92/43 EC ‘Habitats’ Directive, the species is the focus of a six-year cycle national monitoring program (funded by the EU and national resources) for the assessment of its conservation status.





Ex situ


Two plants, propagated by cuttings, are currently being cultivated at the Technological Education Institute of Heraklion in Crete. Although they flower, they do not produce fruit. Several adult plants are also cultivated at the Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (MAICh) in Crete, where a program of seed collection and storage has also been launched. The plants at the MAICh produce seeds (stored in the Seed Bank of MAICh) and seed germination of the species was studied in the framework of a PhD thesis.





Required conservation actions required


The establishment of micro-reserves would help to ensure the long-term monitoring of the sub-populations and the effective protection of its habitat. The plant Microreserve network on Crete has already been established, and in western Crete it protects seven threatened species plants in the framework of the Cretaplant project (LIFE04NAT_GR_000104, 2004-2007). The expansion of the network to other areas of the island would be relatively easy as local authorities are aware of the project and would support this idea. Moreover, the project itself may improve the awareness of local people, land-owners and users on the importance of nature conservation. The survival of this species must be in doubt unless it can be easily propagatedex situ by botanical gardens, followed by in situ reinforcement of the current sites and translocation actions in other suitable sites. It is equally important to protect the sites legally, and to undertake effective conservation and management measures.",Potentially collected by botanists for its rarity value.,"Allen, D.J.","Iatroú, G., Kypriotakis, Z., Fournaraki, C., Kaltsis, A. & Koutsovoulou, K.","Panitsa, M.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,SOLANALES,CONVOLVULACEAE,Convolvulus,fernandesii,,Convolvulus fernandesii  ,P.Silva & Teles,,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",,,,Decreasing,Convolvulus fernandesii is endemic to southwestern Portugal where it is restricted to the Atlantic coast between Sesimbra and Cabo Espichel. It has an area of occupancy of 52 km2 and extent of occurrence of 12 km2.,"The populations can be separated from tens of meters to several kilometres and are generally composed of a few individuals. In total, there are between 500-1,500 individuals (P. Pereira pers. comm. 2016). This plant is rare because it is only found where its specific habitat requirements are met and this also reduces its possibilities of expansion. The population trend is declining (P. Pereira pers. comm. 2016).","This plant is ecologically very specialized. It forms clusters in crevices of limestone outcrops and unstable substrates along the dolomitic limestone cliffs formed in the Jurassic. It prefers a south and east exposure, and is even found in abrupt overhanging cliffs, but it also requires shelter. It sometimes occurs in vegetation thickets and acts as a climber (ICN 2006).





This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):


5320 Arborescent matorral withLaurus nobilis


8210 Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation.","There was a project that involved the potential expansion of urbanised areas and touristic resorts which could lead to further habitat loss along the coast. It is possible that significant reductions in the past were caused by grazing goats and fires but there is no actual data to confirm this hypothesis. Trampling could pose a problem but most of the populations are now in areas inaccessible to humans (ICN 2006). However, the species is very affected by climbing activities in the cliff areas. On the basis of this threat, there are less than five locations. The species has a very restricted habitat, and it does not have possibility of expansion, being thus very susceptible to stochastic event.","Convolvulus fernandesii is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and legally protected in Portugal. It is recommended to protect the species from habitat loss due to urbanisation, to study the impacts of grazing, and to carry out species recovery measures.Ex situ conservation of the seeds should be put in place (ICN 2006). It is present in a protected area throughout its range.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Buira, A., Fraga i Arquimbau, P., García Murillo, P.G. & Allen, D.J.","Monteiro-Henriques, T. & Buira, A.","Caldas, F.B.","García, M.",
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,SOLANALES,CONVOLVULACEAE,Convolvulus,floridus,,Convolvulus floridus  ,L.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"This species is endemic to the Canary Islands (Gobierno de Canarias 2017), where it is found on all the islands, however, it is rare in Lanzarote, Fuerteventura and El Hierro. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the wild populations has been estimated to be approximately 47,318 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) at 837 km2. Its presence has been reported from 50 to 900 m above sea level.","Populations are present on all the Canary Islands, however populations on El Hierro, Lanzarote and Fuerteventura are restricted. On Fuerteventura the population size has been estimated at 50 individuals growing on abrupt slopes (Gangosos et al. 2006), and it is believed to be slightly lower (S. Scholz pers. comm. 2017). 





Although there is no detailed population information from the other islands, population size is thought to be stable, after certain increasing trends in recent times due to the abandonment of former livestock related activities.","This is a woody shrub that can reach 2 to 4 m in height. It is found in coastal scrubs and thermophilous forests, participating in transition communities between these ecosystems (Fernández-Palacios et al. 2008). It can also be found in sunny cliffs and slopes, along with Euphorbia spp. communities (Dirección General de Protección de la Naturaleza 2011).","The largest threat faced by populations of this species is the conversion of thermophyllous forests to land for agriculture (WWF 2017), which resulted in the loss of area and biodiversity of this ecosystem, which has been reported to cover only 17.3% of its potential area (Fernández-Palacios et al. 2008). Because of the aromatic oil that can be obtained from the branches and roots,  this species was heavily exploited in the 19th century for  international trade, which led to the rapid decline of its wild  populations (D.M. 1989).





Gangoso et al. (2006) identified goat (Capra hircus) overpopulation and grazing as threats to populations on Lanzarote. On Fuerteventura, grazing has led to a restricted distribution of the species in non-accessible locations. In the rest of its distribution, because population size is larger and presence of palatable species is broader, grazing pressure is currently not as significant as in the eastern islands.","Some of the known locations of this species are found in protected areas (Protected Planet 2017). The species is present in several ex situ collections, including both seed-banks and botanical gardens. Control of goat grazing is recommended.",This species is often planted in gardens in the Canary Islands. A fragrant oil known as Rhodium oil or Rosewood can be obtained from its branches and roots (Wood et al. 2015). The species has been used as a component in environmental restoration programs (Dirección General de Protección de la Naturaleza 2011).,"Marrero-Rodríguez, Á, Naranjo-Suárez, J., Reyes-Betancort, J.A., Santana-López, M.I., Peraza Zurita, M.D. & Allen, D.J.","Requena Suarez, D.K. & Rivers, M.C.","Beech, E.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,SOLANALES,CONVOLVULACEAE,Convolvulus,lopezsocasii,,Convolvulus lopezsocasii  ,Svent.,,Yes,EN,B2ab(v),Yes,EN,B2ab(v),,,,Decreasing,"Convolvulus lopezsocasiiis endemic to the island of Lanzarote, Canary Islands, Spain, where it can be found from 425 to 600 m asl, restricted to the moist cliffs of Famara, distributed into five subpopulations. Its area of occupancy has been estimated in 8 km² (Reyes-Betancortet al. 2004). Its presence has been also reported in Gran Canaria, but the existence of natural populations in this island is uncertain (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).
","Population has been estimated in 301 individuals, unevenly distributed so number of individuals in each location ranges from three to 266 (Reyes-Betancortet al. 2004).Subpopulations sometimes present low numbers of isolated specimens and recruitment is generally low. Germination levels are generally very low or no germination at all is observed. The species also propagates by cuttings.


Number of mature individuals is reported to be 373 in 2006 (Gobierno de Canarias 2009) and population trends are described as regressive.","This shrub grows in humid cracks and ledges on steep crags and cliffs, probably taking refuge from grazing pressure.It participates in communities ofConvolvulo lopezsocasii-Oleetum cerasiformis.Accompanying species include:Oleacerasiformis, Pistacia lentiscus, Phillyrea angustifolia, Lavandula pinnata, Lycium intricatum, Asteriscus intermedius, Bituminaria bituminousvar. albomarginata, Maytenus senegalensis andSideritis pumila.






","Main threat to this species are landslides that could considerably reduce the number of mature individuals (Reyes-Betancortet al. 2004).Other threats are droughts, trampling and predation by roaming goats, which force the species to appear restricted to sheltered sites.","Convolvulus lopezsocasii is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species ""Vulnerable"" in the Spanish catalogue of threatened species and in the regional catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is listed as Endangered C2a(ii) on the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).





The populations are found in the protected area Parque Natural del Archipiélago Chinijo (SCI) (Reyes-Betancortet al. 2004). Seeds are stored in the germplasm bank of the Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo.





Proposed measures include the development of research about the reproductive biology of the species and the establishment of reinforcement and benign introduction actions within its potential distribution area. Plant material should be stored in germplasm banks and botanic gardens. Roaming goats should be eradicated in Riscos de Famara.",It is locally used as ornamental plant.,"Bilz, M. & Peraza Zurita, M.D.","González González, R., León Arencibia, M.C. & Reyes-Betancort, J.A.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,SOLANALES,CONVOLVULACEAE,Convolvulus,massonii,,Convolvulus massonii  ,A.Dietr.,,Yes,VU,D1,Yes,VU,D1,,,,Unknown,"Convolvulus massoniiis native to the Madeira Archipelago, Portugal, where it grows on the islands of Madeira and Desertas (Jardimet al. 2006).","On Madeira Island, populations are very fragmented. The total estimated  number of mature individuals is less than 1,000 (Jardimet al. 2006). The population trend is unknown.","This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):


1250 Vegetated sea cliffs with endemic flora of the Macaronesian coasts.


9360 Macaronesian laurel forests (Laurus, Ocotea).","The main threats to the species are urbanisation, the construction of roads and tunnels, garbage dumping, erosion and landslides (Commission of the European Communities 2009).","Convolvulus massonii is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). Its area is partially included in Madeira Natural Park, in a nature reserve, and in two Natura 2000 sites (Jardimet al. 2006). Seeds are conserved in Madeira Botanical Gardens seed bank.",The species is not known to be used.,"Fernandes, F. & Bilz, M.","Carvalho, J.A.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Coronilla,talaverae,,Coronilla talaverae  ,Lahora & Sánchez-Gómez,,Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v)",,,,Decreasing,"Coronilla talaverae is endemic to southeastern Spain in Almeria and Murcia provinces, and only a few localities exist. The area of occupancy and the extent of occurrence is 8 km2. The area of suitable habitat have been searched, but no other populations have been found (Cano et al. 2012).","The three subpopulations in Almeria consist of 2,620 individuals (Cano et al. 2012), it is thought that they are all mature individuals. The largest subpopulation is 2,000 and the smallest consist of only 20 individuals. In total, it is estimated that there are around 2,800 individuals. Recruitment is good in the two larger subpopulations. The population has experienced a decline due to touristic development.",Coronilla talaverae is a deciduous shrub up to 100 cm tall. It occurs on silt-carbonate sandstone in scrubland and sandbanks with maritime influence (Cano et al. 2012). It occurs between 10 and 290 m. It belongs to the thermomediterranean and ombro-acid type.,"The species is affected by touristic development, which is leading to habitat loss and destruction. Based on this threat, the number of locations is three.
","The subpopulation at Puerto de los Peines is included in the Site of Community Importance (ES6110012 Sierras Almagrera, de los Pinos and El Aguilón) for the Mediterranean biogeographical region (Cano et al. 2012). There are no known ex situ collections of this species in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016). Both ex situ and in situ conservation methods are recommended, such as germplasm and monitoring, as well as further exploration, and protection of its habitat is needed.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"García, M. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C., García Murillo, P.G., Buira, A. & Fraga i Arquimbau, P.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Cotoneaster,cambricus,,Cotoneaster cambricus  ,J.Fryer & B.Hylmö,Cotoneaster cambricus is considered by some to be merely a synonym of the widespread C. integerrimus.,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D,,,,Decreasing,"Cotoneaster cambricus is endemic to Great Orme's Head, near Llandudno in Caernarvonshire, northern Wales. It is found at a single locality. The species is considered as a neophyte of garden origin by BSBI/BRC (2017), synonymous with the widespread C. integerrimus.","When first recorded in 1783 (Stace 1997) it was considered widely distributed in the original locality, but in 1978 only six individuals remained. From a survey in 2008, seven individuals were counted (JNCC 2010). The population has been supplemented with the planting of individuals raised in cultivation and with seed. The augmented population is now 17 individuals. The natural regeneration of the introduced individuals is not known. A seedling has been seen in the area that had been planted with seeds.",Cotoneaster cambricus is a low shrub up to 1.5 m tall. It grows on isolated and exposed limestone cliff edges. The establishment of new seedlings is very limited.,"The original population was apparently greatly impacted by Victorian plant collectors, and grazing by rabbits, sheep and feral Kashmir goats (BSBI/BRC 2017, GTC 2017). The current threats are mainly from browsing and the fact that the population is now very small.","This species is listed as a UK BAP species, with a species specific action plan (JNCC 2010). The site is also protected as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and managed by Conwy County Borough Council Countryside Service. There are seven ex situ collections in botanic gardens (BGCI 2016). Plants are reintroduced and planted in the original site in a continuous effort to maintain the population.





Confirmation of the taxonomic identity of this species in relation toC. integerrimus is required.",The original population was apparently greatly impacted by Victorian plant collectors (GTC 2017).,"Sennikov, A. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Cotoneaster,delphinensis,,Cotoneaster delphinensis  ,Chatenier,,Yes,VU,D1,Yes,VU,D1,,,,Unknown,"Cotoneaster delphinensis is endemic to southeastern France, where it is found in the departments of Drôme and Hautes-Alpes (Flinck et al. 1998).","The species was rediscovered in its original location in 1994 (Flinch et al. 1998). Whilst the species is known from numerous localities, most localities contain fewer than ten plants, and often fewer than four individuals. The total population is provisionally estimated at under 500 individuals. However, the species is very hidden, it was known only by the type collection before the 1990s, and usually grows amongst bushes on difficult-to-access slopes and rocks, and as a result, its population might be strongly underestimated. In addition, only old trees are known, with regeneration, if present, probably very rare. The percentage of fruiting flowers is low, and germination experiments in cultivation (either with or without scarification) have been unsuccessful (L. Garraud and J.-M. Tison pers. comm. 2017).","This is a shrub 1-3 m tall. It is found at the foot of limestone cliffs and in mountainous areas at 600-1,100 m (Flinck et al. 1998).",There are no evident threats to this species.,"This species was listed as Vulnerable in the 1997 Red List of Threatened Species (Walter and Gillett 1998) and (as VU D1) in the French National Red List (UICN France et al. 2012). There is a single ex-situ collection recorded in botanic gardens (BGCI 2016). Several localities occur within protected areas (national or regional parks, or Natura 2000 sites; SILENE 2017).",There is no use or trade information for this species.,"Sennikov, A., Garraud, L. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.","Garraud, L. & Tison, J.-M.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Cotoneaster,juranus,,Cotoneaster juranus  ,Gand.,"This species is sometimes included in Cotoneaster integerrimus Medik., for example by Dickoré and Kasperek (2010) and others.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,,,,Unknown,"Cotoneaster juranus is endemic to Europe, where it is native to France (Vosges, Jura, Massif Central, Pyrenees and Alps areas), Spain (Pyrenees), Switzerland, Italy (Liguria), Austria, Slovenia and probably in other Balkan states (Flinck 2009, Sennikov 2009). The known distribution area is incomplete and requires further study, and it could be more widely distributed than currently known within mountain areas.",There is no population information for this species.,A low shrub that grows in subalpine to alpine rocky grasslands and heaths at higher altitudes on acid soils. It occurs associated with Juniperus communis subsp. nana Syme.,The threats to this species are not known.,Confirmation of the taxonomic identity and distribution of this species is required. Material under this name is found in eight ex situ collections in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016).,There is no use or trade information for this species.,"Sennikov, A. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Cotoneaster,kullensis,,Cotoneaster kullensis  ,B.Hylmö,"The species is considered 'Preliminary Accepted' in Euro+Med (Sennikov 2009), as there are still taxonomic doubts. This group has not been studied sufficiently in Europe, and more information is needed on the origin of this population.",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,iv,v)+2ab(iii,iv,v); D",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,iv,v)+2ab(iii,iv,v); D",,,,Decreasing,"Cotoneaster kullensis is endemic to Kullaberg in Skåne, southwestern Sweden (Olsson 2000). The extent of occurrence is 208 km2, and the area of occupancy is 56 km2.",There are approximately 200 mature individuals and the population is thought to be declining (Artdatabanken 2016).,This is a shrub up to 1.5 m tall. It is found near the sea on cliffs partially covered by shrubs.,Outside protected areas the species may be threatened by shrub clearance and infrastructure development.,Most of the population is found in protected areas and there are five known ex situ collections in botanic gardens (BGCI 2016). Confirmation of the taxonomic identity of this species is required.,There is no use or trade of this species.,"Sennikov, A. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Cotoneaster,majoricensis,,Cotoneaster majoricensis  ,L.Sáez & Rosselló,,Yes,CR,C2a(i); D,Yes,CR,C2a(i); D,,,,Decreasing,"Cotoneaster majoricensis is endemic to the northern mountains of Mallorca (Sáez and Rosselló 2012). The species is highly restricted, with extremely low area of occupancy (AOO) (c.980 m2) (Sáez and Rosselló 2012). However measured with a 2 x 2 km grid, the AOO will be 8 km2.","Cotoneaster majoricensis is found in two subpopulations found on two mountain summits (separated by 3.9 km) (Sáez and Rosselló 2012). There are 125 individuals, of which 18 are in one subpopulation and the rest, 107 in the other. There are only 25 mature individuals (Sáez et al. 2016). There has been a decline in the number of mature individuals at one of the sites (Puig Major) and there is very limited reproductive success (Sáez and Rosselló 2012). There have been oscillations in the number of fruits produced per year (Sáez et al. 2016).","Cotoneaster majoricensis is a shrub between 1-2.7 m tall. Flowers are white and fruit are red or brownish red. It is found in crevices on cliffs and overhangs in northern mountains of Mallorca between 1,100 and 1,410 m (Sáez et al. 2016). The species is probably found at these altitudes because of the presence of goats and sheep to a lesser extent, and without them it would appear at lower altitudes.","The mountains were affected by military installations, and climbing activities. The main threat to the species is the over grazing by goats and sheep (Sáez and Rosselló 2012). Based on this threat, there is only one location.",The species has been assessed as Critically Endangered (B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)) in the Balearic islands (Saez et al. 2016). There are no known ex situ collections in botanic gardens of this species (BGCI 2016). This is a protected species by law in the Balearic islands. It is found in protected areas throughout its range. Limiting the access of goats is essential for this species.,The species is not utilized.,"Sennikov, A. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.","Buira, A. & Fraga i Arquimbau, P.","García, M.",
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Cotoneaster,nebrodensis,,Cotoneaster nebrodensis  ,(Guss.) K.Koch,This name has commonly been misapplied to Cotoneaster tomentosus (Aiton) Lindl.,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,,,,Stable,"This species is endemic to the Madonie Mountains in Sicily, Italy",There is no population information on this species. The population is currently thought to be stable.,"This is a shrub, found in the shrub vegetation of forest margins (Gianguzzi et al. 2011).",Wild pigs and other introduced ungulates may impact the reproductive success of this species.,"The population is found in a regional Natural Park. There are several ex situ collections recorded under this name (BGCI 2016), however, due to the fact that this name has often been misapplied to Cotoneaster tomentosus, it is uncertain what species they refer to. Therefore it would be beneficial to establish the true identity of these records, as well as gathering more information about the population size, trend and distribution for this species in the wild.",There is no use or trade information.,"Carta, A., Montagnani, C., Orsenigo, S., Troìa, A. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Cotoneaster,parnassicus,,Cotoneaster parnassicus  ,Boiss. & Heldr.,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,,,,Unknown,"This species is recorded from across mainland  Greece (P. Dimopoulos pers. comm. 2016), and from Mt. Galičica in FYR Macedonia (Sennikov and Phelps 2013). Presence in Albania and southern Bulgaria is possible but to be confirmed, and it has not yet been confirmed with certainty from Bulgaria (A. Sennikov pers. comm. 2016).",The species was not considered 'Rare' in Greece (Phitos et al. 1995). No further information available.,This species is a low shrub found on rocky mountain slopes and in forest openings (Phitos et al. 1995).,"There are no known current threats to this species and it is found at higher altitudes in mountain regions. However, if human impact on mountain regions of the southern Balkans increase, this species may be at risk.","There are no known ex situ collections of this taxon (BGCI 2016). The species was not considered 'Rare' in Phitoset al. (1995), and is not included in Phitos et al. (2009). The record from FYR Macedonia is within the Galičica National Park.",The species has horticultural potential.,"Bogunić, F., Caković, D., Petrova, A., Sennikov, A., Shuka, L. & Allen, D.J.","Bazos, I., Matevski, V. & Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Cotoneaster,raboutensis,,Cotoneaster raboutensis  ,"Flinck, J.Fryer, Garraud, B.Hylmö & J.Zeller","This species is considered ""Preliminary Accepted"" in Euro+Med (Sennikov 2009).",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,,,,Unknown,"Cotoneaster raboutensis is endemic to the French Alps but the distribution has not been well researched (Flinck et al. 1998, SILENE 2017). Based on currently available localities (SILENE 2017), the extent of occurrence is c.859 km2 and the area of occupancy is 40 km2.",There is no population information for this species.,"Cotoneaster raboutensis is a shrub 1.5-2.5 m tall. It grows at altitudes from 900 to 1,300 m asl in oak groves (Flinck et al. 1998).",The threats are not known.,There are two known ex situ collections of this species in botanic gardens (BGCI 2016). It is likely that the species occurs within protected areas within its range (SILENE 2017).,There is no use or trade for this species,"Sennikov, A. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Cotoneaster,scandinavicus,,Cotoneaster scandinavicus  ,B.Hylmö,"Outside the native distribution of Cotoneaster scandinavicus, the species is widely included in C. integerrimus Medik., however we follow regional and national treatments and Sennikov (2011) in considering the species valid, with neither range nor traits overlapping with C. integerrimus.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,,,,Stable,"Cotoneaster scandinavicus is found in Scandinavia, Finland, Estonia, Latvia and the neighbouring parts of northwestern Russia.",The population is large and stable.,Cotoneaster scandinavicus is a low shrub up to 1.5 m tall (though often less). It is found near farmland and forests.,The main threat for this species is habitat loss due to urbanisation and human development.,"There are 12 ex situ collections in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016). It is considered Least Concern in Sweden and Norway (Artdatabanken 2016, Artsdatabanken 2016). It is listed as Vulnerable in Russia (Tzvelev 2000) under the name C. integerrimus).",The species is not utilized.,"Sennikov, A. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,BRASSICALES,BRASSICACEAE,Crambe,fruticosa,,Crambe fruticosa  ,L.f.,"Crambe fruticosa L.f. is a wild relative of the oil producing and fodder crop, C. abyssinica R.E. Fr., as well as being related to other brassica crops as a member of the subtribe Brassicinae (tribe Brassiceae) (Maxtedet al. in prep.).",Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,,,,Stable,"According to Prina and Martínez-Laborde (2008), this speciesis endemic to Madeira and Porto Santo; however, Press and Short (1994), Francisco-Ortegaet al. (2002) and Borgeset al. (2008) suggest that it is also found on the nearby island of Desertas. In Madeira this species is found in the west, near the coast, and in Porto Santo it is found on the peaks of Ana Ferreira, Branco and Castelo. The area of occupancy (AOO) is  less than 500 km2.","The species occurs at several sites, with several individuals at each site. The population is thought to comprise less than 10,000 individuals and is currently stable.","This species is found in dry, sunny lowland scrub, and coastal rocks and hills (Francisco-Ortegaet al. 2002, Prina and Martínez-Laborde 2008, Warwicket al. 2009). Press and Short (1994) describe this species from ravines and cliff habitats on Madeira.","There are no immediate major threats to this species, although urbanization and road construction are possible threats.","The genus Crambe is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex. 





EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession ofC. fruticosa which originates from  Portugal and is stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.  





It was listed in the list of rare, threatened and endemic plants in   Europe (1982 edition) (Council of  Europe 1983) and the 1997 IUCN Red   List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998) as Rare (R) (not   Endangered or Vulnerable, but at risk).





Some subpopulations occur in protected areas.","The species is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to the oil producing  and fodder crop,C. abyssinica,as well as being related to other brassica crops.","Nieto, A. & Kell, S.P.","Draper Munt, D., Magos Brehm, J., Carvalho, M., Duarte, M.C., Tavares, M. & Santos Guerra, A.","Hargreaves , S. & Kell, S.P.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,BRASSICALES,BRASSICACEAE,Crambe,laevigata,,Crambe laevigata  ,DC. ex Christ,"Crambe laevigata DC. ex Christ is a wild relative of the oil producing and fodder crop, C. abyssinica R.E. Fr., as well as being related to other brassica crops as a member of the subtribe Brassicinae (tribe Brassiceae) (Maxtedet al. in prep.).",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",,,,Decreasing,"Crambe laevigata is endemic to Tenerife (Macizo de Teno), one of  the Spanish Canary Islands. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is  100 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).There are three subpopulations located in one municipality northwest of the island and they each occupy between 500 and 1,500 m². The total area of occupancy (AOO) is 0.003 km².",The population has been determined in three different localities within the same municipality and has been estimated at 700 individuals.,"This plant has a woody base and grows to 170 cm. It exists within communities ofAeonietum canariensisandVieraeo-Polycarpaeetum carnosae. It can be found on north-facing basaltic cliffs which are frequently humid due to the influence of trade winds. It is also possible to find it inEchio-Retametum rhodorhizoidis (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It seeks shelter in almost vertical deep ravines in west Tenerife. There is a high competition for the scarce soil on the narrow platforms where it is located, which limits the survival of seedlings.
","The main threats are grazing (in the Parque Rural de Teno), tourist paths and routes and the occasional natural events like landslides.","This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) and Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive. The genus Crambe is listed in Annex I of the International   Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of   the brassica complex. 





It is included in the Rural Park Teno and in the SCI with the same name. For its conservation, the control of livestock and measures to avoid the possible hybridization with other species of the same genus are required. It is recommended that the status of the species is clarified with regards to the speciesC. scaberrima, a species also endemic to southwest Tenerife.





EURISCO reports only three germplasm accessions ofC. laevigata which are stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.","It is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to the oil producing  and fodder crop,C. abyssinica,as well as being related to other brassica crops.","Bilz, M., Kell, S.P. & Nieto, A.","Cruz Trujillo, G.M., Rodríguez Delgado, O. & García Gallo, A.","Nieto, A. & Kell, S.P.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,BRASSICALES,BRASSICACEAE,Crambe,scoparia,,Crambe scoparia  ,Svent.,"Crambe scoparia Svent. is a wild relative of the oil producing and fodder crop, C. abyssinica R.E. Fr., as well as being related to other brassica crops as a member of the subtribe Brassicinae (tribe Brassiceae) (Maxtedet al. in prep.).",Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",,,,Unknown,"C. scoparia is endemic to Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain. It is endemic to the central-eastern area of the island, with five subpopulations in the municipalities of Tejeda and San Nicolás de Tolentino.The area of occupancy (AOO) of the species is2.75 km².","There are five subpopulations formed by young individuals and adults totalling 1,886 individuals. Although the viability of seeds is high, significant recruitment has not been observed. 
","C. scoparia is part ofrupicolous communities in thermophilous environments. It hasa preference for the bottom of cliffs and ledges with little accumulation of soil, although it has also been observed on slopes with more developed soils. It is commonly found amongAeonium manriqueorum,Leptocephalus Sonchus, Echium decasnei, Carlina canariensis, Descurainia preauxiana, Rubia fruticosa, Bupleurum salicifoliumssp.aciphyllum, Echium onosmifolium, Cheirolophus arbutifolius, Allagopappus viscosisimusandDendriopoterium pulidoi.
","The main threat to this species are herbivores, as the subpopulations are located in prominent areas of traditional grazing. Some of them now have  extremely small numbers of individuals, while others remain vulnerable to damage by both domestic livestock and wild herbivores.","This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). The genus Crambe is listed in Annex I of the International  Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of  the brassica complex. 





All of the subpopulations are included in the Parque Rural del Nublo (SCI), except the subpopulation at Hogarzales, which is included in the Reserva Natural Especial de Güigüí (SCI). Its habitat is protected in the EU Habitats Directive. The control of traditional grazing by livestock at these sites is necessary.





EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession ofC. scoparia (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.","It has great value as forage food, so it is highly desired by livestock. It is also a wild relative of and potential gene donor to the oil producing  and fodder crop,C. abyssinica,as well as being related to other brassica crops.","Bilz, M., Kell, S.P. & Nieto, A.","Santana-López, M.I. & Naranjo Suárez, J.","Kell, S.P.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,BRASSICALES,BRASSICACEAE,Crambe,sventenii,,Crambe sventenii  ,Pettersson ex Bramwell & Sunding,"Crambe sventenii Pettersson ex Bramwell & Sunding is a wild relative of the oil producing and fodder crop, C. abyssinica R.E. Fr., as well as being related to other brassica crops as a member of the subtribe Brassicinae (tribe Brassiceae) (Maxtedet al. in prep.).",Yes,CR,"B2ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B2ab(iii,v)",,,,Decreasing,"C. sventeniiis endemic to Fuerteventura in the Canary Islands archipielago, with six relatively small subpopulations distributed in three southern municipalities of the island. The subpopulations occupy between 5 and 500 m². The extent of occurrence (EOO) is  400 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).The area of occupancy (AOO) of the species is between1,850 m² and 9 km².",There are 476 individuals in total in the population and the number is declining.,"This species grows between 0.5 and 1 m high and is found inLycio intricati-Euphorbietum balsamiferae communities (""Tabaibales dulces"") which are very degraded and impoverished as a result of intense grazing on the island. It settles on slopes  which suffer long dry periods. Accompanying speciesincludeLycium intricatum, Euphorbia balsamifera, Euphorbia regisjubae, Kleinia neriifolia, Periploca laevigata, Salviaherbanicaand Coronilla viminalis.





The seeds need a minimum water supply for germination and possibly see it less inhibited, at least in part, by high temperatures.A third of the specimens observed are in poor condition, rarely surviving yearly droughts.
",Grazing stock pressure has been defined as a main threat to this species.Landslides and long periods of drought are also regarded as threats. One subpopulation is  located near a paved road.,"This species is listed listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) and as a priority species on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive. The genus Crambe is listed in Annex I of the International  Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of  the brassica complex. 





It is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii,v) in the Spanish national red list (Moreno 2008).





C. sventenii subpopulations are included in the natural monuments of Montaña Cardón and Cuchillos de Vigán. It is recommended to control the grazing by livestock and to place fences for its conservation.





No germplasm accessions ofC. sventenii are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). However, seeds are known to be preserved in a genebank. A review of the ex situ conservation status of this species is required and germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage should be carried out as necessary.
","It is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to the oil producing  and fodder crop,C. abyssinica,as well as being related to other brassica crops.","Bilz, M., Kell, S.P. & Nieto, A.","García Gallo, A., Cruz Trujillo, G.M., Rodríguez Delgado, O. & Scholz, S.","Nieto, A. & Kell, S.P.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Crataegus,karadaghensis,,Crataegus karadaghensis  ,Pojark.,,Yes,DD,,No,NA,,,,,Unknown,"This species is currently known from a small number of records in Ukraine and from a single locality in southern European Russia (east of Rostov-on-Don). Previously it was considered endemic to southern Crimea but then re-circumscribed to include populations of the southeastern lowlands of eastern Europe (Tzvelev 2001). The known extent of occurrence is 32,541 km2 and the area of occupancy is 60 km2 (A. Sennikov pers. comm. 2016). Further localities might be discovered when greater attention is paid to the taxon outside Crimea.",There is little population information for this species. It has a small population in the Crimea (Yena and Fateryga 2015).,"This species is a shrub up to 3 m tall (Christensen 1992). In the Crimea it grows on rocky or gravelly slopes, among shrubs, and along the banks of rivers and brooks (Yena and Fateryga 2015).","The threats in the Crimea are habitat destruction, urbanisation, continuous grazing from sheep and goats (Yena and Fateryuga 2015).",This species was considered 'Rare' in the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998). In the Crimea it is considered 'Rare' (Yena and Fateryga 2015). There are no known ex situ collections of this species (BGCI 2016). The species occurs in the Karadagh Nature Reserve (Yena and Fateryga 2015).,There is no use or trade information for this taxon.,"Sennikov, A. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.","Sennikov, A.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Crataegus,sericea,,Crataegus sericea  ,Dzekov,"Crataegus sericea is, according to Christensen (1992), a hybrid (C. monogyna × C. orientalis subsp. orientalis).",Yes,DD,,No,NA,,,,,Unknown,"This species is endemic to western Macedonia between 1,000 and 1,500 m asl in the upper oak and in the beech forest zone. The extent of occurrence is 696 km2 and the area of occupancy is 20 km2, based on available point locality data.",This species has been described as 'rare' by Karadelev and Rusevska (2003).,"Crataegus sericea is a shrub. It occurs in the mountainous areas on the border between Albania and Macedonia, but the habitat type is not known.",The threats to this species are not known.,"Research is required, in particular to confirm the specific status of the taxon. There are no ex situ collections known in any botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016).","The wild fruit are eaten for a snack, fermented into an alcoholic drink, and has medicinal uses (Pieroni et al. 2014).","Sennikov, A., Bogunić, F. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Cytisophyllum,sessilifolium,,Cytisophyllum sessilifolium  ,(L.) O.Lang,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"The species is found in northern and eastern Spain, the south of France and peninsular Italy. There is one record from Algeria (Quézel and Santa 1962), but it is considered to be doubtful according some sources (African Plant Database 2016, Euro+Med 2006-2010), and Maire (1987) does not consider this species to be in Africa either.",This is a very abundant species and its population trend is stable.,"This species is found in scrubland, oak and pine forest edges. It is present in calcareous soils at altitudes between 400-1,600 m.",The species may be affected by deforestation and wildfires in parts of its range.,It is present in protected areas throughout its range.,The species is cultivated as an ornamental plant.,"Fraga i Arquimbau, P. & Allen, D.J.","Buira, A. & García Murillo, P.G.",,"García, M.",
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Cytisus,cantabricus,,Cytisus cantabricus  ,(Willk.) Rchb.f.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"Cytisus cantabricus is widely distributed in northern Spain in the central and eastern cordillera Cantábrica. It has previously been reported from southwestern France (Tutin et al. 1993, Talavera 1999), however, these may be reported in error (MNHN 2003-2017) and its presence in France requires confirmation.","The population size of this species is not known, however, the population trend seems to be stable.","This species is a perennial non-climbing shrub (1-2 m in height) that grows in clearings of beech, oak and birch woods, and occasionally cork oak woods and scrub. Ecological requirements have been described for this species such as light, moderate heat (primarily montane), very dry soils (the species is an indicator of dryness) and very acid soils. It is characteristic of plant community Cytisetea scoparia, with species such as Adenocarpus complicatus subsp. lainzii, Cytisus multiflorus, Cytisus scoparius subsp. scoparius, Erica arborea, Orobanche rapum-genistae and Pteridium aquilinum. From 0 to 1,300(1,850) m asl.",There are no known major threats to this species.,"There are protected areas along the range of the species in Spain, and several specimens are reported from within protected areas such as Aiako-Harria, Somiedo, Saja-Besaya and Picos de Europa Nature Parks. There are collections reported from near Pyrenees Occidentales National Park in France. Seeds have been collected by the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Dpto. Biología Vegetal, Banco de Germoplasma. It is known to occur in two Botanical Gardens. Its presence in France needs to be confirmed.",No information available.,"Buira, A., Fraga i Arquimbau, P., García Murillo, P.G. & Allen, D.J.","Lopez Poveda, L., Rivers, M.C. & Beech, E.",,"García, M.",
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Cytisus,commutatus,,Cytisus commutatus  ,(Willk.) Briq.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Decreasing,"This species is endemic to the northern fringe of the Iberian Peninsula, from Galicia to the Basque Country (Talavera 1999). The extent of occurrence and the area of occupancy are over 20,000 and 2,000 km2, respectively.","There is no information on the population size or trends, but it seems to have declined over the years as a result of the ongoing threats. The two largest subpopulations are found in Galicia and Asturias.","This species is a shrub between 1.5-2 m tall, branched from the base. It grows on cliffs, thickets, and in clearings of oak forests (Talavera 1999) up to an altitude of 900(1,000) m.","The species has been affected by the introduction of exotic species such as Cortaderia selloana, which stops the species from growing. It is also impacted by plantations, wildfires and urban development.","There are no known ex situ collections of this species in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016). It is unknown if it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Further research on its population size and trend is needed. In Cantabria, the species was assessed as Vulnerable(Moreno Moral et al. 2005). The subspecies Cytisus commutatus subsp. merinoi was assessed in Spain as Data Deficient (Banares et al.2008).",There is no use or trade information for this species.,"García, M. & Allen, D.J.","Buira, A., Fraga i Arquimbau, P., García Murillo, P.G., Beech, E. & Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Cytisus,emeriflorus,,Cytisus emeriflorus  ,Rchb.,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,,,,Unknown,"This species is found from Canton Ticino in central-southern Switzerland to Lake Garda (Lombardia) in northern Italy, and a smaller range in Friuli, northeastern Italy (Conte and Cristofolini 2000, Armiraglio et al. 2005). A gap of about 200 km separates the two areas. It is found at altitudes up to 2,000 m (IDS 2016). The extent of occurrence is estimated to be just over 10,000 km2. It is most common on the Grigna Massif, to the east of Lake Como (IDS 2016).
","It is thought that there is reproductive isolation within western subpopulations, whereas eastern subpopulations are exchanging genetic material (Conte and Cristofolini 2000).","This is a low shrub nearly 1 m high that is found on calcareous soils in open pine stands, along beach woods and open grass vegetation, and also on on rocky slopes (Conte and Cristofolini 2000). It has a dense habit and yellow flowers (IDS 2016).","There are no major threats to this species. At lower altitudes, the abandonment of traditional agricultural practices has led to an increase in forest cover, with a possible reduction of quality of habitat.The genetic fragmentation of Cytisus emeriflorus is likely to have been due to human impact, and the species still bears the genetic markers of a larger metapopulations (Conte and Cristofolini 2000, Cristofolini and Conte 2003).
","This species was listed as ""Rare"" in both Switzerland and Italy in 1982 (Council of Europe 1983), however it is now considered Endangered in Switzerland (Info Flora 2016). It was considered a ""lower risk"" taxon of the Italian flora by (Conti 1997). There are 29 known ex situ collections in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016). Habitat protection and management, and in situ conservation are of particular importance, given its habitat specificity and narrow distribution (Conte and Cristofolini 2000).
",It can be found in cultivation as an alpine plant.,"Carta, A., Montagnani, C., Orsenigo, S., Troìa, A. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Cytisus,multiflorus,,Cytisus multiflorus  ,(L'Hér.) Sweet,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"Cytisus multiflorus is a native endemic of the Iberian peninsular, where it is found in central and northern Portugal and northwestern Spain. The specie has been widely cultivated as an ornamental plant elsewhere, including in Algeria, Belgium, Italy, Netherlands, Switzerland, UK and USA (Auvray and Malecot 2013), and it is considered considered a weed and sometimes invasive in some areas e.g., parts of Europe, Australia, New Zealand, South and East Asia and North America (CABI 2017, DAISIE 2017).",Although population numbers are not known it is considered widespread. No significant population declines have been reported.,"This is a shrub 1-2 m high, found on roadsides, abandoned fields and disturbed sites as well as open woodlands. It is often found on granite or quartzite.",There are no significant threats (Auvray and Malecot 2013).,There are several ex situ collections of this species in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016). It occurs in protected areas throughout its range.,"This species has been very widely cultivate as an ornamental plant. It is considered easily raised from seed, and reaches its full size in three or four years (IDS 2016).","Fraga i Arquimbau, P., García Murillo, P.G., Buira, A. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Cytisus,oromediterraneus,,Cytisus oromediterraneus  ,"Rivas Mart., T.E.Díaz , Fern.Prieto, Loidi & Penas",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,,,,Stable,"Cytisus oromediterraneus is found in southern France, Andorra, and the northern half of the Iberian peninsula in Spain and Portugal (Cantó and Rivas-Martínez 2002 SILENE 2017).","There is no population information of this species. In Portugal, it is widespread in the Serra da Estrela. In Spain, it is very abundant in high north and central mountains. The population trend is assumed to be stable.","This is a shrub found in stony scrubland and thicket at elevations between 1,300 m and 2,500 m.",The threats are not known. It may be affected in the future by climate change as it is restricted to the high mountain tops.,There are six known ex situ collections in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016). It is present in protected areas throughout its range.,There is no information on trade or use.,"García, M. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.","Buira, A., Carapeto, A., Fraga i Arquimbau, P., García Murillo, P.G. & Monteiro-Henriques, T.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Cytisus,paczoskii,,Cytisus paczoskii  ,V.I.Krecz.,,Yes,NT,,No,NA,,,,,Unknown,"This species is restricted to western Ukraine (Diduch 2009) and Moldova (Fedorov 1987, A. Sennikov pers. comm. 2017). The estimated extent of occurrence is 77,440 km2, however, the area of occupancy, based on available records, is restricted at 80 km2.","There are several local populations with a small number of individuals in the Ukraine. The species is considered 'rare' and the population trend is uncertain, although declines are reported (Diduch 2009).","This species is a large shrub between 30 and 60 cm tall. The species is found growing on bare, calcareous soil. It is found at forest margins and in clearings, and in shrubland.","Low competitive ability and habitat destruction (mostly limestone mining) are the primary threats to this species (Diduch 2009), but information on the scope and scale of these impacts is not available.","This species is found within numerous small protected areas in Ukraine (Diduch 2009). It is reported in one ex situ collection (BGCI 2016). This plant would benefit from the strict protection of habitats, and research is required to confirm its current distribution and population trends, especially in Moldova. It was assessed as 'rare' in the Red Book of the Ukraine (Diduch 2009).",Diduch (2009) reports use as an ornamental plant with importance as a bee forage plant.,"Beech, E., Rivers, M.C. & Allen, D.J.","Sennikov, A.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Cytisus,ratisbonensis,,Cytisus ratisbonensis  ,Schaeff.,Both the taxonomic placement and even the presence of this species in eastern Europe is highly uncertain (A. Sennikov pers. comm. 2016).,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,,,,Unknown,"This species is native to Europe from Germany to far western Ukraine (Prokudin 1987, Cristofolini 1991, Fedorov 2002, A. Sennikov pers. comm. 2013), however the identity of Ukrainian records require confirmation, and the extent of distribution there is uncertain. In Bulgaria the species is only known from Pirin Mountain, with no recent information available (A. Petrova pers. comm. 2016). The range of this species extends south to northeastern Croatia (Nikolić 2015).",This species is considered abundant in Hungary (IDS 2016).,"This is a procumbent or erect deciduous shrub 50 cm high; in Bulgaria (as a subspecies) it grows to 20-30(45) cm height). The flowers are produced during May. It is found in light, drier forests and scrublands at forest margins (Bojňanský and Fargašová 2007).",In Croatia a threat has been identified as loss of habitat due to shifting agriculture (Nikolić and Topic 2007). There are no other known threats to this species.,"This species is listed as Endangered in the Red List of Wielkopolska (Poland) (Jackowiak et al. 2007) and in Austria (Niklfeld and Schratt-Ehrendorfer et al. 1999), Critically Endangered in Croatia (Nikolić and Topic 2007, Nikolić 2015) and C4a (Near Threatened) in Czech Republic. It is not considered threatened in Germany. There are 15 known ex situ collections of this species in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016).





Both the taxonomic placement and even the presence of this species in eastern Europe is highly uncertain (A. Sennikov pers. comm. 2016).",The species is found in cultivation and thought to be very hardy (IDS 2016).,"Sennikov, A. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Cytisus,spinescens,,Cytisus spinescens  ,C.Presl,Dimopoulos et al. (2013) consider the valid name to be Chamaecytisus spinescens. Cytisus creticus Boiss. & Heldr. is also included here (as subspecies Chamaecytisus spinescens subsp. creticus). Subsp. spinescens is absent from Greece (A. Strid pers. comm. 2016).,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,,,,Stable,"This is a transadriatic species reported from Italy, Croatia (Dalmatia), and Greece (Crete and the southern Peloponnese; Dimopoulos et al. 2013). Barina et al. (2013, 2015) reject existing records of the species from Albania but consider presence there possible. The species is not currently found in Croatian floras, and the old (1871) record from Croatia requires verification. In Greece this species is found from 10-1,600 m asl (Tan and Iatrou 2001).",There is no information on the population size or trends. In Greece the species is widespread and common within its range.,"This is an branched shrub with small leaves (Cristofolini 1991). Subspecies creticus is found in rocky places, open maquis, olive groves, on limestone and other substrates. Populations in Italy are found in similar habitats.","There are no known threats for the Greek populations. In Italy there are no direct threats, however the closure of open habitats as a result of the decline of traditional management practices is a potential threat.","There are some ex situ collections of this species in botanic gardens (BGCI 2016). The species occurs in Natura 2000 sites in Greece and in Italy. Confirmation of the current distribution of this species is required, especially for Croatia and Albania.",There is no trade or use information for this species.,"Bogunić, F., Caković, D., Matevski, V., Petrova, A., Shuka, L. & Allen, D.J.","Bazos, I. & Orsenigo, S.","Bazos, I., Bogunić, F. & Strid, A.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Cytisus,supranubius,,Cytisus supranubius  ,(L.f.) Kuntze,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Canary Islands, where it is found the central high mountain areas of central Tenerife (mainly Las Canadas del Teide, but does descend lower in ravines) and in the mountainous areas of La Palma. The extent of occurrence is estimated to be 1,548 km2. The area of occupancy, based on known and inferred localities is estimated to be 150 km2, and is probably less than 500 km2. On Tenerife it is found from 1,300 m to nearly 3,000 m. On La Palma it is found around the northern rim of the Caldera from 1,800 to 2,200 m. On La Palma, there has been significant reintroduction planting.","The population is said to be decreasing, in contrast to a rapid growth rate observed between 1954-1995 (Kyncl et al. 2006), however it is not clear if this is an actual decline, or the result of natural turn-over following the rapid expansion of the population that was observed following the creation of the national park (and the subsequent removal of, especially, goat grazing). 





It has been described as ""very abundant on the Peak of Tenerife"" (Bean 2016). Data also show that recruitment is strongly episodic (Kyncl et al. 2006) and poor. On La Palma there has been significant reintroduction planting.
","This shrub is usually 1.5-2.5 m in height, but can reach 3 m (Kyncl et al. 2006). The flowers are white or pinkish-white and occur in late spring or early summer. It grows at high altitudes from 1,700 m above sea level, but has been found up to 3,100 m. At lower elevations it is found in pine forest; it is often dominant in the caldera where it forms a specific vegetation type (Kyncl et al. 2006). It is considered a strong competitor and its roots have a symbiotic nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium.","In the past, the habitat of this species was extensively grazed by goats in summer, and there was firewood collection. However, after the national park was established in 1954, it is thought these activities ceased and the density this species increased (Kyncl et al. 2006). Increased density in the past decades might have triggered effects such as decreased survival due to density-dependence, rabbit grazing, or insect herbivory. In addition, as the collection of old branches for burning after 1981 has stopped, there has been a accumulation of dead biomass, which has contributed to an increase in damage from bark beetles (fam. Scolytidae) and related fungal diseases (Kyncl et al. 2006). Mouflon are found on Tenerife and Barbary sheep on La Palma, but the impact of these introduced species requires research.",All subpopulations are within national parks or in protected areas. A moderate decrease in the rabbit grazing pressure should be sufficient to keep the population stable (Kyncl et al. 2006). There are eight known ex situ collections of this taxon (BGCI 2017).,"In the past the species was used for food and bedding for livestock, and firewood. However, the exploitation was unsustainable. At present its main use is in honey production (Serra Bonvehí et al. 2004). The honey produced from the vegetation on del Teide is very light in colour and delicate and flavour. It is a unique and famous honey that is very popular on the island. The species is also found in cultivation.","Scholz, S., Reyes-Betancort, J.A. & Allen, D.J.","Requena Suarez, D.K. & Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Cytisus,tommasinii,,Cytisus tommasinii  ,Vis.,Dimopoulos et al. (2013) consider C. tommasinii to be a synonym of Chamaecytisus austriacus subsp. tommasinii.,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,,,,Unknown,"This species is recorded from eastern Europe and the Balkans, reported from Croatia, Montenegro, FYR Macedonia, Bosnia (Beck-Mannagetta 1903-1927, herbarium records from Land Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina (SARA)), Serbia, Albania, Greece and Bulgaria (Cristofolini 1991). However there are no confirmed records from Croatia, Bulgaria (A. Sennikov pers. comm. 2016), and records from Serbia are uncertain.





Confirmed records are from Albania, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, FYR Macedonia and mainland Greece (east-central and northeast; Dimopouloset al. 2013).
","This species has been described as ""quite frequent"" in Kotor in Dalmatia (IDS 2016).","This is a deciduous shrub, that grows to about 60 cm high with yellow flowers. Found in mountainous areas, in rocky pastures, and in Fagus and mixed forest, and in dry riverbeds.",No threats to this species are known.,"Confirmation of the identity records and the distribution of the species is required. It was listed as ""insufficiently known"" in the 1982 (Council of Europe 1983). It is known from three ex situ collections (under Chamaecytisus tommasinii) in botanic gardens (BGCI 2016). The species has been assessed as Endangered in Albania (B2c) (MEA 2013). The species is protected by Greek Law (Presidential Decree 67/1981) under the name Chamaecytisus dorycnioides.","There is little use or trade information for this species, although IDS (2016) record the species as in cultivation.","Bazos, I., Matevski, V., Shuka, L. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.","Bazos, I.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,MALVALES,THYMELAEACEAE,Daphne,arbuscula,,Daphne arbuscula  ,Celak.,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,,,,Stable,"Daphne arbusculais endemic to Slovakia, where it is found in the Muránska planina Plateau. In the past it was more widely distributed, but nowadays only occurs in an area of around 95 km² (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).","There are around 35 localities with a population size from 10 to 500 individuals (shrubs). The population has a stable trend (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). The total population has been estimated to be 5,000 to 5,700 tufts    (Commission of the European Communities 2009).","This plant is an evergreen shrub that grows on rock escarpments, edges, crests, terraces, sometimes scree, on limestone and dolomite substrate, from 590 to 1,330 m asl. It prefers southerly exposed open or little shaded slopes, but is also frequent on northern slopes and more rarely in relict pine forests (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).





It occurs in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):


6170 Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands


91Q0 Western Carpathian calcicolousPinus sylvestris forests","The main threats are collecting of the plants, droughts, and air pollution. The latter threats weaken the plants and make them more vulnerable to pests (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). Recreational activities such as mountaineering and rock climbing could also affect this plant (Commission of the European Communities 2009).",Daphne arbuscula is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is classed as Endangered in Slovakia and occurs in two protected areas (SACs) including 100% of the population (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).,Various cultivars of this plant are used as rock garden plants (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).,"Cuttelod, A. & Lutz, M.L.","Bilz, M.","Ferakova, V., Mereďa, P., Hodálová, I. & Eliáš, P.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,MALVALES,THYMELAEACEAE,Daphne,rodriguezii,,Daphne rodriguezii  ,Texidor,,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",,,,Decreasing,"This species is endemic to the island of Menorca, Balearic Islands, Spain, where it presents a highly fragmented distribution (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Its area of occupancy is estimated at 36 km² and its extent of occurrence is of 360 km2.","The population has been estimated at less than 10,000 individuals, most of them mature individuals (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The population is considered to be declining and severely fragmented.","The species grows on coastal sand or sandy-clayey soils in sites sheltered from strong sea winds. The most suitable habitat for this shrub is coastal scrub shaped by strong winds (Aro picti-Phillyreetum rodriguezzii). Common accompanying species areArum pictum, Dranunculus muscivorus, Pistacia lentiscusand preferably Phillyrea media.","The main threats to this species are urbanisation and recreational activities. The species is suspected to be highly dependent on the frugivorous lizard Podarcis lilfordi as a seed dispersal agent; the lizard, which is endemic to the Gymnesian sub-archipelago (Mallorca, Menorca and Cabrera) within the Balearic Islands, has undergone a population decline (Pérez-Mellado et al. 2009, Rodríguez-Pérez and Traveset 2012) as the result of introduced predators. This lizard is now extinct from the main islands (Mallorca and Menorca) and it is found only on islets. Fires and habitat degradation are also threats (Commission of the European Communities 2009).","This taxon is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species ""Sensible a la alteración de su hábitat"" in the Spanish national catalogue of threatened species. It is listed as VU C2a(i); D2 in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008), and as EN in the recent assessment of endemic flora (Fraga i Arguimbau 2015).


The main population occurs in the islet of Illa d’en Colom where it is found with the most important populations of Podarcis lilfordii. This islet is within the protected area Parque Natural S´Albufera des Grau (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Seeds are stored in the germplasm bank of the Escuela Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Madrid and the species is being cultivated in the botanic gardens Jardín Botánico de Valencia, Jardín Botánico de Córdoba and Jardín Botánico de Soller (Mallorca). The project LIFE Flora Menorca (LIFE00 NAT/E/007355) was developed to remove invasive species and to improve footpaths and to eliminate uncontrolled motorised trails, and also produced a management plan for this species (Traveset et al. 2004). There is a need for further research into the reproductive biology of the species.",It is not known if the species has any uses.,"Buira, A., García Murillo, P.G., García, M. & Allen, D.J.","Fraga i Arquimbau, P.","Peraza Zurita, M.D.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,MALVALES,THYMELAEACEAE,Daphne,sophia,,Daphne sophia  ,Kalen.,"Daphne sophia is a separate species, very close to other Daphne species of the series Alpina: Daphne altaica - endemic of the Altaj flora, Daphne caucasica Pall. - endemic to the Caucasus, and Daphne taurica Kotov. -  endemic to Crimea.",Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv)",No,NA,,,,,Decreasing,"Daphne sophia is endemic to the Central Russian Upland, including Russia and Ukraine. 





The distribution area of the species is limited to the river basin of Siverskij Donez in the south of the Central Russian Upland, where it is found in four regions: Belgorodsko-Shebeninskij, Valujsko-Voloconovskij, Rovenkowskij and Novoolsolskij bordering the Belgorodskaya and Voronejskaya regions in the Russian Federation and the Charkivska region in the Ukraine. As a result of botanical field surveys, 21 localities ofDaphne sophia were found. Nearly 50 years later, only 13 of these are remaining today.





The area of occupancy is suspected to be smaller than 52 km² as the largest subpopulation occupies an area of less than one 4 km² grid square.","Subpopulations are small in area and number of individuals. The area of the largest Russian population near Rovenki at the right side of the river Ajdar is 180-200 m long and 15-20 m wide. About 1,000 shoots ofDaphne sophia have been counted here. In other locations in Russia the population quantity is critical. In the Valujskij district, Belgorodskaja region, around the village Jablokovo village, 200 individuals were counted, near the village Borki there are 150 individuals, in Staraya Symonovka 50, and in Thizov Log 60 individuals (Melnyk 1996).





In the Ukraine, the number of individual are 175 shoots near Ochrimivka village, 770 shoots near Mala Vovcza village, 600 shoots near Zovtneve Druge, 1,500 shoots near Kolodazne village in the Charkivska region (Diduch 2009).





Looking at these numbers it is inferred that the 13 remaining populations host less than 10,000 mature individuals. The populations are now severely fragmented.",This shrub of 30-175 cm height grows in ecotones between forest and steppe vegetation. The habitats are adjacent to forest fringes on slopes of gorges or river terraces in beech woods (Melnyk 2000). The flowering period is May to July and the plant reproduces by root shoots.,"Clear cut of trees as well as selective felling, forest planting on slopes, and chalk mines are the main threats to the remaining habitats.","Daphne sophia is included in Red Data Book of Ukraine (Diduch 2009) as Endangered and in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation (Krasnoborov 1988) as Endangered. It is protected in the Vovczanskij protected area in the Charkiv region in Ukraine. Ex situprotection is underway in the National Botanic Garden of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, in the botanical garden of Kiev and Charkiv Universities. Protection of every subpopulation is needed.",The whole plant is dug up from the wild to plant in private gardens and to use as a medicinal plant.,"Bilz, M. & Lutz, M.L.","Melnyk, V.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Dendriopoterium,menendezii,,Dendriopoterium menendezii  ,Svent.,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),,,,Unknown,"This species is endemic to Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands (Gobierno de Canarias 2017), where it is mostly found in the western and southwestern parts of the island, in the regions Agaete, Juncallilo, Tamadaba, San Nicolas, Güigüi and Montana del Cedro. The extent of occurrence of this species is 391 km2 and the area of occupancy is 50-100 km2.","Little is known about the population size, but it is considered locally frequent but sporadic (Bramwell and Bramwell 2001).","This species is a shrub up to 2.5 m tall, with glaucous leaves and very large leaf-like stipules. It blooms from February to July and is found almost exclusively on rocky slopes and basalt cliffs, although it is also found in pine woodlands (Gobierno de Canarias 2017). It is found at altitudes of 400-1,500 m asl.","In spite of its rupicola habitat, this species is in an unsatisfactory situation due to the logging that has been often carried out in the immediate vicinity of its distribution.",This species was assessed as Endangered by the 2008 Red List of Spain (Bañares et al. 2008). There are 21 known ex situ collection of this species in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2017) and its distribution overlaps with several protected areas. The species is protected legally within the Canaries (Gobierno de Canarias 2017).,There is no information on use or trade.,"Reyes-Betancort, J.A. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.","Rich, N.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Dendriopoterium,pulidoi,,Dendriopoterium pulidoi  ,Svent.,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,,,,Unknown,"Dendriopoterium pulidoiis endemic to the island of Gran Canaria, the Canary Islands, Spain, where it grows between 200 and 1,100 m asl on the western part of the island. Its presence was reported in nine subpopulations, in the areas of La Aldea-Tejeda and Barranco del Pino Gordo (Martín Osorioet al. 2004). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 9 km². In 2007, a fire caused a regression of about 17% of the distribution range of this species and the subpopulation El Parralillo disappeared (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).","Its subpopulations have been reported to include individuals of different ages, to be more or less stable and to present acceptable levels of regeneration (Martín Osorioet al. 2004). Its total population size was estimated in 5,700 individuals and believed to be increasing. After the fire of 2007, the total population size was 796 individuals, and one subpopulation was lost (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). However, these data are not comparable, for different methods were used in the two census.","It is a shrub that grows on steep slopes within rupicolous sclerophyll scrublands in the  lower distribution range limit ofPinus canariensis forests. Frequent  accompanying species areAeonium manriqueorum, Atalanthus pinnatus,  Carlina canariensis, Hypericum reflexum, Micromeria leucantha,  Pancratium canarienseand Pinus canariensis.",Grazing appears as the main threat to the majority of the subpopulations. Ocassional landslides and droughts have been also reported as threats (Martín Osorioet al.2004). In 2007 a fire caused severe damage to the subpopulations of this species (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).,"This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). 





It is listed VU D1 in the Spanish Red List 2008 (Moreno 2008) and as ""Vulnerable"" in the catalogue of threatened species of the Canary Islands. The subpopulations are within the protected areas Parque Rural del Nublo and Reserva Natural Integral de Inagua, also SCI.





Seeds have been collected and are stored in the germ plasma bank Banco de Germoplasma del Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo. Areas where grazing is excluded should be established.",,"Martín Osorio, V.E., Marrero-Rodríguez, Á, Peraza Zurita, M.D. & Bilz, M.","Martín Osorio, V.E., Wildpret de la Torre, W. & Marrero-Rodríguez, Á","Peraza Zurita, M.D.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Dorycnium,spectabile,,Dorycnium spectabile  ,Webb & Berthel,,Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,v); C2a(i)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,v); C2a(i)",,,,Decreasing,"Dorycnium spectabile is endemic to the island of Tenerife, the Canary Islands, Spain (Mesa Coelloet al. 2004), with presence confirmed in only two locations in the north (Barranco de los Cochinos) and southeast of the island (Barranco del Agua-Güímar). The area of occupancy is 2 km².
","Total population size has been reported to be 386 individuals (Mesa Coelloet al. 2004). Most of the specimen are adult individuals.Approximately 50% of individuals are flowering and fruiting annually, producing an average of 1,100 flowers per individual, of which only 30% are fertile, resulting in approximately 15 seeds perfruit.





Population trend is believed to be decreasing (Gobierno de Canarias 2004). Population reinforcement measures have been implemented but it is thought the survival of these individuals is still conditioned by human intervention.","This species is associated primarily with shrublands on open areas in dry forestsRhamno-Hypericetumcanariensis andFayo-Ericetumarboreae (Mesa Coelloet al. 2004). However, it is possible to observe some individuals taking advantage of clearings in the forestVisnea-Arbutetum canariensis. Frequent accompanying species are Erica arborea, Visnea mocanera, Arbutus canariensis, Apollonias barbujanassp.tarbujana, Viburnum rigidum, Ilex canariensis, Heberdenia excelsa, Globularia salicina, Hypericum canariense and Jasminum odoratissimum.





It is an entomophilous plant.Its main pollination vectors belong toApidae andHymenoptera.Seed predation by beetles (Bruchidius lichenicola)has been observed.The two populations currently known are geographically isolated, showing aconsiderable genetic difference.","Main threats to this species are trampling and anthropization, collection, natural competition, predation, parasitism and possible fires and landslides (Mesa Coelloet al. 2004).In Barranco de los Cochinos, the low number of individuals and the low presence of reproductive specimens are also threats. InBarranco del Agua, possible droughts can affect the species.","Dorycnium spectabile is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as species ""En peligro de extinción"" in the national catalogue of  threatened speciesand in the regional catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is classed as EN B2ab(iii,v); C2a(i) on the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). 





It has been object of a LIFE project where genetic and demographic research about the species was developed and population reinforcement measures were implemented (Mesa Coelloet al. 2004). Populations are included in the protected area Parque Rural de Teno (SCI) and Paisaje Protegido de las Siete Lomas. Seeds have been stored in the germplasm banks of Servicio de Biodiversidad de la Viceconsejería de Medio Ambiente, Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo and E.T.S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Madrid.





Proposed measures include population monitoring and selective clearings. The access to the path present in Barranco de los Cochinos should be controlled.",,"Bilz, M. & Peraza Zurita, M.D.","Mesa Coello, R., Ojeda Land, E, & Rodríguez Núñez, S.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Ebenus,cretica,,Ebenus cretica  ,L.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"This species is endemic to Crete (Greece), where it is found throughout much of the island (Boratyński 1992, Vrachnakis et al. 2005, Strid 2016), on the islet of Gianysada (Strid 2016) and on the islets of Chrysi and Koufonisi off southeastern Crete (Bergmeier et al. 2001). The extent of occurrence is at least 5,861 km2 and it is found from sea level to 600(1,300) m asl.","The species is locally abundant. In Siteia it has become a ""dominant"" undershrub due to the control of browsing (Rackham and Moody 1996).","This is a shrub up to 1 m tall, but more commonly up to 0.5 m (Turland et al. 1993). It is an undershrub that can sprout after fire (Rackham and Moody 1996) found on rocky cliffs. Found on cliffs and steep lands.","Grazing impacted the distribution of this species in the past, but there are no current threats.",Occurs in more then ten Natura 2000 sites. It is known from 24 ex situ collections in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016).,The species is used as an ornamental plant. The species has numerous local names on Crete.,"Fournaraki, C., Delipetrou, P., Bogunić, F., Caković, D., Matevski, V., Petrova, A., Shuka, L. & Allen, D.J.","Bazos, I. & Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Echinospartum,algibicum,,Echinospartum algibicum  ,Talavera & Aparicio,"The Plant List (2016) considered this species to be a subspecies of Echinospartum ibericum Rivas Mart., Sánchez Mata & Sancho. (as Echinospartum ibericum subsp. algibicum (Talavera & Aparicio) Rivas Mart.





However, it is considered as a species in Flora Iberica (Talaveraet al. 1999) and this will be followed for the purposes of this assessment. Molecular studies on Echinospartiun (Aparicio et al. 2002) support E. algibicum as a species, in addition to having different chromosomic numbers and being geographically isolated (P. Garcia Murillo pers. comm. 2017).",Yes,CR,B2ab(v),Yes,DD,,,,,Decreasing,"The species is found in one locality in the Sierra de Aljibe, on the border between Malaga and Cadiz (Aparicio and Albaladejo 2008).","The population of this species is very small, reduced to only a few individuals (near 60) that live on the top of rocky cliffs. These individuals have significant difficulties producing fruits due to intense grazing (Aparicio and Guisande 1997, Aparicio and Zarate 1997).",The species is found on silicicolous rocky areas and crevices in sandy soils in mountain areas around 800 m asl.,"The species is affected by goat grazing, which removes foliage from the plant, reducing photosynthetic capacity (Aparicio and Albaladejo 2008) and regeneration capacity through the consumption of seed.","The species is found within the Parque Natural de la Sierra de Grazalema. It was assessed as CR (B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v); C2a(ii)) in the 2008 Spanish Red List (Aparicio and Albaladejo 2008). Further research is needed to clarify the taxonomic status of this species, as its identity is doubtful and it is unknown whether this is actually a species or an infra-specific taxon.",The species is not utilized.,"Fraga i Arquimbau, P. & Allen, D.J.","Buira, A. & García Murillo, P.G.",,"García, M.",
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Echinospartum,barnadesii,,Echinospartum barnadesii  ,(Graells) Rothm.,"The Plant List (2016) considered this species to be a subspecies of Echinospartum lusitanicum (L.) Rothm. (as Echinospartum lusitanicum subsp. barnadesii (Graells) Vicioso. However, it is considered as a valid species by Talavera et al. (1999) and Lopez Gonzalez (2001) and this will be followed for the purposes of this assessment.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"This species is endemic to the Sistema Central, Guadarrama and Sierra de Gredos in Spain between 1,400 and 2,000 m (Talavera 1999).",This species is abundant and seems to be stable.,This species is present in acid rocks in cushion formations exposed to strong winds.,The species could be affected by overgrazing and recurrent fires.,This species is present in protected areas throughout its range.,The species is not utilized.,"Fraga i Arquimbau, P. & Allen, D.J.","Buira, A. & García Murillo, P.G.",,"García, M.",
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Echinospartum,boissieri,,Echinospartum boissieri  ,(Spach) Rothm.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"This species is considered to be endemic to the Baetic Range in southern Spain (Talavera 1999, Torres et al. 1999). The species was reported from Extremadura western Spain in 1988 (Lopez Poveda 2012), but this record is doubtful. The altitude range of the species is (700)1,100 to 2,200 m asl (Talavera 1999).","The population size of this species is not known, however, the population trend is considered to be stable.","This species is a perennial non-climbing shrub which occurs in Iberian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests and Iberian conifer forests. It has also been reported from the southwest Iberian Mediterranean sclerophyllous and mixed forests, southeastern Iberian scrub and woodlands, and it also occurs in cushion vegetation. Reported from rocks of high mountain areas of the Subbética Range (granatense alfacarino subsector). It has been described as endemic to the Baetic Range where it is associated with Thymus orospedanus, Genista cinerea subsp. speciosa, Ptilostemon hispanicus, Convulvulus boissieri, Centaurea boissieri subsp. willkommii,Pterocephalus  spathulatus, Fumana paradoxa, Scorzonera albicans, Leucanthemopsis spathulifolia and Erinacea anthyllis. The plant from in height from 0.4 to 0.8 m (Talavera 1999).","The species may be affected by goat grazing and fires, although these are not very strong threats and it may even react well to fire.","There are many protected areas in the southern Spain region. Several collections have been reported from within these protected areas such as Sierra de Cazorla, Segura y las Villas, Sierra de las Nieves and Sierra Nevada Nature Reserves. Seeds have yet to be collected as an ex situ conservation effort. It is not known to occur in any Botanical Garden. Further surveys are needed to define the current species range.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Buira, A., Fraga i Arquimbau, P., García Murillo, P.G., Allen, D.J. & García, M.","Lopez Poveda, L., Rivers, M.C. & Beech, E.","Buira, A., Fraga i Arquimbau, P. & García Murillo, P.G.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Echinospartum,ibericum,,Echinospartum ibericum  ,"Rivas Mart., Sánchez Mata & Sancho",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,This species is endemic to the northwest and central parts of the Iberian Peninsula (Talavera 1999); northern Portugal (Flora-On 2017) and central and western Spain (Anthos 2017).,It can be locally abundant (A. Carapeto pers. comm. 2016). The population trend is unknown but is assumed to be stable.,"Echinospartum ibericum is a shrub up to 2 m tall. It is found in shrublands and rocks on granite or quartz from 750-1,900(2,200) m altitude (Talavera 2017).",The species can be affected by recurrent fires.,"There are two known ex situ collections of this species in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016). It is found in protected areas. This species is protected by law in Castilla la Mancha (taxon of special interest, Decree 33/1998, 5 May) and in Extremadura (taxon of special interest, Decree 37/2001). More research on its population is needed.",There is no information on use or trade.,"Buira, A., Carapeto, A., Fraga i Arquimbau, P., Monteiro-Henriques, T., García, M. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.","Carapeto, A., Buira, A., Fraga i Arquimbau, P., García Murillo, P.G. & Monteiro-Henriques, T.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,BORAGINALES,BORAGINACEAE,Echium,acanthocarpum,,Echium acanthocarpum  ,Svent.,,Yes,CR,B1b(iii)c(iv),Yes,CR,B1b(iii)c(iv),,,,Unknown,"This species is endemic to La Gomera in the Canary Islands, with three natural isolated subpopulations (Los Roques, El Rejo and Enchereda) known from the central sector of the island (Bañares 1990, Bañares et al. 2001, Carqué Álamo et al. 2003, Gobierno de Canarias 2013). In the last 15 years, the disappearance of some small subpopulations  has been observed. A recovery plan has been put in place for the species, and within this framework, the subpopulations at Los Roques and El Rejo have been subject to reinforcement planting, and translocated populations have been established at four localities (Degollada Blanca, Lajugal, Bailadero-Ilala, and La Carbonera; Gobierno de Canarias 2013).





The area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is measured at 12 km2, but is increased to 24 km2to equal the AOO. According to Bañares et al. (2004), the actual area of occupancy is <0.1 km2.","There are three confirmed native subpopulations: El Rejo (145 individuals), Agando (300 individuals), and Encherada (65 individuals) (Bañares et al. 2004); recent surveys have revised these numbers: El Rejo (78 individuals, some the result of reinforcement planting), Agando (447 individuals; probably the result of reinforcement planting and improved survey effort), and Encherada (59 individuals) (Soto Medina 2007). The disappearance of some small subpopulations was observed prior to 2006 (Marrero Gómez et al. 2006). The most recent survey (Soto Medina 2007) estimated a total number of individuals of 584 (of which c.50% reintroduced), all of which were adult plants; it is assumed here that the reintroduced individuals are mature and reproducing, and so are included in the estimate of 584 mature individuals.





This is a short-lived perennial species (c.15 years) and when environmental conditions are suitable (e.g., post-fire, or long drought followed by rain), the number of seedlings and, to a lesser extent, the plants, increases explosively (Marrero-Gómezet al. 2000, Bañares et al. 2004). As a result, it is difficult to infer population trends.","This large shrub grows in thicket dominated by various legume species. The species colonises soil ledges, enclaves or overhangs within cliffs or steep slopes, within the area of laurisilva forest habitat.","This species is threatened by trampling and grazing pressures from domestic livestock (goats) (Soto Medina 2007), especially during the juvenile phase. Pressure from alien species is another threat. In addition hybridization with Echium aculeatum and E. strictum has been observed.","The species is found in the Garajonay National Park (the population of El Rejo is located entirely within the park, with a small part of another subpopulation also within the park) and in the Majona Natural Park. The species is also included in a Site of Community Interest (SCI). Seeds are stored in various seedbanks. A recovery plan has been put in place for the species. and within this framework, the subpopulations with a new population established and the reinforcement of existing natural populations.",There is some ornamental use of this species.,"Allen, D.J. & Rivers, M.C.","Bañares Baudet, A., Carqué Álamo, E., Marrero Gómez, M.V., Reyes-Betancort, J.A. & Scholz, S.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,BORAGINALES,BORAGINACEAE,Echium,callithyrsum,,Echium callithyrsum  ,Webb ex Bolle,,Yes,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D2,Yes,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D2),,,,Unknown,"This species is endemic to Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands (Gobierno de Canarias 2017).It is distributed in diverse localities in the north and the northwest central parts of the island, in the area influenced by the trade winds (Mora Vicente 2004, 2006). It is considered to be a relict species of what was once a larger and more continuous distribution. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated in 87 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) has been estimated at close to 14 km2. In altitude the species ranges from 450 to 1,550 m.a.s.l.","This species is represented by 13-14 subpopulations containing more than 70,000 individuals (Mora Vicente 2006), however the majority of  individuals are found in three subpopulations (at Tenteniguada, Fagagesto and Antona). Agricultural and farming activities led to a decreasing population trend in the past, and although some degree of recovery can be currently observed, these slightly increasing population trends may correspond to fluctuations due to these changes in land use.","This large shrub grows in damp and sunny areas, on rocky (basaltic lava substrate) slopes. Found amongst shrublands (the Mayteno – Juniperion canariensis A.Santos & Fern.Galván ex A. Santos 1983 corr Rivas-Martínez et al. 1993 alliance). It can also be found in abandoned agricultural lands and between volcanic cones.","The major threat is the rapid and intense colonisation of the habitat by various alien invasive species (Arundo donax, Rubus spp.).","The species occurs in a range of protected sites, and some of its habitats are listed in the Habitats Directive. The species is cultivated in the Botanical Gardens of Viera and Calvijo and seeds are stored in the seedbank at Calvijo. A project to investigate the ecology and reproduction of this species has been undertaken. The species was assessed as Vulnerable (B2ab(iii,iv)) (Navarro et al. 2004) in the Spanish national Red List, and as VU globally by Mora Vicente (2006).",The species is found in the ornamental plant trade.,"Marrero-Rodríguez, Á, Medina Hijazo, F., Naranjo-Suárez, J., Santana-López, M.I., Allen, D.J. & Peraza Zurita, M.D.","Marrero-Rodríguez, Á, Naranjo-Suárez, J., Santana-López, M.I. & Medina Hijazo, F.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,BORAGINALES,BORAGINACEAE,Echium,candicans,,Echium candicans  ,L.f.,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,,,,Unknown,Echium candicansis endemic to the island of Madeira(Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). Its extent of occurrence is around 362 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).,This species has been recorded in 20 localities with an increasing population trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The main range of this species is at high altitudes in the Central Mountain Massif which was subject to a major fire rage in summer 2010 which could have badly affected this species.,"Echium candicans lives in rocky cliffs and terraces where soil from the central mountainous area accumulates. It forms part of theBystropogono punctati-Telinion maderensis. This plant can be found in the Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):


4050 Endemic macaronesian heaths


9360 Macaronesian laurel forests (Laurus, Ocotea)","The main threats are posed by collection of the plant, infrastructure works such as roads or communication networks, recreational activities and associated construction of path, and natural catastrophes such as landslides (Commission of the European Communities 2009). A major fire occurred in its population range and might have destroyed several individuals.",Echium candicans is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.,"Although it is native to Madeira,Echium candicans is widely distributed throughout the world as an ornamental and garden plant.","Fernandes, F. & Bilz, M.","Carvalho, J.A.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,BORAGINALES,BORAGINACEAE,Echium,decaisnei,,Echium decaisnei  ,Webb & Berthel.,"Two subspecies are currently recognised; subspecies decaisnei is native to Gran Canaria (although considered introduced to Lanzarote and Fuerteventura), whilst subspecies purpuriense is restricted to Lanzarote and Fuerteventura.





The taxonomic identity of the subspecies purpuriense requires confirmation. It differs from the nominal subspecies mainly in its broader, somewhat succulent, glabrous leaves (without the stiff, rough hairs of the nominal subspecies). The growth habit is also slightly different: the nominal subspecies often has a main stem and branches higher above the ground, while subsp. purpuriense branches from the very base, thus forming a more intricate bush which in open places finally adopts a semispherical shape and can reach 2 m in height and 2,5 m in diameter, especially in cultivated individuals. Wild plants are usually smaller.





These differences might appear small but are clear when comparing wild specimens of both subspecies. S. Scholz (pers. comm. 2017) treats subsp.purpuriense as a full species, which would then have to be called Echium famarae Lems & Holzapfel. It seems to be an old, relict species (Martín Osorio et al. 2011); in fact, molecular genetics have shown it to be basal in the genus (R. Jaen Molina pers. comm. 2017). The “true” E. decaisnei (from Gran Canaria) is a rather more recent species adapted to the drier parts of Gran Canaria.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"This species is endemic to the Canary Islands where it is found on Gran Canaria (subspecies decaisnei), Lanzarote and Fuerteventura (Gobierno de Canarias 2017). Subspecies purpuriense is restricted to Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, with the nominal subspecies only occurring on these islands in cultivation (or originating from cultivation) (S. Scholz pers. comm. 2017). Subspecies purpuriense is now restricted to mountains influenced by the cloud of the trade winds: the Famara Mountains on Lanzarote and the Jandía Mountains on Fuerteventura, with a third small subpopulation (12-15 plants) on cliffs between 450 and 650 m height in Montaña Cardones, a large solitary mountain situated 5-6 km to the north of the Jandía Peninsula on Fuerteventura (S. Scholz pers. comm. 2017). The species is found between 300 and 1,500 m asl. The estimated extent of occurrence is 12,705 km2, and the area of occupancy is estimated at 196-250 km2.","On Gran Canaria, this species is considered locally abundant and can act as a pioneer species in disturbed areas (J.A. Reyes Betancort pers. comm. 2017). On Lanzarote and Fuerteventura (subsp. purpuriense) Bañares et al. (2004) considered populations to generally be in good condition with good levels of recruitment in most areas, except in secondary habitat types (roadsides, field edges). Subsp. purpuriense is generally rare but locally frequent (S. Scholz pers. comm. 2017). The main stronghold of the subspecies are the Jandía Mountains of southern Fuerteventura, where the species is present in a more or less continuous belt along the northern slopes of these mountains, roughly between 400 and 700 m in height, forming a plant community described as Carlino salicifoliae-Echietum famarae Martín Osorio, W. Wildpret & Scholz (Martín Osorio et al. 2011); the subspecies does not reach the uppermost summit zone between 700 and 800 m, where the conditions are most moist and it is replaced by another Echium species, the local endemic E. handiense. In the Jandía Mountains on Fuerteventura, the population size is estimated to be 1,500-3,000 plants, however, no precise survey has been undertaken. There is a small contact zone and a putative hybrid plant has been observed and photographed from some distance some years ago. Both species are known to hybridise in cultivation.","This species grows as a shrub of up to 2 m. It is found growing in forest as well as on crags (Bramwell and Bramwell 1990), although Bañares et al. (2004) consider subsp. purpuriense to be primarily a rupicolous species, found on rocky shelves and cracks, often in inaccessible areas, on steep slopes, whilst a secondary habitat is in soils at the base of crags, in ravines, and in rocky areas between fields and along road edges.





The species is easy to multiply by cuttings and seeds (Bañareset al. 2004) and is a component of replanting projects.","On Fuerteventura (subsp. purpuriense) the main threats were considered (Bañares et al. 2004, Jaén Molina et al. 2006) to be excessive cattle pressure, extended dry climatic cycles, tourism activities, soil erosion, and feral herbivores, whilst on Lanzarote degradation by goats was observed. However the plant is relatively resistant to browsing and the populations have coexisted with free roaming animals for 2000 years in areas where most other shrub species have been eliminated by them and the current main threat may arise from climate change and the resultant changes to trade wind and rainfall patterns (S. Scholz pers. comm. 2017). Other threats common to both islands included soil erosion during the rainy season and tourism (increase in waste volumes and increased pressure from foot trampling and traffic of vehicles). The presence of the type subspecies (decaisnei) on both islands may lead to future hybridization problems.","The species (and both subspecies) are legally protected on all islands (Gobierno de Canarias 2017). This species occurs in several protected areas (IUCN and UNEP-WCMC 2017), including (subsp. purpuriense), the Monumento Natural de Montaña Cardones, and the Parc Natural del Archipiélago Chinijo. The subsp. purpuriense is cultivated in nurseries of the Insular Cabildos and in the Botanic Garden Viera and Clavijo, and seed held in genebanks (Bañares et al. 2004). The subspecies purpuriense has been assessed as Endangered (Jaén Molina et al. 2006, Bañares et al. 2008). This species is reported as held in 18 ex situ collections (BGCI 2017).",There is no use or trade information available for this species.,"Reyes-Betancort, J.A. & Allen, D.J.","Scholz, S.","Rivers, M.C. & Beech, E.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,BORAGINALES,BORAGINACEAE,Echium,gentianoides,,Echium gentianoides  ,Webb ex Coincy,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,,,,Increasing,"Echium gentianoides is endemic to the island of La Palma, the Canary Islands, Spain, where it grows at high altitude, above 1,800 m asl. It occurs in one location comprising up to five scattered subpopulations on the high areas of Caldera de Taburiente (M. Marrero. pers. comm. 2011).The area of occupancy has been estimated in between 13.75 km2 (55 grid cells of 500x500 m) and 28 km2 (28 grid cells of 1x1 km)(Gobierno de Canarias 2009).","Its population size has been estimated to be between 2,300 and 3,355 individuals   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In 2005, 6,797 individuals were recorded (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). The population trend is increasing due to a decrease of certain threat factors.
","Echium gentianoidesgrows in sunny rocky sites at altitudes higher than 1,800 m asl. It is commonly associated to shrublands on peaks within communities such asTolpidetum calderae   (Commission of the European Communities 2009) and Spartocytision nubigeni (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).
",The main threat described for this species is predation by goats  (Commission of the European Communities 2009).,"This species is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species with “Protección Especial” in the national list of species in regime of special protection of Spain, and as species ""de interés para los ecosistemas canarios"" in  the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is listed as Vulnerable D2 in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).





It occurs within the protected area Parque Nacional de la Caldera de Taburiente (Gobierno de canarias 2009). It occurs also within the proteced areas SCI Barlovento, Garafía, El Paso y Tijarafe, Reserva Natural Integral del Pinar de Garafía and Parque Natural de Las Nieves. A population reinforcement plan has been developed in this area and the species has been successfully introduced to several sites.",,"Bilz, M., Marrero Gómez, M.V. & Peraza Zurita, M.D.","Marrero Gómez, M.V.","Peraza Zurita, M.D.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,BORAGINALES,BORAGINACEAE,Echium,handiense,,Echium handiense  ,Svent.,,Yes,CR,"B2ab(iii,v); C2a(ii)",Yes,CR,"B2ab(iii,v); C2a(ii)",,,,Decreasing,"Echium handienseis endemic to the island of Fuerteventura, the Canary Islands, Spain, where it is found in a very small area of approximately 1 km² on the summit of Jandía mountain range, between the peaks of La Zarza (west) and of El Mocán (east). The peak of La Zarza is the type locality for the species. Its area of occupancy (AOO) has been estimated in 2 km² (Scholz 2004).
","Population in the only known location has been reported to be 145 individuals (Scholz 2004, Buord and Lesouëf 2006). Despite the extremely limited habitat available for this species and the low number of individuals, this habitat is considered to be stable and in an acceptable state of conservation. The number of seeds is variable depending on climatic conditions. Decreasing population trends have been reported (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).
","This small-medium shrub grows within rupicolous communities on north facing crags, influenced by trade wind fogs. In these sites thermophile humid shrublands are formed by species such asHeberdenia excelsa,Maytenus canariensis,Visnea mocanera,Argyranthemum winteri,Bupleurum handiense,Hypericum glandulosum,Jasminum odoratissimum,Nauplius sericeus,Ononis christii,Rhamnus crenulata,Senecio bollei,Sideritis pumila,Asparagus umbellatus, Smilax aspera ssp.mauritanica andRubus bollei (Scholz 2004). Due to free roaming sheep and goat, the species is restricted to inaccessible cliffs, therefore its available habitat is very restricted. It can also appear in foothills and accessible ledges, but it disappears soon due to grazing pressure.
","Grazing by free livestock (goats and sheep) and other herbivores (as rabbits) is the main threat to this species. Due to its highly restricted distribution the species is very vulnerable to possible natural hazards like prolonged drought, landslides and the introduction of competitors and diseases.","This taxon is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).It is classed Critically Endangered B2ab(iii,v); C2a(ii) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). It is included as species ""En peligro de extinción"" in the national catalogue of threatened species and in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands.


The whole population of this species is within the limits of the protected area Parque Natural de Jandía (SCI) (Scholz 2004), but there are no real conservation measures in place. Seeds are stored in the germplasm banks of the Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo and the E.T.S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Madrid.


Proposed measures include appropriate management of grazing activities in the area (exclusion areas and limitation of the amount of grazing animals), control of other herbivorous predators,ex situ cultivation and storage of seeds, and research about the ecological interactions taking place in the environment where the species occurs.
",,"Peraza Zurita, M.D. & Bilz, M.","Scholz, S.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,BORAGINALES,BORAGINACEAE,Echium,portosanctense,,Echium portosanctense  ,"J.A.Carvalho, Pontes, Bat.-Marques & R.Jardim",,Yes,CR,B1ab(v)+2ab(v),Yes,CR,B1ab(v)+2ab(v),,,,Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Porto Santo Island in Madeira, where it is known from two areas at the eastern end of the island; on Pico Branco and Pico da Gandaia (Carvalho et al. 2010). The area of occupancy is calculated at 8 km2 using a 2x2 km grid. The estimated extent of occurrence is 1.65 km2, however this is increased to 8 km2 to equal the AOO. The species occurs between 200 and 450 m above sea level.","This species is extremely rare, and has a small population size of fewer than 1,000 mature individuals (Carvalho et al. 2010). The species is decreasing (M. Sequeira pers. comm. 2016).","The species is a shrub up to 2.4 m tall. It has pink inflorescences with a white rim of unopened flowers. It occurs on the northern steep rocky areas influenced by sea winds, but also on warmer southeastern slopes (Carvalho et al. 2010).",A risk identified by Carvalho et al. (2010) is hybridisation with the introduced Echium nervosum (from Madeira) and subsequent introgression events. Also the small population size and distribution makes species prone to the effects of human activities or stochastic events within a very short time period in an uncertain future (Carvalho et al. 2010). The rabbit population in Porto Santo has been increasing and has caused significant damage to these plants reducing reproduction (M. Sequeira pers. comm. 2016).,There are no known ex situ collections in botanic gardens (BGCI 2016). There is a seed collection in the Botanic Garden of Madeira. The species is found within a Natura 2000 site.,There is no use or trade for this species.,"Carapeto, A., Silva, L., Fernandes, F., Monteiro-Henriques, T. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C. & da Silva Menezes de Sequeira, M.","Carvalho, J.A.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ERICALES,ERICACEAE,Erica,andevalensis,,Erica andevalensis  ,Cabezudo & D.Rivera,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,,,,Decreasing,"Erica andevalensis is endemic to the Iberian Pyrite Belt in southwestern Iberian Peninsula in Spain and Portugal. The extent of occurrence just exceeds 5,000 km2, and the area of occupancy is 332 km2.","It has been noted the species can dominate some areas and form monospecific stands (Márquez et al. 2005). It is relatively abundant in the habitats where it appears, and it is a habitat specialist. The population trend is declining as a result of the degradation of its habitat.","Erica andevalensis is a shrub up to 1.2 m tall. It is found at the margin of lagoons resulting from mining activity, in highly acid soils, very rich in heavy metals. It is found along streams and rivers, and on pyrite mine tailings. It is highly specialised on abandoned mines (P. Garcia Murillo pers. comm. 2016).","Habitat alteration as a result of the disposal of rocks and mining activities are the major threat to this species. The re-activation of mine activities can also affect the species. Other activities such as the construction of dams can also affect the species as they will result in the flooding of its habitat. The restoration of mines can also affect the species as it will remove the amount of suitable soils. Considering mining activities as a threat, this species is present in around 15 locations.","Erica andevalensis is listed as Vulnerable (VU A4ac; B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)) by the national Red List of Spain (Bañares et al. 2008). It was listed as Endangered (E) in the 1997 Red List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998). It is also recognised regionally in Andalusia as a species in need of protection. It is protected at the national level by law. It is found in six known ex situ collections in botanic gardens (BGCI 2016).",Erica andevalensis is of ornamental value. It is also a species for phytostabilization and the development of a self-sustaining vegetative cover near mine tailings (Monaci et al. 2011).,"Fraga i Arquimbau, P. & Allen, D.J.","Buira, A., Carapeto, A., García Murillo, P.G. & Monteiro-Henriques, T.",,"García, M.",
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ERICALES,ERICACEAE,Erica,cinerea,,Erica cinerea  ,L.,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,,,,Decreasing,"Bell Heather (Erica cinerea) occurs in western Europe and the Faroe Islands; it has mistakenly been reported in Algeria  (Valdés 2009). There are 1,288 records of occurrence in northern Spain (Anthos 2010), and Portugal. It is widespread in the UK and France (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012, INPN 2012). In Italy its distribution is restricted to the northwest (Schede di botanica 2013). Its distribution in Norway is restricted to the south (Artsdatabanken 2010); in Germany it remains in only one area. Its precise distribution in Belgium and the Netherlands is unknown.","The number of individuals is unknown, but it remains abundant in the United Kingdom, France, Spain and Portugal. In the United Kingdom this species is widespread and common, though it has declined in southern England from loss of heathland habitat, and encroachment of rank grass and scrub following reduction in  sheep and rabbit grazing (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012). Declines have also been documented in Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010).","Bell Heather is a small shrub found on moors and well-drained heaths, growing on acidic peaty soils and as an undershrub in pine or oak woodland, and also frequently disturbed sites (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012, Vera 1997). Nearly all European dry heath is semi-natural, having developed through a long history of grazing and burning, and most are managed extensively for grazing livestock (Hampton 2008). It is also found on coastal dunes and gorse heaths (European Environment Agency 2010).","The area of dry heathland and moors is declining throughout Europe due  to overgrazing, inadequate management and peat extraction. Loss of heathland and chalkland heath is a threat to wildflowers in southeast England, as is encroachment of rank grass and scrub following reduction in sheep and rabbit grazing; peat extraction also causes a decline in the area and quality of the habitat (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012). Coastal heath is also in sharp decline in Norway, and heather is lost with urban settlements,industrial development, andtheafforestationofuplands (Artsdatabanken 2010).","This species is listed as Least Concern in the UK (Cheffings and Farrell 2005), Near Threatened in the Netherlands (van der Meijden 2000) and Norway (nearly meeting IUCN criteriaA2c+3c; Artsdatabanken 2010), Vulnerable in Belgium (Van Landuyt et al. 2006), and Critically Endangered in Germany (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2012). Given its large distribution in France, Spain and Portugal, it is unlikely to be threatened in those countries. 





Bell Heather is found in two Natura 2000 sites in Germany, six in France, two in Italy and three in Spain and Portugal. In the United Kingdom, a large part of its distribution  occurs in National Parks (European Environment Agency 2010). Habitat management of European dry heaths through grazing is required to  ensure its survival. This habitat is listed under Natura 2000.",An extract of the flowers of Erica cinerea is used for skin conditioning as a tonic (European Commission 2013).,"Leaman, D.J., Miller, R.M., Oldfield, S. & Vela, E.","Khela, S.","Barreto Caldas, F",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ERICALES,ERICACEAE,Erica,lusitanica,,Erica lusitanica  ,Rudolph,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"Erica lusitanica is native to southwestern France and the Iberian Peninsula (Bayer 1993, Anthos 2017, Flora-On 2017). The species has naturalised through cultivation in New Zealand, United Kingdom and elsewhere.",It is generally common and it seems to be stable.,"Erica lusitanica is a shrub up to 4 m tall. It is found mostly in humid habitats, close to water flows, such as riparian forest, tall shrublands or humid meadows (Fagúndez and Izco 2005). It is present in lowlands and screes in non-calcareous soils (Lopez Fernandez 2001). It is found between 10 (in Portugal) to 1,600 m asl.","The threats to this species in Andalucia include: forestry, mining and fire (Cabezudo et al. 2005). Recurrent fires pose a threat to the species in Portugal, and some subpopulations are affected by forestry. In Spain, it is mainly affected by forestry and fires.","Erica lusitanica is listed as Vulnerable (VU A2a; B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)) in the Andalucian Red List (Cabezudo et al. 2005). There are 32 known ex situ collection of this species in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016). It is present in protected areas throughout its range. It is a taxon of special interest in Castilla la Mancha (Decree 33/1998 5th May) and a taxon of especial attention in Castilla y Leon (63/2007 14th June). The species is assessed as Endangered in the French Red List.",Erica lusitanica is cultivated as an ornamental plant,"Fraga i Arquimbau, P. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.","Buira, A., Carapeto, A., García Murillo, P.G. & Monteiro-Henriques, T.","García, M.",
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ERICALES,ERICACEAE,Erica,mackaiana,,Erica mackaiana  ,Bab.,"Erica mackaiana subsp. andevalensis (Cabezudo & Rivera) D.C.McClint. & E.C.Nelson is sometimes considered a subspecies, but following Euro+Med (Valdés 2009), we are treating this as a species in its own right: Erica andevalensis Cabezudo & D.Rivera",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"Erica mackaiana is a species endemic to northwestern Spain and western Ireland (Bayer 1993). In Ireland, the species is known from Kerry, Mayo, Galway, Donegal counties (Van Doorslaer 1990, Nelson 2005). Due to its disjunct distribution the extent of occurrence is very large.",Populations of Erica mackaiana appear to be stable (BSBI 2016). It is an abundant species.,"Erica mackaiana is a small shrub up to 60 cm tall (Bayer 1993). It is found on heaths, thickets and cleared forests in wet soils. In Ireland, the species never sets seed, but their fertile pollen hybridise freely with E. tetralix to form a sterile hybrid E. x stuartii (BSBI 2016).","The extraction of peat can affect this species in Ireland, and it can be affected by Eucalyptus plantations in the north of Spain.",There are seven known ex situ collections of Erica mackaiana in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016). The species is found in protected areas throughout its range.,The use and trade for this species is not known.,"García, M. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.","Buira, A., Fraga i Arquimbau, P. & García Murillo, P.G.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ERICALES,ERICACEAE,Erica,maderensis,,Erica maderensis  ,(Benth.) Bornm.,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),,,,Increasing,"The species is endemic to Madeira, where it is restricted to the highlands. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km2 when measured with the 2x2 grid, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 20 km2, but is increased to equal the AOO. The species occurs from 1,200 and 1,800 m above sea level. The species occurs in one location.","This species is considered scattered and rare. There has been no formal survey to determine population size, however there are likely be more than 1,000 individuals. Currently, the plant is recovering after fires in 2010 and is now increasing.","This species is a small evergreen shrub of 50-80 cm tall. It occurs on rocks, rocky slopes and screes in mountainous central region of Madeira. It is the dominant species in the vegetation above 1,650 metres.","The threats to this species in the past has been grazing by goats. However the goats were removed in 2004 removing this pressure. Rabbits are still present but it is unknown if they present a threat. The main threat is the recent spread of Cytisus scoparius which increases the risk of the spreading of fires and out-competes the shrub. It is thought in the future, climate change will become a problem as there is no available habitat for the species to move into.",The species occurs within protected areas. Erica maderensis is known from four ex situ collections in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016).,There is no use or trade of this species.,"Carapeto, A., Silva, L., Monteiro-Henriques, T. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C., Beech, E., Fernandes, F. & da Silva Menezes de Sequeira, M.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ERICALES,ERICACEAE,Erica,vagans,,Erica vagans  ,L.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"Erica vagans is endemic to western Europe, with native records from northern Spain, France, southwestern Britain (Lizard Peninsula, Cornwall) and Northern Ireland. The species is recorded from several localities in Northern Ireland, however, only one of these (Carrickbrawn Area of Special Scientific Interest (ASSI) near Belcoo, Co. Fermanagh) is considered to be probably natural (Wyse Jackson et al. 2016), with the others (County Down, County Londonderry, and County Antrim) are considered to be garden escapes (Forbes 2006-2011, Wyse Jackson et al. 2016). In the Republic of Ireland there is one record (dating from 1834 and not refound since) from sea cliffs near Islandicane, County Waterford, and a second from Lough Swilly in County Donegal, also now absent and considered an introduction. In Northern Ireland, the species was considered unlikely to be native by Nelson and Coker (1974), however more recently it seems to be considered native. It is also considered introduced in Switzerland.","This is an abundant and common species, and its population trend is now stable, although in the UK, populations declined in the 20th century as a result of peat extraction (BSBI/BRC 2017). The population in Northern Ireland at Carrickbrawn ASSI has declined by perhaps 75% in the last 50 years and currently holds c.500 plants (Wyse Jackson et al. 2016).",This species is a large shrub found on heathland.,"In Northern Ireland, visual estimates from 1938 onwards suggest that two-thirds of the Carrickbrawn colony has disappeared during the last 70 years. Previously the protected area where it occurs was grazed by cattle, but for 25 years sheep have been substituted. Despite the grazing regime, grasses and sedges are choking the heather. Changes in selective browsing, the level and timing of overall grazing pressure could lead to increased competition from less palatable plants. Trampling disturbance by the cows probably helped provide vegetation gaps for Cornish heath seedling establishment. The species can also be affected by wildfires.","Erica vagans is found in 32 ex situ collections in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016). It is considered a Northern Ireland Priority Species due to its decline and extreme rarity on an all-Ireland basis, and has been assessed as Critically Endangered there (Wyse Jackson et al. 2016). It is listed as Least Concern in Red Data List for Great Britain (Cheffing and Farrell 2005). It is present in protected areas throughout its range.",The species is found in the ornamental plant trade.,"Buira, A., Fraga i Arquimbau, P., García Murillo, P.G. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,MALPIGHIALES,EUPHORBIACEAE,Euphorbia,anachoreta,,Euphorbia anachoreta  ,Svent.,,Yes,CR,D,Yes,CR,D,,,,Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Selvagens Islands (Ilhéu de Fora). The area of the Selvagens islands is 2.75 km2, therefore whilst the area of occupancy measured with a 2x2 km grid is 4 km 2, the AOO is actually significantly less than this. The species is found between 0 and 50 m above sea level.",There is a single known population of fewer than 50 mature individuals.,"This shrub occurs in crevices and rocky escarpments sheltered from strong sea winds, but able to withstand high aridity.","Having such a small population size, means the species is at high risk of stochastic events. Also climate change is a threat due to the reduced adaptive capacity of the species due to the isolation of the small islands. Sea level rises and habitat shifts may become an issue.",The species is found in four ex situ collections in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016). It does occur in the Natural Reserve of Selvagens and a site of the Natura 2000 network (Jardim et al. 2006). It is also recommended to increase the conservation of seeds the various populations of this species in the Bank Botanical Garden Seeds Madeira (Jardim et al. 2006). This species is included on Appendix II of CITES.,There is no use or trade of this species.,"Fernandes, F., da Silva Menezes de Sequeira, M. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,MALPIGHIALES,EUPHORBIACEAE,Euphorbia,bourgeana,,Euphorbia bourgeana  ,J.Gay ex Boiss.,"Euphorbia lambii Svent. was considered endemic to the island of La Gomera, Spain. Its synonymy with Euphorbia bourgeauanahas been confirmed.",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,,,,Increasing,"Euphorbia bourgeauanais endemic to the Canary Islands, Spain, where it can be found in the islands of Tenerife and La Gomera (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007, Bañareset al. 2010), growing between 600 and 1,050 m asl. Its area of occupancy is 17 km² (Bañareset al. 2004, Bañareset al. 2010). In La Gomera it can be found distributed into 13 subpopulations, throughout four locations. In Tenerife it is present in three locations: Ladera de Güímar, Afur and Teno (O. Rodríguez, A. García Gallo and G. Cruz pers. comm. 2011).","In Tenerife 199 individuals were recorded (Bañareset al. 2004), and 1,341 in La Gomera (Bañareset al. 2010). Population trends have been reported to be stable in Tenerife (Gobierno de Canarias 2004) and increasing in La Gomera (Commission of the European Communities 2009).","In La Gomera, this shrub grows near the lower distribution range limit of the communities of laurel-like evergreen forests known as ""monteverde"", in areas with different degree of humidity and exposure to winds, within associations of scrublands or forests, as Visneo mocanerae-Arbuto canariensis sigmetum, Lauro- Perseo indicae sigmetum, Ilici canariensis-Ericeto platycodonis sigmetum, Pericallido murrayi-Myrico fayae sigmetum, Brachypodio arbusculae- Junipero canariensis sigmetumand Cisto gomerae-Pino canariensis sigmetum.


In Tenerife it grows on crags and foothills within the potential distribution range of ""monteverde"", in associations such asIxantho-Laurion azoricaeor along with more thermophile vegetationMayteno-Juniperion canariensis, or heterogeneous shrublandsRhamno crenulatae-Hypericetum canariensis,Telinetum canariensis.





Frequent accompanying species are, among others:Erica arborea,Myrica faya,Laurus novocanariensis,Ilex canariensis,Maytenus canariensis,Rubus inermis,Viburnum tinus ssp.rigidum,Rumex lunaria andVisnea mocanera.





It is a monoecious plant that may present asexual propagation by cuttings.
","Main threats are landslides, droughts, fires, natural competition with more aggressive species and anthropization (Bañareset al. 2004, Bañareset al. 2010).","This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive asEuphorbia lambii. It is also listed asEuphorbia bourgaeana as well asE. lambiiunder Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species ""En peligro de extinción"" in the national catalogue of threatened species, and in the regional catalogue of protected species.It will be included as species VU D2 in the Spanish Red List (Bañareset al. 2010). 





In Tenerife it occurs within the protected area Parque Rural de Anaga (SCI) and Parque Natural de la Corona Forestal (SCI). In La Gomera most of the subpopulations occur within the protected area Parque Nacional de Garajonay and their state of conservation is generally good. Plant material is stored in the germplasm banks of the Servicio Biodiversidad Viceconsejería Medio Ambiente Gobierno de Canarias.





Proposed measures include population trend monitoring, storage of plant material in germplasm banks and development ofex situ plant production and population reinforcement plans. In some areas exotic pine plantations should be removed.",,"Rodríguez Delgado, O., García Gallo, A., Cruz Trujillo, G.M., Bilz, M. & Peraza Zurita, M.D.","Marrero Gómez, M.V.","Peraza Zurita, M.D.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,MALPIGHIALES,EUPHORBIACEAE,Euphorbia,handiensis,,Euphorbia handiensis  ,Burchard,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,,,,Increasing,"Euphorbia handiensis is endemic to the island of Fuerteventura, the Canary Islands, Spain, where it can be found from 50 to 300 m asl (Marrero Gómez and Carqué Alamo 2004). It occurs in the south of the island at the  Jandia Peninsula, mainly in large colluvial valleys. It is distributed into two relatively dense subpopulations: Gran Valle and Valle de los Mosquitos. The area of occupancy is 12 km².


A slight expansive trend has been reported for its distribution (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).
","This species can become locally very abundant. Total population has been estimated in 200,000 individuals   (Marrero Gómez and Carqué Alamo 2004).The populations are well structured, with a relative abundance of juvenile individuals. Genetic exchange between the main populations seems to exist. Population size is believed to be stable or slightly increasing (Marrero Gómez and Carqué Alamo 2004, Gobierno de Canarias 2009).","It grows on slopes and watercourses of ravines, in stony soils within xerophitic communitiesEuphorbietum handiensisand Aeonio-Euphorbion canariensis. 





It is a hermaphrodite plant adapted to conditions of extreme aridity.Seed production is high and germination rates up to 80% have been observed inex situ conditions.Seeds are affected by parasites.",No major threats to this species have been described. Uncontrolled grazing and collection are still affecting the species (Marrero Gómez and Carqué Alamo 2004).,"Euphorbia handiensis is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species with “Protección Especial” in the national list of species in regime of special protection of Spain, and asEuphorbia handiense as species ""de interés para los ecosistemas canarios"" in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is listed as VU D2 in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).





The species occurs within the protected area Parque Natural de Jandía (Marrero Gómez and Carqué Alamo 2004). A conservation programme of threatened flora in Fuerteventura has been developed, which include among other measures, seed collection and storage in germplasm banks.





Proposed measures include population monitoring, a plagues and diseases monitoring plan and research about genetic variability of the populations.









",It has been gathered by collectors.,"Bilz, M. & Peraza Zurita, M.D.","Marrero Gómez, M.V. & Carqué Álamo, E.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,MALPIGHIALES,EUPHORBIACEAE,Euphorbia,mellifera,,Euphorbia mellifera  ,Aiton,"The typical variety is found on Madeira, with the non-typical variety on the Canaries.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Decreasing,"This species is endemic to the Canary Islands (La Palma, Gomera and Tenerife) (Gobierno de Canarias 2017) and Madeira. The extent of occurrence of this species is 52,534 km2. The species occurs from 400 to 1,100 m above sea level, but this varies between the islands.","The population on Madeira is stable and definitely contains over 1,000 individuals. It is difficult to survey for on Madeira because the species grows in ravines.





On the Canaries, there were significant historical declines as a result of habitat conversion. Whilst the species is now well protected on the Canaries, the population is still declining and there is very poor recruitment. On the Canaries (2013-2014) there were 17 individuals on Tenerife, 96 La Palma, and 17 on Gomera (Programa de Seguimiento de Especies Amenazada (SEGA), Gobierno de Canarias (2013)).","This species is a shrub or small tree up to 15 m found in clearings and openings within laurisilva forest. It is restricted to areas whether other trees are not found such as ravines and disturbed areas on Madeira. On the Canaries it is found rather in remnant forest, but in more open areas.





It can not survive well in enclosed canopy forest and is impacted by forest succession and closure.","On Madeira, this species is impacted by invasive plants, with Cytisus scoparius and Acacia outcompeting the species within new clearings. On the Canaries, there has been management interventions to maintain open canopy within laurisilva forest. Landslides (e.g., on La Palma and Gomera) the species has been impacted by land and rock slides on steep terrain, and by strong wind. Seed and seedling predation by mice have reduced recruitment.","The species is found in 46 ex situ collections in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016). It was listed as 'Rare' in 1997 (Walter and Gillett 1998). It is found within the Madeira National Park, Natura 2000 sites and the World Heritage Site on the island.





On the Canaries, the species has been subject to conservation management and reintroduction and has been assessed as 'en peligro de extinción' (Endangered) (Comunidad Autónoma de Canarias 2010, Gobierno de Canarias 2013), and was assessed as Critically Endangered (Marrero Gómez et al. 2004) for Spain. A range of research and conservation actions have been proposed for populations on the Canaries (subsp. canariensis) (Gobierno de Canarias 2013), including survey and monitoring, seed collection and reintroduction, invasive species control, and habitat conservation.","This species is popular in horticulture in England and perhaps elsewhere, from cultivated sources. It has no uses in Madeira.","Beech, E., Reyes-Betancort, J.A., Scholz, S., Silva, L. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C., Fernandes, F. & da Silva Menezes de Sequeira, M.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,MALPIGHIALES,EUPHORBIACEAE,Euphorbia,pedroi,,Euphorbia pedroi  ,Molero & Rovira,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,,,,Stable,"Euphorbia pedroi is endemic to Portugal,where it has a highly restricted range in three subpopulations on the Atlantic coast in Estremadura Province. The the area of occupancy is 20 km2 (measured with a 2x2 km grid), and the extent of occurrence is 9.4 km2, increased to 20 km2 to equal the AOO. It is found between 10 and 122 m above sea level.","In two of the three subpopulations, the number of individuals is 3,800-4,000 (Boieiro et al. 2012). It is not certain how many are in the third subpopulation but it is likely to be greater then 1,000 mature individuals. The population is generally stable, although one of the subpopulations is decreasing as there is no reproduction so there are only mature individuals left.","Euphorbia pedroi is a sub-succulent shrub that can reach 2 m tall. It is found on slopes of south-facing rocky cliffs being subjected to regular mist, strong winds (Boieiro et al. 2012).","Euphorbia pedroi is vulnerable to demographic and environmental stochasticity (Boieiro et al. 2012). The habitat is prone to rock slides which may lead to individual losses, although potentially allows the establishment of new individuals in areas free of competitors (Boieiro et al. 2012). The seeds are also lost as a result of predation by insects. There is some threat from trampling and climbing activities.","The whole population of this species is found within a Natura 2000 site (Arrábida / Espichel PTCON0010). It is known from seven ex situ collections in botanic gardens (BGCI 2016).  However further ex situ conservation, including botanic garden and seed collections to ensure genetic variability is recommended (Boieiro et al. 2012).",This species is not used.,"Beech, E., Fernandes, F., Silva, L. & Allen, D.J.","Carapeto, A., Monteiro-Henriques, T., da Silva Menezes de Sequeira, M. & Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,MALPIGHIALES,EUPHORBIACEAE,Euphorbia,piscatoria,,Euphorbia piscatoria  ,Aito,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"Euphorbia piscatoria is endemic to Madeira, where it is found on the Madeira, Porto Santo, and Desertas islands. The extent of occurrence is 3,600 km2. The species is found between 0 and 600 m above sea level.","This species has been described as locally abundant on the island of Madeira, but has shown a reduction in range and fragmentation of its population (Jardim et al. 2006). There is likely to be over 10,000 mature individuals and the population is thought to be stable.","The species is a succulent shrub up to 4 m tall. It is found on rocky coastal cliffs. The species is dominant on the secondary vegetation, growing after disturbance of Olea forests.","The main threats to the species is the destruction and fragmentation of habitat mainly due to agriculture. Now there is a threat from the increase of construction. The species is also threatened by competition from invasive species (Cardiospermum is the main species and Arundo) and fire, although this is not a common occurrence.","The species is found in 22 ex situ collections in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016). Its occurrence area is partially included in the Natural Park Madeira, Nature Reserve Desertas Islands and seven sites in the Natura 2000 network (Achadas da Cruz, Spire, Ponta de São Lourenço, Moledos, Desert Islands, the islets of Porto Santo, Pico Branco - Porto Santo) (Jardim et al. 2006). Recently the Natura 2000 network was increased to include further areas within this species' distribtuion. It is also recommended to increase the conservation of seeds the various populations of this species in the Bank Botanical Garden Seeds Madeira (Jardim et al. 2006). This species is included on Appendix II of CITES.","The sap of this plant was used by fishermen to stun the fish, the latex was extracted and put into rock pools as the tide went out - any fish in the pools were affected by it, and easy to catch. It was also used to strengthen fishing nets. The sap was used for toothache.","Beech, E., Silva, L., Monteiro-Henriques, T., Carapeto, A. & Allen, D.J.","da Silva Menezes de Sequeira, M., Rivers, M.C. & Fernandes, F.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,MALPIGHIALES,PHYLLANTHACEAE,Flueggea,tinctoria,,Flueggea tinctoria  ,(L.) G.L.Webster,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"Flueggea tinctoria is endemic to central-southwestern Spain and Portugal (Anthos 2017, Flora-On 2017).","The species is locally abundant. It experienced a decline around 16 years ago because of the construction of Alqueva dam and a large part of the population disappeared. The subpopulations in the Douro (Portugal) became extinct 30-40 years ago because of the constructions of dams. However, it seems to be currently stable.","Fluggea tinctoria is a shrub about 2 m high. It is found along banks of streams rivers on acid rocky and sandy soils, sometimes dominating riparian shrub communities.","The main threat to the species is the drying of temporal rivers and the abstraction of water. The species is affected by the alteration of hydrological regime as a result of the installation of dams, the unregulated cleaning of the streams, the low quality of the water, pollution, presence of cattle and urbanisation.","There are five known ex situ collections of Fluggea tinctoria in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016). It is found in protected areas. In Castilla y Leon it is a taxon of attention 63/2007 14th June. In Extremadura 37/2001 6 March, taxon of special interest. In Madrid, 18/1992 26th March taxon of special interest.","It has been used mainly as a dye, but also for medicinal purposes, to make brooms and fences (Castroviejo et al. 1997).","Fraga i Arquimbau, P. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C., Monteiro-Henriques, T., Carapeto, A., Buira, A. & García Murillo, P.G.",,"García, M.",
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,SCROPHULARIALES,OLEACEAE,Forsythia,europaea,,Forsythia europaea  ,Degen & Bald.,,Yes,LC,,No,NA,,,,,Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Balkan Peninsula (Euro+Med 2016), where it is found in a small area in Albania and neighbouring parts of Kosovo on serpentine rock. Found from 150 to 1,500 m asl (L. Shuka pers. comm. 2016). The species has a restricted extent of occurrence of 8,800 km2and and an area of occupancy of 188 km2.","Considered a very rare relict species (IDS 2016) with its close relatives in Indochina Peninsula, however in Albania it forms shrub-forests and can be common where found (e.g., on serpentine areas of Munella Mountain). The population trend is not known.","A deciduous shrub of erect habit from 1.5 to 5 m high. Restricted to serpentine rocks, and often found with other serpentine endemics. Found in shrub-forest areas on rocky slopes.","No direct documented threats are known, however soil erosion can be significant in serpentine areas, and fire will impact the species.","The species was Not Evaluated for Albania (MEA 2013), and considered to be widespread and not threatened by Ruci et al. (2001). There are 79 known ex situ collections of this species in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016).","It is the least ornamental of forsythias and the last to flower, but is of phytogeographical interest (IDS 2016) and is found in the ornamental plant trade.","Bogunić, F., Caković, D., Matevski, V., Bazos, I. & Allen, D.J.","Shuka, L. & Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,RHAMNACEAE,Frangula,pedunculata,,Frangula pedunculata  ,F.K.Mey.,,Yes,DD,,No,NA,,,,,Unknown,"This species is endemic to Albania where it is known from five localities in two areas; Luzat Canyon, and on Mount Tomorr above Sotira (Meyer 2011, L. Shuka pers. comm. 2016). It has a very restricted distribution, with an area of occupancy of 8 km2, and an area of occupancy of 137 km2.","The species is known from a small number of individuals, probably less than 100.","This shrub can reach up to 4 m tall. It is found in canyons and valleys (Meyer 2011) on rock, between other shrubs (mostly Quercus and Carpinus spp).","One site (Mount Tomorr) is impacted by grazing by domesticated livestock, and the other locality is impacted by fire (L. Shuka pers. comm. 2016).","One site is close to the Tomorri Mountain National Park. Further research is required to confirm the distribution and population trend of this species, and to confirm the impact of threats. There are no known ex situ collections of this species (BGCI 2016).",There is no known use or trade for this species.,"Bogunić, F., Bazos, I., Caković, D., Matevski, V. & Allen, D.J.","Shuka, L. & Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,RHAMNACEAE,Frangula,rupestris,,Frangula rupestris  ,(Scop.) Schur,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,,,,Stable,"This species is found in the southeastern Alps, the Transylvanian Alps and the Carpathian Mountains, and south through mountain areas to mainland Greece. It is recorded from Italy (northeastern and central peninsula), mainland Greece (Dimopoulos et al. 2013) Albania, southwestern Bulgaria (Assyov and Petrova 2006), Slovenia, Croatia (Nikolić 2015) and Serbia, Kosovo, Montenegro, FYR Macedonia (V. Matevski pers. comm. 2016), and Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to Boratyński et al. (1992) the species occurs on the mountains of mainland Greece and on the islands of Thasos and Evvia, usually from (100)500-1,500 m with a maximum at the altitude of 2,100 m, whilst Dimopoulos et al. (2013) report the species from nine (out of 13) of the floristic regions of Greece (the northern and southern Pindos, Sterea Ellas, Peloponnisos, E Central, N Central, N East, W. Aegean, N. Aegean).","Common and widespread in much of its range, but scattered and uncommon in Bulgaria.","This species is a shrub 0.5-1 m tall. It is found in rocky places on slopes or fissures in limestone rocks (Kremer et al. 2012). Also grows in mixed pine forest, and in mixed forest with Black pine. Often associated with streams in Bulgaria.",There are no known significant widespread threats.,"There are ten known ex situ collections in botanic gardens under this name, several other collections are also listed under its synonym Rhamnus rupestris (BGCI 2016). It is considered Near Threatened in Bulgaria (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009).",Related species are used medicinally and it is shown that Frangula rupestris may be beneficial to disorders related to oxidative stress and microbial infections (Kremer et al. 2012).,"Bazos, I., Bogunić, F., Caković, D., Matevski, V., Shuka, L. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Genista,aristata,,Genista aristata  ,C.Presl,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Unknown,Genista aristata is endemic to the Madonie and Nebronie mountains in northern Sicily (Marino et al. 2012).,Genista aristata showed low levels of genetic variability (Marino et al. 2012). The population size and trend is not known.,"Genista aristata is a small shrub 20-60 cm tall. The flowers are yellow with reddish veins. It is found on mountains at altitudes between 500-1,250 m at the margins of cork-oak and deciduous oak woods, on slightly acid soil (Marino et al. 2012). The species is helped by slight disturbance and fertilization by the local livestock (pigs) (Marino et al. 2012).",There are no evident threats to this species.,There are no known ex situ collections of this species in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016). Most of the distribution is in a protected areas.,There is potential use for this species in cultivation.,"Carta, A., Montagnani, C., Troìa, A. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Genista,benehoavensis,,Genista benehoavensis  ,(Bolle) M.del Arco Aguilar,,Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),,,,Increasing,"This plant is endemic to the island of La Palma, the Canary Islands, Spain, where it occurs in the north of the island (Carqué Álamoet al. 2004). It is present in eight municipalities, comprising several population nuclei: Santa Cruz de La Palma (Pico de La Nieve); Puntallana (Barranco Hondo); San Andrés y Sauces (Barranco de Vizcaíno, Lomo Morisco, Fuente Juan Diego, La  Mejorana y Rivero); Barlovento (northeast of Pico de la Cruz, Dormitorios Altos, Morro de la Cebolla, Barranco de Gallegos); Garafía (Barranco de Franceses, Los Andenes, foot of Pico Fuente Nueva, northeastern foot of Roque de los Muchachos, surroundings of Observatorio Astrofisico, Lomo de la Ciudad, Barrancos de Izcagua, Briesta, Dornajito and Las Grajas); Puntagorda (northern foor of Roque Chico, firewall Reventón, Llano de las Ánimas and Barranco de Garome); Tijarafe (Barranco de Garorme, western foot of Roque Palmero) and El Paso (Espigón Roque de los Muchachos, Barranco del Diablo) (Á. Palomares pers. comm. 2011). Its total area of occupancy is 28 km², comprising natural and introduced subpopulations.","Itspopulations are relatively well structured. Proportion ofyoung individuals exceeds 50%. 





In 1999,363 individuals were recorded. Due to the establishment of fences and reinforcement measures, the population size experienced a rapid increase, and in 2004,3,000 mature individuals were counted. In 2006-2007 a total population of more than 7,000 individuals is recorded. Reintroduction and protection measures seem to have lead to increasing population trends (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).





Its population has been growing since the implementation of the recovery plan in 1988, due to reintroduction measures and through natural regeneration.Current population is 9,815 individuals, from which 5,639 are mature individuals (Á. Palomares pers. comm. 2011). The species presents a scattered distribution. It is frequently found distributed in small groups which do not comprise a viable population and the subpopulations counting more than 250 individuals are not common and are reintroduced: surroundings of Morro de la Cebolla, surroundings of Roque de los Muchachos, Parcela Quemada and Izcagua Dornajito.
","This large shrub ischaracteristic of the northern edges of La Caldera de Taburiente, appearingassociated to high mountain communitiesTelino benehoavensis-Adenocarpetum spartioidis (Carqué Álamo et al. 2004). It prefers sunny sites, with low slope, within communities dominated byAdenocarpus viscosus var.spartioides. It can also be found in steep slopes, along with rupicolous species as Tolpis calderae andGreenovia diplocycla.





It is a hermaphrodite species. Only 28% of the seeds reach maturity and present appropriate fertility.
","Predation by goats, rabbits and the introduced game speciesAmmotragus lervia, has been described as the main threat to this species in the past (Carqué Álamoet al.2004). This impact has been reported to be currently moderately controlled by the establishment of fences. Other threats are natural competition, fires,strong winds and erosion.","This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is classed as Endangered B2ab(iii) on the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008) and as species ""de interés para los ecosistemas canarios"" in the catalogue of protected species of  the Canary Islands.





It occurs within the protected areas Parque Nacional Caldera de Taburiente (SCI), Parque Natural de las Nieves (SCI) and SCIs of Barlovento, Garafía, El Paso and Tijarafe (Carqué Álamoet al. 2004). A recovery programme has been developed in Parque Nacional Cadera de Taburiente, which includes population monitoring, establishment of fences, reinforcement measures and benign introduction, introduced herbivorous species control and awareness plans.





Seeds are stored in the germplasm banks E.T.S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos and Jardín Canario Viera y Clavijo.





Plant material from every subpopulation should be stored in germplasm banks. Introduced populations have to be kept in place and enforced.",,"Peraza Zurita, M.D. & Bilz, M.","Carqué Álamo, E., Bañares Baudet, A., Marrero Gómez, M.V. & Palomares Martínez, A.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Genista,berberidea,,Genista berberidea  ,Lange,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,,,,Decreasing,"Genista berberidea is endemic to northwestern Spain and northern Portugal (Flora-On 2017, Anthos 2017). Its EOO exceeds 30,000 km2. Whilst its AOO is restricted at 228 km2, based on available locality data, this figure is considered to be a significant under-estimate.","The species is considered to be rare. Since the species is only present in peatlands and these are increasingly threatened and fragmented, a continuing decline in the habitat area and quality and in the number of mature individuals is presumed. Since its subpopulations are very small and isolated from each other, and its habitat is becoming increasingly fragmented, its population is considered to be severely fragmented.","The species is found in wet areas, peatlands and is associated with Erica spp. It is also found on the margins of permanent river streams and hygrophilous heathlands. Its habitat is naturally fragmented, however this fragmentation is increasing due to climate change.","The species is very sensitive to disturbances and habitat modification such as eutrophication, changes in the hydrological regime and pastoralism, since cattle feed on Genista species. Peatlands are being increasingly threatened and fragmented(Ramil-Rego et al. 2012).","The species is not known to be listed in any national Red Lists. It is unknown if it occurs in protected areas, although there are numerous protected areas within its range.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Fraga i Arquimbau, P. & Allen, D.J.","Buira, A., Carapeto, A., García Murillo, P.G. & Monteiro-Henriques, T.",,"García, M.",
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Genista,canariensis,,Genista canariensis  ,L.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Unknown,"This species is endemic to Gran Canaria and Tenerife (Barreno et al. 1984, Bramwell and Bramwell 1990, Gobierno de Canarias, 2017, SIVIM 2017). On Tenerife, it is common in the Anaga region and below the forest zone and along the north coast to Icod, 500-1,500 m. On Gran Canaria it is found in the forest zone of the north coast, Moya and Barranco de la Virgen (Bramwell and Bramwell 1990). This species has an extent of occurrence of 4,300 km2.





The species is considered an invasive plant (e.g., in parts of North America, India and in Australia), although confusion with other species ofGenista is possible (CABI 2017).",Little information is available on the population of Genista canariensis.,"This species is an evergreen, multi-branched shrub that can grow up to 3 m in height. The yellow pea-like flowers bloom from early spring to mid summer. It grows both in forest zones and just outside them (Bramwell and Bramwell 1990).",There are no reported threats to this species.,"There are over 35 known ex situ collection of this species in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2017). The species occurs in several protected areas (IUCN and UNEP-WCMC 2017). This species was classified as Not Threatened in 1984 (Barreno et al. 1984). The species occurs within Macaronesian heath habitat type, which was assessed as Least Concern in the European Red List of Habitats (Loidi 2016).",This species is used ornamentally.,"Reyes-Betancort, J.A. & Allen, D.J.","Beech, E.","Rich, N.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Genista,cilentina,,Genista cilentina  ,Vals.,"Although The Plant List (2017) considers this name as 'unresolved', the species has been accepted in the Italian Checklist of Vascular Flora (Conti et al. 2005) and in the inventory of vascular plants endemic to Italy (Peruzzi et al. 2014).",Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)",,,,Decreasing,"This species is endemic to southwestern Italy in Salerno Province, Campania. The specific epithet 'cilentina' derives from the name of the region where the species occurs - Cilento. The estimated extent of occurrence of this species is 39.4 km2. The species has an area of occupancy of 28 km2, using a 2x2 grid. This species occurs in four locations (Santangelo et al. 2012). The species is found from 0 to 500 m above sea level.",There is no population information for this species. The population trend is inferred to be declining due to the majority of its known distribution being within coastal areas impacted by human disturbance due to intense touristic activities.,"The species is found along the central coast and inland hills of the Cilento region, where it grows on arenaceous substrates, quaternary eolian and coastal sands. It is a component of Juniperus phoenicea maquis and acidophilous garigue vegetation (Bacchetta et al. 2011, Santangelo et al. 2012). The species flowers between April and May and fruits in June or July. It is insect pollinated. This species is a shrub from 50 to 180 cm tall.","The threats to this species are coastal tourism and recreation activities and the expansion of human settlements in the hills. Fire is a potential threat, especially around tourism areas.","The species has been assessed as Endangered (B2ab(i,ii,iii)) in the Italian National Red List (Rossi et al. 2013). The distribution of the species is entirely within the National Park Cilento - Vallo di Diano, and it is protected under the Campania Regional Law 40/94 (Alonzie et al. 2006). Genista cilentina seed are held in the Naples Botanical Garden. No conservation actions are in place. Research into population trends and the autoecology of the species is needed.","This species potential medicinal properties similar to those of other Genista species, such as anti-inflammatory, treatment of respiratory diseases and hypoglycemia (Venditti et al. 2016).","Montagnani, C., De Riso, L., Rivers, M.C. & Allen, D.J.","Santangelo, A., Croce, A. & Conti, F.","Barstow, M., Beech, E. & Rivers, M.C.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Genista,cinerascens,,Genista cinerascens  ,Lange,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"Genista cinerascens is endemic to central-western Spain and Portugal (Anthos 2017, Flora-On 2017).","This is a very common species in Spain, although in Portugal there are not many records (A. Carapeto and A. Buira pers. comm. 2016). In Spain it seems to be stable, and as this is the core of the population, the overall trend appears to be stable as well.","This species is found on siliceous rocks in genistoid shrubs. It is found between 400 - 1,800 m asl. It grows up to 1 m.",The species may be affected by recurrent fires.,This species is listed as taxon of special interest in the Decree 37/2001 in Extremadura (Spain). It is present in protected areas throughout its range.,There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Fraga i Arquimbau, P. & Allen, D.J.","Buira, A., Carapeto, A., García Murillo, P.G. & Monteiro-Henriques, T.",,"García, M.",
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Genista,corsica,,Genista corsica  ,(Loisel.) DC.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"Genista corsica is found across much of both Sardinia and Corsica. The extent of occurrence exceeds 40,000 km2 and the area of occupancy is greater than 440 km2.","The species has been described as widespread from coastal habitats to the mountains, and populations are assumed to be stable.",Genista corsica is an erect or spreading shrub up to 100 cm tall. It is a fairly hardy species found in shrubs or on exposed rocks in lowland slopes and lower mountains.,"There are no threats to Genista corsica in Sardinia, there are no reported threats on Corsica.",There are seven known ex situ collections of this species in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016).,The fresh flowers of Genista corsica are used as a disinfectant for sores and epidermic ulcers (Serrelli et al. 2010),"Carta, A., Montagnani, C., Orsenigo, S., Troìa, A. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Genista,cupanii,,Genista cupanii  ,Guss.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"Genista cupanii is endemic to the Madonie Mountains in Sicily (Marino et al. 2012a,b). Both the extent of occurrence and the area of occupancy are restricted at 24 km2.","There is no information on population size, but the population is thought to be stable.","Genista cupanii is a small shrub up to 60 cm tall. It is found in high-mountain communities of dry scrub growing on a substrate of quartz and sandstone (Marino et al. 2012a,b).","There are no significant threats to this species, and it is a pioneer species that survives in areas of high-wind. At lower altitudes habitat may evolve to woodland due to changes to management practice, but higher elevation habitat is not affected.",There are two known ex situ collections of this species in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016).,There is potential for this use in cultivation.,"Carta, A., Montagnani, C., Orsenigo, S., Troìa, A. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Genista,desoleana,,Genista desoleana  ,Vals.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Unknown,"Genista desoleana is restricted to the Mediterranean islands of Corsica and northern Sardinia, and to north-central parts of peninsular Italy (Liguria (eastern mountains in three distinct localities), Emilia Romagna and Tuscany (Elba Island), usually in mountain areas (Farris et al. 2005) from 600-1,400 m asl, but sometimes as low as 40 m asl.","Population sizes are not well known. It is common in Sardinia, and particularly abundant in the mountain areas of Montiferru (locus classicus) and Marghine-Goceano (Farris et al. 2005). In Sardinia this species colonises open areas after fire or grazing abandonment.",This is a small shrub found in Mediterranean shrub vegetation at higher altitudes above 700 m (Farris et al. 2005). It is found in both natural and semi-natural shrub vegetation.,The are no major threats to this species.,There is a single known ex situ collection in botanic gardens (BGCI 2016).,This species is not utilised.,"Carta, A., Fenu, G., Montagnani, C., Orsenigo, S., Troìa, A. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Genista,dorycnifolia,,Genista dorycnifolia  ,Font Quer,Two subspecies considered: Genista dorycnifolia Font Quer subsp. dorycnifolia and Genista dorycnifolia subp. grosii (Font Quer) Font Quer & Rothm.,Yes,VU,C2a(i); D2,Yes,LC,,,,,Unknown,"Genista dorycnifolia is endemic to the island of Ibiza, Balearic Islands, Spain (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). It has developed into two different subspecies.Genista dorycnifoliasubsp. dorycnifolia is abundant in the northwestern part of the island.Genista dorycnifoliasubsp. grosiiis endemic to the northeastern coast of Ibiza, where it is found in a single location, with an area of 1 km2 (Torreset al. 2004), with the area of occupancy measured as 4 km2 using the required 2x2 km grid.","Genista dorycnifolia subsp. dorycnifoliahas been described as abundant. The total population size forGenista dorycnifoliasubsp.grosii has been reported to be 121 individuals (Torreset al. 2004). Overall, there are less than 10,000 mature individuals, with less than 1,000 in each subpopulation (P. Fraga i  Arquimbau pers. comm. 2016). The overall population trend is unknown.","This shrub grows in heliophile scrublands, on rocky sites and slopes of coastal areas withTeucrium cossonii subsp.punicum,Hippocrepis grosii,Scabiosa cretica,Diplotaxis ibicensis,Juniperus phoenicea, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Campanula dichotoma among others   (Torreset al. 2004).","Threats described for this species are forestry clearance, droughts, grazing and natural fires   (Torreset al. 2004, Commission of the European Communities 2009).Small populations are concentrated in a very restricted area and present a relatively low number of individuals. Itslocation in forested areas poses high risk due to forest fires. The species is attacked by phytophags that stop the maturation of the seeds (Sáez et al. 2016).","This taxon is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).


Genista dorycnifolia subsp. dorycnifolia is listed as NT in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).





Genista dorycnifoliassp.grosiiis included as species ""de especial protección"" in the regional catalogue of threatened species and species of special protection of the Balearic Islands. It listed as CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v); C2a(ii) (Moreno 2008).",No information available.,"Buira, A. & Allen, D.J.","Fraga i Arquimbau, P.","Peraza Zurita, M.D.","García, M.",
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Genista,falcata,,Genista falcata  ,Brot.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"This species is endemic to western Spain and northern half of Portugal (Anthos 2017, Flora-On 2017).",The species is common although not very abundant. The population seems to be stable.,This species is associated with oak and chestnut forests. It forms successional heathlands in the forests and it is a melliferous species. It appears in siliceous soils.,The species is affected by recurrent fires and deforestation.,It is present in protected areas throughout its range. The species is assessed as 'not threatened' in the Andalusian Red Book (Cabezudo et al. 2005).,The species is not used.,"Fraga i Arquimbau, P. & Allen, D.J.","Buira, A., Carapeto, A., García Murillo, P.G. & Monteiro-Henriques, T.",,"García, M.",
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Genista,germanica,,Genista germanica  ,L.,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,,,,Stable,Genista germanica is widely distributed in Europe from France east to Ukraine.,The population size is large and stable.,"This is a semi-shrub up to 60 cm tall, but often smaller, It occurs in woodland margins, heathlands and pineforests often on dry acid soils. It is found at altitudes 0-1,200 m.",There are no widespread threats. In Sweden the population has been affected by a reduction of habitat due to conversion of heathland to agricultural land or natural succession of heathlands to forest (Artdatabanken 2016).,"This species is Critically Endangered in Bulgaria and Sweden, Least Concern in Switzerland (National Red List 2016). There are over 42 ex situ collections of this taxon in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016).",There is no information on use or trade.,"Bogunić, F., Caković, D., Carapeto, A., Orsenigo, S. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Genista,haenseleri,,Genista haenseleri  ,Boiss.,,Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v)",,,,Decreasing,Genista haenseleri is endemic to southern Spain in the coastal foothills of the Serrania de Ronda (SIVIM 2017). The EOO is around 600 km2and the AOO is around 100 km2.,There is no population information on size or trends. The population trend is declining considering that it used to be more cited in the past than currently. The population is considered to be severely fragmented (S. Talavera pers. comm. 2016).,Genista haenseleri is a shrub between 0.2-2 m tall (Talavera 2007). It is found between 100-600 m altitude in thickets on dolomitic soils in coastal areas.,"The main threats are fire, grazing and reduced habitat (Cabezudo et al. 2005). The species is also affected by tourism and the presence of exotic species.","This species has been listed as Endangered in both Spanish national red list and Andalucian regional Red List (Bañares et al. 2008 Cabezudo et al. 2005). In the Andalusian Decree 23/2012 of the 14th February, it is assessed as 'Vulnerable'. It is present in protected areas throughout its range.",There is no information on uses or trade.,"García, M. & Allen, D.J.","Beech, E., Rivers, M.C., Buira, A., Fraga i Arquimbau, P. & García Murillo, P.G.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Genista,hispanica,,Genista hispanica  ,L.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"This species is present in the northern half of the Iberian Peninsula and the south of France. Two subspecies are recognised: G. hispanica subsp. occidentalis, which is found in most humid habitats, and G. hispanica subsp. hispanica (López González 2001).",The species is very abundant and forms very large subpopulations. Its population trend is stable.,"The species is found in pine, beech and oak forests and meadows (T. Buria pers. comm. 2016). It is generally found in calcareous soils (López González 2001). Its attitudinal range is from sea level to 1,900 m.",There are no known threats to the species.,The species is found in protected areas throughout its range.,The species is not used.,"García, M. & Allen, D.J.","Fraga i Arquimbau, P., Buira, A., García Murillo, P.G. & Moreno Cárdenas, P.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Genista,holopetala,,Genista holopetala  ,(Fleischm. ex W.D.J.Koch) Bald.,,Yes,DD,,Yes,VU,D2,,,,Stable,"This European endemic is found in Croatia, Italy and Slovenia (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). The geographic range for Slovenia is 50 km² and for Italy only 1 km² (which can be interpreted as an area of occupancy below 500 km²) - there are three locations in those two countries (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It is found at several sites along the coast in Croatia (Flora Croatica Database 2004).","Genista holopetala is an extremely rare species. There is just one subpopulation of 850 individuals in Italy, two connected localities are found in Slovenia, but there are no population estimates. The populations are stable (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Croatia, there is no population data available.","This species occurs mainly on rocky wind-exposed grasslands and stabilised screes. It is found in the following Habitats Directive habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):


6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)





8160 Medio-European calcareous scree of hill and montane levels","The main threat is trampling by mountaineers. Some locations near Trieste were lost at the beginning of the 20th century, due to forest plantations.
","This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).





It is listed as Endangered in the Italian Red List (Contiet al. 1997) and as Data Deficient in the Croatian Red Data Book (Flora Croatica Database 2010). Most subpopulations in Italy and Slovenia occur in Natura 2000 sites.",This species is not used.,"Bilz, M. & Cuttelod, A.","Gargano, D., Jogan, N. & Montagnani, C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Genista,hystrix,,Genista hystrix  ,Lange,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"Genista hystrix is endemic to northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, Spain (Euro+Med 2016).",The species is not rare and its population trend seems to be stable.,Genista hystrix is a shrub about 1 m tall (Talavera 2007). It is found between 150-1500 m altitude in dry thickets and shrubland. It is present sometimes in rocky areas.,The species is affected by recurrent fires and deforestation.,The species is present in protected areas throughout its range.,There is no use or trade for this species.,"Fraga i Arquimbau, P. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C., Monteiro-Henriques, T., Carapeto, A., Buira, A. & García Murillo, P.G.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Genista,insularis,,Genista insularis  ,"Bacch., Brullo & Feoli Chiapella",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,,,,Unknown,"This species is endemic to Italy, where it is widespread in the southwest of Sardinia. There are two subspecies (subsp. insularis (southern) and subsp. fodinae (northern)). It grows from 80-360 m above sea level. The estimated extent of occurrence is around 268 km2 and the area of occupancy 28 km2. There are only eight locations.",There is no information on population size or trend.,"The species is a shrub from 1-2 m tall and grows on granite and metamorphic substrates, mainly in oak wood clearings and rocky places and scree.","Fire and recreational activities leading to the loss of individuals and construction are the main threats in the south. In the north, the populations are threatened by reforestation, decreasing the amount of available habitat.","Subspecies fodinae is considered Least Concern on the Italian Red List, whereas subspecies insularis is more threatened and considered Near Threatened (unpublished). The whole species was assessed precautionarily as Near Threatened. The species is reported as held in one ex situ collection (BGCI 2016).",There are no known uses.,"Beech, E. & Allen, D.J.","Troìa, A. & Orsenigo, S.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Genista,lucida,,Genista lucida  ,Cambess.,The species is considered a synonym of G. tricuspidata in Flora Iberica and in López González (2001).,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,,,,Decreasing,"Genista lucida was thought to be endemic to Mallorca, but is also found in mainland Spain in Cabo de Moraira (Teulada, Alicante) where it is said to be expanding (Laguna 1998). The species has also been reported from northwestern Africa (Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria), but these records are considered to refer to Genista tricuspidata (López González 2001, Talavera 2007).","The species seems to be declining. Despite a report of an increase in  range in mainline Spain in the late 1990s (Laguna 1998), the subpopulations in Alicante are now faring worse than those in Mallorca.",Genista lucida is a shrub found in pine forests and thickets and on rocky hillsides near the coast.,"The species is affected by fire and urbanisation. On the basis of this threat, there are around 20 locations.",There are three known ex situ collections of this species in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016). It occurs in protected areas.,There is no information on the use of this species.,"Fraga i Arquimbau, P., Buira, A., García Murillo, P.G. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,"García, M.",
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Genista,majorica,,Genista majorica  ,Cantó & M.J.Sánchez,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"Genista majorica is endemic to Sierra de Tramuntana in Mallorca. The extent of occurrence is around 1,300 km2.","In the Sierra de Tramuntana, the species is abundant. Its population trend is stable.","Genista majorica is a shrub between 0.4-0.8 m tall (Talavera 2007). It is found between 100-1,350 m altitude in cracks and ledges of limestone cliffs.","There are no significant threats to the species as it inhabits inaccessible places, but it may be affected locally by wildfires.",The species is found in protected areas. It has been assessed as Least Concern in the Balearic Islands(Sáez et al. 2016).,There is no use or trade of this species.,"García, M. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C., Fraga i Arquimbau, P. & Buira, A.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Genista,nissana,,Genista nissana  ,Petrović,,Yes,DD,,No,NA,,,,,Unknown,"This species is endemic to the central Balkan Peninsula. The species is recorded from northern FYR Macedonia, where it is currently known from five 5x5 km grid cells on hills around Skopje. The species was previously recorded (Niketić and Stevanović 1999, Longo et al. 2010) from eastern Serbia ('Gorica hill', now within the suburbs of Niš; Gornji Matejevac; Mt. Suva Planina) and Kosovo (the Šar Planina Mountains), northeast of Skopje, however Niketić and Stevanović (1999) note that it is uncertain whether the latter locality is within present-day Kosovo or within FYR Macedonia), and the Gorica Hill locality near Niš is also uncertain. However the species is now considered to be probably extinct in Serbia and Kosovo (Niketić and Stevanović 1999). There are no recent records of the species from outside of northern FYR Macedonia in the vicinity of Skopje.","The species is considered to be probably extinct in Serbia (Niketić and Stevanović 1999) and the previously known localities (Gornji Matejevac, Gorica hill and Mt. Suva Planina) have been surveyed numerous times for this species without success by M. Niketić (G. Tomović pers. comm. 2017). Nothing is known of the population size and trend in FYR Macedonia.","A small shrub to perhaps 70 cm, found in semi-ruderal habitats; on calcareous ground in montane regions within Oriental hornbeam (Carpinus orientalis) forests and coppice woodland in Serbia, and in disturbed land, near roads, in dry grasslands, and within degraded forest Quercus pubescens, Carpinus orientalis, and Ostrya carpinifolia in FYR Macedonia (Niketić and Stevanović 1999. V. Vatevski pers. data). There is no suitable habitat remaining for this species at the Gorica hill locality in Niš (G. Tomović pers. comm. 2017).","Urbanisation is reported as the cause of the loss of the species from the Gorica hill locality in Serbia, although this locality itself requires conformation. At least one locality in northern FYR Macedonia was potentially threatened by the construction of the Skopje ring road in 2006, however the outcome is not known. Populations in the vicinity of Skopje (Vodno, Dolno Kolichani) are endangered due to anthropogenic activities (tourism, agriculture, road construction), but part of population are in good condition (eg. Kozjak, near the village Pusta Breznica).","Research is required to confirm the status of this species within its former range in Serbia, and little is known of the Macedonian populations. The species is in Annex II of the List of Protected Species in FYR Macedonia. The species distribution overlaps with the Vodno protected area near Skopje (IUCN and UNEP-WCMC 2017).





BGCI (2016) report no ex situ collections of this species in botanic gardens, however the species is in cultivation at the ""Jevremovac"" Botanical Garden (Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade) (G. Tomović pers. comm. 2017). The species was assessed as 'Rare' in the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998), and as 'Extinct - Data Deficient' for Serbia (Niketić and Stevanović 1999). The species has been identified as a trigger for five candidate Key Biodiversity Areas (KBA) for FYR Macedonia (Melovski et al. 2012), suggesting a wider distribution around Skopje and perhaps adjacent areas of Kosovo;


KBA Matka - Kozjak (10,618 ha) = Important Plant Area (IPA) Treska River Gorge,


KBA Radusha-Zheden (9,291 ha) = IPA Radusha-Zeden,


KBA Skopska Crna Gora (10,023 ha) = IPA Skopska Crna Gora,


KBA Vodno (2,199 ha) = IPA Vodno, and


KBA Jakupica (42,099) = IPA Jakupica.",No information available.,"Tomović, G.M., Rivers, M.C. & Allen, D.J.","Matevski, V.","Rivers, M.C. & Tomović, G.M.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Genista,parnassica,,Genista parnassica  ,Halacsy,Gensita parnassica is possibly not specifically distinct from G. salzmanii (Gibbs 1966).,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,,,,Unknown,"This species is distributed in south-central Greece (Mt. Parnassos) and the range extends further east to the Samos and Samothráki islands. However, the collections made from Mt. Kerkis on Samos Island by Rechinger was cited as Genista spacelata var. subsericans and the collections from Samothráki Island require further investigation (Strid 1943). Due to the uncertain taxonomy, further surveys are needed to define the species range.",The population size of this species is not known.,"This species is a spiny dense and low shrub which occurs in grasslands and clearings. It has been reported from the forest limits in Mt. Kerkis, Samos (Christodoulakis 1990).","This taxon is not known to be specifically threatened or in decline, there are, however, a number of threats to the protected areas in which the taxon is found. The National Park of Parnassos has been facing a lot of problems, the most important of which is the lack of a periphery where some basic restrictions will ensure its better protection. The human activities within the site include stock-raising, hunting, recreation, cultivation and mining. Increasing human disturbance, such as skiing and house building and large scale open-cast bauxite mining are affecting the area.","G. parnassica is known to occur in protected areas such as Parnassos National Park, which core is protected as a Special Protection Area (SPA). It has been listed as Rare on the 1993 and 1997 IUCN Red List. Although it is protected by the greek law (Presidential Decree 67/81) it is not included on the National Red Data List. Seeds have yet to be collected as an ex situ conservation effort. It is not known to occur in any Botanical Garden.",,"Hilton-Taylor, C.","Lopez Poveda, L.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Genista,polyanthos,,Genista polyanthos  ,Willk.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"Genista polyanthos is endemic to the southwestern Iberian peninsula in Spain and Portugal (Talavera 2007, Euro+Med 2016).","This species can be locally common where it occurs. Populations must have been affected by the construction of the Alqueva dam 15 years ago, however, the overall population trend remains stable.","This is a shrub from 0.2 to 1.5 m tall. It is found in thickets on poor soils, mainly at high altitudes 100-1,000 m (Talavera 2007). It is found in granitic soils in Spain, and in Cistus communities in Spain and Portugal.","The species is affected by Acacia spp and the construction of small dams in Portugal. In Spain, it may be affected by recurring fires and deforestation.",It occurs in protected areas throughout its range. It is considered as taxon of special interest in Castilla la Mancha (Decree 200/2001 6th November).,The species is not used.,"Fraga i Arquimbau, P. & Allen, D.J.","Buira, A., Carapeto, A., García Murillo, P.G. & Monteiro-Henriques, T.",,"García, M.",
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Genista,radiata,,Genista radiata  ,(L.) Scop.,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,,,,Stable,This species is found from France (with very few localities) across to the Balkans to Romania and Greece.,Due to the widespread distribution the population is thought to be large and stable. At the edge of its distribution it is considered rare.,"Genista radiata is a shrub up to 1 m tall (IDS 2016). It occurs in rocky places, stable screes in calcareous soils from 300-1,500 m. In Bosnia it is found in subalpine heathland habitat.",There are no major threats for this species.,There are 62 known ex situ collections of this species in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016). It is considered Vulnerable in France and Near Threatened in Switzerland (Info Flora 2016).,This species can be found in cultivation.,"Bogunić, F., Caković, D., Carapeto, A., Orsenigo, S. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Genista,salzmannii,,Genista salzmannii  ,DC.,"We are treating Genista desoleana Vals., as a a separate species.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Unknown,"Genista salzmannii is endemic to Corsica and Sardinia (Kamari et al. 2011). The species has been reported from mainland Italy (Liguria, Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany) but these records are considered to now refer to Genista desoleana.","The population is large. However, no further information on size and trends.",This is a small shrub found in Mediterranean shrub vegetation at higher altitudes above 300 m (Kamari et al. 2011).,The threats are not known.,"There are six known ex situ collections of Genista salzmannii in botanic gardens (BGCI 2016), however due to the taxonomic differences they may refer to G. desoleana.",The use or trade for this species is not known.,"Carta, A., Fenu, G., Montagnani, C., Orsenigo, S., Troìa, A. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Genista,sardoa,,Genista sardoa  ,Vals.,,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",,,,Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Italy, found only in the northwest and southwest of Sardinia. The estimated extent of occurrence is about 2,000 km2 but the area of occupancy is around 52 km2.",There are few subpopulations occurring in two distinct areas. There is an estimated decline in the number of individuals.,The plant is a shrub from 0.5-1.5 m tall. It is found growing in coastal shrublands. There is a decline in habitat quality due to tourist activities.,The species is threatened by trampling by tourists and recreational activities. The species is also threatened by grazing and fire.,The species was assessed for the Italian national Red List as Endangered (unpublished). It is necessary to introduce habitat protection in order to prevent the extinction of this species. The species is found in a Site of Community Interest.,There is no use or trade of this species.,"Beech, E. & Allen, D.J.","Troìa, A. & Orsenigo, S.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Genista,sulcitana,,Genista sulcitana  ,Vals.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"This species is endemic to the south west of Sardinia (Bacchetta et al. 2012), where it is found between 300 and 1,200 m above sea level. The estimated extent of occurrence is 224 km2 and the area of occupancy is 52 km2.","There is no information on population numbers, however the species can be considered stable.","This species is a shrub from 40-60 cm and it is found in arid, rocky habitats, on screes, and on poor pastures. it is also found on mining spoil.",The species is threatened by livestock farming and grazing but this is minor. It is also threatened by fire.,This species was evaluated in the Italian national Red List as Least Concern. The species is not reported as held in a botanic garden collection (BGCI 2016) and some of the population are found within a Natura 2000 site.,This species is not utilised.,"Beech, E. & Allen, D.J.","Orsenigo, S. & Troìa, A.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Genista,tenera,,Genista tenera  ,(Jacq. ex Murray) Kuntze,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"This species is endemic to Madeira, mainly on the south coast of the island. The species is found from 0 to 1,700 m above sea level. The estimated extent of occurrence is 565 km2. and the area of occupancy is likely to be restricted, but has not been estimated.","The population size of the species is not known, however, it has been reported as common but with a population of much fewer than 10,000. This species has scattered populations but the trend is stable.",The species is a shrub up to 2.5 m (Press and Short 1994) which occurs on exposed rocky slopes and ravines as well as clearings or margins of the forest.,"The threats to this species are agricultural expansion, grazing and fire in the highlands. The species is also in competition with invasive species.","Seeds have been collected as an ex situ conservation effort, and it is known to occur in eight Botanical Gardens worldwide. The species was listed as Rare (IUCN 1997). The species is found in the Natural Park of Madeira and Natura 2000 sites. Management of invasive species would be beneficial to the plant.",This species is used in folk medicine to control diabetes (Rauter et al. 2009). The species is also used for inlay.,"Monteiro-Henriques, T., Carapeto, A., Silva, L. & Allen, D.J.","da Silva Menezes de Sequeira, M., Beech, E. & Fernandes, F.","Lopez Poveda, L.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Genista,valentina,,Genista valentina  ,(Spreng.) Steud.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"Genista valentina is endemic to southeastern Spain in the Iberian Peninsula (Talavera 2007, Euro+Med 2016). It has an extent of occurrence of nearly 10,500 km2.","There is no population information on size, although the species is locally abundant and the population trend is stable.",Genista valentina is a shrub between 0.4-1 m tall (Talavera 2007). It is found between 100-800 m altitude in dry thickets and shrubland.,The threats to this species are not known. It may affected locally by wildfires but the effects on the species are unknown.,It is considered not threatened in the Spanish national Red List from 1984 (Barreno et al. 1984). There are three ex situ collections known from botanic gardens (BGCI 2016). The species occurs in protected areas throughout its range.,"The species is used in environmental restoration on degraded dry slopes, and in low-maintenance landscaping.","Buira, A., Fraga i Arquimbau, P., García Murillo, P.G., García, M. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.","Buira, A., Fraga i Arquimbau, P. & García Murillo, P.G.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Genista,versicolor,,Genista versicolor  ,Boiss.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"Genista versicolor is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it is found in southern Spain in the Sierra Nevada and the mountains of Baza and Filabres (Gómez-Campo 1987).",It has been described as abundant (Gómez-Campo et al. 1987) and populations are assumed to be stable.,"Genista versicolor is a shrub up to 1 m tall. It is found in high mountain thickets, at an altitude of 1,600-2,500 m asl. It is found in stichose soils.",Threats to the habitat include cattle grazing and development for ski slopes and lifts.,This species is considered not threatened in Spain (Gómez-Campo et al. 1987). It is found in three ex situ collections in botanic gardens (BGCI 2016). It is found in a protected area.,"Its uses are not fully known, but it is used to prevent erosion (Gómez-Campo et al. 1987).","Buira, A., Fraga i Arquimbau, P., García Murillo, P.G. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,SCROPHULARIALES,GLOBULARIACEAE,Globularia,ascanii,,Globularia ascanii  ,Bramwell & G.Kunkel,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); C2a(i); D,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); C2a(i); D,,,,Decreasing,"Globularia ascanii is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria, the Canary Islands, Spain, where it can be found from 900 to 1,150 m asl, restricted to high crags in Tamadaba, on the northwestern part of the island (Marrero and Almeida Pérez 2004). It is present in three fragmented subpopulations from Guayedra to Faneque. Its extent of occurrence is lower than 100 km2 and its area of occupancy has been estimated in 1-4 km².
","Total population has been estimated in 38 individuals. From these, 30 individuals occur in one subpopulation, five individuals in another location and three in the third one (Marrero and Almeida Pérez 2004). Populations have been reported to be severely fragmented. Expansion is limited by the low ecological plasticity of the species, which appears not to be able tocolonize new areas. There is almost no population growth rate (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).","This small shrub grows in inaccessible cracks and ledges of crags, within communitiesGreenovio-Aeonietum caespitosi, in the lower distribution range of pine forestsPinetum canariensis subas. ericetosum arboreae, with rupicolous vegetation and elements of  ""monteverde"" and thermophile forestsVisneo mocanerae-Arbutetum canariensis andMayteno-Juniperion canariensis, under the influence of trade winds. Frequent accompanying species are Pinus canariensis,Cistus ochreatus,Erica arborea,Viburnum rigidum,Ilex canariensis,Olea cerasiformis,Cheirolophus arbutifolius,Teline rosmarinifolia ssp. eurifolia,Cistus monspeliensis,Greenovia aurea andBabcockia platylepis.





It presents limited vegetative propagation, by stolons.Flowering occurs from mid-April to July and fructification, from June-July to October.","Main threats to the species are population reduction and fragmentation, due to predation by goats, human presence and recreational activities, landslides, droughts and natural competition (Marrero and Almeida Pérez 2004). Its low ecological plasticity has been also reported as a threat.","Globularia ascanii is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as Critically Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); C2a(i); D in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). It is included as species ""En peligro de extinción"" in the national and regional catalogues of threatened species.





It occurs within the protected area Parque Natural de Tamadaba (SCI). It is cultivated and seeds are stored in the germplasm bank of the Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo.





Proposed measures include eradication of grazing species in the crags of Tamadaba-Guayedra, control of recreational activities within the Parque Natural de Tamadaba, collection and storage of seeds from every subpopulation and development of genetic recovery programmes.",,"Bilz, M. & Peraza Zurita, M.D.","Marrero-Rodríguez, Á & Almeida Pérez, R.S.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,SCROPHULARIALES,GLOBULARIACEAE,Globularia,salicina,,Globularia salicina  ,Lam.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"This species is endemic to the Macaronesian region, where it is found on the Canary Islands (Gran Canaria, La Gomera, El Hierro, La Palma, Tenerife; Gobierno de Canarias 2017) and Madeira (Desertas, Madeira, Porto Santo) (Marhold 2011). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated in above 99,000 km2. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 432 km2. The species is found from 20 up to 850 m asl.","There is limited information on population size and trends. The species has been described as common and abundant in areas of Madeira and Tenerife, La Palma and La Gomera, and identified as rare on Gran Canaria and extremely rare on El Hierro. In the western Canaries, the population trend is thought to be stable. On Madeira, the population is thought to include over 50,000 individuals and the population trend is stable.","This is a shrub up to 2 m tall found on hillsides and cliffs among rocks and on rough grassland. It is also found in open spaces, like clearings, ravines and forest edges. It is an element of secondary succession in forests and can be found colonizing abandoned croplands. These are typical habitats on the islands where the species is abundant.","The main threat to this species in Madeira in the past was agriculture, as its expansion reduced the suitable habitat. Agricultural lands have since been abandoned and the range of the species has expanded. However, agriculture may expand in the future. Invasive species such as Acacia and Arundo are colonising areas before Globularia spp. can establish. These invasive species also increase the risk of fires.





In the Canary Islands, agriculture was also a major threat in the past in La Gomera, La Palma and Tenerife. In El Hierro and Gran Canaria the impact of livestock farming was significant in the past, and it is still a threat to the populations of these species.","This species occurs within Natura 2000 sites and several other protected areas such as the Madeira Natural Park in Madeira and the Reserva Natural Especial de Guelguén in the Canaries. It has been reported to be found in 21 ex situ collections in botanic gardens (BGCI 2016). 





Conservation actions should be implemented in the areas where the species can be identified as locally poorly represented, such as population reinforcement, monitoring and control of current threats in the locations of Gran Canaria and El Hierro.","It can be grown as an ornamental species, mainly in the framework of environmental education programs.","Marrero-Rodríguez, Á, Medina Hijazo, F., Naranjo-Suárez, J., Santana-López, M.I., Silva, L., Peraza Zurita, M.D., Beech, E. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C., da Silva Menezes de Sequeira, M. & Fernandes, F.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,VIOLALES,CISTACEAE,Helianthemum,bystropogophyllum,,Helianthemum bystropogophyllum  ,Svent.,,Yes,CR,B2ab(iii)c(iv),Yes,CR,B2ab(iii)c(iv),,,,Decreasing,"This species is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain (Martín Osorio et al. 2004), where it grows from 1,100 to 1,350 m asl. Its presence has been reported in two locations: Montaña de los Hornos (La Aldea de San Nicolás) y Montaña de las Brujas (Tejeda) (Á. Marrero pers. comm. 2011), both in the massif of Inagua 2.5 km from each other. The location Montaña de las Brujas comprises three subpopulations, 200 to 700 m from each other.





Its distribution appears highly fragmented (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007). Its area of occupancy is 2 km2.
","Total population has been estimated in 330 individuals: 32 specimens in Montaña Los Hornos (Martín Osorioet al. 2004) and 298 individuals in Montaña de Las Brujas (Almeida and Marrero 2004), comprising three subpopulations with 240, 28 and 30 adult individuals each.





The populations suffer from extreme fluctuations which cause the individuals to nearly completely disappear every eight to 12 years (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007); the survival of the species depends on the seed bank of the soil.","It occurs primarily in phonolite ignimbrite substrates with lowsoil retention. Also part of rupicolous communities in the domains of pine forest, on slopes with 80-85° and 5-10%shrub cover. It is most commonly accompanied by the following species:Greenovia aurea, Chamaecytisus proliferus, Babcockia platylepis, Hypericum reflexum, Aeonium simsii, Asparagus scoparius, Echium onosmifolium, Sonchus acaulis, Descurainia preauxianaandLobularia canariensis.The secondary habitat corresponds to platforms andfoot cliffs of pine forestMicromerio pineolentis-Pinetum canariensis communities andGreenovio-Aeonietum caespitosi rupicolous communities.





Seedlings were observed in the immediate environment of mother plants and by observations in subsequent years it is clear that the population evolved in cohorts, showing extreme fluctuations in the number ofadult individuals.It blooms in spring, May or April and fruits from May to July, although it may withhold some seeds in the capsules until August. It does not develop vegetative propagation.
","Main threats are grazing, natural competition, limited ecological resilience, poor reproductive strategy, drought, landslides and natural fires   (Martín Osorioet al.2004).
","Helianthemum bystropogophyllum is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as CR B2ab(iii)c(iv) in the Spanish Red List 2008 (Moreno 2008) and as species ""En peligro de extinción"" in the national and regional catalogues of threatened species. 





The species occurs within the protected areas Reserva Natural Inagua (SCI) and Parque Rural del Nublo (SCI) (Martín Osorioet al. 2004).Cultivation has been developed with limited success, while there have been good results in micropropagation in the Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo and the forest home of Cortijode Pajonales. Seeds are stored in the germplasm banks of Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo and E.T.S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Madrid.





Proposed measures include cultivation and micropropagation of the species, reintroduction, storage of seeds in germplasm banks, establishment of fences and population monitoring.
","No traditional use or trade for this species is known, although it may have been collected along with other species to be used for livestock","Bilz, M. & Peraza Zurita, M.D.","Martín Osorio, V.E., Wildpret de la Torre, W. & Marrero-Rodríguez, Á",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,VIOLALES,CISTACEAE,Helianthemum,teneriffae,,Helianthemum teneriffae  ,Coss.,,Yes,CR,"B2ab(iii,v)c(iv); C2a(ii)b",Yes,CR,"B2ab(iii,v)c(iv); C2a(ii)b",,,,Decreasing,"Helianthemum teneriffae is native to Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain (Ojeda Landet al. 2004), where it can be found in only one location in Güímar, in the southeast of the island. Its area of occupancy is 3 km².","Total population size has been reported to be 166 individuals (Ojeda Landet al. 2004).Of these, approximately 35% are flowering and fruiting annually, although this proportion falls notably in the years of marked drought. Population size fluctuates depending on climate conditions (Gobierno de Canarias 2004). Probability of extinction has been estimated in 69% for a 20 year period (Ojeda Landet al.2009).","This small shrub occurs in rupicolous environments within communities of ""fayal-brezal""Pericallido-Sonchetum gummiferi, Greenovietum aizoonis.In this situation frequent accompanying species are Erica arborea, Bencomia caudata, Teline osyrioides, Hypericum reflexum, Crambe scaberrimaandPericallis lanata.It can also be found in more heterogeneous  formationsof ""fayal-brezal"" Fayo-Ericetum arboreae, along withErica arborea, Pinus canariensis, Viburnum rigidum, Hypericum reflexumand Cistus symphytifolius.





Hermaphrodite species which shows a tendency to be pollinated by Hymenoptera (Apis mellifera) and flower Coleoptera.Produces 4-12 flowers per inflorescence, resulting in 24 flowers per individual per year.However, most of the flowers tend to beaborted. As regards the dispersion, there is no obvious adaptation. But there are observations of capsules being blown by the wind.On the seminal production, some estimates suggest between 7 and 8 seeds per capsule.Germinationmay be high, exceeding 60%.
","The main threat is the high human pressure on the only known location of this species (Ojeda Landet al. 2004), mainly because of the presence of hikers. Moreover, extreme droughts in the area pose a further threat.The other two factors affecting the species are landslides and natural plant competition.Of lesser importance are predation and possiblehybridisation.","Helianthemum teneriffae is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the  Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern  Convention).It is included as species ""En peligro de extinción"" in the national catalogue of threatened species and in the regional catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands.It is listed as B2ab(iii,v)c(iv); C2b in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). 





It occurs in the protected area Parque Natural de la Corona Forestal (SCI) (Ojeda Landet al. 2004).There are seeds deposited in the germplasm bank of the E.T.S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Madrid.Its population is monitored and some individuals are protected from predators(rabbits) with fencing. 





Population monitoring should be kept in place, as well as grazing exclusion areas. Seeds should be stored in germplasm banks.
",,"Bilz, M. & Peraza Zurita, M.D.","Ojeda Land, E,, Oval de la Rosa, J.P., Marrero Gómez, M.V. & Mesa Coello, R.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,MALPIGHIALES,HYPERICACEAE,Hypericum,balearicum,,Hypericum balearicum  ,L.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"Hypericum balearicum is found on the Balearic islands (Cabrera, Ibiza, Majorca, and Minorca). The extent of occurrence is measured to 12,794 km2.","Relatively common in the Sierra de Tramuntana, but less common on the other isles, the population trend is stable.","Hypericum balearicum is an evergreen shrub up to 1.5 m high. It has bright yellow flowers and dark leathery leaves. It is found in dry forests and stony places, mountain thickets and occasionally in lowland areas. It is also found on cliffs.",The threats to this species are not known.,There are 33 known ex situ collections of this species in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016). The species was assessed as Least Concern (LC) on the Balearic Red List (Sáez et al. 2016). It is found in protected areas throughout its range.,The species is used as an ornamental as well as an medicinal plant.,"Buira, A. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.","Fraga i Arquimbau, P.","García, M.",
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,MALPIGHIALES,HYPERICACEAE,Hypericum,canariense,,Hypericum canariense  ,L.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"This species is endemic to the Macaronesian region where it can be found in the Canary Islands (Gran Canaria, La Gomera, El Hierro, La Palma and Tenerife; Gobierno de Canarias 2017) and Madeira. The species occurs from 80 to 900 m a.s.l, and even up to 1,500 m a.s.l. The estimated extent of occurrence has been reported to be 86,268 km2. The estimated area of occupancy (AOO) exceeds 1,300 km2.





The species has been widely introduced (from escaped ornamental plants) in Australia, New Zealand, and the US, where it considered a weed (Dlugosch and Parker 2007).","The species can be locally dominant (Dlugosch and Parker 2007) in the Canary Islands. There are thought to be between 1,000-5,000 individuals on Madeira, with a stable population trend (Sequeira and Fernandes pers. comm. 2016). In the Canaries there is no precise information on population size, although the species is abundant throughout its distribution. Population increase in the Canary Islands was enhanced in the past by deforestation patterns and the abandonment of former agricultural sites.","This is a shrub up to 4 m tall. It occurs in xerophytic and termophyllous scrub and mesic forest habitat types on all the five westernmost islands in the Canary Islands (Dlugosch and Parker 2007). On Madeira, the species occurs on the southern face of the island as an important element of secondary vegetation succession patterns related to laurisilva communities. It usually co-occurs with Globularia salicina. In the Canary Islands it tend to be present on a belt distribution on the windward face of the islands and more scattered in leeward areas, also as a typical species in secondary succession dynamics. A significant part of its potential distribution range, mostly at windward areas, is currently dominated by exotic species such as Opuntia sp. and Agave americana.","Agriculture has been reported as a threat to this species in Madeira in the past, as its expansion removed the available habitat. Agricultural lands have since been abandoned and the range of the species has expanded. However, agriculture may expand in the future. Invasive species such as Acacia sp., Cardiospermum sp. and Arundo sp. are colonising areas before Globularia sp. can establish. These invasives also increase the risk of fires.





In the Canary Islands changes of land use to agricultural land were identified as a threat to the species in the past. Invasive species such as Opuntia sp. and Agave americana compete with this species in its habitat.","There are 44 known ex situ collections of this species in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016). In Madeira, the species is found within new Natura 2000 sites. In the Canary Islands the species occurs within several protected areas and Natura 2000 sites.","Extracts from Hypericum spp. have antidepressant properties (Sánchez-Mateo et al. 2005), as well as analgesic and topical anti-inflammatory effects (Rabanal et al. 2005). In the Canary Islands, the taxon Hypericum grandifolium is the one traditionally used for its medical applications and even to feed livestock as a complement. In Madeira, no current use has been reported.","Marrero-Rodríguez, Á, Medina Hijazo, F., Naranjo-Suárez, J., Santana-López, M.I., Silva, L., Peraza Zurita, M.D., Beech, E. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C., da Silva Menezes de Sequeira, M. & Fernandes, F.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,MALPIGHIALES,HYPERICACEAE,Hypericum,foliosum,,Hypericum foliosum  ,Aiton,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Unknown,"This species is an endemic to the Azores archipelago, where it is found on all the nine islands (Portal da Biodiversidade dos Açores 2017). It is found from about 200 up to 900 m a.s.l. within 3,066 500 x 500 m cells in the Azores Biodiversity Portal, corresponding to an extent of occurrence of 44,932 km2 and an area of occupancy of 1340 km2.","This is a relatively widespread species in the Azores, although usually found scattered and not forming continuous or dense stands. Schäfer (2005) roughly estimated population size to be above 100,000 individuals. However, although surveys have been conducted numbers of individuals are difficult to estimate. In the past, as happened to many of the endemic woody species, this shrub would most likely have had a much wider distribution range, but this was significantly reduced due to the expansion of agricultural fields, production forest and exotic woodland. The population trend is presently stable inside protected areas of forest, but is under disturbance and fluctuations, particularly in marginal habitats such as road sides, trails and margins of exotic forest and of agricultural fields, due to human activities and also to grazing by introduced herbivores, since young plants are much more herbaceous than adult individuals.","It is found from about 200 m up to almost 900 a.s.l. in coastal cliffs, margins of different types of forests, including Morella-Picconia woodland, laurel forest, juniper woodland and Calluna scrubland. This shrub is also present in the remaining natural meadows dominated by Festuca and Holcus, being often found close to endemic orchids and several other endemic or native herbaceous plants. It is also found in marginal habitats such as roadsides, margins of exotic woodland and production forest, margins of agricultural fields, stone walls, as well as around lakes within volcanic craters.","Similarly to the situation with most of the endemic shrubs and trees in the Azores, the major threats in the past included the clearing of the natural forests and the subsequent expansion of agricultural fields and of production forest. Presently, the major threats are related to the expansion of exotic woodland and of invasive plants such as Hedychium gardnerianum, Leycesteria formosa, Gunnera tinctoria, Diksonia antarctica, Erigeron karwinskianus, and Persicaria capitata, since they invade not only the remaining natural forests but also the types of marginal habitats occupied by H. foliosum. Grazing by introduced herbivores such as goats and rabbits most likely affect young plant survival.","The main threats inside protected areas are related with the expansion of plant invaders, while at more marginal habitats threats are more related with the human disturbance and grazing. Therefore, measures to control invasive species, and to more efficiently manage introduced grazers should be implemented, since this would also benefit many other species. Propagation methods are available and seed collections exist at the Faial Botanical Garden, therefore conditions exist to reinforce natural populations where needed, taking into account the principle of respecting the provenance of plant material in order to avoid the translocation of genetic material. Population genetic studies could contribute to help future management,","There are accounts of the use of this plant in traditional medicine. Attempts have been made to use it as a native ornamental, namely around large lakes.","Beech, E. & Allen, D.J.","Silva, L.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,SCROPHULARIALES,SCROPHULARIACEAE,Isoplexis,isabelliana,,Isoplexis isabelliana  ,(Webb & Berthel.) Mansf.,,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii); C2a(i),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii); C2a(i),,,,Decreasing,"Isoplexis isabellianais endemic to the Island of Gran Canaria, the Canary Islands, Spain (Salas Pascualet al. 2004). It is found in the western, northern and northeastern part of the island, between 790 and 1,600 m asl, distributed throughout four locations, one of which is the result of the reintroduction of the taxon in the site:Llanos de la Pez. It is extinct in the eastern part of the island. Its area of occupancyis 19 km². Negative trends have been reported for its distribution and some subpopulations have disappeared (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).","Total population has been estimated in 1,121 individuals   (Santana and Naranjo 2007), from which 476 are natural population and 645 occur in the introduced subpopulation Llanos de la Pez.Its subpopulations include abundant seedlings but these frequently do not reach maturity (Salas Pascualet al. 2004). The reintroduced subpopulations are dominated by senescent individuals, perhaps due to the presence of pines that limits its regeneration.





The subpopulation of Pino Gordo was destroyed in a fire in 2007 and only three individuals survived. No regeneration has been observed, not even after the establishment of a fence to protect the subpopulation against herbivores. However, in Inagua, after the fire one more subpopulation was discovered: Barranco de las Magarzas, comprising 66 individuals (Santana and Hernández 2008).","This shrub is found in scrublands Chamaecytiso canariae-Adenocarpetum villosi, which potentially grow on the most sunny and rocky areas of the ""monteverde"" and the humid native pine forest (Salas Pascualet al. 2004, Commission of the European Communities 2009). Under human-induced pressures it forms the substitution shrubland of these communities. Within the humid pine forest it grows along withCistus symphytifolius andChamaecytisus proliferusssp.canariensis, Micromeria pineolens, Erica arboreaand Phyllirea angustifolia.





It can also be present in degraded stages of the shrublandsMicromerio-Cytisetum congesti, along withSideritis dasignaphala, Erysimum scoparium, Argyranthemum adauctumssp. canariense and rupicolous species such asAeonium simsii andGreenovia aurea.","Main threats are predation and grazing by rabbits and goats, and habitat fragmentation  (Salas Pascualet al. 2004). Some subpopulations have been as well affected by road and motorway development and house building.","This taxon is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species ""En peligro de extinción"" in the national catalogue of threatened species and in the regional catalogue of protected species. It is listed as EN B2ab(iii,iv) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).





It occurs in the protected areas Parque Natural de Tamadaba (SCI), Parque Rural del Nublo (SCI), Paisaje Protegido de Las Cumbres, Reserva Natural Especial de Los Marteles, SCIs Hoya del Gamonal and Barranco de La Virgen and Reserva Natural Integral de Inagua (SAC Ojeda, Inagua y Pajonales).  





Seeds are stored in the germplasm bank Banco de Germoplasma del Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo, where the species is cultivated. Some plantations have been introduced within the potential habitat of the species.





Grazing and plant collection must be controlled. The species should be reintroduced to the sites where it has disappeared.",This species is used as foragerfor grazing animals and it has medicinal properties (Salas Pascualet al. 2004).,"Santana-López, M.I., Peraza Zurita, M.D. & Bilz, M.","Salas Pascual, M., Quintana Vega, G. & Hernández Negrín, E.","Peraza Zurita, M.D.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,SCROPHULARIALES,SCROPHULARIACEAE,Isoplexis,sceptrum,,Isoplexis sceptrum  ,(L.f.) Loudon,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)),,,,Stable,"This species is endemic to the northern parts of Madeira Island. The extent of occurrence is 104 km2 and the area of occupancy, based on available data, is 36 km2. The species is found between 600 and 1,200 m above sea level. There are fewer than five locations.","Very little is known about this species, in total 21 different subpopulations are known. It was thought to be rare, however high frequency of individuals have been found although the occurrence are highly localized (Carvalho and Culham 1998). The estimated number of individuals is less than 1,000 (200 observed) (Carvalho and Culham 1998). There is good population regeneration and the trend is stable.","This species is a shrub that can grow up to 4 m tall. It is restricted to clearings in the laurisilva and found in habitats near streams, on steep slopes on northern mountains of Madeira within the cloud zone community (Carvalho and Culham 1998). It is dependent on natural disturbances and forms permanent communities.",The threats to the species are thought to be invasive species (Cytisus scoparius and Acacia mearnsii) and also alterations to water catchment alters the habitat (in quality and extent) and reduces the effective population size (Jardim et al. 2006).,"There are 28 known ex situ collections in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016). It is considered Vulnerable by Jardim et al. (2006). The population is found in the Natural Park of Madeira, the UNESCO World Heritage Site and a priority site of the Natura 2000 network (Laurissilva da Madeira). Further seed collections covering representative genetic diversity is desired (Jardim et al. 2006).","This is a popular ornamental plant, although it is difficult to grow.","Carapeto, A., Silva, L., Monteiro-Henriques, T., Fernandes, F. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C., da Silva Menezes de Sequeira, M. & Beech, E.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,SCROPHULARIALES,OLEACEAE,Jasminum,azoricum,,Jasminum azoricum  ,L.,,Yes,CR,D,Yes,CR,D,,,,Stable,"Jasminum azoricum is, despite its name, endemic to Madeira, Portugal. There are only two subpopulations, one in Funchal and the other in Ribeira Brava.
",The number of mature individuals has been reported to be less than 50 by Fernandeset al. (in: Martín et al. 2008) and specified as only six individuals by the Commission of the European Communities (2009). The populations are stable.,"It forms part of theMayteno umbellatae-Oleion maderensis (""Zambujal"")  (Commission of the European Communities 2009, Fernandeset al. in: Martín et al. 2008).","Habitat degradation due to invasive species which cause competition forJasminum azoricumis one of the major threats. Agricultural, urban and infrastructure development are leading to further habitat loss and degradation. Fires, droughts and landslides can furthermore affect this plant (Fernandeset al. in: Martín et al. 2008).","Jasminum azoricum is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).


The following conservation measures are recommended for this rare species (Fernandeset al. in: Martín et al. 2008):


Raising public awareness


Management and restoration of its habitat


Establishment of protected areas


Reinforcement of the subpopulations and reintroductions


Control of invasive species and other threats


Furthermore, research on the ecology and biology of the species, population dynamics, habitat trends, and appropriate conservation measures are needed.","Although this species is very rare in its natural habitat, it is widely used in gardens   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).","Carvalho, J.A. & Bilz, M.","Fernandes, F.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,ASTERACEAE,Kleinia,neriifolia,,Kleinia neriifolia  ,Haw.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"This species is endemic to the Canary Islands where it is found on all the islands, although less common on the eastern islands of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura (Gobierno de Canarias 2017). It is found between sea level to 1,200 m asl (Bramwell and Bramwell 1990), although it is less common at higher altitudes. The estimated extent of occurrence of this species is 52,549 km2. and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated, using available data (GBIF 2017, Gobierno de Canarias 2017), at 304 km2, but this may be an under-estimate. There are some introduced populations on the Spanish Mediterranean coast.","There is no information available about populations of this species, and it is very frequent in most areas on all the islands. The population trend is generally stable. The species is being lost from some areas as a result of urbanisation etc, but is expanding in some areas through colonisation of former agricultural land.","This species grows as a succulent shrub and grows in communities with species of Euphorbia on rocky terrain (Bramwell and Bramwell 1990) on poor, thin skeletic soils.",The main threats to this species are urbanisation and habitat loss through the expansion of cultivated areas (especially coastal green house cultivation). However the species is expanding into abandoned agricultural land (above 300 m asl),No conservation actions are required for this species. Kleinia neriifolia is reported as held in 40 ex situ collections (BGCI 2015). It was listed as not threatened in 1984 (Barreno et al. 1984). It is found in protected areas throughout its range.,The species is sold for ornamental purposes in Europe from cultivated sources.,"Marrero-Rodríguez, Á, Naranjo-Suárez, J., Reyes-Betancort, J.A. & Allen, D.J.","Beech, E.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,SANTALALES,SANTALACEAE,Kunkeliella,psilotoclada,,Kunkeliella psilotoclada  ,(Svent.) Stearn,,Yes,CR,D,Yes,CR,D,,,,Unknown,"Kunkeliella psilotoclada is endemic to the island of Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. Its presence was reported in Barranco de Masca (Buord and Lesouëf 2006) but it has not been found since 1983 (Martín Cácereset al.2004). It is believed that seeds could be found eventually in the soil seed bank and that some individuals could be hidden in inaccessible sites.","It was last seen in the wild in 1983, when two individuals were found (Martín Cácereset al. 2004, Buord and Lesouëf 2006). Now it is possibly extinct.","It grows on steep warm and dry crags, where it colonizes ledges and rocky sites, within communities such asEuphorbietum atropurpureae andEchio aculeati-Retametum rhodorhizoides. As accompanying speciesParonychia canariensis, Euphorbia obtusifolia, Retama rodorhizoides, Euphorbia atropurpurea, Argyranthemum foeniculaceum, Lotus mascaensis andKleinia neriifolia have been cited (Martín Cácereset al. 2004).",Grazing and predation by goats and rabbits have been reported as the main threat to the species (Martín Cácereset al. 2004).,"This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It has been categorized EX in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). It is included as species ""En peligro de extinción"" in the national catalogue of threatened species and in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands.





The only known population was included in the protected area Parque Rural de Teno (SCI). Plant material is stored in the Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo and seeds of viability unchecked are stored in herbarium sheets (OCR) (Martín Cáceres et al. 2004). Individuals should be producedex situ and the species should be reintroduced to its former distribution, which would need to be fenced. Field work must be developed in order to clarify the presence of more individuals.",,"Peraza Zurita, M.D. & Bilz, M.","Martín Cáceres, K., Santos Guerra, A. & Marrero Gómez, M.V.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,LAMIALES,LAMIACEAE,Lavandula,angustifolia,,Lavandula angustifolia  ,Mill.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Unknown,"Lavandula angustifolia is endemic to France, Italy and Spain, where it is found in mountain ranges from 0-1,800 m asl (Italy), 500-1,500 m (France) and 500-1,700 m (Spain) (Pignatti 1982, Castroviejo et al. 2010, Girerd and Roux 2011, RBG Kew 2012). It has been widely introduced outside this area and is frequently found in cultivation all over Europe, where it has escaped and become naturalized in many areas (M. Aronsson pers. comm. 2013). It is widespread across eastern Spain, but elsewhere is only known from the southeastern corner of France and just over the border in Italy, plus one locality Italy near Bologna (Anthos 2010). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) based on known localities is several hundreds of thousands of km². It is probably found in additional sites in several departments across France (Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel 2012). L. angustifolia Miller subsp. pyrenaica is a variety endemic to the east Pyrenees and NE Spain (Lis-Balchin 2002). There are 417 registers in Spain (Anthos 2010).",There is no information on the population size or trend available. No declines have been documented.,"A highly aromatic small evergreen shrub found in dry grassy slopes amongst rocks, in exposed (usually parched), hot rocky environments, often on calcareous soils (Plants for a Future 2012); it is also found in gardens and urban areas. In its native habitat it is found in montane areas, making it a hardy species ideal for cultivation (Lis-Balchin 2002).","This species is likely to be collected in the wild, but this is not thought to be a significant threat.","The conservation status of this species has not been assessed in France, Spain or Italy. In Italy it is regulated by the Royal Decree no 772 of 1932, where only 10 kg of flowered tips are allowed to be harvested (Baričevič et al. 2004). No additional conservation measures are needed.","Its use in the perfumery and fragrance industry, aromatherapy and as ornamentals is very common. It is also used to flavour food. It is used in herbal preparations using the essential oil obtained by steam distillation from the flowering tops, comminuted herbal substance or tincture. Lavandulae flos is used pharmaceutically and is included in Commission E monographs for treatment of anxiety and restlessness (European Medicines Agency 2011). It is cultivated in India, Greece, Lithuania, Latvia, Finland, Croatia and Hungary but there are no data available on the production quantities. The importance of lavender plantations has decreased in recent decades, however a relict of the first plantation still exists in the Tihany Peninsula in Hungary. In Italy it is regulated by the Royal Decree no 772 of 1932, where only 10 kg of flowered tips are allowed to be harvested. In Serbia it is cultivated over an area of 20 ha. In Romania it is cultivated over an area of 750 ha with annual harvest of 431 tonnes of flowers. Breeding of cultivars is carried out in Romania out by the Central Research Station Fundulea and in the former Yugoslavia there is 1 domestic or improved cultivar (Baričevič et al. 2004, Lipman 2009). The hybrid L. angustifolia x latifolia is a cultivated crop in East Anglia, England (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012). A new variety L. angustifolia var. etherio with improved essential oil yield, rich flower production and adaptability to local conditions is cultivated in Greece (Hassiotis et al. 2010).","Leaman, D.J., Miller, R.M. & Vela, E.","Khela, S.","Aronsson, M. & Turonova, D.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,LAMIALES,LAMIACEAE,Lavandula,lanata,,Lavandula lanata  ,Boiss.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"Lavandula lanata is endemic to southern Spain, where it is found across the Baetic Mountain range. The extent of occurrence is 47,700 km2.",The species seems to be abundant and its population trend is stable.,"Lavandula lanata is a evergreen dwarf shrub to 75 cm tall. It has woolly stems and leaves, and dark purple flowers in long-stemmed spikes. It is found in the mountains on stony limestone or dolomitic substrates from (350)800 m up to 2,030 m altitude in rocky areas, grasslands, Mediterranean shrub and in open pine woodlands (Morales 2010).",The species may be affected by recollection for oils and ornamental uses.,This species is found in 40 ex situ collections in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016). It was considered not threatened in the national Spanish Red List (Barreno et al. 1984). It is considered as a plant of special interest in Murcia and as a plant of regulated exploitation in Andalucia. It is found in protected areas throughout its range.,"Lavandula lanata is a popular ornamental plant, and used for perfumes etc.","Buira, A., Fraga i Arquimbau, P., García Murillo, P.G., García, M. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.","Buira, A., Fraga i Arquimbau, P. & García Murillo, P.G.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,LAMIALES,LAMIACEAE,Lavandula,latifolia,,Lavandula latifolia  ,Medik.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Decreasing,"Lavandula latifolia is endemic to France, Spain and Italy and is found at elevations from 0-2,050 metres asl (Pignatti 1982, Castroviejo et al. 2010, Girerd and Roux 2011, RBG Kew 2012, Lis-Balchin 2002). It has been introduced to Sicily and to the Balkan Peninsula, in former Yugoslavia (RBG Kew 2012). It is widespread across eastern Spain   (Anthos 2010),  but is more restricted in France, where it is found scattered across eleven departments in the south west, plus one small population in southern Indre-et-Loire (Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel 2012). It is probably found in  additional sites across France (Inventaire  National du Patrimoine Naturel 2012). Its distribution in Italy is unknown, so its extent of occurrence (EOO) cannot be estimated, but it is undoubtedly several hundreds of thousands of km². In Spain, the EOO is estimated to be over 270,000 km² in the northeast alone. There are 1,550 records in Spain (Anthos 2010).","Very little population information is available; the available information comes almost exclusively from Spain. It appears to be abundant in northern Spain (Anthos 2010). Various studies have looked at natural populations, but there are no estimates of population size. Seventeen subpopulations have been studied in projects carried out in Spain for screening of genetic resources in Castilla La Mancha, Extremadura, and four subpopulations in Aragon (Baričevič et al. 2004). Essential oil variation was studied in seventy-two plants from seven natural subpopulations in Valencia, Spain (Munoz-Bertomeu et al. 2007). There are at least 21 subpopulations in Spain and it appears to be abundant, although demand for collection is increasing, at least in parts of its range (Herrero and Martin-Lobera 2012).","An evergreen perennial highly aromatic shrub found in montane dry Mediterranean areas. It constitutes a prime nectar source for honey bees (Munoz-Bertomeu et al. 2007). It is salt wind exposure tolerant, and highly drought tolerant once established; plants are not long-lived (Plants for a Future 2012).",This species is subject to intense collection from the wild in parts of its range (Herrero and Martin-Lobera 2012).,"This species is not included in any National Red List, but it is protected in all three of its native countries, at least regionally. In Italy it is regulated by the Royal Decree no 772 of 1932, where only  10 kg of flowered tips are allowed to be harvested (Baričevič et al. 2004).It is listed in the French Decree of 30 December 2004 establishing the list of protected plant species in the Midi-Pyrénées region [Liste des espèces végétales protégées en région Midi-Pyrénées : Article 5]. In Spain, it is protected under regional legislation in Andalucia, where its harvest is legally regulatedon private forest lands (B.O.J.A. no. 71, 21 June 1997), and in Murcia, where the collection of all Lavandula species is legally regulated on private forest lands (B.O.J.A. no. 71, 21 June 1997). Neither of these zones fall within the most abundant part of its distribution, however. 





It is extensively cultivated in Spain, France and Italy (Piccaglia and Marotti 1993, Guyot-Declerck et al. 2002, Baričevič et al. 2004). Seeds samples are being screened and stored in germplasm banks in Castilla-La Mancha and Extremadura, and in Aragón in Spain (Baričevič et al. 2004, Herrero and Martin-Lobera 2012). More information on population trend and collection pressure across its entire distribution is required. Monitoring and controlling the quantities collected in the wild is an important conservation measure, which may require relevant crop policies and legislation be passed at the regional or national level.","This species is cultivated for its essential oil for aromatherapy and as an ornamental (Lis-Balchin 2002), but the primary use of its aerial parts is for industrial perfumes and fragrance materials. It can also be used to flavour foods. It is very popular and is believed to be antibacterial, antifungal, sedative, antidepressive and a muscle relaxant, and is also effective for burns and insect bites, although these are not clinically proven (Munoz-Bertomeu et al. 2007). It produces up to three times as much essential oil as the more popular Lavandula angustifolia, but it is of lower quality (Plants for a Future 2012). In Italy, it is regulated by the Royal Decree no 772 of 1932, which allows only 10 kg of flowered tips to be harvested. It is commercially cultivated in Spain in Andalucia, Valencia, Murcia, Catalunya and Aragon although there are no data on the total area cultivated (Baričevič et al. 2004). In southwest France it is cultivated as the hybrid L. angustifolia x latifolia to produce honey (Guyot-Declerck et al. 2002). It is also extensively cultivated in Italy and England (Piccaglia and Marotti 1993, Plants for a Future 2012).","Leaman, D.J., Miller, R.M. & Vela, E.","Khela, S.","Barreto Caldas, F",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,MALVALES,MALVACEAE,Lavatera,oblongifolia,,Lavatera oblongifolia  ,Boiss.,The species is considered a synonym of Malva oblongifolia (Boiss.) Soldano & al. by Euro+Med Plantbase (Valdés 2011).,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)",,,,Decreasing,"Lavatera oblongifolia is endemic to Spain in the provinces of Almeria and Granada (Castroviejo et al. 1993). The extent of occurrence is about 4,000 km2.","There is no information on the population structure of this species, although it seems to be scarce. It is likely to be experiencing a decline as a result of the current threats. As this species is found naturally fragmented, subpopulations are small and is not a good disperser, it is considered to be severely fragmented.","Lavatera oblongifolia is a shrub 0.6-1.5 m tall found in mountain thickets at altitudes of 680-1,120 m. The species has specialised pollinators and is not a good disperser (Perez-Garcia et al. 1995).","Much of its natural habitat has been lost. In the Sierra de Lujar, the habitat has been fragmented by access to mines, the plants here only exist in very small areas (Barreno et al. 1984). It is also affected by fires, urbanisation development and grazing, although the effects of fire on this species are not well known.","This species is listed as Vulnerable (VU B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)) on the Spanish Red List (Bañares et al. 2008) and in the Andalusian Red List. There are four known ex situ collections in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016). It is present in protected areas throughout its range.",The plant is sometimes grown as an ornamental.,"García, M. & Allen, D.J.","Beech, E., Buira, A., Fraga i Arquimbau, P., García Murillo, P.G. & Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Lembotropis,nigricans,,Lembotropis nigricans  ,(L.) Griseb.,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,,,,Stable,"Lembotropis nigricans is found across central and eastern Europe to central European Russia. It has also naturalised in Britain (BSBI/BRC 2017), parts of Scandinavia (DAISIE 2017), and the Baltic states.","There is no specific population information on this species, but due to its widespread nature one can expect the population size to be large.","This is a shrub up to 1.5 m tall, but often smaller. It occurs on mesophytic shrubland and forest (Lewis et al. 2005).",There are no known major threats.,There are nearly 50 known ex situ collections of this species (and synonym Cytisus nigricans) in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016).,"Lembotropis nigricans is used as an ornamental, but can become a weed (Lewis et al. 2005, DAISIE 2017).","Bogunić, F., Caković, D., Carapeto, A., Orsenigo, S. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,PLUMBAGINALES,PLUMBAGINACEAE,Limonium,arborescens,,Limonium arborescens  ,(Brouss. ex Webb & Berthel.) Kuntze,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,,,,Increasing,"Limonium arborescens is endemic to the islands of Tenerife and La Palma, the Canary Islands, Spain (Mesa Coello et al. 2004). In Tenerife it can be found in cliffs and crags on five locations in the northern part of the island, from Valle de La Orotava to Teno. In La Palma, it is found in one location in Garafía. Its total area of occupancy is between 4.75 and 16 km².","Population size was estimated in around 4,500 individuals  (Mesa Coelloet al. 2004, Commission of the European Communities 2009). Some subpopulations present expansive dynamics. In 2007, its total population size was estimated in 8,226 specimens (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).","This shrub grows in cliffs and shady rocky slopes, on sites with some accumulation of humic soil. It occurs within the communitiesSoncho radicati-Aeonietum tabulaeformis andArtemisio thusculae-Rumicetum lunariae. Its altitudinal distribution range is wide, from the coast up to thermophile forests (Mesa Coelloet al. 2004, Commission of the European Communities 2009). Frequent accompanying species areArtemisia thuscula, Rhamnus crenulata,Sonchus acaulis,Astydamia latifolia, Sideritis spp. andHypericum spp.","Main threats are  natural competition with other species, grazing and stock trampling   (Mesa Coelloet al. 2004). Grazing pressure has decreased in the last years and it does not seem to currently threat the conservation of the species. A risk of hybridisation with the endemic speciesLimonium fruticans and gardening species present in surrounding areas exists. Seeds are frequently infested by parasites (insects). Changes in land use, construction of roads and competition with exotic species have been also reported as threats.","It is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as species ""de interés para los ecosistemas canarios"" in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is classed EN A2ce in the Spanish Red List 2008 (Moreno 2008). 





The subpopulations occur in the protected areas Paisaje Protegido Acantilados de La Culata (SCI), Sitio de Interés Científico de Interián (SCI), Paisaje Protegido Costa de Acentejo, Sitio de Interés Científico Barranco de Ruiz (SCI), Parque Rural de Teno (SCI) and Reserva Natural de Guelguén (SCI) (Mesa Coello et al. 2004).





Proposed measures include seed collection from every subpopulation and storage in germplasm banks, implementation of grazing species access control measures, and control of hybrid cultivars used in gardening in the island. Research is necessary to clarify taxonomical doubts aboutLimonium fruticans andLimonium arborescens.",,"Peraza Zurita, M.D. & Bilz, M.","Mesa Coello, R., Martín Cáceres, K., Santos Guerra, A., Oval de la Rosa, J.P., Acevedo Rodríguez, A. & Gutiérrez Díaz, A.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,PLUMBAGINALES,PLUMBAGINACEAE,Limonium,perezii,,Limonium perezii  ,(Stapf) F.T.Hubb.,,Yes,VU,D1+2,Yes,VU,D1+2,,,,Stable,"Limonium perezii is endemic to the island of Tenerife, the Canary Islands, Spain (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007), where it occurs in one location on the eastern part of the island. Its area of occupancy has been reported to be 1.25 km2 and to be stable (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). It is believed that at least two more subpopulations of the species could be found.",Its population size has been reported to be 284 individuals in 2006 and it is believed to have been more or less stable for the last years since rigorous population counts have been carried out (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).,"This small shrub grows on steep basaltic crags, in inaccessible cracks and ledges, within rupicolous communities in the potential distribution range of thermophile forest. Common accompanying species are:Vieria laevigata,Phyllis viscosa,Aeonium sedifolium,Carlina salicifolia andSonchus fauces-orci (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007).","Grazing has been reported as the main threat to the species; livestock in the area have been removed, but it is not known whether this situation is permanent (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). Collection has been also reported as a threat.","This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is classed CR C2a(ii) the Spanish Red List 2008 (Moreno 2008). It is included as species ""de interés para los ecosistemas canarios"" in the catalogue of protected species of Canarias. The population is included in the Parque Rural de Teno





It is used in gardening and appears naturalised in California (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).
",The species is collected because of its ornamental value.,"Bilz, M. & Peraza Zurita, M.D.","Marrero Gómez, M.V.","Peraza Zurita, M.D.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,PLUMBAGINALES,PLUMBAGINACEAE,Limonium,poimenum,,Limonium poimenum  ,"Ilardi, Brullo, D.Cusimano & Giusso",,Yes,EN,D,Yes,EN,D,,,,Unknown,"The species is endemic to Sicily (southern Italy), where it grows as a unique small population on the western side of Mount Pecoraro (NW Sicily, province of Palermo, municipal district of Cinisi), that corresponds to its locus classicus (Ilardi et al. 2014), at an elevation of 650-750 m a.s.l. The extent of occurrence (EOO), coinciding with the area of occupancy (AOO), is 1 km2. The effective AOO is around 0.01 km2.","The population size is small (fewer than 100 mature individuals), and, due to its very recent discovery (Ilardi et al. 2014), its current trend is unknown.","Limonium poimenum is a chasmophyte (perennial sub-shrub) found growing in crevices of west-facing more or less vertical limestone cliffs, usually affected by a regime of dense fog due to the humid currents from the Tyrrhenian Sea. Usually Limonium species are halophytes which grow in salt-marshes or along rocky coasts directly influenced by sea waves and salt spray; they rarely occur in non-salty habitats far from the sea. In Sicily, L. poimenum (Ilardi et al. 2014: 268), L. panormitanum (Todaro 1857: 40) Pignatti (1971: 365) and L. todaroanum Raimondo & Pignatti (1986: 417) are the only three non-halophilous Limonium species known which colonize limestone cliffs far from the sea. Based on their peculiar morphological features, unusual ecological requirements, isolated and extremely localized  distributions, as well as the low number of individuals, these species must be considered as relicts, similar to many other rupestrian (rocky) species occurring in this habitat. Limonium poimenum is a member of a rupestrian plant community characterized by several other endemic chasmophytes, including Pseudoscabiosa limonifolia (Vahl 1791: 27) Devesa (1984: 220), Centaurea panormitana Lojacono (1903: 137), Helichrysum panormitanum Tineo ex Gussone (1844: 467) subsp. panormitanum, Lomelosia cretica (Linnaeus 1753: 100) Greuter & Burdet (1985: 74), Seseli bocconei Gussone (1821: 80), Dianthus rupicola Bivona (1806: 31) subsp. rupicola, and Iberis semperflorens Linnaeus (1753: 648).","Due to the low number of individuals (less than 100) and its very limited distribution [effective area of occupancy (AOO) of around 0,01 km2], the major threat affecting the taxon is represented by the risk factors intrinsic to the species and to its relict nature. Other potential threat is the possible occurrence of landslides and rock falls, which, affecting the entire cliff where the species grows, would lead to a very rapid decline of the population.","Although the Limonium poimenum locality on Mount Pecoraro (Ilardi et al. 2014) falls within SCI ITA 020021 “Montagna Longa e Pizzo Montanello” and the SPA ITA 020049 “Monte Pecoraro e Pizzo Cirina”, and the natural population is monitored in situ, the species is not included in international or national legislation. It should be the target of an ex situ conservation programme, through seed banks, in vitro propagation and other research.",The species is not used or traded.,"Hilton-Taylor, C.","Cusimano, D. & Ilardi, V.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,PLUMBAGINALES,PLUMBAGINACEAE,Limonium,preauxii,,Limonium preauxii  ,Kuntze,,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii)c(iv),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii)c(iv),,,,Decreasing,"Limonium preauxii is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria, the Canary Islands, Spain (Suárez Garcíaet al. 2004), where it is found between 300 and 950 m asl, distributed throughout five locations: Barranco de Tirajana, Barranco de Arguineguín, Macizo de Ayagaures, Arteara y Montaña Amurga, and Barranco de Angostura, said to include 12 subpopulations. Its area of occupation has been reported to be 27 km².","Its total population size has been estimated to be around 53,275 individuals (Gobierno de Canarias 2009), affected by fluctuations due to seedling mortality caused by summer droughts and by grazing and predation.","This sub-shrub grows in sites influenced by phreatic humidity, especially xerophytic slopes. Common accompanying species areEuphorbia rejisjubae,Kleinia neriifolia,Lavandula minutolii,Echium decaisnei,Campylanthussalsoloides,Aeonium percarneum andCeropegia fusca (Suárez Garcíaet al. 2004).","Main threats are grazing, trampling and collection and occasional landslides (Suárez Garcíaet al. 2004). The location of Arteara y Montaña Amurga is as well affected by hybridisation phenomena.","This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as as species ""de interés para los ecosistemas canarios"" in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is listed EN B2ab(i,iii) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).





Most of the subpopulations are included in the protected areas Paisaje Protegido de Fataga (SCI), Parque Natural de Pilancones (SCI) and Monumento Natural de Aguayro. The species also occurs within the protected areas SCI of Amurga and Macizo de Tauro II (Suárez Garcíaet al. 2004).





Seeds are stored andex situ cultivation is being performed in the botanic garden Jardín Botánico Canario Viera y Clavijo, where research about the reproductive biology and genetic diversity of the species is as well being developed.





Proposed measures include population monitoring, grazing species and human access control, and collection and storage of seeds from every subpopulation. The subpopulations not present in protected areas should be included in such conservation sites.",The species is collected because of its ornamental value (Suárez Garcíaet al. 2004).,"Santana-López, M.I., Peraza Zurita, M.D. & Bilz, M.","Suárez García, C., Naranjo Suárez, J. & Navarro Denis, J.","Peraza Zurita, M.D.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,PLUMBAGINALES,PLUMBAGINACEAE,Limonium,sventenii,,Limonium sventenii  ,A.Santos & M.L.Fernández,,Yes,CR,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",Yes,CR,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",,,,Unknown,"Limonium sventenii is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain   (González González et al. 2004), where it grows between 300 and 800 m asl, on the northwestern and western parts of the island. Its area of occupancy has been estimated in 5 km². It is distributed into four subpopulations: Montaña de Amagro, El Sao, El Viso and Güigüí (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). Increasing trends have been reported for the distribution of the species in the subpopulations of Montaña de Amagro and El Sao, and decreasing patterns for the rest.
","Population was estimated in 4,795 individuals in 2003 (González Gonzálezet al. 2004) and in more than 14,900 individuals in 2007 (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). Population trends have been reported to be positive for Montaña Amagro (which has been reported to include between 6,250 and 14,500 individuals) and El Sao, where the impact of livestock has decreased.





Some subpopulations have not been recently found (Gobierno de Canarias 2009), probably partially due to the impact exerted by a fire in 2007.","This small shrub grows in communitiesEuphorbietum balsamiferae, at the base of crags. It can also be found at the peak of Montaña Amagro and in steep cliffs and paths within rupicolous communitiesPrenantho pendulae-Taeckholmietum pinnatae(Commission of the European Communities 2009), and in flatter areas withinEuphorbio-Cistetum monspeliensis (González Gonzálezet al. 2004).","Grazing by goats and rabbits have been reported as the main threat affecting this species (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). The presence of a garbage dump near the location of Montaña Amagro could lead to the anthropization of the area and increase competition phenomena with nitrophile species (González Gonzálezet al. 2004). In El Sao, hybridisation with ornamentalLimonium sp. is a potential threat. A fire in 2007 seems to have affected several subpopulations.","This taxon is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species ""Vulnerable"" in the national catalogue of threatened species of Spain and in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is listed CR B2ab(iii,v) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).





It occurs within the protected areas Monumento Natural de Montaña de Amagro (SCI) and Parque Rural del Nublo (SCI). Seeds are stored in the germplasm bank Banco de Germoplasma del Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, where the species is as well cultivatedex situ.





Plant material from every subpopulation should be collected and stored in germplasm banks.Ex situ cultivation and population reinforcement measures should be implemented in El Sao and El Viso. Dumping must be forbidden in Montaña de Amagro. The subpopulation in El Sao must be included in the protected area Parque Rural de Tamadaba (SCI). In El Sao, hybrid individualsLimonium sp.xLimonium sventenii should be removed and substituted by non-hybrid specimens.",,"Peraza Zurita, M.D. & Bilz, M.","González González, R., Barrera Acosta, J. & Reyes Betancort, J.A.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,DIPSACALES,CAPRIFOLIACEAE,Lonicera,alpigena,,Lonicera alpigena  ,L.,"Lonicera alpigena subsp. glehnii from Japan, is now considered a separate species Lonicera glehnii, and not included in this assessment.





Lonicera glutinosa and L. hellenica are now considered a subspecies of L. alpigena (Greuter and Raus 2000).





Lonicera alpigena L., a widespread mountain species, is very variable, especially in the Balkan Peninsula, where beside the typical form several regional taxa with controversial taxonomic status are found, such as L. glutinosa and L. hellenica. These taxa are rather weakly defined morphologically, but they are partly allopatric, and we consider the rank of subspecies to be most appropriate for them (Tan and Zielinski, in Greuter and Raus 2000).",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,,,,Unknown,"The species is native to southern and Central Europe (Info Flora 1994-2016, Witkowski et al. 2003, Carrillo et al. 2008, Nikolić 2015, Anthos 2017, SILENE 2017). In Greece, the speceis is found in most parts of the mainland (North and South Pindos, Sterea Elias, northern Peloponnese and North Central regions; Dimopoulos 2013), with subspecies hellenica restricted to the northern Peloponnese (Chelmos Mountain; Tan and Iatrou 2001). The species has been widely introduced through cultivation to North America and elsewhere.","There is no population information for this species on size and trends. In Andorra it is considered rare (Carillo et al. 2008), but apparently common in other parts of its range (e.g., the Alps in France and Switzerland).",This is a shrub up to 2 m tall found in forests. Flowers are yellow and fruits are red cherry-like (IDS 2016).,The threats to this species are not known.,"There are 83 known ex situ collections of this species is botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016). It is considered Least Concern in Switzerland (Info Flora 2016), Vulnerable in the Carpathian Mountains (Witkowski et al. 2003, Turis et al. 2014a) and the Slovakian part of the Carpathians (Turis et al. 2014b), and Endangered in Andorra (Carillo et al. 2008). Subspecies hellenica is protected by Greek Law (Presidential Decree 67/1981) and is also found in Natura 2000 sites and the National Park of Chelmos-Vouraikos (I. Bazos pers. comm. 2017).",It is cultivated as an ornamental.,"Bogunić, F., Caković, D., Carapeto, A. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,DIPSACALES,CAPRIFOLIACEAE,Lonicera,nigra,,Lonicera nigra  ,L.,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,,,,Stable,"Lonicera nigra is native to montane regions of middle and southern Europe (Daneck et al. 2011), from northern Spain in the Pyrenees, through the Alps to the Carpathians and northern Greece (North Central region; Dimopoulos et al. 2013).","The population is geographically widespread, and therefore thought to be large and stable.",Lonicera nigra is a shrub 1.5 m tall. It has pink flowers and the berries are bluish-black (IDS 2016). It is found in coniferous and mixed forests and montane heathlands.,There are no major threats to this species.,"There are 69 known ex situ collections of this species in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016). It is listed as Least Concern in Switzerland (Info Flora 2016), Critically Endangered in Hungary (Király et al. 2007), and not threatened in Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996).",This species is sometimes found in cultivation.,"Bogunić, F., Caković, D., Carapeto, A., Orsenigo, S. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Lotus,eremiticus,,Lotus eremiticus  ,A.Santos,,Yes,CR,"B2ab(iii,v)c(iv); C2a(i)b; D",Yes,CR,"B2ab(iii,v)c(iv); C2a(i)b; D",,,,Decreasing,"This plant is endemic to the island of La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain (Martín Cácereset al. 2004), where the only known population occurs on the coast of Garafia. Its area of occupancy is 1 km².",The only known population so far counts six individuals (Martín Cácereset al. 2004). The amount of fruits is lower than the number of produced flowers. Population size varies depending on rainfall in successive years. It is possible that the soil seed bank is viable for a long period of time as in years of prolonged drought specimens have disappeared and the population has reappeared afterwards under favourable conditions. The population trend has been inferred to be declining (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).,"This taxon is associated with scrublands in thermophile forest zonesMayteno-Juniperion canariensis, mixed with rupicolous vegetationGreenovio-Aeonietea. Accompanying species includeJuniperus turbinata ssp. canariensis, Aeonium palmense, Erica arborea, Davallia canariensis, Rhamnus crenulata, Lavandula canariensis, Myrica faya, Cheirolophus sventenii, Adiantum reniforme andParonychia canariensis.","The most important threat to the species is the presence of rabbits and lizards in its habitat, that pose great pressure on seedlings and adult individuals (Martín Cácereset al. 2004). Low population size is a threat factor especially in successive years of low rainfall.","This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species ""En peligro de extinción"" in the national catalogue of threatened species and in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is classed as Critically Endangered B2ab(iii,v)c(iv); C2a(i); D on the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). 





The population is included in the protected area Reserva Natural Especial de Guelguén (SCI). The species is cultivated in the botanic gardens La Orotava and Viera y Clavijo. Seeds are stored in the germplasm bank of the environmental department of the government of the Canary Islands (Viceconsejería de Medio Ambiente del Gobierno de Canarias).",,"Bilz, M. & Peraza Zurita, M.D.","Martín Cáceres, K., Mesa Coello, R. & Santos Guerra, A.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Lotus,pyranthus,,Lotus pyranthus  ,P.Pérez,,Yes,CR,"B2ab(ii,iii,v); C2a(i)",Yes,CR,"B2ab(ii,iii,v); C2a(i)",,,,Decreasing,"Lotus pyranthus is endemic to the island of La Palma, the Canary Islands, Spain (González Gonzálezet al. 2004), where it grows between 1,350 and 1,450 m asl, on the northeastern part of the island. It is distributed throughout three locations: Marcos y Cordero, Lomo de Cuervo y Cabecera del Barranco de Gallegos. Its area of occupancy is 3 km². Only the location of Lomo de Cuervo includes a subpopulation considered natural.","Total population size was reported to be seven  individuals, five of these introduced (González Gonzálezet al. 2004). The locations Lomo de Cuervo and Cabecera del Barranco de Gallego were reported to have one single individual each. No seedling or juvenile individual was found in the sites.





Later, total population size has been reported to be 35-40 individuals, but these individuals have been introduced and they are not considered naturalised for there is no evidence of reproduction (Gobierno de Canarias 2004). Natural population size has been estimated in two individuals (Gobierno de Canarias 2006).","This shrub grows within humid pine forest communitiesLoto hillebrandi-Pinetum canariensis, but appearing in open areas along with xerophytic and rupicolous species (González Gonzálezet al. 2004). Frequent accompanying species arePinus canariensis,Erica arborea,Myrica faya,Cistus symphytifolius,Teline stenopetala var.sericea,Bystropogon origanifolius,Echium webbi,Aeonium spathulatum,Rumex maderensis,Micromeria herpyllomorpha andTuberaria guttata.","Main threats are predation by introduced herbivorous species such as rabbits and game species, and by grazing species such as goats (González Gonzálezet al. 2004). Its poor reproductive strategy, fires and collection are also threats to the species.","This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species ""En peligro de extinción"" in the national catalogue of  threatened species of Spain and in the regional catalogue of protected species of the Canary  Islands. It is listed as CR B2ab(iii)c(iv); C2a(i) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).





The taxon is included in the protected area Parque Natural de Las Nieves (SCI). Re-introduction andex situ cultivation have been carried out. Fences have been established. Seeds are stored in the germplasm bank Banco de Germoplasma de la Viceconsejería de Medio Ambiente del Gobierno de Canarias.





Research about the reproductive biology of the species should be developed. Grazing should be completely eradicated in its distribution range. More seeds must be collected and stored and population reinforcement measures must be kept in place.",This species is used in gardening because of its ornamental value.,"Peraza Zurita, M.D. & Bilz, M.","González González, R., Pérez de Paz, P.L., León Arencibia, M.C. & Reyes-Betancort, J.A.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,MALVALES,MALVACEAE,Malva,canariensis,,Malva canariensis  ,M.F.Ray,"This species is considered valid as Malva acerifolia (Cav.) Alef. by Euro+Med Plantbase (Valdés 2011).





Individuals from the eastern Canaries are considered a separate variety (var. hariensis Svent.; S. Scholz pers. comm. 2017).",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,,,,Stable,"This species is endemic to the Canary Islands (Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura, Gomera, Lanzarote, La Palma, and Tenerife). The extent of occurrence is c.42,000 km2. The area of occupancy (AOO), based on available data, is restricted at c.136 km2, however this is likely to be an underestimate (GBIF 2017, Gobierno de Canarias 2017).","In the eastern Canaries, there are 19 individuals known on Lanzarote and four individuals on Fueterventura, and no reproduction is known on either island. There is little information for the other islands; it is very rare on La Palma (a single locality). It is somewhat frequent but very local on Tenerife and Gran Canaria, but more rare on Gomera. On Gran Canaria the species is expanding into formerly cultivated land on terraces on steep slopes and there are some thousands of individuals.","This is a shrub that can reach up to 3 m high. It has large showy flowers up to 8 cm in diameter. It is found in crevices and crags at middle altitudes and also in ravines and shaded areas, from 200 to 500 m altitude. The species is often associated with older geological strata.",There are no known threats other than isolation of some populations.,There is no or limited reproduction and some island populations require conservation actions to reinforce them. There are 20 ex situ collections in botanic gardens worldwide of this species (and its synonyms) (BGCI 2016).,The species is sometimes used as an ornamental plant.,"Reyes-Betancort, J.A., Scholz, S., Medina Hijazo, F. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Marcetella,maderensis,,Marcetella maderensis  ,(Bornm.) Svent.,,Yes,EN,D,Yes,EN,D,,,,Stable,"This species is endemic to Madeira Island, Portugal. The estimated extent of occurrence is 267 km2. The species is found between 0 and 400 m above sea level.","Previously, the total population was estimated to hold 250 mature individuals with a stable to slightly increasing trend   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The subpopulations are small, with around ten mature individuals. More recent estimates suggest that there are likely to be between 50-100 mature individuals in the entire population.","This is a large shrub up to 2 m tall. It grows on inland cliffs (Jardimet al.2006) and can be found in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 5330 ""Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-desert scrub""   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).",The species is threatened by invasive species. There are no other threats because this species is mostly found in ravines.,Marcetella maderensis is listed on Annex II and IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). Control of invasive species would be beneficial for the persistence of this taxon. It is containing within a new Natura 2000 sites. It is in the seed bank in Madeira.,There is no use or trade of this species.,"Monteiro-Henriques, T., Silva, L., Carapeto, A., Beech, E. & Allen, D.J.","Carvalho, J.A., Rivers, M.C., da Silva Menezes de Sequeira, M. & Fernandes, F.","Baeta, O.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Medicago,strasseri,,Medicago strasseri  ,"Greuter, Matthäs & Risse","Medicago strasseri Greuter et al. belongs to section Dendrotelis, and is a tertiary wild relative of cultivated alfalfa, M. sativa L. ssp. sativa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).",Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,,,,Unknown,"M. strasseri in endemic to Crete, Greece (Al-Atawnehet al. 2009, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).",This is a rare species. Its population trend is unknown.,M. strasserihas only been found growing on vertical limestone cliff faces in Crete (Al-Atawnehet al. 2009).,Overgrazing might be a threat to this species.,"M. strasseri   has few accessions available in gene banks. More research is needed on the distribution and population trends of this rare endemic. A monitoring programme should be set up.





EURISCO reports three germplasm accessions held in European genebanks, two of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of these wild accessions, only one originates from within Europe. This accession originates from Spain and is also stored in Spain (Comunidad de Madrid, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Banco de Germoplasma) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).","M. strasseri is a potential gene donor for cultivated alfalfa,M.  sativa ssp.sativa.","Osborne, J., Kyratzis, A., Cuttelod, A. & Nieto, A.","Economou, G. & Maxted, N.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,APIALES,APIACEAE,Monizia,edulis,,Monizia edulis  ,Lowe,,Yes,CR,D,Yes,CR,D,,,,Increasing,"Monizia edulisis endemic to Madeira and Deserta Grande, Portugal. It is found at two localities in Madeira: in the Central Mountain Massif and in an islet of the north coast, and on rocky cliffs in Deserta Grande up to 300 m asl (Jardimet al. in: Martín et al. 2008).",The population counts less than 50 mature individuals but has an increasing trend (Jardimet al. in: Martín et al. 2008).,"This plant grows among Macaronesian endemic flora on rocky cliffs and on terraces with soil accumulations (Jardimet al. in: Martín et al. 2008). It is characteristic of the Habitats Directive listed habitat 1250 ""Vegetated sea cliffs with endemic flora of the Macaronesian coasts""   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).","The main threat is habitat degradation due to infrastructure development, recreational activities and the invasion of exotic species which leads to increased competition. This plant is also collected. Fires, droughts, storms, and landslides can all affect this species (Jardimet al. in: Martín et al. 2008).","Monizia edulis is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).





Conservation measures that are needed for this species are habitat protection, restoration, and management, species recovery programmes, and public awareness campaigns. The biology and ecology of the species, population dynamics, and the level of harvesting should be studied (Jardimet al. in: Martín et al. 2008).",No information available.,"Carvalho, J.A. & Bilz, M.","Fernandes, F.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,CAMPANULACEAE,Musschia,aurea,,Musschia aurea  ,(L.f.) Dumort.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Decreasing,"The genus Musschiais endemic to Madeira Islands, Portugal. The extent of occurrence forMusschia aurea is 682 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).",The species is present in 25 localities with a declining trend   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).,"This species belongs to theSinapidendro angustifoliae-Aeonion glutinosi and grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 1250 ""Vegetated sea cliffs with endemic flora of the Macaronesian coasts""   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).","The most important threats are agriculture and forestry activities, urbanisation, communication networks, and natural catastrophes such as landslides. The species also suffers from competition with exotic and native species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).",Musschia aurea is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).,,"Fernandes, F. & Bilz, M.","Carvalho, J.A.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,CAMPANULACEAE,Musschia,wollastonii,,Musschia wollastonii  ,Lowe,,Yes,EN,D,Yes,EN,D,,,,Stable,"Musschia wollastonii is endemic to Madeira, Portugal, where it is found in scattered populations mainly along the north coast between 400-900 m (Fernandeset al.in: Martín et al. 2008). Its extent of occurrence is 524 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).",This species has been recorded in 17 localities   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The population is stable but counts less than 250 mature individuals in total (Fernandeset al.in: Martín et al. 2008).,"This species occurs in humid and shaded valleys of laurisilva forests withOcotea foetens, normally within the Euphorbion melliferae. It grows in the Habitats Directive listed priority habitat 9360 ""Macaronesian laurel forests (Laurus, Ocotea)""   (Commission of the European Communities 2009, Martínet al. 2008).","Invasive species are leading to habitat degradation and competition for this species. Trampling, recreational activities, collection, fires and natural factors such as droughts and landslides all affect this plant (Fernandeset al.in: Martínet al. 2008).","Musschia wallostonii is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).


A species recovery and reintroduction programme is recommended together with raising awareness among the public. Further research on the biology and ecology, population dynamics, and the impacts of conservation actions are needed (Fernandeset al.in: Martín et al. 2008).",,"Carvalho, J.A. & Bilz, M.","Fernandes, F.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,LAMIALES,LAMIACEAE,Origanum,cordifolium,,Origanum cordifolium  ,(Montbret & Aucher ex Benth.) Vogel,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,,,,Unknown,"Origanum cordifolium is endemic to Cyprus where it is known from five locations in the Roudias and Xeros valleys of the Pafos Forest. It grows at altitudes from 200-1,100 m asl (Tsintideset al. 2007). Extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are not known.","The population size is 6,400 individuals (Tsintideset al. 2007), the population trend is unknown.","This small shrub reaches 40-60 cm height and grows rocks and cliffs, inPinus brutia forest openings and in thin phrygana (Tsintideset al. 2007).",This species is threatened by forest fires and overgrazing by mouflon (Tsintideset al. 2007).,"Origanum cordifolium is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as Vulnerable D2 in the national red list. The Pafos Forest, where the species is located, is a proposed Natura 2000 site (Tsintideset al. 2007).",,"de Montmollin, B., Cuttelod, A. & Peraza Zurita, M.D.","Bilz, M.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,BRASSICALES,BRASSICACEAE,Parolinia,schizogynoides,,Parolinia schizogynoides  ,Svent.,,Yes,VU,D1+2,Yes,VU,D1+2,,,,Unknown,"This plant is endemic to the island of La Gomera, the Canary Islands, Spain (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007), where it grows at low altitude on the western part of the island (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).





It can be found distributed into two subpopulations: Barranco de Argaga and Barbolán (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). Two more subpopulations were reported in the past. One of them was not re-found in 2003; the other reference is imprecise and the presence of this subpopulations has not been verified on the field. Its AOO is 1-1.5 km2.
","A total population size of 554 individuals was recorded in 2003 (Commission of the European Communities 2009). From these, only one mature individual occurred in Barbolán. No information on the evolution of population size is available but there is no evidence of declining trends (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).","This rupicolous plant occurs in steep slopes and embankments of altered environments within Grenovio-Aeonietea associations. It is also found among scrubs ofLaunaeo arborescentis-Schizogynetum sericeae   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).
","Grazing has been reported to be the main threat to this species in the past (Gobierno de Canarias 2009), but its impact on the species has been reported to be currently negligible.","This species is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as VU D2 in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008) andas species ""de interés para los ecosistemas canarios"" in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It occurs in the SCI Barranco de Argaga.
",,"Peraza Zurita, M.D. & Bilz, M.","Martín Osorio, V.E., Wildpret de la Torre, W. & Alcántara Vernet, E.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Petteria,ramentacea,,Petteria ramentacea  ,(Sieber) C.Presl,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,,,,Stable,"This species is native to northwestern Albania, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro. It is commonly found in sub-Mediterranean areas and also found in Mediterranean areas (Lewis et al. 2005). The altitude ranges from 10 to 700 m asl.",The species is widespread and stable across its range in the Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean zones.,"This is a deciduous shrub up to 3 m tall, found in shrubland and scrub (Lewis et al. 2005). It flowers in May.","Grazing impacted the plant in the past, and fire may impact the plant locally, but there are no overall significant threats.",In Albania it is listed as LRnt (Lower Risk near threatened) (MEA 2013). It is found in over 50 ex situ collections in botanic gardens (BGCI 2016).,This species is grown as an ornamental plant. It is an important food plant for pollinators.,"Bazos, I., Bogunić, F., Matevski, V., Petrova, A., Sennikov, A., Shuka, L. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,LAMIALES,LAMIACEAE,Phlomis,brevibracteata,,Phlomis brevibracteata  ,Turrill,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,,,,Unknown,"Phlomis brevibracteata is endemic to Cyprus (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). The number of locations where the species can be found is 16 with a presence confirmed at 14  of them (Commission of the European Communities, 2009). In Tsintideset al. (2007),  it is reported that the species can be found at 13 locations: Oreites, Kato Archimandrita, Alassa dam, Trimiklini-Laneia, Asgata-Pentakomo, Lefkara-Kato Drys, Agios Theodoros Larnakas, Akanthou, Flamoudi, Kantara-Gerani-Davlos, Ardana, Mandres Ammochostou, and Panagra.





Its extent of occurrence is 495 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009).","Population has been reported to be around 5,000 individuals. The total population has never been estimated with accuracy. The plants were counted in part of the locations, only once at each location and therefore it is not possible to estimate a population trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Population size has been also reported to be 2,900-3,200 individuals (Tsintides et al. 2007).","Phlomis brevibracteata is a lax shrub up to 1.5 m high that occurs in low maquis, on limestone. Its presence has been reported in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):


5420Sarcopoterium spinosum phryganas


9290Cupressusforests (Acero-Cupression)


9320OleaandCeratoniaforests


9540 Mediterranean pine forests with endemic Mesogean pines","Threatened by habitat loss due to the expansion of urban areas, road construction and improvement and fires. Some subpopulations have already been partly destroyed or damaged as a result of these activities (Commission of the European Communities 2009, Tsintides et al. 2007).",Phlomis brevibracteata is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). Three subpopulations are located on proposedNatura 2000 sites. It is listed as Vulnerable C2a(i) on the Cyprus Red List (Tsintides et al. 2007).,,"Cuttelod, A. & Peraza Zurita, M.D.","Bilz, M.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,LAMIALES,LAMIACEAE,Phlomis,cypria,,Phlomis cypria  ,Post,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,,,,Unknown,"Phlomis cypria is a plant endemic to Cyprus (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2011). Its extent of occurrence is 371 km² (data refers toPhlomis cypriassp. occidentalis,Commission of the European Communities 2009).


Phlomis cypriassp. cypriacan be found at four locations, from Agios Ilarion to Kornos peak and Vasileia village,between 100 and 800 m asl.Phlomis cypriassp. occidentaliscan be found at nine  locations, mainly in he west and southwest parts of Pafos Forest, Vouni Panagias, south of Kaminaria, between Mandria and Agios Nikolaos and in the Akamas Peninsula. It occurs between 100 and 1,000 m asl altitude (Tsintides et al. 2007).","Population size for Phlomis cypriassp. cypriais about 600 individuals, while the population size forPhlomis cypriassp. occidentalisis reported to be more than 6,000 individuals (Tsintides et al. 2007). That makes a total population size of more than 6,600 individuals.





The total population of the plant has never been estimated with accuracy. The plants were counted in part of the locations, only once in each locations. Thus it is not possible to estimate a population trend (Commission of the European Communities 2009).
","Phlomis cypriais a shrub of 0.5-1.5 m height that occurs in maquis on dry, limestone hillsides and cliffs and in open pine forests (Tsintides et al. 2007).


This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):


5330 Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-desert scrub


5420 Sarcopoterium spinosum phryganas


9320OleaandCeratoniaforests


9540 Mediterranean pine forests with endemic Mesogean pines","During the last decade the habitat of the species has been favoured due  to changes in forest management practices. But quarry  establishment is probable where its habitat is on the transition zone  between pillow lavas and diabase. As most of locations are within protected state forest land, few are affected by  urban expansion (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Further threats reported are fire, grazing, reforestation, and road improvement.","Phlomis cypria is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). A number of subpopulations ofPhlomis cypriassp. occidentalisare in proposed Natura 2000 sites (Tsintides et al. 2007).


Phlomis cypriassp. cypriais categorized VU D1+2 andPhlomis  cypriassp. occidentalisis categorized VU B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) on the national red list (Tsintides et al. 2007).",,"de Montmollin, B., Peraza Zurita, M.D. & Cuttelod, A.","Bilz, M.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,LAMIALES,LAMIACEAE,Phlomis,italica,,Phlomis italica  ,L.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"The species is endemic to Mallorca and Menorca (Balearic Islands, Spain) (Anthos 2017).",This is a very abundant species and its population trend is stable.,The nitrophilous species is present in grazed areas and rocky soils (P. Fraga i Arguimbau pers. comm. 2016).,The abandonment of grazing could pose a threat to the species.,This species is present in protected areas throughout its range.,This plant is used for ornamental purposes.,"García Murillo, P.G. & Allen, D.J.","Fraga i Arquimbau, P. & Buira, A.",,"García, M.",
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,ASTERACEAE,Plagius,flosculosus,,Plagius flosculosus  ,(L.) S.Alavi & Heywood,,Yes,VU,B2ab(iii); C2a(i),Yes,VU,B2ab(iii); C2a(i),,,,Decreasing,This species is endemic to Corsica and Sardinia. Its area of occupancy is suspected to be below 500 km2.,"There are three main populations in Corsica at relatively large sites. In Sardinia, there are two main sites. The populations are suspected to be decreasing. The total population is smaller than 10,000 mature individuals, and each subpopulation contains fewer than 1,000 mature individuals.","The species grows on riverbanks, pond edges, ditches, but is also found in shrubland (garrigue). It can tolerate a degree of eutrophication and drought.","In Corsica, it is threatened by the decline of traditional agriculture, which is leading to succession in its habitat. In Sardinia, it is threatened by groundwater abstraction.",No specific conservation measures are in place and the species does not occur in protected areas. Appropriate habitat management and research on the trends and dynamics of the populations are needed.,,"Hugot, L., Bagella, S., Muller, S.D. & Temple, H. (IUCN Species Programme)","Hugot, L., Bagella, S. & Ali, M.M.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,PLANTAGINALES,PLANTAGINACEAE,Plantago,arborescens,,Plantago arborescens  ,Poir.,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,,,,Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Madeira Archipelago and the western and central Canary Islands (Euro+Med 2017). Former records from Lanzarote are considered a separate species, P. famarae.",There is no information on the population size or trends for this species.,"This is s a shrub that grow up to 60 cm tall. It is found in open rocky habitats, usually without soils, often on, or at the foot of cliffs.","Grazing by rabbits and goats is a probable threat to this species, but there is no information available.","Research is required to confirm the distribution, population size and trends, and threats to this species. There are several ex situ collections in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2017).",No use of the species is known.,"Scholz, S., Reyes-Betancort, J.A. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,ASTERACEAE,Ptilostemon,greuteri,,Ptilostemon greuteri  ,Raimondo & Domina,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),,,,Stable,"This species is species endemic to Inici Mountain near Castellammare del Golfo (Trapani Province) in northwestern Sicily. The area of occupancy is estimated to 0.05 km2(Raimondo and Domina 2006), but measured with the standard 2x2 km grid it is 4 km2.","The population is very small, estimated at little more than 250 individuals (Raimondo and Domina 2006).","This species is a shrub 0.5-2 m tall. It is found on shrubland, rocky slopes and cliffs and cliff bases.","The major threats are human disturbance, fire and habitat change (due to change is traditional grazing practises).",Habitat management and protection is required for this species.,The species is not utilised.,"Carta, A., Fenu, G., Montagnani, C., Orsenigo, S. & Troia, A.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,RHAMNACEAE,Rhamnus,crenulata,,Rhamnus crenulata  ,Aiton,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Canary Islands, where it grows on all islands (Henning and Raab-Straube 2016, Gobierno de Canarias 2017); Tenerife, La Palma, La Gomera, El Hierro, and Fuerteventura. The species occurs as relict populations only on Lanzarote, Fuerteventura and Gran Canaria. It was considered extinct on Gran Canaria, but refound in the midlands of the northern slopes of the island, from Guia to Tafira. The species was reported as not present in Lanzarote (Pérez de Paz et al. 1992) but does occur in the north of the island in the Riscos de Famara. The extent of occurrence measures 48,626 km2. The area of occupancy has not been accurately estimated as comprehensive point data are not available, but is likely to range between 192 km2(GBIF data) and 2,000 km2.","The species is distributed fairly abundantly, it dominates certain habitats (Rodríguez et al. 2008) on Tenerife and La Palma. The species is more localised on La Gomera, and rare in El Hierro, and on Lanzarote, Fuerteventura and Gran Canaria it is considered a relict species.","This species is a large shrub, about 2 m tall. It is found growing in dry Mediterranean scrubland.","Housing developments, grazing and invasive plants all pose threats to the remaining populations (Bañares et al. 1998), however the most significant threat is herbivory, and on Lanzarote, Fuerteventura and Gran Canaria the species is found only in areas that are inaccessible to herbivores.",The species is listed in government legislation of 1991. There are nine known ex situ collections in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2017).,No information available.,"Santana-López, M.I. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.","Santana-López, M.I.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,RHAMNACEAE,Rhamnus,integrifolia,,Rhamnus integrifolia  ,DC.,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,,,,Stable,"This species is endemic to Canary Islands, where it is restricted to Tenerife (Gobierno de Canarias 2017). The extent of occurrence is c.645 km2.","This species is distributed across large parts of the island of Tenerife (south- and west-facing), although almost always represented by populations of few individuals, as refugees in escarpments and inaccessible areas (Pérez de Paz et al. 1992). The species is considered to be severely fragmented; there are many localities but without spatial continuity. Subpopulations are isolated on cliffs of south- and west-facing ravines, and in Cañadas del Teide normally one to a few individuals are found.",Rhamnus integrifolia is a shrub up to 1 m tall. The species occupies a wide altitudinal range in dry woodland and scrub.,"The species, due to its small population size, has been highlighted as being at risk from rising temperatures due to climate change (Petit and Prudent 2010; Heywood 2011, 2012). In many cases it grows as a rupicoline species, so the instability of the habitat is a threat to take into account.","This species is found in a single known ex situ collection in botanic gardens (BGCI 2017). It was listed as Near Threatened in the Lista Roja of 2008 (Moreno 2008) and 2010 (Bañares et al. 2010), and as Vulnerable (VU D2) on the IUCN Red List (Bañares et al. 1998), although under a previous version of the criteria. The species occurs in protected areas, including the Parque Nacional del Teide (ES7020043), and the Natura 2000 sites of Barranco del Infierno (ES7020051), Teno (ES7020096), Barranco de Erques (ES7020070), Barranco de Fasnia y Guimar (ES7020055), etc. This species is included in the Annex II of the regional Order of February, 20th 1991 about the protection of the wild vascular flora of the Canary Islands Autonomous Community.",No use or trade is known.,"Reyes-Betancort, J.A. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.","Reyes-Betancort, J.A.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,RHAMNACEAE,Rhamnus,intermedia,,Rhamnus intermedia  ,Steud. & Hochst.,"The Plant List (2016) consider this species to be a hybrid, Rhamnus × intermedia Steud. & Hochst., whilst Henning and Raab-Straube (2016) consider the taxon valid at the species level.





IPNI (2017) comment thatRhamnus is a classical genus name, and that although Linnaeus treated Rhamnus as masculine and the genus name has ""-us"" case ending, its gender is feminine (see Melbourne Code Art. 62 Ex. 1).",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,,,,Stable,"This species is endemic to the Balkan Peninsula (Tutin et al. 1995), where it is recorded from Albania (restricted to north and northwestern parts), Bosnia and Herzegovina (two localities; Šilić 1996), Montenegro, and Croatia. The species was recently reported from Slovenia (Jarni 2014).",The species is widespread and common in Croatia. Less common (c.50 individuals) in Albania at the southern extent of its range.,A species scattered in lowland and submontane dry scrub.,There are no significant widespread threats.,"Protected in Montenegro. Listed as Vulnerable in Albania (MEA 2013), and as Endangered in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Confirmation of the current full distribution is required.",No uses are known.,"Bazos, I., Matevski, V., Sennikov, A. & Allen, D.J.","Bogunić, F., Caković, D., Petrova, A. & Shuka, L.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,RHAMNACEAE,Rhamnus,ludovici-salvatoris,,Rhamnus ludovici-salvatoris  ,Chodat,,Yes,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",,,,Decreasing,"Rhamnus ludovici-salvatoris is endemic to the Balearic islands of Cabrera, Mallorca and Menorca. The species has disappeared from one locality on Mallorca (Gulías et al. 2002). The extent of occurrence is c.5,117 km2. Locality data are insufficient to accurately estimate the area of occupancy, however it is suspected to be very much less than 500 km2.","Rhamnus ludovici-salvatoris is thought to have declined in distribution during the last century and there is very low seedling recruitment where it still exists (Gulías et al. 2002). On Mallorca, subpopulations seem to be extensive, although on Menorca there are only 15 individuals. The population seems to be declining.","This is a shrub growing up to 2 m tall. It has tough leaves with teeth. It is found on the edges of Quercus ilex forest from sea level up to 1,200 m Asl, but is also found in dry garrigues (scrubland) (Ferriol et al. 2009). The fruits are consumed mostly by two frugivorous birds, Turdus merula and Sylvia melanocephala, which digest the pulp but pass the seeds intact (Trasveset et al. 2003). Mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) and ants prey upon the seeds.","Post-dispersal seed predation, by ants and mice, caused considerable seed loss and was found to be a critical step in the life cycle (Trasveset et al. 2003). Drought and lack of water has a strong impact on recruitment and mortality (Gulías et al. 2002, Trasveset et al. 2003). On Menorca, the species is affected by urbanisation and on Mallorca by wildfires. Goat grazing is also affecting the species. On the basis of fires, there are four locations.",Recommendations based on genetic analysis of the R. ludovici-salvatoris populations include careful population reinforcements and other in situ interventions (Ferriol et al. 2009). There are ten ex situ collections in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016). It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Menorca(Fraga i Arguimbau 2015).,This species is found in the horticultural trade.,"Buira, A., Fraga i Arquimbau, P., García, M. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.","Buira, A. & Fraga i Arquimbau, P.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,RHAMNACEAE,Rhamnus,sibthorpiana,,Rhamnus sibthorpiana  ,Schult.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Unknown,"This species is endemic to Greece, Peloponnisos and Sterea Ellas (central Greece) (Tan and Iatrou 2001, Dimopoulos et al. 2013). The extent of occurrence is 6,816 km2.",There is no information on the population size or trends.,"This is a shrub up to 1.5 m tall (Tan and Iatrou 2001). It is found on limestone rocks (cliffs, rocks, walls, ravines, boulders,) from 800-2,450 m altitude amongst high mountain vegetation (Strid 1986, Tan and Iatrou 2001, Greuter 2012).","There are no known threats to this species or its habitat, and they are likely to be relatively stable and intact.",There are no known ex situ collections of this species in botanic gardens (BGCI 2016). It was listed as nt (not threatened) (Council of Europe 1983). Parts of its distribution are included in Natura 2000 sites.,There is no information on use or trade.,"Bazos, I. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ERICALES,ERICACEAE,Rhododendron,ferrugineum,,Rhododendron ferrugineum  ,L.,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,,,,Stable,"Rhododendron ferrugineum is endemic to the Mediterranean and west-central Europe at elevations between 1,600-2,200 metres, predominantly in the Alps and the Pyrenees (Valdés 2009, Gibbs et al. 2011). Its presence and distribution in Croatia, Albania, Serbia and Slovenia requires confirmation.","There are dense subpopulations in the European Alps with almost 100% cover. The oldest individual in the French Alps is at least 300 years old, based on mean annual shoot growth. It is a dominant species in montane areas and one of the most abundant shrubs in northeastern Spain. There are concerns of a decrease in genetic variation in Italy, as some subpopulations have a lower genetic diversity through clones (Escaravage et al. 1998, Filella and Peñuelas 1999).","This is an Alpine perennial shrub found throughout montane areas in acidic soils associated with pine. In the past decades the northern Alps have been subject to a decrease in disturbance from pasture which has caused Rhododendron ferrugineum to flourish. It can reproduce sexually by selfing and out crossed seeds or vegetatively through layering, which usually occurs downslope at 50 or 60 years of age. Heavy snow cover allows branches to root in the ground. It also produces many flowers and seeds (Castroviejo et al. 1993, Escaravage et al. 1998).","Grazing and pasture could cause a decline in this species, though in recent decades this pressure has been reduced in the northern Alps, favouring this species. As with all high alpine plant species, climate change could be a threat in the future.","Rhododendron ferrugineum is listed as Least Concern in Germany (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2012) and Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002), and also on the Red List of Rhododendrons (Gibbs et al. 2011). In situ and ex situ conservation strategies have been suggested to preserve the genetic diversity in the North Apennines (Bruni et al. 2012). It is found in forty-two Natura 2000 sites in Italy (European Environment Agency 2010).","The flowers, leaves and galls of Rhododendron ferrugineum are antirheumatic, diaphoretic and diuretic; it is used in the treatment of certain forms of arthritis and rheumatism, as well as in treating a variety of complaints involving flatulence, but can cause diarrhoea and vomiting so should only be used with expert supervision (Plants for a Future 2012). A homeopathic remedy is made from the plant. The leaves and flowers contain flavanoids (Chosson et al. 1998). However, the leaves and the galls are poisonous, and the pollen of many (if not all)  species of Rhododendron is also likely to be toxic when eaten in large quantities (Plants for a Future 2012).","Leaman, D.J., Miller, R.M. & Oldfield, S.","Khela, S.","Turonova, D.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ERICALES,ERICACEAE,Rhododendron,hirsutum,,Rhododendron hirsutum  ,L.,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,,,,Stable,"Hairy Alpenrose (Rhododendron hirsutum) is endemic to Alpine and sub-Alpine habitats in the Alps (Valdés 2009). It is found in the Central Alps in France, Switzerland, Germany and Austria, the Dolomites in Italy, and the mountains of Slovenia and Croatia at elevations up to 2,500 metres (Info Flora 2012, INPN 2012, Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2012, Schede di botanica 2013).","This is an abundant and dominant species throughout its range, except in Croatia where it is rare, having declined due to frequent collection from the wild for its medicinal use (Vrbek and Buzjak 2001, Kathe et al. 2003).","Hairy Alpenrose is a perennial shrub, dominant (80-100%) in dwarf shrub heath and herb rich grassland above the tree line and on stony steep slopes; it is associated with dominant Beech stands, Juniperus, Erica herbacea and Calamagrostis varia (Read and Haselwandter 1981, Dirnböck et al. 2003, Poldini et al. 2004, Surina and Rakaj 2007). It grows in the Habitats Directive listed priority habitat 4070 ""Bushes with Pinus mugo and Rhododendron hirsutum (Mugo-Rhododendretum hirsuti)"".","There is no evidence of any significant threats to the species, though an increase in grazing and pasture could potentially cause declines. In Croatia the population has declined as it was frequently collected from the wild for its medicinal use (Kathe et al. 2003).","This plant is listed as Least Concern in Germany (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2012) and Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002), also on the Red List of Rhododendrons (Gibbs et al. 2011). It is Near Threatened in Croatia where it is a protected species (Nikolić and Topić 2005, Baričevič et al. 2004). It is found in twenty one Natura 2000 sites in Italy (European Environment Agency 2010). There are no conservation measures needed for this species. The habitat 4070 ""Bushes with Pinus mugo and Rhododendron hirsutum (Mugo-Rhododendretum hirsuti)"" is a priority habitat type on Annex I of the Habitats Directive.","In Croatia this species is used as a medicinal and aromatic plant for the treatment of inflammation, pain, skin ailments, common cold and gastro-intestinal disorders (Kathe et al. 2003, Popescu and Kopp 2013).","Leaman, D.J., Miller, R.M. & Oldfield, S.","Khela, S.","Turonova, D.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ERICALES,ERICACEAE,Rhododendron,myrtifolium,,Rhododendron myrtifolium  ,Schott & Kotschy,,Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv)",No,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv)",,,,Decreasing,"Rhododendron myrtifolium is found in the high mountains of the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula, and in the southern and eastern Carpathians (Boratyński et al. 2006). Valdés (2009-) reports the species from Albania, Bulgaria (two known localities: Rila Mountains (Belmeken – Kotlite) and the Balkan Range (central – Yurushka Gramada, Maragidik, Kourou-dere, Malkoto Pruskalo); A. Petrova pers. comm. 2016), Serbia, FYR Macedonia (one locality, Mt. Jakupica; V. Matevski pers. comm. 2016), Romania, and Ukraine. However, there are no confirmed records from Serbia, Kosovo or Albania (L. Shuka and F. Bogunić pers. comm. 2016). A record from Mt. Sar-Planina in present-day Kosovo (Sarić and Diklić 1986) (the same record cited by Valdés 2009-) is considered erroneous (G. Tomović pers. comm. 2017).





Whilst the extent of occurrence is large, the area of occupancy is estimated to be very much less than 500 km2 and the number of locations is steadily declining (Boratyński et al. 2006).","The species is severely fragmented (Boratyński et al. 2006). In Ukraine, one subpopulation in the Borzhava Massif is extinct, and at least four others in the Gorgany Mountains have not been confirmed in the field in the last three decades (Boratyński et al. 2006). In Bulgaria it is known from only three localities, whilst in FYR Macedonia it is recorded from a single locality.","This shrub, usually less than 60 cm, is found in forest pine scrub to open moorland on acid and limestone. It can form large stands in the alpine heaths growing along with Juniperus nana. The species prefers humid places protected against the wind, where erosion is limited, often on northern aspect slopes (Boratyński et al. 2006).","Some subpopulations in Ukraine are exposed to grazing in upland meadows and could be impacted, whilst the lack of traditional pasture activity in the protected areas of the Ukrainian Carpathians can accelerate succession, with trees suppressing this species, especially at lower elevations. Global warming should be seen as a factor in reducing suitable the habitat of this species due to the shift in treeline and reduction in high-mountain habitat (Boratyński et al. 2006). In Bulgaria, the species is impacted by tourism and tourism-related development in the Rila Mountain and the Balkan Range, and associated with this, the construction of roads and infrastructure development, as well as collection for ornamental use, and poor reproductive potential.",In Bulgaria the species is assessed as Endangered because of its small area of occupancy. The main area of its occurrence in Ukraine is conserved within the Carpathians Nature Reserve. It is found in 30 ex situ collections in botanic gardens (BGCI 2016). Further research is required for this species.,"This species is found in the ornamental plants trade, although is not as well known or as frequently grown as many other Rhododendron. Some hybrid cultivars with this species also exist. Use is recorded as a tea.","Bogunić, F., Matevski, V., Caković, D., Shuka, L., Tomović, G.M. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.","Bogunić, F., Matevski, V., Shuka, L. & Tomović, G.M.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,SAXIFRAGALES,GROSSULARIACEAE,Ribes,sardoum,,Ribes sardoum  ,Martelli,"Some scientists consider this species part of a larger family, the  Saxifragaceae, in which saxifrage- and currant-like species are grouped  together. Others prefer to split such large groups up, preferring to  work with more clearly defined smaller families (e.g. the currant family  Grossulariaceae).",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v); C2a(i,ii); D",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v); C2a(i,ii); D",,,,Decreasing,"Ribes sardoum has been recorded from just one site in Sardinia in the Nuoro Province, occurring in a small southeast facing valley at about 900 m altitude. The extent of occurrence is 300 m²-1 km² and the area of occupancy is 1 km² (Bacchettaet al. in: Rossiet al.2008). 





This species was probably originally distributed throughout the boreal zone, and moved to warmer areas as the climate changed. It is now  considered a relict species as it is no longer found anywhere else. Its  closest relatives occur in China, Japan, and North America.","The only growing site for this species is Prados (Oliena) in the Nuoro Province, Sardinia (locus classicus). In 2008, the whole population was estimated in less than 50 individuals, all in one subpopulation (Bacchettaet al.in: Rossiet al. 2008).","This small woody shrub grows on limestone substrates  (Bacchettaet al in: Rossiet al2008). It has a very low fertility due to the early dropping of ovaries (Valsecchi 1977, 1981).","This decline is due to low seed viability and grazing by goats and sheep. But despite the grazing pressure, the extent of occurrence seems not to have significantly decreased since R. sardoum was first recorded at the end of the eighteenth century. However, the lack of historical reference data makes it difficult to evaluate the present population dynamics. Nevertheless the species is seriously endangered by extinction, mainly due to the low seed vitality for reasons not yet clearly understood.","Actions in Place 


Listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).


Legally: Currently there is no legal protection for this species, despite the fact that the regional council of Sardinia proposed a draft law in 2001 concerning protection of plant species on the island, andR. sardoum is listed in the Annex as an endemic species. However, this law is controversial as it may increase collecting interest in the species listed. The United Kingdom has included this species in its national legislation [Statutory Instrument 1996 No. 2677. The Endangered Species (Import and Export) Act 1976 (Amendment) Order 1996]. 





In situ: The local population is now committed to protect the site from fire and grazing. 





Ex situ: R. sardoum has been cultivated in the Botanic Garden of Florence. 





Actions Needed 


The survival of this species in the wild requires developing serious management plans to protect the species from over-grazing, fire, and plant collection. The species should also be cultivatedex situ with the goal of eventually reinforcing the existing population, and perhaps undertaking introductions into similar habitats.",,"de Montmollin, B., Abeli, T. & Bilz, M.","Bacchetta, G., Congiu, A., Fenu, G. & Mattana, E.","Camarda, I.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Rosa,abietina,,Rosa abietina  ,Gren. ex H.Christ,This species is not well known taxonomically and is not recognised in all regional floras.,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,,,,Unknown,"This species is found in mountains of southern Central Europe (Welk 2001) in Austria,   France, Switzerland (all regions), Italy (Lombardy, Valle d'Aosta), but also in Croatia (Kurtto 2009, Pericin and Timmerman 2005). It is considered absent or extinct from Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996). In Croatia it is known from a single locality but with no detail available (Nikolić 2016). The distribution of the species is highly uncertain because of the uncertain taxonomic status of the species in parts of its range and confusion with other taxa. Welk (2001) considers that all records from the Alps and the Swiss or French Jura are questionable or erroneous, as well as records from Germany (the Black Forest, Bremen Allgäu) and Carinthia (Austria).","It is considered ""rare"" in France (Association Tela Botanica 2016). It is considered missing or extinct from Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996). No other population information is available. The presence is confirmed in Italy, and considered rare.","This is an erect shrub that can grow up to 3 m tall. It has white flowers and curved spines. It grows in shrubby thickets and in hedges. It is a valuable fodder shrub for more than birds, wild bees and insects.",The threats to this species are not known.,"In Germany it has been classified as ""extinct or missing"" (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996). In Switzerland it is listed as Least Concern (Moser et al. 2002). There are three known ex situ collections of this species (BGCI 2016). Confirmation of the taxonomic identity and distribution of this species is needed.",Material under this name is found in the horticultural trade.,"Sennikov, A. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Rosa,pendulina,,Rosa pendulina  ,L.,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,,,,Unknown,"Rosa pendulina is native to central and southern Europe, found at elevations up to 2,500 metres asl (Kurtto 2009, Assyov and Petrova 2006). It occurs predominantly in mountains and hills in the Alps, Carpathians, Balkan Mountains, Apennines and Pyrenees (Fer et al. 2007).","There is no information on the population size or trend available. In Spain all individuals are found only across the northern part of the country (Anthos 2010), while in Germany it is distributed primarily in the south (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2012). It is restricted to montane areas in France. In the Czech Republic it is common in mountainous and hilly landscapes. All populations at locations in the Czech Republic and surrounding regions are of Carpathian origin. A contact zone between Carpathian and Alpine migration routes of Rosa pendulina is probably located in the Danube valley (Fer et al. 2007).","A woody shrub found in scrub and woodland. It has been described from subalpine forests in northern Italy (Renzo and Paola 2001), montane subalpine vegetation in the Fatra Mountains in Slovakia up to 1500 metres elevation (Vesela 1995), and Omorika spruce forests, which are protected under the Council of Europe Bern Convention Res. No. 4 1996 (European Environment Agency 2010).","It is collected from the wild for its medicinal, alimentary and ceremonial properties, but the extent of this collection is unknown. Collection usually involves removing the leaves, fruits or rose petals, rather than taking the entire plant.","Rosa pendulina is classified as Least Concern in Germany (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2012) and Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002) and Near Threatened in Hungary (Király 2007), where it is a protected species (Baričevič et al. 2004). It is not threatened in the Czech Republic (D. Turoňová pers. comm. 2013). It is found in several Natura 2000 sites in Germany, Hungary, Romania, Italy and Poland (European Environment Agency 2010). More information on the population size and trends, as well as the extent of collection pressure, is needed.","This is a medicinal and aromatic plant. Roses are also used for alimentary and ceremonial purposes, particularly in Hungary and Romania (Baričevič et al. 2004, Leaman 2004, Ahmed and Guvenc 2009). The fruit of the rose plant, called rose hips, are known for their high content of Vitamin C, and rose petals are commonly used in the perfumery and food industries. The leaves are used in Chinese medicine for treatment of carbuncles, furuncles and burns, and the roots for treatment of arthritis and injuries (Nowak and Gawlick-Dziki 2006). The seeds and plants are also commonly available as a garden ornamental.","Leaman, D.J. & Miller, R.M.","Khela, S.","Király, G. & Turonova, D.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Rosa,rhaetica,,Rosa rhaetica  ,Gremli,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,,,,Decreasing,"This species has a restricted distribution the central Alps, from eastern Switzerland (Info Flora 1994-2016), western Austria (Mair 2006), and northern Italy (Lombardi and Trentino-Alto Adige; Conti et al. 2005, Lattanzi 2012). In Switzerland, the species is known from 12 records in the lower Engadine valley (canton of Graubünden), all but one of them located between the villages of Lavin and Tschlin, with the other from further up in the valley at Zernez; four of these recordings date from about 1994, the others date from 2011-2017 (M. Jutzi, Info Flora pers. comm. 2017). Records of the species from southern Switzerland (canton of Wallis /Valais) are considered erroneous, probably the result of confusion with Rosa sherardii Davies.





In Austria, the species is known from...","There is very limited information on the population and population trends of this species, in part due to the difficulty of identifying this species with respect to other Rosa species. In Italy the species is described as 'rare' (Lattanzi 2012). The species is also considered 'rare' in Switzerland, and the population size in Switzerland was estimated at fewer than 2,500 mature individuals in 2016 (Braun-Blanquet and Rübel 1932-1935, M. Jutzi, Info Flora pers. comm. 2017).","A subalpine shrub that grows up to 2 m tall. The species is found in Berberidion shrub, which is reducing in extent and quality, in Switzerland and probably elsewhere in its range, as a result of agricultural intensification and the removal of rural hedges (M. Jutzi, Info Flora pers. comm. 2017).","The species and its habitat is impacted by agricultural intensification and the removal of rural hedges (M. Jutzi, Info Flora pers. comm. 2017).","This species is listed as Endangered (C2a(i)) in Switzerland (Info Flora 2016), and in Italy it is described as ""rare"" (Lattanzi 2012) and Wilhalm and Hilpold (2006) considered the species to be regionally extinct in South Tirol. There are four known ex situ collections of this species (BGCI 2016). More information is needed on the population size, trends and distribution as well as any threats to the species.",There is no known use or trade for this species.,"Carta, A., Montagnani, C., Orsenigo, S., Troìa, A. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Rubus,hochstetterorum,,Rubus hochstetterorum  ,Seub.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"Rubus hochstetterorum is endemic to the Azores. It is found on all the islands of the Azores except Graciosa (AZORESBIOPORTAL 2016), however, there are no recent records from San Miguel, and there is also some confusion, with the taxon often being mistaken for the introduced taxon, Rubus ulmifolius. For this reason, doubtful occurrences have been removed from the distribution map. The estimated extent of occurrence of this species is 19,000 km2. The estimated area of occupancy is 856 km2but this is likely to be an overestimate or the actual as we are using the recommended 2x2 grid. The species occurs from 200 to 900 m above sea level.","The population is roughly estimated to be over 100,000 individuals (Schäfer 2005). In the past, the population was probably larger and  significantly as a result of past forest loss. However, currently there is no clearance of the forest, and the trend is stable.","This species is a shrub with long thorns, and flowers are white or light pink more than 4 cm in diameter. It is found in clearings and margins of forest also in hedges, ravines, roadsides and pastures (Matzke-Hajek 2001). It is also found within laurel forest, and particularly in juniper woodland.",The species is threatened by the spread of invasive plants like Hedychium. It is also threatened by the spread of the introduced species of Rubus which may be able to hybridise with the Azorean endemic species.,"Matzke-Hajek (2001) considered this species not threatened. This species is found within protected areas and is also found in cultivation and seeds in the botanical garden in Faial. More research is needed to determine the impact of the invasive Rubus species on the Azorean endemic as it is possible hybridisation is occuring resulting in genetic contamination. On islands were the presence of this species is uncertain, surveys should be carried out to determine more precisely the species distribution.",Could be of use as a wild crop relative to other Rubus species (Lopes et al. 2006). The fruits are used fresh and to make jam.,"Fernandes, F., da Silva Menezes de Sequeira, M. & Allen, D.J.","Silva, L. & Beech, E.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,SAPINDALES,RUTACEAE,Ruta,microcarpa,,Ruta microcarpa  ,Svent.,,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",,,,Increasing,"Ruta microcarpa is endemic to the island of La Gomera, the Canary Islands, Spain (Mesa Coelloet al. 2004, Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). It grows between 350 and 675 m asl, distributed throughout seven subpopulations: Mulagua, Roque Cano, Risco de las Zulas, Alojera, Caraballo (Mesa Coelloet al. 2004), Ermita de San Juan and Montefuerte (Gobierno de Canarias 2004), on the northern part of the island. Its area of occupancy is 6 km². Increasing trends have been reported for its distribution (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).","Its total population size was reported to be 264 individuals (Mesa Coelloet al. 2004), and low presence of juvenile individuals and seedlings was observed (Mesa Coelloet al. 2004). Later, more subpopulations were discovered and population size was estimated in 602 individuals (Gobierno de Canarias 2004). Increasing population trends have been reported. However, there is low genetic exchange between the subpopulations and they count as severely fragmented.","This shrub grows within scrublands associated with thermophile forestBrachypodio-Juniperetum canariensis (Mesa Coelloet al. 2004). Frequent accompanying species areMaytenus canariensis,Spartocytisus filipes,Olea cerasiformis,Globularia salicina,Aeonium castello-paivae andJuniperus turbinata ssp.canariensis. In more altered areas, species such as Euphorbia lamarckii,Kleinia neriifolia andCistus monspeliensis become more prominent.","Main threat to this species is the state of fragmentation of its population, which limits genetic exchange between subpopulations (Mesa Coelloet al. 2004). Subpopulations of Mulagua and Alojera are affected by grazing. Natural competition phenomena occur in Roque Cano, Alojera and Risco de las Zulas.","This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species ""En peligro de extinción"" in the national catalogue of threatened species and as species ""de interés para los ecosistemas canarios"" in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is listed as CR B2ab(iii,v) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).





Some subpopulations occur within the protected areas Monumento Natural de Roque Cano (SCI), Monumento Natural del Lomo del Carretón (SCI) and Parque Natural de Majona (SCI) (Mesa Coelloet al. 2004).





Plant material is stored in the germplasm banks of Universidad Politécnica de Madrid and Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo. Monitoring is developed in the locations of Alojera and Carabalto. Research about the genetics ofRuda sp. in the Canary Islands is being developed (A. Acevedo pers. comm. 2011). This research is expected to clarify the real number of individuals and taxonomic doubts about the genus.





Proposed measures in order to ensure the conservation of the species include the collection and storage in germplasm banks of plant material from every subpopulation and population trends monitoring. Other measures are the development of research about the genetic of the subpopulation of Mulagua, population management in Risco de las Zulas, Alojera and Caraballo, reintroduction and reinforcement measures in Caraballo and the establishment of a fence and agriculture and grazing control plans in the location of Alojera.",,"Peraza Zurita, M.D. & Bilz, M.","Mesa Coello, R., Acevedo Rodríguez, A. & Rodríguez Núñez, S.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,MALPIGHIALES,SALICACEAE,Salix,apennina,,Salix apennina  ,A.K.Skvortsov,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,,,,Unknown,"Salix apennina is found across the Italian peninsula, there is a small stand in Canton Ticino in Switzerland (Info Flora 1995-2016), and it was recently recorded in Corsica, however the occurrence on Sicily is doubtful (Brullo et al. 2015). The extent of occurrence is very large >150,000km2.",There is no population information for this species.,"Salix apennina is a shrub 2-6 m tall, sometimes up to 10 m (Facinelli and Moraldi 2002). It is found on marshes, lakes and along streams on a variety of substrata (Brullo et al. 2015) also found on wet slopes. It is found at altitudes between 300–1,600 m.",The threats to this species are not known.,The species is listed as Vulnerable on the Swiss Red List (Info Flora 2016). There are eight known ex situ collections of this species (BGCI 2016).,"This species can be used for environmental restoration projects, particularly in damp areas both in hills and mountains (Facinelli and Moraldi 2002).","Carta, A., Montagnani, C., Orsenigo, S., Troìa, A. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,MALPIGHIALES,SALICACEAE,Salix,brutia,,Salix brutia  ,Brullo & Spamp.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"This species is endemic to Calabria, southern Italy (Brullo and Spampinato 1993).","Salix brutia is described as ""very frequent"" (Brullo and Spampinato 1993) and the population trend is considered to be stable.",Salix brutia is a shrub between 1 and 5 m tall (Brullo and Spampinato 1993). It is found along rivers.,There are no reported threats to this species.,There are no known ex situ collections of this species in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016).,There is no use or trade information for this species.,"Carta, A., Montagnani, C., Orsenigo, S., Troìa, A. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,MALPIGHIALES,SALICACEAE,Salix,crataegifolia,,Salix crataegifolia  ,Bertol.,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,,,,Unknown,Salix crataegifolia is endemic to the Apuan Alps in northern peninsula Italy (Euro+Med 2016). From a recent publication the area of occupancy is estimated (using 2x2 km grid) 116 km2 and the extent of occurrence is approximately 262 km2 (Roma-Marzio et al. 2015).,The population size and trend are not known.,"Salix crataegifolia is a shrub about 1 m high. It is found mainly on limestone cliffs and grows at altitudes 345-1748 m, but prefers northern aspect slopes over 1,000 m (Roma-Marzio et al. 2015).","There are two major threats to this species. Firstly the risk of habitat shift and alteration, as the species is mainly found at altitudes over 1,000 m (Rome-Marzio et al. 2015). There is also a risk of habitat loss due to quarries and extraction of marble (Rome-Marzio et al. 2015).",Rome-Marzio et al. (2015) listed the species as Near Threatened. Seeds are stored at the germplasm bank of the Department of Biology University of Pisa. There are also further phylogenetic investigations studies to understand their reproductive strategies. There are four ex situ collections known in botanic gardens (BGCI 2016).,No information available.,"Carta, A., Montagnani, C., Orsenigo, S., Troìa, A. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,MALPIGHIALES,SALICACEAE,Salix,foetida,,Salix foetida  ,Schleich.,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,,,,Unknown,"This species is found in western and central parts of Europe, including Austria, France, Switzerland, Spain, Andorra and Italy (Euro+Med 2016).","There is no information on population size or trends. It is considered common in Valle d'Aosta, Lombardy, and the central Alps. However, the southernmost subpopulations in the central Apennines are rare.",This is shrub up to 1.5 m high. It is found in sunny and humid places found on subalpine karst in thickets in the Alps and the Pyrenees.,There are no known threats to this species.,It is listed as Least Concern in Switzerland (Info Flora 1994-2016). There are 19 known ex situ collections of this species (BGCI 2016).,This species is not utilised.,"Carta, A., Fenu, G., Montagnani, C., Orsenigo, S., Troìa, A. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,MALPIGHIALES,SALICACEAE,Salix,glabra,,Salix glabra  ,Scop.,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,,,,Unknown,"This species is found in the central eastern Alps to the Balkan Peninsula (Uotila 2011), with records from Austria, Germany, Switzerland and Italy, Slovenia, central Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina (where some records require confirmation; confirmed herbarium records are from Mt. Cvrsnica / Bukova glava, Mt. Prenj / Tisovica and Mt. Hranisava; F. Bogunić pers. comm. 2016).",The population size or trends are not known. It is considered quite frequent in Italy.,This species is a shrub up to 1.5 m tall. It grows on limestone in the mountains in cool humid forests.,The threats to this species are not known.,"There are 22 known ex situ collections of this species in botanic gardens (BGCI 2016). It is considered 'not threatened' in German (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996), but Vulnerable (D2) in Switzerland (Info Flora 2016), where occurrence is very restricted.",There are no known uses for this species.,"Carta, A., Fenu, G., Montagnani, C., Orsenigo, S., Troìa, A. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.","Bogunić, F.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,MALPIGHIALES,SALICACEAE,Salix,helvetica,,Salix helvetica  ,Vill.,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,,,,Stable,"This species is found in France, Switzerland, Austria, Lichtenstein, Italy, Poland and Slovakia (Euro+Med 2016).","The population is disjunct with part of the population in Slovakia and the rest in the southern Alps. It has been recorded as ""very common"" in the Alps.",Salix glabra is a shrub 0.5-1.5 m high. It grows in wet areas in subalpine and alpine areas (Info Flora 2016). It also frequently grows above the tree line in permafrost areas in the European Alps (Gärtner-Roer et al. 2013),There are no known threats to this species.,"Salix helvetica is found in nearly 50 botanic garden collections (BGCI 2016). It is considered of Least Concern in Switzerland (Info Flora 2016) and in France. It is not threatened in Poland, but Vulnerable in Slovakia (Witkowski, Król and Solarz (eds.) 2003).",There is no use or trade information for this species.,"Carta, A., Montagnani, C., Orsenigo, S., Troìa, A. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,MALPIGHIALES,SALICACEAE,Salix,laggeri,,Salix laggeri  ,Wimm.,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,,,,Unknown,"Salix laggeri is found in the western and central Alps, from western Austria, southeastern France, southern Switzerland and northern Italy (Euro+Med 2016).","There is little information on the population size or trends for this species. It has been described as a rare species, but is more common than previously reported, although it is often found alone or in small stands (Lautenschlager-Fleury and Lautenschlager-Fleury 1986). In Italy it is scattered, but abundant when found. New populations are being discovered.","Salix laggeri is a shrub between 1-3 m tall. It is found on northern slopes of debris and along streams. It is a subalpine species found in the central Alps. In Switzerland, it is found mostly on sunny hillside preferring stony, acidic soils, often together with Salix appendiculata and Alnus viridis (Lautenschlager-Fleury and Lautenschlager-Fleury 1986).",There are no major threats to this species.,Salix laggeri is found in seven botanic garden collections (BGCI 2017). It is considered of Vulnerable in Switzerland (Info Flora 2016).,It is known to be used as an ornamental plant.,"Carta, A., Fenu, G., Montagnani, C., Orsenigo, S., Troìa, A. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,MALPIGHIALES,SALICACEAE,Salix,mielichhoferi,,Salix mielichhoferi  ,Saut.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Unknown,"Salix mielichhoferi is endemic to western Austria and northeastern Italy (Jalas and Suominen 1976, Euro+Med 2016). The extent of occurrence is over 25,000 km2.","There is no information on population size or trends, but is thought to be scattered and abundant in the Dolomites.","Salix mielichhoferi is an upright shrub up to 4 m tall. It is found in montane and subalpine zones between 1,300-2,200 m altitude. It is found as a pioneer species on northern humid screes and slopes.","There are no evident threats to this, although possibly climate change will impact this species as it lives at high altitudes.",The species occurs within Natura 2000 sites. It is known from five ex situ collections in botanic gardens (BGCI 2016).,There is no use or trade information.,"Carta, A., Fenu, G., Montagnani, C., Orsenigo, S., Troìa, A. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,MALPIGHIALES,SALICACEAE,Salix,nebrodensis,,Salix nebrodensis  ,"C.Brullo, S.Brullo, Cambria & Giusso Del Galdo",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"This species was described from specimens collected from Mount Nebrodi in northeastern Sicily, at about 900-1,000 m (Brullo et al. 2015). It is known from four or five locations and the extent of occurrence is 117 km2.",It is found in restricted numbers in highly localized populations (Brullo et al. 2015). There is no further data on population size or trends.,"Salix nebrodensis is a shrub 3-5 m tall. It grows in riparian thickets in damp soils along mountain streams at elevations 800-1,500 m (Brullo et al. 2015).","This species is restricted to mountain streams, and therefore threatened by the alteration of the environmental conditions of these sites (Brullo et al. 2015), however no direct threats are documented at present.","The species is found in the Nebrodi Regional Park, a protected area. It is not found in any ex situ collections (BGCI 2016). Brullo et al. (2015) listed this as Vulnerable B2ab(iii). Further information on population sizes and trends would be beneficial.",There is no use or trade information for this species.,"Carta, A., Montagnani, C., Orsenigo, S., Troìa, A. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,MALPIGHIALES,SALICACEAE,Salix,silesiaca,,Salix silesiaca  ,Willd.,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,,,,Unknown,"This species has a Balkan-Carpathian distribution, where it is native to Bosnia and Herzegovina (Milanović et al. 2015), Bulgaria, Montenegro, Czech Republic, FYR Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia (Veselá 2015), Serbia and Ukraine (Uotila 2011).","Little is known about the population size and trends of this species. The species can dominate in some of the habitat where it is found (i.e. higher  altitudes of the Fatra Mts.), but is also said to  be distributed discontinuously (Veselá 1995).","This is a large shrub, that can grow over 1-1.5(3) m high. It is found in the sallow group (Bean 2016). It is found mainly in mountain areas in the Balkans, Carpathians, Sudetenland. It grows in thickets and often along streams, often with Salix caprea, and in beech and conifer belt, and in the subalpine belt with Pinus mugo. It is thought to live for about 40 years. In Romania, it is found in scattered clumps in shrubby high meadows (A. Sennikov pers. comm. 2016).",Widespread threats to the species are unlikely.,"There are ten known ex situ collections of this species in botanic gardens (BGCI 2016). It was listed as C4a (Near Threatened) in the red list of the Czech Republic (Grulich 2012).





This species is a component of the EU Habitat type 4080 ""Sub-Arctic Salix spp scrub.""","This is an important honey bee plant, and tannin was traditionally extracted from the bark for leather production in Bulgaria (A. Petrova pers. comm. 2016). It is not considered to be of garden interest (Bean 2016).","Bazos, I., Bogunić, F., Caković, D., Matevski, V., Petrova, A., Sennikov, A., Shuka, L. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.","Bogunić, F. & Petrova, A.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,MALPIGHIALES,SALICACEAE,Salix,tarraconensis,,Salix tarraconensis  ,Pau,,Yes,VU,C2a(i),Yes,VU,C2a(i),,,,Unknown,"Salix tarraconensis is endemic to eastern Spain, where it is found in Castellón and Tarragona. The extent of occurrence measures 1,985 km2. The area of occupancy, based on available locality data, is 69 km2, however, this is likely to be an underestimate.","The species is known from dispersed subpopulations. In the Parc de Ports, the largest subpopulation, an estimate of 2,500 individuals is given, of which less than 1,000 mature individuals since the rate of fertile individuals is very low (Buira 2016). The overall population is estimated to be of less than 2,500 mature individuals (A. Buira pers. comm. 2016). There is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals (A. Buira pers. comm. 2016).","This is a shrub that can be taller than 1 m, found on rocks and screes in the Catalan coastal range at an altitude between 700-1,400 m (Blanco 2005).","The development of of forestry roads has caused some habitat loss. Grazing by livestock, especially goats, is affecting this species. Rockslides pose also a threat to this species. Some subpopulations have also been affected by wildfires.",Part of the range is protected within a national reserve and national park. There are six known ex situ collections of this species in botanic gardens (BGCI 2016). It is listed in the Spanish national red list as Vulnerable C2a(i); D2 (Bañares et al. 2008).,There is no known use or trade of this species.,"García, M. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C. & Buira, A.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,MALPIGHIALES,SALICACEAE,Salix,tyrrhenica,,Salix tyrrhenica  ,"Brullo, Scelsi & Spamp.",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,,,,Unknown,This species is endemic to the southwestern parts of Calabria (between Scilla and Bagnara) in southern Italy. Both the extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are both very much less than 100 km2.,There is no population information available.,This species is a shrub from 2-5 m high. It is localized to some narrow streams close the sea.,The potential threats for this species are fire and water management (abstraction of water for agriculture) and road construction.,There are no known ex situ collections of this species (BGCI 2016). It is also found within the Natura 2000 Costa Viola site (Protected Planet 2016).,There is no use or trade information.,"Carta, A., Fenu, G., Montagnani, C., Orsenigo, S., Troìa, A. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,MALPIGHIALES,SALICACEAE,Salix,waldsteiniana,,Salix waldsteiniana  ,Willd.,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,,,,Unknown,"Salix waldsteiniana is found in much of central and southeastern Europe (Skvortsov 1999), including Albania, Austria, Lichtenstein, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Croatia, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Slovenia, FYR Macedonia and Serbia.",There is no information on population size and trends.,"This is a shrub 30-150 cm tall. It can be found in alpine and mountain areas at altitudes up to 2,500 m, preferring shady northern slopes. Found on taluses and rocks of the upper forest (Skvortsov 1999). It is a pioneer plant.",There are no known threats.,The species is considered Least Concern in the Swiss Red List (Info Flora 2016). There are 17 known ex situ collections in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016).,It is suitable for planting in rock gardens.,"Bogunić, F., Caković, D., Carapeto, A., García Murillo, P.G. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,MALPIGHIALES,SALICACEAE,Salix,xanthicola,,Salix xanthicola  ,K.I.Chr.,,Yes,VU,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,VU,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",,,,Decreasing,"This species is endemic to the Balkan Peninsula and has, to date, been discovered only in northeastern Greece and Bulgaria (Christensen et al. 2006, Dimopoulos et al. 2013). Its distribution area is fairly small and restricted to western Thrace of the Balkan Peninsula. The estimated extent of occurrence is 7,100 km2.","The number of localities that this species is known from will undoubtedly decrease in the future, and since its formal description, the species has disappeared from at least one Greek locality (Christensen in press). In Bulgaria, there are not many individuals but there are no estimates as the area is difficult to access. There is no information about population numbers in Greece.","The species is a shrub up to 2.5 m. Generally,Salix xanthicola grows along rivers. It grows best in full sunlight, where it forms dense vegetation belts with other species at the water's edge. It occurs also in beds of temporary streams running through open oak forests, in roadside ditches,or on rocky slopes, but usually near larger, permanent streams or rivers. At present, this species is known only from localities where the bedrock is schist (Christensenet al. 2006).","The most endangered sites ofSalix xanthicola are situated below c.200 m a.s.l as it is here that most primary farmland areas occur. Here the water-courses are strongly and negatively influenced by human activities, e.g., felling of the riverine woodlands, changing of the riverbeds into gravel pits, building of dams, and irrigation of nearby fields, which changes the course of rivers and streams (Christensenet al. 2006). This may prevent regeneration in Bulgaria as some humidity is needed for germination.","In BulgariaSalix xanthicola is protected by the Biodiversity Law (2002) and has been evaluated as Vulnerable (B2ac(ii,iii)) (A. Petrova pers. comm. 2016) within the framework of the Red Lists of Bulgarian Vascular Plants and Fungi project (Christensenet al. 2006). In Greece, it is listed as 'rare' in the Red Data book (Phitos et al. 1995). Work is needed to protect the watercourses associated with lowland populations of this species, Further monitoring of population trends is needed.",There are no reported uses for this species.,"Beech, E. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C., Petrova, A. & Bazos, I.","Love, J. & Bilz, M.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,CARYOPHYLLALES,CHENOPODIACEAE,Salsola,papillosa,,Salsola papillosa  ,(Coss.) Willk.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,This species is restricted to southeastern Spain (Anthos 2017).,"The population trend is stable, although its habitat has declined due to agriculture and farming. It is relatively common.","The species is found in pre-desertic scrubland on marly sub-saline soils, at altitudes between 50 and 700 m Asl (López González 2001).","This species is affected by the expansion of agricultural areas, especially with greenhouses. It can also suffer from urban development in coastal areas.","The species is present in protected areas throughout its range. It is assessed in the Decree 23/2012 as Vulnerable in Andalucia and in Murcia in the Decree 50/2003 as Vulnerable. In the Red Book of Andalucia it is assessed as Vulnerable (Cabezudo et al. 2005, Blanca et al. 2002). In the Red Book of Murcia it is Vulnerable (Sánchez Gómez et al. 2002).",This species is not utilized.,"García Murillo, P.G. & Allen, D.J.","Buira, A. & Fraga i Arquimbau, P.",,"García, M.",
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,LAMIALES,LAMIACEAE,Salvia,candelabrum,,Salvia candelabrum  ,Boiss.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Decreasing,The species is endemic to the Baetic Mountain range in southern Spain (Anthos 2017).,This species is not rare but also not very common. Its population trend seems to be declining.,"This species in habits calcareous and dolomite rocky areas in open shrublands and foothills from 200 - 1,350 m (Castroviejo 1986-2013).","There are no major threats to the species, although it could be affected by wildfires and overgrazing.","This species is present in protected areas throughout its range. It is assessed as Vulnerable in the Spanish Red List (Bañares et al. 2008),",This species is grown as an ornamental and as a medicinal plant.,"Fraga i Arquimbau, P. & Allen, D.J.","Buira, A. & García Murillo, P.G.",,"García, M.",
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,LAMIALES,LAMIACEAE,Salvia,officinalis,,Salvia officinalis  ,L.,"Includes the following subspecies (Reales et al. 2004);





Salvia officinalis subsp. officinalis


Salvia officinalis subsp. gallica


Salvia officinalis subsp. lavandulifolia


Salvia officinalis subsp. oxyodon





The subspecies Salvia officinalis subsp. lavandulifolia (Vahl) Gams is considered a valid species, Salvia lavandulifolia Vahl, by some workers (e.g., Castroviejo et al. 2010, G. Blanca pers. comm. 2014), however we consider it here as a subspecies of Salvia officinalis L. following Reales et al. 2004.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,,,,Stable,"The species has a very broad distribution throughout southern and southeastern Europe. The exact native distribution is not well understood; considered to have originated in the Balkan Peninsula and widely naturalised throughout much of southern Europe (e.g., locally naturalized in the Iberian Peninsula prior to the cultivation of crops) by Castroviejo et al. (2010). However we consider here Salvia lavandulifolia Vahl to be a synonym of Salvia officinalis, and Castroviejo et al. (2010) state Salvia lavandulifolia to be native to Spain (primarily eastern provinces), southeastern France, and northwestern Africa (coastal areas of Morocco and western Algeria).





Realeset al. (2004) in their review of the Salvia genus, found that records of this species from Africa refer to the S. fruticosa/S. blancoana group, which does however overlap with Salvia officinalis in some regions; thus the distribution of Salvia officinalis is considered to be across northern and western Mediterranean, from the former Yugoslavia through the southern Alps to the southeastern Iberian Peninsula.





Although it is native to the Mediterranean region it is grown commercially in gardens all over Europe and has widely naturalised (USDA 2012, Forey 1991, Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-).","A common species that is relatively widespread throughout its range; the status of populations within its natural are not known, but considered likely to be stable.","A perennial, evergreen shrub up to 60 cm height (Castroviejoet al. 2010). Found in a range of habitats including dry shrubby vegetation, dry meadows, and rocky steppes.","The are no known significant threats to this species and present-day collection from wild populations is assumed to be negligible across its range.
",There are no current conservation actions required. It is considered Rare in Slovenia and Vulnerable in Albania. It is listed as Least Concern in Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996) and Vulnerable in Switzerland (Moser et al 2002).,"This is a commonly used and popular herb for cooking. The fresh leaves can be used to make tea for relief of cold, flu and sore throats. A decoction with wine can be gargled for relief of toothache and a mixture with rosemary is reputed to maintain, strengthen and stimulate the growth of brunette hair (Lewis and Elvin-Lewis 2003). The leaves are well known for their anti-oxidative, anti-bacterial, fungistatic, virustatic, astringent, eupeptic and anti-hydrotic properties. The antimicrobial properties of the tannins have astringent properties and are an active ingredient of dental-care herbal medicinal preparations. The extracts and essential oil have hypotensive properties, central nervous system-depressant actions and antispasmodic activity (Baricevicet al.2001).





Herbal preparations consist of comminuted herbal substance, dry or liquid extract, tincture, herbal tea and liquid or semi-solid preparations for oromucosal use. The essential oil has a very variable composition depending on the source and harvest time but consists of thujone, cineol, camphor and the leaves tannins, diterpene bitter principles, triterpenes, steroids, flavones, and flavonoid glycosides (European Medicine Agency 2009a,b). The essential oil from the plant is used in small doses to remove mucous from the respiratory organs and mixed in embrocations for treating rheumatism  and used internally in the treatment of excessive lactation, night  sweats, excessive salivation (as in Parkinson's disease), profuse  perspiration (as in TB), anxiety, depression, female sterility and  menopausal problems. Sage is furthermore used commercially to flavour baked goods, ice cream, and sweets (Plants for a Future 2012).





Natural populations in Spain are stable and weakly exploited, scarcely collected; probably not harvested for their essential oils for more than 20 years, when rudimentary stills were used directly in the field. However, the economic crisis may cause a return to historical exploitation (G. Blanca pers. comm. 2014).","Blanca, G., Sáez Goñalons, L. & Leaman, D.J.","Allen, D.J.","Stanley, C. & Khela, S.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,ASTERACEAE,Santolina,oblongifolia,,Santolina oblongifolia  ,Boiss.,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,,,,Decreasing,"There are five species ofSantolina,of which four, including Santolina oblongifolia, are endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and their distribution is restricted to the Iberio-Maghrebian area, Spain (Oltraet al. 1995, Pala-Paul et al. 2011). S. oblongifolia can be found in the rocky mountains of Ávila, Salamanca and Cáceres provinces and the Sierra de Guararrama (Anthos 2010, Pardo de Santayana and Morales 2010). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 20,837 km² (J.C. Morena Saiz pers. comm. 2013) and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is likely to be less than 2,600 km², though detailed occurrence data to estimate AOO is unavailable. Based on climatic predicted scenarios, the EOO is projected to increase in the near future (to 23,744  km² in 2020; J.C. Morena Saiz pers. comm. 2013), but as the population is currently declining it may not achieve this increase.","This plant is widely collected for its medicinal properties, leading to population declines (Palacios et al. 2010). However, despite these declines it apparently remains abundant and has not suffered over-exploitation (Quave et al. 2012). Anecdotal information from hikers and wildlife enthusiasts indicate this species may be abundant in the Sierra de Gredos. Subpopulations are isolated by distances up to 96 km but genetic  interchange and hybridization do occur (Vargas and Garcia 2008,  Rivero-Guerra 2009).","La Manzanilla de Gredos is a small evergreen shrub growing to 10-60 cm tall, found in rocky, sandy soils in disturbed broom scrubs from 800 to 2,300 metres elevation. It can be found in highly nitrophilic habitats such as roadsides, fallow land and large areas of moorland and shrub steppe. It is usually associated withArtemisiaspecies such asA. herba-albaandA. campestris and is also frequently observed along relicts of wood fringes with Spanish Juniper (Juniperus thurifera), found in the barren and xeromorfic zones in the centre of the Peninsula and in the river Ebro depression (Vargas and Garcia 2008, Oltraet al. 1995). It also occupies sunny quarries at altitudes from 1,700 metres up, where it occurs with other species of Santolina such asSantolina rosmarinifolia (Chamomile).","Manzanilla de Gredos is widely collected for its medicinal properties, which has led to some declines in wild populations; wildfires and grazing are additional threats, while minor threats include  competition with other plants, natural regeneration and pest  infestations (Palacios et al. 2010). This species is considered to be sensitive to habitat alterations (Pardo de Santayana and Morales 2010).","Though not included on any recent Spanish national red list, Santolina oblongifolia is listed as Vulnerable in the Regional Catalogue of Threatened Species of Extremadura (Palacios et al. 2010). In Castilla y León, where  it is much more abundant, collection is regulated under the Catalog of the Protected Flora of Castilla y León (Anthos 2010; Palacios et al. 2010). Control of indiscriminate collection and trade of this plant for use in popular medicine is an important conservation requirement, as is the case with other medicinal plants collected directly from nature; control of grazing and wildfires is also recommended to ensure the species' protection (Palacios et al. 2010). It is unknown if this species is cultivated for its medicinal value.","The species is highly valued by humans for its sweet, mild flavour and is used as a digestive tonic, as a sedative, and for treating menstrual disorders and rheumatism (Pardo de Santayana and Morales 2010, López Sáez 2002, Silvanet al.1996). The extract of flower tops and the essential oil contain coumarin which have anti-inflammatory properties (Silvanet al.1996). This plant is also known to contain triterpenes and nerolidol derivatives (Teresaet al. 1985). Santolina species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species.","García Murillo, P., Leaman, D.J., Miller, R.M., Moreno Saiz, J.C. & Oldfield, S.","Khela, S.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,ASTERACEAE,Santolina,semidentata,,Santolina semidentata  ,Hoffmanns. & Link,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"This plant is endemic to the north of Portugal and Galicia in Spain (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). Its extent of occurrence in Portugal and Spain is 3,904 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).","Santolina semidentata is a relatively common species and is present in 36 localities in Spain and has been counted to have 10,000 individuals in Portugal (Commission of the European Communities 2009, ICNB 2006).","This plant is a woody chamaephyte that grows up to 60 cm and can be found in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):


4090 Endemic oro-Mediterranean heaths with gorse


6170 Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands


6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)


8210 Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation


8230 Siliceous rock with pioneer vegetation of theSedo-Scleranthionor of the Sedo albi-Veronicion dillenii","The main threat is posed by an alteration of the chemical composition of the soil due to abandonment of traditional or the adoption of inadequate agricultural practices (ICNB 2006).
",This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. There are no other measures in place or needed.,,"Cuttelod, A. & Bilz, M.","Caldas, F.B. & Moreno Saiz, J.C.","Juffe Bignoli, D.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,ASTERACEAE,Schizogyne,sericea,,Schizogyne sericea  ,(L.f.) DC.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"This species is endemic to the Canary Islands (native to Gran Canaria, La Gomera, El Hierro, La Palma, Tenerife, introduced and naturalised on Lanzarote(?) and Fuerteventura; Euro+Med 2016, Gobierno de Canarias 2017) and the Selvagens Islands (Portugal). It is found in ""Desertic nitrophilous scrub (Launaeo arborescens and Schizogyne sericea communities, etc.)"" which covers 18,631 ha in the Canary Islands (del Arco Aguilar et al. 2010). A more or less strictly coastal species, from sea level to 100(250-300) m asl.","There are thousands of individuals on the Selvagens, whilst on the Canaries, the species is very common in disturbed semi-arid/desertic coastal areas.","This is a halophytic shrub up to c.1 m tall. It is found up to 300 m in rocky areas, as well as on hillsides and sandy soils of coastal areas, being part of coastal communities. It is found in ""Desertic nitrophilous scrub (Launaeo arborescens and Schizogyne sericea communities, etc.)"" (del Arco Aguilar et al. 2010).",The species is impacted by slow transformation of coastal areas arising from urbanisation and the development of greenhouse cultivation.,Some populations occur within protected areas. There are 11 known ex situ collections in botanic gardens (BGCI 2016).,"The species is sometimes used as an ornamental plant. It is also used for medicines traditionally, as analgesic, astringent, anti-inflammatory and vulnerary (Venditti et al. 2016).","Reyes-Betancort, J.A., Scholz, S., del Arco Aguilar, M. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,LAMIALES,LAMIACEAE,Sideritis,barbellata,,Sideritis barbellata  ,Mend.-Heuer,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Unknown,"This species is endemic to La Palma in the Canary Islands (Pérez de Paz and Negrín Sosa 1992, Gobierno de Canarias 2017). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 222 km2. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be very much less than 500 km2. The species is found between 200 m and 1,200(1,700) m above sea level; there is a single record from 1,700 m in the caldera.","This species is generally scarce but common in some of the plant communities on La Palma (Garzón-Machado et al. 2011). There is no information on the population size or trends. This is a short-lived perennial species and populations are likely to fluctuate according to environmental conditions (e.g., post-fire expansion, wet/dry years).","This is a small shrub (to 1 m height, but usually less), found in pine forest rock communities (Garzón-Machado et al. 2011) and in thermo-sclerophyllous forest.","Fire may impact some sub-populations, and introduced herbivores may be a threat.",There are seven known ex situ collections of this species in botanic gardens worldwide (BGCI 2016). Most known localities occur within protected areas.,The species is used locally in traditional medicine to treat coughs and heal wounds (Pérez de Paz and Hernandez 1999).,"Reyes-Betancort, J.A., Allen, D.J. & Scholz, S.","Rivers, M.C.","Medina Hijazo, F.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,LAMIALES,LAMIACEAE,Sideritis,cypria,,Sideritis cypria  ,Post,,Yes,VU,D1,Yes,VU,D1,,,,Unknown,"Sideritis cypria is endemic to Cyprus. The species is restricted to the occupied part of the island, along the Pentadaktylos range (Commission of the European Communities 2009) where it is found at seven locations, between 300 and 600 m asl, though older collections were done up to 900 m asl (Tsintideset al.2007).
","The total number of individuals has been established at about 260 plants, but the exact population size and extent is unknown (Tsintideset al.2007).
",It is a small shrub of up to 60 cm height that grows in rocky areas and often on cliffs which are difficult to access  (Tsintideset al.2007).,"The known subpopulations are threatened by road widening, quarrying and fires (Tsintideset al.2007).",Sideritis cypria is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). The species is listed as Endangered D in the Cyprus red list (Tsintideset al.2007),,"de Montmollin, B., Peraza Zurita, M.D. & Cuttelod, A.","Bilz, M.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,LAMIALES,LAMIACEAE,Sideritis,cystosiphon,,Sideritis cystosiphon  ,Svent.,,Yes,CR,"B2ab(iii,iv)",Yes,CR,"B2ab(iii,iv)",,,,Unknown,"Sideritis cystosiphon is endemic to the island of Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain (González Gonzálezet al. 2004, Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). Its area of occupancy is 2 km². This plant is only known from one location  in the west of the island: Laderas de Tamaino, which comprises four subpopulations.","Total population size is 884 individuals   (González Gonzálezet al. 2004).High presence of seedlings and juveniles has been observed in the population, but low germination.
","Sideritis cystosiphon is a xerophile and heliophile species. It occurs within communitiesEuphorbietum atropurpuraeandPeriploco laevigatae-Euphorbietum canariensis, on entisol and lithosol soil types.Frequent accompanying species includeLavandula buchii, Retama rhodorhizoides, Kleinia neriifolia, Euphorbia obtusifolia, Aeonium urbicum var.meridionale, Opuntia ficus-indica, Aeonium sedifolium, Hyparrhenia sinaica, Euphorbia canariensis, Argyranthemum foeniculaceum, Atalanthus capillaris, Salvia canariensisandAllagopappus dichotomus.Its also grows in the edges of the road that crosses the location.





Flowering and fructification occur in July.
",A road runs through the population from which debris has been dumped (González Gonzálezet al. 2004). Uncontrolled cleaning of the debris could reduce population sizeas 47 specimens grow on the side of that road. The predation of juveniles by rabbits poses a further threat.,"Sideritis cystosiphon is listed as priority species on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species ""En peligro de extinción"" in the Spanish catalogue of threatened species and as species ""de interés para los ecosistemas canarios"" in the regional catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands. It is listed as Critically Endangered B2ab(iii,iv) on the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).





It occurs within the protected area SCI Riscos de Lara. Seeds are stored in the germplasm bank of the E.T.S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Madrid.Research about the genetics of the taxon is needed to clarify the degree of similarity and possible hybridisation with related species, mainlySideritis soluta.",,"Bilz, M. & Peraza Zurita, M.D.","González González, R., Pérez de Paz, P.L., León Arencibia, M.C. & Reyes-Betancort, J.A.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,LAMIALES,LAMIACEAE,Sideritis,discolor,,Sideritis discolor  ,Willd. ex Bolle,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)c(iv)+2ab(iii)c(iv); C2a(i)b,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)c(iv)+2ab(iii)c(iv); C2a(i)b,,,,Unknown,"This plant is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain (Marrero 2004), where it growson the northern slope of the island in the municipalities of Valleseco and Moya. It is distributed into four locations:Barranco la Virgen,Barranco Oscuro, Los Tilos and Barranco del Andén, which appear relatively isolated (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).Its extent of occurrence is 12 km² and its area of occupancy has been reported to be 1.25 km².","Its population is fragmented in four small subpopulations with a total of only 104 individuals (Marrero 2004).Individuals tend to grow by cohort, with an average longevity of 5-15 years. After the adult individuals have died down and if there has been a good winter, the growth of seedlings is often explosive, but colonisation of new areas has not been observed. The speciesshows moderate genetic differentiation among populations.Population suffers drastic annual and seasonal fluctuations (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).","This species grows in slopes and rocky cliffs, on basaltic substrates with sufficient or deep soils, and within theLauro novocanariensis-Perseetum indicaeand Myrico fayae-Ericetum arboreae. It can generally be found in open spaces with elements of ""Monteverde"" or among rupicolous species within theSoncho-Sempervivion.Accompanying species include Laurus novocanariensis, Erica arborea, Sonchus congestus, Rubus bollei Chamaecytisus proliferus, Semele gayae, Dryopteris oligodonta, Hypericum glandulosum. Its environment is occupied by introduced species such asCastaneasativa, Rubus ulmifoliusandAgeratina adenophora.
","The small size of the population and area of occupancy is extremely limited, and can be exacerbated by prolonged drought over severalyears. To a lesser extent, the species is also threatened by occasional landslides and agricultural waste.","Sideritis discolor is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is classed as Critically Endangered B1ab(iii)c(iv)+2ab(iii)c(iv); C2a(i)b on the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). It is included as species ""En peligro de extinción"" in the national and regional catalogues of threatened species.





Found in the Reserva Natural Especial de Los Tilos de Moya (SCI), Parque Rural Doramas, Reserva Natural Integral del Barranco Oscuro (SCI), Paisaje Protegido de las Cumbres and SCI de Barranco de La Virgen.The species has benefited from a LIFE Project, with plants being reintroduced to reinforce populations.Ex situconservation measures are needed.","Sideritis sp. have been traditionally used as medicinal plants in the Canary Islands, but this is not currently an important threat (Á. Marrero pers. comm. 2011).","Bilz, M. & Peraza Zurita, M.D.","Marrero-Rodríguez, Á",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,LAMIALES,LAMIACEAE,Sideritis,infernalis,,Sideritis infernalis  ,Bolle,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,,,,Increasing,"Thisplant is endemic to the island of Tenerife, the Canary Islands, Spain. It is restricted to several ravines of the southern part of the island, inAdeje and Arona, distributed into five locations. The area of occupancy is 8 km².
","Total population size has been estimated as more than 2,072 individuals, mostly adult specimens, throughout the five known locations (Rodríguez Delgadoet al. 2006). It has not suffered from big fluctuations in recent years anda certain recovery has been observed.","It is found in scrublandsGonospermo fruticosi-Lavateretum acerifoliae in dry and shady environments, settled in small platforms on basaltic substrates sometimes not fully stable. It develops in the domain of thermophile forest, within associationsJunipero canariensis-Oleetum cerasiformis,Periploca laevigatae-Euphorbietum canariensis orEuphorbietum atropurpureae. Frequent accompanying species areLavatera acerifolia, Rumex Lunaria, Carlina salicifolia, Atalanthus microcarpus, Descurainia millefolia, Convolvulus floridus, Argyranthemumgracileand Rubia fruticosa. It also grows in scattered crags and cliffs, as part of rupicolous communities withTolpis lagopoda, Aeoniumurbicumand Sonchus fauces-orci.


 


It is a hermaphrodite plant. It presents insect pollination generally, mainly by wasps,in which there is no discernible obvious adaptationto dispersion. Low germination in cultivated species has been observed.
","This species is affected by three main threats: competition with more aggressive species (e.g.Rumex lunaria, Rubusspp., Opuntiaspp.), poor reproductive strategy and the risk of landslides. In addition to that, there is a tourist path with a high number of visitors affecting the population at Barranco del Infierno.","Sideritis infernalis is listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is classed as Vulnerable D2 in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). 





All the populations occur in the protected area Reserva Natural Especial del Barranco del Infierno.Ex situ conservation measures are recommended.",,"Bilz, M. & Peraza Zurita, M.D.","Rodríguez Delgado, O., García Gallo, A., Cruz Trujillo, G.M., Mesa Coello, R. & Ojeda Land, E,",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,BRASSICALES,BRASSICACEAE,Sinapidendron,angustifolium,,Sinapidendron angustifolium  ,(DC) Lowe,The genus Sinapidendronis endemic to Madeira and is part of the brassica complex.,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),,,,Unknown,S. angustifolium is endemic to Madeira where it occurs on the south coast of the island from Madalena do Mar to Praia Formosa. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is  less 100 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is suspected to be 10 km2 or less.,The population is distributed between Madalena do Mar and Praia Formosa.,It grows on sea cliffs and in rocky sites.,"The species is threatened by road construction, urbanization and development for tourism. It is also affected by alien invasive species and occasionally by landslides.","This species does not occur in a protected area. A survey is needed to assess the current status of the population. Ongoing monitoring should be undertaken to ascertain the affect of the various threats to the population.





EURISCO reports three germplasm accessions of S. angustifolium held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm is also stored in the genebank of the Madeira Botanical Garden and University.",It is a potential gene donor for cultivatedBrassicaspecies.,"Kell, S.P. & Nieto, A.","Carvalho, M.","Kell, S.P.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,BRASSICALES,BRASSICACEAE,Sinapidendron,frutescens,,Sinapidendron frutescens  ,(Sol.) Lowe,The genus Sinapidendron is endemic to Madeira and is part of the brassica complex. Two subspecies of S. frutescens (Sol) Lowe are recognized: S. frutescens ssp. frutescens and S. frutescens ssp. succulentum(Lowe) Rustan.,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)c(iii)+2ab(iii,v)c(iii)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)c(iii)+2ab(iii,v)c(iii)",,,,Unknown,"S. frutescensis endemic to Madeira. The two subspecies are geographically separated on Madeira island—S. frutescens ssp.frutescensis frequent in the mountains of the central part of the island, whileS. frutescens ssp.succulentum occurs on the north coast. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of both subpopulations is less than 5,000 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km2.","The exact size and precise distribution of the subpopulations is not known. However, it is suspected that there are less 1,000 mature individuals ofS. frutescens ssp.frutescensand less 50 mature individuals ofS. frutescens ssp.succulentum.","S. frutescens  ssp.frutescensgrows in the ravines and on the peaks of the central mountains of Madeira in shady areas, while theS. frutescens  ssp.succulentumgrows on sea cliffs on the north coast.","It is threatened by road construction, invasive alien species and landslides.","More than 50% of theS. frutescens ssp.frutescenspopulation is inside the boundaries of a protected area (Natural Park). However, the population ofS. frutescens ssp.succulentumis not in a protected area. 





 EURISCO reports two germplasm accessions ofS. frutescens stored in the genebank of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm is also stored in the Madeira Botanical Garden.",It is a potential gene donor to brassica crops.,"Nieto, A. & Kell, S.P.","Carvalho, M.","Kell, S.P.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,BRASSICALES,BRASSICACEAE,Sinapidendron,gymnocalyx,,Sinapidendron gymnocalyx  ,(Lowe) Rustan,The genus Sinapidendron is endemic to Madeira and is part of the brassica complex.,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,,,,Unknown,"This species is endemic to Madeira Island where it is widely distributed on the north coast of island from Ribeira do Tristão to Ponta de São Jorge, from sea level to 100 m, although in some places the altitude can reach 200 m or more (e.g., at Montado do Pessegueiro). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 5,000 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500  km².","This species is widely dispersed on the north coast, but each subpopulation is small, comprising only 2–20 mature individuals each.","The main habitats are sea cliffs and rocky places. However, it can sometimes also be found on forest edges and in agricultural land.","The major threats to this species are road improvements, human intrusion and disturbance and habitat degradation due to invasive alien species.","Some subpopulations occur in Madeira Natural Park. 





No germplasm accessions ofS. gymnocalyx are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). However, germplasm is stored in the genebanks of the Botanical Garden and Madeira University.",It is a potential gene donor to cultivatedBrassicaspecies. There is some local limited use of the plant for fodder.,"Maxted, N. & Nieto, A.","Carvalho, M. & Kell, S.P.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,BRASSICALES,BRASSICACEAE,Sinapidendron,sempervivifolium,,Sinapidendron sempervivifolium  ,Menezes,The genus Sinapidendronis endemic to Madeira and is part of the brassica complex.,Yes,EN,D,Yes,EN,D,,,,Unknown,This species is endemic to Deserta Grande in the Madeira archipelago (Buord and Lesouëf 2006) where its extent of occurrence (EOO) is no more than 10 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is no greater than 1 km2.,"The population comprises less than 250 mature individuals. Since the elimination of rabbits and goats from the habitat of this  species, it has been able to recover   (Buord and Lesouëf 2006).","It is a perennial, herbaceous to suffrutescent shrub that grows in rocky areas   (Warwicket al. 2009).",It was threatened in the past by grazing of introduced species (rabbits and goats)   (Buord and Lesouëf 2006). Landslides are a continuing local threat.,"S. sempervivifolium is listed in Annex I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). The species occurs within the Natura 2000 network.





No germplasm accessions ofS.sempervivifolium are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.",It is a potential gene donor to cultivatedBrassicaspecies.,"Kell, S.P. & Nieto, A.","Kell, S.P.","Carvalho, M.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,SOLANALES,SOLANACEAE,Solanum,lidii,,Solanum lidii  ,Sunding,,Yes,CR,"B2ab(ii,iii); C2a(i)",Yes,CR,"B2ab(ii,iii); C2a(i)",,,,Stable,"Solanum lidii is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain (Rodríguez Delgadoet al. 2004), where it can be found between 350 and 725 m asl. It presents six subpopulations, distributed into five locations on the southern part of the island. Its area of occupancy has been estimated in 5 km². Regressive trends have been reported for its distribution (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).
","Total population has been estimated in 93 individuals, distributed throughout five locations   (Rodríguez Delgadoet al. 2004): 32 in Temisas, 23 in Barranco de la Cruz-Lomo del Chorrillo, 7 in Fortaleza Grande, 17 in Risco del Sao and 14 individuals in Risco Gallegos-Amurga. Recruitment rates have been reported to be low. The subpopulations are isolated and severely fragmented.","This plant grows within ruderal shrublandsArtemisio-Rumicetum lunariae on disturbed sites where it can withstand long dry periods. It can now be found mainly in rocky sites   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Frequent accompanying species areArtemisia thuscula,Rumex lunaria,Echium onosmifolium,Allagopappus viscosissimus,Lavandula minutolii,Salvia canariensis andCarlina canariensis.","The most important threats to this species are anthropization due to the presence of urbanised areas, collapse of terrain or landslides, and predation   (Rodríguez Delgadoet al. 2004, Commission of the European Communities 2009).","This species is listed as priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as CR B2ab(iii,v); C2a(i)   in the Spanish Red List 2008 (Moreno 2008) and as species ""En peligro de extinción"" on the national and regional catalogues of threatened species.





It occurs within the protected area Reserva Natural Especial de Los Marteles (SCI) (Rodríguez Delgadoet al. 2004). Seeds are stored in the germplasm bank Banco de Germoplasma del Jardín Botánico Canario Viera y Clavijo. One subpopulation has been monitored by the Jardín Botánico Canario Viera y Clavijo. 





Proposed measures include eradication of goats in the area, establishment of fences and the modification of a path that goes through one of the locations.",,"Peraza Zurita, M.D. & Bilz, M.","Rodríguez Delgado, O., García Gallo, A. & Cruz Trujillo, G.M.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,ASTERACEAE,Sonchus,gandogeri,,Sonchus gandogeri  ,Pit.,,Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),,,,Stable,"This species is endemic to the island of El Hierro, Canary Islands, Spain (Mesa Coelloet al. 2004). It is represented by three subpopulations in the northern sector of the island with literature indicating its presence in Roques de Salmor but it has not been located in that sector as of yet. The area of occupancy is 5 km². Regressive trends have been reported for the distribution of the species (Gobierno de Canarias 2009).","The three known populations comprise a limited number of individuals, totalling 197 specimens according to Mesa Coelloet al. (2004). However, the presence of small individuals that provide evidence for effective recruitment,is sporadic. Total population size was estimated in 193 individuals in 2006 (Gobierno de Canarias 2009). The population has been reported to be more or less stable. However, the subpopulations are considered severely fragmented due to the fact that they are now restricted to sites that are out of reach of herbivores.
","The individuals are generally distributed between 100 and 600 m, associated with rupicolous communities ofSoncho-Aeonion, which are often intertwined withArtemisio-Rumicion scrub.It generally occupies sunny rocky escarpments with difficult access. Most frequent companions includeAeoniumhierrense, Aeonium longythirsum, Rumex lunaria, Kleinia neriifoliaand Carlina salicifolia.





It is a hermaphrodite and entomophilous plant that flowers in spring.The main vector of dispersal is wind.It has been observed that it has a certain facility to hybridize with other species of its type and genetic studies reveal that the species is very similar toSonchus hierrensisandSonchus daltoniiwhich is found on the Cape Verde Islands.
","There are several factors that affect this species, especially grazing. Also, the ease of hybridisation with other congeneric taxa may have accentuated this process.Meanwhile, natural competition with other species, the dynamics of cultivation and development of small-scale works seems to result in the evolution of habitat that is inappropriate for this species.","This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is classed as Critically Endangered B1ab(iii) on the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). It is listed as ""vulnerable"" in the catalogue of protected species of the Canary Islands.





The entire population is found in the protected area Reserva Natural Especial de Tibataje (SCI). Although not confirmed, other populations are also found in protected areas in other parts of the islands such as the Reserva Natural Integral de los Roques de Salmor (SCI) and Parque Rural de Frontera (SCI). Seeds are stored in the germplasm bank of Servicio de Biodiversidad del Gobierno de Canarias.





Population monitoring and reinforcement measures should be developed.",,"Bilz, M. & Peraza Zurita, M.D.","Mesa Coello, R., Oval de la Rosa, J.P., Martín Cáceres, K., Santos Guerra, A. & Marrero Gómez, M.V.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,ASTERACEAE,Sonchus,palmensis,,Sonchus palmensis  ,Boulos,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"This species is endemic to the Canary Island of La Palma, where it is found from c.200 to 1,000 m asl. The extent of occurrence is restricted at c.592 km2 and the area of occupancy is probably less than 300 km (Gobierno de Canarias 2017).",The species is considered to be locally common (Mejías et al. 2013) and stable.,"This is a tall shrub, up to 2 m tall. It is found in Heath and pine forest at altitudes of c.200-1,000 m (Santiago and Kim 2009) and along roadsides (Irl et al. 2014).",The species is impacted by general land use change.,It has previously been listed as 'not threatened' (Council of Europe 1983).,This species (cut foliage) is used for fodder.,"Reyes-Betancort, J.A., Scholz, S., del Arco Aguilar, M. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.","Medina Hijazo, F.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Sorbus,algoviensis,,Sorbus algoviensis  ,N.Mey.,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D,,,,Stable,"Sorbus algoviensis is endemic to Bavaria in Germany. It was previously thought to cover a large area, however it is now thought to occupy an area of less than 1 km2 (3,000 m2). It occurs in only one location. This species is found at 1,740 m asl (N. Meyer pers. comm. 2016).",There are 15 known mature individuals (N. Meyer pers. comm. 2016).,Sorbus algoviensis is a shrub up to two metres tall. It is found growing in Krummholz (stunted wind-blown trees growing near the treeline on mountains) and grassland and in association with other Sorbus and Alnus species in coppiced forest (Meyer and Schuwerk 2000).,One threat is the vigorous growth of Alnus species that out-competes Sorbus algoviensis. Another threat is the indiscriminate clearing of woodlands for cattle grazing (N. Meyer pers. comm. 2016).,"This species has been assessed as R E!!a in Bavaria, meaning that this species is range restricted and endemic to Bavaria (Scheuerer and Berg 2003). Awareness and education of the landowners and farmers to recognise the importance of the species is required. This species is not reported as held in an ex situ collection (BGCI 2016). The habitat of the species requires strict protection and appropriate management.",There is no use or trade of this species.,"Salvesen, P.H. & Allen, D.J.","Beech, E., Meyer, N. & Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Sorbus,atrimontis,,Sorbus atrimontis  ,Bernátová & Májovský,,Yes,CR,D,Yes,CR,D,,,,Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Vel'ka Fatrá Mountains in Slovakia, part of the Carpathian Mountain chain (Bernátová and Májovský 2003). The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) based on locations in Bernátová and Májovský (2003) is 22 km2.","The population has been described as highly dispersed and rare (Bernátová and Májovský 2003). About 50 specimens are known (Bernátová and Májovský 2003, Kliment 2008), it is assumed here that they most of these are mature individuals.",A shrub of up to 3 m tall. It is found growing in dwarf pine scrub on limestone soils (Bernátová and Májovský 2003) and mountain pine forest (Kliment 2008).,There are no recorded threats to this species.,"This species is not listed as held in an ex situ collection (BGCI 2016). It has been assessed as Critically Endangered (B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v); C2(i)) for the Carpathians (Kadlečík 2014), where it occurs within the Veľká Fatra Natura 2000 Special Protection Area (KCHVU033). Research is required to confirm its distribution and population size, and into potential threats.",There is no information about trade and use for this species.,"Mikoláš, V., Cornier, B., Lepší, M. & Allen, D.J.","Beech, E. & Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Sorbus,barthae,,Sorbus barthae  ,Kárpáti,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D,,,,Stable,"This species is endemic to the Bakony Mountains in Hungary and is found in Burok-völgy, Tábla-völgy, Barbély-völgy and Baglyas-hegy (Németh 2013). This species has an estimated extent of occurrence of less than 100 km2 and an area of occupancy of 12 km2. This species is found in two locations.","There are an estimated 100 individuals. There are two subpopulations with around 40 individuals, separated by 1.5 km, with two further small subpopulations of five individuals or less (Németh 2013). The population has been described as more or less stable (Németh 2013).","A shrub that is found in rocky beech forests, thermophilous oak forest or growing with species such as Corylus avellana and Fraxinus ornus (Németh 2013).",The threats to this species are forest clearance and introduction of alien species into forests (Bartha and Nagy 2004).,"The species may occur within protected areas, but this requires confirmation. This species is considered Endangered in Red list of the vascular flora of Hungary (Király 2007). The species is threatened by forest management changes and alien species, however further research is required to confirm the impacts of these threats. Increased awareness is needed to ensure the protection of this species. Sorbus barthae is reported as found in two ex situ collections (BGCI 2015).",There is no information on the use or trade of this species.,"Bogunić, F., Németh, C., Rich, T.C.G., Sennikov, A. & Allen, D.J.","Beech, E. & Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Sorbus,caeruleomontana,,Sorbus caeruleomontana  ,Bernátová & Májovský,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,,,,Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Nízke Tatry Mountains (the Low Tatras) in the Carpathians of Slovakia, found only on Mount Siná, Radové skaly and Na jame (Bernátová and Májovský 2003).",There is no information on the population size or trend of this species.,This is a shrub of 1-3 m tall found growing on limestone cliffs (Bernátová and Májovský 2003).,There is no information available on threats to this species.,"Sorbus caeruleomontana is not reported as held in an ex situ collection (BGCI 2016). This species is considered Critically Endangered (B2ab(i,iii,v); C2a(ii)) in the Carpathians (Kadlečík 2014).",There is no use or trade information available for this species.,"Cornier, B., Lepší, M., Mikoláš, V. & Allen, D.J.","Beech, E. & Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Sorbus,chamaemespilus,,Sorbus chamaemespilus  ,(L.) Crantz,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,,,,Stable,"This species is found in the mountains of central and southern Europe: the Pyrenees, Apennines, French Massif Central, the Alps, Carpathians and the Balkans (Castroviejo et al. 1998). In Poland it is known only in the Tatra Mountains (Kazmierczakowa and Zarzycki 2001). The estimated extent of occurrence for this species is over 731,000 km2.
","There are thought to only be 50 individuals in Poland (Kazmierczakowa and Zarzycki 2001). It is a common species in some regions in the Alps. There is no comprehensive information about population numbers, but the overall trend is assumed to be stable.","Sorbus chamaemespilus is a shrub up to 1.5 m tall (Castroviejo et al. 1998) and is (mostly) a subalpine species found growing in conifer plantations, juniper, Pinus mugo, Alnus viridis and rhododendron scrubland. It is also found in rocky locations (Kazmierczakowa and Zarzycki 2001). It is also found in alpine grassland and open forests.","This species is threatened by grazing (Kazmierczakowa and Zarzycki 2001) and clearing of the subalpine scrub for pasture in Poland. These threats may be present elsewhere across its range, but are not likely to be significant.","The species occurs in Natura 2000 sites across its range. This species is listed as Vulnerable in Poland (Kazmierczakowa and Zarzycki 2001), Least Concern in Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002) and Critically Endangered in Andorra (Carillo et al. 2008). It is assessed as Near Threatened in Slovakia (Eliáš et al. 2015). Sorbus chamaemespilus is reported as held in 60 ex situ collections (BGCI 2016).",A hybrid (Sorbus ‘Hostii’) is sometimes used as an ornamental.,"Bogunić, F., Cornier, B., Lepší, M., Meyer, N., Mikoláš, V., Rich, T.C.G., Salvesen, P.H., Sennikov, A. & Allen, D.J.","Beech, E. & Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Sorbus,diversicolor,,Sorbus diversicolor  ,Bernátová & Májovský,,Yes,VU,D1,Yes,VU,D1,,,,Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Veľká Fatra Mountains in Slovakia (Bernátová and Májovský 2003). The extent of occurrence and area of occupancy have not been estimated, but are likely to be restricted.",There are thought to be 500-600 individuals (Kliment 2008). Here it is assumed that all these individuals are mature.,Sorbus diversicolor is a shrub up to 4 m found growing in dwarf pine scrub and undisturbed forest (Bernátová and Májovský 2003).,There is no threat information available for this species.,"This species occurs within a protected area (Veľká Fatra National Park (Natura 2000 Site SKUEV0238 / SKCHVU033), but it is not reported as held in any ex situ collections (BGCI 2016). It has been assessed as Vulnerable (B2a(ii)b(iii); D1+2(i,ii)) (Eliáš et al. 2014).",There is no use or trade information available for this species.,"Lepší, M., Cornier, B., Mikoláš, V. & Allen, D.J.","Beech, E. & Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Sorbus,doerriana,,Sorbus doerriana  ,N.Mey.,,Yes,EN,D,Yes,EN,D,,,,Unknown,"This species is restricted to the Allgäu Alps in Bavaria in southern Germany and adjacent parts of the Kleines Walsertal region of Vorarlberg state in eastern Austria (Amann 2016). It is found between 1,600 and 1,800 m above sea level (N. Meyer pers. comm. 2016). The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is 260 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km2. The exact distribution of the species is uncertain due to the presence of at least three similar but as yet undescribed species in the area (N. Meyer pers. comm. 2016).",There are approximately 200 known mature individuals (N. Meyer pers. comm. 2016).,"This species is a shrub up to 2 m tall. It is found growing in the Krummholz, in Alnus viridis and Pinus mugo stands as well as under open Larix and Picea forest (N. Meyer pers. comm. 2016).",Sorbus species in southern Germany are threatened by agricultural management. The main threat is cutting down of shrubs as part of the clearing of habitat for grazing (N. Meyer pers. comm. 2016).,"This species is not reported as held in an ex situ collection (BGCI 2016). This species has been assessed as R E!!a in Bavaria, meaning that this species is range restricted and endemic to the region (Scheuerer and Berg 2003).",The species is found in the trade on a very small scale.,"Salvesen, P.H. & Allen, D.J.","Beech, E., Meyer, N. & Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Sorbus,domugledica,,Sorbus domugledica  ,Kárpáti,This taxon is included in a list of Sorbus species described by Kárpáti that were considered to be invalidly published by Kovanda (1996) as no holotype was assigned. A holotype was assigned by Németh (2010).,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,,,,Unknown,"This species is endemic to southwestern Romania, where it is restricted to Mount Domugled (C. Németh pers. comm. 2016).",There is no information on population numbers of this species. It has been collected recently in both 2007 and 2015.,This species grows as a shrub and is found growing in rocky forests.,There is no information on threats to this species.,"Based on the known locality, it is possible that the species occurs within the Domogled - Valea Cernei National Park. The species is not recorded in an ex situ collection (BGCI 2016). Survey work is required to assess the full distribution of this species and identify population numbers, trends and threats.",There is no use or trade of this species.,"Lepší, M., Rivers, M.C. & Allen, D.J.","Németh, C. & Beech, E.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Sorbus,haesitans,,Sorbus haesitans  ,Meierott,,Yes,EN,D,Yes,EN,D,,,,Stable,"Sorbus haesitans is endemic to the area around Thüngersberg, Würzburg, in southern Germany. It is found between 260 and 320 m above sea level (N. Meyer pers. comm. 2016). The estimated extent of occurrence is 3 km2. Both the estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are 12 km2.",There are 70 known mature individuals (N. Meyer pers. comm. 2016).,This species grows as a large shrub up to 6 m tall. It is found in open pine forest and its edges (N. Meyer pers. comm. 2016). It is found on dry north-facing slopes above the vineyards. There is not much further suitable habitat nearby.,"The species is currently not under threat, as the forest margins are stable and the speed of deciduous forest succession is particularly slow (N. Meyer pers. comm. 2016).","Sorbus haesitans is reported as held in two ex situ collections (BGCI 2016). Awareness and education of local landowners is important to ensure the survival of this species.
",There is no use or trade of this species.,"Salvesen, P.H. & Allen, D.J.","Beech, E., Meyer, N. & Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Sorbus,haljamovae,,Sorbus haljamovae  ,Bernátová & Májovský,All analysed individuals showed different CCR patterns. Further research is needed to determine the taxonomy of this species (Gömöry and Krajmerová 2008),Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,,,,Unknown,"This species is endemic to the western Carpathians in Slovakia, where it is found in the Krivánska Fatra Mountains, Velká Fatra and the Nízke Tatry (Bernátová and Májovsky 2003). The estimated extent of occurrence based on locations in Bernátová and Májovsky (2003) is 759 km2.",There is no information about population size available for this taxon.,Sorbus haljomovae grow as shrubs 1-4 m tall. It grows in dwarf pine scrub on limestone soils (Bernátová & Májovsky 2003).,There are no recorded threats to this species.,"Sorbus haljmovae is reported as held in one ex situ collection (BGCI 2016). This species is assessed as VU (B2ab(iii);C2a(i);D1+2) in the Carpathians (Kadlečík 2014, Turis et al. 2014).",There is no trade or use information available for this species.,"Cornier, B., Lepší, M., Mikoláš, V. & Allen, D.J.","Beech, E. & Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Sorbus,hohenesteri,,Sorbus hohenesteri  ,N.Mey.,,Yes,CR,"A2abc; B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v); C1+2a(i,ii); D",Yes,CR,"A2abc; B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v); C1+2a(i,ii); D",,,,Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Bavaria in southwestern Germany, found near Leutenbach. This species occurs at 480 m above sea level (N. Meyer pers. comm. 2016). It is found in a single location. Both the area of occupancy (AOO) and the extent of occurrence (EOO) are estimated at 4 km2.","There are now only ten known mature individuals. There has been a quick decline over two decades with 50 individual (over 20 mature individuals) previously known (N. Meyer pers. comm. 2016). The population has therefore declined by at least 50% over 20 years. There is evidence that the species was more widespread 100 years ago (more than 50 mature individuals), and is declining due to the abandonment of coppice management of the forest. Although the generation length is not fully understood, it is thought to be around 30 years. Therefore the decline in the last generation is over 50% and in the last three generations over 80%.",The species is a shrub of up to 4 m tall. It is found growing on rock ledges (N. Meyer pers. comm. 2016).,"Sorbus species in southern Germany are threatened by forest management changes. Where land was previously deforested or coppiced, providing perfect light conditions for Sorbus to flourish. However, these forests (hazelwood, beech, oaks and other species) are now being left to natural succession, leading to closed canopies, restricting Sorbus to forest edges and rocky areas. The recent declines is a direct result of this (N. Meyer pers. comm. 2016).","Ex situ collections have been established from seed collections and Sorbus hohenesteri is held in ex situ botanic garden collections (BGCI 2016, N. Meyer pers. comm. 2016). It was assessed as 1 E!!a in the Rote Liste der gefährdeten Gefäßpflanzen Bayerns meaning that this species is range restricted and endemic to Bavaria (Scheuerer and Berg 2003). Forest management to increase the light levels in the area have been unsuccessful due to grazing of deer. Fencing of some individuals have also been tried. Enhancement planting in near by areas have also been carried out.",This species is not utilized.,"Salvesen, P.H. & Allen, D.J.","Beech, E., Meyer, N. & Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Sorbus,holubyana,,Sorbus holubyana  ,Kárpáti,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii); D,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii); D,,,,Unknown,"Sorbus holubyana is endemic to Slovakia and is found in the Malé Karpatý Mountains (Kárpáti 1966), from Skalka near Plavecky Peter (Futak et al. 1982). The extent of occurrence will be less than 0.5 km2. It is known from a single location.",The population size was estimated to be one mature individual and three seedlings (Futák et al. 1982). It is now thought that there are up to 20 mature individuals (V. Mikoláš pers. comm. 2016).,"Sorbus holubyana is a shrub and tree (Kárpáti 1966, V. Mikoláš pers. comm. 2016). This species is found in forest (V. Mikoláš pers. comm. 2016).",There is a private game reserve which encompasses the entire population of Sorbus holubyana. For this reason there is damage to adults by grazing and it is likely the seedlings are eaten by ungulates (V. Mikoláš pers. comm. 2016).,"This species is not evaluated in the Red list of ferns and flowering plants of Slovakia (Eliáš et al. 2014). Sorbus holubyana is not reported as held in an ex situ collection (BGCI 2016). As there is only one known locality, the trees should be protected. This could be achieved by erecting a further fence in order to secure the Sorbus from the ungulate grazers. Further research is required to determine the population size (V. Mikoláš pers. comm. 2016).",There is no use or trade information available for this species.,"Lepší, M., Cornier, B. & Allen, D.J.","Beech, E., Rivers, M.C. & Mikoláš, V.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Sorbus,karpatii,,Sorbus karpatii  ,Boros,,Yes,VU,D1+2,Yes,VU,D1+2,,,,Unknown,"This species is endemic to Hungary where it is restricted to the Vértes Mountains (Németh 2006). Both the area of occupancy (AOO) and the extent of occurrence (EOO) are estimated at 12 km2. The species is considered to be found in two to five locations, based on estimated forest management units.","In four of the subpopulations, there are a large number of individuals, with two smaller subpopulations (Németh 2006). Németh (2006) describes the population as being large within a small area and it is thought there are 300 mature individuals of this species (C. Németh pers. comm. 2016).","This species is a shrub of 2-4 m (Kárpáti 1960), living on rocky outcrops (Németh 2010) within forest areas.",The largest threat to this species is overpopulated game-stock. The species is not threatened by forest management because the slopes it grows on are very steep (C. Németh pers. comm. 2016).,"Sorbus karpatii is reported as held in five ex situ collections (BGCI 2015). It is considered Endangered in Hungary (Király 2007). In order to protect this species, populations of game species should be controlled. There is a need for increased awareness in order to protect this taxon.",There is no information on trade of this species.,"Sennikov, A., Rich, T.C.G., Bogunić, F. & Allen, D.J.","Beech, E., Németh, C. & Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Sorbus,madoniensis,,Sorbus madoniensis  ,"Raimondo, G.Castellano, Bazan & Schicchi","Since polyploidisation, hybridization, and apomixis are frequent in Sorbus, further studies are needed to understand the genetic relationships of this microspecies (A. Troia pers. comm. 2016).",Yes,EN,D,Yes,EN,D,,,,Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Madonie Mountains in northern Sicily. The species is found between 1,200 and 1,430 m above sea level (Raimondo et al. 2012). The estimated extent of occurrence is 1.15 km2. The area of occupancy has not been estimated, however it is also likely to be highly restricted.",It is estimated there are 100-150 mature individuals (Raimondo et al. 2012).,This species is a large shrub growing between 1.5-3 m. It is found on slopes and in fresh ravines in open woodland and scrub. The woodland is dominated by Quercus ilex. Natural regeneration is limited (Raimondo et al. 2012).,"There are no recorded threats to this species. Natural regeneration is limited (Raimondo et al. 2012), but the reason is not clear.",Sorbus madoniensis is not reported as held in an ex situ collection (BGCI 2016). This species is found entirely within the Madonie Mountains regional Nature Park (Protected Planet 2016) but it is unknown how much protection this offers the species.,There is no use or trade information for this species.,"Troìa, A. & Allen, D.J.","Beech, E. & Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Sorbus,margittaiana,,Sorbus margittaiana  ,(Jáv.) Kárpáti,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,,,,Unknown,"This species is endemic to Slovakia (Májovský et al. 1998), where it is found in the Krivánska Malá Fatra Mountains in the Western Carpathians (Eliáš et al. 2014, Šibík et al. 2015). The species has an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) based on locations in Májovský et al. (1998) of 12 km2.","This species is assessed as Vulnerable in Eliáš et al. (2014) under criterion D suggesting there are fewer than 1,000 mature individuals. Despite it not being possible to confirm the population numbers of this species, there are thought to be a large number of individuals(V. Mikoláš pers. comm. 2016).",Sorbus margittaiana is a large shrub between 1.5 and 6 m tall. It is found in scrub and rock communities (Májovský et al. 1998).,There is no information on threats to this species.,"Sorbus margittaiana is reported as held in three ex situ collections (BGCI 2016). It was assessed as Vulnerable (B2a(ii)b(i,iii,iv,v); C2a(i);D1+2(i,ii)) by Eliáš et al. (2014) and as Endangered (B2a(i,ii)b(i,iii,iv,v); C2a(i) by Turis et al. (2014). More research is needed to confirm the threats and the population numbers of this species. The species occurs within the Malá Fatra National Park.",There is no trade or use of this species.,"Mikoláš, V., Lepší, M. & Allen, D.J.","Beech, E. & Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Sorbus,montisalpae,,Sorbus montisalpae  ,Bernátová & Májovský,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,,,,Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Veľká Fatra (Greater Fatra) Mountains in the western Carpathians in Slovakia where it is found on Sklná Alpa, Čierny kameň and Smrekov (Bernátová and Májovský 2003). Based on locations in Bernátová and Májovský (2003), the estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species is 12 km2.",There is no population information available for this species.,Sorbus montisalpae is a shrub of 4 m tall. It grows in dwarf pine scrub on limestone and dolomite soils (Bernátová and Májovský 2003).,There is no threat information available for this species.,"Sorbus montisalpae is reported as held in one ex situ collection (BGCI 2016). The species has been assessed as Endangered (B2ab(i,iii,iv,v); C2a(i)) for the Carpathians (Turis et al. 2014a) and as EN (B2a(i,ii)b(i,iii,iv,v); C2a(i)) for the Carpathians in Slovakia (Turis et al. 2014b).",There is no use or trade information available for this species.,"Cornier, B., Lepší, M., Mikoláš, V. & Allen, D.J.","Beech, E. & Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Sorbus,pauca,,Sorbus pauca  ,M.Lepší & P.Lepší,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D,,,,Unknown,"This species is restricted to the Bezděz and Malý Bezděz hills (Doksy region, northern Bohemia) in the Czech Republic, where it occurs between 440 and 580 m above sea level (Lepší et al. 2013). The area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km2. The extent of occurrence of this species is estimated to be 0.031 km2, which we increase to 4 km2 to be consistent with AOO.",The population is found in two localities; Bezděz and Malý Bezděz hills near the town of Doksy. Five and nine mature individuals were found respectively at each site. These sites are about 0.6 km apart. No seedlings were found as their determination is difficult to achieve. Sorbus pauca is not found in other similar habitats so is unlikely to be a relic of a larger distribution (Lepší et al. 2013).,"Sorbus pauca is a shrub up to 4 m tall. It is found growing on dry stony slopes and cliffs, occurring in xerophilous vegetation. One of the subpopulations is within an abandoned quarry. This species is a weak competitor against other trees (Lepší et al. 2013).","It is thought that the absence of grazing and mining has led to succession creating closed forest with a few rocky patches where Sorbus pauca persists. It is possible that the reduction in open rocky areas has caused this restricted distribution. Currently this species does not seem to be threatened by human activity except for the occasional cutting of shrubs. However as the population is so small, it is possible that this species could be threatened by stochastic events like a rock fall or a longer-term process like succession resulting in closed forest (Lepší et al. 2013).","Sorbus pauca is not reported as held in ex situ collections (BGCI 2016). However, it is held in an ex situ collection in the Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, v. v. i., Department Dendrological Garden (Květnové náměstí 391, 252 43 Průhonice) (J. Velebil pers. comm. 2016). The entire population is found within the Velký a Malý Bezděz National Nature Reserve, which ensures their protection. However, it is suggested that the reproduction of the species should be supported by removing surrounding woody vegetation and that the species should be brought into an ex situ collection as a priority (Lepší et al. 2013).",There is no use or trade of this species.,"Bogunić, F., Cornier, B., Lepší, M. & Allen, D.J.","Beech, E. & Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Sorbus,salatini,,Sorbus salatini  ,Bernátová & Májovský,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D,,,,Unknown,"This species is endemic to Slovakia where it is restricted to Mount Salatín in the Nízke Tatry Mountains (Bernátová and Májovský 2003). The estimated extent of occurrence is less than 4 km2 (the area of the summit of Mount Salatín is 0.02 km2 ), the area of occupancy measures 4 km2, using a 2x2 km grid.",The population consists of four large vigorous shrubs and twenty stunted individuals known (Bernátová and Májovský 2003). It is here assumed all the individuals are mature.,Sorbus salatini is a shrub up to 4 m tall found in dwarf pine scrub (Bernátová and Májovský 2003).,The grazing of livestock and burning on Mount Salatín have affected the abundance of Sorbus salatini (Bernátová and Májovský 2003).,"Sorbus salatini is not reported as held in an ex situ collection (BGCI 2016). This species has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Slovakia (under the criteria B2a(ii)b(iii,v); C2a(ii); D) (Eliáš et al. 2014). The entirety of Mount Salatín is within a National Nature Reserve (IUCN and UNEP-WCMC 2016).",There is no use or trade information available for this species.,"Cornier, B., Lepší, M., Mikoláš, V. & Allen, D.J.","Beech, E. & Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Sorbus,sudetica,,Sorbus sudetica  ,(Tausch) Fritsch,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii); D,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii); D,,,,Decreasing,"This species is endemic to the Krkonoše Mountains in the Czech Republic. It was historically recorded in Poland from herbarium specimens (Kovanda 1998), however it is thought to be extinct there. This species is usually found between 1,050 and 1,350 m asl (Businský 2009). The estimated extent of occurrence for this species is 20 km2.",There are 100 known mature individuals in two subpopulations which consist of ten localities. The two most distant localities are 14 km apart from each other. Two locations have several tens of individuals whereas the remaining locations consist of only a few individuals (Businský 2009). The population has declined from an estimated 150 individuals to only 100 (M. Lepší pers. comm. 2016).,Sorbus sudetica is a shrub found in grassland communities and on slopes without competition from Norway spruce (Businský 2009).,"Businský (2009) mentions ""global environmental threats"" as well as the intrinsic risk of such a small population as being the major threats to this species. This includes shading by Picea abies, Pinus mugo and Sorbus aucuparia. It is also threatened by grazing by deer as well as stochastic events such as cliff falls or avalanches (M. Lepší pers. comm. 2016).","Sorbus sudetica is reported as held in 12 ex situ collections (BGCI 2016). It is held in an ex situ collection in the Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, v. v. i., Department Dendrological Garden (Květnové náměstí 391, 252 43 Průhonice) (J. Velebil pers. comm. 2016). This species is listed as C1b (Critically Endangered) in the Czech Republic (Grulich 2012). Increased awareness is needed to ensure the protection of this species.",There is no use or trade information available for this species.,"Lepší, M. & Allen, D.J.","Beech, E. & Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Sorbus,zuzanae,,Sorbus zuzanae  ,Bernátová & Májovský,It is thought that this taxon could be similarly taxonomically uncertain as S. haljamovae (see taxonomic note for that species) (V. Mikolas and M. Lepsi pers. comm. 2016).,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,,,,Unknown,"Sorbus zuzanae is endemic to the Carpathian Mountains in Slovakia, found in the Vel'ká Fatra Mountains, Krivánska Fatra Mountains, the Skalná Alps, and the Nízke Tatry (Bernátová and Májovský 2003, Kliment et al. 2008). The estimated extent of occurrence based on locations in Bernátová and Májovský (2003) is 734 km2.",There is no population information available for this species.,Sorbus zuzanae is a shrub of 0.5-3 m tall. It is found in dwarf pine scrub (Bernátová and Májovský 2003).,There is no threat information available for this species.,Sorbus zuzanae is not reported as held in an ex situ collection (BGCI 2016). This species is listed as Vulnerable (B2ab(iii); C2a(i); D1+2) for the Carpathians (Kadlečík 2014). All known localities are within the Vel'ká Fatra National Park.,There is no use or trade available for this species.,"Cornier, B., Mikoláš, V., Lepší, M. & Allen, D.J.","Beech, E. & Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Spiraea,cana,,Spiraea cana  ,Waldst. & Kit.,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,,,,Unknown,"This species is native to Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina (a small number of localities, and older records from around Sarajevo probably lost) and Croatia (widespread, mainly in coastal areas; Nikolić 2015), and reported in error from northeastern Italy (Monte Cavallo, east of Belluno) and now excluded from the Italian Flora.","There is no information on population numbers or trends. Known from a significant number of records in Croatia, however apparently known from a very small number of localities in Serbia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina.",This species is a shrub that measures one meter or more high. It has white flowers. It is found in rocky habitats within shrublands. Restricted to limestone in Bosnia and in Serbia.,"Although not well understood in parts of its range, there are no known widespread threats within Serbia or in Bosnia and Herzegovina.","The species is found in 13 ex situ collections in botanic gardens (BGCI 2016). It has been assessed as Data Deficient in Croatia (Nikolić and Topić 2005). The species is not present in the Red Book of Flora of Serbia (Stevanović 1999), however this publication only encompassed Extinct and Critically Endangered taxa.","It is found in cultivation, but less popular than other Spiraea species (IDS 2016).","Bazos, I., Caković, D., Matevski, V., Petrova, A., Sennikov, A., Shuka, L., Tomović, G.M. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C. & Bogunić, F.","Tomović, G.M.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,SCROPHULARIALES,OLEACEAE,Syringa,josikaea,,Syringa josikaea  ,J.Jacq. ex Rchb.f.,,Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",,,,Decreasing,"This relict species is endemic to the eastern Carpathian Mountains with a disjunct distribution in the Ukrainian Carpathians and the Apuseni Mountains (Romania) (Lendvay et al. 2012, 2016).





In Ukraine there are seventeen known localities and two uncertain populations (Lendvayet al. 2012). In Romania seven confirmed and six uncertain localities occur (Macalik et al. 2014, Lendvay and Höhn 2014, Lendvay et al. 2012, 2016). The species is present on riverbanks and adjacent areas, thus the geographic area is discussed according to rivers and their catchment areas. The Ukrainian sites are situated in the catchment area of the Latorica, Rika, Uzh and Stryi Rivers. Out of the seventeen known populations, thirteen populations occur along the Latorica River (between Svalyava and Latorka villages) and along side creeks of the Latorica River (at Verhnya Hrabivnytsya village; between Zhdenijevo and Pashkivtsi villages and near Jabluniv and Zanyka villages). One population is known along the Rika River (at Kelechyn village), and two populations occur along the Uzh River (at the villages Lyuta and Kostryns’ka Roztoka). The population along the Stryi River is located at the headwater of the river (near the village of Klimets'). All sites are located in Zakarpattia administrative region except for the population by the Stryi River, which is located in Lviv region (Lendvay et al. 2012, 2016). Two earlier reported populations in the Uzh River catchment area (at Rus’ki Mochar and between Pastilki and Kosteva Pastіlʹ villages) have not been found recently (Lendvay et al. 2012).





In Romania the populations occur in the catchment area of the Crişul Negru River (Valea Galbenei near Pietroasa village; Crişul Negru valley near Poiana village), the Arieş River (between Arieşeni and Albac villages), the Crişul Repede River (at Valea Iadului at Stăna de Vale and between Stăna de Vale and Remeţi villages; Valea Sebeşului between Săcuieu and Bologa villages), and the Someşul Cald River (between Beliş and Ruşeşti villages). These sites are situated in Bihor county (populations in the area of Crişul Negru River and Valea Iadului), Cluj county (Valea Sebesului and Someşul Cald River) and Alba county (Arieş River). Further sites were mentioned by earlier literature, but have not been found recently despite repeated searches. These are the following: near Obârșia village (Crișul Alba catchment area): probably extinct as a result of forestry operations; Ciucea-Negreni and Loráu (along the Crișul Repede River): specimens not found during recent surveys (Macalik, K. pers. comm. 2018), however the analysis of the literature revealed that at least a part of these historical data are erroneous and the species may have never been present at these sites (Lendvay et al. 2012, 2014); in the 'Aleu' valley (near Pietroasa village, Crişul Negru River catchment area); Tranişu: according to the testimony of local people there is a population near the village (Valea Draganului, Crișul Repede River catchment), however field assessment was not successful to discover the population (Lendvay et al. 2012, Lendvay and Höhn 2014).","This species is known as native from a small number of sites, and populations are usually small. The population trend is declining; in the past, populations grew along streams and river valleys, however anthropogenic impacts have changed the spatial structure of the populations from linear along water courses to local isolated populations. Whilst many subpopulations are small, the exact population size is hard to estimate due to the clonal, below-ground, growth (Lendvay et al. 2016).





In the Ukrainian Carpathians the populations generally occur as small (few 100 m3), but dense, clonally propagating stands in alder swamps (Kohut and Höhn 2010). Genetic analysis revealed that such populations are generally dominated by a very few clones (Lendvay et al. 2016). As extreme examples, the ca. 0.15 and ca. 0.5 ha dense populations at Kelechyn and Kostryns’ka Roztoka consist of two and one clones, respectively. Populations that grow as individual bushes along the streams (at Verhnya Hrabivnytsya and Lyuta) are genetically more diverse despite the apparently smaller overall population sizes (Lendvay et al. 2016). The populations in the Latorica River catchment, which are separated from each other by a few kilometres, are likely connected to each other by pollination. Using microsatellites as genetic markers, no clear geographic differentiation of the populations was revealed within the Ukrainian Carpathians (Lendvay et al. 2016). According to V. Melnyk (pers. comm. 2010), the number of individuals in Ukraine is no more than 1,000 in total, and during the last 30 years the Ukrainian populations are known to be declining. For example, the population at the 'Maidan' site near Pidpolozzya (Latorica River catchment), has decreased from 4.0 ha to 0.6 ha.





Individuals of the Romanian populations grow as scattered bushes along creeks. Several populations (Crişul Negru valley, Valea Sebesului, Arieş River, Valea Galbenei) do not contain less than ten individuals (Lendvay et al. 2012, Macalik et al. 2013, Lendvay and Höhn 2014). The size of the Romanian populations range from two individuals at Valea Galbenei to several hundred individuals at Beliș-Rușești. The population at Beliș-Rușești is the largest population found to date and, although a large part of the population may have been destroyed when the Fântânele dam was built, the remaining population downstream from the dam is one of the best-preserved sites of the species with still no disturbance (Lendvay and Höhn 2014). This population was found to represent a rather homogeneous genetic cluster which is rare in all other populations (Lendvay et al. 2016). The propagation of the species in Romania is mainly vegetative, and as a consequence, the number of specimens (clones) is stable as long as anthropogenic impacts (road construction, deforestation, etc.) do not destroy them; once a specimen (clone) is destroyed there is no chance for population recovery from seedbank (Macalik, K. pers. comm. 2018).","This tall shrub grows in ecotones between forests and bog plant communities near streams or torrents in fertile peaty soil. Individuals grow as scattered bushes along creeks or in dense, clonally propagating stands in Alder swamps that are typical to the Ukrainian Carpathians (Kohut and Höhn 2010, Lendvay et al. 2016). Where the individuals grow directly by rivers or creeks, they grow on the water shore, and the branches lean over the water where they can reach more light than they otherwise could in the forest understory. In the Ukrainian Carpathians, the species occurs within and at the margins of ash, beech and ash-alder forest communities in the low Beech forest belt between 320-760 m above sea level. In Romania, the species is found in both forest (Beech, Alder, pine or Spruce) and stream or river-sides, as well as in gardens, between 440 m and 1,100 m above sea level on a range of rock substrates (Bartha, D. pers. comm. 2014, Lendvay et al. 2012).","The highly fragmented populations of S. josikaea occupy small areas with a small number of individuals, which makes them susceptible to catastrophic events and consequent complete local disappearance of the species (Lendvay et al. 2012, Bartha, D. and Macalik, K. pers. comm. 2018). The main threats for S. josikaea are the destruction of its habitats due the construction of roads, water reservoirs for hydroelectric power plants and the transformation of forests to pastures.





The valley-bottom position makes the individuals highly vulnerable and susceptible to the construction of roads and embankments along rivers and creeks. Road constructions have significantly reduced the natural habitat and potentially decreased the size of the populations at the Arieş River and Valea Sebesului in Romania (Lendvayet al. 2012, Bartha, D. pers. comm. 2014), and road widening and railway construction has probably completely destroyed the habitats along the Crișul Repede River at Ciucea-Negreni-Lorău villages (Macalik, K. pers. comm. 2018). The development of new road infrastructure likely destroyed a large part of the population at 'Maidan' site near Pidpolozzya (Latorica River catchment) in the Ukrainian Carpathians (M. Höhn pers. comm. 2018).





In Romania, large dams and water reservoirs were constructed in the valleys of the Sebeşului River, Someşul Cald River and in the Valea Iadului, which partly destroyed the habitat ofS. josikaea at these locations. In the valley of the Someşul Cald River the water reservoir was built where the species was known to occur, and a part of this population was destroyed (Lendvay et al. 2012, Macalik et al. 2013, Lendvay and Höhn 2014).





Land use and land use changes influence the populations ofS. josikae, as well. In Ukraine several populations (at Jabluniv, Tyshiv, Verhnya Hrabivnytsya, Zhdenijevo villages) are intensively grazed by cattle and the areas surrounding the S. josikaea stands were transformed to pastures (Lendvay et al. 2012). In Romania the former population at Obârșia village was extirpated as its habitat was transformed to gain pastures (Lendvay and Höhn 2014, Macalik, K pers. comm. 2018). The population from the Sebeşului River valley may be impacted by forestry practices with tree felling in 2017 adjacent to the S. josikaea individuals (Macalik, K pers. comm. 2018). S. josikaea is collected and planted as an ornamental shrub in several of the villages neighboring the native populations such as at Verhnya Hrabivnytsya, Pidpolozzya, Klimets’, Zanyka, Lyuta and Chornoholova in Ukraine (Lendvay et al. 2012), or Valea Iadului (B. Denes pers. comm. 2014), Stâna de Vale (Macalik, K. pers. comm. 2018), Bologa, Ciucea and Tranişu (Lendvay, B. pers. comm. 2018) in Romania. This might be considered as no threat when the numerous planted individuals connect the different parts of the populations and serve as an ex situ refuge of the species. Collection of the flowering shoots in the small populations can, however, significantly threaten the yearly seed set of the smallest populations with only a few individuals, as observed at the Sebeşului River in 2010 (Lendvay, B. pers. comm. 2018).","This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and is under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (the Bern Convention). The species was classed as Vulnerable in the Ukrainian Red Data Book (Diduch 2009) and the Red Book of Romania (Dihoru-Negrean 2009). It is listed as Endangered in the Carpathian List of Endangered Species (Witkowskiet al. 2003).





S. josikaea is protected in the Uzhanskyi National Park (Zakarpatszka region) and in the regional nature monument Buzok Ugorskij (Lviv region), and significant localities are within the Apuseni National Park, including the Iad population, which is well-known and actively protected by park rangers. Protection and monitoring of all the remaining populations is needed.",This plant is collected and cultivated for the horticultural trade and its cultivars are widely distributed in the areas of Europe and North America with humid climate. Its use as a medicinal plant in its native range has been documented for over a century (Lendvay et al. 2012).,"Allen, D.J.","Höhn, M. & Lendvay, B.","Macalik, K., Kohut, E., Bartha, D., Melnyk, V. & Bilz, M.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,ASTERACEAE,Tanacetum,oshanahanii,,Tanacetum oshanahanii  ,"Marrero Rodr., Febles & C.Suárez",,Yes,CR,"B2ab(iii,v); C2a(i); D",Yes,CR,"B2ab(iii,v); C2a(i); D",,,,Decreasing,"This species is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain (Febleset al. 2004). It appears restricted to the steep crags of Barranco de Guayedra, where it occupies a narrow strip (30 x 40 m), located between 550-600 m. The area of occupancy has been estimated in 1 km². Regressive trends are inferred for its distribution range (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).","There is only one known population with 28 individuals.Only individuals located on the cliff and a cave (17 total) are in good condition while individuals located in the upper platform (11 individuals) are affected by  goats and drought. Regressive trendshave not been observed, but growth patterns have not been observed neither, in the last 13 years, anddecreasing population trends are inferred for its current population size(Gobierno de Canarias 2004).
","It grows in cracks and crevices of crags walls, within rupicolous communities. Accompanying species includeAeonium virgineum, Aenium manriqueorum, Asparagus umbellatus, Olea europaeassp.guanchica, Heberdenia excelsa, Convolvulus canariensis, Hypericum grandifolium, Pteridium aquilinum andSonchus platylepis.It can also be found in ledges of cliffs where its main companions are:Cistus monspeliensis, Euphorbia regis-jubae andKleinia neriifolia.





This hermaphrodite species presents high percentages of non-viable seeds, which indicates possible reproduction problems. Inbreeding could also be an issue.
",The narrow strip where the species can be located is under threat from plant competition and livestock grazing which prevents optimal development in the upper and lower platforms (Febleset al. 2004). Main natural competitors arePteridium aquilinum andCistus monspeliensis. The presence of individuals with high percentages of non-viable seeds is also a threat.,"This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as species ""En peligro de extinción"" in the national and regional catalogues of threatened species. It is classed as Critically Endangered B2ab(iii,v); C2a(i); D in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).





It occurs within the protected area ParqueNatural de Tamadaba. There are seeds stored in the germplasm bank of the Jardín Canario Viera y Clavijo, where the species is cultivated.





Population trends have to be monitored and research about the reproductive biology of the species should be developed. Natural competitors should be eradicated in its distribution area.",,"Bilz, M. & Peraza Zurita, M.D.","Febles Hernández, R., Naranjo Suárez, J. & Fernández-Palacios Acosta, O.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Teline,nervosa,,Teline nervosa  ,(Esteve) A.Hansen & Sunding,,Yes,CR,"B2ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B2ab(iii,v)",,,,Decreasing,"This species is endemic to the island of Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain (Navarroet al. 2004). It is only present in two locations, in the municipalities of Las Palmas and Teror. Its area of occupancy is 2 km².",Nine individuals have been recorded in the location Altos de Labay-Altos de San Lorenzo and 305 individuals in Riscos de San Jiménez-Montañas de San José de Álamo (Navarroet al. 2004). The two sites are severely fragmented. Negative trends have been reported for its population (Gobierno de Canarias 2004).,"This rupicolous species grows in degraded and steep sites within thermophile forests, facing north and northwest (Navarroet al. 2004). Frequent accompanying species areOlea europaea ssp.cerasiformis, Hypericum canariensis, Carlina salicifolia, Aeonium undulatum, Sonchus leptocephalus andCrambe pritzelii.","Main threats are predation of seeds, proximity to urbanised areas, which leads to trampling and anthropization phenomena, collection, infrastructure construction and landslides (Navarroet al. 2004). Competition with exotic species has been also reported as a threat.","This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species ""En peligro de extinción"" in the Spanish national catalogue of threatened species. It is listed Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(ii,iii) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).





It occurs within the protected area Paisaje Protegido de Pino Santo (SCI) (Navarroet al.2004) and is cultivated in the Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo, where seeds are stored. Cultivation and micropropagation should be developed, as well as population monitoring.",Traditionally used as forage species.,"Naranjo Suárez, J., Peraza Zurita, M.D. & Bilz, M.","Navarro Denis, J., Navarro Valdivielso, B. & Naranjo Suárez, J.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Teline,patens,,Teline patens  ,(DC.) Talavera & P.E.Gibbs,"This name is considered 'unresolved' by The Plant List (2017), which cites its basionym (Genista patens) as a synonym of Cytisus heterochrous Colmeiro. The species is accepted by Talavera and Gibbs ).",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"The species is found in the eastern part of Spain (Talavera and Gibbs 2000, López González 2001).",The species forms large subpopulations and it is frequent. Its population trend is stable.,"This species is found on the edge of forests and Mediterranean maquis, in calcareous soils between (100)700-1,800 m (Talavera and Gibbs 2000, López González 2001).",The species can be affected by overgrazing and wildfires.,The species is listed as taxon of special interest in Castilla la Mancha and listed as 'Endangered' in Murcia. It was assessed as Vulnerable in Andalucia (Cabezudo et al. 2005) and as Endangered in Murcia (Sánchez Gómez et al. 2002).,The species is used for the creation of brushes.,"Fraga i Arquimbau, P., García Murillo, P.G. & Allen, D.J.","Buira, A.",,"García, M.",
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Teline,tribracteolata,,Teline tribracteolata  ,(Webb) Talavera & P.E.Gibbs,,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v); C2a(i); D",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v); C2a(i); D",,,,Decreasing,"This species is endemic to southwestern Spain, where it is found in the Sierra de Aljibe, Campo de Gibraltar, Algeciras, Málaga and Cádiz and its extent of occurrence is estimated just over 1,000 km2, however the area of occupancy, based on available locality data, is highly restricted at 88 km2. It is present at 500-1,000 m altitude Asl.","There are four known subpopulations. There is current decline due to livestock pressure, competition and habitat loss. The population number in all four subpopulations is 242, with each population measuring 38, 104, 36 and 64 (Bañares et al. 2004). There is poor regeneration observed, and the percentage of individuals flowering are less than 15% in some exposed subpopulations.","This is a unarmed bush, that appears in rocky cracks. It is found in juniper and cork forests. It can grow up to 150 cm tall.","The species is at risk from intensive grazing of cattle. Also one subpopulation in Los Barrios is also at risk from increased visit by walkers, with trampling, fires and rubbish. Another subpopulation has been fragmented by road construction. Touristic activity also poses a threat to the species in the Sierra de Aljibe.","The entire population is found in the Parque Natural de los Alcornocales. There is one known ex situ collection (under the name Cytisus tribracteolatus) (BGCI 2016).





It is recommended that a recovery plan is developed, to learn more about the reproductive biology of the species, as well as taking measures for the conservation of their habitat. Furtherex situ collections, including seed banking is also desired. It is also recommended to limit the access to cattle grazing and tourists.",There is no use or trade information.,"Buira, A., Fraga i Arquimbau, P., García Murillo, P.G. & Allen, D.J.","Beech, E. & Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,LAMIALES,LAMIACEAE,Teucrium,abutiloides,,Teucrium abutiloides  ,L'Hér.,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii); D,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii); D,,,,Stable,"This plant is endemic to the northern cliffs of Madeira Island (Carvalhoet al. in: Martín et al. 2008, Gouveia and Carvalho 2009). Herbarium records show historical presence in two discrete areas of the island, in the northwest and in the central northern areas, however recent research found no records from the former northwestern area (Gouveia and Carvalho 2009). The altitude range is from 400 to 1,000 m a.s.l.


The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at 42 km2, and the area of occupancy, based on available localities, is 32 km2.","Populations are highly dispersed within laurel forest areas (Gouveia and Carvalho 2009) and considered severely fragmented. The population trend is stable (Carvalhoet al. in: Martín et al. 2008). Gouveia and Carvalho (2009) found the species at only four of the historical sites based on herbarium records, but found two additional sites, recording 15 subpopulations holding 20 mature plants, 43 juvenile plants, and 20 seedlings.","This plant is characteristic of the edges of laurisilva forest withOcotea foetens (Carvalhoet al. in: Martín et al. 2008). The plant is usually associated with small streams, irrigation channels and ravines (Gouveia and Carvalho 2009). It grows as a 'straggling shrub' (Press and Short 1994) that grows to 1.5 m (Gouveia and Carvalho 2009). Found in the Habitats Directive habitat 9360 ""Macaronesian laurel forests (Laurus, Ocotea)"" (Commission of the European Communities 2009).","The main threat is habitat degradation and competition due to the invasion of exotic species (Hedychium gardnerianum and Fuchsia arborescens), and invasive plants are thought to be the primary cause of the historical range reduction of the species (Gouveia and Carvalho 2009). Fires and natural factors such as landslides can affect the species (Carvalhoet al. in: Martínet al.2008).","Extant populations of the species are all within the Natural Park of Madeira (Gouveia and Carvalho 2009). The species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). 





A species recovery and reintroduction programme is urgently needed for this plant as well as research on its taxonomy, ecology and population dynamics (Carvalhoet al. in: Martín et al. 2008). Invasive species eradication and control is essential, alongside other habitat restoration measures, and reintroduction reinforcement of isolated individuals is recommended (Gouveia and Carvalho 2009). Seeds are preserved at the Jardim Botânico da Madeira Eng.º Rui Vieira Germplasm Bank, and living specimens cultivated at the Jardim Botânico da Madeira Eng.º Rui Vieira.",The species is not used.,"da Silva Menezes de Sequeira, M., Silva, L., Beech, E., Carapeto, A., Monteiro-Henriques, T. & Allen, D.J.","Fernandes, F.","Baeta, O. & Silva, I.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,LAMIALES,LAMIACEAE,Teucrium,betonicum,,Teucrium betonicum  ,L'Hér.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"This plant is endemic to Madeira, Portugal (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2011). Its extent of occurrence is 401 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The species is found between 100 to 1,300 m above sea level.","It has been estimated that the total population has 1,000 individuals with a stable trend   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).","This species grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 9360 ""Macaronesian laurel forests (Laurus, Ocotea)""    (Commission of the European Communities 2009) on the edges or in clearings. This forest type is Mediterranean laurisilva. This species is a shrub to 1.5 m tall.","Main threats to the species are posed by urbanisation, road construction, landslides, agriculture and competition with exotic and native species (Commission of the European Communities 2009).",Teucrium betonicum is listed on Annex II and IV of the Habitats Directive. The species is found in multiple Natura 2000 sites. This species is conserved in the botanic garden and seed bank in Madeira. It was listed as Not threatened by (Jardim 2000). Management of invasive species would be beneficial for this taxon.,This species is used medicinally to treat stomach problems and as a tonic infusion (L. Ramos and M. Sequeira pers. comm. 2016).,"Monteiro-Henriques, T., Silva, L., Carapeto, A., Beech, E. & Allen, D.J.","da Silva Menezes de Sequeira, M. & Fernandes, F.","Carvalho, J.A.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,MALVALES,THYMELAEACEAE,Thymelaea,broteriana,,Thymelaea broteriana  ,Cout.,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,,,,Unknown,"Thymelaea broterianais endemic to the northwestern Iberian Peninsula (Bañareset al.2008). In Portugal, it occurs in the regions of Douro Litoral, Minho and Tras os Montes (Serras do Gerês). Its presence has been also cited in Serra do Estrela, in eastern-central Portugal. In Spain, it can be found distributed into five locations, in the provinces of Pontevedra, Ourense, Salamanca and Cáceres. Its AOO in this country has been estimated in 15 km2.
","In Spain, total number of reproductive individuals has been estimated in 7,700 (Bañareset al. 2008). The subpopulations in Salamanca comprise more than 80% of the total population in Spain. The number of specimens in each location ranges from 35 to 6,635.
","Thymelaea broteranais a woodland species preferring young forests. It occurs in heaths and acidophilous shrublands. The species is favoured by forestry disturbances such as forestry service road construction and firewalls   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).





In Spain, this small shrub grows in shrublands ofErica australisandErica umbellata, on acid substrates, always slates or granites. In Salamanca it appears in open degrades areas, such as tracks and firewalls that go through forest plantations ofPinus pinaster.
",Burning and erosion have been described as threats to this species   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Vehicle access improvement through roads and firewalls and absence of clearings are also threats (Bañareset al. 2008). The location Alto del Candán is as well affected by a wind farm.,"This taxon is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) with the spellingThymelaea broterana. 





It is included as species with “Protección Especial” in the national list of species in regime of special protection of Spain. It is classed as species ""Vulnerable"" in the regional catalogues of threatened flora of Castilla y León and Galicia; and as species ""de interés especial"" in the regional catalogue of Extremadura. It is listed VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).





The location Lovios (817 individuals, 2 km2) is included in the protected area Parque Natural Baixa Limia-Serra do Xurés. Proposed measures include population trend monitoring, storage of plant material in germplasm banks, and development of research about genetic diversity.",,"Moreno Saiz, J.C. & Lutz, M.L.","Peraza Zurita, M.D.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,MALVALES,THYMELAEACEAE,Thymelaea,velutina,,Thymelaea velutina  ,(Cambess.) Endl.,The species (as Thymelaea velutina (Pourr. ex Cambess.) Endl.) is considered a synonym of Thymelaea myrtifolia (Poir.) D.A.Webb. by The Plant List (2016).,Yes,VU,"B1ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1b(iii,v)",,,,Decreasing,"This species is endemic to the Balearic Islands of Mallorca and Menorca (de la Bandera and Traveset 2006a). Its extent of occurrence is less than 3,000 km2. The area of occupancy is estimated at 40 km2 however it is not clear if this is an under-estimate, and the AOO is not used.","The population has decreased due to habitat loss as a result of coastal development. The population within S'Albufera Natural Park consists of several hundred individuals (de la Bandera and Traveset 2006b). It is likely that the population size is of less than 10,000 mature individuals.","This species is a shrub that can reach 1.5 m tall. It is a dioecious species, where the male flower is yellow and the female greenish. It also produces both dry and fleshy fruits. It is both wind and insect pollinated. It is found in dunes (at sea level) and in open shrublands at higher altitudes (1,300 m).","Much of the coastal habitat has been lost due to urbanisation (de la Bandera and Traveset 2006). On the basis of this threat, there are less than ten locations. Tourism development can also affect the species as a result of trampling of the dunes.","The species is found in within S'Albufera Natural Park (de la Bandera and Traveset 2006a,b). There are two known ex situ collections of this species in botanic gardens (BGCI 2016).",There is no reported use or trade of this species.,"García, M. & Allen, D.J.","Buira, A., Beech, E., Fraga i Arquimbau, P. & Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,LAMIALES,LAMIACEAE,Thymus,albicans,,Thymus albicans  ,Hoffmanns. & Link,"Two subspecies are described;





Thymus albicans Hoffmanns. & Link subsp. albicans


Thymus albicans subsp. donyanae (R. Morales) Rivas Mart.",Yes,VU,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,VU,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",,,,Decreasing,"This species is endemic to the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula, with records from southwestern Spain and southern Portugal. Its EOO is just under 15,000 km2. The AOO has not been estimated as it is not certain that the available locality data are representative of the distribution of this species, however it is suspected to be very much less than 2,000 km2.","The population of this species is declining due to coastal development and intensive agriculture. Since there is no exchange between the subpopulations due to these threats and they are small, the species is considered to be severely fragmented.",This is a shrub present in stabilised dunes in coastal and forested areas.,"The species is threatened by coastal development, intensive agriculture in the interior and by invasive species such as Carpogrotum and Acacia spp.","The species is listed in the Spanish Royal Decree 139/2011 as 'Endangered'. In the Decree 23/2012 of Andalucia it is listed as 'Endangered'. In Spain it has been assessed as 'Critically Endangered' CR B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) (Bañares et al. 2010). It is present in protected areas throughout its range.","The species is not utilized, although it is aromatic.","Fraga i Arquimbau, P. & Allen, D.J.","Buira, A., Carapeto, A., García Murillo, P.G. & Monteiro-Henriques, T.",,"García, M.",
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,LAMIALES,LAMIACEAE,Thymus,capitellatus,,Thymus capitellatus  ,Hoffmanns. & Link,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,,,,Unknown,"This plant is endemic to southwestern Portugal (Flora-On 2017). Its extent of occurrence is 6,204 km2 and the area of occupancy is 220 km2.","This species is very common and can be locally abundant, however it may be slowly declining due to infrastructure projects in its distribution area (A. Carapeto pers. comm. 2016).","This species preferably occurs in sandy soils or stable marine dunes, in porous dunes within the Thymo capitellati-Stauracanthetum genistoidis association. It colonises disturbed areas in open shrubland, heathland, and pine woods. This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):


2150 Atlantic decalcified fixed dunes (Calluno-Ulicetea)


2230Malcolmietalia dune grasslands


2250 Coastal dunes withJuniperus spp.


2260Cisto-Lavenduletalia dune sclerophyllous scrubs


2270 Wooded dunes withPinus pinea and/orPinus pinaster","The main threat to this species is urbanisation associated with touristic development. Agriculture, forestry activities and urbanisation are also considered important threats   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).",Thymus capitellatus is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive. Information on the population trend is needed.,"There is no information on the use and trade of this species, although it is aromatic (A. Carapeto pers. comm. 2016).","Fraga i Arquimbau, P. & Allen, D.J.","Carapeto, A., García Murillo, P.G., Buira, A. & Monteiro-Henriques, T.","Caldas, F.B.","García, M.",
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,LAMIALES,LAMIACEAE,Thymus,mastichina,,Thymus mastichina  ,(L.) L.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"The species is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula (Anthos 2014). In Portugal it is distributed all over the country especially in arid areas (Faleiro et al 2002), and less common or absent from some western parts.","Natural populations are stable and actually weakly exploited, scarcely collected, and populations are found in protected areas (G. Blanca pers. comm. 2014).





There is no information available however large populations were previously reported from the Algarvian mountains (Faro 2000). This species has been described as rare however it is cultivated from the wild (Grundtvig Plant Wild 2012).","It is an evergreen aromatic dwarf shrub growing in dry soils and is drought tolerant. It blossoms from April to June and is found along road verges and abandoned cultivated fields, stony places and rocky ground growing principally in loose texture siliceous substrates and also in sandy places and fixed subcoastal sand dunes (Castroviejoet al 2010, Plants for a Future 2012, Faleiroet al 2002, Faro 2000).",There is at present little exploitation of wild populations of the species.,The species occurs in one of Spain's largest protected areas in the Jaén Province (Andalucia 2012). Protection from collection of seeds is important for this species. It is not currently included on the Spanish national Red List. Harvest from the wild is controlled in two areas or Andalusia (Blanca Salas et al. 2009).,"Its essential oil is extracted from the aerial parts and is known as 'marjoram oil' used as a flavour and fragrance agent and is known to have antioxidative and antimicrobial properties. The essential oil is rich in 1,8-cineole in leaf oils and flower oils (Miguelet al. 2004 and Faleiroet al. 2002). The essential oil can be used as an application in the treatment and prevention of poultry and pig diseases caused by salmonella (Penalveret al. 2005). The essential oils can be used as an antiseptic, deodorant and disinfectant used either fresh or dry from harvested after flowering. The leaves can also be used as a seasoning for flavouring soups (Plants for a Future 2012).





Over the last 20 years the species has not been harvested for its essential oils. In the past, rudimentary stills were used directly in the field. However, the economic crisis may cause a return to the historical exploitation (G. Blanca pers. comm. 2014).","Blanca, G., Leaman, D.J. & Allen, D.J.","Khela, S.","Allen, D.J. & Stanley, C.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Ulex,airensis,,Ulex airensis  ,"Esp.Santo, Cubas, Lousã, C.Pardo & J.C.Costa","Some authors question the validity of this taxon, and it is sometimes treated as Ulex parviflorus.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,This species is endemic to central Portugal (Flora-On 2017).,"There is a large population of this species, certainly larger than 10,000 mature individuals. It is favoured by disturbance such as wildfires (Santo et al. 2005).","A shrub up to 1.5 m tall, it is the dominant species in dry shrublands, on calcareous substrates and consolidated sandy soils (Cubas 1999).",There are no major threats to this species. It is favoured by disturbance such as wildfires (Santo et al. 2005).,There are no known ex situ collections for this species (BGCI 2016).,The species is locally as cattle bedding.,"Carapeto, A., Monteiro-Henriques, T. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Ulex,argenteus,,Ulex argenteus  ,Webb,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Decreasing,"Ulex argenteus is a species found in the southwestern parts of the Iberian Peninsula, in Spain and Portugal (Euro+Med 2016).","The nominal subspecies is only found in Portugal, where it is very abundant. U. a. subsp. subsericeus is very rare in Portugal and Spain, restricted to coastal areas affected by urban and touristic development. the habitat is decreasing in a quarter of its range, but the overall population trend remains stable.","Ulex argenteus is a spiny shrub up to 1.5 m tall. Subspecies subsericeus is found on sandy soils in pine forests, shrubs and thickets on stabilised coastal sands, whilst subspecies argentius occurs in Cistus scrubland, shales and limestones (Cubas 1999). It is considered a pioneer heathland species.",Subspecies subsericeus is affected by tourism and urban development in coastal areas and by agricultural expansion.,There are no known ex situ collections of this taxon (BGCI 2016). It is found in protected areas throughout its range. Further taxonomic research is needed to clarify the identity and phylogenetic relationships of subsp. subsericeus.,The uses are not known.,"Fraga i Arquimbau, P. & Allen, D.J.","Buira, A., Carapeto, A., García Murillo, P.G. & Monteiro-Henriques, T.",,"García, M.",
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Ulex,densus,,Ulex densus  ,Webb.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Unknown,"This plant is endemic to Portugal.Ulex densusgrows in the central-west coast of Portugal where its extent of occurrence is 5,052 km² and the area of occupancy is 2,000 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).",No information on either population size nor trend are available.,"This species is characteristic for the associationsSerratulo estremadurensis - Thymenion sylvestrisandSalvio sclareoidis - Ulicetum densi. This plant grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009):


5210 Arborescent matorral withJuniperus spp.


5330 Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-desert scrub


9340Quercus ilexandQuercus rotundifolia forests","Quarries, urbanisation, industrial or commercial areas, communication networks, trampling, overuse and natural fires have been considered as threats to this species   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).
",Ulex densus is listed on Annex V of the Habitats Directive. Information on the population size and trend should be collected.,,"Porto, M. & Bilz, M.","Caldas, F.B.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Ulex,europaeus,,Ulex europaeus  ,L.,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,,,,Stable,"This species is native to the Atlantic maritime regions of continental Europe and the British Isles and present but less frequent in inland areas (to Germany, probably peninsular Italy; Cubas 1999, Euro+Med 2016, CABI 2017). It is considered native to Britain and Ireland, mainland France, the Iberian Peninsular, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, and Switzerland, however the species has been very widely introduced and naturalised, in some cases a very long time ago, to other countries in Europe, north and south America, Africa, Asia, Oceania, and is considered an invasive weed in some parts of its introduced range (CABI 2017).",The species is widespread and common in is natural range and it is considered an invasive weed in some countries to which it has been introduced.,"This is a large evergreen shrub which grows in siliceous and usually disturbed soils preferably with south facing exposure. It reproduces primarily by seed, but it can also spread vegetatively.",There are no major threats to this species at present.,"There are no known conservation measures specifically for this species, but the species is currently known to occur in many protected areas across its natural range. The species is represented in the Millennium Seed Bank as an ex situ conservation measure. It is considered Least Concern in the Vascular Plant Red Data List for Great Britain (Cheffings and Farrell 2005).","This species is widely cultivated as a hedgerow plant, and has been used as forage for livestock in areas of poor soil. Historically gorse was used to make brooms, planted as a deterrent for mice and pigeons, and as fire wood. The flowers have also been used to make wine and dyes.","Bogunić, F., Caković, D., Carapeto, A., Orsenigo, S. & Allen, D.J.","Contu, S. & Rivers, M.C.","Lewis, G.",,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Ulex,gallii,,Ulex gallii  ,Planch.,"This is considered a valid species in Flora Iberica (with two subspecies; galli and breoganii), whilst Lopez Gonzalez argues its identity as it may well be a hybrid species.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"Ulex gallii is found in western parts of Europe, in Ireland, Great Britain, mainland France and peninsular Spain (Stokes et al. 2003, Euro+Med 2016). The species is present in the extreme northwest of Spain and in western France (western Brittany, the coast around Cherbourg in Normandy and extreme southwest at the foot of the Pyrenees) (Stokes et al. 2003). The species is absent from Portugal (Flora-On 2017).",The distribution of this species is probably stable and it can be very abundant.,"Ulex gallii is a densely spiny spreading shrub usually around 50 cm tall, but can grow up to 2 m. It is found on infertile acidic soils in heathland, on sea-cliffs, in under-grazed or abandoned pastures, and on scrubby banks and waste ground (BSBI/BRC 2017). It is also found in peaty soils. It flowers from May to December, reproduces freely and is outcrossing.","The species may be affected locally by afforestation and other forms of habitat conversion, as well as by changes in management regimes.",This species is considered Least Concern in the Vascular Plant Red Data List for Great Britain (Cheffings and Farrell 2005).,"Historically gorse was used to make brooms, plant as a deterrent for mice and pigeons, and as firewood. The flowers have also been reported to be used to make wine and dyes, however these uses are likely to be more applicable to Ulex europaeus.","Buira, A., Fraga i Arquimbau, P., García Murillo, P.G., García, M. & Allen, D.J.","Rivers, M.C.",,,
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Ulex,micranthus,,Ulex micranthus  ,Lange,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"Ulex micranthus is resticted to northwestern Spain and northern Portugal (Euro+Med 2016, Anthos 2017, Flora-On 2017).","The species is common in the regions of Beira Litoral and, Douro Litoral and Minho (Portugal) and in Galicia. It is stable throughout its range.","This species is a shrub, up to 1 m tall. It is found in thickets on acid soil and in schists up to 1,000 m altitude.",There are no major threats to the species.,There is one known ex situ collection in a botanic garden (BGCI 2016). It is found in protected areas throughout its range.,The species is used for cattle beds.,"Fraga i Arquimbau, P. & Allen, D.J.","Buira, A., Carapeto, A., García Murillo, P.G. & Monteiro-Henriques, T.",,"García, M.",
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,FABACEAE,Ulex,minor,,Ulex minor  ,Roth,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,,,,Stable,"This species is endemic to western Europe, where it is found in the Iberian Peninsula (mainland Portugal and Spain), mainland France, and southern Britain and (Tutin et al. 1993). It has been introduced to the Azores, Madeira, Ireland and Belgium (DAISIE 2017).",This species is locally very frequent and its population trend is stable.,"Ulex minor is a spiny shrub growing 10-100 (-150) cm tall (Tutin et al. 1993). It has yellow flowers in late summer and autumn. It is found in shrub heaths, preferring slightly dryer and warmer climates than Ulex gallii (Stokes et al. 2003). This species is mainly found on free draining acid and impoverished soils (Stokes et al. 2003).","Whilst there has been little overall decline, many sites for this species have been lost to development and forestry, and to increasing scrub where grazing has ceased. In Andalucia, there is also some concern about the impact of changes in the availability of water and grazing on the species (Cabezudo et al. 2005).",The species is considered Least Concern in the Vascular Plant Red Data List for Great Britain (Cheffings and Farrell 2005). It is considered Near Threatened in Andalucia due to changes in the availability of water and grazing (Cabezudo et al. 2005).,"The species is found in horticulture. Historically gorse was used to make brooms, plant as a deterrent for mice and pigeons, and as fire wood. The species is used to create animal bedding in Portugal (T. Monteiro-Henriques pers. comm. 2016). The flowers have also been reported to be used to make wine and dyes, however, these uses are likely to be more applicable to Ulex europaeus.","Fraga i Arquimbau, P. & Allen, D.J.","Buira, A., Carapeto, A., García Murillo, P.G. & Monteiro-Henriques, T.",,"García, M.",
Endemic_Shrubs,2019_October,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,DIPSACALES,VIBURNACEAE,Viburnum,maculatum,,Viburnum maculatum  ,Pantz.,The taxonomic identity of this species requires confirmation and a revision is in progress (F. Bogunić pers. comm. 2017).,Yes,DD,,No,NA,,,,,Unknown,"This species is found in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Šilić 1990, F. Bogunić pers. comm. 2017), Montenegro (Rohlaena 1941-42, Fukarek 1959, Pulević 2005), and northern Albania (Mt. Maja Shtegu; Rakaj 2009). Fukarek (1959) reported that the species is known from a small number of localities in Herzegovina and Montenegro (Orjen, Bjelasica, Lisac).",There is no information about the population numbers or trends for this species.,"This species grows as a large shrub of over half a meter in height (F. Bogunić pers. comm. 2017). The species grows in open scrublands, on limestone rocks, rocky crevices, mostly in the montane belt. Fukarek (1959) considered it to be restricted to karst regions.",There is no information on threats to this species.,"This species is reported as held in three ex situ collections (BGCI 2017). More research is needed to determine population size, trends and threats to this species, as well its taxonomic identity.",There is no use or trade information for this species.,"Bogunić, F. & Allen, D.J.","Beech, E.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Abramis,brama,,Abramis brama,,"Other breams traditionally included in Abramis are now placed in Ballerus, Blicca and Vimba.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.,Unknown,"Most European drainages, from Adour (France) to Pechora (White Sea basin); Aegean Sea basin, in Lake Volvi and Struma and Maritza drainages. Naturally absent from Iberian Peninsula, Adriatic basin, Italy, Scotland, Scandinavia north of Bergen (Norway) and 67°N (Finland). Locally introduced in Ireland, Spain and northeastern Italy. In Asia, Marmara basin (Turkey) and eastward to Aral basin. Introduced in Lake Baikal and upper Ob and Yenisei drainages.",Abundant.,"Habitat: A wide variety of lakes and large to medium sized rivers. Most abundant in backwaters, lower reaches of slow-flowing rivers, brackish estuaries and warm and shallow lakes. Semi-anadromous individuals enter freshened parts of seas to forage. Usually spawns in densely vegetated backwaters, floodplains or lake shores. Sometimes far from shore. Nearly all surfaces can be used for spawning. Biology: Gregarious. During winter, form large aggregations, often together with other fish. Lives about 10-20 years. Spawns for the first time at 3-4 years. Some females do not spawn every year. Spawns in May-June at temperatures above 15°C. In many populations, spawning migration starts in autumn (especially semi-anadromous individuals), slows down during winter and continues in spring. Migrate far upriver (100 km in Dniepr) to spawn. Males with nuptial tubercles on head and body. Males often defend spawning territories along shoreline. Females spawn from once a year over a few days (Rhine) to 1-3 portions, at 7-14 days intervals (Lake Ilmen). Eggs are sticky and egg size increase with age of female. Larvae and juveniles inhabit still water bodies, feeding on plankton. Survival of juvenile is high in backwaters and low in main channel of large rivers. Growth is faster in main river than in backwaters. Juveniles 1-2 years old move from backwaters to river for feeding and then return to backwaters to spawn. If juveniles do not have an opportunity to leave backwaters, they are able to adapt but have a slower growth and reach maturity at a smaller size (stunted populations). In lower parts of large rivers, juveniles drift to brackish estuaries to forage when water level of flooded areas drops. Juveniles forage in brackish waters enter lower parts of rivers to overwinter in freshwater. Juveniles mostly feed on zooplankton. Feeds on benthic invertebrates, which are dug out of fine bottom sediments, and also often on molluscs. May shift to particle feeding or even filter feeding at high zooplankton abundance. Frequently forms fertile hybrids with Rutilus rutilus.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Achondrostoma,arcasii,,Achondrostoma arcasii,,New genus is Chondrostoma from Rutilus (Doadrio and Carmona 2004). C. arcasii subsequently transferred to Achondrostoma.,Yes,VU,A3ce,Yes,VU,A3ce,EU27,,"It is suspected that the current threats to C. arcasii of canal construction, water pollution, dam construction and introduced species, will cause a decline of over 30% in the next 10 years (J. Carmona, pers comm).",Decreasing,"It is restricted to Duero river in Portugal and to Ulla, Umia, Marin, Mino, Duero, Tajo rivers (Atlantic drainage) and to Francoli, Ebro, Mijares, Palancia, Jucar and Serpis rivers (Mediterranean drainage).",Declining.,It is a riverine species with contrasting life histories between streams.,Habitat loss due to canal building and construction of dams. Introduced predators and water pollution. (J. Carmona pers. comm).,It is listed in the Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive and in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Achondrostoma,occidentale,,Achondrostoma occidentale,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"This species has a very restricted range (area of occupancy <500 km², extent of occurrence <5,000 km²), and found in only three streams (possibly two as the species is believed to be extirpated in Safarujo after it dried up) in Estremadura in Portugal where it is heavily impacted by domestic and agricultural pollution and water abstraction, especially during the summer dry period where the streams dry up.",Unknown,"Portugal: Estremadura, in Alcabrichel, Sizandro and Safarujo drainages. It is believed the population in the Safarujo is extirpated after the stream dried up.",No information.,Habitat: Lower stretches of rivers. Biology: No data. Spawns in April-May.,The species is heavily impacted by pollution from domestic and agricultural sewage and water abstraction.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Achondrostoma,oligolepis,,Achondrostoma oligolepis,,Previously this species was known as Chondrostoma macrolepidotus or Rutilus macrolepidotus. The name had to be changed for nomenclature reasons.,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Achondrostoma oligolepis is a widespread species, although several populations have declined sharply due to habitat degradation, sand extraction and pollution. Water abstraction and climate change are also a threat.European Union 27 = LC. Rationale same as above.",Unknown,It is restricted to central and northern Portugal: from Limia to Tornada drainages.,No information is available on population size or trends.,The species is found in the lower stretches of rivers and streams.,"This species is threatened by habitat degradation, sand extraction and pollution. Water abstraction and climate change (leading to droughts) are also a threat.",It is listed in the Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive and in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention.,No information available.,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Achondrostoma,salmantinum,,Achondrostoma salmantinum,,,Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,v)+2ab(ii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,v)+2ab(ii,v)",EU27,,"The species is restricted to five tributaries of the Duero River, Salamanca, Spain (with an extent of occurrence of less than 5,000 km², and area of occupancy of less than 500 km²). The population is declining and the species' habitat is being impacted by water extraction for agriculture.",Decreasing,"The species inhabits the Huebra, Águeda, Yeltes, Turones and Uces tributaries of the Duero River basin in Salamanca province, western Spain.","It is locally abundant within its range, where it can be the dominant species in terms of numbers of individuals. However, this fish is in overall decline.","Typically this species inhabits seasonal streams, with clear waters, sandy bottoms, and it prefers slow-flowing reaches with abundant aquatic macrophytes. Natural hybrids with&#160;Pseudochondrostoma  duriense (a native sympatric species) have been reported in several localities.","Habitat has been reduced during the past few decades by receding water levels due to extensive agriculture, construction of dams and weirs, and by water transfers. Consequently, the species is currently in decline.",No conservation measures are known to be in place for this species.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ACIPENSERIFORMES,ACIPENSERIDAE,Acipenser,gueldenstaedtii,,Acipenser gueldenstaedtii,,,No,CR,A2bcde,No,CR,A2bcde,EU27,,"The species is now very rare in the Black Sea basin where almost all of  the species' spawning sites have been lost due to dam construction,  except in the lower Danube river where some spawning still exists (see  Juvenile Spawning Index) but individuals are rare. The Caspian basin has  lost 70% of spawning grounds since the 1950s mainly due to  hydroelectric power stations; flow regulation of the Kuban has led to  the loss of 140,000 ha and damming of the river Don removed 68,000 ha  spawning ground (CITES 2000).The last natural population   in the Black Sea basin still  migrates up the Danube and maybe the Rioni (last recorded in Rioni in 1999),  where the sturgeons are heavily overfished and poached.   Danubian sturgeons are also the victim of overfishing in the Black Sea were considerable amounts are taken, especially along the Turkish coast.  The Caspian  populations are also under massive pressure from overfishing and loss of  spawning habitats. Almost all migrating spawners are poached below the  Volgograd dam. The Ural river still has spawning individuals.It  is estimated that the species' wild native population has undergone a  massive population decline of over 90% in the past three generations  (estimated at 45 years). This is based on the 88.5% decline in global  catches of the species in just 15 years despite large levels of stocking  (average global catch from 1992-1999 was 1,531.75 tonnes; from  2000-2007 it was 175.37 tonnes), the 92.5% decline in estimated spawning  stock biomass in the Volga from 1961-65 to 1998-2000, the 88% decline  in the average number of spawners entering the lower Volga from the  1962-75 average to the 1992-2002 average, and the decline in the  Juvenile Production Index from Romanian Danube.   It must be noted, that it is unclear which part of the 20th and 21th century catches are result from natural or artificial reproduction as massive stocking masks the decline of natural spawnings. This decline is  predicted to continue as illegal fishing at sea, and in rivers, for  caviar will soon result in the extinction of the remaining natural wild  population. In the immediate future, survival can only depend on  stocking.EU 27 - CR A2bcde. Just found within the Danube, and Black Sea. Very rare in Black Sea basin where almost all of the species spawning sites have been lost due to dam construction, except in the lower Danube river where spawning still exists but is declining and individuals are rare, catches have also drastically declined in recent years (see Romanian catch data and juvenile spawning data in population field). It is estimated that there has been&#160; >90% decline in the past 3 generations (45 years). Remaining spawning grounds that exist in the Danube are more than 10km2.",Decreasing,"EU 27 - Black Sea, where spawning occurs in the lower DanubeThis species is known from the Caspian, Black and Azov Sea basins. Aquaculture has resulted in intentional and accidental introductions throughout Europe.It is currently only known from the Caspian Sea, where it still spawns in the rivers Ural and Volga, and the Black Sea where spawning occurs in the lower Danube and Rioni rivers (last recorded in the Rioni in 1999 (Kolman & Zarkua 2002)). There is no native spawning population remaining in the Sea of Azov, only introduced (stocked) individuals. The species reproduction within the Kura is debated (Vecsei 2001).","The species wild native population has undergone major decline which is currently occurring. But due to the large levels of stocking (particularly Russia and Iran) the exact levels are unknown. According to CITES (2000) Russia released 25 million fingerlings into the Vologa between 1979-80, 35 million between 1981-85, 40.8 million between 1986-90, 42 million between 1991-95 and 28 million 1996-98; Iran released 300,000 fingerlings in 1994 which has risen nearly every year to 960,000 in 1999.Despite this level of stocking, fisheries catches have fallen, particularly from the early 1990s in the Caspian. According to FAO fisheries statistics (FAO 2009) global catches fell from 4,250 tonnes in 1992 (first available catch data) to 67 tonnes in 2007 (last available catch data), a decline of 98% in 15 years. The average catch from 1992-1999 (8 year period) was 1,531.75 tonnes, whereas the average catch from 2000-2007 (8 year period) was 175.37 tonnes, a decline of 88.5%.Data from the Caspian Sea (Khodorevskaya et al. 2009) shows similar declines: catches were between 6,000 and 9,000 tonnes per year in the 1960s to a peak of around 14,500 tonnes in the late 1970s early 1980s to less than 1,000 per year from 2000 to 2008. The estimated spawning stock biomass in the Volga has also drastically declined, from 13,200 tonnes (1961-65) and 22,200 tonnes (1966-70) to 1,000 tonnes (1996-97) and 1,000 tonnes (1998-2002). Average number of spawners (1,000 individuals) passing fishery zones to the spawning grounds in the lower Volga (per year) has declined by 88% from the 1962-75 average to the 1992-2002 average.Romanian catch data (Danube) shows that in 2002, 3,726 kg was caught; in 2003, 1,499 kg; in 2004, 440 kg; and in 2005, 37 kg, showing a 99% decline in just four years (Paraschiv et al. 2006). A Juvenile Production Index (evidence of breeding) for the Danube (Romania) also shows a decline: CPUE was just over 0.7 in 2000, < 0.2 in 2001, 0.3 in 2002, 0 in 2003, < 0.1 in 2004, 0.1 in 2005, 0 in 2006, < 0.05 in 2007 and 0 in 2008. (CPUE = number of Young of the Year - number of < 1 year olds caught - from natural recruitment captured in one netting (Suciu 2008, pers. comm.;&#160;Paraschiv&#160;et al. 2006; Knight et al. 2010).","Habitat: At sea, shallow coastal and estuarine zones. In freshwaters, in deep parts of large rivers with moderate to swift current. Spawns in strong current (1-1.5 m/s) in large and deep rivers on stone or gravel bottom. Biology: Anadromous and freshwater populations (freshwater populations existed in the Danube and Volga - both are now extinct). A complicated pattern of spawning migrations includes spring and autumn runs. Individuals migrating in spring enter freshwater just before spawning; they tend to spawn in lower reaches of rivers (320-650 km in the unregulated Ural). Individuals migrating in autumn overwinter in rivers and spawn the following spring further upstream (900-1200 km in the Ural). Males reproduce for the first time at 8-13 years, females at 10-16. Generation length (average age of parents of current cohort) is estimated to be 15 years under natural circumstances, but due to the impacts this species is facing the generation length ranges from between 12 years in the Caspian Sea to over 20 in the Danube. Females reproduce every 4-6 years and males every 2-3 years in April-June, when the temperature rises above 10°C. Larvae drift on currents; juveniles then move towards shallower habitats, before migrating to the sea during their first summer. They remain at sea until maturity. The Russian Sturgeon feeds on a wide variety of benthic molluscs, crustaceans and small fish.","Most spawning sites have been lost due to dam construction. The Caspian basin lost 70% of spawning grounds since the 1950s, mainly due to the construction of hydroelectric power stations; the Ural is now the only river in the basin with unregulated flow. Flow regulation of the Kuban River has led to the loss of 140,000 ha, and damming of the river Don has removed 68,000 ha spawning ground. For example, in the Yugoslavian section of the Danube, the annual catch dropped from 14,636 kg in 1983 to 1,636 kg in 1985 (a decline of just under 90%), this is believed to be due to the construction of the Djerdap (Irongate) II dam which was constructed in 1984, leaving no accessible spawning grounds for the species in the upstream reaches and in former Yugoslavia (CITES 2000).Poaching and illegal fishing, which appears to be increasing, is also a threat to the species. Enforcement of legislation regulating the fishery for the species appear to be lacking. In the Caspian Sea and Sea of Azov the illegal sturgeon catch for all species was evaluated to be 6 to 10 times the legal catch (CITES 2000). Bycatch is also a threat to the species (in both marine and freshwater).High levels of pollution (from oil and industrial waste), in both the Black and Caspian Sea basins have altered hormonal balance, and increased the number of hermaphroditic fish. Pollution levels are now decreasing since the break up of the Soviet Union (Levin, 1977 in CITES 2000). In 1990, 55,000 sturgeon were found dead on the shore of the Sea of Azov as the result of pollution.Genetic pollution is also a potential threat as stocks are moved to different locations (e.g. Caspian stocks moved to Sea of Azov).The Allee affect is also a potential threat to the species.","Restocking measures are ongoing, however stocks are continuing to decline. In the early 1990s, between 30-55% of the Caspian stock reportedly originated from hatcheries (Barannikova 1995 in CITES 2000, Khodorevskaya et al. 2000). In Russia, between 1991 and 1998, 70 million fry of A. gueldenstaedtii were released in the Volga river and just over 32 million fry into the Sea of Azov.The species is not fully protected in any range state, though licenses are required in most countries and Iran has banned private sturgeon fisheries. Overall, however, enforcement measures seem to be lacking. Fish lifts and artificial spawning grounds have been introduced to parts of the Caspian region (CITES 2000) without much success. This species was listed on CITES Appendix II in 1998.Gene bank of live specimens and cryopreservation is ongoing in Russia and Iran.","This is an aquarium species (250,000 exported from Hungary annually (Gessner pers com.)). Skin and as a leather. Caviar is used as cosmetic and medicinal purposes. Cartilage used medicinal use. Intestine use as sauce (food) and to produce gelatine. Swim bladder used as glue.Source of specimens in commercial trade:25% Wild25% Captive bred50% Other = Stocking - wild brood stock collected from wild. They are used to produce fingerlings which are grown and then released into wild or kept ex-situ and harvested (for caviar/meat).",,"Gesner, J., Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ACIPENSERIFORMES,ACIPENSERIDAE,Acipenser,naccarii,,Acipenser naccarii,,Based on mitochondrial DNA analysis no molecular marker has been found to differentiate between this species and Acipenser gueldenstaedtii. Research is still ongoing.,Yes,CR,"A2bcde;B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",No,CR,"A2bcde;B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU27,,"In Italy the wild population is most likely extinct as the species almost totally depends upon stocking and there is no evidence of spawning from stocked or wild individuals (the last known natural spawning probably occurred early 1980s). The few animals occasionally captured in the wild are probably from aquaculture origin and were probably released in the last few years. However, there is a slim chance that wild individuals still exist. The population on the eastern Adriatic are also probably extinct in the  wild, there is no evidence of natural reproduction since 1990 in  Albania. However, there also is a slim chance that wild individuals still  exist there.The species is assessed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) under criterion A2, on the basis of an estimated population decline of greater than 80% (possibly 100%) in the past three generations (60 years). This population decline is based on a decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), and catch data, and was caused by over-harvesting (both legal and illegal), loss of access to spawning grounds (dams), and pollution (industrial and agricultural).The remaining potential suitable spawning grounds are restricted to very few areas in the Po River with an AOO of less than 10 km² (one location). There may still be some wild individuals left, but it is unknown how many there may be; potentially there are less than 250. Without continuous re-stocking the survival of this species is doubtful as continued successful reproduction in the wild can no longer be confirmed.For the EU 27 region, the species is also assessed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) (CR(PE) A2bcde;B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)).",Decreasing,"This sturgeon was present exclusively in the southern part of Europe. Apparently it is restricted to the Adriatic Sea area, and in particular to the fresh waters of the northern part of Italy and the eastern coasts of the Adriatic Sea.Historically the species was present in the sea from Venice and Trieste, to Greece and Corfù (Berg 1932); and in the Venetian lagoons during fall (Faber 1883). It was recorded in the rivers Adige, Brenta, Bacchiglione, Livenza, Piave, Tagliamento, and Po (and its affluents); once it was recorded up to Turin (Festa 1892); at Carignano and Carmagnola (Delmastro 1982); and in the Po delta (Tortonese 1989, Paccagnella 1948, D'Ancona 1924, Pavesi 1907); in the Ticino and Adda rivers (Bernini and Nardi 1989, 1990); along the Albanian coasts (Filipini et al. 1956); and Croatia (Mrakovic et al. 1995), Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro (Lake Skadar). It was last recorded from Albania in 1997 in the Buna River (Ludwig et al. 2003). There is evidence that the species was previously found in Greece (Economidis 1973) but it is no longer known there. It was reintroduced to Greece (Pascos et al. 2003) but there is no evidence that it has established a viable population. There have been conflicting opinions regarding its presence in Spain.At present, as a consequence of a recovery plan carried out by several public institutions from 1990 to 2007, specimens have been recorded in the Po River and its inflow rivers (Ticino, Adda, Oglio, Mincio), and in the rivers Adige, Livenza, Piave, Tagliamento. The Isola Serafini Dam on the middle of the Po River, prevents the migratory movements of the downstream populations into the upstream part of the river. There is no evidence available for natural spawning of wild or released individuals.","Artificial reproduction in fish farms has been effective and successful since 1988 (Arlati et al. 1988), and the species is continuously restocked in Italy. However, there is no evidence to confirm successful reproduction in the wild. The presence of natural populations in Italy cannot be excluded completely because of some sporadic catches of individuals of possible wild origin. Spawning has not been recorded at suspected spawning grounds over the past 15 years.&#160;A land-locked population seems to be present in the river Ticino   but it remains unclear whether the occasionally caught individuals originate from escapees or stockings.A genetic comparison between Italian and Albanian samples collected some decades ago showed a high level of diversification and suggested that the different populations should be considered as distinct conservation units (Ludwig et al. 2003).The species was reintroduced to Greece (Pascos et al. 2003), but there is no evidence that it has established a viable population. It is considered as regionally extinct in Croatia, Albania and Montenegro.Of approximately 2,000 specimens of A. naccarii fished in the Po River and sold at the fish market between 1981 and 1988, more than 80% of the specimens weighed less than 3.5 kg, having been taken before the reproductive phase (Rossi et al. 1991).","The Adriatic Sturgeon lives in large rivers where, in the past, reproduction occurred from May to July. It is a long-lived, anadromous species, living mainly in the rivers. It spawns in freshwater after a marine period of growth during which it remains near the shore (at the mouths of the rivers) at a depth of 10–40 m. The upstream migration into Italian rivers occurs during the first months of the year (Paccagnella 1948, D'Ancona 1924). It occurs over sandy or muddy bottoms. The only remaining suitable spawning areas for this species are at the confluence between the Po River and its tributaries (Adda, Ticino etc).","Overfishing (both legal and illegal), and in particular of pre-reproductive sized fish, threatens this species. It is also threatened by the creation of barriers to its migratory routes, which reduce its reproductive success; and fragmentation of populations, particularly by dams for hydropower on the Po River (Isola Serafini's Dam, Piacenza). Water pollution, the Allee effect, and competition for habitats with allochthonous species (Silurus glanis) also threaten the future survival of this sturgeon.","The species A. naccarii is listed in Annex 2 of the Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora of community interest whose conservation requires the designation of special areas of conservation. This species was also listed on CITES Appendix II in 1998.Together with other sturgeon species that once were present in Italy (A. sturio and Huso huso), the capture of the species is forbidden by law in the regions of the Padana valley, Lombardia, Emilia Romagna and Veneto.Artificial reproduction in fish farm (ex-situ) is effective and has been successful since 1988, from an original population caught from the wild in the 1970s and from F1, and the species is continuously restocked in Italy. However, there is no evidence to confirm continuing reproduction in the wild.A recovery plan for this species has been carried out by several public administrations since the early 1990s, with scientific research and restocking actions of about a total of half millions of specimens of different size reintroduced in the public waters (rivers Adda, Oglio, Piave, Po). The last part of the plan was supported also by a Life project. A project for a fish passage allowing to the fish to overcome the Isola Serafini's dam is under evaluation by the public authority. This project was proposed in occasion of the building of a new and bigger navigation lock close by the old one on the Po river, in the Province of Piacenza.","Pure A. nacarii are not traded much; it is used more to produce hybrids with other sturgeon species, which are traded. Subsistence catches of this species for food is illegal.",,"Bronzi, P., Congiu, L., Rossi, R., Zerunian, S. & Arlati , G.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ACIPENSERIFORMES,ACIPENSERIDAE,Acipenser,nudiventris,,Acipenser nudiventris,,,No,CR,A2cd,No,CR,A2cd,EU27,,"The species is known from the Black, Aral and Caspian seas. However, it  is nearly extirpated in the European Black Sea  basin and there are only occasional records from lower Volga. It is thought that few individuals  exist in the Danube in Hungary and Serbia. Even  though there is no catch data it is suspected that the species has  undergone a population decline of more than 90% in the past three  generations (estimated at 45 years) which is expected to continue. It is  believed the species is on the verge of extinction. European Union 27 = CR A2cd. Last recorded in 2003 in Serbia at Apatin (released alive) and in 2005 in Mura in Hungary (killed) both were males. In Romania according to a fisherman survey during 1996-2001 15 specimens were caught by Romanian fishermen. The species was last scientifically recorded here in 1950s. The species is not stocked in the Danube   due to the lack of spawners. Over past 3 generations (45 years) it is estimated that there has been more than a 90% decline in population. This decline is probably due to damming (Irongate Dam) which has changed river conditions and illegal harvesting. The Allee effect is possibly preventing the individuals that remain from meeting and reproducing. There is an Action Plan published by EC for the Danube (recommends fish collection and articifical propagation and release - live gene bank), but this needs full implementation. Suitable habitat does still exist for the species.",Decreasing,"This species has been recorded from the Black, Azov, Caspian and Aral Seas, and some rivers (Danube up to Bratislava, Volga up to Kazan, Ural up to Chkalov, Don and Kuban, Rioni). It was introduced to Lake Balkhash (Kazakhstan), to the upper Illi River in China, and to River Syr-Darya (Aral basin) in the 1960s.","It is currently known from the Caspian Sea, where it ascends only the Ural river (where it naturally reproduces) and the Sefid Rud River (where there is no natural reproduction), where 5 fish were caught in 2002 (Parandavar et al. 2009). In the Black Sea,&#160; it ascends the Rioni (last recorded 1997 through bycatch (Zarkua pers. comm.)). In the Danube it was last recorded in 2003 in Serbia at Apatin (released alive) and in 2005 in Mura in Hungary (killed); both these caught fish were males (Simonovic et al. 2003; Streibel pers. comm.). In Romania, according to a fisherman survey carried out between 1996-2001, 15 individuals were caught by Romanian fishermen (last scientifically recorded in 1950s) (Suciu et al. 2009) .Little catch data is available. It has not been caught in Ukraine for the past 30 years. In Kasakhstan 12 tonnes were caught in 1990, 26 tonnes in 1999; in Iran 1.9 tonnes were caught in 1990, 21 tonnes in 1999 (CITES Doc. AC.16.7.2), and 1 ton in 2005/6, with 0.5-1% of total sturgeon catch in Iran belonging to this species (in past 20 years) (Pourkazemi pers. comm.). According to Caspian Aquatic Bioresource Commission (CAB), since 2001/2 export quota for caviar is zero for all Caspian range states.","Habitat : At sea, close to shores and estuaries. In freshwater, deep stretches of large rivers. Juveniles in shallow riverine habitats. This species spawns in strong-current habitats in main courses of large and deep rivers on stone or gravel bottom.Biology: Anadromous (spending at least part of its life in salt water and returning to rivers to breed), with some non-migratory freshwater populations. Males reproduce for the first time at 6-15 years, females at 12-22, with an average generation length of 15 years (but in the Danube, the average population age has now increased and in the Caspian Sea, the average population age is decreasing because of overharvesting). In most drainages, there are two migration runs, in spring and autumn. Individuals migrating in autumn remain in the river until the following spring to spawn. Females reproduce every 2-3 and males every 1-2 years in March-May and at temperatures above 10°C. Most juveniles move to sea in their first summer and remain there until maturity. Some individuals remain in freshwater for a longer period. Feeds on a wide variety of benthic fishes, molluscs and crustaceans.This species has the highest relative fecundity for any sturgeon species (Chebanov pers. comm.).","Over harvesting, bycatch and illegal fishing (poaching) along with dams, water abstraction and drought has led to the loss of spawning habitats/ground and has caused massive population declines. In the Caspian Sea and Sea of Azov the illegal sturgeon catch for all species was evaluated to be 6 to 10 times the legal catch (CITES Doc. AC.16.7.2).Transfers of A. stellatus from the Caspian Sea, carrying a nematode parasite, were introduced to the Aral sea in the late 1960s and along with increasing salinity, helped cause the extirpation of A. nudiventris in the Aral sea within a few years (Gessner, J. pers. comm.).The Allee affect is also a potential threat to the species (Gessner, J. pers comm.).Hybridisation between this species and all sturgeons and especially A. stellatus occurs in freshwater naturally (Chebanov pers. Com.).","There is a zero quota of exporting of Caviar (CAB) but there is still a catch for domestic use. Iran and Russia have established gene bank conservation for this species for both live specimens and cryopreservation with DNA and tissue samples. The 2004 progeny have been produced from captive bred individuals - juveniles were released into the Don and Kuban rivers - and there are between 15 and 20 'farms' in Russia (Chebenov pers comm.). In Iran 80,000-1 million fingerlings (3-5 g each) (from ranched individuals) are released annually to the Caspian Sea (Pourkazemi pers comm.). This species was listed on CITES Appendix II in 1998.","Skin is used as leather, Caviar is used as cosmetic and medicinal purposes. The cartilage is used medicinal use, the intestine is used as sauce (food) and to produce gelatine, and the swim bladder is used as glue.Natural and ranched individuals are used from Kazakstan, ranched from Iran, captive bred from Russia. All international trade is historical as trade was banned from 2001. However some illegal trade does exist.",,"Gesner, J., Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ACIPENSERIFORMES,ACIPENSERIDAE,Acipenser,persicus,,Acipenser persicus,,"In the past, Persian Sturgeon was considered a sub-species of A. gueldenstaedtii  (A. g. persicus). Since 1973 (Lukyanenko and Korotaeva), based on immunological,  biological and reproduction studies and also the morphological differences, it is currently accepted as a species. Based on mitochondrial DNA analysis no  molecular marker has been found to differentiate between these two species.  Research is still ongoing. In Iran catch for the two species exists for the past  40 years where managers and fishermen use 7-8 morphometric differences to separate these two species (Pourkazemi pers. comm.). A large scale study (joint  between Iran and Russia) on the genetic and morphometric differences between  these two species is needed. This was identified as a priority in the World Bank  sponsored Regional Workshop on Sturgeon Genetics, June 2009.",No,CR,A2cde,No,,,EU27,,"It is difficult to distinguish a decline of the wild populations due to the long term stocking of the species   which masks the situation of the natural populations. However, it is suspected that the native wild population has declined by over 80% in the past three generations (estimated at 42 years) as all the wild populations have almost disappeared. There are only occasional records from the northern Caspian basin (in 2008, 100 immature individuals were caught in the northern Caspian basin (Mugue pers. comm.)). Overfishing at sea for caviar will soon cause extinction of natural populations.   Difficulties to distinguish this species from A. gueldenstaedtii make the situation more complicated.    European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.",Decreasing,"This species is known from the Caspian basin, being most abundant in southern part. In its past distribution, the Persian Sturgeon ascended all rivers around the Caspian Sea. It currently now only ascends lower courses of Iranian rivers, the Volga and Ural, and may enter the Terek and Kura. It is not currently stocked in Russia. More than 80% of total sturgeon stocking in Iran is for this species&#160;(Pourkazemi pers. comm.). In 1998, 24.5 million fingerlings were released&#160;(Abdolhay and Baradaran Tahouri 2006), but in 2008 only 10 million fingerlings were released.","The only legal commercial exploitation of this species is in Iran (mainly from hatchery stock). Restocking in Iran started in 1969. It is estimated that 80% of catch originates from stocked individuals (Pourkazemi pers. comm.).Iranian catch data shows that there has been between 54-56% decline from 1960/65 to 2006; the catch has continued to decline since 2006 but data is not yet available for this time period. The decline in catch does reflect a decline in abundance even though there are fisheries regulations and a reduction in catch effort (Pourkazemi pers. comm.).In Russia, commercial catch in the Caspian Sea has been banned since 2000. The 2007 Quota for scientific catch was 8 tonnes; it is unknown if this was met. &#160;The following Iranian catch data (Pourkazemi 2006) shows the total sturgeon catch from Iran (it is estimated that approximately 40% of the catch from 1960 to 1989 and 50% of the catch between 1990 and 2007 was of A. persicus, Pourkazemi pers. comm.):1960 - 2,000 tonnes (A. persicus = 440 tonnes)1965 - 2,100 tonnes (A. persicus = 462 tonnes)1970 - 3,000 tonnes  (A. persicus = 750 tonnes)1975 - 1,675 tonnes  (A. persicus = 302 tonnes)1980 - 1,429 tonnes (A. persicus = 372 tonnes)1985 - 1,650 tonnes (A. persicus = 297 tonnes)1990 - 2,645 tonnes (A. persicus = 582 tonnes)1995 - 1,500 tonnes (A. persicus = 480 tonnes)1997 - 1,300 tonnes (A. persicus = 559 tonnes)1998 - 1,200 tonnes (A. persicus = 588 tonnes)1999 - 1,000 tonnes (A. persicus = 480 tonnes)2000 - 1,000 tonnes (A. persicus = 540 tonnes)2001 - 870 tonnes (A. persicus = 557 tonnes)2002 - 643 tonnes (A. persicus = 418 tonnes)2003 - 463 tonnes (A. persicus = 315 tonnes)2004 - 500 tonnes (A. persicus = 345 tonnes)2006 - 330 tonnes (A. persicus = 201 tonnes)2007 - 225 tonnes (A. persicus = 137 tonnes)","Habitat: At sea, coastal and estuarine zones. Spawns in strong-current habitats in the main course of large and deep rivers on stone or gravel bottom. Juveniles are found in riverine habitats during their first summer. Biology: Anadromous (spending at least part of its life in salt water and returning to rivers to breed). Males reproduce for the first time at 8-15 years, females at 12-18. Age range for mature females is 6-40 years; 85% are between 14-18 years, and 80% of males are between 12-16yrs (Moghim 2003). Average generation length is 14 years. This species does not spawn every year. Spawning takes place in June-August when temperature rises above 16°C. In the southern Caspian basin, the Persian Sturgeon spawns in April-September but reproduction is interrupted from June to August when temperature rises above 25°C. Most individuals migrate upriver in April-May, but some may enter rivers at other times of the year. In the southern Caspian basin, there is a second run in September-October. Juveniles migrate to the sea during their first summer and remain there until maturity. At sea, the Persian Sturgeon feeds on a wide variety of benthic molluscs, crustaceans and small fish.This species has different ecological biological requirements to A. gueldenstaedtii, as it prefers warmer water for spawning and has a shorter migration run.","Dams across the region have led to the blocking of access to almost all spawning grounds. Illegal fishing/poaching across the Caspian region is the principle threat. In the Caspian Sea, the illegal sturgeon catch for all species was evaluated to be 6 to 10 times the legal catch (CITES 2000). Bycatch is also a threat to the species in both rivers and the Caspian Sea. In 1996, fish inspection authorities filed 8,000 citations for violations committed by individuals, mainly in the Astrakhan region along the Volga (Vecsei and Artyukhin 2001).In Iran, pollution from agriculture and domestic waste causes loss and degradation of spawning sites. In Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan, oil and industrial pollution has led to the loss of suitable feeding grounds. In Russia, oil pollution is a potential threat.The Allee affect is also a potential threat to the species.The lack of ability to genetically identify the species in international trade is a potential threat, as Russian and Persian Sturgeon (caviar) can be mixed.","Restocking (since 1969) of the species occurs in Iran. Live gene bank and cryopreservation, DNA and tissue preservation exists in Iran and Russia (cryopreservation and tissue samples only).There is strict national and international regulation of fishing and trading of caviar and meat, but there is still illegal trade. This species was listed on CITES Appendix II in 1998.A large scale study (joint between Iran and Russia) on the genetic and morpometric differences between these two species is needed. This was identified as a priority in the World Bank sponsored Regional Workshop on Sturgeon Genetics, June 2009. A national action plan is being developed for conservation and sustainable use of this species in Iran. Public awareness raising is an ongoing project  in Iran.","Skin is used as leather, Caviar is used as cosmetic and medicinal purposes. The intestine is used as sauce (food) and to produce gelatine, and the swim bladder used as glue. Approximately 25% comes from the wild, and 75% stocked.",,"Gesner, J., Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ACIPENSERIFORMES,ACIPENSERIDAE,Acipenser,ruthenus,,Acipenser ruthenus,,,No,VU,A2cde,No,VU,A2cde,EU27,,"The species has undergone a large population decline, but local  populations are still surviving in most parts of its range (rivers  draining to Black, Azov and Caspian Seas). Recorded catches in the  Russian Federation decreased by nearly 40% between 1990 (116 tonnes) and  1996 (80.6 tonnes). It is stocked in large numbers in Danube and Russia  (but it is unknown if the stocked individuals reproduce in the wild)   and stocked fish most likely mask the decline of natural populations. It is impossible to identify the exact rate of decline of wild  individuals and while some populations, e.g. Don (estimated >80%  decline), Kuban (estimated >80% decline) and Dniestr (>80%  decline) have declined heavily, other stocks, e.g. upper Volga (possibly  stable but large stocking, Mugue pers. comm.) and Ural (unknown  decline) have seen smaller declines. The major parts of the population  exist in the Ural, Volga and Danube (where populations have stabilized  in recent generations after a previous large decline); therefore the  overall estimated wild native population (excluding stocked individuals)  decline over the past three generations (21-30 years) is more than 30%  but not more than 50%. However many populations of this species are  undergoing a serious and dramatic decline in recent years and need  immediate conservation action.European Union 27 = VU A2cde. Within the middle to lower Danube catches are not often reported (as it is a small species) so catch data is suspect. Surveys (Juvenile Production Index see population data) shows that there is good spawning currently in the Danube in Romania, Hungary and Serbia upstream of dams. In middle Danube the species supported large scale fisheries at the end of the 19 century, currently this is much less intensive. Over past 21 years (3 generations) a decline has happened but it is unknown to what extent, but it is suspected to be more than 30% but less than 50%. The population has shown some recovery since the 1980s as the pollution from agriculture has been reduced. Hungary has had a re-stocking programme but its success is in question due to lack of brood fish used in the stocking (Guti pers. comm. 2007). In the upper Danube, fragmentation has led to a severely reduced population size and hybridisation locally exists with A. baeri (which escaped from farms), it now only exits as a reproducing population in Austria   and in the border area of Austria and Germany. Over past 21 years the population has been almost stable, the major decline for this species occurred before 3 generations past. Overall in the Danube it is estimated that the population has declined by more than 30% over the past 21 years (however a large decline occurred before this timeframe), in the past few years the population has fluctuated and possibly improved in some areas, but this is due to stocking in Hungary. Better monitoring is needed along with enforcement of illegal catch.",Decreasing,"This species is known from rivers draining to Black, Azov and Caspian Seas; Siberia from Ob eastward to Yenisei drainages. Its current strong holds are the Volga, Ural and Danube systems. It was introduced in Pechora drainage in 1928-1950 and in Lake Ladoga basin (most likely not self-sustaining). Aquaculture has resulted in intentional and accidental introductions throughout Europe, without formation of self-sustaining populations. This species has formed self sustaining populations in reservoirs in Russia.","Comprehensive catch data are not currently available but recorded catches in the Russian Federation decreased by nearly 40% between 1990 (116 tonnes) and 1996 (80.6 tonnes) (CITES 2000).In the Danube drainage, the only available catch data is from 1958 to 1981, where catches ranged from 117 tonnes in 1963 to 36 tonnes in 1979, with an average catch of 63.5 tonnes per year (CITES 2000). In the mid and lower Danube catches are not often reported as it is a small species so catch data is suspect. Surveys (Juvenile Production Index) show that there is good current spawning in the Danube in Romania, Hungary and Serbia upstream of dams (Paraschiv et al. 2006; Knight et al. 2010). In the mid Danube the species supported large scale fisheries at the end of the 19th century, though currently this is much smaller. Over the past 21 years (estimated three generations in the Danube), a decline has happened but it is unknown to exactly what extent. The population has shown some recovery since the 1980s as the pollution from agriculture has been reduced. Hungary has had a re-stocking programme but its success is in question due to lack of brood fish used in the stocking (Guti pers. comm. 2007, to Suciu).","The Sterlet is found in large rivers, usually in the current and in deep water. As water level rises, it moves to flooded areas to feed. It spawns on gravel in strong-current habitats.It is a freshwater species; anadromous populations have been extirpated. Males reproduce for the first time at 3-5 years, females at 5-8 (Siberian populations mature later: males at 7-9 years, females at 9-12 years). The average reproductive age is about 10 years, but in the Danube this is lower (seven years) due to intensive fisheries. Females reproduce every 1-2 years and males every year in April-June when the temperature rises above 10°C. This species is largely sedentary; undertaking only short spawning migrations (322 km reported from Danube). There was a migratory population with large-growing individuals in Volga until end of 19th century, feeding in the northern Caspian Sea and moving upriver in autumn. The Sterlet feeds on a wide variety of benthic insect larvae and molluscs.","Overfishing, mostly for their meat, is the major threat to the species. However, in the year 2000 the Russian Federation established an export quota for 300 kg caviar, possibly from aquaculture. In the Caspian Sea and Sea of Azov the illegal sturgeon catch for all species was evaluated to be 6 to 10 times the legal catch (CITES 2000). International trade is mostly made up of live individuals (juveniles) for the aquaculture and aquarium trade, almost exclusively sourced from aquaculture.Dam construction, which began in the 1930s, led to the loss of spawning grounds across the species' range. Now spawning success is reliant upon the correct level of water being released by hydroelectric power stations; lowered water levels in rivers can cause mass death of fingerlings (CITES 2000).Pollution, including oil products, phenols, PCB's and mercury has threatened the species in the Volga system and Siberian rivers.Hybrids (artificially produced with Huso huso) released in the beginning of the 1980s in Don, are now possibly breeding with native populations (Chebanov pers. comm.)","Most range states have legislation regulating or banning the catch of the species, and there are stocking programmes for the Danube and Drava rivers. Restocking of the species is reported in Bulgaria, Hungary, the former Yugoslavia and Russian Federation. In 2009 Romania stocked A. ruthenus for the first time in the Danube (Suciu pers. comm.). The majority of international trade is taken from aquaculture in the form of live juveniles (CITES 2000). This species was listed on CITES Appendix II in 1998.Better fisheries monitoring is needed along with enforcement to ban illegal catches.Many populations of this species are undergoing a serious and dramatic decline in recent years and need immediate conservation action. Individual stock Red List assessments are needed for this species.","Skin and as a leather. Caviar is used as cosmetic and medicinal purposes. Cartilage used medicinal use. Intestine use as sauce (food) and to produce gelatine. Swim bladder used as glue. Approximately 25% taken from the wild, 75% from captive breeding.",,"Gesner, J., Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ACIPENSERIFORMES,ACIPENSERIDAE,Acipenser,stellatus,,Acipenser stellatus,,,No,CR,A2cde,No,CR,A2cde,EU27,,"The species was known from the Caspian, Black and Aegean Seas. It is now extirpated from the Aegean Sea, and in the Black Sea basin the last natural population migrates up the Danube where it is heavily overfished. Only very few spawners remain in the rest of the Black Sea basin most likely originating from stocking activities. The Caspian populations are under massive pressure from overfishing (including poaching) and loss of spawning sites and the stocks are declining very fast. Almost all migrating spawners are poached below the Volgograd dam. Overfishing in the rivers and sea will soon cause extinction of the natural populations. In the immediate future, survival of the species can only depend on stocking and effective fisheries management and combating illegal fishing. Based on catch data, and number of individuals migrating into the Volga and Ural rivers it is estimated that the species has undergone a population decline of at least 80% (possibly close to 100%) in the past three generations (minimum estimate of 30 years, possibly up to 40), which is expected to continue. Catch data shows massive declines across the species range with a 98% decline between 1980 and 2007 in the Caspian Sea, and a 72.5% in four years (2002-2005) in Romania (Danube).European Union 27 = CR A2cde. The species past distribution included the middle and lower  Danube river and the Aegan areas of Greece (it may have spawned in some  of the Greek rivers). Currently the species is only found in lower  Danube below the Iron Gate II dam. There is still some natural spawning  (see Juvenile Production Index in population data). Dams have impacted  the species, but the major threat is overfishing (illegal and legal)   within EU 27 but also when the fish migrate to the sea where they are the victim of overfishing. .  After 2001, quotas have been set in Romania but they are never met due  to declining fish population. In 2002 only 73% of CITES requested quota  was caught, in 2003 30.7% was caught, in 2005 only 27% was caught.  Therefore in 2006 all commercial fishing was banned and export ceased.  Only a small number of brood fish are now caught for spawning and then  released back into the wild. Stocking in the Danube only started in 2006  (all individually coded wire tagged juveniles at 15cm). There has been a  decline in catch of 72.5% in 4 years (2002-2005) in Romania (Danube).  Based on catch data it is estimated that there has been more than a 90%  in the past 30 years (3 generations).",Decreasing,"Stellate sturgeon inhabits in the Caspian, Black and Azov Seas, and rarely in the north-eastern Aegan Sea. The Volga, Ural, Terek, Sulak, Kura, Don, Danube, Kuban Rivers are the major spawning rivers. The length of the spawning migration route of the Volga to the cascade of dams is up to Rybinsk, in the Ural - to Uralsk, in the Don - to Pavlovsk, in the Kuban - to Armavir. The highest abundance and biomass of natural population remained in the Caspian Sea. The feeding area in the Caspian Sea of Stellate Sturgeon extended from the shallow water area of the northern part of the sea to the Iranian coast. An intensive migration of Stellate Sturgeon began in spring (March-May) to the shallow water area, in the Northern Caspian where the largest concentrations of fish were observed at the western coast of this part of the sea, as well as in the pre-mouth areas in the eastern part of the Volga River Delta (Belinskii and Igolkinskii Banks&#160;(Khodorevskaya&#160;et al. 2009)).","In the early 1990s it was estimated that nearly 100% of the Sea of Azov population and 30% of the Caspian Sea population were from stocking. Recent estimations are that more than 50% of the Caspian Sea populations are from stocking (Pourkazemi pers. comm.).Global catches show that in 1992, 2,730 tonnes were caught, falling to a low of 38 tonnes in 2004, and 50 tonnes in 2007 (a decline of over 98% in 15 years). The average catch between 1992-1999 was 1,063 tonnes, and between 2000 and 2007 it was 132 tonnes, a decline of 87% (FAO 2009). The decline in commercial catch for the species is believed to reflect a decline in the species population (CITES 2000). For the whole Caspian basin, catch peaked in 1977 with 13,700 tonnes; this has shown an almost continuous decline to 305 tonnes in 2003 (most recent data) (over 97% decline in 32 years) (Pikitch et al. 2005). In 2008 the agreed catch quota for A.stellatus for all Caspian Sea countries in 2008 was set at 240 tonnes, including commercial and scientific catch; the quota has not been met (Pourkazemi pers. comm.). Khodorevskaya et al. (2009) shows that the average numbers of spawners entering the lower Volga per year has fallen from a peak of 230,000 (between 1986-90) to just 50,000 (between 1998-2002), a decline of 78%. It is expected that the decline has continued at a similar rate to the present time (though data does not exist) and will continue. In the Ural the estimated number of migrating individuals per year has also shown a decline, in 1970: 1,100,000; 1979: 1,050,000; 1990: 300,000 migrating individuals (Veschev 1995); 1998: 103,600; 2001: 87,400 (Pikitch et al. 2000). This shows a 92% decline from 1979 to 2001 (also from 1970 to 2001, as migrating individuals per year remained relatively stable between 1970 and 1979).Distribution of Stellate Sturgeon in the Caspian Sea has declined (based on CPUE distribution data) from the 1970s to 2004 (Khodorevskaya et al. 2009).In summer, Stellate Sturgeon feed in the warmer waters, forming the densest concentration, more than 0.6 specimens per 10,000 m3 in the western region of the Caspian sea; this is four times higher than was recorded in 1994 (Khodorevskaya et al. 2009). Concentration of all species of sturgeons and in particular, of Stellate Sturgeon, remains high in the area off the island of Ogurchinskii in the southern part of the Caspian Sea off the Turkmenian coast, but its abundance has declined 3.4 times compared to 1991&#160;(Khodorevskaya&#160;et al. 2009).The total population size in the investigated water in 2008 was between 6.7-9.5 million specimens, this has fallen from 83 million in 1988&#160;(Khodorevskaya&#160;et al. 2009). Massive stocking levels will also mask declines in the wild populations.Over recent decades, Stellate Sturgeon abundance in the Caspian Sea has reduced. Evidence of this is shown in the decrease of the average catch per unit effort during trawl surveys between 1978-1999. These showed a three-fold decrease in the northern Caspian Sea, a 2.7-fold decline in the middle part of the Caspian Sea and a six-fold decline off the Dagestan coast (Vlasenko et al. 2003). Decrease of CPUE has been more apparent in the southern part of the sea. The Stellate Sturgeon population has declined from 69.7 million specimens in 1978 to 15.6 million in 2002, and 7.6 million specimens in 2008. Commercial stock decreased by 12 times during this period&#160;(Khodorevskaya&#160;et al. 2009).In the Black Sea, in Romania, from 2002-2005 the catches of wild individuals (stocking only started in 2006 in the Danube) dropped from 12.427 tonnes to 3.43 tonnes (72.5% in 4 years); in 2006 commercial catch was stopped. The Juvenile Production Index for this species (JPI = number of young of the year (number of >1 years olds caught) from natural recruitment at Danube River Km 118) shows that there is still some recruitment as in 2000 the CPUE was 1.4, 2001 0.2, 2002-4 <0.2, 2005 1.3, 2006-7 0 and 2008 >0.4. In Azov Sea, no mature females have been caught [for a stocking programme] since 2004 (Chebanov pers. comm.).","This species is found at sea, coastal and estuarine zones, where it forages on clayey sand bottoms, as well as intensively in middle and upper water layers. It spawns in strong-current habitats in the main course of large and deep rivers, on stone or gravel bottoms. It is also known to spawn on flooded river banks, on sand or sandy clay. Juveniles inhabit shallow riverine habitats during their first summer&#160;(Khodorevskaya&#160;et al. 2009). This species is anadromous (spending at least part of its life in salt water and returning to rivers to breed). Caspian fish first mature at 6-7 years for males, and 7-8 years for females, with a generation length not less than 10 years. Females reproduce every 3-4 years and males every 2-3 years in April-September. It spawns only under relatively constant hydrological conditions, as fluctuating hydrological conditions lead to high egg mortality. This species migrates upriver at higher temperatures and therefore later than other sturgeons, with two peaks, in spring and in autumn. Males remain at spawning sites no longer than six weeks and females only 10-12 days. Spent individuals migrate directly back to sea. Yolk-sac larvae are pelagic for 2-3 days and drift with current. Juveniles migrate to sea during their first summer and remain there until maturity. At sea, this species feeds on a wide variety of crustaceans, molluscs and benthic as well as pelagic fish&#160;(Khodorevskaya&#160;et al. 2009).The main habitat in the Caspian Sea of the Stellate Sturgeon in the winter is the middle part of the sea (Legeza 1970). In the spring they migrate to the north, with its maximum density being observed off the mid-west coast in shallow water rich in food organisms (Legeza 1970). In late spring they move to the north-west coast. In autumn Stellate Sturgeons begin migrating to the south of the Caspian Sea (earlier than other species), concentrating at the mid-western coast and the south-eastern coast (Legeza 1970). The spawning migration starts in April. Spawning occurs at temperatures from 9 to 16 °C in the channel and spring flooded spawning grounds at the current speed of 0.8-1.2 m / sec. The greatest number of Stellate Sturgeon migrate to the Ural River (Peseridi et al. 1986, Dovgopol et al. 1992). Stellate Sturgeon stop eating after the beginning of the spawning migration. After spawning, they return downstream into the sea, where they begin actively feeding. The juveniles of Stellate Sturgeon also do not delay in the river and migrate for feeding into the sea.","The reason for Stellate Sturgeon abundance decrease is primarily due to marine fishing and a sharp increase of poaching, seizing the largest and mature fish and nullifying the natural reproduction of sturgeon.   This also is now the most serious problem for Stellate sturgeons spawning within the EU-27. In the Caspian Sea and Sea of Azov the illegal sturgeon catch for all species was evaluated to be 6 to 10 times the legal catch (CITES 2000). Single specimens of Stellate Sturgeon were harvested at the Azerbaijan coast during a trawl survey in 1994; this is most likely due to heavy illegal fishing (large number of poaching gears were observed).Overfishing has prevented hatcheries catching enough mature individuals to maintain the necessary broodstock (Artyukhin 1997 in CITES 2000), and stocking has severely decreased in the Caspian Sea as the stocking process relies upon wild individuals (unlike other sturgeon species they are difficult to keep mature individuals in ponds, Nikolai pers. comm.). The annual release (over the past 10 years) of sturgeon juveniles from sturgeon hatcheries in Russia amounts to from 3 to 20 million specimens; in Kazakhstan - from 2.5 to 4.1 million specimens; in Azerbaijan - from 2.5 to 6.8 million specimens; in Islamic Republic of Iran - from 0.2 to 1.3 million specimens. This quantity of stocks recruitment of Stellate Sturgeon from industrial sturgeon culture is not enough to supply the population at an optimum level&#160;(Khodorevskaya&#160;et al. 2009). Dams have also led to the loss of many spawning grounds. For example the Volgograd dam (built in 1955) led to loss of 40% of spawning sites formally available in the Volga (Khodorevskaya et al. 2009). The species is also considered extirpated from the upper and middle Danube since the building of the Djerdap Dams (Iron Gate Dams). The Don River dam removed 68,000 ha of spawning ground and flow regulation in the Kuban led to the loss of 140,000 ha of spawning grounds.Pollution is a threat to the species. In 1990, 55,000 sturgeon were found dead on the shore of the Sea of Azov as the result of pollution.The Allee affect is also a potential threat to the species (Gessner, J. pers. comm.).Introduced Mnemiopsis (from US) which impacts the species food source (pelagic fishes) has impacted the Black Sea population (impacts now reduced in Black Sea) and is now impacting the Caspian Sea populations.Introduction of fertilized eggs (from before 1986 and again 2003/4, and it may continue) from the Caspian Sea into the Azov Sea may impact the genetic integrity of Azov Sea population (Chebanov pers. comm.).","Conservation action priorities within the EU 27 are the implementation of Danube Sturgeon Action Plan (supportive stocking will be continued for 5 to 6 years) to help restore breeding individuals.Restocking measures are ongoing. However, although aquaculture contributes considerably to the maintenance of the stocks, it cannot compensate for the damage caused to natural reproduction by overfishing (CITES 2000). It is not fully protected in any range state apart from Moldova. A license is required for fishing in most countries and private sturgeon fisheries are banned in Iran. This species was listed on CITES Appendix II in 1998.According to 2007 Caspian Sea Bioresource Commission, 8.1 million fingerlings of A. stellatus were released into Caspian Sea by Khazakstan, Iran and Azerbaijan. Russia released 45 million (all sturgeon species) in 2007, but not specified how many were A. stellatus - but this is not less than 12 million (Ruban pers. comm.). To preserve the commercial importance of Stellate Sturgeon population it is necessary to protect the recruitment from natural spawning and increase the industrial sturgeon aquaculture. Considering the state of stocks of the Caspian Sea it is necessary for all Caspian Sea states to suspend its harvest for commercial purposes (in Russia, the ban on Stellate Sturgeon commercial harvesting has been introduced since 2005). Stellate sturgeon has no commercial value in the basins of the Black and Azov Seas.","Skin and as a leather. Caviar is also used as cosmetic and medicinal purposes. Cartilage used medicinal use. Intestine use as sauce (food) and to produce gelatine. Swim bladder used as glue. 25% from wild, 75% stocked.",,"Suciu, R. & Qiwei, W.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ACIPENSERIFORMES,ACIPENSERIDAE,Acipenser,sturio,,Acipenser sturio,,"Archaelogical remains suggest that A.sturio colonised the Baltic Sea about 3000 years ago from the North Sea, and vanished from the Baltic Sea about 800 years ago. Climatic changes about 100 years ago (Little Ice Age) might have had an impact indirectly in favouring introgression by hybridization with A. oxyrinchus.",Yes,CR,"A2cde;B2ab(ii,iii,v)",Yes,CR,"A2cde;B2ab(ii,iii,v)",EU27,,"Once a very wide ranging species from the North and (Eastern) north Atlantic and Mediterranean coast of Europe and the Black Sea (one record from the White Sea in the 1950s), the last remaining population (in the Garonne in France) is still declining. The species last spawned in 1994 in the Garonne, where dams, pollution and river regulation has degraded and destroyed spawning sites. There are also plans to start gravel extraction. The current population size is between 20-750 wild, mature individuals (in the past three years there has been substantial stocking, but these animals will not reproduce until ~2016). Under normal population circumstances, the average reproductive age is suspected to be about 25 years. There has been more than a 90% population decline in the past 75 years based mainly on loss of habitat, along with pollution and exploitation.This species now remains in just one location, where 27 spawning grounds (less than 10 km²) remain potentially accessible (the major threat to this species is bycatch). As this species continues to be caught as bycatch, the population is still decreasing.",Decreasing,"This species was once known from the North and Baltic Seas, English channel, European coasts of Atlantic, northern Mediterranean west of Rhodos, and western and southern Black Sea. It was occasionally recorded in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. The last record from the Rioni (Georgia) was in 1991, although further surveys have failed to find the species (J. Gessner, pers comm.). Today this species is restricted only to the Garonne River (France).","The sturgeon was an important commercial fish until the beginning of the 20th century (Debus 2007). The last natural reproduction was in 1994 (previous reproduction in 1988). A population assessment in 2005 estimated 2,000 individuals remain. It is estimated that bycatch took around 200 fish per year (gill net and trawling at sea) (Rochard et al. 1997).The size of the population today is much smaller (approximately 20-750 native wild adult fish, based on an assessment of the size the cohort before they leave the estuary). There are more individuals from stocking (7,000 in 2007; 80,000 in 2008; and 46,000 in 2009) (Rouault et al. 2008; Rochard 2010). These have not yet bred in the wild and first breeding (from the releases of 1995) is expected by 2014, F1 generation of 2007 and later releases around 2021. The limiting factor is the availability of females which won't reproduce until ~2016 (Rochard, pers. comm).","Biology: Anadromous (spends at least part of its life in salt water and returns to rivers to breed). Males reproduce for the first time at 10-12 years, females at 14-18. There are indications for a reproduction at two year intervals for males and 3-4 years for females in April-July. Adults do not eat during migration and spawning. The distance of the spawning migration seems to be positively correlated with water level, and a distance of 1000 km or more may be covered during years of high water. Spent fishes immediately return to the sea (FAO 2009).Potential spawning grounds have been mapped. Juveniles migrate downstream and are present in upper estuary at one year old. They continue a slow downstream migration and penetrate the sea at 2-3 years. For the next 4-6 years, they leave the sea to enter the lower estuary at summer time where movements and feeding were determined. At sea, this species feeds on a variety of molluscs, crustaceans and small fish. Atlantic population feed benthically.","Bycatch is the major threat and the extraction of gravel in the Garonne is a potential threat to the species. Dam construction, pollution and river regulation have led to loss and degradation of spawning sites.","An ongoing in situ conservation programme is in place. Ex-situ conservation is carried out in France and Germany. Bern Convention Action Plans have been developed, while National Action Plans are to come.Restocking was initiated in 1995 and later in 2007 until 2009. Survival rate for the 1995 stocking is 3-5%; the survival rate for recent releases is unknown. For the first time in 2007, progenies were obtained from farmed specimen (Williot et al. 2009).There is a fisheries awareness programme co-ordinated between National Fishermen Associations in Atlantic North Sea and WWF.This species was listed on CITES Appendix II in 1975, and moved to Appendix I in 1983.","In the past (until late 19th century), juveniles of this species were harvested as animal food in Poland and Germany (Gessner, pers. comm.)100% removal from the wild - This relates to the past only as commercial trade in this species is now prohibited.",,"Gesner, J., Williot, P., Rochard, E., Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Alburnoides,bipunctatus,,Alburnoides bipunctatus,,"The eastern populations of Alburnoides bipunctatus (Bloch, 1782) were revised by Bogutskaya and Coad (2009). As a result, the species was split into 12 separate species: A. bipunctatus, A. rossicus, A. kubanicus, A. maculatus, A. eichwaldii, A. fasciatus, A. gmelini, A. varentsovi, A. petrubanarescui, A. namaki, A. nicolausi, and A. idignensis.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Widespread and regionally abundant. Locally threatened due to stream regulation, stocking of trout and pollution. European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.",Unknown,"From Loire drainage (France) eastward, in nearly all rivers draining to North and Baltic Seas. In Black Sea basin, widespread in Danube and coastal rivers south of Danube in Bulgaria and Turkey. In Mediterranean basin, in Rhône and some small coastal drainages from Provence (France) eastward to Genova (Italy), Aoos (Greece, Albania) and western Greece as far south as Sperchios drainage.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Streams and rivers in foothills, with well oxygenated, fast-flowing water. Spawns on gravel in swift current. Biology: Spawns for the first time at two years and usually only one or two seasons. Spawns in May-July, when temperature rises above 12°C. Single females spawn more than once during a season. Spawns in small groups, depositing eggs deep into gravel. Juveniles in a wide variety of shoreline habitats. All age classes inhabit open water of streams and small rivers. Feeds on terrestrial and drifting invertebrates.","Stream regulation, stocking of trout and pollution.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Alburnoides,eichwaldii,,Alburnoides eichwaldii,,Alburnoides eichwaldii was a subspecies of Alburnoides bipunctatus but it was raised to species level by Bogutskaya and Coad (2009).,No,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"The species has a relatively restricted range within Europe (north of the Caucuses) (EOO of 15,000 km2), but is very abundant. European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.",Unknown,This species is distributed in the river drainages of the southwestern Caspian coast from Samur down to rivers of the Lenkoran and most likely east to Atrek.,Very abundant,"Streams and rivers in foothills, with well oxygenated, fast-flowing water. Spawns on gravel in swift current.",,No information,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Alburnoides,gmelini,,Alburnoides gmelini,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"The species has a relatively restricted range along the rivers of the western Caspian coast (with an Extent of Occurrence of about 20,000 km2) but it is abundant within its distribution area and has no known major threats.",Unknown,Rivers of the western Caspian coast (eastern Ciscaucasia) from Sulak southward to rivers at Derbent.,Abundant.,"The species prefers upper sections of rivers and hill streams, also found in small reservoirs and canals (Bogutskaya and Coad 2009).",No major threats are known.,No information available.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Alburnoides,kubanicus,,Alburnoides kubanicus,,Previously Alburnoides kubanicus was a subspecies of Alburnoides bipunctatus but it was raised to species level by Bogutskaya and Coad (2009).,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,"Kuban River drainage where it is found from the upper reaches of tributaries down to the piedmont sections. Also reported from the Gastogay River, which formerly belonged to the Kuban River drainage but now flows into the Vityazevskiy Liman of the Black Sea (Plotnikov and Emtyl 1991).",No information available.,"Streams and rivers with fast to moderately running shallow water, often over gravel, pebble or rocks.",No major threats are known.,No information available.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Alburnoides,maculatus,,Alburnoides maculatus,,Alburnoides maculatus was a subspecies of A. bipunctatus but it was raised to species level by Bogutskaya and Coad (2009).,Yes,VU,"B1ab(ii,iii)",No,,,EU27,,"This species is restricted to small streams of the Crimea Peninsula (Chernaya, Belbek, Kacha, Alma and Salgir), where it is impacted by severe levels of water abstraction. It has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of less than 10,000 km² and it is found in five locations.For the European Union 27 assessment, this species is recorded as Not Applicable (NA); it is not found within the European Union.",Unknown,"The species is restricted to the small streams Chernaya, Belbek, Kacha, Alma and Salgir of the Crimea Peninsula.",No information is available on population size or trends.,"The species occurs in streams with fast to moderately running shallow water, often over gravel, pebble or rocks.",Intensive water abstraction and drought (predicted to increase in severity due to climate change) are the main threats to this fish.,More research is needed on the species threats and possible conservation actions.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Alburnoides,ohridanus,,Alburnoides ohridanus,,,Yes,VU,D2,No,,,EU27,,"The species is only known from Lake Ohrid (360 km²) (Macedonia, Albania) where there is a potential threat of introduced species. Many species have already been introduced to Lake Ohrid.",Unknown,"Lake Ohrid (Macedonia, Albania).",Unknown.,Habitat: Surf zone along lake shores. Biology: Spawns in May-June.,Introduced species are a potential threat to the species. Many species have already been introduced into Lake Ohrid.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Alburnoides,prespensis,,Alburnoides prespensis,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"The species is only known from Lakes Prespa (324 km²) (Greece, Macedonia, Albania) where there is a potential threat to the species from water abstraction, drought, pollution and introduced species which could impact the whole lake.",Unknown,"Lakes Prespa (Greece, Macedonia, Albania).",No information.,Habitat: Surf zone along lake shores. Biology: Spawns in May-June.,"Water abstraction, drought, pollution and introduced species which could impact the whole lake.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Alburnoides,rossicus,,Alburnoides rossicus,,Previously Alburnoides rossicus was a subspecies of Alburnoides bipunctatus but it was raised to species level by Bogutskaya and Coad (2009).,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = NA. Less than 1% of the species range occurs within the European Union (Poland),Unknown,"This species occurs in the rivers Dniester, South Bug and Dnieper draining to the Black Sea. It is also distributed in Don river drainage in the Sea of Azov basin and in the Volga drainage, in the Caspian Sea basin where it is known from upper reaches in Tver Province and upper reaches of Oka River downstream to Kama river (inclusive, with tributaries) and rivers and lakes of Samara Province.",No information available.,"Streams and small rivers with fast to moderately running shallow water, often over gravel, pebble or rocks.",No major threats are known.,No information available.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Alburnus,albidus,,Alburnus albidus,,,Yes,VU,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,VU,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU27,,"Assessed as Vulnerable on the basis that it has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of less than 2,000 km², where it is restricted 10 separate river basins (treated as separate locations on the basis of known threats from introduced species), and is suffering from an ongoing range reduction (due to the impact of the invasive species Rutilus rubilio), a decline in habitat quality, mainly due to channelisation and piping of water courses, and a decline in extent of occurrence (EOO) and AOO. A decline in the number of mature individuals is assumed due to the reduction in AOO.",Decreasing,"Endemic to southern Italy. On the Tyrrhenian side it's natural range includes the area form the Voltumo to Alento rivers. Introduced sub-populations are found in the Mingardo, Bussento, Lao, and Savuto rivers. On the Adriatic side its natural range is from the Trigno to Basento rivers. It has not been introduced to this area.",Abundant and widespread within its range but has declined by 50% in the past 10 years due to introduction of Rutilus rubilio (Picariello et al. 2004).,"Ubiquitous throughout rivers, streams, and dams.","Habitat destruction, introduced species (Rutilus rubilio, in particular), and hybridization with Leuciscus cephalus.",Listed in the Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive and in Annex III of the Bern Convention.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Alburnus,alburnus,,Alburnus alburnus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Almost endemic to Europe, as a small part of the species range is found in Anatolia. A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.",Unknown,"Most of Europe north of Caucasus, Pyrénées and Alps, eastward to Ural and Emba. Naturally absent from Iberian Peninsula, Adriatic and Aegean basins (except Evros drainage), Italy, Ireland, Great Britain (except southeast), Norway and Scandinavia north of 67°N, Caspian basin south of Volga. Locally introduced in Spain, Portugal and Italy, in Lake Abrau (Black Sea coast of Russia) and in the Irtysh River.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Open waters of large lakes and medium to large rivers. Forages close to surface. In winter forms large aggregations in backwaters and other still waters. Spawns in shallow riffles or along stony shores of lakes, occasionally above submerged vegetation. Biology: Gregarious. Spawns for the first time at 2-3 years. Usually spawns only one or two seasons. Spawns in May-August at temperatures above 15°C, 2-4 times at 1-2 week intervals, in early morning. Larvae inhabit littoral zone of rivers and lakes, juveniles leave shores and occupy a pelagic habitat, feeding on plankton, drifting insects or invertebrates fallen on the water surface. Scales were earlier used to make Essence d'Orient, a coating for artificial pearls.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Alburnus,arborella,,Alburnus arborella,,A. alborella is a frequent incorrect spelling.,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,"Adriatic basin from Soca drainage to Ancona province (Slovenia, Switzerland, Italy), Ricica, lower Zrmanja drainage (Croatia). Tyrrhenian basin in the Arno drainage (Italy). Introduced in Ombrone and Tevere drainages (Italy).",Abundant.,"Habitat: Open surface waters in a variety of habitats ranging from large subalpine lakes to small, lowland streams. Spawns in shallow riffles or along stony shores of lakes, occasionally above submerged vegetation. Biology: Spawns for the first time at 1-2 years. Usually spawns only for a single season, in May-August at temperatures above 15°C. Feeds on plankton, drifting insects or invertebrates fallen on waters surface.",No major threats known.,No information available.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Alburnus,belvica,,Alburnus belvica,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,This species is restricted to two connected lakes where it is at risk from the potential threat of introduced alien species.,Stable,"Restricted to Lakes Megali and Mikri Prespa in north-western Greece, Albania and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).","Abundant, stable.","It lives in lakes and reproduces in May-June. It is pelagic visiting the littoral zone only for spawning. In Megali Prespa, it can also spawn in the tributaries of the lake. It is short-lived and is heavily predated upon by fish-eating birds nesting there.","Water pollution, overfishing, and water extraction resulting in a reduction in water levels due to karstic nature of these lakes. Formerly, it was commercial exploited but the fishery has now ceased. There is also a potential threat of introduced species.",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Alburnus,chalcoides,,Alburnus chalcoides,,"A morphologically variable species. This variability has usually been considered to be an adaptation to different habitats, but our data suggest that this is probably due to several species being confused under the name A. chalcoides.",No,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"Almost all long-distance migrating populations were lost (during 1950s and 1960s) as they were no longer able to reach spawning sites because of dams. It now survives in many small water courses and as landlocked populations in some reservoirs, the population usually spawns below the dams.     European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.",Unknown,"Caspian (mostly western and southwestern coast, from Ural, Volga to Safid-Rud drainages).",The poplation declined in the 1950's and 1960's due to the damming of the rivers which blocked access to spawning sites. However they have formed stable landlocked populations and can still spawn below the dams.,"Habitat: Lower parts of rivers, coastal lakes, estuaries, and adjacent areas of seas where salinity is lowered by large inflow of freshwater. In estuaries, lives close to surface and tolerates salinities up to 12   %o. Earlier migrated for long distances upstream, up to upper reaches of streams in piedmont and montane zones. Spawns in small rivers or streams with heavy current on gravel bottom. Landlocked populations in reservoirs spawn in reservoir tributaries. Biology: Semi-anadromous and landlocked populations. Spawns for the first time at 2-4 years, females one year later than males. Anadromous populations start entering rivers in autumn (September in Kura) and move upstream during winter and/or in spring. Spawns in May-September in water 0.2-0.7 m deep, current about 1 m/s, and 18-26°C, often with much splashing. Males seem to be partly territorial. Males assemble at spawning grounds and wait for ripe females, which arrive later. Eggs are sticky and adhere on pebbles or stones. Embryonic development lasts 2-3 days, larvae first staying among gravel for 8-11 days, then actively migrating to shallows and backwaters. Adults migrate back to sea, lakes or estuaries soon after spawning to forage. Young juveniles migrate downriver in autumn of same year or next spring. Larvae and young juveniles feed on zooplankton, algae and insect larvae, adults mainly on planktonic crustaceans, terrestrial insects, and small fish.",Currently overfishing and pollution in the Caspian Sea could be a threat to the species.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Alburnus,hohenackeri,,Alburnus hohenackeri,,,No,LC,,No,,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.,Unknown,"Western and southwestern Caspian basin, from Kuma to Safid-Rud drainages.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Water bodies with slow to fast current; prefers places where current is slowed down, commonly in shallows near bottom. Abundant in middle and lower reaches of large rivers and their tributaries, reservoirs and swampy creeks; also in brackish water at river mouths, in estuaries and coastal lakes. Spawns in shallow water, 0.1-0.5 m deep. Biology: Pelagic, commonly forms schools in upper water layers. Lives up to three years, spawns 1-2 times during its life. Spawns in April-July, when temperatures rise above 18-23°C. Males predominate in mating groups (sex ratio 2.5:1). Eggs sticky, laid on submersed plants, rarely on pebbles, 1.4 mm diameter. Females lay 2-3 portions of eggs in a season. Feeds on plankton, insect larvae, seeds.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Alburnus,istanbulensis,,Alburnus istanbulensis,,,No,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is not widespread (its range is less than 10,000 km²), but it has no known major widespread threats and is abundant. European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.",Unknown,Coastal streams of Thrace from Karasu (Sea of Marmara basin) to Papuc (Black Sea basin) (Turkey).,Abundant.,"Habitat: Riverine and lacustrine. Migrates to upper reaches of tributaries to spawn. Spawns in riffles with heavy current on gravel bottom. Biology: Forages in lower part of rivers, close to surface.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,,,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Alburnus,leobergi,,Alburnus leobergi,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"Apparently stable in Azov Sea, from where it enters Don, Kuban and some small streams. Abundant in the Tsymlansk Reservoir (landlocked population). The population sharply declined in the 1960's as they were no longer able to reach spawning sites because of dams (Don dammed in 1963). Today the species spawns below the dams. Overfishing is a potential threat to the species, but it is not thought to be currently causing a decline in the species.",Unknown,"Sea of Azov basin (Russia, Ukraine), where it migrates up the Don to the Tsymlansk Dam, Kuban to Krasnodar Dam, and other smaller rivers. There is a landlocked population in the Tsymlansk Resevoir.",Abundant in Tsymlansk Resevoir. Its status in the Sea of Azov is unknown but thought not to be currently declining. (declined in the 1960's - Don damed in 1963).,"Habitat: Lower parts of rivers, coastal lakes, estuaries, and open sea. At sea, lives close to surface and tolerates salinities up to 12 ‰. Landlocked populations in reservoirs. Migrates for long distances, up to upper reaches of streams in piedmont and montane zones. Spawns in rivers or streams with heavy current, on gravel bottom. Landlocked populations spawn in reservoir tributaries. Biology: Semi-anadromous and landlocked populations. Spawns for the first time at 2-4 years, females one year later than males. Anadromous populations start entering rivers in autumn (September in Kuban) and move upstream during winter and/or in spring. Spawns in May-July, in shallows and at 18-26°C. Males assemble at spawning grounds and wait for ripe females, which arrive later. Eggs are sticky and adhere on pebbles or stones. Adults return to sea soon after spawning to forage. Young juveniles move downriver in autumn of same year or next spring. Larvae and young juveniles feed on zooplankton, algae and insect larvae, adults mainly on planktonic crustaceans, terrestrial insects, and small fish. Regularly hybridizes with Squalius cephalus.",Current potential threat to the species is overfishing.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Alburnus,macedonicus,,Alburnus macedonicus,,,Yes,CR,"A3c; B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)",Yes,CR,"A3c; B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)",EU27,,"This species is endemic to the 38 km² Lake Doiran (Greece) where it lives on the southern shore and spawns in surf zone (estimated area of occupancy <10 km²). The water level of the lake has dropped by six metres since 1990 due to water abstraction for irrigation. This has resulted in the disappearance of subaquatic vegetation, leading to severe ecological stress for the entire lake. Predictions are that the lake will run dry by 2015 if pumping continues at its present rate.",Decreasing,"Lake Doiran (Greece, Macedonia).",No information.,"Habitat: Lacustrine, near shores. Biology: Along southern shore, spawns in surf zone of lake.",Water abstraction from the lake for agricultural irrigation. It is predicted that the lake will be dry by 2015 if current abstraction rates continue.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Alburnus,mandrensis,,Alburnus mandrensis,,,Yes,CR,"B1ab(ii,iii)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(ii,iii)",EU27,,"The species is restricted to Lake Mandras (35 km²) drainage (Bulgaria) (extent of occurrence<100 km²), where it is threatened by pollution (domestic and industrial) and the impoundment of the spawning streams. Based on the threat of pollution the species is only found in one location.",Unknown,Bulgaria: Lake Mandras drainage (Black Sea basin).,Reportedly abundant in the lake.,"Habitat: Lacustrine. Migrates up to upper reaches of lake tributaries to spawn. Spawns in riffles with strong current, on gravel bottom. Biology: Spawns in May-June. Forages in pelagic area of lake, close to surface. Feeds on terrestrial insects and zooplankton.","Pollution in the lake from industrial and domestic sources and impoundment of spawning rivers, some are already blocked.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Alburnus,mento,,Alburnus mento,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,Subalpine lakes in Germany and Austria.,Abundant.,"Habitat: Lacustrine. Migrates for short distances to lower reaches of tributary streams. Spawns in streams with strong current, on gravel bottom, rarely along lake shores. Biology: Spawns for the first time at 4-5 years, females one year later than males. Spawns in May-July, in shallows, current about 1 m/s, and 12-18°C, often with much splashing. Eggs are sticky and adhere on pebbles or stones. Adults return to lakes soon after spawning to forage. Larvae move downriver soon after hatching. All age groups feed on zooplankton.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Alburnus,mentoides,,Alburnus mentoides,,,Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v)",No,,,EU27,,"The species is known from five streams on the Crimea with an extent of occurrence of less than 1,000 km² (area of occupancy of spawning sites estimated to be less than 500 km²). It is threatened by pollution (Salgir stream), water abstraction (Alma, Chornaya, Kacha) and river regulation (Chornaya). It's presence in Salgir needs to be confirmed, it is rare in Kacha and Chornaya streams, almost extirpated in Alma but still abundant in the Bel Bek stream.",Unknown,"The species is known from five streams on the Crimea; Salgir, Alma, Chornya, Bel Bek and Kacha.","It's presence in Salgir needs to be confirmed, it is rare in Kacha and Chornaya streams, almost extirpated in Almastill but still abundant in the Bel Bek stream.","Habitat: Lower and middle parts of streams and estuaries. In estuaries, lives close to surface. Migrates to upper reaches of streams in piedmont and montane zones. Spawns in riffles with heavy current on gravel bottom. Biology: Lives up to five years. Spawns for the first time at three years. Spawns in June-July. Forages in small stream estuaries and migrates upstream to spawn. Some juveniles forage in lower part of streams. Feeds on drifting and terrestrial insects and zooplankton. Regularly hybridizes with Squalius cephalus.","It is threatened by pollution (Salgir stream), water abstraction (Alma, Chornaya, Kacha) and river regulation (Chornaya). The level of drought is predicted to increase in severity due to climate change.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Alburnus,neretvae,,Alburnus neretvae,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"A species with a restricted range (with an Extent of Occurrence less than 10,000 km2), but locally abundant and not known to be declining despite the various impacts within the Neretva River drainage.    European Union 27 = NA. The species is not found within the European Union.",Stable,"The species is endemic to Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Neretva River drainage including Lakes Kuti and Baćinska, Hutovo blato wetland, waters of karstic fields Rastoke and Jezero near Vrgorac, Mušnica River (Gatačko polje), Trebišnjica River (Popovo polje) and Tihaljina/Trebižat River system. In the Neretva upriver to the Buna River and in the lower and middle section of the Neretva River from the mouth to about 20 km upstream of Mostar (Buj et al. 2010).",Locally abundant and not known to be declining,Lives in streams and lakes.,"Even though there are threats to other endemic fishes in the Neretva river (invasive species (e.g. Lepomis gibbosus, Sander lucioperca and many others), dams, water abstraction, drought and agricultural pollution are threats to the species) these do not seem to impact this species in a way that qualifies for any threatened category.",No information available.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Alburnus,sarmaticus,,Alburnus sarmaticus,,Published morphological data suggest that two species of shemayas were possibly present in the lower Danube until about 1940. One of them (Alburnus danubicus) is now Extinct.,Yes,EN,B2ab(v),No,CR,B2ab(v),EU27,,"This species is now restricted to only two populations: one at the estuary of the Bug and Dniepr with a single spawning site in each drainage (area of occupancy less than 10 km²); and one in the Danube (in the Kolpa in Slovenia and Croatia) where it is almost extirpated. During the early and middle 20th century, all populations sharply declined as they were no longer able to reach spawning sites because of dams. Now the species successfully spawns below dams but illegal fishing at these new spawning sites could threaten the species, the impact of fishing and the level of spawning is currently unknown.For the European Union 27 assessment, this species is Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(v)). Within the European Union (EU), it is now known from only one very small population in the Kolpa in Slovenia and Croatia, and very few isolated records (severely fragmented) from Hungary and Romania. It is almost extirpated in this region and is threatened by dam construction and illegal overfishing. The species' area of occupancy in the EU is less than 10 km².",Unknown,"This fish occurs in the Black Sea basin in the lower and middle course of the Danube, lower Dniepr and South Bug, and coastal lakes. It is very rare in the Danube.",Population size and trends are unknown.,"Habitat  This species occupies the lower and middle parts of rivers, estuaries, coastal lakes and adjacent areas of seas where salinity is lowered by large inflow of freshwater. It tolerates salinities up to 12%. Spawning occurs in riffles with heavy current on gravel bottom, today mostly below dams.  Biology  The species usually has semi-anadromous populations. The Danube has only a residual population left. It spawns for the first time at 2–4 years, females one year later than males. It starts entering rivers in autumn and moves upstream during winter and/or spring; spawning occurs in May–July at 18–26°C. Eggs are sticky and adhere to pebbles or stones. Adults return to the sea, lakes or estuaries soon after spawning to forage. Young juveniles move downstream in the autumn of the same year or the following spring. Larvae and young juveniles feed on zooplankton, algae and insect larvae, while adults mainly feed on planktonic crustaceans, terrestrial insects, and small fish. This species regularly hybridizes with Squalius cephalus.","The reason for the collapse of the species in the Danube is unknown. Dams have blocked most spawning sites for this species, but it now spawns below the dams in the Ukraine. Illegal fishing at new spawning sites below the dams could threaten the future survival of this species.Yes",A detailed action plan for this species within the EU is urgently needed.,It is harvested for human consumption.,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Alburnus,schischkovi,,Alburnus schischkovi,,Shemayas of Bulgarian rivers north to Kamtchya might also belong to this species.,Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v)",EU27,,"The species is known from the Resowska (Turkey) and Veleka (Bulgaria) drainages in the Black Sea basin with an extent of occurrence of around 2,000 km², the area of occupancy of the spawning grounds is estimated at less than 500 km². The major threat to the species is heavy overfishing, commercial, sport angling and poaching. Drought is also a potential threat to the species spawning grounds, a decline in annual discharge of the Veleka has been recorded.",Unknown,Black Sea basin: Resowska (Turkey) and Veleka (Bulgaria) drainages.,In is still abundant in the Resowska (Oezulug pers comm.) and Veleka.,"Habitat: Riverine. Migrates to upper reaches of tributaries to spawn. Spawns in riffles with heavy current on gravel bottom. Biology: Forages in lower part of rivers, close to surface.","Heavy fishing (poaching, commercial and sport fishing). Drought (at the spawning grounds) is also a potential threat to the species, already a decrease in the mean annual discharge of the Veleka has been recorded.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Alburnus,scoranza,,Alburnus scoranza,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is very abundant, with no known major threats, although it has a limited area of occupancy.",Unknown,"Lakes Skadar and Ohrid basins (Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia).",Abundant.,"Habitat: Lacustrine and in lake tributaries. Spawns on lakes shores, or migrates to tributaries to spawn in shallow riffle habitats. Biology: Gregarious, forms large schools. Lives up to five years. Spawns for the first time at one year. In Lake Skadar, spawns in March-July, peaking in May at 18-23°C; in Lake Ohrid in May-June. Eggs are deposited on sand, gravel and rock bottom, at about 0.3 m depth. Eggs hatch in about 4 days. Feeds mainly on Cladocera and copepods.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Alburnus,sp. nov. 'Volvi',,Alburnus sp. nov. 'Volvi',,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"The species is known from the lower Struma drainage and Lake Volvi, it is extirpated from Lake Koronia (Greece) when the lake dried in 2002 due to water abstraction and drought. The estimated extent of occurrence for the species is 10,000 km², and it is threatened in some parts of its range by water pollution, abstraction and drought (not a threat currently or in the near future in Lake Volvi or Struma main channel). The species is found in more than 10 locations based on the main threat of water abstraction.",Unknown,Lower Struma drainage and Lakes Volvi and Koronia (Greece).,"Very abundant. In the resevoir created by a dam on the Struma river, the species is very abundant.",Habitat: Open waters of medium to large rivers. Forages close to surface. Biology: No data.,"Water abstraction and pollution is a potential threat to the species in the Struma tributaries. In August of 1995 almost all fish died in Lake Koronia, due to anoxic conditions provoked by extreme pollution. The lake totally dried in 2002.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Alburnus,thessalicus,,Alburnus thessalicus,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"A widespread species, with no known major widespread threats that could cause the species to qualify for a threatened category.",Unknown,"Pinios drainage, Aliakmon (Greece), Vardar (Greece and FYROM) and upper Struma (FRYOM and Bulgaria).",Unknown.,Habitat: Open waters of medium to large rivers. Forages close to surface. Biology: No data.,"Drought, water abstraction, pollution.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Alburnus,vistonicus,,Alburnus vistonicus,,,Yes,CR,"B2ab(ii,iii)",Yes,CR,"B2ab(ii,iii)",EU27,,"The species is endemic to Lake Vistonis (a coastal lagoon) drainage. Spawning sites have been lost due to the damming of the tributaries (over 10 years ago) for irrigation, however the species can still spawn below the dams (area of occupancy of the remaining spawning sites is less than 10 km²). Due to the damming less freshwater is entering the lagoon causing the expansion of areas of high salinity. Pollution is also a potential threat as the catchment is surrounded by intensive agriculture. Based on the increasing salinity of the lagoon the species is only found in one location.",Unknown,Lake Vistonis drainage (Greece). Shemajas from Filiouris drainage might be conspecific.,"Was believed to extinct, but information from fisherman and subsequent survey has found the species.",Habitat: Lacustrine. Migrates to upper reaches of tributaries to spawn in riffles with heavy current on gravel bottom. Biology: No data.,"Commercial fishing and loss of spawning grounds due to damming of rivers. Increased salinity of the lagoon, due to the blocking of tributaries for irrigation, is also threatening the species. Pollution may also be a threat as there is intensive agriculture which surrounds the catchment and lagoon.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Alburnus,volviticus,,Alburnus volviticus,,,Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU27,,"The species in now only know from Lake Volvi (69 km²), it was extirpated in Lake Koronia in 1995 when the lake almost dried up (totally dries up in 2002). The main threat to the species in Lake Vovi is the drying up of the spawning streams (area of occupancy of less than 10 km²), of which there is only two, caused by drought over several years.",Decreasing,"Greece: basins of Lakes Volvi (69 km², maximum depth 23 m) and Koronia (where it is now extirpated).",Currently abundant in Lake Volvi.,Habitat: Lacustrine. Spawns in streams Biology: No data.,"The species was extirpated from Lake Koronia as the lake almost dried up in 1995, and then totally dried in 2002. The threats to the species in Lake Volvi is drought (which is predicted to be increase in severity due to climate change), especially of the spawning streams of which there is only one or two.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CLUPEIFORMES,CLUPEIDAE,Alosa,agone,,Alosa agone,,Not a subspecies or variety of A. fallax. A. f. lacustris is a synonym.,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"The species is known from Lakes Como (136 km²), Garda (355 km²), Orta, Maggiore (202 km²), Lugano (51 km²) and Iseo (58 km²) (northern Italy, Switzerland) where the stocks seem to be safe in all lakes. There are no known major threats to the species.",Unknown,"Lakes Como, Garda, Orta, Maggiore, Lugano and Iseo (northern Italy, Switzerland). Introduced in Lakes Bolsena, Bracciano and Vico (central Italy).",Abundant.,"Habitat: Lacustrine, pelagic. Biology: Males reproduce for the first time at 2-3 years, females at 3-4. Most individuals reproduce only once or twice. Spawns when temperatures rise above 15-16°C in June-August, along shores near surface at night in bright moonlight. Feeds predominantly on cladocerans and copepods but also consumes small fish.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CLUPEIFORMES,CLUPEIDAE,Alosa,algeriensis,,Alosa algeriensis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"In Europe, the species is restricted to western Sardinia (Italy). The distributional information for the species is old (1950 to 70's) and many potential impacts have occurred since. More information on the species current distribution and impacts of the threats are needed. The species cannot be listed as Least Concern as the impacts of the potential threats to the species that have occurred since the distribution information was collected are potentially severe, including water abstraction and damming of rivers.    European Union 27 = DD. Same rational as above.",Unknown,"In Europe, restricted to western Sardinia (Italy). Southwestern Mediterranean coast, from northern Morocco to northern Tunisia. Enters permanent rivers and coastal lagoons. Landlocked population in Lake Ichkeul (Tunisia) and in man-made lakes in Sardinia.",No information.,"Habitat: Spawns close to estuaries in fresh and brackish water. Biology: Anadromous. Males migrate upriver at 3-4 years, females at 4-5. Starts entering rivers when temperatures reach 14-18°C, mainly in May. Spawning commences when temperature rises above 20°C in May-June. Spent individuals migrate back to sea, but many die after spawning. Most juveniles migrate to river mouth in first summer and remain at sea until they mature. At sea, feeds predominant on crustaceans and small fishes. In freshwater, adults do not feed and juveniles prey on planktonic crustaceans.   Landlocked populations are resident.","It is suspected that the species spawns in the brackish zone of estuaries. If the flow of freshwater is reduced due to dams, flow regulation, water abstraction and climate change, this brackish water area may be disappear.   . Landlocked populations are vulnerable to overfishing, habitat modification and pollution. The impacts of the threats to the species are unknown.",Research is needed on the distribution and impacts of threats on the species.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CLUPEIFORMES,CLUPEIDAE,Alosa,alosa,,Alosa alosa,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Presently only very locally distributed outside France. In the past it has been a victim of pollution, impoundment of large rivers and overfishing throughout Europe. However, most populations declined during first decades of 20th century and it now seems to have stabilised at a low or medium level in recent times. Only a very small part of the species range is found outside of Europe (northern Morocco).    European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.",Unknown,"Baltic, North and western Mediterranean Seas, Atlantic coast of Great Britain, Ireland, France, Spain, Portugal and Morocco from where adults ascend rivers, migrating far upstream to spawn. Earlier ascended Rhine for about 850 km up to Basel (Switzerland). Now, nearly extirpated east of Rhine, most abundant in Loire and Garonne drainages (France). Landlocked populations in some man-made lakes in Morocco and Portugal.","Currently large populations in France. Has declined outside France, mainly in the early 1900s, almost extirpated in Germany due to pollution in the 1920's (Freyhof pers comm.).","Habitat: At sea, pelagic, in deep water down to 300 m. Juveniles remain close to shore and to estuaries. Migrates from sea upriver, spawning in main river or entering large and warm tributaries. Spawning sites often situated near a confluence. Biology: Anadromous. Males migrate upriver at 3-9 years. Females first reproduce 1-3 years later than males. Adults start approaching coasts at end of February and enter rivers when temperatures reach 10-12°C, usually in May. Spawning commences when temperature reaches 15°C. Optimal temperatures 22-24°C. Spawns in large, very noisy schools near surface at night. Eggs sink to bottom. Spent fish migrate back to sea, but most die after reproduction, having mated only once. Most juveniles migrate to river mouth during first summer and remain at sea until they mature. Individual fish are thought to return to their natal spawning site. At sea, feeds predominantly on plankton. In freshwater, adults do not feed and juveniles prey on insect larvae.","Overfishing, pollution and dam constructions (cutting off access to spawning sites). Gravel extraction in France is a current threat to the species.","Fish passes and elevators in France allow access to spawning sites. It is a (EU - Berne Convention) Natura 2000 species, requiring protection from range states.",,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CLUPEIFORMES,CLUPEIDAE,Alosa,caspia,,Alosa caspia,,,No,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"A relateivley restricted range species only found within Europe in the northern Caspian Sea and its rivers, however it is abundant and has no known major widespread threats.European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.",Unknown,"Caspian Sea from where adults ascend rivers, migrating a short distance upstream to spawn.",Abundant.,"Habitat: At sea, pelagic, in coastal waters with steady current, avoids areas with stable salinity. Migrates from sea to mouth of large rivers, spawns in fresh or slightly brackish water at shallow sites washed by flow of large rivers. Biology: Anadromous. Males migrate upriver at 2-3 years, females at 4-5. Many individuals reproduce 2-4 seasons. There are two migration peaks, one in late April (mostly males) and one in early May (mostly females), entering rivers when temperature rises above 10°C. Spawns when temperature reaches 15°C or more, in May-June. Spawns usually in the upper 3 m. Eggs semipelagic and demersal. Spent fish migrate back to sea. Juveniles migrate to sea during first summer, remaining at sea until they mature. At sea, feeds predominantly on zooplankton such as copepods and mysids.","No major threats known. Damming in the Caspian basin (1950-60s) has restricted the species access to some of their spawning grounds. Hoever, most spawning places originally were and still are situated below dams.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CLUPEIFORMES,CLUPEIDAE,Alosa,fallax,,Alosa fallax,,"The species is in need of taxonomic revision, some popultations from the Mediterranean might represent distinct species",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Now only very locally distributed (large estuaries), a victim of pollution and impoundment of large rivers throughout Europe. Most populations declined during first decades of 20th century. Current status of the species is good and is increasing in the North Sea and Baltic.    European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.",Stable,"Southern shore of Baltic, North Sea northward to Bergen, Atlantic coasts from Scotland and Ireland to Morocco, northern Mediterranean (and Nile) and rarely in northern Black Sea occasionally east to Crimea, from where adults ascend rivers, migrating a short distance upstream to spawn. Ascended Drin to Lake Ohrid. Earlier ascended Rhône for 600 km.",Quite common in north sea basins and French Atlantic coast. Populations increasing in the Baltic,"Habitat: At sea, pelagic. Juveniles remain close to shore and estuaries. Migrates from sea to rivers, spawns in main river often only few kilometres above limit of brackish water. Spawning also reported from small rivers over gravel bottom. Biology: Anadromous. Males migrate upriver at 2-3 years, females at 3-4. Many individuals spawn 3-4 seasons. Adults congregate near estuaries in April and enter rivers when temperatures reach 10-12°C, mainly in May-June. Spawning starts when temperature reaches about 15°C or more, in May-June. Spawns in large, very noisy schools near surface after midnight. Eggs sink to bottom or are pelagic. Spent fish migrate back to sea. Most juveniles migrate to river mouth during first summer and move to sea at end of second year, where most shads remain until they mature. Individual fish are thought to return to their natal spawning site. At sea, feeds predominantly on crustaceans and small fishes. In freshwater, adults do not feed. Juveniles prey on planktonic crustaceans.","Dams blocking spawning sites, pollution.","It is a (EU - Berne Convention) Natura 2000 species, requiring protection from range states.",,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CLUPEIFORMES,CLUPEIDAE,Alosa,immaculata,,Alosa immaculata,,,No,VU,B2ab(v),No,EN,B2ab(v),EU27,,"Impoundment of main rivers (all happened more than 10 years ago) has  significantly reduced available spawning sites and migration routes. The  current threat to the species is overfishing, at sea and in the rivers  during the migration runs, which is causing a population decline of  unknown levels. The area of the remaining spawning grounds is estimated  to be less than 2,000 km² and based on the fishing in the lower courses  of rivers during the migration runs, the species is found in six  locations (Dneister, Dneiper, Danube, Kuban, Pivdenny Bug and Don).  European Union 27 =&#160; EN B2ab(v). The current threat to the species is overfishing, at sea and in the rivers during the migration runs, which is causing a population decline of unknown levels. Only found in one location within the EU (lower Danube) where it migrates to reach spawning grounds, which are estimated to be less than 500 km2 (AOO).   In the Danube, it has lost most of its historical spawning grounds due to the Iron gate dams.",Decreasing,"Black and Azov Seas from where adults ascend rivers, migrating far upstream to spawn. Historically ascended Danube for about 1,600 km to Mohacs (Hungary), Don for 900 km to Oust-Medveditskaya, Dniepr up to Kiev, Dniestr up to Yampol and South Bug up to Voznessensks. A landlocked population in Don.Currently migrates up the Danube, Dneiper, Dneister, Pivdenny Bug, Don and Kuban (not previously used by the species until 1993) where they still spawn below dams.",No information.,"Habitat: At sea, pelagic, in deep water. Migrates to middle reaches of large rivers, spawning where current is strongest, close to surface, usually at 2-3 m depth in main channel. Biology: Anadromous, migrating upriver to spawn at three years, rarely earlier. Only few individuals spawn two seasons. Appears along coast in March-April, enters rivers when temperatures reach about 6-9°C, between late March and late April. Migration usually peaks in May. Spawning starts when temperature rises above 15°C, in April-August. Spawns usually between 1 and 8 p.m. Eggs are pelagic. Spent individuals migrate back to sea to feed. Juveniles inhabit floodplain and shallow riverine habitats, migrate to the sea or estuarine habitats during first summer; in autumn, they move to the sea, remaining there until they mature. At sea, feeds on a wide variety of zooplankton (especially crustaceans) and small fish.",Overfishing is the major current threat to the species. It is caught both at sea and in the lower courses of rivers during the migration. Dam construction in the Black Sea basin (over 10 years ago) has led to the loss of large areas of spawning grounds.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CLUPEIFORMES,CLUPEIDAE,Alosa,kessleri,,Alosa kessleri,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"Impoundment of main rivers (during 1950s and 1960s) significantly reduced available spawning sites and migration routes leading to a population decline. Currently the population is abundant (estimated at around 12 million mature individuals in 2000) and stable below the Volgograd dam, where the species has found new spawning sites. The current threats to the species are commercial and illegal fishing in the Caspian Sea and at the mouth of the Volga during the migration. Also, the flow regulation from the Volgograd dam (which is dependant on energy demand) is a potential threat as the species needs a large flow in April to the beginning June for optimal spawning conditions. However this is not thought to cause a decline or reduce the range of the species so it would qualify for a threatened category.",Unknown,Caspian Sea from where adults ascend Volga (only few fish enter Ural and Terek) to spawn. Earlier reached upriver up to Kama and Oka systems. Migrations now blocked by Volgograd dam. There are indications it has formed landlocked populations in Volga reservoirs.,"Still relatively abundant and stable below the Volgograd dam where it appears to have found new spawning grounds. Juveniles are regularly found in the delta of the Volga. In 2000 the estimated number of mature individuals in the Caspian was 12,000,000 (N. Bogutskaya, pers comm.)","Habitat: At sea, pelagic, in a wide variety of habitats. Migrates to middle reaches of large rivers, spawning close to shores in main channel and in almost-still water bodies such as river bays, river eddies and flood plains. Biology: Anadromous. Migrates upriver to spawn at 4-5 years. Enters rivers with unripe gonads. Some spawn 2-4 seasons, but most females die after spawning. Spawners appear along the coast in March-April, entering rivers April-May when temperatures reach about 9°C, peaking at 12-15°C. Spawning run originally lasted 30-50 days. Spawning starts in May-August when temperature rises above 15°C, and lasts as long as temperatures remain at 15-23°C. Spawning is most intensive between 4 and 10 p.m. Eggs are bathypelagic. Spent fish migrate back to the sea to feed. In autumn, they move to the southern part of the sea to overwinter. Juveniles migrate to the sea or to estuaries during their first summer, remaining there until maturity. At sea, feeds on a wide variety of zooplankton, crustaceans and small fish.","The damming for the Volga River (main spawning river) in the 1950's and 1960's, blocked most of the spawning grounds. Currently the major threat to the species is commercial and illegal fishing in the Caspian Sea and at the mouth of the Volga during the migration. The flow regulation from the Volgograd dam (which is dependant on energy demand) is also a threat to the species as the species needs a large flow in April to the beginning June for optimal spawning conditions.","There is a canal which has been constructed to allow fish to pass the Volgograd Dam, so some fish occasionally get past.",,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CLUPEIFORMES,CLUPEIDAE,Alosa,killarnensis,,Alosa killarnensis,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"The species is only found in one location, Lough Leane (19 km²) in Ireland where it is threatened by eutrophication, and may potentially be impacted by introduced species (cyprinids such as Rutilus rutilus and Abramis brama).",Decreasing,"Lough Leane (19 km²) (Killarney, Eire).",The population was considered small in 1993 (Whilde 1993).,"Habitat: Lacustrine, pelagic, spawns in shallow bays. Biology: Lives up to five years. Females are larger than males. Spawns in June-July on gravel bars and gravelled shallows around large islands of the lake. Feeds mostly on zooplankton. Highly sensitive to pollution (Whilde 1993).","Eutrophication of the Lough Leane is a current threat to the species. The presence of excessive algal growth overlying littoral gravel may impede spawning. Also recently cyprinids such as Rutilus rutilus and Abramis brama have been recorded in the lake, and they may represent a threat to the species through competition.",The identification of spawning sites in Lough Leane and their protection from declining water quality and development works is a priority to ensure the future survival of the species (Doherty et al. 2004).,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CLUPEIFORMES,CLUPEIDAE,Alosa,macedonica,,Alosa macedonica,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species is restricted to Lake Volvi (estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) 80 km²) where it is threatened by the potential introduction of alien species, water extraction, and eutrophication.",Increasing,Its range is limited to Lake Volvi in northern Greece. It was previously present in Lake Koronia but in 1995 the lake dried up killing all the fish (G. Barbieri pers. comm).,"A large A. macedonica population was established in the lake in recent years, principally due to overfishing of its predators (Zarfdjian et al. 1996). A further field survey in 1996 indicated the population to be increasing (M. Kottelat pers. comm.).","A lake species, non-migratory. Maximum age: 10 years. It is a predominantly zooplantivorous fish, but the oldest fish are able to eat small fish.",In the past the fishery was uncontrolled and overfishing was common. Today the fishermen are disappearing and the fishing pressure is low. Ongoing eutrophication of the lake and water extraction for irrigation might be threats in a near future.,"On paper it is protected by Greek laws on fishery management, but in practice it receives little protection. It is listed in Annexes II and V of the European Union Habitats Directive.",,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CLUPEIFORMES,CLUPEIDAE,Alosa,maeotica,,Alosa maeotica,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Still more or less abundant in lower reaches of rivers and coastal lagoons. Decline in habitat quality in suitable estuarine ecosystems (limans) in northern Black Sea basin expected to have an impact in the immediate future. However it is not thought that this will cause a population decline by over 30% in the next 10 years.    European Union 27 = LC. A relatively restricted range, however it is quite abundant in Razelm in Romania and also in Bulgarian river estuaries. THey also strongly interact with the Ukranian populations.",Unknown,"Sea of Azov and northern and western part of Black Sea, from where adults enter coastal lagoons to spawn.",Common within the species range.,"Habitat: At sea, pelagic in deep water, entering brackish lagoons to spawn. Biology: Spawns first at two years. Many individuals spawn 2-4 seasons. In Romania, spawners enter Lake Razelm when temperature reaches about 7°C, in March. Spawning starts when temperature reaches about 15°C, in late April-June. Eggs sink to bottom. Spent fish return to sea to feed. In autumn, migrates to southern Black Sea to overwinter. Juveniles migrate to sea or remain in estuaries during first summer. Feeds predominantly on small fish and crustaceans.",Water abstraction leading to increasing salinity of the limans (coastal lagoons) where the species spawns is a potential threat to the species.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CLUPEIFORMES,CLUPEIDAE,Alosa,sp. nov. 'Skadar',,Alosa sp. nov. 'Skadar',,"Anadromous (A. fallax) and landlocked shads occur in sympatry in Lake Skadar. The landlocked one has a smaller maximum size (280 mm SL, vs. 500), spawns at 2-5 years (vs. 3-8) in June-July (vs. April-May) along the shore (vs. in middle of the lake) at 23-28°C (vs. 14-20). Kottelat and Freyhoff (2007) tentatively treat this as a distinct species.",Yes,VU,D2,No,,,EU27,,"It is endemic to Lake Skadar (380 km²) (Montenegro, Albania) which is currently in good condition and the species is apparently abundant. However as the species may have specific spawning sites along the shore of the lake, plausible threats such as introduced species damming of the tributary river or pollution from industrial development could threaten the species.",Unknown,"Lake Skadar (Montenegro, Albania).","Species was observed to be abundant on the local fish markets in 2006 (J. Freyhof, pers comm.).","Habitat: Lacustrine. Biology: Lives up to about five years. Spawns for the first time at two years. Spawns in June-July along shore, at temperatures around 23-28°C, on sand or gravel. Overwinters in deep water at northeastern part of lake in depressions fed by sublacustrine springs with constant temperature.","Potentially threatened by introduced species, damming of the tributary river and pollution from industrial development.","Lake Skadar is a nature reserve, but this has little impact.",,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CLUPEIFORMES,CLUPEIDAE,Alosa,tanaica,,Alosa tanaica,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,Most populations declined during first decades of 20th century due to water pollution. Seems to have stabilised at a moderate level in recent times. Decline in habitat quality in the suitable estuarine ecosystems in the northern Black Sea basin (increased salinity in the limans due to water abstraction and drought) is expected to have impact in the immediate future. Still abundant in Azov Sea basin and the impacts of the threats are not expected to qualify the species for a threatened or Near Threatened category.    European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.,Unknown,"Black and Azov Seas from where adults ascend rivers, migrating a short distance upstream to spawn.",Abundant.,"Habitat: At sea, pelagic, in deeper layers (50-70 m) of coastal waters. Migrates from sea to mouth and lower reaches of large rivers, spawns in fresh or slightly brackish water, usually close to shore, in upper 2-4 m, in almost still water bodies as flood plains or lakes. Biology: Anadromous. Migrates upriver at 1-2 years. Many individuals spawn 2-4 seasons. Spawners appear along coast in late January-March, enter rivers when temperature reaches about 10°C, in late April-May. Spawning starts when temperature reaches about 15°C or beyond, in May-June. Eggs are bathypelagic or sink to bottom. Spent fish migrate to estuaries and coastal lagoons or to sea near river mouths to feed. In autumn, they move to sea to overwinter. Juveniles migrate to sea or estuaries during first summer, remaining there until they mature. At sea, feeds on a wide variety of zooplankton (crustaceans), insect larvae and small fish.","Locally threatened in the northern Black Sea basin by the increasing salinity in the limans, due to water abstraction and drought.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CLUPEIFORMES,CLUPEIDAE,Alosa,vistonica,,Alosa vistonica,,Considered by some people to be a subspecies.,Yes,CR,"A2ace; B1ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"A2ace; B1ab(iii,v)",EU27,,"This species is restricted to a small coastal lake (estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) 40 km²). A major decline in the population was observed some 20 years previously. Although no one has surveyed the population in the last 20 years there is no reason to suspect this trend is not continuing (the threats all remain). The species is assessed as Critically Endangered where a greater than 80% decline in the population is suspected in the last 10 years based on direct observations of habitat decline, reduction in water quality, and increasing salinity and pollutants.",Unknown,It is restricted to coastal Lake Vistonis in northern Greece.,According to the available information the species is possibly extinct. A small population is hypothesized to survive in some channels or streams outflow into the lake (Bobori et al. 2001).,It mainly occupies the upper part of Lake Vistonis where the water is exclusively fresh. It is probably a non-migratory shad. Reproduction occurs in the spring.,Habitat destruction and pollution (organic and industrial). Sewage enters the lake from the nearby town of Xanthi. Water extraction from the inflowing streams is also a serious threat as it may lead to increasing salinity within the lake.,"On paper Greek laws on fishery management protect it, but they are rarely enforced.",,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CLUPEIFORMES,CLUPEIDAE,Alosa,volgensis,,Alosa volgensis,,,Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",No,,,EU27,,"The species is known from the Caspian Sea from where adults used to ascend rivers from the Terek to Ural to spawn. Since the 1960s canalization and channelization of the river mouths have destroyed spawning sites and migratory routes, in addition to those lost during the dam constructions in the 1950s and 1960s. Now the species is only known to ascend the Volga to spawn, where it is extremely rare (no statistics are available from commercial catches and it is rarely recorded from scientific surveys) and the spawnings are mostly unsuccessful (very few juveniles are recorded). The species' current status in the Ural is unknown. The area of the remaining spawning sites is estimated to be less than 500 km², and it is only just below the Volgograd dam (one location, possibly more if it spawns in the Ural). There is a continuing decline in the quality of these sites due to sedimentation from the dam and channelization and canalization of river mouths.",Unknown,"The species is known from the Caspian Sea from where adults ascend the Volga (to Volgograd dam) to spawn, however this is spawning mostly unsuccessful (juveniles are rarely recorded). Its current status in the Ural is unknown.The species used to enter rivers from Terek to Ural.",The species is now so rare there are no statistics from commercial catches and it is rarely recorded from scientific surveys.,"Habitat: Pelagic, in a wide variety of marine habitats. Migrates to delta and lower reaches of large rivers, spawns in main channel. Biology: Anadromous. Migrates upriver to spawn at 2-3 years. Females spawn 2-3 times in their life. Appears at estuaries in April, enters rivers when temperature reaches about 9°C, in late April-early June with a peak at 17°C. Spawning run lasts 3-8 days. Enters rivers with ripe gonads. Spawning starts when temperature rises above 13°C, in late April-June, and continues as long as temperature remains below 27 °C. Eggs are pelagic. Spent fish migrate back to sea to feed. In autumn, moves to southern Caspian to overwinter. Juveniles migrate to sea during first summer, remaining there until maturity. At sea and during migrations, feeds on a wide variety of zooplankton (e.g. crustaceans) and small fish.",Historically overfishing (fishing was banned before 1962) and dam construction destroying spawning grounds and blocking migratory routes (late 1950's and early 1960's) caused population declines. Recently the channelization and canalisation of river mouths has inhibited the species migratory routes and the loss of more spawning sites.,No information.,--- Other purpose text ---Commercial fishing banned before 1962,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Anaecypris,hispanica,,Anaecypris hispanica,,,Yes,EN,A2ace,Yes,EN,A2ace,EU27,,"A. hispanica has experienced a decline in population of >50% in 10 years, and it is ongoing in spite of the establishment of a conservation program. The population is fragmented due to dams and is declining due to water extraction, introduced species and pollution.",Decreasing,"An endemic fish to the Iberic Peninsula. Most of the distribution is within Spain and some in Portugal (Guadiana river basin) (extent of occurrence <5,000 km²).","Very fragmented, declining 50% in the last 10 years (Doadrio 2001).","This species lives most of the time in small intermittent streams of the Guadiana River basin with high dissolved oxygen concentrations, coarse substratum, shallow depth and water temperature below 25°C. It is a short-lived species (maximum three years old) achieving a small size (< 60 mm). Reproduction takes place in April–May. It is a species with limited dispersal. (Doadrio 2001).","Alteration of habitat, reduced flow regime due to water extraction, and river regulation (dams), pollution and introduced species.",It is listed in the Annexes II and IV of the European Union Habitats Directive and in Appendix III of the Bern Convention.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,ANGUILLIDAE,Anguilla,anguilla,,Anguilla anguilla,,"Other Anguilla species have occasionally been stocked in Europe, but none have established a self-sustaining population. Pure A. rostrata's (American Eel) have been recorded, but are very rare. DNA analysis is the best tool to distinguish between European Eels and other species, but also the length of glass eels can be used as A. anguilla are almost always more than 6 cm length, while all other species are less than 6 cm (W. Dekker pers. comm. 2007) and A. rostrata have fewer vertebrae than A. anguilla (102-112, usually 106-108, vs. 111-119, usually 114-116). Hybrids are known from Iceland (where eel stocks are small) where pure rostrata and anguilla exist.",No,CR,A2bd+4bd,No,CR,A2bd+4bd,EU27,,"The species has undergone a sharp decline in recruitment, yield and stock, which will continue into the future.  The recruitment of glass eels has declined from 1980, and since 2000 is at an historical low at just 1-5% of the pre-1980 levels, showing a 95 to 99% decline. This recent decline in recruitment will translate into a future decline in adult stock, at least for the coming two decades (ICES 2006).  Yield and stock abundance have declined since the 1960s. As the recruitment rate is so low the population is continuing to decline as older eels disappear from the stock. According to the FAO global catch landings (which cannot be directly linked to population due to stocking and harvest effort, though scientific evidence supports this decline) show that in 2005 only 4,855 tonnes were caught, a decline of 76% since a harvest peak in 1968, 37 years earlier (three generations of the species is estimated to be 60 years).   Even though the exact cause of the decline in recruitment is not known the species has many threats. The level of harvest of the species according to the International Council for the Exploration of the Seas (2006) is currently unsustainable. A nematode parasite (Anguillicola crassus) from introduced eels from Japan is suspected to impact the ability of the eels to reach the spawning grounds. Dams (for hydropower) are also a threat to the species by blocking migration routes and by causing high mortality rates as downstream migrating eels are killed by turbines. Pollution, loss of wetlands and climate change are also potential threats to the species.  Although a reliable population decline in mature individuals is not known, it is inferred that there has been a decline of over 80% in the past three generations (60 years) based on the massive decline in recruitment (95% in 24 years) which is supported by the decline in catch landings of 76% between 1968 and 2005 (37 years). This decline is likely to continue. Full and immediate protection is required and ICES have recommended that a recovery plan be developed for the whole stock on an urgent basis.   Action has already been taken at the international level, but the impacts of this will not be detected for many years. In 2007, CITES listed the species in Appendix II (this came into force in March 2009) and will require exporting states to have an export permit which can only be issued if the export will not be detrimental to the survival of the species. Also the European Commission has issued a Regulation requiring all member states to produce eel management plans, amongst other measures. These management plans were required to be in place by July 2009 and have the objective to permit the escapement to the sea of at least 40% of the silver eel biomass [relative to the estimated stock levels in the absence of human influences].",Decreasing,"Anguilla anguilla is found in all European rivers draining to the Mediterranean, North and Baltic seas, in the Atlantic south to Canary Islands and parts of Mediterranean north Africa and Asia. It very rarely enters the White and Barents seas, but is recorded eastward to the Pechora River in northwest Russia. The species occurs in low abundance in the Black Sea where it migrates east to the Kuban drainage (occasional individuals reach the Volga drainage through canals), in northern Scandinavia and eastern Europe, but 'trap-and-transport' stocking is interfering with natural population numbers (W. Dekker pers. comm. 2007). Large parts of the population remain at sea particularly in the north western Atlantic and Mediterranean. It is also widely stocked in most inland waters of Europe.&#160;The species is thought to breed in the Sargasso Sea in the West Central Atlantic, migrating across the Atlantic from Europe.","Glass eels:Since the early 1980s, a steady and almost continent wide decline of 90% has been observed in the recruitment of glass (juvenile) eels (Dekker 2003). According to an ICES and FAO report (2006) European Eel recruitment levels reached an historical low in 2001 of 1 to 2% of the pre-1980 level, this has not improved and is an indication that the reproduction is seriously impaired and that the stock is severely depleted. In recent years, no substantial recovery in recruitment has been observed (Dekker 2007). This recent decline in recruitment will translate into a future decline in adult stock, at least for the coming two decades (ICES 2006).Yellow/silver eels:Even though there is no analytical assessment of the state of the [continental] European Eel stock, all available information indicates that the stock is at an historical minimum in most of the distribution area and continues to decline (ICES and FAO 2006). Unfortunately, a total continental stock assessment cannot be made as it is hard to monitor, being scattered over millions of rivers, lakes, estuaries, etc. (Dekker 2000). However, even though catch effort can be variable and under reporting of landings is a serious problem in most European countries, trends in the reported catch data will to some extent reflect true changes in fishing yields. According to FAO global capture statistics (exploited at all stages of their freshwater life), capture peaked in 1968 with 20,278 tonnes, in 1975 this had dropped to 16,110 tonnes, in 1985 it was 12,665 tonnes, 1995 8,706 tonnes and the most recent available figure in 2005 was 5,059 tonnes a decline of 76% since the peak in 1968. This is supported by the possibly only long-term scientific data [from Lake Ijsselmeer in the Netherlands] where there has been a gradual decline since 1960 (Dekker 2004a). However, there is also evidence that in Norway catches seem to be stable over this period (ICES 2002).&#160;The overall population is continuing to decline as the older eels disappear from the stock and recruitment rate is so low and declining. Noting the longevity of the species, and the extremely depleted state, restoration of the stock is expected to take several generations from 60 to 200 years depending on the protection level (Astrom and Dekker 2007). Temporary increases (over 10-15 years) in abundance following the implementation of protective measures thus do not guarantee ultimate recovery, if not severely protecting the stock (W. Dekker pers. comm.).","Habitat: The species is found in all types of benthic habitats from small streams to shores of large rivers and lakes. Naturally it only occurs in water bodies that are connected to the sea; it is stocked elsewhere. Biology: The species is catadromous, living in fresh water but migrating to marine waters to breed. While its life in freshwaters are well understood, relatively little is known about its life history at sea. The spawning peaks at the beginning of March continuing until July, and the adults probably die after spawning. There are no concrete data about specific spawning, however, it is assumed that spawning takes place only in an elliptic zone, about 2,000  km wide in the Sargasso Sea, in the West Central  Atlantic (about 26°N 60°W). The mechanisms by which leptocephali reach the European coasts are not also well understood. By the time the leptocephali reach the continental slope they are about 70 mm in size and metamorphose into glass-eels which are almost adult in appearance, but have a transparent body, and enter estuaries. These glass-eels are observed in the autumn on Portuguese coasts, and in winter and spring in the North Sea. The generation length of the species varies greatly and ranges from 2 to 50 years, and having a typical mean of 20 years with females being twice the size and age of males (W. Dekker pers. comm. 2007).","The causes of the declining recruitment rates are still unclear (Dekker 2007), but there are many hypotheses:The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) may have reduced larval survival and/or growth rate (Castonguay et al. 1994). However, Dekker (2004b) shows that the NAO index correlation is strong for growth rate but weak for glass eel numbers as in 2000 the NAO index returned to normal but recruitment still declined.Overfishing for glass eels (mainly in France, Spain, Portugal and UK) and downstream migrating eels (silver eels) across Europe (W. Dekker pers. comm.) is also a threat to the species. The demand from Asia and Europe for glass eels is huge and the price is increasing (750 Euro per kilo in 2006 from around 100 Euro in 1990.). According to ICES (2006) Anguilla anguilla fisheries are currently not sustainable, and a recovery plan urgently needs to be developed for the whole stock. There is also a parasite nematode (Anguillicola crassus), from introduced eels from Japan which is suspected to impact the ability of the European Eels to reach their spawning grounds. Dams (for hydropower and water management) are also a threat to the species by blocking migration routes and also through causing high mortality rate as the downstream migrating eels are killed by turbines. Climate change may be having an impact on the suspected breeding grounds (Sargasso Sea). Increasing numbers of predators, in particular cormorants, across Europe may also have a negative impact on this species.","The majority of conservation actions historically in place for the European Eel were set up and controlled at local and national level. Their aims are often securing fishing rights, supporting local stock levels and sustainable income for fishing communities and not to increase recruitment. However, in 2007 two major multi-lateral bodies recognized the state of the European Eel and have acted upon it.The European Council (EC) Regulation No 1100/2007 establishing measures for the recovery of the stock of European Eel was published in September 2007. The Regulation required, by 1 July 2009, all member states that contain natural habitats of the European Eel to establish eel management plans at a river basin scale. The objective of these plans was to permit the escapement to the sea of at least 40% of the silver eel biomass [relative to the estimated stock levels in the absence of human influences], through various measures including reducing commercial and recreational fisheries, restocking, measures to improve habitats and make rivers passable, transportation of silver eels to the sea and monitor eel status in each basin. The Regulation also requires that by 31 July 2013, 60% of eels less than 12 cm in length caught annually should be reserved for restocking [and not aquaculture], also that over a 5 year period starting from 1 July 2009 catches or fishing effort of eels in coastal and sea waters [i.e. beyond river basin plan] should be reduced by at least 50% [of average between 2004-2006], and that a control and monitoring system be set up by each member state.The European Eel was listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in June 2007. The listing came into effect on 13 March 2009, after which time all Parties to the Convention will be required to issue permits for all exports of the species. An export permit may be issued only if the specimen was legally obtained and if the export will not be detrimental to the survival of the species. In the European Union, which includes 24 eel range States, CITES is implemented through Council Regulation 338/97 and Commission Regulation 865/2006 which require both import and export permits to be issued for species listed in Annex B of the Regulation (Annex B contains most CITES Appendix II species). In the case of specimens introduced from the sea, a certificate has to be issued by the Management Authority of the State into which the specimens are being brought, for species listed in Appendix I or II.","Aquaculture (in outdoor ponds or indoor rearing tanks) is fully dependent on wild-caught seed material, since artificial reproduction is yet not yet possible.",,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINODONTIFORMES,CYPRINODONTIDAE,Aphanius,almiriensis,,Aphanius almiriensis,,,Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU27,,"The species was discovered in 1997 and it has not been observed in Almiri spring since 2003 (probably extirpated). The only other location the species is known from, Meligou spring (much less than 10 km²), was transformed into a bathing area, where the species is still thought to survive in surrounding habitat in the lagoon.",Decreasing,"Greece: two springs, one near Almiri (probably now extirpated) and the other at Meligou (Peloponnese).","At Almiri Spring in 2002 the species was not observed in a survey, in October 2003, five larvae were found and it has not been seen since where it is now expected to be extirpated (Kottelat pers comm.). At Meligou the species seems to be surviving in the lagoon adjacent to the bathing area in 2004.",Habitat: Fresh and brackish water springs (up to 23 ‰ salinity). Biology: Observed in areas with slow current.,"Habitat loss. One of the two springs the species is known from, Meligou, has been converted to a bathing area. At Almiri Spring, once brackish water, was observed to be totally marine in 2002 for unknown reasons.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINODONTIFORMES,CYPRINODONTIDAE,Aphanius,baeticus,,Aphanius baeticus,,,Yes,EN,A2ce,Yes,EN,A2ce,EU27,,"A. baeticus survives in only 7–8 sub populations and is suspected to have undergone a population decline of 50% in last 10 years. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is <500 km² and is in continuous decline due to a loss in habitat caused by pollution, destruction and to introduced species (Gambusia holbrooki, Fundulus heteroclitus and Procambarus clarkii) (Carmona, J. pers comm.). Although reintroduction programmes have been undertaken, this species could be extinct in the wild in the next ten years.",Decreasing,"It is restricted to the lower Guadalquivir region and in streams located on the southern Atlantic slope of Spain, including Coto Donana National Park.","Decreasing, only 7–8 fragmented populations are known.","It lives in freshwater and hypersaline lagoons, tidal channel, and in small streams. It is characterized by a short life span and large fluctuations in population size, as adaptations to a highly variable environment.","Habitat destruction and water pollution (mine spill in 1998 in Coto Donana), repeated drought, and introduction of exotic fish species Gambusia holbrooki and Fundulus heteroclitus as well as the swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii.",Included in Regional Andalucian Law 8/2003 of conservation of flora and fauna.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINODONTIFORMES,CYPRINODONTIDAE,Aphanius,fasciatus,,Aphanius fasciatus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"A. fasciatus is widely distributed, abundant and has no major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.",Stable,"It is distributed in all countries of the Mediterranean region to the exception of the Iberic Peninsula. It is restricted to coastal waters including islands. It is found in several Mediterranean islands, except Crete (Bianco et al. 1996). The Species is also found in the Suez Canal (Lotan and Ben-Tuvia 1996).",Abundant.,"It lives mainly in brackish and salty waters, mainly in lagoons.",Habitat destruction and eutrophication may be threats at a local scale.,It is listed in the Annex II of the European Union Habitat Directive and in Appendices II and III of the Bern Convention.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINODONTIFORMES,CYPRINODONTIDAE,Aphanius,iberus,,Aphanius iberus,,,Yes,EN,A2ce,Yes,EN,A2ce,EU27,,"It is estimated that A. iberus has undergone a population decline of at least 50% in the past 10 years due to pollution and introduced fish (Carmona, J. pers comm). The area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km², is fragmented and is in decline due to pollution and habitat destruction. This species is also in continuous decline with subpopulations regularly disappearing. Although a reintroduction programme using captive stock might help this species to recover, the threats will still be present.",Decreasing,"It is restricted to the Mediterranean coast of Spain and north-western Algeria. It is believed that the Algerian population is a separate species, but not yet described.",Decreasing.,It is a ubiquitous and short-lived species that can withstand wide salinity and temperature ranges. It lives mainly in salty lagoons where Gambusia and Fundulus are absent,"Habitat destruction, drought, water pollution and introduction of exotic fish species.",It is listed in the Annex II of the European Union Habitat Directive and in the Appendix II and III of the Bern Convention.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Aspius,aspius,,Aspius aspius,,Molecular and morphological data show that Aspius should be included in Leuciscus.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. However, locally threatened by river engineering projects. European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.",Unknown,"Large rivers draining to North Sea (Weser, Elbe), Baltic Sea (southern tributaries, Norway east of Oslo, southern Sweden, Kokemären drainage in southern Finland), Black Sea, Sea of Azov and Caspian Seas; Aegean Sea, from Maritza to Lake Volvi drainages. Absent in Black Sea basin south of Danube and Rioni (Georgia) drainages, but present in Turkey west of Ankara. Introduced in Rhine, Northern Dvina and Lake Balkhash (Asia). Identity of populations of Aral Sea remains uncertain.",Unknown.,"Habitat: Open water of large and mid-sized lowland rivers and large lakes. Spawns on gravel or submerged vegetation in fast-flowing water. Lake populations migrate to tributaries. Biology: Lives more than 10 years. Spawns for the first time at 3-5 years. Reproductive success seems to be associated with low water level and high spring temperatures. Spawns more than one season, in March-early April (mid-May in Volga), when temperatures rise above 8°C (Rhine) or even less (4-6°C in Terek), at places with strong current. Spawning lasts about two weeks. Eggs adhere to gravel or submerged plants. Semi-anadromous individuals or populations (Terek) forage predominantly in estuaries and freshened parts of the sea, migrating to rivers only for spawning. Starts spawning migration in second half of October (Terek) and overwinters in lower part of river. Juveniles are gregarious predators; adults hunt in small groups or are solitary. Juveniles and adults feed predominantly on fish, especially on Alburnus alburnus or Osmerus eperlanus. Juveniles grow rapidly, reaching about 80-100 mm SL during first year. Regularly hybridizes with L. idus.","No major threats known. However, locally threatened by river engineering projects.","It is a (EU - Berne Convention) Natura 2000 species, requiring protection from range states.",,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ATHERINIFORMES,ATHERINIDAE,Atherina,boyeri,,Atherina boyeri,,A. lagunae is an invalid name.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,"Along coast of Mediterranean, Black, Azov and Caspian Sea basins. Atlantic coast northward to Loire estuary (France). Isolated populations along costs of southern England and the Netherlands (some might actually be the marine A. mochon). Permanent freshwater resident populations in Guadalquivir and Tagus (now extirpated) drainages, Santo André lagoon (Portugal) and Lake Trichonis (Greece). Introduced in Aral Sea, Lake Trasimeno (Italy) and perhaps other lakes in Italy.",Common.,"Habitat: Lower parts of rivers, estuaries, coastal lakes and sea. Freshwater populations prefer still or slow-flowing waters. Pelagic in lakes. Biology: Gregarious. Usually lives 1-2 years, rarely up to four. Spawns for the first time at 1-2 years. Freshwater populations spawn in April-June in Guadalquivir, in March-October in Lake Trichonis. Short spawning migrations into estuaries in some populations. Fractional spawner, larger individuals spawn for a longer period. Eggs with long hairy appendages attaching them to filamentous algae, deposited at 2-6 m depth. Larvae are pelagic but often form schools close to the shores. In lakes and estuaries, feeds mainly on small planktonic invertebrates, often on benthos in rivers.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Aulopyge,huegelii,,Aulopyge huegelii,,"Following Eschmeyer (2004) the spelling of the specific name huegeli was corrected to Aulopyge huegelii.

There has been some confusion about the date of publication of the specific name, with the years 1841, 1842 and 1843 being used by different sources. Kottelat (1997) is followed here as he states the following: ""Although the generic name Aulopyge is available from Heckel (1841a: 384 [published 30 April 1941]; also 1841b: 523 [published 1842 according to Eschmeyer, 1990]), the species name A. huegelii is only available from his 1842 description. In the 1841 paper, Heckel only mentioned that the species would be named for Hügel, but did not use the name huegelii. The description is repeated in Heckel (1843: 1021).""",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)",No,,,EU27,,"This species has an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) <5,000 km² (Zrmanja, Krka and Cetina rivers), is restricted to two separate locations (based on the potential threat from invasive alien species and pollution), and has undergone an overall decline in habitat quality and the number of mature individuals. It is assessed as Endangered B1ab(iii,v).",Decreasing,"Endemic to the karst area of Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina where it is known from the Zrmanja, Krka and Cetina rivers. It can also establish itself in lakes and has been introduced to Lakes Blidin and Busko Blato. It has also been recorded in some small rivers in Livanjsko Polje. Its presence in Zrmanja has not been confirmed recently (M. Povz pers. comm.).",Little data but is locally abundant.,This species is suspected to move into the subterranean waters of karst caves in winter. Spawning lasts a month or more when temperatures reaches 20°C.,"Dams, degradation of the habitat, water pollution and water extraction.",None in place.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Babka,gymnotrachelus,,Babka gymnotrachelus,,Recently transferred from Neogobius to Babka.Future investigations may show that B. g. macrophthalmus from Caspian basin is a distinct species.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"A widespread species with no known major widespread threats, known from the Black, Azov and Caspian Sea basins. Since the late 1990s, this species has been an invasive immigrant in the rivers of the northern Black Sea basin.        European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.",Unknown,"Black, Azov and Caspian Sea basins. Since late 1990s, invasive immigrant in rivers of northern Black Sea basin. In Danube up to Vienna (about 2000 km from sea), in Dniepr up to Belarus. Recorded in 1996 from middle Vistula in Poland, where it arrived from Dniepr via a navigation canal. Fast spreading in Vistula observed in 2002. Invaded Volgograd reservoir through Volga-Don canal.",Very abundant and expanding range.,"Habitat: Mostly in freshwater and brackish water with low salinity (< 2 ?). Estuaries, brackish- and fresh-water lagoons and lakes, large rivers up to small, fast-flowing streams, on sand or mud bottom. Mainly found in well vegetated or high-complexity habitats. Abundant in backwaters and still channels. Biology: Lives up to 4-5 years. Spawns for the first time at two years. Spawns in April-June, occasionally until mid-August. Individual females may repeat spawning during a season. Usually spawns only for a single season. Adhesive eggs are deposited on stones, shells and aquatic plants. Males guard eggs until hatching. Feeds on a wide variety of invertebrates, especially molluscs.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Ballerus,ballerus,,Ballerus ballerus,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. However, locally threatened due to habitat alterations along river banks and degradation of lowland wetlands. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.",Unknown,"Large rivers draining to Baltic Sea (absent in northern Sweden and Finland north of 62°N), North Sea (Weser, Elbe), Black Sea, Sea of Azov (Don) and Caspian Sea (abundant in Volga, rare in Ural).",Abundant.,"Habitat: Large lowland rivers with backwaters; also in eutrophic lowland lakes. Spawns on submerged vegetation along shores of rivers or in backwaters. Also reported to spawn on gravel in moderate current. Biology: Lives more than 10 years. Spawns for the first time at 3-4 years and about 150 mm SL. Most individuals spawn several times during their life. Spawns in spring (March-April in lower Danube, April-early May in Baltic, May-June in Volga delta), when temperature reaches 10°C (8-12°C in lower Danube). Spawning period short, usually only 1-2 weeks. Females spawn once a year. Males often defend spawning territories along shoreline. In mature males, sides of body above anal with nuptial tubercles. May undertake long migrations upriver to suitable spawning sites. Juveniles in backwaters and flooded zones along rivers. Enters freshened parts of seas to forage. Feeds predominantly on zooplankton in open water of backwaters and other still water bodies.",No major threats known.,No information available.,It is harvested for human consumption.,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Ballerus,sapa,,Ballerus sapa,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,The species is widespread and expanding its range (through canals and introductions). It is usually rare and may be locally threatened by water pollution. In the upper Danube it proliferates in reservoirs.    European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.,Unknown,"Large rivers draining to Black, Azov, Caspian and Aral Seas. Introduced or native to Northern Dvina drainage (White Sea basin) where it is quickly spreading from warmer upper reaches (Vychegda system) northward. Introduced in River Volkhov (a Lake Ladoga tributary), in Rhine in 1995 and invasive in Vistula drainage, coming from Black Sea basin through Prypet-Bug canal (connecting Dniepr and Vistula drainages).",Unknown.,"Habitat: Large lowland rivers and estuaries. Spawns in fast-flowing water on gravel bottom or submerged vegetation. Biology: Poorly known. Thought to be a rheophilic, nocturnal species. Spawns for the first time at 3-4 years. Spawns in April-May when temperature rises above 8°C. Spawns in large aggregations. Semi-anadromous populations forage in large brackish-water habitats in estuaries around Black Sea. Spawning migration of semi-anadromous individuals start in November (Kura). Feeds on benthic invertebrates.",May be locally threatened by water pollution.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,BALITORIDAE,Barbatula,barbatula,,Barbatula barbatula,,"Often erroneously called Nemacheilus barbatulus, Cobitis barbatula or Orthrias barbatula. Several species are apparently confused under the name B. barbatula. Recent molecular studies suggest that several species are lumped under this name and a taxonomic revision is needed to settle this problem.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.European Union 27 = LC. Rationale same as above.,Unknown,"Europe north of Caucasus, Pyrénées and Alps, from Loire and Rhône drainages eastward; British Isles (except northern Scotland), southern Sweden and Finland (northward to about 66°N); Danube and Vardar drainages. Several similar species in Asia, as far as Japan (including B. toni, which earlier was considered conspecific).",Abundant.,"Habitat: Usually in flowing stretches of streams and medium-sized rivers with gravel to stone bottom, but also in a variety of other habitats, including sandy canals and lake shores. Spawns on gravel, sand or among aquatic vegetation. Larvae and small juveniles prefer sand bottom and slow current, shifting to gravel bottom and fast current when growing. Biology: Spawns for the first time usually at one year in central and southern Europe, 2-3 years in nutrient poor habitats and in northern Europe; most individuals spawn 1-2 seasons. Spawns in April-June at temperatures above 10°C, usually early morning. Open substrate, multiple spawner. Eggs are released in open water, often close to surface, drift and adhere to different substrates; they are often covered by sand or detritus. Individual females may spawn every day for a short period. Benthic larvae. Feeds on relative large benthic invertebrates (gammarids, chironomids, insect larvae). Tolerant to moderate organic pollution and stream canalisation, very sensitive to pollution by heavy metals.",No major threats known.,No information available.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,BALITORIDAE,Barbatula,quignardi,,Barbatula quignardi,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,"France: Lez to Tech drainages (Mediterranean basin); Spain, in Ebro drainage and between Bidasoa and Nervión drainages on eastern Cantabric slope (introduced in Douro drainage).",Abundant.,"Habitat: Streams with gravel to stone bottom. Biology: No data, probably largely similar to B. barbatula. Spawns for the first time at 40 mm SL.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,BALITORIDAE,Barbatula,sturanyi,,Barbatula sturanyi,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"The species is restricted to springs on the shore of Lake Ohrid and upper Drin river, but there are no threats known. Drought is not thought to be a threat as the springs and Lake Ohrid itself is fed by water from Lake Prespa.",Unknown,"Lake Ohrid basin (Macedonia, Albania). Mainly in springs draining into the lake and the upper Drin river.",Unknown.,Habitat: Springs along lake shore. Biology: No data.,Drought is most likely not a threat as the springs and Lake Ohrid are fed by the water from Lake Prespa.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,BALITORIDAE,Barbatula,zetensis,,Barbatula zetensis,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"Even though the species is found in only one drainage, the Moraca, there are no current or potential threats and in 2003 and 2006 it was found to be very common.",Unknown,"Montenegro: Lake Skadar basin, Moraca drainage.","In 2003 and 2006, it was found to be very common in the Moraca.",Habitat: Streams and rivers with stone bottom. Biology: No data.,No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Barbus,balcanicus,,Barbus balcanicus,,"This species is diagnosed mainly by molecular characters and difficult to distinguish from B. carpathicus and B. petenyi in the field. Characters given in the key may be of limited use. Some populations from the Gallikos, Aliakmon and lower Vardar have a longer dorsal with slightly concave margin, last simple dorsal ray granulous posteriorly along part of its length, a longer anal, and pointed caudal lobes. They possibly represent introgression with B. strumicae, or a distinct species.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. Common in suitable habitats.,Unknown,"Adriatic basin: Soca drainage (Italy, Slovenia). Danube drainage: upper Save, Archar, Krupaja, Vlasinsko and Nera systems, possibly more widespread in upper Danube drainage. Aegean basin: Gallikos, Vardar, Loudias and Aliakmon drainages (Greece, Macedonia).",Abundant.,Habitat: Fast to moderate-flowing premontane and montane streams and small rivers with gravel bottom. Spawns in riffles. Most abundant in rapids and riffles during day. Biology: Moves to upper reaches for spawning. Spawns in May-July.,No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Barbus,barbus,,Barbus barbus,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"The species has a very wide distribution. However it is locally threatened by water pollution and river regulation, especially in the Baltic drainages, Elbe, South Bug and Dniepr. Sharp declines due to construction of large reservoirs and pollution occurred during 20th century. However has since stabilized at a moderate level. Was heavily impacted by pollution in central Europe but populations have mostly recovered.European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.",Unknown,"North of the Pyrénées and Alps, from Adour (France) eastward to Neman (Lithuania, Russia) drainages, in rivers draining to Atlantic, North Sea and southern Baltic Sea; Danube to Dniepr drainages in northern Black Sea basin; southeastern England north to Yorkshire. In almost all Mediterranean drainages of France. Locally introduced in northern and central Italy, rivers Wear, Tees and Medway and most western drainages of England.",Abundant.,"Habitat: From premontane to lowland reaches of clear, warm, medium sized to large rivers with fast current and gravel bottom. Occasionally in lakes. Spawns usually in very shallow, fast-flowing waters, in riffles. Overwinters often in large aggregations inactive or active in slow-flowing river habitats. Biology: Adults often shoal, hiding under overhanging trees or bridges during day. Most active during dusk and dawn. Lives up to 15 years. Males usually spawn for the first time at 2-5 years, females 1-2 years later. Spawns in May-July, rarely until September when temperature reaches 15°C. Females spawn several times, usually at intervals of 10-15 days each season. Adults often undertake considerable spawning migrations. Lake populations migrate to tributaries. Individual females spawn with several males. Males assemble at spawning grounds and follow ripe females, often with much splashing, to shallow riffles. Males may exhibit courting or sneaking tactics in spawning sites. Courting males follow females to spawning site and, during the spawning act, one male swims head to head with the female. Sneaking males, waiting in the spawning site, then join the couple and try to fertilize eggs. Up to 130 males have been reported to be involved in a single spawning act. Females deposit 2-3 portions of non-sticky eggs into excavations made in the gravel. Feeding larvae drift a short distance from spawning site to shallow shoreline habitats. Larvae and juveniles are benthic, in very shallow shoreline habitats. They leave the shores for faster-flowing waters as they grow. Larvae and juveniles active during both day and night. Feeds on a wide variety of benthic invertebrates, small fish and sometimes on algae.","Water pollution, dams, river regulation.",No information available.,"It is harvested for human consumption, and for sport fishing.",,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Barbus,bergi,,Barbus bergi,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"The species has a reasonably restricted distribution (estimated at around 25,000 km²), but has no known major threats.",Unknown,"Western Black Sea basin: from Kamchiya to Resowska drainages (Bulgaria, Turkey).",Abundant.,Habitat: Fast to moderate flowing rivers and streams. Biology: Spawns until July.,No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Barbus,caninus,,Barbus caninus,,,Yes,EN,A2ace,Yes,EN,A2ace,EU27,,"Field survey has shown a decline in the number of spawning sites from an estimated 80 sites to only 25 sites (G. Bianco, pers comm.) over a 10-year period. This is used to infer an estimated 65% decline in the population in the last 10 years. The main causes of decline include water extraction, sedimentation and pollution, and ongoing hybridisation with other Barbus spp. Based on these direct observations at spawning beds, the decline in extent of occurrence and habitat quality, and hybridisation with other Barbus spp, the species is assessed as Endangered.",Decreasing,Endemic to the Po river basin (including that part extending into southern Switzerland) and northern Italy. It was also native to the Isonzo river but due to the impact of introduced species it is now not clear if it remains there.,"Formerly abundant, but now declining (Bianco and Delmastro 2004).","It lives in the upper hill zone of the mountainous area, up to 800–1000 a.s.l. It is a small-size barbel (< 250 mm) that requires rapidly flowing, clear water at temperature of 14–18°C. Spawning occurs between May and July. It is a multiple spawner, and is both polyandric and polygymnic.","Alteration of the habitat, dam construction, flow regulation, pollution and extraction of water. It is also threatened by the introduction of the non-native Barbus barbus and B. graellsii.",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J. & Bianco, P.G.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Barbus,carpathicus,,Barbus carpathicus,,This species is distinguished mainly on mtDNA characters and difficult to distinguish from B. balcanicus and B. petenyi in the field. Characters given in the key may be of limited use.,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,Still common in suitable habitats. However the population is gradually decline which is  expected to continue with on-going economic development (in particular dam construction in highland areas as the species requires running water). However this is not a rate to qualify the species for a threatened or Near Threatened category.,Decreasing,"Tisza system (Danube drainage), from Hron to Somes sub-systems, occasionally reaching to eastern Austria. Upper Vistula drainage in Slovakia and Poland; Wierzyca system (lower Vistula drainage, Poland); upper Dniestr drainage in Poland and Ukraine.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Fast to moderate flowing premontane and montane streams and small rivers with gravel bottom. Most abundant in shallow rapids and riffles during summer. Moves to deeper places in winter. Spawns in fast-flowing water (0.8-1 m/s) of shallow (0.5-0.8 m) riffles. Biology: Spawns for the first time at 2-3 years and about 75 mm SL (males), 110-140 mm SL (females). Spawns in May-August at temperatures above 18°C. Females deposit 2-3 portions of non-sticky eggs into excavations made in gravel. Feeding larvae drift short distance from spawning site to shallow shoreline habitats. Larvae and juveniles benthic, in very shallow shoreline habitats. They leave the shores for faster-flowing waters as they grow. Feeds on a wide variety of benthic invertebrates and algae.","Locally threatened by dams, particularly in highland areas.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Barbus,ciscaucasicus,,Barbus ciscaucasicus,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,A wide distribution and abundant in upper reaches of rivers. No known major widespread threats.,Unknown,"Western Caspian basin, from Terek to Samur drainages in northern Caucasus, Daghestan and Azerbaidjan. After construction of Kuma-Manych canal, invaded Chograiskoie Reservoir (Don drainage).",Abundant.,"Habitat: Piedmont and montane stretches of rivers and streams with stone or gravel bottom. Ranges upstream to uppermost reaches in mountains. Biology: Lives up to seven years. Females spawn for the first time at four years, males at 2-3. Migrates upriver and spawns in shallow tributaries in March-September. Average female spawns about 9,000 eggs. Larvae and yearlings remain in spawning streams, adults migrate downriver. Feeds on benthic invertebrates, terrestrial insects and diatoms. In still-water habitats, feeds on terrestrial insects and zooplankton.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Barbus,cyclolepis,,Barbus cyclolepis,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"A widespread (estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) >20,000 km², area of occupancy (AOO) >2,000 km²) and abundant species. However, locally at least one subspecies (B. c. cholorematicus) is threatened. This assessment is for the entire species complex.",Stable,"It is endemic to the Cholorema, Strymon, Evros, Nestos, Axios, Pinios and Sperchios river basins as well as in the northern part of Eboia Island in Greece. Recently the subspecies B. c. pergamonensis was found in the Evergetoulas river basin in Lesbos Island. It is also found in the Menderes river and Gediz river basins in Western Turkey.",Abundant but locally depressed.,"It is a small sized, riverine, barbel (<250 mm).",Water pollution and extraction. Drought.,"None, except for a special law for protection of Barbus cyclolepis cholorematicus but this is not enforced.",,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Barbus,euboicus,,Barbus euboicus,,,Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,ii)c(ii)+2ab(i,ii)c(ii)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,ii)c(ii)+2ab(i,ii)c(ii)",EU27,,"This species has undergone a major population decline and has a highly restricted distribution. However, it could not be assessed under Criterion A as the population decline was more than 10 years ago. With an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) <100 km² and area of occupancy (AOO) <10 km², restriction to a single location (the Manikiotikos stream system) and a continuing problem of water extraction leading to further reduction in EOO and AOO the species is assessed as Critically Endangered under Criterion B. There is not thought to be any ongoing decline in the number of mature individuals as very few remain.",Stable,Endemic to streams of the central/eastern part of Euboea Island in Greece where it is restricted to a single stream named Manikiotikos.,Rare to scarce.,"It lives in a small stream system with great seasonal variations in the water flow. In summer, parts of this stream may dry out and the fish find refuge in deep pools in which they spend the summer until the next rain in autumn. It is a small size barbel (<250 mm) that reproduces in June in gravel beds.",Extreme levels of water extraction.,"This species is protected by a special Greek law, but the law is not enforced.",,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Barbus,haasi,,Barbus haasi,,,Yes,VU,A2ce+3ce,Yes,VU,A2ce+3ce,EU27,,"B. haasi has undergone an estimated population decline of 30% in the past ten years mainly due to pollution and extraction, introduced species and habitat destruction (Crivelli, A. pers comm). This decline is likely to continue into the future at the same rate with desiccation being the main threat (Carmona, J. pers comm).",Decreasing,It is restricted to headwaters of streams belonging to the Ebro river basin and to several coastal river basins in Spain.,No data.,"It is a small size barbel (<220 mm), living in the upper part of rivers with cold, rapidly running waters and gravel stony substrate. Reproduction takes place between April and June. Life span is 5–6 years.",Water pollution and extraction and invasive species have been the main threats. Dam construction is also destroyng some of the species habitat. Desiccation is seen as a major future threat to the species.,Listed on Annex V of the European Union Habitats Directive as B. copito.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Barbus,kubanicus,,Barbus kubanicus,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,Probably extirpated from the lower Kuban since construction of Krasnodar dam (impacts from dam occurred more than three generations or 10 years ago). The species is still widespread and abundant.,Unknown,Kuban drainage and Sea of Azov close to Kuban estuary.,Abundant.,"Habitat: Mountain and piedmont streams, with strong currents, sand, gravel or rock bottom. Less abundant in lowland stretches and estuary. Spawns on gravel bottom. Biology: Males reproduce for the first time at three years, females at four. Spawns in May-August. Spawning run starts at end of March and peaks in May. Migrations may extend to uppermost reaches of tributaries. Female lays up to three portions of eggs (total up to 60,000). After spawning, adults migrate downstream and spend winter in main course of Kuban and lower reaches of tributaries. Larvae and small juveniles feed mostly on chironomids and algae. Larger juveniles and adults feed on a variety of benthic invertebrates, and small fish.",Dams.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Barbus,macedonicus,,Barbus macedonicus,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Although this species has a small range living in rivers where there is habitat destruction, water extraction and pollution there are currently insufficient data to determine the impacts of the known threat to the species.",Unknown,Restricted to the Axios and Pinios river basins in Greece and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and the Loudias and Aliakmon river basins in Greece.,No data.,"It is a large size, riverine, barbel (<800 mm).","Habitat destruction, water pollution, and overfishing.",None apart from the general Greek fishing law which is not enforced.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Barbus,meridionalis,,Barbus meridionalis,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"B. meridionalis has a large but fragmented distribution with an area of occupancy (AOO) of nearly 2,000 km² as it is present in only parts of streams and not the main rivers, it is also threatened by hybridisation with other Barbus species in addition it has undergone a population decline of nearly 30% (Crivelli, A. pers comm).",Stable,"It is restricted to the southern part of the Rhône river basin and to several coastal streams in France, and to few coastal streams in northern Catalonia, Spain.",Declining.,"It is a small size barbel (<220 mm). It occurs in the upper and middle courses of mountainous rivers with clear, flowing and well oxygenated waters. Sensitive to pollution. Reproduction takes place between May and July. It can hybridize with Barbus barbus and Barbus haasi.","Habitat alteration, dams, water extraction and pollution are the main factors threatening this species.",It is listed in the Annexes II and V of the European Union Habitats Directive and in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Barbus,peloponnesius,,Barbus peloponnesius,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"It is abundant. In rivers, it might be locally decreasing, but it is very resilient to changing conditions.",Stable,"Restricted to the Peloponnesus and western Greece, from Kalamas to Parmissos.","Generally abundant, but locally decreasing in a few intermittent streams.","A small size barbel <230 mm) which lives mainly in the upper reaches of rivers with stony substrate, cold and well-oxygenated water, and fast current. Also found in oligotrophic to eutrophic lakes.",Habitat destruction and water extraction.,It is listed in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention as Barbus peloponesis.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Barbus,pergamonensis,,Barbus pergamonensis,,,No,EN,B1ab(iii),No,EN,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"This species has a very restricted range within Europe, known only from the island of Lesbos. The species is impacted by pollution from industry, agriculture and domestic sources. Water abstraction and drought, which is predicted to be increasing in severity with climate change, are also potential threats. The species has an EOO of less than 5,000 km2 and is found in less than 5 locations.    European Union 27 = EN B1ab(iii). Same rational as above.",Decreasing,"Greece: Lesbos Island, stream Evergetoulas. Turkey: Rivers on the western coast (Aegean drainage) from Menderes (Biga peninsular) to Dalaman.",No information.,Habitat: Streams and rivers. Biology: No data.,"Pollution, industrial, domestic and agricultural, water abstraction and climate change (predicted to increase the severity of droughts).",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Barbus,petenyi,,Barbus petenyi,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Still frequent in suitable habitats. Decline suspected and expected gradually to continue with on-going economic development, but not at a rate to qualify for a threatened or Near Threatened category.",Unknown,"Danube drainage in Bulgaria and Romania: Mures, Arges, Olt, Iskar, Jantra, Ialomita and Beli Vit systems. Kamchyia drainage (Black Sea basin of Bulgaria).",Abundant.,"Habitat: Upper and middle stretches of streams and small rivers, with fast, clear and well oxygenated water. Biology: No data.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Barbus,plebejus,,Barbus plebejus,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,An abundant and widespread species with no overall decline although there is local decline in some places. European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.,Stable,"Restricted to the Po river basin (including the southern part of Switzerland), all river basins in northern Italy, the Soca-Isonzo river basin (Slovenia-Italy), Reba basin, the Dragonia River, and in Croatian rivers as far as Krka river. It also occurs in lakes. It has been introduced in many rivers of central Italy for angling.","In the middle and lower main course of the Po basin the species is suspected to have disappeared due to introduced species Barbus barbus and Silurus glanis (Bianco, G. pers. obs).","It is large size barbel (<550 mm) preferring gravel or sandy substrate and rivers with moderately deep, well oxygenated flowing water on foothill regions. Reproduction takes place from late April to early July.","Dams, organic pollution, drought, introduced species and habitat loss.",It is listed in Annexes II and V of the European Union Habitats Directive and in Appendix III of the Bern Convention.,This species has been introduced into lakes for angling.,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Barbus,prespensis,,Barbus prespensis,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"The species is presently stable, and has a relatively widespread distribution. It was previously thought to be endemic to the Lakes Prespa, but new surveys and research has shown the species to be more widespread than previously thought.European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.",Stable,"Known from the Shkumbini river to the Dukati river including the Greek part of Vjosa (Aoos) and the Prespa lakes in north-western Greece, Albania and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).",Stable.,It is a small size barbel (<300 mm) that spends most of its life in the lakes except during reproduction (late April-July) when it migrates into tributaries to spawn. It is a commercial species.,"There is a threat from water pollution, overfishing, and water extraction resulting in a reduction in water levels due to karstic nature of these lakes.",None known.,It is harvested for human consumption.,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Barbus,rebeli,,Barbus rebeli,,YesYes,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"Widespread and locally abundant, but many small streams are dry in summer; populations are greatly fragmented and several potentially threatened. Albanian populations suspected to be impacted by overfishing.    European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.",Unknown,"Adriatic basin, from Drin drainage, including Lakes Skadar and Ohrid (Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia).",Abundant.,"Lacustrine and riverine. Found in streams and rivers, prefers stretches with clear water and riffles.","Overfishing, drought.",No information available.,"It is harvested for human consumption, and for sport fishing.",,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Barbus,sperchiensis,,Barbus sperchiensis,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"The species is found in the Sperchios, Pinios and Cholorema drainages of Evia (Eubea) Island (total extent of occurrence of around 10,000 km²). There is a continuing decline in habitat quality due to agricultural development and water abstraction. However based on the main threats, the species is in more than 10 locations, as the species is found in many headwaters. The species is close meeting VU under the B1 criteria.",Unknown,"Greece: Sperchios, Pinios and Cholorema drainages, streams in northern extremity of Evia (Eubea) Island.",No information.,Habitat: Streams and rivers; prefers stretches with clear water and riffles. Biology: No data.,"Water abstraction, drought, water pollution (agricultural).",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Barbus,strumicae,,Barbus strumicae,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"The species is found in the Aegean basins from Volvi to Nestos drainages, with a total extent of occurrence of nearly 30,000 km², where there is a continuing decline in water quality due to water pollution from agriculture and water abstraction. Poaching is also a threat, B. strumicae is not targeted but is killed as bycatch as electricity and fine nets are used. However, the threats are thought not to be serious enough to cause a population decline that would qualify for a threatened or Near Threatened category.",Unknown,"Aegean Sea basin, from Volvi to Nestos drainages (Greece, Macedonia, Bulgaria).",No information.,Habitat: Streams and rivers; prefers stretches with clear water and riffles. Biology: Reaches up to seven years. Spawns for the first time at two years. Spawns in June.,"Water abstraction, drought, poaching and pollution from agriculture.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Barbus,tauricus,,Barbus tauricus,,,Yes,VU,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)",No,,,EU27,,"The species is restricted to seven streams on the Crimea (extent of occurrence of about 6,000 km²). It is still abundant in the Bel Bek and Kacha streams, it has become rare in streams Salgir, Chornaya and Alma due to pollution (Salgir) and water abstraction for irrigation (Alma). Water abstraction is expected to increase in the immediate future in all streams of Crimea.",Unknown,Restricted to seven streams of the Crimea (Black and Azov Sea basins).,Abundant.,"Habitat: Widespread, from mountain streams with strong current to brackish stream estuaries. Prefers river stretches at 100-600 m above sea level. Biology: Males reproduce for the first time at two years, about 65 mm SL, females at three years, about 100 mm SL. Moves upstream into upper reaches, or near rapids to spawn on gravel or rock bottom. Females lay eggs in 1-3 portions. Eggs are non-sticky and lie among or under pebbles until hatching. At beginning of winter, moves to deeper places with less current and stops feeding. Feeds mainly on zoobenthos.",Water pollution and abstraction. Water abstraction is expected to increase.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Barbus,tyberinus,,Barbus tyberinus,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"This is still a widespread species, and is locally abundant in southern Italy. Overall there is a decline due to loss of habitat as a result of water abstraction, habitat alteration, climate change and hybridisation with introduced Barbus barbus and B. plebejus. The decline from these introduced species in central Italy is severe, with a decline of definitely more than 30% over the last 10 to 20 years, and possibly more than 50%. At the global level however it is not thought that the rate of decline quite meets the threshold for a threatened category, and it is assessed as Near Threatened. More data collected may require that this species is upgraded to a threatened category.For the European Union 27 region, this species is also assessed as Near Threatened (NT), with the same rationale as above.",Decreasing,"This species is known from Italy, where it occurs in the Tyrrhenian Sea basin, between rivers at Genova and Sele drainage; Adriatic basin, from Essino to Ofanto drainages. It has been introduced at several other locations in Italy.","In the main courses of the Tuscano latium ichthyogeographic district (rivers Arno, Ombrone, Albegna, Tiber), the species is in decline due to the introduction of alien species (Barbus plebejus, B. graellsii, B. barbus). The population is now mostly restricted to the brooks, rivulets and upper courses of the main rivers (Bianco and Ketmaier 2001). Within central Italy it is likely that the population has declined significantly, certainly over 30% and possibly over 50%, in the last 10 to 20 years due to introduced species (P.G. Bianco pers. comm.). However declines are less severe in southern Italy, and it is not thought that the decline across the global population would quite meet a 30% decline over the last 10 years or three generations.","It is found in piedmont rivers and lakes. Preferential rheophile (prefers to live in fast-flowing waters). It can occur in moderate flowing waters of warm rivers and streams. This is a pioneer species, polyandric (females mate with more than one male in a single breeding season), polygynic (males mate with more than one female in a single mating season), multi-spawner, and warm-water adapted. It is adapted to survive in extreme environmental conditions and, as for the chub, is the last to leave and the first to colonize intermittent rivers.","It is threatened by loss of habitat as a result of water abstraction, habitat alteration, climate change and hybridisation with introduced B. barbus and B. plebejus.",No information is available on conservation measures in place.,No information available.,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Barbus,waleckii,,Barbus waleckii,,"B. waleckii has been regarded as a hybrid between female B. barbus and male B. carpathicus. Available data suggest that individuals of B. waleckii are not first generation hybrids, and that they have their own biological and reproduction characteristics; they might nevertheless be a species of hybrid origin. Pending demonstration that B. waleckii is not a distinct reproductive lineage, it is recognized as a valid species.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Locally endemic but probably not very rare, it population status requires further investigation. However it is expected to be gradually declining, which will continue with on-going economic development (in particular dam construction in highland areas as the species requires running water). However this is not a rate to qualify the species for a threatened or Near Threatened category.",Decreasing,"Vistula drainage (mainly San and Wisloka systems) downstream to Wilga (about 50 km from Warsaw), upper Dniestr basin in Poland and Ukraine. Similar barbels from upper Tisza system (Danube drainage) may belong to this species.",Slowly declining.,"Habitat: Rather small rivers with moderate to fast current in piedmont and montane zones at 200-600 m above sea level. Prefers stone, gravel, pebble or sand bottom and river stretches with rapids and deep holes. Spawns in shallow places over pebble bottom with fast current and clear water with high oxygen concentrations. Biology: Males reproduce for the first time at two years, females at 4-5. Spawns in May-July. At beginning of spawning season, migrates upriver to shallow, smaller tributaries. Does not migrate for long distances. During feeding season, usually moves along main course of stream. Spawning peaks in evening, at sunset. Males and females splash. Individual females actively dig holes with anal, into which eggs are released. Probably spawns 2-3 times during a spawning season. Feeds on benthic invertebrates.","Locally threatened by dams, particularly in highland areas.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Benthophiloides,brauneri,,Benthophiloides brauneri,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Only known from one doubtful specimen from the Caspian basin, one  specimen from the Danube basin, in the lower Dneiper river and recorded  from near Kiev, Lake Shabla in Bulgaria. Although the species has been recorded from widespread locations, it is very rarely caught and it may now be extirpated from some of these locations. More information is needed on its current distribution and impact of threats.    European Union 27 = DD. Same rational as above. Only known from one  specimen from the Danube basin.   Same rational as above. Only known from one specimen from the Danube basin and from old records from Lake Shabla in Bulgaria.",Unknown,"Only known from one doubtful specimen from the Caspian basin, one specimen from the Danube basin, in the lower Dneiper river and recorded from near Kiev, Lake Shabla in Bulgaria.","Its population is unknown as it is very rarely recorded. It may only be extant in the lower Dneiper, or could be wide spread across the Black sea.","Habitat: Very rarely observed. Estuaries, coastal lakes and lower part of rivers, at depths up to 15 m, in still, fresh and brackish water. Biology: Lives only one year. Spawns in July-August, possibly only a small batch of about 20-30 eggs. Feeds on small crustaceans, gastropods and insect larvae.","Suspected that the narrowing of the brackish zone due water abstraction and flow regulation (Bogutskya, N. pers comm.). Also climate change is predicted to increase the severity of drought.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Benthophilus,durrelli,,Benthophilus durrelli,,Earlier considered conspecific with B. stellatus.,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"Not a very widespread species (extent of occurrence around 20,000 km²), but it has no known major threats.",Unknown,"Sea of Azov: Taganrog Bay of the Sea of Azov and Don River from mouth upstream to the upper stretch of Tsymlyansk Reservoir. Prefers freshwater and does not penetrate into the sea, abundant in fresh waters at river mouths. Introduced (mixed with mysids) in Kuibyshev reservoir on Volga, from where it spread in Volga, from Gorgy to Volgograd reservoirs.",No information.,"Habitat: Fresh and brackish waters. In coastal areas of Sea of Azov, but mostly at river mouths (saline water, up to 3 ‰), lower reaches of rivers, and reservoirs. Prefers silty sand with mollusc shells. Biology: Lives about one year. Spawns in May-August. Females probably lay eggs in 2-3 portions inside or under a mollusc shell. Adults die soon after spawning. Feeds mainly on insect larvae and small molluscs.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Benthophilus,granulosus,,Benthophilus granulosus,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,"Coastal areas of the whole Caspian Sea, especially abundant at northern and eastern coasts of the Caspian Sea, at river deltas, in particular, of Ural and Volga (up to Astrakhan).",Abundant.,"Habitat: Both fresh and marine waters; prefers brackish and slightly saline zones in deltas and estuaries. In summer inhabits shallow coastal waters (0.5-20 m) and shallow channels of deltas, moves to deeper areas (down to 60-70 m) in winter. Biology: Spawns after first winter. In northern Caspian Sea and Volga delta, spawns in April-July in shallow water. Feeds mostly on molluscs and crustaceans.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Benthophilus,leobergius,,Benthophilus leobergius,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,"Widely spread but not abundant in coastal areas of almost the whole Caspian Sea. In the south, reliably known from Gorgan Bay. Not reported from eastern Central Caspian",Abundant.,"Habitat: Fresh, brackish, rarely marine waters, prefers salinity below 9 ‰. In still or slowly flowing water over mud bottom. At depths around 0.5-10 m in summer, moves to deeper places in winter. Biology: Lives about one year. Spawns in April-October. Females lay eggs in two, sometimes more, portions. Females die shortly after last release of eggs, males 3-4 weeks later. Males probably guard a clutch of eggs until hatching. Feeds on benthic invertebrates, mainly molluscs.",Sensitive to oil pollution.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Benthophilus,macrocephalus,,Benthophilus macrocephalus,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,"Lower reaches and deltas of Volga, Ural, Samur, Terek (Berg, 1949; Ragimov, 1966, 1981, 1985а; Vasilieva, 1983, 2000).  In Central Caspian along the western coast, and in South Caspian further eastward to Gorgan Bay (ZISP and IZA collections). We suppose that the species does not occur along the eastern coast of Central Caspian Sea; reports on its distribution there most probably refer to the later described B. mahmudbejovi.",One of the most abundant species in North Caspian.,"Habitat: Shallow coastal waters and estuaries, usually at 0.5-10 m depth, over mud bottom; lower reaches of rivers. Widely distributed but rare. During warm seasons prefers coastal waters down to 10 m. In northern Caspian Sea, moves to deeper areas (20-25 m) in winter. Biology: Lives about one year. Forms schools during spawning season (April-July) in coastal shallows over hard mud bottom with mollusc shells. Females lay eggs in at least two portions into empty shells. Feeds mostly on molluscs and fish (small gobies), also worms and crustaceans.",Sensitive to oil pollution.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Benthophilus,magistri,,Benthophilus magistri,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,"Eastern part of the Sea of Azov: Miusskiy, Eyskiy, Kurkuy and other limans, estuarine and deltaic areas, Gulf of Taganrog.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Fresh and slightly brackish waters with salinity below 11‰, usually over mud bottom. Biology: Lives about one year. Females probably lay eggs in 2-3 portions within or under a mollusc shell. Adults die soon after spawning. Feeds mainly on molluscs, crustaceans and chironomid larvae.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Benthophilus,mahmudbejovi,,Benthophilus mahmudbejovi,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,"Along most coasts of Caspian Sea (at depth 3-15 m in North Caspian, and at down to 50 m in Central and South Caspian), abundant in Volga delta (Ragimov, 1976, 1977, 1981, 1985b). recorded in Volga downstream from Volgograd (Lagunova, in Ragimov, 1981) but a single sample is reliably known only from the upper part of the Volga delta (45 km upstream from Astrakhan', Ragimov's matererial, IZA uncat.).",Abundant.,"Habitat: Fresh and brackish waters, salinity up to 13 ‰. Down to 50 m, mature adults at 1-11 m. Biology: Lives about one year. Spawns in May-September, until December in southern Caspian. Some individuals may spawn for the first time at 6-7 months. Females probably lay eggs in three portions. Females die after spawning, males probably 3-4 weeks later.",Sensitive to oil pollution.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Benthophilus,nudus,,Benthophilus nudus,,Earlier considered conspecific with B. stellatus.,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,"In Tendrovskiy Bay, limans and coastal lakes of north-western Black Sea, lakes of Danube delta. It occurs rather far upstream: in Danube to Iron Gate dam, in Dniester to Bendery, in South Bug to Gard rapids. Native range in Dnieper not clear. Invasive in reservoirs in Dnieper after damming in late 1940s where distributed now up to Kiev, in Ingulets up to Snegirevka (Smirnov 1986, Pligin et al. 2002; pers. obs.).",Abundant.,"Habitat: Fresh and slightly brackish waters. Prefers lowland rivers, deltas and coastal lakes. In rivers, usually abundant in main stream. Usually on silty sand with mollusc shells. Biology: Lives about one year. Spawns in May-August. Females probably lay eggs in 2-3 portions inside or under a mollusc shell. Adults die soon after spawning. Feeds mainly on chironomid larvae, amphipods and molluscs.",No major threats known.,No information available.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Benthophilus,stellatus,,Benthophilus stellatus,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,"Gulf of Taganrog and limans of eastern coast of the Sea of Azov; also along western coast especially in high-water years when the species is recorded in central parts of the sea, too (Iljin , 1927a, 1927c, 1930; Maiskiy, 1955, 1960). The species is formally described from Voronezh (Upper Don R. system, 51.8ºN 33.5ºE) but have never been recorded in Don so up since (Fedorov, 1960). According to our samplings, along the main course of Don it only occurs up to the upper reach of Tsymlyansk Reservoir. Benthophilus stellatus may be present in Severskiy Donetz and Manych (Solodovnikov, 1930; Vitkovskiy, 2000) and in Lower Kuban' River (Emtyl' et al., 1988) together with Benthophilus durrelli but this needs clarification. Prefers shallow coastal lagoons and lowland rivers.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Shallow coastal lagoons and lowland rivers, in fresh and brackish water with salinity below 12 ‰. In rivers, prefers mainstream, more than 3 m deep and with mud bottom. In Sea of Azov over sand, avoiding silted areas. Biology: Spawns after first winter, in May-June. Females die shortly after spawning, males some weeks later. Feeds mainly on molluscs, insects and crustaceans.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Blicca,bjoerkna,,Blicca bjoerkna,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.,Unknown,"&#160;North, Baltic, White, Black (south to Rioni drainage) and Caspian Sea basins, Atlantic basin southward to Adour drainage (France; possibly introduced southward of Loire) and Mediterranean basin in France (Hérault and Rhône drainages). In Aral, Marmara and Anatolian Black Sea basins west of Ankara. Naturally absent from Iberian Peninsula, Italy, Adriatic basin, Crimea, Great Britain (except southeast), Scandinavia north of Sundsvall (Sweden) and 65°N (Finland). Locally introduced in Spain and northeastern Italy. In France apparently introduced in small coastal drainages of Var.",Abundant.,"Habitat: A wide variety of shallow, warm lowland lakes and slow-flowing lower reaches of large rivers and canals. Often very abundant on bottom of large sandy rivers. Spawns along shores on submerged vegetation, roots or even on shallow gravel bottom. Biology: Predominantly nocturnal. Gregarious. Lives more than 10 years. Males reproduce for the first time at two years, females at three. Most individuals spawn 2-3 times per season, at intervals of about 10 days and spawn in more than one year. Spawns in May-July at temperatures above 15°C, in early morning. Eggs are sticky and larvae inhabit still water bodies. Feeds on benthic invertebrates. Often hybridizes with Vimba vimba. Most reported hybrids with Abramis brama in fact are A. brama with pharyngeal teeth 2,5-5,2 (vs. usually 5-5).",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Carassius,carassius,,Carassius carassius,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Wide distribution but gradual and continuing extirpation in many water bodies, especially in Danube drainage and central Europe, for unknown reasons. Suspected to be due to   oss of suitable habitats and competition with introduced C. gibelio in non-optimal habitats.    European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.",Decreasing,"North, Baltic, White, Barents, Black and Caspian Sea basins; Aegean Sea basin only in Maritza drainage; eastward to Kolyma drainage (Siberia); westward to Rhine and eastern drainages of England. Absent from North Sea basin in Sweden and Norway. In Baltic basin north to about 66°N. Widely introduced to Italy, England and France but possibly often confused with C. gibelio.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Usually restricted to densely vegetated backwaters and oxbows of lowland rivers. Also in small well vegetated lakes and channels. Tolerates high summer temperatures and very low oxygen concentrations in summer and under ice cover. Able to survive in almost completely frozen water or almost-dry habitats by burying itself in mud. Spawns in dense submerged vegetation. Biology: Lives about 10 years. Males reproduce for the first time at three years, females at four years in central and eastern Europe, at two years in southern Europe. Spawns in May-July at temperatures above 18°C. Individual females spawn with several males. Males follow ripe females, often with much splashing. Females spawn 3-5 times during a season. Eggs are sticky and are attached to water plants. Omnivorous; feeds all day but mostly at night on plankton, benthic invertebrates, plant material and detritus. Seems to be a weak competitor, usually absent from waters with rich ichthyofauna and abundant predatory species. Very abundant in the absence of other fish species. High-bodied, fast-growing individuals in habitats with predatory fish, more elongate in habitats without predatory fish.",Introduced C. gibelio.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI,PETROMYZONTIFORMES,PETROMYZONTIDAE,Caspiomyzon,wagneri,,Caspiomyzon wagneri,,,No,NT,,No,,,EU27,,"The species is restricted to the Caspian Sea basin. It has seen a sharp decline after the construction of the dams in the 1950s and 1960s. In Europe, currently the species is rare with only a few remaining spawning sites in rivers draining from eastern Caucasus (including Sulak) and Volga where it might have stabilised at a low level. There are indications that it has formed landlocked populations in reservoirs in the lower Volga. Still abundant in tributaries to the Caspian Sea in Iran, but there also, most spwning sited have been blocked by dams.The area of the remaining spawning sites is unknown, but it is suspected that the area of occupancy is less than 2,000 km². The current threat to the species is the drying of the rivers (drought), so there is most likely more than 10 locations. The species is close to meeting VU under the B2 criteria.    European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.",Unknown,"Caspian Sea and tributaries in Europe (Ural, Volga, Terek, Kuma) and Asia. Migrates to uppermost tributaries in Volga.","Only single individuals have been caught in fisheries catches in the past few years (N. Bogutskaya, pers comm.) at the Volga river mouth. There is an indication that there is a landlocked population above the Volgograd dam (status unknown). The species has aparently disapeared in the Kuma, Terek and Kura. In Iran individuals are still caught regularly (A. Abdoli, pers comm. to J. Freyhof).","Habitat: Adults live in sea and spawn in reaches of rivers and streams with strong current. Ammocoetes live in detritus-rich sands or clay sediments. Biology: Anadromous. Spawns in couples in March-July (River Sakmara, Ural drainage), when temperatures reach 15-23°C. Adults die after spawning. Ammocoete stage lasts 2-4 years in freshwater. Feeds on detritus and micro-organisms. After metamorphosis, juveniles migrate to the sea. In lower Volga, the occurrence of small (about 190 mm TL) and large (370-550 mm TL) mature adults implies that adults may feed one or two summers before breeding. Feeds on invertebrates and dead fish. Feeding behaviour unknown. Adults start to migrate to rivers in autumn and winter, usually in October-February. Spawning migration is not interrupted by ice flow in Volga.","Dams of rivers in the Caspian sea in the 1950's and 1960's blocked off many spawning grounds, causing a population decline. Current threats to the species is the drying of the rivers (drought), as the species has found some new spawning grounds below the dams. The species is not poached.",No information.,"--- Other purpose text ---Until 1868, all catches were dried and used as candles or for production of oil. Only thereafter it was used as food for humans, and is now considered a valuable and delicious fish. (Holcík, J., 1986)",,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Caspiosoma,caspium,,Caspiosoma caspium,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,The species has a widespread distribution and is not thought to be threatened.,Unknown,"Lower reaches, deltas and limans of rivers draining to northern Black Sea (Dniestr, Dniepr), Sea of Azov (Don and Kuban deltas, mouth of smaller rivers) and Caspian Sea (delta and lower reaches of Volga).",No information.,"Habitat: Fresh and slightly brackish water with salinity up to about 10 ‰; usually over mud bottom. Biology: Probably lives only one year. Spawns in May-August, in shallow areas, at 0.5-0.8 m depth (also reported down to 20 m), with some current, hard sand, mud or clay bottom and with rare vegetation. Spawns in empty mollusc shells. Probably spawns eggs (4.3 × 1.8 mm) in several portions. Males probably tend the nest. Feeds on benthic invertebrates, rotifers and algae.","Shortening of the brackish zone, due to water abstraction and flow regulation of the rivers.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MUGILIFORMES,MUGILIDAE,Chelon,labrosus,,Chelon labrosus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,"Coasts of Mediterranean, Black Sea (absent from Sea of Azov) and Eastern Atlantic from Cape Verde and Senegal to southern Norway, southern Iceland and Faroe Islands.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Pelagic near shores, sometimes in lagoons and estuaries. Spawns at sea in coastal surface water. Biology: Usually lives in schools along shores, frequently enters lagoons and estuaries, juveniles easily adapt to freshwater. Lives up to 12 years. Males reproduce for the first time at two years, females at three, later in northern areas. Females larger than males. Spawns pelagic eggs in February-April. Juveniles around 20 mm SL move to coastal lagoons and estuaries in April-June, return to sea in summer. Juveniles feed on zooplankton; adults feed on algae, vegetal detritus and sediment.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Chondrostoma,knerii,,Chondrostoma knerii,,Listed in the 1996 Red List as Chondrostoma kneri but following FISHBASE it is Chondrostoma knerii. Orthographic error not included in synonyms list.,Yes,VU,D2,No,,,EU27,,"Although the species is reported to have declined there are no data to support this conclusion. It is, however, restricted to the main channel of a single river system, which is taken as a single location threatened by the potential introduction of alien species, in particular Chondrostoma nasus.",Stable,Restricted to the Neretva river basin in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina.,Common throughout its range.,A riverine species.,"Dams, water pollution and extraction. It is also threatened by the potential introduction of alien species.",Listed in Appendix III of the Bern Convention.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Chondrostoma,kubanicum,,Chondrostoma kubanicum,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"Very sensitive to water quality, especially turbidity. Possibly declined during 20th century because of construction of Krasnodar dam. Most likely stabilised since. Still very abundant in middle and upper stretches of tributaries and has no known current threats.",Unknown,Black Sea basin: Kuban drainage.,Very abundant.,"Habitat: Piedmont and montane rivers with strong current and gravel bottom. Most of year in middle or upper stretches of rivers; in winter, moves downstream to lower stretches or larger tributaries. Biology: Spawns for the first time at three years, females often one year later. In January-February, starts spawning migration to uppermost montane reaches, entering small shallow streams with very fast current. Spawns in March-May at sites with gravel or hard sand, with rapids and swift current (up to 1.5 m/s), 0.2-1.0 m deep, in clean water with high oxygen concentrations. Females lay 1000-1250 eggs, during a short period, usually in a single night, but often in several portions. Most individuals at a given spawning site spawn over 3-4 nights. Eggs are sticky and adhere to substrate. Feeds mainly on detritus, also on periphyton, benthic invertebrates, especially during first year of life.",The dam one dam in the basin (Krasnodar Dam) was built during Soviet times and may have had an impact. Currently there are no threats to the species.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Chondrostoma,nasus,,Chondrostoma nasus,,Individuals reported as C. nasus from the Drin drainage (including Lakes Ohrid and Skadar) apparently represent a distinct species.,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Widespread but locally threatened due to damming, destruction of spawning sites and pollution. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.",Unknown,"Basins of Black (Danube, Dniestr, South Bug and Dniepr drainages), southern Baltic (Nieman, Odra, Vistula) and southern North Seas (westward to Meuse). Invasive or introduced in Rhône, Loire, Hérault, Seine (France) and Soca (Italy, Slovenia) drainages.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Moderate to fast-flowing large to medium sized rivers with rock or gravel bottom. Spawns in fast-flowing water on shallow gravel beds often in small tributaries. May show a strong size related longitudinal distribution in smaller rivers, with adults inhabiting more upper river stretches. Biology: Lives up to 12 years. Spawns for the first time at 4-5 years. May migrates some tens of km to spawning sites, which are often situated in tributaries, but which it does not inhabit in summer. Spawns in March-May when temperature reaches 12°C. Males form large aggregations, each male defending a small territory. Females spawn only once a year and, in some populations, during a very short period (3-5 days). Females deposit the sticky eggs into excavations made in gravel. Feeding larvae live along shores. Larvae live below surface. Early juveniles are benthic and inhabit very shallow shoreline habitats. When growing, they leave the shores for faster-flowing waters. Recruitment is closely related to high spring temperature, absence of spring floods and available shallow-water habitats along shores. Juveniles overwinter in backwaters or in cavities along shores. Adults form dense swarms during winter in lower parts of rivers. Larvae and early juveniles with superior mouth feed on small invertebrates. Larger juveniles and adults, which have inferior mouth, feed on benthic diatoms and detritus cleaned up from hard substrate in habitats with strong current.","Damming, destruction of spawning sites and pollution",No information available.,"It is harvested fro human consumption, and for sport fishing.",,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Chondrostoma,oxyrhynchum,,Chondrostoma oxyrhynchum,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,The species is widespread and has no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,"West Caspian basin, from Kuma to Samur drainages.",No information.,"Habitat: Piedmont and mountain rivers with strong current and rock to gravel bottom. Spawns over hard bottom. Biology: Spawns for the first time at two years, about 120 mm SL. Spawns in March-April. Females lay eggs probably in several portions. Eggs adhere to gravel. Feeds mainly on detritus, and also on periphytic algae and benthic invertebrates, especially during first year of life.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Chondrostoma,phoxinus,,Chondrostoma phoxinus,,,Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",No,,,EU27,,"A restricted range species (extent of occurrence (EOO) <5,000 km²) only known from less than five locations which are impacted by water extraction, introduced species and pollution. This has resulted in a decline in EOO and area of occupancy (AOO) and many subpopulations are reported to have been lost in Croatia. Habitat quality has also declined due to habitat modifications such as resulting from hydropower developments.",Unknown,"It is restricted to the Karst region (endorheic basins) and river basins in Croatia (river Cetina] and Bosnia-Hercegovina [Glamocko, Livansjiko, Duvanjsko poljes] and lake Busko Jezero.",The subpopulation in Croatia has declined and the subpopulation in Bosnia Bushko is likely to decline following the introduction of an alien predator.,"Lives in streams and lakes, and in small satellite lakes near rivers.","Water abstraction, alien species, pollution, and habitat loss.",Listed in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Chondrostoma,prespense,,Chondrostoma prespense,,Was listed in the 1996 Red List as prespensis which was incorrectly spelt.,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species is restricted to two connected lakes, and has therefore a very restricted range with potential threats of poaching, pollution, water extraction and drought. Its range is treated as a single location based on the threat of introduced alien species. The species is presently stable or slightly increasing.",Increasing,"Restricted to the Prespa lakes in north-western Greece, Albania and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).",Stable.,"A small size fish (<300 mm). It lives all year round in lake Mikri Prespa whereas, in Lake Megali Prespa, it undertakes a spawning migration into the permanent in flowing rivers. This migration takes place exclusively at night.","Water pollution and extraction, introduced species, overfishing. Water extraction leads to decreased water levels due to karstic nature of these lakes.",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Chondrostoma,scodrense,,Chondrostoma scodrense,,,Yes,EX,,No,,,EU27,,"The species was described from nine specimens caught 100 years ago. Since then, in spite of intensive investigations of its only known previous range, in the 1980s, 1990s and 2003, no specimens have since been recorded. It is assumed to be Extinct.",,Formerly restricted to the Lake Skadar basin in Albania and Montenegro.,Extinct. Recent surveys in Montenegro by Bianco (1999) and Freyhof (2003) have failed to find it.,Lacustrine.,Not clear.,Not relevant.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Chondrostoma,soetta,,Chondrostoma soetta,,,Yes,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU27,,"The lake populations have increasing difficulty in reaching the spawning places in the tributaries. Although the introduced subpopulations are thriving, the threat to the remaining severely fragmented natural population and spawning areas is high due to dam construction, pollution, water extraction and predation by cormorants and Silurus glanis. The area of occupancy (AOO) (based on the spawning grounds) is estimated at less than 500 km². It is locally extinct in Slovenia and the Isonzo river basin in Italy due to the introduction of Chondrostoma nasus, a practice still implemented.",Decreasing,"Restricted to northern Italy, the southern part of Switzerland. It has been introduced in some Italian lakes. It is locally extinct in Slovenia and the Isonzo river basin in Italy due to the introduction of Chondrostoma nasus, a practice still implemented.Recorded introductions into the rivers of central Italy were often a misidentification for C. genei. Several present records for C. soetta are probably a misidentification for C. nasus, due to similarities between these two species. As an example of how the alien species are spread now in Italy, in rivers from the Rovigo Province in eastern Italy, where C. soetta is still reported, the biomass of all native species was found to be about 22% of whole ichthyofauna.","Very different from one locality to another. It is locally extinct in Slovenia but still thriving in other parts of its range. This species is now becoming quite rare in the lakes of northern Italy and Switzerland (Lugano, Maggiore, Como, Iseo, Garda) mainly as result of interaction with alien species, especially Rutilus rutilus, which was introduced around 1990 and has become very common and is the subject of commercial fishing in several of these lakes. (Bianco, P. pers. comm). This species is also rarely found in rivers and has nearly disappeared in the main stretch of the Po basin, in the other rivers it forms very small populations and spawning occurs only in a few areas of each river (except in the Po).",A deepwater lacustrine species that also inhabits large rivers. It migrates from the lake to its tributaries for spawning in spring.,"Dams, water pollution and extraction, and introduction of alien species as Rutilus rutilus, Silurus glanis and Chondrostoma nasus. The reduction in suitable spawning places due to pollution (agriculture) and to water extraction is of major concern.Other threats to the species are predation by cormorants, where in several places of Italy have become a serious pest and destroyed a large amount of fishes, especially in torrents or small river were the fishes migrate to for reproduction. (Compiled by C.esare Puzzi from GRAIA, and P.G. Bianco pers comm.).",Listed in Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive and in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Chondrostoma,vardarense,,Chondrostoma vardarense,,Molecular data are not totally convincing for determining the species taxonomy of this nase.,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"This is a relatively widespread species (estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) >20,000 km², estimated area of occupancy (AOO) >2,000 km²). It is, however, declining and it is suspected that the future impact of dams and sedimentation may result in close to a 30% decline in the next 10 years. On this basis of suspected future population decline the species is assessed as Near Threatened.",Decreasing,"It is restricted to eastern Greece, FYROM, Bulgaria and Turkey. It inhabits the following river basins: Aoos, Pinios, Aliakmon, Axios (Vardar), Strymon, Nestos and Evros.",Widespread but not abundant within its range.,It lives in all sized rivers in fast to strong currents.,"Water extraction, dam construction, water pollution, and drought.",None known.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Chondrostoma,variabile,,Chondrostoma variabile,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"A widespread species, which sharply declined in parts of Volga drainage because of impoundment and water regulation during mid 20th century. Most likely stabilised at a low or moderate level since. Currently it may be locally threatened by pollution.",Unknown,"Caspian basin, in Emba, Ural and Volga (with Oka and Kama) drainages; Black Sea basin, in Don drainage.",Sharply declined in many parts of Volga and Don due to building of dams (1950s and 1960s).,"Habitat: Lowland and piedmont rivers with moderate to strong current; also in reservoirs. Common in river main courses in rapids, sandy shallows and river curves. Spawns on gravel or rock bottom in shallow riffles of larger rivers or in smaller tributaries with moderate to strong current. Biology: Lives up to seven years. Spawns for the first time at 2-3 years, females usually one year later. Spawns in April-May. Eggs are sticky, adhere to gravel. Larvae and early juveniles with superior mouth feed on small invertebrates. After 3-4 months, juveniles about 30-35 mm SL change to adult feeding mode and graze benthic diatoms and detritus from hard substrate in habitats with strong current. Most of year in middle and upper stretches of rivers, moving in winter to lower stretches or to larger tributaries. Reported to occur year round in lower reaches and deltas of Volga and Ural.",No current threats are known. Pollution may be a local threat to the species. The decline in population due to damming occurred in the 1950s and 1960s.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CLUPEIFORMES,CLUPEIDAE,Clupeonella,abrau,,Clupeonella abrau,,C. muhlisi from Lake Apolyond (in Sea of Marmara basin in Turkey) usually considered as a synonym of C. abrau is a valid species.,Yes,CR,"B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v)",No,,,EU27,,"The species has a very small range as it is restricted to Lake Abrau (<10 km²), which is now the core of Lake Abrau Nature Reserve. However, there are 18 introduced species (N. Bogutskaya pers. comm.) and water abstraction is reducing the level of the lake, in a survey in 2006 only very few individuals were recorded.",Decreasing,"Lake Abrau, near Novorossiisk (northern Caucasus, Russia).","The species was abundant in 1996 (Chikhachev, 1997), in a recent survey (2006) very few individuals were recorded (J. Freyhof, J. pers comm.).","Habitat: Lake Abrau is a warm and turbid hill lake, 2.6 × 0.6 km, 1.6 km², maximum depth 10 m, 84 m above sea level. Biology: Pelagic. Lives up to two years. Spawns in open water, in late evening, in May-September. Eggs are pelagic. Feeds on crustaceans (copepods, mysids), following their daily vertical movements, swimming in surface layers at night and descending during daylight hours.","There are 18 species introduced species in the lake, there are only 5 native species. Water abstraction has also reduced the level of the lake.",The species is within the Lake Abrau Nature Reserve.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CLUPEIFORMES,CLUPEIDAE,Clupeonella,caspia,,Clupeonella caspia,,Earlier treated as a subspecies or variety of C. cultriventris.,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,Widespread distribution and reported to be abundant along shores of northern and western Caspian Sea.,Unknown,"Caspian Sea and lower reaches of Volga, Ural and possibly Terek.",Abundant.,"Habitat: At sea, pelagic. Spawns near river mouth. Biology: Pelagic, marine or anadromous. Lives up to six. Spawns in open water in late evening in April-July at 10-25°C. Pelagic eggs usually released in water 5 m deep and with a salinity of 0.02-15 ‰. Feeds on zooplanktonic crustaceans (copepods, mysids), following their daily vertical movements, in surface layers at night, descending during daylight hours.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CLUPEIFORMES,CLUPEIDAE,Clupeonella,cultriventris,,Clupeonella cultriventris,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Widespread distribution and abundant in lower reaches of rivers, coastal lakes and lagoons. No known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Abundant and exists in degraded habitats.",Unknown,Northwestern Black Sea and Sea of Azov.,Very abundant in esturine habitats.,"Habitat: Euryhaline, in coastal waters, lagoons and lakes, estuaries and lower reaches of large rivers with a salinity up to 13 ?. Absent from pure seawater. Biology: Pelagic. Lives up to five years. Spawns in open water in late evening in April-July at 10-18°C. Eggs are pelagic. In Azov See, there are two spawning runs, one in spring and one in autumn. Individuals migrating in autumn overwinter close to spawning sites and spawn in spring. Returns to sea after spawning. Juveniles migrate to sea during first summer. Feeds on crustaceans such as copepods and cladocerans.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CLUPEIFORMES,CLUPEIDAE,Clupeonella,tscharchalensis,,Clupeonella tscharchalensis,,Earlier treated as a subspecies or variety of C. cultriventris. The systematics of Clupeonella is not yet resolved. The identity of the species that is invasive in large dammed rivers of Black and Caspian Sea basins is not clear.,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"The species has a wide distribution with no known major widespread threats. It is found in freshwater lakes, backwaters and reservoirs in Volga and Ural drainages. Invasive in middle and upper Volga drainage, especially in River Kama. Its range is expanding.",Unknown,"Freshwater lakes, backwaters and reservoirs in Volga and Ural drainages. Invasive in middle Don drainage and in middle and upper Volga drainage, especially in River Kama.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Pelagic zone of large freshwater lakes and reservoirs. Biology: Pelagic. Lives up to five years. Spawns in open water in late evening, in April-July. Eggs are pelagic. Feeds on crustaceans such as copepods and cladocerans.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,COBITIDAE,Cobitis,arachthosensis,,Cobitis arachthosensis,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"C. arachthosensis is found in only one river basin, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of less than 5,000 km², the Arachthos which is now linked to the Louros river through canals, and is threatened by habitat destruction, water pollution and extraction and potential hybridisation with C. hellenica from the Louros.",Unknown,"Restricted to the Arachthos river basin in western Greece. The river system is, however, now linked in its lowland to the adjacent Louros river basin through canals.",No data.,Riverine species preferring sand or mud substrate.,"Habitat destruction. Water pollution and extraction. Potential hybridisation with C. helenica living in the Louros river system since canals now link, in the lowland, the two river basins.",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,COBITIDAE,Cobitis,bilineata,,Cobitis bilineata,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Although this species has historically disappeared from many localities due to habitat destruction it has a wide and now expanding range (estimated to be > 20,000 km²). It is assessed as Least Concern.    European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above. Only a small part of its native range is found outside the European Union (in southern Switzerland).",Stable,"The natural range includes northern Italy and the Slovenian Adriatic basin. It is also present in the Zrmanja river basin in Croatia and is native to southern Switzerland (Po/Ticino drainage). It has been accidentally introduced to peninsular and Italy and Sardinia, Spain and to an area north of the Alps, and south-eastern France.","Decreasing in Slovenia (where it is totally protected) but increasing in other parts of its range. Usually widespread, common and able to exist in heavily modified and moderately polluted waterbodies.",It lives in both standing and running waters in the lowland and hill zones with sand or mud substrates rich in vegetation.,"Habitat destruction, water pollution and predation by alien species.",None except in Slovenia where it is strictly forbidden to catch this species.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,COBITIDAE,Cobitis,calderoni,,Cobitis calderoni,,The generic status of this taxon remains unresolved (Kottelat 1997).,Yes,EN,A2ace+3ce,Yes,EN,A2ace+3ce,EU27,,"A study by Perdices and Doadrio observed a decline in population of C. calderoni of over 70% in the past 10 years, declines in area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) have also been observed due to gravel and water extraction and introduced species are also having a negative impact. This decline is suspected to continue into the future at the same rate (Carmona, J. pers comm).",Decreasing,"It is restricted to the Duero, Ebro and Tajo river basins in Spain and Portugal.",Decreasing.,It lives in upper and middle reaches of rivers with shallow waters and stony bottom.,"Habitat destruction (due to gravel extraction), water pollution and introduction of exotic fish species (e.g., pike in the Duero river).",Listed in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,COBITIDAE,Cobitis,dalmatina,,Cobitis dalmatina,,,Yes,VU,D2,No,,,EU27,,This species is restricted to a single location (estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) <100 km² and area of occupancy (AOO) <10 km²) where it is at risk from the introduction of alien species.,Stable,Restricted to the Cetina River basin in Croatia,No data.,"Rivers, streams, and lakes.",Habitat destruction. Introduction of exotic fish species.,None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,COBITIDAE,Cobitis,elongata,,Cobitis elongata,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Occurs only as a few restricted populations (Danube drainage: systems of Nera (Romania), Sava, Kupa (Slovenia, Croatia), Morava (Yugoslavia), Vit and Iantra (Bulgaria). Extirpated (many years ago - more than 10 years/3 generations) in Jiu (Romania) and perhaps Iantra (Bulgaria) but in the rest of the systems it is apparently stable and has no major threats.",Unknown,"Danube drainage: systems of Nera (Romania), Sava, Kupa (Slovenia, Croatia), Morava (Yugoslavia), Vit and Iantra (Bulgaria). Extirpated in Jiu (Romania) and perhaps Iantra (Bulgaria).",Locally abundant.,"Habitat: Moderate to fast-flowing stretches of shallow rivers. On sandy banks and shores, sometimes on rock bottom with submerged vegetation. Not known to enter small streams, large rivers or river stretches without current. Biology: No data.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,COBITIDAE,Cobitis,elongatoides,,Cobitis elongatoides,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,"Danube, upper Elbe and Odra drainages. Coastal Black Sea drainages south of Danube in Bulgaria and Turkey. Western Anatolia.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Flowing or still waters from small brooks to large rivers, springs, lakes and oxbows. On sand, silt or mud bottom. Biology: Females live up to five years, males up to three years. Spawns in aquatic vegetation in April-July. Usually occurring together with hybridogenous, sperm-parasitic lineages, which have originated by hybridisation with C. taenia and C. tanaitica.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,COBITIDAE,Cobitis,hellenica,,Cobitis hellenica,,,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU27,,"C. hellenica is found in only one river basin, the Louros, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) <1,000 km², an area of occupancy (AOO) <500 km² and is threatened by water pollution and extraction and the potential threat of hybridization with C. arachthosensis.",Unknown,Restricted to the Louros river basin in western Greece.,No data.,Riverine species preferring mud substrate.,"Water extraction, pollution and potential hybridization with C. arachthosensis living in the Arachthos River since canals, now link in the lowland the two river basins.",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,COBITIDAE,Cobitis,illyrica,,Cobitis illyrica,,,Yes,CR,"B1ab(ii,iii)",No,,,EU27,,"The species has only been recorded from Imotzki polje in Croatia (it is possibly found in the lake and the stream), where water abstraction is a serious threat to the species. The extent of occurrence is estimated to be less than 100 km², and based on the major threat of water abstraction it is only found in one location.",Unknown,"Croatia, Imotzki polje.",Rare.,Unknown.,"Water abstraction, and climate change.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,COBITIDAE,Cobitis,jadovensis,,Cobitis jadovensis,,,Yes,CR,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",No,,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to the Jadova River in Croatia where it is only known at the type locality, an ephemeral stream in a karstic area. It is being impacted by water abstraction and introduced fish species. The species is has an extent of occurrence of less than 100 km², and and area of occupancy of less than 10 km².For the European Union 27 assessment, the species is recorded as Not Applicable (NA); it is not found within the European Union.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Jadova River in Croatia where it is known only from the type locality, an ephemeral stream in a karstic area.",No information is available on population size or trends for this species.,"This fish occurs in streams, but it is suspected to also survive in refuge ponds and underground waters when the river dries out.","The major threats to this fish are the invasive species of Lepomis and Squalius cephalus, water abstraction and from increasing severity of droughts caused by climate change.",There are no known conservation measures in place for this species.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,COBITIDAE,Cobitis,melanoleuca,,Cobitis melanoleuca,,C. granoei and C. sibirica are synonyms.,No,LC,,No,,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.,Unknown,"Don, Kuban, Volga, Ural and Emba drainages. Outside Europe in most Siberian drainages, eastward to Amur and Huang He (China).",Abundant.,"Habitat: From small lowland streams to large rivers with gentle current, and lakes. Mostly in habitats with dense vegetation on sand-silt to sand-gravel bottom. Biology: Spawns in May-June, when temperatures reach 16-17°C, among filamentous algae or other aquatic vegetation.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,COBITIDAE,Cobitis,meridionalis,,Cobitis meridionalis,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species is not abundant, but the population is thought to be stable. It is, however, restricted to the lakeshore habitat of Lake Prespa, which is treated as a single location due to threat of introduced alien species with a likely lake-wide impact.",Stable,"Restricted to the Prespa lakes in north-western Greece, Albania, and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).",Stable.,"It is an annual fish species dying after reproduction, which takes place in May. It spawns in coarse sand.",Water pollution (agriculture and domestic). In potential introduction of alien species to Lake Prespa would be likely to have a negative impact upon C. meridionalis.,None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,COBITIDAE,Cobitis,narentana,,Cobitis narentana,,,Yes,VU,D2,No,,,EU27,,"This species is restricted to a single part of a river basin where it is threatened by the introduction of alien species, water pollution, and impacts from agriculture.",Unknown,Restricted to the Neretva river basin in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina.,Apparently abundant.,"It lives in rivers, lakes, and marshes.",Water pollution and extraction. Introduction of exotic fish species. Agriculture.,None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,COBITIDAE,Cobitis,ohridana,,Cobitis ohridana,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is very abundant throughout its known range with no current signs of decline. It is also known to be quite resilient to degraded conditions. The taxonomy and distribution range for the species are confirmed are correct (Freyhof, pers comm.).",Unknown,"Restricted to the Lake Ohrid and Drim river system in Albania and the former Yugoslav republic of Macedonia (FYROM), and the Moraca river and Lake Skadar system in Serbia-Montenegro.",Very abundant.,"Found in the lower part of the Moraca river where the water current is low, and there is a sandy substrate with submerged vegetation. It is also found in the lakeshore.","Gravel extraction, water pollution, habitat destruction",None,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,COBITIDAE,Cobitis,paludica,,Cobitis paludica,,,Yes,VU,A2ce+3ce,Yes,VU,A2ce+3ce,EU27,,"C. paludica is declining throughout its range, estimated at less than 30% in the past 10 years. This decline is due to water and gravel extraction leading to habitat destruction and to the introduction of exotic fish species. This decline is suspected to continue into the future at the same rate (J. Carmona pers comm).",Decreasing,It occurs in rivers of the central and southern Iberian peninsula. Introduced into the Mino and Nalon river basins in Northern Spain.,Decreasing.,"It lives in the middle to lower parts of rivers with low current, sandy to gravel bottom with aquatic vegetation and shallow waters.","Habitat destruction (due to gravel extraction, water extraction and diversion). Introduction of exotic fish species. Illegal commercial trade as live bait.",Listed in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,COBITIDAE,Cobitis,pontica,,Cobitis pontica,,,No,NT,,No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"In Europe, only present in the rivers flowing to the Black Sea from Veleka (southern Bulgaria) to Istanbul in Turkey. The species is threatened by water abstraction and droughts and has a limited range. Its EOO is less than 20,000km2, however the speices is most likely found in more than 10 locations (small rivers). The species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened  European Union 27 = EN, B1ab(iii)2ab(iii). Only present in the   Veleka and Rezovska rivers  (southern Bulgaria). The species is threatened by  water abstraction and droughts and has a limited range. Its EOO is less  than 5,000km2 and the AOO less than 500km2 and it is found in only two locations.",Unknown,From Veleka (Bulgaria) to lower Sakarya and Simav (Turkey).,Abundant.,Streams.,"Water abstraction, droughts (exacerbated by climate change).",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,COBITIDAE,Cobitis,puncticulata,,Cobitis puncticulata,,,No,CR,B1ab(iii),No,CR,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"Within Europe the species is   only found in lower wetland of the Maritza/Evros river in Greece, where it is impacted by pollution from agriculture and industry and salt water intrusion when flow is reduced. The species is assessed as CR due to its restricted range (EOO less than 100km2) and being found in only 1 location.European Union 27 = CR B1ab(iii). Same Rationale as above.",Decreasing,"The species has recently been discovered in the lower Matiza/Evros river in Greece and Turkey. Outside Europe the species is known from Karadere stream (Kocacay River) at the outlets of Manyas Lake and also in the outlet of Apolyont Lake, Turkey.",Apparently not rare in appropriate habitats.,It lives in a rather well-oxygenated streams with muddy bottom and abundant submerged vegetation.,The Matitza/Evros river is impacted by pollution from agriculture and industry and salt water intrusion when flow is reduced.,None known to be in place.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,COBITIDAE,Cobitis,punctilineata,,Cobitis punctilineata,,See Kottelat (1997).,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species is only known from a single restricted location (extent of occurrence (EOO) <100 km²), the Aggitis stream in the Strymon river basin in northern Greece. There is little information on abundance or population trends.",Unknown,"Restricted to the Aggitis stream, a tributary of the Strymon river basin in northern Greece.",No data.,"Streams, channels and springs with stagnant to moderately flowing waters. Appears quite resilient to pollution.","Habitat degradation, channelisation of creeks, water pollution and extraction.",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,COBITIDAE,Cobitis,stephanidisi,,Cobitis stephanidisi,,,Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v)",EU27,,"This species has a highly restricted range being limited to a single spring (extent of occurrence (EOO) <100 km², and area of occupancy (AOO) <10 km²). It is assessed as Critically Endangered on account of this restricted range, that it has been extirpated from its original range in the Kefalovriso karstic spring and a reported decline in habitat quality and availability due to agricultural pollution and water extraction.",Unknown,It is extirpated from its original range in the Kefalovriso karstic spring in Velestino village within the former Lake Karla basin in central Greece. Recent survey of the springs and streams of the Pinios and the previous Lake Karla basins has found it in the Chasambali spring (Economidis and Bobori 2003).,No data.,It lives in springs.,"Water extraction, pollution, and drought.",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,COBITIDAE,Cobitis,strumicae,,Cobitis strumicae,,"C strumicae, C. peschevi and C. rhodopensis are synonyms.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,"Aegean and Black Sea basins, from Struma drainage to area of Varna (Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey), Lakes Volvi and Koronia (Greece); Danube basin in Bulgaria.",Abundant.,Habitat: Still to flowing waters with sand or silt bottom. Biology: No data.,No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,COBITIDAE,Cobitis,taenia,,Cobitis taenia,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,"Atlantic drainages from Seine northward, Baltic basin south of 61ºN, upper Volga drainages, northern Black Sea basin (except Danube). Ancient records from Adour, Garonne and Loire drainages (France) require confirmation.",Abundant.,"Habitat: From small lowland streams to large rivers. In channels, ditches, backwaters and lakes on sand bottom. Able to inhabit very degraded streams especially if siltation is a problem. In Baltic Sea at salinity up to 5   %. Biology: Females live up to five years, males up to three. Females spawn for the first time at 2-3 years, males at 1-2 years and more than 45 mm SL. Spawns in April-July, at temperatures above 18°C. Eggs are spawned in dense vegetation. Fractional spawner, producing 1-18 portions (under laboratory conditions). Larvae negatively phototactic, hiding under vegetation and in debris until beginning of exogenous feeding. Usually occurring together with hybridogenous, sperm-parasitic lineages, which have originated by hybridisation with C. elongatoides.",No major threats known.,Protected under the Natura 2000 directive of the EU.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,COBITIDAE,Cobitis,tanaitica,,Cobitis tanaitica,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.European Union 27 = NA. Less than 5% of the species global range is found within the European Union (Danube delta) so the species is assessed as Not Applicable.,Unknown,"Western and northern Black Sea basin (from Danube to Kuban drainages). In Danube, Dniestr and Kuban drainages restricted to lowermost part. More widespread in South Bug and Dniepr drainages. Expected   but not yet confirmed  in part of Baltic basin (Vistula and Odra drainages).",Abundant.,"Habitat: Large coastal lakes and lower part of rivers on silt bottom, as well as smaller streams with sand bottom. Biology: Spawns in May. Migrates to larger water bodies in autumn for overwintering. Usually occurring together with hybridogenous, sperm-parasitic lineages, which have originated by hybridisation with C. elongatoides.",No major threats known.,No information available.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,COBITIDAE,Cobitis,taurica,,Cobitis taurica,,This species is mainly distinguished by chromosome characters and difficult to distinguish from C. taenia in the field. Characters given in the key may be of limited use.,Yes,CR,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",No,,,EU27,,"It is found in a very limited stretch of stream (about 1 km long) in the Chornaya drainage below the Chornaya Gorge, which, if water abstraction continues to intensify, may totally dry up in the summer time. The species is also susceptible to climate change as the severity of droughts is predicted to increase.",Unknown,"Ukraine: Crimea: Chornaya drainage, below Chornaya gorge only.",No information.,"Habitat: Streams with still to moderately flowing clear water, on sand to silt bottom or in dense vegetation. Biology: No data.","High levels of water abstraction, leaving very low levels of water in spring and summer. The abstraction rate is likely to increase so the river below Chornaya Gorge may end up dry. Currently the river only runs for about 1km below Chornaya Gorge in spring. Climate change also poses a threat to the species as the severity of droughts are predicted to increase.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,COBITIDAE,Cobitis,trichonica,,Cobitis trichonica,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"This species has an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) <5,000 km², and area of occupancy (AOO) <500 km² and is restricted to four lakes and one river system. The main threats of water pollution and abstraction, and habitat destruction, are currently only apparent in four of the five locations. This is causing a decline in AOO, as lake level is declining, and quality of habitat due to pollution. The remaining location currently appears to not be impacted. It therefore qualifies as Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).",Unknown,"Restricted to Lakes Trichonis, Lyssimachia, Ozeros and Amvrakia and to the Acheloos river basin in western Greece.",No data.,It is mainly a lacustrine species. It reproduces in the spring.,Water pollution (eutrophication) and abstraction. Habitat destruction. Lake level seasonal fluctuation.,It is listed in the Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive and in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,COBITIDAE,Cobitis,vardarensis,,Cobitis vardarensis,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,"Aegean Sea basin, from Pinios to Gallikos drainages (Greece, Macedonia).",Very abundant.,"Habitat: Still waters of lakes, oxbows and backwaters, rarely in flowing water. On mud to silt bottom. Biology: No data.",Water abstraction.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,COBITIDAE,Cobitis,vettonica,,Cobitis vettonica,,,Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v)",EU27,,"It is estimated that C. vettonica has an area of occupancy (AOO) of less than 5,000 km² and an extent of occurrence (EOO) less than 500 km². It is only found at one location (Arrago River a tributary to the Tagus River) where it is threatened by agricultural water pollution, drought and introduced predators.",Decreasing,It is restricted to the Arrago river basin within the Tagus river basin in western Spain.,Decreasing.,No data.,"Water extraction and pollution, drought. Introduction of exotic fish species.",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,COBITIDAE,Cobitis,zanandreai,,Cobitis zanandreai,,"The presence of this species cannot be supported by any biogeographic evidence. A hybrid origin was supposed, between introduced Sabanejewia and Cobitis as the species show morphological intermediate characters between these two genera (P.G. Bianco pers. obs.). Genetic investigations were oriented to differentiate this species but did not permit to clarify this potential feature (P.G. Bianco pers. comm.)",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species is restricted to two small locations, the Volturno river basin and Lake Fondi (possibly introduced).",Decreasing,Restricted to the Volturno river basin in Central Italy. Also present in Lake Fondi (possibly introduced) and possibly in a number of other associated lagoons (also likely to have been introduced).,"Decreasing in the Volturno river but it is also abundant in the lake and canal systems. In surveys on 2004 carried on Volturno river, loaches were very seldom, and the few collected fish were C. bilineata (Bianco, P.G. pers comm).","Rivers, lakes and canals where it prefers sand/mud substrates near vegetation.","Habitat destruction (in the river), water extraction, alien species (predation).Introduction of congeneric Cobitis bilineata and Pseudorasbora parva, Ictalurus melas, Lepomis gibbosus and others, all found during a survey in 2004 (P.G. Bianco, pers. obs).",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,albellus,,Coregonus albellus,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"The species is endemic to only two lakes, Lake Thun (48 km²), and Brienz (30 km²), Switzerland. However, in recent surveys it was found to be abundant and the Lakes are in very good condition and well managed, and there are no known or potential threats to the species.",Unknown,Switzerland: Lakes Thun and Brienz.,In recent surveys the species was found to be abundant in Lake Thun.,"Habitat: Lacustrine, in deep water. Biology: Spawns in September, at 30-100 m depth. Spawns for the first time at about 120 mm SL.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,albula,,Coregonus albula,,"Available data do not allow to distinguish C. albula as a whole from C. sardinella and C. vandesius. A very high variability is reported for all morphological characters between the many populations referred to C. albula, suggesting that several species might be involved. Further studies are needed to resolve their identity.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. Identities of some lacustrine populations needs to be confirmed. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,"Baltic basin, lakes of upper Volga drainage (Seliger, Vseluga, Perejaslavskoe), some lakes of White Sea basin and North Sea basin east of Elbe drainage. Anadromous in Gulf of Finland and marine in northernmost freshened part of Gulf of Bothnia. North to about 69°N in Lake Inari, northern Finland. Frequently stocked in lakes and reservoirs in northern and central Germany and Poland.",Very common. The species extended its range to the north through shipping canals and translocations.,"Habitat: Lacustrine and marine in open water. At sea, forages close to coast. Spawns along shores, at 3-10 m depth, rarely to 22 m depth or just below surface. Spawns deeper in clear lakes and closer to surface in lakes with humic waters. Biology: Anadromous, marine and landlocked populations. Spawns for the first time at 2-5 years (2-3 in Lake Onega), males usually earlier than females. Spawns in October (central Finland), December (northern Germany) at 6-7°C. Anadromous populations start migrating to rivers in August (Neva). Eggs hatch in March-April and juveniles migrate to sea in late summer of first year in anadromous populations. Larvae pelagic close to water surface, usually close to shore. Usually occurs in deep waters in daytime and moves to upper layers at night. Feeds on zooplankton.",No major threats known.,No information available.,It is harvested for human consumption.,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,alpinus,,Coregonus alpinus,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"The species is endemic to only one lake, Lake Thun (48 km²), Switzerland, where in recent surveys it was found to be rare. However, the lake is in very good condition and well managed and there are no known or potential threats to the species.",Unknown,Switzerland: Lake Thun.,In recent surveys the species is rare but present.,"Habitat: Lacustrine, in deep water. Biology: Spawns in August-December, at 40-150 m deep, mainly near torrent deltas. Feeds on benthic invertebrates, especially chironomids.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,arenicolus,,Coregonus arenicolus,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"The species is endemic to Lake Constance (539 km²) and has been artificially hybridised with C. macrophthalmus, another native species to Lake Constance, through ranching programmes (which stopped in 2004 as conditions in the lake were improved) and it is not known to what degree the hybridisation has had an effect on C. arenicolus.",Unknown,"Lake Constance (Switzerland, Germany, Austria). Introduced in lakes of Po drainage (where it possibly has hybridised with other introduced species).",Naturally rare.,"Habitat: Lacustrine, near flat shores, or near bottom, sometimes on steep slopes. Spawns in shallow water, along shores. Biology: Spawns in late November-December. Feeds on benthic invertebrates (especially mussels, snails, worms and insects).",Hybridisation with C. macrophthalmus (another native species in Lake Constance) happened through a ranching programme. This was stopped in 2004.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,atterensis,,Coregonus atterensis,,"In Mondsee, spawns one month earlier than in Attersee. Mondsee population was introduced to Attersee in the early 20th century. After introduction, early spawning individuals were recorded also from Attersee. Further studies are needed to demonstrate that the Mondsee population really belongs to the present species. Today, about half of the Coregonus harvested in Mondsee result from stocking.",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"The species is found in only one location, Lake Attersee, Austria (and possibly also in Modsee) and has survived for many years alongside introduced coregonids (competition and hybridisation). The species has undergone a decline, but this was more than 15 years ago (three generations) therefore the decline in numbers and quality of habitat is neither recent or current and is now just an uncommon species in the lake. It is therefore not Critically Endangered (no continuing decline), but Vulnerable (D2) as it is found in one, possibly two, locations. The Mondsee (13 km²) population is probably an undescribed species.",Unknown,Austria: Lake Attersee. Presence in Lake Mondsee questionable.,Some decline has occurred after the 2nd World War (presice date is unknown).,"Habitat: Pelagic, usually at depths of 10-30 m. Spawns in open water close to surface, above depths of 20-40 m (Attersee) or at 2-3 m and close to shore (Mondsee). Attersee is an oligo-mesotrophic lake and Mondsee a mesotrophic lake. Biology: Lives up to six years (Mondsee). Spawns for the first time at four (Attersee) or three years (Mondsee). Spawns in early February-mid March (Attersee), late December-mid January (Mondsee). Eggs sink to bottom. Individual fishes usually spawn 2-3 seasons. Feeds on zooplankton and small amounts of benthic invertebrates.","Introduction of non-native coregonids, leading to hybridisation and competition.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,autumnalis,,Coregonus autumnalis,,,No,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"An important commercial species, and catches and abundance have reduced in recent years. However the species has a very widespread distribution and the overall population decline is not thought to be close to meeting 30% in the past three generations (30 years).    European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.",Unknown,"All drainages (except Ob River and Lake Baikal basin in the Yenisey drainage) of Arctic Ocean in Eurasia from Mezen eastward; America from Cape Barrow to Coronation Bay. Introduced in many localities of former USSR, but not established.",Commonly reported in catch statistics from Canada (J. Freyhof pers comm). The population in Russia is in decline.,"Habitat: Migratory. Mostly larger lowland rivers. At sea, in salinity up to 22 ?. Northernmost distribution among whitefishes; in summer enters open waters of Kara Sea and reaches Novosibirsk Islands. Biology: Lives 10-12 years, rarely up to 20. Spends 6-8 years at sea before maturing and returning to rivers in June-July, to spawn in September-October of same year. A second run in autumn; those fishes remain a year in rivers before spawning. Moves far upstream, sometimes up to 1,500 km. Spawns in shallow tributaries with some current in well oxygenated water over gravel bottom. Individual females do not spawn every year; spawns only 2-3 times during entire life. After spawning, adults return directly to sea. Embryonic development lasts up to seven months. Alevins migrate downstream in May-June. At sea, feeds on larger crustaceans and small fish. No feeding during spawning run.","Overfishing, and pollution - mainly in Siberia.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,baerii,,Coregonus baerii,,"It is not yet clear whether other coregonids 'forms' are conspecific or not with C. baerii. These includes the 'common' Ladoga whitefish (C. baerii 'natio ladogae'), the Svir whitefish (C. baerii 'natio swirensis') and the Onega whitefish (C. poljakovi).",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"The species main spawning sites (Volkhov and Svir River) have been blocked by damming (Volkhov in 1926), but it still persists so it is presumed it also spawns in the lake. The current threat to the species is overfishing, but the impacts are unknown as the catch data from Lake Ladoga does not distinguish between different Coregonus species (catches are in decline), although its presence is still recorded by fisheries scientists. More information is needed on the impacts of this fishing effort.",Unknown,"Lake Ladoga, especially southeastern part. It used to enter rivers (including the Volkhov and Svir) and migrate very high upstream to spawn in ruffles.",Catch data from Lake Ladoga do not distinguish between different species of Coregonus species. However it is still recorded as present by fisheries scientists.,"Habitat: Alevins and juveniles mostly occur along eastern shore, adults in deeper places. Used to migrate to River Volkhov up to its uppermost reaches for spawning, now blocked by a dam. Biology: Lives up to 10 years. Migrates to eastern coast before spawning, starting in May-June. Spawns in October-early November. In Volkhov, used to spawn high upstream, in riffles. Information about spawning in the lake is very sparse, but continued presence confirms lacustrine reproduction. Spawning is now assumed to occur in Volkhov estuary, probably also in River Svir. Feeds on benthos (crustaceans, insect larvae, molluscs).","Dams have blocked the access to the river spawning sites (Volkhov dammed in 1921).Overfishing is the main current threat to the species, but the impact is unknown as catches are identified to species level. Coregonus catches are decreasing in Lake Ladoga. The species is listed in the Red List of Russia.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,bavaricus,,Coregonus bavaricus,,Old literature records 18-21 gill rakers. Published data from the 1930's report 19-28. The only recently (2003) caught individual was 245 mm SL with 30 gill rakers.,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU27,,"A very rare and declining species found in only one location, Lake Ammersee (41 km², the deep water where the species occurs is probably an area of less than 10 km²).The species has only been recorded three times by local fisherman since 2000. It used to be a commercial species supporting a fishing industry in the 1940s. However the decline is suspected to have occurred in the 1970s when the eutrophication was at its peak. This species may be on the verge of extinction as the lake is still mesotrophic.",Unknown,Germany: Lake Ammersee.,Since 2000 only three individuals have been caught. In the 1940s the species was an important commercial species.,"Habitat: At depths of 60-85 m, down to 60 m in summer. Spawns on bottom at depths of 40-50 m. Ammersee is a mesotrophic lake. Biology: Spawns in June-July, usually between 15 June and 15 July.","The major threat to the species is eutrophication, caused by pollution from domestic sources. The lake is still mesotrophic.",No information.,--- Other purpose text ---In the 1940s the species was an important commercial species. Now too rare to be of any commercial interest.,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,bezola,,Coregonus bezola,,,Yes,EX,,Yes,EX,,EU27,,Known only from Lake Bourget in France where it disappeared apparently in the 1960s (based on interviews with local fisherman) due to unknown reasons. The last unambiguous identifiable documented specimen was caught in the late 1800s.,0,France: Lake Bourget.,Dissapeared apparently in the 1960s.,"Habitat: Lacustrine, in deep waters. Biology: Spawns in January-February, at 70-80 m depth, on mud bottom.",Unknown.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,candidus,,Coregonus candidus,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"The species is only known from one lake, Neuchâtel (204 km²) in Switzerland. Eutrophication caused a population decline (1970s), but the water quality is now improved and the introduced coregonids may have impacted the species when they were first introduced. There is no current, or recent, decline in quality of habitat or mature individuals. Therefore the species is listed as Vulnerable (D2) and not Endangered (B1ab(iii,iv)+B2ab(iii,iv)).",Unknown,Switzerland: Lake Neuchâtel. Introduced in Lake Maggiore (where it has possibly hybridised with other introduced species).,Abundant.,"Habitat: Lacustrine, deep waters. Biology: Males reproduce for the first time at 2-3 years, females at four. Spawns in January, on sand or mud, in deep water, at depths up to 90-130 m.","Introduced species (coregonids) - competition, may have impacted the species when they were first introduced. Eutrophication (1970s) of the lake caused a population decline, but the conditions in the lake are now improved.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,clupeoides,,Coregonus clupeoides,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Good stocks remain in this species' natural range, and two translocated stocks have been established in reservoirs. There are no current, or definite future threats. However the introduction of alien species is a potential threat and has occurred in many lakes in the UK in recent years.",Unknown,"Scotland: Loch Lomond and Loch Eck; introduced in two reservoirs in Loch Lomond basin (Loch Sloy, Carron Reservoir).",Abundant.,"Habitat: Lacustrine, in open water. Biology: In Loch Lomond, spawns in late December-early February, usually in early January, on offshore banks and reefs at temperatures close to 6°C. Feeds on crustaceans and insects.",Introduction of alien species is a potential threat,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,confusus,,Coregonus confusus,,The bondelle of Lake Bienne is apparently this species. Genetic data suggest that it is distinct from C. candidus from Lake Neuchâtel.,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"The species is now only known from lake Bienne (33 km²), possibly also Lake Neuchâtel (204 km²), it is extirpated in Lake Morat (21 km²). There are no current or definite future threats to the species in its remaining locations. There is a potential threat of the introduction of alien coregonids.",Unknown,"Switzerland: Lakes Morat and Bienne, possibly also Lake Neuchâtel.",Extirpated in Morat (1960's).,"Habitat: Lacustrine, deep waters. Biology: Spawns in December-January, in Lake Morat on sand or mud at 35-40 m depth, in Lake Bienne on slopes, at 2-20 m depth.","Extirpated in Morat due to eutrophication and water level management. There are no current threats to the species in Lakes Bienne and Neuchâtel, but the introduction of coregonid species is a potential threat.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,danneri,,Coregonus danneri,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,Still frequent in Lake Traunsee (25 km²). Hybridisation has been shown to occur (over the past 30 years) with introduced coregonids but it is not thought to cause a decline in the number of mature individuals of C. danneri as the hybrids seem to rarely survive. There is a potential threat of the introduction of other coregonids which may have a negative impact.,Unknown,Austria: Lake Traunsee.,Abundant.,"Habitat: At depths of 40-60 m, up to surface in summer. Spawns close to shore. Traunsee is a 25.6 km² oligotrophic lake at 422 m above sea level (maximum depth 191 m, average depth 90 m). Biology: Lives up to six years. Spawns for the first time at two years. Spawns from mid-October to early March.","The introduction of non-native coregonids, has led to hybridisation.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,fatioi,,Coregonus fatioi,,"In both Lakes Thun and Brienz, there are forms (?) of this species spawning as deep as 70 m, some with a deeper body. They were reportedly more distinct earlier and had more distinct spawning seasons. The original pattern might have been blurred by hybridisation with introduced species.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Only known in Lake Lakes Thun and Brienz. However, there are no known current or future threats to the species and there is also no potential threat from the introduction of species as it is commercially valuable and the stocks and lake are sustainably managed.",Unknown,Switzerland: Lakes Thun and Brienz.,One of the most abundant species in Lake Thun.,"Habitat: Lacustrine, in midwater. Biology: Spawns in December, along shores at 0-30 m depth.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,fera,,Coregonus fera,,,Yes,EX,,Yes,EX,,EU27,,"It was last recorded in Lake Geneva in 1920. Although the name féra is still used for the only coregonid present in Lake Geneva, this is not the original species but the introduced C. palaea.",0,"Lake Geneva (Switzerland, France).","It was last recorded in Lake Geneva in 1920. Although the name féra is still used for the only coregonid present in Lake Geneva, this is not the original species but the introduced C. palaea.","Habitat: Lacustrine, in moderate depth. Biology: In summer, feeds on insects. Moves to deeper water in winter. Spawns in February in deep water over aquatic vegetation.",The reasons for the extinction are thought to be eutrophication and overfishing in the early 1900s.,None.,--- Other purpose text ---Now extinct,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,fontanae,,Coregonus fontanae,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"The species is very restricted to a single lake, Stechlin (4.2 km²). However the whole lake catchment is located within a well managed nature reserve. The species has no commercial value, and there are no known current, future or potential threats to the species.",Unknown,Northern Germany: Lake Stechlin (4.2 km²).,Abundant.,"Habitat: Lacustrine, inhabit deep water layers (20-60 m), migrate above 20 m at night. Lake Stechlin is a 4.25 km² oligotrophic lake (mean depth 23 m, maximum depth 69 m) formed during Weichselian glaciation (about 12,000 years BP). Biology: Spawns for the first time at two years, 65-110 mm SL for females. Spawns in April-September, usually May-June. Most individuals spawn only for a single season. Feeds mainly on Cladocera and Copepoda.",No major threats known.,"The whole lake catchment is a nature reserve, which is well managed.",,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,gutturosus,,Coregonus gutturosus,,,Yes,EX,,Yes,EX,,EU27,,"The species was endemic to Lake Costance and was a commercial species in the 1960s but it is thought to have become Extinct in the 1970s when the eutrophicaton of the Lake peaked, which is said to have impacted egg development. It has not been recorded since in spite of several surveys over the past 10 years specifically to find the species as the conditions in the lake have improved.",0,"Lake Constance (Switzerland, Germany, Austria).",Thought to have gone extinct in the early 1970s.,"Habitat: Lacustrine, in deep water. Spawns in 10-60 m water depth. Biology: Spawns in July-November. After spawning migrates to deeper places, at depths of up to about 140 m. Migrates to 50-60 m in March-April. Feeds on benthic invertebrates (especially mussels and snails).",Eutrophication which peaked in 1979. Natural reproduction in coregonids is said to have almost stopped during the period of high eutrophication as the eggs could no longer develop in the low-oxygen substrates.,None.,--- Other purpose text ---a comercial species in the 1960's but it is thought to have gone extinct in the 1970's,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,heglingus,,Coregonus heglingus,,"There is presently a homogenous population in Lake Walenstadt, spawning in October-November. There were reportedly two populations about 50 years ago, one spawning in July-September, one in December-February. The winter-spawning population is said to have appeared in 1899. After the severe environmental problems that impacted on the lake at the beginning of the 19th century, it has been hypothesised that displacement of spawning grounds, changes in temperature, and possibly invasion by a species from Lake Zurich resulted in a hybrid population (involving two or three species), which is now stabilising.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"More information is needed to be able to assess this species beyond Data Deficient at present. The presence of the fish needs to be confirmed in both Lakes Walenstadt and Zurich, as the species may be Extinct or it may be Least Concern.",Unknown,Switzerland: Lakes Zürich and Walenstadt.,No information.,"Habitat: Lacustrine, in deep waters. Biology: Spawns in July (or until December?) in Lake Zurich, in deep water. Spawns near shores, at depths of 20-80 m, in October-November in Lake Walenstadt. Feeds on plankton in midwater and on benthic invertebrates (snails, chironomids).",None known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,hiemalis,,Coregonus hiemalis,,,Yes,EX,,Yes,EX,,EU27,,"This species was last recorded in its only known location, Lake Geneva, in the early 1900s. If the species still existed today, it is highly likely that it would have been recorded in one of the many surveys that have taken place since.",0,"Lake Geneva (Switzerland, France).",Last recorded in the early 1900s. If the species still existed it would have been recorded in one of the many surveys that have taken place.,"Habitat: The species is found in deeper parts of the lake. Biology: In December, moves to spawn in shallower areas, near shore, on gravel.",The reasons for the extinction are thought to be eutrophication and overfishing in the early 1900s.,None.,--- Other purpose text ---Now extinct,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,hoferi,,Coregonus hoferi,,"There are indications that a smaller species exists in Chiemsee, spawning at depths of 12-15 m at about the same time. Coregonus of unknown origin have been stocked in Chiemsee since 1876.",Yes,CR,B1ab(v),Yes,CR,B1ab(v),EU27,,"The species was still present in Lake Chiemsee in the 1940s, and according to fisherman the species was still present until the late 1980's. Examined material of the Corgonus now present (in 2004) in Chiemsee all belong to an introduced species. The species has been searched for twice (2002 and 2004) and was not found, however it is believed that more surveys are needed to confirm the species status.",Unknown,Germany: Lake Chiemsee.,Last recorded in the 1940's. Fisherman indicate its presence until the late 1980's.,"Habitat: Spawns in shallow water 1-5 m deep, on gravel or rock bottom. Chiemsee is mesotrophic lake. Biology: Lives up to six years. Spawns in mid-November to early-January, usually in first week of December. Feeds on zooplankton and small insects.","Stocking of alien species, most likely Coregonus macropthalmus.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,ladogae,,Coregonus ladogae,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"The species is native only in Lake Ladoga (17,556 km²) (widely introduced to Russia). However, it has no known current or potential threats.",Unknown,"Lake Ladoga. Widely introduce to lakes in Latvia, European Russia and Siberia.",Very abundant in Lake Ladoga.,"Habitat: Lacustrine. Biology: Spawns for the first time at two years and 30 g (males) and 60-70 g (females). Juveniles feed on zooplankton, adults on fish (mostly Osmerus eperlanus). Reported to hybridise with other Coregonus species.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,lavaretus,,Coregonus lavaretus,,"At some time, the name C. lavaretus has been used for about all Eurasian coregonids (and many North American ones). Its use is now restricted to the present species.",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"The species was extirpated from Lake Geneva (537 km²) in the early 1900s. There are no current or future threats to the species in Lakes Bourget and Aiguebelette, however the introduction of non-native coregonids is a potential threat.",Unknown,"Native to Lakes Bourget (France) and Geneva (Switzerland, France). Population of Lake Aiguebelette (France) apparently introduced, but a 'lavaret' had already been recorded from there in the 17th century.","Abundant in Lake Bourget. In Lake Aiguebelette its population status is unkown. The species is extirpated in Lake Geneva (early 1900s), but as offspring of Lake Bourget population are hatched and reared in Thonon (on the shores of Lake Geneva), escapes should be expected.","Habitat: Lacustrine. Biology: Spawns on gravel, near shore, in shallow water, in December.",In lake Bourget there are no threats known. The reasons for the extirpation in Lake Geneva are unknown.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,lucinensis,,Coregonus lucinensis,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Only known from a single lake, Lake Breiter Luzin (3.5 km²), where the population heavily declined, in the 1970s, due to euthrophication, but is now recovering along with improved water quality. There are no current threats to the species but the introduction of alien species is a potential threat even though part of the lake basin is within a protected area.",Increasing,Northern Germany: Lake Breiter Luzin.,"Since the 1970's, when the lake was eutrophic, the species has increased in abundance along with the water quality.","Habitat: Lacustrine, reported to inhabit deep water layers (20-58 m) and move to shallow waters to spawn. Lake Breiter Luzin is a 3.5 km² mesotrophic lake (formerly oligotrophic), maximum depth 85 m. Biology: Lives up to six years. Matures at two years. Spawns in April-July, usually May-June. Feeds mainly on chironomids and Mysis relicta.","The species survived heavy eutrophication in the 1970s, caused by sewage and agricultural pollution. Stocking of alien species is a potential threat to the species.",Part of the catchment is covered by a nature reserve.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,lutokka,,Coregonus lutokka,,It is not yet clear whether populations from Lake Onega belong to this species or are part of an endemic species flock.,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This is the most abundant species found in Lakes Ladoga (17,566 km²) and Onega (9,886 km²), where it has no current or potential threats.",Unknown,"Lakes Ladoga and Onega, introduced in many natural and artificial water bodies in European and Siberian parts of Russia.",Abundant in both lakes.,"Habitat: In summer, mainly along coasts of southern part of Lake Ladoga, and in winter, along the northern coast. Prefers stone and gravel bottom. No data from Lake Onega. Biology: Lives up to 10 years. Spawns for the first time at 4-5 years. Forms large aggregations in July-August in a few localities along southern coast of both lakes for intensive foraging, and again in late October-early November (when first ice appears) over stone bottom in southern part of lakes. Spawns during 10-15 days along shores, at a maximum depth of 2 m, on rocks or gravel bottom. After spawning, moves to deeper places to overwinter. Feeds on benthos (insect larvae, molluscs and crustaceans), in summer usually moves to upper water layers to feed on zooplankton especially Cladocera.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,macrophthalmus,,Coregonus macrophthalmus,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"The species is only native in Lake Constance (451 km²), where it is very abundant and there are no known current or future threats. Lake Constance is a cross border lake (Austria, Germany and Switzerland) and has a well managed and strictly regulated management and harvest plan. Because of this management plan it is not believed that the introduction of alien species or overfishing is a potential threat.",Unknown,"Lake Constance (Switzerland, Germany, Austria). Introduced in lakes of Po drainage (where it possibly has hybridised with other introduced species) and probably in several other European lakes.",The second most abundant species in Lake Constance.,"Habitat: Lacustrine, midwater along shores. Spawns in shallow water, on bottom, along shores. Biology: Spawns in November-December. Feeds on insects and plankton.",No major threats known.,"Lake Constance is a cross border lake (Austria, Germany and Switzerland) and has a well managed and strictly regulated management and harvest plan.",,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,maraena,,Coregonus maraena,,This species is usually known as Coregonus lavaretus in Baltic Sea basin.,Yes,VU,A2cd,No,VU,A2cd,EU27,,"This species is widespread in the Baltic basin. However, there are only few natural populations left. Most of the natural populations declined because of pollution, blocking of spawning rivers, and overfishing. Apparent abundance only reflects the massive stocking programmes in Germany, Poland and Scandinavia without which the populations would rapidly decline. In the Gulf of Bothnia alone, about six million juveniles were stocked annually (1995–1998) to support commercial fisheries. The major population crash of the wild population took place during major dam construction which ended more than 15 years ago, however there have still been some new dam constructions blocking the spawning grounds of Coregonus maraena (e.g., on the Kyrojnoki River in Finland which was constructed in 1993 (Himberg pers. comm.)) and there are still plans to construct more hydro-power dams in the Baltic basin. Even though the population has been in decline since before World War II, it is suspected that the wild native wild population has declined by more than 30% in the past three generations (15 years) as new dams have been built, and it is surviving at very low levels.In the European Union 27 region, this species is also Vulnerable (VU A2cd), with the same rationale as above.",Decreasing,"The species occurs in the Baltic Sea area: Swedish coast (including Bothnian Gulf, missing in Gotland); in southern Baltic, German coast, extending from River Schlei to Gulf of Finland. Southeastern North Sea basin: Ems, Weser and Elbe drainages and small rivers of Schleswig-Holstein and Denmark. Landlocked populations also occur in Lake Miedwie (former Madüsee) and other lakes in Poland, Lakes Vättern, Vänern, Mälaren, Siljan (Sweden), Ladoga (Russia) and others. It has been introduced and transplanted in many drainages within its native range and outside westward to Rhine drainage.","Populations have declined across most of the species range. In Germany and Poland, since World War II, all populations have been extirpated except one, and there is only one population remaining in Denmark. In Sweden and Finland the populations have also massively declined.","HabitatThis fish forages along coasts and spawns in freshened parts of estuaries or in lower stretches of rivers. It also occurs in deep, oligo-mesotrophic lakes. Spawning occurs in shallow water, in rapids or small rivers or over firm sediments in lowland rivers and estuaries. In Lake Vänern, it spawns at 8–20 m depth, over firm bottom.BiologyThe species has both anadromous and landlocked populations. It spawns for the first time at 3–5 years. Adults enters rivers in June–October (northern Baltic) until November (southern Baltic), when the temperature falls below 10°C. In the River Tornionjoki (Finland), individuals ascending from sea in June–August can be distinguished by DNA markers from fish ascending in September. It spawns in October–November (Finland) until November–December (Poland), when the temperature falls below 6°C. Spawners overwinter in rivers or at sea very close to estuaries. Eggs hatch in early spring (March–April in Odra) and drift to sea or to estuarine bays. Juveniles migrate to sea in June–August (Odra). It may migrate up to 700 km from the spawning river to forage at sea (Bothnian Bay). Northernmost stocks undertake the longest migrations between spawning and foraging grounds. Some females spawn every second year. The species feeds on benthic prey (crustaceans, molluscs, large insect larvae, small fish).","Water pollution, impoundment of rivers and overfishing.","The species is ranched in all of its range states. In Gulf of Bothnia alone, about six million juveniles were stocked annually in 1995–1998 to support commercial fisheries.",It is harvested for human consumption.,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,maxillaris,,Coregonus maxillaris,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,"Sweden: Lakes Vänern, Locknesjön, Skalka-Parkijaur, Storvindeln, Storlaisan, Storuman, Vojmsjön, Siljan, Övre Särvsjön, Östra Vattnan, Orten-Randsjön, and probably others.",No information.,"Habitat: Lacustrine, in deeper waters. Biology: Spawns in October-February, on gravel to stone bottom, at 1-10 m depth. Feeds on benthic invertebrates, especially gammarids, molluscs and insect larvae.",None known,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,megalops,,Coregonus megalops,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,"Lakes of Baltic and White Sea basins from southern Norway to Karelia and Kola Peninsula (and possibly further eastward), e.g. in Lakes Gruda, Krøderen, Randsfjorden (Norway), Bullaren, Bolmen, Vänern, Vettasjärvi, Siljan, Storsjön, Tåsjön, Ormsjön, Flåjsön, Övre Särvsjön, Nedre Särvsjön, Östra Vattnan, Orten-Randsjön, Ansjön (Sweden), Inarijärvi (Finland), Onega, Ladoga, and Imandra (Russia).",No information available.,"Habitat: Lacustrine. In Lake Ladoga, mainly at depths less than 50 m. Migrates to spawn in bays at beginning of autumn and spawns in November over clean pebble or silt bottom at depths of 2 to 10 m. Biology: Gregarious, forms shoals. In small lakes and low altitude often sole species of genus. Spawns in September-February, depending on latitude and habitat, in flowing water in mid-autumn, in deep water in winter. In Lake Vänern, spawns in November-December, at 2-5 m depth, over gravel or sand. Feeds on plankton in summer, may take benthic prey too.",No major threats known.,No information available.,It is harvested for human consumption.,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,muksun,,Coregonus muksun,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"Less than 5% of the species global range occurs within Europes, therefore it is listed as Not Applicable. European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.",Unknown,"Arctic Ocean basin, from Kara to Kolyma drainages. Introduced or stocked in many lakes in northern and central Russia.",Not declining (N. Bogutskaya pers comm.).,"Habitat: Lower reaches of rivers with slow current, large lakes and their tributaries, floodplain lakes, deltas and estuaries, marine waters with salinity up to 6-10?. Rivers during migration. Biology: Anadromous, semi-anadromous, lacustrine, lacustrine-riverine, and riverine stocks are reported. Most stocks are migratory. Spends most of year at sea, sometimes rather far from coast. Enters rivers in July-August and reaches spawning sites by October-November. In larger rivers, moves upriver up to 2000 km (average speed 20 km/day). Spawns for the first time at 6-14 years, 470-500 mm SL. Spawns in rapids or shallows, at 1-2°C, when rivers start freezing. Adults leave spawning sites in winter. Eggs hatch in 150-180 days; peak hatching usually in April. Juveniles feed on planktonic crustaceans. Adults feed on plankton in winter (during which they do not cease active foraging) and benthic invertebrates in summer.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,nasus,,Coregonus nasus,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"Less than 5% of the species global range occurs within Europes, therefore it is listed as Not Applicable. European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.",Unknown,"All drainages of Arctic Ocean from Volonga (46°E) and Pechora to Alaska (102°W). Rarely at sea, in water with salinity up to 9-15 ?.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Lowland rivers and lakes. Biology: Lives up to 15 years. Males reproduce for the first time at 4-8 years, females at 5-9. Adults start upstream migration in late July-August and reach spawning sites by October-November and spawn in stretches with swift current and sand-pebble bottom, often under ice. Spawning lasts 5-7 days and fish leave spawning site soon after, migrating downstream to overwinter in deeper places of lower stretches of rivers together with older juveniles. In spring, alevins drift from spawning sites downstream with flood-water and forage in floodplain lakes and oxbows where they remain until end of summer before moving to river or reaching maturity (if lakes are large enough and do not dry out). Alevins and juveniles feed on zooplankton, adults on benthos, mainly chironomid larvae and molluscs.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,nilssoni,,Coregonus nilssoni,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. Known from lakes of western central Baltic basin, Sweden, southern Norway, Denmark, Poland. In Poland, restricted to a few lakes in lower Odra drainage.    European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.",Unknown,"Lakes of western central Baltic basin, Sweden, southern Norway, Denmark, Poland. In Poland, restricted to a few lakes in lower Odra drainage.",No information available.,"Habitat: Lacustrine, pelagic. Biology: Spawns in November-March, along shores, at 5-10 m depth, on firm bottom, or in lower part of tributaries. Feeds on zooplankton.",No major threats known.,No information available.,It is harvested for human consumption.,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,nobilis,,Coregonus nobilis,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Only known from Lake Vierwaldstätter (Lake Lucerne 102 km²). Thought to be extinct, due to eutrophication of the lake in the 1970s, but was re-discovered in early 2000s. The population seems to be on the increase as water quality improves. There are no known current, future or potential threats to the species as water quality is improving and there is strict controls on the introductions of species in Swiss lakes.",Increasing,Switzerland: Lake Vierwaldstätter.,"Thought to be extinct, but was re-discovered in early 2000s. The population seems to be on the increase.","Habitat: Lacustrine, pelagic, feeding at 5-30 m depth. Biology: In July-September, moves to depths of up to 80-200 m to spawn. Feeds on crustaceans.",Eutrophication was thought to have caused the species to go extinct. Now conditions in the lake are improving.,Improving water quality.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,oxyrinchus,,Coregonus oxyrinchus,,"Usually considered to be present in all tributaries of North Sea basin. 'Houtings' from Danish North Sea basin and German rivers from Eider, Elbe west to Ems are C. maraena, a species widespread in Baltic basin.",Yes,EX,,Yes,EX,,EU27,,"The species has not been recorded from its range (Southern North Sea basin: Schelde, Rhine and Meuse drainages) since about 1940. The species relied upon estuaries and brackish water to forage, where pollution was at it its most concentrated and coregonids are very sensitive to pollution. Many surveys have been undertaken since (most recently in 2005) within its previous range, and the species has never been recorded.",,"Southern North Sea basin: Schelde, Rhine and Meuse drainages (exceptionally northern France). Ascended Rhine up to Köln [recorded to have reached Strasbourg (France) but this is probably erroneous]. Occasional records from southeast coast of England.",Last recorded in 1940.,"Habitat: In brackish water and main rivers; no evidence that it enters marine waters. Biology: Spawns in October-December in rivers. Young move to brackish habitats where they remain until mature. Feeds on zooplankton, supplemented by benthic invertebrates in adults.",Pollution.,None.,--- Other purpose text ---Now extinct - last recorded 1940,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,palaea,,Coregonus palaea,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"The species was extirpated from Lake Morat in the early 1900s, but it is still abundant in Lakes Neuchâtel (204 km²) and Bienne (40 km²) where there are no known current, future or potential threats as the peak of eutrophication is over and the stocking of invasive species is banned and well controlled in Switzerland.",Unknown,"Switzerland: Lakes Neuchâtel, Bienne and Morat. Introduced in Lake Geneva and other lakes and reservoirs in France and Switzerland.",Abundant in Lakes Neuchâtel and Bienne. Extirpated in Morat in early 1900s due to water level management and polluton (eutrophication).,"Habitat: Lacustrine. Biology: Males reproduce for the first time at 3-4 years, females at five. Spawns on gravel near shore or, depending on population, in depths up to 50 m. Spawning time depends on depth and apparently of temperature at that location, from November-December in shallow water to February in deepest places.",Eutrophication is the probable cause of the species extirpation in Lake Morat. There are no current threats to the species in lakes Neuchâtel and Bienne.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,pallasii,,Coregonus pallasii,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,"Large lakes of northern Sweden (Parkijaure, Hornävan, Storlaisan, Storuman, Vojmsjön, Storlögdan), Finland and Russia (Karelia). Only sporadically in Baltic near Neva and Narva estuaries.",No information available.,"Habitat: Lacustrine. Often enters rivers to spawn. Biology: Spawns in October-November, on gravel to stone bottom, near shores. Feeds on zooplankton and insects from surface.",No major threats known.,No information available.,It is harvested for human consumption.,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,peled,,Coregonus peled,,"Record from Sweden (lake Storvindeln) apparently is C. pallasii. Russian authors recognize four groups of populations, which partly occur in sympatry and which seem to be distinct species: 1) river peled; living in river, spawning in river, extending from Mezen to Ienissei drainages; 2) lake-river peled; in same drainages but absent from Ob' River; 3) large lacustrine peled; spawning in lakes, reaching up to 440 mm SL; 4) dwarf lacustrine peled; living and spawning in lakes, reaching up to 250 mm SL, with a shallower body and several rows of small black spots on body. It is presently not clear, which of them is the 'true' C. peled.",No,LC,,No,,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. Even if the species is split into four different species (see taxonomic notes) they would all be Least Concern. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,"Russia: Arctic Ocean basin from Kolyma (eastern Siberia) westward to Mezen drainages. Hybrids involving C. peled introduced in many reservoirs and lakes (Onega) throughout Russia, eastern and central Europe.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Lakes and rivers. Biology: Lives up to 12-13 years (5-6 in dwarf form). Different populations of different forms greatly differ in growth rate. Spawns for the first time at 3-6 years, males one year earlier than females. Females ripen very fast just before spawning; most females spawn each year. Spawns in autumn-early winter depending on local climate, over hard sand (shallows in lakes), sand, gravel or stone bottom (in rivers). In northern lakes, spawns under ice. Depth at spawning sites depends on ice thickness and changes in water level, commonly 1-3 m. Spawning lasts 12-16 days at 2-3°C. Feeds on zooplankton (mostly crustaceans), benthic animals (especially insect larvae and mussels, also algae) and insects from surface.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,pennantii,,Coregonus pennantii,,,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU27,,"Known only from Llyn Tegid (Wales) (4 km²), where it is threatened by a declining water quality, low summer and fluctuating water levels and introduced Gymnocephalus cernuus (Ruffe) (introduced to the lake in the 1980s) which attacks spawning C. pennantii and predates upon eggs and young fish. There is an introduction programme, where fertilised eggs from the fish have now been relocated to nearby Llyn Arenig, it is currently unknown if this has been successful.",Unknown,Wales: Llyn Tegid [Lake Bala]. Introduced into Llyn Arenig.,Abundant.,"Habitat: Lacustrine, in open water. Biology: Spawns in January-February in shallow bays on stones and gravel. Feeds on crustaceans and insects.","Declining water quality, a lack of oxygen and the depths of the lake in summer, human activity and fluctuating lake levels.Gymnocephalus cernuus (ruffe) - introduced to the lake in the 1980s - attacks spawning C. pennantii and predates upon eggs and young fish.",Fertilised eggs from the fish have now been relocated to nearby Llyn Arenig as part of a two year project.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,pidschian,,Coregonus pidschian,,,No,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"Widespread species with no known major threats to the species. European Union 27 = NA. Less than 5% of the species global distribtuion occurs within the European Union, it is therefore listed as Not Applicable.",Unknown,"Arctic Ocean basin, from Finland (Lapland) to eastern Siberia, Alaska, Canada eastward to Mackenzie drainage.",No information.,"Habitat: Lower reaches of rivers with slow current, large lakes with tributaries, floodplain lakes, deltas and estuaries, brackish waters. Rivers during migration. Biology: Males reproduce for the first time at 4-7 years, females at 5-8. Migratory. In July-August, congregates in large schools and migrates upriver to spawning sites. Lacustrine-riverine stocks enter lake tributaries. Distance of migration varies, commonly not very long. Most individuals spawn annually in August-November, sometimes later, in smaller streams or shallows of larger rivers with heavy current over gravel or stone bottom. Lacustrine stocks not migratory. Female lays only a single portion of eggs. Adults migrate downriver to deeper holes of middle stretches to overwinter. Usually starts downstream migration to feeding areas with ice melting. Feeds mainly on large benthic invertebrates (molluscs, gammarids, mysids, chironomids) and plankton in summer, small fishes and terrestrial insects in autumn.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,pollan,,Coregonus pollan,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"The species is known from five Irish Loughs, Lough Neagh (385 km²), lower and upper Loughs Erne (139 km²), Lough Ree (111 km²) and Lough Derg (134 km²). The main threats to the species are eutrophication of the lakes, alien species introductions and warming of the lakes. The only remaining self sustaining population is in Lough Neagh, the rest of the locations rely upon stocking (ranched individuals) for survival. The species therefore has an extent of occurrence and area of occupancy of 385 km² and is found in only one location (Lough Neagh) until the other populations do not rely upon the stocking for survival.",Unknown,"Ireland: Lough Neagh, lower and upper Loughs Erne, Lough Ree and Lough Derg.","Only abundant in lough Neagh, where after a decline in the 1970's, the population is on the increase and may number several million (Whilde, A. 1993. Threatened mammals, birds, amphibians and fish in Ireland. Irish Red Data Book 2: Vertebrates. HMSO, Belfast). The species relies upon stocking in the other Loughs. It was on the verge of exinction in Lough Erne where, in 1992, only two individuals were caught.","Habitat: Lacustrine, in open waters. Biology: Lives up to nine years. Spawns for the first time at two years. Spawns in October-December on rocky or gravel shallow areas. Feeds mainly on crustaceans (Mysis relicta), supplemented by insect larvae, shrimps and small fishes.","Eutrophication of the loughs, the introduction of alien species (competition with cyprinids), overfishing and potentially warming of the water due to climate change. In Lough Neagh competition with roach is a serious threat.",Fishing regulations and stocking for conservation purposes.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,renke,,Coregonus renke,,"Several species are possibly confused under the name C. renke. In the early 20th century, a small, pelagic feeding species with terminal mouth and 37-44 gill rakers, spawning at the surface in the middle of the lake was present in sympatry with C. renke in Starnberger See. It is apparently extinct.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Several species are possibly confused under the name C. renke. The type locality (Starnbergersee 59 km²) has been heavily impacted by pollution (eutrophication) and stocking of alien species, the species may be Extinct or threatened. More species taxonomy needs clarification before a full assessment can be made.",Unknown,"Germany: Lakes Ammersee, Starnbergersee, Tegernsee, Schliersee, Kochelsee; Austria: Traunsee, Hallstädtersee. In 1480, introduced from Kochelsee to Walchensee (not previously inhabited by Coregonus).",No information,"Habitat: Pelagic in surface layers. Usually spawns above gravel or rocks on bottom or along shores. Spawns below surface in Ammersee. In Traunsee and Hallstädter See, reported to migrate to spawn in tributaries. Biology: Lives up to seven years. Spawns for the first time at three years. Spawns in late November-early December at 3-4 m depth (Schliersee), in mid December-late January at 10-20 m depth (Tegernsee), in second half of November at 2-3 m depth (Starnbergersee), in mid-December at 80-100 m depth (Kochelsee, Walchensee), in November below surface (Ammersee). Feeds mainly on zooplankton, rarely on benthic invertebrates. May consume large amounts of small fish in summer.",The type locality (Starnbergersee 59 km²) has been heavily impacted by pollution (eutrophication) and stocking of alien species,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,restrictus,,Coregonus restrictus,,,Yes,EX,,Yes,EX,,EU27,,Last recorded in 1890. Survey work in the 1950s found no Corgonus in the lake at all. The Corgonus that are present in the lake now originate from stocked individuals from other species. In 1950 it was already considered that eutrophication was responsible for the species extinction.,0,Switzerland: Lake Morat.,Last recorded in 1890. Survey work in the 1950s found no coregonus in the lake. The Coregons that are present in the lake now originate from stocked individuals from other species.,"Habitat: Lacustrine, in deep waters. Biology: Spawns on sand or mud at 35-40 m deep, in January.",Eutrophication which happened before 1950s.,None.,--- Other purpose text ---Now extinct,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,sardinella,,Coregonus sardinella,,"Available data do not allow to distinguish C. albula as a whole from C. sardinella and C. vandesius. A very high variability is reported for all morphological characters between the many populations referred to C. albula, suggesting that several species might be involved. Further studies are needed to resolve their identity.",No,,,No,,,EU27,,"Less than 5% of the species population is found within Europe, the species is therefore listed as Not Applicable.",Unknown,"Lakes and lower course of large rivers of Arctic Ocean basin, from Pechora drainage to eastern Siberia; North America eastward to Bathurst (Canada). C. 'albula' from Lakes Mjosa and Osensjoen (Norway) might also belong to this species.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Lakes, estuaries and large rivers. Semi-anadromous populations forage in estuaries, lower courses of rivers, backwaters and lakes. Spawns on sand and gravel, in deep pools. Biology: Lacustrine and semi-anadromous populations. Lives up to 10 years, exceptional records up to 22 years in Norway. Spawns for the first time at 3-4 years. Semi-anadromous populations migrate upstream in June-September; in Pechora up to 800-1000 km from sea. In Kara, spawns in estuary. In Kara and some Siberian rivers, two spawning runs are known. First run enters rivers in August and spawns in September; second run starts in September and spawns in October soon before or after appearance of ice. Eggs hatch in spring and juveniles remain near spawning site until first autumn, then move downriver. In tundra lakes, spawns under first ice in October. Feeds on zooplankton, crustaceans and small fish. Adults do not feed during spawning migration. An isolated, dwarf stock growing to about 100 mm SL is known from Vashutkiny lakes, in upper Usa drainage, a Pechora tributary. The Pechora population may at least partly result of hybridization between C. albula and C. sardinella.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,stigmaticus,,Coregonus stigmaticus,,,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,v)",EU27,,"The species is only known from four lakes in Cumbria, UK. Haweswater (3 km²), Ullswater (14 km²), Brotherswater (<0.5 km²) and Red Tarn (<0.5 km²). The population has strongly declined in Hawswater (17% of its total range) which is still ongoing, due to water abstraction and cormorant predation. The area of occupancy of the species is around 20 km².",Unknown,"England: Lakes Haweswater, Ullswaterand, Brotherswater and Red Tarn (Cumbria).",In Haweswater the population has seen a decline. Stable in the other three lakes.,"Habitat: Lacustrine, in open water. Biology: Spawns in January-February, in shallow bays on stones and gravel. Feeds on crustaceans and insects.",Water abstraction and cormorant predation.,Cormorant control measures are being practised. Reducing the level of water abstraction.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,suidteri,,Coregonus suidteri,,The above diagnosis is based on Lake Vierwaldstätter population. Populations from the smaller lakes apparently exhibit a greater variability and their identity requires confirmation. There have been a number of introductions and there are indications that several lakes are now inhabited by hybrid populations and that the original populations or species are extinct. This is probably the case of the original population of Lake Sempach; descriptions of material collected in the 19th century suggest that in fact it might have been a distinct species. Populations from small lakes have also been impacted by eutrophication.,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"The species is native in Lakes Vierwaldstätter (abundant), Zug and Alpnach, where there are no known current or future threats. There is also no potential threat from introduced species due to the strict management of Swiss lakes.",Unknown,"Switzerland: Lakes Vierwaldstätter, Zug, Alpnach, possibly in Sempach, Baldegg and Hallwil; introduced in Lakes Aegeri, possibly Lungern, Maggiore and Locarno (possibly has hybridised with other introduced species).",Very abundant in Vierwaldstätter. Status in other lakes unknown.,"Habitat: Lacustrine, feeds on benthic (spring) and pelagic prey (summer). Biology: Fast growing species. Spawns in November-December, along gravel to stone shores, in very shallow water. Feeds on crustaceans, insect larvae and molluscs. Survival of Lake Hallwil population depends on stocking as eutrophication makes the lake unsuitable for reproduction since 1960.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,trybomi,,Coregonus trybomi,,"We retain all the above listed populations (including some winter spawning ones) in C. trybomi. Allozyme data suggest that the different populations have arisen independently from a sympatric population of autumn spawning ciscoes and are distinct species. In this case, three of the four species endemic to Sweden are already extinct.",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,iv)+2ab(iii,iv)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,iv)+2ab(iii,iv)",EU27,,"A single known population of the species remains in Lake Fegen (20 km², area of occupancy probably less than 10 km² as it is only a deep water species) on the Atran drainage, Sweden. It is already extirpated from Lakes Ören, Hålsjön and Äsunden (1970s and 1980s) probably because of acidification (acid rain) and stocking of alien species (including Sander lucioperca).The populations from Russia and Finland are most likely not conspecific and are not included in this evaluation (J. Freyhof pers. comm.).",Decreasing,"Sweden: Lakes Ören (Motalaström drainage), Hålsjön (Viskan drainage), Äsunden, Fegen (Ätran drainage); Other populations in Finland (Lakes Änättijärvi, Kostonjärvi, Kokkamo, Pirttijärvi, Suomunjärvi (winter spawning), Sokojärvi, Kajoonjärvi, Luovijärvi, Siikajärvi (spring spawning)) and Russia (some lakes of Karelia (winter spawning; e.g. Korpiselkä)) are most likely not conspecific (Freyhof pers comm.).","The species is no longer present in Lakes Ören (Motalaström drainage), Hålsjön (Viskan drainage), Äsunden.","Habitat: Lacustrine, deep water. Biology: Spawns in late April-early May (Sweden), December-January (winter spawning, Finland) or March-May (spring spawning, Finland), at 10-30 m depth. In all lakes, spring spawning C. trybomi occur in sympatry with C. albula. Winter spawning C. trybomi occur with C. albula only in Lake Änättijärvi, Finland. Feeds on plankton. In October-November rises to surface, probably to feed on spawn of C. albula.",Alien species (including Sander lucioperca) and water pollution from acid rain has caused the extirpation from Swedish lakes.,Fishing has now been banned in Lake Fegen for this species.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,vandesius,,Coregonus vandesius,,"The populations of Cumbria and Scotland differ somewhat in morphology and might be distinct species. On the other hand, available data do not allow to distinguish C. vandesius from the assemblage of all populations referred to C. albula and C. sardinella. 

Available data do not allow to distinguish C. albula as a whole from C. sardinella and C. vandesius. A very high variability is reported for all morphological characters between the many populations referred to C. albula, suggesting that several species might be involved. Further studies are needed to resolve their identity. However, C. vandesius is clearly distinct from C. albula populations from eastern Baltic basin, but it is similar to some populations from the western Baltic.",Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"The species is currently extant (within its native range) in two lakes, Derwentwater (5.4 km²) where it is protected and deemed to be safe and Bassenthwaite (4.5 km²) where it is suffering from low population abundance and inconsistent recruitment. It has been extirpated in Castle Loch (1911) and Mill Loch (1970's) due to eutrophication. The species has been established (benign introduction) in Loch Skene (from Bassenthwaite Lake) for conservation purposes. The species is therefore found in three locations and its area of occupancy is less than 500 km² and its extent of occurrence is less than 5,000 km².",Unknown,England: Lakes Derwentwater and Bassenthwaite (Cumbria); Scotland: Castle Loch and Mill Loch near Lochmaben. It has been introduced for conservation purposes in Loch Skene.,No information.,"Habitat: Lacustrine, in open water. Spawns on gravel or stone shores. Biology: Gregarious, shoaling. Lives up to 10 years. Spawns for the first time at 2-3 years. Spawns in November-December. Males gather in spawning places and females join these shoals and spawn together in midwater. Eggs sink to bottom and develop between stones. Shoals move to deeper water in warm weather. Comes closer to shores in late summer. Feeds mainly on crustaceans (Entomostraca), supplemented by small insects.","Eutrophication was the cause of the species extirpation in Castle Loch which occurred in 1911 and Mill Loch in the early 1970s. The main threat to the species in Bassenthwaite is Gymnocephalus cernuus, an introduced species which eats the eggs of C. vandesius. There is no plausible threat to the Derwentwater population.",Fishing for the species is now banned in its remaining locations.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,vessicus,,Coregonus vessicus,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"The species is abundant in Lake Belozero (estimated area of 1,200 km2), where there are no known current or future threats to the species. It is invasive and spreading in Volga drainage.",Increasing,"Russia: native in Lake Belozero [Beloe, Beloe Ozero], northern Volga drainage (60°11'N 37°34'E). Invasive in upper and middle Volga reservoirs downriver to Saratov reservoir.",This is an abundant species.,"Habitat : Lacustrine.Biology: Lives up to 21/2 years. Spawns for the first time at 2 years, males may spawn for the first time in their first year. Spawns usually around 10 November. Most individuals spawn only for a single season.",No major threats are known.,No information available.,This species is harvested for human consumption.,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,wartmanni,,Coregonus wartmanni,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"The species is only native in Lake Constance (451 km²), where it is very abundant and there are no known current or future threats. Lake Constance is a cross border lake (Austria, Germany and Switzerland) and has a well managed and strictly regulated management and harvest plan. Because of this management plan it is not believed that the introduction of alien species or overfishing is a potential threat.",Unknown,"Lake Constance (Switzerland, Germany, Austria).",Abundant.,"Habitat: Lacustrine, pelagic, usually at 0-40 m during summer. Spawns at surface over deep water, off-shore. Biology: Spawns for the first time at 2-3 years. Spawns in first half of December, when temperature falls below 7°C. Males aggregate at surface and females ready to spawn come from deeper water to join these aggregations. Eggs sink to bottom and hatch in March. Larvae swim to surface and start to feed after about 8 days. Feeds on plankton and insects; preys on juvenile Perca fluviatilis in summer.",No major threats known.,"Lake Constance is a cross border lake (Austria, Germany and Switzerland) and has a well managed and strictly regulated management and harvest plan.",,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,widegreni,,Coregonus widegreni,,"Diagnosis based on Ladoga population (true C. widegreni). Baltic, Swedish (C. polonica) populations referred to this species are probably misidentified as they are shallow water, small-sized species (up to about 200 mm SL), while the true C. widegreni is a deep-water, large size species.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"It is most likely a species complex, and if proved to be so, true C. widegreni would only be found in a small area in Lake Ladoga. More work needs to be done on the species taxonomy.",Unknown,"Baltic: Bothnian Gulf, Gotland (missing along Swedish coast southward of Stockholm); southern Baltic: from Germany to Gulf of Finland; several landlocked populations in northern Germany (almost extirpated), Sweden (lakes Vänern, Vättern, Locknesjön, Storvindeln, Storlaisan, Skalka-Parkijaur, Arjeplog), Russia (Neva drainage, Lakes Ladoga and Onega).",No information.,"Habitat: At sea, coastal waters. Lacustrine, at depths greater than 30 m, in Lake Ladoga commonly at 50-150 m. Biology: Anadromous and landlocked populations. Lives up to 20 years. Spawns for the first time at 4-6 years. In northern Baltic, spawns along shores or in lowermost stretches of rivers, in October-January. In Lake Ladoga, spawns at 50-100 m depth, in late November-December (later than other sympatric Coregonus species), overwinters in deep water and moves to higher water layers (25-40 m) only in summer. Feeds on benthic invertebrates, especially gammarids, molluscs and insect larvae.",No information.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,zuerichensis,,Coregonus zuerichensis,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Extirpated in Lakes Pfäffikon and Greiffensee (before 1950). Even though the species is only extant in two lakes, Zürich (60 km²) and Walenstadt (18 km²), there are no known current or future threats to the species and it is abundant. There is also no potential threat from invasive species as the Swiss lakes are now strictly managed.",Unknown,"Switzerland: Lakes Zürich, Walenstadt, Pfäffikon and Greiffensee.",Extirpated in Pfäffikon and Greiffensee. Abundant Lakes Zürich and Walenstadt.,"Habitat: Lacustrine, in midwater. Biology: Spawns in November-December, at depths of 12-100 m. Feeds on plankton.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Coregonus,zugensis,,Coregonus zugensis,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"The species is known from Lakes Vierwaldstätter (102 km²), and possibly also Alpnach (3 km²) and Sarnen (7 km²) and was extirpated from Lake Zug (31 km²) before 1950. The species is very abundant in Lake Vierwaldstätter where there is no known current or future threat. There is also no potential threat from introduced species due to the strict management of the Swiss lakes.",Unknown,"Switzerland: Lakes Vierwaldstätter, Zug and possibly Alpnach and Sarnen.",Extirpate in Zug (before 1950). Very abundant in Vierwaldstätter.,"Habitat: Lacustrine, pelagic feeder. Biology: Most individuals spawn in November-December, at depths of 20-80 m, along littoral slope. In lake Vierwaldstätter, a very rare ""albeli"" is spawning in July-August. Its identity needs further investigations. Feeds on zooplankton and insect nymphs.",No current threats to the species are known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,COTTIDAE,Cottus,aturi,,Cottus aturi,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Known from the Adour and Nivelle drainages (France, Spain), with an estimated area of occupancy of less than 2,000 km² and an extent of occurrence of less than 20,000 km², however there are no known current or potential threats to the species. Even droughts are not thought to be a threat as the drainages have their headwaters in the Pyrenees.",Unknown,"Adour and Nivelle drainages (France, Spain).",No information.,"Habitat: Streams with clear, cool, moderate to swift water, and stone substrate. Biology: No data.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,COTTIDAE,Cottus,duranii,,Cottus duranii,,The different populations assembled under this name may represent more than one species.,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"The species is only known from a few specimens from the upper Loire, Dordoigne and Lot. More information is needed on the species distribution, biology and impacts of dams. The different populations assembled under this name may also represent more than one species.",Unknown,Only known from a few localities. France: upper Dordogne and upper Loire drainage. Populations from upper Lot possibly conspecific.,Unknown.,"Habitat: Streams with clear, cool, moderate to swift water, and stone substrate. Biology: No data.",Dams in the Loire and Dordogne impact the habitat up and downstream.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,COTTIDAE,Cottus,gobio,,Cottus gobio,,"Considering its wide range and the observed morphological diversity, future research on C. gobio is likely to show that it is in fact an assemblage of several species.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"A widespread species with no known major widespread threats, however several populations are locally threatened. Future research on C. gobio is likely to show that it is in fact an assemblage of several species and each should be re-evaluated.    European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.",Unknown,"Northern Baltic basin in Scandinavia south to stream Maurine (53°51'N 10°56'E) in southwesternmost corner of Baltic basin (Germany). Lower reaches of streams and rivers and along coast of Sweden, Finland, Russia southwest to Estonia. Danube (except upper tributaries Save and Arges), Elbe, Ems, Weser and Rhône drainages. Tributaries of upper Rhine downriver (northward) to about Mannheim. A few of the uppermost tributaries of River Tevere, Central Italy. Adriatic drainages, from Potenza (Italy) to Zrmanja (Croatia), except Timavo spring (inhabited by C. scaturigo). mtDNA and microsatellite data show that sculpins from the stream Steenputbeek (4°17'N 50°43'E) in Scheldt drainage represent C. gobio, suspected to be introduced. Sculpins reported from Neretva drainage (Bosnia-Herzegovina) probably also belong to C. gobio.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Cold, clear and fast-flowing water of small stream to medium-sized rivers. As well on gravel or rocky shores of cold lakes and in slightly brackish waters along eastern Baltic coast. Biology: Spawns for the first time at 2-4 years. Spawns in March-April, when temperature rises above 12°C. Females spawn once a year. Most individuals spawn for several years. They lay adhesive eggs in a compact clutch on ceiling of small cavities in gravel or rock bottom. Males guard eggs until hatching; a single male may guard the egg clutches of several females. Feeds on a wide variety of benthic invertebrates.",No major threats known.,No information available.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,COTTIDAE,Cottus,haemusi,,Cottus haemusi,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"The species is only known from the description and type locality River Beli Vit (Danube drainage). More information is needed on the species distribution, biology, habitat and threats.",Unknown,"Only known from the original description at the type locality. Bulgaria: River Beli Vit (Danube drainage), possibly in other lower Danube tributaries.",No information.,Habitat: No data. Probably similar to C. gobio. Biology: No data. Probably similar to C. gobio.,No information,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,COTTIDAE,Cottus,hispaniolensis,,Cottus hispaniolensis,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"It is known from the southern (Pyrenean) Garonne drainage (France, Spain) with an estimated area of occupancy of less than 2,000 km² and an extent of occurrence of less than 20,000 km², however there are no known current or potential threats to the species. Even droughts are not thought to be a threat as the drainage has its headwaters in the Pyrenees.",Unknown,"Southern (Pyrrenean) Garonne drainage (France, Spain).",No information.,"Habitat: Streams with clear, cool, moderate to swift water, and stone substrate. Biology: No data. Probably similar to C. gobio.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,COTTIDAE,Cottus,koshewnikowi,,Cottus koshewnikowi,,"C. koshewnikowi and C. gobio form a hybrid zone in northern and eastern Gulf of Bothnia. Both species have largely allopatric ranges and where they come into contact, they have different ecologies, with C. gobio in partly brackish coastal habitats and C. koshewnikowi in pure freshwater inland habitats. C. milvensis from River Pechora is included here, but could be a distinct species.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,"Upper Volga drainage and northern and eastern Gulf of Bothnia from Estonia eastward and northward to Finland and northern Sweden. Cottus populations from Dniepr, Ural and Pechora drainages might be conspecific.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Medium sized rivers to small streams, lake shores. Biology: No data. Probably similar to C. gobio.",No major threats known.,No information available.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,COTTIDAE,Cottus,metae,,Cottus metae,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,The species has a relatively restricted range (to the upper Save river system in the Danube basin) but it has no known threats.,Unknown,Slovenia: upper Save system (Danube drainage).,Abundant.,Habitat: Small streams to medium sized rivers. Biology: Spawns for the first time at 2-4 years. Spawns in March-April. Females spawn once a year. Most individuals spawn for several years.,No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,COTTIDAE,Cottus,microstomus,,Cottus microstomus,,"C. microstomus, C. gobio and C. koshewnikowi possibly form a hybrid zone in the eastern Baltic basin. Earlier hypothesised hybrid zones in Odra and Vistula drainages seem to be pure C. microstomus.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,"Black Sea basin: Dniestr. Southern Baltic basin in Poland, most likely further east to Lithuania.",Abundant.,Habitat: Small streams to medium sized rivers. Biology: Spawns for the first time at 2-4 years. Spawns in March-April. Females spawn once a year. They lay adhesive eggs in a compact clutch on the ceiling of small cavities in gravel or rock bottom. Males guard eggs until hatching; a single male may guard egg clutches of several females. Feeds on a wide variety of benthic invertebrates.,No major threats known.,No information available.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,COTTIDAE,Cottus,perifretum,,Cottus perifretum,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Common in England, very few fragmented populations in Belgium and France, several of them threatened by pollution, water abstraction and alteration of river morphology.",Unknown,"Great Britain; Atlantic drainages from Garonne (tributaries draining from Massif Central) to Scheldt [French: Escaut] in France and Belgium. Lower, middle and northern upper Rhine mainstream in Germany and the Netherlands, reaching upriver (southward) to Karlsruhe. Also in rivers Mosel and Sieg in Germany. Might also be present in other major Rhine tributaries, the French stretch of the upper Rhine and the lower Meuse.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Small streams to medium-sized rivers. Biology: Lives up to six years. Spawns for the first time at one year. Spawns in March-April. Females spawn once a year in Belgium; up to four times, in February-early July, in stream Bere (southern England). Most individuals spawn 2-3 seasons. They lay adhesive eggs in a compact clutch on ceiling of small cavities in gravel or rock bottom. Males guard eggs until hatching. Males may guard egg clutches of several females. Feeds on a wide variety of benthic invertebrates.","Pollution, water abstraction and alteration of river morphology.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,COTTIDAE,Cottus,petiti,,Cottus petiti,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"C. petiti occurs in one small restricted location (3 km stretch of the Lez River) with an area of occupancy (AOO) <20 km². Future introduction of C. gobio could cause the extinction of the species. Recent genetic work (Eppe et al. 1999) showed that this species is not different than any Cottus gobio populations. Consequently, its taxonomy might be wrong and further investigations on a large geographical scale is needed.",Stable,"It is restricted to a 3 km stretch of the Lez River (Le Lez) from the
spring to the Lirou tributary in southern France north of the town of
Montpellier.",No data.,"The Lez River is fed by a large resurgence draining a karstic plateau. Substrate is gravel and stony beds, temperature rarely exceed 20°C. Discharge is very regular.","Water pollution, drying out of River Lez, and introduction of Cottus gobio are major threats. Water extraction for drinking water for the Montpellier town.",It is listed in the Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,COTTIDAE,Cottus,poecilopus,,Cottus poecilopus,,"Cottus populations from the Kolyma, Amur and Korean drainages belong to other species.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"A widespread species with no known major widespread threats, however the species is extirpated in Germany.European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.",Unknown,"Streams in Carpathians draining to Danube, Dniestr, Vistula and Odra. Baltic basin, especially in northern Sweden and Finland between 64 and 68°N, central Finnish lakes area, a few streams in southern Finland, Lake Ladoga and southern Lake Onega drainage, a few lakes in northern Germany (extirpated), Lake Hancza (Poland) and Skjernaa drainage (Denmark). In Siberia from River Ob eastward to Lena. Absent in rivers draining to Baltic Sea south of Iijöki drainage in central Finland and in rivers draining to the White and Barents Seas.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Northern, and mountain and foothill streams, oligotrophic lakes. In Carpathian streams usually more upstream than C. gobio, very rarely syntopic. Biology: Lives up to six years. Spawns for the first time at 2-4 years, about 40 mm SL. Spawns in February-April, when temperature rises above 5°C. Females spawn once a year. Most individuals spawn 2-3 seasons. They lay adhesive eggs in a compact clutch on ceiling of small cavities in gravel or rock bottom. Males guard eggs until hatching. Males may guard egg clutches of several females. Nocturnal, shifts to day-activity during winter in the Arctic. Feeds on a wide variety of benthic invertebrates.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,COTTIDAE,Cottus,rhenanus,,Cottus rhenanus,,"Although C. rhenanus can be distinguished from individual C. gobio populations adjacent to its distribution, it can at present be diagnosed from C. gobio as a whole only by the shape of the first dorsal and by molecular characters. Further work on C. gobio is likely to show it comprises several distinct lineages and once this is resolved, C. rhenanus may become identifiable also by other characters.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,"Rhine and Meuse drainages, in Rhine upriver (southward) to about Mannheim, including tributaries of Main and Neckar.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Small, cold streams with gravel bottom. Biology: Spawns for the first time at 2-4 years. Spawns in March-April, when temperature rises above 12°C. Females spawn once a year. Most individuals spawn 2-3 years.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,COTTIDAE,Cottus,rondeleti,,Cottus rondeleti,,,Yes,CR,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",EU27,,"The species is only found in three stretches of stream (each a few hundred metres long) in one small coastal drainage (Hérault, Southern France) where drought (exacerbated by water extraction and climate change) is a major potential threat to the species and would impact the whole drainage (making it one location).",Unknown,France: three disjunct populations in Hérault drainage.,No information.,"Habitat: Small stream with clear, swift water and stone bottom. Biology: No data. Probably similar to C. gobio.","Drought (potentially increasing due to climate change) and increasing water abstraction is a potential threat to the species, especially as the species occurs in a very restricted range.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,COTTIDAE,Cottus,scaturigo,,Cottus scaturigo,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"The species' range is highly restricted (Timavo spring, north of Trieste) with an area of occupancy of about 100 m², but has no known current or future threats that could lead to a continuing decline in population or habitat. However, there is a plausible threat from the nearby road, where pollution from an accident or dumping could impact the whole population making the species occur in one location.",Unknown,"Italy: Timavo spring, north of Trieste. Timavo spring is the resurgence of River Reka, which flows from Slovenia after 35 km of underground course through the Kras (Karst) plateau. There is no record of Cottus species in Reka.",No information.,"Habitat: Large, very cold spring. Biology: Spawns for the first time at one year. Spawns in March. Most individuals live only 1-2 years.","The species is restricted to a very small area, but there are no known current threats to the species. However the spring is very close to a road which may pose a threat.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,COTTIDAE,Cottus,transsilvaniae,,Cottus transsilvaniae,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"The species has only been recorded once in 1998 from the type locality, the upper Arges in the Danube. More information is needed on the species distribution, habitat, ecology and threats.",Unknown,Recorded once in 1998 from the Danube drainage: upper Arges. May be present in other tributaries of lower Danube.,No information.,Habitat: Known from a cold and fast-flowing small river. Biology: No data.,Unknown.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Cyprinus,carpio,,Cyprinus carpio,,,No,VU,A2ce,No,VU,A2ce,EU27,,"The native populations (Black, Caspian Seas) are slowly but continuously declining due to river regulation. Also hybridisation with domesticated introduced stocks, East Asian congeners and their hybrids, is a serious long term threat for the species. However, superficially pure carp (currently it is impossible to identify pure carp by genetic analysis) are still abundant in the lower parts of rivers within its native range. Most likely, only very few stocks remain ""genetically unpolluted"" as a result of this long lasting process. The average age of the spawners is estimated to be between 20-25 years, as they are a long lived species (up to 50 years). Although no population data exists, it is suspected that in the past 60 to 75 years within the species native range, river regulation (due to channelization and dams), which impacts the species as they need flooded areas at very specific times to successfully spawn, and hybridisation with introduced stock, has caused a population decline of over 30%.    European Union 27 = VU A2ce. Native populations of the species are found within the Danube catchment and are thought to be undergoing the same level of decline, if not greater (as stocking of breeds is there more intensive and habitat structures are much worse) as across continental Europe (see rational above).",Unknown,"Black, Caspian and Aral Sea basins. Introduced throughout the world. Cultivated in large quantities for human food and stocked for sport fishing.In Europe, C. carpio has apparently been domesticated since the Middle Ages and cultivated stocks are assumed to be derived from the wild form of the Danube. Wild stocks occur naturally only in rivers draining to the Black, Caspian and Aral Seas. C. carpio is widely cultivated worldwide, but in fact many cultivated stocks (and most of the Asian ones) belong to several other East Asian species. One of them, C. rubrofuscus (often erroneously referred to as C. carpio haematopterus) is cultivated in several eastern European countries and has been introduced to Russia and Ukraine. It is not known whether it has become established there. In western Europe, Japanese ornamental varieties (kois) possibly derived from C. rubrofuscus or of hybrid origin occasionally escape from ponds. Wild C. rubrofuscus are distinguished from wild C. carpio by having 29-33 + 2-3 lateral line scales (vs. 33-37 + 2-3), 18-22½ branched dorsal rays (vs. 17-20½), body silvery with red pelvic, anal and lower caudal lobe (vs. grey to bronze).",Within its native range the species is thought to be abundant but pure populations are very rarely distinguished from hybrids or domesticated and semi-domesticated populations.,"Habitat: Warm, deep, slow-flowing and still waters, such as lowland rivers and large, well vegetated lakes. Introduced in all types of water bodies. Spawns along shores or in backwaters. Successful survival of larvae only in very warm water, among shallow submerged vegetation. Biology: Males reproduce for the first time at 3-5 years, females at 4-6. Lives up to 50 years and usually spawns every year. Age of maturity is related to latitude and altitude. Spawns in May-June at temperatures above 18°C. Adults often make considerable spawning migrations to suitable backwaters and flooded meadows. Individual females spawn with a few males in dense vegetation. The sticky eggs are attached to water plants or other submerged objects. Larvae and juveniles inhabit warm and shallow flooded river margins or backwaters, feeding mostly on very small zooplankton (rotifers). Reproductive success is restricted to years when the water level starts rising in May and when high temperatures and flooding of terrestrial vegetation last for a long period during May and June. Juveniles and adults feeds on a wide variety of benthic organisms and plant material. Most active during dusk and dawn. Very tolerant of low oxygen concentrations.",River regulation (they require flooded areas to spawn) and hybridisation with introduced stocks is a major threat.,More research is needed into the threats to species,--- Other source text ---Ranching insitu = Stocking,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Delminichthys,adspersus,,Delminichthys adspersus,,"Previously Paraphoxinus adspersus, but this is considered by Kottelat (1997) to be a synonym of Phoxinellus.",Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),No,,,EU27,,P. adspersus is found in six small locations in the right-hand tributary of the Neretva river and some polje karst (Imocko) (based on the threat of water pollution) with an area of occupancy (AOO) <500 km². Agricultural pollution poses the main threat to the species and is causing a decline in habitat quality.,Unknown,"It is restricted to the right-hand tributary of the Neretva river (Matica, Norin, Tihaljina and Trebizat rivres) and some polje karst (Imocko) in Bosnia-Hercegovina and in Croatia. It is also present in the Kuti lake and Bacena lake (Mrakovcic pers comm).",No data.,It lives in rivers of the karst region and in lakes.,Water extraction and agricultural pollution (Mrakovcic pers comm).,It is listed in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Delminichthys,ghetaldii,,Delminichthys ghetaldii,,Following Eschmeyer (2004) Paraphoxinus ghetaldi was transferred to Phoxinellus ghetaldii. Note change in specific name spelling.,Yes,VU,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",No,,,EU27,,"P. ghetaldii has an extent of occurrence (EOO) <5,000 km² (area of occupancy (AOO) <500 km²), and occurs at more than five locations but no more than 10 depending upon the interconnectivity of the Polje. There is a continuing decline of AOO due to water extraction, droughts and channelisation of the rivers.",Unknown,"It is restricted to karstic streams (e.g., Buna River) and springs in Popovo Polje, Ljubomirsko Polje, Dabarsko Polje and Fatnicko Polje and springs in coastal southern Dalmatia.",No data.,"It lives in streams, springs and subterranean cavities.","Water extraction and pollution, introduction of fish exotic species.",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Delminichthys,jadovensis,,Delminichthys jadovensis,,,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,iv)",No,,,EU27,,"P. jadovensis has an extremely restricted distribution with an extent of occurrence (EOO) <100 km² and is found at only one location, a single stream in the Jadova River. There has been a continuing decline in quality of habitat and subpopulations due to invasive species (Lepomis spp and Squalius cephalus). In 1997, 1998 and 1999 the species was collected at only two sites on the Jadova river, and in 2003 it was not collected at either site but was found to exist at another.",Unknown,It is restricted to the endoreihic Jadova river in Croatia.,"Declining. In 1997, 1998 and 1999 the species was collected at only two sites, and in 2003 it was not collected at either site but was found to exist at another site.",It lives in reaches with slow current and clear water.,"Primarily invasive species Lepomis spp and Squalius cephalus (Bogutskaya pers comm). Pollution, droughts.",None,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Delminichthys,krbavensis,,Delminichthys krbavensis,,,Yes,CR,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv)+2ab(ii,iii,iv)",No,,,EU27,,P. krbavensis has an extremely limited distribution with an area of occupancy (AOO) <10 km² (extent of occurrence (EOO) <100 km²) as it is only found in one karstic spring Modro Oko. Due to drought and alien species there is a continuing decline in AOO and sub populations (it has disappeared from streams in Krbavsko Polje streams).,Unknown,It is restricted to one karstic spring (Modro Oko) in the Krbavsko Polje in Croatia. It has disappeared from karstic streams.,No data.,"It lives in rivers, springs and caves. It prefers slow current and clear water.","Drought, alien species and water extraction and road construction. Also there is a possibility that war in the region has damaged the karstic system. (Bogutskaya, N. pers. comm).",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,MORONIDAE,Dicentrarchus,labrax,,Dicentrarchus labrax,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,"All European coasts. Absent from White, Barents, Baltic and Caspian Seas and from Northern Black Sea and Sea of Azov.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Coastal waters and estuaries. Biology: Lives up to 30 years. Spawns for the first time at 4-7 years and about 350 (males) and 420 (females) mm SL. A pelagic spawner in open sea, in January-June at temperatures above 9°C. Larvae planktonic. Juveniles move inshore as they grow, aggregating in brackish estuarine nursery areas where they usually remain until their second summer. Large juveniles and adults show a complicated migration pattern at sea, coming close to shore and entering freshwaters of estuaries during summer to forage. Juveniles feed on invertebrates, taking increasingly more fish with age. Adults piscivorous.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Economidichthys,pygmaeus,,Economidichthys pygmaeus,,Was incorrectly included on the 2006 Red List under the misspelt name Economidichthys pygmeus.,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,A fairly widespread species with no major widespread threats.,Unknown,"Restricted to western Greece, north of Patraikos Gulf, including Lefkas Island (may now have disappeared). Specifically, it is present in the Louros and Arahthos Rivers and in Trichonis Lake, possibly including the Mataranga river although this river dries out in the summer. Also found in the lower drainage of rivers Kalamas river and Acheloo and Pahvotis Lake (introduced), in Blykos spring, and in a small river the Agios Dimitrios. Occurrence further north in Albania needs to be confirmed.",Common in western Greece. Probably stable.,"It lives exclusively in freshwaters, rivers, springs and lakes. Maximum length is ca. 54 mm for females and 51 mm for males. Minimum size at maturity is 24 mm. Reproduction is in the spring and summer. Phragmites plants are required for reproduction. The males provide parental care.","Water extraction and pollution, and habitat destruction.",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Economidichthys,trichonis,,Economidichthys trichonis,,,Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",EU27,,"A common species, although its population status is unknown. It is restricted to two lakes (estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) <5,000 km², area of occupancy (AOO) <500 km²) which are suffering from eutrophication, loss of reed beds due to land reclamation, and lake level decline due to water extraction. The species distribution is treated as a single location due to the connection between the two lakes.",Unknown,Restricted to Lake Trichonis and Lyssimachia in southwestern Greece.,Common in specific sites within the lakes. Maybe declining.,A lacustrine species. It is the smallest freshwater European teleost at maturity: 18 mm with a maximum length of 25 mm. It is a semelparous species dying just after spawning. The males provide parental care.,"Water pollution, water extraction (lake level now fluctuates), and potentially habitat impacts from bottom trawling.","The integrated water resources management plan for the Trichonis Lake (developed in the framework of the Life - Nature '99 project entitled: 'Actions for the preservation of Calcareous fens in Trichonis lake') should be implemented in the area aiming to eliminate the present high water level fluctuations in the lake on both annual and monthly basis. This will decrease the environmental impacts from the water abstractions for irrigation during the dry period and will facilitate preservation of the ecologically important habitats, in the broader area.",,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ESOCIFORMES,ESOCIDAE,Esox,lucius,,Esox lucius,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"A widespread species with no known major widespread threats, however some local populations are impacted by habitat alterations. European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.",Unknown,"Caspian, Black, Baltic, White, Barents, Arctic, North and Aral Seas and Atlantic basins, southwest to Adour drainage; Mediterranean basin, in Rhône drainage and northern Italy. Widely distributed in North America and Siberia eastward to Anadyr drainage (Bering Sea basin). Historically absent from Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean France, central Italy, southern and western Greece, eastern Adriatic basin, Iceland, western Norway and northern Scotland. Now widely introduced and translocated throughout Europe.",Abundant.,"Habitat: In a wide variety of habitats with aquatic or periodically flooded vegetation. Often semi-anadromous in part of northern Baltic basin with lower salinity. Biology: Males reproduce for the first time at 170-350 mm SL, females at 250-400 mm SL, at 1-6 years. Reproduction closely related to the presence of submerged vegetation. Spawns in late winter or early spring, between February in the south and June in the north, when temperature rises above 5°C. Several males court a single female. Eggs are deposited in flooded areas and on submerged vegetation over a period of 2-5 days. Juvenile survival is negatively related to biomass of older individuals and positively related to the area of the patches covered by submerged vegetation. Feeds on various small vertebrates, predominantly fish, and large invertebrates as decapod crustaceans. Cannibalism is common. In arctic lakes, it is sometimes the only fish species in a given water body; in such cases, juveniles feed on invertebrates and terrestrial vertebrates; large individuals are predominantly cannibals.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI,PETROMYZONTIFORMES,PETROMYZONTIDAE,Eudontomyzon,danfordi,,Eudontomyzon danfordi,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"A widespread species, known from the Tisza and Timis systems (Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine, Hungary in the Danube drainage). It has a suspected slow decline with recent and on-going economic development (pollution, damming in headwaters) in eastern Europe. However, not at a rate to qualify the species for a threatened or Near Threatened category.",Unknown,"Danube drainage: Tisza and Timis systems (Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine, Hungary).",Suspected to be slowly declining.,"Habitat: Piedmont and montane zones in clear, well oxygenated brooks. Ammocoetes in detritus-rich sands or clay sediments. Biology: Predatory, freshwater resident. Ammocoetes stage lasts 3.5-4.5 years. Ammoecoetes feed on detritus and insect larvae; they usually metamorphose in July-August. Metamorphosis lasts 1-5 months and feeding starts in the following March. Spawns in spring, usually after one year of predatory life, in April-June in uppermost reaches of brooks. Dies after spawning. Adults feed on live and dead fish; they usually kill their prey and feed on body tissues or swallow the whole fish.",Locally threatened by damming in headwaters and pollution.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI,PETROMYZONTIFORMES,PETROMYZONTIDAE,Eudontomyzon,hellenicus,,Eudontomyzon hellenicus,,Work is needed to confirm that the Lourus population is conspecific with the type locality in Strymon.,Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU27,,"This species is only known from two river basins with a total estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) <100 km² and area of occupancy (AOO) <10 km². Extensive survey has failed to find this species in one of these basins, the Louros, indicating a decline in the EOO and AOO. There is also a reported decline in quality of habitat due to water pollution, the number of locations, and number of mature individuals. It is also quite possible that the population within the Strymon river basin no longer exists — more survey work is recommended. On this basis the species is assessed as Critically Endangered.",Unknown,"Only known from the Strymon and Louros basins in Greece. In the Strymon basin, it is located only in two brooks (Ayannis spring and Mylopotamos Kefalari). More recent, extensive survey has, however, failed to find the species in the Louros basin.",No data.,It lives in cold water springs and spring-fed streams. Reproduction takes place in December and January. It is a non-parasitic lamprey and it does not feed as an adult.,"Habitat destruction, water extraction.",Listed in Annex II of European Union Habitat Directive and in Appendix III of the Bern Convention. Protected by a special national law in Greece (not enforced).,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI,PETROMYZONTIFORMES,PETROMYZONTIDAE,Eudontomyzon,mariae,,Eudontomyzon mariae,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"A widespread species and abundant in Poland and Ukraine. However it is suspected to be undergoing a slow population decline with recent and on-going economic development, but not at a rate to qualify for a threatened or Near Threatened category.    European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.",Unknown,"Tributaries of Baltic (Odra, Vistula, Neman drainages), northern Black (Danube to Kuban drainages) and Caspian Seas (River Sura, Volga drainage). In Danube, restricted to tributaries below Iron Gate; a single record from upper Morava system (Czechia).","Abundant in Poland and Ukraine, but suspected to be gradually declining overall.","Habitat: Lowland, piedmont and montane zones in clear, well oxygenated brooks. Ammocoetes in detritus-rich sands or clay sediments. Biology: Non-predatory, freshwater resident. Ammocoetes stage lasts 3.5-4.5 years. Feeds on detritus and micro-organisms, metamorphoses in September-December, overwinters and spawns in late April-early May, later at higher elevations, when temperatures reach 11-16°C. Spawning individuals cease their normal daylight avoidance reaction and reproduce on sunny days. Males dig a shallow nest in habitats with moderate current. Spawners form aggregations. Dies after spawning.",Locally threatened by damming in headwaters and pollution.,No information available.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI,PETROMYZONTIFORMES,PETROMYZONTIDAE,Eudontomyzon,sp. nov. 'migratory',,Eudontomyzon sp. nov. 'migratory',,"Anadromous predatory lampreys are reported in the literature and are considered to be extinct. In fact, the literature is ambiguous. The record of a migratory lamprey in the Prut system refers to a non-predatory species close to E. mariae but there is no evidence that it was anadromous. Attempts to obtain migratory lampreys in recent years in the Dniestr, Dniepr and Don have been unsuccessful; fishermen are not aware of its existence.",Yes,EX,,No,,,EU27,,"Disappeared from its range (Dniestr, Dniepr and Don drainages) around the end of 19th century for unknown reasons, although it was the target of fisheries in the lower part of rivers in autumn and spring. Attempts to obtain migratory lampreys in recent years in the Dniestr, Dniepr and Don have been unsuccessful and fishermen are not aware of its existence.",0,"Dniestr, Dniepr and Don drainages (Black Sea basin).",Last recorded around the end of 19th century.,"Habitat: Unknown. Biology: Adults were known to migrate and were the target of specific fisheries in lower part of rivers in autumn and spring (including in lower Dniepr where E. mariae is known to be absent). It is not known whether the migration was restricted to freshwater or included a period at sea. Spawns during spring in headwaters, in clear water, over gravel bottom or recently flooded areas.",Unknown.,None.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI,PETROMYZONTIFORMES,PETROMYZONTIDAE,Eudontomyzon,stankokaramani,,Eudontomyzon stankokaramani,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"The species is restricted to the Drin River (extent of occurrence of 25,000 km²) but has no known widespread threats.",Unknown,"Drin drainage including Lake Ohrid and Lake Skadar basins (Macedonia, Montenegro, Albania, Kosovo) .",No information.,"Habitat: Piedmont and montane zones in clear, well oxygenated brooks. Ammocoetes in detritus-rich sands or clay sediments. Biology: Non-predatory, freshwater resident. Probably similar to E. mariae. Metamorphoses in November-April in Drin drainage (but this requires confirmation).",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI,PETROMYZONTIFORMES,PETROMYZONTIDAE,Eudontomyzon,vladykovi,,Eudontomyzon vladykovi,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"The species is widespread, known from the Sava and Drava systems of the Danube and the upper Danube north and west of Drava. However, is suspected to be undergoing a slow population decline with recent and on-going economic development but not at a rate to qualify the species for a threatened or Near Threatened category.",Unknown,Upper and middle Danube drainage (Sava and Drava systems and upper Danube north and west of Drava). Locally in Timis and Olt systems (lower Danube drainage). Absent from Tisza and Cerna systems.,Suspected to be radually declining.,"Habitat: Clear, well oxygenated brooks in piedmont and montane zones. Ammocoetes in detritus-rich sands or clay sediments. Biology: Non-predatory, freshwater resident. Ammocoetes stage lasts 3.5-4.5 years. Feeds on detritus and micro-organisms, metamorphoses in July-September, overwinters, and spawns in March-May, later at higher elevations, when temperatures reach 7-10°C. Spawning individuals cease their normal daylight avoidance reaction and reproduce on sunny days. Males dig shallow nests in habitats with moderate current. Dies after spawning.",Locally threatened by damming in headwaters and pollution.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GASTEROSTEIFORMES,GASTEROSTEIDAE,Gasterosteus,aculeatus,,Gasterosteus aculeatus,,Populations from the Atlantic and Black Sea basins have not yet been compared in detail. Preliminary observations suggest that they are probably distinct species.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.,Unknown,"North Sea coasts of Scotland and Scandinavia, coasts of Iceland and White Sea, Atlantic coasts from Ireland northward, southeastern shore of Baltic Sea and its basin (Odra and Vistula drainages), shores of Black Sea and its northern basin (from Danube to Kuban drainages). Almost absent inland in Finland, except north of 68°N. Hybrid zone with G. gymnurus in English Channel, southern North Sea, Baltic Sea and their basins. Introduced to northern Italy.",Abundant.,"Habitat: At sea: shallow coastal areas. In freshwaters, prefers small streams, but may be found in a variety of habitats including lakes and large rivers. Biology: Anadromous, with numerous resident populations in brackish or pure freshwater, rarely in marine waters. Usually forages at sea until two years old, then moves to lower part of rivers in March-April to reproduce. Freshwater populations usually spawn for the first time at one year. In spawning season, males develop a bright orange to red belly and blue-green flank and eyes. They defend territories, in which in April-June they construct a nest on the bottom, in relatively shallow areas, very rarely attached to plants. They make a depression up to 14 × 10 cm to which they bring plant materials (especially filamentous algae), which are glued together with kidney secretions. Several females are individually led to the nest to spawn, then chased away. Males guard and fan eggs to provide them with oxygenated water. Spawning behaviour is very stereotyped. Eggs hatch in 7-8 days and juveniles are guarded for a few days after which male abandons the nest. Anadromous individuals usually die of exhaustion after spawning cycle while freshwater individuals are able to complete several cycles within one year or sometimes over several years. Juveniles move to sea (anadromous populations) or to deeper, larger water bodies (freshwater populations) in July-August where they form large feeding schools. Feeds on small aquatic invertebrates, especially insects and crustaceans.",No major widespread threats known. However the species has been listed as threatened in some of its range states such as Endangered in Croatia where the species does not occur naturally.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GASTEROSTEIFORMES,GASTEROSTEIDAE,Gasterosteus,crenobiontus,,Gasterosteus crenobiontus,,,Yes,EX,,Yes,EX,,EU27,,"The species was last recorded in the 1960's. The extinction is a result of hybridisation with G. aculeatus. The springs inhabited by G. crenobiontus used to be separated from the habitat of G. aculeatus by a hypersaline lake that served as a barrier between the species. Irrigation works transformed the lake into a brackish one, which was invaded by migratory G. aculeatus. Survey work since the 1960's, most recently in 1998, have failed to find the species.",0,Romania: freshwater springs of hypersaline littoral Lake Techirghiol (south of Constanta).,"Last recorded in the 1960's. Further surveys, most recently in 1998, all failed to find the species.","Habitat: Freshwater springs. Biology: Spawns during an extended period, in February-October.",Hybridisation with G. aculeatus which invaded its habitat when irrigation transformed the hypersaline lake which served as a natural barrier between the two species.,None.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GASTEROSTEIFORMES,GASTEROSTEIDAE,Gasterosteus,gymnurus,,Gasterosteus gymnurus,,The name G. leiurus is often and erroneously used for this species. Preliminary observations suggest that several of the isolated populations in the Mediterranean basin should possibly be recognized as distinct species.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"A widespread species with no major widespread threats, however it is locally rare or extirpated in several Mediterranean drainages due to various threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.",Unknown,"Mediterranean basin (including Mallorca, Sardinia, Corsica), Atlantic basin south of English Channel and along western slope of British Isles; Rhine drainage. Hybrid zone with G. aculeatus in English Channel, southern North Sea, Baltic Sea and their basins. Introduced to Switzerland.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Streams, lakes and ponds with slow to moderate current, clear water, sand bottom. In Mediterranean basin, commonly in spring-fed water bodies, also found in other habitats (including brackish water in Po delta). Biology: Freshwater, non-migratory species. Reproduces in April-May in Spain, in Italy in May-July in springs and earlier in brackish waters. Spawns for the first time at 1-2 years. In spawning season, males develop a vivid red belly. They defend territories, in which they construct a nest on the bottom, in relatively shallow areas. They dig a depression to which they bring plant materials, which are glued together with kidney secretions and covered by sand, leaving only the entrance distinct. Several females are then led in turn to the nest to spawn, then chased away. Males guard and fan eggs to provide them with oxygenated water. Spawning behaviour very stereotyped. Eggs hatch in about 10 days and juveniles are guarded for a few days, after which the male abandons the nest. Feeds mainly on small invertebrates.",Locally threatened in the Mediterranean basin.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GASTEROSTEIFORMES,GASTEROSTEIDAE,Gasterosteus,islandicus,,Gasterosteus islandicus,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,Iceland; some populations with low scute number in Norway and northern Finland possibly belong to this species.,Abundant.,"Habitat: Streams and lakes. Biology: No information. Most likely similar to G. aculeatus. Morphological differences are reported in several lakes between individuals inhabiting different substrates (mud, lava), especially in Lake Thingvalla.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Gobio,alverniae,,Gobio alverniae,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"The species is known from the upper Loire, Dordogne, Lot and Tarn drainages, where possible introgression with introduced Gobio species and the impact of dams, allowing the spread of lowland species, could threaten the species. However the area of occupancy and extent of occurrence are too large to qualify for a threatened category and based on the main threats, there are more than five locations and any 'population decline' from the possible introgression is less than 30% in the past 10 years/3 generations.",Unknown,"France: upper Loire, Dordogne, Lot and Tarn drainages.",No information.,Habitat: Streams in hilly area with moderate to swift current. Biology: No data.,"Dams, especially the regulation of flow regime allowing the spread of lowland species. Introduction of other species of Gobio is a potential threat.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Gobio,brevicirris,,Gobio brevicirris,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,Russia and Ukraine: river Don.,Abundant.,Habitat: A wide variety of habitats in rivers and streams. Biology: No data.,No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Gobio,bulgaricus,,Gobio bulgaricus,,"The populations from Maritza and Vardar drainages may represent two species (G. bulgaricus and G. balcanicus), but the published data are not yet conclusive.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,"Aegean basin, from Maritza to Aliakmon drainages (Turkey, Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia).",Abundant.,"Habitat: Stretches of streams and rivers with moderate flow, usually sand bottom. Biology: No data.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Gobio,carpathicus,,Gobio carpathicus,,Molecular data suggest that the upper Tisza and Mures populations are distinct lineages.,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,"Tisza system, Danube drainage.",Abundant.,Habitat: A wide variety of habitats in small rivers and streams. Biology: No data.,No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Gobio,delyamurei,,Gobio delyamurei,,,Yes,CR,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",No,,,EU27,,"It is found in a very limited stretch of stream (about 1 km) in the Chornaya drainage below the Chornaya Gorge, which, if water abstraction continues to intensify, may totally dry up in the summer time. The species is also susceptible to climate change as the severity of droughts is predicted to increase.",Unknown,"Ukraine: Crimea: Chornaya drainage, below Chornaya gorge only.",No information.,"Habitat: A wide variety of habitats. Chornaya is a medium-sized stream with a flow of about 10 m3/s. The inhabited stretch is about 25 km long. In its lower part, water is extracted in large quantities for irrigation and the stream is almost dry in summer. Biology: No data.","High levels of water abstraction, leaving very low levels of water in spring and summer. The abstraction rate is likely to increase so the river below Chornya Gorge may end up dry. Currently the river only runs for about 1km below Chornaya Gorge in spring. Climate change also poses a threat to the species as the severity of droughts are predicted increase.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Gobio,feraeensis,,Gobio feraeensis,,,Yes,VU,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,VU,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU27,,"The species is only known from the Pinios drainage (extent of occurrence is around 10,000 km²) in Greece, it is recently extirpated from the Karla drainage which was drained for agriculture. The major threat to the species is the intensive water abstraction, exacerbated by drought, which is occurring across the Pinios drainage.",Decreasing,Greece: Thessaly: Pinios and Karla Lake drainages (now extirpated).,No information.,"Habitat: Stretches of streams and rivers with moderate flow, usually sand bottom. Biology: No data.","Intense water abstraction and drought, pollution from domestic sources.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Gobio,gobio,,Gobio gobio,,"Usually considered to be a morphologically variable species, with different morphologies reflecting adaptations to different habitats. Kottelat and Freyhoff's morphological and molecular data indicate that in fact several species are confused under the name G. gobio in the Black and Caspian Sea basins.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.,Unknown,"Atlantic Ocean, North and Baltic Sea basins, from Loire drainage eastward, eastern Great Britain and Rhône drainages, upper Danube and middle and upper Dniestr, Bug and Dniepr drainages (Black Sea basin). Eastern and southern limits not clear. Introduced to eastern and northern Italy.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Nearly all types of riverine and lacustrine habitats with sand bottom. Known from small mountain streams, large lowland rivers and large lakes. Spawns in shallow water, over stones, sand or plant material. Often at lakes shores or in riffles. Biology: Gregarious. Lives up to five years. Spawns for the first time at 1-3 years; most individuals spawn 1-2 years. Spawns several times in April-August at temperatures above 13°C. Eggs are released above substrate and drift with current, sinking to bottom and sticking to substrate. Larvae and juveniles are benthic and prefer detritus-rich sandy habitats and low current. Feeds on a wide variety of large benthic invertebrates.",No major threats known.,No information available.,This species is harvested for human consumption.,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Gobio,holurus,,Gobio holurus,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,"Russia: Kuma, Terek and Sulak drainages in Western Caspian basin.",Abundant.,Habitat: A wide variety of habitats in small rivers and streams. Biology: No data.,No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Gobio,kovatschevi,,Gobio kovatschevi,,,Yes,VU,"B1ab(iii,v)",Yes,VU,"B1ab(iii,v)",EU27,,"The species is only known from some of the streams in the River Provadiskaya where it is locally abundant in the upper reaches but extirpated from the lower reaches. The species extent of occurrence is estimated to be less than 5,000 km² and its population has sharply declined due to pollution from industrial and domestic sources. This decline is expected to continue with ongoing economic development. It is estimated that the species is found in less than 10 locations based on the major threat of pollution.",Decreasing,Bulgaria: River Provadiskaya (enters Black Sea near Varna).,Very restricted and fragmented.,"Habitat: Restricted to the upper and middle stretch of a small, slowly flowing stream. Biology: No data.",Pollution from industrial and domestic sources.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Gobio,krymensis,,Gobio krymensis,,The population from stream Kacha (Crimea) might be a distinct species.,Yes,VU,"B1ab(ii,iii,v)",No,,,EU27,,"The species is known from Salgir, Alma and Bel Bek drainages in the southern Crimea, where it is still abundant (extent of occurrence of less than 9,000 km²). However it is becoming very rare in some parts of the Alma drainage due to intensive water abstraction for irrigation. More habitat will be lost and the species will continue to decline if water abstraction continues to increase as is predicted.",Decreasing,"Ukraine: Salgir, Alma and Bel Bek drainages (southern Crimea).",Abundant.,Habitat: A wide variety of habitats in small rivers and streams. Biology: No data.,"Intensive water abstraction, drought (predicted to increase in severity due to climate change).",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Gobio,kubanicus,,Gobio kubanicus,,"Populations from different tributaries show a great variability in shape, barbel length and squamation. Two forms are recognized, the typical form diagnosed above with long barbels and a short-barbel one, which might represent an unnamed species. Alternatively, a hybrid zone between G. brevicirris and G. kubanicus cannot be ruled out.",Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,Russia: Kuban drainage.,Abundant.,Habitat: A wide variety of habitats from montane rivers to small lowland streams with a gravel or sand bottom. Biology: No data.,No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Gobio,lozanoi,,Gobio lozanoi,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,Spain: Ebro and Bidasoa drainages; France: Adour drainage. Introduced to rest of Spain and Portugal.,Abundant.,"Habitat: Streams in foot hills with moderate current, with sand or gravel bottom. Biology: No data.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Gobio,obtusirostris,,Gobio obtusirostris,,The distribution limits are not clear. The existence of a hybrid zone between G. obtusirostris and G. gobio in the upper Danube is suspected.,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,Middle and upper Danube drainage.,Abundant.,"Habitat: Riverine and lacustrine habitats with sand bottom. Spawns in shallow water, over stones, sand or plant material. Biology: No data.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Gobio,occitaniae,,Gobio occitaniae,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,France: streams draining to Mediterranean between Rhône and Pyrénées.,Abundant.,"Habitat: Streams in hilly area with moderate current, over sand bottom. Biology: No data.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Gobio,ohridanus,,Gobio ohridanus,,,Yes,VU,D2,No,,,EU27,,"The species is only known from Lake Ohrid (360 km²) (Macedonia, Albania) where there is a potential threat of introduced species. Many species have already been introduced to Lake Ohrid.",Unknown,"Lake Ohrid (Macedonia, Albania). Imported in France and probably other countries, might be locally established.",No information.,"Habitat: Lacustrine, usually on sand to pebble bottom. Biology: Gregarious. Spawns in June-July.","There is a potential threat of introduced species, many have already been introduced into Lake Ohrid.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Gobio,sarmaticus,,Gobio sarmaticus,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,A reasonably widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,Ukraine: lower parts of Dniestr and South Bug drainages. Likely to occur as well in lower Dniepr.,Abundant.,Habitat: Streams in foot hills and lowlands with moderate current. Biology: No data.,No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Gobio,skadarensis,,Gobio skadarensis,,,Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",No,,,EU27,,"The species is only known Zeta stream and the lower Moraca river of the Lake Skadar drainage (extent of occurrence of less than 500 km²). It is threatened by water abstraction and potentially by drought, however the zeta stream is fed by a karstic water basin, making it less likely to dry out. The species is found in two locations.",Unknown,"Only known from the Zeta stream and the lower Moraca river, part of the Lake Skadar basin (Montenegro, Albania).",Possibly naturally rare.,Habitat: Lake Skadar and lower parts of tributary streams. Biology: No data.,Water abstraction is a current threat to the species and drought is a potential threat (however the Zeta stream is fed by karstic water basin and therefore unlikely to totally dry out).,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Gobio,volgensis,,Gobio volgensis,,"Gobio volgensis Vasil’eva, Mendel, Vasil’ev, Lusk & Luskova 2008 previously was included within Gobio gobio (Linnaeus, 1758), but is now recognised as a separate species (see Medel et al. 2008).",Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,Widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.,Unknown,"According to the available molecular data, the species is restricted to the Volga River basin only (Mendel et al. 2008). Reports of its occurrence in neighbouring river systems needs further investigation.",No information available.,The species survives in rivers and streams.,Mo major threats are known.,No information available.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,PERCIDAE,Gymnocephalus,acerina,,Gymnocephalus acerina,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"A widespread species, known from the Dniestr, South Bug, Dniepr, Don and Kuban drainages, and not threatened but rare in most of its range.",Unknown,"Basin of northern Black Sea and Sea of Azov: Dniestr, South Bug, Dniepr, Don and Kuban drainages. In Dniepr up to Belarus.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Flowing waters, also lakes with clear water; in summer in rapids; over sand and gravel bottom but prefers hard compact sand. Spawns in river stretches with heavy current and sand or gravel bottom. Biology: Spawns for the first time at 2-3 years, 120-160 mm SL. Spawns in small schools. Female lays slightly sticky eggs in several portions: first at 6-8°C, second at 12-14°C. Eggs hatch in 6-8 days at 14-16°C. Newly hatched larvae first lie on bottom; at 9 days (when pectorals are developed), they actively move to middle water layers and drift downstream. At 12 days (6.5 mm SL), they start active feeding on small invertebrates in shallow shoreline habitats. A benthic species that aggregates in small schools. Usually crepuscular but feeds also during daytime. In September, starts forming large schools and moves to deeper places and remains inactive until ice melts. Does not migrate for long distances. Feeds mainly on benthic invertebrates (crustaceans, insect larvae, molluscs), rarely on small fish.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,PERCIDAE,Gymnocephalus,ambriaelacus,,Gymnocephalus ambriaelacus,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(v),Yes,CR,B1ab(v),EU27,,This species is endemic to Lake Amersee (which has an area of 41 km²) where its population is suspected to be declining primarily due to the introduced fish species Gymnocephalus acerina.,Decreasing,"Endemic to Lake Ammersee (which has an area of 41 km²), Germany.",The population is suspected to be declining.,This species occurs in a lake.,The species is suspected to be impacted by introduced fish species (Gymnocephalus acerina) which is present in the lake.,There are no known conservation measures in place for the species.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,PERCIDAE,Gymnocephalus,baloni,,Gymnocephalus baloni,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,"Danube (from delta to Bavaria), Dniestr and Dniepr (from delta to Kiev) drainages.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Open sand and muddy bottom in backwaters, large rivers with moderate current. Biology: Males reproduce for the first time at 1-2 years, females at 2-3. Migrates from river mainstreams to backwaters to spawn. Nocturnal, benthic, feeding on small invertebrates.",No major threats known.,No information available.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,PERCIDAE,Gymnocephalus,cernua,,Gymnocephalus cernua,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,"Caspian, Black, Baltic and North Sea basins; Great Britain. North to about 69°N in Scandinavia. In Asia, Aral Sea basin, Arctic Ocean basin eastward to Kolyma drainage. Introduced or invasive in France west of Rhine, northern Italy, northern Great Britain and Greece. Introduced to Great Lakes region, North America.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Eutrophic lakes, lowland and piedmont rivers. Prefers still or slow-flowing water with soft bottom, without vegetation. Most abundant in estuaries of large rivers, brackish lakes with salinities up to 10-12? and reservoirs. Generally increases in abundance with increased eutrophication. Biology: Females live up to 10 years, males up to seven. Spawns for the first time at 1-3 years, males one year earlier than females. Spawns in March-May, until July in the north, on a variety of substrates at depths of about 3 m or less. Spawns at temperatures above 6°C in the north and above 10°C in the south. Usually, a single female spawns with several males. Eggs become adhesive on contact with water and stick to stones or plants. Females may spawn intermittently, laying eggs in two or more portions, usually separated by about 30 days in summer. Eggs of first portion are larger than those of second portion. Larvae without, or with only a brief, pelagic larval stage, switching early to benthic life, secretive and solitary, not forming schools. Survival of larvae is poor below 10°C and above 20°C. Crepuscular or nocturnal. The well-developed cephalic lateral line system and tapetum lucidum in eyes makes it an efficient predator at night and in turbid waters. Usually feeds on benthic chironomid larvae and amphipods, which can be detected in the top layers of the substrate by sensory canals on head. Pelagic in coastal lakes and tidal estuaries, feeding on zooplankton and fish. When they coexist in deep lakes, Perca fluviatilis and G. cernuus partly occur at different depths, G. cernuus being more abundant in deeper layers.",No major threats known.,No information.,--- Other purpose text ---Often used as live bait,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,PERCIDAE,Gymnocephalus,schraetser,,Gymnocephalus schraetser,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,Danube drainage.,Abundant.,"Habitat: Open sand and mud bottom of large rivers with moderate current. Biology: Gregarious, nocturnal. Lives up to 15 years. Spawns for the first time at 2-3 years, 120-160 mm SL. Spawns in April-June. Usually, a single female spawns with several males. Females attach eggs to stones. Larvae are benthic. Usually crepuscular but feeds also during daytime. Feeds on small invertebrates, especially molluscs.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Hucho,hucho,,Hucho hucho,,,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",EU27,,"The species is severely fragmented within the Danube drainage, where most populations exclusively depend on stocking and natural reproduction is very limited due to habitat alterations and flow regime changes. The main current threat to the species is the flow regulation from hydropower dams which impact the species, and their prey's, habitat and pollution. Documented self-sustaining populations are very few. For example, these include the Drau, Mur, Melk, Pielach, and lower Gail rivers in Austria. Globally, they will have a combined area of occupancy of less than 500 km² (based on spawning areas).",Unknown,"Native only in the Danube drainage, where it has a very fragmented distribution. Very locally introduced in some headwaters of Odra, Vistula (Poland), Lake Constance (Germany), Tagus (Spain), Rhône (France) and probably other drainages where it apparently maintains only by stocking.",The species has undergone a massive decline starting over 100 years ago. More recently the majority of the stocks rely upon re-introductions (from farmed stock and ranched) for angling and conservation. It is almost impossible to identify if any stocks are self sustaining.,"Habitat: Montane and submontane reaches of large streams and swift rivers with gravel beds, well oxygenated, fast-flowing water and temperatures rarely above 15°C. Prefers deep pools and shady water under overhanging vegetation. Spawns in very clean gravel in fast-flowing water, usually in small river tributaries. Biology: Lives more than 20 years. Males reproduce for the first time at 3-4 years and about 1 kg, females at 4-5 years and 2-3 kg. Spawns every year in early spring, usually March-April, rarely early May, when temperatures reach 6-10°C. Commonly migrates upriver for spawning in upper reaches of tributaries. Males arrive first at spawning sites. Males guard females against other males. Both sexes excavate a redd about 1.2-3.0 m in diameter, 10-20 cm deep, and defend a small territory in spawning grounds against other individuals. Usually spawns during daytime. During spawning act, both sexes cover the eggs with substrate. Both sexes may defend the spawning site up to two weeks after spawning. Eggs usually hatch after 25-40 days. Larvae remain in gravel until yolk sack is absorbed after 8-14 days. Juveniles inhabit fast-flowing waters and feed on drifting invertebrates, becoming piscivorous after 1-3 years. Adults feed on fishes as well as small terrestrial vertebrates. Juveniles and adults are territorial.","Historically overfshing, pollution and dam construction caused the decline of the species. Currently the main the threats are hydropower stations which heavily regulate flow regime (which impacts upon their prey and habitat), and pollution in some countries (Bosnia and Croatia).","Restocking, fishing regulations. A EU LIFE project in Austria to improve habitat conditions (now finished and seems to have been successful). Listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention.",,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ACIPENSERIFORMES,ACIPENSERIDAE,Huso,huso,,Huso huso,,"The Adriatic population described as a subspecies and may have been a conservation unit, is now extinct.",No,CR,A2bcd,No,CR,A2bcd,EU27,,"The species was historically known from the Caspian, Black, Azov and Adriatic Sea basins. It has been extirpated from the Adriatic (in the early 1970s, Gessner pers. comm.) and Azov Seas due to overfishing and loss of spawning sites due to dams. As the species is very long lived, individuals can still be caught in areas where their spawning sites have been cut off   off and no spawning is possible. The last wild population in the Black Sea basin migrates up the Danube river. All other Black Sea stocks are almost extirpated due to overfishing and impoundment of spawning rivers. In the Caspian basin, the last wild population migrates up the River Ural. The Volga population depends on stocking as the construction of Volgograd dam led to the loss of almost all of the species spawning sites in the river. Most of the few recorded females are in their first year of maturation. Based on catch data, and number of recorded spawning individuals it is estimated that the species has seen a wild native population decline of over 90% in the past three generations (a minimum of 60 years) and overfishing for meat and caviar will soon cause global extinction of the remaining natural wild populations. In the immediate future, survival can only depend on stocking and effective fisheries management and combating illegal fishing. Range states are also encouraged to provide protection to the species spawning and feeding grounds.European Union 27 = CR A2bcd. The species is known from the Adriatic (migrated up the Po  river) and the Danube up to Germany. However it now only occurs in lower  Danube below the Iron Gate II dam, it was extirpated from the Adriatic  in the early 1970s. Catches in the Danube have declined, in the mid  Danube the annual catch was 23 tonnes (avg. 1972 -1976) which dropped to  7.5 tonnes (avg. 1985 - 1989) showing a decline of 67% in around 12  years (CITES Doc. AC.16.7.2). In 2002 21.3t caught in Romania, in 2005  only 8.4t caught (60% decline). the percentage of catch quota achieved  in Romania was 85% in 2002, 84% in 2003, 46% in 2004, in 2005 only 34%.  In 2006 the harvesting of the species was banned. Release of recruit  size (over 15cm long) from Romania into the Danube was 12,500 in 2006;  15,130 in 2007 and 20,000 in 2008. Based on catch data, and number of  spawning individuals it is estimated that the species has seen a  population decline of over 90% in the past 3 generations (min of 60  years).",Decreasing,"This species has been recorded in the basins of the Caspian, Black, Azov, and Adriatic Seas, however its current native wild distribution is restricted to the Black Sea (in the Danube only) and the Caspian Sea (in the Ural only). It is one of the largest anadromous fish in the Caspian Sea, where at least three Beluga populations have been identified by microsatellite technique (Pourkazemi 2008). It does occur in the Azov Sea, and Volga River but these are stocked fish.","Global fisheries statistics show that there has been a 93% decline in catch from 1992 (520 tonnes) to 2007 (33 tonnes) (FAO 2009).The number of Beluga annually entering the Volga dropped from 26,000 (1961-65) to 2,800 (1998-2002), a decline of 89% in 33 years (Khodorevskaya et al. 2009). Only 2,500 migrated up Ural in 2002 (Pikitch et al. 2005). Currently it is thought that nearly 100% of Beluga in the Volga are hatchery reared, but there is evidence of spawning elsewhere in its distribution (Khodorevskaya et al. 2009). Despite intensive restocking in the Caspian Sea (91% of each generation is estimated to come from hatchery stock), the annual catch in the northern Caspian Sea has drastically fallen. Catches in the Caspian were: 1945-55 average of 1,380 tonnes; 1956-65 average of 1,283 tonnes; 1966-75 average of 1,623 tonnes; 1976-85 average of 849 tonnes; 1986-95 average of 506 tonnes; 1996-2003 (latest data) average of 60.8 tonnes (in Doukakis et al. accepted). This shows a decline of 95%. The official catch statistics support this trend, as they show that the species was abundant in 1938 and then stable to the late 1980s, with the major decline starting from 1990 to the present showing over a 90% decline in the past 60 years (see Khodorevskaya et al. 2009). The agreed Beluga catch quota for all of the Caspian Sea (2007/8 - 28th session of the Commission) was 99.8 tonnes; this quota was not achieved. The proportion of Beluga (to other sturgeon species) in trawl catches of the northern Caspian Sea in all seasons of observations was at an average of 11%. Over the recent years, this percentage has decreased to 8.3%, and the catch of beluga during trawl surveys did not exceed 31 specimens per year&#160;(Khodorevskaya&#160;et al. 2009).Spawning numbers for the Volga from 1961-65 was 26,000, whilst in 1996/1997 it was 1,800 (Khodorevskaya et al. 2000), with 2,800 in 1998-2002 (Khodorevskaya et al. 2009).In the Sea of Azov, between 1979-1981 it is estimated that 551,000 individuals existed (from stocked, and dominated by sub-adult and juveniles); in 1988-1993 there were 25,000 and after 1994 they were only caught sporadically, despite banning of commercial fishing of Beluga in 1986. After 1986 the major threat was from bycatch. Since 1994, 98% of individuals recorded in the Azov Sea have been juvenile. In 2001 the first individuals were produced from captive bred individuals and released (Chebanov and Koziritskaya 2007).Catches in the Danube have also declined. In the mid-Danube the annual catch was 23 tonnes (average between 1972-76) which dropped to 7.5 tonnes (average between 1985-89), a decline of 67% in around 12 years (CITES 2000). In 2002, 21.3 tonnes were caught in Romania, whilst only 8.4 tonnes were caught in 2005, showing a 60% decline in three years. The percentage of catch quota achieved in Romania was 85% in 2002, 84% in 2003, 46% in 2004, and 34% in 2005. In 2006 the catching of Beluga was banned in the Danube (Paraschiv et al. 2006).","At sea, this species is found in the pelagic zone, following food organisms. It migrates further upriver to spawn than any other sturgeon; however this migration has now been disrupted due to river regulation (in the Danube drainage up to Morava River). It spawns in strong-current habitats in the main course of large and deep rivers on stone or gravel bottom. This species is anadromous (spending at least part of its life in salt water and returning to rivers to breed). Males reproduce for the first time at 10-15 years, females at 15-18 years, with an estimated generation length of 20-25 years. This species spawns every 3-4 years in April-June. A complicated pattern of spawning migrations includes one peak in late winter and spring and one in late summer and autumn. In spring, it migrates from the sea before spawning. Individuals migrating in autumn remain in the rivers until the following spring. Spawning occurs at temperature from 6 to 14 °C in the channel and spring flooded spawning grounds at a current speed of 0.8-1.2 m / sec. Spawners the late winter/spring run dominate the spawners in the Volga River (80%), whereas the late summer/autumn&#160; run dominates in the Ural River. Yolk-sac larvae are pelagic for 7-8 days and drift with current. Juveniles migrate to sea during their first summer and remain there until maturity. In the past this species was the largest fish of the Caspian Sea, reaching lengths of more than 5 m and a weight of 1,000 kg. The lifetime of such large specimens, apparently, exceeded 100 years. Currently there are individuals up to 280 cm, weighing up to 650 kg. Average length of females is 240, males is 220 cm, weight respectively is 130 and 65 kg. The maximum age of 53 years was observed in 2003. &#160;Various environmental factors influence the distribution of the species in the Caspian Sea. One factor is water temperature, as mature Beluga prefer water temperatures not exceeding 30°C. They spend the spring and summer mostly in the northern and middle parts of the Caspian Sea and then move southwards to spend the winter in the southern areas, which coincides with highest densities of food organisms. The diet includes roach   (Rutilus), carp (Cyprinus), herrings (Alosa), kilka (Clupeonella), crayfish (Astacus), gobies (Gobiidae), pike-perch (Sander ), birds, sturgeons (Acipenseridae), and even seals (Phocidae) (Khodorevskaya et al., 1995).  Mature individuals of Beluga are less sensitive to low temperature than the immature, as they feed in the northern part of the Caspian Sea under the ice. With water temperatures decreasing, Belugas reduce the range of depths at which they feed. In spring and autumn immature individuals prefer the more desalinated sea areas. In summer the highest concentrations occur at the salinity of 3 to 7%. The largest concentrations of Beluga in the northern Caspian occur during the migration of its main prey organisms (herrings, kilka, gobies, roach, etc.).","Overfishing at sea and poaching in estuaries and rivers for meat and caviar is a major threat to the species. Overharvesting and a sharp increase in poaching has led to the largest and most mature specimens being removed from the population and reducing natural reproduction to almost zero (Krassikov and Fedin 1996). In the Ural river current fishing rates are 4 to 5 times sustainable levels (F Max) (Doukakis et al. accepted). Bycatch is also a threat to the species. The species caviar is very high value (8,000 USD per kilo in 2009).Impoundment of rivers has destroyed most of the species spawning grounds. The Volgograd dam, built in 1955, has decreased the area of available spawning grounds by 88-100% in the Volga river, similar areas have been reduced in the Terek and Sulak rivers from 132 ha and 202 ha, respectively. The Don river dam removed 68,000 ha of spawning ground and flow regulation in the Kuban river led to the loss of 140,000 ha (CITES 2000).Due to the longevity of the species pesticide contamination, leading to many problems including reduced reproductive success is also suspected (Gessner, J. pers comm.).The Allee effect could also be a threat to the species.","This species was listed on CITES Appendix II in 1998. Restocking programmes are ongoing. However the programmes do not compensate for the loss of natural reproduction and the populations continue to decline (CITES 2000). The annual number of fingerlings released into the Volga show 0.4 million in 1951; 13.1 million between 1966-70 (average per year); 19.4 million between 1981-85; 11.3 million between 1996-2000; and 3 million between 2001-2005 (Khodorevskaya et al. 2009). The Report of the 28th Session of Caspian Bioresource Commission states that the total fingerling release of beluga in 2008 was 7.02 million from Russia, Iran and Khazakstan. Some natural reproduction of the species remains in the Volga and Ural Rivers. However, at present the abundance of Beluga is extremely low. Since 2000 in Russia, it has only been caught for the purposes of reproduction (for hatcheries) and science. The protective measures at the feeding grounds are necessary to maintain the population of beluga, as well as the preservation of natural spawning and juveniles breeding at hatcheries.In the Danube the release of recruitment size (over 15 cm long) from Romania into the Danube has risen from 12,500 in 2006, to 15,130 in 2007 and 20,000 in 2008 (Suciu pers. comm.).Iran, in work with the World Bank, are increasing the rate of release of Beluga; in 2003, 6,000 individuals (CWT tagged and visible tagged) were released. The size of the released individuals has been increased from 3-5 g to 10-25 g to increase survival rates (Pourali et al. 2003). Hatchery experts (which are state owned) are given financial incentives upon the delivery of individuals ready to be released. Iran has also developed beluga farming to supply meat and caviar production to minimize the impact to the wild population (Pourkazemi pers. comm.).The species is not fully protected in any range state, though fishing licences are required in most countries and Iran has banned private sturgeon fisheries. Overall however, enforcement measures seem to be lacking. In 1996, fishing in the open sea for the species was banned through an agreement between the countries bordering the Caspian Sea. Artificial spawning grounds have been attempted below Volgograd dam, which has shown some success (Ruban pers. comm.). In the Sea of Azov commercial fishing was banned in 1986.Gene banks, DNA and tissue cryopreservation exists in Iran and Russia.Azerbaijan have voluntarily proposed a zero quota for Caviar export for 2009 to CITES.Range states are also encouraged to provide protection to the species spawning and feeding grounds.",This species is targeted for its skin and as a leather. Caviar is also used as cosmetic and medicinal purposes. Intestine use as sauce (food) and to produce gelatine. Swim bladder used to produce glue.,,"Gesner, J., Chebanov, M., Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,OSMERIDAE,Hypomesus,olidus,,Hypomesus olidus,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"Less than 5% of the species global population is found within Europe, it is therefore listed as Not Applicable. European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.",Unknown,"Rivers, estuaries and coastal waters of European and Siberian shores of Arctic Ocean, from Kara drainage to Chukotka (eastern Siberia) and to Korea and Hokkaido (Japan); in America, from Copper to Kobuk (Alaska) and Mackenzie (Canada) drainages.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Brackish water of estuaries, lagoons, coastal waters of open sea; freshwater of lowland and piedmont rivers and lakes. Anadromous populations pelagic at sea, commonly at 4-5 m depth and spawning in rivers. Landlocked populations may spawn in lakes or migrate to their tributaries. Spawns along shallow river shores and in backwaters with little or no current, often in lakes, on sand or gravel bottom. Biology: Anadromous and landlocked populations. Does not migrate long distances. Enters deltas and lower reaches of rivers in September-December to overwinter, then returns to sea and rivers for spawning. Spawns for the first time at two years. Spawns in April-July. Eggs are about 0.75 mm in diameter. Eggs hatch in 11-16 days. Juveniles remain close to spawning sites for a year or longer, then migrate to sea or estuaries. Feeds on zooplankton, mostly crustaceans.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Iberochondrostoma,almacai,,Iberochondrostoma almacai,,,Yes,CR,"B2ab(i,ii,iii)",Yes,CR,"B2ab(i,ii,iii)",EU27,,"The pools that the species survives in during the summer droughts (exacerbated by water abstraction across its range) has a combined area of occupancy of less than 10 km². If water abstraction continues at the same rate or increases and the spring rains fail, the species may have no habitat left, therefore the species is found in only location.",Decreasing,"Southern Portugal: Mira, Arade and Bensafrim drainages.",No information.,Habitat: Ubiquitous. Small to medium sized streams. May be restricted to very small pools during summer. Spawns in shallow riffle habitats in fast-flowing water. Biology: No data.,"Alien species (Gambusia, Lepomis and Micropterus) which are probably impacting the species. Streams almost dry out in summer due to water abstraction and drought where the species survives in small refuges. If the spring rains fail, the species risks extinction as it may have no habitat remaining.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Iberochondrostoma,lemmingii,,Iberochondrostoma lemmingii,,"Assessments of&#160;Iberochondrostoma lemmingii published before 2010 included individuals that are now recognised as belonging to a separate species: Achondrostoma salamantinum Doadrio & Elvira, 2007.",Yes,VU,A2ace+3ce,Yes,VU,A2ace+3ce,EU27,,"Iberochondrostoma lemmingii is a rare species and its population is suspected to have decreased by over 30% in the past 10 years. This decline is attributed to water extraction, drought, pollution and the introduction of fish predators. This decline is suspected to continue into the future.",Decreasing,"It is restricted to the Tajo, Guadiana, Odiel and Guadalquivir river basins. Previously the species was recorded has being present in the rivers Huebra, Águeda and Uces in the Duero River basin in Salamanca province, western Spain; these populations have now been described as a seperate species Achondrostoma salmantinum.","Iberochondrostoma lemmingii is a rare species and its population is suspected  to have decreased by over 30% in the past 10 years. This decline is  attributed to water extraction, drought, pollution and the introduction  of fish predators. It is suspected that this decline rate will continue into the  future.",This species lives in the middle and lower reaches of rivers with slow current and abundant submerged vegetation.,"Water extraction, drought and pollution are the main threats. Introduction of exotic fish predators is also a concern for this species.",It is listed in the Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive and in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Iberochondrostoma,lusitanicus,,Iberochondrostoma lusitanicus,,"New genus is Chondrostoma from Rutilus (Carmona, J. and Doadrio, I. 2004, Coelho et al. 1997, Coelho et al. 1997).",Yes,CR,A2ce,Yes,CR,A2ce,EU27,,"C. lusitanicus has a very restricted range, is severely fragmented and has shown a continuous decline of over 80% in the past 10 years due to water extraction, drought and the introduction of exotic fish predators (Carmona, J. and Elvira, B. pers comm).",Decreasing,"It is restricted to the western tributaries of the Tejo basin, and in some small occidental (Sado and Samarra rivers) and southern (Mira and Arade rivers) Portuguese basins.",Decreasing.,"It lives in shallow streams of medium flow, with vegetation on the banks.",Water pollution and habitat destruction (dams). Introduction of exotic fish species.,Listed in the Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive and in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Iberochondrostoma,oretanum,,Iberochondrostoma oretanum,,,Yes,CR,"A2ace;B2ab(ii,iii)",Yes,CR,"A2ace;B2ab(ii,iii)",EU27,,"C. oretanum has undergone a population decline of more than 80% over the past 10 years with only eight individuals being collected in a survey in 2004. Even though it occurs in two tributaries it is considered one location as introduced species are affecting the population across its remaining range. The area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 10 km² and there is a continuing decline in the quality of habitat and AOO due to pollution, dam construction and introduced species.",Decreasing,Restricted to the Robledillo and Fresnada rivers (both are small tributaries of the Jandula river in the Guadalquivir basin).,Small and declining. Drastically reduced.,Inhabits clear waters with sandy to rocky bottoms and prefers slow flowing stretches with abundant macrophyte and riparian cover.,"A dam has been built having serious impacts on the Robledillo river. Two small reservoirs contain introduced fish, which have affected the rivers. Industrial pollution.",None.,,,"Carmona, J. & Elvira, B.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Iberocypris,alburnoides,,Iberocypris alburnoides,,"Recent change from genus Leuciscus to Squalius (Zardoya and Doadrio 1999, Sanjur et al. 2003). Squalius alburnoides transferred to Iberocypris (Kottelat and Freyhoff 2007)",Yes,VU,A3ce,Yes,VU,A3ce,EU27,,"Even though S. alburnoides is currently abundant it is suspected that a >30% decline in population will occur in the next 10 years due to the major threat caused by introduced species (Micropterus salmoides, Esox lucius, Sander lucioperca) and habitat loss caused by dam construction, water extraction and pollution (Carmona, J. pers comm).",Stable,It is restricted to the southwest of the Iberian peninsula in Portugal and Spain.,Abundant.,"It lives in all river sections, but mainly middle reaches.","Introduced species (Micropterus salmoides, Esox lucius, Sander lucioperca), dam construction and agriculture water extraction.",It is listed in Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive and in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Iberocypris,palaciosi,,Iberocypris palaciosi,,"Recent change of genus from Iberocypris to Squalius (Zardoya and Doadrio 1999, Sanjur et al. 2003). Valid as Iberocypris palaciosi (Kottelat and Freyhof 2007).",Yes,CR,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",EU27,,"I. palaciosi has not been collected by surveys in the past ten years. Its distribution in two tributaries of the Guadalquivir River is small with an area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) of <10 km² and 100 km² respectively, and there is continuing decline in habitat quality and AOO and EOO due to water extraction and habitat destruction.",Unknown,It is restricted to the Guadalquivir river basin in Spain. It includes the river Guadalquivir and tributaries Rumblar and Jandula.,It has not been collected by surveys in the past ten years.,It lives in mountainous and middle reaches of rivers with moderate flow and abundant submerged plants.,"Habitat destruction, water pollution and introduction of exotic fish species.",Listed in the Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Knipowitschia,bergi,,Knipowitschia bergi,,Placed in a separate genus Hyrcanogobius by some authors on the basis of slightly different organisation of cephalic sensory pores.,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,Northern and southeastern Caspian Sea; deltas of Ural and Volga; along western coast southward to Daghestan.,Abundant.,"Habitat: A near-pelagic coastal marine species; found in areas with different salinities, including fresh water. Biology: Lives one year. Matures at 18-20 mm SL. Spawns after first winter, in May-July, down to 2-7 m. Females probably lay 2-3 portions of eggs (0.4 × 1.0 mm), separately attached inside a mollusc shell. Adults probably die soon after spawning. Feeds on small crustaceans.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Knipowitschia,cameliae,,Knipowitschia cameliae,,,Yes,CR,A2b; B1ab(v)+2ab(v),Yes,CR,A2b; B1ab(v)+2ab(v),EU27,,"Possibly extinct. Not found at the only known location (the type locality, a small brackish lagoon near Portita, south of Danube delta) and adjacent water bodies since 1994. Presence in similar habitats elsewhere in Danube delta should be investigated.",Unknown,"Romania: known from a single small lagoon near Portita, south of Danube delta in the Golovita-Sinoe-Razelm Lake complex.","Last recorded in 1994, when it was described. The site was visited the year later and none were found. Another survey in 1998 also failed to find the species.",Habitat: A small and shallow lagoon behind coastal sand dunes with brackish water and mud bottom. Biology: No data.,Unknown.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Knipowitschia,caucasica,,Knipowitschia caucasica,,The variability (morphological and ecological) reported for K. caucasica suggests that this is a complex of several species.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,"Saline, fresh and estuarine waters along coasts of Black, Azov; Caspian and Aegean Seas west to Aliakmon drainage (Greece); identity of populations from along the eastern shore of Adriatic questionable. Has been recorded from freshwater lakes and lowland rivers more than 100 km from coast. Introduced in Aral Sea (but now extirpated).",Abundant.,"Habitat: Fresh to hypersaline waters (salinity up to 5.5%) of lakes, estuaries and lagoons. Most abundant in shallow, well vegetated habitats. Biology: Lives less than two years. Spawns after first winter, at 20-23 mm SL. Spawns in March-July, up to four portions of eggs. Eggs are attached to the roof of a cavity under stones, plant material or shells and are defended by male. Postlarvae are pelagic. Feeds on small invertebrates. In Trichonis Lake: on mud to gravel bottom, at depths less than 2 m; feeds mainly on copepods and larvae of the mussel Dreissena polymorpha.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Knipowitschia,croatica,,Knipowitschia croatica,,See Kottelat (1997) about effective date of publication being 1994 and not 1996.,Yes,VU,B2ab(iii); D2,No,,,EU27,,"K. croatica is restricted to between 5–10 locations (in the River Matica, Neretva and Lake Bacina (Polje Jezero)), and has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of around 20 km². There is a continuing decline in quality of habitat due to pollution, eutrophication and water extraction.",Unknown,"It is restricted to the karstic River Matica, Neretva and Lake Bacina (Polje Jezero) in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina.",No data.,"It lives in the freshwater karstic Matica river, its upper part drys out in summer. It can be found also in the brackish Lake Bacina. Spawning season in February.","Eutrophication, water pollution and extraction and alteration of the habitat.",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Knipowitschia,goerneri,,Knipowitschia goerneri,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species has not been found at its only known location despite recent observations. It may, however, be present in other lagoons that have not yet been thoroughly surveyed. More survey is required to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,"It is only known from a single spring on Corfu island, Greece. Recent attempts in the late 1990's have failed to find it (Kottelat, M. pers comm.).",No data,It lives in freshwater springs.,"Water extraction, which has possibly led to increased salinity in the springs, and pollution.",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Knipowitschia,longecaudata,,Knipowitschia longecaudata,,,No,LC,,No,,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = NA. Less than 5% of the species range is found within the European Union (Bulgaria and Romania coastal areas) it is therefore listed as Not Applicable.,Unknown,"Caspian, Azov and Black Sea basins. Close to sea.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Fresh to saline water of coastal lakes, reservoirs, estuaries and lagoons, in shallow, well vegetated habitats. Biology: Lives less than two years. Spawns after first winter, at 20 mm SL. Spawns in March-July. Individual females may spawn several times during a season. Males defend eggs in cavities under stones, plant material or mollusc shells. Eggs hatch at 3.0-3.8 mm. Feeds on small invertebrates.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Knipowitschia,milleri,,Knipowitschia milleri,,,Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)",EU27,,"This is a restricted range species, with an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) <100 km², and area of occupancy (AOO) <10 km², which is only known from a single location: the River Acheron Delta. Ongoing land reclamation within the delta is causing a decline in EOO and AOO, and the quality of habitat is declining due to water pollution and dumping of waste.",Decreasing,Restricted to the River Acheron delta in western Greece.,Declining and the local people have been draining the area.,"It is found in fresh and brackish waters, often with abundant vegetation, and sand or mud substrates.",Land reclamation: local authorities are planning to reclaim approximately 50% of the swamp. Water pollution - in particular from the local village.,"This is a Natura 2000 Site, which is apparently providing no effective protection as there are plans to drain part of the area.",,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Knipowitschia,montenegrina,,Knipowitschia montenegrina,,,Yes,DD,,No,,,EU27,,Not enough information is available to be able to determine the extinction risk for this species. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient. More research is needed for a future reassessment.,Unknown,"This species occurs in the River Morača, southern Montenegro, where it is found in the lower part of the river. This distribution corresponds well with previous records of freshwater gobies identified as Knipowitschia panizzae (Verga, 1841) in the lower Morača (Marić 1995). Knipowitschia montenegrina most probably also occurs in Lake Skadar, because Ivanović (1973) and Marić (1995) recorded Knipowitschia panizzae there. It also may well occur throughout the whole Ohrid-Drim-Skadar system.",No information is available on population size or trends.,The species has been recorded from shallows with slow current in the Morača River and in pools remaining in gravel pits after river flooding.,No information is available on current or potential threats to this species.,"Research is needed on the species, particularly on its distribution and potential threats.",,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Knipowitschia,mrakovcici,,Knipowitschia mrakovcici,,"This species was listed as Knipowitschia sp. nov. ‘Visovac’ by Kottelat and Freyhof, 2007. It was also mentioned as ""Knipowitschia mrakovcici"" by Mrakovcic et al. (1994), which was not a valid name. It has since been formally named Knipowitschia mrakovcici Miller, 2009.",Yes,CR,B1ab(v),No,,,EU27,,"This species has a very restricted range, Visovac Lake in the lower Krka  drainage (extent of occurrence estimated to be 20 km²). It is currently  experiencing a population decline, but the reasons for this are unknown. Pollution from two towns (Knin and Drnis) could be a cause. A study is currently under way to determine the threats and conservation  measures for the species.For the European Union 27 assessment, this species is recorded as Not Applicable (NA); it is not found within the European Union.",Unknown,"This species occurs in Lake Visovac, in the lower part of the Krka River.",The species is declining massively (Mustafic pers. comm.).,This is a lacustrine species.,The reason for the population decline is unknown. However pollution from nearby towns (Drin and Knin) could be a cause and sometimes&#160; fish kills are seen but without any obvious reasons (Mustafic pers. comm.).,There is ongoing research to determine the reasons for the decline of the species.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Knipowitschia,panizzae,,Knipowitschia panizzae,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above,Unknown,"Restricted to the Adriatic catchment. It has been introduced in the Tyrrhenian catchment in Italy. In Greece it is only known from the Evinos delta, but the identity of this population needs confirmation.",Abundant.,A eurihaline species found in fresh and brackish waters,No major threats known.,It is listed in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention and in the Annex II of the European Union Habitat Directive.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Knipowitschia,punctatissima,,Knipowitschia punctatissima,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"The population is thought to be decreasing but there is a lack of information to confirm or refute this suspicion. It has a relatively restricted range (estimated area of occupancy (AOO) <500 km²) but fails to qualify as threatened as it is found in just more than 10 locations, where locations are determined as interconnected networks of springs.",Unknown,It is restricted to north-eastern Italy.,It was previously believed to exist in only a few places but it has recently been found to be more widespread.,Lives in springs and cold clean streams on the flat plains.,Water extraction and pollution.,"There is localised conservation as some springs are included within protected areas. However, protection is at the site level with no protection of the actual watershed.",,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Knipowitschia,radovici,,Knipowitschia radovici,,,Yes,VU,D2,No,,,EU27,,"The species is only known from the type locality, a small karstic stream (Norin stream - 10 km long) in the Neretva drainage (Croatia). It is not believed that the species is wider distributed as in similar habitat nearby other similar goby species are recorded. There is a potential threat from the water abstraction, making the species occur in only one location, however the area is currently protected in order to maintain the water quality.",Unknown,Only known from the type locality the Norin stream (10 km) in the Neretva drainage (Croatia).,Very rare.,"Habitat: Outflow of a karstic spring, discharging 3.5-6.0 m/s in summer, down to 5.5 m, with gravel to mud-gravel bottom. Biology: No data. Adults observed in deepest parts of stream, juveniles in shallow areas among vegetation.",Water is abstracted from the spring and used for drinking water. However the habitat is in good condition.,The area is protected to maintain clean drinking water.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Knipowitschia,thessala,,Knipowitschia thessala,,,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,v)",EU27,,"This species has been largely extirpated from Lake Karla, due to almost total draining of the lake, and from the Kefalobriso spring (the type-locality), near the village Chasambali due to water extraction. It is still present, and possibly stable, in less than five locations (one location being the interconnecting channels of Lake Karla) within the Pinios river catchment with an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) <20 km².",Unknown,"Restricted to the Pinios River catchment in Thessaly in Central Greece. Formerly, it was common in lake Karla, which has since been almost drained leaving only a few remaining isolated subpopulations.",Unknown,"Lives in springs and well-oxygenated streams rich in aquatic vegetation. It is also found in creeks, in brackish water, and in irrigation channels. It does not appear to need well-oxygenated waters.",Habitat destruction and water pollution.,Listed in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention as Gobius thessalus.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Ladigesocypris,ghigii,,Ladigesocypris ghigii,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species' abundance depends heavily on rainfall levels and water management. When the year is dry, the population declines, and when it is wet the species thrives. A European Union (EU) Life project has helped to ensure the future survival of this species but it still remains vulnerable due to its restricted range. More details can be found on the EU Life project website.",Stable,It is restricted to streams on Rhodes Island.,"The population is generally stable but fluctuates in the short-term, depending on levels of rainfall.","Inhabits most of the island's freshwater systems, including streams, springs, reservoirs, and pools.",Water extraction and summertime drought.,Listed in the Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive and is protected by a Presidential Decree No 67/1981 of the Greek State. It has been the focus of a European Union Life Project.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI,PETROMYZONTIFORMES,PETROMYZONTIDAE,Lampetra,fluviatilis,,Lampetra fluviatilis,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Still rare in some areas, but populations have markedly recovered following earlier pollution problems in central and western Europe. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.",Unknown,"Ireland, Great Britain north to Scotland, Atlantic coast of   Portugal (maybe extirpated), France, North Sea north to Scotland and about Bergen (Norway), North and Baltic Sea basins; Mediterranean along French and western Italian coasts   (maybe all extirpated). Occasional records in Adriatic and Ionian Seas and along coasts of Iberian Peninsula. Migrates into rivers of this area. Landlocked populations known from Lakes Ladoga and Onega (Russia), Loch Lomond (Scotland), some lakes in Finland and possibly Lough Neagh (Ireland).",Abundant.,"Habitat: Adults live in coastal waters and estuaries and spawn in strong-current habitats of rivers and streams. Ammocoetes burrow in detritus-rich sands or clay sediments. Biology: Predatory, with anadromous and landlocked populations. Adults migrate into rivers from autumn to spring. Migration is mainly nocturnal and ceases at low temperatures. Spawning season starts when water temperature rises above 9°C, which depends on latitude, starting in late March in France and mid-June in Finland. Spawning individuals cease their normal daylight avoidance reaction and reproduce on sunny days. Males dig shallow nests in habitats with fast current. Spawners form large aggregations. Adults die after spawning. Ammocoetes stage lasts 2½-3½ years. Ammocoetes feed on detritus and micro-organisms. After metamorphosis (from late summer to late autumn), most juveniles overwinter in freshwater and migrate to the sea in spring. At sea, adults prey on a wide variety of fish species, mostly Clupeidae and Gadidae. Feeds on body tissues of prey, which is usually killed while its flesh is excavated. Adults feed for 2 (rarely 1) summers before migrating to the spawning grounds. Individuals feeding for only a single summer before breeding are smaller. Landlocked population of Loch Lomond feeds for only one summer, then stops feeding and migrates in autumn to spawning grounds in River Endrick.",No major threats known.,No information available.,This species is harvested for human consumption.,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI,PETROMYZONTIFORMES,PETROMYZONTIDAE,Lampetra,planeri,,Lampetra planeri,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Still rare in some areas, but populations have markedly recovered following earlier pollution problems in central Europe. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.",Unknown,"Great Britain north to Scottish highlands, rivers draining to North Sea north to Scotland and about Stavanger (Norway), Baltic Sea basin, Atlantic as far south as Adour drainage (France, Spain) and an isolated population in Tagus (Portugal), Mediterranean basin in France and western Italy (south to about Tevere drainage). Locally in Ireland, upper Volga, upper Danube and some of their tributaries, and Pescara drainage on Adriatic coast of Italy.",Abundant.,"Habitat:Found in the lowland, piedmont and montane zone in clear, well oxygenated brooks. Ammocoetes live in detritus-rich sands or clay sediments. Biology: Non-predatory, freshwater resident. Timing of spawning season depends on latitude when temperature exceeds 9°C, starting in February in Italy and mid-June in Finland. Spawning individuals cease their normal daylight avoidance reaction and reproduce on sunny days. Males dig a shallow nest in habitats with moderate current. Spawners form large aggregations. Dies after spawning. Single individuals may survive until September. Ammocoetes stage usually lasts 21/2-3 1/2 years. Feeds on detritus and micro-organisms, starts metamorphosis in June-July (fully transformed individuals usually found in September), overwinters and spawns following spring. There are indications that L. planeri might be an heterogeneous (polyphyletic) assemblage of several lineages evolved independently from different populations of L. fluviatilis (see family introduction).",No major threats known.,No information available.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI,PETROMYZONTIFORMES,PETROMYZONTIDAE,Lampetra,zanandreai,,Lampetra zanandreai,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"The species is assessed as Least Concern as it has a relatively wide distribution (estimated Extent of Occurrence >20,000 km²) and is found in more than 10 locations. In Slovenia there have, however, been major declines in range.    European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.",Unknown,"Restricted to the upper adriatic river drainages, including northern Italy, the Adriatic basin of Slovenia and Croatia (Neretva and Matica rivers). Two sub-populations have been found also in Central Italy in the Esino and Potenza river basins. Presence in Switzerland not formally established, but records of L. planeri from the Po drainage are most likely L. zanandreai.",Extensive survey in Italy has found many sub-populations in restricted areas.,Lives in cold-water brooks near springs. It is a non-parasitic lamprey as adult does not feed. It requires a gravel substrate. The larvae remain hidden in the gravel for 3-5 years then the adult emerges and spawns over a one-month period in summer. It is important to conduct surveys at times when the adults have emerged in the summer.,"Water extraction, pollution and drought.","Listed in Annexes II and V of the European Union Habitats Directive, and in Appendix III and II of the Bern Convention. In Slovenia the species has been effectively protected since the mid-1990s.",,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI,PETROMYZONTIFORMES,PETROMYZONTIDAE,Lethenteron,camtschaticum,,Lethenteron camtschaticum,,Earlier known as Lethenteron japonicum.,No,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. The species is impacted by local pollution and river regulation in Siberia, but no actual risk because of large distribution range.    European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.",Unknown,"Circumpolar; seas and freshwaters of northern Europe, Asia and North America. In Europe, Arctic, White and Barents Sea basins of Russia and Norway, from Pechora (Russia) to Pasvik (Norwegian-Russian border) drainages.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Adults live in coastal and estuarine waters and spawn in strong-current habitats of rivers and streams. Ammocoetes burrow in detritus-rich sands or clay sediments. Biology: Anadromous, predatory. Adults migrate into rivers in late summer and autumn, until rivers freeze. The migration is mainly nocturnal. Spawning season depends on latitude, when temperatures reach 12-16°C, from April to August. Both sexes dig a shallow nest in habitats with fast current. Spawners form large aggregations. Adults die after spawning. Ammocoetes stage lasts 3½ years. Feeds on detritus and micro-organisms, metamorphoses in late summer. Most juveniles overwinter in freshwater and migrate to the sea the following spring and early summer. At sea, feeds on a wide variety of fish, mostly Clupeidae and Salmonidae. Feeds on body tissues of the prey, which is usually killed. Adults feed for 1-3 summers before migrating to spawning grounds. Large and small mature individuals might represent different age classes returning from sea to spawn. Landlocked populations are not found in Europe, but are known in Alaska. Individuals of these populations are smaller.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI,PETROMYZONTIFORMES,PETROMYZONTIDAE,Lethenteron,reissneri,,Lethenteron reissneri,,"Lampreys identified as L. kessleri from Arctic basin are L. reissneri and part of those from Sakhalin, Japan and rivers of the Sea of Japan belong to L. reissneri and two unnamed species.",No,LC,,No,,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.,Unknown,"Drainages of Arctic and Pacific Oceans. In Europe in Umba (Kola Peninsula), Severnaya Dvina, Mezen and upper Pechora drainages. In Asia eastward to Anadyr drainage (Bering Sea); Amur drainage; Sakhalin Island; Hokkaido (Japan).",Abundant.,"Habitat: All types of rivers and streams, including brackish waters. Spawns in sand-gravel bottom in shallow water. Ammocoetes live in detritus-rich sands or clay sediments. Enters floodplain meadows during high waters. Biology: Non-predatory, freshwater resident. Timing of spawning season depend on latitude when temperatures reach 13-15°C, from late March to mid-July or later. Migrates into small brooks to spawn. Males dig a shallow nest in habitats with moderate current. Spawners form large aggregations. Adults die after spawning. Ammocoetes stage lasts 2.5-3.5 years. Feeds on detritus and micro-organisms, metamorphoses in late summer, overwinters and spawns in spring. Ammocoetes remaining in temporal floodplain pools burrow into the bottom and form a protective capsule of slimy secretion and remain immobile until water returns.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Leucaspius,delineatus,,Leucaspius delineatus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species but locally threatened by draining of wetlands. European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.,Unknown,"From lower Rhine and northern Germany eastward to southern Baltic basin; Black Sea basin south to Rioni drainage, northern and western Caspian basin (south to Kura drainage); Aegean Sea basin (from Maritsa to Nestos). Absent in Italy, Adriatic basin, Great Britain and Scandinavia (except southernmost Sweden). Widely introduced in France, upper Rhine drainage, locally in Great Britain and Switzerland and invasive in western Siberia (Ob basin in Russia and Kazakhstan).",Abundant.,"Habitat: Lowland riverine habitats especially oxbows and other water bodies only connected to rivers during floods. Often found in ponds, steppe lakes and small water bodies not connected to rivers. May occur in any habitat with few or no predators. Biology: Gregarious. Spawns for the first time at one year; spawns only for a single season. Spawns in May-September, when temperature reaches 16°C. Females may spawn about once every three weeks. Males are territorial; they clean the spawning site and guard the eggs, which are attached in strings around roots, reeds, aquatic vegetation or any material drifting on the water surface. Feeds mostly on zooplankton and terrestrial insects. Stunted populations may form in predator-free habitats. Often quickly reaches newly-created water bodies by still unknown mechanisms. Scales were used to produce Essence d'Orient, which was used for coating artificial pearls.",Drainage of wetlands,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Leuciscus,bearnensis,,Leuciscus bearnensis,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"The species has an extent of occurrence of less than 20,000 km², however there are no known threats or continuing declines to the species. It has been recorded from various locations on the Adour drainage, and drought does not seem to be a potential risk in this drainage (as it drains from the Pyrenees).",Unknown,The species is kown from several localities in the Adour drainage (France).,No information.,"Habitat: Streams, sectors with current, clear and cool water, in deep pools. Biology: No data.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Leuciscus,burdigalensis,,Leuciscus burdigalensis,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,"France: from Loire to Garonne drainages on Atlantic slope, from Tech to Aude drainages on Mediterranean slope. Leuciscus population from Hérault possibly conspecific.",No information.,"Habitat: Streams and rivers, sectors with current, clear and cool water, in deep pools. Biology: Adults apparently undertake small migrations. Spawns in February-March, at night, in stretches with swift current and pebble bottom, in deeper pools.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Leuciscus,danilewskii,,Leuciscus danilewskii,,Records of L. leuciscus from Don drainage probably refer to L. danilewskii.,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,Don drainage.,Abundant.,"Habitat: Prefers main course of rivers, with clear water, moderate to slow current, sand or sand-clay bottom. Avoids turbid and still waters. Commonly stays on bottom, in water 0.3-3 m deep. Spawns in stretches with heavy current and stone bottom. Biology: Forms small groups of individuals of similar size. Lives up to seven years. Spawns in April-May at 5-6°C. Eggs are 2.0 mm in diameter, sticky, slightly transparent. Eggs hatch in 9 days at 13°C. Larvae lack adhesive glands, lie passively on bottom, are negatively phototactic. Starts active feeding at 16 days. Feeds mainly on insects and their larvae, molluscs, also on other benthic invertebrates and algae.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Leuciscus,idus,,Leuciscus idus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.,Unknown,"Baltic, Black, northern Caspian and North Sea basins, Atlantic basin southward to Seine and lower Loire drainages (France). Absent in Scandinavia north of 69°N. In Asia, eastward to Lena drainage and Aral basin. Introduced to Great Britain and northern Italy.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Usually in large lowland rivers and nutrient-rich lakes. Migrates to tributaries for spawning in moderate current on gravel or submerged vegetation. Biology: Juveniles gregarious, adults more solitary. Lives up to 15 years. Spawns for the first time at 5-6 years. Spawns in March-April, when temperature rises above 10°C. Females spawn only once each season. Adults often undertake long spawning migrations. Individual females spawn with several males. Males assemble at spawning grounds and follow ripe females. Females attach the sticky eggs to gravel or submerged plant material. Feeding larvae and juveniles inhabit a wide variety of shoreline habitats. They leave the shores for deeper waters when growing. Reaches up to 130 mm SL during first year. Feeds on a wide variety of aquatic and terrestrial animals and plant material. Large individuals become predominantly piscivorous. Sometimes hybridises with Leuciscus aspius.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Leuciscus,leuciscus,,Leuciscus leuciscus,,"Siberian and East Asian populations usually referred to L. leuciscus are distinct species, L. baicalensis and L. dzungaricus.   Recent molecular data suggest that this species is restricted to the Danube and rivers west of Odra and populations east of this border might belong to other species. More data are needed to test this hypotheses.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,"North, Baltic, White and Barents Sea basins; Caspian basin, in Volga and Ural drainages; Black Sea basin, from Danube to Dniepr drainages; Atlantic basin, in Seine drainage; Mediterranean basin from Rhône to Arc drainages (France).   In Danube main river in Romania, only very localised, in Scandinavia north of 69°N and most of central Finland.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Moderate to fast-flowing large streams to large rivers with rock or gravel bottom. Spawns in fast-flowing water on shallow gravel beds, often in small tributaries. Biology: Lives up to 10 years. Spawns for the first time at three years. Usually spawns only 1-2 seasons during life. Migrates often some tens of km to spawning sites, which are often situated in tributaries. Spawns in March-April when temperature reaches 9°C. Males form large aggregations, each male defending a small territory. Females spawn only once a year and, in some populations, during a very short period (3-5 days). Females deposit the sticky eggs into excavations made in gravel. Feeding larvae live along shores. Early juveniles are benthic and inhabit very shallow shoreline habitats. When growing, they leave the shores for faster-flowing waters. They reach up to 85 mm SL during first year. Year class strength is closely related to high spring temperatures and absence of spring floods. Juveniles overwinter in cavities along the shores. Adults form dense swarms during winter in lower parts of rivers or in backwaters. Often migrates to spawning streams in autumn and overwinter there. Feeds on small invertebrates.",No major threats known.,No information available.,"This species is harvested for human consumption, and for sport fishing.",,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Leuciscus,oxyrrhis,,Leuciscus oxyrrhis,,The taxonomic status of this species requires further investigation.,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"The species is widespread with no major widespread threats. However, hydropower dams are regulating the flow regime and reducing the amount of suitable habitat in some locations.",Unknown,"France: upper reaches of Lot, Aveyron, Tarn and Dordogne drainages (Garonne drainage).",No information.,"Habitat: Streams and rivers, sectors with current and clear water, in deep pools. Biology: Feeds on vegetal matter. Spawns in March-April in stretches with swift current and pebble bottom.","Hydropower dams are modifying the flow regime, reducing the suitable habitat of the species.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,PLEURONECTIDAE,Liopsetta,glacialis,,Liopsetta glacialis,,,No,LC,,No,,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.,Unknown,"Circumpolar. In Europe: eastern Atlantic, White and Barents Seas.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Mud and sand bottom in shallow water, at sea and in estuaries, frequently entering freshwaters. Biology: Spawns in December-May under ice. Spawning in May reported from White Sea. Feeds on small fishes and benthic invertebrates.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MUGILIFORMES,MUGILIDAE,Liza,aurata,,Liza aurata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,"Mediterranean, Black Sea and Eastern Atlantic from Cape Verde and Senegal to southern Norway and British Isles (not reaching southern Baltic); northern Red Sea. Introduced in Caspian Sea.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Pelagic near shore, sometimes in lagoons and estuaries, rarely into freshwaters. Among Mugilidae recorded from European freshwaters, this is the least tolerant of freshwater. Spawns at sea. Biology: Usually lives in schools. Spawns in September-November. Juveniles move to coastal lagoons and estuaries in winter and especially in spring. Juveniles feed on zooplankton, larger individuals feed on algae, vegetal detritus, and sediment.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MUGILIFORMES,MUGILIDAE,Liza,ramada,,Liza ramada,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,"Mediterranean, Black Sea, Azov Sea and Eastern Atlantic from Cape Verde and Senegal to southern Baltic and British Isles (not reaching northern Scotland). Migrates north during summer. Landlocked population in Fratel reservoir, Portugal. Introduced in Lake Kinneret (Israel).",Abundant.,"Habitat: Pelagic near shore, entering lagoons and lower reaches of rivers, often found in polluted waters. Spawns offshore at sea. Biology: Usually lives in schools. Males reproduce for the first time at 2-3 years, females at four or later. Females somewhat larger than males. Spawns several million pelagic eggs in September-December, April-July on British coast. Juveniles around 20 mm SL move to coastal lagoons and estuaries in autumn and especially winter. Juveniles feed on zooplankton until about 30 mm SL, then on benthic animals and plants. Adults filter algae, vegetal detritus and sediment.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MUGILIFORMES,MUGILIDAE,Liza,saliens,,Liza saliens,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,"Mediterranean, Black Sea and Eastern Atlantic from Angola to Bay of Biscay. Introduced in Caspian Sea.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Pelagic near shore, sometimes in lagoons and estuaries. Spawns at sea. Biology: Usually lives in schools. Males reproduce for the first time at two years, females at three. Females larger than males. Spawns pelagic eggs in May-August, rarely until early October. Juveniles around 20 mm SL move to coastal lagoons and estuaries in summer and autumn. Juveniles feed on zooplankton until about 30 mm SL, then on benthic organisms until 50 mm SL; adults feed on algae, vegetal detritus and sediment.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,LOTIDAE,Lota,lota,,Lota lota,,"The genus Lota is in a need of critical revision. Populations from eastern Siberia and North America represent a distinct species, L. maculosa.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species but locally threatened by river regulation. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,"Europe: from Loire drainage (France) eastward to White, Barents and Arctic Sea basins; upper Volga drainage; southeastern Caspian basin; rivers draining to Black Sea; Rhône drainage (France); in Italy, native only in Po drainage; eastern England (now extirpated). In Siberia eastward to River Lena. Originally absent from Iberian Peninsula, central and southern Italy, Adriatic basin, Greece, Ireland, western and northern Great Britain and western France.",Abundant.,"Habitat: All well oxygenated flowing waters and large lakes. Known from estuaries of large lowland rivers as well as from small mountain streams. Biology: Generally nocturnal. Males reproduce for the first time at two years, females at three in Central Europe. Spawns in November-March, at temperatures below 4°C. May undertake short spawning migrations. Spawns at night, in groups of up to 20 interlaced individuals forming a ball about 60 cm in diameter constantly moving and rolling on the bottom, releasing eggs and sperm. Eggs are semipelagic, slightly sticky and 1.2-1.8 mm in diameter. Eggs hatch after 40-70 days. Larvae are positively phototactic, float below surface in March-April. After about two months, juveniles are benthic, grow rapidly, reach about 80 mm SL within first year. In contrast to most freshwater fish, very active during winter even below ice cover. Larvae feed on drifting invertebrates or zooplankton. Juveniles and adults feed on large invertebrates and small fish.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Luciobarbus,albanicus,,Luciobarbus albanicus,,"Despite its scientific name, does not occur in Albania.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,"Western Greece, from Kalamas to Mornos (except Acheron) and Pinios drainages (Peloponnese), including Lakes Trichonis, Amvrakia and Pamvotis.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Lakes and lower course of rivers, with mud to sand bottom. Biology: Spawns for the first time at 3-4 years, lives up to 14 years. Spawns in May-July. Fractional spawner. Spawns in both lakes and their tributaries. Individual females spawn with 3-7 males on sandy beaches, especially near estuaries of tributaries. Eggs are non-adhesive. Larvae and juveniles form small monospecific schools in bays and harbours. Feeds on algae, plant material, insect larvae and detritus.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Luciobarbus,bocagei,,Luciobarbus bocagei,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,"Atlantic slope of Spain and Portugal, from Lima to Sado drainages.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Middle and lower reaches of streams, with slow current. Biology: Males reproduce for the first time at three years (70 mm), females at 6-8 years (180-200 mm). Lives up to 11 years. Moves to areas of faster current for spawning, mainly in May-June. Feeds on detritus and benthic invertebrates.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Luciobarbus,brachycephalus,,Luciobarbus brachycephalus,,"Preliminarly molecular data suggest, that Caspian and Aral Sea population might represent two species.",No,CR,A2d,No,,,EU27,,"The European population which is restricted to the northern Caspian Sea has almost   disappeard (as is the whole Caspian population) and it is suspected that it has undergone a population decline of more than 80% in the past 30 years. The cause of this is mainly fishing (as bycatch), though the population has also suffered due to daming which has cut off spawning grounds. If, as is suspected, the Caspian sea population is a seperate species to the Aral Sea population, the loss of the Caspian Sea population may actually represent the extinction of a species.    European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.",Decreasing,"Aral basin (extirpated in the sea itself - due to salinity, survives in much reduced landlocked populations in the large rivers and.in the resevoirs of its tributaries), Chu drainage and southern and western Caspian Sea. For spawning, migrates up larger tributaries of western and southern coasts: Terek, Samur, Kura, lower Aras. Rarely in lower Volga (up to Volgograd) and Ural.","Declined sharpley due to damming in the 1950's and 1960's in the Caspian Sea. Now almost extirpated in the Caspian basin. Almost all spawning rivers are blocked by dams and there while no special fisheries target this species, it is the victim of bycatch in fishereies for other species, especially for Rutilus frisii. While other long-distance migratory, anadromous species in the Caspian Sea basin as R. frisii and Acipenseridae are artificially reproduced and massively stocked, this species is not reproduced and is therefore at the verge to extinction in the Caspian basin. No riverine or landlocked populations are known from ths species. In the Aral sea the species declined due to the shrinking (increased salinity) of the Aral sea (started in 1970s to present) and damming of its tibutaries (1950's to 1970's) but it still survives in much reduced landlocked populations in the large rivers.","Habitat: At sea, at depths of up to 25 m. In rivers, in deep stretches with gravel or stone bottom. Spawns in fast-flowing water at sites with hard bottom, 1-2 m deep. Biology: Semi-anadromous and riverine populations. Spawns for the first time at about 500-700 mm SL, 5-7 years, females later than males. Spawns in April-August, with peak at 23-27°C. Some individuals start spawning migration in late summer-autumn and spawn following spring after overwintering in river. Some enter rivers in early spring and spawn same year. Female lays 100,000-1,250,000 bright yellow eggs; in 2-3 portions during a single season. Eggs are semipelagic and hatch while drifting downstream after at least 2 days at 25°C. Larvae settle into places with slow current for 2-12 months, then drift downstream to sea (or reservoir if river is dammed). In freshened parts of sea, feeds mainly on benthic crustaceans. Does not feed while migrating upstream. At spawning sites, starts to feed again, mainly on insects, eggs and juveniles of other fishes, rarely on algae, seeds and other plant material.","Historically dam construction and overfishing was a threat, increasing salinity in the Aral sea caused the species to become extirpated. Currently the main threats   are the loss of spawning sited by dam construction and overfishing (as bycatch) in the Caspian sea.",Targetted fishing for this species is banned in the Caspian Sea.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Luciobarbus,capito,,Luciobarbus capito,,,No,VU,A2cd,No,,,EU27,,"Overall, there is a continuing to decline due to expanding hydropower development, overfishing and strong ecological impacts on Caspian and Aral Sea basins. It is suspected that the total population has declined by at least 30% in the past 3 generations/30 years (this is suspected to also be the same for the European/Caspian popualtion).    European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.",Decreasing,"Caspian basin, for spawning migrates up larger tributaries of western and southern coasts, from Volga southward to Atrek (Iran). Was always very rare in Volga. Aral basin, in Amu Darya, Syr Darya and Chu drainages, extirpated in the Aral Sea.",Declined sharpley due to damming in the 1950's and 1960's in the Caspian Sea. In the Aral sea the species declined due to the shrinking (increased salinity) of the Aral sea (started in 1970s to present) and damming of its tibutaries (1950's to 1970's).,"Habitat: At sea, mostly close to shores. Forages also in estuaries. Spawns in lowland streams and rivers on sand-gravel bottom, usually in strong current. Biology: Semi-anadromous but rarely landlocked in reservoirs. Spawns for the first time at 3-7 years, females later than males, over 200 mm SL. Spawns in April-August. Males are annual spawners, females apparently spawn every 2-3 years. Semi-anadromous populations start migration in late summer-autumn and spawn following spring, but some enter rivers in early spring and spawn same year. Migrate to uppermost tributaries of rivers. Landlocked populations migrate just before spawning to upper stretches of tributaries, or spawn in lakes and reservoirs on sand to mud bottom. Female lays 15,000-125,000 light grey eggs. Larvae feed on zooplankton and small benthic invertebrates. Juveniles and adults feed on invertebrates, algae, detritus, plant material, and small fishes.","Historically dam construction and overfishing was a threat, increased salinity in the Aral sea caused the species to become extirpated. Currently the main threat is overfishing (illegal) in the Caspian sea.",Fishing is banned in the Caspian Sea.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Luciobarbus,comizo,,Luciobarbus comizo,,,Yes,VU,A2ce,Yes,VU,A2ce,EU27,,"It is estimated that B. comizo has undergone a population decline of at least 30% in the past 10 years due to water extraction, pollution and introduced taxa (Crivelli, A. pers comm.) this has led to a continuous decline in numbers and in area of occupancy.",Decreasing,Endemic to the Tagus and Guadiana river basins in Spain and Portugal.,Not very abundant.,"It prefers the middle and lower reaches of rivers, in deep and slow waters with abundant submerged vegetation. It occurs also in reservoirs. It is a large size barbel (>500mm).","Water pollution and extraction, habitat destruction and introduction of exotic fish predators.","Listed in Annexes II and V of the European Union Habitats Directive, and in the Appendix III of Bern Convention.",,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Luciobarbus,graecus,,Luciobarbus graecus,,Some authorities cite the date of description as 1895.,Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)",EU27,,"This species has a restricted range (estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) <5,000 km², and area of occupancy (AOO) <500 km²) across 2–5 separate locations. Water levels in Lake Yliki are declining so there is a reduction in AOO. Water pollution continues so habitat quality is declining. Finally, there is thought to be a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations. On this basis the species is assessed as Endangered.",Unknown,"It is restricted to the Sperchios river basin and to the Lake Yliki in eastern Greece. Previously present in Lake Paralimni, which has since been drained. Also in the Kifisos river.",No data.,"It is a large size, predominantly lacustrine, barbel (<700 mm). Reproduction is in June on sandy substrate.","Restricted range, overfishing, water extraction, water pollution and agriculture.","A special Greek law protects it, but this is not enforced.",,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Luciobarbus,graellsii,,Luciobarbus graellsii,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,"Spain: from Ebro to Ter drainages on Mediterranean slope and westward to Ason drainage on Atlantic slope. Introduced to Fiora, Ombrone and Albegna drainages (central Italy) around 1998.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Lower and middle reaches of rivers, with slow current. Prefers areas with vegetation and shore cover, migrates to upstream areas with faster current and gravel or stone bottom for spawning. Biology: Lives up to 16 years. Spawns for the first time at 4 years, 150-200 mm SL. Spawns in May-August. Generally feeds on algae and aquatic macro-invertebrates.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Luciobarbus,guiraonis,,Luciobarbus guiraonis,,,Yes,VU,A3ce,Yes,VU,A3ce,EU27,,"B. guiraonis is currently undergoing a population decline and is likely to decline in the future by 30% in the next ten years due planned dam construction and inter-watershed transfer (Carmona, J. pers comm).",Decreasing,It is restricted to the river systems between Mijares river and Serpis river in the Mediterranean area of Spain. It is also found in the upper part of the Guadiana river basin. It occurs also in lakes and reservoirs.,No data.,It is a large size barbel.,"Water pollution, habitat destruction and introduction of exotic fish species. Future dam construction and inter-catchment water transfer will seriously impact upon the species.",Listed on Annex III of the Berne Convention and V of the European Union Habitats Directive as B. capito.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Luciobarbus,microcephalus,,Luciobarbus microcephalus,,,Yes,VU,A2ce+3ce,Yes,VU,A2ce+3ce,EU27,,"It is estimated that the population of B. microcephalus has declined by at least 30% in the past 10 years and it is suspected to decline by the same amount in the next 10 years (Carmona, J. pers comm). The population is declining in all of its range due to dam construction (a current and future threat in Spain and Portugal: for example a dam is planned near Alquedi (Carmona, J. pers comm)), water extraction and introduced species.",Decreasing,"It is restricted to the Guadiana river basin in Portugal and Spain. It occurs also in a small reach of the Tajo river, where it is probably introduced there.",Declining.,It is a small size barbel (<260 mm). It lives in the middle and lower reaches of rivers with deep and slow water. It is absent from the headwaters. It can be found also within reservoirs.,Water pollution and extraction. Habitat alteration (dams) and introductions of exotic fish species.,"Listed in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention, and Annex V of the European Union Habitats Directive as B. capito.",,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Luciobarbus,sclateri,,Luciobarbus sclateri,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"A widespread and locally abundant species, but many small streams are dry in summer and populations are greatly fragmented and several potentially threatened.",Unknown,Southern Spain and Portugal: from Segura to Mira drainages.,Abundant.,"Habitat: Occurs in a variety of habitats; most abundant in large rivers and streams with slow to moderate current. Avoids upper, cold water streams. Biology: Lives up to about 18 years. Males reproduce for the first time at 2-4 years (7-9 cm), females at 6-7 years (11-16 cm). Spawns in May-June.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Luciobarbus,steindachneri,,Luciobarbus steindachneri,,,Yes,VU,A2ce,Yes,VU,A2ce,EU27,,"Based upon data of introduced species and loss of habitat in the Tagus and Guadiana river basins, it is estimated that B. steindachneri has declined by more than 30% in the past 10 years. (Carmona, J. pers comm).",Decreasing,Endemic to the Tagus and Guadiana River basins in Spain and Portugal.,Not very abundant.,"It is a large size barbel (<500mm). It prefers the middle and lower reaches, in deep and slow waters, with abundant submerged vegetation. It occurs also in reservoirs.","Water pollution and extraction, habitat destruction and introduction of exotic fish predators.",Listed in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Mesogobius,batrachocephalus,,Mesogobius batrachocephalus,,"M. nonultimus (nape scaled) from Caspian basin, usually listed as a subspecies of M. batrachocephalus, is a distinct species. It does not enter freshwaters.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"A widespread species, known from the lower South Bug and freshwater Lake Siut Giol on Romanian coast and the Black and Azov Seas. Locally threatened by periods of hypoxia following algal blooms.  European Union 27 = LC. Relatively restricted in range to the Romanian and Bulgarian coastal areas, but still widespread and no major threats.",Unknown,Black and Azov Seas; lower South Bug and freshwater Lake Siut Giol on Romanian coast.,Very abundant along the coast.,"Habitat: Inshore habitats, estuaries, brackish- and fresh-water lagoons on sand or rock bottom. Often very deep in summer (down to 100 m). Rarely in pure freshwater. Biology: Lives up to eight years. Spawns for the first time at three years. Spawns in February-May, only once a year. Eggs large, deposited under or between stones. Feeds predominantly on fish.",Locally threatened by periods of hypoxia following algal blooms.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,COBITIDAE,Misgurnus,fossilis,,Misgurnus fossilis,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"A widespread species that is undergoing a gradual and continuing decline resulting in the extirpation from many water bodies however this is not at a rate to qualify the species for a threatened or Near Threatened category. The major threats are due to the channelization of rivers which stops the formation of backwaters (e.g., oxbow lakes), and the pollution of backwaters.     European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.",Decreasing,"Europe north of the Alps, from Meuse eastward to Neva drainages and Lake Ladoga; northern Black Sea basin from Danube eastward to Kuban; Caspian basin in Volga and Ural drainages. In Black Sea basin, absent south of Danube and Kuban. Not native to Great Britain, Scandinavia, Apennine and Iberian Peninsulas, Crimea, and Adriatic, Aegean and White Sea basins. Locally introduced in Rhône drainage (France) and perhaps elsewhere. Extirpated from Switzerland, recent records (in the 1990-2000s) are actually the alien species Paramisgurnus dabryanus.",Slowly declining.,"Habitat: Backwaters and side channels of lowland streams, rivers and lakes. Mostly restricted to densely vegetated habitats with slow or no current and soft, mud bottom. Spawns in dense vegetation, often in flooded meadows. Biology: Spawns for the first time at 2-3 years, at about 110 mm SL. Spawns in March-July. Males have a larger second pectoral ray and shallow vertical swellings of flanks above anal base, enlarged during spawning time. Male follows female into dense vegetation and forms a complete ring around her body, behind dorsal fin. Sticky eggs are released into vegetation. Larvae move to bottom and hide in mud. Larvae have large external gill filaments, reabsorbed after 10-12 days. Adults nocturnal, burrows into mud to hide during day and, especially in shallow habitats, during dry periods and strong frosts. Usually burrows 200-300 mm deep, occasionally down to 700 mm during dry periods. Able to survive in habitats with low oxygen concentrations by cutaneous and intestinal respiration. Frequently swallows air, oxygen being absorbed through the walls of the gut. Feeds on benthic invertebrates. Swims slowly above bottom and dig for invertebrates, which are localized by olfaction.","River regulation for water transport,  has reduced the number of back waters (oxbow lakes etc) where, in the last phases of succession the species is found. The species moves between the backwaters during times of flooding, which has also been regulated by the channelization and damming of the rivers. The succession of the back waters takes many years and the number of available and suitable sites for the species is slowly reducing as they dry out and no new ones are created. The species is known to have been extirpated from many locations.   &#160;Regionally, the species inhabits secondary waterbodies such as drainage canals.",No information available.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MUGILIFORMES,MUGILIDAE,Mugil,cephalus,,Mugil cephalus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,"In all tropical and subtropical seas; Mediterranean, Black Sea and Atlantic, reaching northward to Bay of Biscay. Introduced in Lake Trasimeno (Italy).",Abundant.,"Habitat: Pelagic near shores, sometimes forages in lagoons, estuaries and lower courses of rivers. Spawns at sea in coastal surface water. Biology: Usually lives in schools. Males reproduce for the first time at two years, females at three. Females larger than males. Spawns several million of pelagic eggs in July-October. Eggs develop optimally at full marine salinity. Juveniles around 20 mm SL move to coastal lagoons and estuaries in autumn. Juveniles feed on zooplankton until about 30 mm SL, larger individuals filter algae, vegetal detritus, sediment and small invertebrates.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Neogobius,fluviatilis,,Neogobius fluviatilis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,"Azov and Black Sea basins. Usually close to estuaries. Invasive in rivers of northern Black Sea basin, recorded in 1997 from middle Vistula (Poland), which it reached from Dniepr via a navigation canal. In Danube upriver to Hungary, in Dniepr up to Belarus.   Accidentally introduced in lower Rhine and actually invasive there. Introduced in Lake Balaton (Hungary) around 1970.",Very abundant and expanding range.,"Habitat: Inshore habitats, estuaries, brackish- and fresh-water lagoons and lakes, large to medium sized rivers and streams, on sand or mud bottom. Mostly found on open sand or mud bottom. One of the most abundant fish species in lowland rivers. Biology: Lives up to five years. Spawns for the first time at two years. Spawns in April-July, locally until September, when temperature rises above 13°C. Individual females may repeat spawning during a season. Males have completely black body with yellow fin margins during spawning season. Adhesive eggs are deposited on stones, shells and aquatic plants. Males excavate nests under any kind of hard substrate and guard eggs until hatching. Feeds on a wide variety of invertebrates, especially molluscs.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Neogobius,melanostomus,,Neogobius melanostomus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,"Azov, Black and Caspian Sea basins. Invasive in Baltic basin, which it reached via navigation canals. Reached westwards to German Baltic coast in 2002 and to Elbe estuary (North Sea basin) in 2009. Recently recorded in lower parts of rivers in Gulf of Gdansk (Poland). Also moving upwards in rivers of its original range; in Volga upstream to Moscow and north to Lake Rybinskoye; in Dniepr up to Belarus, in Danube reached Austria in 2000 and Germany 2005. Accidentally arrived in North America in 1991 and lowermost Rhine (Netherlands) in 2004 with ballasts water in ships. In 2006 first recorded in upper reaches of Rhine drainage close to canal connecting it with Danube. Meanwhile has colonized the lower and middle reaches of the Rhine and is slowly invading the upper Rhine.",Very abundant and expanding range,"Habitat: Inshore habitats, estuaries, brackish- and fresh-water lagoons and lakes, large rivers, harbours, on sand or rock bottom. To 50-60 m deep in Black Sea during winter. Mostly found on well vegetated or rock bottom. Biology: Lives up to four years. Males reproduce for the first time at 3-4, females at 2-3. Spawns in April-September. Males have entirely black body during spawning season. Individual females may repeat spawning during a season every 18-20 days. Adhesive eggs are deposited under or between stones, shells and aquatic plants. Males guard eggs until eggs hatch, in 2-3 weeks. Males usually die after spawning season. Feeds on a wide variety of invertebrates and small fish. Egg clutches are supposed to be occasionally transported attached to the hull of ships, facilitating the invasion of new areas.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Neogobius,pallasi,,Neogobius pallasi,,,No,LC,,No,,,EU27,,A widespread spec ies with no known major widespread threats.European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.,Unknown,"Caspian basin; common in Volga drainage, upriver to Moscow. Introduced in Aral basin in 1954.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Inshore habitats, estuaries, brackish- and fresh-water lagoons and lakes, large to medium-size rivers, on sand or mud bottom. Usually on open sand or sand-shell bottom. Biology: Lives up to three years. Spawns for the first time at one, rarely at two years. Spawns in April-September. Individual females may repeat spawning during a season. Adhesive eggs are deposited on stones, shells and aquatic plants. Males guard eggs until hatching. Feeds on a wide variety of invertebrates (mainly crustaceans and insect larvae) and small fish.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,OSMERIDAE,Osmerus,dentex,,Osmerus dentex,,"Earlier treated as subspecies or synonym of O. mordax but morphological and genetic data indicate they are distinct species, O. mordax being restricted to the East coast of Canada and the North American Great Lakes.",No,LC,,No,,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.,Unknown,"Estuaries and coastal waters of European and Siberian shores of Arctic Ocean, from White Sea to Chukotka (eastern Siberia), Korea and Hokkaido (Japan); America from Vancouver Island to Coronation Bay.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Brackish water of estuaries, lagoons, coastal shallows and bays; fresh water in lowland and piedmont rivers. At sea, pelagic, at 4-8 m depth. Spawns in rapids, in clear water, over stone-gravel bottom and depth 0.2-0.5 m. Biology: Anadromous. Enters rivers only for spawning, first at 3-4 years. Lives up to 11 years. Spawning migration starts in April-May under ice. Distance of migration depends on availability of spawning sites, from tens to thousands of kilometres. Usually spawns in May-June and returns to sea soon after. Spawns at 7-14°C. Eggs are yellow, 0.8-1.0 mm in diameter, and adhere to pebbles and stones. Eggs hatch in 18-25 days at 5-18°C. Larvae and young juveniles feed on zooplankton, larger juveniles mostly on gammarids and mysids. By August, juveniles migrate to sea. Becomes piscivorous when reaching sexual maturity. Feeds mostly on smaller, schooling fishes, usually juveniles of cod (Gadus morhua), Salmonidae, Clupeidae, Coregonidae.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,OSMERIDAE,Osmerus,eperlanus,,Osmerus eperlanus,,"Available data do not exclude the possibility of two species possibly confused under the name O. eperlanus: O. eperlanus, usually with 33-38 gill rakers, are primarily lacustrine, from coastal areas of White, Barents and Baltic Seas, and O. schonfoldi, usually with 27-32 gill rakers, are primarily anadromous, from Atlantic, southern Baltic and North Sea. The two species would be sympatric in parts of Poland, Denmark and southern Baltic.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"A widespread distribution with no known major widespread threats. However, locally threatened by pollution and barriers to migration. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.",Unknown,"Coastal waters of White, Barents, Baltic and North Seas, Great Britain, western Ireland, Atlantic Ocean southward to Garonne estuary. Landlocked populations in lakes of coastal areas of North, Baltic, White and Barents Seas. North to about 68°N in Scandinavia.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Pelagic inhabitant of marine waters, estuaries and large lakes. Spawns in tributaries of lakes or along shallow shores of lakes and rivers, on sand, gravel, stones and plant material, preferably in fast-flowing water. Biology: Anadromous and landlocked populations. Anadromous individuals spawn at two years, landlocked ones often at one year. Anadromous individuals live up to seven years. Landlocked populations and large parts of anadromous populations usually reproduce only once in their life. Spawning migration starts in September-October, when mature fishes aggregate in estuaries to overwinter. Upriver migration starts in March-April when temperatures rise above 4-6°C and during rainy and stormy weather. Spawning migration reaches only the lower part of rivers. Older individuals and males migrate earlier than younger ones and females. Spawns in March-April at 4-12°C. Eggs are sticky and attached to substrate. Large numbers of eggs are washed from substrate and drift, with attached sand above river bottom. Eggs hatch in 20-35 days; larvae drift to estuaries. After spawning, adults migrate to sea, remain in coastal waters close to estuaries. Juveniles prefer fresh or brackish water until they mature. May reach high densities and experience large fluctuations in abundance. Feeds on zooplankton and small fishes, which often are juveniles of its own species.",Water pollution and river impoundments.,No information available.,This species is harvested for human consumption.,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,BALITORIDAE,Oxynoemacheilus,bureschi,,Oxynoemacheilus bureschi,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species has an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) <20,000 km² and area of occupancy (AOO) <2,000 km² and is known from more than 10 separate locations. There is no documented decline in population or habitat quality. The species is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"It is restricted to the Strymon, Varda and Nestos river basins in northern Greece and Bulgaria. It is also reported to be present in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) but the actual distribution information was not obtained.",A non-commercial species for which there is little population data.,It is a small riverine species that prefers the larger streams and is not found in the smaller creeks. It is absent in channelised habitats and prefers the fast flowing water in mid-stream.,"Channelisation, modification of stream morphology, water abstraction, pollution and dams.",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,BALITORIDAE,Oxynoemacheilus,merga,,Oxynoemacheilus merga,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,Widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,"Western Caspian basin in Europe: Kuma, Terek, Sulak, Shura-ozen and Samur drainages. Records from Kuban drainage need confirmation.",Abundant in western Caspian basin.,Habitat: Upper montane reaches of rivers. Biology: No data.,No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,BALITORIDAE,Oxynoemacheilus,pindus,,Oxynoemacheilus pindus,,,Yes,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"This species has an estimated maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) <5,000 km² and area of occupancy (AOO) <500 km² but more sampling would be beneficial to confirm the exact distribution. It is restricted to between 5–10 isolated tributaries (locations). It has suffered a decline in quality of habitat due to pollution/eutrophication. Assessed as Vulnerable.",Unknown,"It is restricted to the Aoos river basin in Epirus, Greece, and is possibly also present in Albania.",No data,"It has been found in small creeks, streams, and rivers.","Water abstraction, pollution, and agriculture.",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,BALITORIDAE,Oxynoemacheilus,theophilii,,Oxynoemacheilus theophilii,,,No,CR,B1b(iii),No,CR,B1b(iii),EU27,,"With the Europe, the species is only known from the Evergetoulas stream on Lesbos island (Greece). It has a very small EOO (less than 100 km2), and is impacted by water abstraction and drought.European Union 27 = CR B1b(iii). Same rationale as above",Unknown,"Lesbos Island, stream Evergetoulas and western Anatolia from Bakir.","Very few populations but locally common (J. Freyhof, pers comm.).","Habitat: Upper part of stream, with current. Biology: No data.",Water abstraction. Climate change is also a threat as the severity of droughts are predicted to increase.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Pachychilon,macedonicum,,Pachychilon macedonicum,,"This species appeared in the 1996 Red List as Data Deficient but under the incorrectly spelt name of Pachychilon macedonicus. It was also listed as LR/nt in the 1996 Red List under the name Rutilus macedonicus, but following Kottelat (1997) this should be placed under Pachychilon. The latter was assumed to be an incorrect listing.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,This species is thought to be declining but more survey is required to confirm this.,Unknown,"Restricted to the Axios river basin in Greece and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and to the lower part of the Aliakmon, Strymon, and Pinios river basins in Greece. Also reported in the Karla river basin.",No data.,"Lives in rivers, canals, ditches, and lakes. Does not appear to require clear waters.","Water extraction and pollution, and habitat alteration.",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Pachychilon,pictum,,Pachychilon pictum,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"The species is known from Drin river basin including Lake Skadar basin (Serbia and Montenegro) and Lake Ohrid (Albania and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)) and all Albanian rivers draining to the Adriatic south to Aoos river basin in western Greece.&#160; Even though the habitats are impacted by pollution and dams, the species is quite abundant and obviously capable to survive in reservoirs and polluted habitats. It isn't expected to have undergone a population decline of more than 30% in the past 10 years. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.    European Union 27 = LC. Within the European Union the species is only recorded in the Aoos river basin in western Greece, flowing into Albania where it is called the River Vijose. Here the species is abundant. It is therefore assessed as LC for the EU 27 also as only the drying up of the river due to water abstraction and climate change seems to be a realistic threat and this is not expected to happen in the near future.",Unknown,"It is restricted to the Lake Skadar basin (Serbia-Montenegro) and to the Drin river basin including Lake Ohrid (Albania and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)). It is also recorded in the Aoos river basin in western Greece. In Italy was introduced in Serchio River and was found also in Lake Massaciuccoli were it is quite common, but still reported in this lake as Rutilus rubilio (P.G. Bianco pers. obs.). The species has commercial value in Lake Skadar, and is very frequent in the basin of Moraca River and in River Vijose in Albana, which originate in Greece as River Aoos. It has also been introduced&#160; into France.",Quite abundant.,It is a small cyprinid living in rivers as well as in lakes.,"Habitat destruction (dams), water pollution.",It is listed in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Padogobius,bonelli,,Padogobius bonelli,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,This is a widespread resilient species with no known major threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Stable,"Restricted to southern Switzerland, northern Italy, southern Slovenia and River Zrmanja in Croatia. It has been introduced to the Tiber and Mignone rivers and a number of other small rivers in central and southern Italy.",Generally stable but locally decreasing. It is considered a major pest species outside its natural range.,Lives in small rivers in the hill zone where there is fast running water and a stony substrate. Also found in large lakes south of the Alps. Where it has been introduced outside its natural range it is considered to be the principle threat to Padogobius nigricans.,Water extraction and pollution.,It is listed in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention where it is misidentified as Gobius fluviatilis (Not valid) and Padogobius (inferior synonym) martensi.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Padogobius,nigricans,,Padogobius nigricans,,,Yes,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU27,,"This species is relatively restricted range (etimated area of occupancy (AOO) < 2,000 km²) and is only known from six river basins and two lakes, which are treated as separate locations on the basis of the likely threats. Formerly the species was extremely common but it has now disappeared from two rivers and has become rare in many others mostly as result of interaction with the introduced, congeneric species, Padogobius bonelli. Other causes of decline are water extraction and rising water temperatures due to lower water levels, pollution and predation by alien species.",Decreasing,Restricted to the Tyrrhenian catchment of Central Italy.,"The species is threatened mainly by introduction of the congeneric alien P. bonelli, which caused local extinctions in at least the river basins of Ombrone, Amaseno and Mignone in central Italy.",Lives in small rivers with fast running water and stony substrate. It reproduces from late April to July according to the water temperature in different rivers. Also found in lakes.,"Habitat destruction, water extraction, and invasive species (Padogobius bonelli, in particular).",It is listed in Annex II of the European Union Habitat Directive and in Appendix III of the Bern Convention.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Parachondrostoma,arrigonis,,Parachondrostoma arrigonis,,,Yes,CR,"A2ace;B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,CR,"A2ace;B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU27,,"Doadrio undertook a 3-month study of all the Jucar river basin and found only 10 individuals of C. arrigonis at one location (Doadrio, I. pers comm). A canal constructed between the Jucar basin and the Trasinase Tajo-Seguna has allowed C. polylepis to enter and out compete C. arrigonis. Based upon this study and previous information it has been observed that that the population has declined by more than 80% in the past 10 years. The area of occupancy (AOO) of the remaining location is estimated at <10 km², qualifying the species for the Critically Endangered category, and the Jucar river basin is considered to be one location due to the nature of the main threat: introduced species.",Decreasing,It is restricted to the Jucar river basin in eastern Spain.,"A recent 3-month study found only 10 individuals at one location in the Jucar river basin (Doadrio, I. pers. comm).","It lives in all river sections, but mainly in the middle reaches.","Water pollution and extraction, introduction of fish exotic predators. And Chondrostoma polylepis, a competitor, has been introduced.",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Parachondrostoma,miegii,,Parachondrostoma miegii,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"C. miegii is abundant, has a wide distribution and has no major widespread threats.",Stable,"It is restricted to the Ebro, Llobregat, Nervias, Butron, Oca, Artibay, Deba, Uro - la, Bidasoa, Urumea and Oria river basins in Spain.",Abundant.,It lives in all river sections.,None.,It is included on Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive and Annex III of the Berne Convention as C. toxostoma.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Parachondrostoma,toxostoma,,Parachondrostoma toxostoma,,,Yes,VU,A2ce,Yes,VU,A2ce,EU27,,"The population of C. toxostoma is estimated to have declined by at least 30% in the past 10 years based on data from hybridisation studies (Crivelli, A. pers comm). It is threatened by hybridisation with C. nasus and by habitat destruction due to water extraction and pollution, and by dam construction.",Decreasing,"It is restricted to the Rhône river basin in France and Switzerland and to coastal rivers in France. In France it has been introduced in river basins of the Atlantic coast. It has also been recorded in the Aude and Herault (Kottelat, M. pers comm).",Decreasing.,"It prefers the lower reaches of rivers. It can be found also in reservoirs. In presence of Chondrostoma nasus (an introduced species), C. toxostoma occupies the areas upstream, and in the absence of C. nasus it occupies both upstream and downstream zones. Hybridization between C. nasus and C. toxostoma has been observed in the wild. Hybrids can successfully reproduce as shown by the introgressive capacity at the nuclear and mitochondrial level, and the survival of hybrids.",Habitat destruction (dams) and introduction of Chondrostoma nasus. However the destruction of dams has also allowed C. nasus to extend its range further upstream. In the past it has been out competed in its range by introduced C. nasus. The disappearance of spawning sites is an important factor for the decline.,It is listed in the Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive and in Appendix III of the Bern Convention.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Parachondrostoma,turiense,,Parachondrostoma turiense,,,Yes,EN,"B2ab(i,iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(i,iii,v)",EU27,,"C. turiense has a very restricted range and it is continuously declining in numbers and in areas occupied. There are no measures being implemented to stop the decline. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 5,000 km² and it occurs at two locations (Turia and Mijares rivers), which are impacted by introduced species (Micropterus salmoides). The quality of habitat is also being degraded by agricultural pollution.",Decreasing,It is restricted to the Turia and Mijares river basins in Spain.,Decreasing.,"It lives in the middle reaches of rivers, rich in submerged vegetation.","Water pollution, extraction and drought. Introduction of exotic fish predators.",Listed on Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive and Appendix III of the Berne Convention as C. toxostoma.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Pelasgus,epiroticus,,Pelasgus epiroticus,,,Yes,CR,A2be; B1ab(v),Yes,CR,A2be; B1ab(v),EU27,,The species is suffering a continuing decline and has lost an estimated 90% of the population since 1995. The level of decline has been estimated from fishery statistics (CPUE) with the main impact thought to be from introduced alien species. This is also a restricted range species with an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) <100 km².,Unknown,Restricted to the Lake Pamvotis in Epiros District in Western Greece. Its presence in the Louros river is very doubtful.,The population has been dramatically crashing since the early 1990s.,It is a lacustrine species.,"Water pollution, overfishing (bycatch), and the introduction of alien species (main cause of decline).",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Pelasgus,laconicus,,Pelasgus laconicus,,,Yes,CR,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,CR,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU27,,"A restricted range species with an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) <5,000 km² and area of occupancy (AOO) <10 km². It is now only known from two locations and the population is severely fragmented due to water abstraction leaving the species in isolated small subpopulations where they are at risk due to their low numbers and heavy bird predation. Only 60 km of stream are now estimated to be occupied by this species",Decreasing,Restricted to the River Evrotas and the upper part of River Alphios in the Peloponnese in Greece.,Decreasing.,Lives in springs and spring-fed creeks and in the mainstream and headwaters of rivers. It reproduces from mid-March to June,"Water extraction and pollution, and habitat destruction.",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Pelasgus,marathonicus,,Pelasgus marathonicus,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"The species is now only known from springs and rivers in the Sperchios and Kifissos drainages, it is extirpated from the Marathon plain which was drained for agriculture. The extent of occurrence of the remaining distribution is less than 10,000 km², where there is a continuing decline in water quality in the rivers (but not the springs) from agricultural pollution, the species is also threatened by drought and water abstraction, and in some springs there is stocking of Oncorhynchus mykiss which will eat P. marathonicus. However the species is found in many springs (but it is not severely fragmented) within the drainages and therefore, based on the main threat of water abstraction and drought, the species is found in more than 10 locations. The species is close to meeting VU under the B1 criteria.",Unknown,Greece: Marathon plain (now drained for agriculture) and Sperchios and Kifissos drainages.,No information.,"Habitat: Springs, swamps, canals; usually among vegetation or under shore cover. Biology: Lives up to two years. Spawns in May-September. Feeds on a wide variety of aquatic invertebrates, algae and detritus.","Water abstraction, drought, drainage for agriculture, agricultural pollution and introduced species (Oncorhynchus mykiss).",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Pelasgus,minutus,,Pelasgus minutus,,"The taxonomic status of a population at Lake Skadar is unclear. It could be P. minutus, which would change the status of this species.",Yes,DD,,No,,,EU27,,"Taxonomy should be confirmed. However, specimens of P. minutus were not found in Ohrid Lake in 2002 during a survey by Kottelat. (Kottelat, M. pers comm). The last specimens were collected in 1973.",Unknown,It is restricted to Lake Ohrid basin in Albania and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).,Specimens not found in Ohrid Lake in 2002 during a survey by Kottelat. (Kottelat pers. comm). The last specimens were collected in 1973.,"Swampy areas (Kottelat, M. pers. comm).",No data.,None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Pelasgus,prespensis,,Pelasgus prespensis,,,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,iv,v)+2ab(iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,iv,v)+2ab(iii,iv,v)",EU27,,"This is a restricted range species with an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) <5,000 km² and an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) <500 km². The species is restricted to a single location. An ongoing population decline has been monitored since 1984 until present. Signs of disease and parasites are present in many specimens and there has been a significant increase in the number of predatory birds.",Decreasing,"Restricted to the Prespa Lakes in north-western Greece, Albania and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).",Decreasing.,It is a small lacustrine species living in the littoral zone.,"Water pollution and extraction (water level decreases are a problem due to karstic nature of these lakes), and introduction of exotic fish species. Disease and parasites are also reported as a significant threat (Kottelat pers comm).",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Pelasgus,stymphalicus,,Pelasgus stymphalicus,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"In general the population is considered to be safe and although it has been fluctuating significantly there is no apparent long-term decline. Some local subpopulations are however, severely impacted but many are expected to recover, if conditions improve, given the high resilience of the species (a typical ""R selected"" species).",Stable,Restricted to part of the Peloponnese and Aitolo-Akarnania and Lefkas Island.,"Safe, although some subpopulations are probably locally extinct, notably on the islands.",A small size fish well adapted to unstable conditions. It has a high resilience and can quickly re-establish depleted sub-populations.,Water extraction and pollution.,Listed in Appendix II of the European Union Habitats Directive and in Appendix III of the Bern Convention.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Pelasgus,thesproticus,,Pelasgus thesproticus,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"The population is fluctuating but fairly stable over the long term. The species comes close to qualifying for Vulnerable under criterion B as it is extremely fragmented due to water abstraction and land reclamation, and each fragment is under actual or predicted pressure from these threats. However it does not fully qualify, as fragmentation does not appear to be detrimental to the survival of the species at present.",Stable,"Restricted to Louros, Acheron and Arachthos river basins in western Greece. Also known from Kalamas, Corfu, and Butrino Lagoon in southern Albania .",No data.,"Lives in slow flowing rivers, marshes, and swamps.",Water abstraction and pollution.,None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Pelecus,cultratus,,Pelecus cultratus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"A widespread species with no major widespread threats. However, semi-anadromous populations markedly declined in Black Sea basin following impoundment of rivers. They have stabilised since. European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.",Unknown,"Black, Caspian and Aral Sea basins; Baltic basin from Vistula to Neva drainages, southern Sweden and Finland, Lakes Ladoga and Onega. Occasionally on Baltic coast west of Vistula and on Finnish coast north of 61°N.",Abundant in large rivers and dams (resevoir).,"Habitat: Surface of open waters of large rivers and lakes. Abundant in reservoirs (Don, Volga). Semi-anadromous individuals forage and spawn in pelagic. freshened parts of sea or lower parts of rivers, in main channel or floodplains. Lacustrine populations spawn in open water of lakes. Biology: Lives up to nine years. Spawns for the first time at 3-5 years, 200-300 mm SL. Semi-anadromous individuals start entering rivers in July (Don). When rivers are covered by ice, spawning migration ceases and is resumed with breaking up of ice in April-May. Resident individuals are found in rivers year-round. Spawns in May-June, earlier in southern drainages (April in Syr-Darya) at temperatures above 12°C. Eggs are semi-pelagic and drift with the current (in rivers). Eggs hatch after 3-4 days. Adults return to estuaries to forage immediately after spawning. Juveniles may migrate to estuaries during first summer. Feeds on zooplankton, terrestrial invertebrates and small fish.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,PERCIDAE,Perca,fluviatilis,,Perca fluviatilis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,"Throughout Europe to northernmost extremity of Scandinavia, except Iberian Peninsula, central Italy and Adriatic basin; Aegean Sea basin: Maritza and from Struma to Aliakmon drainages; Aral Sea basin; in Siberia, in rivers draining to Arctic Ocean eastward to Kolyma (replaced by P. flavescens in North America). Introduced in Ebro delta (Spain), central and southern Italy, Lake Skadar (Montenegro, Albania), Amur (Siberia), Australia and South Africa.",Abundant.,"Habitat: A very wide range of habitats from estuarine lagoons, lakes of all types to medium sized streams. Biology: Lives up to 21 years, usually to about six years. Males reproduce for the first time at 1-2 years, females at 2-4 years. Spawns in February-July, depending on latitude and altitude, when temperature reaches about 6°C. May undertake short spawning migrations. A female usually spawns with several males, once each year. The female circles the spawning site, followed by one male, while other males remain stationary. The egg strand is released as the female swims in spiral clockwise movements, folding herself into a U-shape. All eggs are released and fertilised within about 5 seconds in a single strand, which becomes twisted around and entangled with spawning substrate. Feeding larvae are positively phototactic, live in open water and feed on pelagic organisms. They may be widely distributed by currents. An opportunistic diurnal feeder, preying mainly at sunrise and sunset, using all available prey. Larvae and small juveniles usually prey on planktonic invertebrates. During first summer, many juveniles come near shores to feed on benthic prey. Often becomes piscivorous at about 120 mm SL. Stocks with different life-histories may co-occur in some lakes (littoral, benthic feeding, pelagic zooplanktivorous), sometimes with different spawning sites and times.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,PERCIDAE,Percarina,demidoffii,,Percarina demidoffii,,,Yes,NT,,No,EN,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"This species is currently known from the lower reaches and coastal waters of the northwestern Black Sea, with a relatively restricted range (extent of occurrence estimated to be about 25,000 km²). It is likely to be impacted by increasing levels of salinity as the water flow in the major rivers continues to be reduced, changing the salinity of the coastal waters and lagoons where the species breeds. The species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened as it is believed it may be close to meeting A3 (30% decline in the next three generations or 10 years).For the European Union 27 region, this species is assessed as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)). Within the European Union the species has a restricted range, being found only in the lower reaches and coastal waters of the Danube in Romania. Its extent of occurrence in this region is less than 5,000 km² and it is threatened by increasing levels of salinity which is impacting the species breeding areas (see above).",Unknown,"This species occurs in the northwestern Black Sea basin in the estuaries and coastal lakes, and the rivers Danube, Dniestr, South Bug and Dniepr and their lower reaches.",The species is more or less abundant in the lower reaches of rivers and coastal lagoons.,This fish occurs in fresh and brackish waters with salinity up to 7%. It is abundant at depths around 5 m over black mud.,The species may become threatened by increasing salinity due to reduced flow in all the large rivers within the species range which are now dammed.,No information available.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,PERCIDAE,Percarina,maeotica,,Percarina maeotica,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,"Eastern and northeastern Sea of Azov: Gulfs of Taganrog and Temryuk. Bolshoi Akhtanizovski Liman, Kuban delta, rare in Don delta.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Coastal fresh and brackish waters with salinities up to 7 ‰, and river mouths. Biology: A gregarious, bottom-dweller. Females live up to four years, males up to three. Spawns for the first time at one year. Spawns in least saline part of Gulf of Taganrog in June-July, at 24-25°C. Eggs are released over mud bottom; although slightly sticky, they do not adhere to bottom but become coated with minute substrate particles. Soon after spawning, adults migrate to open sea. Eggs hatch in two days. Larvae first lie on bottom, moving to the to surface at four days. From about 6 mm SL they actively prey on planktonic crustaceans, at 16-40 mm on larger copepods and mysids, and from second the year of life on Knipowitschia longecaudata, Clupeonella cultriventris, benthic worms, molluscs, and insect larvae.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Petroleuciscus,borysthenicus,,Petroleuciscus borysthenicus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread and abundant species from the Danube delta south and also in Greece. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,"Western, northern and eastern Black Sea and Sea of Azov basins, from Bulgaria clockwise to Kizil Irmak drainage in northern-central Turkey (missing in Don); Aegean Sea basin, from Struma drainage eastward in Europe; northwestern Turkey. In lower reaches of rivers and coastal lakes, but in Dniepr up to Seim and Desna systems.","Abundant, but locally declining.","Habitat: Lowland rivers, lower reaches of montane rivers, limans, lakes, deltas, backwaters with moderate to no current. Prefers warm water with temperatures up to 30-32°C. Quite resistant to low oxygen concentrations, sometimes in marshes and water bodies with dense vegetation. A freshwater species, but tolerant of the brackish waters of limans. Prefers sand, sand-mud or mud bottom. Prefers shallow places with slow current along banks, in backwaters, in small lakes and similar calm-water sites. Biology: Lives up to eight years. Spawns for the first time at 2-3 years, males may spawn at one year. Forms spawning groups of up to 150 individuals. Spawns in April-June at 12-28°C, in 0.1-1.0 m deep clear water, over sandy or slightly muddy bottom. Females lay 2-3 portions of adhesive eggs on and amidst aquatic plants each spawning period. Usually stays in groups of 5-30 individuals in vegetation at bottom but sometimes near water surface, under floating leaves or other objects. Does not migrate but moves in winter to deeper places. Feeds mainly on insects and their larvae, also plankton, benthic invertebrates and algae.",Locally threatened by drainage of flood-plains and channelization of river beds.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Petroleuciscus,smyrnaeus,,Petroleuciscus smyrnaeus,,"Initially recorded as Leuciscus smyrnaeus, but now transferred to genus Petroleuciscus (Bogutskaya 2002).",No,EN,B1ab(iii),No,EN,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"This species has a very restricted range within Europe, known only from  the island of Lesbos. The species is impacted by pollution from  industry, agriculture and domestic sources. Water abstraction and  drought, which is predicted to be increasing in severity with climate  change, are also potential threats. The species has an EOO of less than  5,000 km2 and is found in less than 5 locations.    European Union 27 = EN B1ab(iii). Same rational as above.",Unknown,"This species is restricted to streams and rivers of south-western Anatolia, Turkey. Recently discovered also occurring on Lesbos, Greece (Kottelat and Barbieri 2004).","Described as rare (N. Bogutskaya, pers. comm.). However, on Lesbos it is described as quite abundant.",No data available.,Water pollution is the main current threat to the species. Drought caused by water extraction and climate change are also a future threat to the species.,None known to be in place.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI,PETROMYZONTIFORMES,PETROMYZONTIDAE,Petromyzon,marinus,,Petromyzon marinus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Generally rare, but widespread. Populations in central and western Europe, which had declined because of pollution problems, have been recovering since the 1980s. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.",Unknown,"Both sides of North Atlantic, north to Iceland and along Norwegian coasts to Barents Sea (River Ura, Kola Peninsula). North Sea, Baltic and western and central Mediterranean basins, very rare in Baltic basin, only known to enter Odra, Vistula (Poland, Germany), Western Dvina (Latvia), Narova and Luga (Russia) drainages. Several landlocked populations in North America; none in Europe.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Adults at sea, off-shore; spawns in strong-current habitats of rivers and streams. Ammocoetes in detritus-rich sands or clay sediments. Biology: Anadromous, parasitic. Adults migrate into rivers from autumn to winter. Spawns in couples in April-July, mostly in May and early June, when temperature reaches at least 15°C. Spawning individuals cease their normal daylight avoidance reaction and reproduce on sunny days. Males dig a shallow nest in habitats with strong current. Dies after spawning. Ammocoetes stage lasts 51/2-71/2 years in freshwater. Feeds on diatoms and detritus, metamorphoses at 130-150 mm TL in late summer and migrates to sea. At sea, adults parasite a wide variety of fish species and even whales and other cetaceans. Usually does not kill its hosts, but feeds on small amounts of blood and body fluid for several days on a single host. Adults feed for about 3 years before migrating to spawning grounds. In 1921, the landlocked population of Lake Ontario entered the other Great Lakes of North America, 90 years after the opening of the Welland Canal in 1829. In combination with other factors, it caused a sharp decline of many native species and the extinction of three endemic Coregonidae. Expectedly, recent molecular studies suggest that the European and North American populations might be different species.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Phoxinellus,alepidotus,,Phoxinellus alepidotus,,Following Eschmeyer (2004) Paraphoxinus alepidotus was transferred to Phoxinellus alepidotus.,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",No,,,EU27,,"P. alepidotus is found at three, possibly four locations (Cetina river basin and to the Livanjsko, Glamocko, and Grahovo Polje karsts), with a continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO) due to water extraction, in habitat quality due to agricultural pollution and introduced species, and a decline in the number of subpopulations as the subpopulation in the Cetina river basin is thought to be now extinct.",Unknown,"It is known only from the Cetina river basin and to the Livanjsko, Glamocko, and Grahovo Polje karsts in Croatia and Bosnia-Hercegovina. It is possibly absent in the Cetina river basin (Mrakovcic, M. pers comm).","Declining (Mrakovcic, M. pers comm)",It lives in streams in the karst region.,"Water extraction, drought, water pollution (fertilizers and pesticides from intensive agriculture), dam construction and introduced fish species.",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Phoxinellus,dalmaticus,,Phoxinellus dalmaticus,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(ii)+2ab(ii),No,,,EU27,,"Extremely limited distribution, area of occupancy (AOO) <10 km² (extent of occurrence (EOO) <100 km²), and found at only one location (Vrba creek). P. dalmaticus is experiencing a continuing decline in AOO as water level is decreasing due to water extraction and drought.",Unknown,It is restricted to the upper reaches of the Krka river basin in the Vrba Creek on the Cikola tributary in Croatia.,"Not abundant (Mrakovcic, M. pers com).",Only caught in places with slow and stagnant waters.,"Water extraction, droughts and domestic pollution (Freyhof, J. and Bogutskaya, N. pers comm)",None,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Phoxinellus,pseudalepidotus,,Phoxinellus pseudalepidotus,,,Yes,VU,D2,No,,,EU27,,"The species appears to have no current threats, however it has a very restricted distribution, and is known from only one location: a 10 km stretch of stream (Freyhof, J. pers com) in Mastarsko blato, an extensive wetland adjacent to Mostar in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The species is probably spread more widely in the Neretva basin.",Unknown,"It is restricted to a single stream 10 km long in the Mostarsko blato (Freyhof, J. pers com), an extensive wetland adjacent to Mostar in Bosnia-Hercegovina. The species is probably spread more widely in the Neretva basin.",No data.,It lives in streams with current and clear water.,"No obvious threats (Freyhof, J. pers. comm).","It is thought that a nature reserve may have been established in this area (Freyhof, J. pers. comm).",,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Phoxinus,bigerri,,Phoxinus bigerri,,Identification of the Iberian populations is tentative.,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threat.,Unknown,France: Adour drainage. Spain: Ebro drainage and streams of Cantabric range (possibly introduced in some). Introduced into Douro drainage.,No information.,"Habitat: Streams and creeks in foothills with clear and cold water, and gravel to stone bottom. Biology: Gregarious. Spawns in April-June. Feeds mainly on aquatic macroinvertebrates.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Phoxinus,colchicus,,Phoxinus colchicus,,We do not exclude that the Phoxinus of Caucasus belong to two species.,No,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"Within Europe the species is only known from southern tributaries of lower Kuban (EOO of an estimate 6,000 km2). However the species is relatively abundant there and the upper Kuban has relatively few impacts.    European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.",Unknown,"In Europe: southern tributaries of lower Kuban. Caucasian Black Sea basin of Russia, Georgia and eastern Turkey near Hopa.",Abundant.,"Habitat: A wide range of cold and well oxygenated habitats from small, fast-flowing streams to large rivers. Associated with salmonid fishes or cyprinids of barbel zone. Spawns over clean gravel areas in flowing water. Biology: Gregarious, rheophilic. Spawns in April-July. Spawns in shoals, fractional spawner, females deposit the sticky eggs deep into clean gravel. Feeds on invertebrates, algae and detritus.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Phoxinus,lumaireul,,Phoxinus lumaireul,,The identity of the populations from Drin and Skadar drainages requires investigation.,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,"Adriatic basin, from Po to Drin drainages. Introduced elsewhere in Italy.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Small streams with clear, cold, well oxygenated water, over gravel to stone bottom. Most common in foot hills. In plains, usually associated with springs. Biology: Gregarious. Lives up to six years, usually three years. Spawns for the first time at two years in hilly areas, sometimes at one year in lowland. Spawns in May-July, in groups of one or a few females and numerous males. Eggs are deposited in shallow water on sand or gravel bottom. Fractional spawner. Eggs hatch in 4-5 days at 18°C. Feeds on aquatic macroinvertebrates and algae.",No major threats known.,No information available.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Phoxinus,phoxinus,,Phoxinus phoxinus,,The systematics of Phoxinus is far from resolved and our observations suggest that several species are confused under the name P. phoxinus.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species but locally threatened by pollution and excessive stocking of species of Salmo. European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.,Unknown,"Basins of Atlantic, North and Baltic Seas, Arctic and northern Pacific Ocean from Garonne (France) eastward to Anadyr and Amur drainages and Korea, Ireland (possibly introduced), Great Britain northward to 58°N, Scandinavia and Russia northernmost extremity, Rhône drainage. Recorded from upper and middle Volga and Ural drainages, Lake Balkhash (Kazakhstan) and upper Syr-Darya drainage (Aral basin), but these identifications require confirmation. Introduced elsewhere.",Abundant.,"Habitat: A wide range of cold and well oxygenated habitats from small, fast-flowing streams to large Nordic lowland rivers and from small upland lakes to large oligotrophic lakes. Usually associated with salmonid fishes. Spawning takes place over clean gravel areas in flowing water or on wave-washed shores of lakes. Overwinters in coarse substrate or in deep pools with low current. Biology: Gregarious, rheophilous. Lives up to 11 years, usually up to 4-5 years. Spawns for the first time at two years. Spawns in April-June at temperatures above 10°C. Some individuals spawn even during autumn. Spawns in shoals, fractional spawner, females deposit the sticky eggs deep into clean gravel. Feeds on invertebrates, algae and detritus.",Pollution and excessive stocking of species of Salmo.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Phoxinus,septimaniae,,Phoxinus septimaniae,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"A widespread species. Even though water abstraction and introduced species are thought to present a threat to the species, it is not thought to be severe enough for the species to qualify for a threatened or Near Threatened category.",Unknown,"France: Mediterranean coastal streams from Gardon to Tech; probably extends further to south and east. Possibly an introgression zone with P. phoxinus in lower Rhône, from about Lyon southward.",No information.,"Habitat: Small streams with clear, cold, well oxygenated water, over gravel to stone bottom. Biology: No data.","Water abstraction, species introductions (P. phoxinus) and climate change is predicted to increase the severity of droughts.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Phoxinus,strandjae,,Phoxinus strandjae,,,Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii)",EU27,,"The species is known from the Resowska (Turkey) and Veleka (Bulgaria) drainages in the  Black Sea basin with an extent of occurrence of around 2,000 km². Drought is threatening the species and water abstraction is also a potential threat, a decline in annual discharge of the Veleka has been recorded.",Unknown,"Veleka and Resowska drainages, draining from the Strandzha (Yildiz Daglari) range to Black Sea (Bulgaria, Turkey).",No information.,"Habitat: Small streams with clear, well oxygenated water, over gravel to stone bottom. Biology: No data.","Drought, and water abstraction is also a potential threat to the species, a decline in annual discharge of the Veleka has been recorded.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Phoxinus,strymonicus,,Phoxinus strymonicus,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"The species is currently only known from the Aggitis stream in the Strymon drainage in Greece with an extent of occurrence of less than 3,000 km². Based on the major threats of water abstraction and drought the species is found in less than five locations. The stream is also impacted by pollution from surrounding intensive agriculture. If the Phoxinus specimens collected from the Loudias and Filiouris basins are found to be strymonicus, the species' range (extent of occurrence) will probably fall outside the threshold for Endangered or even Vulnerable.",Unknown,"Aegean Sea basin; Currently only known from the Aggitis system (Strymon basin) (Greece), records from the Loudias and Filiouris drainages are tentativley considered to be P. strymonicus but this requires examination of the specimens for confrmation. (Greece, probably Bulgaria).",No information.,Habitat: Most abundant in small streams with clear and cold water; occasionally found in irrigation canals. Biology: No data.,"Water abstraction, drought (predicted to increase in severity due to climate change), pollution from agriculture.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,PLEURONECTIDAE,Platichthys,flesus,,Platichthys flesus,,In need of critical taxonomic revision; several species seem to be confused under the name P. flesus.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,"Eastern Atlantic, from White to Mediterranean and Black Seas. Introduced in Caspian Sea and Great Lakes of North America. Enters rivers and coastal streams. In Rhine, recorded up to 650 km upriver.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Mud and sand bottom in shallow water, at sea and in estuaries, frequently entering freshwaters. Biology: Males reproduce for the first time at 2-3 years, females at 3-4. Migrates to sea in October-December. Spawns at sea, in deepwater, in January-June. Eggs and larvae are pelagic and drift with current. At about 10 mm SL, left eye moves to right side, pigmentation develops, and juveniles switch to benthic life. Pelagic larvae migrate to brackish- and fresh-water habitats with tidal currents; they move in the water column during flood and to the bottom during ebb. First pelagic flounders are usually recorded in estuaries in March. Juveniles start to migrate upriver to forage by mid-April. Not all individuals enter brackish- and fresh-water. Spawned adults do not return to brackish or freshwater but remain at sea. Feeds on small fishes and benthic invertebrates.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,PLEURONECTIDAE,Pleuronectes,platessa,,Pleuronectes platessa,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"A widespread species which is vulnerable to overfishing in the sea, but this is not currently thought to be causing a decline great enough&#160; to qualify the species as threatened. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.",Unknown,"Western Mediterranean and along all European coasts to White and Barents Seas; absent from northern Baltic, Black and Caspian Seas. Regularly reported from freshwaters in Kanin Peninsula (Barents Sea). Occasionally reported from freshwater outside Barents Sea basin, but individuals might be misidentified P. flesus.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Mud and sand bottom from a few metres down to about 100 m, at sea and in estuaries, rarely entering freshwaters. Biology: Males reproduce for the first time at 2-3 years, females at 3-4. Spawns at sea, in January-June, in deep water, at temperatures around 6°C. Eggs and larvae are pelagic and drift with current. At about 10 mm SL, left eye moves to right side, pigmentation develops, and juveniles switch to benthic life. Juveniles enter freshwater to forage in mid-June in Kanin Peninsula, remaining there until August. Not all individual enter brackish and fresh-water. Adults do not move into brackish or fresh water. Feeds on thin-shelled molluscs and polychaetes.",No major threats known.,No information available.,"It is harvested for human consumption, and for sport fishing.",,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Pomatoschistus,canestrinii,,Pomatoschistus canestrinii,,"In lacustrine freshwater populations of Croatia and Montenegro, there is a tendency to reduction of squamation and cephalic canals; in some populations most individuals are naked and without cephalic canals.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.    European Union 27 = LC. Within the European Union the species is only known from the north-western Italian and Slovenian inshore/estuarine habitats with an Extent of Occurrence of an estimated 5,000 km2. However the species is abundant and has no known major threats.",Unknown,"Adriatic basin, from Italy to Montenegro.",Very abundant.,"Habitat: Inshore habitats, estuaries, brackish- and fresh-water lagoons, lakes and large to medium size rivers, on sand or mud bottom. Found mainly on open sand or mud bottom. Biology: Spawns after first winter in March-July. Individual females spawn several times during a season. Adhesive eggs are deposited under or between stones, shells and aquatic plants. Males guard eggs until hatching. Feeds on a wide variety of benthic invertebrates.",No major threats known.,A (EU) Natura 2000 species.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Pomatoschistus,microps,,Pomatoschistus microps,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,"Coastal waters of Atlantic from northern Morocco northward to southern Norway, Baltic northward to about 63°N; isolated records from northwestern Mediterranean.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Inshore, estuaries, brackish- and fresh-water lagoons and lakes connected to sea, large to medium size rivers. Usually found on sand or mud. Biology: Lives up to two years. Spawns after first winter. Spawns at sea in February-September, depending on latitude. Individual females spawn several times during a season. Adhesive eggs, 0.9x0.7 mm, are deposited under or between stones, shells and aquatic plants. Males guard eggs until hatching. Juveniles enter freshwater habitats in late summer to forage. Feeds on a wide variety of benthic invertebrates.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Pomatoschistus,montenegrensis,,Pomatoschistus montenegrensis,,Pomatoschistus sp. Skadar is a name used in earlier assessments (from Kottelat and Freyhof 2007).,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,This species is abundant in Lake Skadar basin with no major threats.European Union 27 = NA. Not found in the EU 27.,Unknown,"This species occurs in the River Morača and in Lake Skadar, southern Montenegro.",Locally very common.,"Lives in the slow current shallows of the Moraca River and in pools remaining in gravel pits after river flooding. The substratum is gravel, covered with fine sediment and overgrown by dense filamentous algae, within which gobies are concealed.",There are currently no major threats to this species.,No information available.,No information available.,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Ponticola,constructor,,Ponticola constructor,,Recently transferred from Neogobius to Ponticola.,No,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"In Europe, only known from the western tributaries of River Kuban in northern Caucasus. The species EOO may be less than 20,000 km2 however locally abundant in suitable habitats and has no known threats.    European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.",Unknown,"In Europe, western tributaries of River Kuban in northern Caucasus. In Asia, coastal Black Sea drainages of southern Caucasus from Chorokh to Psyrtskha.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Freshwater, in a wide variety of flowing waters from cold hill to foot hill streams. Never found in brackish water. Biology: Males guard eggs in gravel or rocky cavities. Biology not studied.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Ponticola,eurycephalus,,Ponticola eurycephalus,,YesRecently transferred from Neogobius to Ponticola.Yes,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Relatively restricted in range from the Bulgarian and Romanian coastal areas, but has no known major threats. In freshwater only in the Danube delta.",Unknown,Azov and northern Black Sea basins from Bulgaria to eastern Crimea. In freshwater only in Danube delta.,Abundant.,"Habitat: Inshore habitats, brackish lagoons, estuaries and lower part of large rivers, usually associated with rock bottom or sunken trees.  Biology: Spawns for the first time at two years. Spawns in December-April. Individual females may repeat spawning during a season. Feeds mostly on crustaceans.",No major threats known.,No information available.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Ponticola,gorlap,,Ponticola gorlap,,YesRecently transferred from Neogobius to Ponticola.Yes,No,LC,,No,,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.,Unknown,"Caspian basin. In Volga upriver to Astrakhan until 1977, since spreading upriver to Lakes Ivankovskoje and Rybinskoje (2000). Invaded Don drainage (Black Sea basin) through Volga-Don canal (first record in 1972). Now abundant in Lake Tsimlyansk and lower Don.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Inshore habitats, estuaries, brackish- and fresh-water lagoons and lakes, large rivers, harbours, on rock bottom. Mainly found on well vegetated or rock bottom. Biology: Most females spawn for the first time at one year, males at two years. Spawns in April-May, rarely until July. Adhesive eggs are deposited on stones, shells and aquatic plants. Males guard eggs until hatching. Feeds mostly on small fish, as well as on a wide variety of invertebrates.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Ponticola,kessleri,,Ponticola kessleri,,"Recently transferred from Neogobius to Ponticola. P. gorlap from Caspian Sea, often treated as a subspecies of P. kessleri, is a distinct species.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,"Black Sea basin: Danube, Dniestr, South Bug and Dniepr drainages. Since late 1990s, range regularly expanding upstream in Danube drainage, in 1999 recorded for first time in Germany (2,400 km from sea) and in 2005 in upper reaches of Rhine drainage close to canal connecting it with Danube. Meanwhile has colonized the lower and middle reaches of the Rhine and is slowly invading the upper Rhine. In Dniepr up to Kiev. In Dniepr up to Kiev.   Absent in Azov Sea basin.",Very abundant and expanding range.,"Habitat: Mostly in freshwater and brackish water with very low salinity (less than 2). Estuaries, brackish- and fresh-water lagoons and lakes, large rivers, harbours, on rock bottom. Mostly found on well vegetated or rock bottom in still waters as well as in rapids. Biology: Spawns for the first time at two years. Spawns in March-May. Adhesive eggs deposited on stones, shells and aquatic plants. Males guard eggs until hatching. Feeds on a wide variety of invertebrates. Larger individuals take mostly small fish.",No major threats known.,No information available.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Ponticola,syrman,,Ponticola syrman,,Recently transferred from Neogobius to Ponticola. Records from upper Danube refer to B. gymnotrachelus.,No,LC,,No,,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = NA. Less than 5% of the species range is found within the European Union (Danube delta) therefore the speices is listed as Not Applicable.,Unknown,"Azov, Black and Caspian Sea basins.","Abundant, particularly in Sea of Azov.","Habitat: Inshore habitats, estuaries, brackish- and fresh-water lagoons, large rivers on mud bottom. Restricted to coastal areas. In Caspian Sea does not enter rivers Biology: Lives up to four years. Spawns for the first time at 1-2 years. Spawns in March-June. Individual females may spawn twice during a season. Adhesive eggs are deposited under or between stones, shells and aquatic plants. Males guard eggs until hatching. Feeds on a wide variety of invertebrates and small fish.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Proterorhinus,nasalis,,Proterorhinus nasalis,,,No,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. Native in the Volga delta but it is spreading, reportedly facilitated by canalization of main river and reservoirs or slow-flowing waters created by hydroelectric plants.    European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.",Unknown,"Azov and Caspian Sea basins. In Volga, native in delta, now up to Lake (Resevoir) Rybinskoye.",Abundant.,"Habitat: A variety of slow-flowing or still waters. Usually associated with dense vegetation or coarse rocks.  Biology: Spawns for the first time at 1-2 years. Usually spawns only 1-2 seasons, in April-August. Females spawn more than once during a season. Males guard the eggs, which are deposited in cavities. Larvae and juveniles benthic. Feeds on benthic invertebrates.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Proterorhinus,semilunaris,,Proterorhinus semilunaris,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. It is increasing its range in the Danube and Rhine, reportedly facilitated by canalization of main river and reservoirs or slow-flowing waters created by hydroelectric plants.    European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.",Unknown,"Black Sea basin; Maritza and Struma drainages in eastern Aegean basin. In Danube, historically present up to about Vienna, invasive since 1970s, now reaching upstream to southern Germany. Recorded in 1999 from Rhine where it arrived from Danube through a canal and spread as far as the Netherlands (2002). In South Bug and Dniepr native far upriver. Arrived to North America in ballast of ships in 1991.",Abundant.,"Habitat: A variety of slow-flowing or still waters from estuarine to small, slowly flowing premontane streams. Usually associated with dense vegetation or coarse rocks. Often very abundant in backwaters and lakes, proliferates in reservoirs and channels. Biology: Spawns for the first time at 1-2 years. Usually spawns only 1-2 seasons, in April-August. Females spawn more than once during a season. Males guard the eggs, which are deposited in cavities. Larvae and juveniles benthic. Feeds on benthic invertebrates.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Proterorhinus,tataricus,,Proterorhinus tataricus,,,Yes,CR,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",No,,,EU27,,"It is found in a very limited stretch of stream (about 1 km in the summer) in the Chornaya drainage below the Chornaya Gorge. If water abstraction continues to intensify, the stream may totally dry up in the summer time. The species is also susceptible to climate change as the severity of droughts is predicted to increase.",Unknown,"Ukraine: Crimea: Chornaya drainage, below Chornaya gorge only.",No information.,"Habitat: A wide variety of habitats. Chornaya is a medium-sized stream with a flow of about 10 m3/s. The inhabited stretch is about 25 km long. In its lower part, water is extracted in large quantities for irrigation and the stream is almost dry in summer. Biology: No data.","High levels of water abstraction, leaving very low levels of water in spring and summer. The abstraction rate is likely to increase, so that the river below Chornya Gorge may end up dry. Currently the river only runs for about 1km below Chornaya Gorge in spring. Climate change also poses a threat to the species as the severity of droughts are predicted increase.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Protochondrostoma,genei,,Protochondrostoma genei,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is widespread and common in many localities. It is, however, declining or disappearing from a number of places due to the introduction of several alien species. Currently it is assessed as least concern. In Central Italy it has been introduced and has itself become a pest and is now the main threat to Rutilus rubilio and Leuciscus lucimonis. Extent of occurrence (EOO) >20,000 km² and area of occupancy (AOO) >2,000 km².",Decreasing,"Restricted to northeastern Italy including the river basins: Vomano, Tronto, Esino, Cesano, Metauro, Foglia, Po, Adige, Brenta, Piave, Livenza, Tagliamento and Isonzo. It has been introduced in central Italy (Tuscany and Latium).It is apparently extinct in the river Sava, the Slovenian stretch of River Isonzo. In this river the species is still reported in few populations as result of interaction with the introduced C. nasus and others riverine species. It is no longer extinct in the Adriatic basin of Slovenia in the river Vipava, a tributary of the Soca (Povz, M. pers comm.).","A common species but it is known to be declining in some localities.Has nearly disappeared in the middle and lower course of Po basin due to interaction with introduced species as Silurus glanis, Leuciscus idus, Aspius aspius and Chondrostoma nasus. In others rivers the species should be considered as stable","Prefers running waters in the foothill zone of mountainous regions, with gravely or sandy substrates. It is also found in lakes. Warm water adapted.","Habitat destruction, water pollution and extraction. The introduction of Chondrostoma nasus is a major current threat having been responsible of the near extirpation of this species from Slovenia 20 years ago.",Listed in the Appendix II of the European Union Habitats Directive and in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Pseudochondrostoma,duriense,,Pseudochondrostoma duriense,,,Yes,VU,A3ce,Yes,VU,A3ce,EU27,,"It is suspected that a population decline of at least 30% will be met in the next 10 years due to canal building which will lead to habitat destruction and introduction of alien predators (Sander lucioperca, Micropterus salmoides and Esox lucius) impacting upon the species (Carmona, J. pers comm).",Stable,"It is restricted to the northwestern Iberian peninsula. The main rivers basins include: Eo, Masma, Oro, Eume, Allones, Donas, Tambre, Ulla, Umia, Minho, Limia, Ave and Douro rivers.",Abundant.,Lives in rivers with strong current.,"Water extraction, dam construction, and canal building of rivers have recently begun and there are plans to do more (Carmona, J. pers. comm). Introduced predators are also a potential threat.",Listed in Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive and Annex III of the Berne Convention as C. polylepis.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Pseudochondrostoma,polylepis,,Pseudochondrostoma polylepis,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"C. polylepis is abundant, has a large distribution and has no major widespread threats.",Stable,"It is restricted to the central Iberian Peninsula of Spain and Portugal including the Vouga, Mondego, Alcoa, Tagus and Sado river basins. It has been introduced in Jucar, Sepima and Segura river basins in Spain",Abundant.,it lives in all river sections with a strong current.,"Water extraction, drought, and introduced species.",It is listed in Appendix II of the European Union Habitats Directive and in Appendix III of the Bern Convention.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Pseudochondrostoma,willkommii,,Pseudochondrostoma willkommii,,,Yes,VU,A3ce+4ce,Yes,VU,A3ce+4ce,EU27,,"A current decline has been identified and it is suspected that subpopulations of C. willkommii will decline further by over 30% in the next 10 years due to current threats having a greater impact (habitat loss through dam construction and introduced predators: M. salmoides, E. lucius, S. lucioperca) (Carmona, J. pers comm).",Decreasing,"It is restricted to the southern Iberian peninsula in Portugal and Spain in the following river basins: Guadiana (Spain and Portugal), Odiel, Guadalquivir, Guadalete, Guadiaro and Guadalhorce (Spain).","Declining (Carmona, J. pers. comm).",All river sections with strong current.,Habitat destruction due to dams and introduced species.,It is listed in Appendix III of the Bern Convention and Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive as C. toxostoma.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GASTEROSTEIFORMES,GASTEROSTEIDAE,Pungitius,hellenicus,,Pungitius hellenicus,,,Yes,CR,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,CR,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU27,,"This species is restricted to a very small area of remaining habitat (estimated area of occupancy (AOO) <10 km²) and is undergoing a continuous decline due to ongoing water extraction, pollution, and habitat destruction. The population is now extremely fragmented such that individual sub-populations are at an increased risk from stochastic events.",Decreasing,"Restricted to an estimated ten separate, deep, isolated pools in the Sperchios River catchment in Central Greece: the Aghia Paraskevi spring, and a system of drainage and irrigation canals and a small number of natural wells in the areas of Lycochoria and Valtos and near the village of Kompotades.",Decreasing.,Lives in springs and drainage and irrigation systems with cool springs or slow-running waters with rich vegetation. The water temperature never exceeds 20°C in summer. Its present location appears to provide the only remaining suitable habitat where it can survive.,"Water extraction (some springs have been completely capped for water extraction), and pollution.","Both the Aghia Paraskevi spring and P. hellenicus have been granted protection by law No 67/1981 of the Greek State and official decision of the Phthiotis Prefect. However, the law is not effectively enforced. It is listed in Appendix III of the Bern Convention.",,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GASTEROSTEIFORMES,GASTEROSTEIDAE,Pungitius,laevis,,Pungitius laevis,,Very similar to and earlier considered as a subspecies of P. pungitius. There is a narrow fringe in northern France and Netherlands where some naked individual occur among populations usually with a low number of lateral plates; this is considered as an area where the two species came into contact after the Pleistocene glaciations and have hybridised.,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,"Coastal areas of western Europe, from Netherlands to Garonne drainage (France), Ireland, southern Great Britain.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Shallow still water with dense vegetation. Biology: Spawns at one year in April-June. Males build a nest hanging to aquatic vegetation and take care of eggs and larvae. Eggs hatch in 10-20 days. Dies at end of spawning season. Feeds mainly on zooplankton, small crustaceans and benthic insects.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GASTEROSTEIFORMES,GASTEROSTEIDAE,Pungitius,platygaster,,Pungitius platygaster,,"P. aralensis, from the Aral Sea basin, earlier considered as a subspecies of P. platygaster, is a distinct species.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.,Unknown,"Lower course of rivers draining to northern shore of Black, Caspian and Aral Sea basins, Danube drainage as far upstream as Belgrade; isolated populations in Axios and Aliakmon drainages (Greece). Also in Lower and middle reaches of Amu-Darya and Syr-Darya, Sary-su River, Lower Chu River; headwaters of Ob' river (Nura River, Kurgal'dzhin Lake). In 1980s invaded Ishim River (tributary of Irtysh) and spread downstream to Ust'-Ishim and Tyumen' Province in Russia",Abundant.,"Habitat: Swamps and slow-flowing streams with dense vegetation; occasionally enters brackish water. Biology: Spawns for the first time at one year. Feeds on benthic invertebrates. Spawns in spring when temperature reaches 17°C. Territorial during spawning season. Males build a nest made of filamentous algae and submerged plants, with a separate entrance and exit. Males guard nest until the young swim away a few weeks later. Females lay about 90 eggs.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GASTEROSTEIFORMES,GASTEROSTEIDAE,Pungitius,pungitius,,Pungitius pungitius,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.,Unknown,"Coastal areas of northern Europe, from Netherlands to northern Russia, including southern Norway and Baltic basin. Widespread inland in eastern Scandinavia. In north eastern Europe in rivers of White Sea and Barents Sea from Onega to Kara, extends eastward to Siberia and Japan, but it remains to be demonstrated that East Asian populations are conspecific with European ones.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Small freshwater streams and ponds, with dense aquatic vegetation. Enters brackish water along shores of Baltic and Barents Seas, rarely along North Sea shore. Biology: Individuals born in early spring may mature in 3 months and spawn the same year. Territorial during spawning season, in March-September in central Europe, June-July in Arctic areas. Males build a tube-shaped nest anchored on aquatic vegetation or to the bottom, with a separate entrance and exit. The nest is made of pieces of plants or filamentous algae. Males guard nest from spawning until larvae swim away a few weeks later. Eggs hatch in 6-7 days. Feeds predominantly on aquatic invertebrates.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Rhodeus,amarus,,Rhodeus amarus,,Considered conspecific with the East Asian R. sericeus by some authors; the two species have widely disjunct ranges. There are undocumented records of introduction of the Chinese R. ocellatus in Germany.   Rhodeus from the Asian Black Sea basin in Russia and Georgia (and possibly Anatolian ones too) belong to R. colchicus.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Abundant and expanding in most of its range. Locally threatened by water pollution, weed clearing, and stocking of predatory fish. European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.",Unknown,"Basins of North, southern Baltic, Black, western and southern Caspian and Aegean Seas (south to Pinios drainage); Mediterranean basin, only in northern Rhône (France) and Drin drainages (Albania, Montenegro, Macedonia). Invasive in France in southern Rhône and west of Seine, in southern Russia in Don and Kuban drainages. Introduced to Great Britain and northern Italy. Absent in River Ural, Denmark, Scandinavia, Iberian and Apennine Peninsulas, most of Adriatic basin and Black Sea basin south of Kuban drainage.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Most abundant in still or slow-flowing water with dense aquatic vegetation and sand-silt bottom as lowland ponds, canals, slow-flowing rivers, backwaters and oxbows, where mussels are present. Biology: Spawns for the first time at one year and about 30-35 mm SL. Lives exceptionally up to five years but most individuals do not survive the year of their first reproduction and populations sizes fluctuate greatly over the years. Spawns in April-August.","Locally threatened by water pollution, weed clearing, and stocking of predatory fish.",Natura 200 species.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Rhodeus,meridionalis,,Rhodeus meridionalis,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no major widespread threats.,Unknown,Greece and FYROM; Vadar River to Pinios River.,Very abundant.,In lowland rivers with slow moving or stagnant water.,Locally threatened by water abstraction.,A Natura 2000 species.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Rhynchocypris,czekanowskii,,Rhynchocypris czekanowskii,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"Less than 5% of the species range is found within Europe, it is therefore assessed as Not Applicable.European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.",Unknown,"Arctic Ocean basin, from Kara to Kolyma drainages; Amur drainage (Russia, Mongolia and China).",Locally abundant.,"Habitat: Swamps, backwaters. Biology: No data.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Rhynchocypris,percnurus,,Rhynchocypris percnurus,,"Earlier called Phoxinus percnurus, Morocco percnurus or E. perenurus. Recent molecular data suggest that it is a species of Rhynchocypris.Considering the wide range of the species, the morphological variability described in the literature and the geographic isolation of some populations, a critical reassessment of the taxonomic status of these isolated populations is urgently needed.",No,,,No,,,EU27,,"Less than 5% of the global population is found within Europe, it is therefore listed as Not Applicable. However, some isolated relict populations Poland have already been extirpated or are declining. European Union 27 = NA. Same rational as above.",Unknown,"Wide but highly disjunct range: lakes in Odra, Vistula, Dniepr, Volga (Oka and Kama systems) drainages, lakes in Arctic Ocean (from Northern Dvina to Kolyma drainages) and Pacific basins (from Amur to Korea and Japan). Introduced in Po drainage (Italy).",Abundant.,"Habitat: Small lakes, shallows or isolated small bays of larger lakes, swamps, artificial ponds, with abundant vegetation, turbid water, with mud or clay bottom. Prefers still water or slow current. Biology: Spawns for the first time at 2-3 years and usually over 40 mm SL. Spawns in May-July, when temperatures reach 7-9°C. Females lay 3-4 portions of adhesive eggs among underwater plants each one season. Embryonic development lasts 10-15 days. Commonly stays in shallows among vegetation in schools of 20-80 individuals. Survives extreme low oxygen concentrations in summer and winter. Spends winter in hibernation (in northern regions) or is inactive at temperatures close to 0°C. Feeds on a wide variety of prey, from plankton to benthic animals.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,PERCIDAE,Romanichthys,valsanicola,,Romanichthys valsanicola,,,Yes,CR,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",EU27,,"The species was known from River Arges and its tributaries Vaslan and Raul Doamnei, however it is now only extant in a 1 km stretch of the Vaslan river. During construction of a reservoir on River Arges (1965) no water was left in the river downstream of the dam and the species disappeared. In the Valsan river, the population has been seriously impacted by stone extraction from the river, overfishing, pollution and damming of the upper part of the river. The survival of this species now depends on the continuity of water released by a single reservoir, and is was the focus of a project of the EU Life programme.",Unknown,"Danube drainage in Romania; formerly known from upper River Arges and its tributaries Valsan and Raul Doamnei. Today restricted to 1 km of upper River Valsan upstream of Bradet village, but adjacent basins still unsufficiently surveyed.",No information.,"Habitat: Fast-flowing, cold and clear mountain streams. Usually hidden under stones. Biology: Nocturnal, bottom dweller. Territorial; possibly spawns in second half of May. 120-150 eggs are deposited under stones. Feeds on insect larvae including mayflies (Ephemeroptera) and stoneflies (Plecoptera).","Threats to the species were deforestation, construction of roads, extraction of stones, pollution and dam constructions has driven this species to the edge of extinction. Currently the species occurs only below a dam, and exists only because enough water is released from the dam.","Presently the focus of a project of the EU Life programme (now finished), but the species distribution is within a protected area.",,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Romanogobio,albipinnatus,,Romanogobio albipinnatus,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"A relatively widespread species, found in the lowland rivers of the Ural and Volga, where it is locally threatened by pollution and river engineering.",Unknown,"Northern Caspian basin (Volga, Ural).",Abundant.,"Habitat: Bottom of moderately flowing lowland rivers, prefers sand bottom. Biology: Lives up to five years. Spawns for the first time at two years. Females spawn up to four times during a season at about two-week intervals in May-July. Nocturnal benthic, feeds on insect larvae and other larger benthic invertebrates.",Pollution and river engineering.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Romanogobio,antipai,,Romanogobio antipai,,Earlier considered to be a subspecies of R. kessleri.,Yes,EX,,Yes,EX,,EU27,,"The species was last recorded in the 1960s. There have been many studies within the species range which have all failed to find the species. Most recently in 2001, 2002 (J. Freyhof, pers. comm.) and 2003 (N. Bogutskaya, pers. comm.) where survey work in the Danube delta in the species habitat all failed to find the species. It is unknown why the species has gone extinct.",,"Lower Danube in Romania and Ukraine, from confluence with River Arges downstream to delta.","The species was last recorded in the 1960's. There have been many studies within the species range which have all failed to find the species. Recently in 2001, 2002 (J. Freyhof, pers comm.) and 2003 (Bogutskaya, N. pers comm.) survey work in the Danube delta in the species habitat all failed to find the species.",Habitat: Deep waters of large rivers on sand bottom. Biology: No data.,Unknown.,None.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Romanogobio,belingi,,Romanogobio belingi,,Earlier considered a subspecies of R. albipinnatus.,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Widespread species and no major widespread threats. Most likely declined because of construction of large reservoirs on rivers Dniestr, Dniepr and Odra in mid 20th century. Suspected to have stabilised at a moderate level, very abundant in free flowing parts of rivers. Populations in Germany have recovered and are expected to recover in Poland in next decades.    European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.",Unknown,"Northern Black Sea basin (Dniestr, South Bug and Dniepr drainages), southern Baltic basin (Odra, Vistula), southern North Sea basin (Elbe, Rhine). Occurrence in Lake Ilmen and Ladoga basins questionable.",Declined in the mid 20th century.,"Habitat: Bottom of moderately flowing lowland rivers, prefers sand bottom. Biology: Lives up to five years. Spawns for the first time at two years. Females spawn up to four times during a season at about two-week intervals in May-July. To spawn, both sexes move to surface or open water. Nocturnal, benthic, feeds on insect larvae and other larger benthic invertebrates.",In the mid 20th century large dam construction destroyed areas of the species habitat.,No information available.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Romanogobio,benacensis,,Romanogobio benacensis,,Gobio benacensis considered a valid species according to molecular and morphological studies (Bianco and Ketmaier 2005). Transferred to Romanogobio (see Kottelat and Freyhof 2007).,Yes,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU27,,"This species has a wide distribution (estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) >20,000 km²), but has a more restricted area of occupancy (AOO) (estimated at <500 km²) being localised to a limited number of sites. The population is highly fragmented, largely due to alleged competition from the introduced Gobio gobio. EOO and AOO are also declining due to construction of many small dams. The number of locations, and number mature individuals are also declining as the species progressively vanishes from known sites within its range.",Decreasing,"Restricted to the Po river basin and coastal rivers in northern Italy. Introduced into the Arno and Ombrone river basins. It is also present in the Isonzo and Reka river basins in Slovenia. It has disappeared from several basins where it has been replaced by Gobio gobio. Among surveyed basins, the species is still present in few localities as in the Tagliamento river and Ombrone River where is not native, and in the Adriatic watershed of Slovenia (M. Povz pers. comm.).",Decreasing due to probable competition with the introduced Gobio gobio.,It lives in running clear waters with gravel or sand substrates. Adults sometimes enter lakes. The type locality is Lake Garda.,"Water pollution and extraction, and introduction of alien species, especially Gobio gobio.",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Romanogobio,ciscaucasicus,,Romanogobio ciscaucasicus,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,Western Caspian basin: from Kuma (Russia) to Yalaminskie (Azerbaidjan) drainages.,Abundant.,Habitat: Inhabit streams and river stretches with fast current and gravel bottom. Biology: Almost no data. Lives up to six years. Feeds on Trichoptera larvae.,No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Romanogobio,elimeius,,Romanogobio elimeius,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"The species is widespread, but has many threats including dams (sedimentation, reduced flow and current), pollution and water abstraction. However it is not thought that these threats will cause the species to meet the criteria for a threatened category at present.",Unknown,"From Vardar to Pinios drainages (Greece, Macedonia).",No information.,"Habitat: Main course of large rivers and main tributaries, in relatively deep water, with sand bottom and near riffles. Biology: Spawns in May-June, sometimes as late as August.","Pollution, water abstraction, dam construction (reduced flow, reduced current and sedimentation).",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Romanogobio,kesslerii,,Romanogobio kesslerii,,The systematics of sand gudgeons in Danube is not resolved and several species seem to be confused under the name R. kesslerii.,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"A widespread species and still abundant, but expected to gradually decline with on-going economic development as the species is sensitive to organic pollution, but not at a rate that will qualify the species for a threatened or Near Threatened category.    European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.",Unknown,Dniestr and tributaries of lower and middle Danube drainages (Black Sea basin); upper Vistula drainage in Poland (Baltic basin).,"Abundant, but expected to decline in the future.","Habitat: Fast-flowing piedmont rivers with large areas of sand bottom. Spawns in shallow water over gravel, sand or plant material in fast-flowing water. Biology: Gregarious. Lives up to five years. Spawns for the first time at 2-3 years. Most fish spawn 1-2 years, from late May-early June until late August-September. Eggs are released in successive portions. To spawn, both sexes move to surface or open water. Eggs drift with current, sink to bottom and stick to substrate. Juveniles and adults are active during day. Feeds on a variety of benthic invertebrates, usually catching drifting food organisms.",Locally threatened by water pollution and dam construction.,No information available.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Romanogobio,parvus,,Romanogobio parvus,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"Only known from the lower and middle Kuban drainage (extent of occurrence estimated at around 15,000 km²) but the species is abundant and there are no known current threats to the species. However, a gradual decline in population and habitat quality is suspected and expected with on-going economic development, but not at a rate to qualify the species for a threatened or Near Threatened category. The species doesn't meet VU D2 as the potential threats do not qualify the species as occurring in five or less locations.",Unknown,Black Sea basin: Lower and middle Kuban drainage.,Abundant.,"Habitat: Restricted to large, high-gradient river stretches with fast but not turbulent current and gravel or sand bottom. Biology: Almost no data. Nocturnal, at night near shores on mud or sand bottom. Seems to spawn late and to have a long spawning period. Many small juveniles found in July. Feeds on benthic invertebrates, mainly Trichoptera larvae.","No current threats, but economic development of the region is expected to impact the species.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Romanogobio,pentatrichus,,Romanogobio pentatrichus,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"Only known from the middle Kuban drainage (extent of occurrence estimated at around 10,000 km²) but the species is abundant and there are no known current threats to the species. However, a gradual decline in population and habitat quality is suspected and expected with on-going economic development, but not at a rate to qualify the species for a threatened or Near Threatened category. The species doesn't meet VU D2 as the potential threats do not qualify the species as occurring in five or less locations.",Unknown,"Middle Kuban drainage, in the main course at Armavir and Belaya and Laba tributaries (Russia). Invasive in Don drainage, in River Egorlyk, which it entered through Nevinnomyssky canal.",Abundant.,"Habitat: High-gradient stretches of large rivers with fast (not turbulent) current and gravel or sand bottom. Biology: Nocturnal, found near shores during night on mud or sand bottom. Seems to spawn early and have a short spawning period. Only large juveniles observed in July.","No current threats, but economic development of the region is expected to impact the species in the future.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Romanogobio,tanaiticus,,Romanogobio tanaiticus,,Earlier considered a subspecies of R. albipinnatus.,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,Known from lowland rivers of the Don drainage where it is locally threatened by pollution and river engineering. The species most likely declined due to construction of large reservoirs on Don in mid 20th century but it is suspected to have stabilised at a moderate level in recent times. The species does not qualify for a threatened or Near Threatened category.,Unknown,Lowland river of the Don drainage.,"Abundant, even in the large resevoirs.","Habitat: Bottom of moderately flowing lowland rivers, prefers sand bottom. Biology: Lives up to five years. Spawns for the first time at two years. Females spawn up to four times during a season at about two-week intervals in May-July. Nocturnal, benthic, feeds on insect larvae and other large benthic invertebrates.",Locally threatened by pollution and river channelization.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Romanogobio,uranoscopus,,Romanogobio uranoscopus,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"The species is widespread and still frequent in suitable habitats (fast flowing rivers) in the Danube drainage. However the species is particularly sensitive to pollution and damming and is locally threatened. It is suspected that the population has been declining and will continue to do so as more dams, particularly on small rivers, are built within the Danube basin, but not at a rate that will qualify the species for a threatened or Near Threatened category.",Unknown,Danube drainage (absent from Danube main river except upper course and stretches with fast current).,"Still frequent in suitable habitats in the Danube drainage. Though the population has declined, it is extirpated from the upper Danube (1830s).","Habitat: Riffles of small, fast-flowing rivers and bottom of large rivers with water velocities of 0.7 m/s and more, stone bottom, in submontane zone. Young individuals prefer slow currents and shallow shoreline habitats with sand bottom. Spawns in shallow habitats with very high current (about 1 m/s). Biology: In laboratory, spawns several times between late May and mid-September, at temperatures above 11°C. Males wait for females at spawning sites. To spawn, both sexes move to surface or open water. Eggs drift with current, sink to bottom and then stick to substrate. Adults are nocturnal and solitary, juveniles are active at day. No data on food in the wild.",The species is sensitive to pollution and damming and is locally threatened. The population is expected to continue to decline with on-going economic development.,EU Natura 2000 Species.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Romanogobio,vladykovi,,Romanogobio vladykovi,,Earlier considered a subspecies of R. albipinnatus.,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"A widespread species, but it has declined most likely due to construction of large reservoirs on Danube in mid 20th century. The population has stabilised at a moderate level since. It is abundant in free-flowing parts of middle and lower Danube.",Unknown,Danube drainage.,Declined in the mid 20th century.,"Habitat: Bottom of moderately flowing large and medium size lowland rivers, prefers sand bottom. Juveniles may inhabit backwaters. Lacustrine population in Lake Balaton (Hungary). Biology: Lives up to four years. Spawns for the first time at two years. Females spawn up to four times during a season at about two-week intervals in May-July. Nocturnal, benthic, feeds on insect larvae and other large benthic invertebrates.",No current threats known. Dam construction in the mid 20th century probably impacted the species.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Rutilus,aula,,Rutilus aula,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This is a widespread species with no apparent decline or widespread major threats at present. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.Only a very small part of the species range is found outside the European Union, in Croatia and Switzerland.",Unknown,"Restricted to the Padua-Venetian region in northern Italy, including the southern part of Switzerland. It has been introduced in Central Italy. It is also described in the Adriatic Basin of Slovenia and locally in Croatia and has been introduced in central and southern Italy. Introduced in most lakes of central and southern Italy where it has caused the regional extinction of R. rubilio.",Locally abundant. Local declines are reported in Slovenia and Italy following introduction of alien species.,"The species is found in streams with slow current and dense vegetation, canals, swamps and lakes.","The introduced Rutilus rubilio threatens the riverine populations. Carassius carassius and oriental carps threaten the lake populations, particularly in Slovenia.",Totally protected in Slovenia but there are no known conservation measures elsewhere.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Rutilus,basak,,Rutilus basak,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,R. basak has a widespread distribution and no major widespread threats (N. Bogutskaya pers comm.).,Unknown,"It is restricted to Neretva river drainage area (Lakes: Matica, Norin, Bacina, Tributaries: Tihaljina, Trebizat, Jasenica, Bregava, Buna, Hutovo blato.- both left and right-hand tributaries of Neretva.). It seems it is not very common in the Neretva itself. Prolosko and Ricice lakes, Vrljika drainage, Imotsko Polje in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina (N. Bogutskaya and P. Zupancic pers comm.).",No data.,It lives in lakes and rivers.,No data.,None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Rutilus,caspicus,,Rutilus caspicus,,YesThe taxonomy of roach species in the Caspian basin is in an urgent need of review.Yes,No,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"A widespread species which is declining in the Caspian sea due to overexploitation from commercial fisheries. However, it is thought this decline is not at a rate that would qualify for a threatened or Near Threatened category at present.     European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.",Unknown,"Northern and northwestern Caspian Sea. For spawning, enters Volga, Ural, Emba, Terek and Kura drainages. In Volga, migrates through delta and southern zone of Volga-Akhtuba system, only few go as far upstream as Volgograd. In Terek, does not migrate beyond delta.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Spends most of year in shallow brackish coastal waters. At sea, adults are most abundant at 2.5-4 m depth and 2-4 ? salinity during summer. Enters freshwater of estuaries, lagoons and lower reaches of large rivers to spawn. Biology: Semi-anadromous. Lives up to 10 years. Spawns for the first time at 2-5 years. In September, adults moves close to coasts and overwinter in shallow waters from middle of November until ice melts. Spawning migration commences in late March-early April at 1-3°C and peaks at 7-9°C. Spawns in April-May on shallow shores of coastal lakes and flooded areas at 10-17°C. Eggs are sticky, laid among plants. Annual spawner, but some females spawn only every second year. After spawning, adults return to sea where they join groups of immature juveniles, not travelling for long distances, staying in areas with high abundance of prey. Larvae migrate to sea, first passively, then actively. By August, juveniles reach coastal waters. While in river, juveniles feed on plankton (mostly Cladocera) and small benthic animals. At sea, they feed on oligochaetes and chironomid larvae, sometimes algae. At one year, starts to feed on molluscs and large benthic crustaceans. Adults also feed on crustaceans, worms and chironomid larvae.",The population in the Caspian sea has declined due to overexploitation from commercial fisheries.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Rutilus,frisii,,Rutilus frisii,,"The populations from the Black Sea and the Caspian sea basins may represent two species and in the Caspian basin, a second species may be involved, entering only very lowest reaches of rivers, estuaries, coastal lakes and lagoons, where it spawns in shallow lagoons and lakes with slow current and dense vegetation on submerged plants.",No,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"The migratory populations are almost extirpated in Black Sea basin   (still occurring in Bulgaria, Don and Turkey), though it is abundant in the Tsymlansk Reservoir (landlocked). In the Caspian Sea, semi-anadromous populations sharply declined (1950s and 1960s) and&#160;  most are now completely dependant on artificial reproduction and stocking. The species still has a large distribution and the current threat of overfishing is not thought to be severe enough to qualify the species for a threatened category, the major population decline, due to the damming of migratory rivers, occurred more than three generations ago.      European Union 27 = EN, B1ab(iii)2ab(iii). Only present in the Veleka and Rezovska rivers (southern Bulgaria). The species is threatened by water abstraction and droughts and has a limited range. Its EOO is less than 5,000km2 and the AOO less than 500km2 and it is found in only two locations.",Decreasing,"Black and Azov Sea basins, absent from Danube and Kuban drainages. The species has not been recorded from Dniestr, Dniepr and South Bug since 1985 (may now be extirpated). In the Don it is found in the Tsymlansk Resevoir (landlocked) and lower reaches and Sea of Azov. In the Caspian basin, it is extirpated from Volga and Ural but still abundant along the western and southern coast from Kuma to Gorgan Bay, where it enters most rivers and freshened lagoons to spawn.","The species undergone a massive decline due to the damming of its spawning rivers, mostly happening in the 1950s and 1960's. It has not been recorded north east Black Sea basin since 1985 (N. Bogutskaya pers comm.), and is no longer recorded in the Volga and Ural. It is still abundant but socking dependant in western and southern Caspian sea. In the Azov Sea and Don river as well as in two coastal rivers in Bulgaria and in some rivers of northern Anatolia it is still present. It is abundant in Tsymlansk resevoir but has strongly declined recently in Iznik lake in Turkey most likely due to overfishing.","Habitat:   Large brackish estuaries and their large, freshened plume waters, coastal lakes connected to rivers and lowland stretches of large rivers. Rarely in small rivers. In estuaries, in deep layers, down to 20 m. Tolerates salinities up to 7-12 ?. Landlocked populations inhabit lakes or reservoirs. Spawns in small rivers or streams with heavy current on gravel bottom. Biology: Semi-anadromous. Lives up to 12 years. Spawns for the first time at 4-5 years, 430-500 mm SL. Starts entering rivers in second half of October (Black Sea, rarely in Caspian Sea). When rivers are covered by ice, spawning migration ceases and is continued with the breaking up of the ice or even under ice in February-March. Spawns in April-May, earlier in southern drainages (February in Terek), when temperature reaches 8°C, peaking at 13-15°C. Eggs adhere to rocks and gravel, rarely to submerged plants. Adults return to estuaries to forage immediately after spawning. Eggs hatch in 10-16 days at 12-19°C. Juveniles migrate to estuaries during first summer (August). Landlocked populations migrate in spring from lakes or reservoirs or middle river stretches to tributaries or upper reaches. Larvae and early juveniles feed on zooplankton, algae and insect larvae. Adults feed mainly on molluscs and crustaceans, supplemented by other benthic invertebrates. Stops feeding while migrating, spawning and overwintering.","Current threats to the species are overfishing (it is a commercial fish) in Tsymlansk Reservoir (Don River) and the western and southern Caspian Sea.  &#160;Caspian populations strongly depend on artificial reproduction and stocking. EU populations also threatened by pollution, dams, climate change and water abstraction.",It is stocked in western and southern Caspian sea.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Rutilus,heckelii,,Rutilus heckelii,,"While R. heckelii was not accepted as a valid species by most authors, recent molecular studies strongly support the validity of this species.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"The species is very abundant especially in the Azov Sea basin, however it is currently undergoing a population decline due to the increasing levels of salinity in the limans and estuaries of the northern Black Sea basin, this is expected to increase in the future as water abstraction and droughts increase and due to over exploitation. The species also declined due to blocking of almost all its spawning rivers by the construction of dams during the 1950s and 1960s. However the species is still widespread and it is suspected that the population decline (or future decline) is at a rate that would qualify for a threatened or Near Threatened category.    European Union 27 = LC. Within the European Union, the species is found in the Danube delta, coastal streams south of the Danube in Romania and in Greek Lake Volvi. It must be suspected that roach populations from Bulgarian coastal streams and from the Aegean tributaries in Greece east of Lake Volvi also belong to this species. It is therefore assessed as LC as already the Romanian and Greek lake Volvi populations are large and there is no obvious threat. However, EU populations will be impacted by increasing salinity, climate change and water abstraction in the future but do actually not qualify for a threat category yet.",Unknown,"Tributaries of Aegean Sea east of Lake Volvi and rivers draining to the northern Black and Azov Seas, entering all rivers in that area.",Reported to decline in population in the 1950s and 1960s. Currently declining but still abundant especially in the Azov Sea.,"Habitat: Spends most of year in shallow brackish coastal waters. While at sea, adults are most abundant at 2.5-4 m depth and 2-4 m during summer. Enters freshwater of estuaries, lagoons and lower reaches of large rivers to spawn. Biology: Semi-anadromous, riverine and lacustrine populations. Anadromous populations starts approaching coasts in August and entering rivers in September, with a peak in October. Ceases migration by end of November and overwinters in main river or estuaries. Spawning migration resumes with breaking up of ice in March (Dniepr). Spawns in April-May. Adults return to estuaries to forage immediately after spawning. Juveniles migrate to estuaries during first summer (August).","Currently the species is threatened by the increasing salinity of the limans and estuaries in the northern Black Sea basin, due to water abstraction and drought. The species was also heavily impacted in the 1950s and 1960s by the construction of large dams.",No information available.,This species is harvested for human consumption.,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Rutilus,karamani,,Rutilus karamani,,"A revision of the genus Rutilus from southern Europe on morphological and molecular basis is in progress by Bianco P.G., Ketmaier, V. and Durand J.-Do.",Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,R. karamani has a widespread distribution is abundant and has no major widespread threats.,Unknown,It is restricted to the Ohrid basin in Albania and FYROM and to Skadar lake basin in Montenegro.,No data.,Lacustrine and riverine species.,Invasive species and pollution affect some of the range of this species.,None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Rutilus,meidingeri,,Rutilus meidingeri,,,Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU27,,"The species is known from five subalpine lakes, Attersee, Mondsee, Wolfgangsee, Traunsee and Chiemsee. A small population also seems to exist in Austrian stretch of Danube. However, since 1980, the species has been extirpated in Traunsee and Chiemsee (now stocked in Chiemsee but not self sustaining) due to the damming of the spawning rivers. The combined area of occupancy of the remaining three lakes is 73 km².",Decreasing,"Austrian subalpine Lakes Attersee, Mondsee and Wolfgangsee. A small population seems to exist in Austrian stretch of Danube. Extirpated in Lakes Traunsee (Austria) and Chiemsee (Germany). Stocked in Chiemsee. Rutilus populations of unclear identity from upper Tisza system (Slovakia, Hungary) might belong to this species.",Abundant and stable in Attersee and Mondsee.,"Habitat: Deep water layers of subalpine lakes. Biology: Feeds on benthic invertebrates. Spawns in May-June in lake tributaries or streams connecting lakes, in shallow areas with current, near shore. In spawning season, males have conspicuous, strong, almost spiny, nuptial tubercles on head and upper half of body.",Damming of spawning rivers (the species spawns downstream). Chiemsee was dammed in the 1960s and the last individual was caught in the 1993 as the species is long lived. Traunsee the spawning river was also dammed (unknown date) and is now extirpated.,Restocked in Chiemsee.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Rutilus,ohridanus,,Rutilus ohridanus,,"A revision of the genus Rutilus from southern Europe on morphological and molecular basis is in progress by Bianco P.G., Ketmaier, V. and Durand J.-Do. However this would not affect the Red List status of the species.",Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,R. ohridanus is a widespread and abundant species with no major widespread threats.,Unknown,It is restricted to the Ohrid Lake in Albania and the former Yugoslav republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and to Skadar lake basin in Montenegro.,Abundant.,It is a lacustrine species.,Water extraction and pollution. Introduction of exotic fish species.,None,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Rutilus,panosi,,Rutilus panosi,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"The species is only known from the lakes of the Acheloos and Louros drainages in Greece, where it is potentially threatened by introduced alien fish species.",Unknown,Greece: lakes of Acheloos and Louros drainages; introduced in Lake Pamvotis.,Abundant.,"Habitat: Lacustrine; spawns in shallow and sandy areas, with vegetation. Biology: Lives up to 10 years. Spawns for the first time at three years. Spawns once a year, in March-April, on plants or gravel. Eggs are very adhesive, 1.0-1.4 mm in diameter. Larvae and juveniles are found away from shore. Juveniles feed on invertebrates and plant material, individuals larger than 120 mm SL feed mainly on snails and mussels.","No major current threats known, but it is potentially threatened by introduced alien fish species.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Rutilus,pigus,,Rutilus pigus,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"The species is known from the northern Adriatic basin, from Livenza to Po drainages, Lakes Maggiore, Lugano and Como (Italy, Switzerland). The area of occupancy of the remaining spawning sites is estimated to be more than 2,000 km², but this is threatened by weirs, which block the migration to some spawning sites. It is suspected that population has declined (less so in recent years) but not at a rate to qualify for a threatened or Near Threatened category.",Unknown,"Northern Adriatic basin, from Livenza to Po drainages, Lakes Maggiore, Lugano and Como (Italy, Switzerland). Introduced in Arno.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Lacustrine populations inhabit deep waters of large, subalpine lakes. Riverine populations inhabit large to medium sized rivers. Biology: Lives in small groups. Lives up to 10 years. Spawns for the first time at 2-3 years. Moves to shallow areas of rivers to spawn in April-June. Feeds on invertebrates, algae and detritus.","Threatened by overfishing and construction of weirs, which block access to spawning sites.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Rutilus,prespensis,,Rutilus prespensis,,"A revision of the genus Rutilus from southern Europe on morphological and molecular basis is in progress by Bianco P.G., Ketmaier, V. and Durand J.-Do.",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"R. prespensis occurs at one location, Prespa Lake where many alien species have already been introduced, though without any obvious negative impact. However there is a high probability of further introductions into the lake, which could impact upon the whole species population.",Stable,"It is restricted to the Prespa lakes in north-western Greece, Albania and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).",Stable or increasing.,It is a lacustrine species.,Water pollution and extraction. Decreased water level due to karstic nature of these lakes. Introduction of exotic fish species.,None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Rutilus,rubilio,,Rutilus rubilio,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"The species has disappeared from many lakes, and is fragmented in many rivers. It has decreased in range by over 30% in past 10 years mainly as a result of the introduction of alien species, especially C. genei and R. aula. The species is close to qualifying for VU under criterion A2.",Unknown,"Restricted to the Tuscano-Latum district of Italy, and introduced to southern Italy and Sicily.",A pioneer species subject to high fluctuations and able to recover quickly from decline. Overall the population is stable.,"A predominantly riverine species but it does enter lakes. A multi-spawner, which is both polyandry and polygymnic. Reproduction is in March to July.",Introduced alien species. The introduction of Rutilus aula is reported to have caused the local extirpation of this species from all the lakes in central Italy.,Listed in Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive and in Appendix III of the Bern Convention.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Rutilus,rutilus,,Rutilus rutilus,,The taxonomy of roach species in the Caspian basin is in an urgent need of review and we canot rule out that this species might be absent from Caspian basin except the upper and middle Volga river drainage.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.,Unknown,"Europe north of Pyrénées and Alps, eastward to Ural and Eya drainages (Caspian basin). Aegean basin, in Pinios, Vardar, Vegoritis, Kastoria, Struma and Maritza drainages. Asia: Aral basin and Siberia from Ob eastward to Lena drainages. Naturally absent from Iberian Peninsula, Adriatic basin, Italy, Great Britain north of 56°N, Scandinavia north of 69°N. Locally introduced in Spain. Introduced and invasive in northeastern Italy.",Abundant.,"Habitat: In a wide variety of habitats, mainly in lowland areas. Most abundant in nutrient-rich lakes and large to medium sized rivers and backwaters. Takes advantage of channelization, damming and slight organic pollution. Known also from small lowland streams and from brackish coastal lagoons. In fast-flowing rivers, restricted to stretches where backwaters or shelters allow for overwintering. Spawns among dense submerged vegetation in backwaters or lakes, flooded meadows or in shallow, fast-flowing river habitats on plant or gravel bottom. Biology: Lives up to 13 years. Males reproduce for the first time at 2-3 years, females one year later, usually at about 100 mm SL. Undertakes short spawning migrations, sometimes starting as early as September, usually with a peak at temperatures above 9°C in spring. Spawns in April-May, when temperature rises above 12°C. Usually, a whole population spawns within a period of 5-10 days. Spawns in shoals. Eggs are sticky and hatch in about 12 days. Larvae and juveniles inhabit a wide variety of littoral habitats. Feeds mainly on benthic invertebrates, zooplankton, plant material and detritus. Populations predominantly feeding on detritus are often stunted (stunted populations may also be associated with strong year classes). May shift from littoral to pelagic habitats and between benthic food and zooplankton when abundance of a specific food item is high or in order to avoid predation and/or competition. The decision whether to stay in open water or among littoral vegetation is often described as a trade-off between food uptake and predator avoidance. When growing, there is an energetic need to switch from zooplankton to benthic food (chironomids, molluscs). Individuals able to feed on Dreissena mussels increase their growth rate but do not exploit this food source until they have reached about 120 mm SL (at which size they are able to crush the mussels). In some area (Volga reservoirs), pelagic and benthic roach can be distinguished by life-history traits (spawning time, spawning sites). Overwinters in backwaters or in deep parts of lakes. Frequently produces fertile hybrids with Abramis brama.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Rutilus,virgo,,Rutilus virgo,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,Danube drainage upriver of Iron Gate; most abundant in Save drainage.,Abundant.,Habitat: Medium sized to large rivers. Spawns over gravel or submerged plants in fast-flowing water of riffles. Biology: Spawns at 10-14°C in March-May. Biology almost unknown.,No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Rutilus,ylikiensis,,Rutilus ylikiensis,,,Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU27,,"The species is only known from Lake Yliki (about 25 km²) and the Kifissos drainage. In Lake Yliki the water is being extracted for the population of Athens and the water in Kifissos drainage is being extracted for agriculture. It has been extirpated from the other known location, lake Paralimni, when the lake was drained. Its total extent of occurrence is about 2,000 km², and it is found in less than five locations.",Decreasing,"Greece: Kifissos drainage, including Lakes Yliki and Paralimni (which is now dry).",No information.,Habitat: Lacustrine. Biology: Spawns in February-April.,Lake Paralimni was drained. The water in lake Yliki is being extracted to supply Athens.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,COBITIDAE,Sabanejewia,balcanica,,Sabanejewia balcanica,,"Populations (even from close localities) exhibit important differences in pigmentation pattern, morphology and habitat. Although this variability lead to the recognition of several populations as distinct taxa. Kottelat and Freyhoff (2007) treat the Danubian and Balkan populations as a single species; however, this requires critical re-examination.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats; but it is locally threatened by habitat alteration.,Unknown,"Black Sea basin, in Danube drainage; Aegean Sea basin, in Maritza and from Gallikos to Pinios drainages.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Mainly hill streams with clear water and bottom with sand or fine gravel bottom. In moderate current with few plants at water depths up to 1.5 m. Also observed in large rivers. Biology: Burrows during daylight into sand, sometimes in gravel. Spawns in spring. In aquarium, eggs indiscriminately scattered over sand, gravel and plants. A dwarf population was observed in a pond fed by a warm thermal spring with constant temperature in western Romania.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,COBITIDAE,Sabanejewia,baltica,,Sabanejewia baltica,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,The species is known from scattered populations in the Baltic basin and Dniepr but is abundant and widespread in the Dniestr river. It has no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,"Black Sea basin, in Dniestr, Dniepr and Don drainages. In the Baltic basin in the Vistula and Odra drainages.",Locally abundant.,"Habitat: Inhabits a wide range of habitats from small lowland streams to fast-flowing piedmont rivers with clear water and sand to gravel bottom. Usually absent from large lowland rivers. Biology: Burrows into sand, avoids mud or silt, sometimes in gravel. Spawns in spring. Eggs 1.1-1.2 mm in diameter, sticky and indiscriminately scattered over sand, gravel or other structures. Portion spawner. Eggs hatch in 50-60 h at 22°C. Larvae 3.1-4.2 mm TL start to feed after 6 days. Free larvae lack external gill filaments, but have a prominent transparent bump on forehead.",No major threats known.,No information available.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,COBITIDAE,Sabanejewia,bulgarica,,Sabanejewia bulgarica,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,"Danube drainage: lower and middle Danube upriver to Bratislava, entering only lowermost parts of tributaries; Tisza system in Hungary and Slovakia.",Abundant.,Habitat: Large lowland rivers. Usually in deep water. Biology: Spawns in Danube and in mouths of some tributaries.,No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,COBITIDAE,Sabanejewia,caucasica,,Sabanejewia caucasica,,,No,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"The species is widespread. Even though the species has many threats, including water abstraction, dams and channelization of lower courses of rivers, it is not believed that these  will cause the species to meet any of the criteria for a threatened or Near Threatened Category at present.    European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.",Unknown,"Caspian basin: From Kuma, south to lower courses of Iranian costal drainages to Gorgan Bay.",No information.,"Habitat: Rivulets and streams 3-10 m wide and less than 1 m deep in foothills and plains, sometimes in channels. Usually on gravel, rarely on sand bottom. Usually along steep banks. Biology: Spawns in July-August.","Water abstraction in particular in Iran, dams, channelization of the lower courses and drought (predicted to increase in severity due to climate change).",No information.,,,,,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,COBITIDAE,Sabanejewia,kubanica,,Sabanejewia kubanica,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,Russia: Kuban drainage.,Abundant.,Habitat: Inhabits a wide range of habitats from small lowland streams to foothill rivers with clear water and gravel bottom. Biology: No data.,No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,COBITIDAE,Sabanejewia,larvata,,Sabanejewia larvata,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,This is widely distributed species for which there is no evidence of decline and which is more widely distributed than previously though.,Unknown,Restricted to the Padua-Venetian region in northern Italy. The detailed distribution still unknown. Transplanted into Lake Trasimeno and the Tiber and Ombrone river basins.,Reportedly decreasing but has probably been overlooked in surveys.,"Lives in standing and running waters in the lowland and hill zones with sand or mud substrates rich in vegetation. Also found in drainage channels.The breeding season occurs from May to July. Females are larger than males but sexual dimorphism in size is not so evident as in the Spined Loach, Cobitis taenia with which S. larvata often occurs sympatrically.",Habitat destruction and water pollution.,None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,COBITIDAE,Sabanejewia,romanica,,Sabanejewia romanica,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"The species has a fragmented distribution in sandy streams with fast current in the Arges, Olt, Jui, Mures and Tapolitza systems of the Danube basin. Damming, water abstraction and pollution have all increased in recent years which all have an impact on the species. It is suspected that the species population has declined by almost 30% in the past 10 years, and will continue to do so as development within Romania increases.",Decreasing,"Romania: Danube basin, Arges, Olt, Jui, Mures and Tapolitza systems.","Declining, localised and fragmented population.",Habitat: Sandy streams with clean water and moderate to fast current. Biology: Spawns from May to July.,"Development in Romania is leading to increased water abstraction, pollution and damming of rivers.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,COBITIDAE,Sabanejewia,vallachica,,Sabanejewia vallachica,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"The species has a fragmented distribution in sandy streams with fast current in the Ialomita and tributaries of lower River Siret of the Danube basin. Damming, water abstraction and pollution have all increased in recent years in Romania which has had an impact up on the species. It is suspected that the species population has declined by less than 30% in the past 10 years, and will continue to do so as development within Romania increases. The extent of occurrence of the species is just over 11,000 km², and there is a continuing decline in population and quality of habitat, however there are more than 10 locations.",Decreasing,Romania: River Ialomita and tributaries of lower River Siret in Danube drainage.,"Declining, localised and fragmented population.","Habitat: Sandy streams with clean water and moderate to fast current. Burrows into sand, rarely in gravel. Biology: Spawns in spring. Eggs 0.9-1.1 mm in diameter, sticky and indiscriminately scattered over sand, gravel or other substrate. Portion spawner. Eggs hatch in 50-60 h at 22°C. Larvae 3.0-3.4 mm TL start to feed after 6 days. Free larvae lack external gill filaments, but have a transparent bump on forehead.","Development in Romania is leading to increased water abstraction, pollution and damming of rivers.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,BLENNIIDAE,Salaria,economidisi,,Salaria economidisi,,,Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,ii,iii)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,ii,iii)",EU27,,"A restricted range species only known from Lake Trichonis (estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) <100 km²). The lake is treated as a single location on the basis of the lake wide impact of land reclamation and lake level fluctuations which effect the entire population as it only reproduces in the shallow water habitats, which are being lost.",Unknown,Restricted to Lake Trichonis within the Acheloos River basin in western Greece.,Distributed throughout the lake.,Prefers sand and gravel substrates with submerged vegetation and large stones. Reproduction occurs in May–July. The maximum size for females is 50 mm and for males 61 mm.,"Habitat destruction through land reclamation, water abstraction, water pollution, and sewage.",Natura 2000 site.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,BLENNIIDAE,Salaria,fluviatilis,,Salaria fluviatilis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"S. fluviatilis is not threatened across its entire, almost pan-Mediterranean, distribution, but local populations are threatened especially in the west of the distribution area. It is widespread and can withstand the impacts of water pollution and introduction of exotic species, therefore it is assessed as Least Concern.European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.",Stable,"The species occurs across the Mediterranean basin in Europe, Turkey, Israel, Morocco and Algeria. In the Iberian Peninsula it is found in the Fluvia, Ebro, Jucar, Segura, Guadiana and Guadalquivir drainages. In France in the Aude, Rhône (including Lake Bourget; introduced to Lake Annecy around 1980) and Var drainages (presence in Garonne drainage possibly due to invasion through Canal du Midi), Corsica. In Italy it is present in most streams with stone bottom, Lakes Garda, Maggiore, Lugano and Mergozzo, Sicily, Sardinia. It is present also in Croatia, Montenegro, Albania and Greece where it occurs in the Kalamas, Acheron, Acheloos and Aliakmon drainages, in Crete in most drainages of Peloponnese, Lakes Doiran, Koronia, Volvi and Vistonis. Sometimes listed as a recent invader of subalpine lakes of Apennine Peninsula, but in fact recorded from Lake Maggiore as early as 1836.","Few data to no data. In some places populations are small, but in others can be very large. The populations are very fragmented.","Lakes and streams with moderate current and stone bottom. In streams, the deepest and fastest microhabitats are preferred; sometimes in coastal lagoons with low salinity. It is Territorial and lives under stones. Lives up to 5 years. Spawns for first time at end of first yea and spawns up to 3 years, but most females die at end of first spawning year. Reproduces in May – August in France, April – July in Spain and Italy, at temperatures above 18°C. Female spawns up to 1200 eggs (usually 200–300) in a single layer under a large stone; spawns several egg portions during a spawning season. Male cleans, fans and defends eggs until hatching. Several females may spawn with one male, which may guard eggs at different stages of development. Eggs hatch in about a week. Larvae are planktonic until about 15 mm, are drifted to and remain in quite pools or side arms of rivers. Larvae are capable to exist under full marine conditions and might spread through the sea. Feeds on insects, crustaceans and fry.","Gravel extraction, eutrophication and habitat destruction. Dams and river channelization that fragment rivers. Water extraction and drought may hamper reproduction. Most riverine populations have declined in recent years because of habitat alteration (especially siltation and alteration of stream morphology) and predation by exotic species. The presence of habitat suitable for the larval 'pelagic' stage downstream of spawning sites is a limiting factor. Lacustrine populations are apparently safer.",Listed in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salmo,aphelios,,Salmo aphelios,,,Yes,DD,,No,,,EU27,,"Taxonomy needs to be confirmed using molecular data. No information for abundance, trend and threats.",Unknown,It is restricted to the Ohrid lake in Albania and the former Yugoslav republic of Macedonia (FYROM).,No data.,No data.,No data.,None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salmo,balcanicus,,Salmo balcanicus,,,Yes,DD,,No,,,EU27,,"Taxonomy needs to be confirmed using molecular data. No information for abundance, trend and threats.",Unknown,It is restricted to the Ohrid lake in Albania and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).,No data.,No data.,No data.,None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salmo,carpio,,Salmo carpio,,,Yes,CR,A2bde,Yes,CR,A2bde,EU27,,"S. carpio is restricted to Garda lake in northern Italy and its population has been reduced by more than 80% in the past ten years due to introduced species, overfishing and other unknown reasons. The decline in this species is based upon fisheries catch data.",Decreasing,It is restricted to Garda lake in northern Italy. It has been introduced into numerous lakes in Italy and other countries.,Decreasing.,It is a lacustrine species. It has two spawning seasons: one in winter and one in summer.,"Overfishing, destruction of habitat and water pollution (past threats). Introduced species (Coregonus spp).",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salmo,cettii,,Salmo cettii,,"Often appears in the literature as S. macrostigma, a species endemic to Algeria. Trouts retaining parr marks in adults are also present in southwestern France (southern Garonne tributaries and Adour drainages, Atlantic basin; Aude drainage, Mediterranean basin) and Iberian Peninsula (Ebro basin, Mediterranean basin). They have also been called S. macrostigma but apparently represent several distinct, unnamed and unstudied species.",Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"This species is found in Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, and the Tyrrhenian basin of Italy from Magra drainage southward (streams in hilly areas; in lowland in karstic resurgences) where it is threatened by water abstraction, overfishing and stocking of non-native trouts (resulting in hybridisation and competition). It is suspected that in the past three generations (10 to 12 years) the population has declined by almost 30%, and it will continue to do so as water abstraction will most likely increase.",Decreasing,"Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Tyrrhenian basin of Italy from Magra drainage southward.",Declining.,"Habitat: Streams in hilly areas; in lowland in karstic resurgences. Clear waters around 10-20°C, usually with dense subaquatic vegetation. Biology: Resident ecotype only. Spawns in January-March, on gravel bottom, in shallow water. Feeds mainly on aquatic insects.","Water abstraction, overfishing and stocking of non-native trouts (hybridisation and competition).",There are local reserves set up specifically for the species in Italy.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salmo,dentex,,Salmo dentex,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Very little information exists for this species. It is suspected that it hybridises with introduced trout species, but more information is needed to know the impacts of this. Illegal fishing is also a potential threat as the species is a large fish and most likely targeted. The taxonomy of the species also needs clarification before a full extinction risk assessment can be made.For the European Union 27 region, this species is also assessed as Data Deficient (DD), with the same rationale as above.",Unknown,"This fish is known from the Adriatic basin, from Krka to Aoos drainages (Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Greece, Kosovo, Macedonia); possibly present in Alfios (Peloponnese, Greece).",No information is available on population size or trends.,"HabitatThe species occurs in lakes and large rivers. It spawns on gravel bottom. BiologyA resident in lacustrine ecotypes, in the Lake Skadar basin the species overwinters in deep parts of lake, moving to main tributaries in summer.",Hybridisation with introduced trouts and illegal fishing are potential threats.,"No information available. More information is needed for this species, in particular on its threats, and it is in need of taxonomic clarification.","It is harvested for human consumption, and for sport fishing.",,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salmo,ezenami,,Salmo ezenami,,,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",No,,,EU27,,"The species is known only from Lake Kezenoi-am (2.4 km²)  in the northern Caucasus where it is being impacted by the introduction of Squalius cephalus, which feeds on its fry. Prior to the introduction of Gobio holurus and Squalius cephalus, S. ezenami was the only fish in the lake. Levels of harvesting are unknown as the area is a war zone (Chechnya).",Unknown,"Russia: Lake Kezenoi-am (formerly Eizenam (Daghestan)) in northern Caucasus at 1870 m above sea level. In 1963, introduced in Lake Mochokh (Daghestan), probably established.",No information.,"Habitat: Lake Kezenoi-am is a mountain lake, 2.4 km²,with a maximum depth of 74 m,, temperatures about 5°C below 20 m and 5-18°C in upper layers in summer, covered by ice in winter, high oxygen concentrations down to bottom year-round and low plankton density. Spawns in lake, close to underwater springs; large-sized form probably migrates to tributaries. Prior to the introduction of Gobio holurus and Squalius cephalus, S. ezenami was the only fish in the lake. Biology: Lacustrine, migrates to tributaries. Two forms are known: small-size (adults 160-260 mm SL, 200-350 g) and large-size (adults 380-1130 mm SL, over 1 kg). Males reproduce for the first time at two years, females at three. Spawning period extends over almost entire year. Young juveniles feed mostly on gammarids, chironomid larvae; larger juveniles and adults feed on molluscs, benthic invertebrates and fry; largest individuals are mostly piscivorous, especially since the introduction of G. holurus.","Introduction of alien species (Squalius cephalus), which feeds on its fry. The region is hard to access as it is a war zone (Chechnya) so levels of harvesting are unknown.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salmo,ferox,,Salmo ferox,,"Several populations of large, piscivorous trouts from Ireland, northern Scotland, Cumbria and Wales are called ferox trouts. They are recognized as a distinct species on the basis of their existence in sympatry with genetically distinct S. trutta in several lakes, but it remains to be demonstrated whether all ferox trouts are conspecific. Some of these individuals or populations might be old, large, piscivorous, lacustrine S. trutta.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Several populations of large, piscivorous trouts from Ireland, northern Scotland, Cumbria and Wales are called ferox trouts. They are recognized as a distinct species on the basis of their existence in sympatry with genetically distinct S. trutta in several lakes, but it remains to be demonstrated whether all ferox trouts are conspecific. Some of these individuals or populations might be old, large, piscivorous, lacustrine S. trutta. More information is needed on the distribution, status and population and threats of S. ferox in these lakes.",Unknown,"British Isles: Loughs Melvin, Erne, Corrib and Mask (Ireland), several lakes of northern Scotland, apparently also Lakes Ullswater and Bassenthwaite (Cumbria) and Llyns Padarn and Peris (Wales).",No information,"Habitat: Large oligotrophic lakes; in Scotland usually only in lakes inhabited by Salvelinus species on which it preys. Spawns only in the larger and deeper tributaries. Biology: Lives up to 23 years. Spawns in November-December. Feeds on fishes and a variety of insects. In Scotland, feeds on invertebrates until about 300 mm SL, then switches to a fish diet, mostly Salvelinus species.",Unknown,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salmo,fibreni,,Salmo fibreni,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"The species' entire range (Lake Posta Fibreno, 0.29 km² and tributaries) is included in Lago di Posta Fibreno Nature Reserve. However, there is still a potential threat of fish introduction or accidental pollution.",Unknown,Italy: Lake Posta Fibreno and tributaries.,No information.,"Habitat: Lake Posta Fibreno is an elongated karstic lake with underwater springs and caves, 1.1 km long, 0.1-0.3 km wide, 0.29 km², 289 m above sea level, 15 m deep (average depth 2.5 m), about 10°C year-round and clear and well oxygenated water. Spawns close to underwater springs. Biology: Lacustrine, sometimes entering lake tributaries. Spawns in December-January (local S. cettii population in February-March).",Potential threats of introduced species and pollution.,"The species entire range (Lake Posta Fibreno, 0.29 km² and tributaries) is included in Lago di Posta Fibreno Nature Reserve.",,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salmo,labrax,,Salmo labrax,,"Genetic data show that resident trouts from the northern Black Sea basin represent a lineage very different from those of the Atlantic, Mediterranean and Caspian basins, but there is no published morphological comparison. Presently, a single species of Salmo is recognized in the northern Black Sea basin (in addition to the extinct S. schiefermuelleri). A population from upper Vardar (Lipkovska) is tentatively referred to S. labrax; it is superficially distinguished from all Balkan species by its very slightly emarginate caudal. In upper Danube, S. trutta is present and hybrid populations are or might be present in lower Danube, Dniestr, Dniepr and Don.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Because the species has been impacted by the construction of dams (mostly more than three generations ago), it has now stabilised at a lower level and, therefore, does not qualify for the threatened or Near Threatened category. The anadromous ecotype is very rare in Europe now. Because of dams, most returning adults are unable to reach spawning sites. The resident populations are less impacted by the dams.European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.",Unknown,"Rivers draining to northern Black Sea. Lipkovska stream in upper Vardar drainage (Macedonia). Anatolian populations have recently been show to be two distinct species, Salmo coruhensis and S. rizeensis, reducing the distribution area of the species.",Abundant.,"Habitat: At sea, along coasts at depths of up to 50 m. Migrates to hill streams. Resident part of populations in streams and uppermost reaches with fast current, cold clear water and stone or gravel bottom. Spawns in upper reaches with fast current. Biology: Anadromous, lacustrine and resident ecotypes. Spawns in October-January. Parrs spend 2-4 years in rivers and streams, then smoltify and migrate to sea or mature in freshwater. Spends 2-4 years at sea. Anadromous individuals return to rivers in April-May and again in October-November. Eggs hatch in 6-8 weeks. Parrs and resident adults feed on a wide variety of aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates. Anadromous and large lacustrine individuals feed mainly on fish and large crustaceans. Anadromous individuals feed while in rivers.","The anadromous ecotype is very rare in Europe. Because of damming, most returning adults are unable to reach spawning sites. The resident populations are less impacted by the dams.",No information available.,"It is harvested for human consumption, and for sport fishing.",,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salmo,letnica,,Salmo letnica,,,Yes,DD,,No,,,EU27,,"Taxonomy needs to be confirmed using molecular data. There is also little information on abundance, trend and threats.",Unknown,It is restricted to Ohrid lake in Albania and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).,No data.,It lives at depths of 60–80 m within the lake. Spawning season is in January-February. This trout makes up the bulk of catches of salmonid in the Albanian waters of Ohrid lake.,"Water pollution, hybridization.",None,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salmo,lumi,,Salmo lumi,,,Yes,DD,,No,,,EU27,,Taxonomy needs to be confirmed using molecular data.,Unknown,It is restricted to Ohrid lake in Albania and the former Yugoslav republic of Macedonia (FYROM).,Rare.,It lives at depths of 60 to 80 m within the lake. Spawning season is in January-February and spawns in tributaries around the lakes.,"Destruction of spawning areas, water pollution, overfishing.",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salmo,macedonicus,,Salmo macedonicus,,Taxonomic status is unclear.,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"The taxonomy needs to be confirmed using molecular data and there is no information on abundance, or population trends.",Unknown,Restricted to the upper Vardar river basin in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).,Probably decreasing but there is no hard data.,No data,"Future habitat loss, water abstraction, and water pollution.",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salmo,marmoratus,,Salmo marmoratus,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"In Slovenia there is estimated to be around 10,000 individuals of the pure species at seven locations with a combined area of occupancy (AOO) of <20 km². The subpopulations in Italy need more research, as more subpopulations are likely to be found in addition to the three already identified. The stocking of foreign trout continues and may reduce population numbers of genetically pure marble trout. However, the populations in Slovenia, and to a lesser extent in Italy, are safe and have no major widespread threats (Crivelli, A. pers comm).",Decreasing,"It is restricted to southern Switzerland, northern Italy and Adriatic basin of Slovenia. It has been introduced in several countries in Europe. There are seven pure subpopulations in Slovenia and three known pure subpopulations in Italy (more research needed as there may be more).",Rare. The population declined in the early 1900s.,The remaining population of Marble trout are found in headwaters of mountainous streams.,Hybridization with foreign trout stocked for angling. Water extraction and pollution.,Listed in the Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salmo,nigripinnis,,Salmo nigripinnis,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"The species is endemic to Lough Melvin (21 km²), Ireland. There is a potential threat to the species from eutrophication and introduced species. Eutrophication has caused the extinction of fish species from other Irish lakes.",Unknown,Ireland: Lough Melvin (21 km²).,No information.,"Habitat: Lacustrine, pelagic, in relatively deep water. Moves to tributaries for spawning. Biology: Spawns in November-December in most lake tributaries. Feeds mainly on mid-water plankton, especially Cladocera, and chironomid pupae.",Eutrophication and invasive species are potential threats to the species. Arctic charr have gone extinct in other Irish lakes due to eutrophication.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salmo,obtusirostris,,Salmo obtusirostris,,,Yes,EN,B2ab(v),No,,,EU27,,"S. obtusirostris occurs at only four locations. In all of those locations, it is being threatened by overfishing (sportfishing and for food) and hybridisation with introduced trout. The total area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km², and there is a continuing decline in mature individuals due to overfishing and poaching, especially at Zeta, Imotski and Krka. (Freyhof, J. pers comm).",Decreasing,"It is restricted to a few Adriatic rivers in Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro: Krka (very rare), Jadro, Neretva, and Zeta river basins. It is introduced into the Zrnovnica.",Decreasing.,It lives in rivers of the karstic region.,"The main threats are overfishing (sportfishing, food, including poaching) and hybridizitation with foreign trout. Habitat destruction (dams), water pollution.",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salmo,ohridanus,,Salmo ohridanus,,,Yes,VU,D2,No,,,EU27,,"This species is threatened by artificial hybridisation with Salmo letnica, by overfishing and poaching, and by degradation of the water quality. However, with no current information to demonstrate a population decline it is assessed as Vulnerable D2 being restricted to Lake Ohrid.",Unknown,It is restricted to Lake Ohrid in Albania and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).,No data.,It is a lacustrine species living at depth 40 to 60 m. Spawning occurs in December to February in the coastal areas. It is commercially exploited and also reared in fish farms.,"Intentional hybridization with Salmo letnica in fish farms during the last 50 years. The long-term impacts of this hybridization are however, unclear (Rakaj and Flloko 1995). Also subject to heavy fishing but it is still abundant. Future threats include water pollution due to agriculture and tourism.",Existing fisheries regulations should be helping to protect the species but they are seldom enforced,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salmo,pelagonicus,,Salmo pelagonicus,,,Yes,VU,B1ab(v),Yes,VU,B1ab(v),EU27,,"The species is found in the upper tributaries of the Lower Vardar and Aliakmon. The main threat of overfishing and introduced alien trout (which hybridise with S. pelagonicus) is impacting the fish in the Greek part of species range (Aliakmon). The extent of occurrence is less than 20,000 km² and is only found in two locations (Vardar and Aliakmon drainages) based on the threat of the introduction of alien trout.",Decreasing,"Tributaries of the lower Vardar (Crna system) and Aliakmon drainages (Macedonia, Greece); populations from Stumica drainage possibly represent a distinct species.",No information.,Habitat: Mountain streams. Biology: Resident ecotype only.,"In the Greek part of the species range the main threat is overfishing and poaching, and the introduction of alien trout (hybridisation). The introduction of alien trout is also a threat, but has not yet happened, in FYROM.",Angling is regulated.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salmo,peristericus,,Salmo peristericus,,It is considered sometimes only as a subspecies.,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"This species is present in two locations and has an area of occupancy (AOO) <500 km² and an extent of occurrence (EOO) <5,000 km². These two populations have not yet been confirmed to be the same species, although it is believed that they are, and a survey is planned for the near future (Crivelli, A. pers comm). In one location (possible S. peristericus) there is a continuing decline in habitat quality due to domestic water pollution, overgrazing and erosion that destroys the spawning area. In the other location (definite S. peristericus) there is poaching, but this is not causing a continuing decline in the population (Crivelli A. pers comm). If these two populations are not the same species then S. peristericus will be VU D2 based on it being found in one location, with the potential threat of introduced species. Taxonomic work is required to confirm the status of the questionable subpopulation.",Stable,"It is restricted to the Agios Germanos stream in the Prespa Lakes region, north-western Greece. It might be also present in one or two streams in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) part of Lake Megali Prespa.","Its population in Agios Germanos stream has been estimated between 3,300 and 6,700 individuals (Crivelli, A. unpublished data).",Its lives in a mountain stream. The population is present in 24.5 km out of 34.5 km. Habitat is fragmented by some impassable waterfalls.,"Water extraction (although it is downstream), erosion within the catchment due to overgrazing, poaching with nets and chlorine, and organic pollution. Small electro-power stations.",Angling is regulated according to the National law. Part of the species range is covered by a National Park.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salmo,rhodanensis,,Salmo rhodanensis,,"The diagnostic four broad bars are present in populations of Dourbie (upper Tarn system, France), which is distinguished by the presence of red spots and dorsal, pelvic and anal with white anterior margin. This is possibly an introgression zone between S. rhodanensis and S. cf. cettii.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,The species is a recently recognised species (previously included under S. trutta) known from the Rhone drainage. The population of true S. rhodanensis is unknown as several populations include a significant proportion of hybrids with S. trutta produced in aquaculture and stocked (for over 100 years). Work to determine the level of hybridisation is needed.,Unknown,"Rhône drainage, except Lake Geneva basin (France, Switzerland). Apparently eastward to Roia drainages (France, Italy), possibly further eastward in Ligurian Sea basin.",Fragmented and locally abundant.,"Habitat: Rivers and streams, in clear, cold, well oxygenated water, with slow to fast current. Biology: Resident ecotype only. Spawns for the first time at four years. Spawns in late December, at temperatures about 4°C, on gravel or coarse sand. Feeds on invertebrates, fish, amphibians.",Hybridisation with S. trutta.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salmo,schiefermuelleri,,Salmo schiefermuelleri,,"Ancient literature records the presence of deepwater trout in several subalpine lakes of Austria, Germany and Switzerland. Some records are ambiguous and probably refer to lacustrine ecotypes of S. trutta. Others are more detailed and indicate that different stocks existed. There is no indication whether and which of these populations survive; some may still be extant, but they do not seem to have received attention. Here, Kottelat and Freyhoff (2007) tentatively use the name S. schiefermuelleri. As originally described, S. schiefermuelleri was a heterogeneous assemblage of several species and Kottelat and Freyhoff (2007) restricted it to the 'mayforelle' of the Austrian lakes (mayforelle is apparently still used locally, but not for the original stock). The 'schwebforelle' of Lake Vierwaldstätter (Switzerland) has a somewhat similar appearance but is unlikely to belong to the same lineage as S. schiefermuelleri as they occur in different drainages. Other populations known from some Alpine lakes, exhibit distinctive phenotypes and it is still unclear whether or not they are reproductively isolated. One such case is the Engadine trout (Lakes St. Moritz and Silsersee, Switzerland, Danube drainage), which has a distinctive morphology and colour pattern.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,The nomenclature of this taxon (see taxonomic notes above) needs to be resolved before it can be properly assessed. The species is therefore listed as Data Deficient even though it may well be Extinct.,Unknown,"Austria: subalpine lakes in Danube drainage (Attersee, Traunsee, Fuschlersee). The same or similar species were apparently recorded in subalpine lakes in Switzerland (e.g. Vierwaldstätter [Rhine drainage]).",No information.,"Habitat: Lacustrine, in deep water. Spawns along shores. Biology: Lacustrine species, not reported to migrate to tributaries. Only caught in May (hence the vernacular name) when it comes in to shallow waters, presumably to spawn. Eggs white, about 2 mm in diameter. Feeds on fishes.",Unknown,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salmo,stomachicus,,Salmo stomachicus,,"Similar trouts have been recorded from Loughs Neagh, Conn and Corib (Ireland) and from Lochs Fadagoa, Mulach-Corrie and Assynt (Scotland). There are no data that allow a conclusion on whether they are conspecific with the Melvin ones. The above diagnosis is based on the Melvin population only.",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"The species is endemic to Lough Melvin (21 km²), Ireland. There is a potential threat to the species from eutrophication and introduced species. Eutrophication has caused the extinction of fish species from other Irish lakes. S. stomachicus may be more widespread in other lakes of Ireland and Scotland - if this is proved to be true the species could be Least Concern",Unknown,Ireland: Lough Melvin (21 km²); possibly other lakes of Ireland and Scotland.,No information.,"Habitat: Lacustrine, in shallow benthic waters. Spawns near or in lake outlet. May also spawn on sandy bays in middle region of northern shore. Biology: Spawns in November-December. Juveniles swim upstream to return to lake. Feeds primarily on snails and trichopteran larvae, supplemented by other benthic invertebrates.",Eutrophication and introduced species are potential threats to the species.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salmo,taleri,,Salmo taleri,,,Yes,DD,,No,,,EU27,,The species is only known from the Moraca drainage and its tributary upper Zeta. The introduction of alien trouts (ongoing for over 100 years) is the major threat as they may hybridise with S. taleri. However the impact of this hybridisation is unknown and the species could be Extinct or Least Concern.,Unknown,Montenegro: Moraca drainage and its tributary upper Zeta river.,No information.,Habitat: Mountain streams. Biology: Resident ecotype only.,Introduction of trouts which may hybridise with the species.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salmo,trutta,,Salmo trutta,,"Genetic data indicate that S. trutta and some populations of hybrid origin are native in some rivers draining to the Mediterranean, the Black Sea (at least in upper Danube drainage) and the Caspian Sea (at least in upper Volga drainage). The present published data do not always enable to identify the head water populations of the different species on the basis of morphological characters (they may be distinguishable, but this simply has not been investigated).",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"A widespread species and overall Least Concern. However, anadromous part of populations (sea trout) and many lacustrine stocks have in many cases markedly declined because of pollution (and possibly from impacts from salmon farming). The phylogeographic structure is almost destroyed by stocking.    European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.",Unknown,"Atlantic, North, White and Baltic Sea basins, from Spain to Chosha Bay (Russia). Present in Iceland and in northernmost rivers of Great Britain and Scandinavia. In Rhône drainage, native only to Lake Geneva basin, which it entered after last glaciation. Native to upper Danube and Volga drainages. Introduced throughout Europe, North and South America, southern and montane eastern Africa, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Japan, New Zealand and Australia.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Cold streams, rivers and lakes. Spawns in rivers and streams with swift water. Lacustrine populations migrate to tributaries and lake outlets, rarely spawning on stone, wave-washed lake shores. Spawning sites usually characterised by downward movement of water into gravel. Sea and lake trouts forage in pelagic and littoral habitats, sea trouts mostly close to coast, not very far from estuary of natal river. Biology: Anadromous, lacustrine and resident ecotypes. Spawns in couples between late October and March, usually in November-December. Females select spawning sites and deposit the redd. Males guard and defend females against other males. Eggs are covered with gravel by female. Both sexes usually survive spawning and anadromous trout migrate back to sea or lake in autumn or overwinter in rivers and migrate in spring (5-70 % repetitive spawners in Norway). Sea trouts generally feed in freshwater. Eggs are covered with 3-30 cm of gravel. Redd depth is positively related to female's size. Eggs in deep redds are less vulnerable to spates and wash-outs and more vulnerable to low oxygen concentrations and pollution. Fry usually emerge from gravel between March (Spain) and July (Finland). Parrs and resident trouts are territorial, feeding on drifting and benthic invertebrates. Success in finding and defending a feeding territory is positively correlated to size of fry and to mother's size. Being large is clearly advantageous at this stage of life cycle. Resident trouts usually spawn for the first time at 2-3 years and spawn 2-3 seasons. Smoltification usually complete at 2-3 years and 120-220 mm SL, but up to seven year old smolts are reported. Mean smolt age increases with latitude. All juveniles seem to have the genetic ability to smoltify and migrate; in some small, summer-dry streams all migrate. In other streams, almost none seem to migrate. Factors triggering the 'decision' of an individual to smoltify or not are not well understood. If migration is impossible, smolts may interrupt migration and become resident again. In most rivers, a greater proportion of females than males seems to migrate, apparently a response to a greater need for reproductive energy. Therefore, sex ratio is usually skewed towards females in smolts. Large anadromous females may spawn with small resident males (the reverse is not reported but is expected to be possible, too). Smolts start to migrate downstream in April-May when temperature increases from low winter level, reaching beyond 5-11°C; migration peaks at rising water levels with increased turbidity.There is a great variability in life history details of lacustrine populations. In some lakes, fry may migrate to the lake and at least males may spawn for the first time at two years. In other lakes, parrs smoltify after spending 1-3 years in spawning streams and males feed 4-6, females 5-8 years before first reproduction. At sea and in lakes, trouts feed on small fish and large crustaceans. In lakes, aquatic and terrestrial insects may form an important part of the diet. After at least 18 month at sea, sea trouts start to return to rivers to spawn. The pattern and timing of upstream migrations depends on particular river, sex and age. Homing accuracy is not as high as in S. salar. After spending one summer at sea, whitling start to migrate in July-September to lower reaches of rivers to overwinter or mature and migrate to spawning sites. Anadromous adults migrate in May and enter rivers until late October. Most maturing whitlings are males and the proportion of whitlings might be up to 30 % among spawners. Whitlings usually sneak in to spawn in redds of large couples, as resident males do, too. Large males attack, injure and often kill sneakers. After one spawning season as whitling or resident male, individual trouts may spawn again as large sea trout. The factors triggering the 'choice' to reproduce as whitling or as large male seems to be related to body size of young parrs since larger parrs more frequently develop the whitling tactic and smaller parrs the large male tactic. During upriver migrations, the silvery colour evolves into a dark breeding colour, the skull of males enlarges and the lower jaw develops a kype. Sometimes hybridises with S. salar.",Locally threatened by water pollution and impacts from salmon farming (sea lice etc.),No information available.,"It is harvested for human consumption, and for sport fishing.",,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salvelinus,alpinus,,Salvelinus alpinus,,"Anadromous, semi-anadromous, lacustrine, fluviatile-lacustrine and dwarf stocks are known, sometimes in sympatry. For most of them, detailed data are not available. Once available they are likely to show that several species are involved, whose identity is presently masked by unclear species definitions. If Alpine and northern European populations are considered conspecific as still asserted by numerous authors, then the name S. alpinus is not available for the present species but must be replaced by S. umbla, as required by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.  S. alpinus was previously included in the IUCN Red List (assessed as LR/lc in 1996); that species has since been split into 20 separate species (S. alpinus, S. colii, S. evasus, S. fimbriatus, S. gracillimus, S. grayi, S. inframundus, S. killinensis, S. lepechini, S. lonsdalii, S. mallochi, S. maxillaris, S. murta, S. obtusus, S. perisii, S. struanensis, S. thingvallensis, S. umbla, S. willoughbii, and S. youngeri).",No,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. However, several populations have significantly declined.    European Union 27 = NA. Less than 5% of the species global range is found within the European Union, therefore the species is listed as Not Applicable.",Unknown,"Iceland, Scandinavia, northern Russia [absent in rivers draining to Baltic and White Seas] present in rivers of Barents Sea basin from Volonga to Kara, Jan Mayen, Spitzberg, Kolguev, Bear and New Zemblia islands, northern Siberia, Alaska, Canada and Greenland; 'real' S. alpinus might be restricted to Europe and Greenland. Despite its scientific name, does not occur in the Alps.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Mainly lacustrine. Estuaries, rivers and lakes with cold, clear water. At sea, along coasts. Usually spawns on pebble to stone bottom in lakes. Riverine stocks spawn in rivers with slow current (0.2-0.8 m/s). Some riverine anadromous stocks in Norway spawn every year in fast-flowing waters of riffles. Biology: In large lakes, sympatric with S. lepechini. Most stocks differ in details of mode of life, migration, growth, reproduction, food. The following information apply to the species as a whole but do not apply exactly to a particular stock, which normally would have much less variable characteristics. Stocks north of about 65°N are anadromous. Juveniles spend their first 1-9 years in freshwater then move to the sea where they spend the short Arctic summer, returning to overwinter in frozen lakes. Some authors report that there is apparently no strict homing and that marine-feeding individuals become more opportunistic with age as to the choice of the river and lake they return to; in other areas, they consider that there is a strict homing. At sea, they remain in coastal areas; the longest documented marine migration is 940 km. Landlocked populations migrate within river drainage or are sedentary, lacustrine. Dwarf stocks are known in some Finnish lakes and upper stretches of rivers, characterised by a very slow growth rate; mature adults reach only 300-350 mm SL and 250-300 g (2000-5000 g in partly sympatric 'normal' lacustrine stocks). Lives up to a maximum of 32 years (usually up to 15). Anadromous stocks spawn for the first time at 4-10 years, lacustrine ones at 2-5; all individuals spawn every 3-4 years. Anadromous stocks grow much faster than lacustrine and riverine ones. Usually spawns in October-December; some populations spawn in spring, summer or winter. Prefers pebbles where males build nests 2-3 m in diameter. Usually, males are territorial and may spawn with several females. After spawning, some stocks return to sea, others remain 1-3 years in lake before returning to sea. In freshwater, feeds on benthos, plankton and small fish. At sea, feeds mainly on fish; anadromous individuals feed little in freshwater and not at all during migrations.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salvelinus,colii,,Salvelinus colii,,We treat S. scharffi and S. trevelyani as synonyms.,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"In the last few decades the decline of the species has increased rapidly, leading to the species becoming extirpated from many lakes (dates unknown, but some probably more than three generations ago - est. 15 years) which equate to about 30% of its population. The species is still extant in lakes in Donegal, Galway, Mayo and Kerry (more than 10 lakes/locations) with an area of occupancy of much less than 2,000 km², and is being impacted by many threats including eutrophication, introduced species and acidification of the water. The species is close to meeting the A2 and B2 criteria.",Unknown,"Ireland: several lakes draining westward, in Kerry, Clare, Galway, Mayo, Donegal and Westmeath Counties.","About 30% of population is extirpated (Igoe & Hammer 2004). In the last few decades the decline of the species has increased rapidly (e.g. high profile extinctions in Corrib and Conn). The species is extirpated in all the lakes in Clare (Loughs Cloonsnachta, Fin, Gortglass, Inchiquin, Licken), two lakes in Galway (Loughs Boffin, Corrib), two in Mayo (Castelbar, Conn), two in Donegal (Erne, Minitiaghs) and two in Westmeath (Ennell, Owel).",Habitat: Lacustrine. Biology: Spawns in November-December.,"Eutrophication of lakes, introduced fish species (both predation and competition from non native species and introgression from farmed charr) and acidification.","Arctic Char in Ireland are not adequately protected by law and are not listed under the EU habitats Directive.Some habitat improvements have been successful (e.g., Loughs Enell and Conn), and some catchment management plans have been set up, however unless they are successful in reducing phosphorous levels little change in water quality can be expected (Igoe et al. 2003).Improvement in water quality is needed in those lakes where the Char remain. Sport anglers need to be made aware of the potential impacts of non-native fish, including Pike, introductions. Limit afforestation in areas where native Char could be impacted by the increased acidification, particularly in the west of Ireland. Closer monitoring and possible licensing of Char farming should also be considered to try and limit the level of escapee fish, and ensure farmed Char do not have access to waters containing native Char (Igoe et al. 2003, Igoe and Hammer 2004).",,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salvelinus,evasus,,Salvelinus evasus,,The deep water charr reported from Lake Attersee is most likely not conspecific with S. evasus.,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"The species is endemic to Lake Ammersee (41 km²), Germany. There are no current threats to the species and it has persisted through many past threatening events including the introduction of alien species into the lake including other char species, the lake has been eutrophic (currently mesotrophic), it has been the target of commercial fisheries for many years, the catchment is heavily populated and still the species has not seen any decline in population (unlike the other lake endemic - Coregonus bavaricus). However the species is small and the introductions of more 'productive' fish (larger, faster growing fish), the main reasons for the previous introductions, is still a very real possibility.",Unknown,Germany: Lake Ammersee.,Abundant.,Habitat: Deep water (below 80 m). Biology: Almost no data. Spawns in all seasons with a peak in September and October.,"There are no known threats. Many species have been introduced into the lake including other char species, the lake has been eutrophic (currently mesotrophic), it has been the target of commercial fisheries for many years, the catchment is heavily populated and the species has not seen any decline in population (unlike the other lake endemic - Coregonus bavaricus).",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salvelinus,fimbriatus,,Salvelinus fimbriatus,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"The species is endemic to Lough Coomasaharn (Kerry, Ireland) (<5 km²), a small oligotrophic lake about 9 km from the sea where there is currently a healthy population. However many char populations have been extirpated from Irish lakes due to eutrophication and introduced species and these are potential threats to S. imbriatus.",Unknown,"Eire: endemic to Lough Coomasaharn (Kerry), a small oligotrophic lake about 9 km from the sea.",Healthy population in Lough Coomasaharn.,Habitat: Lacustrine. Biology: Spawns in November-December.,"Eutrophication and introduced species are potential threats to the species. Many char populations have been extirpated in Irish lakes due to eutrophication and introduced species (e.g. Scardinius erythrophthalmus, Rutilus rutilus, Esox lucius, Perca fluviatilus, Abrabus brama and Tinca tinca).","Arctic Char in Ireland are not adequately protected by law and are not listed under the EU habitats Directive.Some habitat improvements have been successful (e.g., Loughs Enell and Conn), and some catchment management plans have been set up, however unless they are successful in reducing phosphorous levels little change in water quality can be expected (Igoe et al. 2003).Improvement in water quality is needed in those lakes where the Char remain. Sport anglers need to be made aware of the potential impacts of non-native fish, including Pike, introductions. Limit afforestation in areas where native Char could be impacted by the increased acidification, particularly in the west of Ireland. Closer monitoring and possible licensing of Char farming should also be considered to try and limit the level of escapee fish, and ensure farmed Char do not have access to waters containing native Char (Igoe et al. 2003, Igoe and Hammer 2004).",,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salvelinus,gracillimus,,Salvelinus gracillimus,,Long recorded only from Shetland Islands. This or a similar species has recently been recorded from northern Scotland. Above diagnosis based largely on latter population.,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"The species is found in Loch Girlsta  (<5 km²) on the Shetland Islands and possibly in Scotland (Loch More - 4 km², Sutherland). There are no known current threats to the species however there are potential threats, most notably from introduced species (char have been impacted by introduced species across the UK and Ireland) and fish farms with non-native Arctic Char.",Unknown,"Shetland Islands (Loch of Girlsta); possibly Scotland (Loch More, Sutherland).",Last collected in 2006. Population trends unknown.,Habitat: Lacustrine. Biology: No data.,"Potential threats to arctic charr in the UK are introduced species, often from live bait practices in angling, and from charr fish farms (non native charr, e.g. Canadian arctic charr have been farmed in two Scottish lochs).",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salvelinus,grayi,,Salvelinus grayi,,,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)",EU27,,"The species is endemic to Lough Melvin (Donegal, Ireland) (20 km²), where the population may be in decline. Fisheries surveys have declined from 33 in 1975 and 42 in 1986 to only 12 in 2001. Also recent conservation work, with aim of translocating stock to nearby reservoirs to set up refuge populations, failed to find any specimens in 2003. Rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) were introduced around 20 years ago (1980s), and recently a rudd/roach hybrid was caught, indicating that roach have recently been introduced. There is also increasing levels of phosphorous entering the lake from its catchment. Many Char populations have been extirpated from Irish lakes due to eutrophication and introduced species.",Decreasing,Ireland: Lough Melvin.,Declining.,"Habitat: Lacustrine. Biology: Lives at depths of 10-30 m, except during spawning season. Feeds on Cladocera. Spawns in November, in shallow rocky area.","In Lough Melvin, rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) were introduced around 20 years ago (1980s), and recently a rudd/roach hybrid was caught, indicating that roach have recently been introduced. The lake is also experiencing increasing amounts of phosphorous from its catchment. Surveys in the past few decades have seen a decline in the number caught, in 1975 33 specimens were caught as part of a fisheries survey, 42 in 1986 which declined to 12 in 2001. As part of a conservation plan (translocate stock to a nearby reservoir to set up a refuge population) in 2003, 30 fyke nets were set up at a range of depths and failed to catch any specimens of char, snorkelling along shorelines also found no signs of spawning activity. (Igoe, F. http://www.charr.org/char/melvin. 20/02/2007).Many char populations have been extirpated in Irish lakes due to eutrophication and introduced species (e.g. Scardinius erythrophthalmus, Rutilus rutilus, Esox lucius, Perca fluviatilus, Abrabus brama and Tinca tinca).","A conservation action plan has been developed to translocate stock from Melvin to nearby reservoirs in County Tyrone, which would serve as refuge populations. It has been unsuccessful so far to locate any Char to translocate.In general, Arctic Char in Ireland are not adequately protected by law and are not listed under the EU habitats Directive. Some habitat improvements have been successful (e.g., Loughs Enell and Conn), and some catchment management plans have been set up, however unless they are successful in reducing phosphorous levels little change in water quality can be expected (Igoe et al. 2003).Improvement in water quality is needed in those lakes where the Char remain. Sport anglers need to be made aware of the potential impacts of non-native fish, including Pike, introductions. Limit afforestation in areas where native Char could be impacted by the increased acidification, particularly in the west of Ireland. Closer monitoring and possible licensing of Char farming should also be considered to try and limit the level of escapee fish, and ensure farmed Char do not have access to waters containing native Char (Igoe et al. 2003, Igoe and Hammer 2004).",,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salvelinus,inframundus,,Salvelinus inframundus,,"Long known only from the original description, based on material from Orkney Islands. This or a similar species has recently been recorded from Loch Meallt. Above diagnosis largely based on latter population.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"The species is regarded as extirpated from its type locality on the Orkney Islands (last recorded in 1908 when it was described), but there is no recent confirmation. A population of Salvelinus from Loch Mealt (photographed by Alexander and Adams in 2000) is tentatively identified as S. inframundus, but this needs confirmation. The impacts of the fish farming in Loch Mealt (Canadian Arctic Char) upon the native char population is unknown. More information is needed on the taxonomic identity of the char in Loch Mealt and the impact of the fish farming before a full Red List assessment can be made. The species could be Vulnerable to Extinct.",Unknown,"Orkney Islands (Heldale Water, Hoy Island) - presumed extirpated (last recorded in 1908), Scotland (Loch Mealt, Isle of Skye).",No information.,"Habitat: Loch Meallt is a small eutrophic lake, up to 3 m deep, on top of an exposed cliff. Biology: Feeds on sticklebacks, molluscs, insect larvae.","Canadian arctic charr are farmed on Loch Mealt, but the impacts upon the native charr are unknown. (http://www.snh.org.uk/futures/Data/pdfdocs/FRESHWATERS.pdf pg 88 20/02/2007)",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salvelinus,killinensis,,Salvelinus killinensis,,Long formally recorded only from Loch Killin. This or similar species have recently been recorded from several other lakes of Scotland. Above diagnosis largely based on latter populations.,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"The species is known from Loch Killin (2 km²) (Inverness-shire), Loch Doine (3 km²) (Trossachs), possibly Loch Builg (<5 km²) (Cairngorms) and other lakes. The species has no known current threats but the introduction of alien fish species from fish farms or angling is a potential threat.",Unknown,"Scotland: Loch Killin (Inverness-shire), Loch Doine (Trossachs), possibly Loch Builg (Cairngorms) and from several other lakes.",No information.,"Habitat: Deeper part of lakes. Biology: In Loch Killin, moves to shallow areas to spawn. Feeds on insect larvae, bivalves and crustaceans.",Fish farms and other means of introductions of alien fish species are a potential threat to the species.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salvelinus,lepechini,,Salvelinus lepechini,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A rare species but widespread and no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,"Found in lakes in Sweden, Norway, southern Finland and northern Russia (Kola Peninsula, northern Karelia, including Lakes Ladoga and Onega).",Rare.,"Habitat: Large deep lakes, very rarely in rivers. Benthic. Spawns in lakes, in shallow water along sand-pebble shores. Biology: In larger lakes (Ladoga, Onega), two forms: one in relatively shallow waters, about 30-50 m deep, the other one at 70-150 m. Both forms feed on fish, amphipods, molluscs, insects and gammarids. Growth is slow. Spawns for the first time at 4-6 years, spawns once every 2-3 years. Spawns in August-October.",May be impacted by stocked Salvelinus alpinus or S. umbla.,No information available.,"It is harvested for human consumption, and for sport fishing.",,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salvelinus,lonsdalii,,Salvelinus lonsdalii,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(v)+2ab(v),Yes,CR,B1ab(v)+2ab(v),EU27,,"The species is endemic to Haweswater (3 km²) (Cumbria, England) where there is some concern about the future of the population due to the levels of predation upon the species by cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo). This may not have been a threat to the species if its natural habitat (lake) had not been flooded and converted into a reservoir.",Unknown,"England: Haweswater (Cumbria). A resevoir that was created by the construction of a dam in 1929, which flooded two lakes (Highwater and Lowwater) and raised the water level.",No information.,Habitat: Deep lake. Biology: No data.,"The level of cormorant predation of the species in Haweswater is causing concern (Maitland et al. 2007). A tree nesting colony of these birds first took up residence at Haweswater in 1992, numbers have since increased and in 1998 50 pairs bred there.(www.countryside.wales.gov.uk/fe/fileupload_getfile.asp?filePathPrefix=1396&fileLanguage=e.pdf)","Control programmes for the cormorants have since been set up, but these do not kill the birds only scare them and the results of which are unknown.",,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salvelinus,mallochi,,Salvelinus mallochi,,"Long known only from the original description, based on material from Loch Scourie. This or a similar species has recently been recorded from lakes of northern Scotland. Above diagnosis largely based on latter populations.",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Known from Loch Scourie (1 km²) and Loch Shin (38 km²) (Sutherland), where there are no know threats. However alien fish species introduced via fish farming or angling is a potential threat.",Unknown,Scotland: Loch Scourie (presumed to be Loch a'Ghriam) and Loch Shin (Sutherland).,Still present in both lakes but no information on population trends.,Habitat: Lacustrine. Biology: No data.,No major threats known. But alien fish species introduced from fish farming and angling is a potential threat.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salvelinus,maxillaris,,Salvelinus maxillaris,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Long known only from the original description, based on material from a lake near Ben Hope. This or a similar species has recently been recorded from several lakes of northern Scotland. Recorded from several lakes in northern Scotland, especially draining to North Minch (strait between Highland, Skye Island and Hebrides Islands): Loch near Ben Hope (7 km²), possibly Loch Merkland (2 km²) (Sutherland), Loch Clair (0.5 km²), Loch Coulin (0.5 km²), possibly Loch Maree (35 km²) (Wester Ross), Loch Langavat (1 km²), Loch na Craobhaig (1 km²) (Isle of Lewis). The species has a small area of occupancy = 47 km² and is found in five, possibly sevens lakes. However there are potential threats to the species, most notably from introduced species (char have been impacted by introduced species across the UK and Ireland) and fish farms with non-native Arctic Char.",Unknown,"Recorded from several lakes in northern Scotland, especially draining to North Minch (strait between Highland, Skye Island and Hebrides Islands): Loch near Ben Hope, possibly Loch Merkland (Sutherland), Loch Clair, Loch Coulin, possibly Loch Maree (Wester Ross), Loch Langavat, Loch na Craobhaig (Isle of Lewis).",No information.,Habitat: Lacustrine. Biology: No data.,"Potential threats to arctic charr in the UK are introduced species, often from live bait practices in angling, and from charr fish farms (non native charr, e.g. Canadian arctic charr have been farmed in two Scottish lochs).",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salvelinus,murta,,Salvelinus murta,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"The species is found in Iceland: Lake Thingvalla (77 km²). There are no major current or potential threats to the species, the lake has very little population in its catchment and no agriculture or forestry, and the lake is within the Thingvallir National Park.",Unknown,Iceland: Lake Thingvalla.,Abundant.,"Habitat: Open waters. Biology: Pelagic. Lives up to 18 years. Spawns for the first time at 3-6 years. Spawns in October. Feeds on zooplankton (Daphnia, Cyclops) and insects. A few individuals are piscivorous, have a slightly different morphology, tend to live closer to shores and develop a colour pattern somewhat similar to S. thingvallensis; they feed mainly on Gasterosteus islandicus, supplemented by small planktivorous conspecifics. Recent data suggest that they might be a distinct species.",There are no major threats to the species. The lake has very little population in its catchment and no agriculture or forestry.,Lake Thingvalla is within the Thingvallir National Park.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salvelinus,neocomensis,,Salvelinus neocomensis,,,Yes,EX,,Yes,EX,,EU27,,"S. neocomensis was known definitely only from Lake Neuchâtel where it is now reported to be Extinct, it was last recorded in 1904. Further research has been undertaken (1950s and 2003) which failed to find evidence of its survival.",0,Lake Neuchâtel (Switzerland).,The species was last recorded in 1904. Further research has been undertaken and failed to find the species.,"Habitat: Deep water (below 80 m). Biology: Spawns on muddy sediments in Lake Neuchâtel. Feeds mainly on insect larvae, snails, crustaceans and fish eggs.",Unknown.,None.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salvelinus,obtusus,,Salvelinus obtusus,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"The species is known from Loughs Leane (19 km²) which is eutrophic, and Lough Muckross (1.5 km²) where the last record was in 1904 and its current status is unknown (Kerry). It has been extirpated from Loughs Tay (Wicklow), last recorded 1908, and Dan (Wicklow) where it was last recorded 1988 and subsequent surveys in 1994 and 1996 failed to record any char. In Lough Acoose (Kerry) surveys in 1983 failed to find any Char. The species is therefore only found in one location (Lough Leane and Muckross are linked) where it is threatened by eutrophication.",Unknown,"Eire: The species is known from Loughs Leane (19 km²), last recorded in 1999 (current status unknown), and the oligotrophic Lough Muckross (1.5 km²) where the last record was in 1904 (current status unknown) in Kerry. It has been extirpated from Loughs Tay (Wicklow), last recorded 1908, and Dan (Wicklow) where it was last recorded 1988 and subsequent surveys in 1994 and 1996 failed to record any char. In Lough Accose (Kerry) surveys in 1983 failed to find any char.",No information.,Habitat: Lacustrine. Biology: No data.,"Lough Leane is eutrophic which is impacting the species, it also suffered from domestic pollution in the early 1980s. The reasons for the extirpations in Lough Tay and Dan are believed to be the increased acidic conditions caused by afforestation in the catchment. High levels of inorganic aluminium were recorded from a river that drained a heavily afforested catchment into Lough Dan (Igoe et al. 2003).","Arctic Char in Ireland are not adequately protected by law and are not listed under the EU habitats Directive. Some habitat improvements have been successful (e.g., Loughs Enell and Conn), and some catchment management plans have been set up, however unless they are successful in reducing phosphorous levels little change in water quality can be expected (Igoe et al. 2003).Improvement in water quality is needed in those lakes where the Char remain. Sport anglers need to be made aware of the potential impacts of non-native fish, including Pike, introductions. Limit afforestation in areas where native Char could be impacted by the increased acidification, particularly in the west of Ireland. Closer monitoring and possible licensing of Char farming should also be considered to try and limit the level of escapee fish, and ensure farmed Char do not have access to waters containing native Char (Igoe et al. 2003, Igoe and Hammer 2004).",,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salvelinus,perisii,,Salvelinus perisii,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"The species is found in six locations in north Wales. Four native locations; Lakes Llyn Peris (0.5 km²) where the species was extirpated when the lake was drained for the construction of a water pumping scheme in 1970s, Padarn (1 km²), Cwellyn (1 km²) and Bodlyn (<0.5 km²) (Gwynedd) and two benign introductions in Llyn Dulyn and Ffynnon Llugwy (translocated from Llyn Peris before the water pump construction). The populations in the remaining lakes are all healthy apart from Llyn Bodlyn where its status is unknown. The species total area of occupancy is estimated at around 5 km². There are no current threats to the species and two of the lakes are afforded official protection (Llyn Cwelyn is an cSAC and Lyn Padarn is a SSSI). However potential threats to the species do exist from increased recreational use including angling, and therefore also the risk of introduced species. One lake (Llyn Bodlyn) has no protection and is dammed and used as a water supply.",Unknown,"Wales: Lakes Llyn Peris, Padarn, Cwellyn and Bodlyn (Gwynedd). Stock from Llyn Peris were translocated to Llyn Dulyn and Ffynnon Llugwy.","The populations in Padarn and Cwellyn are healthy, in Bodlyn the status is unknown and in Peris it is extirpated (1970's). The translocated fish from Llyn Peris, in Llyn Dulyn and Ffynnon Llugwy are both healthy populations.","Habitat: Deep lakes. Biology: Forms shoals at surface in summer, probably for feeding on insects or plankton. Spawns in November-December. In Llanberis lakes, used to move in November from lower lake (Llyn Padarn) to lower part of upper lake (Llyn Peris), where it spawned in shallow areas. Construction of Dinorwic hydroelectric scheme disrupted this migration; now mainly living and spawning in Llyn Padarn.","Used to move from lower lake (Llyn Padarn) to lower part of upper lake (Llyn Peris), where it spawned in shallow areas. Construction of Dinorwic hydroelectric scheme (1970s) disrupted this migration, it is now extirpated from Llyn Peris.In the 1980s there was concern that eutrophication was causing faster growth and larger adult size in the fish in Llyn Padarn, but a phosphate stripper installed on the sewage has solved this problem. There is also potential impacts to the Llyn Padarn population from increased angling use and other recreational use (currently low).Llyn Cwellyn currently has low angling and recreational use and although a dam was constructed on the outflow from the lake in 1976 an operational agreement between the owners of the dam and the Environment Agency to ensure levels of water are not reduced to levels that would be harmful to the species during spawning season.Llyn Bodlyn has no official level of protection and may be at the most risk. The lake is very small (16 ha / 0.16 km2 max of 22 metres deep) so that climate change may reduce deep water thermal refuge in the lake. A dam was also built on the outflow of the lake and provides a regulated water supply.","Llyn Padarn is a protected area (SSSI). Llyn Cwellyn is protected as a SAC (Special Area of Conservation - EU). Llyn Cwellyn has an operational agreement between the owners of the dam and the Environment Agency to ensure levels of water are not reduced to levels that would be harmful to the species during spawning season.Approval for the draining of Llyn Peris, and the construction of the water pumping scheme was only granted on the condition that the Arctic Char were translocated into suitable lakes in North Walse (Llyn Dulyn and Ffynnon Llugwy).",,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salvelinus,profundus,,Salvelinus profundus,,"S. profundus was known definitely only from Lake Constance where it is now extinct. Although a local population is now sometimes recorded as tiefseesaibling, this is not the original one but a phase of S. umbla.",Yes,EX,,Yes,EX,,EU27,,"The species was endemic to Lake Costance and was a commercial species in the 1960s but it is thought to have gone extinct in the 1970's when the eutrophicaton peaked, which is believed to have impacted egg development. It has not been recorded since and there have been several surveys in the past 10 years specifically find the species as the conditions in the lake have improved.",0,"Lake Constance (Switzerland, Germany, Austria).",Last recorded in the 1970's.,"Habitat: Deep water (below 80 m). Lives and feeds on bottom. Biology: When brought to surface in nets, usually appears with a greatly bloated belly because of expansion of gas bladder resulting from reduction of water pressure. Possibly spawns on an extended period between July-February (or maybe even at all seasons), at depths around 60-80 m, on pebble bottom in most lakes. Feeds mainly on cocoons of Turbellaria and copepods.",Eutrophication which peaked in 1979. Natural reproduction in Salvelinus species is said to have almost stopped during the period of high eutrophication as the eggs could no longer develop in the low-oxygen substrates.,None.,--- Other purpose text ---Now extinct,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salvelinus,sp. nov. 'Fjellfrøsvatn',,Salvelinus sp. nov. 'Fjellfrøsvatn',,,Yes,VU,D2,No,,,EU27,,"Fjellfrøsvatn, an oligotrophic subarctic lake on a tributary of River Målslev (17 km², 69°N), Tromsø County, northern Norway. Potentially threatened from introduced species (stocking of other Arctic Charr) and eutrophication.",Unknown,"Fjellfrøsvatn, an oligotrophic subarctic lake on a tributary of River Målslev (69°N), Tromsø County, northern Norway.",No information.,"Habitat: Lacustrine, below 20 m depth. The lake is oligotrophic, 6 km2, maximum depth 80 m, flat and muddy bottom in deeper part, covered by snow and ice from November-December to May-June. Biology: Spawns for the first time at 70 mm SL. Spawns in late February-early March. Feeds on benthic invertebrates.",Potentially threatened from introduced species (stocking of other Arctic charr) and eutrophication.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salvelinus,struanensis,,Salvelinus struanensis,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"The species is only known from Loch Rannoch (14 km²) and Loch Ericht (21 km²), where it is currently common. However there are potential threats to the species, most notably from introduced species (char have been impacted by introduced species across the UK and Ireland) and escapees from fish farms with non-native Arctic Char.",Unknown,Scotland: Loch Rannoch and Loch Ericht.,Charr are common in Loch Rannoch.,"Habitat: Pelagic zone of fjord-like lakes, usually less than 20 m below surface. Biology: Reaches up to eight years. Adult males have dark red flank and belly, white pelvic-fin edges. Spawns in late September-October on gravels along shelving shores of lakes. Feeds on zooplankton, especially Cladocera (Daphnia).","Potential threats to the species, most notably from introduced species (char have been impacted by introduced species across the UK and Ireland) and escapees from fish farms with non-native arctic char.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salvelinus,thingvallensis,,Salvelinus thingvallensis,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"The species is found in Iceland: Lake Thingvalla (77 km²). There are no major current or potential threats to the species, the lake has very little population in its catchment and no agriculture or forestry, and the lake is within the Thingvallir National Park.",Unknown,Iceland: Lake Thingvalla.,Abundant.,"Habitat: Shallow littoral zone, in water 0-10 m deep. Biology: Active at night, hides between stones during day. Lives up to 17 years. Spawns for the first time at 2-4 years. Usually spawns in October-November, but in areas with cold water springs, some individuals may spawn in July-September. Feeds mainly on snails, and to a lesser extent on benthic insects.",There are no major threats to the species. The lake has very little population in its catchment and no agriculture or forestry.,Lake Thingvalla is within the Thingvallir National Park.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salvelinus,umbla,,Salvelinus umbla,,The different populations grouped here under S. umbla exhibit a great diversity of shape and colouration; detailed comparative studies are needed to establish their identities.,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"The species is found in many Alpine and sub-Alpine lakes in France, Switzerland, Germany, Italy and Austria. In many lakes its population crashed due to eutrophication in the 1960s and 1970s, and was extirpated in some locations. In some of these lakes the populations are maintained only by stocking programs or by transplantation from other lakes. Overall the population is recovering and is locally threatened by habitat destruction.",Unknown,"Alpine and subalpine lakes in Italy (Trentino, Alto Adige), France (Lake Bourget), Switzerland, Germany and Austria. Introduced in numerous high altitude lakes.","In some lakes it was extirpated (e.g. Mondsee) in many cases restocked from other lakes. In some lakes it is recovering (e.g Constance where it was almost extirpated, Geneva). In some lakes the population has always been healthy (e.g. Grundl and Konigsee). In general, there was a population collapse in the 1970s and the population is now recovering.","Habitat: Deep lakes in glacial valleys, high altitude lakes. Biology: Spawns for the first time at 2-3 years. Spawns in November-December, on pebble to stone bottom on steep slopes, at 30-120 m depth. Feeds on crustaceans, insects and benthic fauna; a few individuals develop as large piscivores and develop a distinct morphology. Numerous dwarf, stunted populations exist in Alpine lakes (up to 2680 m); all seem to result from introductions.",The major threat to the species was eutrophication which occurred in the 1960s and 1970s. Habitat destruction is also a local threat.,In the lakes where the species was extirpated stock from other lakes were often introduced.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salvelinus,willoughbii,,Salvelinus willoughbii,,"Spring and autumn spawning charrs occur sympatrically in Windermere; they do not interbreed in the wild (but can be crossed under laboratory conditions) and are reportedly not distinguishable morphologically except by gill raker counts (which broadly overlap) and more brilliant coloration for the spring spawner. Another morphological study concluded that they differ, but did not explicitly state how they differ. There are indications that they are genetically isolated, for which reason they are here treated as distinct species. Autumn and spring spawners occur in other Cumbrian lakes but they co-occur only in Windermere. No information is available on spawning period of charrs in other Cumbrian lakes (Goat's Water, Wast Water, Lowes Water). The Ennerdale population is said to be phenotypically distinct, but the differences have never been described; its status cannot therefore be evaluated. Differences between S. willoughbii and S. maxillaris, are slight and they are possibly conspecific. In the past, numerous populations in intermediate areas have been referred to S. willoughbii, but more data are needed to decide their identity.",Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"The species is currently only found in two lakes in Cumbria, England (Windermere and Ennerdale - combined area of occupancy/extent of occurrence less than 20 km²). There are concerns over the status of the species in both these lakes due to the impacts of introduced species, eutrophication, and possibly also land use change.",Unknown,England: Lakes Windermere and possibly also found in Ennerdale Water (Cumbria).,There are concerns over the stocks in Windermere and Ennerdale.,"Habitat: Deep lakes. Biology: Spawns in early November, in shallow water (1-3 m deep) and in main tributaries, on stone bottom. Eggs hatch in 64-80 days.",Eutrophication and introduced species and possibly impacted by land use change.,"Lakes Windermere and Ennerdale are both nationally protected as SSSI (Sites of Special Scientific Interest). There have also been translocations (unknown whether it is the spring or autumn spawning Char) from Windermere to Grimwirth Reservoir (Yorkshire) (1989, 1990, 1991), where the species is most likely still present.",,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salvelinus,youngeri,,Salvelinus youngeri,,"Long recorded only from the original description, based on material from Loch Eck. Above diagnosis based on Loch Eck population. This or similar species have recently been recorded from several lakes of western and central Scotland; they differ in having a somewhat smaller eye (4.0-4.5 times in HL), darker body, and small pale spots, often indistinct. Loch Doon population is reporded to have a ""substantially lower"" number of branchiostegal rays [actual numbers not stated], which, if confirmed, suggests it could be a distinct species.",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"The species known from Loch Eck (5km²), and possibly also recorded from Loch Awe (57 km²)(Argyll), Loch Lee (1 km²) (Angus), Loch Earn (11 km²) (Perthshire), and Loch Doon (9 km²) (Ayrshire). There are potential threats to the species, most notably from introduced species (char have been impacted by introduced species across the UK and Ireland) and escapees from fish farms with non-native Arctic Char.",Unknown,"Scotland: Loch Eck, and possibly also recorded from Loch Awe (Argyll), Loch Lee (Angus), Loch Earn (Pertshire), and Loch Doon (Ayrshire); Loch Doon population has been introduced in Megget and Talla reservoirs.",No information.,"Habitat: Lacustrine. Biology: In Loch Doon: Lives up to nine years. Spawns in October, over gravel and stones in shallow water, along stone shore line. Feeds on zooplankton in summer, on benthic invertebrates rest of year.","Potential threats to arctic charr in the UK are introduced species, often from live bait practices in angling, and from charr fish farms (non native charr, e.g. Canadian arctic charr have been farmed in two Scottish lochs).",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,PERCIDAE,Sander,lucioperca,,Sander lucioperca,,Earlier knows as Stizostedion lucioperca and Lucioperca lucioperca.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,"Caspian, Baltic, Black and Aral Sea basins; Elbe (North Sea basin) and Maritza (Aegean Sea basin) drainages. North to about 65°N in Finland. Introductions began in 1878 in Great Britain, followed by Italy, Strymon drainage (Greece) and continental Europe west of Elbe, Ebro, Tagus and Jucar drainages in Iberian Peninsula, Onega and Severnaya Dvina in White Sea basin. Widely introduced outside Europe in Anatolia, North Africa, Ob and Amur drainages (Siberia), Lakes Issyk-kul (Kyrgyzstan), Balkhash and many smaller basins in central Kazakhstan.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Large, turbid rivers and eutrophic lakes; brackish coastal lakes and estuaries. Biology: Lives up to 17 years. Spawns for the first time at 3-10 years, usually at four. Spawns in April-May, exceptional from late February until July, depending on latitude and altitude, when temperatures reach 10-14°C in spawning grounds (lowest temperature for egg incubation 11.5°C). May undertake short spawning migrations. Individuals foraging in brackish water migrate to freshwater habitats (migrations of up to 250 km have been recorded). Homing well developed, even nearby populations may be relatively isolated. Males are territorial and excavate shallow depressions about 50 cm in diameter and 5-10 cm deep in sand or gravel, or among exposed plant roots on which eggs are deposited, usually in turbid water and at 1-3 m depth. Spawns in pairs, at dawn or night. Female remains over the nest while male circles rapidly around, at about 1 metre from nest. Then male takes a vertical orientation and both swim around swiftly, and eggs and sperm are released. After all the eggs are released female leaves the nest site. Male defends the nest and fans the eggs with his pectorals. Females spawn once a year. Feeding larvae are positively phototactic and feed on pelagic organisms after they leave the nest for open water. Piscivorous, feeding mostly on gregarious, pelagic fishes.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,PERCIDAE,Sander,volgensis,,Sander volgensis,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,"Northern Black Sea basin, from Danube (up to Vienna) to Kuban drainages (where it is introduced); Caspian basin (Volga and Ural drainages). Also locally introduced in Anatolia.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Large, turbid rivers and lakes; in brackish coastal lakes and estuaries. Biology: Lives up to 12 years. Spawns for the first time at 3-4 years and 200-300 mm SL, females usually a year later than males. Spawns for about one month in April-May, at 10-22°C. Individual females may spawn 2-3 portions of eggs. May undertake short spawning migrations. Males are territorial and excavate shallow depressions in sand or gravel, or exposed plant roots on which eggs are deposited, usually along shallow shores at 1-2 m depth. Nests often close to nests of S. lucioperca. Most active at dusk and dawn, foraging on small fish and invertebrates. Larvae and juveniles pelagic, feeding on zooplankton.",No major threats known.,No information available.,This species is harvested for human consumption.,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Scardinius,acarnanicus,,Scardinius acarnanicus,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"This is a restricted range species limited to five locations where there is a decline in habitat quality. However, it is not clear how this habitat decline is impacting the species at present. On this basis it is close to qualifying as EN B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii).",Unknown,"Restricted to the Acheloos river system, mainly in the lakes Trichonis, Lyssimachia, Ozeros, and Amvrakia in Greece.",Stable.,It lives mainly in lakes.,"Overfishing, water extraction and pollution.",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Scardinius,dergle,,Scardinius dergle,,,Yes,NT,,No,,,EU27,,"The species is known from Karstic streams in Livanjsko polje, Lakes Buško and Mandečko near Livno, Šarena lakes (many lakes, some interlinked) at Knin, Krka lake and Cetina basin. The species extent of occurrence is around 7,000 km². The major threats to S. dergle are introduced species, as in Lake Buško, where Silurus glanis has been introduced around the year 2000, the impacts of this are currently unknown. There is also a potential threat of introduced species in the other locations. However the species is found in more than 10 locations.",Unknown,"Karstic streams in Livanjsko polje, Lakes Buško and Mandecko near Livno, Šarena lakes (many lake some are interlinked) at Knin, Krka (in a natural lake, dammed by a waterfall) and Cetina basins.",Population in the Krka basin is very abundant.,Habitat: Slow-flowing and still waters and lakes. Biology: No data.,"In Buško lake Silurus glanis, a highly predatory cat fish, was introduced around 2000. Its impacts upon S. dergle are unknown. In Livanjsko polje, there is very little water remaining due to long term water abstraction (it has been like this many years).",Its distribution within the Krka basin is partially covered by Krka National Park.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Scardinius,erythrophthalmus,,Scardinius erythrophthalmus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.,Unknown,"Most European rivers north of Pyrénées and Alps, eastward to Ural and Eya drainages, Aral and White Sea basins; Black Sea basin in Europe and northern Asia Minor. Naturally absent from Iberian Peninsula, Adriatic basin, Italy, Greece south of Pinios drainage, Great Britain north of 54°N, Ireland and Scandinavia north of 62°N. Introduced to Spain and Corsica.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Mainly nutrient-rich, well vegetated lowland rivers, backwaters, oxbows, ponds and lakes. Spawns on roots or submerged plants. Biology: Lives up to 17 years. Spawns for the first time at 3-4 years. Fractional spawner. Spawns in April-July, when temperature rises above 15°C. Males assemble at spawning grounds and drive ripe females, often with much splashing, into dense vegetation to spawn. Eggs are very sticky. Feeds predominantly on plankton, terrestrial insects and plant material. Able to adapt to unfavourable environmental conditions by slow growth and small size at maturity (stunted populations).",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Scardinius,graecus,,Scardinius graecus,,,Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v)",EU27,,"This species is restricted to a single lake (Yliki) and has an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) <100 km² and area of occupancy (AOO) <10 km² (based on the available spawning area along the shoreline). The lake is taken to be a single location due to the lake-wide impact of lake level decline and loss of habitat. The EOO and AOO are both declining, habitat quality is declining, and number mature individuals is thought to be declining due to the additional pressure from overfishing.",Decreasing,"Restricted to lake Yliki in Beotia, Greece.",Possibly decreasing as the lake is subject to large fluctuations in water level.,A lacustrine species with a lake-wide distribution although it requires shoreline habitat (vegetation) for reproduction.,"Water extraction and drought, which are resulting in lake level fluctuations and overall lake level decline.",It is listed in Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Scardinius,hesperidicus,,Scardinius hesperidicus,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,A widespread distribution (native most likely from Po and eastwards in Italy). May locally hybridise with S. erythrophthalmus where they have been introduced.,Unknown,Adriatic and Tyrrhenian basins in Italy and Switzerland. Widely introduced in Italy. Most likely only native in Po drainage and Adriatic rivers east of Po.,Abundant.,"Habitat: In well vegetated lowland rivers, backwaters, oxbows, ponds and lakes. Spawns on submerged plants. Biology: Lives up to 15 years. Spawns for the first time at 2-3 years. Fractional spawner. Spawns in March-July, when temperature rises above 18°C. Feeds predominantly on macrophytes and terrestrial insects.",Hybridisation with introduced S. erythrophthalmus.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Scardinius,knezevici,,Scardinius knezevici,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is apparently now rare in Lake Ohrid but it is abundant in Lake Skadar, and is therefore assessed as Least Concern.European Union 27 = LC. Rationale same as above.",Unknown,"This species is known from Lakes Ohrid (Macedonia, Albania) and Skadar (Montenegro, Albania).",No information available.,It is found in deep pools and canals in swampy areas along lake shores or in floodplain. It spawns in April-May.,"Introduction and invasion of alien species, especially alien Scardinius are a serious threat as stocking is de facto unregulated. Also, plans to connect the Drin catchment with the Danube are still under discussion and if this happens, the invasion of alien species will most likely eradicate most Drin endemics.",No information available.,No information available.,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Scardinius,plotizza,,Scardinius plotizza,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"A restricted range species (extent of occurrence estimated 10,000 km²) but with no known major widespread threats.",Unknown,"Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia: middle and lower Neretva drainage, Stara (Old) Neretva, Lake Desne, lake basins near Imotski, Matica drainage near Vrgorac.",Abundant.,"Habitat: In well vegetated rivers, backwaters, oxbows, ponds and lakes. Biology: No data.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Scardinius,racovitzai,,Scardinius racovitzai,,,Yes,CR,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",EU27,,"The species is restricted to a very small hot spring (Petzea) in Romania, with an area of occupancy of less than 1 km². In 1998, the habitat was observed to be in good condition and the species was very common. However in 2000, the site was observed to be heavily polluted with litter, and that the public bath that the hot spring feeds was being re-built and modernised which is predicted to extract larger quantities of water from the spring.",Unknown,"Western Romania: hot spring Petzea (or Baile Epiropesti) close to Oradea, about 10,000 m².","In 1998, it was observed that the fish was common and the habitat was in good conditon. However in 2000, the site was heavily polluted with litter.","Habitat: Densely vegetated, shallow hot spring with mud bottom. Biology: No data.","In 2000 it was observed that the spring was heavily polluted with litter. The spring water is also used to feed a public bath which was being rebuilt with plans to channel more water than previously from the spring (M. Glaubrecht, pers comm. to J. Freyhof).",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Scardinius,scardafa,,Scardinius scardafa,,,Yes,CR,A3e,Yes,CR,A3e,EU27,,"There are current plans to introduce non-native species, which have previously been responsible for the extirpation of this species throughout its entire natural range. The introduction is for sport fishing. This sort of action has happened repeatedly throughout the region so there is a real concern that the plans will go ahead. If the introductions go ahead it is suspected that the population will decline by more than 80% within less than 10 years. It is possible that it could have arrived in the lake through existing connections to its original locations in the Tiber basin.",Unknown,Only survives in Lake Scano and nowhere else. This location is outside its original natural range. It was introduced to Scano around 100–150 years ago from Lake Fucino. The population in Lake Scano has been confirmed as genetically identical to that from the original type specimens from Lake Fucino.,Extinct throughout its native range. It now only remains in Lake Scano (outside the native range) where it is well established.,Lives in lakes and the lower reaches of rivers rich in aquatic vegetation.,Potential introduction of Scardinius erythropthalmus (as planned by the local authority) which has already been responsible for its extinction throughout its former range.,None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SILURIFORMES,SILURIDAE,Silurus,aristotelis,,Silurus aristotelis,,Note correction to spelling of the generic name from Siluris to Silurus.,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,There is insufficient information on population status to make an assessment at present.,Unknown,"Restricted to Lakes Trichonis, Lyssimachia and Amvrakia in western Greece. In the 1980s it was introduced to Lake Volvi, northern Greece and to Lake Pahvotis in western Greece (date of introduction unknown).",No data.,It lives in lakes exclusively.,Water pollution. Overfishing.,It is listed in Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive and in Appendix III of the Bern Convention.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SILURIFORMES,SILURIDAE,Silurus,glanis,,Silurus glanis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. However, the species is locally threatened due to river regulation destruction of shallow spawning sites. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.",Unknown,"North, Baltic, Black, Caspian and Aral Sea basins, as far north as southern Sweden and Finland; Aegean Sea basin, in Maritza and from Stuma to Sperchios drainages; Turkey. Absent from rest of Mediterranean basin. Introduced in Rhône drainage in 1857 and in British Isles during second half of 19th century. Now widely introduced and translocated throughout Europe and Lake Balkhash basin (Kazakhstan).",Abundant.,"Habitat: Large and medium size lowland rivers, backwaters and well vegetated lakes. Spawns in shallow, warm and well vegetated riverine habitats without current. Biology: Lives up to 80 years in the wild. Spawns for the first time at 2-3 years and 1-2 kg. Spawns in April-June, in northern areas until August, when temperature reaches about 20°C. In spawning grounds, males defend small territories and build nests of plant material, dig shallow depressions or clean spawning substrate such as willow (Salix) roots. Nests are defended by males until larvae emerge. Spawns in pairs. During spawning act, the male embraces the female. Eggs hatch in 2-3 days and larvae remain in nest until yolk sack is absorbed (2-4 days). A nocturnal predator, feeding near bottom and in water column. Very sensitive to extra-aquatic sounds. Head sensory canal system allows to track the wakes [a trail of hydrodynamic and chemical signatures left by a swimming fish] of prey up to 10 seconds old over distances up to 55 times the length of the prey. Larvae and juveniles benthic and negatively phototactic, feeding on a wide variety of invertebrates and fish. Adults feed on fish and other aquatic vertebrates.",River regulation destroying shallow spawning sites.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Squalius,albus,,Squalius albus,,Often considered as a synonym of Squalius squalus.,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Still abundant in Lake Trasimeno, which is eutrophic and stocked with a wide variety of non-indigenous fish species.European Union 27 = LC. Rationale same as above.",Unknown,"This species is known from the Lake Trasimeno basin, Italy.",No information available.,"This is a lacustrine species, found in open water.","Introduction and invasion of alien species, especially alien Squalius, are a serious threat as stocking is de facto unregulated.",No information available.,No information available.,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Squalius,aphipsi,,Squalius aphipsi,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"Only known from the southern Kuban Drainage (extent of occurrence estimated at around 10,000 km²), where it is abundant throughout its range. No major threats are known for the species.",Unknown,Kuban drainage: southern tributaries from Adagum to Laba systems.,Abundant.,"Habitat: Piedmont and mountain streams with Mediterranean water regime, strong to moderate current, rock or gravel bottom, abundant along shores. May be restricted to very small pools during summer. Spawns in shallow riffle habitats, with strong current and stone or pebble bottom, at 10-20 cm water depth. Biology: Males reproduce for the first time at two years, females often one year later. Spawns in April-June at temperatures above 20°C. Does not migrate long distances, but moves downstream in winter to deeper pools, and in summer to uppermost stretches of streams. Females lay eggs in 2-3 portions during entire spawning period. Eggs are 1.9 mm in diameter, orange, and adhere to pebbles. Eggs hatch in 3 days. Larvae lack adhesive glands, lie passively on bottom; at 3 days, become negatively phototactic and actively hide under stones. After start of active feeding, they drift to shallow areas. Feeds mainly on terrestrial insects, benthic invertebrates and algae.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Squalius,aradensis,,Squalius aradensis,,"Recent change from genus Leuciscus to Squalius (Zardoya and Doadrio 1999, Sanjur et al. 2003).",Yes,VU,"B2ab(iii,v)",Yes,VU,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU27,,"S. aradensis is relatively abundant but occurs in only three rivers and has a small range (area of occupancy (AOO) <2,000 km²). Water extraction, drought and the introduction of exotic fish species are threats to the three rivers and are causing a decline in habitat quality and number of mature individuals of S. aradensis.",Unknown,"It is restricted to three river basins in Portugal: Arade, Algibre and Bordeira basins.",Quite abundant.,No data.,"Water extraction, drought and introduction of exotic fish species.",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Squalius,carolitertii,,Squalius carolitertii,,"There has been a recent change of genus from Leuciscus to Squalius (Zardoya and Doadrio 1999, Sanjur et al. 2003).",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"L. carolitertii is locally abundant and widespread, although it has a fragmented distribution and many current potential threats (canal construction could allow more introduced species to enter L. carolitertii native range).",Unknown,"It is restricted to river basins in Spain and Portugal: Lerez, Mino, Limia, Duero, Umia, Tajo and Mondego basins.",Locally abundant.,It is particularly common in medium size reaches although it can be found in a wide variety of habitats both upstream and downstream. During summer drought this species is well adapted to live in marginal pools with low levels of dissolved oxygen.,"Water extraction, canal construction and introduction of exotic fish species.",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Squalius,castellanus,,Squalius castellanus,,"Previously this species was included within Squalius pyrenaicus (Günther, 1868), but it is now recognised as a separate species (Doadrio et al. 2007).",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)",EU27,,"This species is known from small populations along the Gallo River (Tagus basin) and its main tributaries (Bullones and Arandilla rivers). It has a very restricted range (extent of occurrence less than 500 km²) and, based on the major threat of pollution from the nearby city Molina de Aragonis, it is known from only three locations. In the last ten years only one individual has been collected in the Gallo River.",Decreasing,"Squalius castellanus is known from only one small populations along the Gallo River (Tagus basin) and its main tributaries, both Bullones and Arandilla Rivers, Central Spain (Doadrio et al. 2007).",In the last ten years only one individual has been collected in the Gallo River.,The species occurs in rivers.,The main threat to the species is pollution from the city of Molina de Aragon.,There are no known conservation measures in place.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Squalius,cephalus,,Squalius cephalus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.,Unknown,"North, Baltic, northern Black, White, Barents and Caspian Sea basins, Atlantic basin southward to Adour drainage (France), Great Britain north to 56°N, Scandinavia: southern Finland, Sweden north to about Stockholm. Mediterranean basin from Var to Hérault (possibly Aude) (France) drainages. Introduced elsewhere. Naturally absent from Italy and Adriatic basin.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Most abundant in small rivers and large streams of barbel zone with riffles and pools. Also along shores of slow-flowing lowland rivers, even in very small mountain streams. Also in large lakes, undertaking spawning migrations to inflowing streams. Spawns in fast-flowing water above gravel bottom, rarely among submerged vegetation. Biology: Juveniles are gregarious, adults more solitary. Lives up to 15 years, females longer than males. Males reproduce for the first time at 2-4 years, females at 4-6. Maturity is influenced by environmental factors and individuals may mature much later. Spawns in May-August, when temperature rises above 12°C. Females spawn more than once during a season. Individual females spawn with several males. Males assemble at spawning grounds and follow ripe females, often with much splashing, to shallow riffles. Females deposit the sticky eggs into the gravel. Feeding larvae and juveniles inhabit very shallow shoreline habitats. Feeds on a wide variety of aquatic and terrestrial animal and plant material. Large individuals become predominantly piscivorous. Frequently forms fertile hybrids with Alburnus alburnus.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Squalius,cii,,Squalius cii,,YesIt is not clear if the Lesbos population belongs to this species.Yes,No,EN,B1ab(iii),No,EN,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"Based on the current understanding of this species concept it is only found within Europe on the island of Lesbos in the northern Aegean (extent of occurrence of less than 5,000 km²). The species is locally threatened by pollution, water abstraction and drought. The number of locations the species is found in is less than 5.     European Union 27 = EN B1ab(iii). Same rational as above.",Unknown,"Turkey; Lake İznik basin, streams Simav and Biga (Sea of Marmara drainage) as well as from the stream Menderes on the Biga peninsular (Aegean Sea drainage). Greece; Lesbos.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Streams, lakes and sometimes restricted to isolated pools during droughts. Biology: No data.","Droughts (predicted to increase in severity due to climate change), pollution and water abstraction.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Squalius,illyricus,,Squalius illyricus,,"Some authors consider this species as doubtful (Bianco and Knezevic 1987). There has been a recent change of genus from Leuciscus to Squalius (Zardoya and Doadrio 1999, Bogutskaya and Zupancic 1999, Sanjur et al. 2003).",Yes,NT,,No,,,EU27,,"L. illiyricus has not declined in the past 10 years. It occurs in two rivers (Cetina and Krka basins) where there is a possibility of alien species being introduced. However it is a robust species and is thought that the alien species that have been introduced in the region would probably not have a major impact (Mrakovcic, M. pers comm). It could qualify for VU D2 depending upon the potential impact of introduced species.",Unknown,It is restricted to the Cetina and Krka River basins in Croatia.,"Hasn't declined in the past 10 years (M. Mrakovcic, pers comm).",Lives in karstic river. A robust species able to withstand impacts of invasive species (M. Mrakovcic pers. comm).,"Habitat destruction (dams), potential introduction of exotic fish species and water pollution.",Listed in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention. Part of range is included in a National Park.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Squalius,janae,,Squalius janae,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"The species is only known from the upper Dragonja River system in Slovenia. It has an extent of occurrence less than 500 km². It is not known or suspected to be declining at present, but due to its restricted range (one location, based on potential threats) and the potential threats&#160; from introduced species and droughts, it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU D2).",Stable,This species is endemic to the upper Dragonja River system in the Adriatic Sea basin in Slovenia (Bogutskaya and Zupancic 2010).,It is locally abundant. The species is not known or suspected to be declining at present.,The species lives in rivers and streams.,"No current threats to the species are known, However, introduced fish species and increasing severity of droughts due to climate change are real potential threats.",There are no current conservation actions for the species.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Squalius,keadicus,,Squalius keadicus,,"There has been a recent change of genus from Leuciscus to Squalius (Zardoya and Doadrio 1999, Bogutskaya and Zupancic 1999, Sanjur et al. 2003).",Yes,EN,"A2ce; B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"A2ce; B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU27,,"There is an inferred 50% population decline in the last 10 years based on decline in area of occupancy (AOO) (the river has dried out in places and there is no potential for recolonisation as the fish is sedentary in habit), and an observed massive loss of fish as a result of pollution from the orange juicing factory. The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 5,000 km², and the estimated AOO is less than 500 km². It is restricted to a single location, and experiences an ongoing decline in AOO, habitat quality, the number of subpopulations, and number of mature individuals.",Decreasing,Restricted to the Evrotas River in south-eastern Peloponnese in Greece. The Evrotas is inclined to become a seasonal stream.,Decreasing.,"It is a strongly rheophilic species, confined to open sites within rivers with a fast flow and relatively cool waters. It has a maximum length of 150 mm. It spawns in May.","Water extraction and pollution (agriculture), and drought.",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Squalius,laietanus,,Squalius laietanus,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,"Spain: Ebro and Llobregat drainages. France: from Tech and Agly drainages, probably also Aude (Languedoc-Roussillon); possible introgression with S. cephalus in southern Garonne tributaries and Adour drainage.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Streams with flowing, clear water. Biology: No data.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Squalius,lucumonis,,Squalius lucumonis,,"Recent change of genus from Leuciscus to Squalius (Zardoya and Doadrio 1999, Sanjur et al. 2003).",Yes,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)",EU27,,"The species has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) <500 km². It is restricted to three river basins, which are treated as three separate locations due to the major threat of introduced Chondrostoma genei. With a continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO) and AOO, habitat quality, and the number of subpopulations the species is assessed as Endangered.",Decreasing,"Restricted to the Tuscany-Latium district of Italy where it is present in the Tibern, Arno, Ombrone and Serchio river basins with 10–12 subpopulations.",Declining.,It is a warm-water obligate riverine species living mainly in small brooks.,"Water extraction, and competition with introduced Chondrostoma genei.",Listed in the Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive and in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Squalius,malacitanus,,Squalius malacitanus,,,Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v)",EU27,,"The species has a very restricted range, it is known only to occur in the Guadalmina and Guadiaro rivers (extent of occurrence more than 100 km² and less than 5,000 km²). It is found in five locations based on the major threat of water abstraction (mainly to supply the proliferation of golf courses). Because of the level of water abstraction the species population and area of habitat is declining.",Decreasing,Spain; Guadalmina and Guadiaro rivers in Andalucia.,Rare and declining.,The species inhabits streams with clear water and gravel bottoms and prefers moderate flowing water.,"The species habitat has been reduced by water abstraction, mainly due to the proliferation of golf fields.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Squalius,microlepis,,Squalius microlepis,,Genus changed from from Leuciscus to Squalius (Bogutskaya 2002).,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",No,,,EU27,,"L. microlepis is restricted to three locations in the Neretva river basin. One small population is in a karstic stream in Livanjsko Polje and the main population is in two lakes, Buska and Mandecko lakes near Livno. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 10 km², and there is continuing decline in AOO and quality of habitat due to habitat destruction, pollution and water extraction.",Unknown,"It is restricted to the Neretva river basin in Croatia and Bosnia-Hercegovina. Karstic streams in livanjsko polje, Buska and Mandecko lakes near Livno. Introduced (possibly) to the Blidinje lake more than 100 years ago, and Prolosko & Ricice lakes near Imotski, Matica drainage near Vrgorac (Croatia), Tihaljina and possibly Trebizat (a neretva tributary) drainages (Bosnia-Hertzagovina).","Declining. The subpopulation in the small stream is very restricted; the main population is in three lakes (two native and one introduced) (Mrakovcic, M. and Freyhof, J. pers. comm).",No data.,"Habitat destruction, water pollution and extraction, introduction of exotic fish species.",Listed in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Squalius,moreoticus,,Squalius moreoticus,,,Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v)",EU27,,"The species is found in Lake Stymphalia (3 km²) and Vouraikos drainage (about 20 km), it is possibly present in other drainages of northern Peloponnese. Lake Stymphalia was dry in 1998 (caused by drought and water abstraction) and the species was not observed in 2002, however Squalius larvae were present in 2004. The assessment is based on its known distribution it has an extent of occurrence of less than 500 km² and an area of occupancy of less than 25 km².",Unknown,Greece: Lake Stymphalia and Vouraikos drainage; possibly present in other drainages of northern Peloponnese.,No information.,"Habitat: Lacustrine and streams with flowing, clear water. Biology: Spawns for the first time at one year. Spawns in April-May. Feeds on a variety of plant and animal food.",Lake Stymphalia dried out in 1998 caused by drought and water abstraction. Climate change is predicted to increase the severity of droughts in the future. The Vouraikos stream is also threatened by the same threats.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Squalius,orpheus,,Squalius orpheus,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Only known from the Maritza drainage (extent of occurrence estimated at around 53,000 km²) where the population is reasonably safe as there is a number of populations, however some of these are threatened by water abstraction in dry season.",Unknown,"Maritza drainage (Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey).",Locally some populations are declining.,"Habitat: Streams to rivers, stretches with moderate current. Biology: Omnivorous; feeds mainly on insects and aquatic invertebrates. Spawns in April-June in shallow areas with gravel bottom.",Locally threatened by water abstraction and drought.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Squalius,pamvoticus,,Squalius pamvoticus,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,"Greece: Kalamas, Acheron, Louros and Arachthos drainages; Lake Pamvotis. Possibly extends northward to Neretva drainage.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Streams with flowing, clear water. Biology: No data.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Squalius,peloponnensis,,Squalius peloponnensis,,"Some authors have also included populations from western Greece in this species, or as a different species related to Squalius svallize.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,This is a widespread species with no major widespread threats.,Stable,"Restricted to streams and lakes of western Peloponnese, Greece. In Stymphalia lake the species is referred as the subspecies moreoticus (Barbieri pers comm).",Stable.,It lives in streams (preference) and in Lake Stymphalia. It is a small size chub (< 220mm).,"Water extraction and pollution, and drought.",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Squalius,platyceps,,Squalius platyceps,,,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"The species is known from the Drin drainage, including Skadar Lake basin, in Montenegro and Albania. The species has an Extent of Occurrence of less than 10,000 km2 but within its distribution area, it is abundant and has no known major threats.     European Union 27 = NA. The species is not found within the European Union.",Unknown,"The species is known from the Drin drainage, including Skadar Lake basin, in Montenegro and Albania. It occurs in both lake and rivers of the basin, for example, Sasko Lake, rivers Radika, Beli Drin and its tributaries, Morača (middle and lower reaches) and tributaries Oraoštica, Kiri, Zeta (middle and lower reaches). It is suspected, that Squalius from Ohrid lake and Drin river also belong to this species (Zupancic et al. 2010).",No information available.,The species occurs in rivers and lakes,No major threats known.,No information available.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Squalius,prespensis,,Squalius prespensis,,"Formerly known as Leuciscus prepensis, it is also considered by some authors as a subspecies Leuciscus cepahlus prespensis Fowler, 1977.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Although the range of this species is relatively restricted, it is abundant, and the population is thought to have increased over the past ten years. The Prespa Lakes are not treated as a single location in this case as there is no major threats thought likely to impact on the entire population. This species is not thought to be at significant risk from the introduction of invasive species.",Increasing,"Restricted to the Prespa lakes in northern Greece, Albania and the former Yugoslav republic of Macedonia (FYROM).",Increasing.,It is a large lacustrine species that completes its full life cycle within the lakes.,"Overfishing, water extraction and pollution. Water levels are vulnerable to decline due to the karstic nature of these lakes.",None,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Squalius,pyrenaicus,,Squalius pyrenaicus,,"Assessments of Squalius pyrenaicus published before to 2010 included a subpopulation from the Gallo River. That subpopulation is now recognised as a separate species: Squalius castellanus Doadrio, Perea & Alonso 2007.",Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"S. pyrenaicus is well distributed, however it is not abundant, is severely fragmented and has many widespread and serious threats which are predicted to increases in severity in the future. It is suspected that it may meet criterion A in the future.",Stable,It is restricted to numerous river basins in Portugal and Spain.,Fragmented and not abundant.,Lives in all river sections.,Water extraction and pollution and introduced predators.,It is listed in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Squalius,sp. nov. 'Aoos',,Squalius sp. nov. 'Aoos',,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Based on the current known distribution the species has an extent of occurrence of about 7,000 km² (this may increase if the species is found to be further widespread in Albania). There is a continuing decline in quality of habitat due to pollution and water abstraction. However as the species occurs in the upper reaches of the river it occurs in more than 10 locations.",Unknown,Aoos drainage in Greece and Albania. Maybe also present in adjacent drainages in Albania.,Abundant.,"Habitat: Streams with flowing, clear water. Biology: No data.","Water abstraction, pollution (especially in Albania), drought (predicted to increase in severity due to climate change).",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Squalius,sp. nov. 'Evia',,Squalius sp. nov. 'Evia',,"The status of this population is not clear, and the available molecular data are conflicting.",Yes,CR,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",EU27,,"The species is restricted to the lower stretch of Manikiotiko stream (<5 km stretch) on eastern slope of Evia (Euboea) Island. In dry years, the stream dries completely and the species survives only in a few pools. If water abstraction intensifies the pools may disappear. Climate change also poses a threat as it is predicted that the severity of droughts will increase.",Unknown,Greece: lower stretch (less than 5km) of Manikiotiko stream on eastern slope of Evia (Euboea) Island.,No information.,"Habitat: Stream on gravel bottom, flow usually interrupted in summer when only a few pools may subsist. Biology: No data. In June, individuals over 110 mm SL had nuptial tubercles.",Water abstraction for agriculture and drought are causing the stream to almost totally dry up in summer. Climate change also poses a threat as it is predicted that the severity of droughts will increase.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Squalius,squalus,,Squalius squalus,,"Note that correct spelling of species name is 'squalus' without 'i'. Populations from Savuto drainage (Calabria, southern Italy) are distinguished by having 91/2 branched dorsal rays. They have been treated as, and indeed could be, a distinct taxon. If this is confirmed, the name S. ruffoi is available for it.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.,Unknown,"Ligurian and Tyrrhenian Sea basins, from Genova to southernmost Italy, Ionian Sea basin in southern Italy (Sini and Basento drainages), Adriatic basin from Ofanto drainage (southern Italy) to Krka drainage.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Most abundant in small rivers and streams with riffles and pools. May be restricted to very small pools during summer. Spawns in shallow riffle habitats in fast-flowing water. Also along shores of slowly flowing lowland rivers, even in very small mountain streams. Also in large lakes, undertaking spawning migrations to inflowing streams or spawning in very shallow water, over stones close to surf zone. Biology: Juveniles gregarious, adults more solitary. Lives up to 15 years. Males reproduce for the first time at 1-3 years, females at 3-5. Spawns in April-July, when temperature rises above 14°C. Females spawn more than once during a season. Individual females spawn with several males. Males assemble at spawning grounds and follow ripe females, often with much splashing, to shallow riffles or lake shores. Females deposit the sticky eggs into excavations made in gravel. Feeding larvae and juveniles inhabit very shallow shoreline habitats. Feeds on a wide variety of aquatic and terrestrial animal and plant material. Large individuals become predominantly piscivorous. Frequently forms hybrids with Alburnus arborella and A. albidus.",No major threats known.,No information available.,"This species is harvested for human consumption, and for sport fishing.",,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Squalius,svallize,,Squalius svallize,,"Recent change of genus from Leuciscus to Squalius (Zardoya and Doadrio 1999, Sanjur et al. 2003).",Yes,VU,D2,No,,,EU27,,L. svallize is only found at one location in the Neretva and Trebisnjica drainage. The main threats of introduced species and water pollution can impact across its whole range.,Unknown,"It is found in the Neretva and Trebisnjica drainage in Bosnia Herzegovina and Croatia (Mrakovcic, M. pers comm).",No data.,It lives in river systems of the karst region.,Water extraction and pollution. Introduction of exotic fish species.,It is listed in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Squalius,tenellus,,Squalius tenellus,,,Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",No,,,EU27,,"The species has a small range (Karstic streams in Livanjsko polje, Lakes Buško and Mandečko and Cetina) with an area of occupancy of less than 500 km² and an extent of occurrence of less than 2,000 km² where it is threatened by water abstraction and drought (Livanjsko polje is almost dry). However the species may survive in the underground karst system during droughts.",Unknown,"Karstic streams in Livanjsko polje, Lakes Buško and Mandecko near Livno and river Cetina. Possibly introduced to Lake Blidinje (Bosnia-Herzegovina) more than 100 years ago.",Abundant in Lakes Buško and Mandecko and Cetina. However Livanjsko polje is almost dry and the species is only found in a small part.,"Habitat: Slow-flowing and still waters and lakes. Possibly enters subterranean waters during winter or droughts. Biology: Spawns in April-June. In lakes, adults prey on small fishes.",Water abstraction and drought (which are predicted to increase in severity due to climate change),No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Squalius,torgalensis,,Squalius torgalensis,,"There has been a recent change from genus Leuciscus to Squalius (Zardoya and Doadrio 1999, Sanjur et al. 2003).",Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",EU27,,"S. torgalensis is restricted to only one river basin, the Mira and has an area of occupancy (AOO) <500 km², an extent of occurrence (EOO) <5,000 km² and is not very abundant. Threats such as water extraction, drought and introduction of exotic fish species are impacting upon the species and its habitat causing a decline in AOO and quality of habitat.",Unknown,"It is restricted to one river basin in southern Portugal, the Mira river basin.",Not very abundant.,No data.,"Water extraction, drought and introduction of exotic fish species.",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Squalius,valentinus,,Squalius valentinus,,,Yes,VU,"B1ab(ii,iii,v)",Yes,VU,"B1ab(ii,iii,v)",EU27,,"The species is found in nine separate rivers and one lagoon on the Mediterranean slope of Spain, between the Mijares and Vinalopo rivers.  In the past decade the species habitat and population has declined due to water abstraction (for agriculture), construction of dams, and introduction of alien fish species. The species extent of occurrence is estimated at 10,000 km².",Decreasing,"Spain; from the Mijares to the Vinalopo river, on the Mediterranean slope (Mijares, Turia, Jucar, Serpis, Bullent, Gorgos, Guadalest, Monebre/Verde, Albufera de Valencia Lagoon, Vinalopo).","The species is found to be the dominant species in small rivers, but becomes local and rare in larger ones. However overall, the species population is declining.","The species inhabits streams in the lower basins (prefers moderate flow), with clear water and gravel bottom.","In the past decade the species habitat has been reduced by water abstraction (for agriculture), construction of dams, and introduction of alien fish species.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Squalius,vardarensis,,Squalius vardarensis,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats.,Unknown,"From Aliakmon to Nestos drainages (Greece, Macedonia, Bulgaria).",Abundant.,"Habitat: Streams with flowing, clear water. Biology: No data.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Squalius,zrmanjae,,Squalius zrmanjae,,"Recent change from genus Leuciscus to Squalius (Zardoya and Doadrio 1999, Bogutskaya 2002, Sanjur et al. 2000).",Yes,NT,,No,,,EU27,,S. zrmanjae is locally abundant and stable with no current major threats. However it is close to meeting VU D2 as the area of occupancy (AOO) is slightly larger than 20 km².,Stable,"It is restricted to the Zrmanja river basin and Krka river basin in Dalmatia, Croatia. It is introduced into the Ricica Polje in Croatia.","Locally abundant and stable (Freyhof, J. & Bogutskaya, N. pers. comm).",Riverine.,"There is one dam on the Zrmanja but this does not seem to have adversely affected the species (Freyhof, J. pers. comm).",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Stenodus,leucichthys,,Stenodus leucichthys,,,Yes,EW,,No,,,EU27,,"Construction of dams led to the loss of all spawning grounds for the species (the Volga, Ural and Terek drainages). Native stocks are reportedly extinct and survival depends exclusively on stocking, which has decreased since the Soviet era. In 2004, only about 100 spawners were caught below Volgograd dam and used for ranching. Increasing illegal fishing in the Volga and in the Caspian Sea is now a very critical concern. S. nelma was introduced in the northern Volga drainage and is now expanding and might threaten surviving populations and cultivated stocks through hybridization. In the 1960s, it was already extremely rare in the Ural, where it has not been recorded since. No individuals of the species (wild or 2nd generation reintroduced) exist in the species in native range.",0,"Caspian Sea (commonly central and southern Caspian in summer), Volga, Ural and Terek drainages.","Native stocks are reportedly extinct and survival depends exclusively on stocking. In the Volga all spawning grounds were above Volgograd dam. In 1959 only a few spawners remained. Up to 33 million (1988) juveniles were stocked during Soviet times. Between 1996-99 only 600,000 juveniles were stocked and the spawning population is in a drastic decline again. In 2004, only about 100 spawners were caught below Volgograd dam. In the 1960s, it was already extremely rare in the Ural, where it has not been recorded since.","Habitat: At sea, throughout basin in pelagic zone with temperatures below 18°C and 20-50 m deep. Juveniles and adults overwinter and forage at sea. Large lowland rivers during migration. Prior to the construction of dams, migration route was over 3000 km long, reaching up to uppermost reaches of Ufa and Belaya drainages (Kama tributaries). Spawns on gravel shallows. Biology: Anadromous. Spawns for the first time at 5-8 years, females usually two years later than males. In autumn, starts migration from sea to estuaries. Mature adults enter Volga, only few individuals enter Terek and Ural. Migration takes almost a year. Spawns in September-October at temperatures below 6°C. Adults migrate back to sea soon after spawning, but many die. Eggs adhere to gravel and rocks. Embryonic development lasts about six months, alevins appear in April. Fry actively migrates to sea soon after start of exogenous feeding. At 30 days, juveniles already start to feed on fry of other fishes. Adults feed exclusively on fish. Active predator, feeds on all available fish, commonly small schooling species.","Construction of dams led to the loss of all spawning grounds for the species (the Volga, Ural and Terek drainages). Increasing illegal fishing in the Volga and in the Caspian Sea is now a very critical concern. S. nelma was introduced in the northern Volga drainage and is now expanding and might threaten surviving populations and cultivated stocks through hybridization.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Stenodus,nelma,,Stenodus nelma,,,No,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"A widespread species, however stocks in European rivers are declining due to overfishing and pollution, however not at a rate to qualify the species for a threatened or Near Threatened category.    European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.",Unknown,"Arctic Ocean basin, from Ponoi (Kola Peninsula, White Sea basin) eastward to Anadyr (Siberia), Yukon (Alaska) and Mackenzie (Canada) drainages.",Declining in European and Siberian range.,"Habitat: At sea, in pelagic zone with water salinity up to 20?. Large lowland and piedmont rivers and lakes. Prefers cold water with temperatures below 16°C. Forages and overwinters in lower reaches of large rivers, deltas, estuaries and sea, sometimes rather far from coast. Migrates for spawning in rivers, moving upstream for long distances, up to uppermost reaches in European rivers. Lacustrine populations migrates into tributaries. Spawns over shallows with sand-gravel bottom and 2-3 m depth. Biology: Anadromous or semi-anadromous, resident in some rivers and landlocked in some lakes. Resident and anadromous populations co-occur in some rivers in North America. Anadromous populations spawn for the first time at 600-900 mm SL and 8-16 years, females 2-3 years later than males. Freshwater populations may mature earlier, males at four, females at five years and have shorter life cycle. Usually spawns only 1-2 times during life, rarely three, usually every 2-3 years. Starts migration in early spring just after ice melting, reaches spawning sites by autumn. Spawns in September-October, 80,000-420,000 non-sticky eggs. Adults actively feed after spawning and spend following winter and spring in river, return to lower reaches and sea by next summer. Embryonic development lasts 250-260 days, larvae (12-14 mm SL) appear in May-June. Fry migrates to sea soon after start of active feeding or remain 2-3 years in rivers. Juveniles feed on mysids, insect larvae and fry, become exclusively piscivorous at about 300 mm SL. Active predator feeding on all available fishes. Occasionally hybridises with Coregonus species.",Locally threatened by overfishing and pollution.,"There are special fishing regulations in some territories, and in places it is illegal to catch for consumption (M. Skopets, pers. comm.).",,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SYNGNATHIFORMES,SYNGNATHIDAE,Syngnathus,abaster,,Syngnathus abaster,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,"Coastal habitats and lower reaches of rivers in Caspian, Black and Mediterranean Sea basins; Atlantic coast from Gibraltar to southern Bay of Biscay; in Danube reaching Romanian-Hungarian border; in Dniepr reaching Kiev. Introduced in reservoirs of middle and lower Volga with mysids brought from Don estuary, now spreading and already south of Moscow.",Abundant.,"Habitat: A wide range of marine, brackish- and fresh-water habitats, mostly associated with dense submerged vegetation but as well found on open mud bottom. Biology: Lives up to four years. Spawns for the first time at one year. Spawns in April-October. Females lay eggs into a brood pouch on ventral surface of tail of males. Males fertilise the eggs as they enter the pouch. Eggs incubate in the male's brood pouch for about 20-25 days. Feeds on small invertebrates.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Telestes,beoticus,,Telestes beoticus,,Transferred from genus Pseudophoxinus to Telestes.,Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU27,,"This species has a relatively restricted range (estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) <5,000 km²) and is only found in 2–5 separate locations. It has been reported as declining since the 1970s and this decline continues. The AOO has declined with the loss of the species from the Assopos river, and habitat quality and extent continues to decline due largely to water extraction for the tobacco plantations.",Decreasing,It is restricted to the catchment rivers for Lakes Yliki and Paralimni [now totally drained] and the rivers Assopos and Kifissos in Greece.,Local declines are reported but the sub-population is stable within Livadia city (a large system of springs).,Lives in running water with aquatic plants.,"Water extraction and pollution, and drought.",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Telestes,croaticus,,Telestes croaticus,,Following Eschmeyer (2004) Paraphoxinus croaticus was transferred to Phoxinellus croaticus.,Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",No,,,EU27,,"P. croaticus is found in 3–5 locations (depending upon the connectivity of the karst caves). There is a continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO) as subpopulations have been lost, in area of occupancy (AOO) due to drought in some localities, in quality of habitat due to pollution, and number of mature individuals due to invasive species.",Unknown,"It is restricted to endoreihic river systems in the karst region in Croatia including Jadova, Novcica, Ricica, Otuca and in Gacko Polje.",No data.,It lives in rivers in karst region and can be found in caves.,"Water pollution (from intensive agriculture), water extraction, dam construction and introduced alien species.",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Telestes,fontinalis,,Telestes fontinalis,,,Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,ii,iv)+2ab(i,ii,iv)",No,,,EU27,,P. fontinalis has an extremely limited distribution with an area of occupancy (AOO) <10 km² (extent of occurrence (EOO) <100 km²) as it is only found in one karstic spring Modro Oko. Due to drought and alien species there is a continuing decline in EOO and sub populations (it has disappeared from streams in Krbavsko Polje streams).,Decreasing,It is restricted to one karstic spring (Modro Oko) in Krbavsko Polje in Croatia. It disappaered from Krbavsko Polje streams.,No data.,It lives in the springs and pools of the karst region. It enters subterranean waters during winter or summer drought.,"Drought, water pollution and extraction. Construction of road close to the site. Introduction of exotic fish species. Also there is a possibility that war in the region has damaged the karstic system (Bogutskaya, N. pers. comm).",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Telestes,metohiensis,,Telestes metohiensis,,Following Eschmeyer (2004) Paraphoxinus metohiensis was transferred to Phoxinellus metohiensis.,Yes,VU,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",No,,,EU27,,"P. metohiensis has an extent of occurrence (EOO) <20,000 km² (area of occupancy (AOO) <500 km²) and is found in at least five and no more than 10 locations (karstic streams and springs in southern Dalmatia). There is a continuing decline in habitat quality in some areas due to pollution leading to eutrophication and a decline in AOO due to water extraction and drought.",Decreasing,"It is restricted to karstic streams and springs in the Musica river, Nevesinjsko polje, Gatacko Polje, Cernicko Polje, Dabarsko Polje and Ljuta river in southern Dalmatia, Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina.",No data.,"It lives in rivers, springs and caves in the karst region.",Water extraction and pollution. Introduction of exotic fish species (trout).,None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Telestes,montenigrinus,,Telestes montenigrinus,,Recent change from genus Leuciscus to Telestes (Ketmaier et al. 2004).,Yes,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"T. montenigrinus has a reasonably small distribution but it is very abundant, there is no current decline in population and there are no major widespread threats.",Unknown,It is restricted to the Moraca and Bijeli Drim river basins in Montenegro. It is also described in Skada lake in Albania (M. Mrakovcic pers. comm.).,Apparently safe.,It survives in rivers and lakes.,Introduced species. Water extraction and pollution.,None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Telestes,muticellus,,Telestes muticellus,,"Molecular analyses revealed a remarkable genetic distance between populations from northern, central and southern Italy which should be recognized as different species (P.G. Bianco pers. comm.).",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"T. muticellus has a widespread distribution, is abundant and has no widespread major threats.",Unknown,"It is restricted to northern and Central Italy, to the southern part of Switzerland and to the Bevera stream in south-eastern France. It has been introduced in Liguria.","Abundant. The congeneric Telestes agassizi was introduced in the Soce River (upper course of River Isonzo in Italy), which caused the extinction of T. muticellus in this river. In rivers Volturno and Sele, southern boundary of this species in Campania, only two or three very localised populations exists: main threats to this possibly new species are introduction of trout, heavy pollution and water extraction.",Moderately cold-water adapted; obligate riverine; residential; single spawner; reproduction from February-March to June in southern Italy.,Water pollution and extraction.,None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J. & Bianco, P.G.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Telestes,pleurobipunctatus,,Telestes pleurobipunctatus,,"Formerly treated as Leucisus pleurobipunctatus, but now known as Telestes pleurobipunctatus.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,A fairly widespread species with no major widespread major threats although a few localised sub-populations are threatened by water extraction and pollution.,Stable,Restricted to western Greece from the Peloponnese (Pinios River) to Epirus.,Stable.,Found in streams and is pretty ubiquitous throughout its habitat.,Water extraction and pollution.,It is listed in Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Telestes,polylepis,,Telestes polylepis,,Changed from genus from Leuciscus to Telestes (Banarescin 1998).,Yes,CR,"B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v)",No,,,EU27,,"L. polylepis is only found in one location, Stanicka Jaruga, a stream 1 m wide and 2 km long (area of occupancy (AOO) <10 km² and extent of occurrence (EOO) <100 km²). There is also a continuing decline of AOO, habitat quality and mature individuals due to water extraction and introduced trout species.",Unknown,"It is only found at a very small karstic stream, Stanicka Jaruga in Croatia (Cikola River). There are historical records from Zagorska Dreznica, Dobra and Mreznica drainages (not confirmed) (M. Mrakovcic pers. comm.).",No data.,Lives in karstic streams.,"Water extraction, introduced species (trout).",Listed in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Telestes,souffia,,Telestes souffia,,"T. souffia agassii is often used for the Danube and Rhine populations, but there is no published evidence that they differ from the Rhône populations. In any event, if it were justified, the correct name for a Danube-Rhine species would be T. rysela and not T. agassii.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. However it is locally threatened by damming.,Unknown,"Mediterranean basin, from Aude to Var drainages (France, Switzerland; literature records from Tarn system [Garonne drainage] in fact refers to Hérault [each has a tributary named Dourbie]); Soca drainage (Italy, Slovenia); Cetina drainage (Croatia); uppermost Rhine drainage in Germany and Switzerland; Danube drainage: western tributaries in Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Croatia and part of Bosnia-Herzegovina, and upper Tisza system (Romania, Ukraine). Record from Aegean basin in Bulgaria based on misidentification of a possibly unnamed species. Introgression zone with T. muticellus in Var drainage (France).",Abundant.,"Habitat: Middle reaches of streams and rivers with clear water, moderately swift current and gravel bottom. Spawns in fast-flowing water on gravel bottom. Biology: Gregarious. Spawns for the first time at three years. Spawns in March-May when temperature rises above 12°C, only once in each season. Feeds on insect larvae and algae.",Locally threatened by damming of rivers.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Telestes,sp. nov.,,Telestes sp. nov.,,,Yes,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii)",No,,,EU27,,"This species has only been recorded at four small localities around the Velika  Kapela and Mala Kapel mountains, Croatia with an area of occupancy less than 4 km². The species is threatened by significant  anthropogenic impacts (water abstraction and pollution) and is also potentially impacted by the introduction of Salmonid species. Also in  2008, a large infection of Ichthyophthirius with a secondary bacterial  infection was discovered at two sites but it is not known if this is  part of a natural cyclical process.",,"This species has only been recorded at four localities around the Velika Kapela and Mala Kapel mountains, Croatia: Stanjica Creek in Stanjica field; Susik Creek in Lug field; and Jezero Lake and Jasenicica Creek in Jasenak field. These locations are very small and the species has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of 4 km².",The most abundant population has been found in Lug Field. The population in Jezero Lake and in Jasencica Creek the population is also abundant and reproducing.,It is found in clear springs.,"This species has suffered loss in habitat area and quality. Susik Creek has turbid water and is subjected to significant anthropogenic impacts; in the summer the creek dries to less than 20 cm deep (from a two metre depth in spring). It is believed that this fish survives this dry period by retreating to underground waters. These karstic systems are also under threat across the region from water abstraction and pollution.Salmonid species are also a threat; their presence has led to the exclusion of Telestes sp. nov.In 2008, a large infection of Ichthyophthirius with a secondary bacterial infection was discovered at Susik Creek but it is not known if this is part of a natural cyclical process (a similar occurrence was observed at Stanjnicka Jarug Creek).","Stocking of salmonids at these sites should be prohibited. Further investigation into the species population genetics should be conducted to determine the conservation units along with research into the species biology and ecology. The species also needs some degree of protection from national legislation. Part of the species range is also under protection from the National Ecological Network of Croatia (Stajnicka Field, Lug Field and Jasenak Field.",,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Telestes,turskyi,,Telestes turskyi,,Genus changed from Leuciscus to Telestes. (Ketmaier et al. 2004).,Yes,CR,B1ab(ii)+2ab(ii),No,,,EU27,,"L. turskyi has an extremely limited distribution. It was thought to be extinct but has recently been found in May 2002 by Freyhof and Bogutskaya (Freyhof, J. and Bogutskaya, N. pers comm). It has an extent of occurrence (EOO) <100 km² and area of occupancy (AOO) <10 km² and survives at one location, the Cikola River. There is a continuing decline of area of occupancy due to water extraction and drought.",Unknown,It is restricted to the Cikola River with extremely limited distribution. The Cikola is a tributary of the Krka river in Croatia.,"No data. The species was thought to be extinct but has recently been found in May 2002 (Freyhof, J. and Bogutskaya, N. pers comm).","Slow and stagnant water (Bogutskaya, N. pers. comm).","Drought, water extraction and pollution. (Bogutskaya, N. pers. comm).",Listed in the Appendix III of the Bern Convention.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Telestes,ukliva,,Telestes ukliva,,Genus changed from Leuciscus to Telestes (Banarescin 1998).,Yes,EX,,No,,,EU27,,Telestes ukliva was last recorded in 1988. Surveys have taken place since and no specimens have been found. There are no areas close by that could harbour this species (M. Mrakovcic pers comm.).,,"It was restricted to the Cetina River basin in Dalmatia, Croatia.",The last specimen was recorded in 1988. This area has been surveyed since and the species has not been found again (M. Mrakovcic pers. comm.).,It lived in a river system in the karst region.,Introduction of exotic fish species.,Listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Thymallus,arcticus,,Thymallus arcticus,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"Less than 5% of the species global range is found within Europe, therefore the species is listed as Not Applicable. European Union 27 = The species is not found within the European Union.",Increasing,"Arctic Ocean basin, in Siberia from Ob' to Ienissei drainages, in Europe in some tributaries of Pechora (Usa, Kos'yu, Kozhim), Korotaikha and Kara.",The population is increasing as the water quality increases due to the decline of many industries and towns since the collapse of the Soviet era.,"Habitat: Piedmont and montane cold rivers and lakes with high oxygen concentrations. Spawns in montane streams with heavy current on shallows with rock-gravel bottom. Biology: Includes several ecotypes (lacustrine, riverine-lacustrine, riverine, brook) differing in migratory pattern and duration of different stages of life cycle. Lives up to 10 years. Spawns for the first time at 3-4 years, brook short-cycle ecotype at 1-2 years. Breeding males are brighter coloured and have an enlarged posterior part of dorsal. In April-May, migrates to upper reaches for foraging and spawning; in summer, returns downriver to larger streams and lakes, then, in winter, moves to deeper places. Spawns in May-June at 6-12°C. Embryonic development takes 10-14 days. Feeds on benthic organisms, small fish, algae and plants. Larvae and small juveniles feed on small crustaceans and other small objects, then up to 70 % of diet contains insect larvae, worms, molluscs, and terrestrial insects.","Pollution from industry, now decreasing.",No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Thymallus,thymallus,,Thymallus thymallus,,"A similar species, T. baicalensis, has been introduced to Czechia and Slovakia in 1959. It first established a breeding population, but later disappeared around 1975, reportedly as a result of hybridisation with the local T. thymallus. Reported genetic variability suggests that at least the Adriatic and Loire populations are distinct lineages, but diagnostic morphological data are not yet available. Because of extensive stocking throughout the northern Adriatic basin it might be too late to investigate the original morphology, variability, genetics, and distribution.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species with no known major widespread threats. European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,"Barents Sea basin west of River Ob, White, Caspian, Black, Baltic, White and North Sea basins, Atlantic westward to Loire drainage; Rhône drainage. Introduced in Po and Soca drainages, and over most of southern and central Finland.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Submontane reaches of rivers with a hard sand or stone bottom and well oxygenated, cold and fast-flowing water. In Scandinavia, in clear lakes and semi-anadromous in freshened part of northern Baltic basin. Usually in hollows behind boulders and shaded water under overhanging vegetation. Spawns in shallow stretches (usually 20-40 cm deep) or riffles, with moderate current (about 0.5 m/s) and clean gravel bottom. Biology: Spawns for the first time at 2-3 years, females usually one year later than males, in northern Europe later than in central Europe. Spawns in early spring, usually in March-April, later in north, when temperatures reach 4-8°C, with a peak at full moon. Adults make short spawning migrations. Lacustrine populations often spawn in lake tributaries. Males start to defend small territories at spawning site in late morning and spawning usually starts in early afternoon at highest daily temperature. Females deposit eggs into substrate. Eggs hatch usually in 10-40 days. Alevins remain in gravel until yolk sack is absorbed (4-10 days). Feeding larvae live 3-4 weeks in open water below surface. Juveniles are benthic, in fast-flowing waters. Feeds predominantly on drifting invertebrates and terrestrial insects.","No major, widespread threats known but regionally suffers from river pollution, dam constructions and river regulation. In its southern distribution area increasingly vulnerable to climate change. Locally susceptible to high populations of predatory birds.Yes",No information available.,"It is harvested for human consumption, and for sport fishing.",,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Tinca,tinca,,Tinca tinca,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,Hypothesised to be native in most of Europe where it is locally threatened by river engineering and the degradation of wetlands. European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.,Unknown,"Stocking throughout Europe for centuries has blurred the original distribution pattern. Hypothesised to be native in most of Europe, naturally absent only in Ireland, Scandinavia north of 61°30'N, eastern Adriatic basin and western and southern Greece where it is now introduced. In Asia, native eastward to western Yenisei drainage south of 60°N. Introduced to North and South Africa, Tasmania, Australia, New Zealand, India, North America, Chile and probably elsewhere.",Abundant.,"Habitat: Typically in shallow, densely vegetated lakes and backwaters. Often overwinters buried in mud. Spawns among dense vegetation in still water. Biology: Lives up to 20 years. Spawns for the first time at 2-6 years and 70-250 mm SL, females a year later than males. Pelvic rays more robust, longer and extending beyond anus in male. Spawns in May-October, in Central Europe usually in June-July, at temperatures above 19°C, mostly at 22-24°C. Several males follow each female, which releases eggs in several portions above vegetation. Females may spawn 1-9 times each year, every 11-15 days, if suitably warm weather persists. High embryonic mortality observed when temperature fluctuates strongly. Larvae and juveniles restricted to dense vegetation. Tolerant of low oxygen concentrations and salinities up to 12 ?. Feeds on detritus, benthic animals and plant material. Adults often feed predominantly on molluscs.",River engineering.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,COTTIDAE,Triglopsis,quadricornis,,Triglopsis quadricornis,,Earlier called Myoxocephalus quadricornis and Oncocottus quadricornis.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Least concern, but landlocked populations (Landlocked populations in Sweden, central Finland and Karelia) are locally threatened. European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.",Unknown,"Baltic coast of Sweden, Finland, Russia and southwestward to eastern Poland. Western coast of Sweden to northern coast of Norway, eastward to White and Barents Sea basins. In Siberia eastward to about Anadyr estuary. Northern North America. Landlocked populations in Sweden, central Finland and Karelia.",Abundant,"Habitat: Cold brackish and moderately saline water near coast; enters coastal rivers up to 200 km inland. Also landlocked in lakes. Spawns in shallow waters. Biology: Diurnal in winter, largely nocturnal in summer. Lives up to 14 years. Spawns for the first time at 3-5 years. Males are territorial. Spawns on ceiling of small cavities in gravel or rock bottom. Males guard eggs until hatching. After spawning, female leaves the nest. Juveniles move to shallow water in autumn and again to deeper water in spring, where they remain in summer. Feeds on invertebrates and fishes.",No major threats known.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Tropidophoxinellus,hellenicus,,Tropidophoxinellus hellenicus,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Although this species has a restricted range, it is abundant and there are no known major widespread threats to the species or its habitat.",Unknown,"Restricted to the River Pinios in the western Peloponnese, and to the Aitoloakarnania region (Lakes Trichonis, Lyssimachia and Amvrakia, Acheloos river basin) in Greece.",Apparently stable.,Lives in lakes and large rivers. It is a small size species (<110 mm).,"Water pollution, and bycatch in fisheries.",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Tropidophoxinellus,spartiaticus,,Tropidophoxinellus spartiaticus,,,Yes,VU,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,VU,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU27,,"This is a restricted range species (estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) <5,000 km², estimated area of occupancy (AOO) <500 km²) found in an estimated 10 locations, where locations are defined on the basis of the main impact which is pollution from olive mills and orange presses. There is ongoing decline in AOO, habitat quality, and the number of subpopulations and mature individuals.",Decreasing,Restricted to few small rivers and streams (from Nedas to Evrotas) in southern Peloponnese in Greece.,Decreasing.,It is a species of small size (<100 mm) which lives near the river/stream edges avoiding the main stream currents.,"Water extraction, pollution, and drought. It is reported that effluent from the olive pressing mills is discharged into the rivers in the dry season, when fish are in isolated pools, such that the river often runs black.",None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ESOCIFORMES,UMBRIDAE,Umbra,krameri,,Umbra krameri,,,Yes,VU,A2c,No,VU,A2c,EU27,,"The species has a scattered distribution in the Danube drainage from Vienna to the delta, and in the lower reaches of Dniestr drainage. River regulation for water transport, and drainage of wetlands for agriculture, has reduced the number of backwaters (oxbow lakes etc.) where, in the last phases of succession, the species is found. It moves between the backwaters during times of flooding, which has also been regulated by the channelization and damming of the rivers. The succession of the backwaters takes many years to develop and the number of available and suitable sites for this species is slowly reducing as they dry out and no new ones are created. The species is known to have been extirpated from many locations. It is estimated that the population has declined by more than 30% in the past 10 years.For the European Union 27 region, this species is also assessed as Vulnerable (VU A2c), with the same rationale as above.",Decreasing,This species has a scattered distribution in the Danube drainage from Vienna to the delta; and the lower reaches of Dniestr drainage.,The population has been declining for many years.,"HabitatThis fish occurs in very densely vegetated water bodies, usually in small ditches, oxbows, backwaters and shallow lakes. BiologyThe species lives at least five years, spawning for the first time at one year. It spawns in March–April, when temperatures reach 12–16°C. Eggs are laid in a nest of plant material or in a shallow depression in the bottom. Females protect the nest until the larvae leave it. It is able to breathe air and may therefore colonise habitats with very low oxygen concentrations. The species feeds on a variety of small animals.","River regulation for water transport has reduced the number of backwaters (oxbow lakes etc.) where, in the last phases of succession, the species is found. Drainage of wetlands to reclaim arable land has (and still does) pose a threat. The species moves between the backwaters during times of flooding, which has also been regulated by the channelization and damming of the rivers. The succession of the backwaters takes many years and the number of available and suitable sites for the species is slowly reducing as they dry out and no new ones are created. The species is known to have been extirpated from many locations.","The species has been included in the national Red Lists of Slovenia, Croatia, Moldova and Austria. In Hungary, this fish is protected and local action plans have been developed.",,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINODONTIFORMES,VALENCIIDAE,Valencia,hispanica,,Valencia hispanica,,,Yes,CR,A2ace,Yes,CR,A2ace,EU27,,"This species has undergone a population decline of more than 80% in the past 10 years due to habitat (marsh) destruction for urbanisation, agricultural pollution and the introduction of alien predators (Carmona, J and Elvira, B. pers comm).",Decreasing,"It is restricted to six locations on the Mediterranean coastal area of Spain. (Elvira, B. pers comm).",Decreasing.,"It lives in marshes, wetlands and springs.","Drought, habitat destruction, water extraction, domestic and agricultural pollution and introduction of Gambusia holbrooki.","It is listed in the Annexes II and IV of the European Union Habitats Directive and in the Appendix II of the Bern Convention. There have been introductions of the species into man-made marshes (Elvira, B. pers. comm).",,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINODONTIFORMES,VALENCIIDAE,Valencia,letourneuxi,,Valencia letourneuxi,,,Yes,CR,"A3ce; B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,CR,"A3ce; B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU27,,"This species has undergone a suspected population decline of at least 50% in the last 10 years as based on a decline in extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) and the impact of introduced species, and pollutants. The projected decline is even more severe with an estimated decline of more than 80% over the next 10 years expected due to continued decline in AOO and EOO and the impacts of introduced alien species. In addition, the species has a restricted distribution (estimated EOO <5,000 km², estimated AOO <10 km²), which is severely fragmented and continues to decline. The number of locations and the number of mature individuals also continues to decline. The species therefore qualifies as Critically Endangered under criterion A3. Recent investigations have shown that this species has disappeared from at least two locations (Corfu and Lefkada islands), however new locations have been found. Re-introduction and/or translocations, combined with effective conservation measures, would help to stop the decline of this species.",Decreasing,"Restricted to the southern part of Albania (Butrint lake) and to western Greece (it is thought probably extinct on the islands of Corfu and Lefkas) in the Thyamis (=Kalamas), Louros, Arachthos, Agios Dimitros, Acheloos rivers, and the Vlychos and Chiliadou springs. It is also found in Peloponnese (Pinios and Alfios rivers). The species is known from a few locations along the coast (each of a few square meters). It is not know from inland.",Dramatically decreasing.,"Lives in freshwaters rich in submerged vegetation, which provides food, spawning substrate, and protection against predators.","Habitat destruction, water abstraction, and aggressive interaction with Gambusia.",It is listed in Appendix II of the Bern Convention [incorrectly listed as Valaenncia hispanica - possibly since corrected].,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Vimba,melanops,,Vimba melanops,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"The taxonomy of this species remains uncertain. One author argues that this species is the same as Vimba vimba. There is also little published information on its abundance, population trends, or threats.",Unknown,"Restricted to Thessaly, Macedonia and Thrace in Greece and the Evros river bordering Greece and Turkey. Also reported to extend into Bulgaria and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).",No published data.,A predominantly riverine species also present in reservoirs.,Habitat destruction. Water pollution and extraction. Dam construction may cause problems but it is not yet clear if this species makes spawning migrations.,None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CYPRINIFORMES,CYPRINIDAE,Vimba,vimba,,Vimba vimba,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"A widespread species but semi-anadromous populations strongly declined in Black Sea (due to damming in the 1950s and 1960s) and Baltic Sea (possibly due to pollution), and extirpated in the Crimea. However, overall the species is still widespread and has no major population decline or current major widespread threats.    European Union 27 = LC. Same rational as above.",Unknown,"Caspian, Black and Baltic Sea basins (Sweden and Finland north to 62-63°N), North Sea basin from Elbe to Ems drainages. In Finland restricted to coastal waters. In Black Sea basin, absent in Anatolia west of Çoruh drainage (eastern Anatolia)   but present in Marmara basin and Aksu-Egirdir basin in Central Anatolia. Extirpated in Crimea. Introduced in Rhine.",semi-anadromous populations declined in the Baltic and Black Sea basins.,"Habitat: Brackish estuaries, large to medium rivers and some large subalpine lakes. Sedentary populations occur even in small rivers of barbel zone. Spawns on gravel in riffles in shallow, fast-flowing streams and rivers. Biology:   Lives up to 15 years. Spawns for the first time at 3-5 years. Spawns in May-July when temperature rises above 15°C. Spawns earlier (April in Terek), and at lower temperatures in some subalpine lakes and anadromous populations in Sweden. Semi-anadromous populations forage in freshened parts of sea and undertake long distance spawning migrations. Lacustrine populations migrate to fast-flowing tributaries. In Dniepr and Kuban, spawning migration starts in September, decreases in winter and resumes in March-May. Individual females spawn several times during a period of 2-3 weeks. Usually spawns for several years. Spent adults return to foraging habitats. Feeds predominantly on small molluscs and insect larvae.",Pollution is the possible reason for the population reduction of the semi-anadromous populations in the Baltic basin. Damming in the 1950s and 1960s in the Black Sea basin.,No information.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,PERCIDAE,Zingel,asper,,Zingel asper,,,Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"Z. asper survives in four fragmented subpopulations with a combined area of occupancy (AOO) <10 km² with no hope of connectivity between them due to dam construction. A continuous decline in habitat quality has been observed due to pollution and water extraction. Two, or maybe three populations out of four have less than 250 adults. The fourth is probably larger. One or two of those subpopulations might become extinct over the next 10 years.",Decreasing,It is restricted four fragmented subpopulations in the Rhône River basin in France and Switzerland. May occur in more locations.,Decreasing. There are only four fragmented subpopulations remaining: the Drome subpopulation with few fish; the Durance subpopulation with 200 fish/ha; the Beaume subpopulation with 80 fish/ha; and a subpopulation in the upper part of River Doubs in Switzerland with a total number of individuals estimated between 80–160 individuals. Today it only occupies 17% of its former range.,"It inhabits the grayling zone and the upper barbel zone. It is a strictly nocturnal species feeding on benthic invertebrates. It prefers pebbles and stones, intermediate depth (0.3–0.8 m) and moderate water velocities (0.05–0.4 m/s). During reproduction, it prefers riffles. It is short-lived species up to 3.5 years old reproducing generally once, maximum twice in a life time.","Fragmentation, modification and destruction of the habitat due to dams and water pollution.",It is listed in Annexes II and IV of the European Union Habitats Directive and in Appendices II and III of the Bern Convention.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,PERCIDAE,Zingel,balcanicus,,Zingel balcanicus,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"There are no data on the abundance, population trends or threats to this species.",Unknown,Restricted to the Vardar (Axios) River in the former Yugoslav republic of Macedonia (FYROM). Potentially it may also be present in the lower reaches of the river in Greece.,No data. It is only known from a few museum specimens. The last specimen was collected in 1986 but no real efforts have been made to collect it since then.,"It lives in rivers. Nothing else known, but based on the habits of other species in the genus, it requires turbulent water.",Any modification to river morphology may have a potential negative impact.,None.,,,"Crivelli, A.J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,PERCIDAE,Zingel,streber,,Zingel streber,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species. The species inhabits clean fast running water and is threatened by dams and pollution. However it withstands the effects and does not qualify for a threatened or Near Threatened categories. Pollution levels are now lowering and dam construction has almost halted within the species range.&#160;     European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,Known from Danube and Dniestr drainages.,Abundant.,"Habitat: Main course of small to large rivers, in stretches with strong current. On stone bottom. Biology: Nocturnal, benthic. Spawns in March-May on gravel bottom. Feeds on aquatic invertebrates.","The species is impacted by dams as it needs strong currents to survive. Pollution also impacted the species, particularly in the upper Danube, in the past however conditions are now improving and populations may be increasing.",No information available.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Fishes,2011_September,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,PERCIDAE,Zingel,zingel,,Zingel zingel,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,A widespread species. The species inhabits clean fast running water and is threatened by dams and pollution. However it withstands the effects and does not qualify for a threatened or Near Threatened categories. Pollution levels are now lowering and dam construction has almost halted within the species range.&#160;     European Union 27 = LC. Same rationale as above.,Unknown,Known from Danube and Dniestr drainages.,Abundant.,"Habitat: Main course of large rivers, in fast-flowing waters. Biology: Nocturnal, benthic. Spawns in March-April on sand bottom. Single females spawn with several males in a dense spawning group. Eggs very sticky and attached to gravel. Feeds on aquatic invertebrates and small fishes.","The species is impacted by dams as it needs strong currents to survive. Pollution also impacted the species, particularly in the upper Danube, in the past however conditions are now improving and populations may be increasing.",No information available.,,,"Freyhof, J.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,ACROLOXIDAE,Acroloxus,improvisus,,Acroloxus improvisus,,,Yes,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU27,,"Acroloxus improvisus is considered as Vulnerable D2, as although it is restricted to a single location, the rate of change in the declining quality of lake water is not likely to significantly impact this species at current levels. However, this species could very quickly become Endangered or Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)) if there are changes in water quality or the water temperature or if an invasive species expands to the lake impacting this species.",Unknown,"Acroloxus improvisus is endemic to Lake Ohrid, between the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania, where it is found only on the rocky eastern and south-western shore.",Albrecht et al. (pers. comm. 2009) noted that A. improvisus is strictly restricted to the rocky eastern and south-western shore. It is a very rare species.,"This species is living in a freshwater lake, where it is found in rocky areas in the surroundings of sublacustrine springs on the underside of stones (sublithic species). It is a sublacustrine interlithon and sublittoral species (Hadzisce 1956).","Deforestation leads to erosion of the neighbouring area, causing increased sediment loads in the lake which impacts the feeding and resting places for this small gastropod. Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake leading to declining water quality. Agriculture near the Prespa lake is contaminating the water of Prespa lake, which in turn feeds the aquifer of Lake Ohrid, resulting in increased nutrient load in Lake Ohrid (Matzinger et al. 2006). However this appears to be a quite hardy species and these are not considered currently to be a major threat.","There is no current conservation action in place for this species. However, Lake Ohrid is a World Heritage Site and the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999.# A Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. Habitat monitoring and population trend monitoring would be recommended for this species",This species is not traded.,,"Albrecht, C., Feher, Z., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,ACROLOXIDAE,Acroloxus,lacustris,,Acroloxus lacustris,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is# widespread throughout Europe, and although there are  local declines reported, in general the species is not in danger of  extinction and hence is placed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.",Stable,"Acroloxus lacustris is widespread in Europe mainly in lowland areas north to c. 61°N in Scandinavia (Kerney, 1999);# Fauna Europea (Bank et al, 2006) lists the species from: Norway, Sweden, Denmark (Mainland), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (Mainland), Corsica (France), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (Mainland), Sicily (Italy), Bulgaria, Romania, Balearic Islands (Spain), Spain (Mainland), Portugal (Mainland), Albania, FYROM (also known as Macedonia), Bosnia  Hercegovina, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, Ukraine, Greece (Mainland).#  This project also has records from Serbia.Globally, the species range is from Europe to the east, extending to western Siberia where it is recorded from rivers and permanent waterbodies (Starobogatov et al. 2004).","There are no specific data on population trends across the range, but it is believed to be stable. In some countries, there has been decline, partly due to habitat loss (Seddon and Killeen, pers. comm., 2010).","This small freshwater limpet inhabits clean water in canals, slow lowland rivers, lakes and drainage ditches and small ponds. It is usually found attached to vegetation (leaves and stems of aquatic plants) or dead submerged wood and sometimes large freshwater mussel shells. It is generally a calciphile, although tolerant of soft water (Kerney 1999).","It prefers clean water, but threats are localised, mainly losses due to habitat destruction and water pollution (domestic and agricultural sources) and are not likely to impact the species on its whole range.","This species is common throughout Europe and in most countries is not under any management plans.# It was considered to be Least Concern in GB (Seddon and Killeen, pers. comm., 2010) and Ireland (Byrne et al. 2009). In Austria it is given Category 4 and in Sweden Category 3. In Germany, it has a listing of Vulnerable in some states and Category 3 in other states.",This species is not known to be traded.,,"Killeen, I.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,ACROLOXIDAE,Acroloxus,macedonicus,,Acroloxus macedonicus,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Acroloxus macedonicus is only known from a single location, a small area of this freshwater lake with an AOO of less than10 km2 and has very specific hydological requirements. Water pollution is the current threat, and increased frequency of fires in the region, the consequent erosion and changes in sediment composition (siltation) are an important  projected threat for this littoral species, leading it to be classified as Critically Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).",Unknown,"This species is present in a very restricted area of the south-eastern shore of Lake Ohrid, in the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).","It is strictly restricted to a freshwater lake, where it is found on the rocky bottom of the south-eastern shore and requires specific hydrological conditions. It is found only in very low abundances.","This species is living in a freshwater lake, where it is found in rocky areas in the surroundings of sublacustrine springs on the underside of stones (sublithic species). It is a sublacustrine interlithon and sublittoral species (Hadzisce 1956).","Deforestation leads to erosion of the neighbouring area causing increased sediment loads in the lake which impacts the feeding and resting places for this small freshwater limpet. Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake leading to declining water quality. Agriculture near the Prespa lake is contaminating the water of Prespa lake, which in turn feeds the aquifer of Lake Ohrid, resulting in increased nutrient load in Lake Ohrid (Matzinger et al. 2006). In addition, increased frequencies of fire in the region is threatening the future of this species through erosion and changes in sediment composition (siltation).","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although habitat monitoring (water quality, sediment load and nitrates) would be recommended, to get an indication of potential changes that would impact this species, as it is difficult to collect given the cryptic habitat and the low population density. Lake Ohrid is a World Heritage Site and the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999. A Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake.",This species is not utilised.,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,ACROLOXIDAE,Acroloxus,tetensi,,Acroloxus tetensi,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species is known from two locations in Slovenia. The quality of water is important for this species, as it clings to rocks in fast flowing waters, and hence is vulnerable to pollution events that might impact the groundwaters flowing through the habitats of this species, consequently it is listed as Vulnerable (VU D2), although it may qualify for a higher threat level if the severity of threats increase.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Slovenia, where it is found in the River Krka. The sources of the river Krka are fed by water that flows underground from the broad karst hinterland of the Grosuplje basin. There is a recent record from Italy, believed to be this species (de Mattia et al. 2009, Museum of Natural History of Trieste).",There are no data on population decline levels.,This species clings to rocks within fast flowing water in caves.,"It is unknown whether this species is being impacted on by any major threat processes, however subterranean habitats where it lives are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) and agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicides and pesticides) sources. Seasonal droughts impacting water levels in the river maybe become more frequent.","Acroloxus tetensi was listed as Rare in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species, which Slapnik (pers. comm 2010) suggested equated to Vulnerable (VU D2). Conservation actions include monitoring changes in habitat at known sites, as the monitoring data will provide a proxy for decline of the species, as well as the other freshwater molluscs found at theses sites. Confirmation of the presence of this species in Italy will increase the number of known sites, which may change the conservation assessment.",This species is not known to be traded.,,"Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Adriohydrobia,gagatinella,,Adriohydrobia gagatinella,,,Yes,LC,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species has been recorded from suitable habitats in Albania, Montenegro and Croatia, and although it has a relatively restricted range, at present it does not qualify as a threatened species, hence it is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Adriohydrobia gagatinella is recorded from the Balkan region, from Albania, Montenegro to Croatia. It was originally described from Ljuta Spring, near Kotor, Montenegro. Specimens from the Krka River near Skradin, Croatia, were analysed by Wilke and Falniowski (2001)#in their works on the molecular systematics of the genus.",No data on population trends for this species and more research is needed.,"This species is found in freshwaters, and is recorded from rivers and springs.","Adriohydrobia gagatinella#occurs in habitats that are under pressure from water pollution and habitat degradation, although the impact on this species is not known.","There are no species-specific actions in place for this species, however further research is needed on population trends and the impacts of possible threats on species distributions. This species has been assessed at the regional level:# EU27 regional assessment:# Not Applicable, European  Mediterranean regional assessment:# Least Concern.",This species is not traded.,,"Pešić, V. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Alzoniella,asturica,,Alzoniella asturica,,,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"This species was listed as 'in danger of extinction' in Reseñas Malacólogias (Alonso et al. 2001). Alzoniella asturica (as Belgrandia asturica on the Spanish List) was placed as Vulnerable (VU D2) in 2000 by B. Arconada, M. Ramos and E. Rolán and is presented likewise in Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados de España (especes en peligro critico y en peligro) (Verdú and Galante 2009). However it also meets the threshold for Endangered B2ab(iii), as there are less than five sites and it has a small range, with threats to the springs from habitat degradation relating to concreting around the springs, pollution of the water from pesticides, fertilizers, sewage and agricultural sources of effluent.This species is listed at the regional level as:EU 27 assessment: Endangered (EN B2ab(iii))Europe assessment: Endangered (EN B2ab(iii))Mediterranean assessment:# Endangered (EN B2ab(iii))",Stable,"The species is endemic to Spain, where it is known only from a very small area near Grado, Province Asturias.  Grado,      Borondes, Fuente La Fontona, Province Asturias (UTM grid square QJ30).Grado      (6 km SW), Province Asturias (UTM grid square QJ30), spring of      Villagarcía.Grado,      Bascones (6 km between church and river), Province Asturias (UTM grid      square QJ30).  Current range data suggest that it is only known from three sites within one 10 km grid square. Arconada et al. (2001, 2009) also suggest that the majority of the population is based in these sites, although there is an outlying site in the North of Leon that has been tentatively placed as this species. Rolán (pers. comm. 2010)                 noted that recent surveys of the type locality showed that this species has not been found, and it maybe extinct at the type locality, although more sampling is required to confirm this observation.",The population is known to be stable.,Alzoniella asturica is found in natural springs with sandy bottoms and vegetation. Two other spring snails also live sympatrically in these habitats. It feeds on decaying vegetation.,"Alzoniella asturica#lives in in natural springs with sandy bottoms and vegetation and feeds on decaying vegetation. These springs are close to human habitation, and remain sources of water for these villages. The major threats lie in clearing vegetation from the springs (and concreting the site) disturbing the habitats and over-abstraction of water for domestic use leading to temporary loss of water in the springs. In addition pollution of the water source from agricultural sources from the fields around the villages is a marginal threat.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species. However various actions were recommended by Arconada et al. (2009) who suggested that actions required include communication about the importance of keeping sites with vegetation for the species, as well as not concreting the entire spring area when improving sites for water capture.",This species is not utilised.,,"Arconada, B.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Alzoniella,braccoensis,,Alzoniella braccoensis,,This species was recently described in 2004.,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Alzoniella braccoensis is considered Near Threatened, almost meeting the B2 criterion. There are more than 20 springs, however it has a small range, with few living specimens known, and thus we have treated the range data on a precautionary basis, and suggest that habitat monitoring needs to be put in place as the main threats lie in habitat degradation#relating to over-abstraction of the sources (capping and groundwater lowering), as well as threats from invasive mollusc species displacing the native spring-snails.#",Unknown,"This species is found in the Ligurian Alps between Sestri Levante and Levanto, in Italy. The range is very restricted, as the species is only found in springs and in subterranean waters.#It has been collected in 30 sites, but eight of them were from floodline debris of rivers, so known from about 20 springs, in a restricted area in Liguria, less than 20 km in length. Only the shells and the specimens published in the paper has been collected, with less than 250 specimens and living specimens have been found only in springs (Bodon, Cianfanelli and Lori, pers. comm. 2010).","Only the shells and the specimens published in the paper have been collected, with less than 250 specimens and living specimens have been found only in springs (Bodon and Cianfanelli 2004).",This species inhabits freshwater springs.,"Alzoniella braccoensis is considered to be threatened in Italy, because the range is very restricted and it is vulnerable for habitat destruction, through capping/disturbance of the springs and groundwater lowering, as well as, maybe, introduction of alien species or groundwater pollution.","There are no known conservation actions for this species, although further data are required on population status and monitoring for decline in habitat would be recommended to determine response to threats.",No trade use for this species.,,"Cianfanelli, S. Bodon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Alzoniella,cantabrica,,Alzoniella cantabrica,,Originally placed by Boeters (1983) as part of Belgrandiella cantabrica.,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is present in many widely located sites on the northern regions of Spain. The wide range of habitat types, and the widely distributed nature of the species suggests Least Concern (LC) would be more appropriate than Near Threatened (NT), although some of the sites where it exists are small springs and hence are vulnerable to habitat degradation following exploitation of the water source for domestic supplies to villages and houses.# This species is therefore listed as Least Concern (LC).This species is also assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: Least ConcernEU27 regional assessment: Least Concern at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.Although only part of the species range falls into the Mediterranean zone, the species is still present at widely scattered localities in the region, and together with the wide range of habitat types it suggests Least Concern (LC) would be more  appropriate than Near Threatened (NT), although some of the sites where it  exists are small springs and hence are vulnerable to habitat degradation  following exploitation of the water source for domestic supplies to  villages and houses. This species is listed at the regional level as:Mediterranean:# Least Concern",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Spain,   but found from eastern Asturias and Cantabria, the Basque Country, northern León, Burgos and Palencia.  Noriega      (Site 1km W), Province Asturias      (UTM grid square UP70, 1km W) spring near river.Piñeres      (Site 2km just before turn off to Roda), Province Cantabria (UTM grid      square UN79), torrent.Presilla,      Province Cantabria (UTM grid square VN29), spring.Aes      (Chaple Virgen de Gracia), Province Cantabria (UTM grid square VN29),      spring.Ramales      de la Victoria (Site 3km SSW), Province Cantabria (UTM griq square VN      68), old spring.Valnera      before turn off for Concha (Karrantza), Province Cantabria (UTM grid squae      VN68), brook.Arredondo      (Site 4km S), Province Cantabria, (UTM grid square VN59), Cueva de      Coventora.Linto      (Site 1.5km N at crossroad to Miera), Province Cantabria (UTM grid square      VN59), torrent.La      Vega, Province Cantabria (UTM grid square VN49), several waterfalls.S. Escalada (near Tubilla del Aqua), Province Burgos      (UTM grid square VN33), Brook on mountainside.N.      of Covanera, Province Burgos (UTM grid sqaureVN33), large spring.Covanera,      Province Burgos (UTM grid square VN33), Pozo Azul.S.      exit of Tubilla del Aqua, Province Burgos (UTM grid square VN32), springs      in rocks.E.      entrance to Orbaneja del Castillo, Province Burgos (UTM grid square VN34),      spring.Between      Areba and Hoz de Areba, Province Burgos (UTM grid square VN45), brook      alongside river.Incinillas      (Site 1km NW), Province Burgos (UTM grid square VN45), channel going under      road.N.      exit of locality Río de Lasia, Province Burgos (UTM grid square VN57).Between      locality Río de Lasia and Puerto de Pas, Río de Trueba (Site 4-6km N.),      Province Burgos (UTM grid square VN47), springs.Locality Río de Lasia (Site 3km N), Province Burgos (UTM grid square VN57),      spring.Exit      of San Zadornil towards Villafría, Province Burgos (UTM grid square VN84),      spring.San      Zadnoril (3km towards Villafría), Province Burgos (UTM grid square VN84).Villafría La Fuentafría (1.5km behind), Province Burgos (UTM grid square VN84),      spring.Aguiniga,      Province Alava (UTM grid square VN96), spring.Entrance      to Astúlez, Province Alava (UTM grid square VN94), brook.Entrance      to Nograro, Province Alava (UTM grid square VN94), spring with pool.Turn      off to Quejo, Province Alava (UTM grid square VN84), spring at side of      brook.Ambasaguas,      Province Vizcaya (UTM grid square VN78), spring.W.      exit of Lebanza, Province Palencia (UTM grid square UN75), spring      alongside river.W.      of Santibañez de Resoba, Province Palencia (UTM grid square UN65), spring.Valverde      de la Sierra (Site 5km W), Province León (UTM grid square UN45), spring.Llesca      (5km W border with Cantabria), Province León (UTM grid square UN56),      under bridge.Downhill      Puerto de Sa Glorio (km 131-133), Province León (UTM grid squareUN57), wet      rocks.Cobrices,      Province Santander (UTM grid square UP90), spring La Marrana.",There is no specific data on population trends.,"This species is found in freshwater springs, springs with pools, waterfalls with pools, torrents, wet rocks, brooks, under bridges. It occurs sympatrically with A.ovetensis (Rolán 1993) (UP70) and A.montana (Rolán 1993) (UN57, VN68)","The principal threats to the species lie in pollution from agricultural sources (pesticides and nitrates) and from overabstraction of water for domestic water supplies, which could cause habitat degradation which would lead to species mortality and population declines.","Some sites are vulnerable to development of the water source to supply villages and houses.# There should be a programme to educate on keeping part of the water source in the natural state for biodiversity (Arconada et al. 2007). #The species was listed as ""Near Threatened"" in the Spanish Red List (Verdu and Galante 2009).",This species is not utilised.,,"Arconada, B.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Alzoniella,cornucopia,,Alzoniella cornucopia,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Alzoniella cornucopia#is restricted to a small region where it is only known from groundwaters, which are vulnerable to pollution. The main threats to the groundwaters lie in habitat degradation#relating to pollution of the water from pesticides, fertilizers, sewage and over-abstraction of the source.##The species is considered Near Threatened in Italy (Manganelli#et al. 2000), but based on the small number of locations and threats to its habitat, it qualifies as Vulnerable D2.",Unknown,"Alzoniella cornucopia is endemic to Italy, specifically to an aquifer#in the upper reaches of River Arbia within the Appeninnes of Tuscany (Manganelli et al. 1995).",This species is restricted to a small area but population trends are unknown.,Alzoniella cornucopia is found in#groundwaters in alluvial sediments.,"The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch 2006). Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al. 2000).",No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas. The species is considered Near Threatened in Italy (Manganelli et al. 2000).,,,"Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Alzoniella,delmastroi,,Alzoniella delmastroi,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"Alzoniella delmastroi#is endemic from Italy, with only 3 known sites in a small range of less than 200 km2. The main threats include habitat destruction (for water capture), pollution from roads, as well as groundwater feeding the springs relating to pollution of the water from pesticides, fertilizers, sewage and over-abstraction of the source. A future threat lies in the colonisation by a non-native spring-snail, which could compete with the native species. This species is therefore considered as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Italy, where it is only known from the Graie Alps, NW of Turin.#The range is very restricted, and the living specimens have only been found in three springs (Bodon and Cianfanelli 2004).","The population status of this species is unknown. About 200 shells and 40 specimens have been collected in the 3 sites, as published in the paper (Bodon and Cianfanelli 2004).",The species is only found in freshwater in karst systems,"The species is rare, with a restricted range and given that it occurs in springs, the species could be affected by habitat destruction (improving the water capture points), #pollution and possibly, introduction of alien molluscs (like#Potamopyrgus antipodanum). Most of the sites occur outside of protected areas, and as such the springs could be captured to feed aqueducts. In other cases, the spring is near the road, so it could be sufficient to have some roadworks with a manhole to alter the habitat.","There are no known conservation actions in place for this species. Habitat should be monitor and communication actions, to raise awareness of the local communities, are needed.",,,"Cianfanelli, S. Bodon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Alzoniella,edmundi,,Alzoniella edmundi,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"Alzoniella edmundi is assessed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii), as it has a restricted range in two springs of area of occupancy (AOO) less than 8 km2 (based on 2 km buffer zone around the point). It is has a declining range, as at some sites the species has not been recently recorded, and the other two locations are exploited as public sources for water, both for domestic use and for wash areas. This species was listed as Endangered in the Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados de España (Especes en peligro critico y en peligro) (Verdú and Galante 2009).This species is also listed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment:# Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)) at the level of the 27 member States of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment: Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii))Mediterranean regional assessment: Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii))",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Spain, where it is only known from the island of Majorca (Balearic Islands). It has a limited distribution in the West-North-West of the island close to the Sierra de la Tramontana, with four possible known locations: two most recent records at Estellenches and                 Font de S’Aigueta, and two other springs where it may be extinct. Ramos (pers. comm. 2010) notes that                 she has visited both locations in 2008 trying to collect the species, it was not found (although one Pseudamnicola species was alive in both places). In the spring of 2009, both locations were dried because of severe drought. No field work has been done in 2010 after a very rainy winter and spring, however until further surveys have been completed, the current status of the species at these sites is uncertain.     Sa      Font de Soller, (UTM grid square DE70), spring (Arconada et al. (2009))Estellenches,      Majorca (UTM grid square DD59), spring. (Rolán 1995)S.      exit of Valldemossa, Font de S’Aigueta, Majorca (UTM grid square DD59). Camp de Mar, al sur de Andraitx (UTM grid square DD48).","The species is declining, having possibly been lost from two sites, and not recorded from surveys in last three years from other sites (Ramos, pers. comm., 2010)",This is a freshwater species found in small springs. It can sometimes be found with Pseudamnicola spp. (UTM grid square DD59).,The major threat to this species is through the exploitation of water for domestic purposes; both extant sites are public water sources. Frequently concrete is used to cap off the water to improve water abstraction for domestic use which destroys the habitat and impacts the subpopulations (Arconada et al. 2009).,There are no conservation actions in place for this species.#This species was listed as Endangered in the Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados de España (Especes en peligro critico y en peligro) (Arconada et al. 2009).,This species is not utilised.,,"Arconada, B.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Alzoniella,elliptica,,Alzoniella elliptica,,"Originally described by Paladilhe (1874), from type locality 'les environs de'Ascain', Pyrénées-Atlantiques, in France.",Yes,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"This species was originally listed as Rare (1990) and Vulnerable D2 (1996), in an assessment by Philippe Bouchet, SSC Mollusc Specialist Group on the basis that the restricted distribution and habitat disturbance merit Vulnerable status for this species. This was based on the records from France, however the additional records from France and Spain (Arcondada et al. 2007) have extended the possible range of the species.# This species is found in two sites, one in France and the other on the Spanish border, but within the same 50 km2 of the Pyrénées. It has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 2500 km2 and an area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be about 40 km2 and is present in 9 locations. A precautionary attitude to the distributional range has been taken, as the species exists in subterranean groundwaters and emergent springs sites that are exploited for domestic water and as such there is potential decline in habitat quality wherever the species is found. However, if the species is present at more sites than currently recorded, then the status will need to be reviewed, as at present only the limited area of occupancy and the artificial nature of the habitat gives the high threat status of Vulnerable.This species is also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) B1b(iii)+2b(iii) at the level of the 27 member states of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment:# Vulnerable (VU) B1b(iii)+2b(iii)",Unknown,"This is a restricted range species that is present in France and Spain.##Originally described from a type locality of Ascain,# Arconada et al. (2007) give records from France (Pyrénées-Atlantique; Grottes de Sare (close to Ascain) UTM grid square XN37) and Spain (Province Navarra; UTM Grid square XN37).#V. Prie confirms it is present in another 5 localities in France (pers. comm. 2009), and that it is present in subterranean groundwaters.#In Spain, the species was recorded from the south entrance to Valcarlos, Province Navarra in two sites in a pipe and trough.",Population trends are not known.,"Freshwater groundwater systems and in the outflow points such as springs, water-pipes and troughs. In Spain, in province Navarra, this species is known from sites which are exploited for water from the freshwater spring.","The habitats of the species are vulnerable to groundwater pollution and to exploitation for water, and at least one location is currently undergoing exploitation.# These outflow sites where the species has been recorded are vulnerable to improvement of the water sources, concreting and capping the site, hence destroying or degrading the habitat. #The major threats for the future threats include over-abstraction of water and potentially in future years, drought events drying the entire springs, if groundwater recharge to the aquifer is reduced.",No conservation actions in place for the species. It would benefit from population monitoring and education of local people to increase awareness of the species. This species was listed as 'Near Threatened' in the Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados de España (Verdú and Galante 2009).,This species is not utilised,,"Arconada, B. Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Alzoniella,fabrianensis,,Alzoniella fabrianensis,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Alzoniella fabrianensis is known from two locations within the Appeninne areas of Marche and Umbria. #The species is restricted to groundwaters and as such the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli#et al. 2000). #Other threats include increased frequency of forest fires and possible disturbance of the caves. The rapidity of change and the potential threats suggest that the species could be considered to be#Endangered, however as Manganelli#et al. (2000) considered the species to be less threatened, the species has been listed as Vulnerable D2.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Italy, found in only two locations, Fonte di San Cassiano and Giano dell'Umbria within the Appeninne areas of Marche and Umbria.","This species is restricted to a small area, so population numbers are presumably relatively low.",This species lives in karstic subterranean freshwater habitats.,"The species has a restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch 2006) and given that it is found in groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al. 2000).",No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas. The species would benefit from population monitoring and education of the local people to raise awareness.,The species is not known to be traded.,,"Cianfanelli, S., Manganelli, G., Giusti, F. Bodon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Alzoniella,feneriensis,,Alzoniella feneriensis,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Alzoniella feneriensis is known from two locations (Grinasco and Borgosesia) on Monte Fenero in Northern Italy. #The species is restricted to groundwaters and as such the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli#et al., 2000). #Other threats include increased frequency of forest fires and possible disturbance of the caves. The rapidity of change and the potential threats suggest that the species could be considered to be#Endangered under criteria B, however as Manganelli et al. (2000) considered the species to be less threatened, the species has been listed as Vulnerable D2.",Unknown,"Alzoniella feneriensis#is is endemic to Italy where it is found#on Monte Fenera in region of Piedmont in the southern part of the Alps,#where it is known from two locations (Grinasco and Borgosesia; UTM MR46 and MR45).","This species is restricted to a small area, so population numbers are presumably relatively low. #No data on population trends are available.",This species is found in groundwaters in Karstic regions.,"The species is restricted to groundwaters and as such the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al., 2000). #Threats identified in the region also include increased frequency of forest fires (erosion and increased sediment in the water leaching into the groundwater system) and possible disturbance of the caves for recreational activities and illegal excavations.","The species is listed on a conservation strategy document for Province Vercelli, with a list of potential threats for the region. Manganelli et al. (2000) considered the species to be Near Threatened in a regional assessment.",This species is not traded.,,"Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Alzoniella,finalina,,Alzoniella finalina,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"Alzoniella finalina is endemic to a single area, in Italy, where it has been recorded from three sites. It is restricted to groundwaters and as such the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli#et al. 2000). Other threats include increased frequency of forest fires and possible disturbance of the caves. Due to the rapidity of change and the potential threats, this species is considered to be Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)). However, if the main threat was proven to affect all three sites at the same time (i.e., the species occurs in one single location), then the assessment should be revised and a higher level of risk of extinction should be considered.",Decreasing,"Alzoniella finalina is endemic to Italy, specifically in the alpine region of western Liguria. It is known from a single area, the Valle de Rio dei Ponci (in UTM square MP 49; valley less than 10x10 km²), from a spring at Porra  River, Molino. It has only ever been collected 11 times over the last 30 years and all records from fluvial sediments within this valley, although these were from three recording sites (50 m above sea level (asl), 140 m asl, 260 m asl). All outflows come from the groundwater system.","This species is restricted to a small area, so population numbers are presumably relatively low. It has only ever been collected 11 times over the last 30 years, all records from fluvial sediments within this valley, although these were from three recording sites.",This mollusc is found on rocks in groundwaters.,"The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch 2006). Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al. 2000).","No specific conservation measures are known. It lies in the protected area Natura 2000 (Beigua - Monte Dente - Gargassa - Pavaglione) where it is considered rare. It is listed as an endemic species worthy of note in the Natura 2000 site reports for the valley, and as the freshwater habitats are only c. 2% of of the protected area. It is assessed as Least Concern (LC) in the Italian Red List. Habitat and population trends need to be monitored.",No trade known in this species.,,"Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Alzoniella,galaica,,Alzoniella galaica,,"This species is one of many small spring snails that can be most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system. Listed as Belgrandiella galaica Boeters Rolan, 1988 in the Spanish Red List (Verdú and Galente 2006).",Yes,CR,B1ab(ii)+2ab(ii),Yes,CR,B1ab(ii)+2ab(ii),EU27,,"This species has a restricted range and was originally only known from the type locality with a second site later discovered about 40 km away. Numerous visits to springs and waterfalls between these two locations have failed to find any other locations for this species (Arconada et al. 2009), although other species of spring snails were found at the sites.Recent surveys at both known sites (2003, 2005, 2006) failed to find any live specimens (Arconada et al. 2009). At the Lugo site the species is considered to be extinct, whereas at the Outeiro site, the species is considered possibly extinct. This species is listed by Verdú and Galante (2009) as Critically Endangered based on possible continued presence at one location within the area. This species is assessed here as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct), B1ab(ii)+2ab(ii).",Unknown,"Alzoniella galaica has a restricted range in springs at Folgoso do Courel, Provincia de Lugo, Spain (PH40).   It was originally only known from the type locality, with another site discovered later at Os Peares (PH00) near Outeiro. Numerous visit to springs and waterfalls between these two locations have failed to find any other locations for this species (Arconada et al. in Verdu and Galante 2009), although other species of spring snails were found at the sites.Surveys in 2003, 2005 and 2006 at both known sites failed to find any live specimens (Arconada et al. in Verdu and Galente 2009). At the Lugo site the species is considered to be extirpated, whereas at the Outeiro site, the species is considered possibly extirpated.","There are no current data available on populations, as no living specimens have been collected during recent surveys which have been regular over the last 20 years.","This species is found within clean water of small springs and outflow streams associated with vegetation dominated by Azolla filiculoides usually in wooded areas (with Oak, Chestnut and some introduced species such as Eucalyptus).","The major threats to these species are changes to the hydrological regime, water quality and vegetation in the streams. Possible sources of threats include agricultural developments adjacent to the streams, as well as canalisation of streams to abstract water, with drastic reduction of remaining water flow (Arconada et al. in Verdú and Galante 2009).",Additional surveys should be undertaken at regular intervals in order to try to refind this species.,This species is not utilised.,,"Arconada, B.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Alzoniella,haicabia,,Alzoniella haicabia,,"This species is one of many small spring-snails that can be most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system. Alzoniella haicabia was described by Boeters in 2000, and may be one of several species that require revision if there is any molecular systematic treatments to review the status of the species and allied species in France.",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species is only known from 1 location within the area, however as it was recently described, the status of the range may be occur in other springs nearby, and this requires review, given the relatively recent description.# At present this species is listed as Vulnerable D2, based on potential threats of exploitation of water source, given the presence in a populated area. If the species range is found to be restricted to the single spring, then the species qualify for Critically Endangered B2ab(iii).",Unknown,"Alzoniella haicabia is endemic to France, and is known from the Department Pyrenees-Atlantiques (south-west France). This species was described relatively recently, from a spring about 200 m from the sea on the farm Haicabia, north of Route Nationale 10c, between St Jean de Luz and# Hendaye, Pyrenees-Atlantiques, France (UTM: XP00). Boeters (2000) has only found it from 1 location.","The status of the populations at the known site is currently unknown, as no further sampling reported since first collection 10 years ago.",This species is found in freshwater springs.,"Alzoniella haicabia is currently only known from a single spring on a farm, near the sea between two towns.# This site has potential threats from exploitation of the water source, from pollution by use of the spring and over abstraction of water.","There are no conservation actions currently in place for this species. More research on the distribution of this species is needed to define the real risk of extinction of this species (if this species is proven to be restricted to one single spring, it might qualify for a Critically Endangered category).",,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Alzoniella,hartwigschuetti,,Alzoniella hartwigschuetti,,This species is one of many small spring-snails that can be most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system.,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Alzoniella hartwigschuetti is endemic to Austria. It was originally listed as Vulnerable, based on the limited distribution in a habitat that is vulnerable to water exploitation, with threats of overabstraction and pollution of the groundwater.# Currently the knowledge of range suggests it is present at scattered localities, in at least 12 locations in the region. The revised assessment is Near Threatened (almost qualifying for the criteria B2), based on the level of habitat degradation in the region, and the vulnerability of sites to over-exploitation.",Unknown,"This species is restricted to Austria, where it was originally known from a single locality, a spring near Kalter Brunnen, Kleinzell, NÖ, Austria. It is now recorded from scattered locations in the northern limestone alps (Reischütz and Reischütz, 2007).","Usually found as dead shells in outflow from springs, the species can easily be overlooked.",The species is probably present in subterranean waters of this karst region where it has been recorded from 12 springs.,"The major threats to the subterranean waters are pollution and overabstraction of water from the springs, however these threats are localised, so the species is less threatened than other taxa, but subpopulations can easily be destroyed through activities affecting the groundwater.","The species is considered to be Near Threatened in Austria, but was previously listed as Category A2, a category equivalent to Endangered (Glöer 2002). Its habitat should be protected and communication actions launched to raise awareness on the existence of this species. More research on the population and habitat trends is needed.",,,"Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Alzoniella,iberopyrenaica,,Alzoniella iberopyrenaica,,"Originally placed by Rolán (1993), as part of Alzoniella pyrenaica. The species has similar conchological characters, but differs anatomically in characters of the bursa copulatrix and the receptaculum (Arconada et al. 2007).#",Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"This species was considered to be Data Deficient (DD) by Verdu and Galante (2009); however it is a range restricted species that may be present in only one site in the Pyrenees; it was lost from a second spring. At present this species is#restricted to a single spring, hence using the precautionary principle the species qualifies for Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)) based on potential threats of exploitation of water source, given its presence in a populated area (Rolan pers.comm. 2010). If the species is found in other spring sites, then this assessment should be reviewed, as it may then qualify as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)) or Vulnerable (VU D2).",Unknown,"This species is restricted to Spain, where it is only known from the type locality, Ereno, near to Arieta, Province Navarra, Vizcaya (UTM grid square WP30). Possibly it is present at another site but the material was lost after collection (Arconada et al. 2007).",There are no population trend data available for this species.,This is a freshwater spring-snail species.,"The major threats to this species are changes to the hydrological regime, water quality and vegetation in the springs (Rolan pers. comm. 2010, Verdu and Galante 2009).","There are no known actions in place for this species, but further investigations in to the distribution and threats to the species are urgently needed as it has a very restricted distribution and has already been lost from one site. Site management is required to prevent degradation of the remaining known site.",This species is not utilised.,,"Rolán, E.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Alzoniella,junqua,,Alzoniella junqua,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species is only known from 1 location within the area, however as it was recently described, the status of the range may be occur in other springs nearby, and this requires review, given the relatively recent description.# At present this species is listed as Vulnerable D2, based on potential threats of exploitation of water source, given the presence in a populated area. If the species range is found to be restricted to the single spring, then the species will qualify for Critically Endangered B2a, b(iii).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to France, and is found in Department Pyrénées-Atlantiques (South-West France).# It is currently only known from a single locality, but the area has not been well recorded.",There is no population trend data available for this species.,This species is found in freshwater springs.,"Springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilization for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural sources of the groundwater feeding the springs may be another important threat to the species. However, the place where A. junqua lives seems to be relatively free of human impact.",Taxonomic and population size/distribution research would benefit this species.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Alzoniella,lucensis,,Alzoniella lucensis,,"A population of A. lucensis found in the province of# La Coruna might result from artificial introduction, located in the distribution area of A.rolani.# It differs from other populations with absence of penial pigmentation and rounded bursa copulatrix.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Alzoniella lucensis is known from a wide area relative to other species of spring-snail and in different habitats, and hence although many of the habitats are vulnerable to exploitation, the species could be considered as Least Concern. However Verdú  Galante (2009) listed the species as Near Threatened, reflecting that the species has a more restricted range and lives in habitats that are exploited for water (Arconada  Ramos pers. comm. 2010).# Given the large number of sites and the area over which the species exists, it could be considered Near Threatened if a high proportion of the sites are currently impacted by threats.EU27:# Least Concern (possibly Near Threatened)Europe:# Least Concern (possibly Near Threatened)Mediterranean: Least Concern (possibly Near Threatened)Global Assessment: #Least Concern.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Spain, and is mainly found in the western part of the provinces of Lugo and Orense and extends towards the western part of Asturias. A few localities were found in the provinces of La Coruña and León.          Bembibre      (4km N), Province A Coruña (UTM grid square NH26)Ourol      (2km SW), Province Lugo (UTM grid square PH19), torrentO      Courel, from Quiroga to Fisteus shorley after turn-off to Fisteus,      Province Lugo (UTM grid square PH40), brookN. Saa, 2.8km before turn-off to Tricastela, Province Lugo (UTM grid square PH44)O Courel, ferriros de Abajo, Province Lugo (UTM grid square PH51), brooksO      Courel, between Folgoso and Seoane, Province Lugo (UTM grid square PH52,      wet rocks near river LorO      Courel, a little SW. Seoame, Province Lugo (UTM grid square 52), wet rockBetween      Quiroga and Besarredonda, Province Lugo (UTM grid square PH51), wet rocks      and running waterEntrance      to A Devesae, at turn off to Noceda (2.9km), Province Lugo (UTM grid      square PJ52), rocksSan      Martin de la Ribeira, Province Lugo (UTM grid sqaure PH55), La Viarega      springN.      Seoana 4km before turn off to Cereixido and Cuiñas, Province Lugo (UTM      grid square PH56), torrentE.      Exit of Castillo de Doiras towards Ancares, Province Lugo (Utm grid square      PH63), springN.      Of Navia de Suarna at turn off to Vilarquende, Province Lugo (Grid square      Ph66), wet rocks2km      behind Navia de Suarna on Roa road, Fonte so Cruceiro, Province Lugo (UTM      grid square PH66), in springs nearbyBetween      San Martín de Oscos and Navia, before crossing River Lixou, Province      Asturias (UTM grid square PH79), wet rocksBetween      San Martin de Oscos and Navia, 1.4km from Illao, Province Asturias (UTM      grid square PH79), wet rockS.      of# Pola de Allande, Province      Asturias (UTM grid square PH99), water running down rockPenzol,      Province Asturias (UTM grid square PJ61), spring with washing placeE.      Entrance to Añides, Province Asturias (UTM grid square PJ61), springBetween      Boal and Vegadei, 600m from the turn off to Meredo and Molejón, Province      Asturias (UTM grid square PJ61), wet rocksBetween      Monasterio de Hermo and Narcea springs, Province Asturias (UTM grid square      QH06), wet rocksBetween      Cangas de Narcea and Puerto fe Leitariegos, 1km from turn off to Palacio      and Naviego, Province Asturias (UTM grid square QH07)S.      Exit of Cangas de Narcea at the beginning of highway to Cobos, Province      Asturias (UTM grid square QH08), springsBetween Pola fe Allende and Canga de Narcea, 4km from Puente del Infierno,      Province Asturias (UTM grid square QH08), wet rocksE. of Soto de Luiña, 1km before Castañedas, Province Asturias (UTM grid      square QJ12), waterfallBetween      Monforte and Ourense, 300, aat road to Frean, near Peares dam, Province      Ourense (UTM grid square PH00), wet walls",No data is available on status of populations.,"This species is found in a variety of freshwater habitats including small torrents, brooks, wet rocks near rivers, wet rocks with running water, waterfalls and wet walls.","The major threats to these spring-snail species are changes to the hydrological regime, water quality and# vegetation in the streams.# Possible sources of threats include agricultural developments adjacent to the streams, as well as canalisation of streams to abstract water, with drastic reduction of remaining water flow (Arconada et al. 2009). Other threats include pollution from agricultural sources.",There are no conservation actions for this species.,This species is not utilised.,,"Arconada, B.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Alzoniella,lunensis,,Alzoniella lunensis,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"The species is considered to be a candidate for Vulnerable D2, given the small restricted range, the number of locations and the potential threats to groundwater in the region, with impact of pollution and over-abstraction.# In Italy it was considered to be Near Threatened, and as such could be listed as this status as well.# In order to follow the precautionary attitude elsewhere, it has been listed as Vulnerable D2, pending further data on distribution in the valley and information of the rate of decline in the habitat, and the potential impact on this species.",Unknown,Alzoniella lunensis is endemic to north-western Italy (Toscana and Liguria) where it is restricted to the Magra River basin (Bodon and Cianfanelli 2002).,"This species is restricted to a small area, so population numbers are presumably relatively low.",This species is present in groundwaters in alluvial sediments.,"The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch 2006). Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al. 2000).","No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas, although other species of Alzoniella are protected in Toscana. The species was considered to be Near Threatened in Italy. More information on population would be a benefit.",,,"Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Alzoniella,macrostoma,,Alzoniella macrostoma,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"This species is known from 7 locations in Northern Italy, where it was considered to be Near Threatened by Manganelli et al. (2001). Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by  anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et  al. 2000).# The species is listed as Near Threatened but almost qualifies for the criteria Vulnerable B2b(iii).",Unknown,"Alzoniella macrostoma is endemic to north-western Italy, where it is known from 7 locations within region of Liguria and Toscana. Some sites listed in CK Map have multiple springs from single groundwater source.",Restricted to a small area so population numbers are presumably relatively low.,This species is found in groundwaters in alluvial sediments.,"The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch 2006). Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al. 2000).",There are no specific conservation measures known for this species. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.,No known trade in this species.,,"Giusti, F., Manganelli, G., Bodon, M. Cianfanelli, S.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Alzoniella,manganellii,,Alzoniella manganellii,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Alzoniella manganellii is  endemic to Italy, where it is listed from  at least 8 locations, some of which have multiple outlets from a single  groundwater system. Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by  anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et  al. 2000), and as such was considered to be Near Threatened in the Italian Red List.# Given the restricted range, until further sites are known, the species is also listed as Near Threatened, and a programme of habitat monitoring is recommended.# This species almost qualifies for Vulnerable using criteria B2ab(iii).",Unknown,"Alzoniella manganellii is endemic to Italy, specifically to Tuscan Appeninnes.# It is listed from at least 8 locations, some of which have multiple outlets from a single groundwater system.",Restricted to a small area so population numbers are presumably relatively low.,This species can be found in groundwaters in alluvial sediments.,"The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch 2006). Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al. 2000).","The species is listed as protected in Toscana, although no specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas. It was considered to be Near Threatened on the Italian Red List (CK Map 5.3.8.).# A programme of habitat monitoring is required for this species.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Alzoniella,marianae,,Alzoniella marianae,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"The species is endemic to Spain where it is restricted to freshwater springs and as such it could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Arconada#et al. 2009). Given the rapidity of change to the habitat (and hence the species) if groundwater is over-abstracted or the spring area is 'cleaned', this suggests the species should be considered to be#Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii)).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Spain, where it is only known from two springs in Villazon, near#Salas in Province#Asturias (Arconada et al. 2007):Villazón, Salas, Fuente Caliente, Province Asturias (UTM grid square QJ21)Villazón, Salas, Province Asturias (UTM grid square QJ21) cemetery washing place.",This species was recently described. There are no data on population trends.,This species is found in freshwater springs in the village. The species has already been lost from one spring site (Rolán pers. comm. 2010).,This species is only know from the type locality: a managed spring site in a village which is utilised for water. Another spring close to the village from which it was collected many years ago has been destroyed (Rolán pers. comm. 2010).,"There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, but further investigations into the distribution and threats to the species are urgently needed. Conservation actions needed include a education programme on habitat management to maintain the species and protection of the site.",The species is not utilised.,,"Rolán, E.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Alzoniella,microstoma,,Alzoniella microstoma,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Alzoniella microstoma is   endemic to NW Italy, where it is listed from  at least 6 locations, some of  which have multiple outlets from a single  groundwater system. As it also it  inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by  anthropogenic  groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (CK Map 5.3.8), and  as such was considered to be Near Threatened in the Italian Red List.#  Given the restricted range, until further sites are known, the species  is also listed as Near Threatened and almost qualifies as Vulnerable using criteria B2ab(iii), a programme of habitat monitoring  is recommended.",Unknown,"Alzoniella microstoma is endemic to north-western Italy, where it is known from a small area, with 6 recorded sites (CK Map 5.3.8), although this region is actively researched, some new sites may be found.",This species is restricted to a small area so the population numbers are presumably relatively low.,This species is found in groundwaters in alluvial sediments.,"The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch 2006). Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al. 2000).",No specific conservation measures are known apart from# a programme of habitat monitoring is recommended.# It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.,This species is not traded.,,"Giusti, F., Manganelli, G., Bodon, M. Cianfanelli, S.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Alzoniella,montana,,Alzoniella montana,,"The shell of Alzoniella montana is similar to, but smaller than that of A. (A.) cantabrica. Occurs sympatric with A. (A.) oventenis (UP11), A. (A.) cantabrica (UN57, VN68), A. (Navarriella) pellitica (WN19, WP00, WP10, WP20) or Bythinella spec. (WN19, WP00, WP10, WP20)",Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"This species was listed as Vulnerable# in the 2001 publication on National Threatened Species by Sociedad Espanola de Malacologia, Resenas Malacologicas. This status is continued in Arconada et al. (2009), who considered it as Vulnerable A2ac and C1 for Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados de España (especes en peligro critico y en peligro) (Verdú and Galente 2009).# This species is present at 11 locations and some sites are faced with threats of over-extraction of water. Although the listing suggests Vulnerable A2ac, there is insufficient data on population trends to support a decline of 30% of the population over the last 10 years, although it may qualify as Vulnerable B2ab(iii), if another site is lost, and consequently it is listed as Near Threatened. This is species is listed as Near Threatened (almost qualifying for VU B2b(iii)).This species is also listed regionally as:European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)",Unknown,"This species is endemic in Spain, and is found in the western part of the province Asturias and in a few localities in León through to Cantabria and Vizcaya.   Unquera, Fuente La      Escalera, Province Santander (UTM grid square UP70).West Entrance to Liberdón,      Province Asturias (UTM grid square UP11). Spring with pool.1 km South-East Las Rozas,      Province Asturias (UTM grid square).Grado, Puebla Lasniella,      Province Asturias (UTM grid square QJ30), spring El Banzao.3 km south-southwest Exit from Ramales      de la Victoria, Province Cantabria (UTM grid square VN68), old spring.About 5 km east of Mendiondo,      Province Vizcaya (UTM grid square WP00), brook with spring.About 4 km, west of Artigas,      Province Vizcaya (UTM grid square WP10), old spring and running waters near      by.2 km South-West Artigas, Province      Vizcaya (UTM grid square WP20), on wet rock with springs nearby.Artigas to Busturia      highway, Province Vizcaya (UTM grid square WP20), brook near road.About 2 km north-east Alday,      Province Vizcaya (UTM grid square WN19), torrent.West-south-west, Puerto San Glorio between km 131 and 133, Province León (UTM grid square UN57), on wet rocks and soils.",No data on population trends.,"This species occupies a variety of habitats including springs, spring adajacent to pools and brooks, wet rocks, and fast flowing brooks with wet rocks.",Some sites where this species is present are threatened by overabstraction of water.,No actions known to be in place for this species.,This species is not utilised.,,"Arconada, B.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Alzoniella,murita,,Alzoniella murita,,The ongoing taxonomic revisions of spring snails may require review of the taxonomic status of this species. The generic placement of this species in Alzoniella is preliminary since no anatomical data are available. Consequently it has not been included within any subgenera of Alzoniella.,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This recently described species is only known from a single site, and hence is a candidate for listing as either Vulnerable D2 or Critically Endangered (CR B2a, b(iii)), if any threats to current locality for the species become severe. Given that the species lives within the interstitial waters of a cave, if there are threats of either development of the cave for tourism or extraction of water from the cave, it could be listed as Near Threatened.# As it is possible that the species has a wider distribution, it is currently listed as Data Deficient, following the decision of Arconada  Ramos (pers. comm. 2010), who considered it as Data Deficient for Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados de España (Especes en peligro critico y en peligro) (Verdú  Galente 2009). EU27:# Data Deficient (DD)Europe: Data Deficient (DD)This species is listed at the Global level as: Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Spain, where it is known only a single locality in the province of Burgos. Berberane, Murite, Cueva de Murita, Province Burgos (UTM grid square VN 951532), Temporal effluent from a cave",No data is available for this species.,Known only from interstitial water within a cave.,The level of threats for this groundwater system are unknown.,"It is currently listed as Data Deficient, following the decision of Arconada et al. (in Verdú  Galante, 2009), who considered it as Data Deficient for Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados de España (Especies en peligro crítico y en peligro).Research is needed regariding its population and distribution, and to potential threats to the groundwater habitat.",This species is not utilised.,,"Ramos, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Alzoniella,navarrensis,,Alzoniella navarrensis,,"This species was described by Boeters (1999) on the basis of shell hight and bursa copulatrix shape (i. e. only two criteria). However, it occurs sympatrically with the more widespread A. elliptica and its taxonomic status needs to be confirmed.",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species is only known from 1 location within the area, however as it was recently described, the species may occur in other aquifers nearby, and this requires review, given the relatively recent description. At present this species is listed as Vulnerable D2, based on potential threats of exploitation of water source, given the presence in a populated area.#If the species range is found to be restricted to the single artesian source, then the species will qualify for Critically Endangered B2ab(iii).",Unknown,"Alzoniella navarrensis is endemic to France, and is found in Department Pyrénées-Atlantiques (South-West France).# It is currently only known from#two neighbouring wells near Arnéguy, but these two wells are fed by the same aquifer, therefore the species occurs in only one single location.",There is no population data available for this species.,This species is found in wells and is considered to be subterranean.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited. However, this location in the Pyrenees does not seem to suffer from human impacts and no immediate threat is known for the species, although as a single site it is vulnerable to future changes.",No conservation actions in place for this species but habitat monitoring would be of benefit.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Alzoniella,onatensis,,Alzoniella onatensis,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"This species is known from a single site where only shells were collected. It was listed as Data Deficient, in the Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados en España (Especies en Peligro Crítico y En Peligro) (Arconada et al. 2009) as no live specimens have ever been found. However, it may be a candidate for listing as either Vulnerable (VU D2) or Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)) since the only known site is already exploited as a water source and the species is likely to live within the interstitial waters of the groundwater. It is here listed as#Critically Endangered, on a precautionary basis following the principles of the other assessments in Europe. This species is listed regionally as:  EU27: #Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii))Europe:#Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii))",Unknown,"Alzoniella onatensis is known from only one site in Guipuzcoa, Northern Spain (Onate, 0.25 km south of Berezano, Province Guipuzcoa (UTM grid square WN 4863)). This is a freshwater spring which is capped.#",There is no information on population decline.,"It is assumed that this species inhabits subterranean waters, with outflow spring in man-made water supply.","Threats to this species include overabstraction of water depleting the groundwater, as well as pollution of the groundwaters.","There are no# known conservation actions for this species. However actions that are potentially damaging to the species include restoration and cleaning of springs, over-exploitation and pollution of the aquifers, summer droughts leading to lack of recharge in aquifer and changes to habitat quality, and the pollution of the water source, therefore appropriate site management is needed to prevent damage from these actions.",This species is not utilised.,,"Arconada, B.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Alzoniella,ovetensis,,Alzoniella ovetensis,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is known from a wide area relative to other species of spring-snail and in a variety of habitats, and hence although many of the habitats are vulnerable to exploitation, the species could be considered as Least Concern (LC). However Arconada (in Verdú  Galente 2009) listed the species as Near Threatened (NT), reflecting that the species has a more restricted range and lives in habitats that are exploited for the water.# Given the large number of sites and the area over which the species exists, it could be considered Near Threatened (NT) if a high proportion of the sites are currently impacted by threats and there has been loss of other sites in the last 20 years.#EU27:# Least Concern (LC)Europe:# Least Concern (LC)Mediterranean: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed at the Global level as: Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Spain, where it is found in central and eastern parts of Asturias and with several populations in León.      ###### Puente de San Martinen, Province Asturias (UTM grid square QJ20), spring ###### Town council of Gardo, baselgas, Province Asturias (UTM grid square QJ30)   ###### SE entrance to Campo de Caso, Province Asturias (UTM grid square UN80), spring   ###### N entrance to San Andrés, Province Asturias (UTM grid square TP50), spring with trough   ###### About 500 m S. Uphill Villamejin, Province Asturias (UTM grid square TN59), spring   ###### Pedroveya, Province Asturias (UTM grid square TN59), brooks and springs between 100 and 900 m away   ###### N. Entrance to Tabladiello, Province Asturias (UTM grid square TP72), brook   ###### 6.5km N. Of Berrón, Province Asturias (UTM grid square TP81), spring with trough   ###### Between Balbordón and Quintana, 1.2 km from La Colla, Province Asturias (UTM grid square TP81), trough   ###### S. Entrance to Campo de Caso, Province Asturias UTM grid square UN80), spring with trough   ###### S. Entrance to Liberdón, Province Asturias (UTM grid square UP11), spring with pool   ###### Between Puertas and Colombres, 1km from Noriega, Province Asturias (UTM grid square UP70), spring with river   ###### Between La Magdalena and barrios de Luna, opposite electricity station, Province León (UTM grid square TN64), on wet rock",No information on population trends.,This species inhabits freshwater springs and brooks.,"There are potential threats to this species from over-abstraction of water depleting the groundwater feeding the springs, as well as habitat degradation of the springs.",There are no conservation actions for this species.,This species is not utilised.,,"Arconada, B.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Alzoniella,pellitica,,Alzoniella pellitica,,"Originally placed by Rolán (1993) as part of Alzoniella elliptica. The species has similar conchological (shell) characters, but differs anatomically in characters of the seminal receptacules (Arconada et al. 2007).",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Spain, where it is restricted to a small region in the north-east of Spain, however although this is a range restricted species, it is present in over 10 widely located sites on the northern coastal regions of Spain. Given the wide range of habitat types and the widely distributed nature of the species, an assessment of Least Concern (LC) is made, although some sites may be locally threatened, it is likely that once more survey work is undertaken, further sites are likely to be found in the region.",Unknown,"This species is restricted to Spain, where it is known from the type locality and 10 other sites, all of which lie in the Basque country (Arconada et al. 2007):   •#### Olaeta, Province Alava, (UTM grid square WN36), running water near spring  •#### Mondragon, Province Alava, (UTM grid square WN36), springs  •#### Santa Agueda, Arriola, Province Alava, (UTM grid square WN36), springs (Type locality)  •#### Mendionda, Arriola, Province Vizcaya, (UTM grid square WP00)  •#### Artigas, (site 4 km west), Province Vizcaya, (UTM grid square WP10), springs and running water nearby  •#### Artigas (site 2 km south-west), Province Vizcaya, (UTM grid square WP20), wet rock face  •#### Alday (site 2 km north-east), Province Vizcaya, (UTM grid square WP19), wet rock face (Arconada et al. 2007).  •#### Ereno, near Arieta, Province Vizcaya, (UTM grid square WP30), springs  •#### Garin (site 3 km west), Province Guipuzcoa, (UTM grid square WP66), emergent spring  •#### Azpeitia (site 4 km south-south-east), Province Guipuzcoa, (UTM grid square WP68), waterfall with pools.","The population trend is unknown, as this is a recently described species.","This species is found in springs and brooks, and can be found on wet rock faces beside springs, as well as in waterfalls with pools.","The main threats are uncertain, but some sites may be threatened due to current trend to concrete and cap freshwater springs leading to habitat degradation, however as other sites are likely to be found, this is considered to be a localised threat.","There are no known actions in place for this species, but further investigations in the distribution and threats to the species are needed to confirm the status as Least Concern (LC).",This species is not utilised.,,"Rolán, E.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Alzoniella,perrisii,,Alzoniella perrisii,,"There are two subspecies known: Alzoniella (Alzoniella) perrisii perrisii Boeters, 2000 and Alzoniella (Alzoniella) perrisii irubensis Boeters, 2000",Yes,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"Alzoniella perrisii is vulnerable to disturbance, as it is a freshwater spring species situated in France's coastal zone in an area close to major urban settlements. There are two subspecies known for this species, one from a single site (the type locality) but the exact location is uncertain, and the other subspecies from at least three locations. At present, if the single subspecies data for Alzoniella (Alzoniella) perrisii irubensis Boeters, 2000 was used, the species may qualify as Endangered, but there is insufficient information on the range of the nominate race, and the other subspecies was recently found and may be more widespread, hence a Vulnerable assessment is more suitable (VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)) based on the decline in habitat quality in the region. Further survey work in required to confirm the status of the species and may lead to a higher listing in the future.",Unknown,"This species is restricted to France, A. p. irubensis being found only in the department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques (three locations are known for Alzoniella perrisii irubensis according to Boeters 2000) and A. p. perrisii is known from one locality in the Landes department.",There is no population data available for this species.,Alzoniella perrisii is usually found in freshwater springs.,"Spring sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilization for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural sources of the groundwater feeding the springs may be another important threat to the species.","This species is not protected under french law, and to detemine the long-term threats to the species a programme of habitat monitoring and populations trends is recommended given the limited range of the species.",,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Alzoniella,pyrenaica,,Alzoniella pyrenaica,,"This species is one of many small spring-snails that can be most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system. Further data is required to determine distribution and status of  populations, and the relationship between the populations of Alzoniella pyrenaica# and Alzoniella iberopyrenaica.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species was originally listed in 1996 as Vulnerable D2 based on the fact it was restricted to a single locality in the Pyrénées-Atlantique, France (Bouchet in IUCN Red List 1996).# However, new data shows that it may be present in the region adjacent to the border in Spain. #It is listed as Data Deficient in the Spanish Red List (Verdú and Galante 2009). Given the current uncertainty about the taxonomic status relative to other species and the geographical data for these, the species is currently listed as Data deficient (DD) until such time as research clarifies the data allowing a full assessment to be made.",Unknown,"Although this species is considered to be endemic to French Pyrenees, further survey is needed.# The species may well extend to Spain, in the region across the border, but due to confusion with other species, now separated as Alzoniella iberopyrenaica, the distribution details are uncertain.",There is no population data available for this species.,This species lives in freshwater springs.,"Alzoniella pyrenaica is considered to be a spring species, and thus potentially threatened by the disturbance of the springs, through habitat degradation (to improve the spring for exploitation), overexploitation of the spring (leading to drying during summer periods) and from pollution of the groundwaters feeding the spring.# However detailed threats to the species are unknown, given the current uncertainty about the range.","This species is listed by Verdú and Galente (2009) as Data Deficient for Spain and by Bouchet (in Baillie and Groombridge 1996) as Vulnerable D2 in France.# Further data is required to determine distribution and status of populations, and the relationship between the populations of Alzoniella pyrenaica# and Alzoniella iberopyrenaica.",This species is not traded,,"Arconada, B. Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Alzoniella,rolani,,Alzoniella rolani,,"Marian Ramos (pers. comm., 2011) suggests that this species may require further revision, once new data on distributions and species limits have been evaluated.",Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Alzoniella #rolani is listed as 'Near Threatened' for Spain by#Arconada, Ramos and Rolán (in Verdu and Galante 2009). A recent review of the genus (Arconada et al. 2007) based on the study of specimens from 6 locations mentioned that the new records do not modify the distribution area known for this species although the studied populations showed anatomical variability in relation to the original description by Boeters (1986). Until new data on the taxonomy of the species are available, the 6 subpopulations should be considered as Near Threatened (VU B2biii) because some of these sites are exploited for water sources, others lie close to coast, by roads and thus are vulnerable to pollution and habitat disturbance.#     This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment:#Near Threatened (NT) at the level of the 27 member states of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment:#Near Threatened (NT).",Unknown,"This species is listed for Portugal and Spain by Fauna Europea. It is localised in the region between Spain and Portugal, on the coast near Vigo.#This species is known from six locations across four provinces of Galicia and from northern Portugal southward to Coimbra.   Feira do Tres,      Province A Coruña (UTM grid square GA98), spring known as O Plumar.  Gondomar (Mill 2 km south), Province Pontevedra (UTM grid square NG25).  Carballeira de San      Xusto, Province Pontevedra (UTM grid square NG29), springs near old      sulphur baths.  Beira Baixa,      Portugal (UTM grid square NE25).  Douro Litoral      (highway from Fafe to Póvoa do Lanhosi entering turn-off 5 km from Serafao      to Vilarielho, about 2 km from Lugar de la Igreja), Portugal (UTM grid square      NF62), spring.  Douro Litoral, Serra      do Marão, Portugal (UTM grid square NF95).",There is no population data for this species.,"This species inhabits freshwater springs and springs, the type locality was close to and old sulphur baths, and in the past this site was used.","Some of these sites are exploited for water sources, others lie close to coast, by roads and thus are vulnerable to pollution and habitat disturbance.","This species is listed as 'Near Threatened' for Spain by#Verdú and Galante (2009). It is a recently described species, therefore research is needed relating to its population size and distribution. Some of the sites where this species is present are vulnerable to disturbance from human activities, therefore education is needed to make people aware of the species and the potential impacts of their actions.",This species is not utilised.,,"Ramos, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Alzoniella,sigestra,,Alzoniella sigestra,,This species is one of many small spring-snails that can be most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system. First described by Giusti Bodon (1984) from Sestri Ponente.,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"This species has a restricted range known from groundwaters in Val Chiaravagna.# In Italy, it has been assessed as Near Threatened, as the number of sites within the valley exceed the threshold for Vulnerable D2. There are potential threats from abstraction of groundwater, as well as pollution of the aquifer, and if these threats started to impact the entire groundwater system the species would qualify as Vulnerable B1ab(iii), D2, and possibly Endangered B1ab(iii). As part of the valley lies in a protected area designated for Natura 2000, there are some controls on events that might threaten the species.",Unknown,"Alzoniella sigestra is endemic to Italy, and has a very restricted range to an area west of Genoa, Val Chiaravagna, where it is found in an area of less than 20 km by 10km (CK Map 5.3.8.).# The type locality was springs near Sestri Ponente. Although it is restricted to the valley, there are multiple outflows (springs), where the species has been seen, so it is presumably present throughout the groundwater system.",No data available on population numbers.,"This species lives in groundwaters in karstic regions. Like most spring-snails, the species feeds using a radula to scrape food from rocks.","This species is found in groundwater, hence the species is vulnerable to changes in the groundwater through abstraction for domestic purposes and# pollution (Manganelli et al. 2000).","One of the locations where this species occurs is Monte Gazzo, a Natura 2000 site which is designated as a protected zone (site no IT1331615). Conservation actions required would be continued monitoring of the sites where the species is found to ensure that there are no changes in status.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Manganelli, G. Giusti, F.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Alzoniella,slovenica,,Alzoniella slovenica,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species does not meet the decline criteria for Vulnerable and is now believed to be more widespread than initially recorded. Previously the species was assessed as Endangered (EN) in the Czech Republic and Vulnerable (VU) in Slovakia, however there have been many more sites recently found in the region since these assessments and so it is currently assessed as Least Concern (LC). It is believed that the majority of population occurs in Slovakia, but present data do not show this and more species specific surveys is needed to confirm this.This species has also been assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Unknown,"This species is restricted to Slovakia and Czech Republic,  where it is known from 12 sites in Slovakia  and 18 sites in the Czech Republic.#     As yet there have been no systematic surveys for this species in Slovakia, although there are sites in the Slovak part of the White Carpathians mountains (Biele Karpaty Protected Landscape Area) that may hold the species. Formerly the species was recorded only at 3 sites in the Czech Republic, but recent field investigations confirmed its occurrence at 18 sites situated on the Czech side of the White Carpathians mountains (Beran et al. 2005).",There is no information available on population trends of this species.,"It is a crenobiotic (dependent on springs) species living in springs, wells, drainage systems and other subterranean waters.","The species is restricted to cave systems, and as such it is vulnerable to changes in hydrological regimes and water pollution. It is also vulnerable to habitat degradation through human use of the cave systems and water abstraction.","There are currently no conservation actions taking place.#It is believed that the majority of population occurs in Slovakia, but the present data does not show this and more species specific surveys are needed to confirm this.",This species is not utilised.,,"Vavrova, L.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Alzoniella,somiedoensis,,Alzoniella somiedoensis,,"Alzoniella (A.) somiedoensis differs from A. (A.) rolani (Boeters, 1986), known from Galicia and Portugal, by a rough, scaly surface of the protooconch (Rolan et al. 2009).",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Spain, where it is only known from the type locality, a freshwater spring Pola de Somiedo, which maybe under pressure of exploitation, and hence the species is assessed on a precautionary basis as Vulnerable (VU) D2 pending further investigations in the distribution and threats to the species, as it maybe a candidate for listing at Critically Endangered.  The species is also assessed at a regional level as:European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2EU27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2 at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Spain, where it was recently described from Pola de Somiedo, in the district La Malva, near the Espacio Natural de La Malva, in front of the Central Hidráulica de La Malva, Province Asturias (Rolan et al. 2009).","The population trend is unknown, as this is a recently described species.",This species is known only from a freshwater spring at its type locality in northwestern Asturias. The animals live under fallen leaves on humid surfaces and also on rocks in the same habitat (Rolan et al. 2009).,"The main threats are uncertain, but believed to lie in exploitation of the freshwater spring for off-take of water for domestic supplies and hydroelectric generation, and until other sites are known for the species, the locality is considered at risk.","There are no known actions in place for this species, but further investigations in the distribution and threats to the species are urgently needed as it maybe a candidate for listing as Critically Endangered.",This species is not used.,,"Rolán, E.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,SORBEOCONCHA,MELANOPSIDAE,Amphimelania,holandrii,,Amphimelania holandrii,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,This species has a relatively wide range in Europe and has several stable subpopulations within two different river systems therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC). It has also been assessed at the regional level as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.,Unknown,"Amphimelania holandrii occurs predominantly in the river catchments of the Sava River and the lower part of the Danube River Basin. It is found in Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Macedonia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia  Herzegovina, Montenegro, Greece (mainland). The presence in the former country of Yugoslavia (Bank et al. 2006) suggests it may be present in other countries of former Yugoslavia.","The population trends for this species are unknown, however there are several stable subpopulations throughout the Sava drainage.","This is a freshwater river species, often found on hard substrates, such as rocks in the river.","Although the major threats to the habitats come from pollution and siltation degrading habitat quality, this species is relatively resistant to pollution compared to other riverine species, and so suffers less from this threat than other taxa in the same habitats.","In Hungary this species is protected, in Slovenia it is considered Vulnerable (VU), however within the Balkans it is widespread and therefore does not require protection.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Tomovic, J., Vavrova, L. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Ancylus,aduncus,,Ancylus aduncus,,"This species has often been placed in synonym with the widespread European river limpet Ancylus fluviatilis.# The current status of this taxon is uncertain as the Madeiran populations were not examined by Albrecht et al. (2006), in their review of the phylogeny and taxonomic status of the river freshwater limpets in Europe. Several different species were recognised within the European river limpet Ancylus fluviatilis, some of which have a species name, other clades were more difficult to assign to a species name.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is abundant on the island of Madeira, and as such may merit a conservation status of Least Concern (LC), but given the taxonomic uncertainty of the species, it is listed as Data Deficient (DD), pending further research.# If it is considered a distinct species it should be listed as Least Concern (LC). If it is considered to be part of a more widespread species, it should also be listed as Least Concern (LC).",Stable,According to Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) this species is endemic to the Madeiran Islands (Portugal) where it is restricted to the main island of Madeira. On Madeira a freshwater limpet is found widely around the island (Seddon pers. comm. 2010).,"Although the taxonomic status of these populations is uncertain, the population status is considered stable as plenty of habitat is present on the island.","This species is often found on grasses in the spray zone of waterfalls, as well as on rocks in rivers.","There are no specific threats to this species, as it is widespread in suitable habitats on the island.","This species requires a full taxonomic review to determine its status as a distinct species.# However, no actions are necessary to conserve the population as the species is widespread and abundant in suitable habitats.",This species is not utilised.,,"Albrecht, C. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Ancylus,fluviatilis,,Ancylus fluviatilis,,"Ongoing genetic research by Albrecht et al. (2007) and Pfenninger et al (2003) suggests that this species should be split to more than 1 species in Europe. However, agreement has yet to be reached on the specifics of such changes, as the results from the two papers shows slight differences. Albrecht et al. (2007) suggest there are possibly 6 different species within the traditional range of the old species concept of Ancylus fluviatilis.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"The Ancylus fluviatilis species complex has a widespread distribution and faces no current overall threats in Europe, therefore it has been assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union. The species is declining locally in southern Europe (Mediterranean region) due to pollution and  climate change but is not considered as currently threatened. However, if  the three species viewed by Albrecht et al. (2007) and Pfeiffinger (2003)  are recognised as valid species, then different assessments may be  required.    Ancylus fluviatilis (sensu  stricto) Albrecht et al. (2007): this occurs mainly in northern Europe, but reaching  southern limits in Spain, France, northern Italy and Slovenia. This  species is considered Least Concern (LC) in Europe. Most of the remaining  habitats in Mediterranean could fall into the species listed below,  however the Mediterranean zone is on the southern limit of the  distribution of Ancylus fluviatilis (sensu  stricto)  in the region, and might be affected by decline  episodes as a result of the effect of climate change and over exploitation of the main rivers.    Ancylus sp A Albrecht et al.  (2007): this is restricted to a small area in southern Portugal. The current  range of this population is uncertain, and although it may qualify as  threatened, given the current status of distributional knowledge, a  status of Data Deficient (DD) would be appropriate.     Ancylus sp B Albrecht et al.  (2007): this is mainly found in the Mediterranean region, from the Canary  Islands, Morocco, Italy, though to Greece and Turkey. This population,  if considered a valid species , would probably qualify as Least Concern (LC)  given the extensive range in the Mediterranean, however most of the  habitats in Mediterranean are under pressure for exploitation of the water sources, and hence the species may be locally threatened.    Ancylus sp C Albrecht et al.  (2007): this is mainly found in the western Mediterranean region, from Portugal,  Spain to Italy. This population, if considered a valid species, would  probably qualify  as Least Concern (LC) given the extensive range in the Mediterranean, however  most of the habitats in Mediterranean are under pressure for  exploitation of the water sources, and hence the species may be locally  threatened.  These species should be monitored as their status is currently uncertain  and some sub-populations/species maybe threatened as a result of the  effect of changing rainfall patterns and over-exploitation of the water  resources.",Unknown,"Ancylus fluviatilis is widespread in Europe. However, range data is difficult to assess at present as recent splits have led to three species being recognised, whereas only one was previously thought to be present throughout Europe.Albrecht et al. (2007) summarise the range of the species currently recognised within the river limpet:Ancylus fluviatilis (sensu  stricto) Albrecht et al (2007): mainly in northern Europe, but reaching  southern limits in Spain, France, northern Italy and Slovenia. Ancylus sp A Albrecht et al.  (2007): restricted to small area in southern Portugal.# Ancylus sp B Albrecht et al.  (2007): mainly found in the Mediterranean region, from the Canary  Islands, Morocco, Italy, though to Greece and Turkey. Ancylus sp C Albrecht et al.  (2007): mainly found in the western Mediterranean region, from Portugal,  Spain to Italy.",There is no information on the current population status or trend of this species.,"The river limpet is usually found in clear fast flowing rivers, with the species preferring to cling to rocks.","Although no current threats are currently recognised for this species, pollution is suggested as being a potential future threat. Over-exploitation of water and management of river flow for energy production may have localised impacts on populations.","The most urgent conservation action for this species is taxonomic research to establish the nature of this species complex and name the three other taxa identified. Subsequently research is needed to determine the range of each taxa, to establish whether any of them are range restricted species, and whether they qualify as threatened species.",This species is not believed to be traded.,,"Albrecht, C., Seddon, M. Van Damme, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Ancylus,lapicidus,,Ancylus lapicidus,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Ancylus lapicidus is restricted to Lake Ohrid, where it is assessed as Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii), as the lake has an area of only 358 km2, and there is continuing decline in the habitat quality due to pollution affecting the biofilm of the hard substrate (and the food and the habitat available for this species).  #",Unknown,Ancylus lapicidus is endemic to the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) part of Lake Ohrid.,This species is found at suitable habitats in relatively low abundances (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).,This freshwater species is found in the littoral zone of lakes where it is restricted to hard substrate.,"Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. Agriculture near the Prespa Lake is contaminating the Prespa Lake waters, which are feeding the aquifer of the Lake  Ohrid, resulting in increased nutrient load (Matzinger et al. 2006). Increasing sediment load (due to construction of new settlements, deforestation and erosion of the neighbouring area) also impacts this small gastropod. In relation to this eutrophication, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability.",There are no conservation actions in place for this species.,,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Ancylus,scalariformis,,Ancylus scalariformis,,,Yes,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU27,,"Ancylus scalariformis is considered as Vulnerable D2, as although it is only found in Lake Ohrid (a lake with an area of 358 km2), the rate of decline in the quality of lake water is not likely to be significantly impacting this species, and populations in the sub-littoral zone are currently unaffected. However, with pollution levels increasing, this species could very quickly become Endangered if the water quality or the water temperature changes significantly.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Lake Ohrid, between the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania.",It is found at suitable habitats in relatively low abundances (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).,"This freshwater species found# in the littoral and sublittoral zones of the lake, that can be found on various substrates like Dreissena shells, gravel and stones.","Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. Increasing sediment load (due to construction of new settlements, deforestation and erosion of the neighbouring area) also impacts this small gastropod within the littoral zone.","There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. Habitat monitoring (water quality and sediment load) would be useful to determine changes in the status of this species.  ###########",,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Ancylus,striatus,,Ancylus striatus,,"Originally viewed as a variety of the variable species Ancylus fluviatilis, now there is reason to conclude that there are several cryptic species within the range. Albrecht et al. 2007# reviewed the molecular systematics of the freshwater limpets in Europe and found there was a southern Mediterranean species, which had a range extending to Canary Islands, through northern Africa extending to Greece and Turkey. At present they haven’t concluded which is the oldest valid name for this taxa, although there are possible names from parts of the range, but they suggest that A. pileolus Férussac, 1822 may be their Ancylus sp B.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species has been assessed as Data Deficient (DD) based on grounds of taxonomic uncertainty and lack of distributional clarification, following recent research which showed that populations of the river limpets Ancylus fluviatilis are more than one variable species. If the species has an extensive range outside the Canary Islands and the Azores then it should merit Least Concern (LC), but given the taxonomic uncertainty, it is listed as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at regional levels as Data Deficient (DD) at the European level, Date Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union, and Data Deficient (DD) at the Mediterranean level.",Unknown,"There is some confusion about the range of this species following recent molecular investigations. Bank et al. (2002) reported the species as restricted to the Canary Islands, however according to Albrecht et al. (2007) and Pfenninger et al. (2003), the species found in the Canary Islands, has a range extending through the Mediterranean. Fauna Europea (Bank#et al. 2006) now has the range including the Azores and Canary Islands, but not the Madeiran islands.","The status of this species is uncertain, and as such the general information on subpopulation status is uncertain.","The general habitats for these small freshwater limpets include rivers, streams and other fast-flowing water such as ditches, waterfalls and small outlets from freshwater springs. It is usually found on rocks or submerged wood, and occasionally submerged grasses in the spray-zone of waterfalls (Kerney 1999, Seddon pers. comm. 2010).","The threats to this species are uncertain, given that the range is uncertain, however as the species tends to prefer clean fast-flowing water, then general threats will include changes to flow regimes, sedimentation and changes to the river bed.","There are no known conservation actions for this species, but the species is in need of taxonomic review to determine whether this species is present in the southern Mediterranean or restricted to the Canary islands and the Azores.",This species is not known to be traded.,,"Albrecht, C. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Ancylus,tapirulus,,Ancylus tapirulus,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Ancylus tapirulus is restricted to Lake Ohrid (one location), which has an area of 358 km2. The range of this species covers the littoral and sub-littoral zones of the lake, but it is not clearly known which is the main habitat of the species. For species with similar distribution, it was considered that the habitat quality decline was only affecting the littoral part of the range and therefore was not compromising the survival of the species. However, in this case, this species is so rare that it is likely to be more sensitive to changes in its habitat quality. Therefore a precautionary approach is preferred and the species is considered as Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).",Unknown,The species is restricted to the the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) part of Lake Ohrid.,This species can be found at suitable habitats in very low abundances (C. Albrecht pers. comm. 2009).,This freshwater lake species is found in the littoral zone where it is restricted to hard substrate.,"Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. Increasing sediment load (due to construction of new settlements, deforestation and erosion of the neighbouring area) also impacts this small gastropod. Agriculture near the Prespa Lake is contaminating the Prespa lake waters, which are feeding the aquifer of the Lake  Ohrid, resulting in increased nutrient load (Matzinger et al. 2006).",There are no conservation actions in place for this species. More research is needed on the population trends and on the distribution range.,,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Anisus,calculiformis,,Anisus calculiformis,,"This species is also known under different species names: A. septemgyratus. This is the older name, and so could take priority according to the code.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,This species is widespread but localised in eastern Europe with a range that extends to the Altai Mountains.# Given the wide range it is not considered to be a threatened species and so is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.,Unknown,"Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) lists this species from eastern and central Europe, from  Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Poland, Germany and Italy. Kantor et al. (2009) consider the range extends to Altai region of Russia and Kazachstan , and hence it is not a European endemic.",There is a little data regarding the population trends of this species.,"This species occurs in small standing waters, ponds and swamps; it tolerates temporary droughts.","Although this species occurs in habitats that have localised threats of habitat degradation (e.g. drainage for agriculture use, channel modifications for flood control), there are areas with little disturbance, hence the threats are not likely to impact this species in the short-term.","The suggested research action for this species is further taxonomic research to clarify the relationships with other closely related taxa.## No conservation actions are known and none are considered necessary at a regional scale, although local threats may require conservation actions within countries.",There is no information regarding the use or trade of this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Anisus,leucostoma,,Anisus leucostoma,,"This species has various synonyms, some of which are considered in some regions to be valid species. For example, in Great Britain Kerney (1999) regarded A.spirorbis as a synonym of A.leucostoma, noting that it was a more broadly coiled shell with fewer whorls than the narrow-whorled shell that was typical in British ponds. This species has been confused with other species of Anisus, and so some of the distributional records may be questionable. This species is not possible to segregate on shell characters and needs to be identified based on anatomical characters.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is widespread across Europe and abundant where present, hence it is not likely to become threatened. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and as Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union. However, the lowland sites close to large cities may be vulnerable to development for industrial purposes and sites in agriculturally productive area are vulnerable to drainage for land reclamation. This could cause localized threats to sites.",Stable,"This Palaearctic species is widespread in Europe recorded to 63°N in Sweden (Kerney 1999) where it is abundant in suitable habitats as defined by Glöer  Meier-Brook (2008). In Europe the range includes Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Northern Ireland (UK), Great Britain (UK), Channel Islands (UK), Netherlands, Belgium Luxembourg France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (mainland), Spain (mainland), Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Greece (mainland) and Greece (Kriti; Crete). In Asia it is recorded eastwards to the left bank of the Lena and Nizniya Tunguska Rivers (Kantor et al. 2009), and south to Mediterranean Turkey (Sereflisan et al. 2009) and northern Iran (Mansoorian 2000).",There is no comprehensive data about population trends available. This is a widespread species with relatively stable populations.,"This species is found in a wide variety of different water bodies, including lakes, canals, ponds, ditches, temporary water bodies than dry out intermittently (e.g. periodically flooded fields), and sandy banks of rivers (Kerney 1999). It is mostly found in stagnant periodic waters in low and middle altitudes. In Great Britain it is a lowland river species mainly found in hard water areas.","The species is abundant where present and tolerant of drying out and hence survives in a wide range of habitats. However there are localized declines noted in many countries, due to changes in land management practices, usually conversion of marshy ground to agricultural lands (Kerney 1999) and changes in the water regime.","In most countries this species is not considered to be of conservation interest. In Ireland, it was assessed as Least Concern (Byrne et al. 2009).# In Great Britain, although it has declined in the Midlands and the north, it is considered to be stable and listed as Least Concern (Seddon and# Killeen pers. comm. 2010).In Austria and Sweden it is considered as Category 3 (Byrne et al. 2009).# Research is needed to establish the taxonomic status of the different populations of this species.",This species is not known to be traded.,,"Killeen, I. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Anisus,spirorbis,,Anisus spirorbis,,"This species has been confused with other species of the Anisus genus, and so some of the distributional records may be questionable. This species is not possible to segregate on shell characters and needs to be identified based on anatomical characters.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"The species is very localised in most countries and not abundant where present, however given the present geographical range it is unlikely to be threatened in the near future. At present, due to past taxonomic issues, the species is considered Data Deficient (DD) in parts of the range. This absence of good distributional data from some regions suggests that further research needs to be undertaken to understand the range and ecology of the species, especially in countries which currently do not recognise the species as being present. Given the wide range and lack of significant threats, the species is regarded as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Stable,"This species is listed as being widespread throughout Europe, although it is localised in most countries and not abundant where present. The distributional data is questionable, as different views of the species are taken, and some countries do not recognise the species being present. Bank et al. (Fauna Europea, 2006) give the range as: Iceland, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland, Great Britain (UK), Belgium, France (Mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (Mainland), Sardinia (Italy), Sicily (Italy), Spain (Mainland), Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Greece (Mainland), Montenegro, Albania and possibly from the Netherlands and Corsica. It has been reported from the former country of Yugoslavia so it maybe present in other countries in the Balkan region.#According to Kantor et al. (2009), the range extends outside Europe into#western Siberia, northern Kazakhstan and the Ural River.","There is no population trend information available, but species is widespread, and not thought to be declining throughout the range.","Mainly found in running water, such as rivers and streams. This species serves as first intermediate host for the parasite, Prosthogonimus ovatus.",There are no known threats for this species operating across the range.,"There are no known actions in place for this species, but none are necessary. The species is considered#Vulnerable (VU) in the#Czech Republic and#Stark gefährdet (highly endangered)#in#Germany (Gloer and Meier-brook 2003). The absence of good distributional data from some regions and confusion with other species of the Anisus genus suggests that further research needs to be undertaken to understand the range and ecology of the species, especially in countries which currently do not recognise the species as being present.",The species is not utilized.,,"Vavrova, L., Killeen, I. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Anisus,strauchianus,,Anisus strauchianus,,"This species is listed by Fauna Europea for Ukraine, there was some informal discussion as to whether it may have been a synonym of a more widespread species. The latest version of the catalogue (Kantor et al. 2009) accepts this as a valid species. As the status has been doubtful in the past, and the distributional data and population status data are rather difficult to interpret and require further review.",Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is listed by Fauna Europaea for Ukraine and Russia (Kantor et al. 2009).                  This species has few localities and as such may fall into a threatened category, however small steppe aquatic habitats in Eastern Europe are rarely surveyed and as such recent data are insufficient for this assessment, hence it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD). This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE), as it does not occur at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union",Unknown,"This species is only known from isolated localities in the steppe zone of Eastern Europe (Ukraine, Russia) (Stadnichenko 1990) where it is currently viewed as very rare. In the last decades there is only one record of live specimens in the Southern Bug Basin (Uvaeva 2007).",The population status is unknown.,Temporary pools in steppe grasslands and and rivers.,Loss of habitats due to conversion of steppe to agriculture on floodplains of small steppe rivers.,"There are no known conservation actions for this species, however data is needed on distribution, population trends and habitat loss to determine the conservation status.",There is no trade information for this species.,,"Son, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Anisus,vortex,,Anisus vortex,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"In Europe it is viewed as a widespread species with no  evidence of significant decline across the range, although localised declines are reported. Therefore it is considered to be Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Unknown,"This species is widespread in Europe.   Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) lists the full range as: Sweden, Denmark (Mainland), Finland, Estonia, Latvia Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland, Great Britain (UK), Channel Islands (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (Mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (Mainland), Bulgaria, Romania, Spain (Mainland), Portugal (Mainland), Albania, Slovenia, Croatia and Ukraine. As it was reported from the 'former country of Yugoslavia',# it maybe present in other countries in the region.The presence in Albania is reported by Dhora and Welter-Schultes (1996) based on a distribution map drawn by Meier-Brook in 1983 according to Feher and Eross (2009).Outside Europe the range extends to west Asia.","In some parts of Europe, this species is in decline. In Great Britain, it is still viewed as a widespread species, with no evidence of significant decline, although the majority of the records for this species pre-date 1975. It is less common in Scotland. In Ireland it has suffered a 63% distributional decline since 1980 (Moorkens, 2009 pers. comm). The species is known to be lost from a number of sites where it was previously recorded. It is a rare species in the major canal systems in Ireland (Royal and Grand Canal) and was rarely encountered in a recent study (Moorkens and Killeen 2005).","The species is found in clear, weedy water in larger streams, rivers and lakes. It prefers clean well oxygenated water, and in some parts of Europe is most common in hard water. It is usually found amongst weeds but is not tolerant of drying out, unlike Anisus leucostoma. It is mainly a lowland water species, and hence is less frequent in mountains and higher latitudes.","Although this species is still widespread, it has suffered localised losses due to various reasons such as habitat loss and changing water quality. For example in Republic of Ireland, declining water quality caused loss of species in parts of the range (Moorkens pers. comm. 2009) and also in Germany (Falkner pers. comm., 2010) whereas due to habitat destruction caused losses in Great Britain (Killeen and Seddon, pers. comm., 2010) and the Netherlands (Bruyne et al. 2003).","In some parts of Europe this species is in decline, but not sufficiently across its range to justify conservation actions. It was listed as Vulnerable A2c in Ireland and Rare (Level 3) in Switzerland (Moorkens, pers. comm., 2009) and#in Germany it is considered Rare or Vulnerable in some states, but overall it is not considered to be a threatened species.#Like all species, it would benefit from knowledge on the value of aquatic biodiversity and their role in freshwater systems, as well as habitat monitoring. Further distributional data is required on the presence of this species and closely allied taxa in Eastern and Southern Europe.",This species is not known to be traded.,,"Moorkens, E., Killeen, I. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Anisus,vorticulus,,Anisus vorticulus,,It is possible to confuse specimens of Anisus vorticulus with dwarf forms of A. vortex that occur in temporary water bodies (described as Planorbis numulus Held 1837) (Terrier et al. 2006).,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"Although this species is widespread it is considered to be declining in some parts of its range. At present the rates of decline are very variable across the range, and hence it may not qualify as threatened, using the population decline over 3 generations (10 years). However, the general loss of sub-populations in countries over the range in the last 30 years, suggests it should be considered as Near Threatened (NT) under criteria A at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Unknown,"This species is widespread but very localised throughout western and central Europe with listing from Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) in Albania, Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Russia, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands and Ukraine.Terrier et al. (2006) provide a full account in their paper, noting that Anisus vorticulus is a Western Palaearctic species with its distribution centred in eastern and central Europe, with sub-populations that are widely separated and localised. Here its European countries of occurrence also include Belarus, Bulgaria and Russia (Terrier et al. 2006). A locality along the Danube in the former Yugoslavia is given by Frank et al. (1990), but it is not possible to locate this site with enough accuracy to determine if it is in present-day Croatia or Serbia. The known distribution extends in Scandinavia to the Skåne province in Sweden (Wells  Chatfield 1992) and in Russia eastward to the Ob drainage system, where it has been found at Omsk and Tomsk (Kantor et al. 2009).According to Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel in France it is known from eight widely scattered sites. In Croatia a single record is known from Krka National Park (Beran 2009). In Germany it is common in the northern part and locally distributed in southern part of the country. In the Czech Republic it is only few localities (Elbe, Morava, Dyje) (Beran 2009, in litt)In Switzerland it is considered rarer in the north than the south (Turner et al, 1998). It is also rare in Slovakia with only 10 recent localities (Danube floodplains, lowlands in the eastern part) (Steffek  Vavrova 2006). Only three localities are known from Serbia (Zasavica, Kovalski rit).","There is no comprehensive data about population available. Anisus vorticulus is a hermaphrodite, usually with an annual life cycle. There is localised evidence of decline over much of the western parts of Europe. In Great Britain three sub-populations have shown actual decline of around 40% over the last 40 years with sub-populations lost from around 10 sites between 1950-1990 (Killeen, pers. comm., 2010) and recent surveys of Arun Valley (1999-2010) show a substantial decline of around 60% (Willing, 2010 pers. comm). In the Netherlands there has been a decline of 47% over a number of recorded sites since 1965 (Bruyne et al. 2003).","This species inhabits clear stagnant waters usually with dense vegetation. It lives in various types of water bodies in river floodplains (isolated pools, former channels and meanders), the edges of lakes, banks of streams and slow rivers and drainage ditches in grazing marshes  (Terrier et al. 2006).In Great Britain it occurs in ditches on grazing marshes in clean still water where it is found with other rare species such as Valvata macrostoma, Segmentina nitida and Pisidium pseudosphaerium (Kerney 1999).This species can stand highly fluctuating water levels in floodplain water bodies, but does not seem to survive full desiccation (Terrier et al. 2006).","The causes of the decline observed in some areas are not well understood. It has been attributed to the loss of natural habitat, pollution, eutrophication of water bodies caused by agricultural fertilisers, reduction in ground-water levels and general inappropriate habitat management and modification of the physicochemical character of water bodies (Killeen  Willing 1997, Terrier et al. 2006).","This species is listed in Annex II and IV of the European Union, Habitat  Species Directive and although species is found throughout Europe, in many countries it is in decline, rare and very localised. In Great Britain it was originally listed as Vulnerable (Kerney 1999) based on the limited number of known sites and loss. However, the recent update (2010, in prep.) listed the species on a precautionary basis as Endangered, based on the 60% loss of sub-populations in several of the remaining locations (Seddon, Killeen  Willing, pers. comm., 2010). In the The Netherlands it is listed as Vulnerable based on 47% loss of sites since 1965 (Bruyne et al. 2003). In Germany it is considered as a Category 1 Threatened species, based on the number of sites lost in the southern part of the country where it is now extinct in some of the states (Falkner et al. 2003). In the Czech Republic, Beran (2009, in litt) noted that   it is Critically Endangered. He notes it is nearly extinct in Bohemia (Elbe River Basin) and Silesia (Odra River Basin), more sites in Moravia River Basis are declining, based on the decline of suitable habitats. In Slovakia it is only known to occur at 10 localities and is Critically Endangered (Steffek  Vavrova 2006). In Switzerland it is listed as Category 2 (Turner et al. 2004).Recommendations are to monitor known habitats and manage areas at risk from the identified threats more sensitively.",This species is not known to be traded.,,"Vavrova, L.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,UNIONOIDA,UNIONIDAE,Anodonta,anatina,,Anodonta anatina,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is a widespread species in Europe and is not considered threatened at present, although it is recognised as a species which is declining over parts of the range, in part due to the presence of the invasive species#Dreissena polymorpha. The species is more in decline in Ireland and parts of western Europe#(Moorkens  Killeen 2005). There is an urgent need for more data on the level of impact of#Dreissena polymorpha, as it can stop Anodonta anatina from reproducing (Moorkens  Killeen 2005). It has reduced greatly in numbers in some major river systems in the range and, although there are many identified threats, the precise causes are unknown (D. Aldridge, 2009, pers. comm). The species is a candidate for Near Threatened status, as the data currently demonstrate the decline levels are close to meeting the 25-30% decline threshold over 3 generations (around 25 years) throughout the range and it may become Near Threatened in the next 25 years. The current assessment is as Least Concern.",Unknown,"This species is common and widespread throughout Europe, in some parts the species is scarcer.            There are five subspecies recognised by Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) within the region, each with a different geographical distribution:Anodonta anatina anatina# Distribution: Republic of Ireland (Eire) Great Britain (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium Luxembourg, France (Mainland) and Germany.  Anodonta anatina attenuata Distribution: Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary.  Anodonta anatina radiata Distribution: Norway, Sweden, Denmark (Mainland), Finland, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Germany and Czech Republic.  Anodonta anatina rostrata Distribution: Austria  Anodonta anatina waterstoni Distribution: Greece (including Andikíthira I., Evvia I., Ionian Is., Samothráki I., Northern Sporades Is., Thásos I.).However, as yet there is insufficient data to maintain these as distinct taxa, and as such the data is combined for this assessment.Anodonta anatina is recorded in Russia (Graf and Cummings 2007), where Kantor et al. (2009) currently list many different taxa, that#Graf and Cummings (2007) recognise as synonyms.","This is a species which has an average longevity of eight years. It is  one of the most common species in rivers and lakes and one of the most  tolerant species to pollution, and gets into the upper parts of river  systems.However, it is recognised as a species which is declining over parts of the  range, in part due to the presence of the invasive species#Dreissena  polymorpha.#The species is more in decline in Ireland and parts of western Europe#(Moorkens  Killeen 2005). It has reduced greatly some some major river systems in the range and, although there are many identified threats, the precise causes are unknown (D. Aldridge, 2009, pers. comm).","This is a filter-feeding bivalves that lives in the beds of lakes, rivers, reservoirs and canals.","In the past there have been localised declines and losses as the result of habitat degradation (water pollution from industrial/agricultural sources and channel management for flood protection and navigation), however the most recent threats come from the impact of an invasive mollusc species Dreissena polymorpha, smothering the duck mussel. In some parts of Europe this species has been badly impacted by Dreissena polymorpha and is projected to decline even further as a direct result of this invasive species (e.g. in Ireland,#Moorkens and Killeen (2005)).#The species sits partly out of the river bed to enable the filter-feeding, so#a high proportion of shell is exposed to the water column, and hence is vulnerable to settlement by#Dreissena polymorpha seeking a place to anchor. There is an urgent need for more data on the level of impact of this species as the smothering is known to inhibit reproduction.","No conservation actions are known for this species across the range, although local actions maybe in place (e.g.#In Germany it is listed as specially protected species in Annex 1 in the Federal Species Regulation, Glöer and Meier-Brook (2003)). Although the species is widespread at present, it has been declining in parts of the range. The major threat identified in some areas is due to new invasions of non-native species, and hence further research on the impact of non-native species on Anodonta anatina is urgently needed to determine the likely longer-term threats they present. Following this it can be determined whether further actions are necessary.",The species is sold in garden centres and aquaria for ponds.,,"Killeen, I. Vavrova, L.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,UNIONOIDA,UNIONIDAE,Anodonta,cygnea,,Anodonta cygnea,,"Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) considered there to be four different subspecies, which, once reviewed using molecular systematics may be revealed as concealing cryptic diversity.In addition Falkner (pers. comm.,#2009) considered that two subspecies may exist in Lake Constance, although whether it is an endemic sub-species of Lake Constance is or whether they are conspecific with forms from other Swiss Alpine lakes is unclear.",No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"This species is a widespread species in Europe and is not considered  threatened at present, although it is recognised as a species which is  declining over parts of the range, in part due to the presence of the  invasive species#Dreissena polymorpha. The species is more in decline in  Ireland and parts of western Europe#(Moorkens and Killeen 2005).  There is an urgent need for more data on the level of impact of#Dreissena polymorpha, as it can stop Anodonta anatina from  reproducing (Moorkens and Killeen 2005). It has reduced greatly in  numbers in some major river systems in the range and, although there are  many identified threats, the precise causes are unknown (D. Aldridge pers. comm. 2009). Given the decline in populations over the last generation as a result of water pollution and the impact of the various invasive bivalves the species is a candidate for Near Threatened (NT) status in Europe, as it may have declined between 25 and 35% in a significant percentage of the range. Once sufficient data has been assembled to confirm the decline levels the threat status can be reassessed.",Decreasing,"This species is common and widespread throughout Europe, but scarcer in some parts. Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) considered there to be four different subspecies, which may once reviewed using molecular systematics be revealed as concealing cryptic diversity, and hence these are listed for information.Anodonta cygnea cygnea #(Linnaeus, 1758): Mainly northern European: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland, Great Britain (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (Mainland) and Germany.Anodonta cygnea deplanata von Gallenstein, 1852: Austria.Anodonta cygnea gravida Drouet, 1879:# Mainland#Greece.#Anodonta cygnea solearis Held, 1839: Eastern European:#Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Greece (including Andikíthira I., Evvia I., Ionian Is., Samothráki I., Northern Sporades Is., Thásos I.).Outside Europe this species is found as far east as Siberia.","The species is known to be declining through parts of the range in western Europe. In parts of Germany considered rare (Falkner pers. comm. 2009), where it is considered to be present in lakes.","This species prefers slow flowing or still waters,#lakes and slow-flowing lowland rivers,#canals, drainage dykes and dam reservoirs (Kerney 1999, Killeen#et al.#2004,#Zettler#et al.#2006). It is intolerant of poor environmental conditions, and can be used as a biodiversity indicator of clean water (Rosińska#et al. 2008).","In the past there have been localised declines and losses as the result  of habitat degradation (water pollution from industrial/agricultural  sources and channel management for flood protection and navigation),  however the most recent threats come from the impact of an invasive  mollusc species Dreissena polymorpha, smothering the swan mussel. In some parts of Europe this species has been badly impacted by Dreissena polymorpha  and is projected to decline even further as a direct result of this  invasive species (e.g. in Ireland,#Moorkens and Killeen (2005)).#The  species sits partly out of the river bed to enable the filter-feeding,  so#a high proportion of shell is exposed to the water column, and hence is vulnerable  to settlement by#Dreissena polymorpha seeking a place to  anchor. There is an urgent need for more data on the level of impact of  this species as the smothering is known to inhibit reproduction.","No conservation actions are known for this species operating across the range, although local actions are in place. In Poland, this species has been protected by law since 1995 and is listed as Endangered on the Polish Red List (Zając 2005).#This species has special status in Germany by the BArtSchV (Anlage I) legislation (Federal Species Regulation) (Zettler#et al.#2006), and#where it is considered to be present in lakes and#listed with a status of 2 - 'highly endangered' (Falkner pers. comm, 2009). It is also listed on the local Red List of endangered animals of Brandenburg and of Mecklenburg-Przedpomorza in Germany with a status of 3 - 'threatened' (Rosińska#et al. 2008).#The species is classified as Vulnerable under criterion A4ce on the Irish Red List No. 2 (Non-Marine Molluscs) (Byrne#et al. 2009). It is also listed as Vulnerable on the Red List of threatened species of the Czech Republic (Farkač#et al. 2005), and as Endangered on the Norwegian Red List (Byrne#et al.#2009).Although the species is widespread at present, it has been declining in  parts of the range. The major threat identified in some areas is due to  new invasions of non-native species, and hence further research on the  impact of non-native species on Anodonta anatina is urgently  needed to determine the likely longer-term threats they present.  Following this it can be determined whether further actions are  necessary.Data is required to establish whether the species meets the decline threshold of more than 30% over the last 25 years. It can then also be determined whether further actions are necessary.",This species is known to be used for sale for large garden ponds and aquariums.,,"Killeen, I. Aldridge, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Antibaria,notata,,Antibaria notata,,,Yes,LC,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Although this species has a restricted range, it is known from 17 locations, all springs, many of which are exploited, and as such is considered to be declining in their quality of habitat.# This species was listed as Extinct by Regnier et al (2009), based on information in another paper, however the sampling may have been undertaken at the wrong time of the year, as Pesic comments that these springs dry out during summer periods, and the species can disappear temporarily. Hence, at present, given the presence at multiple sites the species is still considered to be Least Concern, although close to qualifying as Near Threatened.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Montenegro, where it is found in#16-17 locations including:Popovo selo, spring in Buljarice near Petrovac town;#spring Bostanj in Pelinovo, near Tivat town;#spring Smokvijenac near Budva; Studenac spring in Braići vill.,;#Golubovići and Dobra Voda springs in Buljarica;#Zabrđe spring in Kovač village near Buljarica;#Spring Brca, on Sutomore-Bar road;#Bunar spring near Stari Bar town;#spring Psar near Virpazar, spring Vrelo between Boljevići and Limljani village;#Dobra Voda spring in Boljevići village;#Mladjenova gumna spring in Brijege village;#Smokvijenac spring in Tomići village;#spring Joševik near Sotonići village.The type locality was #the freshwater springs at Buljarica, near Petrovac, Montenegro. ##",There is no population trend data.,This species inhabits freshwater springs.,"Antibaria notata#(Frauenfeld, 1865)#is listed by Pesic (pers. comm. 2009) from about 16-17 locations and his assessment is that this species should be assessed as Least Concern. #However Regnier et al. (2009) listed it as Extinct, presumably based on Falniowksi and Szarowska appendix to a paper which lists the following sites at which they failed to find it in 2001.Velje oko, Gluhi Do village,##a locality of#Antibaria notata#(Frauenfeld, 1865); there was a big water intake and no water on the surface.Popovo selo (Vodice) in Buljarica near Petrovac na moru, the type locality of#A. notata;#there was nothing left of the natural spring; there was only tap water taken from the spring, available at the monasteryOther springs along the Adriatic coast#Radoman#(1983) cites as localities of#A. notata.#Falniowksi and Swaroski#found that#the whole area close to the seaside was changed to a holiday and health resort built with numerous hotels, etc. and they did not find any of the localities listed below.Bostanj by Pelinovo,#Smokovijenac near Sveti Stefan,#Golubovici and Dobra voda at Buljarica,#Studenac at Braići above the Budva town;#at the this site there was a huge water intake;#Spring Smokovijenac at Tomići, the drainage area of Skutari lake, a locality of#A.notata; the very small village seemed to be almost not inhabited, there being a few old, empty houses; the spring was overgrown with dense bushes,#only a thin trickle of its water was accessible, there being no hydrobiids#besides#Litthabitella chilodia(Westerlund, 1886)#and#O. montana.","No conservation actions are in place for this species. Although this species was listed as Extinct by Regnier et al (2009) based on a paper by Szarowska (2006), further discussions with local scientists in Montenegro and Hungary who have sampled these sites suggests that it is still present at more than 10 of the sites reported by Radoman (1983), and that sampling needs to be undertaken at the right season as these springs can dry out during summer periods (Seddon pers. comm. 2010).",,,"Pešić, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PHYSIDAE,Aplexa,hypnorum,,Aplexa hypnorum,,"Taylor (2003) suggests that in the southwest part of the range, the species may be replaced by a different species in the genus#Paraplexa ataxiaca#in western Switzerland and probably southern France. However this paper is not well recognised, and Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) do not recognise this taxa as a valid species.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"The species is still widespread within its known range, and although there is evidence of decline in some parts of its range, at present the rate of decline do not meet the thresholds for Threatened species, hence listing as Least Concern at the European level, although it may locally be threatened with extinction.# The species is in decline and requires efforts to reduce the impact of pollution and land managements change in its habitats, in order for the status of the species to improve.",Decreasing,"This small gastropod species is found throughout Europe to the arctic regions. Bank et al. (Fauna Europea 2006) list the range as Norway, Sweden, Denmark (Mainland), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Channel Islands (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (Mainland), Germany, Switzerland, FL, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (Mainland), Bulgaria, Romania, Spain (Mainland), Albania, Macedonia, Slovenia, Croatia and Ukraine. Bank et al. (Fauna Europea 2006) also note it was reported from the former country of Yugoslavia (current country unknown). Outside Europe the range extends to the south of Western Siberia, Kazakhstan, eastward to the Altai (Starobogatov et al. 2004). Taylor (2003) has discussed the range data for the region, noting presence in Turkey and Georgia.",There is evidence of decline in some parts of this species range.,This species is found in small water bodies amongst aquatic vegetation.,The species has been in decline in western Europe due to changes in land management practices as well as water pollution from increased levels of Phosphates and Nitrates due to fertilizer usage (Kerney 1999). The principal threats to the species# in the future remain pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources and drainage of the ditches where it is found.,"In most countries in western Europe, this species is considered to be Least Concern. In Switzerland, it is listed as Category 3 (Turner et al. 2004). In Great Britain, it is considered to be Near Threatened, as although it is still widespread in Britain, there have been many local and regional declines (Killeen and Seddon, pers. comm, 2010), with the Kerney (1999) atlas showing a loss of 41% of 10 km2 up to 1965 and the NBN maps shows around only 50x10 km2 records since 1990, hence on this basis the species merits listing as Near Threatened. In Slovenia, it was listed as Vulnerable. Conservation actions required include efforts to reduce the impact of pollution and land managements change in its habitats, in order for the status of the species to improve, as well as habitat monitoring.",This species is not used.,,"Seddon, M. Killeen, I.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Arganiella,pescei,,Arganiella pescei,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"As all water sources in the Mediterranean region are becoming pressured  by increased droughts during the summer, the habitat should be  monitored to identify future changes that may impact this and other  allied species. Although this species is listed as Near Threatened on the Italian Red List, Arganiella pescei is considered Least Concern at present, as the level of threats and the range do not meet the thresholds for an Endangered category, however the rates of decline need to be reviewed on a regular basis.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Italy, specifically to the appeninic regions of Marche, Abruzzo and Lazio, where it is widely but locally distributed. It is recorded from 22 locations.",There is no data on population trends.,"This species inhabits ground waters in rocks and is widely recorded in outflows in springs, lakes and cave detritus.","Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al. 2000).",No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas. This species is listed as Near Threatened on the Italian Red List.,This species is not known to be traded.,,"Cianfanelli, S., Giusti, F., Bodon, M. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Arganiella,wolfi,,Arganiella wolfi,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Boetersiella wolfi #is endemic to Spain, where it was recently described from the province of Andalucia from a church spring#at La Peña de Arias Montano south-east of Jabugo and west of Aracena. It is vulnerable to activities such as cleaning the spring outflows for water off-take, as these springs are exploited for water. It could qualify for Endangered if the rate of decline in habitat quality accelerates within the range. However as it is considered Vulnerable at Provincial level, and this assessment is used as guidance for Global listing, this species is considered at the global level as: Vulnerable (VU) D2.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment:#Vulnerable (VU D2)EU27 regional assessment: #Vulnerable (VU D2)Mediterranean regional assessment:#Vulnerable (VU D2)",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Spain, where it was recently described from the province of Andalucia. The records from Huelva extend the range of the genus Boetersiella in the province. The species was found in the mountain range of Sierra de Aracena, at La Peña de Arias Montano south-east of Jabugo and west of Aracena, at the church in the spring basin (Glöer and Boeters 2007). It is known from 2 other localities in Huelva (Acequia en Fuenteheridos y Ermita Virgen de los Angeles (Pena de Arias Montano, Alajar)). #It is also recorded from two springs (Fuente Abariego y La Regina) in Valle de Santa Ana in Badajoz in Provincia Extremadura. #Field surveys in the area have failed to find additional spring sites.","A recently described species known only from the type locality, so the population trend is currently unknown.","This species has been found only in five freshwater springs where it lives on leaves, branches, mosses, but also on artificial substrates such as bricks or cement.","The springs where the species is found are exploited for water. #The threats include overabstraction of water as well as cleaning of the habitats, to improve off-take points by concreting sites and removing vegetation.","There are# no conservation actions in place for this species, although appropriate site management and education of site users could prevent habitat degradation. In addition habitat monitoring and population size and distribution research is recommended.#Boetersiella wolfi##is considered Vulnerable (VU) at Provincial level, but it is not listed at National level (Verdú and Galante 2009).",This species is not traded or used.,,"Arrébola, J.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,ASSIMINEIDAE,Assiminea,cardonae,,Assiminea cardonae,,"This species has not been# recorded or studied since its original description, and as it appears in the Marine List of Europe (CLEMAM) it may be a marine species. This taxon was not mentioned in the revision of the genus Assiminea by Aartsen (2008).",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species has not been# recorded or studied since its original  description, and as it appears in the Marine List of Europe (CLEMAM) it  maybe a marine species. This taxon was not mentioned in the revision of  the genus Assiminea of Aartsen (2008). As there is no current data on range, population status or threats the species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Europe regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This species was described from Mahon, Balearic Islands (Spain), but has not been studied since it was first collected, and as such the distributional status is uncertain.","This species has not been studied since it was first collected, and as such the population status is uncertain.","This species has not been studied since it was first collected, and as such the habitats are uncertain, but possibly either a brackish water species or full marine species.","This species has not been studied since it was first collected, and as such the threat status is uncertain.","There are currently no known conservation actions as this species has not been studied since it was first collected. However further surveys to determine the taxonomic status, geographical range of this species and threats would be recommended.",There is no information on trade.,,"Rolán, E.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,ASSIMINEIDAE,Assiminea,eliae,,Assiminea eliae,,This species has been confused with Assiminea grayana in part of the range (Falkner et al. 2002).,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species has been recorded from France, Spain as well as the Atlantic Islands and is through to be widely distributed in suitable habitats, which are relatively localised on the Atlantic coast from La Rochelle (France) south to Morocco, MNHN, leg. Gofas). Although these brackish habitats are under pressure from habitat change (infrastructure developments), the species is not known to be threatened and so it is listed as Least Concern. As an Atlantic coast species it is not thought to be present in the Mediterranean basin.",Unknown,"This species has been recorded from France, Spain as well as the Atlantic Islands. Falkner et al. (2002) described it as widely distributed on the Atlantic coast, from La Rochelle (France, Paladilhe 1877) to Cadix (Spain), Ria de Arosa (Galicia, Cadée 1968 in Falkner et al. 2002) and Tanger (Morocco, MNHN, leg. Gofas). It is likely to be widespread on the Atlantic shoreline from France to Morocco at 4 detailed recorded locations. Due to a lack of research, further sites need to be added to the range in Spain and Portugal to improve the map.",There is no specific data on population status.,"This species is mainly found in coastal areas, on the edge of lagoons, within interstitial waters on the stony areas of beaches, sometimes covered by salt-tolerant vegetation.","This species lives in a restricted habitat that is often modified for recreational purposes or for industrial development, however given the widespread distribution only parts of the population are impacted by these threats.","No conservation actions are in place for this species, although some localities will lie within protected areas, as lagoonal habitats are protected in some countries. More knowledge is needed on the species distribution, life history and ecology.",Assiminea eliae is used for human consumption.,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,ASSIMINEIDAE,Assiminea,grayana,,Assiminea grayana,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is abundant where present, therefore not likely to become  threatened given the current range, hence it is listed as Least Concern (LC). However the estuarine sites are  vulnerable to development for port and harbour purposes, for tourism  (marina construction) and industrial estates. This would provide local threats to sites.",Stable,"This species is known from the coasts of western Europe, where it is mainly found on the countries bordering the North Sea. Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) list the range as Denmark (mainland), Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, France (mainland), and Germany.# The records from Italy (mainland) require confirmation, as there are other species of Assiminea that have recently been separated. Kerney (1999) suggests that Assiminea grayana could be an introduction in Ireland, as it is only found around the Shannon Estuary and the first records were in 1991.","In Great Britain this species is abundant where present, although localised on the East Anglian and South Yorkshire Coasts in suitable habitats (Kerney 1999).","This species is usually found in salt marshes or estuaries at or just above high tide level, usually crawling on wet mud, under stones and pieces of drift wood and sometimes on the stones under seaweed/vegetation.","This species is abundant where present and hence not likely to become threatened given the current range, however, the estuarine sites are vulnerable to development for port and harbour purposes, for tourism (marina construction) and industrial estates. This would provide localized threats to sites.","There are no known conservation actions for this species, although the presence in some salt-marsh/estuarine areas in the UK, The Netherlands and Belgium may provide protection for the habitats where the species is found. In Ireland, it is probably introduced, and assessed as Not Applicable (Byrne et al. 2009). In Great Britain, although it has a restricted distribution, it is considered to be stable and listed as Least Concern (Seddon and Killeen pers. comm. 2010). In the Netherlands, it is considered Endangered (Bruyne et al. 2003) based on loss of habitats in the last 40 years. Research actions include: further research to establish the taxonomic status of the Italian populations; origin of introduced populations in Ireland; better understanding of the range overlap with the recently described species in the North Atlantic.",This species is not known to be traded.,,"Killeen, I. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Avenionia,berenguieri,,Avenionia berenguieri,,Considered as a valid species.,Yes,NT,B1a+2b(iii),Yes,NT,,EU27,,"This species has a small restricted geographical range although it is known from more than 10 locations.# However it is close to meeting the vulnerable limit of 10 locations, and given that many of these localities are under pressure from water extraction and from increasing frequency of summer droughts.# Hence the species is considered as Near Threatened using a precautionary attitude as any changes to a few of the springs would ensure that it moved into Vulnerable (B1a2b(iii)) due to habitat decline resulting from human pressure on both subterrannean aquifers and springs.EU27:# NTEurope:# NTMediterranean:# NT.",Unknown,"Avenionia berenguieri is endemic to France, where it is restricted to the departments of Ardèche, Drôme, Vaucluse and Gard (southern France).# It has been recorded from more than 10 locations.",There is no population data available for this species.,This species lives in springs and subterranean habitat.,"Springs and aquifers linked to the Rhône river suffer from human pressure, i.e. urbanization and water management. Consequently these sites can be overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural sources of the groundwater feeding the springs may be another important threat to the species.",This species is protected by law in France.,There is no known trade in this species.,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Avenionia,bourguignati,,Avenionia bourguignati,,In need of taxonomic clarification (cf. Avenionia roberti from Belgium and Germany).,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is in need of taxonomic revision, and as such, the distributional data and the population data is uncertain, and as such the species has to be listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to France, but the current issues with taxonomic limits for this species mean that little data is available for mapping or description.",There is no population data available for this species.,This species is found in freshwater springs.,"Springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilization for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural sources of the groundwater feeding the springs may be another important threat to the species.","Avenionia bourguignati is protected by law in France, however, this species does require research on taxonomy, population trends and distribution.",,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Avenionia,brevis,,Avenionia brevis,,This taxon is considered as a valid species.,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Avenionia brevis is considered widespread in eastern France, and although habitats are locally threatened, it is not thought to be threatened with extinction in the near future (Prie pers. comm. 2009).",Unknown,"Avenionia brevis is widespread in eastern France (Ain, Doub, Jura, Rhône, Côte d'Or Departments) (Prie, 2009, pers. comm).",There are no population trend data available for this species.,This species lives in freshwater springs and probably in subterranean habitats.,"Springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilization for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural sources of the groundwater feeding the springs may be another important threat to the species.",This species is protected by law in France.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Avenionia,ligustica,,Avenionia ligustica,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is widespread within a small region of Italy, where it is found in groundwaters, and although vulnerable to threats such as overabstraction of water for domestic and agricultural uses from the aquifer as well as pollution of the aquifer, the range of population size suggests that it should be considered Least Concern. #As all water sources in the Mediterranean region are becoming pressured by increased droughts during the summer, the habitats should be monitored to identify future changes that may impact of this and other allied species.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Italy, specifically to the Appenine regions of Liguria,Tuscany and Piedmont. It is widespread through suitable habitats in the region.",There is no data on population trends.,This species inhabits ground waters.,"Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al. 2000).",No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.,The species is not known to be traded.,,"Giusti, F., Manganelli, G., Bodon, M. Cianfanelli, S.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Avenionia,parvula,,Avenionia parvula,,This species is one of many small spring-snails that can be most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system.,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"This subterranean freshwater species is extremely localized in its range, occurring in a small area of Liguria, where it is present on the coastal valleys around Genoa.# It is known from various outflow points (approximately 15 locations), but some of these may well be linked.# Given the small restricted range and the vulnerability of these habitats to exploitation and pollution, the species is considered Near Threatened B2b(iii) , as any change in one of these valleys may lead to the loss of sites.",Stable,"This species is endemic to Italy, specifically to the Appennines montane region of western Liguria.# It is recorded from 6 10km squares in the region, and known from about 15 sites within the region.# Many of the sites are small outflow points from the subterranean waters where the species is found.","There is no data available on# the population status, although it has been sampled on a regular basis over the last 10 years, but it is described as not abundant (less than 2% of all shells recovered from some sites) (See data from region).","This species occurs in subterranean water, and is found in approximately 15 small springs which outflow from the groundwaters within these valleys, between 10m above sea level and 500 m above sea level.","The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo Stoch 2006). Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al. 2000).",No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.,The species is not known to be traded.,,"Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Avenionia,roberti,,Avenionia roberti,,"This group of underground freshwater snails are undergoing taxonomic review, and the range limits may change, which would impact the conservation assessment of the species. Avenionia bourguignati may be conspecific, extending the range to France (V. Prie pers. comm. 2010)",Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"This species has a relatively small range (extent of occurrence = 1,500 km2) and at present is known from few locations (12), although this may be due to the difficulties in sampling underground habitats.# It is listed in the Netherlands as Near Threatened (NT), and could be considered Near Threatened (NT) over the rest of the range, as the groundwater species are vulnerable to pollution and over-abstraction. If the range is shown to be more extensive, then the species should be reassessed and will probably fall into the Least Concern (LC) category. This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) at the level of the 27 member states of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT).",Unknown,"According to Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) and Glöer (2002), the species is found in Belgium, Germany and the The Netherlands. Martin et al. (2009) examined the biodiversity of underground habitats of Belgium, and noted that this species has a range covering south-east Belgium (Basin of the Meuse River), south-west Germany (Rheinland-Pfalz), south-east of The Netherlands (South Limburg) and possibly extending into Luxembourg. There are taxonomic reviews underway at present which may change the range of this species.",There is no population trend data available for this species.,This species inhabits groundwaters in karst areas.,"Although there is no direct information that this species is being impacted, the subterranean habitats where it lives are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Decline in habitat following falls in the water table levels maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.","No efforts are currently in place for this species, although the species is listed as Category 2 on the Red List for the Netherlands (Bruyne et al. 2003). Research efforts are required on the taxonomy, population trends, habitat quality and an educational awareness campaign for understanding underground biodiversity and threats to it (de Winter 2006).",This species is not utilised.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Bathyomphalus,contortus,,Bathyomphalus contortus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is widespread in western and central Europe and is common in the western countries. Therefore it is considered as Least Concern (LC) at the Mediterranean and European levels, as well as at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.",Decreasing,"This species is widespread in western and central Europe and is common in the western countries. #Bank et al. (2006; Fauna Europea) report the species from#Norway, Sweden, Denmark (Mainland), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (Mainland), Corsica (France), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia Hungary, Italy (Mainland), Bulgaria, Romania, Spain (Mainland), Portugal (Mainland), Albania, Macedonia Slovenia Croatia, Bosnia  Hercegovina, Montenegro, Ukraine and#Kalingrad region (Russia). #The species occurs outside Europe, with a range extending to Siberia (Kantor et al. 2009).","This species has a wide range and collection data suggests that it is not a rare species.# However in Hungary, during field work the impression was that its frequency had begun to decrease in the past decade (e. g. during the long-term monitoring project of the Kis-Balaton, it was found to disappear gradually, and in the final 4-5 years it has not been found at all) (Feher et al. 2006).","This species inhabits shallow waters of a range of freshwater habitats, as well as brackish bays and human-dominated habitats such as dam reservoirs, old river beds and ditches (Carlsson 2006, Michalik-Kucharz 2008).","Threats to this species include eutrophication of water bodies caused by agricultural fertilisers, inappropriate habitat management# and habitat destruction.","Being such a widespread species some of the subpopulations are within protected areas, however in general there are no known conservation actions in place for this species, and none are required.",This species is used.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandia,alcoaensis,,Belgrandia alcoaensis,,"Belgrandia alcoaensis was considered as a subspecies by Haase (2000: 185) based on an examination of one shell (a paratype). Rolan and Oliveira (2009) have examined many specimens and consider it very different from the other Portuguese species due to the almost flat whorls, especially the last one, the prominent spiral cord and lack of any axial thickening.#",Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"This species is endemic to Portugal, where it is known from only the type locality, a freshwater spring near Chiqueda de Cima at the head of the Rio Alcoa, which is currently under pressure of increasing exploitation for domestic water supplies. Hence the species is assessed on a precautionary basis as Critically Endangered CR B2ab(iii).#   The species is also assessed at a regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: #Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii))European regional assessment: #Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii))",Decreasing,"The species is endemic to central Portugal, where it is only known from the springs at the head of Alcoa River down to the village of Chiqueda de Cima, 2 km east of Alcobaca; these springs lie on the western slope of Maciço Calcário Estremenho, Province Estremadura, Portugal (Rolan and Oliveira 2009). Although Boettger (1963) described the taxon as a subspecies of B. heussi, which is present in the Alcoa River, which has its springs in the western slope of Maciço Calcário Estremenho, and after joining the Baça River, has its mouth about 35 km south of the Lis River, in the centre of Portugal. Rolan and Oliveira (2009) confirm it is restricted to the headwaters.#","The trend is declining. Although this is a recently described species, it was more abundant in past surveys compared to recent surveys (February 2008) when very few specimens were located.","This species is known only from a freshwater springs adjacent to the head of the Rio Alcoa, where it is found under stones (limestone) lying on a coarse sandy bottom of the river bed always on surfaces devoid of vegetation.","Recently, the risk was increased by human intervention on the bed of the Alcoa River, from near its spring down the stream 2 km to the centre of the village of Chiqueda de Cima. In the course of the last sampling in the site (February 2008), very few specimens were located.#","There is no known actions in place for this species, but further investigations in the distribution and threats to the species are urgently needed as the levels of exploitation may have already lead to a decline in abundance of the species.#",This species is used.,,"Rolán, E.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandia,bigorrensis,,Belgrandia bigorrensis,,"This group is undergoing revision, however there is no recent data on the distribution of this species, so it has not been included in the review yet.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,This species has not been observed since the 19th century. Distribution data is lacking and there is a clear need for a specific survey. It is therefore considered as Data Deficient in taxonomy and provenance.,Unknown,"The species is endemic to the Pyrenees, France. More research is needed on the geographical distribution, as the species has not been recorded since the 19th century.",There is no data on the population size or trend.,This species lives in freshwater springs.,"Springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilization for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural sources of the groundwater feeding the springs may be another important threat to the species.","More research is needed on the taxonomy and the distribution, as the species has not been recorded since the 19th century.",,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandia,bonelliana,,Belgrandia bonelliana,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"Belgrandia bonelliana is a small spring-snail which lives in thermal springs and pools in a region of the Appeninnes in Italy.# It is known from 1 location, with three closely localized outflows, and, as such, is considered threatened with extinction. The main threats to the species lie in changes to the water quality, such as pollution (agricultural sources or domestic sources), and in disturbance of the outflow points to improve them for the off-take of thermal water (habitat degradation). This species is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (CR) B1 ab(iii)+2ab(iii).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Italy, specifically found in the Appeninne region of southern Tuscany at Sarteano (525m ASL) , with three closely localised outflows from the same thermal spring.","The population trend for this species is unknown. However, since the species is restricted to a small area, population numbers are presumably relatively low.   Collecting records show that the species was still extant in 1998 (Cianfanelli pers. comm. 2009).",This species lives in thermal spring waters and feeds using scrapers.,"The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch 2006). Since it inhabits thermal springs, the species could be affected by anthropogenic exploitation of thermal waters (Manganelli et al. 2000).   #The other main threats to the species lie in changes to the water quality, such as pollution (domestic sources), and in disturbance of the outflow points to improve them for the off-take of thermal water.",No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas. It is listed as Endangered on the Italian Red List. Habitat# monitoring would be recommended for this species to determine future trends in populations and EIA and surveys for proposed tourist developments at the sites where the species is found.,There is no known trade in this species.,,"Cianfanelli, S., Giusti, F., Manganelli, G. Bodon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandia,boscae,,Belgrandia boscae,,Listed by Boeters (1988) under the name Belgrandia cf. marginata.,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Belgrandia boscae was not reviewed in the Spanish Red List, Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados de España (Verdú and Galante 2009). The current population and distribution data for this species were reviewed by Rolan and Oliveira (2009), and the species is known from 6–10 scattered locations across four provinces, and may be less threatened than other taxa, however given the general threats towards freshwater springs in the region it is listed as Near Threatened, until more data on the threats and distribution have been established.The species is assessed regionally as:EU27 regional assessment:#Near Threatened at the level of the 27 member States of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment:#Near ThreatenedMediterranean regional assessment:#Near Threatened",Unknown,"Belgrandia boscae#is endemic to eastern Spain, where it is restricted to scattered localities in Provinces of Tarragona, Castelleon, Valencia and Cuenca (Rolan and Oliveira 2009). The region extends for approximately 200 km by 50 km, and as such the extent of occurrence (EOO) was estimated as 10,000 km². It is known from six locations in the region, three closely adjacent.The type locality was Gandia (Valencia, Spain), with additional localities in Navajas (Castelleon), Fuente de Nogales (Castelleon), Castelinova  (Castelleon), Segrobe  (Castelleon), and Fuente de la Torre de la Carroba (Tarragona).",There are no population data for this species.,Under leaves and stones in rivers and freshwater springs of very clean water (Rolan and Oliviera 2009).,"The threats for this species are unknown, although as some of the sites are freshwater springs, these are under general threat of 'improvement', such as concreting the surroundings, to improve water takeoff for domestic use, and these maybe threats to the species in this region.","There are no known conservation actions for this species, but research relating to its population, distribution and threats is recommended.",There is no information on trade for this species.,,"Rolán, E. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandia,cazioti,,Belgrandia cazioti,,"Taxonomically confused (Falkner et al. 2002). Impossible to map, as the records cannot be confirmed as this species.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species was considered to be confused, hence the distribution data is lacking and there is a clear need for a taxonomic review. It is therefore considered as Data Deficient in taxonomy and provenance.",Unknown,"This species was listed for France in Fauna Europea, but is#taxonomically confused (Falkner#et al.#2002). Hence it is impossible to map, as the records cannot be confirmed as this species.",There is no population data available for this species.,This species lives in freshwater springs.,"Springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilization for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural sources of the groundwater feeding the springs may be another important threat to the species.","This species requires research on taxonomy, population trends and distribution.",,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandia,conoidea,,Belgrandia conoidea,,Considered by Boeters (pers. comm. in Falkner et al. 2002) as a valid species.,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"Belgrandia conoidea is known only from two locations, near Montauban# in France and so occurs in a very restricted area. These springs are victim of high human pressure (urbanisation, lowering of the groundwater table through over-abstraction, water-pollution) reducing the quality of habitat. It is therefore considered as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii).",Unknown,"Belgrandia conoidea# is endemic to France and is recorded from Ardus-sur-Aveyron and from flood-line debris from the River Tarn, near Montauban, in the department of Tarn.",There is no population data available for this species.,This species lives in freshwater springs.,"The main threats to this species are unknown, but subterranean waters are sensible to water abstraction and pollution. Springs in the southern part of France are currently threatened by high pressure on the water resource, leading to temporary flowing springs, or capture of the springs, leading to the destruction of the habitat by concrete.",There are no conservation actions in place. More research on the distribution and population range is needed.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandia,coutagnei,,Belgrandia coutagnei,,"This species is taxonomically complicated, due to an imbroglio concerning the type locality and various nominate species (Falkner et al. 2002).",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is taxonomically complicated, due to confusion concerning the type locality and various nominate species (Falkner et al. 2002). It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,This species is endemic to France (near Avignon).,There is no population data available.,This is a freshwater spring-snail.,"Springs in the southern part of France are currently threatened by high pressure on the water resource, leading to temporary flowing springs, or capture of the springs, leading to the destruction of the habitat by concrete.# If the distribution and taxonomy of the species were to be resolved, given the water supply problems in the region, the species is likely to be threatened through over-abstraction.","No conservation actions is in place for this species. More research is needed at the taxonomic level, as well as on the population and distribution range.",Not traded.,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandia,dunalina,,Belgrandia dunalina,,"The name of this species has been changed from Belgrandiella to Belgrandia by Boeters (2009).# The old name was Belgrandia dunalina, and it was assessed as Near Threatened. However, it was forming a different species concept (with a much wider distribution) - but there  are still doubts on the taxonomy for this species.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Boeters (2009) gives a new genus attribution and new data on the distribution of the species. As it is hardly distinguished from B. saxatilis, the actual distribution is unclear. It is therefore difficult to give an assessment. If it is truly a valid species, its status should be Vulnerable (VU) D2 considering the threats on the spring habitats in southern France and the relatively restricted distribution. However, for the time being, it is listed as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This species is restricted to a few localities in the Herault valley, in France.",There are no population data available for this species.,This species lives in springs.,This species is sensitive to water pollution and groundwater absorption (it needs permanent springs).,More research is needed on the taxonomy and on the distribution and population of this species.,This species is not used.,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandia,gfrast,,Belgrandia gfrast,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species is known from only the type locality. Threats are impacting springs in this region, but at the moment, this particular site is not significantly altered. Consequently this species is listed as Vulnerable D2.# Although this species is only known from a the unique locality, a#Critically Endangered assessment cannot be supported until the level of threat to the species increases.# However should this data become available then the species should be reassessed as Critically Endangered B2ab(iii) using the precautionary principle.",Unknown,"Belgrandia gfrast is an endemic species from France, where it is only known from the type locality, Saint-Louis in the Department of Jura.",There is no population data available.,This species lives in freshwater springs.,"This species is known from a single spring site in an area where there is considerable pressure on water resources for domestic supplies with numerous springs captured, but at the moment, this particular site is not significantly altered.",There are no conservation measures. More research on population is needed.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandia,gibba,,Belgrandia gibba,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"This species is widely distributed within the region#west of the Rhône valley. However, V Prie (pers. comm., 2009) estimated that about 60% of the springs in the subregion are not perennial anymore, mainly due to groundwater loss as overabstraction continues. As a consequence of the habitat loss during the summer, the species is considered to be potentially threatened, and listed as Near Threatened B1b(iii).",Unknown,"Belgrandia gibba is endemic to France, where it is found west of the Rhône valley, however the geographical data is currently incomplete#(V. Prie, pers. comm., 2009).",There is no population data available for this species.,This species lives in freshwater springs.,"Springs are affected by human activities: groundwater over abstraction,#groundwater#pollution and urbanisation. Consequently the major threats lie in springs drying out during the year due to over exploitation. The pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural sources of the groundwater feeding the springs may be another important threat to the species.",No conservation actions are known for this species.,There is no known trade in this species.,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandia,gibberula,,Belgrandia gibberula,,This is considered as a good species by Haase (2000). It is in need of molecular taxonomic revision.,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Belgrandia gibberula is only known from two sites and there is a possibility of future threats from pollution caused by different activities close to the springs as well as from water capturing.#If the threats become serious, then the species would qualify as Endangered B2ab(iii), however at present it is regarded as Vulnerable D2.",Unknown,"Belgrandia gibberula is endemic to France, where it is known from 2 localities in the Hérault valley (V. Prie pers. comm. 2009).",There is no population data available for this species.,This species lives in freshwater springs.,"Springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilisation for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural sources of the groundwater feeding the springs may be another important threat to the species.",No conservation actions are in place for this species but monitoring of habitat and population trends would be of benefit.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandia,heussi,,Belgrandia heussi,,"Belgrandia heussi was listed by de Matos (2004), as having two subspecies in Portugal: Belgrandia heussi heussi#Boettger, 1963 and Belgrandia heussi alcoaensis Boettger, 1963. Haase (2000) suggests that further material and taxonomic research may support the separation of#Belgrandia alcoaensis#Boettger, 1963. Rolan and Oliveira (2009) now have separated these two taxa into different species and noted that there is variability within the material currently attributed to Belgrandia heussi, however there were insufficient differences in shells or anatomy to support further separation of these populations.",Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Belgrandia heussi was recently reviewed by Rolan and Oliveira (2009), who found that the species is known from 6 scattered locations across two provinces in central Portugal, and may be more widely distributed than other closely related taxa, however given the general threats towards freshwater springs in the region and the small number of known sites it is listed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B, on a precautionary basis until more data on the threats and distribution have been established.This species is assessed regionally as:EU27 regional assessment: #Near Threatened (NT) at the level of the 27 member States of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment:#Near Threatened (NT)",Unknown,"Belgrandia heussi#is listed by Fauna Europea as endemic to Portugal, where it was described from the River Lis (de Mato 2004). It is mainly found in central Portugal, unlike B. lusitanica, a species from the northern and central rivers of Portugal. Rolan and Oliveira (2009) noted that the species was present in other sites in Portugal, Spring of the Ancos River (NE3625); Springs of Abiul (NE3914), Spring of the Lis River, Spring of Alcobertas (ND0864), Springs of Alviela River (ND2466) and at Olha de Mira, in a depression (ND2376).",There is no data on population trends.,"This species is found in freshwater springs at the head of rivers where it is under stones lying on coarse sandy bottoms, on surfaces devoid of vegetation, in shady areas of running water (Rolan and Oliviera 2009).",There is no current data on threats on the River Liz and Alcoa (Leiria District).,"There is no conservation actions known for this species. More research is needed relating to taxonomy, population trends and threats towards this species.",This species is not traded.,,"Rolán, E. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandia,ionica,,Belgrandia ionica,,"The species was originally described as Belgrandiella (Lithabitella) chilodia ionica Schütt 1980 and it was tentatively attributed to Belgrandia by Bodon et al. (1999). As it is mentioned by the above authors the taxonomic status of B. ionica (Schütt, 1980) remains uncertain due to the absence of anatomical data. (Haase 2000)",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Belgrandia ionica is listed as Data Deficient (DD), as there is little knowledge on the detailed distribution of the species and there is some doubt as to the taxonomic status of the species.# There are some records from Greece and Albania. #One site is potentially threatened by tourist developments. However given the taxonomic issues, it may be conspecific with a more widespread species and as such is in need of data on range and trends on changing habitats. #It is possible that more data on range would show the species to be Least Concern, although some sub-populations are threatened.EU27: #Data Deficient (DD)Europe: #Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean: #Data Deficient (DD)This species is considered at the Global level as: Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"Belgrandia ionica is known from Greece, where it was described from the#brook near the bridge on the Messongi River (Isle of Corfu, Greece). Feher  Eross (2009)#provide records suggesting it is now found in Albania, from#Periferi Delvinė, Syri i Kaltėr, 7 km west of Muzinė, 155 m a.s.l., [UTM Grid#DK31].",No data is available on population status.,This species inhabits freshwater rivers.,"There is little data on the status of B. ionica on Corfu, however the area around Messongi has high tourist pressure all year round and the Messongi river is a destination used by tourists, so there maybe potential threats from habitat degradation.",No conservation actions known for the species in Greece or Albania. Research is needed relating to the taxonomy and distribution of the species.,This species is not utilised.,,"Radea, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandia,latina,,Belgrandia latina,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Belgrandia latina is a small spring-snail which lives in freshwater lakes and the tributary streams and outflows in a region of the Appeninnes in Italy.# It is known from 4 locations. The main threats to the species lie in changes to the water quality, such as pollution (domestic sources), and in disturbance of the lakes for recreational use (habitat degradation). It is therefore considered as Vulnerable D2, as, despite the existing threats, the habitat quality doesn't seem to be significantly affected (Margaritora et al. 2003). However, if the habitat quality was to decline further, it would qualify for Endangered B2ab(iii).",Unknown,"Belgrandia latina is endemic to Italy, specifically found in the Bolsena and Bracciano lakes, within the Appeninnes region of Lazio (Altitude 165-500m ASL).","Population trends are unknown. However, the species is restricted to a small area, so population numbers are presumably relatively low. Collecting records show that the species was extant in 2003 (S. Cianfanelli pers. comm. 2010)","This species lives in freshwater lakes, the tributary streams and outflows (Acque lentiche: laghi; acque lotiche: potamal).","The species is considered to be vulnerable to extinction, as it has a restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch 2006). Given the habitats are freshwater lakes, the species could be affected by changes in the water quality by eutrophication and/or pollution (Manganelli et al. 2000) and in disturbance of the lakes for recreational use leading to habitat degradation. It is also found in rivers, which may be subject to anthropogenic river bank damage and/or canalization (Manganelli et al. 2000).","More research is needed on the population range and trends. No specific conservation measures are known for this species, and it is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas. This species is   listed as Data Deficient in the Italian Red List (Manganelli et al. 2000). Further research needed on population and habitat trends.",This species is not in trade.,,"Bodon, M., Cianfanelli, S., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandia,lusitanica,,Belgrandia lusitanica,,"Nobre (1930) considered this species to be conspecific with Belgrandia gibba Morelet (1845), but not#B. gibba Draparnaud (1805)#from France in Fauna Europea.",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"This species is endemic to Portugal, where it is known from: two springs in close proximity with the estate grounds#of#Quinta de Lagrimas#near Coimbra. The species is still present at#Fonte das Lagrimas, given recent surveys, but the status at the other Fonte is uncertain. The grounds have been undergoing restoration, and water is taken from these springs to supply the gardens. Rolan and Oliveira (2009) considered the species to be Endangered, and the small area of occupancy, number of sites and potential over-abstraction of water from the springs suggests that the assessment should be#Endangered B2ab(iii).This species is assessed at regional level as:EU27: #Endangered (EN B2ab(iii))Europe:#Endangered (EN B2ab(iii))",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Portugal, where it is known from: Fonte das Lagrimas, Coimbra and Fonte dos Amores, both in the grounds of#Quinta de Lagrimas#near Coimbra (Nobre 1930).Rolan and Oliviera (2009) reviewed the data for this species and noted that the species is still present at#Fonte das Lagrimas, in the grounds of the Quinta de Lagrimas, province Beira Litoral, Portugal#[grid reference NE4849]. They suggested that it was now only present at a single location, although the grounds were recently restored (2004) and the Fonte dos Amores is still present, the estate is now a hotel, so the second spring has not been recently confirmed. Nobre (1930) listed the species for the Rio de Alcabideque, Condeixa, however this record requires confirmation in view of the recent changes with additional new species descriptions.","No data on population trends, although many specimens were taken in surveys in 1998 and 2008.","This species inhabits freshwater springs in ornamental gardens, under plants and stones.","Both the known sites are springs within in a hotel garden, with active extraction for watering the gardens; one site is now largely artificial with stone walls and troughs, so habitat disruption due to water abstraction is the most severe threat.","No conservation actions are known for this species. Research is needed relating to its population size and distribution, and to potential threats.",This species is not utilised.,,"Rolán, E.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandia,marginata,,Belgrandia marginata,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Belgrandia#marginata was originally considered to have a wider distribution in France and Spain. In#France, despite its wide distribution, V. Prie (pers. comm. 2010) considered that this species should be listed as Near Threatened (NT) in France due to threats from encroaching urbanisation leading to human pressure on water supply and decline of water quality. In Spain the populations in Valencia have now been segregated as a distinct species and this taxon is now listed as Near Threatened. A listing of Data Deficient (DD) is proposed for the French populations of this species, noting that if Belgrandia#marginata is restricted to the areas east of the Rhone an assessment of Near Threatened (NT) may be merited.",Unknown,"The Spanish populations of this species have recently been separated and are now regarded as a distinct species Belgrandia boscae. Hence the distribution of Belgrandia marginata may now be endemic to France. In France it is known from the region east of the Rhône river, however there is a lack of precise data concerning the distribution, but it is probably widespread (V. Prie pers. comm. 2009).",There is no population data available for this species.,This species lives in freshwater springs.,"Springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilization for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural sources of the groundwater feeding the springs may be another important threat to the species.","V. Prie (pers. comm. 2010) considers that this species requires monitoring, as it is close to the limits for Near Threatened due to the rate of habitat decline. Further data is required to establish the status of these populations in France, to understand whether it is restricted to the region east of the Rhone, or whether it extends to the Pyrenees.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandia,mariatheresiae,,Belgrandia mariatheresiae,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is widespread but local in central and southern Italy and as such in considered to be least concern, although some populations may be threatened by local exploitation of water sources.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Italy, specifically found in the appeninic regions of Basilicata, Tuscany, Umbria, Marche and Abruzzo, where it is recorded from at least 24 locations, some of which are 'captured' for drinking water.",There is no data on population trends.,This species is found in freshwater springs.,"This species inhabits spring waters, which may be exploited by humans and/or polluted (Managnelli et al. 2000).",No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.,This is species is not known to be traded.,,"Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Manganelli, G. Giusti, F.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandia,minuscula,,Belgrandia minuscula,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is found to be widespread but localised to 9 locations in 10 different 10km squares over this region and was considered by Manganelli et al. (2000) (in CK Map 5.3.8) to be Data deficient.# As some populations may be threatened by local exploitation of  water sources, it is a candidate for Near Threatened under the present information, but there is new information which will be uploaded in 2011, and as such it is listed as Data deficient pending new data on the distribution.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Italy, specifically found in the appeninic regions of Marche, Umbria, Molise and Campania, where it is known from 9 widely scattered locations.",There is no known population data on this species.,This species occurs in springs and groundwaters. It feeds using raspers.,"Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al. 2000). It is also found in spring waters, which may be exploited by humans and/or polluted (Managnelli et al. 2000).","#No specific conservation measures are known for this species. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas. B. minuscula was listed as Data Deficient for Italy. This species requires research on taxonomy, population trends and distribution.",,,"Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandia,moitessieri,,Belgrandia moitessieri,,"This species was considered as a valid species by Haase (V. Prie, pers. comm. 2010)",Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"Springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilisation for  stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted  over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The  pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural sources of  the groundwater feeding the springs may be another important threat to  the species. Given that the single location for this species is a spring  near Montpellier, a rapidly expanding town in southern France, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of maximum 4 km², the  species is highly vulnerable to urbanization and water resource  over-exploitation. The species could already be extinct and is therefore classified as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)), Possibly Extinct. Surveys to determine whether this species is extant are needed.",Unknown,"Belgrandia moitessieri is considered to be endemic to France and was found in ""la source du Martinet"", a single freshwater spring around Montpellier (V. Prie pers. comm. 2009).","There is no population data available for this species, but it is believed to be declining.","This species lives in a freshwater spring, which is declining in quality as a result of water pollution and drying out. The spring is likely to be no longer perennial.","Springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilization for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural sources of the groundwater feeding the springs may be another important threat to the species. Given that the single location for this species is a spring near Montpellier, a rapidly expanding town in southern France, the species is highly vulnerable to urbanization and water resource overexploitation.","This species requires species-specific survey work by appropriate specialists, doing surveys at the right season, to determine if the type locality still exists and if the species is still extant.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandia,silviae,,Belgrandia silviae,,"Synonym: Belgrandia gibba Draparnaud, 1805 [partim]. in Nobre (1930: 206). The species Belgrandia gibba refers to both Belgrandia silviae and Belgrandia lusitanica; see Rolan and Oliviera (2009).",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Portugal, where it is only known from the type locality, a freshwater spring Alcabideque, which is under pressure of exploitation, and hence the species is assessed on a precautionary basis as Vulnerable (VU) D2 pending further investigations in the distribution and threats to the species, as it maybe a candidate for listing at Critically Endangered.The species is also assessed at a regional level as:EU27 regional assessment:# Vulnerable (VU) D2 at the level of the 27 member States of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment:# Vulnerable (VU) D2",Unknown,"This species is known from a single site in central Portugal, where it is found in the spring of Alcabideque (NE4539), near a small village 3 km east of Condeixa-a- Nova, 10 km to the south of Coimbra (and of Quinta das Lágrimas, type locality of B. lusitanica), province of Beira Litoral, Portugal. This spring is historically related to the old Roman town of Conímbriga, about 2 km to the west; the Romans built an aqueduct in order to carry the water into town. Later the Suevan people destroyed it. Presently, the water of this spring is carried to Ribeira de Bruscos and down the stream to the Ega River, a tributary of the Mondego River on its left margin.","The population trend is unknown, as this is a recently described species.","This species is known only from a freshwater spring at its type locality in Beira Litoral, Portugal.","The main threats are uncertain, but the source has been exploited for over 2000 years, however modern trends to concrete and cap freshwater springs are leading to habitat degradation, hence until other sites are known for the species, the locality is considered at risk.","There are no known actions in place for this species, but further investigations in the distribution and threats to the species are urgently needed as it maybe a candidate for listing at Critically Endangered.",This species is no used.,,"Rolán, E.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandia,targoniana,,Belgrandia targoniana,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Belgrandia targoniana##is listed as being endemic to Italy by  Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006), however it is not listed on the checklist of the fauna of  Italy (Manganelli et al. 2000), and so there is no detailed information  on the distribution of the species.# As such it is listed as Data Deficient (DD) pending further data on distribution, population trends, threats and any taxonomic issues.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Commission",Unknown,"Belgrandia targoniana##is listed as being endemic to Italy by Fauna Europea, however it is not listed on the checklist of the fauna of Italy (Manganelli et al. 2001), and so there is no detailed information on the distribution of the species.","There are no recent records, so the population trends are uncertain.","There are no recent records, so the habitats are uncertain.","There are no recent records, so the threats are uncertain.","There are no conservation actions known for the species.# As such further data is required on distribution, population trends, threats and any taxonomic issues.","There are no recent records, but it is not believed to be traded.",,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandia,thermalis,,Belgrandia thermalis,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Belgrandia thermalis is widespread in Italy, in both North-east, South and central regions, and as such, although maybe locally threatened due to the use of the thermal springs, the species is considered to be Least Concern at national level.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Italy, specifically to the appeninic regions of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Tuscany, Lazio and Puglia where it is widespread, but locally distributed.",There is no data on population trends.,This species is restricted to thermal spring waters and slow-flowing water.,"Since it inhabits thermal springs, the species could be affected by anthropogenic exploitation of thermal waters (Manganelli et al. 2000).",No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.,This species is not known to be traded.,,"Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandia,torifera,,Belgrandia torifera,,,Yes,VU,B1ab(iii); D2,No,VU,B1ab(iii); D2,EU27,,"Belgrandia torifera#is assessed as Vulnerable (VU B1ab(iii);D2), based on its known occurrence in four locations, and threats from water management schemes in Bosnia and Herzegovina capturing the incoming water supply, as well as declining quality of habitat. Although this listing differs from the published listing as Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)) on the Croatian National Red List of the Cave Fauna (currently in press), this is due to updating of the information used for assessment.",Unknown,"This species is only known from Croatia, where it is found from at least four locations. Schütt (2000) reported that originally, it was only known from the type locality at Stinjevac, near Vrgorac in Dalmatia. Later, Schütt collected the species from material washed out of the Ombla Cave system, as well as Metkovic, on the lakes of Bacine and Glusci.","At Ombla spring it was very common, to the point where it is the most abundant species within sediment samples.",This species has been collected from freshwater springs emerging from cave systems.,"Low levels of decline in this species have been observed in the habitats. In the 1970s dam construction in Popovo polje (Herzegovina), impacted the water levels which supply the springs from Metkovic to Dubrovnik. In recent years, the area around Metkovic is now a highly productive agricultural region where pesticides are used.# In addition there is little sewage management and so these waters pollute the groundwater. A further future threat to the systems is the threat of three dams being constructed upstream of Metkovic, which will have a major impact taking water from the system, as well as increasing the rate of inflow from sea, causing increased salinity, which could lead to species mortality.","This species is listed as Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)) on the Croatian National Red List of the Cave Fauna (currently in press). This species is on the list of protected species for Croatia (See List of protected species). Some of these sites are planned as part of the Natura 2000 network, but this is not yet implemented.#All caves and cave fauna are strictly protected by law in Croatia.",This species is not utilised.,,"Bilandzija, H. Jalzic, B.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandia,varica,,Belgrandia varica,,"Described in 1854, identified by Paladilhe in 1870, but never found again since. This species has not been studied properly since then and its taxonomic status remains doubtful. Could be in fact Belgrandia marginata.",Yes,CR,A2a,Yes,CR,A2a,EU27,,"This species was described from the surroundings of Nice, an area which has been highly impacted by urbanization (especially the construction of the airport). According to Falkner et al. (2002), in his publication in 1910 Caziot reported searching for the species in all the localities cited in the literature, but did not find it. Falkner et al. (2002) therefore considered this species Extinct, but it was not listed as Extinct by Regnier et al. (2009). Although many malacologists have surveyed this area since 1910, no one has recorded this species, however it is considered Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) because it is possible that spring snails could be present in a small spring that has been overlooked.",Unknown,"Belgrandia varica is restricted to the springs around the Var river delta (near Nice and Cannes, south-eastern France). It is known only from four sites, in one location (Var River).",There are no population data available for this species.,This is a freshwater spring snail.,"The natural habitats in the  delta of the Var River have been changed by human activities, such as construction of the airport, increased urbanisation and the consequent habitat degradation resulting from pollution, etc., and, as such, most of the sites where Belgrandia varica occurred have changed.","There are no species-specific conservation actions in place, however surveys are required to establish the absence and possible extinction of the species.",This species is not known to be traded.,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandia,zilchi,,Belgrandia zilchi,,"According to Haase (2000) the taxon is under review by Cianfanelli et al. (in prep), but as yet the status of the species has not been confirmed.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is listed as being endemic to Italy by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al.  2006). According to Haase (2000) it is known from Ponte di Castelluccio, Latium, Italy, however  was not considered as a species on the national checklist for  Italy (Stoch 2003). Further taxonomic research is needed to assess this species. According to Haase (2000) the taxon is under review by Cianfanelli et al. (in prep), but as yet the status of the species has not been confirmed. Therefore, it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"Belgrandia zilchi is listed as being endemic to Italy by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006). It is known from Ponte di Castelluccio, Latium, Italy, however was not considered as treated as a species on the national checklist for Italy (Stoch 2003).",The population trends are unknown for this species.,Freshwater springs are the presumed habitat for this species.,Any threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no known conservation actions for the species and it is not listed on the Italian Red List of threatened animals. Firstly, further research is needed on the taxonomic status, which was in progress according to Haase (2000).",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,angelovi,,Belgrandiella angelovi,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Belgrandiella angelovi is only known  from the type locality: a spring on Shipka pass in Stara Planina Mts. However, there are two or three small springs on this pass near a small village. Several of the springs are modified by concreting for catchment of water and the threats are disturbance to these sites from tourism and development.This species has been assessed as Vulnerable D2, as there may be other springs in the area that contain the species and there are little recent data on the distribution of this species or on its population size. A Critically Endangered assessment cannot be supported until more data are available on level of threats to the species. However should this data become available then the species could be reassessed as Critically Endangered B2ab(iii) using the precautionary principle.",Unknown,"Belgrandiella angelovi is endemic to Bulgaria, where it is known only from the type locality: a spring in Stara Planina Mts on the Shipka pass, although the exact position of the type locality is not known. However, there are two or three small springs on this pass near a small village and several of the springs have been modified by concreting to allow the offtake of water for the villages. It is possible that this species may have a wider distribution as many of the local springs have not been surveyed.","When originally collecting in the 1960s, Pinter found this species to be abundant. However there are no recent data on the status of this species.","It is considered a freshwater, cold spring species.","This area at the top of the pass has several small springs, which are vulnerable to change, from water use for the village, and by visitors and tourism development. There is a possible risk in the future of fluctuations in populations as the result of changes in water level. The species possibly occurs in other areas in the regions that are hardly accessible, which are less threatened by human impacts.","There are no conservation actions in place specific to the species. Surveys are needed to determine range and population levels, and the threats to other sites if located.",Not traded.,,"Georgiev, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,aulaei,,Belgrandiella aulaei,,This species is one of many small spring-snail species that can be most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system.,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"Belgrandiella aulaei is endemic to Austria. Currently this#species is only known from two sites, however, these sites are widely spaced suggesting that it may live in other springs in the area (M. Haase pers. comm. 2009). Although this species is abundant at both sites, it is threatened by pollution at one site from agricultural sources. The other known location for this species is within a protected area.  The narrow range of this species and the fact it is not protected mean this species qualifies to be classified as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii). #If other sites are found for the species, then the status will need to be reviewed.",Unknown,"Belgrandiella aulaei is endemic to the northern limestone Alps of Austria. Specifically it is known from the Steyr and Krumme valleys, between 365-405 metres above sea level. It is currently only known from two springs, Rinnende Mauer and the right spring of the Wunderlucke, a pond on the left bank of the River Steyrling, at Rabach, about 10 km north of Kalkalpen National Park, Ober Österreich (Haase, Weigand and Haseke 2000).","This species is abundant at the two sites it is found, however the overall population trend is not known.",This species inhabits freshwater springs and pools.,"The main threats to the species are habitat degradation, invasive non-native species and the abstraction of water, resulting in the subsequent lowering of groundwater levels. There is also pollution, mainly from fertilizers, as a result of agricultural practices, that poses a threat to this species. About 20 % of the local water supply comes from springs and a further 30% from wells and in#the northern part of the valley there are some problems with nitrates in drinking water (Amt der Oö.Landesregierung 2007, Local information).#","This species occurs in the Kalkalpen National Park protected area, which is also recognised as an Important Bird Area and a Natura 2000 site. Currently this species is considered one of several species of spring-snail occurring in the park that require conservation action. It is found on the#Austrian Red List, where it is deemed to be 'Critically#Endangered' (CR) (Reischütz and Reischütz 2007).#It is suggested that the monitoring of habitats and populations is conducted, along with surveying for further populations. This species is not currently protected by law in Austria.",This species is not traded.,,"Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,austriana,,Belgrandiella austriana,,"This species is one of many small spring-snails that can be most easily identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system. Originally, this species was found to be living with another spring snail Graziana lacheineri (Gloer 2002).",Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,Belgrandiella austriana has been assessed as Critically Endangered. This species is known from a single site that is threatened by pollution and water extraction. There has been a population decline and it is now considered to be 'rare'. This species is also listed in the#Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR). It is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).,Decreasing,"Belgrandiella austriana is endemic to southeastern Austria, where it is recorded from Andrtiz-Ursprung, north of Graz. This species is only known from the type locality and believed to be restricted to this site.","The population of this species exists at very low densities compared to the other spring-snails at the same site (one specimen of Belgrandiella austriana to 1,000 of the other spring snail) (P. Reischütz pers. comm. 2009).",This species only exists in one freshwater spring.,"This species is only known from a single site, where it lives in low abundance compared to the other species found at the site. The spring is not in a protected area; it lies on private land and is therefore vulnerable to disturbance and to pollution from agricultural practices. It is also threatened by introduced species and the lowering of groundwater levels.","This species is not protected by law and there are no species specific recovery plans in place.#It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends. It is found on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR).",,,"Haase, M. Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,bachkovoensis,,Belgrandiella bachkovoensis,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"This species is considered Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)), as the species has a very restricted distribution, in a single small stream of about 200 m, where there is ongoing habitat degradation, due to agricultural pollution.",Unknown,"Belgrandiella bachkovoensis is known from only one type locality: a stream in the Western Rhodopes, Bulgaria (Spring near Bedechka River, park “Krairechen”, town of Stara Zagora). The length of this stream is approximately 200 m. It is possible that this species occurs in other similar locations.",No information on the population status or trend of this species is currently available.,"This species lives in a small stream that is 40-50 cm in width, 5-10 cm in depth and passes through granite rocks situated beneath a large limestone area. The site is surrounded by grass vegetation and has single Populus sp., Salix sp. and Juglans regia trees. Water temperature of the stream was 6.4° C (measured 15/03/2009), and oxygen -9.2mg/1. This species co-exists with Galba trunculata.",Pollution arising from a nearby farm has been shown to be negatively impacting the habitat of this species.,There are no current conservation actions for this species. Habitat monitoring should be implemented to assess changes in habitat status they may impact the species. Pollution management could be implemented.,,,"Georgiev, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,boetersi,,Belgrandiella boetersi,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"Belgrandiella boetersi has been assessed as Critically Endangered, Possibly Extinct (B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)).#This species population may have been affected by the habitat alteration at the only known site. It is listed on the Austrian Red List as Extinct (EX). At least five surveys by appropriate experts over the last 30 years have failed to find living specimens of the species and hence it is considered to be Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct).It is not currently protected by law and it is suggested that monitoring of the site where the species was originally found should be resurveyed on a regular basis to establish the current population status as Extinct.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Austria. It is only known from the type locality, Tiefsteinschlucht at Tiefsteinschlucht at Schleedorf","The population trend of this species is not known and it is thought to be possibly extinct.                 Three surveys by Reischutz and Reischutz in 1968, 1973 and 2004 have failed to find this species and other surveys by Seidl, Boeters, Falkner over the last 30 years have also not located specimens, hence it is considered to be extinct.",This freshwater species occurs in springs.,This species is mainly threatened by the abstraction of groundwater for drinking purposes and habitat degradation.,"This species is not currently protected by law in Austria. It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is listed on the Austrian Red List as#Extinct (EX) (Reischütz and Reischütz 2007). It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into population trends.",,,"Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,bulgarica,,Belgrandiella bulgarica,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Belgrandiella bulgarica is confirmed only on the type locality, where there is a potential for habitat degradation resulting from exploitation of the cave. The main threats are in the future, and include disturbance to these sites from tourism and development. If the threats become serious, then the species would qualify as Critically Endangered B2ab(iii), however at present it is regarded as Vulnerable D2. This category has been applied based on the presence of this species is one single site and on the possible threats of future pollution caused by different activities as well as from water capturing.",Unknown,"According to Bank (2006) this species is found in Greece and Bulgaria. In Bulgaria this species is found in spring near a sink-hole, close to Polaten village, western Stara Planina Mountains (Georgiev in litt. 2009).# The total area of the distribution is uncertain, and hence has been estimated as less than 100km. The records from Greece are questionable, as no data is given.",The population of this species is not known.,This species occurs in a freshwater cold spring in a cave. The habitat quality may be in doubt due to exploitation of the cave.,"In the future, the pollution caused by the visitors may affect the cave ecosystem to a limited extent# (depending on the accessibility to public).",No conservation actions in place for this species.# Monitoring of habitat trends to be recommended to identify future changes in habitat quality which may impact the species.,This species is not exploited.,,"Georgiev, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,bumasta,,Belgrandiella bumasta,,,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"There is no recent information on distribution, population trends and threats, and hence this species is listed as Data Deficient (DD) until more information is available.",Unknown,Fauna Europaea list this species for 'former Yugoslavia' but the precise locality data needs review (Bank et al. 2006).,There is no data on population.,The habitat preference is unknown.,Any threats to this species are unknown.,"Research is required to determine the species' distribution, population trends, habitat preferences and threats.",There is no trade information for this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,bureschi,,Belgrandiella bureschi,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species is only known from a single site and there is a possibility of future threats from pollution caused by different activities close to the cave as well as from water capturing.#If the threats become serious, then the species would qualify as Critically Endangered B2ab(iii), however at present it is regarded as Vulnerable D2. This category has been applied based on the presence of this species is one single site and on the possible threats of future pollution caused by different activities as well as from water capturing.",Unknown,"Belgrandiella bureschi is endemic to Bulgaria, where it is found in the Karst spring at the village of Bankya, Tran district (close to the Serbian border). The total area of the site is unknown.",Population trends are unknown.,"Only known from a single cave where it occurs in thermal karstic spring, 19.6° C in Bulgaria, near the village of Bankya (Tran district) not far from the Serbian border. It should be noted that there are 2 villages in Bulgaria with the same name (Bankya).",The spring is vulnerable to future threats including different types of pollution as well as possible water capturing for use for domestic supplies.,"There are no conservation actions in place, although habitat monitoring is recommended to pick up future changes and any acceleration in rate of habitat change due to water abstraction.",This species is not used.,,"Georgiev, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,croatica,,Belgrandiella croatica,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Belgrandiella croatica may be considered threatened, as it is known from less than 5 localities, within a small area, where there are risks of habitat degradation as a consequence of water pollution (agricultural sources and domestic sources, and as such probably meets the criteria for Vulnerable D2.# Further research on the status of the populations and the habitats are suggested to verify this listing, which is made on a precautionary basis.EU27:# Vulnerable (Vu D2)Europe: Vulnerable (Vu D2)Mediterranean: Vulnerable (Vu D2)",Unknown,This species is endemic to Slovenia and Croatia where it is restricted to a few springs in the river basin of Kolpa/Kupa in southeastern part of the country on both sides of the Croatia-Slovenian border. Radoman (1985) first described the species from the village of Lešnica (SW of Delnice along the road of Karlovac-Rijeka at Ogulin).,Population status of this species is unknown.,This species inhabits freshwater springs.,"This species is considered to be under pressure in Slovenia, as the water source could be captured for use, and there is the possible threat from pollution of groundwater from agriculture source and domestic sources (R. Slapnik, pers. comm., 2010).","Belgrandiella croatica is assigned a status of Rare for the Slovenian Red List 2002  (Slovenian official gazette (2002). no. 82, tuesday 24 september 2002).#The population and distribution status requires review, and the taxonomy would benefit from molecular approaches to confirm the species status. Habitat monitoring would enable changes to status to be assessed.",,,"Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,crucis,,Belgrandiella crucis,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Belgrandiella crucis is considered Vulnerable, due to pressures on water levels in the habitat due to the use of the water from the springs for domestic purposes consequent from urban development.## There is also possible water pollution at the spring near Lož. The population and distribution status requires review, and the taxonomy  would benefit from molecular approaches to confirm the species status.  Habitat monitoring would enable changes to status to be assessed.",Unknown,"Belgrandiella crucis is endemic to Slovenia, where it is restricted to a cave (Križna jama) and freshwater springs around cave near to Lož.# Although Radoman (1983) described it from the type locality at Speiquelle Jezerskim near the village Gorenje Jezrom by the east end of the Cernika field, the text for two species, B. crucis and B. schleschi was confused (Boris Sket, pers. comm. 2010), and so the range should be restricted to the first two locations.",No data on population trends.,"Species found in freshwater springs, including cave springs.","This species is considered to be under pressure from future loss of water, as the water springs could be captured for use, and there is the possible threat from pollution of groundwater from agriculture source and domestic sources, mainly at the freshwater springs around cave near to Lož.","Belgrandiella crucis is listed as Rare on the Slovenian Red List 2002  (Slovenian official gazette (2002). no. 82, Tuesday 24 September 2002). The population and distribution status requires review, and the taxonomy would benefit from molecular approaches to confirm the species status. Habitat monitoring would enable changes to status to be assessed.",,,"Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,dabriana,,Belgrandiella dabriana,,,Yes,NT,,No,NE,,EU27,,"There is little data available on this species since 1985, and as such the current status is uncertain, however recent visits to the site suggests that it is unpolluted, and as such, on a precautionary basis, the species is considered Near Threatened (B2a) rather than Data Deficient, however the presence of the species in the cave system requires confirmation, as if there were any past pollution events between 1983 and 2010 it may have impacted the habitats and the species.",Unknown,"Belgrandiella dabriana is recorded from Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was described by Radoman (1975) from source of the Dabar River, about 6-8 km south of Sanski Most, by the cave, Dabarska pecina (44° 42' 38 N,#16° 38' 17 E).#",There is no population information for this species.,"This species is found in freshwater karsts, groundwaters and emergent springs in cave (Radoman 1975).","Although the species is apparently restricted to a single site, the current condition of the biotope is considered unpolluted, (Z. Feher, pers. Comm. 2010) and as such there is no reason to consider that this species is threatened.#",The conservation action for this species are not known.# Surveys for this species would be recommended to determine the presence continues in this cave system and monitoring of the groundwater quality to determine changes in biotope condition.,There is no known trade in this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,dobrostanica,,Belgrandiella dobrostanica,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Bulgaria. It has a small range and occurs at only one location, a cave. In the future this species may be subject to threats arising from visitors to the cave and the associated pollution, as well as the potential of use of the cave as a water source. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.",Unknown,"This species is known to occur only in the Gargina Dupka Cave, Mostrovo Village in the Western Rhodopes, Bulgaria. #In this cave it is found in a 20 m stretch of stream near to the cave entrance.",No information on the population status or trend is available for this species.,"This species is troglophilic which occurs within a short (~20 m) stretch of stream in the entrance of a cave. Water temperature, measured on 14/03/2009, was 8.2ºC and oxygen levels -9.4 mg/1.","Although no current threats to this species are recognised, pollution and habitat degradation resulting from future visitors to the cave is considered a possible future threat.",There are no current or suggested conservation actions for this species. Habitat monitoring would be recommended to identify future changes in habitat quality.,,,"Georgiev, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,fontinalis,,Belgrandiella fontinalis,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is widespread in southern Slovenia and the neighbouring areas of Croatia, and can be locally abundant, and as such is considered Least Concern, although some sites where it is present are locally threatened by water abstraction and pollution.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to southern Slovenia and neighbouring areas of Croatia.# Details of the distribution gives records from the#Sava#catchment including #Savinja, Ljubljanica and Krka streams, Borovnica, creek of Iščica river south of Ljubljana; Ribnica river mouth; Kupa river drainage area: the source of Mrežnica river near Ogulin, a spring Vrelce near Jasenak (south-west of Ogulin), the source of Dretulja river near Plaški#(Slapnick, pers. comm, 2010; Lajtner, pers. comm, 2010).","This species can be abundant where present (Reischutz, pers. comm., 2010).",This species inhabits freshwater springs and caves; some of the cave populations are troglobites and have adapted to the dark surroundings.,The threats to this species are unknown.#Some sites where this species is present are locally threatened by water abstraction and pollution.,No conservation measures are known for the area.# It is recommended that a habitat monitoring protocols are put in place to identify potential degradation of the habitats.,,,"Lajtner, J., Slapnik, R. Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,fuchsi,,Belgrandiella fuchsi,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Belgrandiella fuschi has been assessed as Vulnerable.#The species could qualify as Endangered, as it is found in an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 600 km2, based on the two known valleys, which do extend some distance (c. 20 km) and therefore has a rather restricted range.#The type locality has already experienced habitat degradation in 1979 resulting in a massive decline in the population abundance, the species is still present in low abundance and the current threat is groundwater extraction.#Although this species is listed on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR) and is protected by under Austrian law, the rate of loss does not meet 80% in last 10 years, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is not confirmed to be less than 10 km2. Hence it is listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2, based on restricted range, number of locations and possible decline from groundwater loss. #Any loss of sites within the region would lead to reassessment as Endangered B1ab(iii). # It is suggested that monitoring of the habitat of this species is conducted, along with research into the population trend. It#was originally listed in 1996 as Vulnerable D2, based on restricted range (M. Haase, 1995 pers. comm).",Decreasing,This species is endemic to Austria. It is known from the northern limestone Alps region. Specifically it is known from Salzerbad in Halbachtal and Turnitztal at Gstettenhofer. It is found between 430 and 560 metres above sea level.,"The type locality where this species was found was heavily disturbed around 1979 and just before disturbance the species could be collected in abundance#(P. Reischutz 2009). #Since the disturbance/loss of part of the habitat at this site, the species has only been seen in low numbers, and recent surveys in 2006 confirm that it is still present at the site and still in low abundance (P. Reischutz pers. comm. 2010).",This species is known from freshwater springs.,The main threats to the species are habitat degradation and the lowering of groundwater levels. The type locality of this species was destroyed in 1979.,"This species is listed on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR).#It is protected by Lower Regulation in Austria. It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.",,,"Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,ganslmayri,,Belgrandiella ganslmayri,,This species is one of many small spring-snails that can be most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system.,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU27,,"Belgrandiella gansimayri has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)). This species is endemic to Austria, where it has a very restricted distribution. It is thought to be present at only a single location, which is possibly a reduction in its historic range. It has also undergone a decline in the population, from being considered 'abundant' to now being thought of as 'rare'. There are current threats posed to this species, it is not protected under Austrian law and it is not known whether it exists within a protected area. It is suggested that habitat monitoring should be conducted, along with research into the species' population trend.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Austria. Specifically it is known from the northern limestone Alps in the Upper Austrian province. It is restricted to a single spring in the Kirchbichlbach area, south of Weyer (Haase 1993). The estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 4 km² for the extant subpopulation, based on the buffer zone around the spring. It was#found only at a single spring measuring around 1 m², although there were several springs in the immediate vicinity on the same slope (M. Haase pers. comm. 2009). At all the other springs in this area, another species, B. austriaca, was recorded while B. ganslmayri was absent.#Museum samples with empty dead#shells of this species are known from the wider area around this site, including floodline debris from the Gaflenz River, although there are no data to confirm that these populations are still extant. Haase (1993) notes that it is possible this species would be found at other springs.",This species was previously abundant but is now considered to be 'rare'.,"This species inhabits cold, freshwater springs.","The main threats to the species are the abstraction of groundwater for drinking water and the subsequent lowering of the groundwater level. There is also pollution, mainly from fertilizers as a result of agricultural practices, that poses a threat to this species.","This species is not currently protected by law in Austria. It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.     .",,,"Reischutz, P. Haase, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,globulosa,,Belgrandiella globulosa,,,Yes,VU,B2ab(iii);D2,Yes,VU,B2ab(iii);D2,EU27,,"Belgrandiella globulosa is considered to be rare, known from three locations in Slovenia, all subject to possible threats of water pollution. Slapnik (pers. comm. 2010) considered the species should be listed as Vulnerable (VU D2), although it technically qualifies as Endangered B2ab(iii), based on the range data, at present the rate of decline in habitats does not meet the threat levels to be placed as#Endangered, and as such it is currently listed as Vulnerable.",Unknown,"Belgrandiella#globulosa#is endemic to Slovenia, where it is only known from#the#cave Mrzla jama near#Bločice, 3.5 km NNW from Lož (type locality) and springs of Cemun#and Obrh near Cerkniško jezero, Cerknica.",No data available on population status or trends.,Freshwater in Karst Subterranean system in caves and emergent springs.,Slapnik (pers. comm.#2010) considers that the major threats to the species lie in water pollution and urbanization (with increased use of local water sources for domestic supplies).,"This species is considered to be 'Rare' in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species and later#assigned a status of# Vulnerable for the Slovenian Red List 2002 (Slovenian official gazette (2002). no. 82, Tuesday 24 September 2002). The population and distribution status require review, and the taxonomy would benefit from molecular approaches to confirm the species status. Habitat monitoring would enable changes to status to be assessed.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,haesitans,,Belgrandiella haesitans,,"According to Szarowska (2006) this species, which was placed by Schütt in Belgrandiella, may be better assigned to#Grossuana, as the#soft part morphology and anatomy does not differ from the one described for Grossuana or Orientalina; its shell is similar to the one described and illustrated by Radoman (1966) for Pseudamnicola vurliana which#later (Radoman, 1983) assigned to the genus Grossuana. The species should be considered to be conspecific with P. vurliana.#",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is found in Greece, where it is recorded from several different regions on mainland Greece. Although there are considerable threats to many of these locations, the species is considered to be Least Concern (LC) at present, as it is widely distributed in the region, however it will require regular review in view of the pressures on water sources. EU27: #Least Concern Europe: Least Concern Mediterranean: #Least ConcernThis species is considered at the Global level as: Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"Belgrandiella haesitans is found in Greece, where it is recorded from Lake Trichonis (Albrecht et al. 2009) and from the spring of Louros (Szarowska 2006), five sites from Reischutz  Sattmann (1990), a spring on the eastern outskirts of the southeast Amfithea, a spring at the bridge below Sakellarion, springs at Xerovouni in Monolithion and springs in Mega Peristeri . These sites are from 5 different catchments in the region (see map in#Reischutz  Sattmann (1990)).",The population status of this species is unknown.,This species inhabits freshwater springs.,"Although there are# threats from over abstraction of water and pollution to many of these locations, these threats are not considered to be major.","No conservation actions are known for this species. The population and distribution status require review, and the taxonomy would benefit from molecular approaches to confirm the species status.",This species is not utilised.,,"Radea, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,hershleri,,Belgrandiella hershleri,,"This species lies close to Belgrandiella kuesteri (Slapnik, 1997). The species would benefit from molecular approaches to confirm the species status.",Yes,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,The species is considered Vulnerable in Slovenia. This region is under considerable pressure for managing water sources so the species should be listed in a threatened category (VU#B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)) and given the small range and number of locations where the major threat is groundwater pollution.,Unknown,"This species is endemic to Slovenia, where it is localised to springs in the foothills of Kum, east of Ljubljana between 200 m and 600 m ASL. The species is known from an area of about 200 km2 (20 x 10 km) with presence in at least 6 individual springs in              the Posavsko hribovje area : spring by Prusnik, east of Kum 230 m ASL; Spring by Susnjek, Podkum, 590 m ASL; spring in Jelova, Radeče, 480 m ASL;# Mitovšek spring, Kum 350 m ASL; Spring by Šklendrovec Stream, 320 m ASL. Spring in Quarry at Radeče, 230 m ASL (Slapnik 1997).",There is no information on the population status of this species.,The species inhabits freshwater springs with temperatures ranging from 8 to 9.6 C. ASL (Slapnik 1997),The main threat to this species is groundwater pollution and abstraction of surface water.,"This region is under considerable pressure for managing water sources and thus a threat review is needed. The population and distribution status requires review, and the taxonomy would benefit from molecular approaches to confirm the species status. The species is considered Vulnerable#in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species#  (Slovenian official gazette (2002). no. 82, Tuesday 24 September 2002).",,,"Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,hessei,,Belgrandiella hessei,,This species is one of many small spring-snails that can most easily be identified using anatomical characteristics of the reproductive system.,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Belgrandiella hessei is considered as Vulnerable (VU) D2, as it is only known from 1 location which may be subjected to pollution caused by potential visitors to the cave in the future. However, this species could quickly become Critically Endangered B2ab(iii) if the water quality or the water presence is modified in the future.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Bulgaria. It is known from a stream in Temnata Dupka cave at Lakatnik, Stara Planina Mts. The cave is about 800 m in length.Even though the location of this site is only few kms outside the  dividing range (border) of the Mediterranean biogeographical region, this species is considered here to be# Mediterranean. This decision has been taken based on climatic and  geological similarities of the region with the Mediterranean.",The population size and trend are not known.,This species is present in karstic water (springs and streams in caves). It is a troglobite (i.e. it lives permanently underground and cannot survive outside the cave environment).,"A potential future threat could be the pollution caused by visitors to the cave. Visitors to this single site, and the facilities required to accommodate them, may have a detrimental effect on the water quality.",No conservation measures are known for the area.# It is recommended that habitat monitoring protocols are put in place to identify potential degradation of the habitats.,This species is not used.,,"Georgiev, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,koprivnensis,,Belgrandiella koprivnensis,,,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is currently placed as Data Deficient, as there is insufficient data on range and threats to make an assessment.",Unknown,"Belgrandiella koprivnensis is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina, where it was described from Krčana spring, 2 km of the road of Cazin-Bužin at the village Donja Koprivna (Radoman 1983).",Population status of this species is unknown.,This species inhabits freshwater springs (Radoman 1983).,The threats for this species are unknown.,The population and distribution status requires review. Habitat monitoring would enable changes to status to be assessed.,,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,kreisslorum,,Belgrandiella kreisslorum,,One of many small spring-snail species that can be most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system.#,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"Belgrandiella kreissiorum#has been assessed as Critically Endangered, Possibly Extinct B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii). This species has a very restricted range and the single spring it is known to inhabit, is now been capped for water abstraction. There are current threats posed to this species and it is not known whether it exists within a protected area. However, it is#listed on the Austrian Red List as Extinct and although it is has regional conservation protection, it is thought to be extinct due to habitat degradation. It#is suggested that further research is needed to confirm its presence in the groundwater supplying the springs or the other possible site described by Reischutz and Reischutz (2009)",Unknown,"Belgrandiella kreisslorum is endemic to Austria. It is only known from the type locality, a single spring in Hohenberg, north west#of Graz, Steiermark (Gloer 2002), where it was first collected by E. Kreissl and PL Reischütz in 1981. As there were only a few shells, the species was not described until 1997. According to Reischütz  Reischütz (2008) this spring has now been captured, although another spring produced a few empty shells at Melanie-Quelle am Schöckl.#","Reischütz and Reischütz (2009) noted that the species may have been extinct before it was described, as the the type locality, as spring, has been lost.",This is a freshwater species that inhabits springs.,"The main threats to the species are the abstraction of groundwater and the lowering of the groundwater level due to inappropriate water management. There is also pollution, mainly from fertilizers as a result of agricultural practices, that poses a threat to this species.","This species was protected by law in Styria, Austria. It is found on the Austrian Red List, where it is deemed to be Extinct (EX). It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.",No known trade in this species.,,"Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,krupensis,,Belgrandiella krupensis,,,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Croatia and is currently placed as Data Deficient (DD), as there is insufficient data on range and threats to make an assessment.# It is only known from a single site, and as such could be threatened, however, there is no data on the threats to the sites, and hence it is listed as Data Deficient (DD).# As with all the underground fauna in Croatia, the species is protected.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Croatia where it was described from the springs at the source of the Krupa River, the right tributary of the Zrmanja River.",The population status of this species is unknown.,This species is subterranean and is found in the outwash of springs.,The threats to this species are unknown.,The population and distribution status of this species requires review. Habitat monitoring would enable changes to the status to be assessed.,This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,kuesteri,,Belgrandiella kuesteri,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"This species is currently placed as Data Deficient, as there is insufficient data on range and threats to make an assessment.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to western and southern Slovenia and the upper Kupa/Kolpa drainage in Croatia (Sket, pers. comm., 2010).",There is no population data for this species.,This species inhabits freshwater springs.,The threats to this species are unknown.,There are no conservation actions known for this species.,,,"Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,kusceri,,Belgrandiella kusceri,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is is endemic to southern Slovenia. It is currently placed as Data Deficient, as there is insufficient data on range and threats to make an assessment.",Unknown,This species is endemic to southern Slovenia.,There is no known population data on this species.,There is no data on habitat for this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"This region is under considerable pressure for managing water sources and thus a threat review is needed. The population and distribution status requires review, and the taxonomy would benefit from molecular approaches to confirm the species status.The species is considered 'Rare'# in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species#  (Slovenian official gazette (2002) no. 82, Tuesday 24 September 2002).",,,"Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,mimula,,Belgrandiella mimula,,This species is one of many small spring-snails that can be most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system.,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU27,,"Belgrandiella mimula has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v).#This species has a very restricted range and is only known from one spring. It has also undergone a decline in the population. There are current threats posed to this species, mainly related to water extraction and pollution, and whilst it is protected under Austrian law, it is not known whether it exists within a protected area. It is found on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR). It is suggested that monitoring of the habitat of this species is conducted, along with research into the population trend.",Decreasing,Belgrandiella mimula is endemic to Austria. It is found in a single spring in the Wiener Becker south of Vienna.,This species has experienced a population decline and is now considered to be 'rare'.,This freshwater species inhabits a thermal spring.,"The main threats to the species are the abstraction of groundwater and the subsequent lowering of the groundwater level. There is also pollution, mainly from fertilizers as a result of agricultural practices that pose a threat to this species. Some localities are also under pressure from tourism activities.","This species is currently protected by law in Austria. It is found on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR). It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.",,,"Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,multiformis,,Belgrandiella multiformis,,This species is one of many small spring-snails that can be most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system.,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"Belgrandiella multiformis has been assessed as Critically Endangered, Possibly Extinct B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii). This species is endemic to Austria. It has a restricted distribution, declining population trend and is experiencing habitat degradation. It is protected under Austrian law, but#there are still threats posed to this species and it#is not known whether it exists within a protected area. #It is found on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR). Further research is needed to confirm its presence, as it may be extinct.",Decreasing,"Belgrandiella multiformis is endemic to Austria where it was recorded in a single spring in the northern Alps, near Kalten Rinne, Weinzettelwand in Niederösterreich.","#This species has experienced a population decline and is now considered very rare, possibly extinct (Reischutz, pers. comm. 2010).",This is a freshwater species that inhabits springs.,"The main threats to Belgrandiella multiformis are habitat degradation, the abstraction of groundwater and the subsequent lowering of the groundwater. Pollution, mainly from fertilizers as a result of agricultural practices, also pose a threat to this species.","This species is strictly protected by law in Austria. It is found on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR). It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.",,,"Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,novoselensis,,Belgrandiella novoselensis,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is currently placed as Data Deficient, as it has not been collected since it was first described and there is insufficient data on range and threats to make an assessment.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Slovenia and is only known from Radoman's collection at# 'the small spring in Nova sela (village), at the road Kočevje-Delnice, on the left side of the Kupa river'. No recent surveys have located this spring (Slapnik 2010).",There are no known population data on this species.,This species inhabits freshwater springs.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"This region is under considerable pressure for managing water sources and thus a threat review is needed. The population and distribution status requires review, and the taxonomy would benefit from molecular approaches to confirm the species status. The species is considered 'Rare'# in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species#  (Slovenian official gazette (2002) no. 82, Tuesday 24 September 2002).",,,"Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,pageti,,Belgrandiella pageti,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"This species was considered to be threatened in Croatia, and assigned a status of# Vulnerable B2ab(iii) for the Croatian Red List of Cave Fauna. It is assessed as Data Deficient for the IUCN Red List pending clarification of its distribution. It may be either Vulnerable or Endangered, if the sites in northwestern Croatia and Slovenia are found to be threatened.#This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment:# this species is assessed as Data Deficient at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union. However, when more data become available on the situation of this species in Slovenia, it might qualify for an Endangered B2ab(iii) category.European regional assessment:#Data Deficient#(possibly Vulnerable B2ab(iii))Mediterranean regional assessment:#Data Deficient#(possibly Vulnerable B2ab(iii))",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Croatia and Slovenia. In Croatia it lives in the subterranean waters and springs at Tounjčica, Rudnica, Mrežnica with all three sites in the same catchment. There are also comments that it is found in the North-West of Croatia, however this is not a karst country (B. Jalzic pers. comm. 2009), so this requires confirmation.",There is no data on population trends for this species.,This species inhabits subterranean waters and springs,The threats to this species are unknown.,"All caves and cave fauna are strictly protected by law in Croatia. The status of the subpopulation in Croatia is unknown and requires monitoring.The species is considered 'Rare'# in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species#  (Slovenian official gazette (2002) no. 82, Tuesday 24 September 2002). This region is under considerable pressure for managing water sources and thus a monitoring programme is needed. The population and distribution status requires new data and the taxonomy would benefit from molecular approaches to confirm the species status.",This species is not utilised.,,"Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,parreyssii,,Belgrandiella parreyssii,,"This species is one of many small spring-snails that can be most easily identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system. Shell characters are similar to those of Belgrandiella fuschi Boeters, 1970, B. wawrai# Haase, 1996 and B. mimula Haase, 1996, so distribution records based on shells alone are questionable (Gloer 2002, p. 109), although B. wawrai# Haase, 1996 and B. pelerei# Haase, 1994 are not found in thermal spring sites.",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU27,,"Belgrandiella parreyssii is classified as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)). This species is known from only one thermal spring, which is used for recreational activities. There has been considerable decline in abundance of the population at this site over the last 50 years; in the 1960s the stones were encrusted by this species, now it is considered as very rare (P. Reischütz, pers. comm. 2009).",Decreasing,"Belgrandiella parreyssii is endemic to Austria. It is only known from the thermal springs at Bad Vöslau, south of Vienna.","Although population data for this species are not available, it is known to have declined considerably in abundance at its only known site over the last 50 years. In the 1960s, stones at the site were encrusted with this species, whereas now it is considered very rare (P. Reischütz, pers. comm. 2009).","This species is restricted to thermal springs, where it may withstand temperatures of up to 23.5°C (Boeters 1998).","The only site of occurrence of this species is exploited for human recreational activities, and the management (cleaning) of the site for recreational use is known to impact the population levels.","The site where this species is found is a protected specifically for this species (Haase 1994).#This species is protected by law in Austria, but there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that monitoring of its habitat should be conducted, along with research into the species' population trend.",This species is not traded.,,"Haase, M. Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,pelerei,,Belgrandiella pelerei,,"This is one of many small spring-snail species that can be most easily identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system. It is close in shell characters to Belgrandiella parreysi, the#distribution records based on shells alone are therefore questionable (Gloer 2002).",Yes,CR,B2ab(ii),Yes,CR,B2ab(ii),EU27,,"Belgrandiella pelerei has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(ii). This species is endemic to Austria. It was originally known from two springs, one of which has now been lost. The freshwater spring is exploited for domestic water extraction. There is an abundant population at this site, but care must be taken to monitor the impact of the threats to this species as overall it is considered to be in decline.#In the Austrian Red List, it is classified as Critically Endangered (CR) (Reischütz and Reischütz 2007). Whilst it is protected under Austrian law, it is suggested that#research into the population trend is conducted.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Austria. Specifically it is found in the 'Pannonian flat and hill regions'. It is only known from the left spring of the Fischa River, near Haschendorf and one spring in the Wiener Becken, south of Vienna. Originally there were two locations however in the Austrian Red List (2008) it is stated that this species can no longer be found in one of these locations.","This species is noted to be abundant at the one remaining site, but overall is experiencing a population decline and is therefore#considered to be 'rare'.",This is a freshwater species that is found in springs (Gloer 2002).,"The main threat to the species is habitat degradation, as a result of water abstraction resulting in the lowering of the groundwater level. There is also pollution, mainly from fertilizers as a result of agricultural practices, which also pose a threat to this species.#","The species is protected by law in Lower Austria. It is found on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR). However, it is not known whether it exists within a protected area and there are no species specific recovery plans in place.#It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.",,,"Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,pusilla,,Belgrandiella pusilla,,This species is one of many small spring-snails that can be most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system.,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species is considered as Vulnerable (VU) D2, as it is only known from one location in Bulgaria and it's AOO is estimated to be 4km2. It may also be subjected to pollution caused by visitors to the cave which it inhabits. This species could quickly become Endangered if the water quality or source are modified in the future.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Bulgaria, where it is only known from a cave at the source of the Petreska River, near Lakatnik, Stara Planina Mts. Total area of the site is unknown but estimated as 4 km2 based on a single location with 2 km buffer zone.Even though the location of this site is only few kilometers outside the  dividing range (border) of the Mediterranean biogeographical region,# this species was considered to be# Mediterranean. This decision has been taken based on climatic and  geological similarities of the region with the Mediterranean.",No data is available about the population of this species.,This species lives within karstic regions where it is restricted to springs and streams within caves.,"There are no current threats at the site, but a potential future threat exists in the pollution of the spring-waters caused by use (and possible development) of the cave for recreational visitors.",No conservation activities are in place but monitoring of habitat trends is needed.,This species is not used.,,"Georgiev, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,robusta,,Belgrandiella robusta,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Slovenia. It is currently placed as Data Deficient, as there is insufficient data on range and threats to make an assessment.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Slovenia, where it is found in Natura 2000 area in#Kras,#Trnovoski goz, Nanos,#Notranjski triangle, Snežnik.",The population and distribution status requires new data.,This species is found in freshwater in caves.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is considered 'Rare'# in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species#  (Slovenian official gazette (2002) no. 82, Tuesday 24 September 2002). This region is under considerable pressure for managing water sources and thus a monitoring programme is needed. The population and distribution status requires new data and the taxonomy would benefit from molecular approaches to confirm the species status.",,,"Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,saxatilis,,Belgrandiella saxatilis,,"Hereby, we consider Belgrandiella saxatilis as a widespread species in Aude, Herault, Gard, Tarn and Tarn-et-Garonne departments, as was previously considered by malacologists (Falkner et al. 2002, Girardi 2003). Work has commenced on the revision of this group (see Falkner and Boeters 2009) and views are changing on the systematics of the Belgrandiella and Belgrandia from the Herault valley (Prie, pers. comm. 2010). These results make it impossible to fully confirm the numerous Belgrandiella found in this part of France. Thus we have assessed the species using the current species concept, whilst research continues on the numerous taxa.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"There are different views of this species distribution, as there is unpublished data. Prie and Bichain (pers. comm. 2010) consider this species as a widespread species in the south-east of the Massif Central, and suggest that as it is wide-ranging and only facing localised threats to its spring habitats is should be considered as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"Belgrandiella saxatilis is endemic to France (Falkner et al. 2002), where is is found mainly in the departments of#Gard and Hérault through to the Tarn and Aude. Although Boeters and Falkner (2009) suggest a restricted range, it seems to be present in nearly every spring within its distribution area (V. Prie, pers. comm. 2009).",There is no population data available for this species.,This species is found in freshwater springs and occasionally as a subterranean (stygoxene) species.,"Springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilization for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural sources of the groundwater feeding the springs may be another important threat to the species.",There are no conservation actions in place for this species. Further research on the distribution of this species is required.,There is no known trade in this species.,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,schleschi,,Belgrandiella schleschi,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species is considered Vulnerable (D2), due to it being restricted to two locations in Slovenia and an having an estimated AOO of 50km2. It also suffers from pressures on the use of the water from the springs for domestic purposes and from urban development. There is also possible water pollution from agricultural sources percolating into the groundwaters.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Slovenia, where it is restricted to two sites, a spring in caves at Cerknesko Jezero (Križna jama and sources around cave near to Lož) and Notranjski Park. Area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated as 50 km, based on two locations and restricted range as less than five locations.",Population status of this species is unknown.,This species inhabits freshwater springs.,"This species is considered to be under pressure as the water source it occupies could be captured for use, and there is the possible threat from pollution of groundwater from agricultural and domestic sources.","The species is considered 'Rare'# in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species#  (Slovenian official gazette (2002) no. 82, Tuesday 24 September 2002). . The population and distribution status requires review. Habitat monitoring would enable changes to status to be assessed.",,,"Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,styriaca,,Belgrandiella styriaca,,This is one of many small spring-snail species that can be most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system.,Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),EU27,,Belgrandiella styriaca has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)). This species is endemic to Austria where it has a very restricted range and has experienced a decline in the population. It is threatened by groundwater level reduction and pollution from fertilizers but it is conserved in the Styrian region. This species is not thought to exist within a protected area and there is no specific recovery plan in place. It is listed on Austrian National Red List as Critically Endangered (CR) and has the same status for the global Red List.,Decreasing,"This species is found in the limestone Alps region of Austria, in the Styria and Lower Austria provinces. It is only known from the type locality, an intermittent stream at Bärenloch near Mixntiz, west of Vienna (Glöer 2002).","This species was once found in every spring, however it is now considered to be 'rare'.",This freshwater species lives in an intermittent stream and is also found in springs.,"Its main threats are habitat degradation, the lowering of the groundwater level and pollution, mainly by fertilizers from agricultural practices.","This species is conserved in the Styrian region and features on the#Austrian National Red List as Critically Endangered (CR). It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that habitat monitoring should be conducted, along with research into the species' population trends.",,,"Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,substricta,,Belgrandiella substricta,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species is only known from a single location in Slovenia, where most the of habitat is underground. It is considered as Vulnerable (VU D2), due to pressures on the use of the water from the springs for domestic purposes and from urban development. There is also possible water pollution from agricultural sources percolating into the groundwater. If the rates of change to the water quality in the catchment were to change radically, then the species would immediately qualify as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Slovenia, where it is known only from the springs of the river Ljubljanica, near Vrhnika.",There is no known population data on this species.,This species is found in freshwaters in karst caves.,"This species is considered to be under pressure, as the water source could be captured for use, and there is the possible threat from pollution of groundwater from agricultural and domestic sources.",This species is considered 'Rare' in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species (Sket and Velkovrh 2002). This region is under considerable pressure for managing water sources and thus a monitoring programme is needed. The population and distribution status requires new data and the taxonomy would benefit from molecular approaches to confirm the species status.,This species is not utilized.,,"Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,superior,,Belgrandiella superior,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This restricted range species is considered Vulnerable (D2) because it has an estimated AOO of 20km2 and is known from only two locations making it a restricted range species. It is also subject to pressures on the use of the water from the springs for domestic purposes and from urban development, and there is possible water pollution at the sites.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Slovenia, where it is restricted to the springs east of Cerkniško jezero. (AOO estimated as 20km2, based on two locations, with 4km buffer around each, and restricted range as less than 5 locations). #",The population status for this species is unknown.,"The species inhabits freshwater springs and is probably also in caves (Sket, pers. comm. 2010).","This species is considered to be under pressure, as the water source could be captured for use, and there is the possible threat from pollution of groundwater from agricultural and domestic sources.","The species is considered 'Rare'# in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species#  (Slovenian official gazette (2002) no. 82, Tuesday 24 September 2002).# The population and distribution status requires review. Habitat monitoring would enable changes to status to be assessed.",,,"Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,wawrai,,Belgrandiella wawrai,,"One of many small spring-snail species that can be most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system.# It has been confused with Belgrandiella fuschi Boeters, 1970, so distribution records based on shells alone are questionable.#",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Belgrandiella wawrai has been assessed as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii). This species is only known from one valley where it is restricted to two freshwater springs which are under threat from pollution and lowering of groundwater levels. Although it is protected by law and exists in a water conservation area, this species has previously experienced a significant decline in the number of individuals. However, if the lowering of groundwater levels was to impact significantly both springs, the species would qualify for a Critically Endangered category.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Austria. The type locality is a small spring on the left bank of the Further Bach, west of Furth, Lower Austria (Haase 1996). It only occurs in two springs in the Further Bach valley, at 490 meters above sea level and higher (Reischütz ﻿ Reischütz 2007). This valley is also a protected water catchment area (Haase 1996).","The population has experienced a significant decline, with only a 'dozen or so' living specimens found (Haase 1996). It is thought that with further sampling, more individuals can be found in the surrounding area of the two inhabited springs.","This species inhabits two freshwater springs (Haase 1996). The volume of the springs water is reduced after the spring flush event, and these springs are thus possibly subject to drying out in the late Autumn (P. Reischutz pers. comm. 2009).","The main threats to the species are habitat degradation, the lowering of the groundwater level and pollution#(Reischütz and#Reischütz 2007).","This species is found on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (Reischütz and#Reischütz 2007).#It is protected under law in Lower Austria#(Reischütz and Reischütz, 2007). This valley is also a protected water catchment area (Haase 1996), so it does exist in a protected area but there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.",This species is not thought to be traded.,,"Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,zagoraensis,,Belgrandiella zagoraensis,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species is considered as Vulnerable (VU) D2, #as it known from a single site which may be subjected to the pollution caused by potential visitors of the cave in the future. However, this species could quickly become Endangered if the water quality or the water source is modified in the future.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Bulgaria. It is found in one single spring near to the Bedechka river, in the Krairechen Park, near to the town of Stara Zagora, Bulgaria. It is thought to only occur in a stretch of stream measuring a few metres.",No information on the population status or trend of this species is available.,"This species inhabits a karstic spring, where it is found on stones and moss.","Although there are no current threats recognised for this species, both habitat destruction and pollution (from industrial and domestic sources) are recognised as potential future threats.",There are no current conservation actions for this species. More research on the population would be needed.,,,"Georgiev, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Belgrandiella,zermanica,,Belgrandiella zermanica,,,Yes,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Croatia where it is known from one location and has an area of occupancy of 99 km2. It has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU D2) due to the potential threat of water pollution from eutrophication. Currently the quality of the habitat is not declining, however if in the future it does the species will qualify for Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Croatia, where it is recorded from Zrmanja groundwater system, which can be geographically defined as the south-east border of Velebit, with#subterranean flow along which Zrmanja flows into Krka.#","There is no population trend data for this species. Régnier et al. (2009) considered this species to be extinct, but in error, due to recording at the type locality alone.",This species is found in freshwater groundwaters in karst caves.,This species requires clean water so the major threat to it is from the eutrophication of waters seeping into groundwaters changing the water quality.,"The Croatian underground fauna is protected by law, however the species needs conservation actions to reduce the impact of pollution in the groundwater system. Habitat and population monitoring is needed to measure the potential impact of pollution on this species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Slapnik, R. Lajtner, J.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,BITHYNIIDAE,Bithynia,boissieri,,Bithynia boissieri,,"Syn: Paludina boissieri Küster, 1852: change to genus Bithynia confirmed in Gloer and Maasen (2009) based on anatomy of topotypes which show that Paludina boissieri belongs to the genus Bithynia because it has a penial appendix and a flagellum.Bythinia ilysaeca, which should be a synonym of Bithynia boissieri, is, according to the drawing given by Locard (1894: pl. VI, Fig. 5), distinct from the topotypes of B. boissieri as well as from the specimen depicted by Beriozkina  Starobogatov (1995) (from Gloer and Maasen, 2009).",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,The population size and trends as well as the distribution of this species are uncertain. It can be confused with B. leachi. Therefore given the current uncertainty Bithynia boissieri##is considered as Data Deficient.,Unknown,"There is confusion in the literature on the range of this species. #According to Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) this species is known from Italy and France (Corsica).# However, in Italy the species was originally described from Rome, but listed for Sicily. In Corsica, it is only known from a single site on the northern coast (INPN 2009).# According to Gloer and Maasen (2009) Paludina boissieri Küster, 1852, was been described from the region of Rome (Kuster 1852: 36) as its type locality, and not Sicily, as given in Beriozkina and Starabogatov (1995).",There is no information about the population size and trends.,This is a freshwater snail found in rivers.,The main threats to this species are unknown as the distribution and taxonomic status is uncertain.,"Research on the population size, trends and distribution is needed. It is not known what conservation measures should be taken to protect this species.",No trade in this species.,,"Seddon, M., Cianfanelli, S. Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,BITHYNIIDAE,Bithynia,candiota,,Bithynia candiota,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Bithynia candiota is found in scattered localities across Crete (Kreti). Its extent of occurrence is 8,336 km²# and is in at least three locations, but as it maybe present in other locations on the island and the major threats are uncertain,# the listing is downgraded to Near Threatened. It is likely that the sites are declining in their habitat quality due to overuse of freshwater resources. The species is therefore in need of further survey work to determine the distribution and threats, to allow a revised conservation assessment.The species is considered regionally as:EU 27: Near Threatened (NT B1ab(iii); D2)Europe: Near Threatened (NT B1ab(iii); D2)Mediterranean: Near Threatened (NT B1ab(iii); D2)",Unknown,"Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) lists the species from the mainland Greece and Crete, but Glöer and Maassen (2009) present only material from Crete (total area: 8336 km2) and it is not listed by Glöer et al (2010) for mainland Greece.# It is found in scattered localities across the island of Crete, including nomos Lassithi, Kato Metochi; nomos Rethimnon, valley along river Petres, 9 km W of Rethimnon;# in debris of river Petres, 9 km W of Rethimnon, UTM KV61;# nomos Iraklion, small river near river Gerapotamos near bridge at Phaistos.",No population trend data are available for this species.,This freshwater snail lives in rivers.,The main threats are unknown.,"More research is needed on the population size, trends and distribution of this species.",This species is not utilised.,,"Michel, E., Feher, Z. Van Damme, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,BITHYNIIDAE,Bithynia,cettinensis,,Bithynia cettinensis,,"This species has not been redefined since originally collected by Clessin, until recent work by Gloer and Beran (2009) confirmed that the taxon differs from#Bithynia tentaculata and Bithynia mostarensis.",Yes,VU,B1ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"This freshwater species is endemic to Croatia, where it is currently known from one river catchment with an extent of occurrence of less than 12,000 km2, hence it is possibly Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii) as its populations are very restricted, and it is threatened by past and ongoing flow water management.# Further research is required to determine if the species is present at other sites in the region and habitat monitoring is required to ensure that no detrimental activities occur to disrupt or destroy the existing habitats.",Unknown,"This species is restricted to the Cetina River Drainage (Glöer et al. 2007, Glöer and Pesic 2007).# Recently Glöer and Beran (2009) reviewed material collected at Omiš, on River Cetina near the coast in Dalmatia, and confirmed the presence of the species in the river. The lower part of the river from the Gubavica Falls (49 m a.s.l.) near the village of Zadvarje (20 km from Omiš), is less gorge-like, although still fast flowing.","The species has been recently collected, but there is no population trend data.",This species is found in lower parts of freshwater rivers.,"The species lives in a freshwater river, where the flow is managed as there are several hyrdolectric dams across the lower courses of the river, and there may be some threats from flow management, however the impact on the species is uncertain, as it may occur elsewhere in the catchment.","There are no conservation actions for this species. Proposed conservation actions would include further surveys to determine the distribution, population trends and threats to this species.",This species is not known to be traded.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,BITHYNIIDAE,Bithynia,graeca,,Bithynia graeca,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"According to some authors this species is endemic to Lake Pamvotis, Greece and has an extent of occurrence of 22 km2; this lake has been affected by man-made impacts such as sewage discharge and water level fluctuations, which are causing the habitat to degrade, therefore this species could be considered to be Critically Endangered if this restricted range is confirmed. However there are other records from two further sites that require investigation in light of the taxonomic revisions in this group, and as such the species is listed as Vulnerable D2, until the taxonomic reviews have been carried out.This species is also assessed at regional level as:EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable D2European regional assessmen: Vulnerable D2Mediterranean regional assessmen: Vulnerable D2",Unknown,"According to Glöer and Maasen (2009), this species is endemic to Lake Pamvotis, Greece.# However older literature suggests a wider distribution, where B. graeca was also found in Tenaghi Philippon (Macedonia, Northern Greece) (Schütt 1987) and in artificial Lake Kerkini (Serres, Macedonia, Northern Greece) (Eleutheriadis and Lazaridou-Dimitriadou 2001). Lake Kerkini was formed by construction of a dam across Strymon river valley. The water of this lake is used for irrigation purposes. According to Frogley and Preece (2007), the identity of the above specimens need clarification in the light of the taxonomic revision made by Glöer and Pešič (2006).","This population status for this species is unknown, although it has been recently collected.",This species inhabits freshwater lakes.,"During the last decades Lake Pamvotis has been influenced by many man-made impacts, such as sewage discharge and water level fluctuation. Lake Pamvotis is an eutrophic ecosystem exhibiting also a serious decline of submerged vegetation.","There are no conservation actions for this species. Proposed conservation actions: Restoration management strategy requires reduction of the external and internal organic load, control of non-point pollution sources, control of hydrological regime, and establishment of bio-manipulation techniques. Lake Pamvotis and Lake Kerkini are sites of Natura 2000 network (GR2130005-Limni Ioanninon and GR1260001-Limni -Kroussia-Koryfes Opus Beles, GR1260008, Texniti Limni Kerkini correspondingly).",There is no trade information for this species.,,"Radea, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,BITHYNIIDAE,Bithynia,hambergerae,,Bithynia hambergerae,,,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Bithynia hambergerae is considered to be Data Deficient, as there are doubts on the extent of the distribution, as being a recently described species the range maybe more extensive if the tentative records from Albania are confirmed. If this species is considered to be endemic to Montenegro, where it is possibly restricted to two localities, and given the threats to these locations, then the species would then be classified as Endangered (En B2 ab(iii)).",Unknown,"Bithynia hambergerae is endemic to Montenegro, where it is only known from the River Plavnica near Gornja Plavnica, area of Lake Skadar. This species has recently been described but the distribution is uncertain. There are also records from Albania, however, these records are unconfirmed and therefore the range maybe more extensive.","As this species has been recently described, the population size and trends are not known.",This specie inhabits freshwater lake margins and rivers.,"There is rapid eutrophication taking place in Skadar Lake. In the last years, the area of Plavnica (at Skadar Lake) is devastated by the development of a local tourist centre and a littoral part of the lake at Plavnica is deepened to consent of the local touristic ships.","No specific actions exists for this species, but there are some conservation actions in place for the Lake itself. Distributional data is required.",There is no information on trade for this species.,,"Pešić, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,BITHYNIIDAE,Bithynia,hellenica,,Bithynia hellenica,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species was originally described from Lepanto [=Nafpaktos], Greece, and recent speciments though to be this species were taken from Lake Taka (10 km south of Tripolis, Peloponnes).At present further surveys are needed to determine the distribution, population trends and threats to this species.# It is listed as Data Deficient (DD), in view of the lack of data on trends and threats to the species.",Unknown,"This species was originally described from Lepanto [=Nafpaktos], Greece, and Kobelt (1892) also reports the presence on the Greece Islands. Glöer et al. (2010) note that specimens which resemble this species were taken from Lake Taka (10 km south of Tripolis, Peloponnes).","The population trend of this species is unknown, as the species has been overlooked until recent taxonomic reviews, which suggest that it is not conspecific with other taxa.",This species is found in a small freshwater lake.,The threats to this species are not known.,"There are no conservation actions for this species. Proposed conservation actions would include further surveys to determine the distribution, population trends and threats to this species.",There is no use or trade information for this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,BITHYNIIDAE,Bithynia,italica,,Bithynia italica,,"Bythinia italica is considered as a distinct species from B. leachi by Falkner et al.(2002). They restrict the name B. leachi to populations from the North and West of the Alps. Mediterranean populations are considered as a species complex, with two species proposed by Falkner : Bythinia italica and B. boissieri.#The name B. italica is based on material from SMF, and applies applies to type locality Novoli near the Fosso Macinante, west of Florence It is mentioned by Falkner et al.(2002) from Pietracorbara# in Corsica (""Cape Corse"" only) ; and Viareggio and Lago di Massaciuccoli in Italia, where it is syntopic with B. boissieri.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Bithynia italica is recently considered a valid species in Italy and France, and as such most data on distribution or population status is for two species (Bithynia italica and Bithynia#boissieri#) which were both listed and mapped as one species,#Bithynia leachii. #However, the current unpublished data from Bodon, Cianfanelli and Prie (Feb 2010 pers. comm.) suggests that#Bithynia italica#is widespread and unlikely to be under threat of extinction.",Stable,"The species is listed for Italy by Fauna Europea (Bank et al, 2006), however in Fauna Italica it is considered to be B. leachi. #According to Bodon and Cianfanelli (Cianfanelli, pers. comm. Feb 2010), Bithynia italica, Paulucci, 1880 is a valid species and this species is widely distributed in Italy and in Corsica.#The type locality for this species is# Angitola river near Pizzo in Calabria, Italy. It is mentioned by Falkner et al.#(2002) from Pietracorbara# in Corsica (""Cape Corse"" only) ; and Viareggio and Lago di Massaciuccoli in Italia, where it is syntopic with B. boissieri.",No data on population status although believed to be widespread.,This species inhabits freshwater rivers.,The threats to the species are localised and the wide distribution in Italy and Corsica suggests that the species is unlikely to be threatened.,Further data is required on population status and distribution.,This species is not known to be traded.,,"Cianfanelli, S., Prie, V. Bodon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,BITHYNIIDAE,Bithynia,kastorias,,Bithynia kastorias,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"The species is listed as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)), as it is only found in one lake (Lake Kastoria), where there is continuing habitat degradation as a result of changing water quality caused by pollution from the agricultural developments alongside the lake, as well as domestic sewage entering the lake close to the major urban areas. The area is within a Nature 2000 site, and would benefit from better water management plans to ensure the long-term survival of the freshwater species in the lake.",Unknown,"This species is found in Macedonia (Northern Greece) where it is recorded from Lake Kastoria (Glöer et al. 2007). The Kastoria Peninsula (with the town of Kastoria) divides the lake into two parts, the larger to the north and the smaller to the south. The total lake area is 28 km².",The population status of Bithynia kastorias remains unknown.,"This species is found on rocks of the littoral zone (0–0.5 m depth) of the eutrophic lake Kastoria (Macedonia, Northern Greece) (Glöer et al. 2007).","The main threats to this species arise from human activities around the lake, such as intensive agriculture and disposal of untreated town waste which pollute the lake water.",There are no conservation actions for this species. Lake Kastoria is included in the network Natura 2000 (GR1320001-Limni Kastorias). However the ecosystem of this lake is disturbed and polluted mainly because the water of streams draining into it carry agricultural fertilizers. The area would benefit from better water management plans to ensure the long-term survival of the freshwater species occurring in this lake.,This species is not traded.,,"Radea, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,BITHYNIIDAE,Bithynia,kobialkai,,Bithynia kobialkai,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This is a recently described species. Although this species is only known from one single location, further information (in particular on threats) is required to determine whether it merits the higher conservation status of Critically Endangered (CR), and as such this species is listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2 on a precautionary basis.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Balearic Islands of Spain, where it is described from one location, Torrent de Fornalutx, Soller Stadt, Mallorca (Glöer and Beckmann 2007)",This is a recently described species so there is no data on population trends.,This species is found in a freshwater river entering the bay at Soller Stradt.,"As this is a recently described species the threats to it are not fully evaluated, however there are likely to be pressures on water supplies in the region as well as possible pollution from the urban developments in the catchment.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species. Further data is required on distribution, population trends and threats, as the area is quite developed, therefore the species may be under threat.",This species is not utilised.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,BITHYNIIDAE,Bithynia,leachii,,Bithynia leachii,,"This species was previously considered to be conspecific with Bithynia troschelii (= B. transsylvanica) however, Gloer has recently shown that they are distinct species (Gloer et al. 2005).Two other species have recently been spilt by#Falkner#et al.(2002). #Bythinia italica#is considered as a distinct species from#B. leachii by Falkner#et al.(2002). They restrict the name#B. leachii to populations from the North and West of the Alps. Mediterranean populations are considered as a species complex, with two species proposed by Falkner :#Bythinia italica#and#B. boissieri.#Bithynia rumelica Wohlberedt, 1911 was considered a synonym of Bithynia (Codiella) leachii by Angelov (2000). Georgiev and Stoycheva (2010) noted that it was described as a new species from a thermal spring (water temperature 20° C) in the Rhodopes Mountains, Bulgaria near the town of Krichim (Wohlberedt, 1911). The only known such spring is Krichimski Vircheta, near the Vacha River. The taxonomic status of the species is unclear.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Bithynia leachii is widespread through Europe and lives in different types of habitat, such as oxbows, rivers, streams, fish ponds, etc. Although there are local impacts on its habitats from both human activities and natural events (i.e. natural sedimentation and water pollution), the species is so widespread that it is unlikely to lead to anything other than localised extinctions. Therefore the species qualifies for Least Concern.# If Bithynia rumelica  Wohlberedt, 1911 was considered a valid species, then it is possibly  extinct. Georgiev (2010) noted that it was described as a new species  from a thermal spring (water temperature 20° C) in the Rhodopes  Mountains, Bulgaria where the only known spring is Krichimski Vircheta,  near the Vacha River. The taxonomic status of the species is unclear, but  Krichimski Vircheta spring as has much disturbance and no shells could  be found in two surveys in 2008 and 2009, presumably as a result of many  people washing themselves in the hot water. In the springs pollution  from plastic and other materials was obvious. The species was recorded last century from North Africa, however there are no recent records, so it is considered to be regionally extinct in North Africa, whereas in the northern Mediterranean, it is still widespread, but local, and as such is considered Least Concern. However according to Falkner et al (2002), the Mediterranean populations are considered as a species complex, with two  species proposed by Falkner :#Bythinia  italica#and#B. boissieri. Hence, taxon in southern Europe Bithynia  italica and Bithynia boissieri  have been considered as part of  Bithynia leachii, as such some of the map data for the region is  incorrect. Although these species should probably be considered as Data Deficient, the likely assessment once the taxonomic issues have been resolved will be Least Concern, as certainly Bithynia  italica is presumed widespread and Bithynia leachii is widely recorded in the region.",Stable,"This is a widespread species in Europe according to Fauna Europea (Bank et al, 2006). Some older distributional data might refer to B. troscheli which is now considered to be a distinct species. Fauna Europaea lists the following countries: Austria, Balearis Islands, Belgium, U.K. - Great Britain, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Russia, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, Serbia.Czech Republic: Bithynia leachii (Sheppard, 1823) and Bithynia troschelii (Paasch, 1842) are both recorded in the Czech Republic, where both species are restricted to South Moravia; in the floodplains along the Morava River and the Dyje River where both species are very rare.UK:# Bithynia leachii (Sheppard, 1823) is widespread in lowland rivers, but is believed to have declined over the last 50 years (Killeen, pers. comm, 2009).#Slovakia: Mainly the Danube and Morava River. Also in the Latorica River and slow flooding canals and oxbows, and fishponds.Germany: Common in the north part. In the southern part only in the River Rhein, Neckar and Chiemsee.Bulgaria: Bithynia rumelica Wohlberedt, 1911 was considered a synonym of Bithynia (Codiella) leachii by Angelov (2000). Georgiev (2010) noted that it was described as a new species from a thermal spring (water temperature 20° C) in the Rhodopes Mountains near the town of Krichim (Wohlberedt, 1911). The only known such spring is Krichimski Vircheta, near the Vacha River.   This species has a Palaearctic range, occurring principally in the lowlands of northern, central and eastern Europe plus southern Scandinavia.# It is widespread within its known range in Europe from Scandinavia to the Iberian Penisula, and from Eire to Ukraine.#","There is no unified information available on population and trends for this species, although some countries where the species is less widespread have data on population declines over the last 50 years.#There is little evidence of any significant decline.","This species lives in different types of habitat, such as oxbows, rivers, streams, fish ponds, slow flowing canals, etc. It is known to inhabit a wide range of habitats such as streams, rivers, canals, large drains, marsh drains and lakes, however, it is less common in smaller ponds. It shows a strong preference for richly vegetated habitats, often with a muddy or silty substrate with a high diversity of molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates.","Its habitats are affected by artificial and natural impacts (i.e. natural sedimentation and water pollution), although it is difficult to state if there is a significant decline on the habitat quality. It is pollution sensitive and there is evidence of some localised decline.     Other Threats: Pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources, alteration of water courses, changes to flow regimes, and over-frequent dredging.# Mouthon (1996) showed# that B. leachii was one of the species of gastropod most sensitive to biodegradable pollution.##",Most probably there is no conservation action for this species in place.,This species is used for human consumption.,,"Vavrova, L., Cianfanelli, S., Prie, V., Georgiev, D. Ghamizi, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,BITHYNIIDAE,Bithynia,majewskyi,,Bithynia majewskyi,,"Schutt (1988) suggested that it was not a valid species, but a synonym of B. tentaculata (Gloer  Maassen, 2009). Schutt (1988) designated a lectotype: 4.5 whorls, shell height 4.6 mm, shell width 3.1 mm, and identified this species as a juvenile of Bithynia tentaculata. According to Gloer and Maassen (2009), Beriozkina et al. (1995: 36, Fig. 5a) illustrated Bithynia majewskyi from the Rostov Region with measurements: shell height 6.6 mm, width 4.6 mm, while Anistratenko and Stadnichenko (1995: 150) illustrated quite a different looking species with the measurements: shell height 5.3 mm and width 4.2 mm, whereas in their description they gave the measurements: shell height 4–4.5 mm, width 3–3.5 mm. Gloer and Maassen (2009) commented that the identity of the species used for their description of Bithynia majewskyi is questionable, as is their range description “Sicily, Balkan peninsula, shores of northern part of the Black and Azov seas and Caspian Sea”. In addition, Beriozkina et al. (1995: 35) mentioned Bythinia hellenica Kobelt, 1892 as a younger synonym of B. majewskyi, but the syntypes of B. hellenica, studied by Gloer (cited in Gloer and Maasse 2009), look distinct from B. majewskyi. If Schutt (1988) and Gloer and Maassen (2009) are correct, in their views that# B. majewskyi is a younger synonym of B. tentaculata, then Gloer and Maassen (2009) comment that the genus Paraelona has no type species and is not a valid genus name.# However at present it is still listed as a valid species pending further taxonomic research in the region.",Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"The species is listed as Data Deficient given the uncertain taxonomic status and current information on species distribution and threats. It is likely that the species should be listed as Not Applicable, whilst the name is still considered valid, as the species seems to be a synonym of the more widespread B. tentaculata, however further research is needed to confirm this.The species is also assessed at regional level as:European regional assessment: Data DeficientEU27 regional assessment: NE, as it is not present in the 27 member States of the European UnionMediterranean regional assessment: Data Deficient",Unknown,"The range of this species is currently under review, as is the status of the species. Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) listed the species for Croatia. Anistratenko and Stadnichenko (1995: 150) gave their range description “Sicily, Balkan  peninsula, shores of northern part of the Black and Azov seas and  Caspian Sea”. Beriozkina et al (1995: 36,  Fig. 5a) illustrated Bithynia majewskyi from the Rostov Region. Gloer  and Maassen (2009) commented that the identity of the species  used  for the range description of Bithynia majewskyi  is questionable.","The population trend is uncertain, given the uncertain species status.","The habitats are uncertain, given the uncertain species status.","The threats are uncertain, given the uncertain species distribution and status.",None in place. The conservation actions are needed to establish the uncertain species distribution and status.,The species is not known to be traded.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,BITHYNIIDAE,Bithynia,majorcina,,Bithynia majorcina,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This newly described species is currently known from the type locality, a  stream in the Soller region on the island of Mallorca, Spain. The species' range may be limited and any threats are as yet unknown, so conservation actions required include more data on range and  threats. As such, given that we have no data on threats, the species is listed for now as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This newly described species is currently known from a fast flowing stream in the Soller region on the island of Mallorca, Spain.",There is no population information for this species.,"The species was found on the bed of a freshwater stream on consolidated, calcareous rocks.",Any threats to this newly described species are unknown.,"This recently described species has unknown threats and the range may be limited, so conservation actions required include more data on range and threats.",This species is not known to be utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,BITHYNIIDAE,Bithynia,montenegrina,,Bithynia montenegrina,,"Feher and Eross (2009) noted that this species was listed by Reischütz et al. (2008) for Albania, but they suggested that it may well be B. radomani rather than a distinct species.# This requires further investigation.",Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is listed for Montenegro by Fauna Europea, but there is little recent data on the range or threats, and there are some doubts about the records and as such it is listed as Data deficient.",Unknown,"This species is listed for Montenegro by Fauna Europea, but there is little recent data on the range.",There is no known population data on this species.,There is no data on habitat for this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species requires research on threats, population trends and distribution.",,,"Pešić, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,BITHYNIIDAE,Bithynia,mostarensis,,Bithynia mostarensis,,"This species has been treated as a form of B. tentaculata (Schutt, 1988).",Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is poorly known, originally described from a lake that is now a possible site for a hydroelectric scheme. At present with little information on other possible sites, the species should be considered Data Deficient (DD), however, if the range is confirmed as restricted to the lake, the species could be Vulnerable (VU D2) or Endangered (EN) depending on the level of possible threats.",Unknown,"Bithynia mostarensis is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina, where it was originally described from Mostarsko blato, a temporary lake on marshland#near Mostar. Pesic (pers. comm. 2009) considered that#Bithnyia mostarensis#is#present in lentic (still water) habitats within the Neretva drainage basin, although at present there is little data on its distribution and ecology, so it maybe more widespread within this drainage basin.",There is no data on the current status of these populations.,This species is found in freshwater lake and lentic (still water) habitats in rivers.,"General threats to the lake include a proposed hydroelectric plant to produce hydro power. In addition four hydroelectric power plants are planned in upper part of Neretva River, which could lead to devastation of small lentic (still water) habitats downstream which are probably the most suitable habitat for this species.","There are no known conservation actions for this species. Research relating to the population size, distribution and trends of this species is recommended.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Pešić, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,BITHYNIIDAE,Bithynia,nakeae,,Bithynia nakeae,,"This species is recently described and separated from the widespread species, B. tentaculata. There may be more records for this species once older records of B. tentaculata are examined.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This is a recently described species known from two sites, with no#data on population trends or threats at the sites. #It may qualify as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)), if there are threats, and if the range is confirmed as limited to two sites. However, as the main range of the species is likely to be within a protected area and a Ramsar site (Parc Albufera), a listing of Data deficient (DD) is proposed.##",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Balearic Islands of Spain, where it is described from two locations: Parc Albufera, S'Illot and Port Alcudia, Mallorca (Glöer and Beckmann 2007). Port Alcudia is a small harbour for fishing and has a small marina for yachts. S'illot is at the southern end of the Protected Area of Parc Albufera. The area of the Parc is quite extensive, and the distribution of the species is currently uncertain, as it is recently described and separated from the widespread species B. tentaculata.","This species was recently described, and as such no population trend data is available.",This species has been described from small rivers adjacent to roads (possibly within managed channel areas). It may occur more widely within the catchment.,"The threats to this species are not known, as it is recently described. It lies in the edge of a national park (also a Ramsar site) and as such may lie within the managed catchments. It may be vulnerable to water pollution and variability in water flow levels.","No conservation actions are know for this species, however the species is present in a managed habitat, a Ramsar site and as such surveys should be carried out in small rivers and streams to determine if the species is present more widely in the catchment. Habitat management is needed to ensure these rivers are not impacted by pollutants. Population monitoring would identify potential declines of this species.",This species is not known to be traded.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,BITHYNIIDAE,Bithynia,prespensis,,Bithynia prespensis,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),No,EN,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"Bithynia prespaensis is known from a single lake with an extent of occurrence of less than 300 km² where there is a decline in the habitat quality in relation with pollution and over-abstraction of water. It is therefore considered as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)).  This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)Mediterranean regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)EU 27 regional assessment: at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union, the species has an extent of occurrence of less than 100 km², with only one location and a decline in the habitat quality, but immigration from the subpopulations in the other parts of the lake is likely to happen. The species is therefore also assessed as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)) at the EU27 level.",Stable,"This species is restricted to the Prespa Lake, between Albania, FYROM and Greece.",This species is frequent in suitable habitats in the lake.,"This littoral species lives in weedy areas of the lake, where habitats are declining due to influx of pesticides, herbicides and other pollutants from groundwater and surface run-off.","Pollution related to intensive agriculture practice and settlements in the neighbouring area, is responsible for the eutrophication of the lake and could be impacting this species. In addition habitat loss, due to abrupt water level drop (of several meters), related to excessive water abstraction for agriculture coupled with extremely dry summers, could threaten this lake species in future.","There is no conservation action specifically for this species, however, a water management plan in the region is in place, although there are still substantial problems due to pollution. Hence existing water legislation needs to be enforced and fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides use for agriculture purposes needs to be drastically reduced. Longer term, regional cooperation between Albania, FYROM and Greece would be an asset for coordinated conservation action to improve the water quality in the Prespa Lake.",This species is not used.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,BITHYNIIDAE,Bithynia,quintanai,,Bithynia quintanai,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This recently described species is only known from the type locality in the Jardín Botánico de Sòller, Mallorca, Balearic islands (Spain). It is only considered to be vulnerable to habitat degradation as it lies within an area that is subject to ongoing habitat management. As such it is listed as Vulnerable (VU D2), pending further information on distribution and threats.",Unknown,"This recently described species was found in the ponds in the Jardín Botánico de Sòller, Mallorca, Balearic islands of Spain and is only considered to be found at the type locality (Glöer and Beckmann 2007).",There is no population trend data as this species was recently described.,This species is found in the ponds in the Jardín Botánico de Sòller.,"The major threats to the species remain in the management of the Botanic garden water bodies, as degradation of the habitats through 'cleaning' and pollution events could potentially impact the species.","No conservation actions are know for this species, however the species is present in a managed habitat, and as such surveys should be carried out in adjacent springs to determine if the species is present outside the gardens and habitat management is needed to ensure these are not impacted by pollutants. Population monitoring is recommended to identify potential declines of this species.",This species is not known to be traded.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,BITHYNIIDAE,Bithynia,radomani,,Bithynia radomani,,,Yes,LC,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Although Bithynia radomani is localised and considering the threats stated, this species is not seen to be threatened in the region as it is the most abundant species in some of the habitats, and as such is considered to be Least Concern..",Unknown,"Bithynia radomani is endemic to Albania  Montenegro.    It is known from Lake Skadar and many of the tributaries that flow into the lake. It is the most abundant species in the Zeta River, as well as in the Drin River Catchment and Shkodra lake drainage (Feher  Eross, 2009).",There is no known population data on this species.,This species inhabits freshwater lakes and rivers.,"The major threats lie in the decline in habitat quality, due to the rapid process of eutrophication in Skadar Lake and infiltration of domestic waste waters causing water pollution in most of the rivers in southern Montenegro.",No conservation actions known for this species which is endemic for Skadar Lake drainage (Montenegro) and for Albanian part of Skadar Lake (Dhora 2009).,,,"Pešić, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,BITHYNIIDAE,Bithynia,schwabii,,Bithynia schwabii,,According to Schütt (1987) Frauenfeld (1865) described this species on the basis of juvenile specimens.,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"The lack of data on the taxonomic status, population, distribution and threats to this species mean that a conservation assessment of this species is not possible, hence the it is currently considered Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment:# Data Deficient (DD)European regional assessment: # Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This species was listed for Albania and Greece by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006), however, the distribution of the species is uncertain, and the species was not listed for Greece by Glöer et al. (2010) and Feher and Eross (2009) note that the Albanian record may be erroneous.",The population status and trends of this species are unknown.,"The habitats of this species are uncertain, but it may be found in rivers and streams.",There is no data available on threats to this species.,"There is no data on conservation actions for this species. Research on the population size, distribution and trends, life history and ecology, and threats to this species are needed.",There is no data on trade use for this species.,,"Radea, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,BITHYNIIDAE,Bithynia,skadarskii,,Bithynia skadarskii,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Bithynia skadarskii# is an  endemic species of Lake Skadar, where it is  known from 3 sites,   Karuč, Vranjina, Island Kom.# The lake is suffering rapid eutrophication, and as such the habitat is declining in quality, and as such the species is considered to be threatened.Europe: Endangered B2a, b(iii)  Mediterranean: Endangered B2a, b(iii)  EU 27: Not applicable.",Unknown,"Bithynia skadarskii# is an endemic species of Lake Skadar, between Montenegro and Albania. It is known from 3 sites, Karuč, Vranjina, Island Kom. This species is listed for the Albanian part of Skadar Lake (Dhora 2009) but without locality.",Population size and trends for the species is unknown.,"Bithynia skadarskii lives in the littoral part of the lake between the emergent (Phragmites communis, Typha angustifolia, Scirpus lacuster) and floating (Nymphaea alba, Nuphar luteum, Trapa natans) vegetation.",The lake is suffering rapid eutrophication as the result of agricultural activities and pollution from domestic sewage.# There is also offtake of water from parts of the lake for domestic supplies in the towns adjacent to the lake.,"No conservation actions in place for the species. Lake Skadar has some ecosystem management plans in place, however, this species requires habitat management to maintain the ecosystem in view of the possible lake-level changes and eutropication, as it#                lives in the littoral part of the lake between the emergent and floating vegetation.# Survey-work is required to establish the number of subpopulations in Albania.",,,"Pešić, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,BITHYNIIDAE,Bithynia,tentaculata,,Bithynia tentaculata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Bithynia tentaculata is widespread  through Europe and lives in different types of habitat, such as lowland rivers, streams, canals, dykes and fish ponds, etc. Although there are local impacts on  its habitats from both human activities and natural events (i.e. natural  sedimentation and water pollution), the species is so widespread that  it is unlikely to lead to anything other than localised extinctions.  Therefore the species has been assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level, Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union and Least Concern (LC) at the Mediterranean level.",Stable,"This species has a Palaearctic range, occurring principally in the lowlands of northern, central and eastern Europe plus southern Scandinavia, extending eastwards into western Asia and is also introduced into North America. It is widespread in Europe from Scandinavia to the Iberian Penisula, and from Eire to Ukraine and the species is still widespread within its known range. The full distribution in Europe is given in Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006): Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland) Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire) Great Britain (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg France (mainland), Corsica (France), Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (mainland), Bulgaria, Romania, Spain (mainland), Portugal (mainland), Albania, Croatia, Slovenia and Ukraine. Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) note that it was reported from the former country of Yugoslavia so maybe present in other countries.","It is moderately tolerant to pollution and there is little evidence of any significant decline across the range. Population levels are stable, although localised declines are known.","This species is found in a wide range of aquatic habitats - streams, rivers, canals, large drains, marsh drains and lakes, but is less common in smaller ponds. It shows a strong preference for richly vegetated habitats, often with muddy or silty substrates.","There are relatively few threats to this species apart from major deterioration in water quality, and significant alteration of water courses, flow regimes, and over-frequent dredging. Mouthon (1996) showed that B. tentaculata was relatively insensitive to biodegradable pollution.##","There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, and it is considered as Least Concern (LC) in European Union, Europe and Mediterranean. Given the current status and abundance, no specific conservation actions are required, although general biodiversity awareness of the role of freshwater molluscs is useful for all species.",This species is not utilized or traded.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,BITHYNIIDAE,Bithynia,troschelii,,Bithynia troschelii,,"The name for this species is either Bithynia troschelii or Bithynia transylvanica. In western Europe, the species mostly has been regarded as Bithynia transylvanica. In eastern Europe the name Bithynia troschelii mostly has been used. An application needs to be made to ICZN in order to resolve the name, as at present there are two existing lectotypes. Details given in Kantor et al. (2009) noted that Falkner (2003) believes that Paludina troschelii is a junior synonym of Turbo leachii Scheppard, 1823, whereas the large form of what is treated as troschelii belongs to Paludina transsilvanica E. Bielz, 1853. Whereas, Glöer (2004) denied the synonymy of Paludina troschelii and Turbo leachii and considered the use of Paludina transsilvanica premature.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Bithynia troschelii#is widespread in central Europe, and locally abundant, hence it is#not considered to be threatened across the range, although there are localised threats to some locations.#This species is lives with B. leachii, both species in the same habitats; hence the species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Stable,"Bithynia troschelii is found in the lowland rivers in Eastern Europe from Elbe eastwards. It has been recorded from Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, Austria, Romania and Germany. It was originally throught to be extinct in Sweden, but has been re-found in a different location (Von Proschwitz pers. comm. 2010). In Denmark, it is known from a single locality and never been re-found#(Von Proschwitz pers. comm. 2010)#The Hungarian and Romanian (Carpathian basin) populations of both taxa (leachii and troschelii) seem to be taxonomically isolated from the others (Vinarksi and Glöer, 2008). It is considered to be widespread in central Europe (Hungary, Poland) (Feher pers. comm. 2010). In Czech Republic Bithynia troschelii was also found in three other sites scattered in Bohemia and northern Moravia, but these occurrences are not indigenous (Beran pers. comm. 2010). In Czech Republic B.troschelii is less abundant than B. leachii, but they co-exist in several sites#(Beran pers. comm. 2010)Outside Europe, according to Kantor et al. (2009) the species is recorded from Western Siberia, Kazakhstan, and the Ural River.","The species is less abundant than B. leachii, but still widespread especially in the eastern part of the range.","Wetlands, pools, oxbow lakes, and small slowly flowing canals are preferable habitats for both species.","This species is not considered to be threatened across the range, although there are localised threats from changes to river management practices (canal dredging) and infilling of ponds for land reclamation.","In the Red List of Czech molluscs (Beran et al. 2005) B. troschelii was classified as Regionally Extinct (RE); however, this classification should be changed to Critically Endangered (CR). It is not listed for Germany, and it is considered as Least Concern (LC) in Hungary.",This species is not known to be traded.,,"BERAN, L. Feher, Z.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,BITHYNIIDAE,Bithynia,walderdorffii,,Bithynia walderdorffii,,,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"There is insufficient data on taxonomic status, distribution, population trends and  threats, and hence this species is listed as Data Deficient (DD) until  more information is available.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE), as it does not occur in the 27 member States of the European UnionMediterranean regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)",Unknown,"The species is listed for the south Dalmatian region and Albania. Feher and Eros (2009) suggest that the records for Albania are uncertain. However there are no records from the last 50 years, possibly due to confusion with other widespread species.","There is no data on the population status and there are no records from the last 100 years, possibly due to confusion with other widespread species.",There is no data on habitat preference.,Any threats to the species are unknown.,"Research is required to determine the species' distribution, population trends, habitat preferences and threats.",There is no trade information for this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,BITHYNIIDAE,Bithynia,zeta,,Bithynia zeta,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Bithynia zeta is endemic to a single lake, where the major threats are ecosystem degradation as Lake Skadar is undergoing eutrophication, and the   sublacustrine springs Karuc and Gornje Vrelo feeding the lake are partly captured for drinking water, possibly impacting water levels in the long-term. this species is therefore considered as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii).",Unknown,"Bithynia zeta is   endemic for Lake Skadar. It is found in Montenegro and is also listed for the Albanian part of the Lake (Dhora 2009) but without locality. In tems of detailed records, the species is only known from 5 sites on the Lake Skadar. They are Tanki Rt, Malo Blato, Vranjina, Karuč, spring Girnje Vrelo in Dobre Vode village (near Bar).",Population size and trends are unknown for this species.,This species lives under the stones on mud substrate in the littoral part of the Lake Skadar.,"Rapid process of eutrophication is taking place in the Lake Skadar. Further, the spring water from sublacustrine spring Karuc is captured for drinking water use in coastal Montenegro. The spring Gornje Vrelo is partly captured for local drinking water.","No conservation actions in place for the species. However, Lake Skadar is under various transboundary projects focussed on ecosystem management. More research on habitat trends and population size and distribution is needed.",,,"Pešić, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Boetersiella,davisi,,Boetersiella davisi,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Boetersiella davisi in only known from two springs, where it is vulnerable to activities such as cleaning the spring outflows for water off-take, as these springs are both exploited for water. It could qualify for Endangered (EN) if the rate of decline in habitat quality accelerates, however one site has pristine habitat, so it is considered Vulnerable (VU) at National and Provincial level, and these are used as guidance for Global listing. The species is also assessed as a regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: #Vulnerable (VU D2) at the level of the 27 member States of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment:#Vulnerable (VU D2)Mediterranean regional assessment:#Vulnerable (VU D2)",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Spain, where it is only known from the type locality (manantial Pilar del Mono, Durcal, Granada) and Fuente del Mal Nombre in close proximity also in Granada. #There have been surveys in the region over the last 10 years, but these have failed to find new populations for this species (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008)",There is no population data for this species.,"This species has been found only in two relatively close freshwater springs where it lives on leaves, branches, mosses, but also on artificial substrates such as bricks or cement.","The springs where the species is found are exploited for water. #The threats include overabstraction of water as well as cleaning of the habitats, to improve off-take points, through concreting sites and removing vegetation.","This species was considered to be Vulnerable (VU D2) in the Spanish Red List, Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados de España (Verdú and Galante 2009). It was also listed as Vulnerable D2 for the Andalucian Red List#(Barea-Azcón et al, 2008) .#Appropriate site management and education of site users is needed to prevent further habitat degradation.",There is no use information for this species.,,"Arconada, B.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Boetersiella,sturmi,,Boetersiella sturmi,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"Boetersiella sturmi#is assessed as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)), as it is known from only three locations, where it is vulnerable to activities such as cleaning the spring outflows for water off-take, as these springs are all exploited for water. The increased frequency of drought events in the area increases the susceptibility of these exploited water sources. Appropriate site management and better information on spring management for biodiversity to allow domestic supplies without habitat degradation would be beneficial for this species.The species has also been assessed at regional level as:EU27 regional assessment:#Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)) at the level of the 27 member States of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment:#Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii))Mediterranean regional assessment:#Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii))",Decreasing,"Boetersiella sturmi is endemic to three isolated locations in Province Grenada and Province Jaén in southern Spain. The three freshwater springs are located as Fuente Grande (Prado Black) and Carmonilla Source (Loja) in Granada, and Fuente la Mata (Mata Bejid) in Jaén. It is a species with low dispersal ability associated with a habitat exposed to many changes and fluctuations. There are old records from Cuenca and Albacete, however Bragado et al (2010) note that these are uncertain and the species was not found in their extensive survey work, and hence these records have currently been discounted until research confirms the presence of this species in a wider region.",This is a species with low dispersal ability associated with a habitat exposed to many changes and fluctuations. making it possible to infer a drastic reduction of their populations in a short period of time. The subpopulation at Fuente de la Carmonilla (Loja) has been recently sampled (M. Ramos pers. comm. 2010).,"This species has been found only in three freshwater springs where it lives on leaves, branches, mosses, but also on artificial substrates such as bricks or cement.","The springs where the species is found are exploited for water. The threats include over-abstraction of water as well as cleaning of the habitats, to improve off-take points by concreting sites and removing vegetation.","This species is listed on the Spanish Red List, Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados de España (Verdú and Galante 2009) as Vulnerable (VU A2abc; D2). It is listed on the Andalucian Provincial list as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)) and Vulnerable (VU D2).#It is listed on the provincial lists as Endangered (EN), due to the threats and small number of known localities. The National listing differs with a listing as Vulnerable (VU), although the underlying information is the same, presumably due to a difference in a precautionary attitude.#The subpopulation at Fuente Grande lies in the Parque Natural de la Sierra de Huétor and the subpopulation of Fuente la Mata lies in the Parque Natural de Sierra Mágina. Appropriate site management and education of site users is needed to prevent habitat degradation.",There is no trade information for this species.,,"Arconada, B.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Boleana,umbilicata,,Boleana umbilicata,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Boleana umbilicata is restricted range species, that could be Data deficient or Vulnerable; given the  pressures on the use of the water from the springs for domestic purposes  and from urban development a precautionary assessment would be Vulnerable D2.# A precautionary attitude to the distributional range has been taken, as the species exists emergent springs sites that are under threat from pollution and urban development.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Slovenia. It is recorded from central Slovenia, only known from springs of the river Ljubljanica in Vrhnika area.",There is no data on population trends for this species.,This species is found in freshwater springs.,Possible threats to this species include the pressures on the habitat from urban development and water pollution.,"The species is considered 'Rare'# in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species#  (Slovenian official gazette (2002) no. 82, Tuesday 24 September 2002). This region is under considerable pressure for managing water sources and thus a monitoring programme is needed. The population and distribution status requires new data and the taxonomy would benefit from molecular approaches to confirm the species status.",,,"Sket, B.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,ALLOGASTROPODA,VALVATIDAE,Borysthenia,naticina,,Borysthenia naticina,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This is a widespread species in eastern Europe, with a range that extends into Russia. It has been reported to be declining in the western part of the range (Germany and Poland) and as such is a candidate for national listing. At present the range is too extensive for listing using the B criteria, and there is insufficient data to support a listing using the population decline trend data (A criteria). It# is listed as Least Concern (LC), pending further data on population decline rates, as given the extensive range it is not considered to be in danger of extinction within the next 3 generations. This species has also been assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Decreasing,"Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) reported this species from Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Germany, Austria, Slovakia Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine and possibly from other states in the former country of Yugoslavia. Schütt (1965) described the range as occurring from the Baltic to the Black Sea and over to the Ural Mountains. This is a widespread species but declines in number of locations, population size and the quality of its habitat have been observed in parts of the range (Vavrova pers. comm. 2009). In Poland, recent surveys suggest it has been lost from 29/46 locations on the tributaries of the  Vistula River (Wieprz, Bug, Narew, Wda) and in the Warta River at  Orzechowo (Glowaciński and Nowacki 2009).In Romania, it is present in the middle Danbube, where the river bed has relatively uniform biotopes with a mostly sandy-clayish beds. The gastropod populations are represented by the species Borysthenia naticina, Theodoxus transversalis, Valvata piscinalis, which are common (Ciobou pers. comm. 2010).In the Ukraine, it is known from basins of rivers Dnieper and Danube (Anistratenko 1998).Outside Europe, Kantor et al. (2009) reported it from the river basins of Dnieper, South Bug, Dniester, Danube, Neman, Visla rivers; Kaliningrad Region. Schütt (1965) also reported the species from Turkey, near Anatyla.","There is limited information available on populations trends for this species, however in some parts of the range (e.g. Poland ) it is considered to be declining.In Poland, recent surveys suggest it has been lost from 29/46 locations  on the tributaries of the  Vistula River (Wieprz, Bug, Narew, Wda) and  in the Warta River at  Orzechowo (Glowaciński and Nowacki 2009) which is equivalent to decline of around 60%, however the time period over which this is calculated is uncertain.",This species typically lives in large and medium lowland rivers where it lives on the sandy bottom covered with a thin detritus layer.,The main threat to this species is pollution of the river habitats.,"Habitat management is needed to ensure the species is not impacted by pollutants and flow management schemes and more population monitoring would identify potential declines of this species using the population decline trend data.In Poland it is considered Critically Endangered (Glowaciński and Nowacki 2009) and has been added to the official list of protected species.In Germany the species is considered category 1 (Highly Threatened) (Glöer 2002, Gloer and Meierbrook 2005).",This species is not utilized.,,"Vavrova, L. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bracenica,spiridoni,,Bracenica spiridoni,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Bracenica spiridoni#is endemic to Montenegro, where it is found in#only two sites in#the#Skadar area, both of which are under threat from water abstraction, which has caused changes in water levels at the springs. #The species is considered to be threatened as the threats are still present in spite of protection and transboundary projects. Although the various projects protect the habitat and hence possible protect the species, the water management plans must maintain water levels and quality to be suitable for this species.# This species is therefore considered as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).",Unknown,"Bracenica spiridoni is endemic to Montenegro, where it is found in the#Skadar area. It is restricted#to only two sites:  a small spring ca. 2x2m2 (Spirov izvor)a sublacustrine spring in Skadar Lake (Karuc spring)V. Pešić (pers. comm. 2010) notes that the reports that the type locality for species has been lost (Szarowski, 2006) are in error.           #","The population trend is unknown, but it is rare in survey samples, with only a few individuals collected to date (V. Pešić pers. comm. 2009).","Bracenica spiridoni#is a freshwater species#in Karst regions, where it has been recorded from#exclusively#subterranean areas and the outflow springs.","The spring at#Spirov izvor is already used to supply domestic water, so overabstraction of water from this source, leading to declining#habitat quality, and potential loss of habitat is considered the primary threat.The secondary threat include a rapid process of eutrophication which is affecting at the present time the sublacustrine spring Karuc. This site is suffering a rapid declining of the depth in last 25 years due to the use of this sublacustrine spring. Furthermore there is a plan to capture this spring to supply drinking water #along the coastal part of Montenegro.","This species is protected at national level in Montenegro. #There are#on-going transboundary projects which will focus on ecosystem management of the Skadar lake area. #Monitoring habitat quality if the region would be recommended to detect future changes in water quality and in habitats, both of which could impact the species in the future.Regnier et al (2009) reported that this species was extinct, but in error.# Pesic (pers. comm) noted that the species is very rare and the type locality is not lost, but that sampling needs to take place at the right season.",There is no trade use for this species,,"Pešić, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Bulinus,truncatus,,Bulinus truncatus,,"Fauna Europaea recognise two subspecies in southern Europe: Bulinus (Isidora) truncatus contortus (Michaud, 1829, Bulinus (Isidora) truncatus rivularis (Philippi, 1836) (Bank et al. 2006).",No,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is widespread in Africa, extending up to the Mediterranean region, where it is found in scattered locations towards the edge of the range in the north. It is common, abundant when present and may be distributed by birds, and with an ability to withstand dessication is frequently able to colonise new sites. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level.EU27 regional assessment: Not applicable at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union (less than 5% of total range).",Stable,"This species is mainly found in Africa, but the northern limit of the range is found in southern Europe, where it is reported as present in scattered locations in Portugal, Spain#(including#Balearic Islands), France (including#Corsica), Italy (including Sardinia) and Greece.Fauna Europaea list the two subspecies in southern Europe as being from:  Bulinus (Isidora) truncatus contortus (Michaud, 1829): France (Mainland), Balearic Islands (Spain), Spain (Mainland), Portugal (Mainland).   Bulinus (Isidora) truncatus rivularis (Philippi, 1836): Corsica (France), Sardinia (Italy) Sicily (Italy), Greece (Kriti; Crete).","This species is common, abundant when present and may be distributed by birds, and with an ability to withstand dessication is frequently able to colonise new sites.","The species can be found in various water bodies, both flowing and standing. It can withstand dessication and is found in temporary wet habitats such as ditches and marshes.","There are no specific threats other than possible eradication programmes for the species, as it is a host for parasites that carry disease to livestock.",No conservation actions are known for this species and none are considered necessary.,This species is not utilized.,,"Van Damme, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,abbreviata,,Bythinella abbreviata,,"This species is one of many small Hydrobids that can be most easily be  identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system,  however# these species are in urgent need of a review incorporating  conchological characters, anatomical characters and molecular characters  in order to understand the relationships with other taxa (Haase et al. 2007).# This species is still considered as a valid species. It was originally described from the Rhône alluviums near Lyon, but from floodline debris so the precise location in the river catchment is unknown. According to Boeters (1998), the species lives in springs of the Jura (source de la Loue), but Bythinella population from this site are considered by Falkner et al. (2002) as B. geisserti and as such the distribution remains uncertain (V. Prie pers. comm. 2009). Given this uncertainty it should be considered as Data Deficient due to taxonomic doubt (V. Prie pers. comm 2009).",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Considering the taxonomic complexity of the genus Bythinella (see for example Bernasconi 2000; Falkner et al. 2002) and the results of recent molecular analyses many of the described species are taxonomically doubtful. This species was originally described from the Rhône alluviums near Lyon, but from floodline debris so the precise location in the river catchment is unknown. According to Boeters, the species lives in springs of the Jura (source de la Loue), but Bythinella population from this site are considered by Falkner et al. (2002) as B. geisserti and as such the distribution remains uncertain.# It is therefore impossible to map the ranges of the species, nor to give them an assessment. This species is listed as Data deficient. Its taxonomic status and distributional data require review.",Unknown,"The real distribution of this species is unknown. This species was originally described from the Rhône alluviums near Lyon, but from floodline debris so the precise location in the river catchment is unknown. According to Boeters (1998), the species lives in springs of the Jura (source de la Loue), but Bythinella population from this site are considered by Falkner et al. (2002) as B. geisserti and as such the distribution remains uncertain.",There is no population data available for this species.,This species probably lives in freshwater springs.,"Springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilization for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural sources of the groundwater feeding the springs may be another important threat to the species.","This species requires research on taxonomy, threats, population trends and distribution.",,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,angelitae,,Bythinella angelitae,,"This species is a cryptic species as it was originally included within the variability of a closely related species Bythinella opaca, and was described as Bythinella opaca (Frauenfeld, 1857) not Bythinella opaca (Gallenstein 1848) (Haase et al. 2007). This  is clearly a genus whose taxonomy can only be unravelled by an integrative approach combining morphology, anatomy, biogeography, and genetics (Haase et al. 2007).",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Bythinella angelitae has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2. This species has a restricted range and it is known from only 2 locations. Also, there are current threats posed to this species from pollution, but the population trend for this species remains unknown. It is suggested that monitoring of the habitat of this species is conducted, along with research into the population trend.",Unknown,Bythinella angelitae is restricted to small region on either side of the border in Austria and Slovenia. It is only known from springs in the area of Lake Bled in Slovenia and in the Tscheppaschlucht just across the Austrian border in Carinthia (Haase et al. 2007).,"Although recently described, the population trend for this cryptic species is unknown. It is considered to be a 'very rare' species (Reischutz pers. comm. 2010)",This freshwater species inhabits springs.,"According to Reischutz (pers. comm. 2010) the main threat to this species is pollution, mainly from the over use of fertilisers, as a result of agricultural practices.","This species is not currently protected by law in Austria. It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that monitoring of this species' habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.",,,"Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,austriaca,,Bythinella austriaca,,"This species is one of many small freshwater snails that can be most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system.##There are 4 subspecies currently recognised by Glöer (2002): Bythinella austriaca austriaca (Frauenfeld, 1857) Bythinella austriaca conica (Clessin, 1910)Bythinella austriaca ehrmanni Pax, 1938Bythinella austriaca pavovillatica Canon, 1937Bythinella hungarica is either a synonym or a subspecies of Bythinella austriaca, according to Feher et al. 2006.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Bythinella austriaca is widespread but local within eastern Europe and only occupies small springs, mainly in the Danube catchment.# As such it is considered threatened within some countries.# However, given that the number of localities exceeds thousands, given the potential wide range, and the fact that most threats are localised, at present it is Least Concern.",Unknown,"Bythinella austriaca is found in Germany, Austria, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Czech Republic in the Alpine-Carparthian region, possibly extending to Ukraine. Boeters (2008) noted that B. austriaca (Frauenfeld, 1857) lives in springs of tributaries of the Danube and that tributaries with springs inhabited by B. austriaca flow into the Danube roughly between the more upstream situated drainage area with B. bavarica and the more downstream situated drainage area with B. schmidtii. It was mentioned from Romania, but recent studies indicate that these records were in fact other Bythinella species (Falniowski et al. 2009). There are 4 subspecies currently recognised by Gloer (2002):  Bythinella austriaca austriaca (Frauenfeld, 1857) :  Bythinella austriaca conica (Clessin, 1910):# In Oberbayern and Austria Bythinella austriaca ehrmanni Pax, 1938: Poland and the Czech Republic Bythinella austriaca pavovillatica Canon, 1937: the Czech Republic",Bythinella austriaca# is a widely distributed species. No data are available on population trends.,This species lives in freshwater springs.,"The species is not considered to be threatened with extinction, but there are threats to the springs where the species is found, such as pollution of water (agricultural sources) and overabstraction of water for domestic supplies and agricultural use (water for stock and irrigation for crops).",There are no known coservation actions.,,,"Feher, Z., Haase, M. Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,badensis,,Bythinella badensis,,"Bythinella badensis was recognised by Geyer in the Black Forest in 1907. During recent taxonomic reviews, at first Boeters placed#Bythinella badensis in synonym of Bythinella dunkeri, but more recently, after revisiting the type locality#at#""Falkau, meadow ditch on the Haslach""#he revised his opinion and maintained both as distinct species#(Boeters 1981, Falkner and Niederhof 2008). Animals from the type locality were included in Klemm's analysis of Bythinella dunkeri, B. badensis and B. bavarica (Klemm 1988, Falkner and Niederhof 2008).",Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"In 1996 this species was listed as Vulnerable (VU B1+2c), based on data from the German Red List. This species is present in a small area of Germany and Austria, where it is found within freshwater springs. It is still considered under threat from water pollution, however the number of locations suggests that it should be down-listed to Near Threatened, as the number of locations is more than the threshold for being listed as Vulnerable.",Unknown,"This species is nearly endemic to Germany, largely in#Baden-Württemberg#where it is found in the catchment areas for Elz and Kinfour (southern Kinzigtal). It is also found in Austria and a presence in Switzerland cannot be excluded (Turner et al. 1998).#",There is no recent data on population trends of this species.,This species is found in freshwater springs.,"The major threat to the species comes from pollution from nitrates seeping into groundwaters, changing the water quality of the springs, as well as possible disturbance and loss of springs due to water abstraction.",This species is given Category 3 status in the state Red List for Bayern (2005). Falkner and Niederhof (2008) also listed it as Category 3 for Germany and Baden-Württemberg.# There are no known specific-species conservations actions in place for this species and habitat monitoring is recommended to detect future changes in the status of this species.,There is no known trade in this species.,,"Falkner, G., Falkner, M. Niederhöfer, H.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,batalleri,,Bythinella batalleri,,There are currently six known synonyms for this species. More effort should be made to clarify the taxonomical status on some of its synonyms.,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is known from at least 63 locations in seven provinces in the East of Spain. There are threats towards this species, such as droughts and pollution, however due to its wide distribution and large number of locations it is considered as Least Concern (LC). Future work on this species may show more than one taxa could be represented and as such, if the species is considered at a later stage to be more than one species, then the conservation status may change (Ramos, pers. comm., 2010)",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the east of Spain and is present in seven Spanish provinces: Alicante, Barcelona, Castellón, Cuenca, Tarragona, Teruel y Valencia (Boeters 1988; Tapia 1996; Pujante et al. 1998).",There is no population data for this species.,This species inhabits freshwater springs and rivers.,Threats may include the seasonal droughts; previous springs where the species was located have dried up; as well as the over-exploitation and pollution of the aquifers and rivers.,"This species occurs in some protected areas; 'Els Ports: Port d'Arnes'. P.N. Serrà d'Espadà, P.N. Tinença de Benifassà, P.N.Peñagolosa or Red de Espacios del Plà d'Espais d'Interés Natural (PEIN). Appropriate site management and enforcement of protected area legislation is needed to prevent habitat degradation and disturbance of the species.# Further work is needed on the taxonomy of the species, as spring-snails in this genus have been shown to be complex with more than one species present within similar shell morphologies (Ramos, pers. comm., 2010)",There is no trade information for this species.,,"Martínez-Ortí, A.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,baudoni,,Bythinella baudoni,,Should be considered as data deficient given the taxonomic doubt. See Bichain et al. (2007) and Benke et al. (2009) for a review.,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Bythinella baudoni# is widespread but local within a restricted area in the Pyrenees in France and as such is unlikely to be considered threatened and is listed as Least Concern.# Although it is currently recorded from 8 locations, it is considered that the species may be present at more sites in the area, and the number of locations is an artifact of under-recording of these species which are difficult to identify (Prie pers. comm. 2010). Some local populations will be vulnerable to improvement of spring sites for water abstraction for domestic purposes or to create water troughs, and so maybe locally threatened. This species should have a review of taxonomic status and distributional data given the issues across France.",Unknown,This species is endemic to France and Andorra (Bernasconi 2000). In France it is known from the Pyrennes where it is widespread recorded from departments of Haute Garonne (Bagnères-de-Luchon) and Ariège (Bernasconi 2000).,There is no population data available for this species.,This species is known from freshwater springs.,"Springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilization for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural sources of the groundwater feeding the springs may be another important threat to the species.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although the species is considered to be least concern, the range and threats need more research, as the species is known to be range restricted.",,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,bavarica,,Bythinella bavarica,,"This species is one of many small Hydrobids that can be most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system, however these species are in urgent need of a review incorporating conchological, anatomical and molecular characters in order to understand the relationships with other taxa (Haase et al. 2007).",Yes,EN,B2ab(v),Yes,EN,B2ab(v),EU27,,"Bythinella bavarica has been assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(v)), as the species has a restricted occurrence and an estimated area of occupancy of 320 km². It seems to be more fragmented than other spring species. It shows a continuing and recent decline in the number of mature individuals and has always been found in low densities. There are threats to this species from groundwater abstraction and pollution and it is not currently protected by law. It is also not thought to occur within a conservation area and although the population is described as 'very rare', there is no specific recovery plan in place.This species is also assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(v) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) B2ab(v)",Decreasing,"Bythinella bavarica occurs in Austria and Germany. It is localised, within an small area of the northern Alps, including the mountains southeast of Munich 'Mangfallgebiet' in the east to west into the Upper Swabian area (Falkner and Niederhöfer 2008), and the southern limits was the Austrian border (Inn Valley). Geyer (1894) recorded shells from five sites (Leutkirch, Andrazhofen, Schussengenist, linden village pond near Essen,  in Krummbachquellen in Ochsenhausen). Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008) noted that the number of known sites in this region is low, and most records are based on individual shells, so in their view it is extremely rare. At Lebendfunde it has been recorded most frequently in 1977, 1978, 1987, 1994, and 2000 (Falkner and Niederhöfer 2008). In a species-specific survey of springs in Ravensburg new records were obtained from 20 sites, but occurrences are individuals and are possibly nearing extinction.",The species is described as 'very rare' and a declining population trend has recently been observed.,"This species inhabits freshwater environments, specifically springs and possibly groundwaters.","The main threats to this species are the potential drying up of springs, abstraction of water for drinking water and subsequent lowering of ground water levels. There is also a threat from pollution, which is mostly due to the over-use of fertilisers from agricultural practices.","It is not likely that this species is present in protected areas within Austria or Germany. It is not part of any species specific recovery plan. It is not currently protected by law. It is suggested that monitoring of this species' habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.",This species is not utilized.,,"Falkner, G., Niederhöfer, H. Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,bertrandi,,Bythinella bertrandi,,"The status of this species requires further research, but has been sampled by Bichain, and hence the review is currently in progress.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is only known from the Ariege, a department in the Midi-Pyrenees in France. There are no known conservation actions for this species, but data is  needed on the taxonomic status, as well as distribution, population  trends and habitats and their threats to allow a better informed  assessment of the conservation status. As such the species is currently listed as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This species is only known from the Ariege, a department in the Midi-Pyrenees in France.","There is no data on population trends, and most records date from 1995-1997.",Freshwater springs are the likely habitat for this species.,There is no data on current threats to these sites.,"There are no known conservation actions for this species, but data is needed on the taxonomic status, as well as distribution, population trends and habitats and their threats to allow a better informed assessment of the conservation status.","There is no data, but this species is not thought to be traded.",,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,bicarinata,,Bythinella bicarinata,,"Bythinella bicarinata was described as a species endemic to its type locality. Despite its conspicuous bicarinate shell (which gives the species its name), it is considered conspecific with B. lalindei that lives nearby, as well as B. pujolensis and B. moulinsi (Bichain 2007, based on molecular data). Oddly enough, the species also clusters with Bythinella dunkeri from northern France.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"The genus Bythinella are considered to be taxonomically complex (see for example Falkner et al. 2002) and the results of recent molecular analyses (Bichain et al. 2007 ; Benke et al. 2009), illustrated that many of the described species were taxonomically doubtful and in need of taxonomic revision. This species was previously assessed as ""Critically Endangered A1ce"" (Bouchet in Baille and Groombridge 1996). According to molecular analyses performed by Bichain et al. (2007), this species can be synonymized with B. pujolensis, B. moulinsii and B. lalindei, three nominate species described from the same area. Furthermore, it clusters with B. dunkeri, known from northern France and Belgium. These results were confirmed by Benke et al. (2009).# On this basis the species no longer qualifies as a range restricted species, and as such is now regarded as more widespread.# These different populations that originally gave rise to the species listed above, if considered at subspecies level, may all be considered Vulnerable D2, on basis of their restricted ranges, but the overall species B. bicarinata, now gets a listing of Least Concern, based on the number of populations, and the larger range that these populations are scattered over.",Unknown,"This species was originally considered to be endemic to La Crouze in the Dordogne valley in France. The revised range for B. bicarinata, given that it is now considered to conspecific with B. moulinsi (Perigord, Eyzie-de-Tayac, Mauzac-et-Grand, Saint-Cirq, Savignac-de-Miremont, Sourzac. Tremolat), B. pujolensis (Sergeac, Dordogne) and B. lalindei (Lalinde in the Dordogne valley) extends to more of the Dordogne Valley, with the number of locations according to the litterature (Bernasconi 2000 ; Bichain et al. 2007) being 13.",There are no population data available for this species. The species is collected in low numbers when present.,This species is present in springs of the Dordogne valley.,"The main threats remain common to many of the spring-snails in the region, overexploitation of the water source for domestic and agricultural purposes, as well as pollution of the groundwater feeding the springs.","This species (on basis of old distributional information), is listed as a protected species in France. Further research is required to confirm the distributional data, and hence the conservation status of the species.",,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,bouleti,,Bythinella bouleti,,"According to V. Prie, Bythinella galera and  Bythinella bouleti were both described together from the same locality and these species are probably synonyms (Bichain pers. comm. 2010 and Prié pers. obs. 2010)# An assessment was made for B. galarae, on a precautionary basis, and this species is listed as Data Deficient (DD), as it maybe conspecific.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"According to V. Prie,# Bythinella  galera and  Bythinella bouleti were both described together from  the same locality, a single cave system in  Lozére, France. These species are probably  synonyms (Bichain# pers. comm. 2010 and Prié pers. obs. 2010) An assessment was  made for B.galarae, on a precautionary basis, and this species is  listed as Data Deficient (DD). The species is only known from dead shells, and hence the taxonomic  status has #not been confirmed by molecular techniques, so the review is awaiting suitable material and given the doubt about the species limits and the possibility of taxonomic problems, it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"Bythinella bouleti is restricted to the region of Méjean, mainly around Grotte de Castelbouc near Sainte Enimie, Lozère, France. It was first described in 2002, so there maybe additional sites locally, but no living animals were found during the expedition. Prie and Bichain (pers. comm. 2009) failed to find specimens of this species.",There is no information on the current population trend of this species.,This species is found in caves.,"The cave where this species occurs is believed to be secure, with no current threats from any specific ongoing activities and the aquifer is extensive. The site is currently a tourist venue, and so benefits from these activities in maintaining the habitat.","No conservation actions are know for this species, however the species is present in a managed habitat, and the cave where this species occurs is believed to be secure, with no current threats from any specific ongoing activities. The site is currently a tourist venue, and so benefits from these activities in maintaining the habitat.More data is required on the taxonomy of the species to identify species limits.",There is no use or trade information for this species.,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,carinulata,,Bythinella carinulata,,Considered as a valid species following molecular analyses by Benke et al. (2009).,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"Bythinella carinulata lives in freshwater springs in an area where human encroachment is a potentially significant threat. It is known only from a few locations which are all vulnerable to exploitation of the water sources for domestic use, as well as risks from increased drought frequency in the future. Consequently# this species is considered threatened.# The previous assessment was based on less data on current distribution and as such the revised assessment for 2010 is changed from Near Threatened (Bouchet in Baillie and Groombridge 1996) to Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).",Unknown,This species is endemic to the Departement of Côte d'Or in France where it is known from 5 locations.,There is no population trend data available for this species.,This species lives in freshwater springs.,Spring sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilization for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over# or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural sources of the groundwater feeding the springs may be another important threat to the species.,This species has no known conservation actions in France. Conservation actions recommended include habitat monitoring for changes and raising awareness of the importance of these springs for freshwater biodiversity,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,cebennensis,,Bythinella cebennensis,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Based on the molecular data,#Bythinella cebennensis is endemic to the  middle part of the Hérault valley in southern France, where it is known from  at least 14 sites within a single location, although it may be shown to be more widespread in suitable habitats with further research (V. Prie, pers. comm. 2009). The  species maybe assessed as Data Deficient (on poor geographical data),  Vulnerable D2 using the confirmed presence data and the threats to these  sites or Least Concern, based on the probability that it occurs more  widely. On a precautionary basis, it is listed as Vulnerable D2 as the known localities are closely located within the main catchment of the River Hérault hence as the main threat is groundwater lowering due to over-abstraction, it is viewed as a single location, pending more data on  range and status of other populations.This species has been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment:# Vulnerable D2European regional assessment:# Vulnerable D2Mediterranean regional assessment:# Vulnerable D2",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the middle part of the Hérault valley in southern France, where it is known from at least 14 sites, however it is under-recorded in the region, and so is probably more widespread in suitable habitats (V. Prie 2009 pers.comm).",There is no population data available for this species.,This species lives in freshwater springs and can usually be found in the subterranean habitats.,"Spring sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilization for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural sources of the groundwater feeding the springs may be another important threat to the species.",There are no conservation actions.# This species maybe more widespread and would benefit from further survey to establish this.,There is no known trade in this species.,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,charpentieri,,Bythinella charpentieri,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"The species is widespread in Greece, although it is locally threatened at some sites through the abstraction of water and pollution of the groundwater, therefore it is considered as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,This species has been recorded in all of Greece except the islands of central and east Aegean Sea and Crete.,"The population status of this species is unknown. Only a few specimens were found in the spring at Monastery of Kessariani, Attica, during surveys in April 2008 and 2009.","This species inhabits springs and streams with cold and clean freshwater, crawling on moss, small stones and leaves fallen from the surrounded trees and shrubs.","The main threat for this species is the disturbance of springs and streams caused by human activities such as pollution of groundwater, over abstraction of water for drinking and irrigation, and tourist pressure.","This species is not protected in Greece but some of the areas where it has been found are included in the protected sites of Natura 2000 network: GR3000006 'Ymittos-Aesthitiko Dasos Kessaianis-Limni Vouliagmenis'GR2420001 'Oros Ochi - Kampos Karystou - Potami - Akrotirio Kafirefs'GR2450005# 'Notioanatolikos Parnassos-Ethnikos drymos Parnassou' GR2550006 'Oros Taygetos'.No other conservation measures are known.Further research is required on population status and possibly taxonomic work, as the genus is known to be complex with many cryptic species (Radea, pers. comm., 2010).",The species is not known to be traded.,,"Radea, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,compressa,,Bythinella compressa,,"This species is one of many small hydrobids that can be most easily be  identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system,  however these species are in urgent need of a review incorporating  conchological characters, anatomical characters and molecular characters  in order to understand the relationships with other taxa. According to Bichain et al. (2007), these populations in the north-eastern specimens listed as Bythinella compressa should now be classified with Bythinella reynesii, and as such is part of a species that is more widespread, however in Germany, at present it is still considered a valid species.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species has a restricted range and is considered to be threatened in Germany, where it lives in cold water springs. In the German Red List it is classified as Category 2 (Highly Endangered) but at present there is no evidence of any continuing decline of subpopulations, and although it is present at more locations than originally known from in 1996, it is a candidate for Vulnerable (VU) or Near Threatened (NT). However, recent molecular data (Bichain et al. 2007), suggests that there are populations of this species which may be conspecific with the french species Bythinella reynesii, and as such more molecular data is required as if all subpopulations are placed as conspecific, then the species should be placed in synonym, and the oldest available name will take priority.# Given the taxonomic issues it is listed as Data Deficient (Taxonomy).",Unknown,"This species is still currently regarded as endemic to Germany, where it is known from Rhön and Vogelsberg mountains in Bavaria, Hesse and  Thuringia (Stratz 2006). Recent research has shown that it is present in five of the six forest reserves of  the Rhone (Eisgraben, Kalkberg, Lösershag, Elsbach, Platzer Kuppe), and within the NWR Schlossberg it is missing, because there are no suitable  habitats present (Butler 2007).","The population trends of this species are unknown, however more populations have been found in Bavaria (Stratz 2006).","This species lives in cold water springs. The Rhön spring snail needs constantly cold and unpolluted water with a temperature of around 7 - 8 °C. It feeds on bacteria  growing on stones and leaves, as well as on decaying organic matter (detritus),  which is grazed from stones, water plants, fallen leaves and dead wood  lying in the water.",The major threat to this species is water pollution from agricultural sources.,"Further research is urgently needed to confirm that all of the populations currently placed as B. compressa, should be regarded as synonymous with B. reynesii (Bichain et al. 2007). At present this species is considered to be a threatened species in Bavaria (Falkner et al. 2003), with current ongoing surveys for the range and distribution (Stratz 2006).",This species is not utilized.,,"Falkner, G. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,cretensis,,Bythinella cretensis,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"The species is poorly known as there is little recent distributional data, so surveys are required to establish the range and threats to sites. It could be widespread in the region, however, until this has been established the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Greece, where it is restricted to the island of Crete. Radea (pers. comm. 2011) noted that in recent surveys shells of this species were found in a spring on Lesvos. More data is required on detailed distribution, as much of the information is over 30 years old.","The species was recently sampled by Radea (2011 pers. comm.), however there is insufficient data to establish population trends.",This species is known to inhabit freshwater springs.,"There is no information on threats to the species. However, freshwater springs are sensitive to increased frequencies of droughts, and spring dwelling species have been recorded to suffer from over-abstraction of water for human activities, such as agriculture, stock farming and tourism.","There is little recent distributional data, so surveys are required to establish the range and threats to sites. The species are likely to be sensitive to alterations of their habitat, but until more up-to-date information is available it will not be known if conservation actions such as water management plans that minimise change in the natural flow regime of the habitat are required.",This species is not utilized.,,"Radea, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,cylindracea,,Bythinella cylindracea,,This species should be considered as Data Deficient given the taxonomic doubt. See Bichain et al. (2007) and Benke et al. (2009) for a review.,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Considering the taxonomic complexity of the genus Bythinella (see for example Bernasconi 2000; Falkner et al. 2002) and the results of recent molecular analyses (Bichain et al. 2007 ; Benke et al. 2009), most of the described species are taxonomically doubtful and in need of taxonomic revision. Based on this literature, it is not possible to apply a name to most of populations of Bythinella. It is therefore impossible to map the ranges of the species, nor to give them an assessment.",Unknown,"Bythinella cylindracea# is endemic to France, where it is only recorded from the department Aube.",There is no population data available for this species.,This species lives in freshwater springs.,"Springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilization for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural sources of the groundwater feeding the springs may be another important threat to the species.","This species requires research on taxonomy, population trends and distribution.",,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,cylindrica,,Bythinella cylindrica,,This species is one of many small spring-snails that can most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system.,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"Bythinella cylindrica has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)).#This species has a restricted range and has undergone a significant decline in the population and is now considered to be 'very rare'. There are current threats posed to this species, and whilst it is protected under Austrian law, there is no specific recovery plan in place. It is found on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR). It is suggested that habitat monitoring is conducted, along with research into the species' population trend",Decreasing,"Bythinella cylindrica is endemic to Austria. Specifically it is known from the eastern Alps in the Lower Austria province, in the Triesting valley.",This species is described as 'rare'. It has also experienced a significant decline in the population. The last known living population was significantly reduced (from millions of individuals down to tens of living specimens) due to the reconstruction of a chapel.,"The species inhabits mainly freshwater springs, but during dry phases of the spring it can withdraw for a short periods of time into the deeper 'groundwater' zones of the spring.","The main current threats to this species are habitat degradation, the abstraction of water for drinking purposes and pollution, arising mostly from the over-use of fertilizers in agricultural practices.#","This species is possibly present in a Nautra 2000 protected area but there is no species specific recovery plan in place. However, it is strictly protected by law in Lower Austria. It is found on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR). It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.",,,"Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,dacica,,Bythinella dacica,,"This species has a cylindrical oval, glassy-green, transparent, fragile shell, often covered by detritus or algae; it displays well-curved anfracts, the last one being more expanded and well-rounded, acquiring a blackish colour. The dimensions of this species are: height 3.2mm, breadth 1.6mm, circular aperture with 1:1mm height and breadth.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,This species is endemic to Romania and is currently known from numerous populations within cold mountain streams and springs in the Semenic Mountains and the Retezat Mountains (Olivia Cioboiu pers. comm. 2009). The lack of threats and the numerous subpopulations suggests this species should be considered as Least Concern (LC).,Unknown,"This species is endemic to Romania, where it is present in at least 8 sites in the Danube Basin. It has been collected from the Retezat Mountains in the Băile Herculane area, where it is found in numerous populations within cold mountain streams and springs, and also from the Semenic  Mountains (Olivia Cioboiu pers. comm. 2009).",There are no data on population trends.,"It lives in cold water, namely springs and streams from the mountain and alpine areas, especially in the regions with crystalline schists.",There are no threats given for this species.,The conservation status of this species has not been evaluated in Romania. No conservation# measures are needed.,This species is not utilised.,,"Cioboiu, O.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,darrieuxii,,Bythinella darrieuxii,,Bythinella darrieuxii# is considered to be a doubtful taxon and may be possible to synonymise with B. pyrenaica (Falkner et al. 2002) and should be considered as Data Deficient given the taxonomic doubt (JM Bichain pers. comm. 2009).,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is described as a French endemic, but# may be synonymised with B. pyrenaica.# According to Falkner et al. (2002) there are some problems with the locality information given for the species. For the distribution, we included 10 localities for B. darieuxii from Bernasconi (2000) and the type locality of B. pyrenaica.# However, given the range, threats and taxonomic issues with the species it is listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"This species is described as a French endemic, but# may be synonymised with B. pyrenaica.# Accordimg to Falkner et al. (2002) there are some problems with the locality information given for the species. For the distribution, we include 10 localities for B. darieuxii from Bernasconi (2000) and the type locality of B. pyrenaica.",There are no population data available for this species.,This species is found in freshwater springs.,"Springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilisation for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural sources of the groundwater feeding the springs may be another important threat to the species.","Research is needed to clarify the taxonomic statuis of this species as well as the distribution, if still considered to be a valid species.",,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,drimica,,Bythinella drimica,,"According to Fauna Europaea, this species comprises two subspecies: Bythinella drimica drimica and Bythinella drimica alba Radoman 1976 (Bank et al. 2006). #",Yes,LC,,No,NE,,EU27,,"The species has at least six known locations. It has recently been discovered in Albania, and these Albanian locations significantly extend the known range of this species, with a projected extent of occurrence of 9,000 km2. Moreover, we can reasonably suppose that there are several undiscovered populations in Albania, Macedonia and Kosovo. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).",Stable,"Bythinella drimica drimica subspecies has been described from Macedonia within the Black Drin basin, whereas B. drimica alba has been described from Kosovo within the White Drin basin. A few years ago, it was discovered in from flotsam in the Albanian part of the Drin River, downstream from the confluence of the White Drin and Black Drin Rivers. In South Albania extant populations were found within the drainages of the Shkumbin and the Vjosë Rivers too (Fehér and Erőss 2009). Therefore, there are at least six known sub-populations resulting in an area of occupancy of 24 km2.",There is no data on current population trends in Kosovo and Macedonia. Recently discovered Albanian populations were found in small springs but seemed to be stable. Given that at present there are no known significant threats it can be presumed that the overall population is stable.,The species is known from freshwater springs.,The threats to this species are uncertain.,"There are no known conservation actions for this species. Recommended actions include surveys for distributional data and threats, as well as habitat monitoring at known sites to determine future trends as, occurring in springs, the species could be sensitive to any potential threats.",The species is not utilized.,,"Feher, Z.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,dunkeri,,Bythinella dunkeri,,"This species was reviewed by Benke et al. (2009), and found to be one of a  series of species clusters, Clade IV, which they placed with B. bicarinata. Some populations listed as cf. dunkeri, on shell morphology were placed in Clade III. This differs slightly from Bichain et al. (2007) analysis of mtDNA COI and nDNA ITS1 sequence data showed that the ""typical"" two-keeled Bythinella bicarinata are actually part of a clade widespread in central to north-eastern France and nearby regions. Consequently, Bythinella dunkeri as well as 3 other range restricted species in France (Bythinella lalindei, Bythinella moulinsii and Bythinella pujolensis) were provisionally treated as junior synonyms of Bythinella bicarinata.  Given that Benke et al. (2009) have a population in one clade that was different to the population placed in the B. bicarinata clade, then data should be reviewed from all subpopulations before the species is fully synonymised, as  these are further from the other subpopulations geographically and being most distinct morphologically from the keeled populations, so they  may be kept as subspecies.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species was previously assessed as ""Vulnerable B1 + 2c"" (Mollusc Specialist Group 1996) based on a restricted range species threatened by water pollution.However the taxonomic status is under review, as there is evidence to suggest that these populations may be conspecific with a more widespread species, B. bicarinata, a species described from central France. Given that Benke et al. (2009) have a subpopulation in one clade that was different to the subpopulation placed in the B. bicarinata clade, then data should be reviewed from all subpopulations before the species is fully synonymised, as  these are further from the other subpopulations geographically and being most distinct morphologically from the keeled populations, so they  may be kept as subspecies.The species should be reassessed as Data Deficient (DD) pending review of the status of the populations. If shown to be part of B. bicarinata, then it will take the oldest available name and be assessed as Least Concern.#",Stable,"This species is now known to range from France, Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Belgium. In 1996 it was considered to have a range of Belgium and Germany. Falkner et al. (2002) list it for France.","There is no recent data on population trends, but as it is widespread it is assumed to be stable.","This species is found in small streams, rivers and springs, and is one of the most widespread Bythinella species in terms of its habitat requirements.","Originally viewed as a restricted range species threatened by water pollution (mainly from nitrates and pesticides from agricultural sources and some domestic pollution), the threats still apply, although the species is now known from a wider range.",The species needs further taxonomic review in light of the recent research showing that it maybe conspecific with other species.,This species is not utilized.,,"Prie, V. Bichain, J.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,eurystoma,,Bythinella eurystoma,,"This is considered a valid species, confirmed with molecular data (Bichain et al. 2007), although the status of the subpopulations in Pyrenee-Atlantique and Midi-Pyrenees may require review as they could be different species (V. Prie, pers. comm. 2009) and hence were not considered in this assessment.",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Based on the molecular data# Bythinella eurystoma is restricted to a small region in southern France, although on morphological data, there are more sites where it may be present. The species maybe assessed as Data deficient (on poor geographical data), Vulnerable D2 using the confirmed presence data and the threats to these sites or Least Concern, based on the probability that it occurs more widely.# On a precautionary basis it is listed as Vulnerable (D2) due to the number of known locations being less than 5, pending more data on range and status of other populations.",Decreasing,"Bythinella eurystoma is endemic to France where it is found in the Mediterranean zone. Molecular analyses have confirmed this species is found from 3 of the 4 localities, with an AOO of 16 km2 but it could be more widespread in the Causse du Larzac and the Hérault basin (V. Prie, pers. comm, 2009.",There is no population trend data available for this species.,This is a small freshwater gastropod which is found in springs.,"Although specific threats to these sites are uncertain, spring sites are vulnerable to exploitation due to water utilization for watering livestock and offtake for domestic supplies. Consequently, these sites get concreted over or are over-exploited leading to temporary loss of water. The pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources of the groundwater feeding the springs is poorly documented but# may be another important threat to the species.","This species is not protected in France. Conservation actions recommended include taxonomic review of the other sites where this species has been identified on shell morphology, as well as habitat monitoring for changes and raising awareness of the importance of these springs for freshwater biodiversity.",,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,eutrepha,,Bythinella eutrepha,,"Originally regarded as a subspecies, Falkner et al., 2002 followed Bernasconi (2000), who separated this taxa from Bythinella cebennensis (Dupuy 1851).# Falkner et al., 2002 also placed Paludinella anianensis (Paladihle 1870) as a synonym of this species. Material from the Paladilhe collection is polytypic (V. Prie pers. comm. 2009): the shells from the Herault basin seem to belong to B. eurystoma, while the shells from the River Lez seem to# belong to a different species. Bythinella eutrepha should then be considered as a distinct species endemic to the Lez drainage.",Yes,CR,"B1ab(ii,iii)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(ii,iii",EU27,,"Bythinella eutrepha is endemic to France. It has a restricted range, as it is only found in one spring system, where it is threatened by encroachment from the town of Montpellier. The species is considered as Critically Endangered, Possibly Extinct B1ab(ii,iii), as it has not been found in recent years (V. Prie pers. comm. 2009).# The EOO is estimated as 49 km2, based on observed data from two sites, both fed by the same groundwater source. There are no records in northern part of the Lez catchment, despite active recording, and no records in southern part, which contains Montpellier, and hence little pristine habitat.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to France, where it was originally described from floodline debris of the river Lez (Department   Herault) It is considered to be endemic to the Lez drainage basin. Falkner et al. (2002)   suggested three possible sites; the resurgences along the bed of the River   Lez, springs at Cauquillade, Aniane, Department Herault; Moulin de St   Guilherm-le-Desert. This species is possibly extinct, as it has not been found in recent years (V. Prie pers. comm. 2009).# The EOO is estimated as 49 km2, based on observed data from two sites, both fed by the same groundwater source.# There are no records in northern part of the Lez catchment, despite active recording, and no records in southern part, which contains Montepellier, and hence little pristine habitat.","There is no population data available for this species, but it is suspected to be now extinct.","According to Falkner et al. (2002), B. eutrepha should be restricted to the Lez catchment, where it was living in subterranean waters.","The main threat is from urban encroachment leading to decline in quality of habitat, but other threats in part of the range include water pollution from vineyards (pesticides and herbicides), water pollution from domestic sources (sewage and run-off) and water abstraction for domestic and agricultural purposes.","No conservation actions in place, but part of the range lies within a Natura 2000 site, which should ensure water quality is maintained. More research is needed on taxonomy,# population tends and threats.",,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,ferussina,,Bythinella ferussina,,"Considering the taxonomic complexity of the genus#Bythinella#(see for example Bernasconi 2000; Falkner#et al. 2002) and the results of recent molecular analyses (Bichain#et al. 2007 ; Benke#et al.#2009), many of the described species are taxonomically doubtful and in need of taxonomic revision. Therefore this assessment is provisional pending review of most of populations of#Bythinella.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Bythinella ferussina is not well-known but appears to have a widespread distribution within it's range in western France. It is likely to be under-recorded, and as such is viewed as Least Concern (V. Prie, pers. comm. 2009).# However the habitats where the subpopulations are found are vulnerable to modification for domestic water abstraction and water quality needs to be maintained.#Considering the taxonomic complexity of the genus Bythinella more data is required on the taxonomic status of the subpopulations and#full revision of the species.# The assessment could be made as either Data deficient on taxonomic grounds, or Least Concern based on the current knowledge of range.",Unknown,"The species is currently viewed as being endemic to France, where it is recorded from the departments of Charente, Gironde and Charente-Maritime (Bernasconi, 2002). The population from Font del Truffe (Quercy) could be attributable to B. ferrussina (Prié and Bichain, unpublished data, 2009).",There is no population trend data available for this species.,This species is found in freshwater springs.,"The species is not well-known, but appears to have a widespread distribution within it's range. It is likely to be under-recorded, and as such is viewed as Least Concern.# However the habitats are vulnerable to modification for domestic water abstraction and water quality needs to be maintained.",No conservation plans are in place for this species. #A review of taxonomic status and distribution of sub-populations are needed for this species.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,galerae,,Bythinella galerae,,"This species was recently described and is currently the subject of various research projects into the evolution of the genus Bythinella.The material collected after the description show that B. galerae and B. bouloti could belong to a single, variable species (Bichain and Prié, unpublished data, 2009). Only B. galarae is assessed in this project, as the two maybe conspecific.",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Bythinella galerae#is only known from a single cave system in Lozére, France. There have been several expeditions to this cave, but as yet only dead shells have been found, suggesting either that the shells may have moved from their original location somewhere in the cave system or that recent drought phases have led to species extinctions. #The species is only known from dead shells, and hence the taxonomic status has not been confirmed by molecular technqiues, so the assessment is done on a precautionary basis. Given that the species is range restricted, has only been found at one location, and the major threats are from stochastic events, such as sudden pollution and possibly abstraction of ground-water,# it qualifies for Vulnerable D2.# However, given the doubt about where the species occurs and the possibility of taxonomic problems, it could also be assessed as Data Deficient. #On a precautionary basis, the species is listed as#Vulnerable D2.# The other species described from this site, B. bouloti, may be conspecific, and as such is not assessed, but left as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Bythinella galerae is restricted to the region of Méjean, mainly around Grotte de Castelbouc, near Sainte Enimie, Department Lozère (48), France. It was first described in 2002, so there may be additional sites locally, but no living animals were found during the expedition. Jean-Michel Bichain and Vincent Prie have undertaken other expeditions into the cave system where the species was originally found, but failed to find living specimens of this species.","As it has never been found alive, there are no population data available for this species.","This species was found in the freshwaters within a cave system, but it is mainly recorded from samples taken within 800m of the cave entrance.# It has not been recorded alive.",The threats to this species are unknown. The overexploitation of groundwater may be a potential risk.,"There are no conservation actions in place. #More data on population status, distribution and taxonomy are needed for this species.",,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,geisserti,,Bythinella geisserti,,"This species was recently described, based on dry material in collections, and is known only from the type locality.# No anatomical or molecular data is available to support the taxonomic status of this species. Bichain et al. (2007) notes that the provisional study of french Bythinella shows that genetic or phylogenetic distinctiveness cannot be inferred from the degree of shell distinctiveness, so the challenge to a comprehensive revision of Bythinella is that these nominal species have to be### re-evaluated based on animals sampled alive from their type locality and only the. See Bichain et al. (2007) and Benke et al. (2009) for a review.",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Bythinella geisserti#is endemic to France, being a recently described taxon, known only from the type locality, ""Source de la Loue"" in Jura.# This cave system is extensive and so the range could extend beyond the current known point.#The cave where this species occurs is believed to be secure, with only limited threats from any ongoing activities within an extensive aquifer. The site is currently a tourist venue and so benefits from these activities in maintaining the habitat.# However, if there are any changes in the threat status this species will become Critically Endangered.#On a precautionary basis, as the current threats are limited but the species is only recorded from one location, it is listed as#Vulnerable D2. The limited threats could occur in the next 10 years. Like most species of#Bythinella more data on the taxonomic status would confirm the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to France, being a recently described taxon, known only from the type locality, ""Source de la Loue"" in Jura.# This cave system is extensive and so the range may extend in the cave.",There are no population data available for this species.,This species is a spring-snail known from one catchment.,"The cave where this species occurs is believed to be secure, with no current threats from any specific ongoing activities and the aquifer is extensive. The site is currently a tourist venue and so benefits from these activities in maintaining the habitat. #However, should this change, the species would immediately qualify for Critically Endangered.",No conservation actions known for this species. Research and monitoringof distribution trends would be of benefit.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,gibbosa,,Bythinella gibbosa,,"There are taxonomic issues relating to identity of the species in the genus Bythinella, but these can only be resolved with live specimens, and this species has not been recorded for over 50 years.",Yes,EX,,Yes,EX,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Extinct by Falkner et al. (2002). It was originally recorded from the villages around Toulouse in the 19th century, and hasn't been recorded in the last 50 years, despite surveys conducted in this region and these habitats have been lost due to encroachment of the town including the airport at Blagnac. It is considered that the species has probably been Extinct for over 50 years, and as such has been listed as Extinct, rather than Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct), as there are considered to be no small pockets of habitat that survive.",,"This species is endemic to France. In Falkner et al. (2002), the range is described as 'environs of Toulouse' in the department of Haute-Garonne.#In Falkner et al. (2002) two locations were considered valid from#Moquin-Tandon, in the 1850's at Bourassol and Blagnac and a third locality from the Locard Collections at MNHN, Paris from 'St Michel s. Touch, près de Toulouse'. #Much of this region is now part of the city of Toulouse, and Boeters (pers. comm. in Falker et al., 2002) has searched for the species in the Bourassol parts of Toulouse and considered that this species has been lost during this century.","This species is believed to be Extinct. It has not been recorded for over 50 years, despite survey efforts; possibly it became Extinct 30-50 years before that.",This species lived in freshwater springs.,"The species was recorded from springs in the small villages adjacent to Toulouse in the 1850-1860's, however these locations are now all part of the city of Toulouse, and the sites are believed to have been lost during urbanisation.",The species is believed to now be Extinct.,,,"Falkner, G. Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,ginolensis,,Bythinella ginolensis,,"This species is one of many small spring-snails that can most easily be identified using anatomical characteristics of the reproductive system. See Bichain et al. (2007) and Benke et al. (2009) for a review of the taxonomic status of the species, and many of the described species are taxonomically doubtful based on shells and in need of taxonomic revision. However, to provide a conservation assessment, the precautionary principle was used to map the ranges of the species and to give them an assessment, and this will require review after ongoing taxonomic work.",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"On the basis of the information in the literature, this species could be assessed as Endangered based on the limited range and the number of locations using the criteria calculator.# However we would consider it as Vulnerable, as it is known from 5 localities, none of which have a specific threat at present, although springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilisation for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water, there is a impact on the species which can lead to complete loss of subpopulations.    Given the taxonomic complexity of the genus Bythinella, once the results of recent molecular analyses are known for the species another conservation assessment should be made.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to France, where it is originally recorded from the Pyrenees and Department Aveyron (Bernasconi, 2000), giving a rather disjunct distribution. The Aveyron records are only based on shells, and as such are considered to be possibly not this species (Prie  Bichain, pers. comm. 2009). Therefore the EOO is calculated on the subpopulations from the Pyrenees only.",The population status is unknown at these sites.,This is a freshwater spring species.,"Springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilization for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water.",There are no conservation measures. More research is needed to solve the taxonomic issues of this genus.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,gloeeri,,Bythinella gloeeri,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"Bythinella gloeeri#is endemic to Bulgaria, and is considered Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii). It only occurs in one part of the cave, a#stream flowing for 273 m along the lowest level, with no evidence that it can be found at nearby locations.# The quality of its habitat is decreasing as the water from the local town comes from this groundwater system and the cave is being developed for tourism purposes.",Unknown,"Bythinella gloeeri is endemic to Bulgaria, and at present, it is known only from a river in the Lepenitsa Cave (273 metres in length), south of the town of Velingrad (Batashki Ridge, Western Rhodopes).",No information on the population status or trend of this species is available.,"This species lives under stones in the underground river of Lepenitsa karstic cave, where water temperatures are around 8.4° C. These waters provide drinking water to the nearby town of Velingrad. The total length of the cave is 1525 m with a displacement of >10 m. The cave comprises 3 levels with a stream flowing for 273 m along the lowest. The population of B. gloeeri currently exists only in cave conditions and, although it is unclear if this range extended outside of the cave prior to human influence, no evidence supporting this has been found at nearby locations.","Despite its protected status, the Lepenitsa cave is highly polluted and disturbed as a result of unregulated public visiting. In addition, there is an ongoing construction project, aimed at increasing tourism to the site. If B. gloeeri is to persist at this site, then the use of chemical agents, excessive walking in the stream and constant strong lighting must be avoided.","The Lepenitsa Cave is a nationally protected site, but habitat monitoring is recommended to determine future changes to conservation status of this species.",,,"Georgiev, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,hansboetersi,,Bythinella hansboetersi,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"This recently described species is currently only known from a single  location, a spring at Cherni Osam River in the Stara Planina Mountains in Bulgaria. The freshwater springs are currently in good state, although there is some  tourism present at the site as it is close to a  route used by tourists, so there is the possibility of localised  pollution from domestic sources. The species is listed on a precautionary basis as Near Threatened (NT), however, should it be shown to be more widespread, or the threats not impacting the species or site, then a revised assessment would be required.",Unknown,"This recently described species is currently only known from single location, a spring at Cherni Osam River in the Stara Planina Mountains.",There is no population trend data on this species as it is recently described.,The species has been found in freshwater springs close to a river in the mountains.,"The freshwater springs are currently in good state, although there is some tourism present at the site, as the site is high altitude and close to a route used by tourists, so there is the possibility of localised pollution from domestic sources.","This recently described species has no known conservation actions. More data is required on distribution, population trends and threats as well as habitat monitoring at the single known site to establish if there is any decline. If this is found to be the case, the location would require protecting.",This species is not utilized.,,"Georgiev, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,hungarica,,Bythinella hungarica,,"This species is one of many small spring-snails that can be most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system. Its taxonomic status is uncertain, as this is possibly either a synonym or subspecies of the more widespread species Bythinella austriaca. This taxon was described from ""a spring in the plain, somewhere in the outparts of Budapest"" (Hazay, 1881). This locality has recently been rediscovered by Petró (1984). Bodon (pers. comm. 2009) has undertaken anatomical studies on topotypical material and found no differences from B. austriaca. Although this form is mentioned by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) as a distinct species, this view is not held by others, who maintained the taxa as a subspecies of Bythinella austriaca (e.g. Soós 1943), however even its subspecific distinction is questioned by other authors (e.g. Fehér et al. 2006).",Yes,,,Yes,,,EU27,,"The taxonomic status of this species is uncertain, as this is possibly either a synonym or subspecies of the more widespread species Bythinella austriaca. This taxon was described from ""a spring in the plain, somewhere in the outparts of Budapest"" (Hazay, 1881). This locality has recently been rediscovered by Petró (1984). Bodon (pers. comm. 2009) has undertaken anatomical study on topotypical material and found no differences from B. austriaca. Although this form is mentioned by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) as a distinct species, this view is not held by others, who maintained the taxa as a subspecies of Bythinella austriaca (e.g. Soós 1943), however even its subspecific distinction is questionned by other authors (e.g. Fehér et al. 2006). This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27: Not Applicable (as it is not a distinct species)Europe: Not Applicable (as it is not a distinct species).",Unknown,"Not applicable, as this species is not considered a valid species.","Not applicable, as this species is not considered a valid species.","Not applicable, as this species is not considered a valid species.","Not applicable, as this species is not considered a valid species.",Taxonomic research is required to confirm that this is not a valid species.,"Not applicable, as this species is not considered a valid species.",,"Feher, Z.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,isolata,,Bythinella isolata,,"This species is one of many small Hydrobids that can be most easily be  identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system,  however these species are in urgent need of a review incorporating  conchological characters, anatomical characters and molecular characters  in order to understand the relationships with other taxa (Haase et al. 2007). The species was recently described based on shell characters and some reproductive anatomy, but requires molecular systematics to confirm relationships with other allied taxa.#",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This recently described species is provisionally assessed based on current data, as there is a possible risk to the species due to the restricted range and threats from habitat decline due to water pollution  (nitrates from agriculture) and abstraction of water (for domestic or  agricultural purposes). Further research is needed to establish whether it is present at other sites in the adjacent springs in this montane area.",Unknown,"This species was recently described from Germany, where it is believed to be endemic. Boeters (2006) described this species from Baumgrenze, springs at 1465 m ASL, western Chiemgauer Alpen, Oberbayern, Germany.",The population status of this species is unknown.,This species inhabits freshwater springs.,The threats to this species come from# habitat decline due to water pollution (nitrates from agriculture) and abstraction of water (for domestic or agricultural purposes).,"The population and distribution status requires review, and the taxonomy would benefit from molecular approaches to confirm the species status. The threat status requires review once more survey work in the surrounding areas is undertaken, as it maybe present at other sites.",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,jourdei,,Bythinella jourdei,,"This is a recently described species (Bernasconi 2000), withiun a genus that is currently the topic of various reviews, where cryptic species have been found (Haase et al. 2007) and where other species have been synonymised (Bichain et al. 2007, Benke et al. 2009).# The species has been assessed based on the available, on a precautionary basis in order to conserve the site until such time as the taxonomy has been reviewed.",Yes,VU,"B1ab(iii,iv)+2ab(iii,iv);D2",Yes,VU,"B1ab(iii,iv)+2ab(iii,iv);D2",EU27,,"Bythinella jourdei is endemic to France. It has a restricted range (its extent of occurrence is estimated to be 90 km2 and its area of occupancy 12 km2) and it is only known from three localities in Vienne (France), and as such technically it meets the thresholds for Endangered on restricted range, however, the rate of decline in habitat is not well known, so this species is assessed as Vulnerable D2.#This species is given a conservation status, on a precautionary basis,  based on the current literature, but is in urgent need of review. Currently the genus is undergoing a series of taxonomic reviews following the results of recent molecular analyses (Bichain et al. 2007 ; Benke et al. 2009), which has meant that many of the described species based on conchological characters are considered doubtful.#",Unknown,"This species is endemic to France,where it is found at#3 localities in the Department of Vienne.",There are no population data available for this species.,This species lives in freshwater springs.,"The main threats remain common to many of the spring-snails in the region, overexploitation of the water source for domestic and agricultural purposes, as well as pollution of the groundwater feeding the springs. Due to the need for water, numerous springs in this region are captured and become unsuitable for Bythinella species.","There are no conservation actions for this species. Research on taxonomy, population size and trends, and threats would be of benefit.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,kapelana,,Bythinella kapelana,,"Benke et al. (2009) found that this species lies within their#clade II with B. bavarica and B. magna#and Bythinella sp. They noted a mismatch in distribution analyses were applicable for populations of the Dinarids (IIc) located in Croatia possibly because there were too few individuals. The NCA in this clade revealed allopatric fragmentation between populations of the ‘Alpenvorland’/ ‘Schwäbische Alb’ (IIa) and the Dinarids (IIc), and between all three groups within this clade. Genetic diversity, mismatch distribution analyses, and results of the NCA indicate a refugial area located on the Balkan Peninsula (Dinarids).",Yes,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU27,,This species is endemic to Croatia where it was described  from a large spring at Majerovo vrelo in the Gacko polje. Due to this it is considered vulnerable to stochastic and human events such as drying out of the spring due to  drought or changing groundwater conditions leading to loss of water or  pollution of water feeding the spring. Hence on a precautionary basis it is listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.,Unknown,This species is endemic to a large spring at Majerovo vrelo in the Gacko polje (Radoman 1983) in Croatia (not the Gatacko Polje as stated by Gloer and Pesic (2010) which lies in Bosnia and Hercegovina close to the border with Monte Negro).,There is no population trend information for this species.,This species has been found in freshwater springs.,"Current knowledge suggests this species is only present at a single site, and hence is vulnerable to stochastic and human events such as drying out of the spring due to drought or changing groundwater conditions leading to loss of water, or pollution of water feeding the spring. The location is also exploited as a tourist destination, which adds to the potential threats to the habitat.",No conservation actions are known for this species. Surveys to attempt to increase the known range are advised as at present the species is known from just one locality. This site requires research into the level of threat to the species through habitat monitoring. If no further sites are found this site may require protection and sensitive management.,There is no trade in this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,kosensis,,Bythinella kosensis,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"The species is known from the island of Lesbos, Greece (Bank 1988). The status is uncertain as there is no recent data on population trends, hence surveys are recommended to establish threats, distribution and population trends to enable a revised conservation assessment. This species is currently assessed as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"The species is known from the island of Lesbos, Greece (Bank 1988).",There is no data on recent population trends of this species.,Freshwater springs are the presumed habitat for this species.,"There are no known threats to the species, but all freshwater springs are facing issues as the result of increased frequency of drought events as well as over-abstraction of water for water supplies, especially in tourist areas.","There are no known conservation actions for this species and surveys are recommended to establish threats, distribution and population trends to enable a revised conservation assessment.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Radea, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,ligurica,,Bythinella ligurica,,"This species was considered by Bodon et al. (1995) as a synonym of B. opaca (=B. schmidtii), and thus not mapped in detail for Italy.# In contrast Falkner et al. 2002 considered the taxon as a good species in France, but also suggested that it was conspecific with B. gaudefroyi.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This group is undergoing taxonomic revision, and is recognized as a species complex of the genus Bythinella# (Bernasconi 2000; Falkner et al. 2002). The results of recent molecular analyses (Bichain et al. 2007 ; Benke et al. 2009), suggest that many of the described species are taxonomically doubtful and in need of taxonomic revision. This species is currently viewed as being a synonym of a widespread species in Italy (and as such might be considered as Not Applicable - not a valid species). However, in France, this species is still regarded as a valid species, pending the results of the taxonomic research. It is therefore listed as Data Deficient.Thisspecies has also been assessed as the regional level:European regional assessment:# Data deficient (Taxonomic issues)EU27 (= 27 member states of the European Union) regional assessment:# Data deficient (Taxonomic issues)Mediterranean regional assessment: Data Deficient (Taxonomic issues)",Unknown,"Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) listed this species is endemic to France and Italy, where it has been recorded from Corsica and Alpes Maritimes (Falkner et al. 2002), and through Liguria (Italy).# However there is doubt as to the validity of the species.",There is no population data available for this species.,This species is found in freshwater springs.,Given the uncertainity about the taxonomic status it is not possible to define the threats.,No conservation actions required until status of the species is known.,,,"Cianfanelli, S. Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,lunzensis,,Bythinella lunzensis,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"Bythinella lunzensis#is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii). It is endemic to Austria and was only recently described. It may well be present more widely in the region, as it is close to spring dwelling Bythinella schmidtii and Bythinella bavarica. It is only known from one location and is under threat from pollution, however the population trend remains unknown. The lake is also used for recreational activities, which may disturb the bottom where the species is found. It is suggested that monitoring of the habitat and research into population demographics is conducted.",Unknown,"Bythinella lunzensis is endemic to Austria, specifically the north eastern Alps. It was recently described by Boeters in 2008 from lake Untersee at Lunz, Lower Austria.",The population trend for this species remains unknown as no live individuals has been found.,"This freshwater species differs from most other#species in this genus, as it was sampled from a lake, not a spring, although there are various unconfirmed records based on shells from lakes, at present it is known only from this one lake.","The main threat to this species is from pollution, mainly from fertilisers as a result of agricultural practices. The lake is also used for recreational activities, which may disturb the bottom where the species is found.","The species is strictly protected by law in Lower Austria. However it is not known whether it exists within a protected area and there are no species specific recovery plans in place.#It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.",,,"Reischutz, P. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,magna,,Bythinella magna,,This species is considered to be part of Clade II (Benke et al. 2009).,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Croatia, where it is currently only listed from three localities, however there is insufficient data on distribution, threats and population status, and as such it is proposed as Data Deficient (DD), pending further information.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Croatia, and was described from the large spring at Klanac near the source of the Gacko river and three other closely adjacent springs in the Gacka polje (Radoman 1983). These springs still exist and have not been impacted by the hydro-electric extraction further downstream.",There is no available data on the population trends of this species.,This species inhabits freshwater springs that lie around the edge of Gasko Polje.,"The specific threats to this species are not known. The freshwater springs lies at the edge of limestone area, and some sites are exploited for tourism.","There are no conservation actions specifically for this species. Data is required on current population status, distribution and threats to enable a full conservation assessment to be made.",There is no known use of this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,markovi,,Bythinella markovi,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"Bythinella markovi is endemic to Bulgaria, and is considered  Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) due to its restricted range and continuing  degradation of its habitat as from pollution and human disturbance. It  only occurs in one cave, less than 200 m, with no evidence that it can be found at nearby  locations. #There is pollution at the site and the cave is being disturbed by cavers and for tourism.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Bulgaria, where it is found in the Gargina Dupka cave in Dobrostan karst system (West Rhodope Mountains). The area of the cave system is very short, only 200 metres.","Live specimens were collected 50 metres from the cave’s entrance, where the environmental conditions were characteristic for a cave. Living snails were found along the whole stretch of the stream up to the surfacing of the stream from a narrow cave whole, close to the cave’s end. Taking 117 at random 2x2 cm2 square samples from under stone surfaces in the stream, we collected a total of 16 individuals of B. markovi which showed a relative density of 0.14 individuals per 2 cm2 (min-max = 0-2 individuals),  (Gregoriev, pers. comm., 2009).","This species is troglobite, i.e. is adapted to live permanently in cave environment. The cave has two closely situated entrances and a stream that flows out from the lower one. There is a catchment of its waters at the cave antechamber which drives away about 70% of the stream for drinking needs. The total cave length is 524 m. The specimens live under stones in a limestone cave stream, which has shallow (at average around 10-15 cm) and calm waters in winter and summer, and deep (max about 1-1.5 m) and fast running ones at rainy seasons (Markov, pers. comm.). Live specimens were collected 50 meters from the cave’s entrance, where the environmental conditions were characteristic for a cave. There was no light entering, air temperature 6.6° C, and that of the water 9.6° C with oxygen level of 9.0 mg/l. Living snails were found along the whole stretch of the stream up to the surfacing of the stream from a narrow cave whole, close to the cave’s end. At the cave’s middle parts there was a large mound of guano beneath a large bat colony, and close to the stream. At this area the oxygen in the stream dropped a little to 8.8 mg/l, the water temperature was similar, while the air warmed to 10.3° C. The only macro invertebrate animal species found to live with B. markovi were flat worms Planaria sp. which could be the only predator of the snails. Taking 117 at random 2x2 cm2 square samples (14.03.2009) from under stone surfaces in the stream, we collected a total of 16 individuals of B. markovi which showed a relative density of 0.14 individuals per 2 cm2 (min-max = 0-2 individuals).","Main threats include organic and chemical pollution (domestic, agriculture) active at the cave entrance. There are occasional losses of individuals by cavers and other visitors of the cave when walking in the stream.","There are no species-specific conservation actions in place, although the habitat monitoring would be recommended, along with protection of the habitat.",,,"Georgiev, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,metarubra,,Bythinella metarubra,,A review paper by Benke et al. (2009) dealt with molecular phylogenetics of the genus Bythinella and this species was included in# the group of species analysed.,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Bythinella metarubra has a restricted range in the mountains in Slovakia and Poland. The habitat is small springs and this species is believed to have a wider range than currently recorded. At present, although there are localised threats to some sites, the majority of springs are not threatened, hence the species is assessed as Least Concern (LC). If there is a decline in the number of locations, then the species may qualify as a threatened species in the future. This species has also been assessed at regional levels: EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Mediterranean regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Poland and Slovakia. In Poland it is known at five localities in the West Tatra Mountains and Pieniny Mountains (Falniowski pers. comm. 2009).# In Slovenia it is reported from Pieniny Mountains, West Tatra Mountains, Strazovske vrchy Mountains and Hornad River (Vavrova pers. comm. 2009) so its distribution range may cover the whole (mainly limestone) areas of the West Tatra Mountains and Pieniny Mountains, an area of more than 400 km2.",There is no information available about# the population and its current trends.,This is a freshwater spring species living among fallen leaves in rather small springs in lower parts of limestone mountains. It has also been recorded in the gallery of rivers.,There are no significant threats currently affecting to this species.,"No conservation actions are taking place in Slovakia. There is no information about conservation actions in# Poland. It is recommended that regular habitat monitoring takes place as spring-snails are suspectible to habitat degradation, either through modification of their habitats for water abstraction or drop in water-levels within the river/spring system.",This species is not utilized.,,"Falniowski, A.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,micherdzinskii,,Bythinella micherdzinskii,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,This species is known only from one location in Poland but it is possible that the species occurs in other sites of the country and in Ukraine. The potential for stochastic impacts as well as the fragility of the habitat means that this species qualifies for Vulnerable (D2).This species has also been assessed at regional levels: EU27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (D2) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Vulnerable (D2).,Unknown,"At present Bythinella micherdzinskii is thought to be endemic to Poland. It is known only from one locality in the Rawka mountain range of the Bieszczady Mountains (Polish East Carpathians). However, as the locality is situated very close to the state border, the species' distribution may possibly extend to Ukraine.",This species lives at low population density. There is no data on population trend.,Bythinella micherdzinskii is a spring species found in very low numbers among fallen leaves in marshy habitats in a deciduous forest.,"There is no specific information available about threats to this species. However, given the fragility of spring habitats and their exploitation, the single site is viewed as vulnerable to habitat destruction in the future.",No conservation actions are taking place.,There is no known trade in this species.,,"Falniowski, A.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,molcsany,,Bythinella molcsany,,"Correct name is Bythinella molcsanyi H. Wagner, 1941 (see also Fehér et al. 2008)",Yes,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D2,Yes,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D2,EU27,,"This species is endemic to the Ignis Plateau (Statiunea Izvoare), though there are at least 10 known subpopulations, the range of the species is very narrow and subpopulations might be threatened jointly by the potential threat of increasing recreational activity. Therefore, this species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D2).This species has also been assessed at regional levels:EU27 regional assessment: VU (VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D2) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: VU (VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D2)",Unknown,"The type locality for this species is: ""Rozsály-tömb, Forrásliget, Izvora-fennsík, springs near Molcsány-tanya (ca. 1,000 m)""  [= Muntii Ignis, Statiunea Izvoare, near the hut of late Gábor Molcsány] (Wagner 1941). This locality is in Romania, and it is almost impossible to figure out where has exactly located the Molcsány's hut in 1941. This species has not been found for a long time and has only been refound a few years ago (by Ioan Sirbu, see Falniowski et al. 2009). The area typica was visited by Z. Fehér et al. too (unpublished material in the collection of HNHM), and they found this species in numerous springs and streams in the Ignis Plateau but only within a few square kilometres range.",There are no population data available for this species.,This species inhabits freshwater springs and small streams.,"This species lives only in the Ignis Plateau within a very narrow range. This area (Statiunea Izvoare) is a popular target for recreational activity of the population of Baia Mare city and its surroundings. Now, a covered road goes only to the edge of this area and the infrastructure is poorly developed. However it is a realistic threat that infrastructure will develop rapidly in the near future (covered roads, rest houses, restaurants, hotels, etc.) and the number of visitors will increase rapidly, causing disturbance and pollution of the habitats as well as water abstraction.","The species is not protected in Romania. There is no information whether or not this site is protected. Being a potential target of increasing recreational activity in the future, the area should be protected and habitat and population trends need to be monitored.",This species is not utilised.,,"Cioboiu, O. Feher, Z.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,nothites,,Bythinella nothites,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Although this species is listed as endemic to Slovenia by Fauna Europea, none of the local scientists have any knowledge of the species in Slovenia. It is therefore listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"According to Fauna Europea this species is endemic to Slovenia, however Slapnik (pers. comm. 2010) notes that there are no specimens in Museum collections from Slovenia and Sket (pers. comm. 2010) has no knowledge of the species in Slovenia.",There is no data on population trends.,There is no data on habitat for this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species requires research on taxonomy, threats, population trends and distribution.",,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,opaca,,Bythinella opaca,,"This is a species aggregate with many populations over a wide range of countries.# However there are various other species that could be viewed as part of the species group, B. robiciana, and B. samecana, as the species group is under review for their molecular systematic. The species have been assessed based on their current described status in order to assess their conservation status (Z. Feher, pers. comm, 2009).",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Bythinella opaca is a widespread species in Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Italy, Montenegro and Serbia, Slovenia. Although numerous sites are exploited for water, it is not likely to impact significantly the species. It is considered as Least Concern with knowledge of the distribution and its widespread range, however, it should really be a candidate for Data Deficient as there is inadequate information on threats and population.",Stable,"This is a widespread species in central and south-east Europe including Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Italy, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia.",This is a locally abundant species.,This species lives in freshwater springs,The main threats to this species are unknown.,There are no conservation actions needed.,,,"Feher, Z.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,padana,,Bythinella padana,,,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Switzerland, but was not recognised by Turner et al. in the Atlas of Switzerland. The species' taxonomic status is in need of review, and if considered valid, then research will be required on  distribution, habitat preferences, populations and threats as currently there is no information available in these areas. Consequently the species is listed for now as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Switzerland, but was not recognised by Turner et al. (1998) in the Atlas of Switzerland.",There is no data on population trends.,There is no data on habitat preference.,Any threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no known conservation actions for this species, so a review of the taxonomic status, and if considered valid, then research will be required on distribution, habitat preferences, populations and threats.",This species is not known to be utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,padiraci,,Bythinella padiraci,,"This is a valid species, confirmed by molecular analysis (Bichain et al. 2007).",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species was originally listed on the 1996 Red List (Bouchet 1996) with a category of Vulnerable D2 (version 2.3), on the basis of a restricted range and potential for habitat disturbance. Although this species is close to the threshold for Critically Endangered, the threats at present are longer-term threats for future changes, and as such the species is maintained as Vulnerable D2 (version 3.1) based on the restricted range (1 location) and the potential for habitat change.",Stable,"This species is endemic to France, and is restricted to the Padirac River catchment, in Department Lot, in the region of Midi-Pyrenees. As such, it is found in one location with an area of occupancy of# 92km2.","No detailed information on population status, but considered stable (Prie pers. comm 2009).",This is a freshwater mollusc restricted to the groundwaters of a river catchment.,"The threats to this species, lie in the vulnerability of the single location, to pollution events.# The species requires clean, unpolluted waters, and as such any degradation of the water (road run-off, pesticides and herbicides from agricultural sources and domestic sewage) could impact the species in the future.",There are no conservation measures.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,pannonica,,Bythinella pannonica,,This species was previously known as Sadleriana pannonica.,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"The species was originally listed as Vulnerable (VU D2) in 1996, using Categories and Criteria (version 2.3), but new distributional data suggests that although this species has a small range, it is known from approximately 100 sites, and the sub-populations and the quality of habitats seem stable in the majority of these sites. The springs would be susceptible to future exploitation of the water source, and pollution but given that this is a protected species, at present there is no evidence to suggest that this species merits listing. This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). As this species is known from approximately 100 sites, the population and the quality of habitats seem stable in the majority of sites, this species was assessed as Least Concern.Europe regional assessment: Least Concern (LC). As this species is known from approximately 100 sites, the population and the quality of habitats seem stable in the majority of sites, this species was assessed as Least Concern.Mediterranean regional assessment: Not Evaluated",Stable,"This species is endemic to Europe, where it is known from Hungary and Slovakia. It is recorded from three regions: the Bükk mountains (Hungary), Aggtelek Karst (Hungary) and in the Slovak Karst (Slovakia).",Most of the sub-populations seem stable during surveys conducted in the past few years (Feher pers. comm. 2009),This species inhabits karstic springs and their outflows.,"Most of the known sites are not affected, but some of the subpopulations are threatened by water capturing (Szinva spring area in Bükk Mts.) or recreational activities (Szalajka valley in Bükk Mts.).",This species is protected at the national level in both countries and listed by the Annexes II and IV of the European Union Habitats and Species Directive (EUSHD).,This species is not utilized.,,"Falkner, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,pupoides,,Bythinella pupoides,,"Given the taxonomic complexity of the genus Bythinella (see for example Bernasconi 2000; Falkner et al. 2002) and the results of recent molecular analyses (Bichain et al. 2007 ; Benke et al. 2009), most of the described species are taxonomically doubtful and in need of taxonomic revision. However, B. pupoides is considered as valid species in Switzerland and, despite the taxonomic doubts, is not of conservation concern.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species was originally listed as Near Threatened (1996 Red List, Bouchet), based on the small number of sites in France and Switzerland, and the potential threats to these sites. However, as the Swiss populations are located over an area extending to other catchments outside the basin of Lake Geneva, the species is evaluated as Least Concern. Considering the doubts about its taxonomic status, as it may be conspecific with other species, this assessment might need to be reviewed  when new molecular data are available.",Unknown,"This species is restricted to France (Ain and possibly Haute-Savoie and Jura departements) and Switzerland (Turner et al, 2002). There is no recent information available on this species in France, although in Switzerland it is recorded from springs around Lake Geneva and in the Jura (19 different squares).",There is no population data available.,This species lives in freshwater springs.,"Springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilization for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water.","This species is protected in France, and listed as Category 4, Near Threatened in Switzerland. Further research is required to establish the taxonomic status in light of recent work on this species group by Bichain et al. (2007) and Benke et al. (2009).",,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,pyrenaica,,Bythinella pyrenaica,,"Given the taxonomic complexity of the genus Bythinella (see for example Bernasconi 2000; Falkner et al. 2002) and the results of recent molecular analyses (Bichain et al. 2007 ; Benke et al. 2009), most of the described species are taxonomically doubtful and in need of taxonomic revision.# Based on this literature, it is not possible to apply a name to most of populations of Bythinella. Concerning B. pyrenaica, Falkner et al. (2002) retain the name, but explain that it could be a synonym of B. darrieuxii (de Folin  Berillon, 1877). It is therefore impossible to map the ranges of the species, nor to give them an assessment, and thus this means that these populations are better given as Data Deficient, pending the results of the current taxonomic work.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is poorly known, with no recent distributional data, and is based on specimens collected over 140 years ago. Considering the taxonomic complexity of the genus Bythinella (see for example Bernasconi 2000; Falkner et al. 2002) and the results of recent molecular analyses (Bichain et al. 2007 ; Benke et al. 2009), most of the described species are in need of taxonomic revision.# The species cannot be assessed, as the distributional data has not been verified.# It is listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"This species was originally described from 'springs at Bigorre', Haute-Pyrenees, France. It is only known from the type specimens, a single shell designated as a lectotype and three syntypes (Falkner et al. 2002, Haase 2000).# Bernasconi (2000)# noted that attempts to find the species again at springs close to  Bagneres de Bigorre have failed to produce any specimens.",There are no population data available.,this species occurs in freshwater springs,"As with most species of Bythinella, B. pyrenaica is only found living living in freshwater springs. Their natural habitat is thus very restricted. Because springs have often been transformed for water supply, and/or run out of water at least temporarily because of water pumping in summer, we can infer an important and continuing decline in number of locations for all the springsnails species.",There are no conservation measures. More research is needed to solve the taxonomic issues of this genus.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,reyniesii,,Bythinella reyniesii,,"This species is known from the Pyrennees, and has a range that extends from the central Pyrennees through to Ariege and Aude. Currently this group is undergoing taxonomic review (Bichain 2007, Prie pers. comm 2009), and as such there is a possibility that the taxonomic status may change leading to changes in the conservation status.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is known from the Pyrenees, and has a range that extends from central Pyrenees through to Ariege and Aude. Currently this group is undergoing taxonomic review (Bichain et al. 2007), and as such there is a possibility that the taxonomic status may change leading to changes in the conservation status. This species was originally listed as Least Concern (LC) in 1996, based on the range and lack of threats to the species. Based on the current knowledge, the species would be maintained as Least Concern (LC), until such time as taxonomic review allows review of the Aude and Gard, as well as the German populations.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment:# Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European UnionEurope regional assessment:# Least Concern (LC)Mediterranean regional assessment:# Data Deficient (DD) (only the Aude and Gard populations fall in this region, and the current status of these populations is uncertain).",Unknown,"Bythinella reyniesii is known from the Pyrennees where it is recorded in Andorra, France and Spain (Prie pers. comm. 2009). The map by Inventaire national du Patrimoine naturel (Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle [Ed] 2003-2010) for France shows that it has been recorded from Haute Pyrenees, Ariege, Aude, Pyrennee-Orientale and possibly from Gard. Prie (pers. comm. 2009) suggests that we need to be cautious in evaluating this range, as it is possible that this species maybe conspecific with others, and Bichain et al. (2007) have placed other taxon from the Dordogne and Germany as possibly conspecific with this species. Hence the range given on the 1996 Red List is erroneous as the species is known from other countries in the Pyrenees (Prie pers. comm. 2009).",There is no data on the population status of this species.,This species is found in freshwater springs.,"No specific threats are known to the sites where this species occurs, however many spring sites in Ariege and Aude are used to supply small settlements with water, and as such maybe ‘improved’ by concreting the sides to provide a cleaner extraction point. There are also changes to the water levels throughout the year as water is pumped from the groundwater supply, sometimes to the point of temporary drying of the spring-site during the late summer, prior to groundwater recharge in the winter.","No conservation actions are in place for this species, although it is present in two ZNIEFF (Zone naturelle d'intérêt écologique, faunistique et floristique) designated sites, one in Gard (possibly a different species/subspecies) and one in the French Pyrenees (main range).",This species is not utilized.,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,robiciana,,Bythinella robiciana,,"This is a species aggregate with many populations over a wide range of countries.# However there are various other species that could be viewed as part of the species group, B. robiciana, and B. samecana, as the species group is under review for their molecular systematics. The species have been assessed based on their current described status, in order to assess their conservation status (Z. Feher, pers. comm, 2009).",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species is currently under review for molecular systematics.# The threatened status of Vulnerable D2, has been made on the basis of current knowledge of 5 locations and restricted habitats, and the possible threats to these habitats from water pollution, which could lead to degradation of the environment.",Unknown,"This species has been described from Slovenia, with 5 known sites in north and northeast Slovenia. 1) Potoce, near Preddvor, north of Kranj, 2) Paka Village near Velenje, 3) Steska Jama (Cave) near Zalec, 4) a spring near Dobrna, 5) Toplica spring near Celje.",There is no information on population trend.,Freshwater springs sometimes near caves.,"The major threats for this species lie in water pollution from urbanisation and the construction of motorways near rivers. Other threats include regulated water flow, changing water flow patterns, and possibly degrading the habitat.","The species is considered 'Rare'# in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species#  (Slovenian official gazette (2002) no. 82, Tuesday 24 September 2002). There are no conservation actions in place but research into taxonomy, population and distribution, and habitat trends would be of benefit.",,,"Slapnik, R. Feher, Z.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,rondelaudi,,Bythinella rondelaudi,,"Considering the taxonomic complexity of the genus#Bythinella#(see for example Bernasconi 2000; Falkner#et al. 2002) and the results of recent molecular analyses of french species (Bichain#et al. 2007), some of the described species are taxonomically doubtful and in need of taxonomic revision. The indications from the recent literature suggest that it is difficult to base species level differences on conchological characters, and hence the information may need revision in the light of molecular and anatomical data.",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species, as currently described, is known from a single site, with the potential threats from water extraction. #However, it is also in a group going through taxonomic revision, as the spring-snails have been found to have very variable forms, hence, the species limits have been changing. A precautionary assessment in made based on the information currently to hand, and this would lead to an assessment as Vulnerable D2 due to the snail only being found in one locality, however, a conservative assessment could be Data deficient. #Given the needs to conserve the site where this taxon is currently recognised, the precautionary assessment is taken.#",Unknown,"This species is endemic to France, and it is known only from the type locality in the Creuze department. #This single location has a small range, and as such it is currently regarded as a restricted species.",There is no population data available for this species.,This species lives in freshwater springs.,"Springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilization for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources of the groundwater feeding the springs is poorly documented but# may be another important threat to the species.",No conservation actions are in place for this species. The species would benefit from population monitoring and education of the local people to raise awareness.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,roubionensis,,Bythinella roubionensis,,"Given the taxonomic complexity of the genus Bythinella (see for example Bernasconi 2000; Falkner et al. 2002) and the results of recent molecular analyses (Bichain et al. 2007 ; Benke et al. 2009), most of the described species are taxonomically doubtful and in need of taxonomic revision.# However, B. roubionensis is considered to be a valid species and is therefore assessed here.",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This group is undergoing taxonomic review (Bichain et al. 2007), and as such there is a possibility that the taxonomic status may change leading to changes in the conservation status. However, for the moment, B. roubionensis is considered to be a valid species and is therefore assessed here as Vulnerable D2, based on the small known range (1 location) and possible threats to the species, although the presence of some sub-populations in the National Park would reduce the threats of extinction, as these habitats are protected.",Unknown,"Bythinella roubionensis is endemic to France, where it is restricted to Alpes-Maritime, SE France, and has recently been recorded from the Mercantour National Park (Gargominy and Ripken 2006).",There are no population data available.,Most Bythinella species live only in springwater. Their natural habitat is thus very restricted.,"Springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilization for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The type locality has been damaged by the construction of a road.","Bythinella roubionensis has been found in surveys in Mercantour National Park (INPN, Gargimony, pers. comm. 2009).",,,"Gargominy, O. Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,rubiginosa,,Bythinella rubiginosa,,"Bernasconi (2000) noted that B. eurystoma and B. servainiana had practically identical shells to Bythinella rubiginosaInitial results from molecular studies by Bichain et al. (2007) suggest there is a possibility that this species may well be conspecific with some of the other Pyrenenean spring-snails (e.g. B. eurthystoma), indicating that only B. reynesii and B. viridis were distinct from the other Pyrenean Bythinella. However their study noted that their results are of preliminary nature and in order to validate the provisional findings, they want to undertake further studies of the genus, including supplementary mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Consequently all taxa are still treated as valid as susbequent studies may find that there are other characters on which to segregate the species.",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This group is undergoing taxonomic review (Bichain#et al. 2007), and as such there is a possibility that the taxonomic status may change leading to changes in the conservation status. However, for the moment,#B. rubiginosa#is considered to be a valid species and is therefore assessed here as Vulnerable D2, based on the small known range (area of occupancy of less than 4 km2) and possible threats to the species. If the threats impact the habitat more significantly, it might become Critically Endangered CR2ab(iii).",Unknown,"Bythinella rubiginosa is endemic to France. There are three closely located sites around the Audinac les Bains village, East of St Girons in Ariege, Pyrenees (43""00'22""N, 1""10'56""E). The thermal spring is the type locality. The area of occupancy (AOO) seems to be less than 2 km x 2 km.","No data on population status, although small numbers of shells were collected from this site for anatomical and molecular studies (Bernasconi 2000). In the three Audinac subpopulations of B. rubiginosa specimens from the thermal spring are largest, specimens from the cold spring are smallest, and specimens from the confluence are intermediate suggesting that shell variability may be linked to temperature (Bichain et al. 2007).",This species is reported from thermal springs and ferruginous springs at same location.,"Major threats lie is habitat degradation and loss, as Audinac les Bains is a former thermal spa near St Girons which is still in recreational use, with a campsite which has several holiday chalets and bungalows in the grounds as well as swimming pools and lies along a small river valley east# of St Girons.","This species is of uncertain status, and thus further research on taxonomic status is required.# If considered a species, then habitat monitoring will be required.",,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,rufescens,,Bythinella rufescens,,"The status of the species requires review in the light of molecular work on other Bythinella species in France and Germany which revealed that shell characters alone are not a good guide to species limits (Benke et al. 2007, Bichain et al. 2007).",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"The species has a wider range than many of the other Bythinella species, and is currently viewed as occurring from Cuenca in Spain through to the Pyrenees in France (Boeters 1988), although there are several subspecies recognised in Catalunya (Spain) and as such the species may require further taxonomic review. #However, given that it can live in a variety of water bodies and is present over a wide range, at present it is listed as Least Concern (LC), pending further research.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Spain and France (Boeters 1988). In Spain it is known from provinces of Catalunya and Cuenca (Castilla-La Mancha). In Castilla-La Mancha it is only known from two localities in Cuenca, although further surveys are required to determine the status of these populations (Bragado et al. 2010).",The status of these populations are uncertain as there has been very little recent survey work.,This species is found in freshwater springs and flowing water such as streams and rivers (Bragado et al. 2010).,"The species is not known to have specific threats, however general threats include concreting over spring sites and loss of water due to flow management regimes on rivers.","There are no conservation actions currently in place. There are several subspecies recognised in Catalunya (Spain) and as such the species may require further taxonomic review. The species would benefit from the normal actions to conserve freshwater snails, namely not concreting over spring sites and care in flow management regimes on rivers.",This species is not known to be traded or utilised.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,samecana,,Bythinella samecana,,"This species belongs to an aggregate, with many populations over a wide range of countries.# However there are various other species that could be viewed as part of the species group, B. robiciana and B. opaca (sensu lato), as the species group is under review for their molecular systematics. The species have been assessed based on their current described status, in order to assess their conservation status. Molecular data supports its relationship with some Bosnian B. opaca populations (Z. Feher pers. comm. 2010).",Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Bythinella samecana is currently under review, as there is some molecular data which supports its relationship with some Bosnian B.  opaca populations (Z. Feher pers. comm. 2010). If the conservation assessment is based on the subpopulations believed to be restricted to springs near Travnik, a site exploited as a tourist destination, then it could be reviewed as Vulnerable D2, on a precautionary basis. In this site many of the banks on the edge of the town are now artificial, and the creation of the walls as well as the management of the sites may well have a detrimental effect on the species. However, given the uncertainty on the species limits and distribution, and the fact that it could be more widespread, Data Deficient is viewed as the most appropriate category.",Decreasing,"Bythinella samecana is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina. Radoman (1983) lists the locality for this species as Plava voda, a large spring and brook in Travnik town and suggests that Clessin's spring ""Sameca"" cannot be found near Travnik. In 2009 this species was found by Z. Erőss and Z. Fehér in the type locality (Z. Feher, pers. comm. 2009).","In 2009 this population seemed to be not very abundant (Z. Feher pers. comm. 2010). Only the first ca. 200 metre section of the stream was searched (after that it flows through private land), and this species was found only within a short (3-5 m) section and was not very abundant.",This species inhabits freshwater springs and streams.,"Bythinella samecana may be restricted to a spring and outlet streams which is#now exploited as a tourist site. #Many of the banks are now artificial, and the creation of the walls as well as the management of the sites may well have a detrimental effect on the species, and as such the species may be threatened.","There are no known conservation actions for this species. more research is needed on the taxonomy, population and distribution.",This species is not used in trade.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,serborientalis,,Bythinella serborientalis,,,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species was listed from 'Yugoslavia' by Radoman (1983). It was  recorded from the Vrelo spring, 33km north of Pirot town, and is  believed to be found in Serbia. There is no data on threats to this species and the location requires confirmation, hence the species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD). Data is needed  on populations, distribution and threats to enable a conservation  assessment for this species.",Unknown,"This species was listed from 'Yugoslavia' by Radoman (1983). It was recorded from the Vrelo spring, 33 km north of Pirot town, and is believed to be found in Serbia.",There is no data on population trends of this species.,This species inhabits freshwater springs.,There is no data on threats to this species.,"There is no known conservation actions for this species.# Data is needed on populations, distribution and threats to enable a conservation assessment for this species.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,servainiana,,Bythinella servainiana,,"Germain (1931, Faune de France) placed this species in synonym with B. rubiginosa. Falkner et al. (2002) considered this species to be very similar in shell form to B. reyniesii and B. eurystoma.# Bernasconi (2000) considered there to be very little difference between Bythinella servainiana and B. eurystoma. Boeters and Falkner (2009) give additional information on the species. These species are all requiring taxonomic review, and should considered as potentially taxonomically doubtful citing Bichain et al. (2007) and Benke et al. (2009).",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species has been considered as a possible synonym of other species in several publications over the last 80 years. Considering the taxonomic complexity of the genus Bythinella (see for example Bernasconi 2000; Falkner et al. 2002) and the results of recent molecular analyses (Bichain et al. 2007 ; Benke et al. 2009), many of the described species are doubtful and in need of taxonomic revision.# The species is a possible candidate for Vulnerable D2, based on the number of locations and the threats to the springs, however it is currently listed as Data deficient given the problems in assessing the range.",Unknown,"The species is considered to be endemic to France, and not found in Spain (Falkner et al, 2002), however range of this species is currently under some doubt, as most of the original records come from Pyrenees-Atlantique, but the French National Inventory of Natural Patrimony (INPN) shows a record from the Department of Herault, on the Mediterranean coast, without any intervening records. Falkner et al. (2002) suggest that the range is limited to springs in the vicinity of St Jean de Luz and the Valley of the Nive at Arneguy.",Population status is unknown.,This species is believed to be a freshwater spring species.,"The distribution and taxonomic status is unknown in detail.# However springs in the region of St Jean de Luz are largely captured for use either for animal drinking troughs and for domestic supplies, so the habitats in the region have been impacted.",The taxonomic status of this species require confirmation.There are no conservation measures.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,simoniana,,Bythinella simoniana,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is only known from a few sites across a wide region. It is possible that lack of recording in departments other than Ariege, provides a less extensive picture than may be required to fully assess this species. Given presence at a small number of sites, and the fact that these springs are often exploited for domestic and agricultural water supplies for humans and animals, the species may qualify as Near Threatened (NT) or even Vulnerable (VU). However, a taxonomic review of the species limits is also required, as the species has a limited review of the anatomy. The current status would be Least Concern (LC), based on the lack of threats across the sites, and the likelihood of additional sites in other parts of the Pyrennees.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment:# Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union European regional assessment:# Least Concern (LC) Mediterranean regional assessment:# Marginal as to whether the species range is within the Mediterranean zone, but if# it is present there it would be assessed as# Not Applicable (N/A) as less than 5% of the range would be in the region.",Unknown,"Bythinella simoniana is endemic to France, where it has an wide range in the central and eastern Pyrenees, with recent records from Haute-Pyrennees, Haute-Garonne, Ariege and Aude. However, the number of springs where it has been confirmed are not large (less than 10), although it is possible that identification issues and lack of detailed recording may hinder the mapping of this species. A current map is available on INPN (Inventaire national du Patrimoine naturel) (Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle [Ed] 2003-2010).",This species is found in low numbers at most sites (1 to 25 individuals). The current population trend is unknown.,"This species is usually found in freshwater springs, but has also been recorded from underground rivers.","This species is potentially threatened by the disturbance of the springs, through habitat degradation (to improve the spring for exploitation), overexploitation of the spring (leading to drying during summer periods) and from pollution of the groundwaters feeding the spring.# However detailed threats to the species are unknown across the range","A taxonomic review of the species limits is  required to establish species limits and review the geographical range. In the mean time, known sites should be under habitat monitoring to ensure that known populations do not decline due to poor spring management.",The species is not known to be traded.,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,troyana,,Bythinella troyana,,"The species was described on basis of shell material only from two different sites 40 km apart. Given the difficulties in establishing the species limits in this group, (see Bichain et al. (2007) and Benke et al. (2009) for a review), then it is difficult to define the status of this species.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This recently described species in known from the Department of Ariege.# It is known from two sites, widely separated in the region. Considering the taxonomic complexity of the genus Bythinella (see for example Bernasconi 2000; Falkner et al. 2002) and the results of recent molecular analyses (Bichain et al. 2007 ; Benke et al. 2009), many of the described species based on shell characters are being revised. Therefore given that the two sites are widely separated, and the lack of molecular data, the species is possibly best assessed as Data Deficient. Should the taxonomic work support the separation of these populations as distinct species, then the species would qualify as Endangered, as these springs are exploited for domestic and agricultural purposes within the region, and are subject to occasional drying out.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to France, and was described relatively recently by Bernasconi (2000), from the Department of Ariege, in the Pyrennees. It was found in two sites, Troye D'Ariege and Sieuras, about 40km apart, in different parts of the region. The species is mapped on the INPN site.",There is no population trend data available for this species.,This species lives in freshwater springs.,"Springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilization for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources of the groundwater feeding the springs is poorly documented but# may be another important threat to the species.","This species requires more research on taxonomy, population trends and distribution.",,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,turriculata,,Bythinella turriculata,,"Considering the taxonomic complexity of the genus Bythinella (see for example Bernasconi 2000; Falkner et al. 2002) and the results of recent molecular analyses (Bichain et al. 2007 ; Benke et al. 2009), most of the described species from France are taxonomically doubtful and in need of taxonomic revision. Based on this literature, it is not possible to apply a name to most of populations of Bythinella. It is therefore impossible to map the ranges of the species, nor to give them an assessment. See Bichain et al. (2007) and Benke et al. (2009) for a review.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species as currently has two different subpopulations in western France which are currently under review. The group are taxonomically complex (see for example Bernasconi 2000; Falkner et al. 2002) and the results of recent molecular analyses (Bichain et al. 2007 ; Benke et al. 2009), many of the described species from France are in need of taxonomic revision. Based on this literature, this species maybe widespread, and as such would merit Least Concern, or it may more restricten and as such would require a threatened conservation status.# At present, the species is viewed as Data deficient.#",Unknown,"This species is endemic to France, where it is known from two departments, Loir-et-Cher and Charente-Maritime.# Given the difficulties in identification and knowledge about whether these subpopulations represent the same species, it is at present not possible to map the species, nor comment in detail on the range. Currently research is ongoing to establish species status (J.M. Bichain pers. comm. 2009).",No data is available on the status of the populations.,"In common with many Bythinella species, this species lives only in springs, hence the natural habitat is very restricted, to one or several spring sites in close proximity.","No threats are known specifically for this species, but as with many spring-snail species, the major threats are use of the spring for water supplies for domestic and agricultural purposes.#Many spring sites are used to supply small settlements with water, and as such maybe improved by concreting the sides to provide a cleaner extraction point.# There are also changes to the water levels throughout the year as water is pumped from the groundwater supply, sometimes to the point of temporary drying of the spring-site during the late summer, prior to groundwater recharge in the winter.",No conservation actions are currently in place for this species.# Taxonomic research is ongoing to establish the relationships between the subpopulations and the validity of the species.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,utriculus,,Bythinella utriculus,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species has a range across most of the Pyrenees, and although it is only known from approximately 30 springs, it is likely to be present at more sites within the range. Although there are no known threats to the species, these springs are vulnerable to modifications for use of the water close to villages and fields. Consequently given it's wide range, the species should be considered to be Least Concern.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to France, where it is restricted to the montane region of the Pyrenées. Bernasconi (2000) gives about 30 localities in the departments of Hautes-Pyrenées, Ariège, Aude and Pyrenées-Orientales. The species is mapped in the Inventaire National de Patrimoine Naturel.",No data is available on population trends.,"In common with many Bythinella species, this species lives only in springs, hence the natural habitat is very restricted.","Although there are no known threats to the species, the springs are vulnerable to modifications for use of the water close to villages and fields.","No conservation actions are in place for this species, and at present the threats are such that given the widespread nature of it's range, there are unlikely to be problems in the short-term.",,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,vesontiana,,Bythinella vesontiana,,"See Bichain et al. (2007) and Benke et al.  (2009) for a review of the current state of taxonomy in this group.#  Research is ongoing on the species relationships, as species limits  based on# shell characters are insufficient to identify species in this  group.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"The species was originally listed as Near Threatened on the 1996 Red  List, based on the limited distributional information at that time, as  it was considered to be endemic to the Doubs and Saone Basins. It is  now under review, given the knowledge of the species that have been  revised based on molecular systematics. Based on current knowledge this  species is now considered restricted to the Doubs basin, and as such may  still be a candidate for Near Threatened, however, at present it is  listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to France, where it was originally considered to be endemic to the Doubs and Saone Basins. Currently the species is now thought to be endemic to the Doubs Basin only.",There is no population data available for this species.,This species lives in freshwater springs.,"Springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilization for  stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted  over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The  pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient  loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources of the groundwater feeding the  springs is poorly documented but# may be another important threat to the  species.",The species is currently protected by French law at all time against actions that would lead to the destruction or removal of eggs and destruction of animals. Research on population status and habitat monitoring is recommended for this species.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,vimperei,,Bythinella vimperei,,This is a recently described species. See Bichain et al. (2007) and Benke et al. (2009) for a review.,Yes,VU,"B1ab(iii,iv)+2ab(iii,iv)",Yes,VU,"B1ab(iii,iv)+2ab(iii,iv)",EU27,,"Considering the taxonomic complexity of the genus Bythinella (see for example Bernasconi 2000; Falkner et al. 2002) and the results of recent molecular analyses (Bichain et al. 2007 ), many of the described species are taxonomically doubtful and in need of taxonomic revision.# However, using the precautionary principle, this species has a small range, with only 6 known sites and a small area where the species is found with threats of water exploitation,# thus the species is classified as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii,iv)+2ab(iii,iv), pending the taxonomic review of the 6 different sub-populations.",Unknown,"Bythinella vimperei is endemic to France, where it is known from 6 localities in three departments: Deux-Sèvres, Charente and Haute-Vienne.",There is no population data available for this species.,This species lives in freshwater springs.,"Springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilization for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources of the groundwater feeding the springs is poorly documented but# may be another important threat to the species.","No conservation actions are known for this species. more research on taxonomy, population and habitat trends is needed.",,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,viridis,,Bythinella viridis,,"This species is believed to be a good species, based on both shell morphology and genetics (Bichain et al. 2007, Benke et al 2009).#Prie concluded that B. lancelevei can be synonymised with B. viridis based on the molecular analyses performed by Benke et al. (2009) and morphological evidence (Prie pers. comm. 2009).",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,iv)+2ab(iii,iv)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,iv)+2ab(iii,iv)",EU27,,"This species is endemic to France, where it is known from a small region in the northern part of France close to the border of Belgium.This species was originally assessed at Vulnerable D2 (Bouchet, 1996), based on limited range and presence at only two sites in the Aisne Basin.# Revised data shows that it is present in more than two sites, but that threats prevail at these new sites (J.-M. Bichain  V. Prie, 2009, pers. comm), such that the species is revised to Endangered.EU27:# Endangered, B1a,b(iii), B2a, b(iii)Europe: Endangered, B1a,b(iii), B2a, b(iii)Mediterranean: Not Applicable",Unknown,"This species is endemic to France, and is believed to be restricted to Department Aisne in the Picardie region, where it is known only from 4 localities, but some more localities should be added through extensive survey. There are recent records suggested for Basse-Normandie (at Rogerville), but the taxonomic status of the sub-populations in this region are still under review. (J.-M. Bichain in prep., 2009).",No current data on the status of these populations.,This species is restricted to freshwater springs.,"The major threats to this species lie in exploitation of the water source, either through extraction of groundwater feeding the spring, or capping (off-take) of water from the springs.# There are a variety of purposes for water extraction in the region,such as use for agriculture and use for domestic supplies.# A secondary threat lies in pollution of the groundwater from nitrates as the result of agricultural run-off percolating into the groundwater.",The species is currently protected by French law at all times against actions that would lead to the destruction or removal of eggs and destruction of animals. The regional nature conservation agencies have listed it on the Action Plan for Protected Species in Picardie.,,,"Bichain, J. Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,walkeri,,Bythinella walkeri,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is known from only one location, potentially warranting a threatened status. However, as surveys have not been completed to determine the species' presence at other similar locations nearby, the category Data Deficient (DD) has been given as it might be expected in numerous non-isolated springs similar to the type locality in Rila and other neighbouring mountains.",Unknown,"This species in believed to be a Bulgarian endemic as it has been found at only one type locality. This location is a 5 metre stretch of stream near to the Bistritza river, south of Dolna Banya in the Rila Mountains. However, it is unknown whether this is the full extent of the species' distribution and its occurrence at other locations is possible.Even though, the location of this site is only few kms outside the  dividing range (border) of the Mediterranean biogeographical region, we  considered this species as being Mediterranean. This decision has been taken based on climatic and  geological similarities of the region with the Mediterranean.",The population status and trend for this species is unknown.,This species occurs in a shallow (around 1-3 cm in depth) stream with a granite substrate. This stream is surrounded by Fagus sylvatica woodland and is filled with decaying organic matter from these trees.,Habitat disturbance due to deforestation is thought to be the main threat to this species.,"Although no current conservation actions are in place for this species, it is recommended that surveys to determine the status of the known population, as well as the presence of possible new populations, are conducted.",,,"Georgiev, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,wawrzineki,,Bythinella wawrzineki,,"This is a recently described species from Charente-Maritime, in France. Considering the taxonomic complexity of the genus#Bythinella#(see for example Bernasconi 2000; Falkner#et al. 2002) and the results of recent molecular analyses (Haase et al. 2007; Bichain#et al. 2007), some of the described species are taxonomically doubtful whilst others have cryptic species within their range, hence the group are in need of taxonomic revision.# However, a species assessment is made on the basis of the available data, to indicate sites in need of conservation efforts.",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This recently described species has a small range, with only 2 known sites and a small area where the species is found, with limited threats that could potentially impact the site if rates of degradation accelerate over the next 10 years, however at present the rate of declining quality of habitat is low, hence the species is classified as Vulnerable (VU) D2.# If the taxonomic review of the 2 different sub-populations shows that these are different species, then both would require their conservation assessments to be revised, as they may qualify for Critically Endangered.# If after further survey work these two subpopulations are the only sites, then the species could qualify as endangered, were the rates of declining habitat become such that change could impact the species within the next ten years.",Stable,This recently described species is endemic to France where it is known only from 2 populations in Saint-Bris-des-Bois : Fontaine de Houmeau and Fontaine Taillard.,There is no population data available for this species.,This species lives in freshwater springs.,"Springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilization for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. However, at present the levels of threat to this species are less immediate at the two known sites.","The species is recently described, and as such there is little sampling effort to establish the wider range around these two locations.# There is a need to undertake a full taxonomic review in light of Haase et al. (2007), as well as more survey and mapping.",,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythinella,zyvionteki,,Bythinella zyvionteki,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"Bythinella zyvionteki is proposed as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)). This species is known from two localities, one of which is the type locality, which are situated at the fringes of a urbanized and heavily polluted industrial area of coal and ore mining and zinc and lead metallurgy; they may also be affected by agriculture. The habitat conditions at the type locality in the last 20 years have deteriorated: the water outflow is smaller and than it used to be and the once exposed locality has been overgrown by trees and bushes.",Unknown,"Bythinella zyvionteki is only known from two localities less than 10 km apart from each other, near Checho in Kraków-Czstochowa Upland, in Poland.",There is no recent information available on populations and trends.,This is a freshwater spring species found on stones in the area of Jurassic limestone formations.,"The species is situated at the fringes of a urbanized and heavily polluted industrial area of coal and ore mining, and zinc and lead metallurgy; it may also be affected by agricultural pollution (nitrates).","No conservation actions are known for this species, however the species is present in a disturbed habitat, and as such surveys should be carried out to determine if the species is still extant at both sites and habitat management is needed to ensure these are not impacted by pollutants. Population monitoring would identify potential declines of this species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Falniowski, A.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,acicula,,Bythiospeum acicula,,This species is close to Bythiospeum heldii and may require anatomical data to be certain of the identity (Glöer 2002).     This species# lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group.,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This is one of numerous spring-snails from the genus Bythiospeum in Germany, that are currently under review, in terms of the taxonomic status and the distributional data, and it is possible that the conservation status will change once that data is available. However, in the interim, as this species is known from a single river catchment, which is exploited as a water source, and thus faces possible degradation of the habitat if exploitation changes the underground hydrology, then the species is listed as Vulnerable (VU D2). The species is also assessed regionally as:EU27 regional assessment:# Vulnerable (VU D2) at the level of the 27 member states of the European UnionEurope regional assessment:##Vulnerable (VU D2).",Unknown,"Bythiospeum acicula is restricted to Germany, but although the type locality of the species was not given in the original description, the range is given as Isar river, near Munich (Munchen) and in the adjacent northern Alps region within Germany (Falkner and Niederhofer 2008).",The population trend for this species is unknown.,"This is a freshwater spring-snail, living in interstitial and subterranean waters.",The main threats for this species are unknown.,"It is listed in several regional Red Lists: in Bavaria (Strongly Threatened -Category 2) and in Baden-Wurttembergs (CR, Possibly Extinct). A taxonomic review of the species is required, along with further monitoring on the habitats where the species is recorded.",This species is not utilized.,,"Falkner, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,alpinum,,Bythiospeum alpinum,,This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status. The species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for the full analysis for the group.,Yes,NT,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is considered to be rare in Switzerland, known only from two locations, but is not thought to be threatened. As such it is categorised as Near Threatened (NT), approaching criteria B. If a threat developed in the sites, then the species would qualify as Vulnerable (VU) or even possibly Endangered (EN).",Unknown,"The species is endemic to Switzerland where it is known from a small area in central Switzerland, north of where it has been found in groundwater system, at the north of the Lake of Thun (Thunersee),# between the villages of Eriz and Habkern, in Schrattenfluh-Sieben Hengste-Hohgant, a cave system which is one of the deepest in Europe.",There is no information on population trends.,The species has been found from the subterranean waters of the karstic system 'Schrattenfluh-Sieben Hengste-Hohgant' in the Swiss alps (Turner et al. 1998).,Any threats to the species are unknown.,"The species is currently listed in Switzerland as Category 4 ""potentially threatened"" (Federal Office for the Environment 2010), mainly as it's a rare species. It is only known from groundwater systems, so further data on the species' range is advised as well as monitoring of habitat trends as the species could be vulnerable if any threats were to exist.",There is no trade information for this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,alzense,,Bythiospeum alzense,,"This species was considered by Boeters, as a nom. nov. for Lartetia gracilis#Clessin 1910 (Boeters 2001).",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Although species is listed for France and Germany (Bank et al. 2006), it was renamed in 2001 and overlooked hence there is little data to make an assessment. New# data on population trends, habitat preferences, threats and detailed distribution are required, and hence it is listed as Data deficient (DD), pending further information.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Data deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Data deficient (DD).",Unknown,"According to Fauna Europaea this species is restricted to France and Germany (Bank et al. 2006). However the species was not recognised under this name prior to 2001, and hence there is little data to make an assessment.",There is no data on current population status or trends.,The habitat preferences are unknown.,Any threats to this species are unknown.,"Research is required to determine the species' distribution, population trends, habitat preferences and threats to determine if any conservation actions are required.",There is no trade information for this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,articense,,Bythiospeum articense,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Bythiospeum articense is known from the Ardèche and Gard departments in France, and it is considered to be widespread in Gard (V. Prie, pers. comm, 2009).#Although very localised, the low level of threats to the majority of sites suggests that the species should be listed as Least Concern, rather than Near Threatened (Vincent Prie, 2009, pers. comm).# However, should the level of threats to these sites change or should there be a decline in the number of sites where the species is known, then the species status should be reviewed, therefore, monitoring of habitat needs to be implemented.",Unknown,"Bythiospeum articense is a French endemic, known from the Ardèche and Gard departments, and it is considered to be widespread in Gard (V. Prie, pers. comm, 2009).",There is no data on the population trends for this species.,This species lives in subterranean waters.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Lowering of groundwater levels maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.",This species is protected by the French law. Its habitat is listed in the annex of the Habitat directive (8310-4).,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,bormanni,,Bythiospeum bormanni,,"This species has been formerly regarded as a subspecies of Bythiospeum tschapecki (Clessin, 1882) (Stojaspal 1978).This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology, pending the results of the full analysis for the group.",Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU27,,"Bythiospeum bormanni is endemic to Austria. This species only exists in two locations, one of which is exploited as a water source and therefore is under threat from habitat degradation. There has also been a recent population decline and is found on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR). This species is under taxonomic and distribution review as part of a revision of the genus of Bythiospeum subterranean freshwater snails and therefore this assessment may alter in the future as a result. Currently, it has been assessed as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii,v).",Decreasing,"Bythiospeum bormanni is endemic to the central Alps in Styria, Austria from the region of Graz.# There are records from two caves, Bärenhöhle near Mixnitz and from floodwaters ejected from springs close to Ludwig-Hammer-Höhle (Blaubruchhöhle) in Annengraben (Einödgraben, NNE Graz) (Kreissl and Freitag 1989).",This species is considered 'rare' and recently a decline in population trends has been observed.,"This freshwater species inhabits caves and springs, and is found in groundwater and within water in rock fissures.","The main threats to the species are the abstraction of groundwater for drinking water and the subsequent lowering of the groundwater level. There is also pollution, mainly from fertilisers as a result of agricultural practices, that pose a threat to this species. Some localities are also under pressure from tourism activities.","This species is currently protected by law in Lower Austria. It is found on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR). It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. Its habitat should be protected and it is suggested that monitoring of its habitat should be conducted, along with research into the species population trends.",,,"Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,bourguignati,,Bythiospeum bourguignati,,"This is one of the few Bythiospeum species, whose validity is not questioned.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Bythiospeum bourguignati is considered to be widespread within the region, and although very localised, the low level of threats to the majority of sites suggests that the species should be listed as Least Concern, rather than Near Threatened (Vincent Prie, 2009, pers. comm).# However, should the level of threats to sites change such that the number of sites where the species is known declines, then the species could qualify as Near Threatened, or even higher.The species was originally listed as Vulnerable D2 (Bouchet, 1996), using the old criteria, with a wider range limits, but now the species is known to be more frequent within the region, the new information has lead to reclassification.",Stable,"This species is endemic to France, where it is restricted to the departments of Hérault and Gard, where it is widespread in suitable habitats. The records from departments of  Bouche-de-Rhone are currently under review, as they are only based on dry shells.",The populations are believed to be stable at most sites.,This species is found in freshwater subterranean habitats.,"The major threats to this species lie in exploitation of the water source through extraction of groundwater.# There are a variety of purposes in the region, use for agriculture and use for domestic supplies.# A secondary threat lies in pollution of the groundwater from nitrates as the result of agricultural run-off percolating into the groundwater.",There are no conservation measures.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,bressanum,,Bythiospeum bressanum,,"This species# lies within one of the groups of subterranean snails that need researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits. #Bernasconi described#B. bressanum diaphanoides, a taxon that exhibits an anatomy similar to#B. bressanum, but has a shell similar to#B. diaphanum.#Falkner#et al. (2002) raised#B. b. diaphanoides#to the species level.##A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"On the basis of records of shells placed in this species on conchological characters,#Bythiospeum bressanum#is endemic to France, where it is currently found in the Departments of#Jura, Ain and Isère. This group is in need of taxonomic studies based on anatomical and molecular characters, and once refined the species limits, subsequent field investigations to determine distribution can be carried out. #However, based on the current status of knowledge, the species has been given an assessment of Least Concern, rather than Data deficient, reflecting the current wide range.",Unknown,"Bythiospeum bressanum is endemic to France, where it is currently found in the#départements of#Jura, Ain and Isère.",There is no data available on the population trends for this species.,This species lives in subterranean waters.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Groundwater levels may become lowered if the aquifers are overexploited, causing habitat degradation, and hence threatening this species.",This species is protected by the French law. It's habitat is listed in the annex II of the Habitat directive (8310-4).,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,carpathica,,Bythiospeum carpathica,,"This species was originally only known from one locality at Hoverla, Ukraine, based on 1 shell, and the type was destroyed in 1956. This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al.2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results of the full analysis of the group.",Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Although this species might qualify for Near Threatened (Son pers. comm. 2010) given the pressure on some sites in the Ukraine, its presence in Romania, and the lack of information on threats to these sites, means that the species is best listed as Data Deficient (DD), until more information on the threats and population status in these regions is available. This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment:# Data Deficient (DD)European regional assessment:# Data Deficient (DD)",Unknown,"Bythiospeum carpathica is an endemic of the Carpathian Mountains (Ukraine and Romania). The species was first described from a spring below the Hoverla refuge, on this mountain, which is the highest peak in the Ukraine. It has not been re-found there since, despite searches during the last 20 years. In the Ukrainian Carpathian this species is also found in wells in the Danube Basin (Polischuk and Gerasevitch 1986). In addition it is found in several habitats in the Romanian Carpathian (Grossu and Negrea 1963, 1984; Grossu 1986; Glöer and Sirbu 2005), so it is no longer regarded as restricted to Hoverla.",There is no data on population trends for this species.,"This species is described from a freshwater springs, but is likely to be a subterranean species.","The original type locality wasn't well circumscribed, and hence the threats are difficult to assess, however the likely threats are very small as there are few visitors to the area. The other sites include wells and springs and Son (pers.comm. 2010) considered that there is some habitat degradation, particularly due to tourist traffic.","This species has no conservation actions in place. More research is needed on the population and distribution in Romania, and threats to the species in these localities.",This species is not utilized.,,"Cioboiu, O. Son, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,charpyi,,Bythiospeum charpyi,,"This species lies within one of the groups of subterranean snails that need research using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits. A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group. Bernasconi (1990) considers this taxon as a subspecies of B. diaphanum.The nominate species and the subspecies are known from various sites in France and Switzerland (Bertrand 2004) with subspecies are currently recognized : charpyi (Paladilhe, 1867)# in France and Switzerland;# giganteum Bernasconi, 1969# only in France.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This group is in need of taxonomic studies based on anatomical and molecular characters, and once refined the species limits, subsequent field investigations to determine distribution. #However based on the current status of knowledge, the species has been given an assessment of Least Concern, rather than Data deficient, reflecting the current wide range. This species is protected by French legislation.",Unknown,"Based on records from shells,#Bythiospeum charpyi has a wide range in France (départements of Doubs, Jura, Haute Saone and Territoire de Bellfort) and Switzerland (Bern canton). #It is considered as two subspecies by some authors,#B. c.#charpyi#(Paladilhe, 1867)# in#France#and#Switzerland; #B. c.#giganteum#Bernasconi, 1969 which is only found#France.",There is no data available on the population trends for this species.,This species lives in subterranean waters.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Lowering of the water levels in the aquifer may degrade the habitat if the aquifers are overexploited.",Bythiospeum charpyi#is protected by law in France.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,cisterciensorum,,Bythiospeum cisterciensorum,,"This species lies within one of the groups of Hydrobid snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the#species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology, pending the results of the#full analysis for the group.",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)",EU27,,"Bythiospeum cisterciensorum has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii,v). This species has a restricted range and has recently undergone a decline in the population, from being considered 'common' to now being thought of as 'rare'. There are current threats posed to this species and whilst it is protected under Austrian law, it is not known whether it exists within a protected area. It is suggested that monitoring of the water-quality of this species is conducted, as a proxy to understand the impact of this species, as population trends and range are difficult to establish for these groundwater species.",Decreasing,"Bythiospeum cisterciensorum is endemic to the north-eastern Alps in Lower Austria. It is only known from the type locality, which is discharge from the spring Siebenbrunn, besides the river Türnitz, north of Annaberg.","This species was previously considered 'very common' in occurrence. However, a population decrease has been recently observed and is now thought of as 'rare'.",This freshwater species inhabits groundwater and water found in rock fissures.,"The main threats to the species are habitat degradation, the abstraction of groundwater and the subsequent lowering of the groundwater level. There is also pollution, mainly from fertilizers as a result of agricultural practices, that poses a threat to this species.","This species is strictly protected in Lower Austria. It is found on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR). However, it is not known whether it exists within a protected area and there are no species specific recovery plans in place.#It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.",,,"Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,clessini,,Bythiospeum clessini,,"The type locality of Bythiospeum clessini is ""Schönthal Württembergiae in alluviis fluminis Chase ""(Weinland 1883a, 1983b; Geyer 1907a).Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008) discuss the problems with the taxonomy of the species and various issues with the nomenclature on the taxon. ""Vitrella franconica"" Geyer, 1904 was a common species name for the varieties of# various French# species, and so according to Falkner, the name Vitrella franconica ""is thus regarded as a name for a hypothetical concept"" and has no status in the Zoological Nomenclature (Code Article 1.3.1).The following nominal taxa are interpreted here as synonyms of Bythiospeum clessini clessini (Weinland, 1883):Vitrella kraussii Weinland, 1883 (1883a: 80; 1883B: 125-126, fig 4): type locality is identical to that of Vitrella clessini;Vitrella franconica var spirata Geyer, 1904: 325; described from 14 springs;Lectotypus by Zilch (1970: 325, Plate 17 Fig 15) ""tailor Fountain at Adolzhausen ""; Vitrella franconica var spirilla Geyer, 1904: 326-327; described from five springs; Lectotypus locus typicus by Zilch (1970: 326; Plate 17 Fig 13) in a small spring below the# small pond; Geyer (1907a: 412-413) himself synonymised ""Franconica"" kraussi [sic] and spirilla already clessini. Since Geyer (1907a: 415) from ""between multiple sources Vorbachand Jagst"" also the common occurrence of spirata boasts of ""transitional forms Clessini"" and real clessini is also synonymous spirata.This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group. Three subspecies are currently recognised by Bank et al. (2006)# moenanum (Flach, 1886), posterum (Geyer, 1904) and septentrionale (Schütt, 1960).",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"The status of this species could be listed as Data Deficient (DD), given that taxonomic reviews are under way for this species group. However it is listed on a precautionary basis to protect the species and its habitat pending these results. The species was considered as Category 1 by Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008), and given the single location within a groundwater system that is potentially threatened by pollution or over-abstraction of water, it is listed as Endangered (EN B2 ab(iii)).",Unknown,"Bythiospeum clessini is endemic to Germany, where it was described from 'Schönthal Württembergiae in alluviis Jagst fluminis' (Falkner and Niederhof 2008). There are two subspecies currently recognised. One from Schöntal (Jagstgenist) and the other from Backnang (Maubach) in Germany (Falkner and Niederhöfer 2008).",There is no population trend data for this species. It is described as extremely rare by Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008).,This species is found in groundwater and interstitial waters. It is believed to be declining due to groundwater pollution.,The main threats to this species come from groundwater pollution and over-abstraction of groundwaters.,"Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008) considered the species to be category 1 Threatened Species in the region in Germany. There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, but habitat monitoring is recommended in order to establish potential changes to the populations, as sampling of these populations is difficult.",There is no use or trade information for this species.,,"Falkner, G. Niederhöfer, H.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,diaphanoides,,Bythiospeum diaphanoides,,This species was originally described as a subspecies of B. bressanum by Bernasconi (1985). Falkner et al. (2002) raised it to the species level. The taxonomy of the Bythiospeum genus needs a comprehensive taxonomic revision.,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Bythiospeum diaphanoides, based on the current records (mainly shells)#is known from a relatively restricted area (about five locations)#based on the current records (mainly shells) it is thought to be endemic to France, where it occurs in the Departments of Ain, Jura, Rhone, Saone-et-Loire. Although some of these locations are impacted by human activities, the species does not seem to be threatened (V. Prie, pers. comm., 2009). It is therefore listed as Near Threatened (almost meets criteria for Vulnerable D2) on a precautionary basis, based on 5 locations, if further locations are found for the species, then the status should be reviewed.",Unknown,"The distribution of this species is unclear, as shells are easily confused with other Bythiospeum species, especially B. diaphanum. However, based on the current records (mainly shells) it is thought to be endemic to France, where it occurs at five localities in the Departments of Ain, Jura, Rhone, Saone-et-Loire.",There is no population data available.,This species lives in subterranean waters.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Lowering of the groundwater table may threaten the species through habitat degradation, if the aquifers are over-exploited.",The taxonomic issues of the genus Bythiospeum need to be solved.,There is no known trade in this species.,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,diaphanum,,Bythiospeum diaphanum,,"Several subspecies have been described in the south of France by Girardi (2002, 2003, 2009). However, Bertrand (2004) states that, in the state-of-the-art, B. diaphanum (sensus stricto) is limited to the south of Jura (France). The genus Bythiospeum requires a global taxonomic revision.Subspecies:B. diaphanum alpillense Girardi 2009B. diaphanum fernetense Girardi 2009B. diaphanum luberonense Girardi 2009B. diaphanum meyrarguense Girardi 2009B. diaphanum michaellensis# Girardi 2002B. diaphanum montbrunense Girardi 2009B. diaphanum regalonense Girardi 2009B. diaphanum sarriansense Girardi 2009Only the nominate subspecies Bythiospeum diaphanum diaphanum is being considered in this assessment, as the other subspecies are taxonomically doubtful and might not belong to this species.",Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Only the nominate subspecies Bythiospeum diaphanum diaphanum is being considered in this assessment, as the other subspecies are taxonomically doubtful and might not belong to this species. This taxon is relatively range restricted, as only three localities are given in the literature (Bertrand 2004). However, it is likely that it is slightly more widespread and it is therefore considered as Near Threatened, rather than endangered.",Unknown,"Bythiospeum diaphanum is endemic to France, and is restricted to a few locations in the south of the Jura mountains.",There is no population trend data available.,This species lives in subterranean freshwater habitats.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption may be another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.",This is a nationally protected species.,There is no known trade in this species.,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,dorvani,,Bythiospeum dorvani,,This species was raised to the species level by Falkner et al. (2002). It lies within a group of species that requires taxonomic studies.,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This group is in need of taxonomic studies based on anatomical and  molecular characters, and once refined the species limits, subsequent  field investigations to determine distribution. #However based on the  current status of knowledge, the species could be given an assessment of  Least Concern, reflecting the current  range. This species possibly protected by French legislation, as it was previously regarded as part of B. diaphanum.",Unknown,Bythiospeum dorvani lives in France in the south of the Jura in the Department of Ain and in the Chartreuse and Vercors mountains.,There is no population trend data available for this species.,This species lives in groundwater.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.",This species is protected by the French law. More research is needed on the taxonomy.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,drouetianum,,Bythiospeum drouetianum,,"This species# lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic# status and the species limits are doubted by some researchers. Bernasconi (1990) considers this taxon as a synonym of B. charpyi, but Boeters in Falkner et al. (2002) considers it as a valid species.A conservation assessment is made based on data from the literature pending the results for full analysis for the group.",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Although the taxonomic status is under review, based on the precautionary principle, a threat assessment is made based on the distribution given in the literature. This taxon is geographically restricted, and although nothing is known about the specific threats and population status, the general threats to habitats in the region (habitat degradation and over abstraction of water) suggest that the species should be listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2, pending further research on the taxonomic status.",Unknown,"The type locality for this species is Chatillon-sur-Seine.# Bertrand (2004) gives a distribution on the Doubs, Haute-Saone and Haut-Rhin departements in France, but this taxon seems to be localized to only a few karstic systems (V. Prie pers.comm. 2010)",There is no data on the population status.,This is a subterranean species living in karstic waters.,"It is uncertain whether this species is being impacted on by any major threat processes. However, in this region, subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Decline in habitat following falls in the water table levels maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.","No species-specific conservation actions are known, however, it is recommended that taxonomic work is undertaken to establish the species limits and relationships to other taxa.# Habitat monitoring would be advised to establish any potential decline that may impact the species.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,dubium,,Bythiospeum dubium,,Falkner and Niederhofner (2008) discuss the nomenclatural issues and difficulties with defining the types of this species. This species# lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine their taxonomic status and the species limits are doubted by some researchers. A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results of the full analysis for the group.,Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,ii,iv)+2ab(i,ii,iv)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,ii,iv)+2ab(i,ii,iv)",EU27,,"Bythiospeum dubium is one of numerous spring snails from the genus Bythiospeum in Germany, that are currently under review, in terms of their taxonomic status and the distributional data, and it is possible that the conservation status will change once that data is available. There have been suggestions that the species should be listed as Data Deficient due to the taxonomic issues with the group. However, in the interim, using the precautionary principle, the species assessment is made based on the existing information based on shell characters.# There are difficulties with sampling the groundwaters and given the likely  rarity of the species,# although Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008) suggest this species is possibly extinct in Germany, it should be listed as Critically Endangered, based on one last site and the possible threats to the site from groundwater pollution. The species was not listed by Regnier et al. (2009) as an Extinct species.",Decreasing,"This spring-snail is endemic to Germany, where it is only known from Baden-Wurttemberg (Treffelhausen, Bissingen und Neidlingen) (Gloer 2002), where it is now considered possibly extinct (Falkner and Niederhofer 2008). Originally this species was recorded from 3 sites in Germany. Falkner and Niederhofer (2008) note that this species was described by Geyer 1904 from a few sites, a freshwater spring in the Treffelhausen (south of the city), another spring at Bissingen and a third# in Gernhardsberg at Neidlingen and another in a side valley at Treffelhausen. However it is now not found in recent surveys in the region.",This species is possibly extinct as there have been no recent records.,"This is a freshwater snail, living in subterranean waters and only seen in outflow at springs, where it has rarely been recorded.","Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water extraction maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.","As this species is suspected to be extinct, a specific survey should be conducted.",,,"Falkner, G. Niederhöfer, H.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,elseri,,Bythiospeum elseri,,"This species lies within one of the groups of freshwater snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the#species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology, pending the results of the#full analysis for the group.",Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"Bythiospeum elseri is only known from one location and one possible location and no living specimens have been found, however, as the shells were retrieved from floodline debris, flushed from karst fissures it is difficult to establish population trends or range. The abstraction of groundwater water may pose a threat as this could cause the loss of the species' habitats.#Further research is needed to confirm its presence and range, given the nature of the records. The national assessment of this species is Critically Endangered (Reischutz and Reicshutz 2009). It has been previously listed on the IUCN Red List as Endangered (1992).# The listing as Near Threatened (Baillie  Groombridge 1996) was in error, as the criteria for the Endangered category had not be given (M.Seddon pers. comm. 2010). It could maintained at the Endangered Listing (B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)) on a precautionary basis, rather than listing as Vulnerable D2, as the species will disappear rapidly if the rate of habitat change accelerates.",Unknown,"Bythiospeum elseri is endemic to Austria. It is found in the northern limestone Alps region of upper Austria, where it is currently known from only one locality, where it was recorded in floodline debris of the river Traun near Wels. Reischutz  Reischutz (2009) noted that it might be expected to be found in the sources of Nebenbäche.","There have been no living specimens of this species recorded. However, the ecology of this species may be the main reason for the lack of collecting of live individuals, as the shells were retrieved from floodline debris, flushed from karst fissures. It is difficult to sample these groundwaters effectively, and as such the species, like many species of Bythiospeum, will appear rare.","This is a very small freshwater species, living in springs and groundwater. It is seldom found in river deposits.",This species could be threatened by habitat degradation due to the abstraction of groundwater and subsequent lowering of groundwater levels.,"Bythiospeum elseri# is protected by law in Lower Austria. It is currently listed on the Red List of Austria as Critically Endangered (CR) (Reischütz and Reischütz 2007) and in the past has been listed as Endangered and Near Threatened (Wells and Chatfield 1992, Baille and Groombridge 1996). It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.",This species is not known to be traded.,,"Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,excelsior,,Bythiospeum excelsior,,"This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology, pending the results of the full analysis for the group.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Bythiospeum excelsior has been assessed as Data deficient, although it maybe a candidate for Critically Endangered.# It is a species that has not been recently refound at the type locality, or other sites.# Given the threats of declining water quality, it is considered as  possibly threatened, however as it is a groundwater species, not normally seen at the surface, except in flood materials ejected from the groundwater system, at present the assessment follows the National Assessment as Data deficient. Data from surveys during times of high water flow from the groundwater system are needed to verify the status of the species.",Unknown,"Bythiospeum excelsior is endemic to Austria.                 This species was recorded from alluvial deposits of the brook Fischach downstream of Maria Sorg (perhaps coming from the mountain Hochgitzen or from the gravels of the brook Fischach), discharge of a spring at the Gaisberg near Guggental and at the Heuberg above Schwandt.  However, Patzner (2006) notes that this species has not been found since it was first collected.",There have been no living specimens of this species found recently. There is no information available on the historic or current population trends for this species.,"This species lives in freshwater springs, groundwater and the water found in rock fissures.",The threats to this species are unknown. It is possibly threatened by pollution from agricultural practices and groundwater extraction as other Bythiospeum species endemic to Austria that are found in the same type of habitats are under these kinds of threats.,"This species is not known to exist in a protected area and there are no species specific recovery plans in place. It is not protected by Austrian law. This species is deemed to be Data Deficient on the Austrian Red List. It is suggested that monitoring of the habitat should be conducted, along with research into population trends.",,,"Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,excessum,,Bythiospeum excessum,,"This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the#species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology, pending the results of the#full analysis for the group.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Bythiospeum excessum has been assessed as Data deficient (DD). This species has a very restricted range and no living individuals have been observed, as the records come from floodline debris. The threats of groundwater pollution may impact the species and it is not currently under any conservation measures, however given the difficulty in sampling groundwater species, and the lack of knowledge of the range, the assessment should follow the national assessment as Data Deficient. It is suggested that monitoring of the water quality of the habitat of this species is conducted as a proxy for monitoring the population trend.#",Unknown,Bythiospeum excessum is endemic to Austria. Specifically it is found in the northern Alps in the western parts of the province of Salzburg. It is only known from the type locality in the floodline debris deposits of a brook north-east of Schwandt .,There have been no living individuals of this species found recently.,"This species occurs in freshwater springs and groundwater,#occasionally it is also in water found in rock fissures.",The main threats to this species are unknown. This species could be threatened by pollution from agricultural practices and groundwater extraction as other Austrian endemic species found in the same type of habitat are under these threats.,"This species is not known to occur in a protected area and there are no species specific recovery plans in place. It is also not currently protected by Austrian law and is found to be Data Deficient on the Austrian Red List. It is suggested that monitoring of the habitat of this species is conducted, along with research into the population trend.",,,"Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,exiguum,,Bythiospeum exiguum,,"This species# lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic# status and the species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group. Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008)  discuss the problems with the taxonomy of the species and various issues  with the nomenclature on the taxon. Bythiospeum exiguum is now regarded as a local endemic in a  single groundwater basin, the Randecker Maar, and Bythiospeum exiguum was examined anatomically by and listed by Hans Boeters as his ""Species 2"" (Falkner and Niederhöfer 2008).",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"The status of this species could be listed as Data Deficient (DD), given that taxonomic reviews are under way for this species group, however the species is listed on a precautionary basis to protect the species and its habitat pending these results. The species was considered as Category R (rare) by Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008), and given the two locations, within a groundwater system that is possibly threatened by pollution and over-abstraction of water, it is listed as Vulnerable (VU D2).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Germany, where it was described from freshwater spring at Randecker Maar (Falkner and Niederhöfer 2008).",There is no population trend data for this species. It is described as extremely rare by Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008).,This species is found in groundwater and interstitial waters. It may be declining due to groundwater pollution.,The main threats to this species come from groundwater pollution and over-abstraction of groundwaters.,"Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008) considered this species to be category R (rare), an extremely rare species and species with a geographical restriction in Germany. There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, but habitat monitoring is recommended in order to establish potential changes to the populations, as sampling of these populations is difficult.",There is no trade or use information for this species.,,"Falkner, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,francomontanum,,Bythiospeum francomontanum,,This species# lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the#species limits are doubted by some researchers. A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for#full analysis for the group.,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Given that Bythiospeum francomontanum is widespread in France and Switzerland, and occurs in an area relatively free of human impacts, this species can be considered least concern.",Unknown,"Bythiospeum francomontanum is listed for France and Switerland. #In France it is is known from the departments of Jura, Doubs, Haute-Saône and Haut-Rhin. In Switzerland, it is known from the Neuchatel and Berne cantons.",There are no population data available for this species.,This is a subterranean species living in karstic waters.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.",This species is protected by the French law.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,garnieri,,Bythiospeum garnieri,,This species# lies within one of the groups of subterranean snails that need researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits. A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group.,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"In 1996 this species was listed as Vulnerable (Vu D2), based on the past information on restricted distribution, however recent surveys by Prie (pers. comm., 2009) shows the species is now known to have a wider range in the subterranean habitats that are difficult to sample, and as such the listing is revised to Least Concern.",Unknown,"Bythiospeum garnieri is endemic to France, where it is found in throughout the lower Rhone drainage systems in Departments Ardeche and Rhone.",There is no population trend data available for this species.,This small freshwater gastropod lives in subterranean waters.,"As this species is widespread, it is only locally threatened.#                  Species that live in subterranean habitats# are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources.##The species is also vulnerable to habitat degradation as the result of over-abstraction of water from the aquifer.",No conservation actions.,There is no known trade in this species.,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,geyeri,,Bythiospeum geyeri,,"This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the#species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology, pending the results of the#full analysis for the group.#",Yes,VU,B1ab(iii),Yes,VU,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"Bythiospeum geyeri has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU) B1a,b(iii), although it is placed on the#Austrian Red List as Endangered (EN). This assessment is based on a limited number of outflow points, the restricted range#and the threats to the species.#However the current population trends are unknown and whilst it is protected under Austrian law, it is not known whether it exists within a protected area. It is suggested that monitoring of the habitats of this species is conducted along with research into the population trend.",Unknown,"Bythiospeum geyeri is endemic to Austria. It is known from the border zone of the northern granite and gneiss highlands and the Pannonian flat and hill countries. Specifically it is found in the sand and gravel plains of#Schoenbuehel#Bay (Dunkelsteiner forest) and the#River Danube, between 154 and 226 metres above sea level.",There is no population information available for this species.,"This freshwater species is found underground in gravel deposits.                This is the only species of Bythiospeum which also lived in the deeper parts of a spring in Schönbuehel, from where living specimens could be obtained. Approximately up to the 1980's. Since then living specimens were not found again.","The main threats to this species are habitat destruction, the lowering of the groundwater level and pollution.","This species is placed on the Austrian Red List as Endangered (EN) and is strictly protected by law in Lower Austria.#It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.",,,"Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,gonostoma,,Bythiospeum gonostoma,,Falkner and Niederhöfer(2008) discuss the problems with the taxonomy of the species and various issues with the nomenclature of the taxon.This species lies within one of the groups of freshwater-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the#species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for#full analysis for the group.#,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"The status of this species could be listed as Data Deficient (DD), given that taxonomic reviews are under way for this species group. However it is listed on a precautionary basis to protect the species and its habitat pending these results. In Germany, the species was considered as Category 0 (Possibly Extinct) by Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008), and given its single location, within a groundwater system that is possibly threatened by pollution and over-abstraction of water, it is listed here as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) (CR(PE) B1ab(iii)).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Germany, where it was described from Degenfeld (Quellen der Lauter) (Falkner and Niederhöfer 2008).",The population trends are uncertain but few shells are known. It is described as possibly extinct by Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008).,This species is found in groundwater and outflow springs (Falkner and Niederhöfer 2008). It is believed to have declined due to groundwater pollution.,The main threats to this species come from groundwater pollution and over-abstraction of groundwaters.,"Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008) considered the species to be category 0, a species that is possibly extinct in Germany. There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, but survey through groundwater sampling is recommended in order to determine whether these populations are extant.",There is no use or trade information for this species.,,"Falkner, G. Niederhöfer, H.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,haessleini,,Bythiospeum haessleini,,"This species was originally viewed as part of B. acicula, but is now split into several species (Falkner et al. 2003).This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status. The species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results of a full analysis for the group.",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Given that this species is known from only one location within a groundwater system that is potentially   threatened by pollution and over-abstraction of water, it is listed as   Vulnerable (VU) D2. The species could be listed as Data Deficient (DD), given  that taxonomic reviews are under way for this species group, however  the assessment has been made on a precautionary basis to protect the species  and its habitat pending these results. If the threats accelerate, then the species may  qualify for Endangered (EN) or Critically Endangered (CR).",Unknown,"This species is recorded from a single locality, in Weihermuehle, one kilometre west of Neuessing, in Bavaria (Germany).",There is no population trend data available for this species. It is described as extremely rare by Falkner et al. (2003).,This species is found in groundwater and interstitial waters.,Any threats impacting this species are unknown. Given that the species is found within a groundwater system there is the potential threat from pollution or over-abstraction of water.,"This species was considered as Critically Endangered in the 2003 Bavarian Red List (Falkner et al. 2003). Falkner et al. (2003)  considered the species to be category 1 and noted it was an extremely  rare species with a geographical restriction in Bavaria,  Germany. There are no known conservation actions in place for this  species, but habitat monitoring is recommended in order to establish  potential changes to the populations, as sampling of these populations  is difficult. Surveys to attempt to increase the known range of the species are also advised.",This species is not utilized.,,"Haase, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,heldii,,Bythiospeum heldii,,"This species was originally regarded as a synonym of B. acicula, and has now been segregated as a distinct species.This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group.#",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"The status of this species could be listed as Data Deficient (DD), given that taxonomic reviews are under way for this species group, however the species is listed on a precautionary basis to protect the species and its habitat pending these results. The species was considered as Category 1 in Bayern, Germany by Falkner et al. (2003), and given one location, within a groundwater system that is possibly threatened by pollution and over-abstraction of water, it is listed as Vulnerable (VU D2). If the threats accelerate, prior to the results of the taxonomic review, then the species may qualify for Critically Endangered.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Bayern in Germany where it is only known from one groundwater system, but collected from an overlying spring.",There is no population trend data available for this species. It is described as extremely rare by Falkner et al. (2003).,This species is found in groundwater and interstitial waters.,The main threats to this species come from groundwater pollution and over-abstraction of groundwaters.,"Falkner et al. (2003) considered the species to be category 1 and noted it was an extremely rare species and species with a geographical restriction in Bayern, Germany. There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, but habitat monitoring is recommended in order to establish potential changes to the populations, as sampling of these populations is difficult.",There is no use or trade information for this species.,,"Falkner, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,helveticum,,Bythiospeum helveticum,,"Falkner and Niederhof (2008) discuss the problems with the taxonomy of  the species and various issues with the nomenclature on the taxon. For  example, Turner et al. (1998: 79) put Bythiospeum helveticum (Clessin  1882) in the synonymy of Bythiospeum diaphanum sterkianum (Clessin  1882).",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"The status of this species could be listed as Data Deficient, given that taxonomic reviews are underway for this species group. However, given the two location, within a groundwater system that is possibly threatened by pollution or overabstraction of water, the species is listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2, on a precautionary basis to protect the species and its habitat pending the results of the taxonomic review. The species was considered as Category Rare by Falkner and Niederhof (2008).The species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2EU27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2 at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Germany, where it was described from Waldshut (Rheingenist) and known from a second locality some 60 km away (Falkner and Niederhof 2008).# The presence in Switzerland requires further research, given the taxonomic complexities discussed by Falkner and Niederhof (2008).",There is no population trend data for this species.# It is described as extremely rare by Falkner and Niederhof (2008).,This species is found in groundwater and outflow springs (Falkner and Niederhoefer 2008).,Main threats lie in groundwater pollution or over-abstraction of groundwaters.,"Falkner and Niederhof (2008) considered the species to be category R, rare, extremely rare species and species with a geographical restriction in Germany. There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, but habitat monitoring is recommended in order to establish potential changes to the populations, as sampling of these populations is difficult.",This species is not used.,,"Falkner, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,hungaricum,,Bythiospeum hungaricum,,This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status. The species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results of a full analysis for the group.,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species has a restricted range occurring in one locality. However, there are no specific threats currently operating at this site, hence it does not qualify at a high threat level, although the realistic potential impact of agricultural pollutants in the future provide the basis for an assessment as Vulnerable (D2).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to south-western Hungary, where it is restricted to the karst area of the Mecsek Mountains.",There is no data available on population size and trend.,This species lives in subterranean karst water.,"The species is vulnerable to any pollution events that take place on the Mecsek Plateau, as the species lives in the subterranean karst water. Thus any water leaching into the system carrying pollutants from agricultural sources would degrade the water quality and impact the species.","No conservation actions are in place for this species, although habitat monitoring is recommended, as the species would be vulnerable if the ground water becomes polluted. Surveys to attempt to expand the known range are advised.",This species is not utilized.,,"Solymos, P. Feher, Z.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,husmanni,,Bythiospeum husmanni,,One of many small spring-snail species that can be most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system. Recently reviewed and confirmed as a separate taxon. This species# lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group.,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"The status of this species could be listed as Data Deficient (DD), given that taxonomic reviews are under way for this species group, however the species is listed on a precautionary basis to protect the species and its habitat pending these results. The species was considered as threatened in Germany by Falkner et al. (2003) and given one location, within a groundwater system that is threatened by pollution and over-abstraction of water, it is listed as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)).",Unknown,"This species is believed to be endemic to Germany, where it is only known from the type locality, from groundwater on the banks of the Ruhr river, near Schwerte, southeast of Dortmund (Glöer 2002).   There are fossil records from the Netherlands, but there are no recent records to confirm that the species lives today in the Netherlands.","The population trends for this species are unknown. The species is very difficult to sample, as it lives in groundwater, and is only found in low density. It is described as extremely rare by Falkner et al. (2003) and in recent leaflet.",This species is a subterranean species living in groundwater and interstitial waters.,"This species is threatened by a possible decline of habitat, as currently the site is used for water extraction and is also affected by water pollution.","Falkner et al. (2003) considered the species to be category 1 and noted it was an extremely rare species and species with a geographical restriction in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, but habitat monitoring is recommended in order to establish potential changes to the populations, as sampling of these populations is difficult.",This species is not utilized.,,"Falkner, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,klemmi,,Bythiospeum klemmi,,"This species# lies within one of the groups of subterranean snails that need researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits. A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group. However, given the characteristic shell, this is undoubtedly a valid species.",Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv)+2ab(ii,iii,iv)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv)+2ab(ii,iii,iv)",EU27,,"Bythiospeum klemmi is endemic to France. It was originally assessed in 1996 as Vulnerable D2, based on small range and few locations. Since 1996, further research has been undertaken into the species status, refining knowledge of the relationship of this species to other closely related species, and at present no other species have been synonymised. This species is vulnerable to over exploitation of the water source for domestic purposes and given the low number of sites and small area of occupancy it meets the criteria for a higher threat category and is considered now as Endangered (EN) B1ab(ii,iii,iv)+2ab(ii,iii,iv).",Unknown,"Bythiospeum klemmi#restricted to the#Department of#Gard in southern France, where it is known from the type locality which Girardi and Rosello (2001) noted it was difficult to refind but was between Uzes and St Hippolyte-de-Montaigu.# Other localities have been located near Collias including numerous springs at ""la Grotte de Pâques à Collias"" as well as along the left bank of the river Gardon, about 500m from Collias (Girardi and Rosello 2001).",There is no data available on the population trends for this species.,"This species occurs in freshwaters within a subterranean cave system, with two closely adjacent localities near one village. One site has springs within the cave system with other possible exit locations. The third location was not found again, and is possibly lost due to habitat degradation.",Main threats are water abstraction and pollution.# The groundwater is used for domestic supplies to the village at Collias (Giraudi and Rosello 2001).# Future threats may include poor recharge with fluctuating precipitation patterns.,There are no known conservation measures. Communication actions and monitoring of the habitat are recommended.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,labiatum,,Bythiospeum labiatum,,"Glöer and Zettler (2005) noted that in Germany nearly 70 different ""species"" were originally described, which were reduced by Bolling (1965) to three species, so for some periods there was little recording. In this problematic genus, they continued to list all the 70 species and subspecies in CLECOM (Check List of European Continental Mollusca), but they note that, as long as we adhere solely to identification based on the shells, there will be no progress on resolving the taxonomic issues. A revision of this genus is urgently needed and in Stuttgart, research with DNA analysis is ongoing for this problem. A conservation assessment is made from  Falkner and Niederhof (2008) based on data from shell morphology pending the results of molecular analysis for the group. Unless there was recent species survey data (using appropriate techniques), any species listed as# 'Extinct' or 'Extinct?' in Falkner and Niederhof (2008) have been placed into threatened categories, pending new survey data.",Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"Bythiospeum labiatum#was not originally assessed in 1996. Research has been undertaken into the species status in Germany refining knowledge of the relationship of this species to other closely related species. This species is only known from two spring sites close to each other, with an area of occupancy of 8 km2, and is vulnerable to the over-exploitation of the water source for domestic purposes, therefore it has been listed as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii) + B2ab(iii)).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Germany, where it was originally found in two meadows (coldwater springs) at Wilhelmstal (near Degenfeld).",There is no information available on the population size or trends of this species.,This freshwater snail lives in coldwater springs (10 to 12° C) situated in meadows.,"The main threats to this species are unknown, but it is vulnerable to the over-exploitation of the water source for domestic purposes. .","There are no known conservation measures for this species. Research into the population size, distribution and trends, and threats to the species are recommended. Communication to users about the biodiversity of the springs is recommended to prevent the over-exploitation of the water source.",This species is not utilized.,,"Falkner, G. Niederhöfer, H.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,lamperti,,Bythiospeum lamperti,,"Glöer and Zettler (2005) noted that in Germany nearly 70 different  ""species"" were originally described, which were reduced by Bolling  (1965) to 3 species, so for some periods there was little recording. In  this problematic genus, they continued to list those species and  subspecies on CLECOM (Check List of European Continental Mollusca), but noting that as long as we adhere solely  to the shells there will be no progress. A revision of this genus is  urgently needed and in Stuttgart, research with DNA analysis is ongoing  for this problem. A conservation assessment is made based on data from  shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group  using Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008), however unless there is indicated  active specific species survey data, some species listed as or Extinct  or Possibly Extinct have been placed into threatened categories.",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"This species was not originally assessed in 1996. Research has been undertaken into its status in Germany refining knowledge of the relationship of this species to other closely related species. This species is vulnerable to over exploitation of the water source for domestic purposes and water pollution, and given the low number of locations (2) and small area of occupancy (AOO = 8 km²) it is considered Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)).",Unknown,"This species is found in Germany in springs in the villages of Staufen and Hurben, in Bavaria.",There is no information on the population size and trends.,This species was found in freshwater springs and probably lives in subterranean water.,This species is vulnerable to over exploitation of the water source (for domestic purposes) and water pollution. This species requires very clean water.,"There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, but habitat monitoring is recommended in order to establish potential changes to the populations, as sampling of these populations is difficult.",This species is not utilized.,,"Falkner, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,leruthi,,Bythiospeum leruthi,,"This species# lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine their taxonomic status. The species limits in some countries have been doubted by some researchers, however as yet there is no data on Romania. A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results of the full analysis of the group.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Romania and has several subpopulations in different mountain ranges. The threat status of the species has not been evalutaed in Romania, althougth there is a potential threat from water contamination that needs to be researched. The lack of threats currently and its distribution across mountain ranges means this species is considered as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed regionally: EU27: Least Concern Europe: Least Concern",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Romania and is currently known from springs in the Apuseni Mountains (Grossu 1981). The samples were collected from cave water and interstitial water from Coiba Mare Cave, Casa de Piatră (Bihor Mountains), Vadu Crişului Cave (the basin of the Crişul Repede  River)  (Olivia Cioboiu pers. comm. 2009).",There is no population data on this species.,"The species inhabits springs, cave-water and interstitial water in caves.","There is possibly some water contamination in the region of the Apuseni Mountains, Romania, however it is not known whether it impacts this species.",No conservation actions are known for this species and the conservation status has not been evaluated in Romania. No conservation measures are needed.,This species is not utilized.,,"Cioboiu, O.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,michaudi,,Bythiospeum michaudi,,"Considered by Bernasconi (1990) as a synonym of B. diaphanum but raised to the species level by Falkner et al. (2002), this species lies within one of the groups of subterranean taxa that is in need of further research to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits. A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Bythiospeum michaudi was#described from#the Rhône river alluviums north and south of Lyon (France), and as#this species is known only from river alluviums, it may have come from anywhere upstream in the catchment. #Hence nothing is know about its habitat, its distribution area and the population trends. Given the issues of species limits in this genus, the taxon urgently requires review, and is placed as Data Deficient (DD) on basis of poor geographical data and taxonomic status.",Unknown,"Bythiospeum michaudi is only known from the type locality, the Rhône alluviums north and south of Lyon (France). It is impossible to know where it actually lives, as this range is large, but the species has not been collectedly recently and therefore to map its distribution.",There is no population data available for this species.,This species lives in subterranean waters.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.",More detail on distribution and taxonomic status is required for this species.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,moussonianum,,Bythiospeum moussonianum,,This species was considered by Bernasconi (1990) as a synonym of B. diaphanum but raised to the species level by Falkner et al. (2002).,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This taxon has been regarded as a synonym of another taxa by some authors, as well as a valid species by others, so its identity requires fuller investigation, and as such at present it is regarded as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to France, where it is found in the region of the Jura.",There is no data available on the population trends for this species.,This small freshwater gastropod lives in subterranean waters.,"It is unknown whether this species is being impacted on by any major threat processes, however subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Decline in habitat following falls in the water table levels maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited","There are no species-specific conservation actions in place.# Given the uncertain taxonomic status of the species, more research is required, that includes conchological, anatomical and molecular characters (V. Prie pers. comm. 2010).",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,nocki,,Bythiospeum nocki,,"This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology, pending the results of the full analysis for the group.",Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"Bythiospeum nocki has a very restricted distribution and is only recorded from three outflow points from the groundwater system where the species lives. However, living specimens have not been collected only dead shells have been found.# It is considered Critically Endangered in Red List of Austria 2007, and there are current threats posed to this species and it is not known whether it exists within a protected area.# Further research is needed to confirm its presence, this species is very difficult to sample.# The species is currently listed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii), based on the number of known sites and the threats to the overall habitat quality.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Austria. It is known from the limestone Alps in eastern Upper Austria. The type locality is Reutersteinquelle, which feeds into a brook that drains into the Krumme Steyrling river (Glöer 2002). Although recorded from# three sites, the location maybe a single location as the groundwater system underlying may feed all, but treated as 3 sites given the distance between the two main sites (see map in Reischutz  Reischutz, 2009).","There have been no living individuals of this species recorded, only empty shells were found. It is considered to be very rare or possibly extinct.",The species inhabits groundwater and rock fissures and is recorded from outflow points such as freshwater springs.,"The main threats to this species are habitat degradation, the abstraction of groundwater and the subsequent lowering of the groundwater level. There is also a threat from pollution, mainly from fertilizers as a result of agricultural practices, that poses a threat to this species.","This species is not currently protected by law in Austria. It is found on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR) (Reischutz  Reischutz# 2007, 2009). It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species' population trends.",There is no trade in this species.,,"Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,noricum,,Bythiospeum noricum,,"This species lies within one of the groups of Hydrobids that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the#species limits are doubted by some researchers. A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology, pending the results of the#full analysis of group. This species has been placed in the genus Paladilhiopsis and Paladilhia.",Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"Bythiospeum noricum is endemic to a region of Austria, where it is not protected by law, it is not present in protected area and it is not subjected to any specific recovery plan. At present, exact distribution and population trends are unknown therefore it is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into population trends. It is listed on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR), based on the threats to the species from overabstraction of groundwater and pollution of groundwater. Previous assessment on the Red List (1994) listed this species as Endangered,# and as noted by Haase (1995) cited in Reischutz and Reischutz (2007) ' A study of the Upper Austrian-sources and ground water has long overdue. It is expected that the species has a wider distribution.# As there is no new data on the distribution of the species, this species could be listed as Data deficient, Critically Endangered or Endangered. # It is retained as Endangered, as the groundwater system may be larger than 100km2, with from overabstraction of groundwater and pollution of groundwater and as such it is currently placed on the Red List as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the northern limestone Alps in eastern Upper Austria. The exact distribution is not known, as the type description was based on shells from floodline debris of alluvial deposits (Gaflenz Weyer, Oberösterreich), consequently the groundwater source is uncertain.",There are no comprehensive data about population trend available.,"The species occurs in groundwaters and rock fissures. It is rarely found, usually in floodline debris from rivers.",The main threats to this species are habitat degradation as a result of water pollution and the abstraction of groundwater lowering the water table.,"This species is not currently protected by law in Austria. It is found on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR). It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.",,,"Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,oshanovae,,Bythiospeum oshanovae,,The relationship of this species with other Bythiospeum forms (e. g. with B. geyeri# which occurs in the Vienna Basin) is unclear and deserves further studies. This species# lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group.,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species is known to occur within a restricted range (area of occupancy = 4 km2) in Hungary, with a potential threat, therefore it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU D2). Future hydrological changes (water level) and other possible negative effects caused by the Gabcikovo Water Dam are the main threats, but given that the biotope of the species is essentially hidden, it is difficult to get access to study the populations and monitor the impact of changing water levels. If there is evidence in the future that the Gabcikovo Water Dam is negatively affecting this population in the Szigetköz area, the species will qualify for the higher category of Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)).",Unknown,"This species is currently believed to be endemic to Hungary, although Fauna Europea list the species for Hungary and Slovakia (Bank et al. 2006). According to Feher  Solymos (pers. comm. 2009) the entire global population lives in the Szigetköz area (north-west Hungary). It has also been found in floodline drift of the River Danube in several localities, but due to its inaccessible habitats, live specimens have only been found to date in a single site at Kisbodak. Empty, but fresh shells, have been found in other sites, indicating that this species probably inhabits other springs in the region.",There is no information available on the populations trends of this species.,This species inhabits the subterranean part of underwater springs in the riverbed of River Danube.,Changes in the water regime are likely to negatively affect populations although there is no evidence of a direct impact yet. Future hydrological changes (water level) and other possible negative  effects caused by the Gabcikovo Water Dam are the main threats to this species.,"Proposed conservation actions include further surveys to determine the distribution, population trends and threats to this species. Habitat monitoring is recommended to detect any negative impacts on the species from changes in the water regime caused by the Gabcikovo Water Dam.",This species is not utilized.,,"Vavrova, L. Feher, Z.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,pellucidum,,Bythiospeum pellucidum,,"Glöer and Zettler (2005) noted that in Germany nearly 70 different  ""species"" were originally described, which were reduced by Bolling  (1965) to three species, so for some periods there was little recording. In  this problematic genus, they continued to list those species and  subspecies on CLECOM (Check List of European Continental Mollusca), but noting that as long as we adhere solely  to the shells there will be no progress. A revision of this genus is  urgently needed and in Stuttgart, research with DNA analysis is ongoing  for this problem. A conservation assessment is made based on data from  shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group  using Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008), however unless there is indicated  active specific species survey data, some species listed as or Extinct  or Possibly Extinct have been placed into threatened categories.",Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"The status of this species could be listed as Data Deficient (DD), given that taxonomic reviews are under way for this species group, however the species is listed on a precautionary basis to protect the species and its habitat pending these results. The species was considered as category 1 in Germany (Falkner and Niederhöfer 2008). Since it occurs in only one location, within a groundwater system that is threatened by pollution or over-abstraction of water, it is here listed as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Germany, where it is known from the type locality, alluvial gravels of Necker River in Stuttgart Bad-Cannstatt.",There is no population trend data for this species. It is described as extremely rare by Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008).,This species is found in groundwater and interstitial waters.,The main threats to this species come from groundwater pollution (nitrates from agricultural sources) and over-abstraction of groundwaters (for domestic supply).,"Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008) considered this to be a category 1 species in Germany and noted that it was an extremely rare species with a geographical restriction. There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, but habitat monitoring is recommended in order to establish potential changes to the populations, as sampling of these populations is difficult.",There is no use or trade information for this species.,,"Falkner, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,pfeifferi,,Bythiospeum pfeifferi,,"This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic# status and the#species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology, pending the results of the#full analysis for the group.#",Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"Bythiospeum pfeifferi has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii). It is endemic to Austria. At present it has a very restricted range with only one known location and is under threat from ground water extraction and pollution. It is also not found in a protected area, subject to a specific recovery plan or protected by law. However, population size and trends remain unknown.Bythiospeum pfeifferi was reported as Extinct in 1992 (Wells  Chatfield 1992, Gloer, 2002) as it hadn't been seen for 40 years.# The rediscovery of some specimens in endemic to Austria in 1993 when it as found alive in a spring at Kremsmünster led to the revised listing as Endangered.# However given that it is only known from a single site, which is exploited for domestic water supplies it probably should have been listed as Critically Endangered in 1996, as the second site had not produced specimens for nearly 50 years and wasn't well prescribed.",Unknown,"Bythiospeum pfeifferi is endemic to Austria. Specifically it is known from#Kremsmünster in the Northern Alps, between 340 and 380 metres above sea level where it's known from a spring which feeds a pipeline (Reischütz  Reischütz, 2009).# According to Reischütz  Reischütz (2009) the  species was first found around 1887 from the area of  Kremsmünster , but no precise location. It was then lost for decades until it was rediscovered in 1949 by F. Mahler, but again no exact location is given (Reischütz 1994a). It was not until 1993 when it was found alive in a spring at Kremsmünster (Reischütz 1995).",There is no population information available for this species.,"This freshwater species is found in subterranean environments such as caves, where it inhabits groundwater and rock fissures.","The main threats to the species are habitat destruction, the lowering of the groundwater level and pollution in the form of eutrophication.","This species is found on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered.#This species is not currently protected by law in Austria. It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.",,,"Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,puerkhaueri,,Bythiospeum puerkhaueri,,"This species is one of many small spring-snail species that can be most easily identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system.# There are two subspecies currently recognised: Bythiospeum puerkhaueri puerkhaueri (Clessin, 1877) and Bythiospeum puerkhaueri gibbula (Flach, 1886) (Gloer 2002).Gloer and Zettler (2005) noted that in Germany nearly 70 different  ""species"" were originally described, which were reduced by Bolling  (1965) to three species, so for some periods there was little recording. In  this problematic genus, they continued to list those species and  subspecies of the Check List of European Continental Mollusca (CLECOM) list, but noting that as long as we adhere solely  to the shells there will be no progress. A revision of this genus is  urgently needed and in Stuttgart, research with DNA analysis is ongoing  for this problem. A conservation assessment is made based on data from  shell morphology pending the results of a full analysis for the group  using Falkner  Niederhof (2008). However, unless there is indicated  active specific species survey data, some species listed as Extinct  or possibly Extinct have been placed into threatened categories.",Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"The status of this species could be listed as Data Deficient, given that taxonomic reviews are underway for this species group, however the species is listed on a precautionary basis to protect the species and its habitat pending these results.# The species was considered as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B, given the presence at 12 localities within two groundwater systems which are possibly threatened by pollution or overabstraction of water. This species has been assessed at the regional level too:European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Germany where there are two different subspecies found in 12 localities within 2 different river catchments:Bythiospeum puerkhaueri puerkhaueri (Clessin, 1877) has been recorded from in Main-Taber River Catchment. Specific localities include Auswurf der Schandtauber, near Rothenburg, Bayern, as well as in the springs Vorbach, Tauber, Bettenfeld, Ober-Rimbach, Schorzberg, #Krailshausen, Hachtel (Oberamt Gerabronn), Heimberg, Wildenthierbach (Gloer 2002).  Bythiospeum puerkhaueri gibbula (Flach, 1886) has been recorded from the type locality at Aschaffenberg (Gloer 2002).",There is no data on the species' population status.,"The species is recorded from freshwater springs (Gloer 2002), but probably originates from the underlying groundwater system.","Specific threats to this species are unknown, however the species is likely to be threatened by# changes in water quality (Pollution from agricultural and domestic sources) or changes in groundwater levels due to over-abstraction of water for domestic supplies.","The species is not listed on the IUCN list of Globally Threatened species, 1996. It is listed as Endangered Level 2 on the Bayern State list (Falkner et al. 2003). Habitat monitoring is important as spring snails species can be vulnerable to changes in water quality or levels.",This species is not utilized.,,"Falkner, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,putei,,Bythiospeum putei,,"Glöer  Zettler (2005) noted that in Germany nearly 70 different ""species"" were originally described, which were reduced by Bolling (1965) to 3 species, so while there is# not a viable approach for this problematic genus, they continued to list those species and subspecies on CLECOM (Check List of European Continental Mollusca), but noting that as long as we adhere solely to the shells there will be no progress. A revision of this genus is urgently needed and in Stuttgart, research with DNA analysis is ongoing for this problem. Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008) discuss taxonomic and nomenclature issues for this species.There are currently 2 subspecies listed for this species putei (Geyer, 1904) and# roesleri (Geyer, 1904). This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group.#",Yes,CR,"C2a(i,ii)",Yes,CR,"C2a(i,ii)",EU27,,"Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008) report that no  survey has located B. putei roesleri in the wells where it was described. There is no evidence for either B. putei  putei or B. putei roesleri in collections or surveys since 1961. The species is listed as Critically Endangered  (Possibly Extinct) CR (PE) C2a(i,ii), on a precautionary basis to protect the species and  its habitat given there is one location for each  subspecies, within groundwater systems threatened by pollution and  over-abstraction of  water, pending further surveys to confirm whether  both subspecies are still extant.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Germany, where it is known from the type localities of two subspecies; Kohlberg bei Nürtingen (Treitschachbrunnen) and Dischingen (Quelle zwischen Gulde- und Buchmühle).","There is no population trend data for this species, but neither subspecies have been recorded since 1961. It is described as extremely rare by Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008).",This species is found in groundwater and interstitial waters.,The main threats to this species come from groundwater pollution and over-abstraction of groundwaters.,"Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008) considered the species to be category 0, ""probably extinct"" and  noted it was an extremely rare species with a geographical  restriction. There are no known conservation actions in place for this  species, but habitat monitoring is recommended in order to establish  whether the species is still extant, as sampling of these populations is  difficult.",This species is not utilized.,,"Falkner, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,quenstedti,,Bythiospeum quenstedti,,"There are currently 4 subspecies listed for this species; quenstedti (Wiedersheim 1873), ara (Geyer, 1905), turbinella (Geyer, 1905) and weinlandi (Geyer, 1904). Glöer  Zettler (2005) noted that in Germany nearly 70 different   ""species"" were originally described, which were reduced by Bolling   (1965) to 3 species, so for some periods there was little recording. In   this problematic genus, they continued to list those species and   subspecies on CLECOM (Check List of European Continental Mollusca), but noting that as long as we adhere solely   to the shells there will be no progress. A revision of this genus is   urgently needed and in Stuttgart, research with DNA analysis is ongoing   for this problem. A conservation assessment is made based on data from   shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group   using Falkner  Niederhöfer (2008), however unless there is indicated   active specific species survey data, some species listed as or Extinct   or Possibly Extinct have been placed into threatened categories.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"The distribution of this species is under review in Germany and is considered to be one of the few taxa within the genus Bythiospeum  that is less problematic (M. Haase pers. comm. 2010). It may be more  widespread, as some of the other species are possibly conspecific with  the species and as such the range maybe greater than previously believed  (M. Haase pers. comm. 2010). The species could be assessed as Vulnerable (based on the more restricted view of the range sensu Falkner and Niederhöfer 2008), Least Concern (based on the belief that it is more conspecific with other taxa) or Data Deficient pending the outcome of the ongoing species review. It is currently placed as Least Concern (LC), as it has four subspecies, some with more than one site.",Stable,"The distribution of this species is under review in Germany and is considered to be one of the few taxa within the genus Bythiospeum that is less problematic (M. Haase pers. comm. 2010). It may be more widespread, as some of the other species are possibly conspecific with the species and as such the range maybe greater than previously believed (M. Haase pers. comm. 2010). Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008) regarded this as more restricted, with four subspecies with several locations.",The species is widespread and hence believed to be stable.,This species is present in interstitial and groundwaters.,"There are localised threats as                 subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Decline in habitat following falls in the water table levels maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.",The taxonomic status and the distributional data require review and this is currently underway. This species is listed as Category 2 (Highly Endangered) in Germany (Falker and Niederhöfer 2008).,There is no use or trade information for this species.,,"Falkner, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,racovitzai,,Bythiospeum racovitzai,,This taxon was considered by Bernasconi (1990) to be synonym of B. diaphanum charpyi but it was raised to the species level by Falkner et al. (2002). # This species# lies within one of the groups of subterranean snails that is in need of further research to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits.# A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group.,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Because Falkner et al. (2002) gives no argument for considering this taxon as a valid species and because the whole group is in need of taxonomic studies to clarify the species concept, this species is considered as taxonomically Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"Bythiospeum racovitzai is only known from its type locality in the#department of#Jura, France.",There is no population trend data available for this species.,This species lives in subterranean freshwaters.,"It is unknown whether this species is being impacted on by any major threat processes, however subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Decline in habitat following falls in the water table levels maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.","There is no species-specific conservation actions for this species.# Taxonomic research is required to confirm the status as a full species, and if shown then habitat monitoring will be required.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,rasini,,Bythiospeum rasini,,This species name has been change by Girardi (2009) from Bythiospeum and it has been placed in the genus#Meyrargueria: #M. rasini.,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species is only known from 1 location within the area, however as it was recently described, the status of the range may be occur in other aquifers nearby, and this requires review, given the relatively recent description.# At present this species is listed as Vulnerable D2, based on potential threats of exploitation of groundwater, given the presence in a populated area.",Unknown,Bythiospeum rasini is currently only known the type locality in the#department of#Bouches-du-Rhône in Southern France.,There is no data available on the population trend for this species as it was described in the last 10 years.,This small freshwater snail lives in subterranean waters.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources.#The species is also vulnerable to habitat degradation as the result of over-abstraction of water from the aquifer.","There are no species-specific conservation actions in place. More research on taxonomy, population and habitat trends is required. The site where this species occur should be protected.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,reisalpense,,Bythiospeum reisalpense,,"This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the#species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology, pending the results of the#full analysis for the group.",Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"Bythiospeum reisalpense has been assessed as Vulnerable B2ab(iii), based on 6 locations. This species has a restricted range and has undergone a decline in the population, from being considered 'common' to now being thought of as 'rare'. There are current threats posed to this species, and whilst it is protected under Austrian law, it is not known whether it exists within a protected area. It is on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR). It is suggested that monitoring of the habitat of this species is conducted, along with research into the population trend.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to the north-eastern Alps in Lower Austria, where it is recorded from a small area (area of occupancy of 600 km2). It was first described from ""Kalter Brunnen"" in Kleinzell im Halbachtal, springs ca. 200 m NW of Haus Nr. 114 (Gendarmerie) at 475 m ASL.# It is known from another 5 springs in Niederösterreich.","This species was considered 'common'. However, a decline in the population has meant this is now described as 'rare'.",The species occurs in groundwater. It is occasionally found in the water in rock fissures and in outflow from groundwater at springs.,This species is threatened by the abstraction of underground water and the lowering of ground water levels. It is also affected by pollution mainly from the over-use of fertilizers due to agricultural practices.,"This species is protected by law in Lower Austria. It is found on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR). However it is not known whether it exists within a protected area and there are no species specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.",,,"Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,rhenanum,,Bythiospeum rhenanum,,"This species# lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic# status and the species limits are doubted by some researchers. A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group.#Bank et al (2006: Fauna Europea) considered turneri Bernasconi, 1997 as a subspecies.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Bythiospeum rhenanum#is relatively widespread in Germany, Switzerland and France and although it may be locally threatened through habitat degradation, it is not considered to be threatened at regional or global levels.",Unknown,"Bythiospeum rhenanum lives in Germany, where it is relatively widespread, in Switzerland (Berne and Neuchatel Cantons) and in France in the departments of Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin.",There is no data available on the population trends for this species.,This small freshwater snail lives in subterranean waters.,"Lives in subterranean habitats which are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources.##The species is also vulnerable to habitat degradation as the result of over-abstraction of water from the aquifer.","This species is currently known to be widespread, and as such is not in need of species-specific conservation actions, however more research is needed on the taxonomy to establish species limits.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,sandbergeri,,Bythiospeum sandbergeri,,"Most of the synonyms of Bythiospeum sandbergeri, have now been segregated as distinct species since 2005, and as such, the nature of this species for a conservation assessment requires a further review. It is still listed by Fauna Europaea, so presumed to be a valid species, after the other taxa have been removed from the species concept.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Most of the synonyms of Bythiospeum sandbergeri,  have now been segregated as distinct species since 2005 leaving much of the data regarding distribution and population invalid, and as such  the nature of this species for a conservation assessment requires a  further review. It is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).",Decreasing,"The species is endemic to Germany. However, the current distribution is uncertain, as most of the synonyms of Bythiospeum sandbergeri, have now been segregated as distinct species since 2005.",This species could be declining due to groundwater pollution.,This species is known from groundwater and interstitial waters.,"The main threats lie in groundwater pollution or over-abstraction of groundwater. However, it is uncertain whether this impacts the species, as the current distribution is uncertain.","There are no known conservation actions in place for this species. The species distribution requires review, as does the taxonomic and nomenclatural status. Monitoring of known habitats is required to determine if the species is indeed in decline due to groundwater pollution.",There is no trade information for this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,saxigenum,,Bythiospeum saxigenum,,"Two subspecies are currently recognised: Bythiospeum saxigenum saxigenum (Geyer, 1905) and Bythiospeum saxigenum danubiale (Geyer, 1907). This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status. The species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results of a full analysis for the group.",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species could be listed as Data Deficient (DD), given that taxonomic reviews are under way for this species group. Bythiospeum saxigenum danubiale was considered as category 1 (Falkner et al. 2003) and given one location, within a groundwater system that is threatened by pollution or over-abstraction of water. However, the other subspecies are present in at least two other groundwater systems that are also threatened by pollution or over-abstraction of water. Therefore, the species has been listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2, on a precautionary basis, based on limited range and threats to the groundwater systems, to protect the species and its habitat pending the results of the taxonomic reviews.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Germany, where it is known from the type locality, Mahlstetten (Lippachquelle), and Tieringen, Weiblequelle in Vohbachtal. The subspecies Bythiospeum saxigenum danubiale is found in the Donau groundwater in Germany.",There is no population trend data for this species. It is described as extremely rare by Falkner and Niederhof (2008).,It is found in groundwater and interstitial waters.,The main threats lie in groundwater pollution or over-abstraction of groundwater.,"Bythiospeum saxigenum danubiale was considered as category 1 (Falkner et al. 2003) as was Bythiospeum saxigenum (Falkner and Niederhof 2008). There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, but habitat monitoring is recommended in order to establish potential changes to the populations, as sampling of these populations is difficult.",There is no trade information for this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,senefelderi,,Bythiospeum senefelderi,,"Glöer and Zettler (2005) noted that in Germany nearly 70 different ""species"" were originally described, which were reduced by Bolling (1965) to 3 species, so while there is not a viable approach for this problematic genus, they continue to list those species and subspecies of CLECOM (Check List of European Continental Mollusca) list, but noting that as long as we adhere solely to the shells there will be no progress. A revision of this genus is urgently needed and in Stuttgart, research with DNA analysis is ongoing for this problem.      This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is  currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the  taxonomic status of the species and the species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Falkner and Neiderhöfer (2008) suggest that there is some taxonomic confusion with this species and it is revised under several different names, so it is listed as Data Deficient (DD) pending confirmation of the species status.",Unknown,Falkner and Neiderhöfer (2008) suggest that there is some taxonomic confusion with this species and it is revised under several different names.,The current population trend is unknown.,There is no habitat information available.,The threats to this species are unknown.,Taxonomic research is needed as Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008) suggest that there is some taxonomic confusion with this species and it is revised under several different names.,There is no use or trade information for this species.,,"Falkner, G. Niederhöfer, H.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,sterkianum,,Bythiospeum sterkianum,,"One subspecies is currently recognised: lauterborni (F. Haas, 1936): Germany.   Bythiospeum moenanum (Flach, 1886)  is now considered to be a subspecies of Bythiospeum clessini, although in the past it was considered to be a subspecies of B. sterkianum. This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group.",Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU27,,"The status of this species could be listed as Data Deficient (DD), given that  taxonomic reviews are under way for this species group, however the  species is listed on a precautionary basis to protect the species and  its habitat pending these results. The species was considered as  Category 1 by Falkner and Niederhof (2008), and given the single  location, a groundwater system that is potentially threatened by  pollution or over-abstraction of water, it is listed as Endangered (B2  ab(iii,v)).",Decreasing,"The species is listed for Germany, but was not originally recognised by Glöer  Meierbrook (2003). The species, along with other species of Bythinella, have been re-established from their synonym. The type locality for Bythiospeum sterkianum sterkianum in Baden-Wurttemberg is specified by two localities - Epfenhofen am Randen and Grenzach Horn - the subspecies lauterborni only from the locus typicus ""well house at Eichstetten am Kaiserstuhl"" a site which must be currently regarded as lost (Falkner and Niederhöfer 2008). The presence in Switzerland is uncertain, although one location lies close to the border.","There is no population trend data for this species, but one site has been lost.",This species is found in groundwater and interstitial waters.,The main threats to this species come from groundwater pollution and over-abstraction of groundwaters.,"There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, but habitat monitoring is recommended in order to establish potential changes to the populations, as sampling of these populations is difficult.",There is no use or trade information for this species.,,"Falkner, G. Niederhöfer, H.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,suevicum,,Bythiospeum suevicum,,This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic# status and the species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group.,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Germany. The status of this species could be listed as Data Deficient (DD), given that taxonomic reviews are under way for this species group, however the species is listed on a precautionary basis to protect the species and its habitat pending these results. The species was considered as Category 2 in Germany by Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008), and given the presence in 5 locations, fed by groundwater systems that are potentially threatened by pollution or over-abstraction of water, it is listed as Vulnerable (VU D2).",Unknown,"The species is listed for Germany, but was not originally recognised by  Glöer  Meierbrook (2003). The species is found living in the springs of the stream above the Diessener Haugensteinmühle, as it is though to be present in the groundwaters feeding these springs (Falkner and Niederhöfer 2008).",There is no population trend data for this species.,This species is found in groundwater and interstitial waters.,The main threats to this species come from groundwater pollution or over-abstraction of groundwaters.,"There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, but habitat monitoring is recommended in order to establish potential changes to the populations, as sampling of these populations is difficult. It was listed as Category 2 in Germany by Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008).",There is no use or trade information for this species.,,"Falkner, G. Niederhöfer, H.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,taxisi,,Bythiospeum taxisi,,This species lies within one of the groups of freshwater snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group.,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"This species is endemic to Germany. The status of this species could be listed as Data Deficient (DD), given that taxonomic reviews are under way for this species group, however the species is listed on a precautionary basis to protect the species and its habitat pending these results. This species was considered as Category 1 by Falkner and Niederhöfer (2008), and given the single location, within a groundwater system that is potentially threatened by pollution or over-abstraction of water, it is listed as Endangered (EN B2 ab(iii)).",Unknown,"This species is listed for Germany, but was not originally recognised by Glöer and Meierbrook (2003). The species, along with other species of Bythinella, have been re-established from their synonym. The type locality for the species was a spring#between Gulde and Buchmühle at Dischingen. This site has been destroyed but the species is still present in the groundwaters, as fresh shell fragments have been recovered from other springs (Falkner and Niederhöfer 2008).",There are no population trend data for this species.,This species is found in groundwater and interstitial waters.,The main threats to this species come from groundwater pollution and over-abstraction of groundwaters.,"There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, but habitat monitoring is recommended in order to establish potential changes to the populations, as sampling of these populations is difficult.",This species is not utilized.,,"Falkner, G. Niederhöfer, H.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,terveri,,Bythiospeum terveri,,The genus Bythiospeum requires a global taxonomic revision. This species was described from empty shells collected from Rhone alluviums and neither its taxonomic position nor its distribution are clear.,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,This species was described from empty shells collected from Rhone alluviums and neither its taxonomic position nor its distribution are clear. It is therefore considered as Data Deficient.,Unknown,This species was described from empty shells collected from Rhone alluviums and neither its taxonomic position nor its distribution are clear.,There are no population data available.,This species lives in subterranean waters.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.","#The species requires research on taxonomy, population trends and distribution.",,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,transsylvanica,,Bythiospeum transsylvanica,,This species is placed by some researchers in the genus Paladilhia.   This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine their taxonomic status. No research is available on the species limits for the Romanian species. A conservation assessment is being made based on data from shell morphology pending the results of the full analysis of the group.,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Romania and it is found only in 3-4 mountain locations and is assessed as Near Threatened (NT), as at present there is little information on threats to these caves, however given the few locations, on a precautionary basis it should be noted that the species would be vulnerable to overabstraction of water from the water table or pollution of the groundwater.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Romania where it is found in the Apuseni Mountains.# It has been collected from different localities, through interstitial probing or from caves (Vadu Crişului Cave from the basin of the Crişului Repede River, Şuncuiuş Cave from Pădurea Craiului Mountains (Grossu and Negrea 1984)).",There is no data available on the population trends of this species.,"The species lives in underground water, especially in caves, as well as in cold springs; it is considered a glacial relict.",There are no known threats to the species.,The conservation status of this species in Romania has not been evaluated. No conservation measures are needed.,This species is not utilized.,,"Cioboiu, O.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,tschapecki,,Bythiospeum tschapecki,,"This species lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status and the#species limits are doubted by some researchers (Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology, pending the results of the#full analysis for the group.",Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"Bythiospeum tschapecki was previously assessed as Ex? in 1990 and Endangered in 1994. This species  has not been found since the building of the road. Prior to construction of the exploratory tunnel of  Plabutschmann tunnel in the  early 1980s. Bythiospeum# tschapecki was frequently seen in material washed out from the groundwater system. Repeated inspections have been taken since the construction phase but# no further evidence of specimens, therefore in the Austrian Red List it has been listed as Extinct, as they say it must be assumed  therefore that the species has died out. For the IUCN assessment purposes, as it is less than 50 years since the species was last seen, we have several options.# It could be listed as Data Deficient (DD), based on no recent specimens, it could be listed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) based on possibility that as the groundwater system is possibly more extensive and difficult to sample, the species may still be extant or to list as Extinct, as sampling has taken place in the last known place for the species. Two differing views are held, as Reischutz  Resichutz (2007) consider it extinct, but Haase considers that it is difficult to sample, and thus difficult to show that it is extinct, and suggested Endangered (Haase, 1995, IUCN Red List).# On a precautionary basis it is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii), based on single known site, with a note that as the sampling of ground waters is difficult, the species may still be extant and new and novel methods of sampling these groundwater systems are needed to find the status of these rare species.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Austria. Specifically it is found in the calcareous Alps region near Graz, Styria, but has not been recorded since the 1980's. The type locality was 'Höhle bei St. Martin am Fuße des Bruchkogels [sic]) bei Graz, Steiermark'.",The population trend for this species is currently unknown. However it is suggested that this species may be extinct due to the building of a road highway in the species locality.,This freshwater species inhabits ground water sources and rock fissures. It is rarely found in the mouths of springs.,"The threats to this species are unknown. However, the building of a road is thought to have destroyed this species locality.","This species is not currently protected by law in Austria. It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.",,,"Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,turritum,,Bythiospeum turritum,,"This species was previously considered as a synonym of B. acicula, and lies within one of the groups of spring-snails that is currently being researched using molecular systematics to determine the taxonomic status. The species limits are doubted by some researchers (Haase, pers. comm., 2010 and Benke et al. 2009). A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results of a full analysis for the group.",Yes,CR,B2ab(v),Yes,CR,B2ab(v),EU27,,"The status of this species could be listed as Data Deficient, given that taxonomic reviews are underway for this species group, however the species is listed on a precautionary basis to protect the species and its habitat pending these results.# The species was considered as Category Extinct by Falkner et al. (2003), and given the single location, within a groundwater system that was possibly threatened by pollution or overabstraction of water, in the past it is listed as Critically Endangered (Possible Extinct) B2ab(v).",Unknown,"This species is known only from Germany, where it is only recorded from the type locality and hasn't been recollected recently (Falkner et al. 2003)",There is no data on the species' population and it is considered possibly extinct in Bayern (Falkner et al. 2003).,The habitat is believed to be groundwater and it is considered possibly extinct in Bayern (Falkner et al. 2003).,"The species is considered possibly extinct in Bayern (Falkner et al. 2003) and although threats to the species are unknown,# the causes are likely to have been groundwater pollution.","No conservation actions are in place for this species. There is very little information available. Research is required to establish the species' population status as well as its distribution, habitat preferences and any threats.",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,vallei,,Bythiospeum vallei,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Bythiospeum vallei was originally placed as Rare in the earlier Red Lists. Currently in Italy the species is considered Near Threatened based on limited range, small number of sites but no known threats, however this species is possibly close to Vulnerable B2ab(iii), as there are possible threats of exploitation of water sources and pollution of groundwaters.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Italy, where it is restricted #to northern Italy and recorded from 6 localities within 310 km squares (EOO 200km2, range restricted species).",The population status for this species is unknown.,This species is found in groundwater in Karst region.,Possible threats facing this species are exploitation of water sources (domestic) and pollution of groundwaters (agriculture).,"The species was first listed in Threatened non-marine molluscs of Europe, Wells  Chatfield (1992) as rare. The species is currently listed as Near Threatened (CK map, version 5.3.8) in the Italian Red List, but there are no conservation actions in place. Recommended Actions include habitat monitoring and resolving whether the Corsican populations are extant.",This species is not known to be traded.,,"Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,waegelei,,Bythiospeum waegelei,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"The status of this species could be listed as Data Deficient, given  that taxonomic reviews are underway for this species group, however the  species is listed on a precautionary basis to protect the species and  it's habitat pending these results.# The species was considered as  Category Rare by Falkner et al. (2003), and given the two  locations, within a groundwater system that is possibly threatened by  pollution or overabstraction of water, it is listed as Vulnerable D2.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Germany, where it was described from two locations, Neuessing and Riedenburg (links der Altmühl gegen Gundelfing). The range may be more extensive, but currently known from type localities.",There is no population trend data for this species.,This species is found in groundwater and interstitial waters.# It is believed to be declining due to groundwater pollution.,The threats are unknown.,"Falkner et al. (2003)  considered the species to be category 2, in Bayern  State.# The species  was not assessed for the National Red List. There  are no known  conservation actions in place for this species, but habitat  monitoring  is recommended in order to establish potential changes to  the  populations, as sampling of these populations is difficult.",This species is not used.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Bythiospeum,wiaaiglica,,Bythiospeum wiaaiglica,,,Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"Bythiospeum wiaaiglica is endemic to Austria. It is found on the Austrian Red List where it is deemed to be Extinct  (EX), based on no recent shells in the last 20 years found at the type locality. This species has a restricted distribution and it is subject to habitat degradation from pollution and groundwater extraction. Current population trends are unknown, further research is needed to confirm its presence, as it may be extinct.#For the IUCN assessment  purposes, as it is less than 50 years since the species was last seen,  we have several options.# It could be listed as Data Deficient (DD),  based on no recent specimens, it could be listed as Critically Endangered (CR) (Possibly Extinct) based on possibility that as the groundwater system is possibly  more extensive and difficult to sample, the species may still be extant  or to list as Extinct, as sampling has taken place in the last known  place for the species. Two differing views are held, as Reischutz   Resichutz (2007) consider it extinct, but Haase considers that it  is a problematic taxa (Haase 1995, IUCN Red List). On a  precautionary basis it is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii), based on  single known site, with a note that as the sampling of groundwater is  difficult, the species may still be extant and new and novel methods of  sampling these groundwater systems are needed to find the status of  these rare species.",Unknown,"Bythiospeum wiaaiglica is endemic to Austria, specifically the north east Alps in Lower Austria on the  northwestern outskirts of the Pielach Schwarzenbach and it is only known from the type locality, where only dead shells have ever been found, and none for the last 20 years.","This species is considered very rare, possibly extinct, as there have been no living specimens collected in the last twenty years.",This freshwater species is known from dead shells from groundwater sources and water from rock fissures.,"The main threats to the species are habitat degradation, the abstraction of groundwater and the subsequent lowering of the groundwater level. There is also a threat from pollution, mainly from fertilizers as a result of agricultural practices.","This species is strictly protected by law in Austria. It is found on the Austrian Red List where it is deemed to be Extinct (EX). It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.",,,"Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Caspia,gmelinii,,Caspia gmelinii,,"This species was described from the middle and southern Caspian Sea; but no syntypes were found for review for Logvinenko and Starobogatov (1968) (Kantor et al. 2009). #It is need of taxonomic review, as few of these species have had their generic status established by data other than conchological data.",Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"This species was described from middle and southern Caspian Sea; but no syntypes were found for review for Logvinenko and Starobogatov 1968 (Kantor et al. 2009). In Europe, in the Black Sea, the species is considered to be extinct, as only known from subfossil shells, but the age of the extinction is not known. As such the distribution and the taxonomic status are uncertain, and the threats to the species are unknown, therefore it is considered to be Data Deficient (DD). This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment:# Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This species is found in Romania and Ukraine, however the main range where it has been described from the middle and southern Caspian Sea; 30-81 m (Logvinenko and Starobogatov 1968) (Kantor et al. 2009). According to Ciobou (pers. comm. 2010) the species is not extant in the Black Sea, being only recorded as subfossil shells.","The current population trends for this species are unknown, however not known living in Europe, only in Black Sea.","This species is found in muddy bottoms in various habitats, slightly   brackish waters in the limans, at various salinity and depth ranges.   This species is commonly found living on species from the Family   Dreissenidae (the species lays it's eggs on Dreissenidae byssus threads and hence are found only in Family Dreissenidae habitats typical for the Azov-Black Sea Region).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The conservation actions are unknown for this species. Research is required on the taxanomic status, distribution and threats to this species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Son, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Caspia,knipowitchi,,Caspia knipowitchi,,,Yes,LC,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is widespread within it's range and occupies a range of habitats, and as such is viewed as Least Concern (LC), although there maybe localised threats to specific populations.This speices has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe:# Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"This species is #known from middle Caspian Sea between 50-75 m depth, but also in the mouth of Dnieper river in#Ukraine, as well as#the limans of Black Sea, and the delta of Don River, Russia (Logvinenko and Starobogatov 1968, Kantor et al. 2010)",#The population trends of this species are unknown.,"This species is found in muddy bottoms in various habitats, slightly  brackish waters in the limans, at various salinity and depth ranges.  These species are commonly found living on species from the Family  Dreissenidae (the species lays it's eggs on Dreissenidae byssus threads and hence are found only in Family Dreissenidae habitats typical for the Azov-Black Sea Region).","There are threats within the estuarine habitats from dredging to keep the estuaries navigable, but in the limans and deeper waters this species should be less stressed. There are minor levels of pollution in these habitats.",There are no conservation actions known for this species. No conservation measures are needed.,This species is not utlilized.,,"Son, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Caspia,makarovi,,Caspia makarovi,,"The generic status of this species is uncertain, as it was originally listed as Caspiohydrobia, but in Kantor et al. (2010), this species is listed as#Caspia#makarovi##and so Fauna Europea is now listing under this name as well,#Caspiohydrobia seems to apply to the Aral Sea species only.",Yes,LC,,No,NE,,EU27,,"The species is widespread; it is found in the mouths of several rivers and the limans of the Black Sea, and faces no known threats, therefore it is regarded as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment:# Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"In Ukraine this species has died out in some habitats, but has probably remained on some sites in the Dnieper Estuary, however surveys in recent years did not find live specimens. It is also known from the Don estuarine area (Russia). Fauna of Russia (Kantor et al. 2009) lists the range as mouths of Dnieper, Don, Dniester rivers and limans of the Black Sea; 0-3 m (Golikov and Starobogatov 1966, Anistratenko 1998a).",There is no population trend data for this species.,"This species is commonly found living on species from the Family Dreissenidae (it lays it's eggs on Dreissenidae byssus threads, hence it is found only in Family Dreissenidae habitats typical for the Azov-Black Sea Region).",There are no specific threats to this species.,No conservation actions are known for this species and no conservation measures are needed.,This species is not utlilized.,,"Son, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,LYMNAEIDAE,Catascopia,terebra,,Catascopia terebra,,"The species Galba occulta was described from Poland and since then has been listed from various European countries, and is currently regarded as a Euro-Siberian species. However a recent paper by Glöer and Vinarksi (2008) suggests that the species might be the same as Lymnea palustris var terebra (Westerlund, 1885), in which case, as the name is available, then the species may need to be revised to Catascopia terebra (Westerlund, 1885).NB: change the species name to follow Glöer and Vinarksi (2008)",No,LC,,No,NT,,EU27,,"This species is found from central Europe (Germany, Czech Republic,#Poland and Slovakia) and the range extends to Siberia#(Göler and Vinarksi 2008)#with possible records in the Mediterranean part of the Ukraine. In central Europe it is reported to be#present at about 15 sites in Europe. In some parts of the range it is considered threatened, however given that the species occupies temporary habitats that are variable in extent and these may be under-recorded, it is currently listed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and Near Threatened (NT) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Unknown,"This species is found from Germany, Czech Republic, Ukraine, Poland and Slovakia and the range extends to Siberia (Glöer and Vinarksi 2008) . In Germany there are a few sites in Eastern Germany. In the Czech Republic, it is known from two sites in the Elbe Lowland (Beran pers. comm. 2008). The presence in these sites has been confirmed three times in the last 10 years, as there is an active monitoring programme (Beran pers. comm. 2009).",There is no data on population trends for this species.,The species is usually found in #temporary lowland pools on#wetlands.,"The species is not considered threatened across its range, although the habitats where the this species is found are susceptible to agricultural disturbance and changes in river channel positions on the floodplain and presumably higher than normal flooding events.",There are no conservation actions in place for this species and none are currently needed.,There is no known trade in this species.,,"BERAN, L.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Cavernisa,zaschevi,,Cavernisa zaschevi,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species is considered as Vulnerable D2, as it is endemic to 2 caves in Bulgaria and may be subjected to the pollution caused by potential visitors of the cave in the future. However, this species could quickly become Endangered if the water quality or the water presence is modified in the future.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Bulgaria, where it is known from two sites, Dushnik cave near village of Iskrets, and Yamata cave at the village of Tserovo, both in western Stara Planina mountains in Bulgaria.",There is no data on population.,"This species is troglobite (i.e. it lives permanently underground and cannot survive outside the cave environment), it is present in springs and streams in caves.",A possible threat could be the pollution caused by potential visitors of the cave in the future.,There are no conservation activities present at the present. Monitoring of the habitat trend is recommended.,,,"Georgiev, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Chilopyrgula,sturanyi,,Chilopyrgula sturanyi,,"This is one of the small spring-snail species that is only reliably identifiable from anatomical and molecular analyses, and as such is difficult to identify dead shells with confidence. Only one species is recognised in this genus.",Yes,NT,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Lake Ohrid, which has a total area of approximately 358 km², and some springs in its surrounding catchment. Even though the distribution (extent of occurrence) and the number of locations have diminished in comparison with Radoman (1983), only marginal populations and small number of mature individuals have been lost. It is therefore classified as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B. However, should the pollution in Lake Ohrid  increase significantly, with a subsequent decrease of the suitable habitat, this species might fall in a threatened category Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii).",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania, Macedonia (Bank et al. 2006). It is restricted to Lake Ohrid and adjacent springs at Studenica, Bejbunar, St Naum,   Tušemišta, and Zagori  čan (Radoman 1983). However, in recent surveys, between 2003 and 2009 ( T. Hauffe pers. comm. 2009), the species has only been recovered in the lake and one single spring (Tušemišta), so it has been lost from four adjacent spring sites.","This is a very abundant and common species in the lake, but in the spring system it is now considered as rare.",This species is found in freshwater lake and the surrounding springs where it is mainly found in the littoral zone and springs where it is restricted to sandy bottoms.,"The water quality is changing due to pollution (sedimentation, agricultural run-off) and habitat degradation. This eutrophication is enhancing macrophyte growth, and broad reed belts at the highly human populated northern and southern shallow bays are decreasing the area of suitable habitats for this species. The surrounding springs are exploited by the tourism industry and by local residents for their domestic water supply. In Albania, they are also used for aquaculture and are heavily polluted.  #","There is no current conservation action in place for this species. However, Lake Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. Pollution in the watershed should be managed in order to avoid ecosystem degradation and loss of suitable habitat for this species. Habitat monitoring is recommended to detect changes to level of threat to the species.",This species is not utilised.,,"Albrecht, C., Erõss, Z., Hauffe, T., Schreiber, K. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Chondrobasis,levantina,,Chondrobasis levantina,,"Chondrobasis is a genus with only one known species, C. levantina.",Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"This species is considered Near Threatened (NT) by Verdu and Galante (2009), on the basis of reduction in number of known sites, however, as it is still present over a wide region, the species does not qualify for a higher threatened category.",Unknown,"Chondrobasis levantina is endemic to Spain, and has been recorded from the provinces of Castellón, Valencia, Alicante, Teruel and Cuenca. The type locality was San Miguel spring, Viver, provinces of Castellón (Arconada and Ramos 2001). There are five locations in Province Cuenca (Bragado et al. 2010).",No population trend data is available for this species.,This species inhabits freshwater springs.,"The principal threats to this species are overabstraction of water from the springs for domestic and agricultural purposes, as well as pollution of the groundwaters from domestic and agricultural sources.","No conservation actions are in place for this species, although it is listed as ""Near Threatened"" for Spain (Verdu and Galante 2009) and Vulnerable B2ab(iii), D2 in Castilla_La Mancha (Bragado et al. 2010). The species is vulnerable to habitat changes, and so was proposed for inclusion on the list ""Catalogo Regionale de Especes Amenzenadas de Castilla-La Mancha' as ''Sensible a la alteracion de su habitat'. Habitat monitoring is required for this species, as the springs are under pressure from overutilisation in the region, as well as increased frequency of drought reducing the recharge.",This species is not utilized.,,"Arconada, B.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Cilgia,dalmatica,,Cilgia dalmatica,,,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Cilgia dalmatica is known from  two areas with freshwater springs, Svitavsko (Bosnia and Herzegovina)  and Plat (Croatia).# However there is no recent data on the status of these populations nor the threats to the species. As such it has to be considered as Data Deficient, pending new information.",Unknown,"Cilgia dalmatica is known from freshwater springs near Sopot, south bank of Svitavsko (and elsewhere) and from Plat in S. Dalmacjia (Croatia) and today is considered to be restricted to Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia.#",The population trend of this species is unknown.,This species inhabits freshwater springs.,"There is no knowledge on current threats to this species, although if restricted to these two sites, then the species could be threatened by degradation of# water sources.",This species requires more research on threats and population trends.,This species is not utilised.,,"Slapnik, R. Lajtner, J.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Clameia,brooki,,Clameia brooki,,Most of the representatives of the subfamily are in western Mediterranean and occur within subterranean waters.,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is only known from the original collection at the type locality and it is uncertain as to the status of the species, as well as the possible threats to this site. Although the species may qualify as Vulnerable (VU D2), the lack of knowledge on threats and current status of populations suggests that Data Deficient (DD) should be the conservation status at present.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27:# Data Deficient (DD)Europe:# Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean:# Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"The species is only known from the Northern part of Evvoia (Euboea), an island off the coast of Greece. It is found upstream of Mantouidi, on subsoil effluence of the Kirefs River.",The original collection only had a few specimens and as such we have no data on abundance.,This species is presumably a subterranean freshwater species.,It is uncertain what the specific threats to this site are and this area is relatively less developed.,"No conservation actions are known for this species. Research is needed on the distribution, population trends and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,DREISSENIDAE,Congeria,kusceri,,Congeria kusceri,,"Morton et al. (1998) reviewed the status of this genus, and noted that although many had considered the genus to be extinct, there was still one extant species in the cave systems in Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia  Hercegovina. They regarded this species as a ‘living fossil’, as the species is a single representative of a genus that once had many species during Tertiary times.",Yes,VU,A2ac,No,DD,,EU27,,"This species has a restricted range and habitat. It is only found within rivers within cave systems, and appears to have been isolated since the Tertiary era. The conservation assessment of Vulnerable (VU A2ac), is based on the estimated loss of individuals in surviving sub-populations combined with total loss of sub-populations from sites that have been well monitored since the discovery of this living fossil. The loss range is between 25 and 35%, based on the estimated generation length of 25 years, providing an assessment period of up to 75 years. In some parts of the range the loss maybe more severe.",Decreasing,"This species is known around seven locations is Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia  Hercegovina. In Slovenia the species is known from one site where it was found as shell deposits. In Croatia there were originally 15 sites described from five sub-populations in the 1960's, but following extensive surveys only three have been re-discovered over the last two years. In Bosnia  Hercegovina it has been described from 13 sites of which four populations have been re-discovered (although not all original sites have been searched). According to Morton et al. (1998) in Bosnia  Hercegovina the species has been recorded from six cave systems at Lusci Palanka, Dabarska Pecina, Tihalijina, Metkovic and Popova Polje as well as from shells in springs at Isvir Krupe and Vrgarac. The main cluster of sites are between Spilt, Mostar and Dubrovnik.","There is little data on population trends. In Bosnia  Hercegovina there is good evidence of serious declines. This species is believed to be long-lived, based on the growth rings in the shell, with an assumption that one growth ring is laid down each year. The estimated age of a species 12.7 mm in length was 25 years, and the largest known shells are over 25 mm (Morton et al. 1998). Morton et al. (1998) also suggests that sometimes there are years with high juvenile mortality and little recruitment.","This species has been recorded from cave systems where it cements onto the rock surfaces. It lives as clusters of shells attached to the cave walls, with the waters having a relatively constant temperature of 9 degrees C and thec# clusters are not exposed to sunlight. These caves are only accessible during the summer periods, when after periods without rain, water levels within the caves drop, allowing access. This drop in water level is thought to be the trigger for reproduction, when the sperm are released into the water, and then in all probability ‘inhaled’ by the females from the water. The eggs are brooded internally and either released as larva with a short planktonic life, or as ‘crawl away’ juveniles, as is the case with Corbicula fluminea.","Main threats to the species come from pollution of groundwaters from domestic sources and agricultural runoff. # Although the species is able to withstand a late summer/early autumn drop in water levels, it would also be vulnerable to longer periods of draw-down (water extraction) as would happen if these cave waters were to be heavily exploited as a source of artesian waters for domestic supplies.","The species is protected in Croatia, however the pollution is still a problem for this species and urgent conservation actions are required to control polluting sources and reduce groundwater use for the extant populations.",This species is not utilized.,,"Bilandzija, H.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,CORBICULIDAE,Corbicula,fluminalis,,Corbicula fluminalis,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,This species is introduced in Europe therefore it has been assessed as Not Applicable (NA) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.,Unknown,"This species is not native to Europe, but is found in Netherlands, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Germany, Poland, Switzerland, Italy (mainland), Ukraine, and Hungary. This species is originally from east Asia, introduced in 1939 to south North America, in 1980 from North America to Europe (Portugal and south of France, 1994 Netherlands, 1999 Austria, 2000 Romania) (Animalbase 2011).",The population trends of this species are unknown.,This species is found in rivers and lakes.,This is an introduced species in Europe with no foreseen threats.,This is an introduced species in Europe so no conservation measures are deemed necessary.,There is no use or trade information for this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,CORBICULIDAE,Corbicula,fluminea,,Corbicula fluminea,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is not-native to Europe, but is widely recorded in region, and as such there are no threats (except to other species) and no conservation action needed as this is an invasive species which is spreading  rapidly, and hence is not considered to be threatened.The assessment is Not Applicable, as a non-native species, but would have been Least Concern if considered native.",Increasing,"This species is not-native to Europe, but is widely recorded as an introduction from Great Britain (UK), Netherlands, Luxembourg France (Mainland), Germany, Poland, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Spain (Mainland), Portugal (Mainland), Italy (Mainland), Hungary and Romania. It has been introduced in North America, South America and Europe. It is thought to have arrived in Europe in 1970s to  Portugal and spread eastwards to Spain, France, The Netherlands,  Switzerland. Now occurs from the Norfolk Broads broads in Britain and extends to the  Danube in Romania (Minchin, 2008; see download from Daisie Database).# Son (pers. comm, 2009) notes that it is present in Ukraine. It is native to Southern and eastern Asia (eastern Russia, Thailand, Philippines, China, Taiwan, Korea, and Japan), Australia, and Africa.","A hemaphrodite (cross- and self-fertilizing) releasing a brooded  non-swimming pediveliger stage at 200µm length. Reproduces at ~15 °C  from about 6-10mm from three months of age with more than one brood a  year with releases from late spring to autumn (Michin, 2008).","Oligotrophic to eutrophic flowing streams, rivers and lakes on  oxygenated muddy to sandy sediments, but also occurring among gravel and  cobbles. Also can occur in irrigation and drainage cuts.# It is tolerant of seasonal drying for weeks but intolerant of low oxygen levels and tolerates 2-34 °C and salinities to ~5‰ with short periods of up to 14psu, but intolerant of areas with high nutrient loads.","Although this species is intolerant of pollution and low oxygen levels in water, it is recognised as an invasive species which is spreading rapidly, and hence is not considered to be threatened.","No conservation action needed as an invasive species which is spreading rapidly, and hence is not considered to be threatened.",It is used in ornamental ponds and aquaria and as angling bait.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Costellina,turrita,,Costellina turrita,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is endemic  to Croatia where it is known from a small spring near the entrance to some cement  works. Recent surveys show the species is still present in the groundwater  feeding the springs, but the shells are rare and not abundant and no  living specimens have been recovered (Biljana Rađa, pers. comm. 2011). Although the subterranean fauna is protected in Croatia the site is still threatened with declining habitat quallity due to pollution and over-abstraction of water. Therefore the species is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii). Further research is required to determine the population status, and   habitat monitoring will allow the identification of future trends at   the site.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Croatia where it is known from a small spring near the entrance to a disused cement work in the valley of Jadro, near Spilt.","Recent surveys show the species is still present in the groundwater feeding the springs, but the shells are rare and not abundant and no living specimens have been recovered (Biljana Rađa pers. comm. 2011).",The species is known from freshwater springs of the River Jadro.,"This species is known from a small spring near to the entrance to disused cement work in the valley of Jadro, near Spilt. The cement works are unlikely to resume. The major threats come from run-off from nearby roads, over-abstraction of water, as the springs are linked springs and there is polluted water seepage from an overlying waste disposal site.","The subterranean fauna is protected in Croatia. This species is endemic to Croatia, known from a small spring near the entrance to cement works. Further research is required to determine population status, and habitat monitoring will allow the identification of future trends at the site. Unless other locations are discovered this site should ideally be managed more sensitively.",This species is not utilized.,,"Jalzic, B., Rada, B. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Dabriana,bosniaca,,Dabriana bosniaca,,,Yes,NT,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Although Dabriana bosniaca qualifies for Critically Endangered or Vulnerable D2, based on the single restricted location, at present we have no reason to believe that the species is immediately threatened, as the biotope is currently in a good state.# There has been no sampling to confirm the presence of the species, and this is recommended to determine the continued presence of the species in the cave. This species has been assessed at the regional level:EU27:# Not Applicable (This species is is not present in the 27 member states of the European Union)Europe: Near Threatened (Vu D2)",Unknown,"Dabriana bosniaca is endemic to Bosnia and was described from a cave Dabarska pećina , near source of Dabar River, south of Sanski Most.",There is no recent population data for this species.,This species is found in the subterranean freshwater in karst systems.,"At present#there#is#no#data#on#the#threats#to#this#species.#This#is#a#large#spring,#where#a#river#comes#out#from#a#large#cave. The#biotope#seems#to#be#in#a#good#condition,#water#is#crystal#clear,#there#are#no#signs#of human#disturbance.",There is no conservation action for this species at present.,There is no known trade in this species.,,"Feher, Z.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Dalmatella,sketi,,Dalmatella sketi,,,Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is an endemic to Croatia, however there is no recent data on population, habitats, threats or distribution, so the status is uncertain. It was only recorded from shell remains found at a spring near Skradinski Buk on the river Krka, Croatia,  in the 1970's, however, attempts to re-discover the spring in the last few years have failed, and it is possible  that the location has been lost to development (Slapnik pers. comm. 2011). The species could be listed as Data Deficient (DD), or on a precautionary basis as Critically Endangered. Given the likelihood that the site has been lost and the species may inhabit other springs in the area, it is listed as Critically Endangered B2ab(iii).",Unknown,"Dalmatella sketi is endemic to Croatia. It was only recorded from shell deposits found by Sket in a spring under a power station near Skradinski Buk on the river Krka, Croatia in 1970. However, attempts to re-discover this locality have failed, and it is possible that the location was lost to development (Slapnik pers. comm. 2011).","There is no data on population trends, although it is thought that the spring may have been lost to development.",The shells were discovered in freshwater springs.,"It was only recorded from  shells found at a spring near Skradinski Buk on the river Krka, Croatia,   in the 1970's. Attempts to re-discover the spring in the last few  years have failed, and it is possible  that the location has been lost to  development (Slapnik pers. comm. 2011).","All caves and cave fauna are strictly protected by law in Croatia which includes this species. Lajtner and Slapnik (2009, unpublished list of Threatened Cave Snails) suggested that the species should be listed as Critically Endangered (CR), however this taxon was not included in the Red List for the Underground Fauna of Croatia (in press). Further surveys are required to relocate the species in the region surrounding the last known location and to establish the present location, population status and threats to make an informed conservation assessment.",This species is not utilized.,,"Jalzic, B. Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Daphniola,exigua,,Daphniola exigua,,,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"This species is restricted to small area (area of occupancy = 300 km²) where the main threat is the disturbance of springs caused by human activities such as pollution of groundwater, over abstraction of water for drinking and irrigating needs and tourist pressure. It is listed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)), given its range and threats.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27:# Endangered (EN B2ab(iii))Europe: Endangered (EN B2ab(iii))Mediterranean: Endangered (EN B2ab(iii))",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Greece, where it is known from the type locality,#from the spring Daphne in the Tempe valley and#two springs close to the railway station Agia.",There is no population trend data for this species.,This species is found in freshwater springs.,"The main threat for this species is the disturbance of springs caused by human activities such as pollution of groundwater, over-abstraction of water for drinking and irrigating needs, and tourist pressure.","This species is not protected in Greece. The area where it has been found is included in the protected sites of Natura 2000 network: GR1420002-Delta Pineiou-Tempi and GR1420005-Aisthitiko dasos Koiladas Tempon. Appropriate site management is needed to prevent habitat degradation, and users needed to be made aware of effects of disturbance of the spring on biodiversity.",There is no trade information for this species.,,"Radea, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Daphniola,louisi,,Daphniola louisi,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"This species is endemic to Greece and only found in one site (extent of occurrence = 4 km², area of occupancy = 4 km²). These springs have been exploited for centuries without impacting the species, however, recently populations have been observed to decline in abundance, and as such the species is listed as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)), reflecting recent changes to the population abundance at the site.  This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered, B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)European regional assessment: Critically Endangered, B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)Mediterranean regional assessment: Critically Endangered, B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Greece. It was described recently from artificial pools near the springs at Kessariani, near to Athens (Falniowski and Szarowska 2000).",Population decline has been observed in recent years.,"This is a freshwater spring species, where the site was modified many centuries ago by Hadrian to allow water to be used to supply drinking water to Athens.","This site has been used for the supply of domestic water for centuries. Falniowski (pers. comm. 2009) notes that originally the species could be found in abundance, however recently the population abundance has changed, since the introduction of fish to the pools.         High tourism pressure at this site leads to disturbance of the outflow point and the reservoir. Also, pollution and over-abstraction of water for irrigation is a threat to the species.","Daphniola louisi is not protected in Greece, but the Monastery of Kessariani is a part of the protected site: GR3000006 “Ymittos-Aesthitiko Dasos Kessaianis-Limni Vouliagmenis” of Natura 2000 network. Appropriate site protection is needed to prevent further habitat degradation and population declines. Research is needed relating to the extent of the impact of the fish introduced to the pools on this species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Radea, K. Falniowski, A.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Dianella,schlickumi,,Dianella schlickumi,,,Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,iii)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,iii)",EU27,,"This species is described from only one location (Lake Amvrakia) with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of less than 15 km². Since the species was described there has been a massive change in the habitat extent and quality in relation to pollution and water abstraction. Albrecht et al. (2006) commented that the habitat is almost completely 'terrestrial' implying the lake has reduced in size and that the only species found along the shoreline were Dreissena spp. Dianella schlickumi has not been observed for more than 25 years, despite several surveys in this lake. It is considered Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct), because if the habitat is restored there is still the potential that the species may reappear from a small area of habitat that has not been found.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU 27  assessment: Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) (CR(PE) B1ab(i,iii))European assessment: Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) (CR(PE) B1ab(i,iii))Mediterranean  assessment: Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct (CR(PE) B1ab(i,iii))",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Lake Amvrakia, in the south Adriatic-Ionian region of Greece (38°45' N; 21°11' E). This is a small, deep oligotrophic lake with steep western shores.","This species has declined since 1973, when Radoman reported it from Lake Amvrakia. Szarowska et al. (2005) were unable to find this species during their fieldwork several years prior to their paper being published; there are similar reports from Reischütz and Reischütz (2002). Recent surveys by Albrecht et al. did not find the species, but only dead shells (C. Albrecht pers. comm. 2009). This is one of the species that Regnier et al (2009) considered to be extinct, in their review of Molluscan Extinctions.","Lake Amvrakia is a deep oligotrophic lake with steep western shores. The northern part is shallow with small reedbeds (Phragmites ). This species was described as living in the sub-littoral part of the lake, on soft substrate.","Excessive water abstraction for agriculture (tobacco and maize field), coupled with extremely dry summers, led to abrupt changes in water levels, with the disappearance of the northern extent of the lake where the species was originally recorded. Heavy pollution from the surrounding fields resulted in high eutrophication of the water. As a result, nowadays, there is no gastropod species found in this lake.","There are no species specific conservation actions in place. Further research at the lake is required to confirm the species' presence, however as the habitat has been modified significantly site protection and management would not suffice to protect this species if it is still present, instead habitat restoration would be needed.",This species is not utlilized.,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Dianella,thiesseana,,Dianella thiesseana,,"This species lies close to a sister species Dianella schilickumi, the only two species known in the genus, which is restricted to freshwater lakes in Greece (Albrecht et al. 2009).",Yes,CR,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",EU27,,"This species has declined severely at its only known site since 1985, when it was thought to be common. Recent surveys in the last 10 years, have all shown the species to be rare, with either few living specimens or dead shells recorded, and the most recent surveys have only found it at sites on the northeast edge of the lake (Albrecht et al. 2009). The species is under threat from multiple changes in the lake waters, as well as competing with the invasive mud snail from New Zealand, Potamapyrgus antipodarum. Since the species occurs in a narrow belt in the lake, the most severe threats come from over abstraction of water from the lake or lack of rainfall that would lead to changing lake levels. Other threats come from changing water quality with increasing nitrate content following water draining into the lake from streams carrying agricultural fertilizers used on the land and inflow of sewage. This species is described from only one location, has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of# 94 km², and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 2 km². There is a decline in the AOO and in the habitat quality in relation to pollution. It is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU 27: Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)) European: Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)) Mediterranean: Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)).",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Greece, where it is now known only from the northeast shore of Lake Trichonis (Albrecht et al. 2009), but was once found throughout the lake (Radoman 1985). The lake has a surface area of 92.4 km², and is at its deepest point a 58 m depth (Zacharias et al. 2002).","This species has declined since 1985, when Radoman reported that it was very common throughout the lake. Szarowska et al. (2005) reported finding few specimens in their fieldwork several years prior to the paper. Similarly Reischütz and Reischütz (2002) found only dead shells. Most recently Albrecht et al. (2009) could only find it at one sampling locality on the lake during their surveys in 2005 and 2007, for the first time in 20 years.","Lake Trichonis is a freshwater lake, warm karstic waterbody, with relatively low nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, where the species is found amongst gravelly sand on the lake-bed between 10 and 27 m depth on the north-east shore.","Water pollution from domestic sources is contaminating the lake, as there is insufficient treatment of sewage in some areas. Presence of pesticides and fertiliser from agricultural run-off are also affecting habitat quality. The species is also threatened by a competing invasive mud snail from New Zealand, Potamapyrgus antipodarum. Other potential threats include over abstraction of water from the  lake or lack of rainfall that would lead to changing lake levels as the  species occurs in a narrow belt in the lake.","There is no conservation action in place. Fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides use for agriculture purposes need to be drastically reduced. Lake Trichonis is a site of the Natura 2000 network (GR2310009-Limnes Trichonida kai Lysimachia).",This species is not known to be utilized.,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,DREISSENIDAE,Dreissena,blanci,,Dreissena blanci,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species has only recently been reviewed and found to differ from the more widespread species, D.polymorpha. The presence in four known locations, with threats of possible over-extraction of water, suggest the species should be listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2, on a precautionary basis.# If the species is found to be more widespread, as some literature suggests, then a reassessment of Least Concern may be applicable.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2Mediterranean regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2EU  27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2 at the level of the 27 member States of the  European Union",Unknown,"This species is known from confirmed records from the two southern European Lakes; Lake Trichonis and Lake Amvrakia. In addition, D.blanci also occurred sympatrically with D.presbensis in the two northern Lakes Pamvotis and Prespa. Albrecht et al. (2007) noted that it is possible that these maybe lone ""migrant"" specimens, as no juveniles were found in the surveys of the northern lakes, however, it may also be a factor related to the timing of collection of samples (Spring as opposed to Autumn). Albrecht et al. (2007) point out that due to the confusion in the literature, where these shells may have been regarded as a variety of D.polymorpha, it is under-recorded, and hence they believe that D.blanci maybe dominant in the southern part of mainland Europe, in Greece.",The population trends of this species are unknown as it maybe under recorded.,This species is found in lakes and possibly other man-made water bodies with slow flowing waters (e.g. canals and ponds).,"Changes to the water quality in the lakes may impact the species, as well as repeated lowering of water levels due to use of the lake-waters. Albrecht et al. (2006) commented that even this species had suffered losses in the lake as the lake’s littoral zone has been damaged because of repeated massive recent water extractions. In 2005, there were almost no live molluscs from the lake proper, while common opportunistic species could be found only at the margins.",A critical point in all conservation efforts related to the lakes described here is public awareness of the uniqueness of these ecosystems. This is unfortunately not the case at present. Water management plans must assure controlled water extraction. These regulations must be supervised and enforced. Sewage treatment systems should be installed along the actual lakes and all tributary systems. Agricultural practices should be more sustainable with reduction of fertilizer and pesticide use as ultimate goals. All these practices can only be effective if a concerted action plan can be implemented very soon in order to preserve this limnic fauna that is of continental importance.,There is no use or trade information for this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,DREISSENIDAE,Dreissena,bugensis,,Dreissena bugensis,,"A recent Dreissenid molecular phylogeny using COI and 16S sequences (Therriault et al. 2004) concluded that Dreissena bugensis and D. rostriformis actually represent distinct races of a single species (sequence divergence was 0.23 - 0.54%, comparable to intraspecific variability in other species). The authors recommended the ancestral name D. rostriformis be used, with two races, bugensis and distincta (Therriault et al. 2004, Orlova et al. 2005). However, there is still confusion over this. This species is also regarded by some as a subspecies of the invasive Zebra Mussel D. polymorpha (M. Seddon pers. comm. 2009).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Dreissena bugensis has been assessed as Least Concern (LC) at# both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union, due to its widespread and abundant distribution. It is tolerant of a variety of habitats and demonstrates tolerance to habitat alteration.",Increasing,"This species is native to the middle and south Caspian Sea at depths of 20 - 80 m (Therriault et al. 2004). Whilst the closely related species D. rostriformis has never been reported outside this historical distribution, this species has spread from the Black Sea basin north-east along the Volga River into Russia, north along the Dnieper River into Ukraine, and west along the Danube canal and Rhine as far as the Netherlands (van der Velde and Platvoet 2007). This species has also spread to North America and Canada, where it was first reported (from Lake Ontario) in 1991 (Therriault et al. 2004), and has since spread throughout the Great Lakes region and south-west to the Mississippi River, Michigan, Missouri, New York, Nevada, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Colorado, Arizona and California (Benson et al. 2011, NatureServe 2010).","This invasive species has steadily increased its abundance in Europe and North America in the last 10 - 20 years, colonizing the freshwater rivers and lakes and decimating native mussel populations through competitive interference. This species has now increased in its abundance to the extent that it is now displacing the highly invasive Zebra Mussel (D. rostriformis) (Ricciardi and Whoriskey 2004).","This species occurs in freshwater or oligohaline (less than 3% salinity) rivers, lakes and canals; recorded at depths of 0 - 28 m in the Ukraine, but as deep as 130 m in the Great Lakes (Mills et al. 1996, Therriault et al. 2004).",There are no threats impacting on this species. This species itself threatens the biodiversity of the habitats it invades.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species, and actions should in fact be taken to limit its spread and population growth, before the negative impacts on many ecosystems become irreversible. Records demonstrate that this species can tolerate low levels of salinity (Mills et al. 1996).Further research is recommended to determine whether this species and D. rostriformis are separate species or two races of the same species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Aldridge, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,DREISSENIDAE,Dreissena,polymorpha,,Dreissena polymorpha,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is invasive in much of Europe, with less than 5% of its European range native, therefore it is considered as Not Applicable (NA) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Increasing,"This species is native to the drainage basins of the Black, Caspian and  Aral Seas (Birnbaum 2006). It is a highly invasive mussel, and has  spread throughout Europe, to southern Scandinavia and Britain, east into  Eurasia and south to Turkey via shipping canals. Rather than a natural  migration, this spread has been human-mediated and therefore this  species classes as an alien in these regions (Birnbaum 2006).","This species can attain huge densities in parts of its range, sometimes up to 40,000 individuals per m2 (Birnbaum 2006).","This species occurs in a range of habitats, from freshwater to  oligohaline (low salinity) waters in rivers, estuaries and coastal shallows of large brackish lakes (Therriault et al. 2004). In introduced regions it has been found at depths of below 60 m (Therriault et al. 2004). It is most abundant on hard surfaces in calm waters upstream of dams (Birnbaum 2006). Due  to its bio-fouling properties, especially of ship hulls and industrial  intake pipes (Birnbaum 2006), this species has had strong negative  economic consequences in countries to where it has spread. It also has  ecosystem-level impacts, including out-competing native taxa, slowing  down eutrophication, and biodeposition, although these seem to manifest  themselves towards the beginning of an invasion (Birnbaum 2006).",This species is widespread and highly invasive and is unlikely to be impacted by any major threats.,"This species is widespread and highly invasive, so there are no proposed conservation actions in place for the species.",There is no use or trade information for this species.,,"Feher, Z.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,DREISSENIDAE,Dreissena,presbensis,,Dreissena presbensis,,"Albrecht et al. (2007) noted that Dreissena stankovici is not the valid name for this taxon, as a form of D.blanci was described earlier for Lake Prespa: D.blanci f. presbensis Kobelt, 1915. The figures of this ‘form’ in the original description (Kobelt 1915: plate 566, figure 2877, 2878) show the same high winged and keeled shell that is typical for D.stankovici. As Kobelt (1915) studied a large series of specimens of this form, they assume them to represent D.stankovici and not nominal D.blanci blanci, a single juvenile specimen of which they found in Lake Prespa as well.# Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) currently listed the species as Dreissena stankovici.",Yes,NT,,No,VU,D2,EU27,,"#This species has only recently been reviewed and found to differ from the more widespread species, D.polymorpha. The presence in six known locations, with threats of possible over-extraction of water in two of the lakes in Greece, suggest the species should be listed as Near Threatened (NT), on a precautionary basis.# If the species is found to be more widespread, as some literature suggests, then a reassessment of Least Concern would be applicable.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Mediterranean regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU  27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2 at the level of the 27 member States of the  European Union, as it is only found in four lakes in Greece, with a possible threat of over-extraction of water.",Unknown,"The species is currently only known on the basis of confirmed records using molecular data from# Lake Ohrid, Lake Prespa, Lake Skutari, Lake Dojran, Lake Pamvotis and Lake Vegoritis. However Albrecht et al. (2007) point out that due to the confusion in the literature, where these shells may have been regarded as a variety of D.polymorpha, it is under-recorded, and hence they believe that D.presbensis appears to be dominant in the west-central part of the Balkan Peninsula. Most records of D.polymorpha in the region will require review, as result of this work, to determine whether they are D.polymorpha, D.blanci or D.presbensis, as Albrecht et al. (2007) noted that no specimens collected from the Balkan lakes were confirmed as D.polymorpha, so in their view it is not found there.","There is no information on population trends of this species, and it may be under-recorded.",This species is found in lakes and possibly other man-made water bodies with slow flowing waters (e.g. canals and ponds).,"Changes to the water quality in the lakes may impact the species, as well as repeated lowering of water levels due to use of the lake-waters.",Water management plans must assure controlled water extraction. These regulations must be supervised and enforced. Sewage treatment systems should be installed along the actual lakes and all tributary systems. Agricultural practices should be more sustainable with reduction of fertilizer and pesticide use as ultimate goals. All these practices can only be effective if a concerted action plan can be implemented very soon in order to preserve this limnic fauna that is of continental importance.,There is no trade and use information for this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,AMNICOLIDAE,Emmericia,expansilabris,,Emmericia expansilabris,,,Yes,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU27,,"This taxon is endemic to Croatia, where it is geographically restricted, and although nothing is known about the specific threats and population status, the general threats to habitats in the region (habitat degradation and over abstraction of water) suggest that the species could be listed as Vulnerable (VU), pending further research on the taxonomic status, or Data Deficient (DD) due to the lack of data. On the basis of the precautionary principle it is listed as Vulnerable (VU D2) pending better data on the range and taxonomic status.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Croatia and the caves at Ombla source (type locality) is the only location where it has been found in quantity, but often the material contains shell fragments, as it is found in material which washes out from the cave system. Schütt (2000) suggests that the three species of Emmercia, including this species, might be present in the Dalmatian and Montenegrina coastal strip from Metkovia to Kotor.","The population trend for this species is unknown, however Schütt (2000) comments that the species was frequent in the Ombla system (type locality).",This species is found in outflow water from underground rivers.,"Although nothing is known about the specific threats and population status, there are general threats to habitats in this region from pollution (domestic and agricultural sources) and over-abstraction of water (domestic and tourism purposes).","This species was listed on a Council of Europe report on the status of   Emerald Network Pilot Project in Serbia and Montenegro. It was one of several species proposed as an addition to the Emerald List of Protected Species (2006). However there are no known conservation actions are in place for this species. Research on the population size, distribution and trends, and threats to this species is recommended.",This species is not utilized.,,"Pešić, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,AMNICOLIDAE,Emmericia,narentana,,Emmericia narentana,,"This species is known from the type locality on Neretva River, but is possibly present in other groundwaters in Bosnia, as numerous species were originally described by Letourneux from the region (Bourguignat 1880) and these are all placed into four species now.",Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Fauna Europa (Bank et al. 2006) considered that this species is geographically restricted to groundwaters in Bosnia and Herzegovina, however there is little data to confirm the restricted nature of the range, and it maybe present in other springs and groundwater systems. Although nothing is known about the population status, and the general range, there are general threats to habitats in the region, from habitat degradation and over abstraction of water, suggest that the species could be listed as threatened pending further research on the taxonomic status, or Data Deficient (DD) due to the lack of data. The species is currently listed as Data Deficient pending further information.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina, where it is known from underground river systems. Currently it  is listed from groundwaters of the Dinarides (Komarek 1953: 331), mountain chain in Southern Europe, spanning areas of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia,  Kosovo. But the original records where from the Neretva river, with the type locality near to Mislina in the River Neretva delta (Bourguignat 1880).",There are no data on population trends for this species.,The species is found in outflow water from underground rivers.,"Although nothing is known about the specific threats and population status, there are general threats to habitats in this region: habitat degradation due to pollution from domestic and agricultural sources and over abstraction of water for both domestic purposes and hotels.","No specific conservation actions are in place. Better knowledge of range, ecology and life history would assist the conservation assessment of this species. Further work on raising awareness of the value of freshwater and underground biodiversity within the region particularly from the over abstraction of water would also benefit this and other species in these habitats. Monitoring of the population trend to identify any impacts from the potential threats in the area is advised.",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,AMNICOLIDAE,Emmericia,patula,,Emmericia patula,,"Emmericia patula is one of four species found in the Balkan regions,#and one of the four recognized extant species of this genus, three of which are found in subterranean habitats:#E. ventricosa#Brusina 1870 (Bole  Velkovrh, 1986:#190, from caves around the Popovo Polje),#E. patula#Brumati 1838 and#E. narentana#Bourguignat, 1880 (Komarek, 1953) from underground sources of the Dinarides.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Emmericia patula is restricted to Southern Europe, mainly in the Mediterranean Zone.# Although there are localised threats, the species has a wide range, and as such is considered Least Concern.",Unknown,"This species is listed from France, Italy, Albania, Croatia, Germany and Slovenia in Fauna Europea (Bank et al, 2006). The range of the species suggests that it is not localised, and is adjacent to the range of the other three species in the genus Emmericia. In France it was added as a new species to the french fauna in 1986, following an inventory on the Rivers Doubs in Eastern France. In Italy it is present in scattered localities, mainly in NE Italy, but with odd records in NW Italy and central Italy.# The records for Albania are uncertain and require confirmation.",No detailed data on population trends.,"Springs and rivers, in the upper parts and middle parts of the river in Croatia.","There are localised threats from water pollution and habitat degradation with road construction in valleys and river channel management plans, however these are not viewed as threatening the species across the region.",Emmericia patula is protected by the Law on Nature Protection of the Republic of Croatia. However there are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. It is also listed as Least Concern on the European and Mediterranean regional red list assessments.,No trade use of this species,,"Vavrova, L.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,AMNICOLIDAE,Emmericia,ventricosa,,Emmericia ventricosa,,"This is one of the four recognized extant species of this genus; three of which are found in subterranean habitats:#E. ventricosa#Brusina 1870 (Bole and Velkovrh 1986), from caves around the Popovo Polje,#E. patula#Brumati 1838 and#E. narentana#Bourguignat, 1880 (Komarek 1953: 331) from underground sources of the Dinarides.# There are many different names in Bourguignat, 1880, and some of these may be synonyms which could extend the range.# Further research is needed on these taxa to resolve the range and limits.",Yes,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU27,,"This taxon is geographically restricted.  Although nothing is known about the population status, the general  threats to habitats in the region, from habitat degradation and over  abstraction of water, suggest that the species could be listed as  Vulnerable (VU) D2, pending further research on the taxonomic status, or  Data Deficient (DD) due to the lack of data. On the basis of the  precautionary principle it is listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2 pending  better data on the range and taxonomic status.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2.Mediterranean regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2.",Unknown,"This species is listed for Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. Schutt (2000) listed it from in the eastern Trebinijca valley just inland from Dubrovnik, but noted it was not found in the Ombla caves system.",There is no data on population status.,This species is known from underground cave rivers.,"Although nothing is known about the specific threats and population status of this species, there are general threats to habitats in#the eastern Trebinijca valley including habitat degradation due to lake creation for hydroelectric generation and over abstraction of water for both domestic purposes and hotels.","No specific conservation actions are in place. Better knowledge of  range, ecology and life history would assist the conservation assessment  of this species. Further work on raising awareness of the value of  freshwater and underground biodiversity within the region particularly  from the over abstraction of water would also benefit this and other  species in these habitats. Monitoring of the population trend to  identify any impacts from the potential threats in the area is advised.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,SORBEOCONCHA,MELANOPSIDAE,Fagotia,daudebartii,,Fagotia daudebartii,,"This species is generally known as Fagotia acicularis in the older literature, and the same genus name is used by the Fauna Europaea too. GLAUBRECHT (1996), however believes, that Esperiana is the valid genus name, and the Fagotia is the junior synonym of that. According to the Fauna Europaea, there are 4 subspecies namely daudebartii, thermalis, stussineri and acicularis.# The nominate subspecies as well as thermalis occur only in thermal waters; the former one in Austria, the latter one in Hungary. SOÓS (1943) does not see the sense of such separation and treats them together as F. acicularis audebardii. The subspecific distinction is questionable even between the fluviatile and the thermal forms.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"There is an observable decline in the Danube but it has a wide range and several stable subpopulations (Croatia, Slovenia  Bosnia).# Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern.# In the Mediterranean it has a subpopulation in Greece (ssp. stussineri) but there is no information on the size and trend.",Stable,"Widespread in central and eastern Europe, this species is predominantly distributed within the Danube drainage however there are some sub-populations adjacent to the Danube basin (e.g. Greece).","In the Danube there is an observable decrease of the the population, however there are several stable subpopulations in tributaries.",This occurs in rivers and thermal springs.,Pollution is the main threat to this species.,"In Hungary it is protected by law. In Austria, according to their Red List (2008) the fluvial subspecies acicularis is Critically Endangered and the other subspecies is Extinct.",,,"Feher, Z.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,SORBEOCONCHA,MELANOPSIDAE,Fagotia,esperi,,Fagotia esperi,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"There is an observable decline in this species in the Danube but it has a wide range and several stable sub-populations in tributaries (Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina). Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).# This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).",Stable,"This species is distributed in the Danube drainage, and according to Bank et al. (2006) it is distributed in Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro and Ukraine.# Additional records reported from Bosnia  Herzegovina and Serbia (Tomovic pers. comm. 2009).Kantor et al. (2009) notes that although there are old records of this species in Russia, these are all erroneous and that the species does not occur there.","In the Danube there is an observable decrease in the population, however there are several stable sub-populations in tributaries.",This freshwater species occurs in rivers.,Pollution is the main threat to this species.,No conservation measures are required for this species. In Hungary it is protected by law.,This species is not utilized.,,"Feher, Z.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Falniowskia,neglectissima,,Falniowskia neglectissima,,One of many small spring-snail species that can be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system.,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"It has not been found since 1988, although no intensive surveys have been carried out. Therefore, more research is needed to re-discover the described sites. For now, the species is considered Data Deficient (DD). The species was originally assessed as Near Threatened (NT) for the 1996 Red List, as the species is restricted to springs in a small geographical area. However,# individuals have not been found since 1988.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"Falniowskia neglectissima was first described from Brama Krakowksa Rocks in the Pradnik Valley, Ojców National Park, Poland. It occurs also in Ukraine. According to the data given in the National Red Data Book of Poland (Głowaciński and Nowacki 2009) its biology, abundance and distribution are poorly known, and it was recorded only from the Ojców National Park and the closest environs of Kraków. It may be under-recorded as it is very difficult to find because of its small size and small populations. It has not been found since 1988, although no intensive surveys have been carried out (Falniowski, in litt., 2009). #",There is no information available about populations and its trends.,This species inhabits freshwater springs.,Any threats to this species are currently unknown.,"It is considered to be Critically Endangered in Poland, and is listed in the National Red Data Book of Poland (Głowaciński and Nowacki 2009). In Poland it is protected by law and its locality is protected within a national park. Firstly, efforts should be made to re-discover the two previously identified locations.",This species is not utilized.,,"Falniowski, A.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Ferrissia,clessiniana,,Ferrissia clessiniana,,Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) considered this species to be a synonym of the more widespread species F. wauteri and as such listed it under this name.,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) considered this species to be a synonym of the more widespread species F. wauteri, and as such listed it under this name. The records from Italy were of F. clessiniana. Data is needed  on taxonomic status, as well as populations, distribution and threats  to enable a conservation assessment for this species. This species is listed as Data Deficient (DD) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union, due to the taxonomic complexities of this genus, which are difficult to differentiate the species limits. It is also difficult to know whether the species is overlooked or non-native through much of the range.",Increasing,"Under the name F. wauteri this species has been recorded throughout Europe, usually as occasional  sightings in each country. Bank et al. (2006) reported it from Latvia,  Poland, Great Britain (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France  (mainland), Corsica (France), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech  Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (mainland), Sardinia (Italy), Bulgaria,  Romania, Balearic Islands (Spain), Spain (mainland), Albania, Slovenia, reported from the former country of Yugoslavia (current country unknown),  Ukraine, Greece (mainland), North Aegean Islands (Vóreion Aiyáion; Greece). The records from Italy were of F. clessiniana.##",This species seems to be expanding through Europe.,"The genus is found in varied habitats including streams, lakes, seasonal pools and irrigation channels. According to van Damme (pers. comm. 2009) it can be found in reasonably polluted lakes as well as cleaner water.",The specific threats to this species are unknown. This species seems to be expanding and seems able to tolerate mildly polluted water and disturbed habitats.,"There are no known conservation actions for this species. Data is needed on taxonomic status, as well as populations, distribution and threats to enable a conservation assessment for this species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Fissuria,boui,,Fissuria boui,,"This is a valid species, confirmed by molecular analyses (Wilke et al. 2001 ; Prié, unpublished data).",Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"This species is considered as Near Threatened# (meeting the criteria B1b (iii)) due the eutrophication which leads to a ""sealing off"" the hyporheic zone of the rivers. There is therefore a huge loss of the habitat where the species is found, as for example, in the Gardon river in Anduze where one Islamia sp. which lives in a similar habitat, has been impacted. The river has become eutrophic and thus can no longer support the species, while the adjacent tributaries, which are free of nitrates and domestic sewage, are very rich in their molluscan fauna.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to France, where it is#mainly#known from the Vaucluse to the Departments of Bouches-du-Rhône and Alpes Maritimes.",There is no population data available for this species.,This species lives in the waters flowing below the riverbeds and maybe living in subterranean waters as well.,"Hyporheic habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Over-extraction is another important threat for small stream, as it may completely dry out in summer, thus effecting directly the species. Increased frequency and intensity of summer droughts (possibly climate change), are also a potential threat.",This species is protected by law in France.,There is no known trade in this species.,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Fissuria,planospira,,Fissuria planospira,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"At present Fissuria planospira is only known from 12 locations in central Italy, and as such is a range restricted species, so the species should be considered as Near Threatened mainly because of  pollution of groundwaters and over abstraction of water could lead to  loss of localities, that will lead to the species becoming Vulnerable  B2a,b(iii).# If the rate of threats accelerate, then the species could be reassessed as Endangered.",Unknown,This species is endemic to Italy found in the Appeninic region of central Tuscany where it has been recorded from 12 locations (unpublished data compiled for the Italian mapping project CK Map version 5.3.8.).,No data on population decline as there is limited data on this species.,"This species is found in groundwaters in alluvial sediments (Manganelli et al, 2000).","Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species is vulnerable to groundwater abstraction for domestic purposes and/or pollution from agricultural sources and domestic sources. (Manganelli et al., 2000).","No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas. The species is considered Near Threatened in the Italian Red List (CK Map 5.3.8) (Manganelli et al, 2000).# Further survey work on range and threats to the species as well as monitoring of habitat trends are recommended to evaluate future changes in the species.",The species is not known to be traded.,,"Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Fissuria,raehlei,,Fissuria raehlei,,This species was originally described in the genus Horatia.,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Fissuria raehlei is known from groundwaters on two islands, and is probably threatened by groundwater abstraction and pollution. It could be considered as Vulnerable (VU B1a, D2), however, the distribution and hence the number of locations in the aquifer is uncertain, however, given the level of groundwater exploitation on a precautionary basis it is listed as Near Threatened, although it might qualify for Endangered or Vulnerable (B1ab(iii)).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27:# Near Threatened (NT)Europe:# Near Threatened (NT)Mediterranean:# Near Threatened (NT)",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Greece on islands of Kephalonia and Zakynthos (Ionian Sea, West Greece) (Bodon et al. 2001).# It was originally described from a well at Poros, Kephalonia.# Full estimates of the number of sites where it is found are unknown as this is a cryptic species found only in groundwater, and thus is only found in samples from wells and springs.",The population status is unknown.,"This species was recorded from water in the bottom of a well, so it is assumed to be present in subterranean waters.","The major threat to the species will be extraction of groundwaters drying the well, as well as pollution to the groundwaters.","No conservation actions are known to be in place for this species. Site management is needed to control water abstraction and pollution, and users of the well need to be made aware of the impacts of their actions on biodiversity of the well and groundwater. Research is needed to establish the distribution and population trends of this species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,LYMNAEIDAE,Galba,truncatula,,Galba truncatula,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This snail species is widespread in Europe with no major threats, and only localised threats present, hence#it is classified as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Stable,"This species is widespread throughout the world. It is known from North America, Europe, North-west Africa, West and North  Asia, Trans-Himalayan zone of Ganges river system and elsewhere in the mountain  region of Nepal.In Europe it is recorded from: Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Faroe Islands (Denmark), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Channel Islands (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Corsica (France), Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Canary Islands (Spain), Azores (Portugal), Madeiran Islands (Portugal), Italy (mainland), Sardinia (Italy), Sicily (Italy), Malta, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Romania, Andorra, Balearic Islands (Spain), Spain (mainland), Portugal (mainland), Albania, Macedonia, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, reported from the former country of Yugoslavia (current country unknown), Bosnia  Herzegovina, Ukraine, Greece (mainland), North Aegean Islands.(Greece).",This species tends to be abundant where it is present.,"This species is extremely tolerant of poor habitats. It is found in shallow pools, roadside ditches, marshy grassland, dune slack pools, small wet flushes on hillsides; #it tolerates disturbance such as trampling from livestock in bare mud, although it avoids highly acid ground (Kerney 1999)","This species is a widespread species with no known major threats, although it has been the subject of local control (eradication schemes) associated with control of the vectors of disease. As it is tolerant of polluted water it is able to colonise and remain in poor habitats.",Given the widespread nature of the species and the ability to colonise temporary habitats there are no current or suggested conservation actions required for this species.,It serves as an intermediate host of many trematodes including sheep liver-fluke#Fasciola hepatica.,,"Van Damme, D. Kebapçı, U.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Ginaia,munda,,Ginaia munda,,"There are two subspecies recorded for this species: G. munda munda and G. munda sublitoralis, both within Lake Ohrid.",Yes,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is restricted to Lake Ohrid, which has an area of 358 km2. Although there are threats to the species from declining quality of habitat, the widespread presence in the lake means the species is less threatened than other taxa as at present the rate of decline in the quality of lake water is not likely to significantly  impact this species unless the level of pollution increased. However, this species could very quickly become Endangered if the water quality or the water temperature changes significantly or an invasive species impacts on this species.# It is currently listed as Vulnerable D2.",Unknown,"This species is restricted to Lake Ohrid, between the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania.",Ginaia munda is relatively abundant in Lake Ohrid and common in suitable habitat.,"This freshwater lake species is found in the littoral and sub-littoral zone on various substrates such as Dreissena shells, stones and gravel.",#Deforestation leads to erosion of the neighbouring area and increasing sediment load impacts this small gastropod. Pollution from sewage from agriculture run-off and from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. However this appears to be a quite hardy species and these are not considered currently to be a major threat.    #,"There is no current conservation action in place for this species. However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. Habitat monitoring for changing water quality is recommended to assess potential changes in rates of decline of the water quality, and hence impact on this species.",This species is not utilised.,,"Albrecht, C., Erõss, Z., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Gocea,ohridana,,Gocea ohridana,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Gocea ohridana is known from only one location, Lake Ohrid, where it is found in a small area (AOO of less than 10 km2) and it has very specific hydrological requirements in the littoral zone. In# addition to threats from water pollution, the increased frequency of fire hazard in the region, with the related erosion causing changes in sediment composition (siltation) are a projected as an important threat for this littoral species, leading it to be classified as Critically Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).",Unknown,#This species is present in a very restricted area of the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) part of Lake Ohrid.,This species is strictly restricted to the rocky south-eastern shore and is found only in low abundances.,This species is living in rocky areas of the shore of Lake Ohrid where it is found in the surroundings of sublacustrine springs on the underside of the stones (sublithic species). It is a sublacustrine interlithon species (Hadzisce 1956) .,"Deforestation of the neighbouring area leads to erosion and an increased sediment load, which impacts this small gastropod, diminishing its ability to filter water. Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake.#Agriculture near the Prespa lake are contaminating the Prespa lake waters, which are feeding the aquifer of the Lake Ohrid, resulting in increased nutrient load (Matzinger et al. 2006). There is also an increased fire hazard in the region, threatening the future of this species through erosion and changes in sediment composition (siltation).","There are no conservation actions for this species, although Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, and the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999. A Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. Habitat monitoring for changing water quality is recommended to assess potential changes in rates of decline of the water quality, and hence impact on this species.",This species is not utilised.,,"Hauffe, T., Erõss, Z., Albrecht, C. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Graecoanatolica,macedonica,,Graecoanatolica macedonica,,,Yes,EX,,No,EX,,EU27,,"The species was first listed as Extinct in 2000. Population declines were first noted in the 1970s when lake levels were lowered. In 1988 a massive outflow event resulted in a catastrophic drop in lake level of 60 cm, isolating the zone were the species is normally found. This combined with interference of inflow streams, and hot, dry summers have led to extensive damage to the entire lake's littoral zone. Repeated visits to the area between 1992 and 2000 failed to locate the species leading to the conclusion that the species should be considered extinct. However some shells of this species were collected in 2009 (Fischer et al. 2009), so there are two possible conclusions a) these are subfossil shells washed out from sediment b) that it is possible that the species may have survived in a small groundwater source and that species is extant. As the species was not live collected, it is still considered Extinct, however if more dead shells continue to be found then the species should be considered as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) and intensive surveys and rehabilitation programmes will be required. This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe: : Extinct (EX)EU 27: Extinct (EX)  Mediterranean: Extinct (EX)",,"Graecoanatolica macedonica was endemic to Lake Dorjan, on the border of Macedonia and Greece. It was first described from shells taken from a site on the western shore of the lake, on the border of Macedonia and Greece (Ryan and Griffiths 2001).","The population was noted to have suffered declines in the 1970s as the lakes water levels lowered from maximum depth of 10.4 m in the 1930s to 5.6 m in 1995. In 1987, densities were estimated at 2,500 individuals per m², however, in 1988 the lake's water level decreased by a further 60 cm as a result of a single outflow event (Ryan and Griffiths 2001). The species was not recorded in the area between 1992 and 2001 (Griffiths pers. comm. 2001). The species was thought to be extinct as a result of habitat loss through water abstraction (Ryan and Griffiths 2001). Water abstraction is still ongoing in the area as the lake's feeder streams and underlying aquifer continue to be used for agricultural purposes. Recently (2009) some fresh looking shells have been found at the lake, suggesting that it is possible that the species may survive in a small pocket, or has modified its habitat. Further survey work is required in order to identify whether these shells are 'subfossil' or whether the species survives somewhere at the lake.","Graecoanatolica macedonica was a freshwater species. It was restricted to stony and sandy substrates in the littoral zone of Lake Dorjan, usually at depths of 0 to approximately 50 cm (Ryan and Griffiths 2001).","The species is thought to have become extinct as a result of habitat loss through water abstraction (Ryan and Griffiths 2001). Lake levels declined from maximum water depth of 10.4 m in the 1930s to 5.6 m in 1995, and water abstraction is still ongoing in the area as the lake's feeder streams and underlying aquifer continue to be used for agricultural purposes (Ryan and Griffiths 2001). Recently, shells have been found at the lake, suggesting that it is possible that the species may survive in a small pocket, or has modified it's habitat.","Further survey work is required in order to identify whether the recently collected shells are 'subfossil' or whether the species survives somewhere at the lake.   As water quality needs to be good for these small freshwater gastropods, the use of fertilizer, pesticide and herbicide use for agricultural purposes needs to be drastically reduced.",This species is currently assessed as Extinct and is therefore not utilized. It was also not known to be utilized before its extinction.,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Graecoanatolica,vegorriticola,,Graecoanatolica vegorriticola,,,Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,iii,iv)c(iv)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,iii,iv)c(iv)",EU27,,"Graecoanatolica vegorriticola#was originally known from the Petron and Vegorritis lakes in Greece. It was last seen in numbers in the 1980s (Schütt 1985). Recent surveys in 2007 and 2008 failed to find individuals in the Lake Petron, but rediscovered numerous individuals in Lake Vegorritis. The population size of this species seems to be fluctuating extremely, by an order of magnitude more than 10. For these reasons this species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(i,iii,iv)c(iv).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU 27 assessment: Critically Endangered#(CR B1ab(i,iii,iv)c(iv)).European assessment: Critically Endangered#(CR B1ab(i,iii,iv)c(iv)).Mediterranean assessment: Critically Endangered#(CR B1ab(i,iii,iv)c(iv)).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Lake Vegoritis and Lake Patron, in the northeastern part of Greece. However, Lake Petron is now so modified by eutrophication and water fluctuation, that it is not a suitable habitat for this species any more.",The population of this species shows extreme fluctuations.,This is a littoral species that lives on stones on lake margins.,"Habitat loss, due to water level drop (of several metres), related to excessive water abstraction for agriculture coupled with extremely dry summers, is threatening this littoral species. Water abstraction for filling the reservoir of a hydro-power plant is also resulting in additional major fluctuations of the water level (up to 30 m) (Skoulikidis et al. 2008). Run-off from mining in the south reaches the lake through the Pentavrisos River, carrying heavy metals and sediments. Pollution related to intensive agriculture practice and settlements in the neighbouring area, is responsible for the eutrophication of the lake. In relation with this, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability for this small gastropod. Herbicides might also impact diatom communities, which are the major food source for this snail.","There is no conservation action in place. An action plan on the sustainable management of water use in the region is urgently needed and existing water legislation should be enforced. Fertilizer, pesticide and herbicide use for agricultural purposes needs to be drastically reduced. Measures to reduce the contamination from mining should be taken.",This species is not utilized.,,"Hauffe, T., Albrecht, C. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Graecorientalia,vrissiana,,Graecorientalia vrissiana,,,Yes,CR,"B2ab(iii,iv)",Yes,CR,"B2ab(iii,iv)",EU27,,"Graecorientalia vrissiana is considered Critically Endangered (CR), as at present it is known only from a single site, a spring  (Szarowska 2006)#found near#Makrinitsa, a village on mount Pilion, Thessalia, Central Greece. Given the loss of the other sites following spring capture, the major threat is considered to be capping of this spring. If other sites were to be found for this species, then its status would change, depending on the number of sites, and the potential threats.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27: Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii))European: Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii))Mediterranean: Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)).#",Unknown,"An endemic species to Greece, Bank (2006) noted that Graecorientalia vrissianawas described from a spring near Vrissia on the road between Larisa and Athinia. According to Szarowska and Falniowski (2004) the site at Vrissia (the type locality) has been lost due to the presence of a water intake which was built over the spring, so now there is ' neither water nor snails on the earth surface’. Reichschutz (pers. comm. 2010) found it#living in a tiny spring east of Agios Konstantinos (east of Lamia) in 1987, however this site is also now destroyed. Currently it is restricted to#a single site, a spring  (Szarowska 2006)#found near#Makrinitsa, a village on mount Pilion, Thessalia, Central Greece.",The population status is unknown.,The species inhabits freshwater springs.,The threat to this species is loss of habitat due to water abstraction for domestic purposes.,This species is not currently conserved. Research into potential presence at other locations is required. Appropriate management and protection is required to maintain suitable water levels at the current known site.,This species is not utilized.,,"Reischutz, P. Falniowski, A.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Graziana,adlitzensis,,Graziana adlitzensis,,"The attribution to the genus Graziana is provisional based on shell characters and requires confirmation (Reischutz and Reischutz, 2009).",Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"This species is only known from the type locality, a spring. Upstream of the site is a recreation centre and this is causing pollution downstream which is impacting this spring (Reischütz pers. comm. 2010), hence it is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)). Conservation actions are required to prevent run-off into the spring and to maintain groundwater levels for the species at this site and further surveys are required to establish if the species occurs at other sites. Finding other subpopulations would reduce the threat status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is only known from Austria, where it is restricted to one spring in a limestone valley in the Kalte Rinne (in the Adlitzgraben), west of Schottwien, in state of Lower Austria (Glöer 2002, p.116; Reischutz and Reischutz 2009).",The current population status at the site is unknown.,"The species was recorded from a small brook leaving a freshwater spring (Reischutz 2010 pers. comm.), not from underground sources as speculated by some researchers.",Upstream of the site is a recreation centre and this is causing  pollution downstream which is impacting the spring (Reischutz pers. comm. 2010). Further threats come from water table reduction (causing the springs to dry out temporarily) and contamination of the groundwater (mainly agricultural sources) Resichutz and Reischutz (2009).,"No actions are known to be in place for this species, although the valley is in a protected area,   (UNESCO World Heritage Site, for the Railway which uses the valley) and the species is listed for state level protection. Conservation actions are required to prevent run-off into the spring and  to maintain groundwater levels for the species at this site and further  surveys are required to establish if the species is restricted to this  site, and finding other subpopulations would reduce the threats to this species.",,,"Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Graziana,alpestris,,Graziana alpestris,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is widespread through northern Italy, and although some populations may be threatened through exploitation of the springs, it is unlikely to lead to extinction in the near future.It is therefore considered as Least Concern.",Unknown,"This species is widespread in northern Italy (see CK Map version 5.3.8), found in most areas of Lombardia, Piedmonte and Liguria. It is not known whether the species is reducing in range, but likely that some populations are threatened through exploitation of sources.",The populations trends are unknown.,This species is found in freshwater springs.,"This species is widespread through northern Italy, and although some populations may be threatened through exploitation of the springs by nearby villages, it is unlikely to lead to extinction in the near future.   The major threats to this species lie in exploitation of the water sources, either through extraction of groundwater feeding the spring, or capping (off-take) of water from the springs.# There are a variety of purposes in the region, use for agriculture and use for domestic supplies.# A secondary threat lies in pollution of the groundwater from nitrates as the result of agricultural run-off percolating into the groundwater.",No conservation actions are specifically in place for this species.,,,"Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Graziana,cezairensis,,Graziana cezairensis,,"The genus Graziana was proposed as a replacement name for Frauenfeldia Clessin, 1878, non Egger, 1863. [...It is] a junior synonym of Belgrandiella Wagner,1927.""(Kabat  Hershler 1993).Closed to the Belgrandiella species, the genus has been redefined by Haase (1994).",Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv)",EU27,,"Graziana cezairensis#is known from 2 locations in a very restricted area (AOO being 8 km2) in SE France. Freshwater springs are highly vulnerable habitats due to human use in this region. The species therefore qualifies as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii,iv).",Unknown,Graziana cezairensis is endemic to south-east France where it is found in the alpine regions.,There is no population trend data available for this species.,This is a freshwater spring snail.,"Springs are subject to increasing pressure due to water extraction : either they become temporary flowing when water is extracted from the ground, thus lowering the subterranean water level at least in summer or they are built for water extraction directly from the spring. Therefore, most of the spring-dwelling species are threatened with general habitat destruction.","Most of the spring-dwelling species are threatened with general habitat destruction, so actions to protect the sites as well as education about the importance of these sites .",Not traded.,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Graziana,klagenfurtensis,,Graziana klagenfurtensis,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"Graziana klagenfurtensis has been assessed as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)). The species was originally listed as Endangered in the 1990 and 1994 assessments. It is still restricted to springs near the source of the River Sattnitz near Klagenfurt in Austria, where the number of springs was believed to be six in 1994. As these springs are very closely located and are suffering from the pollution and ground water abstraction, it is considered, on a precautionary basis, that the number of locations is actually less than five. It is not known whether the species exists within a protected area and there is no specific recovery plan in place. It is suggested that monitoring of the habitat of this species is conducted, along with research into the population trend.",Unknown,This species is restricted to springs near the source of the River Sattnitz near Klagenfurt in Austria; it was originally described from Georgsquelle (Haase 1994). Haase (1994) suggests that it is present at six springs within close proximity.,There is no population information available.,"This freshwater species is found in springs and in the interstitial waters of river beds of the Sattnitz, close to the springs.","The major threats to this species lie in the exploitation of the water source, either through extraction of groundwater feeding the spring, or capping (off-take) of water from the springs. There are a variety of purposes in the region, use for agriculture and use for domestic supplies. A secondary threat lies in pollution of the groundwater from nitrates as the result of agricultural run-off percolating into the groundwater.","This species is not currently protected by law in Austria. It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is found on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR). It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.",,,"Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Graziana,lacheineri,,Graziana lacheineri,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Graziana lacheineri was originally listed in the 1994 Red List, but amended to Least Concern on recommendation from Martin Haase, who had undertaken research on the species.# The species is considered Near Threatened on the Austrian Red List (Reischütz and Reischütz 2007) due to some localised threats to springs and loss of some sites in Styria, however the species was not in danger of extinction. The current status of the species has not changed;# there are still localised threats, but the number of sites ensures that the species is unlikely to become extinct in the near future.",Unknown,"Graziana lacheineri has an alpine distribution and is found in Switzerland (Turner et al, 1998), Austria (Reischütz and Reischütz 2009) and Slovenia (Radoman 1983). According to Bank et al (Fauna Europea website), the range extends to Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.",The species is abundant at spring sites across the range.,This species is found in groundwaters and freshwater springs.,"Although there maybe localised threats to populations of this species through the use of springs, the range is so extensive that it will not lead to extinction in the near future.","No conservation actions specifically for this species.# In some regions, it is considered rare.",,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Graziana,papukensis,,Graziana papukensis,,,Yes,NT,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is restricted to the protected Papuk Geopark in south-eastern Croatia,  where it is found in Jankovic Stream and on the tuffaceous waterfall.  Other sites are all within the area of Mount Papuk. As the known sites are all within a protected area the habitats at present are not considered to be threatened. However, the area of occupancy is thought to be 100 km2 and there are five locations, and therefore it is suggests that the species should be considered as Near Threatened (NT) approaching category B. If hydrological conditions were to change, then the species would be a candidate for Vulnerable (D2) or Endangered B2a.",Unknown,"This species is restricted to Papuk Geopark in south-eastern Croatia, where it is found in Jankovic Stream and on the tuffaceous waterfall. Other sites are all within the area of Mount Papuk. Radoman (1983) listed springs one km from Jankovac by road to Velika; Spomen Cesma, a spring near Tresnjevica (five km from Vocin); a spring south of Papuk, seven km north of Velika and 12 km from Slavonska Pozega.","There is no data on population trend, but it has been seen in recent surveys.","It is found in freshwater springs, waterfalls and rock crevices in streams.","The major threats to the species would be disturbance of the flow regime of the stream, waterfall and spring, and water-pollution.","The species is only known from the Papuk Geopark, where it is restricted to the streams and waterfalls. However, this geopark is protecting the geological history of the region, as well as having several endemic invertebrates such as beetles and snails as well as rare bats and flora. There is on data on population trends so research in this area is recommended through monitoring the habitat quality of the sites.",There is no use or trade information for this species.,,"Jalzic, B. Lajtner, J.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Graziana,provincialis,,Graziana provincialis,,"The genus Graziana was proposed as a replacement name for Frauenfeldia Clessin, 1878, non Egger, 1863. [...It is] a junior synonym of Belgrandiella Wagner,1927.""(Kabat  Hershler 1993).#Close to the Belgrandiella species, the genus has been redefined by Haase (1994).",Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv)",EU27,,"Graziana provincialis is only known from 3 sites, in a very restricted area (AOO of 12 km2), in southern France. The quality of habitat is decreasing, as all freshwater springs in this region are highly vulnerable habitats due to human use. The species therefore qualifies as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii,iv).",Unknown,Graziana provincialis is endemic to southern France where it is restricted to 3 sites.,There is no population trend data available for this species.,Grazina#species are freshwater spring snails.,"Springs are subject to increasing pressure due to water extraction : either they become temporary flowing when water is extracted from the ground, thus lowering the subterranean water level at least in summer ; or they are built for water extraction directly from the spring. Therefore, most of the spring-dwelling speciezs are threatened with general habitat destruction.",Site and habitat protection are needed to ensure the survival of this species. More research is also needed on the taxonomy.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Graziana,pupula,,Graziana pupula,,"The species has various synonyms that need to be added to the record; Paludinella pupula Westerlund, 1886, Belgrandiella alzonae A.J. Wagner (1928); see Gloer, 2002 p. 115.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"The species was originally listed as Vulnerable in the 1994 Red List, but amended to Least Concern on recommendation from Martin Haase (pers. comm. 1996), who had undertaken research on the species.# It was considered to be more widespread, and although there were localised threats to some springs, the species was not in danger of extinction.# The current status of the species has not changed;# there are still localised threats, but the wide range of the species ensures that the species is unlikely to become extinct in the near future.# This species is therefore listed as Least Concern.This species has also been assessed at the regional level: EU27 regional assessment: This species is listed as Least Concern within the 27 members states of the European Union.European regional assessment:# Least Concern",Stable,"Graziana pupula is restricted to north-east Italy and western Slovenia (Haase 1994; Gloer 2002, p. 115). It is widespread in region, with many records from Italy (see Checklist and Maps of Italian Fauna, version 5.3.8).","This is a widespread species, even though there is no specific population data available.",This widespread species is found within springs.,There are no known threats of this species.,There are no conservation actions needed for this species.,,,"Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Graziana,quadrifoglio,,Graziana quadrifoglio,,,Yes,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU27,,"This recently described species is only known from two springs in Switzerland. The potential future threats from human disturbance are considered plausible, and as such the species is listed as Vulnerable D2. If the threats escalate, and if further sites are not found, the assessment would need to be upgraded.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Switzerland, where it was found in two springs on Monte San Giorgio, close to the border with Italy in canton Ticino (Haase 2003). Haase (2003) considered that it may also occur in Italy, but at present it is restricted to Switzerland.",There is no population data available.,This is a freshwater spring-snail.,"The major threats arise from the depletion of springs due to the water being captured for settlements, damaging the surrounding flora and fauna. This, at present, is thought to be only a future threat.","This species has the status 'Potentially Endangered' (Category 4) in Switzerland (Turner et al, 1994). As a recently described species, efforts should be focussed on expanding the known range, particularly as Haase (2003) considers that it may also occur in Italy. In the meantime, monitoring of the habitats at the two known springs is also necessary as there are plausible future threats identified.",This species is not utilized.,,"Rüetschi, J.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Graziana,slavonica,,Graziana slavonica,,,Yes,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Croatia, where, although it is expected that it is more widespread, it is known from a single site, the Jankovic Stream within the area of Mt Papuk (Radoman 1983). The major threats to the species would be disturbance of the flow regime  of the stream, waterfall and spring, and water-pollution. However, at present these are thought to be future threats, as the site lies in a protected area. Therefore, the species is listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2, based on these potential threats and the restricted populations.",Unknown,Graziana slavonica is endemic to Croatia where it was described from the Jankovic Stream within area of Mt. Papuk (Radoman 1983).,"There is no recent data on population trends, although the site lies in a protected area.",The species is found in freshwater springs (Radoman 1983).,The major threats to the species would be from the disturbance of the flow regime of the habitat and water-pollution.,"Graziana slavonica#is only known from the Papuk GeoPark, where it is restricted to the streams and waterfalls. However, this geopark is protecting the geological history of region, as well as having several endemic invertebrates as well as rare bats and flora. This species is on the list of protected species for Croatia (Ministry of Culture 2009). It is thought that further sub-populations may be present in the park, so research is recommended in this area.",This species is not utilized.,,"Lajtner, J.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Graziana,trinitatis,,Graziana trinitatis,,"The genus Graziana was proposed as a replacement name for Frauenfeldia Clessin, 1878, non Egger, 1863. [...It is] a junior synonym of Belgrandiella Wagner,1927.""(Kabat  Hershler 1993). Close to the Belgrandiella species, the genus has been redefined by Haase (1994). Considered previously (Boeters 1970) as a subspecies of Belgrandiella saxatilis, this taxon is considered as a valid species by Falkner et al. (2002).",Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv)",EU27,,"Graziana trinitatis is only known from a few localities. Springs are highly vulnerable habitats due to human use due to water extraction as they can become temporary flowing when water is extracted from the  ground lowering the subterranean water level (at least in summer)# or water is extracted directly from the spring.# The species therefore qualifies as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii,iv)..",Unknown,"Graziana trinitatis is only#known from only a few localities in France. One is the type locality, La Trinité near Nice, and a few others are given by Falkner et al. (2002) from Corsica.#Because we do not know the exact number of localities, neither AOO nor EOO can be calculated. Nevertheless, it is believed that there are fewer than 5 locations.",There is no population data available for this species.,Species from the genus Graziana##are freshwater spring snails.,"Springs are subject to increasing pressure due to water extraction : either they become temporary flowing when water is extracted from the ground, thus lowering the subterranean water level at least in summer ; or they are built for water extraction directly from the spring. Therefore, most of the spring-dwelling species are threatened with general habitat destruction, unless they lie in protected areas.","Habitat monitoring is suggested for this species, as well as new surveys to determine how many localities occur on Corsica.",,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Graziana,vrbasensis,,Graziana vrbasensis,,,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Graziana vrbasensis is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is listed as Data Deficient (DD). It could be considered Near Threatened (6 locations) or Vulnerable (6 locations and declining quality of habitat), however the lack of recent data on the range and threats to make a difficult to make a definitive assessment of status. Once these sites have been reviewed and there are recent site surveys, the species is likely to move to a higher threat category.#",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is known from# Bjelaš-nica, a site that also holds Radomaniola bosniaca and is a mountain in central Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is found directly to the southwest of Sarajevo.##It is restricted to the Vrbas River catchment. It was described from 6 springs or brooks within the catchment (Radoman 1983). Spring between Jajce and Mrkonjiće-grad, 8km from Jajce#; spring below Barevo village 8km N of Jajce#; spring between Mrkonjiće-grad and Kljuće, 2-3km from Mrkonjiće-grad, Sredinace spring 5 km of Jezero and 4km N of Šipovo; Žlicino-vrelo by Ćirakovac, 10km from Mrkonjiće-grad.",No data on the population is available.,This species inhabits freshwater springs.,"Springs are subject to increasing pressure due to water extraction : either they become temporary flowing when water is extracted from the ground, thus lowering the subterranean water level at least in summer or water extraction is taken directly from the spring. Therefore, most of the spring-dwelling species are threatened with general habitat destruction, unless they lie in protected areas.","No conservation actions are in place for this species, although it is listed as endemic for the Mountain. More information is needed on the distribution and the population. Habitat trends should be monitor.",,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Grossuana,angeltsekovi,,Grossuana angeltsekovi,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This is a recently described species, known from two localities in the Rhodopes Mts. in Bulgaria. Gregoriev (2009, pers. comm.) suggests that the species probably has a wider distribution than currently known as the area is relatively unexplored. There are potential threats from#pollution and extraction of the spring waters, but these are not considered to be plausible threats at present, particularly as further sites are expected to be discovered. Therefore it is assessed as#Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Bulgaria, where it has been found in the Rhodope mountains (near Bachkovo and Pavelsko), and in Mesta River Valley. As a recently described species in an area with little survey work, it is expected to be present in other locations in the mountains.","This is a recently described species, so there is no data on population trends.","The species lives in small rivers and springs with various temperatures.#The water temperature at the Bachkovo water source was 12° C, oxygen was 9.3 mg/l, at Pavelsko they were respectively 8.2° C, and 8.4 mg/l. It is possibly a calcareous species because it was found in areas of visibly calcium rich waters.","The major threats to the species are from water pollution from agricultural, domestic, and industrial sources, and habitat degradation resulting from piping of the spring waters.","There are no known conservation actions for this species. As this species may be more widespread, further survey work is required to establish the range and any threats.",This species is not utilized.,,"Georgiev, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Grossuana,euxina,,Grossuana euxina,,"According to Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006), this species has six subspecies, namely G. e. euxina, G. e. macedonica, G. e. remesiana, G. e. serbica, G. e. skupica and G. e. vurliana.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is known to occur in several localities within a relatively wide range. Though some of the populations are affected by environmental stresses (e.g. pollution and habitat disturbance) other populations live in relatively untouched habitats. Recent findings of this species in some new localities (including Greece, Albania and Bulgaria) indicates that it might occur in more localities than currently known. Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27:#Least Concern (LC)Europe:#Least Concern (LC)Mediterranean: #Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"Grossuana euxina is known from localities in Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia and Macedonia (Radoman 1983, Bank et al. 2006). It was also found in Albania recently (Fehér and Erőss 2009).# There are more than 50 reported localities (Radoman 1983). Several new localities were discovered recently (Albania, Greece, Bulgaria) so the number of existing populations is  probably higher than the currently reported range (Feher pers. comm. 2010).",Information on the population status or trend is not available for this species.,This species inhabits karstic springs.#,"This species is threatened by pollution of# its spring water habitat, arising from agricultural, industrial and domestic sources.",There are no current conservation actions required for this species. No conservation measures are needed.,This species is not utilized.,,"Georgiev, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Grossuana,thracica,,Grossuana thracica,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"Grossuana thracica is restricted to a single spring, emerging from one of the few lowland caves of Upper Thracia in Bulgaria. The EOO is estimated to be about 10 km2, while the AOO is 4 km2. The site is currently impacted by habitat degradation from animal trampling, mainly cows from the nearby villages into the wetland area, which are reducing the habitat quality#of the species. There is also water extraction (pumping from the pond for irrigating the nearby agricultural lands), which could impact the water levels, leading to further#habitat degradation. There is no protection on the site. This species is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Bulgaria, where it is found at one site only. This site is the area where the water emerges from the spring of Chirpan Bunar Cave, and flows into a small pond. The total area of inhabitance is approximately 2 metres of the spring's length. The cave is situated 3 km east of the village of Bolyarino, in the Upper Thracian Lowland, Bulgaria.",No information on the population status or trend of this species is available.,"This species occurs in a limestone lowland area, where running surface waters emerge from a cave and fill a small pond. This type locality is the spring of a small river that is surrounded by pastures and agricultural lands.","Threats to this species include direct damage from cattle, extraction of water from the pond for irrigation of agricultural lands, and the nearby use of pesticides.","The prevention of entrance to the site by cattle, the limitation of water extraction and the careful control of any pesticide use are all recommended conservation actions. Further, the full protection of both the area and the species by law is recommended.",,,"Georgiev, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Guadiella,andalucesis,,Guadiella andalucesis,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species is listed as Data Deficient in the Spanish Red List (Verdu and Galante 2009) as there is no information on the population trends.# However, as it is only known from 3 locations and potentially faces threats from groundwater pollution and over-abstraction of water, on a precautionary basis it has been assessed as Vulnerable. However, in the future it may be uplisted to Endangered, depending on further information on habitat trends and the likelihood of threats escalating in the region.This species has been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU D2)European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU D2)Mediterranean regional assessment:# Vulnerable (VU D2)",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Spain, where it only known from the type locality in the interstitial water in the river beds of headwaters of the Guadalquivir, Spain and two other sites in close proximity#in the provinces of Jaen and Sevilla (Arconada et al. 2007):     ###### Mogon, Rio Guadalquivir, Province Jaén (UTM grid square VH9714), interstitial water   ###### 2km upstream of Pueta de Segura, Rio Guadalimar, Province Jaén (UTM grid square WH2345), interstitial water   ###### South side of Alcolea del Rio, Province Sevilla (UTM grid square TG6466), dug well",There is no information on population trends.,This species inhabits interstitial groundwaters.,"The threats to the species are uncertain, however, the general threats to groundwater and springs in the region is pollution from agricultural sources, and overabstraction of water for domestic and agricultural purposes.","Listed as Data Deficient for the Spanish Red List, Atlas de los Invertebrados (Verdu and Galante 2009). Research is needed relating to population trends of the species. Habitat monitoring is required to monitor the impact of pollution and overabstraction of water on the habitat quality, as this could affect the species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Arconada, B.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Guadiella,arconadae,,Guadiella arconadae,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species was listed as Data Deficient (DD) in the Spanish Red List (Verdu and Galente 2009), presumably as the species was recently described. If we take a precautionary attitude to the distribution occuring only in one location in the North East of Spain, and facing plausible threats, then the species should be considered as Vulnerable (VU D2).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe: Vulnerable (VU D2)EU27:#Vulnerable (VU D2)Mediterranean:#Vulnerable (VU D2)",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Spain, only known from the type locality in a spring, Merindad de Río Ubierna, in the province Burgos, Spain.",There is no data on population status of this species.,This species inhabits groundwaters feeding springs.,"The threats to the species are uncertain, however, the general threats to groundwater and springs in the region is pollution from agricultural sources, and overabstraction of water for domestic and agricultural purposes.","No conservation measures are in place for this species. As the species is only known in one locality, monitoring of the population is important to detect a decline. Appropriate land and water management are needed in the area to prevent threats negatively impacting this species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Arconada, B.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Guadiella,ramosae,,Guadiella ramosae,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species was listed as Data deficient in the Spanish Red List (Verdu and Galente 2009), presumably as the species was recently described.# If we take a precautionary attitude to the distribution, where the species occurs only in one location in the North East of Spain, with threats from abstraction of the water sources and agricultural pollution, then the species should# be considered as Vulnerable (VU D2).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe: Vulnerable (VU D2)EU27:#Vulnerable (VU D2)Mediterranean:#Vulnerable (VU D2)",Unknown,"This species is restricted to Spain, where at present it is only known from the type locality in a spring, province Jaen, (el lado Sur de la carretera J 701 Siles-Cotillas, 2km de Siles, Jaén (UTM: WH3850, 900 m ASL)).",There is no data on the population status of this species.,This species lives in groundwaters feeding springs.,"The threats to the species are uncertain, however, the general threats to groundwaterand springs in the region is pollution from agricultural sources, and overabstraction of water for domestic and agricultural purposes.",Habitat monitoring is required to detect any future changes in habitat quality. Appropriate land and water management is needed in the area to protect the site from over abstraction of water in the future.,This species is not utilized.,,"Arconada, B.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Gyraulus,acronicus,,Gyraulus acronicus,,"Opinions have been expressed over the taxonomic status of British Gyraulus acronicus. Kerney (1999) notes that the taxonomy of the genus Gyraulus is complex and the identity of this particular British form with the species known under the same name in mountain lakes in Scandinavia and the Alps is not firmly established. Confusion arises from the similarity in shell morphology of G. acronicus to G. albus (Müller, 1774) and there is therefore the suggestion that the taxon referred to as G. acronicus in Britain may be no more than a peculiar ecophenotype of G. albus. A further species, Gyraulus stroemi (Westerlund, 1881) has recently been identified within this complex. Its distribution and ecology is very incompletely known, but there are records from Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia and Sibiria. Revision of all material of G. acronicus is needed.",No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"This species should be under taxonomic review given the possible different entities in Scandinavia. There has been#confusion between#G. acronicus,#G. albus#(Müller, 1774) with some suggestions that the taxon referred to as#G. acronicus#in Britain may be no more than a peculiar ecophenotype of#G. albus. Killeen  Gloer (pers. comm. 2010) have reviewed the UK populations and consider that these populations are the same as the continental populations of#G. acronicus. However, additional complexity with a further species,#Gyraulus stroemi#(Westerlund, 1881) has recently been identified within this complex (T. von Prosowitz, pers. comm. 2010), and consequently the distribution and ecology is very incomplete. The records from Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia and Siberia may be Gyraulus stroemi#(Westerlund, 1881). The range is uncertain for both potential species, G. acronicus and Gyraulus stroemi#(Westerlund, 1881) and so it must be assessed as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This is a central and northern European species occurring from England to the Baltic States, and from the Alps to northern Scandinavia and down to the Ukraine (Falkner et al. 2001, Glöer 2002). The species is unknown in France and Belgium and occurs in the Netherlands only as Holocene fossils.The global range of this species extends through northern Eurasia, Kantor et al. (2009) note it occurs eastwards to the basin of# Nizhnyaya Tunguska and south to Armenia.","There is no population data across the range, but there are localised declines within certain countries. However, given the difficulties with separating species, this cannot be confirmed.","The species has a preference for slow-moving water and densely vegetated river margins, but is also present in lakes.","Some countries report declines as the result of water pollution, mainly from  agricultural sources. An example is in the UK (Killeen and Seddon, pers. comm., 2010). There are localities which are severely threatened, such as at Bodensee on the Swiss-German border, (Falkner and Niedhoffer 2008).","There are no species specific conservation actions in place at a European Level. However, populations in some countries are threatened, with habitat monitoring in place. In Germany, the Baden Red List places it as Category 2: at Bodensee decline started in the 1960's (Falkner pers. comm., 2010). In the UK the species was originally considered Vulnerable (Bratton 1991) and more recently reviewed and maintained as Vulnerable B2ab(iii) (Killeen  Seddon, pers. comm., 2010) with a very localised range in the Thames Valley. In Switzerland it was listed as Category 1, as it was only present in northern Switzerland (Turner et al. 1994). In Slovakia Beran et al. (2005) placed the species as Endangered as it was in Czech Republic.Conservation actions should include, further taxonomic review of the status of the Scandinavian and European populations to establish the geographical range of each potential taxon, as well as levels of decline to establish the threat status of both taxa.",This species is not utilized.,,"Falkner, G. von Proschwitz, T.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Gyraulus,albidus,,Gyraulus albidus,,,Yes,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU27,,"Gyraulus albidus is considered as Vulnerable D2, as it is restricted to a single lake. Although there is declining quality of habitat, the rate of decline in the quality of lake water is not likely to be impacting this species significantly at current levels of pollution, although these might be worsening. However, this species could very quickly become Endangered if the quality of habitat changes significantly.",Unknown,"This species is restricted to Lake Ohrid, between the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania.",This species is found at suitable habitats in high abundances.,"This freshwater species occurs in the littoral zone occurs at the northern and southern sandy beaches of Lake Ohrid, as well as in sandy patches along the rocky eastern and western shoreline.","The water quality is changing due to pollution (sedimentation, agricultural run-off) and habitat degradation. As a result of this eutrophication, enhanced macrophyte and broad reed belt growth at the highly human populated northern and southern shallow bays are decreasing the suitable habitats for this species.","There is no current conservation action in place for this species. However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. Habitat monitoring (water quality and sediment load) would be useful to determine changes in the status of this species.",,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Gyraulus,albus,,Gyraulus albus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is widespread throughout Europe. Given the present range it is unlikely to be threatened with extinction in the near future. Whilst there are localized species declines throughout the range, the species is one of the more abundant species and is only threatened locally by habitat loss and high levels of pollution and, so it is considered Least Concern overall.",Stable,"This is a palearctic species found throughout the region to 65°N (Kerney 1999). Declines have been observed in parts of the range (e.g. Portugal, Sweden), but these are at the margins of the distribution in Europe. In the former USSR, the range extends to Ural River, western Siberia  plain, eastward to Altai and to Transcaucasia (Kantor et al. 2009). In the Mediterranean region there are no records south of Turkey, with no reports from Jordan, Syria or Lebanon, but there is a recent record, which is believed to be an introduction in Israel, possibly by migrating waterfowl or possibly with introduced plants (Miensis 2007)","In parts of the range, it can be the most abundant species in the habitat.","This species is tolerant of mild pollution and is found in a wide variety of different water bodies, including lakes, rivers, pools, canals, ponds, swampy ditches and avoids places with seasonal dessication (Kerney 1999). It is usually found amongst aquatic vegetation (weeds) and on bottom mud. It doesn't require a high level of calcium. In Great Britain it is often the most abundant species in rivers and streams in upland areas (Kerney 1999).","No known threats to the species and it is tolerant to low levels of pollution. There are some localized declines due to changes in land management practices, usually conversion of marshy ground to agricultural lands or heavy pollution .","In most countries this species is not considered to be of conservation interest. No species specific conservation actions are in place. In Ireland, it was assessed as Least Concern (Byrne et al. 2009). #In Great Britain, it was listed as Least Concern, as the species is currently stable (Seddon and Killeen, pers. comm., 2010). In the Netherlands it is also considered to be Least Concern, and it is not listed  as a threatened species in the other Red Lists ( Poland, Norway, Sweden,  Finland, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Estonia Latvia, Spain). Research actions include: further research to establish population and habitat trends and monitor future changes in habitats, as a proxy for changing populations.",This species is not used.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Gyraulus,clymene,,Gyraulus clymene,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species was recorded by Fauna Europaea as being present in the Canary Islands in Spain (Bank et al.  2006). It is possible that it has been recorded as other species, so  the distribution, population trends and threats are uncertain and  research is required to enable a conservation assessment. Consequently it is listed as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This species was recorded by Fauna Europaea as being present in the Canary Islands in Spain (Bank et al. 2006). It is possible that it has been recorded as other species, so the distribution is uncertain.",There is no recent data on population trends in the Canary Islands.,"This species was recorded by Fauna Europaea as being present in the Canary Islands in Spain (Bank et al. 2006). It is possible that it has been recorded as other species, so the habitats are uncertain.","This species was recorded by Fauna Europaea as being present in the Canary Islands in Spain (Bank et al. 2006). It is possible that it has been recorded as other species, so the threats are uncertain.","This species was recorded by Fauna Europaea as being present in the Canary Islands in Spain (Bank et al. 2006). It is possible that it has been recorded as other species, so the distribution, population trends and threats are uncertain and research is required to enable a conservation assessment.",This species is not known to be utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Gyraulus,crenophilus,,Gyraulus crenophilus,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Gyraulus crenophilus is restricted to the lake and three feeder springs in the Lake Ohrid water catchment, and is assessed as Endangered B1ab(iii). The total EOO is no more than 500 km2, it lives at low densities and pollution is causing a decline in water quality, which impacts the habitats and feeding areas of this species, which requires clean water and is intolerant of pollution.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) part of Lake Ohrid and in the springs near Ohrid town (north-east of the Lake), and in the Albanian Feeder springs system (Tusemista and Zagorican) (C. Albrecht pers. comm. 2009)",It is found at suitable habitats in low abundances.,This species is restricted to the littoral zone of the lake with sublacustrine springs and cold water springs. It is probably a species needing a specific (and narrow) constant water temperature and chemistry (C. Albrecht pers. comm. 2009).,"Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. Increasing sediment load (due to construction of new settlements, deforestation and erosion of the neighbouring area) also impacts this gastropod. Agriculture near the Prespa Lake are contaminating the Prespa Lake waters, which are feeding the aquifer of the Lake Ohrid, resulting in increased nutrient load (Matzinger et al. 2006).   The quality of habitat in the Albanian springs is declining due to pollution by aquaculture, solid waste produced by domestic use and tourism/recreational activities, as well as over-abstraction of water.",There are no conservation actions in place for this species. More sustainable water management is needed to ensure the continuing quality of the habitat. Monitoring habitat trends would be beneficial for this species.,,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Gyraulus,crista,,Gyraulus crista,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is widespread across Europe, and given the present range it is unlikely to be threatened with extinction in the near future. Whilst there are localized species declines throughout the range, the species is one of the more abundant species and is only threatened by habitat loss and high levels of pollution. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and as Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Unknown,"This small species of Planorbid is found throughout Europe to 62°N (Kerney 1999). Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2009) report the species from: Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland) Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Channel Islands (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia Hungary, Italy (mainland),, Bulgaria, Romania, Andorra, Balearic Islands (Spain), Spain (mainland), Portugal (mainland), Albania, Slovenia Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia  Herzegovina, Ukraine, Greece (mainland).In the former USSR the range extends to the Ural River, western Siberia plain, eastward to Altai and to Transcaucasia (Kantor et al. 2009).",There is no information relating to population trends of this species.,"This species is tolerant of mild pollution and is found in a wide variety of different water bodies, including lakes, canals, ponds, swampy ditches and avoids places with seasonal dessication (Kerney 1999). In Great Britain it is often the most abundant species in rivers and streams in upland areas (Kerney 1999).","This species is abundant where present and seems to be stable. However there are localized declines due to changes in land management practices, usually conversion of marshy ground to agricultural lands, or heavy pollution.","In most countries this species is not considered to be of conservation interest. No species specific conservation actions are in place. In Ireland, it was assessed as Least Concern (Byrne et al. 2009). In Great Britain it was listed as Least Concern, as the species is currently stable (Seddon and# Killeen, pers. comm. 2010). In Latvia and Switzerland it was considered to be category 3 (Endangered). Research actions include further research to establish population and habitat trends and monitor future changes in habitats, as a proxy for changing populations.",There is no use or trade information for this species.,,"Seddon, M. Killeen, I.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Gyraulus,fontinalis,,Gyraulus fontinalis,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Gyraulus fontinalis is known from three springs in the Lake Ohrid catchment, with a combined area of approximately 16 km2. There is a decline in the habitat quality due to pollution, aquaculture and excessive water abstraction. It is therefore considered as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).",Unknown,"Gyraulus fontinalis is restricted to the Feeder springs system (St. Naum, Tusemista and Zagorican) of Lake Ohrid, between Albania and the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).",It is at suitable habitats in low abundances.,This species needs a constant water temperature and chemistry to survive. It occurs in places with low flow rate.,"Agriculture near the Prespa Lake are contaminating the Prespa lake waters, which are feeding the aquifer of these springs, resulting in increased nutrient load (Matzinger et al. 2006).#  The quality of habitat in the Albanian springs is declining due to pollution by aquaculture, solid waste produced by domestic use and tourism/recreational activities, and over-abstraction of water.",The species is present in the Galicica National Park. More sustainable water management is needed to ensure the continuing quality of the habitat. The trend in habitat decline should be monitored to determine changes to this species status.,,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Gyraulus,ioanis,,Gyraulus ioanis,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Gyraulus ioanis#is#only known a single site, where it is retricted to the littoral zone of#Šasko Lake in Montenegro.# This lake is being impacted by the rapid process of eutrophication threatening the quality of habitat in the lake margins. It is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)",Unknown,"This species is endemic for Montenegro, known only from Šasko Lake (a small lake south of Lake Skadar, south of Montenegro, near the town of Ulcinj).",The population size and trend is unknown for this species.,"This species lives between the emergent (Phragmites communis) and floating (Nymphaea alba, Nuphar luteum) vegetation in the littoral zone of Šasko Lake.","There is a rapid process of eutrophication observed at least in the last decades. The dimension of the lake is small (3.5 km2), the water of Šasko Lake comes originally from the Bojana river and several springs. The communication with the Bojana river is interrupted during summer period (July and August) resulting in a decrease in the level of water of the lake.",No conservation actions in place for this species. Monitoring of the habitat is recommended.,There is no trade use for this species,,"Pešić, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Gyraulus,laevis,,Gyraulus laevis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Due to its widespread distribution this species is unlikely to be threatened with extinction in the near future, so it is is considered as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union. However, there are localised declines due to habitat loss and pollution so the population and habitat trends should be monitored.",Decreasing,"A Palaearctic species found throughout region to north of the Arctic circle (Kerney 1999). The distribution is very scattered with few localities in many states. Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) report the species from Norway, Sweden, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (mainland), Bulgaria, Romania, Spain (mainland), Portugal (mainland), Albania, Croatia, Montenegro, Bosnia  Herzegovina, Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia, Ukraine, Greece (mainland possibly including Andikíthira Island , Evvia Island, Ionian Islands, Samothráki Island, Northern Sporades Islands and Thásos Island)","The population trend of this species is declining. This is generally a relatively rare species, even though in the western part of its range, it might be locally more abundant. In Germany it is not abundant on its sites and in Czech Republic and Slovakia it is considered rare.","This species lives in slow flowing waters, such as rivers, lakes and ponds, where it is usually found on weeds, but sometimes on muddy bottoms and on stones. It avoids places with with seasonal dessication (Kerney 1999). It can be found in artificial habitats such as gravel pits, quarries, reservoirs and fish ponds. It is occasionally found in canals and ditches. It tolerates high level of eutrophication and slightly brackish water, and so has been found in sand dune pools (Kerney 1999).","The species is very localized across its range in Europe and there are localized declines due to changes in land management practices, usually the loss of temporary habitats, drainage of marshy ground to increase agricultural lands or heavy pollution close to large urban centres.","In many countries this species is considered to be localised and in decline, so as a consequence, has been listed as threatened although no species specific conservation actions are known to be in place. In Ireland, it was assessed as Endangered based on loss of over 50% of the populations over the last 30 years (Byrne et al. 2009). In Great Britain it was listed as Near Threatened, as the species has a scattered range with loss of some sites in central England (M. Seddon and# I. Killeen pers. comm. 2010). In the Czech Republic (Beran et al. 2005) and Norway it was listed as Vulnerable (Byrne et al. 2009).# In the Netherlands and Sweden it was listed as Endangered. In Germany and Switzerland it was listed as Category 1 (Highly Endangered) (Byrne et al. 2009). In Slovakia it is listed as Rare (Steffek and Vavrova 2006, Byrne et al. 2009).",This species is not utilized.,,"Vavrova, L., Seddon, M. Killeen, I.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Gyraulus,lychnidicus,,Gyraulus lychnidicus,,,Yes,NT,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Gyraulus lychnidicus#is an abundant and common species found all along the shores of Lake Ohrid. Although its restricted range qualifies it for Endangered under criteria B, as it is a larger species with wide habitats, #it is less sensitive to threats like sedimentation and adapts well to changes in its habitat quality (it is found on artificial substrate, etc.). It is therefore considered as Near Threatened.",Unknown,"Gyraulus lychnidicus#is restricted to Lake Ohrid, where it is recorded from the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania.",It is found at suitable habitats in relatively high abundances (C. Albrecht et al. pers.comm. 2009),"This freshwater lake species is found in the littoral zone where it is restricted to hard substrates, including artificial constructions. The juveniles are found amongst the Chara meadows.","The water quality is changing due to pollution (eutrophication, sedimentation, agricultural run-off) and habitat degradation. As a result of this eutrophication, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability.","There is no current conservation action in place for this species. However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. Habitat monitoring (water quality and sediment load) would be useful to determine changes in the status of this species.  ###########",,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Gyraulus,meierbrooki,,Gyraulus meierbrooki,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Gyraulus meierbrooki is endemic to Lake Skadar, which has a total area of 370 km2 and at present is only found at 4 sites in#Montenegro. There are threats to most of the known localities of occurrence for this species. Rapid process of eutrophication has been observed in Lake Skadar (especially in the area of Malo Blato). Spring water from sublacustrine spring Karuc is captured for coastal drinking water (in a part of Montenegro). There is a planned infrastructure project (bridge) in the area of Tanki Rt, one of the recorded sites. As such the species is listed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to and known only from Lake Skadar, based in Montenegro and Albania,#only 25 km from the Adriatic Sea.#Lake Skadar has a surface area that can vary between 370#km2#and in winter, its waters swell and expand to cover all of 540 square kilometres, but is very shallow(between 5 and 8 metres on average).#This species is expected to be present in the part of the Lake Skadar which belongs to the Republic of Albania and is found at 4 sites of Virpazar, Tanki Rt, Karuč and Malo Blato on the Montenegro part of the Lake.",The population size and trends for this species are unknown.,This species lives in the emergent and floating vegetation in littoral zone of the freshwater lake.#,"There are multiple threats for this species in the lake. Rapid eutrophication has been observed in Lake Skadar (especially in the area of Malo Blato) (V. Pesic pers. comm. 2009) and this is leading to declining habitat quality. In addition, spring water from sublacustrine spring Karuc is captured for coastal drinking water (in a part of Montenegro) leading to fluctuating water levels. In the future there is a planned infrastructure project (bridge) in the area of Tanki Rt.","On-going transboundary projects focus on ecosystem management of the Lake Skadar area, however, there are no direct conservation measures for this species. #Monitoring habitat quality would provide information on future trends that would impact this species.",There is no trade use for this species,,"Pešić, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Gyraulus,piscinarum,,Gyraulus piscinarum,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"Gyraulus piscinarum is widely recorded through South-East Europe and South-West Asia; including Turkey through to Jordan, Syria and Lebanon. It is considered Least Concern (LC) in view of the lack of known threats and its wide range.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27:# Not Applicable (Known from a single site)Europe: Not Applicable (Known from a single site), although if recorded in Greece, the species would become Least Concern.Mediterranean: Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"This species is widely spread through South-East Europe and South-West Asia# including Turkey through to Jordan and Syria. The species was also recently reported in Lebanon. In Bulgaria its locality is given as in marshes at Marita River near Plovdiv (Angelov 2000). It is possible that this record is from river floodline debris, and if so the record could come from anywhere in the river catchment.",No information on the population status or trend has been provided for this species.,Gyraulus piscinarum occurs in swamps and slowly flowing waters with abundant vegetation. In Bulgaria (Angelov 2000) found it in aquatic vegetation in marshes and 'river floodline debris'.,"There are no current threats recognised for this species, although pollution may become a threat in the future.",There are no current or suggested conservation actions for this species.,This species is not utilized.,,"Kebapçı, U. Van Damme, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Gyraulus,rossmaessleri,,Gyraulus rossmaessleri,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is restricted to central and eastern Europe, where it is  found in living in temporary pools, a habitat that can be threatened due to change in land use requiring drainage. However the scattered range and number of new records suggests the species should be considered Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union, although it is locally threatened due to the number of locations in parts of the range.",Increasing,"This species is restricted to central and eastern Europe, where it is found in France, Germany, Austria, Latvia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Switzerland, Poland, Hungary, then extending to Russia (Glöer 2002, Bank et al. 2006, Kantor et al. 2009). The species has also recently been found in Ukraine, Romania (Son pers. comm. 2010) and Lithuania (Bank pers. comm. 2010).",The species seems to be increasing within the European range based on recent records of new distributions.,This species is found in temporary pools in woodlands.,"There are no known threats across the range, although the very localised nature of the locations means some sub-populations are threatened by habitat loss through drainage for land reclamation (agriculture).","There are no known conservation actions across the range, although the very localised  nature of the locations means some sub-populations are threatened and hence require habitat monitoring (e.g. sub-populations in Germany where the species is listed as Critically Endangered).",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Gyraulus,shasi,,Gyraulus shasi,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is found only in the littoral region of Lake Šasko, in Montenegro. The lake itself is very small, with a surface area of 3.5km2. There are existing threats to the habitats and known localities from eutrophication of the lake and interruption of communication with the river Bojana. This species is therefore considered to be Critically Endangered#(CR) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).",Unknown,"This species is endemic for Montenegro, known only from Šasko Lake (south of Montenegro, near the town of Ulcinj).",Current population and population trends are unknown for this species.,"This species lives between the emergent (Phragmites communis) and floating (Nymphaea alba, Nuphar luteum) vegetation in the littoral zone of the Lake Šasko.","The Lake    Šasko is undergoing rapid eutrophication, which has been evident in the last decade. The dimension of the lake is small (3.5 km2), the water of Lake   Šasko comes originally from Bojana river and several springs. The communication with the Bojana river is interrupted during summer period (July and August) resulting in a decrease in the level of water of the lake.",No conservation actions exist for this species. Monitoring of the habitat is recommended.,There is no trade use for this species,,"Pešić, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Gyraulus,stankovici,,Gyraulus stankovici,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),No,EN,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"Gyraulus stankovici is described from only one location and has a Extent of Occurrence of less than 300 km2 and there is a decline in the habitat quality in relation with pollution and water abstraction. It is therefore considered as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii), although the range at present does not merit a high level of threat. However, it is a species that requires monitoring actions, which could be undertaken through habitat monitoring.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Lake Prespa which lies in Albania, FYROM (also known as Macedonia) and Greece.#","This species has only been found in low abundances in recent surveys in the lake (Albrecht et al, pers. comm. 2010)",This freshwater lake species is found in the littoral zones in rocky habitats.,"This species is vulnerable to habitat loss resulting from abrupt drops in water level (of several metres) related to excessive abstraction of water for agriculture, coupled with extremely dry summers, leading to impact in the littoral zone which is threatening this species. Pollution related to intensive agriculture practice and settlements in the neighbouring area is also responsible for the eutrophication of the lake. In relation to this, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrates of the lake bottom is changing, which is diminishing the habitat and food availability for this small gastropod. Herbicides might also impact diatom communities, which are the major food source for this snail. Introduction of alien fish species for fishing purposes has contributed to profound modification of the natural ecosystem of the lake.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species. An action plan on the sustainable management of water use in the region is urgently needed and existing water legislation should be enforced. Fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides use for agriculture purposes need to be drastically reduced. The lake is recognised as a protected area (GR1340001-Ethnikos Drymos Prespon)#and is listed by Greece as a Natura 2000 site (Radea, pers. comm. 2010).#",This species is not traded.,,"Schreiber, K., Hauffe, T. Albrecht, C.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Gyraulus,trapezoides,,Gyraulus trapezoides,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Gyraulus trapezoides#is endemic to a single lake, with a total area of just 358 km2. Its distribution is also thought to be restricted within the lake, where there is a decline in the habitat quality as a result of water pollution which affects the biofilm of the hard substrate where the species lives (and reduces the food and the habitat available for this species). It is therefore considered Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).",Unknown,"Gyraulus trapezoides#is restricted##Lake#Ohrid, where at present it is only known from the the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) part of the Lake.",It is found at suitable habitats in relatively high abundances (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).,This freshwater lake species is found in the littoral zone where it is restricted to hard substrate. It occurs in considerable deeper water than G. lychnidicus. Juveniles live amongst the Chara meadows.,"Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. Increasing sediment load (due to construction of new settlements, deforestation and erosion of the neighbouring area) also impacts this gastropod. As a result of this eutrophication, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, which is diminishing the habitat and food availability.#",There are no conservation actions in place for this species. Habitat monitoring (water quality and sediment load) would be useful to determine changes in the status of this species.,,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Hadziella,anti,,Hadziella anti,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Europe.# It has a relatively limited range being found in Italy, Slovenia and Croatia. This species was considered to be threatened in Croatia, as it is present at a single site and assigned a status of# Critically Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) for the Croatian Red List of Cave Fauna (2009), whereas although known from 6 sites in Italy, it is considered Least Concern in the Italian Red List. Hence given the more extensive range in Slovenia and Italy an assessment of Least Concern has been given, although there is pressure on the use of water in these regions, and as such an evaluation of Least Concern will need regular review.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to North Eastern Italy, North Western Slovenia and Croatia (Schutt 2000). It is only known from 6 10km squares in Italy (e.g.# Sorgente 1,1 km dal confine di stato, valle del F oSorgente 1,1 km dal confine di stato, valle del Sorgente 1,1 km dal confine di stato, valle de Natisone, a monte di Stupizza, com. Pulfer)In Croatia, only in a small periodic spring on island of Rab between town of Rab and village of Barbat.In Slovenia,the range is unknown.",This species has no known population data.,This is a freshwater species found within caves and is regarded as a stygobiont.,"This species is known in Italy where it is considered Least Concern, however is it susceptible to groundwater pollution and grounwater abstraction.In Croatia, only in a small periodic spring on island of Rab between town of Rab and village of Barbat. The site is likely to be threatened from pollution, tourist development and infrastructure development.",This species has also been assessed at a regional level:EU27:# Least Concern Europe:# Least ConcernMediterranean:# Least ConcernItaly: Least ConcernCroatia:# Critically Endangered.# All the caves and the cave fauna are strictly protected by law within Croatia.# However the status of the subpopulation in Croatia is unknown and requires monitoring.,,,"Bilandzija, H., Bodon, M., Cianfanelli, S., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Hadziella,deminuta,,Hadziella deminuta,,,Yes,VU,B1ab(iii),Yes,VU,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"Hadziella deminuta is endemic to Italy and Slovenia, where its  total extent of occurrence is 5000 km2, in 10 locations. It is considered rare in both countries and occupies a vulnerable habitat.# In Slovenia, the species is found just in interstitial water of the rivers Sava near Ljubljana and Savinja near Celje, and some thermal springs in central Slovenija (Bole and Velkovrh 1986), where the species is threatened by the degradation of its habitat, the pollution of groundwaters, the construction of roads and through management of the river channels. In Italy, it is considered Near Threatened, due to the presence in alluvial groundwaters that are vulnerable to pollution. Therefore this species is listed as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii).",Unknown,"Hadziella deminuta is endemic to Italy and Slovenia.   In Italy it is known from 3 sites in the groundwater of the river Isonzo (Bodon  Giovannelli 1994).# In Slovenia, the species is found in groundwater of the rivers #Sava near Ljubljana and Savinja near Celje, and some thermal springs in central Slovenija (Bole  Velkovrh 1986).","There are no population data, as it is a species difficult to sample.",This freshwater species is living in groundwaters of alluvium and the thermal springs.,"This species is threatened by pollution of the water, urbanization, regulations of rivers, construction of motorways near rivers.","The species is considered 'Rare'# in the Slovenian List of Threatened  Species#  (Slovenian official gazette (2002) no. 82, Tuesday 24  September 2002). There are no conservation actions in place but research  into taxonomy, population and distribution, and habitat trends would be  of benefit.",,,"Slapnik, R. Cianfanelli, S.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Hadziella,ephippiostoma,,Hadziella ephippiostoma,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Hadziella ephippiostoma is considered threatened in Italy and Slovenia.# In Italy it occurs at one site, whereas in Slovenia it is known from at least 13 sites, spread over several groundwater systems, usually found at outlets from the aquifers in springs in the area.# The area of occupancy (AOO) lies close to the limit for Vulnerable, and if there is loss of several springs or pollution of the underlying groundwater systems then the species will qualify at a higher level as Near Threatened/Vulnerable depending on the level of loss.    Other threats that may impact groundwaters include pumping of drinking water for the villages and towns.# Longer term threats are the potential degradation of cave ecosystems following #to changes to rainfall patterns causing in the changes to groundwater recharge. Hadziella ephippiostoma has also been regionally assessed:EU27:# Vulnerable D2 (based on single site, with low level of threats) within the 27 countries of the European Union.Europe: Least ConcernMediterranean:# Least Concern",Unknown,"Hadziella ephippiostoma is endemic to Italy and Slovenia. In Italy it is only known from a single site close to the border with Slovenia (CKmap version 5.3.8; Spring 1 km in Valle di Bodigoi, UTM UM80). In Slovenia, it is present in at least 13 sites, in four main areas: 11 different springs which occur in two areas (Cerkniško jezero and Ljubljansko barje), and two isolated localities (river Vipava (VL17) and river Idrija (VM 20) Slovenia (Slapnik, pers. comm, 2009).# Bodon et al. (2001) also collected# it in the Soca Valley near Lozice (UM9201); several springs near Gorenje Jezero - Cemun Spring (VL56) and Obhr Spring (VL56), Mocilnik springs, Vrhnika (VL49) and Verd Village springs (VL48) and noted that it was originally described from Springs near Podgora (near Lublijana).",There is no data available on population trends of Hadziella ephippiostoma.,Hadziella ephippiostoma lives in freshwater springs and groundwaters in the karstic regions.,"The major threats to this species lie in the over-exploitation of springs where the species is found, and through pollution of groundwaters from both domestic and agricultural sources.","There are no conservation actions are in place in Italy. As this species lies close to the limits of a threatened status, the monitoring of populations and habitat trends would be recommended.",,,"Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Hadziella,krkae,,Hadziella krkae,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Hadziella krkae is described as a species rarely found in Slovenia (Bole and Velkovrh 1996) and is endemic to springs and caves in the upper part of the Krka catchment, an area of high endemism, with some levels of threats to the water quality, as listed the the Slovenian government CBD report. It is therefore listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.",Unknown,This species is endemic to springs and caves in the upper part of the Krka catchment in the central part of southern Slovenia.,There is no known population data on this species.,"This species occurs in caves and freshwater springs (Sket pers. comm. 2010). The springs at the upper part of the Krka river are rich in calcium, as this river is the only Tufa forming river in Slovenia.","Some decline in water quality has been observed in the region as result  of pollution from percolation of water from the overlying agricultural  area (Slapnik pers. comm. 2009), however the levels of impact on this species are uncertain, and require further investigation, but on a precautionary basis, the species is listed as a result of these threats, as it is known to be rare.## The impact on non-native species is lighted as a general threat to freshwater molluscs in the Slovenian Government report to the CBD.","This species is listed as 'Rare' on the Slovenian List of Threatened Species. The Krka River catchment is a Natural Monument,# according to the Decree on the Protection of the Krka River, its tributaries and banks (Dolenjska Assembly Journal, No. 21/72) and is included in the European network Natura 2000 as a special area potential Site of Conservation Interest. In the CBD government report# this species was one of two highlighted and the site at source of the Krka near Trebnja Gorica is one of the most notable cave sites in Slovenia. There should be work undertaken to monitor the changing quality of habitat in these cave and springs for all of the endemic freshwater snails.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Sket, B.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Hadziella,rudnicae,,Hadziella rudnicae,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Croatia, where it is found in a single cave system (extent of occurrence = 4 km2, area of occupancy = 4 km2), threatened by pollution and roads. It has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)).",Unknown,"Hadziella rudnicae is endemic to Croatia. It is known from Rudnica rijeka/River, Kamenica, Tounj (UTM: WL20) where it is found in a cave; Rudnica Cave VI .",There is no data available on populations trends of this species.,"This species inhabits freshwater cave habitats, but it it is not known whether it is found in cave streams, stagnant, rapids, endogenous or exogenous rivers (Slapnik pers. comm. 2009).","Rudnica Cave VI is threatened by the building of access roads and highways, pollution of groundwaters from domestic sources due to the lack of sewage systems, seepage of water from landfill sites and the use of pesticides and fertilizers on the surrounding agricultural land.","All caves and cave fauna are strictly protected by law in Croatia. This species is on the list of protected species for Croatia. This species was considered to be threatened in Croatia, and assigned a status of Critically Endangered (B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)) for the Croatian Red List of Cave Fauna (unpublished manuscript 2009). Recommended conservation actions include habitat monitoring, implementation of water protection (runoff scheme for road and sewage treatment). Educational programmes should be introduced to raise awareness of endangered species, hence the need to set up an educational and informative table of type of sites.",This species is not utilized.,,"Bilandzija, H. Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Hadziella,sketi,,Hadziella sketi,,,Yes,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is known from two locations, which lie about 45 km apart and the level of the threat is mainly in the future development for pipeline development, tourist complexes or construction of hydroelectric dams for electric generation. This species was considered to be threatened in Croatia, and assigned a status of Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)) for the  draft of the Croatian Red List of Cave Fauna (2009). As this species is localised at two localities, separated by 45 km, and the threats are all for future developments, and given that one location lies within a protected area, it has been assigned a status of Vulnerable (VU D2).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Croatia, where it is found in two locations; Spilja kod Obrovca and Spilja kod mlina na Miljacki. One location (Spilja kod mlina na Miljacki) is now within the Krka National Park .",There is no data available on the population status and trends of this species.,"This species has been collected from freshwater within cave systems but it is not known whether the species inhabits the cave streams, stagnant, rapids, endogenous or exogenous rivers (Slapnik pers. comm. 2009).",Currently both locations lie in  in separate river catchments with few threats. There is no agricultural development within the region. One location lies within a protected area and as such this area has restricted access for protection of the water sources. There are small dams planned for the future on both rivers. The other possible long-term threat is the placement of a gas pipe-line in the catchment.,"This species is on the list of protected species for Croatia. All caves and cave fauna are strictly protected by law in Croatia. This species was considered to be threatened in Croatia, and assigned a status of Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)) for the Croatian Red List of Cave Fauna (2009).",This species is not utilized.,,"Bilandzija, H. Jalzic, B.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Hadziella,thermalis,,Hadziella thermalis,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"This taxon is geographically restricted, and although nothing is known about the specific threats and population status, the general threats to habitats in the region (habitat degradation due to use of springs) and the Endangered listing in Slovenia suggests that the species may be Vulnerable, however further data is required on the species to confirm this listing. It is currently listed as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,Hadziella thermalis is endemic to eastern Slovenia and the adjacent region in Croatia.,There is no data on population trends for this species.,This species is present in hypothermal springs.,The threats to this species are unknown.,This species requires more research on population trends and threats.,,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PHYSIDAE,Haitia,acuta,,Haitia acuta,,"Taylor (2003) has transferred Physella acuta to the genus Haitia Clench Aguayo, 1932 and this generic name is now used by Fauna Europea(Bank et al, 2006).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is widespread throughout Europe, there are no major threats known and its population may even be expanding. Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Stable,"The species is widespread in Europe, where it is found in many countries  including Sweden Great Britain (UK), Channel Islands (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (Mainland), Corsica (France), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Canary Islands (Spain), Azores (Portugal), Madeiran Islands (Portugal), Italy (Mainland), Sardinia (Italy), Sicily (Italy), Malta, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Romania, Andorra, Balearic Islands (Spain), Spain (Mainland), Portugal (Mainland), Albania, Slovenia, Croatia and Macedonia, Montenegro, Ukraine, Greece (Mainland), North Aegean Is. (Vóreion Aiyáion); Greece.  It has also been reported from the former country of Yugoslavia (current country unknown).It is considered to be Holartic, and hence not restricted to Europe.",The population is thought to be stable and possibly increasing.,"This species is common in both stagnant and flowing waters such as in channels and streams, and as it is relatively tolerant of pollution, is found even in polluted places. It is a pioneer species (i.e., first to arrive in new habitats) that is very easily spread by birds. Considered by some authors as an introduction, the species' impact upon  native fauna is currently unknown. It is a vector for parasites that  occur almost everywhere.",There are no major threats known to this species.,There are no major conservation actions known and no measures are needed.,This species is not known to be traded.,,"Van Damme, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Hauffenia,danubialis,,Hauffenia danubialis,,,Yes,VU,B2ab(iii); D2,Yes,VU,B2ab(iii); D2,EU27,,"Hauffenia danubialis has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(iii); D2. This is due to the recent population decline and its restricted occurrence (AOO less than 600 km2). Although it does exist in a protected area, there are also ongoing and potential threats to this species across its restricted range.",Decreasing,"The species is endemic to Austria. It occurs in the Pannonian hills and flats regions, specifically from the River Danube in Austria and has been recorded from six sites.",This species is considered to be rare and has recently experienced a population decline.,This is a freshwater species that occurs in river deposits and gravel beds as well as in groundwater sources.,"The main threats to this species are the abstraction of ground water for drinking, the lowering of ground water levels and pollution, mainly from agricultural practices. The building of power stations and hydrological dams may also degrade this species' habitat.","This species is protected by law in Austria. It is listed on the Austrian Red List as Endangered (EN). It is also present in the National Park Donauauen.#It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends.",,,"Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Hauffenia,edlaueri,,Hauffenia edlaueri,,"Although this taxon has been placed in the genus Hauffenia, this placement#is based on conchological characters and#has not been proved yet (Bodon et al. 2001).",Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Hauffenia edlaueri is endemic to Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.# It is restricted to a few cave sites and the springs outflowing from these caves. The threats to the species are uncertain, although it is likely to be threatened by water abstraction and groundwater pollution, and so could merit an assessment of Vulnerable D2.# Given the lack of information on threats and recent distributional information, the species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"Hauffenia edlaueri is restricted to Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia.# It was originally known from from three springs in the Neretva River delta. Schütt (2000) reported that it could be found frequently in outwash from the spring at Ombla, near Dubrovnik (Croatia), and he assumed that it should be found elsewhere in the Popovo Polje.",There is no data on populations for this species.,This species inhabits freshwater cave systems.,The threats to this species are unknown.,More research needs to be carried out on distribution and threats to this species.,,,"Bilandzija, H., Slapnik, R. Lajtner, J.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Hauffenia,edlingeri,,Hauffenia edlingeri,,The placement of this species in the genus Hauffenia is based on shell characters and requires further research (Eross and Petro 2008),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"This species is endemic to Greece, where it is restricted to a single groundwater system which is under threat of drying out due to over-abstraction of water. It is listed as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)). There are no conservation actions in place for this species. Research is needed  to find out more about the species' distribution and trends, habitats and threats. If groundwater extraction continues at its present rate,  this and other species will become extinct, so water management plans  are required that take account of the subterranean groundwater  biodiversity.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Greece and was recently described (Reischütz and Reischütz 2004) from the region of Arkadia, in the northern Peleponnes.","The population status of this species is unknown, but it is believed to be declining due to drying out of the habitat, with few shells appearing in samples.","It is a subterranean species. We found in ten years of surveys only dead shells lying in a pond at a freshwater spring, which had been dried out in July 2009 due to water extraction.","Reischütz and Reischütz (pers. comm. 2010) over ten years of surveys found only dead shells lying in a pond at a  freshwater spring, which had been dried out in July 2009 due to water  extraction. No other species were found at this spring, and were believed already lost. The spring showed no  rest of humidity. It is not known how deep into the ground water  the extraction of water reaches.","There are no conservation actions for this species. Research is needed relating to the population distribution and trends, habitats and threats to this species. If groundwater extraction continues at present rate, this and other species will become extinct, so water management plans are required that take account of the subterranean groundwater biodiversity.",This species is not utilized.,,"Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Hauffenia,erythropomatia,,Hauffenia erythropomatia,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This taxon is geographically restricted, and although nothing is known  about the specific threats and population status, the general threats to  habitats in the region (habitat degradation due to use of springs) and  the Endangered listing in Slovenia suggests that the species may be  Vulnerable, however further data is required on the species to confirm  this listing. It is currently listed as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This species is restricted to Slovenia, where it is endemic to northwestern Slovenia (including the cave Babja Luknja near Medvode and other caves and springs area around Medvode, North-West of Ljubljana).",#No information on the population is available.,This species inhabits freshwater springs and caves (Sket pers. comm. 2010),"The specific threats to this species are not known, but the general threats to habitats in the region are habitat degradation and overabstraction of water.",This species requires more research on population trends and threats,There is no known trade in this species.,,"Slapnik, R. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Hauffenia,jadertina,,Hauffenia jadertina,,"Two subspecies are listed by Fauna Europea:	Hauffenia jadertina jadertina Kuscer, 1933	Hauffenia jadertina sinjana Kuscer, 1933Some authors have considered Hauffenia sinjana to be a distinct species. #However, the species are only known from shells and there is no anatomical data to support their placement in Hauffenia nor there species status.",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Hauffenia jadertina is considered to be threatened in Croatia, and assigned a status of# Critically Endangered B1a,b(iii)+2ab(iii) for the Croatian Red List of Cave Fauna (2009). #In Croatia, it is known from a single site which is threatened by a variety of pressures, currently exploited for water and the future possibility of contamination from a seepage to the groundwater from a waste disposal site. In Bosnia the range and current status is uncertain, but it is possibly present at two locations. The total area of occupancy has therefore been estimated to be less than 100 km2. The status in Bosnni is uncertain, but based on the latest CBD report from Bosnia there are considerable threats to freshwater species in cave systems, and as such, on a precautionary basis, this species is listed as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii) rather than Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Hauffenia jadertina is listed by Fauna Europea from Bosnia and Croatia (Bank et al. 2006; Fauna Europea). #One subspecies#Hauffenia jadertina#jadertina#is recorded from both Bosnia and Croatia, although Sket (pers. comm. 2010) doubts the locality data for Bosnia.# The other subspecies#Hauffenia jadertina sinjana#is endemic to Croatia and at present is only known from one locality, a spring in river valley of Jadro, near Spilt.",There is no data on population trends.,This species occurs in a freshwater spring emerging from a cave system. It is possible that the species occurs within the cave system. The cave water is exploited for drinking water.,"The threats are:extraction of water for drinking (ongoing)road passes close to the spring, major road, with traffic with large lorries, oil spills# possibility for# road accidents. run-off from road into the underground aquifer - pollution.planning to build a refuse disposal about 30 km away, however the site has been tested and links through subterranean waters to this site. [Future large problem- regional disposal].",It should be protected from water extraction. Conservation actions would be to change plans for dumping site.# Proper drainage from road is needed to stop seepage to aquifer.#All caves and cave fauna are strictly protected by law in Croatia.##The status of the subpopulation in Croatia is unknown and requires monitoring.,,,"Bilandzija, H. Jalzic, B.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Hauffenia,kerschneri,,Hauffenia kerschneri,,"There are two subspecies: Hauffenia kerschneri kerschneri and Hauffenia kerschneri loichiana Haase, 1993",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU27,,"Hauffenia kerschneri#is endemic to Austria, where#it#occurs in a restricted range and is known from only five sites. The population trend is declining and the number of mature individuals species has recently declined.#There are current threats posed to this species, and whilst it is protected under Austrian law, it is not known whether it exists within a protected area. It is suggested that monitoring of the habitat of this species is conducted, along with research into the population trend. This species is considered to be Endangered (EN B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)).",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Austria, where it occurs in the limestone Alps in the Lower Austria region.",This species is considered to be very rare and has recently experienced a population decline.,This is a freshwater species that inhabits groundwater ecosystems and springs and lives on the roots of trees (Resichutz pers. comm. 2010).,"The main threats to this species are abstraction for drinking water and the lowering of ground water levels. There are also threats from pollution, mainly from agricultural practices and habitat destruction from the building of power plants.","This species is protected by law in Austria. It is listed on the Austrian Red List as Critically Endangered (CR). There are no known species specific recovery plans and it is not known to be present in any protected areas.#It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat should be conducted, along with research into the species' population trends.",,,"Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Hauffenia,kissdalmae,,Hauffenia kissdalmae,,"Its conspecificity with Hauffenia sp. (Steffek and Grego 2008) is conceivable, therefore the Hauffenia group in the Carpathian region needs further study.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This recently described species is only known from single site, however, it may have a range that extends to a further 30-35 localities where Hauffenia sp. lives and which might be conspecific with Hauffenia kissdalmae. Hence this species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) until the taxonomic issues have been resolved.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"The type locality is in the Börzsöny Mountains in North Hungary where it is known from one confirmed locality. However, there are further sites where Hauffenia is found which may be conspecific with Hauffenia kissdalmae and so its range might in fact extend north-westwards to Horehronske podolje in Central Slovakia and to Slovak Karst and Aggtelek Karst eastwards.",It is difficult to record this species and therefore insufficient data is available to determine the population size and structure and trends.,The species is found in ground waters in cave systems.,"There are no known threats, but the distribution has not yet been established for this recently described species.",There are no present conservation actions. Further data is needed on the range and taxonomic status of other sub-populations of Hauffenia that may be this species. Until this is resolved the known location's habitat should be monitored.,There is no known trade in this species.,,"Feher, Z.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Hauffenia,media,,Hauffenia media,,,Yes,VU,B1ab(iii),No,VU,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"This species is present in both Croatia and Slovenia.# This species was considered to be threatened in Croatia, and assigned a status of# Critically Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) for the Croatian Red List of Cave Fauna (in prep.).# The species is also threatened in Slovenia. The threats are pollution of water, urbanization, management with water from springs. Listed as Rare (Bole 1988, 1992) and Vulnerable (Sket and Velkovrh 2002) on Red list of Slovenia. Based on a restricted number of sites and potential threats to these sites, the species is therefore listed as Vulnerable B1ab(iii).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: Based on the distribution of the species in Slovenia and the threats to these sites, this species has been assessed as Vulnerable B1ab(iii) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Vulnerable B1ab(iii)Mediterranean regional assessment: Vulnerable B1ab(iii)",Unknown,"Hauffenia media#is restricted to Croatia and South Eastern Slovenia (Dolensko Cave).# In Croatia, it is only known from a single locality: Vrlovka Cave, close to the border of Slovenia, with an entrance on the Kupa River (the cave may extend into Slovenia). Hauffenia media was also found# in caves and springs in Dolenjsko, South-East of Slovenia (7 localities around Novo mesto, Brežice, Metlika, Črnomelj).",There are no population data available.,"It lives in water pools on walls, under rocks and on pieces of rotten wood, and feeds on dead organic matter.","The Croatian site is a tourist cave where almost the whole cave is used. Species disturbance and decline habitat through creation of walking routes. Small creek where species lives in the cave is alongside the tourist path. Pollution from sewage from adjacent villages and from agricultural on surface (nutrients, pesticides).","This species is on the list of protected species for Croatia (See List of protected species). In compliance with the Red List of Croatian Cave Fauna, it is classified under the Critically Endangered (CR) category.# As with all cave species it is legally protected in Croatia.",,,"Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Hauffenia,nesemanni,,Hauffenia nesemanni,,,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"Hauffenia nesemanni has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii). It#is endemic to Austria and is only known from the type locality at#Moosbrunn. Although there is very little recent data, the species is considered#Critically#Endangered (CR) on the Austrian Red List (Reischütz  Reischütz 2007), as the groundwater is at risk of pollution as well as eutrophication.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Austria. It is only known from the type locality, at the#spring of the Schlauchgraben south of Moosbrunn, Southern Vienna Basin, Lower Austria.",There is no population information available.,"This freshwater species lives probably in interstitial parts of groundwater and gravel deposits, since it was found in a drainage pipe (only empty shells).","The main threats to the species are habitat destruction, the abstraction of groundwater and the subsequent lowering of the groundwater and pollution in the form of eutrophication.","This species is not currently protected by law in Austria. It is found on the Austrian Red List, as Critically Endangered (CR). It is not known whether it exists in a protected area and there are no species-specific recovery plans in place. It is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted, along with research into the species population trends and#surveys of other springs in the region.",Not traded.,,"Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Hauffenia,plana,,Hauffenia plana,,,Yes,NT,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Hauffenia plana is present at 8 locations in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and possibly Montenegro.# This species was considered to be threatened in Croatia and assigned a status of# Vulnerable D2 and is known from 2 locations in Bosnia  Herzegovina. At present the species lies within the thresholds for Vulnerable B2ab(iii), and so we have assigned Near Threatened, as it is possible the species occurs at other intervening locations.",Unknown,"The species is from Croatia and Bile (BiH) and has been found at 7, possibly 8 locations.# It has been found in outwash from the springs at Ombla (Croatia). Schütt (2000) collected and found the species to be frequent at the Ljuta source near Dobrota (Croatia), in the spring at Vrgorac Stinjevac (east of Biokovo)(Croatia), in the springs at Mlini Plat (Croatia); in Mühlquelle in Zaton Mali (Croatia), in the spring Bileca (BiH) and# the main springs at of Trebinjica, Bile (BiH). There is a possible record from Montenegro, but this requires further survey data to clarify the presence.",There is no data on population status for this species.,This species can be found in Freshwater springs emerging from caves.,"A Dubrovik tourist development is leading to degradation of the species habitat.# Pollution from agriculture (nitrates), Sewage at Ombla, as well as construction of a dam taking water since the 1970s at Ombla. Water extraction for drinking water and irrigation for agriculture is also another threat to this species.","No conservation actions known specifically for this species, although Cave fauna is protected in Croatia and Bosnia Herzegovina.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Bilandzija, H. Pešić, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Hauffenia,subcarinata,,Hauffenia subcarinata,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Hauffenia subcarinata is probably endemic to Western Slovenia where it is found in groundwater springs in the Soca Valley. Using the precautionary principle H. subcarinata is listed as Near Threatened (NT) as it is appears to be restricted to a small region, however this species requires further review as although it is considered an Endangered species in Slovenia, the distribution and threats require further data to come the restricted nature of the range.",Unknown,"Hauffenia   subcarinata is endemic in Western Slovenia (and possibly in adjacent Italy), where it is known from springs along upper reaches of Soča river (Sket, pers. comm. 2010). It was first described from                 a freshwater spring in village Ložice near Deske in Soča valley (Slapnik, pers. comm, 2009).",Hauffenia subcarinata has no data on population trends.,Hauffenia subcarinata is a small species and is found in freshwater springs.,"There is no information on specific threats for Hauffenia subcarinata, although plausible threats are                  over-exploitation of springs where the species is found, and through pollution of groundwaters from both domestic and agricultural sources.",Hauffenia subcarinata is considered to be Endangered #in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species#(Sket Velkovrh 2002).,No known trade in this species.,,"Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Hauffenia,subpiscinalis,,Hauffenia subpiscinalis,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Hauffenia subpiscinalis is  restricted to Italy and Slovenia.# In Italy it occurs at 9  sites, whereas in Slovenia it is known from In Slovenia, it is present in  at least 13 sites, spread over several groundwater systems, usually  found at outlets from the aquifers in springs in the area.# The AOO lies  close to the limit for Vulnerable, and if there is loss of several  springs or pollution of the underlying groundwater systems then the  species will qualify at a higher level as Near Threatened/Vulnerable  depending on the level of loss.    Other threats that may impact  groundwaters include pumping of drinking water for the villages and  towns.# Longer term threats are the potential degradation of cave  ecosystems following #to changes to rainfall patterns causing in the  changes to groundwater recharge. Regional assessements include:EU27:# Least Concern, although vulnerable to decline through loss of springs,  and thus requires monitoring. Europe: Least ConcernMediterranean:#  Least Concern#",Unknown,"Hauffenia subpiscinalis is widespread in central  and western Slovenia and known in at least 12 locations in the region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy. (Bodon  Giovannelli, 1993). (CK Map 5.3.8).                                  Not a range restricted species, although present in small area (extent of occurrence 150 km x 150 km).",The population trends for Hauffenia subpiscinalis are unknown.,"Hauffenia subpiscinalis inhabits cave groundwaters from 5-200 m ASL, and can be found in outflow from springs.",Hauffenia subpiscinalis is threatened by loss of springs and pollution of the underlying groundwater systems from agricultural pollution. Other threats that may impact groundwaters include the pumping of drinking water for the villages and towns. Longer term threats are the potential degradation of habitats following changes to rainfall patterns causing changes to groundwater recharge.,There are no actions in place for this species. Habitat monitoring is recommended. The species is listed as Least Concern in Italy (CKMap 5.3.8) and,,,"Slapnik, R. Cianfanelli, S.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Hauffenia,tellinii,,Hauffenia tellinii,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Although some sites will be threatened by pollution of the groundwater, the wide range in Italy and Slovenia suggests that this species is not currently threatened.",Unknown,Hauffenia tellinii is endemic to North Eastern Italy and Western Slovenia.# In Italy it is recorded from 27 sites over a wide area whereas it is restricted to only Western Slovenia in Slovenia.,The population trends for Hauffenia tellinii are unknown.,Hauffenia tellinii is found within subterranean groundwaters and the outlets at springs.,"The pollution of groundwater from agricultural sources and domestic sources will threaten Hauffenia tellinii, which is considered to require clean waters.","Considered to be Least Concern in Italy (Manganelli et al. 2000) and Rare in Slovenia. There are no specific conservation actions for this species, although habitat monitoring would be recommended to establish whether the species is suffering from impacts of pollution and groundwater lowering from exploitation.",,,"Manganelli, G., Giusti, F., Bodon, M. Cianfanelli, S.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Hauffenia,tovunica,,Hauffenia tovunica,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Hadziella tovunica is only known from a single site in Croatia, where it is restricted to the groundwaters in cave system under an active quarry. The site is threatened by pollution of the groundwater #from the quarry and adjacent #town, and although the site and species are both protected by legislation, the threats still prevail. This species was considered to be Critically Endangered in the Croatian Red List of Cave Fauna (in press 2010), and has been assigned a status of# Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii) + 2ab(iii)).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Croatia. It is known from a single cave system,# Tounjčica Tounj, in Karlovac County near to the city Ogulin (R.Slapnik pers. comm. 2009).",The population trend of this species is unknown.,"This is a freshwater species living in groundwaters in karst cave habitats. It is not known in stagnant or running waters, rapids, rivers, lakes, or pools.","The cave at Tounjčica is currently threatened because of mining and quarry expansion in Tounj which is located near the cave and lies directly above the groundwater#. There is pollution of groundwater from waste and sewage water from the villages near Oštarija and various pollutants (oil derivatives, oil, waste water) from a quarry and roads near Tounj. Other threats that may impact groundwaters include pumping of drinking water for the villages and towns.     Longer term threats are the potential degradation of cave ecosystems following changes to rainfall patterns causing changes to groundwater rechargeThere is a possible threat from illegal collecting of the cave fauna, as the cave is often visited without any supervision.","This species is on the list of protected species for Croatia. This species is currently covered by legal  protection as it is a strictly protected species and lies in protected  cave habitats according to the existing Nature Protection Act (NN 70/05,  139/08).   #The implementation of monitoring measures and conditions  listed in the nature protection plans Tounj space and Karlovac County needs to be improved. Proposed conservation measures include implementing protection for biological natural monument. rehabilitating and protecting the construction of a sewerage system for the town to prevent further pollution.  preventing uncontrolled use of the quarry in Tounj.  preventing the introduction of species and their habitats in water management within the special protection area of the river water slijevnog Zagorske Mrežnica.(Red Book for Cave Fauna of Croatia, in press 2010)",This species is not utilized.,,"Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Hauffenia,wagneri,,Hauffenia wagneri,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,Hauffenia wagneri is endemic to Slovenia and was found 4 locations in an area of declining habitat and is listed as Rare on the Red list of Slovenia. It is considered Vulnerable (VU) D2 given the range and threats (mainly pollution).,Unknown,"Hauffenia wagneri is endemic to# south-eastern Slovenia , recorded from four locations,# a cave Raja peč near Sevnica (type locality), one spring near Sevnica and springs north from Trebnje (springs in the basin of river Mirna).",There is no data on population status for this species.,This species occurs in caves and in springs.,The main threat to this species is groundwater pollution.,"This species is listed as Rare on Red list of Slovenia (Bole Velkovrh 1986, 1992, Slovenian Gazette, September 2002).",,,"Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Hauffenia,wienerwaldensis,,Hauffenia wienerwaldensis,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"This species is currently listed on the Global Red List (1996, based on the old categories and criteria version 2.3) and the Austrian Red List as Endangered (1998).# At present, based on the current distributional information, the category remains Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii), based on restricted range, number of locations and the threats from water abstraction and pollution.",Unknown,"Hauffenia wienerwaldensis is endemic to Austria, where it was first found in wells at Klamm near Wienerwald (Haase 1992).# Glöer (2002) notes that the range now extends to Klamm, Pressbaum and Baden, all south of Vienna (Wien). Reischutz (1996) found it in the outflow of water storage reservoir beside road between Lindhutten and Alland (Weinberg).",There is no population trend data for this species.,The species occurs in the groundwater systems within the karst area and is collected from outflow springs where shells are found in debris.,"Hauffenia wienerwaldensis is threatened by declining water quality, partly from agricultural sources (nitrates, pesticides) and partly from human settlements, as well as habitat degradation, as the result of cleaning of the spring sites and formation as reservoirs to take-off water for settlements, and to abstract water from groundwater system (Reischutz  Resichutz, 2009).","No conservation actions are currently in place for this species, although population monitoring and habitat monitoring are recommended.# Awareness that there are endemic species restricted to the groundwaters would also be beneficial for planners and environment agencies.",,,"Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,COCHLIOPIDAE,Heleobia,achaja,,Heleobia achaja,,"This species was described for the island of Euboea (Evia, Evvoia), in Greece.# However this is a large island, and it is uncertain where the species came from, except that it was in the northern part. There are two subspecies listed for this species (Bank et al, 2006; Fauna Europea): Heleobia achaja achajaHeleobia achaja sorella (Westerlund, 1879)According to Schütt (1980), the Spring at Velestino,#once a locality of #Heleobia (Semisalsa)#achaja sorella (Westerlund, 1879), dried out in the 1990s due to deep wells drilled to supply the nearby cotton fields with water.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Greece, but there are few recent records of the species, and as such the distribution is uncertain. Two localities have been lost to water extraction in the last 30 years, and as such the species must be considered potentially threatened, however there is insufficient information on its range to list the species under criteria B, therefore this species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) pending further information.#This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27: Data Deficient (DD)European: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean: Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This species was listed from Greece, but its full range is uncertain. It was described from the island of Euboea (Evia, Evvoia), in Greece.# However this is a large island and it is uncertain where the species came from, except that it was in the northern part.    Heleobia#achaja achaja (Clessin, 1879). The spring Kamena Vourla was one of the few localities given by Schütt (1980); if at all present, the snails were inaccessible, as the water from the thermal spring is taken by pipes and pumps to supply the huge health resort at Agios Konstantinos (Falniowski et al. pers. comm. 2009).Heleobia achaja sorella#(Westerlund, 1879)#According to Schütt (1980), the spring at Velestino was once a locality of#Semisalsa achaja sorella, however it dried out in the 1990s due to deep wells drilled to supply the nearby cotton fields with water.","The population trends of this species are unknown, however some sites are believed to be lost (Falniowski et al. pers. comm. 2009), so it is anticipated that the species is declining.",This species inhabits freshwater springs and wells.,The threats to this species are loss and degradation of habitat due to extraction of water for domestic and tourist uses.,"There are no conservation actions known for this species. Research is needed on this species, particularly relating to its population size, distribution and trends.",This species is not utilized.,,"Radea, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,COCHLIOPIDAE,Heleobia,aponensis,,Heleobia aponensis,,,Yes,VU,B1ab(iii),Yes,VU,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"Heleobia aponensis is a range-restricted species, in northern Italy, with only 7 known locations. Is extent of occurrence is estimated to be 600 km2 and# it is considered to be  locally threatened due to the use of the thermal springs.# This species is therefore considered as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Italy, specifically found in the alpine region of Colli Euganei, Friuili-Venezia Giulia, where it is restricted to the thermal springs dei Colli Euganei.# Manganelli et al. (map in CK Map 5.3.8; online source) list the species from 7 locations (Abano Terme, Arqua Petrarca, Battaglia terme, Cartura, Cinto Euganeo, Villaga and Esta-Vo).# Most sites are exploited thermal springs, with some outflow records from lakes and streams near to the sources.","This species is restricted to a small area, so population numbers are presumably relatively low.",This species inhabits thermal spring waters.,"The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch 2006). Since it inhabits thermal springs, the species could be affected by anthropogenic exploitation of thermal waters (Manganelli et al. 2000).","No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas. The species is listed as Endangered in Italy, due to the number of sites and the degree of exploitation of the water source. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is recommended.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,COCHLIOPIDAE,Heleobia,canariensis,,Heleobia canariensis,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species was described by Mousson from the  Canary Islands, but there are no recently confirmed records and its  status is currently under investigation and as such it is listed as Data Deficient (DD) on taxonomic grounds pending a revision of the status of the type specimens.",Unknown,"This species is poorly known. It was described by Mousson from the Canary Islands, but there are no recently confirmed records and its status is currently under investigation by Klaus Groh.","The status of this species is unknown, as it has not been re-found since 1872.","The habitats of this species are unknown, as it has not been re-found since 1872.","The threats to this species are unknown, as it has not been re-found since 1872.","The status of this species is unknown, as it has not been re-found since 1872. Klaus Groh is currently reviewing the status and searching for the types to establish whether it maybe conspecific with a widespread species.",This species is not used.,,"Groh, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,COCHLIOPIDAE,Heleobia,dalmatica,,Heleobia dalmatica,,The species has been listed as a synonym of#Heleobia stagnorum (Gofas et al. 2001).# Fauna Europea maintain it as a distinct species.# Further research is required to establish the species status.,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This is not considered as a valid species by Gofas et al. (2001) as it is listed as a synonym of H. stagnorum. However, Bank et al. (2006) do list it as a valid species in their review of the Mollusca Fauna of Europe. This group of brackish water species is under review, and as such the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD) at the European level. If the review shows it as a distinct species then more data would be required in the areas of distribution and threats. The status as an endemic in Europe is also uncertain, as there are reported records from the Black Sea, that may be this species (Son, pers. comm., 2010).",Unknown,"This species is listed by Fauna Europaea for Croatia (Bank et al. 2006). The status is uncertain, as it may be conspecific with a more widespread European species.",There is no recent population information.,The species is found in brackish waters in estuaries.,There are no known threats to this species as the taxonomic status and hence distribution is uncertain.,There are no known conservation actions in place for the species. The taxonomic status and hence distribution is uncertain so this area should be concentrated on.,This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,COCHLIOPIDAE,Heleobia,dobrogica,,Heleobia dobrogica,,,Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"This species is known from a single cave in Romania, and has an area of occupancy of 4 km². Originally a sealed cave, the habitat is very vulnerable to change, and as such this species is considered to be threatened with extinction. Although the site has been re-sealed, care must be taken to maintain these  conditions, as leaving the site open to inflow of oxygen would change  the microclimate in the cave, therefore the species is considered as Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27: Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii))European: Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Romania, where it is only found at Movile Cave in Dobrogea. In 1986, while excavating for a construction project, engineers found an unusual cave near Mangalia (south of Constanta in Dobrogea), a few kilometres from the Black Sea coast. The small cave (12,000 m²), named Movile, is about 300 metres long and less than three metres high. In the cave there is little oxygen but large amounts of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere, and a large amount of hydrogen sulphide in the water (Falniowski et al. 2008).",The population status of this species is unknown.,"This species is found in a small cave with a small lake in its lower part. The physical and chemical conditions within the cave are unusual: the water is rich in hydrogen sulphide (8–12 mg/l); and the atmosphere is poor in oxygen (7–10%), rich in carbon dioxide (2–3.5%) and charged with a significant amount of methane (1–2%) (Falniowski et al. 2008).","The small lake in the cave where Heleobia dobrogica is found is unusual in its chemical composition, and the species has adapted to these unusual conditions over the last 2.5 million years. This species is vulnerable to any changes in the microclimate and chemical composition of the water of the cave, for example by unsealing the entrance and exposing the cave to air, water and thermal pollution.","No conservation actions are known for this species. Although the site has been re-sealed, care must be taken to maintain the unusual water/air  conditions in the cave, as if the site was open to inflow of oxygen it would change  the micro-climate in the cave. Monitoring of habitat trends, education and awareness of the uniqueness of the fauna, protection of the site, species and habitat from habitat degradation are all recommended actions.",This species is not utilized.,,"Cioboiu, O. Sirbu, I.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,COCHLIOPIDAE,Heleobia,foxianensis,,Heleobia foxianensis,,,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"This species is endemic to Italy, specifically found within the alpine region of northern Tuscany, where it is known from 3 locations, closely located, as thermal springs. Since it inhabits thermal springs, the species could be affected by anthropogenic exploitation of thermal waters (Manganelli et al., 2000), and hence was listed as Endangered B2ab(iii). Cianfanelli (2009) recommends conservation actions including habitat protection for the sites.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Italy, found in northern Tuscany where it is known for a few springs in Equi Terme and Montecatini Terme (Bodon et al., 2005) in 3 locations, all closely located thermal springs. Since it inhabits thermal springs, the species could be affected by anthropogenic exploitation of thermal waters (Manganelli et al., 2000).",As this species is restricted to a small population numbers are presumably relatively low.,"This species inhabits thermal spring waters, where it is often difficult to see due to habit of living covered in mud (Cianfanelli, 2009).","The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch 2006). Since it inhabits thermal springs, the species could be affected by anthropogenic exploitation of thermal waters (Manganelli et al., 2000).","No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.# The station of Montecatini Thermal Springs is the only known site for the Pistoia region  and has been detected in waste water of one spring, so an intervention would  therefore be desirable to conserve this environment (Cianfanelli, 2009).",There is no trade in this species.,,"Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,COCHLIOPIDAE,Heleobia,macei,,Heleobia macei,,"There is some doubt as to the validity of this species. Pavon and Bertrand (2009) placed it in synonym with H. stagnorum, another widespread species in the Mediterranean.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is not considered as a valid species by Pavon and Bertrand (2009) as it is listed as a synonym of H. stagnorum. However Bank et al. (2006) list it as a valid species, in their review of the Mollusca Fauna of Europe. This group of brackish water species is under review, and as such the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD). If considered as a synonym the status would be Not Applicable, if considered a valid species, then Data Deficient, as more data would be required on its population trends and threats. This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Europe regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"The species is listed by Fauna Europaea for France and Spain (Balearic Islands). The status is uncertain, as it may be conspecific with a more widespread European species, as considered by Pavon and Bertrand (2009).",There is no recent data on these populations.,This species inhabits brackish waters in estuaries.,"The threats to this species are not known, as the taxonomic status and hence distribution is uncertain.","There are no known conservation actions for the species, as the taxonomic status and hence distribution is uncertain. Further taxonomic research is required.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,COCHLIOPIDAE,Heleobia,maltzani,,Heleobia maltzani,,"This species is listed by Fauna Europaea for Crete (Bank et al. 2006). The status is uncertain, as it may be conspecific with a more widespread European species.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Bank et al. (2006) list this as a valid species, in their review of the Mollusca Fauna of Europe. This group of brackish water species is under review, but there is little recent data on population, distribution and threats, and as such the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD). If considered as a synonym the status would be Not Applicable, if considered a valid species, then Data deficient, as more data would be required on population trends and threats.",Unknown,"This species is listed by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) as endemic to Crete, Greece. According to#Reischütz (1988) it#was listed from Elos, however there is no recent data on the Crete populations, so the distribution is uncertain.",There is no population trend data available for this species.,This species is believed to inhabit brackish waters in estuaries.,"The threats to this species are unknown, as the taxonomic status and hence distribution is uncertain.","There are no known conservation actions for this species, as the taxonomic status and hence distribution is uncertain. Further taxonomic research is required.",This species is not used.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,COCHLIOPIDAE,Heleobia,rausiana,,Heleobia rausiana,,"This is listed as a valid species by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) and as synonym of Heleobia stagnorum in Gofas et al. (2001) in Costello et al. (2001). Heleobia stagnorum Synonyms (according to Gofas et al. 2001):Paludestrina bigugliana## Caziot 1908 : (original description)/type locality: Etang de Biguglia, Corsica# • New taxon publishedSemisalsa dalmatica## Radoman 1974## • New taxon published. Semisalsa rausiana## Radoman 1974## • New taxon published.Semisalsa graeca## Radoman 1974## • New taxon published.Hydrobia scamandri## Boeters, Monod  Vala 1977Hydrobia aponensis## Martens 1858 -|- sensu Bank  Butot, 1988Helix stagnalis Linné 1767 : p. 1248 (original description)# • New taxon published.",Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is not considered as a valid species by Gofas et al. (2001) as it is listed as a synonym of H.stagnorum. However Bank et al. (2006) list it as a valid species, in their review of the Mollusca Fauna of Europe. This group of brackish water species is under review, and as such the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD). If considered as a synonym the status would be Not Applicable, if considered a valid species, then Data deficient, as more data would be required on population trends and threats.",Unknown,"This species is listed as endemic to Croatia by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006), but as a synonym by Gofas et al. (2001). Consequently the status is uncertain, as it may be conspecific with a more widespread European species, and thus there is no recent data on Croatian populations.",There is no recent data on Croatian populations.,This species is believed to be found in brackish waters in estuaries.,"The threats to this species are unknown, as the taxonomic status and hence distribution is uncertain.","There are no known conservation actions for the species, as the taxonomic status and hence distribution is uncertain. Further taxonomic research is required.",There is no use or trade information for this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,COCHLIOPIDAE,Heleobia,spinellii,,Heleobia spinellii,,,Yes,EX,,Yes,EX,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Italy, where it was originally recorded from a single site in the alpine region. Currently it is considered Extinct as it has not been recorded since 1850 despite survey efforts in the region over the last 30 years. It is listed on the Italian Red List as Extinct (CK Map 5.3.8, Manganelli et al. 2000).",,This species is endemic to Italy. Specifically it was found within the alpine region of Lombardy between Lake Garda and Lake Idro. It has not been recorded since 1850 and hence is considered to be Extinct.,This species was restricted to a small area and has not been recorded since 1850.,This freshwater mollusc was originally recorded as living in standing marsh water (CK Map 5.3.8).,"The species is considered Extinct as it hasn't been found again since 1850. The causes of its extinction are uncertain, but the habitat has probably been lost.",#No specific conservation measures are known. This species is assessed as Extinct in the Italian Red List (CK Map 5.3.8).,,,"Cianfanelli, S.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,COCHLIOPIDAE,Heleobia,stagnorum,,Heleobia stagnorum,,"Listed as Heleobia stagnorum in Gofas et al. (2001). Synonyms (according to Gofas et al, 2001)Paludestrina bigugliana #Caziot#1908#: (original description)/type locality: Etang de Biguglia, Corsica  #•  New taxon published  Semisalsa dalmatica# #Radoman#1974#  #•  New taxon published. Semisalsa rausiana# #Radoman#1974#  #•  New taxon published. Semisalsa graeca# #Radoman#1974#  #•  New taxon published. Hydrobia scamandri# #Boeters, Monod  Vala#1977Hydrobia aponensis# #Martens#1858#-|- sensu  Bank  Butot, 1988Helix stagnalis Linné#1767#: p. 1248 (original description)  #•  New taxon published.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Heleobia stagnorum is a widespread species. It is considered to be a rare species in Northern Europe, which has been decline over last 50 years due to habitat modifications and pollution, however further south in Europe, it is more widespread, and thus of lesser concern, although the habitats it occupies are similar and face similar threats. In northern Africa it is known from the Bay of Tunisia and coasts of Morocco. Because of probable misidentification of other similar species, this species may be more widespread e.g. on coasts of Algeria, hence was listed regionally as Least Concern. It is therefore considered as Least Concern in both Europe and the Mediterranean regions.",Unknown,"Heleobia stagnorum is viewed as a widespread, but very localised species in Europe.# It is more common in the Mediterranean part of the range than further north in Europe.   Gloer (2002) gives the range as Atlantic-Mediterranean, and comments that it is probably found in suitable habitats along the entire European-Atlantic coast and the entire Mediterranean littoral from Morocco, Tunisia to Iran (Boeters 1998).# It is known inland in Europe only as a subfossil (Mansfelder Saltzseen, Bank et al. 1979). In Belgium, recorded from lagoons on the coast.#In France, recorded from lagoons in Pas-de-Calais (Cucherat, 2003, unpublished report) on Atlantic coast and Mediterranean coastal records include lagoons in Aude (Betrand). In the Netherlands only some sites in Zeeland (Gittenberger et al. 1998 )   is declining as the few remaining sites are threatened by urban pollution and by changes in salinity brought about by coastal control schemes (Kerney, 1999).   Gittenberger et al. (1998) noted a decline from 11 sites to 4 sites, and since 1950 live finds made only in Zeeland.# Beside several reports from the brackish water at Zieriksee (Schouwen-Duiveland), the type locality of the species, there are incidental finds from Goeree (at the dyke along the South coast), Schouwen-Duiveland (Ronde Weel, also by Zierikzee) and in Vlanderen (Achterste Creek by Terneuzen in the west outlet of the Braakman Creek (de Bryne, et al, 2003). In Italy it is recorded from 19 different sites, mainly coastal, around the country, and on Sicily (Bodon el al, data from CK Map 5.3.8)In UK, known from a single site, a coastal lagoon in the southern England, where it has recently been refound at brackish water pond in the marsh at Farlington.# It was previously viewed as becoming extinct between 1960 and 1970 (Kerney 1999) (M. Willing, pers. comm, 2009).","There are no data on overall population status of Heleobia stagnorum, although it is known to be localized. Where it occurs, it is locally abundant and is dispersed by birds.",Heleobia stagnorum lives in brackish water lagoons and estuaries and ditches with a brackish influence.,"The main threats, especially in the northern part of the range include any factors such as barrages, sluices, water flow management schemes that may alter or disrupt the narrow salinity range that this species occupies.# Other threats include pollution by nutrient enrichment, industrial chemicals, oil spills etc.In the longer term, global warming causing higher sea levels and the greater chances of saline intrusion could disrupt salinity (raise) levels.","This species is considered threatened in some parts of it's range and has been listed for research and protection (e.g. UK, Willing, pers. com, 2009).Being regionally assessed in the following countries:UK:# Critically Endangered B2a,b(iii)Netherlands:# Vulnerable (equivalent to A2c)Italy:# Data deficient.North Africa: Least Concern.",No trade in this species.,,"Killeen, I. Ghamizi, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,COCHLIOPIDAE,Heleobia,steindachneri,,Heleobia steindachneri,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Greece where it inhabits freshwater springs. However currently there is a lack of recent knowledge relating to its distribution, population trends and threats towards it, therefore it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD). If found to be extant over the current range as listed, then it would probably assessed at Least Concern.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This species is restricted to Greece, where it is known from the Ionian islands (Kerkyra (Corfu), Lefkada, Zakinthos, Kephalonia) and also to western parts of Epeirus and Sterea Ellada.",The population status of this species is unknown.,This species inhabits freshwater springs.,"No threat data is available for this species, but it is likely to be threatened by water abstraction and pollution.","No conservation actions are known for this species. Research is needed relating to this species distribution, population trends and threats. Habitat monitoring is required to detect potential future changes is habitat quality due to water abstraction and pollution. The species is known to be in several protected areas, e.g. Lake Pamvotis is the site GR2130005-Limni Ioanninon of Natura 2000 network. Additionally, several sites of Natura 2000 network are lying on the islands of Ionian Sea (K. Radea pers. comm. 2010).",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,COCHLIOPIDAE,Heleobia,streletzkiensis,,Heleobia streletzkiensis,,"Although this species is listed by Fauna Europea for Ukraine, according to Son (pers. comm. 2010) Heleobia streletzkiensis# (Chukchin, 1975) is a junior synonym of Heleobia (Semisalsa) dalmatica (Radoman, 1974), a widespread Mediterranean species with high abundance in the Black Sea bays and saline lakes. In the Russian catalogues it also present under the name Thalassobia moitessieri.Bank and Butot (1984) reviewed the status of Heleobia streletzkiensis, during a review of Heleobia stagnorum in Europe.They noted that the species described as Falsihydrobia streletzkiensis# Chukchin, 1975 differed from the taxon Heleobia (Semisalsa) dalmatica in Chukchin, 1976, and that it represented a separate taxon close to Heleobia (Semisalsa) stagnorum.",Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Although this species is listed by Fauna Europaea for Ukraine, the catalogues of the Fauna of Ukraine#Son (pers. comm. 2010)#and Fauna of Russia (Kantor et al. 2009) do not recognise this as a valid species, however Fauna Europea recognise the taxa, and note that it is not conspecific with H. dalmatica (Bank and Butot 1984), hence it is considered Data Deficient (DD). Son (pers. comm. 2010) notes that if it was to be considered a valid species, then the assessment would be Least Concern (LC), as it is widely distributed in the region.",Unknown,"This species is listed by Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) as endemic to Ukraine. Falsihydrobia streletzkiensis# Chukchin, 1975 was originally described from the seas off Sevastopol, in the Black Sea.",The population status of this species is unknown.,This species lives in brackish waters off Sevastopol in the Black Sea.,The threats to this species are not known.,Taxonomic research is required to establish the status of the species.,The species is not known to be traded.,,"Son, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,COCHLIOPIDAE,Heleobia,tritonum,,Heleobia tritonum,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"Heleobia tritonum should be viewed as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)), as it is now restricted to a single site with an extent of occurrence less than 100 km², which is under pressure from over-abstraction of water.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27:# Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii))European: Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii))Mediterranean: Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)).",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Greece, and was described from a freshwater spring at Myli (the ancient Lerna) in the Peloponnese. It is known from only two localities (Myli and Kefalari) neither of which now seem to have the species present. According to Szarowska and Falniowski (2004) the type locality was built over to create a water intake from the spring. In 2004 the snails, though still numerous, were endangered, as water abstraction impacts the water levels, and if more water was taken from the spring, the snails would easily disappear.",The population of this species is declining due to the loss of one site.,This species inhabits freshwater springs.,"The areas of Lerna (Myli) and Kefalari where this species is found are subjected to enormous anthropogenic pressures (over-abstraction of water for water supply and irrigation for fruit orchards, tourism and archaeological excavations). During the period 2006–2008 the springs in Kefalari had no flow while the flow in Lerna was extremely low (data from ΥΕΒ Argolidas May 2008, N. Radea pers. comm. 2010).",No conservation measures are in place. The population and distribution status requires review. Habitat monitoring would enable changes to status to be assessed. To prevent further overabstraction of water appriate site management and education to make users aware of impacts on biodiversity are needed.,This species is not utilized.,,"Falniowski, A. Radea, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Helisoma,trivolvis,,Helisoma trivolvis,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"Helisoma trivolvis ranges the native range in North America, from arctic Canada to Florida. It has been introduced sporadically around the world, and is recorded from the Azores where it doubtless been spread artificially by hobbyists and water gardeners.# Globally the species would be Least Concern, but in Europe as an introduction it is Not Applicable.EU27: Not Applicable (Introduction)Europe: Not Applicable (Introduction)",Unknown,"Helisoma trivolvis ranges the native range in North America, from arctic Canada to Florida. It has been introduced sporadically around the world, as this is the “ramshorn” snail is commonly sold for use in freshwater aquaria, and has doubtless been spread artificially by hobbyists and water gardeners. Fauna Europea listed this species for the Azores, where it is found at a few localities on the island of Terceira (A. Frias Martin, pers. comm, 2008)","No data on trends, but possibly expanding.","In North America found primarily in lakes, ponds, swamps, and the calmest areas of coastal rivers.# It thrives in rich, eutrophic environments, and does not occur in especially acidic waters.",No known threats to the species in Europe.,This is an introduced species therefore no conservation actions are needed.,This species is used in the aquarium trade as a species stocked in garden centres and fish aquarium and as such it is possible that the species may spread to other regions.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Henrigirardia,wienini,,Henrigirardia wienini,,"This is a recently described taxon which is endemic to type locality. It has never been found alive. It was previously described in the#genus#Moitessieria,##then a new genus Henrigirardia#was created by Boeters Falkner (2003).",Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),EU27,,Henrigirardia wienini is endemic to a single cave in the Hérault valley in  southern France. This locality may be threatened by lowering of the groundwater level though over abstraction of groundwater for water supplies. This species has never been found alive and could already be extinct. It is classified as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct).,Unknown,Henrigirardia wienini is endemic to a single cave in the Hérault valley in southern France.,There is no population trend data available for this species. This species has never been found alive and could already be extinct.,This species lives in subterranean waters.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water extraction and impacts lowering groundwater table maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited. Concerning the cave where H. wienini lives (if it is still living), the water is abstracted for domestic purposes. Agricultural and housing are very limited in the area, so pollution in probably not an important threat at the moment.","Conservation actions are not in place for this species.# Further survey data are required to establish if this cryptic species is still extant, and# thereafter monitoring to establish any decline in habitat quality. Some species may require a review to decide whether any restrictions on drawdown would be required to maintain suitable habitat if the species is still present.",,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Heraultiella,exilis,,Heraultiella exilis,,"Originally described as a ""Valvata"", named Arganiella exilis#in the French list of protected species, the name has been changed to Heraultia by Bodon et al. (2001) and then to Heraultiella by Bodon et al. (2002).",Yes,VU,"B1ab(i,ii,iii)",Yes,VU,"B1ab(i,ii,iii)",EU27,,"This species is widespread, but local in the Herault catchments in France where it has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 5,817 km2. However, it has been declining in range size, and some sites, especially the type location have already been lost, so the extent of occurrence is decreasing. #It is restricted to 3, possibly 4 river catchments, where the major threat is overexploitation of water which impacts throughout the range and over many sites which occur in close proximity and secondary threats from groundwater pollution, which is more variable over the catchment. #The species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(i,ii,iii), based on loss of sites and ongoing impact of lowered groundwater tables in the region. #Future threats are also lack of recharge, as this zone has seen recent changes in seasonal rainfall patterns.",Decreasing,"Heraultiella exilis is endemic to France, and believed to be restricted to the Hérault départment in southern France.","There are no population data available for this species. However, a decline can be inferred from decline of habitat quality and the extirpation of some of the population known in the past (including type locality).",This species lives in the water flowing under the river beds; it has never been found in truly subterranean habitats.,"Hyporheic habitats (i.e. habitat beneath and lateral to a stream bed, where there is mixing of shallow groundwater and surface water) are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Habitat degradation resulting from over-exploitation of the aquifer feeding the streams is another important threat for small streams that may become completely dried out in summer, thus directly affecting the species. Occasional droughts, possibly resulting from climate change, are also a potential threat.",This species is protected by the French law (under the name Arganiella exilis). More research on the population and the main threats is needed.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Hippeutis,complanatus,,Hippeutis complanatus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This is a widespread species in Europe, found in many habitat types, and given the present range it is unlikely to be threatened with extinction in the near future. Whilst there are localized species declines throughout the range, the  species is one of the more abundant species and is only threatened by  habitat loss and high levels of pollution. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and as Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Unknown,"This freshwater species is widespread in Europe from Norway and Sweden to Portugal, east to Greece, Ukraine and Russia.",There is no information regarding the current population trends of this species.,"This freshwater snail lives more commonly in lowland habitats and is typically found in slow flowing water in canals, rivers, lakes, ponds and ditches. It prefers calcium-rich waters and is usually found amongst vegetation. It avoids places with seasonal dessication (Kerney 1999). Often found together with Gyraulus spp and Acroloxus spp.","The species is not showing evidence of significant declines across the range, however there are localized declines due to changes in land management practices, usually conversion of marshy ground to agricultural lands, or from heavy pollution.","In most countries this species is not considered to be of conservation interest. No species specific conservation actions are in place. In Ireland, it was assessed as Least Concern (Byrne et al. 2009). In Great Britain it was listed as Least Concern, as the species is currently stable (Seddon and# Killeen, pers. comm. 2010).# In Germany and Switzerland it is considered to be category 3 (endangered). Research actions include further research to establish population and habitat trends and monitor future changes in habitats, as a proxy for changing populations.",There is no trade or use information for this species.,,"Killeen, I. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Hippeutis,stossichi,,Hippeutis stossichi,,,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This freshwater snail is only known from Croatia. There is no recent data on the distribution, habitat preference,  population and threats to the species. First of all, the species'  validity and presence in Croatia should be confirmed. Therefore it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This freshwater snail is only known from Croatia. There is no recent data on the distribution of the species, and as such more survey data is required to confirm the presence in Croatia.",There is no data on the population of this species.,There is no data on the habitat preference of the species.,Any threats to this species are currently unknown.,"There is no recent data on the distribution, habitat preference, population and threats to the species. First of all, the species' validity and presence in Croatia should be confirmed.",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Horatia,klecakiana,,Horatia klecakiana,,,Yes,LC,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Croatia,  where it is widespread in springs in the Cetina Valley, as well as other type localities for species now synonymised. There are no known threats for this species, as although there are hydroelectric  dams on the river, the species is mainly found in the freshwater  springs, throughout the valley, hence it is assessed as Least Concern (LC). Habitat monitoring is recommended as the species is vulnerable to exploitation of the springs.",Unknown,"This species is listed as endemic to Croatia and Albania in Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006). In Croatia the species was first described from a Spring near Ribaric in the Cetina valley and Szarowska and Wilke (2004) confirm that it is also present at a spring of Vrana River, between Vrana and Radosinovci. Feher and Eross (2009) doubt that the record from Albania is from the current geographical region for the country, so the presence there is uncertain. Radoman (1983) noted that it is widespread in springs in the Cetina Valley, as well as other type localities from species now viewed as conspecific (see Bodon et al. 2001)","There is no data on population trends, although live material has been collected in the last 20 years at springs.",This species is mainly recorded from freshwater springs.,"There are no known threats for this species, as although there are hydroelectric dams on the river, the species is mainly found in the freshwater springs, throughout the valley.","#Habitat monitoring is recommended, as the species would be vulnerable to exploitation of the springs it inhabits.",This species is not used.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Horatia,lucidulus,,Horatia lucidulus,,,Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"Horatia lucidulus is only found in a single locality, on the Black Sea Coast of Bulgaria, where  the decline in the quality of lake water is likely to impact  significantly this species in the next ten years.# It is considered to be Critically Endangered, (CR) B2ab(iii).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Bulgaria, where it is known from one locality in South Dobridza, Black Sea Coast. According to Bodon (pers. comm. 2009), this species has not been found since 1960 and so the current status is uncertain.",There is no data about the population size of the species.,"It is a troglophilic species, which means that it can live either inside or outside a cave, which is living in a deep well at the seaside.",The pollution as an outcome of agriculture and domestic activities using the well water where this species occurs. A high touristic pressure may be a threat on this species.,#Habitat monitoring is required. No current conservation activities are put in place.,,,"Georgiev, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Horatia,macedonica,,Horatia macedonica,,,Yes,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU27,,"This# species is endemic to the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, where it is known from four springs, and as such the threats are  likely to be changes in the habitat due to extraction of drinking water to supply  villages, groundwater pollution by nitrates from agriculture and changes  to precipitation recharging the springs and their groundwater supplies  with increased frequency of droughts. As such the species is listed on a precautionary basis as Vulnerable (VU D2). Further research is required on distribution, populations trends and threats, as  this species maybe more threatened, if threats are actively impacting  sites, or less threatened if more sites can be established showing a  wider range.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, where Radoman (1983) described it as being present in four springs. One spring lies 15 km west of Skopje (spring at Matka Gorge), the other 3 lie further south near Kiceve, on springs near roads to Ohrid and Bitola.",There is no recent data on the populations of this species.,This species inhabits freshwater springs.,"This species is known from four springs, and as such the threats are likely to be changes in the habitat due to extraction of drinking water to supply villages, groundwater pollution by nitrates from agriculture and changes to precipitation recharging the springs and their groundwater supplies with increased frequency of droughts.","There are No known conservation actions for this species.# Further research is required on distribution, populations trends and threats, as this species maybe more threatened, if threats are actively impacting sites, or less threatened if more sites can be established showing a wider range.",This species is not used.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Horatia,novoselensis,,Horatia novoselensis,,,Yes,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is known from a single site in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and as such maybe threatened by loss of the habitat due to increased frequency of droughts. It is not known whether the species is present at other springs in the region, and hence it is listed as Vulnerable (VU D2) rather than Critically Endangered. Further data is required on population, distribution and threats to the species to refine the conservation assessment.",Unknown,"This species is only known from the type locality, a spring near Novo Selo, in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Radoman 1983). This spring lies just north of Struga town, north of Lake Ohrid.",There is no recent data on the population trends of this species.,"This species is found in freshwater springs in the river valley of Sateska, draining into the Crna Drim.",The spring where this species is present lies just north of Struga town and therefore maybe capped to provide drinking water. Other threats come from pollution of the groundwater due to intense agriculture and increased frequency of droughts impacting the springs in the region.,"Further data is required on population, distribution and threats to the species to refine the conservation assessment.",This species is not used.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Hydrobia,acuta,,Hydrobia acuta,,"Until recently Hydrobia acuta was regarded as a Mediterranean species and Hydrobia neglecta Muus, 1963 as the north-west European endemic. Giusti et al. (1995) suggested that it was very closely related to the Mediterranean taxon H. acuta (Draparnaud, 1805) and Hoeksema (1998) concluded that a Biscayan population was synonymous with H. acuta. In the Clecom List (Falkner et al. 2001) the specific epithet neglecta Muus, 1963 was retained and the species placed in a separate Genus Obrovia Radoman, 1973. Wilke et al.  (2001), however, found only small genetic differences between study  populations in the western Mediterranean and north-west Europe and  concluded that both should be referred to Hydrobia acuta, with the north-west populations distinguished only at the subspecific level, i.e. as Hydrobia acuta s. neglecta.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is found on the Atlantic and Mediterranean coastal lagoons and estuaries and is is often abundant when present, and not considered to be declining. This species is not considered to be  threatened across the range, although there will be localised threats  due to harbour developments and as such it is listed as Least Concern at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.The subspecies H acuta neglecta is considered to be threatened locally in various countries due to the limited range.",Stable,"Fauna Europaea# (Bank et al. 2006) give the species a more restricted range, with countries listed as:#  France (Mainland), Italy (Mainland), Sardinia (Italy) Sicily (Italy), Malta, Bulgaria, Balearic Islands (Spain), Spain (Mainland), Croatia, Ukraine, where it is found on the Mediterranean coastal lagoons and estuaries and treated H. a. neglecta as a separate species from H. acuta. However Wilke et al (2001)s show H. a. neglecta is conspecific which extends the range to the Atlantic coasts, with records from Iceland, Sweden, Denmark (Mainland), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Channel Islands (UK), France (Mainland).# It# is also found in the Sea of Azov, Black Sea and western Russia (Selifonova 2008).","This species is often abundant when present, and not considered to be declining.",The species occurs in coastal lagoons and brackish water habitats along the estuaries of the Mediterranean and Atlantic coastlines.,"This species is abundant in suitable habitats and not considered to be threatened across the range, although there will be localised threats due to harbour developments and other developments which lead to habitat loss across the range.","There are no known conservation actions known for this species and none are considered necessary at a European level. The subpecies# H. a. neglecta is listed as Endangered under B2ab(iii,iv) on the Irish Red List (Byrne et al. 2009) and there are proposed conservation actions where marine developments threat the species.",This species is not used.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Hydrobia,atuca,,Hydrobia atuca,,This species was previously considered to be part of Hydrobia (Ventrosa) ventrosa. Boeters (1988) separated this species.,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species was segregated from V. ventrosa, by Boeters and#Beckmann (2007), who recorded it#from Mallorca (S'Illot, S'Albufera) and from Menorca (Cala Torta). As this species is likely to be under-recorded due to the confusion with the more widespread species#V. ventrosa, the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment:#Data Deficient (DD)European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean regional assessment:#Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This species was segregated from V. ventrosa by Boeters (1988). Boeters and#Beckmann (2007) provided additional records from Mallorca (S'Illot, S'Albufera) and from Menorca (Cala Torta).#",The population trends for this species are unknown.,The habitat for this species is unknown.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no known conservation actions for this species. More research is needed relating to the distribution, population trends and threats to this species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Hydrobia,cattaroensis,,Hydrobia cattaroensis,,"Hydrobia cattaroensis was described by Schutt in 1959, however the current genus is not known and taxonomic review of the status of this species is required.",Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Hydrobia cattaroensis was described by Schütt (1959) from the region of  Montenegro, but there is no current data on the distribution or status  of this species, so it is considered that this species should be listed as Data Deficient (DD), pending a review of the taxonomic status and distribution.",Unknown,"This species was described by Schütt (1959) from the region of Montenegro, but there is no current data on the distribution or status of this species.",There is no known population data on this species.,There is no data on habitat for this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation actions currently, however, this species requires more research on taxonomy and distribution.",,,"Pešić, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Hydrobia,declinata,,Hydrobia declinata,,"Hydrobia declinata was described by Frauenfeld, 1863, however the current genus is not known, and taxonomic review of the status of this species is required.",Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Hydrobia declinata was  described by Frauenfeld, 1863 from the region of  Montenegro, but there is  no current data on the distribution or status  of this species, so it is  considered that this species should be listed as Data deficient,  pending a review of the taxonomic status and distribution.",Unknown,"Hydrobia declinata was described by Frauenfeld, 1863 from the region of Montenegro, but there is no current data on the distribution or status of this species.",There is no known population data on this species.,There is no data on habitat for this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, however, distribution and taxonomy need to be researched.",,,"Pešić, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Hydrobia,glyca,,Hydrobia glyca,,"Should be named ""Obrovia glyca"" according to Falkner et al. 2002. Based on molecular analyses from Wilke et al (2000) and Wilke Pfenninger (2002), the name is applied to populations spread from Brittany (France) to Morocco.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Hydrobia glyca has a range from France to Morocco based on recent molecular work on samples from suitable habitats, however the detailed picture of the range is uncertain, as it may have been confused with other species. As this species has a wide range with suitable habitats scattered across the range, it is expected that the species should be assessed as Least Concern.Regional assessments are:EU27: Least ConcernEurope: Least ConcernMediterranean:# Not Applicable",Unknown,This species is recorded from Brittany (France) to Morocco along the Atlantic coast.,There are no population data available for this Hydrobia glyca.,Hydrobia glyca species lives in brackish waters.,The threats to Hydrobia glyca are unknown.,There are no conservation actions,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Hydrobia,montenegrina,,Hydrobia montenegrina,,"This species is listed in Fauna Europea, and attributed to Schütt (1959).# In his paper in Archiv fur Molluskunde (88) only Paladilhiopsis montenegrina was described, which is now Saxurinator montenegrinus, also assessed in the Red List. #This listing is uncertain and requires confirmation.",Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"There are no data on the status of this species. This species is listed in Fauna Europea, and attributed to Schütt  (1959).# In his paper in Archiv fur Molluskunde (88) only Paladilhiopsis montenegrina was  described, which is now Saxurinator  montenegrinus, also assessed in this Red List. #This listing is uncertain and  requires confirmation. Therefore Hydrobia montenegrina is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"There is no data on the current range for this species, although it is listed for Bosnia and Herzegovina.",There are no population data for this species.,There is no information on the habitat of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, however, there is a lack of knowledge in taxonomy, distribution and population trends.",No data,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Hydrobia,newtoni,,Hydrobia newtoni,,"This species is currently in need of taxonomic review as some authors considered this to be a form of the widespread Hydrobia ventrosa.# In Fauna Europaea, the following are regarded as synonyms of this species:Caspiohydrobia convexa Logvinenko  Starobogatov, 1966Caspiohydrobia eichwaldiana Golikov  Starobogatov, 1966Kantor et al. (2009) regard all of the above as potentially available species names.",Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is considered as Data Deficient (DD) due to the taxonomic issues surrounding the species, as some synonyms are regarded as full species in some areas. These taxonomic issues need resolving to determine the true category of the species.  This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE), as it does not occur in one of the 27 member States of the European Union.",Unknown,"This species is currently in need of taxonomic review as some authors considered this to be a form of the widespread Hydrobia ventrosa (Kantor et al. 2009).Caspiohydrobia convexa is found in the Southern Caspian Sea, estuarine areas of the Black and Azov seas, and in the Aral Sea between 0-10 m (Golikov and Starobogatov 1966, Logvinenko and Starobogatov 1968, Andreeva 1987).# Its type locality is Great Kirov Bay, Caspian Sea (Kantor et al. 2009).  Caspiohydrobia eichwaldiana is found in the Southern Caspian Sea, and the limans of the Black and Azov seas between 0-35 m (Golikov and Starobogatov 1966, Logvinenko and Starobogatov 1968).# Its type locality was Odessa. Some authors considered this to be Hydrobia ventrosa (Kantor et al. 2009). Son (pers. comm., 2009) suggests that only dead shells were found in the estuarine Kujalnik Liman (Ukraine) and also in Don estuarine system (Russia).",The population trends for this species are unknown.,The habitats for this species are unknown.,"In some areas there is evidence of changing salinities and damning on the river, but these threats are not impacting the majority of the populations.","The conservation actions for this species are unknown. Research is needed to determine the real distribution and population trends of this species, and to resolve taxonomic issues.",This species is not utilized.,,"Son, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Hydrobia,pontieuxini,,Hydrobia pontieuxini,,"This species is now considered to be a synonym of Ventrosia maritima# (Milaschewitsch, 1916) based on recent molecular work by Kevrekidis et al. (2005) who reviewed the taxonomic status based on mitochondrial DNA sequences from specimens recorded from Evros delta, Greece. In the past this#species was considered to be part of#V. ventrosa#by many authors#(Van Damme pers. comm. 2009), however, V.ventrosa is now considered to be a separate taxa to#V.maritima based on the data from#Kevrekidis et al. (2005).",Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is considered to be part of V.ventrosa by many authors (Van Damme pers. comm. 2009) but other more recent publications have placed it in Ventrosia maritima.#V.maritima and#V.ventrosa are both widespread species in their ranges.This species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) due to taxonomic issues. However once the taxonomic issues are solved, it will probably qualify for Least Concern (LC) as a synonym of Ventrosia maritima.# This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27: Not Evaluated (NE), as this species does not occur in the 27 member states of the European UnionEurope: Data Deficient (Taxonomic Issues, probably LC as synonym of#Ventrosia maritima#)Mediterranean:#Data Deficient (Taxonomic Issues, probably LC as synonym of#Ventrosia maritima#)",Unknown,"This species is now considered conspecific with V. maritima, which is recorded from Evros delta, Greece, Romania,#Ukraine and on the Black Sea coast of Russia.",There is no data available on population trends,This species inhabits brackish water lagoons and coastal margins.,There are no know threats towards this species.,There are no known conservation actions for this species. Research is needed relating to its population trends and threats towards the species.,This species is not utilized.,,"Cioboiu, O. Son, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Hydrobia,ventrosa,,Hydrobia ventrosa,,"A close relationship between North American and European taxa of the H. ventrosa clade has been suggested by Wilke et al. (2000) although this relationship has not been tested at a molecular level (see Anderson 2005). Some have considered that this group merits generic standing as Ventrosa, however the use of a separate genus to distinguish this species is contentious and Haase (1993) considered this to be unjustified on genetic distance criteria.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Although this species is localized in many parts of its range, and the sites can be threatened by local development as the lagoons and estuaries are often used for ports and harbours, the range of the species at present is widespread and there is no information about any decline in the overall population. As such, the species is considered to be Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Unknown,"This species is widespread but localised in Europe and the Mediterranean. The range extends from Ireland and the UK in the west through Finland, Germany and France to# countries such as Russia and Romania in the east.","This species is widespread but localised, and can be locally abundant where it occurs. There is no information on population trend.","This species is a brackish water species found in estuarine and lagoon habitats. Hydrobiid snails will ingest any type of particles of the right size. In a natural sediment, they ingest a certain size spectrum of mineral particles and diatoms, as well as other micro-organisms. When on a solid surface (or a mineral grain too large to be swallowed) they ingest smaller particles associated with the surface that are not too firmly attached (Fenchel 1988).","The main threats to the species include any factors such as barrages, sluices or water flow management schemes that may alter or disrupt the narrow salinity range that this species occupies. Large Barrage projects do impact this species, changing the estuarine conditions and the mud where it lives. Other localised threats include pollution by nutrient enrichment, industrial chemicals, oil spills, etc.In the longer term, global warming causing higher sea levels and the greater chances of saline intrusion could disrupt salinity (raise) levels.",There are no conservation actions known for this species and none are needed.,This species is not utilized.,,"Killeen, I.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Hydrobia,vitrea,,Hydrobia vitrea,,"Also known as Ecrobia vitrea (Risso, 1826), which is considered a subgenus by some authors and a genus by others.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Although this species is localized in many parts of its range, and the sites can be threatened by local development as the lagoons and estuaries are often used for ports and harbours, the range of the species at present is widespread, and, as such, the species is considered to be Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) listed this species under the name Ecrobia vitrea (Risso, 1826) and give a Mediterranean distribution as:# France (Mainland), Corsica (France), Italy (Mainland), Sardinia (Italy) Sicily (Italy), Malta, Spain (Mainland), Balearic Islands (Spain), Albania and Croatia. There is a possibility that this species may also occur in north Africa (Algeria and Tunisia) but due to poor recording data and possible confusion with closely related species there are no literature records.",The population trends of this species are unknown.,This species is a brackish water species found in estuarine and lagoonal habitats.,"The main threats include any factors such as barrages, sluices, water flow management schemes that may alter or disrupt the narrow salinity range that this species occupies. Large barrage projects are known to impact this species, changing the estuarine conditions and the mud where it lives. Other localised threats include pollution by nutrient enrichment, industrial chemicals, oil spills, etc.In the longer term, global warming causing higher sea levels and the greater chances of saline intrusion could disrupt salinity (raise) levels.","There are no known conservation actions for the species and none are considered necessary. More data on distribution throughout the range would be useful, but not essential at present.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Iberhoratia,aurorae,,Iberhoratia aurorae,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"The species is currently listed as Data Deficient (DD), as it is recently described in 2007 and there is insufficient data on distribution and threats to the sites.# Although at present the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD), if the range is more extensive then it may qualify as Least Concern (LC), however there are likely to be localized threats, as although there are no known threats to this species, general threats  include management of spring sites so to 'containerized' and improve the  sites for water off-take for domestic and agricultural use.",Unknown,"Iberhoratia aurorae is endemic to Spain, where it is found in Provinces Cáceres, Toledo and Salamanca (Arconada et al. 2007).# The type locality was a spring between Hervás and Jerte, Cáceres, UTM: 30TTK551596",This species is recently described and hence there are no data on population trends.,This is a freshwater spring species.,"There are no known threats to this species, however general threats include management of spring sites so to 'containerised' and improve the sites for water off-take for domestic and agricultural use.","There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. New surveys are required to confirm the presence in springs in the region, to determine distribution and threats. Conservation actions include the implementation of spring management plans to keep the water well oxygenated and clean, reduction of the# management of spring sites so that they are not 'containerised' for water off-take for domestic and agricultural use.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Iberhoratia,gatoa,,Iberhoratia gatoa,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Spain, where it is localised, and found only in one cave system. The Spanish Red Data book (Verdú and Galente 2006) listed the species as Data Deficient (DD), whereas the Andalucian Red List (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008) considered the species to be Vulnerable (VU B1ab(iii), D2). Using a precautionary approach, given that this species is only known from a single site and has not been recollected since 1980 despite surveys, the global listing could be Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)), based on possible future threats to the cave system. However, as the site is currently stable and there is limited recreational access# the species could also be considered as Vulnerable D2, based on the level of threats at the site. At present it is listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2, however if the levels of threat to the site escalate, then  Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii) would then apply.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2 at the level of the 27 member States of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2Mediterranean regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) D2",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Spain, where it is recorded from one site in the region of Andalucia from the Cueva del Gato, a karst cave in the province Malaga (Parque Natural de Grazalema). It is only known from the specimens taken when it was first described by Boeters (1980), since further field surveys have failed to locate additional specimens (Arconada et al. 2009). There are two entrances to the cave:# the huge entrance of this cave, Cueva del Gato# is a  river cave of the subterranean river Gaduares.# The other  entrance of the cave is called Boca de Hundidero, also an enormous  portal, about 4km away. This cave entrance at Boca de Hundidero has several paths and  suspension bridges, along with an old hydroelectric dam where the  Compañía Sevillana de Electricidad, tried to dam the river in the 1920's.  The Cueva del Hundidero is a swallow hole, where the waters of the  river Gaduares enters the cave system. The main passage, the  subterranean river bed, is used for trips by experienced pot-holers. This set of karst systems has lakes and waterfalls which have only been explored in part because it includes regions that are hard to get to, and as such the much of the system remains unexplored. The extent of occurrence for Iberhoratia gatoa is estimated as under 10 km², based on the length of the river within the cave.  The underground part of the River Gaduares lies within the Natural Park.","This species has only been collected at its type locality, and is only known from the original specimens in spite of recent surveys in the last 10 years.","The species is restricted to karstic groundwaters, and was found in the outflow from the cave.","The major threats to the species within the cave are from any alteration to the hydrobiology of the system. This is likely to be a very sensitive species to changes in in the ecosystem, such as pollution of the groundwater (domestic, recreational or agricultural sources) or disturbance of the water channels, such as concreting areas for recreational access to the caves or use of the sites for water extraction# for domestic supplies or hydroelectricity (Arconada et al. 2007).",The water catchment for this species lies within a Parque Natural. The recommended activities in the Andalucian Red List include:1)# Investigation of cave system to locate new sub-populations2)# Control of the hydrological regime within the cave system3)# Information board outside the cave giving information about the threatened species and the conservation needs.,This species is not utilized.,,"Martínez-Ortí, A. Arconada, B.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Iberhoratia,morenoi,,Iberhoratia morenoi,,,Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"This freshwater species is considered as Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(iii), as it is endemic to southern Spain, where although it is found in a wider area than the other two species in this genus, it is restricted to a few springs sites, ponds and artificial tanks with# an area of occupancy of less than 200km2.# The ongoing threats have the potential to impacted many of the sites given the high demand for domestic water supplies and water for agriculture, as well as the increasing frequency of drought events in the region.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii))EU27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii)) at the level of the 27 member States of the European UnionMediterranean regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii))",Unknown,"This species is endemic to southern Spain. This species was found in the provinces of Cadiz, Sevilla, and Malaga (Arconada et al. 2007)). The populations in Almerıa and Huelva have tentatively been assigned to this species as Iberhoratia cf. morenoi until new specimens are studied (Arconada et al. 2007). Localities are the following: spring in Prado del Rey, Cadiz (type locality) (UTM 30STF8160); Benamahoma, Cadiz, UTM TF87;# spring Los Palominos, Zahara, Cadiz, UTM TF87; spring El Canajoso, Coripe, Sevilla, UTM 30STF848928; Casarabonela, Malaga, UTM 30SUF3572; spring Matiana, El Chorro, Malaga, UTM 30SUF4386; spring La Quemona, Malaga, UTM 30SUF0581; spring El Valentın, Alozaina, Malaga, UTM 30SUF3366.Locations that have been tentatively assigned to the species as Iberhoratia cf. morenoi (Arconada et al. 2007)): spring in Berchul, Felix, Gador mountains, Almeria, UTM: 30SWF298813; El Marchal de Anton Lopez, Almerıa, UTM: 30SWF3383; spring las Mimbreras, Zufre, Huelva, UTM: QB39.",There is no population data for this species as it has only been recently described.,"This species live in springs with clear water and aquatic vegetation. In this typical habitat of Iberian valvatiform Hydrobiidae, they can be found on the roots and leaves of aquatic vegetation, stones, or even in the sand (Arconada et al. 2007).","The major threats to this species include changing water management practices which change the habitats at the sources, so that these freshwater springs can be used for drinking water supplies and to irrigate agriculture.","Although the species is listed as Vulnerable in the Andalucian Red List of Invertebrates (Barea-Azcón 2008), there are no known conservation actions for this species. More research is needed relating to the distribution, population trends and threats towards this species. Conservation actions include need to establish better habitat management to allow water offtake without damaging the spring sites (Springs, Ponds and artificial pools/tanks). If future surveys do not result in an expansion of its range, then ex-situ breeding programmes maybe required to implement a recovery programme.",This species is not known to be utilized.,,"Arconada, B.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Iglica,absoloni,,Iglica absoloni,,,Yes,LC,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Iglica absoloni was not included in the list of species assessed for the Croatian Red List of the Cave Fauna.#The major threats to this species are groundwater pollution, from different sources, within the cave systems. #However, given the wider distribution of the species, it is questionable whether this species is likely to be threatened with extinction in the next 10 years, hence it is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Iglica absoloni is listed for southern Dalmacija (Croatia), southeastern Hercegovina (BiH) and Montenegro by Bole and Velkovrh (1986). Schütt (2000) listed the species from the Baba cave near Trebinje in Herzegovina (Type locality), as well as from material washed out from the Ombla cave system, where it was not frequent, but consistently represented. The distribution includes the extended area around the Popovo Polje as well as Trsteno, N. Dubrovnik (Schütt 1975).","No population trend data on Iglica absoloni, but the species is never found in large numbers (Schutt, 2000).",Iglica absoloni is found within groundwaters in Caves.,"The major threats to this species are groundwater pollution, from different sources, within the cave systems.",Iglica absoloni was not included in the list of species assessed for the Croatian Red List of the Cave Fauna.,This species is not traded.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Iglica,acicularis,,Iglica acicularis,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Bulgaria. It is considered as Vulnerable D2, as it may be subjected to the pollution caused by potential visitors of the cave in the future. However, this species could quickly become Endangered if the water quality or the water presence is modified in the future.#",Unknown,"Iglica acicularis is endemic to Bulgaria, where it is known from two sites, Dushnik cave near village of Iskrets, and Yamata cave at the village of Tserovo, both in western Stara Planina mountains in Bulgaria.",There is no data on this species population.,"This species is troglobite (i.e. it lives permanently underground and cannot survive outside the cave environment), it is present in springs and streams in caves. Based on climatic and  geological similarities, this species is considered to be Mediterranean.","Although at present there is no evidence of habitat degradation, the cave is used, and hence a possible threat could be the pollution caused by visitors (Human or Animals) to the cave in the future.","There are no conservation measures set for the species, although it is recommended that given the small area, that a habitat monitoring programme be put in place for the species so that future changes in status can be seen.",,,"Georgiev, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Iglica,alpeus,,Iglica alpeus,,This species has been placed in the subgenus Raphica.,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Data Deficient (DD) as the species distribution is not specific and more research is required on its populations, habitats and threats towards it. Given the limited range, as currently known, the major threat to this species is probably the degradation of its habitat due to water pollution (Radea, pers. comm., 2010). This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU 27 regional assessment:# Data Deficient (DD) European regional assessment : Data Deficient (DD) Mediterranean regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Greece where it was described from a dam in Alfios river (Olimbia, Ilia Peloponnisos) (Reischutz and Reischutz 2004).",The population status of this species is unknown.,"This species was found in a freshwater reservoir, however it is not certain the original habitats for the species (Radea, pers. comm., 2010).","The specific threats to this species are unknown, although the major threat to this species is probably the degradation of its habitat due to water pollution (Radea, pers. comm., 2010).",There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. New surveys are required to confirm the continued presence in the reservoir. Conservation actions include the implementation of catchment management plans to keep the water clean and management of reservoir so that water levels are maintained in habitat.,This species is not utilized.,,"Radea, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Iglica,bagliviaeformis,,Iglica bagliviaeformis,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Iglica bagliviaeformis#is a species living in the groundwaters found in caves in Croatia, and has a small extent of occurrence (EOO = 490 km2)and is known from 5 locations.#It is listed as Endangered on the Croatian National Red List of the Cave Fauna and has been assessed as Endangered (EN B1ab (iii)). This species qualifies for the Endangered category, as its habitats are declining due to water pollution from pesticides used in agriculture as well as off-take and control of water water resources for hydroelectric production and domestic supplies. The species is protected by law in Croatia, but habitat monitoring is required to establish whether the species is continuing to decline.",Unknown,"The species is found in Croatia where it was first described from the Ombla-Hohle. The species is rarely found living, but has been found frequently in processed materials from outwash from the cave system, and as such its distribution is difficult to estimate. It is also occurs in other coastal cave systems in southern Dalmatia (Schütt 2000).#The other localities where it was found are a spring in the South of Svitavsko blato near Metkovic, the spring Izvor kod Mlina near Plat, the Ljuta spring in Konavle and the Jazova cave near Cavtat (Red Book of Croatian Underground Fauna, in press 2010).",There is no information available about the population trend of this species.,This species has been collected from springs emerging from cave systems.,"Low levels of decline have been observed in the habitats. In the 1970s dam construction in Popovo polje (Herzegovina) impacted water levels which supply the springs from near Metkovic to Dubrovnik. In recent years, the region around Metkovic is now a highly productive agricultural area, with the use of pesticides. In addition there is little sewage management, and so these waters pollute the groundwater. A further threat for the future of the systems is 3 dams being constructed upstream of Metkovic, which will have a major impact by taking water from the system, as well as increasing the rate of inflow from the sea, causing increased salinity, and hence mortality of the species. The conditions of the Ombla spring will be altered due to the construction of a dam that is in plan. The area around Dubrovnik and Cavtat is under stress during the tourist season, being affected by water extraction and pollution.","This species is on the list of protected species for Croatia. This species is listed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)) on the Croatian National Red List of the Cave Fauna. Some of these sites are planned as part of the Natura 2000 network, but this is not yet implemented.#All caves and cave fauna are strictly protected by law in Croatia. The status of the subpopulation in Croatia is unknown and requires monitoring.",This species is not used.,,"Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Iglica,bosnica,,Iglica bosnica,,,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"In Bosnia, the range and current status of Iglica bosnica is uncertain, but it is possibly only present at a small area near Sarajavo, and as such, as the threats and status are uncertain, it is listed as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,This species is endemic to central Bosna (near Sarajevo) in Bosnia and Herzegovina.,There are no recent data on population trends.,This snail inhabits freshwater spring.,"The latest CBD report from Bosnia suggests that there are considerable threats to freshwater species, but no specific information is available for this species.","No conservation actions are known for this species.This species requires more research on distribution, population trends and threats",,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Iglica,concii,,Iglica concii,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species has a limited range, but no known threats, although there are possible threats of exploitation of water sources and pollution of groundwaters. (CK map, version 5.3.8). # It was considered to be Least Concern on the Italian Red List (Manganelli et al, 2000), and is listed here as Least Concern, based on the lack of threat and range, but it should be monitored on a regular basis, as this species would be vulnerable to changes in water levels in the groundwater system should there be a combination of increased frequency of drought combined with increased exploitation of water resources.At a regional level of assessment,# Iglica concii is:EU27: Least ConcernEurope: Least ConcernMediterranean: Least Concern",Unknown,"Iglica concii is endemic to Italy, specifically found in the alpine regions of Lombardia, where it is present in at least 23 locations in an area that covers about 140km x 60km.",There are no known data trends for the population of Iglica concii.,Iglica concii is found in the groundwaters within rocks.,"Since Iglica concii inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al., 2000).",No specific conservation measures for Iglica concii are known and it is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.,,,"Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Iglica,elongata,,Iglica elongata,,,Yes,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Croatia. There is limited data on distribution, trends and threats and as such the species is provisionally listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2, pending better information, as at present it is only known from two locations, and hence vulnerable to the potential threats in the future and stochastic events. Currently the threats to this species are uncertain, as although the caves in the River Krka National Park are likely to be secure, the site at the source of the Jadro is possibly threatened by groundwater pollution. Research is currently ongoing on the  fauna of Croatia (Latner  Slapnik pers. comm., 2010) and as such  further data may provide information on whether these threats will  impact the species.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Croatia and has been found in surveys of caves in the River Krka National Park (Slapnik and Janko, pers. comm., 2009). A further record from the source of the rivers Jadro situated in the Middle Dalmatia region of Croatia was recently reported (Biljana Rađa and Sanja Puljas, 2010).","There is limited data on populations, but the trend is unknown. Only dead shells were obtained on the surveys of Jadro Springs (Biljana Rađa, pers. comm., 2011).",The species is found in freshwater rivers and cave systems.,"Currently any threats to this species are uncertain, as the caves in the River Krka National Park are considered secure. However, groundwater pollution at the source of the River Jadro near Spilt, may have an impact on the species. Research is currently ongoing on the fauna of Croatia (Lajtner and Slapnik pers. comm., 2010) and as such further data may provide information on whether these threats will impact the species.","The species is found in River Krka National Park, which is a protected area and the underground fauna is protected (Janzic, pers. comm., 2009). Research is currently ongoing on the fauna of Croatia (Lajtner   Slapnik pers. comm., 2010) and as such further data on populations, habitats and threats may provide  information on whether the threats will impact the species.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Jalzic, B. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Iglica,eximia,,Iglica eximia,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Slovenia, however the species has only been recorded as dead shells, and hence there is no current data on distribution, trends and threats and as such the species is provisionally listed as Data Deficient (DD), pending better information.",Unknown,This species is endemic to central Slovenia; where it is found along Sava River east of Ljubljana. Only dead shells have ever been recorded (Sket pers. comm. 2010).,There is no known population data on this species.,There is no data on habitat for this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"Conservation actions are not known, however, this species requires more research on population trends, distribution and threats.",,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Iglica,forumjuliana,,Iglica forumjuliana,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Iglica forumjuliana has a limited range, but no known threats throughout the range, although  there are possible threats of exploitation of water sources and  pollution of groundwaters. (CK map, version 5.3.8). It was considered  to be Least Concern on the Italian Red List (Manganelli et al 2000), and is listed here as  Least Concern, based on the lack of threat and range, but it should be  monitored on a regular basis, as this species would be vulnerable to  changes in water levels in the groundwater system should there be a  combination of increased frequency of drought combined with increased  exploitation of water resources.Regionally Iglica forumjuliana is considered as:EU27: Least ConcernEurope:  Least ConcernMediterranean: Least Concern",Unknown,"Iglica forumjuliana is endemic to Italy and North Western Slovenia, where it is restricted to a small region, c. 70km x 60km, with at least 15 known locations.",The population trend for Iglica forumjuliana is not known.,Iglica forumjuliana is found with the groundwaters in karst regions.,"Since Iglica forumjuliana inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al. 2000).",This species and its habitat should be monitored.,Iglica forumjuliana is not known to be traded.,,"Slapnik, R. Cianfanelli, S.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Iglica,gittenbergeri,,Iglica gittenbergeri,,,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This newly described species is thought to have a limited range and has only been found as shell deposits in south-east von Skoder, Albania and as such the status of the populations are unknown. The species has never been found living, but is assumed to be living within groundwater of the mountain range. Further data is required on the status of the species, although it will be very difficult to get given the difficulty of sampling these habitats. Until more information is available the species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This recently described species is currently believed to be endemic to Albania, and it was described from ‘Abfluss des wasserwerkes' in Vau i Dejes, south-east von Skoder, Albania (Reischutz  Reischutz 2008). Reischutz (pers. comm, 2010) commented that it was only found in debris ejected from these three springs, but was believed to be present in the underlying groundwater system. However, it was not found in surveys of other adjacent springs.",As a newly described species there is no data on population trends.,"This#species#lives#in groundwater and subterranean#fissure#water#in Karstic areas. Reischutz examined springs around the original region and failed to find any living or dead specimens (pers. comm, 2010).","The potential threats to this species would be pollution of the groundwater, but at present these threats are not known","No known conservation actions are in place for this species. As a newly described species further data on its distribution, population status, habitat preference and trends as well as threats are required before a conservation assessment can be made.",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Iglica,giustii,,Iglica giustii,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"This species is currently thought to be restricted to Italy, but occurs close to the border, and so could occur in Slovenia. This species is listed as Near Threatened on the Italian Red List (CK Map 5.3.8) as it is known from 3 locations, and is viewed as rare. It currently qualifies as Vulnerable D2 for the IUCN Red List, but as the severity of the threat is unknown, the species is downlisted to Near Threatened.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Italy, specifically found in the alpine section of the River Isonzo, Friuli-Venezia Giulia and occurs close to the border, and so could occur in Slovenia. It is known from 3 locations, and so currently viewed as rare.",This species is restricted to a small area so population numbers are presumably relatively low.,This species is found in groundwaters in alluvial sediments.,"The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch 2006). Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al. 2000).",No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.,There is no known trade in this species.,,"Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Iglica,gracilis,,Iglica gracilis,,,Yes,VU,B1ab(iii); D2,Yes,VU,B1ab(iii); D2,EU27,,"Iglica gracilis is only known from a restricted area where there is a potential threat from water pollution, and as such the species is considered to be vulnerable to future changes in the habitat. #If the species is shown to be present at more sites (more than 10) within the region, then the threat status will need to be reviewed. # In the future abstraction of groundwater water and groundwater pollution may pose a threat as this could cause the declining quality of the species' habitats and possible loss if the frequency of seasonal droughts increases.#Further research is needed to confirm its presence and range and habitat monitoring is recommended to establish the threats to the species. As it has been previously listed as Vulnerable at a national level, it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) B1ab(iii); D2 on a precautionary basis, rather than listing as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Iglica gracilis is endemic to Slovenia where it is found in the caves and springs in basin of river Krka. Di Mattia (2007) reported finding this species at                 the karstic springs Poltarica near Krška Vas, Grospulje but shows a wider range in his distribution map of the slovenian species of Iglica covering much of the catchment of the river Krka to the junction with the Sava river.#",There is no data on population trends for this species.,This small freshwater species inhabits caves and freshwater springs (de Mattia 2007;# Sket pers. comm. 2010),"Direct threats to this species are not known, but its habitat is vulnerable to water pollution.# In  the future abstraction of groundwater water and groundwater pollution  may pose a threat as this could cause the declining quality of the  species' habitats and possible loss if the frequency of seasonal  droughts increases.","This species is considered to be Vulnerable in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species#(Sket and Velkovrh 2002).                 Conservation actions recommended include taxonomic review of the allied species including molecular characters, as well as habitat monitoring for changes and raising awareness of the importance of these springs and caves for freshwater biodiversity.",,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Iglica,gratulabunda,,Iglica gratulabunda,,Haase (1995) considered this species to be a 'problematic taxa' known from few specimens all taken from a 'poorly defined locality'.,Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"Iglica gratulabunda is endemic to Austria. It was originally considered to be possibly Extinct (Wells  Chatfield 1992, IUCN 1994). Haase (1995) pointed out that further taxonomic research should also be  undertaken, as the species is currently based on few specimens, and he  recommended listing as Data Deficient in the 1996 Red  List. However in a precautionary approach, the 2008 Austrian Red List has maintained this species as Critically Endangered. Given that the species is difficult to sample, as it is probably restricted to groundwaters, an assessment of Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) B2ab(iii) would be appropriate for the species until more survey efforts can demonstrate extinction and a taxonomic review confirms the species' status.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Austria and it was first described from the flotsam of the Mürz River in Steiermark (Boeters, 1988) and in Salzerbad (Glöer 2002). These two localities are probably in separate groundwater systems, but Reischutz  Reischutz (2009) show that it is currently only known from one location and with a second pre 1950 location (Murz River). However, as the shells were retrieved from floodline debris# it is difficult to establish population trends or range (Haase, 1995).",There is no population information available for this species.,"Iglica gratulabunda is recorded from floodline debris within freshwater rivers and is most probably present in subterranean waters, like other representatives of this genus.",It is unknown whether this species is being impacted upon by threat processes.,"Further research is needed to confirm its presence and range, given the nature of the record, as it is currently only known from one location and with a second pre-1950 location. However, as the shells were retrieved from floodline debris, flushed from karst fissures it is difficult to establish population trends or range. The abstraction of groundwater water may pose a threat as this could cause the loss of the species' habitats.#Further research is needed to confirm its presence and range, given the nature of the records. As it has been previously listed, it is maintained at the national assessment on a precautionary basis, rather than listing as Data deficient. There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. In the past, this species has been classified as Possibly Extinct (IUCN 1994). Further research is recommended to ascertain whether this species still exists, and if it does then to clarify the extent of its distribution and identify any threat processes impacting upon it.",This species is not traded.,,"Reischutz, P. Haase, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Iglica,hauffeni,,Iglica hauffeni,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"This species is currently listed as Near Threatened in Italy where it occurs close to the border, and the status in Slovenia is also Near Threatened. This species is recorded from 11 locations and so currently viewed as rare, with few records. It is listed as Near Threatened (VU B2(iii)), but should there be any change in the number of localities, then this species will qualify as Vulnerable, under the range and threat criteria.",Unknown,"This species is a restricted range freshwater mollusc found in groundwater systems in Italy and Slovenia. In Italy it is known from six locations and is currently viewed as rare.  In Slovenia it is known from just a few localities in a very small area (caves and springs north and northwest of Ljubljana; small village Dobeno, 10 km north of Ljubljana) which is also the type locality for Iglica hauffeni.",There are no population data for this species.,This species is found in the groundwaters in karst areas.,The threats to this species are pollution of groundwater and anthropogenic changes.,This species is considered to be Rare in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species#(Sket and Velkovrh 2002).,There is no known trade in this species.,,"Slapnik, R., Bodon, M., Cianfanelli, S., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Iglica,illyrica,,Iglica illyrica,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Iglica illyrica was described  from the Balkans, but the precise range, threats and habitats are  unknown. Surveys are required to establish the range and threats to the  species to enable a conservation assessment. Until such data are available the species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This species was described from the Balkans, but the precise locality is unknown.",There is no data on population trend.,The precise habitats are unknown.,"This species was described from the Balkans, but the precise range and habitats are unknown. Hence it is not possible to assess threats.","Iglica illyrica was described from the Balkans, but the precise range, threats and habitats are unknown. Surveys are required to establish the range, population trends and threats to the species to enable a conservation assessment.",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Iglica,karamani,,Iglica karamani,,,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"The species has been found in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and possibly in Serbia, as the site lies close to Skopje, within the underground Karstic waters. There is no information about threats to this species, although groundwater pollution is a known issue in the region. As such the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD), pending further research on the range, population trends and threats to this species.",Unknown,"This species has been found in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and is thought to possibly occur in Serbia, as the site lies close to Skopje, within the underground Karstic waters (Kabat and Hershler 1993), but further details are required on type locality and research needed on other known sites, as distributional details are uncertain.",There is no data on population trends for this species.,This species is found in karstic groundwater.,"There are no confirmed threats, however groundwater pollution is a known issue in the region.","There are no known conservation actions for this species. Habitat monitoring is required to determine if the potential threats of groundwater pollution are impacting the species. Research is required on the range, population trends and threats of this species.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Iglica,kleinzellensis,,Iglica kleinzellensis,,"This species was originally viewed as a subspecies of Iglica gratulabunda (Gloer 2002).# The shell form is variable, as shown by Gloer (2002, p. 142)",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Iglica kleinzellensis is known from a small area, where has only been found as dead-shells in the outflow springs from the Karst groundwaters. The species is believed to need clean water, and there is the possibility of pollution of the groundwaters from agricultural sources. These outflow springs are known to dry-up due to abstraction of the water sources (P. Reischutz pers.comm 2009), but it is not known to which extent these potential threats are impacting the species. Therefore the species is considered as Vulnerable D2. However, should the impact of these threats increase, the species would qualify for Endangered, B2 ab(iii).",Unknown,"Iglica kleinzellensis is known from a small area and has only been found as dead-shells in the outflow of springs from karst groundwaters.  This sites are springs north of Ortstrand, near Kleinzell im Halbachtal, Niederosterreich.# Gloer (2002) notes that in addition to the type locality, it is known from two other springs in the immediate vicinity near Kleinzell (Kalter Brunnen 500m s. of town) and a temporary karst spring at Gutenbach near to the Hisrchkogel. Sites lie in the valleys of Turnitz and Traisen (Haase pers, comm 1996).","It has never been collected as living specimens, it is only known from dead shells (P. Reischutz pers. comm. 2009)","This species is known as dead shells from freshwater springs, and is presumed to live in the groundwater feeding the springs.","The main threats are changes to the groundwater system, either through over abstraction of water (leading to drying of the outflow springs) or pollution of groundwater from agricultural sources.","Iglica kleinzellensis is listed as Critically Endangered on the Austrian National Red List, as well as the Lower Austria List as A1.# Further research is required to know if the species is still extant in the groundwaters of the region, although sampling these sites is very difficult, and possibly only habitat monitoring will reveal changes to that would impact the species.",No trade in this species.,,"Haase, M. Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Iglica,langhofferi,,Iglica langhofferi,,,Yes,VU,D2,No,VU,D2,EU27,,"Iglica langhofferi is known from only 2 locations in Slovenia and Croatia, and as such is only known from a restricted area where there is a potential threat from water pollution, and as such the species is considered to be vulnerable to future changes in the habitat. #If the species is shown to be present at more sites within the region, then the threat status will need to be reviewed. # This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable D2.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment:# This species is listed as Vulnerable D2 at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union, due to the level and  proximity of threat, although technically it may qualify as Endangered,  as the range is smaller. European regional assessment:#Vulnerable (Vu D2)Mediterranean regional assessment:#Vulnerable (Vu D2)",Unknown,"This species is restricted to Croatia and Slovenia. #In Croatia Iglica langhofferi#is recorded living in Cucerje stream (Medvednica National Park). #In Slovenia ,it is found in the cave#Glija jama between# Celje and Zidani Most and dead shells have been taken from sediment in river# Savinja near# Celje, but these latter records are not considered to represent sites, it is only considered to be living at#Glija jama.#",There is no data on population trends in either Slovenia or Croatia.#,This species is found in groundwater in Karstic regions (Freshwater) in Slovenia and Croatia.#,The major threats are considered to be water pollution and urbanization.,"This species is considered to be Rare in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species (Bole 1988, 1992, Sket and Velkovrh 2002) , although there are no specific conservation actions known for this species in Slovenia. However all cave-dwelling species are protected in Croatia, although again no specific plans are in place for this species. Monitoring of the population and the habitat is recommended.",,,"Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Iglica,luxurians,,Iglica luxurians,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Although this species is found in at least three locations in the Ljubuliana River Catchment, these protected areas reduce the level of the threats to the species, and as such, the species is currently listed as Near Threatened, however, any change to the rate of threats would ensure that the species should be considered as Endangered (based on area of occupancy, number of sites and declining quality of habitat).",Unknown,"Iglica luxurians is endemic to Slovenia, where it is first described from a spring near Podgora (near Vrhnika ). #It is listed in the Notranjski Regional Park, on the Ljubljanica river and in a Natura 2000 site with unique underground and surface stream;#Cerknisko Jezero and#Ljubljansko Barje (EUNIS 2010).",There is no population trend data for this species.,This small freshwater snail is found in groundwater in karst.,"It is unknown whether this species is being impacted on by any major threat processes, however subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Decline in habitat following falls in the water table levels maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited",This species is considered to be Rare in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species. It is found in 3 protected areas in Slovenia.,There is no known trade in this species.,,"Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Iglica,maasseni,,Iglica maasseni,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is known from one location but has little data on distribution, population trends or threats and therefore is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) until further data is available. General threats to freshwater habitats in Greece would make it likely that the species should be considered as threatened, especially given the pressure on water resources on#Rhode island, so it is of importance that this information is obtained as soon as possible.",Unknown,"Iglica maasseni is endemic to Greece, where it was described by Schütt (1980) from the Islands. It is only known from the type locality at Kalavarda, Rhodes.",The population trend is unknown.,"The species was found in freshwater springs however, the species is probably present in the groundwater feeding the spring.","There is no data on threats to the species, however there is tourism in this#village which could be considered as a potential threat. The species is probably present in the groundwater feeding the spring.",Research should concentrate on expanding the known range and monitoring the known habitat to determine any threats that may be impacting. If no further sites are found the known location should be protected by sensitive management.,This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Iglica,pezzolii,,Iglica pezzolii,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Iglica pezzolii#is restricted to groundwaters around Monte Fenero and as such the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al., 2000). #Threats identified in the region also include increased frequency of forest fires (erosion and increased sediment in the water leaching into the groundwater system) and possible disturbance of the caves for recreational activities and illegal excavations.#This species has a restricted range, with 3 locations and 7 known sites. It currently qualifies as Vulnerable B2a, but as the likelihood of the threat is unknown, the species is listed as Near Threatened based on the probability that the species is vulnerable to future changes.#Manganelli#et al. (2000)#is listed the species as Least Concern in Italy.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Italy, specifically found within the alpine region of Monte Fenera, Piedmont. This species is known from 3 Locations (7 sites) within a small region, and so currently viewed as rare.# #The locations are Grinasco, Valduggia and Borgosesia (UTM MR46 and MR45).",This species is restricted to a small area so the population numbers are presumably relatively low.,"The species is restricted to groundwaters and outflows (caves, resurgences and springs).","The species is restricted to groundwaters and as such the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al., 2000). #Threats identified in the region also include increased frequency of forest fires (erosion and increased sediment in the water leaching into the groundwater system) and possible disturbance of the caves for recreational activities and illegal excavations.","Monte Fenera is highlighted in the Provinca di Vercelli Conservation Strategy, with Iglica pezzolii mentioned as a species of conservation interest.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Iglica,relicta,,Iglica relicta,,,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"There is very little information available. Research is required to   establish the species' population status as well as its distribution,   habitat preferences and any threats. Until further information is  available the species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE), as it does not occur in the 27 member States of the European UnionMediterranean regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), where it is recorded from the area close to Skopje. However, there is no recent information regarding the species' distribution.",There is no recent information regarding the species' population status.,"There is no information regarding habitat preferences for this species, but is probably found in groundwater systems given the habitats of other similar species.","Any threats to this species are unknown, as at present the detailed distribution near Skopje is uncertain, however if the species is restricted to groundwaters, then pollution and overabstraction would be possible threats in the region.","No conservation actions are known to be in place for this species. There is very little information available. Research is required to establish the species' population status as well as its distribution, habitat preferences and any threats.",There is no trade information available for this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Iglica,sidariensis,,Iglica sidariensis,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Iglica sidariensis# has little recent data on population trends or threats, although it is listed from a single site. General threats to freshwater habitats in Greece would make it likely that the species should be considered as threatened, especially given the pressure on water resources on#Kerkyra (Corfu) island. #There are some caves on#the steep rocks near the sandy beach which has pressure from high tourism#activity since it has thousands of visitors annually. This species#is listed as Vunerable (VU D2) on a precautionary basis, as more data is needed on recent range and habitat monitoring is required to assess the status of the species.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe: Vunerable (VU D2)EU27: Vunerable (VU D2)Mediterranean: Vunerable (VU D2).",Unknown,"This species is only known from the type locality#Sidari on#Kerkyra island (Corfu), north Ionian Sea, Greece#(Schütt 1980).#Sidari is a small seaside village. There are no recent records of this species from the island.",There is no data on recent trends in populations.,This is a freshwater spring species.,There is no data on recent threats however this area experiences high tourism#activity since it entertains thousands of visitors annually.,No conservation actions are in place for this species. Research into other possible sub-populations is required and monitoring of the one known population is needed to assess any impacts the threats may be having on it.,This species is not utilized.,,"Radea, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Iglica,tellinii,,Iglica tellinii,,,Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"This species is endemic to Italy, where occurs near the border, and to Slovenia. It is known from 9-10 locations and is currently listed as Near Threatened in Italy and Rare in Slovenia. #The species is suffering from declining quality of habitat at a few sites, and therefore lies close to the Vulnerable/Near Threatened boundary. #At present on a precautionary basis it is listed as Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(iii), however, it may be downlisted to Near Threatened if the rate of decline is habitat quality slows or halts.",Unknown,"Iglica tellinii is endemic to Italy and Slovenia. #In Italy, it occurs close to the border and is#known from 7 locations and is currently viewed as rare. In Slovenia, it is known from#two sites (spring Perilo and cave Turjeva jama near Robic, Kobarid (Bole and Velkovrh 1986) which could be just one locality, and#alluvial gravels in the valley of the river Natisone.",There are no data on population trends.,"The species is known from groundwaters in alluvium, with outflows in Caves and Springs in Slovenia.",The species is restricted to groundwaters and as such the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al. 2000; R. Slapnik pers. comm. 2010).,"Manganelli et al. (2000) considered the species to be Near Threatened in Italy. #In Slovenia it is considered to be 'Rare' and R. Slapnik (pers. comm. 2010) suggests this would be equivalent to Vulnerable (VU D2) in Slovenia based on current Red List Criteria. Monitoring of the habitat is recommended, as well as communication campaigns for the local communities.",,,"Slapnik, R., Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Iglica,velkovrhi,,Iglica velkovrhi,,,Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"Iglica velkovrhi#is#a recently described species which is currently only known from#the hypo-thermal springs at Klunove Toplice in eastern Slovenia. This species is a specialist in thermal pools, and sites close by are used to exploit these water sources for recreational purposes, so the species is vulnerable to disturbance. Actions recommended include habitat monitoring and further surveying to establish the full distribution in the region. A provisional assessment of Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii) is given, as the water is exploited.",Unknown,"This is#a recently described species which is currently only known from#the hypo-thermal springs at Klunove Toplice, in the small village of Bušeca Vas, seven km south-west of Brežice, Krško, in eastern Slovenia.",The population trend is unknown as the species was only recently described.,The species has been found in freshwater hypo-thermal springs at 26-28 °C.,"This species is a thermal pool specialist, and sites close by are used to exploit these water sources for recreational purposes, so the species is vulnerable to disturbance.",No conservation actions are known for this species. Actions recommended include habitat monitoring and further surveying to establish the full distribution in the region. The known locality should be protected unless other sites are discovered.,This species is not known to be traded.,,"Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Iglica,vobarnensis,,Iglica vobarnensis,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Iglica vobarnensis is endemic to Italy known from 11 locations and is currently viewed as Near Threatened.# It is restricted to groundwaters and as such the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli#et al., 2000). #The vulnerability to change and the potential threats suggest that the species is close to being categorised as Vulnerable, and following Manganelli et al (2000) it is listed as Near Threatened (Vu B2biii).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Italy, specifically found within the alpine regions of Lombardy and Veneto, where it is known from 11 locations, varying from 150m-980m above sea level.",This species is restricted to a small area so population numbers are presumably relatively low.,"The species is restricted to groundwaters and outflows (springs, resurgences and caves).","The species is restricted to groundwaters and as such the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli#et al., 2000).",Manganelli et al (2000) considered the species to be Near Threatened in the Italian Red List.#,There is no known trade in this species.,,"Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Iglica,wolfischeri,,Iglica wolfischeri,,,Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"Iglica wolfischeri#is#a recently described species which is currently only known from#Greece. This species is a specialist in thermal pools, and sites close by are used to exploit these water sources for recreational purposes, so the species is vulnerable to disturbance. A provisional assessment of Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)) is given, as the species is only known from one site where the water source is exploited. This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU 27 regional assessment:#Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii))Europe regional assessment:#Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii))Mediterranean regional assessment:#Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Greece, where it was recently described from the Alfios river (Peloponnisos, Greece) in July 2004.",No data on population trends as this species was recently described.,This is a freshwater species restricted to thermal pools.,"This species is a specialist in thermal pools, and sites close by are used to exploit these water sources for recreational purposes, so the species is vulnerable to disturbance.","Conservation actions recommended include habitat monitoring to detect imapcts of water use on the species, and further surveys to  establish the full distribution of the species in the region. Management of water is needed to prevent disturbance of the species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Insignia,macrostoma,,Insignia macrostoma,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species could be assessed as either Critically Endangered B2ab(iii) or Vulnerable D2, depending on the view of the severity of the threats caused in the future from pollution by different recreational activities as well as the off-take of water for domestic purposes. This species was currently assessed as Vulnerable D2, as at present the habitat degradation is not severe, and it may be that although the species# presence is confirmed only on the type locality, it could be in other closely adjacent springs.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Bulgaria, where it is found in spring near a sink-hole, close to Polaten village in the western Stara Planina Mountains (Georgiev in litt. 2009).# The total area of the distribution is uncertain, and hence has been estimated as less than 100 km2.",There is no information on population trends for this species.,Insignia macrostoma is a freshwater species living in a cold spring in a cave. The habitat quality may be in doubt due to exploitation of the cave.,"In the future, the pollution caused by the visitors may affect the cave ecosystem to a limited extent (depending on the accessibility to public).",There are no conservation measures taken for this species. It is recommended that a programme of habitat monitoring be implemented to determine whether potential use of the cave for tourist activities will change the water quality.,This species is not utilised.,,"Georgiev, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Islamia,archeducis,,Islamia archeducis,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This recently described species is endemic to the Island of Mallorca,  where it is only known from the type locality. Further distributional data is required to establish whether it is restricted to a single site, or whether it is more widespread. As such it is listed as Data Deficient (DD), as at present no threats are known to the site.",Unknown,"This recently described species is endemic to the Island of Mallorca, where it is only known from the type locality, a small spring on the edge of a stream at Torrent de Sa Farinera, near Sta Tafona, just over three km south-west of Capdepera, Mallorca.",There is no data on population trend.,The species was found in freshwater springs close to small stream. It is thought that the species is possibly present in the groundwater underlying the site.,Any threats to the species are unknown.,"No conservation actions are known for this species. Further distributional  data is required to establish whether it is restricted to a single  site, or whether it is more widespread and to identify any threats to these sites. Following this a revised conservation assessment can be made.",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Islamia,ateni,,Islamia ateni,,,Yes,EX,,Yes,EX,,EU27,,"This species is known from only a single thermal spring in Lerida Spain that is used by people as a public bath. The actual site has been altered by road construction, and frequent surveys in the 1990s failed to find any specimens, so according to the Spanish Red List (e.g., Verdú and Galante 2009) it has been classified as Extinct (EX).# This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Extinct (EX)EU27 regional assessment: Extinct (EX)Mediterranean regional assessment: Extinct (EX).",,"This species was only known from Balneario de San Vicente, Lerida (northeastern Spain). The Spa of San Vicente was built near a hot spring, and in the origi.","In spite of several surveys over the last decade, no specimens have been found. So this species is only known from the original description in 1969. As the species has not been found and the habitat has been altered, consider the species to be extinct.","This species occurred in springs: hot spring where on a wall ... flowing hot water smells of sulphur"".",This spa has been profoundly altered,"This species was listed as Extinct (Verdu and Galante 2009), so the remaining measures can only be regular resurvey of last known locality.",This species is assessed as Extinct and is therefore not utilized. It was not known to be utilized before it became extinct.,,"Arconada, B.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Islamia,azarum,,Islamia azarum,,,Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"This species has a restricted range, with an area of occupancy of 96km2, and is only known from 6 sites in Asturias, Spain. The species is vulnerable to habitat disturbance, mainly cleaning of the spring, destroying the vegetation in the spring where the species lives.The species requires clean water and vegetation. The possible threats to the species and the listing as Vulnerable in Spain, suggest the species should also be listed as Vulnerable (VU).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27: Vulnerable (Vu B2ab(iii))Europe: Vulnerable (Vu B2ab(iii))",Unknown,This species is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and is only known from six localities in the province of Asturias.,There is no population trend information for this species.,"This species lives in clear freshwater springs with moderate oxygen levels, under leaves or submerged branches. Its biology is unknown.","The main risk factors for this species are alterations to its habitat,  which are usually the result of human actions. Drying up of springs when intentional tasks such as""cleaning"" is performed  frequently for water off-take management, removing the entire plant substrate which is necessary for the  survival of this species. The alteration of natural flow of these  springs by transformation of its regime by pipeline. Other threats include the contamination of the aquifers that feed the springs, and direct  discharges of organic and inorganic pollutants (agricultural,  urban and industrial sources).","No conservation actions are known for this species, although it is listed on the Spanish Red List as Vulnerable (Arconada et al. 2009). Recomennded actions include habitat monitoring to measure the impacts of water use and vegetation clearing on the species and communications to raise awareness of the species and consequences of disturbance of the habitat through human activities.",The species is not utilized.,,"Arconada, B.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Islamia,bendidis,,Islamia bendidis,,Although the shells look similar to Horatia (Daphniola) exigua this can not be assigned as there are anatomical differences (Reischutz 1988).,Yes,CR,A2c,Yes,CR,A2c,EU27,,"This species meets the range criteria to qualify as Endangered (EN), however, given that the species has not been found in recent surveys and the disturbance to its habitats it is here considered Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct). This assessment is based on the population decline data, as it is lost from all five known locations within the last ten years, so there may have been a loss of all individuals. Further research is needed to establish whether the species is still extant, the results of which will affect future assessments.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment:# Critically Endangered A2c, Possibly Extinct (CR(PE) A2c)European regional assessment: Critically Endangered A2c, Possibly Extinct (CR(PE) A2c)Mediterranean regional assessment:# Critically Endangered A2c, Possibly Extinct (CR(PE) A2c).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Greece and was originally known from five locations, all on the island Samothrace: the type locality; Sources and Bach above Therma; and two other sites (Bach Katsabas below Chora, and sources at the roadside near Palaiopolis). Recent surveys in 2004 and 2008 have failed to find the species at the river near Alonia village, the small stream above Therma village, and the two water sources above Hora and Xeropotamos River (Radea and Georgiev pers. comm. 2010). The species is considered Possibly Extinct (Radea pers. comm. 2010).",The population status of this species is unknown.,This species inhabits freshwater springs.,"There are no recent data relating to the threats towards this species, but at the time of first collecting it was considered to be highly threatened (Reischütz pers. comm. 2009) as the thermal springs in this area are exploited as a tourist attraction, with small hotels and thermal pools available to visitors, so there is exploitation of the freshwater springs to provide water for domestic purposes.","There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. Given that no individuals have been found in recent surveys further research is required to establish if the species is extant. If found to be extant further conservation actions will be needed to prevent the species from becoming extinct, such as water management, habitat monitoring and communicating with users to raise awareness of the biodiversity of the thermal pools.",This species is not utilized.,,"Radea, K. Triantis, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Islamia,bomangiana,,Islamia bomangiana,,This species was recently described (Boeters and Falkner 2003).,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Islamia bomangiana is known only from a small region in the south of Department of Ardèche, France where it is restricted to 5 aquifers which are vulnerable to pollution events or excessive groundwater extraction. At present the rate of decline in habitat quality and the level of threat does not merit Endangered status, although if threats accelerate, this status should be considered. This species is currently assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.",Unknown,"Islamia bomangiana is known only from the type localities in the south of#department of#Ardèche, southern France. Boeters Falkner (2003) list 12 sites, but these correspond to only 5 aquifers and as such 5 locations.",There is no population trend data available for this species.,This species lives in subterranean waters. It was also be found alive in springs.,This species is sensitive to water pollution and reduction of groundwater levels as a result of extraction from the aquifer.,"This species is not protected in France. Conservation actions recommended include taxonomic review of the other sites where this species has been identified on shell morphology, as well as habitat monitoring for changes and raising awareness of the importance of these springs for freshwater biodiversity.",,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Islamia,bosniaca,,Islamia bosniaca,,,Yes,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is listed for Bosnia and Herzegovina and is known from the  type locality at Podgaj, springs along the road between Zenica and Doboj about 11 km from Doboj.# As it is known from a single site, which has not been recently revisited, and the CBD report for the country notes that freshwater systems are highly threatened, the assessment is possibly Vulnerable D2 although the species assessment could also be Data Deficient.# Using the precautionary principle for the single site, it is listed as Vulnerable pending review of the taxonomy, distributions and threats at these sites.",Unknown,"This species is listed for Bosnia and Herzegovina and is known from the type locality at Podgaj, above the road at Zenica, 11 km from Doboj.",There is no data on population trends for this species.,This species inhabits freshwater springs.,"The main threats to this species are unknown. However, freshwater habitat are under high pressure in this region, in relation with over-abstraction, pollution and drought.","There are no specific conservation actions in place. More research on the taxonomy, the population, distribution and on the main threats is needed.",,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Islamia,bourguignati,,Islamia bourguignati,,"Initially described as Valvata bourguignati, it was synonymised by Germain (1931) with Valvata globulina Paladilhe 1866. Later, Binder (1966) considered# V. globulina as belonging to the Hauffenia genus, and this genus name changed again for Neohoratia with Boeters (1998). The genus named has now changed once again for Islamia (Bodon et al. 2001). Bernasconi (2001) like Germain (1932) considered this species as a synonym of Islamia globulina (Paladilhe 1866), however Falkner et al. (2002) considered them both as valid species, and noted that Islamia globulina (Paladilhe 1866) is a synonym of# Islamia moquiniana.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species requires taxonomic review as well as a revision of the distributional data.# It has been considered by some authors to be conspecific with  Islamia moquiniana (=I. globulina) and by others to be separate taxa. If the species is confirmed with the current range, then it is a candidate for listing with threatened status as either Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened, depending on the level of threats and the severity and rapidity of their impact on the species. However at present it is considered to be Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,This species is known only from two#sites in departments of Vendée and Deux-Sèvres in western France.# Falkner et al. (2002) noted that it was originally described from a spring close to the mill at Gauchet (commune de Pissotte) and have reviewed the status of the types in Paris and Geneva.,There is no population trend data available for this species.,This species lives in subterranean waters and underneath the riverbeds and can also be found in freshwater springs.,This species is sensitive to water pollution and groundwater absorption.,"Given the uncertainty of the species status, there are no conservation actions required, however more research is needed on the taxonomy, specifically, a combination of conchological, anatomical and molecular studies by appropriate experts, and on its distribution.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Islamia,cianensis,,Islamia cianensis,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Sicily, where it is found at a single site, in the city of Syracuse. Manganelli et al. (2002) considered the species Near Threatened. As the threats to this spring don't seem to decrease significantly the habitat quality, this species is considered as Vulnerable D2. However, if the site gets more threatened and the habitat quality decreases, the species would immediately qualify for Critically Endangered B2ab(iii).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Italy, specifically found on the coast of south-eastern Sicily, in Fonte Ciane, Syracuse.","This species is restricted to a small area, so population numbers are presumably relatively low.",This species lives in springs.,"The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch 2006). It inhabits spring waters, which may be exploited by humans and/or polluted (Managnelli et al. 2000).",No specific conservation measures are known for this species. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.#Manganelli et al. (2000) considered the species to be Near Threatened in the Italian Red List.#,,,"Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Islamia,coronadoi,,Islamia coronadoi,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species may well be extinct, as recent surveys have failed to find it and it was only known from the type locality. However the type locality was not well defined, and so may not have been relocated. The species may well qualify as Critically Endangered, Possibly Extinct (CR A2c, PE), but as the species was not treated in the Spanish Red List, it is maintained as Data Deficient (DD), pending clarification of the survey information. This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27: #Data Deficient (DD)Europe:#Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean:#Data Deficient (DD)",Unknown,"Islamia coronadoi is endemic to Spain, where it was found ""in the outskirts of Madrid, or at least some of the springs or streams in the#province of Castilla la Nueva "" (Bourguignat 1870).#During the successive sampling of recent years it has not been rediscovered in Madrid, so presumably has been extinguished at these sites.",The population status of this species is unknown.,This species inhabits freshwater springs and streams.,"The sites have been lost, presumably due to urbanisation, and the species has not been relocated in surveys in recent years.","There are no conservation actions for this species. Research is needed to confirm that this species is extant, as no specimens have been found in recent surveys.",This species is not utilized.,,"Araujo, R. Arconada, B.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Islamia,epirana,,Islamia epirana,,"Regnier et al. (2009) suggest that Horatia hadea was a synonym of this species, however Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) have listed both species, Islamia epirana and I. hadei, and as such, until further research is undertaken they are maintained as separate species.",Yes,VU,B1ab(iii),Yes,VU,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"Islamia epirana was described from the springs north of Lake Pamvotis, an area which dried out, and as such both Regnier et al. (2009) and Szarowska and Falniowksi (2004) considered that the species was probably extinct. However, it was recorded from other sites close to Lake Pamvotis, as well as Lake Amvrakia and the#streams on the island Lefkada. Consequently the species cannot be regarded as Critically#Endangered (Possibly Extinct), as there are recent records of the species from the springs around Lake Pamvotis. A more appropriate assessment is Vulnerable (VU B1ab(iii)) based on its restricted range (extent of occurrence is around 6,000 km²), seven locations, and continuing decline in habitat quality. Currently the status of the records from Lefkada and Lake Amrakia is uncertain, and as such if these sites are shown to be lost, then the species may qualify for Endangered status.",Decreasing,"Islamia epirana is endemic to Greece, where it was originally thought to be restricted to the springs at Perama on north side of Lake Pamvotis (also known as Lake Ioannina) which dried out in the 1980s. K. Radea (pers. comm. 2010) notes that I. epirana has been found by Schütt (1962, 1980) [in springs north of Lake Pamvotis and in streams on island Lefkada as Horatia (Neohoratia) epirana], Radoman (1973) [in Lake Amvrakia as I. graeca], Reischütz and Sattmann (1990) [in spring on the eastern outskirts of Amfithea southeast of Perama as Horatia epirana],# Reischütz and Reischütz (2002) [in Lake Pamvotis as Horatia cf. epirana] and recently by Frogley and Preece (2007) [from northeast shore of Lake Pamvotis (road between Amfithea and Perama) as I. epirana].",The population is thought to be decreasing as few specimens have been collected since the spring dried out.,"This species inhabits freshwater springs, streams and lakes and possibly groundwaters supplying the springs.","The main threats to the spring sites are habitat destruction, for example through road construcrion and drying out of springs. There are plans to construct a road on the lake shore of Lake Amrakia, as well as#over-abstraction of surface water. At Lake Pamvotis the main threats come from agricultural intensification and building around the lake margins,#as well as#over-abstraction of surface water. Reischutz (pers. comm. 2011) reported very high levels of nitrates in Lake Pamvotis in 2010 and he recorded few living specimens in 2011, suggesting that there may have been a die-off related to these high levels of pollutants.","Birdlife International consider Lake Amrakia as a candidate Special Area of Conservation (SAC). Further research into the population trends and distribution of the species is required, particularly as the records from the springs around Lefkada and Lake Amrakia are uncertain.",This species is not utilized.,,"Radea, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Islamia,gaiteri,,Islamia gaiteri,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"This species is known from a very small region on the island of Elba, and as such is very vulnerable to future development. Bodon et al (2002) assessed the species as Near Threatened (EN B2a, Vulnerable D2), based on 3 locations with multiple sources emerging from the groundwater system. If the threat levels change then this species would immediately qualify as Vulnerable D2 based on small range and threats.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Italy, specifically found on the coast of Tuscany.# On the island of Elba there are 3 known localities.",This species is restricted to a small area so population numbers are presumably relatively low.,This species is found in groundwaters in rocks. The species feeds using its scrapers.,"The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch 2006). Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al.#2000).",Manganelli#et al.#(2000) considered the species to be Near Threatened in the Italian Red List.#No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.,There is no known trade in this species.,,"Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Islamia,germaini,,Islamia germaini,,"This species is described on the basis of the material from the Germain collection only (MNHN, Paris). It has never been surveyed since, or has never been found again.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is known only from shells in the Germain collection in Paris Museum (MNHN), it has never been found alive, and there is no recent information is known about its distribution, nor has the taxonomic status been reviewed.Tthe species may qualify as Vulnerable D2, as the range is assumed to be small, however as the the threats are not known and the species has been recently described based on old material, so that it's status is uncertain and it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) pending further review.",Unknown,"This recently described species is only known only from the type locality, ""Source de la Grozonne"" in the Department of Jura, France. The type specimens are from the Germain collection in Paris Museum (early 20th century) and as such, the status of the species is uncertain, as it has not been recollected since first collection.",There is no data on population trends.,This is a subterranean species living in karstic waters.,Threats to this species are unknown.,Further research is required to establish the status of this species.,This species is not utilised.,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Islamia,globulus,,Islamia globulus,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Spain, where it is known from 19 different  springs widely separated in the provinces of Lérida  and Huesca, on the southern ranges of the Pyrenees (Arconada and Ramos  2006). This species is considered to be threatened by capping of springs for water off-take (Ramos pers. comm. 2010), hence it was listed on the National Red List of Spain as Near Threatened (NT). It is a candidate for Near Threatened (NT) for the Global List, based on the limited range and known sites, as some of these are supplied by the same groundwater source (Ramos pers. comm. 2010).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Spain, where it is known from 19 different springs in the southern ranges of the Pyrenees (Arconada and Ramos 2006). This species is widely distributed in the provinces of Lérida and Huesca (Arconada and Ramos 2006)","This species was reported as abundant, when first described in 1920s, and is still found in numbers at known sites (Arconada and Ramos 2006).",Freshwater springs (see list in Arconada and Ramos 2006).,"There are limited threats to this species, across the range, as there is some loss of habitat quality where springs have been concreted for take-off of water for domestic supplies.","The species was listed as Near Threatened by Verdú and Galante (2009) based on the limited range. The conservation actions for this species are unknown. Research is needed relating to its population trends, habitat trends and potential threats towards it.",This species is not utilized.,,"Arconada, B.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Islamia,graeca,,Islamia graeca,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"This species was originally known Lake Amvrakia (extent of occurrence (EOO) 22 km²) and was last seen in numbers in 1973. Surveys since 2000 have failed to find any live specimens, although shells have been recorded. It is considered to be possibly extinct, as much of the habitat has changed, as a result of water abstraction and water pollution. Although the species was listed by Regnier et al  (2009) as Extinct, given that there remains a possibility that the  species may survive in a small remnant of lake shore, it is listed as  Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe: Critically Endangered, Possibly Extinct (CR B1ab(iii), PE)EU27: Critically Endangered, Possibly Extinct (CR B1ab(iii), PE)Mediterranean: Critically Endangered, Possibly Extinct (CR B1ab(iii), PE).",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Lake Amvrakia, in the south Adriatic-Ionian region of Greece. This is a small, deep, oligotrophic lake, (38°45'N; 			21°11'E), with steep western shores, whereas the northern part is shallow with small reed beds (Phragmites).","This species has not been recorded recently. Surveys since 2000 have found no live specimens, therefore it is now believed to be possibly extinct.","This species inhabits a freshwater lake, with fringing Phragmites reed beds on the northern side. The species was originally found on sublittoral rocks.","The main threat is the declining quality of habitat, as a result of pollution and over abstraction of water, as the lake is used as a source for both irrigation and domestic water supplies to surrounding villages.","There are no conservation actions for this species, although the site has been recognised as an Important Bird Area in the Birdlife International database. Research is needed to confirm whether or not the species is extant. If the population is extant, then further monitoring on habitats trends should be established to detect changes in the status of the species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Reischutz, P. Albrecht, C.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Islamia,hadei,,Islamia hadei,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"This species was recorded from a single site on the coast of Greece but recent surveys have failed to find it again. The original spring has been built on to provide a water intake for domestic water supplies and it is possible that the species is no long extant there (Falniowski pers. comm. 2009). Although this species was listed by Regnier et al. (2009) as Extinct, there remains a possibility that it may survive in groundwater or a small remnant. It is therefore listed here as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27:#Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) (CR(PE) B1ab(iii))Europe:#Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) (CR(PE) B1ab(iii))Mediterranean: Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) (CR(PE) B1ab(iii))",Unknown,"This species is restricted to Greece, where it is found in a small spring 5 km southwest of Githion (Gythion) (Gittenberger 1982).",The current population trends are unknown as no shells were found at the type locality during recent surveys.,This is a freshwater spring species#and is also possibly found in groundwater supplying the springs.,The type locality has been capped for a water intake for domestic supplies which will affect the quality of habitat for this species.,No conservation actions are in place for this species. Research is required to determine whether the species is still extant at the site or other closely adjacent sites.,This species is not utilized.,,"Falniowski, A. Régnier, C.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Islamia,henrici,,Islamia henrici,,This new species is not listed in Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006). Two subspecies were described I. henrici henrici (Córdoba populations) and I.# henrici giennensis (Jaen populations).,Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv)",EU27,,"The species is listed as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii,iv), as there is a small area of occupancy (AOO = 28 km2), with only five springs locations known due to the loss of springs in Cordoba subspecies.# The species faces threats from increased use of the springs, as well as increased frequency of drought events leading to loss of habitat, as ground water recharge declines.",Decreasing,"The two subspecies have a disjunct distribution:#Islamia henrici henrici is known from two locations: a tributary of the Guadalora River in Parque Natural de Hornachuelos, Córdoba (U.TM.: 30STG9788) and La Almarja spring, Parque Natural de Hornachuelos, Córdoba (U.T.M.: 30SUG014869). Islamia henrici giennensis is known from five locations: Spring facing the hotel ""Sierra Cazorla "";## #La Iruela, Cazorla mountains, Jaén, (UTM: 30SWG005969); La Toba spring. Jaén, (U.T.M 30SWH3826); Madera River, La Fresnedilla, Segura mountains, Jaén, (UTM.30SWH3644); La Nava de San Pedro, Cazorla, Jaén, (UTM; 30SWG094948).","The number of specimens found at each site was low, suggesting the species is rare. All Islamia henrici specimens studied lack eyes and have a completely unpigmented body. This may be related to living in an interstitial or underground water habitat (Arconada and Ramos 2006).# Population trends are unknown, but are assumed to be declining, as the number of locations is declining.","This species is found in freshwater springs, however all Islamia henrici specimens studied lack eyes and have a completely unpigmented body. This may be related to living in an interstitial or underground water habitat (Arconada and Ramos 2006).",Islamia henrici henrici and Islamia henrici giennensis are both rare in the springs where they were discovered. Both subspecies have a very narrow distribution and are highly threatened by human activities. The populations of the these two subspecies have been declining since they were first found (Arconada and Ramos 2006). Spring channelization has dried out many of the natural habitats of I. h. giennensis. The species has disappeared from some of the springs that previously held many of the better-conserved populations.,"There are no known conservation actions for this species, however research is need on# population trends and habitat monitoring is required to establish whether the water quality is declining.# The canalisation of springs for water supply needs to be undertaken in hand with plans for protection for habitats of the species.",This species is not used.,,"Arconada, B. Ramos, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Islamia,lagari,,Islamia lagari,,This species was listed as subspecies of I. gloubularis in Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006). but raised to a species by Arconada and Ramos (2006) after comparison work was done.,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"The species is listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2, as there is a small AOO (20 km2), with less than 5 springs locations although possibly present at more sites, given that it is present within the groundwater.# The species faces threats from increased use of the springs, as well as increased frequency of drought events leading to loss of habitat, as ground water recharge declines.##",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the north-east of Spain and was described from Sot de Can Parés, Gava, Barcelona (U.T.M.: 31TDF120720) and thought to be restricted to the Sierra de Can Parés and Sierra Gaves (Arconada and Ramos 2006).","The number of specimens found at each site was low, suggesting the species is rare. All Islamia henrici specimens studied lack eyes and have a completely unpigmented body. This may be related to living in an interstitial or underground water habitat (Arconada and Ramos 2006).","This species occurs in springs, sinkholes with low water flow, sources of small streams, caves, etc. It always requires clean and oxygenated water with vegetation and organic matter for food. Its biology is unknown (Arconada and Ramos, pers. comm, 2009).","The main threats include contamination of the aquifers feeding these springs (direct discharges of organic and inorganic pollutants from agricultural sources, urban and industrial) and the alteration of natural flow of these springs capturing through pipelines for domestic water.","All related to the maintenance of optimal conditions of their habitat. It is therefore necessary to protect the springs from over-exploitation, locate potential sources of contamination directly or indirectly (on the aquifers). Is necessary to also inform the population about the importance of conservation of these freshwater habitats.",This species is not used.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Islamia,latina,,Islamia latina,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Croatia, where it has been found in Miraca  creek near the village of Islam Latinski 20 km south of#Zadar (Radoman  1983). Further distributional  data is required to establish if there are any threats to the site and whether it is restricted to this single site,  or whether it is more widespread. As such it is listed for now as Data  Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Croatia, where it has been found in Miraca creek near the village of Islam Latinski 20 km south of#Zadar (Radoman 1983).",There is no information on population tends.,This is a brackish water species.,Any threats to this species are unknown.,"More research is needed on the distribution, population size and threats to this species. The known site should be monitored for habitat changes.",This species is not utilized.,,"Bilandzija, H., Jalzic, B. Lajtner, J.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Islamia,minuta,,Islamia minuta,,"All Islamia species are similar in shape and show high intraspecific variations. They are therefore often misidentified. Furthermore, the taxonomic of this Genus should be reevaluated on a molecular basis.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,Islamia minuta is relatively widely distributed and is not particularly threatened. Its distribution might even extend to the Massif Central in France (once the taxonomical uncertainty is solved). It is therefore considered as Least Concern.,Unknown,"No type locality is given by Draparnaud for Islamia minuta, but the author suggests that the locality is in France. It is present in France (Jura, Doubs, Ain) and in Switzerland (cantons of Neuchatel and Berne) (Bernasconi 1975; Bodon et al. 2001)",There is no population data available for Islamia minuta.,Islamia minuta lives in subterranean waters and possibly in the waters flowing under the river beds.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.Hyporheic habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption is another important threat for small stream that may become completely dried out in summer, thus affecting directly the species. Casual droughts, and therefore climate change, are also a potential threat to Islamia minuta.",Islamia minuta is nationally protected. Its habitat (8310-4) is protected under the Habitat Directive. However more research is needed at the taxonomy level.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Islamia,moquiniana,,Islamia moquiniana,,"All Islamia species are similar in shape and show high intraspecific variations. They are therefore often misidentified. Furthermore, the taxonomic of this Genus should be reevaluated on a molecular basis.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,Islamia moquiniana is relatively widely distributed in France and is not particularly threatened. It is therefore considered as Least Concern.,Unknown,Islamia moquiniana is a widespread species within France (Bertand 2004).,There is no population data available for Islamia moquiniana.,"Islamia moquiniana lives in subterranean waters, and possibly in the waters flowing under the river beds.","Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.Hyporheic habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption is another important threat for the small stream that may become completely dried out in summer, thus affecting directly the species. Casual droughts, and therefore climate change, are also a potential threat.",There is no conservation actions needed for Islamia moquiniana but more research on the taxonomy is needed for the species.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Islamia,pallida,,Islamia pallida,,This new species is not listed in Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006).,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"The species is listed as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii), as there is a small area of occupancy (AOO = 12 km2), with only three springs locations known.# The species faces threats from increased use of the springs, as well as increased frequency of drought events leading to loss of habitat, as ground water recharge declines.#",Unknown,"This newly described species is known from central Spain, where it was described from a spring in Patones, Patones de Abajo, Madrid, [UTM.: 30TVL603241].# Other sites for this species include# Spring in# Jarama River, Patones, Madrid, La Parra channel, Patones, Madrid.","All I. pallida specimens studied lack eyes and have a completely unpigmented body. This may be related to living in an interstitial or underground water habitat (Arconada and Ramos 2006).#   Population trend is uncertain, as the species was recently described, but Arconada and Ramos (2006) note that specimens are rare in samples from these sites.","This species is found in freshwater springs, however all Islamia pallida specimens studied lack eyes and have a completely unpigmented body. This may be related to living in an interstitial or underground water habitat (Arconada and Ramos 2006). Decline in habitat quality has been noted at at least one site, due to exploitation of the spring for domestic water supplied.","Islamia pallida is rare in the springs where they were discovered. Spring channelization for domestic supplies are the main issue, with secondary problems of declining water recharge due to increased frequency of drought. The species has very narrow distribution and are highly threatened by human activities. The populations have been declining since they were first found (Arconada and Ramos 2006).#","It was considered as Critically Endangered by Arconada and Ramos (2006). There are no known conservation actions for this species, however research is need on# population trends and habitat monitoring is required to establish whether the water quality is declining.# The canalisation of springs for water supply needs to be undertaken in hand with plans for protection for habitats of the species.",This species is not used.,,"Arconada, B. Ramos, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Islamia,piristoma,,Islamia piristoma,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Islamia piristoma is a widespread species but found locally in the Western-Central part of Italy, where it was considered to be Least Concern by Bodon and Cianfanelli (2002) for the Italian Red List.# Although there are localised threats to subpopulations, this assessment follows the Italian Red List, in considering the species to be Least Concern.At a regional level Islamia piristoma is considered:EU 27: Least Concern within the 27 European Union countriesEurope: Least ConcernMediterranean:# Least Concern",Unknown,"Islamia piristoma is endemic to Italy, specifically located in the appenninic regions of Tuscany, Piedmont and Emilia-Romagna.",No population data is known for the species Islamia piristoma.,Islamia piristoma is usually found in the groundwaters within rocks.,"Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al., 2000).",Manganelli#et al#(2000) considered the species to be Least Concern in the Italian Red List.#No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.,The species Islamia piristoma is not known to be used in trade.,,"Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Islamia,pusilla,,Islamia pusilla,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Although Islamia pusilla is endemic to southern Italy and Sicily, it is quite widespread, and so is not considered threatened, although there are localised threats to sites, as the springs and groundwater systems are used for domestic water supplies.Regionally Islamia pusilla is concidered to be of Least Concern thoughout the 27 European Union countries and also within Europe and the Mediterranean region.",Unknown,"Islamia pusilla is endemic to Italy, specifically found in the appenninic regions of Tuscany, Lazio, Campania, Puglia, Molise, Abruzzo and Sicily so widespread, but quite localised within the range.",There is no population data for Islamia pusilla.,Islamia pusilla is found within springs and groundwaters in rocks.,"Since Islamia pusilla inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al. 2000). It is also found in spring waters, which may be exploited by humans and/or polluted (Managnelli et al. 2000).",Manganelli#et al#(2000) considered the species to be Least Concern in the Italian Red List therefor no specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.,,,"Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Islamia,spirata,,Islamia spirata,,"This species was described as a ""forma""of Hauffenia minuta by Bernasconi (1979) from ""Bléfond, résurgence, Silley"". It was the considered as a sub-species of H. minuta by Bernasconi (1985).#It is considered as a valid species by Falkner et al. (2002) although there is no data on the location of type material in the literature.#This species# lies within one of the groups of subterranean snails that is in need of further research to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits. #A conservation assessment is made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group.",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"At present this species is listed as Vulnerable D2, based on potential threats of exploitation of water source. However, the taxonomic status of this species has to be confirmed.",Unknown,"Islamia spirata# is endemic from France. It is known only from a restricted area in the upper catchment of the Doubs river, and in the#department#of#Doubs, in the region east of Besançon in France. Bertrand (2004) gives two locations.",There are no data available on the population for this species.,This species lives in subterranean waters.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources.##The species is also vulnerable to habitat degradation as the result of over-abstraction of water from the aquifer.","This species is protected by law in France under the name ""Hauffenia minuta"".",,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Islamia,trichoniana,,Islamia trichoniana,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"This species is endemic to Greece where it is known from only one location, with an extent of occurrence of less than 100 km². There is a decline in the habitat quality related to pollution and water abstraction. It is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)). Although there have been no recent records (hence Regnier et al. (2007) placing this on their list of Extinct species), Albrecht et al. (2009) suggested listing this as Critically Endangered based on the existing dead shells, and the ability of some freshwater species to recolonise from groundwater sources.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii))European regional assessment: #Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)) Mediterranean regional assessment: #Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)).",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Greece, where it is known from only the northeast shore of Lake Trichonis near Mirtia (Albrecht et al. 2009), but it was once found throughout the lake (Radoman 1985). Regnier et al. (2009) suggested that this species was extinct, based on information in Szarowska et al. (2005), and although there are dead shells, there are no recent living records of this species (Albrecht et al. 2009).","Radoman (1979) reported populations from the northeastern shore near Mirtia, hitherto this species could not be found during recent surveys (Albrecht et al. 2009).","This species is described as living on stones in this freshwater lake, but its depth range is unknown.","Habitat loss, due to a drop in water level related to excessive water abstraction for agriculture, is a threat to this littoral species. Pollution related to intensive agricultural practices in the neighbouring area is also responsible for the eutrophication of the lake. In relation to this, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability for this small gastropod. Herbicides might also impact diatomae communities, which are the major food source for this snail. The construction of a road along the northeastern edge of the Trichonis Lake has destroyed some of the surface springs adjacent to the lake and construction material washed into the lake and further deteriorated the quality of the habitat of this small snail.","The wetlands surrounding Lake Trichonis are a Natura 2000 site                  (GR2310009-Limnes Trichonida kai Lysimachia). An action plan on the sustainable management of water use in the region is urgently needed and existing water legislation should be enforced. The use of fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides in agriculture needs to be drastically reduced. Research on population trends and distribution is needed.",This species is not utilized.,,"Hauffe, T., Albrecht, C. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Islamia,valvataeformis,,Islamia valvataeformis,,,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Islamia valvataeformis is only known from the type locality based on current data, and there is little information on current status, threats or trends for this species, hence it is listed as Data deficient. #It may well be threatened, as there is data suggesting that the site lies in a tourist area, although the size of the area is such that the species may not be threatened.# Once data on current status and threats are confirmed the species may be a candidate for Near Threatened status.",Unknown,"Islamia valvataeformis is only known from Bosnia and Herzegovina. The type locality is Vrelo Bosne, near Sarajevo. Vrelo Bosna# is a spring and river at the source of the#River Bosna, with a surrounding recreational park in central Bosnia and Herzegovina, twelve kilometres south-west of#Sarajevo.",There is no data on population trends for this species.,This species inhabits freshwater springs.,"The main threats for this species are unknown, but the site deteriorated during the 1990's and has now been restored as a park around the spring. The threats are likely to be pollution.",No conservation actions are known for this species. More research on the population and habitat trends is needed.,,,"Feher, Z.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Islamia,zermanica,,Islamia zermanica,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"The current data on this species suggests that it should be considered as Critically Endangered, Possibly Extinct (B1ab(iii)) based on the change of the habitat quality at the type locality due to damming for hydroelectric power. There is no data to suggest that the species was once more widespread, and as such it is considered a threatened species. Surveys are needed to confirm if the species is still extant.",Unknown,"This species is known from Croatia, where it was described from the freshwater parts of the Zrmanja River. The river was dammed in its upper course which apparently changed the river bed to a system of stagnant pools (like that at Kaštel Zegarski) intercut with a dry river bed (like that at Ervenik); furthermore, since the beginning of the 1990s and the 20th century the towns and villages in Krajina have been uninhabited and any spot in the area was hardly accessible (Szarowska and Falniowski 2004).",The population status of this species is unknown.,This species is found in the middle section of the river where it is present (Radoman 1983).,"The current threat status of this species is unknown, however according to Szarowska and Falniowski (2004) the river was dammed in its upper course for hydroelectric power, which apparently changed the  river bed to a system of stagnant pools (like that at Kaštel Zegarski)  intercut with a dry river bed (like that at Ervenik).","Surveys are required to confirm the findings of Szarowska and Falniowski (2004) and to establish whether the species is still present in the river, and if so whether the threats continue to impact the status of the species. The species is listed on the Croatian List of Protected Species (in press,#Bilandzija, pers. comm., 2010).",This species is not utilized.,,"Falniowski, A.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Istriana,falkneri,,Istriana falkneri,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,This species is endemic to France. It is only known from the type specimen and has not been found since then. It is therefore considered as Data Deficient.,Unknown,"Istriana falkneri is known only from the type locality (Reserve Naturelle de la Ramiere, Drome) in France.",There are no population data available.,"There are no data available on the habitat of this species. It has only been found in rivers alluviums. It is supposed to be subterranean or spring-dwelling, or living beneath the riverbeds.",The main threats are unknown.,More research is needed on the taxonomy and distribution if this species.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Istriana,mirnae,,Istriana mirnae,,,Yes,NT,,No,VU,D2,EU27,,"Istriana mirnae is endemic to Europe, found in the Istrian peninsula, in Italy, Slovenia and Croatia. It lives in groundwaters and is usually found in outflow springs and caves. In each of the countries the species has been considered rare and vulnerable to extinction. #The major threats lie in changes to the groundwaters through either pollution or overabstraction of water lowering the water levels.#This species has been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: Vulnerable D2 (based on two locations in Italy, with potential threats from pollution of the groundwater) (This species is categorised as#Vulnerable#in the 27 member states of the European Union).Europe regional assessment: Near Threatened (B2b(iii))Mediterranean regional assessment:#Near Threatened (B2b(iii))",Unknown,"Istriana mirnae#is endemic to a small region, from Italy, Slovenia and Croatia. #In Italy it is found in two locations, San Dorligo della Valle and Trieste. In Croatia it is restricted to 3 sites in Istria, where it is found in a small area around Grožnjan (where it occurs in small springs around the hill where the town is situated) with a second site at Živa voda#and third site at Sitnica (cave spring about 50m long).",There is no data on population status for this species.,"In Italy it is found in groundwaters in karst and in the outflows. In Croatia it is found in small springs around the hill, where the town is situated.",In Croatia the major threats are pollution of groundwaters from runoff and sewage from the local towns and over abstraction of water for agricultural purposes.,"Italy: Manganelli#et al (2000) considered the species to be Near Threatened in the Italian Red List.#Slovenia: The species is considered to be Rare in Slovenia and R. Slapnik (pers. comm.,  2010) suggests this would be equivalent to Vulnerable (Vu D2) in  Slovenia based on current Red List Criteria.Croatia:# This species is on the list of protected species for Croatia (See List of protected species).This species was considered to be threatened in Croatia, and assigned a status of# Endangered B1a,b(iii)+2ab(iii) for the Croatian Red List of Cave Fauna (2009). #All caves and cave fauna are strictly protected by law in Croatia and the sites require monitoring. Implementation of laws protecting the sites would be beneficial, as would an educational awareness programme on the value of cave biodiversity.Actions required include:Further research on population trends and distributionHabitat monitoringCampaign on the awareness of freshwater biodiversity and impact of water extraction and pollution on species.Overall this species is considered to be Near Threatened.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Slapnik, R., Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Josefus,aitanica,,Josefus aitanica,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Josefus aitanica is endemic to Spain. It has been assessed as Least Concern. Although known threats to the species exist in the region it is found, populations are not yet considered to be threatened. Further research is needed to determine if this species is being impacted by human activities. It is close to qualifying for Near Threatened based on the current range and number of locations.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Spain, where it is restricted to the provinces of Valencia and Alicante.# It is recorded from at least 15 springs in at least# six different locations: Lalacanti, La Marina Baixa, Foia du Bunyol, La Safor, La Vall d'Albaida and Plana d'Urtiel-Requena (Arconada and Ramos 2006)","Arconada and Ramos (2006) recorded this species as declining, although most of the populations are not yet threatened.",This species inhabits non-polluted springs rich in aquatic vegetation (Arconada and Ramos 2006).,"This species is threatened by groundwater extraction for engineering projects, as well as other human activities such as channelization and road construction. The majority of populations however, are not yet threatened (Arconada and Ramos 2006).",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Further work is necessary to determine the distribution and population trends and if this species is being impacted by human activities in the region. It was listed as Data deficient in Verdu and Galante (2009),This species is not used.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Kerkia,brezicensis,,Kerkia brezicensis,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,Kerkia brezicensis is endemic from Slovenia. It is only known from the type locality and this small spring lies close to a village and#the local road and there is the possible threat from pollution of#groundwater from agriculture sources and domestic sources and threat of habitat degradation with improvement work on the road or#traffic accidents. It is therefore considered as Vulnerable D2.,Unknown,"This species is endemic to Slovenia. Kerkia brezicensis has been recorded just from one site (karstic spring at#the entry to Dvorce village, south-east of Brežice (Slovenia) 33T#WL48 (Bodon and Cianfanelli 1996). This small spring is close to village and the local road.",No population trend data is available for this species.,This small species is found in freshwater springs close to the road.,This small spring is close to village and#the local road and there is the possible threat from pollution of#groundwater from agriculture sources and domestic sources and threat of changes to the site resulting from pollution from#the road or from alterations to the road.,This species is not listed on the Slovenian Red List and no species-specific conservation actions known.Actions required include: Further research on population trends and distribution   Habitat monitoringCampaign on the awareness of freshwater biodiversity and impact of water extraction and pollution on species especially given the proximity to a road.,,,"Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Kerkia,kusceri,,Kerkia kusceri,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"Kerkia kusceri is endemic from one site in Slovenia, a freshwater river in cave, where the species is found clinging to rocks. Some decline in water quality has been observed in the region as result of pollution from percolation of water from the overlying agricultural area.# The cave is currently a tourist destination, partly for it's endemic fauna, however only part of the cave is used. Therefore this species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Slovenia, where it is found only at the source of the River Krka in cave, where the species is found clinging to rocks.",No data on population status,"Freshwater river in cave, where the species is found clinging to rocks.# Some decline in water quality has been observed in the region as result of pollution from percolation of water from the overlying agricultural area.","The major threat to the species is pollution of the groundwater, a current problem, with secondary threat from the use of the cave for Tourist purposes, with possible changes to the microhabitats to the cave.# Only part of the cave is used currently, with part sealed to conserve the environment.","This species is listed as 'Vulnerable'  on the Slovenian List of Threatened Species. The river catchment is a  Natural Monument,# according to the Decree on the Protection of the Krka  River, its tributaries and banks (Dolenjska Assembly Journal, No. 21/72)  and is included in the European network Natura 2000 as a special area  potential Site of Conservation Interest.# There are no species-specific action plans known, however habitat monitoring is recommended.",,,"Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Lanzaia,bosnica,,Lanzaia bosnica,,,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"There are little data available on this species since 1983, and as such the status is uncertain.# The current status of the site is believed to be unpolluted, and as such, if this status continues and the species is confirmed as being present, then the species could be considered Near Threatened (B2a), however until this is confirmed the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"Lanzaia bosnica is restricted to#Bosnia and Herzegovina (Fauna Europea, Bank et al. 2006). Radoman (1983)# noted that although it was described from source of the Dabra River (about 6-8km south of Sanski Most) and nearby Dabarska pećina .",No recent data on population status is available.,This species inhabits freshwater karstic groundwaters (and emergent springs in cave).,"The main threats to this species are not known. Although the species is apparently restricted to a single catchment, the current condition of the biotope at the cave is considered unpolluted (Z. Feher pers. comm. 2010) and as such there is no reason to consider that this species is threatened.",There are no conservation actions in place. Surveys for this species would be recommended to determine the presence continues in this cave system and monitoring of the groundwater quality to determine changes in biotope condition.,,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Lanzaia,edlaueri,,Lanzaia edlaueri,,,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. There is little data available on this species, on the distribution, population and threats, and as such the status is uncertain. This species is then listed as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina (Fauna Europea, 2006) where it is found in the hinterlands of Metković, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina (B. Sket pers. comm. 2010)",There is no data on the population status for this species.,There are no data on the habitats of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There is no data on conservation actions for this species, however, it does require more research into trends and threats.",,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Lanzaia,elephantotus,,Lanzaia elephantotus,,"Lanzaia elephantota was described in 1824 as a marine organism of the Dalmatian coast. More than 100 years later it was discovered to be a member of the subterranean fauna.#Kabat and Hershler (1993) reviewed the type localities of genera in the spring-snails noting that:#'Bole (1970:99-102; 109) compared Lanzaia with Plagigeyeria Tomlin, 1930 and Saxurinator Schütt, 1960, and described the anatomy of these taxa (Schutt 1968). Nordsieck (1972:172) referred Lanzaia to the new subfamily ""Foliniinae"" of the Rissoidae. Bole and Velkovrh (1986) listed several phreatic taxa of Lanzaia; however, five of the species are actually nomina nuda'.",Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Croatia, where it was described from the  coast of Dalmatia, and believed to be present on the  lower parts of the  river Zernovica, just south-east of Spilt. Surveys are required to establish the population status, known ranges and threats to this species. Given the lack of recent data on range, population status and threats the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD) until further information is available.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE), as it does not occur in the 27 member States of the European UnionMediterranean regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Croatia, where it was described from the coast of Dalmatia, and believed to be present on the lower parts of the river Zernovica, just south-east of Spilt.",There is no data on recent population trends for this species.,"There is no data available on habitats for this species, but other species of Lanzaia are found in groundwater, and it may be that this species lives in interstitial groundwater as well.",There are no known threats for this species.,"The species is listed as on the List of Protected Species in Croatia. Surveys are required to establish the population status, habitat preference, known ranges and threats to this species, before a conservation assessment can be made.",The species is not known to be traded.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Lanzaia,kotlusae,,Lanzaia kotlusae,,,Yes,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is known from a single location and is subject to occasional disturbance of the habitat, with potential to seriously threaten the species in the future. Therefore it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2. Monitoring is required and should the rate of habitat disturbance increase then a higher category would be required.",Unknown,"This species is found in a single cave (Kotlua), close to Vrlika in Croatia (Janzic pers. comm. 2009).",There is no information on the species' population.,This is a freshwater species found in springs in a cave.,"The species is known from a closed cave system with few visitors. There is a threat from sheep that enter the cave for water. About a kilometre from this cave there is a factory which uses the spring water for bottling. Although this could be a threat in the future, there is no evidence that this impacts the water supply to the cave at present.","This species is on the list of protected species for Croatia where all caves and cave fauna are strictly protected by law. It was considered to be threatened in Croatia and  assigned a status of Critically Endangered B1a,b(iii)+2ab(iii) for the  Croatian Red List of Cave Fauna (in press, Bilandzija pers. comm. 2010). The status of the population in Croatia is unknown and requires monitoring. Implementation of laws protecting the sites would be beneficial, as would an educational awareness programme on the value of cave biodiversity.",This species is not utilized.,,"Slapnik, R. Jalzic, B.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Lanzaia,rudnicae,,Lanzaia rudnicae,,,Yes,NT,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species was considered to be threatened in Croatia, and assigned a status of# Critically Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) for the Croatian Red List of Cave Fauna (2009). However, although it is a single locality with an area of occupancy of less than 10 km2, the species is not threatened due to the presence of land mines in the area, which protect the habitat from disturbance and therefore can be considered as Near Threatened (NT). If any threat were to become present, the status would change to Critically Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).",Stable,"This species is endemic to Croatia, where it is found only in one locality in the cave Rudnica spilja VI.",There is no information available about the species' population.,The species is known from an underground karstic cave.,There are currently no threats observed for this species. This is an area of land mines and therefore not affected by any human threats.,This species is on the list of protected species for Croatia. It lies in an area that does not suffer much disturbance but will require habitat monitoring to ensure that the population trends continue to be stable. Further survey work to attempt to expand the known range is advised.,The species is not utilized.,,"Jalzic, B.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Lanzaia,skradinensis,,Lanzaia skradinensis,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"This species was considered to be threatened in Croatia, and assigned a status of# Critically Endangered (B1ab(iii) + 2ab(iii)) for the Croatian Red List of Cave Fauna (in press). The same assessment has been made here, based on a single location, small extent of occurrence and area of occupancy (EOO = 4 km2, AOO = 4 km2) and ongoing decline in habitat quality.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Croatia, found in two springs located to close to each other within National Park Krka (R.Slapnik pers. comm. 2009). One spring site lies close to the power plant for the hydro-electric scheme.",There is no recent data on population trend of this species.,"This species is present in freshwater cave habitats. It is not known whether the species inhabits cave streams, stagnant pools or fast-flowing rivers.","During the summer many thousands of people visit this site, as it is a popular tourist destination. The springs have travertine barriers creating natural pools which are used for recreational purposes.In addition direct threats come from changes in the flow regime to recharge groundwaters due to hydro-power projects and extraction of water for drinking . A further threat comes from groundwater pollution by urban waste water and solid and liquid seepages from municipal waste dumping sites.","This species is on the list of protected species for Croatia. In the Red Data Book of The Underground Fauna for Croatia (in press)# the following actions will be proposed:monitor the condition of habitats, particularly the quantity and quality of waterestablish management through monitoring species populations and investigation of possible wider distributionex-situ storage in gene banks education programme to raise awareness of endangered speciesthe state, private and local media to inform about the need and ways to protect species implement legislation on illegal visits and illegal waste disposal with high penalties.",Thre is no known trade in this species.,,"Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Lanzaia,vjetrenicae,,Lanzaia vjetrenicae,,"Fauna Europea (Bank et al., 2006) lists 3 subspecies for this species, which are all treated as a single species here. However a taxonomic review is required to confirm their status as one taxa given the differences in other groups once molecular characters have been used. Lanzaia vjetrenicae vjetrenicae Kuščer, 1933 recorded from Croatia, Montenegro and Bosnia-Herzegovina.#Lanzaia vjetrenicae kusceri Karaman, 1954#recorded from Croatia.Lanzaia vjetrenicae latecostata Schütt, 1968#recorded from Croatia.",Yes,VU,B2ab(iii); D2,No,NE,,EU27,,"Lanzaia vjetrenicae is comprised of three subspecies, all from different locations.# The nominate subspecies, Lanzaia vjetrenicae vjetrenicae,# is considered to be Critically Endangered in Croatia and the other two subspecies, Lanzaia vjetrenicae kusceri Karaman, 1954, Lanzaia vjetrenicae latecostata Schütt,  1968 are recorded from  few locations in Croatia and Montenegro, and as such this reduces the threat to the species. Assuming that molecular systematics confirm that these subpopulations# are all# the same species, then the species should be listed, using the precautionary principle and given the threats to one subpopulation, and the restricted nature of the other sub-populations, as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii).# Its aera of occupancy is restricted to 140 km2, it is found in a maximum of 9 locations and the quality of its habitat is declining.",Unknown,"Lanzaia vjetrenicae#was first described from Bosnia  Hercegovina, and the nominate race was found in the Vjetrenica cave system. Two other subspecies are listed from Croatia:# Lanzaia vjetrenicae kusceri#Karaman, 1954#recorded from Croatia. Lanzaia vjetrenicae latecostata#Schütt, 1968#recorded from Croatia and in addition Fauna Europea lists the species from Montenegro. The number of subpopulations is uncertain, but there are possibly as few as 4, but it may get up to 9.",Population status is unknown.,This species inhabits freshwaters in karst subterranean system,"At the type locality for the nominate sub-species, the major threats to the cave system where it lives are related to activities that disturb the special microclimate in the cave. #Increased nutrient load in the water may attract other species that would compete with Lanzaia vjetrenicae. Water abstraction from the groundwaters and the springs feeding the cave would lead to change in the water conditions in the cave. Any use of chemicals, either for work in the cave, or from seepage from above the cave would impact the species.","There are no specific actions known for the species, although habitat monitoring and population monitoring would be recommended to check on population decline levels.# The Cave of Vjetrenica, the site for Lanzaia vjetrenicae vjetrenicae has been protected since around 1900, when the metal gate preventing access was first made. The same gate, slightly modified in early ‘60s, is still there (Ržehak 1965). Legal protection of the cave started in 1914and it was proclaimed a natural monument in 1950.#Speleological Society Vjetrenica - Popovo polje has renewed the pre- war tourist programme, but flashlights are used at the moment, instead of electrical lighting, which is beneficial to the cave fauna.#The 'Popovo polje/Vjetrenica' is listed in the Emerald Network of Areas of Special Conservation Interest.#The B-H Academy made proposal to nominate Vjetrenica as a#candidate#for the World Heritage List.",,,"Bilandzija, H. Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Lanzaiopsis,savinica,,Lanzaiopsis savinica,,"This monotypic taxon was compared with Lanzaia Brusina, 1906, and Saxurinator Schutt, 1960 (of the ""family"" Belgrandiellidae); the type species was one of the nomina nuda listed by Bole and Velkovrh (1986) under Lanzaia (q.v.) (Kabat and Hershler 1993).",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Lanzaiopsis savinica is endemic to Slovenia where it is considered to have 2 locations and is in a region where the groundwaters have excessive levels of pesticides. However as it is in groundwater systems that are difficult to sample and hence it maybe under-recorded, at present it does not merit listing at Endangered, and has instead been listed as Vulnerable (VU D2) pending further research into its population and distribution.",Unknown,Lanzaiopsis savinica is a narrowly endemic species found in Slovenia. Some specimens were found only in the spring Pecovski izvir north-west from Luce in Savinja Valley. The other localities are small springs and the cave Zavratnikova jama in the surrounding area (R.Slapnik pers. comm. 2010).,There is no data available on population status or trends of this species.,This species is found in freshwater springs in a limestone karst area.,"The presence of pesticides in the groundwater is believed to exceed permitted levels, and hence provides a threat to this species, which is an indicator of good water quality.","This species is considered to be 'Rare' in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species (Sket and Velkovrh 2002). This species is present in groundwaters that can be difficult to sample, so it may be under-recorded, hence further research into its population and distribution is recommended.",This species is not utilized.,,"Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,EUPULMONATA,ELLOBIIDAE,Leucophytia,bidentata,,Leucophytia bidentata,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Given the present range it is unlikely to be threatened with extinction in the near future. Whilst there are localized species declines throughout the range, the species is one of the more abundant species and is mainly threatened by habitat loss and so it is considered Least Concern (LC) overall.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"This small gastropod is found in brackish areas throughout the Atlantic and western Mediterranean coasts. Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) report the species from Republic of Ireland (Eire) Great Britain (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, France (mainland), Canary Islands (Spain), Azores (Portugal), Madeira (Portugal), Italy (mainland), Sardinia (Italy), Sicily (Italy), Malta, Balearic Islands (Spain), Spain (mainland) and Portugal (mainland).","There is no data on population trends, although the species is generally frequent where present.",This species is found in brackish waters in estuaries and salt-marshes.,"There are no specific threats across the range of this species, but localized threats due to loss of habitats from land reclamation in estuaries (for industrial units and marinas) and water pollution from industrial sources (shipping).","In most countries this species is not considered to be of conservation interest. No species specific conservation actions are in place. Research actions include further research to monitor future changes in habitats, as a proxy for changing populations.",There is no use or trade information for this species.,,"Seddon, M. Killeen, I.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Lithoglyphus,apertus,,Lithoglyphus apertus,,"The status of this species is uncertain, as some authors consider it a subspecies or even a morph of Lithoglyphus naticoides, while others, Grossu (1987) and (Bank et al. 2006) stand for its validity (Sirbu et al. 2010).",No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Although this species is listed as being present in rivers draining into the north part of the Black Sea (Romania, Serbia, Ukraine and Russia), the taxonomic validity requires review, to determine that this species is distinct, so is currently assessed as Data Deficient (DD) at the European level and Not Applicable (NA) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union (as less than 5% of its range occurs in the European Union). If the species is considered valid, then it may be Least Concern, Near Threatened or threatened depending on the extent of the range, potential threats to freshwater rivers close to the coast and the level of decline across its range.",Unknown,"In Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006), this species is listed for Romania. In Romania, it is on the River Danube, between Călăraşi and Giurgiu (O. Ciobiou, pers. comm., 2010). In Serbia, it is known from 3 locations on the River Danube (J.Tomovic, pers. comm., 2009).In Russia it is listed as present in the rivers draining into the northern Black Sea (Kantor et al. 2009)","There is no known population trend data for this species although there are recent records for the Danube in Romania (O.Ciobou, pers. comm., 2010)","This species is found living on the bottom of large water courses, near the banks, on rocky or sandy substrates (O.Ciobiou, pers. comm., 2010).","The threats to this species, which is present in Danube and other rivers draining into the Black Sea, are not known.",Further information is required on the taxonomic status of this species.,There is no known trade in this species.,,"Cioboiu, O., Son, M. Tomovic, J.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Lithoglyphus,fuscus,,Lithoglyphus fuscus,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Lithoglyphus fuscus# is widely distributed in the region of central Slovenia and Bosnia, and therefore although sites may be locally threatened, the species is unlikely to be at risk of extinction.# No data on# specific threats to this species, although the middle and  lower reaches of the rivers have been subject to habitat management and  flow management.It is therefore considered to be Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"Lithoglyphus fuscus is widely distributed between central Slovenia and Bosnia.# Radoman (1983) reported the species from the Rivers Una and Vrbas. The#Vrbas is a major#river#in western#Bosnia and Herzegovina,  originating on the southern slope of the#Vranica mountain, at around  1530 metres above the sea level and feeding into the Sava River.","There is no data on population trends for this species, although it is thought to be widespread.",This species is found in the middle and lower reaches of large freshwater rivers (Radoman 1983).,"There are no data on the specific threats to this species, although the middle and lower reaches of the rivers have been subjected to habitat management and flow management.",No conservation actions are known for this species.# More research is needed on the specific threats for this species.,No data,,"Sket, B. Cioboiu, O.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Lithoglyphus,naticoides,,Lithoglyphus naticoides,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,This is a widespread species that is not likely to be severely impacted by the threats it faces. It is therefore considered as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.,Decreasing,"This is a widespread species across Central and Eastern Europe reaching from Netherlands and France to Ukraine and Russia, north to Latvia and Poland and south to Bosnia and Herzegovina. Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) listed it from  Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Netherlands, Belgium, France (mainland), Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovenia, Ukraine. It is also known from Serbia (Tomorov, pers. comm., 2009). In France, Mouthon (2007) noted that Lithoglyphus naticoides was observed for the first time in the north of France at the beginning of the 19th century, but since then this gastropod has only succeeded in colonising the eastern half of the country.Kantor et al. (2009) reported the species from rivers of Azov-Black Sea maritime areas, the Volga River delta and the rivers in Russia draining into the Baltic Sea.","This is a locally abundant species in central Europe, but declining locally due to pollution, as well other reasons noted below.In the Saône river, France, L. naticoides is an annual species: spawning occurs from March to June and the juveniles that generally appear in May grow rapidly during the summer then spawn and disappear in the spring of the following year. Different observations suggest that increased water temperatures occurring in the context of global warming and potential/possible interspecific competition are the main reasons for the disappearance of L. naticoides in the Saône river at Lyon since November 2004 (Mouthon 2007).","This is a fluvial species, living on solid surfaces (e.g. rocky bottoms) in rivers and streams.","The main threats are pollution and siltation (from dams and soil erosion). However, compared to other fluvial species, it seems to be more tolerant to water pollution and to siltation.",There are no known conservation actions for this species and no conservation actions are needed.,This species is not used.,,"Feher, Z. Van Damme, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Lithoglyphus,prasinus,,Lithoglyphus prasinus,,"The taxonomic status of this species requires review, although it is currently listed as a separate species.",Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Although this species is listed as being present in Croatia and Slovenia, the taxonomic validity requires review, to determine if this species is distinct. Baba (2007) considered all three other species in Lithoglyphus as distinct species. #If the species is considered valid, then the small range and possible threats to the freshwater rivers close to the coast, then the species maybe a candidate for Near Threatened or even Threatened status.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: #Data deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: #Data deficient (DD)Mediterranean regional assessment:#Data deficient (DD)",Unknown,"This species is listed by Bank (2006; Fauna Europea) for Croatia and Slovenia. #Baba (2007) listed the species for Ogulin, Leskovac and Stunjica creeks in the coastal areas of Croatia in his biogeographic region of Ponto-Mediterranean.                Sket (pers. comm. 2010) suggests that it is endemic in central and south-east Slovenia and the adjacent Croatia, systems of rivers Ljubljanica, Krka, Kolpa/Kupa.",No data on population status or trends are available.,This species inhabits in freshwater rivers close to the coast.,"The general threats to freshwater molluscs in this region include river flow management (for hydroelectric power production), water pollution (from domestic and agricultural sources) and habitat degradation, where habitats are modified during road construction in the river valleys, however the impact on this species is uncertain.","No conservation actions are known for this species. More research is needed on the taxonomy, population and the habitat trends.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Lithoglyphus,pygmaeus,,Lithoglyphus pygmaeus,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is considered to be restricted to Romania where it is only  known from freshwater springs of the Danube at Giurgiu (O.Ciobou, pers.  comm., 2010). However there is no data on population status, trends, and threats and further surveys are required to establish this, and as such the species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This species is considered to be restricted to Romania where it is only known from freshwater springs of the Danube at Giurgiu (O.Ciobou, pers. comm., 2010)",There is no recent data on the population status of this species.,"It lives in cold freshwater springs and cold streams (Ciobou, pers.comm., 2009).",There is no data on possible threats to this species.,"Data is required on current population status, distribution, and threats to the species to enable a conservation assessment of this species.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Cioboiu, O.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Litthabitella,chilodia,,Litthabitella chilodia,,"The current subdivision of# Litthabitella# chilodia into L. chilodia chilodia and L. chilodia ionica (Schütt, 1980) is rejected by Bodon et al. (1999). Examination of the type material of the latter from the island of Corfu, showed that it includes two different taxa, one of which (the holotype) is a species of Belgrandia and the other L. chilodia.   Bodon et al (1999) report that# populations# living in a brook in the Grotta delTasso in Apulia consists of two distinct coexisting shell morphs, almost without intermediates. They can,be distinguished by shell size and other shell parameters are almost identical, except for a slight difference in the ratio shell height/aperture height (H/h). The larger form also varies more in dimensional characters than the other populations. It lives near the cave entrance where a rather large population has been found. The small form lives deeper in the karstic aquifer (only three living specimens have been found in the cave). Apart from shell dimensions, no anatomical character (eye spots, pigmentation, genitalia) seems to distinguish the two forms.  #  #",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Litthabitella chilodia is widespread from Italy through to Greece, although it is not frequent, it is considered as Least Concern in the global and regional assessments.",Unknown,"Litthabitella chilodia has a transadriatic-transionian distribution, present in the western Balkans, Ionian islands and southern Italy. Transadriatic and transionian distributions are disjunct being divided by the Adriatic or Ionian Seas.   In the western Balkans (Dalmatia, Montenegro, Ionian Islands of Kerkyra and Lefkas; its presence on other Ionian Islands and in Ipeiros requires confirmation (Bodon et al, 1999).  In Montenegro, it is known from a spring (Quelle) Zwebina in Pridvorje, Dubrovnik.   In Italy is in mainly found in southern regions, with one record near the Slovenian border. spring near the Grotta di Bussento, Morigerati (Morigerati, Salerno, Campania), well near Fonte Nozzola, ca. 1 km E of San Costantino (Rivello, Potenza, Basilicata), spring at Colle San Martino (Civita, Cosenza, Calabria),  spring in Argentino River, ca. 1800 m NE of Orsomarso (Orsomarso, Cosenza, Calabria spring inside the Grotta del Tasso no. 207 Pu (Ischitella, Foggia, Apulia), spring 700 m SW of Case Masella, south of Monte Civita (Ischitella, Foggia, Apulia).",There is no population trend information available for Litthabitella chilodia but is generally considered as not frequent and localized.,Litthabitella chilodia is a spring species.,There are no main threats known for Litthabitella chilodia.,The species is listed as Least Concern in Italy (Manganelli et al. 2000) and is not listed for Croatia. #No conservation actions are needed given the range.,,,"Giusti, F., Manganelli, G., Cianfanelli, S. Feher, Z.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Lyhnidia,gjorgjevici,,Lyhnidia gjorgjevici,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Lyhnidia gjorgjevici is considered as Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii), as it is strictly restricted to the feeder spring system (in two locations) close to Lake Ohrid, where it is found in low abundance. The quality of habitat in the Albanian springs is declining due to pollution by aquaculture and domestic waste as well as over-abstraction of water.",Unknown,"Lyhnidia gjorgjevici is endemic to freshwater habitats in the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania.# It is found in a small lake near St Naum and   Tusemista (St Naum,   Tušemišta ; Radoman 1985) adjacent to Lake Ohrid and but not within the adjacent springs in the catchment.",Albrecht et al. (pers. comm. 2009) noted this is found only in a few locations and where it is found it occurs in low abundance.,This species is restricted to springs in the south of Lake Ohrid and is mainly found on stones near the outflow of the spring.,"The quality of habitat in the Albanian springs is declining due to pollution by aquaculture, solid waste produced by domestic use and tourism and other recreational activities, as well as over-abstraction of water.   Agriculture near the Prespa Lake is contaminating the waters of Prespa Lake, which# feeds the aquifer of these springs, resulting in increased nutrient load to springs fed in the Lake Ohrid catchment (Matzinger et al. 2006).",The springs in the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) are part of a Protected Area (Galicica National Park).# Monitoring of changing water quality at these sites is recommended in order to determine future changes to the status of the species.,This species is not utilised.,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Lyhnidia,hadzii,,Lyhnidia hadzii,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Lyhnidia hadzii is known from only one location, Lake Ohrid, where it is restricted to a small area in the south-eastern part, and its potential habitat is less than 10 km2 as it has very specific hydrological requirements. As a sublacustrine spring-related species, it is sensitive to the pollution coming from the Lake Prespa through the aquifer. The increased frequency of fire hazard in the region and the related erosion and changes in sediment composition (siltation) are a projected important threat for this littoral species, leading it to be classified as Critically Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).",Unknown,"Lyhnidia hadzii is recorded from a very restricted area of the south-eastern shore of Lake Ohrid, in the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), from Pečtani to the beach at St. Naum (Radoman 1985).",The population trend is not known.,"This species is living in freshwater habitats in rocky areas, in the surroundings of sublacustrine springs, where it is found on the underside of the stones (sublithic species). It is a sublacustrine interlithon species (Hadzisce 1956).","Deforestation of the neighbouring area leads to erosion and an increased sediment load, which impacts this small gastropod. Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. Agriculture near the Prespa Lake are contaminating the Prespa lake waters, which are feeding the aquifer of the Lake  Ohrid, resulting in increased nutrient load (Matzinger et al. 2006). There is also an increased fire hazard in the region threatening the future of this species through erosion and changes in sediment composition (siltation).  #","There are no conservation actions for this species, although Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, and the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999. A Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. Habitat monitoring for changing water quality is recommended to assess potential changes in rates of decline of the water quality, and hence impact on this species.",This species is not utilised.,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Lyhnidia,karamani,,Lyhnidia karamani,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Lyhnidia karamani is known from only one location, Lake Ohrid, where it is found in a small area,# where its potential habitat is less than 10 km2. It has very specific hydrological requirements, and is found under stones around  sublacustrine springs. As a sublacustrine spring-related species, it is sensitive to the pollution coming from the Lake Prespa through the aquifer. In addition, the increased frequency of fire hazard in the region and the related erosion and changes in sediment composition (siltation) are a projected important threat for this littoral species, through potential decline of quality of habitat leading it to be classified as Critically Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).",Unknown,"Lyhnidia karamani is present in a very restricted area of the south-eastern shore of Lake  Ohrid, in the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).# The known AOO is 2 km2, but the potential AOO is estimated as less than 10 km2, based on possible habitats.","Lyhnidia karamani is a very rare species, and given the cryptic habitat it is difficult to record during surveys.",This species lives in freshwater in rocky areas in surrounding sublacustrine springs where it lives on the underside of the stones (sublithic species). It is a sublacustrine interlithon species (Hadzisce 1956) . #,"Deforestation of the neighbouring area leads to erosion and an increased sediment load, which impacts this small gastropod. Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. Agriculture near the Prespa Lake are contaminating the Prespa lake waters, which are feeding the aquifer of the Lake Ohrid, resulting in increased nutrient load (Matzinger et al. 2006). There is also an increased fire hazard in the region threatening the future of this species through erosion and changes in sediment composition (siltation).    #","There are no conservation actions for this species, although Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, and the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999. A Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. Habitat monitoring for changing water quality is recommended to assess potential changes in rates of decline of the water quality, and hence impact on this species.",This species is not utilised.,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Lyhnidia,stankovici,,Lyhnidia stankovici,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Lyhnidia stankovici is known from only one location where its potential habitat is less than 10 km2 and it has very specific hydrological requirements. As a sublacustrine spring-related species, it is sensitive to the pollution coming from the Lake Prespa through the aquifer. The increased frequency of fire hazard in the region and the related erosion and changes in sediment composition (siltation) are a projected important threat for this littoral species, leading it to be classified as Critically Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).",Unknown,"Lyhnidia stankovici is present in a very restricted area of the south-eastern shore of Lake  Ohrid, in the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).#  It is found in narrow stony shores between from Pečtani  to the beach at St Naum (Radoman 1985).",This is a very rare species.,"Lyhnidia stankovici is living in freshwater lakes in rocky areas surrounding sublacustrine springs, where it lives on the underside of the stones (sublithic species). It is a sublacustrine interlithon species (Hadzisce 1956). #","Deforestation of the neighbouring area leads to erosion and an increased sediment load, which impacts this small gastropod. Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. Agriculture near the Prespa Lake are contaminating the Prespa lake waters, which are feeding the aquifer of the Lake Ohrid, resulting in increased nutrient load (Matzinger et al. 2006). There is also an increased fire hazard in the region threatening the future of this species through erosion and changes in sediment composition (siltation).  #","There are no conservation actions for this species, although Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, and the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999. A Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. Habitat monitoring for changing water quality is recommended to assess potential changes in rates of decline of the water quality, and hence impact on this species.",This species is not utilised.,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Lyhnidia,sublitoralis,,Lyhnidia sublitoralis,,,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species has not be found in recent intensive surveys carried out since 2003, but this might be related to sampling difficulties, as this species is sub-littoral and has low abundances and patchy distribution. It is therefore classified as Data Deficient (DD).# If the species range and declining quality of habitat were to be confirmed, then the species may qualify as Endangered B2ab(iii).",Unknown,"This species is restricted to Lake Ohrid (Bank et al., Fauna European 2006). It is found in sublittoral zone of Lake Ohrid (below 30 m depth) but not within the adjacent springs in the catchment (Radoman 1985 ).",Recent surveys carried out since 2003 have not found this species (Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).,This species lives in freshwater lakes where it is sublittoral (found below 30 m depth).,"Deforestation of the neighbouring area leads to erosion and an increased sediment load, which impacts this small gastropod. Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake.","There is no current conservation action in place for this species. However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. As this species hasn't been recorded in the last six years, a programme of systematic sampling using different survey methodologies would be recommended.",This species is not utilised.,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,LYMNAEIDAE,Lymnaea,stagnalis,,Lymnaea stagnalis,,"The use of the genus name Lymnaea is still controversial, some considering it to be a lump genus that should be divided in the genera Galba, Lymnaea, Pseudosuccinea, Stagnicola, etc. The present assessment follows Brown (1994) who still uses Lymnaea as the generic name.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Lymnaea stagnalis is widespread throughout Europe and the Mediterranean. Although it is rare in some countries or parts of some countries, it is not considered to be threatened at the European level or at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union, and hence is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the regional level.",Stable,"This holarctic species has a widespread European distribution, occurring in all European countries. #Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) lists the species from Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Faroe Is. (Denmark), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Channel Islands (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (mainland), Bulgaria, Romania, Spain (mainland), Portugal (mainland), Albania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Reported from the former country of Yugoslavia (total list of countries unknown), Croatia, Ukraine, Greece (including Andikíthira Island, Evvia Island, Ionian Islands, Samothráki Island, Northern Sporades Islands, Thásos Island)##The species also occurs in south-west Asia (Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey and Israel) where Lebanon marks the southern limit of the species' distribution in this region.","No detailed information on population status or trends is available at the European level, and although there are localised declines, the species is believed to be stable.","The species is found in large permanent water bodies with clean water, slow-flowing rivers, canals, drainage dykes and lakes. Occasionally found in temporary habitats or closed ponds, but not typical habitats (Kerney 1999).","There are localised threats through the region due to water pollution (nitrates and sewage pollution) and loss of water due to over-abstraction of water for irrigation and domestic supplies.#In the future, increased frequency of drought and raised temperatures could impact water flow regimes throughout the Mediterranean zone.","As this species is widespread and not in decline, it is not considered necessary to list any recommended conservation actions for this species.",This species is known to be used as food in Russia (Ponomareva and Petson 2005) and as food for animals in some other parts of Europe.,,"Kebapçı, U. Van Damme, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Malaprespia,albanica,,Malaprespia albanica,,,Yes,CR,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",No,NE,,EU27,,"Malaprespia albanica is described from only one location and has a very restricted distribution range of less than 2 km﻿2.# Abrupt drops in lake water level# (of several metres) due to excessive water abstraction for agriculture coupled with extremely dry summers, is thought to have contributed to the disappearance of most of the range of the population, with the remaining population surviving only in one area which is continuously fed by a spring. Its habitat is declining due to pollution.# It is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii).",Unknown,"Malaprespia albanica is now only found in one sublacustrine spring in the Albanian  part of the small Prespa Lake (""Mikri Prespa"") (Albrecht, pers. comm.,  2010).# They speculate that the distribution of this species was broader in the past, but has probably declined as a result of abrupt changes of water level changes and accumulation of organic material (mud) on the shallow rocky banks of the lake.","This is a very rare species, so is assumed to live at low density (Albrecht et al., pers. comm., 2009)","The species is living in a spring, that was used to be sublacustrine, but due to considerable water level drop, it is now located outside of the current lake (Albrecht, pers. com, 2010).","This lake was a nutrient-poor lake (oligothropic), but due to pollution related to intensive agriculture practise in the neighbouring area, it is now more eutrophised. Herbicides might impact diatomae communities, which are the major food source for this snail. Abrupt water level drop (of several meters), due to excessive water abstraction for agriculture coupled with extremely dry summers, is thought to have contributed to the disappearing of most of the population range, the remaining population surviving only in one area continuously fed by a spring.",There are no species-specific conservation actions in place. An action plan on the sustainable management of water use in the region is urgently needed and existing water legislation should be enforced. The remaining population should be monitored.,The species is not know to be traded.,,"Hauffe, T., Schreiber, K. Albrecht, C.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,UNIONOIDA,MARGARITIFERIDAE,Margaritifera,auricularia,,Margaritifera auricularia,,"Haas (1910) has proposed the genus Pseudunio for this species, in order to distinct it from M. margaritifera. Pseudunio was then synonymised by Ortmann (1911). Pseudunio was used again by Haase (1969) to distinguish M. auricularia and M. auricularia marocana (Pallaray 1918) from the other species of the genus Margaritifera. More recently, the genus Pseudunio was used again by Smith (2001), Falkner et al. (2002) and Nienhuis (2003). We now know (Araujo et al. 2009) that M. margaritifera and M. marocana are different species belonging to a same clade (thus monophyletic), but it is still not clear if we should consider different sub-genus within Margaritifera (Huff et al. 2004).To conclude, we propose not to use the Pseudunio any more, either as a genus or as a sub-genus, as long as no definitive phylogeny recommend it.",Yes,CR,A2ac,Yes,CR,A2ac,EU27,,"Over the last three generations (using a 30-year generation estimate), the population size of M. auricularia has decreased by more than 90%, as shown by direct observation and by the drastic reduction in its extent of occurrence. Furthermore, most of the subpopulations are not recruiting anymore. It is therefore considered as Critically Endangered A2ac.This mirrors previous assessment of Critically Endangered, under version 2.3, and whilst there has been progress in finding new populations and managing the habitats for previously known populations, the long generation time of this species means that more time is required to confirm any recovery.",Decreasing,"This species was originally known to be widespread in Europe extending in the north to Denmark, east to Italy and to Portugal in the West. Nowadays, it only occurs in France and Spain and is extinct in the rest of Europe (Araujo and Ramos 2001). The current range of this species is recorded from part of the rivers Charente, Vienne and Creuse in France and part of the Ebro river in Spain. Therefore, the species is known from four locations, namely the Charente, Vienne, Creuze and Ebro rivers, with a possible fifth one which has to be confirmed (Dronne river in France). In parts of the range the species has been extinct for hundreds of years (UK), whereas in other regions the decline and disappearance happened in the last century.","Currently in France, reproduction is very scarce in the Ebro and Vienne rivers and therefore these subpopulations are decreasing. In the other rivers, no recruitment is observed at all and most of the subpopulations will have disappeared in the next 20-50 years. The subpopulation from the Oise river (France) was probably extirpated in the last few years.","This species occurs in slow-flowing large rivers. It is dependent on well-oxygenated gravel substrate for juvenile development. It relies on the presence of its fish host (which is believed to be the Common sturgeon Acipenser sturio, nearly extirpated in most western European rivers). Nevertheless, the Mediterranean populations (Ebro river) may reproduce thanks to an other fish host (River Blenny Salaria fluviatillis).","Main threats are/were due to human activities, either by direct killing of individuals or by habitat modification. In particular, dams seriously threat this species, both through habitat modification (siltation) and impeding the migration of the host fish. River regulation, dredging, water pollution and pesticides (there are very large irrigated fields along the banks of the Ebro) and water availability are among the most important reasons for M. auricularia’s decline. Irrational water use in the area is behind all these problems and represents the main threat to the species (Araujo and Ramos 1989).","This species is protected in France and in Spain. It is listed in the Annex 4 of the Habitat Directive and the Annex II of the Bern Convention. Species Action Plans have been elaborated in France (2009) and Spain (2005). It is necessary to take major actions if we want to ensure the survival of this species: surveys in southwest France will allow to discover remaining populations, research on the ecology (water quality requirement, host fish, population genetics), management of the habitat, in particular of the dams and water quality, the restoration of host fish populations, designation of special protected areas and captive breeding programmes.","The species' shell has nacre which was used to manufacture knife hilts, especially in the riverside village of Sástago near the Ebro river, where there were abundant M. auricularia populations. Traces exist indicating that this activity probably began two centuries ago. Álvarez (1998a, b) summarized all the available data on this activity. In the Charente River, M. auricularia's nacre was used to make clothes buttons. With regard to freshwater pearl production, it seems that M. auricularia is not a real pearl mussel, as no reference to pearls is available, at least, none comparable with the pearl production reported in M. margaritifera (Hessling, 1859).Another threat arising directly from people is the possible capture of specimens by poachers, once the risk to the species is known. Collectors may be interested in having specimens of M. auricularia for their value as pretty objects (nacre) and because it is a rare species.",,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,UNIONOIDA,MARGARITIFERIDAE,Margaritifera,margaritifera,,Margaritifera margaritifera,,,No,CR,A2b,No,CR,A2b,EU27,,"Population information is available from EU Article 17 reporting, with no country in the region reporting 'favourable conservation status'.# The deficiencies in recruitment compared with losses from old age are resulting in steep population declines and population losses on an annual basis. The generation time for Margaritifera margaritifera is approximately 30 years, so the 3 generation prediction of 90 year has been used to evaluate the population losses. Overall in the last 90 years for Europe based on the number of viable and recruiting subpopulations left from the original sub populations known in 1920, it is estimated that there has been a decline of  81.5% and# for EU Countries a loss of 87%.# This puts the European populations# into the Critically Endangered (CR) category. The overall Global loss over the  same period is 61.5%.# The unknown element is the number of very large sub-populations that are recruiting as well as they did 90 - 100 years ago. If enough very large sub-populations (1 million +) are replacing 100 year old mussels with the same numbers of juvenile mussels per annum, the future prospects would be for a large range reduction but some stable remaining populations. However, we do not have sufficient information on the best populations to have confidence that this is the case. The most important conservation action for any population has to be  the production and thorough implementation of a catchment management  plan that undertakes measures at source and/or pathway between the land  activities and the habitat within the river, as well as consideration of conservation breeding in situations where  subpopulations have become severely depleted. The species has been in decline for the last century, and past conservation assessments were based on the number of known populations, not knowing that many of these sub-populations have failed to recruit for between 1 and 2 generations and that habitat conditions are not favourable for juvenile growth. Hence the current assessment reflects new knowledge, and the species would have been assessed as Critically Endangered in Europe in 1996.",Decreasing,"The following are the most recent revised estimates of current population status of M. margaritifera in Europe. The information is mainly from Geist (2005), and compiled by Geist partly based on data and references in Alvarez-Claudio et al. (2000), Araujo and Ramos (2000), Larsen (2001), Young et al. (2001a), Velasco Marcos et al. (2002), Reis (2003), Morales et al. (2004), Rudzite (2004), Sachteleben et al. (2004), Dolmen and Kleiven (2008) and updated information according to personal communications with M. Porkka, C. Greke, M. Rudzite, D. Telnov, St. Terren, G. Motte, J. Reis, E. Moorkens, I. Killeen, M. Young, G. Cochet, F. Renard-Laval, E. Holder, P. Durlet, T. Ofenböck, J. Hruška, N. Laanetu, L. Henrikson, T. Von Proschwitz, E. San Miguel Salán, R. Araujo, and from personal survey work.Austria: There are 29 sub-populations with 50,000 individuals.Only three of these are large sub-populations and there is a strong decline. Less than 5 of the sub-populations with limited juvenile recruitment. Belgium: There are 5-6# sub-populations with 2,500-3,000 individuals. The sub-populations are almost extinct with a lack of juvenile recruitment. There has been conservation programmes for these sub-populations since 2002.    Czech Republic: There are 6 sub-populations with 80,000 individuals. Three of these sub-populations are at frontier streams plus the 3 further sub-populations have more than 20% of juveniles but only one of these is large (60,000 individuals).#     Denmark: There is a maximum of 1 sub-population# with an unknown number of individuals. This sub-population is probably extinct, as it was last recorded in1970.    Estonia: There is 1 sub-population with 35,000-40,000 individuals. There has been a lack of juvenile recruitment for at least 40 years.    Finland: There are 50 sub-populations with 1,500,000 individuals. The largest remaining sub-population is in the Lutto drainage, Northern Finland. Seventy-five percent of the sub-populations were lost in the 20th century. Eleven important populations remain; some populations with few juveniles, but probably only a few functional populations.      France: There are now 84 sub-populations maximum with 100,000 individuals. It is scarce in most of its former range; it was originally abundant in more than 200 rivers. At present it is found in less than 10 rivers with juveniles; sub-populations are still present in Massif Amoricain (18), Massif Central (57), Morvan (6), Vosges (1) and Pyrenees (2) but there are serious declines; there is one big population in Dronne (16,000 individuals) with little recruitment and the other populations are mostly small with 10 to 100 individuals, maximum of 300 individuals.    Germany: There are 69 sub-populations# maximum with 144,000 individuals. The largest sub-populations with over 10,000 individuals are in Bavaria but there are serious declines. There is only one recovering population with more than 20% juveniles in Northern Germany. Several conservation and breeding programmes have started.        Great Britain: There are more than 105 sub-populations with over 12,000,000 individuals. The best populations are in Scotland but 2/3 of the originally known 155 populations are extinct. Overall there are still over 12,000,000 mussels with one river estimated at having 10,000,000 alone. There are 10 rivers with significant numbers of juveniles and common or abundant adults, and 5 others with some juveniles but scarce adults. In England 10 pearl mussel rivers remain (the best sub-population has over 100,000 mussels but few juveniles and evidence of decline). In Wales there are 10 pearl mussel rivers (the best has less than 1,000 mussels).    Republic of Ireland: There are 139 rivers with sub-populations with 12,000,000 individuals. The best rivers have between 2 and 3 million individuals, however most have just a few thousand. There is a serious decline with few recruiting sub-populations.     Northern Ireland: Ninety percent of the sub-populations have been lost.#     Latvia: There are 8 sub-populations with 25,000 individuals. There is a serious decline, as no sub-population with juvenile recruitment remains.    Lithuania: There is possibly 1 sub-population which the status of is unknown.    Luxembourg: There is 1 sub-population with 1,000-1,500 individuals. This species is# almost extinct in Luxembourg.#     Norway: There are 340-350 sub-populations with probably 300 million individuals. There is a serious decline, especially in the South, however the exact distribution, total numbers and juvenile status is unclear.    Poland: There are no remaining sub-population in Poland and it is considered Extinct here.    Portugal: There are 6 sub-populations with more than 1,000,000 individuals. There is a severe decline, with 3 large populations (22,000; 50,000; 1 million) with evidence for juvenile recruitment remaining , but serious declines expected in two of them due to recent construction of man-made dams.          Russia: There are more than 8 sub-populations with more than 100,000,000 individuals. There is a serious decline, however 4 populations of over 1 million individuals remain.Spain: There are 19 sub-populations; at least 17 in Galicia, 1 in Asturias and 1 in Salamanca; but the number of individuals is unknown. There is a serious decline as there is probably no more than 2 reproductive sub-populations with significant numbers of juveniles.    Sweden: There are more than 400 sub-populations with more than 8,000,000 individuals. There are serious declines; at least 50 populations have significant numbers of juveniles less than 50mm in size.","This species is a special case in having approximately 200,000,000 mature  individuals but due to habitat degradation having very little  replacement as adults die. Functional extinction is widespread throughout most of the range. Most sub-populations are isolated and genetic exchange between sub-populations is unlikely by natural means. Across most of the range adults that die will not be replaced due to habitat changes that cannot support juveniles, so most sub-populations have not recruited for many years. The following are the most recent revised estimates of current population status and estimated past (90 years) and future (90 years) population and individual number estimates of M. margaritifera in Europe. The information is mainly from Geist (2005), and compiled by Geist partly based on data and references in Alvarez-Claudio et al. (2000), Araujo and Ramos (2000), Larsen (2001), Young et al. (2001a), Velasco Marcos et al. (2002), Reis (2003), Morales et al. (2004), Rudzite (2004), Sachteleben et al. (2004),  Dolmen and Kleiven (2008) and updated information according to personal  communications with M. Porkka, C. Greke, M. Rudzite, D. Telnov, St.  Terren, G. Motte, J. Reis, E. Moorkens, I. Killeen, M. Young, G. Cochet,  F. Renard-Laval, E. Holder, P. Durlet, T. Ofenböck, J. Hruška, N.  Laanetu, L. Henrikson, T. Von Proschwitz, E. San Miguel Salán, R.  Araujo, and from personal survey work. (Moorkens pers. comm. 2010).#Overall in the last 90 years for Europe there has been a decline of 81.5%, for EU Countries a loss of 87%.# The overall Global loss over the same period is 61.5%Austria: There are currently 29 sub-populations. The past number of sub-populations is unknown and the estimated future number of populations is 3. There are currently 50,000 individuals. The estimated past number of individuals is 5,000,000 and the estimated future number of individuals is 1,000. (Estimated loss of recruiting subpopulations 82% over last 3 generations)Belgium: There are currently# 5-6 sub-populations. The past number of sub-populations is unknown and the estimated future number of populations is 0. There are currently 2,500-3,000 individuals. The estimated past number of individuals is 300,00 and the estimated future number of individuals is 0. (Estimated loss of recruiting subpopulations 100% over last 3 generations)    Czech Republic: There are currently# 6 sub-populations. The past number of sub-populations is unknown and the estimated future number of populations is 1. There are currently 80,000 individuals. The estimated past number of individuals is 8,000,000 and the estimated future number of individuals is 1,000. (Estimated loss of recruiting subpopulations 0% over last 3 generations)  Denmark (maximum): There is currently# 1 sub-population. The estimated past number of sub-populations is more than 1 and the estimated future number of populations is 0. There are currently an unknown number of individuals. The estimated past number of individuals is 10,000 and the estimated future number of individuals is 0.  (Estimated loss of recruiting subpopulations 100% over last 3 generations)    Estonia: There is currently 1 sub-population. The estimated past number of sub-populations is more than 1 and the estimated future number of populations is 0. There are currently 35,000-40,000 individuals. The estimated past number of individuals is 400,000 and the estimated future number of individuals is 0. (Estimated loss of recruiting subpopulations 100% over last 3 generations)    Finland: There are currently 50 sub-populations. The estimated past number of sub-populations is 200 and the estimated future number of populations is 5. There are currently 1,500,000 individuals. The estimated past number of individuals is 50,000,000 and the estimated future number of individuals is 100,000.(Estimated loss of recruiting subpopulations 78% over last 3 generations)    France: There are currently 84 sub-populations. The estimated past number of sub-populations is 200 and the estimated future number of populations is 10. There are currently 100,000 individuals. The estimated past number of individuals is 50,000,000 and the estimated future number of individuals is 10,000. (Estimated loss of recruiting subpopulations 96% over last 3 generations)  Germany: There are currently 69 sub-populations. The estimated past number of sub-populations is more than 100 and the estimated future number of populations is 1. There are currently 144,000 individuals. The estimated past number of individuals is 25,000,000 and the estimated future number of individuals is10,000. (Estimated loss of recruiting subpopulations 94% over last 3 generations)    Great Britain: There are currently# 105 sub-populations. The estimated past number of sub-populations is 200 and the estimated future number of populations is 10. There are currently 12,000,000 individuals. The estimated past number of individuals is 20,000,000 and the estimated future number of individuals is 1,000,000. (Estimated loss of recruiting subpopulations 90% over last 3 generations)  Republic of Ireland: There are currently 139 sub-populations. The estimated past number of sub-populations is 150 and the estimated future number of populations is 6. There are currently 12,000,000 individuals. The estimated past number of individuals is 20,000,000 and the estimated future number of individuals is 600,000.(Estimated loss of recruiting subpopulations 96% over last 3 generations)    Latvia: There are currently 8 sub-populations. The estimated past number of sub-populations is 40 and the estimated future number of populations is 0. There are currently 25,000 individuals. The estimated past number of individuals is 5,000,000 and the estimated future number of individuals is 0. (Estimated loss of recruiting subpopulations 100% over last 3 generations)    Lithuania: There is currently possibly 1 sub-population. The past status of the sub-populations is unknown and it is not possible to estimate the future number of sub-populations. The past, current and future number of individuals is unknown or not possible to estimate.# (Estimated loss of recruiting subpopulations 100% over last 3 generations)    Luxembourg: There is currently 1 sub-population. The estimated past number of sub-populations is more than 1 and the estimated future number of populations is 0. There are currently 1,000-1,500 individuals. The estimated past number of individuals is 200,000 and the estimated future number of individuals is 0. (Estimated loss of recruiting subpopulations 100% over last 3 generations)    Norway: There are currently# 340-350 sub-populations. The estimated past number of sub-populations is 750 and it is not possible to estimate the future number of sub-populations. There are currently 300 million individuals. The estimated past number of individuals is 1,000 million and it is not possible to estimate the future number of individuals.  (Estimated loss of recruiting subpopulations 60% over last 3 generation, based on 40% loss and 20% not recruiting)    Poland: This species is considered Extinct in Poland so there are currently no sub-populations or individuals. The estimated number of sub-populations and number of individuals in the past 90 years is 0. It is not possible to estimate the future number of sub-populations or individuals.## Estimated loss of recruiting subpopulations 100% over last 3 generation)Portugal: There are currently 6 sub-populations. The past number of sub-populations is unknown and the estimated future number of populations is 3. There are currently 1,000,000 individuals. The past number of individuals is unknown and the estimated future number of individuals is 100,000. Estimated loss of recruiting subpopulations 50% over last 3 generation, predicted to be another 2 subpopulations extinct in next 3 generations )  Russia: There are currently 10 sub-populations. The past number of sub-populations is around 100 and the estimated future number of populations is approximately 3. There are currently 100,000,000 individuals. The past number of individuals is unknown and the estimated future number of individuals is 30,000,000.# Estimated loss of recruiting subpopulations 90% over last 3 generation    Spain: There are currently 19 sub-populations. The past number of sub-populations is unknown and the estimated future number of populations is 2. There are currently individuals. The past, current and future number of individuals are unknown or not possible estimate.# Estimated loss of recruiting subpopulations 89% over last 3 generation    Sweden: There are currently 400 sub-populations. The past number of sub-populations is unknown and the estimated future number of populations is approximately 50. There are currently 8,000,000 individuals. The past number of individuals is unknown and the estimated future number of individuals is approximately 1,000,000. Estimated loss of recruiting subpopulations 81% over last 3 generations.# Based on present subpopulations of 551, of which only c. 100 considered viable and recruiting, with original number of subpopulations in 1920's being over 1000.    Total estimate across Europe for 2010:# 1282 sub-populations, 423 million individualsTotal estimate across Europe for 1920:## 2613 sub-populations, 2000 million individualsTotal estimate across Europe for 2100:## 204 sub-populations, 47 million individuals.","Sustainable populations of the freshwater pearl mussel are restricted to near natural, clean flowing waters, often downstream of ultra-oligotrophic lakes. A small number of records are from the lakes themselves.     Margaritifera requires stable cobble and gravel substrates with very little fine material below pea-sized gravel. Adult mussels are two-thirds buried and juveniles up to 5-10 years old are totally buried within the substrate. The lack of fine material in the river bed substrate allows for free water exchange between the open river and the water within the substrate. The free exchange of water means that oxygen levels within the substrate do not fall below those of the open water. This is essential for juvenile recruitment, as this species requires continuous high oxygen levels.    The clean substrate must be free of inorganic silt, organic peat, and detritus, as these can all block oxygen exchange. Organic particles within the substrate can exacerbate the problem by consuming oxygen during the process of decomposition. The habitat must be free of filamentous algal growth and rooted macrophyte growth. Both block the free exchange of water between the river and the substrate and may also cause night time drops in oxygen at the water-sediment interface.    The open water must be of high quality with very low nutrient concentrations, in order to limit algal and macrophyte growth. Nutrient levels must be close to reference levels for ultra-oligotrophic rivers. Phosphorus must never reach values that could allow for sustained, excessive filamentous algal growth.    The presence of sufficient salmonid fish to carry the larval glochidial stage of the pearl mussel life cycle is essential.    Intact natural catchments prevent fine sediment and nutrient losses to the river. As fine sediment losses become chronic, siltation of the substrate can provide a rooting medium for higher plants. Nutrients can also accumulate in the sediment (and may be chronically or intermittently available in the open water), promoting the growth of algae and macrophytes. This exacerbates the stressful environment for the adult and juvenile mussels, and as more adults are lost, further niches for macrophyte growth become available. There is a resultant trophic cascade in the habitat, where oligotrophic conditions succeed to eutrophic conditions and the suite of invertebrate species changes accordingly.# Thus, the conservation targets for mussel populations include maintenance of free water exchange between the river and the substrate and minimal coverage by algae and weed. The# most important requirement is the maintenance of recruitment i.e. the river bed structure required to breed the next generation. Nutrients in the sediment are problematic as they are used by rooted plants. Dissolved nutrients in the water column tend to lead to algal growth. Both come from chronic and/or periodic loss of dissolved nutrients from the catchment.   #","There are a number of factors leading to the decline and loss of pearl mussel populations (Moorkens 1999, Araujo and Ramos 2001). Margaritifera is highly demanding of very clean river habitats in order to be self-sustaining, but it lives for over 100 years, and thus non-sustainable populations of adult mussels can persist for many years after negative changes in the habitat have occurred. While a range of possible causes of decline can exist (e.g. direct habitat damage, acidification of rivers (particularly in Scandinavia) and depletion of mussels from pearl fishing activities), the overwhelming majority of population declines in Europe have been due to sediment accumulation in the river bed gravels, cutting off the supply of oxygen to juvenile mussels. New generations of mussels cannot be recruited, while older adults that were born before the habitat deterioration remain alive as they are filtering open rather than interstitial water. The source of pressures that lead to this decline come from the catchment into the river, thus protection and rehabilitation of mussel populations is impossible without effective catchment management that is protective to the juvenile mussel habitat. The best populations are known from low-intensively managed isolated catchments with little influence from man. However, some famous historical populations persist in low numbers in large, lowland rivers, where adults may be living in habitats that could not possibly sustain juveniles.    The loss of pearl mussel populations mostly occurs from continuous failure to produce new generations of mussels because of the loss of clean gravel beds, which have become infiltrated by fine sediment and/or over-grown by algae or macrophytes. These block the required levels of oxygen from reaching young mussels. Juvenile mussels spend their first five to ten years buried within the river bed substrate.#         #Other ways in which mussel populations can decline and be lost is through adult mussel kills, or loss of host fish which are essential to the life cycle of Margaritifera. Further details of the life cycle can be found in Moorkens (1999).Fine sediment, once introduced to a pearl mussel river, can continue to cause very serious effects on a long term basis (Ellis 1936, Marking and Bills 1979, Killeen et al. 1998, Araujo and Ramos 2001, Naden et al. 2003). Direct ingestion of silt by adult mussels can lead to rapid death. Turbidity, particularly from fine peat entering the water, causes adult mussels to clam up (they close their shells tightly and do not filter water through their siphons), a response that provides a protection against ingesting damaging fine particles. If the river water remains strongly turbid for a number of days, mussels can die from oxygen starvation, either from remaining clammed, or from ingesting contaminated water while stressed. During a time of year when water temperatures are high, oxygen depletion in the body occurs more rapidly, and mussels die more quickly. The evolutionarily primitive Margaritifera gills and the annual brooding of young in all four of the gills demand a continuous, high supply of oxygen. Even if the adult mussels survive an initial silt episode, food/oxygen deprivation from clamming will have caused them to become stressed, from which they will take a long time to recover. If during that recovery period, there are further incidents of mobilisation of this or other silt, then the stressed mussels will be more susceptible to death than mussels in a cold river in unstressed conditions. Thus, they may continue to die over a period of several months. Higher temperatures throughout the summer further exacerbate this problem.    Once a silt load enters a river that holds a pearl mussel population, it can continue to cause harm. Silt causes river changes, which in turn change the dynamics of the river into the future (Dietrich et al. 1989, Colosimo and Wilcock 2005, Curran and Wilcock 2005). Increases in fine material in the bed and suspended in the water column, and consequent changes in channel form, may affect mussels in many ways and at various stages in their life cycle. The direct kill to adults is only the first stage in the damage that silt causes to the population. Sediment that infiltrates the substrate decreases oxygen supply in the juvenile habitat, which prevents recruitment of the next generation. The sediment subsequently provides a medium for macrophyte growth, a negative indicator in pearl mussel habitats. Macrophytes then smother the juvenile habitat even further, and the macrophytes trap more sediment, exacerbating the problem in the long term. One of the most essential requirements for pearl mussel conservation is the removal of the risk of any sediment reaching the river, as any one single incident has such long term ramifications.      Silt infiltration of river bed gravels can also have a negative effect on the essential species of fish that host the mussel glochidial stage (Levasseur et al. 2006).     As with siltation, nutrient enrichment can have serious and ongoing impacts on both juvenile and adult mussels. Increased inputs of dissolved nutrients to mussel rivers tend to lead to filamentous algal growth, unless combined with siltation, where macrophyte growth can dominate. Filamentous algae can lead to the death of juvenile mussels, through blocking oxygen exchange with the sediment, and cause adults to become stressed, as a result of night time drops in oxygen. Even if filamentous algae are destroyed in a flood, adult mussels may not make a full recovery before the algae re-grows. Adult mussels may eventually die as a result of oxygen/food deprivation.   Death and decomposition of filamentous algae contributes fine particulate organic matter to the river substrate. This further blocks water exchange between the river and the substrate and causes additional oxygen depletion through the process of decomposition. Decomposition also releases dissolved nutrients, promoting further primary productivity. Inputs of organic material, such as slurry, to the river have a similar effect on the mussel substrate as dying/decomposing algae and macrophytes.      Major pressures that are leading to damage of river bed substrate from infiltration of inorganic silt, organic fine peat and decaying organic detritus and from eutrophication are listed below.# These are pressures that are present in many  catchments and their cumulative effects have had very severe impacts on mussels.    Modification of cultivation practices   Agricultural improvement   Explanation: any practice that leads to exposure of bare ground and/or fertiliser applications increase can increase the fine sediment and nutrient load to the river. The cumulative effects of such practices can have very severe impacts on mussels.    Liming of land has a negative effect on Margaritifera populations, through direct toxic effects, and through increased growth rates leading to shortened life expectancy and, thus, loss of reproductive years (Bauer et al. 1991, Skinner et al. 2003). In some countries, acidification problems are so severe that liming is considered to have a more positive than negative effect (Henrikson et al. 1995). However, water chemistry data from declining Irish pearl mussel rivers indicate high peaks of calcium and conductivity levels that are likely to have been caused by liming.    Use of pesticides  Explanation: Toxic pollution can have very serious and long term effects on a pearl mussel river. Of particular concern is agricultural, including forestry, pesticides. Chemical sheep dip is considered to be a very serious ongoing risk to pearl mussel populations, and the most likely cause of a number of major mussel kills (Cosgrove and Young 1998, Moorkens 1999, Skinner et al. 2003, Young 2005). Organophosphates and synthetic pyrethroides used in sheep dipping are highly toxic to species that are a lot less sensitive to nutrient and silt pollution than Margaritifera. The pearl mussel is too endangered to justify specific laboratory toxicity testing, but this should not be used as a reason to be ambiguous about the threat such pesticides present to Margaritifera. Pesticides present the greatest risk when used in a form that requires dissolving in large quantities of water, which is why sheep dip is the most obviously damaging.     Fertilisation  Explanation: any applications of chemical fertiliser or manure can lead to direct run-off of dissolved and particulate nutrients, as well as gradual nutrient release from the soil. The vast majority of Irish pearl mussel populations now exceed the recommended range of nutrient levels for this species. The most seriously damaging nutrient is most probably phosphorus, as it is the limiting nutrient in most Irish pearl mussel rivers.# Phosphorus promotes algal growth.    Overgrazing by sheep, cattle or other animals       Explanation: Overgrazing by sheep in mountainous moor and blanket bog habitats in the upper reaches of pearl mussel catchments has led to loss of vegetation and exposure of peaty soils. This problem has been very serious in some catchments, particularly in parts of the west of Ireland. The bare peaty soil erodes easily and releases fine sediment into the river. Similarly, overgrazing by cattle and other animals along the banks of pearl mussel rivers has lead to, and continues to cause, bank erosion. Furthermore, drinking access for cattle causes direct damage and death to mussels, as well as encouraging further bank erosion and sediment mobilisation.     Restructuring agricultural land holding  Explanation: Removal of hedges, copses and scrub from lands surrounding pearl mussel rivers is linked with possible kills of adult mussels and declines in the quality of juvenile habitat. These land changes lead to exposure of bare ground that causes the release of silt into the river. They are often accompanied by drainage. Drains themselves can continuously erode and be a source of fine sediment. These newly drained areas are more conducive to agricultural practices of greater intensity than before, thus the problem is exacerbated and ongoing.    #General forestry management  Explanation: Forestry planting, drainage, ground preparation, clear-fell, replanting, thinning and all management practices associated with clear fell plantation have been a major source of both silt and nutrients in pearl mussel catchments. The drainage and other preparations of land for planting and the practice of clear felling leads to exposure of bare ground that can erode and release silt into the river. Fertilisation of forestry leads to a release of nutrients into the watercourse, especially on peat and peaty soils. These nutrients, alone or in association with other nutrient sources, raise the trophic level of the river above limits that are tolerable for the mussel. Brash left on site during and following harvesting operations provides further, long-term inputs of damaging nutrients. Ongoing forestry operations do not allow for recovery of the Margaritifera habitat and the future for pearl mussel rivers with continued forestry operations is bleak. Restoration of pearl mussel populations will only be possible if there are significant initiatives to remove clear-fell forestry from Margaritifera catchments. Even given such a commitment, major mitigation works will be necessary during the removal of the forestry and restoration to low-intensity or semi-natural land uses.     Acidification has been well documented as a threat to salmonid populations both internationally (e.g. Maitland et al. 1987, Lacroix 1989, Henrikson et al. 1995) and in Ireland (Allott et al. 1990, Bowman and Bracken 1993, Kelly Quinn et al. 1997). In Ireland, acidification is linked with coniferous plantations in acid-sensitive areas rather than industrial pollution. As salmonid hosts can come from anywhere within the pearl mussel catchment, protection of the entire catchment from acidification is essential.    Acidification has also been noted as a direct threat to Margaritifera from the first international IUCN red data book for invertebrates (Wells et al. 1983). Work carried out in Scandinavia has provided evidence for pearl mussel decline from acidification (Eriksson et al. 1981, 1982, 1983; Okland and Okland 1986, Henriksen et al. 1995, Raddum and Fjellheim 2004). A lowering of pH directly influences pearl mussels through a gradual destruction of their calcareous shell, and also their genital organs (causing infertility), and through problems with regulation of acid-base mantle fluid homeostasis (Vinogradov et al. 1987).    # Stock feeding  Explanation: The introduction of nutrients to Margaritifera catchments through the importation of artificial stock feed, e.g. silage, allows increases in the stock numbers. This in turn can cause trampling damage, soil erosion and nutrient releases.    Leisure fishing   Explanation: If anglers are allowed to enter rivers at pearl mussel beds, serious trampling damage can occur. Systematic physical changes to rivers for the purposes of enhancing fish numbers for angling can also be very damaging to pearl mussel habitat, including bank reinforcement, and the installation of weir and croy structures. Damage occurs during construction, and through changes to flow patterns, leading to scouring of stable gravels and loss of mussels and their habitat in some parts of the river. In other areas ponds are created where silt accumulates with further loss of juvenile and adult habitat.    #Taking / removal of fauna  Explanation: Pearl fishing has been a major problem in the past, and kills from pearl fishing have been observed in recent years in spite of the practice being illegal under EU law.    Margaritifera margaritifera has been exploited for its pearls since Roman times, for leisure and commercial gain, and Ireland's mussels were well known sources of pearls for many years (Cranbrook 1976, Lucey 2005). Pearl fishing has been cited as a threat to pearl mussels across most of its range, and in countries with very low numbers of individuals such as Germany, there are historical records of pearl fishing causing population decline. Recent records of pearl fishing in Ireland are anecdotal, and generally involve Scottish visitors, some of whom come from families that traditionally made a visit to known haunts at periodic intervals. The decline in pearl mussels and the lack of sufficient recruitment has made any pearl fishing unsustainable and the use of tongs to open mussels for pearls has been shown to be damaging (Moorkens and Costello 2004). Thus pearl fishing is outlawed in the EU and any illegal fishing is considered to pose a threat to that population.     Quarries/ Sand and gravel extraction    Explanation: Pearl mussel populations have been damaged in the past and continue to be damaged both directly through removal of gravel from pearl mussel river beds, and indirectly through silt and other pollution from quarrying activities. Severe episodes of silt lead to adult mussel kills, large and small releases of silt destroy juvenile habitat. Another common problem is the release of calcium from limestone quarries, which increases growth rate in adult mussels, thus shortening mussel lives and reducing the long fertile period required for pearl mussel life history strategy.    #Peat extraction  Explanation: Hand and machine cutting of peat, including the drainage channels used in the process, leads to losses of pearl mussel juvenile habitat from infiltration of river bed substrate by fine peat particles released from bare soil.    #Mines  Explanation: Pollution of water courses from open cast and underground mining by mined heavy metals, and chemicals used in the process of extraction of mined products has led to the loss of pearl mussel populations.    #Discharges  Urbanised areas, human habitation  Explanation: Margaritifera is a species of near natural conditions. Continuous urbanisation, discontinuous urbanisation and dispersed habitation have all been associated with depressed water and habitat quality in pearl mussel rivers. Lack of appropriate water treatment (water must reach the river at reference levels), including even small elevation in BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) levels, and even minor increases in ortho-phosphate levels can lead to loss of juvenile habitat. Inappropriately plumbed washing machines can lead to serious nutrient elevations and subsequent filamentous algal growth.    Industrial and commercial areas   Explanation: Pearl mussels have already been lost from intensively industrialised areas, but local and more rural industries such as meat processors and creameries operate adjacent some extant pearl mussel rivers. High BOD levels and other pollutants have led to loss of juvenile habitat and severe depletion of adult mussels.Land reclamation    #Disposal of household waste  #Disposal of industrial waste  #Disposal of inert materials  Explanation: There is evidence of reduced habitat quality for Pearl mussels in rivers where land fill sites are present in the catchment. Decreased habitat quality is also found in rivers where household and other waste is dumped into or adjacent the river instead of being properly disposed of, and in rivers where inert materials such as builder's rubble have been used as infill within the flood plain area to raise and level the ground for more intensive usage.  #  Communications networks  Paths, tracks, cycling tracks  Routes, autoroutes  Explanation: There is evidence of reduced habitat quality for Pearl mussels in rivers where functioning flood plain has been impeded by hard surfaces of roads or paths. It has been reported (Hruska 1999) that juvenile mussels require a direct connection between the groundwater contributing to the interstitial gravels and the unimproved low nutrient vegetation in the flood plain. Building of hard surfaces can release damaging silt into the river. Hard surfaces near a pearl mussel population can also lead to run-off of pollutants into the river. These are permanent effects, i.e. both from construction and operation so road development is considered to present a significant threat to this species.  #  Bridges, viaducts  Explanation: There is evidence of reduced habitat quality for pearl mussels in rivers where bridges have been built, even where they have clear spanned the river. In general, the most negative effects have occurred where structures were not spaced wide enough and, thus, not enough flood plain habitat has been left on either side of the river (see above). The damage is exacerbated where flow changes have occurred, and consequent hard measures such as revetments, walls or rock armouring have been built along the banks in the vicinity of the bridge to prevent bank erosion. Building of bridges can release damaging silt and nutrients into the river. The bridge and nearby road can also lead to run-off of pollutants into the river. These are permanent effects, i.e. both from construction and operation. Other permanent effects include excessive shading under the bridge, and disturbance to adult mussels and reproduction on a long term basis. Where the population of mussels is dense, the mussels form an intrinsic part of the river bed structure, and damage at one area can then cause knock-on long term damage to beds of mussels upstream and downstream of the structure.  #  Energy transport  Explanation: There is evidence of mussel kills where pipe lines have been routed across river beds, from instream works in the river causing silt episodes, and also in silt from bare ground where the pipe has been dug on either side of its entry into the river. to the swathe of habitat removal required before and after it crosses the river.#   Improved access to site  Explanation: There is evidence of increased dumping and pearl fishing at pearl mussel beds that are in close proximity to sites with easy access.  #  Sport and leisure structures  Explanation: There is evidence of increased silt and nutrient releases and depressed pearl mussel habitat where golf courses, sports pitches and camp sites have been developed nearby.  #  Pollution  Explanation: Water pollution, particularly nutrient pollution, leading to increased primary productivity, is associated with agriculture, coniferous clear fell forestry, industrial effluents and insufficient treatment of domestic, municipal or industrial sewage. Very small increases, above natural background nutrient loads can lead to damage. In particular, the normal background ortho-phosphate# reference level# (generally 0.005mg/l P in Ireland) is considered to be essential to the maintenance of oligotrophic waters for reproducing pearl mussel rivers (Moorkens 2006). Small increases in ortho-phosphate can lead to deleterious algal and/or macrophyte growth, so maintaining low levels at all times is considered to be essential. One large input of ortho-phosphate can lead to an algal incident, which in turn leads to detritus/particulate organic matter, causing adult and juvenile deaths and increases the trophic status of the river on a long term basis. Growing algae causes problems by blocking oxygen exchange between the substratum and the water column and through night time depletion of oxygen. Decaying algae causes detritus that not only clogs the interstices, but also causes oxygen depletion because oxygen is used up during its decomposition.    #An increase in trophic status can lead to major habitat changes, particularly a change from Fontinalis-dominated flora/macrophytes to Myriophyllum and Ranunculus-dominated flora where nutrient pollution is accompanied by siltation. These macrophytes are indicative of poor Margaritifera habitat and provide conditions for trapping further silt and continued loss of habitat as a result of changes of flow, sediment and nutrient dynamics (Barko et al. 1991, Wood 1997, Masden et al. 2001, Clarke 2002). Phosphorus that resulted in macrophyte growth continues to be released and mobilised as the macrophytes decompose (Barko and Smart 1980, Rooney et al. 2003).  #  Drainage  Canalisation  Explanation: Both arterial drainage of the river and catchment and field drainage associated with agriculture and forestry impact on pearl mussels. Arterial drainage, canalisation, boulder removal, etc. has destroyed river habitat by replacing natural channel reach patterns of pools and riffles with more uniform runs that suit neither the pearl mussel nor its host fish (Moorkens 1999, 1996; Hastie et al. 2000, Valovirta 2001). Bank reinforcement actions often accompany or are deemed necessary following canalisation. They are a response to external damage to river banks at the site of reinforcement or that has taken place elsewhere but has had ramifications at the site of reinforcement. The reinforcement structures in themselves can affect river dynamics both upstream and downstream of the works (Fischenick, 2003, O'Grady 2006). Hard reinforcement measures are considered to be damaging activities in pearl mussel rivers.    #The increased drainage network has led to an increase in the release of silt into river channels hosting pearl mussels, with the subsequent destruction of juvenile habitat. Drainage of peaty catchments has been shown to increase run-off rates and flood peaks (Müller 2000). Such hydrological changes lead to instability in mussel habitat and increased disturbance.  #  Flooding  Modification of hydrographic functioning  Management of water levels  Explanation: Destruction and damage to habitats in the catchments of pearl mussels, such as through bog drainage and in-filling of floodplains has changed the hydrology of some rivers. A small number of pearl mussel rivers are also regulated above the populations. Flow regulation can have serious negative effects on pearl mussel populations (McAllister et al. 1999, Araujo and Ramos 2001). These manifest mainly in two ways. Firstly, consistent but unnatural flows, particularly more prolonged low flows can cause stress to adult and juvenile mussels by raising temperature, reducing oxygen, concentrating pollutants and providing conditions for silt deposition and algal growth. Secondly, rapid changes in flow regime such as where sluices or dams are opened and closed regularly, is damaging to pearl mussel populations. This may be due to the energy effort of individuals, concentrated on digging into substrate or moving around leading to a state of continuous stress. Where rapid changes are occurring at very sensitive times of the year, loss of# annual glochidial production or newly dropped juvenile mussels can occur. These phases of the life cycle normally occur at periods of low flow, and losses in a natural system through flooding are rare events.  #  #Dumping, depositing of dredged deposits#   Explanation: Dredging has taken place in the past in the large lowland pearl mussel habitats, with large numbers of dead mussels being found afterwards. Kills are likely to have included pearl mussels in the range of the dredging through habitat destruction, and mussels downstream, through siltation.  #  Erosion  Explanation: Erosion of river banks is a serious cause of silt entering the river. Its cause is rarely natural, even when no immediate explanation is obvious, but rather a knock-on effect from river bed or bank changes elsewhere. Where cattle or sheep are allowed to enter the river, serious erosion can occur.   #  Interspecific faunal relations  Genetic pollution   Explanation: Loss of host fish is regularly cited as a potential reason for pearl mussel decline (Araujo and Ramos 2001, Anon 2005). A study on the status of host fish populations and on fish species richness in European pearl mussel populations (Geist et al. 2005) characterised typical fish communities in pearl mussel streams and revealed that a lack of host fish only seems to be limiting pearl mussel reproduction in specific areas. Intact and functional pearl mussel populations were found to occur under extremely oligotrophic conditions with lower host fish density and biomass than in disturbed populations without juvenile recruitment. In Ireland, adequate numbers of host fish occur in at least some rivers with inadequate Margaritifera recruitment, however, where nutrient levels have increased,  more host fish may be required as compensation for lower glochidial production rates in stressed mussels (Geist 2005). A comparison of trout versus salmon dominated rivers of Ireland quickly shows that 100% of pearl mussel rivers are associated with salmon and sea trout. Thus, while brown trout make an effective host fish, the rivers occupied by Margaritifera in Ireland, are of naturally low productivity dominated by salmonids that went to sea to get nutrition. Salmon and Margaritifera have been cited as symbiotic in their relationship, with both species providing a beneficial role for the other (Ziuganov and Nezlin 1988, Ziuganov et al. 1994). Pearl mussels filter the river water and increase its purity, and salmon gills host mussels during their glochidial stage. Pearl mussels have also been shown to prevent early senility in salmon and thus extend their life expectancy (Ziuganov 2005). It is likely that host fish numbers in ultra-oligotrophic situations were never very high, as pearl mussels are naturally adapted to live in rivers with low food levels and very low productivity (Bauer et al. 1991), but an unnatural decline in host fish will inevitably threaten Margaritifera. As well as habitat decline and acidification, impediments to fish movement from artificial barriers can result in losses of mussel populations (Bogan 1993).    Genetic pollution through the introduction of fish stocks not native to the catchment is considered to be a problem, as there appears to be a strong level of adaptation between genetic mussel and fish stocks.    All the pressures referred to above are ongoing and will remain as threats to the population in the future, and in some cases are likely to be exacerbated.  #  In addition, the following are likely threats:  # Climate change    Explanation: Climate change is likely to further threaten the survival of Margaritifera. Increased temperatures will lead to a higher metabolic rate and consequently a shorter life expectancy and thus reduced reproductive episodes per individual. This may exacerbate an already lowered recruitment level. The likely scenario of increased summer droughts and winter storm and flood events may negatively affect the species by increasing the frequency of stressful 'natural' events. These may result in increased siltation incidents during flooding. Habitat space may be reduced as a result of loss of river bed in drought conditions, or instability of gravel beds that are currently stable, through frequent flooding. Climate change may have an as yet unforeseen affect on the salmonid host species or on the food web that they rely upon. Changes in sea level may increase the salinity of a higher percentage of the lower reaches of some mussel rivers, which would have particularly serious ramifications for populations that have now become restricted to the bottom end of rivers. Hastie et al. (2003) predict that a number of Scottish populations may be lost as a result of climate change.  #  Antagonism arising from introduction of species  Explanation: The potential for exotic species spreading into pearl mussel rivers could result in major declines to the native pearl mussel, such as continued spread of exotic Ranunculus (Laughton et al. 2007).  #  #  #","To date, many pearl mussel rivers within the EU have been designated as Special Areas of Conservation (SACs), and the species is protected under national legislation in most countries with various levels of restriction. In most cases, both national legislation and SAC status have resulted in some improvement on direct damage to mussels such as pearl fishing, and some protection against plans or projects that would be likely to damage# populations, but conservation actions are generally lacking through lack of real engagement in how such rivers and their catchments need to be managed in order to rehabilitate and sustain their mussel populations for the future. It is obvious that if damaging activities are not removed and prevented into the future within pearl mussel catchments, that designation of SACs for the species will not have lead to any protection whatsoever.    Part of the problem of protection of the species within SACs is the design of the directive, which restricts SACs to habitats of importance, so that buffer zones that would be of great value in conservation action cannot be part of any designation. There is in theory a requirement to protect SACs from ex-situ damage, but this has not been effectively operated to date.#     A strong negative indicator of the future prospects of this species has been the very poor response of the various competent authorities to dealing with the damaging effects of intensification of agriculture and coniferous forestry in pearl mussel catchments.     Agricultural and forestry operations continue to intensify in parts of pearl mussel catchments, and need to be reduced to levels that are compatible with the life cycle of the pearl mussel. Recent intensification has resulted from both economic drivers and environmental policy. Pressure on dairy farmers to intensify operations and increase herd sizes has led to use of previously marginal land. A policy for compensation of farmers for more compatible practices should be urgently undertaken, as part of a management plan on a catchment by catchment basis. Any compensation payments made to farmers in Margaritifera catchments should be for practices that are compatible with favourable conservation status into the future.  In general, damage leading to unfavourable Margaritifera status has been from cumulative effects of intensification of agriculture over many years. The most important conservation action for any population has to be the production and thorough implementation of a catchment management plan that undertakes measures at source and/or pathway between the land activities and the habitat within the river. Other conservation actions include captive breeding in situations where populations have become severely depleted. This should never take place without a detailed catchment management plan to allow for the return of captive bred mussels to the wild.    #It is hoped that the Water Framework Directive may help develop policies, legislation and management strategies that could work towards managing damaging land uses and improving water and habitat quality. It is imperative that recoverable pearl mussel populations are given the highest priority and that everyone involved in the implementation of this Directive understands the very demanding habitat requirements of the pearl mussel.  #    #  #",Pearl fishing was carried out both casually and by a group of people that regularly took pearls for profit. Some pearl fishing continues today and is a serious threat to the species. Pearl fishing is illegal throughout the EU.,,"Moorkens, E.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Marstoniopsis,armoricana,,Marstoniopsis armoricana,,"The Marstoniopsis species from Western Europe have been synonymised by Falniowski and Wilke (2001) under the name M. scholtzi. This study doesn't include any specimen of Marstoniopsis armoricana. However, it is likely that further studies will show that it is also M. scholtzi.",Yes,CR,"B2ab(i,iv)",Yes,CR,"B2ab(i,iv)",EU27,,"This species is known only known from a single site where it was recently discovered in 2005. Survey data shows that the sub-population from the type locality seems to have been extirpated. Therefore, the number of sub-populations of this species have decreased. This species is considered as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(i,iv).",Decreasing,"This species was known from the type locality in the north-west of France (Erdre river, near Nantes). Despite several field surveys (Prie, pers. comm. 2009, Bertrand, pers. comm. 2009), the species has never been found again in this locality. But recently, a population attributable to M. armoricana has been discovered in a channel in Brittany (Ille-et-Vilaine) (Prie, pers. comm. 2009).","There is little population data available, although the sub-population at Nantes has been lost.",This species lives in slow-flowing rivers and channels.,The main cause of the loss of the sub-population near Nantes is not known.,"More research is needed on the taxonomy, distribution, population size and trends and threats to the species. The number of sub-populations has decreased leaving just one known location. Unless further sites are discovered this should be protected.",This species is not utilized.,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Marstoniopsis,croatica,,Marstoniopsis croatica,,"Although Marstoniopsis scholtzi#(A. Schmidt, 1856) and#M. insubrica#(Küster,#1853), have been placed into#one species,#Marstoniopsis insubrica, there is no molecular research on the status of#Marstoniopsis croatica, and hence it is treated as a valid species. Schutt (1979) noted that the shells were#between M. steini and M. insubrica but#larger, with more indented [Type material SMF 229192, NMW 79033].",Yes,VU,D2,No,VU,D2,EU27,,"Marstoniopsis croatica#is now only known from few sites in Slovenia. The type locality in Slovenia is partly a show cave, and as such is vulnerable to habitat disturbance and potential of groundwater pollution. The presence in Croatia is doubtful. EU 27: #Vulnerable (Vu D2)Europe:#Near Threatened (B2b(iii))Mediterranean:#Near Threatened (B2b(iii))Global Assessment:#Near Threatened (B2b(iii))",Unknown,"This species is listed by Fauna Europea for Croatia and Slovenia. Schutt (1974) described this species from the springs near Kostanjevica, 40km W of Zagreb, Slovenia (not Croatia as cited by Schutt), and as such the Croatian record seems to be doubtful.   #",No population trend data is available on this species.,Karst groundwaters in caves and outflow springs.,The major threats to the species lie in groundwater pollution and overabstraction.,"This species is considered to be 'Rare' in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species#(Bole 1988, Bole 1992; Sket Velkovrh 2002).",,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Marstoniopsis,insubrica,,Marstoniopsis insubrica,,"Marstoniopsis scholtzi (Schmidt, 1856) and M. insubrica (Küster,#1853), have been commonly accepted as distinct species, partly#because of their allopatric distribution patterns, but there#appear to be no morphological differences between them.##Recent molecular research by Falniowski and Wilke (2001) suggests that these species have#extremely low genetic divergence#and the lack of morphological differentiation they considered all sub-populations they studied to belong to one species,#Marstoniopsis insubrica.#",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Manganelli et al (2000) considered this species to be Data Deficient in the Italian Red List. #Originally Fauna Europea listed both species for Europe, with#Marstoniopsis insubrica for Italy and Switzerland, and#Marstoniopsis scholtzi for NW Europe, along the Atlantic coasts. Other species of#Marstoniopsis were recognised elsewhere in Europe.#The species assessment, based on the range of both species, should be Least Concern, as it is widespread but local through the range. #If the two species were to be considered separate species again, the range in Italy and Switzerland would still justify Least Concern.Regionally the species Marstoniopsis insubrica is considered:EU27: #Least Concern (within the 27 European Union countries).Europe: #Least Concern.Mediterranean: #Least Concern.",Unknown,"Originally Fauna Europea listed Marstoniopsis insubrica#for Italy and Switzerland and#Marstoniopsis scholtzi#for NW Europe, along the Atlantic coasts. Both species are now considered to be the same species, and hence the distribution is merged.#In UK Marstoniopsis insubrica##is very localised, known only from 7 10km squares. and not#recorded alive at any site since 1982 although it was thought to be#native in Southern England, it was introduced into Canals near Manchester in early 1900’s (Kerney, 1999). #In Italy known from scattered locations throughout northern Italy. In Poland and Germany, a few subpopulations were studied by Falniowski  Wilke (2001).",No data is available on the population trend for species Marstoniopsis insubrica.,"Marstoniopsis insubrica inhabits lentic and lotic freshwater systems, lakes, rivers and estuaries.",There are no known threats for species Marstoniopsis insubrica.,,,,"Killeen, I. Cianfanelli, S.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Marstoniopsis,vrbasi,,Marstoniopsis vrbasi,,"Although the species was listed in Bole Velkovrh (1986), it was not considered to be published sensu ICZN until the subsequent paper in Bole Velkovrh (1987).",Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Marstoniopsis vrbasi is endemic to Bosnia- Herzegovina and is only known from the type locality, a  spring in Bočac in Vrbas valley, 28 km south of Banja Luka (Bole and Velkovrh, 1987). The landscape  totally altered by hydrotechnical works for the powerplant installations. The freshwater springs are no longer# accessible, and may  well have been destroyed, so surveys urgently required to assess if the species is still extant. This species is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii).",Unknown,"Marstoniopsis vrbasi is endemic to Bosnia-Herzegovina and is only known from the type locality, a spring in Bočac in Vrbas valley, 28 km S of Banja Luka (Bole Velkovrh, 1987).","There are no recent survey data, so population trends not available.",This species occurs in freshwater springs.,"The landscape is totally altered by hydrotechnical works for the powerplant installations. The freshwater springs are no longer accessible, and may well have been destroyed.","No known conservation actions in place for this species, although taxonomic data and population and distribution data is required for establishing likelihood of extinction at this site.",This species is not traded.,,"Sket, B. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,SORBEOCONCHA,THIARIDAE,Melanoides,tuberculatus,,Melanoides tuberculatus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is assessed as Least Concern, as it is a widespread, adaptable species and no significant threats have been identified. It maybe considered as ""Not Applicable"" for assessment if the species is shown to be an introduction throughout Europe.",Stable,"Regional Distribution: Widely introduced through Europe with scattered populations in central Europe, becoming more common around the Mediterranean.# Global distribution: Native range - Indo-Pacific region, S. Asia, Arabia, Near East, northern Australia and widepspread in tropical Africa.","Melanoides tuberculatus is parthenogenetic. Females are capable of asexual reproduction,  where growth and development of fertilization by a male. This makes it easy for this species to colonise new areas, as few individuals are required to successful reproduce to start a new sub-population.","This species lives in stagnant and slowly running waters, tolerating high salinity to some extent among vegetation.",There are no known threats to this species,No conservation actions required for this species,,,"Van Damme, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,SORBEOCONCHA,MELANOPSIDAE,Melanopsis,buccinoidea,,Melanopsis buccinoidea,,"This species is considered as the vicariant of M. praemorsa (Spain, Maghreb) in the Levant (van Damme, 2010, pers. comm).#Schutt (1966) noted that the populations in Turkey were very variable and may represent more than one species.Melanopsis praemorsa is considered to be a superspecies by Glaubrecht (1993), whereas if we follow Brown (1994) then there exists only a single Melanopsis species (M. praemorsa) in Europe-North Africa and the Levant. This view is still currently followed by some hydrobiologists for the Melanopsis occurring in the region. However, if we follow the revision of the representatives of this genus in the Levant by Heller et al. (2005), then M. praemorsa does not occur in this region and Melanopsis buccinoidea is the widespread equivalent species.",No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"This species was originally considered to be a synonym of the species Melanopsis praemorsa, and Brown (1994) considered that a single#Melanopsis#species (M. praemorsa) occurred throughout Europe, North Africa and the Levant, a view still currently followed by some hydrobiologists for the#Melanopsis#occurring in the region.#For Europe and the Levant, we follow the revision of the representatives of this genus by Glaubrecht (1993), and in#the Levant by Heller et al. (2005), where#M. praemorsa#does not occur in the eastern Mediterranean region and#Melanopsis buccinoidea#is the widespread equivalent species. as the identity of the Greece populations are uncertain and needs further review, this species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.",Unknown,"This species is recorded from the eastern Mediterranean, where it is found in Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, Syria and southernmost part of Turkey (van Damme, pers. comm, 2009). #Bank et al. (2006) list it from Greece in the compilation for Fauna Europea, but the status is uncertain. Heller et al. (2005) listed more than 40 locations in their review of the Melanopsis species from the region, so it is probably more widespread.  According to Kantor et al. (2009), this species is also present in western Georgia.",There is no population decline data for this species.,"This species lives in freshwater springs and pools, irrigation#canals, ponds, streams, swamps, ditches.","There are no threats operating across the range, although there are localised threats to the species.","Some conchologically different populations may represent distinct species, and so it is recommended that further research is carried out in the northern part of the range to establish the nature of these populations. #No other conservation actions considered necessary given the current range.",This species is not used.,,"Van Damme, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,SORBEOCONCHA,MELANOPSIDAE,Melanopsis,cariosa,,Melanopsis cariosa,,This species may be a species complex (see North African assessment) and as such this species requires taxonomic review to better determine the species limits.,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"This species is considered threatened, as there has been a decline in the population abundance. Although the extent of occurrence (1,000 km2) meets the threshold for Vulnerable (VU), the number of sites where the species is known (11-15) suggests that it is present in more locations than meets the current threshold for listing as Vulnerable (VU B1ab(iii)), hence the species is currently considered as Near Threatened (NT) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.",Unknown,"This species is found in Spain and possibly North Africa. In Andalucia it is recorded from the Provinces of Sevilla, Cádiz and Huelva (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008), where it is found in the middle and lower reaches of the Rio Guadalquivir and the Ríos Guadiara and Guada  (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008).",The population trends are unknown as there is no recent data available.,"This species occurs mainly in the larger river channels, but also in ditches, canals and streams, permanent ponds and lakes. It preferentially colonizes hard substrates like rocks and walls.","Barea-Azcón et al. (2008) report that in general the overexploitation of water resources has intensified in recent decades generating a progressive deterioration in freshwater habitats. Pollution from domestic sources, excessive extraction of water from ponds during the summer for agriculture, overexploitation of aquifers for domestic and agricultural use and the disturbance of habitats, for example through cleaning ditches and ponds, are other threats.","In the Spanish National Red List, it is listed as Vulnerable (VU B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)) (Verdu and Galante 2009), whereas in the Andalucian Red List it has the status Vulnerable (VU A4c; B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)) (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008).Further research is needed on  the population status to determine the rate of decline, as well as  habitat monitoring to determine changes. Better information needs to be  available on best practice for managing the water resources to maintain  flow levels without impacting biodiversity (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008).",This species is not known to be traded.,,"Martínez-Ortí, A.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,SORBEOCONCHA,MELANOPSIDAE,Melanopsis,etrusca,,Melanopsis etrusca,,,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",EU27,,"Melanopsis etrusca occurs in thermal springs in a small area of Italy. Its area of occupancy is estimated to be 400 km².# In the past three sites have been lost due to habitat modifications, and at present another site is being drained, with consequent loss of the sub-population, which was abundant at this site. Enforcement of the laws protecting the species are urgently needed in order to prevent further losses.The species was originally listed as Vulnerable, based on the restricted range and exploitation of these sites. However, due to the loss of the latest sub-population and the draining of some sites, the specie sis now considered to be Endangered (EN) B2ab(ii,iii).",Decreasing,Melanopsis etrusca# is endemic to southern Tuscany (Italy) where it lives in a small areas of thermal springs.# The range has been declining over the last few decades and now is only known from 4 locations all with multiple springs.,The loss of recent subpopulations means that the species has a declining population (Cianfanelli pers. comm. 2010).,The species is restricted to thermal springs.,"The site at Poggetti Vecchi (Grosseto), inside the Ceccarelli’s Farm, represents one out of seven last sites where the mollusc is still alive, and here the species is currently threatened with extinction, as water was temporary removed from the pool in which most of the population lived. This operation, started in September 2009 and still in progress, has caused the death of thousands of individuals. Today the population, even if seriously compromised, is still present in the near pool but Farm’s owner is working with the aim to empty temporarily all the wet area. This will lead to the extinction of the sub-population.","This is a protected species in Tuscany and it has been listed in Annexes A (both natural and semi-natural habitats and also animal and vegetables species of regional interest, whose preservation can ask for the designation of SIR) and B (protected animal species) of the Tuscany Regional Law 56/2000. It is also in the Tuscany Naturalistic Repertoire (Re.Na.To), originally listed as a “Vulnerable” species and, since 2008, as an “Endangered” species.",No known trade in this species.,,"Cianfanelli, S.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,SORBEOCONCHA,MELANOPSIDAE,Melanopsis,lorcana,,Melanopsis lorcana,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"There has been a decline in population abundance of this Spanish species and some localities have already been lost. Freshwater habitats in the region are under pressure from water-extraction, flow management and pollution. Although the extent of occurrence (19,525 km2) meets the threshold for Vulnerable (VU), the number of sites where the species is known suggests that it is present in more locations than meets the current threshold for listing as Vulnerable (VU B1ab(iii)), hence the species is considered as Near Threatened (VU B1b(iii)) at present.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Spain where it is known from the provinces of Alicante, Albacete, Murcia and Almeria (Bragado et al. 2010). According to Barea-Azcón et al. (2008) it is restricted to the Segura River basin. In Castilla-La Mancha it is reported from 18 sites, and has been lost from 2 of these on at least 5 different tributaries of the river (Bragado et al. 2010). Barea-Azcón et al. (2008) note that it could be present in the east part of Andalucia.","Bragado et al. (2010) report the species has been declining, and although localities appear to have a very large number of individuals, the populations are widely scattered and often isolated from each other.","This species is found in all types of water bodies, including flowing (rivers, ditches, canals and streams) and standing waters (tanks, reservoirs, permanent ponds and lakes). It preferentially colonizes hard substrates like rocks, walls or tree trunks, but moves around on sandy bottoms. It is mainly found in hard (high mineral content) water (Bragado et al. 2010).","The river basin is normally in a state of semi-drought due to the level of water abstraction for both domestic and agricultural uses. The species is considered threatened, as there has been a decline in population abundance. The river occasionally floods in Autumn so since 1990 the lower reaches of the river have been canalized, removing  meanders and to improve the evacuation of flood waters. This has changed the quality of habitat, although it is uncertain how far it has affected this species which likes hard substrates. Barea-Azcón et al. (2008) report that in general the over-exploitation of water resources has intensified in recent decades, generating a progressive deterioration in the freshwater habitats. Freshwater habitats are under pressure from pollution from domestic sources, excessive extraction of water from ponds during the summer for agriculture, over-exploitation of aquifers for domestic and agricultural use and the disturbance of habitats, for example cleaning ditches and ponds.","In both the Spanish National Red List (Verdu and Galante 2009) and the Castilla-La Mancha list this species is listed as Vulnerable (VU B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)) (Bragado et al. 2010). In the Andalucian Red List it has the status Vulnerable (VU A4c; B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)) (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008). Further research is needed on the population status to determine the rate of decline, as well as habitat monitoring to determine changes. Better information needs to be available on best practice for managing the water resources to maintain flow levels without impacting biodiversity (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008).",This species is not utilized.,,"Martínez-Ortí, A.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,SORBEOCONCHA,MELANOPSIDAE,Melanopsis,parreyssii,,Melanopsis parreyssii,,,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU27,,"This is a relict species occurring in one single thermal spring-fed lake, with an area of occupancy of 4 km². This species was once abundant in the lake, but between 1980 and 2001 a very severe decline in the size of the population has been observed. The main threats are pollution and habitat disturbance, which are ongoing, therefore this species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)). This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)) at the level of the 27 member States of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)).",Decreasing,"Although this species is listed from Bulgaria, Romania and Hungary in Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006), Sirbu (pers. comm. 2009) and Fehér et al. (2006) confirm that this species is endemic to Romania where it occurs in only one thermal spring-fed lake ""Baile Episcopiei"".In Bulgaria this species was collected in 1962 by Professor Rusev, probably from the thermal spring  near the Pyasachnik Dam on its western side, however recent surveys have found no individuals or shell remains and according to Gregoriev (pers. comm. 2010)., M. parreyssi can be considered extinct in the country (Gregoriev, pers. comm., 2010). The origin of these records is uncertain, and they may have been introduced ((Feher, pers comm., 2011). It has been introduced in several thermal springs in Hungary (Fehér#et al. 2006). In Hungary, at Malom-tó, in Budapest, the population had persisted for several years but is now extinct (Feher, pers comm., 2010). Another Hungarian occurrence is a record in the fluvial flotsam of the Körös River near Körösladány.",Currently this species occurs in one spring-fed lake. In the early 1980s the population was very abundant in the lake (Majoros pers. comm. 2009) whereas in 2001 only a few live specimens were found after significant survey effort. (Fehér pers. comm. 2009).,"This is a relict species which is endemic to a single spring-fed lake, which is a thermal spring.","The only native locality is in a popular recreation centre near the city  of Oradea, near the Hungarian-Romanian border. The spring-fed lake is  situated in a park area, where there are many tourists and visitors.  Additionally, local people keep their cattle near the lake, as there is a  local belief that cows which are washed in the lake produce more milk,  so the cows are allowed to go into the lake regularly.In November 2008 and April 2009 the only known Bulgarian locality of M. parreyssi was visited. The spring on the Pyasachnik Dam bank had been piped and its water flowed into a small pool intensively used for watering of domestic cattle. Cow footprints were visible everywhere on its bottom which was highly disturbed. In the springs there was pollution from plastic and other materials. (This is a non-native site).","The site in Romania is protected legally, but in reality it has very little effect. The legislation relating to the Romanian site needs to be enforced to prevent further habitat degradation and population decline. Habitat and population monitoring is needed to monitor the impacts of human and livestock disturbance on this species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Feher, Z.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,SORBEOCONCHA,MELANOPSIDAE,Melanopsis,penchinati,,Melanopsis penchinati,,,Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"This species is endemic to Spain where it is found in the thermal springs and the canals and river feeding the springs around Alhama de Aragón (Zaragoza). It requires very clean, well-oxygenated# waters and lives on hard substrates (rocks, cement, stones and gravel). It is considered to be Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)), as the sites are managed as a recreational centre, and hence the species is vulnerable to changing water quality due to changes in resort management.",Decreasing,"Endemic to Spain this species is restricted to the thermal springs around Alhama de Aragón (Zaragoza), namely the thermal springs on the river Jalón (Balneario Martínez and Balneario Pallarés), both with a 1 km square.","There is little data on population trends, but the species was declining.","This species is found in thermal springs, canals and rivers. It requires very clean, well-oxygenated waters, which are high in calcium. It is usually in lentic (still or slow-moving) waters. It tolerates water temperatures between 31 and 37 ° C and lives on hard substrates (rocks, cement, stones and gravel).","The habitats where this species is found are very clean waters and  so are sensitive to habitat change. The species is very scarce at the  sites. The adjacent urban areas have high population pressure which  could lead to declining water quality due to run-off and extraction of  water. Currently the natural habitat of the species has been restricted by the nature of the springs in the resorts, so its survival depends on site management. A recently introduced species Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774) appears to be established at the same site and hence competition may become an issue as well as vulnerability to eradication programmes for the other species.",The species was assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in the Spanish Red List for Invertebrates (Verdu and Galante 2009) and is listed on the list of protected species in Aragon. Further work is required on monitoring changes in habitat quality as well as liaising with the resort managers to increase awareness of the species and the need for habitat management for the species as well as the resort (A. Martinez-Orti pers. comm. 2009),This species is not known to be utilized.,,"Martínez-Ortí, A.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,SORBEOCONCHA,MELANOPSIDAE,Melanopsis,praemorsa,,Melanopsis praemorsa,,"The taxonomy of this species is not resolved and requires further research. Formerly this species was viewed as being widespread throughout the  Mediterranean region, from the east (Greece, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon  (Nahr es Safa), Syria, and Turkey), through North Africa (Morocco,  Algeria, Tunisia) and Spain (e.g. Brown 1994). The distributional information is difficult to ascribe to a specific species, as some researchers have viewed all the Melanopsis type shells as praemorsa,  where other researchers split the records into specific species.#There  are many subspecies recognised, demonstrating variability in the shell  forms, as the species tends to be clonal and capable of  self-fertilisation. There are several species in the Mediterranean region and as here are numerous subspecies recognised, some of which may become full species with further revision. Taxon originally regarded as subspecies and synonyms from Spain have already been recognised as distinct taxa, as have species in Morocco (van Damme et al. 2010) and Israel (Heller et al. 2005; Bandel et al. 2007).",No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"The full range for this species is confused, due to issues with identification and old literature records cannot be used due to potential confusion with other taxa. At present it is now considered to be restricted to Spain, where it has a small range, along with other Melanopsis species that were previously regarded as M. praemorsa, but are now segregated as distinct species. It is listed as Data Deficient (DD) at the Mediterranean and European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union, due to the uncertain of the records in the region. Some of the habitats are currently under stress, prevalent in all water systems in the region, with pressures for extraction for water for agricultural irrigation as well as domestic water for villages and adjacent habitat.",Stable,"This species is now considered restricted to Spain (Bank et al. 2006) where it has been recorded from the southern slope of the Andalucia, Sierra Morena and the Betic Cordilleras to Valencia.# In Anadalucia, most of the known locations are distributed in the Guadaira river and its tributaries in the province of Seville, and the Guadalquivir river basin in the province of Huelva in upper parts of the river and even ditches. According to Barea-Azcón et al. (2008), the species has disappeared from the type locality (aqueduct of Sevilla) and its surroundings.",This species is abundant where present.,"Melanopsis praemorsa is found in rivers, lakes, springs and is tolerant to higher levels of salinity compared to other freshwater species.",No major conservation threats are known to the species# However the species has been lost from some of the sites in the region due to ‘water flow management’ for irrigation of crops and extraction of water of domestic supplies.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species. Although the species is tolerant to habitat change (salinity), it is at most risk from water over-abstraction and, as such, education/communication programmes are required for this and other freshwater species in the region. More research on the species taxonomy and distributional surveys are recommended.# The species was assessed as Data Deficient for the Spanish Red List (Verdú and Galante 2009).","There is some use by shell collectors, but not significant nor threatening the species.",,"Martínez-Ortí, A. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,SORBEOCONCHA,MELANOPSIDAE,Melanopsis,tricarinata,,Melanopsis tricarinata,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, and is found in the  Provinces of Tarragona, Teruel, Albacete, Guadalajara and Cuenca  (Bragado et al. 2010). There are threats to this species from grazing, over-abstraction of water, and an increase in seasonal droughts, but these are all considered to be localized and due to this and the species' widespread distribution in Spain, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, and is found in the Provinces of Tarragona, Teruel, Albacete, Guadalajara and Cuenca (Bragado et al. 2010). There are two subspecies currently recognised (M. tricarinata tricarinata and M. tricarinata dufouri). M. tricarinata tricarinata is found in Provinces of Tarragona, Teruel, Albacete and Cuenca (Bragado et al. 2010). M. tricarinata dufouri is found in Provinces of Albacete, Guadalajara and Cuenca.",There is no data on population trends for this species.,This species is found in freshwater springs and pools.,"There are localized threats to this species, as it is sensitive to changes in the habitat quality, so grazing at the pool edges, changes to the sites to abstract water and drying out of the pools due to seasonal droughts increasing and over-abstraction of water are all possible threats.","The species is considered to be Vulnerable (Vu B2ab(iii)) in Region Castilla-La Mancha (Bragado et al. 2010) due to few sites. It is considered to be Least Concern (LC) in Spain overall, due to a widespread distribution and hence there are no known conservation actions in place.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Mercuria,anatina,,Mercuria anatina,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Mercuria anatina has a range on coastal habitats of Northern Atlantic  countries, Ireland, United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Netherlands and  Germany and is considered to be Least Concern, although in some parts of the range it is locally threatened by habitat degradation.",Stable,"Mercuria anatina has a range on coastal habitats of Northern Atlantic countries, Ireland, United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Netherlands and Germany.","There is no population trend data available for Mercuria anatina, although it can be quite localised and abundant, in some regions habitats are in decline.",Mercuria anatina lives in coastal and brackish waters.,The main threats to Mercuria anatina are unknown.,No specific conservation measures are known or are recommended at present.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Mercuria,balearica,,Mercuria balearica,,"This species is considered by some as a synonym of Mercuria similis but it is assessed here as a valid species, as listed in Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006).",No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Mercuria balearica is recorded by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) from Spain (mainland and Balearic Islands) and Portugal (mainland and Madeira). With uncertain taxonomic status, the lack of distributional data and the lack of information on threats it is difficult to assess this species. However, if the range is confirmed as more widespread then it is likely that the species would be considered as Least Concern (LC). If it is considered as restricted to the Balaeric Islands, then it may be a candidate for a threatened status. Currently it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) at the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is listed from Spain (mainland), Baleares (Spain), Portugal (mainland) and Madeira (Portugal). Given the uncertain taxonomic status, the distribution may well be under-recorded, as many records may well be listed as Mercuria anatina. Beckmann (2007) listed the species from Menorca where it is known from Barranc de Cala En Porter, Torrent d'Algender bei Cala Galdana, Platges de Son Saura and Mao am Font d'en Simon.",The population size and trends of this species are unknown.,The habitats for this species are unknown.,The threats are not known for this species.,"No known conservation actions in place for this species, although taxonomic data and population and distribution data is required for a full assessment.",There is no use or trade information for this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Mercuria,baudoniana,,Mercuria baudoniana,,"This species requires a taxonomic review. It maybe conspecific with Mercuria bayonensis, as there is no anatomical information given in Falker et al. (2002); the main differentiation is shell size and the two species have ranges that lie adjacent to each other. It is assessed here as it is considered as a good species by Falkner et al. (2002), who synonymises Amnicola lanceolata Paladilhe 1869 described from St-Jean de Luz (Pyrénées-Atlantiques).",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Mercuria baudoniana is endemic to France. It requires a taxonomic review, as it maybe conspecific with Mercuria bayonensis, given that the  main differentiation is shell size and the two species have ranges that  lie adjacent to each other. It could be evaluated using the precautionary principle, which given the threats to the habitat, its restricted range and only two locations, this species would be listed as Vulnerable (VU B1ab(i,ii,iv)c(iii); D2). However it is listed as Data Deficient (DD), on both geographic and taxonomic grounds: more research is also needed on its distribution as it may be more widespread than currently known, and given the need for taxonomic review, the two reasons suggest that it should be listed as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"Mercuria baudoniana is endemic to France, where it is known from two isolated locations: the type locality Le Teich, near the Arcachon bassin (France) and Saint-Jean de Luz (Pyrénées Atlantiques), according to Falkner et al. (2002). Although the species is present in two isolated locations, it maybe present in suitable habitats on the shoreline between these two locations (V. Prie pers. comm. 2010).",There is no population trend data available for this species.,"This species lives in brackish water, estuaries and coastal lagoons.","The main threats to this species are unknown, but its habitat is vulnerable to urbanisation, coastal development and pollution (both from domestic and agricultural sources).","No known conservation actions are in place for this species, although taxonomic data and population and distribution data is required for full assessment.",This species is not utilized.,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Mercuria,bayonnensis,,Mercuria bayonnensis,,"This species requires a taxonomic review, as it maybe conspecific with Mercuria baudoniana, as there is no anatomical information given in Falker et al. (2002) and the main differentiation is shell size and the two species have ranges that lie adjacent to each other.",Yes,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"Mercuria bayonensis requires a  taxonomic review, as it maybe conspecific with Mercuria baudonian,  given that the  main  differentiation is shell size and the two species have ranges that  lie  adjacent to each other. It is evaluated using the precautionary  principle, as it is considered as a  good species by Falkner et al.  (2002).# Given the restricted range (its extent of occurrence is 1300 km2 and its area of occupancy is estimated to be 36 km2) and only a few locations, this  species  is considered Vulnerable B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii), as habitats are coastal near to towns, and  hence the target for pollution and development. Some more research is  needed on its distribution as it  may be more widespread than actually known.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to France and Spain, where it is local, only known from the Atlantic Pyrenees from St Jean de Luz to close to Bilbao, Spain ( Falkner et al. 2002).",There are no population trend data available for this species.,This species lives in coastal brackish waters.,"The main threats to this species are unknown. However, its habitat is vulnerable to tourism development, pollution and dams.","This species is not protected in France. Conservation actions recommended include taxonomic review of this species to evaluate the status compared to the other french range restricted species identified on shell morphology. Further data on distribution, threats and populations status.",,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Mercuria,edmundi,,Mercuria edmundi,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Data Deficient (DD) at the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union, as there is no detailed data on distribution, population trends and threats. Further data is required  to enable a conservation assessment, including distribution, population  trends and threats.",Unknown,"This species is listed by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) as present in the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal). There is little distributional data to refine the distribution, although Arconada et al. (2003) show the genus in the south-west of the Iberian Peninsula.",There is no known data on population trends for this species.,This is thought to be a species found in freshwater rivers.,The threats are not known for this species.,"There are no known conservation actions for this species.# Further data is required to enable a conservation assessment, including distribution, population trends and threats.",There is no use or trade information for this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Mercuria,emiliana,,Mercuria emiliana,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is listed by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) for France (mainland), Spain (mainland) and the Balearic Islands (Spain), but there is no detailed information on its distribution, population trends and threats. Therefore it is currently assessed as Data Deficient (DD) at the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union, pending further information.",Unknown,"This species is listed by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) as present in France, Spain and the Balearic Islands (Spain). There is little distributional data to refine the distribution.",There is no data on the population status of this species.,This is thought to be a species found in freshwater rivers and estuaries.,The threats are not known for this species.,"No known conservation actions are in place for this species, although taxonomic data and population and distribution data is required for a full assessment.",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Mercuria,maceana,,Mercuria maceana,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is listed by Fauna Europaea# (Bank et al. 2006) as present in Spain, however there there is no  detailed data on distribution, population trends and threats. There are no known actions for this species. Therefore this species has been assessed as Data Deficient (DD) at the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.  Further data is required to enable a conservation assessment, including  distribution, population trends and threats.",Unknown,"This species is listed by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) as present in the Iberian Peninsular (Spain). There is little distributional data to refine the distribution, although this is thought to be a species found in coastal lagoons and estuaries.",There is no data on the population status of this species.,This species is thought to be from freshwater rivers and estuaries.,The threats are not known for this species.,"No known conservation actions are in place for this species, although taxonomic data and population and distribution data is required for a full assessment.",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Mercuria,meridionalis,,Mercuria meridionalis,,,Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,iv)+2ab(i,iv)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,iv)+2ab(i,iv)",EU27,,"Mercuria meridionalis is considered threatened as it has a restricted range in southern France, in few freshwater springs which are vulnerable to human disturbance, close to settlements where water take-off is required. It is presumed extinct from one of the 2 locations. Therefore, the species is considered as Endangered (EN) B1ab(i,iv)+2ab(i,iv).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to France, where it is localised and#restricted to the southern parts of the departments Var and Alpes-Maritime on the south-east Mediterranean coast.",There are no population trend data available for this species.,This species lives in springs.,The main threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no known conservation actions. More research is needed on taxonomy, population size, trends and distribution, threats and habitat trends.",,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Mercuria,sarahae,,Mercuria sarahae,,"Falkner et al. 2002 noted that Boeters (1971) suspected this was a valid species based on conchological characters, however the presence of a different species has been confimed by dissection of topotypes from the type locality. However it may have been overlooked by collectors as this group are under-recorded.",Yes,CR,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",Yes,CR,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",EU27,,"Mercuria sarahae has only been reported from 2 localities, both estuarine situations on the western coast of France. One site is currently under pressure, as the oxbow lake is being slowly filled with mud and as such, this site could be lost without intervention. The other one is a historical record where the species has not been recorded for over 100 years, the locality was not well-defined and has probably been lost to urban development. It is possible that there may be more locations in other estuarine areas between these two sites, and if so then the conservation assessment will change. However given the threats to the northern site, which is at present the only known site, an assessment of Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(ii,iii,iv) is made on a precautionary basis.",Decreasing,"Mercuria sarahae is only known only from 2 localities : an oxbow lake in the Loire, being slowly filled with mud, but still receiving water at high tide, and a second locality around Rochefort (department Charente Maritime, coll. Morgan, MNHN), western France, where it has not been recorded in the last 100 years.",There is no population data available for this species.,"Freshwater species, in areas with a brackish influence at high tide, such as river oxbow and lagoons.","The main threats to this species are unknown, although sedimentation is the natural threat to one site.","Survey work is needed to establish if there are any sites where this species is found within the historical range, as well as taxonomic research on the status of the species incorporating a molecular approach.# Habitat management maybe required at the last known site.",The species is not known to be traded.,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Mercuria,similis,,Mercuria similis,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"EU27 regional assessment:# Least Concern. Mercuria similis is possibly close to Near Threatened (CK map, version  5.3.8), as the data from Malta and France are limited and it is  considered to be Near Threatened in Italy, the major part of the range,  where known threats include pollution of# river waters and habitat  degradation at the coast due to urbanization and land-use change.    European regional assessment:# Least Concern. Mercuria similis is present in southern part of the range,  where known threats include pollution of river waters and habitat  degradation at the coast due to urbanization and land-use change.  However, the species maybe under-recorded due to presence in marginal  habitats and identification issues, hence placed as least concern.  Mediterranean regional assessment:# Least Concern present in Northern Africa and France, Italy and Malta and the species maybe under-recorded due to presence in marginal  habitats and identification issues, hence placed as least concern although# pollution of# river waters and habitat  degradation at the coast due to urbanization and land-use change impacts local populations.",Unknown,"Bank et al (2009) gives the range as France, Italy and Malta. It is rather localised in the distribution, but widely scattered.# In Italy it was lost from 4 sites since 1900’s, and hence it is currently viewed as Near Threatened in the Italian Red List. In the mediterranean, it is also known from Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco in Africa.",The population status for Mercuria similis is currently unknown.,Mercuria similis has been found to inhabit coastal streams and rivers.,"In Italy, the currently known threats for Mercuria similis are pollution of# river waters and habitat degradation at the coast due to urbanisation and land use change.","Mercuria similis is listed as Near Threatened (CK map, version 5.3.8) in the Italian Red List, based on scattered localities in southern Italy and Sicily (14 localities).# Habitat monitoring would be recommended for this species, to assess whether it would meet the Near Threatened status in the future. #",,,"Cianfanelli, S., Prie, V., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Mercuria,tachoensis,,Mercuria tachoensis,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is listed by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) for Portugal, but as there is no detailed data on distribution, population trends and threats it has been assessed as Data Deficient (DD) at the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union, pending further information.",Unknown,This species is listed by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) as present in the Iberian Peninsular and is restricted to Portugal. There is little distributional data to refine the distribution.,There is no known data on population trends for this species.,The species is thought to be present in freshwater rivers and estuaries.,The threats are not known for this species.,"There are no known conservation actions for this species.# Further data is required to enable a conservation assessment, including information on distribution, population trends and threats.",There is no use or trade information for this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Mercuria,vindilica,,Mercuria vindilica,,"Considered as a valid species based on the anatomy (as listed in Falkner et al.,#2002).",Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)",EU27,,"Mercuria vindilica is endemic  to the island of Belle-île de mer, Western France. This is only known from a single location, an small island of 85km², with continuing decline of habitat inferred from pressure on water resources. It has disappeared from its type locality and is still found in small springs and streams on the island (Falkner et al. 2002) and hence it is assessed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv).",Decreasing,"Mercuria vindilica is endemic to the island of Belle-île de mer, Western France.",There is no population data available for this species.,This species was reported from in small freshwater streams on the island.,The main threats to the species are habitat degradation from water extraction and urban development.,Further surveys are necessary to confirm the status of the species on the island and possibly develop a plan for conservation action given the level of pressure on water resources on the island.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Mercuria,zopissa,,Mercuria zopissa,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"This endemic species is considered Near Threatened as there are 12 known sites on Sardinia and no extant populations known in Corsica. The threats are exploitation of water sources and pollution of groundwaters (Manganelli et al, 2001)",Unknown,"Bank et al (2009) lists this species' distribution as France (Corsica) and Italy. #In Italy#it is only found in Sardinia, where it is recorded from the western side of the island in about 12 localities. All localities have been surveyed in the last 30 years. The range in Corsica is unknown and there are no records in INPN (French National Inventory of Natural Heritage)",The population status for this species is unknown.,The species inhabits coastal streams and rivers.,"The threats to this species are exploitation of water sources and pollution of groundwaters (Manganelli et al, 2001).","The species is listed as Near Threatened (Manganelli et al., 2000) in the Italian Red List, but there are no conservation actions in place. Recommended Actions include habitat monitoring and resolving whether the Corsican populations are extant.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F., Manganelli, G. Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,UNIONOIDA,UNIONIDAE,Microcondylaea,bonellii,,Microcondylaea bonellii,,,Yes,VU,A2c,No,VU,A2c,EU27,,"This species has a relatively limited range in southern Europe, and is considered Vulnerable in Italy, based on the loss of populations across the country.# Given that these populations represent the major centre, with extinction in Switzerland and possible extinction in Lake Ohrid, this supports the evidence to maintain the evaluation as Vulnerable (VU) A2c based on c. 35% decline in populations over the range. This species has also been assessed at the regional level:  EU27 regional assessment:# Vulnerable A2ca at the level of the 27 member States of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment:# Vulnerable A2cMediterranean regional assessment:# Vulnerable A2c",Decreasing,"#The main range of this species is given as Switzerland and Italy in Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006; online database), however records of material in Lake Ohrid cited by Nagel and Hoffmeister (1986) may extend the range to Albania and the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia, so the species also inhabits river systems flowing into the Adriatic seas. This species is in decline in Italy, and in Lake Ohrid, despite intensive recent surveys, only a handful of eroded dead shells have been recorded (C. Albrecht, pers. com., 2009). Miensis (Triannual Unionid Report no 20, March 2000) reported that some viable populations within its former range of distribution have been rediscovered in northern Italy (Nagel and Hoffmeister 1986) and Croatia (Fischer 1999). Graf and Cummings (2007) noted that the range could extend to the Middle-East.","This species is in decline in Italy, and in Lake Ohrid, despite intensive recent surveys, only a handful of eroded dead shells have been recorded (C. Albrecht, pers. com., 2009).",This species is found in freshwater rivers and lakes.,The major threats are habitat degradation and pollution.,"This species is listed on the EU Habitats and Species Directive as a protected species on Annex V. This species has a relatively limited range in southern Europe, and is considered Vulnerable in Italy, and Extinct in Switzerland, and Possibly Extinct in Lake Ohrid.# Italian populations remain the stronghold for this species, and surveys continue on the status# in Northern Italy (Nagel et al. 2007).# Ex-situ breeding is a possible conservation action for this species, as are surveys and habitat monitoring.",This species is not used.,,"Albrecht, C., Bodon, M., Cianfanelli, S., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Micropyrgula,stankovici,,Micropyrgula stankovici,,This species is the only species currently known in the genus Micropyrgula.#,Yes,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU27,,"Micropyrgula stankovici is considered as Vulnerable D2, as although it is restricted to a single  location (Lake Ohrid), the rate of change in the declining quality of lake water is  not likely to significantly impact this species at current levels.  However, this species could very quickly become Endangered or Critically  Endangered B2ab(iii) if there are significant changes in water quality  or the water temperature, and so the species would benefit from regular review.",Unknown,"Micropyrgula stankovici is recorded from Lake Ohrid where it is found in the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania, but at most sites where it is recorded it is present in low abundance.",This species is found in low abundances (Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).,This is a freshwater lake species which is restricted to the sublittoral zone.,"The changes in the habitat quality within the sublittoral zone are not very well studied, and as such the knowledge base relates to generic threats to the lake. At present deforestation in the water catchment leads to erosion and increasing sediment load, which is thought to impact the habitats of this small freshwater gastropod. Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is also contaminating the water of the lake, leading to declining water quality.","There is no current conservation action in place for this species. However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. Monitoring water quality would enable the status of the species to be monitored, as it is sensitive to water pollution.  #",This species is not utilised.,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Milesiana,schuelei,,Milesiana schuelei,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"This newly described species is endemic to Spain where it is known from at least 15 locations. Arconada and Ramos (2006) considered the species to be Near Threatened as there had been losses from about 30% of the known sites in the last 20 years. Further surveys are needed to monitor changes in the distribution, population trends and threats to this species. In view of the threats from pressures on water resources in the region it is a potential candidate for a Vulnerable listing if current trends in loss of sites continues. However, at the moment, it is considered to be Near Threatened (NT).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT), as it does not occur in the 27 member States of the European UnionMediterranean regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Spain, where it is restricted to Andalucia (Arconada and Ramos 2006). It is known from 15-23 locations: Almeria (eight locations); Grenada (nine locations); Cadiz (one location); Malaga (four locations); and Jaen (one location).",In recent decades the region has witnessed the disappearance of species from ca. 30% of the springs because of the drying out of groundwater supplying these springs.,This species occurs in freshwater springs.,This species is considered to be threatened due to over-abstraction of water for domestic supplies and for agricultural use. There is also ongoing decline in groundwater recharges with increased frequency of droughts.,"Arconada and Ramos (2006) considered the species as Conservation Dependent, a category that is no longer used in the IUCN Red List assessment system. Proposed research actions include further surveys to determine distribution, population trends and threats to this species.",This species is not used.,,"Ramos, M. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Moitessieria,barrinae,,Moitessieria barrinae,,"This newly described species will require further studies to confirm relationships with other species from this complex genus, as currently it is only known from shells and although fresh shells were collected, no living specimens have been.# M.seminiana, described by Boeters (2003) on the basis of specimens from  interstitial waters from Majones river at Villareal de la Canal  (Huesca, Spain), is the species that most closely resembles M.barrinae. Alba et al. (2007) suggest that the less stout and less conical appearance, with less convex whorls, and a smaller size (shorter length and lesser number of whorls), permit to clearly distinguish M.barrinae from M.servaini. The species that most closely resemble M.barrinae by the small size and moderately stout appearance are M.cocheti Boeters  Falkner, 2003, M.heideae Boeters  Falkner, 2003, and M.seminiana Boeters, 2003. Regarding the two French species (M.cocheti and M.heideae), besides ornamentation, M.barrinae can be distinguished from them by its longer length and greater number of whorls, the lesser convexity of whorls, and the greater number of lines above the aperture.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This newly described species is only known from the type locality and there is no data on the threats to the taxa. However, as it was only described in 2007, the distribution is not yet confirmed as range-restricted, and further data is required on the relationships to other taxa, given that at present it is only known from shells and other species in the genus are known to be very variable in form (Prie pers. comm. 2010). As such it is listed as Data Deficient (DD), pending the outcome of further research.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe: Data Deficient (DD)EU27: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean: Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This newly described species is known from Font de la Barrinà [UTM 31T BF7327] (municipality of Horta de San Juan region of Terra Alta), close to Estrets de Quiquet en el Massís del Port in Catalunya in northern Spain. At present it is only known from a single location, but further surveys are needed in the region to confirm that this is a restricted range species.","Although fresh shells were collected, no living specimens have been, and the population status is uncertain.",The habitat of this species is unknown.,"The threats to this species are unknown, although there are generalised threats in the region, which could impact the    species, especially the pressure on water resources (extraction for    domestic and  agricultural purposes) and the possibility of impact from   increased  frequency of drought events.","There are no conservation actions for this species. Research is needed relating to the distribution, population, habitat and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Moitessieria,bourguignati,,Moitessieria bourguignati,,This species is known from only one specimen (juvenile) collected in the Garonne floodline debris near Toulouse. It was considered by Coutagne (1884) as conspecific with M. simoniana and M. fagoti. Taxonomic uncertainty makes it impossible to assess regarding the IUCN criteria.,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"The species is only known from a single shell, and hence the taxonomic status is unclear, as it may be another closely related species. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,This species is listed as endemic to France collected in the Garonne floodline debris near Toulouse,There is no population data available for this species.,This species lives in subterranean waters.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.",More research needs to be carried out on taxonomy for this species as it has only been identified by a single shell.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Moitessieria,calloti,,Moitessieria calloti,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Moitessieria calloti is endemic to France, where it is only known from a single  locality, groundwaters at Lagorce, in the Ardèche. The presence of this species at a single site, combined with potential threats to the groundwater, suggest the species should be listed as Vulnerable D2, as the rate of habitat decline is insufficient to merit listing as Critically Endangered, although should the rate of decline accelerate, this assessment would require review.EU27: Vulnerable (Vu D2)Europe: Vulnerable (Vu D2)",Unknown,"This species is endemic to France, where it is only known from the type locality, ""Fontaine de LaBatte, Lagorce (Ardèche)"".",There is no population data available for this species.,This species lives in subterranean waters.,"Although detailed threats to the species are unknown, the likely threats will be pollution of the groundwaters from agricultural sources and overabstraction of groundwater.",This species and its habitat should be monitored,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Moitessieria,cocheti,,Moitessieria cocheti,,This species is a recently described taxon. It could be a confusion with a juvenile specimen of Moitessieria locardi (see Bertrand 2004).,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This recently described species is believed to be a confusion with a juvenile Moitessieria locardi (V. Prie pers. comm. 2009), and as such, until the taxonomy issue is resolved, the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This species is listed as a endemic species from France and was described from ""Source de la Farre"" northwest of# Labastide-de-Virac.",There is no population data available for this species.,This species lives in subterranean waters.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.",There are no documented actions. This species requires more research on population trends and taxonomy.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Moitessieria,collellensis,,Moitessieria collellensis,,"This newly described species will require further studies to confirm relationships with other species from this complex genus, as currently it is only known from shells and although fresh shells were collected, no living specimens have been.#",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This newly described species is only known from the type locality and  there is no data on the threats to the taxa. However, as it was only  described in 2006, the distribution is not yet confirmed as  range-restricted, and further data is required on the relationships to  other taxa, given that at present it is only known from shells and other  species in the genus are known to be very variable in form (Prie pers.  comm. 2010). As such it is listed as Data  Deficient (DD), pending the outcome of further research.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe: Data Deficient (DD)EU27: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean: Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This newly described species is known from# Font d’en Collell (Albanyà, l’Alt Empordà) in Catalunya in northern Spain. At present it is only known from a  single location, but further surveys are needed in the region to confirm  that this is a restricted range species, as it has been described on the basis of shells only.","Only dead shells are known of this recently described species, but it was described as abundant and displaying a great variability, especially with regard to shape (relative width) of the shell.",This species inhabits freshwater springs.,"The threats to this species are unknown, although there are generalised threats in the region, which could impact the    species, especially the pressure on water resources (extraction for    domestic and  agricultural purposes) and the possibility of impact from   increased  frequency of drought events.",The conservation actions for this species are unknown.,This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Moitessieria,fontsaintei,,Moitessieria fontsaintei,,"This species was recently described from a few shells only. It is in need of taxonomic revision. According to the author of the description, it could be only a local form of Moitessieria simoniana.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is in need of taxonomic review, as according to the author of the species, it could be a form of Moitessieria simoniana (see Bertrand 2004), and as such is listed as Data Deficient (DD) pending review of the taxonomic status.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to France. It is known from the springs of Font-Sainte (Ustou), Borde de crue and Chapelle de Bincarède (Seix). A specimen from flood debris of Exergue river (Porté-Puymorens) is attributed to this species.",There is no population data available for this species.,This species lives in subterranean waters.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.","No conservation actions are documented for this species, however, it does need to undergo taxonomic review.",,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Moitessieria,foui,,Moitessieria foui,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Moitessieria foui is only known from the type locality in Castellon where it has never been found living.# It is not listed as Threatened in the Spanish Red List (Verdú and Galante 2009), however this does not cover all of the Spanish species.# This species could be considered Data Deficient, given that it has recently described in the last 10 years, and further sites maybe forthcoming. However, given that it is only known from a single location, with the potential threats to freshwater habitats in this region, it has been listed as Vulnerable (VU).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe: Vulnerable (VU D2)EU27: Vulnerable (VU D2)Mediterranean: Vulnerable (VU D2).",Unknown,"Moitessieria foui is a recently described species which is endemic to the North-east of Spain, known only from Tarragona, where it is found in Cova de la Fou - 6km South-west of Falset, approximately 5km South-east of Capcanes, Province Tarragon, which is a small temporary resurgence cave.  #",No living specimens of this species have ever been found.,This species is found in subterranean groundwaters.,"There are generalised threats in the region, which could impact the species, especially the pressure on water resources (extraction for domestic and agricultural purposes) and the possibility of impact from increased frequency of drought events.","There are no species-specific conservation actions known to be# in place. Research on threats, population status and distribution are required to fully evaluate the status of this species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Moitessieria,guadelopensis,,Moitessieria guadelopensis,,"The taxon has been treated here as a species, but is one of several species of Moitessieria that are known only based on their shells, and that would benefit from a taxonomic review incorporating molecular systematics.",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Moitessieria guadelopensis is a restricted range species, which has been recently described (Boeters 2003), and at present it is only known from a single river system, where it has been recorded at 2 locations. Given the pressure on water resources (extraction for domestic and agricultural purposes) and the possibility of impact from increased frequency of drought events, the species should be considered to be potentially vulnerable, unless survey work shows a more extensive range. This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe: Vulnerable (VU D2)EU27: Vulnerable (VU D2)Mediterranean: Vulnerable (VU D2).",Unknown,"Moitessieria guadelopensis is endemic to eastern Spain, where it is only known from two sites on the Rio Guadelope in the Province of Teruel:   ######## Calanda, bridge at Torrevelilla, Rio Guadelope, Province Teruel (UTM grid square YL356349), interstitial water   ######## Bridge 3 km South of Alcaniz, Rio Guadelope, Province Teruel (UTM grid square YL3944), interstitial water.  #",The population trends for this species are unknown.,This freshwater species is found in interstitial water in river beds where it is found living at 9.6°C.# It occurs in the drainage basin with the species M.lludrigaensis (Boeters 2003).,"There are generalised threats in the region, which could impact the species, especially the pressure on water resources (extraction for domestic and agricultural purposes) and the possibility of impact from increased frequency of drought events.","#There are no conservation measures for this species. It has not been considered in the recent Spanish Red List (Verdú and Galente 2009). There are generalised threats in the region, which could impact the species, therefore habitat monitoring is recommended. As this species has been recently describes research relating to its distribution is required to confirm it is a range restricted species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Martínez-Ortí, A.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Moitessieria,heideae,,Moitessieria heideae,,This species is only known from shells. It is very similar to Moitessieria locardi. It is in need of a taxonomic revision.,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Moitessieria heideae is  restricted to three cave systems around Les Angles, Department (30), France, where there is currently a slow decline in the habitat quality, as the result of groundwater pollution. The rate of decline is insufficient to cause extinction in the short-term, ans so the species is considered to be Near Threatened B2a,b(iii), however should the rate of decline accelerate, the species will require review as it could be Endangered.",Unknown,"Moitessieria heideae is restricted to three cave systems around Les Angles, Department (30), France.",There is no population data available for this species.,This species lives in subterranean waters.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural sources (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides). Lowering of groundwater levels may impact the species, and thus maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.",There are no conservation actions for this species.,There is no known trade in this species.,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Moitessieria,juvenisanguis,,Moitessieria juvenisanguis,,"This species has never been found alive, but is considered as a valid species by everyone.",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,Moitessieria juvenisanguis#is endemic to France and is restricted to two locations only. It lives in subterranean waters and is therefore vulnerable to human impacts on water quality. It is listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.,Unknown,Moitessieria juvenisanguis#is endemic to France and is restricted to the type locality in the#department#Aude (France) and to the Douctdouyre bassin in#departement#Ariège.,There is no population trend data available for this species.,This species lives in subterranean waters.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Groundwater recharge maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited combined with droughts in the region, as domestic water supplies from villages and towns are largely taken from springs and aquifers.","This species is protected in France. More research on the population, distribution and threats is needed.",,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Moitessieria,lescherae,,Moitessieria lescherae,,"Previously considered as a sub-species of Moitessieria simoniana, but easily distinguished by conspicuous shell characters. This species is now included in the genus Sorholia (Boeters Falkner 2009).",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Moitessieria lescherae is not a restricted range species and its habitat in the Pyrenees is not likely to be severely threatened, as at present it is present in less developed regions of France.# Therefore, it is considered as Least Concern.Also regionally Moitessieria lescherae is recognised as:EU27:# Least Concern (within the 27 European Union countries)Europe:# Least Concern",Unknown,"Moitessieria lescherae occurs in France, in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques and Hautes-Pyrénées, on the Adour drainage.",There are no population data available for species Moitessieria lescherae.,Moitessieria lescherae inhabits in subterranean waters.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited. In this region of the Pyrenees, neither agriculture nor urbanization can be considered an important threat at present.",Moitessieria lescherae is a protected species in France.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Moitessieria,lludrigaensis,,Moitessieria lludrigaensis,,"The taxon has been treated here as a species, but is one of several species of Moitessieria that are known only based on their shells, and that would benefit from a taxonomic review incorporating molecular systematics.",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Not listed by Verdú and Galente (2009) in the Spanish Red List, and hence not considered as a threatened species in Spain. The species has been recently described, and the threats to the site are unknown, and the extent of the species is difficult to assess.# However at present it is only known from the type locality in Lludriga in interstitial waters in a spring, a site which is vulnerable to disturbance and water flow management, so qualifies as Vulnerable (VU D2), with the possibility of upgrading the category pending further threats and distribution information.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe: Vulnerable (VU D2)EU27: Vulnerable (VU D2)Mediterranean: Vulnerable (VU D2).",Unknown,"Moitessieria lludrigaensis# is endemic to the North-east of Spain, known from Tarragona only. Fuente Llundriga - approximately 2km South-east of Capafonts and 12km West-north-west of Alcover, province Tarragona.",The population trends of this species are unknown.,This species inhabits interstitial waters and was discovered in a spring which drains to the Ebro river.,"The specific threats to locations where this species is present are unknown, but there are general threats from water flow management and abstraction in the region.","There are no species-specific conservation actions  known to be# in place. Research on threats, population status and  distribution are required to fully evaluate the status of this species. Habitat monitoring is recommended due to the general threats to freshwater habitats in the region from water abstraction.",This species is not utilized.,,"Arconada, B. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Moitessieria,locardi,,Moitessieria locardi,,Moitessieria locardi is considered as a valid species by every author.,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Moitessieria locardi is now reassessed as Least Concern based on widespread habitats and wide extent of occurrence over 9700km2. This species was originally assessed in 1996 as Vulnerable D2 (Bouchet in Baillie  Groombridge, 1996), based on a record, however apparently in error, as the species is more widespread.# Moitessieria locardi is also considered Least Concern in the regional assessments of Europe and the 27 European Union countries.",Unknown,"Moitessieria locardi is endemic to France, where is is found widely in the departments of Ardèche, Gard, Vaucluse, Drôme, Var, Alpes de Hautes-Provence, Alpes Maritimes and Alpes de Haute-Provence.",There is no population data available for Moitessieria locardi.,Moitessieria locardi inhabits subterranean waters.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.",Moitessieria locardi is listed as a protected species in France.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Moitessieria,massoti,,Moitessieria massoti,,"This species is considered as a valid species. The population studied by Bodon and Guisti (1991) from Sardinia is considered to be conspecific with M. massoti. Given the taxonomic doubt about these, they are not included in this assessment.",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Moitessieria massoti massoti is now  considered to be restricted to the department of Pyrénées-Orientales  (France), where it is known from the Agly drainage basin only. This species is known from one location only and is therefore vulnerable to human impacts on water quality. However, this locality is not subject to excessive human pressure and the hence, at present this species is not endangered, so has been listed as Vulnerable D2, rather than Endangered. The sub-populations from  Sardinia were not  included in the above  assessment, as these may represent a different  species (Prie pers. comm. 2010).# The Red List assessment for these subpopulation should be recorded. At present the range on Sardinia represents 7 different sub-populations scattered over central-eastern Sardinia. These sites range from 5m ASL to 750 m ASL, and are largely springs.# One site (Su Cologne) is known to be disturbed with potential loss of all species (Manganelli et al. 2000).# The status of this taxon is Italy was considered to be Least Concern.",Unknown,"Moitessieria massoti is now considered to be restricted to the department of Pyrénées-Orientales (France), where it is known from the Agly drainage basin only, and although recorded from a spring, as this is a groundwater species, it is assumed to live in a underlying aquifer system.The sub-populations from Sardinia are considered to be in need of taxonomic revision and are not included in this assessment, as these may represent a different species (Prie pers. comm. 2010) The range on Sardinia represents 7 different sub-populations scattered  over central-eastern Sardinia. These sites range from 5m ASL to 750 m  ASL, and are largely springs.",There is no population data available for this species.,"This species lives in subterranean waters, but is also found in freshwater springs.","Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited. The aquifer where M. massoti lives is slightly salted and suitable for human consumption. Water abstraction for domestic purpose should therefore not be an important threat. The area is at present relatively free of major pollution, but a single event could affect the only locality and the species is therefore very vulnerable.","This species is protected in France. Habitat monitoring (water quality, sediment load and nitrates) would be recommended to get an indication of habitat changes that would impact this species as well as further survey data on the population status and taxonomic review of the Italian sub-populations, which are possibly not this species (Prie pers. comm. 2010).",This species is not known to be traded.,,"Prie, V., Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Moitessieria,meijersae,,Moitessieria meijersae,,"The taxon has been treated here as a species, but is one of several species of Moitessieria that are known only based on their shells, and that would benefit from a taxonomic review incorporating molecular systematics.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species has been recently described from surveys in the last 10 years and as such there is limited data on population status, distributions and threats. It is a species  living in interstitial waters, and as such maybe vulnerable to water pollution from  domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. If  the aquifers are overexploited, then falling water levels may also  impact the species.# The species could be listed as Data Deficient, Vulnerable (VU D2) or Critically Endangered, depending on the severity of threats to the species, however at present these are generalised threats, and it is  not known whether they impact this species and as such it is listed as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27: Data Deficient (DD)Europe: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean: Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Spain, where it is only known from a single site in interstitial waters at Río Bergantes, by the bridge at Villores, province Castellón (UTM: YL374062).","There is no data on the population status of this species, but it has only been recently described from surveys in the last 10 years.",This species inhabits interstitial waters in a river system.,"Species living in subterranean habitats and interstitial waters are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. If the aquifers are overexploited, then falling water levels may also impact the species.# However these are generalised threats, and it is not known whether they impact this species.","There are no species-specific conservation actions known to be# in place. Research on threats, population status and distribution are required to fully evaluate the status of this species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Arconada, B. Ramos, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Moitessieria,mugae,,Moitessieria mugae,,"This newly described species will require further studies to confirm relationships with other species from this complex genus, as currently it is only known from shells and although fresh shells were collected, no living specimens have been.#",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This newly described species is only known from the type locality and   there is no data on the threats to the taxa. However, as it was only   described in 2006, the distribution is not yet confirmed as   range-restricted, and further data is required on the relationships to   other taxa, given that at present it is only known from shells and other species in the genus are known to be very variable in form (Prie  pers.  comm. 2010). As such it is listed as  Data  Deficient (DD), pending the outcome of further research.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe: Data Deficient (DD)EU27: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean: Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Spain, where it is only known from the type locality at Font d'en Collell, Albanyà, l'Alt Empordà, Province Gerona,[UTM 31TDG7584].",There is no population data for this species.,This species inhabits interstitial water in river systems.,"The threats to this species are unknown, although there are generalised threats in the region, which could impact the    species, especially the pressure on water resources (extraction for    domestic and  agricultural purposes) and the possibility of impact from   increased  frequency of drought events.","There are no species-specific conservation actions known to be# in place. Research on threats, population status and distribution are required to fully evaluate the status of this species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Moitessieria,nezi,,Moitessieria nezi,,"This is a recently described species, known only from shells deposit in a small spring in Rebenacq.",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Moitessieria nezi is now    considered to be restricted to the department of Pyrénées-Atlantique    (France), where it is known from the Rebenacq drainage basin only. This  species is known from  one location only and is therefore vulnerable to  human impacts on water  quality, however, this locality is not subject  to excessive human  pressure and hence, at present  this species is listed as Vulnerable (VU) D2,  rather than  endangered.",Unknown,"Moitessieria nezi is restricted to a single location, Rebenacq in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France.",There is no population data available for this species.,This species lives in subterranean waters.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited. However, the place where M. nezi lives in the Pyrenees is not affected by human pressure.",There are no known conservation actions. More research on the population and distribution is needed.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Moitessieria,notenboomi,,Moitessieria notenboomi,,"The taxon has been treated here as a species, however Moitessieria would benefit from a taxonomic review incorporating molecular systematics.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species has been recently described from surveys  in the last 10 years and as such there is limited data on population  status, distributions and threats. It is a species  living in  interstitial waters, and as such maybe vulnerable to water pollution  from  domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads,  herbicide and pesticides) sources. If  the aquifers are overexploited,  then falling water levels may also  impact the species.# The species  could be listed as Data deficient, Vulnerable (VU D2) or Critically  Endangered, depending on the severity of threats to the species, however  at present these are generalised threats, and it is  not known whether  they impact this species and as such it is listed as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This recently described species was found in northern Spain, where it is currently known from a single location, Río Areta, Puente en Lumbier, Ripodas, Urraul Bajo in Province Navarra.",There is no population trend data for this recently described species.,This species inhabits interstitial water in river systems.,"The threats to this species are uncertain. It is a species  living in  interstitial waters, and  as such maybe vulnerable to water pollution  from  domestic (sewage and  run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads,  herbicide and pesticides)  sources. If  the aquifers are overexploited,  then falling water levels  may also  impact the species.","There are no species-specific conservation actions known to be# in place. Research on threats, population status and distribution are required to fully evaluate the status of this species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Moitessieria,olleri,,Moitessieria olleri,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Moitessieria olleri occurs in  Spain and France. Tarruella et al. (2008) considered the French records to be large forms, and suggest that Bertrand's (2004) French records might not be M.  olleri. In Spain it is recorded from  Catalonia, where it is restricted in range, with 11 locations, nine of which are closely located to the type locality, and as such, it is candidate for threatened status, but has been placed as Near Threatened (almost meeting the criteria B2), pending a further review of the records.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27:# Near Threatened (NT) Europe: Near Threatened (NT) Mediterranean: Near Threatened (NT)",Unknown,"Moitessieria olleri occurs in Spain and France. In France it was recorded once by Bertrand (2004), but the French record might not be M. olleri (V. Prie, pers. comm, 2009). In Spain it is recorded from Catalonia, where it is restricted in range to an area of approximately 400 km², with most  located in the 10x10 km square UTM DG22 near the type locality, and the other two sites separated more than 25 km of these towns.","There are no population trend data available for this species, although it has been recently collected.","Believed to be living in subterranean waters, although shell records have come from springs and interstitial waters of the riverbed (V. Prie, pers. comm., 2009).","Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.",A small stygobitic snail from the family Moitessieriidae which is included in the Annex 4 (“Species of fauna strictly protected”) of the Decret 328/1992 of the Generalitat de Catalunya (Tarruella et al. 2008).#,There is no known trade in this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Moitessieria,robresia,,Moitessieria robresia,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is only known from one locality and could be considered as Crtically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)) in view of general #threats to water resources, however there is no current data on the threats to these sites, and this species was not listed in the Spanish Atlas of Critically Endangered and Endangered Invertebrates (Verdú and Galente 2009) and as such should be viewed as Data Deficient (DD) (Arconada and Rolan 2009).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe: Data Deficient (DD)EU27: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean: Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This species is only known from two sites, both wells, in province Teruel in northern Spain.   ######## 0.8km off Valderrobres, East of road between Valderrobres-Arnés, Province Teruel (UTM grid square BF610287), dug well   ######## Cretas, 7.6 km off Valderrobres, South of Road Valderrobres-Arnés, province Teruel (UTM grid square BF663308), dug well.  #",There is no population trend data for this recently described species.,The living animals are found in interstitial waters in dug wells.,"No threats are currently known, but this species lives in groundwater in a region where groundwater is exploited as a water source for domestic supplies villages.","No conservation actions are known for this species, however habitat monitoring and further surveys to determine the geographical range of this species would be recommended.",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Moitessieria,rolandiana,,Moitessieria rolandiana,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,Moitessieria rolandiana is a widespread species in southern France. It is relatively common in its range and is therefore considered least concern.,Stable,This species is present in Southern France where it is recorded widely from both the Mediterranean and Atlantic drainages.,"There is no population data available for this species, but it seems common at least under the riverbeds.","This species lives in subterranean waters and underneath the riverbeds, where it is mostly collected alive.","Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.",This species is protected by law in France.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Moitessieria,seminiana,,Moitessieria seminiana,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is only known from one locality and possibly should be considered as Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)) in view of general #threats to water resources, however there is no current data on the threats to these sites, and this species is not listed in the Spanish Atlas of Critically Endangered and Endangered Invertebrates (Verdú and Galante 2009) and as such should be viewed as Data Deficient (DD) (Arconada and Rolan pers. comm. 2009).#This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe: Data Deficient (DD)EU27: (Data Deficient)Mediterranean: (Data Deficient).",Unknown,"This recently described species is known only from from province Huesca in northern Spain: 0.5km North of Villareal de la Canal, Rio de Marjones, Province Huesca (UTM grid square XN734236).",There is no information on population trends for this species.,This species is found in interstitial water. Living animals are sympatric with Moitessieria serveini in interstitial waters of a river bed.,"There is no data available on threats to this species, but there are probably generalised threats from groundwater abstraction and pollution.","No conservation actions are known for this species, however habitat monitoring and further surveys to determine the geographical range of this species would be recommended.",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Moitessieria,servaini,,Moitessieria servaini,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Spain in several widely spaced localities and possibly could be  considered as Near Threatened in view of general threats to water  resources, however there is no current data on the threats to these  sites, and the species is not listed in the Spanish Red List (Verdú and Galante 2009)  and as such should be viewed as Data Deficient (DD) (Arconada and Rolan  pers. comm. 2010).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This Spanish endemic is known from several localities in the provinces of Castellón, Huesca, Zaragoza and Navarra in northern Spain:   ###### Bridge of Villores, Rio Bergantes, Province Castellón (UTM grid square YL374062), interstitial water   ###### Aguavuva, close to border Teruel-Castellón, end of road Zorita de maestrazgo-Aquaviva, Rio Bergantes,# Province Castellón (UTM grid square 409192), interstitial water   ###### 6.2 km off Morella, South-east road Morella-Cinctorres, Mas de Sabtaé, Province Castellón (UTM grid square YK413982), dug well   ###### Angües, bridge of road north 240 Barbastro-Huesca, Rio Alcanadre, Province Huesca (UTM grid square YM391636), Interstitial water   ###### 0.5 km north de Villareal de le Canal, Rio de Majones, Province Huesca 9UTM grid square XN734236), interstitial water   ###### Puendeluna, bridge, Rio Gallego, Province Zaragoza (UTM grid square XM851695), interstitial water   ###### Urraul Bajo, Ripodas, bridge at Lumbier, Rio Areta, Province Navarra (UTM grid square XN391274), interstitial water   ###### 16 km north-north-west of Falset, at Margalef de Montsant, Riu Montsant 3km upstream of Margalef C. 400 m, Province Tarragona (UTM grid square CF17), interstitial water   ###### 20 km east-north-east of Les Borges Blanques, Nalec, 50 m South of Riu Corb, c. 500 m ASL, Province Tarragona (UTM grid square CG40), well   ###### 17 km south-east of Vallfogona de Riucorb, at Santa Perpetua de Gaia, Riu Gaia, c. 600 m ASL, Province Tarragona (UTM grid square CF69)",There is insufficient information to determine population trends of this species.,"This species inhabits subterranean waters, mostly interstitial. It is also found in a well. This species is sympatric with M.meijersae, M.seminiana and M.notenboomi.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"No conservation actions are known for this species, however habitat monitoring and further surveys to determine the geographical range of this species are recommended.",This species is not utilized.,,"Arconada, B. Ramos, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Moitessieria,simoniana,,Moitessieria simoniana,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Moitessieria simoniana is relatively widespread, however in France its habitat is facing very high pressure, due to water abstraction and increased frequency of drought. As these pressures are increasing, it is likely to cause a decrease in the habitat quality over future years. As the population continues to grow with the need for water supplies, we see a greater impact from climate change increasing droughts. It is therefore considered to be a candidate for Near Threatened status in France.# However, it is also present at 17 different locations in Italy, some of which are also under threat. Consequently, if it is a candidate for Near Threatened, currently the number of known localities means it is still listed as Least Concern. A programme of habitat and population monitoring is strongly suggested for this species in view of the current threats to the species. The species was previously listed as Least Concern, reflecting the wide range of the species (Bouchet in Baillie and Groombridge 1996).",Unknown,"In France, it is known from four departments, Aude, Pyrénées-Orientales, Ariège, Tarn and in Italy it is known from 17 locations in the NW regions of Liguria and# Piemonte, but the distribution is not continuous.",There are no population data available.,"This species lives in subterranean waters, and possibly in the water flowing under the riverbeds.",This species is living in subterranean waters and is sensitive to water pollution and reduction in the groundwater table through extraction. Gradual eutrophication of the rivers may affect sub populations living underneath the riverbeds.# In the long term increased frequency of seasonal droughts may impact the species through falling levels of groundwater degrading habitat.,"This species is nationally protected in France. In Italy is is considered to be Least Concern, given the number of locations.",,,"Prie, V., Bodon, M., Cianfanelli, S., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,SPHAERIIDAE,Musculium,lacustre,,Musculium lacustre,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is widespread in Europe, and is found in many types of water-body, and hence it is not considered to be threatened, nor to be in need of conservation actions, and therefore it is listed as Least Concern (LC) at the European regional assessment and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Unknown,"This species is widespread throughout Europe (Bank et al. 2006) although rarer in the south-eastern Mediterranean, where it is present at several locations in Syria and Turkey. The range is probably Holarctic, and although it occurs principally in Europe, it has been widely spread elsewhere (e.g. China, Hong Kong).",Information on the population status and trend of this species has not been given.,"Musculium lacustre occurs in a wide range of freshwater habitats in hard or soft water, but it is most frequently occurring in swamps, ponds and marsh drains, or in the well-vegetated margins of rivers and canals (Killeen pers. comm. 2009). The species is tolerant of moderately polluted water or stagnant, poorly oxygenated conditions, and places subject to periods of drought.# In poor environments M. lacustre may be the only bivalve present. M. lacustre occurs on muddy substrates often over anoxic mud, and frequently where there is a dense vegetation cover.# It generally occurs crawling amongst weeds and at the substrate/weed interface. It is mostly a very shallow water, lowland species often occurring in habitats which are subject to some seasonal drying.","There are no current threats to this species.   However the types of habitat required by the species are frequently considered to have very little conservation value, and thus, they are especially vulnerable to land drainage and pollution, water abstraction, changes in agricultural practice, and destruction and infilling of pools.",This species is viewed as Least Concern in many European countries.# It is listed as Vulnerable in Germany (Glöer and Meier-brook 2003). There are no current or suggested conservation actions for this species.,This species is not utilized.,,"Kebapçı, U., Killeen, I. Van Damme, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,SPHAERIIDAE,Musculium,transversum,,Musculium transversum,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is not considered to be native to Europe, and as such the species should be assessed as Not Applicable (NA) at the European regional assessment and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union as it is an introduced species to this region.",Decreasing,"This is a North American species widely introduced to parts of Europe. It was first reported in England in the mid 19th century, and also cited from The Netherlands (Kerney 1999).","The species was more common last century and has been declining in the UK, where it was established in the 19th century (I. Killeen and M. Seddon pers. comm. 2009).","This species is known from canals in Germany and The Netherlands.                 In England this species has been recorded only from canals and canalised rivers (Kerney 1999). The records from Europe are also from such habitats. In its native North America the species occurs in a much wider range of freshwater habitats including rivers, creeks, ponds and pools. Kerney (1999) notes that the species prefers a muddy substrate and can tolerate anaerobic bottom conditions. The most recent record from England (Lindley 2006) records specimens from thick mud in a managed canal in north Yorkshire.","This species is moderately tolerant of polluted habitats and is under no threat in Europe, where it is potentially expanding its range.",No conservation measures are needed for this species.,There is no information relating to the trade or use of this species.,,"Killeen, I. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,EUPULMONATA,ELLOBIIDAE,Myosotella,denticulata,,Myosotella denticulata,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Although the distribution and population trends of the species are not certain, the widespread nature of the species within the region suggests that it should be regarded as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)",Unknown,"This brackish water species is widespread in Northern Europe, especially on the Atlantic coasts, extending into the western Mediterranean. Bank et al. (Fauna Europea 2006) list the range as Netherlands, Belgium, France (Mainland), Corsica (France), Madeiran Islands (Portugal), Azores (Portugal), Balearic Islands (Spain), Spain (Mainland).",There is no recent data on population status or trends for this species.,"This species occurs on edges of brackish water bodies, usually on mud or under vegetation, estuaries, saltmarshes and lagoons.","The major threats lie in change of habitat such as conversion and reclamation of land for industrial areas, harbour developments, construction of sea-defences, leading to habitat loss for the species.","In most countries, the status has not been assessed, as it lies in the interface between marine and freshwaters, hence more data is required on distribution and threats to the species.",This species is used.,,"Seddon, M. Killeen, I.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,DREISSENIDAE,Mytilopsis,leucophaeata,,Mytilopsis leucophaeata,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This non-native species is thought to have spread to Europe as early as 1835 with  records close to ports and canals over northern Europe. It is invasive, and as such this species is unlikely to be impacted by any major threats, although in parts of the range it is targeted for removal. It is considered as Not Applicable.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Not Applicable at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Not Applicable.",Increasing,"This species is thought to have spread to Europe as early as 1835 with records from Belgium, where it gradually dispersed along coasts, and  is now found along the North Sea coasts from Germany to France,  including the Thames Estuary and Cardiff# Bay in Great Britain (Oliver et al. 1998). There are records from the Baltic Sea in 2000, when it was found near Rostock. In 2003 it had further dispersed to the Gulf of Finland (Laine et al. 2006). In 1996 it was found at a salinity of 15 ppt in Wales, UK (Oliver et al. 1998), and in 2003 it was identified from the estuary of the river Guadalquivir in Spain (Escot et al. 2003). In all cases where localities are described these have been man-made, such as ports and canals, or very close to ports.","There is no data on population trends, but the range is believed to be expanding.","It is found in brackish and marine waters, in docks, lagoons and canals. It was found near Rostock in a salinity of 0.7-2.5ppt (Darr Zettler 2000) and salinity of 15 ppt in Wales, UK (Oliver et al. 1998).","This species is unlikely to be impacted by any major threats, although in parts of the range it is targeted for removal.",There are no conservation actions necessary as this is an invasive species.,This species is not utilized.,,"Vavrova, L.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,LYMNAEIDAE,Myxas,glutinosa,,Myxas glutinosa,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is rare in the southern parts of its range, and in these countries it is considered threatened or even possibly extinct. In the northern stronghold it is considered stable, and there is no evidence of decline in Sweden. There are no known threats in the northern part of the range, whereas in the south loss of habitat and declining quality of habitat are the main issues. The species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union, although the species may qualify for Near Threatened (NT) if the northern populations start to decline, or if the levels of extirpation in the south were to be confirmed by repeated surveys over the right time of the year.",Decreasing,"This species is mainly found in the Northern European area whereas it is scattered in the lowlands of Central and Eastern Europe and is possibly extinct in many of its former localities. Fauna Europaea lists the following countries: Belgium, Great Britain, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Russia, Latvia, Lithuania, Northern Ireland, Poland, Sweden, The Netherlands, Ukraine (Bank et al. 2006). However, it is frequently under-recorded, as surveys for the species need to be carried out at the right time of the year.Outside Europe the species is recorded from south part of West Siberia, northern part of Central Siberia (eastward to Ob mouth), northern Kazakhstan (Kantor et al. 2009)","In northern Europe it reproduces early, when sea-ice is melting and this is the only time to find mature individuals. The species is only a short-lived species, so assessment period over 10 years. There are no comprehensive data about population available. However it is thought that there is a regional decline in population size. Although as it is a naturally rare species it is difficult to  record. Recent surveys have failed to locate this species at a former site near Oxford (Kennington Pit) in the U.K. It is present only in a single mesotrophic lake in  Wales, Llyn Tegid. This is a 50% decline in terms of sites in the U.K. supporting the species (UK BAP report). The last record of the species in the Czech Republic is from 1950s. In Ireland it has been lost from 50% of the  sites in the last 30 years and is mainly found in the Royal and Grand Canals (Bryne et al. 2009). E. Moorkens and I. Killeen considered that#the Irish populations were  globally important suggesting that they represented up to 50% of the  global population (Bryne et al. 2009). In Germany it is found in the north. In Schleswig-Holstein there are very     few populations left. The Red List indicates a 90% decline since 1960 in the Netherlands (Bruyne et al. 2003). In Finland the species has a restricted range as it has in Norway, where it is confined to the south-east. However, in Sweden the species has a large range, with scattered sites along the Baltic  Sea.","The species prefers water bodies with very clear water, which is free from fine sediments and nitrate or phosphate pollution, and a firm substratum on which the snail can crawl. A preference for hard water has been noted in the U.K., although calcium levels in Llyn Tegid are relatively low (H. Jones, in litt.). They inhabit generally small, mesotrophic to eutrophic lakes with a dense vegetation.A population of M. glutinosa in one of the lakes (Lake Bolstaholm) was monitored over two seasons. In spring, individuals live on rocks where they feed on epilithic algae and propagate, then die. In late summer the new generation hatches and is mainly found on leaves of water lilies. During this time they grow, feeding either on epiphytic algae or on decaying leaves. In late autumn, having reached their adult size, they descend to deeper water to hibernate.",A main threat is from habitat degradation from eutrophication and changes in water levels.,"There are species actions plans in various European countries. In the UK, the species is listed on the Biodiversity Action Plan requiring monitoring of the habitats on a regular basis. This is a naturally rare species and is difficult to  record. The species is thought to be declining throughout much of its range so more data on the species distribution, population and habitat trends and threats are of importance to monitor this.",This species is not utilized.,,"von Proschwitz, T. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Narentiana,albida,,Narentiana albida,,"The species was originally placed in the Orientaliinae	(Orientaliidae) (Radoman 1973).",Yes,NT,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is present in Croatia and Bosnia  and Herzegovina. It is known from 8-10 localities being present over the Neretva River and other catchments, and may be more widespread. There is insufficient data on trends to confirm this however (Radoman  1983). There have been great changes in the water regime of the Neretva River  and its tributaries as a consequence of the construction of the hydro-electric  power plant Capljina which may have threatened the species, as well as drying out of springs. Due to the small range and the low number of sites it is listed as Near Threatened (NT) approaching criteria B. If the threats are found to be impacting the species the assessment will need to be upgraded.",Unknown,"This species is listed by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006)as being endemic to Croatia. However, the type locality was a freshwater spring near the north coast of Bacina lake, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is also known from the lower#Neretva River#(Radoman 1983): localities include Cevljusa village near Ploce Town, Desilo in Barjevci village (Svitavsko blato), Lukavac near Bajevci, spring near Romici village, 10 km from Metkovic town and at Sladinac below tunnel draining Becinsko jezero.",There is no data on the population status of this species.,This species is known from freshwater springs.,"There have been great changes in the water regime of the Neretva River and its tributaries, and in particular the disturbance of the natural balance as the consequence of the construction of the hydro-electric power plant Capljina, and in some regions large marshes have been replaced by artificial lakes. In other parts of Croatia springs have been drying out, and may impact the species.",It is listed on the Protected Species in Croatia. There are no conservation actions known for the species. Habitat monitoring and population monitoring would be recommended to determine if the potential threats identified are impacting the species. Efforts to increase the known range of the species are also advised.,This species is not known to be traded.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Narentiana,vjetrenicae,,Narentiana vjetrenicae,,"Originally placed in the Orientaliinae	(Orientaliidae) (Radoman, 1973). #Some authors have listed this species as Zavalia# vjetrenicae#Radoman, 1973 (e.g. Radoman, 1985), however others have treated#Zavalia as a subgenus of Narentiana (Fauna Europea).",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Narentiana vjetrenicae#is listed by Fauna Europea as endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina, where it is found in a very restricted area (the area of occupancy is estimated to be 25 km2) and is known from 2 locations; the type locality is known as a freshwater spring, Lukavac (below Vjetrenica cave near Zavala, Popovo) emerging from the karst groundwaters of Popovo polje. Threats to the species include the cave becoming a tourist destination in the 19th Century, however no conservation measures have been implemented as electric lighting in the cave has been reverted to flash light utilisation, benefiting the fauna in the cave. No population data is available on the species. Narentiana vjetrenicae is listed as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii).",Unknown,"Narentiana vjetrenicae#is only                known from the type locality and from the cave Vjetrenica in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The type locality was a freshwater spring,                Lukavac  below Vjetrenica cave, near Zavala, Popovo (Radoman, 1985; Kabat  Hershler, 1993).",There is no data on the population status of this species.,This species is known from freshwater springs emerging from the karst groundwaters of Popovo polje.,"The Cave has been a tourist destination since the end of 19th Century. A 1250 m long path to Veliko jezero was created, and by the end of 1950s Vjetrenica was a tourist site with electric lighting set up over 1045 m of the cave with a hotel on-site and tourist guides attracting some ten thousand visitors annually. In the 1990's tourism decreased, and in the last 10 years, has been renewed, without the#electric lighting (Sket 2003).","There are no specific conservation actions known for the species, although habitat monitoring and population monitoring would be recommended to check on population decline levels. The Cave of Vjetrenica has been protected since around 1900, when the metal gate preventing access was first made. The same gate, slightly modified in early ‘60s, is still there (Ržehak 1965). Legal protection of the cave started in 1914and it was proclaimed a natural monument in 1950.#Speleological Society Vjetrenica - Popovo polje has renewed the pre- war tourist programme, but flashlights are used at the moment, instead of electrical lighting, which is beneficial to the cave fauna.#The 'Popovo polje/Vjetrenica' is listed in the Emerald Network of Areas of Special Conservation Interest.#The B-H Academy made proposal to nominate Vjetrenica as a#candidate#for the World Heritage List.",,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Neofossarulus,stankovici,,Neofossarulus stankovici,,This species is the only species currently known in the genus Neofossarulus.,Yes,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU27,,"Neofossarulus stankovici# is endemic to Lake Ohrid, a lake with an area of 358 km2. It is assessed as Vulnerable D2, as although the range and declining quality of the habitat merit an Endangered status, the current rate of decline in the quality of lake water is not likely to be currently significantly  impacting this species unless it worsens in the near future. However, this species could very quickly become Critically Endangered if the rate of decline of water quality or the water temperature changes significantly.",Unknown,"This species is known only from Lake Ohrid, and so is endemic to the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania.",This species is found in relatively low abundances and patchy distribution (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).,This freshwater species is found in the sublittoral zone of lakes and is thought to be restricted to sandy or soft substrates (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).,"The changes in the habitat quality within the sublittoral zone is not very well studied and as such the knowledge base relates to generic threats to the lake.   Deforestation of the neighbouring area leads to erosion and an increased sediment load, which impacts this small gastropod. Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake, leading to declining quality of habitat.","There is no current conservation action in place for this species. However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. Monitoring of the habitat trends in the lake may inform as to changing quality of habitats which would inform as the whether the conservation status will change.",This species is not utilised.,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Ochridopyrgula,macedonica,,Ochridopyrgula macedonica,,"In Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006), the generic name of this species has listed Ochridopyrgula not  Ohridopyrgula (C. Albrecht pers. comm. 2009). In discussion with Bank (pers. comm. 2009) he has pointed out that this is the correct genus, ""as Radoman (1955) described it as Ochridopyrgula, and used this name also in his subsequent papers, he even established in 1973 the subfamily Ochridopyrgulinae. Only in his review paper of 1983 he used the name Ohridopyrgula. Of course, Ohridopyrgula should be treated as an incorrect original spelling and is therefore not an available name (see ICZN Article 33.3) as it is not in prevailing use"". Two subspecies have been recognised in different habitats:Ochridopyrgula macedonica macedonica (Brusina, 1896) FYROM, Albania.Ochridopyrgula macedonica charensis Radoman, 1978, FYROM",Yes,NT,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Ohridopyrgula macedonica (= Ochridopyrgula macedonica) is one of the most abundant species in Lake Ohrid.# The population is considered stable and it is found in a high number of collection points over the lake (C. Albrecht pers. comm. 2009). The habitat decline is related to the Albanian springs which represents a small percentage of the total population. The current level of threats are not likely to impact all the subpopulations within the near future, it is therefore classified as Near Threatened, almost meeting the criteria B1.",Stable,"This species is restricted to the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania, where it is found in the Lake Ohrid and in the feeder springs of Sveti Naum and Zagorican.",This species is abundant and found at many collecting points.,"This is a freshwater lake species found in the littoral zone, but it can be found in low abundance in the sublittoral zone. It is restricted to hard substrate.","The water quality in the lake is changing due to pollution (eutrophication, sedimentation, agricultural run-off) and habitat degradation. The surrounding springs are exploited by the tourism industry and by local residents for their domestic water supply. In Albania, they are also used for aquaculture and are heavily polluted. However, these threats are likely to affect only a part of all individuals because this an abundant species in the#littoral as well as the upper part of the sublittoral zone of the lake and some locations are not threatened.","This species is present in the Galicica National Park (in the   Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia - FYROM). Futhermore, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. The pollution in the watershed should be managed to decrease the ecosystem degradation and the habitat loss for this species.",,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Ohridohauffenia,depressa,,Ohridohauffenia depressa,,"Radoman (1985) considered the species to be close to Ohridohauffenia rotonda, with which it lives sympatrically within part of the range.",Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Ohridohauffenia depressa is considered as Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii), as it is present only in one location, a lake of approximately 400 km2, and there has been an observed decline in the habitat quality, especially in relation with pollution that is affecting the biofilm of the hard substrate leading to decline of food and the available  habitat for this species (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).",Unknown,"This species is restricted to Lake Ohrid, between the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania. It is known from the lacustrine waters of Lake Ohrid within a narrow belt on the eastern shores from Pestani to St Naum. Two separated sub-populations (on the eastern and on the western shores) are present in the two separated habitats of the sandy beaches in the north and the south of the lake (at Struga and Pogradec bays).",This species is found in low abundance (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).,"This freshwater species is only lacustrine and is found along the shore in the littoral zone where it lives in the banks, on stones and on Dreissena shells.","Deforestation of the neighbouring area leads to erosion and an increased  sediment load, which impacts this small gastropod. Pollution from  sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water  of the lake. The water quality is changing due to pollution (eutrophication, sedimentation, agricultural run-off) and habitat degradation. In relation with sedimentation and eutrophication, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing which is diminishing the habitat and reducing food availability for this small gastropod.","There is no current conservation action in place for this species. However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake.# Habitat monitoring is recommended to indentify accelerated rates of changes for this species, as well as local awareness raising, and national level protection policies.",,,"Hauffe, T., Albrecht, C. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Ohridohauffenia,drimica,,Ohridohauffenia drimica,,Radoman (1985) considered this species to be distinct from the other five taxa in genus Ohridohauffenia and its distribution is different based on the distributional data given in Radoman (1985).,Yes,EX,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species was assessed in 1996 and considered to be Extinct (Mollusc Specialist Group). This was based on comments published by Radoman (1983), who noted that after a great drainage of the Drim River, surveys failed to find this species. Albrecht et al. (2009) and Regnier et al. (2009) considered it to be Extinct.",,"Endemic to the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) (Bank et al., Fauna European 2006) where it was only known from the upper part of River Drim, however it has not been seen since before 1983 (Radoman 1985).",This species was only known by dead shells.,This species was originally thought to be living in sediments within springs feeding the River Drim.,"After a great drainage of the Drim River, surveys could not find this species anymore (Radoman 1985).",This species is believed to have become extinct prior to 1983 and as such there are no conservation actions possible.,,,"Hauffe, T., Albrecht, C., Schreiber, K. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Ohridohauffenia,minuta,,Ohridohauffenia minuta,,,Yes,CR,"A2abc; B1ab(i,iii)+2ab(i,iii)",No,NE,,EU27,,Ohridohauffenia minuta had a restricted range and was extirpated at   type locality when site was destroyed due to road construction. Surveys in 2009 showed no evidence of the species. It is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct). Surveys are recommended over next few years in adjacent spring sites to confirm whether this species has become extinct.,Decreasing,"This species is endemic to the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) (Bank et al. Fauna European, 2006). It was only known from the spring at Studenicista (Bej Bunar) near Lake Ohrid (Radoman 1985).##",Recent surveys in 2009 did not find any individuals of this species (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009),The species lived on stones in a freshwater spring with a constant temperature of 11oC.,"This species had a restricted range and was extirpated from the type locality when site was destroyed due to road construction (C. Albrecht et al., pers. comm. 2009).",No conservation actions are in place. Surveys over next few years in adjacent springs should be conducted to assess whether the species should be confirmed as Extinct.,,,"Hauffe, T., Albrecht, C. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Ohridohauffenia,rotonda,,Ohridohauffenia rotonda,,"Radoman (1985) considered the species to be close to#Ohridohauffenia depressa, which is lives sympatrically within part of the range.",Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Ohridohauffenia rotonda is considered as Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii), as it is restricted to a single site, Lake Ohrid, with an area of less than 358 km2. The quality of habitat has been decreasing due to pollution and habitat degradation. It is a rare species usually found in low density and restricted to the littoral zone between 0 and 3 m depth, where current threats are affecting its habitat.",Unknown,"Ohridohauffenia rotonda is endemic to Lake Ohrid and thus only known in the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania. It is recorded on the south-eastern shore from Gorica Hill, near Ohrid town, to St. Naum (Radoman 1985) and from the north-west shore (Hauffe T. pers. comm. 2009).",This species is only found in a few locations and mainly in low abundance (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).,This is a freshwater species only found in edges of the lake in the littoral zone on banks and on stones.,"Deforestation of the neighbouring area leads to erosion and an increased sediment load changes the lake bed, smothering the rocks with cover of fine sediment. The water quality is also changing due to pollution (eutrophication, sedimentation, agricultural run-off) leading to habitat degradation. As eutrophication continues, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability for this small gastropod.#","There is no current conservation action in place for this species. However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. Habitat monitoring (water quality and sediment load) would be useful to determine changes in the status of this species.",,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Ohridohauffenia,sanctinaumi,,Ohridohauffenia sanctinaumi,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Ohridohauffenia sanctinaumi is considered to be Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii), as it is strictly restricted to the feeder spring system (three springs) on the edge of Lake Ohrid, where it is only found in low abundance and where the extraction of water, as well as pollution from the groundwater, aquaculture and solid waste, is leading to a decline in habitat.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania. It is found in   the Feeder springs (at St. Naum, Tusemista and Zagorican) on the south-east side of Lake  Ohrid, but not within the adjacent northern springs in the catchment (Radoman 1985). In this area there are   a group of about 10 springs feeding a small lake a few hundred metres from Lake Ohrid. As most of the springs come from the same ground-water sources they are considered as three locations.",This species is found only in a few locations and mostly in low abundances.,This species is restricted to springs adjacent to the shores on the south-east of Lake Ohrid and is mainly found on stones nearby direct spring effluents.,"This species has a restricted range and is possibly threatened due to habitat degradation from extraction of domestic water and 'improvements' to habitats where it lives, in order to improve water quality for domestic use. In addition these springs are fed from groundwater sources that are linked to Lake Prespa where there is declining water quantity and quality.# In that lake, eutrophication due to waste water, fish breeding, tourism and waste disposal (Tusemista) is impacting water quality.","There are no conservation actions known forthis species, although in the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM),  some sites are located in the Galicica National Park. Habitat monitoring would be recommended in order to evaluate changes in the status of this species. Information to increase awareness of the impact of regular cleaning of these sites and other forms of spring-site management on the species would be beneficial.",,,"Hauffe, T., Albrecht, C. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Ohridohauffenia,sublitoralis,,Ohridohauffenia sublitoralis,,,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Ohridohauffenia sublitoralis lives below 25 m depth in Lake Ohrid and has not be found in recent intensive surveys since 2003.# However this may be related to sampling difficulties, as this species is sub-littoral, living at low abundance and is known to have a patchy distribution. Consequently the absence may be related to the sampling efficiency, and given the slow decline in habitat quality at depth in the lake it is classified as Data Deficient (DD) rather than Endangered.# Surveys are recommended to target this species in order to assess the current status.#",Unknown,"Ohridohauffenia sublitoralis is endemic to Lake Ohrid, which lies between the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania.   It is found in sub-littoral zone of Lake Ohrid between 25 and 40 m depth, but not within the adjacent springs in the catchment (Radoman 1985).","Despite recent surveys, this species has not been found since 2003 (Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).",This is a sub-littoral species found through the sub-littoral zone of the lake below 25 m depth (Radoman 1983),"Deforestation of the neighbouring area leads to erosion and an increased sediment load, which impacts this small gastropod. Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake.","There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. As surveys have not recorded this species is recent years, it is recommended that targeted surveys are conducted to assess the species status.   #",,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Ohridohoratia,carinata,,Ohridohoratia carinata,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Ohridohoratia carinata is considered as Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii), as it is known from endemic to Lake Ohrid (one location, with an extent of occurrence of   358 km2) where the quality of habitat has been decreasing due to water pollution and sedimentation. It is restricted to the littoral zone between 0 and 3 m where current threats are most impacting this habitat in the lake.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Lake Ohrid, and is recorded from the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania, where it is found restricted to the rocky eastern and south-western shore.",This species is locally abundant.,This species is resting on the stones in a narrow lacustrine belt at the south-eastern shore of the Lake.,"Deforestation of the neighbouring area leads to erosion and an increased sediment load, which impacts this small gastropod. Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. The water quality is changing due to pollution (eutrophication, sedimentation, agricultural run-off) and habitat degradation.# In relation with this eutrophication, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability.","There is no current conservation action in place for this species. However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. Habitat monitoring (water quality and sediment load) would be useful to determine changes in the status of this species.  #",,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Ohridohoratia,polinskii,,Ohridohoratia polinskii,,,Yes,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU27,,"Ohridohoratia polinskii#is considered as Vulnerable D2, as it is only found in four locations. The habitat decline is related to the Albanian springs, which represent a small percentage of the total population, and the current level of threats are not likely to impact all the sub-populations within the near future unless the levels of pollution continue to increase. However, this species could very quickly become Endangered if the rate of decline in water quality or the water temperature changes significantly in Lake Ohrid.#",Unknown,"This species in present in Lake Ohrid, between the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania, near St Naum and in springs at St Naum (a group of about 10 springs feeding a small lake a few hundred metres from the main lake (Radoman 1985). It is also recorded from Zagorican# (a group of springs about 2 km from lake with temperature of 12.5 °C) (Radoman 1985) and   Tušemišta     (a group of springs about 200 m from edge of Lake Ohrid).",This is a locally abundant species.,This species is restricted to the littoral zone of the lake near sublacustrine springs and cold water springs and lives on stones and rocks. This species needs a precise narrow water temperature range and has a low tolerance to temperature changes.,"The water quality is changing due to pollution (eutrophication, sedimentation, agricultural run-off) and habitat degradation. In relation with this eutrophication, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability. The surrounding springs are exploited by the tourism industry and by local residents for their domestic water supply. In Albania, they are also used for aquaculture and are heavily polluted. However these threats only appear to be impacting individuals in the Albanian springs, which represent only a small number of the total population.",This species is present in the Galicica National Park in FYROM.,,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Ohridohoratia,pygmaea,,Ohridohoratia pygmaea,,,Yes,NT,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Ohridohoratia pygmaea is a locally abundant species in Lake Ohrid. The subpopulations suffering a decline are only those related to the Albanian springs, which represent a small percentage of the total population in the Ohrid catchment, but where water capture and pollution has lead to decline in habitat quality. However, the current level of threats are not likely to impact all the sub-populations within the near future, hence it is classified as Near Threatened, almost qualifying for B1. Should the quality of habitat decline in the Lake Ohrid, this species would qualify for an Endangered category.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Albania and the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), where it is found along the edges of Lake Ohrid# and in adjacent springs at St. Naum (a group of about 10 springs feeding a small lake a few hundred metres from Lake Ohrid) and Zagorican# (a group of springs about 2 km from lake with temperature of 12.5 °C) (Radoman 1985). Recent surveys were not able to find this species at the latter site, but did find it at Tusemista.",This is a locally abundant species (Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).,"It is found in springs and a freshwater lake, most abundantly in the Chara zone, as well as more sparsely on the sandy bottoms.","The water quality is changing due to pollution (eutrophication, sedimentation, agricultural run-off) and habitat degradation.# In relation with this eutrophication, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability. The surrounding springs are exploited by the tourism industry and by local residents for their domestic water supply. In Albania, they are also used for aquaculture and are heavily polluted. However these threats are only impacting individuals found in the Albanian springs, which represent only a small percentage of the total population.","The species is present in the Galicica National Park, and so part of the range is protected. Lake Ohrid is under a Memorandum of understanding for catchment management between Albania and FYROM. Habitat monitoring (water quality and sediment load) would be useful to determine changes in the status of this species.",,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Ohridohoratia,sturanyi,,Ohridohoratia sturanyi,,,Yes,NT,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Ohridohoratia sturanyi##is considered as Near Threatened (NT), as although its restricted range falls under the criteria for Vulnerable D2, the rate of decline in the quality of lake water is not likely to be significantly#impacting this species. However, this species could very quickly become Endangered if the water quality or the water temperature change significantly or an invasive species impacts on this species.",Unknown,"This species is restricted to Lake Ohrid, between the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania.",This is one of the most frequent and widespread #hydrobiids of Lake Ohrid.,"This species is found in the littoral zone of the lake, amongst the Chara meadows and on stones/rocks.","Deforestation of the neighbouring area leads to erosion and an increased sediment load, which impacts this small gastropod. Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. However this appears to be a quite hardy species and these are not considered currently to be a major threat.  #","There is no current conservation action in place for this species. However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake.",,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Ohrigocea,karevi,,Ohrigocea karevi,,"This is one of five spring snails that described in this genus, and restricted to Lake Ohrid. These species are all lacustrine-spring species and occur sympatrically. It is difficult to distinguish the different species of this genus and more than one species might be conspecific. It is most closely related to O. miladinovorum (Radoman 1985).",Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Ohrigocea karevi is considered as Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii), as the area of the lake it inhabits is only 358 km2, it is present only in one location and there is a decline in the habitat quality in relation with pollution affecting the biofilm of the hard substrate (and the food and the habitat available for this species).",Unknown,Ohrigocea karevi is endemic to the the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) part of Lake Ohrid. It is restricted to sublacustrine springs of the south-eastern shore (from Pectani to St Naum) (Radoman 1985).,This species is rare (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).,This freshwater species prefers the rocky shores near sublacustrine springs on the lake bed.,"The water quality is changing due to pollution (eutrophication, sedimentation, agricultural run-off) and habitat degradation.# In relation with this eutrophication, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability. Increased frequency of fires in the region are threatening the future of this species through erosion and changes in sediment composition (siltation) that coats the habitat where the species lives and feeds.  #","There are no conservation actions in place for this species.#It is difficult to distinguish the different species of this genus and more than one species might be conspecific. Further research is needed to solve this issue. Monitoring of habitat quality (water, sedimentation) would assist in determining future trends for this species.",,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Ohrigocea,miladinovorum,,Ohrigocea miladinovorum,,"This is one of five spring snails that described in this genus, and is restricted to Lake Ohrid. These species are all lacustrine-spring species and occur sympatrically. It is difficult to distinguish the different species of this genus and more than one species might be conspecific. It is most closely related to O. karevi (Radoman 1985).",Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Ohrigocea miladinovorum is restricted to Lake Ohrid, which has an area of 358 km2, and where there is a decline in the habitat quality due to pollution affecting the biofilm of the hard substrate (and the food and the habitat available for this species). As such this species is assessed as Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).",Unknown,"Ohrigocea miladinovorum#is restricted to the the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) part of Lake Ohrid, where it is only found in the sublacustrine springs of the south-eastern shore (from Pectani to St Naum) (Radoman 1985).",This species is rare in survey samples (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).#,This species prefers the rocky shores near sublacustrine springs on the lake bed.,"#The water quality is changing due to pollution (eutrophication, sedimentation, agricultural run-off) and habitat degradation.# In relation with this eutrophication, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability. Increased frequency of fire in the region is threatening the future of this species through erosion and changes in sediment composition (siltation).",There is no conservation action in place for this species.#It is difficult to distinguish the different species of this genus and more than one species might be conspecific. Further research is needed to solve this issue.,,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Ohrigocea,ornata,,Ohrigocea ornata,,"Bank (2006, Fauna Europea project) list two synonyms: O.prlitchevi Had?i??e, 1959, and O.sandanskii Had?i??e, 1959. Bank in Fauna Europea is considering it as part of the Genus Ohrigocea, whereas other authors classified it into the Genus Dolapia.",Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Ohrigocea ornata#is restricted to Lake Ohrid, which has an area of just 358 km2, and where there is a decline in the habitat quality due to pollution affecting the biofilm of the hard substrate (and the food and the habitat available for this species). As such this species is assessed as Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).",Unknown,This species is restricted to the the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) part of Lake Ohrid. It is restricted to sublacustrine springs of the south-eastern shore (from Pectani to St Naum) (Radoman 1985). #,This species is rare (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).,This species prefers the rocky shores near sublacustrine springs on the lake bed#(C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).,"Pollution, from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake, is contaminating the water of the lake. Agriculture near the Prespa Lake is contaminating the Prespa Lake waters, which feed the aquifer of# Lake  Ohrid, resulting in increased nutrient load in the lake (Matzinger et al. 2006). Increased frequency of fires in the region is threatening the future of this species through erosion and changes in sediment composition (siltation)#(C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).",There are no conservation actions in place for this species.,,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Ohrigocea,samuili,,Ohrigocea samuili,,"This is one of five spring snails described in this genus, and restricted to Lake Ohrid. These species are all lacustrine-spring species and occur sympatrically. It is difficult to distinguish the different species of this genus and more than one species might be conspecific.",Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Ohrigocea samuili is endemic to the Lake Ohrid catchment, and hence is present only in one location (under 500km2) where there is a continuing decline in the habitat quality as a result of water pollution affecting the biofilm of the hard substrate (and the food and the habitat available for this species). It is therefore classified as Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) and could become more endangered if the rate of decline in water quality or the water temperature changes significantly.#Habitat monitoring is recommended to establish changes in habitat quality and the conservation status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is restricted to Lake Ohrid, between the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania. It has a wider distribution range than other Ohrigocea species. #",This species is not very abundant (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009),"This species lives in a freshwater lake, where it prefers the rocky shores of the littoral zone.","Lake Ohrid is among the nutrient-poor (so called oligotrophic) lakes (Matzinger et al. 2006) and as such the species are adapted to these conditions. Recent surveys of the lake suggest that complete nutrient-enrichment (eutrophication) is taking place, from domestic water pollution and agricultural run-off.#In relation to this eutrophication, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability. Deforestation of the neighbouring area leads to erosion and an increased sediment load, which impacts this small gastropod.","There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. However, Lake Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. It is difficult to distinguish the different species of this genus and more than one species might be conspecific. Further research is needed to solve this issue.# Habitat monitoring is recommended to establish changes in habitat quality and the conservation status of this species.   #",,,"Hauffe, T., Albrecht, C. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Ohrigocea,stankovici,,Ohrigocea stankovici,,This is one of five spring snails that is described in this genus and is restricted to Lake  Ohrid. These species are all lacustrine-spring species and occur sympatrically. It is difficult to distinguish the different species of this genus and more than one species might be conspecific (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Ohrigocea stankovici is endemic to Lake Ohrid#and to the feeder spring systems on the southern edge of the lake,#and hence is present only in four locations, where there is a continuing decline in the habitat quality as a result of water pollution affecting the biofilm of the hard substrate (and the food and the habitat available for this species). It is therefore classified as Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) and could become even more threatened if the rate of decline in water quality in the lake, the springs are disturbed or the water temperature changes significantly.",Unknown,"This species is restricted to Lake Ohrid, between the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania, and to the feeder spring systems on the southern edge of the lake. It is found at four locations including the lake and three independent feeder spring systems. It has a wider distribution range in the catchment area than other species in the genus Ohrigocea.",This species is not very abundant (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009),This freshwater species is found on hard substrates (stones and rocks) in lake margins and in springs.,"Lake Ohrid is among the nutrient-poor (so-called oligotrophic) lakes (Matzinger et al. 2006) and as such the species are adapted to these conditions. Recent surveys of the lake suggest that complete nutrient-enrichment (eutrophication) is taking place from domestic water pollution and agricultural run-off.#In relation with this eutrophication, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability. Deforestation of the neighbouring area leads to erosion and an increased sediment load, which impacts this small gastropod.   The quality of habitat in the Albanian springs is declining due to pollution by aquaculture, solid waste produced by domestic use and tourism/recreational activities, as well as over-abstraction of water.","The species is present in the Galicica National Park. There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. However, Lake Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. It is difficult to distinguish the different species of this genus and more than one species might be conspecific. Further research is needed to solve this issue.################################",,,"Hauffe, T., Albrecht, C. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,LYMNAEIDAE,Omphiscola,glabra,,Omphiscola glabra,,"Two subspecies for Spain are listed: Omphiscola glabra glabra and Omphiscola glabra cantabra (Alvarez 1965, Bank et al. 2007).##",Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Omphiscola glabra has been assessed as Near Threatened (NT) as despite a widespread distribution throughout the Palearctic region, regional declines have been evident throughout its range due to continuing threats of habitat loss. This species is typically found in soft, nutrient poor waters with few other aquatic animals or plants. These include freshwater marshes, small ditches, temporary pools or seepages that dry up or significantly diminish in summer. These habitats were typically converted into productive agricultural land or improved visually for landscape reasons.The species was listed as ""of Special Concern"" in Europe by Wells and Chatfield (1992) due to the levels of decline over the previous 20 years.Further research is required to ascertain the rate of decline in this population in order to determine whether this species should be elevated to a higher threat category (based on criterion A).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) at the level of the 27 member states of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT).",Decreasing,"Omphiscola glabra is found south of 61onorth  in Scandinavia (Sweden, Denmark), Latvia and throughout central parts  of Western Europe, including UK, Eire, France, Germany, Spain, the  Netherlands and Belgium. It is however declining throughout its range  and is now localized wherever it occurs (Gloër 2002, Macadam and Baker 2005). It is not known in Russia, except possibly the margin close to Baltic Sea (Kantor et al. 2009).France:# In central  France, this species is localised, but poorly known (Boulord et al. 2007).Germany: Mostly found in north-west Germany, but there are several localities in the southern part (Glöer 2002). It is listed as Category 2, Threatened, and is lost from parts of the range in the south of Germany (Falkner et al. 2008).Ireland  (Northern Ireland  Eire):# Regionally extinct. In 1980 it was present  in 3 locations. In the latest version of the Irish Red Data book it  states 'One of the rarest of Irish molluscs. A colony was reported from Ballymacar Bridge, Shelmaliere Commons, near New Ross,  Co. Wexford. This site has now been drained and the  colony destroyed.' (Byrne et al. 2009)In Great Britain over the last 25 years the populations is thought to have declined by 25-49%, reflecting conversion of marginal lands to agricultural use. Decline still continues, with 30% loss in Scotland in the surveys in 2005-6; strongholds are maintained in Yorkshire and New Forest (M.Seddon and I.Killeen pers. comm 2010).In Netherlands there has been a loss of 30% of the sites since 1965 (Bruyne et al. 2003).Poland:# This species is Regionally Extinct.It is viewed as widespread in suitable habitats in Norway.","Generalised declines across this species' range have occurred, although there is insufficient population trend data available in order to infer the rate of population decline.# Habitat loss and hence loss of sub-populations has been reported for the last 100 years. This species# is reported to be rare and regionally declining in Spain, France, Germany, Great Britain and the Netherlands. Population estimates are difficult for this species due to its presence in temporary water habitats leading to fluctuating populations (Gloër 2002, Macadam and Baker 2005).# Populations have been lost in Poland and Ireland (Byrne et al. 2009) where it is now regionally extinct.","This species is found in challenging water-bodies of poor water quality and dramatically fluctuating conditions such as freshwater marshes, ditches, temporary pools and seepages that may dry up completely in summer months (Boycott 1936, Macadam and Baker 2005). When habitats do recede, further challenges threaten the survival of the snail through dormant periods where it buries to a depth of 1-6 cm in the exposed soft mud (Macadam and Baker 2005). This species shows a habitat preference for uncultivated land with acidic, sandy of gravely substrate such as heaths, commons and unimproved grasslands (Boycott 1936). Although some populations can occur in more permanent water bodies such as swampy dykes, permanent ponds, freshwater rivers and streams, a large majority of this habitat type has been lost as a result of conversion for agricultural use (Macadam and Baker 2005).","Contributing threats to this species include continuing habitat loss and disruption as a result of improved drainage, land modification and poaching by livestock on agricultural land. Chemical run off as a result of agricultural use of herbicides and pesticides also threatens the species survival (Macadam and Baker 2005). Care must also be taken when implementing conservation management for alternative species such as newts, frogs, toads and dragonflies to ensure that the habitat isn't consequently made unsuitable for Omphiscola glabra (Byrne et al. 2009, Welter-Schulte 2009).","There are no current conservation management strategies being implemented for this species. However, it is listed on the following national red lists: Ireland as Regionally Extinct; Republic of Ireland as Critical and in Great Britain, Netherlands and Sweden as Vulnerable (Byrne et al. 2009, Welter-Schulte 2009). It is also recognised as Endangered in Germany, Critical in western Germany and Extinct in Bavaria (Byrne et al. 2009, Welter-Schulte 2009). In the UK this species has been listed on the Red Data Book 2 as Vulnerable and has been selected as a species of conservation concern under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) (Macadam and Baker 2005). This species is reported to be rare in France, and regionally threatened  in Germany, Ireland, UK and the Netherlands (V. Prie pers. comm. 2010).In Norway, it is considered stable and listed as Least Concern as it is widespread in suitable habitats.Further research is recommended regarding the population trends and threats impacting the global population of this species.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Prie, V., Seddon, M. Vavrova, L.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,LYMNAEIDAE,Omphiscola,reticulata,,Omphiscola reticulata,,"Gassies (1867: 128, Pl 1 Fig. 5) described Limnaea glabra var. D reticulata of ""laques clayonnées près l'étang de Cazau"" in the Landes, but that name seems forgotten by subsequently, especially by Germain (1931) or by Falkner et al. (2002).  Omphiscola reticulata (Gassies, 1867) reappears as a valid species in Fauna Europaea v2.3. However, we found no references for such revalidation (V. Prie, pers. comm., 2010). # At present there is no distributional data in France, as it is currently treated as as synonym of O. glabra (O. F. Müller, 1774).",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"At present there is no population, distribution or threat data for the taxa, which is listed as a single site endemic from Landes in France. It has been treated as as synonym of O. glabra (O. F. Müller, 1774) for over 70 years. Further research is required to substantiate its revalidation as a species, and then to make a conservation assessment of the taxa. Therefore, at present it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"According to Bank et al. (2006) this species occurs in France, however we have no record of this from Falkner et al. (2002). At present there is no distributional data in France, as it is currently treated as as synonym of O. glabra (O. F. Müller, 1774).","At present there is no population data in France, as it is currently treated as as synonym of O. glabra (O. F. Müller, 1774).",Listed for an etang (small lake) in the Landes.,The main threats to this species are unknown.,"Firstly, research is needed to establish whether this species is valid or whether it is a synonym of the more widespread O. glabra (O. F. Müller, 1774).",This species is not utilized.,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Palacanthilhiopsis,margritae,,Palacanthilhiopsis margritae,,"This species was recently described by Boeters and Falkner (2003), but Bertrand (2004) states it is hardly distinguished from P. vervierii.",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Palacanthilhiopsis margritae is restricted to a single location in southern France and given that this location is not really impacted by human activities, but there are future threats of water extraction, then the species is considered as Vulnerable (Vu D2).",Unknown,"Palacanthilhiopsis margritae is known only from the type locality in department Ardèche, southern France.",There are no population trend data available for this species.,This species lives in subterranean waters.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water extraction maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited degrading habitats. However, this region of France is relatively free of human pressure.",There is no conservation action for this species.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Palacanthilhiopsis,vervierii,,Palacanthilhiopsis vervierii,,,Yes,VU,B1ab(iii),Yes,VU,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"Palacanthilhiopsis vervierii was originally listed as Vulnerable D2 (Bouchet in Baillie and Groombridge 1996), using the IUCN Categories and Criteria version 2.3. It is now considered as Vulnerable B1ab(iii), as its extent of occurrence is 3015 km2, it is found in 6 locations and there is a continuing decline of the habitat quality.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to France, known from the Departments of Ardeche and Gard.",There are no population data available.,This species lives in subterranean waters.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.",This is a nationally protected species. Its habitat (8310-4) is protected under the EU Habitat Directive.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Paladilhia,conica,,Paladilhia conica,,This speceis is in need of taxonomic revision.,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Paladilhia conica is a species found in deep aquifers within the groundwater, and although widespread at present, the range and habitat are declining as a result of poor water management (pumping and pollution), and as such this species could be close to being considered as Near Threatened.# Regular reviews of this species are required to determine the status, and the habitat quality requires monitoring.",Unknown,"Prie (pers. comm, 2009) considers this species to be widespread in southern France.",There is no population data available for this species.,"This species lives in subterranean waters. As it has never been collected alive, it is suspected to be living only in deep waters.","Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.",No known conservation actions.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Paladilhia,gloeeri,,Paladilhia gloeeri,,This is a recently described species. There is a lack of data concerning the distribution.,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,iv)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,iv)",EU27,,"Paladilhia gloeeri occurs in the tourist area of the Ardèche canyon in France (its extent of occurrence is estimated to be 1096 km2 and it is found in 5 locations). This area is increasingly under human pressure, which has led to a general decrease of water quality and quantity. This is especially true in summer, during the height of the tourist system. The major threats are from overabstraction of water for domestic and agricultural purposes, as well as pollution of the groundwaters from sewage and from agricultural sources (Herbicides and Pesticides). The general level of threat is lower than some of the other species, although in view of increasing pressure on water resources, the species is listed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii,iv) on a precautionary basis given it's limited distribution. Regular reviews of  this species are required to determine the status, and the habitat  quality requires monitoring.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to France, and is restricted to the southern part of department Ardèche. Four localities are given in the description of the species and a further locality is added by Girardi (cited as pers.comm# in Bertrand 2004).",No date is available on the population status.,This species is found within subterrannean freshwaters within karst regions; it is a stygobite.,"Paladilhia gloeeri occurs in the tourist area of the Ardèche canyon, and area where there is increasing human pressure which has led to a general decrease of water quality and quantity. This is especially true in summer, during the height of the tourist system. The major threats are from overabstraction of water for domestic and agricultural purposes, as well as pollution of the groundwaters from sewage and from agricultural sources (Herbicides and Pesticides).# The general level of threat is lower than some of the other species, although in view of increasing pressure on water resources, the species is listed on a precautionary basis given it's limited distribution.","There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. In light of the current restricted distribution, habitat monitoring and population surveys are recommended so that any changes in the status can be acted upon.",,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Paladilhia,jamblussensis,,Paladilhia jamblussensis,,This is a recently described taxon. There is a lack of knowledge concerning this species.,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Paladilhia jamblussensis is a species  found in deep aquifers and known only from the type locality in the causses du Quercy (France), and although this location is not threatened  at present, a single pollution event or poor  water management (pumping), could impact the species, and hence it is considered Vulnerable (VU) D2.# Regular reviews of  this species are required to determine the status, and the habitat  quality requires monitoring.",Unknown,"Paladilhia jamblussensis is currently only known from Causse of Quercy, a limestone pavement area in the department of Lot in south-west France.",There is no population data available for this species.,This species lives in subterranean waters.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Reduction of the water table may become problematic, if the aquifers are overexploited.","There are no conservation actions known to be in place for this species, however, monitoring of habitat quality would be recommended for this species.",,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Paladilhia,pleurotoma,,Paladilhia pleurotoma,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Paladilhia pleurotoma is a species which is widespread at present, although the range and habitat could decline locally in the future as a result of poor water management (pumping and pollution). It is considered Least Concern.",Unknown,"Paladilhia pleurotoma is a species which is widespread in southern France, west of the Rhône valley and east of the Hérault valley.",There is no population data available for this species,This species lives in subterranean waters.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.",There are no known conseravtion actions for this species.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Paladilhia,pontmartiniana,,Paladilhia pontmartiniana,,"This is a doubtful species. It is known only from shells collected in the 19th century and has never been found since despite important collection pressure on the type locality (""Surgeons des sources des Angles. Gard"").",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Paladilhia pontmartiniana is endemic to France. It is only known from the type locality.# However, the current status of the species is unknown, as it has never been found again despite numerous surveys in the area. The taxonomic status of the species has not been confirmed and neither has the distribution. If it is a valid species, it might be considered as Extinct (EX). Currently it is listed as Data Deficient (DD), pending a review of the status of the species.EU27:# Data deficient DDEurope: Data deficient DDMediterranean: Data deficient DD",Unknown,Paladilhia pontmartiniana is endemic to France. It is only known from the type locality(Surgeons des sources des Angles. Gard departement).,There is no population data available for this species.,This species lives in subterranean waters.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Lowered groundwater tables maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.",This species requires more research on taxonomy and distribution.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Paladilhia,roselloi,,Paladilhia roselloi,,This is a recently described species.,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Paladilhia roselloi is currently known only from the type locality. This locality is not subject to human impacts at present, but a single impact could wipe out the whole population. The threats include pollution events or overabstraction of water, hence the species is therefore considered as Vulnerable (VU) D2.",Unknown,"Paladilhia roselloi is only known from the type locality, Sanilhac, in the department of Gard, southern France, where it is present in one aquifer.",There is no population data available for this species.,This species lives in subterranean waters.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. The aquifer maybe reduced degrading the habitats if the aquifers are overexploited.",There a re no conservation action sin place. More research on the population and distribution is needed.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Paladilhia,umbilicata,,Paladilhia umbilicata,,"This is a well established species, which status is confirmed by molecular analyses (Prié unpublished data).",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Paladilhia umbilicata is restricted to a small region where there is currently a slow decline in the habitat quality, as the result of groundwater pollution. The rate of decline is insufficient to cause extinction in the short-term, and so the species is considered to be Vulnerable D2, however should the rate of decline accelerate, the species will require review as it could be Endangered.",Unknown,"Paladilhia umbilicata is endemic to the Trabuc cave system in southern France.# Prie (pers. comm. 2009) reports the species from 3 different groundwater systems within this small region, hence the species should be regarded as a restricted range species.",There are no population data available for this species.,This species lives in subterranean waters.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.",There are no conservation measure in place for this species. More research is needed on the population a distribution.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Paladilhiopsis,blanci,,Paladilhiopsis blanci,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Greece where it is known from Kephalonia and Levkada. There is a lack of information regarding the distribution, population habitat and threats of this species therefore it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD). This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe: Data Deficient (DD)EU27: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean: Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,This species is endemic to Greece. Schütt (1980) listed it from the island of Kephalonia and Levkada.,The population status of this species is unknown.,The habitat of this species is unknown.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no known conservation actions for this species. Research is needed relating to the population, distribution, habitat and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Radea, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Paladilhiopsis,bosniaca,,Paladilhiopsis bosniaca,,,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is listed as endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, there are no recent detail on the distribution, population or threats on this species.# Its status is uncertain and the species is then classified as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"Paladilhiopsis bosniaca is listed as endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina, where it is known from the Travnik area, however there is no recent detail on the distribution.",There is no data on population.,This species inhabits freshwater springs.,There are no data on threats to this species.,There are no known conservation actions for this species. More research needs to be carried out on trends and status.,,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Paladilhiopsis,brandisi,,Paladilhiopsis brandisi,,,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,This species is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina. There are little data available on this species and as such the status is uncertain.# It is then listed as Data Deficient (DD).,Unknown,This species is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina.,There are no data on population trends.,This species inhabits in freshwater springs.,The threats to this species are unknown.,This species requires more research on population trends and status.,Not traded.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Paladilhiopsis,buresi,,Paladilhiopsis buresi,,"Urbanski described buresi with a diacritic mark hence Bank (pers. comm., 2010) has pointed out that correct spelling according to ICZN Article 32.5.2# would be buresi not bureschi, so Paladilhiopsis bureschi should be corrected in Paladilhiopsis buresi.#",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Paladilhiopsis bureschi#is considered as Vulnerable (VU D2), as it may be subject to the pollution caused by potential visitors to the cave in the future. However, this species could quickly become Critically Endangered if the water quality or the water source is modified in the future.#",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Bulgaria, known from a stream in Temnata Dupka cave at Lakatnik, Stara Planina Mts. The cave is about 800 m in length. Even though, the location of this site is only few kilometres outside  the dividing range (border) of the Mediterranean biogeographical region,  we considered this species to be Mediterranean, based on climatic and geological similarities of the region  with the Mediterranean.",There is no data on the population of this species.,This species is present in karstic water (springs and streams in Caves). It is a troglobite species (i.e. it lives permanently underground and cannot survive outside the cave environment). #,A possible threat could be the pollution caused by potential visitors of the cave in the future.,No conservation measures are known for the area. Habitat should be monitor.,This species does not have any commercial use.,,"Georgiev, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Paladilhiopsis,grobbeni,,Paladilhiopsis grobbeni,,"Two subspecies are currently listed for this species in Fauna Europea:Paladilhiopsis grobbeni#grobbeni (Kuscer, 1928)Paladilhiopsis grobbeni#anzeianum Schutt, 1962",Yes,VU,D2,No,VU,D2,EU27,,"The species is currently regarded as Vulnerable D2, due to the restricted range (2 locations) and the possible threats to the locations from overabstraction of water, groundwater pollution and disturbance of the habitat.",Unknown,"Although this species is listed by Fauna Europea as endemic to Croatia and Slovenia. #The type locality for this species was the cave Raja peč near Sevnica and springs in surroundings (Slapnik pers. comm. 2010), and it is believed to be restricted to these sites (Sket pers. comm. 2010).",There is no population trend data for this species.,This species lives in freshwater springs and caves.,"The major threat to the species is pollution of the groundwaters feeding the springs, with agricultural sources. A secondary threat may be the use of the cave for tourist purposes, with possible changes to the microhabitats to the cave.","This species is considered to be 'Rare' in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species (Bole and Velkovhr 1986, Bole 1992) and later#assigned a status of# Vulnerable for the Slovenian Red List (Slovenian Gazette, September 2002).                Habitat monitoring (water quality, sediment load and nitrates) would be recommended to get an indication of potential changes that would impact this species as well as further survey data on the population status.#",No data,,"Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Paladilhiopsis,janinensis,,Paladilhiopsis janinensis,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"This species is endemic to Greece where it is found in only one spring location with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 4 km². The species has not been collected in recent years, and there are some suggestions that it may be extinct as several of these springs have been dry at various periods since the 1980s. However, as Albrecht et al. (2006) point out, although there is strong evidence that to suggest that the species maybe extinct, more survey efforts need to be made at suitable times when the water levels are high to try to find this species and establish whether it has survived.The species is assessed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct), pending further data to confirm its status.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27: Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) (CR(PE) B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii)) Europe: Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) (CR(PE) B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii))Mediterranean: Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) (CR(PE) B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii))",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Greece, where it is known from spring on northeast side of Amitfea, Perama, sited on the northeast side of Lake Pamvotis, in the region of Epirus.            Szarowska and Falniowski (2004)  noted that this spring dried out at the beginning of the 1980s, although Peter Reischütz collected it in the late 1980s (Reischütz pers. comm. 2009, Reischütz, P.L. and Sattmann, H. 1990). Hence at this time the loss of this spring was not permanent. Regnier et al (2009) listed the species as extinct, based on the information from Szarowska and Falniowski (2004), however this was an error, as it has been recorded after they believed it had become extinct. Albrecht et al (2006) point out that there maybe some confusion in the locations for this species, and thus it could be suggested that inability to locate a certain species at one site is certainly no conclusive evidence for its extinction.",There are no population data for this species.,It lives in the subterranean karstic caves associated with the springs along the northern shore of Lake Pamvotis (Schutt H. in Frogley and Preece 2007).,"The major threats to this species have already caused its probable extinction. The springs where the species was originally found dried up in the late 1980s due to over-abstraction of water (Reischutz pers. comm. 2009). It has not been collected in recent years, however efforts need to be made at suitable times when the water levels are high to resurvey for this species to establish whether the species has survived.",There are no conservation actions known for this species. Research is needed to confirm whether or not this species is extant. If the species is found to be extant then site and water management combined with communications to spring users are needed to ensure the habitat does not deteriorate further and the species does not become extinct.,This species is not utilized.,,"Reischutz, P., Falniowski, A. Régnier, C.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Paladilhiopsis,neaaugustensis,,Paladilhiopsis neaaugustensis,,,Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"This species is endemic to a single location in northern Greece. The species has not been seen during recent surveys at the site and# decline has been observed in another spring-snail species, Graecoanatolica macedonica,  at the site. Since no shells of this species have been recorded in the  last visits to the site (Reischutz pers. comm. 2010) and the other  adjacent springs have been observed to dry out, it may be that  fluctuating water levels due to abstraction and drought have caused the decline of the spring-snails at this site. On a precautionary basis this species has been listed as Critically Endangered, and urgent surveys are recommended to determine the current status of the species in the springs and in the surrounding groundwaters. This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe: Critically Endangered (B2ab(iii))EU27: Critically Endangered (B2ab(iii))Mediterranean: Critically Endangered (B2ab(iii))",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Greece, where it is known only from springs at Agios Nikolaos near Naoussa (Reischutz pers. comm. 2010). It is only known from these springs, and was never found in the adjacent springs close by (Reischutz pers. comm. 2010).","There are no population data for this species, however Reischutz (pers. comm. 2010) reports that no shells were found on the last visit to the site in 2009 and other species present in the spring had undergone decline as well, and so a population decline is inferred.",The species was found at freshwater springs. It may be restricted to these springs or may also be found in the the underlying subterranean waters feeding the springs.,"The threats to this species are uncertain, although decline has been observed in other spring-snail species, Graecoanatolica macedonica, at the site, and no shells of this species have been recorded in the last visits to the site (Reischutz pers. comm. 2010). As the other adjacent springs have been observed to dry out, it may be that fluctuating water levels due to abstraction and drought have caused the loss of the spring-snails at this site. The area is an important agricultural zone for fruit trees and the off-take for agriculture and pesticides may also have an impact on the species.","There are no conservation actions for this species. Research is needed relating to the population, distribution, habitat and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Paladilhiopsis,pretneri,,Paladilhiopsis pretneri,,,Yes,NT,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species was considered to be threatened in Croatia, and assigned a status of# Critically Endangered (B1ab(iii) + 2ab(iii)) for the Croatian Red List of Cave and Underground Fauna (in press). However, at present there is no plausible threat to the site. Therefore this species is listed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria B. If the habitat starts to decline, then the species would immediately qualify as Critically Endangered.",Unknown,"Paladilhiopsis pretneri#is endemic to Croatia, where it is only found in one location, a cave system at Velika spilja iznad zaseoka Antunavici, at the edge of the Biokovo Nature Park.",There is no population data for this species.,This species is present in freshwater subterranean habitats restricted to a cave system.,"The site is close to a Natural Park, but doesn't lie within the protected area and there is little or no disturbance in the cave. There is a small village below the site, but it is not currently impacting the cave (Janzic pers. comm. 2009).",This species is on the list of protected species for Croatia. The conservation of this species at this site would be improved with an educational awareness campaign about the site and its importance for the species. A programme of systematic habitat monitoring to pick up changes in the micro-climate and changing habitat quality is recommended.,This species is not utilized.,,"Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Paladilhiopsis,robiciana,,Paladilhiopsis robiciana,,"There are three subspecies known for this species:Paladilhiopsis robiciana robiciana Slovenia, ItalyPaladilhiopsis robiciana illustris CroatiaPaladilhiopsis robiciana kostanjevicae Slovenia, Croatia Paladilhiopsis robiciana trebnikanum Slovenia This species is possibly close to the limits for Vulnerable B2ab(iii),  as there are threats of exploitation of water sources and pollution of  groundwaters and habitat monitoring and review of distribution of the  different subspecies would be recommended.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Paladilhiopsis robiciana is considered Near Threatened in Italy, based on the limited range, small number of sites and no known threats. In Slovenia it is listed as Vulnerable. This species is a candidate for Vulnerable B2ab(iii), as there are several locations with possible threats of exploitation of water sources and pollution of groundwaters. No data is available on the subspecies distributions, but these may have a higher threat level, based on their more limited range.# If these subspecies are elevated to species during taxonomic review, then they should become candidates for a higher threat category. This species is possibly close to the limits for Vulnerable B2ab(iii),  as there are threats of exploitation of water sources and pollution of  groundwaters. Habitat monitoring and review of distribution of the  different subspecies is recommended.",Unknown,"Paladilhiopsis robiciana is recorded from Italy, Slovenia, Croatia.# In Italy it is found in the northeast of Italy, where it is recorded from 5 localities (Extent of occurrence of 400 km2), but some sites have multiple outflows. All localities have been surveyed in last 40 years, as the species was first recognised in Italy in 1973. In Slovenia, it is recorded from the springs in northwest Slovenia. One subspecies is known from Croatia.",There is no population trend data available for this species.,This species inhabits freshwater springs.,"The major threats to this species are overabstraction of water during the summer periods, causing a drop in the water table and degradation of habitats through temporary drying.","There are no species-specific conservation  action plans known, however habitat monitoring is recommended.# This species is currently listed as Near Threatened in Italy, based on limited range and a small number of sites but there are no known threats. In Slovenia, one subspecies (P. robiciana kostanjevicae) is present in the River Krka catchment, which is a  Natural Monument. According to the Decree on the Protection of the Krka  River, its tributaries and banks (Dolenjska Assembly Journal, No. 21/72  and ) is included in the European network Natura 2000 as a special area   potential Site of Conservation Interest.##",No trade in this species.,,"Cianfanelli, S., Slapnik, R., Bodon, M., Giusti, F., Lajtner, J. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Paladilhiopsis,serbica,,Paladilhiopsis serbica,,,Yes,NT,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is viewed as Near Threatened (NT), as it is known from two locations, separated by about 200 km, and where at present there are no significant threats to the locations. However if tourism at Durmitor starts to impact the site, then the species will qualify for Endangered (B2ab(iii)) if shown to be one species, and the sub-population at Durmitor Critically Endangered (B2ab(iii)) if shown to be a distinct species.# This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE) as neither of the countries of occurrence are members of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Mediterranean regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT).If subsequent research on these two sub-populations shows that both are distinct species, then the assessment would be Near Threatened (NT) for both species at the Global, European and Mediterranean levels.",Unknown,"This species was found in former 'Yugoslavia' in Durmitor Mountains, now Montenegro. It was originally only present in one temporary cold water spring. However, Feher and Eross (2009) have recorded the species from an additional site in Albania, and these records have been confirmed by Bodon, but the record is based on shell characters only.",There is no data on population trends of this species.,This species is found in temporary cold water springs. The sub-population in Albania is found in a spring in a karst area in a cave.,"The spring in Durmitor Mountains is frequently visited by tourists, however, there is currently little impact on the site. This is in a National Park, and the site is protected. In Albania, the spring is inside a karst area, within a cave. This cave is not used by tourists and has no known threats.","Further research is required on the taxonomic status of both subspecies, as the range is disjunct. Habitat monitoring to establish potential future threats at either site is recommended, as this would require a revised conservation assessment.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Pall-Gergely, B. Erõss, Z.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Paladilhiopsis,solida,,Paladilhiopsis solida,,,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Paladilhiopsis solida#is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bank#et al, 2006; Fauna Europea), and Croatia (Sket pers.comm. 2010). However, there are no recent data on distribution, population status and trends or threats to the species and as such it is not possible to make a conservation assessment for this species. This species is therefore considered as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"Paladilhiopsis solida is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina# (Bank et al, 2006; Fauna Europea) and is known from Herzegovina near Mostar and Popovo polje and near Split (Croatia) (Sket pers.comm. 2010).",There is no recent data on population trends for this species.,This is a freshwater species,There is no data on threats to this species.,"There are no specific conservation action plans in place for this species. Population trends, distribution and threats need to be researched.",This species is not traded.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Paladilhiopsis,tarae,,Paladilhiopsis tarae,,,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is currently listed from the region of  Montenegro, but there is  no current data on the threats to this species and it is possibly more widespread, so it is therefore considered that this  species should be listed as Data deficient,  pending a review of the  taxonomic status and distribution. It is known at present from a single location, the groundwater system underlying the Tara Valley, and hence it could qualify as Vulnerable D2 or Critically Endangered, if the threats and range were investigated further.",Unknown,"Paladilhiopsis tarae is listed by Bank et al. (2006; #Fauna Europea) as an endemic species for Montenegro. Vladimir Pesic notes that this is a groundwater species, found in the canyon of river Tara.",There is no recent data on population status for this species.,This species is present in karstic groundwater water (springs and streams in Caves). It is a troglobite species (i.e. it lives permanently underground and cannot survive outside the cave environment).,There is no recent data on threats to the species.,"There are no conservation actions specific for this species, although the only known site lies in a protected area.A r eview of the taxonomic status and distribution is needed.",Not a traded species.,,"Pešić, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Paladilhiopsis,thessalica,,Paladilhiopsis thessalica,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Paladilhiopsis thessalica#is endemic to Greece (Bank#et al. 2006) where it has been recorded from three springs, two sites closely located and another one further south-west. #It is listed as Vulnerable (VU D2) on a precautionary basis, using the current distributional data, as there is a threat from water abstraction in this tourist area, although it is possible that it is more widely present, with little recording effort in this region.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: #Vulnerable (VU D2) at the level of the 27 member States of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment:#Vulnerable (VU D2)Mediterranean regional assessment:#Vulnerable (VU D2)",Unknown,"Paladilhiopsis thessalica is endemic to Greece (Bank et al. 2006). #The species was described from springs at Agia Paraskevi, close to Tempe and later recorded from springs at Pyrgetos (Schütt 1980).#The Tempe valley is 10 km long and as narrow as 25 m in places, with cliffs nearly 500 m high, the#Pineios River flows down it. #The springs at Pyrgetos lie south-west of Thessalonkii, on the slopes of Mount Olympus.",There is no recent data on the population trends of this species.,#This species inhabits freshwater springs.,"One spring lies in the tourist valley of Tempe, and as such, water resources are under pressure from abstraction for human use.# Furthermore there are pressues, as there are a lot of human activities requiring the use of water, such as agriculture, forestry, stock farming, hunting and recreation, and as such there is considerable pressure on water stocks (Radea, pers. comm., 2010).","Τhe village of Pyrgetos and Ag. Paraskevi (valley of Tempi) are parts of the protected sites GR1420001 “Kato Olympos” and GR1420002 “Delta Pineiou-Tempi” of Natura 2000 network, however there are no conservation actions in place for this species (Radea, pers. comm., 2010). Research is needed on the distribution and population of this species as there has been little recording effort in this region, and the species may be present in more sites than currently known. Due to the pressure from water abstraction in the area habitat monitoring is recommended.",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Paladilhiopsis,virei,,Paladilhiopsis virei,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This is a range restricted species, found in a small region of Italy, but common in the area and considered to be Least Concern.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Italy and is found in the alpine regions of Veneto and Lombardy, where it is locally common and some sites have multiple outflows.","No data on populations trends are available, however, this is a locally common species.",This species lives in groundwaters in karst. Some sites have multiple outflows. It feeds using scrapers.,"Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al., 2000).",No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.,,,"Giusti, F., Manganelli, G., Bodon, M. Cianfanelli, S.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Palaospeum,bessoni,,Palaospeum bessoni,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Palaospeum bessoni is  restricted to France, where it is only known from 4 locations in a relatively small area of the department of  Pyrénées-Atlantiques and might be impacted by pollution and water abstraction. Therefore it is classified as Vulnerable D2.",Unknown,"Palaospeum bessoni is restricted to France, where it is only known from the department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques.# It was listed from four localities, with type locality being at Haute Soule (Bertrand and Boeters 2001; Bernasconi 1999).",There is no population data available for this species.,This species is found in subterrannean freshwaters within a karstic region; it is a stygobite (i.e. an aquatic species that complete its entire life in the cave environment).,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Lowering of the groundwater table may impact this species and hence maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.","The status of the populations of Palaospeum bessoni is unknown, and thus recommended conservation actions would be resurvey and also system of habitat monitoring to ensure that any changes in status are known fairly quickly.",,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Palaospeum,hispanicum,,Palaospeum hispanicum,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Spain, however there is a lack of information regarding its population, habitat and possible threats, therefore it has been categorised as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe: Data Deficient (DD)EU27: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean: Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,This species is endemic to Spain.,The population status of this species is unknown.,The habitat of this species is unknown.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"No conservation actions are known, however habitat monitoring and further survey to determine the geographical range of this species is recommended.",This species is not utilized.,,"Rolán, E.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Palaospeum,nanum,,Palaospeum nanum,,"It is known only from one shell, description based on its small size. According to the authors of the description themselves, it could be a juvenile of P. bessoni.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Palaospeum nanum is only  known from one locality in the department of  Pyrénées-Atlantiques, southwest France.# However, it is only known from a single shell and the description suggested the species should be separated on its small size but the authors themselves suggest it could be a  juvenile of P. bessoni. Thus due to strong taxonomic doubts, it is considered as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"Palaospeum nanum is only known from the type locality, Rebenacq in the department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques, southwest France.",There are no population data available for this species.,This species lives in subterranean waters.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.",This species requires more research on population trends and taxonomy.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Palaospeum,septentrionalis,,Palaospeum septentrionalis,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is restricted to freshwater springs in northern Spain, and may be a candidate for Least Concern (LC), if the range is confirmed to be widespread but localised. However, given the general threats to freshwater springs in Spain, it has been evaluated as Data Deficient (DD) pending further data on threats and population trends. Further survey and habitat monitoring are recommended.",Unknown,"This species is listed as endemic to Spain, where it is found in the Provinces of Santander, Álava, Burgos and Asturias (Rolán pers. comm. 2010).",There is no data for estimating population trends of this species.,This species inhabits freshwater springs.,"The threats are uncertain, however, the species is found in freshwater springs which are exploited as water sources for domestic water supplies, so a general threat is present from over exploitation of the water and drying of the springs.","There are no conservation actions known for this species, but futher information on threats and population status are required to evaluate the status of this species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Rolán, E.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Parabythinella,graeca,,Parabythinella graeca,,"According# to Szarowska (2006) this species belongs to the European genus Marstoniopsis.    This species lies close to the sister (sub)species Marstoniopsis macedonica malaprespaensis (Mikri Prespa) and Marstoniopsis macedonica macedonica (Prespa Lake), the only three species known in the former genus of Parabythinella (Radoman 1973), which is restricted to freshwater lakes in Greece, Albania and Macedonia.",Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,iii)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,iii)",EU27,,"This species is endemic to Greece where it is described from only one location and has a extent of occurrence of 39 km². There is a decline in habitat quality and extent in relation to pollution (from agriculture and mining) and water abstraction. It is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(ii,iii)).",Unknown,"This species is only found in Lake Vegoritis, Greece. The surface of this lake has been reduced from 55 km² in the 1950s to 39 km² in 2007 (Albrecht pers. comm. 2009).",This is not a common species and the current population trends are unknown (Albrecht pers. comm. 2009).,This species lives in the littoral zone of the freshwater lake where it is found on hard substrates (rocks and stones).,"Habitat loss, due to a drop in water level (of several metres), related to excessive water abstraction for agriculture coupled with extremely dry summers, is threatening Parabythinella graeca, which lives in the littoral zone of a large freshwater lake. Water abstraction for filling the reservoir of a hydro-power plant is also resulting in additional major fluctuations of the water level (up to 30 m) (Skoulikidis et al. 2008). Run-off from mining in the south reaches the lake through the river Pentavrisos, carrying heavy metals and sediments. Pollution related to intensive agriculture practice and settlements in the neighbouring area, is responsible for the eutrophication of the lake. In relation with this, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability for this small gastropod. Herbicides might also impact diatom communities, which are the major food source for this snail.","The distribution of this species lies within a protected area, as Lake Vegoritis is included in the Natura 2000 network (site GR1340004-Limnes Vegoritida-Petron) (Radea pers. comm. 2010). However, at present there is    no species-specific conservation action in place for this species. An action plan on the sustainable management of water use in the region is urgently needed and existing water legislation should be enforced. Fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides used for agriculture purposes need to be drastically reduced. Measures also need to be taken to reduce the contamination resulting from the open cast mining.",This species is not utilized.,,"Hauffe, T., Albrecht, C. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Parabythinella,macedonica,,Parabythinella macedonica,,"According# to Szarowska (2006) this species belongs to the European genus Marstoniopsis.    This species lies close to the sister (sub)species Marstoniopsis macedonica malaprespaensis (Malo Prespa) and Marstoniopsis macedonica graeca (Vegoritis), the only three species known in the former genus of Parabythinella Radoman, 1973, which is restricted to freshwater lakes in Greece, Albania and Macedonia.",Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),No,CR,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"This species is considered as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)), as it is endemic to the Prespa Lake (shared by Albania, FYROM (also known as Macedonia) and Greece), the extent of occurrence is 254 km² and there is a decline in the habitat quality in relation with pollution.This species has also been assessed at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union (i.e. looking only at the situation in Greece): The species' area of occupancy is less than 10 km², it is known only from the lake (one location) and there is a continuing decline of the habitat quality. Even though immigration from sub-populations in Albania and the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) might be possible through passive dispersion (water birds), it is expected that this immigration will decrease, as the conditions are worsening in all the species range. There are no information on the sub-population dynamic and therefore no change in the regional category is applied. The species qualifies for Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)) at the regional level.",Unknown,"Parabythinella macedonica is endemic to Lake Prespa, found in Albania, the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Greece. The main distribution is found on the western shore of the lake.",The species is generally relatively common in the lake. Inter-annual population fluctuations are known for species of Marstoniopsis (Falniowski and Wilke 2001) and may also apply to this species (C. Albrecht pers. comm. 2009),This freshwater species lives along the littoral zone on rocky shores within the lake.,"The major threats to this species are habitat loss due to abrupt drop of water level (of several metres), caused by excessive water abstraction for agriculture coupled with extremely dry summers. These water levels changes impact Parabythinella macedonica which is restricted to the littoral zone of the lake. Pollution caused by intensive agriculture practice and settlements in the neighbouring area is responsible for the eutrophication of the lake.    In addition, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability for this small gastropod. Herbicides might also impact diatom communities, whic h are the major food source for this snail. Introduction of alien fish species for fishing purposes has contributed to profound modification of the natural ecosystem of the lake.","There are no species-specific conservation actions in place. An action plan on the sustainable management of water use in the region is urgently needed and existing water legislation should be enforced. Fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides use for agriculture purposes need to be drastically reduced. Regional cooperation between Albania, FYROM (also known as Macedonia) and Greece would be an asset for coordinated conservation action for the Prespa Lake.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Hauffe, T., Albrecht, C. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Parabythinella,malaprespensis,,Parabythinella malaprespensis,,"According# to Szarowska, 2006 this species belongs to the European genus Marstoniopsis.    This species lies close to the sister (sub)species Marstoniopsis macedonica macedonica (Lake Prespa) and Marstoniopsis macedonica graeca (Vegoritis), the only three species known in the former genus of Parabythinella Radoman, 1973, which is restricted to freshwater lakes in Greece, Albania and Macedonia.",Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),No,CR,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"Parabythinella malaprespensis is#only known from a single lake with a small extent of occurrence (under 100 km2)#which has been declining in size and in the habitat quality due to over abstraction of water and eutrophication. It is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(ii,iii) and at present there are no species-specific conservation action plans in place.#",Unknown,"Parabythinella malaprespensis is restricted to the small Prespa Lake (Mikri Prespa) between Albania and Greece. Recent surveys have not found this species in the Albanian part of the lake, however this was the type locality, so the species was present in the Albania during Radoman's surveys in the 1980's, suggesting that the extent of occurrence has decreased in the last 30 years.#",This is a rare species that was previously more common and more widely distributed.,"This species lives in the littoral zone of large freshwater lakes, where it is found on hard substrates like stones and rocks.","Habitat loss due to the abrupt drop in water level (of several metres) caused by excessive abstraction of water for agriculture coupled with low inflow from the catchment due to extremely dry summers, is the major threat to this littoral species. In addition, pollution related to intensive agriculture practice in the neighbouring area, is responsible for the eutrophication of the lake. In relation with this, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability for this small gastropod. Herbicides might also impact diatom communities, which are the major food source for this snail. Introduction of alien fish species for fishing purposes has contributed to profound modification of the natural ecosystem of the lake.","There are no targetted conservation actions in place for this species. An action plan on the sustainable management of water use in the region is urgently needed and existing water legislation should be enforced. Fertiliser, pesticide and herbicide use for agriculture purposes needs to be drastically reduced.#  #",,,"Hauffe, T., Albrecht, C. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pauluccinella,minima,,Pauluccinella minima,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This is a range restricted species, found in a small region of central Italy, however it is found to be common in the area and considered to be Least Concern on the Italian Red List. Although there maybe localised future threats to sub-populations within the region, at present the species is considered stable, although habitat monitoring would be recommended to establish changes to the sites that may impact the species, especially if exploitation of the water sources continues over the next few decades.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Italy, where it is widespread but local in the Appenninic regions of Abruzzo, Marche, Campania and Lazio.# It is known from at least 26 locations in the region,",There is no population trend data for this species.,This species inhabits spring waters where it feeds using scrapers.,"This species inhabits spring waters, which may be exploited by humans and/or polluted (Managnelli et al. 2000).",No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.,,,"Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Peringia,mabilli,,Peringia mabilli,,This species was originally synonymised with Peringia ulvae. Falkner et al. (2002) reviewed the status and considered that it should be#regarded as a valid species.#,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"This species has been recently revalidated, but its population size,  population trends, threats and extent of occurrence are still unclear.  It is therefore considered as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: The formal  assessment for France would be Vulnerable D2, as it occurs only in restricted area in Corsica. However, due to the misidentification issues, this species is classified as Data Deficient (DD).# European regional assessment: The formal  assessment for France would be Vulnerable D2, as it occurs  only in restricted area in Corsica. However, due to the  misidentification issues, this species is classified as Data Deficient  (DD).# Mediterranean regional assessment: This species has been recently revalidated, but its population size, population trends, threats and extent of occurrence are still unclear. There are old records from Algeria and France, however the north African records require review, and the Corsican records whilst validated, may be under-recorded. The specie sis therefore also considered as Data Deficient (DD) at the Mediterranean level.",Unknown,"This species is present in Algeria and France (Corsica) (Falkner et al. 2002). It has been misidentified with Peringia ulvae and therefore its actual distribution is unclear. #It is present in at least 3 locations on Corsica, but due to misidentification issues, it maybe more widespread (V. Prie pers. comm. 2010).",There are no population data available.,This species lives in coastal freshwater and brakish waters.,The main threats are unknown.,"More research is needed on the taxonomy, the population trends and the distribution.",,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Peringia,ulvae,,Peringia ulvae,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Peringia ulvae, more widely known as Hydrobia ulvae,#is a widespread species found along the Atlantic coast, from Scandinavia into the Gulf of Bothnia and south to Morocco. It is locally abundant where present, with millions of individuals in brackish estuaries where it is found in the shallow muddy substrates. The conservation status of this species is Least Concern (LC), although as#it is a major food-source for wading birds it is listed on some countries Biodiversity Action Plans to recognise this important function. This species has also been assessed at a regional level:EU27 regional assessment: #Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment:#Least Concern (LC)Mediterranean regional assessment:#Least Concern (LC).",Stable,"This is a widespread species found along the Atlantic coast, from Scandinavia, and into the Gulf of Bothnia, along the coast (Belgium, Netherlands and the UK and Ireland), south to the Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal) and to Morocco. The presence in the Mediterranean has been reported widely, but there are taxonomic issues with species that have been synominised and then spilt again (e.g. Peringia mabilli) so the distribution in the Mediterranean is less clear.","There is no detailed population data available for this species, but the species is generally abundant throughout the range, although it is a species that has flutuations in population numbers.","This species lives in coastal freshwaters and brackish waters, usually on muddy substrates at the shallow edges and in brackish water parts of large estuaries.","The main threats to this species would be very localised and include habitat changes to tidal areas, such as construction of tidal barrages and oil pollution from ships using ports.",This species is a major food source for wading birds and consequently it is listed on some countries Biodiversity Action Plans to recognise this important function. No conservation measures are needed for this species.,This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M. Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pezzolia,radapalladis,,Pezzolia radapalladis,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"Pezzolia radapalladis is a small spring-snail which lives in the groundwaters in a karstic region in a small coastal area in the region of Liguria, in Italy.# It is known from three locations, one of which has multiple outflows. The main threats to the species lie in changes to the groundwater, such as pollution (agricultural sources or domestic sources), and in water abstraction for domestic supplies (habitat degradation). it is therefore considered as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Italy, where it is found at three locations: three valleys in the region of Liguria (Rapallo, Camogli and Avegno), all within 10 km² (Bodon et al. 2001).","This species is restricted to a small area, so population numbers are presumably relatively low. The exact status of population is unknown, although the species has been collected on a regular basis from outflows in the area of Rapallo.",This is a freshwater species found in groundwater and springs.,"The main threats to the species lie in changes to the groundwater, such as pollution (agricultural sources or domestic sources) and over abstraction of water for domestic supplies. Some of the outflow points may be disturbed during improvement for the off-take of water (habitat degradation)#(Ruffo and Stoch 2006, Manganelli#et al. 2000).","Pezzolia radapalladis is not a protected species in Italy, but one site lies in a protected area. There is a WWF document promoting the conservation of the region, which includes this species, as a notable species requiring protection (WWF 2009). More research on the trends of the population and the habitat is needed.",,,"Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Phreatica,bolei,,Phreatica bolei,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"The species is currently listed as Near Threatened in Italy, but is borderline for this status, and could be considered Least Concern given the range and number of localities. At present, a precautionary attitude to risk is taken, and the species is assessed as Near Threatened (B2biii), based on the degradation of habitats with the major threats from pollution and overabstraction of water. #Should the number of known sites increase in the region or the rate of impact of the known threats decelerate then the species may qualify for Least Concern.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Italy, specifically found in the alpine region of western Friuli-Venezia Giulia. The range lies close to the Slovenia border, but there are no records listed, it is thought to be endemic to Italy. It is recorded from 12 localities in the region.",This species is restricted to a small area so population numbers are presumably relatively low.,This species can be found in groundwaters of karst regions.,"The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch 2006). Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al., 2000).","No specific conservation measures are known although the species is listed as#Near Threatened in Italian Red List (Manganelli et al, 2001). It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.",The species is not known to be traded.,,"Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PHYSIDAE,Physa,fontinalis,,Physa fontinalis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Physa fontinalis is widely distributed and abundant  throughout Europe, hence it has been  assessed as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union. Although in some countries it is placed on the national and  regional Red Lists, the wide range of the species means there are currently no major  threats to the status of the population as a whole.",Stable,"This holarctic species is found in North America and Europe. In Europe it is widespread but localised throughout Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, Spain (mainland), Albania, Slovenia, Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Ukraine.","It is not considered a rare species, although it is localised.","This species is found in springs, streams, rivers, ponds, lakes as well as canals and irrigation ditches (Taylor 2003). It can tolerate (moderately) polluted water bodies (Appleton and Brackenbury 1998).","Although this species demonstrates a moderate tolerance to pollution, the impacts of water pollution from a variety of sources are the main threat to the global population of this species (D.V. Damme pers. comm. 2011).","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place and none considered necessary given the range of this holarctic species, however it is considered to be locally threatened.# This species is listed as Near Threatened on the Red List of the Czech Republic (Beran et al. 2005), and as 'highly endangered' on the Swiss national Red List (Turner et al. 1994 cited in Byrne et al. 2009). It is also listed as 'R' (Rare) on the regional Red List for the Alsace region (France) (ODONAT 2003 cited in Byrne et al. 2009).",There is no use or trade information for this species.,,"Van Damme, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PHYSIDAE,Physella,gyrina,,Physella gyrina,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is a native of North America and has been introduced to Europe, and is currently known from UK, Ireland and Spain. There are no known conservation actions for to this introduced species in Europe and none are considered necessary.# The species is listed as Not Applicable (NA), as the species is non-native in the region.",Unknown,"This species is a native of North America and has been introduced to Europe, and is currently known from UK, Ireland and Spain.",There is no population trend data for this species.,"Physella gyrina occurs in almost any permanent or intermittent freshwater habitat type, including ponds, lakes, ditches and rivers.",There are no known threats to this introduced species in Europe.,There are no known conservation actions for to this introduced species in Europe and none are considered necessary.,This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,SPHAERIIDAE,Pisidium,amnicum,,Pisidium amnicum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"The species is still widespread in Europe. It is pollution sensitive and there is evidence of some localised decline, however, at present, and without up-to-date surveys, there is insufficient data to indicate whether the species is under any real threat. Therefore it is listed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union until further information regarding its population trends and threats are available.",Unknown,"This is a palaearctic species occurring throughout most of Europe but becoming rarer to the north, in Iceland and Scandinavia and in the south-eastern Mediterranean region. The species is present at several locations in Syria and Turkey. It has been introduced to eastern North America.","There is no available information on the population status or trend of this species. This is a very short-lived species, and as such assessment period would be10 years.","This species is found in a wide range of lowland, permanent, usually flowing habitats: streams, rivers, canals, large drainage ditches, but less often in lakes and large ponds. This species prefers clean, calcareous water.","The major threats to this species include pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources, alteration of water courses, changes to flow regimes, over-frequent dredging and the effect of invasive species. Mouthon (1996) showed that P. amnicum was one of the species of Pisidium most sensitive to biodegradable pollution.","There are no conservation actions currently in place for this species in Europe. This species is regarded as a Endangered (category 2) in Germany, Vulnerable in The Netherlands, Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic, and Least Concern in the UK, Republic of Ireland and Hungary.",This species is not utilized.,,"van Damme, D., Killeen, I. Kebapçı, U.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,SPHAERIIDAE,Pisidium,annandalei,,Pisidium annandalei,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"The distribution of Pisidium annandalei includes parts of south-east Europe: Sicily, Greece, southern Italy, Israel and Turkey (Bank et al. 2006). It is widely scattered, and so maybe a candidate for Least Concern, but there is little detail on distribution. Organic pollution, eutrophication and over-abstraction of water for  domestic and agricultural supplies are considered possible threats in Europe, however the extent to which these are impacting the species is uncertain, and as such it is listed as Data Deficient (DD) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Unknown,"Kuiper (1981) first recorded the species from the Mediterranean region, as it was originally described from India. The distribution of Pisidium annandalei now includes parts of south-east Europe: Sicily, Greece, southern Italy, Israel and Turkey (Bank et al. 2006).","There is little population trend data for Europe, as like as Pisidium species, it is difficult to identify and requires expert assistance to confirm determinations.","It is restricted to springs, and small to medium sized streams.","Organic pollution and eutrophication have been noted as the major threats to this species in south Asia, and it is thought that these threats also apply in Europe, as well as over-abstraction of water for domestic and agricultural supplies.",There are no known conservation actions for this species in Europe and none are considered necessary. More data on distribution and the impacts of the identified threats is required to confidently assess the species' conservation status.,There is no use of this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,SPHAERIIDAE,Pisidium,casertanum,,Pisidium casertanum,,"Some authors place the species in the subgenus Euglesa. Pisidum casertanum varies considerably in size, shape, shell thickness, and hinge features (I. Killeen pers. comm. 2009). Many of the forms have been assigned varietal names of which the most distinct are Pisidum casertanum f. ponderosa, Pisidum casertanum f. humeriforme and Pisidum casertanum f. globulare. The latter is now recognised as a distinct species and is treated separately in this review. Pisidum casertanum form ponderosa is also regarded as a distinct species by many continental authors and so requires further research.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This cosmopolitan species is widespread throughout Europe and is not considered threatened, therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European regional assessment and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.",Unknown,This cosmopolitan species is widespread throughout in Europe and has been recorded at several locations in Syria. It is found living on every continent (except Antarctica).,"There is insufficient data on the population trends of this species across the range, although there is a decline in some parts of the region.","This species is found in the widest possible range of freshwater habitats, in virtually every type of habitat from the largest lowland calcareous rivers to the poorest quality high altitude flushes. Pisidium casertanum form ponderosa occurs mostly in large rivers and canals.",Given the cosmopolitan distribution and abundance of occurrence there are few perceived threats to this species. Mouthon (1996) found P. casertanum to be the Pisidum species most tolerant of biodegradable pollution. There is a potential future threat to some locations in the future from abstraction of surface water or from pollution.,There are no current or suggested conservation actions for this species and none are considered necessary.,There is no known trade in this species.,,"Van Damme, D. Kebapçı, U.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,SPHAERIIDAE,Pisidium,conventus,,Pisidium conventus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is an Arctic-Alpine species, and hence present in suitable habitats in the northern part of the the range and no specific threats to the species are known. As this species inhabits cold waters in  lakes and tarns,  their water temperature may be adversely compromised by future climate  change. Overall it is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union, although some sub-populations may be threatened.",Unknown,"This species has a holarctic distribution, but is restricted to cold water, either in circumpolar areas, or at high elevations. In Europe, it has mainly a relictual distribution in high altitude lakes, hence it has a scattered range, wide ranging in Scandinavia but localised further south.   It is listed by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) in the Faroe Islands (Denmark), Norway, Sweden, Finland, Lithuania, Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Italy (mainland). This is a rare species in Britain, having been recorded only from Snowdonia in Wales, Helvelyn in the English Lake District, and a few locations in Scotland. In Italy, there are three localities. Five localities are situated outside the Alpine area in Germany.",There is no population data available for this species.,The species inhabits mostly deep oligotrophic waters. It tolerates a lack of calcium. It is found in the profundal zone (below the range of effective light penetration) of large lakes. It occurs mostly in cold mountain tarns and lakes and also in deep lochs at lower altitudes (e.g. Loch Ness). It is adapted to a narrow range of environmental conditions and its optimum temperature conditions are 3.86°C-6.85°C (Killeen et al. 2004).,"No specific threats to this species are known. The species habitat in lakes and tarns is threatened by conversion of the water bodies into reservoirs, but in general, it is unlikely that the lakes in which this species lives are under threat from pollution or drainage. However, their water temperature may be adversely compromised by future climate change.","No conservation actions targeting the species are in place. In some countries in the southern part of the range it is considered to be a species of conservation interest, as these habitats could be compromised by climate change; in Great Britain this species is listed as Vulnerable, based on few locations (unpublished manuscript, M. Seddon and I. Killeen pers. comm. 2009).",This species is not utilized.,,"Killeen, I. Vavrova, L.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,SPHAERIIDAE,Pisidium,edlaueri,,Pisidium edlaueri,,Recent molecular studies confirmed the close relationship of this species with the endemic Lake Prespa pea clam# Pisidium maasseni and the widespread P. nitidum (Schultheiß et al. 2008).,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Pisidium edlaueri is endemic to the lake, which is smaller than 358 km2, and it is present only in one location where there is a decline in the habitat quality due to eutrophication and macrophyte growth affecting the oxygen availability for this species. The extent of the habitat is also shrinking, in particular on the southern shore and the ecology of the species makes it more sensitive to habitat changes. It is therefore assessed as Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).",Unknown,"This small freshwater bivalve is restricted to Lake Ohrid, between the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania (Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009), where it is mainly found on the northern and southern sandy beaches (Schultheiß et al. 2008).",This is a locally abundant species (Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).,"This freshwater lake species is found in littoral zone and partly in the sub-littoral zone on soft substrates. It is a very small pea-clam (3 to 5 mm), living in the soft substrate.","Increasing sediment load (due to construction of new settlements, deforestation and erosion of the neighbouring area) also impacts this small mussel and its ability to filter water. The eutrophication of the lake due to agricultural pollution results in the growth of macrophytes, covering the soft substrate and diminishing the oxygen availability within the substrate (anoxic).","There is no current conservation action in place for this species. However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. More sustainable management of the watershed is needed to reduce the eutrophication of the lake. Habitat monitoring for this species would be recommended.  ###########",,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,SPHAERIIDAE,Pisidium,globulare,,Pisidium globulare,,"This species was originally considered to be a variety of the widespread  species Pisidium castertanum. However, Araujo and Korniushin (1998) showed that  Pisidium globulare was a good species based on both shell morphological  characters and anatomical features.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is widespread throughout northern and central Europe and is not considered threatened, but as this is a recently elevated from a form to a full species the distributional data is limited and so the range may well extend to other countries currently not listed. This species is considered to be Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Unknown,"A European species found in northern and central Europe which extends to Russia, and is not found in the Mediterranean, based on current knowledge. In Europe records include Norway, Sweden, Lithuania, France (mainland), Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Latvia, Ukraine, Bulgaria and UK (I. Killeen pers. comm. 2010) however, more countries may recognise the species now that it has been separated from Pisidium castertanum.","As this is a recently separated species, the population trends are unknown.","In mainland Europe, Pisidium globulare has been recorded from swamps, forest pools, wet meadows, littoral zone of small ponds and lakes, often in the floodplains of large lowland rivers. The habitats are often ephemeral, shallow and naturally high in nutrients.","The types of habitat required by the species are frequently considered to have little conservation value, and thus, they are especially vulnerable to land drainage and pollution, water abstraction, changes in agricultural practice, and destruction and infilling of pools, however these threats are localised and are not considered to be problematic over the region.",There are no current or suggested conservation actions for this species and none are considered necessary.,There is no use or trade information for this species.,,"Killeen, I. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,SPHAERIIDAE,Pisidium,henslowanum,,Pisidium henslowanum,,"Kantor et al. (2009) noted that the species was placed in genus Henslowiana Fagot, 1892 however, this genus name is used at subgeneric level elsewhere in Europe and North America.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is widespread in Europe and given the lack of threats throughout its range, this species should be considered as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Unknown,"This is a Palearctic species which is widespread in lowland Europe. Its distribution is more scattered in southern Europe and it becomes much less frequent in northern Scandinavia and almost absent from Norway.# Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) recorded the species from Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia Hungary, Bulgaria, Italy (mainland), Balearic Islands (Spain), Spain (mainland), Portugal (mainland), Ukraine, Greece (including Andikíthira Island, Evvia Island, Ionian Islands, Samothráki Island, Northern Sporades Islands, and Thásos Island).Kantor et al. (2009) list the species as extending to Siberia, and P. henslowanum also occurs in eastern North America although there is conjecture over its status as a native species as it is a species known to be moved by birds (I. Killeen pers. comm. 2009)","There is no current information about population trends of this species available. It is a short-lived species and hence needs to be assessed over 10 year period. It is locally abundant in some countries (Czech Republic, Germany and Slovakia).","This species occurs in several types of freshwater habitats e.g. rivers, fish ponds and lakes. In rivers it prefers a sand-muddy substrate.","There are no specific threats to the species.   The general threats to Pisidium species are pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources, alteration of water courses, changes to flow regimes, over-frequent dredging and the effect of invasive species. Mouthon (1996) showed that P. henslowanum was moderately tolerant of biodegradable pollution. Kuiper  Wolff (1970) showed that P. henslowanum was very resistant to pollution.","There are no known conservation actions targeting the species over the region. In some parts of the range, habitat monitoring may be required to evaluate the changes to the species. If water quality improves under the Water Framework Directive, it would benefit this species, however some decline is likely through the loss of habitat as a result of water course management.",This species is not utilized.,,"Killeen, I.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,SPHAERIIDAE,Pisidium,hibernicum,,Pisidium hibernicum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This is a northern European species, that is one of the most common species in northern Scandinavia, but in the south, the species has been in decline (Spain and Italy). Owing to its widespread distribution and only localised threats the species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Unknown,"This species is widespread in northern Europe, where Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) recorded it from Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Faroe Islands (Denmark), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Italy (mainland), Spain (mainland) and Ukraine.Kantor et al. (2009) noted that it was in the central part of Dnieper basin in Russia.","There is no comprehensive data about the population available. In Germany it is sporadically distributed and in Czech Republic it is relatively rare. A survey of 337 sites in southern and south central England in 2000-2002 showed that the species was still widespread in that area (Killeen  Willing 2004).# However, as appears to be normal for species in lowland rivers, P. hibernicum was found to be very locally distributed and usually in low abundance – demonstrating that detailed, systematic sampling is required to locate the species in these habitats.","This species is found in a wide range of aquatic habitats, in both calcareous and soft water (I. Killeen pers. comm. 2009). It lives in rivers, canals and large drains through to ponds, lakes and upland tarns. The species occurs in stagnant waters such as fish ponds and swamps). It can be found in slow flowing rivers with muddy substrates.","In lowland rivers the principal threats to the species are pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources, alteration of water courses, changes to flow regimes, over-frequent dredging and the effect of invasive species. The species habitat in lakes and tarns is threatened by drainage, pollution from agriculture, forestry and domestic sources, angling activities, and invasive species (e.g. zebra mussels). Mouthon (1996) showed that P. hibernicum was moderately tolerant of biodegradable pollution.","There are no known conservation actions targeting this species across its range although it is considered threatened in some countries. In Czech Republic it is considered Vulnerable (Beran et al. 2005), in Spain it is Vulnerable, in Italy it is Near Threatened and in Germany it is Category 3.",This species is not utilised.,,"Killeen, I.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,SPHAERIIDAE,Pisidium,hinzi,,Pisidium hinzi,,,No,NT,,No,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species is rare in northern Sweden and Norway. The number of locations will vary depending on the nature of the threat. Climate change may become a threat, as the species lives in cold water, and as such, the number of locations will be less than 10, as this threat could operate on multiple sites at the same time. So an assessment of Near Threatened (NT) at the European level is proposed for this species, as the time-scale over which this is happening is unlikely to be within 10 years. Should the rate of change escalate, then the assessment for Europe may be Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii)). This species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU D2) at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union, as it is only found in three sites in Sweden.",Stable,"The species has a northern holarctic distribution, with scattered occurrences from Kamchatka through Siberia to northern Sweden and Norway. It has also been found in Alaska, and the total distribution is probably circumpolar. It has been recorded from three sites in Sweden and approximately ten in Norway. Only two of the Scandinavian records are situated south of the Arctic Circle.","Recent information concerning the population status and trends of this species is lacking, but the population trend is believed to be stable.","This species lives in small lakes in the pre-alpine region, in Sweden one record has also been made in the spruce (taiga) zone. Like Pisidium waldeni, Pisidium conventus and Sphaerium nitidum it is a pronounced stenotopic (only able to tolerate a restricted range of environmental conditions) cold water species and is found at depths of 2-10 m. The species' ecology is poorly known.","The specific threats to this species are not known, however exploitation of lakes for hydroelectricity may, due to the large variations in water level, be a potential threat. The split-up distribution and the few localities of this species makes it vulnerable to chance effects. In Norway, it is also found in isolated localities and it is considered to be a threatened species, although it is not listed on the Red List. Possible longer term threats come from water temperature changes as a result of future climate change.","All older localities should be re-investigated and targeted investigations in suitable lakes in the pre-mountain region should be performed to get up-to-date information concerning the species’ status. Current localities should be protected against exploitation. In Sweden, it is classified as Vulnerable (VU) D2, due to its very restricted area of occupancy.",This species is not utilized.,,"von Proschwitz, T.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,SPHAERIIDAE,Pisidium,lilljeborgii,,Pisidium lilljeborgii,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is widespread in Europe, being most common in northern countries, becoming rarer in southern countries, where it is sometimes considered threatened. As the species is not facing threats across its entire range it is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Unknown,"This species has a holarctic range occurring principally in northern latitudes and in upland areas in more southerly countries. In Europe it is boreo-alpine. Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) report the species from Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Faroe Is. (Denmark) Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy (mainland), Spain (mainland) and Ukraine.",There is no population trend data available for this species.,"A boreal relict species found mostly in upland areas from small tarns to very large lakes and lochs, but also occurs occasionally in the sheltered margins of swift-flowing rivers and streams (Killeen et al. 2004). This species  is tolerant of a wide alkalinity range but occurs more often in soft water. The species lives in a wide range of sediment types but unlike most other Pisidium species it also occurs commonly in coarser sandy or gritty substrates.","In northern countries thus species is not viewed as being threatened, however towards the southern limits, threats include pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources, alteration of water courses, impounding, and changes to flow regimes. The species' habitat in lakes and tarns is threatened by conversion of the water bodies into reservoirs, drainage, pollution from agriculture, forestry and domestic sources, angling activities, and invasive species (e.g. zebra mussels).","The species is not considered threatened, except towards the southerly limits of the range; in the United Kingdom it is considered to be borderline for Near Threatened (NT), in Germany it is Category 2, in Spain it is Vulnerable (VU B1ab(iii)) (Verdú and Galante 2009). There is little recent survey data for this species, as like most Pisidium species it is difficult to identify, however, survey data will be required from southern parts of range to determine future trends in the status of this species.",There is no use or trade information available for this species.,,"Killeen, I. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,SPHAERIIDAE,Pisidium,maasseni,,Pisidium maasseni,,"Recent molecular studies confirmed the close relationship of this species with the endemic Lake Ohrid pea clam P. edlaueri and the widespread P. nitidum (Schultheiß et al., 2008).",Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),No,CR,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"Pisidium maasseni is small freshwater bivalve is restricted to Lake Prespa, where the range (EOO) is smaller than 500 km2 and where there is a continuing decline in the habitat quality in relation with eutrophication and macrophyte growth affecting the oxygen availability for this species. The extent of the habitat is also shrinking, in particular on the eastern shore and the ecology of the species makes it more sensitive to habitat changes. It is therefore considered as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii).This species has also been assessed at the regional level for the 27 member states of the European Union:This species is restricted to Lake Prespa, with a smaller EOO in Greece (EU27), the range area and the declining quality of habitat would be appropriate for Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii).",Unknown,"Pisidium maasseni is restricted to Prespa Lake, between Albania, FYROM (also known as Macedonia) and Greece (Schultheiss et al., 2008). The total surface area is 254km² and it lies between the three countries with190 km² in FYROM, 84.8 km² in Greece and 38.8 km² in Albania.",This is a locally abundant species in Lake Prespa.,"This small bivalve, a pea-clam, is found in freshwater habitats where it is found in littoral zone of the lake on soft substrates.","The increase of sediment load as the result of erosion of the neighbouring area impacts this small bivalve and its ability to filter water. The eutrophication related to intensive agriculture practice and settlements in the adjacent area to the lake results in the growth of macrophytes, covering the soft substrate and diminishing the oxygen availability within the substrate (anoxic). The introduction of alien fish species for recreational fishing has contributed to profound modification of the natural ecosystem of the lake.","There are no conservation actions in place for this endemic species. An action plan on the sustainable management of water use in the region is urgently needed and existing water legislation should be enforced. Fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides use for agriculture purposes need to be drastically reduced. Regional cooperation between Albania, FYROM and Greece would be an asset for coordinated conservation action for the Prespa Lake. Habitat monitoring should be introduced to determine the impacts of sedimentation and declining water quality for this species. The impact of the introduced fish are unknown, but the pea-clams are known to be fish-food in other lake habitats, and so more understanding of the impacts of the native and introduced species are recommended.",,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,SPHAERIIDAE,Pisidium,milium,,Pisidium milium,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"The species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union, as it is widespread throughout these regions in suitable habitats. It is more localised than some of the Pisidium species leading to listing as a species of conservation interest in some countries.",Unknown,"This holarctic species is widespread in Europe. It is recorded by Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) from Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Faroe Islands (Denmark), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Channel Islands (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Corsica (France), Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (mainland), Sardinia (Italy), Spain (mainland), Ukraine, and Greece.   Elsewhere it is known from North Africa and North America.",This is a widespread species but it usually has small local populations.,"This species is found in a wide variety of aquatic habitats, both calcareous and non-alkaline, particularly in ponds, marshy pools and drainage ditches with swampy conditions. Although it is found in streams, rivers and canals it usually only occurs where there are densely vegetated margins (Killeen et al. 2004).","The threats to this species are very localised and not impacting it throughout its range. In lowland rivers the principal threats to the species are pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources, alteration of water courses, changes to flow regimes, over-frequent dredging and the effect of invasive species. In ponds, swamps, roadside ditches, fens and marshes, the species' habitat is threatened by destruction of habitat, drainage, pollution from agriculture, forestry and domestic sources. Mouthon (1996) showed that this species is relatively tolerant of biodegradable pollution.","There are no conservation actions targeting the species across its range, and although considered threatened in some countries, it is not the subject of conservation actions, and none are considered necessary over the entire range although local actions maybe necessary.This species has been assessed for national red lists in some countries. In Czech Republic it is considered Near Threatened (Beran et al. 2005), in Germany# Category 3 (Near Threatened) (Glöer 2002), in Slovakia Vulnerable (Steffek and Vavrova 2006) and in Great Britain Least Concern (I. Killeen and M. Seddon pers. comm. 2010).",This species is not utilized.,,"Killeen, I. Vavrova, L.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,SPHAERIIDAE,Pisidium,moitessierianum,,Pisidium moitessierianum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This European and western Palearctic species is not threatened through its range, however there localised threats to the species, particularly the pollution of its habitats. It has been assessed as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union, however targeted surveying is recommended to monitor localised declines.",Unknown,"This is a European and western Palearctic species. Its range covers Europe from Ireland to western Russia, and southern Scandinavia. Apart from some places in the Balkans, it is largely absent from southern Europe. The species is also known from Kazakhstan, Israel, Turkey and Syria, and has been introduced into North America (I. Killeen pers. comm. 2009).In Ireland P. moitessierianum was thought to be extinct at one time but discovered along the Royal and Grand Canals by Moorkens and Killeen (2005). It has since been recorded from Lough Conn, Co. Mayo (I. Killeen and E. Moorkens, pers. comm., 2009).","There is little data available on the population of this species, so the current population trend is unknown.","This species is found in a relatively narrow range of habitats - principally in canals and large, slow-flowing rivers. It occurs less frequently in small rivers, streams and large lakes. The species lives in calcareous, generally unpolluted habitats in mud and fine sediments, sometimes in gritty sand (Killeen et al. 2004)","This species is not threatened throughout its range, however localised threats are pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources, alteration of water courses, changes to flow regimes, over-frequent dredging and the effect of invasive species. Mouthon (1996) showed that this species was one of the species of Pisidium most sensitive to biodegradable pollution.","If water quality improvement can be achieved under the Water Framework Directive to counteract current and future increased pressures on water-bodies then the population status of this species may improve, but some decline is likely through loss of habitat as a result of water course management (unpublished manuscript, I. Killeen  M. Seddon 2009). #There has been relatively little survey for Pisidium species in general over the last 10 years. Without up-to-date data it is not possible to determine if the species is a candidate for categorising as Threatened. Hence, further, targeted surveying in areas of decline are required to determine the current status of this species.",The species is not known to be traded.,,"Killeen, I. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,SPHAERIIDAE,Pisidium,nitidum,,Pisidium nitidum,,"Pisidium nitidum form crassa is regarded by some authors as a distinct species. It differs in having a rather more trapezoidal shell outline, coarser striations and a more solid hinge (Killeen et al. 2004, Glöer Meierbrook 2003).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This holarctic species is widespread throughout Europe, as is not threatened across its range, however there are localised threats, particularly from pollution of its habitats. It has been assessed as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Stable,"This is a widely distributed holarctic species found throughout Europe, possibly North Africa and in North America (I. Killeen and M. Seddon pers. comm. 2010). Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) list the species from# Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Faroe Islands (Denmark), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Channel Islands (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Italy (mainland), Sardinia (Italy), Sicily (Italy), Spain (mainland), Portugal (mainland), Ukraine and Greece (including Andikíthira Island, Evvia Island, Ionian Islands, Samothráki Island, Northern Sporades Islands, and Thásos Island).","There is no comprehensive data available about the population trends of this species, however it is likely that the population is stable. Where found this it is usually the dominant species.","This species occurs in a wide range of moderately clean aquatic habitats, mostly in flowing drainage ditches, streams, rivers and canals, but also in lakes and ponds. The crassa form occurs principally in canals and large slow-flowing rivers (Killeen et al. 2004)","There are no specific threats to this species throughout its range, however localised threats include   pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources, alteration of water courses, changes to flow regimes, over-frequent dredging and the effect of invasive species. Mouthon (1996) showed that#this species is moderately tolerant of biodegradable pollution.","There are no conservation actions targeting the species in place, and none are needed across its range, although some localised actions may be necessary.",This species is not utilized.,,"Killeen, I.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,SPHAERIIDAE,Pisidium,obtusale,,Pisidium obtusale,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,This Palaearctic species is present throughout Europe to high latitudes within the Arctic Circle. Due to a lack of significant threats across its European range it is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.,Unknown,"This Palaearctic species is present throughout Europe to high latitudes within the Arctic Circle. Fauna Europea list the species from: Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark (Mainland), Faroe Islands (Denmark), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland, Great Britain (UK), Channel Islands (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (Mainland), Corsica (France), Germany, Switzerland, FL, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Italy (Mainland), Spain (Mainland), Portugal (Mainland), Ukraine and Greece (including Andikíthira I., Evvia I., Ionian Is., Samothráki I., Northern Sporades Is., Thásos I.) (Bank et al. 2006).",There is insufficient data on populations to establish the trends over Europe.,"This is principally a lentic species (standing water). It is found primarily in ponds, but also swampy habitats and marsh drains which usually have very dense aquatic vegetation. It also lives in pools, ditches, fens, marshes and bogs, often in situations which are prone to desiccation. Further sites are known from canals, large rivers and lakes but usually only in swampy margins. The species is tolerant of hard and soft water.","The types of habitat required by the species are frequently considered not to have any conservation value, and thus, they are especially vulnerable to land drainage and pollution, water abstraction, changes in agricultural practice, destruction and infilling of pools, and so on.",There are no conservation actions in place or deemed necessary at present.,This species is not utilized.,,"Killeen, I. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,SPHAERIIDAE,Pisidium,personatum,,Pisidium personatum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,The widespread distribution of this species in Europe and the lack of overall threats means that it is classified as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.,Unknown,"This species is widespread in Europe. Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) list it from Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Faroe Islands (Denmark), Finland, Latvia, Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Channel Islands (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Corsica (France), Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Madeiran Islands (Portugal), Italy (mainland), Sardinia (Italy), Sicily (Italy), Malta, Bulgaria, Balearic Islands (Spain), Spain (mainland), Portugal (mainland), Ukraine, Greece (mainland) and North Aegean Islands (Greece). According to van Damme (pers. comm. 2010) it has also been recorded in Syria, two springs in Lebanon and in north Africa.",There is no information available on the population status or trends of this species.,"This species is characteristic of poor quality habitats such as small streams and trickles, roadside ditches, ponds, pools in fields, upland flushes, pools in woodland, and bodies of water subject to desiccation. It lives in both hard and soft water. It is also found in the margins of lowland rivers and large lakes particularly in ephemeral shallows and confluences with ditches. It can live in saturated ground (for example in flushes, fens and bogs) and in pools to depths of a few metres. It has been recorded at altitudes over 900m (Killeen et al. 2004).","This species is not threatened throughout its range, however localised  threats to the species are pollution of its habitats through  eutrophication or other chemical sources (van Damme, pers. comm., 2009), alteration of water courses,  changes to flow regimes, over-frequent dredging and the effect of  invasive species. Water abstraction is a potential threat in the southern countries of the range in Europe.","There are no current or suggested conservation actions for this species and none are required, although the species is listed in some parts of range as Threatened, these threats are localised.",This species is not known to be traded.,,"Killeen, I., Van Damme, D. Kebapçı, U.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,SPHAERIIDAE,Pisidium,pseudosphaerium,,Pisidium pseudosphaerium,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Although sometimes locally rare, the widespread distribution of this species and the lack of significant threats  means that it is classified as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"This is a European species, mostly occurring in northern Europe as far north as southern Scandinavia and stretching to Ukraine, Ireland and Italy (Castagnolo et al. 1980, Falkner et al. 2001, Korniushin 1996). In the Czech Republic it is known from only two localities (in 1976), but in 1996 it was recorded only at one site. It is sporadically distributed in the northern and southern parts of Germany. In the United Kingdom this is a locally distributed species found principally in southern and eastern England: the Somerset Levels, Pevensey Levels, Romney Marsh, Kent Levels, East Anglian Broads and Marshes, and occasionally elsewhere (Kerney 1999).","There is no comprehensive data about population available. In the U.K there have been a significant number of new records in the past 10 years as a result of detailed surveys of grazing marsh complexes particularly for other Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) molluscs (e.g. Segmentina nitida, Anisus vorticulus) (Kerney 1999). There is sufficient evidence to indicate that, at present, the species may be increasing within its current range which supports the preferred habitat, although not necessarily outside this range.","The species occurs mostly in shallow waters. It is a lowland species that is sometimes a common component in drains and ditches on grazing marsh complexes but is found occasionally in larger drains and ponds. It occurs in richly vegetated, swampy habitats with clean, standing water and a muddy substrate.","The species is threatened by land drainage and pollution, eutrophication, water abstraction, changes in agricultural practice, destruction and infilling of pools, and so on.#In the U.K the richly vegetated swampy drainage ditch habitat that the species is found in is the sort of habitat that is particularly subject to dredging and clearing often for conservation of other invertebrates which may not necessarily be appropriate for P. pseudosphaerium and other molluscs which require these habitats. The future prospects are possibly good if water quality improves under  the Water Framework Directive, but some decline is likely through the  loss of habitat as a result of water course management.","In the U.K it is proposed as Near Threatened (NT). The future prospects are possibly good if water quality improves under the Water Framework Directive, but some decline is likely through the loss of habitat as a result of water course management.In Slovakia the species is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) (Nagel et al. 2006), as in the Czech Republic (Beran et al. 2005), where there is protection of the one site where the species is still known to be present. There is likely to be species introduction to suitable sites in the future in this country.Although sometimes locally rare, this species has a widespread distribution and no conservation actions are required on a species scale at present.",This species is not utilized.,,"Killeen, I.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,SPHAERIIDAE,Pisidium,pulchellum,,Pisidium pulchellum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,The widespread distribution of this species and localised threats means that it is classified as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.,Unknown,"This species is Palearctic in its distribution, mostly in lowland northern Europe. Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) reported it from Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Hungary and Ukraine.","The population trends of this species are unknown at a European scale, however it is locally declining in parts of its range.","This species is found in good quality, clean, calcareous water, in small rivers/large streams, small disused canals, and drainage ditches (especially those with a flow). It is also found in lakes and ponds and occurs much less frequently in large, managed canals and slow-flowing rivers.","The principal threats to this species are pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources, alteration of water courses, changes to flow regimes, over-frequent dredging and the effect of invasive species. P. pulchellum is considered to be one of the species of Pisidum most sensitive to pollution (Mouthon 1996).",There are no known conservation actions for this species. Habitat monitoring and data on population trends are required.,There is no known trade in this species.,,"Killeen, I.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,SPHAERIIDAE,Pisidium,subtruncatum,,Pisidium subtruncatum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Although there is evidence of decline in some parts of the range, the widespread distribution of this  species and the lack of significant threats  means that it is classified  as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"This species is widespread throughout Europe where it is found from Ireland, Iceland and Spain to Latvia and Finland. In southern Europe, it is present although rarer in the Mediterranean region and it has been observed in Turkey and, more recently, in Lebanon (Van Damme, pers. comm. 2010)","The species is known to have declined in some parts of its range. However, no information on the population status or trend over the whole range has been available.","The species occurs in different types of freshwater habitats such as slow flowing rivers, canals, oxbows, fish ponds and flooded gravel pits.","While there are no current major threats impacting this species, there are localized threats from pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources, alteration of water courses, changes to flow regimes, over-frequent dredging and the effect of invasive species. However, Mouthon (1996) has shown that P. subtruncatum was moderately tolerant of biodegradable pollution.","No conservation actions are known for this species across the range, although local actions may be in place. Although the species is still widespread at present, it has been declining in parts of the range (Killeen pers. comm, 2009). Hence further surveys are needed to determine the decline levels, and then determine whether further actions are necessary.",The species is not utilized.,,"Killeen, I., Van Damme, D. Kebapçı, U.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,SPHAERIIDAE,Pisidium,supinum,,Pisidium supinum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,The widespread distribution of this species in Europe and the lack of overall threats means that it is classified as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.,Unknown,"This species has a Palearctic range, occurring principally in the lowlands of northern Europe and southern Scandinavia. It is generally rare in southern Europe. Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) listed the species for Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Great Britain (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria and Ukraine. It has a sporadic distribution in Germany, Czech Republic and Poland (Vavrova pers. comm. 2010); in Germany it is mainly present in the northern areas with isolated records in the south .In Great Britain (UK) the species is found principally in central, lowland England – the area often referred to as the canal basin, and the large river catchments in Yorkshire. It is absent from Scotland and there are no recent records from the Welsh borders (I. Killeen pers. comm. 2010).","There is little data available on the population trends across the range of this species. In Great Britain (UK) a survey of 337 sites in southern and south central England in 2000-2002 showed that the species was present and locally abundant in the largest rivers (e.g. Thames, Cherwell and Thame) but very sparse or absent elsewhere (Killeen and Willing 2004)","This species lives in a relatively narrow range of clean, calcareous habitats. In Britain it is virtually restricted to canals and large, slow-flowing rivers. It occurs in a range of substrates from mud through to sandy grit, often in deeper water than for many other Pisidium species, and is less common in very shallow margins.","No specific threats to the species have been identified, however water pollution and subsequent ecosystem degradation could negatively influence the species' population.",There is no information about conservation actions targeting this species. In Bulgaria it is listed as Extinct in the forthcoming Red Data Book of Bulgaria: Volume 2 Animals (in press).,This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,SPHAERIIDAE,Pisidium,tenuilineatum,,Pisidium tenuilineatum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"In some parts of its range this species  is extinct, in other parts it nearly qualifies for Vulnerable based on recent decline rate and loss of local populations. However the overall range and the habitats are such that the species currently meets the criteria for Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union. This is species should be monitored as the decline rates may accelerate, depending on future water quality issues and long-term changes in river management practices.",Decreasing,"This species is widely distributed across the western Palearctic from the Mediterranean to southern Sweden and eastwards to Belarus (Drisviaty Lake) and Russia. It has a scattered distribution in many countries (e.g. UK, France, Germany, Poland). This species is also known to occur in Israel, Syria and more recently, from two springs in Lebanon.This is a rare and endangered bivalve in the Czech Republic (Beran and Horsak 2001) - only about 15 localities were known before 2000, but a survey of# most of these localities showed the species was missing. However, two new localities were found in 2000 at two brooks (Liběchovka and Pšovka, Central and Northern Bohemia) in the Kokořínsko Protected Landscape Area.There are scattered records of this species from Loir et Cher and Jura (Brault and Gervais 2004), but it is known more widely throughout other areas of France; Pas de Calais (Cucherat, 2003) and 23 lakes across France (Mouthon 1993).        There are scattered records of this species from Northern and Central Italy; it was only recorded from twenty 10 km squares. There are no records from Sardinia (Cianfanelli, Giusti and Manganelli, pers. comm., 2009).    This species is considered Extinct# in the Netherlands (de Bruyne et al. 2003), based on absence of records in period 1985-2000, compared to 1965-1984.The status of this species in Spain is uncertain. The species was cited with doubts in Spain by Araujo (1995). In the UK this species is mainly found in central southern England, principally the Hampshire and Thames basins.# It is also known from south and south-east Wales (Rivers Lugg, Monnow and Usk), Yorkshire (Rivers Wharfe and Ure), the River Mimram in Hertfordshire and the River Axe in Devon. It was formerly known from rivers and canals in the Midlands and from ponds in Sussex, and Herefordshire. The species has not been recorded from Scotland (I. Killeen, pers. comm., 2009).In Germany this species is known to the south from North Rhine Westphalia and Brandenburg and sporadically in the southern part of Germany. (Glöer and Meier-Brook 2003)","This species is in decline in Europe. It has been found to be extinct in some parts of the range, and in other countries thought to have declined (in the UK there have been declines of 39% in the period 1965-1998, and more recently down to 19% and stabilising (M. Seddon and I. Killeen, pers. comm., 2010). Studies in Britain (Killeen and Willing 2004) have shown that this species frequently occurs in low numbers, rarely comprising more than 10% of all Pisidium individuals from a sample, although in some places (e.g. River Whitewater, Pang) it has been found in abundances as high as 80% of all individuals in a sample.Mouthon (2008) has shown that this small bivalve gives birth to two or three generations per year that emerge from May to September. The sampling in the French Upper Rhône shows the presence throughout the year of gravid individuals and newborns suggests that each individual reproduces several times during its lifetime (iteroparity) of one to two years, and in European Pisidium this reproduction strategy has only been observed in populations of P. conventus living in deep zones of lakes, however, it does not appear to endow P. tenuilineatum with any particular advantage since it is most usually represented by only small populations","In Britain this species  lives principally in clean, calcareous, unpolluted, lowland rivers, large streams and occasionally in ponds. The species lives in both swift and slow-flowing water, most often in fine sediments that accumulate at river margins, particularly on the downstream side of tall, emergent macrophytes. In Poland Piechocki (1989) records that its characteristic habitats are small lowland rivers with fine bottom sediments, in which it is sometimes abundant. It tolerates low levels of calcium (Glöer and Meier-Brook 2003).","The principal threats to this species are pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources, alteration of water courses, changes to flow regimes, over-frequent dredging and the effect of invasive species. Mouthon (1996) showed that this species is the species of Pisidum most sensitive to biodegradable pollution.# In Poland Piechocki (1992) highlighted the sensitivity of the species to orthophosphate, and more recently in the UK, studies have shown that the distributional limits within a river are affected by levels of orthophosphate (Killeen and Willing 2004).","This species is Red listed in several European countries (Netherlands, Sweden, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia and some federal regions of Germany). No conservation actions are known for this species across its range,  although local actions are in place in some areas. Although the species is still  widespread at present, it has been declining in parts of its  range, hence further surveys are needed to determine the decline  levels, and then determine whether further actions are necessary.",This species is not utilized.,,"Killeen, I. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,SPHAERIIDAE,Pisidium,waldeni,,Pisidium waldeni,,"The species has been placed in the Family is listed as Sphaeriidae, although some authors regard the Pisidium as worthy of listing as a distinct family Pisiidae, traditionally it is still placed as a subfamily of the Sphaeriidae.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"In Europe this species is found in Norway, Sweden and Finland. It is widespread in suitable habitats (Kuiper et al. 1989). No threats are known for this species and thus it is treated as Least Concern (LC) at the European Level and at at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Unknown,"This is a circumpolar species. In Europe this species is found in Norway, Sweden and Finland. It is widespread in suitable habitats (Kuiper et al. 1989).",There is little information available. It is often found in low numbers in Sweden.,"This species lives at depth in the Profundal zone in cold stenothermal lakes and on mountains up to 1,300 m asl.",There is no information on specific threats.,No conservation actions are in place or currently required for this species.,This species is not utilized.,,"von Proschwitz, T.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Plagigeyeria,deformata,,Plagigeyeria deformata,,"Plagigeyeria deformata is considered as a valid species, but has never been collected alive, so the genus name is uncertain.",Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",EU27,,"Plagigeyeria deformata is only known from the type locality in the Rhone Valley, France, where it is found in subterranean habitats. This cave system is vulnerable to water pollution (domestic sewage, nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides). In the future, lack of water in the aquifer changing habitats and ranges may be another threat as the aquifers become overexploited. The species is therefore considered as Endangered (EN) B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii).",Unknown,"This species is restricted to the Rhône valley, southern France. It is only known from one aquifer, on each side of the Rhône river.",There is no population trend data available for this species.,This species lives in subterranean waters.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic sources #(sewage and run-off) or agricultural#sources#(nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides). Lack of water in the aquifer changing habitats and ranges maybe another threat if the aquifers become overexploited.",It is protected by law in France. More research on taxonomy and population size and trends is needed.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Plagigeyeria,edlaueri,,Plagigeyeria edlaueri,,,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Plagigeyeria edlaueri is recorded from Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bank#et al, 2006; Fauna Europea), and Croatia (Sket  pers.comm. 2010). However there are no recent data on distribution, population status and trends or threats to the species and as such it  is not possible to make a conservation assessment for this species. If the range is confirmed as widespread between these points, the species will qualify as Least Concern. At the moment, the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,Plagigeyeria edlaueri is endemic to Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina between Metković and Bileća (Sket pers. comm. 2010).,There is no population data for this species.,This species inhabits freshwater springs.,There are no current data on threats.,"This species requires more research on population trends, distribution, taxonomy and threats.",,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Plagigeyeria,gladilini,,Plagigeyeria gladilini,,"There are 2 described subspecies: the nominate form lives probably in Serbia, and the subspecies procerulus lives in Bulgaria.",Yes,VU,D2,No,VU,D2,EU27,,"Plagigeyeria gladilini is present in at least two site in the region, and is considered as Vulnerable D2, as one of these sites may be subjected to the pollution caused by future visitors of the cave. However, this species could quickly become Endangered if the water quality or the water presence is modified in the future. The status of the populations are the other site is unknown.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Mediterranean regional assessment: As one of the sites is probably present within the Mediterranean biogeographical region, is considered as Vulnerable D2, as one of these sites may be subjected to the pollution caused by future visitors of the cave, and given the pressures on water supplies it is probably declining in quality of habitat. This decision has been taken based on climatic and geological similarities of the region with the Mediterranean.EU 27 regional assessment: This species has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2 at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment:#Vulnerable (VU) D2",Unknown,"This species is known to live at least in 2 locations, one in Bulgaria, and the second one is the former Yugoslavia, probably in Serbia. The status in Montenegro (Fauna Europea, 2006) is uncertain.",There are no data present on the population trends of this species.,This species is present in karstic water (springs and streams in Caves). It is a troglobite species (i.e. it lives permanently underground and cannot survive outside the cave environment).,"In Bulgaria, one site is considered as possibly threatened, as it is in a tourist area, and it is thought to be susceptible to pollution caused by potential visitors of the cave.",There are no conservation measures known for the species in Bulgaria. Monitoring of the habitat is recommended.,This species is not utilised for trade.,,"Georgiev, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Plagigeyeria,klemmi,,Plagigeyeria klemmi,,,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Plagigeyeria klemmi is endemic to Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and although the species is protected in Croatia, there are no known  conservation actions and further data is required on distributions and  threats to make a fresh conservation assessment. Therefore this species is currently assessed as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE), as neither country where the species is present is a member of the European Union.",Unknown,"Plagigeyeria klemmi is endemic to Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, however there is little data on modern distributions (Bank et al. 2006).",There is no recent population data for this species.,This species is reported from freshwater springs.,"As there is little data on modern distributions, the threats to this species are unknown.","This species is protected in Croatia, however there are no known conservation actions. Further data is required on distributions and threats to make a fresh conservation assessment.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Plagigeyeria,minuta,,Plagigeyeria minuta,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Data Deficient (DD), as there is no detailed data on distribution, population trends and threats.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD), at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Unknown,"This species was described from the 'former country of Yugoslavia"" and its current status is uncertain. Further data is required on its range.",There is no recent population trend data for this species.,This species is found in freshwater springs.,"As the current range of the species is unknown, we cannot establish the threats for this species.","There are no known actions for this species. Further data is required to enable a conservation assessment, including distribution, population trends and threats.",This species is not used.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Plagigeyeria,montenigrina,,Plagigeyeria montenigrina,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Plagigeyeria montenigrina#is endemic to Montenegro. It is known only from the type locality, a spring in Obodska Pećina cave close to Skadar Lake, with threats of groundwater pollution that are operating at the site. #The presence at a single site and the threats to this site merit a high listing for the species. #However, should other sites be found then the listing would need review. It is classified as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).",Decreasing,"Plagigeyeria montenigrina is#endemic to Montenegro, known only from the type locality, a spring in Obodska Pećina cave near Rijeka Crnojevića, area of Skadar Lake. #Not found in recent surveys in the springs of the surrounding areas (Pesic pers. comm. 2009)",There is no data on population trends for this species.,Subterranean karst waters.,Seepage of waste water into underground waters that are the habitats for this species.,"Habitat monitoring (water quality, sediment load and nitrates) would be recommended to get an indication of potential changes that are impacting this species as well as further survey data on the population status.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Pešić, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Plagigeyeria,mostarensis,,Plagigeyeria mostarensis,,,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Plagigeyeria mostarensis is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bank et al. 2006; Fauna Europea), known only from springs just south of Mostar. There is no recent data on the distribution, population status or threats to this species, and as such it could be listed as Data Deficient or Vulnerable D2.# Given the lack of specific data on threats it is left as Data Deficient pending additional information.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bank et al. 2006; Fauna Europea), known only from springs Buna and Bunica, south of Mostar.",There is no population data for this species.,There is no information on habitat for this species.,There are no information on the threats for this species.,"There are no known conservation measures. more research on the population, distribution and threats is needed.",,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Plagigeyeria,nitida,,Plagigeyeria nitida,,There are two subspecies recognised for Plagigeyeria nitida:Plagigeyeria nitida#nitida Bosnia and Herzegovina and CroatiaPlagigeyeria#nitida angelovi Croatia,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Plagigeyeria nitida#is currently listed as Data Deficient (DD), as there is no recent information on the status or threats for the entire species. However there are threats to the subspecies#Plagigeyeria nitida angelovi#found at one site in Croatia. #This subspecies has been listed as Critically Endangered (B2abiii) in Croatia, as result of loss of groundwater supply as well as pollution.",Unknown,"This species is restricted to Croatia and Bosnia  Hercegovina. There are two subspecies currently recognised:Plagigeyeria nitida#nitida known from hinterland of Metković in Bosnia  Hercegovina and Croatia.Plagigeyeria#nitida angelovi is#restricted to#Croatia, where it is restricted to the Ombla source (rivers Dubrovnik) in Dubrovnik (Schutt 1972, 2000; Bole and Velkovrh 1986 cited in Croatian Red List, 2010, in press)",There are no data available on population trends.,"This species inhabits in freshwater karst cave habitats.#The only detailed information from Croatia is for the subpecies from Ombla, where it is not known whether species inhabit the fast-flowing cave streams or stagnant waters (Slapnik pers. comm. 2010)","No threat information are available for this species, however the subspecies angelovi is threatened at the Ombla site. Hydroelectric operations in the area of Popov fields have decreased the flow of underground water and there is a threat to groundwater pollution with contamination from waste water and solid and liquid municipal waste, due to landfill in the area.",No conservation actions are known for this species. This species requires more research on population trends and threats.,,,"Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Plagigeyeria,piroti,,Plagigeyeria piroti,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Data Deficient (DD), as there is no detailed data on distribution, population trends and threats. Further research is required to enable a full conservation assessment.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD), at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Unknown,"This species was described by Bole and Velkovrh (1987) from the former country of Yugoslavia, and the current status is unknown. Further data is required on the range.",There is no recent population trend data for this species.,This species is found in freshwater springs.,"As the current range is unknown, it is not possible to establish threats to this species.","There are no known actions for this species. Further data is required to enable a conservation assessment, including distribution, population trends and threats.",There is no use or trade information for this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Plagigeyeria,plagiostoma,,Plagigeyeria plagiostoma,,"The genus Plagigeyeria#Tomlin, 1930 was a replacement name for Geyeria Wagner, 1914, non Buchecker#et al.#1876. It was originally listed as#Geyeria plagiostoma Wagner, 1914.#",Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"There is no recent data on the distribution, population status or threats to this species and as such, it is listed as Data Deficient (DD). #If the species is found to be restricted to Vrelo Bosna, then a higher threat status should be considered for this species.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, there is no detailed information on current distribution. Wagner described it from type locality of Bosna springs. The spring, Vrelo Bosne, is at the#foothills#of the Mount#Igman, on the outskirts of#Sarajevo (Sket pers. comm. 2010).",There is no data on recent population trends,This species is known to to be a freshwater spring snail.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation actions known for this species. This species requires more research on population trends, distribution and threats.",,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Plagigeyeria,robusta,,Plagigeyeria robusta,,,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species was described from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina,  and there are two subspecies known, one from Croatia and the other from  Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Full details on the distribution are uncertain and although the species is listed on the Croatian List of Threatened Species there are no known actions for this species. Further data is  required to enable a conservation assessment, including distribution,  population trends and threats. The species is listed as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 27 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE), as neither country where the species is present is a member of the European Union.",Unknown,"This species was described from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and there are two subspecies known, one from Croatia and the other from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.",There is no known data on population trends of this species.,This is thought to be a species found in freshwater springs.,The threats are not known for this species.,"This species is listed on the Croatian List of Threatened Species, however there are no known actions for this species. Further data is required to enable a conservation assessment, including distribution, population trends and threats.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Plagigeyeria,stochi,,Plagigeyeria stochi,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Plagigeyeria stochi is endemic to Italy where it is specifically found in the alpine region of western Friuli-Venezia Giulia where it is found in subterranean groundwaters. This species is considered Vulnerable D2, as it is threatened by its restricted range and potentially degradation of the habitat, as living in groundwaters the species could be affected by  anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution. No conservation measures have been implemented although the species is listed nationally as Near Threatened.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Italy, specifically found in the alpine region of eastern Friuli-Venezia Giulia.# It is only known from a small area, c. 25 km x 15km where it is recorded at three locations.","This species is restricted to a small area, so population numbers are presumably relatively low.",This small freshater species is found in groundwaters in rocks.,"The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch 2006).#                 Living in subterranean habitats which are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources.##The species is also vulnerable to habitat degradation as the result of over-abstraction of water from the aquifer.    (Manganelli et al. 2000).","No species-specific conservation measures are known. The species was considered to be Near Threatened for the Red List of Italy. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas, however habitat monitoring would be recommended for this species.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Bodon, M., Giusti, F., Manganelli, G. Cianfanelli, S.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Plagigeyeria,tribunicae,,Plagigeyeria tribunicae,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Plagigeyeria tribunicae is endemic to Bosnia  Herzegovina. There is no recent data on the distribution, population status or threats to this species, and as such it could be listed as Data deficient.# However the species is restricted to the type locality, which is now below the man-made lake, and the species status is  uncertain (Sket 2010 pers. comm.), so this species is considered as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii).",Unknown,"Plagigeyeria tribunicae was described in early 1980's from the cave Dejanova pećina in Bileća, E Hercegovina, and#is endemic to Bosnia Hercegovina (Sket, pers. comm., 2010).",There is no recent data on population trends.,This species is believed to be a freshwater spring-snail.,"The only known locality is now below the man-made lake, and as such the springs where the species may have been recorded have been destroyed, and the species status is uncertain (Sket, 2010 pers. comm.).","No conservation actions known for this species. Survey work is required to establish whether the species is still present at springs around the last known location, and if refound then monitoring will be required and possibly site protection.",No known trade in this species,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Plagigeyeria,zetaprotogona,,Plagigeyeria zetaprotogona,,"There are four subspecies known for#Plagigeyeria zetaprotogona#in addition to the nominate race: Plagigeyeria zetaprotogona#pageti Schutt, 1960;#Plagigeyeria zetaprotogona#vitoja Reischutz #Reischutz, 2008,#Plagigeyeria zetaprotogona#zetadidyma Schutt, 1960. Most of these subspecies are restricted to single sites in Montenegro, although one P. z.#zetatridyma#Schutt, 1960 extends to Bosnia and Herzegovina.",Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",No,NE,,EU27,,"Plagigeyeria zetaprotogona has 3 subspecies, in addition to the nominate race. Most of these are only known from their type locality (single sites), and as such total range for the species is still restricted (under 5 locations). #The major threats to these springs#are that the sources are captured; infiltration of waste water from the local industry in the upper part of the river Zeta and influence of hydro-power on the regulating water flow in middle and downstream part of the river. The species is therefore considered as Endangered (EN) B2ab(ii,iii).",Unknown,"Plagigeyeria zetaprotogona occurs in Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Most of these subspecies (Plagigeyeria z. pageti, Plagigeyeria z.vitoja) are restricted to Montenegro, although one P. z. zetatridyma Schutt, 1960 extends to Bosnia and Herzegovina. Plagigeyeria zetaprotogona zetaprotogona is restricted to Montenegro, known only from the type locality (source of river Zeta near Tunjevo village). The Zeta River is the most significant tributary of the Morača. The Perućica#Hydroelectric power plant#near Nikšić #uses the waters of the Zeta River to generate power. After that, the river#meanders#through the#Bjelopavlići Valley, until it empties into the Morača a few miles north of Podgorica.#Plagigeyeria zetaprotogona vitoja#is restricted to the spring at Vitoja.#","In one of the sites, Vitoja spring,#Plagigeyeria zetaprotogona vitoja#is frequently obtained in samples, and as such is not rare although the population trend is not known.","This species inhabits in springs which flows directly out of the ground, the water directly forming a stream (rheocrenic springs) and it may be present in subterranean areas as well.","One of the sites (Zeta spring) has been captured. #In the upper part of river Zeta, the Perućica#Hydroelectric power plant#near Nikšić #uses the waters of the Zeta River to generate power#which greatly influenced water level regime in the summer period (Plagigeyeria zetaprotogona zetadidyma).#Additional problems come from waste water from the city polluting groundwater. #For the other subspecies#Plagigeyeria zetaprotogona vitoja#the spring is planned to be capture for local drinking (Vitoja).#No information is present for the third site.",Ecosystem management projects are being implemented in the Skadar lake.#On-going transboundary projects focus on ecosystem management of the Skadar lake area. Habitat should be monitor.,There is no trade use for this species,,"Pešić, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Planorbarius,corneus,,Planorbarius corneus,,"There are three sub-species for this species: Planorbarius corneus arabatzis (Reischütz, Reischütz  Fischer,# 2008), Planorbarius corneus grandis (Dunker, 1850) and Planorbarius corneus corneus (Linnaeus, 1758).# From Feher  Eross (2009) 'Beside the nominate form of P. corneus, Fauna Europaea recognizes one another subspecies, P. c. grandis. There was no type locality given in the original description, and it was reported only from Greece (Lake Kastoria and Kavala) to now (FRANK 1987). P. corneus populations, occurring in the two Prespa Lakes, resembles to Planorbis grandis described and figured by DUNKER (1850). This form, mentioned as ""abnormale populatie uit het Prespameer"" (MAASSEN 1980) or ""Form des Gr. Prespasees"" (REISCHÜTZ  STUMMER 1989), differ from the nominate form by having more tumid spire, more asymmetric aperture and asymmetrically depressed spire (deeply on the ventral side and slightly on the dorsal side). Misguided by its unusual shell morphology, this P. corneus form was inaccurately associated to Planorbella anceps by ERŐSS et al. (2005). P. REISCHÜTZ (personal communication) believes, that two distinct subspecies occur in the Prespa region: P. c. grandis in the Small Prespa Lake and an undescribed species subspecies in the Great Prespa Lake. Until the systematic position of the ""Great Prespa form"" is clarified (P. REISCHÜTZ is studying it), we tentatively assign the populations of both lakes to P. c. grandis.'",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Planorbarius corneus is widespread all over Europe, it is abundant and there are no major threats for this species. It is classified as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Mediterranean assessment: This specie sis also widespread in the southern part of its range and is not facing major threats. it is therefore also listed as Least Concern (LC) at the Mediterranean level.",Unknown,"This is a very common and abundant species in northern and central Europe and the Balkans across to central Asia. In the south-west part of Europe is becomes rare, and is not present in Spain, however there are records from the Atlantic islands.# As a species found in the aquarium trade, it can be found in small ponds outside the main range. In the Balkans there are two subspecies have been described from the Prespa and Mikri Prespa Lake.Slovakia: It is known as a common species in large rivers such as the Danube, Morava, Vah, Ipel, Latorica, Tisa, as well as streams and fishponds.Czech Republic: Common species, and in the second half of the 20th century it has expanded it's range to new localities.Germany: More common species in the north lowlands, and is absent from central germany and is relatively rare in the south. Serbia: It is a common species in the Danube and Sava Rivers.UK: widespread.",This is a common and abundant species. The sub-species present in the Prespa and Mikri Prespa Lakes are also common and abundant.,"This  is a large freshwater gastropod, also adapted to semi-aquatic habitats.  The species inhabits different types of habitats - large rivers,  streams, fishponds, swamps, slow flowing waters, flooded gravel pits,  etc. and it is typically found in water which is still, or only moving  slowly, where there is a good growth of many different kinds of pond  weeds, and where there are high levels of calcium dissolved in the  water.In freshwater lakes, such as Prespa and Mikri Prespa, it is found on a variety of substrates.P. corneus arabatzis is found in the Prespa Lake and occurs on hard substrate like stones and rocks.P. corneus grandis is found in the Prespa and Mikri Prespa Lakes on soft substrate and macrophytes.",There are no major threats for this species.,There are no species-specific conservation actions in place.,,,"Albrecht, C., Schreiber, K. Hauffe, T.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Planorbarius,meditjensis,,Planorbarius meditjensis,,"This species has been more commonly known as Planorbarius meditjensis Forbes, 1838 in most of the literature until 2009.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,This is a widespread species that is stable and possibly increasing. There are no identified threats and as such it is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.,Stable,"This species is known from Spain and Portugal in Europe, and has a range that extends into the Maghreb, where it has been recorded as widely dispersed from Morocco and Algeria (van Damme et al. 2010). Araujo (pers. comm., 2010) reported the species as widespread and common in the Iberian peninsula, except in the north where it is replaced by Planorbarius corneus.",Its populations are thought to be stable and possibly increasing.,This opportunistic species lives on vegetation around slow-moving waters and can stand some degree of water pollution. In is also present in man-made drainage ditches.,No major threats are known to this species and it is tolerant of disturbed and mildly polluted habitats.,There are no known conservation actions for this species and none are considered necessary.,There is no trade information for this species.,,"Van Damme, D. Araujo, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Planorbella,duryi,,Planorbella duryi,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,The species is non-native in Europe and as such is listed as Not Applicable (NA).,Increasing,"This species is native to North America, but is widely introduced in Europe, where it is found in aquariums, indoor pools and other artificial habitats. The species is often a temporary resident, and may die out.",This non-native species is expanding its range in Europe.,This species is found in ponds and aquarium tanks.,"There are no known threats to this species, but it is a non-native species in Europe.",There are no known conservation actions and none are required.,This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Planorbis,atticus,,Planorbis atticus,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is currently assessed as Least Concern (LC) as it is present in many water courses in northern Greece, however it is vulnerable to declines, as it is present in habitats that are suffering from pollution events, changing water levels resulting from increased frequency of summer droughts, and over-abstraction of water for domestic and agricultural purposes.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to northern Greece. The distribution of this species is updated in the forthcoming review of Glöer (2010 in press), however it is found in East Aegean Islands, Ionian Islands, Crete, Cyclades, North Sporades, Attica, Euboea, Peloponnisos and probably in Epirus as Reischutz and Sattman (1990) tentatively recorded the species in two river systems (Louros and Artharos) (Radea, pers. comm., 2010).","There is no population trend data for this species, but it may be declining due to habitat decline.","This species is found in small rivers, brooks, pools and freshwater springs.","The threats to this species are uncertain, but are likely to be pollution in the rivers, as well as seasonal droughts impacting the species during periods of low water.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and at present only awareness of biodiversity campaigns and preservation of water would be required to assist in the conservation of this species.",This species is not known to be traded.,,"Radea, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Planorbis,carinatus,,Planorbis carinatus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,This species is widespread throughout Europe with no threats at the European level and as such is considered as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.,Unknown,"This species is widespread throughout Europe. It is found in Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (mainland), Bulgaria, Romania, Spain (mainland) and Portugal (mainland).Outside Europe it is recorded from Turkey, and has recently been reported in Lebanon.",No information on the population status or trend for this species is known at the European level.,This is a freshwater species that is found in swamps and slow-flowing waters with abundant vegetation.,There are no known threats to this species. There are likely to be localised declines due to habitat loss and water pollution but these are not thought to be impacting the species at the European Level.,There are no current or suggested conservation actions for this species.,There is no known trade in this species.,,"Van Damme, D. Kebapçı, U.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Planorbis,macedonicus,,Planorbis macedonicus,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Planorbis macedonicus is considered as Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii), as the it is known from a single locality, Lake Ohrid, which has a total area of 358 km2. There is a continuing decline in the habitat quality (both water and lake-bed) as a result of water pollution and increased sedimentation from the catchment, which is impacting this species.",Unknown,"This species is restricted to the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) part of Lake Ohrid, in the surroundings of sub-lacustrine springs.",This species is strictly restricted to the rocky south-eastern shore and could be found only in low abundances.,This littoral species is strictly restricted to hard substrates like rocks and stones.,"Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. Agriculture near the Prespa lake is contaminating the Prespa Lake waters, which are feeding the aquifer of the Lake Ohrid, resulting in increased nutrient load (Matzinger et al. 2006).",There is no conservation action in place for this species.,,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Planorbis,moquini,,Planorbis moquini,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species has uncertain distribution, population data and threats as it has been regarded until recently as conspecific with Planorbis argraulus, which is now regarded as a North African species (Gloer and Zettler 2009).# It is easily confused with other Planorbid species and as such is under-recorded, requiring anatomical verification for confirmed records. Although the range is only partly known, this species is listed as Least Concern, as it is known from at least 13 locations on Corsica and is probably widespread in suitable water bodies.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: This species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)",Unknown,"Giusti et al. (2005) described a Holmediterranean distribution for this species, regarding it as conspecific with Planorbis argraulus.# However it is now considered to be more restricted, from Sardinia, Corsica, possibly Alpes Maritime (Gloer and Zettler 2009, Falkner et al. 2002). On Corsica it is listed from at least 13 locations (Gloer and Zettler 2009) and as such is not range restricted.",There are no population data available for this species.,This is a freshwater species.,There are no known threats to this species.,"There are no conservation actions for this species, however monitoring of the habitat needs to be carried out as does more research into distribution and trends in population.",,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Planorbis,planorbis,,Planorbis planorbis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,This species is widespread throughout Europe with no known threats across its range and as such is considered as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.,Stable,"This species is widespread in Europe, being found in Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (mainland), Sardinia (Italy), Sicily (Italy), Malta, Bulgaria, Romania, Balearic Islands (Spain), Spain (mainland), Portugal (mainland), Albania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macdeonia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Bosnia  Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece and Ukraine.","There is no Europe wide data showing decline, although there are localised declines, it is considered stable over Europe.","This species is found in ponds, ditches, and in quiet slow-flowing canals and rivers, usually in the shallower parts amongst the water weeds.",There are no known threats to this species across its range.# There are likely to be localised declines due to habitat loss and water pollution but these are not thought to be impacting the species at the European Level.,There are no current or suggested conservation actions for this species and none are currently required.,There is no use or trade information for this species.,,"Killeen, I., Seddon, M. Vavrova, L.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Planorbis,presbensis,,Planorbis presbensis,,,Yes,VU,D2,No,VU,,EU27,,"Planorbis presbensis is only known from the Lakes of Prespa, where it is considered as Vulnerable (VU D2), as it is present only in two locations. Despite the decline of habitat quality, the ecology of this species and its larger size allow it to withstand changes from the algae growth resulting of the eutrophication of the lakes, it is therefore considered that it does not currently meet the requirement level of threat for Endangered.This species has also been assessed at the regional level for the 27 member states of the European Union: For the EU27 assessment, immigration from sub-populations in Albania and FYROM is considered possible through passive dispersion by water birds, and hence the species is therefore considered as Vulnerable (VU D2) at the EU27 level too.",Unknown,"This species is restricted to the small Prespa Lake (""Mikri Prespa"") and the Prespa Lake, between Albania, FYROM (also known as Macedonia) and Greece. #","Although the population trend is unknown P. prespensis is frequently recovered in recent surveys within suitable habitats in the freshwater lake (Albrecht et al, pers. comm., 2009).",This littoral species occurs in rocky habitat.,"Pollution related to intensive agriculture practice and settlements in the neighbouring area, is responsible for the eutrophication of the lake. In relation with this, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability for this small gastropod. Herbicides might also impact diatomae communities, which are the major food source for this snail. Introduction of alien fish species for fishing purposes has contributed to profound modification of the natural ecosystem of the lake.","There is no conservation action in place. An action plan on the sustainable management of water use in the region is urgently needed and existing water legislation should be enforced. Fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides use for agriculture purposes need to be drastically reduced. Regional cooperation between Albania, FYROM and Greece would be an asset for coordinated conservation action.  #",,,"Hauffe, T., Schreiber, K. Albrecht, C.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Plesiella,guipuzcoa,,Plesiella guipuzcoa,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This recently described species is only known from a single location in Spain,  and could be threatened, however the lack of data on its distribution and threats to  these sites, suggests the species should be listed as Data Deficient (DD),  pending better information on these aspects. If it is shown to  be restricted to a single site the species may qualify for Vulnerable or  even Critically Endangered depending on the severity of the threats.",Unknown,"This recently described species is currently only known from the type locality, a freshwater spring at Zaspi-Iturieta, Amezqueta, Guipúzcoa in northern Spain.",The population status of this species is unknown.,This species inhabits freshwater springs.,"The threats to the species are unknown, although possible threats include over-exploitation of water sources and pollution of groundwater.","There are currently no known conservation actions, however further surveys to determine the geographical range of this species and threats are recommended.",This species is not utilized.,,"Arconada, B.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Plesiella,navarrensis,,Plesiella navarrensis,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This recently described species is only known from a single location in Spain, and could be threatened, however the lack of data on its distribution and threats to these sites, suggests the species should be listed as Data Deficient (DD), pending better information on these aspects. If it is shown to be restricted to a single site the species may qualify for Vulnerable or even Critically Endangered depending on the severity of the threats.",Unknown,"This recently described species can be found in north-eastern Spain where it is currently only known from the type locality Cueva de Allí, Allí, Larraún, Navarra [UTM: WN903602, 630 m ASL].",The population status of this species is unknown.,This species is found in a freshwater spring in a cave.,"The threats to this species are unknown, although possible threats include over-exploitation of water sources and pollution of groundwater.","No conservation actions are known, although the species is listed as Data Deficient in the Spanish Red List (Arconada et al. 2009). Further information is required on threats and population status in order to determine the status of this species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pontobelgrandiella,nitida,,Pontobelgrandiella nitida,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Pontobelgrandiella nitida is considered as Vulnerable (VU) D2, as it is endemic to Bulgaria, known only from 2 sites and it may be subjected to the pollution caused by potential visitors of the cave in the future. However, this species could quickly become Endangered if the water quality or the water presence is modified in the future.",Unknown,"Pontobelgrandiella nitida is endemic to Bulgaria and is restricted to 2 freshwater springs, one in Polaten and the second in Glozhene in the district of Teteven in Bulgaria (Stara Planina Mountains).#Even though, the location of the 2 sites where this  species is present are only few kilometres outside the border of the  Mediterranean biogeographical region, this  species is considered here as Mediterranean . This decision has  been taken based on climatic and geological similarities of the region  with the Mediterranean.",There is no data present on the population trends of this species.,This species is present in karstic water (springs and streams in caves). It is a troglobite species (i.e. it lives permanently underground and cannot survive outside the cave environment).,A possible threat could be the pollution caused by potential visitors of the cave in the future.,No conservation measures are known for the area. #,This species does not have any commercial use.,,"Georgiev, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Potamopyrgus,antipodarum,,Potamopyrgus antipodarum,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is widespread in Europe and is on the increase in all suitable habitats. It is an introduction, through  the movement of ballast water in ships, and originated in New Zealand, and as such is listed as Not Applicable (NA) at the European level, the level of the 27 member states of the European Union and at the Mediterranean level.",Increasing,"This species is widespread in Europe. It is an introduction, through the movement of ballast water in ships, and originated in New Zealand. Bank et al. (2006) now recognise the species in Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Channel Islands (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Corsica (France), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (mainland), Sicily (Italy), Andorra, Balearic Islands (Spain), Spain (mainland), Portugal (mainland), Ukraine and Bulgaria.","A species on the increase in all suitable habitats. In some regions in Spain the species is described as a pest (Soler et al.  2006). A species as prolific as this has potential to be a biofouler at  facilities drawing from infested waters (D.V.Damme pers. comm. 2011).  Abundant populations of introduced P. antipodarum may also outcompete other grazers and inhibit colonization by other macroinvertebrates (Kerans et al. 2005). In Europe, P. antipodarum causes declines in species richness and abundance of native snails in constructed ponds (Strzelec 2005). Data on this species is present on many web-sites dealing with invasive species","This freshwater species is found in lakes, ponds, rivers, lagoons, canals, estuaries, ditches, water tanks and reservoirs and can tolerate saline water (up to 26 psu). It can withstand poor water conditions, is found in turbid or clear water and can live in sewage.","An invasive species that potentially threatens other species in similar habitats and tolerates poor water quality, so no threats in all regions.","An invasive species that potentially threatens other species in similar habitats and tolerates poor water quality, so no conservation actions in any regions.",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,UNIONOIDA,UNIONIDAE,Potomida,littoralis,,Potomida littoralis,,"Potomida is considered a monotypic genus with a circum-Mediterranean distribution (Graf, from Mussel web-site, 2008; http://bama.ua.edu/~musselp/m/mom/archive/2008/08-08.html). The phylogenetic placement of Potomida is also of interest. Unlike the other unionid genera of Europe (like Unio and Anodonta), P. littoralis lacks the hooked-type glochidia of the subfamily Unioninae. Graf and Cummings (2007) left this species as ""incertae sedis"" within the family to emphasize the cloud that hangs over the higher taxonomy of this lineage.In Europe Bank et al. (2006) recognised 4 subspecies, from France and Greece:Potomida littoralis acarnanica (Kobelt, 1879) – Distribution: Greece. Synonyms: messenicus Westerlund, 1890; pamisinus Drouët, 1894 Potomida littoralis littoralis (Cuvier, 1798) – Distribution: France. Potomida littoralis cuneata (Jacquemin, 1835) – Distribution: France. Potomida littoralis pianensis (Boubée, 1833) – Distribution: France.Araujo (2009) noted that in Spain there were two Iberian subspecies discussed by Haas (1969) – P. littoralis littoralis cuvier, 1798, and P. littoralis umbonata Rossmaessler, 1844# but that both are synonyms of P. littoralis cuvier, 1798.In North Africa, another subspecies Potomida littoralis fellmanni Lamarck, 1801, was recognised by Van Damme et al. (2010).",No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"This species has many subspecies that are much more restricted, usually to a few river catchments where they are declining, and hence whilst the overall distribution is widespread, further research on all the subspecies is required to establish the identity, as some of these may be distinct, declining and potentially threatened taxa (Van Damme et al. 2010).# The species is considered to be rapidly declining in Spain, one of the countries where it is widely distributed, and populations levels have declined by over 30% in last 30 years, hence although the mapped distribution appears widespread, the actual populations have declined markedly.# As a consequence, the species is considered to be Near Threatened (NT) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Commission, based on the declining population levels within the significant strongholds of the Iberian Peninsula, continued loss since the 1940's and inferred decline levels between 20-30% over last 30 years.",Decreasing,"P. littoralis is a widespread species in southern Europe, northern Africa and the Middle East. Like other widely distributed freshwater mussel species in the rivers of the western Palaearctic, this one is also highly variable and several subspecies are recognized (Graf and Cummings 2007).# Within Europe it is mainly found in the Iberian Peninsula and France, with one subspecies recorded from Greece. It is not recorded from Italy and so apparently has a disjunct distribution.","In Spain, it is considered to be declining (Verdu and Galante 2009). Araujo (2009) considered that the decline of this species had accelerated in the last 10 years.# In Portugal, it is also reported to have declined significantly (Araujo, pers. comm, 2011).","This species occurs in large freshwater rivers, usually in# the# middle to lower river section,s but does not occur in upper parts of the river system. It also has been found in canals and lakes, preferring slowly moving waters, where it is found on the river bed between gravels (or sands) and stones. The species prefers clean waters. Maturity is reached after 4-5 years (size 4 cm), and, in Spain, pregnant  females were observed in July and August, juveniles hatched in  September, glochidia (0.21 mm) were observed from March to October (Araujo 2009).  Known host fishes are Barbus species, perhaps also Chondrostoma (Animalbase, downloaded 2011).","The major threats lie in river channel management, such as canalisation of the river channel as part of flood prevention schemes and irrigation practices, or navigation of river channels. In the lower reaches of the rivers it is also declining due to water pollution (varied sources including domestic, industrial and agricultural sources). In Spain, Araujo (2009) considered that the decline of this species had  accelerated, with increasing threats on the rivers where it lives (both  natural droughts, flood events changing river channel beds, and domestic  water extraction, dams, eutrophication).","The species was a candidate for listing on the European Union Habitats and Species Directive Annex.# It is considered to be Vulnerable in Spain, based on populations declines over the last 3 generations (30 years) and it is considered to be declining (Verdu and Galante 2009). Araujo (2009) considered that the decline of this species had  accelerated and recommended for inclusion in  the next Spanish Catalogue of Endangered Species in Category. In Portugal, declines have been reported since 1940, when the species was abundant. In Greece the status is uncertain. In France, it is considered to be a declining species and is listed as a protected species.",This species is not used.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Prespolitorea,malaprespensis,,Prespolitorea malaprespensis,,"This species lies close to a sister species Prespolitorea valvataeformis Radoman 1973, the only two species known in the genus, which is restricted to freshwater Lake Prespa.",Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),No,CR,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"Prespolitorea malaprespensis is described from only one location and has a extent of occurrence of less than 100 km² and there is a decline in the extent and quality of the habitat. It is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (B1ab(ii,iii)). There are no species-specific conservation action plans in place.",Unknown,"Prespolitorea malaprespensis is restricted to the smaller Prespa Lake, Mikri Prespa, between Albania and Greece. Recent surveys have only found it in within the Greek part of the lake (Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009)",This species is very rare.,This littoral species lives on the rocky/stony steep parts of the shoreline of the lake.,"Habitat loss, due to abrupt water level drop (of several metres), related to excessive water abstraction for agriculture coupled with extremely dry summers, is threatening this littoral species. As a consequence, the type locality, on the Albanian side, has been converted to land. Pollution related to intensive agriculture practice in the neighbouring area, is responsible for the eutrophication of the lake. In relation with this, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability for this small gastropod. Herbicides might also impact diatom communities, which are the major food source for this snail. Introduction of alien fish species for fishing purposes has contributed to profound modification of the natural ecosystem of the lake.","There are no species-specific conservation action plans in place.  An action plan on the sustainable management of water use in the region is urgently needed and existing water legislation should be enforced. Fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides use for agriculture purposes need to be drastically reduced.",,,"Hauffe, T., Schreiber, K. Albrecht, C.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Prespolitorea,valvataeformis,,Prespolitorea valvataeformis,,"This species lies close to a sister species Prespolitorea malaprespaensis Radoman 1973, the only two species known in the genus, which is restricted to freshwater Lake Mikri Prespa.",Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),No,CR,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"Prespolitorea valvataeformis is described from only one location, a freshwater lake,# with an AOO of less than 10 km2 and there is a decline in the habitat quality in relation with pollution and over-abstraction of water, changing the habitats along the lake shoreline where the species lives. It is therefore considered as Critically Endangered B2ab(iii).",Unknown,"This species is restricted to the Prespa Lake, between Albania, the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Greece.",This is a very rare species.,This littoral species lives on the rocky/stony steep parts of the shoreline.,"Habitat loss, due to abrupt water level drop (of several meters), related to excessive water abstraction for agriculture coupled with extremely dry summers, is threatening this littoral species. Pollution related to intensive agriculture practice and settlements in the neighbouring area, is responsible for the eutrophication of the lake. In relation with this, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability for this small gastropod. Herbicides might also impact diatomae communities, which are the major food source for this snail. Introduction of alien fish species for fishing purposes has contributed to profound modification of the natural ecosystem of the lake.","There is no conservation action in place. An action plan on the sustainable management of water use in the region is urgently needed and existing water legislation should be enforced. Fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides use for agriculture purposes need to be drastically reduced. Regional cooperation between Albania, the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)  and Greece would be an asset for coordinated conservation action for the Prespa Lake.",,,"Hauffe, T., Schreiber, K. Albrecht, C.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pseudamnicola,astierii,,Pseudamnicola astierii,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to France, where it is listed on INPN (Inventaire national du Patrimoine naturel) as present in the department of Var, but with no locality or date. More data is  required on the populations, distribution, habitats and threats, in  order to make a conservation assessment of the taxon, hence it is currently assessed as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to France, where it is listed on INPN (Inventaire national du Patrimoine naturel) as present in the department of Var, but with no locality or date.",There is no recent population data for this species.,The habitats are not known for this species.,The threats are not known for this species.,"There are no conservation actions known for this species. More data is required on the populations, distribution, habitats and threats, in order to make a conservation assessment of the taxon.",This species is not utilized.,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pseudamnicola,bacescui,,Pseudamnicola bacescui,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Romania where it is restricted to a few springs around a lake. The lake is used as a resort, and as such there is a possibility that there has been some off-take of water, and therefore on a precautionary basis the species is assessed as Vulnerable D2, pending a full assessment of the impact of water off-take on the habitats and hence species as well as fuller resurveys to establish whether it is more widespread around the lake.The species is also assessed at regional level:European regional assessment:#Vulnerable D2",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Romania, where it has only been collected from the freshwater springs of Techirghiol Lake, where it seems to be a rare species as there are only a small number of samples.",There is no population trend data for this species.,This species inhabits freshwater springs around a lake. #The lake is highly saline and is used as a resort for health visitors taking the waters.,"There is no data on the threats to this site or species, however the#the lake is used as a resort for health visitors taking the waters, so it is possible that the water supplies for the hotels use the spring for water or the groundwaters supplying the springs, and as such the species may be vulnerable to over abstraction of water from the springs or their feeder sources.",No conservation actions are known for this species. Research is needed on the distribution and impact of the off-take of water #to this species as this is currently unknown.,This species is not utilized.,,"Cioboiu, O.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pseudamnicola,beckmanni,,Pseudamnicola beckmanni,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This recently described species is only known from a single locality on Mallorca (Balaeric Islands, Spain), and so is a candidate for a threatened category, however, the range of the species has only recently been established and the population trends and threats remain uncertain so currently it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD), pending further research.",Unknown,"This recently described species is endemic to the Balearic Islands of Spain, where it is described from one location - Brunnen in Deia, Mallorca 39.746°north, 2.649°east (Beckmann 2007).",This species was recently described so the population trends are not known.,This species is found in freshwater springs.,The species is recently described and the threats to the site are unknown.,"No conservation actions are known for this recently described species. Further research is required on the distribution, population status and threats to the species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pseudamnicola,brachia,,Pseudamnicola brachia,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Crete (Kriti), Greece. There is no recent data on the distribution, populations or threats to this species, hence it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD). The are no known conservation actions for this species, however further survey work to establish the population trend,  distribution, and threats are required to make a revised conservation  assessment and determine conservation actions.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Crete (Kriti), Greece. There is no recent data on the specific distribution of this species.",The population trends for this species are unknown as there are few recent records of the species.,The habitats for this species are unknown as there are few recent records of the species.,The threats for this species are unknown as there are few recent records of the species.,"The are no known conservation actions for this species, however further survey work to establish the population trend, distribution, and threats are required to make a revised conservation assessment and determine conservation actions.",This species is not used.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pseudamnicola,chia,,Pseudamnicola chia,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is restricted to four sites on the island of#Chios, and as such has a restricted range with threats of over-abstraction of water, as well as increased frequency of droughts reducing recharge to the springs, hence it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU D2). Further research is  needed to get better data on population trends, distribution and# threats, and habitat  monitoring is required to establish whether the species merits a  higher threatened listing.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Greece, where it is restricted to the island of Chios (Schütt 1980). Schütt (1980) recorded it from 4 spring sites on the island (Berg Elias, Kipperi, Thimiana, Wikion).",The population trend of this species is unknown.,This species is found in freshwater springs.,"No specific threats are known to these sites, however, springs are vulnerable to exploitation for water sources for villages, and increased frequency of drought has an impact with the loss of springs in the region.","No conservation actions are known for this species. Further research is needed to get better data on population trends, distribution and threats. Habitat monitoring is required# to establish whether the species merits a higher threatened listing.",This species is not used.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pseudamnicola,confinis,,Pseudamnicola confinis,,,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina. There is no recent data on range, population trends or threats to this species. Therefore it is listed as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,This species is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina.,There is no data on population trends for this species.,There are no data on habitat.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"No conservation actions are known for this species. More research on population, distribution and threats is needed.",This species is not traded.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pseudamnicola,conovula,,Pseudamnicola conovula,,"Giusti, Managanelli and Schembi (1995) considered the Croatian and Italian sub-populations to be distinct species. There is doubt about the identity of the sub-populations from Puglia.#",No,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU27,,"There is considerable confusion in the literature about the identity of Pseudamnicola conovula, and the identity of the Italian and Croatian species (See Falkner and Boeters 2003 for a discussion). #For the purpose of this threatened species assessment, this species assessment is for the populations of 'Pseudamnicola conovula' found in region of Pag, Croatia.#There are a few springs containing this species, and these are under pressure from water abstraction, and as such the species is listed as Vulnerable D2, on a precautionary basis, however, the listing requires review, once a taxonomic revision of this group has been undertaken.",Unknown,"This species is listed by Fauna Europea as endemic to Croatia. #At present, this assessment follows the species concept of Giusti#et al#(1995) who considered the Croatian populations to be#Pseudamnicola conovula and the other records from Italy a different species. #Hence#this species is considered to be endemic to Croatia, where it was described from the island of Pag; #it has since been recorded from other springs close by, on the Island of Cres, Krk and Rab (Radoman, 1985).# There is some uncertainty about the validity of some records #attributed to this species, as some literature cites records from the Vjosa River, Albania (Bequiraj et al, online paper: http://www.balwois.com/balwois/administration/full_paper/ffp-1190.pdf). Other records include Dolines in Apulia, Italy (Ariani et al, 2000).",There is no population data for this species.,This species is thought to inhabit freshwater springs.,These springs are under pressure from water abstraction on the subpopulations on the island of Pag.,"The species is found in freshwater springs which are not protected habitats in Croatia. If it is shown to be restricted to Croatia, a programme of habitat protection might be required, give the levels of water abstraction in the region.                 Habitat monitoring (water quality, sediment load and nitrates) would be recommended to get an indication of potential changes that would impact this species as well as further survey data on the population status and taxonomic research to determine the nature of the other island populations.",,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pseudamnicola,dobrogica,,Pseudamnicola dobrogica,,"The status of the species requires review, as it is only known from a few records.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Romania, where it is listed for the River Danube, however there is a lack of information regarding its population, habitat and possible threats, therefore it has been categorised as Data Deficient (DD) pending further information.The species is also assessed regionally as:European regional assessment: Data deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Romania where it is only known from the River#Danube in Sulina area (station 153, PhD. Rodica Leonte; Ciocou, pers. comm., 2010).",The population status of this species is unknown.,"The habitat of this species is Riverine, and according to Ciobiou (pers. comm., 2010) it is found both in fresh and brackish water ecosystems.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation actions for this species. More research is needed relating to the distribution, habitat and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Cioboiu, O.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pseudamnicola,exilis,,Pseudamnicola exilis,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Greece, but there is a lack of information relating to its population, habitat and threats, therefore it has been assessed as Data Deficient (DD) pending further information.",Unknown,This species is endemic to Greece.,There is no information available on population trends of this species.,The habitat for this species is unknown.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation actions for this species. More research is needed on the population, habitat and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pseudamnicola,falkneri,,Pseudamnicola falkneri,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Pseudamnicola#falkneri is endemic to Spain. On the updated Spanish Red List (Verdú and Galante 2009) the species was#placed as Data Deficient (DD) by Arconada et al. (2009). However it is included as Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii), D2) on the Libro Rojo de los Invertebrados de Andalucía (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008) because of its fragmented distribution area, as it restricted to 2 springs northeast of Granada (type locality).# Published data shows that it is present at two more locations, one spring in Sierra de Castril and another in Albacete province. Current surveys (ongoing) have extended the number of known locations (Delicado, Ramos and Machordom, unpublished, 2010) with 1 additional location in Grenanda (with 5 springs around Orce, Granada), 3 additional spring sites in the Sierra de Castril (Granada), 2 more localities in the province of Albacete and one locality in the province of Almería, a new record for this province. This brings the total number of locations to 11, scattered over a wide area. However, as many of these small freshwater springs are currently exploited, and given that the species is close to meeting the threshold for Vulnerable over its range, it has been listed as Near Threatened (NT B2b(iii)).# A loss at any one of these locations would# lead to the species meeting the Vulnerable category.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to southern Spain, where it is known from the Provinces of Albacete and Granada (Boeters 1970, 1988). In Granada it is recorded from Cerro de la Virgen between Galera and Orce (2 springs; Type locality) and Fuente de los dos Caños (Valle del río Castril) and the Fuente en la Ermita de las Santas. This species is also known# from one spring in Sierra de Castril and one in Albacete province.  Current studies in progress (Delicado, Ramos and Machordom, unpublished) have recorded the species in 5 springs around Orce (Granada), 3 more springs in sierra de Castril (Granada), 2 more localities in Albacete and one locality in Almería.","There is no data on population status for this species, but it has been recorded during surveys in the last 10 years.",Pseudamnicola (Corrosella) falkneri is found in natural springs with sandy bottoms and vegetation. They are fragile ecosystems placed in very arid areas with scarce water resources and intensive agriculture.,"The 3 spring-sites in Andalucia  are found in fragile ecosystems due to the arid environment and the scarcity of domestic water (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008). These  features, along with the increased intensity of agriculture with the off-take of water for irrigation, are placing pressure on these populations.# The major threats lie in 'cleaning’ vegetation from the springs (and concreting the site) disturbing the habitats, and over-abstraction of water for domestic use leading to temporary loss of water in the springs. #In addition pollution of the water source from agricultural sources from the fields around the villages is a marginal threat. There is a possibility that the sites are vulnerable to stochastic events such as fires causing increased sediment loads or road accidents causing pollution events adjacent to the spring sites. The sites adjacent to roads are also vulnerable to road widening schemes.","The species is currently listed as Vulnerable in the Province of Andalucia and Data Deficient in the National Red List.# It lives in freshwater in springs close to human habitation, which are sources of domestic water for these villages.# The major threats lie in 'cleaning’ vegetation from the springs (and concreting the site) disturbing the habitats, and over-abstraction of water for domestic use leading to temporary loss of water in the springs, hence good management of the sites to benefit water supplies and biodiversity are required.",This species is not utilized.,,"Ramos, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pseudamnicola,gasulli,,Pseudamnicola gasulli,,,Yes,VU,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",Yes,VU,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",EU27,,"Pseudamnicola#gasulli is  endemic to Spain and has an area of occupancy of 44 km2. On the updated Spanish Red List (Verdú and Galante  2009) the species was#placed as Data Deficient# by Arconada et al. (2009). However it is included as Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii); D2) on the  Libro Rojo de los Invertebrados de Andalucía (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008), because of its fragmented distribution  area. The sites in Ibiza and Murcia have been lost, possibly due to competition with an invasive species. Elsewhere in Andalucia, the species is known from 9 locations scattered over a wide area. However, as many of these  small freshwater springs are currently exploited, and given that two locations have been lost the  species now meets the threshold for Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii,iv,v)) over it's  range.# The species has been assessed regionally as:EU27 regional assessment:#Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii,iv,v)) at the level of the 27 member States of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment:#Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii,iv,v))Mediterranean regional assessment:#Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii,iv,v))",Decreasing,"Pseudamnicola gasulli is known to occur in 9 localities in Almería,#one locality in Murcia#as well as the type locality in Ibiza (Balearic Islands) (Arconada et al. 2008, Delicado et al. in press):  Río Santa Eulalia, a la altura del hotel Fenicia, Santa Eulária des Riu, Ibiza (Islas Baleares) (UTM grid square: 31SCD71) (Type locality)   Rambla del Puerto de la Cadena, Cuevas del Almanzora (Murcia) (UTM grid square: 30SXG69)    ###### Fuente Alamo, Cuevas del Almanzora (Almería) (UTM grid square: 30SWG03)    ###### Fuente en una plaza de Huércal-Overa, Huércal-Overa (Almería) (UTM grid square: 30SWG93)  ###### Manantial Rambla de Yesos, Alboloduy (Almería) (UTM grid square: 30SWF39)    ###### Manantial del castillo de cala San Pedro, Cabo de Gata, Las Negras (Almería) (UTM grid square: 30S590928/4084872)   ###### Manantial en la rambla de Retamar (Almería) (UTM grid square: 30S563601/4079018)   ###### Acequia en los Molinos del río Aguas, próximo a Sorbas (Almería) (UTM grid square: 30SWG80)   ###### Acequia de la Serrata de Turrillas (Almería) (UTM grid square: 30S561885/4102943)   ###### Manantial de las Cuevas de los Medinas (Almería) (UTM grid square: 30S563376/4085436   ###### Manantial del valle de cala San Pedro (Almería) (UTM grid square: 30S591108/4085294)  #","In the 80s, this species was described in several localities in the provinces of the Balearic Islands (Ibiza), Murcia and Almeria. In the last 5 years, these locations have been visited again by Delicado and the species was not refound at springs in Ibiza nor in Murcia. Thus, no specimens were found in 2008 in the type locality, the river Santa Eulalia in Ibiza. It is suggested that this species may have been displaced by the invasive species Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Smith 1889), since in the sampled section the invasive species was very abundant. The town is very close to the mouth of the river and is also very close to a playground. In the town of Murcia, the Rambla del Puerto de la Cadena, the causes of the disappearance of Pseudamnicola gasulli appear to be the same as in Ibiza, as a large population of P. antipodarum was found. In addition, the low water flow presented by the town and its location close to the city of Murcia and# parallel to the highway, could have caused further deterioration of the habitat. The Red Book of Invertebrates of Andalucia (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008) classifies this species as ""Vulnerable"" as there is a high risk of extinction in the wild in the towns of Almeria. Although it has increased the number of locations in the province in recent years with respect to the redescription of the species in 1988 (Boeters, 1988), these localities are very fragile due mainly to human action. On a recent visit (2005) to the population of San Pedro Creek (Natural Park of Cabo de Gata-Nijar) no live specimens were found in the main spring next to the castle. This spring flagship, the only natural spring that exists in Cabo de Gata, is currently deteriorating by improper use by tourists. Due to the deterioration suffered by the upwelling and its waters, the population of P. gasulli is extinct in this spring, but there are still some individuals in a second upwelling and intermittent piped a few yards down there. Recently, in 2009, another spring was located in the creek farther from the beach and with fewer environmental problems, with a population of P. gasulli. These populations could recover with suitable conservation action. Other recent data (2006) confirms the abundance of individuals in a population near Almeria, the Rambla de Retamar. However, in other locations only shells have been found (Serrata Alboloduy ditch of Turrillas) and the source of the Cuevas de Medina, which had water in 1995, is known to be dry in at least 2006.","Pseudamnicola (Pesudamnicola) gasulli lives in streams and ditches associated with watercourses, provided clean water and oxygen, which have enough vegetation and organic matter for food. Some of these places are close to the coast, in limestone areas and in areas with abundant gypsum. In these areas the water that flows from the springs is quite warm, for example in San Pedro Creek the water comes out at 21°C. Individuals are located mainly stuck to the stones, leaves and branches of the submerged vegetation and even half-buried in silt. They are fragile ecosystems# in very arid areas with scarce water resources, intensive agriculture and human activities including tourism.","In two locations where the species has been lost it may have been displaced by the invasive species Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Smith 1889). The major threats to the other locations are                 human use of the water. Pseudamnicola (Pseudamnicola) gasulli# inhabits extremely fragile ecosystem in Andalusia, where populations occupy sites that are subject to pronounced aridity, where in addition there is a growing demand for water by increasing urban area of intensive agricultural uses (greenhouses) and leisure. The presence of populations in artificial habitats is also a major risk due to the fluctuating nature of them. Casing and cementing the traditional ditches and cleaning of arched fountains and pools is also common. The alteration of water regimes, the discharge of aggregates and contaminants of all types and the loss or degradation of vegetation of the seashore are standard practice in certain sites that can lead to local extinction of this fragile species. There is also a threat from the misuse of the springs near the coast, where tourists and bathers wash dishes and clothes, irreversibly altering the water, the substrate and the flora and fauna of freshwater.","This species is considered as 'Data Deficient' in the Spanish Red List (Verdú and Galante 2009). The Red Book of Invertebrates of Andalucia (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008) classifies this species as ""Vulnerable"". In the 'Catálogo Regional de Especies Amenazadas de Castilla-La Mancha', it was listed in the category, “de interés especial” , a species of special interest. The majority of the sites need careful water management to ensure flow throughout the year, as well as a good strategy to maintain supporting habitats (i.e. not concreting the sites over).",This species is not utilized.,,"Ramos, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pseudamnicola,granjaensis,,Pseudamnicola granjaensis,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This recently described species is only known from a single locality, and so is a candidate for a threatened category, however the range of the species has only recently been established and the population trends and threats remain uncertain, hence it has been assessed as Data Deficient (DD). Data is needed on distribution, population  status and current threats to this species to undertake a revised assessment of the species.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Balearic Islands of Spain, where it is described from one location - La Granja bei Esporles, Mallorca 39.671°north, 2.559°east (Beckmann 2007)",As a recently described species there is no population data for this species.,This species is found in freshwater springs.,As a recently described species there is no data available on current threats to these freshwater springs.,"As a recently described species there is no data available on conservation actions, however data is needed on distribution, population status and current threats.",This species is not used.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pseudamnicola,hinzi,,Pseudamnicola hinzi,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"The species distribution is currently under review, as new records from the region of Madrid have been added to the past records from Burgos and Zaragoza, suggesting that it is widespread but localised in northern Spain. As such it was listed on the Spanish Red List (Verdú and Galante 2009) as Data Deficient (DD), however, the range suggests that it probably qualifies as Least Concern (LC), but in view of the uncertainty, the assessment of Data Deficient (DD) is followed.The species is also assessed regionally as:EU27: Data Deficient (DD)Europe: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean: Data Deficient (DD)",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Spain, where it is found in the Provinces of Burgos and  Zaragoza (Boeters 1987). In Madrid, it#  has been# found in the stream Sepulchre and Laguna de San Juan de las Huertas (Soler et al, 2006). Delicado (pers. comm., 2010) reported the presence of this species at Calamocha and  Caminreal (Teruel).",There is no data on population trends for this species.,"This species lives in freshwater springs, ponds and small streams with slow flow and still water (Soler et al, 2006)","There is no specific data on threats to this species, although pressure on water resources from extraction from domestic supplies is a generalised threat to the species.","This species is considered as 'Data Deficient' in the Spanish Red List (Verdú and Galante 2009). Further data is required on population trends, habitat decline and potential threats to this species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Arconada, B.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pseudamnicola,hydrobiopsis,,Pseudamnicola hydrobiopsis,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Spain where it is only known from the type locality. Only shells were found for the original description and attempts to survey since have not given positive results,  although it is possible that the species is found only in the  interstitial part of the groundwater system, and hence it will be difficult to sample. The outflow spring has  recently been altered, hence the possible threats to the species. The species was listed as Vulnerable (VU) in the Andalucian Red Data Book (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008) and Data Deficient (DD) in the Spanish Red List (Verdú and Galente 2009). The species is listed here as Vulnerable (VU D2), as at present it is only known from one site, which is vulnerable to disturbance and pollution, however should it be found to be more widely distributed in the local area, then the conservation assessment will need to be reviewed.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27:# Vulnerable (VU D2)Europe:# Vulnerable (VU D2)Mediterranean: Vulnerable (VU D2).",Unknown,"This species is only known from la Fuente at Carmonilla de Loja, Granada, Province of Andalucia in southern Spain (Arconada in Barea-Azcón#et al.#2008) (Fuente La Carmonilla,#Loja, Granada (UTM: UG9913), 520 m ASL).",There is no information on population trends for this species.,This species inhabits freshwater springs where they are found in interstititial waters but possibly also present in groundwater.,"There are no data on specific threats to the species, however it is likely to be suffering as the result of habitat degradation due to off-take from water sources for domestic use.","This species is considered as Data Deficient (DD) in the Spanish Red List (Verdú and Galante 2009) but is listed as Vulnerable (VU) in the Andalucian Red Data Book (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008). It has  been recommended to implement appropriate measures for the protection of the  spring (i.e. not cleaning and not cementing the bottom of it, to avoid  eutrophication and pollution of the water and avoid overexploitation of  the source).",This species is not utilized.,,"Arconada, B.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pseudamnicola,leontina,,Pseudamnicola leontina,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Lake Razelm, near the Black Sea coast in Romania, however there is a lack of information regarding its population, habitat and possible threats, therefore it has been categorized as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27: Data Deficient (DD)European: Data Deficient (DD)",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Romania, where it is endemic to the Razelm Lake (Museum Collection: station 33 collected by PhD. Rodica Leonte, Ciobou, pers. comm., 2010).",There is no recent data on population trends for this species.,"The habitat for this species is unknown, but believed to be living in the brackish water of Razelm, on silty or sandy bottom (Cioboiu, pers. comm., 2010)",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation actions known for this species. Research is needed relating to the population, habitat and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Cioboiu, O.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pseudamnicola,lucensis,,Pseudamnicola lucensis,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"The species is currently listed as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)), based on the restricted extent of occurrence (of 200 km²) and area of occupancy (90 km², as well as the restricted number of localities and the threats from use of the water for recreational purposes and potential of pollution. If the number of known  sites decreases in the region or the rate of impact of the known threats accelerates then the species may qualify for Critically Endangered.",Unknown,"Pseudamnicola lucensis is endemic to Italy, where it is restricted to two sites, the type locality of the thermal waters of the Bagni di Lucca (Tuscany), where it is known from three outflow points in the basin and another spring at Piteglio about 20 km East of the original locality.","This species is restricted to a small area, so population numbers are presumably relatively low.",This species inhabits springs and thermal waters.,"The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch 2006). Since it inhabits thermal springs, the species could be affected by anthropogenic exploitation of thermal waters (Manganelli et al. 2000). This species is also found in spring waters, which may be exploited by humans and/or polluted (Manganelli et al. 2000). Bagni di Lucca is an active tourist site for thermal waters, and has been exploited for centuries. The species still survives in some parts of the site with recent collections in 2000 and 2001 (Bagni Caldi and small streams).","The species is currently listed as Endangered in Italy, however no specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas. Habitat monitoring (water quality, sediment load and nitrates) would be recommended to get an indication of potential changes that would impact this species as well as further survey data on the population status. Extending programmes of awareness of importance of freshwater biodiversity, as these are having impact in parts of Italy.",,,"Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pseudamnicola,luisi,,Pseudamnicola luisi,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is considered as Data Deficient (DD) in the Spanish Red List  (Verdú and Galent, 2009). It is known from three provinces, and in one, Andalucía, the species has been assessed and is considered  Near Threatened (NT) due to pressure on water resources. At present the species has not been reviewed across the other regions, although there are known pressures on the water resources within these regions (Provinces Almería and Jaén).# Hence, at present the species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD), although, it may qualify as Near Threatened (NT), once the other parts of the range have been assessed.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Spain and is found in freshwater springs in the Provinces of Granada, Almería and Jaén (Arconada and Ramos 2003).",There is no population data on this species.,The habitat for this species is freshwater springs.,"No specific threats known to this species, however the general threat of overabstraction of water for domestic supplies and agricultural purposes is a problem within the region.","This species is considered as Data Deficient (DD) in the Spanish Red List (Verdú and Galente 2009). In Andalucia, the species is considered Near Threatened (NT), due to pressure on water resources. No conservation actions are known and further information is required on  threats and population status in order to determine the status of this  species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Ramos, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pseudamnicola,macrostoma,,Pseudamnicola macrostoma,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Psedamnicola macrostoma is endemic to Greece. Formerly this species was more widespread around Athens, however urban encroachment has impacted this species, and it is now considered to have a very restricted range. This species may possibly be present at one remaining site, however this spring was altered when a deep and broad drainage ditch was dug through it (Falniowski pers. comm. 2009). The status of the island populations that were recorded by Schütt (1980) are unknown. This species has been assessed as Data Deficient (DD) due to the lack of knowledge regarding the population status' of the many recorded island subpopulations. It may qualify for Vunerable (VU) if research shows some of these sites to have been lost.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Greece and was described from 'Attika'; Falniowski (pers. comm. 2009) considered that this referred to springs in the vicinity of Athens. Schütt (1980) listed springs in Athens, Kifissia, Pereas, Marathon and Phaleron, but Swarowska and Falniowski (pers. comm. 2009) considered that these sites were now lost . The species had also been recorded from Vravona, however this spring was changed, after a deep and broad drainage ditch was dug through it (Falniowski pers. comm, 2009).Schütt (1980) also listed sites on Apikia (Insel Andros); Wulakias, Hermopolis (Insel Syra); Argolis, Epirus, (Insel, Milos); Xirokastello, (Insel Zakynthos); Vasiliki, (Insel Levkas); Sidari (Insel Korfu), however there is no data on the status of these subpopulations.","The population status of the species at the site near Athens is unknown, since the spring habitat has been changed. The population status' of the other subpopulations is also unknown.",This is a freshwater spring species.,The major threat to this species is the loss of habitat through changes in water courses and urbanisation around major cities.,"Further research is required to establish if this species is still extant at the island sites and whether any taxonomic changes will change knowledge of the distribution. If sites are found where the species still exists, then conservation plans will need to be put in place for habitat protection and monitoring. This species was listed by Regnier et al. (2009) as extinct, however the basis for this assessment was absence at the type locality, so the assessment as Extinct was not based on a full assessment of the range.",This species is not utilized.,,"Falniowski, A. Radea, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pseudamnicola,malickyi,,Pseudamnicola malickyi,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"The literature suggests that this species is only known from two locations in the north-west of Cyprus, and given that one of the sites is a tourist destination, it is vulnerable to disturbance. On a precautionary principle the species is listed as Vulnerable (VU D2), but should the range be more widespread, the species will need review.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Cyprus, where it was described from Yalia in north-west Cyprus. Mienis (1989) extended the range to include the springs at Aphrodites Baths near Polis.# Other springs between these sites may also contain this species, but there is no data to confirm this comment.",The current population trends of this species are unknown.,This species inhabits freshwater springs and pools.,"The springs at Aphrodites Baths are exploited as a tourist destination, and thus the populations may be vulnerable to habitat modification, to improve access to the sites and also through pollution.","There are no conservation actions known for this species. Taxonomic review of the species is suggested, as well as habitat monitoring for the known locations to detect future changes in the status of these sites.",This species is not utilised.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pseudamnicola,moussonii,,Pseudamnicola moussonii,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Although there are threats of exploitation of water sources and pollution of groundwaters, this species is widespread and is considered to be Least Concern, (Manganelli et al. 2001).",Unknown,"This species is widespread throughout Italy, mainly on the western central and southern regions, western side of Sicily and Sardinia. It is also listed as present on Malta (Bank et al. 2006), although the status is uncertain.",There is no population data for this species.,This species inhabits streams and rivers.,"There are localised threats of exploitation of water sources and pollution of groundwaters (Manganelli et al. 2001), however they will not significantly impact this species across the range.",This species is listed as Least Concern on the Italian Red List.,The species is not known to be traded.,,"Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pseudamnicola,navasiana,,Pseudamnicola navasiana,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Pseudamnicola navasiana is currently widespread, but localised in northern  Spain. It was listed on the Spanish Red List (Verdú and  Galante 2009) as Data Deficient (DD), however, the range suggests that it  probably qualifies as Least Concern (LC). Due to this uncertainty and the lack of information on population trends, it is listed as Data Deficient (DD), pending further data.",Unknown,"Pseudamnicola navasiana is endemic to northern Spain. There are more than 25 sites recorded, with records from the provinces of Cuenca (Fuente del Piejo o del Piojo, Monteagudo de las Salinas; Fuente de los Tilos, near Vadillos; Valdemeca a Huerta del Marquesado) Albacete (Minateda, near Agramón), and Guadalajara (Fuente en Medranda; Laguna de Somolinos; Fuente en El Olivar; Arroyo de la Vega, Durón; Regato que va al río Escabas, Tragacete; Fuente de Casa Viejas, El Perchel; Fuente en el camino de Brihuega a Valdesaz; Río Tajo, Morillejo). In the province of Zaragoza, it is only known from a single location, a spring 2 km from the centre of Bulbuente (Catalogue of Threatened Fauna of Aragon).","There is no population trend data for this species, but it has been recorded during surveys over the last 10 years.",This species inhabits freshwater springs and small streams.,"There are localised threats due to off-take of water (domestic and agricultural use) and as well as pollution (nitrates), however these are not considered to threaten the species over the entire range at present.","This species was listed as Data Deficient (DD) on the Spanish Red List (Verdú and  Galante 2009). In the 'Catálogo de Especies Amenazadas de Aragón' this species is considered to be vulnerable to habitat disturbance at the single site in the province, which has been protected. Habitat monitoring is recommended due to the localised threats from water abstraction and pollution.",This species is not utilized.,,"Ramos, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pseudamnicola,orsinii,,Pseudamnicola orsinii,,"The nomenclatural status of this species was recently reviewed by Falkner and Boeters (2003);# this is not the same species as Bythinella orsinide Charpentier, 1835 reported from Tunisia.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is probably endemic to Italy. As Falkner and Boeters (2003)  point out the actual type locality of the species is uncertain due to  confusion with the labelling and the original description and Falkner and Boeters (2003) have not succeeded in finding the ""right"" location, so they can only correct the erroneous locality data of coast, and offer ""Abruzzo"" as the correct locus typicus. The type  material was collected as dead and weathered shells which were filled with a marl-like fine gray sediment. There is no recent  data on the distribution, populations or threats to this species, hence  it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD). There are no known conservation  actions for this species, however further survey work to establish the  population trend,  distribution, and threats are required to make a  revised conservation  assessment and determine conservation actions.",Unknown,"This species is probably endemic to Italy; the distributional data is based on museum label data, Falkner and Boeters (2003) provided some review of the data, and it would seem that Sicily is unlikely, but there's another species with the same name but different author from Tunisia... so the exact distribution is unclear. As Falkner and Boeters (2003) point out the actual type locality of the species is uncertain due to confusion with the labelling and the original description. The  original label of the collector (A. Orsini), in the Charpmentier collection given as locality ""Lake Delfico. Abruzzo"" which Kuster then wrote as# ""Ascoli in the Papal States"". Falkner and Boeters (2003) have not succeeded in finding the ""right"" location and the lake is not in the immediate area of ​​Ascoli-Piceno, so they can only correct the erroneous locality data of coast, and offer ""Abruzzo"", as there is no more precise location of the correct type locality. The type  material was collected as dead and weathered shells which were filled with a marl-like fine gray sediment.","The population size and trend are unknown, as the type locality has not been determined and the species has not been recollected since its first description.","The habitat of this species is uncertain, as, although it# has been listed as a lake in the type description, there the location has not been refound.","The threats are unknown, as the type location is uncertain.","There are no known conservation  actions for this species, however further survey work in Museums and possible distribution sites to establish the current status of the species and the  population trend,  distribution, and threats are required to make a  revised conservation  assessment and determine conservation actions.",This species is not used.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pseudamnicola,penchinati,,Pseudamnicola penchinati,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Romania, however there is a lack of information regarding its population, habitat and possible threats, therefore it has been categorised as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Romania where it has been collected from the Danube Delta and the lower course of the Danube (Ciobiou, pers. comm., based on Museum Collections, 2010).",There is no current population data on this species.,"The species is lives in fresh water, on silty bottom of rivers, which are rich in plants and especially algae.","The threats to this species are unknown, however there is water pollution in the Danube, as well as river channel management programmes with dredging, but the impact on the species is not known.","The conservation actions for this species are unknown. Research is needed relating to the population, habitat and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Cioboiu, O.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pseudamnicola,pieperi,,Pseudamnicola pieperi,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species is only known from springs on the centre of Karpathos, Greece. Recent data on the status of these populations suggests it is only common at one spring, hence the species is considered Vulnerable (VU D2), although should there be new data on threats to the sites and status of the populations, then the species may qualify as Endangered.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Greece, where it is known from springs at Aperion, on the island of Karpathos. It has been reported from 3 other nearby springs in addition to the type locality (P. Reischütz pers. comm. 2009).",This species is only known to be abundant at one of the four sites where it has been found (P. Reischütz pers. comm. 2009),This species is found freshwater springs.,"The major threats to the species are extraction of water from the springs for domestic and other purposes, as well as changes in the hydrological regime impacting the groundwater recharge.",There are no known conservation actions for this species. Habitat monitoring is recommended to monitor the impact of water extraction in the area.,There is no use or trade information for this species.,,"Reischutz, P.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pseudamnicola,pisolinus,,Pseudamnicola pisolinus,,"This species is complex, as it was described by Paladilhe from the Hautes-Alpes in the 19th century, but the locations of the type locality is doubtful and has never been found again in this area. Subsequently the name was applied to a population from  department of Bouches-du-Rhône by Boeters (in Falkner et al. 2002). The conservation assessment of Pseudamnicola pisolinus is based on the concept used by Falkner et al (2002).",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"The conservation assessment of Pseudamnicola  pisolinus is based on the species concept used by Falkner et al (2002). On a precautionary basis Pseudamnicola pisolinus is threatened as it is known from only one location, where it is vulnerable to human activities. At present the threats are insufficient to justify the highest level, so it has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.# However, it could rapidly turn to Endangered or Extinct if the threats for this his single location become reality. More survey is needed to clarify the species distribution.",Unknown,"In this assessment Pseudamnicola pisolinus is considered to be endemic to Department of Bouches-du-Rhône in southern France, based on Falkner et al. (2002).",There are no population data available for this species.,This species lives in springs.,"Springs sites are vulnerable to exploitation for water utilization for stock and domestic purposes. Consequently these sites get concreted over, or are overexploited leading to temporary loss of water. The pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicides and pesticides) sources of the groundwater feeding the springs is poorly documented but# may be another important threat to the species.",There are no known conservation actions. More survey is needed to clarify the species distribution.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pseudamnicola,razelmiana,,Pseudamnicola razelmiana,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Romania, however there is a lack of information regarding its population, habitat and possible threats, therefore it has been categorised as Data Deficient (DD). Given the likely range, it is a candidate for Least Concern (LC), although better data on distribution and abundance is required to confirm the status.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Romania, where it is one of two endemic species that are found in Lake Razelm complex.# It is also recorded from some pools located on Caraorman Levee, c. 30 km north in the Danube Delta (Ciobiou pers. comm. based on Museum Data 2010).",There is no population data for this species.,"It lives in the brackish water from Lake Razelm, on bottoms covered by silt, as well as smaller pools.","The threats to this species are unknown, although the lake complex where the species is found is a major tourist destination.","There are no conservation actions for this species. Research is needed relating to the population, habitat and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Cioboiu, O.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pseudamnicola,sciaccaensis,,Pseudamnicola sciaccaensis,,,Yes,DD,D2,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Although this species has a restricted range and is found in an artificial habitat (water trough), it has recently been described, and hence may be present at other water sources in the vicinity, so it is currently listed as Data Deficient (DD). If found to be restricted to this area, with the potential threats of pollution and water abstraction the species would qualify as Vulnerable (VU D2) and possibly a higher threat category.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Italy, where it was recently described from a water-trough on the street by Menfi near Sciacca in Sicily (Italy).","There is no data on population status, as it is a recently described species.",This freshwater snail is found in a water trough and may live in adjacent springs feeding the trough.,The threats to this species are disturbance to the habitat and pollution as the species lives in a water-trough beside a road.,"No conservation actions are known for this species, further data on range, population and threats are required for a full conservation assessment.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pseudamnicola,spirata,,Pseudamnicola spirata,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Although this species is considered to be Near Threatened in Spain (Verdú and Galante 2009), at present it is still widely distributed in Spain, in both the mainland and on the islands, and hence the documentation suggests that it probably should be listed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union, pending more data on loss of sub-populations over the last three generations.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Spain, where it is widely distributed in the Mediterranean zone from northern Spain (Boeters 1988), Madrid, Balearic Islands, Valencia and Catalonia (Arconada and Ramos 2003). The species has also been recorded from the Moyen Atlas in Morocco (Pan-African assessment 2009).",There is no data on population trends of this species available.,"This species is found in slow flowing waters or still waters, such as freshwater springs, streams and lakes.",Some habitats are declining due to off-take of water and drought during summer periods.,"This species is considered to be Near Threatened in Spain (Verdú and Galante 2009). No conservation actions are known, although further information is required on threats and population status in order to determine the status of this species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Arconada, B.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pseudamnicola,troglobia,,Pseudamnicola troglobia,,"Schutt (2000) lists the following synonyms for Orientalina troglobia (Bole 1961), which if correct, would place this species in the genus Radomaniola. However, this is likely to be on the basis of shell characters and hence requires review.#Pseudamnicola troglobia Bole,#1961#Biol. Vestnik, 9: 61, Abb. 2 (Crnulja ponor pri Turkoviih).Horatia (Horatia) knorri Schutt,#1961#Arch. Moll., 90(1/3): 75, 76, Abb. 1 (Ombla-Quelle bei Dubrovnik).Orientalina troglobia, – Bole  Velkovoh,#1986#Stygofauna Mundi, Mollusca: 198.",Yes,LC,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Pseudamnicola troglobia#was common at the Ombla source and in the floodline debris from outflow in Komolac as well as several sites on the Popovo polje.#It is obviously in the subterranean streams of this area and hence is widespread in the outflow detritus from the systems (Schutt, 2000) and as such is a candidate for Least Concern. This species could be a candidate for Data Deficient as there is inadequate information on suitable habitat and threats, however, due to the known widespread distribution, this species is listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This species is listed in Fauna Europea as restricted to Bosnia  Hercegovina and Croatia. Schutt (2000) Pseudamnicola troglobia#was common at the Ombla source and in the floodline debris from outflow in Komolac as well as several sites on the Popovo polje.#It is obviously in the subterranean streams of this area and hence is widespread in the outflow detritus from the systems (Schutt, 2000).","This species was common at the Ombla source and in the floodline debris from outflow in Komolac as well as several sites on the Popovo polje.#It is obviously in the subterranean streams of this area and hence is widespread in the outflow detritus from the systems (Schutt, 2000).",This species is thought to inhabit subterranean habitat and freshwater springs.,There are no known threats to this species.,There are no known conservation actions for this species.,,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pseudamnicola,virescens,,Pseudamnicola virescens,,,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is listed by Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) from FYROM  (otherwise known as Macedonia). There is little data on recent  distribution and as such the species is poorly known. There are no known conservation actions for this species and survey work  is required to confirm distribution, population trends, habitat trends  and threats to enable a full conservation assessment for the species, as such the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,This species is listed by Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) from FYROM (otherwise known as Macedonia). There is little data on recent distribution and as such the species is poorly known.,There is no recent data on populations of this species.,The species is thought to be a freshwater spring species.,"As the detailed range of the species is not known, the threats to the species are uncertain.","There are no known conservation actions for this species and survey work is required to confirm distribution, population trends, habitat trends and threats to enable a full conservation assessment for the species.",This species is not used.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,UNIONOIDA,UNIONIDAE,Pseudanodonta,complanata,,Pseudanodonta complanata,,"As with all European unionids, numerous synonyms occur. Falkner et al. (2002) lists seven morphologically distinct 'sub-species'.",No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"Although this species inhabits a wide range, it occurs in low densities and has been seen to be in decline in many parts of its range. In the UK at least 30% of the habitat has been lost. It is protected in Germany and Poland. There are multiple ongoing threats to the suitable habitat across the range. As this species is a relatively short-lived species, it has to be assessed over 15-20 years period. Although there is a decline across the range, it does not meet the 30% over 15-20 years, although it does meet this criteria in part of the range, and hence is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) approaching criteria A.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT).",Decreasing,"This species has a large range found in north-west and central Europe. It has been known from Austria, Belgium (Extinct), Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Latvia, Norway, Sweden, Poland, Lithunia, Denmark, Netherlands, Hungary, Serbia, Slovakia, Ukraine and the UK. It is present in some lowland rivers of England, but only in the lower reaches with the most northerly population known from the River Derwent, Yorkshire. The largest sub populations are found in the Rivers Medway, Arun, Waveney, Old West (Great Ouse system), Thames, South Drain (Somerset Levels), Great Stour. The range reaches Wales (River Wye) on the border with England. In Slovakia it is mostly present in the major river systems in the country: Morava, Danube, Nitra, Hron, Laborec and Latorica Rivers, mainly in the lowland and in main channels. In Serbia the species lies in Tisa River system and also the Danube.","This species is generally rare where present, and very patchily distributed. It is often found in localised ""hot-spots"" and is a winter brooder (McIvor and Aldridge 2007).","The species is generally found in flowing water habitats (lotic systems), especially lowland rivers. It does not occur in lakes in the UK, but in Sweden it is present in lakes with riverine through-flows. There is a preference for clean sands and clays with low organic content. It is found to bury more deeply than other unionids, with a stronger anchoring of the foot.","Siltation and increases in organic and inorganic sediments from agriculture pose threats to sub-populations. Organic pollution may induce premature gill evacuation of immature eggs  (e.g. Reynolds and Guillaume 1998). Further threats include the abstraction of water, channelization and impacts from dams as well as the impacts from dredging and to a lesser extent weed cutting (Aldridge 2000). There has also been decline in populations of the host fish due to water pollution:# phosphates (Reynolds and Guillaume 1998). In the UK, 30% of the habitat has been lost.","The species is protected by law in Germany where it has been assessed as Highly Endangered having been lost from many sites. Until recently it occurred commonly in the rivers and lakes of Poland, though always in relatively low numbers. But now it is Endangered as is thought to be in decline. Its populations are small, isolated and scattered and protected by law. In the Czech Republic it is assessed as Endangered (EN) in Bohemia and Critically Endangered (CR) in Moravia. However, in Sweden it will soon be classified as Least Concern (LC) as many new sites have been discovered. As there is an identified decline over much of the range monitoring of population and habitat trends is recommended as is monitoring of the identified threats.",This species is not utilized.,,"Aldridge, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,UNIONOIDA,UNIONIDAE,Pseudanodonta,elongata,,Pseudanodonta elongata,,"The status of this species is in question, as many researchers consider this a form of Pseudanodonta complanata. Although this species is listed by Fauna Europea for UK, France and  Germany (Bank et al. 2006), it is not recognised as a distinct species in UK, as it is viewed as probably conspecific with P. depressa (Seddon, pers. com., 2011). In France it is  currently treated as a subspecies of P. complanata and in Belgium it is viewed as a subspecies of P. complanata (online Belgian Fauna).",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"The status of this species is in question, as many researchers consider this a form of P. complanata. Although this species is listed by Fauna Europea for the UK, France and  Germany, it is not recognised as present in UK and in France and Belgium it is  currently treated as a subspecies of Pseudanodonta complanata.# Consequently all the data on population trends, distribution and habitats are mixed with Pseudanodonta complanata, a species known to be in decline. Further data is required to confirm the taxonomic status before the species can be assessed in confidence. Therefore it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This species is listed by Fauna Europea as a subspecies of P. complanata for UK, France and Germany (Fauna Europea, online version 2010). The status of this species is in question, as many researchers consider this a form of P. complanata.  Although this species is listed by Fauna Europea for UK, France and   Germany, it is not recognised as present in UK. In France it is   currently treated as a subspecies of P. complanata and mapped in two departments on the north borders with Belgium and Germany. In Belgium it is viewed as a subspecies of P. complanata (on line Belgian Fauna). Much of the distributional data for this taxon is mixed with distributional data for the declining species P. complanata.","All the data on population trends are mixed with Pseudanodonta complanata, a species known to be in decline.",All the data on habitat preference are mixed with Pseudanodonta complanata.,"All the data on population trends, distribution and habitats are mixed with Pseudanodonta complanata, and therefore an assessment of threats to this species is not currently possible.","All the data on population trends, distribution and habitats are mixed with Pseudanodonta complanata, a  species known to be in decline. Further data is required to confirm  the taxonomic status. Fresh data is required in order to ascertain the species' distribution, population trends, habitat preferences and potential threats.",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,UNIONOIDA,UNIONIDAE,Pseudanodonta,middendorffi,,Pseudanodonta middendorffi,,"Fauna Europea do not recognise this species in Europe. There are many subspecies recognised as P. complanata, however this species is not one of them. The species is recognised by Graf and Cummings (2007). The species is listed by Kantor et al. (2009) for Ukraine and Russia under the name Anodonta middendorffi, where they noted that the types were lost.",No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"The species is listed by Kantor et al. (2009) for Ukraine and Russia under the name Anodonta middendorffi, where they noted that the types were lost. It is no longer listed for Europe by Fauna Europaea, however Kantor et al. (2009) list the  species for the catchments of the Oka, Bug, Orel and Dnieper rivers, in  Germany, Ukraine and Russia. However, the precise distribution is  uncertain, as there are few recent records of the species. More data is required to establish the species' status, population trends and distribution before an accurate assessment can be made. Therefore it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"Kantor et al (2009) list the species for the catchments of the Oka, Bug, Orel and Dnieper rivers, in Germany, Ukraine and Russia, however the precise distribution is uncertain, as there are few recent records of the species.","The precise population trends are uncertain, as there are few recent records of the species.","The precise habitats are uncertain, as there are few recent records of the species, however the records come from large rivers.",Any threats to this species are unknown.,"More data is needed in the areas of the species' distribution, population trends, habitat preferences and potential threats before any conservation actions can be considered.",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pseudavenionia,pedemontana,,Pseudavenionia pedemontana,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Although this species is relatively limited in its range, it is known from several sites over the region and is not believed to be facing major threats in some of the Alpine regions. It is therefore considered as Least Concern.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Italy specifically found in the alpine regions of#southern Piemonte and the western Liguria, where it is restricted in range. In Piemonte it lives in the springs of the Bossea Cave#which outflow through the Corsaglia torrent, about 30 m below the entrance of the cave, although it has not been found in the subterranean complex of this cavity. It may also be present in the main branch of the hypogean stream of the Caudano Caves. It is known from over 25 sites in this region, some of which are springs, others are in caves.",There is no population trend information.,"This freshwater species lives in groundwaters, present in cave springs and in hypogean streams of karstic cavities.","The main threats to the species lie in changes to the groundwater, such as pollution (agricultural sources or domestic sources), and in over abstraction of water for domestic supplies#(Manganelli et al.2000).",No specific conservation actions are known and it is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.,,,"Giusti, F., Manganelli, G., Bodon, M. Cianfanelli, S.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,BITHYNIIDAE,Pseudobithynia,ambrakis,,Pseudobithynia ambrakis,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This newly described species is endemic to Lake Ambrakia in Greece, where it was first collected in 1985. Although the species is found in a single location with a small range, at present further surveys are needed to determine the distribution, population trends and threats to this species. It is listed as Vulnerable (VU D2), in view of the threats to the quality of water in the lake, pending further data to determine whether a higher classification is suitable.",Unknown,"This newly described species is endemic to Lake Ambrakia, where it was first collected in 1985. The lake lies in Epirus, Greece (38°48'North, 21°12'East).","As this species has been recently described, the population status is unknown.",The species is found in a small freshwater lake.,"The specific threats to this species are not known.According to the Natura 2000 Standard Data Form for the site GR2310007-Limni Amvrakia ""the main problem that confronts Lake Amvrakia is the reduction of its surface area. The balance of the lake shows a negative tendency because of the continuous irrigation of the surrounding fields. This results in the degradation of the littoral ecosystem especially in its northern part. The eutrophication of the littoral zones is a consequence of their loading with fertilizers and pesticides from the surrounding cultivated fields, but this does not seem to have reached a critical level yet. The village of Rivio pollutes the lake with unprocessed sewage. Overgrazing is also observed in this site, as well as at the drained northern part of the lake. The vegetation of Amvrakia has been strongly influenced by human activities"".","There are no conservation actions for this species. Proposed conservation actions would include further surveys to determine the distribution, population trends and threats to this species.",This species is not used.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,BITHYNIIDAE,Pseudobithynia,euboeensis,,Pseudobithynia euboeensis,,,Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"This newly described species is endemic to Euboea Island in Greece, where it was first collected in 1985. Although this species is found in a single location with a small range, further surveys are urgently needed, as the type locality may well have been lost through over-abstraction of water. Hence the species is listed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct). The species is also listed at a regional level:EU27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) (CR(PE) B2ab(iii)) at the level of the 27 member States of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment: Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) (CR(PE) B2ab(iii))Mediterranean regional assessment: Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) (CR(PE) B2ab(iii))",Unknown,"This newly described species is endemic to Euboea island, in Greece, where it was first collected in 1985 near Marmaris. The type locality lies in small pools and stream running from a freshwater spring in a damp meadow at the coast.",There are no population data available as the species has recently been described. However the habitats have degraded suggesting the populations have declined as well.,The species is found in a small freshwater pools running from a spring in a damp meadow at the coast.,"The main threat to this species is over-abstraction of water from the spring for domestic supplies. This threat has been ongoing and Gloer et al. (2010) report that the spring and the meadow was lost in 2003, so the species may also have disappeared..","There are no conservation actions in place for this species. Proposed conservation actions would include further surveys to determine whether the species is till extant, and if so population trends and threats to this species. If rediscovered, a habitat management plan will be required if the species still has a restricted range.",This species is not used.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,BITHYNIIDAE,Pseudobithynia,falniowskii,,Pseudobithynia falniowskii,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"This species is known from a single location, which is only found in small isolate populations on the southern side of the lake. There are multiple threats to the species from pollution, sedimentation and invasive species. As the species occurs in a narrow belt in the lake rapid lake level changes as a result of water abstraction for agriculture combined with lack of inflow with droughts pose a major threat. Therefore it has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Greece, and it is known from several subpopulations all restricted to the southern shore of Lake Trichonis.",There is no detailed information on population trend.,The species is found in the littoral zone within the lake.,"The most severe threats come from over abstraction of water from the lake or lack of rainfall that lead to changing lake levels as the species occurs in a narrow belt in the lake. Other threats come from invasive species, changing water quality with increasing nitrate content following water draining into the lake from streams carrying agricultural fertilizers used on the land and inflow of sewage. The very recent appearance of another globally invasive gastropod species, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, in Lake Trichonis is of greater concern for the other native Gastropod species in the lake (Radea et al. 2008).","Lake Trichonis is a Natura 2000 site, and as such could benefit from protection and from control on water exploitation.",This species is not utilized.,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,BITHYNIIDAE,Pseudobithynia,gittenbergeri,,Pseudobithynia gittenbergeri,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This recently described species is only known from the type locality,  where it is found at Psili Ammos (east of Pythagorio) near a freshwater-lake,  on Samos Island, Greece  (Glöer and Maasen 2009). There are no known conservation actions for this recently described  species, however research is required to determine the distribution and  threats to the species. In the interim the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This recently described species is only known from the type locality, where it is found at Psili Ammos (east of Pythagorio) near a freshwater-lake, on Samos Island, Greece  (Glöer and Maasen 2009). Further data is required to confirm how extensive the range of the species on the island is.","There is no data on current population status, as this is a recently described species.",This species is found in freshwater pools and lake margins.,There are no known threats to this recently described species.,"There are no known conservation actions for this recently described species, however research is required to determine the distribution and threats to the species.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,BITHYNIIDAE,Pseudobithynia,hemmeni,,Pseudobithynia hemmeni,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This recently described species is known from Greece, springs near monastery ca. 50 km north of Ioannina, hence this species  is not endemic to Lake Pamvotis (Glöer and Maasen 2009).# Further data is required on population trends, as some of the records are from Museum collections, as well as data on threats to the sites to enable a conservation assessment to be made.# There are no information on population status for this recently described species,  but it should be noted that the data was in part based on Museum  collection material collected over 15 years ago, so modern surveys are  required. In the interim the species is listed as Data Deficient, although it may qualify as Vulnerable (VU) D2, based on number of locations and possible threats to Lake Pamvotis from water extraction and pollution.",Unknown,"This recently described species is known from Greece, where it was described from nomos Joannina, springs near monastery Velas, South-South-West of Konitsa (Glöer and Maasen 2009).# They noted that the species was also recorded from Lake Pamvotis by Mousson (based on the illustrations given in Frogley and Preece 2007). They also comment that the material that we investigated was found ca. 50 km north of Ioannina, thus this species is not endemic to Lake Pamvotis.","There is no information on population status for this recently described species, but it should be noted that the data was in part based on Museum collection material collected over 15 years ago, so modern surveys are required.",This species occurs in freshwater spring pools and lake margins (Glöer and Maasen 2009).,"There is no known data on the threats to this species, although Lake Pamvotis is known to be polluted from nitrates (agricultural sources) and sewage (domestic sources). Further data on impact of these threats on the species is required.","Further research is required to determine whether there is any known  impact from pollution on the fauna of the lake at one of the known sites to determine whether the  species is highly threatened, as well as further distributional data on the region between the two known sites to determine if the species is more widespread.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,BITHYNIIDAE,Pseudobithynia,kirka,,Pseudobithynia kirka,,,Yes,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU27,,"Currently this species is only known from a single site, in Croatia, with a known area of occupancy (AOO) of under 20 km, however the species is known from one of the travertine waterfalls and there are 17  waterfalls in total along the river system, so it maybe present at more than one site.# However the major threat would be to  changes in water chemistry that might impact the calcium-rich  waterfalls, and this threats could impact most of these waterfalls within a similar timescale, hence the species is assessed on a precautionary basis as Vulnerable D2, pending further data on the range. The species is also assessed at a regional level as:EU27: #Not Evaluated (NE), this country is not one of the 27 member states of the European UnionEurope:# Vulnerable D2Mediterranean:# Vulnerable D2",Unknown,"This newly described species is restricted to the Krka River, in Croatia (Gloeer et al. 2007) where it is currently only recorded from the type locality, at Skradin, [43.805480°N, 15.963934°E].","As a recently described species, there is no data on population trends, although few specimens have been collected.","This species was found on the travertine terraces directly at major waterfall, where the snails were resting on stones within highly oxygenated water (Gloeer et al. 2007)","The Krka River lies within a national park, and is a major tourist destination. At present the risks to the site are minimal, and although the species is known from one of the travertine waterfalls, there are 17 in total along the river system.# However the major threat would be the changes in water chemistry that might impact the calcium-rich waterfalls.","This species lies within a protected area, and hence is less vulnerable to changes, however, at present there are no specific species conservation plans in place. Research actions include further surveys to determine if the species is only found at one waterfall system, as well as conservation actions to protect the river from changes in flow regime and water chemistry.",This species is not known to be traded.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,BITHYNIIDAE,Pseudobithynia,panetolis,,Pseudobithynia panetolis,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"Pseudobithynia panetolis is described from only one location (Lake Trichonis) and has a extent of occurrence of 94 km². There is a decline in habitat quality in relation to pollution, water abstraction and drought. It is therefore considered Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)). The region is need of an action plan on the sustainable management of water use as well as reduction in the amounts of fertilizer, pesticide and herbicide use.This species is assessed regionally as:EU27: Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii))Europe: Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii))Mediterranean: Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii))  #",Unknown,"This species is found in Greece, where it is recorded from Lake Trichonis (Albrecht et al. 2009).",The population status of this species is unknown.,"This species inhabits the littotral zone of lakes, living on rocks with microalgae.","Habitat loss, due to a drop in water level related to excessive water abstraction for agriculture coupled with extremely dry summers, is threatening this littoral species. Pollution related to intensive agriculture practice in the neighbouring area, is responsible for the eutrophication of the lake. In relation to this, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability for this small gastropod. Herbicides might also impact diatomae communities, which are the major food source for this snail.  #","There is no conservation action in place, although Lake Trichonis is a protected area (Natura 2000 GR2310009-Limnes Trichonida kai Lysimachia).    An action plan on the sustainable management of water use in the region is urgently needed and existing water legislation should be enforced. Fertilizer, pesticide and herbicide use for agricultural purposes needs to be drastically reduced.",This species is not utilized.,,"Hauffe, T., Schreiber, K. Albrecht, C.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,BITHYNIIDAE,Pseudobithynia,renei,,Pseudobithynia renei,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is listed as present on Corfu, Greece but little other data is currently available on the detailed distribution, population status or threats on Corfu and as such the species is listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"This species is listed for Greece by Bank et al (2006, Fauna Europea).# Gloer and Maassen (2009) list the species as present on Corfu, but little other data is currently available on the distribution on Corfu.","There is little recent data, so population trend is not known.",The habitat is uncertain.,"There is no specific threat data for this species, although over-abstraction of water maybe an issue.","There are no species-specific conservation actions for this species.# Proposed conservation actions would include further surveys to determine range,# population trends and threats to this species.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,BITHYNIIDAE,Pseudobithynia,trichonis,,Pseudobithynia trichonis,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"Pseudobithynia trichonis is endemic to Greece where it is found in two lakes, and has an extent of occurrence of 118 km². There is a decline in habitat quality in relation with pollution, water abstraction, road construction and drought. It is therefore considered as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Greece, where it is recorded from two lakes, Trichonis and Lysimachia (Albrecht et al. 2009).",The population status of this species is unknown.,This freshwater species lives in the littoral zone of lakes on stones.,"Habitat loss, due to drops in water level in these lakes related to excessive water abstraction for agriculture coupled with extremely dry summers, is threatening this littoral species. Pollution related to intensive agriculture practice in the neighbouring area of the two lakes and settlements near the Lake Lysimachia, is responsible for the eutrophication of the lake. In relation with this, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability for this small gastropod. Herbicides might also impact diatom communities, which are the major food source for this snail. The construction of a road along the north-eastern edge of#Lake#Trichonis has destroyed some of the surface springs adjacent to the lake and the construction material washed into the lake deteriorated the quality of the habitat of this small snail.#","The wetlands surrounding Lake Trichonis are a protected site under the European Natura 2000 system, (GR2310009-Limnes Trichonida kai Lysimachia).  (Radea pers. comm. 2010), however there is no species-specific action plan in place.   An action plan on the sustainable management of water use in the region is urgently needed and existing water legislation should be enforced. Fertilizer, pesticide and herbicide use for agricultural purposes needs to be drastically reduced. Research on population trends and distribution is needed.  #",This species is not utilized.,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,BITHYNIIDAE,Pseudobithynia,westerlundii,,Pseudobithynia westerlundii,,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Lake Pamvotis, Greece, where specimens were found on the south side of the lake.# The main threats to the species lie in the threats to the lake from  pollution, both agricultural (Nitrates) and domestic (sewage).# However K. Radea (pers. comm. 2010) considered that the  threats are unlikely to be significant in their impact on the lake  fauna. The species is listed as Near Threatened, given that it is only known from a single lake and there are threats to the lake with pollution.# If the pollution does impact the species, then a revised listing would be required, and the species would fall into a higher threat category.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Lake Pamvotis, Greece, where specimens were found on the shores of an island on the southern side of the Lake (Gloer and Pesic 2006).","This is a recently described species, based in part on Museum Collection records, and the status requires review.",This species lives on freshwater lake margins.,"The main threats to the species lie in the threats to the lake from pollution, both agricultural (Nitrates) and domestic (sewage).# However K. Radea (pers. comm. 2010) considered that the threats are unlikely to be significant in their impact on the lake fauna.","Further research is required to determine whether there is any known impact from pollution on the fauna of the lake to determine whether the species is highly threatened, as well as further distributional data.",This species is not known to be traded.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,BITHYNIIDAE,Pseudobithynia,zogari,,Pseudobithynia zogari,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This newly described species is endemic to Greece, where it has been found in Peloponnisos, Evia island, Epeirus and Macedonia.# Further surveys are needed to determine the distribution, population trends and threats to this species. It is listed as Data Deficient (DD), in view of the lack of data on trends and threats to the species.",Unknown,"This newly described species is endemic to Greece, where it has been found in Peloponnisos, Evia island, Epeirus and Macedonia (Glöer et al. 2010).",The population trend of this species is unknown as it has only recently been described.,This species is found in the emergent vegetation in the littoral zones of freshwater ponds on Evia Island as well as large canals and lowland rivers on the mainland.,The threats to this species are not known.,"There are no conservation actions for this species. Proposed conservation actions would include further surveys to determine the distribution, population trends and threats to this species.",There is no use or trade data for this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pseudohoratia,brusinae,,Pseudohoratia brusinae,,"There are three species listed for this genus, and two species are difficult to distinguish:#Pseudohoratia brusinae and P. ohridana. Consequently records based on shell characters should be treated with caution.",Yes,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU27,,"Pseudohoratia brusinae is endemic to Lake Ohrid, and hence is present only in one location. Although there is a continuing decline in the habitat quality as a result of water pollution, it is not thought that the rate of decline in the quality of the lake water in the sublittoral zone is likely to significantly impact this species, although it could in the future if the pollution increased. If there is a change in the rate of declining quality of habitat, for example if the water quality or the water temperature changes significantly, then this species could very quickly become Endangered. For the moment, it is listed as Vulnerable D2.",Unknown,Pseudohoratia brusinae is endemic to Lake Ohrid and recorded from both Albania and the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).,Pseudohoratia brusinae found in low numbers and is considered to be rare (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).,"According to Radoman (1983) this freshwater lake species is found in the sub-littoral zone, however Albrecht et al. (pers. comm. 2009) noted that it was rare.","Deforestation of the neighbouring area leads to erosion and an increased sediment load, which could impact this gastropod. Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake, however the level of impact in the deeper water of the sub-littoral zone is not as great as in the littoral zone.","There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. However, Lake Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. It is difficult to distinguish the different species of this genus and# more than one species might be conspecific (Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009). Further research is needed to solve this issue. Habitat# monitoring would be recommended for this species, as changes in the rate of decline of habitat quality would potentially change the status of the species.     ################################",,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pseudohoratia,lacustris,,Pseudohoratia lacustris,,,Yes,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU27,,"Pseudohoratia lacustris#is endemic to Lake Ohrid, and hence is present only in one location, with two sub-populations where there is a continuing decline in the habitat quality as a result of water pollution. However, as the rate of decline in the quality of the lake water in the sublittoral zone is unlikely to significantly impact this species over the next ten years, it is listed as Vulnerable D2. If there is a change in the rate of declining quality of habitat, for example if the water quality or the water temperature changes significantly, then this species could very quickly become Endangered.",Unknown,"This species is restricted to Lake Ohrid, between the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania. As it prefers habitats such as the#Chara beds and fine gravels, the#rocky shores in the east and in the west of the lake separate two sub-populations (on the northern and on the southern shores).",This species can be locally abundant (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009),This species is found in a freshwater lake where it is restricted to the belt of Characea and fine gravels.,"The water quality is changing due to pollution (sedimentation, agricultural run-off) and habitat degradation. In relation with this eutrophication, enhanced macrophyte and broad reed belt growth at the high human populated northern and southern shallow bays are decreasing suitable habitats. However, as this is a sublittoral species it is thought that it is largely unaffected.","There is no current conservation action in place for this species. However, Lake Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake.",,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pseudohoratia,ochridana,,Pseudohoratia ochridana,,"Nomenclatural notes: Bank (2006, Fauna Europea project) has listed the species as P. ochridana. Albrecht et al. (pers. comm. 2009) note that the species name is wrongly spelled, and recommend that it should be amended to P. ohridana. Bank (pers. comm., 2010 advised that the name is used correctly, as Radoman (1983) later changed the name to P. ohridana, altering the specific name to the current spelling of Lake Ohrid, but in error, and hence the name should be listed as a synonym.Taxonomic issues: Albrecht et al. (pers. comm. 2009) note that  is difficult to distinguish between P. brusinae and#P. ochridana. It is difficult to distinguish the different species of this genus and more than one species might be conspecific. Further research is needed to solve this issue.",Yes,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU27,,"Pseudohoratia ochridana is considered as Vulnerable D2, as although it is only known from one location and is rare in survey samples, the rate of decline in the quality of lake water in the sub-littoral zone is not likely to be significantly impacting this species currently. However, this could change if pollution levels continue to rise. This species could very quickly become Endangered if the rate of decline in the water quality or the water temperature changes significantly, and as such this species require monitoring on a regular basis.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Lake Ohrid, between the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania, where it is found in sub-littoral zone between 30 and 50 m depth, but not within the adjacent springs in the catchment (Radoman 1985).",The species is rare (Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).,This is a freshwater species living in the sublittoral zone of the lake between 30 and 50 m depth (Albrecht et al. 2009).,"Deforestation of the neighbouring area leads to erosion and an increased sediment load, which impacts this small gastropod. Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. Although these threats are leading to an ongoing deterioration in habitat quality, and the rate of change at present is not having a major impact on population levels.","There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. However, Lake Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. It is difficult to distinguish the different species of this genus and# more than one species might be conspecific, hence further research is needed to solve this issue. Habitat monitoring is required to determine future changes in the status of the species.",,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pseudoislamia,balcanica,,Pseudoislamia balcanica,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"There is only one known population of Pseudoislamia balcanica, which consists of just a few subadult specimens, found at Lake Trichonis, Greece. Its extent of occurrence is 94 km². The species is under threat from multiple changes in the waters of the lake. The most severe threats come from over abstraction of water from the lake. Other threats come from changing water quality with increasing nitrate content from agricultural sources. This species is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Greece, where it is now only known from the northeast shore of Lake Trichonis (Albrecht et al. 2009), but was once found throughout the lake (Radoman 1985).","This is a rare species, and the current population trend is unknown.",This littoral species lives on the rocky/stony steep parts of the shoreline.,"Habitat loss, due to a drop in water level related to excessive water abstraction for agriculture coupled with extremely dry summers, is threatening this littoral species. Pollution related to intensive agriculture practice in the neighbouring area is responsible for the eutrophication of the lake. In relation with this, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability for this small gastropod. Herbicides might also impact diatomae communities, which are the major food source for this snail. The construction of a road along the north-eastern edge of the Trichonis Lake has destroyed some of the surface springs adjacent to the lake and the construction material washed into the lake deteriorated the quality of the habitat of this small snail.","The wetlands surrounding Lake Trichonis are a Natura 2000 site. An action plan on the sustainable management of water use in the region is urgently needed and existing water legislation should be enforced. Fertilizer, pesticide and herbicide use for agricultural purposes needs to be drastically reduced. Research on population trends and distribution is needed.",This species is not utilized.,,"Hauffe, T., Schreiber, K. Albrecht, C.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,LYMNAEIDAE,Pseudosuccinea,columella,,Pseudosuccinea columella,,There is ongoing debate as to whether this species should be placed in the genus Stagnicola or Stagnicola retained as a subgenus of the genus Lymnaea.,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This common Nearctic species has been introduced in Europe, New Zealand and different regions of Africa. This species has a localised range in Europe and the Mediterranean and is not under threat, and as such is Least Concern, but as a non-native species it is not considered to be a species for evaluation, and as such the status is Not Applicable (NA) for both Europe and the 27 member states of the European Union.",Increasing,"This common Nearctic species has been introduced in Europe, New Zealand and different regions of Africa. In Central Europe it is known in Austria, Hungary and Romania. In the Mediterranean it has been recorded from France, Italy, Spain (Balearic Islands, Mainland) and Egypt (Brown 1994) where it is thought to have been introduced in 1944 (Mandahl-Barth 1968).",This is a common species with an expanding distribution within the region.,"This species is found in all kinds of stagnant and slow-flowing water bodies, including rare and seasonal pools (aestivation up to 6 months has been reported).",This species is considered to be a vector of Fasciola gigantica which affects livestock and as a consequence this species is targeted by control programmes with an aim of eradication.,No conservation actions are known in Europe for this introduced species.,This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pyrgohydrobia,grochmalickii,,Pyrgohydrobia grochmalickii,,"Only four species are currently placed in this genus.# Three of these lie in the Lake Ohrid catchment, two in springs and the other in the lake. The fourth species is from Lake Prespa, which feed the aquifer supplying the water to Ohrid.# This species is going under a systematic review and might be merged with P. jablanicensis and P. sanctinaumi, (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009) in which case the Red List status of this taxon, and the others, will need to be reviewed.",Yes,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU27,,"Pyrgohydrobia grochmalickii is considered as Vulnerable D2, as although it is only found in one lake, the rate of decline in the quality of lake water is not likely to be currently impacting this species significantly. However, this could change if pollution levels increased. This species could very quickly become Endangered if the water quality or the water temperature changes significantly. This species is going under a systematic review and might be merged with Pyrgohydrobia jablanicensis and P. sanctinaumi, (C. Albrecht et al., pers. comm. 2009) in which case the Red List status of this taxon, and the others will need to be reviewed.",Unknown,This species is endemic to Lake Ohrid and is recorded from the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania.,This species is locally very abundant in survey samples.,This freshwater species found in the sandy parts of the littoral zone of the lake.,"The water quality is changing due to pollution (sedimentation, agricultural run-off) and habitat degradation. In relation to this eutrophication, enhanced macrophyte and broad reed belt growth at the high human populated northern and southern shallow bays could decrease the suitable habitats for this species in the littoral zone, however there is no evidence that this is currently impacting the species.","There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. Habitat monitoring in the littoral zone would allow the conservation status to be assessed in the future, so that changes in status can be quickly seen.",,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pyrgohydrobia,jablanicensis,,Pyrgohydrobia jablanicensis,,"Only four species are currently placed in this genus. Three of these lie in the Lake Ohrid catchment, two in springs and the other in the lake. The fourth species is from Lake Prespa, which feed the aquifer supplying the water to Ohrid. This species is going under a systematic review and might be merged with P.   grochmalickii and P. sanctinaumi, in which case its Red List status will need to be reviewed.",Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Pyrgohydrobia jablanicensis is endemic to springs, which were dammed during the 1960s to form a small lake of approximately 6 km2, which has disturbed the ecology of the ecosystem. This species was once abundant at the site, but between the 1960s and 1980 few specimens were found. Recent surveys found it once in 2004. Major threats to this species include damming and subsequent changes to the ecosystem. Further threats from exploitation of new lake and habitat degradation from agricultural run-off and domestic pollution. This species is going under a systematic review and might be merged with Pyrgohydrobia grochmalickii and P. sanctinaumi, (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009), in which case the Red List status of this taxon, and the others, will need to be reviewed. It is currently listed as Critically Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)",Unknown,"Pyrgohydrobia jablanicensis was endemic to springs at Sum, about 4 km west of the Struga town, Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).# These were dammed during the 1960s to form a small artificial  lake, and this species was once abundant at the site, but between the 1960s and 1980 few specimens were been found. Recent surveys have found it once in 2004.","This species was endemic to these springs, and was once abundant at the site, but between the 1960s and 1980 few specimens were been found. In 1985 Radoman reports two shells from the bottom of the small lake, but was uncertain whether the species would survive to the future (Radoman 1985). Recent surveys have found this species again in 2004, but it is still a very rare species.","This species lived in freshwater springs on soft substrate, but these habitats have been flooded to make a small artifical lake.","These springs were dammed during the 1960s to form a small lake, which has disturbed the ecology of the ecosystem. Further threats exist from the exploitation of the new lake and habitat degradation from agricultural run-off and domestic pollution. Water abstraction for drinking water is a further threat to this species.","There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. Surveys and habitat monitoring are recommended, once the species status is confirmed.",,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pyrgohydrobia,prespaensis,,Pyrgohydrobia prespaensis,,"This species lies close to its sister species at the Ohrid Lake (Wilke et al., 2007).",Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),No,EN,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"Pyrgohydrobia prespaensis is  known from a single lake with an extent of occurrence of less than 300  km2 where there is a decline in the habitat quality in relation with  pollution and over-abstraction of water. It is therefore considered as  Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii).  This species has also been assessed at the regional level for the 27 member states of the European Union:At the EU27 level, the species has an extent of occurrence of less  than 100 km2, with only one location and a decline in the habitat  quality, but immigration from the sub-populations in the other parts of  the lake is likely to happen. The species is therefore considered as  Endangered (B1ab(iii)) at the EU27 level too.",Unknown,"This species is restricted to the Prespa Lake, between Albania, the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Greece.",This species is locally abundant. It has a patchy distribution.,This littoral species lives beneath rocks on sandy substrate.,"Habitat loss, due to abrupt water level drop (of several meters), related to excessive water abstraction for agriculture coupled with extremely dry summers, is threatening this littoral species. Pollution related to intensive agriculture practice and settlements in the neighbouring area, is responsible for the eutrophication of the lake. In relation with this, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability for this small gastropod. Herbicides might also impact diatomae communities, which are the major food source for this snail. Introduction of alien fish species for fishing purposes has contributed to profound modification of the natural ecosystem of the lake.","There is no conservation action in place. An action plan on the sustainable management of water use in the region is urgently needed and existing water legislation should be enforced. Fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides use for agriculture purposes need to be drastically reduced. Regional cooperation between Albania, FYROM and Greece would be an asset for coordinated conservation action for the Prespa Lake.",,,"Hauffe, T., Schreiber, K. Albrecht, C.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pyrgohydrobia,sanctinaumi,,Pyrgohydrobia sanctinaumi,,"Only four species are currently placed in this genus. Three of these lie in the Lake Ohrid catchment, two in springs and the other in the lake. The fourth species is from Lake Prespa, which feed the aquifer supplying the water to Ohrid. This species is going under a systematic review and might be merged with the two spring-snail species P. jablanicensis and P.   grochmalickii , in which case its Red List status will need to be reviewed (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009)",Yes,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU27,,"Pyrgohydrobia sanctinaumi#is considered as Vulnerable, D2 as the current rate of decline in the quality of spring water is not likely to be impacting this species significantly. However, with increased development in the area there may be soon be greater levels of water pollution, and this species could very quickly become Critically Endangered if the water quality or the water temperature changes significantly. This species is going under a systematic review and might be merged with Pyrgohydrobia grochmalickii and P. jablanicensis (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009) in which case the Red List status of this taxon, and the others, will need to be reviewed.",Unknown,This species is endemic to the St. Naum feeder spring system in the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).,This is a very rare species in recent sampling (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).,This is a freshwater spring-snail living on soft substrate.,"Agriculture near the Prespa Lake is contaminating the waters of Lake Prespa, which in turn feeds the aquifer of these springs, resulting in increased nutrient load which could potentially impact this species (Matzinger et al. 2006).","The springs where this species lives are in the Galicica National Park. Habitat monitoring is recommended for this species, unless future taxonomic research shows it to be conspecific with sister taxa in Pyrgohydrobia.",,,"Hauffe, T., Albrecht, C. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pyrgula,acicula,,Pyrgula acicula,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Greece and the type locality, Limni Pamvotis, however, Frogley  Preece (2004)  note that this species is only known from empty shells and further  investigations are required to understand if this is extant or a  subfossil species, hence it has been assessed as Data Deficient (DD).    The regional assessment for EU27, Europe and the Mediterranean is also Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Greece and only known from the type locality   in Limni Pamvotis, where it was excavated bottom material. Frogley   Preece (2004)  note that this species is only known from empty  shells and further  investigations are required to understand if this is  extant or a  subfossil species.",There is no population data available on this species.,The habitat for this species is unknown.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation actions for this species. Research is needed relating to the population, habitat and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pyrgula,annulata,,Pyrgula annulata,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Pyrgula annulata is viewed as widespread, and hence is at less risk than  other more restricted range species, although it is considered  Vulnerable in Italy due to habitat degradation from pollution and  recreational activities. As a larger freshwater species it is easily monitored for future changes.",Stable,"This species is reported from southern Europe and has a disjunct distribution. In Italy it is found in the northern-central part where it is present in the eastern-most large lakes (Lago de Garda, Lago di Tenno, Lago di Massenza, Lago di Cavedine, Lago di Endine, Lago do Toblino, Lago d'Idro).# Manganelli et al. (2001) suggest that it is present in 32 locations in the region.# It has been recorded from Lake Skadar (Jacobi 1978), in Montenegro  Albania. Although it is suggested as being present in Ombla springs in Dalmatia (Croatia), these records require further confirmation, as most other sites are large lakes. It is known as a Quaternary fossil in Italy (Settepassi and Verdel, 1965).",There is no recent data on population trends on this species.,"Shallow water at edge of lakes and other slow flowing situations (river mouth entering lakes), where found under stones on bed of lake/river.","This species is viewed as widespread, and hence is at less risk than other more restricted range species, although it is considered Vulnerable in Italy due to habitat degradation from pollution and recreational activities.",This species requires research on population trends and distribution.,Species is not traded.,,"Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pyrgula,falkneri,,Pyrgula falkneri,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Greece, where it was described from Lake Pamvotis, however, Griffiths  Frogley (2004)  note that this species is only known from empty shells and further  investigations are required to understand if this is extant or a  subfossil species, hence it has been assessed as Data Deficient (DD).The regional assessment for EU27, Europe and the Mediterranean is also Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Greece and only known from the type locality  in Limni Pamvotis, where it was excavated bottom material. Frogley  Preece (2004)  note that this species is only known from empty shells and further  investigations are required to understand if this is extant or a  subfossil species.",There is no population data for this species as it has never been seen living.,The habitat for this species is unknown as it comes from sediments at the bottom of the lake.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation actions for this species. Research is needed relating to the status of this species, as it maybe subfossil, and if so requires no conservation actions.",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Pyrgula,pambotis,,Pyrgula pambotis,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Greece and the type locality, Limni Pamvotis, however, Frogley  Preece (2004)  note that this species is only known from empty shells and further  investigations are required to understand if this is extant or a  subfossil species, hence it has been assessed as Data Deficient (DD).  The regional assessment for EU27, Europe and the Mediterranean is also Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Greece and only known from the type locality in Limni Pamvotis, where it was excavated bottom material. Bank (2006) notes that this species is only known from empty shells and further investigations are required to understand if this is extant or a subfossil species.",There is no data available on population for this species.,"This is probably a freshwater lake species, but the details are unknown.","This is probably a freshwater lake species, but details are unknown, and as such it is difficult to know the threats.","There are no conservation actions for this species. Research is needed relating to the population, habitat and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Pall-Gergely, B.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,LYMNAEIDAE,Radix,ampla,,Radix ampla,,"This species can been confused with other species, and as such although it is recorded from a number of countries in Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006), the range may be more extensive.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,This species is widespread throughout Europe with only localised threats and as such is considered as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.,Stable,"The species is widespread in Europe, where it is recorded from Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Albania, Montenegro, Ukraine and Greece.The Global range extends from Europe, to southern Siberia eastward to Baikal Lake (Vinarski pers. comm. 2010).","There is no Europe wide data showing decline, although there are localised declines, it is considered stable over Europe.","This species is found in ponds, ditches, and in quiet slow-flowing canals and rivers, usually in the shallower parts amongst the water weeds.",There are no known threats to this species. There are likely to be localised declines due to habitat loss and water pollution but these are not thought to be impacting the species at the European Level.,There are no current or suggested conservation actions for this species. It was viewed as category 3 in Germany (Glöer Meier-Brook 2003).,There is no use or trade information for this species.,,"Vavrova, L. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,LYMNAEIDAE,Radix,auricularia,,Radix auricularia,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is widespread throughout Europe with no known overall threats and as such is considered as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the 27 member states of the European Union. There is no-Europe wide data showing decline, and although there are localised declines, it is considered stable over Europe.",Unknown,"The species is widespread in Europe, where it is recorded from Norway,  Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad  region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK),  Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France  (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia,  Hungary, Italy (mainland), Sardinia (Italy), Bulgaria, Romania, Balearic  Islands (Spain), Spain (mainland), Portugal (mainland), Albania,  the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Slovenia, Croatia, Reported from the former country of  Yugoslavia (current country unknown), Montenegro, Bosnia  Herzegovina, Ukraine, and Greece (including Andikíthira Island, Evvia Island, Ionian  Islands, Samothráki Island, Northern Sporades Islands, and Thásos Island).",There is no European-wide data on the population status or trend of this species.,"This species is found in ponds, ditches, and in quiet slow-flowing canals and rivers, usually in the shallower parts amongst the water weeds.",There are no known overall threats to this species. There are likely to be localised declines due to habitat loss and water pollution but these are not thought to be impacting the species at the European Level.,There are no current or suggested conservation actions for this species.,This species is not utilized.,,"Van Damme, D., Kebapçı, U. Vavrova, L.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,LYMNAEIDAE,Radix,balthica,,Radix balthica,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This is a widespread and tolerant species, which is not believed to face any major threats. It is therefore considered as Least Concern (LC) at the European level, the Mediterranean level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Stable,"This is a widespread species across Europe. According to Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) the species is present in Albania, Andorra, Austria, Azores (Portugal), Balearic Islands (Spain), Belgium, Great Britain (UK), Bulgaria, Channel Islands (UK), Corsica (France), Czech Republic, Denmark (mainland), Faroe Islands (Denmark), Finland, France (mainland), Germany, Greece (mainland), Hungary, Iceland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Russia, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madeira (Portugal), Malta, Northern Ireland (UK), Norway, Poland, Portugal (mainland), Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain (mainland), Sweden, Switzerland, Netherlands, and Ukraine.Kantor et al (2009) noted that the range extended to Lake Baikal and southern Siberia.",This is an abundant species with a stable population.,"This species inhabits rivers, streams, streamlets and stagnant waters.This is a very tolerant species that can survive in eutrophic waters.","There are no specific threats to this species, although it may be negatively affected by water pollution and changes in water regime.",There are no current or suggested conservation actions for this species.,This species is not utilized.,,"Vavrova, L.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,LYMNAEIDAE,Radix,labiata,,Radix labiata,,"This species was originally known as Radix 'palustris' sensu Hubendick, and is now regarded as a distinct species.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species, although poorly known throughout its range, is widespread across Europe and facing limited threats, therefore it is considered to be Least Concern (LC) at the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Stable,"The distributional data is lacking on this species, as in many cases the country may not yet recognise the species. It occurs in the south of Germany, Sweden and Norway, and probably has a wider distribution, but there is insufficient data to map the range of this species. According to Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) this species is widely scattered in Europe, where it is recorded from Norway, Sweden, Latvia, Poland, Great Britain (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Corsica (France), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Romania, Spain (mainland), Albania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Croatia, Ukraine and Greece.","#There is no Europe wide data showing decline, although there are localised declines, it is considered stable over Europe.","This species occurs in a range of freshwater types, for example found in the upper parts of river catchments near the springs, and in swampy woodland in Scandinavia.","This species is not considered to be threatened across the range, but it may well be sensitive to eutrophication, so there maybe localised declines.",There are no current or suggested conservation actions for this species.,This species is not utilized.,,"von Proschwitz, T.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,LYMNAEIDAE,Radix,lagotis,,Radix lagotis,,"Germain (1931) lists lagotis for Afghanistan, Armenia, 'transcaucasie'. Turkenstan, Iran and Syria, Palestine. Also possibly present in India (Subbao Rao, listed as synonym). However, this is based on old taxonomic treatment, and the range is likely to be more restricted. Bank's list for EU includes both R. balthica and R. lagotis and considers them separate taxa (Bank et al. 2006).",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species has been spilt from Radix baltica, and appears to be endemic to the Danube Basin. It is listed as Data Deficient (DD), given the confusion on older records and the need for taxonomic review. This species has been assessed at the regional level too:EU 27 regional assessment:# Data Deficient (DD) at the level of the 27 member States of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment:# Data Deficient (DD)",Stable,"Bank et al. (2006) regarded the range as restricted to Austria, Germany, Bulgaria, Slovakia and Czech Republic. This species has been spilt from Radix balthica, and appears to be endemic to the Danube Basin.","There is no-Europe wide data showing decline, although there are localised declines, it is considered stable over Europe. However, its exact population is not known.","This species lives in ponds, rivers and lakes.",There are no known threats to this species.# There are likely to be localised declines due to habitat loss and water pollution but these are not thought to be impacting the species at the European Level.,No conservation actions are known for the species.,This species is not used.,,"von Proschwitz, T.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,LYMNAEIDAE,Radix,lilli,,Radix lilli,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This recently described species is only known from the type locality in Mallorca, Balearic islands of Spain and although it may be vulnerable to habitat degradation, further data is required on distribution, population trends and threats to inform a conservation assessment. As such it is listed as Data Deficient (DD), pending further information on distribution and threats.",Unknown,"This recently described species was found in between La Granja and Esporla, on Mallorca, Balearic islands of Spain and is only considered to be found at the type locality.",There is little population information as the species has only recently been described.,The species seems to have a preference for freshwater rivers and streams.,Any threats to this recently described species are unknown at present.,"No conservation actions are in place for this species. Further data is required on its distribution, population trends and threats to inform a conservation assessment.",This species is not known to be utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,LYMNAEIDAE,Radix,pinteri,,Radix pinteri,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),No,EN,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"Radix pinteri is only known from a single location, a site which is smaller than 5000 km2, and where there is declining habitat quality in relation with pollution, which has impacted the species, hence it is considered as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii).This species has also been assessed at the regional level for the 27 member states of the European Union:At the EU27 level, although the species has an smaller extent of occurrence of less than 100 km2 immigration from the sub-populations in the other parts of the lake is likely to occur, therefore Radix pinteri is considered as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii) at the EU27 level too.",Decreasing,"Radix pinteri is endemic to the Prespa Lake, which lies between Albania, FYROM(also known as Macedonia) and Greece.","This species can be found only in low abundances, sympatrically with a more abundant congeneric species (Radix auricularia).","This species has been found on both sandy sublittoral (type specimen ) and sandy littoral (paratypes) (Schütt, 1974). Nowadays R. pinteri is rare and patchy, restricted to the littoral, mainly on stones and occasionally on sand.","Pollution related to intensive agriculture practice and settlements in the neighbouring area, is responsible for the eutrophication of the lake. In relation with this, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability for this small gastropod. Herbicides might also impact diatom communities, which are the major food source for this snail. Introduction of alien fish species for fishing purposes has contributed to profound modification of the natural ecosystem of the lake.","There are no species-specific conservation actions in place.  An action plan on the sustainable management of water use in the region is urgently needed and existing water legislation should be enforced. Fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides use for agriculture purposes need to be drastically reduced. Regional cooperation between Albania, FYROM and Greece would be an asset for coordinated conservation action for the Prespa Lake.  #",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Hauffe, T., Schreiber, K. Albrecht, C.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,LYMNAEIDAE,Radix,relicta,,Radix relicta,,"The subpopulation found in the feeder springs system is considered to be genetically distinct from the rest of the population (Albrecht et al. 2008). If this subpopulation is described as a valid species, its Red List status will need to be reviewed.",Yes,LC,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This widespread and abundant species is less sensitive to the threats impacting its habitat due to its life cycle and ecology. It is therefore considered as Least Concern (LC). However, if the feeder springs system sub-population is described as a valid species, it will qualify as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)).  #",Stable,"Endemic to Albania and the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), this species is restricted to Lake Ohrid, the St. Naum, Zagorican and Tusemista feeder springs of Lake Ohrid, the Drim System at least upstream to the dam Lake Globocicko (approximately 15 km north of Lake Ohrid), and to the Sum spring north-west of Lake Ohrid (Albrecht et al. 2008).",This is an abundant species (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).,"In Lake Ohrid, Radix relicta was recorded between depths from 0 m to 35 m. It lives mainly on hard substrata (e.g. rocks, Dreissena bundles) or on algae of the Chara belt. (Albrecht et al. 2008)","Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. Agriculture near the Prespa lake is contaminating the Prespa Lake waters, which are feeding the aquifer of the Lake Ohrid, resulting in increased nutrient load (Matzinger et al. 2006).   In relation to this eutrophication, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability. The quality of habitat in the Albanian springs is declining due to pollution by aquaculture, solid waste produced by domestic use and tourism/recreational activities, as well as over-abstraction of water. However this appears to be a quite hardy species and these are not considered currently to be a major threat.","The species is present in the Galicica National Park.  However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake.",,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,LYMNAEIDAE,Radix,skutaris,,Radix skutaris,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Radix skutaris#is only known from the Skadar lake, a lake which is being threatened by rapid process of eutrophication. It is listed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to#Skadar Lake, and at present known from 5 sites in the Montenegro part of the lake (Virpazar,Vranjina, Tanki Rt, Karuč, island Grmožur). However as#Skadar Lake extends to#Albania, it is expected that species should be found on the Albanian side of the Lake. Among more than 100 samples collected in different waters of Montenegro, no specimens of#R. skutaris could be found, thus it is presumed that the species R. skutaris is endemic to Sakdar Lake (Gloer and Pesic 2008).","No population data available to show declines, but it is not recorded outside the lake.",This species lives in the emergent and floating vegetation in littoral zone of this freshwater lake.,"Primary threat is considered to be the rapid process of eutrophication in Skadar Lake; further the spring water from sublacustrine spring Karuc should be captured for coastal (part of Montenegro) water drinking, leading to additional reasons for lake level fluctuation, which could impact littoral zone habitats.",Ongoing trans-boundary projects focus on ecosystem management of the Skadar lake area. #Habitat monitoring is recommended to determine future changes in conservation status for this species.#,There is no trade use for this species,,"Pešić, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Radomaniola,albanica,,Radomaniola albanica,,"Feher and Eross (2009 a,b) note that R. curta and R. albanica were found syntopically in the Syri i Kaltër spring, which is evidence that they are distinct species and not subspecies, as was assumed by Radoman (1983). According to Bodon (pers.comm cited in Feher and Eross, 2009 a,b ), R. albanica is possibly the junior synonym of Hydrobia haesitans (Westerlund, 1881), but this could only be decided by an investigation of topotypical Hydrobia haesitans (Levkas Island, Greece).",Yes,LC,,No,DD,,EU27,,"This species is found in Albania and Greece where it is a widespread species found across different spring habitats. This species faces only localised threats, and given the current wide range in Albania therefore it has been assessed as Least Concern (LC). This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU 27: Data deficient (DD):# insufficient data on number of sites and trends, but should probably be a candidate for# Least Concern.Europe: Least Concern (LC)Mediterranean: Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"This species is recorded from Albania and Greece. According to Feher and Eross (2009) this species was known from two Albanian localities: Golobarda spring near Korçë (type locality) and Trifti spring near Zvirinë (Radoman 1983).# According to new data, it seems to be widespread in Albania. They identify other subpopulations on the basis of the material, collected in the Trifti spring.",There is no population data for this species.,This species inhabits freshwater springs.,"A widespread species in a variety of spring habitats, with only localised threats.","There are no species-specific conservation actions known for this species. However, further research on the distribution and trends in Greece is required to confirm that status as 'Least Concern' and to establish if the species Hydrobia haesitans Westerlund, 1881, from Levkas Island In Greece is conspecific with this species (Feher and Eross, 2009a,b).",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Radomaniola,bosniaca,,Radomaniola bosniaca,,,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina. There is no recent data on range, population trends or threats to this species. If the species is confirmed as being present at the three sites only, and if the threats to these sites are known then it would be a candidate for Vulnerable (VU) D2.",Unknown,"Radomaniola bosniaca# is endemic to west Bosna in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), where Radoman (1983) listed it for 3 different locations: Miljevci village (by the road between Sanski Most and Bosanska Krupa, a closely adjacent spring at Podbrnjaca and another spring at Neteka, near the source of the River Una. There is no recent data on the range of the species.","There is no population trend data for this species, although Radoman (1983) reported that it was common at one of the three sites.",This species is thought to be restricted to freshwater springs.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation actions for this species, however, it does require more research on population trends, distribution and threats.",,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Radomaniola,callosa,,Radomaniola callosa,,,Yes,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"The species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) for the Italian Red List (Manganelli et al. 2000) based on restricted range and threats to the sites, however, at a Global level it qualifies as Vulnerable (VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)), based on its restricted range and the spring waters it inhabits being subject to human exploitation (Manganelli et al. 2000). A programme of habitat monitoring would be required to establish rates of decline.",Unknown,"Radomaniola callosa is endemic to Italy, specifically found in the provinces of Pescara and L'Aquila (Manganelli et al. 2000), in the Appennine region of Abruzzo. It is restricted to a few springs in Abruzzo and the type locality was a small spring near Caramanico (Pescara).",This species is restricted to a small area but there is no recent data on population trends.,This species is found in freshwater springs.,The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch 2006). The spring waters it inhabits are subject to human exploitation (Manganelli et al. 2000).,"No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas. Taxonomic review of the species is suggested, as well as habitat monitoring for the known locations to detect future changes in the status of these sites.",The species is not known to be traded or utilised.,,"Cianfanelli, S. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Radomaniola,curta,,Radomaniola curta,,"Szarowska (2006) noted that the name Orientalina Radoman, 1978 was preoccupied and proposed a replacement name for the genus as Radomaniola Szarowska, 2006.# Taxonomic research is currently ongoing on this group which may lead to revision of species limits and their distributions. Bank et al (2006) lists the following subspecies#:  Radomaniola curta anagastica (Radoman, 1973) Montenegro  Radomaniola curta bermius (P. Reischütz, 1988) Greece   Radomaniola curta germari (Frauenfeld, 1863) Croatia  Radomaniola curta kicavica (Radoman, 1973) Macedonia   Radomaniola curta mostarensis (Radoman, 1973) Bosnia  Herzegovina  Radomaniola curta narentana (Radoman, 1973) Bosnia  Herzegovina  Radomaniola curta pivensis (Radoman, 1973) Bosnia  Herzegovina, Montenegro.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Radomaniola curta is widespread in the Balkan Region and is present in various types of freshwater habitat. This suggests that this species is unlikely to become extinct, although localised threats exist to subspecies due to their restricted ranges and threats from habitat degradation. Therefore, it is considered as Least Concern. Some of the subspecies may be threatened, as these have small ranges, however, these have not been considered in this assessment.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member States of the Euroepan UnionMediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  #",Unknown,"This species is broadly distributed in western and southern Balkans (Radoman 1985) including Montenegro, Croatia, Greece, Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bank et al., Fauna European 2006). Radoman (1985) noted that it was present in the springs adjacent to Lake Ohrid, not within Lake Ohrid.",The species is generally abundant in the spring it is present in.,This species is found in springs and flowing waters.,"Localised threats exist to subspecies due to their restricted ranges and threats from habitat degradation from spring exploitation, as well as from agricultural run-off and domestic pollution.","Some sub-populations might be present in protected areas (in Montenegro). However, the majority of the populations are not and there are some genetic variations (sub-species). A sustainable management of springs (in particular regulation of spring capture) and revitalisation of springs destroyed are needed for ensuring the survival of this species.",,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Radomaniola,elongata,,Radomaniola elongata,,The name of the genus was previously Orientalina.,Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Radomaniola elongata#is known from a single spring at Lake Skadar, Montenegro, where it has a declining population at its only known locality.#There is a small population living amongst damp mosses, which are most susceptible to changes in habitat during the period from July to end of September, due to falling water levels in the spring, as this#spring has been captured for local drinking purposes.# It is an exclusively crenobiontic species.# In addition there is rapid eutrophication in Skadar Lake which is connected with spring in the main part of the year (V. Pesic, pers. comm., 2009). It is therefore considered to be Critically Endangered#(CR) B2ab(iii).",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Montenegro, where it is only known from a single site on Vranjina island in Lake Skadar. Despite research in the region, it has not been found in nearby springs.","The observed population levels of this species are declining (V. Pesic, pers. comm., 2009), based on a two year study of the site. There is a small population living amongst damp mosses, which are most susceptible to changes in habitat   during the period from July to end of September, due to falling water levels in the spring.","This species lives amongst the mosses in the spring on island Vranjina in Lake Skadar, Montenegro.#During 2 year research in the region, there were observed changes in habitat   during the period from July to end of September, due to falling water levels in the spring.","The water has been captured for local drinking, a rapid process of eutrophication in Lake Skadar which is connected to the springs during the major part of the year.",Species is protected by National Legislation in Montenegro and lives within a National Park. On-going transboudary projects focus on ecosystem management of the Skadar lake area.,There is no trade use for this species,,"Pešić, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Radomaniola,lacustris,,Radomaniola lacustris,,,Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Radomaniola lacustris is endemic to Montenegro. It is restricted to a small area of beach habitat on the lake edge, and is notable as it is the only member of the genus#Radomaniola#that does not live in a spring. #The area has#declining habitat quality, as the lake continues with moderate levels of eutropication. It is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii), as the littoral zone is subject to lake level changes and habitat degradation.",Unknown,"Radomaniola lacustris#is only known from small area of beach on the edge of Lake Skadar near Murici, Montenegro.",Unknown. There is no data present about the population.,"Radomaniola lacustris lives in freshwater habitats on the edge of a sandy beach on Lake Skadar. According to Radoman (1983), this is the only lacustrine form in this genus.",The threats to this species are mainly resulting from habitat degradation due to eutrophication of Lake Skadar. The littoral zone is subject to lake level changes and habitat degradation.,Research on the Skadar lake is needed. The species is protected nationally in Montenegro.#On-going transboundary projects (IBA) focus on ecosystem management of the Skadar lake area.,There is no trade use for this species,,"Pesic, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Radomaniola,montana,,Radomaniola montana,,,Yes,LC,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Radomaniola montana is found in montane springs between the Adriatic  region and the Skadar (Skutari) Lake catchment. Given that there is inadequate data and information on population and threats, it could be listed as Data Deficient. Nonetheless, as it is frequent in the region, it is considered to be Least Concern. However, this is another species that is under review.",Unknown,"Radomaniola montana is endemic to Montenegro. It was originally described from the Lukavac Brook, 15 km from Budva. Other records in Radoman (1983), list the species from Studenac spring (in Braići village close to Budva), Vrelo podgorska (Podgor village), Tomići village spring, 3 springs in the region of Crmnica (in the Skutari Basin) and Skruca and other springs in the region of Dobra voda, between Bar and Ulcinj. Radoman noted that the range occupied the mountains between the Adriatic region and the Skadar (Skutari) Lake catchment.",There is no population trend data for this species.,This species inhabits freshwater springs.,No threats are known for this species,No conservation actions are known for this species.,,,"Pešić, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Radomaniola,rhodopensis,,Radomaniola rhodopensis,,,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"This species is known from only a single site in Bulgaria and is threatened by pollution of the spring waters, so may qualify as Critically Endangered (CR), however it has recently been described, and as such the species may be present in other closely adjacent springs. Consequently it is currently listed as Vulnerable (VU D2), until more survey data can confirm it is restricted to this single site.",Unknown,"This recently described species is endemic to Bulgaria, where it was found in a#small spring (water source), in the tributary of the Pavelsko village main river (West Rhodopes), south of the village.","This species was recently described, so there is no data on population trends.","This species lives in freshwater springs. It lives in springs that are visibly rich in calcium (stone surfaces were covered in a thick stratum of calcium carbonate, which also acted as a cement sticking the stones together) with a lot of rotting plant matter, with# a temperature of 8.4° C, and oxygen content of 7.2 mg/l. The spring was filled mainly with dead leaves of Juglans regia, which was growing nearby.",The main threat to the site is pollution of the spring waters from both agricultural and domestic sources.,No conservation actions are known for this species. Habitat monitoring is recommended to detect potential habitat degradation from pollution which could potentially cause population declines.,This species is not utilized.,,"Georgiev, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Sadleriana,bavarica,,Sadleriana bavarica,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"The species is rare in samples, and hence it is difficult to evaluate the status of the species, so it is placed as Data Deficient (DD), pending better data on distribution and impacts of the threats on the populations in the underlying groundwaters. The species may qualify as Near Threatened, as the status in Germany is Rare but in Bayern it was 4S.",Unknown,This species is endemic to Germany and is considered to be rare (Falkner et al. 2003) and is found in springs and groundwaters of Munchner Stadtgebiert (Glöer and Meierbrook 2003).,This species is considered to be rare (Falkner et al. 2003) but current population trends are not known.,This species is found in springs and groundwaters of Munchner Stadtgebiert (Glöer and Meierbrook 2003).,The major threats lie in groundwater pollution from agricultural and domestic sources and over abstraction of water from the underlying groundwaters.,"There are no known conservation actions specifically for this species, however surveys and water management plans would be likely to be beneficial to the species. The Red List status in Germany is Rare but in Bayern it was 4S (Glöer and Meierbrook 2003).",This species is not known to be traded.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Sadleriana,bulgarica,,Sadleriana bulgarica,,The taxonomy of this species needs to be checked as the local experts are not sure about the exact name.,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Although this species is listed by Fauna European for Bulgaria,#the taxonomy of this  species needs to be checked as the local experts are not sure about the  exact name nor the distribution if it is a valid taxon. Currently it is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Although this species is listed for Bulgaria, the taxonomy of this species needs to be checked as the local experts are not sure about the exact name nor the distribution if it is a valid taxon.",There are no population data for this species.,Unknown.,Unknown.,The taxonomy of this species needs to be checked as the local experts are not sure about the exact name nor the distribution if it is a valid taxon.,The species is not utilized.,,"Feher, Z.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Sadleriana,cavernosa,,Sadleriana cavernosa,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is known from one location in Croatia. Although all the underground fauna of Croatia is protected, the species is at risk of extinction through the indirect causes of habitat degradation, such as sewage and pollution, which is not currently being prevented. Therefore it is assigned a  status of Critically Endangered# (CR) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).",Unknown,The species in endemic to Croatia and is only known from the cave site at Tounjčica.,There is no information on population trend.,This is a freshwater cave species.,"In 2003, this site was considered to be within the top 10 threatened karst areas in the world. The species is facing multiple threats, all of which have the potential to threaten this species. Dam construction in the past has altered the hydrological systems, lowering water levels in the cave system. Uncontrolled disposal of waste from local towns is impacting habitat quality at the site. Sewage is discharged directly above the cave system, and seeps down into  the water, degrading the water quality. There is active quarrying  ongoing above the cave, with possible impact, degrading habitat quality.","This species is on the list of protected species for Croatia (See List of protected species). This species was considered to be threatened in Croatia, and assigned a  status of Critically Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) for the Croatian Red  List of Cave Fauna (in press). Although all the underground fauna of Croatia is protected, the indirect causes of habitat degradation, such as sewage and pollution are not being prevented, so that the habitat quality is changing. A better system of managing sewage disposal is needed as well as monitoring habitat quality and#population trends.",This species is not utilized.,,"Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Sadleriana,fluminensis,,Sadleriana fluminensis,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is known from a wide area from Italy to Bosnia  Hercegovina and is present at suitable sites within this region. Although there are threats to springs and groundwater catchments as sources of water for local villages and towns and from drought phases in the summer, the species is considered Least Concern.",Unknown,"This species is found in Italy, mainly in the northern regions where it is widespread, and the range extends eastwards# to Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia Hercegovina.",There is no population trend data on this species.,This species is found in freshwater springs.,Threats to this species include groundwater pollution and groundwater abstraction.,"Assessed as Least Concern in Italy (Manganelli et al, 2000).",This species is not traded.,,"Seddon, M., Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Sadleriana,sadleriana,,Sadleriana sadleriana,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is known from a wide area, and is present at suitable sites within this region. Although there are threats to springs and groundwater catchments as sources of water for local villages and towns and from drought phases in the summer, the species is considered Least Concern. Survey work is recommended for this species, at a suitable time of the year, to establish the full range and threats to the species, as it is possible that if widespread loss could be demonstrated over recent years and so a higher threat category would be applicable.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Slovenia and Croatia (Fauna Europea, Bank et al. 2006).#Sadleriana s. sadleriana#was described from Studenica (a pool on the river) in the village of Dol near Borovnica. It is described as being widespread in the region,#and is present in the drainage basins of the Sava River, Ljubljanica River, Kupa River, and Una River. Sadleriana s. robici#(Clessin, 1890) is more restricted, being found in Krka River Drainage, at several springs near the source.",There is no population trend data for this species.,This species inhabits freshwater springs and possibly groundwater feeding those springs.,There are no known threats to this species.,"This species is considered to be Vulnerable in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species#(Bole 1988, Bole 1992; Sket Velkovrh 2002).",,,"Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Sadleriana,schmidtii,,Sadleriana schmidtii,,,Yes,LC,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Currently this species is reported from a wide area and is present at suitable sites within this region. Although there are threats to groundwater as sources of water for local villages and towns, and from drought phases in the summer the species is considered Least Concern. However, there is some suggestion that (Bole  Velkovrh, 1986 and unpublished data of Sket, pers. comm, 2010), it may only be known from south-eastern  Slovenia and adjacent Croatian area. Survey work is recommended for this species, as a suitable time of the year to establish the full range and threats to the species, as it is possible that if widespread loss or if it is restricted to s smaller part of this range then a higher threat category would be applicable.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: As the data for Slovenia are limited, this species has been assessed as Data Deficient at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Unknown,"Sadleriana schmidtii is recorded from Croatia, Bosnia  Herzegovina and Slovenia (Fauna Europea, 2006). It was first described from a spring at Susica, near Novo Mesto and is a subterranean form (Radoman 1985).                 According to Bole  Velkovrh (1986) and Radoman (1985) and some unpublished data (Sket pers. comm 2010), it may only be known from southeaster Slovenia and adjacent Croatian area.",There is no data on recent population trends for this species.,This species inhabits freshwater springs.,"Although there are threats to groundwater as sources of water for local villages and towns and from drought phases in the summer, the threats are localised.","No conservation actions known for this species. This species is considered to be 'Rare' in the Slovenian List of Threatened Species#(Bole 1988, Bole 1992; Sket Velkovrh 2002).",No trade in this species.,,"Seddon, M. Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Sadleriana,supercarinata,,Sadleriana supercarinata,,,Yes,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is known from a restricted area where it is known from five localities. As such, given the threats to springs as sources of water, and drought phases in the summer, when the springs temporarily dry out, the species is considered at risk. Therefore it is considered Vulnerable (VU) D2. Survey work is recommended for this species, at a suitable time of the year, to establish the full range and threats to the species.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Croatia where it is known from five locations. Radoman (1983) lists the species from Vrelo, the main source of the Gacka River, Pucirep in village near Tonkovici, in the east part of the Gacko Polje. He also suggests that it is confined to the Gacko Polje, with additional locations at Majerovo (sping), Klanac in the Zagrevici village and the spring in Lesce village.",There is no data on recent population trends.,The species is known from freshwater springs and possibly can be found in groundwater feeding these springs.,"The major threats to this species lies in water abstraction to supply the local village, summer droughts and pollution from adjacent fields.","There are no known conservation actions for this species, although most of the underground fauna of Croatia is protected. More research is needed on distribution, population and habitat trends and threats, as well as review as to whether protected area status will benefit the species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Salenthydrobia,ferrerii,,Salenthydrobia ferrerii,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch 2006) as it found in areas which are greatly affected by anthropogenic activity,# pollution and urbanization (Ferreri pers. comm. May 2009). Moreover, its ecological resources are competitively exploited by invasive species (Potamopygrus antipodarum), thus reducing its chances of survival (Dario Ferreri pers. comm. May 2009). Where populations of this species inhabit river mouths, they may be affected by anthropogenic river bank damage and/or cementation (Manganelli et al. 2000). It is therefore listed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Italy, specifically found in Idume Creek, Torre Castiglione and Bambinello Spring (Wilke 2003), in the Apennines region of southern Puglia.",This species is restricted to a small area so population numbers are presumably relatively low.,"This species inhabits coastal springs, river mouths and oligohaline (i.e. with limited amount of salt) groundwaters in rocks.","The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ferreri in prep.; Ruffo and Stoch 2006). It is also found in areas which are greatly affected by anthropogenic activity, and is therefore threatened by pollution and urbanization (Ferreri in prep.). Morever, its ecological resources are competitively exploited by local, sympatric species (Hydrobia ventrosa, Mercuria similis, Islamia pusilla, and Helobia stagnorum) as well as by invasives (Potamopygrus antipodarum), thus reducing its chances of survival (Ferreri, in prep.). Where populations of this species inhabit river mouths, they may be affected by anthropogenic river bank damage and/or cementation (Manganelli et al. 2000).",No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.#It is assessed as Least Concern in the Italian Red List. More research is needed for population and habitat trends.,,,"Cianfanelli, S.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Sarajana,apfelbecki,,Sarajana apfelbecki,,"Four subspecies are currently recognised for this species.# The nominate race apfelbecki (Brancsik, 1888), Sarajana apfelbecki driniana Radoman, 1975 ,# Sarajana apfelbecki erythropoma (Schütt, 1959) and Sarajana apfelbecki travnicensis (Radoman, 1975). In this assessment they are all treated as subspecies, however, should any review show that these subspecies merit elevation to species status, then the threat assessment will need to be revised.",Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Although this species is known from river catchments close to Sarajevo, and there are several subspecies in the different catchments, it is believed to be widespread in the region, and as such, is likely to be Least Concern. However, due to inadequate information on habitat suitability and population, this species should really be listed as Data Deficient.Should a review of this species and the subspecies show that there is more than 1 species present, then the data would need to be re-examined, as several subspecies are very restricted, and may merit listing.#",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is known from the catchments around Sarajevo (Radoman 1983). The type locality of the nominate race was a spring near Vrelo bosna (Vruci), close to Sarajevo. Radoman (1983) listed springs at Mokro, Borim (Vruci) and Gornje Bradina for the nominate race. Radoman (1983) listed sites for subspecies S. a.#erythropama Schutt 1959 from a captured spring Knjeginjace (6 km from Sarajevo and 2km from Miljevci) and another spring close by (200m);#S. a.#travnicensis Radoman, 1975 from Plava voda, a stream in Travnik town, as well as 3 springs within 10km of the town, Vašljiva voda 2km west at Lovrić, Šujica River between Kupres and Livno, and Basinac);#S. a.#driniana Radoman, 1975 from drainage of the Drina River (5 sites, Kaostica village, Čatin potok in Brodari Village 300m above Drina River, Višegrad and Perucac).",There is no data on recent population trends.,This is a species that inhabits freshwater springs.,"The major threat to water sources in the region is water extraction for domestic supplies.# Although several of the sites are already exploited as water sources for the local villages, the overall trend is uncertain.","There are no known conservation actions, however, taxonomy and distribution will need to be researched.",,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Sardohoratia,islamioides,,Sardohoratia islamioides,,,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",EU27,,"Sardohoratia islamioides is endemic to Italy, where it is restricted to western Sardinia. It is known from 3 localities, where it is only present in the interstitial waters, and as such is considered to be very vulnerable to disturbance, either from pollution of the water, or from disturbance of the springs (Manganelli et al. 1998).# As one location has possibly been lost due to modification for water abstraction, the species is listed as Endangered (EN) B2ab(ii,iii,iv).",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Italy, where it is restricted to western Sardinia. The type locality is the 'Plentiful karstic spring Su Cologne, at San Giovanni, 100m ASL (UTM 32 T NK4260). Also known from a spring on right bank of Cedrino River, S. Leonardo (3km upstream of Orosei, UTM 32 T NK5771) and Spring San Giuseppe, Siniscola (UTM 32 T NK5790) at 55m ASL (Manganelli et al, 1998). The possible loss at the type locality was noted by Manganelli et al. (1998).","This species is restricted to a small area, so population numbers are presumably relatively low and the loss of one sub-population suggests a decreasing trend.","This species is restricted to interstitial waters of a spring within a karstic region (Manganelli et al. 1998). It is a strict stygobiont (i.e. species generally restricted to subterranean groundwater habitats and characterized morphologically by loss or severe reduction of eyes and pigment). Like most spring-snails, the species feeds using a radula, scraping rock surfaces.","The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch 2006). Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al. 2000). In 1998, Manganelli noted that this species has not been found living at the spring at Su Cologne since it was exploited and the bottom surface of the spring cemented over.","No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas. #The species was considered Near Threatened in the Italian Red List (Manganelli et al., 2000).# The species requires a programme of habitat monitoring and survey work to establish population trends at the last two known sites, as well as information about potentially damaging actions.",This species is not known to be traded.,,"Cianfanelli, S.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Sardohoratia,sulcata,,Sardohoratia sulcata,,,Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"Sardohoratia sulcata is restricted to a single site in Sardinia, where it is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch, 2006). Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al., 1998, 2000).# Given that it only occurs at a single site, it is considered very vulnerable to any human activity that would disturb the groundwater system or the spring. Most records are before 1995. In 1998, Manganelli noted that this species has not been found living at the spring at Su Cologne since it was exploited for water, and the bottom surface of the spring cemented over. Hence, this species is listed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) B2ab(iii).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Italy, specifically found in western Sardinia, where it is only found in the 'Plentiful karstic spring Su Cologne', at San Giovanni, 100m ASL (UTM 32 T NK4260) (Manganelli et al, 1998).","This species is restricted to a small area, so population numbers are presumably relatively low. Most records are before 1995. In 1998, Manganelli noted that this  species has not been found living at the spring at Su Cologne since it  was exploited for water, and the bottom surface of the spring cemented  over.","This species is restricted to interstitial waters of a spring within a karstic region (Manganelli et al, 1998). It is a strict stygobiont, i.e a species restricted to subterranean groundwater habitats and characterized morphologically by loss or severe reduction of eyes and pigment.","The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo and Stoch, 2006). Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al., 1998, 2000).# GIven that it only occurs at a single site, it is considered very vulnerable to any human activity that would disturb the groundwater system or the spring. In 1998, Manganelli noted that this species has not been found living at the spring at Su Cologne since it was exploited for water, and the bottom surface of the spring cemented over. Hence, this species is listed as Critically Endangered.","No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.#The species was considered Near Threatened in the Italian Red List (Manganelli#et al., 2000).",This species is not known to be traded.,,"Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Sardopaladilhia,buccina,,Sardopaladilhia buccina,,"This species was provisionally placed in Sardopaladihlia, based on similarity in shell characters, but this placement maybe reviewed following future anatomical research.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species was listed as Data Deficient (DD) in the Invertebrados Endemicos de la Cominitat Valenciana (Domingo et al. 2007), as well as the Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados de España (Especes en peligro critico y en peligro) (Verdú and Galente 2009).# The presence of shells in abundance from the single outflow site suggests that the populations are currently stable.# However, as a recently described species, the lack of knowledge on the the extent of the range and the taxonomic issues for this species, suggest that it should be listed as Data Deficient (DD). Should there be active threats to the only known site, then the species would qualify as Critically Endangered (CR), and consideration needs to be given in future developments in the region that may disturb the habitat of the species.",Stable,"This species is endemic to Spain. The species was described from the type locality at Font de Castro, Sueras (Province, Castellón) (Rolán and Martínez–Ortí 2003), the only known site, however it is thought to be found in the underlying karstic groundwater system.","There is no data available on the population status of this species, although it is believed to be stable based on the abundance of shells found in the outflow of the groundwater system (Martínez-Ortí 2007).",This species is found within groundwater systems and found at outflow springs from the system (Martínez-Ortí pers. comm. 2009),"The main threats lie in the pollution of the groundwaters where this species is found, as well as possible over-exploitation of the water source (Martínez-Ortí 2007)","No conservation actions are currently in place for this species. Further research is necessary to establish whether there are multiple species in the system, their habitats and their population sizes.",This species is not utilized.,,"Martínez-Ortí, A.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Sardopaladilhia,distorta,,Sardopaladilhia distorta,,"This species was provisionally placed in Sardopaladihlia, based on similarity in shell characters, but this placement maybe reviewed following future anatomical research.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"#This species was listed as Data Deficient (DD) in the Invertebrados Endemicos de la Comunitat Valenciana (Domingo et al. 2007), as well as the Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados de España (especes en peligro critico y en peligro) (Verdú and Galente 2009). The presence of shells in abundance from the single outflow site suggests that the populations are currently stable. At present the threats to the site do not merit a higher threat category in light of possible taxonomic issues and lack of knowledge of the extent of the subterranean populations, however, should the threats escalate, the species would qualify as both Critically Endangered (CR B2a,b(iii)) and Vulnerable (VU D2).",Stable,"The species is endemic to Spain, where it is currently only known from the type locality, Font de Castro, Sueras, Province Castellón.","There is no data available on the population status of this species, although it is believed to be stable based on the abundance of shells found in the outflow of the groundwater system (Martínez-Ortí 2007).",This species is found within groundwater systems and found at outflow springs from the system (Martínez-Ortí 2007),"The principal threats to this species lie in the possible contamination of the groundwaters from pollution, and over-abstraction of groundwaters changing the quality of the habitat (Martínez-Ortí 2007).","This species was listed as Data Deficient (DD) in the Invertebrados  Endemicos de la Comunitat Valenciana (Domingo et al. 2007), as well as the Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados de España  (especes en peligro critico y en peligro) (Verdú and Galante 2009). No specific conservation actions are known, however habitat monitoring and   further survey to determine the geographical range of this species are recommended.",This species is not utilized.,,"Martínez-Ortí, A.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Sardopaladilhia,marianae,,Sardopaladilhia marianae,,"This species was provisionally placed in Sardopaladihlia, based on similarity in shell characters, but this placement maybe reviewed following future anatomical research.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species was listed as Data Deficient in the Invertebrados Endemicos de la Cominitat Valenciana (Domingo et al. 2007), as well as the Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados de España (especes en peligro critico y en peligro) (Verdú and Galente 2009). The presence of shells in abundance from the single outflow site suggests that the populations are currently stable. At present the threats to the site do not merit a higher threat category in light of possible taxonomic issues and lack of knowledge of the extent of the subterranean populations, however, should the threats escalate, the species would qualify as both Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)) and Vulnerable (VU D2).",Unknown,"The species is endemic to Spain, where it is only known from the type locality, Font de Castro, Sueras Province Castellón.","There is no data available on population status, although it is believed to be stable based on the abundance of shells found in the outflow of the groundwater system (Martínez-Ortí 2007).","This species is found in the outflow of a karstic groundwater system, but believed to be present in the subterranean parts, rather than surface parts of the system (Martínez-Ortí 2007).","There are future threats to this species from pollution of the groundwater and over-abstraction of# water for domestic use, leading to habitat degradation and subsequently species mortality and population declines.","This species was listed as Data Deficient (DD) in the Invertebrados Endemicos de la Cominitat Valenciana (Domingo et al. 2007), as well as the Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados de España (especes en peligro critico y en peligro) (Verdú and Galente 2009).# No conservation actions are known, however habitat monitoring and    further survey to determine the geographical range of this species are recommended.",This species is not utilized.,,"Martínez-Ortí, A.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Sardopaladilhia,plagigeyerica,,Sardopaladilhia plagigeyerica,,This species is one of several spring snails described from Sardinia.,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Sardopaladilhia plagigeyerica is considered to be vulnerable to extinction, as it has a restricted range, and it lives within a groundwater system that could potentially be exploited in the future. At present there is no pollution or extraction impacting the populations, so it is considered at lower risk than other species in the region. However, the threat of future exploitation or pollution of the groundwaters suggests that Near Threatened is an appropriate listing for this species.# Should any changes to the immediacy of threat the species would immediately move to Vulnerable D2, on the basis of restricted range, and possibly higher depending on the nature of the threats.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Italy, specifically found in western Sardinia. The type locality is the 'Plentiful karstic spring Su Cologne, at San Giovanni, 100m above sea level (UTM 32 T NK4260). Also known from Cave Su Giana (100m ASL,UTM 32 T NK4360), Cave Sa Oche at Lanaitto (150m ASL,UTM 32 T NK4156),Cave Bue Marino, 1.5m ASL (UTM 32 T NK5255) and a spring on right bank of Cedrino River, S. Leonardo (3km upstream of Orosei, UTM 32 T NK5771) (Manganelli et al. 1998). In single catchment.",This species is restricted to a small area so population numbers are presumably relatively low.,"This species is restricted to slow flowing groundwater within a karstic region (Manganelli et al. 1998). It is a strict stygobiont. Like most spring-snails the species feeds using a radula, scraping rock surfaces.","The species is threatened by its restricted range (Ruffo  Stoch 2006). Since it inhabits groundwaters, the species could be affected by anthropogenic groundwater abstraction and/or pollution (Manganelli et al. 2000), although it is less threatened than the other species, as it is present through much of the groundwater systems and not restricted to the interstitial waters (Manganelli et al. 1998), however the rate of change is not expected to impact the species over the next 10 years, although any sudden change would change the status of this species.",No specific conservation measures are known. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas.#The species was considered Near Threatened in the Italian Red List (Manganelli#et al. 2000). The recommended conservation action is habitat monitoring protocols to check whether the species habitats are declining.,There is no known trade in this species.,,"Cianfanelli, S., Bodon, M., Giusti, F. Manganelli, G.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Sardopaladilhia,subdistorta,,Sardopaladilhia subdistorta,,"This species was provisionally placed in Sardopaladihlia, based on similarity in shell characters, but this placement maybe reviewed following future anatomical research.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This species was listed as Data Deficient (DD) in the Invertebrados Endemicos de la Comunitat Valenciana (Domingo et al. 2007), as well as the Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados de España (especes en peligro critico y en peligro) (Verdú and Galente 2009). The presence of shells in abundance from the single outflow site suggests that the populations are currently stable. At present the threats to the site do not merit a higher threat category in light of possible taxonomic issues and lack of knowledge of the extent of the subterranean populations, however, should the threats escalate, the species would qualify as both Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)) and Vulnerable (VU D2).",Unknown,This species is endemic to Spain.,The population status of this species is unknown.,"This species is found in the outflow of a karstic groundwater system, but is believed to be present in the subterranean parts, rather than surface parts of the system (Martínez-Ortí 2007).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"No conservation actions are currently in place for this species.# Further research is necessary to establish whether there are multiple species in the system, their habitats and their population sizes. This species is proposed for inclusion on the list of Protected Species in the Communidad of Valencia (CVEFA).",This species is not utilized.,,"Martínez-Ortí, A.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Saxurinator,brandti,,Saxurinator brandti,,,Yes,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species was considered to be threatened in Croatia, and assigned a status of# Endangered for the Croatian Red List of Cave Fauna (in prep.).# There is an uncertainty over the range just over the border in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and as such, on# a precautionary basis, given that the status in Croatia as endangered, it is believed to be present at less than 5 locations, and as such it listed as Vulnerable. However, if it is shown to be only present in the two caves currently known, then the Endangered status will be confirmed.",Unknown,"Saxurinator brandti is endemic to Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, where it is regarded as rare and difficult to find.#This slim troglobionte species is has been found rarely in sediments flushed from the underground karst waters at Ombla (Schutt 2000). Sket (pers. comm. 2010) notes it is found in the region of Metković in Herzegovina (in#Bosnia and Herzegovina) and Dalmacija, Ombla spring in southern Dalmacija (in Croatia). However the range in Bosnia and Herzegovina is uncertain, and although it is believed to be restricted in range to a small area, surveys are needed to confirm this. #",There is no population data available for this species.,This species was found in detritus expelled from the cave at Ombla and it is presumed to be a groundwater species.,The threats are not known for this species.,"There are no known conservation actions for this species. More research is needed on the population and distribution, especially as the range in Bosnia and Herzegovina is uncertain, and although  it is believed to be restricted in range to a small area, surveys are  needed to confirm this.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Slapnik, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Saxurinator,hadzii,,Saxurinator hadzii,,,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Although this species is listed on Fauna Europea for Montenegro, there is no recent data on distribution, threats or status of this species. This species is therefore listed as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This species is listed for Montenegro, but there is no recent data on range or distribution.",There are no data on population trends.,There are no data on habitats.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation actions in place. More research on population trends, distribution and threats is needed.",,,"Pešić, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Saxurinator,labiatus,,Saxurinator labiatus,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is found in Croatia, where it is associated with a single cave system. The site lies close to a major road, with threats from  pollution in the run-off from the road. In addition, there is ongoing  tourist development in town, with pollution from uncontrolled discharge  of untreated sewage and water abstraction to feed the domestic supplies  from the groundwater feeding the springs. Therefore it is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii).",Unknown,"This species is found in Croatia, where it is known from one location in a cave system at Mühlquelle in Izvor kod Mlina u Zatonu Malom. It is not possible to enter the cave system as it is closed.",There is no current population trend data for this species.,It is known from a freshwater spring emerging from a cave at sea level.,"The only known site lies close to a major road, with threats from pollution in the run-off from the road. In addition, there is ongoing tourist development in town, with pollution from uncontrolled discharge of untreated sewage and water abstraction to feed the domestic supplies from the groundwater feeding the springs.","This species is on the list of protected species for Croatia (See List of protected species). The species was assigned a status of Critically Endangered B1a,b(iii)+2ab(iii) for the Croatian Red List of Cave Fauna (2010, in press). Actions needed include channelling at the edge of the road to control water run-off near the the springs, as well as treatment and control of sewage. It is not possible to monitor the populations, as the site is not accessible, hence water quality and habitat change should be monitored.",This species is not utilized.,,"Slapnik, R. Bilandzija, H.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Saxurinator,microbeliscus,,Saxurinator microbeliscus,,,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Croatia, and is a range restricted species, believed to be found only at the type locality. It has not been recently found and although the species is on the list of  protected species in Croatia, new survey data are required on  distribution, population status, habitat trends and threats in order to  make a conservation assessment of this species, and as such the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Croatia, currently known only at the type locality, but further data is required from collections to establish the range.",No specimen of this species have been found# recently and as such the population trends are uncertain.,This species has not been recently found and as such the habitats and the trends are uncertain.,This species has not been recently found and as such the threats are uncertain.,"Although the species is on the list of protected species in Croatia, new survey data are required on distribution, population status, habitat trends and threats in order to make a conservation assessment of this species.",This species is not known to be traded.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Saxurinator,montenegrinus,,Saxurinator montenegrinus,,,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Saxurinator montenegrinus is only known from the two localities in Bosnia and Herzegovina and one locality in Montenegro, where it is a crenobiotic species. The major #threat to the localities where the species is found lies in over-abstraction of water sources for the local populations water supply. This specie sis therefore considered as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)).",Unknown,"Saxurinator montenegrinus is known only from three localities, two in Bosnia-Herzegovina, source of Čepelica river near Bileća town (Bosnia-Herzegovina) and a source near Stepen (near Bosnia-Montenegro border) and another in Montenegro, where it was found in a cave at Risan in Boka Kotorska (Sket pers. comm. 2010).",There are no data on the population trends or size.,"This species inhabits springs, which flows directly out of the ground, the water forming directly a stream (rheocrenic springs).",Both springs which are the only known localities of the species have been captured for provision of water for domestic purposes.,"No known conservation actions for this species and it is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas. Habitat monitoring (water quality, sediment load and nitrates) would be recommended to get an indication of potential changes that would impact this species as well as further survey data on the population status. Developing programmes of awareness of importance of freshwater biodiversity and the restricted range species in Montenegro and Bosnia  Herzegovina",,,"Pešić, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Saxurinator,orthodoxus,,Saxurinator orthodoxus,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Saxurinator orthodoxus is only known from the type locality.# This site# has been captured to provide drinking water.# In the upper part of River Zeta the problem is infiltration of waste water from local industry of Nikšić city; furthermore the water in upper part of the river Zeta is used for hydro-power “Perućica” (the most important one in Montenegro) which greatly changed the water level regime in the summer period, leading to declining quality of habitat since the species was first described. It is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii).",Unknown,"Saxurinator orthodoxus is endemic to Montenegro, known only from the type localities (Sources of River Zeta near Straganik and Tunjevo).",No information available on population or population trends for this species.,"This species is found in Rheocrenic springs, possibly subterranean.",This species is only known from the type locality.# This spring has been captured for it's water.# In the upper part of River Zeta the problem is infiltration of waste water from local industry of Nikšić city; furthermore the water in upper part of the river Zeta is used for hydro-power “Perućica” (the most important one in Montenegro) which greatly influenced water level regime in the summer period. This has lead to declining quality of habitat since the species was first described.,"Conservation actions recommended include taxonomic review as this species has been identified on basis of shell morphology, as well as habitat monitoring for changes and raising awareness of the importance of these springs for freshwater biodiversity.",,,"Pešić, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Saxurinator,schlickumi,,Saxurinator schlickumi,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"This species was described by Schütt (1960) from the former country of  Yugoslavia. This species requires  recent data to validate the distribution of this  species, as well as data on population trends, habitats and threats, so  that a conservation assessment can be made.# Hence the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,This species was described from the former country of Yugoslavia however Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) have noted there is no recent data to validate the distribution of this species.,"This species was described by Schütt (1980) from the former country of Yugoslavia, and Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) have noted there is no recent data to validate the distribution of this species.",The habitat preferences are uncertain.,"This species was described by Schütt (1980) from the former country of Yugoslavia, however there is no recent data to validate the distribution of this species and hence it is not possible to establish the threats.","This species requires recent data to validate the distribution of this species, as well as data on population trends, habitats and threats, so that a conservation assessment can be made.",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Saxurinator,sketi,,Saxurinator sketi,,,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Croatia with an area of occupancy of 72 km2. It is known from two locations, one of which is threatened by a range of recreational uses that are degrading the habitat quality inside the cave. This cave is one of the most important caves for high diversity of endemic fauna in Croatia and requires legal protection to be enforced, and active habitat management for species diversity as well as tourism revenue. The presence at two locations, small area of occupanyc and ongoing threats means the species is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Croatia and found in two locations, an anchialine lake (landlocked water body with a subterranean connection to the ocean) within cave Šipun in Cavtat (town), and in a cave near Obrovac (Spilja kod Obrovca, National Park, Krka) (R.Slapnik pers. comm. 2009).",There is no recent data on population trends for this species.,This species is found in freshwaters within cave systems; one site has an an anchialine lake (landlocked water body with a subterranean connection to the ocean) within the cave.,"In the coastal area Sipun cave, is a tourist cave, of relatively small size, with extensive lighting operations and large numbers of visitors. This has created# poor environments for the snails including warming cave habitats, light pollution changing water quality, increases in the concentration of carbon-dioxide and waste. The lake where the species is found has become polluted. A future problem lies in the unknown impact from road construction. There are 14 other endemic species restricted to this site, and there is an impact from collectors, as uncontrolled access to the site, and illegal collecting is known.","One site, Cave Sipun is protected as a geomorphologic nature monument and is managed by Dubrovnik-Neretva County. This species is on the list of protected species for Croatia. It is# listed as threatened in Croatia, and assigned a status of Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)) for the Croatian Red List of Cave Fauna  (in press). In the species account for the Red L:ist of the Underground Fauna of Croatia it is noted that Cave Sipun is an exceptionally sensitive cave system with the highest number of described species in Croatia, hence the proposed conservation actions for the cave are:closed access to the cave through a gated entranceestablish a permanent monitoring scheme of the caveset up monitoring for monitoring quantity and quality of water ex-situ conservation storage in gene banks educational programmes to raise awareness of the threats.",There is no use or trade information for this species.,,"Slapnik, R. Jalzic, B.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,PLANORBIDAE,Segmentina,nitida,,Segmentina nitida,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Given the present range this species is unlikely to be threatened with extinction in the near future, although there are localized species declines throughout the range, and so the species is a candidate for listing as threatened. Given that the major threats to the species are habitat loss and high levels of pollution there is a need to maintain habitat and population monitoring programmes, as if the rates of decline accelerate it could qualify as Near Threatened (NT) or Vulnerable (VU), although at present it is considered Least Concern (LC) at the European level and Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Decreasing,"This small species of Planorbid is found throughout Europe to 62°N (Kerney 1999). Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) report the species from Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Channel Islands (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland, Corsica) Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (mainland), Bulgaria, Romania, Andorra, Balearic Islands (Spain), Spain (mainland), Portugal (mainland), Albania, Slovenia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia  Herzegovina, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), Ukraine, and Greece (mainland).In the former USSR the range extends to Ural River (Kantor et al. 2009).","In Great Britain over the last 100 years it is has declined from the northern part of the range with a few isolated populations remaining in Kent, Sussex, Norfolk and Somerset (Kerney 1999).","This species is found in small pools, ditches, grazing marshes or small depressions, former floodplains and ponds It is usually found in places with clean hard water amongst dense vegetation and avoids places with seasonal dessication (Kerney 1999).","The species has been in decline in western Europe. This is due to changes in land management practices, mainly conversion of marshy ground to agriculture, change in dredging frequency of marsh ditches, and increased levels of phosphates and nitrates due to fertilizer usage (Kerney 1999).","In most countries in western Europe this species is considered to be of conservation interest. In Great Britain it was listed as Endangered, as the species is currently declining and a species action plan is place for several of the known sites as these also host A.vorticulus another threatened species (Seddon and Killeen, pers. comm., 2010). In Slovakia it is listed as Vulnerable (Beran et al. 2005). In Switzerland it is considered to be catgeory 2 (Turner et al. 1994). Research actions include further research to establish population and habitat trends and monitor future changes in habitats, as a proxy for changing populations.",There is no use or trade information for this species.,,"Killeen, I. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,UNIONOIDA,UNIONIDAE,Sinanodonta,woodiana,,Sinanodonta woodiana,,"Anodonta japonica (Von Martens 1874) is part of this species complex, however, there is no available information for this synonym. Anodonta lauta and A. calipygos were treated as separate species by Kondo (2008). This species has also been referred to as Sinanodonta woodiana by Graf and Cummings (2007) and may possibly need a genus change.",No,,,No,,,EU27,,"Sinanodonta woodiana has been assessed as Not Applicable (NA) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union. This species has a widespread and stable native distribution, but is widely introduced in Europe. It is a habitat generalist and successful in introduced areas, expanding its range throughout the Northern hemisphere.",Unknown,"It was first introduced to Europe in 1963 along with introduced carp, and is currently found in at least fifteen European countries including Romania, Czech Republic, Belgium, Hungary, France, Slovakia, Austria, Poland, Ukraine, Italy, Germany, Serbia, Bulgaria, Moldova, Spain and Sweden.This species is widespread and its native ranges is from Indochina and China  north to Korea, Japan, Primorye and the Amur Basin in eastern Russia  (Graf 2007). In the Far East it is found from the Amur and Yangtze River  basins (Soroka 2005); it is widespread in China.",There is no population information available for this species.,"This species is a habitat generalist found in heavily modified and artificial habitats and is tolerant of high siltation rates (Paunovic et al. 2006). In the Czech Republic it is found in ponds, oxbow lakes and canals (Beran 2008). It prefers substrates of silt and clay, turbid conditions with relatively high water temperatures (30-33 ° C) and is found in either standing or slow-flowing water (Soroka 2005, Zettler and Jueg 2006).","It is unknown whether this species is impacted by any major threats. However, it should be noted that this is an invasive species in Europe.",There are no conservation measures in place or needed for this species.,This species is not utilized.,,"Aldridge, D. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Spathogyna,fezi,,Spathogyna fezi,,,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"Spathogyna fezi is endemic to Spain, where it is known from two locations. At one site, springs within a gorge, there is known habitat loss, and sub-populations have not been recently recorded, however some habitat is not accessible, so the species may still be in both locations. As such it is listed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Spain, and was originally known from a single location in the province of Cuenca at Yemeda. In 1990 a population was discovered in Castellon, which has been recently identified as also belonging to this species (Arconada and Ramos 2002). No new sites have been found for this species, although additional surveys have been undertaken (Ramos pers. comm. 2010).","Visits to the la Fuente del Roble, in Yémeda (Cuenca) have shown the populations remain abundant. The status of the populations Fuente de la Pena, in Navajas (Castellon) is very small, and recent surveys have not relocated the species, although the location is in a canyon with multiple springs and waterfalls, so it may be present is low density. Orti-Martinez (pers. comm. 2009) reported that the source at de la Pena has been altered since 1990, and hence the site might also be lost.# There is low population recruitment and low population density.",This species is found in freshwater springs.,These species are sensitive to alterations of their habitat. The key threats to the survival of this species are related to factors that produce the disappearance or degradation of habitat. The major reasons include over-exploitation of water resources which dries out the springs and over-exploitation of groundwater. Other reasons for habitat alteration include the processes of water pollution by agricultural activity and environmental or industrial waste discharges. The construction of infrastructure for water extraction could completely change this springs. Other threats include prolonged periods of drought and forest fires.,"This species was listed as Endangered on the National Red List for Spain (Verdu and Galante 2009). It is also on the regional protected species lists for Castilla-La Mancha.There are no known conservation actions for this species, however research is need on# population trends and habitat monitoring is required to establish the extent that the water quality and quantity is declining. The canalisation of springs for water supply needs to be undertaken in hand with plans for protection for habitats of the species.",There is no use or trade information for this species.,,"Arconada, B. Martínez-Ortí, A.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,SPHAERIIDAE,Sphaerium,corneum,,Sphaerium corneum,,"This species was recently revised and S. ovale and S. nucleus spilt from S. corneum, hence the data will often be for the old concept of.S. corneum (Glöer and Meier-Brook 2003).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This freshwater species is widespread in Europe, where it is present in many habitats and has no specific threat towards it. Therfore it has been assessed as Least Concern (LC). This species has also been assessed at the regional level as Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union, and as Least Concern (LC) at the European level.",Unknown,"Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) record the species from Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Channel Islands (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia Hungary, Italy (mainland), Sardinia (Italy), Bulgaria, Spain (mainland), Portugal (mainland), Ukraine, Greece (mainland). This a widespread species, however distributional information may include a mix of different species (S. ovale and S. nucleus) as in some areas there has been no revision of the distributional data.Kantor et al (2009) noted that the distribution extends to central Asia.",There is no data on population trends for this species.,"This is a common freshwater species that inhabits pools, lakes, rivers and streams.",There are no specific threats to this species.,No conservation actions are needed for this species.,This species is not utilized.,,"Killeen, I. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,SPHAERIIDAE,Sphaerium,nucleus,,Sphaerium nucleus,,This species is quite poorly known due to confusion with Sphaerium corneum.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Although locally threatened and poorly known, as most data is for Sphaerium corneum (old concept), this is a widespread species. It is considered to be Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Stable,"This species is recorded widely in Europe, from Spain to Ukraine. Fauna Europea listed the species from            Norway, Sweden, Latvia, Poland, UK, Netherlands, Belgium,# France (Mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Spain (Mainland), Ukraine (Bank et al. 2006). A record from Luxembourg was uncertain. It is not considered to be a Russian Species (Kantor et al. 2009) and hence maybe endemic to Europe.",The population is thought to be stable.,"The species is known from lentic habitats (still water), densely and richly vegetated swampy conditions in drainage ditches, and occasionally in lake margins, including turloughs (temporary lakes). It is found in muddy or silty substrate usually with a high organic content. Substrate types vary from mud through to coarse sand or gravel. In Britain and Ireland it appears to prefer better quality habitats and lives mostly in densely and richly vegetated swampy places, often with a diverse suite of molluscs and other invertebrates, including rare beetles and rare mollusc species such as Anisus vorticulus or Pisidium pseudosphaerium. These are often found in old grazing marsh complexes.",Some localised declines are likely through loss of habitat as a result of water course management such as dredging sites for drainage of agricultural land.,"There are no known conservation actions known for this species, and none are considered necessary. However, water quality improvements would benefit the species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Killeen, I. Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,SPHAERIIDAE,Sphaerium,ovale,,Sphaerium ovale,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species has a relatively widespread distribution in Europe and currently faces no threats. It has been assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union. Although this species occurs in Greece and Spain, and hence possibly other  Mediterranean countries, there has been little recording, possibly due  to confusion with similar taxa, and hence the species is assessed as  Data Deficient (DD) for the Mediterranean region.",Unknown,"Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) regarded this species as a Northern European species found in Denmark (mainland), Latvia, Poland, Great Britain (UK), France (mainland), Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, extending south to Ukraine, Spain (mainland), Greece (mainland) and east into Russia. There is some confusion in the literature in some countries, as for example, this taxon was not recognised as a UK species by Anderson (2005).",No information about the population trends of this species is available.,This species lives in stagnant and flowing waters and does not like fast running waters.,There are no specific threats to the species. Water pollution and ecosystems degradation are potential future threats to this species.,There are no known conservation actions focusing on this species in place and none are currently required.,This species is not utilized.,,"Vavrova, L.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,SPHAERIIDAE,Sphaerium,rivicola,,Sphaerium rivicola,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is widespread throughout Central and Eastern Europe, although there are localised declines in population, due to conversion of habitats (drainage and canalisation), water pollution and possible competition from the invasive Corbicula fluminea. At present these declines are not expected to threaten the species across Europe, and so it is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Decreasing,"This species is widespread throughout Central and Eastern Europe. Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) lists it from Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Great Britain (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Albania and the Ukraine.Within the Russian Federation it is found as far east as the Tobol River, and as far north as St Petersburg (Korniushin 2001)","Sphaerium rivicola is considered to be declining in parts of its range. For example in Great Britain, there is some evidence of local regional decline in south-east and northern England, and Scotland, but it may be an artefact of lack of recording effort. The species has a life span from a few months to 4 years (Killeen et al. 2004)","Sphaerium rivicola lives in a much narrower range of habitats than most sphaeriids, it is principally found in clean, calcareous water in canals and large, slow-flowing rivers, and very occasionally in large canalised drains connected to large rivers (Killeen et al. 2004). In mainland Europe it is very occasionally found in lakes. It lives in large, well oxygenated water bodies in association with a rich diversity of other mollusc species such as the large unionoid mussels, Pisidium supinum and the gastropod Viviparus viviparus. It appears to require deeper water than other Sphaerium or Pisidium species and is rarely found in marginal habitats less than 0.5 m in depth. The species is found in a wide range of soft, fine substrates from mud to sand and grit, usually with a silty element.","The principal threats to the species are pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources, alteration of water courses, changes to flow regimes, over-frequent dredging and the effect of invasive species. Mouthon (1996) showed that Sphaerium rivicola was one of the species of freshwater bivalve most sensitive to biodegradable pollution. The invasive species Corbicula fluminea maybe out-competing this species in parts of its range.","This species is included on the regional red list# in Baden Wurtenburg, Germany as (Category 2).Currently no conservation actions are required for this species.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"von Proschwitz, T. Killeen, I.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,VENEROIDA,SPHAERIIDAE,Sphaerium,solidum,,Sphaerium solidum,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"This species is very localised throughout the range in Europe, and hence is a species that is considered threatened in some countries. However, it is is extending its range in some countries e.g. Hungary. The principal threat to this mussel is water pollution and river  regulation, as well as exploitation of sand and gravel from river beds, alteration of water courses, changes to flow regimes, over-frequent dredging and the effect of invasive species.# Given the reduction in range in last 30 years it is considered a candidate for Near Threatened (NT) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union, based on loss of habitat, leading to loss of populations.",Decreasing,"This species is locally distributed in the lowland regions of central and eastern Europe. There are some records from west Europe. Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) list the species from Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Great Britain (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, France (mainland), Germany, Slovakia, Hungary, Spain (mainland), and Ukraine.In Germany the species is found in the north and central part, with a sporadic occurrence. A decline in population trend has been observed. In Czech Republic the only sub recent#record is from the River Elbe. It is considered as Extinct in Czech Republic (Beran 1998).In Great Britain it has historically been found in a short stretch of the River Witham (Lincolnshire), one part of the Great Ouse (tidal) section, Earith Cambridgeshire and intermittently along 19 km of the Great Ouse (non-tidal). In Hungary it is likely to be a recently spreading species.It is present in Russia, extending to the Yana river basin, basins of Ob and Pechora rivers under different species names that Korniushin (2001) placed in synonym.","There is no comprehensive data about population trends available. Nevertheless population decline has been observed over the last decade.Surveys in 2001 and 2002 in Great Britain show a near total collapse of populations of the species on the Witham system in 10-15 years.#Surveys in 2003 – 2004 show intermittent distribution along about 20 km of the Great Ouse but at most sites (sampled to mid-channel of river) only a few freshly dead shells were recovered; 7 sites produced in total only 7 live mussels. One Great Ouse site sampled in 2003 (then showing a healthy population of live individuals) produced no live individuals in 2004. Population size: (1) a few live individuals in drain adjacent to Witham in 2003; absent from Witham sites when surveyed 2002  2003;#(2) a moderate population (exact nos. hard to estimate) in a short stretch (perhaps only a few 100 m) of tidal Great Ouse at Earith, Cambridgeshire and very small numbers (few live individuals# in isolated populations) along 19 km of Great Ouse (old channel) downstream of Earith (I.Killeen pers. comm. 2009).In Germany the population is in decline.vSphaerium solidum belongs to the rarest molluscs in Poland. The species is protected by law. Now it has 10 confirmed localities at the utmost. Relatively large populations persist in the Szczecin Lagoon, Zegrzyn Reservoir, and in large rivers in eastern Poland: Biebrza and Narew.","The species occurs in rivers with fine sediments, very often in the#littoral#zone. The species lives in canalised rivers and large, deep drains and backwaters of large rivers, and is very occasionally found in lakes (Killeen et al. 2004, Zettler and Glöer 2006). #Due to the species rarity in Britain, the details on the species ecology are sparse.# However, the habitats in which it was found in Lincolnshire are generally poor in aquatic vegetation but rich in their associated mollusc fauna, and they are generally found in deep water (as for Sphaerium rivicola)(Killeen et al. 2004).","The principal threat to this mussel is water pollution and river regulation, as well as exploitation of sand and gravel from river beds, alteration of water courses, changes to flow regimes, over-frequent dredging and the effect of invasive species.# Mouthon (1996) showed that Sphaerium solidum was one of the species of freshwater bivalve most sensitive to biodegradable pollution.# The recent decline and possible extinction from some of its former known sites in England resulted in its addition to the UK Biodiversity Action Plan list of Priority Species in 2006. There is circumstantial evidence on both Witham and Great Ouse systems suggesting eutrophication as a primary cause; however, excessive sediment clearance could also pose possible threat to local populations.","There are localised conservation actions in place for this species. In Germany this species is considered Category 1 (highly threatened) and in most states either 0 or 1, and in Baden Wurtenburg Category 2. In Poland it is considered Endangered. This species was added to the#UK Biodiversity Action Plan list of Priority Species in 2006 and considered Endangered (I.Killeen and M.Seddon pers. comm. 2010). Future prospects are possibly good if water quality improves under the Water Framework Directive, but some decline is likely through loss of habitat as a result of water course management.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Killeen, I., von Proschwitz, T. Vavrova, L.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Spiralix,affinitatis,,Spiralix affinitatis,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Spiralix affinitatis is newly described species endemic to Spain, where it is only known from two localities. There is no current data on the threats to these sites, and further information is needed on the distribution and population status of this new species, therefore it has been assessed as Data Deficient (DD). However there are general threats to subterranean habitats through water pollution and over-abstraction and if the sites become threatened, then on a precautionary basis the species should be listed as Vulnerable (VU D2).",Unknown,"This newly described species is endemic to Spain, found in a single site, the Rio Nela, 1.2 km southeast of Escanduso, in Villarcayo, Burgos (Boeters 2003).",There is no population information available for this species.,This species inhabits subterranean waters and is occasionally sympatric with S. burgensis (Boeters 2003).,"It is unknown whether this species is being impacted on by any major threat processes,                 however subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from both domestic (sewage and run-off) and agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Decline in habitat following falls in the water table levels maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Further research is recommended to determine the extent of its distribution and to identify any threat processes impacting upon its habitat.,This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Spiralix,burgensis,,Spiralix burgensis,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Spiralix burgensis is a recently described species endemic to Spain, that is only known from five localities,  however currently there is no information on the threats to these sites, and as  such it should be viewed as Data Deficient (DD) until more data is  available.# However there are general threats to subterranean habitats from water pollution and over-abstraction and if the sites become  threatened, then on a precautionary basis the species should be listed  as either Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)) or Vulnerable (VU D2).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Spain where it is found in the provinces Santander and Burgos:   ######## Arredondo, Asón, Surgencia Cueva la Cubera, Province Santander (UTM grid square VN511895), interstitial water   ######## Merindad de Valdevielso, Cereceda, Fuente Sagrero, Province Burgos (UTM grid square VN598390), temporal effluent cave   ######## Merindad de Sotoscueva, spring of Quintanilla de Valdebodres, Province Burgos (UTM grid square VN456602), interstitial water   ######## Valle de Mena, Cadagua, Nacimiento de Rio Cadagua, Province Burgos (UTM grid square VN714695), interstitial water   ######## Merindad de Sotoscueva, Hornillayuso, Cueva la Torcona, Province Burgos (UTM grid square VN504625), interstitial water.",The population trends of this species are unknown.,"This species is found in subterranean waters, interstitial water and effluent caves. It is occasionally sympatric with S. affinitatis.","It is unknown whether this species is being impacted on by any major  threat processes,                 however subterranean habitats are  vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or  agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Decline  in habitat following falls in the water table levels maybe another  threat if the aquifers are overexploited.","There are currently no known conservation actions, however habitat monitoring and further survey to determine the geographical range of this species and the actual risk for the identified threats would be recommended.",This species is not utilized.,,"Arconada, B.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Spiralix,burgundina,,Spiralix burgundina,,"Spiralix burgundina#was considered by Bernasconi (1994) as a synonym of Spiralix rayi, whereas Boeters (1972 ; 1998) placed it as a subspecies of Spiralix rayi and #Falkner et al. (2002) listed it as a valid species. There is insufficient data on the range/status of these subpopulations, as as such until more data is available the species should be considered as taxonomically doubtful.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Spiralix burgundina#was considered by Bernasconi (1994) as a synonym of#Spiralix rayi, whereas Boeters (1972, 1998) placed it as a subspecies of#Spiralix rayi#and #Falkner#et al. (2002) listed it as a valid species. There is insufficient data on the range/status of these subpopulations, as as such until more data is available the species should be considered as taxonomically doubtful. It is listed as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,This species is endemic to France.,There is no population data available for this species.,This species lives in subterranean waters.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.","This species requires more research on population trends, distribution and taxonomy.",,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Spiralix,collieri,,Spiralix collieri,,"This species was described by Nicolas in 1891; it was synonymised by Boeters (1972) with Spiralix puteana, then considered as a good species by Boeters and Falkner (2003).It is taxonomically doubtful.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Given the taxonomic doubts on this species, it is not possible to identify it in the field. There are no data available on its population size or distribution, It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Spiralix collieri is endemic to France and is found in the Rhone region. Although this species has been mapped based on the literature data, the records of the species are unreliable, as identification is difficult, and hence the species records are in need of review.",There is no population trend data available.,This species lives in subterranean freshwaters.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.",There are no conservation measures. More research is needed to solve the taxonomic issues of this genus.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Spiralix,corsica,,Spiralix corsica,,"This doubtful taxon, described by Bernasconi, has never been found again despite recent researches in the type locality in Corsica (see Bertrand 2004). Initially described as Moitessieria corsica, Falkner et al. 2002 have placed the species in the genus Spiralix. Then, Boeters  Falkner (2009) have studied the type specimen again and propose to place the species within a new genus, the genus Corseria.",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)",EU27,,"In 1996 this species was assessed as Vulnerable (VU D2) based on its restricted range and potential threats. This species' group is cryptic, as they live in subterranean ground-waters which are difficult to sample effectively and may well be rare. It has not been found again despite several surveys over the last 10 years. The species was not listed by Regnier et al. (2009) as an Extinct or Possibly Extinct species, and so on a precautionary basis the species is assessed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct)   B1ab(iii,v), based on a single known site, where the species has not been observed for 16 years, in order to flag the site as one requiring conservation action.",Unknown,"Spiralix corsica was originally described from France, based on records from a single site on Corsica. Its distribution is doubtful as it has not been found again since and further research is required to confirm the presence of the species is maintained at the reported location.",There is no population trend data available for this species.,This species lives in subterranean waters.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Falls in the water levels in the aquifer degrading the habitat maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.","There is no conservation actions for this species. More research is needed on the taxonomy, population size, distribution and threats of this species.",No trade in this species.,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Spiralix,gloriae,,Spiralix gloriae,,This species was originally described as Bythiospeum and later placed with the genus Spiralix.,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Spiralix gloriae#is endemic to Spain, where it is restricted to the type locality at Font de Castro, Sueras, Castellón.# This recently  described species, is only known from one location,  however there is no  current data on the threats to these sites, and as  such could be  viewed as Data Deficient (DD) until more data is  available. If the sites become  threatened,  through pressure on water resources then the  species should be listed  as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)), but in view of  threats to water resources in the region and presence at a single site  it is listed as Vulnerable (VU D2) on a precautionary basis.",Unknown,"Spiralix gloriae is endemic to Spain, where it is restricted to the type locality at Font de Castro, Sueras, in the province of Castellón (Rolán and Martínez-Ortí 2003).",As a recently described species there is no recent data on population trends and only about 30 shells have been collected.,This species inhabits freshwater springs.,"It is unknown whether this species is being impacted on by any major  threat processes,                 however subterranean habitats are  vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) and  agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Decline  in habitat following falls in the water table levels maybe another  threat if the aquifers are overexploited.","This species is listed on the Spanish Red List (Verdú and Galente 2009), as Data Deficient (DD) under the name Bythiospeum gloriae (Rolán and Martínez-Ortí 2003). There are currently no known conservation actions, however habitat monitoring and    further survey to determine the  geographical range of this species would    be recommended.",This species is not utilized.,,"Martínez-Ortí, A.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Spiralix,hofmanni,,Spiralix hofmanni,,"This species remains a taxonomically doubtful species. It is so difficult to identify it from other Spiralix taxa that it remains unknown apart from the data given by the descriptors.From a conservation point of view, it has to be considered taxonomically DD.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"This is a doubtful taxon (see ""Taxonomic notes"").# No data are available apart from the type localities given# by Boeters and Falkner (2003).This species lies within one of the groups of subterranean snails that is in need of further research to determine the taxonomic status and the species limits.# A conservation assessment could be made based on data from shell morphology pending the results for full analysis for the group, but on the precise case of S. hofmanni, event the shell morphology is doubtful. We therefore consider this taxon as Data Deficient (DD) due to taxonomy issues.",Unknown,"Spiralix hofmanni is endemic to France. It is difficult to differentiate Spiralix  hofmanni from S. collieri  and S. puteana on the basis of  the original description. Therefore, no distribution map can be  proposed, excepted that inferred from the data of the authors of the  description themselves. We can only map the type specimens, but not the  distribution of the species based on the current survey data by the malacological community.",There is no population data available for this species.,This species lives in subterranean waters.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.",This species requires more research on taxonomy.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Spiralix,pequenoensis,,Spiralix pequenoensis,,The classification with Spiralix is based on conchological features only.,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU27,,"Spiralix pequenoensis , a recently described species, is only known from one location,  however there is no current data on the specific threats to the species, and as  such could be viewed as Data Deficient (DD) until more data is  available.# If the sites become  threatened, through pressure on water resources then the species should be listed  as Endangered (En B2ab(iii)). however in view of threats to water resources in the region and presence at a single site it is listed as Vulnerable (VU D2) on a precautionary basis.",Unknown,"Spiralix peguenoensis is a recently described Spanish endemic species known only from Castellón in eastern Spain: ######## Espadilla, bridge at Onda, Rio Pequeno, Province Castellón (UTM grid square YK259349), interstitial water. #",There is no recent data on population trends for this species.,"This is a freshwater species found as dead shells in interstitial water, and is sympatric with Palaospeum hispanicum ondaense.","It is unknown whether this species is being impacted on by any major  threat processes,                 however subterranean habitats are  vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) and agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. There are several villages and towns in the catchment area. Decline  in habitat following falls in the water table levels maybe another  threat if the aquifers are overexploited.","There are currently no known conservation actions, however habitat monitoring and further survey to determine the geographical range and level of threats of this species are recommended.",This species is not utilized.,,"Martínez-Ortí, A.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Spiralix,puteana,,Spiralix puteana,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"The data on this species range is not considered to be sufficiently robust for a conservation assessment to be made, and as such the species has been placed in the category of Data Deficient (DD) pending further research.",Unknown,"Spiralix puteana is considered to be endemic to the Mediterranean part of France, however there are differences in opinion about the distribution of the species (V. Prie pers. comm. 2010) such that the species cannot be reliably mapped. The data shown is an amalgamation of the available data, and this range should be reviewed as part of a review of the taxonomy of the species, including molecular data.",There is no recent data on population trends available for this species.,This is a freshwater subterranean species.,"Spiralix puteana is considered to be endemic to the Mediterranean part of France, however there are differences in opinion about the distribution of the species (V. Prie pers. comm. 2010) and as a consequence the threats are uncertain.","There are no known conservation actions for this species. The range of this species should be reviewed as part of a review of the taxonomy of the species, including molecular data.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Spiralix,rayi,,Spiralix rayi,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Spiralix rayi#is considered to be endemic to France and is widespread in scattered localities in the Departments#of#Côte d'Or, Nièvre, Haute-Marne and Yonne. The scattered localities suggests that at present it should be regarded as Least Concern, however the use of aquifers for water abstraction for domestic water supplies puts considerable pressure on the aquifers. The species should be reviewed on a regular basis to see if the number of occupied sites decreases and whether it will then qualify as Near Threatened.",Unknown,"Spiralix rayi#is considered to be endemic to France and has been recorded from four Departments (Côte d'Or, Nièvre, Haute-Marne and Yonne), where it is present in scattered localities.",There is no population trend data available for this species.,This species lives in subterranean waters.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Water absorption maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited.",This species is listed as a protected species in France. There are currently no known conservation actions. However habitat monitoring and further survey to determine the geographical range of this species would be recommended.,,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Spiralix,valenciana,,Spiralix valenciana,,"Two subspecies are known for this species, both of which have been assessed separately for the Spanish National Red List:Spiralix valenciana valenciana   Boeters, 2003Spiralix valenciana   castellonica Boeters, 2003The two assessments are merged herein for the European Red List project, but their data are given separately, should there be cause at a later stage to consider that both taxa may be distinct species.",Yes,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)",EU27,,"This Endangered species has two subspecies, both considered threatened due to both the scarce number of currently known populations and to the vulnerability of their habitats:The nominate taxon (Spiralix valenciana valenciana) can only be found in two localities: at El Morenillo spring, a small number of living specimens, but plenty of shells have been found. The other site, Baños de Fuente Podrida, river Cabriel, has a very poor population levels. This subpopulation is close to meeting the criteria for Critically Endangered (CR B2b(iii)).Spiralix valenciana castellonica can only be found in three localities. Two of them are springs emerging from caves, whose populations are comparatively in good conditions despite the fact of being continuously visited by lots of speleologists during good weather, from springtime onwards. However, at one locality no living specimens have been collected, which is more problematic: the water where this species lives is extracted through a well and then stored in an irrigation reservoir, which was restored and extended approximately five years ago. At present during summer, the water table falls to 2 m from the surface due to the aquifer's over-exploitation, since there are many other wells that have been dug in this area. At this site, it is possible that the species has been extirpated, through disturbance of the habitat for water source improvements and changes in the water table reducing habitat quality. This subpopulation# meets the criteria for# Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)).When the two subspecies are combined, the species is considered to be Endangered (EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)) due to its small area of occupancy (AOO = 30 km²) and small number of locations and the vulnerability of its habitat at three of the five sites to human pressures, water extraction for domestic use and the lack of spring recharge due to seasonal droughts.",Unknown,"Spiralix valenciana valenciana is endemic to the province of Valencia, Spain, where it can only be found in two localities:S. v. castellonica is stable at two sites (Les Mans cave and Toro cave),  however no living specimens have been found at the third site of Morella  (Castellón).","Spiralix valenciana valenciana is endemic to the province of Valencia, Spain.   It can only be found in two localities: in one of them (El Morenillo spring), a small number of living specimens, but plenty of shells have been found. The other one has a very poor population (Baños de Fuente Podrida, river Cabriel).Spiralix valenciana   castellonica has recently only been found alive in two of the three known localities. At these two caves we can consider them as good populations, whereas in Morella no live specimens has been found since its description in 2003.","Spiralix valenciana valenciana lives in sources from subterranean clean waters, and also in interstitial waters. Well oxygenated waters (7.2 to 9 mg/L), calcium content between 55.89 and 140 mg/L, pH between 7.53 and 8.47, water temperature between 12.5 and 16.9 ºC.Spiralix valenciana   castellonica lives in karstic and interstitial waters. Water temperatures between 14.8 and 15.0 ºC.","Both sites where S. v. valenciana is present are used as sources for domestic water supplies, leading to declining populations of the species.  One of the sites where S. v.   castellonica occurs is a well, from which water extraction is currently taking water, and no recent specimens have been found. The two cave sites are threatened by habitat disturbance, from cavers using the site for entry to the cave systems.","There are no species-specific conservation actions in place, however the species are both listed on the province and national Red Lists (Martínez-Ortí pers. comm 2009). Actions that are potentially damaging to the species include restoration and cleaning of springs and ditches, summer droughts leading to lack of recharge in aquifer and changes to habitat quality, pollution of the water source, the presence of speleologists in the caves causing disturbances to the ecosystem, and taking specimens for commercial purposes (over-collecting). Recommended conservation actions include site protection and communications to cave users regarding their impacts on the cave system.",This species is not utilized.,,"Martínez-Ortí, A.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,MOITESSIERIIDAE,Spiralix,vitrea,,Spiralix vitrea,,"The type locality for this species is unknown, so it is uncertain what the original distribution could be and Prie (pers. comm., 2009) suggests that there maybe more than one species with the range currently mapped for this species.",Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"The distribution range of this species is unclear, due to divergent opinions on the taxonomic status of some subpopulations (in particular in Drome and Ardeche). If the whole range is considered, the species would be classified as Least Concern. However, based on# a precautionary approach, and taking into consideration the core distribution range, it is assessed as Near Threatened; the species meets the threshold for VU B2b(iii).",Unknown,"Spiralix vitrea is endemic to France where it is recorded from much of the Rhone valley: Departments of Ain, Isère, Rhône, Drôme and Ardèche. It is widespread in the region, however, the records from the subpopulations the area of#Drôme and Ardèche are uncertain in terms of their#taxonomic status.",There are no population trend data available for this species.,This species lives in subterranean karst waters.,"Subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic (sewage and run-off) or agricultural (nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides) sources. Overexploitation of the aquifers may lead to reduction in the water-levels, leading to a degradation of the habitat quality.",This is a nationally protected species in France. More research on the taxonomy and the distribution range is needed.,There is no known trade in this species.,,"Prie, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,LYMNAEIDAE,Stagnicola,corvus,,Stagnicola corvus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Stagnicola corvus has been assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union, as it is widespread and not facing major threats, although there will be localised declines relating to habitat degradation.",Unknown,"The range data for this species is rather incomplete, as at present in some countries the species is not mapped nor recognised as a distinct taxon. It is a rarer species than the other species of Stagnicola. It is found in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia, south to Italy and east to the Ukraine.Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) list the species from Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Latvia, Poland, Lithuania, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (mainland), Bulgaria, Romania, Albania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, and Ukraine.",There is no data available on the population trends of this species.,"This species is found mostly in lowlands and basins, in pools, oxbow lakes, ponds, wetlands and along rivers.",There are no known major threats affecting this species.,There are no known species specific conservation strategies in place for this species. Further data on population trends and distribution of this species would be valuable.,There is no use or trade information for this species.,,"von Proschwitz, T.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,LYMNAEIDAE,Stagnicola,fuscus,,Stagnicola fuscus,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Given the present range of this species it is unlikely to be threatened with extinction in the near future. Whilst there are localized species declines throughout the range, the species is one that is possibly under-recorded due to confusion with other species and so it is considered Least Concern (LC) overall.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).",Stable,"This species is widely distributed in Europe, and Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) list it from Norway, Sweden, Latvia, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Corsica (France), Germany, Switzerland, Finland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (mainland), Sicily (Italy), Balearic Islands (Spain), Spain (mainland), Greece (mainland), and possibly Croatia.","The current population trends are not known, but are believed to be stable.",This species is usually found in lentic waters (standing or still waters) but is also present in small water bodies which are susceptible to drying out.,"There are no specific threats across the range of this species, but there are localized threats due to degradation of habitats from changing river channel management and water pollution from agricultural sources (nitrates).","No species specific conservation actions are in place for this species. Research actions include further research to monitor future changes in habitats, as a proxy for changing populations.",There is no use or trade information for this species.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,LYMNAEIDAE,Stagnicola,montenegrinus,,Stagnicola montenegrinus,,,Yes,NT,,No,NE,,EU27,,"There are threats to most of the known localities for Stagnicola montenegrinus.# In the main locality, Lake Skadar there is a rapid process of eutrophication; furthermore there are future plans to use the sublacustrine spring Karuc in the lake for drinking water.## However the species is known from 3 locations including the lake, which is a large location and as such the threats to these localities are unlikely to impact within a 10 year time period, and as such the species has been assessed as Near Threatened rather than Endangered.  This species has been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: Not applicable# (This species is not present in the 27 member states of the European Union)  Europe: Near Threatened (En B2a) Mediterranean: Near Threatened (En B2a)",Unknown,"A recently described species that is listed as endemic for Montenegro, known only from Lake Skadar, and may occur in Albania, #as similar biotopes exist there.It has been found in 8 sites (River Crnojevića, Malo Blato, Vranjina, Tanki Rt, Karuč, Plavnica, Vitoja, Virpazar).","It is known from many of the sites where collecting occurred, and occurred throughout the Montenegro side of the Lake Skadar. Might also be present in the Albanian side of Lake Skadar.",Lives in the littoral part of the lake; different habitats but mostly in vegetation consisting of Ceratophyllum and Myriophyllum. #,"The main threat for this species is the rapid process of eutrophication in Skadar Lake. Further, the spring water from sublacustrine spring Karuc should be captured for coastal (part of Montenegro) water drinking.","Lake Skadar is under various transboundary projects focused on ecosystem management. Population trends monitoring, habitat monitoring, water quality monitoring and critical levels of pesticide monitoring are required.",There is no known trade in this species.,,"Pešić, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,LYMNAEIDAE,Stagnicola,palustris,,Stagnicola palustris,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Stagnicola palustris has been assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union, due to its widespread and common distribution, and its suitability to a range of habitats.",Unknown,"This species is widespread throughout Europe. Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) record the species from Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Latvia, Poland, Lithuania, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (mainland), Sardinia (Italy), Sicily (Italy), Balearic Islands (Spain), Portugal (mainland), Bulgaria, Romania, Albania, Slovenia, Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and Ukraine.Kantor et al. (2009) note the species has a range extending to western Siberia.",The current population trend of this species is unknown.,"This species is found mostly in lowlands and basins, in pools, oxbow lakes, ponds, wetlands and along rivers",There are no known major threats affecting this species.,There are no species-specific conservation measures known to be in place and none are considered necessary.,This species is not utilized.,,"von Proschwitz, T.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,HYGROPHILA,LYMNAEIDAE,Stagnicola,turricula,,Stagnicola turricula,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species occurs in eastern and central Europe (Bank et al. 2006). This species is in decline in parts of the range (Austria and Germany) and  is listed as threatened in these countries, however the broad range suggests that the species should be listed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union currently, although if habitat loss continues then it may become a candidate for Near Threatened (NT).",Unknown,"This species occurs in eastern and central Europe (Bank et al. 2006). In Europe it is listed from the Danube River and the Upper Elbe occurring in south Poland, Czech Republic, Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, and south Germany. The range may be more extensive to Russia based on synonyms of other species as noted in Kantor et al. (2009).",No information on the population status or trend of this species is available.,"This species inhabits temporary water bodies in periodically flooded areas, also in other well vegetated slow-moving waters.",This species is in decline in parts of the range (Austria and Germany) possibly due to habitat degradation associated with land drainage for agriculture.,This species is in decline in parts of the range (Austria and Germany) and is listed on the German Red List as category 3 (Gefährdet) (Glöer 2002) and on the Austrian Red List as category 2 (Stark Gefährdet) (Glöer 2002). There are no current or suggested conservation actions for this species.,This species is not utilized.,,"Kebapçı, U. Van Damme, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Stankovicia,baicaliiformis,,Stankovicia baicaliiformis,,,Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Stankovicia baicaliiformis is endemic to Lake Ohrid where it has a very restricted and patchy distribution range of less than 10 km2. The quality of habitat is declining due to pollution and the substrate it lives on is replaced by mud, limiting the habitat available for this freshwater snail. Repeated surveys carried out since 2004 have searched for this species, but did not find it. It is therefore considered as Critically Endangered B2ab(iii).#",Decreasing,"This species is restricted to Lake Ohrid (Bank et al., Fauna European 2006). It is found in sub-littoral zone of Lake Ohrid but not within the adjacent springs in the catchment (Radoman 1985). This species has a patchy distribution, and is localized vertically (restricted to a bathymetric depth) and horizontally (restricted area in the north-east of the lake).","This species is known to be very rare in survey samples (C. Albrecht, pers. comm. 2009).","This freshwater lake species is from the sublittoral zone where it is recorded from Dreissena shell belts. The substrate has changed from sandy to mud due to accumulation of organic material (Albrecht pers. comm., 2009).","Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. Increasing sediment load (due to construction of new settlements, deforestation and erosion of the neighbouring area) also impacts this small gastropod.   #","No conservation actions are known to be in place for this species.  However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. Monitoring habitat trends is recommended for this species to check for changes in distribution and habitats.",,,"Hauffe, T., Albrecht, C. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Stankovicia,pavlovici,,Stankovicia pavlovici,,"Previously placed in genera Macedopyrgula Radoman, 1983 and Trachypyrgula Radoman, 1955, but now considered part of genus Stankovicia (Bank et al. 2006, Fauna Europea).",Yes,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU27,,"Stankovicia pavlovici is considered as Vulnerable D2, as it is only known from Lake Ohrid, which has an area of 358 km2, but where the rate of decline in the quality of lake water is not likely to be significantly  impacting this species at present. However, an increase in the levels of pollution could have a very detrimental effect, and this species could very quickly become Endangered if the water quality or the water temperature changes significantly.",Unknown,"This species is restricted to Lake Ohrid, between Albania and the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), where it is mainly found in the littoral zone and the Chara meadows above 30 m depth# (Radoman 1985).",This is generally found in low abundances in survey samples.,"This freshwater snail is mainly found in the littoral zone of the lake on various substrates like Dreissena shells, stones and gravel, and rarely within the Chara meadows above 30 m depth.","The water quality is changing due to pollution (eutrophication, sedimentation, agricultural run-off) and habitat degradation. As a result of this eutrophication, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability. However these threats are not thought to be currently impacting this species, although they may if pollution levels increase.","No conservation actions are known to be in place for this species.  However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. Monitoring habitat trends is recommended for this species to check for changes in distribution and habitats.",,,"Hauffe, T., Albrecht, C. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Stankovicia,wagneri,,Stankovicia wagneri,,"Previously placed in genera Macedopyrgula Radoman, 1983 and Trachypyrgula Radoman, 1955, but now considered part of genus Stankovicia (Bank et al. 2006; Fauna Europea).",Yes,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU27,,"Stankovicia wagneri is considered as Vulnerable D2, as it is only known from Lake Ohrid, where  the rate of decline in the quality of lake water is not likely to be  significantly  impacting this species at present. However, an increase  in the levels of pollution could have a very detrimental effect, and  this species could very quickly become Endangered if the water quality  or the water temperature changes significantly.  #",Unknown,"Stankovicia wagneri is restricted to Lake Ohrid, between Albania and the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), where it is mainly found in the deeper parts of the lake, below 30 m depth# (Radoman 1985).",This species is rare (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).,This lacustrine freshwater species lives in the sub-littoral zone of Lake Ohrid.,"Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the lake. Increasing sediment load (due to construction of new settlements, deforestation and erosion of the neighbouring area) could also impact this small gastropod. However this appears to be a quite hardy species and these are not considered currently to be a major threat.","No conservation actions are known to be in place for this species.  However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. Monitoring habitat trends is recommended for this species to check for changes in distribution and habitats.  ###########",,,"Hauffe, T., Albrecht, C. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Strugia,ohridana,,Strugia ohridana,,,Yes,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU27,,"Strugia ohridana is considered as Vulnerable D2, as although it is only found in one restricted location, the rate of decline in the habitat quality appears to be slow in the subterranean part of the spring system. However, this species could very quickly become Critically Endangered if the water quality or the water temperature change significantly.",Unknown,"Strugia ohridana is restricted to a large cave-spring, from which the Sum brook originates, south of Zagracani, about 4 km from Struga town, in the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)(Radoman 1983). The range is difficult to estimate, as this species lives in subterranean groundwaters, potentially occupying the whole subterranean system, which is inferred to be less than 100 km2.",The population trends are unknown. Recent surveys did not find it in the cave but this is a subterranean species that is difficult to sample.,"This subterranean species lives in a cave system, on stones in a spring with a constant temperature.","The water extraction for domestic use is restricting the habitat available for the species at certain periods of the year. However, this species is probably present in the subterranean cave system, where no threats are thought to occur.",There are no conservation actions in place for this species. More research on population trends and on distribution range is needed.,,,"Hauffe, T., Albrecht, C. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Tanousia,zrmanjae,,Tanousia zrmanjae,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"The current data on this species suggests that it should be considered as Critically Endangered Bab(iii) (Possibly Extinct) based on the loss of the habitat at the type locality. There is no data to suggest that the species was once more widespread, and as such it is considered a threatened species. Surveys are recommended to determine whether the species is still extant.",Unknown,"This species is known from Croatia, where it was described from the freshwater parts of the Zrmanja River. The river was dammed in its upper course which apparently changed the river bed to a system of stagnant pools (like that at Kaštel Zegarski) intercut with a dry river bed (like that at Ervenik) (Szarowska pers. comm. 2009). The sites have been searched and fresh shells have been found occasionally, in spite of speculation that the species may have only been recorded from sub-fossil shells (P. Reischutz pers. comm. 2009).",The population status of this species is unknown.,This species is found in the freshwater parts of the Zrmanja River.,"The upper course of the river where this species is found was dammed which has lead to habitat loss, through changing the habitat to a series of stagnant pools intercut with dry river bed.",There are no known conservation actions for this species. Further surveys are recommended to determine whether the species is still extant. If the species is found to be still extant habitat restoration maybe required as much of the habitat has been altered.,This species is not utilized.,,"Falniowski, A.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Tarraconia,gasulli,,Tarraconia gasulli,,"The Nova spring population (Benifaió, Valencia) was tentatively assigned to#Tarraconia  gasulli, and if subsequent research shows that it belonged to a different species, then this would reduce the number of subpopulations. This site has been lost, and the subpopulation is thought to be possibly extinct.",Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)c(iv)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)c(iv)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)c(iv)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)c(iv)",EU27,,"This species is endemic to Spain where it is in marked decline. It can only be considered as abundant in just one locality (La Esperanza spring) and in the vicinities of the ditches fed by the spring. It must be considered as extirpated in other cited localities, such as Nova spring (Benifaió), spring at Ermita de N.ª Sra. de La Esperanza, and El Bañador (Altura). It is very scarce in the 50 Caños spring (Segorbe).The loss of three subpopulations over the last 15 years, and probable loss of another, suggests that the species only remains stable at the spring at La Esperanza (Navajas, Castellón) and in the ditches emerging out from this spring. Consequently the species now qualifies as Critically Endangered.The species is also assessed at regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)c(ii,iv)) at the level of the 27 member States of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)c(ii,iv))Mediterranean regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)c(ii,iv)).",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Spain, where it is found only in the Valencian Autonomous Community. Presently it is recognised in five springs, all localised within a small area.","This species is in decline, both in terms of populations and the number of locations. The only stable subpopulations remain at the spring at La Esperanza (Navajas, Castellón) and in the ditches emerging out from this spring. The species has never been found living at the type locality, 'El Bañador' (Altura, Castellón).Recently it has become extinct at three other sites. Originally rare at 50 Caños spring (Segorbe, Castellón), no living specimens have been found in recent surveys, so it must be considered as declining, possibly extinct at this site. The spring at Ermita N.ª Sra. de la Esperanza was replaced by a new one with a tap, to provide drinkable (chlorinated) water and this led to the disappearance of the subpopulation at this spring. Finally, it is currently extinct in Nova spring (Benifaió, Valencia), which became completely dry in 2008.","This species lives in springs and irrigation ditches, with clean water and plenty of aquatic vegetation. These are well oxygenated waters (6.4 to 7.8 mg/L), with high calcium content (between 114.70 and 156.32 mg/L), pH between 7.08 and 7.39, and water temperatures from 17.1 to 18.3ºC, depending on the locality.","At every locality where this taxon was cited (including the 50 Caños spring, according to consulted sources), the water comes from La Esperanza spring. This spring supplies the municipalities of Navajas, Altura and Segorbe with domestic water supplies. The spring is also the only locality from which specimens and/or their shells are dispersed around this area by means of out-flowing ditches and other springs, that use the same artesian source     The scarce number of currently known populations makes this species’ populations quite sensitive to any disturbance of its habitat.    The seasonal droughts, as well as over-exploitation and pollution of the aquifers (mainly by the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides) pose a serious risk for the future of this species; for example, a petrol station was built eight years ago on one site, and two years ago a trailer park was built on another site. Also the restoration and cleaning of the spring, the water sources and the ditches spouting out from them, must be monitored, as these can severely impact the population numbers. Climatic change, namely decline in precipitation levels may also lead to declining populations, as the springs dry out, for example, those in the vicinity of Nova spring (Benifaió, Valencia) became dry during 2008.","The species is protected in Spain and lives within a protected area, the enclave called La Esperanza (Segorbe, Castellón), which was given status as ""Paraje Natural Municipal” (Municipal Natural Park).Valencian Government Council Agreement, 27 January 2006 (published in Valencian Official Gazette –DOCV- nº 5187, on 31 January 2006).The Atlas de los Invertebrados Amenazados de España (especes en peligro critico y en peligro) (Verdú and Galente 2009) placed the species as Vulnerable A2c+4bc, based on past loss of subpopulations and future loss of subpopulations.The following actions are recommended:Performing a management plan for this species including the study of both its biology and ecology.Informing local people about the importance of this endemism, involving them in its preservation.Increasing the availability of tough substrates, which could facilitate a rise in the number of specimens.Avoiding the extraction of substrate and mud from the water sources, and also preserving a minimum of water flow in the springs and ditchesThe following activities could potentially lead to decline in populations: pollution and over-exploitation of the aquifers, pollution dumping at the water source, cleaning and restoring springs, creating irrigation ditches and reservoirs, disturbance of the ecosystem by human presence and activities, and the extraction of specimens for commercial purposes (collecting).",This species is not utilized.,,"Martinez-Ortí, A.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Tarraconia,rolani,,Tarraconia rolani,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27,,"This species is only known from a small range where it is known at two locations with an extent of occurrence (EOO = 200 km²) and area of occupancy (AOO = 8 km²). One location is liable to disturbance, whereas the other location lies within a national park. The species is assessed as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)), based on the potential disturbance to these locations, given the pressure on water resources for domestic and agricultural sources, and the increased frequency of drought events. The species has one sub-population which lies within a protected area designated as part of the Natura 2000 network.The species is also assessed regionally:EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)) at the level of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment: Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii))Mediterranean regional assessment: Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii))",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Spain, and is known from two localities, both in the Ebro Delta in Province Tarragona. The two sites are at Ullal de Baltasar, which lies within the Parque Natural del Delta de Ebro and the Acequia La Carroba, between San Carlos de La Rapita and Tortosa. (Arconada et al. 2009)",There is no population trend data for this species.,The habitat for this species includes freshwater springs and subterranean habitat.,"The major threats to this species come from alteration of the habitat, either by changing water quality of the underlying aquifer as result of agricultural run-off (pesticides, sedimentation), changes to the hydrological regime (water abstraction from the aquifer) or changes in the aquatic vegetation of the areas where the species is found (Arconada et al. 2009).","This species is listed by the Spanish Red List (Verdú and Galente 2009) as Endangered (EN A2ab; D). One of the sites where this species is found at Ullal de Baltasar (UTM 31TBF90) lies within the Parque Natural del Delta de Ebro. This is a Natura 2000 protected area (Directiva 92/43/CEE), and hence the site lies under strict protection, as part of the reserve. Habitat monitoring is recommended due to the pressures from water abstraction and agricultural pollution.",This species is not utilized.,,"Arconada, B.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Terranigra,kosovica,,Terranigra kosovica,,,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"The species is close to qualifying as Vulnerable, as it is listed from less than 10 locations by Radoman (1983), however these are widely scattered over the Kosovo river catchments with an inferred extent of occurrence of 10,800 km2, and as the species is a subterranean species it may be present more widely than the current known sites suggests. The springs themselves are thought to be exploited by the local residents for their domestic water supply, and as such there may be disturbance of the site, including improvement of the water abstraction through concreting part of the spring site. Some residual threats lie in the nitrates and pesticides present in the water, however the extent of this threat is unknown.# As such the species is listed on a precautionary basis as Near Threatened (NT) approaching criteria B, pending revised data on distribution, population trends and threats.",Unknown,"Radoman (1985) describes the species as restricted to the Kosovo Basin. The type locality was freshwater springs near Cma Zemlja, six km west of Nerodimlje, Kosovo, Serbia. Other locations were 12-13 km west of Urosevac town, a spring as Pridvorica village (near Velji Brijeg), prings at Ribraric-Kosovska Mitrovica, a spring at Crnoljevo village, Gornja Mahal (by the road between Stimlac and Prizren), and a spring between Mala and Velika Reka, at the source of the Nerodimka River (Radoman 1983).",There is no recent data on the status of these populations.,"Although Radoman (1985) described it as restricted to freshwater springs, it is a subterranean species that it also found in springs (Radoman, 1983).",Most springs are exploited by the local residents for their domestic water supply or for agricultural purposes and hence the major threat is over-abstraction of water. In some parts of the range water pollution from agricultural sources may also be an issue.,"No conservation actions are currently in place, although the species was proposed as an addition to the Emerald List of protected species for Serbia and Montenegro, and it listed as a protected species in the First National Report of the Republic of Serbia to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (Republic of Serbia Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning 2010). Further data is need on population status, distribution, habitat trends and threats to confirm the conservation assessment of this species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Terrestribythinella,baidashnikovi,,Terrestribythinella baidashnikovi,,"Noted as a ""Hydrobia-like terrestrial gastropod"" by# Kabat and Hershler (1993), the status remains uncertain.",Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"This species is poorly known and requires review. At present it is only known from the type locality in the Carpathian mountains, within a biosphere   reserve, so habitats lie in a protected area. However data is required  on taxonomy, population status, habitats and threats to make a revised  conservation assessment of this taxon. As such the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This species is only known from the type locality, Ugolskoe Forestry, Karpatsky Natural Reserve, Tyachev District, Zakarpatskaya Region, Carpathian Mountains, south-western Ukraine (Kantor et al. 2009).","No recent data on the status of this species, however shells resembling this species were found in the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve (Rakhiv rn Transcarpathian Region) (Sverlova and Gural 2009)","Noted as a ""Hydrobia-like terrestrial gastropod"" by# Kabat and Hershler (1993), the habitats and system remains uncertain.","The species is found in the Carpathian mountains, within a biosphere reserve, so threats are likely to be minimal, however details of threats have not been assessed and hence are unknown.","The species is found in the Carpathian mountains, within a biosphere reserve, so habitats lie in a protected area, however data is required on taxonomy, population status, habitats and threats to make a revised conservation assessment of this taxon.",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,CYCLONERITIMORPHA,NERITIDAE,Theodoxus,anatolicus,,Theodoxus anatolicus,,,No,,,No,,,EU27,,"This species is widespread in the coastal areas of South Anatolia in Turkey, and although locally threatened, it is not considered to be threatened at the regional level.#This species has been assessed at the regional level:EU27: Not Applicable (NA), as# its distribution is a marginal in Greece and Cyprus.Europe:#Not Applicable (NA), as# its distribution is a marginal in Greece and Cyprus.Mediterranean: Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"This species is widespread in the coastal areas of South Anatolia in Turkey, but is also reported to occur in Cyprus and Greece (Samos Is.). The distribution area extends from İzmir and Denizli, through coastal parts, till east of Ceyhan river, at Adana north of Nur Mountains; towards the east it is replaced by T. jordani. (Schütt and Şeşen 1989). Through basins it can extend inwards, particularly in depression areas, as understood by its common presence in Burdur, Denizli, and Afyon provinces. Such occurrences is blocked by continuous Taurus ranges, but in the east it can be found in the tributaries of Ceyhan river (in prov. Kahramanmaraş).",There is no information about the populations of this species.,"This species is found in hard substrates or stones in springs, extensions of sources and on banks of streams.",There are no threats known to be affecting this species.,There are no conservation actions known for this species.,This species is not utilized.,,"Kebapçı, U.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,CYCLONERITIMORPHA,NERITIDAE,Theodoxus,baeticus,,Theodoxus baeticus,,"Although Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) lists the distribution as Balearic Islands  (Mallorca Island, Menorca Island and Pityuses Islands) and Spain (mainland),  Martinez-Orti (pers. comm. 2009) lists the range as mainland only and  restricts the range to Andalucia. According to Martinez-Orti (pers.  comm., 2009) it is now only known from Rio Guadalquivir at the junction  with the tributaries near Sevilla. The records from other regions,  Murcia and Valencia, are considered to be potentially different species.",Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"Martinez-Orti (pers. comm. 2009) restricts the range to Andalucia, Granada and Alicante in Spain. According to Martinez-Orti (pers.  comm. 2009) it is now only known from Rio Guadalquivir at the junction  with the tributaries near Sevilla and has been lost from 23 other sites in the region. Consequently it is now only known from a single site, where water quality and flow levels need to be maintained, as currently the water quality and flow management have changed in the last 20 years, which has probably led to decline of the species. It is now listed as Critically Endangered (B1ab(iii)).",Decreasing,"Although Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) lists the distribution as Balearic Islands (Mallorca Island Menorca Island and Pityuses Islands) and Spain (mainland), Martinez-Orti (pers. comm. 2009) lists the range as mainland only and restricts the range to Andalucia. According to Martinez-Orti (pers. comm. 2009) it is now only known from Rio Guadalquivir at the junction with the tributaries near Sevilla. The old records, which have not been reconfirmed from Granada and Alicante during recent surveys, are considered to be this species, whereas the records from other regions, Murcia and Valencia, are considered to be potentially different species.",This species has been lost from over 22 sites where it had formerly been recorded from (Martinez-Orti pers. comm. 2009).,"This species is found in freshwater rivers, where it lives on hard substrates in clean water, usually very carbonated. Martinez-Orti (pers. comm. 2009) notes that at the current known stretch of river where the population has been found the water has a  high conductivity (1,447 uS / cm), pH 7.7, containing 74% oxygen and  the temperature reaches 25 ºC in the summer.","The  seasonal drought and the over-exploitation of aquifers that feed the  tributaries of the river Guadalquivir have negatively effected the flow and  pose a serious risk to the conservation of this species. The  use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in the garden surrounding as  well as domestic and industrial discharges contribute to the  deterioration of water quality. Anthropic actions on the channels (channel management, silting, dredging, etc.) also pose a threat to the habitat. The  rapid spread of some exotic shellfish such as Corbicula fluminea in the  Guadalquivir river basin could become a serious threat to this species.","There is no management plan for this species. Conservation actions include reviewing the  taxonomic status of other populations, studying the biology and ecology of the species and controlling invasive bivalve populations. The species should be included in the National Catalogue of Endangered Species, as well as protect their area of ​​occupation. A habitat monitoring scheme to detect future changes of population is recommended.",This species is not traded.,,"Martínez-Ortí, A.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,CYCLONERITIMORPHA,NERITIDAE,Theodoxus,danubialis,,Theodoxus danubialis,,"There are numerous synonyms for this species: astrachanicus Starobogatov, 1994; benacensis Récluz, 1850; chrysostomus E. von Martens, 1879; danasteri Lindholm, 1908; gardensis Westerlund, 1886; mantuana de Betta, 1870; serratilinea Menke, 1828, serratiliniformis Geyer, 1914 Theodoxus (Theodoxus) danubialis stragulatus (C. Pfeiffer, 1828) is viewed as a subspecies by Fauna Europea, with a range of Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This is a declining species in parts of its range, and these subpopulations require conservation action, as water quality and possibly competition with other species may be causing the decline of the Danube populations. Given this decline, attention must be focused on monitoring habitat quality and population levels at the northern edge of the range. The current status of the southern population, as present, suggests the species should be listed as Least Concern, as the decline in the north has been over too long a time period to merit listing as Vulnerable using A2c. This species has been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment:# Least Concern (This species is categorised as Least Concern in the 27 member states of the European Union)European regional assessment:# Least ConcernMediterranean regional assessment :# Least Concern",Decreasing,"Found in central and eastern Europe, this species is mainly present in rivers of the Danube Basin (Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, Romania) as well as other river basins and lakes south of the Alps from northern Italy  to  Slovakia, Ukraine and Bosnia-Herzegovina . In Germany it is restricted to Bavaria.# In Czech republic it is only present in Moravia. In Romania Theodoxus danubialis “var. serratilinea”# was described from Episcopiei resort near Oradea (Soós, 1943) where it lived in the thermal waters, however it hasn't been sampled live since the 1870’s and is thought to be extinct at Crioana.The range has# declined in  Austria, and the last known sub-populations in Donauauen National Park may have disappeared (P. Reichshutz, pers. comm. 2009).In Italy known from over 50 sites including lakes and rivers.In Serbia recorded from over 30 sites (on the Danube and Sava rivers)","No detailed population trend information, although some data to suggest the populations have been declining.","The Theodoxus species are all freshwater nerites, which like well oxygenated water conditions, often fast-flowing, where the species are found living on rocks on the river bottom.",There are no known threats to this species.,It is considered to be a Category 1 threatened species in Germany (Falkner and Niederhorf 2008).# In the Czech Republic it is viewed as Critically Endangered. In Slovakia it is viewed as Threatened.# Whereas in Italy it is viewed as Least Concern as it is widespread in the catchments draining into the Adriatic (CK Map 5.3.8).,,,"Tomovic, J., Bodon, M., Giusti, F., Manganelli, G., Cioboiu, O. BERAN, L.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,CYCLONERITIMORPHA,NERITIDAE,Theodoxus,euxinus,,Theodoxus euxinus,,"Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) lists this species for Ukraine but not for Greece, however Theodoxus#                euxinus has been regarded by some as a subspecies of the widespread Theodoxus fluvilatis, and hence this status of the taxon as a species may be worthy of further research.",No,LC,,No,DD,,EU27,,"This species is listed as Least Concern (LC), based on the Ukraine assessment, as this is the majority of the range. Son (pers. comm. 2010) notes that                 whilst it is widespread within its native range, its habitats are gradually being reduced by man-induced changes of salinity in the estuarine and coastal waters (especially by freshwater sewage). The species maybe in decline in Greece, but there is insufficient data on the reasons for the decline, the threats and distributional changes to make an assessment for this part of the population (K. Radea pers. comm. 2010).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Mediterranean regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"In the Ukraine, this species is considered widespread,                 found in the estuaries and lagoons of the Black Sea Coast: Dniestr Liman, Dniepr-Bug Liman, Berezanskij Liman, and Budakskij Liman. Isolated populations connected with historical places of Dniepr avandelta were kept in some marine bays (Son 2007). It is marked as an invader in several artificial reservoirs and canals (Anistratenko et al. 2007, Son 2007). Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) lists this taxon for Ukraine but not for Greece, but T.#                euxinus was recorded from Greece by Reischütz (1988) where it was found# in Eastern Macedonia (Northern Greece) and the island of Samothraki (N. Aegean Sea). However recent surveys by Georgiev and Stoycheva (2010) didn’t collect this species on island of Samothraki so the current status is uncertain.","There is no data on population trends for this species, but Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) lists it for Ukraine.",The species is recorded from freshwater streams in Greece and on stony riverbeds and in brackish reservoirs in Ukraine. This species is able to tolerate some salinity .,"There are known threats specifically for this species, although general threats exist such as human-induced changes of salinity in the estuarine and coastal waters (particularly through freshwater sewage).",There are no conservation actions known for this species.,"There is no trade or use data for this species, but it is unlikely to be utilized.",,"Radea, K. Son, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,CYCLONERITIMORPHA,NERITIDAE,Theodoxus,fluviatilis,,Theodoxus fluviatilis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This is a widespread species which is relatively tolerant to pollution, it is continuing to spread in the Danube drainage.# Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern.This species has been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment:# Least Concern (This species is categorised as Least Concern in the 27 member states of the European Union)European regional assessment:# Least ConcernMediterranean regional assessment :# Least Concern",Stable,"This is a widespread species with a Western Palaearctic range, occurring principally in the lowlands of northern, central and eastern Europe plus southern Scandinavia to 60 degrees. It is widespread in suitable habitats from Ireland north to Sweden# and south to Italy, Portugal and Spain, and is now expanding towards the Black Sea Basin and the Carpathian Basin where this species is invasive.","The trends are unknown over the range, but some countries report a decline.# In other parts of the region it is expanding. The species has a life span of 2-3 years and the eggs are laid from mid-April  to October, with juveniles hatching after 30 - 60 days.","This species can be found in rivers, larges lakes, estuarine section of rivers and springs (within the Mediterranean part of the range).# It requires a solid surface such as rocks, concrete, stones to be able to attach itself to.","The principal threats to the species are pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or  other chemical sources, alteration of water courses, changes to flow regimes,  and over-frequent dredging, however these threats don't seem to create major declines in the species.# Mouthon (1996) showed that T. fluviatilis was relatively insensitive to biodegradable pollution.# In the Danube, where it is an invasive species it is replacing the original Theodoxus spp, as it seems to tolerate the polluted waters.","There are no conservation efforts known for this species. In Red Lists of Latvia, Italy, UK, Republic of Ireland it is viewed as Least Concern.# In The Netherlands it was considered to be Vulnerable. In Switzerland the species was considered to be highly threatened (CR equivalent) and in Czech Republic it is listed as Extinct.",,,"Seddon, M. Killeen, I.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,CYCLONERITIMORPHA,NERITIDAE,Theodoxus,meridionalis,,Theodoxus meridionalis,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"The species is restricted to cold water in brooks and springs of Sicily and north-western Tunisia. In Sicily the species is known from 14 locations, and as such is thought occupy an area of 500 km². In Tunisia van Damme  Ghamizi suggested that a conservative estimate of the area of occupancy should be about 50 to 100 km² maximum, where it was present in less than 5 sites. In view of the desertification in Tunisia and increasing demand of water in both Sicily and Tunisia, hence the the habitat and also the species must be decreasing rapidly. There is a relict area already in Tunisia so evidence for decline (possibly at least half sites gone, so may also qualify under A2c). Given future climatic extremes, other locations may have disappeared in Tunisia.# In Sicily, it was considered Data Deficient for the Italian Red List. However, the number of different streams and springs, and the nature of the threats suggests that Least Concern may be more applicable.This species has been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment:# Least Concern (This species is categorised as Least Concern in the 27 member states of the European Union)European regional assessment:# Least ConcernMediterranean regional assessment :# Least Concern",Decreasing,"This species is considered endemic to the Mediterranean, where it is apparently restricted to Sicily (Europe) and Tunisia (North Africa).   The species is restricted to cold water in brooks and springs of Sicily and north-western Tunisia. In Sicily the species is known from 14 locations from north and south streams/springs, and as such is thought occupy an area of 500 km². In Tunisia van Damme and Ghamizi suggested that a conservative estimate of the area of occupancy should be about 50 to 100 km² maximum, where it was present in less than five sites.",The Current Population Trend is Decreasing.,Small streams and springs (ie the part of the stream just next to the spring). This species is dispersed by birds and is found in cold water.,All species of Theodoxus are in decline because of human alteration of habitat such as water pollution. Possible other factors include drought induced by Global warming.,Habitat monitoring recommended.,,,"Zettler, M. Van Damme, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,CYCLONERITIMORPHA,NERITIDAE,Theodoxus,prevostianus,,Theodoxus prevostianus,,,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",EU27,,"This species occurs in a special habitat, in hypothermal springs within the Pannonian Basin, in Austria, Hungary, Germany and previously Croatia and Romania. A few decades ago there were several known subpopulations in the Pannonian Basin, but many of them went extinct (the last extinction was in 2008, in Rabagani, Romania due to construction works). In 2009, there are only four remaining subpopulations and one of them (Kács) is severely threatened by proposed construction, similar to that of Rabagani. Therefore the species is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(ii,iii,iv)), as it has few remaining subpopulations and some sites are threatened. A reintroduction programme in planned as the habitats in some locations have improved, and hence the species might be successfully reintroduced and maintained in Hungary.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Endangered (EN B2ab(ii,iii,iv))EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN B2ab(ii,iii,iv)) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Unknown,"This species has a highly patchy distribution in the Pannonian Basin. Now, it is present in Austria (Bad Vöslau, Bad Fischau) (Resichutz, pers. comm. 2009), Slovenia (Buseca vas) and Hungary (Kács). In 2008, it went extinct in Romania (Rabagani) (Sirbu, pers. comm.,# 2009). There are other occurrences mentioned in the literature, which are partly based on misidentification and are partly unconfirmed. It is extinct in Croatia where the last known record was in 1905.","The Kács subpopulation was studied by Ötvös (Feher et al. 2011), and it was found to consist of 100,000 to 1,000,000 specimens. There is no data on population trends.","This freshwater species inhabits hypothermal (15-20°C) springs, and the initial section of their outflows.","Where thermal springs are located close to urban developments, their subpopulations are very sensitive to habitat destruction as the extinction of the Rabagani subpopulation in Romania indicates. One of the existing subpopulations (Kács) is threatened by construction work that will be started in the near future (Feher, pers. comm., 2009).","This species was present in numerous localities (near Tata, Miskolctapolca, Diósgyőr) in Hungary a few decades ago. One subpopulation went extinct due to reconstruction works of the spa, those of Tata due to the drop of the ground water level, and that of Sály due to the capturing of the spring. Now the above mentioned habitats are - at least partly - recovered, therefore they seem to be suitable for this species again. Consequently a reintroduction action plan is planned to begin in 2010 (Feher, pers. comm., 2009). Specimens will be reintroduced from Kács to Miskolctapolca, Tata and Sály.",This species is not utilized.,,"Solymos, P. Feher, Z.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,CYCLONERITIMORPHA,NERITIDAE,Theodoxus,saulcyi,,Theodoxus saulcyi,,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"The status of this species is uncertain, as it is known from a wide area in Greece, but there is no detailed information on the range, population trends, threats or conservation actions, and as such it is listed as Data Deficient (DD), pending further information that will allow an informed conservation assessment.",Unknown,"In Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) the range is reported as#Greece (mainland) and Greece (Kriti; Crete). This species was reported from Attika, Euboea, some islands of Cyclades (i.e. Andros and Tinos) and Crete (Schütt 1986, Frank 1988).",There is no information on the population status or trend for this species,"There is no habitat data for this species, but presumed to be present in rivers and streams, based on other species in the genus.",There is no information about threats affecting this species,"There are no conservation actions for this species. Research is needed into the population, habitat and threats to this species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Radea, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,CYCLONERITIMORPHA,NERITIDAE,Theodoxus,subterrelictus,,Theodoxus subterrelictus,,,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Europe, where it is known from a restricted geographical range in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Its habitat is threatened by agricultural and domestic pollution, so based on the limited range and threats this species is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)).",Unknown,"This species is known to occur within a narrow range in the karstic area of Popovo Polje, near the city Trebinje in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is also listed from Croatia.",There is no data on population size and trends.,This species inhabits subterranean creeks in a karstic area.,The main habitats are threatened by pollution (from agricultural and domestic sources).,"This species is on the list of protected species for Croatia. We have no data on conservation actions in place regarding this species, but the species requires habitat management to improve the status of the species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Feher, Z.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,CYCLONERITIMORPHA,NERITIDAE,Theodoxus,transversalis,,Theodoxus transversalis,,,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",EU27,,"This species has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO) of about 80 km2. Due to the loss of habitats and sub-populations in Hungary, this species is considered to be severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy, quality of habitat and number of sub-populations. It is therefore considered to be Endangered (EN) B2ab(ii,iii,iv).It is also assessed as  Endangered (EN) B2ab(ii,iii,iv) for Europe and the countries of the EU27.",Unknown,"This species is distributed along the Danube river system including the Tisza (Tisa, Theiss) river system. Its geographical range includes Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary (Rába, Hernád, Bódva, Upper-Tisza), Serbia (Juzna Morava, Velika Morava and Nisava), Bulgaria (Danube, Zlatna Panega), Romania and Croatia.In Romania, Sirbu (2001) notes that the most extensive range was in the Tisa Basin, including Mures (Maros) river and tributaries of the Olt River (mostly in the middle sectors however, by the 1960s the range had declined to a few localities from the specified area). Surveys over the last 20 years have shown the disappearance from the whole of the Mures and Olt Rivers and from all sites in Transylvania. It is also no longer found in the Crit Rivers basin and in Marannret region.The last record in Slovakia is from 1999 (Danube River), and the species is probably extinct from the Hungarian section of the Danube also.","There are only a few known sub-populations (less than 20). Some of  them are in good condition (e.g. Bódva in Hungary and Zlatna Panega in  Bulgaria), but most of them are threatened by pollution and the invasive  Theodoxus fluviatilis species.  There are long term monitoring results in Hungary and two of the  Hungarian populations (Tisza and Hernad) are close to extinction. Population size decline has been observed in 50% of the Hungarian  populations. There are no data on population size in other countries. It is however probable that soon sub-populations along the whole Danube section  will be extinct and only some fragmented sub-populations will remain in  some tributaries.","This is a fluvial species, it occurs in rivers associated with solid surface.","Habitat decline has been observed in parts of the species range. This is due to domestic and industrial pollution, competition from the non-native species Theodoxus fluviatilis and changes in the hydrological regime through dams.",This species is listed by the Annexes II and IV of the European Union Habitat and Species Directive (EUHSD). It is also protected in Hungary on a national level. Population and habitat monitoring combined with a water management plan is recommended.,This species is not utilized.,,"Solymos, P. Feher, Z.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,CYCLONERITIMORPHA,NERITIDAE,Theodoxus,valentinus,,Theodoxus valentinus,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"This species is endemic to Spain where it is now only present in one location,# Rio Verdu, with all sites lying  within a 10 km x 2 km area.The major threats are the extraction of groundwater, pollution (agricultural and industrial sources), and the risk of drought. The populations of this species, in turn, are affected by introduction of exotic species competing and extraction (collection) of individuals. The species is considered to be Critically Endangered (B1ab(iii)).",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Spain. Originally only known from a two sites on one river in Valencia, the species was thought to be lost from these with changing habitats, however recent surveys have relocated the species from 3 sites on a different river, the Rio Verdu, all lying within a 10 km x 2 km stretch of river.","The population was originally abundant at the original site (L’Alcudia de Crespins, río Los Santos) until the 1980s, when the population started to decline, until they were lost (Martinez-Orti pers. comm. 2009). The species has since been found in a 10 km stretch of a different river (Rio Verdu).","This species lives in natural channels of#very clean, well oxygenated water with a#high calcium content. It needs a very constant water temperature, ranging between 16 and 18 ºC. It lives on hard substrates (concrete, stone and gravel) where it feeds on diatoms and other algae scraping the surface of the substrate.","The major threats are the extraction of groundwater, pollution (agricultural and industrial sources), and the risk of drought. The populations of this species, in turn, are affected by introduction of exotic species competing and extraction (collection) of individuals. In addition, there are intrinsic factors such as its limited dispersion, small area of occupancy and extremely reduced populations that make this species very sensitive to any alteration of their habitat.","There are no known conservation actions for this species. Habitat and population monitoring is recommended, in addition to sensitive water management, control of invasive species and enforcement of legislation relating to illegal collecting.",This species is not utilized.,,"Martínez-Ortí, A.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,CYCLONERITIMORPHA,NERITIDAE,Theodoxus,varius,,Theodoxus varius,,"Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) recognise two subspecies of Theodoxus varius: Theodoxus varius varius (Menke, 1828), Synonyms: rivalis Jan, 1833. Theodoxus varius callosus (Deshayes, 1835), Synonyms: limosa Récluz.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is found in Albania and Greece. This widespread and locally abundant species is present in numerous small mountain creeks, which are not facing major anthropogenic pressure, therefore it is considered as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Mediterranean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).#",Unknown,"This species is widespread in Greece and also present in Albania.       The subspecies Theodoxus varius varius is present in Albania (Feher and Eross 2009b) and Crete.The subspecies Theodoxus varius callosus is present in Greece, where it is recorded from Lake Trichonis (Albrecht et al. 2009).                 It was also found in a spring near the road from the village Mirtia to Lake Trichonis (K.Radea pers. comm. 2009).",This species is locally abundant.,"This freshwater snail is living in both standing and running waters, often in small mountain creeks.",The main threat to the species is pollution from agriculture and sewage.,There are no conservation actions known for this species. Sustainable management of the watershed is recommended along with population monitoring.,This species is not utilized.,,"Hauffe, T., Schreiber, K. Albrecht, C.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Trachyochridia,filocincta,,Trachyochridia filocincta,,,Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Trachyochridia filocincta is endemic to Lake Ohrid and has a very restricted and patchy distribution range of less than 10 km2. Its habitat is declining, due to pollution, and the substrate it lives on is being replaced by mud, limiting the habitat available for this freshwater snail. Recent surveys have searched for this species, but did not find it. It is therefore considered Critically Endangered B2ab(iii).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Lake Ohrid, recorded from the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania. It is found in sub-littoral zone of Lake  Ohrid, but not within the adjacent springs in the catchment (Radoman 1985). This species has a patchy distribution, and is localized vertically (restricted to a bathymetric depth) and horizontally (restricted area in the north-east of the lake). Its vertical distribution seems to be disjunct, between the ""shell zone"", between 20 and 35 m and then 70 to 80 m.",This is a rare species (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).,This sub-littoral species is described from Dreissena shell belts. The substrate has changed from sand to mud due to accumulation of organic material (C. Albrecht# pers comm. 2009).,"Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. Increasing sediment load (due to construction of new settlements, deforestation and erosion of the neighbouring area) also impacts this small gastropod.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species. More research on population trends and on distribution range is needed, as well as habitat monitoring.",,,"Hauffe, T., Albrecht, C. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Trichonia,trichonica,,Trichonia trichonica,,,Yes,CR,"B2ab(i,iii)",Yes,CR,"B2ab(i,iii)",EU27,,"Trichonia trichonica is described from two locations (Lake Trichonis and Lake Pamvotis), but within the last 30 years no single specimen or even shells of this species were recorded in Lake Trichonis (Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009) and so it is considered lost from this location. Based on the Lake Pamvotis spring location it has an area of occupancy of 4 km² and there is a decline in the habitat quality caused by pollution. Threats come from changing water quality with increasing nitrate content following water draining into the lake from streams carrying agricultural fertilizers used on the land and inflow of sewage. It is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(i,iii)).Regnier et al. (2009) suggested that this species was extinct, based on information in Szarowska and Falniowski, A. (2004) but this was an error, as there are other records from Lake Pamvotis suggesting there is another location (Frogley and Preece 2007), so as such, these sightings review investigation, as do other small lakes in the region.This species is also assessed at regional level:EU27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(i,iii)) at the level of the 27 member States of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(i,iii))Mediterranean regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(i,iii))",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Greece. Radoman (1983) reported populations from the north-eastern shore of Lake Trichonis near Mirtia. Schütt (1980) described it from the south coast, hitherto this species could not be found during recent surveys (Albrecht et al. 2009). It was recently described from Lake Pamvotis (Frogley and Preece 2007).","The population status of this species is unknown. Radoman (1983) reported populations from the northeastern shore near Mirtia and Schütt (1980) from the south coast, hitherto this species could not be found during recent surveys (Albrecht et al. 2009).",This sublittoral species is restricted to rocky banks.,"Heavy pollution related to intensive agriculture practice (Lake Trichonis) and settlements (Lake Pamvotis) in the neighbouring area, is responsible for the eutrophication of the lakes. In relation with this, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability for this small gastropod. Herbicides might also impact diatomae communities, which are the major food source for this snail.","Lake Trichonis is a Natura 2000 site. Fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides use for agriculture purposes, as well as sewage, need to be drastically reduced. Habitat monitoring is recommended due to the effects of agricultural and domestic pollution. #",This species is not utilized.,,"Hauffe, T., Albrecht, C. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Turcorientalia,hohenackeri,,Turcorientalia hohenackeri,,"Turcorientalia hohenackeri is also known under the genus#Belgrandiella, subgenus Turcorientalia. #There are two subspecies recorded:##Turcorientalia hohenackeri#hohenackeri##and Turcorientalia hohenackeri#marginata, both from Greece.",Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"There are no recent records for this species, although it has been recorded in the 1980s from nine widely scattered locations and has an area of occupancy of 900 km2. A precautionary listing of Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii)) has been given to the species, based on the lack of recent records, and the medium to high pressures on water resources in the region. #The major threats lie in capture of water sources for drinking water and disturbance of sites which lie in close proximity to sites developed for tourist activities.The species is also assessed regionally as:EU27: Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii))Europe: Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii))Mediterranean: Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii))",Unknown,"Turcorientalia hohenackeri#is endemic to Greece, where it is known as two different subspecies, one on the mainland and the other on the islands in the Aegean sea. #There are no recent published records confirming the presence of these subpopulations.The records for#Turcorientalia hohenackeri#hohenackeri#include 7 scattered localities:Thessalia (central Greece) [in Velestino Makrinitsa#(Mount Pilion), Vrissia (Farsala), Almyros] on island of Euboea (Loutra#Aidipsou) (Schütt 1980)#Thraki (north-east Greece) #(a spring near the delta of#Nestos and another spring nearby Paradeisos Nestou)#(Schütt 1980)#central and east Makedonia, north Greece [a spring#near the road of #Olympiada-Arnea (Chalkidiki) in 1985), and another#spring nearby Nea Zichni in 1982] (Reischütz 1988)#Thasos (north Aegean Sea) (Reischütz 1983)The records for#Turcorientalia hohenackeri#marginata#include 2 scattered localities:Schütt (1980) found it at springs in Avlochades, Aghios Ioannis (north Euboea, Aegean Sea)Frank (1987) at springs in#south-east Scopelos (North Sporades, Aegean Sea).","This species has not been recently collected, so there is no data on population trends.",This species inhabits freshwater springs.,"#All the known sites lie in areas which are subjected to anthropogenic pressures such#as water over-abstraction (for water supply and irrigation), construction#of houses and hotels, road works and tourism.#The tourism pressure could be considered as medium to high (according to#the data from Hellenic Tourism Organization (EOT) and the local#authorities (Radea, pers. comm., 2010).",There are no conservation actions known for this species. Data is needed on population status at the known sites and habitats require monitoring to assess the current status and monitor changing habitats.,This species is not utilized.,,"Radea, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Turcorientalia,seminula,,Turcorientalia seminula,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"This species is endemic to Greece but is relatively widely distributed and has an Area of occupancy of 900 km2. It is not facing major threat at the moment, although there is tourist pressure in the region, therefore it is currently considered as Least Concern (LC).The species is also assessed regionally as:EU27: Least Concern (LC)Europe: Least Concern (LC)Mediterranen: Least Concern (LC)",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Greece. It is recorded from freshwater springs on the mainland by#Schütt#(1980) and#Reischütz and Reischütz (2004). #Radea (pers. comm. 2009) provides the following list of sites from the literature:Springs near Piana (Arcadia, Peloponnisos) (Schütt 1980)Springs#near Levidi (Arcadia, Peloponnisos) (Reischütz and Reischütz 2004)Springs at Metoxi (Achaia,#Peloponnisos)#(Schütt 1980)Springs at the the village Lambia (Ilia, Peloponnisos)#(Schütt 1980)Springs at the Monastery of#Dimiovas (Messinia, Peloponnisos)#(Schütt 1980)Springs at Patra (Achaia, Peloponnisos)#(Schütt 1980)Springs at Amphissa#(Phokida)#(Schütt 1980)Springs at Agrinio (Aitoloakarnania)#(Schütt1980)Springs on the island of Kos#(south-east Aegean Sea) between the villages Asphendiou and Zia#(Schütt1980)A recent resurvey at#Levidi in May 2009 failed to locate the species in Levidi, but further surveys are planned in the region of Arcadia in 2010 (Radea pers. comm. 2010)","There is no recent data on population trends, although the species was recorded at some sites in 2004.",This species inhabits freshwater springs.,"#These freshwater springs lie mainly in mountainous and wooded regions with many ravines and springs. The tourist pressure could be considered as low to medium (mainly ecotourism) according to#Hellenic Tourism Organization (EOT) and the local authorities (Radea, pers. comm., 2010). As such although there are risks of temporary drying through drought phases, there is currently little evidence of decline, however the lack of recent survey data suggests that the species should be subject to a monitoring programme.",There are no conservation actions for this species. Habitat monitoring is recommended to monitor the impact of tourist pressure.,This species is not utilized.,,"Radea, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Turricaspia,bogensis,,Turricaspia bogensis,,,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is listed from Ukraine, where it is present in#  Dniepr-Bug Liman and elsewhere it is recorded from the Caspian  Sea. There are no known conservation actions for the species and little data relating to reports of literature and specimens in the presence of historical collections. More data is required on population trends, distribution and habitat trends, and as such the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD) at the European level and Not Evaluated (NE) at the level of the27 member states of the European Union, although given the small range within Europe, it may well be Not Applicable (NA), given that the main range is in the Caspian Sea.",Decreasing,"This species is listed from Ukraine, where it is listed by Son (pers. comm. 2009) as present in#  Dniepr-Bug Liman (Ukraine) and the Caspian Sea. According to Kantor et al. (2009), the species is present in brackish waters of north-western Black Sea Maritime Territory (Dnieper-Bug and Dniester limans), as well as the Caspian Sea.",Son (pers. comm. 2009) noted that the species is declining in Dneiper Limans.,"In Europe, this species is found in the brackish water lagoons on edge of Dnieper Basin (Son pers. comm. 2009).",The main threats lie in declining quality of habitat due to river channel management (dredging) and water pollution from industrial sources.,"There are no known conservation actions for the species and little data relating to reports of literature and specimens in the presence of historical collections. More data is required on population trends, distribution and habitat trends.",This species is not utilized.,,"Son, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Turricaspia,chersonica,,Turricaspia chersonica,,,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is listed as endemic to Ukraine where it is known from the delta of Dnieper River (Alexenko and Starobogatov 1987, Anistratenko 1998a), however no data is available on its population, habitat or threats. Son (pers. comm. 2010) considered that this species                may be Extinct, but the further research of its typical habitats are necessary to demonstrate that it is absent from the above sites.   Due to the lack of information relating to this species it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).The species is assessed at regional level as:Europe: Data deficient",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Ukraine where it is known from the delta of Dnieper River (Alexenko and Starobogatov 1987, Anistratenko 1998a).# There are no recent records to confirm where in the delta of the Dneiper River (Son, 2010 pers. comm.).",There is no data is available on the current population status of this species.,"The habitat for this species is unknown, but believed to be from the delta of the Dneiper River, so probably brackish water species.",There is no data available on threats to this species.,"There are no conservation actions known for this species. Research is needed relating to the population, habitat and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Son, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Turricaspia,dimidiata,,Turricaspia dimidiata,,"The generic status of the species is uncertain, and it was listed by Kantor et al. (2009) as Pyrgula dimidiata, and by Ciobiou (pers. comm, 2010) as Micromelania dimidiata. According to Kantor et al. (2009), Sitnikova and Starobogatov (1998) listed Micromelania dimidiata var. eucalia as a valid species of the genus Turricaspia but failed to discuss of the taxonomic basis for the generic allocation.",No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"This species is found as dead shells, and maybe subfossil in Romania, whereas it's main distribution is given as the Caspian Sea. Given the lack of information regarding its population, habitat and possible threats, therefore it has been categorised as Data Deficient (DD) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union.",Unknown,"The species is an endemic species in the Pontic Basin and in Romania, only dead shells from the sediments of Razelm Lake have been recorded (Ciobiou, pers. comm. 2010). Elsewhere it is recorded from the middle and southern Caspian Sea; 35- 200 m depths (Kantor et al. 2009)",There is no population data for this species.,"The habitat for this species in Romania is unknown, as only dead shells have been collected, however in the Caspian Sea it is known from bottom sediments to 200 m depth in brackish waters.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation actions for this species. Research is needed relating to the population, distribution, habitat and threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Cioboiu, O.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Turricaspia,ismailensis,,Turricaspia ismailensis,,"This species requires taxonomic revision using molecular systematics, as the species limits may require revision.",Yes,VU,B1ab(iii),No,VU,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"Turricaspia ismailensis is endemic to Ukraine and Romania.# In Ukraine where it is only present in two brackish water lakes that are interlinked with# an Area of occupancy of 400 km2, is present in one location and is facing threats from pollution. In Romania there are at least 3 known locations, all in close proximity in the Danube delta therefore it has been assessed as Vulnerable (Vu B2ab(iii)). Son (pers. comm. 2010) suggests this species maybe extinct in Ukraine, and that surveys are required to confirm that the species is still present in the upper lakes of the Danube delta. The main threats to this species are from pollution from heavy industry,  sewage from domestic sources, agriculture in the catchment and dredging  in the channels.The species is also assessed regionally as:Europe: Vulnerable (Vu B2ab(iii))",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Ukraine and Romania.## In the Ukraine it is known from Yalpug and Kugurluj estuarine lakes near Danube River. Son (pers. comm. 2010) comments that the species is either rare or possibly no longer present at the site.# In Romania, it has been collected from the lakes-limans Ialpug, Katalpug and from the Danube Delta, near Sulina.","There is no data is available on the population status of this species.# In Sulina there are large populations, which are predominated by juveniles).","It lives in the little brackish water of the limans, on the bottoms covered by silt or shell remains.","The main threats to this species are from pollution from heavy industry, sewage from domestic sources, agriculture in the catchment and dredging in the channels.","There is no data is available on conservation actions for this species. Son (pers. comm. 2010) suggests that this species may be extinct in the Ukraine lakes, therefore surveys are recommended to confirm its presence. If the species is extant, management of the catchment to control the effects of pollution and habitat monitoring to measure its impact are recommended.In Ukraine where it is only present in  two brackish water lakes that are interlinked with# an Area of occupancy  of 400 km2, is present in one location and is facing threats  from pollution therefore it has been assessed as Endangered (EN  B2ab(iii)). In Romania, the status is Data Deficient, as there is no recent information on populations or threats to these sites.",This species is not utilized.,,"Son, M. Cioboiu, O.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Turricaspia,lincta,,Turricaspia lincta,,"This species is listed in Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) with various synonyms. Synonyms: borystenica Lindholm, 1929; grigorievi Alexenko  Starobogatov, 1987; milachevitchi Golikov  Starobogatov, 1966; ostroumovi Golikov  Starobogatov, 1966; ukrainica Alexenko  Starobogatov, 1987.# Kantor et al. (2009) considered these synonyms as valid species. This species needs a major review, and as such the information is given on each species pending such a review.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Euxinipyrgula lincta is assessed as# Least Concern (LC) based on the wide distribution for the aggregated dataset for all the forms (borystenica#Lindholm, 1929;#grigorievi#Alexenko  Starobogatov, 1987;#milachevitchi#Golikov  Starobogatov, 1966; ostroumovi#Golikov  Starobogatov, 1966;#ukrainica#Alexenko  Starobogatov, 1987.) #If further review shows these species limits should be revised, this would not necessarily change the assessment, unless one of these populations is found to be very restricted. This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe: Least Concern (LC)EU 27: Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"#Euxinipyrgula lincta:   The type locality is listed as Lake Katlabuh, near Danube delta, Northwest Black Sea Maritime Territory (Anistratenko 1998a). Son (pers. comm., 2009) reports from the Dniepr and Dniestr estuarine systems and estuarine lakes near Danube (Ukraine). Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) lists Euxinipyrgula lincta for Romania, but Ciobiou (pers. comm., 2010) did not list it in her list of Romanian taxa.Euxinipyrgula   grigoriev    The type locality is listed as the lower reaches of Dnieper River, sta. 8. Son (pers. comm., 2009) reports from the Dniepr and Dniestr estuarine systems.Euxinipyrgula milachevitchi:The type locality is listed as off Chufutovka, Dnieper-Bug liman.  Son (pers. comm., 2009) recorded the species from Dniepr and Dniestr estuarine systems, estuarine lakes near Danube (Ukraine), but noted that he believes that the species has died out or substantially decline within in the Don Basin (Russia).Euxinipyrgula ostroumovi:The type locality is listed as the lower reaches of Dnieper River, sta. 8. Son (pers. comm., 2009) reports from the Dniepr and Dniestr estuarine systems. Euxinipyrgula ukrainica:The type locality is listed as the lower reaches of Dnieper River, sta. 8. Son(pers. comm., 2009)# reports from the Dniepr and Dniestr estuarine systems.",There is no population data for this species.,The habitat of this species is unknown.,The threats to this species are unknown.,There are no conservation actions for this species. Taxonomic research is needed to determine whether the synonyms of this species are separate valid species.,This species is not utilized.,,"Son, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Turricaspia,lindholmiana,,Turricaspia lindholmiana,,"This species requires taxonomic revision using molecular systematics, as the species limits may require revision.",No,LC,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is present in estuarine parts of two major river systems in Ukraine and Russia, and maybe present in other similar habitats between the two rivers. It is believed to be widespread within its range, and as such is viewed as Least Concern (LC), although there maybe localized threats to specific populations.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:Europe:# Least Concern (LC)EU27: Not# Evaluated (NE), not present in any of the 27 member countries of the European Union",Unknown,"#This species is found in the Ukraine and Russia, where it is restricted to the estuarine waters of the Dniepr River system (Ukraine) (Anistratenko and Stadnichenko, 1995) and the Don River system (Russia) (Son pers. comm., 2009).",There is no data is available on population trends for this species.,This species inhabits estuarine parts of large rivers.,"Threats are caused, mainly through changing habitats caused by human activity within the catchment basin. There is an ongoing programme of construction of dams and irrigation systems in the river catchments of the Rivers Dnepr, Dniestr, Don and Danube; as well as channel management construction connected to navigation for large boats in the Danube, Dnepr and Dniestr.",There is no data available on specific conservation actions for this species. Taxonomic research is needed to confirm the species limits as well as research to determine the impact of disturbance of the habitat on this species.,There is no data available on trade for this species.,,"Son, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Turricaspia,triton,,Turricaspia triton,,"This species requires taxonomic revision using molecular systematics, as the species limits may require revision.",No,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is possibly endangered in the Ukraine, based on impacts to the Dnieper Estuarine system but given that current range in the Black Sea is uncertain, it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) at the European level.",Unknown,"This species is widespread in Caspian Sea (20-25 m), Black Sea limans and mouths of rivers (8-10 m) (Kantor et al. 2009).",The population trends of this species is unknown.,"This is a brackish water species present in inland seas, coastal lagoons (limans) and possibly the estuarine parts of rivers.",There are no threats to this species.,There are no conservation actions for this species. Taxonomic research is needed to determine the species limits.,This species is not utilized.,,"Son, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Turricaspia,variabilis,,Turricaspia variabilis,,"This species requires taxonomic revision using molecular systematics, as the species limits may require revision.",No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"The species is known from the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea, but also is found in the brackish waters of the Danube delta. It is known from few living specimens and requires taxonomic review (M. Son pers.comm. 2009). It is therefore considered as Data Deficient (DD).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU 27: Data Deficient (DD)Europe: Data Deficient (DD)",Unknown,"The species is known from the Caspian Sea (found between 20 and 25 m depth) and the Black Sea, but also is found in the brackish waters of the Danube delta. Most records for this species from Romania are dead shells at the mouth of the Danube, from Razelm, as well as from the Romanian sector of the Black Sea through dredging, (although the latter provided rare live specimens). The typical form of the species can be found in the Caspian Sea.",The population trends for this species are unknown.,"This species lives in brackish water, in the silt on the lagoon bottom or at the mouth of the rivers flowing into the Black Sea.",The main threats to this species are unknown.,"This species requires taxonomic review. Research relating to the population, distribution and possible threats of this species is recommended.",This species is not utilized.,,"Son, M. Cioboiu, O.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,UNIONOIDA,UNIONIDAE,Unio,crassus,,Unio crassus,,"Subspecies include crassus, gontieri and mongolicus. Accepted species according to Graf and Cummings (2009) incorporating the invalid species are Crassiana irgizlaica, Middendorffinaia ochotica, Middendorffinaia ussuriensis and Unio mingrelicus. Its range is fragmented and Bank et al. (2006) recognise 10 isolated subspecies in Europe within this range, but the populations from Spain and Portugal are now considered to be other species (Araujo pers. comm. 2009).",No,VU,A2ac+3ce,No,VU,A2ac+3ce,EU27,,"This long-lived species is present in most of the European countries. Habitat decline has been observed throughout the range due to a wide range of threats. The habitat has no refugia to protect the species from disturbance and these streams are frequently managed. The species decline rate exceeds 50% in parts of its range (Sweden), it is considered Critically Endangered in other parts (Germany, Switzerland and Austria) and is already Extinct from the Netherlands. For a more formal assessment further research on population and habitat trends is needed, however based on current data, the species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU A2ac+3ce) at the European level and Vulnerable (VU A2ac+3ce) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Decreasing,"This species is considered a widespread variable species incorporating  numerous subspecies and synonyms. It is reported from the Atlantic to  the Ural Mountains (European Russia) (Graf 2007), is widespread  throughout Europe (Bank et al. 2006)  and is found in the Tigris-Euprates region (Middle East) and further  east through the Amur Basin (eastern Russian) (Graf 2007). In Europe, the range has now reduced, but it is still widely distributed in northern and eastern Europe. The Mediterranean distribution is under review due to uncertain  taxonomy, but the populations from Spain and Portugal are now considered  to be another species, Unio tumidiformis (Araujo pers. comm. 2009).","There is no information available on population and habitat trends over the entire range although localised declines have been documented (Schultes 2010). The average longevity is 40 years, suggesting 3 generations would be approximately 100 years.This long-lived species is present in most of the European countries.  The species  decline rate exceeds 50% in parts of its range (Sweden), (von Proschwitz, 2010) and it is  considered Critically Endangered in other parts (Germany, Switzerland  and Austria) and is already Extinct from the Netherlands.","This species inhabits clean river ecosystems and lakes, with flowing  waters and sandy or sandy-gravel bottoms (Zajac 2009, Schultes 2010). As  a result it is vulnerable to changes in water chemistry, species  composition of the surrounding ichtyofauna and the degradation of  natural river valleys (Zajac and Zajac 2009).# Juveniles are  particularly sensitive to water pollution and reproduction is prevented  in adults with nitrate levels that exceed 10 mg/l (Schulte 2010).# This  species requires a host fish in order for successful recruitment.# The  eggs are released in small packets and ingested by species including Cottus gobio, Phoxinus phoxinus, Leuciscus cephalus, Scardinuis erythrophthalmus, Gymnocephalus cernua and Perca fluviatilis. The glochidia are then reliant upon a parasitic period of five weeks in the gills of the fish (Bachmann 2000). Declines  in fish species as a result of pollution, water abstraction and  predation by non-native species have ultimately lead to localised  declines of U.crassus (Nordsieck 2010).The native predator of this species was the otter (Lutra lutra), but the introduction of other mammalian predators from America such as the muskrat (Ondathra zibethicus), the raccoon (Procyon lotor) and the American mink (Neovison vison) has inevitably contributed to declines of  U.crassus due to  direct predation of the mussel and also as a result of increased  predation of the host species (Bachmann 2000, Nordsieck 2010).","This species is widespread, and is not considered to be threatened throughout it's entire range, although the range is very fragmented. However this species has demonstrated localised declines as a result of several  major threat processes including water pollution, drainage,  sedimentation and increased predation. This species is vulnerable to  changes in water chemistry, requiring clean waters of flowing rivers.  Juveniles are particularly sensitive to changes in water chemistry and   reproduction is prevented in adults with nitrate levels that exceed 10   mg/l (Schulte 2010). The native predator of this species was the otter (Lutra lutra), but the introduction of other mammalian predators from America into Europe such as the muskrat (Ondathra zibethicus), the raccoon (Procyon lotor) and the American mink (Neovison vison) has inevitably contributed to declines of U.crassus.  Declines in their host species as a result of habitat degradation and  increased predation has reduced recruitment success, therefore  negatively impacting local populations.","This species has been assessed in IUCN national Red Lists as:Critically  Endangered (CR) in Germany, Switzerland and Austria (Schulte 2010)Vulnerable (VU) in Albania (Schulte 2010)Extinct (EX) in Netherlands (Schulte 2010)Endangered (EN) in Poland (Zajac 2009), where it is also protected by law and parts of its range are within protected areasEndangered (EN) in Sweden, using criteria A2ab(ii) as there has been a decline of more than 50% over the last 3 generations, and some fringe populations have disappeared.This species is listed on the EC  Habitats Directive (92/43/ECC) in appendix II and IV (Bachmann 2000) and  it is possible that conservation strategies may be in place but this  information is unclear. Further research is required on population  trends and distribution.",This species is not utilized.,,"Aldridge, D., Feher, Z. von Proschwitz, T.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,UNIONOIDA,UNIONIDAE,Unio,delphinus,,Unio delphinus,,"This species was recently spilt from Unio pictorum in Spain, and hence there is little data under this name. It was assessed for the Andalusian Red Book under the name Unio cf pictorum. Araujo et al. (2009) reviewed the status of the species and fully documents other synonyms.",Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU27,,"Unio delphinus is the more common and distributed Unio species in the western part of the Iberian Peninsula . Nevertheless, as all the naiads, its reproductive cycle is highly specialized and relies upon a fish. Moreover, juvenile naiads are very demanding in terms of water and sediment quality. These two factors combine to see a decline in the overall populations, with loss of recruitment.# In addition, the anthropogenic alterations suffered by water bodies in the last decades (water transfer, water detraction, river channeling and dredging, impoundments etc.) have had serious consequences on aquatic ecosystems and the negative impact of these disturbances on the richness and density of naiad species has been demonstrated (Araujo et al. 2009). the species is considered to be close to meeting the 30% loss of populations over the last 3 generations, and hence is listed as Near Threatened (NT), almost meeting criteria A2c.",Decreasing,"This species is restricted to the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain), where it is found in the# rivers draining Spain and Portugal, towards the Atlantic Ocean (Araujo et al. 2009). It is present in at least a hundred 10 x 10 km2 in the region.","There is little data prior to 2000 to establish population trends, but the species is believed to be declining. 20-30% loss of populations over the last three generations (30-45 years, based on a generation length of 10-15 years).","The species is found in all kind of rivers and streams with permanent water, in sandy, gravel or muddy substrate at the shores and slopes under the tree shadow, but also in sunny sandy beaches. It can live in lakes (Ruidera lakes). In the dry seasons, specimens survive in isolated populations which take refuge in pools together with the fish.","Its habitat is threatened by changes of hydrologic regime of the streams due to dams and impoundments. The loss of host fish populations is also impacting the species, as well as the water pollution resulting from nitrate run-off from intensive farming and some water pollution from industry.","This species is listed on the Spanish and Andalusian Red Lists of Invertebrates.# - Spanish Red List of Invertebrates: Near threatened# (Verdu and Galante 2009). Andalusian Red List of Invertebrates: Vulnerable A4ce;B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) (Barea-Azcón et al. 2008) . Water catchment management schemes and pollution monitoring are required to improve the conditions in the rivers, as well as restocking host fish populations and ex-situ breeding to provide juveniles for restocking populations in the rivers that are declining.",This species is not used.,,"Araujo, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,UNIONOIDA,UNIONIDAE,Unio,gibbus,,Unio gibbus,,,No,CR,B1ab(iii),No,CR,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"U. gibbus lives in one Spanish river with very few specimens found. It is considered to be one of the most imperilled Iberian naiad species. The restricted distribution, population status and threatened habitat of the species make it of major importance from a conservation point of view. In the unique population known, droughts could eliminate the specimens meaning the population in permanent danger of extinction. The water detraction and pollution by the increasing industry and farm development near the river where the species lives is a constant threat. This species is considered Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii) in Europe, based on the habitat degradation, as the site completely dried out in 2007, and it is uncertain whether this population is still extant. The populations in Morocco and Tunisia are still extant although the rivers are under pressure for water extraction. Actions are required to look at ex-situ breeding to conserve the species in Europe as well as catchment management plans to maintain habitats for the species.",Unknown,"This species is known from one locality in Europe where live specimens have been recently found in the Barbate River, Cádiz, southwest Spain. Elsewhere the species is known from Atlantic rivers of south Iberia and Morocco where two localities were found recently in the Beth River, Sebou basin, northwest Morocco (Araujo et al. 2009).","There is no population trend information as the species is only known from a few specimens, although the habitat is being degraded, with the site completely drying out in 2007, and it is uncertain whether this population is still extant. This has not been confirmed either way.","This species has been found in temporary Mediterranean-type streams and in substrates of sand and gravel at pool areas that do not dry up during the dry season. In the Spanish river, the species shares its habitat with Potomida littoralis, Unio cf. pictorum and Anodonta cf. anatina, whereas in Morocco it was found living with another species of Unio and with Potomida sp. (Araujo et al. 2009).","The species' habitat is threatened by change in the hydrological regime of the streams through natural droughts, water detraction, dams and impoundments, the loss of host fish populations and increases in intensive farming and industry.","The species was recommended for urgent inclusion in the Spanish Red List, as Endangered, based on its single location, low density of population and threats from habitat degradation (Verdu and Galante 2009).# It was proposed for   Andalusian Red List of Invertebrates: Endangered A4c; B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)c(iv)+C2b. Actions  are required to look at ex-situ breeding to conserve the species as  well as catchment management plans to maintain habitats for the species. Efforts should be made to attempt to increase the known range of the species and to determine if the population at the known site is still extant after it completely dried out in 2007.",This species is not utilized.,,"Araujo, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,UNIONOIDA,UNIONIDAE,Unio,mancus,,Unio mancus,,"Unio mancus is now considered to be the valid name for this species and was previously known under the name elongatulus.At present, Araujo considers the Iberian sub-populations to be a separate species.# Bank et al. (2006) recognise numerous subspecies for this species, all geographically restricted, and these may require further research to establish the nature of the range in the light of Araujo's findings for the species Unio tumidiformis, which was previously considered a subspecies of this species.           Unio (Unio) mancus mancus Lamarck, 1819 – Distribution: France (mainland)  Unio (Unio) mancus aleronii Companyo  Massot, 1845 – Distribution: France (mainland)  Unio (Unio) mancus bourgeticus Bourguignat, 1882 – Distribution: France (mainland)  Unio (Unio) mancus brindosianus de Folin  Bérillon, 1874 – Distribution: France (mainland)  Unio (Unio) mancus glaucinus Porro, 1838 – Distribution: Switzerland  Unio (Unio) mancus kruperi Drouët, 1879 – Distribution: Greece (mainland). Synonyms: copaisanus Drouët, 1896; nitidosus Drouët, 1879; quellenneci Drouët, 1896  Unio (Unio) mancus moquinianus Dupuy, 1843 – Distribution: France (mainland)  Unio (Unio) mancus requienii Michaud, 1831 – Distribution: France (mainland)  Unio (Unio) mancus turtonii Payraudeau, 1826 – Distribution: Corsica (France).",No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"This species is currently being revised.It has been given a status of Near Threatened (NT) at the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union, based on the decline of the habitats and loss of sub-populations in the Mediterranean parts of the range. The species has been reported to be in decline in parts of the range and the status in much of the range needs regular review. As all the naiads, its reproductive cycle is highly specialized and relies upon a fish. Moreover, juvenile naiads are very demanding in terms of water and sediment quality, compared to the adult specimens, and given the anthropogenic alterations suffered by water bodies in the last decades (water transfer, water detraction, river channelling and dredging, impoundments etc.), these have had serious consequences on status aquatic ecosystems, especially in the southern parts of the range and the negative impact of these disturbances on the richness and density of naiad species has been demonstrated (Araujo pers. comm. 2010).The Iberian populations have now been revised and considered to be separate species, and hence are assessed as a distinct species.",Decreasing,"The range is currently reported as a species that extends from the Iberian peninsula to Turkey, however recent reviews by Araujo et al. (2009) split the Spanish populations and consider them as several species (Unio delphinus, Unio gibbus), with Unio mancus restricted to the River Ebro. Consequently the details of the range requires review in the light of these findings. It has been recorded from Germany, due to expansion along the canal (Glöer  Meier-Brook 2003).  Bank et al. (2006) report a more restricted range for the species as present in France, Switzerland,  Italy and Greece. The presence in Albania, Croatia and Slovenia is based on older records from Haas (1969). The range extends into the Middle-East (Graf and Cummings 2007), however the identity of these middle-eastern population requires further investigation.","This species requires the presence of a host fish to enable the glochidea to grow to larval stages of the mussel. With regard to the glochidial host fish, U. mancus is a species with a very wide host range (Araujo et al. 2004), unlike species of Margaritifera, which have very few suitable hosts.","This species is found in all kind of rivers and streams with permanent water. It is found in sandy, gravel or muddy substrate at the shores and slopes under the shading from trees. It is also found in artificial channels and ditches with natural bottoms. In the dry seasons, specimens survive in isolated populations which take refuge in pools together with the fish.","The threats to this species come from dams and impoundments, water extraction from rivers changing flow regimes,# water pollution (domestic and agricultural sources), exotic fish competing with the natural host fish, gravel extraction from river beds and modernization (covering with concrete) of the ditches and channels with natural bottoms where the species lives.","Under the name U. elongatulus,  this species is protected under the two main pieces of European  biodiversity conservation legislation: the Habitats Directive (Annex V)  and the Bern Convention (Annex III). The status of this species urgently needs review to define whether the eastern sub-populations divide into additional species. The latest reports on the conservation status for this species (European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity, 2009) suggest that in much of the Mediterranean part of the range, the status is either unknown (Greece) or unfavourable/inadequate (Spain, southern part of Italy). In the rest of the range the status is favourable.",There is no use or trade information for this species.,,"Araujo, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,UNIONOIDA,UNIONIDAE,Unio,pictorum,,Unio pictorum,,"There are 6 subspecies currently recognised over the region (Falkner et al. 2001), based on shell morphology and biogeographical range.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This freshwater mussel is widespread in Europe where it is found in a range of habitats and is tolerant of poor conditions. There is evidence of decline at the northern edge of its range, and there is pressure from water management and exotic species, but as the species is still widespread it is currently assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Unknown,"This is a widely distributed species. Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) lists the following countries: Austria, Belgium, Great Britain (UK), Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Turkey (European part), Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Netherlands. It occurs throughout most of lowland England and into east Wales. It is rare in south-west and northern England, and from much of Wales, and is absent from Scotland. In Slovakia, it occurs in the upper and middle Danube and its tributaries and in the Tisza catchment.","There is no comprehensive data about the population available. There is some evidence of local regional declines in south-east and northern England, and Scotland but this may be an artefact of lack of recording effort.The species has an average age of 9 years suggesting 30 years for an assessment period.","This species lives mostly in calcareous water in large, slow-flowing rivers, canals, lakes and reservoirs in lowlands , and occasionally in ponds, oxbows, and flooded gravel pits. Populations tend to be concentrated in the marginal zones of large rivers where a firm, muddy substrate is available, but it is found less commonly in sand, fine gravels and soft mud (Aldridge 1999). It extends further towards the upper reaches of rivers than other Unio species.","The major threats to this species include river (or canal) modification, river and canal management (dredging and weed cutting), destruction or over-dredging of large ponds and lakes, water quality decline, tourism and development pressure (e.g. marinas), competition or direct mortalities due to exotic species. This species is vulnerable to impacts from the continued spread of zebra mussels.  Studies in the UK (see Killeen et al. 2004) have shown that U. pictorum is relatively tolerant of polluted waters and can be the sole large mussel species present in waters immediately downstream of sewage outfalls. However, in France, Mouthon (1996) included the species in his list of species with lower tolerance to biodegradable pollution and in Sweden it is considered to have lower tolerance (Vincent Prie, pers. comm, 2010).","There are potentially bad long term prospects for this species if the current intensive pressures on canal and river habitats continue. However if water quality improvement can be achieved under the Water Framework Directive to counteract current and future increased pressures then the prospects for this species are more positive, but some decline is likely through loss of habitat as a result of water course management and the continued spread of zebra mussels.This species is considered as Least Concern (LC)in the UK, Czech Republic and Slovakia. There are no conservation actions targeting the species in place.The conservation status of the subspecies Unio pictorum pictorum is Near Threatened (NT) in Sweden, based on rare and isolated subpopulations. There has been a decrease in range of 25% and it is possibly fragmented.",This species is not utilized.,,"Vavrova, L.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,UNIONOIDA,UNIONIDAE,Unio,tumidiformis,,Unio tumidiformis,,U. tumidiformis has been a neglected species in Spain and Portugal and replaces U. crassus in the southern Iberian Peninsula (Araujo in: Barea-Azcón 2008).,Yes,VU,A2ace,Yes,VU,A2ace,EU27,,"This is one of the most imperilled Iberian naiad species (Araujo, pers. comm., 2009). The endemic nature, host specificity, restricted distribution, population status and threatened habitat of U. tumidiformis make this species of the main importance from a conservation point of view. In all its distribution area, the habitual droughts eliminate many specimens, putting the populations in permanent danger of extinction.The water extraction and pollution by the increase of industry and farm development in areas near the rivers where the species lives is a constant threat. A population is known in Spain which had thousands of specimens until 2005, but has been practically extinct after the drought. The population of the Ruidera lakes is endangered by water pollution, urbanism (hotels, recreation areas) and loss of host fish populations. Several sub-populations have disappeared in the last 50 years from the two of the five river basins (Guadiana and Guadalquivir). In the Guadalquivir basin, there is no record of living specimens today, so this sub-population is considered lost. Therefore this species is considered as Vulnerable A2ac based on estimated loss of 30-35% of populations using data from recent loss of parts of 2 out of 5 sub-populations, relatively  restricted range (extent of occurrence under 20,000 km2), and the complete loss of all living specimens in one river basin as well as the decline in the sub-populations of the host-fish which are required for part of the life-cycle.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment: Vulnerable A2ace at the level of the 27 member States of the European Union European regional assessment:# Vulnerable A2aceMediterranean regional assessment:# Vulnerable A2ae",Decreasing,"This species lives in the#river basins of the#south-western Iberian Peninsula.#Live populations are distributed throughout the Guadiana, Mira and Sado river basins in Spain and Portugal.#In Portugal it is known from Mira (Torgal River) and Sado basins.#It occurs in several tributaries of the Guadiana river in Spain (Estena, Milagro, Bullaque, Guadalmez) and Portugal (Amoreiras, Azambuja, Barranco do Vidigao, Caia, Chança, Foupana, Limas, Lucefecit, Marmelar, Odeleite, S. Pedro, Terges e Cobres, Vascao). There is#one population at the Ruidera lakes (Guadiana river, Spain).#","It is estimated that between 30 and 35% of the total populations have been lost in the last 50 years. The generation length is 15-25 years, providing 3 generations as 45-75 years. Also one subpopulation which had thousands of specimens until 2005 is now practically extinct after the drought in that year. There is one good population at the Ruidera lakes (Spain).","This species lives in temporary Mediterranean-type streams, on shores and slopes under the tree shadow, generally on sandy or muddy substrate at pool areas that do not dry up during the dry season. It can live in lakes (Ruidera lakes). In the dry seasons, specimens survive in isolated populations which take refuge in pools together with the fish. Maturing of larvae (glochidia) is not always synchronous. Unio tumidiformis has proven to be an unusual host-specific species, apparently parasitizing only fishes of the genus Squalius, regardless of the mussel and fish species being sympatric or not. Successful encapsulation or complete metamorphosis was observed in five species: S. alburnoides complex, S. aradensis, S. caroliterti, S. pyrenaicus and S. torgalensis.","The habitat of this species is threatened by change of hydrologic regime of the streams, natural droughts, gravel extraction, water extraction, dams and impoundments. Loss of host fish, due to the introduction of exotic fish competitor, is also negatively affecting the species, as well as the increase of pollution due to intensive farming and industry.","The species has been proposed for listing as Vulnerable A3c  in the Spanish Red List of Invertebrates and as Vulnerable A2c; B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) in the Andalusian Red List of Invertebrates. Special conservation interest must be devoted to the population of the Ruidera lakes. More research is needed on the population and distribution of this species, as well as on the habitat trends.",This species is not used.,,"Araujo, R.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,BIVALVIA,UNIONOIDA,UNIONIDAE,Unio,tumidus,,Unio tumidus,,"There are numerous subspecies recognised in Europe. Falkner et al. (2002) recognised 5 subspecies in different geographical regions; Switzerland, France, and Austria. The status of these subspecies has not been established, and as such they are not assessed.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,This species is relatively widespread in Europe and although there is evidence of decline it does not meet the 30% decline over 30 years criteria. The major threats to this species mainly lie at the edge of the range. Therefore it has been assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the European level and Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.,Decreasing,"This species is relatively widely distributed in Europe. According to Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) the species occurs in the following countries: Austria, Belgium, UK, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Russia, Latvia, Lithuania,#Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Netherlands, and Ukraine.In Germany it inhabits all suitable habitats although it is missing in the German part of the Danube River (Glöer and Meier-Brook 2003). In the Czech Republic the populations are concentrated in the southern Bohemia (fishponds nearby Trebon) and southern Moravia (Dyje and Morava rivers) (Beran 1998). In Slovakia it occurs mostly in the River Morava, Danube, Tisa, Vah and Hron.(Nagel et al. 2006). There is a patchy distribution throughout the UK, principally in the lowlands of England, Wales and Scotland (Aldridge pers. comm. 2010). This is the most widespread of the Unioid species in Sweden and Finland. This species is hardly present in Norway (von Proschwitz pers. comm. 2010).Kantor et al. (2009) reported the species present in Russia, through to the Urals.# It is recognised there under several subpecies and species names (Tumidiana conus conus (Spengler, 1793) Ural river, Tumidiana conus borysthenensis (Kobelt, 1880) Ukraine, Belorussia, Tumidiana muelleri (Rossmässler, 1838) Irtysh River basin (within Chelyabinsk district), Tumidiana tumida falcatulus (Drouët, 1881) Ukraine River Kharkov).","There is no comprehensive data about populations available. There is some evidence of local regional declines in south-east and northern England, and Scotland but this may be an artefact of a lack of recording effort. There is evidence of the species extinction in several localities in the Czech Republic.The average age of this species is 9 years, which suggests an assessment period of 30 years.","This species is found in slow flowing rivers,#canals#and drainage channels, river oxbows, fish ponds, water reservoirs, and flooded gravel pits.The swollen river mussel lives principally in large, calcareous lowland rivers and canals, occurring less frequently in lakes and reservoirs.# Populations of Unio tumidus are concentrated in the marginal zones of large rivers where a firm, muddy substrate is available, although U.tumidus can be more abundant in the central channel than other unionid species (Aldridge 1999, Killeen et al. 2004). The mussel is found less commonly in sand, fine gravels and soft mud. U.tumidus lives in a narrower habitat range than U. pictorum being more restricted to larger bodies of good quality, oxygenated water.","The main threats to this species are river (or canal) modification, river and canal management (dredging and weed cutting), destruction or over-dredging of large ponds and lakes, water quality decline, tourism  development pressure (e.g. marinas), competition or direct mortalities due to exotic species. Conditions within the sediments seem to be decisive for the survival of juvenile mussels and thus for the age structure of the populations. Weber (2005) showed negative influences from sporadically occurring low oxygen and high ion concentrations in the water. Aldridge and McIvor (2003) showed premature evacuation of gills under hypoxic stress. In France Mouthon (1996) showed#Unio tumidus#(along with#Pseudanodonta complanata) to be the bivalve species least tolerant of biodegradable pollution whereas further north in Scandanvia it is considered the most tolerant species.",There are currently no conservation actions targeting this species in place. This species is listed as Vulnerable (VU) in Slovakia and Czech Republic. In some German states in south Germany where it is largely absent# it is considered as strongly threatened.,This species is not utilized.,,"Vavrova, L.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,ALLOGASTROPODA,VALVATIDAE,Valvata,cristata,,Valvata cristata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This is a widespread species in Europe. There is no information available about the population trends of this species, but it is frequently abundant when present, living in stagnant and slow-moving water, often found amongst aquatic plants. Therefore this species is considered Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union .",Unknown,"This is a widespread palearctic species throughout Europe. Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) record this species from Scandanivia, to Spain, and from Ireland to the Ukraine. Countries include Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland) Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia Hungary, Italy (mainland), Sicily (Italy), Bulgaria, Romania, Andorra, Spain (mainland), Albania, Slovenia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ukraine, and Greece (mainland).Kantor et al. (2009) record the species from Europe, western Siberia and the central Dnieper basin.","There is no information available about this species and its trends, but it is frequently abundant when present.","This species lives in stagnant and slow-moving water, often found amongst weeds, but can also be found in artificial ponds, oxbow lakes, and even in swamps of alluvial forest.","This species inhabits wetlands and river ecosystems, which are threatened by unappropriate water management and pollution.","There are no known conservation action for this species, and none are required.",This species is not utilized.,,"Vavrova, L.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,ALLOGASTROPODA,VALVATIDAE,Valvata,hirsutecostata,,Valvata hirsutecostata,,Molecular analysis suggested that this species might be the same as Valvata rhabdota (Hauswald et al. 2008).,Yes,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU27,,"Valvata hirsutecostata is considered as Vulnerable D2, as it is endemic to Lake Orhid, which has a total area of 358 km2. As this is a sub-littoral species, the rate of decline in the quality of lake water is not likely to significantly  impact it unless the level of pollution increases. However, this species could very quickly become Endangered if the water quality or the water temperature changes significantly.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Lake Ohrid, and is recorded from the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania (Hauswald et al. 2008).","This rare species is found only at a few collecting points, and where recorded is usually in low abundance (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009).",This is a freshwater species is usually found in the sublittoral zone of the lake.,"Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake, although there is a slower decline in water quality in the deeper waters of the lake (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009). Increasing sediment load (due to construction of new settlements, deforestation and erosion of the neighbouring area) also potentially impacts this small freshwater gastropod.","There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. More research is needed on the taxonomy and on the populations trends, as well as the distribution range (Hauswald et al. 2008).# Monitoring of habitat trends (water quality and sediment load) would assist is determining changing status for this species.   ###########",,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,ALLOGASTROPODA,VALVATIDAE,Valvata,klemmi,,Valvata klemmi,,According to Hauswald et al. (2008) this species shows no significant differences within the COI gene fragment to the Balkan widespread Valvata sp.1.,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"This species is endemic to Greece. It has declined severely at its only known sites between 1962 (when it was thought to be common) up to#1982. Recent surveys in the last 25 years have only recorded shells, and the most recent surveys have only found dead shells at sites on the northeast and northwest edge of the lake Trichonis as well as Lake Ozeros, but not in Lake Lysimachia (Albrecht et al. 2009). The species is under threat from multiple changes in the waters of the lake, heavy pollution (with increasing nitrate content following water draining into the lake from streams carrying agricultural fertilizers used on the land and inflow of sewage) and over abstraction of water from the lake as the species occurs in a narrow belt in the lake. It is therefore considered as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)).The species is also assessed regionally as:EU27 regional assessment: #Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)) at the level of the 27 member States of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment:#Endangered (EN B1ab(iii))Mediterranean regional assessment:#Endangered (EN B1ab(iii))",Unknown,"This species is found in Greece, where it is recorded from Lake Trichonis,   Lake Ozeros, and Lake Lysimachia   (Albrecht et al. 2009). Currently V. klemmi is restricted to the north-east and –west shore of Lake Trichonis as well as west shore of Lake Ozeros (Albrecht et al. 2009).","This species has declined since 1962, when Schütt reported that the species was also found in Lake Lysimachia. Until 2007, this species could not be found again by several authors.","This is a freshwater gastropod found in littoral and partly sublittoral parts of large lakes, where it is found on various substrates like stones, gravel, pebble, sand and mud.","Habitat loss, due to water level drop, related to excessive water abstraction for agriculture, is threatening this species. Pollution related to intensive agriculture practice and settlements in the neighbouring area, is responsible for the eutrophication of the lake. In relation with this, the biofilm (algae) present on the substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability for this gastropod. Herbicides might also impact diatomae communities, which are the major food source for this snail.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species although Lake Ozeros, Lake Trichonis and Lake Lysimachia are included in the network Natura 2000 (GR2310008-Limni Ozeros and GR2310009-Limnes Trichonida kai Lysimachia correspondingly).       Fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides use for agriculture purposes, as well as sewage from neighbouring villages need to be drastically reduced.#Conservation actions should include monitoring of the habitats in the lake, as well as surveys to establish whether the species is still extant in both lakes.#",This species is not utilized.,,"Hauffe, T., Schreiber, K. Albrecht, C.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,ALLOGASTROPODA,VALVATIDAE,Valvata,macrostoma,,Valvata macrostoma,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species has a wide geographical range but has very localised  occurrence, especially in the western part of Europe. According to Faltýnkova et al. (2008) this species is widespread across northern and eastern  Europe and although this species is present in most of the European countries precise information on the number of sub-populations, the rate of decline and the population trends are insufficient to support a listing as Near Threatened (NT) or Threatened, however further research on population and habitat trends is needed, as continued decline in last 10-15 years has been observed.# The species is currently assessed as Least Concern (LC), but in the future evidence of continued decline may support a threatened category at the European level and at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Decreasing,"This species has a wide geographical range but has a localised occurrence. This species is widespread across northern and eastern Europe  (Faltýnkova et al. 2008). Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) report the  species from: Sweden, Denmark (Mainland), Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania,  Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Netherlands,  Belgium, Luxembourg (presence uncertain), France (Mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Austria,  Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Ukraine and Greece  (Mainland).","This species has been described as common within aquatic systems in Northern and Eastern Europe (Faltynkova et al. 2008). However, in western Europe the habitats have been in decline for the last 50 years, and overall the European population is recorded as widespread but declining (Wells and Chatfield 1992).","This species lives in wetland habitats including rivers, canals, oxbows and dykes. Ormerod et al. (2010) note that sites dominated by floating vegetation are occupied by this species.",Localised threats to this species include habitat degradation mainly by pollution and eutrophication (Ormerod et al. 2010).,"This species is listed as Vulnerable in the UK Red Data Book and is a  priority species in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) (Ormerod et al. 2010). It is  also Critically Endangered on the Red List of Molluscs of the Czech  Republic (Farkač et al. 2005), Endangered in the Netherlands (Bruyne et al. 2003) and Category 2 in Germany. Further research is recommended into the  species population trends, life history and biology.",This species is not utilized.,,"Feher, Z.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,ALLOGASTROPODA,VALVATIDAE,Valvata,montenegrina,,Valvata montenegrina,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),No,EN,B1ab(iii),EU27,,"This species has a small extent of occurrence (about 400 km2) and is only known from 5 closely located sites. Two of these sources are used from water abstraction for domestic use, and it is proposed that more water should be taken from one of the sites. This has lead to declining water levels in the areas where the species lives. In addition there are threats from eutrophication of the water bodies, leading to declining quality of habitat. The species is therefore listed as Endangered#(EN) B1ab(iii).",Unknown,"Valvata montenegrina is endemic to#Montenegro, where it is known from several closely located sites,#from#the river Mareza drainage (canals and pools), the Skadar lake (Podlum and Karuc spring) and Maol Brato.#Lake Skadar is split between Montenegro and Albania,#only 25 km from the Adriatic Sea.#Lake Skadar has a surface area that can vary between 370#km2#and#in winter, its waters swell and expand to cover all of 540 square kilometres, but is very shallow(between 5 and 8 metres on average). #It is possible that this species may exist in the Albanian part of the lake.",No information about population.,"This species   lives in canals between the emergent (Phragmites communis) vegetation (Mareza canals). Also in littoral part of the Skadar lake between vegetation consisting of Ceratophyllum and Myriophyllum, which covers partially decomposed organic matter and red clay (Karuc spring) or in emergent (Scirpus lacuster, Phragmites communis, Typha angustifolia) and floating (Nymphaea alba, Nuphar luteum, Trapa natans) vegetation (Malo Blato, Podhum).","The primary threat is considered to be the eutrophication of all the sites. In addition, there has been loss of habitat at Mareza area, due to the use of water taken for drinking to the capital Podgorica.# IThere has been rapid process of eutrophication in sublacustrine spring at Karuc with a rapid declining of the lake depth in last 25 years due to the use of this sublacustrine spring for the aquaculture.# There are also proposals to use spring water from Karuc for drinking water in towns along the coast of Montenegro.",This species is protected in Montenegro. On-going transboudary projects focus on ecosystem management of the Skadar lake area. monitoring of the habitat is needed.,There is no trade use for this species,,"Pesic, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,ALLOGASTROPODA,VALVATIDAE,Valvata,piscinalis,,Valvata piscinalis,,"The subspecies Valvata piscinalis alpestris is distributed in Austria, Germany and Switzerland (Glöer 2002).The subspecies Valvata piscinalis antiqua  is distributed in Austria, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Romania,  Switzerland, the Netherlands and United Kingdom (Glöer 2002).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Valvata piscinalis has been  assessed as Least Concern (LC) at both the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union. This species is widely distributed throughout Europe and is frequent in surveys, and as such it is currently unlikely to be impacted by any major threat processes.",Unknown,"This is a widespread palearctic species throughout Europe. Fauna  Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) record this species from Scandinavia to  Spain, and from Ireland to the Ukraine. Fauna Europaea listed the species in Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Northern Ireland (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Italy (mainland), Sardinia (Italy), Sicily (Italy), Bulgaria, Romania, Spain (mainland), Portugal (mainland), Albania, the former Yugoslav Republic of# Macedonia, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Ukraine, and Greece (mainland).# Kantor et al. (2009) record the species from Europe, western Siberia, and lakes and rivers in Armenia. In this volume they consider many species, that have in the past been considered subspecies or synonyms of V. piscinalis, and these would extent the range to the Kurile Islands.# It is also recorded from North America, where it is introduced.  (see Global account of this species).","The population trends are unknown, but the species is frequently found in surveys.V. piscinalis is a hermaphrodite, where one  individual acts as the male and the other as the female, and the species has no  free larval stage (Fretter and Graham 1978). It  may lay up to 150 eggs deposited on vegetation and hatching  normally occurs in 15–30 days (Fretter and Graham 1978). Individuals  breed around the age of 1 and usually die at 13–21 months (Grigorovich  et al. 2005). In Europe, breeding occurs from April to September,  occurring later at more northerly latitudes (Fretter and Graham 1978).","This small gastropod is found in freshwater streams, rivers, and lakes,  preferring running water and tolerating water with low calcium levels.V. piscinalis is known for its rapid growth and high fecundity. It reproduces as a hermaphrodite, one individual acting as the male and the other as the female, and has no free larval stage (Fretter and Graham 1978; Grigorovich et al. 2005). It may spawn 2 or 3 times in a year, laying up to 150 eggs at a time (Grigorovich et al. 2005) which are deposited on vegetation. Hatching normally occurs in 15–30 days (Fretter and Graham 1978). Individuals breed around the age of 1 and usually die at 13–21 months (Grigorovich et al. 2005). In Europe, breeding occurs from April to September, occurring later at more northerly latitudes (Fretter and Graham 1978).","As this species is widespread, although there are local threats due to loss of habitats and pollution, these are unlikely to impact the species as a whole.",No conservation actions are known and none are required.,There is no known trade in this species,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,ALLOGASTROPODA,VALVATIDAE,Valvata,relicta,,Valvata relicta,,#,Yes,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU27,,"Valvata relicta is endemic to Lake Ohrid, which has a total area of 358 km2. The rate of decline in the quality of lake water is not likely to significantly impact this species at current levels of pollution, and it is therefore assessed as Vulnerable D2. However, this species could very quickly become Endangered if the water quality or the water temperature changes significantly.",Unknown,"This species is restricted to Lake Ohrid, between the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania (Hauswald et al. 2008)",This species is found at suitable habitats only in very low abundances.,"This littoral and partly sublittoral species, can be found on various substrates like Dreissena shells, stones and gravel.","Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. Increasing sediment load (due to construction of new settlements, deforestation and erosion of the neighbouring area) also impacts this gastropod.# However these threats are only impacting populations within the littoral zone of the lake.  #","There is no current conservation action in place for this species. However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake.#",,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,ALLOGASTROPODA,VALVATIDAE,Valvata,rhabdota,,Valvata rhabdota,,,Yes,NT,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Valvata rhabdota is endemic to Lake Ohrid, which has a total area of 358 km2. However it is an abundant and common species which is larger than other sub-littoral species and is therefore less sensitive to the threats from sedimentation.#It is therefore classified as Near Threatened (almost qualifying for VU D2) as the rate of decline in the quality of lake water is not likely to significantly impact this species in the next ten years. However, this species could very quickly become Endangered if the water quality or the water temperature changes significantly.",Unknown,"Valvata rhabdota is endemic to Lake Ohrid, where it is recorded from the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania (Hauswald et al. 2008).",This species is found at suitable habitats in high abundances.,This is a freshwater species found in the sublittoral zone.,"Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake, but there is less impact in the deeper waters at present. Increasing sediment load (due to construction of new settlements, deforestation and erosion of the neighbouring area) may also impact this gastropod in the future.","There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. However, Lake Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake.   Habitat# monitoring would be recommended for this species, as changes in the rate of decline of habitat quality would potentially change the status of the species.",,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,ALLOGASTROPODA,VALVATIDAE,Valvata,saulcyi,,Valvata saulcyi,,,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"Valvata saulcyi has been categorised as Near Threatened (NT). It is widely spread among different habitats and is tolerant to salinity, however, water systems in the region where this species is found are under extreme stress from water abstraction.This species has also been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment:#Near Threatened (VU B2b(iii))Europe regional assessment:#Near Threatened (VU B2b(iii))Mediterranean regional assessment: Near Threatened (VU B2b(iii)).",Unknown,This species has a disjunct distribution. Germain (1921-2) notes presence in Syria and Palestine and it is also known in Egypt (Germain 1921-2). In Europe it is known from Italy (Sicily) (Bank et al. 2006).,There is no available information on the population status or trend of this species.,"This species occurs in different types of standing water and springs, preferably with aquatic vegetation.","There are no known threats to this species.#It is widely spread among different habitats and is tolerant to salinity, however, water systems in the region where this species is found are under extreme stress from water abstraction.",There is no current or recommended conservation action for this species.,This species is not traded.,,"Kebapçı, U. Van Damme, D.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,ALLOGASTROPODA,VALVATIDAE,Valvata,stenotrema,,Valvata stenotrema,,"Some authors questioned the validity of this species, but recent mollecular analysis showed the distinctness of this species (Hauswald et al. 2008).",Yes,NT,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Valvata stenotrema is endemic to Lake Ohrid, which has a total area of 358 km2, and a couple of nearby springs. It is an abundant and common species which is larger than other sub-littoral species and is therefore less sensitive to the threats from sedimentation.#It is therefore classified as Near Threatened (almost qualifying for VU D2) as the rate of decline in the quality of lake water is not likely to significantly impact this species in the next ten years. However, this species could very quickly become Endangered if the water quality or the water temperature changes significantly.",Unknown,"Valvata stenotrema is endemic to in Lake Ohrid and in the Feeder springs system (St. Naum), and is recorded from Albania and the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) (Hauswald et al. 2008).",This species can be found at suitable habitats in very high abundances.,"This freshwater lake species is found in the littoral and partly sub-littoral zones, occurring in the sandy beach in the north and the south of Lake Ohrid, and in sandy patches in the feeder springs.","The water quality is changing due to pollution (sewage, sedimentation, agricultural run-off) and habitat degradation.# As a result of this eutrophication, enhanced macrophyte and broad reed belt growth at the highly human populated northern and southern shallow bays are decreasing the area of suitable habitat for some species. However this appears to be a quite hardy species and these are not considered currently to be a major threat.","The species is present in Lake  Ohrid which is a World Heritage Site, where the Albanian side has been protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and the sites at the spings are in Galicica National Park. There are no current conservation actions in place for this species.   Habitat# monitoring would be recommended for this species, as changes in the rate of decline of habitat quality would potentially change the status of the species.",,,"Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,ALLOGASTROPODA,VALVATIDAE,Valvata,studeri,,Valvata studeri,,"This species was recently renamed by Boeters and Falkner (1998), as the species name Valvata pulchella Studer, 1820 is invalid and these authors have described this species as Valvata studeri Boeters Falkner, 1998.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species was described by Boeters and Falkner (1998), and Bank et al.  (2006) noted that it can be found in Switzerland, northern Italy,  Austria and southern Germany. At present there is little recent data on population trends, and some of the distribution data requires review, however it is believed to be present in lakes and pools in  lowland alpine zones. As a consequence of this species occurring in a relatively large area and part of their habitat coming under environmental habitat protection laws it is considered to be of Least Concern (LC) at the European level and the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Stable,"This species was renamed by Boeters and Falkner (1998), and Bank et al. (2006) noted that it can be found in Switzerland, northern Italy, Austria and southern Germany. In Germany the species is declining (Falkner et al. 2003). In Italy it is recorded from the northern parts of the country, however there is a note that the few data relating to reports of literature and specimens in the presence of historical collections, require thorough checks as these may also include Valvata macrostoma and Valvata studeri. At present there is little recent data on distribution, however it is  believed to be present in lakes, pools in lowland alpine zonesKantor et al. (2009) list the species from Ukraine and western Siberia, but note that the specimens require review, as Boeters and Falkner (1988) considered that Valvata studeri was restricted to the alpine regions of Europe.","There is no population trend data available as the species was recently described, but the species is considered stable, except in the northern edges of the range where it is thought to be declining.",The species occurs in low alpine areas and moorlands where it inhabits small shallow standing water and is recorded from alpine lakes.,"This species may be affected by habitat degradation in the future, especially towards the northern edge of the range, as the species occurs in areas that may be drained, or affected by seasonal drying.","The moorland habitat is protected under the Habitat Directive and several sub-populations lie within protected areas. There is no known conservation actions for this species. More data is needed on populations, distribution and threats to enable a better conservation assessment for this species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Vinodolia,fiumana,,Vinodolia fiumana,,"This species is is the type species for the genus Vinodolia, and was originally placed in the genus Orientalina (now Radomaniola).",Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is known from three sites, all freshwater springs in Croatia. However, resurveys at the type locality since 1999 have failed to relocate the spring so the species is considered as potentially extinct at one site. The status of the populations at the other springs is unknown and as such the species qualifies as Endangered (EN B2ab(ii,iii)), pending further investigation of these springs.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Croatia, where it was described from the freshwater spring Glogi, Podugrinac at Bribir (Szarowska and Falniowski 2004). Radoman (1983) also listed the species from two closely adjacent springs: Drist spring near Bribir and a spring in the Javor village close to Rijeka. The area of occupancy is 12 km2.","There is no data on recent population trends, although it is believed to be lost at one site (Szarowska and Falniowski 2004).",The species is found at freshwater springs.,"Szarowska and Falniowski (2004) report that in their surveys in 1999, 2001, 2002 and 2004 there was no water in the#freshwater spring Glogi#and so the species is no longer present at this site. The drying up of the spring is thought to have been caused by over-abstraction of water combined with an increased frequency of drought.","There are no known conservation actions for this species and although the underground fauna is protected, it is uncertain whether this species is subterranean.# Further work is need to establish the presence at known sites and whether it is present elsewhere in the catchment.",This species is not utilized.,,"Lajtner, J. Falniowski, A.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Vinodolia,fluviatilis,,Vinodolia fluviatilis,,"Considered by Radoman (1983)#to be in a separate genus, Dalmatinella, with##D. fluviatilis being the type species of the genus. Placed by Bank et al. (2006), as a subgenus#Dalmatinella#in the genus Vindolia. #",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"The current data on this species suggests that it should be considered as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)). There have been suggestions that it should be listed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) based on the loss of the habitat at the type locality (M.Szarowska and A.Falniowski pers. comm. 2009, Regnier et al. 2009). However, there is no current data on the status of the second river location, and the habitats still remain on the first river, hence at present it is listed as Endangered pending further survey work during the winter seasons.",Unknown,"This species is known from Croatia, where it was first described from the freshwater parts of the Zrmanja River#and later recorded from the the lower parts of the Neretva river between Kula and Opazen (Radoman 1983). Recent surveys on the Zrmanja River have failed to find the species (Falniowksi pers. comm. 2009) although there are reports that the habitats are still present. There is no data on the status at the second site on the Neretva river.",There are no recent records of the species at the type locality in spite of searches.,"This species is found in freshwater rivers, close to estuaries (Radoman 1983).",There has been a change in river flow management due to damming which has affected the habitat quality.,"There are no known conservation actions for the species.# More data is required on population trends, distribution and habitat trends, especially to conduct survey work at other times of the year, than the times when water levels are low to establish whether this species is extinct at the type locality and whether it is still extant at the other site.",There is no use or trade information for this species.,,"Falniowski, A.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Vinodolia,gluhodolica,,Vinodolia gluhodolica,,"This species is placed in the subgenus Anagastina Radoman, 1978, but some authors have treated this as a genus, hence the species is also known as#Anagastina gluhodolica.",Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Vinodolia gluhodolica#is endemic to#Montenegro where it is#known from two localities, although it was recorded only once from one site. Vladimir Pesic (pers. comm., 2009) observed that the species was not found in numerous other springs around the type locality. One#site is used for domestic water extraction, whereas the second site is not exploited, although the habitat quality was poor. It has been listed as Extinct by Regnier et al. (2009), however this is based on some sampling at the type locality by Falniowksi and in last 10 years during the drought periods in the summer, rather than sampling in the winter period, and also the presence at a second site closely adjacent was not known to the authors. Based on small range and threats to one site, the species is considered Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii).",Decreasing,"Vinodolia gluhodolica is endemic to Montenegro.# It was originally known only from the type locality# near Virpazar town, area of  Lake Skadar (a spring at Velje Oko below the Gluhi Do village).# Zoltan Feher (pers. comm. 2009) has recorded the species (Material determined by Marco Bodon) from another site in 2000 in Montenegro, 3 km from the original locality, suggesting that the species may be at other sites locally. Vladimir Pešić (pers. comm. 2009) observed that the species was not found in numerous other springs around the type locality.","In April 2000, it was abundant (1000's) at the second site, however in 2008, at a different time of the year (late summer) no specimens were found (Material determined by Marco Bodon).#","The species is found in freshwater springs close to Lake Skadar. However, this species may be a subterranean groundwater species, and as such this may explain the limited recording, especially during the summer months when the freshwater springs dry up.#","Vladimir Pesic (pers. comm. 2009) observed that the original spring has been captured for local drinking water and other springs are susceptible to summer droughts, when outflow from the groundwater sources cease.","No conservation actions specifically for this species, but conservation management plans for the Lake and habitat monitoring programme would be recommended to assist with assessment of future changes for this species.",There is no trade use for this species,,"Pešić, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Vinodolia,hadouphylax,,Vinodolia hadouphylax,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"This species is restricted to a single cave in Bosnia-Herzegovina, where the main threats come from changes to the hydrogeology, degrading the habitat through changing the water levels in the cave system. As the species is believed to be restricted to this site, the species qualifies as Critically Endangered (CR) B2ab(iii).",Unknown,"This species is recorded from Bosnia-Herzegovina (Bank et al. 2006; #Fauna Europea project) where it is restricted to a single site, a cave at Čepelica near Bileća (Sket pers. comm. 2010).",No recent data on population trends.,This species is believed to be found in freshwater systems in caves.,"Changes to the hydrogeology recharging the aquifer, changing the quality of habitat at the only known site (Sket, pers. comm., 2010)","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although habitat monitoring (water quality, sediment load and nitrates) would be recommended, to get an indication of potential changes that would impact this species, as it is difficult to collect given the cryptic habitat and the low population density. A full survey of all hydrobid species in Bosnia and Hercegovina would be timely in view of the range restricted nature of these species.",,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Vinodolia,lacustris,,Vinodolia lacustris,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Vinodolia lacustrisis is known from a single location, with a very restricted range of less than 60 km2.# Abrupt water level drop (of several metres), due to excessive water abstraction for agriculture coupled with extremely dry summers, is thought to have contributed to the disappearing of most of the potential population range, as recent surveys were not able to find it (Albrecht et al, pers. com., 2009). The habitat quality is declining due to pollution.# It is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(ii,iii).",Decreasing,"Vinodolia lacustris is restricted to the south-western shore of the large freshwater Lake#Prespa, where it is found between Albania and FYROM (as known as Macedonia).#","This species is very rare. Recent faunal surveys between 2003 and 2009 did not found it (Albrecht et al., pers. comm., 2009).",This species lives on#littoral zone of the lake where it is recorded on#the rocky/stony steep parts of the shoreline.,"Habitat loss, due to abrupt water level drop (of several meters), related to excessive water abstraction for agriculture coupled with extremely dry summers, is threatening this littoral species. Pollution related to intensive agriculture practice and settlements in the neighbouring area, is responsible for the eutrophication of the lake. In relation with this, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability for this small gastropod. Herbicides might also impact diatomae communities, which are the major food source for this snail. Introduction of alien fish species for fishing purposes has contributed to profound modification of the natural ecosystem of the lake.","There is no conservation action in place. An action plan on the sustainable management of water use in the region is urgently needed and existing water legislation should be enforced. Fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides use for agriculture purposes need to be drastically reduced. Regional cooperation between Albania, FYROM and Greece would be an asset for coordinated conservation action for the Prespa Lake.  #",,,"Hauffe, T., Albrecht, C. Schreiber, K.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Vinodolia,matjasici,,Vinodolia matjasici,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Vinodolia matjasici#is is endemic to Montenegro, where it is only known from one locality, a spring which has already been captured for domestic supplies. Other threats lie in pollution, as result of#infiltration of waste water from the local industry in the upper part of the River Zeta and influence of hydro-power on the changing water levels as part of a flow management regime in middle and downstream part of the river.# It is therefore considered to be Critically Endangered#(CR) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)..",Unknown,"Vinodolia matjasici#is#endemic to#Montenegro, where it is known only from the type locality, a small spring near the Lipovik village, 31 km west of Podgorica and 49 km north west of Lake Skadar (also known as Scutari and Shkodër). #This#spring which has already been captured for domestic supplies.",The population status is not known.,This species is an exclusively subterranean form that lives in this freshwater spring and may extend to the groundwater system feeding the spring.,"Vladimir Pesic (pers. comm. 2009) observed that the freshwater spring has been captured for local drinking water and the spring is also susceptible to summer droughts, when outflow from the groundwater sources cease.",There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. Monitoring of the spring is recommended to determine future trends in the habitat and population status of this species.,There is no trade use for this species,,"Pešić, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Vinodolia,scutarica,,Vinodolia scutarica,,,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Vinodolia scutarica has a small extent of occurrence (400 km2)and is known from only two locations, one with an existing threat, and the second with possible threats from drinking water exploitation.# The species has been assessed on the basis of the current data but further research may lead to a revised assessment. However, this species is currently listed as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii).",Unknown,Vinodolia scutarica is endemic to Lake Skadar (Scutari) which has banks in Montenegro and Albania. #It is found#along the lake bank near Luka Krnička in Montenegro and in freshwater springs adjacent to the lake in Albania (Feher and Eross 2009).,"This species is very abundant at site in Albania (10,000's).","This species is restricted to region of Lake Skadar, where it was found   along the lake bank near the place Luka Krnička, in Montenegro (Radoman 1973) and in a spring in Albania (Feher and Eross 2009). The records from Radoman (1973) may be uncertain, as recent records are from springs.","One of the sites, the Skandar Lake is undergoing rapid eutropication, whereas the springs in Albania could potentially be captured for drinking water supply.","There are no conservation actions specifically for this species, but conservation management plans for the Lake which is protected at national level in Montenegro, but not in Albania. Habitat monitoring and population data would inform future conservation assessments on this species.",There is no trade use for this species,,"Pešić, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Vinodolia,vidrovani,,Vinodolia vidrovani,,"This species was considered by Kabat (1993) following Radoman (1983), to be placed in the genus Anagastina Radoman (1978) which was a replacement name for Anagasta Radoman, 1973, non Heinrich, 1956. (Bank et al. 2006); #Fauna Europea) considered this to be a subgeneric standing rather than generic standing.",Yes,LC,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Vinodolia vidrovani is endemic to Montenegro. It is present at many sites close to Nikšić Town and others in the basin  of Lake Skadar [Scutari], Montenegro. It is viewed as being in need to taxonomic review and recent surveys, however the species is considered to be Least Concern, due to the number of locations.",Unknown,"Vinodolia vidrovani was listed by Fauna Europea for the former country of Yugoslavia. Kabat (1993) noted that this was a recent species found in freshwater springs at Vidrovan, 9km of north of Nikšić Town.# Radoman (1983) lists many springs in the area of Nikšićko polje, Uzduh and another spring in Glibavac village, two springs in Rastoci village and others in the basin of Lake Skadar [Scutari], Montenegro.",There is no population data for this species.,This species is found in freshwater springs.,There are no major threats to this species.,No conservation actions known for this species. More research on taxonomy is needed.,,,"Pešić, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Vinodolia,zetaevallis,,Vinodolia zetaevallis,,,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU27,,"Although this species is listed  from Montenegro and Albania, there is no data on current range or population, and as such this species must be regarded as Data Deficient (DD). Further survey data would enable a conservation assessment to be made.This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).Mediterranean regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This species is listed for Montenegro, but there is no information on distribution. Dhora (2009) records the species for Albania, but again there are no details on range. It is presumed to have a range close to Lake Skadar.","There is no data on population trends for this species, and there is no data on current range or population",There is no information on habitat for this species.,Any threats to this species are unknown.,"No conservation actions exist for this species, however, it does require more research on population trends, status, habitat preference and distribution.",This species is not known to be utilized.,,"Pešić, V.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,ARCHITAENIOGLOSSA,VIVIPARIDAE,Viviparus,acerosus,,Viviparus acerosus,,"Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006) considered Viviparus acerosus maritzanus (F. Haas, 1913) recorded from Bulgaria to be a subspecies.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This European species is facing continuing decline in population size and is listed as threatened is several National Red Lists, however it is still widespread and expanding in parts of the range hence it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level:European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European Union.",Increasing,"This species occurs in central and southern Europe with indigenous  populations occurring throughout the River Danube, Dneiper and Dvina  River systems (Kantor et al. 2009).# It has also proved to be a successful invasive species as a consequence of commercial use (Soes et al. 2009), establishing populations in the Bodensee lake in south Germany (Soes et al. 2009), Romania (Gloër and Sîrbu 2005) and the Netherlands (Soes et al. 2009). Fauna Europaea (Bank et al.   2006) list the species for Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria,   Croatia, Germany, Hungary, Czech Republic, Romania, Slovakia (River   Danube, Morava, Tisa), Ukraine, Serbia and Greece.# In Russia it is  distributed through entire Dnieper River Basin and basin of the Western  Dvina River in Belarus and Russia (Kantor et al. 2009).","There is no population trend information available for this species, although the range seems to be expanding.",This species occurs in slow flowing rivers and muddy channels.,"The main potential threats to this species are water pollution, regulation of water ecosystems (dams, water reservoirs etc.). Populations occurring in muddy channels are threatened by changes in the water flow.","There are no conservation actions targeting the species in place, and none are considered necessary at European level.The species is included in several National Red Lists:    Germany: category 2 (stark gefährdet), Austria: category1.2 (stark gefährdet), Czech Republic: category 3 (gefährdet)# (Gloer 2002) and Slovakia: category VU (Vavrova pers. comm., 2009).","This species is sometimes used in Aquariums, but there is no data on levels of exploitation.",,"Vavrova, L.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,ARCHITAENIOGLOSSA,VIVIPARIDAE,Viviparus,ater,,Viviparus ater,,"This species has three recognised subspecies:Viviparus ater ater (De Cristofori  Jan, 1832)   Viviparus ater gallensteini (Kobelt, 1892   Viviparus ater hellenicus (Clessin, 1879)       Bank et al. (2006) recognised two subpecies in addition to the nominate race, gallensteini (Kobelt 1892) from Croatia and Slovenia, and hellenicus (Clessin 1879)# from Greece.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"The European endemic is still widespread within its known range, although the species is moderately pollution sensitive.# There is evidence of decline in some parts of its range.# These areas require conservation plans to reduce the impact of pollution, in order for the status of the species to improve.# At present the rate of decline over Europe does not meet the thresholds for a threatened species, although it may locally be threatened with extirpation.This species has been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional  assessment:# Least Concern (This species is categorised as Least Concern  in the 27 member states of the European Union)Mediterranean regional assessment :# Least Concern",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, and its distribution is mainly southern and eastern Europe including Croatia, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Slovenia and Switzerland (Fauna Europaea, 2006). In Italy the species is widespread throughout the northern catchments, becoming infrequent in the central part of the country.      The subspecies Viviparus ater ater (De Cristofori  Jan, 1832) occurs in Germany, Italy and Switzerland.The subspecies Viviparus ater gallensteini (Kobelt, 1892), occurs in Croatia and Slovenia.  The subspecies Viviparus ater hellenicus (Clessin, 1879) occurs in Greece (Fauna Europaea Web Service 2010).",This species has been described as common in Lake Zurich (Staub ad Ribi 1995).,"This species inhabits lakes (Ribi 1986) showing a preference for lentic waters with a weak current and lots of aquatic vegetation.  The females of this species are ovoviviparous and give birth to offspring with a shell width of between 6 to 11 mm (Ribi and Arter 1986). This species reaches sexual maturity in its second year (Ribi 1986), and both sexes can live for ten years or more, growing to approximately 45 mm in shell height (Ribi et al. 1986 in Staub and Ribi 1995). In Lake Zurich this species remains buried in the sediment for approximately five months during winter (Ribi 1986).  This species and V. contectus are sympatric in several places in southern Europe and hybridize naturally where they co-occur, even though they differ in several morphological, karyotypical and life history traits (Ribi and Porter 1995).","It is unlikely that this species is being threatened on a global level. On a local scale it is probably affected to some degree by pollution, and also habitat degradation from recreational activities. The principal threats to the species are pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources.# Other threats lie in alteration of water courses, changes to flow regimes, and over-frequent dredging.",There are no global level conservation measures in place for this species. The species is listed as Endangered on the Swiss Red List. The conservation status in Italy is Least Concern (Manganelli et al. 2001.,,,"Vavrova, L.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,ARCHITAENIOGLOSSA,VIVIPARIDAE,Viviparus,contectus,,Viviparus contectus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"The species is still widespread within its known range, and the species is moderately pollution sensitive and there is evidence of decline in some parts of it’s range.# The species is in decline and requires efforts to reduce the impact of pollution, in order for the status of the species to improve.# At present the rate of decline doesn’t meet the thresholds for Threatened species, although it may locally be threatened with extinction.This species has been assessed at the regional level:EU27 regional assessment:# Least Concern (This species is categorised as Least Concern in the 27 member states of the European Union)European regional assessment:# Least ConcernMediterranean regional assessment :# Least Concern",Decreasing,"Viviparus contectus is a Palearctic species, occurring over most of the European states in the west, north and east, but much rarer in southern Europe. It is widespread in northern and central Europe recorded from UK in west of region, to northern countries of Sweden, Latvia, Estonia and Denmark, through to Germany, Switzerland, south to Italy, Slovenia and east to Greece and Bulgaria.This species is Palearctic in distribution extending to western Siberia.","This species can live up to 10 years, and occasionally more.","This species lives in generally lentic habitats, in large slow-flowing rivers, large drainage ditches, fenland dykes, ditches on grazing marshes, and occasionally in large ponds and lakes.","The main potential threats to the species are pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources – especially intensification of agriculture, alteration of water courses, changes to flow regimes, and over-frequent dredging – particularly of drainage ditches on grazing marsh complexes.",There are no conservation measurements in place. However several subpopulations are in protected areas.,,,"Vavrova, L.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,ARCHITAENIOGLOSSA,VIVIPARIDAE,Viviparus,mamillatus,,Viviparus mamillatus,,,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"This species is known from Albania, Montenegro, Croatia and mainland Greece. There is a lack of information regarding its population, habitat and possible threats. therefore it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) pending further research. #This species also been assessed at the regional level:Europe:#Date Deficient (DD)#EU 27: #Date Deficient (DD)Mediterranean: Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"Known from SE Europe, where there are records from Albania, Montenegro, Croatia (Bank et al, 2006; #Fauna Europea) and Greece [Lake Pamvotis, Ioannina, #Epeiros (Frogley  Preece 2007)]. Schutt (1965) reported it from#5 km north east of Karlovac in Croatia (subspecies#carlovacensis Kobelt, 1909)#and from Lake Skopje in Montenegro, but more data is required on this species. #There are also records from the Lower Danube (Ciobou, 2010, pers. comm.), however these are not reported in Fauna Europea.","There is no population data available for this species for Albania, Montenegro and Croatia. In Greece#most of the specimens collected from Lake Pamvotis were dead shells (Frogley Preece 2007) .",The habitat and ecology of this species are unknown.#In Lake Pamvotis specimens of V. mamillatus were observed on the thick algal mat covering the limestone blocks used to line a quiet and relatively deep water channel serving a pumping station (Frogley  Preece 2007),"The threats to this species are unknown for part of the range, however in Greece#water pollution probably threatens this species in Lake Pamvotis (Radea, pers. comm., June, 2010)#","There are no known conservation actions for this species, however in Greece it lives in#Lake Pamvotis which is a proctected site (GR2130005-Limni Ioanninon) of Natura 2000 network. Further research is needed relating to the population, habitat and possible threats of this species.",This species is not utilized.,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,ARCHITAENIOGLOSSA,VIVIPARIDAE,Viviparus,viviparus,,Viviparus viviparus,,"Gloer (2002) listed Viviparus penthicus (Servain 1884), as a distinct subspecies of Viviparus viviparus.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"This species is still widespread within its known range, although it is moderately pollution sensitive and there is evidence of decline in some parts of its range. The species is in decline in parts of Europe and hence requires efforts to reduce the impact of pollution, in order for the status of the species to improve. However, at present the rate of decline doesn’t meet the thresholds for listing as a Threatened species, although it may locally be threatened with extinction, so it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).This species has also been assessed at the regional level as:EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) at the level of the 27 member states of the European UnionEuropean regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).",Decreasing,"This large gastropod species is found throughout Europe to 62°N (Kerney 1999). It has a Palaearctic range, occurring principally in the lowlands of northern, central and eastern Europe plus southern Scandinavia. It is generally rare in southern Europe. In northern and central Europe it has been recorded from the UK and  Ireland in the west; Norway, Sweden, Latvia, Estonia and Denmark in  North; Portugal in the south; and Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Slovenia  to Greece and Bulgaria in the east.  Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) list the range as Norway, Sweden, Denmark (mainland), Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kalingrad region (Russia), Poland, Republic of Ireland (Eire), Great Britain (UK), Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France (mainland), Germany, Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Romania, Portugal (mainland), Albania, Macedonia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia  Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Ukraine. According to Fauna Europea (Bank et al. 2006) it was originally reported from the former country of Yugoslavia but the full country list uncertain. Viviparus viviparus penthicus (Servain 1884) is listed as a subspecies by Gloer (2002) that is restricted to the River Elbe, around Hamburg.KAntor et al (2009) report the species from extreme north and south, western Transcaucasia.",This species can live to10 years (occasionally more). Currently this species is declining in parts of its range.,"This species is found in a relatively large range of freshwater habitats, particularly large slow-flowing water bodies and avoids places with seasonal dessication (Kerney 1999). It lives in a relatively narrow range of deep, clean, calcareous habitats. In some parts of Europe, it is virtually restricted to canals and large, slow-flowing rivers. It is a bottom-dwelling, suspension feeder that is usually found on a muddy substrate.","The species has been in decline in western Europe due to changes in river channel management practices as well as pollution from domestic and industrial sources as well as increased levels of phosphates and nitrates due to fertilizer usage (Kerney 1999). The principal threats to the species# in the future remain pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources, alteration of water courses, changes to flow regimes, and over-frequent dredging. Mouthon (1996) showed that V. viviparus was moderately sensitive to biodegradable pollution","Within its range this species can be found in some protected areas. In most countries in western Europe this species is considered to be Least Concern, however it is declining throughout the range. In Germany it is placed as category 2 (Endangered), and in Poland category 3 (Rare). In Great Britain it was listed as Least Concern, although the species is currently declining , it is still widespread (Seddon and# Killeen pers. comm. 2010). In the Netherlands it is considered as Least Concern (Bruyne et al. 2003). In the republic of Ireland it is considered ‘Not Applicable’ (Byrne et al. 2009). In Slovakia it is listed as Vulnerable (Beran et al. 2005). In Switzerland it is considered to be category 2 (Turner et al. 1994). Research actions include, further research to establish population and habitat trends and to monitor future changes in habitats, as a proxy for changing populations.",There is no known trade in this species,,"Seddon, M.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Xestopyrgula,dybowskii,,Xestopyrgula dybowskii,,,Yes,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU27,,"Xestopyrgula dybowskii# is considered as Vulnerable D2, as the rate of decline in the quality of lake water is not likely to be impacting this species significantly at the moment, although an increase in the levels of pollution could change this. The decline in the habitat quality is only affecting the littoral range of this species and is not thought to impact the sub-littoral part of the range. However, this species could very quickly become Endangered if the water quality or the water temperature changes significantly.#",Unknown,This species is endemic to Lake Ohrid between the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Albania.,This is a rare species (C. Albrecht et al. pers. comm. 2009),"This is freshwater species lives in the littoral zone, living on various substrates, like Dreissena shells, gravels and sand.","Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. Increasing sediment load (due to construction of new settlements, deforestation and erosion of the neighbouring area) also impacts this small gastropod. The decline in the habitat quality is only affecting the littoral range of this species and is not thought to impact the sub-littoral part of the range.","There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. However, Lake  Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, the Albanian side is protected under national jurisdiction since 1999 and a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between the two countries for the management for the lake. Monitoring habitat quality would allow the trends in rate of changing habitat quality to be assessed, and hence any change that would impact conservation status could be tracked.   ###########",,,"Albrecht, C., Schreiber, K. Hauffe, T.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Zaumia,kusceri,,Zaumia kusceri,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Zaumia kusceri is restricted to the feeder springs close to Lake Ohrid, which are estimated to have a total area of less than 100 km2. The quality of habitat in these springs is declining due to pollution. Recent surveys over the last six years have not found it in the spring, but this is a subterranean species which is difficult to observe. It is assessed as Critically Endangered B1ab(iii).  #  #",Unknown,"This species is restricted to the feeder springs of St. Naum, near Lake Ohrid, in the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), which are estimated to have an estimated subterranean area of less than 100 km2.","This is a rare species. Recent surveys in the last six years have not found it in the spring, but as this is a subterranean species it is difficult to observe and record in surveys.","This is a subterranean species, hence the living specimens are only found when they are flushed from the underground waters into the springs (Radoman 1983)","Agriculture adjacent to the Prespa Lake is contaminating the water which feeds the aquifer of the Lake Ohrid, resulting in increased nutrient load (Matzinger et al. 2006), which potentially impacts the species.","The species is present in the Galicica National Park. More research is needed on the population trends, and the agricultural pollution coming from the neighbouring area of Prespa Lake needs to be regulated and reduced.",,,"Albrecht, C., Schreiber, K. Hauffe, T.",,,
Freshwater_Molluscs,2011_September,ANIMALIA,MOLLUSCA,GASTROPODA,LITTORINIMORPHA,HYDROBIIDAE,Zaumia,sanctizaumi,,Zaumia sanctizaumi,,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU27,,"Zaumia sanctizaumi#was#present in a very restricted area in the south-east of#Lake#Ohrid. The quality of habitat is declining due to pollution. Recent surveys carried out since 2003 have not found this species, despite the fact that it was recorded from the littoral zone, which is relatively easy to sample. It is therefore considered as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct).",Unknown,"Zaumia sanctizaumi is present in a very restricted area in the south-east of Lake Ohrid, in the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).","This is a very rare species. Recent surveys carried out since 2003 have not found it (Albrecht et al. pers. comm., 2009) .","This species occurs in the littoral zone on the south-east shore of Lake Ohrid, a large freshwater lake near the church of St. Zaum.","Pollution from sewage from major cities adjacent to the lake is contaminating the water of the lake. Increasing sediment load (due to construction of new settlements, deforestation and erosion of the neighbouring area) also impacts this small gastropod. Agriculture near the Prespa lake are contaminating the Prespa Lake waters, which are feeding the aquifer of the Lake Ohrid, resulting in increased nutrient load (Matzinger et al. 2006). In relation to this eutrophication, the biofilm (algae) present on the hard substrate is changing, diminishing habitat and food availability. Increased fire hazard in the region is threatening the future of this species through erosion and changes in sediment composition (siltation).",There are no conservation actions in place for this species. However more research is needed in order to try to rediscover this species and establish trends for habitat decline.,,,"Albrecht, C., Schreiber, K. Hauffe, T.",,,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Acanthacris,ruficornis,,Acanthacris ruficornis,"(Fabricius, 1787)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Brown-headed Bird Grasshopper (Acanthacris ruficornis) is widespread throughout Africa and parts of the Arabian Peninsula. In Europe, it is only found in southern Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it has a small geographic range in Europe (with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of ca 14,850 km²), it is widespread within its range and the population trend is likely to be increasing. In addition, this species is a generalist also found in anthropogenic habitats.",Increasing,"The Brown-headed Bird Grasshopper is widespread throughout Africa and parts of the Arabian Peninsula. In Europe it is only found in southern Spain (provinces Cádiz and Almeria; Presa and Monserrat 1978, Presa et al. 2007). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 14,850 km².","This species is not abundant as it is usually solitary, but it is widespread within its range. The population seems to be increasing in Spain and is likely to expand in the future.","The species is a generalist, occurring in open vegetation such as open fields with grass vegetation and scattered trees, scrubland, beaches with  ruderal vegetation cover, gardens with trees and shrubs in touristic  areas (hotels, urban gardens in coastal villages) and forest margins (F. Prunier pers. comm. 2016). It is a very good flyer.",This species may locally be affected by pesticides.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend and ecology is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Barranco Vega, P., García, M., Correas, J., Prunier, F., Odé, B., Ferreira, S. & Lemos, P.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Acanthogryllus,acus,,Acanthogryllus acus,"Gorochov, 1988",,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

In Europe, The Canarian Cricket (Acanthogryllus acus) is only known from the islands of Tenerife, Gran Canaria and La Gomera (Canary Islands, Spain). It is mainly present in the coastal zone, which is strongly affected by human land use, and it is thus affected by touristic development, urbanisation, industrialisation and the construction of greenhouses. Based on these threats, a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and mature individuals is inferred. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 10,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 120 - 500 km². Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B.",Decreasing,"The Canarian Cricket is known from North Africa, where it occurs from the northwest to Ethiopia. In Europe, the species is only known from the Canary Islands (Spain), where it occurs on Tenerife, Gran Canaria and La Gomera (Gorochov and Llorente 2001). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 10,000 km², its area of occupancy (AOO) based upon the known records is 120 km², with a maximum estimate of 500 km².","There is no information on the population size and trend of the species. However, as it occurs mainly in coastal zones of the Canary Islands, which are heavily affected by touristic and industrial development, a continuing decline on the population size is inferred. The species is not believed to be severely fragmented.","The species is found in open vegetation, such as grasslands, abandoned fields or open shrubland.","In Europe, the species is mainly threatened by urbanisation, the construction of greenhouses and touristic development on the coastal zone of the Canary Islands.","There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. More research on its population trends, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Acheta,domesticus,,Acheta domesticus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The House-cricket (Acheta domesticus) is a very widespread species with a near cosmopolitan distribution. In Europe it is found in nearly all countries, except for Fennoscandia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is one of the most widespread cricket species. It occurs in anthropogenic habitats, such as houses, industrial areas, dumping grounds and kitchens. The natural range of the species is not completely clear, as it is assumed to have often been transported by humans to new localities. Even though it may be locally declining as a consequence of active control measures it is generally not threatened.",Decreasing,"The House-cricket is a very widespread cricket species with a near cosmopolitan distribution (Harz 1969). In Europe it is found in nearly all countries, except for Fennoscandia (Heller 2013). The natural distribution of this species is not quite clear as it has been probably spread by humans for thousands of years. It is likely that the occurrences north of the Alps were introduced by humans (Detzel 1998). However, this introduction probably took place centuries ago and the distribution is therefore considered as native here.","The population trend of this species is decreasing due to pest control measures and modern ways of building houses with less interstices. However, the species is still widespread and common.","This species is mainly found in and near buildings, but it also occurs on dumping grounds and near farms (Massa et al. 2012).","The major threats to this species are pest control, the general tendency to build houses with fewer interstices and new practices to cover dumping grounds.",There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. As it is usually found close to human settlements it is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas. The species is listed as Vulnerable on the Dutch Red List (Bakker et al. 2015) and as Near Threatened on the Austrian Red List (Berg et al. 2005). On most other national Red Lists the species is not considered native and therefore not assessed. Research on the global population trend should be conducted.,Acheta domesticus is often kept and bred for pet food. The vast majority of the traded specimens stem from captivity.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Acheta,gossypii,,Acheta gossypii,"(Costa, 1855)",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

In Europe, the Puglia House-cricket (Acheta gossypii) is only known from its type locality (Puglia). It has never been found again since it has been described, and records from Spain are probably erroneous. It may be an introduced species, but further research is needed to clarify if the species still occurs in Italy or not. Due to the lack of data concerning its habitat, distribution, population and threats, it is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"The Puglia House-cricket (Acheta gossypii) has been described from Puglia (Italy) (Massa et al. 2012). Its presence on the Iberian Peninsula has not been confirmed (Gorochov and Llorente 2001) and its complete distribution remains unknown. Knowledge of its song could help to obtain a better knowledge of its distribution. It might also be a non-native species from Africa that has been introduced to Italy (B. Massa, F. Buzzetti and P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015). Its area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are both 4 km².","The species has never been found again in Italy since it has been described, and therefore there is no information on the population size and trend of the species. Records from Spain are probably erroneous (Gorochov and Llorrente 2001).",The habitat of this species is unknown.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"No conservation action is in place for this species, and it is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research is needed to clarify if this species still occurs in Puglia or whether it may have been introduced.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Buzzetti, F.M., Fontana, P. & Kleukers, R.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Acheta,hispanicus,,Acheta hispanicus,"Rambur, 1838",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Spanish House-cricket (Acheta hispanicus) is widely distributed in the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula as well as on Madeira and the Canary Islands. In Italy, it is also known from two localities. This species is assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution and presumably large population size. However, research is needed into its population trend, threats and ecology.",Unknown,"The Spanish House-cricket occurs in North Africa (from Morocco to Libya), on the Iberian Peninsula, the Canary Islands and Madeira (Portugal) as well as on the Italian mainland (Calabria) and Sicily (Gorochov and Llorente 2001, Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 2.3 million km².",The population trend of this species is unknown. The population size is presumed to be large.,"The ecology of this species is unclear. It has been found under stones on farmland, pastures, in rocky habitats and dunes (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2015) as well as on river banks.","The major threat to this species is intensification of agricultural land use and the use of pesticides. Also, the confinement of rivers and destruction of river banks has affected the species (P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research upon its population trend, threats and ecology is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Barranco Vega, P., Prunier, F., Ferreira, S., Lemos, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Odé, B. & Correas, J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Acheta,meridionalis,,Acheta meridionalis,"(Uvarov, 1921)",,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Southern House-cricket (Acheta meridionalis) is widespread in northern Africa, but in Europe it is only known from the Canary Islands and Madeira. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 164 km² and 1,000 km². It is inferred that there is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals as a result of the ongoing threats, and as it is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B, it is assessed as Near  Threatened. Further research on its population trend, ecology and threats is necessary.",Decreasing,"The Southern House-cricket (Acheta meridionalis) occurs in northern Africa, as well as in Madeira and the Canary Islands (Bland et al. 1996). In Europe, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 130,000 km², whereas its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 164 km² (considering the known records) and 1,000 km² (as a maximum estimate).","The species is quite widespread on the Canary Islands. The species is flightless, but the population is not considered to be severely fragmented. A continuing decline in the population size is inferred from the ongoing threats to this species.",Acheta meridionalis is mainly found in open vegetation under rocks and in crevices (Gangwere 1973). It has also been found in moist habitats (Husemann and Hochkirch 2007).,"The major threat to this species is the transformation of its habitat for agricultural land use (e.g. greenhouses), but also the use of pesticides, touristic and industrial development and urbanization. On the basis of these threats, the number of locations is quite high.","There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Acinipe,calabra,,Acinipe calabra,"(Costa, 1836)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
In Europe, the Calabrian Stone Grasshopper (Acinipe calabra) is known from one locality in the southernmost Italian Peninsula and is widespread in Sicily. This species is assessed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution in Sicily and due to the fact that no major threats to it have been reported. However, the species is present in small, isolated subpopulations. More research into population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",Unknown,"The Calabrian Stone Grasshopper is known from one locality in the southernmost Italian Peninsula (Bova, Calabria) and is widespread in Sicily (Massa et al. 2012). This species is also found in Tunisia and Algeria. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 24,100 km².","There is no available data on the population size or trend. However, the species is present in small, isolated subpopulations.","This medium large grasshopper inhabits open dry grasslands, shrublands, and rocky areas from sea level up to 1,300 m asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no conservation measures in place to this species, but it occurs in several protected areas. More research into is population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Fontana, P., Hochkirch, A., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M. & Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Acinipe,comptei,,Acinipe comptei,"Llorente del Moral, 1980",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"Compte's Stone Grasshopper (Acinipe comptei) is endemic to Spain and is presently only known from six localities at the seaside in the province of Huelva, in Doñana National Park and surrounding areas (southwestern Spain). This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,300 km², its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 24 and 50 km², and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Research into the population trend is needed to have a better understating of its status. Better protection of this species and its habitat is recommended.",Unknown,"Compte's Stone Grasshopper is endemic to Spain and is presently only known from six localities at the seaside in the province of Huelva, in Doñana National Park and surrounding areas (southwestern Spain). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,300 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km² with an upper estimate of 50 km².","The population is severely fragmented, because the species is flightless and the subpopulations are very small and isolated. This species is rare and the population trend is unknown.","This species is only known to occur in low Mediterranean-type shrubland vegetation, consisting mostly of Cistus spp. and Halimium spp. (Llorente del Moral and Presa Asensio 1997).",No major to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas (such as Doñana National Park). Research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, threats and ecology of this little-known species. The protection of this species, its habitats, and the creation of management plans are recommended.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Acinipe,deceptoria,,Acinipe deceptoria,"(Bolívar, 1878)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Deceptive Stone Grasshopper (Acinipe deceptoria) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula where it is known from the central and eastern part of Spain, mainly from the provinces bordering the Mediterranean Sea. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range and no major threats to it have been reported. However, the population is severely fragmented and the species shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats of this species.",Unknown,"The Deceptive Stone Grasshopper is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it is known from the central and eastern part of Spain, mainly from the provinces bordering the Mediterranean Sea. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 185,000 km².","Subpopulations of this species are small but there is no information available on the population trend. The subpopulations are isolated and individuals are flightless, thus, the population is considered severely fragmented. It is worth noting that, in some areas such as in Cuenca, repeated fluctuations in population size have been detected, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals and the species is considered a pest of Rosmarinus sp. (Gómez Ladrón de Guevara et al. 2009).","This species is usually associated to Rosemary shrubby vegetation (Llorente del Moral and Presa Asensio 1997). It is found at altitudes from 300 m to 1,830 m Asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats of this species.",This species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Acinipe,eulaliae,,Acinipe eulaliae,"Olmo-Vidal, 2009",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"Eulalia's Stone Grasshopper (Acinipe eulaliae) is endemic to northeastern Spain. It has only recently been discovered and only a few specimens are known. It is precautionarily assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,250 km², known area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km²), and the population appears to be severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Only ten specimens have ever been collected, and its subpopulations are probably very small. The subpopulations are isolated and the adults are flightless. Research on the population size and trend, and threats to the species is needed.",Unknown,"Eulalia's Stone Grasshopper is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it is only known from four localities in the provinces of Barcelona and Tarragona in northeastern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,250 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km².","The population trend of this species is unknown. Only ten specimens have ever been collected, and its subpopulations are probably very small. The subpopulations are isolated and because the adult individuals are flightless, the population appears to be severely fragmented.","There is little available information for this species. Presumably, it is found in Thymus spp. and Rosmarinus spp. shrubland areas (Olmo-Vidal 2009). It has been found at altitudes between 430 m and 475 m Asl.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and so far it has not been recorded in any protected areas. Research is needed into the threats, distribution, population size and trend as well as the ecology of this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Acinipe,galvagnii,,Acinipe galvagnii,"Cusimano & Massa, 1977",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Galvagni's Stone Grasshopper (Acinipe galvagnii) is endemic to Italy, only found on Egadi Islands. This species is assessedas Near Threatened sinceit has a restricted distribution (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 230 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km²), and it is considered to occur at only 5 locations; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. The development of tourism infrastructure poses a threat to this species. Research is needed in to the population size and trend and the ecological requirements of this species.",Unknown,"Galvagni's Stone Grasshopper is endemic to the Egadi Islands (Marettimo, Favignana and Levanzo) in Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 230 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².",This species is uncommon but more or less regularly present on the three islands. The population trend is unknown.,The large grasshopper is often found in shrubland and rocky habitats. Adults occur in spring and summer at elevations between 10 m and 100 m asl.,"The island of Favignana is a tourist destination and coastal development may pose a threat to this species. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of coastal development and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only five locations.","There are no conservation measures in place for this species, although research is needed into population dynamics, life history and ecology. It occurs in one protected area in the island of Marettimo.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R., Nieto, A. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Acinipe,hesperica,,Acinipe hesperica,"Rambur, 1838",,No,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Western Stone Grasshopper (Acinipe hesperica) has five subspecies, but only the nominal form is found in Europe, in the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Endangered since its area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 500 km², its population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat, in the number of subpopulations and in the number of mature individuals. This species is threatened by habitat loss as a result of conversion of its habitat into urban and resort areas. Research is needed into the population trend of the species throughout its range. Protection of this species' habitat is needed in order to avoid any further population declines.",Decreasing,"The Western Stone Grasshopper has five subspecies, but only the nominal form is found in Europe, in the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 67,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 172 km², with an upper estimate of 500 km².","The population is considered to be severely fragmented since the subpopulations are very small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. This species is rare and the population trend is decreasing as a result of habitat loss due to land use change and urbanisation in coastal areas. Further inland the species is more common than along the coast.","This species inhabits open grasslands and different types of shrubs (Llorente del Moral and Presa Asensio 1997). It is found from the seaside up to 1,750 m Asl in the mountains, but it is mostly found at low altitudes.",This species is threatened by habitat loss as a result of conversion of its habitat into urban and resort areas.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into the population trend of the species throughout its range. Protection of this species' habitat is needed in order to avoid any further population declines.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Acinipe,ignatii,,Acinipe ignatii,"Llorente del Moral & Presa, 1983",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"Ignat's Stone Grasshopper (Acinipe ignatii) has been recorded only four times so far (once in each locality), with two of these records dating to the beginning of the 20th century, being therefore scarce or under-sampled. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of data regarding the population trend, ecology and threats to the species. Further research is needed in these areas in order to assess its extinction risk.",Unknown,"Ignat's Stone Grasshopper is endemic to central Portugal. It has been recorded only four times (once in each locality), with two of these records dating to the beginning of the 20th century (Llorente del Moral and Presa Asensio 1997), and two records from the 21st century (F. Barros pers. comm. 2016). The recent records are approximately 10 km apart, one of them being located in a protected area. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7,300 km².","There is no available information on the population trend. It is assumed to be rare and to have small subpopulations, similar to many other species of the family Pamphagidae. This species is flightless.","There is no habitat information for the records from the 20th century. Recently, the species was observed in pine forest on sand dunes (F. Barros pers. comm. 2016).","The threats to this species are unknown, but wildfires could  potentially affect it.","Available information on this species is very scarce. One recent record is located in a protected area. Research on the threats, population trend, distribution as well as its life history and ecology is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Ferreira, S., Barranco Vega, P., Clemente, M., Correas, J., García, M., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B., Presa, J.J. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M. & Barros, F.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Acinipe,mabillei,,Acinipe mabillei,"(Bolívar, 1878)",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"Mabille's Stone Grasshopper (Acinipe mabillei) is endemic the southern half of central Spain, from Valencia to Extremadura. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 500 km² and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is required.",Unknown,"Mabille's Stone Grasshopper occurs inthesouthern half of central Spain, from Valencia to Extremadura. Its range could potentially be larger in neighbouring areas with suitable habitat. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 83,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km², with an upper estimate of 500 km².","The population is considered severely fragmented as the subpopulations of this flightless species are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The species is rare, but its population trend is unknown.","Little is known about the habitat and ecology of this species. It has been collected in open areas with low shrubs of Rosmarinus spp., Cistus spp., and Lavandula spp. (Llorente del Moral and Presa Asensio 1997). It is found at altitudes below 1,200 m Asl.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Acinipe,paulinoi,,Acinipe paulinoi,"(Saussure, 1887)",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"Paulino's Stone Grasshopper (Acinipe paulinoi) is endemic to the south-west of the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of data on its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed into this species in order to assess its extinction risk.",Unknown,"The distribution of Paulino's Stone Grasshopper is restricted to the south-west of the Iberian Peninsula, where it seems to be rare (Llorente del Moral and Presa Asensio 1997). It was only known from four published records (one from Spain and three from Portugal), but new unpublished data from recent years suggests a wider distribution of the species (S. Ferreira pers. comm. 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 15,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².",There is no available information on the population size and trend of this species. It is flightless and it has probably small subpopulations like many other species of the family Pamphagidae.,There is no information regarding the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"Available information on this species is very scarce, and it is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. Research is needed on the population trend, distribution as well as the life history, ecology, and threats to the species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Ferreira, S., Barranco Vega, P., Clemente, M., Correas, J., García, M., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B., Presa, J.J. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Acinipe,perisi,,Acinipe perisi,"Llorente del Moral & Presa, 1983",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Doñana Stone Grasshopper (Acinipe perisi) is endemic to the Doñana National Park, in the Huelva province, southwestern Spain. It has been collected from only two localities at the seaside before 1980. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to assess its extinction risk.",Unknown,"The Doñana Stone Grasshopper is endemic to the Doñana National Park, in the Huelva province, southwestern Spain. It has been collected from only two localities at the seaside before 1980 (Gangwere et al. 1985) and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km². Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca 650 km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown. The subpopulations of this flightless species are probably very small and isolated, similarly to other Acinipe species.",There is little available information on this species. It has been found in open shrubland (Gangwere et al. 1985).,The threats to this species are unknown.,"Despite its scarcity, there are no conservation measures in place for this species, but its distribution overlaps with a protected area. Further research is needed into its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Acinipe,segurensis,,Acinipe segurensis,"(Bolívar, 1908)",,Yes,VU,B2ac(iv),Yes,VU,B2ac(iv),EU28,,"The Segura Stone Grasshopper (Acinipe segurensis) is endemic to central and southern Spain. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is is 152 km² with an upper estimate of 1,500 km²), the population is severely fragmented and it shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. Research should be undertaken on the population trend and threats to the species.",Unknown,"The Segura Stone Grasshopper is endemic to Spain, where it occurs in the central and southern parts of the country. It is more widely distributed in the Betic and Penibetic mountains (southern Spain). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 166,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 152 km² with an upper estimate of 1,500 km².","The population of this species is considered severely fragmented as its subpopulations are very small and isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The species has a very low mobility as it is flightless. This species shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold, as occasionally outbreaks have been detected. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. As a result of such outbreaks, the species is considered pest of Rosmarinus spp. (Gómez Ladrón de Guevara et al. 2009).","This species typically inhabits open Rosmarinus sp. shrublands (Llorente del Moral and Presa Asensio 1997). It is found at a wide attitudinal range (10-1,900 m Asl).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in a number of protected areas. Further research is needed into the population trend and threats to this species.",This species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Acinipe,tibialis,,Acinipe tibialis,"(Fieber, 1853)",,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Maghreb Stone Grasshopper (Acinipe tibialis) is found in Morocco, Algeria and the southern tip of Spain. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,137 km², known area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km²) and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",Unknown,"The Maghreb Stone Grasshopper is found in Morocco, Algeria and the southern tip of Spain (Presa and Llorente 1982). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,100 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km².","The population of this species is severely fragmented since subpopulations are very small and the species is restricted to specific habitats. Given that it is completely flightless, recolonisation of extinct sites is highly unlikely. All records are rather old but Pamphagidae species are very difficult to find. Extreme fluctuations in population size have been reported from other Pamphagidae species, but not for Acinipe tibialis so far. The population trend is unknown.",This species is found in Mediterranean shrubland from sea level up to 400 m asl (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2015).,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area (Natural Park ""Los Alcornocales""). Research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., García, M., Correas, J., Barranco Vega, P., Lemos, P., Prunier, F., Ferreira, S. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Acrida,bicolor,,Acrida bicolor,"(Thunberg, 1815)",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The African Cone-headed Grasshopper (Acrida bicolor) is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) due to the uncertainties concerning its occurrence in Europe. The species is mainly distributed in Africa south of the Sahara, but it has been reported from a number of localities in Europe. However, the European records of this species are likely to refer to Acrida ungarica or Acrida oxycephala, and the genus is in need of taxonomic revision.",Unknown,"The African Cone-headed Grasshopper is mainly distributed in Africa, south of the Sahara. In Europe, it has been recorded from Albania, Bulgaria, Moldova, the European part of Turkey, Ukraine, southern and eastern European Russia and the Canary Islands (Spain). However, the records from Europe are rather doubtful (e.g. Tumbrinck 2006) and might be caused by the former assignment of Acrida ungarica mediterranea to this species (e.g. Adamovic 1964). The genus is in need of revision (see Taxonomic Note).",There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.,"Acrida species are well adapted to grassland habitats. The records of this species in Europe are also from grassland habitats, but the genus is in need of revision and it might have been confused with Acrida ungarica or Acrida oxycephala.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"No specific conservation actions are in place for this species, and it is not included in any National Red Lists. It is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. There is a strong need for a taxonomic revision of the complete genus to explore its presence in Europe.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Chobanov, D.P., Vedenina, V., Pushkar, T., Ivkovic, S., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Iorgu, I.S. & Lemonnier-Darcemont, M.","Kranz, M. & Lemonnier-Darcemont, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Acrida,oxycephala,,Acrida oxycephala,"(Pallas, 1771)",,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Caspian Cone-headed Grasshopper (Acrida oxycephala) is a widespread species, which is found in grass-rich steppe habitats in southwestern Asia. In Europe it occurs in the southern part of European Russia. Even though no data on its population size and trend are available, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC) because of its wide distribution and the fact that most other Acrida species are not highly specialised. The genus Acrida is in need of taxonomic revision. Hence, this assessment requires some confirmation after future taxonomic studies. Further research on its population trends and potential threats is needed.",Unknown,"The Caspian Cone-headed Grasshopper is an eastern Palaearctic species, which occurs from the Caucasus via Central Asia to western China (Dirsh 1954, Harz 1974). It is present in southern European Russia, but its occurrence in the eastern European part of Russia is considered doubtful. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 75,000 km².",There is no information available on the population size or trend of this species in Europe. A notable decrease has been found in Tajikistan as a consequence of agricultural land use change (Pokivailov 2007).,Acrida oxycephala occurs in steppe habitats and semi-deserts (Savitsky and Ilyina 2015). It feeds on grasses (Savitsky 2010).,The major threat to Acrida oxycephala is the transformation of grassland habitats into farmlands.,"No specific conservation action is in place for this species. It is not included in any national Red Lists, and it is unknown whether it is found in protected areas across its range. The genus Acrida is in need of taxonomic revision, but the status of Acrida oxycephala seems to be less disputed than that of other Acrida species. Research on population trends and potential threats of Acrida oxycephala is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Vedenina, V., Korsunovskaya, O., Chobanov, D.P., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Iorgu, I.S., Kristin, A. & Ivkovic, S.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Acrida,turrita,,Acrida turrita,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The genusAcrida is in need of taxonomic revision. Therefore, the distribution of the Turret Cone-headed Grasshopper (Acrida turrita) in Europe remains poorly documented. However, the species has a large geographic range covering large parts of Africa, and in Europe it has been reported from some Mediterranean islands, while records from the southeastern part of continental Europe are doubtful. Due to its large range and presumably large population, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The Turret Cone-headed Grasshopper is widespread in Africa south of the Sahara and northern Africa (Dirsh 1954). In Europe, it has been reported from Crete, Rhodos, Sicily (Harz 1975), Sardinia, Pantelleria and Lampedusa (Massa et al. 2012). Records from the Ukraine, southern Russia and Cyprus are doubtful and possibly concern A. ungarica (Bey-Bienko and Mistshenko 1951). The species has often been misidentified in the past (Sardet 2006, Tumbrinck 2006, Presa et al. 2007, Chobanov and Mihajlova 2010). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 640,000 km².",There is no information available on the trend of the species. It is fairly common on Sicily (Massa 2011) and Crete (L. Willemse pers. comm. 2016).,"Similar to other Acrida species, Acrida turrita occurs in grassland habitats. It can be found in grass-rich Mediterranean habitats, such as dunes and wastelands (Massa et al. 2012). It is more common in coastal habitats (L. Willemse and R. Kleukers pers. comm. 2016).",The species might be locally affected by touristic development.,No specific conservation action is in place for this species. It occurs in protected areas. The genus Acrida is in need of taxonomic revision.,The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Buzzetti, F.M., Willemse, L.P.M., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Acrida,ungarica,,Acrida ungarica,"(Herbst, 1786)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Cone-headed Grasshopper (Acrida ungarica) is widespread in the southern and central part of Europe. It is Regionally Extinct in Austria and has recently been reintroduced in the Czech Republic, but its population size in Mediterranean countries is still large. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern. The genus Acrida is in need of taxonomic revision, but the taxonomic status of Acrida ungarica is not questioned.",Stable,"The Cone-headed Grasshopper occurs in the southern and central part of Europe, including the Iberian, Apennine and Balkan Peninsulas (Harz 1975) as well as in the Mediterranean islands to Cyprus and reaching European Russia in the east. Its northern range border is in Austria and Slovakia. A new record from the Czech Republic is assumed to have been introduced (Holusa et al. 2013, Vlk et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species in pan-Europe is ca 5.3 million km².","The population size of this species is very large as it is widely distributed and common in the southern part of its range (Kati et al. 2003). The species has become extinct in Austria and the Czech Republic, but it has recently been reintroduced in the latter (Vlk et al. 2014). The species is decreasing along the northern border of its range (Kristin et al. 2004), but overall the population trend is considered stable.","This is a grassland species, which occurs in dry and warm grass-rich habitats, dunes and wastelands (Massa et al. 2012). In the northern part of its range the species is only found in well preserved sandy dunes (Kristin et al. 2004).","This species may be locally affected by agricultural land use change, including the transformation of grassland to farmland, increasing grazing intensity and the use of pesticides. In the northern part of its range, it has declined due to eutrophication and abandonment, which led to a denser vegetation and detrimental microclimate (Bieringer 2009).","It is listed as Regionally Extinct on the Red Lists of Austria (Berg et al. 2005) and the Czech Republic (Holusa and Kocarek 2005) and as Vulnerable in Slovakia (Kristin 2001). The genus Acrida is in need of taxonomic revision, but the status of Acrida ungarica is not disputed. This species has recently been reintroduced near Bzenec in  the Czech Republic (albeit the Mediterranean subspecies). The success of this reintroduction still needs to be  studied (Vlk et al. 2014). The species occurs in several protected areas.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Rutschmann, F., Kristin, A., Szovenyi, G., Presa, J.J. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Acrometopa,cretensis,,Acrometopa cretensis,"Ramme, 1927",Acrometopa cretensis is a species with two subspecies: A. cretensis cretensis and A. cretensis daedali; see also the Orthoptera Species File (orthoptera.speciesfile.org/). This assessment is based on (distribution) data of the species.,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Cretan Long-legged Bush-cricket (Acrometopa cretensis) is endemic to Greece, where it is found in Crete, and in a number of the Cyclades Islands up to the Aegean Islands of Ikaria and Karpathos in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 71,000 km²), it is widespread across the Aegean sea (found on ten different Greek islands), and is found in a variety of habitats. Further research into the population size and trend is required.",Unknown,"The Cretan Long-legged Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is found in Crete, and in a number of the Cyclades Islands up to the Aegean Islands of Ikaria and Karpathos in the east (Willemse and Kruseman 1976, Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 71,000 km².",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend.,"This species is found in semi-dry to dry open habitats covered with  (patches) of higher herbal vegetation or places covered with low shrubs (like Cistus spp.). It is more common in lowlands and at mid-elevations, rarely reaching altitudes above 1,000 m Asl. This species is more agile than other species of the same genus taking quickly to the wing when approached.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Research on the population size and trend is needed to get more detailed baseline information on it.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Acrometopa,servillea,,Acrometopa servillea,"(Brullé, 1832)","According to the Orthoptera Species File (orthoptera.speciesfile.org/) Acrometopa servillea is considered here as a species with tree subspecies: A. servillea servillea, A. servillea macropoda and A. servillea italica. The assessment is based on (distribu",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Serville's Long-legged Bush-cricket (Acrometopa servillea) is widely distributed across Europe from Corsica and Sardinia in the West all over Italy into the Balkans, where it is restricted to a strip of land along the Adriatic Coast, reaching Albania, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia), Greece, and the southeastern tip of Bulgaria. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a very large geographic range - extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1 million km² - it is widespread across southern and eastern Europe, and is found in a variety of habitats. Further research into the population size and trend is required.",Unknown,"The Serville's Long-legged Bush-cricket is widely distributed across Europe, from Corsica and Sardinia in the west all over Italy (including Sicily) into the Balkans, where it is restricted to a strip of land along the Adriatic Coast (Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro) reaching Albania, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia), Greece, and the southeastern tip of Bulgaria (Willemse 1979, Willemse 1984, Chobanov 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at ca 1 million km². Outside of Europe, it reaches Anatolia in the east.",There is no available information on the total number of individuals of this species nor about its population trend.,"This species is found in places varying from semi-wet to dry, in hills and also agricultural areas, open with or without bushes but always with a rather lush vegetation of herbs. It is found from sea-level up to mid-elevations (1,200 m Asl).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend is required.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Acrometopa,syriaca,,Acrometopa syriaca,"Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

In Europe, the Syrian Long-legged Bush-cricket (Acrometopa syriaca) is confined to Greece and Cyprus. In Greece, it is confined to the north-eastern part of the Greek mainland, including its nearby islands of Samothraki and Thasos and some of the Eastern Aegean islands. On Cyprus, it appears to be widespread across the entire island. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 280,000 km²), is widespread and found in a variety of habitats with a high herbal component. Further research into the population size and trend is required.",Unknown,"The Syrian Long-legged Bush-cricket is widespread across the Middle East, from Egypt in the south-west to Turkey and Iraq in the north-east. In Europe, this species is confined to Greece and Cyprus (Willemse 1979, 1984; Tumbrinck 2006). In Greece, it is confined to the north-eastern part of the Greek mainland, including its nearby islands of Samothraki and Thasos and some of the Eastern Aegean islands. On Cyprus, it appears to be widespread across the entire island. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 280,000 km².",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend.,"This species is found in places varying from semi-wet to dry, in hills and also agricultural areas, open with or without bushes but always with a rather lush vegetation of herbs. This species is found from sea level up to mid-elevations (700 m Asl).",The threats to this species are unknown.,No conservation measures are in place for this species but it is found in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend is required.,The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Acroneuroptila,puddui,,Acroneuroptila puddui,"Cadeddu, 1970",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Southern Sardinian Cricket (Acroneuroptila puddui) is endemic to Sardinia, in Italy. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO) of 12 km², it occurs at three locations, and recreational activities on the three caves where it occurs could drive this taxon to become Critically Endangered in the near future. This species would benefit from habitat protection due to its restricted range. More research on its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",Unknown,"The Southern Sardinian Cricket is endemic to Sardinia, in Italy, and its entire known genus is also endemic to that island. It is only known from three caves in southeastern Sardinia (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 200 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is only 12 km².","The population of this species is considered severely fragmented, as the species is flightless and lives in caves. Genetic exchange between the three existing subpopulations of this species is therefore very unlikely and they may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The overall population trend is unknown.","This species is known only from three caves in southern Sardinia, where it can be found by exploring the cave entrances.","The major threat to this species is recreational activities which may lead to ecosystem degradation and species disturbance. Taking into account the extent of the effects of this threat and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only three locations.","There are no known conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected areas. This species would benefit from habitat protection due to its restricted range. More research on its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Acroneuroptila,sardoa,,Acroneuroptila sardoa,"Baccetti, 1959",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Northern Sardinian Cricket (Acroneuroptila sardoa)  is endemic to Sardinia, where it is only known from two caves. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (two caves with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 8 km²) and recreational activities in the two caves where it is present could drive this taxon to become Critically Endangered in the near future. More research into its ecology and population trend is required. In addition, this species would benefit from better protection and management of its habitat.",Unknown,"The Northern Sardinian Cricket is endemic to Sardinia, where it is only known from two caves (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both only 8 km².","This species has only two subpopulations, and the population is severely fragmented since they are found in caves, so that genetic exchange between them is unlikely, and the subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The overall population trend is unknown.",This species is only known from two caves on the east coast of Sardinia.,The major threat to this species is recreational activities which may lead to ecosystem degradation and species disturbance.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected areas. More research into its ecology and population trend is required. In addition, this species would benefit from better protection and management of its habitat.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Acrostira,bellamyi,,Acrostira bellamyi,"(Uvarov, 1922)",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,iv,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Gomera Stick Grasshopper is endemic to La Gomera (Canary Islands, Spain), where it occurs mainly in laurel forest, but also inEuphorbia shrubland. Although the laurel forests are protected, they have recently been affected by wildfires. The species has a small area of occupancy (AOO) of 28-50 km² and an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 63 km². The number of locations, based on the sizes of recent wildfires is small (less than 5). There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat and a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and number of subpopulations is inferred from the loss of habitat. The population is severely fragmented, as subpopulations are small and the species is completely flightless. Therefore, the species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR).",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to La Gomera (Canary Islands, Spain) (López et al. 2007). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 63 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is c. 28 km², with an upper estimate of 50 km².","The subpopulations of this species are usually small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The population is therefore assumed to be severely fragmented. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat as a result of the increasing wildfire frequencies in La Gomera, and a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and number of subpopulations is inferred from the loss of habitat.",This species occurs in laurel forest andEuphorbia shrubland.,"Acrostira bellamyi is mainly threatened by increasing wildfire frequencies on La Gomera, but also by habitat degradation due to agriculture (grazing inEuphorbia stands) and forestry (conversion of natural laurel forest to pine plantations). It is also threatened by natural events, such as landslides. The number of locations, based on the sizes of recent wildfires is small (< 5).","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but large parts of its population occur in the Garajonay National Park. Better fire control is needed in order to avoid any future declines of the species, and natural laurel forests need to be restored. Further research on the population size and trend and threats is needed, together with the monitoring of the trend of the species.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Jakobs, D.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Acrostira,euphorbiae,,Acrostira euphorbiae,"Garcia-Becerra & Oromi, 1992",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(ii)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(ii)",EU28,,"The Palma Stick Grasshopper (Acrostira euphorbiae) is endemic to La Palma and has a very small extent of occurrence (< 20 km²). The only location of this species is strongly affected by overgrazing and logging of its main food plant, Euphorbia lamarckii, as well as wildfires. There is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations as well as in the number of mature individuals. Furthermore, the population is very small (200 mature individuals) and all individuals are found in a single subpopulation. Therefore, the species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR).",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to the southwestern part of La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain) (López et al. 2003, 2007). The area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km² and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is here also estimated as 20 km² (even though calculated with a minimum convex polygon it is c. 8 km²).","The population size is very small (c. 200 mature individuals) and is currently decreasing. From 2003 to 2008 the population decreased by 68%. There is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations as well as in the number of mature individuals.",The species occurs in scrubland dominated by Euphorbia lamarckii. Acrostira euphorbiae dwells and feeds only on this bush. Its altitudinal range is 40 - 680 m.,"The insect is threatened by illegal logging of Euphorbia lamarckii, overgrazing and wildfires. Increased grazing leads to the ongoing degradation of its habitat. Previous plans of building a golf course in its main habitat have meanwhile been stopped. Its habitat is found in an area, which is very likely to be destroyed by future land slides and may also be affected by tsunamis. On the basis of any of this threats, only one location has been estimated.","The species is currently listed as Endangered on the Spanish Red List (Verdú et al. 2006) and protected by law. Recent plans to build a golf course in its habitat have been abandoned (H. López pers. comm. 2015). There is a need for better protection of its habitat as well as the raising of awareness and legislation. Furthermore, there is a need for research on its ecology (particularly on the question of why this species seems to be restricted to a single food plant, which is not the case for its relatives on other islands). Finally, a strategic species conservation plan would be very useful to protect this species. A monitoring program of its population and habitat should be established.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Jakobs, D. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Acrostira,tamarani,,Acrostira tamarani,"Baez, 1984",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,iv,v)+2ab(iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,iv,v)+2ab(iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Gran Canaria Stick Grasshopper (Acrostira tamarani) is endemic to Gran Canaria and has a small extent of occurrence (832 km²) and area of occupancy (44 - 200 km²). The number of locations is five, based on the most important threat which is wildfires, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and the number of individuals. The species is therefore assessed as Endangered.",Decreasing,"The Gran Canaria Stick Grasshopper is endemic to Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain) (López et al. 2007). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 832 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) based on the known records is 44 km², with a maximum estimate of 200 km².","Similar to other Acrostira species, the Gran Canaria Stick Grasshopper occurs in low densities. The species is flightless and thus not able to rapidly recolonise areas. Subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization, and the population is therefore considered severely fragmented. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the increasing frequencies of wildfires, and there is also a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and the number of subpopulations.",Acrostira tamarani occurs inEuphorbia shrubland and forest.,The main threat to this species is the increasing frequency of wildfires. The number of locations on the basis of this threat is five. The species may also be affected by landslides.,"There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. More research on its population trends is needed as well as research on the effects of the increasing wildfire frequencies on the population of this species. A proper fire management needs to be developed to avoid any future declines.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Jakobs, D. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Acrostira,tenerifae,,Acrostira tenerifae,"Perez & López, 2005",,Yes,EN,D,Yes,EN,D,EU28,,"The Tenerife Stick Grasshopper is only known from a small area on Tenerife with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 12 km² and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 8 km². It is unknown how the species may be influenced by ongoing human activities, particularly goat grazing. Projections of potential future volcanic activities suggest that the habitat of this species could be affected by future lava flows. There is only a single location, but no evidence for a continuing decline exists. As the number of mature individuals is estimated to be below 200, it is assessed as Endangered (EN).",Unknown,The Tenerife Stick Grasshopper is endemic to the northwestern part of Tenerife and has a very small extent of occurrence (EOO = 12 km²). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².,"Only one subpopulation exists, which seems to be very small. The estimated number of mature individuals is smaller than 200. The species is flightless and thus not able to colonise new areas. The population trend of the species is unknown.","The species occurs in Euphorbia shrubland. Its altitudinal range is 330 - 1,300 m.","The species is threatened by future volcanic eruptions on Tenerife, as future lava flows have been projected to run close to the area in which this species occurs (Carracedo et al. 2007). The effects of grazing on this species need to be studied. Based on these threats, the species occurs only in a single location.","There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. It occurs only in a very small area, which is part of the Parque Rural de Teno. Research on its population trend and the effects of current grazing activities on the species is needed. As the species has a very small population size, a monitoring programme should be implemented.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A. & López, H.","Jakobs, D. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Acrotylus,fischeri,,Acrotylus fischeri,"Azam, 1901",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Iberian Digging Grasshopper (Acrotylus fischeri) is widely distributed in the western Mediterranean region. It inhabits dry habitats with high availability of bare ground. Due to its wide distribution and the low degree of habitat specialisation it is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"In Europe, Acrotylus fischeri occurs in the western Mediterranean (Portugal, Spain, southern France and northwestern Italy). It is also present in northern Africa. The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1 million km².",There is no information available on the population size and trend of Acrotylus fischeri. The species is quite common and widespread.,"The species occurs mainly in montane regions, in dry habitats with patches of bare ground, dry sandy, rocky or pebbly substrates with sparse vegetation, such as Mediterranean dwarf shrub vegetation (Olmmo-Vidal 2002, Bellmann and Luquet 2009, Massa et al. 2012). Similar to other Acrotylus species, Acrotylus fischeri occurs  in a variety of habitats as long as a certain amount of bare ground is  present.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"No specific conservation action is in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. It is listed as Least Concern on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Research on its population trends is necessary.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Chobanov, D.P., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Acrotylus,insubricus,,Acrotylus insubricus,"(Scopoli, 1786)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Digging Grasshopper (Acrotylus insubricus) is a very widespread species which occurs in a variety of habitats, including anthropogenic ones. The species is assessed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution. However, further research is needed on its population trends.",Unknown,"The Common Digging Grasshopper is widespread across Africa and Eurasia. In Europe, it is found in southern and central part of Europe and in the Canary Islands (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is c. 8 million km², while in the EU 28 is c. 5.4 million km².","The population size and trend of Acrotylus insubricus is unknown. However, the species has a very wide distribution and is common even in anthropogenic habitats (Hochkirch 2003).","Acrotylus insubricus can be found in a variety of habitats with sufficient availability of bare ground (Massa et al. 2012). It is found in Mediterranean shrubland, grassland, dunes, but also in a variety of anthropogenic habitats, such as gardens, pasture lands or urban areas. It prefers habitats with a fine soil as it is able to delve into the ground, where it overwinters (Hochkirch 1998).",The species can be locally threatened in the northern part of its distribution by the overgrowth of vegetation after land abandonment.,"No specific conservation measures are in place for this species, although it is present in protected areas throughout its range. It is listed as Endangered on the Slovakian Red List (Kristin 2001). Further research on its population trend is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Chobanov, D.P., Rutschmann, F., Willemse, L.P.M., Kleukers, R. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Acrotylus,longipes,,Acrotylus longipes,"(Charpentier, 1845)",,No,NT,,No,VU,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Yellow-winged Digging Grasshopper (Acrotylus longipes) is a widespread grasshopper species that is found in coastal and riverine dunes in the eastern Mediterranean and on the Canary Islands. There is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. The population is severely fragmented. In the EU 28 the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 700 and 2,000 km². It therefore assessed as Vulnerable (VU).

In Europe, the AOO is estimated to be between 1,200 and 3,000 km². As it nearly meets the thresholds of criterion B2, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT). The major threats to this species are coastal defence, river regulations and touristic development. More research into its distribution and population trend is needed.",Decreasing,"The Yellow-winged Digging Grasshopper is widely distributed in the Mediterranean region as well as the northern part of Africa and western Asia. In Europe, it is found on the Canary Islands, in southern Italy and on the Balkans, from Hungary in the north to Ukraine in the east. A single record from southeastern Slovakia exists, but the species has never been confirmed here (A. Kristin pers. comm. 2016). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is c. 4.4 million km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is estimated to be between 700 and 2,000 km², while in pan-Europe is estimated to be between 1,100 and 3,000 km².","Acrotylus longipes has an overall declining trend. Inland subpopulations along large rivers (Danube) have partly disappeared due to the construction of hydroelectric power stations and river regulations. Coastal subpopulations are under pressure by touristic development. Along the Italian and Greek coasts and in sandy areas of the Canary Islands the species is quite common (Hochkirch 2003, Massa 2011). As most of the subpopulations are they may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization, the population is considered severely fragmented.","Acrotylus longipes is mainly found in sandy coastal and inland dunes (Husemann and Hochkirch 2007, Massa et al. 2012). During night and bad weather the species delves into the sand (Nagy 1959, Hochkirch 2003).","Acrotylus longipes is threatened by coastal protection (dune fixation), river regulations, dam constructions, touristic development and urbanisation in coastal regions. In inland dunes, abandonment of grazing and subsequent succession also threatens this species.","No conservation action is in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. In Hungary, habitat management in dunes takes place, which may benefit this species. Research on its population trends is recommended. There is also a need for a better protection of its dune habitats (particularly of inland dunes) as well as restoration of dunes.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Puskas, G., Sirin, D., Ivkovic, S., Szovenyi, G., Chobanov, D.P., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Kristin, A., Willemse, L.P.M. & Kleukers, R.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Acrotylus,patruelis,,Acrotylus patruelis,"(Herrich-Schäffer, 1838)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Slender Digging Grasshopper (Acrotylus patruelis) is a very widespread grasshopper species, which occurs in many dry open habitats with bare ground, such as sandy or pebbly river banks, quarries, vineyards, grasslands, Mediterranean shrubland and anthropogenic habitats. Due to its wide distribution, low degree of habitat specialisation and the fact that there are no known threats to the species, it is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"The Slender Digging Grasshopper is a very widespread species, which occurs throughout Africa (from South Africa to Algeria), in southern Europe and southwestern Asia (Harz 1975). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of its natural range is ca 3.3 million km². There is a record from Germany from a railway station near Nuremberg (Bavaria) (Pankratius 2004), which is probably the result of a human introduction.",The species is very widespread and common in Europe. It has colonised the very southern part of Switzerland (Baur et al. 2006). The population trend is unknown.,"Acrotylus patruelis occurs in many habitat types with a high cover of bare ground, including anthropogenic habitats, such as sandy (Bellmann and Luquet 2009) or pebbly river  banks, quarries, vineyards on rocky and clay soils within Mediterranean shrubland. It is also found at beaches and in coastal dunes.",No threats to this species have been reported so far.,"There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. The species is considered as Least Concern on the national French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More information on its population size and trend are needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R., Willemse, L.P.M. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Aeropedellus,variegatus,,Aeropedellus variegatus,"(Fischer von Waldheim, 1846)",,No,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Alpine Thick-necked Grasshopper (Aeropedellus variegatus) has a boreo-alpine distribution in the EU 28. In the Alps and Bulgarian mountains it is only found between 1,900 and 3,100 m asl, and high latitude populations are found above 400 m. Even though it has a very large distribution with an extent of occurrence (EOO) exceeding 2 million km² in the EU 28, its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 90 to 300 km². A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing threats, including the creation and management of ski slopes and touristic infrastructure, and a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat has been observed. It might also be affected by climate change, but this needs some further research. The females of this species are flightless and the subpopulations are usually very small and probably isolated, so they are considered severely fragmented. The largest subpopulations outside the EU 28 are probably found in Switzerland, but due to its low dispersal capability, no rescue effect from Switzerland is expected. The species is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN) in the EU 28.

The area of occupancy (AOO) in pan-Europe is between 300 and 500 km². In Switzerland, the sub-populations are probably large enough to be stable, but overall a continuing decline of the number of subpopulations, mature individuals and extent, area and habitat quality is inferred. The subpopulations in Finland and Russia are likely to be severely fragmented as well, whereas they are probably better connected in Switzerland. Overall, the species is also considered severely fragmented at the pan-European level, and a rescue effect from areas outside Europe is not expected as the subpopulations in Russia are far away from the Alpine distribution. It is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN) in pan-Europe.",Decreasing,"The Alpine Thick-necked Grasshopper is distributed in alpine areas and northern latitudes, occurring from the Alps to Kamchatka. In Europe, it is found in the Alps, two mountains in Bulgaria, in Finland (four localities in Lapland) and on the Kola Peninsula in Russia (Bellmann and Luquet 2009, M. Sergeev pers. comm. 2015). Old records from southern Russia are doubtful and may refer to another species (e.g. A. volgensis in the Caucasus; M. Sergeev pers. comm. 2015). The extent of occurrence (EOO) for pan-Europe is c. 5.3 million km², for the EU 28 c. 2 million km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in pan-Europe is estimated to be between 300 and 500 km², and for the EU 28 it is between 90 and 300 km².","Some subpopulations were affected by the establishment of ski slopes (e.g. Todorka Peak, Bulgaria), whereas others (particularly in Switzerland and Italy) still seem to be large. Overall, a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing threats. The population is severely fragmented (Lemonnier 1999), as most subpopulations are small and there is probably no genetic exchange between them, whereas the subpopulations in Switzerland seem to be better connected. These subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization.","In the Alps and Bulgaria, Aeropedellus variegatus occurs on dry, alpine meadows and rocky slopes (Wilhalm 2004, Baur et al. 2006). In Finland and Russia, it is found in montane tundra (> 400 m) (S. Karjalainen pers. comm. 2015), whereas in the Alps it is only found at the highest altitudes (> 2,400 m) (Bellmann 2006). Its upper elevation limit is 3,100 m. Females of this species are flightless. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat caused by the development of touristic infrastructure.","In the southern Alps and Bulgaria it is threatened by artificial levelling of ski slopes and touristic infrastructure. As a cold-adapted species, which is living at the highest altitudes of the Alps, it is probably also susceptible to climate change (C. Monnerat and S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015).","No specific conservation action is in place for this species. It is listed as ""priority 3"" (equivalent to Near Threatened) on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004) and as Near Threatened on the Swiss Red List (Monnerat et al. 2007). Some of the subpopulations are found in protected areas. More information on its population trend and the potential threats by climate change are needed, and monitoring schemes particularly on the effects of climate change should be undertaken. The habitats of the remaining subpopulations need to be better protected.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B.","Hochkirch, A., Sergeev, M.G., Monnerat, C., Gomboc, S., Chobanov, D.P., Buzzetti, F.M., Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Braud, Y., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Dusoulier, F. & Karjalainen, S.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Aeropedellus,volgensis,,Aeropedellus volgensis,"(Predtechenskii, 1928)",,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Volga Thick-necked Grasshopper is listed as Data Deficient (DD) due to its poorly known distribution, unknown population trends and threats. Further research on its population trend and threats is needed in order to clarify the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is only known from the Astrakhan district and the neighbouring territories of the Volgograd and Kalmykia districts in the Volga Delta of European Russia. Outside this area, it was found in neighbouring western Kazakhstan (Bey-Bienko and Mistshenko 1951, Savitsky 2002). It is known from seven localities in Europe, but possibly occurs in a larger area. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 76,000 km².","The species is rare in the Lower Volga region, but its subpopulations seem to be large (Savitsky 2002). Its current population trend is unknown.","The species has been recorded from grass-sagebrush associations in semi-sandy, sandy-clay and clay semi-deserts in the Volga River delta, north to Tsatsa Village in the Volgograd district. Its altitudinal range is 0 - 20 m. Adults occur from late May to mid-July (Savitsky 2002).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. More research on its population trend and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Aiolopus,puissanti,,Aiolopus puissanti,"Defaut, 2005",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Puissant's Green-winged Grasshopper (Aiolopus puissanti) has been described recently (Defaut 2005). Its distribution is not fully understood, but it is generally abundant within its habitat. According to the best present knowledge, the species seems to be widely distributed in the western Mediterranean (Portugal, Spain, France) in Europe. It is found in moist habitats as well as dryer habitats and dunes. The species is a good flyer and therefore the population does not seem to be severely fragmented. Puissant's Green-winged Grasshopper is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"Puissant's Green-winged Grasshopper occurs in north Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, southern France and Corsica (Heller 2013, Defaut and Morichon 2015). It may also occur on Sardinia. Its extent of occurrence in Europe is c. 910,000 km².","There is no information on the population trends of this species, which has been recently described (Defaut 2005). The species is regionally common and usually abundant in moist habitats (B. Defaut pers. comm. 2015). The species is a good flyer and therefore the population does not seem to be severely fragmented.","The species is usually found in moist habitats, such as wet meadows, sand pits and other wet habitats (Llucià-Pomares and Fernández-Ortín 2009, F. Rutschmann pers. comm. 2016), but it has also been found in mesic vegetation and even in dunes. In southern France the species has also been found in dry habitats (B. Defaut pers. comm. 2015).",The species may be affected by drainage.,"There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. It is not included on any National Red Lists. Research on its taxonomy, distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. It is likely that older records of Aiolopus thalassinus refer to this species, which has been recently described.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Defaut, B., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Presa, J.J., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Aiolopus,simulatrix,,Aiolopus simulatrix,"(Walker, 1870)",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The Sudan Green-winged Grasshopper (Aiolopus simulatrix) is a widespread grasshopper species in Africa and western Asia, but the number of records in Europe is low and most are rather doubtful. There is a strong need for a re-evaluation of all known records as the species might have been confused with other species. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"The Sudan Green-winged Grasshopper is widespread in Africa and western Asia (Hollis 1968). In Europe, it has been mentioned from Cyprus (Hollis 1968, Harz 1975), Sardinia (Ingrisch 1983) and Mallorca (Herrera-Mesa 1993, Heller 2013). The record from Mallorca is considered doubtful (Presa et al. 2007) and therefore disregarded here. A recent re-examination of the specimens from Sardinia suggests that these represent mis-identified A. thalassinus corsicus, a subspecies that has only been described recently (Defaut and Jaulin 2008). A. simulatrix was reported from Cyprus in the latest revision of the genus by Hollis (1968), but even these records have been doubted by Tumbrinck (2006). Nevertheless, the records from Cyprus would fit in the overall range of this species, which also occurs in the Near East (Hollis 1968). Based upon the uncertainty of its occurrence in Europe, it is not possible to calculate an extent of occurrence (EOO).",No information on the population size or trend of Aiolopus simulatrix is available.,"The habitat of this species in Europe has not been recorded, although the species is assumed to occur in dry grassland habitats.",The threats to this species remain unknown.,"No specific conservation action exists for this species, and it is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its distribution in Europe and taxonomy is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Chobanov, D.P., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J., Defaut, B., Ingrisch, S., Tumbrinck, J., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Siedle, K. & Roesti, C.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Aiolopus,strepens,,Aiolopus strepens,"(Latreille, 1804)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Broad Green-winged Grasshopper (Aiolopus strepens) is assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution and large subpopulations. Even though it may be locally affected by agricultural activities, overall the population of this species is not threatened.",Unknown,"The Broad Green-winged Grasshopper is widespread in the Mediterranean part of Europe, north Africa and western Asia (Hollis 1968). Its northern range margin in Europe is in mid France (Defaut et al. 2009). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) for pan-Europe is c. 7.1 million km², while for the EU 28 it is c. 6.7 million km².","No detailed information on the population size or trend is available. However, the species is widely distributed and the subpopulations are often large. The species is a good flyer and its subpopulations are not severely fragmented.","The species is found in a variety of habitats, including dry grassland, roadside verges, forest clearings, vineyards, quarries and natural river shores (Baur et al. 2006, Massa et al. 2012). In the southwestern part of its range it is often associated with moist habitats (Hochkirch 1998), whereas it occurs in dry habitats in the north and east of its range (Szijj 1992). Adults hibernate and are therefore found early in the spring as well as in the autumn (Carotti 2006).",The species may be locally affected by intensive agricultural land use and the use of pesticides.,"No specific conservation action is in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. This species is protected in Hungary. More research into its population trend is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R., Presa, J.J., Rutschmann, F. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Aiolopus,thalassinus,,Aiolopus thalassinus,"(Fabricius, 1781)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Slender Green-winged Grasshopper (Aiolopus thalassinus) is a widespread species in Europe. In the northern parts of its range it has been declining due to habitat degradation and transformation, but as the species is still very widespread, the overall population trend is stable, and it has large subpopulations which are in most parts of its range well-connected, it is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"The Slender Green-winged Grasshopper is one of the most widespread grasshopper species. It occurs throughout Africa, large parts of Eurasia, Australia and Oceania. In Europe it is found from the Canary Islands in the southwest to western Germany in the north and Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is c. 10.4 million km², while in the EU 28 it is 7.5 million km².","The overall population trend is stable, although it appears to be declining in Italy (Massa et al. 2012). It is listed as Endangered on the national Red Lists of Germany, Austria and Switzerland (Berg et al. 2005, Monnerat et al. 2007, Maas et al. 2011). However, it has recently recolonised areas near Geneva (Monnerat et al. 2007). It has also been found quite frequent recently in southern Slovakia, but this has been attributed to a more intensive research (Kristin et al. 2007).","This species inhabits open grassland habitats with a preference for moist soils (Massa et al. 2012). It is also found at river and lake shores, quarries and abandoned fields (Baur et al. 2006).","Declines in the northern part of its range are attributed to urbanization, recreational activities and afforestation of former gravel pits (Wancura and Detzel 1998). The species may also be affected by changes in land use, particularly the intensification of mowing as well as transformation into farmland and the use of pesticides. Recent range extensions are thought to be a consequence of the warming climate (Monnerat et al. 2007).","The species is listed as Critically Endangered on the national Red List of the Czech Republic (Holusa and Kocarek 2005), as Endangered in Austria (Berg et al. 2005), Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007) and Germany (Maas et al. 2011), and as Least Concern in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). The species is protected in Germany. Conservation measures for this species are carried out in Germany (Baden-Württemberg), where the habitat of this species is restored by creating areas of bare soil. Further research on population trends and threats of this species in Europe is needed. It occurs in protected areas throughout its range.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Kristin, A., Szovenyi, G., Chobanov, D.P., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Presa, J.J. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Albarracinia,zapaterii,,Albarracinia zapaterii,"(Bolívar, 1877)",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"Zapatero's Saddle Bush-cricket (Albarracinia zapaterii) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 172 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km², and the population is considered severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Research is needed into the species' distribution, population trend and threats.",Unknown,"Zapatero's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it is found in central and eastern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 203,000 km² and its known are of occupancy (AOO) is 172 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km².","This species can locally be abundant, but most subpopulations are small. The species is flightless and its subpopulations are rather isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented (J. Barat pers. comm. 2016).","The species is found dwelling in trees (Quercus, Pinus spp.) and shrublands (Buxus, Retama, Cytisus spp.) (Pinedo 1988, Llucià Pomares 2002). It is found at altitudes between 700 m and 2,000 m Asl.","The species may be threatened by wildfires and abandonment of grazing, which could lead to forest development in the long term (J. Barat pers. comm. 2016).","There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it is present within several protected areas. Research is needed into the species' distribution, population trend and threats.",This species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Amedegnatiana,vicheti,,Amedegnatiana vicheti,"(Delmas & Rambier, 1950)",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,iv,v)+2ab(iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,iv,v)+B2ab(iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"Vichet's Bush-cricket is endemic to France, occurring in dry calcareous grasslands in the Mediterranean low massifs in Languedoc (Hérault, Aude and Pyrénées-Orientales). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 3,300 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 50-250 km². The population of this short-winged and flightless bush-cricket is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the area, extent and/or quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and the number of mature individuals as a result of several ongoing threats (repeated fires, urbanisation, conifer plantations, new railway and decreasing pastoralism). Consequently, the species is assessed as Endangered (EN).",Decreasing,"Vichet's Bush-cricket is endemic to France, where it is found in plain and low massifs in the Corbières range (Aude and Pyrénées-Orientales) and in the southern part of the Larzac mountain (Hérault) (Delorme 2013). The Larzac subpopulation seems to be very restricted. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 3,300 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) has been estimated to be 50-250 km².","Amedegnatiana vicheti is a very secretive species and was firstly described in 1950. A total of 14 localities are currently known as a result of a recent study (Delorme 2013). Both parts of its range (Corbières and South Larzac) are strongly disconnected, since they are separated by 75 km and the main subpopulation in coastal Corbières is 10 km away from the other subpopulations in inner Corbières. Overall, the population is considered to be severely fragmented as the species is flightless and the subpopulations are very small, so exchange between subpopulations is highly unlikely.
The presence of coastal subpopulations at La Balme (Aude) and that of the low altitude subpopulations at La Clape (Aude) and Cesseras (Minervois, Hérault) could not be reconfirmed (Delorme 2013); however, its presence there cannot be ruled out completely. Delmas and Rambier (1950) already noticed that the species had been not recorded for two years right after its discovery in La Clape. The overall population trend is decreasing.","Amedegnatiana vicheti is a low altitude thermophilous species, occurring in altitudes between 100 and 750 m in rocky open habitats (C. Roesti pers. comm. 2015). This species lives in open and xeric calcareous habitats such as dry grassland and pseudosteppic pastureland, and it is mostly found in thyme. The herbaceous vegetation (Xerobromion or Thero-Brachypodietea communities) is generally scarce (40-60 %) with rare (10-20%) shrubs (Buxus, Juniperus) (Delorme 2013).","Increasing wildfire frequencies are considered a major threat to this species (Delorme 2013), although occasional fires are probably positive to maintain its suitable habitat. On La Clape, where the species has not been recently re-observed, the suitable vegetation seems to have disappeared, with dominance of pyrophytic vegetation like Quercus coccifera and Pinus halepensis, so the bush-cricket may have disappeared (Delorme 2013). Other important threats are land use changes, urbanization (for example in Narbonne), conifer plantations (in La Palme and Treilles), new high speed train (TGV) railroads and decreasing pastoralism.","There are no conservation actions in place for Amedegnatiana vicheti, and it is not present in protected areas throughout its range. The species was assessed as ""priority 2"" (equivalent to Vulnerable) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). A proper habitat management is required, particularly focused on grazing and fire management. Furthermore, restoration of destroyed habitats needs to be carried out. Research on the population size and trends and ecology of this species is needed, together with local monitoring.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C., Presa, J.J., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Amphiestris,baetica,,Amphiestris baetica,"(Rambur, 1838)",,No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Betico Bush-cricket (Amphiestris baetica) occurs in North Africa and southern Spain. In Europe, it is only found in the south of Spain where it is quite rare. This species is assessed as Endangered since its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 100 and 500 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals. This species is threatened by intensification of agricultural practices, particularly by the transformation of its habitat into farmland and by the use of pesticides. Research into its population trend is needed, as well as into the threats. Better protection of its remaining habitats is recommended.",Decreasing,"The Betico Bush-cricket occurs in North Africa and southern Spain (Heller 2013). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 100 and 500 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 50,000 km².","This species is quite rare in southern Spain. When observed, it has only been found in low numbers. It seems that its habitat is declining, both in area and in quality. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is therefore inferred. As the subpopulations of this species are quite small and isolated and the species is flightless, recolonisation of extinct sites is unlikely. Thus, the population is considered severely fragmented.","This species occurs in Mediterranean shrubland and cultivated land as well as the margins of roads and trails (F. Prunier, J. Correas amd P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016).","This species is threatened by intensification of agricultural practices, particularly by the transformation of its habitat into farmland and by the use of pesticides.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend is needed, as well as into the threats. Better protection of its remaining habitats is recommended.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Correas, J., Barranco Vega, P., Prunier, F., Odé, B., Ferreira, S., García, M., Lemos, P. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Anacridium,aegyptium,,Anacridium aegyptium,"(Linnaeus, 1764)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Due to its wide distribution and large and stable population, the Egyptian Bird Grasshopper (Anacridium aegyptium) is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"The Egyptian Bird Grasshopper is widespread in the Mediterranean part of Europe, north Africa as well as southwest Asia (Massa et al. 2012, Heller 2013). It has also been introduced to the Canary Islands (Gran Canaria and Fuerteventura). Furthermore, it is regularly introduced with vegetables from the Mediterranean to other countries (e.g. Netherlands, Germany, Slovakia), where it however cannot establish subpopulations (Wallaschek et al. 2004, Holusa et al. 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is approximately 6.4 million km², in the EU 28 ca 5.9 million km².","Anacridium aegyptium usually occurs in low densities. However, it is quite widespread and also found in human-made habitats. It is therefore assumed to have a stable population trend.",Anacridium aegyptium is found in Mediterranean shrubland. It is also found in gardens in urban areas and shrubby dune valleys (Hochkirch 1998). The species hibernates as adult and is therefore found early in spring (Gangwere and Llorente 1992).,The species is locally threatened by the expansion of agricultural land and the use of pesticides.,"There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas throughout its range.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Kristin, A., Szovenyi, G., Presa, J.J., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Anadrymadusa,brevipennis,,Anadrymadusa brevipennis,"(Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882)",,Yes,VU,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,VU,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Short-winged Tonged Bush-cricket (Anadrymadusa brevipennis) is endemic to Greece, where it is known from the islands of Euboea, Skiros and a number of the Cyclades Islands. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 16,000 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of the habitat, due to bushfires. Further research into the population size and trend is required, and proper fire management is important to preserve this species.",Decreasing,"The Short-winged Tonged Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is known from the islands of Euboea, Skiros (one of the islands belonging to the Northern Sporades) and a number of the Cyclades Islands (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 16,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km².","There is almost no available information on the population size and the population trend, but there is an inferred continuing decline in the habitat extent and quality of this species, as a result of bushfires. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.",This species inhabits open places with a vegetation consisting of low shrubs such as Cistus spp. and with sparse herbal vegetation.,Bushfires are a threat to this species.,"No conservation measures for this species are in place, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Further research into the population size and trend is required, and proper fire management is important to preserve this species.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Anadrymadusa,ornatipennis,,Anadrymadusa ornatipennis,"(Ramme, 1926)",,No,VU,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",No,VU,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Ornate Tonged Bush-cricket (Anadrymadura ornatipennis) is known from some of the East Aegean Islands of Greece (Samos, Patmos, Symi and Rodhes) and a small region on the Turkish mainland opposite these islands. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since although it is quite common across the Greek islands, it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11,000 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of its habitat, due to bushfires. Further research into the population size and trend is required. The most important conservation action needed for this species is proper wildfire management.",Decreasing,"The Ornate Tonged Bush-cricket is known from some of the East Aegean Islands of Greece (Samos, Patmos, Symi and Rodhes) and a small region on the Turkish mainland opposite these islands (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008, Massa 2010, Unal 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) within Europe is ca 11,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km².",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.,"Like the Short-winged Tonged Bush-cricket (Anadrymadusa ornatipennis), this flightless species inhabits open places with a vegetation consisting of low shrubs such as Cistus spp. and with sparse herbal vegetation. There is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to bushfires.",The major threat to this species is the increasing number of bushfires.,"No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend is required. The most important conservation action needed for this species is proper wildfire management.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Anadrymadusa,retowskii,,Anadrymadusa retowskii,"(Adelung, 1907)",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Retowski's Tonged Bush-cricket is listed as Endangered (EN) because its extent of occurrence (EOO) isc. 3,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 50 to 200 km². The population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline of the area of occupancy, extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals.",Decreasing,"Retowski's Tonged Bush-cricket is a local endemic to the southeastern coast of the Crimean Peninsula. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 3,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 50 and 200 km².","According to The Red Data Book of Ukraine (Akimov 2009), the Red Book of the Republic of Crimea (Ivanov and Fateryga 2015), and the fact that current infrastructure development its occurring in this species' habitat, its area of occupancy and population trend is decreasing. The population is considered to be severely fragmented as subpopulations are very small and isolated with little genetic exchange between them, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.",The species occurs only along the coast and foothills in the eastern part of the Crimean Mountains at altitudes between 1-200 m Asl. It inhabits very dry grassy and scrub habitats and stony terrains. It is a thermophilous and omnivorous species. The eggs hibernate and adults occur from June to August.,The species is threatened by the destruction of its habitat as a result of urban and touristic infrastructure development.,"The species is listed in The Red Data Book of Ukraine (Akimov 2009) and in the Red Book of the Republic of Crimea (Ivanov and Fateryga 2015). No specific conservation actions are implemented, but it occurs in Karadag Nature Reserve. Research on its population trend and threats is required. Its habitat needs to be protected in order to avoid future declines.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Ancistrura,nigrovittata,,Ancistrura nigrovittata,"(Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Blackwinged Saw Bush-cricket (Ancistrura nigrovittata) is found on the southern Balkan Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, quite common in northern Greece, FYR Macedonia and southern Bulgaria, and the subpopulations are large and well connected. However, there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), number of subpopulations, extent and in the quality of the habitat along the northern border of its distribution. In Romania the species is possibly extinct and in the European part of Turkey it has not been recorded recently.",Decreasing,"The Blackwinged Saw Bush-cricket is found in southern Serbia, Kosovo, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia), southern Bulgaria, and northern Greece (Chobanov 2009). A single locality existed in southern Romania which has not been confirmed since the 1960's (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015) and a single locality is known from European Turkey (Karabag 1974). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 190,000 km², and ca 150,000 km² in the EU 28.","The subpopulations of this species are variable in size, but often large  (K.-G. Heller, L. Willemse and M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). It has not been found in Romania since the 1960's (Iorgu et al. 2008, I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015) and in the European part of Turkey since 1974 (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). In Serbia the species is very rare (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015). Therefore a continuing decline of the number of mature individuals, EOO, area of occupancy (AOO) as well as in the number of subpopulations is inferred.","This species is found in dry shrubland (Chobanov 2009), along rivers (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015), edges of pine forests (Kaltenbach 1965), on forest clearings and meadows with Rubus spp. bushes (S. Ivkovic and M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015).","The major threats to this species are wildfires, deforestation and the use of pesticides (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). It is also threatened by urbanisation and intensive agriculture (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas and it is protected in Serbia. Research into its population trend is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Heller, K.-G., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Willemse, L.P.M., Sirin, D., Chobanov, D.P., Ivkovic, S., Vedenina, V., Skejo, J. Skejo, Kristin, A., Pushkar, T. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Andreiniimon,nuptialis,,Andreiniimon nuptialis,"(Karny, 1918)",,Yes,VU,"B2ab(iii,v)",No,VU,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Splendid Bush-cricket (Andreiniimon nuptialis) is found in few localities in Italy and the Balkans. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since its area of occupancy (AOO) has been estimated to be between 1,000 and 2,000 km² (in Europe as well as in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. This bush-cricket is threatened by transformation of its habitat into farmland, urbanisation, touristic development and the use of pesticides. It may also be affected by overgrazing, wildfires and deforestation. More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Remaining habitats of this species need better protection.",Decreasing,"The Splendid Bush-cricket occurs on the Balkans Peninsula and in Italy (Heller 2013). Its distribution is very fragmented with subpopulations in central Italy, Istria, western and southern Bulgaria, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Albania and Greece. It might possibly also occur in Montenegro and Kosovo (Chobanov 2009). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 921,000 km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 530,000 km². Its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and in the EU 28 has been estimated to be between 1,000 and 2,000 km².","This species is very rare and localised (Massa et al. 2012). The subpopulations are very small and given that the species is flightless, it is not able to recolonise extinct sites easily. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. It has recently not been found at the type locality in Albania despite searches (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2016). A continuing decline in the population size is inferred from the ongoing threats and the population trend is therefore decreasing.","This species is found in warm, moist habitats, usually bushes along rivers or in broadleaf forests (Chobanov 2009). Near Trieste in Italy, the species was found on Sambucus ebulus (Massa et al. 2012), in Slovenia on bramble leaves (Bedjanic 2005), in Croatia on Common Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) (Ingrisch 1981) and in Greece on a broom bush (Heller et al. 1989). It is always found close to streams and rivers.","This species is threatened by transformation of its habitat into farmland, urbanisation, touristic development and the use of pesticides (M. Lemonnier-Darcemeont pers. comm. 2016). It may also be affected by overgrazing (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2016), wildfires (F. Rutschmann pers. comm. 2016) and deforestation (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is strictly protected in Serbia. More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Remaining habitats of this species need better protection.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Ivkovic, S., Puskas, G., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Anonconotus,alpinus,,Anonconotus alpinus,"(Yersin, 1858)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Small Alpine Bush-cricket (Anonconotus alpinus) is found in the western margin of the Alps and is known to occur in Austria, France, Italy and Switzerland. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread with a large geographic range. While the main subpopulation in France seems to be stable, some isolated subpopulations like in the eastern Alps or in the Jura have a higher risk of local extinction and show local declines. Apart from the anthropogenic pastures, it inhabits native alpine grassland, which extends to higher elevations and offers the potential for colonisation in the case of rising temperatures due to global warming. Monitoring of trends in population size and habitat availability should clarify the impact of the ongoing threats, such as the alteration of suitable habitats due to abandonment and climate change.",Decreasing,"The Small Alpine Bush-cricket inhabits the western margin of the Alps from the Department of Hautes-Alpes in the west to the Swiss western Prealps and Alps. It enters Italy only in the upper Aosta Valley. Isolated occurrences are known from the Jura (Chaine du Reculet) and the Arlberg in the Austrian provinces of Vorarlberg and Tirol (based on Carron et al. 2002, Baur and Roesti 2006, Defaut et al. 2009, Massa et al. 2012, Ortner and Lechner 2015). This species occurs at elevations between 1,150 and 2,400 m asl. In Europe, its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 44,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be smaller than 2,000 km².","This species is mainly reported as rare, although in the French Alps it appears to be a bit more common. There have been local declines in Switzerland and Austria, and the overall population trend seems to be decreasing.","This species inhabits alpine grassland and dwarf shrub heath in montane to sub-alpine elevations. It prefers grazed habitats, typically with Juniperus bushes, so that abandonment of pastures can cause local declines. An important habitat feature is the presence of bare ground due to the presence of stones or as a result of grazing. This bush-cricket lives on the ground and prefers sun-exposed patches with low vegetation cover. It feeds mainly on plants, and to a lesser extent on small insects. Eggs are laid in the ground and need at least two years to develop.","A local decline is reported from the Swiss and Austrian subpopulations, caused by the overgrowth of habitat due to abandonment of Alpine pastures, which consequently led to the loss of short vegetation and bare parts of the grassland. Consequently it is listed as Vulnerable in Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007) and as ""Critical"" in the Austrian province of Vorarlberg (Ortner and Lechner 2015). However, it is not yet known whether this threat plays a major role in the core-areas in France as well. The increase of the mean temperature due to global warming will lead to a shift of alpine habitats to higher elevations, which could restrict the potential occurrence of this species, moving towards the summits (Monnerat et al. 2007). Increased fragmentation and extinction of subpopulations might be expected.","The maintenance of extensive grazing in the montane and alpine elevations is important to secure the distribution and population size of this species. Monitoring of trends in population size and habitat availability should clarify the impact of the ongoing threats, such as the alteration of suitable habitats due to abandonment and climate change. Some subpopulations live in protected areas in France like the Parc National della Vanoise.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & Cálix, M.","Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Anonconotus,apenninigenus,,Anonconotus apenninigenus,"(Targioni-Tozzetti, 1881)",,Yes,CR (PE),"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR (PE),"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Southern Alpine Bush-cricket (Anonconotus apenninigenus) was described in 1881 on the basis of two specimens in the central Apennines, Italy. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) since it has not been found since 1881, despite intensive searches for it. In addition, its area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are both 4 km², it occurs at only one location, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of the habitat which was turned into forests after abandonment of pastures. However, this species might still be found in small patches of habitat and further research is recommended to clarify if the species is still extant.",Decreasing,"The Southern Alpine Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is restricted to the central Apennines. This species is only know from two specimens collected in S. Ilario, La Consuma (Massa et al. 2012), and its area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are both 4 km².",Only two specimens of this species have ever been collected. No further specimens have been collected since the species was described in 1881 despite searches for it. The overall population trend is therefore inferred to be decreasing.,This species presumably lives in meadows.,"The disappearance of this species has probably been caused by land use changes. Its habitat has completely been destroyed by transformation into forests after abandonment of pastures. Climate change might also have promoted its disappearance. Taking into account the extent of the destruction of its habitat and the restricted distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected areas. There have been substantial surveys to rediscover this species, but further searches should be carried out, as it might still survive in small patches of habitat.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Anonconotus,baracunensis,,Anonconotus baracunensis,"Nadig, 1987",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Cottian Alpine Bush-cricket (Anonconotus baracunensis) is endemic to the French-Italian Alps. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is only 200 km²) and occurs at less than ten locations - thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. The population is assumed to be stable and there are no major threats to the species, although potential threats such as abandonment and land use changes can have negative effects on this species. Further research on its population trend is highly recommended.",Stable,"The Cottian Alpine Bush-cricket is endemic to the French-Italian Alps, restricted to a very small area in the Queyras (Valle del Guil, Belvédère du Viso) and the adjacent Alpi Cozie (Valle di Carboneri, Colle Baracun) (Nadig 1987, Carron et al. 2002, Massa et al. 2012, Sindaco et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurence (EOO) is only ca 200 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is calculated to be no more than 24 km². It inhabits high elevations between 1,750 and 2,550 m asl. Due to the quite recent clarification of the taxonomic status of this species, many citations in older literature refer to other taxa of the genus Anonconotus, especially to A. occidentalis.","This species is reported to be locally abundant in its known sites. The high numbers of specimens in collections are also notable. As a flightless species, its occurrence might be fragmented with only minor exchanges. The current population trend is assumed to be stable.","This species inhabits alpine grassland with stony and rocky patches above the tree-line up to the mountain peaks, and it is flightless.","It is likely that this species suffers from the abandonment of alpine pastures and a subsequent overgrowth of its habitats like the closely related Anonconotus alpinus. Taking into account the extent of the effects of land-use changes and the distribution and low mobility of this flightless species, it is considered to occur at less than ten locations.","Research on the taxonomy, population size, habitat preferences and potential threats is recommended. This species occurs in protected areas, such as the ""Parc naturel régional du Queyras"" in France.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & Cálix, M.","Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Anonconotus,ghilianii,,Anonconotus ghilianii,"Camerano, 1878",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Ghiliani's Alpine Bush-cricket (Anonconotus ghilianii) occurs in the French-Italian Alps. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) (ca 25,000 km²), is rather abundant and often found in areas without any direct human impact. However, it could potentially suffer from the abandonment of the alpine pastures leading to overgrowth of the important bare and sparsely vegetated patches (like in other Anonconotus species). Research on the taxonomy, population size, habitat preference and potential threats should clarify the status of this species.",Unknown,"The distribution of Ghiliani's Alpine Bush-cricket is not completely clear, as the Anonocontus alpinus-group was only recently split. Recent publications by Galvagni (2003), Defaut et al. (2009) and Massa et al. (2012) suggest a distribution confined to the French-Italian Alps from the Aosta valley in the northeast to the Piemonte (Alpi Biellesi, Val di Susa, Valle del Chisone, Vall Stura) in Italy and the Alpi, Prealpi and Mont Ventoux-regions in France (Massa et al. 2012). It occupies montane to sub alpine elevations from 1,100 to at least 2,743 m asl (Galvagni and Fontana 2006), and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 24,250 km².","This species is reported to be abundant in its habitats (Galvagni and Fontana 2006, Massa et al. 2012), and in France it is presumed to be stable. However, there is no available information on the overall population trend.",This species lives in alpine grassland up to the mountain peaks and can also be found in alpine dwarf shrub heath with Juniperus species. Like other Anonconotus species it prefers sun-exposed areas and lives mainly on the ground.,"Due to the lack of published research, threats to this species are unknown. It could potentially suffer from the abandonment of the alpine pastures leading to overgrowth of the important bare and sparsely vegetated patches (like in other Anonconotus species). If this is true, a continuing decline of this specialised species could be derived.","This species is present in protected areas throughout its range. Research on the taxonomy, population size, habitat preference and potential threats should clarify the status of this species.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & Cálix, M.","Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Anonconotus,italoaustriacus,,Anonconotus italoaustriacus,"Nadig, 1987",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Eastern Alpine Bush-cricket (Anonconotus italoaustriacus) is an alpine species and is known to occur in Austria and Italy. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 200 and 300 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO and possibly also in the extent of occurrence (EOO), due to local extinctions in Italy. Furthermore, the extent and quality of suitable habitats, the number of subpopulations and the number of mature individuals seem to be declining as well, mainly due to abandonment of extensive grazing and mowing. An action plan to preserve the remaining subpopulations should be developed, and research should focus on the monitoring of population and habitat trends.",Decreasing,"The Eastern Alpine Bush-cricket is an alpine species, and its distribution extends from the Alto Adige in the southwest over the southern slopes of the eastern Alps (Trentino and Veneto) to the Hohe Tauern (Tyrol, Carinthia) and the Lungau in Salzburg (Nadig 1987, Berg and Illich 2009, Massa et al. 2012, Landmann and Zuna-Kratky 2016). It inhabits montane to sub-alpine mountain regions at elevations from 1,360 m to 2,700 m asl. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 8,300 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) between 200 and 300 km².","In Italy, the subpopulations are severely fragmented and believed to be declining (P. Fontana & F. Buzzetti pers. comm 2015). On the other hand, the situation in Austria seems to be more positive, as there are many occupied sites in Tyrol and Carinthia. However, numbers of individuals in the easternmost subpopulation in Salzburg appear to be decreasing. Several old records from the last century could not be confirmed despite intensive mapping activities in the last 20 years (unpublished data; ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich). The overall population trend is decreasing. The population is severely fragmented since the subpopulations are isolated with little or no genetic exchange between them, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization.","This flightless species inhabits alpine and sub alpine grassland and dwarf shrub heaths, often interspersed with open soil and stands of Juniperus species. It prefers steep sun-exposed slopes with a southeast to southwest exposition.","This species is threatened by the overgrowing of their open habitats by bushes or tall herbaceous plants, mainly caused by the abandonment of extensive meadows and pastures in higher altitudes and possibly also due to eutrophication. It is a rather immobile species with a fragmented distribution, so there is only low potential to colonise new habitats, such as natural alpine grassland formations.","The habitats of this species can be found in a wide area within the southeastern part of the Alpine arch, but its distribution is heavily fragmented in wide parts of its range. Especially in its western range, it is a very rare species. Its habitat requirements are rather special, and its micro-climatic needs are thus only met in certain topographical exposures and undergrounds, which can be supported by extensive human management. Human use should be restricted to extensive mowing or grazing, which can  favour the specific habitat requirements of this bush-cricket. There seem to be a lot of abandoned sites, therefore an action plan to preserve the remaining subpopulations is important. Many subpopulations are covered by protected areas (e.g., Parco Nazionale ""Dolomiti Bellunesi"", National Park ""Hohe Tauern"", Biosphere Reserve ""Nockberge""), where habitat management measures like extensive mowing of alpine grassland should also take into account the requirements of this species. The subpopulation in Parco delle Dolomiti is being monitored. Research should focus on the monitoring of population and habitat trends.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & Cálix, M.","Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Anonconotus,ligustinus,,Anonconotus ligustinus,"Galvagni, 2002",,Yes,EN,B1ac(iv),Yes,EN,B1ac(iv),EU28,,"The Ligurian Alpine Bush-cricket (Anonconotus ligustinus) is a western alpine species present in France and Italy. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is only 665 km²), the population is severely fragmented and there are extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. Overgrazing could have a negative effect on this species, as could the abandonment of pastures leading to overgrowth of sparsely vegetated patches. At the moment, the population trend is unknown, and further research is needed into the species' population size and trend, as well as into its threats.",Unknown,"The Ligurian Alpine Bush-cricket lives on the southern edge of the alpine range of the genus Anonconotus. It occupies the mountains of the Alpi Liguri and Alpi Marittime in Italy and the Alpes Maritimes in France  (Galvagni 2005). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 665 km², and it is found at elevations between 1,700 and 2,350 m asl.","There is no information on the population size and trend for this species, and this is probably due to its very restricted distribution and the fact that it was documented as ""Anonconotus alpinus"" for decades. In Italy, outbreaks of the species have been reported (Massa et al. 2012) and the species is considered to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. In Italy, subpopulations are isolated and scattered, while in France the subpopulation size seems to be more stable. Most subpopulations are isolated with little or no genetic exchange between them, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. The overall population trend is unknown.","This species, like other Anonconotus species, occurs in montane to sub alpine grassland, that can be also used for grazing or mowing. There is no published information of its habitat preferences.","Specific information on the threats to this species is scarce. Overgrazing of their habitats could have a negative effect on this species (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015), or like in other Anonconotus-taxa, abandonment of pastures leading to overgrowth of sparsely vegetated patches could also deteriorate suitable habitats.","This species occurs in large protected areas like the Parc national du Mercantour and the Parco Naturale delle Alpi Marittime. It could be an important target species for habitat management and conservation actions. Further research is needed into its population size and trend, and into the threats to this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & Cálix, M.","Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Anonconotus,mercantouri,,Anonconotus mercantouri,"Galvagni & Fontana, 2003",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Mercantour Alpine Bush-cricket (Anonconotus mercantouri) has a very small range in the western part of the Alpine arc. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is only 20 km²), it only occurs at one location, and negative effects of land use change like overgrazing could drive it to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. However, in some places this species is rather abundant and its range is covered by a protected area. Research is needed to identify the recent population trend and potential threats to this species.",Unknown,"The Mercantour Alpine Bush-cricket has a very small range in the western part of the Alpine arc with an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of only 20 km². As far as is known, it only lives in the valley and adjacent mountain slopes of Vallon de Prals in the Alpes Maritims near St. Martin-Vésubie in the ""Parc Natural de Mercantour"". It was found in elevations from 1,800 to 2,284 m asl (Galvagni and Fontana 2003, 2006).","This species has a very small range, but it occurs in good abundances and in its optimal habitats, like at the Lacs de Prals (Galvagni and Fontana 2003), it can be the most common grasshopper (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015). There is no information on the population trend available, but this is also due to the recent discovery of this species, only one decade ago. It is likely that the species experiences fluctuations in its population size, but it is unclear, whether these fluctuations are extreme.","This species, like the other alpine Anonconotus species, prefers sun-exposed habitats in alpine grasslands and alpine dwarf shrub heath lands with Rhododendron and Juniperus bushes. Surrounding forests mainly consist of Larix spp. and Picea spp. (Galvgni and Fontana 2003).","The sites where this species is found are overgrazed (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015). The effects of land use on the population of this species are unknown, but overgrazing is thought to be a threat. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","This species carries the name of the national park, which includes the world distribution of this endemic species.  Therefore it could be a flagship species (maybe together with Anonconotus ligustinus) for the conservation of open alpine habitats. Research is needed to identify the recent population trend and potential threats to this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & Cálix, M.","Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Anonconotus,occidentalis,,Anonconotus occidentalis,"Carron & Wermeille, 2002",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Western Alpine Bush-cricket (Anonconotus occidentalis) is widespread in the southwestern Alps in France and Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,000 km²), the species is reported to be locally abundant. In addition, this species inhabits native alpine grasslands along a wide range of altitudes, and there is potential for shifting to higher altitudes as the mean temperature increases (due to global warming). Supporting a low-intensity pasturing in the mountains should be beneficial for this species. Monitoring should focus on the effects of presumed recent habitat change due to abandonment of pastures in the higher altitudes and the intensification of these habitats in the foothills.",Unknown,"The Western Alpine Bush-cricket occupies the southwestern part of the Alpine distribution of this montane bush-cricket genus. It is rather restricted in the Alps in France, but more widespread in the Italian Piemonte mountains (Alpi Cozie, Liguri e Marittime). This species' minimum extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,000 km² (Nadig 1987, Carron et al. 2002, Voisin 2003, Massa et al. 2012). It occupies a large range of altitudes with records between 1,250 and 2,900 m asl. The closely related A. baracunensis replaces this species in a small area at the northeastern edge of its distribution.","This species is reported to be locally abundant in its known sites and was often collected in large numbers. As a flightless species, its subpopulations might be regionally fragmented with only minor exchanges between them. It is not known if this causes a severe fragmentation of the population. The current population trend is unknown.",This flightless species inhabits alpine grassland with stony and rocky patches above the tree-line up to the mountain peaks. Eggs are laid into the ground and probably need  longer than one year to develop.,"Due to the lack of published research, potential threats to this species are mostly unknown, but it may suffer from the abandonment of alpine pastures and a subsequent overgrowth of its habitats like the closely related Anonconotus alpinus. Changes in land use may also affect this species, and the effects of this threat on this species should be monitored. Taking into account the low mobility of this flightless species, negative trends in habitat quality may lead to a decline in the population size. Global warming is not likely to affect this species since it inhabits native alpine grasslands along a wide range of altitudes, and there is potential for shifting to higher altitudes as the mean temperature increases.",Although it occurs in several protected areas there is no conservation program targeting this species specifically. Supporting a low-intensity pasturing in the mountains should be beneficial for this species. Monitoring should focus on the effects of presumed recent habitat change due to abandonment of pastures in the higher altitudes and the intensification of these habitats in the foothills.,The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & Cálix, M.","Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Anonconotus,pusillus,,Anonconotus pusillus,"Carron & Sardet, 2002",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Pygmy Alpine Bush-cricket (Anonconotus pusillus) is endemic to the Alpi Graie in the Piemonte and the Valle d´Aosta. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a small extent of occurrence (EOO) of 650 km², and the population is severely fragmented - thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. However, there is no available information on the population trend and potential threats. Research on distribution, population size, habitat requirements, ecology and potential threats is needed to clarify the necessity of conservation actions for this species.",Unknown,"The Pygmy Alpine Bush-cricket is endemic to the Alpi Graie in the Piemonte and the Valle d´Aosta. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 650 km² in the eastern part of the Gran Paradiso Massif (Carron et al. 2002, Massa et al. 2012). This species was found on mountain slopes from 1,400 m up to 2,400 m asl.","This species is known from only a few localities and the size of its subpopulations seem to be small. Sub-populations are quite isolated and less dense than in other species of Anonconotus, although it can be locally common (C. Roesti pers. comm. 2015). Information on the population trend is not available. The population seems to be severely fragmented since there is little or no genetic exchange between the subpopulations and they may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization.","The genus Anonconotus is a group of bush-crickets occurring in montane habitats in the Alps, like alpine grassland and dwarf shrub heaths. The habitats where this species occurs are sometimes grazed. Unfortunately, there is no available information on the specific habitat preferences and the ecology of this species, but it can be assumed that it prefers similar habitats as other closely related Anonconotus species.","Due to the lack of research on this species, the existence and nature of threats are unknown.","This species occurs in the protected area of the Parco Nazionale Gran Paradiso. Research on distribution, population size, habitat requirements, ecology and potential threats is needed to clarify the necessity of conservation actions for this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & Cálix, M.","Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Anonconotus,sibyllinus,,Anonconotus sibyllinus,"Galvagni, 2002",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Sibylline Alpine Bush-cricket (Anonconotus sibyllinus) is endemic to Italy, and is only found in a few localities of the Central Apennines. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 500 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of sub-populations, extent and quality of the habitat and number of mature individuals due to the increase of cattle grazing in the area and touristic activities. In addition, climate change might also affect this species, particularly extreme temperatures and habitat shifts. Research is needed into its population trend and threats. Proper habitat management needs to be implemented in order to avoid any future declines of the species. In addition, degraded habitat should be restored.",Decreasing,"The Sibylline Alpine Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only found in a few localities of the Central Apennines (Monti Sibillini and Monti Reatini; Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 500 km².","A continuing decline in the population size of this species is inferred from the ongoing threats. This species is flightless and the subpopulations are very isolated so that genetic exchange between them is highly unlikely, and they may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.","This species lives in alpine meadows between low vegetation on the ground, with adults probably being found in August and September. It is found at elevations between 1,500 m and 2,100 m asl.","The major threats to this species are changes in land use, particularly the increase of cattle grazing as well as touristic activities (skiing, tracking). It may also be affected by climate change, particularly by extreme temperatures and habitat shifts.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into its population trend and threats. Proper habitat management needs to be implemented in order to avoid any future declines of the species. In addition, degraded habitat should be restored.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Antaxius,beieri,,Antaxius beieri,"Harz, 1966",,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Swiss Mountain Bush-cricket (Antaxius beieri) is only known from a single male found in an alpine area in Switzerland. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on the geographic distribution, ecological requirements, conservation status and threats to it and also because of its probably doubtful taxonomic status. Research at the the place from which the species was originally collected is needed to clarify its taxonomic status. This species does not occur in the EU 28 region and is therefore assessed as Not Evaluated.",Unknown,The Swiss Mountain Bush-cricket was discovered in 1952 in Switzerland in an alpine area called Sonogmo in the Val Verzasca in Tessin (Harz 1966). All further attempts to find other individuals of this species have been unsuccessful  (Monnerat et al. 2007).,There is no information on the population size and trend since this species was found only once - a single male (Harz 1966).,"There is no information on the habitat preferences of this species, but it is presumed to occur in alpine habitats.","As this species is only known from a single specimen without further ecological information, the threats to this species are unknown.","Specific research at the place from which the species was originally collected is urgently needed to clarify if the species still exists. In addition, its taxonomic status needs to be studied. It is not known to occur in any protected areas.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & Cálix, M.","Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Antaxius,bouvieri,,Antaxius bouvieri,"Chopard, 1924",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Corsican Mountain Bush-cricket is endemic to Corsica, where it inhabits various rocky mountainous habitats (high altitude screes, moorlands, Pinus forests) between 800 and 2,500 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 1,200 km². Recent monitoring schemes showed that the species is probably not rare in the northern part of the Corsican mountains. In addition, there are no major threats to the species and therefore Antaxius bouvieri is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The Corsican Mountain Bush-cricket is endemic to Corsica (France) (Defaut 1999, Defaut et al. 2009). It is a montane species that occurs only on the northern half of the Corsican mountainous massif (North of Col de Vizzavona), at altitudes between 800 and 2,500 m (Braud et al. 2002, Boitier et al. 2006, Braud and Sardet 2006). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 1,200 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is between 120 an 600 km².","Antaxius bouvieri is a secretive species which is rarely observed, and it occurs in small densities (C. Roesti pers. comm. 2015). Recent nocturnal surveys with bat detectors have revealed new localities (Boitier et al. 2006, Barataud 2010). About 30 observations from 11 municipalities are currently known. There is no information available on the population size and trend.","Antaxius bouvieri is a montane species that inhabits various habitats generally with big granitic rocks: high altitude rocky screes, Alnus or Juniperus moorlands, Pinus nigra laricio forests with ferns, etc. (Braud et al. 2002, Boitier et al. 2006, Barataud 2010). This flightless species is mainly active at night, which is the best moment to hear it chirping or to find specimens on paved roads.","Antaxius bouvieri lives on rocky and sloping mountain habitats, which are usually difficult to access. Thus, direct human impacts are rare (forest clearings, touristic development), localised and often without negative effects on the overall population of the species. Currently, no major threats have been reported for this species.","There are no conservation actions in place for Antaxius bouvieri, and it is not present in any protected areas throughout its range. The species was assessed as Least Concern in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research on its population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Monnerat, C., Fontana, P., Zuna-Kratky, T., Presa, J.J. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Antaxius,chopardi,,Antaxius chopardi,"Morales-Agacino, 1936",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Chopard's Mountain Bush-cricket is endemic to the eastern Pyrenees, where it inhabits various shrubby or forest habitats from 380 to 2,000 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 15,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,000 km². Threatsmay affect some local subpopulations, but overall the species is still widespread and common. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"Chopard's Mountain Bush-cricket is an East-Pyrenean endemic bush-cricket. This mountain species is widespread on the Frenchside in Pyrénées-Orientales and Aude (Defaut et al. 2009), Andorra (Poniatowski et al. 2009) and on the Spanish side in Girona, Lerida and Barcelona (Pyrenees and Montseny areas) (Olmo-Vidal 2006). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 15,000 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) has been estimated to be about 1,000 km².","Antaxius chopardi is a nocturnal secretive species which is rarely observed. While in France the species is common, in Spain it seems to be more rare and subpopulations are scarce. It can be abundant in suitable habitats. There is no information available on the population size and trend of the species.","Antaxius chopardi occurs in dry and shrubby mountain habitats, from 380 to 2,000 m altitude (Voisin 2003, Olmo-Vidal 2006). It lives on heaths and Buxus scrub, on dry grasslands with shrubs (Ulex, Rosa, Juniperus), on very rocky places (cliffs), and sometimes on Mediterranean forests (Quercus ilex). In Spain, it has been observed mainly on Buxus species. This flightless species is mainly active at night, which is the best moment to hear its calling song.","Similarly to other species in the genus, Antaxius chopardi is found on rocky and sloping habitats, which are often hard to access. Thus, direct human impacts like touristic developments or wind turbines are rather confined, local and often with no significant long-term effect on the species. So far there are no major threats reported, especially for high altitude subpopulations.","There are no conservation actions in place for Antaxius chopardi, although it is present in protected areas throughout its range. The species was assessed as ""priority 3"" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research on its population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Monnerat, C., Fontana, P., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Antaxius,difformis,,Antaxius difformis,"(Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1861)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Eastern Mountain Bush-cricket (Antaxius difformis) is an endemic habitat specialist, that can be found in a rather large area in the southern Alps. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it covers a wide geographic range, occurs in a broad range of altitudes and there are no documented indications of decline or range contraction. Due to the specialized requirements of this bush-cricket, the subpopulations are often isolated, but its preferred habitat (steep rocky areas in the mountains) is not under threat.",Unknown,"The Eastern Mountain Bush-cricket is endemic to the southern Alps. It occurs with a scattered distribution from the Wallis in the west across the north-eastern parts of Italy, the south-eastern part of Switzerland (mainly in the Engadin) eastwards to the Italian-Slovenian-Austrian mountain regions of the Julian Alps, the Karawanken mountains and the Kamiško-Savinjske Alps (Baur and Roesti 2006, Massa et al. 2012, Gomboc and Šegula 2014, ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich; unpublished data). This montane species occurs from the foothills up to the summits and can be found between 670 and 2,500 m asl. It prefers higher altitudes in the western parts of its range (occurring only above 1,250 m asl) than in the eastern part (Baur and Roesti 2006, ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich; unpublished data). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 43,200 km².","In the western parts of its range this species seems to be quite common locally in suitable habitats (Massa et al. 2012). However, at least the Austrian subpopulations are small, as in almost 80 % of all cases this species was recorded as ""rare"" (unpublished data; ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich). In Switzerland the species seems to be stable (F. Rutschmann pers. comm. 2015). There is a lack of monitoring of this species, since it lives mainly in hardly accessible habitats. The overall the population trend is unknown.","This species occurs in dry and warm montane habitats. Its needs are best fulfilled on steep rocky and sun-exposed mountain slopes or even cliffs with rather sparse vegetation cover, often intermixed with some dwarf shrub heath like Juniperus spp. (Agabiti et al. 2005, Baur and Roesti 2006, Massa et al. 2012). If the ground is rocky enough it can also be found in open forests with Larix or Pinus species. This species is quite fugitive, preferring to hide under some bunches of grass or dwarf shrub or to retreat into the gaps between rocks and screes. In spite of being flightless, the individuals are very active during the day, often moving around in their habitat (Baur and Roesti 2006).","This species prefers habitats which are remote and hard to access. Thus, direct human impact on this rocky and steep slopes is rare and often without negative effects on the species. Land use changes in some easily accessible areas in the form of abandonment of pastures and changes in the grazing regime can have negative effects on the species.","There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas. Its preferred habitat is only rarely subject to conservation projects.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & Cálix, M.","Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Antaxius,florezi,,Antaxius florezi,"Bolívar, 1900",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Cangas Mountain Bush-cricket (Antaxius florezi) is endemic to  the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite common, it can be found in large numbers and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the northwestern Iberian Peninsula in Spain and Portugal (Rosa-García 2003, Miranda and Barranco 2005, Ferreira et al. 2007, F. Barros unpublished data). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 60,000 km².","There is no available information on the population trend, but this species is common and can be found in large numbers.",This species is found in plant associations of Erica sp. and Ulex sp. (Rosa-Garcia 2003).,No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Research is needed into the species' distribution, population trend, life history, ecology and threats.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Ferreira, S., Barranco Vega, P., Clemente, M., Correas, J., García, M., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B., Presa, J.J. & Prunier, F.","Barros, F. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Antaxius,hispanicus,,Antaxius hispanicus,"Bolívar, 1884",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Pyrenean Mountain Bush-cricket is endemic to the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian mountains, living in herbaceous or shrubby habitats between 1,100 and 2,800 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 25,000 km². The species seems to be rather rare, especially in the western Pyrenees, and there is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. However, some subpopulations are still large and overall the population does not seem to be severely fragmented. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Decreasing,"The Pyrenean Mountain Bush-cricket is endemic to the Pyrenees and Cantabrian mountains. This species is widespread along the Spanish, Andorrian and French sides of the Pyrenees mountain range, in Corbières and Aude in France and in the Montseny and Montserrat mountains in Spain (Olmo-Vidal 2006, Defaut et al. 2009, Poniatowski et al. 2009). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 25,000 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) covers c. 2,000 to 6,000 km².","Antaxius hispanicus is less secretive compared to the other species of the genus and specimens are often visible during the day in open grasslands. Although the species seems to be common in the Spanish part of its distribution (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2015), it is thought to be ""not very abundant"" in Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2006), and it has not been recorded in the last 20 years on two French departments (Pyrénées-Atlantiques and Hautes-Pyrénées). There is no information available on its population size, but there is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and mature individuals.","Antaxius hispanicus occurs in alpine and sub-alpine heaths and meadows (Defaut 1999, Olmo-Vidal 2006), from 1,100 to 2,800 m altitude (Voisin 2003, Olmo-Vidal 2008). In mountain grasslands, the specimens are often more numerous near shrubs (Juniperus, Buxus, etc.) or along forest edges.","Since Antaxius hispanicus lives in high altitude grasslands, direct human impacts are rare. Changes in the grazing regime, including decreasing pastoralism and overgrazing, could be negative on the long term due to encroachment of bushes and trees.","There are no conservation actions in place for Antaxius hispanicus, although it occurs on several protected areas throughout its range (including national parks and natural reserves). The species was assessed as Least Concern in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More information on its population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Antaxius,kraussii,,Antaxius kraussii,"(Bolívar, 1878)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Albarracin Mountain Bush-cricket (Antaxius kraussii) is endemic to the eastern Iberian Peninsula, and is present in mountainous area of the Albacete, Almería, Guadalajara, Cuenca, Malaga, Granada and Jaén provinces (Spain). This species is assessed as Least Concernsince its subpopulations are usually dense and the population size is presumed to be large. However, as a mountainous species, it may be prone to the effects of climate change. Research is needed into the threats to this species, its distribution, population trend, as well as life history and ecology.",Unknown,"The Albarracin Mountain Bush-cricket is endemic to the eastern Iberian Peninsula, and is present in mountainous area of the Albacete, Almería, Guadalajara, Cuenca, Malaga, Granada and Jaén provinces (Spain). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 57,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 80 km²  with an upper estimate of 1,000 km².",The population trend of this species is unknown. Its subpopulations are usually dense (P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016) and the population size is presumed to be large. The population is naturally slightly fragmented since the species occurs in higher mountains and individuals are flightless.,"This species inhabits dry grassland and shrubland (Pardo et al. 1993). It occurs at altitudes between 1,460 m and 2,280 m Asl.","As a mountainous species, it may be prone to the effects of climate change.","There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it is present in several protected areas. Research is needed into the threats to this species, its distribution, population trend, as well as life history and ecology.",This species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Antaxius,pedestris,,Antaxius pedestris,"(Fabricius, 1787)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Mountain Bush-Cricket (Antaxius pedestris) is known from the southern and central Alps, Ligurian Appenines and in southern Jura. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite common in the Alps and, even though it may locally be affected by afforestation, abandonment or intensive grazing, the population size is still large and in most parts well-connected.",Unknown,"The Common Mountain Bush-cricket is known from the southern and central Alps, Ligurian Appenines and in southern Jura. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 250,000 km². Its upper elevation limit is 2,500 m asl.","The population trend of this species is unknown. It is common in the southern Alps and most subpopulations are well connected (Y. Braud pers. comm. 2015). In Italy some subpopulations are quite dense, others very small and usually fragmented (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015). In Switzerland the subpopulation is assumed to be stable (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2015). In Austria there has been a decline in records in spite of the increase in searching efforts, although the species is also difficult to find (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015). The overall population size is large.","This species is found on sunny alpine slopes, stony meadows or rocky habitats with high vegetation cover (often with many bushes) (Massa et al. 2012). In the south of its range it also inhabits forest edges, clearings and meadows with higher vegetation whereas in the north it is more closely associated with rocky sites (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2015). In the southern Alps it is found in areas containing Rubus spp. (C. Roesti pers. comm. 2015).","The main threat to the species is abandonment of grazing on stony meadows which leads to the succession of woods (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015). In some areas afforestation and intensification of agriculture are reported as threats (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2015). In Austria, quarrying also poses a threat in rocky areas at low elevations (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Near Threatened on the Swiss Red List (Monnerat et al. 2007). In Austria it is listed as Data Deficient (Berg et al. 2005) and in France as Least Concern (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Further research is needed on the population trend.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Braud, Y., Fontana, P., Zuna-Kratky, T., Roesti, C., Dusoulier, F., Presa, J.J. & Rutschmann, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Antaxius,sorrezensis,,Antaxius sorrezensis,"(Marquet, 1877)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The French Mountain Bush-cricket is endemic to southern France, where it lives on various shrub or forest habitats, from the Atlantic plain (where it may have been introduced) to low mountainous eastern areas (Massif Central, where the species is rather common). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 27,000 km² and only some local and insignificant threats have been reported. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The French Mountain Bush-cricket is endemic to France, where it is widespread from the Rhône valley to the Atlantic coast, although until recently the species was only known from the Massif Central area in eastern France (Defaut et al. 2009). The disconnected record from the Atlantic area (Duhaze and Bonifait 2014) might be the result of a passive human introduction. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 27,000 km².","Antaxius sorrezensis is a secretive species and is rarely observed. However, recent nocturnal surveys with bat detectors resulted on the discovery of new localities, specifically on pine forests of Les Landes near the Atlantic (Duhaze and Bonifait 2014), where the species is common. There is no information available on its population size and trends.","Antaxius sorrezensis is found from the lowland at c. 50 m altitude up to mid-level mountains at 1,250 m altitude. It occurs generally on shrubby habitats, especially rocky Genista cinerea moorlands, but also along forest edges with ferns, in Pinus forest, Buxus sempervirens scrublands and dry mountain grasslands. This flightless species is mainly active at night, which is the best moment to hear its calling song.","Like other species in the genus, Antaxius sorrezensis prefers rocky and sloping habitats, which are often hard to access. Thus, direct human impacts like touristic developments and wind turbines are localised and often do not have significant long-term impacts on the species; so there are no major threats to the species. Furthermore, decreasing pastoralism at intermediary altitudes (especially in Ardèche or Tarn) may have positive effects on this shrub bush-cricket.","There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, although it is present in protected areas throughout its range. The species was assessed as ""priority 3"" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its ecology, population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Monnerat, C., Fontana, P., Presa, J.J., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Antaxius,spinibrachius,,Antaxius spinibrachius,"(Fischer, 1853)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,The Iberian Mountain Bush-cricket (Antaxius spinibranchius) is widely distributed in the northern half of the Iberian Peninsula and has also been reported from Madeira. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population size is presumed to be large and no major threats to it have been reported.,Unknown,"The Iberian Mountain Bush-cricket is widely distributed in the northern half of the Iberian Peninsula (Rosa-García 2003, Miranda-Arabolaza and Barranco 2005) and has also been reported from Madeira. This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of ca 556,500 km².","The population trend of this species is unknown. The subpopulations seem to be dense as usually several individuals can be observed in a restricted area (Miranda-Arabolaza and Barranco 2005, P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016). The population size is therefore presumed to be large.","The species is found mainly in shrubland with plants like Pterospartum tridentatum, Halimium alyssoides and Echinospartum ibericum, but has also been observed in pine forests (Miranda-Arabolaza and Barranco 2005).",No major threats to the species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Research is needed into the threats, distribution and population trend.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Ferreira, S., Barranco Vega, P., Clemente, M., Correas, J., García, M., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B., Presa, J.J. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M., Barros, F. & Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Anterastes,serbicus,,Anterastes serbicus,"Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882",,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Serbian Pygmy Bush-cricket (Anterastes serbicus) is found in the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula and northwestern Anatolia. In Europe it is found from southern Serbia and Montenegro to northern Greece and European Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is widespread in the Balkans and the population trend is assumed to be stable. In the EU 28 it is assessed as Near Threatened since its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 600 and 2,000 km², and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B2. However, the population trend is assumed to be stable. The main threat to this species is overgrazing and more research into its taxonomy and population trend is required.",Stable,"The Serbian Pygmy Bush-cricket is found in the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula and northwestern Anatolia. In Europe it is found from southern Serbia and Montenegro to northern Greece and European Turkey (Karabağ et al. 1980). There is only one reported locality from European Turkey which so far has not been confirmed, despite recent searches (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). However, the locality (Edirne Süloglu) does not fit the usual alpine habitats of the species and might thus be erroneous (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be between 1,000 and 3,500 km², and between 600 and 2000 km² in the EU 28.",The subpopulations of this species are generally small and there is no genetic exchange between them. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented (D. Chobanov and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015). The population trend is assumed to be stable.,"This species is found in mesic and dry meadows including forest clearings within the colline, subalpine and alpine habitats (Ciplak 2003, Popov 2007), as well as in stony slopes with Juniperus bushes above the timberline (Willemse 1985; L. Willemse pers. comm.).",The main threat to this species is overgrazing (D. Chobanov and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015).,"This species has been assessed as Least Concern on the Macedonian Red List (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). It occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend is required. In addition, the taxonomy of this species needs to be studied as there are considerable genetic differences among different mountain ranges on the Balkans (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Ivkovic, S., Sirin, D., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,MOGOPLISTIDAE,Arachnocephalus,vestitus,,Arachnocephalus vestitus,"Costa, 1855",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Hairy Scale-cricket (Arachnocephalus vestitus) occurs from North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula via the Near East to the Caucasus. It is widespread in the Mediterranean region of Europe, where it is found in Mediterranean shrubland and grassland, living mainly in bushes. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and quite common, even though it is difficult to find.",Unknown,"The Hairy Scale-cricket occurs from North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula via the Near East to the Caucasus (Heller 2013). In Europe it is found from Portugal, Lampedusa, Sicily, Crete and Cyprus in the south to southern France, northern Italy and Slovenia in the north and southeastern Ukraine in the east (Harz 1969, Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 6.2 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 4.3 million km².",This species is quite common but difficult to find (Massa 2011). There is no available information on the population trend of this species.,"The Hairy Scale-cricket is found in dry grassland, bushes and trees (Massa et al. 2012). It is also found in Mediterranean shrubland (Olmo-Vidal 2002).",This species may be locally affected by wildfires and removal of shrubs (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2016).,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Least Concern in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004) and the Former Yugoslav Republic Macedonia (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). More research into the population trend and threats to this species is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Puskas, G., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Arcyptera,alzonai,,Arcyptera alzonai,"Capra, 1938",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Piedmont Banded Grasshopper (Arcyptera alzonai) is endemic to the Piedmont region of Italy, but it might also be present in France. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has an area of occupancy (AOO) smaller than 500 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the quality of its habitat. The major threat to this species is land abandonment, and it might also be threatened by climate change. Further research on the conservation status of this species, particularly its habitat preferences, population trends and threats is needed. The remaining subpopulations need to be preserved an appropriate grassland management implemented.",Decreasing,"The Piedmont Banded Grasshopper is endemic to the Piedmont region of Italy and has been described from Bardonecchia in the Susa Valley. It has also been found in the provinces of Turin, Alessandria and also in the Aosta Valley (Massa et al. 2012). It might also be present in France. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 13,160 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) based upon the known localities is 36 km². While the real AOO is assumed to be larger than 36 km², it is still probably smaller than 500 km².","There is no data on population sizes or trends. However, it is very likely to be declining based on the ongoing threats. The known subpopulations are all very small with probably no exchange between them, and the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.","Not much is known about the biology of this species, but it is known that it occurs in montane grasslands and that it prefers warm habitats approximately between 1,400 and 1,900 m asl. There is a continuing decline in the quality of this species' habitat due to ongoing threats (abandonment of meadows and climatic changes).","The threats to this species are still poorly understood. However, abandonment of meadows could be a major threat to this species, and climate change may also affect it.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although research is needed into the population trends, life history, ecology and threats. It is unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas. The remaining subpopulations need to be preserved an appropriate grassland management implemented.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Massa, B., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Arcyptera,brevipennis,,Arcyptera brevipennis,"(Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1861)",,Yes,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)c(iv)",No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)c(iv)",EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Western Banded Grasshopper (Arcyptera brevipennis) has a disjunct distribution in southwestern and southeastern Europe. This species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe since its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is between 550 and 1,000 km² in Europe, the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in its AOO, extent and   quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and in the number of mature   individuals. In addition, the population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. In the EU 28, the situation is the same with an AOO between 400 and 850 km². As the majority of estimates for AOO are above 500 km², the species is assessed as Vulnerable as well. No regional adjustment is made for the EU 28 as the species is flightless and unlikely to immigrate. The major threats to this species are changing land use, increasing lengths and numbers of droughts and urbanisation. Habitat restoration (particularly restoration of traditionally used grassland) is necessary for its conservation. Sheep grazing seems to be crucial for the survival of this grasshopper. In addition, research is needed on its population trend.",Decreasing,"The Western Banded Grasshopper has a disjunct distribution in southwestern and southeastern Europe where it occurs with two different subspecies, Arcyptera b. brevipennis on the Balkans and A. b. vicheti in France and Spain (Harz 1975). On the Balkan Peninsula the species occurs from Croatia (being extinct in Slovenia) in the north to Montenegro in the south (a doubtful record from Albania exists, G. Puskas pers. comm. 2016) whereas in southwestern Europe it is found in northern Spain (four extant subpopulations) and in the Mediterranean part of France (Heller 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 405,000 km² and in the EU 28 ca 380,000 km². Its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is between 300 and 900 km² in Europe and between 250 and 700 km² in the EU 28.","The subpopulations of this species are usually small, but show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. In Slovenia the species has even been reported as a pest, but is now regionally extinct since 1970 (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015). This species is considered to be severely fragmented since subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with reduced probability of recolonisation. In addition, this species is flightless. There is a continuing decline in the population. In Spain, eight subpopulations were known in 1905, but only four of them were confirmed in 1980 (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2015). In France, many subpopulations have disappeared as a consequence of urbanization (B. Defaut pers. comm. 2016).","This species is found in steppe-like Mediterranean vegetation and rocky grassland or shrubland habitats (Voisin 2003, Bellmann and Luquet 2009). The species mainly feeds on grass debris and is unable to fly (Schultner et al. 2012). Schultner et al. (2012) found mainly Brachypodium retusum in its diet.","The major threat to this species is changing land use, particularly changes in the grazing regime and abandonment (Schultner et al. 2012) but also afforestation (J.J. Presa and S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015). It may also be affected by increasing lengths and numbers of droughts (Schultner et al. 2012) and urbanisation (B. Defaut pers. comm. 2016). Recent road construction projects in France represent a considerable threat to this species (B. Defaut pers. comm. 2016).","This species is listed as Vulnerable and as Endangered on the French and Spanish national Red Lists respectively (Sardet and Defaut 2004; Verdú et al. 2011). In Slovenia it is regionally extinct (Gomboc pers. comm. 2015). It occurs in protected areas. Habitat restoration (particularly restoration of traditionally used grassland) is necessary for its conservation. Furthermore, research on its population trend is needed. Sheep grazing seems to be crucial for its survival.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Rutschmann, F., Szovenyi, G., Kleukers, R., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M. & Kristin, A.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Arcyptera,fusca,,Arcyptera fusca,"(Pallas, 1773)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Large Banded Grasshopper (Arcyptera fusca) occurs from western Europe (Pyrenees) to Mongolia. In Europe the species is mainly found in montane areas, including the Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians and mountain systems of the Balkans. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though there is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy (AOO), number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat as well as the number of mature individuals, this species is widely distributed and its extent of occurrence (EOO) and AOO far exceed the thresholds for threatened categories under criterion B. The species is known to show extreme fluctuations in population size. In some parts of Europe the subpopulation are considered severely fragmented but it still has large subpopulations in the Alps, Pyrenees and in the Balkans. More research into its population trend is needed.",Decreasing,"The Large Banded Grasshopper occurs from western Europe (Pyrenees) to Mongolia (Massa et al. 2012). In Europe the species is mainly found in montane areas, including the Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians and mountain systems of the Balkans. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 3.6 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 1.7 million km².","Declines have been observed in Germany (Maas et al. 2011), Austria (Berg et al. 2005),Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007),the CzechRepublic, Slovakia, Hungary (Kristin and Iorgu 2014) and parts of France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). The overall population trend is therefore decreasing. The population is fragmented but subpopulations in the Alps and Pyrenees are still large. This species shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. Outbreaks have been reported in some areas (D. Chobanov and T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015).",The main habitats of this species are montane and alpine meadows but it is also found at lower altitudes (Massa et al. 2012). Females are flightless and thus have a low dispersal ability.,Changes in land use (particularly abandonment and afforestation) are the major threats to this species (Kristin and Iorgu 2014) as well as intensification of grassland management such as increasing of mowing and drainage (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2015).,"This species occurs in protected areas and is listed as threatened on several national Red Lists. In Switzerland it is listed as Near Threatened (Monnerat et al. 2007), in Slovakia as Vulnerable  (Kristin 2001), in Austria as Endangered (Berg et al. 2005), in Germany as Critically Endangered (Maas et al. 2011), in the northern and central parts of France as Near Threatened, in western France as Critically Endangered/Endangered (Sardet and Defaut 2004) and in the Carpathians as Near Threatened, being Regionally Extinct in the Czech part and Vulnerable in the Hungarian part (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). In Hungary this species is protected. Research into its population trend is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J., Szovenyi, G. & Kleukers, R.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Arcyptera,kheili,,Arcyptera kheili,"Azam, 1900",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Provence Banded Grasshopper (Arcyptera kheili) is endemic to the French Provence and Alpes-du-Sud. It lives in Mediterranean scrubland and in dry and stony grassland between 50 and 1,500 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 13,000 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 516 - 5,160 km². The population is partly fragmented, but it is not considered severely fragmented. Significant threats are reported (urbanisation in plains, forest dynamics in mountains areas, wind parks, solar parks, limestone quarrying) and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. As it nearly meets a threatened category under Criterion B, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).",Decreasing,"The Provence Banded Grasshopper is endemic to the Provence and Alpes-du-Sud in France (Defaut 1999). The species occurs in five departments (Bouches-du-Rhône, Vaucluse, Var, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and Alpes-Maritimes), in altitudes between 50 and 1,500 m (Voisin 2003). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 13,000 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 500 and 5,000 km².","Arcyptera kheili is not a very rare species (Defaut et al. 2009), but subpopulations are rather localised. However, it is not considered to be severely fragmented.Several subpopulations of this flightless and sensitive species are declining (Voisin 2003), and the current population trend is of a decline.","Arcyptera kheili is a mainly submountainous and mountainous species, living in open Mediterranean scrubland and in dry, stony and scarce herbaceous grasslands, generally on calcareous soil (Voisin 2003).","Arcyptera kheili habitats are often flat and thus especially attractive for development projects and wind parks. Limestone quarrying also represents a threat to this species. In low altitude areas (such as Provence), direct human impacts are important (mainly urbanisation around cities), causing a significant fragmentation of subpopulations. Most of low mountain subpopulations are threatened by decreasing pastoralism (scrub encroachment and forest succession).",There are no specific conservation actions in place for Arcyptera kheili. The species has not been recorded from any protected area. It was assessed as “priority 3” (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its population trend and threats is needed. There is also a need to protect its habitat.,The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Monnerat, C., Presa, J.J. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Arcyptera,labiata,,Arcyptera labiata,"(Brullé, 1832)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Turkish Banded Grasshopper (Arcyptera labiata) is distributed across a large area in Greece including some of the Aegean Islands. The species is assessed as Least Concern in view of its large distribution area and its presumed overall large population size. Further research is needed on the population size and trend of the species and on the effects of possible threats to the species.",Unknown,"In Europe, the range of this species is restricted to Greece, where it is distributed throughout the southern part of the mainland, the Peloponnesus and the Aegean Islands (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willlemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 141,000 km². Outside Europe, the species is also found in Turkey (Willemse 1976). Reports about its presence in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia) have not been taken into account, as these are probably the result of confusion with a closely related species Arcyptera microptera (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).","The most recent taxonomic study on this species dates back to 1976. Since then no studies have been published on this species nor has any information become available with data on the population or subpopulations. Although overall this is a rare species, the population size is inferred to be large. The population trend of this species is unknown.","This species is found in open, rather dry habitats covered by rocks, only partly and sparsely covered with grasses and herbs. They have been reported from a wide altitudinal range from lowlands to the timberline.",This species occurs throughout areas which are used for grazing by sheep and goats. However the effects of this on the species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Further research is required on the population size, trends and possible threats to the species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Heller, K.-G. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Arcyptera,microptera,,Arcyptera microptera,"(Fischer de Waldheim, 1833)",,No,LC,,No,VU,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)c(iv)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Eastern Banded Grasshopper (Arcyptera microptera) is distributed in the southern part of Europe, from Spain to Greece as well as in large parts of Asia, from Turkey to Mongolia. This species is assessed as Vulnerable in the EU 28 since it is a rare, has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of between 500 and 1,600 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals. In addition, outbreaks have been reported and the population might thus shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. The population is unlikely to receive any significant immigration from outside of the EU 28 since the species is flightless, and therefore no regional adjustment is made. In Europe this species is assessed as Least Concern since the AOO is likely to be much larger (including subpopulations in Albania, FYR Macedonia, Moldavia, Ukraine and southern Russia), exceeding the thresholds of a threatened category by far. This species is mainly threatened by destruction and degradation of its habitat. In the northern part of its range habitats were transformed into farmland and forests, or land used became more intensified. In the southern part of its range it seems to be sensitive to overgrazing. Protection, restoration and proper management (extensive grazing) of remaining habitats is required. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",Decreasing,"The Eastern Banded Grasshopper (Arcyptera microptera) is distributed in the southern part of Europe, from Spain to Greece as well as in large parts of Asia, from Turkey to Mongolia (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 4.8 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 2.2 million km². The area of occupancy (AOO) of this species based on the known records is ca 500 km² in the EU 28, with an upper estimate of 1,600 km².","The population of this species has dramatically declined and the current trend is decreasing. It is regionally extinct in Germany, the Czech Republic, Poland, Austria and Slovenia (Berg et al. 2005, Holusa 2011, Maas et al. 2011, A. Liana and S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015). The population of this species is severely fragmented as subpopulations are usually very small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. As a flightless species it cannot recolonise lost habitats easily. In Russia outbreaks of this species have been reported, with the number of mature individuals likely fluctuating at least tenfold. It might therefore exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals.","This species occurs in dry grassland habitats (Massa et al. 2012) with open patches. In the southern part of its range (Spain), it mainly occurs in mesic montane grassland.","This species is mainly threatened by destruction and degradation of its habitat. In the northern part of its range habitats were transformed into farmland and forests, or land used became more intensified. In the southern part of its range it seems to be sensitive to overgrazing (M. Lemonnier pers. comm. 2015).","This species is Regionally Extinct in Germany, Austria, Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovenia (Liana 2002, Berg et al. 2005, Holusa 2011, Maas et al. 2011). It is listed as Vulnerable on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). It is also very rare and threatened in Romania (Iorgu et al. 2008). The species is found in protected areas and it is protected in Hungary. Protection, restoration and proper management (extensive grazing) of remaining habitats is required. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Chobanov, D.P., Puskas, G., Presa, J.J., Skejo, J. Skejo, Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Arcyptera,tornosi,,Arcyptera tornosi,"Bolívar, 1884",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Iberian Banded Grasshopper (Arcyptera tornosi) is endemic to Spain and Portugal. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution, is found in several habitat types and no major threats to it have been reported. Although the population is severely fragmented and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 332 km², the upper estimate of AOO is 3,000 km² and the real AOO is very likely to be above 2,000 km². In addition, this grasshopper seems to be quite common in certain areas throughout its distribution. More research into its distribution is needed to clarify the AOO.",Unknown,"The Iberian Banded Grasshopper is endemic to Spain and Portugal. It is distributed mainly in western Iberian Peninsula. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 240,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 332 km², with an the upper estimate of 3,000 km². It is likely that the AOO is larger than 2,000 km².","There is no available information on the population size and abundance of this species. The population is severely fragmented as subpopulations are small, widely separated from each other and females are flightless. The population trend is unknown, although it seems to be quite common in certain areas throughout its distribution.","This species occurs at elevations between sea level and 2,100 m Asl. At middle and lower altitudes it occupies preferentially Mediterranean shrublands, always mixed with grasses (García et al. 1996). At higher altitudes, it is present in pastureland. In offshore areas it is present in grasslands (Miranda-Arabolaza and Barranco 2005).","No major threats to this widespread generalist species have been reported, but climate change could be a potential threat locally at higher altitudes.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas such as national and regional parks in Spain and Portugal. Research into its population trend and ecology is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Ariagona,margaritae,,Ariagona margaritae,"Krauss, 1892",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Tenerife Short-winged Bush-cricket (Ariagona margaritae) is endemic to the Canary Islands. It has a small extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 3,000 km², and the area of  occupancy (AOO) is 150 - 300 km². The population is severely fragmented, but it is currently unknown whether there is any continuing decline in the number of subpopulations or individuals or whether the populations fluctuate severely. Therefore, the species is assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B. Further research is needed concerning its taxonomy, as unique species may occur on La Gomera and El Hierro. Moreover, there is a need for research on its population trend, ecology and threats.",Unknown,"This species has been reported from Tenerife, La Gomera and El Hierro (Canary Islands, Spain) (Bland et al. 1996). Recent studies suggest that the subpopulations on La Gomera and El Hierro may represent unique species (H. López pers. comm. 2015). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 3,000 km², while its area of occupancy (AOO) based upon the known records is ca 150 km² with a maximum estimate of 300 km².","The subpopulations of this species are usually very small. The species is flightless and colonisation of new or extinct sites is very unlikely. Therefore, the population is considered severely fragmented. Its population trend is unknown.","The species occurs at grass-rich forest edges. It does not seem to be very specialised concerning the quality of the forest habitat. Its altitudinal range is 700 - 1,400 m.","This species occurs at forest edges, which are threatened by ongoing urbanisation and rural development in northern Tenerife. Wildfires may also pose a potential threat to this species, together with volcanic eruptions and landslides.","No specific conservation action is in place for this species. However, some subpopulations occur in nature reserves. Research is needed concerning its taxonomy (as more than one Ariagona species may occur on the Canary Islands). Furthermore, there is a need for research on its population trend, ecology and threats.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A. & Schulte-Middelmann, T.","Jakobs, D. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Arminda,brunneri,,Arminda brunneri,"Krauss, 1892",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Tenerife Rock Grasshopper occurs on rocky slopes in many parts of Tenerife. The species is widespread is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC). However, more research into its population trend is needed. A phylogenetic study suggests that this taxon represents two or three species occupying different parts of the island (Hochkirch and Görzig 2009). Therefore, taxonomic research is needed as well. However, even if the subpopulations belong to several species, they are unlikely to be threatened as the habitats are little affected by human activities, and the only threats are natural volcanism and avalanches.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Tenerife, where it occurs throughout the island from the coast to the sub-alpine zone. Its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 2,540 km². Genetic analyses suggest that the subpopulations from Tenerife may belong to two or three different species. Former records from other islands belong to other species (Hochkirch and Görzig 2009).","There is no information available on the population size and trend of the species. The species is very widespread on Tenerife, where it mainly occurs in rather remote areas (particularly at steep rocky slopes), which are little affected by humans. The population trend is unknown.",This species occurs mainly on steep rocky slopes.,This species' habitat is not under strong pressure by human activities. Natural threats are volcanism and avalanches.,"No specific conservation actions are in place for this species. It occurs in several protected areas, including Teide National Park. Research into its taxonomy is needed, as the subpopulations on Tenerife may belong to two or three species. Furthermore, there is a need for studies on its population trends and life history.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Jakobs, D. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Arminda,burri,,Arminda burri,"Uvarov, 1935",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Gran Canaria Rock Grasshopper is endemic to Gran Canaria, where it occurs at steep rocky slopes. It is not affected by human activities as it is mainly confined to steep rocky slopes where the only threat is volcanism. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Stable,"This species is endemic to Gran Canaria (Hochkirch and Görzig 2009), where it is mainly found in the centre of the island. Its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is 833 km².","There is no information available on the population size and trend of the species. Similar to other Arminda species, it is probably little affected by humans due to its occurrence at steep rocky slopes. The population trend is unknown.","This species is confined to steep rocky slopes, and its altitudinal range is 350 - 1,400 m.",Human activities are unlikely to affect this species. The major natural threat is the risk of avalanches on Gran Canaria.,"No specific conservation actions are in place for this species, although it occurs in several protected areas. More research into its ecology and trends is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Jakobs, D. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Arminda,canariensis,,Arminda canariensis,"Morales Agacino, 1941",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Splendid Rock Grasshopper is endemic to the island of on Gran Canaria (Spain), where it is a rare species. It has small extent of occurrence (EOO) of 398 km² and a maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of 100 km², and is only known from six locations. As it is close to meet the thresholds for a threatened Category, it is assessed as Near Threatened. It is not entirely clear if the population shows a continuing decline as large parts of its habitat are probably little affected by human activities. Therefore, ecological studies are needed, particularly on the reason for its rarity compared to other Arminda species.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Gran Canaria, where it is mainly found in the centre and western part of the island (Hochkirch and Görzig 2009). Its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is 398 km². Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km² and the maximum estimated AOO is 100 km².","There is no information available on the population size or trends of the species, but subpopulations seem to be much smaller than in otherArminda species. The population is severely fragmented and only six locations are known. It is assumed that the subpopulations in the northwest and centre of Gran Canaria are stable, but it may be decreasing in the eastern part of the island.","Arminda canariensis occurs on steep rocky slopes, mainly at higher elevations. Its altitudinal range is 400 - 1,400 m.","The habitats of this species are not strongly affected by human activities, but the ecology is poorly studied and the number of subpopulations is small. Based upon its rarity compared to other Arminda species, it might have a stronger habitat specialisation. The major threat to this species seems to be the natural risk of landslides and avalanches, but it may also be affected by human activities, particularly changes in land use or destruction of its habitat for the construction of roads and buildings. The number of locations based upon urbanisation is six.","No specific conservation action is in place for this species. However, it occurs in nature reserves throughout its range. Research is needed concerning its ecology, population sizes and trends.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Jakobs, D. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Arminda,fuerteventurae,,Arminda fuerteventurae,"Holzapfel, 1972",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Fuerteventura Rock Grasshopper is common in habitats with scarce vegetation, and is probably not affected by human activities. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The Fuerteventura Rock Grasshopper is endemic to Fuerteventura (Husemann and Hochkirch 2007, Hochkirch and Görzig 2009). Its extent of occurrence is ca 2,400 km².","No data on population size and trends are available. However, the species is widespread and common on Fuerteventura. The population trend is unknown.",Arminda fuerteventurae is common in dry vegetation with large amounts of bare ground and rocks.,"The species is probably not strongly affected by human activities, but it may locally threatened by urbanisation and touristic development.","No conservation measures are in place for this widespread species, although it is found in protected areas. More research into its ecology and population trend is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Jakobs, D. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Arminda,hierroensis,,Arminda hierroensis,"Enderlein, 1930",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Hierro Rock Grasshopper is endemic to El Hierro, where it occurs on steep rocky slopes. The information on habitats, population trends and threats is scarce, but it is probably common as its habitat is little affected by human activities. The species is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The Hierro Rock Grasshopper is endemic to the island of El Hierro, Canary Islands, Spain (Hochkirch and Görzig 2009). Even though the number of known sites of this species is low, it is assumed to be much more common as its ecology is likely to be similar as in related Arminda species on La Gomera, Tenerife and La Palma. Assuming that the species occurs throughout the island, the maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is 371 km².","There is no information available on the population size of this species. However, it is probably quite widespread and common as it occurs in habitats that are little affected by humans. The population trend is unknown.","Information on the habitat and ecology ofArminda hierroensis is scarce, but similar to other Arminda species it seems to occur mainly on steep rocky slopes.","Based upon its habitat preferences, it is assumed that no major threats caused by human activities affect this species. However, it might be affected by natural threats such as volcanism and avalanches.","No specific conservation measures are in place, although it occurs in protected areas. More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Jakobs, D. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Arminda,lancerottensis,,Arminda lancerottensis,"Holzapfel, 1972",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Lanzarote Rock Grasshopper is widespread on Lanzarote, from where it is endemic. Even though it may be locally affected by rural and touristic development, the species is quite common. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The Lanzarote Rock Grasshopper is endemic to Lanzarote, Canary Islands, Spain (Hochkirch and Görzig 2009). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 918 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 64 and 200 km².",There is no information available on the population size and trends of the species. The Lanzarote Rock Grasshopper is quite common and its habitat is little affected by human activities.,"The species is common in dry vegetation, including rocky slopes as well as even dry habitats with large amounts of bare ground (Hochkirch 2003). Its altitudinal range is 0 - 600 m.",The species is very common and probably only locally threatened by increasing touristic and rural development. A natural threat to this species is active volcanism.,No specific conservation actions are in place for this species. It occurs in at least two protected areas. More research into its ecology and population trend is needed.,This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Jakobs, D. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Arminda,latifrons,,Arminda latifrons,"Enderlein, 1930",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Gomera Rock Grasshopper is widespread on La Gomera. Even though it has small subpopulations, these are probably only little affected by human activities and the species is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC). However, more research is needed on its population trend and ecology.",Unknown,"The Gomera Rock Grasshopper is endemic to La Gomera, Canary Islands, Spain (Hochkirch and Görzig 2009). Even though the number of known sites is limited, it is assumed to occur throughout the island. The estimated maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 220 and 300 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 50 and 100 km².","There is no information available on the population size and trend of the species. Subpopulations are usually small, but the species is quite widespread and it occurs in habitats which are little affected by human activities.","This species occurs mainly at steep rocky slopes and at forest edges of laurel forest with patches of bare ground. Its elevation range is 0 - 1,400 m.",Only local subpopulations of this species may be threatened by natural events (landslides). The potential effects of wildfires on this species are not known.,"No specific conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in the Parque Nacional Garajonay protected area. More research into its distribution, population trend and ecology is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Jakobs, D. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Arminda,palmae,,Arminda palmae,"Hochkirch,  2008",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Even though the Palma Rock Grasshopper has not been recorded very often on La Palma, it is assumed to be more widespread and the population is probably large. It does not appear to be threatened by human activities and it is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain (Hochkirch and Görzig 2009). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 450 and 700 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 50 and 200 km².","There is no information available on the population size of the species. The subpopulations are usually small and the species is flightless. However, it is quite common and its habitat is little affected by humans. The population trend is unknown.",The species is affiliated to steep rocky habitats.,"The habitat ofArminda palmaeis currently not threatened by anthropogenic changes, but by the volcanic activities of La Palma.","The species occurs in protected areas, but no specific conservation measures are in place. Research on its population trends and ecology is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Jakobs, D. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Asiotmethis,limbatus,,Asiotmethis limbatus,"(Charpentier, 1845)",,Yes,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
The Bordered Stone Grasshopper has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO), as its upper estimate in Europe is 1,500 km² and in the EU 28 it is 1,000 km². Taking into account the severe fragmentation of its populations and the continuing decline in the area of occupancy (AOO), the quality of the habitat and the number of subpopulations, the species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU).",Decreasing,"The Bordered Stone Grasshopper is known from southeastern Romania (Dobrogea), through the eastern Balkan Peninsula (east and south Bulgaria, European Turkey) to the southern Balkans (north Greece and east Former Yugoslavic Republic of Macedonia) from the lowlands up to 600 m Asl (Harz 1975). Its occurrence in extreme northwestern Anatolia needs confirmation. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 270,000 km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 185,000 km². Its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 300 and 1,500 km² and in the EU 28 it is between 250 and 1,000 km².",Subpopulations of this species are usually very small and isolated and may become extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is inferred from the decline on the quality of habitat and the area of occupancy. There is also a continuing decline in the area of occupancy (AOO).,"The species inhabits dry inland grasslands or Pontic steppes, open bare areas dominated by grass vegetation on stony (carbonate, volcanic) substrate. In the past it was also found in coastal dunes (Buresch and Peshev 1955). The species is flightless.",The species is affected by the transformation of its habitat into agricultural land and the expansion of touristic infrastructure and wind farms (especially in Dobrudzha in Bulgaria).,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend and threats is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Asiotmethis,muricatus,,Asiotmethis muricatus,"(Pallas, 1771)",,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Pointed Stone Grasshopper (Asiotmethis muricatus) occurs from the Caucasus and the Lower Volga region over Kazakhstan to Siberia. In Europe, it is found in southern and eastern European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is common and the population trend seems to be stable. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Stable,"The Pointed Stone Grasshopper occurs from the Caucasus and the Lower Volga region over Kazakhstan to Siberia (Ünal 2007). In Europe it is foundin southern and eastern European Russia (Heller 2013) where it has been reported from the Saratov region, Orenburg region, Kalmykia and Astrakhan (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). This species' estimated area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is ca 200-500 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 436,000 km².","The population of this species is assumed to be stable, but slightly fragmented (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). It is a common species, but rare at the northern border of its range.","This species is found in semi-deserts on clay and loamy soils with scarce vegetation and some bushes (Savitsky and Lekarev 2007, Savitsky 2009, Savitsky et al. 2013), dominated by wormwoods and pyrethrums (Kalacheva 2005). It is also found in steppe habitats (Zinenko et al. 2005). The main food plants are Artemisia species (Savitsky 2010).",The major threat to this species is transformation of its habitat into farmland (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its distribution and population trends is needed as well as a taxonomic revision of the genus.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Asiotmethis,tauricus,,Asiotmethis tauricus,"(Tarbinsky, 1930)",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Crimean Stone Grasshopper (Asiotmethis tauricus) is only found in a small area on Crimea and the adjacent Ukrainian mainland. Its presence in the southern part of European Russia is uncertain. This species is assessed as Endangered in Europe since its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 50 and 200 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of its habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals, due to transformation of its steppe habitat into farmland. More research into its population trend, threats and ecology is needed. Better protection of its remaining habitats is required. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Decreasing,"The Crimean Stone Grasshopper is found on Crimea and in the adjacent part of southern Ukraine (Ünal 2007). Its distribution outside of Europe is not clear. A subspecies A. tauricus flavipes Steinmann, 1966 has been described from Kazakhstan, but assigned to a wrong species name ""Asiotmethis tauritus"" and wrong authority ""Brunner von Wattenwyl"" (Ünal 2007). It thus remains unknown whether it was intended to be a subspecies of Asiotmethis turritus (Fischer von Waldheim, 1833) or Asiothmethis tauricus. Another subspecies A. tauricus steppensis Shumakov, 1949 has been described from the Saratov region and Askania Nova. As the species is flightless the records from Russia are doubtful and the two subspecies A. t. flavipes and A. t. steppensis may belong to another species. This species' extent of occurrence in Europe is ca 40,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 50 and 200 km².","The subpopulations of this species are usually small and very isolated so that genetic exchange between them is unlikely, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. There is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat as well as the number of mature individuals.",This species occurs in steppe habitats.,A major threat to this species is the transformation of its steppe habitat into farmland (T. Pushkar and V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is assumed to occur in protected areas. More research into its population trend, threats and ecology is needed. Better protection of its remaining habitats is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Pushkar, T., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TRIDACTYLIDAE,Asiotridactylus,fasciatus,,Asiotridactylus fasciatus,"(Guérin-Méneville, 1844)",,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Banded Molehopper (Asiotridactylus fasciatus) has a wide distribution from northern Africa to east Asia. In Europe it has been reported from Moldova and southern Ukraine. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in Europe due to the lack of data on its distribution, ecology, population trend and threats. Further research into these areas is needed in order to assess the extinction risk of this species. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Unknown,"The Banded Molehopper is found from northern Africa to South and East Asia (Günther 1995). In Europe, it has been reported from Moldova and southern Ukraine (Heller 2013). Records from Russia are doubtful (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 322,000 km².",There is no available data on the population size or trend of this species.,"There is no information on the ecology of this species, but it is assumed to occur in wetlands, similarly to other Tridactylidae species.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. Research into its distribution, ecology, population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Pushkar, T., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Iorgu, I.S., Chobanov, D.P., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M. & Savitsky, V.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Baetica,ustulata,,Baetica ustulata,"(Rambur, 1839)",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)c(iv)+2b(iii,v)c(iv)",Yes,EN,"B2b(iii,v)c(iv)",EU28,,"The Sierra Nevadan Saddle Bush-cricket (Baetica ustulata) is endemic to the Sierra Nevada in Spain. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,100 km², known area of occupancy (AOO) is 448 km², with an upper estimate of 800 km²), it shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals and a continuing decline in the habitat quality as well as in the number of mature individuals is inferred and projected. This species is threatened by habitat loss and deterioration as a result of developing touristic infrastructure and ski resorts, as well as by the effects of global warming, which can lead to its habitat shifting upwards(P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016). Monitoring of the population size and trend is required. Additionally, threats to this species should be better studied.",Decreasing,"The Sierra Nevadan Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the mountains of Sierra Nevada (Granada and Almería provinces, southern Spain). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,090 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 448 km², with an upper estimate of 800 km².","According to Barranco et al. (1995) the population can reach densities of about 500 individuals/ha. Thus, the species is regarded as common throughout its range (Pascual Torres 2011). Individuals are flightless and the current population trend is considered to be decreasing due to ongoing threats. This species shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016). A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is projected due to climate change.","This species lives close to the permanent snow line in the Sierra Nevada. It can be found under stones in places with thorny scrub pads and Genista baetica shrubs (Pascual Torres 2011). It is found at altitudes between 2,200 m and 3,450 m Asl (Pascual Torres 2011).","This species is currently threatened by habitat loss or deterioration as a result of developing touristic infrastructure and ski resorts (Pascual Torres 2011). In addition, climate change may cause the habitat of this species to shift upwards as a result of warming conditions. A continuing decline is therefore projected on the extent and quality of this species' habitat (P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016).","This species is included in the Bern Convention (Appendix II) (B.O.E. 1986) and the European Habitats Directive (Annexes II and IV)(CEE 1992). The species is present in a protected area, but there are no specific conservation measures currently in place (MAAMA 2015). Monitoring of the population size and trend is required. Additionally, threats to this species should be better studied. Its status has been classified as ""favourable"" in the latest report of the Habitats Directive (EEA 2014).",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Barbitistes,constrictus,,Barbitistes constrictus,"Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Eastern Saw Bush-cricket (Barbitistes constrictus) is widespread in eastern Europe where it is found mainly in coniferous forests. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very widespread and is apparently expanding its range in the west. This bush-cricket was reported as a pest to spruce in the past, but local densities are usually low.",Unknown,"The Eastern Saw Bush-cricket occurs from southeastern Germany in the west to northern Bulgaria in the south, northern European Russia in the north and central European Russia in the east (Holusa et al. 2006, Heller 2013). Its eastern range border is not entirely clear. Its known extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 3.1 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 3 million km².","This species is quite widespread but probably often overlooked; adults generally live in the tree tops where they sing during the night and can only be detected with a bat detector (Laußmann 1994). A study in the eastern Czech Republic showed that the species is widespread but not abundant (Holusa et al. 2006). The species was a pest among seedlings of conifers in the past, but currently is much less common (Kanuch et al. 2015). However this was probably an effect of former outbreaks of this species, which have become rare (A. Kristin pers. comm. 2016). The species seems to be expanding its range in Bavaria (Germany) (Strätz and Waeber 2003). The overall population trend is unknown.","This species is strongly affiliated with coniferous forests (Laußmann 1994), particularly spruce forests (Holusa et al. 2006), but it is also found in beech forests (Kanuch et al. 2015), on birches and junipers (Maas et al. 2002). Nymphs can be found in lower vegetation at the forest edge and on clearings, while the adults live on trees (Maas et al. 2002). It is mainly found at sunny edges of the forest (Holusa et al. 2006).","This species might be potentially threatened by deforestation and intensive silviculture (including the use of pesticides). However, it has apparently spread in the western part of its range as a consequence of spruce plantation (Strätz and Waeber 2003).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its distribution, population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Barbitistes,fischeri,,Barbitistes fischeri,"(Yersin, 1854)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Iberian Saw Bush-cricket (Barbitistes fischeri) is found on the western Iberian Peninsula and in southern France, reaching northwestern Italy in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range; itsarea of occupancy (AOO) is likely to exceed 2,000 km² by far. However, the population is severely fragmented, and shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. There is also a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals.More research into its distribution and clarification of its AOO is needed.",Decreasing,"The Iberian Saw Bush-cricket is found on the western Iberian Peninsula and in southern France, reaching northwestern Italy in the east (Heller 2013). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is likely to exceed 2,000 km² by far.","This species is quite rare on the Iberian Peninsula (Iraola et al. 2005) and has declined in the Madrid region, but it is still quite common in the region of Albacete (J. J. Presa pers. comm. 2016). The subpopulations are usually small and isolated in Spain. Given that the species is flightless, recolonisation of extinct sites is unlikely. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented (J. J. Presa pers. comm. 2016). The species regularly shows outbreaks (Lemmonier-Darcemont 2009) and has sometimes caused viticultural damage (Massa et al. 2012). It therefore shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. The population trend is decreasing.","This species is found in Mediterranean scrubland, boxwood scrubs, common broom, riverside woodland and it also enters meadows with shrubs (Gómez et al. 1991, Olmo-Vidal 2002, Iraola et al. 2005).",The Iberian Saw Bush-cricket is threatened by the destruction of its habitat caused by agricultural land-use change and urbanisation (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2016). It may also be threatened by the increasing frequency of wildfires.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its distribution, population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Barbitistes,kaltenbachi,,Barbitistes kaltenbachi,"Harz, 1965",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"This species has a very small area of occupancy (AOO) and due to the inferred plausible threat (touristic development) that may drive the species to Endangered (EN) in the near future, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).",Unknown,"The Hvar Saw Bush-cricket is currently only known from the island of Hvar in Croatia (Harz 1969, J. Skejo pers. comm. 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 477 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be only 12 km².","The current population trend is unknown, but it may decline in the future due to the development of tourist infrastructure.",The species inhabits Mediterranean scrubland between sea level and 200 m. It is flightless.,The development of touristic infrastructure poses a major threat to this species.,"There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, and it does not occur in protected areas. Research on its population trend and threats is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Barbitistes,obtusus,,Barbitistes obtusus,"Targioni-Tozzetti, 1881",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Alpine Saw Bush-cricket (Barbitistes obtusus) occupies a rather large area of distribution in the Alps and the Apennine Mountains. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, there are no major threats to it, and the population seems to be stable throughout its range.",Stable,"The Alpine Saw Bush-cricket lives on the southern slopes of the whole Alpine arc from the French Vaucluse over the Alpi Marittimi along the Italian-Swiss border into the provinces of Wallis, Tessin and Graubünden eastwards to the Veneto and the Austrian province of Eastern Tyrol (Baur and Roesti 2006, Defaut 2009, Massa et al. 2012, ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich; unpublished data). It also inhabits the northern part of the Apennine Mountains and reaches southwards to the Abruzzo in central Italy (Massa et al. 2012). To the north and east it is replaced by the closely related B. serricauda, but there is a large contact-zone in north-eastern Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe covers ca 315,000 km². This bush-cricket is a montane species, occurring at altitudes between 250 and 2,000 m asl (Baur and Roesti 1996, Massa et al. 2012).","This species is rather secretive, nocturnal, and can hardly be quantified. It seems to be quite common in suitable habitats (Baur and Roesti 2006, Massa et al. 2012). There are no indications of declines in the population or range, and it seems to be stable overall throughout its range. Locally, even some increases have been documented (C. Monnerat and F. Rutschmann pers. comm. 2015).","This species lives along forest edges on bushes and trees, but also on broad-leaved herbs like Petasites species. It can also occur in grasslands, if the meadows or pastures are interspersed with some proportion of shrubs (Baur and Roesti 2006, Massa et al. 2012). This flightless species is mainly active at night; it produces a high-frequent song, that can be detected with a bat detector.","This species lives in rather stable and unthreatened habitats over a large geographical range and there are no major threats to it. However, subpopulations living in grasslands can be negatively affected by agricultural intensification, which often leads to the removal of shrubs and trees (Baur and Roesti 2006). Locally, this species can also suffer from the destruction of natural forest edges and the cutting of hedges or small groups of trees.","There are no known conservation measures targeting this species, but it occurs in several protected areas throughout its range.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & Cálix, M.","Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Barbitistes,ocskayi,,Barbitistes ocskayi,"Charpentier, 1850",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the Black Saw Bush-cricket is c. 300,000 km² in pan-Europe and c. 286,000 km² in the EU 28. The species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) in view of its overall large population, its wide distribution and the fact that no major threats have been documented.",Unknown,"The Black Saw Bush-cricket is widely distributed in the central and western Balkans, reaching the south-eastern Carpathians. It is recorded from northwestern Bulgaria, southwestern Romania, central Serbia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Albania, northwestern Greece, Montenegro, southern Bosnia and Herzegovina, northwestern Croatia, western Slovenia and northeastern Italy (Harz 1969, Chobanov 2009, Massa et al. 2012, Stumpner et al. 2015), and it probably occurs also in Kosovo. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is c. 300,000 km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 286,000 km².","It is a quite common species that shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. It has an overall large population, but its population trend is unknown.","This species lives mostly in bushes and on tall herbaceous vegetation, and it is also present in sparse deciduous forests from the lowlands to the mountain foothills between 100 and 1,300 m Asl. The species is flightless.",No significant threats have been reported for this species.,"There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Barbitistes,serricauda,,Barbitistes serricauda,"(Fabricius, 1794)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Common Saw Bush-cricket (Barbitistes serricauda) is widespread in Europe where it mainly occurs in deciduous forests, but has also been found in coniferous forests. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide geographic range and the population size is presumably very large. This bush-cricket might be locally affected by the use of insecticides and deforestation.",Unknown,"The Common Saw Bush-cricket occurs from the Pyrenees, Corsica, northern Italy and central France via central Europe to Romania. Former records from Bulgaria proved to be wrong (Chobanov 2009). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 2.5 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 1.6 million km².","This species is widespread. Given that it is flightless, there is very little genetic exchange between subpopulations (Richter 2008). The genus Barbitistes is known to show extreme fluctuations in population size which might also apply to this species. The populationtrend is unknown but the population size is presumably very large.","This species is mainly found in deciduous forests (Proess and Baden 1997), and sometimes in coniferous forests (Laußmann 1997). Nymphs are found in the herb layer of open forests, clearings and the forest edge, while adults are found on trees. It is also found in boxwood scrubland (Olmo-Vidal 2002). Nymphs feed on different forbs, while adults feed on the leaves of trees (Detzel 1998). The species is mainly found by using a bat detector.","The major threats to this species are deforestation, intensified silviculture, the use of pesticides and destruction of natural forest margins.","Since this species is less common in the north of its range, it is locally subject to conservation action. For example, it is one of the target species in the German nature reserve ""Saale-Ilm-Platten bei Bad Kösen"". It is listed in France as Least Concern, but considered Vulnerable in some French regions (Sardet and Defaut 2004). It is listed as Near Threatened in the Carpathian Red List (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). More research into its population trend is needed. The restoration of heterogeneous forest ecotones with bushes and perennials has been suggested as a conservation measure (Wallaschek et al. 2004).",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Barbitistes,vicetinus,,Barbitistes vicetinus,"Galvagni & Fontana, 1993",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Vicentine Saw-tailed Bush-cricket (Barbitistes vicetinus) is endemic to Italy, and is found in the pre-Alp regions of Veneto and Trentino. This species is precautionarily assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 580 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is between 50 and 100 km²), and the population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. However, its population trend is increasing and no threats to it have been reported. More research into its population dynamics is needed.",Increasing,"The Vicentine Saw-tailed Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, being found in the pre-Alps of Veneto and Trentino (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 580 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 50 and 100 km².","The species was formerly only known from the type locality, but it has meanwhile been found in other surrounding localities. Some subpopulations have become extremely abundant in recent years, locally damaging crops, and the population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals from year to year. The overall population trend is thought to be increasing.","This species can be found in trees in open forests. They can occasionally become a pest to agricultural crops, especially viticulture. Adults can be found in the early summer at elevations between 100 m and 400 m asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. More research into its population dynamics is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Barbitistes,yersini,,Barbitistes yersini,"Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Balkan Saw Bush-cricket (Barbitistes yersini) is widespread on the western Balkan Peninsula from northern Greece to northeastern Italy. It also occurs in Central Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution and is very common. It is known to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals.",Unknown,"The Balkan Saw Bush-cricket occurs on the western Balkan Peninsula (from Slovenia to northern Greece) as well as in Central Italy (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 266,000 km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 190,000 km².","This species is very common, but the population trend is unknown. The population is known to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (C. Roesti pers. comm. 2016).",This species is found in open forests and grasslands where it can be found on bushes and trees (Massa et al. 2012).,A potential threat to this species is the increasing frequency of wildfires (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2016). It appears to benefit from abandonment (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2016).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Ivkovic, S., Gomboc, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Bicolorana,bicolor,,Bicolorana bicolor,"(Philippi, 1830)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Bicolor Meadow Bush-cricket (Bicolorana bicolor) occurs from the eastern Pyrenees to the Russian Far East. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very widespread and common in Europe, and it appears to be expanding its northwestern range margin as well as its altitudinal distribution.",Increasing,"The Bicolor Meadow Bush-cricket occurs from the eastern Pyrenees to the Russian Far East. In Europe, it occurs from central Italy in the south to southern Sweden in the north and from central France in the west to eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 6.3 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 2.8 million km².",This species is widespread and common. It appears to be expanding its northwestern range margin (Grein 2010) and has colonized higher altitudes in the Alps (Denner 2009). The population trend is therefore assumed to be increasing.,"This species occurs in dry to moist grassland habitats with long swards (Hein et al. 2007) ruderal vegetation and fallowland (Zechner et al. 2005). It is usually flightless,but long-winged individuals regularly occur (Kindvall 1999). It lays its eggs in the stems of grasses (Detzel 1998).","This species may benefit from abandonment in the short term (Wallaschek et al. 2004). However, in the long term the encroachment of shrubs and trees on abandoned grassland displaces this species (Detzel 1998, Denner 2009). As the eggs are laid into the vegetation it is sensitive to mowing (Grein 2010). The species may also be affected by overgrazing.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Vulnerable in Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007) and as Near Threatened in Austria (Berg et al. 2005).",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R. & Chobanov, D.P.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Bicolorana,kraussi,,Bicolorana kraussi,"(Padewieth, 1900)",,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

In Europe, the Croatian Meadow Bush-cricket has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 24,550 km² in pan-Europe and c. 12,000 km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 200-500 km² in pan-Europe and 160-300 km² in the EU 28. In addition, there is a continuing decline in the EOO and AOO and in the number of mature individuals. Thus,  this species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B and it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).",Decreasing,"This species is a local European endemic and inhabits the karstic area in northeast Italy (Friuli-Venezia Giulia: Prealpe Carniche and Carso Triestino), southwest Slovenia and northwest Croatia (Croatian Ćićarija Mountain ridge to Učka Mountain in Istria). The species is also recorded from southern Bosnia and Herzegovina (Dinaric Alps: Cincar-Hrbljine, Šator Mountain, Čvrsnica Mountain-Donje Bare) but this potential southeastern part of its distribution is doubtful because the identification has not been confirmed (Skejo et al. 2014). The altitudinal range of Bicolorana kraussi (85 localities in total) is from 85 to 1,390 m Asl, but 70% of its findings are between 500 and 1,000 m Asl. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is 24,550 km² and in the EU 28 is c. 12,000 km². Its area of occupancy (AOO) is c. 200-500 km² for pan-Europe and 160-300 km² for the EU 28.",In the centre of its distribution the subpopulations are dense and stable while towards the edges the density is lower. A continuing decline in the extent of occurrence and area of occupancy is inferred from the ongoing threats.,"Bicolorana kraussi inhabits different types of dry meadows or forest clearings with dense tall grasses and other plants where hidden males are singing. Inhabited grasslands are mostly dominated by Winter Savory (Satureja montana) or Villous Viper’s Grass (Scorzonera villosa) communities. This type of grasslands is present in the area with Littoral beech forests of autumn moor grass (Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum), mixed forest of pubescent oak and hop hornbeam (Ostryo-Quercetum pubescentis) and mixed forests of black pine and hop hornbeam (Ostryo-Pinetum nigrae) (Skejo et al. 2015).","The threats to this species are habitat degradation by overgrazing, residential development, wildfires and agricultural practices which lead to the flooding of the land. It is possible that a planned road construction project will destroy some of the southern subpopulations.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in a few protected areas across its range. Research on its population trend is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Brachycrotaphus,tryxalicerus,,Brachycrotaphus tryxalicerus,"(Fischer, 1853)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Savanna Grasshopper (Brachycrotaphus tryxalicerus) is widespread in Africa and reaches Spain, Sicily and the Eolian islands in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite abundant within its habitat and the population size is presumed to be large.",Unknown,"The Savanna Grasshopper is widespread in Africa where it occurs from South Africa to northern Africa (Dirsh 1965). In Europe this species is only known from Spain, Sicily and the Eolian islands (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 800,000 km².",The species is locally abundant (Olmo-Vidal 2002) and the population size is presumed to be large. The population trend is unknown.,"This species is mainly found in grassland habitats (Olmo-Vidal 2002, Massa et al. 2012). In Spain it seems to be strongly affiliated with Hyparrenia hirta vegetation (Olmo-Vidal 2002) and other graminea species.",The threats to the species are unknown although it can be threatened by fires throughout its distribution.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its distribution, population trend and threats is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Massa, B., García, M., Correas, J., Barranco Vega, P., Prunier, F., Odé, B., Ferreira, S. & Lemos, P.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Brachytrupes,megacephalus,,Brachytrupes megacephalus,"(Lefebvre, 1827)",,No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
The Giant-cricket (Brachytrupes megacephalus) is known from Malta, Italy (Linosa, Lampedusa, Sardinia) and north Africa. In Europe, this species is assessed as Vulnerable since its area of occupancy (AOO) is probably smaller than 2,000 km²,  the population is severely fragmented and there is an inferred continuing decline in the AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and in the number of mature individuals due to habitat loss caused by coastal development, tourism activities and the establishment of greenhouses. Some subpopulations have already disappeared and action is needed to protect the habitat of this species.",Decreasing,"The Giant-cricket is known from Malta, Italy (Linosa, Lampedusa, Sardinia) and north Africa (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 113,650 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2,000 km².","In the 1920-1930s the species was very abundant and considered a pest to some crops, especially vineyards. However, since the 1970s the species has strongly declined due to habitat loss driven by tourism and coastal development. Some subpopulations in Sicily have become extinct. The population trend is decreasing (EEA 2014). The population is severely fragmented as the subpopulations are very small and isolated from each other.","The species is found in sandy habitats, mostly in coastal habitats at altitudes between 10 m and 700 m asl. Adults appear in early Spring and Summer and are very active in April.","The main threat affecting the species is the deterioration and destruction of its sandy habitats due to tourism and coastal development. In the south-eastern part of Sicily, the establishment of greenhouses decreases the availability of suitable habitat and the application of pesticides in these areas can also have a negative effect on this species.","The species occurs in protected areas, and is listed on annexes II and IV of the European habitats directive and therefore a monitoring programme is in place. In the latest report, its status was assessed as ""unfavourable-bad"" with a negative population trend (EEA 2014). Protection of the species habitat is needed, and more detailed research into the population size and trend should be carried out.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Fontana, P., Hochkirch, A., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M. & Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Bradyporus,dasypus,,Bradyporus dasypus,"(Illiger, 1800)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Bronze Glandular Bush-cricket (Bradyporus dasypus) is found in the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula, from the southernmost part of Serbia to Greece and from Moldova and southern Ukraine to European Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and has an overall large population size. However, the population trend is decreasing and shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals, so that further studies on its population trend are recommended.",Decreasing,"The Bronze Glandular Bush-cricket is found in the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula, from the southernmost part of Serbia to Greece and from Moldova and southern Ukraine to European Turkey (Ünal 2011). It is extinct in Hungary (Kolics et al. 2008), in the Romanian Moldavia region (Iorgu 2009) and possibly also in northern of southern Kosovo and southern Serbia (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 353,000 km², while in the EU 28 it is ca 240,000 km².","In the south and east of Bulgaria, east Macedonia and the Romanian Dobrogea region, the species is common and forms large subpopulations (Iorgu 2009, D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). It is extinct in Hungary (Kolics et al. 2008) and in the Romanian Moldavia region (Iorgu 2009). A strong decline has also been observed in Greece (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2009) and Serbia (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015). The species is known to show extreme fluctuations in population size (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). The overall population trend is decreasing.",This is one of the largest European bush-crickets (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2009). It occurs in forests and ruderal vegetation along roads (Iorgu 2009). Its main primary habitats are forest edges and clearings in forest-steppe regions (Iorgu 2009). Males are territorial and usually found at distances of at least 10 m between them (Iorgu 2009).,This species is threatened by the transformation of its habitat into farmland (Iorgu 2009) and other changes in land use (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2009). It may also be affected by the use of insecticides (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015).,"In Serbia this species is protected but only one practical conservation project focused on the species, funded by the Rufford Foundation (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015). It is is listed as Least Concern on the Red List of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). It occurs in protected areas. Research on its population trend and threats is needed as well as on interactions with Bradyporus macrogaster (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). In the northern part of its range, habitat restoration and reintroduction are recommended.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Puskas, G., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Ivkovic, S., Sirin, D., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Heller, K.-G., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Bradyporus,macrogaster,,Bradyporus macrogaster,"(Lefebvre, 1831)","Two subspecies are known: Callimenus macrogaster macrogaster and C. m. longicollis, defined on mostly subtle differences in the female subgenital plate.",No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Big-Bellied Glandular Bush-Cricket (Bradyporus macrogaster) is a species with severely fragmented subpopulations, which are threatened by human land use. The preferred habitat is natural grasslands on flat or lowland terrains. The habitats are destroyed over vast areas. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated as 100 km² and although the distribution of the species is not completely known and some unknown localities are expected to exist, the present estimates of AOO do not exceed 500 km². Ongoing pressure on its habitat through agricultural or infrastructure practices has resulted in continuing decline of the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, number of subpopulations, quality of habitat and number of mature individuals. Therefore, it is assessed as Endangered (EN).",Decreasing,"The Big-Bellied Glandular Bush-Cricket is known from the eastern Balkans and western Anatolia. Records exist from eastern Serbia, northwestern FYRO Macedonia,Bulgaria (except the southwestern and northwestern part), eastern and southeastern Romania (where it is known from two localities: near Iasi, which is doubtful, and in Babadag, North Dobrogea), northeastern Greece, the island of Lesvos and western Anatolia (Karaman 1961, 1975; Kis 1962, Harz 1969, Adamović 1975, Chobanov 2009, Ünal 2011). Doubtful localities exist from Rhodes and southeastern FYRO Macedonia. Some data from Romania and Moldova (Iaşi, Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi (as Akerman), Manoleasa (as Livenci)) may probably concernB. multituberculatus (see Buresch and Peschev 1958, Bey-Bienko 1964). The species seems to be extinct from a large part of its northern and western range, i.e. from Romania, FYRO Macedonia, Serbia and northern Bulgaria, as well as from many former localities in western Bulgaria. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe (and in the EU 28) is c. 170,000 km², whereas its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 100 and 500 km².","The known subpopulations are usually small (up to about 5-10 males per hectare), and male numbers seem to be distinctly higher than female numbers. The species is unable to fly and therefore no genetic exchange between subpopulations exist. These subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization, and the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. Stable subpopulations are known from the East Rhodope Mountains in Bulgaria and Greece, some abandoned steppe-like meadows in southeastern Bulgaria, but many others are strongly decreasing, like near Sofia Kettle in Bulgaria. The overall population trend is decreasing and ongoing pressure on its habitat through agricultural or infrastructure practices has resulted in continuing decline of the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals.","The species inhabits dry steppe-like habitats dominated by grasses and sparse scrub, and in some areas like the Eastern Rhodopes in Bulgaria it is present in Mediterranean vegetation, such as light dry oak forests or scrub or semi-dry grass associations. At the edge of its range it is strongly affiliated with limestone areas with grass-scrub vegetation, probably microclimatically resembling Mediterranean habitats. Its elevation limits are 0 - 1,270 m.","Destruction and change of its habitat by ploughing, overgrazing and building directly lead to the disappearance of some subpopulations. A rapid decrease of its range was observed in the 1950s and 1960s by Buresch and Peschev (1958) and Peshev (1964).","No specific conservation action is in place for this species. It is listed as Critically Endangered in the Red Data Book of Bulgaria (Golemanski 2015) and in the Red List of Orthoptera of the Republic of Macedonia (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). The species is protected in Serbia. Distinct parts of its subpopulations in Bulgaria and Greece occur within Natura 2000 sites and a large part of the species' range in Greece falls in the Dadia Nature Reserve. Yet, even though theoretically protected, the species' habitat in Bulgaria suffers ongoing retraction due to ploughing land and the burning of forests. Necessary conservation measures involve preserving the species' habitat by restricting its further fragmentation and destruction by preventing expanding agricultural and infrastructure activities over territories occupied by the species. Habitat restoration should be conducted.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Willemse, L.P.M., Ivkovic, S., Pushkar, T., Szovenyi, G., Skejo, J. Skejo, Vedenina, V., Sirin, D. & Kristin, A.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Bradyporus,montandoni,,Bradyporus montandoni,"(Burr, 1898)",,Yes,CR,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,CR,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"Montandon's Glandular Bush-cricket has an extremely small area of occupancy (AOO) of 8 km², a remnant of a formerly much larger area. The population consists of a small number of individuals as a result of the changes in the land use. The species occurs at a single location. The extent of occurrence (EOO), the area of occupancy, quality and extent of habitat, number of subpopulations and the number of mature individuals are subjected to a continuing decline and thus the species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR).",Decreasing,Montandon's Glandular Bush-cricket formerly occurred along the southwestern slopes of the southern Carpathians (in the central part of southern Romania) (Kis 1962) and is presently extinct in most of this range. Currently the species is known from a single small area with an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of 8 km² (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).,Subpopulations currently occur in a very restricted territory. The population is continuously declining.,The species occurs in semi-dry grasslands. The species' habitat is situated close to fields with cereal crops and settlements. Its altitudinal range is 100-200 m Asl.,"The main threats to this species are habitat loss and degradation by agricultural land expansion, human settlement expansion and the use of insecticides, which were extremely strong in the past and led to a steep decline of its area of occurrence. Based on the agricultural land expansion and the use of insecticides, the species occurs in a single location.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it does not occur in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend, ecology and threats is needed. The remaining habitat of this species needs to be protected and a monitoring scheme should be implemented.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Bradyporus,multituberculatus,,Bradyporus multituberculatus,"(Fischer von Waldheim, 1833)",,No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)c(iv)",No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Warty Glandular Bush-cricket (Bradyporus multituberculatus) was formerly widespread in southern and central European Russia and southern and eastern Ukraine, but it has dramatically declined during the last century. This species is assessed as Endangered in Europe since its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 30 and 200 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals. In addition, the population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals.The major threats to this species are the transformation of its habitat into farmland and intensification of agricultural grassland use (mowing, overgrazing). Research into its distribution and population trend is required. Furthermore, strict protection of its remaining habitats and appropriate habitat management is recommended to avoid any further population declines. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Decreasing,"The Warty Glandular Bush-cricket is found from northern Iran to southern Ukraine and southern European Russia (Harz 1969, Garai 2010). It is extinct in large parts of its former range and the only recent European records are from the Rostov region (Yakimov and Shapovalov 2012).This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 320,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 30 and 200 km².","The population of this species has declined dramatically in Russia. In the second half of the 19th century it was very widespread in the southern steppes of Russia, but disappeared from many places until the second half of the 20th century (Yakimov and Shapovalov 2012). Recent records exist mainly from the region north of the Caucasus. The only recent record inside the European assessment region is from near Rostov (Yakimov and Shapovalov 2012). Unconfirmed records also exist from the Stavropol region (O.Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2015). The species is known to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (O.Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2015). The remaining subpopulations are very small and isolated with probably no genetic exchange between them. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented.",This species is found in steppe habitats (Yakimov and Shapovalov 2012).,"The major threats to this species are the transformation of its habitat into farmland and intensification of agricultural grassland use (mowing, overgrazing) (Yakimov and Shapovalov 2012).","This species is listed in several regional red lists in Russia (Yakimov and Shapovalov 2012). It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. Research into its distribution and population trend is required. Furthermore, strict protection of its remaining habitats and appropriate habitat management is recommended to avoid any further population declines.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Bradyporus,oniscus,,Bradyporus oniscus,"(Burmeister, 1838)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Wood-louse Glandular Bush-cricket (Bradyporus oniscus) is found throughout most areas of the Greek mainland, excluding the eastern part of Macedonia and Thrace. A subpopulation also exists on the Cyclades island of Andros. This species is assessed as Least Concern in view of its wide geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 77,000 km²) and is often found in or adjacent to plots used for small scale farming (habitat that is quite common across the Greek mainland). Further research into the population size and trend is required.",Unknown,"The Wood-louse Glandular Bush-cricket is found throughout most areas of the Greek mainland, excluding the eastern part of Macedonia and Thrace. A subpopulation also still exists on the Cyclades Island of Andros (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 77,000 km².",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend.,"This species reaches adulthood early in the season (May or June) and is found where there is a sufficient supply of herbal vegetation in springtime. It has often been found in, or adjacent to, plots that are or have been used for small scale agriculture. It clearly prefers areas which are open, semi-dry, and where there is a sufficient supply of herbal vegetation, small shrub and grasses. This species occurs at elevations of 150-1,100 m Asl.","Given that this species is found in agricultural areas, especially wheat fields, and zones with a rich herbal vegetation, the use of insecticides may pose a potential threat to it.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend is required.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Broughtonia,arnoldi,,Broughtonia arnoldi,"(Ramme, 1933)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Bulgarian Meadow Bush-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) due to its wide distribution with a low degree of population fragmentation. There is no indication of extreme fluctuations or declines, and it occurs in a variety of habitats.",Unknown,"This species is known from the hilly and mountainous regions of Bulgaria and has recently been recorded from northwestern Anatolia (Kazdagi Mountains in Turkey; Sevgili et al. 2011). Former records from the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia) are now assigned to Metrioptera tsirojanni. The northern distribution border of the species is doubtful as a morphologically intermediate form between B. arnoldi and B. domogledi with unclear systematic status exists. The species is mentioned for European Turkey in Fauna Europaea (de Jong 2013) but this occurrence is quite doubtful due to its preference for higher altitudes and is thus not considered here. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 28,000 km² in pan-Europe and c. 24,000 km² in the EU 28.",The subpopulations in Bulgaria are stable and in some places dense. The overall trend is unknown.,"The species occurs in a variety of mesophytic habitats, mostly in forest clearings, overgrown former plantations, and sub-alpine meadows from 300 to 2,200 m Asl.","The species tolerates moderate anthropogenic habitat change, but large scale cattle grazing in mountainous areas may have a strong negative impact. Urbanisation and development of touristic infrastructure may represent additional, though currently marginal, threats.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas and is protected in Serbia. Research on its population trend is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Broughtonia,domogledi,,Broughtonia domogledi,"(Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882)",,Yes,NT,,No,CR,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)
The Domogled Meadow Bush-cricket has a a restricted area of occupancy (AOO estimated to be 100-500 km²). There is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat and number of mature individuals, but its population is not severely fragmented and thus the species is listed as Near Threatened (NT).
In the EU 28, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is only 60 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km² and according to Kristin and Iorgu (2014) there is a continuing decline in habitat extent and quality as a result of the abandonment of traditional management, of grass cutting and grazing, which lead to succession. There is also a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and the species occurs in a single location. It is thus assessed as Critically Endangered (CR).",Decreasing,"The Domogled Meadow Bush-cricket is known from the southwestern edge of the Carpathians (southwestern Romania) and from most of central and western Serbia (including unpublished data by S. Ivkovic). Its distribution in Bulgaria refers to B. arnoldi or an intermediate form with unclear systematic position (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 43,000 km² in pan-Europe and c. 60 km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 100-500 km² in pan-Europe and 12 km² in the EU 28.",The subpopulations in Serbia are decreasing. It also seems to be declining in Romania (I. Iourgu pers. comm. 2015). Its overall population trend is considered to be decreasing.,"The species occurs in a variety of mesic meadows with low vegetation and steppic grasslands on sunny slopes from the lowlands (280 m Asl near Belgrade) to the mountain belt (up to 1,500 m Asl in Stolovi Mountains and near Vlasina Lake in Serbia).","The main threats to the species are habitat loss and degradation as a result of the expansion of human settlements and touristic infrastructure development. In addition, the abandonment of traditional management, grass cutting and grazing leads to succession, and its consequent overgrowing by shrubs and trees is reported as negatively affecting the species (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). Based on this threat, the species occurs only at one location in the EU 28.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TRIDACTYLIDAE,Bruntridactylus,irremipes,,Bruntridactylus irremipes,"(Uvarov, 1934)",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The Greek Molehopper (Bruntridactylus irremipes) is only known from a few specimens, and has not been recorded in Greece since 1926. There is no information on the population size, trend, habitat and ecology of this species, and therefore it is assessed as Data Deficient. Further research is needed to understand the status of the species, and how it may be affected by the known modifications that have taken place in the areas where it was recorded.",Unknown,"In Europe, the Greek Molehopper is only known from Greece, where it has been reported from two localities on the Greek mainland. The most recent record dates back to 1926 (Willemse 1984), and its presence in Greece needs to be reconfirmed. This species is also found in Turkey (Naskrecki and Ünal 1995).","This species has only been observed and collected on two occasions in Europe, the most recent one in 1926. There is no available information on the population size and the population trend.","The only available information on the habitat of this species comes from the Hatay province in Turkey, where specimens were collected by small pools in seasonally inundated plains along a drying river (Naskrecki and Ünal 1995). This species was found sharing the habitat with another molehopper species, Xya pfaendleri.","Threats to this species are unknown, but there is a potential threat derived from water regulation of rivers and streams that have taken place.","This species has only been collected twice, after which it has not been observed again. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. Its presence in Greece needs to be reconfirmed, and research is needed on the population size and trend, as well as on the species' habitat, ecology and possible threats to it.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TRIDACTYLIDAE,Bruntridactylus,tartarus,,Bruntridactylus tartarus,"(Saussure, 1874)",,No,DD,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Steppe Molehopper (Bruntridactylus tartarus) is found in Central Asia, southern Siberia, the Caucasus and the Black Sea basin. In Europe, it is found in the Danube Delta, the Ukrainian reserve Askania Nova as well as in the Lower Volga Region and eastern European Russia. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in Europe since there is very little information about it in European Russia and Ukraine, it was not possible to estimate its area of occupancy (AOO) and the population trend is unknown. Further research is needed in order to assess its extinction risk. In the EU 28, this species is assessed as Near Threatened since its AOO is between 15 and 20 km², its extent of occurrence (EOO) is below 3,000 km² and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. However, no declines have been reported so far. Potential threats to this species include river regulation and other changes to wetland habitats. More research on its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",Unknown,"The Steppe Molehopper is found in Central Asia, southern Siberia, the Caucasus and the Black Sea basin (Harz 1975). In Europe it occurs from the Romanian Danube Delta to eastern European Russia (Günther 1980, 1991). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 740,000 km², while it is below 3,000 km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is between 16 and 20 km², whereas in Europe it is poorly documented and could not be estimated.","The subpopulations of this species are usually very small and isolated, so that genetic exchange between them is unlikely, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). The population trend is unknown.","This species is found on sandy river shores (Savitsky and Ilyina 2015), salt marshes, shores of salt lakes, salt ponds (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015) and other sandy wet areas (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).",Potential threats to this species include river regulation and other changes to wetland habitats.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research on its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Vedenina, V., Savitsky, V., Pushkar, T., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Chobanov, D.P., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A. & Skejo, J. Skejo","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Bryodemella,tuberculata,,Bryodemella tuberculata,"(Fabricius, 1775)",,No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Speckled Buzzing Grasshopper (Bryodemella tuberculata) is a Palearctic species with a very wide range, extending from the Alps and Scandinavia eastwards over the whole Central Asian region, reaching Japan at its easternmost boundary of distribution. In Europe, this species shows a disjunct distribution with two main areas - the northern edge of the Alpine arch and the Baltic region. This species is assessed as Endangered in the EU 28 and as Vulnerable in Europe since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is ca 250 km², and smaller than 2,000 km² in Europe), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, the number of subpopulations, and in the extent and quality of the habitat due to large-scale man-made habitat deterioration. Monitoring of the population trends should be undertaken.This species could become a flagship species for river restoration projects.",Decreasing,"The Speckled Buzzing Grasshopper is a Palearctic species with a very wide range, extending from the Alps and Scandinavia eastwards over the whole Central Asian region, reaching Japan at its easternmost boundary of distribution. In Europe, this species shows a disjunct distribution with two separated areas: The larger part extends northwestwards from Southern European Russia to Belarus and the Baltic region with an isolated occurrence in northern Romania. The Baltic subpopulation is nowadays restricted to the island of Öland  in Sweden and to a few localities along the Gulf of Finland. Isolated by large unoccupied regions the species also lives along the northern edge of the Alpine arch. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be 1.5 million km² in the EU 28 region, and much more than that in whole Europe. However, due to its disjunct distribution, the area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 region is estimated to be as low as 250 km². Including the distribution in European Russia, the AOO will be much larger but most probably it does not exceed 2,000 km² for Europe.","The size of the remaining subpopulations in the Alps and in the Baltic region is usually small. Densities of adult individuals can be quite high in optimal habitats like the Isar in Germany with up to 280-330 individuals per 1,000 m² (Reich 1991), but apart from the Isar the subpopulations are much smaller. The remaining sites in the Baltic and Scandinavian region also seem to host only small abundances. The long-lasting decrease of localities and individuals of this species has definitely slowed down in the last decades, but there are still local extinctions and visible declines. In spite of its good flight ability, the subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented.","This species is a habitat-specialist, depending on open, very sparsely vegetated soils that occur in Europe on heaths or stony steppes (in the north and east) and along the wild unregulated rivers of the Alps. It is a very mobile species with a very distinctive display flight, widely visible in its undisturbed natural habitats. The eggs are laid on the ground. The species is attracted to sun exposed areas but has a good resistance against low temperatures, and is found from sea level up to 1,500 m asl.","This species has undergone a long lasting decline, affecting the whole European range due to large-scale habitat deterioration. The Alpine subpopulations were heavily affected by the regulation of the rivers and the installation of hydro power-plants, resulting in a total loss of extensive, alluvial habitats on most occupied river sites and leading also to severe fragmentation of the remaining subpopulations. The subpopulations of northeastern Europe suffered from the cultivation of heath land and other low productive grasslands.","In its European range, this species is assessed as Critically Endangered in most countries (Austria, Germany, Lithuania) or even Regionally Extinct, like in Italy, Switzerland, Denmark, Poland or Latvia (e.g., Spuris 1998, Maas et al. 2002, Liana 2004, Berg et al. 2005, Monnerat et al. 2007, Budrys et al. 2008) and probably in Italy (Massa et al. 2012). It is also assessed as Vulnerable in Sweden. The main conservation measures needed are the preservation of natural habitats of the remaining subpopulations, and the preservation of special habitat conditions, like free running alpine rivers or unfertilised grassland. Some of the subpopulations are already the object of current conservation projects in protected areas, which seem to be quite successful. Monitoring of the population trends should be undertaken.This species could become a flagship species for river restoration projects.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & Cálix, M.","Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Bucephaloptera,bucephala,,Bucephaloptera bucephala,"(Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Red-headed Bush-cricket (Bucephaloptera bucephala) is found on the southern Balkan Peninsula and in Anatolia. In Europe it occurs from southern Romania to Rhodes in the south and Albania in the west. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, rather common, and the population trend is assumed to be stable.",Stable,"The Red-headed Bush-cricket is found on the southern Balkan Peninsula and in Anatolia (Sevgili et al. 2011). In Europe it occurs from southern Romania to Rhodes in the south and Albania in the west. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 430,000 km², and ca 390,000 km² in the EU 28.","This species is common in northern Greece (Kaltenbach 1965), southern Bulgaria, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015) and European Turkey (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). However, subpopulations are not large (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). Overall, the population is assumed to be stable and not fragmented (D. Chobanov, D. Sirin and M. Lemonnier-Darcemont  pers. comm. 2015).","This species occurs on forest clearings (Sevgili et al. 2011), dry steppe-like grass vegetation, grass-bush and ruderal vegetation (D. Chobanov, D. Sirin and M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015).",The main threat to this species is the transformation of its habitat into agricultural land (D. Chobanov and D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for the species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Puskas, G., Sirin, D., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Bucephaloptera,cypria,,Bucephaloptera cypria,"Ramme, 1933",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Cyprian Red-headed Bush-cricket (Bucephaloptera cypria) is endemic to Cyprus. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,200 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 12-50 km²), it occurs at only three locations, the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the EOO, AOO, number of sub-populations, extent and quality of habitat and in the number of mature individuals - due to wildfires, orchard plantations and urbanization. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required. Proper habitat management, including wildfire control, thorough planning of urban development and agriculture as well as a reduction in the use of pesticides is required to protect this species.",Decreasing,"The Cyprian Red-headed Bush-cricket is endemic to Cyprus (Tumbrinck 2006). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,200 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 12-50 km².","The population of this species is decreasing due to wildfires, urbanization, orchard plantations and the use of pesticides. Considering the extent of the effects of the known threats and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at three locations. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.","This species occurs in rocky areas with bushes and at pine forest edges, and it found at elevations of 5-800 m Asl.","The threats to this species are wildfires, urbanization, orchard plantations and the use of pesticides.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required. Proper habitat management, including wildfire control, thorough planning of urban development and agriculture as well as a reduction in the use of pesticides is required to protect this species.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Tzirkalli, E., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V. & Papapavlou, K.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Calephorus,compressicornis,,Calephorus compressicornis,"(Latreille, 1804)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Europeanregional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
In Europe, the White-spotted Grasshopper (Calephorus compressicornis) occurs in the west, being present in Portugal, Spain and France. It lives in sandy low or scarce vegetation grasslands, generally in coastal or alluvial areas. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 1.1 million km². It is a rather rare species, with subpopulations often disconnected and threatened by urbanisation, touristic development and alluvial pits. However, it is not considered severely fragmented. Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC). More information on its distribution is needed in order to calculate its area of occupancy (AOO), as it has a scattered distribution mainly along coasts.",Decreasing,"Calephorus compressicornis has an afro-tropical distribution (extending towards the south-east until the Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania and Botswana), and also a west-Palaearctic distribution (including western Europe, North Africa and Middle East) (Mestre and Chiffaud 2006). In Europe, the species is known from numerous coastal and inland provinces of Portugal, Spain (including Baleares), except in the north-west of the Iberian peninsula (Herrera 1982) and also in France (Mediterranean mainland coasts and along the Loire and Garonne rivers) (Defaut et al. 2009). The species has also been recorded from Italy in 1870, but it is unknown whether it is native or still present there (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe covers c. 1.1 million km².","Calephorus compressicornis is a rather rare species in Europe (especially along the Mediterranean coast). Several subpopulations are disconnected, but the population is not considered to be severely fragmented. No precise information on population or range sizes and trends is available, but a strong decline is suspected in the inner areas of southern France (Aquitaine, Midi-Pyrénées). The overall population trend is considered to be decreasing.","Calephorus compressicornis is a coastal and plain species (recorded from sea level up to 600 m altitude), living on low or scarce gramineous lawns and in sand dunes. Its habitats are generally sandy and temporarily wet.","As a species that inhabits coastal and alluvial habitats, Calephorus compressicornis is mainly threatened by urbanisation and touristic development on seaside resorts, and by alluvial sand and gravel pits, causing the degradation of habitats along the rivers. It may also be affected by tourism itself.","No conservation actions for Calephorus compressicornis are known, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range.The species has been assessed as ""priority 3"" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in  France (Sardet and Defaut 2004) and as Vulnerable in Catalonia  (Olmo-Vidal 2006). Protection of sand dunes is required for its conservation. Research on its population size and distribution is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Monnerat, C., Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Callicrania,belarrensis,,Callicrania belarrensis,"Barat, 2007",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Huesca Saddle Bush-cricket (Callicrania belarrensis) has only recently been described and is only known from a single locality in the Huesca province in Spain. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of data on its population size and trend, habitat and ecology, and threats. Further research is needed on this species is order to assess its extinction risk.",Unknown,"The Huesca Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it is only known from a single locality in the Huesca province in Spain (Barat 2007). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km² with an upper estimate of 10 km².",The population size and trend of this very rare species are unknown. There is only one known subpopulation of this species.,This species has been found on Aulaga sp. and Buxus sempervirens at the margin of abandoned crops. It tends to recolonise abandoned agricultural areas (J. Barat pers. comm. 2015).,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species and it is not known to occur in any protected areas. Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, general biology and ecology, as well as the threats of this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Callicrania,demandae,,Callicrania demandae,"(Schroeter & Pfau, 1987)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Demanda Saddle Bush-cricket (Callicrania demandae) is endemic to northwestern Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5,200 km², known area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km² with an upper estimate of 30 km²), it is quite common in its habitat and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"The Demanda Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the León and La Rioja provinces in Spain and it is only known from three localities. However, this species is expected to occur in a wider neighbouring area with suitable habitat. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5,200 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km² with an upper estimate of 30 km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown, but it is quite common in its habitat (J. Barat pers. comm. 2016).","There is little available information on this species. It is associated with Erica sp. and Genista sp. temperate shrubs (Schroeter and Pfau 1987) at altitudes between 1,300 m and 1,950 m Asl.","No major threats to this species have been reported. A ski station is present within its habitat, but it is not expected to affect the population significantly (J. Barat pers. comm. 2016).","There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it is known to occur in a protected area. Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats to this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Callicrania,denticulata,,Callicrania denticulata,"Barat, 2007",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Toothed Saddle Bush-cricket (Callicrania denticulata) has been described recently and is only known from two localities in the Huesca province in Spain. This species is precautionarily assessed as Vulnerable since it has an area of occupancy (AOO) of 8 km², occurs at only two locations, and abandonment of grazing could lead to forest succession and drive this species to become Critically Endangered. In addition, the population is severely fragmented. Further research is needed on its distribution, population trend, breeding biology, general ecology, and threats. Habitat protection is recommended for this species.",Unknown,"The Toothed Saddle Bush-cricket has recently been described and is only known from two localities in the Huesca province in Spain. This species' extent of occurrence is ca 485 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².","The two known subpopulations of this species are small and very isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation since this bush-cricket is flightless. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented (J. Barat pers. comm. 2016).","This species was found on Genista balansae, Juniperus communis and Eryngium sp. shrublands (J. Barat pers. comm. 2015). Little is known about its habitat and ecology. It is found at altitudes between 1,480 m and 1,650 m Asl.","The major threat to this species is abandonment of grazing, which could lead to forest development (J. Barat pers. comm. 2016). Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of this threat and the restricted distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at only two locations.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and so far it has not been found in any protected areas. Further research is needed on its distribution, population trend, breeding biology, general ecology, and threats. Habitat protection is recommended for this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Callicrania,faberi,,Callicrania faberi,"(Harz, 1975)",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"Faber's Saddle Bush-cricket (Callicrania faberi) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and it is known from a few localities in the mountains of northwestern Spain. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11,000 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 500 km²), and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this poorly-known species.",Unknown,"Faber's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and it is known from a few localities in the mountains of northwestern Spain. However, this species is expected to occur in wider areas with suitable habitat. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 42 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km².","Three disjunct subpopulations are known: one in Picos de Europa, the other in Sierra del Bierzo and another in the area of Leon-Palencia (Barat 2007). The subpopulations are very small, occur at high altitudes in the mountains and individuals are flightless. The population of this species is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.","This speciesis flightless and has probably very low population densities. It has been found in Erica spp. shrublands at altitudes between 1,300 m and 1,980 m Asl.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is known to occur in one protected area. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this poorly-known species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Callicrania,plaxicauda,,Callicrania plaxicauda,"Barat, 2007",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Lleida Saddle Bush-cricket (Callicrania plaxicauda) is endemic to the northern part of the Lérida province in Spain. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,200 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 500 km²) and there is a projected continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to climate change; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",Unknown,"The Lleida Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the northern part of the Lérida province in Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,200 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km².","There is no available information on the population size and trend of this species, but it is not rare.","This species lives in mountainous areas at altitudes between 1,400 m and 2,100 m Asl (Barat 2007). It may be associated with alpine and subalpine grassland habitats, but it can also be found in Genista balansae, Juniperus communis and Buxus sempervirens shrubs (J. Barat pers. comm. 2015).","Given that this species lives in mountainous areas, climate change is a threat to it, as it is likely to lead to declines in the quality of its habitat in the future, as well as habitat shifts.","There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Callicrania,ramburii,,Callicrania ramburii,"(Bolívar, 1878)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Rambur's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the Basque region, living in shrubby grazed meadows and moors with ferns between 20 and 1,900 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 48,000 km² and threats may affect this species only locally. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"Rambur's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the Basque region (Defaut 1999, Defaut et al. 2009), where it is found on the lowlands and in the mountains, being widespread in Spain from Posada (Asturias) to Irati (Navarra), and in France from Lüe (Landes) to the valley of Saurat (Ariège) (Ilbert and Menegaux 2003, Barat 2007, Defaut et al. 2009). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 48,000 km².","The species seems to be scarce in France and Spain, but it can be locally abundant. However monitoring in these areas has been poor so the population size and trend are unknown.","Callicrania ramburii is found from the lowland up to the mountains, from 20 to 1,900 m altitude. It occurs mainly on shrubby grazed meadows (Juniperus, Ulex, Rubus) and moors with ferns. It is sometimes found in urban gardens.","The habitats that Callicrania ramburii inhabits may be prone to direct human impacts, such as urbanisation and infrastructural projects along the Atlantic coasts, especially on the plains. Overgrazing and land abandonment can have a negative impact on this species.","There are no conservation actions in place for Callicrania ramburii. Some subpopulations are located in the Pyrenees National Park and it is likely that it is also present in other protected areas throughout its range. The species was assessed as ""priority 3"" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Monnerat, C., Fontana, P., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Callicrania,vicentae,,Callicrania vicentae,"Barat, 2007",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Vicente Saddle Bush-cricket (Callicrania vicentae) is endemic to Spain and it is presently only known from two localities in Sierra de Ayllón, between the Segovia and Guadalajara provinces in central Spain. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 800 km², known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km²), and the population experiences extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B.Further research is needed into this poorly-known species, particularly into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats.",Unknown,"The Vicente Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to Spain and it is presently onlyknown from  two localities in Sierra de Ayllón, between the Segovia and Guadalajara provinces in central Spain (Barat 2007). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 800 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown. According to unpublished data the species seems to shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to experience extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (J. Correas pers. comm. 2016).","This species is found in dry grassland with thistles of Aulaga sp. and moorlands, as well as on padded brushwood, Orocestus mediterraneus and Juniperus species (J. Barat, 2015 pers. comm.). It has been found at elevations between 1,300 m and 1,500 m Asl.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. Further research is needed into this poorly-known species, particularly into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Calliphona,alluaudi,,Calliphona alluaudi,"Bolívar, 1893",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Gran Canaria Green Bush-cricket is endemic to Gran Canaria, where it occurs in forested habitats. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 718 km² and there is a continuing decline in the EOO, area of occupancy (AOO), number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat as well as number of mature individuals. The main threat to the species is the increasing frequency of wildfires. The species occurs in five locations. It is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN).",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Gran Canaria, where it mainly occurs at the northern solpes and in the centre of the island (Bland et al. 1996, Arnedo et al. 2008). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 718 km².","A recent study showed that the species has lost nearly all subpopulations in the southwestern part of the island, where a large wildfire occurred in 2007 (A. Miller pers. comm. 2013). This fire destroyed c. 25% of its habitat. It is likely that other wildfires on Gran Canaria had similar effects on this species and this threat is likely to continue in the future. The population trend is decreasing, and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat and number of mature individuals.","This species occurs in forest habitats. It is not very specialised and can also be found in gardens. Its altitudinal range is 300 - 1,300 m.","This species is mainly threatened by increasing wildfire frequencies on Gran Canaria. A wildfire in 2007 in the southwestern part of the island destroyed c. 25% of its habitat. Based on this threat, the number of locations is estimated to be five. The species may also be affected by the ongoing urbanisation of the island, the increasing number of droughts caused by climate change and the risk of landslides.","There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas, such as the Parque Natural de Tamadaba. A proper fire management needs to be implemented to avoid future declines of the species. More research into its population trend is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Jakobs, D., Kranz, M. & Miller, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Calliphona,gomerensis,,Calliphona gomerensis,"Pfau & Pfau, 2007",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Gomera Green Bush-cricket (Calliphona gomerensis) is endemic to the laurel forests of La Gomera. Although its habitats are still quite common and protected on La Gomera, it is threatened by increasing fire frequencies, which have recently even affected the Garajonay National Park. The species is only known from five locations and has a small area of occupancy (AOO) of 32 km² with a maximum estimate of 100 km². Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 142 km² with a maximum estimate  of 200 km². There is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and the number of mature individuals. It is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN).",Decreasing,"The Gomera Green Bush-cricket is endemic to La Gomera, where it mainly occurs in laurel forest (Pfau and Pfau 2007, Arnedo et al. 2008). Its known extent of occurrence (EOO) is 142 km² with a maximum estimate of 200 km². Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km² with a maximum estimate of 100 km².","The species is quite widespread in the forests of La Gomera, but the population is decreasing as a consequence of recent wildfires.","Calliphona gomerensis occurs mainly in laurel forests and other forested habitats. Its altitudinal range is 130 - 1,350 m.","The species is mainly confined to laurel forests, which are still common on La Gomera, but threatened by increasing fire frequencies. A large wildfire in 2012 has destroyed parts of its habitat. On the basis of this threat, the species is known from five locations. It may also be affected by the risk of landslides.","There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. More research on its population trend is needed. Proper fire management is required to avoid future declines, and the destroyed habitat needs to be restored.",This species is not utilised.,"García, M.","Jakobs, D. & Hochkirch, A.",,,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Calliphona,koenigi,,Calliphona koenigi,"Krauss, 1892",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Tenerife Green Bush-cricket is confined to the forested areas of northern Tenerife. It is threatened by increasing wildfire frequencies, which have recently destroyed parts of its habitat. The species is flightless and it usually occurs at a low density, however the subpopulations are currently still well connected. The number of locations is 12-15 (based upon the size of recent wildfires). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 1,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 76 - 400 km². There is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), extent and quality of the habitat, number of locations and number of mature individuals. As it nearly meets the thresholds for a threatened Category under Criterion B, it is here assessed as Near Threatened.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain (Holzapfel 1970, Gangwere et al. 1972, Bland et al. 1996, Arnedo et al. 2008). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 1,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 76 km² with a maximum estimate of 400 km².","The species is flightless and it usually occurs at a low density, however the subpopulations are currently still well connected. No data on population size or trend are available, but it is assumed to be decreasing as a consequence of recent wildfires. There is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), extent and quality of the habitat, number of locations and number of mature individuals.","Calliphona koenigi occurs in forests (mainly laurel forests, but also pine forests and gardens). Its altitudinal range is 300 - 1,100 m.","The major threat to this species is the increase in wildfire frequencies, which have destroyed parts of its habitat. Future threats may be volcanic eruptions and landslides. The number of locations is 12-15 (based on the size of recent wildfires).","There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but parts of its habitats are in protected areas. There is a need for research on its population trend and threats. A proper fire management is needed in order to avoid future declines of this species.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Jakobs, D. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Calliphona,palmensis,,Calliphona palmensis,"Bolívar, 1940",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Palma Green Bush-cricket occurs mainly in laurel forests and is threatened by increasing wildfire frequencies. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 212 - 400 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km² with a maximum  estimate of 200 km². There is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy (AOO), number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat and number of mature individuals, and the number of locations is four. The species is therefore assessed as Endangered.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain) (Bland et al. 1996, Arnedo et al. 2008). Its known extent of occurrence (EOO) is 212 km² with a maximum estimate of 400 km². Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km² with a maximum estimate of 200 km².","A continuing decline in the area of occupancy (AOO), extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals is inferred from the increasing wildfire frequency.","Laurel forest represents the main habitat of the species, but it may also occur in other forest habitat types. Its altitudinal range is 400 - 1,100 m.","This species occurs mainly in laurel forests, which are still widespread on La Palma, but threatened by increasing wild fire frequencies. The number of locations based on this threat is four. The species may also be affected by landslides.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. More research on its population trend and threats is needed. A proper fire management needs to be implemented to avoid future declines of the species.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Jakobs, D. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Calliptamus,barbarus,,Calliptamus barbarus,"(Costa, 1836)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment. Least Concern (LC)

The Eurasian Pincer Grasshopper (Calliptamus barbarus) is very widespread in the Mediterranean part of Europe, it has a large population and can even become a pest in the southern part of its range. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"The Eurasian Pincer Grasshopper is widely distributed from North Africa across western and southern Europe to China, Mongolia and India (Harz 1975, Heller 2013). It occurs from the Canary Islands (Spain) to Cyprus and from the Normandie (France) to southern Russia. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in the EU 28 is c. 7 million km² and in pan-Europe it is c. 9 million km².","The subpopulations of Calliptamus barbarus are often large and the species is widespread in its range (Olmo-Vidal 2002, Papapavlou 2005, Tumbrinck 2006). In the southern part of its range it can become a pest (Nagy 1994, Massa et al. 2012). Old records from Slovakia have not been confirmed recently (Kristin et al. 2004). It seems to be declining in Switzerland due to intensification of land use and urbanisation (Monnerat et al. 2007). The overall population trend is unknown.","The Eurasian Pincer Grasshopper is found on dry open habitats, usually on rocky or sandy habitats with scarce vegetation (Baur et al. 2006, Iorgu and Iorgu 2008, Massa et al. 2012), including quarries and vineyards (Monnerat et al. 2007). On the Canary Islands, it is also found in grass-rich areas (Hochkirch 2003). The species is a good flyer.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"No specific conservation action is in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. The species is listed as Endangered on the national Red List of Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007), and as Least Concern in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). This species is protected in Hungary. Further research is needed on the population size and trend of the species.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Presa, J.J., Kleukers, R. & Rutschmann, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Calliptamus,coelesyriensis,,Calliptamus coelesyriensis,"(Giglio-Tos, 1893)",,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

In Europe, the Syrian Pincer Grasshopper (Calliptamus coelesyriensis) is only known from a few areas in Greece. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (known area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km² with an upper estimate of 400 km²), and the population is known to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals - thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Further research on its distribution and population size is needed.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is only found in Greece, where it is known from the eastern part of the Greek mainland, the Peloponnesus, some of the eastern Aegean islands and Rodhes (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species reaches the western limit of its distribution in Greece. Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km² with an upper estimate of 400 km². Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 83,000 km². Outside Europe, this Pincer Grasshopper is widely distributed from the Middle East including Egypt reaching eastwards through Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and via Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan and Tadzikistan up to Pakistan (Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1963, Jago 1963). This species is reported to be a slight pest of young crops at times (Centre for Overseas Pest Research 1982).","There is no information on the past and current population trend, but it is known to show extreme fluctuations in population size, of at least one order of magnitude.","In Europe, little is known about the habitat and ecology of this species. The sites from which it has been collected consisted of dry hilly country, rather open and bare with some shrubs. Outside Europe, the species is mainly associated with arid regions being reported from dry steppe vegetation and bare mountain slopes. It has been indicated as a minor pest of wheat, barley and other cereals in Iran, feeding on foliage and young plants (Centre for Overseas Pest Research 1982).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Although this species is widespread in Asia, in Europe it is only known from few localities in Greece and little is known about it. Research into the population distribution, size and trend and threats is the first necessary step.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Heller, K.-G. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Calliptamus,italicus,,Calliptamus italicus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Pincer Grasshopper (Calliptamus italicus) is widespread and common in the southern part of Europe, where it sometimes can become a pest. In the northern part of its range, it has become rare and is listed as threatened on several national Red Lists. However, the regional declines mainly took place during the 20th century and the species is still very common in large parts of its range. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"The Common Pincer Grasshopper is a widespread species in Eurasia. In Europe, it is found from the Iberian Peninsula to Greece (Crete and Rhodes) and from the French Atlantic coast via northern Poland to southern European Russia (Heller 2013). It is Regionally Extinct in Belgium (Decleer et al. 2000). Its extent of occurrence in the EU 28 is c. 5 million km² and in Europe it is c. 7 million km².","During the 20th century the species has become rare in the northern part of its range (e.g. Germany, Poland, Switzerland). However, in the southern part of its range the subpopulations are very large and well connected. The species has been reported as a pest occasionally and outbreaks have been reported throughout its range (Nagy 1994, Bellmann 2006, Denner 2009). In recent years these outbreaks have become more common again in Italy (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015). As a consequence of such rapid increases in population size, the species has spread in Austria again (Denner 2009). Due to these extreme fluctuations, the overall population trend is unknown.","Calliptamus italicus occurs in a variety of open habitats, such as rocky areas, Mediterranean shrubland with large amounts of bare ground, grassland, heath land, abandoned farmland, road verges etc. (Brose 1997, Baur et al. 2006, Massa et al. 2012). In the northern part of its range, it is mainly restricted to secondary habitats, such as sand and gravel pits, quarries and railway tracks (Zechner and Koschuh 2000). It prefers a heterogeneous vegetation with dense dwarf shrubs and patches of bare ground (Brose 1997).","In the northern part of its range, the species has become rare due to the destruction of its habitat, mainly caused by agricultural land use intensification (transformation of its habitat into farmland or intensively used grassland) and afforestation. The remaining dry grassland habitats are threatened by abandonment and eutrophication with subsequent encroachment of shrubs and trees (Zechner and Koschuh 2000). It may also be affected by the use of insecticides in parts of its range.","The species is listed in the national Red Lists of Poland and Germany as Endangered (Maas et al. 2011), in Austria and Switzerland as Vulnerable (Berg et al. 2005, Monnerat et al. 2007) and in the Czech Republic as Near Threatened (Holusa and Kocarek 2005). It is protected by law in Germany, where conservation measures are in place for this species, particularly habitat preservation and management. Calliptamus italicus occurs in several protected areas throughout its range. Further research is needed on the population size and trend of the species.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Szovenyi, G., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Willemse, L.P.M. & Kristin, A.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Calliptamus,madeirae,,Calliptamus madeirae,"Uvarov, 1937",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Madeira Pincer Grasshopper (Calliptamus madeira) has a small extent of occurrence (EOO) as it is endemic to Madeira. However, the species is very common, its population is large and it is not sensitive to human activities. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The Madeira Pincer Grasshopper is endemic to Madeira, where it occurs up to 1,300 m above sea level (Jago 1963, A. Aguiar pers. comm. 2015). Assuming a wide distribution on the island of Madeira, the maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is 852 km².","The population is probably large and assumed to be stable (A. Aguiar pers. comm. 2015). The subpopulations are locally large. It remains unknown if the population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals, similar to other Calliptamus species (P. Kocarek pers. comm. 2016).","The main habitats of this species are grasslands (A. Aguiar pers. comm. 2015) and other dry habitats with scarce vegetation from the coast to the drier parts of the mountains (southern slopes), including urban areas and non-vegetated rocky areas (P. Kocarek pers. comm. 2016). It is also found in cities. The species is quite mobile and can rapidly colonise new habitats (P. Kocarek pers. comm. 2016).",No major threats are thought to affect this species (A. Aguiar and P. Kocarek pers. comm. 2015).,"No specific conservation measures exist for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend and potential fluctuations is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Aguiar, A. & Kocarek, P.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Calliptamus,plebeius,,Calliptamus plebeius,"(Walker, 1870)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Canarian Pincer Grasshopper (Calliptamus plebeius) is common on the Canary Islands and has a large population. It is probably little affected by human activities and is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC). Research on its taxonomy is needed as it is assumed that each island may maintain a different species, as well as on its population trend, ecology and threats.",Unknown,"The Canarian Pincer Grasshopper is endemic to the Canary Islands, where it occurs on all the islands except for Fuerteventura (Holzapfel 1970, Gangwere et al. 1972, Bland et al. 1996). Its presence on Lanzarote is uncertain. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 27,500 km².","There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species, although it is very widespread and common throughout its range.","This species is not very specialised in ecology and is a habitat generalist which occurs in many open habitat types, including coastal Euphorbia shrubland, grasslands, road edges, rocky areas, open pine forests and sub-alpine areas (Gangwere et al. 1972, Hochkirch 1997).",No major threats caused by human activities have been reported. It may be locally affected by urbanisation and touristic development. Some subpopulations may be threatened by geological events.,"No specific conservation action is in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas throughout its range. Research is needed concerning the differentiation of island populations, which may represent unique species (Bland 2001). Furthermore, research on its population trends, threats and ecology is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Kranz, M. & Jakobs, D.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Calliptamus,siciliae,,Calliptamus siciliae,"Ramme, 1927",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Even though the Pygmy Pincer Grasshopper (Calliptamus siciliae) seems to be declining, it has a wide distribution on the Italian Peninsula and its subpopulations are still large. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Decreasing,"The Pygmy Pincer Grasshopper is distributed in Italy and reaches southern Switzerland as well as the southeastern part of France (Massa et al. 2012). The species has also been reported from three localities on Sardinia, where it has not been recorded again during the last 80 years. Its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 605,000 km².","The species is very widespread and has large subpopulations. However, in Sardinia it might have become extinct and in Switzerland it appears to be declining (Monnerat et al. 2007). Therefore, the overall population trend is assumed to be decreasing. The species shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (Monnerat et al. 2007).","The species is found on dry grasslands and shrublands. It is also found on rocky slopes, in gravel pits, quarries and vineyards (Monnerat et al. 2007). Contrary to other Calliptamus species, it is found in denser vegetation (Baur et al. 2006, Massa et al. 2012). Its depth range is 220 - 1,420 m.",The species may be locally affected by urbanisation and abandonment of grazing (F. Rutschmann pers. comm. 2016).,"No specific conservation actions exist for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. The species is listed as Endangered on the Swiss Red List (Monnerat et al. 2007). Research is needed on its population trend, ecology and threats.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Buzzetti, F.M., Kleukers, R., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Presa, J.J., Szovenyi, G., Willemse, L.P.M. & Kristin, A.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Calliptamus,tenuicercis,,Calliptamus tenuicercis,"Tarbinsky, 1930",,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

In Europe, the Persian Pincer Grasshopper (Calliptamus tenuicercis), which is globally widespread, has only been reported from three Aegean Islands (where it was last seen in the 1930s) and the FYR Macedonia (where the last sighting dates back to 1960s). This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a small extent of occurrence (EOO) (ca 2,500 km² in the EU 28, and ca 18,000 km² in Europe), and a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is assumed although the reason for the decline is not known - thus making this species close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. Further research is needed on the population distribution, size and trend.",Decreasing,"The Persian Pincer Grasshopper has a wide distribution, with the European range lying at the western edge of its global range. This species is present in Turkey, the Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, and southern Russia), the Middle Eastern countries of  Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Syria, Iraq and Iran, reaching eastwards as far as Afghanistan (Jago 1963, Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1963) and Pakistan (Soomro and Wagan 2005). It can become a minor pest of grapes (Centre for Overseas Pest Research 1982). In the EU 28 region, this species is known from the southern Greek Aegean islands of Kalymnos, Kos and Rodhes (Willemse 1984), and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,461 km². Additionally, within the European region, this species is also known from a single locality in the very south of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia) (Willemse 1977). This species' EOO for the European region is 17,793 km².","It is noteworthy that all records for this species from Europe are 50 or more years old. The species was collected on the Aegean Islands prior to 1936, FYR Macedonia in 1964 and 1965; and Rodhes in 1966. Since 1966 the species has not been recorded in Europe. Because the species has not been collected for a long time even on Rodhes, which has been revisited regularly for the last decades, a continuing decline is assumed.","This species inhabits areas where the mean annual rainfall is generally less than 65 cm. It thus penetrates semi-desert environments more deeply than other Pincer Grasshoppers (Jago 1963). In Rhodes the species was found in various sites characterized as dry, rocky with sparse vegetation and some shrubs near or around agricultural lands (Kaltenbach 1967).",The species has not been recorded in Europe for 50 years. It was found in marginal dry lands. The reasons for its apparent disappearance are unknown.,"Although this species of Pincer Grasshopper is widespread in Asia, in Europe it is only known from a few old records from localities in Greece and FYR Macedonia. There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether it is currently present in any protected areas, although its historical distribution overlapped with protected areas throughout its range. Further research is needed on the population distribution, size and trend.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Calliptamus,wattenwylianus,,Calliptamus wattenwylianus,"(Pantel, 1896)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Europeanregional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Western Pincer Grasshopper (Calliptamus wattenwylians) is widespread in south-western Europe, where it is present in Portugal, Spain and France. It lives in stony and rocky grasslands or scrublands, and is considered as a common species in the main part of its range (Iberian Peninsula). Even if the species is known to experience extreme fluctuations, the extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 711,000 km², and the population appears to be stable and not severely fragmented. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Calliptamus wattenwylianus is widespread in the western Mediterranean basin (including south-western Europe and North Africa from Morocco to Libya). In Europe, the species has been recorded from Portugal (mainly on the inner massifs), Spain (except for the northwestern part) and France (along the mainland Mediterranean coast) (Herrera 1982, Defaut 1999, Defaut et al. 2009). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe covers c. 711,000 km².","Calliptamus wattenwylianus is considered a common species on the Iberian Peninsula. It is rare in France, especially in the Pyrenees and Aude Departments, where subpopulations seem to be fragmented (Jaulin et al. 2011). No report on population or range sizes and trends is available, but its population trend is assumed to be stable. The species is known to show extreme fluctuations in population size.","Calliptamus wattenwylianus is a plain and mountain species, being present from sea level up to 1,500 m. It lives in warm and dry open habitats, stony lawns or rocky Mediterranean scrublands. It can also live in overgrazed and dry pastures and agricultural fallows.","Numerous subpopulations were impacted by urbanisation and various development projects in the last ten years, but these threats are not significant to the whole population. It may also be affected by the irrigation of orchards as this is a xerophilous species.","No conservation actions aiming at Calliptamus wattenwylianus are known. It occurs in several protected areas (nature reserves, national parks), especially on the Iberian Peninsula. Calliptamus wattenwylianus was assessed as Least Concern in  France (Sardet and Defaut 2004) and Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2006). Further research on its population size and trend is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Monnerat, C., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Canariola,emarginata,,Canariola emarginata,"Newman, 1964",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Spanish Laurel Bush-cricket (Canariola emarginata) is endemic to the mountain ranges in the Granada, Albacete, Jaén, Malaga and Almería provinces (southeastern Spain). This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is smaller than 20,000 km², area of occupancy (AOO) smaller than 2,000 km²), and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Although it occurs in protected areas, this bush-cricket is scarce and some subpopulations are potentially threatened by the use of pesticides and cattle grazing. However, forest fires are considered the main threat. A management plan is needed, including grazing regulation, avoiding use of pesticides and habitat management favouring shrubland development. Research is also needed into the threats, population size and trend of this species.",Unknown,"The Spanish Laurel Bush-cricket is endemic to the mountain ranges in the Granada, Albacete, Jaén, Malaga and Almería provinces (southeastern Spain). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is slightly below 20,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is likely to be larger than 500 km², but smaller than 2,000 km².","This species is usually rare (Barranco and Gómez Ladrón de Guevara 2011), but it is also difficult to detect. The population is considered severely fragmented as the majority of the subpopulations are believed to be small and isolated with little genetic exchange between them, and may go extinct with reduced probability of recolonisation.","This species has been found on shrubs in native pinewoods and forests of Quercus faginea, Q. pyrenaica, Pinus nigra, Taxus baccata, Crataegus monogyna and C. granatense (Barranco and Gómez Ladrón de Guevara 2011). The species is a tree dweller and those forests are reasonably stable and in natural parks (Prunier, 2016 pers.comm.) It is found at altitudes between 900 m and 1,750 m Asl.","Although the species occurs in protected areas, it is scarce and some subpopulations are potentially threatened by the use of pesticides and cattle grazing. Forest fires (Barranco and Gómez Ladrón de Guevara 2011) are considered the main threat.","Although the species lives within protected areas, a management plan is needed, including grazing regulation, avoiding use of pesticides and habitat management favouring shrubland development. Research is needed into the threats, population size and trend of this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Canariola,nubigena,,Canariola nubigena,"(Krauss, 1892)",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Canarian Laurel Bush-cricket occurs mainly in laurel forests, which have become scarce on Tenerife. Its distribution, population trend and threats are poorly known. It may be threatened by rural and urban development in northern Tenerife and increasing wildfire frequencies. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 229 - 700 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 - 200 km². The known number of locations is four, but may be higher. However, the species is flightless and the population is believed to be severely fragmented. As it is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B, it is thus assessed as Near Threatened.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) (Bland et al. 1996). Its known extent of occurrence (EOO) is 229 km², but its distribution is poorly documented. The maximum estimate of its EOO is 700 km². The known area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km² with a maximum estimate of 400 km².","There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species, as it lives in trees and is difficult to find. The species is flightless and the population is believed to be severely fragmented.","This species occurs mainly in laurel forests. It lives in trees, but its ecology is poorly known. Its altitudinal range is 100 - 1,100 m.","This species occurs mainly in laurel forests, which have become scarce in Tenerife. The threats to the species are poorly understood. It may be threatened by ongoing urban and rural development, but particularly by increasing wildfire frequencies. Volcanic eruptions and landslides may also represent potential future threats. The number of known locations (based upon the threat of wildfires) is four, but may be higher.","The species occurs on the protected area of Parque Rural de Anaga (Tenerife), but there are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. Research on its taxonomy, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Jakobs, D. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Canariola,quinonesi,,Canariola quinonesi,"Llucià, Pomares & Iñiguez Yarza, 2010",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"Quinones' Bush-cricket (Canariola quinonesi) has only been recently described and is endemic to Spain. It is assessedas Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed on this species in order to assess its extinction risk.",Unknown,The recently described Quinones' Bush-cricket is endemic to southern Spain where it is only known from four mountainous localities in the Málaga province. This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is 423 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².,There is no available information on the population size and trend of this species. The population might be fragmented since this bush-cricket is flightless.,"There is little available information on the ecology of this species. It occurs in scrub habitats with Cistus populifolius, Crataegus monogyna, Quercus rotundifolia and Abies pinsapo (Llucià Pomares and Quiñones Alarcón 2013). It has been found at altitudes between 1,040 m and 1,140 m Asl.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. Research is needed into its threats, ecology, population size and trend.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Canariola,willemsei,,Canariola willemsei,"Morales-Agacino, 1959",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Tenerife Laurel Bush-cricket (Canariola willemsei) occurs in forests of Tenerife and La Gomera. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 619 - 1,500 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 12 - 500 km². Even though the currently known number of locations is small (three), it is believed to be wider distributed. As it is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B, it is assessed as Near Threatened. Further research on its taxonomy, population size and trend, habitats and ecology and threats is needed.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to La Gomera and Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) (Bland et al. 1996). Its known extent of occurrence (EOO) is 381 km², but its distribution is poorly documented and it may be more widespread. The maximum estimate of its EOO is 1,500 km². The known area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km², with a maximum estimate of 500 km².",There is no information available on the population size and trend of the species.,"Canariola willemsei is an arboricolous species that occurs in laurel forests. Its altitudinal range is 500 - 1,100 m.","The threats to this species are poorly understood. It may be threatened by increasing wildfire frequencies, but also by natural causes such as volcanism and landslides. The number of localities based upon the threat of wildfires is three, but it is probably wider distributed.","There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but large parts of its habitat occur in protected areas. Research on its taxonomy, ecology, distribution, population trend and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Jakobs, D. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Celes,variabilis,,Celes variabilis,"(Pallas, 1771)",,No,NT,,No,VU,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Black Grasshopper (Celes variabilis) has a wide distribution in Europe but is quite rare. In Europe, this species is assessed as Near Threatened since its area of occupancy (AOO) is likely to be smaller than 3,000 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals; thus making this species close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Vulnerable since the situation is the same as in the Europe, and the AOO is smaller, estimated to be between 650 and 2,300 km². No significant immigration from outside the assessment regions is expected due to the severe fragmentation of the population. The major threats to this species are intensification of grassland management (overgrazing, use of fertilisers) and transformation of its habitat into farmland. However, it is also threatened by abandonment. Habitat restoration is needed in order to restore subpopulations and habitat management should focus on extensive grazing. Research into its current distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is recommended.",Decreasing,"The Black Grasshopper is widespread from the Pyrenees to Central Asia (Defaut and Morichon 2015). In the western part of Europe the species is only confirmed from the Pyrenees, southern France and northern Italy. The northern range margin in the eastern part of Europe is in Austria and northern Hungary while it extends to Greece north of the Peloponnesus. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 6.7 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 3.7 million km². In Europe the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be smaller than 3,000 km² (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016), and in the EU 28 it is estimated to be between 650 and 2,300 km².","This species is declining in Europe and the current population trend is therefore decreasing. In Spain it had not been found since 1936 (Llucià Pomares 2002, Presa 2007), but was rediscovered in 2003 in the Pre-Pyrenees by D. Llucià Pomares (Defaut and Morichon 2015). Similarly, the species was rediscovered in 1997 in Austria (Bieringer and Berg 2001). In Italy, there is only one subpopulation left (Massa et al. 2012). In Hungary the species has strongly declined as a consequence of abandonment of pastures (G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2016). A decline of this species has also been noted in Greece in response to increased cattle grazing (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2016) as well as in Russia (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016). The population is considered to be severely fragmented since subpopulations are very small and isolated even in areas where the species is more common (Bulgaria, Greece), and this grasshopper is not a good flyer (Defaut and Morichon 2015). Subpopulations may therefore go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.",This species occurs in dry grassland habitats such as steppes. In the northern part of its range it strongly depends on fires (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016).,"The major threats to this species are intensification of grassland management (overgrazing, use of fertilisers) and transformation of its habitat into farmland. However, it is also threatened by abandonment (G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2016). In the past it has also lost habitat due to afforestation.","The species is listed as Critically Endangered on the Austrian Red List (Berg et al. 2005) and as Vulnerable on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). It is protected in Hungary and occurs in protected areas throughout its range. In Austria the species is restricted to a military area (Bieringer and Berg 2001) where it benefits from wildfires (Bieringer and Sauberer 2001). Habitat restoration is needed in order to restore subpopulations of this species. Habitat management should focus on extensive grazing (G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2016). Research into its current distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Szovenyi, G., Presa, J.J., Willemse, L.P.M., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Chobanov, D.P., Zuna-Kratky, T., Tami, F., Iorgu, I.S., Defaut, B., Korsunovskaya, O., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R. & Kristin, A.","Kranz, M. & Ferreira, S.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,acroleucus,,Chorthippus acroleucus,"(Müller, 1924)",,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)c(iv)+2ab(iii)c(iv),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)c(iv)+2ab(iii)c(iv),EU28,,"The White-tipped Grasshopper lives in a very restricted area with both the area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) of 4 km². Based on the threat of wildfires, the species is considered to occur at only one location. Although no population decline is observed, the habitat of this species is subjected to a decline in its quality and extent. In addition, extreme fluctuations in the number of individuals are known and thus the species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR).",Unknown,"The species occurs only in the treeless zone of Cozia Mountain, in the southeastern Carpathians (Romania) between 1,000 and 1,600 m altitude. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².","The population size of this species is small and its trend is unknown (Kristin and Iorgu 2014, I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). This species shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).",This species lives in rocky areas with very sparse vegetation.,"The threats to this species are overgrazing (including the change of its habitat by fertilisation as a result of cattle presence) and wildfires. Based on wildfires, there is only one location.","No conservation actions are in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area (Cozia National Park). More research on its population trend is needed, and an area-based management plan is recommended.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,albomarginatus,,Chorthippus albomarginatus,"(De Geer, 1773)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Lesser Marsh Grasshopper (Chorthippus albomarginatus) is assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution and large subpopulation sizes. It may be locally affected by land use intensification, but overall the population trend is assumed to be increasing.",Increasing,"The Lesser Marsh Grasshopper is widespread in Eurasia. In Europe it occurs from Spain and the United Kingdom to Finland, eastern European Russia and northern Romania. It is nevertheless missing in the Mediterranean part of the continent. Former records from the Balkans (Heller 2013) are meanwhile identified as Chorthippus oschei (Vedenina and von Helversen 2009). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 8.9 million km² and in the EU 28 c. 5.6 million km².","Chorthippus albomarginatus is a very widespread species, which is common in the northern part of its range. In some parts of its range it is currently expanding (Maas et al. 2002, Zuna-Kratky 2009), so the overall population trend is assumed to be increasing. In Siberia it has been reported as a pest.","The species is mainly found in moist grassland habitats, including salt grasslands at the coasts (Bellmann 2006). In more humid regions it is also found in dry grasslands.","The species may be locally threatened by the intensification of agricultural land use, particularly by transformation of grassland into farmland and by the use of pesticides. It is also sensitive to intensive grassland management, including intensive grazing, frequent mowing and the use of fertilisers (Hochkirch et al. 2000).","There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in several protected areas throughout its range. The species is listed as Near Threatened on the Austrian Red List (Berg et al. 2005).",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Kristin, A., Szovenyi, G., Willemse, L.P.M., Presa, J.J., Chobanov, D.P., Rutschmann, F. & Kleukers, R.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,alticola,,Chorthippus alticola,"Ramme, 1921",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Alpine Grasshopper (Chorthippus alticola) is endemic to the southern parts of the eastern Alps in Italy, Austria and Slovenia, and has a wide altitudinal range. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population is considered to be stable, and the species is common and sometimes abundant in the habitats where it occurs. However, the large-scale retreat of alpine pastures in some parts of its range could cause declines in the future. In addition, since it is endemic and a glacial relic with an island-like distribution, it may potentially be affected by the effects of global warming in the Alps. The effects of climate change on this species should therefore be investigated and the species should be closely monitored.",Stable,"The Alpine Grasshopper is endemic to the southern parts of the eastern Alps in Italy, Austria and Slovenia. There are two subspecies known: C. a. alticola lives in Italy, mainly in the wider surroundings of the Lago di Garda in Trentino-Alto Adige and in adjacent parts of Lombardia and Veneto (Fontana et al. 2002, Galvagni 2009, Massa et al. 2010). A rather isolated subpopulation is known from the Alpi Giulie (Friuli, Nadig 1981), that connects to the eastern subspecies C. a. rammei, living in the Julian Alps and the Karavanke Mountains in the Austrian-Slovenian border region (Us 1992, Matvejev and Gomboc 1996, Berg et al. 2005, Gomboc and Šegula 2014). Recent records further to the north in Styria and Upper Austria are doubtful. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 22,400 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 200 km².","This species is rather common and sometimes abundant in the habitats where it occurs. However, due to their mountainous distribution the population is divided into many subpopulations, often isolated by valleys. This has led to a high variability in morphology and especially in colouration, indicating only minor genetic exchange and long-term isolation. Further genetic studies will be necessary to see the real difference between different (and especially isolated) subpopulations. The population is assumed to be stable since it can inhabit different habitats and there are no current threats to it.","This is a mountainous species living from the lower slopes at 600 m (C. rammei) and 1,250 m (C. alticola) up to the mountain peaks at 2,100 m asl. It inhabits mountain slopes with Alpine meadows and rocky pastures, usually with low grass cover and with the presence of dwarf shrub like Erica carnea and Juniperus spp. in most localities. If climate conditions are suitable it can be also found in the shade of lower shrubs or on the edge of coniferous forests at the tree line. It occurs in dry and mesic habitats and seems to prefer calcareous underground. The adults live mainly from July to October and have a conspicuous song. Due to their short wings they are not able to fly; macropterous individuals (having long or large wings) are not reported.","This endemic mountain-grasshopper lives mainly in extensively managed grasslands and can be affected by intensification or abandonment of pastures. There is no indication that this has posed a significant threat to this species so far, but the large-scale retreat of alpine pastures in some parts of its range could cause declines in the future. As for most of the Alpine endemics, habitat shifts due to climate change can also pose a threat to this species. Given that it is a glacial relict, this species cannot overcome the rise of climate zones in the Alps if it already colonises the mountain-peaks. Its broad altitudinal range may be the reason why no decrease has been reported yet.","At present, there are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in some protected areas (e.g., Parco Regionale dell´Alto Garda, Parco Regionale della Lessinia, Triglav National Park). However, most of its distribution lies outside of these sites.Monitoring of the altitudinal distribution and population trend is necessary to observe and evaluate the effect of climate change on this endemic species.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & Cálix, M.","Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,apicalis,,Chorthippus apicalis,"Ebner, 1928",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Orange-butted Grasshopper (Chorthippus apicalis) is found in Morocco, on Madeira (Portugal) and on the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is rather widespread, it is often very abundant and is even able to survive in arable land.",Unknown,"The Orange-butted Grasshopper is found in Morocco, on Madeira (Portugal) and on the Iberian Peninsula (Heller 2013). Old records from Sardinia (Harz 1975) have not been confirmed and are considered doubtful (Massa et al. 2012). Records from France are probably based on misidentifications (Defaut 2007) and are disregarded here. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 991,000 km².",This species is usually abundant (Olmo-Vidal 2002) and rather widespread on the Iberian Peninsula. The population trend is unknown.,"This species is found in mesic to moist grassland habitats (Gómez et al. 1992). It can also be found along roadsides and other artificial habitats with grasses (Hochkirch 1999) and even in cultivated fields (Olmo-Vidal 2002, Llucià-Pomares and Fernández-Ortín 2009). It has a preference for sunny areas with low vegetation cover (Miranda-Arabolaza and Barranco 2005). It is found at altitudes between sea level and 1,600 m Asl.","As a species occurring in farmland, it is likely to be affected by intensive agricultural practices including the use of pesticides. It may also be threatened by Eucalyptus plantations in Portugal.",There are no specific conservation measures in place but it occurs in protected areas. Further research into its population trend is required.,The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Lemos, P., García, M., Correas, J., Barranco Vega, P., Prunier, F., Odé, B. & Ferreira, S.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,apricarius,,Chorthippus apricarius,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Locomotive Grasshopper (Chorthippus apricarius) is a widespread species in Europe. In the northern part of its range it is currently expanding, while it is restricted to montane regions in the southern part of Europe. Because of its wide distribution and the large and stable population, the species is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"The Locomotive Grasshopper is widespread in Eurasia. It is found in large parts of continental Europe (Heller 2013), where it occurs from northern Spain, central Italy and northern Greece in the south to southern Sweden and Latvia in the north. In the south of its range, it is restricted to montane regions. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 5.9 million km², in the EU 28 ca 3.7 million km².","Chorthippus apricarius is expanding its range in the northwestern part of Europe (Grotjahn and Handke 2000, Hochkirch 2001, Zuna-Kratky 2009), while it is quite rare in other regions. The overall population trend is considered stable.","The species is found at the edges of farmlands, roads and ditches as well as in dry grassland habitats (Hochkirch and Papen 2001, Baur et al. 2006, Bellmann 2006). It is a grassland species with a preference for a certain amount of bare ground in its habitat (Reck 1993). In the northern part of its range, it has a preference for sandy substrates (Reck 1993), while it is restricted to montane regions in the southern part of its range.","There appear to be no major threats for this species. Locally the species may be threatened by changes in agricultural land use, particularly through intensification of farming and the use of pesticides (Zuna-Kratky 2009).","A conservation program for this species exists in Baden-Württemberg (Germany), where the species is rare. The species is listed as Near Threatened on the Red List of the Netherlands (Bakker et al. 2015). It occurs in protected areas throughout its range.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Szovenyi, G., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Chobanov, D.P., Rutschmann, F., Willemse, L.P.M. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,ariasi,,Chorthippus ariasi,"(Bolívar, 1908)",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Sierra De Gredos Grasshopper (Chorthippus ariasi) is only known from one recorded specimen. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to taxonomic uncertainty, since it is probably a synonym of Chorthippus binotatus. Further research is needed into its taxonomy.",Unknown,"There is only one reference of a a specimen of the Sierra De Gredos Grasshopper from Sierra de Gredos, in the province of Ávila, central Spain (Presa et al. 2007). This species' known extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².","There is no information on the population size and trend of the species, as only one specimen has ever been collected.",The habitat and ecology of this species are unknown.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The only recorded specimen was probably found in the National Park of Gredos. There are no conservation measures in place for this species, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitats and ecology and threats to the species. However, this species is probably a synonym of Chorthippus binotatus (Charpentier, 1825) (Presa et al. 2007).",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,biguttulus,,Chorthippus biguttulus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Bow-winged Grasshopper (Chorthippus biguttulus) is a widespread species that occurs in many semi-dry and dry grassland habitats, including dry meadows, pastureland, road verges and urban areas. Due to its wide distribution and overall large population size it is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"The Bow-winged Grasshopper is widespread in Eurasia. In Europe, it occurs from the Pyrennees to the Urals and from Greece to southern Scandinavia (Heller 2013). In Italy, it is only found north of the Po Valley (Massa et al. 2012). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 11.3 million km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 6.7 million km².",This grasshopper is very common in Europe and forms large subpopulations (Bellmann 2006). The population trend is unknown. The species may show fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (Hochkirch 2001).,"Chorthippus biguttulus occurs in a variety of semi-dry and dry grassland habitats, including edges of forests, roads, ditches, edges of farmlands (Baur et al. 2006, Bellmann 2006) and gardens.","The species is negatively affected by the use of fertilizers, which slows down its development time (van Wingerden et al. 1993).","No specific conservation actions are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. More research into its population trend is required.",The species is not utilized.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Rutschmann, F., Willemse, L.P.M., Kristin, A., Chobanov, D.P., Szovenyi, G., Presa, J.J. & Kleukers, R.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,binotatus,,Chorthippus binotatus,"F. Willemse, Von Helversen & Odé 2009",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Europeanregional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Red-legged Grasshopper is widespread in France, Spain and Portugal. It lives in shrubby moorland and heathland, between sea level and 2,700 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 1.3 million km². In France, the species is rare and declining with a fragmented population, but it is more common on the Iberian Peninsula. Threats have been reported in France (mainly urbanisation and overgrazing), which are accentuated by the isolation of the subpopulations. A decline is suspected, but it is probably not significant for the whole population and the overall population trend is unknown. The species is thus assessed as Least Concern as it is unlikely to meet the thresholds for a threatened category.",Unknown,"Chorthippus binotatus is present in France, Spain, Portugal and Morocco (Defaut 2011). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 1.3 million km². On the Iberian Peninsula, it mainly occurs in mountains and close to the Atlantic coast.","The distribution of Chorthippus binotatus is rather continuous along the Atlantic coast, and more fragmented in the eastern part of its distribution (Defaut et al. 2009, Defaut 2011). It is not very common in France, except for the Bretagne region (Defaut 1999), where it is however decreasing. It seems to be more common in Portugal and Spain. No precise report on population size and trends is available.","Chorthippus binotatus lives in shrubby moorlands and heathlands. It is a plain and mountain taxon, and occurs from sea level (along the Atlantic coast) to 2,700 m altitude (in Sierra Nevada, Spain). The presence of this oligophageous grasshopper is linked to the presence of host plants: its diet mainly consists of shrubby Fabaceae from the Ulex, Cytisus and Genista genus, and also of Erinacea in the Iberian peninsula.","Overgrazing is a threat to this species. Numerous populations are impacted by urbanisation and several local development projects. In Spain, no major threats seem to affect the species (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2015).","There are no specific conservation actions in place aimed at Chorthippus binotatus. The species was assessed as ""priority 2"" (equivalent to Vulnerable) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). It occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Further research on its population size and trend and threats to the species is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Monnerat, C., Fontana, P. & Zuna-Kratky, T.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,biroi,,Chorthippus biroi,"(Kuthy, 1907)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Cretan Grasshopper (Chorthippus biroi) is endemic to Greece, with its range covering Crete and its adjacent islets, extending into the Cyclades islands. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is a widespread species, has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) (ca 42,000 km²) and  is quite common in Crete. In addition, the population is considered to be stable. Further research is needed on the population size and trend of this species.",Stable,"The Cretan Grasshopper is endemic to Greece with its range covering Crete and its adjacent islets, extending into the Cyclades islands where it was found on Naxos, Tinos and Andros. The presence of this species on more Cyclades islands cannot be ruled out (Willemse et al. 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 42,000 km², and its elevation ranges from 100 to 2,000 km².","There is no information available on the population size, or the overall population trend. However, this species is widespread and quite common, and therefore its population trend is assumed to be stable.","The species is found in stony patches, often with sparse vegetation but also with grasses and shrubs, in lowlands (100 m Asl). In Crete, it is even found above the timberline (2,000 m Asl).","This species is mainly found in habitats which are only of interest to humans for livestock grazing. Overgrazing and bushfires are therefore considered the main possible threats for this species, although the extent and effect of the threats are unknown.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Further research is needed on the population size and trend of this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,bornhalmi,,Chorthippus bornhalmi,"Harz, 1971",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Balkan Field Grasshopper (Chorthippus bornhalmi) is widespread in western Asia and southeastern Europe where it occurs along the Adriatic coast from Slovenia to Greece as well as on the Greek islands, southern Bulgaria and European Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common with a large overall population size. No major threats to this species have been reported, but it seems to be locally affected by abandonment of traditional grazing and subsequent encroachment of shrubs and trees.",Unknown,"The Balkan Field Grasshopper is widespread in western Asia and southeastern Europe where it occurs along the Adriatic coast from Slovenia to Greece as well as on the Greek islands, southern Bulgaria and the European part of Turkey. At the northern range margin it hybridises with Chorthippus brunneus (Kleukers et al. 2004, Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 28 is ca 1.1 million km².","This species is very widespread and has large sub-populations which are well connected. It is common in most grassland habitats in the southern part of its range (D. Sirin and M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015), but has been reported to be declining in the northern part of its range (Slovenia) (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015). However, it appears that the range of the species is expanding northwards in the central Balkans. The overall population trend is unknown.","This species is found in a variety of dry, warm habitats dominated by grasses (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015), usually with patches of bare ground such as rocky meadows, sheep pastures and  secondary habitats with similar vegetation (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015).  It is also found on forest edges and along forest roads (S. Gomboc, J. Skejo and D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015).","No major threats to this species have been reported, but it seems to be locally affected by abandonment of traditional grazing and subsequent encroachment of shrubs and trees.","This species occurs in protected areas, and more research into its population trend is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Gomboc, S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Sirin, D., Chobanov, D.P., Skejo, J. Skejo, Fontana, P., Willemse, L.P.M., Ivkovic, S., Szovenyi, G., Iorgu, I.S., Pushkar, T., Vedenina, V. & Kristin, A.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,brunneus,,Chorthippus brunneus,"(Thunberg, 1815)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Field Grasshopper (Chorthippus brunneus) is a very widespread grasshopper species that occurs throughout Europe to the Caspian Sea. Its further distribution in Asia remains unclear. The species is found in many open-land habitat types, including natural and anthropogenic grasslands, urban brownfields, gardens and farmlands. Although little is known on its population trend, the species is very common and has a large overall population. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"The Common Field Grasshopper is widespread in Europe (Harz 1975). According to the older literature it occurs on the Asian Pacific Ocean coast (e.g. Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1964), but recent studies have only confirmed it for the north Caucasian region (Michael Sergeev pers. comm. 2014) and its distribution in Asia remains unclear. In Europe, it is known from the northern Iberian Peninsula to the Balkans and from Ireland to northern Finland. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 11.6 million km² and in the EU 28 is is c. 7.1 million km².","There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species, although it is very widespread and common and the overall population is large. As it is highly mobile, it can rapidly colonise new habitats. The subpopulations are therefore well connected.","This species lives in open habitats with sparse vegetation such as wastelands, dry grasslands, mountain slopes, forest clearings, roadside verges, sand pits, railway tracks and other human-made habitats (Baur et al. 2006, Bellmann 2006).",There are no major threats affecting this species.,"No specific conservation measures are in place for this species, although it occurs in several protected areas throughout its range. Research into its population trend is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Sergeev, M.G., Chobanov, D.P., Kristin, A., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Willemse, L.P.M. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M. & Bushell, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,cazurroi,,Chorthippus cazurroi,"(Bolívar, 1898)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Cazurro's Grasshopper (Chorthippus cazurroi) is only known from the Picos de Europa Mountains (Cantabria, northern Spain). This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common, abundant and has a large population size. Further research is needed on the threats to this species and its population trend.",Unknown,"Cazurro's Grasshopper is only known from the Picos de Europa Mountains (Cantabria, northern Spain) (Laiolo et al. 2015).This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6,200 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km², with an upper estimate of 100 km².","This is an abundant and common species, but its population trend is unknown. The population size is assumed to be large.","The species has been found on highland pastures and on Nardus stricta (Herrera and Larrumbe 1996), Carex brevicollis, Poa alpina, Bromus erectus (Laiolo et al. 2015). It was collected in August and it is found at altitudes between 1,159 m and 2,400 m Asl.",Climate change is a potential future threat to the species as temperature changes could result in decrease of the habitat of this species.,"Other than general research activities on the population trend and ecology, no direct conservation action is needed for this species. It is known to occur in a protected area.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,chloroticus,,Chorthippus chloroticus,"(Bolívar, 1908)",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Greenish Field Grasshopper (Chorthippus chloroticus) is only known from the type specimens, from Santiago de la Espada, in Jaén, southeastern Spain. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to taxonomic uncertainty since it is probably a synonym of Chorthippus jacobsi. Further research into its taxonomy is needed.",Unknown,"The Greenish Field Grasshopper is only known from the type specimens, from Santiago de la Espada, in Jaén, southeastern Spain (Presa et al. 2007). This species' known extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².",There is no available information on the population size and trend of the species.,The habitats and ecology of this species are unknown.,The threats to this species are unknown.,There are no conservation actions in place for this species. It was collected outside of protected areas. Further research on the taxonomy of this species is needed in order to clarify its status since it is probably a synonym of Chorthippus jacobsi (Presa et al. 2007).,The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,cialancensis,,Chorthippus cialancensis,"Nadig, 1986",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Piedmont Grasshopper (Chorthippus cialancensis) is restricted to the Italian-French part of the south-western Alps. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 132 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km²), the population seems to be severely fragmented and it occurs at less than five locations - thus coming close to qualifying for listing as Endangered under criterion B. However, the Italian subpopulations are numerous and there is no negative trend reported. This species is restricted to a narrow elevation range at higher altitudes, and habitat shift due to global warming could affect the whole population in the future. Research is needed into the population size and into the potential effects of climate change on the species. In addition, monitoring of the habitat and population  trend are recommended.",Stable,"The Piedmont Grasshopper is restricted to the Italian-French part of the south-western Alps, where it was first found in the Alpi Cozie of Piemonte at the Punta Cialancia (Nadig 1986). According to recent investigations, it also lives on the northern slopes of the Monte Viso and on the Colle di Barracun (Nadig 1987, Massa et al. 2012) and was recently discovered in France in the Queyras near Abrés in the Vallée de la Montette (Sardet and Roesti 2010). It has a very small range with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 132 km², and an area of occupancy (AOO) which is estimated to be just 24 km².","At traditional sites in the Piemonte the species can be quite common (Nadig 1986, Bellmann 1993), but the density of the recently discovered subpopulation in France seems to be low (Sardet and Roesti 2010). The overall population trend seems to be stable. The population of this species is severely fragmented as subpopulations are only found in mountain peaks, are isolated from each other, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization.","This species is restricted to the high mountains of the south-western Alps, and it lives at high altitudes between 2,100 and 2,750 m asl. It is mainly found on Alpine meadows above the tree line interspersed by small bushes of Juniperus spp. and especially Rhododendron spp., and higher up by patches of grass and scree (Nadig 1986). The most favourable conditions for this species seem to be the somewhat drier mountain slopes above 2,500 m, where the vegetation does not completely cover the surface and rocks are exposed. The species is missing in wetter areas. Above 2,600 m the number of individuals dwindles quickly. An occasional specimen was still encountered at 2,750 m asl (Nadig 1986).","The fact that the species is absent in heavily grazed areas (Nadig 1986) indicates that grazing poses a threat. However, Sardet and Roesti (2010) state that the preferred habitats of this species are not suitable for grazing due to their very low productivity and restricted access, but in fact, the true severity and extent of this threat is still unknown. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of grazing, this species is considered to occur at less than five locations. Except for grazing, no known threats to this species have been reported, but climate change, especially in the Alps, may affect this species in the future because of its restriction to high altitudes. However, at the moment there is no indication of changes in the population size or distribution linked to climate change, and its effects on this species are still speculative.","Currently, there are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and it only occurs in two protected areas (Parco Naturale di Conca Cialancia, Parc naturel régional du Queyras). This species could be a flagship-species of the Parco Naturale di Conca Cialancia, where it has its locus typicus (the place where a type specimen was collected). Research is needed on the population size, and monitoring of its habitat and population trend seem to be important, as is research into the potential effects of grazing and climate change on the species.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & Cálix, M.","Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,corsicus,,Chorthippus corsicus,"(Chopard, 1924)",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Corsican Grasshopper (Chorthippus corsicus) is endemic to Corsica. It lives in mountainous stony and xeric grassland or low heathland, between 540 and 2,210 m. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 4,200 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 1,000-2,000 km². The species is experiencing a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, and it is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT) as it nearly meets the thresholds for a threatened Category under Criterion B.",Decreasing,"Chorthippus corsicus is endemic to Corsica (Defaut 1999, Defaut et al. 2009). It is a mountainous species which occurs at altitudes between 540 and 2,210 m, and is known from mountainous parts of Corsica, includig Cap Corse (Braud et al. 2002, Braud and Sardet 2006, Boitier et al. 2006). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 4,200 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) covers between 1,000 and 2,000 km².","The subpopulations of Chorthippus corsicus are well known on easily accessible mountain passes (Chopard 1924, Pfau 1984, Massa 1994, Braud et al. 2002, Boitier et al. 2006, Braud and Sardet 2006). Anywhere else in the mountains, few data are available. About 150 observations from 24 municipalities are currently recorded. There are no reports available on population size and trends, but a slow decline is inferred at lower altitudes. The species seems to be extinct at the lowest altitude locality, Col de Teghime (Massa 1994), since visits in 2002 and 2004 failed to record the species. The species is therefore experiencing a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals. The population is not considered to be severely fragmented.","Chorthippus corsicus is a characteristic species of mountainous Corsican grasslands with scarce and low vegetation, or scarce dwarf Juniperus or Pinus heaths (Braud et al. 2002, Boitier et al. 2006). This grasshopper is rather heliophilous and lives in dry and stony habitats.","Chorthippus corsicus lives in mountainous grasslands and heathland. Development projects are rare in these habitats, which are often hard to access. The main impact is cattle and sheep pastoralism. While it may have a globally positive impact for the conservation of the habitat, sometimes it can have a negative impact through trampling and erosion if overgrazing occurs. So far, no significant threat is reported, but decreasing pastoralism at the lowest altitudes probably has negative effects on the species. Because of its large altitudinal range, it is assumed not to be strongly affected by climate change.",There are no specific conservation actions aimed at Chorthippus corsicus. Both subspecies were assessed as Least Concern in Corsica (Sardet and Defaut 2004). The preservation of traditional pastoralism seems to be an important factor for the conservation of this species (Braud et al. 2002).,The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Presa, J.J., Zuna-Kratky, T., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Fontana, P. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,crassiceps,,Chorthippus crassiceps,"Ramme, 1926",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Plump-headed Grasshopper (Chorthippus crassiceps) is endemic to Greece, where it is only found in the northeastern part of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,400 km²) and there is and inferred continuing decline in the area, extent and/or quality of the habitat and number of mature individuals - thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. Further research is needed into its life history, ecology, threats and population size and trend.",Decreasing,"The Plump-headed Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, where it is only found in the northeastern part of the Peloponnesus, including the small island of Poros from where the species was described (Willemse et al. 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,400 km².",A continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat as well as the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing threats.,"This species has been found in habitats associated with (clearings in) pine forest, on open stony grounds with shrubs and grasses as well as in cultivated land (Willemse et al. 2009).",Habitats where the species is found are unsuitable for growing crops. They are used however for small scale grazing of sheep and goats. It is unknown whether grazing in itself is a threat to this species because its effect on the species are little understood. Bushfires can also form a threat to this species locally.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and it is not found in any protected areas. Further research is needed into its life history, ecology, threats and population size and trend.",The species is not used in any way by man.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,dichrous,,Chorthippus dichrous,"(Eversmann, 1859)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Two-coloured Grasshopper (Chorthippus dichrous) is distributed from southeastern Europe to Central Asia. In Europe, it is widespread from Italy and Austria to southern Greece and southern Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution and the broad range of environmental conditions it can tolerate.",Unknown,"The Two-coloured Grasshopper is distributed from southeastern Europe to Central Asia (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008). In Europe, it occurs from eastern Austria, Czech Republic and central Italy to southern Greece and southern Russia. It may be extinct in Slovenia (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 3.9 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 1.2 million km².","In most parts of the range, the subpopulations of this species are large and well connected (D. Chobanov, D. Sirin, G. Szövényi and V. Vedenina pers. comm. 2015). However, the species is rare in Italy (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015) and possibly extinct in Slovenia (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015). The overall population trend is unknown.","This species is found in moist grassland (Karner et al. 1992), but also enters dry grassland (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008). It has also been found along rivers, roads and farmland (V. Vedenina pers. comm. 2015).","As this species often occurs closely to agricultural areas, it may be affected by the use of pesticides (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). It has disappeared from Slovenia as a consequence of the transformation of grassland into farmland (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. The species is listed as Endangered on the Austrian Red List (Berg et al. 2005), but a recent study shows that the population seems to be stable there and benefits from local land management (Zuna-Kratky et al. 2013). More research into its population trend is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Vedenina, V., Iorgu, I.S., Zuna-Kratky, T., Szovenyi, G., Fontana, P., Gomboc, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S. & Pushkar, T.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,dorsatus,,Chorthippus dorsatus,"(Zetterstedt, 1821)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Steppe Grasshopper (Chorthippus dorsatus) occurs in large parts of Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and the overall population size is very large. However, the population trend of this grasshopper is unknown and it may be locally threatened by intensification of grassland management.",Unknown,"The Steppe Grasshopper is widely distributed in the Palaearctic, from the Iberian Peninsula to the Chinese Pacific coast (Harz 1975). In Europe it occurs from Spain to eastern European Russia and from southern Italy to southern Sweden. In the south of Italy an endemic subspecies (Chorthippus dorsatus garganicus) occurs (Massa et al. 2012). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 8.2 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 1.8 million km².",The species is quite widespread and subpopulations can be large. Although the species is regionally extinct in the Netherlands (Bakker et al. 2015) and declining in northern Germany (Hochkirch 2001) the overall population is very large. The global population trend is unknown.,This species occurs in semi-dry to moist grassland habitats (Bellmann 2006).,"The main threat to this species is intensification of agricultural land use (higher grazing and mowing intensity, fertilisation), abandonment of grassland management, transformation of its habitat into farmland and afforestation  (Detzel 1998). As the species lays its eggs at the base of grass blades it is sensitive to early mowing.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. The species is listed as Critically Endangered in Denmark and Regionally Extinct in the Netherlands (Bakker et al. 2015). More research is needed into the global population trend of this grasshopper.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J., Rutschmann, F., Szovenyi, G. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,dubius,,Chorthippus dubius,"(Zubovskii, 1898)",,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Dubious Grasshopper (Chorthippus dubius) is widespread in Asia and has been reported from the southern and eastern European part of Russia. This species is considered a pest in China and Mongolia. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in Europe, since its occurrence still needs confirmation, as it might have been confused with other species (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). This species does not occur in the EU 28 and is therefore Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Unknown,"The Dubious Grasshopper is widespread in Asia, where it occurs in Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China (Harz 1975). In Europe, it may occur in East European Russia, but the records need confirmation (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). This species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 76,300 km².",There is no available information on the population size or trend.,"In Russia, this species is found in dry habitats such as sand bars and dry roadsides (Sergeev 1998). In China, it has been found in grassland habitats with dense vegetation (Liu et al. 2007). It is found in grazed an ungrazed sites (Hao et al. 2015).",The threats to the species are unknown. In China and Mongolia the species is considered a pest.,There are no specific conservation measures in place for the species. It remains unknown whether it occurs in protected areas as its status in Europe is doubtful. More research into its distribution and population trend is needed.,The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Vedenina, V., Pushkar, T., Iorgu, I.S., Chobanov, D.P., Szovenyi, G., Ivkovic, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Skejo, J. Skejo & Sirin, D.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,eisentrauti,,Chorthippus eisentrauti,"(Ramme, 1931)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Eisentraut's Bow-winged Grasshopper (Chorthippus eisentrauti) is endemic to the southern and eastern parts of the Alps. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic distribution, the species is widespread, the population is thought to be stable and there are no major threats to it. It prefers sun-exposed and sparsely covered rocky slopes, often hard to access, and the subpopulations are mostly geographically isolated, but the species is mobile and might be able to colonize new localities. It occurs in areas that suffer only marginally from direct human impact, but abandonment of pastures can pose a threat to the species locally.",Stable,"Eisentraut's Bow-winged Grasshopper is endemic to the southern and eastern parts of the Alps. It ranges from the Haute-Alpes, just at the border to Italy in the west (Voisin 2003), over Val d´Aosta, Tessin and Graubünden in Switzerland (Baur and Roesti 2006) along the southern edge of the Italian Alps (Massa et al. 2012) eastwards to southern Austria and the northernmost part of Slovenia (Triglav, Koschuh 2012). In recent years additional subpopulations were discovered in the northern Austrian Kalkalpen from Tyrol to Styria (Koschuh 2012,  ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich; unpublished data). It is very similar to the closely related Chorthippus biguttulus, so the precise distribution is often not clear and misidentifications (and even hybrids) are not rare. This species extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 95,000 km².","This species has a rather large range, but the subpopulations are often separated over long distances and sometimes can be quite small and isolated. In suitable habitats the species can be quite abundant. For instance, out of 25 quantified records from Austria this species was ""common"" or ""quite common"" in 64% of the cases (unpublished data; ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich). There is no information on the population trend but it is most probable that it is stable overall. This species is highly mobile and it has good dispersal capacity.","This species prefers to live at relatively high temperatures and is attracted to sun exposed areas. Therefore it is a typical inhabitant of steep and rocky mountain slopes, of mainly southern exposures. The vegetation-cover should be sparse with a sufficient amount of interspersed stones and screes. It differs from the closely related Chorthippus biguttulus as in tolerating dry conditions, and can grow and reproduce in spite of a low availability of water. The two species seem to overlap only in sympatric areas on the edges of the characteristic eisentrauti habitats, where hybridisation might occur (Koschuh 2012), such as in Switzerland where it is proven (F. Rutschmann pers. comm. 2015). The species is long-winged and very agile, capable of covering longer distances. Adults are present over a long time of the year, from June to October.","This species usually inhabits unproductive and often hardly accessible mountain habitats, that suffer only marginally from direct human impact. In addition, climate change - a major potential threat to many Alpine endemic species - will not be of major importance for such a species relying on high temperatures with a large amplitude in elevation range. There are no published records indicating declines so far. Nevertheless, abandonment of pastures can pose a threat to the species locally.","This species occurs in several protected areas along the southern edge of the Alps, but no conservation measures targeting it are known. Due to the problematic identification and the often extreme and inaccessible habitats where it occurs, further research into the distribution of this species is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & Cálix, M.","Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,ferdinandi,,Chorthippus ferdinandi,"Vedenina & Helversen, 2009",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Ferdinand's Grasshopper (Chorthippus ferdinandi) is endemic to Greece, and is only found in a rather small area in the northern central part of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,000 km², maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 100 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, the extent and quality of the habitat, the number of subpopulations, and the number of mature individuals due to agricultural land use, water management (drainage) and the transformation from sheep and goat to cattle grazing. This species is found in patchy moist meadows situated around water sources, which is a rare habitat, and research is needed on the population size and trends, the species' habitats, ecology and threats. In addition, proper management of the habitat is recommended, focusing on traditional grazing regimes and conservation of the water regime.",Decreasing,"The Ferdinand's Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, and is only found in a rather small area in the northern central part of the Peloponnesus with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of about 1,000 km² (Vedenina and von Helversen 2009) and a maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of 100 km².","The species was described in 2009 and has six subpopulations. Due to the increasing shift from sheep and goat to cattle grazing, this grasshopper is inferred to be undergoing a continuing decline. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.","This species is found in habitats which are usually patchy moist meadows situated around water sources, such as lakes and springs (Vedenina and von Helversen 2009). These habitats are not very common in the Peloponnesus, and all known habitats are situated at medium to relative high altitudes between 700 and 1,600 m asl.","This grasshopper occurs in a habitat which is also suitable for agricultural use and is very sensitive to changes in water management, intensification of agricultural practices and grazing. These potential threats could seriously affect local subpopulations. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at six locations.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Research is needed on the population size and trends, the species' habitats, ecology and threats. In addition, proper management of the habitat is recommended, focusing on traditional grazing regimes and conservation of the water regime.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,jacobsi,,Chorthippus jacobsi,"Harz, 1975",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Iberian Field Grasshopper (Chorthippus jacobsi) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and the Baleares. This species is assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution and presumed large population size. In addition, subpopulations in Spain seem to be stable and this grasshopper is a generalist species.",Unknown,"The Iberian Field Grasshopper is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands, where it is widely distributed. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 660,000 km².","In Portugal, this species is not common and is presently considered rarer than it was before (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2016). In Spain, it seems to be quite common and stable, but the overall population trend is unknown. The population size is assumed to be large.","The species appears on all types of grasslands and shrublands, Mediterranean pine woodlands, shrub-rich grasslands, heathlands and stony floodplains. It is also found in road sides, paths and in the borders of pine forests (Pardo and Gómez 1995; Llucia Pomares 2002; Olmo Vidal 2006). It is found at altitudes between sea level and 2,500 m Asl.",The species could be potentially locally affected by the use of pesticides and fertilisers in ruderal areas.,No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this widespread generalist species. It occurs in several protected areas. Research into its population trend is required.,The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,jucundus,,Chorthippus jucundus,"(Fischer, 1853)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Large Green Grasshopper is widely distributed throughout the Iberian Peninsula and southern France. The species occurs in wetland habitats, often withJuncus, and it is threatened by drainage and touristic development in coastal regions. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, the number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. While the French subpopulations are severely fragmented, the subpopulations in Spain seem to be better connected. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is rather large (c. 780,000 km²) and therefore the species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Decreasing,"Chorthippus jucundus is widespread in the western Mediterranean basin. It has been recorded in Morocco, Spain, Portugal and in both the Atlantic and the Mediterranean regions of France (Clemente 1990, Defaut et al. 2009). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe covers c. 780,000 km².","The species is considered not very abundant and declining in Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2006), and very rare in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004, Defaut et al. 2009, Jaulin et al. 2011). In France, a strong decline was observed, and the species is extinct in the Drôme, Hautes-Alpes and Var Departments. In the last ten years, the Bouches-du-Rhône sub-population seems to have also disappeared. In 2015, the only subpopulation recorded in Vaucluse has not been found again (presumably as a consequence of habitat degradation). Overall, the population appears to be declining. Currently, the French subpopulation is severely fragmented, but the Spanish subpopulation seems to be better connected.",Chorthippus jucundus mainly occurs in moist grasslands with Juncus species.,"The major threats to this species are habitat modifications, such as drainage of wetlands and habitat destruction for touristic development in coastal areas. It may also be affected by droughts, which are believed to be increasing with climate change.","There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. In France, it has been assessed as ""priority 2"" (equivalent to Vulnerable) (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Further research on its population size and trends and threats to the species is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Monnerat, C., Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Presa, J.J. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,jutlandica,,Chorthippus jutlandica,"Fogh Nielsen, 2003",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Even though the Jutland Bow-winged Grasshopper (Chorthippus jutlandica) has a very small extent of occurrence (EOO) (c. 87 km²), there are currently no known threats affecting the species. It is common and the most abundant grasshopper species within its habitat, and it is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"The Jutland Bow-winged Grasshopper (Chorthippus jutlandica) is endemic to Denmark, where it is only known from Jutland (Nielsen 2003). The species has been described in 2003 and probably evolved from the hybridisation between Chorthippus brunneus and Chorthippus biguttulus (Gottsberger 2007). The species is known from the coastal dunes near Vejers in the south to Bjergeborg in the north (Wind and Pihl 2010). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 87 km².",The species is common and abundant within its range and the dominant grasshopper species in the dunes (Wind and Pihl 2010). The population trend is unknown.,This species occurs in sand dunes (Wind and Pihl 2010).,No major threats are known to affect this species (Wind and Pihl 2010).,"No specific conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research on its population trends is required. It is listed as Least Concern on the Danish Red List (Wind and Pihl 2010).",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Gottsberger, B., Szovenyi, G., Presa, J.J., Kleukers, R., Chobanov, D.P., Kristin, A., Rutschmann, F. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,karelini,,Chorthippus karelini,"(Uvarov, 1910)",,No,LC,,No,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)c(iv)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
In pan-Europe, Karelin's Dancing Grasshopper is assessed as Least Concern (LC) due to its wide distribution and probably large population size. The population trend is unknown and it shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. More research on its population trend is required.
In the EU 28, the species is only found in Italy, with asmall area of occupancy (AOO) of 50 to 100 km². The population is severely fragmented and it shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and in the number of mature individuals. Therefore, it is assessed as Endangered (EN).",Unknown,"There are two subspecies: Chorthippus karelini bruttius, which occurs in Italy, and Chorthippus karelini karelini, which occurs in southern Ukraine and southeastern European Russia. Outside this area, C. karelini kareline occurs in the Caucasus area and in north-eastern Anatolia up to 2,400 m altitude (Vedenina and von Helversen 2009). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 2.3 million km², and in the EU 28 it is c. 36,000 km².","Subpopulations of this species are usually large. Within its range in European Russia, extreme fluctuations in the number of individuals may occur and the species is considered a pest (Savitsky 2002, Vedenina and von Helversen 2009). The population trend is unknown.
In Italy, the population is severely fragmented since the subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization, and it shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat, in the number of subpopulations and in the number of mature individuals (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015).","Chorthippus karelini bruttius lives in warm, wet meadows, with Juncus associations in southern Italy. In Ukraine and southeastern European Russia, C. karelini karelini lives in steppe and semi-desert areas where it inhabits associations of Elymus repens within depressions and valleys, estuaries and shores of lakes, often near water or in moist to mesic pastures (Savitsky 2002).",The threats are the drainage of humid areas and the transformation of the habitat into agricultural areas.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is needed, and its taxonomy needs to be studied to clarify the status of the Italian subspecies, which was described as a distinct species and is very isolated from the main range of C. karelini (Vedenina and von Helversen 2009).",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,lacustris,,Chorthippus lacustris,"La Greca & Messina, 1975",,Yes,CR,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,CR,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Epirus Grasshopper (Chorthippus lacustris) is endemic to Epirus (northern Greece), where only five subpopulations remain. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a very restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO, extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations, and population size due to wetland drainage, agricultural conversion and urbanization. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, although it is inferred to be declining as a ersult of habitat loss. This species is dependent on wet grasslands and restoration of this habitat is needed. In addition, protecting the habitat from further urbanization and drainage, and monitoring the population of this species are the main conservation measures proposed.",Decreasing,"The Epirus Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, where it is confined to Epiros, in the northwestern part of the Greek mainland. This species has been reported from five localities (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008, Kati et al. 2012) and is only found in wetland areas in Epiros, in particular around the Pamvotida Lake basin (Ioannina), Lake Paramythia, and Lake Morfo (Parga). This grasshopper's extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,016 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) covers a total of 0.10–0.15 km².","This species has an extremely restricted distribution, and the subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them; the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. The population trend is declining (Kati et al. 2006).",This species is strongly dependent on wet grasslands that are flooded on a seasonal basis. The greatest population density is recorded in the site with the greatest diversity of dominant plant species. This grasshopper is estimated to have lost 85–99% of its habitat during the last 50 years due to wetland drainage.,"This species is estimated to have lost 85–99% of its habitat during the last 50 years due to wetland drainage. The main current threat is further habitat loss by urbanization around Pamvotida Lake and by land conversion to agriculture in Paramythia Lake, even though both sites belong to the Natura 2000 network of protected areas.","No specific conservation measures are in place for this species, but at least the sites at Pamvotida Lake and in Paramythia Lake belong to the Natura 2000 network of protected areas. This has in no way prevented habitat degradation due to drainage, agricultural conversions and urbanization. Further research is needed into the population size and trend. Restoring wet grasslands, protecting them from further urbanization and drainage, and monitoring the population of this species are the main conservation measures proposed.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Kati, V., Hochkirch, A., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,loratus,,Chorthippus loratus,"(Fischer de Waldheim, 1846)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Slender Grasshopper (Chorthippus loratus) is a common species on the Balkan Peninsula, and it is also known from western Asia and the Middle East. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it has lost considerable parts of its northwestern range, it is still widespread and has large and stable subpopulations in the centre of its range.",Decreasing,"In Europe, the Slender Grasshopper occurs on the Balkan Peninsula from Slovenia and Croatia (where it is probably extinct) in the north to northern Greece in the south and South European Russia in the east. It is also known from western Asia and the Middle East (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 930,000 km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 400,000 km².","This species is one of the most common grasshopper species in the southern Balkans (Pisica et al. 2008, D. Chobanov and V. Vedenina pers. comm. 2015). However, the population is declining in the western part of its range, and it is possibly extinct in Croatia and northern Serbia. The overall population trend is decreasing.","This species occurs in dry grassland habitats, mainly at lower altitude. It prefers warm habitats (Iorgu and Iorgu, 2008), and it is sometimes also found in moist grasslands near water bodies (Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).",The major threat to this species is the transformation of grassland into farmland.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Vedenina, V., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Pushkar, T., Ivkovic, S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Sirin, D., Szovenyi, G. & Kristin, A.","Kranz, M. & Savitsky, V.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,macrocerus,,Chorthippus macrocerus,"(Fischer de Waldheim, 1846)",,No,LC,,No,EN,"B2b(iii,v); C2a(i)",EU28,,"European regional assesment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Caucasian Grasshopper (Chorthippus macrocerus) occurs in eastern Romania, Moldova, the Ukraine and in southern, central and eastern European Russia. In Europe this species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and has a wide distribution from Romania to Russia. In the EU 28, this species is assessed as Endangered since its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 32 and 500 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals due to transformation of grasslands into farmland and forests. Furthermore, the estimated population size in the EU 28 is between 200 and 1,000 mature individuals with all subpopulations being smaller than 100 mature individuals. Proper management of the habitat in Romania is required to avoid any further population declines in the EU 28.",Decreasing,"In Europe, the Caucasian Grasshopper occurs in eastern Romania, Moldova, the Ukraine and in southern, central and eastern European Russia (Heller 2013). This species' extent  of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 2 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 50,000 km². Its known area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is 32 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km² (Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).","In Romania, this species is very rare (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008) with only eight known subpopulations (Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). The subpopulations are very small, and estimated to have less than 50 individuals each. The population is considered to be severely fragmented in the EU 28 with an estimated population size of 200 mature individuals (maximum estimate 1,000 mature individuals). There is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals. In southern Ukraine and in the southern European part of Russia the species is very common and forms large subpopulations (V. Vedenina pers. comm. 2015).",This species occurs in dry grassland habitats near forest edges and on forest clearings (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008).,"Habitat transformation from grassland to farmland and forests is the major threat to this species. It may also be affected by overgrazing. As the species is found close to forest edges, logging and other forestry management could also negatively affect it (Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Proper management of its habitat in Romania is required to avoid any further population declines in the EU 28.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Vedenina, V., Pushkar, T., Chobanov, D.P., Szovenyi, G., Ivkovic, S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Skejo, J. Skejo & Willemse, L.P.M.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,maritimus,,Chorthippus maritimus,"Mistshenko, 1951",,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Variable Grasshopper (Chorthippus maritimus) is widespread in southern Ukraine and in the southern part of Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe, since it is widespread, seems to be quite tolerant of environmental changes, and no major threats to it have been reported. The taxonomic status of C. maritimus needs some clarification because C. bornhalmi, which is widespread on the Balkan Peninsula, may be a synonym of it. This species does not occur in the EU 28 and is therefore Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Unknown,"The Variable Grasshopper is distributed from Moldova to the Russian Far East. Its southern range border is the northern Caucasus up to the subalpine zone (Tisheshkin and Bukhvalova 2009). In Europe, the species occurs in Moldova, in Ukraine and in southern, central and eastern European Russia (Heller 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.5 million km².","This species is widespread in southern Ukraine and southern part of European Russia (V. Vedenina pers. comm. 2015). However, the overall population trend is unknown.","This species has similar habitat preferences to Chorthippus bornhalmi (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). In Russia it is found in flood plains and steppes (Sergeev 2011). In the Russian Far East the species is found in habitats with large  amounts of bare ground and scarce vegetation such as dune habitats,  floodplains or screes (Fartmann et al. 2008). The species is tolerant to environmental changes and is often also found in man-made habitats.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend is required. Furthermore, there is a need for studies of its taxonomic relationships to Chorthippus bornhalmi.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Vedenina, V., Pushkar, T., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Willemse, L.P.M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Sirin, D. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,messinai,,Chorthippus messinai,"(La Greca, di Mauro, Viglianisi & Monelli, 2000)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Messina's Grasshopper (Chorthippus messinai) is endemic to northern Sicily in Italy. This species has been assessed as Least Concern since it is very common and its population trend is assumed to be stable. However, further research is needed into the threats to this species, its distribution and population trend.",Stable,"Messina's Grasshopper (Chorthippus messinai) is endemic to northern Sicily, being found in several localities. Further research on its exact distribution is needed as the species was only recently described and is difficult to distinguish from Chorthippus trinacriae. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11,200 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 92 km² (La Greca et al. 2000; Massa et al. 2012).","There is no exact data on population size or trend. However, this is a very common species and population trend is probably stable.","This small, brown, long-winged grasshopper is found mostly between 1,000 and 2,000 m asl, although it has also been found at 400 m asl. It is mainly found living in high mountain pastures.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no known conservation actions in place for this species. Some subpopulations are found in nature reserves. Further research on population trends, threats and distribution is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Massa, B., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,mollis,,Chorthippus mollis,"(Charpentier, 1825)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Lesser Grasshopper (Chorthippus mollis) has a very wide distribution and an overall very large population size. Therefore, even though it may be locally threatened by agricultural land use intensification, the species is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"The Lesser Grasshopper is widespread in Eurasia. In continental Europe, it occurs from the Pyrenees to eastern European Russia and from Greece and northern Italy to Estonia (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is c. 6.8 million km², and in the EU 28 it is c. 4 million km².","This species is very widespread, and often forms large subpopulations. It has become more common in northern Germany (Grein 2010), but may be decreasing in other parts of its range. The overall population trend is unknown.","This species is found in dry grassland habitats, heathlands and sand and gravel pits (Grein 2010). It prefers habitats with patches of bare ground (Baur et al. 2006).","The major threat to this species is agricultural land use intensification, particularly through the transformation of grassland into farmland.","No specific conservation action is in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas throughout its range. It is listed as Vulnerable in the Danish Red List (Wind and Pihl 2010) and as Near Threatened in Austria and Switzerland (Berg et al. 2005, Monnerat et al. 2007). Research into its population trend is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Rutschmann, F., Willemse, L.P.M., Kleukers, R. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,moreanus,,Chorthippus moreanus,"Willemse, Helversen & Odé, 2009",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Morea Grasshopper (Chorthippus moreanus) is endemic to Greece, and is restricted to the southern part of the central Peloponnesus, covering Messinia and southwestern Arkadhia and Lakonia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,500 km², known area of occupancy (AOO) is 500 km²), the real AOO is probably substantially larger based on the habitat in which the species is found and its wide altitudinal range, and the population is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for a threatened category. Further research into the population size and trend is required.",Unknown,"The Morea Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, and is restricted to the southern part of the central Peloponnesus, covering Messinia and southwestern Arkadhia and Lakonia (Willemse et al. 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6,500 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 500 km². The real AOO is probably substantially larger based on the habitat in which the species is found and its wide altitudinal range.",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend of this species.,"The habitat of this species consists of dry and stony open ground with low to moderately high vegetation mixed with grasses, open forests with low undergrowth or forest clearings. This species ranges from the lowlands up to the mountains. As far as the range extends, these mountains are all of medium altitude, except for Mt. Taiyetos. Here, the species occurs in the forested slopes up to 1,600 m, but was not found in the zone above the timberline, extending between 1,600-1,700 m to the summit of 2,404 m Asl.","As the species was only recently (2009) described, little is known about it. Taking into account the habitat where it is found, the two factors that may adversely affect this species are livestock grazing and bushfires.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area (Mt. Taiyetos is part of the Natura 2000 network). Further research into the population size and trend is required.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,nevadensis,,Chorthippus nevadensis,"Pascual, 1978",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Sierra Nevadan Grasshopper (Chorthippus nevadensis) is endemic to Spain and is only found in high mountain habitats. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic distribution (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,730 km², known area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 with an upper estimate of 500 km²), the population is severely fragmented and a there is a continuing decline in the area, extent and quality of its habitat, as well as in the number of mature individuals due to climate change. The effects of climate change have been documented for many species in the Sierra Nevada and changes in the habitat of this grasshopper are likely to shift its distribution upwards. Research into its population trend and threats is required. Furthermore, there is a need to raise awareness about the status of this species.",Decreasing,"The Sierra Nevadan Grasshopper is endemic to Granada, Almería and Málaga provinces (southern Spain), where it is located in high mountain habitats. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,730 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km².","The abundance and population size of this species are unknown. This species is flightless and its subpopulations are small and very isolated from each other, occurring only at mountain tops separated by unsuitable habitat. Since these subpopulation may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation, the population is severely fragmented. The population trend of this species is considered to be decreasing as a consequence of climate change.","The species has been found in dry stony places with scarce vegetation and alpine meadows mixed with scattered scrub pad (Barranco 2002, Clemente et al. 1994, Prunier 2014). It is found at altitudes between 1,900 m and 3,300 m Asl.","The effects of climate change have been documented for many species in the Sierra Nevada. Changes in the habitat of this grasshopper are likely to shift its distribution upwards, and pose a serious threat to it.","There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Research into its population trend and threats is required. Furthermore, there is a need to raise awareness about the status of this species.",This species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,oschei,,Chorthippus oschei,"Helversen, 1986",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Carpathian Dancing Grasshopper (Chorthippus oschei) has a wide distribution in southeastern Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is generally common, has a wide distribution and large subpopulations. However, it seems to be declining in Slovenia.",Unknown,"The Carpathian Dancing Grasshopper is found from eastern Austria and Slovakia to northern Greece in the south and the Ukraine in the east (Heller 2013). At the northern range border, the species can hybridise with Chorthippus albomarginatus (Vedenina et al. 2009).","This species is widespread and common. It is highly mobile and may have expanded its range at the northwestern border in Austria (T. Zuna-Kratky, pers. comm. 2015). In Hungary it is often one the most common species in alkaline grasslands in the lowlands (S. Gergely, pers. comm. 2015), while it is declining in Slovenia (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015). The global population trend is unknown.","This species is known from moist and mesic grassland, fallow land and small strips of herbaceous vegetation (Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015). It is also found on edges of roads, ditches and farmland (S. Gergely and S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015). In the southern part of the range it is more affiliated with wetlands (Vedenina and Helversen 2009).","In some regions, habitats of this species have been transformed into farmland or forests (I. Iorgu and S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015). Furthermore, it may be threatened by the intensification of grassland management with more cuts per year or higher cattle densities (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015). This species has been reported to prefer traditionally (extensively) grazed grasslands (Batáry et al. 2007).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas. It is considered Endangered in Slovenia (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015), and in Serbia it is strictly protected (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015). More research into its population trend is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Szovenyi, G., Zuna-Kratky, T., Vedenina, V., Gomboc, S., Kristin, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Iorgu, I.S., Chobanov, D.P., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Ivkovic, S., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Sirin, D.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,parnon,,Chorthippus parnon,"Willemse, Helversen & Odé, 2009",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Parnon Grasshopper (Chorthippus parnon) is endemic to Greece, and as far as we know, its range covers all of the extreme southeastern part of the Peloponnesus extending south into the offshore island of Kythira and north along the eastern slopes of Mt. Parnon, at least as far north as Prastos. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,800 km², known area of occupancy (AOO) is 425 km²), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and/or quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals due to the ongoing threats (changes to grazing regimes and bushfires) - thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this grasshopper is required.",Decreasing,"The Parnon Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, and as far as we know, its range covers all of the extreme southeastern part of the Peloponnesus, extending south into the offshore island of Kythira and north along the eastern slopes of Mt. Parnon, at least as far north as Prastos (Willemse et al. 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,800 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 425 km².","Information on the population size and trend of this species is lacking, but the subpopulations are large and not fragmented. There is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of habitat due to the ongoing threats (changes in grazing regimes and bushfires).","The habitat of this long-winged species is rather arid, and it ranges from open pine forest with low undergrowth of heath and other shrubs and grasses, to open sites or stony slopes with sparse vegetation or abandoned cultivated land. The localities range from coastal areas up to slopes of medium altitudes (50-1,200 m Asl).","This species was only recently described (Willemse et al. 2009). Taking into account the habitat where it is found, it is likely to be negatively affected by changes in grazing regimes and bushfires.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this grasshopper is required.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,porphyropterus,,Chorthippus porphyropterus,"(Vorontzovsky, 1928)",,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Russian Field Grasshopper (Chorthippus porphyropterus) occurs from the Caucasus to west Mongolia, and in Europe it is only known from East European Russia. However, its exact distribution is little understood as the species is frequently confused with other species of the Chorthippus biguttulus group. In Europe, this species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of information on its distribution, population trend and threats. In addition, its taxonomy is still not resolved and its relationship with C. bornhalmi and C. maritimus needs to be studied. This grasshopper does not occur in the EU 28 and is therefore Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Unknown,"The Russian Field Grasshopper occurs from the Caucasus to west Mongolia (Benediktov 1999). In Europe this species is only known from East European Russia (Heller 2013). Its occurrence in South European Russia is uncertain and its exact distribution is little understood as the species is frequently confused with other species of the Chorthippus biguttulus group. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 36,800 km².","Little is known about the population ecology of this species, but it seems to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (V. Vedenina pers. comm. 2015). Subpopulations of this species may be severely fragmented (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). The overall population trend is unknown.",The species prefers dry and stony habitats with grass vegetation (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for the species, and it is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). More research into its taxonomy, distribution, population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Vedenina, V., Savitsky, V., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo, Willemse, L.P.M., Kristin, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Sirin, D. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,pulloides,,Chorthippus pulloides,"(Ramme, 1926)",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Nymph-like Grasshopper (Chorthippus pulloides) is endemic to Greece, where it is found in the western mountains of mainland Greece and large parts of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 16,000 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is between 104 and 250 km²), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent of habitat and in the number of mature individuals, due to habitat loss (abandonment of pastures, which leads to forest expansion) - thus making this species close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and into the effects of changes in the grazing regime to this grasshopper is required.",Decreasing,"The Nymph-like Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, where it is found in the western mountains of mainland Greece and large parts of the Peloponnesus (Willemse et al. 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 16,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 104 and 250 km².","A continuous decline in the population of this species is inferred from the loss of habitat, but the subpopulations are thought to be large.","The habitat of this short-winged species ranges from sunny slopes, stony ground with grass, sparse low vegetation and scattered shrubs to open forest, forest edges and clearings, commonly above 500 m Asl and extending far above the timberline.","This species occurs in open habitats and probably depends on low-intensity grazing. Changes in the grazing regime (intensification on the one hand or abandonment on the other hand) could threaten this species. Currently, the major threat to this species seems to be abandonment of pastures, which leads to forest expansion.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and into the effects of changes in the grazing regime to this grasshopper is required.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,pullus,,Chorthippus pullus,"(Philippi, 1830)",,No,LC,,No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Gravel Grasshopper (Chorthippus pullus) is quite widespread in Europe but locally rare, particularly in the western part of its geographic range. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it has an extremely large geographic range and the overall population size is likely to be very large. However, the species is known to be declining in large parts of its range (mainly in the western part) as a consequence of destruction of its gravel habitats by river regulations and dams, and of its heathland habitats by transformation into farmland and afforestation. In the EU 28, this species is assessed as Vulnerable since its area of occupancy (AOO) has been estimated to be between 1,000 and 1,500 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulation and number of mature individuals. No significant immigration from outside the EU 28 is expected as the species is flightless. Protection of its habitats is the most important conservation action necessary for this species. Restoration of natural river courses, particularly of natural floodplain dynamics and its heathland habitats is also required. Research into its population trend, particularly in the eastern part of its range, is recommended.",Decreasing,"The Gravel Grasshopper is distributed from thewestern Alps to northern and eastern European Russia (Heller 2013). In the southern part of its range it is mainly found in alpine habitats.Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 5.8 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 1.6 million km².In the EU 28 the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 1,000 and 1,500 km².","A strong decline of this species has been documented in the western part of its range. In Germany, the decline was documented in the 1990s, but probably started earlier. A monitoring program from 1996 to 2005 showed another strong decline in 1999 (Schödl 2007). In Poland, the species has disappeared from many localities in mountains as a result of environmental changes (A. Liana pers. comm. 2016). The species is extremely rare in Italy with the largest subpopulation (near Lerpa) consisting of c. 50 individuals on 1,000 m² (Fontana et al. 2004). In Germany, a mark-recapture study has shown that the largest subpopulation at the river Isar consisted of 144 individuals (Maag et al. 2013), while a subpopulation in Austria was estimated to consist of 1,912 individuals in 1993 (on 5,000 m²) and 2,721 in 1994 (Schwarz-Waubke 2001). In Switzerland (Nature Reserve Pfynwald), two subpopulations were studied using mark-recapture with subpopulation sizes of 920 and 1,538 individuals, respectively (Walther 2006). After a severe decline in Switzerland most subpopulations are now believed to be stable there (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2016). In Lithuania the species is also considered rare with a single subpopulation (Budrys and Pakalniskis 2007). Overall, the subpopulations are usually small and very isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. The current population trend is decreasing and a continuing decline of the population is inferred from the overall loss of subpopulations in the Alps. The overall population size is likely to be very large.","This species is found on gravel banks, sandy pebbly islands with scarce vegetation along alpine rivers, warm sandy heathland habitats, sandy forest edges and clearings with bare ground in coniferous forests (Maas et al. 2011). In the Alps regular flooding events and a high dynamics of riverine  habitats are necessary for the occurrence of this species (Maag et al. 2013). The species needs open patches and does not tolerate shading (Freivogel 2003). It feeds preferably on grasses, particularly Calamagrostis varia (Schwarz-Waubke 1997, Lemke et al. 2010). The species is usually flightless but fully winged individuals regularly occur (Maag et al. 2013). Its mobility is very small with a home range of usually less than 20 m (Schwarz-Waubke 1998).","In alpine habitats, river regulations and dam constructions represent the most serious threats to this species. The lack of natural floodplain dynamics leads to increasing succession by bushes (Schödl 2007). Furthermore, the species is threatened by extraction of river gravel. In lowland regions its heathland habitats have been destroyed by afforestation and transformation into farmland. Recently, succession by bushes and trees is also the major threat in the remaining habitats (Schädler and Stadler 2000).","The Gravel Grasshopper and is listed as ""Priority 1"" (Critically Endangered or Endangered) on the Red List of France (Sardet and Defaut 2004), as Critically Endangered in Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007), Germany (Maas et al. 2011), as Endangered in Austria (Berg et al. 2005) and Vulnerable in Poland (Liana 2002). On the Carpathian Red List, it is listed as Near Threatened (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). This species is present in protected areas. Protection of its habitats is the most important conservation action necessary for this species. Restoration of natural river courses, particularly of natural floodplain dynamics (Lemke et al. 2010) and its heathland habitats is also required. Some conservation programs are in place in the western part of its range, particularly in the Alps. A population along the Piave river (Italy) has been fenced off during street restoration works in 2003 and some awareness raising has been done by the local administration (Fontana et al. 2004). A monitoring program was conducted from 1996 to 2005 at the rivers Isar and Ammer in Bavaria (Schödl 2007). In Austria the species benefits from general river restoration projects (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016). In Switzerland, the species is a national priority species for conservation (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2016). Research into its population trend, particularly in the eastern part of its range, is recommended.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Holusa, J., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Zuna-Kratky, T., Monnerat, C., Defaut, B., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Gomboc, S., Liana, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Presa, J.J., Kleukers, R., Chobanov, D.P. & Rutschmann, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,reissingeri,,Chorthippus reissingeri,"Harz, 1972",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"Reissinger's Grasshopper (Chorthippus reissingeri) is endemic to Spain and present in the Alicante and Lérida provinces. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its area of occupancy (AOO) is below 500 km², and the population is severely fragmented; thus making this species close to qualifying for Endangered under Criterion B2. Further research is needed on the population trend and threats.",Unknown,"Reissinger's Grasshopper is present in Alicante and Lérida provinces (Spain). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 20,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 42 km² with an upper estimate of 400 km².",There is no available information on the population size of this species. The known subpopulations are very isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.  The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.,"This species has been found in grasslands and thorny scrub pad (Buxus sp., Genista sp., Quercus coccifera) (Hernández et al. 1998). It is found at altitudes between 1,150 and 1,260 m Asl.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas.There is a need for further research on the population trend and threats.",This species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,rubratibialis,,Chorthippus rubratibialis,"Schmidt, 1978",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Italian Bow-winged Grasshopper (Chorthippus rubratibialis) is endemic to Italy, being found in the central and southern mainland, plus some small islands. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is found in several different dry habitats - including wasteland, forest clearings, grasslands and roadside verges - and some subpopulations are very abundant. In addition, no major threats to this species have been reported.",Unknown,"The Italian Bow-winged Grasshopper is endemic to Italy, being found in the central and southern mainland plus some small islands (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 152,000 km².","There is no data on the population trend, but some subpopulations are very abundant.","This small, brown, long-winged grasshopper is found in all kinds of dry habitats (also at high elevations) including grasslands, roadside verges, forest clearings and wasteland, with adults being present in summer and autumn.",No major threats have been reported for this species.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in several nature reserves. Further research is needed into the population trend of this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Massa, B., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,sampeyrensis,,Chorthippus sampeyrensis,"Nadig, 1986",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Sampeyre Grasshopper (Chorthippus sampeyrensis) occupies a very small area in the south-western Alps. This species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurence (EOO) is ca 505 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km²), the population seems to be severely fragmented and to occur at less than five locations - thus being close to qualifying for listing in a threatened category under criterion B. However, there is no negative trend documented and the Italian subpopulations are numerous. Taking into account that this species is restricted to a narrow elevation-range at higher altitudes, habitat shift due to global warming will likely affect the whole population in the future. Research, especially into the effects of habitat shift due to global warming, but also into the importance of grazing, is urgently needed to clarify required conservation actions.",Stable,"The Sampeyre Grasshopper occupies a very small area in the south-western Alps in the Alpi Cozie and Alpi Marittime along the Italian-French border from the Monte Viso to the Valle di Stura in Piemonte (Morichon and Morin 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 505 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km². The species has a contiguous distribution with the similar species C. cialancensis, which is present north of the Monte Viso (Nadig 1986).","This species can be quite common in its suitable Italian habitats (Nadig 1986), but the French subpopulation is very small and locally restricted (Morichon and Morin 2010). There is no published information on the population or habitat trends, although it is assumed to be stable. As it occupies only a small part of the potential elevation in its area it seems to be an overall quite rare species. The population seems to be severely fragmented as there is little or no genetic exchange between subpopulations and they may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization.","This grasshopper is a mountainous species, which can be found at higher elevations between 1,950 and 2,500 m asl, with most records between 2,200 and 2,400 m asl, and lives in alpine grasslands above the tree line, often in contact with dwarf shrub heath (Nadig 1986, Morichon and Morin 2010). This species seems to be attracted to sunny habitats and prefers sun exposed slopes. The presence of rock and scree is an important habitat factor. Its habitats are grazed by feral animals, but intensive grazing seems to have negative effects on the population (Nadig 1986, Morichon and Morin 2010).","As most alpine species with restricted ranges, this species could be affected by ongoing global warming, inducing a shift of its preferred habitats to higher elevations or resulting in the potential deterioration of its habitats. In particular, the subpopulations in the southeastern part of the species' range have only a limited potential to move to higher elevations. However, at the moment there is no indication of changes in the population size or distribution linked to climate change, and its effects on this species are still speculative. Intensive grazing can pose a threat to this species, but the importance of this threat is still unknown. Taking into account the extent of the effects of the threats and the distribution of this species, it is estimated to occur at less than five locations.","There are no conservation measures specifically targeted for this species. Only the small French subpopulation lives in a protected area, the Parc national du Mercantour. Research, especially into the effects of habitat shift due to global warming, but also into the effects of grazing, is urgently needed to clarify required conservation actions.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & Cálix, M.","Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,sangiorgii,,Chorthippus sangiorgii,"(Finot, 1902)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Cephalonia Grasshopper (Chorthippus sangiorgii) is endemic to Greece, where it is only found on the Ionian islands of Lefkada, Ithaka and Cephalonia (Willemse et al. 2009). This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,200 km², maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,261 km²), the overall population is presumably large. The species is flightless and has a low probability of recolonization, but even though the subpopulations are small, they are assumed to be well connected. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this grasshopper.",Unknown,"The Cephalonia Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, where it is only found on the Ionian islands of Lefkada, Ithaka and Cephalonia (Papapavlou and Katsouni 2008, Willemse et al. 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,200 km², and its maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,261 km².","There is no available information on the population trend of this flightless species. It usually has small subpopulations, but it may be rather widespread.","This species is found from the lowlands up to the highest parts of the islands, Mt. Ainos in Kefallinia (100-1,300 m Asl). Its habitat is arid consisting of stony ground with poor vegetation.",This species occurs in habitats used for grazing livestock. Sheep and goats feed on the same vegetation as this species of grasshopper and may be a threat. Any changes in the grazing regime (either abandonment or intensification) could strongly affect this species.,"No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is likely to occur in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this grasshopper.",The species is not used and nor is it traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,saulcyi,,Chorthippus saulcyi,"(Krauss, 1888)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 
The French Grasshopper occurs in montane areas of France, northern Spain and northwestern Italy. It occurs in stony, dry and shrubby grassland and open heathland, from 700 to 2,300 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) isc. 87,000 km². The species is rather widespread and common and may be only locally threatened. Therefore, the species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The French Grasshopper (Chorthippus saulcyi) is present in mountainous areas in France, Andorra, northern Spain (Pyrenees) and northwestern Italy (Alps), according to Defaut (2011) and Massa et al. (2012). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 87,000 km².","Chorthippus saulcyi has a scattered distribution in mountain areas, but it is common where it occurs and can reach high abundances. As a mountainous species, numerous subpopulations are disconnected (Jaulin et al. 2011), but it is not considered severely fragmented. No specific information on its population size is available, and the population trend of the species is unknown.","Chorthippus saulcyi lives in stony, dry and shrubby grassland and in open heathland. The species typically inhabits transitional open moors, between pasturelands and arborescent heaths. Contrary to its close relative Chorthippus binotatus, its habitats are not especially dominated by shrubby Fabaceae species, as its diet is mixed and includes mainly Poaceae vegetation. It occurs from 700 to 2,300 m altitude.","Chorthippus saulcyi lives in mountainous grasslands and heathlands. Infrastructural development projects are rare in these often hard to access localities. The main impact is the decreasing cattle and sheep pastoralism, which in the long term will lead to deterioration of the habitat due to afforestation.","There are no conservation actions in place for Chorthippus saulcyi, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. The Pyrenean subspecies was assessed as Least Concern by Sardet and Defaut (2004), whereas the Massif Central and Alps subspecies were assessed  as Vulnerable. More research on its population trend is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,smardai,,Chorthippus smardai,"Chládek, 2014",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,The Slovakian Grasshopper is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) due to its uncertain taxonomic situation and the fact that there is no information on its population size and trend and threats to the species. Further research should be carried out in order to clarify the status of this species.,Unknown,"Only a single subpopulation of this species is known. It is present on one locality in the northernmost part of Slovakia, in the Belianske Tatry Mountains (Western Carpathians) (Chladek 2014). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both c. 8 km².",There is no information on the population size and trend of this species.,"The species inhabits rocky subalpine and alpine grasslands at altitudes between 1,700 - 2,000 m.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas, such as the High Tatra National Park and the Tatra Biosphere Reserve. Further research is needed on its taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships, and threats to the species.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,trinacriae,,Chorthippus trinacriae,"(La Greca, di Mauro, Viglianisi & Monelli, 2000)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Sicilian Lesser Grasshopper (Chorthippus trinacriae) is endemic to Sicily, in Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is a common species and no major threats to it have been reported. Further research on its distribution and population trend is needed.",Unknown,"The Sicilian Lesser Grasshopper is endemic to Sicily, in Italy (Massa et al. 2012). It can be confused with Chorthippus messinai, amd further research on its exact distribution is therefore needed. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 975 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km².","There is no quantitative data on the population size or trend, but it is a common species. The overall population trend is unknown.","This species is confined to montane grassland and rocky habitats between 1,100 and 2,000 m asl.",No major threats have been reported for this species.,"There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in three nature reserves. Further research on its distribution and population trend is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,vagans,,Chorthippus vagans,"(Eversmann, 1848)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Penumbra Grasshopper (Chorthippus vagans) occurs from the Iberian Peninsula, southern Italy and Cyprus in the south to southern England, Denmark and northern Poland in the north and Siberia in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it is declining in the northern part of its range, it is widespread and the overall population size is very large. It is particularly common in the Mediterranean region.",Unknown,"The Penumbra Grasshopper is a widespread species and occurs from the Iberian Peninsula, southern Italy and Cyprus in the south to southern England, Denmark and northern Poland in the north and Siberia in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 9.7 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 6.1 million km².",The population of this species is declining at the northern range margin (e.g. Hochkirch 2010) but the global population trend is unknown. Even though the species is quite widespread subpopulations are often small (Massa et al. 2012). The overall population size is very large.,"This species is found in dry grassland, rocky slopes, dunes and heathland and open forests, although always with some adjacent trees or bushes that provide shade (Massa et al. 2012). In the northern part of its range it is associated with very dry and warm microhabitats (dunes and heathland), but still with adjacent trees (Hochkirch et al. 2008).","In the northern part of its range, the main threat is succession of its natural habitat by brambles, bushes and trees as a consequence of eutrophication (Hochkirch 2010). Transformation of habitats into farmland may also affect this species locally.","The species is listed as Vulnerable on the Red Lists of Austria (Berg et al. 2005) and Germany (Maas et al. 2011), as Near Threatened in the Netherlands (Bakker et al. 2015) and in the United Kingdom (Sutton 2015), and as ""extremely rare"" in Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003). Some subpopulations at the northern range margin are subject to conservation action. Removal of trees in the habitat of one of the largest subpopulations in northern Germany had positive effects on this species (Hochkirch et al. 2008). It occurs in several protected areas throughout its range.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R. & Chobanov, D.P.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,willemsei,,Chorthippus willemsei,"Harz, 1971",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Willemse's Grasshopper (Chorthippus willemsei) is distributed from southern Albania into Greece, where it is found across the mountains of the Pindos mountain range, the mountains of Central Greece and the Peloponnesus, up to My. Taiyetos in the south. This species is assessed as Least Concern both in Europe and the EU 28 since it has a large geographic range, and it is common and widespread throughout its range. Livestock grazing may pose a threat, but its effects on this species are unknown. Further research into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this grasshopper is required.",Unknown,"The Willemse's Grasshopper is distributed from southern Albania (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2015) into Greece, where it is found across the mountains of the Pindos mountain range, the mountains of Central Greece and the Peloponnesus, up to My. Taiyetos in the south (Willemse et al. 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 29,400 km², and ca 19,000 km² in the EU 28.","Nothing is known about the population trend of this species, but it is widespread and common.","This short-winged species is found in open forests, clearings and along the edges as well as on open exposed slopes, with stony ground and low vegetation of grasses and herbs from 700 m to above the timberline up to 2,000 m Asl.","This species occurs on mountain slopes in habitats which are unsuitable for growing crops, but suitable for grazing. Sheep and goats pose a potential threat to the species through trampling and habitat degradation, although the effects of this on the species are unknown.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Further research into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this grasshopper is required.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chorthippus,yersini,,Chorthippus yersini,"Harz, 1975",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Yersin's Grasshopper (Chorthippus yersini) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed overall large population size. In addition, it has a tolerance of a moderate habitat modification, and no major threats to it have been reported at present.",Unknown,"Yersin's Grasshopper is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it occupies a large area with an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of ca 440,000 km².","Although it is thought that the species is common, its abundance, population size and trends are unknown. The population size is presumed to be large.","This species has been found in grasslands and all types of shrublands (García and Presa 1985, Gómez Ladrón de Guevara et al. 1992, Llucià Pomares 2002, Pardo and Gómez 1995). It has a tolerance of a moderate habitat modifications and it is present at altitudes between 700 m and 2,400 m Asl.",No major threats to this widespread species have been reported at present. Climate change could be a potential threat to the species by shifting its preferred habitat upwards.,No conservation measures are currently needed for this species. It occurs within protected areas. Research into its population trend is required.,This species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chortopodisma,cobellii,,Chortopodisma cobellii,"(Krauss, 1883)",,Yes,EN,B1ab(v)+2ab(v),Yes,EN,B1ab(v)+2ab(v),EU28,,"The Veneto Mountain Grasshopper (Chortopodisma cobellii) is endemic to the southern edge of the Alps in Italy. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 890 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 52 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and it is inferred to be experiencing a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals. This flightless grasshopper is very vulnerable to potential threats like habitat shifts resulting from global warming or intensification of grazing by cattle. It is important to study the potential changes in habitat quality and population size through research and monitoring, especially in intensively grazed areas. An increase in public awareness should be promoted and could lead to the improvement of the status of this species.",Decreasing,"The Veneto Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to the southern edge of the Alps in Italy, where it occupies the Monti Lessini around the Monte Pasubio in the Trentino and Veneto. The distribution is confined by the valleys of Val Lagarina, Valsugana and Val d´ Adige (Galvagni 1954, Massa et al. 2012). West of the Val d´Adige it is replaced by its close relative Pseudoprumna baldensis. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is only ca 800 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 52 km².","The population of this species is severely fragmented since the subpopulations are isolated with little or no genetic exchange between them and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. However, at several localities it can potentially be the most abundant species (Massa et al. 2012). This species is declining locally (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015) and therefore a overall decrease in the population can be inferred.","This species inhabits rocky alpine grasslands above the tree line where bushes of Rhododendron ferrugineum are intermixed (between 1,500 and 2,200 m asl). Typical habitats are also Seslerio-semperviretum-meadows (Massa et al. 2012) and intensively grazed meadows (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015). These habitats have been ice-free during the last ice age and acted as refuges for this wingless grasshopper. Adults are present comparatively late from August to October.","This species occurs up to the higher altitudes of its range, and could be affected by the shift of unsuitable habitats into their altitudinal distribution due to global warming. An intensification of the grazing regime in alpine meadows might also be a potential threat.The area that this species inhabits is subject to tourism and therefore it could be affected by trampling, litter production and road access (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015).","There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, and only a very small part of the population lives in a protected area (Parco Regionale della Lessinia). It is important to study the potential changes in habitat quality and population size through research and monitoring, especially in intensively grazed areas. An increase in public awareness should be promoted and could lead to the improvement of the status of this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & Cálix, M.","Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chrysochraon,beybienkoi,,Chrysochraon beybienkoi,"Galvagni, 1968",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Calabrian Gold Grasshopper (Chrysochraon beybienkoi) is endemic to Italy, where it is only known from one locality, on the borders of Lake Ampollino in the region of Calabria. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has an extremely restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km²), it occurs at only one location, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the quality of the habitat, due to the artificial drainage of the lake. The abstraction of water from the lake, which started in 2014, has already severely changed the water level in the lake. It is essential to monitor the status of the population and implement conservation measures. Ideally, site and habitat protection should be implemented to prevent future losses, and awareness should be promoted through local education about the importance of this endemic species.",Decreasing,"The Calabrian Gold Grasshopper is endemic to Italy, where it is only known from one locality, on the borders of Lake Ampollino in the Sila National Park of Calabria (Galvagni, 1968; Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².",The population trend is inferred to be decreasing based on the deterioration of the habitat quality due to water abstraction from the Lake Ampollino.,"This species is known only from the Lake Ampollino where it lives in the high marshy vegetation at the border of the lake, between 1,200 and 1,300 m asl.","The habitat is susceptible to changes in water regime or management. Any changes in the water regime might drive this species to extinction in a very short period of time since it would affect the marshy vegetation at the border of the lake, where this species is found. The water level of Lago Ampollino has been severely changed during 2014, as the lake was partially drained. Taking into account that water abstraction from the lake and the resulting impact on the marshy vegetation is likely to affect the global population of this species, this grasshopper is considered to occur at only one location.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in the Sila National Park of Calabria. Immediate action is needed to protect its habitat, which is currently under severe threat due to abstraction of water from the lake. Full surveying and monitoring is needed to determine the population size, as well as assessing how habitat degradation affects the species. Furthermore, the area should be surveyed for other subpopulations. Ideally, site and habitat protection should be implemented to prevent future losses, and awareness should be promoted through local education about the importance of this endemic species.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Massa, B., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Chrysochraon,dispar,,Chrysochraon dispar,"(Germar, 1834)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Gold Grasshopper (Chrysochraon dispar) is widely distributed from the Spanish Pyrenees, northern Italy and northeastern Greece in the south to northern Sweden in the north and eastern European Russia in the east. Outside Europe its distribution extends to Siberia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very widespread, the population size is very large, and the population trend is increasing. This grasshopper is currently expanding its range in the northwest part of its distribution. Research is needed into its population trend at the southern range border.",Increasing,"In Europe, the Gold Grasshopper is widely distributed from the Spanish Pyrenees, northern Italy and northeastern Greece in the south to northern Sweden in the north and eastern European Russia in the east. Outside Europe its distribution extends to Siberia (Harz 1975, Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 8.5 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 4.7 million km².","This species is widespread and common. An expansion of its range to the northwest has been documented in Germany (Brose and Peschel 1998, Hochkirch 1997, 2001) and the Netherlands (Bakker et al. 2015). The overall population trend is increasing and the population size is very large.","This species occurs in mesic to moist grassland habitats, ruderal vegetation, heathland and at forest edges (Maas et al. 2002). It requires higher vegetation as it lays its eggs into stems of forbs or dead wood (Hochkirch 1996).",The species may be locally threatened by drainage or by transformation of its habitat into farmland.,"The species is listed in Austria and Switzerland as Near Threatened (Berg et al. 2005 and Monnerat et al. 2007). It is therefore locally subject to conservation action, e.g. as a target species of the nature reserve ""Suckowseen"" (Brandenburg, Germany). Avoiding intensive agricultural land-use (overgrazing and mowing) is the most suitable management for the species. Research into its population trend is needed at the southern range border.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R. & Chobanov, D.P.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Conocephalus,chavesi,,Conocephalus chavesi,"(Bolívar, 1905)",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Azores Cone-head (Conocephalus chavesi) is endemic to the Azores archipelago in Portugal. This species is assessed as Endangered since it as a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) between 40 and 80 km²) the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals. The major threat to this species is urbanisation which destroys its habitat. Protection and restoration of its remaining habitats is needed. In addition, further research is recommended on its population trend, ecology and threats.",Decreasing,"The Azores Cone-head is endemic to the Azores archipelago in Portugal. It has been recorded from the islands of Pico, Terceira and Sao Miguel, where it has been found in coastal areas (Borges et al. 2010). There is an unconfirmed record of a nymph from Flores that may belong to this species (P. Borges pers. comm. 2016). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 14,650 km², but could be ca 26,000 km², if the record from Flores is correct. Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km² (including historical records) with an upper estimate of 80 km².","This species has declined dramatically as a consequence of the transformation of its habitat into urban areas and the current population trend is still decreasing. The population is severely fragmented as the remaining subpopulations are very small and isolated, and may go extinct with reduced probability of recolonisation.",This species was found in coastal grassland habitats (P. Borges pers. comm. 2016).,The major threat to this species is urbanisation which destroys its habitat.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in a protected area (on Flores). Protection and restoration of its remaining habitats is needed. In addition, further research is needed on its population trend, ecology and threats.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A. & Borges, P.A.V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Conocephalus,concolor,,Conocephalus concolor,"(Burmeister, 1838)",,No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

In Europe, the Unicoloured Cone-head (Conocephalus concolor) occurs as a unique subspecies (C. c. hispanicus), and is only known from the Almería region in Spain. This species is assessed as Endangered since its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 48 and 400 km², the population is severely fragmented, and a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals has been documented as a consequence of changes in land use. Coastal wetlands are being destroyed by drainage and closure of irrigation channels, which leads to the loss of natural vegetation. Research into its distribution, population trend, threats and ecology is needed. Restoration of its preferred habitat is required.",Decreasing,"The Unicoloured Cone-head occurs in North Africa and the Middle East (Heller 2013). In Europe, it is only known from the Almería region in Spain, where a unique subspecies occurs (Conocephalus concolor hispanicus). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,600 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km² with an upper estimate of 400 km².",A strong decrease in the size of the subpopulation in Sierra Cabrera has been documented (P. Barranco pers. comm. 2015). The remaining subpopulations are small and isolated so that recolonisation of extinct sites is unlikely. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented.,"This species is found in valleys, cultivated barrancos and along ditches, usually in dense Juncus spp. vegetation or Imperata cylindrica. It occurs from sea level up to 300 m asl (Barranco et al. 1994).","The major threats to this species are drainage of wetlands (mainly for urban purposes) and closure of irrigation channels, together with the removal of vegetation. Wildfires have also been recorded in Sierra Cabrera.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and it is not found in any protected areas. Research into its distribution, population trend, threats and ecology is needed. Restoration of its preferred habitat is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Barranco Vega, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Correas, J., Prunier, F., Odé, B., Lemos, P. & Ferreira, S.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Conocephalus,conocephalus,,Conocephalus conocephalus,"(Linnaeus, 1767)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 
The African Cone-head (Conocephalus conocephalus) is widespread in the southern Mediterranean region of Europe, where it occurs in wetland habitats. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it may locally be affected by drainage and the increasing number of droughts, it still has a very wide distribution and subpopulations can be very large.",Decreasing,"The African Cone-head is widely distributed throughout Africa and into the southern Palaearctic region, the Near East and the southern Mediterranean part of Europe (Bazelet and Naskrecki 2014). In Europe it occurs in the coastal areas of the Iberian Peninsula, the Baleares, Sardinia, Corsica, southern France, Sicily, southern Italy (with a single record from Lombardia) and the southwestern Balkans (Heller 2013). It is possibly extinct on the French mainland. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.7 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 1.5 million km².",The subpopulations of this species can be very large (Schmidt 1996) but the species is usually very localised (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2016). The French mainland subpopulation seems to be extinct (Sardet and Defaut 2004) and on Corsica the species is extremely rare (Boitier et al. 2007). The population trend is considered to be decreasing.,"In Europe this species is mainly found in coastal marshland, dense vegetation along streams, rivers and other water bodies as well as in paddy fields and wet grassland (Gomez et al. 1991, Schmidt 1996, Olmo-Vidal 2002, Massa 2011, Massa et al. 2012).",The main threat to this species is drainage and the loss of natural shores of inland waters (G. Puskás and J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2016). It might also be affected by the increasing number of droughts (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2016).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as ""priority 1"" (equivalent to Critically Endangered or Endangered) on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Puskas, G., Presa, J.J., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Conocephalus,dorsalis,,Conocephalus dorsalis,"(Latreille, 1804)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Short-winged Cone-head (Conocephalus dorsalis) occurs from the European Atlantic coast to West Siberia, and is widespread in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution and large population size. In addition, it is common in the northern part of its range and is currently expanding its northern range margin in the United Kingdom. However, it is rare and declining in the southern part of its range.",Unknown,"The Short-winged Cone-head occurs from the European Atlantic coast to West Siberia (Harz 1969). The species has also been introduced in North America (Miskelly 2013). In Europe it is found from central Portugal, Tuscany (northern Italy) and south Bulgaria in the south to Scotland and southern Finland in the north and eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 9.7 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 4.6 million km².","This species is spreading in the UK and has meanwhile colonised Scotland (Sutton 2015). An increase in frequency has also been documented in northwestern Germany (Poschmann et al. 2009). However, it has declined in Austria (Zuna-Kratky 2009), possibly in Hungary and in the Balkans. It is not clear, if the range expansion in the north compensates for the decrease in the south. The global population trend is therefore unknown. The population size is large.","This species is mainly found in rush and sedge vegetation (Juncus spp., Carex spp.) and occurs in wetlands, moist grasslands, salt marshes and along the shores of water bodies (Lehmann and Haacks 2006, Poschmann et al. 2009, Grein 2010). However, it also occurs on Ammophila arenaria and thus is also found in sand dunes (Grein 2010). Its eggs are laid in the stems of Juncus spp., Carex spp. or Glyceria maxima and other grasses, but also in deadwood (Sörens 1996). The species is usually flightless, but fully winged individuals occur occasionally when abundances are high (Detzel 1998, Poschmann et al. 2009).","The major threats to this species are drainage, melioration (Zuna-Kratky 2009), intensification of grassland management (overgrazing, frequent mowing), as well as transformation of habitats into farmland (Grein 2010). Poschmann et al. (2009) have found more specimens on abandoned grassland than on pastureland and more on pastureland than on meadows as the species is sensitive to mowing.","This species occurs in protected areas. It is listed as as Endangered on the Swiss and Austrian Red Lists (Berg et al. 2005, Monnerat et al. 2007), as ""priority 2"" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004), but at as Least Concern in Germany, Luxembourg, Denmark, the Netherlands and the UK (Proess and Meyer 2003, Maas et al. 2011, Bakker et al. 2015, Sutton 2015) as well as in the Carpathian mountains (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). Due to its threatened status in some regions, it is subject to conservation action locally e.g. in the nature reserve ""Rauner- und Haarbachtal"" (Saxony, Germany) it is listed as a target species. More research into its population trend is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R. & Chobanov, D.P.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Conocephalus,ebneri,,Conocephalus ebneri,"Harz, 1966",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
Ebner's Cone-head is known from a single locality in the northern Adriatic coast of Albania and from three isolated localities in Greece. This species is listed as Endangered since it has a small area of occupancy (AOO) of 16 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO, quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. The subpopulations are considered very small. The main threats to this species include changes in water management (water abstraction, correction of water body banks) and transformation of its habitat into agricultural land. Research on its taxonomy, distribution and population trend is needed. Remaining habitats need to be protected and degraded habitats should be restored.",Decreasing,"Ebner's Cone-head is known from a single locality in the northern Adriatic coast of Albania and from three isolated localities in Greece (Harz 1969, Willemse 1984, L. Willemse unpublished data). In Greece, it is found in the lowlands around Lakes Pamvotida and Paramythia and in the Evros district in northeast Greece. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 84,000 km² in Europe and ca 18,000 km² in the EU 28. The known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km² in Europe and 12 km² in the EU 28.","The population is in decline due to the transformation of its habitat. The species' habitat in Albania and Greece has been widely destroyed and the species has not been recorded at Lake Paramythia in Epiros since 2003. In Greece, a conservation project aimed at Chorthippus lacustris established numerous transects (more than 200) in areas from where C. lacustris has been reported including Pamvotida and Paramythia. Conocephalus ebneri, which is an easy to recognise species, was not recorded during the fieldwork season in 2016 (L. Willemse pers. comm. 2016). The population is considered to be severely fragmented since subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.",This species occurs in hygrophyte tall plant associations near water bodies such as large river basins and lakes. It is found at altitudes between 0-470 m Asl.,"The main threats to this species include changes in water management (water abstraction, correction of water body banks, etc.) and transformation of its habitat into agricultural land.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected areas throughout its range. Research on its taxonomy, distribution and population trend is needed. Remaining habitats need to be protected and degraded habitats should be restored.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Conocephalus,fuscus,,Conocephalus fuscus,"(Fabricius, 1793)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Long-winged Cone-head (Conocephalus fuscus) occurs from north Africa to the Russian Far East and is widespread in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution, is common, and is currently expanding its northern range margin to the north.",Increasing,"The Long-winged Cone-head (Conocephalus fuscus, in the older literature named Conocephalus discolor) occurs from north Africa to the Amur in the Russian Far East (Harz 1969). In Europe it is found from southern Spain and Portugal, Sardinia, Sicily, Crete and Cyprus in the south to England, the Netherlands and northern Germany in the north and to eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). The species is currently rapidly expanding its northern range margin in the UK (Beckmann et al. 2015, Sutton 2015), the Netherlands (Bakker et al. 2015), Germany (Hochkirch 2001, Grein 2007) and Lithuania (Budrys et al. 2015). On Cyprus, an endemic subspecies (Conocephalus fuscus cyprius) occurs (Tumbrinck 2006). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 10.3 million km², in the EU 28 it is ca 4.3 million km².","The species has been reported to be expanding its range to the north (e.g. Hochkirch 2001, Grein 2007, Beckmann et al. 2015), and it is assumed that the population trend is therefore increasing. The species is very common and widespread, and the population size is large.","This species is found in moist habitats with dense, high vegetation, such as wet meadows, wetlands, abandoned fields and grassland, and ruderal vegetation (Zuna-Kratky 2009). In the southern part of its range it seems to be closely affiliated with wet habitats (Detzel 1998, Olmo-Vidal 2002, Boitier et al. 2007). The species produces an ""extra-longwinged"" morph, which is able to rapidly colonise new habitats (Beckmann et al. 2015).",The species may be negatively affected by drainage (Zuna-Kratky 2009) and the destruction of wetland habitats (Wallaschek et al. 2004).,"No specific conservation action is necessary for this species. It occurs in protected areas. In most countries with Red Lists for Orthoptera the species is listed as Least Concern, but it is considered Vulnerable in Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007) and Near Threatened in Austria (Berg et al. 2005).",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R. & Chobanov, D.P.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Conocephalus,grebenchikovi,,Conocephalus grebenchikovi,"Uvarov, 1942",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Grebenchikov's Cone-head (Conocephalus grebenchikovi) has been described from Greece, and is only known from a single locality on the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Data Deficient since it is only known from a single male collected in 1938 and there is almost no data on it. This species has not been recorded since 1938 at its original locality, despite regular searches for it in the marshy areas around Kalavryta. It remains unclear whether the site of this area is correct and whether this is a valid species. If it is a valid, further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required.",Decreasing,"The Grebenchikov's Cone-head has been described from Greece, and is only known from a single locality on the Peloponnesus (Willemse 1984). This species' known extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².","This species has been described after a male collected in 1938. Since then, despite regular visits to the area, the species has not been found again.","There is no specific information about the habitat and ecology of this species, except that it lives in a marsh which corresponds to the habitat preferences of closely related species of Conocephalus like Conocephalus dorsalis and Conocephalus ebneri.","As the species inhabits marshy areas, changes in water management in the region are a threat as they may have an effect on its habitat.","No conservation measures  are in place for this species, and it is unknown whether the species has been collected in an area which may now be under protection. Taxonomic research is needed to confirm the status of this species. If it is a valid, further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Papapavlou, K., Kati, V. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Conocephalus,hastatus,,Conocephalus hastatus,"(Charpentier, 1825)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Slender Cone-head (Conocephalus hastatus) occurs in Anatolia and Syria as well as on the southern Balkan Peninsula. In Europe it is found from Serbia over southern Romania to southern Ukraine, northeastern Greece and European Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, and common in the lowlands of southeastern and central Bulgaria. However, the population appears to be severely fragmented and a continuing decline is inferred in the number of subpopulations, and in the extent and quality of the habitat. Research into its taxonomy, population trend and threats is needed.",Decreasing,"The Slender Cone-head occurs in Anatolia and Syria as well as on  the southern Balkan Peninsula (Harz 1969). In Europe it is found from  Serbia over southern Romania to southern Ukraine, northeastern Greece  and European Turkey. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 380,000 km², and ca 220,000 km² in the EU 28.","This species is rare in Romania (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008) but common in the lowlands of southeastern and central Bulgaria (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). Subpopulations are usually small and isolated with little genetic exchange between them (D. Chobanov, S. Ivkovic and I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. In European Turkey most records stem from Istanbul. Most of these subpopulations are probably extinct, but one still exists at Kırklareli Igneada (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). It is therefore inferred that there is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals.","This species is found at dry forest edges and clearings (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008), mesic grass-bush associations, and forest undergrowth (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). It is found from sea level up to 800 m Asl.","The major threats to this species are wildfires, the use of insecticides and the transformation of its habitat into farmland (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). It is also threatened by urbanization (D. Sirin and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015) and overgrazing (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its taxonomy, population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Sirin, D., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Heller, K.-G., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M. & Puskas, G.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Conocephalus,kisi,,Conocephalus kisi,"Harz, 1967",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Greek Cone-head (Conocephalus kisi) is distributed across south-eastern Europe and the Middle-East. Within the EU 28 region, this species is only known from Greece. Outside of Greece, the species has also been reported in Albania. This species is assessed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution (extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than 20,000 km²) and its presumed large population. Further research into the population size and trend is required.",Unknown,"The Greek Cone-head is distributed across south-eastern Europe and the Middle-East. Within the EU 28 region, this species is only known from Greece, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 46,000 km². Outside of Greece, the species has also been reported in Albania (Willemse 1984), making this species' EOO in Europe ca 64,000 km².","Neither the population size nor the population trend are known, but this species is considered to be widespread.","Contrary to other species of Conocephalus, which are restricted to wet marshy areas, this species is found in drier habitats with a lush vegetation of higher herbs and grasses. It is also found sometimes in swamps.",Bushfires may pose a threat to this species.,"No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend is required.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Conocephalus,maculatus,,Conocephalus maculatus,"(Le Guillou, 1841)",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The Spotted Meadow Katydid (Conocephalus maculatus) is one of the most widespread bush-cricket species worldwide. However, there is only a single record from Europe (Guia, Gran Canaria) from 1894 (Kevan 1987). Since then, the species has never been collected again. It remains unknown whether the species was a vagrant or whether it formed a stable subpopulation. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient. Searches in the area of Guia would be required to clarify if the species still occurs here.",Unknown,"The Spotted Meadow Katydid is widely distributed throughout Africa, the Middle East, Southeast Asia and Australasia. In Europe, it has only been recorded from Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain), where it was found near Guia in 1894 (Kevan 1987, Bland et al. 1996). The species has never been reported again from this area. Therefore, it remains uncertain whether it is native to the Canary Islands.",There is no information available on the population sizes and trends of this species.,"This species is ubiquitous and usually found in all habitats which contain grasses, including roadside verges and pastures. Colouration of individuals is strongly correlated with humidity: during wet seasons or along waterways, green forms are dominant; whereas brown forms are found primarily in the dry savannah.",No major threats to the species are known from its global range.,"No specific conservation action is in place for this species, and it remains unknown whether the only recorded locality of this species in Europe is protected or not. Research is needed to clarify if this species still occurs in Gran Canaria.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Bazelet, C., Naskrecki, P. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Cophopodisma,pyrenaea,,Cophopodisma pyrenaea,"(Fischer, 1853)",,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
The Pyrenean Mountain Grasshopper (Cophopodisma pyrenaea) is endemic to the Pyrenees. It lives in subalpine and alpine grasslands, between 1,500 and 2,800 m asl. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers about 15,000 km². A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and the number of mature individuals is inferred from the threats, particularly from the loss of suitable habitat as a consequence of climate change. As the species nearly meets the thresholds for a threatened Category under Criterion B, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).",Decreasing,"The Pyrenean Mountain Grasshopper is a Pyrenean endemic grasshopper. This mountain species is widespread all along the Spanish, Andorran and French sides of the Pyrenees (Poniatowski 2009, Defaut et al. 2009, Olmo-Vidal 2006). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 15,000 km².","Precise information on the population size and trend of this species is not available. The species is widespread and locally abundant (Jaulin et al. 2011), although it is not very abundant in Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2002). The species is closely affiliated to areas with a long snow cover, which are recently decreasing due to climate change. A continuing decline of the number of subpopulations and mature individuals is therefore inferred (T. Fartmann pers. comm. 2016).","Cophopodisma pyrenaea is a mountain species that lives in mesic to dry sub-alpine and alpine grasslands. Its altitudinal range is 1,500 - 2,800 m.","The mountainous habitats of this species are locally affected by touristic development and overgrazing. Global warming is likely to have strong effects on the species, as it is restricted to areas with long periods of snow (T. Fartmann pers. comm. 2016).","There are no specific conservation actions in place for Cophopodisma pyrenaea, although it has been recorded from several protected areas, such as the French Pyrénées National Park and the Spanish Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park.The species is listed as Least Concern in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its population trend and particularly into the effects of climate change on this species is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Fartmann, T., Presa, J.J., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C., Zuna-Kratky, T., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Coracinotus,notarioi,,Coracinotus notarioi,"(Gomez Ladrón de Guevara, Pardo & Llorente del Moral, 1998)",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"Notario's Saddle Bush-cricket (Coracinotus notarioi) is endemic to the Albacete province in Spain, where it is only known from a single locality in the Sierra de Alcaraz. This species has not been found since 1996 and is assessed as Vulnerable since it is only known from a very restricted area (area of occupancy (AOO) is between 4 and 10 km²) and droughts caused by climate change may quickly drive this species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time. The whole population is considered to occur at only one location. Research into its population size and trend, ecology and threats is required. Its habitat should be preserved.",Unknown,"Notario's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the Albacete province in Spain, where it is only known from a single locality in the Sierra de Alcaraz at 1,220 m Asl (Gómez et al. 1998 ). This species's extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) and are both 4 km², with an upper estimate of 10 km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown, and it has not been found since 1996.",The species is found in Mediterranean shrubland (R. Gómez pers. comm. 2015).,"The area where the species is found is increasingly affected by droughts caused by climate change. Due to the small range of the species, droughts may affect the complete population. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of droughts and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs within a protected area. No specific searches for this species have been conducted recently. Research into its population size and trend, ecology and threats is required. Its habitat should be preserved.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Gómez, R & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Coracinotus,politus,,Coracinotus politus,"(Bolívar, 1901)",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Smooth Saddle Bush-cricket (Coracinotus politus) is endemic to southeastern Spain, and is found in the provinces of Albacete, Jaén and Granada, where it has been recorded from around 30 localities. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,700 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km²), and the population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. The main threat to this species is the use of insecticides against the Pine processionary (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) moth, as well as the intensive cattle grazing at high altitude grasslands. Eliminating chemical treatments against the Pine Processionary caterpillar and grazing control are necessary for its conservation. Further research is also needed on the population size and trend and the effects of grazing on the species.",Unknown,"The Smooth Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to southeastern Spain, and is found in the provinces of Albacete, Jaén and Granada, where it has been recorded from around 30 localities (Gómez Ladrón de Guevara et al. 2011). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,700 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown. This species shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (Gómez Ladrón de Guevara et al. 2011).","This species occurs in mountainous areas between 1,160 m and 2,200 m Asl. It is associated with open mature pine forests of Pinus nigra (Gómez Ladrón de Guevara et al. 2011), where it can be found in the tree branches. It also inhabits open shrublands and dry mountain grasslands. This species is predatory and can feed on the Pine Processionary (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) caterpillar, which is considered a pest.","The main threat to this species is the use of insecticides against the Pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa), as well as the intensive cattle grazing at high altitude grasslands (Gómez Ladrón de Guevara et al. 2011). However, the effects of grazing on the species need to be further studied. Forest fires and droughts could also pose a threat to the species.","There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in a number of protected areas. Eliminating chemical treatments against the Pine Processionary caterpillar and grazing control are necessary for its conservation. This species is included in the Spanish National Red List as Vulnerable. Further research is also needed on the population size and trend and the effects of grazing on the species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Coracinotus,presai,,Coracinotus presai,"Barranco & Gómez, 2014",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Granada Saddle Bush-cricket (Coracinotus presai) is only known from one locality in the province of Granada, in southern Spain. This species is assessed as Data Deficient since it is only known from the type specimen and in view of the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. This species has been searched for without success and therefore is assumed to be very rare. Further research is needed in order to assess the extinction risk of this species.",Unknown,"The Granada Saddle Bush-cricket is only known from one locality at 1,580 m Asl in the province of Granada, southern Spain (Barranco and Gómez 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are 4 km², with an upper estimate of 20 km².",There is no available information on the population size and trend of this species since only the type specimen is known. This species has been searched for without success and therefore is assumed to be very rare (R. Gómez 2015 pers. comm.).,This species is found in Mediterranean shrubland (R. Gómez 2015 pers. comm.).,The increasing number of wildfires in the region could be a threat to the species.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected areas. Research is needed into its population size and trend, ecology and threats. Its habitat should be preserved.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Gómez, R & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Coracinotus,squamiferus,,Coracinotus squamiferus,"(Bolívar, 1907)",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Scaled Saddle Bush-cricket (Coracinotus squamiferus) is endemic to Spain and is only known from two localities in the Almería province. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a very restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are both between 4 and 8 km²), it occurs at only one location, and there is a continuing decline in habitat quality and in the number of mature individuals as a result of the use of pesticides and cattle grazing. Further research is needed on the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats of this poorly-known species. Pesticide use and cattle grazing should be avoided to prevent any further population declines.",Decreasing,"The Scaled Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to Spain, and is only known from two localities in the Almería province. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are both 4 km² with an upper estimate of 8 km².","The species had been reported to increase when its habitat was recovering afterbeing ploughed (Barranco and Pascual 1995). However, recent surveys have shown that the population has been declining in recent years (P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016).","There is little available information on the ecology of this species. It occurs in a mountainous area between 1,600 m and 1,860 m Asl. Presumably, it is found on Genista baetica scrub pads (Barranco Vega 2011), and it seems to be restricted to the northern mountain slopes. Additionally, one specimen was found on a pine tree.","This species is threatened by the use of pesticides at lower altitudes. However, the establishment of a Botanical Garden to preserve the trees found in its area of occurrence may result in a decrease in the use of pesticides. Cattle grazing is also a threat to this species, although a few fenced areas have now been established in its habitat. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of grazing and the very restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. Further research is needed on the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats of this poorly-known species. Pesticide use and cattle grazing should be avoided to prevent further population declines.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Corsteropleurus,chopardi,,Corsteropleurus chopardi,"(Ebner, 1938)",,Yes,NT,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Corsican Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to Corsica (France), occurring on hillsand mountainous areas, where it lives on open forests, scrubland and open habitats with woody vegetation or low heaths. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 5,600 km² and there is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations. As the species nearly meets the thresholds for a threatened Category under Criterion B, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).",Decreasing,"The Corsican Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to Corsica (France) (Defaut 1999, Defaut et al. 2009). It is mainly a mountainous species, and most subpopulations are found between 500 and 1,650 m altitude (Braud et al. 2002, Boitier et al. 2006, Braud and Sardet 2006), but it can also reach sea level, as five localities have been recorded between 0 and 500 m altitude (Braud and Sardet 2006). Thus, its distribution is mostly restricted to the inner area of Corsica, reaching the eastern coast and the low valley of Fango, but not the southwestern area. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 5,600 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) has been estimated to be between 500 to 2,000 km².","Corsteropleurus chopardi is not rare at intermediary altitudes of the Corsican mountains (Braud et al. 2002, Boitier et al. 2006, Braud and Sardet 2006). About 70 observations from 30 municipalities have been recorded. A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is inferred from the ongoing threats.","Corsteropleurus chopardi is found from low to high altitudes, living on various habitats with woody vegetation, such as grasslands at high altitudes with Juniperus, and low or arborescent scrublands (Erica arborea, Arbutus enudo), forest edges, open Pinus laricio forest (Braud et al. 2002, Boitier et al. 2006).","Corsteropleurus chopardi lives on forests or open habitats with woody vegetation, mainly at intermediary altitudes areas. In these areas, decreasing pastoralism is positive for these species, but afforestation can have negative impacts on the species. The development of solar energy plants, which are currently planned in Corsica, may affect the habitats where the species is locally found.","There are no conservation actions in place for Corsteropleurus chopardi, and it is not present in protected areas.The species was assessed as ""priority 3"" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research on its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Monnerat, C., Presa, J.J., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Ctenodecticus,bolivari,,Ctenodecticus bolivari,"Targioni-Tozzetti, 1881",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Bolivar's Pygmy Wart-biter (Ctenodecticus bolivari) is found in Sardinia (Italy), and in Tunisia. In Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"Bolivar's Pygmy Wart-biter is found in Sardinia (Italy), and in Tunisia (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 24,600 km².",The species is common but thepopulation trend is unknown.,This flightless species lives in all kinds of dry grassland and shrubland where it hides in dense vegetation. Adults can be found in summer and autumn at elevations between 5 m and 800 m asl.,No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no conservation measures in place to this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Ctenodecticus,granatensis,,Ctenodecticus granatensis,"Pascual, 1978",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Granada Pygmy Wart-biter (Ctenodecticus granatensis) is endemic to a few mountainous areas of the Granada, Jaén and Málaga provinces in southern Spain. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 14,750 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 72 km², with an upper estimate of 500 km²), and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Further research is needed on the distribution, ecology and threats to this poorly-known species.",Unknown,"The Granada Pygmy Wart-biter is endemic to a few mountainous areas of the Granada, Jaén and Málaga provinces in southern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 14,750 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 72 km², with an upper estimate of 500 km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown. Subpopulations are very small, they occur at mountains tops, and individuals are flightless and thus have low mobility. These small subpopulations may go extinct with reduced probability of recolonisation and the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.","This species has been found in grasslands with scarce vegetation and low shrubland (Arcos and Pascual 1988, Prunier 2014). It is found at altitudes of 940 m to 2,200 m Asl.","Wildfires may pose a threat to this species. Climate change could also affect it by shifting its habitat upwards, but its specific effects on the species need to be studied in detail.","There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species, but it has been recorded from some protected areas. Further research is needed on the distribution, ecology and threats to this poorly-known species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Ctenodecticus,lusitanicus,,Ctenodecticus lusitanicus,"Barranco & Pascual, 1992",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v)",EU28,,"The Lusitanian Pygmy Wart-biter (Ctenodecticus lusitanicus) is only known from Serra da Estrela Mountain range in Portugal. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 885 km², area of occupancy is ca 50 km²), it occurs at only five locations, and there is an inferred and projected continuing decline in the EOO, AOO, in the extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. The habitat of this species is threatened by changes in traditional agro-silvo-pastoral practices and intense wildfires that in the last decades have covered wider areas and have become more frequent causing habitat loss and degradation. Research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, and threats to this species. Appropriate fire management is needed to avoid any further population declines.",Decreasing,"The Lusitanian Pygmy Wart-biter is currently only known from the Serra da Estrela Mountain range in Portugal  (Barranco & Pascual, 1992) . This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 885 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 50 km².","The population size of this species is unknown. However, subpopulations can be very abundant and it does not seem to be severely fragmented. Some subpopulations have been recently severely affected by wildfires and touristic activities, causing habitat loss or degradation. Therefore, a continuing decline in the species' population size is inferred.","This species is found in Nardus spp. grassland and grasslands with shrubs, at elevations between 1,000 m and 1,900 m Asl.","The habitat of this species is threatened by changes in traditional agro-silvo-pastoral practices and intense wildfires that in the last decades have covered wider areas and have become more frequent. Additionally, increased touristic pressure might also result in habitat degradation, though to a lesser extent. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of wildfires and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only five locations.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in the Serra de Estrela Nature Park. Research is needed into its distribution, population size and trend, and threats. Appropriate fire management is needed to avoid any further population declines.",This species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Ferreira, S., Barranco Vega, P., Clemente, M., Correas, J., García, M., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B., Presa, J.J. & Prunier, F.","Barros, F. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Ctenodecticus,major,,Ctenodecticus major,"Pascual, 1978",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Sierra Nevadan Pygmy Wart-biter (Ctenodecticus major) is endemic to the Sierra Nevada mountains in Spain. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a very restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO and extent of habitat (EOO) are both 4 km²), it occurs in only one location and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, number of subpopulations, AOO, and extent and quality of the habitat. The species has declined as a consequence of wildfires and it seems to only be present in one subpopulation at the moment. There is an increasing number of wildfires in the region and appropriate fire management is needed to avoid any further population declines. Further research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this poorly-known species.",Decreasing,The Sierra Nevadan Pygmy Wart-biter is only known from two localities in the mountains of Sierra Nevada in the Granada province in southern Spain. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are both 4 km².,"The population size of this species is unknown. The species has declined as a consequence of a wildfire that occurred in the area in 2005 and it seems to only be present in one subpopulation at the moment. There is an increasing number of wildfires in the region, so that a continuing decline is projected and the current population trend is considered to be decreasing.","This species has been found in shrubland of Cytisus purgans, Juniperus communis, Genista boissieri, Thymus serpylloides, Retama sphaerocarpa, Sarothamnus scoparius, and Berberis hispanica (Pascual Torres and Barranco Vega 2008). It has been found at elevations between 1,700 and 1,900 m Asl.","Wildfires pose a threat to this species, and an area overgrown with oak forest, where the species was found, burnt in 2005. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of wildfires and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species but it has been recorded from a protected area. Further research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this poorly-known species. Appropriate fire management is needed to avoid any further population declines.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Ctenodecticus,masferreri,,Ctenodecticus masferreri,"Bolívar, 1894",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Gerona Pygmy Wart-biter (Ctenodecticus masferreri) is endemic to northeastern Spain, and is found in the Barcelona, Gerona and Lérida provinces. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,840 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km² with an upper estimate of 300 km²), and the population is considered severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this poorly-known species.",Unknown,"The Gerona Pygmy Wart-biter is endemic to northeastern Spain, and is found in the Barcelona, Gerona and Lérida provinces. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,840 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km² with an upper estimate of 300 km².",The population size and trend of this species are unknown. This species is rare and the population is considered severely fragmented since individuals are flightless and the distance between the small subpopulations is large. These subpopulations may go extinct with reduced probability of recolonisation.,"The species is found in dry pastures with shrubs of Thymus serpyllum and T. vulgaris (Llucià Pomares 2002). It is found at altitudes between 750 m and 1,150 m Asl.",Wildfires could pose a potential threat to the species.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it has been recorded from protected areas. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this poorly-known species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Hochkirch, A., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Ctenodecticus,pupulus,,Ctenodecticus pupulus,"Bolívar, 1877",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,The Guadarrama Pygmy Wart-biter (Ctenodecticus pupulus) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula where it is known from the mountains of the Sistema Central in Spain and Portugal. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population trend is probably stable and its habitat is very common.,Stable,"The Guadarrama Pygmy Wart-biter is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it is known from the mountains of the Sistema Central in Spain and Portugal. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 32,700 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 72 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km².","This species is difficult to detect, but according to available information the subpopulations appear to have low densities. The population trend is probably stable.","This species lives in Thymus and Retama spp. shrubland as well as in low grassland (Muñoz et al. 2012), which are common habitats in its area of distribution. It is usually found on mountainous areas at altitudes between 380 m and 2,325 m Asl.","Similarly to other species of its genus, it may be affected by wildfires.","There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas. Research is needed into the population size and trend.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Ctenodecticus,ramburi,,Ctenodecticus ramburi,"Morales-Agacino, 1956",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"Rambur's Pygmy Wart-biter (Ctenodecticus ramburi) is endemic to the mountains of southeastern Spain. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7,700 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 120 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km²), and shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Overgrazing by goats and sheep is the main threat to this species and droughts as a result of climate change could also pose a threat to it. Research is needed into the population size and trend, ecology and threats to this species.",Unknown,"Rambur's Pygmy Wart-biter is endemic to the mountains of southeastern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7,700 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 120 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km².","The population size and trend for this species are not known. This species shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals.","The species occurs mainly in grassland habitats. It has also been found in Erinacea spp. shrubs (Pardo et al. 1993) and hedgehog heaths (F. Prunier pers. comm. 2016). It is found at altitudes between 640 m and 2,000 m Asl.",Overgrazing by goats and sheep is the main threat to this species. Droughts as a result of climate change could also pose a threat.,"There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. Research is needed into the population size and trend, ecology and threats to this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Ctenodecticus,thymi,,Ctenodecticus thymi,"Olmo-Vidal, 1999",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Thyme Pygmy Wart-biter (Ctenodecticus thymi) is endemic to the Lérida province in northeastern Spain, where it is found in eight localities. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its extent of occurrence (EOO) is smaller than 5,000 km², its area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 500 km², and it occurs at fewerthan ten locations; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. It is threatened by wildfires and further research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this poorly-known species. Its habitat should be preserved, and grazing regulated to avoid any future population declines.",Unknown,"The Thyme Pygmy Wart-biter is endemic to the Lérida province in northeastern Spain, where it is found in eightlocalities.This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,500 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km² with an upper estimate of 300 km².",The population size and trend of this species are unknown.,"The species is found in open shrublands of Thymus spp. and Rosmarinus spp. (Llucià Pomares 2002, Olmo Vidal 2008). Its habitat is scarce and fragmented, found at altitudes between 450 m and 1,260 m Asl.","Wildfires have been recorded in the area where this species occurs and are thus considered a threat to this species. Taking into account the fragmented distribution of this species' habitat and the likely extent of the effects of wildfires, this species is considered to occur at less than ten locations.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it has been recorded from a protected area. Further research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this poorly-known species. Its habitat should be preserved, and grazing regulated to avoid any future population declines.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,MOGOPLISTIDAE,Cycloptiloides,canariensis,,Cycloptiloides canariensis,"(Bolívar, 1914)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Most records of the Canarian Tiny Cricket are from houses, even from urban areas. It does not seem to be threatened by human activities, but the effect of pest control in houses (e.g. against cockroaches or mosquitoes) on this species are unknown. Even though the species has a small extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 4,000 km² and a known area of occupancy (AOO) of 16 - 200 km², there is currently no indication that the species may be declining. The species is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The Canarian Tiny Cricket is endemic to the Canary Islands, where it has been reported from Tenerife and Gran Canaria (Bland et al. 1996). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 4,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) between 16 and 200 km².",There is no information available on the population size and trends of this species.,The species is often found in houses. Its natural habitat is probably beneath stones and in caves.,"The threats to this species are little understood. As it occurs in houses, it may be negatively affected by pest control (e.g. cockroach or mosquito treatments).","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is not known to occur in protected areas throughout its range. More research on its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Cyrtaspis,scutata,,Cyrtaspis scutata,"(Charpentier, 1825)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Shielded Oak Bush-cricket is widespread across the Atlantic and western Mediterranean areas of Europe and North Africa. This arboricole species lives in deciduous trees in forests and forest margins, with a preference for oak trees. It has been recorded from sea level up to 1,600 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 2.4 million km², and recent surveys have proven that this secretive and nocturnal species is more common than previously thought. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The Shielded Oak Bush-cricket is an Atlantic and west Mediterranean bush-cricket, which is distributed from Portugal in the west to Croatia in the east, the Maghreb in the south and Bretagne (France) in the north (Defaut 1999, Defaut et al. 2009, Massa et al. 2012). It is also present on the Azores, but the origin of this subpopulation is uncertain, and it is likely to be introduced. It is mostly a coastal and lowland species, but in the Apennines, on Corsica and Sicily it is also found in montane areas. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 2.4 million km².","Cyrtaspis scutata is a nocturnal secretive species, although recent surveys with ultrasounds detectors have proven that the species is often much more common than previously known and it has been discovered at six French departments since 2010. There is no information available on the population size and trend of the species.","Cyrtaspis scutata is an arboricolous species that lives on deciduous trees in forests and forest margins and seems to prefer oak species (Quercus pubescens, Quercus cerris, Quercus ilex, Quercus robur). It can be a xenothropic species, and it can be present in urban parks and gardens. It occurs from sea level to 1,600 m altitude.","Local subpopulations are impacted by deforestation, urbanisation and several local development projects. The species may also be affected by the increasing numbers of wildfires.","There are no conservation actions in place for Cyrtaspis scutata, although it occurs in Spanish and French National parks and in several protected areas throughout its range.Cyrtaspis scutata was assessed as Least Concern in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Monnerat, C., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Cyrtaspis,tuberculata,,Cyrtaspis tuberculata,"Barranco, 2005",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Warty Oak Bush-cricket (Cyrtaspis tuberculata) is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of data on its distribution, population trend and the threats to its population. Further research is needed in order to assess its extinction risk.",Unknown,"The Warty Oak Bush-cricket is restricted to the southwestern Iberian Peninsula, where it has been found in the provinces of Málaga and Huelva in Spain (Barranco 2005, Llucià Pomares and Quiñones Alarcón 2013) and Algarve in Portugal (F. Barros pers. comm. 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 23,000 km².","There is no information on the population trend of this species. It is difficult to detect and the subpopulations appear to be small (Barranco 2005, Llucià Pomares and Quiñones Alarcón 2013).","This species has been observed in areas with wild olive and pine forest (Pinus pinaster) mixed with shrubs of Pistacia lentiscus and Cistus ladanifer, as well as in humid habitats (Llucià Pomares and Quiñones Alarcón 2013). In the Algarve it seems to be confined to shrubs of Quercus coccifera. It has been found at altitudes between 25 m and 650 m Asl.",The threats to this species in Spain are unknown. The major threats in Algarve (Portugal) is deforestation of Quercus coccifera groves.,"No specific conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed on the threats to this species, as well as on its population trend, distribution and ecology.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Ferreira, S., Barranco Vega, P., Clemente, M., Correas, J., García, M., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B., Presa, J.J. & Prunier, F.","Barros, F. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Decorana,decorata,,Decorana decorata,"(Fieber, 1853)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Decorated Bush-cricket (Decorana decorata) is known from North Africa (Morocco) and the southwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula. Recent records exist only from Portugal. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though the information on its distribution is far from complete, it is believed to be widespread in the southwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula and it can reach high abundances locally. More research is needed on its distribution, population size, trend and threats.",Unknown,"The Decorated Bush-cricket is known from North Africa (Morocco) and the southwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal, Spain; Heller 2013). However, its distribution is not entirely clear and recent records exist only from Portugal. Its known extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 12,100 km².","This species can reach high abundances locally. Declines may occur locally, but it is unknown whether this reflects a general trend.",This species is found in grassland habitats including pastures and road verges (among others). It feeds on grass seeds.,The major threat to this species is transformation of its habitat into farmland. It may also be affected by wildfires (J. Gutiérrez-Rodríguez pers. comm. 2016).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed on the distribution, population size, trend and threats.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, J., Lemos, P., Ferreira, S., Barranco Vega, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Prunier, F., Odé, B. & Correas, J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Decorana,drepanensis,,Decorana drepanensis,"(Massa, Fontana & Buzzetti, 2006)",,Yes,CR,"B2ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Trapani Bush-cricket (Decorana drepanensis) is endemic to north-western Sicily, in Italy. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since itsarea of occupancy (AOO) is only 8 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals due to fires and human disturbances.The habitats where the species is present should be protected and further research into the population size and trend is needed.",Decreasing,"The Trapani Bush-cricket is endemic to north-western Sicily, in Italy (Massa et al. 2012), and it is only known from two localities. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².","This is a rare species and the population appears to be fluctuating from year to year. A continuing decline in the population size is inferred from the ongoing threats. The two known localities are very isolated from each other, and this species is flightless. The population is considered severely fragmented since these small, isolated subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.",It lives in grassland and salt marshes where it hides in dense vegetation. Adults appear in summer and autumn.,The coastal subpopulation is present at the edge of a protected area and is also close to an industrial area prone to human disturbances. Both subpopulations have been affected by fires.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. The habitats where the species is present should be protected and further research into the population size and trend is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Fontana, P., Hochkirch, A., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M. & Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Decorana,incerta,,Decorana incerta,"(Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Uncertain Decorated Bush-cricket (Decorana incerta) occurs on the southern Balkan Peninsula, in Anatolia and in Syria. In Europe it is found in the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, very common, and the population trend is assumed to be stable.",Stable,"The Uncertain Decorated Bush-cricket occurs on the southern Balkan Peninsula, in Anatolia and in Syria (Harz 1969). In Europe it is found from southern Albania, Macedonia and Bulgaria to Crete, Rhodes, European Turkey and the southernmost part of Serbia (S. Ivkovic, unpublished data). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 800,000 km², and ca 760,000 km² in the EU 28.","In Greece, European Turkey, southern Bulgaria and southern Macedonia this species is widely distributed (D. Chobanov, D. Sirin  and M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). Subpopulations are usually large and well connected. It is assumed to have a stable population size (D. Chobanov and D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). On Cyprus the species is rare with only one known subpopulation, but more might be discovered in the future (J. Tumbrinck pers. comm. 2015).",This species occurs in dry scrub and grassland but could also be found in sparse dry forests and cultivated areas (D. Chobanov and D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015).,This species might be threatened by wildfires (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Tumbrinck, J., Sirin, D., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Decticus,albifrons,,Decticus albifrons,"(Fabricius, 1775)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Mediterranean Wart-biter (Decticus albifrons) occurs from the Azores, Canary Islands and north Africa via the Mediterranean part of Europe and the Near East to the Caucasus and Iran. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in Europe and common, and its population trend is increasing.",Increasing,"The Mediterranean Wart-biter occurs from the Azores, Canary Islands and north Africa via the Mediterranean part of Europe and the Near East to the Caucasus and Iran (Harz 1969). In Europe, it is found on the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands, throughout the Mediterranean to northwestern France (Pays de la Loire) and northern Italy in the north, and eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 10.7 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 1.5 million km².","This species is widespread and very common (D. Chobanov, D. Morin and J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016). It has been reported as a pest as it can reach high densities (D. Morin pers. comm. 2016) and sometimes form small swarms (Massa et al. 2012). This species therefore shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It therefore undergoes extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals in parts of its range. The population trend seems to be increasing (I. Iorgu and D. Morin pers. comm. 2016).","This species lives in warm habitats with high vegetation such as farmland, grassland with bushes, scrubland, wasteland, ruderal vegetation and dunes (Olmo-Vidal 2002, Massa et al. 2012).","This species may be locally affected by the use of pesticides and overgrazing (I. Iorgu, S. Ivkovic and O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016). It may also be affected by abandonment in the long term due to natural succession to forests (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for the species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its global population trend is required.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Iorgu, I.S., Korsunovskaya, O., Presa, J.J., Chobanov, D.P., Ivkovic, S., Skejo, J. Skejo, Morin, D., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Decticus,aprutianus,,Decticus aprutianus,"Capra, 1936",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Abruzzo Wart-biter (Decticus aprutianus) is endemic to Italy and is found in the central and southern Apennines. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and no major threats to it have been reported. However, since this species might consist of three different species, further taxonomic research is needed.",Stable,"The Abruzzo Wart-biter is endemic to Italy and is found in the central and southern Apennines (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 18,200 km².","There is no data on population sizes, and the population trend is unknown. Subpopulations in the south are fragmented.","This large bush-cricket lives in montane and alpine grassland and open areas of beech forests, mostly associated to the herbs Brachypodium pinnatum, Galega officinalis and Picris hieracoides. Adults can be found in summer at elevations between 1,200 m and 2,180 m asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in nature reserves. More research on its taxonomy is needed as it seems to comprise three different species. The population trend and threats should be studied.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Fontana, P., Hochkirch, A., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M. & Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Decticus,loudoni,,Decticus loudoni,"Ramme, 1933",,Yes,VU,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,VU,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Apulian Wart-biter (Decticus loudoni) is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the Apulia region. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence is ca 14,400 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the AOO, the number of sub-populations, the number of mature individuals, and in the extent and quality of its habitat. The major threat to this species is increasing agricultural land-use (transformation of steppe habitat into farmland) and increasing sheep grazing pressure on the remaining steppes. More research is needed into the population trend and threats, and the habitat trends should be monitored. Its habitat needs better protection and habitat management needs to be adjusted to avoid any future population declines. In addition, destroyed habitat should be restored.",Decreasing,"The Apulian Wart-biter is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the Apulia region (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 14,400 km².",The population trend of this species is decreasing. Subpopulations of this flightless species are very small and isolated with little genetic exchange between them. The population is considered to be severely fragmented.,This species lives in dry steppic habitat. Adults can be found in summer at elevations between 70 m and 250 m asl.,This species is threatened by the increase of agricultural activities. Its natural habitat is being increasingly transformed into cultivated farmland. The remaining parts are also increasingly grazed by sheep.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. More research is needed into the population trend and threats, and the habitat trends should be monitored. Its habitat needs better protection and habitat management needs to be adjusted to avoid any future population declines. In addition, destroyed habitat should be restored.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M. & Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Decticus,verrucivorus,,Decticus verrucivorus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Wart-biter (Decticus verrucivorus) occurs from Portugal and southern England to the Russian Far East, and is very widespread in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a very wide distribution, is common in the eastern part of Europe and has a large population size. However, it has declined in the northwestern part of Europe (UK, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany) and declines have also been reported from central Europe. Further research into its global population trend is required.",Decreasing,"The Common Wart-biter occurs from Portugal and southern England to the Russian Far East (Harz 1969). In Europe the species is found from the northern half of the Iberian Peninsula, Sardinia and the Peloponnesus in the south to central Finland in the north and to the Urals up to 64 degrees North (European Russia) in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 11.7 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 1.7 million km².","This species is declining in large parts of northwestern and central Europe (Borkowski 1999, Fedor 2001, Zechner et al. 2005, Bakker et al. 2015, Sutton 2015). In southern France and Italy the species has been reported as a pest in the past (Samways and Lockwood 1998). The overall population size is very large.","This species occurs in dry to damp grassland and heathland habitats, roadside verges as well as in abandoned farmland. In the northern part of its range it prefers areas with a heterogeneous vegetation including higher vegetation, herb-rich turf and areas of bare ground (Cherrill and Brown 1990, Schuhmacher and Fartmann 2003, Sutton 2015). At northern latitudes the species prefers south-facing slopes (Hjermann and Ims 1996). In the Alps the species is mainly found on short grass meadows (Guido and Gianelle 2001). Eggs are usually laid in short, sparse turf (Cherrill and Brown 1992).","This species is threatened by intensive agriculture including the use of fertilisers, drainage, and by the transformation of its habitat into farmland (Detzel 1998, Borkowski 1999, Bieringer 2009). Abandonment of extensive grazing regimes is the major threat to this species in the northwestern part of its range (Detzel 1998, Wallaschek et al. 2004, Bieringer 2009, Sutton 2015).","This species is listed as Critically Endangered in Belgium (Lock et al. 2011), Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003), the Netherlands (Bakker et al. 2015), Endangered in the UK (Sutton 2015), Vulnerable in Germany (Maas et al. 2011), Near Threatened in Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007) and Austria (Berg et al. 2005), and as Least Concern in Denmark and France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Due to its threatened status in the northwestern part of its range it is subject to conservation action. In England the species has been managed by a species recovery programme and successfully translocated to new sites (Sutton 2015). In the Netherlands, habitat management was implemented to support the last remaining subpopulation. In Baden-Württemberg (Germany) the species belongs to the 111 priority species for conservation. It occurs in several protected areas. Research into its global population trend is required. The taxonomic status of some subspecies needs to be clarified.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R. & Chobanov, D.P.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Dericorys,carthagonovae,,Dericorys carthagonovae,"Bolívar, 1877",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Iberian Crested Grasshopper (Dericorys carthagonovae) is listed as Endangered (EN) as it has a limited area of occupancy (96-500 km²) with a severely fragmented population and a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. The species is threatened by several factors, including urbanisation, touristic and commercial development, destruction of its habitat due to agricultural land use as well as irrigation measures. Habitat protection and water management are needed to preserve this species.",Decreasing,"The Iberian Crested Grasshopper (Dericorys carthagonovae) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it is only found in southeastern Spain (in the Alicante, Granada, Almería and Murcia provinces; Verdú et al. 2011). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 30,000 km². Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 96 km², and the maximum estimate is lower than 500 km².","Subpopulations of this species are very small and the population is severely fragmented (Verdú et al. 2011), as all localities are isolated from each other and subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. There is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals.","The species is found in arid Mediterranean vegetation and on salty or brackish ground (Verdú et al. 2011). Its elevation range is 0 - 1,000 m.","The major threats to this species are the degradation and transformation of its habitat into touristic areas, industrial and commercial areas, road construction, the conversion to agricultural sites and irrigation measures (Verdú et al. 2011).","The species occurs in protected areas. Habitat protection and particularly the preservation of a natural water regime are needed to preserve this species (Verdú et al. 2011). Furthermore, there is a need for more information of its population trend, threats and ecology.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B.","Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., García, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Lemos, P. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Dericorys,lobata,,Dericorys lobata,"(Brullé, 1840)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Canarian Crested Grasshopper (Dericorys lobata) has a narrow distributional range (with an extent of occurrence of c. 4,500 km² for Europe), but it is quite widespread within its range and there is no indication of a continuing decline. The species is a good flyer and its population is therefore not considered severely fragmented. It has thus been assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The Canarian Crested Grasshopper is known from Fuerteventura and Lanzarote (Canary Islands, Spain) as well as from Morocco (Hochkirch 2003, Husemann and Hochkirch 2007). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 4,500 km².","Dericorys lobata is quite widespread on Fuerteventura and Lanzarote  (Hochkirch 2003, Husemann and Hochkirch 2007). Even though the subpopulations are usually small, they are probably well connected as the species is a good flyer. The population trend is unknown.",Dericorys lobata is found in open sandy or rocky areas. It particularly requires the existence of its food plants (Chenopodiaceae).,The major threat to this species are touristic development and urbanisation.,"No specific conservation action for this species exists, but it occurs in several protected areas throughout its range. More information on its population trend is required. Furthermore, there is a need for taxonomic research to clarify the status of the subspecies and the genetic relationship to the North African subpopulations.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Dericorys,minutus,,Dericorys minutus,"Chopard, 1954",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Gran Canaria Crested Grasshopper (Dericorys minutus) was originally described from Maspalomas on Gran Canaria, where it has not been recorded again since 1949. Occasional searches during the last years were unsuccessful at this site, so that it is quite likely that the species is regionally extinct in this area. However, it has recently been re-discovered in the north of Gran Canaria. More intense searches are needed to clarify whether the species still occurs elsewhere on the island. The only known remaining subpopulation is highly threatened by construction of houses. Based upon its small extent of occurrence and area of occupancy, its continuing decline on habitat area and number of mature individuals, and the fact that only one location is known, the species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR). Immediate protection of its habitat as well as research on its ecology and population trend and monitoring of its status is needed.",Decreasing,"The Gran Canaria Crested Grasshopper is endemic to Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain), from which it is only known from a single locality in the north of the island (Sardina del Norte, near Gáldar), where it was recently rediscovered (H. López pers. comm. 2016). It was originally described from a single specimen found at the beach of Maspalomas (Chopard 1954), where it was never found again. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 4 and 10 km², the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 to 8 km².","In the south of Gran Canaria, the species has not been found since 1949 and is probably extinct. Recently the species has been rediscovered in the north of the island. As the only known locality is strongly affected by the construction of houses, a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred.","The ecology of this species has not been studied. It is likely to prefer coastal open habitats with scarce vegetation, although its habitat preferences are not clear as the species has been only recently re-discovered. Its next relatives are specialised on Chenopodiaceae as food plants.","The species has probably gone extinct near Maspalomas as a consequence of the destruction of its habitat caused by touristic development. The recently discovered second site is threatened by the construction of houses. Based on this threat, the species occurs only at one location.","For the recently discovered subpopulation near Sardina del Norte, conservation action needs to be implemented immediately. Particularly, the habitat needs to be protected from further  deterioration. Research on its population size, population trend and  ecology is urgently needed. Furthermore, a monitoring program needs to be  implemented. It also should be studied if the species has survived elsewhere at the coast of Gran Canaria. The species is not present in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A. & López, H.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Dericorys,tibialis,,Dericorys tibialis,"(Pallas, 1773)",,No,NT,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

In Europe, the Eastern Crested Grasshopper (Dericorys tibialis) is only known from the lower Volga region (Russia), where it inhabits loamy semi-desert and the shores of Lake Baskunchak and Lake Elton. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe since its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,800 km², its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 50 and 100 km², and the population is severely fragmented (only two subpopulations are known with a distance of more than 100 km between them); thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. More research into its population size and trend, ecology and threats is needed. This species does not occur in the EU 28, and is therefore Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Unknown,"The Eastern Crested Grasshopper is distributed in West and Central Asia, including the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Iraq, Iran and northern Afghanistan (Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1963). In Europe it is only known from the lower Volga region, in southern Russia, where it is found at Lake Baskunchak and Lake Elton (Savitsky 2002, Heller 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 3,800 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 50 and 100 km².","Information on the population size and trend of this species is not available. According to Savitsky (2002) it is common near Lake Baskunchak, but it is rare at Lake Elton (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). However, the subpopulations are usually small and due to the large distance between them the population is considered to be severely fragmented.","The species has been found in loamy desert-like habitats in the Volga area (Savitsky 2002), where it is common in areas dominated by Anabasis aphylla at the shore of the salt lake Lake Baskunchak.",The threats to the species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population size and trend, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Vedenina, V., Pushkar, T., Szovenyi, G., Willemse, L.P.M., Sirin, D., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Kristin, A. & Skejo, J. Skejo","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Diestrammena,asynamora,,Diestrammena asynamora,"(Adelung, 1902)",,No,,,No,,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)

The Greenhouse Camel-cricket (Diestrammena asynamora) has been introduced to Europe (probably from East Asia). The species is common in greenhouses but not native to Europe. Therefore, it is assessed as Not Applicable.",Increasing,"The Greenhouse Camel-cricket has been introduced to Europe and is found in greenhouses in many European cities. It was originally described from the Botanical Garden in St. Petersburg but probably originates from East Asia (Japan, China) (Detzel 1998).",The population of this introduced species is increasing in Europe as it is frequently spread among greenhouses.,"In Europe, the species is only found in greenhouses.","As the species is introduced in Europe, there are no major threats to it.",No conservation action is necessary for this species. It does not occur in any protected areas.,The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Dociostaurus,brevicollis,,Dociostaurus brevicollis,"(Eversmann, 1848)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Intermediate Cross-backed Grasshopper (Dociostaurus brevicollis) has a wide distribution from Austria and Croatia to Rhodes in the south and to Kazakhstan and southwestern Siberia in the east. In Europe this species occurs from Austria and the Czech Republic to the European part of Turkey and eastern European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and still very common on the Balkan Peninsula, sometimes even showing outbreaks. In addition, it has recently also started to increase in the northwestern part of its range.",Unknown,"The Intermediate Cross-backed Grasshopper has a wide distribution from Austria and Croatia to Rhodes in the south and to Kazakhstan and southwestern Siberia in the east (Harz 1975). In Europe this species occurs from Austria and the Czech Republic to the European part of Turkey and eastern European Russia (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 4.3 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 1.2 million km².","This species is common in Romania  (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008), Bulgaria (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015), Albania and Macedonia (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015), but rare in the European part of Turkey (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). It is known to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals, sometimes forming pests (Nagy 1994). A decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals has been reported from the northern range border (Karner-Ranner 2009), but during recent years it has started to increase again (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015). The overall population trend is unknown.","This species is found in dry, sandy habitats with scarce vegetation, such as steppes, sand dunes and salt lakes as well as artificial habitats with similar vegetation structure (Karner-Ranner 2009). It has a preference for short vegetation (Batáry et al. 2007) and benefits from mowing (Nagy and Kisfali 2007). At the northern edge of the range it is usually associated with sandy habitats (Kristin et al. 2004). The species also occurs at forest edges and clearings (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015).","The major threat to this species is transformation of its habitats into farmland and forests (A. Kristin pers. comm. 2015). In the Czech Republic, the sandy habitat is being overgrown by Calamagrostis grasses (J. Holusa pers. comm. 2015). The species is found on overgrazed sites (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015), suggesting that it is not very sensitive to changes in grazing regimes.","This species is found in the austrohungarian National Park ""Neusiedler See - Seewinkel"", where it benefits from habitat transformation from farmland and vineyards into pastures. Extensive grazing is the most important management action for this species (T. Zuna-Kratky, pers. comm. 2015). In Hungary the species is also common in intensively managed grassland (Batáry et al. 2007). In the Czech Republic the habitat was managed by scraping grasses with a bulldozer (J. Holusa pers. comm. 2015). More research into its population trend is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Szovenyi, G., Holusa, J., Zuna-Kratky, T., Kristin, A., Sirin, D., Savitsky, V., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Pushkar, T. & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Dociostaurus,crassiusculus,,Dociostaurus crassiusculus,"(Pantel, 1886)",,No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
The Stout Cross-backed Grasshopper (Dociostaurus crassiusculus) has three subspecies, and only the nominal form is found in Europe, where it is present in central Spain. The other two subspecies are found in Central Asia. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic area (area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 500 km²), the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in extent and quality of the the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. Habitat protection and restoration are needed to preserve this species. Additionally, research is required into its population trend and threats.",Decreasing,"The Stout Cross-backed Grasshopper has three subspecies, and only the nominal form is found in Europe, where it is present in central Spain. It is distributed within Albacete, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Madrid, Toledo and Valladolid provinces. The other two subspecies are found in Central Asia. This species' known area of occupancy (AOO) is 64 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km² and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 66,000 km².","This species is rare and seems to have declined as a result of changes in water regimes. The population trend is inferred to be decreasing due to the continuing decline in the habitat quality. The population considered to be severely fragmented, since the subpopulations are very small and isolated with probably little of no genetic exchange between them. In addition, this grasshopper has very specific habitat requirements and it is not able to fly long distances.","This species is found in dry steppes, saline and gypsum sites with scarce and low scrub of Helianthemun, Suaeda and Lavandula species, and low dry pastureland (García et al. 2005) at altitudes between 680 m and 1,200 m Asl. There is an observed continuing decline in this habitat.",This species can be affected by drying of the soil and water extraction. General changes in the water regime can also affect this species (J.R. Correas pers. comm. 2016).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for the species, but it is present within some protected areas. Protection and restoration of salty marshes is needed to preserve this species. Additionally, research is required into its population trend and threats.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Dociostaurus,genei,,Dociostaurus genei,"(Ocskay, 1832)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Western Cross-backed Grasshopper (Dociostaurus genei) is widespread in the Mediterranean region. While it is mainly present in coastal habitats (dunes) in Italy and France, it is more common in montane areas on the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and the population size is probably large.",Unknown,"The Western Cross-backed Grasshopper is found in southern Europe from the Iberian Peninsula, southern France and Italy to the Balkans (Heller 2013). It is also found in Anatolia (Turkey), the Near East and north Africa. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 7.7 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 2.6 million km².",This species is common in the centre of its range (southwestern Mediterranean). In Italy the species is quite widespread but has small local subpopulations (Massa et al. 2012). In Spain the species can locally be one of the most abundant species (Aragón et al. 2012). The overall population trend is unknown but the population size is probably large.,"The species occurs in dry open habitats, particularly in coastal dunes and open grassland but also in wasteland and on rocky slopes (Massa et al. 2012). While it is mainly found in coastal regions in Italy and France, it is more common in the montane areas on the Iberian Peninsula. It has been recorded from sea level up to 2,500 m Asl (Garcia et al. 2005).",This grasshopper may be locally threatened by the destruction of its habitat due to touristic and industrial development and urbanisation in coastal regions.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend, threats and ecology is needed. Better protection of its habitat (dunes) is necessary in Italy.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R. & Chobanov, D.P.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Dociostaurus,hispanicus,,Dociostaurus hispanicus,"Bolívar, 1898",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Iberian Cross-backed Grasshopper (Dociostaurus hispanicus) is endemic to Spain. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 132 km², with an upper estimate of 1,500 km², and the population severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Further research is needed into the distribution, population trends and threats to this species.",Unknown,"The Iberian Cross-backed Grasshopper is endemic to central Spain and is found in the provinces of Cáceres, Ciudad Real, Madrid and Salamanca. Additional references exist forJaén, Cuenca, Toledo and Valladolid (García et al. 2005). This species' known area of occupancy (AOO) is 132 km², with an upper estimate of 1,500 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 68,000 km².","There is no available information on the population size and trend of this species, although it is certainly rare. Subpopulations appear to be small and isolated. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented.","This species occurs in dry habitats, mainly dry pastures and low and sparse shrubs (García et al. 2005). It is also found on bare soil in open areas (J.R. Correas pers. comm. 2016).",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs within some protected areas. Further research is needed into the distribution, population trends and threats to this species.",This species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Dociostaurus,jagoi,,Dociostaurus jagoi,"Soltani, 1978",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Jago's Cross-backed Grasshopper (Dociostaurus jagoi) occurs with two subspecies from the western and eastern Mediterranean to the Middle East. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and quite common in dry grassland habitats, coastal dunes, wasteland and rocky slopes.",Unknown,"Jago's Cross-backed Grasshopper occurs in the western Mediterranean (the subspecies Dociostaurus j. occidentalis) and eastern Mediterranean to the Middle East (the subspecies Dociostaurus j. jagoi). It is found on the Iberian Peninsula, in southern France, on Corsica and Sardinia as well as on Cyprus and the Greek Dodecanese Islands to Iran (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 3.7 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 3 million km².","This species is very common in some areas and can be one of the most abundant grasshopper species (Boitier et al. 2006, Llucià-Pomares and Fernández-Ortín 2009). The population trend is unknown.","This species is quite common in dry grassland habitats (Garcia et al. 2005). It also lives in coastal dunes, wasteland and rocky slopes (Massa et al. 2012). It occurs from sea level up to 2,000 m Asl (Pardo and Gómez 1995).","The species might be locally affected by transformation of its habitat into farmland, the use of pesticides and land abandonment.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into the taxonomic status of its subspecies is needed. Furthermore, there is a need for research into its population trend, ecology and threats.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Kristin, A. & Kleukers, R.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Dociostaurus,kraussi,,Dociostaurus kraussi,"(Ingenizkij, 1897)",,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

In Europe, Krauss' Cross-backed Grasshopper (Dociostaurus kraussi) is only known from southern and eastern European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it often occurs in high abundance (sometimes even becomes a pest), and  no major threats to it have been reported. This grasshopper does not occur in the EU 28 and is therefore Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Unknown,"Krauss' Cross-backed Grasshopper occurs from Anatolia and the Caucasus to southwest Siberia (Harz 1975). In Europe this species occurs in the southern and eastern European Russia. This species was also reported from Bulgaria but a re-examination of the specimens showed that they were misidentified and were instead specimens of Dociostaurus brevicollis (Chobanov 2009). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 373,000 km².","This species is common in southern Russia (Savitsky 2009), and it occasionally becomes a pest (Harz 1975). It shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015), but the overall population trend is unknown.","The species is found in loamy semi-deserts preferring habitats with scarce vegetation and soils with low salinity (Savitsky 2000). It is mainly found in wormwood and pyrethrum communities, where it feeds on grasses and Artemisia spp. (Savitsky 2010).",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend and threats is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Vedenina, V., Savitsky, V., Sirin, D., Willemse, L.P.M., Chobanov, D.P., Szovenyi, G., Pushkar, T., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M. & Skejo, J. Skejo","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Dociostaurus,maroccanus,,Dociostaurus maroccanus,"(Thunberg, 1815)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Moroccan Cross-backed Grasshopper (Dociostaurus maroccanus) is widespread in the southern part of Europe, reaching the Canary Islands in the southwest and southern France and Hungary in the north. Outside of Europe it is also found in north Africa, the Near East and Central Asia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very common, sometimes even reported as a pest, and its population size is very large.",Unknown,"The Moroccan Cross-backed Grasshopper is widespread in the southern part of Europe, reaching the Canary Islands in the southwest and southern France and Hungary in the north. Outside of Europe it is also found in north Africa, the Near East and Central Asia (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 7.8 million km², in the EU 28 it is ca 7.5 million km².","This species is known to produce outbreaks from time to time (Nagy 1994, Latchininsky 1998, Massa et al. 2012), therefore it shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. However, outbreaks of this species have generally become rare (Latchininsky 1998). The population size is very large but the overall population trend is unknown.",The species lives in dry steppic grasslands and similar dry habitats (Massa et al. 2012).,"As the species is considered a pest species, pesticides are used to control it. The species may also be threatened by transformation of its habitat into farmland (Latchininsky 1998).","There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J., Rutschmann, F., Szovenyi, G. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Dociostaurus,minutus,,Dociostaurus minutus,"La Greca, 1962",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Sicilian Cross-backed Grasshopper (Dociostaurus minutus) is endemic to Sicily in Italy, and is only found along the south-east coastal dunes. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,240 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km²), it occurs at between three and five locations, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the AOO, habitat quality, number of sub-populations and in the number of mature individuals due to the development of the coastal region for tourism - which is degrading the habitat and further fragmenting the subpopulations of this grasshopper. This is further aggravated by the poor dispersal capabilities of this species (owing to its small size and its inability to fly). The species is also threatened by the establishment of green houses and the use of pesticides. Site and habitat protection are needed to prevent future losses. Full surveying of the subpopulations is needed to determine the population size, and further research on the threats is also recommended.",Decreasing,"The Sicilian Cross-backed Grasshopper is endemic to the island of Sicily in Italy, and is only found along the south-east coastal dunes (Massa et al. 2012). It is known from only five small sites, although recent surveys have failed to find any individuals at two of these sites (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,240 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km².","The population size of this species is unknown, but there is an inferred continuing decline in the population due to the destruction of the habitat.",This species is restricted to coastal dunes with various species of forbs and grasses and is found from sea level up to 10 m asl. It has poor dispersal capabilities owing to its small size and its inability to fly.,"Human development along the coastal region is the major threat to this species, particularly the development of greenhouses and touristic infrastructure, as well as human disturbance. Development also prevents the species from recolonising areas it once occupied. The use of pesticides in greenhouses also poses a threat to this species. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of these threats and the restricted distribution of this species, this grasshopper is considered to occur at between 3 and 5 locations.","Currently, there are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected areas. Site and habitat protection are needed to prevent future losses. Full surveying of the sub-populations is needed to determine the population size, and further research on the threats is also recommended. Awareness needs to be increased through local education about this endemic species to Sicily.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M. & Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Dociostaurus,tartarus,,Dociostaurus tartarus,"Uvarov, 1921",,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

In Europe, the Desert Cross-backed Grasshopper is only known from the Lower Volga region. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is common, the subpopulations are usually large and no major threats to it have been reported. This species does not occur in the EU 28 and is therefore Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Unknown,"The Desert Cross-backed Grasshopper occurs from the Lower Volga region via Central Asia to Afghanistan (Chobanov 2009). In Europe, this species only occurs in the Lower Volga region in southern European Russia (Heller 2013) and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 85,000 km².",This species is common in the Lower Volga region and usually reaches high abundances (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). Its overall population trend is unknown.,"This grasshopper is found in sandy desert habitats with Artemisia spp. and tamarisk vegetation (Kalacheva 2005, Savitsky 2009). It has been observed feeding on Artemisia and grasses (Savitsky 2010, Savitsky et al. 2013).",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no conservation measures in place for the species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Vedenina, V., Pushkar, T., Szovenyi, G., Willemse, L.P.M., Sirin, D., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Kristin, A. & Skejo, J. Skejo","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,aegilion,,Dolichopoda aegilion,"Baccetti, 1977",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Giglio Cave Cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only found in one cave on the island of Giglio. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km²), it occurs at only one location, and recreational activities in the cave - which is a tourist attraction with lights and guided tours - could drive this cave cricket to become Critically Endangered in the near future. Further research is needed to improve our knowledge on the population trends and threats. Care must be taken that the cave remains in a natural state.",Unknown,"The Giglio Cave Cricket is endemic to Italy, being known only from the island of Giglio in the Tuscan archipelago (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².",There is no available data on the population size and population trend.,This species resides in a cave.,"This species is restricted to one cave and susceptible to threatening events, particularly related to recreational activities. The cave is a tourist attraction with lights and guided tours. Taking into account the effects of recreational activities and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but the cave is located in a protected area (Parco Nazionale dell'Arcipelago Toscano). More research into its population trend and threats is required. Care must be taken that the cave remains in a natural state.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,annae,,Dolichopoda annae,"Boudou-Saltet, 1973",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Larissa Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda annae) is known from four caves in Thessalia, in the Greek mainland. This species assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 320 km², known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km²), and occurs at only four locations - thus making this cave-cricket close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. In addition, this species is threatened by limestone quarrying and a quarry is found close to one of the caves, which may drive this species to become Endangered rapidly. It is necessary to increase our knowledge about the distribution of this species as well as its population size, ecology and threats.",Unknown,"The Larissa Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it has been described from a cave in the Larissa region without more details as to the exact location of the cave - this species was collected there in 1971. It is possible that an earlier finding from Mt. Ossa also refers to this species (Boudou-Saltet 1973b, Willemse 1984). Recently, this cave-cricket has been reported from three other caves in the same area (Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 320 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².","Neither the population size nor the population trend are known. Assuming that the major threat (quarrying) would affect each cave separately, the number of locations is four.",The species occurs in caves.,Cave crickets are mainly affected by limestone quarrying. Some quarries are situated close to caves where the species resides.,"No specific conservation measures exist for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. The most important conservation action required right now is to increase our knowledge about the distribution of this species as well as the population size, ecology and threats.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,araneiformis,,Dolichopoda araneiformis,"(Burmeister, 1838)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Spidery Cave-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) as the species has a large population size and no declines are inferred.",Unknown,"The Spidery Cave-cricket is known from Dinaric Croatia from Velebit to the south, including southwestern Bosnia and Herzegovina and the northern coast of Montenegro (Karaman 1958, G. Szövenyi unpublished data, J. Skejo unpublished data). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 25,000 km² in pan-Europe and c. 16,000 km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is c. 200-500 km² in pan-Europe and 150-400 km² in the EU 28.",The population is large and many localities are known. The population trend is unknown.,"The Spidery Cave-cricket is a troglophilous species, which is usually found in caves between 1-600 m Asl. Similarly to other troglophiles it inhabits also humid forests, where it stays on leaf litter and in tree or soil hollows during the day and is active at night.","In Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Montenegro the caves where this species lives are filled up with garbage, which poses a threat to this species.",There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. It is currently well protected in Croatia as all caves are under protection in this country. Research on its taxonomy and population trend is needed.,This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,azami,,Dolichopoda azami,"Saulcy, 1893",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Azam's Cave-cricket is an endemic cave-cricket from the southwestern Alps (French South Alps and Italian Piedmont, Liguria and Lombardia), that inhabits various dark habitats with a stable temperature regime and high hygroscopy (caves, forest and rocky areas, ruins, etc.) between 120 and 1,940 m altitude. Recent monitoring schemes indicate that the species is rather common (except in the eastern part of its area: D. a. septentrionalis). There are no major threats to the species and its extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 41,000 km². Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"Azam's Cave-cricket is widespread in France (South Alps) and in Italy (Piedmont, Liguria and Lombardia) (Massa et al. 2012, Allegrucci et al. 2014). It is a sub-mountainous and mountainous species, occurring at altitudes between 120 and 1,940 m. Three subspecies are recognised: D. azami azami Saulcy, 1893 (which is widespread in southeastern France), D. azami ligustica Baccetti & Capra, 1959 (which is widespread in southern Piedmont, north-western Liguria and the French part of Roya valley) and D. azami septentrionalis Baccetti & Capra, 1959 (which has the northernmost distribution and it is limited to a small area in Val di Lanzo valley, close to Turin, and in some easternmost caves close to Bergamo). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 41,000 km².","Dolichopoda azami is a discrete species which is rarely observed during diurnal prospection. Numerous new localities of this species in France have been recorded as part of nocturnal investigations and collaborations with biospeologists. The species seems to be common in Italy and France (Defaut et al. 2009, Massa et al. 2012), except in the north-western and in the eastern parts of its range (Lombardia). There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.","Dolichopoda azami is a troglophile species, living during the day in various dark habitats with a stable temperature regime and high humidity, such as rocky forests, caves, fissures in bridges or aqueducts, ruins or disused buildings. This flightless species is active at night. Specimens can be more easily observed on open areas (rocks, cliffs) or paved roads.","Dolichopoda azami mainly lives in rocky or endogean habitats. Direct human threats are rare, localised and not believed to have significant impacts on the species. There are no major threats to the species.","There are no specific conservation actions in place for Dolichopoda azami, although it is present in protected areas throughout its range. The species was assessed as ""priority 3"" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research on the population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,baccettii,,Dolichopoda baccettii,"Capra, 1957",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"Baccetti's Cave Cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known from Monte Argentino in the province of Grosseto, Italy. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted area of occupancy (AOO) (16 km²) and recreational activities causing habitat degradation and species disturbance could lead the taxon to become Critically Endangered in the near future. More research into its population trend and threats is needed.",Unknown,"Baccetti's Cave Cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known from Monte Argentario in the province of Grosseto, Tuscany. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 50 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 16 km².",There is no available data on the population size and population trend.,This species resides in caves and other natural cavities in the mountains.,The main threats to this species are recreational activities which may lead to ecosystem degradation and species disturbance.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. Research is needed concerning its population trends and threats. The cave needs to be preserved from recreational activities.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,bolivari,,Dolichopoda bolivari,"Chopard, 1916",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Bolivar's Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda bolivari) is endemic to the Huesca and Lleida provinces in northeastern Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although its extent of occurrence (EOO) is small (ca 3,300 km²), subpopulations can be quite large and the population trend is presumed to be stable. However, further research should be undertaken on the threats and population trend of this cave-cricket.",Stable,"Bolivar's Cave-cricket is endemic to the Huesca and Lleida provinces in northeastern Spain (Barranco 2011). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,300 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 96 km² with an upper estimate of 150 km².",The number of individuals in some subpopulations is high (Barranco 2011). The species' population trend is presumed to be stable (P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016).,"This is a cave-dwelling nocturnal species found in shaded and dark areas in walls, vaults, caves and even in abandoned ruins at altitudes between 550 m and 1,540 m Asl (Llucià Pomares 2002, Barranco 2011).","Some caves have been closed and this has altered the conditions inside them, which might affect the species.",There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species even though caves in Spain are considered habitats of community interest. It is not found in any protected areas. Research on the threats and population trend is needed.,This species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,bormansi,,Dolichopoda bormansi,"Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Bormans' Cave-cricket is endemic to Corsica, living on various dark habitats with a stable temperature regime and high hygroscopy (caves, forest and rocky areas, ruins, etc.) between 200 and 1,500 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers over 5,000 km², and the area of occupancy (AOO) is assumed to be between 120 and 2,000 km². Recent surveys show that the species is probably rather common, and no significant threats are currently reported. Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"Dolichopoda bormansi is endemic to Corsica (France) (Defaut 1999, Defaut et al. 2009). It is a sub-mountainous and mountainous species, occurring at altitudes between 200 and 1,500 m, and it is known only from the northern half of central Corsica (Braud et al. 2002, Boitier et al. 2006, Braud and Sardet 2006). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers over 5,000 km², and the area of occupancy (AOO) is assumed to be between 120 and 2,000 km².","Dolichopoda bormansi is a discrete species, rarely observed during diurnal prospections. However, recent nocturnal investigations have recorded new localities (Boitier et al. 2006, Braud and Sardet 2006), and the species seemed to be rather common, About 30 observations from 15 municipalities are currently recorded. There is no information on the population size and trend of the species.","Dolichopoda bormansi is a troglophile species, living during the day in various dark habitats with a stable temperature regime and high humidity, such as rocky forests, caves, fissures on bridges or aqueducts, ruins or disused buildings, etc. (Boitier et al. 2006, Braud and Sardet 2006). The species has been observed under rocks and in the bark of the trees (C. Roesti pers. comm. 2015). This flightless species is active at night, and specimens can be more easily observed on open areas (rocks, cliffs) or paved roads.","Dolichopoda bormansi mainly lives on rocky habitats, which are unlikely to become part of any infrastructure development project. Thus, direct human threats are rare, localised and often do not have significant impacts on the subpopulations.","There are no conservation actions in place for Dolichopoda bormansi, although it is present on protected areas in Corsica. The species was assessed as Data Deficient (DD) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research on its distribution, population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Presa, J.J., Monnerat, C., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,calidnae,,Dolichopoda calidnae,"Rampini & Di Russo, 2012",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Kalymnos Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda calidnae) is endemic to Greece, where it has been described from two caves on the Aegean island of Kalymnos. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km²), it occurs at only two locations and incidents resulting from recreational activities in the caves could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. The touristic exploration of the cave needs to be managed to avoid future population declines, which means that any artificial lights need to be minimized.",Unknown,"The Kalymnos Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it has been described from two caves on the Aegean island of Kalymnos (Rampini et al. 2012). This species' maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is 160 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².","The first discovery of this species was made in 2004, and it is only known from two caves on Kalymnos. Neither the population size nor the population trend are known.",This species lives inside caves.,"Among the sixteen accessible caves on Kalymnos, the two caves where this species has been found are among the three caves considered to be most rewarding to visit, and touristic development is therefore a possible threat. Taking into the account the extent of the effects of the threats and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at two locations.","There are no conservation measures in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected areas. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. The touristic exploration of the cave needs to be managed to avoid future population declines, which means that any artificial lights need to be minimized.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,capreensis,,Dolichopoda capreensis,"Capra, 1968",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Capri Cave Cricket (Dolichopoda capreensis) is a typical wingless cave cricket endemic to Italy, and is only found on the island of Capri, Napoli. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a small area of occupancy (AOO) (4 km²), and recreational activities could drive it to become Critically Endangered in the near future since the island of Capri is a major touristic travel destination. Further research is needed into the population trend and threats.",Unknown,"The Capri Cave Cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the island of Capri off the west coast of Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².",There is no available information on the population size and trend of this species.,This species occurs in a single cave.,The major threats to this species are recreational activities. The island of Capri is a major touristic travel destination.,"There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. The cave where the species lives in is not in a protected area. The cave should be protected. More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,cassagnaui,,Dolichopoda cassagnaui,"Boudou-Saltet, 1971",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Cassagnau's Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda cassagnaui) is endemic to Greece, and it is only known from a single cave in the southern part of the island of Euboea. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has an extremely restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km²), occurs in a single cave, and the expansion of a limestone quarry found 3 km to the north of the cave could drive this species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, the cave needs to be protected in order to avoid any future destruction through quarrying activities.",Unknown,"The Cassagnau's Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and it is only known from a single cave in the southern part of the island of Euboea (Boudou-Saltet 1971). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².",The species is only known from a single cave on the island of Euboea. Neither the population size nor population trend are known.,This species occurs inside caves.,The main threat to this cave-cricket is limestone quarrying.,"No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it is not known to occur in any protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, the cave needs to be protected in order to avoid any future destruction through quarrying activities.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,chopardi,,Dolichopoda chopardi,"Baccetti, 1966",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"Chopard's Cave-cricket is an endemic species to France, from where it is known from the type locality (Tinée valley, 1,700 m altitude) and another locality 50 km away (Vésubie valley, 1,950 m altitude). Like other species in this genus, Dolichopoda chopardi probably lives on caves or other dark habitats with stable temperatures and high humidity. The known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km². As the species is only known from two localities and there is no information on the population size and trend of the species, it is assessed as Data Deficient. Further research is needed to clarify the status of this species.",Unknown,"Chopard's Cave-cricket is an endemic species to France, where it is known from two localities: the Tinée valley (Baccetti 1966) and the Vésubie valley, which is 50 km apart and has been recently recorded (M. Tardy and S. Puissant pers. comm. 2015). Although little is known about Dolichopoda chopardi, it seems to be a high altitude species (1,700 - 1,950 m altitude). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 70 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km² with an upper estimate of 50 km².","Like other cave-crickets, Dolichopoda chopardi is a secretive species and it is assumed to be nocturnal. Besides the type specimen, only one other recent record is known. Unsuccessful surveys were carried out in Tinée valley in 2007. There is no information on the population size and trend of the species.","Dolichopoda chopardi is a troglophile species that probably hides during the day in various dark habitats with stable temperatures and high humidity, such as screes, caves, fissures in bridges or aqueducts, ruins, etc. This flightless species is assumed to be active during the night.","Dolichopoda chopardi probably inhabits mountainous rocky habitats, which are unlikely to become part of any infrastructure development projects. Thus, potential direct human threats are probably rare, localised and do not have significant impacts on the subpopulations.","There are no conservation actions in place for Dolichopoda chopardi. The type locality and the recently discovered new locality (Vésubie valley) are in the buffer zone of the Mercantour National Park, but not in its core zone. The species was assessed as ""priority 1"" (equivalent to Endangered or Critically Endangered) in France by  Sardet and Defaut (2004) because of its small area of occupancy (AOO). More research on its distribution, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Monnerat, C., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,cyrnensis,,Dolichopoda cyrnensis,"Chopard, 1950",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Cymi Cave-cricket is endemic to Corsica, where it inhabits various dark habitats with stable temperatures and high humidity (caves, forest and rocky areas, ruins, etc.), between 450 and 1,500 m altitude. Because it is a nocturnal secretive species, it is easily overlooked. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are relatively small, covering 2,800 km² and 800 km² respectively. However, as the species is rather common and no threat is currently known to affect the species, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"Dolichopoda cyrnensis is an endemic cave-cricket to Corsica (France) (Defaut 1999, Defaut et al. 2009), where it occurs between 450 and 1,500 m altitude in mountainous areas (Braud et al. 2002, Braud and Sardet 2006, Boitier et al. 2006). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 2,800 km², and since there are only 20 localities known, the minimum area of occupancy (AOO) is 80 km² with a maximum estimate below 500 km².","Dolichopoda cyrnensis is a secretive species which is rarely observed during diurnal explorations. Recent nocturnal surveys resulted on the discovery of some new localities (Boitier et al. 2006, Braud and Sardet 2006), where the species seemed to be rather common. According to the information available, Dolichopoda cyrnesis seems rarer than Dolichopoda bormansi (Braud et al. 2002, Barataud 2005). About 20 observations from 9 municipalities are currently recorded. There is no information available on the population size and trend of the species.","Dolichopoda cyrnensis is a troglophile species that lives during the day in various dark habitats with stable temperatures and high humidity, such as rocky forests, caves, fissures in bridges or aqueducts, stone walls, ruins or disused buildings, etc. (Boitier et al. 2006, Braud and Sardet 2006). It is also present along rocky streams, and it has been observed under rocks and wood bark. This flightless species is active at night. Specimens can be more easily observed on open areas (rocks, cliffs) or paved roads.","Dolichopoda cyrnensis mainly inhabits rocky habitats, which are unlikely to be affected by infrastructure development projects. Thus, direct human threats are rare, localised and often without significant impacts on the subpopulations. Currently, no significant threats have been reported.","There are no conservation actions in place for Dolichopoda cyrnensis, and it is not present in protected areas throughout its range.The species was assessed as Data Deficient (DD) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More information on its distribution, population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,dalensi,,Dolichopoda dalensi,"Boudou-Saltet, 1972",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Kefalari Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda dalensi) is endemic to Greece, and it is only known from a single cave in Argolis, the northeastern part of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km²), and human activities could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Other caves in the region need to be investigated to ascertain whether the Kefalari cave is the only cave where the species occurs. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the species' ecology and threats. Proper management of the cave is also needed, particularly concerning the illumination.",Unknown,"The Kefalari Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and it is only known from a single cave in Argolis, the northeastern part of the Peloponnesus (Boudou-Saltet 1972, Rampini et al. 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².",Neither the population size nor the population trend are known. This species is only known from specimens which were collected between 1969 and 2005.,This species lives inside a cave.,"The cave entrances are used for religious, touristic and recreational purposes. They are partly illuminated. It is not known if and to what extent the habitat degradation at the entrances impacts the population.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected areas. Other caves in the region need to be investigated to ascertain whether the Kefalari cave is the only cave where the species occurs. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the species' ecology and threats. Proper management of the cave is also needed, particularly concerning the illumination.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Papapavlou, K., Kati, V., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,gasparoi,,Dolichopoda gasparoi,"Rampini & di Russo, 2008",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Lefkas Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda gasparoi) is only known from a single cave on the island of Lefkada, South of the village of Evgiros, western Greece, where the species has recently (2004) been discovered. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has an extremely restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km²), it is occurs at only one location, and there is a limestone quarry found 1.5 to 2 km southwest of the cave - its expansion could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. The cave needs to be protected, and any limestone quarrying in the region needs to be avoided.",Unknown,"The Lefkas Cave-cricket is only known from a single cave on the island of Lefkada, South of the village of Evgiros, western Greece, where the species has recently (2004) been discovered (Rampini et al. 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².",Neither the population size nor the population trend are known.,This species lives inside a cave.,"The cave in which this species is found seems to be relatively undisturbed. However, there are limestone quarries 1.5 to 2 km southwest of the cave. Taking into account the extent of the effects of quarrying and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","There are no conservation measures in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected areas. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. The cave needs to be protected, and any limestone quarrying in the region needs to be avoided.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,geniculata,,Dolichopoda geniculata,"(Costa, 1860)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Bended Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda geniculata) is endemic to the southern half of Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite widespread for a cave-cricket and subpopulations in artificial habitats are usually larger than those found in natural habitats, suggesting that it is not very sensitive to disturbance. However, subpopulations are small and the population is severely fragmented. It may be locally threatened by limestone quarrying and more research into its distribution, population trend and threats is needed.",Unknown,"The Bended Cave-cricket is endemic to Italy where it is found in the southern half (Massa et al. 2012). A single record exists from southern Switzerland, where the species has probably been introduced (Meier et al. 2013). A unique subspecies (Dolichopoda geniculata pontiana) occurs on the Pontino archipelago (Ponza, Zannone, Palmarola) (Massa et al. 2012).","This species is quite widely distributed in Italy but its population trend is unknown. The subpopulations are usually very small, rarely exceed 1,000 individuals and do not fluctuate significantly (Sbordoni et al. 1987). Subpopulations in artificial habitats are often much larger than those in natural caves. The subpopulations are strongly isolated with no genetic exchange between them (Allegrucci et al. 2011) and may go extinct with reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented.","This species is found in caves (Massa et al. 2012) and artificial cavities (Carchini et al. 1995), including basement vaults (Schmidt 1996). Many cave cricket species are known to have very long developmental times. For this cave-cricket it has been shown that the nymphal stage takes on average 23 months (Carchini et al. 1995).","The major threat to this species is limestone quarrying. Subpopulations in artificial habitats are usually larger than those found in natural habitats, which suggests that the species is not very sensitive to disturbance.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its distribution, population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R. & Chobanov, D.P.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,giachinoi,,Dolichopoda giachinoi,"Rampini & di Russo, 2008",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Megalo Spilio Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda giachinoi) is only known from a single cave situated in the Aetolia-Akarnania region in the western part of central Greece, where the species was recently (2006-2007) discovered. This species is assessed as Data Deficient since it has only recently been discovered, and because of the absence of information on its population size and trend, ecological requirements, conservation status, and threats. Other caves in the region need to be investigated to check if the species has a wider distribution. Further research  is needed into the threats to this species, its population size and trend, and its ecology.",Unknown,"The Megalo Spilio Cave-cricket is only known from a single cave situated in the Aetolia-Akarnania region in the western part of central Greece, where the species was recently (2006-2007) discovered (Rampini et al. 2008). This species' known extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².","This species has only recently been discovered, and neither the population size nor the population trend are known.","This species lives in a cave at 1,000 m Asl.",The threats to the species are unknown. No quarries are found in the area close to the cave.,"No conservation actions are in place for this species and it does not occur in any protected areas. Other caves in the region need to be investigated to check if the species has a wider distribution. Further research  is needed into the threats to this species, its population size and trend, and its ecology.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,giulianae,,Dolichopoda giulianae,"Rampini & Di Russo, 2012",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Giuliana's Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda giulianae) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a single cave on the eastern Aegean island of Samos. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km²), it occurs at only one location, and incidents in this cave related to the use of the cave as a church could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Other caves in the region need to be investigated to check if the species has a wider distribution. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required. The cave also needs to be protected and managed in order to avoid any future population declines.",Unknown,"The Giuliana's Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, from where it has been described only recently from a single cave on the island of Samos (Rampini et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².","This species has only recently been discovered, and neither the population size nor the population trend are known.","This species lives in a cave, 100 m Asl.","The cave from which this species has been reported is used as a church. In the past it was used to extract limestone blocks for construction purposes. It is not clear if and to what extent the human activities affect this species, but they could likely pose a threat. Taking into account the extents of the effects of the threats and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","No conservation measures are in place for this species and it is not present in any protected areas. Other caves in the region need to be investigated to check if the species has a wider distribution. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required. The cave also needs to be protected and managed in order to avoid any future population declines.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,graeca,,Dolichopoda graeca,"Chopard, 1964",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Perama Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda graeca) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a single cave near Ioannina in the northwestern part of the mainland. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km²), it occurs at only one location and changes in the cave as a result of touristic activities could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Other caves in the region need to be investigated to check if the species has a wider distribution, and further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required. There is also the need for sustainable tourism practices to avoid any future declines in the population.",Unknown,"The Perama Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and it is only known from a single cave near Ioannina in Epiros (Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' known extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².",Neither the population size nor the population trend are known. The species is only known from some specimens collected between 1962 and 1991 in the Perama cave.,"This species lives in the cave of Perama which is large, has water availability and stable temperature conditions.","The Perama cave is touristically exploited and adjustments have been made to allow tourists to visit the cave. It is not known if and how the exploitation for touristic purposes affects the species. While the cave is touristically exploited, there are still areas of the cave that remain unexploited.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Other caves in the region need to be investigated to check if the species has a wider distribution. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required. There is also the need for sustainable tourism practices to avoid any future declines in the population.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,hussoni,,Dolichopoda hussoni,"Chopard, 1934",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Naoussa Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda hussoni) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a limited number of caves in and around Naoussa. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 400 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km²) and there are no major threats affecting the species. Other caves in the region need to be investigated to check if the species has a wider distribution. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required.",Unknown,"The Naoussa Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a limited number of caves in and around Naoussa (Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 400 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².",Neither the population size nor the population trend are known.,This species lives in caves.,"This species has been found in several caves situated in a town or in a touristic area (School of Aristotle), but no particular threats are known for any of the caves.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Other caves in the region need to be investigated to check if the species has a wider distribution. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,insignis,,Dolichopoda insignis,"Chopard, 1955",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Koutouki Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda insignis) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from two caves in the Attica region of the Greek mainland. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km²), and it occurs at only one or two locations -  thus being close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. One of the caves could be affected by tourism, but the other one has been closed, and the public has no access it. Other caves in the region need to be investigated to check if the species has a wider distribution. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",Unknown,"The Koutouki Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from two caves in the Attica region of the Greek mainland (Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².",Neither the population size nor the population trend are known.,This species lives in caves.,"No particular threats are known for any of the two caves, although one of the caves could be affected by tourism. The cave that is closest to Athens has been closed, therefore there is no potential access from the public to the cave.","No conservation actions are in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. Other caves in the region need to be investigated to check if the species has a wider distribution. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,ithakii,,Dolichopoda ithakii,"Rampini & di Russo, 2008",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Ithaka Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda ithakii) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a single cave on the Ionian island of Ithaka in Greece, where the species was recently (2004) discovered. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km²), and any future exploration of the cave could drive this species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a short time. A renewed investigation of the cave where it occurs is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about its ecology and possible threats to it. The cave needs to be protected from human disturbance, and other caves in the region need to be investigated to check if the species has a wider distribution.",Unknown,"The Ithaka Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a single cave on the Ionian island of Ithaka in Greece, where the species was recently (2004) discovered (Rampini et al. 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².","Neither the population size nor the population trend are known, as only a few specimens have ever been collected in 2004.",This species lives inside a cave.,"The cave seems to be undisturbed, but is sometimes used by hobby speleologists. Any future exploration may threaten this species.","No conservation actions are in place for this species, and it is not present in any protected areas. A renewed investigation of the cave where it occurs is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about its ecology and possible threats to it. The cave needs to be protected from human disturbance, and other caves in the region need to be investigated to check if the species has a wider distribution.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,kalithea,,Dolichopoda kalithea,"Di Russo & Rampini, 2012",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Kalithea Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda kalithea) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from two caves on Mt. Kerkis, on the Aegean island of Samos where the species was recently (2008) discovered. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 8 km²), the two caves where it occurs are very close to each other and used recreationally (one being used as a church and the other situated along a hiking path), and any increase in touristic activities and/or disturbance could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. However, detailed information on the population size is lacking, and a renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size of this species and gather more information on its ecology and possible threats to it. Proper management of tourism is needed to avoid future population declines.",Unknown,"The Kalithea Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from two caves on Mt. Kerkis, on the Aegean island of Samos where the species was recently (2008) discovered (Rampini et al. 2012, Di Russo et  al. 2014). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 8 km².","Neither the population size nor the population trend are known, as only a few specimens have been collected in 2008.",This species lives in caves.,One of the two caves where this species is known to occur (Sarantaskaliotissa cave) is used as a church. The other cave (Kakoperato cave) is situated along a path used by day-hikers and is one of the attractions to be visited. Any increase in the levels of touristic activity and/or disturbances could pose a significant threat to this species.,"No conservation actions are in place for this species, but both caves are found in protected areas. A renewed investigation of the caves where this species occurs is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information on its ecology and possible threats to it. Other caves in the region need to be investigated to check if the species has a wider distribution. Proper management of tourism is needed to avoid future population declines.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,kiriakii,,Dolichopoda kiriakii,"Rampini and Di Russo, 2008",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Kiriaki Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda kiriakii) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a single cave in the district of Preveza, Ipiros, in northwestern Greece. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km²) and human activities in the cave could lead the species to become Vulnerable in the near future - thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion D. However, the threats to this species are unknown, as is the population trend, and a renewed investigation of the cave where this species occurs is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about its ecology and possible threats to it.",Unknown,"The Kiriaki Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a single cave in the district of Preveza, Ipiros, in northwestern Greece (Rampini et al. 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².",Neither the population size nor the population trend are known.,"This species lives inside a cave, at 270 m Asl.","Threats to this species are unknown, but the cave is situated next to a village and easily accessible to provide shelter for shepherds or for recreational activities.",No conservation actions are in place for this species and it is not known to occur in protected areas. A renewed investigation of the cave where this species occurs is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about its ecology and possible threats to it.,This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Tzirkalli, E., Kati, V., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G. & Papapavlou, K.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,laetitiae,,Dolichopoda laetitiae,"Minozzi, 1920",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Laetitia's Cave Cricket (Dolichopoda laetitiae) is only known from Italy, in the northern half of the country. This species is assessed as Least Concern, since it is widespread (may even expand its range in the north), and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"Laetitia's Cave Cricket is only known from Italy, where it is widespread in the northern half of the country (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 59,100 km². The taxon is divided in two subspecies (laetitiae and etrusca), the nominal one with a recently discovered isolated subpopulation in Northern Italy.",There is no available data on the population size and trend of this species.,This species lives in natural and artificial underground environments such as caves and mines.,No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no conservation measures in place to this species, but it occurs in several protected areas. Further research is needed into the population trends and threats.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M. & Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,linderii,,Dolichopoda linderii,"(Dufour, 1861)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Languedoc Cave-cricket is endemic to the Eastern Pyrenees, where it inhabits various dark habitats with stable temperatures and high humidity (caves, forest and rocky areas, ruins, etc.), between 400 and 2,100 m altitude. Because it is a nocturnal secretive species, it is easily overlooked. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are relatively small, covering 3,700 km² and 1,500 km² respectively. However, since no major threat is currently reported, the species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The Languedoc Cave-cricket is endemic to the East Pyrenees. This sub-mountainous and mountainous species is widespread on the French side in the Pyrénées-Orientales, Aude and Ariège departments (Defaut et al. 2009, Y. Braud pers. comm. 2015) and on the Spanish side (Girona and Barcelona in Catalonia) (Olmo-Vidal 2006). In France, one introduced subpopulation is known in the Hérault department. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 3,700 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) has an upper estimate of 500 km².","Dolichopoda linderii is a secretive species which is rarely observed during diurnal exploration. Recent nocturnal investigations and collaborations with biospeologists have recorded numerous new localities of this species in France. The species seems to be rather common (Defaut et al. 2009, Olmo-Vidal 2006), but its population trend is unknown.","Dolichopoda linderii is a troglophile species that lives during the day on various dark habitats with stable temperatures and high humidity, such as rocky forests, caves, along river streams, fissures in bridges or aqueducts, stone walls, ruins or disused buildings, etc. This flightless species is active at night and specimens can more easily be observed on open areas (rocks, cliffs) or paved roads.","Dolichopoda linderii mainly lives on rocky habitats and caves, which are unlikely to be affected by any infrastructure development projects. Thus, direct human threats are rare, localised and often without any significant impacts on the population. So far, no major threats have been reported.","There are no conservation actions in place for Dolichopoda linderii, but it is a protected species in Catalonia (Spain), and it is found in protected areas throughout its range. The species was assessed as Data Deficient (DD) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More information on its population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,lustriae,,Dolichopoda lustriae,"Rampini & di Russo, 2008",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Aghias Andreas Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda lustriae) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from two (maybe three) caves in Central Greece, where the species was recently discovered. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a very restricted geographic range (known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km²), the caves seem to be undisturbed and there are no known threats. A renewed investigation of the caves where this species occurs is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about its ecology and possible threats to it.",Unknown,"The Aghias Andreas Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from two (maybe three) caves in Central Greece, where the species was recently discovered (Rampini et al. 2008, Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².",Neither the population size nor the population trend are known.,"This species lives in caves, and is found at elevations of 1,100-1,150 m Asl.","The threats to this species are unknown, and the caves where this species occurs seem to be undisturbed.","This species is not protected, nor is its habitat, and it does not occur in any protected areas. A renewed investigation of the caves where this species occurs is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about its ecology and possible threats to it.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,makrykapa,,Dolichopoda makrykapa,"Boudou-Saltet, 1980",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Makrykapa Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda makrykapa) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from four caves in a small area around Mt. Dirphys, in the central part of the island of Euboea. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 145 km², known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km²) the caves where it occurs are undisturbed and not visited by tourists, and no threats are known to affect it. A renewed investigation of the caves where this species occurs is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about its ecology and possible threats to it.",Unknown,"The Makrykapa Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from four caves in a small area around Mt. Dirphys, in the central part of the island of Euboea (Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 145 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².",Neither the population size nor the population trend are known.,This species lives in caves.,"This species is found in caves not used by humans (they are not touristic attractions), and threats to this species are unknown.","This species is not protected, nor its habitat, and it is not known to occur in any protected areas. A renewed investigation of the caves where this species occurs is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about its ecology and possible threats to it.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,matsakisi,,Dolichopoda matsakisi,"Boudou-Saltet, 1972",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Matsakis' Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda matsakisi) is endemic to Greece, where it has only been reported from two caves situated in the northwestern part of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km²), occurs in only two caves (one of which is a touristic attraction), and an increase in touristic activity and/or disturbance to that cave could drive the species to become Critically Endangered in the near future. However, detailed information about the population size is lacking and a renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it. Proper management in the touristic cave is needed, and illumination needs to be minimized.",Unknown,"The Matsakis' Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it has only been reported from two caves situated in the northwestern part of the Peloponnesus (Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².",Neither the population size nor the population trend are known.,This species lives in caves.,"One of the caves where this species is found is a big touristic attraction, which is considered a possible threat. No threats are known for the second cave.","This species is not protected, nor is its habitat, and it is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. A renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it. Proper management in the touristic cave is needed, and illumination needs to be minimized.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Papapavlou, K., Kati, V., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,muceddai,,Dolichopoda muceddai,"Rampini & di Russo, 2005",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"Mucedda's Cave Cricket (Dolichopoda muceddai) is endemic to Italy, and is only found in a few caves in north-eastern Sardinia. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km²), and an increase in recreational activities in the future could lead to rapid population declines and drive the taxon to become Critically Endangered or Extinct. Further research is needed into the population trend, and the caves where it occurs should be protected.",Unknown,"Mucedda's Cave Cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only found in a few caves in north-eastern Sardinia (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².",There is no available data on the population size and trend of this species.,"This species resides in caves, but also in artificial underground cavities.","There are no current threats to this species, but it might become threatened in the future by an increase in recreational activities, which would be very likely to negatively affect it and would lead to a rapid population decline.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. Further research is needed into the population trend. The caves where it occurs should be protected.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,naxia,,Dolichopoda naxia,"Boudou-Saltet, 1973",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Naxos Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda naxia) is endemic to Greece, and it is only known from a single cave on the Cyclades island of Naxos in Greece. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km²), the cave where it occurs - Zeus cave - is a touristic attraction, and any increase in touristic activity and disturbance could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. However, detailed information is lacking, and a renewed investigation of the cave is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it. Proper touristic management is needed to avoid any future decline in the population.",Unknown,"The Naxos Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a single cave on the Cyclades island of Naxos in Greece (Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².",Neither the population size nor the population trend are known.,This species lives in caves.,"The cave where this species is found (cave of Zeus) is a touristic attraction, but is only accessible by foot.","This species is not protected, but the Cave of Zeus is found in a protected area. A renewed investigation of the cave is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it. Proper touristic management is needed to avoid any future decline in the population.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,ochtoniai,,Dolichopoda ochtoniai,"Rampini & Di Russo, 2015",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Ochtonia Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda ochtoniai) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a single cave in the East of the island of Euboea (Evvia) in central Greece. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a very restricted geographic range (known area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km²), the cave seems to be undisturbed. A renewed investigation of the caves where this species occurs is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about its ecology and its possible threats.",Unknown,The Ochtonia Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece and is only known from a single cave in the eastern part of the island of Euboea (Evvia) (Alexiou et al. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and its known area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².,Neither the population size nor the population trend are known.,"This species lives in caves, and is found at an elevation of 440 m asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported; the cave where this species occurs seems to be undisturbed.,"This species is not protected, nor is its habitat, and it does not occur in any protected areas. A renewed investigation of the cave where this species occurs is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about its ecology and its possible threats.",This species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M. & Odé, B.","Willemse, L.P.M. & Hochkirch, A.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,palpata,,Dolichopoda palpata,"(Sulzer, 1776)",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Palpate Cave Cricket (Dolichopoda palpata) is endemic to Italy, and is found in Sicily and Calabria. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on the population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to assess its extinction risk.",Unknown,"The Palpate Cave Cricket is endemic to Italy, being found in Sicily and Calabria (Massa et al. 2012).",There is no available data on the population size and trend of this species.,This species resides in caves.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,paraskevi,,Dolichopoda paraskevi,"Boudou-Saltet, 1973",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Cretan Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda paraskevi) is known from four caves in the eastern part of Crete, Greece. The caves are accessible to tourists but are relatively undisturbed. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km²), and further exploration of the caves may threaten this species and drive it to become Vulnerable or Endangered in a very short time - thus making this species close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion D. A renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it.",Unknown,"The Cretan Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from four caves in the eastern part of Crete (Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 130 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².",Neither the population size nor the population trend are known.,This species lives inside caves.,"There are no known threats to this species. The caves where it occurs are relatively undisturbed, but can be accessed by tourists, and an increase in touristic activities could pose a threat to this species.","There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. A renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,patrizii,,Dolichopoda patrizii,"Chopard, 1964",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Petalas Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda patrizii) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from two caves on the small Ionian island of Petalas in Greece, which is situated close to the Greek mainland (Aitolia-Akarnania). This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both ca 5 km²), the island where this species if found is uninhabited, and the caves are therefore undisturbed. A renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it.",Unknown,"The Petalas Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from two caves on the small Ionian island of Petalas in Greece, which is situated close to the Greek mainland (Aitolia-Akarnania) (Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both ca 5 km².",Neither the population size nor the population trend are known.,This species lives in caves.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. A renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,pavesii,,Dolichopoda pavesii,"Galvagni, 2002",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Cephalonia Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda pavesii) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from three caves on the Ionian island of Cephalonia. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km²), it occurs at only three locations, the population is severely fragmented, and although the caves are currently relatively undisturbed, limestone quarries exist close to two of the caves, and quarrying activities affecting the caves could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. A renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it. The caves need to be protected and any limestone quarrying in the area needs to be controlled.",Unknown,"The Cephalonia Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from three caves on the Ionian island of Cephalonia (Galvagni 2002, Papapavlou and Katsouni 2008, Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 42 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².",Neither the population size nor the population trend are known. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.,"This species lives in caves, and is found at elevations of 150-300 m Asl.","Limestone quarries exist close to two of the three caves, and any quarrying activities affecting the caves will severely threaten this species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of quarrying and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at three locations.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. A renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it. The caves need to be protected and any limestone quarrying in the area needs to be controlled.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Papapavlou, K., Kati, V., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,petrochilosi,,Dolichopoda petrochilosi,"Chopard, 1954",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Pan Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda petrochilosi) is endemic to Greece, and it is found in caves in a small area in the vicinity of Athens in Attica. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km²), and the four caves where it is found are regularly visited and used by tourists - any incidents related to touristic activities could drive this species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. A renewed investigation of the cave(s) is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it. Proper touristic management is needed in order to avoid any future population declines.",Unknown,"The Pan Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and it is found in caves in a small area in the vicinity of Athens in Attica (Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 184 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².",Neither the population size nor the population trend are known.,"This species lives inside caves, at elevations of 490-650 m Asl.","This species occurs in several caves in the vicinity of the capital Athens, and these caves are well known touristic attractions. Any incidents related to these touristic activities could pose a threat to this species.","This species is not protected, but its distribution overlaps with protected areas. A renewed investigation of the cave(s) is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it. Proper touristic management is needed in order to avoid any future population declines.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,remyi,,Dolichopoda remyi,"Chopard, 1934",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Remy's Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda rimyi) is known from northern Greece (several caves in the vicinity of Naoussa in Pella district in Greek Macedonia) and a cave in the South of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia). This species is assessed as Least Concern in the EU 28 region since the caves in Greece are relatively undisturbed, and the population is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. In Europe, this species is also assessed as Least Concern since, even though there is a limestone quarry close to the cave in FYR Macedonia which is expected to destroy this subpopulation, this will be a one-off reduction which will not affect the subpopulations in Greece, and will not lead to the species becoming threatened. A renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it.",Unknown,"The Remy's Cave-cricket is known from northern Greece (several caves in the vicinity of Naoussa in Pella district in Greek Macedonia) and a cave in the South of the Former Yugoslav Republic Macedonia (FYR Macedonia) (Di Russo et al. 2014, Chobanov and Mihajlova 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) for the EU 28 is 187 km², and 829 km² for Europe. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km² for Europe and 28 km² for the EU 28.","Neither the population size nor the population trend are known. Currently, the population seems to be stable, but the subpopulation in the FYR Macedonia is threatened by limestone quarrying.",This species lives in caves.,"In the only known locality in FYR Macedonia, a limestone quarry has recently been built close to the habitat of this species, which may completely destroy the subpopulation in this region.","There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. A renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,saraolacosi,,Dolichopoda saraolacosi,"Rampini & Di Russo, 2015",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Saraolacosi Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda saraolacosi) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from Skyros, one of the northern Sporades islands. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km²), one of its two sites lies in an area where quarrying takes place, and quarry expansion could drive this species to become Critically Endangered in the near future. A renewed investigation of the sites where this species occurs is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about its ecology and possible threats to it.",Unknown,"The Saraolakos Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece and is only known from Skyros, one of the northern Sporades islands, where it was first discovered in the Saraolakos cave (in 1979) near the Kalikri village in the center of Skyros. More recently it was again collected in an abandoned mine near the village of Atsista in the northwest of Skyros (Alexiou et al. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 20 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².",Neither the population size nor the population trend are known.,"This species lives in caves, and is found at low altitudes between 50 m and 100 m asl.","The caves in which the species is found seem to be relatively undisturbed. However, there is a quarry 2 to 3 km northeast of Atsista village and several other quarries exist on Skyros. Quarrying is a plausible future threat to this cave cricket and could lead to rapid population declines.","This species is not protected, nor is its habitat, and it does not occur in any protected areas. A renewed investigation of the sites where this species occurs is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about its ecology and possible threats to it.",The species is not utilised.,"Cálix, M. & Odé, B.","Willemse, L.P.M. & Hochkirch, A.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,schiavazzii,,Dolichopoda schiavazzii,"Capra, 1934",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Livorno Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda schiavazzii)  is endemic to Italy, and is only known from Tuscany. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and is probably not strongly affected by human activities. No major threats to this cave cricket have been reported. Further research is needed into the population trends and threats to this species.",Unknown,"The Livorno Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda schiavazzii) which has two subspecies, is endemic to Italy, and is only known from Tuscany (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11,100 km².","The size of two subpopulations, in Acquedotto del Limone and in Tomba del  Begalaio, have been estimated to 2,000 and 360 individuals respectively. However, the global population size and trend are unknown.","This species resides in caves, but also in artificial underground cavities.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas. Research is needed into the population trends and threats.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Massa, B., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M. & Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,steriotisi,,Dolichopoda steriotisi,"Boudou-Saltet, 1973",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Corfu Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda steriotisi) is endemic to Greece, and is only found on the Ionian island of Corfu. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 83 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km²), it occurs at only four locations, and although the caves where it occurs are relatively undisturbed, limestone quarries exist close to one of the localities and could be a threat in the future - thus making this species close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. A renewed investigation of the cave(s) is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats.",Unknown,"The Corfu Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only found on the Ionian island of Corfu (Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 83 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².",Neither the population size nor the population trend are known.,This species lives inside caves.,"This species has been found in several caves which are relatively undisturbed. However, limestone quarries exist close to one of its localities and could thus affect this species in the future. Taking into account the extent of the effects of quarrying and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at four locations.","There are no conservation measure in place for this species or its habitat, and it is not known to occur in any protected areas. A renewed investigation of the cave(s) is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,thasosensis,,Dolichopoda thasosensis,"Chopard, 1964",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Thassos Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda thasosensis) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a single cave on the island of Thassos. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has an extremely restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km²) it occurs at only one location, and the presence of a large limestone quarry 1 km from the cave where this species occurs poses a potential future threat, since any quarrying activities could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. A renewed investigation of the cave is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about the species' ecology and possible threats. The cave needs to be protected, particularly from limestone quarrying.",Unknown,"The Thassos Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a single cave on the island of Thassos (Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².",Neither the population size nor the population trend are known.,This species lives in caves.,"A large limestone quarry is found 1 km east of this species' only known locality, and any quarrying could significantly affect the population. Taking into account the extent of the effects of quarrying, and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","This species is not protected, nor is its habitat, and it is not present in any protected areas. A renewed investigation of the cave is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about the species' ecology and possible threats. The cave needs to be protected, particularly from limestone quarrying.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,unicolor,,Dolichopoda unicolor,"Chopard, 1964",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Katafygi Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda unicolor) is endemic to Greece where it is found in the southern central part of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 211 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km²), the population is assumed to be stable, and there are no known threats to this species. However, detailed information is lacking, and a renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats.",Stable,"The Katafygi Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece where it is found in the southern central part of the Peloponnesus (Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 211 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².","Neither the population size nor population trend are known, but the population is assumed to be stable.",This species lives inside caves.,"The caves where this species has been found are relatively undisturbed, and threats are unknown.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. A renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Papapavlou, K., Kati, V., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Dolichopoda,vandeli,,Dolichopoda vandeli,"Boudou-Saltet, 1970",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Orchomenos Cave-cricket (Dolichopoda vandeli) is endemic to Greece where it is found in the southeastern part of the mainland. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 330 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km²), the population is assumed to be stable, and no threats are known to the caves where this species occurs. However, detailed information on this species is lacking and a renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and to gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats.",Stable,"The Orchomenos Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece where it is found in the southeastern part of the mainland (Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 330 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².","Neither the population size nor the population trend are known, but the population is assumed to be stable.",This species lives inside caves.,"The caves where this species has been found are relatively undisturbed, and the threats to this species are unknown.","There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. A renewed investigation of the caves where this species occurs is necessary to assess the population size and to gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Drymadusa,dorsalis,,Drymadusa dorsalis,"(Brullé, 1832)","Heller (1988) considers Drymadusa dorsalis and Drymadusa limbata to be two subspecies belonging to the same species (Drymadusa dorsalis Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882). This view is followed in this assessment.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Ocellated Tonged Bush-cricket (Drymadusa dorsalis) is a species distributed across Greece and into Turkey. Within Europe, it is only found in Greece, where the species is widely distributed across the Peloponnesus and the southern part of the Greek mainland. It is also reported from the eastern Aegean island of Samos. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although large-scale fires could lead to local subpopulation extinctions, it is a widespread species and is unlikely to be declining fast enough for listing in a threatened category. Further research into the population size and trend of this species is required.",Unknown,"The Ocellated Tonged Bush-cricket is a species (with several subspecies, Heller 1988) distributed across Greece and into Turkey. Within Europe, it is only found in Greece, where the species is widely distributed across the Peloponnesus and the southern part of the Greek mainland. This species is also reported from the eastern Aegean island of Samos (Willemse 1984). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 73,000 km².","There is no available information on the population size and the population trend, but this species is known to be very widespread.","This species can fly, is active at night, and hides away in shrubs and bushes during the day. It is found in various habitats which provide sufficient shelter during the day.","The threats to this species are not studied in detail, but large-scale fires could lead to local subpopulation extinctions.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend of this species is required.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Papapavlou, K., Kati, V. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Duroniella,carinata,,Duroniella carinata,"Mistshenko, 1951",,No,NT,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Keeled Delta Grasshopper has a small known area of occupancy (12-100 km²) and its population is severely fragmentated. As it is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT). Further research is needed on its distribution, population trends and current threats.",Unknown,"The Keeled Delta Grasshopper is only known from southern Russia, where it occurs in Dagestan, the Stavropol region as well as the lower Volga region (Bey-Bienko and Mistshenko 1951, Harz 1975). In pan-Europe,it is only known from three localities (Savitsky 2002) in the Lower Delta within the Astrakhan district. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is c. 68,000 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 12 and 100 km².","Subpopulations of this species are very small and very isolated (Savitsky 2010), and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. The population trend is unknown.","Duroniella carinata occurs in the Lower Volga lowland and the Volga Delta, inhabiting grass associations on moderately humid saltings within the sandy-clay semi-desert, always near the water and usually at the foot of small hills. Nymphs emerge in August and hibernate, while adults occur from the beginning of May to the beginning of July.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species. It is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas throughout its range, although it possibly occurs in the Astrakhan National Reserve. Research on its distribution, population trend and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Duroniella,fracta,,Duroniella fracta,"(Krauss, 1890)","Duroniella laticornis is probably a synonym of Duroniella fracta; therefore records for D. laticornis are included in this assessment. The distinction between D. fracta and D. laticornis, a species from the Middle East, seem arbitrary. It is evident that",No,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Turkish Delta Grasshopper (Duroniella fracta) occurs in the European part of Turkey, Bulgaria, and Greece. In the EU 28 region, this species is known from a restricted area in southeastern Bulgaria, and salt marsh areas across Greece (some of the Aegean islands, the Greek mainland and the Peloponnesus). In Europe, besides Greece and Bulgaria, this species is also reported from the European Part of Turkey. 

The species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 500 km²), the population is severely fragmented and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, number of subpopulations, and in the extent and quality of the habitat due to coastal and infrastructure developments. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into its taxonomy - in particular the distinction between this species andDuroniella laticornis. Protection and restoration of its habitat is needed, as well as proper management in order to avoid habitat destruction.",Decreasing,"The distribution data for Duroniella fracta and D. laticornis have been combined (see taxonomic note). The Turkish Delta Grasshopper occurs in the European part of Turkey, Bulgaria, and Greece.

EU 28
In the EU 28 region, this species is known from a restricted area in southeastern Bulgaria (D. Chobanov pers. comm.), and salt marsh areas across Greece (some of the Aegean islands, the Greek mainland and the Peloponnesus) (Papapavlou 2005, Willemse and Willemse 2008). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in this region isca 165,000km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) has a maximum estimate of 500 km².

Europe
Besides Greece and Bulgaria, this species is also reported from the European Part of Turkey (D. Sirin pers. comm). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe isca 210,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) has a maximum estimate of 500 km².

Due to uncertainties relating to the taxonomic status ofD. fracta and D. laticornis the distribution of the species outside Europe is not exactly known but it certainly occurs in western Turkey.","Nothing is known about the population trend of this species, although a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred as a result of coastal development. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.","This grasshopper is a lowland species found mostly in lagoons or wetlands, often with sandy ground near the seashore or lakes (Willemse and Willemse 2008) in salt marshes, where the vegetation is mainly comprised of Juncus species which are growing behind primary sand dunes (Papapavlou 2005).","The threats to this species have not been studied in detail, but coastal development and infrastructure development are likely to affect this species. Farming and intensive agriculture could also pose a threat.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into its taxonomy - in particular the distinction between this species and Duroniella laticornis. Protection and restoration of its habitat is needed, as well as proper management in order to avoid habitat destruction.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A., Chobanov, D.P. & Sirin, D.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Duroniella,kalmyka,,Duroniella kalmyka,"(Adelung, 1906)",,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The occurrence of the Kalmykia Delta Grasshopper (Duroniella kalmyka) in Europe is uncertain since it apparently has been confused with Duroniella carinata. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its population size, trend and threats, and more research is needed to assess its extinction risk. More research is also needed into its taxonomy and material from eastern European Russia should be checked carefully to confirm the validity of this species. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, it is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Unknown,"The Kalmykia Delta Grasshopper occurs in Central Asia, from Iran and Afghanistan in the south to Kazakhstan and Russia in the north (Eades et al. 2016). The occurrence of this species in Europe is uncertain. According to Savitsky (2002), specimens from the Lower Volga region are probably misidentified and belong to Duroniella carinata, but these species may also be synonyms (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 215,900 km².",There is no data on the population size or trend of this species in Europe since its presence is uncertain.,"The species is found in grassland habitats, and it has been reported to feed on grasses (Savitsky 2010).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. Taxonomic research is needed to clarify whether it occurs in Europe.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Vedenina, V., Pushkar, T., Szovenyi, G., Willemse, L.P.M., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Kranz, M., Skejo, J. Skejo & Chobanov, D.P.","Lemonnier-Darcemont, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Duroniella,laticornis,,Duroniella laticornis,"(Krauss, 1909)",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The Wide-headed Delta Grasshopper (Duroniella laticornis) occurs in Turkey and the Near East. In Europe it has been reported from Bulgaria and Cyprus. This species is assessed as Data Deficient since it has probably been confused with Duroniella fracta in Bulgaria and Duroniella lucasii on Cyprus. Its presence in Europe remains therefore uncertain and research into the taxonomy of the Duroniella genus is needed to clarify its distribution and potential synonymy with D. fracta.",Unknown,"The Wide-headed Delta Grasshopper occurs in Turkey and the Near East (Harz 1975). In Europe it has been reported from Bulgaria and Cyprus. However, its occurrence in Europe is rather doubtful. Tumbrinck (2006) assumed that the species was confused with Duroniella lucasii on Cyprus. In Bulgaria the species is only known from three localities in the eastern Rhodopes (Popov 2007), but it is likely that these records also belong to Duroniella fracta (Chobanov 2009).",There is no available information on the population size or trend.,"This species occurrence in Europe is doubtful and thus no habitat information is available, but it is likely to occur in grassland habitat.",The threats to the species are unknown.,There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species and it remains unknown whether it occurs in Europe. Research into the taxonomy of the Duroniella genus is needed to clarify its distribution and potential synonymy with D. fracta.,The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Sirin, D., Chobanov, D.P., Vedenina, V., Skejo, J. Skejo, Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Kristin, A., Pushkar, T. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Duroniella,lucasii,,Duroniella lucasii,"(Bolívar, 1881)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment:Least Concern (LC)

In Europe, Lucas' Delta Grasshopper is only known from Cyprus and Sardinia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite common and widespread on Cyprus, and the population size is probably very large. However, the Italian subpopulation has a restricted habitat. More research into its distribution, ecology, population trend and threats is required.",Unknown,"In Europe, Lucas' Delta Grasshopper is only known from Cyprus and a single locality in southern Sardinia (Tumbrinck 2006, Massa et al. 2012). It is also known from north Africa and the Middle East. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 240,000 km².","There is no available data on the population size and trend of this species, but it is widespread and common on Cyprus. The population size is probably very large.",This species occurs at beaches and low coastal vegetation.,"This species is threatened by human activities. The only Italian subpopulation is on a beach where swimming is restricted because of a nearby depuration plant. On Cyprus, it is threatened by intensive farming, pesticides and fires (E. Tzirkalli pers. comm. 2016).","The are no current conservation measures in place for this species, and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas (it does not occur in any protected areas in Italy). More research into its distribution, ecology, population trend and threats is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Massa, B., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M. & Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Egnatius,apicalis,,Egnatius apicalis,"Stal, 1876",,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Apical Grasshopper (Egnatius apicalis) occurs in Central Asia, from the Lower Volga region in southern Russia to North Iran and northwestern China. In Europe the species is only known from southern European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is common, subpopulations are often large and no major threats to it have been reported. It does not occur in the EU 28 and is therefore Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Unknown,"The Apical Grasshopper occurs in Central Asia, from the Lower Volga region in southern Russia to North Iran and northwestern China (Harz 1975). In Europe the species is only known from southern European Russia (Heller 2013), and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 197,300 km².",The subpopulations of this species are often large (Savitzky 2009) and not fragmented (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). The overall population trend is unknown.,"This species is found in sandy and loamy deserts and semi-deserts (Savitsky, 2002, Savitsky et al. 2013), where it feeds on wormwood and Artemisia spp. (Savitsky 2010). It is often found in grazed areas (Savitsky 2002).",No major threats to the species have been reported.,This species occurs in protected areas but no specific conservation measures are in place. More research into its population trends are required.,The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Vedenina, V., Szovenyi, G., Willemse, L.P.M., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T. & Skejo, J. Skejo","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Epacromius,coerulipes,,Epacromius coerulipes,"(Ivanov, 1888)",,No,NT,,No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Small Blue-legged Grasshopper (Epacromius coerulipes) occurs from northeastern Italy and eastern Austria via Croatia, Hungary, Romania and the Ukraine to southern European Russia. Outside of Europe, it occurs also in large parts of Asia to the Pacific coast (Korea, China). In Europe, this rare species is assessed as Near Threatened since its area of occupancy (AOO) is likely to be larger than 2,000 km², but smaller than 3,000 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. In the EU 28, it is assessed as Endangered since the population is also severely fragmented and undergoing a continuing decline, and the AOO is between 200 and 550 km². The main threat to this species is drainage of its wetland habitats. It is very sensitive to overgrazing, but also to complete abandonment of grazing. In Italy it may have declined as a consequence of the use of pesticides for mosquito control. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is required. Better protection and management of its habitats is needed, as well as of restoration of degraded habitats.",Decreasing,"In Europe, the Small Blue-legged Grasshopper occurs from northeastern Italy and eastern Austria via Croatia, Hungary, Romania and the Ukraine to southern European Russia (Heller 2013). A single specimen has been reported from Slovakia (Mařan 1954), but it is uncertain whether it ever reproduced in this area. Outside of Europe, it occurs also in large parts of Asia to the Pacific coast (Korea, China). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 6.5 million km² and in the EU 28 it is ca 1 million km². This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is between 200 and 550 km², and in Europe between 2,000 and 3,000 km².","This species has strongly declined in Austria (Karner-Ranner 2009) and Italy (Massa et al. 2012) and continues to decline. It is generally very rare in Europe (Kocárek et al. 2005, Iorgu and Iorgu 2008, Massa et al. 2012). Subpopulations are usually small and very isolated (Karner-Ranner 2009). Due to the large distance between single subpopulations these may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation, and the population is therefore considered severely fragmented.","This species is mainly found in salt marshes, at the edge of salty pools (Karner-Ranner 2009), in brackish swamps (Massa et al. 2012) as well as in other wetlands with bare ground (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008).","The main threat to this species is drainage of its wetland habitats. It is very sensitive to overgrazing (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016), but also to complete abandonment of grazing (G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2016). In Italy it may have declined as a consequence of the use of pesticides for mosquito control.","This species is protected in Hungary and it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Critically Endangered on the Austrian Red List (Berg et al. 2005). In the Austrian National Park ""Neusiedler See"" the current grazing management poses a severe threat to this species (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016). The habitat is protected by the European Habitats Directive. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is required. Better protection and management of its habitats is needed, as well as of restoration of degraded habitats.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Szovenyi, G., Zuna-Kratky, T., Kristin, A., Iorgu, I.S., Skejo, J. Skejo, Korsunovskaya, O., Willemse, L.P.M., Presa, J.J., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R. & Rutschmann, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Epacromius,pulverulentus,,Epacromius pulverulentus,"(Fischer de Waldheim, 1846)",,No,NT,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

In Europe, the Powdered Blue-legged Grasshopper (Epacromius pulverulentus) occurs in the Ukraine, southern, central and eastern European Russia. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe since its known area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 100-150 km² and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. However, the distribution of this species is poorly documented and the real AOO is likely to be higher. Nevertheless, it is assumed that it will be below 2,000 km². More research on its population trend and threats is needed. Research is also needed into its taxonomic status as it might be synonymous with Epacromius coerulipes. This species does not occur in the EU 28 and is therefore Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Unknown,"The Powdered Blue-legged Grasshopper occurs from the Ukraine to Korea. In Europe, this species is known from the Ukraine, southern, central and eastern European Russia. The species Epacromius coerulipes is likely to be a junior synonym of this species. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.7 million km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 100-150 km². However, the  distribution is poorly documented and the real AOO is likely to be  higher. Nevertheless, it is assumed that it will be below 2,000 km².","This species is rather widespread within its distributional range but occurs usually at a low densities. Subpopulations are very small and isolated so that exchange between them is unlikely, and the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). The overall population trend is unknown.","This species is found in moist habitats (Efremova and Sergeev 2009), such as moist grassland and salt marshes (Savitsky 2009). It feeds on grasses and forbs (Savitsky 2010).",The threats to this species are unknown.,This species occurs in protected areas but no specific conservation measures are in place. More research on its population trend and threats is needed. Research is also needed into its taxonomic status as it might be synonymous with Epacromius coerulipes.,The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Pushkar, T., Vedenina, V., Skejo, J. Skejo, Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Kristin, A., Sirin, D. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Epacromius,tergestinus,,Epacromius tergestinus,"(Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1825)",,No,LC,,No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The River Blue-legged Grasshopper (Epacromius tergestinus) is a highly specialised grasshopper of large natural coastal and montane wetlands. For the EU 28, this species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is between 60 and 100 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations, and number of mature individuals, due to massive human impacts on its habitat such as the deterioration of native alpine and coastal wetlands. There are no conservation measures targeted at the European subpopulations, and the deterioration of the habitats is - although much slower than in former times - still ongoing. Conservation measures are urgently needed. The habitats of this species are protected under the Habitats Directive of the European Union, but specifically targeted actions such as a conservation project are needed to save this charismatic and endangered species. In Europe this species is assessed as Least Concern since there are large subpopulations in the Lower Volga region in Russia, and the European AOO is therefore likely to exceed 2,000 km² by far.",Decreasing,"The River Blue-legged Grasshopper occupies a very large Palaearctic range from the Atlantic coast in the west to the Pacific coast of China in the far east, but it mainly occurs in heavily fragmented subpopulations, especially in the western part of its distribution (Harz 1957, Defaut et al. 2009, Massa et al. 2012). Two subspecies are known from Europe: E. t. tergestinus lives along the coastlines of the Altlantic ocean in France, the Adriatic sea in Italy and Croatia such as at the coast of the Black Sea in Romania - but all these occurrences are isolated and small. The other subspecies, E. t. ponticus, is even more restricted. It occurred on alpine rivers in central Europe, but after a long-term decline there is only one subpopulation on several rivers in the French Alps left (Carron et al. 2001). However, it was reintroduced at one site in the internal occidental Alps in 2004 and since then this subpopulation has colonised suitable habitats well (Werner 2005). At present, the nominate subspecies has its most important European distribution along the French coast from Loire-Atlantique southwards to the Gironde, with a concentration on the estuary of the Gironde and Charente (Defaut et al. 2009). Isolated from this range it was also reported from the Spanish coast, from the San Vicente de la Barquera near Santander (Herrera 1982). The Mediterranean subpopulation is restricted to a few coastal localities in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Veneto and Lazio, but in most of these sites the species is assumed to have disappeared (Massa et al. 2012). Another locality is reported from the island of Cres in Croatia. The only known site left along the Black Sea lies in the Bulgarian Dobrudscha (Iorgu et al. 2008). Occurrences along the Volga region in Russia lead to the Asian part of the world distribution. The subspecies E. t. ponticus has a much more restricted distribution and today - after a long decline - it is only known from the alpine rivers of the Durance, Romance and Giffre in the Hautes-Alpes, Isére and Haute-Savoie (Carron et al. 2001). In the EU 28 this species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.2 million km², but its area of occupancy (AOO) is only between 60 and 100 km². In Europe, the species seems to have still large subpopulations in the Lower Volga region and its AOO is therefore likely to exceed 2,000 km² by far.","The overall population size of this species is unknown, but the population is severely fragmented since the subpopulations are isolated with little or no genetic exchange between them and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. This species is already extinct in Austria and Germany. Large suitable habitats can host quite big numbers of this species, like at the Durance and Romanche rivers, where Carron et al. (2001) found subpopulations with several thousands of individuals. However, the long-term decline has not stopped, and there is an ongoing population reduction observed in the remaining subpopulations in Europe. For instance, Baur et al. (2006) proved the extinction of the last subpopulation of the Italian Alps at Prato al Stelvio in 2004. As part of the reintroduction that took place in Switzerland, thirty-seven nymphs were placed in the site; the subpopulation is still present nowadays. This species seems to still have large subpopulations in the Lower Volga region in Russia.","This species is a highly specialised grasshopper of coastal and alluvial habitats. In Europe, it is restricted to salt marshes and adjacent biotopes along the coast (E. t. tergestinus) and the sandy banks of alpine rivers (E. t. ponticus). Important habitat factors for this species attracted to sunny sites are large sandy or silty banks and shorelines that are periodically flooded and sun-exposed (Carron et al. 2001). This species is an indicator of large-scale natural, undrained and unregulated wetlands and can quickly disappear after alteration of the hydrological conditions due to human activity. This is a very mobile species, capable of coping with highly dynamic situations, like floods or massive gravel movement in its habitats.","The main threat to this species in Europe is the massive regulation and deterioration of native alpine and coastal wetlands due to human activity. The regulation of the alpine rivers and their widespread conversion for hydropower use or gravel-mining destroyed most of the former distribution sites of the alpine subspecies E. t. ponticus. The fragmented subpopulations of the nominate form on the coasts also suffered for a long time from intensive alteration of the native habitats by humans and tourism. In spite of the extremely high value of these habitats for the conservation of biodiversity, negative impacts are still ongoing, leading to a continuing loss of subpopulations.","Taking into account the depleted situation of the whole European population of this species after more than a century of continuing decline, conservation action is urgently needed. For the Alpine subspecies, which has the highest risk of extinction, Carron et al. (2001) propose an international action plan to save the last surviving subpopulations, which are also indicators of a highly diverse and endangered fauna and flora of these natural braided rivers. The coastal subpopulations also need international action urgently, to avoid further population declines and to open possibilities to recolonise formerly occupied areas. The habitats of this species are protected under the Habitats Directive of the European Union, but specifically targeted action such as a conservation project is needed to save this charismatic and endangered species. Only a very small proportion of this species lives in protected areas like National parks (e.g., Delta Dunarii).",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & Cálix, M.","Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J. & Savitsky, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Ephippiger,apulus,,Ephippiger apulus,"(Ramme, 1933)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Apulian Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippiger apulus) is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the southern part of the mainland. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is still rather widespread and common, particularly in the southeastern part of its range. Nevertheless, it is locally decreasing due to changes in land-use. More research is needed into its taxonomy, since the two subspecies might represent separate valid species. Research is also needed into the population trend and threats.",Decreasing,"The Apulian Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the southern part of the mainland (Massa et al. 2012). This species' consists of two subspecies, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 43,600 km².","The subpopulations of this species are still large in some parts of its range, but it is locally decreasing due to alteration of its habitat. The overall population trend is decreasing.","This species lives in dry steppic grasslands, and adults can be found in summer and autumn at elevations between 50 m and 900 m asl.","This species is threatened by destruction of its habitat, particularly by its transformation into farmland.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research is needed into its taxonomy, since the two subspecies might represent separate valid species (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015). Research is also needed into the population trend and threats.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Fontana, P., Hochkirch, A., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Ephippiger,camillae,,Ephippiger camillae,"Fontana & Massa, 2000",,Yes,CR (PE),B1ab(v)+2ab(v),Yes,CR (PE),B1ab(v)+2ab(v),EU28,,"Camilla's Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippiger camillae) is only known from the type locality in the Madonie Mountains in Sicily, Italy. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) since it has not been found since the 1880's despite surveys having been carried out in the area. In addition, its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km², it occurs at only one location, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals since the species has not been found recently. It may possibly be extinct and further research is needed to find out if the species is still extant. If so, immediate conservation action is required.",Decreasing,"Camilla's Saddle Bush-cricket is only known from the type locality in the Madonie Mountains in Sicily, Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species has not been found since the original material was collected (1880's) despite repeated searches in the area, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².","There is no quantitative data on the population size or trend, but since the species has not been found recently, the population trend is inferred to be declining.","The species of this genus inhabit shrubland, but there is no available information about the specific habitat and ecological requirements of this species.","The threats to this species are unknown. However, taking into account the species is only known from its type locality, and it is unknown whether it is still extant, it is precautionarily considered to occur at only one location.","There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but its type locality is situated in a protected area. Further research is needed to find out if the species is still extant. If so, immediate conservation action is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Ephippiger,carlottae,,Ephippiger carlottae,"Fontana & Odé, 2003",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"Carlotta's Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippiger carlottae) is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the northern Apennines. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of ca 5,750 km², and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to land-use changes (particularly abandonment). It is therefore close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. Further research is needed into the population trend and threats to this species.",Decreasing,"Carlotta's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the northern Apennines (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5,750 km².",The population of this species is continuously declining as a consequence of the deterioration of its habitat.,"This is a mountain species, living in ecotones and it is often found on bushes of Rubus species.","The major threat to this species is changes in land use, particularly abandonment.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a nature reserve. Further research is needed into the population trend and threats to this species.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Ephippiger,cavannai,,Ephippiger cavannai,"(Targioni-Tozzetti, 1881)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Cavanna's Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippiger cavannai) is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the central and southern parts of the peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is considered common and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"Cavanna's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the central and southern parts of the peninsula (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 41,000 km².","There is no available data on the population size and trend of this species, but is it considered common.","This species lives in dry grasslands at elevations between 10 m and 1,500 m asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in nature reserves. Research is needed into the population trends, threats and ecology.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Massa, B., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Ephippiger,discoidalis,,Ephippiger discoidalis,"Fieber, 1853",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Dalmatian Saddle Bush-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) as the species has a wide distribution with large subpopulations and no major threats are known.",Unknown,"The Dalmatian Saddle Bush-cricket is common along the northwestern Adriatic coast and the neighbouring Dinaric Alps (Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia) and the northern Pindos range (northern and central Albania) reaching the eastern Alps foothills in northeastern Italy (Harz 1969, Massa et al. 2012, M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is c. 145,000 km² in Europe and c. 95,000 km² in the EU 28.",Subpopulations of this species are very large. Its population trend is unknown.,"The species occurs in Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean scrubland, in forest margins and open meadows with significant presence of bushes, between sea level and 1,700 m Asl.",No significant threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but several subpopulations occur in protected areas. Research on its population trend is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Ephippiger,diurnus,,Ephippiger diurnus,"Dufour, 1841",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Western Saddle Bush-cricket is widespread in western Europe from the Pyrenees to the Netherlands. It lives on shrubby and well exposed grasslands and moorlands, between sea level and 2,000 m altitude. The species is common in the southern part of its range (especially in mountainous or sub-mountainous areas), but rarer in the north (where subpopulations are fragmented and it has a higher risk of regional extinction). Significant threats, which are accentuated by fragmentation, are reported only for the northern subpopulations. The situation in the northern part of its distribution is clearly worse than in the southern part and thus requires close monitoring. However, the extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe and in the EU 28 covers c. 825,000 km² and the species is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Decreasing,"The Western Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippiger diurnus) is widespread in western Europe. This lowland and mountainous species is known from northern Spain, France (where it is present throughout the whole country except for the far north) (Defaut et al. 2009), Switzerland (in the western regions, Baur et al. 2006), southwestern Germany (Maas et al. 2002), Belgium (in Limbourg Campine; Claerebout 2013) and the Netherlands (in Gelderland; Bakker et al. 2015). It was formerly present in Luxembourg (Proess 2004) but is here now extinct. In large parts of its range it has been formerly been confused with Ephippiger ephippiger (e.g. Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg) (Barat 2012). Two subspecies are recognised: Ephippiger diurnus diurnus Dufour, 1841 (which as a large distribution) and Epphippiger diurnus cunii Bolivar, 1877 (which is widespread in the eastern Pyrenees). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 825,000 km².","Ephippiger diurnus is a rather well-known bush-cricket. It is easy to detect due to its loud song and is also easy to identify in the northern part of its range. It is considered a common species in the southern half of its range, where at times some outbreaks have been reported mainly in southern France (southwestern Alps, South Massif Central, Pyrenees). Therefore, it is classified as having ""extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals"". In the the northern part of its range (Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, Netherlands), it is quite rare with fragmented subpopulations. The species is extinct in Luxembourg and has recently declined further in the Netherlands (Bakker et al. 2015). The current population trend is decreasing.","Ephippiger diurnus is a lowland and mountainous species, being present from sea level up to 2,000 m altitude. It lives in various open and shrubby habitats, generally dry and well exposed to sun: rocky areas, dry grasslands with shrubs, heathlands, scrublands, forest clearings or edges. This flightless species is diurnal and can be easily detected by its loud song.","In the lowlands, Ephippiger diurnus habitats are often threatened by agricultural intensification, the use of pesticides and herbicides, and land use changes. In addition, the species can be affected by development projects (including urbanisation and transportation), as it seems to be the case in France. These threats lead to significant fragmentation of the subpopulations.","The Western Saddle Bush-cricket is listed as Regionally Extinct in Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003), as Endangered in Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands (Monnerat et al. 2007, Maas et al. 2011, Bakker et al. 2015) and as Vulnerable in Belgium (Lock et al. 2011). The species was assessed as Least Concern in France (Sardet and Defaut   2004), but as Vulnerable in the northern half of this   country (mainly on the plain, since it is not threatened in Franche-Comté,   Dehondt and Mora 2013). It is a protected species in Germany and subject to conservation projects in the north of its range. It also occurs in numerous protected areas (national parks and natural reserves). Further research and monitoring on its population trend is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Fontana, P., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Ephippiger,ephippiger,,Ephippiger ephippiger,"(Fiebig, 1784)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Eastern Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippiger ephippiger) is endemic to Europe and is widespread on the Balkan Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it is rare and declining in the northern part of its range, it is still quite common in the southern part of its distribution and the population size is large.",Decreasing,"The Eastern Saddle Bush-cricket occurs on the Balkan Peninsula from northern Greece and European Turkey to the southern Czech Republic, northern Slovakia and eastern Ukraine. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.6 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 520,000 km².","This species has been declining in the northern part of its range (Karner-Ranner 2009) and is still declining in Austria (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016). However, in the southern part of its range this species is very common and the subpopulations are probably are well connected (D. Chobanov and J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016). The overall population trend is decreasing, but the population size is large.","This species is found in bushes and trees along forest edges, clearings, vineyards (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008), on dry grassland habitats with bushes (Karner-Ranner 2009) and in quarries and sand pits with bushes (Zechner et al. 2005). It has also been found in plantations of Robinia pseudoacacia and crop fields (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016). In Greece it is found at elevations of up to 1,500 m asl.","This species is threatened by the intensification of viticulture, particularly by the removal of bushes as well as by afforestation (Karner-Ranner 2009). Locally it is still threatened by transformation of vineyards and orchards into arable fields or industrial areas (A. Kristin pers. comm. 2016). It may also be affected by the use of pesticides (D. Chobanov and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2016).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Vulnerable on the Polish and Austrian Red Lists (Liana 2002, Berg et al. 2005). More research into its distribution, ecology and the global population trend is required. The taxonomic status of its subspecies needs to be clarified (D. Chobanov, J. Skejo and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2016).",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Kristin, A., Chobanov, D.P., Ivkovic, S., Skejo, J. Skejo, Zuna-Kratky, T., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Ephippiger,melisi,,Ephippiger melisi,"Baccetti, 1959",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Abruzzo Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippiger melisi) is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the central Apennines. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a small area of occupancy (AOO) (less than 100 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals as well as in the quality and extent of the habitat. The species is mainly threatened by intensification of cattle grazing and abandonment of pastures. Further research is needed into population trends and threats. Appropriate habitat management needs to be implemented to avoid any future population declines. In addition, destroyed habitat should be restored.",Decreasing,"The Abruzzo Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the central Apennines (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 64 and 100 km².","The population of this species is severely fragmented and the subpopulations are rather small and restricted to special habitats. There is probably no gene flow between subpopulations, and the overall population trend is decreasing.","This large bush-cricket is a montane species, which sometimes occurs high on mountains at elevations between 900 m and 1,700 m asl. It lives on bushes, mostly of Rubus and Juniperus species.",This species is mainly threatened by increased cattle grazing and abandonment of pastures. Tourism may also affect it.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. Further research is needed into population trends and threats. Appropriate habitat management needs to be implemented to avoid any future population declines. In addition, destroyed habitat should be restored.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Massa, B., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M. & Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Ephippiger,perforatus,,Ephippiger perforatus,"(Rossius, 1790)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Apennine Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippiger perforatus) is endemic to Italy, and it occurs from the Northwest to the South, where it is much rarer. This species is assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution. However, the population seems to be declining, particularly in the southern part of its range. Therefore, further research is needed into its population trends and threats.",Decreasing,"The Apennine Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and it occurs from the Northwest to the South, where it is much rarer (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 147,500 km².","Data on population size or trend are scarce, but the population seems to be declining in the southern part of its range. The overall population trend is decreasing.","This large bush-cricket lives on bushes and shrubs from the coasts to the mountains at elevations between 50 m and 1,550 m asl.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in nature reserves. Further research is needed into the population trend and threats to this species.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Ephippiger,persicarius,,Ephippiger persicarius,"Fruhstorfer, 1921",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Swiss Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippiger persicarius) is an endemic species of the south-western part of the Alps, concentrated in the mountain regions of Italy and Switzerland. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, it is widespread (even abundant in suitable habitats), and it occurs over a broad range of altitudes. However, the threats to this species, which are mainly related to the availability and quality of its habitat, seem to affect several parts of the species´ range. In addition, this species has experienced declines in the past, and the current population trend is presumed to be decreasing. The effects of the abandonment of land use in the core areas of this species should be monitored to clarify the scope of this threat.",Decreasing,"Due to the complicated taxonomic status of the allopatric E. ephippiger species-aggregate (e.g., Baur and Coray 2004) there is some confusing information in the literature on the distribution of this species. According to the current knowledge, it is an endemic species of the south-western part of the Alps, concentrated in the mountain regions of Italy and Switzerland between the Lago Maggiore and the region of Trentino, reaching northwards to the southern parts of the Tessin and Graubünden. An isolated record originates from the Alpi Marittimi (Baur et al. 2006, Massa et al. 2012). Published records from Styria (Austria) and Istria (Croatia) seem to belong to another Ephippiger species. This species lives in the mountains and can be found at a broad range of elevations between 330 and 1,680 m asl (Baur and Roesti 2006). Its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 34,000 km².","In its restricted area of occurrence this species is widespread and, in suitable habitats, even abundant. Sub-populations in the lowlands of Switzerland declined in earlier decades due to intensification of viticulture or housing development. In the core areas, reforestation and the overgrowth of open habitats lead to local extinctions (Baur and Roesti 2006). In Italy, this species is found quite scattered and it experienced declines in the past (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015). Overall the population trend is presumed to be decreasing.","This species is an bush-cricket of dense growth in shrubs and herbs, living on warm and dry mountain slopes with a good density of bushes and larger herbs suitable for climbing. Typical habitats are sun-exposed forest edges, older clear-cuts, hedgerows in agricultural areas and pastures with interspersed shrub (Baur and Roesti 2006). This species is a good climber, mainly living quite secretively on bushes and herbs. The males sing during the day. Adults can be found comparatively late from end of July till the beginning of November (Baur and Roesti 2006).","This species is rather characteristic of the extensively managed cultural landscape. In the lowlands, these habitats are threatened by agricultural intensification (mainly due to reduction of important landscape elements like bushes and hedgerows), and the development of human settlements in these climatically attractive places (like in the Tessin, Bauer and Roesti 2006). The planting of vineyards has also reduced the suitable habitat of this species. In higher areas, where the majority of the subpopulations are found, abandonment of small-scale agriculture (especially extensive pastures) lead locally to natural overgrowth or intentional reforestation, resulting in a loss of quality of suitable open habitats for this heat-loving species  (Baur and Roesti 2006). The scope of these threats is not well surveyed, especially in the important area of the Italian Alps, but it can be assumed, that these factors will affect the species in the near future.","This species is not subject to direct conservation action, but it occurs in several protected areas. Parts of its habitat should be target through the agro-environmental schemes of the European Union, which supports low-impact farming and also the preservation of landscape elements like bushes or hedges. The effects of the abandonment of land use in the core areas of this species should be monitored to clarify the scope of this threat.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & Cálix, M.","Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Ephippiger,provincialis,,Ephippiger provincialis,"Yersin, 1854",,Yes,VU,"B1b(iii,iv,v)c(iv)+2b(iii,iv,v)c(iv)",Yes,VU,"B1b(iii,iv,v)c(iv)+2b(iii,iv,v)c(iv)",EU28,,"The Provence Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippiger provincialis) is endemic to the French Provence region, living on Mediterranean scrublands and dry grasslands between 0 and 800 m altitude. Subpopulations are ratherfragmented and significant threats have been reported (forest fires, urbanisation, local development projects), resulting on a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and of mature individuals. The species is known to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. Since its area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 2,000 km² and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,500 km², this species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU).",Decreasing,"The Provence Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippiger provincialis) is endemic to the Provence in France (Defaut 1999). It occurs mainly in Var, reaching Bouches-du-Rhône and Alpes-de-Haute-Provence (Defaut et al. 2009), and is currently known from 70 localities in 20 municipalities. It is a lowland and sub-mountainous species which is widespread from sea level to 800 m altitude. The main subpopulations are known from the northeastern areas of Var, and in the Maures plains and massif. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 5,500 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) has been estimated to cover around 500-1,000 km².","Ephippiger provincialis is a rather rare species that shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. Densities are usually low, but in some years these can be high and outbreaks have been reported (Chopard 1952, Defaut 1999). There is no information available on the population size and trend, but overall it is inferred to be declining based on the ongoing threats to its habitat (F. Dusoulier pers. comm. 2015).","Ephippiger provincialis is a lowland and sub-mountainous species that inhabits various hot and open Mediterranean habitats on calcareous and acidic soils such as dry grasslands, Mediterraenan scrublands and herbaceous uncultivated lawns, and it is found on Juniperus and Quercus species. It is sometimes present on cultivated crop fields. This flightless species is diurnal, and easily detected by its loud calling songs.","Ephippiger provincialis habitats are often flat lands and thus especially attractive for development projects. The species is threatened by frequent forest fires (Andrieu and Dumortier 1994) and has been recently impacted by several photovoltaic plants. In low altitude areas (such as Provence), direct human impacts like urbanisation is causing significant fragmentation of the subpopulations. The increase in vineyards, overgrazing, use of pesticides, afforestation (which is one of the main concerns in Var) and overgrazing can pose a negative impact on the species.","There are no conservation actions in place for Ephippiger provincialis, but it occurs in several protected areas like the Maures plain National Natural Reserve. The species was assessed as ""priority 3"" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Research is needed on the ecology and life history of the species, in particular to study the fluctuations in subpopulation densities.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Roesti, C., Monnerat, C., Fontana, P., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Ephippiger,ruffoi,,Ephippiger ruffoi,"Galvagni, 1955",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Pygmy Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippiger ruffoi) is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the Central Apennines. This species is assessed as Endangered since its area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 200 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of sub-populations, extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. The major threats to this species are increased sheep grazing and touristic activities. Further research is needed into the population trend and into the threats. Appropriate management of the habitat is needed to avoid any further population declines.",Decreasing,"The Pygmy Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the Central Apennines (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 92 and 200 km².",The overall population trend is decreasing. The population is severely fragmented as subpopulations are very small and isolated and the species is flightless.,"This medium sized bush-cricket lives on high altitudes pastures, mostly on Juniperus spp. and Verbascum spp. at elevations between 900 m and 2,300 m asl.",The major threats to this species are increased sheep grazing and summer tourism.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population trend and into the threats. Appropriate management of the habitat is needed to avoid any further population declines.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Ephippiger,terrestris,,Ephippiger terrestris,"Yersin, 1854",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Alpine Saddle Bush-cricket occurs in the southwestern Alps, where it lives on various open habitats (grasslands, open shrublands, edges) between 40 and 2,330 m altitude. The species is rather common on the French mountains, but rare along the French Mediterranean coast and in the Italian and Swiss mountains. The population seems to be slowly decreasing over the last 10 years, and local subpopulations can be threatened by decreasing pastoralism, intensification of agricultural practices, urbanisation and other development projects. Some subpopulations in the Mediterranean coast are suspected to have become extinct. However, the species has a large distribution range with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 54,000 km², and it is thus assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Decreasing,"The Alpine Saddle Bush-cricket is widespread in France (in the South Alps), Italy (in Liguria and the mountainous areas of Piedmont and Lombardia) and in Switzerland (in Sottoceneri) (Defaut et al. 2009, Massa et al. 2012, Baur et al. 2006). The species occurs from sea level to the alpine zone. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 54,000 km². Three subspecies are recognised: E. t. terrestris Yersin, 1854 (which is present in the low altitude parts of the Pre-Alps and along the Côte-d'Azur in France), E. t. bormansi Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882 (which is present in the French, Italian and Swiss mountainous parts of the species' range) and E. t. caprai Nadig, 1980 (which is present in Liguria).","The Swiss subpopulations are thought to be stable (Monnerat et al. 2007), and locally common, and the species also seems to be stable in Italy. In France, the species is rather common except along the Provence coasts (Toulon, Hyères, Bormes-les-Mimosas), where it could have become extinct. The population seems to have been slowly decreasing over the last 10 years. The subpopulations of E. t. bormansi in the northeastern part of its range could be disconnected from the main range.","Ephippiger terrestris is a coastal and mountainous species whose altitudinal range is 40 to 2,330 m altitude. The species lives on various open herbaceous or low shrub habitats such as dry grasslands, alpine grasslands and meadows, forest edges with ferns, open shrublands or Mediterranean scrublands and abandoned fields. This flightless species is diurnal and is easily detected by its loud calling song.","Local populations of Ephippiger terrestris are threatened by decreasing pastoralism and land abandonment, which leads to encroachment of bushes and trees. The species is also affected by the intensification of agricultural practices, urbanisation and other local development projects, including photovoltaic plants and stone quarries. In low altitude areas (such as Liguria, Côte d'Azur and Provence), direct human impacts (mainly urbanisation around cities) cause a significant reduction and fragmentation of the subpopulations.","There are no conservation actions in place for Ephippiger terrestris, although it occurs on several protected areas (including National parks) throughout its range. The species was assessed as ""priority 3"" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004) and Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007). More research on its population trend is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Ephippiger,zelleri,,Ephippiger zelleri,"(Fischer, 1853)",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"Zeller's Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippiger zelleri) is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the central part of the country. This species is assessed as Endangered since its area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 400 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of the habitat due to land-use changes. The main threats are urbanisation and agricultural land use, and the species has already disappeared from large parts of its range, particularly in the surroundings of Rome. More research into the population trends and threats is needed. Remaining habitats need to be protected and properly managed to avoid any further population declines. In addition, destroyed habitats should be restored.",Decreasing,"Zeller's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the central part of the country (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 40 and 400 km².","This species has disappeared from large parts of its range, particularly in the surroundings of Rome. The subpopulations are very small and isolated, and since the species is flightless, there is little genetic exchange between them. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. The overall population trend is decreasing.","This species lives mostly on low altitude, on bushes.",The major threat to this species is the transformation of its habitat caused by urbanisation and agriculture. There is a continuing decline in the quantity and quality of the habitat of this species as a result of these land-use changes.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in nature reserves. More research into the population trends and threats is needed. Remaining habitats need to be protected and properly managed to avoid any further population declines. In addition, destroyed habitats should be restored.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Ephippigerida,areolaria,,Ephippigerida areolaria,"(Bolívar, 1877)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Spanish Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippigerida areolaria) is endemic to the northern half of Spain, except for the province of Galicia and the Cantabric fringe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite common, the population trend is assumed to be stable and no major threats to it have been reported.",Stable,"The Spanish Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the northern half of Spain, except for the province of Galicia and the Cantabric fringe. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 200,000 km².",This species is quite common and the population trend is assumed to be stable.,"This flightless species is associated with different types of  Mediterranean shrubland and dry grasslands (Pardo et al. 1993). It is found on Erica, Juniperus and Buxus species, at altitudes between 293 m and 2,221 m Asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for species, but it occurs in several protected areas. Research is needed into the population size and trend.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Ephippigerida,asella,,Ephippigerida asella,"Navás, 1907",,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)c(iv)+2ab(iii)c(iv),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)c(iv)+2ab(iii)c(iv),EU28,,"The Pre-Pyrenean Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippigerida asella) is endemic to the province of Lérida in northeastern Spain. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,800 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an observed continuing decline in the area and extent of its habitat. In addition, the population experiences extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. The major threat to this species is abandonment of grazing, with subsequent transformation of its habitat into forests. Appropriate grazing management is recommended in remaining habitats. Further research is needed on the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this species.",Unknown,"The Pre-Pyrenean Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the province of Lérida in northeastern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,800 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km².","This species can be locally abundant, but its population trend is unknown. This species shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (Olmo Vidal 2008). The population is severely fragmented since the subpopulations are very small and isolated in mountains, the species is flightless and subpopulation may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation (J. Barat pers. comm. 2016).","The species lives in steppic habitats and in Buxus sempervirens (Llucià Pomares 2002) bush. It is found at altitudes between 840 m and 1,980 m Asl.","The major threat to this species is abandonment of grazing, with subsequent transformation of its habitat into forests (J. Barat pers. comm. 2016). As a result, continuing habitat loss has been detected (Olmo Vidal 2008).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for the species and no data is available on whether it is present in any protected areas. Further research is needed on the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this species. Appropriate grazing management should be applied in remaining habitats.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Ephippigerida,carinata,,Ephippigerida carinata,"(Bolívar, 1877)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Keeled Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippigerida carinata) is endemic to the northern half of Spain and it occurs primarily in mountainous areas. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in Spain, it can be locally abundant and no major threats to it have been reported. However, this flightless species is difficult to find and research is needed on its population size and trends, ecology and threats.",Unknown,"The Keeled Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the northern half of Spain and it occurs primarily in mountainous areas. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 150,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 76 km² with an upper estimate of 1,000 km². In addition it has been recorded from the vicinity of Lerida, Zaragoza and Navarra, but confirmation to the species identification for these areas is needed and thus the latter have not been considered for the EOO and AOO calculation.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown. In general the species is difficult to find, although it can be locally abundant in Retama associations.","This species occurs primarily in the mountainous areas of central Spain at altitudes between 800 m and 1,800 m Asl. It was usually found in medium-sizedbushes (Retama, Eryngium) (Peinado de Diego 1984). It is a flightless species with low mobility.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no direct conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas. Research on its population size and trends, ecology and threats is necessary.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Ephippigerida,diluta,,Ephippigerida diluta,"(Bolívar, 1878)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Diluted Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippigerida diluta) has a wide distribution in the northwestern part of the Iberian Pensinsula (Spain and Portugal) extending eastwards along the Central mountain system up to Madrid. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is presumed to be large, the species can be locally abundant and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"The Diluted Saddle Bush-cricket has a wide distribution in the northwestern part of the Iberian Pensinsula (Spain and Portugal) extending eastwards along the Central mountain system up to Madrid (Peinado de Diego 1990, Miranda-Arabolaza and Barranco 2005). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 240,000 km².","There is little available information on the population of this species. It may be locally abundant and the population size is presumed to be large, but the population trend is unknown.","This species occurs both in lowlands and mountainous areas, inhabiting forests, grassland and shrubland. It lives on Eryngium sp., Scolymus sp. and other plants (Peinado de Diego 1990).",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"This species occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into its distribution, life history and ecology, to estimate its population trend, and to evaluate the treats to this bush-cricket.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Ferreira, S., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Clemente, M., Correas, J., García, M., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B., Presa, J.J. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Ephippigerida,laserena,,Ephippigerida laserena,"Barat & Correas, 2015",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Badajoz Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippigerida laserena) is presently only known from one locality in the Badajoz province in western Spain. This species has only recently been described (2015), and only six specimens have been recorded. It is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed on this bush-cricket in order to assess its extinction risk.",Unknown,"The Badajoz Saddle Bush-cricket is presently only known from one locality in the Badajoz province, western Spain, at an altitude of 428 m Asl. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are both currently estimated to be 4 km². However, this species is expected to occur in neighbouring areas with suitable habitat.",The population size and trend of this species is unknown as only six specimens have been documented so far.,The species has been collected in Retama shrubs and pastures (Barat and Correas 2015).,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it is present within any protected areas. Further research is needed on the threats, distribution, population trend and ecology of this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Ephippigerida,longicauda,,Ephippigerida longicauda,"(Bolívar, 1873)",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Long-tailed Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippigerida longicauda) is presently only known from the vicinity of Ciudad Rodrigo in the province of Salamanca, Spain. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed on this bush-cricket in order to assess its extinction risk.",Unknown,"The Long-tailed Saddle Bush-cricket is presently only known from the vicinity of Ciudad Rodrigo in the province of Salamanca, Spain. Other doubtful records have been published from Navarra and León, but these are not considered in this assessment. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km², with an upper estimate of 60 km².",The population size and trend of this species are unknown.,"There is very little available information on this species. It is known fromfallow landsanduncultivated areas (Peinado de Diego 1990) and has been collected at altitudes between 658 m and 2,000 m Asl.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. Thorough research on its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is necessary.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Ephippigerida,marceti,,Ephippigerida marceti,"Navás, 1907",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"Marcet's Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippigerida marceti) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and it is known with certainty only from its type locality in the Lérida province (northeastern Spain). This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed on this species, especially into its taxonomy since it is likely to be a synonym of Ephippigerida asella or E. areolaria.",Unknown,"Marcet's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. It is known with certainty only from its type locality in Lérida province, northeastern Spain, at 840 m Asl. There are three more records from the province of Navarra, but those are doubtful. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is currently estimated at ca 11,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².",The population size and trend of this species are unknown.,"There is very little available information on this species. Presumably, it is found in steppe zones (Llucià Pomares 2002).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected areas. Thorough research is needed for this species especially into its taxonomic status since it is probably synonymous with Ephippigerida asella or E. areolaria (Olmo 2006, Poniatowski et al. 2010, Barat 2012).",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Ephippigerida,pantingana,,Ephippigerida pantingana,"(Navás, 1904)",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Aragon Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippigerida pantingana) has only recently been newly collected after more than a century since its description. It is only known from the Huesca and Zaragoza provinces in northeastern Spain. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed on this species in order to assess its extinction risk.",Unknown,"The Aragon Saddle Bush-cricket is only known from the Huesca and Zaragoza provinces in northeastern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 9,500 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km² with an upper estimate of 300 km².","There is no available information on the population size and trend of this species. It had notbeen recorded for more thana century until 2009. While it is generally rare, it can be locally abundant.","There is little available information on the habitat of this species. It is found in steppes of Stipa, Genista, Artemisia species (Llucià Pomares et al. 2009) and has been collected in mountainous areas at altitudes between 490 m and 1,478 m Asl.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species but it occurs in protected areas. This species is poorly known and further research is needed into its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Ephippigerida,rosae,,Ephippigerida rosae,"Barat & Correas, 2015",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Portuguese Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippigerida rosae) is endemic to the western part of central Portugal. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,300 km², known area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km²), it occurs at less than five locations and there is an inferred continuing decline in the quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals due to wildfires. This bush-cricket is also threatened by agricultural land conversion, forestry management practices and possibly the use of pesticides. Research is needed into its population trend, ecology and threats. Appropriate fire management is necessary to avoid any further population declines.",Decreasing,"The Portuguese Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the western part of central Portugal. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,300 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km².","This species is very localised, although its subpopulations can be dense (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2016). A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred due to the ongoing threats.","This species has been collected in open Erica, Cistus and Ulex spp. shrublands (Barat and Correas 2015). It is known to occur at altitudes between 142 m and 570 m Asl.","The species is threatened by wildfires, agricultural land conversion, forestry management practices and possibly the use of pesticides. The main threat to this species is considered to be wildfires, and taking into account the likely extent of the effects of this threat and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at less than five locations. However, depending on the fire season, the species may also benefit from summer fires as it prevents the habitat from succession into forests (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2016).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. Research is needed into its population trend, ecology and threats. Appropriate fire management is necessary to avoid any further population declines. Particularly burning early in the season needs to be avoided (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2016).",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Ferreira, S., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Clemente, M., Correas, J., García, M., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B., Presa, J.J. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Ephippigerida,saussuriana,,Ephippigerida saussuriana,"(Bolívar, 1878)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Saussure's Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippigerida saussuriana) is endemic to the northwestern Iberian Peninsula. Several previous records of this species have recently been assigned to Ephippigerida diluta and the remaining records need to be checked, but may also be misidentifications. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite widespread and common in the northwestern Iberian Peninsula and no major threats to it have been reported. Further research on its taxonomy is needed to confirm if this is a valid species.",Unknown,"Saussure's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the northwestern Iberian Peninsula.Several previous records of this species have recently been assigned to Ephippigerida diluta and the remaining records need to be checked, but may also be misidentifications (Barat and Correas 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 188,200 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 124 km² with an upper estimate of 3,000 km².","This species is quite widespread and common (J. Barat pers. comm. 2016), but the population size and trend are unknown.","This species has been found in open Mediterranean shrubland (Peinado de Diego 1984). It occurs at altitudes between 100 m and 1,500 m Asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in a number of protected areas. Research on its taxonomy is needed to confirm if this is a valid species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Epipodisma,pedemontana,,Epipodisma pedemontana,"(Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882)",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Piedmont Mountain Grasshopper (Epipodisma pedemontana) is endemic to the French-Italian Alps. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since although it occurs in rather widespread and unthreatened habitats, and seems to be quite abundant, (at least on the Italian side of the Alps), it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 9,700 km²), and there seems to be a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals - thus making this species close to qualifying for listing in a threatened category under criterion B. As a species only capable of living or surviving within a narrow temperature range, it might be directly affected by rising temperatures due to global warming. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, ecology, and into the extent and effects of potential threats on this grasshopper.",Decreasing,"The Piedmont Mountain Grasshopper lives in the south-western Alps along the border of France and Italy. It can be found at high altitudes from the Aosta valley in the north, across the Alpi Cozie southwards to the northern parts of the Alpi Marittime. While in the French region, which is occupied by the subspecies E. p. waltheri, individuals are mainly restricted to the higher mountains along the border, in the Italian region, which is occupied by the nominal subspecies, they have a wider distribution (Nadig 1987, Voisin 2003, Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 9,700 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 124 km².","The subspecies Epipodisma pedemontana waltheri is rather localised, rare and seems to be in decline (Voisin 2003), while the nominate subspecies in Italy has a comparatively large area and is reported to be quite common in suitable habitats (Nadig 1987, Bellmann 1993, Massa et al. 2012). There is no available information on the population trend of the Italian subpopulation, but the overall trend of this species is assumed to be decreasing.","This species is a characteristic grasshopper of alpine grasslands and dwarf shrub heaths with a low vegetation height, living above the tree line. It is supposed to tolerate dry conditions, but compared to the other endemic, mainly sun-loving species of this region, it is resistant against cold conditions during its adulthood (Nadig 1987, Massa et al. 2012). This species can survive in very extreme conditions, and it occupies a rather broad range of elevations between 1,800 and 2,900 m asl.","There is little available information on the threats to this species, but it is possible that global warming could cause habitat changes that might affect it negatively, especially the rarer and locally more restricted subspecies waltheri. As a species only capable of living or surviving within a narrow and comparatively low temperature range (Nadig 1987), it might also be directly affected by rising temperatures. Intensification of grazing and touristic development, especially ski slopes, can also pose a threat to this species.","There are no known conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas in Italy and France (e.g., Parco Nationale Gran Paradiso, Parc National de la Vanoise, Parc Naturelle Régional de Queyras). Research should focus on the effects of potential threats on this species. Further research is also needed into the population size and trend, and into its ecology.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & Cálix, M.","Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Eremippus,costatus,,Eremippus costatus,"Tarbinsky, 1927",,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Caspian Wormwood Grasshopper (Eremippus costatus) occurs in Central Asia from Azerbaijan and southern Crimea to the Saratov region in the north. In Europe, the species is found in the Lower Volga region, on Crimea and in Askania Nova (Ukraine). This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is common, has large subpopulations and no major threats to it have been reported. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Unknown,"The Caspian Wormwood Grasshopper occurs in Central Asia from Azerbaijan and southern Crimea to the Saratov region in the north (Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1964). In Europe, the species is found in southern Ukraine and southern European Russia (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 598,000 km².",This species is common (Savitsky 2009) and often one of the dominant grasshopper species within its habitat (Savitsky 2007). The overall population trend is unknown.,"The species is confined to loamy to sandy semi-deserts, where it is found in Artemisia vegetation (Savitsky 2002, 2009). It is also found in halophytic areas (Bukhvalova 2006, Zinenko and Striganova 2009). It feeds exclusively on Artemisia spp. (Savitsky 2010).",No major threats to this species have been reported (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).,There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species but it occurs in protected areas (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). More research into its population trend is required.,The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Nieto, A., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Kranz, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Lemonnier-Darcemont, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Eremippus,mirami,,Eremippus mirami,"Tarbinsky, 1927",,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

In Europe, Miram's Wormwood Grasshopper (Eremippus mirami) is found in the deserts and semi-deserts of the Lower Volga region in Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is common, the subpopulations are usually large and well connected, and no major threats to it have been reported. It does not occur in the EU 28 and is therefore Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Unknown,"Miram's Wormwood Grasshopper occurs from the Rostov region in Russia through Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan to western China (Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1964). In Europe this species is only known from southern European Russia (Heller 2013) and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 172,400 km².","This species is common in the Lower Volga region (Savitsky 2007). The subpopulations are usually large and well connected (Savitsky 2009), but the overall population trend is unknown.","The species occurs in desert habitats with Artemisia spp. and grasses (Savitsky 2007, 2009). It feeds on Artemisia spp. (Savitsky 2010).",No major threats to this species have been reported (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). Research into its population trend is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Vedenina, V., Szovenyi, G., Willemse, L.P.M., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T. & Skejo, J. Skejo","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Eremippus,simplex,,Eremippus simplex,"(Eversmann, 1859)",,No,NT,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Kazakhstan Wormwood Grasshopper (Eremippus simplex) occurs from southern European Russia via Kazakhstan to western China. In Europe the species occurs in southern European Russia. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe since it has a very restricted range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7,500 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is between 8 and 50 km²), and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. No regional adjustment is made since this species is probably not able to immigrate from adjacent subpopulations in Kazakhstan easily. More research into its distribution, population size and trends as well as threats is needed. Since the species does not occur in the EU 28, it is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Unknown,"The Kazakhstan Wormwood Grasshopper occurs from southern European Russia via Kazakhstan to western China (Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1964). In Europe the species occurs in southern European Russia (Heller 2013) where it is only known from two localities near Dosang (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7,500 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km² with an upper estimate of 50 km².",This species is quite rare in the Lower Volga region near Dosang (Savitsky 2007) but more common at the Russian border to Kazakhstan near Dzhanybek and Vishnevka. Its subpopulations are very small and isolated with probably no genetic exchange between them (Savitsky 2007). The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. The population trend for this species is unknown (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).,"This species is found in semi-deserts with scarce Artemisia spp. vegetation (Savitsky 2007). They feed mainly on Artemisia spp. (Savitsky 2007, 2010).",No major threats to this species have been reported (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). More research into its distribution, population size and trends as well as threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Vedenina, V., Szovenyi, G., Willemse, L.P.M., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T. & Skejo, J. Skejo","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Euchorthippus,albolineatus,,Euchorthippus albolineatus,"(Lucas, 1849)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The White-lined Straw Grasshopper (Euchorthippus albolineatus) is found in Sicily and there is also one record from Crete. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and abundant in Sicily, and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"The White-lined Straw Grasshopper is widespread in northern Africa and on Sicily, in Italy (Massa et al. 2012). There is also a record from Crete that needs to be confirmed (B. Massa pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 157,000 km².","This species is common and abundant in Sicily (Massa, 2011), but the overall population trend is unknown.","This species occurs in grassland habitats between sea level and 1,600 m asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas. More research into its population trend is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Odé, B. & Kleukers, R.","Kranz, M. & Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Euchorthippus,angustulus,,Euchorthippus angustulus,"Ramme, 1927",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Balearic Straw Grasshopper (Euchorthippus angustulus) is endemic to the Balearic Islands in Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is a common species and seems to occur in a broad range of habitats. Further research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.",Unknown,"The Balearic Straw Grasshopper is endemic to the Balearic Islands, where it is found in all the islands except for Menorca (where it may, however, also occur). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10,300 km²and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 96 km²with an upper estimate of ca 1,000 km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown, but it seems to be a common species.",The species inhabits dry grassy areas (Gangwere and Llorente 1992). It is present in altitudes between sea level and 400 m Asl.,This species might be locally threatened by urban and touristic development.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Further research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Euchorthippus,chopardi,,Euchorthippus chopardi,"Descamps, 1968",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Iberian Straw Grasshopper is widespread in western Europe (Portugal, Spain and southern France). This species lives in dry herbaceous vegetation of Mediterranean scrubland and in stony grasslands, between sea level and 1,500 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 685,000 km². The species is considered as rather common, and threats seem to affect the population only locally. Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"Euchorthippus chopardi is widespread on the Iberian Peninsula and in southern France. This species is recorded from Portugal (except for the northern Atlantic coast), Spain (except for Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria and Pais Vasco), France (only on the Mediterranean mainland departments up to the Var department) (Defaut 1999, Defaut et al. 2009, Herrera 1982). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 685,000 km².","Euchorthippus chopardi is generally considered a rather common species, as long as habitats are suitable. There is no information available on its population size and trends.","Euchorthippus chopardi is found on dry dense herbaceous vegetation of Mediterranean scrubland and dry grasslands. It occurs from sea level up to 1,500 m altitude.",Local subpopulations are impacted by urbanisation and various development projects. Abandonment of grazing and afforestation may also represent a threat to the species.,"No conservation actions are in place for the Iberian Straw Grasshopper, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. The species was assessed as Least Concern in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Research on its population size and trend is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Monnerat, C., Fontana, P., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Euchorthippus,declivus,,Euchorthippus declivus,"(Brisout de Barneville, 1848)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Straw Grasshopper (Euchorthippus declivus) is widely distributed in southern Europe from Spain to the Ukraine. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very common, the population trend is increasing and no major threats to it have been reported.",Increasing,The Common Straw Grasshopper is widely distributed in southern Europe from Spain to the Ukraine. Its northern range margin is in northern France. It is currently expanding its range in Austria and the Czech Republic.,This species has expanded its range strongly in Austria with a speed of 1-2 km per year (Zuna-Kratky and Denner 2009). It has also expanded its range in the Czech Republic (Holusa et al. 2007). The population trend is therefore believed to be increasing. The species is very common and is often a dominant species (Iorgu et al. 2009).,The species inhabits dry to semi-dry grasslands and ruderal vegetation. Even though the species is flightless it has a strong dispersal ability (Zuna-Kratky and Denner 2009).,No major threats to this species have been reported. It is not sensitive to intensive grassland management (frequent mowing) (Nagy and Kisfali 2007).,No conservation action is necessary for this species. On the Swiss Red List it is listed as Vulnerable (Monnerat et al. 2007). It occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend (particularly at the southern range margin) is required.,The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R. & Chobanov, D.P.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Euchorthippus,elegantulus,,Euchorthippus elegantulus,"Zeuner, 1940",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Elegant Straw Grasshopper is widespread in western Europe, where it is present in Portugal, Spain, France and the Channel Islands. This species lives in dry to mesic grasslands from sea level up to 1,400 m altitude. The species is common on the Iberian Peninsula and in the French Mediterranean area, but less common in the northern part of its range. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 1.3 million km² and threats seem to affect this species only locally. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The Elegant Straw Grasshopper is widespread in western Europe. Thisspecies has been recorded from Portugal, Spain (except for Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria, Pais Vasco, La Rioja and most of Castilla y Leon), France (except the north and north-east regions and the Central Massif), and Great Britain (only in the Channel Islands) (Defaut 1999, Herrera 1982). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 1.3 million km².","Euchorthippus elegantulus is very common in the Mediterranean part of its range, but less common in the Atlantic region and northern areas. There is no information available on the population size and trend of the species.","Euchorthippus elegantulus is present in dry to mesic habitats, living in densely vegetated grasslands. These habitats are generally dominated by 30-60 cm high grasses (Poaceae). It occurs from sea level to 1,400 m altitude.","Local subpopulations are impacted by urbanisation and various development projects, but these threats seem to not be significant for the whole population.","There are no conservation actions in place for Euchorthippus elegantulus, but it occurs in several protected areas throughout its range (including nature reserves and national parks).Euchorthippus elegantulus was assessed as Least Concern in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Further research on its population size and trend is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Monnerat, C., Fontana, P., Rutschmann, F., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Euchorthippus,madeirae,,Euchorthippus madeirae,"Uvarov, 1935",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Madeiran Straw Grasshopper (Euchorthippus madeirae) is endemic to Madeira (Portugal), where it occurs in grassland habitats at higher altitudes. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 221 km²), it is common and the population trend is increasing as a consequence of the prohibition of cattle grazing at higher altitudes on the island.",Increasing,The Madeiran Straw Grasshopper is endemic to Madeira (Heller 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 221 km².,The Madeiran Straw Grasshopper is a common species on Madeira (P. Kocarek pers. comm. 2016). Recently the population started to increase as a consequence of the prohibition of cattle grazing at higher altitudes on Madeira (I. Silva pers. comm. 2016).,"The species mainly occurs in grassland habitats or grassy patches on rocks at higher altitudes (above 800 m asl) (P. Korarek pers. comm. 2016). It was found in 1910 by Burr on ""steep mountain slopes above the pines"" (Uvarov 1935). Recently (2015) the species was also found at a high dust road with grassy vegetation (J. Mees pers. comm. 2015) at 1,182 m Asl.",The population increase after the prohibition of cattle grazing suggests that the species is sensitive to grazing. Large parts of Madeira are still used for cattle grazing and thus the threat still exists and is of concern.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend and ecology is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Silva, I., Aguiar, A. & Kocarek, P.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Euchorthippus,pulvinatus,,Euchorthippus pulvinatus,"(Fischer de Waldheim, 1846)",,No,LC,,No,VU,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Eastern Straw Grasshopper (Euchorthippus pulvinatus) occurs from Siberia, through Central Asia, the northern Caucasus and west Asia to eastern Europe. In Europe it occurs from Hungary and Slovakia to Greece, European Turkey and eastern European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is common in the steppe habitats in Russia and the Ukraine, and the subpopulations are large and well connected. This species is assessed as Vulnerable in the EU 28 since its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 700 and 2,000 km², the population is considered severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals. The major threats are habitat transformation into tree plantations or farmland, abandonment of grazing and overgrazing. It would benefit from maintenance or restoration of extensive grazing regimes and better protection of its habitats. More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is required. No regional adjustment is made as immigration from other countries is quite unlikely as the species has poor dispersal abilities.",Decreasing,"The Eastern Straw Grasshopper is distributed from Siberia, through Central Asia, the northern Caucasus and west Asia to eastern Europe (Denner 2009). In Europe it occurs from Hungary and Slovakia to Greece, European Turkey and eastern European Russia (Heller 2013, Sirin pers. comm.). It is extinct in the Czech Republic (Kocarék et al. 1999) and Austria (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015). Former records from Slovenia are probably erroneous (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015). In many European countries, this species has a fragmented distribution. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 3.3 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 890,000 km². Its area of occupancy (AOO) for the EU 28 is estimated to be between 700 and 2,000 km².","In Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia and Greece the species is considered rare and localised (Willemse 1984, Iorgu and Iorgu 2008, Chobanov 2009). In Austria, it has declined (Denner 2009) and is now thought to be extinct (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015). In the Czech Republic it is extinct as well (Kocarék et al. 1999). In Slovakia, it has also declined, but is still known from the sand dunes in the Danube lowland (Kristín et al. 2004) but the subpopulations are very fragmented here (A. Kristin pers. comm. 2015). In Hungary subpopulations in sandy lowlands are often very large and well connected, while those in Transdanubia and the mountainous and hilly parts of northeastern Hungary are more fragmented (Szövényi pers. comm. 2015). In Romania, the species is slowly decreasing and very fragmented (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). In European Turkey two subpopulations of this species were known, one of which (Istanbul) became extinct, while the other one is large and seems to be stable (Sirin pers. comm. 2015). Altogether the subpopulations in the majority of its range in the EU 28 are very small and isolated with probably little genetic exchange between them. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented for the EU 28 and the overall population trend is decreasing. The species shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (Zinenko and Striganova 2009). In the Rostov area the species has been occasionally reported as a pest (Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1964). The population in European Russia and the Ukraine is large and seems to be well connected (V. Vedenina and V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).","This species is found in dry, warm grasslands and steppes. It can sometimes be found at the edge of forest or on clearings (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008). In Austria it prefers open vegetation with short swards (Denner 2009). In Hungary it has been found on open limy-sandy grasslands (Rácz 1998).","Some subpopulations in Austria became extinct as a consequence of afforestation and transformation of grassland into vineyards (Denner 2009). The last subpopulation in Austria might have been displaced by Euchorthippus declivus (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015) and the same threat is assumed for Slovakia (A. Kristin pers. comm. 2015). Other threats are habitat transformation into tree plantations or farmland, abandonment of grazing (G. Szövényi and I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015), but also overgrazing (D. Chobanov and I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It would benefit from maintenance or restoration of extensive grazing regimes and better protection of its habitats (G. Szövényi pers. comm. 2015). More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Vedenina, V., Szovenyi, G., Chobanov, D.P., Sirin, D., Gomboc, S., Kristin, A., Savitsky, V., Iorgu, I.S., Willemse, L.P.M., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Ivkovic, S. & Pushkar, T.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Euchorthippus,sardous,,Euchorthippus sardous,"Nadig in Nadig & Nadig, 1934",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Sardinian Straw Grasshopper (Euchorthippus sardous) is endemic to Sardinia, in Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common, it can be found in all kinds of grassy habitats between sea level and mountainous areas, and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"The Sardinian Straw Grasshopper is endemic to Sardinia, in Italy, where it is rather widespread (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6,240 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km².","There is no data on the population size and trend, but the species is common and abundant in Sardinia and adjacent islets.","This species is found in all kinds of dry grassy and rocky habitats between sea-level and mountainous areas (up to 1,900 m asl) with adults being found in the summer and autumn.",No major threats have been reported for this species.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in several nature reserves. More research into its population trend is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Eugryllodes,escalerae,,Eugryllodes escalerae,"(Bolívar, 1894)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Iberian Mountain-cricket (Eugryllodes escalerae) has a wide distribution on the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although the population trend is unknown, it has a wide distribution and no major threats have been reported.",Unknown,"The Iberian Mountain-cricket is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it is distributed roughly from Alicante in the east to Porto in the west (Gorochov and Llorente 2001, Ferreira 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca 280,000 km².","There is no available information about the population trend. However, the number of individuals in subpopulations can be quite large.","The Iberian Mountain-cricket is a ground-dwelling species that hides in holes and crevices during the day. It inhabits open grassland and shrubland, usually with rocks or stones, and it is frequently found between 900 m and 2,100 m asl. It may also be found as low as 150 m asl.",No major threats have been reported for this species.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for the species, but it occurs in several protected areas. More research on its distribution, population size, trends, and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & Cálix, M.","Odé, B., Barranco Vega, P., Ferreira, S., Lemos, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Correas, J., Prunier, F. & Hochkirch, A.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Eugryllodes,littoreus,,Eugryllodes littoreus,"(Bolívar, 1885)",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Riverine Mountain-cricket (Eugryllodes littoreus) is endemic to Spain, has a small range and is supposedly not a very common species. There is no available information on the population trend or threats, and the species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient. More research is needed into this species in order to assess its extinction risk, particularly into its distribution, population size and trends, ecology and threats.",Unknown,"The Riverine Mountain-cricket is endemic to Spain and confined to the Tagus river basin, where it has been found only two times (Gorochov and Llorente 2001, Barranco 2010). This species' maximum estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,700 km². However, the species has recently only been found in one locality.",There is no available information on the population size and trend. This species is only found in small numbers (Gorochov and Llorente 2001).,Not much is known about the ecology of this species. It occurs in sandy areas (Barranco 2010).,There is no available information on the threats to this species. The threats are therefore unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. More research is needed into this species, particularly into its distribution, population size and trends, ecology and threats.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & Cálix, M.","Odé, B., Barranco Vega, P., Ferreira, S., Lemos, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Correas, J., Prunier, F. & Hochkirch, A.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Eugryllodes,pipiens,,Eugryllodes pipiens,"(Dufour, 1820)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Common Mountain-cricket (Eugryllodes pipiens) is widespread in the eastern half of Spain and in southeastern France, where it inhabits stony grasslands and sometimes in agricultural fields. The species is threatened by the abandonment of grazing. However, the extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 500,000 km² and the species is rather common in the main part of its range (Spain and southwestern Alps), and it is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Decreasing,"Eugryllodes pipiens is distributed across eastern Spain (Gorochov and Llorente 2001) and France (eastern Pyrenees, Languedoc and South Alps) (Defaut et al. 2009). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 500,000 km².","Eugryllodes pipiens is easily detected by night due to its distinctive stridulation. This is a rather common species in Spain and in the southwestern Alps, but it is very rare between the Pyrenees and Alps (where it is known from only two records). There is no information available on the population size and trend, but a decline is inferred from the ongoing threats.","Eugryllodes pipens is a sub-mountainous but predominantly mountainous species, and it has been recorded from 60 to 1,800 m altitude. This species lives in dry, open and stony habitats like dry grasslands or moorlands. It can also live in agricultural landscapes, especially in orchards or lavender fields.","The only known threat to the species is the abandonment of grazing, which leads to natural succession of bushes and trees.","There are no conservation actions in place for Eugryllodes pipiens, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range.The species was assessed as ""priority 3"" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Eumigus,ayresi,,Eumigus ayresi,"Bolívar, 1912",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Ayres' Stone Grasshopper (Eumigus ayresi) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a relatively wide distribution, can be quite abundant and there is no evidence of population declines. However, information about this species is scarce and research is needed into the population trend, distribution, life history, its ecology and threats.",Unknown,"This flightless species has a scattered distribution in the western Iberian Peninsula, mainly in northern and central Portugal (Llorente and Presa 1997, Miranda-Arabolaza and Barranco 2005, Llucià-Pomares and Fernández-Ortín 2011, S. Ferreira unpublished data). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 50,000 km².","There is no information on the population size and trend, although it can be quite abundant.",This species prefers bare ground habitats in mountainous areas (Miranda-Arabolaza and Barranco 2005; Llucià-Pomares and Fernández-Ortín 2011).,"The threats to this species are unknown. Although it may be affected by wildfires, it is not a habitat specialist and the effects of the fires are probably not very significant.","This species is known to occur in protected areas (Llorente and Presa 1997, Llucià-Pomares and Fernández-Ortín 2011). Information regarding this species is scarce and research is needed to estimate its population trend, distribution as well as life history, its ecology and threats.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Ferreira, S., Barranco Vega, P., Clemente, M., Correas, J., García, M., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B., Presa, J.J. & Prunier, F.","Barros, F. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Eumigus,cucullatus,,Eumigus cucullatus,"(Bolívar, 1878)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Hooded Stone Grasshopper (Eumigus cucullatus) is endemic to Spain. This species is assessed asLeast Concern since it is common and the population size is presumed to be large. However, the population is severely fragmented and research is needed into the threats and population trend of this species.",Unknown,"The Hooded Stone Grasshopper is endemic to Spain, occurring in the southeastern part of the Iberian Peninsula. Some records of the species from the Burgos province in the northern third of Spain are thought to be the result of mislabelling and are therefore not considered here. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 55,000 km².","The population trend is unknown but the species is common and the overall population size is presumed to be large. The population is considered to be severely fragmented since the species is flightless and thus has low mobility, its subpopulations are small and very isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","This species is usually found in open or low shrublands with Pistacia spp., Rosmarinus spp., Cistus spp., Thymus spp. (Llorente del Moral and Presa Asensio 1997, Pardo and Gómez 1995). It is found from the sea level up to 2,000 m Asl.",Greenhouse construction can lead to habitat loss in the lowlands (especially for the subspecies E. cucullatus almeriensis).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a number of protected areas. Research on the threats and population trend of the species is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Eumigus,monticola,,Eumigus monticola,"(Rambur, 1838)",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Mountain Stone Grasshopper (Eumigus monticola) is endemic to southeastern Spain. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 19,000 km², its area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 2,000 km², and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Further research is needed on its population trend and threats.",Unknown,"The Mountain Stone Grasshopper is endemic to southeastern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 19,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 88 km², with an upper estimate of 1,000 km².","There is no available information on the population size and trend of this species. The population is considered severely fragmented since the subpopulations of this flightless species are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","This species is found in low Mediterranean shrublands and on Juniperus bushes (Llorente del Moral and Presa Asensio 1997). It is found at altitudes between 600 m and 3,100 m Asl.","This species may be affected by habitat loss as a consequence of climate change, making its range shift upwards.","There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in a number of protected areas. Further research is needed on its population trend and threats.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Eumigus,punctatus,,Eumigus punctatus,"(Bolívar, 1902)",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Speckled Stone Grasshopper (Eumigus punctatus) is endemic to a mountainous area in the Betic mountain system in southern Spain. This species is assessed as as Near Threatened since although the species appears to not be in decline, it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8,600 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is probably smaller than 500 km²), and there is an inferred continuing decline in habitat quality due to global warming and sheep grazing; thus making this species close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Research is needed into the population trend and into the threats to this grasshopper.",Unknown,"The Speckled Stone Grasshopper is endemic to a mountainous area in the Betic mountain system in southern Spain. It occurs in the Albacete, Granada and Jaén provinces. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8,600 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 132 km², with an upper estimate of 500 km².","This species is found at low densities (F. Prunier pers. comm. 2016), although it seems to be common. The population may be considered partly fragmented. The population trend is unknown.","The species lives in open habitats such as open and scattered bushes, as well as in high-mountain pastures with Festuca species (Llorente del Moral and Presa Asensio 1997). It is found at altitudes between 600 m and 2,100 m Asl.","The species may be affected by habitat loss as a result of global warming and sheep grazing(F. Prunier pers. comm. 2016), resulting in a decline in the quality of the habitat.","There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in a number of protected areas. Research into the population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Eumigus,rubioi,,Eumigus rubioi,"Harz, 1973",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"Rubio's Stone Grasshopper (Eumigus rubioi) is endemic to the Sierra Nevada mountains in the Granada and Almería provinces of southern Spain. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,000 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 100 km²), and there is a projected continuing decline in the habitat extent and quality due to climate change; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Climate change has been shown to affect the biota of the Sierra Nevada significantly and it is likely to lead to habitat loss for this species by shifting its range upwards. Research is needed into its population trend and the effects of climate change on this species.",Unknown,"Rubio's Stone Grasshopper is endemic to the Sierra Nevada mountains in the Granada and Almería provinces of southern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,000 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 64 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km².","The species is rare, but there is no available information on the population size and trend. The population is partly fragmented since subpopulations are isolated and individuals are flightless, with very low mobility. However, it is not considered to be severely fragmented.","This species occurs in shrubland and high mountain pastures (Llorente del Moral and Presa Asensio 1997), at altitudes between 1,000 m and 3,450 m Asl.","Climate change has been shown to affect the biota of the Sierra Nevada significantly and it is likely to lead to habitat loss for this species by shifting its range upwards. This species is threatened by the effects of global warming, which can lead to its habitat shifting  upwards. Monitoring of the population size and trend is required.  Additionally, threats to this species should be better studied.","There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. Research is needed into its population trend and the effects of climate change on this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Eumodicogryllus,bordigalensis,,Eumodicogryllus bordigalensis,"(Latreille, 1804)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Verge Cricket (Eumodicogryllus bordigalensis) is widespread in the southern part of Europe including many Mediterranean islands, reaching southern Germany and the Czech Republic in the north and eastern European Russia in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, common in Southern Europe, and the current population trend is increasing; this grasshopper is currently expanding its range at the northern range border. It has also been recently found in areas distant from its natural range, suggesting that it is being introduced to new localities by humans.",Increasing,"The Verge Cricket is widespread in the southern part of Europe including many Mediterranean islands, reaching southern Germany and the Czech Republic in the north and eastern European Russia in the east (Harz 1969). During recent years, the species has expanded its range in eastern Austria (Berg and Bieringer 1998; Braun and Lederer 2009). New records from Germany (van Elst and Schulte 1995) had been assumed to be introduced by railroad freight transportation, but further recent records from Germany have meanwhile stimulated debate whether the species might be expanding its range naturally (Boczki 2007). The species has also been recently recorded in the Netherlands where it is likely to be introduced (Bakker et al. 2015). Subpopulations on the Canary Islands (Husemann and Hochkirch 2007), the Azores and Madeira may also be introduced. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 8.3 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 5.8 million km².",This species is very widespread and common in central and southern Europe and it is currently expanding its range at the northern border. The overall population trend is therefore probably increasing.,"This species occurs in a variety of habitats, often man-made ones e.g. farmland, roadside verges, railway embankments, gardens and pastureland (Massa et al. 2012). In the northern part of its range it is often found along railroad tracks (Holusa et al. 2007, Braun and Lederer 2009, Bakker et al. 2015).","The species may be threatened by intensive agriculture, particularly by improvement of moist grassland habitats (Braun and Lederer 2009).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Near Threatened on the Swiss Red List (Monnerat et al. 2007). In Poland it is Regionally Extinct (Liana 2002). Research into the population trend and threats is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Danielczak, A., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Eumodicogryllus,theryi,,Eumodicogryllus theryi,"(Chopard, 1943)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Thery's Cricket (Eumodicogryllus theryi) is found in Morrocco and on the Iberian Peninsula where it has so far been recorded from several Spanish provinces, and from southeastern Portugal. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common in its range, and can be locally abundant. However, is likely to be sensitive to agricultural land use (particularly farming), and research is needed into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats.",Unknown,"Thery's Cricket is found in Morrocco and on the Iberian Peninsula where it has so far been recorded from the provinces of Palencia, Málaga (Gorochov and Llorente 2001), Córdoba, Jaén and Sevilla (Barranco 2012) as well as southeastern Portugal (Ferreira 2009). These records suggest that the species may be more widespread on the Iberian Peninsula. Its known extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 210,000 km².",The population trend of this species is unknown. It is relatively abundant in cultivated areas (Ferreira 2009) and subpopulations can be large (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2015).,"This species has been found in habitats with patches of bare, seasonally muddy ground such as salt marshes, cultivated areas (pastures and arable land) or open clearings. It hides in crevices and insect burrows and is active during day and night. Adults hibernate in galleries underground and become active in spring.","The species is likely to be sensitive to agricultural land use, particularly farming (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2015).","There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Barranco Vega, P., Ferreira, S., Odé, B., Presa, J.J., Lemos, P., Prunier, F., Correas, J. & García, M.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Eupholidoptera,annamariae,,Eupholidoptera annamariae,"Nadig, 1985",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Annamaria's Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera annamariae) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a very small area in the eastern tip of Crete. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has an extremely restricted geographic range (known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km²), it occurs at only one location, and bushfires to could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Further research into the population size and trend, as well as into the threats to this species is required. Protection of its habitat as well as proper management of the grazing and fire regimes are necessary to preserve this species.",Unknown,"The Annamaria's Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a very small area in the eastern tip of Crete (Nadig 1985). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) between 20 and 100 km².",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend.,"Not much information is available on the habitat and ecology of this particular species. Marbled Bush-cricket species are known to live on and inside all kinds of shrubs, varying from very small thorny shrublets and blackberry bushes, to tall bushes found in maquis vegetation. This species is known to occur at elevations of 50-200 m Asl.","This species could be affected by bushfires and goat grazing. Taking into account the extent of the effects of bushfires and the extremely restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, as well as into the threats to this species is required. Protection of its habitat as well as proper management of the grazing and fire regimes are necessary to preserve this species.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Eupholidoptera,astyla,,Eupholidoptera astyla,"(Ramme, 1927)",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Mount Ida Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera astyla) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from two mountainous regions (Mt. Ida and Mt. Dikti) in the central and eastern part of the island of Crete. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (known extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 407 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of its habitat due to livestock grazing.  Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Proper grazing and fire management is required to preserve this species.",Decreasing,The Mount Ida Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece and is only known from two mountainous regions (Mt. Ida and Mt. Dikti) in the central and eastern part of the island of Crete (Ciplak et al. 2009). Its occurrence on the island of Naxos is considered doubtful. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 407 km².,There is an inferred continuing decline in the population due to threats to its habitat - livestock grazing (sheep and goats) and bushfires. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.,"No specific information is available about the habitat and ecology for this short-winged species. Marbled Bush-cricket species are known to live on and inside all kinds of shrubs, varying from very small thorny shrublets and blackberry bushes to tall bushes found in Maquis vegetation. As this species is found at higher altitudes (800-1,850 m Asl) it most likely inhabits small thorny bushes on the open mountain slopes.","This species lives in areas which are used for livestock grazing (sheep and goats), and this is considered a threat. However the effects it has on this species still need to be assessed. Bushfires could also result in habitat loss for this species.","No conservation actions are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Proper grazing and fire management is required to preserve this species.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Eupholidoptera,bimucronata,,Eupholidoptera bimucronata,"(Ramme, 1927)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Sicilian Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera bimucronata) is endemic to Sicily, Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"The Sicilian Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Sicily, Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 17,000 km².",The species is rather common but the population trendis unknown.,"This medium sized bush-cricket inhabits shrubland, edges of woodland and grassland. It lives mostly at middle and high altitudes, but is sporadically found at low elevations (between 400 m and 1,900 m asl).",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M. & Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Eupholidoptera,cephalonica,,Eupholidoptera cephalonica,"Willemse & Willemse, 2004",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Ionian Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera cephalonica) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from the Ionian Island of Cephalonia. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,080 km²), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals as well as in the extent and quality of its habitat, due to bushfires - thus making it close to qualifying for listing in a threatened category under criterion B. However, this species is common, widespread and found in a wide variety of habitats. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and into the threats to this species is required.",Decreasing,"The Ionian Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from the Ionian island of Cephalonia (Willemse and Willemse 2004), where it is widespread. This species' maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,080 km².","There is no available information on the population size and the population trend. This species is common, widespread and found in a wide variety of habitats. Its population trend is presumed to be decreasing as a consequence of the increasing frequency of wildfires.","No information is available about the habitat and ecology of this particular species. Marbled Bush-cricket species are known to live on all kinds of shrubs, varying from very small thorny shrublets and blackberry bushes, to tall bushes found in maquis vegetation. This species is found in gardens, grasslands, thistles and shrublands.","Given that this species occurs in various (semi) dry habitats across the island, it will  surely be affected by bushfires like the ones that occurred on Cephalonia in 2007.","No conservation actions are in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and into the threats to this species is required.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Eupholidoptera,chabrieri,,Eupholidoptera chabrieri,"(Charpentier, 1825)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Chabrier's Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera chabrieri) is found in the northern part of Italy, southern Switzerland and southeastern France. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite common in Italy, and can reach high abundances.",Unknown,"Chabrier's Marbled Bush-cricket is found in the northern part of Italy, southern Switzerland and southeastern France (Massa et al. 2012, Sardet et al. 2015).","This species is quite common and subpopulations can be large (Massa et al. 2012, D. Morin pers. comm. 2016). The population trend is unknown.","This species is found in grassland, at forest edges, clearings and in gardens usually in dense bushes, such as bramble (Schmidt 1996, Baur et al. 2006, Massa et al. 2012).",The species may be affected by pesticides (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2016).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend and ecology is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Monnerat, C., Morin, D., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Eupholidoptera,cretica,,Eupholidoptera cretica,"Ramme, 1951",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Cretan Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera cretica) is endemic to Greece, and it is only known from the Samaria gorge area in southwestern Crete. This species is known from a single male collected in 1942. Since then, it has not been recorded again at its original locality despite regular searches for it. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km²), and wildfires could drive it to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a short time even though fire suppression systems are in place in its habitat. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and into the threats to this species is required. As it has not been recorded since 1942, the first necessary step is to reconfirm its presence in the Samaria area in Crete.",Unknown,"The Cretan Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and it is only known from the Samaria gorge area in southwestern Crete (Willemse 1980, Ciplak et al. 2009). After its discovery, based on a specimen collected in 1942, this species has not been reported again. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend.,"No information is available about the habitat and ecology of this particular species. Marbled Bush-cricket species are known to live on and inside all kinds of shrubs, varying from very small thorny shrublets and blackberry bushes, to tall bushes found in maquis vegetation.",The species was reported from a region that is considerably threatened by wildfires (Spanos et al. 2008).,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but there are grazing management and fire suppression systems in place in its habitat. Its distribution also overlaps with a protected area. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and into the threats to this species is required. As it has not been recorded since 1942, the first necessary step is to reconfirm its presence in the Samaria area in Crete.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Eupholidoptera,cypria,,Eupholidoptera cypria,"Ramme, 1951",,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Cyprian Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera cypria) is found in southern Turkey, Syria and on Cyprus where it is widespread. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,500 km²), and the population is decreasing due to agricultural land use intensification, intensified goat grazing, the use of pesticides, and bushfires - thus making this species close to qualifying as Vulnerable under criterion B. Further research into the population trend, and into the threats to this species is required.",Decreasing,"The Cyprian Marbled Bush-cricket is found in southern Turkey, Syria and on Cyprus where it is widespread, occurring from low elevations to about 1,580 m Asl on Troodos mountain (Tumbrinck, 2006). This species' currently known extent of occurrence is ca 4,500 km².","The population of this species is decreasing due to agricultural land use intensification, intensified goat grazing, the use of pesticides, and bushfires. However, the populations are still large and not fragmented.","This species occurs mainly in field margins and road verges, but also in abandoned fields. It is found on shrubs varying from very small thorny shrublets and blackberry bushes, to tall bushes found in maquis vegetation.","The major threats to this species are agricultural land use intensification, intensified goat grazing and the use of pesticides. It is also affected by bushfires.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. Further research into the population trend, and into the threats to this species is required.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Tzirkalli, E., Kati, V. & Papapavlou, K.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Eupholidoptera,danconai,,Eupholidoptera danconai,"La Greca, 1959",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"Danona's Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera danconai) is endemic to Italy. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 500 and 2,000 km², and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B2. This species may be locally affected by the use of pesticides and research is needed into its distribution, ecology, population trend and threats.",Unknown,"Dancona's Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, where it occurs from Calabria through Campania and Latium to Marche, coastal Abruzzi and inner Tuscany (Massa et al. 2012, Allegrucci et al. 2013). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 500 and 2,000 km².","The population of this species is severely fragmented since the subpopulations are usually small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. This bush-cricket is flightless and there is probably no genetic exchange between subpopulations. The population trend is unknown.","This species occurs in shrubland and along forest edges, grasslands with dense tussocks (Carotti 2010, Massa et al. 2012) and in arid bushy areas (Carotti 2006).",This species may be locally affected by the use of pesticides.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its ecology, distribution, population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Eupholidoptera,epirotica,,Eupholidoptera epirotica,"(Ramme, 1927)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Epirus Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera epirotica) is endemic to Greece, where it is only found in a relatively small area in the southwestern part of the Greek mainland, east from the island of Lefkada. This species is assessed as Least Concern since even though its extent of occurrence (EOO) is only ca 260 km², this species is common and is present in a variety of habitats. Further research into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species is required.",Unknown,"The Epirus Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is only found in a relatively small area in the southwestern part of the Greek mainland, east from the island of Lefkada (Willemse and Willemse 2004). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 260 km².",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend.,"This species is present in many types of habitats, including coarse herbage, bramble thickets, prickly bushes, shrubby areas, sometimes poor vegetation consisting mainly of Quercus coccifera. At one site (in the surroundings of the village of Thirion, Mt. Akarnanika) this species was abundant and specimens were found on the asphalt road, feeding on traffic victims of their own species (July 1986 and 1987). Visiting this spot many years later (July 2000), the situation was very similar (Willemse and Willemse 2004). This species is known to occur at altitudes of 10-1,450 m Asl.","The major threat to this species is the occurrence of wildfires. While there is overgrazing in the area, this is unlikely to affect this species given its presence in a variety of habitats.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it is not found in any protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species is required.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Eupholidoptera,feri,,Eupholidoptera feri,"Koçak & Kemal, 2010",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Fer's Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera feri) is endemic to Greece, and has only been reported from a plain area in the Katharo Mountain Plateau in eastern Crete. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has an extremely restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are both within 4 km²), it occurs at only one location, and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, and in the area, extent and quality of the habitat, due to bushfires and vineyard cultivation. This species is dependent on maquis-like vegetation (Quercus spp. shrubs) which has mostly been lost as a result of vineyard cultivation. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Its habitat needs to be protected and any future destruction needs to be prevented. Proper management of agricultural land use and fires is also needed.",Decreasing,"The Fer's Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and has only been reported from a single locality on a plain area in the Katharo Mountain Plateau in eastern Crete (Willemse and Heller 2001 as Eupholidoptera rammei, a pre-occupied name). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².","There are no data available on the population size or population trend. A continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, as well as in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the known threats to this species: habitat loss and bushfires.","This species was found in a 1-2 m high Quercus sp. shrub, one of the few shrubs still existing in the Katharo Mountain Plateau; most of this plain is covered by cultivated vineyards or consists of bare ground.","Habitat loss is likely to occur as a result of the conversion of maquis shrublands into cultivated vineyards. Bushfires could also be a potential threat to the species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of bushfires and agricultural practices, and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in at least one protected area. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Its habitat needs to be protected and any future destruction needs to be prevented. Proper management of agricultural land use and fires is also needed.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Heller, K.-G., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Eupholidoptera,forcipata,,Eupholidoptera forcipata,"Willemse & Kruseman, 1976",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Idi Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera forcipata) is endemic to Greece, and is only known to occur on higher altitudes on Mt. Idi in central Crete. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (area of occupancy is ca 12 km²), it occurs at less than five locations and overgrazing or bushfires could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Further research into the population size and trend, as well as into the threats to this species is required. In addition, proper management of the fire and grazing regimes in the area is needed to prevent future population declines.",Unknown,"The Idi Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known to occur on higher altitudes on Mt. Idi in central Crete (Willemse and Kruseman 1976, Ciplak et al. 2009). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are both ca 12 km².",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend.,"According to the original description, this species is found at higher altitudes (1,700-2,100 m Asl) on Mt. Idi (like the Kolita plateau), where it lives rather hidden in low, dense, prickly bushes such as Astragalus spp. and is found together with Poecilimon cretensis and Platycleis grisea cretica (Willemse and Kruseman 1976).","This species lives in an area which is grazed by livestock (sheep), and this is considered a threat. However, the effects of this threat on the species still need to be assessed, as this bush-cricket is known to hide in small, dense prickly bushes which are hardly touched by the sheep. This species is also threatened by the increasing number of bushfires. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and bushfires, and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at less than five locations.","Mount Idi is protected as a Natura 2000 reserve (Oros Idi). Further research into the population size and trend, as well as into the threats to this species is required. In addition, proper management of the fire and grazing regimes in the area is needed to prevent future population declines.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Heller, K.-G., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Eupholidoptera,garganica,,Eupholidoptera garganica,"La Greca, 1959",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Gargano Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera garganica) occurs in Apulia (Italy) and Epirus (Greece). This species is precautionarily assessed as Near Threatened since its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be smaller than 2,000 km² and a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the increasing wildfire frequency within its range; making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",Decreasing,"The Gargano Marbled Bush-cricket occurs in southeastern Italy (Puglia), the northwest of Greece (Epirus) (Allegrucci et al. 2013) and possibly in Albania (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 60,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 200 and 2,000 km².","Some subpopulations of this species in Apulia and Corfu can be large (Kocárek and Vrabec 2005, B. Massa pers. comm. 2016). A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the recent wildfires within its range (B. Massa pers. comm. 2016).","This species is found in Mediterranean shrubland and along forest edges, often on Rubus spp. (Massa et al. 2012).",This species might be affected by the increasing wildfire frequencies within its range (B. Massa pers. comm. 2016).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Eupholidoptera,gemellata,,Eupholidoptera gemellata,"Willemse & Kruseman, 1976",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Skaronero Marbled Brush-cricket (Eupholidoptera gemellata) is only known from the type locality, Mt. Idi in Crete, Greece, and it has only been observed once. Its presence there has not been confirmed since the holotype was collected in 1973, despite a specific search for it in 2007. Its ecology is poorly understood and, as a second Eupholidoptera sp. is common at the same locality, it might have been overlooked.  Based on the current information, this species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km²) it is certainly very rare, it occurs at only one location, and changes in the grazing regime or wildfires could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. The effects of the current grazing regime on this species or on its habitat are unknown and further field research on its status is needed as it may be already extinct. If the species is found again, proper management of grazing regimes and wildfires is required to prevent any future declines in the population.",Unknown,"The Skaronero Marbled Brush-cricket is only known from the type locality, Mt. Idi in Crete, Greece, and it has only been observed once. A detailed search at the type locality in 2007 was unsuccessful (28-29. July 2007; K.-G. Heller, unpublished data). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are both 4 km².","This species is known from one specimen only, so there is no data on its population. However, as the species was not found recently, it is considered to be very rare.","Like the Idi Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera forcipata), this species was also found high up in the mountains (1,650 m Asl) above the timberline in an area dominated by sparse vegetation which included small, dense prickly bushes of plants like Astragalus species. The only known individual was found near a small spring on a small tree among prickly shrubs.","The only known locality is grazed, a type of land use that has been in place for a long time. Wildfires may also threaten this species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of these threats and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","Mount Idi is protected as a Natura 2000 reserve (Oros Idi). Further research into the population size and trend, as well as into the threats to this species is required. Given that the species has not been recorded since it was first reported in 1973, in spite of a thorough search which was conducted in 2007, the first necessary step is to reconfirm its presence on Mt. Idi. Proper management of grazing regimes and wildfires is required to prevent any future declines in the population",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Eupholidoptera,giuliae,,Eupholidoptera giuliae,"Massa, 1999",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Giulia's Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera giuliae) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a very small area along the southern coast of western Crete. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (area of occupancy AOO is 16 km²) and bushfires or changes in land use could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. To avoid any future declines in the population, a proper management of the grazing and fire regimes is needed.",Unknown,"The Giulia's Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a very small area along the southern coast of western Crete (Massa 1999). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 25 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) 16 km².",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend.,"No information is available about the habitat and ecology of this particular species. Marbled Bush-cricket species are known to live on all kinds of shrubs,varying from very small thorny shrublets and blackberry bushes, to tall bushes found in Maquis vegetation (e.g. Quercus spp.). This species is found at elevations of 175 m Asl and higher.",Bushfires and changes to land use are a possible threat to this species.,"No conservation measures are in place for this species, but its range overlaps with protected areas. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. To avoid any future declines in the population, a proper management of the grazing and fire regimes is needed.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Heller, K.-G., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Eupholidoptera,hesperica,,Eupholidoptera hesperica,"La Greca, 1959",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Western Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera hesperica), is endemic to Italy, and is known from Basilicata and Campania. This species assessed as Least Concern since, although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,550 km²), it is rather common, has large subpopulations and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"The Western Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is known from Basilicata and Campania (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,550 km².",This species is rather common but the population trend is unknown. Subpopulations are usually large.,"This medium-sized bright green bush-cricket lives in grassland, shrubland, forest margins and clearings, always hidden in dense, often thorny bushes such as brambles, where adults can be found from July up to October. It can be found at elevations between 50 m and 700 m asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it probably occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Eupholidoptera,icariensis,,Eupholidoptera icariensis,"Willemse, 1980",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Ikaria Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera icariensis) is endemic to Greece, and is only found on the east Aegean island of Ikaria. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it occurs at only two or three locations, and bushfires could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper fire management is needed to avoid any future declines in the population.",Unknown,"The Ikaria Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only found on the east Aegean island of Ikaria (Willemse 1980). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 310 km².",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend.,No information is available about the habitat and ecology of this particular species. Marbled Bush-cricket species are known to live on all kinds of shrubs varying from very small thorny shrublets and blackberry bushes to tall bushes found in Maquis vegetation (e.g. Quercus spp.).,"Bushfires are a potential threat to the habitat of the species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of bushfires and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at two or three locations.","No conservation action for this species are in place, but it is likely to occur in protected areas. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper fire management is needed to avoid any future declines in the population.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Heller, K.-G., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Eupholidoptera,jacquelinae,,Eupholidoptera jacquelinae,"Tilmans, 2002",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Jacqueline's Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera jacquelinae) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from the islet of Gavdos, south of Crete. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) 8-32 km²), and a single threatening event such as a wildfire could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Further research into the population size and trend of this species is required, and proper fire management is needed to avoid any future declines in the population.",Unknown,"The Jacqueline's Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from the islet of Gavdos, south of Crete (Tilmans 2002). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 40 km², and its known area of occupancy is 4 km² with a maximum estimate of 32 km² (i.e. the complete surface area of Gavdos).",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend.,"This species' habitat consists of rocky ground with sparse vegetation of low trees (Pinus brutia), thorny shrubs and smaller plants, all specialized in surviving the dry, hot summers of Gavdos. On Gavdos, all specimens of this species were collected only from bushes of Erica verticillata and not from Sarcopoterium spinosum, the plant in which Marbled Bush-crickets are found on Crete (Tilmans 2002).",This species may be affected by wildfires.,"No conservation measures are in place for this species  but it occurs in at least one protected area. Further research into the population size and trend of this species is required, and proper fire management is needed to avoid any future declines in the population.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Eupholidoptera,kykladica,,Eupholidoptera kykladica,"Çiplak, Heller & Willemse, 2009",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Cyclades Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera kykladica) is endemic to Greece, where it is found on the Cyclades islands of Andros, Tinos and Kea (Tzia). This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is locally abundant in some areas, and the overall population size is presumably large. However, wildfires represent a potential future threat to this species, and further research is needed, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",Unknown,"The Cyclades Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is found on the Cyclades Islands of Andros, Tinos and Kea (Tzia) (Ciplak et al. 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,300 km², and the area of occupancy (AOO) is between 24-200 km². This species is known from six localities.","There is no available information on the population size and the population trend, given that this species is not easy to find. It is locally abundant in some areas.","On Andros, the species was found in two different habitats; in lush bushes (e.g. Rubus spp.) near a small spring and on dry, treeless hill slopes with ferns, Thymus spp., Cistus spp. and various thorny bushes (e.g. Genista spp.). On Tinos, a subpopulation was found along the road with lush vegetation (e.g. Rubus spp.), while on Kea they were collected below a hill top with scattered oak trees with an undergrowth mainly consisting of two species of Cistus (Ciplak et al. 2009). Because the species apparently only occurs where there is lush vegetation it may be very local on Tinos and Kea where lush vegetation is less common and probably more widespread on Andros.",Wildfires represent a potential future threat to this species.,"No conservation measures  are in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Eupholidoptera,latens,,Eupholidoptera latens,"Willemse & Kruseman, 1976",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Hidden Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera latens) is endemic to Greece, where it is only found on Mt. Lefka and its foothills in western Crete. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it occurs at less than five locations, and livestock grazing and wildfires could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Further research on this species is needed, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper management of grazing and wildfires is needed to preserve this species.",Unknown,"The Hidden Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is only found on Mt. Lefka and its foothills in western Crete (Willemse and Kruseman 1976, Ciplak et al. 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 50 km².",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend.,"This species is found at elevations of 500-1,900 m Asl. At higher altitudes, this species was found hidden away in remarkably dense small shrubs like Juniperus spp., and at somewhat lower altitudes in shrubs of Quercus coccifera.","This species is found in areas which are grazed by livestock. Wildfires also represent a threat to this species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and wildfires and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at less than five locations.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Further research on this species is needed, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Proper management of grazing and wildfires is also needed to preserve this species.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Heller, K.-G., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Eupholidoptera,leucasi,,Eupholidoptera leucasi,"Willemse, 1980",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Lefkas Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera leucasi) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from the Ionian Island of Lefkada. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it occurs at only five locations, and bushfires could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, as well as into the ecology of this species. Proper fire management is needed to preserve this species.",Unknown,"The Lefkas Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from the Ionian island of Lefkada (Willemse 1980, Willemse and Willemse 2004). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 370 km².",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend.,"This species was found along the road in Rubus spp., Cirsium spp. and other prickly shrubs (Willemse 1980).","This species may be threatened by bushfires. Taking into account the extent of the effects of bushfires and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at five locations.","No conservation measures for this species are in place, and it is not found in any protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, as well as into its ecology is required. Proper fire management is needed to preserve this species.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Heller, K.-G., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Eupholidoptera,magnifica,,Eupholidoptera magnifica,"(Costa, 1863)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,The Splendid Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera magnifica) is known from mainland Italy and Sardinia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and no major threats to it have been reported.,Unknown,"The Splendid Marbled Bush-cricket is known from mainland Italy and Sardinia (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 187,000 km².",This species is common but the population trendis unknown.,"This flightless, medium sized, bush-cricket lives on bushes, in shrubland and at edges of woodlands. It can be found at elevations between 10 m and 1,750 m asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no conservation measures in place to this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M. & Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Eupholidoptera,mariannae,,Eupholidoptera mariannae,"Willemse & Heller, 2001",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Marianne's Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera mariannae) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a very small area in eastern Crete. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it occurs at only four locations, and changes in land use and the shift to unsustainable and more intensive agricultural practices could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time. Further research into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species is required. The habitat of this species needs to be protected and traditional land-use practices need to be preserved in the region.",Unknown,"The Marianne's Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a very small area in eastern Crete (Willemse and Heller 2001). Two localities very close to each other have been mentioned in the original description. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca 50 km². However, it may occur in a slightly larger area, as there are an additional three sites from which only females are known, which may also belong to this species.",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend.,This species was found in low bushes inside open pine forest and groups of planted olive trees. Males were seen singing on branches of olive trees some metres above the ground. This species is found at elevations of 500-700 m Asl.,"This species might be threatened by changes in land use and the shift to unsustainable and more intensive agricultural practices. Taking into account the extent of the effects of changes in land use and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at four locations.","No conservation measures are in place for this species and it is not found in any protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species is required. Its habitat needs to be protected and traditional land-use practices need to be preserved in the region.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Heller, K.-G., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Eupholidoptera,megastyla,,Eupholidoptera megastyla,"(Ramme, 1939)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Greek Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera megastyla) is endemic to Greece, where it is widespread across the mainland including the Peloponnesus, Ionian and western Aegean islands. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 90,000 km²) and the overall population size is presumed to be large. Further research into the population size and trend is required.",Unknown,"The Greek Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is widespread across the mainland including the Peloponnesus, Ionian and western Aegean islands (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2004). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 90,000 km².",There is no available data on the population size and the population trend.,"This species is found in a wide variety of habitats from sea level up to high altitudes in the mountains (5-1,700 m Asl). It lives in and around bushes and shrubs, but these may vary according to the site. At low altitudes, for instance, it may be blackberry (Rubus spp.) bushes, at higher altitudes Juniperus species.",The species is likely to be locally affected by wildfires.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend is required.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Heller, K.-G., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Eupholidoptera,pallipes,,Eupholidoptera pallipes,"Willemse & Kruseman, 1976",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Pale-legged Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera pallipes) is only known from a single locality on Mt. Lefka, Crete. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km²), and any changes to the grazing regime of the area where it occurs could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time. However, this species has not been recorded since the type series was collected in 1973 despite searches having been conducted, and could already be extinct. Further field research is needed to confirm its status. If the species is rediscovered, further research into the population size and trend, ecology and into the threats to this species is required. In addition, a suitable grazing regime should be developed.",Unknown,"The Pale-legged Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a single locality in Lefka Ori, Crete (Willemse and Kruseman 1976). Since its first discovery in 1973, it has not been found again despite some revisits to the the Lefka mountain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².",There is no available information on the population and trend since the species was found only once at a single locality.,"This species may occur in low, dense prickly shrubs which are the dominant plants at the type locality (Willemse and Kruseman 1976, K-G. Heller pers. comm. 2015), and is found at elevations of 1,600-1,800 m Asl.","The area in which this species lives is grazed by livestock, and any changes in the grazing regime (particularly overgrazing) may lead to a rapid population decline.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but the only known locality is inside a protected area. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and into the threats to this species is required. As there is only one known locality, which has never been reconfirmed, this species might be extinct, and searches are necessary to confirm its status. If the species is rediscovered, a suitable grazing regime needs to be developed.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Eupholidoptera,prasina,,Eupholidoptera prasina,"(Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882)",,No,VU,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",No,VU,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

Within Europe, the Leek-green Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera prasina) is only found on the Greek islands of Chios and Samos. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) ca 5,100 km², maximum area of occupancy (AOO) ca 1,300 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat as well as the number of mature individuals, due to the increasing number of wildfires which affect both islands. Further research into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species is required. Its habitat needs to be protected, and proper wildfire management is also needed.",Decreasing,"The Leek-green Marbled Bush-cricket occurs in Turkey and Greece. Outside of Europe, this species is reported from areas along the Aegean and Mediterranean coast of Turkey (Ciplak et al. 2009). In Greece, it is only known from the eastern Aegean Islands of Chios and Samos (Willemse 1984). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5,100 km², and its maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 1,300 km².","There is no available information on the population size and trend, but it is assumed to be declining as a consequence of the increasing frequency of wildfires. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.","No specific information is available about the habitat and ecology of this species. Marbled bush-cricket species are known to live on and inside all kinds of shrubs, varying from very small thorny shrublets and blackberry bushes, to tall bushes found in maquis vegetation.","This species is mainly threatened by wildfires. Both islands (Samos and Chios) were heavily affected by wildfires in 2007, Samos also in 2010.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it is not known whether it occurs in any protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species is required. Its habitat needs to be protected, and proper wildfire management is also needed.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Heller, K.-G., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Eupholidoptera,schmidti,,Eupholidoptera schmidti,"(Fieber, 1861)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Schmidt's Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera schmidti) occurs on the western Balkans Peninsula from northern Greece and western Bulgaria to northeastern Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common, and the population size is probably very large.",Unknown,"Schmidt's Marbled Bush-cricket occurs on the western Balkans Peninsula from northern Greece and western Bulgaria to northeastern Italy. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 810,000 km².","This species is quite widespread and common (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016), but is usually not very abundant (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016). The population trend is unknown but it may even be increasing (S. Ivkovic and J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016).","This species is found in bushes, forest edges and open forest (Carotti 2006, Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2015). It is particularly common on Rubus spp. (Massa et al. 2012).",This species may be affected by the removal of bushes (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2016).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Massa, B., Skejo, J. Skejo, Ivkovic, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Eupholidoptera,smyrnensis,,Eupholidoptera smyrnensis,"(Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Smyrna Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera smyrnensis) occurs in the western part of Anatolia and the southeastern part of the Balkan Peninsula. In Europe it is found in southeastern Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, northeastern Greece, southern Bulgaria, European Turkey and some Greek Aegean Islands. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large range and is quite common.",Unknown,"The Smyrna Marbled Bush-cricket occurs in the western part of Anatolia and the southeastern part of the Balkan Peninsula (Ciplak et al. 2009). In Europe it is found in southeastern Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, northeastern Greece, southern Bulgaria, European Turkey and some Greek Aegean Islands. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 275,000 km², and ca 220,000 km² in the EU 28.",This species is quite common but the subpopulations are usually small (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). The population trend is unknown.,"This species occurs in oak bushes (Kaltenbach 1965) and other shrubby vegetation (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). They are most numerous in dense Rubus bushes surrounding rivers, streams and agricultural areas. They are also found in the undergrowth of sparse oak forests (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). It mainly occurs in the lowlands (Ciplak et al. 2010).",The major threats to this species are the transformation of its habitat into farmland and the use of pesticides (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Eupholidoptera,spinigera,,Eupholidoptera spinigera,"(Ramme, 1930)",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Spiny Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera spinigera) is endemic to Greece where it is only found on the island of Kythira. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is 355 km², maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 284 km²), it only occurs at three locations, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to wildfires (which have strongly affected the island during the last ten years). Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper wildfire and grazing management is needed to preserve this species, and its habitat needs to be protected.",Unknown,"The Spiny Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is only found on the island of Kythira (Willemse 1980, Willemse 1984, Ciplak et al. 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 355 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 284 km².",There is no available information on the population size and trend.,"No specific information is available about the habitat and ecology of this particular species. Marbled Bush-cricket species are known to live on and inside all kinds of shrubs, varying from very small thorny shrublets and blackberry bushes, to tall bushes found in Maquis vegetation.","This species is likely to be threatened by bushfires and may also be affected by grazing. Large wildfires have occurred on Kythira in 2007, 2009 and 2010. Taking into account the extent of the effects of bushfires and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at three locations.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it is not known to occur in any protected areas. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats - especially on the effects of wildfires. In addition, proper wildfire and grazing management is needed to preserve this species, and its habitat needs to be protected.",The specis is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Eupholidoptera,tyrrhenica,,Eupholidoptera tyrrhenica,"Allegrucci, Massa, Trasatti & Sbordoni, 2013",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Corsican Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Corsica, where it inhabits various wet and dry habitats with dense herbaceous or shrubby vegetation. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 10,000 km². The species is quite common, especially in the lowlands, and no major threats have been reported. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The Corsican Marbled Bush-cricket isendemic to Corsica (France) (Allegrucci et al. 2014), where it occurs throughout the island except for the higher altitudes (Braud et al. 2002, Boitier et al. 2006, Braud and Sardet 2006), and is found from sea level to 1,600 m. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 10,000 km².","Eupholidoptera tyrrhenica is quite common especially in the lowlands of Corsica (Braud et al. 2002, Boitier et al. 2006, Braud and Sardet 2006). About 230 observations from 80 municipalities are known. There is no information on the population size and trend of this species.","Eupholidoptera tyrrhenica lives on bushes, and it occurs on various habitats with dense herbaceous or shrub vegetation like wet or ruderal grasslands, scrublands, forest edges, reed beds, etc. This bush-cricket has a broad ecological tolerance, but may have a light preference for semi-wet conditions.",There are no major threats to this species. Eupholidoptera tyrrhenica is ecologically quite tolerant and is also found on artificial habitats. It remains unknown whether wildfires may affect this species.,"There are no conservation actions in place for Eupholidoptera tyrrhenica, although it may be present in protected areas throughout is range. It was assessed as Least Concern in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Eupholidoptera,uvarovi,,Eupholidoptera uvarovi,"(Karabag, 1952)",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Uvarov's Marbled Bush-cricket (Eupholidoptera uvarovi) is endemic to Greece and is only known from the Aegean Islands of Karpathos and Kasos. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,080 km², maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 395 km²), and even though the species is locally abundant, there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals as well as in the extent and quality of its habitat, due to the increasing wildfire frequency - thus making the species close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",Decreasing,"The Uvarov's Marbled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece and is only known from the Aegean Islands of Karpathos and Kasos (Willemse 1984, Ciplak et al. 2009, Massa 2010). This species' maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,080 km², and its maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 395 km².","There is no available information on the population size and trend. This species is not common, but is easy to find and widespread on the island of Karpathos. However, a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat as well as the number of mature individuals is inferred from the increasing wildfire frequency.","No specific information is available on the habitat and ecology of this particular species, although it is found in some mountainous habitats throughout its range. Marbled Bush-cricket species are known to live on and inside all kinds of shrubs, varying from very small thorny shrublets and blackberry bushes, to tall bushes found in maquis vegetation.","Large wildfires occurred on Karpathos in 2004, 2008 and 2010, and this species is likely to be threatened by wildfires such as these.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Euryparyphes,bolivarii,,Euryparyphes bolivarii,"(Stål, 1876)",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
Bolivar's Stone Grasshopper (Euryparyphes bolivarii) is known from Morocco and southern Spain. In Europe, it is only known from a single type specimen collected in the Málaga province. However, its distribution is not fully clear and it is also possible that the label is wrong and the species only occurs in North Africa. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of data on its distribution, ecology, population trend and threats. Further research is needed to determine if this species occurs in Europe, and if so, to assess its extinction risk.",Unknown,"Bolivar's Stone Grasshopper is known from Morocco and southern Spain. In Europe, it is only known from a single type specimen collected in the Málaga province. However, its distribution is not fully clear and it is also possible that the label is wrong and the species only occurs in North Africa.",There is no available information on the population trend and size of this species.,There is no information about the habitat or ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it is present within any protected areas. Further research is needed into the distribution of this species, particularly its occurrence in Europe, as well as into the population size and trend, breeding biology, ecology, and threats.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Euryparyphes,terrulentus,,Euryparyphes terrulentus,"(Serville, 1838)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Earthling Stone Grasshopper (Euryparyphes terrulentus) is endemic to southern Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since its population size is presumably large, it is quite common and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"The Earthling Stone Grasshopper is endemic to southern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 66,300 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 200 km²with an upper estimate of 2,000 km².","The population trend of this species is unknown. This species is common, locally abundant and the population size is presumed to be large.","This flightless species lives in low and scattered Mediterranean shrubland and in pastures (Llorente del Moral and Presa Asensio 1997). It is found from sea level up to 2,200 m Asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a number of protected areas. Research into its population trend is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Euthystira,brachyptera,,Euthystira brachyptera,"(Ocskay, 1826)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Small Gold Grasshopper (Euthystira brachyptera) occurs from the Pyrenees to Siberia. In Europe it is widely distributed from Italy and Greece to Estonia and eastern European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it is rare at its northern range, overall it is very widespread and common, occurs in a variety of habitats and the population size is large.",Unknown,"The Small Gold Grasshopper occurs from the Pyrenees to Siberia. In Europe it is widely distributed from Italy and Greece to Estonia and eastern European Russia (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 6.5 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 4.3 million km².","The species has expanded its range in parts of Germany as a consequence of abandonment in the 1990s (Maas et al. 2002). Subpopulations can be quite large (Detzel 1998). The overall population trend is unknown, but the population size is large.","This species is found mainly in moist habitats but can also be found in drier habitats if the vegetation is high enough. It occurs in grasslands, marshes, peat bogs, fallowland, clearings and edges of forests (Maas et al. 2002). The species is usually short-winged but long-winged individuals occur occasionally, mainly at higher altitudes. The species feeds on grasses (Detzel 1998). It is found from sea level up to 2,500 m asl.","The major threat to this species is agricultural intensification (mowing and overgrazing), while it temporarily benefits from abandonment (Detzel 1998, Zuna-Kratky 2009).","As the species is less common in the northern part of its range it is listed as Vulnerable on the Belgian Red List (Lock et al. 2011), ""extremely rare"" on the Red List of Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003) and as threatened in some regional Red Lists of German states. Therefore some local conservation actions exist; for example, it is a target species in the natural monument ""Bräunleshalde"" (Baden-Württemberg, Germany). It occurs in several protected areas. More research into its population trend is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R. & Chobanov, D.P.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Evergoderes,cabrerai,,Evergoderes cabrerai,"Bolívar, 1936",,Yes,CR (PE),B1ab(v)+2ab(v),Yes,CR (PE),B1ab(v)+2ab(v),EU28,,"The Gran Canaria Bush-cricket (Evergoderes cabrerai) has not been found since 1966 despite searches during the last years. It is only known from one locality (Barranco de Agaete, Gran Canaria), but its habitat is unknown. A continuing decline has probably affected the number of mature individuals, and the number of locations has been estimated as one. The species is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered (CR). While it is possibly extinct, further searches are planned for the future.",Decreasing,"The Gran Canaria Bush-cricket is endemic to the Barranco de Agaete, Gran Canaria (Canary Islands) (Bland et al. 1996).","The species has not been found since the mid-1960s, and it is not clear if it is extinct. Despite the fact that recent searches have been undertaken (H. López pers. comm. 2011, A. Miller pers. comm. 2013, D. Margaritis pers. comm 2014), no individuals have been found. The population trend is assumed to be decreasing.","The habitat of this species is unknown, but it may have occurred in bushes or trees.","The reasons for its decline are unknown, although it may have been possibly caused by human land use and rural development. It may also be affected by the increasing frequency of wildfires or by landslides. Based on any of these threats, the species is present in only one location.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and the area is not protected. An intensive search for this species would be necessary to clarify if it may have survived in small patches of the barranco. If the species is rediscovered, its ecology needs to be studied in order to apply the most appropriate habitat management. Further research is also needed on its population size and trends and threats to the species.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Jakobs, D. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Exodrymadusa,inornata,,Exodrymadusa inornata,"(Uvarov, 1936)",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Cyprian Tonged Bush-cricket (Exodrymadusa inornata) only occurs in Cyprus. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,800 km² (with a maximum estimate 13,000 km²), and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and subpopulations due to wildfires, infrastructural development and recreational activities - thus making this species close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. Further research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",Decreasing,"The Cyprian Tonged Bush-cricket only occurs in Cyprus (Tumbrinck 2006, Ünal 2008, Massa and Fontana 2009). Available information indicates that the species is only found in the southwestern part of the island, in the region formed by Mt. Troodos and its foothills. The known extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,800 km², but it may be more widespread with a maximum EOO of ca 13,000 km² if the species occurs across the entire island.","There is no available data on the population size and trend, but a continuing decline is inferred from the known threats (wildfires and infrastructural development). Even though the population is fragmented, less than 50% of the subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them, and the population is therefore not considered to be severely fragmented.","This species occurs in pine forests where it hides under rocks during the daytime, while during the night it climbs onto bushes and trees (E. Tzirkali pers.comm. 2015).","The major threats to this species are wildfires and infrastructural development, since it occurs in the area of a ski centre and on picnic sites.","No conservation measures  are in place for this species, but is known to occur in protected areas. Further research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Tzirkalli, E., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V. & Papapavlou, K.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Eyprepocnemis,plorans,,Eyprepocnemis plorans,"(Charpentier, 1825)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Lamenting Grasshopper (Eyprepocnemis plorans) is widely distributed in Africa (from South Africa to North Africa), the Mediterranean and Southwest Asia. In Europe, it is found in coastal habitats of the southern Mediterranean. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and can reach quite high abundances. It is locally decreasing as a consequence of urbanisation and touristic development but it is still very widespread.",Decreasing,"The Lamenting Grasshopper is widely distributed in Africa (from South Africa to North Africa), the Mediterranean and Southwest Asia (Dirsh 1965). In Europe it is found in southern and eastern Spain, the Baleares, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Italy, Greece and Cyprus (Harz 1975). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 2.6 million km², in the EU 28 it is ca 2.5 million km².","This species is quite common in some parts of its range (e.g. Sicily, Sardinia). It can reach very high abundances (Barranco and Pascual 1992). A continuing decline in the population is inferred as a consequence of the ongoing threats to its habitat.","The species is found in coastal habitats with lush vegetation, such as marshy habitats, orchards, vineyards or scrubby dunes (Massa et al. 2012). Adults can be found from summer and often overwinter until spring.",This species may be affected by urbanisation and touristic development.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R. & Chobanov, D.P.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Galvagniella,albanica,,Galvagniella albanica,"(Mistshenko, 1952)",,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment:Near Threatened (NT)
The Balkan Mountain Grasshopper is listed as Near Threatened (NT) because of its small area of occupancy (AOO) (in pan-Europe it is below 2,000 km² and in the EU 28 it is below 500 km²) and the fact that its population is severely fragmented, being thus close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B.",Unknown,"The Balkan Mountain Grasshopper is known from Albania, Montenegro, Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, southwestern and eastern Serbia (Galvagni 1986) and was recently found in Bulgaria (unpublished data, D. Chobanov  pers. comm. 2016). Two female specimens from Rila Mountains (Bulgaria) possibly belong to an undescribed species (Chobanov 2009). The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is probably less than 2,000 km² and in in the EU 28 it is less than 500 km². The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 100,000 km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 1,500 km².","There is no information available on the population size, although it varies across different regions. The subpopulations of this flightless species are small, with little possibility of genetic exchange, and may become extinct with reduced possibility of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. The population trend is unknown, but no continuing decline in its population and habitat has been observed.","Galvagniella albanica inhabits fresh vegetation in humid and moist meadows, forest edges and clearings from about 750 (Montenegro) to 2,000 m altitude (Kopaonik Mt. in Serbia) (Galvagni 1986, Ingrisch and Pavicevic 2012). In forests with sparse canopy that have well-developed undergrowth, the species may be found on Rubus spp.",The major threats to this species are habitat degradation as a result of overgrazing and wood logging.,"This species is protected in Serbia, and it occurs in protected areas across its range. Further research is needed on its population size and trend.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Gampsocleis,abbreviata,,Gampsocleis abbreviata,"Herman, 1874",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Short-winged Spiny Bush-cricket (Gampsocleis abbreviata) is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 since it is widespread across the western part of the Balkans and mainland Greece (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 280,000 km²) and it is not confined to specific habitats (found in a variety of habitats with a dense herbal component). Further research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend, and its threats.",Unknown,"The Short-winged Spiny Bush-cricket occurs in the western and southern parts of the Balkan Peninsula, from Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia) to Greece. A record from southwestern Bulgaria is considered doubtful (D. Chobanov pers. comm.). Within the EU 28 region, this species is found in  Dalmatia, the southwestern part of Croatia and across a large part of  the Greek mainland including the Peloponnesus (Willemse 1984, Willemse  and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 28 is ca 280,000 km².","There is no available information on the population size and trend, but the species may be locally abundant.","This species is found from sea level up to medium altitudes (5-1,200 m Asl). It is found in various types of habitat which share common features, such as being open, having rather dense vegetation of herbs, grasses and small shrubs, and having fairly dense populations of grasshopper species, upon which this species sometimes feeds.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"No conservation measures  are in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. Further research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend, and its threats.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Skejo, J. Skejo, Chobanov, D.P. & Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Gampsocleis,glabra,,Gampsocleis glabra,"(Herbst, 1786)",,No,NT,,No,VU,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Steppe Spiny Bush-cricket (Gampsocleis glabra) is widely distributed from France to Mongolia. In Europe, it has a very scattered distribution and is regionally extinct in several countries. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe since its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 1,500 and 3,500 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence, AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and in the number of mature individuals; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. In the EU 28 it is assessed as Vulnerable since its AOO is estimated to be between 1,000 and 2,000 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is also a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence, AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and in the number of mature individuals. This bush-cricket is threatened by intensification of land use, including intensive grassland management and transformation of habitat into farmland or forests. Similarly, the species is threatened by abandonment of grazing or the stop of military land use and subsequent succession by trees and shrubs. Better protection and appropriate management of its remaining habitats is required. Research into the global population trend and threats is needed. A pan-European monitoring program should be developed for the species as well as its habitat. Since the subpopulations are separated by large distances no immigration from outside the assessment zones is expected, and the assessment is therefore not regionally adjusted.",Decreasing,"The Steppe Spiny Bush-cricket is widely distributed from France to Mongolia (Harz 1969). Its distribution in Europe is quite fragmented with occurrences in northern Spain, southwestern France, isolated subpopulations in the Netherlands, northern Germany, southern Poland as well as on the Balkans from eastern Austria to Bulgaria and Ukraine in the east. It is also known from central, southern and eastern European Russia (Heller 2013). In Belgium, Luxembourg and the Czech Republic it is Regionally Extinct (Proess and Meyer 2003, Lock et al. 2011, Holusa 2012) and possibly also in Spain (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2016). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 4.7 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 1.7 million km². Its area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is estimated to be between 1,000 and 2,000 km².","Many subpopulations in Europe are rather small. Given that the distance between them is often very large, it is unlikely that there is any exchange between them, and they may go extinct with reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented (D. Chobanov, G. Puskás and I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2016). There is an overall long-term negative population trend in Europe. The species is regionally extinct in Luxembourg, Belgium and the Czech Republic. In Bulgaria there is only one subpopulation left within an agricultural airport (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016). Large subpopulations still exist in France (Cevennes) and Hungary.","This bush-cricket is a steppe species, which is found in grass-rich, heterogeneous open-land habitats. It prefers a combination of high grasses (greater than 50 cm) and bare ground (Stahi and Derjanschi 2011). It has also been reported from inland dune habitats (Holusa 2012) and heathlands (Wallaschek et al. 2004). Some authors consider this species to prefer dry habitats (e.g. Fedor et al. 2004), but it often occurs close to wetter areas (Kristin et al. 2007).","The Steppe Spiny Bush-cricket is threatened by intensification of land use, including intensive grassland management (frequent cuts, overgrazing, fertilisers) and transformation of habitat into farmland or forests. Similarly, the species is threatened by abandonment of grazing or the stop of military land use and subsequent succession by trees and shrubs (Clausnitzer 2010, NLWKN 2011). It is also threatened by eutrophication and locally by urbanisation (Bieringer 2009).","This species is listed as Regionally Extinct on the Red Lists of Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003), Belgium (Lock et al. 2011) and the Czech Republic (Holusa 2012), as Critically Endangered in Germany (Maas et al. 2011) and the Netherlands (Bakker et al. 2015), Endangered in Poland (Liana 2002), Austria (Berg et al. 2005) and on the Carpathian Red List (Kristin and Iorgu 2014), as ""priority 2"" (equivalent to Vulnerable) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004), Vulnerable in Slovakia (Kristin 2001) and Bulgaria (Golemansky 2015). The species is strictly protected in Germany and protected in Slovakia, Poland and Hungary. Some subpopulations occur in protected areas. The largest subpopulation in Austria is found in a military training area (Berg and Bieringer 1998). Similarly, most subpopulations in Germany and the Netherlands are found in military training areas (Wallaschek et al. 2004, NLWKN 2011). Active conservation management exists in northern Germany, where the species belongs to the priority species for conservation (NLWKN 2011). It has been translocated to a new locality in northern Germany. This bush-cricket benefits from burning (Wallaschek et al. 2004). Better protection and appropriate management of its remaining habitats is required. Research into the global population trend and threats is needed. A pan-European monitoring program should be developed for the species as well as its habitat.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Kristin, A., Zuna-Kratky, T., Ivkovic, S., Puskas, G., Szovenyi, G., Liana, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Kleukers, R. & Rutschmann, F.","Sergeev, M.G., Skejo, J. Skejo & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Gampsocleis,schelkovnikovae,,Gampsocleis schelkovnikovae,"Adelung, 1916",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Delta Spiny Bush-cricket (Gampsocleis schelkovnikovae) is found in Anatolia, the Caucasus and the basins of the Black and Caspian Seas. In Europe it is found in the Danube Delta (Romania and Ukraine) as well as in the Lower Volga region in southern European Russia, where it occurs in two or three localities. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since even though the population trend is unknown, it appears to be stable. In the EU 28 this species is also assessed as Least Concern since the population trend is stable and no major threats to it have been reported. The entire EU 28 population is found in a protected area (Danube Delta).",Unknown,"The Delta Spiny Bush-cricket is found in Anatolia, the Caucasus and the basins of the Black and Caspian Seas (Harz 1969). In Europe it is found in the Danube Delta (Romania and Ukraine) as well as in the Lower Volga region in southern European Russia (Lupu 2013), where it occurs in two or three localities (O.Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 400,000 km², and ca 2,700 km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is probably smaller than 2,000 km², and in the EU 28 between 40 and 100 km².","The subpopulations of this species are usually small but overall the population is not considered severely fragmented. The population trend in the EU 28 is assumed to be stable (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). The population trend in Europe is unknown, but also appears to be stable.","This species occurs in marshes and large reed beds (Carex, Scirpus, Typha, Juncus, Glyceria spp.) and in mesic areas (with Mentha, Althaea, Euphorbia, Aster spp.) (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).",The major threats to this species in Europe are wildfires and the transformation of its habitat into farmland (O. Kursanova pers. comm. 2016). No major threats to this species have been reported in the EU 28.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. The complete EU 28 population is found in a protected area (Danube Delta). More research into its population trend is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Pushkar, T., Korsunovskaya, O., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Gampsocleis,sedakovii,,Gampsocleis sedakovii,"(Fischer von Waldheim, 1846)",,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Sedakov's Spiny Bush-cricket (Gampsocleis sedakovii) occurs from the eastern part of European Russia and Kazakhstan through the steppes of west Siberia to the Pacific Ocean, where it is found in China and Korea. In Europe, it is reported from eastern European Russia, but its presence there is uncertain. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in Europe due to the lack of information on its distribution and population trend. Research is needed to determine if the species occurs in Europe and into its distribution and population trend. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Unknown,"Sedakov's Spiny Bush-cricket occurs from the eastern part of European Russia and Kazakhstan through the steppes of west Siberia to the Pacific Ocean, where it is found in China and Korea (Harz 1969). In Europe, it is reported from eastern European Russia (Heller 2013). However it is uncertain whether it occurs in Europe (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2015).",There is no available information on the population size and trend of this species.,The species is found in steppe habitats and at forest edges.,The major threat to this species is the transformation of its habitat into farmland.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. More research upon its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Korsunovskaya, O., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Glyphanus,obtusus,,Glyphanus obtusus,"Fieber, 1853",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Parnassos Stone Grasshopper (Glyphanus obtusus) is endemic to Greece, and has only been reported from the southeastern part of the Greek mainland and the adjoining northern part of the Peloponnesus. Currently, the presence of the species has been confirmed from three spots only, two around Mt. Parnassos and one southwest of Athens. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy is estimated to be between 40 and 400 km²), the population is severely fragmented and there is an inferred continuing decline in this species' extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, extent and quality of its habitat, number of subpopulations, and in the number of mature individuals due to urbanization and overgrazing. The area of one site where the species still occurs has been significantly reduced by urbanization due to the building of a winter-sport village. A study to collect more information on the population size, the trends in population size and its distribution pattern is needed. Research to make an objective assessment of the threats that this species faces is needed as well, and the known subpopulations of this species should be monitored. Proper management of the touristic activities and grazing is required, and site protection should be considered as means of protecting this grasshopper.",Decreasing,"The Parnassos Stone Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, and has only been reported from the southeastern part of the Greek mainland and the adjoining northern part of the Peloponnesus (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008). Currently, the presence of the species has been confirmed from only three spots, two around Mt. Parnassos and one southwest of Athens. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) has been estimated at ca 9,200 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 40 and 400 km².","For most sites from where this species has been reported, only a single observation/collection exists. There are only three sites where this species has been found at various occasions during the past 40 years. On Mt. Parnassos, a winter-sport village was built on top of one of the known localities. The Pamphagidae, the family to which this species belongs, are known to have very small subpopulations with very low detection rates. The subpopulations of this species are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and it is therefore considered as severely fragmented. A continuing decline in the population size is inferred due to habitat loss.","The habitat where this species is found on Mt. Parnassos consists of open rocky slopes and flat areas covered with a sparse vegetation of herbs and grasses interspersed with some bushes like Juniperus. There is no available information on the habitat at the other sites where this species has been found; it is found at elevations of 300-1,200 m asl.","The hill and mountain slopes where this species is found are used for livestock grazing. Grazing poses a potential threat to the habitat but its impact on the species is unknown. Mt. Parnassos is used for skiing in the winter - the effect of all development activities taking place to sustain this touristic activity can be very serious: in the plateau on Mt. Parnassos above Arachova, a winter-sport village was build on top of a subpopulation of this species in the 1970s to 1990s. In the Athens region, it was probably also affected by urbanization in the past.","Currently, no conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Likewise, there are no conservation plans drawn up. A study to collect more information on the population size, the trends in population size and its distribution pattern are needed. Research to make an objective assessment of the threats that this species faces is needed as well, and the known subpopulations of this species should be monitored. Proper management of the touristic activities and grazing is required, and site protection should be considered as means of protecting this grasshopper.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A. & Pfeifer, M.A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Glyphotmethis,heldreichi,,Glyphotmethis heldreichi,"(Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882)",,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Heldreich's Stone Grasshopper (Glyphotmethis heldrichi) is found in Greece and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia). Within the EU 28 region, this species is only found in Greece, where it is found in the eastern part of the mainland. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be less than 2,000 km²), and the population is severely fragmented - thus being close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. In Greece, this species is affected by the intensification of agricultural practices and grazing, and further research is needed into its distribution and population trend.",Unknown,"The Heldreich's Stone Grasshopper is found in Greece and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia) (Chobanov  and Mihajlova 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 50,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be less than 2,000 km². Within the EU 28 region, this species is only found in Greece, where it is found in the eastern part of the mainland (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in this region is ca 42,000 km².","There is no available information on the population size and the population trend. The Pamphagidae, the family to which this species belongs, are known to have subpopulations which are very low in numbers. The subpopulations of this species are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and it is therefore considered as severely fragmented.","This flightless species prefers open sunny hills, with a varying amount of rock cover and a sparse to more dense herbal vegetation. It is also present in agricultural areas.","The hills where this species is found are used for grazing livestock. Grazing poses a potential threat to the habitat, but the impact on the species is still unknown. Agricultural intensification and insecticide use may also pose a threat to this species.","Currently no conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Further research is needed into the distribution and population trend of this grasshopper.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Gomphoceridius,brevipennis,,Gomphoceridius brevipennis,"(Brisout de Barneville, 1858)",,Yes,VU,"B1ab(iii,v)",No,VU,"B1ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) 
The Pyrenean Short-winged Grasshopper (Gomphoceridius brevipennis) is endemic to the Pyrenees, where it lives in alpine grasslands between 2,000 and 2,600 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers about 15,000 km². The species is very rare and a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitats as well as the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing threats. The population is severely fragmented. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable (VU).",Decreasing,"The Pyrenean Short-winged Grasshopper is endemic to the Pyrenees. This mountain species is widespread all along the Spanish and French sides of Pyrenees and in Andorra (Poniatowski 2009, Defaut et al. 2009, Olmo-Vidal 2006). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 15,000 km².","The species is rare in the Pyrenees (Poniatowski et al. 2009, T. Fartmann pers. comm. 2016) and in Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2006), and subpopulations are very small. As the species is a high altitude species and it is flightless, the subpopulations are small and disconnected. Recolonization of extinct subpopulations is unlikely. It is therefore classified as severely fragmented. A continuing decline is inferred from the ongoning deterioration of its habitat due to abandonment of grazing and climate change (T. Fartmann pers. comm. 2016).","Gomphoceridius brevipennis is a mountainous species, living in alpine grasslands at altitudes between 2,000 - 2,6000 m.","The species is threatened by the abandonment of grazing, which leads to succession of its habitat by shrubs and trees (T. Fartmann pers. comm. 2016). Climate change (through warming) could have strong effects on this species in the long term, as it leads to a decrease of suitable habitat due to the shifting of the tree line.","There are no specific conservation actions aimed at Gomphoceridius brevipennis, although it has been recorded in several nature reserves, in the French Pyrénées National Park and in the Spanish Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park. The species was assessed as Least Concern in France (Sardet and Defaut  2004) and as Vulnerable in Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2006). Further research on the population size and trend is needed. The remaining habitats of this species need to be properly managed, and particularly traditional grazing regimes need to be preserved to avoid further degradation.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Fartmann, T., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C., Olmo Vidal, J. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Gomphocerippus,rufus,,Gomphocerippus rufus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The White-clubbed Grasshopper (Gomphocerippus rufus) is widely distributed from the Pyrenees and southern England to Siberia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, very common and the population size is very large.",Unknown,The White-clubbed Grasshopper is widely distributed from the Pyrenees and southern England to Siberia. In Europe it is found from southern Italy and northern Greece in the south to northern Sweden in the north and eastern European Russia in the east (Maas et al. 2002).,The species is common and widespread in large parts of its range. The population size is very large but the population trend is unknown.,"This species is found mainly on forest clearings, in the undergrowth of light forests and along grassy forest edges (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008). In is also found on abandoned grassland and vineyards, railroad embankments, road margins and grassland habitats (Maas et al. 2002), but usually close to adjacent forests.",The species may locally be threatened by intensification of grassland management and afforestation (Grein 2010).,No specific conservation action is needed for this species. It occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Near Threatened in the Netherlands (Bakker et al. 2015) and Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007). Research into its population trend is required.,The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R. & Chobanov, D.P.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Gomphocerus,sibiricus,,Gomphocerus sibiricus,"(Linnaeus, 1767)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Club-legged Grasshopper (Gomphocerus sibiricus) is a boreo-alpine species and it occurs in high mountains from Spain to western Siberia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in alpine areas, and subpopulations are still large. However, this species is known to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals and there is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy (AOO),  number of subpopulations as well as in the number of mature individuals. Abandonment of traditional grazing seems to be a major threat to this species in the Alps, whilst intensive grazing has been reported as a threat in France. The species also seems to be affected by climate change as it has disappeared from lower altitudes. Research into its population trend is needed. Management of sites below the tree-line with this species should focus on a low-intensity grazing regime.",Decreasing,"The Club-legged Grasshopper has a boreo-alpine distribution. It occurs in high mountains from Spain to western Siberia (Gosálvez and López-Fernández 1981). In Europe it is found in the Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians, the Spanish Central and Cantabrian mountains, Vosges, Apennine, some mountain systems of the Balkans as well as northern Russia (Harz 1975). It extent of occurrence (EOO) is Europe is ca 8 million km² and in the EU 28 it is ca 1.5 million km².","This species is known to show extreme fluctuations in population size and has caused damage to crops in Siberia and Kazakhstan (Harz 1975). Illich and Winding (1999) found a 16-fold increase of the subpopulation in Austria from 1993 to 1994, correlating with high temperatures in July. Local extinctions have been reported from the Harz mountains (Germany) (Maas et al. 2002). In Austria the species has disappeared from lower altitudes, suggesting that climate change may affect this species  (Pöppl 2009). Therefore there is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy (AOO), number of subpopulations as well as the number of mature individuals. No decline has been recorded in Switzerland (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2015). Even though it has no strong dispersal capability the subpopulations are still large and thus the population is not considered severely fragmented.","This species is mainly found on dry alpine meadows with patches of bare ground (Illich and Winding 1999). In Austria it has a preference for southern slopes and vegetation heights of 10 to 20 cm (Pöppl 2009). The cover of bare ground is typically between 0 and 20%, the cover of dwarf shrubs between 20 and 40% and the cover of grasses and forbs between 40 and 60% (Pöppl 2009).","Abandonment of traditional grazing seems to be a major threat to this species in the Alps (Illich and Winding 1999), whilst intensive grazing has been reported as a threat in France (Guéguen-Genest and Guéguen 1987). The species also seems to be affected by climate change as it has disappeared from lower altitudes (Pöppl 2009). Other local threats are afforestation and intensification of agricultural practices (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2015).","Currently no specific conservation action exists for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend is needed. Management of sites below the tree-line with this species should focus on a low-intensity grazing regime.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C., Chobanov, D.P., Illich, I., Roesti, C., Presa, J.J., Zuna-Kratky, T., Braud, Y. & Rutschmann, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Grylloderes,brunneri,,Grylloderes brunneri,"(Riggio, 1888)",,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
The Sicilian Cricket (Grylloderes brunneri) is found in Sicily (Italy), and in Tunisia. In Europe, this species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted extent of occurrence (EOO) of 9,000 km², and the population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals - thus coming close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. However, the species is common and no major threats to it have been reported. Research into its population trend is needed.",Unknown,"The Sicilian cricket is found in Sicily (Italy) and in Tunisia (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 9,000 km².",This species is common and and in some years it can be so abundant that can cause problems to crops. The population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. The overall population trend is unknown.,"This flightless species lives in dry grassland, pastures, and agricultural land at elevations between 10 m and 500 m asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Grylloderes,orlovskajae,,Grylloderes orlovskajae,"Gorochov, 1988",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The Sahel Cricket (Grylloderes orlovskajae) occurs in Mali and Burkina Faso, and the subspecies Grylloderes orlovskajae adventicius has been described from a ship travelling between the Canary Islands on its way from Odesa (Ukraine) to Cuba. However, the species is unlikely to be extant in the Ukraine and even its occurrence on the Canary Islands is doubtful. Due to the lack of information on its provenance it is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,The Sahel Cricket occurs in Mali and Burkina Faso (Gorochov and Llorente 2001). The subspecies Grylloderes orlovskajae adventicius has been described from a ship travelling between the Canary Islands on its way from Odesa (Ukraine) to Cuba (Gorochov and Llorente 2001). The origin of this specimen remains unknown but it is unlikely to originate from Ukraine as the genus occurs in Africa and South Asia (Eades et al. 2015).,Nothing is known about the population of this species.,"As the species was found on a boat, its habitat remains unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. Research is needed to clarify whether it is native to the Canary Islands or elsewhere in Europe.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Gryllodes,sigillatus,,Gryllodes sigillatus,"(Walker, 1869)",,No,,,No,,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)

The Tropical House-cricket (Gryllodes sigillatus) is widespread in the tropics and has been introduced to Europe. It is widespread in human settlements on the Canary Islands. The species has also been recorded from Austria, the Netherlands, Great Britain and Germany. Given that it is traded for pet food, this house-cricket is easily transported to many countries. Since the species is not native to Europe it is assessed as Not Applicable.",Increasing,"The Tropical House-cricket is widespread in the tropics (Harz 1969). It has been introduced to Europe through the pet food trade and often escapes. The species has become naturalised on the Canary Islands (Hochkirch 2003). Some subpopulations can be found in greenhouses of botanical gardens and zoos, as well as in ports (van Elst and Schulte 1995, Sardet et al. 2015). In the Netherlands it seems to have also become established in urban areas.","As the species is spread by humans, the population is likely to increase in size, and the population trend is increasing.","On the Canary Islands and on Madeira the species is mainly found in human settlements, where it is found in walls and buildings.",There are no major threats to this species.,There are no conservation measures in place or needed for this species. As it is mainly found in human settlements it does not occur in any protected areas. More research is needed into its distribution.,The species is traded and bred for pet food.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Gryllodinus,kerkennensis,,Gryllodinus kerkennensis,"(Finot, 1893)",,No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Silver-Bell Cricket (Gryllodinus kerkennensis) occurs from North Africa to Iran and Central Asia. In Europe, it is found in Spain and on Cyprus. It may also be present in Ukraine. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is between 200-600 km² in Europe, and between 50-500 km² in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. This cricket is mainly threatened by agriculture and deposition of waste. Recently, some subpopulations are also threatened by the practice of artificially increasing the water level with treated sewage water for bird conservation. Furthermore, the increasing risk of floods due to climate change severely threatens this species. Proper management of remaining habitats and restoration of destroyed habitats is recommended. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this species.",Decreasing,"The Silver-Bell Cricket occurs from North Africa to Iran and Central Asia (Harz 1969). In Europe, it is found on Cyprus and in Spain (Heller 2013). Its presence in Ukraine is uncertain (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is between 50 and 500 km², and in Europe between 200 and 600 km² (if the occurrence in the Ukraine is valid).","The subpopulations of this species are usually small and isolated. Extinct sites are unlikely to be recolonised by this species due to its strong habitat affiliation and the increasing anthropogenic fragmentation of its habitat (Cordero and Llorente 2008). The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. Some former subpopulations in Spain could not be found as their habitats have been destroyed. A continuing decline is inferred in the area of occupancy (AOO), number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals.","This species is found in deserts and other dry habitats, mainly along saline flats, salt marshes and along saline ponds where it can be found under stones and in halophytic vegetation (Gorochov and Llorente 2001, Tumbrinck 2006, Cordero and Llorente 2008).","The species is mainly threatened by agriculture and deposition of waste (Cordero and Llorente 2008). Recently, some subpopulations are also threatened by the practice of artificially increasing the water level with treated sewage water for bird conservation (Cordero and Llorente 2008). Furthermore, the increasing risk of floods due to climate change severely threatens this species (Cordero and Llorente 2008).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but its habitat is protected by the European Habitats Directive and it is therefore found in protected areas. Proper management of remaining habitats and restoration of destroyed habitats is recommended. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Korsunovskaya, O., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Gryllomorpha,albanica,,Gryllomorpha albanica,"Ebner, 1910",,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
The Albanian Crevice-cricket is known from two small areas with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 16,000 km², but the knowledge on its distribution is probably incomplete. As its population trend, habitat, ecology and threats are unknown, the species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD). Further research is needed to clarify the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"The Albanian Crevice-cricket is known from a locality near Shkodra Lake in northern Albania and a few localities in the southern Peloponnese in Greece (Willemse 1984, Gorochov 2009). Its known extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 16,000 km², but the knowledge on its distribution is probably largely incomplete.",The population size and trend of this species are unknown.,"The habitat of this species is unknown. Considering the available information on its relatives and the distribution information, it occurs in karstic areas within the Mediterranean and temperate shrubland, where during the day it inhabits stony crevices with a humid micro-climate. It is probably active at night.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species and it is not known to occur in protected areas. Research is needed on its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Gryllomorpha,canariensis,,Gryllomorpha canariensis,"Chopard, 1939",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Canarian Crevice-cricket occurs under stones in the forest zone of Tenerife and La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain). The species occurs in protected areas, but it is difficult to find because it lives under stones and does not produce any sound. Therefore, there is insufficient knowledge of its population size or trend. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c.3,500 km². As the species is flightless and subpopulations appear to be small, the population is considered severely fragmented. The species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened as it nearly meets the thresholds for a threatened Category.",Unknown,"The Canarian Crevice-cricket is endemic to Tenerife and La Palma (Bland et al. 1996), where it mainly occurs at higher elevations in forested areas. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 3,800 km².","There is no information available on the population size and trend of the species. The species is flightless and subpopulations appear to be small, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.","The species has mainly been found in forests, where it lives under rocks and debris.","Natural threats to this species are active volcanism and landslides, but threats from human activities are unknown.","There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. There is a need for research on its taxonomy, population trends and ecology.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Jakobs, D.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Gryllomorpha,cretensis,,Gryllomorpha cretensis,"Ramme, 1927","The taxonomic status of this species is a matter of debate (Gorochov 2009, 2012). It may be a subspecies of Gryllomorpha dalmatina but this issue has not been definitely settled yet. The taxon was described as Gryllomorpha cretensis by Ramme (1927), howev",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Cretan Crevice-cricket (Gryllomorpha cretensis) in endemic to Greece, where it is only known to occur in Crete, and is only known from two localities. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its geographic range, ecological requirements, threats and conservation status. This species' known extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,000 km², but its actual EOO is likely to be much larger, with a maximum value of 15,000 km² (the area of Crete). Less than a handful of specimens have ever been recorded, and a taxonomic review to clarify its status within Gryllomorpha is needed. Further research into the population size, distribution area and trend is also required.",Unknown,"The Cretan Crevice-cricket in endemic to Greece, where it is only known to occur in Crete (Willemse 1984), and is only known from two localities. This species' known extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,000 km², but its actual EOO is likely to be much larger. However, as it is endemic to Crete, its EOO is certainly smaller than 15,000 km² (the area of the island of Crete).",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend of this species.,"There is no specific information on the habitat of this species. In general, species of Gryllomorpha are found in three types of habitats: in open forests (Platanus spp., Quercus spp.) where they are found among the leaves or underneath rocks, in caves and around human settlements where they inhabit the crevices of walls.",Nothing is known about threats that might affect this species or its ecosystem.,"No conservation measures are in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. A taxonomic review to clarify its status within Gryllomorpha is needed, and further research into the population size, distribution area and trend is required.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Gryllomorpha,dalmatina,,Gryllomorpha dalmatina,"(Ocskay, 1832)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Crevice-cricket (Gryllomorpha dalmatina) is found in North Africa, and from southern Europe to the eastern coast of the Black Sea. In Europe it is found from Crete and Sicily in the south to southern Switzerland in the north, and from northeastern Spain in the west to Crimea in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common, and occurs in a variety of habitats including the leaf litter of forests, under stones and even in human buildings.",Unknown,"The Common Crevice-cricket is found in North Africa, and from southern Europe to the eastern coast of the Black Sea (Harz 1969). In Europe it is found from Crete and Sicily in the south to southern Switzerland in the north, and from northeastern Spain in the west to Crimea in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 2.8 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 2.3 million km².","The population trend of this species is unknown, but it is a common in the Mediterranean.","The Common Crevice-cricket is found in the leaf litter of broadleaf forests, under stones, in caves, in stone walls (Massa et al. 2012), and in buildings such as garages and cellars (Olmo-Vidal 2002).","Since this species frequently lives close to rivers, regulation of river beds and dam construction are likely threats to this species.","There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Gryllomorpha,gracilipes,,Gryllomorpha gracilipes,"Chopard, 1943",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The Morrocon Crevice-cricket (Gryllomorpha gracilipes) has been described from Morocco. Its only known record in Europe is from Fuerteventura (Chopard 1954), but this needs to be reconfirmed using appropriate diagnostic characters. Due to the lack of knowledge concerning its occurrence in Europe, it is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"The Morrocon Crevice-cricket has been described from Morocco. The only European record of this species is from Fuerteventura (Canary Islands, Spain) (Chopard 1954, Bland et al. 1996), from where it has never been recorded again. According to Gorochov and Llorente (2001), the record from Fuerteventura needs to be confirmed by studying the male genitalia. Its area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) values are both 4 km².","In Europe, the species has been reported only once from Fuerteventura, but its presence on this island is uncertain (Gorochov and Llorente 2001).","There is no specific information available on the ecology of Gryllomorpha gracilipes, but Gryllomorpha species usually reside under stones. As the species has been described from Morocco, it is likely to occur in deserts and/or semi-deserts.",Threats to this species remain unknown.,"There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its taxonomy and occurrence on Fuerteventura is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Gryllomorpha,longicauda,,Gryllomorpha longicauda,"(Rambur, 1838)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Long-tailed Crevice-cricket (Gryllomorpha longicauda) is widely distributed in southern parts of the Iberian Peninsula. Although the population trend and threats are unknown, this species has a wide  distribution and it                   probably does not meet the thresholds  of any criterion for a threatened category. It is therefore assessed as  Least Concern.",Unknown,"The Long-tailed Crevice-cricket is distributed in the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco. Two subspecies are present in Europe (Gryllomorpha longicauda longicauda and G. l. merobricensis), and one subspecies is confined to northern Africa (G. l. adspersa) (Gorochov and Llorente 2001). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is estimated to be ca 170,000 km².","There is no available information on the population size and trend. However, within its range it doesn't seem to be a rare species.","This species inhabits crevices in the ground or between and under stones and leaves, usually in more or less shaded situations and especially in open forest with oak, chestnut and pine. Occasionally, it occurs in caves. The animals usually are only seen during the night.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures are in place for the species, but it occurs in several protected areas. More research into its distribution, population size and trends, and into the threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & Cálix, M.","Odé, B., Barranco Vega, P., Ferreira, S., Lemos, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Correas, J., Prunier, F. & Hochkirch, A.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Gryllomorpha,miramae,,Gryllomorpha miramae,"Medvedev, 1933","The genus Gryllomorpha has been revised by Gorrochov (2009). In this publication he place Gryllomorpha guentheri as a subspecies under G. miramae. G. miramae therefore is a species with two subspecies, the nominate subspecies and G. miramae guentheri. Cho",No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Eastern Crevice-cricket (Gryllomorpha miramae) is known from Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, the Ukraine and southern Russia, as well as Greece and Bulgaria. For the EU 28 region, only three localities are known, one from the northeastern part of the Greek mainland and two from Bulgaria. In Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 480,000 km²) and the population is unlikely to be declining fast enough for listing in a threatened category. In the EU 28 region, this species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (EOO is ca 12,500 km²), and the population is severely fragmented - thus making it close to qualify for listing in a threatened category under criterion B. Further research is needed into the population size and distribution of this species (especially in Greece and Bulgaria), as well as into its ecology and threats.",Unknown,"The Eastern Crevice-cricket is known from Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, the Ukraine  (Odessa, Crimea, Melitopol) and southern Russia (Rostov, Astrakan) (Gorochov 2009), as well as Greece and Bulgaria (Willemse 1984, Chobanov 2003). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 480,000 km². For the EU 28 region, only three localities are known, one from the northeastern part of the Greek mainland and two from Bulgaria (Willemse 1984, Chobanov 2003). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in the EU 28 region is ca 12,500 km², but given that this is a rather cryptic, night active species, its EOO may be larger.","There is no available information on the population size and the population trend of this species. In the EU 28 region, the subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.","Species of Gryllomorpha are found in various types of habitats. In Bulgaria, this species was collected in pitfall traps in a Quercus coccifera community and under a stone (Chobanov 2003). This species is active at night.",Nothing is known about threats that might affect this species or its ecosystem.,"No conservation measures are in place for this species, although it is found in at least one protected area. Further research is needed into the population size and distribution (especially in Greece and Bulgaria), as well as into its ecology and threats.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Gryllomorpha,uclensis,,Gryllomorpha uclensis,"Pantel, 1890",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Western Crevice-cricket (Gryllomorpha uclensis) occurs on the Iberian Peninsula, the Baleares, in southern France, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and western Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution, can sometimes reach very high abundances, and no major threats to it have been reported. This crevice-cricket is usually found in caves, under stones and in leaf litter, and is poorly-known. It seems to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. More research into its population trend, distribution, ecology and threats is needed.",Unknown,"The Western Crevice-cricket occurs on the Iberian Peninsula, the Baleares, in southern France, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and western Italy. A potential occurrence in North Africa is doubtful (Heller 2013) and is disregarded here. The species has also temporarily colonised the port of Basel (Birrer and Coray 2000).","The species can sometimes reach very high abundances (Galvagni and Fontana 1993, Massa et al. 2012) and shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. The population trend is unknown.","This small flightless cricket occurs in caves and crevices, under stones and in leaf litter (Massa et al. 2012). It is also found in houses (Schmidt 1996) and under stones in Mediterranean shrubland and in sandy river beds (Braud and Sardet 2006).",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as ""priority 3"" (equivalent to Near Threatened) on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its population trend, distribution, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Ferreira, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Gryllopsis,caspicus,,Gryllopsis caspicus,"Gorochov, 1986",,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Caspian Cricket is known from a single locality and has not been observed again since its description. Due to the very scarce knowledge on this species it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD). Further research on its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed to clarify the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"This species is only known from a single locality in the south of European Russia, Voskresenskoe village in the Astrakhan district (Gorochov 1986). The distribution information is probably incomplete. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be c. 450 km².",The population trend of this species is unknown. The species has not been reported again since it was described.,The species lives in semideserts at altitudes between 0 - 20 m.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLOTALPIDAE,Gryllotalpa,africana,,Gryllotalpa africana,"Palisot de Beauvois, 1805",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The African Mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa africana) is found throughout the African continent and in southern Europe, where it is found on the Canary Islands and in the south of the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it can reach high abundances and the population size is presumably very large. In addition, it is a good flyer and the subpopulations are probably well connected. This mole-cricket is found in wetland habitats and moist crop fields and the population probably shows extreme fluctuations in size, as do other mole-cricket species. It is believed that the overall population is not threatened at present.",Unknown,"The African Mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa africana) is found throughout the African continent and in southern Europe (Townsend 1983). In Europe it is only found on the Canary Islands and in the south of the Iberian Peninsula (Ferreira et al. 2008, Gorochov and Llorente 2001). However, its distribution is insufficiently documented. Its known extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 800,000 km².","The subpopulations of this species are usually large. As it is a good flyer the subpopulations are probably well connected. Many mole cricket species show extreme fluctuations in population size and sometimes can become pests, but this has not been documented in Europe for Gryllotalpa africana. The population trend is unknown.","Similarly to other mole crickets, this species occurs in wetland habitats and cultivated land. It prefers moist soil with scarce or low vegetation, such as bare wet ground or dense short grass (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2015). It is also found in moist subtropical crop fields, such as mangoes, custard apple and avocados (P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016).","As a wetland species, it is mainly threatened by drainage and the increasing numbers of droughts. However, it is also affected by pesticides as it occurs in agricultural fields. It is believed that the overall population is not threatened at present.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Barranco Vega, P., Ferreira, S., Odé, B., García, M., Presa, J.J., Correas, J. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLOTALPIDAE,Gryllotalpa,cossyrensis,,Gryllotalpa cossyrensis,"Baccetti & Capra, 1978",,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
The Pantelleria Mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa cossyrensis) is known from Pantelleria in Italy and northern Africa. In Pantelleria, it is only known to occur around the Lake Venere. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since the overall population size is probably smaller than 1,000 mature individuals. No major threats to this species have been reported, but it it might be negatively affected by habitat loss or modifications caused by human activity. More research into its population size and trend is needed.",Unknown,"The Pantelleria Mole-cricket is known from Pantelleria in Italy and northern Africa (Massa et al. 2012). In Pantelleria, it is only known to occur around the Lake of Venere. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².","The overall population is small and there are probably less than 1,000 mature individuals (B. Massa pers. comm. 2015). The population trend is unknown.",This species lives around the sandy shores of Lake Venere under stones between 10 m and 15 m asl.,"No major threats to this species have been reported, but it might be negatively affected by habitat loss or modifications caused by human activity.","There are no conservation measures in place to this species, but it occurs in a protected area. More research into its population size and trend is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLOTALPIDAE,Gryllotalpa,gryllotalpa,,Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The European Mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa) is distributed from North Africa via large parts of Europe to West Asia. In Europe, it is very widespread and is found from the Iberian Peninsula, Italy and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia in the south to England, south Sweden and northwestern European Russia in the north. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it has dramatically declined in the northern part of its range, it still has large and well connected subpopulations in the southern part of its range.",Decreasing,"The European Mole-cricket is distributed from North Africa via large parts of Europe to West Asia (Harz 1969). In Europe it is found from the Iberian Peninsula, Italy (region around Naples) and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia in the south to England, south Sweden and northwestern European Russia in the north (Strid et al. 2010, Heller 2013). The records from Estonia need confirmation. Former records of this species in European Turkey and Cyprus were probably erroneous and are thus ignored in this assessment. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 8.1 million km², in the EU 28 it is ca 5.7 million km².","The European Mole-cricket shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals and can become a pest to crops (Detzel 1998). The overall population trend is decreasing and particularly in the northern part of its range the species has lost many subpopulations.","This species is found in moist habitats (Massa et al. 2012), often with sandy soils, where it builds tunnels. It is found in marshes, swamps, wet meadows, along ditches and also in gardens and farmland (Detzel 1998). The species is a very good flyer and swimmer (Massa et al. 2012), and it is polyphagous, but generally prefers insects and other small animals (Detzel 1998).",The major threat to the European Mole-cricket is drainage of wetland habitats as well as direct control with pesticides. It is also threatened by intensive agricultural land-use (Detzel 1998).,"This species is listed as Critically Endangered in Denmark and the UK (Sutton 2015), Near Threatened in Austria, Germany and Sweden (Berg et al. 2005, Maas et al. 2011, Westling 2015), Least Concern in France, the Carpathians, FYR Macedonia and the Netherlands (Sardet and Defaut 2004, Kristin and Iorgu 2014, Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014, Bakker et al. 2015) and Data Deficient in Switzerland and Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003, Monnerat et al. 2007). Due to its threatened status in the northern part of its range it is subject to conservation action locally. It is listed as a priority species for conservation in Lower Saxony (Germany) (NLWKN 2011). Restoration of wetland habitats is required to preserve the species. In the Netherlands, conservation management of moist dune slacks had positive effects on this species (NLWKN 2011). The European Mole-cricket occurs in protected areas and more research into its population trend is required.",The species is used locally as bait for fishing.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLOTALPIDAE,Gryllotalpa,krimbasi,,Gryllotalpa krimbasi,"Baccetti, 1992","This species was described from the eastern Aegean island of Kos (Baccetti 1992). Baccetti described this species on the basis of the studies of Krimbas (1956a, 1956b, 1960), who found two Gryllotalpa species with different chromosome numbers in Greece. G",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Krimbas' Mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa krimbasi) is endemic to Greece, where it is found across the mainland, the Peloponnesus, the Ionian island of Ithaki, and the eastern Aegean islands of Kos and Rodhes. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 174,000 km²), and the overall population size is presumably large. However, there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat, and the population is probably also declining due to the use of pesticides. Further research is needed into its population size and trend, and this species' area of occupancy needs to be determined.",Decreasing,"The Krimbas' Mole-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is found across the mainland, the Peloponnesus, the Ionian island of Ithaki, and the eastern Aegean islands of Kos and Rodhes (Baccetti 1992, Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 174,000 km².",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend. A continuing decline in the population is inferred as a result of water management activities and active pest control in the areas where it occurs.,Mole-crickets live in the soil and are found in places with loose and soft earth situated around or in marshy areas.,"As it prefers wet places, any measures which result in water extraction from, or flooding of, an area where Mole-crickets live will have an adverse effect on the subpopulation in that area, apart from the use of water for agricultural purposes. Gryllotalpa species are also threatened by pesticides, as they sometimes can become pests. The main pesticide used to control them is Chlorpyrifos.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Further research is needed into its population size and trend.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLOTALPIDAE,Gryllotalpa,octodecim,,Gryllotalpa octodecim,"Baccetti & Capra, 1978",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Eighteen-chromosome Mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa octodecim) has been reported from the northern Italian mainland, Sardinia and Corsica, living in wetlands and rivers or ponds shores, between sea level and 400 m (Italy) or 800 m (Corsica) altitude. The known extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 195,000 km². The species is likely to be vulnerable to human impacts (urbanisation, agricultural drainage, etc.), its population seems to be fragmented and it was assessed as Vulnerable in the French Red List. However, Gryllotalpa octodecim is a little-known species and most of available references are old. Because the taxonomic status of Gryllotalpa octodecim is no fully understood, it is assessed as Data Deficient. Further research on its taxonomy, distribution, ecology and threats is needed.",Unknown,"The exact distribution of Gryllotalpa octodecim is unknown as the species was mainly characterised by the number of chromosomes, It is reported from the Italian mainland (Po basin in Piemonte, Veneto and probably other northern areas), the western and southern coasts of Sardinia (Massa et al. 2012) and coastal and central Corsica (Braud et al. 2002, Braud and Sardet 2006). However, its presence in Corsica needs to be confirmed using karyotypes (Baccetti and Capra 1978). Most subpopulations occur at sea level or at very low altitudes, reaching 400 m in Italia mainland, and 800 m in Corsica. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 195,000 km².","Due to its subterranean life, and the necessity to do a cytologic analysis in order to undertake a reliable identification, Gryllotalpa octodecim is a little-known species. Most of available records are old and no data on population size or trends exist. The known subpopulations seem to be fragmented.","As other mole-crickets, Gryllotalpa octodecim has a subterranean development cycle, preferring wet soft soils. Most of the known subpopulations occur in the lowlands. In Corsica it has been reported from the shores of rivers and ponds as well as from herbaceous wetlands (Y. Braud pers. comm. 2016).","As most of species living in wetlands at low altitudes, Gryllotalpa octodecim is probably affected by human impacts (urbanisation, agricultural drainage, etc.).","There are no conservation actions in place for Gryllotalpa octodecim. The species is known from several protected areas, such as protected sites managed by Conservatoire du Littoral et des Espaces Lacustres or the Conservatoire des Espaces Naturels de Corse. The species was assessed as ""priority 2"" (equivalent to Vulnerable) in Corsica (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Research on its taxonomy, distribution, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Monnerat, C., Zuna-Kratky, T., Presa, J.J. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A. & Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLOTALPIDAE,Gryllotalpa,quindecim,,Gryllotalpa quindecim,"Baccetti & Capra, 1978",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Fifteen-chromosome Mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa quindecim)  is endemic to Italy, and it is known from Sicily and parts of the southern peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and locally common. However, the species may be affected by the use of pesticides and further research into the population trend is needed.",Unknown,"The Fifteen-chromosome Mole-cricket is endemic to Italy, and it is known from Sicily and parts of the southern peninsula (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 182,000 km².","The species is locally common, but the overall population trend is unknown.",This species lives in grasslands and agricultural lands. It usually inhabits moist areas.,"In agricultural areas, the use of pesticides can pose a threat to this species.","There are no conservation measures in place to this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into the population size and trend is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Massa, B., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLOTALPIDAE,Gryllotalpa,robusta,,Gryllotalpa robusta,"Townsend, 1983",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The Robust Mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa robusta) is known from Africa south of the Sahara. Even though the species has been reported from the Canary Islands in the revision by Townsend (1983), the exact locality is not mentioned. Kevan and Hsiung (1992) assume that it may occur on Tenerife, but without any recent confirmation of this species, its presence in Europe remains doubtful (Gorochov and Llorente 2001). It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"The Robust Mole-cricket occurs in Africa south of the Sahara. It is mentioned by Townsend (1983) from the Canary Islands, without mentioning any specific island. Kevan and Hsiung (1992) assumed that older records of G. gryllotalpa from Tenerife may refer to this species. Recent confirmation of this species' occurrence in the Canary Islands is still required (Gorochov and Llorente 2001).",It is unknown whether this species actually occurs on the Canary Islands. There is no information available on its population size or trend.,"The ecology of this species is poorly known. Gryllotalpa species typically occur in moist habitats, such as swamps and the edge of ponds.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"No specific conservation action is in place for this species and it is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. As a first step, its distribution needs to be clarified, particularly its occurrence on the Canary Islands.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.",,,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLOTALPIDAE,Gryllotalpa,sedecim,,Gryllotalpa sedecim,"Baccetti & Capra, 1978",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Sixteen-chromosome Mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa sedecim)  is found in north-western Italy, Corsica and Sardinia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is locally abundant and there is no evidence of population declines. However, the species is locally threatened by pesticide use. More research into its population trend is required.",Unknown,"The Sixteen-chromosome Mole-cricket is found in north-western Italy, Corsica and Sardinia (Braud and Sardet 2006, Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 173,000 km².",The species is locally abundant but the population trend is unknown.,"The species lives in grassland and agricultural land, in moist areas. It is found in burrows in the ground at altitudes between 10 m and 500 m asl.",The use of pesticides in agricultural lands may pose a threat to this species.,"There are no conservation measures in place to this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLOTALPIDAE,Gryllotalpa,septemdecimchromosomica,,Gryllotalpa septemdecimchromosomica,"Ortiz, 1958",,Yes,DD,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Seventeen-chromosome Mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa septemdecimchromosomica) is distributed in parts of Mediterranean Italy, France and Spain. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information about it. The species is easily confused with other species of Gryllotalpa that occur within its present distribution area. More research is needed in order to assess its extinction risk, particularly into the taxonomy, population size and trend, and threats.",Unknown,"The Seventeen-chromosome Mole-cricket is distributed in the lowlands along major parts of the Mediterranean coast of Italy, France and Spain (Gorochov and Llorente 2001). In Italy, it also inhabits inland areas of Tuscany (Massa et al. 2012). Its presence along the Atlantic coast of France (Charente-Maritime) is doubtful and needs confirmation (Sardet et al. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 500,000 km². However, parts of the distribution data are old and need confirmation. This species may be easily confused with other species of Gryllotalpa that occur within its distribution range since it is only possible to identify it on the basis of its chromosome number (Ortiz 1958). Research is urgently needed to assess the present distribution of this species.",There is no available information on the population size and trend. In some areas it seems to be quite common (Sardet et al. 2015).,"Like many other species of Mole-cricket, this species inhabits wet habitats along rivers and in marshes.","The threats to this species are unknown. However, it may be impacted by measures that affect wet habitats, like agricultural or building activities.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area, the Regional Park Camargue. More research is needed into its taxonomy, distribution, population size and trends as well as into its threats. In addition, more tools are needed to identify and survey the species.",This species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & Cálix, M.","Odé, B., Barranco Vega, P., Ferreira, S., Lemos, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Correas, J., Prunier, F. & Hochkirch, A.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLOTALPIDAE,Gryllotalpa,stepposa,,Gryllotalpa stepposa,"Zhantiev, 1991",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Steppe Mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa stepposa) is a widespread species. In Europe it occurs on the southern Balkan Peninsula as well as in eastern Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is sometimes considered a pest and, while it probably declined in the past as a consequence of drainage and other destruction of wetland habitats, it is still widespread, common, and has a stable population trend.",Stable,"The Steppe Mole-cricket has been found on the Arabian Peninsula, western and central Asia, and southeastern Europe (Chobanov 2009, Massa et al. 2010). In Europe it has been reported from Hungary and the eastern Balkans (Greece, FYR Macedonia, Bulgaria, southern Serbia) over Moldova and Ukraine to southern European Russia (Willemse and Willemse 2008, Chobanov 2011, Heller 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 2.7 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 940,000 km².","This species shows extreme fluctuations in population size and can become a pest to crops (Chobanov 2009). It has probably declined in the past, but seems to have a stable population at present (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). This mole-cricket is very common in Ukraine and Russia (T. Pushkar and O.Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2015).","This species is a good flyer, and is found in moist depressions in steppic regions. It is also found in agricultural sites (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).",The major threat to this species is drainage and the use of insecticides.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, as it is often considered a pest (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). It occurs in protected areas. More research is needed into its distribution, threats and population trend. Furthermore, taxonomic research is needed to clarify the status of this and related species (Gryllotalpa genus).",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Pushkar, T., Korsunovskaya, O., Vedenina, V., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Nieto, A., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Kranz, M., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M. & Skejo, J. Skejo","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLOTALPIDAE,Gryllotalpa,unispina,,Gryllotalpa unispina,"Saussure, 1874",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment:Least Concern (LC)

The Single-spined Mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa unispina) is found from China and Siberia to Central Asia and eastern Europe. In Europe it occurs in Romania, Ukraine and southern European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is widespread and common. However, in Ukraine it is only known from three regions (but the information is probably incomplete) and the population trend is assumed to be declining. In the EU 28, this species is only known from the Danube Delta in Romania and it is assessed as Least Concern since the population trend is stable and subpopulations are well connected.",Decreasing,"The Single-spined Mole-cricket is found from China and Siberia to Central Asia and eastern Europe (Harz 1969). In Europe it occurs in Romania, Ukraine and southern European Russia (Heller 2013). In Romania it is only known from the Danube Delta and the Dobrogean Plateau in the east of the country (Iorgu et al. 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 509,000 km², while in the EU 28 it is ca 6,000 km². Its area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is between 40 and 60 km² (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).","The subpopulations of this species are usually small. As it is a good flyer, subpopulations are probably well connected (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). Nothing is known about population fluctuations in this species, but other Gryllotalpa species are known to show extreme fluctuations in population size. In Romania the trend is assumed to be stable (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015), but in Ukraine it is declining (T. Pushkar pers. comm. 2015). In Russia the species is common (O.Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2015). The overall population trend is decreasing in Europe and stable in the EU 28.",This species occurs in moist sandy habitats (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015) and close to salt lakes (T. Pushkar pers. comm. 2015).,In Ukraine the major threat to this species is excavation of sand.,In Romania the species mainly occurs in the Danube Biosphere reserve and is therefore protected (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). There are no specific conservation measures in place for the species. More research into its population trend and threats is required.,The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Pushkar, T., Vedenina, V., Korsunovskaya, O., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M. & Skejo, J. Skejo","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLOTALPIDAE,Gryllotalpa,viginti,,Gryllotalpa viginti,"Baccetti & Capra, 1978",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Twenty-chromosome Mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa viginti) is endemic to Liguria and Tuscany, in the north-western part of Italy. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to assess the extinction risk of this species.",Unknown,"The Twenty-chromosome Mole-cricket is endemic to Liguria and Tuscany, in the north-western part of Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5,100 km².",There is no available data on the population size and trend.,This species inhabits grasslands and agricultural lands and is found in moist areas at elevations between 10 m and 100 m asl.,The use of pesticides in agricultural lands may pose a threat to this species.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it probably occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLOTALPIDAE,Gryllotalpa,vigintiunum,,Gryllotalpa vigintiunum,"Baccetti, 1991",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Twenty-one-chromosome Mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa vigintiunum) is endemic to the north of Sardinia and its surrounding islands. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed in order to assess the extinction risk of this species.",Unknown,The Twenty-one-chromosome Mole-cricket is endemic to the north of Sardinia and its surrounding islands (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 50 km².,There is no available data on the population size and trend.,There is no information on the habitat and ecological requirements of this species but it probably inhabits dry grasslands. It occurs at elevations between 10 m and 50 m asl.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation measures in place to this species, but it probably occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Fontana, P., Hochkirch, A., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLOTALPIDAE,Gryllotalpa,vineae,,Gryllotalpa vineae,"Bennet-Clark, 1970",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Vineyard Mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa vineae) occurs on the Iberian Peninsula and in France from the Atlantic coast to the Mediterranean mainland area. It is a lowland species that inhabits dry to mesic open habitats, especially in vineyards. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 945,000 km². This species is little known and there is no information available on the populationsize or trend. It is likely to be threatened by agricultural land use and the use of pesticides, but overall the species seems to be quite widespread. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC). More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",Unknown,"Gryllotalpa vineae is recorded from the Iberian Peninsula and France. In France, it is known from the Atlantic coast (in the Charente-Maritime department, O. Roques and P. Jourde pers. comm. 2015), the Garonne basin plains (Lot and Tarn-et-Garonne departments) and in the Mediterranean mainland area (to the Ardèche and Drôme departments) (Defaut et al. 2009). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 945,000 km². The distribution of this species is not fully known since specimens are rarely caught and their stridulation is often mistaken with others mole-crickets songs.","Due to its subterranean life, Gryllotalpa vineae is a little-known species. The species has been recently discovered along the French Atlantic coast due to nocturnal song recordings, but apart from this there are no recent records, not even at the locus typicus. The population seems to be fragmented, but there is no information available on the full population size and trends.","Gryllotalpa vineae is a lowland species that inhabits dry and mesic open habitats, including vineyards, cereal fields, dry grasslands, pasturelands and scrublands. It is recorded from sea level to 400 m altitude.",Agricultural land use (viniculture) and the use of pesticides are a threat to this species. It is also affected by urbanisation.,"There are no conservation actions in place for Gryllotalpa vineae, and it is unknown whether the species occurs in protected areas throughout its range. More research on its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Gryllus,bimaculatus,,Gryllus bimaculatus,"De Geer, 1773",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Two-spotted Field-cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) is widespread in Africa, the Mediterranean, West and Central Asia. In Europe it is found on the Canary Islands, the Iberian Peninsula, southern France, Italy, the Mediterranean islands and on the Balkans, reaching Croatia in the north and southern Ukraine in the northeast. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very widespread and common, and no major threats to it have been reported. It often lives in, or close to, human settlements and does not seem to be sensitive to human activities.",Unknown,"The Two-spotted Field-cricket is widespread in Africa, the Mediterranean, West and Central Asia (Harz 1969). In Europe it is found on the Canary Islands, the Iberian Peninsula, southern France, Italy, the Mediterranean islands and on the Balkans, reaching Croatia in the north and southern Ukraine in the northeast. A small introduced subpopulation exists in Germany (Hochkirch and Klugkist 1998). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 8.7 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 7.3 million km².","This species is very widespread and common. It sometimes produces outbreaks in Africa with individuals occasionally dispersing to the Canary Islands. The population trend is unknown. As the species is bred for pet food, it is often shipped throughout the world and can easily escape from captivity. It is therefore also regularly reported outside its native range.",This species is mainly found in and close to human settlements where it lives under and between stones and in cracks in the earth. It is also found in grassland habitats (Massa et al. 2012). As the species is easy to breed in captivity it has become a model species for behavioural studies. Therefore the biology of this species is very well known.,No major threats to this species have been reported.,There are no specific conservation measures in place or needed for this species. More information on its population trend is required. It occurs in several protected areas.,The species is bred and traded for pet food.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Gryllus,campestris,,Gryllus campestris,"Linnaeus, 1758",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Field-cricket (Gryllus campestris) occurs from north Africa to northern Europe and to the Caucasus. In Europe, it is very widespread. This species is assessed as Least Concern due to its wide range and overall large population size. However, it has declined during the last century in the northern part of its range as a consequence of changes in land use, particularly by the transformation of traditionally grazed heathland and grassland habitats into farmland and forests. It is still threatened in northern Europe by abandonment and eutrophication, although it is very common in southern Europe.",Decreasing,"The Common Field-cricket occurs from north Africa to northern Europe and to the Caucasus (Harz 1969). In Europe it is found from the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily, the Peloponnesus and the Greek island of Kos in the south to southern England, the Danish Island Bornholm and Latvia in the north (Heller 2013).","A decline of this species has been reported in the northern part of its range. In Denmark the species is Regionally Extinct. In England the species was close to extinction but has been successfully reintroduced at several sites (Sutton 2015). In the northern part of Germany the species is still declining (Witzenberger and Hochkirch 2008, Hochkirch 2010). It is more common in the southern part of Europe. It is known to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (Hochkirch 2010, Sutton 2015) as it shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. The population size is large, but the overall population trend is decreasing.","This species occurs in semi-dry to dry grassland habitats where it lives in burrows (Massa et al. 2012). In the northern part of its range it requires dry open habitats with short turf, such as dry grassland and heathland, usually maintained by grazing (Sutton 2015). It particularly prefers nutrient-poor grassland with a vegetation cover of 40-50 % (Kenyeres 2006). The species is active in spring (April to July) and nymphs hatch in summer and hibernate during the last nymphal instars.","The main threat to this species are transformation of its habitat into farmland or forests, and abandonment of grazing and eutrophication of grassland and heathland habitats with subsequent encroachment of scrubs (Sutton 2015). The species is locally also threatened by urbanisation.","This species was subject to conservation action in the northern part of its range. Successful reintroductions have been conducted in England (Sutton 2015). In northern Germany, successful translocation projects have led to the establishment of several new subpopulations (e.g. Hochkirch et al. 2007) and the restoration of habitat by deforestation and sheep grazing has led to a rapid expansion of a subpopulation (Hochkirch 1996). In Denmark, the species is Regionally Extinct. It is listed as Vulnerable on the British Red List (Sutton 2015) as well as in the Netherlands (Bakker et al. 2015) and Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003). In Poland it is considered as Near Threatened (Liana 2002). It occurs in protected areas. Restoration of habitat and appropriate management is still needed in the northern part of its range (Sutton 2015). More research on its population trend is needed in the southern part of its range.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Heteracris,adspersa,,Heteracris adspersa,"(Redtenbacher, 1889)",,No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Splendid Grasshopper (Heteracris adspersa) is a widespread species with a highly specialised ecology, distributed from North Africa via the Mediterranean and Arabia to western Asia. In Europe it only occurs in Spain, Sardinia, Sicily, Cyprus and southern European Russia. This species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe since its area of occupancy (AOO) is probably smaller than 2,000 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat and in the number of mature individuals. In the EU 28, it is assessed as Endangered since its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 100 and 300 km², the population is severely fragmented and also suffering a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat and in the number of mature individuals. This grasshopper is only found in salt pans and salt marshes, and the major threats it faces are transformation of its habitat into farmland as well as touristic and industrial development. More research into its ecology, population trend and threats is needed. Remaining habitats require full protection and degraded habitats need to be restored.",Decreasing,"The Splendid Grasshopper is distributed from North Africa via the Mediterranean and Arabia to western Asia (Harz 1975). In Europe it occurs in Spain, Sardinia, Sicily, Cyprus and southern European Russia (Heller 2013). Its area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is estimated to be between 100 and 300 km², and in Europe smaller than 2,000 km² (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016).",Due to its strong habitat affiliation the subpopulations of this species are very isolated. Genetic exchange between the existing subpopulations is extremely unlikely and these may go extinct with reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals is inferred from the overall loss of habitat.,"The species is found in coastal marshy habitats (Massa et al. 2012), salt pans and along inland salt lakes with Salicornia spp..",The major threats to this species are transformation of its habitat into farmland as well as touristic and industrial development (J.J. Presa and K. Siedle pers. comm. 2016).,"The habitat of the Splendid Grasshopper is protected by the European Habitats Directive but no specific conservation action is in place for the species. It occurs in protected areas. More research into its ecology, population trend and threats is needed. Remaining habitats require full protection and degraded habitats need to be restored.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Presa, J.J., Siedle, K. & Korsunovskaya, O.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Heteracris,annulosa,,Heteracris annulosa,"Walker, 1870",,No,EN,B2ac(iv),No,EN,B2ac(iv),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

In Europe, the Southern Splendid Grasshopper is only known from some islands south of Sicily and from southern Sardinia. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 100 and 200 km² and it shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. Therefore, the species is assessed as Endangered (EN). There is no indication of a continuing decline or a severe fragmentation as subpopulation sizes are still large. Based upon the threat of pesticide treatments, the number of locations is between four and five. No significant immigration from North Africa is likely to affect the population, so no rescue effect is provided for this species.",Unknown,"The Southern Splendid Grasshopper (Heteracris annulosa) occurs in northern Africa, on the Arabian Peninsula and in the Middle East. In Europe, it is only known from Lampedusa, Pantelleria, Linosa and one locality in the south of Sardinia (Massa et al. 2012). It may also be present on Sicily (B. Massa pers. comm. 2016). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 24,000 km², while its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 100 and 200 km².","This species was extremely abundant on Pantelleria from 1989 to 1993 and even became a severe pest to caper bushes, which are common on the island. However, it shows extreme fluctuations in population size and in 1994 the abundance of this species was notably smaller (Massa et al. 2012). Due to the extreme fluctuations of the population size, its population trend remains unknown.",The species has regularly been observed feeding on Atriplex halinus and caper bushes (Massa et al. 2012). It seems to prefer Chenopodiaceae (B. Massa pers. comm. 2015).,"As the species attacks crops, it may be affected by pesticides. Based upon this threat, the number of locations is between four and five.","No specific conservation action is in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population dynamics is needed as it remains difficult to infer a population trend for this species due to its extreme fluctuations. As the species occurs only in a few locations, its habitat needs to be protected.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Massa, B. & Kleukers, R.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Heteracris,littoralis,,Heteracris littoralis,"(Rambur, 1838)",,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Mediterranean Splendid Grasshopper (Heteracris littoralis) has a small area of occupancy in Europe (less than 2,000 km²). Its habitat (coastal dunes) is strongly affected by touristic development throughout its range. Therefore, a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals is inferred. However, the number of locations is quite large. The population is fragmented, but probably not severely fragmented as many subpopulations are still quite large and the species has good dispersal capabilities. As it nearly meets the thresholds for a threatened category under Criterion B, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).",Decreasing,"The Mediterranean Splendid Grasshopper is found from the Cape Verde Islands across northern Africa to India (Grunshaw 1991). In Europe, it occurs on the Canary Islands, at the coast of the Iberian Peninsula, in Greece and in Cyprus (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is c. 4 million km², but its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (less than 2,000 km²).","Although this species is widespread in the Mediterranean, it is affected by touristic development in coastal regions and therefore a continuing decline is inferred. In North Africa, the species is considered a pest and treated with insecticides (e.g. Sharaby et al. 2013).","Heteracris littoralis is mainly found in coastal dunes (Olmo-Vidal 2002, Husemann and Hochkirch 2007), but regionally it can also be found further inland (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2015).",The main threat to Heteracris littoralis is the conversion of its habitat due to touristic development and recreational activities. It is also influenced by commercial development at the coasts.,"No specific conservation action is in place for the species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend and threats is needed. The remaining coastal habitats of this species need to be protected.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Siedle, K., Willemse, L.P.M., Kleukers, R., Rutschmann, F., Szovenyi, G., Chobanov, D.P. & Kristin, A.","Kranz, M. & Willemse, L.P.M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Heteracris,pterosticha,,Heteracris pterosticha,"(Fischer de Waldheim, 1833)",,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Licorice Splendid Grasshopper (Heteracris pterosticha) occurs from Turkey and the Near East to northern Afghanistan and Central Asia. In Europe, it is found in the Lower Volga region in Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is assumed to have a stable population trend which may even increase, and no major threats to it have been reported. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this grasshopper is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Stable,"The Licorice Splendid Grasshopper occurs from Turkey and the Near East to northern Afghanistan and Central Asia (Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1963). In Europe this species is found in the Lower Volga region in Russia (Savitsky et al. 2013) and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 25,000 km².",This species is common in the Lower Volga region (Savitsky 2002). It is assumed to have a stable population size which may even increase (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).,This species is halophilous (requires a saline environment) (Kalacheva 2005). It is found in licorice and camelthorn bushes (Savistky et al. 2013) and feeds on dicotyledones (Savitsky 2010).,No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for the species, but it occurs in protected areas (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). More research into its population trend is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Vedenina, V., Szovenyi, G., Willemse, L.P.M., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T. & Skejo, J. Skejo","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Hyalorrhipis,canescens,,Hyalorrhipis canescens,"(Saussure, 1888)",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

In Europe, The Hairy Sand Grasshopper (Hyalorrhipis canescens) has only been documented from two localities on Gran Canaria (Spain), which have been heavily transformed by urbanisation and touristic development. Further research needs to be undertaken to clarify if the species may still occur in the coastal region of Gran Canaria. As it remains unclear whether this species reproduced on Gran Canaria or whether it is a vagrant, it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD). Once more information becomes available, it may fall into several categories, including Not Applicable (NA), Regionally Extinct (RE), Critically Endangered (CR) or Vulnerable (VU).",Unknown,"The Hairy Sand Grasshopper is mainly distributed in North Africa. The species has also been recorded from two localities on Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain): Las Palmas (1960) and Maspalomas (1966). The breeding status of this species on the Canary Islands is not clear as the species is a strong flyer and may have immigrated (Bland et al. 1996). However, as several individuals have been collected at places with similar ecological conditions (two in August 1960 at Las Palmas and 18 in June 1966 in Maspalomas), it may well have been native to Gran Canaria. Both localities have been heavily transformed by human activities, which might explain why the species has not been confirmed recently.","Hyalorrhipis canescens has not been found in Europe since 1966. Despite recent research on Orthoptera on Gran Canaria, the species has not been recorded again. As the two localities have been heavily transformed by urbanisation and touristic development, they might have disappeared completely. However, research activities might also be lower within these places and intensive research in small remaining habitats within and close to these cities as well as in other potentially suitable places along the coast needs to be carried out. Its population trend is unknown.","Even though the ecology of this species has not been studied in Europe, it is known from sandy desert areas in North Africa. The only known localities from the Canary Islands suggest that the species was restricted to warm coastal habitats.","Both localities have been heavily transformed by urbanisation, touristic development and industrialisation.","No conservation action is in place for this species, and it is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas. A study on the ecology of the genus Sphingonotus took place on Gran Canaria in 2014 (D. Margaritis pers. comm. 2015). Hyalorrhipis canescens has a similar habitat and is also related to the genus Sphingonotus, but was not found during this study. However, a detailed search for this species is still necessary as it might have survived in small areas at the coast of Gran Canaria.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B.","Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., García, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Prunier, F., Ferreira, S. & Lemos, P.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Hyalorrhipis,clausi,,Hyalorrhipis clausi,"(Kittary, 1849)",,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Claus' Sand Grasshopper (Hyalorrhipis clausi) is found in Central Asia from eastern Kazakhstan over Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan to the Lower Volga region and the eastern Caucasus. In Europe it is only found in southern European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is assumed to have a stable population trend and no major threats to it have been reported. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Stable,"Claus' Sand Grasshopper is found in Central Asia from eastern Kazakhstan over Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan to the Lower Volga region and the eastern Caucasus (Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1964). In Europe the species is only found in southern European Russia (Heller 2013), and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 125,000 km².",This species is assumed to have a stable population trend (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).,"The species is found in sandy desert (Sergeev 2010) and riverine sand dunes (Savitsky and Lekarev 2007, Savitsky et al. 2013) where it feeds on detritus (Savitsky 2010).",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas (possibly Astrakhan Zapovednik, V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). More research into its population trend and threats is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Vedenina, V., Willemse, L.P.M., Sirin, D., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T. & Skejo, J. Skejo","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Hymenoptila,lanzarotensis,,Hymenoptila lanzarotensis,"Kevan & Hsiung, 1992",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Lanzarote Malpais Cricket is endemic to caves and malpais areas of Lanzarote, Fuerteventura and the Isla de Montana Clara (Canary Islands, Spain). The species is flightless and the population is considered severely fragmented, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 690 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 - 300 km², and it is thus assessed as Near Threatened as it nearly meets the thresholds for a threatened Category under Criterion B. It is unknown if the species is declining as most of its habitat is in protected areas or in areas which are not under strong human pressure.",Unknown,"The Lanzarote Malpais Cricket is endemic to Fuerteventura, Lanzarote and Isla de Montana Clara (Canary Islands, Spain) (Bland et al. 1996). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 690 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km² with an upper estimate of 300 km².",There is no information available on the population size and trends of the species. It is flightless and the subpopulations are very isolated so the recolonisation of extinct sites is unlikely. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented.,"This cricket species occurs under stones and in caves, particularly on malpais land (Ashmole et al. 1992). Its altitudinal range is 0 - 360 m.","This species occurs mainly on scarcely vegetated volcanic areas (malpais), and large parts of its population occur in the Timanfaya National Park on Lanzarote, an area with volcanic activity. It may locally also be affected by touristic development.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but most of its habitats are found in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is necessary.",This species is not utilised.,"García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Jakobs, D.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,amplipennis,,Isophya amplipennis,"Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878",,No,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v)",No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Wide-winged Plump Bush-cricket (Isopyha amplipennis) occurs in Anatolia and European Turkey. In Europe it is only known from European Turkey, where it is quite rare. This species is assessed as Endangered in Europe since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 12-100 km², extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,800 km²), the population is severely fragmented and there is an inferred continuing decline in the EOO, AOO, habitat quality and in the number of mature individuals. This species used to be a pest species in eastern Thracian forests but is quite rare at present and might be displaced by Isophya speciosa which is much more common in the region. Threats to the species include urbanisation in the region of the Belgrad forest near Istanbul. More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Remaining habitats of this species should be protected. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Decreasing,"The Wide-winged Plump Bush-cricket occurs in Anatolia and European Turkey (Ünal 2003, Chobanov 2013). In Europe it is known from Istanbul and a locality close to Kumbağ, also in European Turkey (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 4,800 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km² with a maximum estimate of 100 km².","This species used to be a pest species in eastern Thracian forests (Can 1959), but is quite rare at present (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015) and thus assumed to be declining. The population is considered severely fragmented as the subpopulations are small and isolated with probably no genetic exchange between them.","This species is found at the edge of Mediterranean Quercus forests, where it lives on Quercus trees and Rubus bushes (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015).",This species might be displaced by Isophya speciosa which is much more common in the region (D. Chobanov and D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). Threats to the species include urbanisation in the region of the Belgrad forest near Istanbul.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Remaining habitats of this species should be protected.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Sirin, D., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Vedenina, V. & Pushkar, T.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,andreevae,,Isophya andreevae,"Peshev, 1981",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
Andreeva's Plump Bush-cricket (Isophya andreevae) is endemic to a small area in Bulgaria, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and northern Greece, where it is common and it has dense subpopulations. It has an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 9,000 km². No major threats have been reported and the population is assumed to be stable. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Stable,"The species is endemic to a restricted area along the middle course of the river Strouma and the neighbouring mountain slopes between 300 and 1,800 m Asl in Rila, Maleshevska Planina, Belassitsa (southwestern Bulgaria and westernmost Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia), and possibly in the Paikon Mountains in Greece (Chobanov et al. 2013, Lemonnier-Darcemont and C. Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is around 9,000 km².","The subpopulations are possibly isolated by natural barriers and show significant differences in phenology and abundance depending on the habitats they inhabit. However, the subpopulations are generally large. The population trend is not known, but it is assumed to be stable.","The species inhabits natural and secondary scrub and meadows, from dry Mediterranean Paliurus communities to ruderal forest meadows. The variety of habitat types leads to significant differences in the phenology between subpopulations. In the sub-Mediterranean climate, the hatching of the eggs may occur in March, with the adults already disappearing in June, while in the mountains adults may occur between June and August. The species is flightless.","No major threats to this species have been reported. Minor threats may include the direct destruction or significant modification of its habitat, especially in the lowlands, due to infrastructure development and agricultural land expansion.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, although it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend and threats is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,beybienkoi,,Isophya beybienkoi,"Maran, 1958",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"Bei-Bienko's Plump Bush-cricket is listed as Critically Endangered (CR), because it has a small extent of occurrence (EOO) of 46 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the area, extent and quality of the habitat as a result of the ongoing habitat changes due to the abandonment of grazing. It is recommended to protect this species through national and international legislation, and a proper management and restoration of its habitats is needed.",Decreasing,Bei-Bienko's Plump Bush-cricket is only known from the Slovak Karst National Park in Slovakia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 46 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km².,"The population of this species is severely fragmented with six small and isolated subpopulations with little genetic exchange and which may become extinct without possibility of recolonisation. The population size is small, with no more than 30 mature individuals per hectare, and the current population trend appears to be declining.",This species is found in steep rocky grassland and shrubland in the Slovak Karst area between 400 and 800 m altitude. The species is flightless.,"The threats to this species include the abandonment of grazing in karstic areas, which leads to succession to bushes and forest. Based on this threat, the species occurs at six locations.","The species is not protected in Slovakia, and it is recommended to protect this species through national and international legislation. It occurs only in the National Park Slovak Karst (Slovensky Kras). Traditional farming and grazing of afforested grasslands are needed, and degraded habitats need to be restored. The species would also benefit from the raising of awareness about its existence. Research on its population trend and the effects of abandonment is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,boldyrevi,,Isophya boldyrevi,"Miram, 1938",,Yes,CR (PE),"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CE)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
Boldyrev's Plump Bush-cricket is known from two localities in a small range and has not been observed in the wild since 1915. Recent searches for this species were not successful (O.Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2015). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km², but it is not clear if the species still exists. The species is present at only one location, and a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat, the number of subpopulations and the number of mature individuals is assumed. It is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) and may possibly be extinct.",Decreasing,"Boldyrev's Plump Bush-cricket is only known from the Volga Upland in the region of Saratov, where it has been reported from two localities (Bey-Bienko 1954). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be c. 300 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is c. 8 km². However, despite recent searches, the species has not been found again.",Recent searches for this species were not successful (O.Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2015). It is thus assumed that the species must be very rare and the population is probably declining.,"The species was found in mesic grass-herbaceous vegetation at the forest edge, at altitudes between 100 - 300 m Asl.","The transformation of its habitat into farmland is most likely a major threat to this species. Based on this threat, the species occurs only at one location.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is not known to occur in protected areas. Research is needed to clarify if the species is still extant and to study its ecology and threats. An area-based management plan would be necessary after clarifying its population trend and threats.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Korsunovskaya, O., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,brevicauda,,Isophya brevicauda,"Ramme, 1931",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Short-tailed Plump Bush-cricket (Isophya brevicauda) is a species of the southeastern Alps. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has an area of occupancy (AOO) of 500-600 km², it lives in a variety of habitats and most of its subpopulations are either not under threat, or are expanding their range due to the abandonment of pastures and grasslands. Additionally, the population is considered to be stable.",Stable,"The Short-tailed Plump Bush-cricket is a species of the southeastern Alps, occurring mainly in the Austrian provinces of Styria (Steiermark) and Carinthia (Kärnten) (unpublished data; ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich). In the northwest of its range this species occurs in the Lungau in Salzburg (Illich et al. 2010), more to the southeast it inhabits the Slovenian provinces of Južna Štajerska and Dolenjska (Gomboc and Šegula 2014). Near Samobor, it reaches Croatia (Ramme 1931). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 24,350 km², and its AOO is ca 500-600 km². This bush-cricket can be found from the lowlands (in Styria down to 265 m asl) up to the alpine regions (maximum 2,071 m asl in Salzburg), but most records originate from less than 1,200 m asl (unpublished data; ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich).","This species is widespread in its range and in suitable habitats may even become quite abundant. However, there is no evidence of change in population density and range so far. It can be supposed that the ongoing abandonment of meadows in the more remote Alpine areas of Austria increases the habitat availability for this species, which is capable of living in fallow grassland. The overall population trend is assumed to be stable.","This species is found in various habitats, characterised by a mild and moist micro-climate, combined with a dense vegetation cover. Typical sites are edges of forests, clear-cuts, shrub and linear stands of tall forbs, but also meadows with broad-leaved herbs with often wet conditions (unpublished data; ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich). At higher altitudes, this species lives in alpine grassland and dwarf shrub heath (Illich et al. 2010).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no known conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected landscapes like the ""Nationalpark Gesäuse"" in Styria.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & Cálix, M.","Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,brunneri,,Isophya brunneri,"Retowski, 1888",,Yes,NT,,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Brunner's Plump Bush-cricket occurs in Crimea and mainland Ukraine and central European Russia. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 2,000 and 3,000 km². While the subpopulations on Crimea are still large, the majority of its population is severely fragmented. and there is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy, extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT).",Decreasing,"Brunner's Plump Bush-Cricket is found in Crimea, in the adjacent mainland Ukraine, in northern Ukraine and in central European Russia (Bey-Bienko 1954). However, only two female specimens were collected from Russia a long time ago, and considering the high level of endemism of Isophya species, they may either represent another species or the subpopulation may be extinct. While it is quite common in Crimea, it is quite rare on the mainland. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be c. 420,000 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is between 2,000 and 3,000 km².","The subpopulations in the Crimean Mountains are quite dense (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015), while the subpopulations in northern Ukraine and Russia are very small. It is likely that the species shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals, as it has been reported for other related species. Since the majority of subpopulations are very small and isolated, and thus may become extinct without possibility of recolonisation, the population is considered severely fragmented. There is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy, extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals.","This species occurs in mesic steppes and mountain meadows from lowlands to 1,500 m Asl in the Crimean Mountains and it feeds on herbs. Adults usually occur from June to early August. The records from the region of Kursk (July and September) are still doubtful.","The major threat to this species is the transformation of its habitat into farmland. On Crimea, it may also be affected by touristic development.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its current distribution and population trend is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Korsunovskaya, O., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,bureschi,,Isophya bureschi,"Peshev, 1959",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
Bures' Plump Bush-cricket is a common species with numerous large subpopulations, and it is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC). Some threats to the species are known, but they do not seem to have a negative impact on the species.",Unknown,"The range of Bures' Plump Bush-cricket covers the northwestern part of the Rila-Rhodope Massive and a few geographically connected mountains (Vitosha, Plana, the western half of Sredna Gora Mountains) in central and southwestern Bulgaria (Chobanov et al. 2013), as well as the region of Vlasinsko Jezero lake in southeastern Serbia (Pavicevic et al. 2014). Isophya bureschi is found only in mountain ranges from 700 m up to 2,000 m Asl. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 18,000 km² in pan-Europe, and c.13,000 km² in the EU 28.","This species is present on a restricted range of the Rila-Rhodopean massive and the neighbouring territory of Serbia, with subpopulations consisting of a large number of individuals. The population trend is unknown.","The species inhabits marshy meadows, partly entering scrub and forest undergrowth in the forest belt of Rila, Pirin, Western Rhodopi, Vitosha, Plana and Sredna Gora Mountains in Bulgaria, as well as the surroundings of Vlasina Lake in Serbia. Depending on the altitude and micro-climate, nymphs emerge between March and June and adults occur from May/July to August/October.","Threats to this species are overgrazing, ploughing, and the development of touristic infrastructure. However, the effect of these threats does not seem to be major as the species is common in certain areas, even close to settlements.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but significant part of its subpopulations occur in Natura 2000 sites or other protected areas. Research on its population trend and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,camptoxypha,,Isophya camptoxypha,"(Fieber, 1853)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Curve-tailed Plump Bush-cricket is very widespread (it has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 330,000 km²), it has a large population and no major threats to the species have been documented. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC) .",Unknown,"The Curve-tailed Plump Bush-cricket is characteristic from the eastern pre-alpine and alpine areas of the Carpathian Mountains. It is known from Romania, Slovakia, southeastern Poland, westernmost Ukraine, eastern Austria and western Hungary (Heller et al. 2004). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 330,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 650 and 1,000 km².",This species is abundant and it is frequently found across its range. The overall population trend is unknown.,"The species inhabits lush herbaceous vegetation in grasslands and forest clearings from 200 m (in Hungary) to 2,200 m Asl (the highest locality is situated in Parang Mountains in Romania).","No major threats to this species have been documented. In Romania, this species is locally threatened as a result of the expansion of residential development and overgrazing.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,ciucasi,,Isophya ciucasi,"Iorgu & Iorgu, 2010",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Ciucas Plump Bush-cricket is listed as Endangered (EN) due to its small area of occupancy (AOO) of 20 km² and extent of occurrence (EOO) of 800 km², the fact that its population is severely fragmented, and that there is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy, extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals.",Decreasing,"The Ciucas Plump Bush-cricket is only known from the sub-alpine plateau of the Ciucas (Iorgu and Iorgu 2010) and Vrancea Mountains (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015), which are part of the Carpathian Mountains in Romania. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 800 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is c. 20 km².","The population of this species is small and is probably decreasing as a consequence of habitat loss due to the development of touristic infrastructure and overgrazing. Subpopulations are very small and isolated and may become extinct with small possibility of recolonisation, so the population is considered to be severely fragmented.","The species inhabits lush forest clearings and sub-alpine herbaceous associations and usually lives on Urtica, Rumex, Rubus, Juniperus, Senecio and Vaccinium, species, among others. It is found at altitudes between 1,000 - 1,750 m Asl. Most of the adults appear in mid-July.",Major threats to this species are the development of touristic infrastructure and overgrazing (Kristin and Iorgu 2014).,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is required, and there is a need for better protection of its remaining habitats.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,clara,,Isophya clara,"Ingrisch & Pavicevic, 2010",,Yes,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Durmitor Plump Bush-cricket is common and the population consists of many subpopulations. The rate of habitat loss due to human activities is unknown, but its overall population size is assumed to be very large and there is no indication of a decline. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The Durmitor Plump Bush-cricket occurs in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, northern Kosovo and western Serbia to Belgrade in the north (Pavicevic et al. 2014). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 44,000 km².","The Durmitor Plump Bush-cricket is common and the population consists of many subpopulations, and its overall population size is assumed to be very large. There is no indication of a decline, but its overall population trend is unknown.","This species occurs in mesic meadows, scrubs and open pastures in the hilly and mountainous belts at altitudes between 200 - 1,800 m Asl. The phenology is not known, but it might resemble that of the closely related I. miksici, whose adults have been collected from May to August (Ingrisch and Pavićević 2010), and nymphs emerge probably in March to April.","Minor threats to this species are the development of touristic infrastructure and overgrazing. However, it occurs close to human settlements and in scrub or Urtica vegetation within pastures, so the presence of cattle and moderate human activity can even be favourable to this species.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,costata,,Isophya costata,"Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Keeled Plump Bush-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) as its extent of occurrence (EOO) and population size are very large. However, the species is slowly declining and under the pressure of several threats.",Decreasing,"The Keeled Plump Bush-cricket is endemic to the Pannonian Basin in central Europe. It occurs in eastern Austria, Hungary, northern Serbia and western Romania (Heller et al. 2004, Pavicevic et al. 2014). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 135,000 km².","During the last decade, some large subpopulations have been discovered in the Hungarian Plain (Kiskunság National Park); some of them covering hundreds of hectares of continuous suitable grassland habitats. According to rough estimations, the overall size of these subpopulations exceeds 100,000 specimens. Overall the population size is very large, but the population trend is declining.","Isophya costata lives in different types of moderately humid, mesic and semi-dry grasslands rich in forbs. It occurs in lowlands and hilly areas between 80 - 750 m Asl.","Some subpopulations of Isophya costata are threatened by habitat degradation through the intensification of grassland use (overgrazing, intensive mowing by machines), human disturbance (burning of pastures, moto-cross activity, illegal garbage deposition), and the invasion of alien plants in the grassland habitats (e.g.Solidagosp. orAmorpha fruticosa in fresh meadows). Other subpopulations are threatened by partial or total loss of the grassland habitat. In the latter case, the threats are the spontaneous succession of abandoned hayfields and pastures (transformation of grassland habitats into scrub or forest), conversion of grassland habitat into intensive agricultural land (ploughland) or forest (industrial tree plantations). It is also threatened by urbanisation (EEA 2014).","The species is listed on Annexes II and IV of the European Birds and Habitats Directive. According to the latest report, its conservation status is ""Unfavourable-Inadequate"" for all biogeographic regions (EEA 2014). The species is protected in Hungary. Most subpopulations are found in national parks and in other protected areas in Hungary and Austria. Research on its population trend is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,dobrogensis,,Isophya dobrogensis,"Kis, 1994",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Popina Plump Bush-cricket has a very small area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO), both of less than 1 km². There is only a single location on the basis of the threat of overgrazing. This threat is currently present and could drive the species to Critically Endangered in a short period of time under Criterion B, and therefore the species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) under Criterion D2.",Unknown,"The Popina Plump Bush-cricket is a local endemic species that is only known from Popina Island in Razelm Lake (southeastern Romania) (Chobanov et al. 2013), at between 1 - 47 m Asl. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both less than 1 km².","The population is small, but the population trend is unknown.",The species inhabits herbaceous vegetation in dry meadows and scrub growing at the shores of Popina Island. Nymphs emerge in April and adults occur from May to June.,"Overgrazing by cattle was a major threat in the past, resulting in a restricted distribution at the margins of Popina Island. As soon as this threat will be acting again, the species may be rapidly driven to Critically Endangered. Based on this threat, the species occurs in only one location.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. Research on its population size and trend is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,dochia,,Isophya dochia,"Iorgu, 2012",,Yes,VU,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,VU,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Ceahlau Plump Bush-cricket has a small extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 2,300 km² and area of occupancy (AOO) of 84 km², with an upper estimate of less than 500 km². There is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals based on an observed continuing decline in the area and quality of its habitat. The species occurs in less than ten locations and therefore it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU).",Decreasing,"The Ceahlau Plump bush-cricket occurs in the Ceahlău, Gurghiu, Hasmasu Mare and Bistritei Mountains (eastern Carpathians) in northeastern Romania (Iorgu 2012, I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 2,300 km² and its area of occupancy is 84 km², with a maximum estimate of 500 km².","Subpopulations of this species are large but fragmented, although the population is not considered to be severely fragmented. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the degradation of its habitats.","This species occurs in mountain meadows and forest clearings between 700 m and 1,900 m Asl. It is found on Urtica, Rubus, Veratrum, Rumex, Aconitum, Vaccinium, Hypericum, Stachys and Juniperus species, among others.","Threats to this species are the expansion of human settlements and overgrazing (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). Based on the threat of overgrazing, it occurs at less than ten locations.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is needed. Better protection and management of its habitats is required in order to avoid any future declines.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,doneciana,,Isophya doneciana,"Bey-Bienko, 1954",,Yes,CR,"B2ab(iii,v)",No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Donetsk Plump Bush-cricket is known from a very small area with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 4-8 km². In the past, the species has declined dramatically due to the agricultural land transformation in the region. Its only remaining subpopulation occurs in a nature reserve, which is however affected by wildfires from the surrounding farmlands. Since there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat and in the number of mature individuals and the species occurs only in one location, it is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR).",Decreasing,"The Donesk Plump Bush-cricket is known from a single locality in the Donetsk Upland, Provallya site in Lugansk region of Ukraine, near the border with Russia (Bey-Bienko 1954). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 4 and 8 km².",A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing threats.,The habitat consists of semi-dry steppe associations and forest edges where this species lives on herbaceous plants at altitudes between 100 - 300 m.,"The main threat to this species is the transformation of its habitat into farmland, which has significantly reduced the range of the species. Another major threat is fire from the adjacent farmlands. Based on the threat of wildfires, the species occurs at a single location.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species. It occurs in a nature reserve, but the area is currently affected by the ongoing war in eastern Ukraine. Research on its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is required. The remaining habitats of this species need to be effectively protected to avoid any future declines.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,fatrensis,,Isophya fatrensis,"Chládek, 2007",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Fatra Plump Bush-cricket is listed as Near Threatened (NT) as the extent of occurrence (EOO) is2,140 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km². This species is known from three subpopulations, and because it is mainly threatened by the abandonment of grazing and consequent succession, there are less than ten locations. Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B.",Unknown,"The Fatra Plump Bush-cricket occurs in three neighbouring mountain ridges in Velka Fatra, Kremnicke vrchy Mountains and Polana Mountains (western Carpathians) in Slovakia (Chládek 2007). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is2,140 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km², with an upper estimate of 100 km².",There are three known subpopulations of this species. The population trend is unknown.,"The species occurs in mountain grasslands within herb associations, shrublands, forest edges and clearings at altitudes between 600 - 1,350 m.","The species is threatened by the succession of grassland into shrubland and forest, caused by the abandonment of grazing. Based on this threat, there are 3 - 10 locations.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend and threats is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,gulae,,Isophya gulae,"Peshev, 1981",,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),EU28,,"The Bulgarian Plump Bush-cricket has a very restricted range with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 20 km² and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 12 km², representing remnants of a formerly wider range. A continuing decline in the quality and extent of the habitat is assumed as the result of ongoing illegal tree logging and the species is only known from one location. Therefore, the species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) under criterion B1.",Unknown,"The Bulgarian Plump Bush-cricket is a local endemic, occurring in two forest patches in the valley of Tundzha river near the town of Elhovo (southeastern Bulgaria, Yambol district), at altitudes between 100 - 110 m Asl (Chobanov et al. 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 20 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².","The species is only found in two small forest nature reserves (Dolna Topchiya and Gorna Topchiya) in southeastern Bulgaria. The forest patches are remnants of formerly widely distributed, seasonally flooded forests in the Thrace lowland. Hence, the population of this species represents a remnant of a previously wider range. In appropriate micro-habitats (such as forest clearings), up to 16 adult individuals per 0.1 ha have been observed. The population trend is unknown.","The species inhabits the undergrowth of seasonally flooded deciduous forests, mostly concentrated in clearings that are overgrown with Urtica dioica and bushes. The dominant tree species are Quercus pedunculiflora, Quercus robus, Acer campestre and Ulmus minor, with diverse bush and sparse grass undergrowth. The habitat may be classified as a sub-division of the Habitats Directive habitat type ""Riparian mixed forests of Quercus robur, Ulmus laevis and Ulmus minor, Fraxinus excelsior or Fraxinus angustifolia, along the great rivers (Ulmenion minoris)"".","Illegal tree cutting is the major threat to this species, and the destruction its habitat may lead to the extinction of Isophya gulae. Based on this threat, the species occurs at one location.","The species occurs in the Dolna Tochiya and Gorna Topchiya Forest nature reserves. Further research on the population size and threats are necessary, together with monitoring on its habitat and population trends. Considering the ongoing threat of tree cutting, creating a buffer zone around the reserves including both existing reserves and the neighbouring forest patches is advisable.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,harzi,,Isophya harzi,"Kis, 1960",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)c(iv)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v)c(iv)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)c(iv)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v)c(iv)",EU28,,"The Cozia Plump Bush-cricket is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) based on its small extent of occurrence (EOO) (4 km²) and area of occupancy (AOO) (4 km²), its occurrence at a single location, the extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals and the continuing decline in the EOO, AOO, area and quality of its habitat, and number of mature individuals. After a recent wildfire, the species has not been recorded in this locality.",Decreasing,"The Cozia Plump Bush-cricket is endemic to the southern Carpathians in Romania, where it is found in Cozia Mountains (Kis and Vasiliu 1970, Iorgu and Iorgu 2012). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².","The subpopulations of this species are declining due to overgrazing (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). This species shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). A wildfire in 2013 destroyed a large area of its habitat, and this seems to be a significant threat to the species (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015) as it has not been recorded in this locality. .","This bush-cricket inhabits sunny steep forest clearings and sub-alpine grasslands with abundant Rubus, Urtica, Rumex, Veratrum, Aconitum and Vaccinium species, among others. It is distributed between 1,000 and 1,600 m Asl in the Cozia Mountains.","The threats to this species are fires and overgrazing (Kristin and Iorgu 2014, I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015), that significantly affect the population of this species at its single location.","The species is listed on the Annexes II and IV of the European Birds and Habitats Directive. Its status has been assessed as ""Unfavourable-Inadequate"" in the most recent report (EEA 2014). The species occurs in Cozia National Park. Better grazing and fire management is required to avoid any future declines of this species. Research on its population trend is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,hospodar,,Isophya hospodar,"(Saussure, 1898)",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)c(iv)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)c(iv)",EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
The Master Plump Bush-cricket has a small area of occupancy (AOO) between 92 to 500 km² and its population is severely fragmented. A continuing decline in the AOO and its habitat extent and quality is assumed as a result of the current threats. In addition, it experiences extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. It is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN).",Decreasing,"The Master Plump Bush-cricket is endemic to the eastern Balkan Peninsula, with a fragmentary distribution in southeastern Romania (Dobrogea), southeastern and central Bulgaria (westwards reaching the Sofia Kettle) and European Turkey. It is very local in northeastern Greece. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 96,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 92 km², with an upper estimate of less than 500 km².","Subpopulations consist of strongly isolated groups of individuals occurring either sparsely or accumulated in large numbers. Some subpopulations were sampled in high densities in certain years, while successive studies did not record the species. Therefore, this species shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals.
On the other hand, the species may be under-recorded because of its habitat specificity, its occurrence early in the season and the short period in which it can be found. The population is decreasing because of habitat loss as a result of agricultural activities, the building of touristic infrastructure development and the development of wind farms. As most subpopulations are very small with little possibility of genetic exchange between them and may become extinct with little possibility of recolonisation, the population is considered severely fragmented.","This species occurs in hilly limestone terrains (from sea level  up to 700–800 m Asl). It is present in semi-dry meadows that become dry in the early  summer, including very low grass associations on  pastures (Chobanov et al. 2013). The species appears very early in the year: the nymphs from late February and March and adults from April to May (rarely to June).","Destruction and change of the natural steppe-like vegetation in Dobrogea (Romania), the Thrace lowland and Sofia Plain (Bulgaria) has probably reduced the population of this species in the past. Part of the population has probably remained unaffected, especially in infertile stony areas, which have remained intact. Present threats are the development of touristic infrastructure, ploughing, stone quarrying and wind farms. Other possible threats are overgrazing with cattle and use of pesticides.","There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. Significant part of its subpopulations in Bulgaria and Romania are present in Natura 2000 sites and protected areas. Research and monitoring on its population trend is required. Furthermore, better protection of its remaining habitats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,kraussii,,Isophya kraussii,"Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
Krauss's Plump Bush-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) due to its wide distribution and its presumably large population size.",Unknown,"Krauss's Plump Bush-cricket is known from two subspecies occurring in central and southern Germany, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, southern Poland, eastern Austria, eastern Slovenia, northern Croatia, western and northern Hungary, northeastern Romania and western Ukraine (Heller et al. 2004, Iorgu and Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 650,000 km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 610,000 km².",Subpopulations of this species are usually large but the population trend is unknown.,"The species occurs in a variety of habitats including forest undergrowth, clearings and edges, shrublands, grasslands with tall herbaceous vegetation and dry forest steppes at altitudes between 100 - 1,800 m.","In Romania, the species is affected by habitat loss as a result of local threats like the expansion of human settlements and the use of insecticides. In Germany and in the Czech Republic, this species is threatened by the intensification of agriculture.","The species is listed as Near Threatened on the German Red List (Maas et al. 2011). As it is listed in threatened categories on regional Red Lists in Germany, some local conservation actions exists. For example, it is a priority species for conservation in Lower Saxony (Germany), where it is listed as Endangered (NLWKN 2011). It occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,lemnotica,,Isophya lemnotica,"Werner, 1932",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Limnos Plump Bush-cricket (Isophya lemnotica) is endemic to Greece, where it is only known from the island of Limnos in the northern part of the Aegean Sea. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is 790 km², maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 475 km²), it is widespread across the island, and is not confined to very particular, local, rare or threatened habitats. In addition, it is found both in areas not used or or hardly used by humans (hills covered predominantly with low spiny bushes), and in agricultural areas; and the population is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. Possible threats the species may face should be better documented. Further research into the population size and trend, its ecology and the threats to it is required.",Unknown,"The Limnos Plump Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is only known from the island of Limnos in the northern part of the Aegean Sea (Willemse 1984). This species was first discovered in 1927 and it was only recorded for the second time in 2015. This species is widespread across the island, its maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is 790 km², and its maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 475 km².","Until 2015 this species was only known from a single male and female used for its description (deposited in the Vienna museum). A survey carried out in 2015 which included the use of a bat-detector to assess its presence, showed that it is widespread across the island. Although a visual confirmation could not be made at each spot where its presence was confirmed by audio signals, individuals have visually been spotted across the entire island. Overall densities of subpopulations are low; at one site eight specimens were counted in a 10x10 m2. As the species has only been recorded on two occasions with an interval of more than 80 years, the population trend is not known.","Isophya species are, as a rule, early season species with the adults appearing in May. On the island of Limnos adults of this species have also been found in May, predominantly at sites where at least part of the vegetation consisted of a lush herbal component. At some sites visited during the 2015 survey (Sanctuary of Kaviri, near Agia Sophia and on Fakos Peninsula), this species was found in a habitat with hardly any herbal component, where the vegetation consisted of Sarcopoterium spp., Cistus spp. and small yellow flowering Broomlike bushes (possibly Genista spp.).","Possible threats to this species may include the expansion or intensification of agriculture and livestock grazing, climate change and wildfires. It remains difficult to make any firm statements about the significance of any of these threats. The fact that the species is restricted to Limnos makes it very vulnerable to threats. A change in human activities (intensification of agriculture), or large bushfires could have serious effects on subpopulations on the island.","The presence of this species has been re-confirmed in 2015, after its discovery in 1927. A three-day survey carried out in 2015 showed that the species is widespread across the island. Detailed information about densities of subpopulation and the overall population size are lacking. Possible threats the species may face should be better documented. Further research is needed into the population sized and trend, and into its ecology.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,longicaudata,,Isophya longicaudata,"Ramme, 1951",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Long-tailed Plump Bush-cricket has a small area of occupancy (AOO) of less than 500 km². Its population is not severely fragmented, but is continuously declining due to habitat loss caused by touristic infrastructure development at the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. Therefore, the species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).",Decreasing,"The Long-tailed Plump Bush-cricket occurs at the western Black Sea coast from Veleka River Valley north to Dobrogea and the neighbouring inland territories in Bulgaria and Romania (Chobanov et al. 2013). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 35,000 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 128 km², with an upper estimate of 500 km².","The population size is probably large. There is no specific information available on the population trend, but a continuing decline is inferred from the ongoing destruction of its habitat.","This species occurs in mesic open and semi-open habitats in the lowlands (steppes, forest clearings) and in the mountain belt between the coast and 1,200 m Asl. The nominate subspecies is present in open and semi-open habitats and in steppes, while I. longicaudata adamovici occurs in forest meadows and clearings. Nymphs occur from March/April to May and adults occur from May/June to July/August.","The species occurs in urbanised areas along the Black Sea coast, where the intensive infrastructure development is probably causing a continuing decline in the area of occupancy and in the quality of the habitat.","There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but some of its subpopulations occur in Natura 2000 sites. Research on its population trend and threats is needed. The remaining habitats of this species should be protected.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,mavromoustakisi,,Isophya mavromoustakisi,"Uvarov, 1936",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,iv,v)+2ab(iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,iv,v)+2ab(iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Cyprian Plump Bush-cricket (Isophya mavromoustakisi) is confined to the island of Cyprus where it seems to be more common in the regions with mid-level altitudes. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,200 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, the number of subpopulations, and in the quality and extent of the habitat - due to urbanization, land conversion, livestock grazing, and bushfires. Further research is needed to get more detailed information on the exact area of occupancy of this species, the population size and possible trends thereof. Its habitat needs to be better protected to avoid any future declines in the population as a result from land use changes. Furthermore, habitat management needs to focus on proper fire management.",Decreasing,"The Cyprian Plump Bush-cricket is endemic to Cyprus where it seems to be more common in the regions with mid-level altitudes (Troodos Mt. range and the northern ridge) (Tumbrinck 2006). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,200 km² - even if it turns out to be more widespread, the EOO is likely to be below 5,000 km².",There is an inferred continuing decline in the population due to the ongoing loss of habitat. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.,"There is little available information on the habitat of this species. In 2013, it was found on open dry slopes covered with rather high densities of Cistus spp., a member of the rock-rose family - in fact it was found on Cistus spp. plants. It is found at elevations of 5-1,350 m Asl.","This species was found next to land which had been turned into a vineyard. Turning natural habitat into arable land to grow grapes or other crops is therefore considered a threat to this species, as is the grazing of livestock. Urbanization and road construction have also severely destroyed the habitat of this species. Being found in dry habitat on slopes which are also covered with pine forest, bushfires also pose a threat to the species.","No conservation actions are in place for this species. It occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed to get more detailed information on the exact area of occupancy of this species, the population size and possible trends thereof. Its habitat needs to be better protected to avoid any future declines in the population as a result from land use changes. Furthermore, habitat management needs to focus on proper fire management.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Tzirkalli, E., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V. & Papapavlou, K.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,miksici,,Isophya miksici,"Peshev, 1985",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
Miksic's Plump Bush-cricket (Isophya miksici) is a common species with large subpopulations, and it is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"Miksic's Plump Bush-cricket occurs in northwestern Bulgaria and western Serbia, generally in the territory bordered by the rivers Iskar, Danube and Morava and the main ridge of the western Stara Planina Mountains to the south (Chobanov et al. 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 16,000 km² in pan-Europe and c. 9,000 km² in the EU 28, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 56 and 1,000 km².",The subpopulations of this common species are large but its population trend is unknown.,"This species occurs in mesic, open habitats in lowlands and in the mountain belt, outside of cultivated areas. Its altitudinal range is 50 - 1,600 m Asl. Nymphs emerge from late March to May/June and adults occur between May/June and August.",The population of this species may be locally affected by the modification and destruction of its habitat as a result of infrastructure development and the cultivation of abandoned land.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but large parts of its range occur in Natura 2000 sites and other protected areas. Research on its population trend and threats is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,modesta,,Isophya modesta,"(Frivaldsky, 1867)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment:Least Concern (LC)
The Modest Plump Bush-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) due to its wide distribution (with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 1.15 million km² in pan-Europe and 260,000 km² in the EU 28) and large subpopulations.",Decreasing,"The Modest Plump Bush-cricket occurs in Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, western and central Ukraine and central European Russia, reaching the Moscow district in the north with a very local subpopulation (Bey-Bienko 1954, Heller et al. 2004, O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is c. 1.15  million km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 260,000 km².","In the centre of its range subpopulations are usually large, but in the northern and western range margins they are small and fragmented. The population is assumed to be slowly decreasing.","The species is possibly originally a steppe and forest steppe dweller, occurring in lowlands and hilly areas in meadows, bushes and forest clearings (Vadkerti and Szövényi 2005). Its lower elevation limit is 50 m, while the highest locality lies at 1,050 m Asl at the top of Domogled Mountains.","Threats to this species include the use of insecticides, habitat loss due to cultivation (especially in the past) and the abandonment of grassland management (and its subsequent succession with bushes and trees) in the northern part of its range.",The species is protected in Hungary and it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is required.,This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,modestior,,Isophya modestior,"Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882",,Yes,LC,,No,VU,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The More-modest Plump Bush-cricket (Isophya modestior) is a widespread bush-cricket species which occurs from eastern Austria and northern Italy to Bulgaria. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is widespread and, while it seems to be declining in the northwestern part of its range, it seems to be stable in the rest of its range. In the EU 28 this species is precautionarily assessed as Vulnerable since it has an area of occupancy (AOO) between 1,200 and 2,700 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in its extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals. Major threats to this species include afforestation, overgrowth of bushes on abandoned farmland and meadows as well as transformation of grassland into farmland. Furthermore, intensification of grassland management (earlier mowing, higher cattle densities) and mowing of forest edges have been mentioned as threats as well as touristic development and urbanisation. Research on its population trend and taxonomy is needed.",Decreasing,"The More-modest Plump Bush-cricket is found in the western part of the Balkans. It occurs from northern Italy and eastern Austria to western Bulgaria and the northern Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Heller 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca429,000 km² in Europe, and ca 370,000 km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is between 1,200 and 2,700 km².","This species is quite widespread (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015), but subpopulations are generally small and isolated (G. Szövényi, D. Chobanov, I. Iorgu, S. Gomboc, M. Lemonnier-Darcemont, G. Puskás, T. Zuna-Kratky and P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015). Subpopulations are fragmented in the northern part of the range but less so in the south and centre of the range (G. Szövényi, S. Gomboc, P. Fontana, T. Zuna-Kratky and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). The population in the EU 28 is considered severely fragmented since in the majority of its range (Italy, Slovenia, Croatia and Hungary) the subpopulations are very small and isolated. Extreme fluctuations in population size are common in the genus Isophya, but have not been reported for this species so far. It seems to be declining in the northwestern part of its range (P. Fontana and S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015) whereas it seems to be stable in the rest of its range (I. Iorgu and T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015). The overall population trend is decreasing.","This species occurs in mesic and semi-dry grassland (steppes) as well as in bushes of forest edges and clearings (Vadkerti and Szövényi 2005, Bauer and Kenyeres 2006) and on Rubus spp. bushes (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015).","Major threats to this species are afforestation, overgrowth of bushes (partly with invasive plants, such as Solidago spp. and Impatiens spp.) on abandoned farmland and meadows as well as transformation of grassland into farmland (G. Szövényi and S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015). Furthermore, intensification of grassland management (earlier mowing, higher cattle densities) and mowing of forest edges have been mentioned as threats (T. Zuna-Kratky and S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015) as well as touristic development and urbanisation (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015).","This species is listed as Endangered in Hungary, where it is protected by law (Vadkerti et al. 2003, Orci et al. 2005). It occurs in protected areas (G. Szövényi and T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015). Research on its population trend is needed. Also the taxonomy should be studied as there are some morphological and karyological differences across its range (D. Chobanov, S. Ivkovic and S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015).",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Szovenyi, G., Chobanov, D.P., Fontana, P., Buzzetti, F.M., Gomboc, S., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Puskas, G., Zuna-Kratky, T., Willemse, L.P.M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Pushkar, T., Kristin, A., Sirin, D. & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,nagyi,,Isophya nagyi,"Szövényi, Puskás & Orci, 2012",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"Nagy's Plump Bush-cricket is endemic to Romania, where it has a small distribution with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 280 km² and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 48 km². Due to overgrazing, there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals as a result of the degradation of its habitat. Considering the threat of overgrazing, the species occurs at two locations. Therefore, the species is assessed as Endangered (EN).",Decreasing,Nagy's Plump Bush-cricket is present in the central part of the eastern Carpathians (Szövényi et al. 2012). It is known from the Calimani and Suhard mountains (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 280 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km².,A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the degradation of its habitat as a result of overgrazing.,"The species inhabits mountain grasslands where it is usually found in Vaccinium bushes at altitudes between 900 - 1,800 m Asl.","The only known threat for this species is overgrazing, especially in the northern part of its range. On the basis of this threat, the species occurs at two locations.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,obtusa,,Isophya obtusa,"Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882",,Yes,VU,"B1b(iii,v)c(iv)",No,VU,"B1b(iii,v)c(iv)",EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
The Blunt Plump Bush-cricket is endemic to the Balkans and has a fragmented range, although it has numerous subpopulations. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 16,000 km² in pan-Europe and 15,000 km² in the EU 28. Extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals are inferred. Recent overgrazing observed in the treeless zone of the Stara Planina Mountains in Bulgaria and Serbia result in a decline in the species' habitat quality and extent and number of mature individuals. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable (VU).",Decreasing,"The Blunt Plump Bush-cricket occurs scattered in the higher parts of the middle and western Stara Planina Mountains and in the low and middle mountain belt of Lyulin, Vitosha and Plana Mountains between 700 and 2,150 m Asl (central and western Bulgaria and easternmost Serbia). Earlier records of this species from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Romania and Anatolia, as well as the locality Zlatibor in Serbia are most probably erroneous and either refer to other species or are misspelled localities (Chobanov et al. 2013). They are therefore disregarded here. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is 15,728 km² and in the EU 28 it is 14,580 km².","Usually the species is found in small, fragmented subpopulations along the timberline or in forb vegetation along springs in the forest belt. Most records refer to a low number of individuals, but this might be caused by sampling at the end of the species' seasonal occurrence. Subpopulations in mountain meadows may contain vast numbers of individuals and there is significant variation in the population densities between years. As this species shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold, it is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. The population trend is considered to be decreasing due to the recent expansion of cattle grazing in Stara Planina Mountains.","At lower altitudes the species inhabits lush moist plant associations in forests (e.g. on Petasites), while at its upper elevation limit it may be common in pseudo-subalpine lush meadows. Nymphs occur from April to June and adults from June/July to August/September.",Subpopulations at lower altitudes may be sensitive to habitat degradation due to urbanisation. The subpopulations in the treeless zone of the Stara Planina Mountains are affected by overgrazing and thus the extent and quality of the habitat are declining.,"There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, although significant parts of its range fall into Natura 2000 sites or other protected areas. Research on its population trend and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,pavelii,,Isophya pavelii,"Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878",,No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Pavel's Plump Bush-cricket (Isophya pavelii) is found in northwestern Anatolia and European Turkey to southeastern Bulgaria. In Europe it occurs along the Black Sea coast of European Turkey and Istranca Mts. as well as at two localities in the Strandzha Mts. in Bulgaria. This species is assessed as Endangered in Europe since its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 20  and 100 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in its AOO and in the quality of the habitat due to its transformation into farmland. In addition, it might show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (however, this needs further research). In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Near Threatened since its known AOO is 8 km² and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. However, no declines have been observed thus far and the population trend is stable. More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Remaining habitats require appropriate management to avoid any further population declines.",Decreasing,"Pavel's Plump Bush-cricket is found in northwestern Anatolia and European Turkey to southeastern Bulgaria (Ünal 2003, Chobanov 2009). In Europe it occurs along the Black Sea coast of European Turkey and Istranca Mts. as well as at two localities in the Strandzha Mts. in Bulgaria (Chobanov et al. 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 6,300 km², in the EU 28 ca 250 km². Its area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is 8 km², and in Europe between 20 and 100 km².","The subpopulations of this species are usually very small and isolated (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). Therefore the population is considered severely fragmented in Europe and in the EU 28 (D. Chobanov and D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). Extreme fluctuations in population size are quite common in the genus Isophya, but have so far not been reported for this species (D. Chobanov and D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). The population in European Turkey is declining but the population trend in Bulgaria seems to be stable. Therefore the population trend in Europe is decreasing but the population trend in the EU 28 is stable.","In Bulgaria the species inhabits mesic to dry meadows with scrubs of Quercus spp., Prunus spinosa, Carpinus orientalis, Rosa spp. etc. and mixed deciduous forest (Chobanov 2009).","The major threat to this species is transformation of its habitat into farmland (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015), as well as urbanisation and development of industrial areas in European Turkey (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015).","This species occurs in Strandzha Mt. Nature Park (a Natura 2000 site) but it is not found in a strictly protected area. More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Remaining habitats require appropriate management to avoid any further population declines.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Sirin, D., Iorgu, I.S., Vedenina, V., Skejo, J. Skejo, Pushkar, T., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Szovenyi, G. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,pienensis,,Isophya pienensis,"Maran, 1954",,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
The Pieninsky' Plump Bush-cricket is listed as Near Threatened (NT) because the known area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 300 and 1,500 km² and the population is severely fragmented. Therefore, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B.",Unknown,"The Pieninsky' Plump bush-cricket occurs in Romania, western Ukraine, southeastern Poland, Slovakia, Zemplen Mountains in northeastern Hungary (G. Szovenyi pers. comm. 2015), and a few isolated localities in the Czech Republic (Heller et al. 2004) and Austria (Zuna-Kratky et al. 2009, T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 200,000 km² in pan-Europe and c. 160,000 km² in the EU 28. The known area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 300 and 1,500 km².","There is no information on the population size and trend of this species. The subpopulations are very small and isolated with very little genetic exchange between them, and may become extinct with little possibility of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented.","The species inhabits mountain grasslands with herbaceous vegetation, shrublands with Rubus idaeus and forest clearings and edges. Its altitudinal range is 250 - 1,500 m.","No major threats to this species have been reported. However, the species may be locally affected by urbanisation and expansion of agricultural land use.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,plevnensis,,Isophya plevnensis,"Peshev, 1985",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Plevne Plump Bush-cricket (Isophya plevnensis) is a common species with numerous dense subpopulations. The rate of anthropogenic induced habitat loss remains unknown but as the population is not severely fragmented, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The Plevne Plump Bush-cricket is known from the central part of northern Bulgaria between Iskar river in the west, Yantra river in the east, and the ridge of Stara Planina Mountains in the south, between 50 and 1,300 m Asl (Chobanov et al. 2013). The exact border of its range and that of I. miksici is not clear, and the question of whether both occur sympatrically and produce hybrids remains unsolved. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 12,000 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 68 km² with an upper estimate of c. 500 km².","The subpopulations of this species are large. Even though the subpopulations are separated by dense forest or agricultural areas, there are no indications of a significant fragmentation. The population trend is unknown.","This species occurs in mesic open habitats in lowlands and in the mountain belt except for cultivated areas. Its elevation limits are 50 - 1,300 m. Nymphs emerge in April/May and adults occur between May/June and August.",The major threats to this species are the direct modification and destruction of habitat through the development of infrastructure or the cultivation of abandoned land.,"There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. Parts of its range are situated in Natura 2000 sites. Research on its taxonomy, population trend and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,posthumoidalis,,Isophya posthumoidalis,"Bazyluk, 1971",,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
The distribution of the Bazyluk Plump Bush-cricket is poorly studied. It is listed as Near Threatened (NT) because its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 6,600 km² in Europe and at least 6,000 km² in the EU 28, its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 30-50 km² in Europe and at least 30 km² in the EU 28, and the population is severely fragmented. Thus, it is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B. Further research is needed on its distribution and population size and trend.",Unknown,"The Bazyluk Plump Bush-cricket is known from a few isolated localities in southeastern Poland, northeastern Slovakia and northern Romania. Its presence in the neighbouring area of Ukraine is uncertain (Heller et al. 2004). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 6,600 km² in Europe and at least 6,000 km² in the EU 28. The area of occupancy (AOO) is between 30 and 50 km² in Europe, and at least 30 km² in the EU 28.","The general population trend of this species is unknown, but in Romania it seems to be stable (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). The population is severely fragmented, as it consists of isolated subpopulations with little genetic exchange that may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. It is a flightless species.","The species occurs in herbaceous grasslands, shrublands, forest clearings and edges, and forest undergrowth between 200-300 m (in Maramures, Romania) to 800-1,000 m Asl (in Slovakia and Poland).",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas in Slovakia and Poland. Further research is needed on its distribution, population size and trends, and the threats to this species. Monitoring of its population trends is also required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,pyrenaea,,Isophya pyrenaea,"(Serville, 1838)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Pyrenean Plump Bush-cricket is widespread and common in the Spanish-French Pyrenees and large parts of France. It occurs invarious dry to mesic shrubby habitats and adjacent herbaceous vegetation, between sea level and 1,500 m altitude. Recent surveys show that this discrete and nocturnal species is often much more common than previously thought. Since it has a large extent of occurrence which covers more than 300,000 km² and there are no major threats to the species, the species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The Pyrenean Plump Bush-cricket is a lowland and mountainous species known from the central Spanish Pyrenees including Catalonia and the southernmost two thirds of France (until Ile de Ré in the north-west and the Aube department in the north-east) (Defaut 1999, Poniatowski et al. 2009). Formerly, the species was also mentioned to occur in central Europe, but it was mistaken with I. camptoxypha, I. kraussi, I. pienensis and I. brevicauda. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 319,000 km².","Isophya pyrenaea is a nocturnal species. In France, recent monitoring schemes using ultrasound detectors have shown that the species is often much more common than previously thought (Boitier 2003, Dehondt and Mora 2013). However, there is no specific information available on the population size and trend.","The Pyrenean Plump Bush-cricket occurs in various mesic to dry shrubby habitats and adjacent herbaceous vegetation like hedges, clearings, riparian forest edges, ferns, herbaceous underwoods, Rubus and others shrubs, dense meadows, grassland with bushes and light deciduous and evergreen oak (Holm Oak) woodlands. It occurs from sea level up to 1,500 m altitude.","Local subpopulations are impacted by urbanisation and several local development projects, but these threats do not seem to affect the whole population.","There are no conservation actions in place for Isophya pyrenaea. In its wide range it occurs in the Spanish and French Pyrenean National Parks and in several French protected natural reserves. Isophya pyrenaea was assessed as ""priority 3"" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004), but is now considered to be not threatened in those French regions for which an assessment is available: Franche-Comté (Dehondt and Mora 2013) and Languedoc-Roussillon (Jaulin et al. 2011). More research on its population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Monnerat, C., Fontana, P., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,rectipennis,,Isophya rectipennis,"Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Straight-winged Plump Bush-cricket (Isophya rectipennis) is widespread in the eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula and the Romanian plain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since its population trend seems to be stable and no major threats to it have been reported.",Stable,"The Straight-winged Plump Bush-cricket is found in northwestern Anatolia and on the southeastern Balkans Peninsula where it occurs in southern Romania, in Bulgaria, northeastern Greece and European Turkey (Ünal 2003, Chobanov et al. 2013). An introduced subpopulation of this species occurs in France, close to Aix-en-Provence (Chobanov et al. 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 182,000 km², and ca 175,000 km² in the EU 28.","The subpopulations of this species are usually large in the southern part of the range (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015), but small in Romania (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). It is assumed that the population trend is more or less stable (D. Chobanov and I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). The subpopulations in its northern range are fragmented (I. Iorgu pers comm. 2015).","This species occurs in mesic grassland from the lowlands to the mountain foothills (Chobanov et al. 2013). It is found at elevations between 10 m and 1,200 m asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).,In the Carpathian Red List the species has been assessed as Least Concern (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). It occurs in protected areas (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). More research into its population trend is required.,The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Sirin, D., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,rhodopensis,,Isophya rhodopensis,"Ramme, 1951",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Rhodope Plump Bush-cricket is a common species with dense subpopulations. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 40,000 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) probably exceeds the thresholds to qualify for a threatened category. In addition, no major threats to this species are known. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The Rhodope Plump Bush-cricket occurs in the mountains of the Rilo-Rhodopean massif in the central part of southern Bulgaria and northern Greece, including southern Rila, Pirin, Alibotoush (Slavyanka), Stargach Mountains, western and eastern Rhodopes, Sakar and parts of Sredna Gora Mountains (Bulgaria), Vrontous, and Pangaion Mountains (Greece) between 50 and 2,190 m Asl. Three subspecies are recognized (I. rhodopensis rhodopensis, I. r. leonorae, I. r. petkovi), which are frequently connected by transition zones and hybridisation is suspected in zones of secondary contact (Chobanov et al. 2013). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 40,000 km².",Mountain subpopulations of this species may be very dense and cover vast open areas. In the lowlands the species is more restricted and its subpopulations are more fragmented. The population trend is unknown.,"The species occurs in open grassland, which can be partly overgrown with bushes in the lowlands (where it occurs in forest meadows and scrub) and in the mountains (where it occurs in mountain meadows and pastures). Depending on the altitude and habitat, nymphs occur from March to June/July and adults from May/June to July/September.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but significant parts of its range are covered by Natura 2000 sites or other protected areas. Research on its threats and population trend is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,sicula,,Isophya sicula,"Orci, Szövényi & Nagy, 2010",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Harghita Plump Bush-cricket is listed as Endangered (EN) based on its small extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 700 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) of 16 km². The species has fragmented subpopulations, it occurs at two locations, and there is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy, quality of its habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals.",Decreasing,"The Harghita Plump Bush-cricket is known from two isolated mountain ranges of the eastern Carpathians (Romania): Harghita-Ciceu and near Targu Neamt (Orci et al. 2010, I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015) between 450 m (at the latter locality) and 1,730 m Asl. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 700 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) based upon the known occurrence is 16 km².",Subpopulations in Harghita consist of a high number of individuals. A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is inferred from the ongoing threats.,"The species occurs in forest clearings and open mountain meadows, where it mostly lives on Vaccinium and Rubus species. Adults occur from mid-June at least to the end of July. There is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat as a result of overgrazing and settlement expansion.","The threats to this species are human settlement expansion and overgrazing (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). Based on the threat of overgrazing, it occurs at two locations.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it does not occur in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,speciosa,,Isophya speciosa,"(Frivaldsky, 1867)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Showy Plump Bush-cricket is quite widespread on the Balkans Peninsula. As the species is very common and may only be locally affected by human influences, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The Showy Plump Bush-cricket occurs on the Balkan Peninsula, from south Romania, Serbia, Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Bulgaria, northeast Greece (Thraki) to European Turkey (Warchalowska-Sliwa et al. 2008). It may possibly also occur in northwestern Anatolia. This is the most widespread Isophya species on the Balkans, found from sea level up to 2,500 m altitude in the Pirin Mts (Bulgaria). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 560,000 km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 530,000 km².",The species is common and frequently found but the number of individuals fluctuate over time. The population trend is unknown.,"This species occurs in a variety of habitat types, from dry warm forests to agricultural areas and sub-alpine meadows. Due to its wide altitudinal range, the phenology of some subpopulations may be largely shifted; in the highest places nymphs emerge when adults disappear in lowlands. Nymphs occur from February/March to June/July and adults from late May/August to July/September.","Direct habitat destruction locally threatens subpopulations, particularly through urbanisation and industrial development.","No specific conservation action is in place for this species, although significant parts of its distribution are situated in Natura 2000 sites or other protected areas. More information is needed about its distribution, population size and trend as well as the threats.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Ivkovic, S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Iorgu, I.S., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Willemse, L.P.M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Pushkar, T., Vedenina, V. & Kristin, A.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,stepposa,,Isophya stepposa,"Bey-Bienko, 1954",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Steppe Plump Bush-cricket (Isophya stepposa) is assessed as Endangered (EN) as its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 12 and 40 km², its population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy, extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals.",Decreasing,"The Steppe Plump Bush-cricket is known from a few scattered records in the central Chernozem areas of European Russia (Voronezh, Kursk) and the Don steppes and Dnjepr region in Ukraine (Bey-Bienko 1954). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 320,000 km², but the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 12-40 km².","The population of Isophya stepposa is severely fragmented as the subpopulations are very small and isolated with probably no genetic exchange between them. Thus, they may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. There is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and the number of mature individuals.",The species inhabits mesophytic steppe and forest steppe habitats at altitudes between 50 - 300 m Asl. It feeds on dicotyledons.,The major threats to this species are the transformation of its habitat into arable land and the use of insecticides.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend and threats is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,straubei,,Isophya straubei,"(Fieber, 1853)",,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Straube's Plump Bush-cricket (Isophya strauberi) is found mainly in western Turkey. In Europe, this species has only been recorded from the island of Lesbos. This species was recorded from this island in 1933 after a single female collected in 1927. Since then, this species was only recently found again in 2008 and 2010 when some field images were taken of a male and female. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,000 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,630 km²) and the population is severely fragmented - thus being close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Further research into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species is required.",Unknown,"The Straube's Plump Bush-cricket is found mainly in western Turkey (Heller 1988). In Europe, this species has only been recorded from the island of Lesbos. The species was recorded from this island in 1933 after a single female collected in 1927 (Willemse 1984). Since then, this species was only recently found again in 2008 and 2010 when some field images were taken of a male and female. This species' maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,630 km².",There is no available information on the population size nor on the population trend. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.,"There is no available information on the habitat of this short-winged species. If similar to other species of Isophya that are found on drier islands like I. mavromoustakisi on Cyprus, this species will be found in open areas where there is sufficient vegetation of herbs and/or small shrubs like Cistus species.",The threats to this species are unknown..,"No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species is required.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,stysi,,Isophya stysi,"Cejchan, 1957",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Stys' Plump Bush-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) as the species is widespread and has an overall large population.",Unknown,"Stys' Plump Bush-cricket occurs in the Carpathian area of Romania, the westernmost part of Ukraine, eastern Hungary and Slovakia and in a small area of southeastern Poland (Heller et al. 2004, Kristin and Iorgu 2014). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 130,000 km².",The population trend is unknown but its subpopulations are large and the species is widely distributed.,"The species occurs in grasslands, forest edges and forest undergrowth from 100 to 1,000 m Asl (in the Ceahlau Mountains, Romania).","Major threats to this species are habitat loss or degradation as a result of the expansion of human settlements, the abandonment of grasslands, grazing intensification and the conversion of grasslands into agricultural land.","This species is listed on the Annex II of the European Habitats Directive, and some monitoring is therefore implemented. In the latest report, the status of this species has been assessed as ""Unfavourable - Inadequate"" in the Pannonian and Continental biogeographic regions and as ""Favourable"" in the Alpine region (EEA 2014). It occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,taurica,,Isophya taurica,"Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878",,Yes,NT,,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Krymean Plump Bush-cricket (Isophya taurica) is quite common on the Krym Peninsula.  Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 5,400 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 500 and 1,000 km². The population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. As it is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B, it is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT).",Unknown,"The Krymean Plump Bush-cricket is endemic to the Krym Peninsula, where it occurs almost in the entire mountainous part from the southern coast to the highest altitudes (Bey-Bienko 1954). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 5,400 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 500 to 1,000 km².","This species shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. The population trend is unknown.","The species inhabits a variety of open habitats, including sub-Mediterranean shrub and meadows, forest edges and clearings, and mesic meadows above the treeline. It sometimes enters agricultural areas. Adults are found from April/May (at low altitudes, where they disappear already in June) and can rarely be found after mid-July in the highest altitudes (Babugan Yayla) (D. Chobanov pers. obs. 2015). Its altitudinal range is 10-1,500 m.",The major threats to this species are the transformation of its habitat into vineyards and the use of pesticides. It may also be threatened by touristic development and overgrazing.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,thracica,,Isophya thracica,"Karabag, 1962",,Yes,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Thrace Plump Bush-cricket (Isophya thracica) is endemic to southeastern Thrace in European Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5,400 km²), it is common throughout its range, the population size is estimated to be very large, and the population appears to be stable. Further research into the population size and trend, as well as into and the threats to this species is required.

It does not occur within the EU 28.",Stable,"The Thrace Plump Bush-cricket is endemic to southeastern Thrace in European Turkey (Chobanov 2009, Chobanov et al. 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5,400 km².",The population seems to be stable and contains a large number of individuals.,"Near Elmali Village, this species was found within xerothermophyte scrub of Quercus pubescens and Juniperus oxycedrus, but possibly it inhabits a wide variety of vegetation types (Chobanov et al. 2013). Its phenology is poorly known. It emerges in February–April and the adult moult starts at the end of April; adults disappear in July. This species is found from sea level up to 500 m Asl.",Destruction and change of the natural sparse forests and scrub may threaten this species.,"No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, as well as into and the threats to this species is required.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A. & Sirin, D.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,tosevski,,Isophya tosevski,"Pavicevic, 1983",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Tosevsk's Plump Bush-cricket (Isophya tosevski) is found in Greece and in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia). In the EU 28 region, this species is only known from Greece, where it is restricted to the eastern part of Macedonia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common throughout its geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,600 km² in Europe and ca 4,400 km² in the EU 28 region, area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km²) and the population seems to be stable. Further research into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species is required.",Stable,"The Tosevsk's Plump Bush-cricket is found in Greece and in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia) (Chobanov et al. 2013). In the EU 28 region, this species is only known from Greece, where it is restricted to the eastern part of Macedonia (Willemse and Willemse 2008, Chobanov et al. 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,600 km² for Europe and ca 4,400 km² for the EU 28 region. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km².","The population of this species seems to be stable. Different subpopulations, possibly isolated by natural barriers, show significant differences in phenology depending on the habitat properties and may vary in numbers.","This species occurs in Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean scrub and ruderal meadows up to at least 1,000 m Asl. Its phenology is not well known but is similar to that of the lowland populations of I. andreevae.","Specific threats for this species are unknown, although in the southeastern part of its distribution grazing and land abandonment could impact this species. In the southwestern part of its distribution, intensification of agriculture and chemical use is also impacting the species.","No specific conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species is required.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Isophya,zubowskii,,Isophya zubowskii,"Bey-Bienko, 1954",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
Zubowski's Plump Bush-cricket (Isophya zubowskii) has disappeared from large areas of its former distribution due to land use changes in the past. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 200 and 500 km². The population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy, extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. It is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN). 
In the EU 28, the AOO is between 160 and 300 km², but there is no indication of a population decline and it seems to be stable. The subpopulations in the north of Romania are well connected, so the population is not considered to be severely fragmented. Zubowski's Plump Bush-cricket is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Decreasing,"Zubowski's Plump Bush-cricket is recorded from the lowlands of southern and eastern Romania, Moldova and southwestern Ukraine (Bey-Bienko 1954, Iorgu and Iorgu 2012). The border of its northern range in Ukraine and Moldova is uncertain. It has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 120,000 km² (and for the EU 28 it is c. 90,000 km²). The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 200 and 500 km², and for the EU 28 it is between 160 and 300 km².","In northern Romania, the subpopulations of this species are large (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015), and in Romania it seems to be stable (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). In other parts of its range, the species is very rare (T. Pushkar pers. comm. 2015). Since more than 50% of the subpopulations are very small and isolated with little genetic exchange between them and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation, the population is considered to be severely fragmented. Overall, the population of this species is assumed to be declining.","Isophya zubowskii occurs in mesic and semi-dry grasslands including steppes and forest clearings. Generally it is a lowland species (its lower altitudinal limit is 50 m), but it can be found in mountains up to 1,400 m Asl, albeit rarely (in Vrancea Mountains in Romania; I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). Adults occur in May and June and are active at dusk and night.","The main threats to this species are the destruction of its habitat as a result of its conversion into farmland and afforestation. It is also affected by urbanisation, the use of insecticides and overgrazing.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is not known to occur in protected areas. Research on its population trend is required. The remaining habitats of this species need better protection and an appropriate grazing management to avoid any future declines.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Italohippus,albicornis,,Italohippus albicornis,"(La Greca, 1948)",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The White-horned Italian Grasshopper (Italohippus albicornis) is only known from the massif of Monte Matese in Italy. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 456 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km²), it occurs at only four locations, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals due to overgrazing and land abandonment. Touristic development may also negatively affect this species. Research into the threats and population trends is required to obtain a better understanding of the status of this species, and to aid any future conservation efforts. Its habitat needs better protection and destroyed habitats should be restored.",Decreasing,The White-horned Italian Grasshopper is only known from the massif of Monte Matese in Italy. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 456 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².,This species used to be abundant but in recent years has declined due to the ongoing threats to its habitat (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2016). The population trend is therefore decreasing.,"This species is found on sunny, rocky slopes and grasslands on the massif of Monte Matese at altitudes between 1,500 m and 2,000 m Asl. This species is short-winged which may possibly be a contributing factor to its small range.","The major threats to this species are overgrazing and land abandonment. Touristic development is likely to also negatively affect this species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of overgrazing and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only four locations.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but all subpopulations are located inside the Parco regionale del Matese. More research into its population trend and threats is needed. Its habitat needs better protection and destroyed habitats should be restored.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Massa, B., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M. & Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Italohippus,modestus,,Italohippus modestus,"(Ebner, 1915)",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Reatine Italian Grasshopper (Italohippus modestus) is only known from Monti Reatini in mainland Italy. This species is assessed as Vulnerable, since it occurs at only one location, its area of occupancy (AOO) is only 4 km², and its entire range is heavily affected by tourism (mainly skiing) and cattle grazing. Any intensification of the touristic activities or grazing could drive this species to become Critically Endangered in the near future. This species is short-winged which is probably a contributing factor to its small range. Further research into the habitat use and population size of this grasshopper is needed, and its habitat requires appropriate protection and management.",Unknown,The Reatine Italian Grasshopper is only known from Monti Reatini in mainland Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².,The population size and trend of this species are unknown.,"This species is only found on grasslands and rocky, sunny slopes at Monti Reatini, at altitudes between 1,800 and 2,000 m asl. This grasshopper is short-winged, which is probably a contributing factor to its small range.","Skiing related tourism is the major threat to this species. Taking into account the extent of the effect of this threat and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location. Cattle grazing may also pose a threat to this species.","There are no specific conservation measures is in place for this species, but it occurs in a nature reserve. More research into its population trend and threats is required. Its habitat requires appropriate protection and management.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Massa, B., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Italohippus,monticola,,Italohippus monticola,"(Ebner, 1915)",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v)",EU28,,"The Gran Sasso Italian Grasshopper (Italohippus monticola) is endemic to the central region of Italy. This species is assessed as Endangered, since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,900 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 92 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the AOO, in the extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals due to cattle overgrazing and climate change. Further research is needed into the taxonomy of this species, its population trend and its ecology. Proper grazing management needs to be implemented in order to avoid any further declines in the population.",Decreasing,"The Gran Sasso Italian Grasshopper is endemic to Italy, and is found in the central region with records from Abruzzo (including Abruzzo National Park) and Lazio, from Gran Vasso to Velino-Sirente and up to Majella (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,900 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 92 km².","The species is relatively widely distributed, but its taxonomy is not fully resolved (Massa et al. 2012). Subpopulations of this species are usually very small and restricted to very small isolated areas. The species is flightless and therefore the population is considered to be severely fragmented. Recently, some subpopulations have declined strongly and the overall population trend is decreasing.","This flightless species is found at altitudes between 1,500 and 2,200 m asl on sunny, rocky slopes or grassland habitats. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat due to overgrazing.","The main threat to this species is overgrazing, and it may also be affected by climate change, as many subpopulations occur at mountain tops.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in several nature reserves (e.g. Abruzzo National Park). Taking into account that the taxonomy of this species is not yet fully resolved further research is recommended into its taxonomy. In addition, more research is also needed into its population trend and ecology. Proper grazing management needs to be implemented in order to avoid any further declines in the population.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Massa, B., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Italopodisma,acuminata,,Italopodisma acuminata,"(La Greca, 1969)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Abruzzo Apennine Grasshopper (Italopodisma acuminata) is endemic to the Central Apennines in Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since even though it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 150 km²), it is abundant and there is no evidence of population declines. However, given that it lives at high altitudes on a small number of mountains, this grasshopper might be affected by climate change, particularly winter droughts and increasing weather fluctuations in spring. More research on the threats to this species is needed as well as on the population trend.",Unknown,"The Abruzzo Apennine Grasshopper is endemic to the Central Apennines, in Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 150 km².","This species is comprised of two subspecies; I. a. acuminata and I. a. marsicana.  The first one is abundant, the second less so. The overall population trend of this species is unknown.","This grasshopper lives at high altitudes (between 1,600 and 2,000 m asl) on a small number of mountains, in alpine meadows and on rocky slopes.","The threats to this species are poorly understood, but it might be affected by global warming. It is a montane species and is likely to be affected by extreme weather conditions such as dry winters and rainy spring seasons. Fluctuations of weather conditions have become common in the region.","There are no conservation measures currently in place for this species, but its occurs in a nature reserve. More research on the threats to this species is needed as well as on the population trends and taxonomy.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Massa, B., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M. & Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Italopodisma,baccettii,,Italopodisma baccettii,"(La Greca, 1969)",,Yes,CR (PE),B1ab(v),Yes,CR (PE),B1ab(v),EU28,,"Baccetti's Apennine Grasshopper (Italopodisma baccettii) is endemic to a small area in Italy, the Gran Sasso in Abruzzo where it lives in alpine meadows and rocky slopes. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 50 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 12 km²), the species is considered to occur at only one location, and a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the fact that this grasshopper has not been found since 1996 despite several intensive surveys. Permanent snow cover has disappeared in the area where this grasshopper was known to occur, and tourism has strongly increased, which might have caused this decline. However, the species is difficult to identify, and can only be distinguished from Italopodisma fiscellana by genitalia dissection. Further research is needed to clarify whether this grasshopper is still extant. If so, research is also recommended into its population size, taxonomy, threats and ecology, and proper habitat management should be implemented.",Decreasing,"Baccetti's Apennine Grasshopper is endemic to Italy, and is only found in the Gran Sasso area of Abruzzo (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 50 km², its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 12 km². However, the species has not been found since 1996 in spite of substantial search efforts.",There is no data on the population size and trend of this species.,"This species lives in alpine meadows and rocky slopes at altitudes between 2,000 and 2,300 m asl.","The threats to this species are poorly understood. Permanent snow cover has disappeared in the area and tourism has strongly increased which might have caused the decline of this species. Given its restricted distribution and the likely extent of the effects of these threats, the species is considered to occur at only one location.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is known to have occurred in a nature reserve. Research is needed to clarify whether this grasshopper is still extant. If so, further research is also recommended into its population size, taxonomy, threats and ecology. Implementation of proper habitat management is recommended.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Massa, B., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Italopodisma,costae,,Italopodisma costae,"(Targioni-Tozzetti, 1881)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Costa's Apennine Grasshopper (Italopodisma costae) is endemic to Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it has a restricted geographic range, it is widespread with large subpopulations, and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"Costa's Apennine Grasshopper is endemic to Italy, where it is only recorded from Monte Morrone, Majella and Majelletta in Abruzzo (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,400 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km².",This species is widespread and has large subpopulations. The overall population trend is unknown.,"This wingless grasshopper is found in alpine meadows and rocky slopes, where adults can be found in summer and autumn at altitudes between 1,450 m and 2,500 m asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend and ecology is recommended.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Massa, B., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Italopodisma,ebneri,,Italopodisma ebneri,"(La Greca, 1954)",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Reatine Apennine Grasshopper (Italopodisma ebneri) is endemic to Italy. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered, since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km²), it occurs at only one location, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals due to increasing grazing pressure and touristic development. More research is needed into its population trend and ecology, and the status of the population and the habitat should be monitored. The habitat should also be better protected and appropriate management needs to be implemented to avoid any further population declines.",Decreasing,"The Reatine Apennine Grasshopper is endemic to Italy, and is only recorded from Monti Reatini in Lazio (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².","This species is abundant in its habitat, but has become rarer during recent decades and the current population trend is decreasing.","This species is found in alpine meadows and rocky slopes, where adults can be seen in summer and autumn at altitudes between 800 m and 1,900 m asl. There is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat due to tourism and intensification of cattle grazing.","The main threats to this species are tourism (skiing, summer tourism) and intensification of cattle grazing. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of these threats and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a nature reserve. More research into its population trend and ecology is needed. Furthermore, the status of the population and the habitat should be monitored. The habitat should also be better protected and appropriate management needs to be implemented to avoid any further population declines.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Italopodisma,fiscellana,,Italopodisma fiscellana,"(La Greca, 1954)",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Gran Sasso Apennine Grasshopper (Italopodisma fiscellana) is endemic to Italy and is found on various mountains in the Central Apennines. This species is assessed as Endangered, since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,800 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals due to touristic activities and increasing pressure from cattle grazing. Further research is needed into the effects of grazing, tourism and climate change on the population of this species. Furthermore, the population trend and ecology needs to be studied, and the habitat should be be better protected and restored.",Decreasing,"The Gran Sasso Apennine Grasshopper is endemic to Italy, and is found on various mountains in the Central Apennines (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,800 km².","This species has become rarer in its habitat at several localities, but exact data on population size and trend are missing. The population is severely fragmented as the species is flightless and has very small subpopulations at the highest altitudes, and there is little or no genetic exchange between them. The overall population trend is considered to be decreasing.","This species lives in alpine dry meadows and rocky slopes between 1,500 m and 2,300 m asl. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of this habitat due to intensification of cattle grazing and tourism (particularly skiing).",This species is locally threatened by the intensification of cattle grazing and tourism (particularly skiing). Climatic changes may also pose a threat to this species.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in several nature reserves (e.g. Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo). Further research is needed into the effects of grazing, tourism and climate change on the population of this species. Furthermore, the population trend and ecology needs to be studied, and the habitat should be be better protected and restored.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Italopodisma,lagrecai,,Italopodisma lagrecai,"(Galvagni, 1973)",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"La Greca's Apennine Grasshopper (Italopodisma lagrecai)  is endemic of Italy, and is only found in the restricted area of Corno Piccolo on Gran Sasso. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both ca 4 km²), it occurs at only one location, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals due to increasing touristic activities (mainly skiing and alpinism). More research on its population trend is needed and appropriate conservation management needs to be implemented. The habitat of the species should be managed appropriately to avoid future declines and lost habitat should be restored.",Decreasing,"La Greca's Apennine Grasshopper is endemic of Italy, and is only found in the restricted area of Corno Piccolo on Gran Sasso (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both ca 4 km².",A continuing decline in the population size is inferred from the increasing touristic development in the area.,"This species lives in alpine meadows and is found at altitudes between 2,000 and 2,250 m asl.","The main threat to this species is tourism, since the only known site for this species is situated at the arrival point of a ski lift. A new cable car has recently been build. Taking into account the extent of the effects of this threat and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but the population is situated in a nature reserve. Research is needed into the population trends and ecology, but also on the effects of the ongoing threats. Furthermore, its taxonomy needs to be clarified. Monitoring of its population trend and habitat should be implemented, and its habitat should be managed appropriately to avoid future declines. In addition, lost habitat should be restored.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Italopodisma,lucianae,,Italopodisma lucianae,"(Baccetti, 1959)",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Maiella Apennine Grasshopper (Italopodisma lucianae) is endemic to the Maiella Massive in Central Italy. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a very small extent of occurrence (EOO) (28 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the habitat quality due to intensive cattle grazing, tourism and potentially also climate change (habitat shifts and temperature extremes). Further research is needed into the threats to this grasshopper, its ecology, and population trend. The population trend and habitat should be monitored and proper habitat management should be implemented. In addition, destroyed habitat should be restored.",Decreasing,"The Maiella Apennine Grasshopper is endemic to the Maiella Massive in Central Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 28 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².","A continuing decline in the population size is inferred due to the changes in agricultural land use (intensified cattle grazing). Given that this species is flightless and has very small, isolated subpopulations, the population is considered to be severely fragmented.","This species lives in alpine meadows and rocky slopes at altitudes between 1,700 and 2,900 m asl.","This species is threatened by intensive cattle grazing in the area as well as by touristic development. It is possibly also affected by climate change, particularly by altitudinal shifts of its habitat and temperature extremes.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a nature reserve. Further research is needed into the threats to this grasshopper, its ecology and population trend. The population trend and habitat should be monitored and proper habitat management should be implemented. In addition, destroyed habitat should be restored.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Italopodisma,samnitica,,Italopodisma samnitica,"(La Greca, 1954)",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Sannio Apennine Grasshopper (Italopodisma samnitica) is endemic to Italy, where it is found in the Central Apennines. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a small extent of occurrence (EOO) (ca 250 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals due to increasing cattle grazing and touristic activities. More research is needed into the taxonomy, population trend, ecology and threats of this species. Monitoring of the population status and habitat should be implemented. Restoration of its habitat as well as appropriate habitat management is recommended.",Decreasing,"The Sannio Apennine Grasshopper is endemic to Italy, where it is found in the Central Apennines (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 250 km².","A continuing decline in the population is inferred from the ongoing degradation of its habitat. The subpopulations are isolated with little of no genetic exchange between them, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.","This species lives in alpine meadows and rocky slopes at altitudes between 1,500 and 2,000 m asl.","This species is threatened by increasing cattle grazing activities and touristic development. Climate change may also affect this species, particularly shifts of the habitat and temperature extremes.","No specific conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in a nature reserve. More research is needed into the taxonomy, population trend, ecology and threats of this species. Monitoring of the population status and habitat should be implemented. Restoration of its habitat as well as appropriate habitat management is recommended.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Fontana, P., Hochkirch, A., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Italopodisma,trapezoidalis,,Italopodisma trapezoidalis,"(La Greca, 1966)",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The La Meta Apennine Grasshopper (Italopodisma trapezoidalis) occurs in the Central Apennines in Italy. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a small extent of occurrence (EOO) (750 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the habitat quality, due to intensified cattle grazing and tourism (skiing, alpinism). More research is needed into the population trend, ecology and threats. The taxonomic status of the subspecies needs to be studied as they may represent three different species that may strongly differ in their conservation status. A monitoring program covering its population trend and habitat needs to be implemented.",Decreasing,"The La Meta Apennine Grasshopper occurs in the Central Apennines in Italy. There are three subspecies, namely I. t. trapezoidalis, I. t. aprutiana, and I. t. curvula (Massa et al. 2012). This specie's extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 750 km².","The population is inferred to be decreasing due to the ongoing pressure on its habitat. As the species is flightless and the subpopulations are very small and isolated, the population is considered severely fragmented.","This species lives in alpine meadows and rocky slopes at altitudes between 1,400 m and 1,900 m asl. Adults can be found in summer and autumn .","The main threats to this species are intensified cattle grazing and tourism (skiing, alpinism), but it might also be affected by climate change, particularly by habitat shifts and extreme weather conditions.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in nature reserves. More research is needed into the population trend, ecology and threats. The taxonomic status of the subspecies needs to be studied as they may represent three different species that may strongly differ in their conservation status. A monitoring program covering its population trend and habitat needs to be implemented.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Kurtharzia,nugatoria,,Kurtharzia nugatoria,"(Navás, 1909)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Futile Stone Grasshopper (Kurtharzia nugatoria) is endemic to eastern Spain.This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it is scarce, the overall population size is possibly large, and the habitat where it occurs is common. However, further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species.",Unknown,"The Futile Stone Grasshopper is endemic to eastern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 19,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 96 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown, but this species is scarce. It is possible that the overall population size is large.","This flightless species inhabits different types of open, low Mediterranean shrublands dominated by Genista scorpius and Buxus species (Llucià Pomares 2002). This habitat is common. It is found at altitudes between 337 m and 1,500 m Asl.",Wildfires may affect the species throughout its distribution.,"There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into the population size and trend.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Kurtharzia,sulcata,,Kurtharzia sulcata,"(Bolívar, 1912)",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Groovy Stone Grasshopper has a very small distribution in Spain, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 2,500 km² and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 24 to 50 km². Its population is severely fragmented. There is an observed continuing decline in EOO, AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. The major threats to this species are reforestation, wildfires and intensive cattle grazing. It is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN).",Decreasing,"The Groovy Stone Grasshopper is endemic to Spain, where it is restricted to very few localities in the Albacete province (Llorente and Presa 1997, Gómez et al. 2011). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is c. 2,500 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 to 50 km².","Although the population size is unknown, there is strong evidence from field observations that the population size is decreasing. There is an observed continuing decline in EOO, AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. The subpopulations are small and severely fragmented as the species is flightless, there is no connection between the different subpopulations and these may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization.","The habitat of this species consists of sunny exposed mountains slopes with presence of bare ground and scattered scrubs, such as Sparto grass and Rosemary (Gómez et al. 1989). The habitat is within ample managed pine reforestation lands (plantations). Its altitudinal range is 600 - 880 m.","Habitat destruction by intense pine reforestation represents the major threat to this species. The wild fire frequency is increasing in the area. In 2012, an area of 70 km² burnt in Hellín, one of the main localities of the species. Massive insecticide use against pine caterpillars for the protection of managed forests around may also affect these insects around the forest. Overgrazing by cattle damages the structure of the scrub, increases eutrophication and changes the structure of the ground.","The most important conservation measure for this species would be the preservation of its habitat in order to prevent the threats to the species. Mitigation of reforestation is a key factor, but regulating grazing by cattle should also be undertaken. Research is needed to get a better picture of the distribution and population size, and on the threats to the species. It is unknown whether the species occurs in protected areas throughout its range.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Cordero, P.J., Gómez, R, Presa, J.J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., García, M., Prunier, F., Lemos, P. & Ferreira, S.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Leptophyes,albovittata,,Leptophyes albovittata,"(Kollar, 1833)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Lesser Speckled Bush-cricket (Leptophyes albovittata) is widespread in the eastern part of Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it may be locally threatened by intensive agriculture, it is still common and widespread.",Unknown,"The Lesser Speckled Bush-cricket occurs from northern Germany and southern Switzerland in the west to the Peloponnesus (Greece) in the south and southern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Outside of Europe, it is also known from Turkey to the Caspian Sea (Zöller and Detzel 1996). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 3.7 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 2.1 million km².","The subpopulations of this species are usually large (T. Zuna-Kratky and O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016). Outbreaks have been observed (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016); it shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. The population therefore exhibits extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. The species is locally declining in Switzerland as a consequence of intensified grassland management (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2016). The overall population trend is unknown.","This species prefers sunny forest edges, and grasslands with bushes and perennials (Zöller and Detzel 1996). Eggs are laid in plant stems, leaf sheaths, bark or dead wood (NLWKN 2011).","This species may be locally affected by the use of pesticides (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016) and overgrazing (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2016), but benefits from abandonment. It is generally thought to be sensitive to intensification of grassland management (frequent mowing) (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2016).","Given that the species is less common at its northern range margin, it is subject to local conservation action. For example, it is a priority species for conservation in Lower Saxony (NLWKN 2011). It is listed as Near Threatened on the Austrian Red List, (Berg et al. 2005), as Data Deficient in Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007), and as Least Concern in Germany (Maas et al. 2011). It occurs in several protected areas. More research into its population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Zuna-Kratky, T., Korsunovskaya, O., Chobanov, D.P., Puskas, G., Kristin, A., Monnerat, C., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Leptophyes,asamo,,Leptophyes asamo,"Pavićević & Ivković, 2014",,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Bosnian Speckled Bush-cricket is listed as Data Deficient (DD) due to the scarce available knowledge on its distribution, ecology and threats. This species has an uncertain taxonomic status as it is probably a a synonym of L. punctatissima.",Unknown,"The species is known from three neighbouring localities in southeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina (Pavicevic and Ivkovic 2014, G. Szövenyi and G. Puskas pers. comm. 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 30 and 350 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 12 and 30 km².","The species has been described very recently and the population trend is unknown. A relatively large subpopulation was found near Ubla (Orjen Mountains) between 1,050 and 1,100 m Asl in 2015 (G. Szovenyi and G. Puskas pers. comm. 2015).","This species is found on clearings in mixed thermophilous forests of Quercus and Carpinus, between 700 – 1,000 m Asl on the Orjen Mountains (Pavicevic and Ivkovic 2014). It lives and feeds on leaves and flowers of different herbs, bushes and trees (Quercus, Corylus, Cornus, Viburnum, Carpinus, etc.).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected area throughout its range. Research on its taxonomy, ecology, population trend and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Leptophyes,boscii,,Leptophyes boscii,"Fieber, 1853",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Balkan Speckled Bush-cricket (Leptophyes boscii) is widespread in the northwestern part of the Balkans and Austria and it is less common in the southeastern Balkans. This species is assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution.",Decreasing,"The Balkan Speckled Bush-cricket occurs on the Balkan Peninsula from Greece to the Czech Republic in the north and Serbia in the east. In the west it reaches the Italian/French border and the northern Apennines. A single record exists from Romania, but the species is extinct there (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2016). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 818,000 km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 730,000 km².","This species is widespread but not common (G. Szövenyi and T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016). It is very rare in Serbia (Skejo and Stankovic 2014) and Greece (L. Willemse pers. comm. 2016) and seems to be declining (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016). In Romania it is extinct (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2016). The population is fragmented, but the fragmentation is not considered severe. The overall population trend is decreasing.","This species occurs in grasslands (Nagy 2006), forest edges (Zechner et al. 2005), in open forests and on forest clearings (L. Willemse and G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2016), as well as in bushes and forbs near rivers (Skejo and Stankovic 2014).","This species is locally threatened by burning of hedges and fringes as well as by afforestation, but it benefits from land abandonment (Braun and Lederer 2009). It is also threatened by agricultural intensification and cultivation of forest edges (G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2016). Locally it is also threatened by touristic development, even within a protected area (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2016).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as ""priority 2"" (equivalent to Vulnerable) on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Research is needed into the population trend, ecology and threats to this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Zuna-Kratky, T., Szovenyi, G., Ivkovic, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Leptophyes,calabra,,Leptophyes calabra,"Kleukers, Odé & Fontana, 2010",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Calabrian Speckled Bush-cricket (Leptophyes calabra) is only known from Monte Tiriolo in Calabria, Italy. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since its known extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are smaller than 4 km², it occurs at a single location, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals as well as in habitat quality, due to abandonment of agricultural lands. Further research is needed in order to determine if there are more subpopulations, and into this species' population trend, ecology and threats. Taking into account that at present only one locality is known, the protection of the habitat is recommended.",Decreasing,"The Calabrian Speckled Bush-cricket was described in 2010, based on first records in 2008. The only known locality is Monte Tiriolo in Calabria, Italy (Kleukers et al. 2010, Massa et al. 2012). It could very well be more widespread, but about 150 km north, the related Leptophyes punctatissima is found, so it is probably confined to southwestern Italy. It would be worthwhile to investigate the boundaries of the range further. However, at present, the known extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².","There is only limited information on the size of the population. A maximum of 50 (immature) specimens has been recorded at one time, but no exact population estimate exists. Based on the present knowledge, the best guess for the population size is 2,500 adult individuals. It is assumed that there is a continuing decline in the population size caused by abandonment of agricultural sites.",The species occurs in tall shrubs and deciduous forest and is found at elevations between 700 m and 825 m asl.,"The main threat to this species is abandonment of agricultural sites. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of this threat and the restricted distribution of this species, at present and based on available data, it is considered to occur at only one location.","The species does not occur in any protected areas, and there are no specific conservation measures in place for it. As there is only one known location for this species, the protection of its habitat is recommended. Research is needed into its population trend, further distribution, ecology and threats.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Leptophyes,discoidalis,,Leptophyes discoidalis,"(Frivaldsky, 1867)",,Yes,VU,"B2ab(iii,v)",No,VU,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
The Blackwing Speckled Bush-cricket (Leptophyes discoidalis) is widespread on the Balkan Peninsula. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is between 750 and 2,500 km² in Europe, and between 300 and 1,500 km² in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, number of subpopulations and in the extent and quality of habitat. Threats include overgrazing, intensification of grassland management, urbanisation and touristic development. More research into its population trend and ecology is needed.",Decreasing,"The Blackwing Speckled Bush-cricket is found on the central Balkan Peninsula, from southeastern Slovakia and northern Hungary to northern Bulgaria. Isolated subpopulations occur in eastern Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Skejo and Stankovic 2013). In Europe, its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 750 and 2,500 km², whereas in the EU 28 it is between 300 and 1,500 km². Its extent of occurrence in Europe is ca 290,000 km², and ca 250,000 km² in the EU 28.","The subpopulations of this species are usually small and isolated (I. Iorgu, G. Szövenyi, D. Chobanov, A. Kristin and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015) and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented (I. Iorgu, A. Kristin and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015). A continuing decline in the population is inferred from the ongoing threats and the population trend is therefore decreasing.","This species is found in mesic to semi-dry meadows, forest edges and clearings (Iorgu 2012) as well as in open forests. In Slovakia it has been found in wet bushy vegetation in the floodplain of the Bodrog River (Kristin et al. 2004).","The major threat to this species is intensified agricultural land use (mowing, grazing) (G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2015) and removal of bushes along roads, creeks, rivers and forest edges (A. Kristin pers. comm. 2015). It is also threatened by urbanisation and development of touristic infrastructure (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015). Regulation of rivers also leads to habitat degradation (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2015).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas (S. Ivkovic, G. Szövenyi and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). This species has been assessed as Near Threatened for the Slovakian, Hungarian and Ukrainian part of the Carpathians (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). More research into its population trend and ecology is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Pushkar, T., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Sirin, D. & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Leptophyes,intermedia,,Leptophyes intermedia,"Ingrisch & Pavicevic, 2010",,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
The Montenegrin Speckled Bush-cricket has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 6,500 km² and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 36-200 km² with a severely fragmented population. It is therefore close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B, but as there is no indication of a continuing decline or extreme fluctuations it is listed as Near Threatened (NT).",Unknown,"The Montenegrin Speckled Bush-cricket is a recently described species. Originally it was known only from the type locality in the Durmitor Mountains in Montenegro (Ingrisch and Pavicevic 2010), but in the last years it was found in Croatia (Velebit Mountains) and in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Baba Mountains and Lebrsnik Mountains). Since its typical habitat is often not easy to access and its subpopulations often have low density, it is probably distributed through the Dinaric Range in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro (G. Szovenyi et al., unpublished data). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 6,600 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is between 36 and 200 km². In the EU 28, the EOO is 35 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4-20 km².","The population trend of this species is unknown. Its abundance is generally very low, and its spatial distribution inside the subpopulations is sometimes characteristically patchy. The population is severely fragmented, as it consists of isolated subpopulations with little possibilities for genetic exchange that may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","This species occurs in mountain grasslands between 1,000 and 1,500 m Asl and inhabits typically steep, at least partly south-faced rocky slopes with patchy vegetation. It prefers tall bushes of herbaceous plants, like Centaurea, Urtica or Cornus, where it feeds on their leafs and flowers. However, it is known to occur on nearly flat, plateau-like mountain grassland plots as well.",Fires may affect some subpopulations of this species.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas in Croatia (Paklenica National Park) and in Montenegro (Durmitor National Park). Research on its distribution, population trend and threats is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Leptophyes,laticauda,,Leptophyes laticauda,"(Frivaldsky, 1867)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Long-tailed Speckled Bush-cricket (Leptophyes laticauda) is widespread in Italy and on the western Balkan Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite common and the population size is probably very large.",Unknown,"The Long-tailed Speckled Bush-cricket occurs in Italy (reaching southeastern France), Corsica and from the northern Balkans to western Bulgaria and southwestern Romania (Heller 2013).",This species can be locally abundant (Baur et al. 2006) and the population size is probably very large. It is mainly found on trees and is therefore difficult to find. The population trend is unknown.,"This species occurs in semi-open forests on trees and bushes (Massa et al. 2012), as well as in hedges and at forest edges (Baur et al. 2006).",The main threat to this species is the increasing number of wildfires (G. Szövenyi and J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016). It is also threatened by the use of pesticides (S. Ivkovic and G. Puskás pers. comm. 2016).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as ""priority 3"" (equivalent Near Threatened) on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004) and as Data Deficient on the Carpathian Red List (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). More research into its population trend is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Szovenyi, G., Ivkovic, S., Puskas, G., Skejo, J. Skejo, Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Leptophyes,lisae,,Leptophyes lisae,"Heller, 1988",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Greek Speckled Bush-cricket (Leptophyes lisae) is endemic to Greece, where it is known from the eastern part of the Peloponnesus, the Cyclades island of Andros and the island of Chios in the eastern part of the Aegean Sea. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 14,000 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is between 20 and 100 km²), and it occurs at less than ten locations - thus making it close to qualify for listing in threatened category under criterion B. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required.",Unknown,"The Greek Speckled Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is known from the eastern part of the Peloponnesus, the Cyclades island of Andros and the island of Chios in the eastern part of the Aegean Sea (Heller and Willemse 1989, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 14,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 20 and 100 km².","Estimating individual numbers of Leptophyes species is difficult. The individuals are rather secretive, live in shrubs, are well camouflaged and although the males produce a calling song this is very soft and hardly audible for the human ear. The best method for monitoring numbers of individuals is to locate individual males by using a bat detector to make their calling song audible at greater distances. As habitats suitable for Leptophyes spp. in Greece are found in small rather than large areas, estimating the subpopulation sizes is possible but has not been done yet. Because of the size of the EOO, the already published sites for this species, and the estimated AOO, a preliminary estimate of the population size of this species runs into the thousands rather than hundreds. There is no information on the population trend.","Little is known on the ecology of this species. Nymphs have been found on the flowers of an orchid and basking on the leaves of a fern. The adults move higher up in the vegetation and are found on shrubs and tall herbs. On Andros, the species was found in a small thicket of Rubus. This species requires rather wet habitats which allows for sufficient lush vegetation also late in the season when they become adults. In Andros it was found next to a brooklet in on a hill slope rich in shade. In the Peloponnesos, the species was found on road margins in phryganic Mediterranean shrublands. It is found at elevations of 50-900 m Asl.","Like with many other species, threats to this bush-cricket in Greece are related to changes in its habitat. Human activities (water extraction, livestock grazing, road construction, expanding urbanization) are among the possible threats. Taking into account the extent of the effects of anthropogenic activities and the distributions of this species it is estimated to occur at less than ten locations.","There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Several aspects of the species still need to be studied so as to make a more accurate assessment. Such aspects are habitat requirements, life history and ecology, population characteristics (size; changes) and (possible) threats and their impact. In addition the taxonomic status of the population on Chios need to be re-examined as there are some doubts as to its identity (Willemse and Willemse 2008).",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Leptophyes,punctatissima,,Leptophyes punctatissima,"(Bosc, 1792)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Speckled Bush-cricket (Leptophyes punctatissima) is endemic to Europe where it occurs from the northern Iberian Peninsula, Sardinia, southern Italy and Greece in the south to Scotland and southern Norway in the north and Bulgaria in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern since its has a wide distribution, it is common and the population size is presumably large. In addition, as a consequence of human transport it is currently expanding its range. It is found in bushes and perennials and often lives in gardens. As it lays its eggs into the bark of bushes, it is often transported with garden plants.",Increasing,"The Common Speckled Bush-cricket is endemic to Europe where it occurs from the northern Iberian Peninsula, Sardinia, southern Italy and Greece in the south to Scotland and southern Norway in the north and Bulgaria in the east (Heller 2013). It is regionally extinct in Romania (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2016). It is absent from the eastern part of Europe, but sometimes transported with garden plants by humans into cities. It has also been introduced to North America (Morse 1919). In Europe, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5.4 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 5.2 million km².",This species is widespread and common. As a consequence of human transport it is currently expanding its range and has been introduced in several cities outside of its natural range. The population size is presumably large and the trend is increasing.,"This species is found on sun-exposed shrubs, such as Prunus spinosa, Rubus spp., Rosa spp. and Urtica spp. (Proess and Baden 1997) as well as open forests, forest edges (Massa et al. 2012), parks and gardens. The female places the eggs into the bark of bushes. In east Bulgaria this species reproduces via parthenogenesis.",The species may locally be affected by pesticides or the removal of bushes and natural forest edges (Wallaschek et al. 2004).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place or needed for this species. It occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Vulnerable on the Austrian Red List (Berg et al. 2005), and as Least Concern on the Red Lists of Belgium (Lock et al. 2011), Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003), France (Sardet and Defaut 2004), Germany (Maas et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007). Further research is needed into the population trend.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Leptophyes,sicula,,Leptophyes sicula,"Kleukers, Odé & Fontana, 2010",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Sicilian Speckled Bush-cricket (Leptophyes sicula) is endemic to Sicily, Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it is rare, no major threats to it have been reported and there is no evidence of population declines. Further research is needed into the population size and trend of this species.",Unknown,"The Sicilian Speckled Bush-cricket is endemic to Sicily, Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6,800 km² and its known area of occupancy is estimated to be between 26 and 200 km².","The species is quite rare, and the population trend is unknown.","This small mostly green bush-cricket is found in half open forest, on trees, bushes and ferns.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend of this species.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Leptopternis,gracilis,,Leptopternis gracilis,"(Eversmann, 1848)",,No,LC,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The Slender Sand Grasshopper (Leptopternis gracilis) occurs from Northwest Africa (Morocco) to East Asia (East Russia). In Europe it occurs in southern Russia (Lower Volga) and has also been reported from Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain). This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it has a stable population  trend, which may even be increasing, and no major threats to it have been reported. In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Data Deficient since it was only reported from Gran Canaria (Canary Island, Spain) in the 1960's, but has not been recorded there since, and its status is uncertain. The only known locality is Maspalomas, and the area near it has been strongly transformed by touristic development and urbanisation. It remains unknown whether the species was native to the island or just a vagrant, but since there are records of several specimens from 1964 and 1966 from the same locality it might have reproduced on Gran Canaria. The species might also still be present in small habitat patches in the south of the island, and research on its possible presence on Gran Canaria is therefore recommended.",Stable,"The Slender Sand Grasshopper occurs from Northwest Africa (Morocco) to East Asia (East Russia) (Eades et al. 2014). In Europe it occurs in southern Russia (Lower Volga, Savitsky 2002) and has also been reported from Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain) (Bland et al. 1996). On Gran Canaria the species was recorded in 1964 and 1966 near Maspalomas; recent records do not exist. According to Bland et al. (1996) the species may have been a vagrant and not necessarily breeding on Gran Canaria. However, in both years, several specimens were collected. As the area near Maspalomas has been heavily altered by touristic development it may also have become extinct there. In the Lower Volga region the species is common in sand deserts. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 16,500 km², its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km².","This species has not been found on the Canary Islands since the mid 1960's. However, it seems to be stable in Russia or even increasing in population size (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).",The species occurs in sandy deserts and semi-deserts (Savitsky 2002).,The reason for its disappearance on Gran Canaria might be touristic development in the south of the island. No major threats are known to affect it in the Russian part of its range (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species and it is not known to occur in any protected areas. More research into its distribution, population trend, threats and ecology is required. In particular it needs to be clarified whether the species still exists on Gran Canaria and whether it was ever native there.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Vedenina, V., Pushkar, T., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Nieto, A., Sirin, D., Szovenyi, G. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Lluciapomaresius,anapaulae,,Lluciapomaresius anapaulae,"(Schmidt, 2009)",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"Ana-Paula's Saddle Bushcricket (Lluciapomaresius anapaulae) is endemic to the central part of western Portugal. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its extent of occurrence (EOO) is smaller than 10,000 km², and there is a continuing decline in the the extent and quality of the habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals as a result of the negative effect of wildfires, agricultural conversion, pesticide use and urbanisation; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Taxonomic research is needed in the group of species composed by Lluciapomaredius anapaulae, L. asturiensis, L. stalii and L. nobrei to confirm their taxonomic status and the characteristics that distinguish these entities. Research is also needed on the threats, population size, distribution, life history and ecology of this species.",Decreasing,"Ana-Paula's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the central part of western Portugal (Barat 2012, F. Barros pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8,400 km².",The subpopulations of this species are usually dense. The current population trend of this species is decreasing due to ongoing habitat loss (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2016).,This species occurs in forest and shrubland habitats. It inhabits both shrubs and the tree crowns.,"The species is threatened by wildfires, agricultural land conversion, the use of pesticides and urbanisation (P Lemos pers, comm. 2016).","There are no conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Taxonomic research is needed in the group of species composed by Lluciapomaredius anapaulae, L. asturiensis, L. stalii and L. nobrei to confirm their taxonomic status and the characteristics that distinguish these entities. Research is also needed on the threats, population size, distribution, life history and ecology of this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Ferreira, S., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Clemente, M., Correas, J., García, M., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B., Presa, J.J. & Prunier, F.","Barros, F. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Lluciapomaresius,asturiensis,,Lluciapomaresius asturiensis,"(Bolívar, 1898)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Asturian Saddle Bush-cricket (Lluciapomaresius asturiensis) is endemic to the northwestern Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). This species is assessed as Least Concern since its subpopulations are often numerous and no major threats to it have been reported. However, wildfires may locally affect some subpopulations. Research is needed into the population trend, distribution, ecology and threats to this species. Taxonomic research is also needed in the group of species composed by Lluciapomaredius anapaulae, L. asturiensis, L. stalii and L. nobrei to confirm their taxonomic status and the characteristics that distinguish these entities.",Unknown,"The Asturian Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the northwestern Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) (Miranda-Arabolaza and Barranco 2005, Ferreira et al. 2007, Barat 2012, Pfau and Pfau 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 95,200 km².",There is no information on this species' population trend. Subpopulations are often numerous.,"This species can be found in forests, forest clearings, shrubland and pastures, usually keeping within small and medium-sized shrubs of Cytisus spp. and Halimium spp.","No major threats to this species have been reported, but wildfires may locally affect some subpopulations.","This species is present in several protected areas (Miranda-Arabolaza and Barranco 2005, Ferreira et al. 2007, Barat 2012). Research is needed into the population trend, distribution, ecology and threats to this species. Taxonomic research is also needed in the group of species composed by Lluciapomaredius anapaulae, L. asturiensis, L. stalii and L. nobrei to confirm their taxonomic status and the characteristics that distinguish these entities.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Ferreira, S., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Clemente, M., Correas, J., García, M., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B., Presa, J.J. & Prunier, F.","Barros, F. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Lluciapomaresius,eclipticus,,Lluciapomaresius eclipticus,"(Barat, 2004)",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Zaragoza Saddle Bush-cricket (Lluciapomaresius eclipticus) is endemic to the province of Zaragoza in northern Spain, where it is only known from a few localities. This poorly-known species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its population size, trend and threats. Further research is needed in order to assess its extinction risk.",Unknown,"The Zaragoza Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the province of Zaragoza in northern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,320 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².",The population size and trend of this species are unknown. It is less abundant than other Lluciapomaresius species.,"The species occurs in shrubland (Genista, Rosa, Cistus and Cytisus species) with a preference for Cistus ladaniferus (J. Barat 2015 pers. comm). The species can also be found in the crown of pine trees, where it occurs in mountainous areas at altitudes between 1,090 m and 1,390 m Asl (Barat, 2004).","The threats to this species are unknown. A heliport was built within its area of occurrence, but its effects on the species are unknown.","There are no conservation measures in place for this species and it does not occur in any protected areas. Further studies are needed on the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this poorly-known species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Lluciapomaresius,nobrei,,Lluciapomaresius nobrei,"(Bolívar, 1898)",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"Nobre's Saddle Bush-cricket (Lluciapomaresius nobrei) has been described from the Serra da Estrela in Portugal and later also recorded from the vicinity of Minho (Peinado de Diego 1990) and Lindoso. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Research is needed to clarify the validity of this species and its distinctness from the Asturian Saddle Bush-cricket (Lluciapomaresius asturiensis). According to available information there is no differentiation between male songs from both species and it has been hypothesized that L. asturiensis and L. nobrei possibly belong to the same species.",Unknown,"Nobre's Saddle Bush-cricket has been described from the Serra da Estrela in Portugal and later also recorded from the vicinity of Minho (Peinado de Diego 1990) and Lindoso (Pfau and Pfau 2015). This species' known extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,015 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km2. However this data might refer to other taxa as taxonomic research is needed in the group of species composed by Lluciapomaredius anapaulae, L. asturiensis, L. stalii and L. nobrei to clearly identify their taxonomic status and distribution ranges.",There is no information available regarding the species' population size or trend.,This species lives in mountainous areas (Gangwere and Morales Agacino 1970) and also near rivers at low altitudes (Pfau and Pfau 2015).,The threats for this species are unknown.,"Taxonomic research is needed in the group of species composed by Lluciapomaredius anapaulae, L. asturiensis, L. stalii and L. nobrei to clearly identify their taxonomic status and the characteristics that distinguish these entities (Barat 2012). Research is needed on this species, particularly into its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. It is known to occur in at least one protected area.",This species is not utilized.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Ferreira, S., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Clemente, M., Correas, J., García, M., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B., Presa, J.J. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Lluciapomaresius,ortegai,,Lluciapomaresius ortegai,"(Pantel, 1896)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Ortega's Saddle Bush-cricket (Lluciapomaresius ortegai) is endemic to the Castellón, Cuenca, Tarragona and Teruel provinces in the central part of eastern Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it can be locally abundant. However, more research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this species.",Unknown,"Ortega's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the Castellón, Cuenca, Tarragona and Teruel provinces in the central part of eastern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 19,400 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 92 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown, although it can be locally abundant.","There is little available information on this species. It occurs in mountainous areas at altitudes between 1,180 and 1,820 m Asl, and has been found in Berberis and Juniperus bushes (Pardo et al. 1993). It has also been found in pine forests (J.R. Correas and F. Prunier pers. comm. 2016).",Application of pesticides to eliminate the Pine Processionary (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) caterpillar can affect the species in pine forests.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it has been recorded from some protected areas. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Lluciapomaresius,panteli,,Lluciapomaresius panteli,"(Navás, 1899)",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"Pantel's Saddle Bush-cricket (Lluciapomaresius panteli) is endemic to the Tarragona province in northeastern Spain and has a very small extent of occurrence (EOO) as well as area of occupancy (AOO) (both 12 km²). A recent monitoring programme has gathered some preliminary data on the population density of this species. Overall, the population seems to be small, but it is currently impossible to quantify the total population size or infer a population trend. The area where this species occurs is used for grazing, but the effects of grazing on this bush-cricket are not sufficiently known. More data on the population fluctuations, population trend and threats is needed to determine the extinction risk of this species. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,Pantel's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the Tarragona province in northeastern Spain. This species' known extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 12 km².,"The population of this species is known to show some fluctuations, but the extent of these fluctuations as well as the population trend is unknown. During a first monitoring year in 2013, three individuals were observedon average during each visit on a fixed transect. In 2014, an average of 7.5 individuals per visit were recorded. A mark-recapture study started in 2014, showing that there are about 15 individuals per ha. However, these show a very clumped dispersion (J.M. Olmo Vidal pers. comm. 2016).","The species has been collected on shrubland in steep terrain, on Juniperus species. It also occurs in rocky habitats (J. Barat pers. comm. 2016) at altitudes between 358 m and 1,020 m Asl (Barat 2012).","The habitat of Pantel's Saddle Bush-cricket is used by grazing, which could potentially affect the species.","This species occurs in a protected area. A captive breeding programme and monitoring of the subpopulations at the Sierra del Montsant have started recently. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this poorly-known species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B., Olmo Vidal, J. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Lluciapomaresius,stalii,,Lluciapomaresius stalii,"(Bolívar, 1877)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Stal's Saddle Bush-cricket (Lluciapomaresius stalii) is endemic to the northwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population size is presumed to be large, the population trend appears to be increasing and no major threats to it have been reported.",Increasing,"Stal's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to thenorthwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 140,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 176 km² with an upper estimate of 3,000 km².","This species can sometimes be locally abundant, the population size is presumed to be large, and the population trend appears to be increasing.","This species occurs in grassland and shrubland (Hieracium castellanum, Festuca indigesta, Agrostis sp. and Genista sp.) (Pardo et al. 1993). It is also found in hedges with Cytisus oromediterraneus and in pine forests. It occurs at altitudes between 796 m and 2,300 m Asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in a number of protected areas. Further research is needed into its population size and trends, ecology and life cycle.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Locusta,migratoria,,Locusta migratoria,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Migratory Locust (Locusta migratoria) is a widespread species, which can become a pest during outbreak years. Even though the species shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals and is declining in parts of Europe, its overall range size is still large. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"The Migratory Locust is widespread in Africa and Eurasia. In Europe, it is found in the Mediterranean, but swarms of this species also reached northern European countries in the past and reproduced there occasionally (Bellmann 2006). Recently, the species has been frequently found in northern areas, as it sometimes escapes from the pet food trade. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is c. 9.8 million km² and in the EU 28 is c. 8.1 million km².","Locusta migratoria is a widespread species, which can reach high densities and sometimes becomes a pest, but outbreaks have become rare in Europe. The species shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. It has declined in parts of its range, like in northern Italy (Massa et al. 2012) and Romania (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2016). The overall population trend is unknown.",The Migratory Locust is mainly found in moist grassland habitats (Massa et al. 2012). It prefers moist sandy soils (Bellmann 2006).,"Threats to Locusta migratoria include pesticides and the destruction of its habitat, particularly by abstraction of the water level and intensification of agricultural land use.","No specific conservation action is in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. The species is listed as Regionally Extinct on the national Red Lists of Belgium (Lock et al. 2011) and the Netherlands (Bakker et al. 2015), as Critically Endangered in Austria (Berg et al. 2005) and Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007), and as Least Concern in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its population trend in the southern part of its range is required.",This species is bred in captivity to serve as pet food and human food.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Chobanov, D.P., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Willemse, L.P.M. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Lucasinova,nigromarginata,,Lucasinova nigromarginata,"(Lucas, 1849)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Maghreb Saddle Bush-cricket is widespread in Sicily and North Africa. In Sicily, this bush-cricket lives on various dry herbaceous and shrubby habitats. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 24,000 km². It is not considered as rare and sometimes shows outbreaks. It may be locally affected by agriculture, but there is currently no indication of a decline. Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The Maghreb Saddle Bush-cricket is widespread across Algeria, Tunisia, Sicily and possibly Libya (Massa et al. 2012). In Sicily, the species occurs on coastal and inland areas. The extent of occurence (EOO) covers c. 24,000 km². A subpopulation is present in France since 1951 along the Mediterranean coast in Languedoc (Vendres) (Defaut 1999), but it is assumed to have been introduced by humans.","Lucasinova nigromarginata is considered to be a rather common and locally abundant species in Sicily (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015). Demographic outbreaks are occasionally observed on inland cereal fields (Massa et al. 2012), so extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals are thought to occur. There is no information about the population size or trend of the species.","Lucasinova nigromarginata is found from sea level to approximately 800 m altitude. This species lives on dry and warm habitats with herbaceous vegetation, including low shrubs and Mediterranean scrublands. It has also been found in pasturelands. This diurnal bush-cricket has a soft calling song which makes it relatively difficult to detect.","Lucasinova nigromarginata lives on various open and dry habitats. It can also survive on agricultural lands, since it occasionally colonises cereal fields (Massa et al. 2012). The species may be affected by grazing intensification and habitat destruction as a result of vineyard cultivation.","There are no conservation actions in place for Lucasinova nigromarginata. Records from Sicily (Massa et al. 2012) are not located in natural reserves or in national parks. More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Monnerat, C., Presa, J.J., Rutschmann, F., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Meconema,meridionale,,Meconema meridionale,"Costa, 1860",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Southern Oak-Bush-cricket (Meconema meridionale) is probably native to Italy, southern France (reaching Spain close to the border), southern Switzerland, western Slovenia and northwestern Croatia. It has recently expanded its range in large parts of Europe as a consequence of human-mediated dispersal with cars and horticulture. Even though the population is definitely increasing outside of its native range, the population trend in the native range is unknown. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common, and the population size is very large.",Unknown,"The Southern Oak Bush-cricket occurs from southern Italy to Ireland and northern Germany in the north, and to central Slovakia, southern Poland and Serbia in the east. An isolated subpopulation occurs in Bulgaria. This species is currently rapidly expanding its range as it is often transported by humans though cars. Its native range is thought to be in Italy, southern France and Istria, but the natural range boundary is not clear. It has recently also been found in northern Spain, which is likely to be part of the natural range of this species (Llucià-Pomares and Quinones-Alarcón 2013). North of the Alps the species has mainly been found after the 1960s (von Helversen 1969, Detzel 1998). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 974,000 km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 970,000 km².","This species is rapidly spreading outside its natural range as a consequence of human-mediated dispersal. It has mainly been introduced to cities (e.g. Grünitz and Hochkirch 2007, Sczepanski 2008, Proess 2010, Liana and Michalcewicz 2014) and camping sites (Vlk et al. 2012), as well as with horticultural imports (Sutton 2015). The population trend within its natural range is unknown, but it is also common and widespread there and the population size is very large.","This species lives on deciduous trees and bushes within forests, along forest edges as well as in parks, gardens and urban areas  (Massa et al. 2012).","In its native range, the species may locally be affected by wildfires.","There are no specific conservation measures in place or needed for this species, and it occurs in protected areas. This species is listed as Near Threatened in Austria (Berg et al. 2005). Research into its natural distribution using molecular markers is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Zuna-Kratky, T., Kristin, A., Puskas, G., Ivkovic, S., Presa, J.J., Skejo, J. Skejo, Monnerat, C., Szovenyi, G., Kleukers, R., Chobanov, D.P. & Rutschmann, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Meconema,thalassinum,,Meconema thalassinum,"(De Geer, 1773)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Oak Bush-cricket (Meconema thalassinum) occurs in large parts of Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it may be locally declining as a consequence of displacement by the Southern Oak Bush-cricket (Meconema meridionale), it is still very widespread and common.",Decreasing,"The Oak Bush-cricket occurs from central Portugal, southern Italy and northern Greece in the south to Ireland, southern Scandinavia and Estonia in the north, and eastern Ukraine and Central European Russia in the east (Harz 1969, Heller 2013). The species has also been introduced in North America (Johnstone 1970). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 6.9 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 5.8 million km².","In the western and southern part of its range the subpopulations of this species appear to be decreasing as a consequence of displacement by the Southern Oak Bush-cricket (Meconema meridionale). However, the species is still widespread and common. In Italy, where both species occur naturally, the Oak Bush-cricket is less common than the Southern Oak Bush-cricket. The overall population trend is decreasing but the overall population size is very large.","This species lives on deciduous trees in forests and at forest edges as well as on single standing trees, in gardens, parks and urban areas (Zechner et al. 2005). It lays its eggs into the bark of trees and therefore prefers trees with fissured barks, such as oaks (Vorwald 1996, Proess and Baden 1997). The species can be found by beating sun-exposed branches of oaks or inspecting the lower stem area during the night, when the females lay eggs. It is nocturnal and feeds on small insects, such as aphids (Massa et al. 2012).","This species seems to be displaced by the Southern Oak Bush-cricket (Meconema meridionale), which is currently spreading in large parts of western and central Europe as a result of human-mediated introduction. In the past it was probably also affected by the replacement of natural deciduous forests by coniferous forests (Ranner 2009).",There are no conservation measures in place for this species. It is listed as Least Concern in all existing national red lists for Orthoptera in Europe. The species occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend and the interaction with the Southern Oak Bush-cricket is needed.,The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R. & Chobanov, D.P.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Mecostethus,parapleurus,,Mecostethus parapleurus,"(Hagenbach, 1822)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Leek Grasshopper (Mecostethus parapleurus) is distributed from northern Spain via Central Europe to Korea, north China and Japan. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it is highly affiliated with wetland habitats, it is widely distributed in Europe, its range appears to be expanding and the population size is likely to be very large.",Unknown,"The Leek Grasshopper is distributed from northern Spain via Central Europe to Korea, north China and Japan (Harz 1975). In Europe it is found in the very north of Spain, most of France, the south of Germany, in Switzerland and Austria, northern Italy and in the northern part of the Balkans Peninsula (to the north of Greece) and to eastern European Russia (Maas et al. 2002).","A strong decline of this species has been reported in most of its European range during the 20th century (Maas et al. 2002, Holusa et al. 2007, Braun and Lederer 2009). However it has recently been re-discovered in the Czech Republic (Holusa et al. 2007) and appears to be spreading at its northern range margin. In the south the species is rare. The overall population trend is unknown, but the population size is likely to be very large.","The Leek Grasshopper is found in warm wet meadows and salt marshes (Holusa et al. 2007), close to rivers or streams (Braun and Lederer 2009) and in moist mountain meadows. The species is able to fly and has a high dispersal ability (Maas et al. 2002).",The major threat to this species is drainage and other transformation of moist grassland habitats and swamps (Braun and Lederer 2009).,"This species is listed as Vulnerable on the German Red List (Maas et al. 2011) and as Near Threatened on the Austrian Red List (Berg et al. 2005). In Poland and the Czech Republic it is considered Critically Endangered (Liana 2002, Holusa et al. 2007). In the Carpathian Red List it is listed as Least Concern, but as Near Threatened for the Slovakian and Ukrainian part (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). It occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into the population trend of this grasshopper.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Presa, J.J., Kleukers, R., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G. & Kristin, A.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Melanogryllus,desertus,,Melanogryllus desertus,"(Pallas, 1771)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Lesser Field-cricket (Melanogryllus desertus) is found from southern Europe to Siberia and China. In Europe, it occurs from the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily, Greece and Cyprus in the south, to southern Slovakia and southern Switzerland (where it is extinct) in the north. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it is Regionally Extinct in Switzerland, it is still common and widespread in the eastern and southern parts of its range.",Unknown,"The Lesser Field-cricket is found from southern Europe to Siberia and China (Harz 1969). In Europe it occurs from the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily, Greece and Cyprus in the south to southern Slovakia and southern Switzerland (where it is extinct) in the north (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 7 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 3.9 million km².","This species was declining in the northwestern part of its range, particularly in Austria (Braun and Lederer 2009) and Slovenia (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2016), but has recently spread again (T. Zuna-Kratky and S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2016). In the northern part of its range subpopulations are quite small and fluctuate in size (T. Zuna-Kratky and Olga Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016). In the southern part of the range the species is more common, subpopulations can be large and outbreaks have been reported (D. Chobanov, O. Korsunovskaya and G. Puskás pers. comm. 2016) which can be classified as extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals as these fluctuations are repeated and likely to be of at least tenfold magnitude. The overall population trend is unknown.","This species prefers open habitats with sparse vegetation such as farmland, cropland, wasteland, vineyards, dry road margins, railroad embankments (Braun and Lederer 2009), and dry grassland (Baur et al. 2006). It is often found in moist habitats e.g. in alluvial plains, along ponds and streams (Massa et al. 2012, S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2016). In the north the species is mostly found in dry habitats.","This species might be affected by pesticide use (G. Puskás and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2016). It has declined in Austria as a consequence of afforestation and urbanization (Braun and Lederer 2009). It is also affected by drainage and seems to be displaced by the Verge cricket (Eumodicogryllus bordigalensis) which is currently expanding its range (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016). In Mordovia (Russia), the species is threatened by overgrazing and grass burning (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. It is listed as ""priority 3"" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004), Endangered in Austria (Berg et al. 2005) and Regionally Extinct in Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007). This species is protected in Mordavia (Russia) (Michaelenko and Rutschin 2015). More research into its population trend is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Zuna-Kratky, T., Gomboc, S., Puskas, G., Ivkovic, S., Rutschmann, F., Sirin, D., Defaut, B., Korsunovskaya, O., Kristin, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Presa, J.J., Kleukers, R. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Melanoplus,frigidus,,Melanoplus frigidus,"(Boheman, 1846)",,No,LC,,No,VU,"B2b(iii,iv,v)c(iv)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The High Mountain Grasshopper (Melanoplus frigidus) has a boreo-alpine distribution, occurring from the Pyrenees and northern Scandinavia to Mongolia, Siberia, Kamchatka and even Alaska and northern Canada. In Europe, it is found in mountain systems, including the Pyrenees, Alps, Appenines and mountains on the Balkan Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it has a very large geographic range. In the EU 28 it is assessed as Vulnerable since its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 1,000 and 2,000 km², the population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals, and there is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations, in the quality of the habitat, and in the number of mature individuals. The threats to this species are poorly understood, but potential threats include climate change (particularly the altitudinal shift of its habitat), ski tourism and overgrazing. More research on the effects of these threats is needed.",Decreasing,"The High Mountain Grasshopper has a boreo-alpine distribution, occurring from the Pyrenees and northern Scandinavia to Mongolia, Siberia, Kamchatka and even Alaska and northern Canada (Harz 1975). In Europe, it is found in mountain systems, including the Pyrenees, Alps, Appenines and mountains on the Balkan Peninsula. It is also found in Fennoscandia and northern Russia (Heller 2013). This species extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 10 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 5.5 million km². Its area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is between 1,000 and 2,000 km².","This species is widely distributed in Scandinavia but subpopulations are usually small (Finch et al. 2008). It is very rare in Finland with only one recent record (S. Karjalainen pers. comm. 2015). The species is also very rare in Spain (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2015). This species shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It therefore shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (Illich and Winding 1999). Declines are inferred in the southern part of its range (P. Fontana pers. comm 2015) and Austria (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015), whereas it seems to be stable in Switzerland (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2015). The global population trend is decreasing.","This species is found in alpine meadows with short vegetation, but is known to prefer south-facing slopes in the Alps (Finch et al. 2008). It can also sometimes be found at the edge of alpine wetlands. The species is generally flightless although fully winged forms can occur, albeit very rarely.","The threats to this species are poorly understood. Potential threats are climate change (particularly the altitudinal shift of its habitat), ski tourism and overgrazing. More research on the effects of these threats is needed.",The High Mountain Grasshopper is found in several protected areas but no specific conservation measures are in place. More research is needed on its population trend and threats.,The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Karjalainen, S., Braud, Y., Monnerat, C., Presa, J.J., Fontana, P., Illich, I., Dusoulier, F., Rutschmann, F., Roesti, C. & Zuna-Kratky, T.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Metaplastes,ippolitoi,,Metaplastes ippolitoi,"La Greca, 1949",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Calabrian Ornate Bush-cricket (Metaplastes ippolitoi) is endemic to Italy, and is only known from Calabria and Sicily. This species is assessed as Least Concern since there is no evidence of population declines and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"The Calabrian Ornate Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known in Calabria and Sicily (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 12,700 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².","This species is not common, and has scattered, isolated subpopulations. The overall population trend is unknown.","This medium-sized, mostly green-coloured bush-cricket lives in shrubland, flower-rich grassland and the margins of forests. Adults can be found in summer and live on Pistacia lentiscus, Teline monspessulanum, Prunus spp. and Quercus ilex. It can be found at elevations between 400 m and 1,850 m asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into the population trend.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Metaplastes,oertzeni,,Metaplastes oertzeni,"(Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Greek Ornate Bush-cricket (Metaplastes oertzeni) is endemic to Greece, and occurs in the western half of the Peloponnesus and in the southern tip of the Greek mainland. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. However, it has a somewhat restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6,400 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 3,000 km²), and no studies have been carried out to assess the effects of grazing and bushfires on this species. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and into the effects of the potential threats is required.",Unknown,"The Greek Ornate Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and occurs in the western half of the Peloponnesus (Willemse 1977, Willemse 1984) and in the southern tip of the Greek mainland (L. Willemse pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at ca 6,400 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is assumed to be ca 3,000 km².","This species is common in the Peloponnesus, but no studies have been carried out yet to measure population densities. This species is secretive and difficult to find. Most probably the use of a bat detector to locate singing males would be the best way to monitor populations. Experience indicates that the overall densities of subpopulations are low, but there may be several animals in a single bush of Quercus. There is no available information on the population trend.","The habitat requirements of this species are not exactly known, but it is known to occur in maquis vegetation, on Quercus species from sea level up to 1,350 m Asl - a very common habitat type on the Peloponnesus. Adults are found on Quercus species (Q. ilex; Q. coccifera), and it is also found in hedges.",Potential threats mainly derive from livestock (goats) grazing and bushfires. No studies have been carried out yet to assess the severity of these threats.,"No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Metaplastes,ornatus,,Metaplastes ornatus,"(Ramme, 1931)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Balkan Ornate Bush-cricket (Metaplastes ornatus) is known from southern Serbia (Kosovo), Albania, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia), Bulgaria and Greece. Within the EU 28 region, it is found in Greece (mainland only) and the south-western most tip of Bulgaria. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 86,000 km² for Europe and ca 47,000 km² in the EU 28 region) and the population size is considered to be very large. Further research into the population size and trend, and this species' ecology is required.",Unknown,"The Balkan Ornate Bush-cricket is known from southern Serbia (Kosovo), Albania, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia), Bulgaria and Greece. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 86,000 km² (Chobanov 2009, Pavicevic et al. 2014, Willemse 1977, 1984). Within the EU 28 region, it is found in Greece (mainland only)  and the south-western most tip of Bulgaria. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) for  this region is ca 47,000 km².","No studies have been carried yet out to measure subpopulation densities. This species is secretive and difficult to find. Most probably the use of a bat detector to locate singing males would be the best way to monitor subpopulations. Experience indicates that subpopulations are usually small, although several animals may be found in a single bush of Quercus. There is no available information on the population trend.","The habitat requirements of this species are not known, but it is known to occur in maquis vegetation, on Quercus spp., at mid elevations from 300 to 700 m Asl - which is a very common habitat type. In the southern mainland of Greece this species is found in maquis vegetation but also in more semi-wet vegetation with Rubus species. More to the north it has been reported from Quercus and Castanea species.","Threats mainly derive from livestock (goats) grazing, but no studies have been carried out yet to assess the severity of these threats.","No conservation measures are in place for this species but it is present in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, and this species' ecology is required.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Metaplastes,pulchripennis,,Metaplastes pulchripennis,"(Costa, 1863)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Italian Ornate Bush-cricket (Metaplastes pulchripennis) occurs in Italy, Corsica, northern Sardinia and northern Sicily as well as northeastern Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though its distribution is scattered, it is widespread in Italy and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"The Italian Ornate Bush-cricket occurs in Italy, Corsica, northern Sardinia and northern Sicily as well as northeastern Spain (Heller 2013). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 500 and 1,500 km².","This species is widespread in Italy, but scarce (Massa et al. 2012). It is also rare in Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2002). The population trend is unknown.","This species is found in woodlands along rivers (Olmo-Vidal 2002), at forest edges and on flower-rich grasslands (Massa et al. 2012). Adults can be found mostly on Rubus spp. (Massa et al. 2012).",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as ""priority 3"" (equivalent to Near Threatened) on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Presa, J.J., Fontana, P., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Metrioptera,ambigua,,Metrioptera ambigua,"Pfau, 1986",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Iberian Meadow Bush-cricket (Metrioptera ambigua) is only known from three localities, two in Portugal and one in Galicia, Spain. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trends, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to assess the extinction risk of this bush-cricket.",Unknown,"The Iberian Meadow Bush-cricket is known from three localities, two in Portugal (Ferreira et al. 2007, F. Barros pers. comm. 2016) and one in Galicia, Spain, from where the species has been described (Pfau 1986). The distance between the localities where the species has been recorded suggests that the species might be more widespread than is presently known. However, the scarce information available is not enough to determine whether the low number of records reflects the rarity of the species or is an artefact of the very low survey efforts in Galicia and Portugal regarding bush-crickets. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 20,000 km².","There is no available information on the population size or trend, but the species can be locally abundant.","This species is found in meadows and/or along stream margins (Pfau 1986, Ferreira et al. 2007).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"Information regarding this species is very scarce. However, the two Portuguese records are located in protected areas. Research is needed on the threats to the species, as well as on its population trend, distribution, life history and ecology.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Ferreira, S., Barranco Vega, P., Clemente, M., Correas, J., García, M., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B., Presa, J.J. & Prunier, F.","Barros, F. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Metrioptera,brachyptera,,Metrioptera brachyptera,"(Linnaeus, 1761)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Bog Meadow Bush-cricket (Metrioptera brachyptera) occurs from western Europe to the Russian Far East. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution in Europe, where it is particularly common in the northern part of its range, and its population size is very large. However, in the southwestern part of its distribution, it is rare and declining.",Decreasing,"The Bog Meadow Bush-cricket occurs from western Europe to the Russian Far East (Harz 1969). In Europe, it is found from the Pyrenees and southern Scotland in the west to northern Scandinavia in the north, Serbia in the south and eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 8.8 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 4.9 million km².","This species is quite common and widespread in the northern part of its range (Budrys and Pakalniskis 2007). However, declines have been reported in the southwestern part of its range and the global population trend is inferred to be declining.","This species is found in peat bogs, open forests, montane meadows and moist grassland. In areas of high rainfall it also occurs in drier grassland and heathland, but usually where there is high vegetation (Poniatowski and Fartmann 2010). In the south of its range it is found in montane areas (Lemonnier 1999, Buzzetti et al. 2010). The eggs are laid in plants or soil (Hochkirch 1997).","This species is sensitive to mowing (Bruckhaus 1994) and overgrazing (Karner-Ranner 2009), but benefits from traditional low-intensity grazing with sheep (Poniatowski and Fartmann 2010). The species also seems to be locally displaced by Roesel's Meadow Bush-cricket (Roeseliana roeselii), which is currently expanding its range in the northwestern part of Europe (Berggren and Low 2004). It may also be affected by the increasing number of droughts as a consequence of climate change (Grein 2010). On the other hand, the species may benefit from climate change in some regions (Sutton 2015).","This species is listed as Vulnerable on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004), as ""extremely rare"" in Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003) and Near Threatened in Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007). In the UK, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Austria and Denmark it is considered Least Concern. The species is subject to local conservation action and occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend as well as into the effects of droughts on this bush-cricket is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R. & Chobanov, D.P.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Metrioptera,buyssoni,,Metrioptera buyssoni,"(Saulcy, 1887)",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,iv,v)+2ab(iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,iv,v)+2ab(iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Pyrenean Meadow Bush-cricket (Metrioptera buyssoni) is endemic to the central Pyrenees, where it lives on open or shrubby mesic habitats (grasslands, edges) between 900 and 1,600 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO)has been estimated to cover c. 2,400 km²  and the area of occupancy (AOO) is below 500 km². There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat and in the number of subpopulations and mature individuals. The population is severely fragmented. It is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN).",Decreasing,"The Pyrenean Meadow Bush-cricket is endemic to the central Pyrenees (Poniatowski et al. 2009). This mountain species is present in France (Haute-Pyrénées, Ariège and Pyrénées-Orientales) (Defaut et al. 2009, Jaulin et al. 2011) and Spain (Val d'Aran, Lérida) (Olmo-Vidal 2006). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 2,400 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is probably below 500 km².","Detailed information about the population size and trend is lacking. The species is very rare (Poniatowski et al. 2009). Subpopulations are disconnected (Defaut 1981, Jaulin et al. 2011) and small, and the species is flightless. Therefore, the population is considered to be severely fragmented since the subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. Metrioptera buyssoni has almost disappeared from places where it was common 30 years ago in France (Jaulin et al. 2011) and it seems to have strongly declined overall.","Metrioptera buyssoni is a mountain species that inhabits mesophilous open or shrubby habitats like tall-growing fringes of wet woodlands and swampy mountain grasslands (Defaut 1981, Poniatowski et al. 2009).","Metrioptera buyssoni seems to have strongly declined over the last 30 years, but the threats that caused this decline have not been identified. Climate change may affect the species through habitat shifting, and droughts can have negative impacts on egg development. It may also be affected by overgrazing.","There are no conservation actions in place for Metrioptera buyssoni and it seems not to be present in any protected area. The species was assessed as Vulnerable in Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2006) and as ""priority 3"" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Research and monitoring are needed on the population size and trend of this species. Furthermore, there is a need for research on its threats.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Fartmann, T., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Metrioptera,caprai,,Metrioptera caprai,"Baccetti, 1956",,Yes,VU,"B1ab(iii,v)",Yes,VU,"B1ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Italian Meadow Bush-cricket (Metrioptera caprai) is endemic to Italy. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of ca 18,920 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the quality of its habitat due to livestock grazing, which leads to changes in the structure and composition of the vegetation. Research on the taxonomic status of this species is needed to clarify if it is actually a complex of two species. Additional research is also needed into the population size and trend and into the threats to this species. The habitat of this species requires optimal management to avoid any further population declines.",Decreasing,"The Italian Meadow Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy (Massa et al. 2012). Four subspecies are known (caprai, baccettii, galvagnii and lagrecai) to be present in Liguria, Tuscany (galvagnii), Umbria, Marche, Abruzzo and Lazio (caprai, baccettii, lagrecai). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 18,920 km².",This species is not common and is usually found in low densities. There appear to be two distinct subpopulations with no genetic exchange between them. The population is considered severely fragmented since these small and isolated subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The overall population trend is probably decreasing.,"This bush-cricket lives at high altitudes (between 1,000 m and 2,200 m asl), in dense grassy vegetation such as grassland and shrubland.","The species is threatened by livestock grazing, which leads to changes in the structure and composition of the vegetation.","There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research on the taxonomic status of this species is needed to clarify if it is actually a complex of two species. Additional research is also needed into the population size and trend and into the threats to this species. The habitat of this species requires optimal management to avoid any further population declines.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Fontana, P., Hochkirch, A., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M. & Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Metrioptera,hoermanni,,Metrioptera hoermanni,"(Werner, 1906)",,Yes,NT,,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Balkan Meadow Bush-cricket is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) as the extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 10,000 km², the area of occupancy (AOO) is 150-500 km² and the population is severely fragmented. Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B.",Unknown,"The Balkan Meadow Bush-cricket is distributed through the mountain ranges of southern Bosnia and Herzegovina and northwestern Montenegro (Werner 1906, Willemse 1966, Miksic 1967, 1970, 1976a, 1976b, 1977, Ingrisch and Pavicevic 2010). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 10,000 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 148-500 km².","The population trend of this species is unknown. The population is severely fragmented with small, isolated subpopulations with little possibility of genetic exchange, which may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","The species occurs in montane and sub-alpine meadows and pastures between 1,200 and 2,000 m Asl, and generally above 1,600 m. Sometimes it also occurs in patchy rocky meadows.","The abandonment in traditional grazing in montane pastures could lead to a considerable change in the vegetation structure, which may have negative impact on the species. Additionally, the species may be threatened by the shift of its habitat as a consequence of climate change.",There are no conservation actions in place for this species. It occurs in protected areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sutjeska National Park) and in Montenegro (Durmitor National Park). Research on its population trend and threats is required.,This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Metrioptera,karnyana,,Metrioptera karnyana,"Uvarov, 1924",,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Ruzevaca Meadow Bush-cricket is listed as Data Deficient (DD) due to the very poor knowledge on its distribution and population trends. Its possible habitats are partly mine fields since the Balkan wars in 1990s, which considerably obstructs further field investigations. Research is needed on its population size, trend and threats in order to clarify the status of this species throughout its range.",Decreasing,"The Ruzevaca Meadow Bush-cricket is only known from the type locality in the Prenj Mountains in Bosnia (Bosnia and Herzegovina) (Uvarov 1924, Miksic 1976a). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 300 km² and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².","A two-day long intensive field investigation in the formerly known localities in 2015 was unsuccessful, suggesting a decline (or even local extinction) (G. Szövenyi et al. unpublished data).","The species occurs in montane and sub-alpine grasslands and pastures between 1,400 and 1,900 m Asl.","Like the closely related, ecologically similar, and co-occurring Metrioptera species (M. prenjica and M. hoermanni), most probably the abandonment in the traditional grazing regime in mountain pastures has a negative effect on this species. Additionally, the species may be threatened by the shift of its habitat as a consequence of climate change and directly affected by temperature extremes.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species and it does not occur within protected areas throughout its range. It would be important to find any surviving subpopulation for its effective conservation. However, its possible habitats have been partly converted to mine fields since the Balkan wars in 1990s, which considerably obstructs field investigation. Research is needed on its population size and trend, and threats to the species.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Metrioptera,maritima,,Metrioptera maritima,"Olmo-Vidal, 1992",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Cantabrian Meadow Bush-cricket (Metrioptera maritima) is endemic to northern Spain. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to assess the extinction risk of this bush-cricket.",Unknown,"The Catabrian Meadow Bush-cricket is known from the surroundings of Santander city in northern Spain, where it was found in 1989 (Olmo-Vidal 1992). Its exact distribution is uncertain. However, recent captures have expanded the knowledge on its distribution, and are all from the province of Santander (Biodiversidad Virtual 2016). The known extent of occurrence (EOO) is 320 km².",The population size and trend of this species are unknown.,This species is known from a coastal grassland with Festuca rubra and shrubland with Erica vagans and Ulex gallii (Olmo-Vidal 1992).,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place to the species and it does not occur in any protected areas. Research is needed on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats.",This species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Metrioptera,prenjica,,Metrioptera prenjica,"(Burr, 1899)",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",No,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+B2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
 EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)
In Europe, the Prenj Meadow Bush-cricket is listed as Endangered (EN) based on its small area of occupancy (132-300 km²), its severely fragmented population and the continuing decline in the extent of its habitat and number of mature individuals.

In the EU 28, the Prenj Meadow Bush-cricket is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) as the species is only known from one locality in Slovenia. The EOO and AOO are both 4 km², the species occurs at one location and there is a continuing decline in the extent of its habitat and number of mature individuals.",Decreasing,"The Prenj Meadow Bush-cricket was described from and named after the Bosnian Prenj Mountains. However, it is more widely distributed in the high mountains from the Slovenian Julian Alps in the north to the Durmitor Plateau in Montenegro in the south (Burr 1899, Karny 1912, Miksic 1966, 1967, 1970, 1976a, 1977, 1979, Ingrisch and Pavicevic 2012). In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is 132-300 km² and in the EU 28 it is 4 km². Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 22,000 km² in Europe and 4 km² in the EU 28.","Since the extent of its habitat is declining, it is inferred that the population is decreasing as well. In Europe, subpopulations are small and severely fragmented, with little possibility for genetic exchange and that may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","This species occurs in mesic to humid sub-alpine and alpine grasslands and pastures between 1,400 and 2,200 m Asl, but mostly above 1,700-1,800 m. It is a flightless species.","Similarly to the closely related, ecologically similar, and in some places co-occurring Metrioptera species (M. karnyana and M. hoermanni), the abandonment of the traditional grazing in alpine and sub-alpine pastures may negatively affect its subpopulations. This could apply especially in Slovenia, where the recent spread of Pinus mugo in the alpine grasslands may seriously threaten the isolated small subpopulation by converting its habitat. Based on this threat, there is only one location in the EU 28. As it is a typical alpine species, climate warming could also pose a threat to the species.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its taxonomy and population trend is required. The remaining habitats of this species need to be protected and appropriately managed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Metrioptera,saussuriana,,Metrioptera saussuriana,"(Burr, 1911)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Purple Meadow Bush-cricket is widespread across western Europe. This species lives in open herbaceous or low shrubby habitats, from 100 m to 2,500 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers more than 650,000 km². The species is rather common in the mountains, but very rare in lowlands. No major threats to this species have been reported, and considering its wide range, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The Purple Meadow Bush-cricket is widespread across western and central Europe, from the Pyrenees in the west to the eastern Alps in the east. It has been recorded from Spain, Andorra, France, Italy, Switzerland and Austria (Harz 1969). It is a mountain species, with some fragmented subpopulations found at low altitudes in Brittany and Normandy in northern France. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers over 650,000 km².","The species is common in France (Defaut et al. 2009), Italy and Switzerland, but rare in the Spanish Pyrenees and Austria. The overall population trend is unknown.","Metrioptera saussuriana lives in open herbaceous or sometimes shrubby habitats such as mesic grasslands, alpine meadows and open moorlands. It has been recorded from 100 up to 2,500 m altitude.",No major threats have been reported for this species.,"There are no conservation actions in place for Metrioptera saussuriana, although it is present in protected areas throughout its range. More research on its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",This species in not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C., Presa, J.J., Zuna-Kratky, T., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Metrioptera,tsirojanni,,Metrioptera tsirojanni,"Harz & Pfau, 1983",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Olympus Meadow Bush-cricket (Metroptera tsirojanni) is found in the eastern part of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia), the central part of northern Greece and the southwestern Bulgarian mountains. This species is assessed as Least Concern, since it has a wide distribution (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 61,000 km² in Europe and ca 52,000 km² in the EU 28 region) and the population size is estimated to be very large (it is often common where it is found). Further research is needed into the threats to this species since these are, at present, unknown, and into its population size and trend.",Unknown,"The Olympus Meadow Bush-cricket is found in the eastern part of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia), the central part of northern Greece and the southwestern Bulgarian mountains (Chobanov 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 61,000 km². Within the EU 28 region, this species is known from the central part of  the northern Greek mainland and the mountain region in southwestern  Bulgaria (Willemse 1984, Chobanov 2009), and its extent of occurrence (EOO)  is ca 52,000 km².",There is no available information on the population size and trend.,"This species lives in hills and mountains at middle to higher altitudes (600-1,900 m Asl). It is found in semi-wet habitats which have a substantial grass and herbal component in them, varying from rocky slopes to forest and subalpine meadows.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Further research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend, and into its threats.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A. & Chobanov, D.P.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Micropodisma,salamandra,,Micropodisma salamandra,"(Fischer, 1853)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Foothill Mountain Grasshopper (Micropodisma salamandra) occurs in northeastern Italy, southern Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia and northern Albania. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is rather widespread, and the overall population is still large. However, it is decreasing locally and habitat management is needed to avoid further population declines. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is required.",Unknown,"The Foothill Mountain Grasshopper occurs in northeastern Italy, southern Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia and northern Albania (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 250,000 km², and ca 122,000 km² in the EU 28.","This species is rather widespread and some subpopulations are abundant. It is locally decreasing, but the global population trend is unknown.","This grasshopper lives mainly in montane habitats, but is also found at sea level near Trieste. Its habitat is mainly grassland, shrubland and ecotones. There are differences in the ecology of the subpopulations; those in the mountains (Prealps) living in grassy vegetation, those in the hills (Colli Berici and Colli Euganei) living on bushes. This species is found up to 1,000 m asl.",The main threat to this species is abandonment of meadows. Increasing shrub encroachment slowly displaces this species from habitats in Italy.,"No specific conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas. Habitat management is needed to avoid further decreases of its population. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Massa, B., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M. & Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Mioscirtus,wagneri,,Mioscirtus wagneri,"(Eversmann, 1859)",,No,NT,,No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

In Europe, the Saltmarsh Band-Winged Grasshopper (Mioscirtus wagneri) is found in Spain, Cyprus, the Ukraine and southern European Russia. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe since its area of occupancy (AOO) is likely to exceed 2,000 km², but still be smaller than 3,000 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. In the EU 28 it is assessed as Endangered since its AOO is between 150 and 250 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is also a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. The main threat to this species is direct destruction of its habitat, e.g. by ploughing Suaeda vegetation. Another threat is overgrazing by sheep and goats. More research into its ecology, threats and population trend is needed. Proper habitat management and restoration is required.",Decreasing,"The Saltmarsh Band-Winged Grasshopper is found from north Africa to China. In Europe, it is found in Spain, Cyprus, Ukraine and southern European Russia (Harz 1975, Heller 2013). In Europe, this species' area of occupancy (AOO) is likely to exceed 2,000 km², but still be smaller than 3,000 km². In the EU 28 the AOO is estimated to be between 150 and 250 km².","Due to the strong habitat affiliation of this species the subpopulations are very isolated and small, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore classified as severely fragmented. The current population trend is decreasing and there is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy (AOO), number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals.","This species is highly specialised on hypersaline areas at low altitudes with patches of Suaeda vera, on which it feeds (Cordero et al. 2007, Aguirre et al. 2010).","The main threat to this species is direct destruction of its habitat, e.g. by ploughing Suaeda vegetation (a measure financially supported by European agricultural funds). Another threat is overgrazing by sheep and goats (P. Cordero pers. comm. 2016). Some habitats have been used as local rubbish dumps. Furthermore there has been discussion in some areas to plant Tamarix sp. in the habitat, which will essentially destroy it (P. Cordero pers. comm. 2016). Some habitats are used for recreational car driving which is destroying the vegetation. Invasive Acacia trees also alter the habitat (J. Correas pers. comm. 2016).","The habitat of the species is protected by the European Habitats Directive and this grasshopper is found in protected areas, but its habitat is still under human pressure (P. Cordero pers. comm. 2016). More research into its ecology, threats and population trend is needed. Proper habitat management and restoration is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Cordero, P.J., Correas, J., Presa, J.J., Korsunovskaya, O., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A. & Chobanov, D.P.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Miramella,alpina,,Miramella alpina,"(Kollar, 1833)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Green Mountain Grasshopper (Miramella alpina) is a flightless grasshopper species, occurring in sub-alpine habitats in the Pyrenees, Alps, Carpathians and other European mountains. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, the population size is presumed to be large and the population trend is stable. However, the population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals and local threats from overgrazing, ski slopes, afforestation and drainage have been reported. More research into its population trend is required.",Stable,"The Green Mountain Grasshopper is found in several European mountain blocks including the Pyrenees, Alps and northern Carpathians (Zimmermann 1998). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 28 is ca 585,000 km². In the western part of its range, the subspecies Miramella a. alpina is found, while in the eastern part of its range the subspecies Miramella a. subalpina is present.","There is no exact data on the population size or trend of this species. The subpopulations are often small and it is a completely flightless species. However, the overall population trend is assumed to be stable. Local outbreaks have been reported from Austria (Helfert and Krehan 2009) and Switzerland (F. Rutschmann pers. comm. 2015). In other Austrian regions fluctuations have been reported, but these were relatively small compared to other species (e.g. Gomphocerus sibiricus (Illich and Winding 1999)). However, as outbreaks are also common in other Miramella species, this grasshopper is considered to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. The overall population size is presumed to be large.",This species occurs in moist alpine and mountainous meadows with dense vegetation. It is also found in fens and peat bogs (Muth and Engelschall 2003) and in tall herbaceous vegetation with a high moisture content.,"Local threats to this species include overgrazing, abandonment, drainage and afforestation (Zimmermann 1998, Muth and Engelschall 2003). It is also negatively affected by ski slopes (Illich and Haslett 1994). Keßler et al. (2012) report negative associations of Miramella alpina with artificial fertilization, ski slopes and artificial snow.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend is needed. This species is listed as Vulnerable on the Red List of the Czech Republic (Holusa and Kocarek 2005) and as Near Threatened in Germany (Maas et al. 2011).",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Zuna-Kratky, T., Monnerat, C., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Braud, Y., Dusoulier, F., Presa, J.J. & Fontana, P.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Miramella,carinthiaca,,Miramella carinthiaca,"(Obenberger, 1926)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Karinthian Mountain Grasshopper (Miramella carinthiaca) is is restricted to the eastern Alps, mainly concentrated in the Austrian districts of Carinthia and Styria, reaching southwards to the Alpine parts of Slovenia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 9,200 km²), it is widespread throughout its range, it occurs in high densities, and shows no decline in range or population. In addition suitable habitats are common and there are no major threats to this grasshopper.",Stable,"The global distribution of the Karinthian Mountain Grasshopper is restricted to the eastern Alps, mainly concentrated in the Austrian districts of Carinthia and Styria, reaching southwards to the Alpine parts of Slovenia (Berg and Illich 2009). It mainly inhabits alpine to subalpine elevations up to 2,600 m asl, locally also occurring at lower altitudes of ca 1,200 m asl. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be at least 9,200 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 3,000 km².","During the last decades no significant changes in the general distribution and habitat availability of this species were observed, and there is no obvious evidence of population changes (unpublished data; ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich). Therefore, the overall population trend seems to be stable. In many regions, it is one of the most common species of the grasshopper assemblages (Berg and Illich 2009).","This species mainly inhabits alpine grassland and dwarf shrub heath above the tree line and can also regularly be found in grazed pastures. Concerning its nutritional need, it is a generalist, feeding on various plants; there seems to be a preference for species of the genera Nardus and Vaccinium. It is adapted to a cold climate of high altitudes and prefers mesic to moist places. Therefore, it shows no preference in relation to the topographic exposure of its habitat (Berg and Illich 2009).",This species is widespread throughout its range and has no special habitat or food requirements. There are currently no major threats to the species.,Part of the range of this species is protected by national parks and Natura 2000 sites like the National Park Hohe Tauern. Conservation actions to preserve the quality of habitats through grazing are supported by the agro-environmental schemes of the European Union and its member states Austria and Slovenia. Research should be conducted on the taxonomy of the genus Miramella.,The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & Cálix, M.","Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Miramella,ebneri,,Miramella ebneri,"Galvagni, 1953",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Eastern Mountain Grasshopper is listed as Least Concern (LC) as the species has an overall large and probably stable population with no major threats known to date.",Stable,"The Eastern Mountain Grasshopper is distributed along the Carpathian Mountains from southwestern Romania through western Ukraine reaching the northeast of Slovakia and southeastern Poland (Galvagni 1986). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 110,000 km² and in the EU 28 is c. 100,000 km².","The population trend is assumed to be stable and subpopulations are large (Kristin and Iorgu 2014, I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2016).","The species usually occurs in subalpine and alpine grasslands, at altitudes between 1,000 - 2,100 m.",There are no major threats to the species.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas across its range. Further research on its population size and threats to the species is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Miramella,formosanta,,Miramella formosanta,"(Fruhstorfer, 1921)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Generoso Mountain Grasshopper (Miramella formosanta) is endemic to the western Alps, in Tessin, Switzerland, and in the provinces of Lombardia and Piemonte in Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 9,800 km²), it is quite common and widespread in suitable habitats, and the population is stable. While in general the habitats of this species are not under threat, research is needed into the effects of the abandonment of pastures or meadows on this species.",Stable,"The Generoso Mountain Grasshopper represents a southwestern species of the alpine grasshopper group of the genus Miramella, endemic to the western Alps, in Tessin, Switzerland, and in the provinces of Lombardia and Piemonte in Italy (Baur and Roesti 2006, Massa et al. 2012). There are two subspecies - M. f. formosanta which occurs in the east, and M. f. bessae which is present in the west side of the Lago Maggiore. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 9,800 km², and it can be found from the foothills of the Alps, at only 270 m asl, up to the mountain peaks at around 2,000 m asl, close to the tree line (Baur and Roesti 2006, Galvagni 1986).","This species has a restricted range, but a rather dense distribution. In suitable habitats it can be quite numerous (Baur and Roesti 2006, Massa et al. 2012). Like for other Miramella species, irregular outbreaks can occur locally under favourable climatic conditions, that can even lead to damages in forest plantations (Baur and Roesti 2006). Quantitative data on population size as well as information on long-term population trends are not available. However, considering the regular observations of this species, it can be assumed that the population is quite stable.","This species is a characteristic grasshopper of temperate and moist (""illyric"") habitats with dense vegetation cover. It can be found along forest edges (in Rubus spp. (F. Rutschmann pers. comm. 2015), in bushes and plantations, in open park-like forests or even inside forest habitats (Baur and Roesti 2006)). It is short-winged and flightless, and it lives mainly in the vegetation above the ground, sitting on leaves or branches. The adults can be found from the end of June until October, depending on the elevation of their habitat.","This species lives in rather stable and unthreatened habitats and has a comparatively wide altitudinal distribution. However, abandonment of pastures and changes in the land use can have negative effects on this species. Global warming is expected to have neutral or even positive effects on this species.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and it occurs in only a few protected areas; however, most of the population lives outside of them. While in general the habitats of this species are not under threat, research is needed into the effects of the abandonment of pastures or meadows on this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & Cálix, M.","Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Miramella,irena,,Miramella irena,"(Fruhstorfer, 1921)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Long-winged Mountain Grasshopper (Miramella irena) has a large geographic distribution and is assessed as Least Concern in view of the dense and increasing subpopulations in the Alpine region and overall stable population trend. In addition, its habitat in the Alpine region is expected to increase in extent due to the abandonment of pastures and meadows in the mountains and there are no major threats to this grasshopper. More focus should be put on assessing the situation of the subpopulations in the Balkans, which seem to be heavily fragmented and might be threatened.",Stable,"The Long-winged Mountain Grasshopper is a mountain species, occupying the southern ridge of the distribution of the mainly Alpine genus Miramella. In the west, it lives along the southern edge of the eastern Alps in Italy, Austria and Slovenia. Its distribution extends from the Alpi Bergamasche over the mountains of Trentino-Alto Adige and the Alpi Venete, to the Hohe Tauern, Karnische Alpen, Karawanken and the Triglav mountains (Massa et al. 2012, ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich; unpublished data). Further east it continues on the Slavonian Mountains of Croatia (Szövényi and Puskás 2012) and Bosnia and Herzegovina southwards to Kosovo to reach its easternmost range in the Valahia, in southern Romania. The distribution in the western part of its range is quite dense, but east of the Alps the subpopulations are often separated by long distances. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is rather large, ca 270,000 km². It lives from the foothills around 500 m asl up to the mountain peaks with highest records at 2,400 m asl.","This species has a wide range, but recent data on distribution and population status is almost exclusively related to the Alpine part of its distribution. There, the species is often very common and can reach high densities (Massa et al. 2012). It seems to be increasing in Italy (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015) and also the records in the western parts of its Austrian range are more numerous than in previous decades. In contrast, in the Austrian-Slovenian Karawanken, it seems to be in retreat (unpublished data; ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich). There is little information on the status of the Balkan subpopulations, but they seem to be heavily fragmented, without any obvious increase. Therefore, the overall population trend seems to be stable.","This species, like most species of the genus Miramella, is a grasshopper of habitats with medium moisture in hills and mountains. The Alpine habitats are mainly grassland with a significant amount of tall herbs and, occasionally, small bushes. Even some records from open patches inside forests are known (Massa et al. 2012, ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich; unpublished data) and it can also be present in trees up to the canopy level. It may also be found in cultivated areas such as vineyards (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015). It prefers warmer habitats than the closely related sibling species M. formosanta and M. carinthiaca, which replace Miramella irena in the west and north of its range. However, there is no available information on the habitats of the subpopulations in the Balkans.","This species occupies an extensive area in the Alps and in the Balkans, living in a broad variety of altitudes. At least in the Alpine subpopulations, its habitat is not under threat and is expected to increase in its extent due to the abandonment of pastures and meadows in the mountains. There are no major threats to the species.","This species is found in several protected areas throughout its range, but the majority of the population resides outside protected areas. There are no special conservation measures targeted at this species, in spite of the fact that it was classified as Vulnerable in a previous assessment. Research and monitoring should focus on the subpopulations of the Balkans, as their status is relatively unclear.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & Cálix, M.","Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Miramiola,pusilla,,Miramiola pusilla,"(Miram, 1927)",,No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)c(iv)",No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Eastern Pygmy Wart-biter (Miramiola pusilla) occurs from southern Ukraine to Kazakhstan. In Europe, this rare bush-cricket is only known from a few localities in southern Ukraine and southern European Russia. This species is assessed as Endangered in Europe since its area of occupancy (AOO) is assumed to be smaller than 500 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. In addition, it shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. The major threat to this species is the transformation of its habitat into farmland. More research into its distribution, ecology and threats is needed. Better protection of its remaining habitats is required to avoid any further population declines. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Decreasing,"The Eastern Pygmy Wart-biter occurs from southern Ukraine to Kazakhstan (Harz 1969). In Europe it has only been reported from southern Ukraine and southern European Russia. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 500,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is probably smaller than 500 km².","According to Zinenko et al. (2005) this species is rare in the Saratov region. The subpopulations are very small and isolated from each other, and the population is considered severely fragmented. Extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals have been reported and the population appears to be declining.",This species occurs in steppe habitats on wormwood patches (Zinenko and Striganova 2009).,The major threat to this species is the transformation of its habitat into farmland.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its distribution, ecology and threats is needed. Better protection of its remaining habitats is required to avoid any further population declines.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Vedenina, V., Korsunovskaya, O., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T. & Skejo, J. Skejo","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Modestana,ebneri,,Modestana ebneri,"(Ramme, 1926)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Ebner's Modest Bush-cricket (Modestana ebneri) is found in the southern part of the Balkans, in Greece, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia), Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia (Kosovo). This species is assessed as Least Concern, since it has a relatively wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of ca 95,000 km² in Europe and ca 17,000 km² for the EU 28, and a presumably large overall population. Further research is needed into the population size and trend of this bush-cricket.",Unknown,"The Ebner's Modest Bush-cricket is found in the southern part of the Balkans, in Greece, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia), Albania, Bosnia and  Herzegovina and Serbia (Kosovo) (Willemse 1975, Ingrisch and Pavicevic  2012, Pavicevic et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence in Europe is ca 95,000 km². Within the EU 28 it is only known from Greece (Willemse 1975), with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of ca 17,000 km².",There is no available information on the population size and trend.,"This species is found at middle and higher altitudes (800-1,900 m Asl) in various open habitats such as limestone slopes, meadows, and steppe-like vegetation.","The area in which this species lives is used for livestock grazing, and changes in grassland management may pose a threat.","No conservation measures are in in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range (such as Durmitor National Park). Further research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Modestana,modesta,,Modestana modesta,"(Fieber, 1853)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Common Modest Bush-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) as it is widespread and has an overall large population.",Stable,"The Common Modest Bush-cricket occurs along the northwestern Adriatic coast from northeastern Italy to northwestern Albania (Harz 1969, Massa et al. 2012, Skejo et al. 2015, Grasshopper Specialist Group unpublished data). An isolated locality in western Serbia (Tara Mountain) (Pavicevic et al. 2014) suggests a wider range of the species in the western Balkans. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 100,000 km² in Europe and c. 38,000 km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 1,000-5,000 km² in Europe and c. 800-3,000 km² in the EU 28.","In some marginal subpopulations a decline has been inferred due to the abandonment of traditional grazing. In the northern part of its distribution the species is rare, whereas within the main range the subpopulations are numerous and stable. Its current general population trend is stable.","This species inhabits various Mediterranean, sub-Mediterranean and montane karstic grasslands between sea level and 1,500 m Asl.","In the northern part of its range, the species is threatened by changes in the farming system, abandonment or intensification of grazing in grasslands, and fires.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Modicogryllus,algirius,,Modicogryllus algirius,"(Saussure, 1877)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Algerian Stripe-headed cricket (Modicogryllus algirius) is found in North Africa and southern Europe. In Europe, is only known from Sicily and southern France, but may also occur on Corsica. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though its area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 1,000 km². it is quite common on Sicily and no major threats to it have been reported. More research is needed into its ecology, distribution, population trend and threats.",Unknown,"The Algerian Stripe-headed cricket is found in North Africa and on Sicily (Harz 1969, Massa et al. 2012, Heller 2013). A single locality is known from France (Var) and it might also occur on Corsica (Sardet et al. 2015). Its area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is smaller than 1,000 km².",The species is rather common on Sicily (Massa 2011). The population trend is unknown.,"The species occurs in olive yards and open forests, where it is found under stones and in rock crevices  (Massa et al. 2012).",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research is needed into its ecology, distribution, population trend and threats.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Defaut, B., Massa, B., Kleukers, R., Rutschmann, F., Willemse, L.P.M., Chobanov, D.P., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Modicogryllus,cyprius,,Modicogryllus cyprius,"(Saussure, 1877)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Cyprian Stripe-headed Cricket (Modicogryllus cyprius) is endemic to Cyprus. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 515 km²), the overall population size is presumably large. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",Unknown,The Cyprian Stripe-headed Cricket is endemic to Cyprus (Tumbrinck 2006). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 515 km².,There is no available information on the population size and the population trend of this species.,"This species has mainly been found under stones in pine forests. One finding high up on Mt. Troodos was in an open valley, on open rocky ground with rather sparse vegetation. The species was also found underneath a rock next to the dried up brooklet, and it can be found at elevations of up to 1,800 m Asl.",The major threats to this species are wildfires and infrastructural development. One locality is in an area where a skiing centre has been built.,"No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Tzirkalli, E., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Modicogryllus,frontalis,,Modicogryllus frontalis,"(Fieber, 1844)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Eastern Stripe-headed Cricket (Modicogryllus frontalis) is widely distributed from Central Europe to western Asia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it is declining in the western part of its range, it is still very widespread in Europe, it is quite common in the steppe zone of Russia and Ukraine and the overall population size is large.",Decreasing,"The Eastern Stripe-headed Cricket is found from Central Europe to southern Russia and western Asia (Harz 1969). In Europe it occurs from northeastern France (Rust et al. 2012) via southern Germany, Austria and southern Poland to northern Bulgaria in the south, Lithuania in the north and southern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its occurrence in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Greece is unlikely and the records probably refer to M. truncatus (Chobanov and Mihajlova 2010, L. Willemse pers. comm. 2016). They are thus disregarded in this assessment. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 3.8 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 1.2 million km².","In the western part of its range this species is rare (Maas et al. 2002, Budrys and Pakalniskis 2007) and subpopulations are usually small (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016). The population of this species is declining (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016). It is regionally extinct in Bohemia (Holusa et al. 2013). In Russia and Ukraine the species is quite common in the steppe zone (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016). The overall population size is large.","This species prefers habitats with large amounts of bare ground (ca 80%) and crevices in the ground, such as vineyards, sand and gravel pits, quarries and dry grassland (Zechner 2009) as well as forest edges and railroad embankments (Zechner et al. 2000).","Scrub encroachment caused by abandonment of pits and adverse habitat management (even in nature reserves, A. Liana pers. comm. 2016) as well as recultivation are major threats to this species in the northern part of its range (Detzel 1998, Zechner et al. 2000). This species is also affected by recreational activities in former sand pits (Zechner et al. 2000). Furthermore, it may be threatened by pesticides (G. Puskás and A. Liana pers. comm. 2016), afforestation (A. Kristin pers. comm. 2016) and invasive non-native plants, like Ambrosia spp., Solidago virgaurea, Solidago gigantea, and Erigeron annuus (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2016).","This species is listed as Endangered in Poland (Liana 2002) and Austria (Berg et al. 2005), as ""priority 2"" (equivalent to Vulnerable) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004) and as Critically Endangered in Germany (Maas et al. 2011). It seems to be Regionally Extinct in Bohemia (Czech Republic, Holusa et al. 2013). A subpopulation in Germany was threatened by land consolidation (Buchweitz and Trautner 1997). To avoid negative effects on this species, new habitats were created and 140 individuals translocated to these sites (Öchslen 2013). Research into its global population trend, ecology and threats is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Zuna-Kratky, T., Puskas, G., Chobanov, D.P., Ivkovic, S., Korsunovskaya, O., Defaut, B., Kristin, A., Liana, A., Gomboc, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Modicogryllus,guanchicus,,Modicogryllus guanchicus,"(Krauss, 1892)",,No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 reginoal assessment: Endangered (EN)

In Europe, the Canarian Stripe-headed cricket (Modicogryllus guanchicus) is only known from Tenerife, Gran Canaria and La Gomera (Canary Islands, Spain). Its area of occupancy is 56 - 300 km². The population trend of this species remains unknown, but a continuing decline in the quality of habitat is observed and a continuing decline in the number of individuals is inferred from the ongoing threats to its habitat, which include urbanisation and industrial development. The population is severely fragmented, and it is unlikely that there is any significant immigration from northern Africa. Therefore, the species is assessed as Endangered (EN).",Decreasing,"The Canarian Stripe-headed Cricket (Modicogryllus guanchicus) occurs in the western part of northern Africa and on the Canary Islands (Gorochov and Llorente 2001). In Europe, it is only known from the islands of Tenerife, Gran Canaria and La Gomera (Bland et al. 1996). Its extent of occurrence in Europe is c. 9,000 km², its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km² with a maximum estimate of 300 km².","There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species. The species does not seem to be common, but its song is quite silent and it might therefore be overlooked quite easily. However, it is assumed to be declining as its centre of occurrence is in northeastern Tenerife, which is densely populated by humans. A continuing decline in the quality of habitat has been observed and a continuing decline in the number of individuals is inferred from the ongoing threats to its habitat. The species is flightless and the subpopulations are quite isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented.","The Canarian stripe-headed Cricket is mainly found in damp habitats, e.g. in barrancos, close to streams or standing waters, where it can be found under stones. Its ecology is poorly known. It may also occur in Euphorbia shrubland.",The major threat to this species is urbanisation and industrial development in the northern and eastern part of Tenerife (which is the centre of the Canarian distribution of this species).,"There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. More information on its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. The remaining habitats of the species need a better protection.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Modicogryllus,pseudocyprius,,Modicogryllus pseudocyprius,"Gorochov, 1996",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The False Stripe-headed Cricket (Modicogryllus pseudocyprius) is endemic to Cyprus, where it is only known from two localities. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of sufficient information on its extent of occurrence (EOO), natural history, threats and conservation status. A potential future threat is the increasing frequency of wildfires. Further research is needed into its taxonomy, population trends, threats and ecology.",Unknown,"The False Stripe-headed Cricket is endemic to Cyprus, where it is only known from two localities. It is unknown, how widespread this species is on Cyprus. If it is found across the whole island, the extent of occurrence (EOO) would be ca 13,000 km².",There is no available information on the population size and population trend of this species.,"The species has been found under stones in pine forest, and is found from sea level up to 500 m Asl.",The threats to this species are poorly understood. A potential future threat is the increasing frequency of wildfires.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Further research is needed into its taxonomy, population trends, threats and ecology.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Tzirkalli, E., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Modicogryllus,truncatus,,Modicogryllus truncatus,"(Tarbinsky, 1940)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Marsh Stripe-headed Cricket is assessed as Least Concern (LC) due to its large extent of occurrence, presumably large population size and the absence of any indication of a population decline.",Unknown,"This species is currently recorded from Bulgaria, European Turkey, Romania, Serbia, Hungary, Croatia, Greece (Ünal 2006, Chobanov 2009, Szövenyi 2011, Pavicevicet al. 2014) and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia) (Chobanov and Mihajlova 2010). The occurrence in Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina is expected. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 540,000 km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 500,000 km². Outside of Europe, the species occurs in western and central Asia (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008).",Subpopulations of this species are usually large but the population trend is unknown.,"This species inhabits semi-humid to humid habitats, usually living on the ground in warm forests with a bare undergrowth or meadows along water bodies. It frequently occurs also in rural and agricultural habitats. Its altitudinal range is 0 - 400 m Asl.",No major threats have been reported.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its distribution, population trend and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,MOGOPLISTIDAE,Mogoplistes,brunneus,,Mogoplistes brunneus,"Serville, 1838",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Brown Scale-cricket (Mogoplistes brunneus) occurs in North Africa and southern Europe. In Europe, it is found from Sicily in the south to southern France and Slovenia in the north, and from northeastern Spain in the west to Greece in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in southern Europe and its population size is presumably large. It is found in the leaf litter of holm oak forests and oak shrubland and research into its ecology, distribution, population trend and threats is required.",Unknown,"The Brown Scale-cricket occurs in North Africa and southern Europe (Harz 1969). In Europe it is found from Sicily in the south to southern France and Slovenia in the north and from northeastern Spain in the west to Greece in the east (Heller 2013). Former records from Portugal were wrong and based on misidentified specimens of Paramogoplistes dentatus (Ferreira 2009). Those from southern Spain belong to Paramogoplistes ortini (Llucià-Pomares 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.5 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 1.4 million km².","Since this species is nocturnal and does not produce a song it is difficult to find. As a result, it is probably under sampled (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2016). In Croatia it is locally abundant (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016). There is no available information on the population trend. The population size is presumed to be large.","This species is mainly found in leaf litter of holm oak and stone oak (Quercus ilex, Quercus coccifera) forests and shrubland (Massa et al. 2012, Sardet et al. 2015), where it can also be found beneath stones (Olmo-Vidal 2002).",Potential threats to this species are deforestation and wildfires.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Least Concern on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Puskas, G., Skejo, J. Skejo, Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,MOGOPLISTIDAE,Mogoplistes,kinzelbachi,,Mogoplistes kinzelbachi,"Harz, 1976",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Kinzelbach's Scale-cricket (Mogoplistes kinzelbachi) is endemic to Greece, and up to now is only known from the Aegean island of Karpathos. This species was collected with traps in 1963, and has not been recorded again since then. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of sufficient information on its distribution, natural history, threats and conservation status. Further research into the population size and trend, as well as into this species' ecology is required.",Unknown,"The Kinzelbach's Scale-cricket is endemic to Greece, and up to now is only known from the Aegean island of Karpathos (Willemse 1984). This species was collected with traps in 1963, and has not been recorded again since then. This species is only known from one locality.",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend.,There is no available information on the habitat of the species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it is not found in any protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, as well as into this species' ecology is required.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Montana,barretii,,Montana barretii,"(Burr, 1912)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Madeiran Steppe Bush-cricket (Montana barretii) is endemic to Madeira, in Portugal. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population is currently increasing as a consequence of the prohibition of cattle grazing in large parts of its habitat.",Increasing,"The Madeiran Steppe Bush-cricket is endemic to Madeira, in Portugal (Heller 2013), where it occurs at higher altitudes. The maximum estimate of this species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 852 km².","The population of Montana barretii has recently recovered as a consequence of the prohibition of cattle grazing in its habitat and the population trend is increasing. However, it is still quite rare and subpopulations are quite small (P. Kocarek pers. comm. 2016).","This species occurs in grassland habitats at the upper limit of the laurel forests at elevations between 1,400 m to 1,800 m Asl (P. Kocarek pers. comm. 2016).","The species was negatively affected by cattle grazing in the past (I. Silva pers. comm. 2016), which may still affect the species in parts of its range.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area (Parque Natural da Madeira). More research into its distribution, population structure, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Ferreira, S. & Kocarek, P.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Montana,carpetana,,Montana carpetana,"(Bolívar, 1887)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Carpetan Steppe Bush-cricket (Montana carpetana) is endemic to Spain. This species is assessed Least Concern since it is considered abundant in the Salamanca province and, with the exception of urbanisation and rubbish dumps having contributed to the local extinction of the species in the Madrid region, no other threats have been reported to it in the rest of its area of distribution. Research is needed into the threats, distribution, population trend and ecology of this species.",Decreasing,"The Carpetan Steppe Bush-cricket is endemic to the central area of Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 44.000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 92 km² with an upper estimate of 1,000 km². It has been reported from other provinces, but no information on the specific localities is provided. Thus, its EOO and AOO are possibly larger than presently known.","In the Salamanca province this species is considered abundant. However, some subpopulations in Madrid are declining and thus the overall population trend seems to be decreasing.","This species occurs in dry pastures (Muñoz Alcón and Crespo Martínez 2013), at altitudes between 765 m and 1,300 m Asl.","In Madrid, urbanisation and rubbish dumps have contributed to the local extinction of the species in the area. However, no threats have been reported to this species in the rest of its area of distribution.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it has been recorded from protected areas. Research is needed into the threats, distribution, population trend and ecology of this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Montana,eversmanni,,Montana eversmanni,"(Kittary, 1849)",,No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Ukrainian Steppe Bush-cricket (Montana eversmanni) occurs in the steppes of central and west Siberia, Kyrgyzstan, southern Russia and southern Ukraine. In Europe, it is known from southeastern Ukraine as well as central, southern and eastern European Russia. This species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe since its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be smaller than 2,000 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. The main threat to this species is the transformation of its habitat into farmland. Research into its population trend is needed, and better protection of its habitats is required to avoid any further population declines. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Decreasing,"The Ukrainian Steppe Bush-cricket occurs in the steppes of central and west Siberia, Kyrgyzstan, southern Russia and southern Ukraine (Harz 1969, Heller 2013).  This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.3 million km², but its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be smaller than 2,000 km² (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016).",The species is rare in the Saratov region (Zinenko et al. 2005). A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is inferred from the loss of its habitat. The population is severely fragmented as subpopulations are very small and isolated.,This species is found in semi-deserts and steppe habitats (Zinenko and Striganova 2009). It appears to be halophilous (requires a saline environment).,The main threat to this species is the transformation of its habitat into farmland.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend is required. Better protection of its habitats is required to avoid any further population declines.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Korsunovskaya, O., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Montana,macedonica,,Montana macedonica,"(Berland & Chopard, 1922)",,Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
The Macedonian Steppe Bush-cricket has small area of occupancy (AOO) of  less than 2000 km² in Europe and of500-1000 km² in the EU 28. There is a decline in the area, extent and quality of its habitat and its population is considered to be severely fragmented. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable (VU).",Decreasing,"The Macedonian Steppe Bush-cricket is distributed in southwestern Bulgaria, most of the territory of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia), the central part of northern Greece, and southeastern Serbia (Harz 1969, Willemse 1984, Chobanov 2009, Pavicevic et al. 2014). Considering the available information on its distribution, the species possibly occurs in Kosovo as well. Its extent of occurrence is c. 42,000 km² in Europe and c. 30,000 km² in the EU 28. The area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 2,000 km² in Europe and between 500 and 1000 km² in the EU 28.",Subpopulations are small and the population is considered to be severely fragmented as it consists of isolated subpopulations with little genetic exchange that may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The habitat of this species is declining and the population trend is also decreasing.,"M. macedonica lives in very dry, stony grasslands with sparse grass between 100 and 1,680 m Asl. The bush-crickets live on the ground and avoid the shade of bushes and trees.","The threats to this species include habitat change as a result of overgrazing (especially through over-fertilising), transforming the land into vineyards (in southwest Bulgaria and Macedonia), planting trees, the use of insecticides, urbanisation, and road construction (in southwest Bulgaria and Serbia).","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend and threats is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Montana,medvedevi,,Montana medvedevi,"(Miram, 1927)",,No,VU,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",No,CR,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

Medvedev's Steppe Bush-cricket (Montana medvedevi) is found from Kazakhstan and southern Ukraine to Romania (where it is possibly extinct), Bulgaria and Serbia. This species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe since, although it has wide distribution it is very local in large parts of its range, its area of occupancy (AOO) is likely to be smaller than 2,000 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Critically Endangered since only four subpopulations are known (two of which are extinct), its AOO is 8 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the EOO, AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. The major threats to this species are intensification of agricultural land use, pesticides, transformation of habitat into farmland, quarrying, wind parks and wildfires. Research into its taxonomy, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Remaining habitats need to be better protected and appropriate habitat management should be implemented to avoid any further population declines.",Decreasing,"Medvedev's Steppe Bush-cricket is found from Kazakhstan and southern Ukraine to Romania (where it is possibly extinct), Bulgaria and Serbia (Harz 1969, Heller 2013, S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.5 million km², and ca 5,100 km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be smaller than 2,000 km² (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016). In the EU 28 the known AOO is 8 km² with an upper estimate of 20 km².",This species is very rare and the subpopulations are very small and isolated (D. Chobanov and O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2015). The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. One of the two known subpopulations in Bulgaria is extinct and the only one in Romania is probably also extinct (D. Chobanov and I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing threats to the habitat of this bush-cricket.,This species occurs in steppe habitats (Chobanov 2009).,"The major threats to this species are intensification of agricultural land use, pesticides, transformation of habitat into farmland, quarrying, wind parks and wildfires (I. Iorgu, O. Korsunovskaya and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. It is listed in the Red Data Book of Bulgaria as Critically Endangered (Golemanski 2015). Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed. In addition, the taxonomy of this species should be studied as many subpopulations are very isolated and separated by large distances (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). Remaining habitats need to be better protected and appropriate habitat management should be implemented to avoid any further population declines.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Korsunovskaya, O., Vedenina, V., Pushkar, T., Kristin, A., Sirin, D., Willemse, L.P.M., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Szovenyi, G. & Skejo, J. Skejo","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Montana,montana,,Montana montana,"(Kollar, 1833)",,No,LC,,No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Steppe Bush-cricket (Montana montana) is found from Central Europe to Kazakhstan and West Siberia. It is rare throughout its European range and Regionally Extinct in Germany, Italy and Poland. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is very widespread in Russia. In the EU 28 it is precautionarily assessed as Endangered since its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 330 and 700 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence, AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. This bush-cricket has declined due to the transformation of its habitat into farmland and tree plantations and it is still threatened by abandonment of grazing and eutrophication with subsequent encroachment of shrubs and trees. Research into its global population trend, ecology and threats is required. Remaining habitats should be protected and appropriately managed to avoid any future population declines. After restoration of its habitats, reintroduction should be considered in the western part of its range.",Decreasing,"The Steppe Bush-cricket is found from Central Europe to Kazakhstan and West Siberia (Harz 1969). In Europe, it was found in northern Italy, northeastern Germany, and Poland (where it is now extinct). It is still found in the Pannonian region from the southern Czech Republic and eastern Austria to northern Serbia (it is possibly extinct in Serbia) and northwestern Romania, as well as in eastern Europe from Lithuania and northern European Russia to eastern European Russia (Heller 2013). However, its eastern distribution is not entirely clear. Its area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is estimated to be between 330 and 700 km². In Europe, the AOO is likely to exceed 2,000 km² by far as the species is very widespread in Russia (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 3.3 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 730,000 km².","This species has been declining in large parts of its range and the population trend is therefore decreasing. It is regionally extinct in Poland (Liana 2000), Italy (Massa et al. 2012) and probably also in Germany (T. Fartmann pers. comm. 2016), Serbia (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2016) and some parts of the Czech Republic (Holusa and Kocarek 2006). Even in Hungary, which probably contains the largest subpopulations in the EU 28, the subpopulations are usually very small and isolated (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2016). Given that the distance between most subpopulations is very large and these subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation, the population is considered severely fragmented.","This species is found in dry steppe-like habitats, dry heathland and sand dunes (Galvas and Kristin 2004, Holusa and Kocarek 2006, Budrys and Pakalniskis 2007, Kristin et al. 2011).",The species has declined due to the transformation of its habitat into farmland and tree plantations (A. Kristin pers. comm. 2016). It is still threatened by abandonment of grazing and eutrophication with subsequent encroachment of shrubs and trees (Bieringer 2009).,"This species is listed as Regionally Extinct in Poland (Liana 2002), Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic (Holusa and Kocarek 2006) and in Germany (Maas et al. 2012). In Germany, the species was already classified as Regionally Extinct until an unknown subpopulation was discovered in the Oder Valley (Haupt 1995), which is has meanwhile probably also gone extinct (T. Fartmann pers. comm. 2015). In Austria it is listed as Endangered (Berg et al. 2005), and on the Carpathian Red List as Near Threatened (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). It is present in protected areas. However, in Germany the last subpopulation of this species went extinct within an existing Nature Reserve as a consequence of succession by Arrhenatherum sp. and Pinus sylvestris (T. Fartmann pers. comm. 2016). The species is strictly protected in Serbia (but possibly extinct there, S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2016). Research into its global population trend, ecology and threats is required. Remaining habitats should be protected and appropriately managed to avoid any future population declines. After restoration of its habitats, reintroduction should be considered in the western part of its range.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Puskas, G., Iorgu, I.S., Szovenyi, G., Liana, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Presa, J.J., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R. & Rutschmann, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Montana,striata,,Montana striata,"(Thunberg, 1815)",,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Striated Steppe Bush-cricket (Montana striata) is found from Romania to Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and southwestern Siberia. In Europe it occurs in parts of Romania, Moldova, Ukraine and southern, central and eastern European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is widespread, and quite common in European Russia. In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Near Threatened since its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is between 30 and 60 km², and the population is severely fragmented; thus being close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B2. The main threat to this species is overgrazing and more research into the population trend and threats is required.",Unknown,"The Striated Steppe Bush-cricket is found from Romania to Kyrgyzstan (Harz 1969), Kazakhstan and southwestern Siberia. In Europe it occurs in parts of Romania, Moldova, Ukraine and southern, central and eastern European Russia. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.7 million km², and ca 25,000 km² in the EU 28. Its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is between 30 and 60 km².",In the EU 28 this species is very rare (Iorgu et al. 2008) and subpopulations are very small and isolated (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). The population is therefore considered severely fragmented in the EU 28. In European Russia the species is quite common (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2015). The population trend is unknown.,This species occurs in steppe grassland habitats (Iorgu et al. 2013).,The main threat to this species is overgrazing (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into the population trend and threats is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Pushkar, T., Vedenina, V., Korsunovskaya, O., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M. & Skejo, J. Skejo","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Montana,stricta,,Montana stricta,"(Zeller, 1849)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Italian Steppe Bush-cricket (Montana stricta) occurs in Italy and on the northwestern Balkan Peninsula from northeastern Italy to Montenegro. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and can be locally abundant. However, the population trend is decreasing and more research is needed into its population trend, ecology and threats.",Decreasing,"The Italian Steppe Bush-cricket occurs in Italy and on the northwestern Balkan Peninsula from northeastern Italy to Montenegro. A record from Sardinia is doubtful (Massa et al. 2012). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 418,000 km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 380,000 km².",This species is locally abundant (Buzzetti et al. 2010). In Slovenia it has lost many subpopulations (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2016). The global population trend is decreasing.,"This species occurs in steppe-like habitats (Massa et al. 2012) with short grasses (Labadessa 2014). It has also been found on dry gravel banks with scarce vegetation (Grosser and Rey 2009), rocky slopes and mountain meadows.","The main threat to this species is the intensification of agricultural land use, including transformation of grassland into farmland and intensification of grassland management. It may also be affected by abandonment and subsequent encroachment of shrubs and trees (J. Skejo and S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2016).","There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Skejo, J. Skejo, Gomboc, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Morphacris,fasciata,,Morphacris fasciata,"(Thunberg, 1815)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Shady Grasshopper,Morphacris fasciata, is common in Africa. In Europe, it is known from the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula. As the population trend of this species is increasing, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Increasing,"The Shady Grasshopper is widespread throughout Africa (from South Africa to the Mediterranean). In Europe, it occurs in southern Portugal and Spain (Heller 2013), where it has been found in the provinces of Cádiz and Huelva (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 120,000 km².",In some areas (e.g. Doñana) the species is very abundant (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2015). The population seems to be increasing (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2016).,"The habitat of this species is characterised by sandy soils at low altitudes (0-20 m asl). It has been found in abandoned fields, sandy pine forests, dunes and other habitats such as rural areas and wastelands. In some areas in Portugal, the species is found between dunes and marshes (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2016)",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"No specific conservation action is in place for the species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. A large part of the Spanish subpopulation is found in Doñana National Park. More research into its population trend is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B.","Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Lemos, P., Correas, J., Prunier, F., García, M., Barranco Vega, P. & Ferreira, S.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,MYRMECOPHILIDAE,Myrmecophilus,acervorum,,Myrmecophilus acervorum,"(Panzer, 1799)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Ant-cricket (Myrmecophilus acervorum) is a very widespread species that occurs from the Pyrenees to the Caucasus and from Bulgaria to Lithuania. This species is assessed as Least Concern since its population size is probably very large, the population trend appears to be increasing and no major threats to it have been reported. It lives in ant nests but is not ecologically highly specialised regarding its habitat. It might be currently expanding its range towards the northwest.",Increasing,"The Common Ant-cricket is widespread from the French Atlanticcoast to the Caucasus. In Europe it is found from the Pyrenees, northern Italy and Bulgaria in the south to Denmark and Lithuania in the north (T. Stalling pers. comm. 2016). Its distribution is not completely clear as it has often been confused with other species (Stalling and Birrer 2013). Furthermore, ant cricket species are generally difficult to find. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 3 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 2.8 million km².","This species is quite widespread in Europe and the population is probably very large and not significantly fragmented (T. Stalling pers. comm. 2016). It has recently been found further west and north of its known distribution (Tillmanns 2007, Schmidt and Schmitt 2011) which suggests that the population trend may be increasing (T. Stalling pers. comm. 2016).","This species is found in ant nests but has a wide ecological amplitude (Franc et al. 2015). It is found in forests, shrubland, heathland, grassland and ruderal vegetation (Franc et al. 2015, T. Stalling pers. comm. 2016). It parasitises several ant species nests and mainly reproduces via parthenogenesis (Junker 1997). It prefers warm, humid micro-habitats (Junker 1997, Franc et al. 2015).",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Data Deficient on the Red List of Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003), France (Sardet and Defaut 2004), Austria (Berg et al. 2005) and Germany (Maas et al. 2011). More research into its population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Stalling, T., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,MYRMECOPHILIDAE,Myrmecophilus,aequispina,,Myrmecophilus aequispina,"Chopard, 1923",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Ligurian Ant-cricket (Myrmecophilus aequispina) occurs in southeastern France and northwestern Italy, and it lives as a parasite in ant nests in Mediterranean scrubland, dry grassland or in coniferous and deciduous forests, from sea level to 450 m altitude. Very little is known about its exact distribution, population size, trend and threats and further research is needed to clarify the status of this species. However, the known extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 39,000 km², although it is likely to be larger, and it is thus assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The distribution of Myrmecophilus aequispina is not well understood. Its presence in southern France and northern Italy has been recently confirmed (Stalling and Birrer 2013). It was thought to be present in Germany and Austria, but these records are misinterpretations (Stalling and Birrer 2013). In France, it is known from the Hérault to the Alpes-Maritimes departments, and along the Rhône river to the north of Vaucluse Department (Defaut et al. 2009). In Italy, it is known only from Liguria (Massa et al. 2012). The knowledge on its distribution in France and Italy is very limited, and most of the former records need to be confirmed since confusions are possible with other Myrmecophilus species. Until 2013, the identification of European Myrmecophilus species was difficult as recent taxonomic literature was missing (Stalling and Birrer 2013). The currently known extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 39,000 km².","As other species in this genus, Myrmecophilus aequispina is a very discrete species, rarely observed and difficult to identify. In Italy, only one record exists in Genoa (Massa et al. 2012, Stalling and Birrer 2013). In France, between 10 and 20 localities have been reported, but for most of them the identification needs to be checked. Currently, eight localities have been checked (T. Stalling pers. comm. 2016). There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.","Myrmecophilus aequispina lives in dry habitats asa parasite in nests of different ant species. It is found under stones in Mediterranean scrublands and dry grasslands, under the barks or in the stocks in coniferous or deciduous forests. It occurs from sea level to 450 m altitude.","Local subpopulations are probably affected by land use changes, urbanisation and several local development projects. These impacts are not documented, and there is no information to assess whether these threats are significant.","There are no conservation actions in place for Myrmecophilus aequispina, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. This species was assessed as Data Deficient in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research on its distribution, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Stalling, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Monnerat, C., Presa, J.J., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,MYRMECOPHILIDAE,Myrmecophilus,balcanicus,,Myrmecophilus balcanicus,"Stalling, 2013",,Yes,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Balkan Ant-cricket is currently only known from the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, but it might be more widespread. It does not seem to be highly specialised, there are no indications of a population decline and no major threats to this species have been reported.  Therefore, it is listed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The Balkan Ant-cricket is currently known from three localities in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Stalling 2013, D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016). The species possibly occurs in Bulgaria based on some unpublished records (Chobanov 2009) which were formerly referred to M. myrmecophilus (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016). The known extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 5,200 km².",The population size and trend of this species is unknown.,"The species is found on stony slopes (usually limestone), either covered with grass-scrub (Juniperus communis L.) or with sparse oak vegetation. The adult specimens are found in nests of Lasius niger and Cataglyphis nodus, and the nymphs are found in nests of Pheidole pallidula. The life history of this species is mostly unknown. The adults and larvae are found in July but all stages probably occur throughout the year. Its altitudinal range is 500 - 1,100 m.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"No conservation actions are in place for this species, and it does not occur in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its taxonomy, distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Stalling, T., Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,MYRMECOPHILIDAE,Myrmecophilus,baronii,,Myrmecophilus baronii,"Baccetti, 1966",,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
In Europe, Baroni's Ant-cricket (Myrmecophilus baronii) is only known from Malta and the Italian island Pantelleria. It may also be present on Gozo. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since, although little is known about it, the subpopulations are rather small and isolated and the population is considered severely fragmented. In addition, this species has a restricted geographic range - extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,550 km², and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km², but the actual AOO is estimated to be between 100 and 200 km². Thus, this species is close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. According to the latest report of the habitats directive, the status of the species is ""favourable"" on Pantelleria and ""unfavourable-bad"" on Malta. More research is needed into the population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,"Baroni's Ant-cricket is known from North Africa, Italy (Pantelleria) and Malta (Massa et al. 2012, Stalling 2014). In Europe, this species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,550 km², and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km². However, the actual AOO is estimated to be between 100 and 200 km².","There is no available data on the population size and trend. As the species is flightless and subpopulations are small and isolated by the sea, the population is considered to be severely fragmented.","The species inhabits shrublands and forest, and it is known to live in ant nests of Camponotus barbaricus between 10 and 20 m asl.",Urbanisation and touristic development are the major threats to this species.,"This species is listed on annexes II and IV of the European habitats directive. According to the latest report of the habitats directive, the status of the species is ""favourable"" on Pantelleria and ""unfavourable-bad"" on Malta (EEA 2014). It occurs in protected areas. More research is needed into the population size and trend, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Stalling, T., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Odé, B. & Kleukers, R.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,MYRMECOPHILIDAE,Myrmecophilus,fuscus,,Myrmecophilus fuscus,"Stalling, 2013",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Brown Ant-Cricket (Myrmecophilus fuscus) is expected to be widely distributed in Spain, Mallorca, southern France, Corsica, Sicily and Malta. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, the population trend is believed to be stable and no major threats to it have been reported.",Stable,"The Brown Ant-Cricket has only recently been discovered (Stalling 2013). The currently known distribution is limited to mainland Spain, Mallorca, southern France, Corsica, Sicily and Malta (Stalling 2015, Stalling et al. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca 700,000 km². The species is expected to be more widespread than presently known (Stalling et al. 2015, T Stalling pers. comm. 2016).","While the number of specimens found in an ants' nest is usually small, the species seems to be quite common and the population trend is expected to be stable (T. Stalling pers. comm. 2016). The species is flightless and has a limited capacity to colonise new areas.","The Brown Ant-cricket inhabits the nests of several species of ants. Throughout its range it can be found in a range of habitats like semi-open forest with oak or pine and shrubland (Stalling 2015, Stalling et al. 2015). This species is found from sea level up to 900 m asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, and it is not known to occur in any protected areas (T. Stalling pers. comm. 2016). Further research is needed into its distribution and ecology.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & Cálix, M.","Odé, B., Barranco Vega, P., Ferreira, S., Lemos, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Correas, J., Prunier, F. & Hochkirch, A.","Danielczak, A. & Stalling, T.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,MYRMECOPHILIDAE,Myrmecophilus,hirticaudus,,Myrmecophilus hirticaudus,"Fischer von Waldheim, 1846",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Rough-tailed Ant-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) due to its wide distribution (its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be c. 910,000 km).",Unknown,"The Rough-tailed Ant-cricket is currently known from Crimea, southern Bulgaria, southeastern Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia), mainland Greece and the island of Cres in Croatia (Chobanov 2009, Stalling and Machackova 2014). However, ant-crickets are difficult to find and its distribution may be much wider than is currently known. Its occurrence in European Turkey, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania and Montenegro is likely.","The population trend of this species is unknown. It lives in relatively small ant nests usually under tree bark, where no more than several dozens of individuals can be found. However, depending on the habitat, subpopulations may be comparatively large.","The species lives in warm habitats and is typically found in ant nests within dead wood (rarely under stones) within sparse dry forests and Mediterranean scrubland. It is found in nests of Camponotus sp., Myrmica sp., Crematogaster scutellaris, Lasius sp., Camponotus ligniperda, etc., between 50 and 1,700 m altitude (Chobanov 2009, Stalling and Machackova 2014). Adults and nymphs occur throughout the year in ant nests and sometimes disperse between them.","The threats to this species are not well known, but forest fires and wood logging (especially in southeastern Bulgaria) surely affect its populations through fragmentation and destruction of its habitat.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its distribution, population trend and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Stalling, T., Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,MYRMECOPHILIDAE,Myrmecophilus,myrmecophilus,,Myrmecophilus myrmecophilus,"(Savi, 1819)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 
The Mediterranean Ant-cricket occurs in large parts of the Mediterranean, although its distribution is still poorly understood. It lives as a parasite in ant nests in Mediterranean scrubland, dry grassland or in coniferous and deciduous forests, from sea level to 1,250 m altitude. Further research is needed on its population size, trends and threats. However, the known extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 1.2 million km², but it could even be larger, and due to its wide distribution it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The Mediterranean Ant-cricket is widespread on the northeastern Mediterranean basin. It has been recorded from France (mainland, Corsica), Italy (mainland), Croatia and Greece (Crete, Samos, Thessaloniki region) (T. Stalling pers. comm. 2015). Records from Bulgaria might belong to another species  (T. Stalling pers. comm. 2015). The species is also possibly extant on Sardinia, in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Rhodos and the European part of Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) currently known covers c. 1.2 million km². Accurate information about the distribution of this species is partly lacking as there are still doubtful records.","As others species in this genus, Myrmecophilus myrmecophilus is a very secretive species which is rarely observed and difficult to identify. The species is not well known, but the population is probably not severely fragmented (T. Stalling pers. comm. 2015), and is especially widely distributed in Italy. There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.","Myrmecophilus myrmecophilus occurs in dry habitats, where it lives as a nest parasite of different ant species in a large variety of habitats: under stones in Mediterranean scrubland and in dry grassland, or under the barks or in the stocks in coniferous and deciduous forests. It occurs from sea level to 1,250 m altitude.","Locally, the introduced ant Linepithema humile could be a threat for the native ant species, but it is unknown how it will affect the Ant-cricket species. It is also not a major threat in most of the range.","There are no conservation actions in place for Myrmecophilus myrmecophilus, but it is present in protected areas throughout its range. It was assessed as Data Deficient in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research on its distribution, population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Stalling, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Monnerat, C., Presa, J.J., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,MYRMECOPHILIDAE,Myrmecophilus,nonveilleri,,Myrmecophilus nonveilleri,"Ingrisch & Pavicevic, 2008",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).
The Serbian Ant-cricket is assessed as Least Concern (LC) due to its presumably wide distribution and no major threats affecting the species.",Unknown,"The Serbian Ant-cricket is known from western Serbia (Ingrisch and Pavicevic 2008), Bulgaria (Chobanov 2009) and Hungary (T. Stalling pers. comm. 2016). It occurs between 50 and 1,200 m altitude. Some of the Bulgarian localities may possibly refer to M. acervorum. Its distribution is generally poorly understood and it is likely to occur also in some neighbouring countries (Greece, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Romania, Slovakia). Therefore, any estimate of its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) would be speculative.",The population size and trend of this species are unknown.,"The species is found in a variety of habitats, from dry stony areas to humid forests along rivers. It inhabits ant nests of a wide range of species living in the soil or within rotten wood, such as Lasius sp., Formica sp. and F. gagates (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016).",No major threats to this species have been documented.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its taxonomy, distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Stalling, T., Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,MYRMECOPHILIDAE,Myrmecophilus,ochraceus,,Myrmecophilus ochraceus,"(Fischer, 1853)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) In Europe, the Ochre Ant-cricket (Myrmecophilus ochraceus) is known from Spain, Italy, Malta, and Greece. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in southern Europe, relatively common and the subpopulations are assumed to be large.",Unknown,"The Ochre Ant-cricket is very widespread in the Mediterranean region from Syria and Greece to Italy, Northern Africa and Spain. In Europe, it is known from Spain (mainland and Balearic Islands), Italy (southern Peninsula, Sicily, Lampedusa and Pantelleria), Malta, and Greece (mainland and Crete) (Massa et al. 2012). This species' known extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2.6 million km².","This species is relatively common and the subpopulations are assumed to be large.The population is not fragmented, but the overall population trend is unknown.","Not much is known about the biology of this species, but it is known to inhabit shrubland, wasteland and grassland. It is also known to live in ant nests at elevations between 10 m and 800 m asl.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation measures in place to this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Stalling, T., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Odé, B. & Kleukers, R.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Myrmeleotettix,antennatus,,Myrmeleotettix antennatus,"(Fieber, 1853)",,No,LC,,No,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Long-horned Club Grasshopper (Myrmeleotettix antennatus) occurs from the Caucasus and Kazakhstan to West Siberia, and is found from Austria in the west (where it is probably extinct) to northern Serbia in the south and eastern European Russia in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is very widespread in the Ukraine and southern European Russia, and the population is assumed to be stable. In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range(area of occupancy (AOO) is between 270 and 500 km²), thepopulationis severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the numberof subpopulations, extent  and quality of habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals due to habitat loss. This grasshopper is threatened by the loss of open sandy grassland habitats due to afforestation and invasive alien plants, particularly Asclepias syriaca and Robinia pseudoacacia. The conversion of sand dunes into arable land also poses a threat to this species. Conservation action in some Hungarian and Slovak protected areas focuses on opening sandy grassland habitat which will benefit this species. More research into the population trend in eastern Europe is required. No regional adjustment to the assessment is made as the distances between the subpopulations are very large and the species is very unlikely to be able to recolonise areas within the EU 28 from other parts of Europe.",Decreasing,"The Long-horned Club Grasshopper is found from Austria in the west (where it is probably extinct) to northern Serbia in the south and eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Outside of Europe it is also found from the Caucasus and Kazakhstan to West Siberia (Harz 1975). In Europe its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.9 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 180,000 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is between 270 and 500 km².","This species is very rare, it is decreasing in Romania and Slovakia (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008) and is extinct in Austria (Bieringer 2009). The last record from Serbia is from 1997. However, in the Lower Volga region this grasshopper is not rare (Savitsky 2002). In the Ukraine and Russia it is assumed to have stable subpopulations (V. Savitsky and V. Vedenina pers. comm. 2015) while in Hungary it is declining (G. Szövényi pers. comm. 2015). Overall in the EU 28 there is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations, in the extent  and quality of the habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals. The population in the EU 28 is considered severely fragmented with small subpopulations isolated from each other with little genetic exchange. The subpopulations in Russia and eastern Ukraine are large and well connected (V. Vedenina pers. comm. 2015).","This species is found in sandy dune habitats along rivers (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008) and in sandy steppe and semi-desert habitats in the eastern part of its European range (Savitsky 2005, 2009).","The major threat to this species is loss of open sandy grassland habitats due to afforestation and invasive alien plants, particularly Asclepias syriaca and Robinia pseudoacacia (G. Szövényi and I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). The conversion of sand dunes into arable land also poses a threat to this grasshopper.","In Austria the species is listed as Critically Endangered (Berg et al. 2005), but has meanwhile been considered Extinct (Bieringer 2009). It occurs in protected areas and conservation action in some Hungarian and Slovak protected areas focuses on opening sandy grassland habitat which will benefit this species. More research into the population trend in eastern Europe is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V., Zuna-Kratky, T., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Sirin, D., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Chobanov, D.P., Kristin, A., Pushkar, T. & Skejo, J. Skejo","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Myrmeleotettix,maculatus,,Myrmeleotettix maculatus,"(Thunberg, 1815)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Club Grasshopper (Myrmeleotettix maculatus) occurs from Spain and Ireland to Siberia. In Europe, it is found nearly everywhere except for most Mediterranean islands, the southern Mediterranean and the most northern region of Fennoscandia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it seems to be declining in parts of its range, it is very widespread and common throughout Europe. Research into its population trend and reduction is needed to clarify if this grasshopper meets the threshold of Criterion A for a threatened category.",Decreasing,"The Common Club Grasshopper is a very widespread species that occurs from Spain and Ireland to Siberia (Harz 1975). In Europe it is found nearly everywhere except for most Mediterranean islands, the southern Mediterranean and the most northern region of Fennoscandia (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 12.1 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 7.6 million km².","This species is widespread and common. Subpopulations can become very large. A decline has been reported in northern Germany, Austria, parts of France (Sardet and Defaut 2004, Bieringer 2009) and Hungary. The overall population trend is considered to be decreasing.","This species is found in dry warm habitats with bare ground. It is particularly found in sandy habitats such as sand dunes, open grassland (steppes), heathland, sandpits, and clearings in conifer forests (Baur et al. 2009). In southern Europe it occurs in high mountains.","This species seems to be sensitive to climate change as it is active early in the year and the eggs may be affected by summer droughts. In German coastal dunes the species is negatively affected by the invasion of the non-native moss Campylopus introflexus (Schirmel 2010). It is also threatened by transformation of its habitat into farmland, abandonment of grazing, afforestation, river regulation and tourism (ski).","The species occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Endangered on the Swiss Red List (Monnerat et al. 2007) and as Vulnerable on the Red Lists of Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003) and Austria (Berg et al. 2005). As it is listed on several regional Red Lists of Central Europe, it is subject of local conservation action. Further research is needed int the population trend and threats to this grasshopper.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Myrmeleotettix,pallidus,,Myrmeleotettix pallidus,"(Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882)",,No,NT,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Pale Club Grasshopper (Myrmeleotettix pallidus) occurs from southern European Russia to western Siberia. In Europe, it occurs in loamy semi-deserts and steppes in southern European Russia and Ukraine. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe since its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 100 and 500 km², and the population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals; thus making it close to qualifying as threatened under criterion B2. However, the population trend is assumed to be stable and subpopulations only slightly fragmented. The threats to this species are unknown and more research into its population trend, distribution, threats and ecology is needed. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this grasshopper is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Stable,"The Pale Club Grasshopper occurs from southern European Russia to western Siberia (Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1964). In Europe this species is known from southern European Russia (Heller  2013) and southern Ukraine (Askania-Nova) (Savitsky 2005). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 700,000 km² but its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 100 and 500 km².",The population of this species is known to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (Zinenko and Striganova 2009). The population is slightly fragmented but assumed to be stable (V. Vedenina and V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).,"This species is found in loamy semi-desert (Savitsky 2002), halophytic (requiring a saline environment) vegetation and steppes with feathergrass (Zinenko and Striganova 2009) or Festuca valesiaca (V. Vedenina pers. comm. 2015) where  it feeds mainly on grasses (Savitsky 2010).",The threats to this species are unknown (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). More research into its population trend, distribution, threats and ecology is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Vedenina, V., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Ivkovic, S.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Natula,averni,,Natula averni,"(Costa, 1855)",,No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Reed-cricket (Natula averni) is found along the Mediterranean coasts, the Atlantic coast of Portugal and on the Canary Islands. However, knowledge on its distribution in Europe has only recently increased as a consequence of better knowledge of its bioacoustics. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since, even though the number of records is still increasing, it is likely to be very restricted in distribution, so that its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 500 and 2,000 km². In addition, the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and in the number of mature individuals due to the overall loss of habitat. This species is specialized on coastal marshland and is threatened by drainage and transformation of its habitat into farmland, urbanization, touristic development, and by the increasing number of droughts and rising sea levels. Protection of its habitat and adequate water management is required to avoid any future population declines. More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. In addition, taxonomic research is required since it is currently not clear if Natula averni and Natula longipennis are synonyms or if they may consist of even more species.",Decreasing,"The distribution of the Reed-cricket is not fully understood as it remains uncertain whether it is synonymous with Natula longipennis, or whether even more than one species of this genus occurs in Europe (Odé et al. 2011). In Europe this species is found along the Mediterranean coasts, the Atlantic coast of Portugal and on the Canary Islands (Odé et al. 2011). Knowledge on its distribution has only recently increased as a consequence of better knowledge of its bioacoustics (Odé et al. 2011). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2.86 million km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 500 and 2,000 km². It probably also occurs in North Africa.","The subpopulations of this species are variable in size, but most occur in very small areas of suitable habitat that can easily go extinct. The subpopulations are strongly isolated so that recolonisation is unlikely. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. A decline has been reported from the Portuguese Estremadura region (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2016). A continuing decline in the area of occupancy (AOO), number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the overall loss of habitat (B. Odé pers. comm. 2016).","This species is found in reeds along rivers and lakes, mainly on the coast, but also further inland (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2016). It mainly occurs in marshland with a stable high water table, being influenced by tidal fluctuation (Odé et al. 2011).","This species is threatened by drainage of its wetland habitats, urbanisation, touristic development and intensive agriculture. It may also be affected by climate change (droughts and sea level rise).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. In addition taxonomic research is needed since it is currently not clear if Natula averni and Natula longipennis are synonyms or if they may consist of even more species (Odé et al. 2011). Protection of its habitat and adequate water management is required to avoid any future population declines.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Odé, B., Kleukers, R., Lemos, P., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Nemobius,interstitialis,,Nemobius interstitialis,"Barranco, Gilgado & Ortuño, 2013",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Mute Wood-cricket (Nemobius interstitialis) has only recently been discovered and is only known from two localities, where it lives in large numbers. It may well be present in suitable habitat in other areas. As it has only recently been discovered and not much is known about it, this species is assessed as Data Deficient. More research is needed into the population size and trends, and into the threats in order to assess its extinction risk. Special effort has to be made to establish a better understanding of the distribution of this recently described cryptic cricket.",Unknown,"The Mute Wood-cricket (Nemobius interstitialis) was described in 2013 (Barranco et al. 2013). So far, it is only known from two localities in the Guadarrama Mountains (J. Correas pers. comm. 2016). It is not easy to find and may prove to be more widely distributed in the area. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is at present estimated at ca 4,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².","As this species has only recently been discovered, the population size and trend are unknown. However, one of the subpopulations has a very high number of individuals (Barranco et al. 2013).","This species lives in underground crevices on siliceous scree slopes (Barranco et al. 2013). It is found at around 1,490 m asl.",Within the limited known distribution the threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but the presently known subpopulations reside within the National Park Sierra de Guadarrama. The habitat of this species seems quite common in the area, but more research is needed into the population size and trends, and into the threats. Special effort has to be made to establish a better understanding of the distribution of this recently described cryptic cricket.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & Cálix, M.","Odé, B., Barranco Vega, P., Ferreira, S., Lemos, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Correas, J., Prunier, F. & Hochkirch, A.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Nemobius,sylvestris,,Nemobius sylvestris,"(Bosc, 1792)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Wood-cricket (Nemobius sylvestris) occurs from north Africa and the Iberian Peninsula to south England and northern Germany in the north and western Slovakia in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common, and the population size is probably very large. It is found in the leaf litter of deciduous forests in western Europe.",Unknown,The Wood-cricket occurs from north Africa and the Iberian Peninsula to south England and northern Germany in the north and western Slovakia in the east. An isolated occurrence in Romania needs confirmation. The records from Crimea are probably erroneous (Bey-Bienko 1964) and are disregarded here. It is also found in northern Italy and possibly on Sardinia (Massa et al. 2012) and on the island of São Miguel in the Azores (Portugal) (Heller 2013). On the latter island it was presumably introduced. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 28 is ca 2.7 million km².,"This species is quite common and widespread in western Europe (e.g. Olmo-Vidal 2002, Maas et al. 2002, Ferreira 2009),but very rare at the eastern range border (e.g. Poland, Hungary). The overall population trend is unknown. The population size is probably very large.","This species is found in leaf litter of deciduous forests. It is mainly found in open forests, near clearings or at the forest edge (Baur et al. 2006, Massa et al. 2012). It prefers well-developed leaf litter, low ground vegetation cover, and low canopy cover (Browers and Newton 2009b).","The major threat to this species is the replacement of natural forests by plantations of non-native trees, particularly conifers and the Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) tree. As the species is flightless it is also sensitive to habitat fragmentation (Brouwers and Newton 2009a).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. The species is listed as Endangered on the Polish Red List (Liana 2002). Research into its global population trend is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Neocallicrania,barrosi,,Neocallicrania barrosi,"Barat, 2013",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"Barros' Saddle Bush-cricket (Neocallicrania barrosi) is endemic to the central part of western Portugal. This species is assessed as Near Threatened as it has a restricted distribution (extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 2,200 km²) and a continuing decline in the habitat extent and quality, number of mature individuals and number of subpopulations is inferred from the ongoing touristic development along the coast. However, the population is not severely fragmented. Research is needed into its distribution, population trend, life history and ecology, as well as into the threats to the species.",Decreasing,"Barros' Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the central part of western Portugal (Barat 2013, F. Barros pers. comm. 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 2,200 km².","This species is locally abundant and despite its restricted distribution the species is common. The population does not appear to be fragmented, but the population trend is likely to be negative as a consequence of touristic development at the coasts (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2016). Therefore, a continuing decline in the habitat extent and quality, number of mature individuals and number of subpopulations is inferred.","The species occurs in dune pine forests (F Barros pers. comm. 2015) and usually resides in shrubs, such as Ulex densus (P Lemos pers. comm. 2016).",The habitat of this species is under pressure from touristic development.,"There are no conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area throughout its range. Research is needed on its distribution, population trend, life history and ecology, as well as into the threats to the species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Ferreira, S., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Clemente, M., Correas, J., García, M., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B., Presa, J.J. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M. & Barros, F.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Neocallicrania,bolivarii,,Neocallicrania bolivarii,"(Seoane, 1878)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Bolivar's Saddle Bush-cricket (Neocallicrania bolivarii) is endemic to the Cantabrian fringe of Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it inhabits very common shrubs in Galicia, and the population size is likely to be large.",Unknown,"Bolivar's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the Cantabrian fringe of Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 27,100 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km² with an upper estimate of 1,000 km². The easternmost records of this species are doubtful (Barat 2007) and are therefore not considered in this assessment.","The population size and trend for this species are unknown, but it is found on very common shrubs and the population size is likely to be large.","This species inhabits Ulex spp. and  Erica spp. shrubland (Peinado de Diego 1990). It has also been found in pine forests (J.R. Correas pers. comm. 2016). It occurs at altitudes up to 1,060 m Asl.",Wildfires could be a potential threat to the species.,"There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. It has been recorded from a protected area. Research is needed into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Neocallicrania,lusitanica,,Neocallicrania lusitanica,"(Aires & Menano, 1916)",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Coruche Saddle Bush-cricket (Neocallicrania lusitanica) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it occurs mostly in central Portugal and in a restricted area of southwestern Spain. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on the population size and trend. Further research is needed on this species in order to assess its extinction risk.",Unknown,"The Coruche Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it occurs mostly in central Portugal and in a restricted area of southwestern Spain (Barat 2007, F. Barros pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 41,200 km².","There is no information on the population size and trend of this species. The abundance is not high, but it is a widespread species. The western subpopulation is isolated.","The species occurs in shrubland where it can be found on Genista spp., Sarothamnus spp. and Thymus spp. (Peinado de Diego 1990).",Wildfires and agricultural conversion may affect the subpopulations locally.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into its threats, population trend, distribution and ecology.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Ferreira, S., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Clemente, M., Correas, J., García, M., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B., Presa, J.J. & Prunier, F.","Barros, F. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Neocallicrania,miegii,,Neocallicrania miegii,"(Bolívar, 1873)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Mieg's Saddle Bush-cricket (Neocallicrania miegii) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula,  where it is relatively widespread along the Iberian Central mountain ranges. This species is as Least Concern since it is widespread in the central Iberian Peninsula, it is abundant in the Sierra de Guadarrama and the overall population size is presumed to be large.",Unknown,"Mieg's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it is relatively widespread along the Iberian Central mountain ranges (Barat 2007). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 118,400 km².",In the Sierra de Guadarrama the species is abundant (J. Correas pers. comm. 2016). The population trend is unknown but the population size is presumed to be large.,"This species is typical of medium-altitude areas with Mediterranean vegetation (Barat 2007), being found on Genista spp., Sarothamnus spp. and Thymus spp. (Peinado de Diego 1990).",Wildfires may locally affect this species.,"There are no direct conservation measures is in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Ferreira, S., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Clemente, M., Correas, J., García, M., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B., Presa, J.J. & Prunier, F.","Barros, F. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Neocallicrania,selligera,,Neocallicrania selligera,"(Charpentier, 1825)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,The Lusitanian Saddle Bush-cricket (Neocallicrania selligera) is endemic to the northwestern Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern due to its relatively wide distribution area and presumed large population size.,Unknown,"The Lusitanian Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the northwestern Iberian Peninsula (Barat 2007). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 176,100 km².","The subpopulations of this species may be dense, with a high number of individuals, and the overall population size is presumed to be large. The population trend is unknown.","This species occurs in forests, forest clearings and in shrubland. It mostly resides in shrubs.",This species may be locally affected by wildfires.,"There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Ferreira, S., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Clemente, M., Correas, J., García, M., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B., Presa, J.J. & Prunier, F.","Barros, F. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Neocallicrania,serrata,,Neocallicrania serrata,"(Bolívar, 1885)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Serrated Saddle Bush-cricket (Neocallicrania serrata) is restricted to the coastal areas of southwestern Portugal. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) smaller than 5,000 km²), the population size is probably very large and there is no indication of population declines. However, wildfires may affect the species locally and it is projected that in the near future increasing touristic and recreation infrastructure development and activities might impact its habitat. Further research on this species is recommended.",Unknown,"The Serrated Saddle Bush-cricket is restricted to the coastal areas of southwestern Portugal (Barat 2007, Barat 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,800 km².","The information on the species' population is scarce. Usually several individuals are seen within its habitat, but the population trend is unknown. The population size is presumed to be very large.",The species occurs mainly in pine forests and shrubs on dunes (F. Barros pers. comm. 2016) and is found on Ulex spp. (Peinado de Diego 1990).,Wildfires may affect the species locally. It is projected that in the near future increasing touristic and recreation infrastructure development and activities might impact its habitat.,"There are no conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into the species' distribution, population trend, and ecology. In addition, the impact of residential and commercial development for tourism and recreation areas on the species' habitat and population needs to be studied.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Ferreira, S., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Barros, F., Clemente, M., Correas, J., García, M., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B., Presa, J.J. & Prunier, F.","Barros, F. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Notostaurus,albicornis,,Notostaurus albicornis,"(Eversmann, 1848)",,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The White-headed Cross-backed Grasshopper (Notostaurus albicornis) is found from the southeastern part of European Russia to West Siberia and northwestern Mongolia in the east and northern Iran and Afghanistan in the south. In Europe this species occurs in the Ukraine as well as in southern and eastern European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe, since although it has a restricted geographic range (estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 120 to 500 km²), the subpopulations of this species are usually large and and the population trend is stable. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Stable,"The White-headed Cross-backed Grasshopper is found from the southeastern part of European Russia to West Siberia and northwestern Mongolia in the east and northern Iran and Afghanistan in the south (Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1964). In Europe this species occurs in the Ukraine as well as in southern and eastern European Russia (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 680,000 km², and its minimum area of occupancy (AOO) is 150 km² with a maximum estimate of 500 km².",This species is often dominant in its habitat (Savitsky 2009). The population trend is assumed to be stable and not severely fragmented (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).,This species occurs in deserts (Sergeev 2010) and sandy-loamy semi-deserts with Artemisia spp. vegetation (Savitsky 2002) or in bushes (Savitsky 2009). It is often found on alkaline soils (Savitsky 2010a) and it feeds on Artemisia spp. (Savitsky 2010b).,The transformation of its habitat into farmland may be a threat to this species (V. Vedenina pers. comm. 2015). It is also found on sites with intensive grazing (Sergeev 2014).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). More research into its population trend is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Vedenina, V., Szovenyi, G., Willemse, L.P.M., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T. & Skejo, J. Skejo","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Notostaurus,anatolicus,,Notostaurus anatolicus,"(Krauss, 1896)",,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment:Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment:Near Threatened (NT)

The Anatolian Cross-backed Grasshopper (Notostaurus anatolicus) is found from southern Bulgaria, south Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia) and Greece to the Near East and the Caspian Sea. In Russia it is only found in the northern Caucasus. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe and in the EU 28 since it has a restricted geographic range (estimated area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is between 500 km² to 1,500 km², while in Europe it is between 1,000 and 2,000 km²), and a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing deterioration of its habitat; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B2. This species is threatened by the transformation of its habitat into forests and by overgrazing. Protection of its habitat from human land use is needed to ensure its survival, and research into its taxonomy is needed as it has been confused with Notostaurus albicornis in the past. Furthermore, research into its population trend is also required.",Decreasing,"The Anatolian Cross-backed Grasshopper is distributed from southern Bulgaria, south Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia) and Greece to the Near East and the Caspian Sea (Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1964, Chobanov 2003). In Russia it is only found in the northern Caucasus (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). Its distribution is very scattered in the EU 28 with an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of 500 km² to 1,500 km², while the AOO in Europe is estimated to be between 1,000 and 2,000 km². The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 270,000 km², in the EU 28 ca 200,000 km².","In Europe the population of this species is fragmented, but the fragmentation is not considered severe (D. Chobanov and L. Willemse pers. comm. 2015). The subpopulations in the northern part of its range are usually small and probably declining (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). However, this species has been reported as a pest in Iran (Khajehzadeh and Fard 1995). The overall population trend is decreasing.","The species is found in steppe-like and semi-arid habitats, such as dry grassland with scarce vegetation (Chobanov 2003, 2009). It is typically found on bare ground (compact or stony soil) with sparse grass cover (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015) with some bushes around (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015).","Any agricultural practices, particularly overgrazing, pose a threat to this species. It may also be negatively affected by afforestation and the use of pesticides (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Protection of its habitat from human land use is needed to ensure its survival. There is also need for research on its taxonomy as it has been confused with Notostaurus albicornis in the past (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). Furthermore, research into its population trend is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Chobanov, D.P., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Vedenina, V., Skejo, J. Skejo, Pushkar, T., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Kristin, A., Sirin, D. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M. & Savitsky, V.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Ochrilidia,hebetata,,Ochrilidia hebetata,"(Uvarov, 1926)",,No,NT,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Blunt Match Grasshopper (Ochrilidia hebetata) occurs in Central Asia, from Dagestan and the Lower Volga region over Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan to southeastern Kazakhstan. In Europe it is only known from four localities in the Lower Volga region, where it occurs in sandy to sandy-loamy semi-deserts and deserts with grass tussocks. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 15,000 km², area of  occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 50 and 400 km²), and the population severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. However, no threats to this species have been reported and the number of localities is likely to be higher. More research into its distribution, population trend and threats is needed. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Unknown,"The Blunt Match Grasshopper occurs in Central Asia, from Dagestan and the Lower Volga region over Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan to southeastern Kazakhstan (Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1964, Harz 1975). In Europe it is only known from four localities in the Lower Volga region, but the species might be more widespread (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). Its European extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 15,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 50 and 400 km².",Subpopulations of this species are usually small and isolated (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). The population is considered to be severely fragmented. Only four localities are known but the real number is likely to be higher. The population trend is unknown.,This species is found in grass tussocks in sandy to sandy-loamy deserts and semi-deserts (Savitsky 2002). Its main food plants of are Stipagrostis pennata and S. karelini (Savitsky 2010).,No threats to this species have been reported (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). More research into its distribution, population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Vedenina, V., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo, Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Sirin, D., Szovenyi, G., Willemse, L.P.M. & Chobanov, D.P.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Ochrilidia,nuragica,,Ochrilidia nuragica,"Tarbinsky, 1926",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Sardinian Match Grasshopper (Ochrilidia nuragica) is endemic to Sardinia and is restricted to a few localities on the south-eastern and south-western coasts. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,300 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is between 12 and 50 km²), the population is severely fragmented and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of its habitat (coastal dunes) due to touristic development. Further research is needed into the population size and trend. The remaining habitats of this grasshopper need to be protected and monitoring of the subpopulations is necessary to preserve this species.",Unknown,"The Sardinian Match Grasshopper is endemic to Sardinia and is restricted to a few localities on the south-eastern and south-western coasts (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,300 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km² (with an upper estimate of 50 km²).","Since the species was described in 1994, it has only been found occasionally, and the population trend is unknown. However, since a decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the loss of habitat, it is possible that the population trend is decreasing. The subpopulations of this species are very isolated with very large distances between them and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.","This species is found in inland dunes and coastal habitats, hiding in tall grasses (Ammophilaspp.), where it is well camouflaged. It is a good flyer and can be found at altitudes between 5 m and 50 m asl.",Drastic reduction of coastal habitat by touristic development is the main threat to this species.,"There are no conservation measures currently in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. The remaining habitats need to be protected and monitoring of the subpopulations is necessary to preserve this species. Further research is needed into the population size and trend.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Ochrilidia,pruinosa,,Ochrilidia pruinosa,"Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882",The taxonomy of Ochrilidia pruinosa in relation to O. tibialis is not clear. Jago (1977) and Mishchenko (1987) hold different views in this respect. It is unclear whether these are two species or only one. For the Red List Assesment of O. pruinosa it is a,No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Aegean Match Grasshopper (Ochrilidia pruinosa) is found in Greece, where it is known from Crete, some of the Cyclades islands, the eastern Aegean islands including Rodhes, and a single spot on the northwestern tip of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is between 144 and 500 km²), the population is severely fragmented and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of its habitat due to touristic activities in its range. Research is required into this species' taxonomy, in particular the distinction between this species and Ochrilidia tibialis. Further research is also needed into the population size and trend. General protection of its dune habitats is required and dune restoration is recommended.",Decreasing,"The Aegean Match Grasshopper is found in Greece (Willemse 1984 as O. tibialis), where it is known from Crete, some of the Cyclades islands, the eastern Aegean islands including Rodhes, and a single spot on the northwestern tip of the Peloponnesus. Its presence in Cyprus (Tumbrinck 2006) needs to be confirmed by taxonomic studies. The very recent finding in the Peloponnesus shows that this species actually also occurs on the Greek mainland, where it may well be more widespread. This species is also known to occur in Israel. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 120,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) between 144 and 500 km².","Nothing is known about the population trend of this species, although it is inferred to be decreasing as a consequence of habitat loss. Subpopulations are not very large, but as there are quite a substantial number of subpopulations the overall population size of this species is assumed to be large. This species is not common and the subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.","In Greece, this species is found in dune areas where it can be found in clumps of grasses (Ammophila spp.). In Cyprus, it is found on the edge of a salt lake in Juncus spp. vegetation.","This species is likely to be affected by touristic development of infrastructure, through dune destruction and habitat modifications.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Research is required into this species' taxonomy, in particular the distinction between this species and Ochrilidia tibialis. Further research is also needed into the population size and trend. General protection of its dune habitats is required and dune restoration is recommended.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Ochrilidia,sicula,,Ochrilidia sicula,"(Salfi, 1931)",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Sicilian Match Grasshopper (Ochrilidia sicula) is endemic to Sicily, Italy. This species is assessed as Endangered since its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,600 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, EOO, AOO, number of subpopulations and in the number of mature individuals due to tourism development, recreational activities, greenhouse infrastructures and pesticide use. Habitat loss along the coast due to tourism and recreational activities has already driven the northern subpopulations to extinction. The remnant patches of suitable habitat should be protected and more habitat should be restored to increase the area of suitable habitat for this species. Research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this grasshopper. Monitoring of its habitat is also recommended.",Decreasing,"The Sicilian Match Grasshopper is endemic to Sicily, Italy, where it has disappeared from the north-western coast (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,600 km².","The species is rare and the population trend is decreasing. The subpopulations are isolated, suitable habitats are only present along the coast in small patches, and these small subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is considered to be severely fragmented.","Ochrilidia sicula is a coastal species that lives in the patches of grasses in dunes with Ammophiletum vegetation. Adults are found in spring and summer. It probably overwinters as adult, and it is a good flyer.","Habitat loss along the coast due to tourism and recreational activities is a major threat which has already driven the northern subpopulations to extinction. Additionally, the south-eastern subpopulations are threatened by construction of greenhouses. The use of pesticides in greenhouses also poses a threat to this species.","No conservation actions are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. The remnant patches of suitable habitat should be protected and more habitat should be restored to increase the area of suitable habitat for this species. Research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this grasshopper. Monitoring of its habitat is also recommended.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Ochrilidia,tibialis,,Ochrilidia tibialis,"(Fieber, 1853)",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The African Match Grasshopper has originally been described from Greece and the type locality has later been assigned to Crete. However, this locality is rather doubtful. Currently, the most likely place where the species might occur in Europe is Cyprus. However, due to the uncertain taxonomy and provenance, the species is assessed as Data Deficient. Further research is needed on its taxonomy and distribution in order to clarify the status of this species.",Unknown,"The distribution of the African Match Grasshopper is insufficiently known. The species has been described from Greece, but the material was obtained from a commercial dealer (Willemse and Krusemann 1976). Its type locality is sometimes referred to Crete, but even this is doubtful  (Willemse and Krusemann 1976). According to Eades et al. (2014) Ochrilida tibialis is mainly found in western Africa. According to K. Siedle (pers. comm. 2015) the species might occur on Cyprus as the specimens on this island differ from Ochrilidia pruinosa, which is common in Greece.",There is no information on the population size or trend of this species.,The genus Ochrilidia is mainly found in sand dunes. It is likely that this also applies to Ochrilidia tibialis.,The threats to this species are unknown.,No conservation action is in place for this species and it is unknown whether it occurs in any protected area. Taxonomic research is needed to clarify its identity and distribution.,The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Tzirkalli, E., Siedle, K., Heller, K.-G. & Tumbrinck, J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Ocneridia,nigropunctata,,Ocneridia nigropunctata,"(Lucas, 1849)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Dotted Stone Grasshopper (Ocneridia nigropunctata) occurs in Italy and most of north Africa. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common in Sicily, and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"The Dotted Stone Grasshopper is known from Sicily (Italy) and north Africa (Lybia, Tunisia and Algeria) (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 29,000 km².",The species is common and widespread all over Sicily. The overall population trend is unknown.,"This species lives in dry grassland, fields, shrubland and rocky habitats. Adults occur in spring and summer, egg hatching in autumn, and overwintering as nymph. It is a flightless species, and it occurs from sea level up to 1,200 m Asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no conservation measures in place to this species, but it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Fontana, P., Hochkirch, A., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M. & Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Ocnerodes,brunnerii,,Ocnerodes brunnerii,"(Bolívar, 1876)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Brunner's Stone Grasshopper (Ocnerodes brunnerii) is endemic to Spain where it occurs in a wide area of the central and eastern Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in Spain, seems to be common and no major threat to it have been reported. However, the population is severely fragmented and further research is needed on the population size and trend of this grasshopper.",Unknown,"Brunner's Stone Grasshopper is endemic to Spain, where it occurs in a wide area of the central and eastern Iberian Peninsula. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 240,000 km².",The species is not abundant but seems to be common. The population is severely fragmented as the individuals are flightless and subpopulations seem to be very small and isolated.,"This species is found in lowlands and in lower mountainous areas and inhabits areas of scarce vegetation, usually Thymus shrubland and mixed shrub-grass associations (Pardo and Gómez 1995, Llorente del Moral and Presa Asensio 1997). It is found from sea level up to 1,200 m Asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this widespread species. It occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Further research is needed on its population size and trend.,The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Ocnerodes,fallaciosus,,Ocnerodes fallaciosus,"Bolívar, 1912",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Misleading Stone Grasshopper (Ocnerodes fallaciosus) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km², and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B2. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",Unknown,"The Misleading Stone Grasshopper is endemic to the southern Iberian Peninsula, and is found in Spain (Huelva and Granada provinces) and Portugal (Algarve).This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 30,400 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km².","The population is considered severely fragmented as this species is flightless, and subpopulations are very small and isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. Although it can be locally common in Portugal, this is not the case in Spain. The current population trend is unknown.","This species lives in open Mediterranean shrublands of Thymus, Ulex and Daucus species (Llorente del Moral and Presa Asensio 1997). It is found at altitudes between 40 m and 732 m Asl.",The threats to this species remain unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in two protected areas. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Ocnerodes,prosternalis,,Ocnerodes prosternalis,"Bolívar, 1912",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Thick-necked Stone Grasshopper (Ocnerodes prosternalis) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 1,500 km² and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualify for a threatened category under Criterion B. Further research is needed into its population trend and threats.",Unknown,"The Thick-necked Stone Grasshopper is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula.This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 170,000 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 160 km² with an upper estimate of 1,500 km².","The population trend of this species is unknown. The population is severely fragmented since this grasshopper is flightless and the subpopulations are very small, isolated by large distances and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","The species inhabits Rosmarinus and Cistus shrubland (Llorente del Moral and Presa Asensio 1997, Llucià-Pomares and Fernández-Ortín 2009) and it is found at altitudes between 188 m and 1,750 m Asl.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in a number of protected areas. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Ocnerodes,soleri,,Ocnerodes soleri,"Llorente del Moral & Presa, 1983",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"Soler's Stone Grasshopper (Ocnerodes soleri) is endemic to Spain where it is known from five localities within a small area belonging to the Ciudad Real and Albacete provinces. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km² with an upper estimate of 200 km²), and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Further research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.",Unknown,"Soler's Stone Grasshopper is endemic to Spain where it is known from five localities within a small area belonging to the Ciudad Real and Albacete provinces. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km² with an upper estimate of 200 km².","There is no available information on the population size and trend of this rare species. The population is severely fragmented since individuals are flightless and the known subpopulations are very small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.",This species has been collected in dense Thymus shrublands (Pardo and Gómez 1995) and it occurs at altitudes between 700 m and 900 m Asl.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Further research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Odontopodisma,acuminata,,Odontopodisma acuminata,"Kis, 1962",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Tapering Mountain Grasshopper has a small area of occupancy (AOO) of less than 100 km². Despite some minor threats, a continuous decline is not projected and the population is assumed to be stable. The population is not considered severely fragmented and it does not experience extreme fluctuations. Therefore, the species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Stable,"The Tapering Mountain Grasshopper is known only from western Romania, where it occurs in the western Transylvania and north Banat regions between 400 - 1,100 m altitude (Kis and Vasiliu 1970). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 17,000 km² and its area of occupancy is c. 44 km², with an upper estimate of c. 100 km².",Subpopulations of this species are small but the population trend is assumed to be stable.,"This species inhabits mesophytic scrub of Rubus spp., Cornus sanguinea, Clematis vitalba and other tall bushes and herbs in forest meadows and forest edges. Adults are found between late June and October (Kis 1962, Kis and Vasiliu 1970).","The threats to this species are minor and include habitat degradation as a result of the intensification of agriculture, residential development and the use of insecticides.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it does not occur in protected areas throughout its range. More research is needed on its population trend.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Odontopodisma,albanica,,Odontopodisma albanica,"Ramme, 1951",,Yes,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Albanian Mountain Grasshopper has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 48,000 km². The population is severely fragmented, but there is no indication of a decline. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The Albanian Mountain Grasshopper occurs in north and eastern Albania, northern Montenegro, northern and western Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia), western Serbia, and eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina (Harz 1975, Adamovic 1975, Pavicevic et al. 2014). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 48,000 km².","The population trend of this species is unknown. In the northern part of its distribution this species is locally abundant, but the southern subpopulations in Albania and Macedonia are smaller (Lemonnier-Darcemont 2011). Overall, this flightless species has mainly very small and isolated subpopulations with probably no genetic exchange between them, that may become extinct with a reduced possibility of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented.","The species inhabits mesic scrub and lush humid mountain meadows. It can also be found in forest edges on ferns and clearings. Its altitudinal range is 800 - 1,800 m.","The habitat of this species is very sensitive and prone to degradation as a result of overgrazing or direct changes on the habitat, such as conversion into farmland (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014).","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. The species is assessed as Vulnerable on the National Red List of Macedonia (Lemmonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014), and is protected in Serbia. Research on its population trend and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Odontopodisma,carpathica,,Odontopodisma carpathica,"Kis, 1962",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Carpathian Mountain Grasshopper has a restricted extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 15,000 km². Its population is fragmented, but not severely. Despite the possible threat of overgrazing, a continuous decline is not inferred and the population seems to be stable. The species is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Stable,"The Carpathian Mountain Grasshopper is known from the southern (Fagaras, Cibin, Cozia Mountains) and eastern (Gurghiu Mountain) Carpathians in Romania (Kis and Vasiliu 1970). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 15,000 km².","The population trend is considered to be stable. Subpopulations are small and fragmented, but the population is not severely fragmented.","The species occurs in bushes of Rubus idaeus and Juniperus sp., as well as in associations of Vaccinium myrtillus (Kis 1962). Its altitudinal range is 400 - 1,900 m.","A possible threat to the species is overgrazing, which can lead to habitat degradation and the decline of the population.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Odontopodisma,decipiens,,Odontopodisma decipiens,"Ramme, 1951",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Cheating Mountain Grasshopper (Odontopodisma decipiens) is widespread on the Balkan Peninsula, reaching northern Italy and southern Switzerland in the northwest. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, has large subpopulations, and the population trend seems to be stable, although local threats (abandonment, wildfires) have been reported.",Stable,"The Cheating Mountain Grasshopper occurs from southern Switzerland, northern Italy, Austria and Slovakia to Greece, European Turkey and the Ukraine (Chobanov 2009, Braun and Lederer 2009). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.1 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 1 million km².","This species has declined in the past in Austria, but at present the population is probably stable (T. Zuna-Kratky persc. comm. 2015). It is rare in northern Hungary (Nagy and Kisfali 2007), Slovakia (A. Kristin pers. comm. 2015) and Switzerland (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2015), but common in northwest Croatia (Nagy 2006) and southern Hungary (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2015). The subpopulations are usually not large, but sometimes can be numerous (D. Chobanov and C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2015). Even though the species is flightless, the population is not considered severely fragmented (A. Kristin, I. Iorgu and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). Overall, the species is assumed to have a stable population trend (A. Kristin, G. Puskás, T. Zuna-Kratky and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).","This species occurs mainly in shrubland (Baur et al. 2006), particularly on Rubus spp. bushes (Nagy et al. 2010). It has been reported from forest edges, railroad embankments and other fringe habitats, where it is found on Alnus glutinosa or Filipendula ulmaria (Zechner et al. 2005), and has also been found in mesic to dry grassland habitats (Nagy 2006).","Threats to this species could include afforestation and loss of natural forest edges due to agricultural land use (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015), abandonment of grazing, and urbanisation (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2015). Furthermore, increasing frequency of wildfires may also threaten this species (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. In the Carpathian mountains it has been assessed as Vulnerable (Kristin and Iorgu 2014), and in Austria as Near Threatened (Berg et al. 2005). More research into its population trend and threats is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Kristin, A., Zuna-Kratky, T., Puskas, G., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Iorgu, I.S., Buzzetti, F.M., Willemse, L.P.M., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Ivkovic, S., Szovenyi, G. & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Odontopodisma,fallax,,Odontopodisma fallax,"Ramme, 1951",,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
Even though this species is assumed to have a stable population, the Istrian Mountain Grasshopper is listed as Near Threatened (NT) because its area of occupancy (AOO) is probably less than 500 km², its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 20,000 km² in Europe and c. 19,000 km² in the EU 28 and its population is severely fragmented. Therefore, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B.",Stable,"This Istrian Mountain Grasshopper occurs along the western Dinaric Mountains from Dinara Mt. to Ucka and Cicarija in Croatia (including Krk Island), the karstic regions with Mediterranean influence in Slovenia and northeastern Italy (Harz 1975, Massa et al. 2012, G. Szovenyi, J. Skejo and S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 20,000 km² in pan-Europe, and c. 19,000 km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is probably less than 500 km².","This species is locally abundant and its population trend is considered to be stable. However, the majority of subpopulations are small and very isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. Therefore, the population is considered to be severely fragmented.",The species inhabits scrubs of Rubus spp. and other tall bushes in forest clearings and alongside roads. It is also found in open grasslands in mountainous areas.,"The main threats to this species is the degradation of its habitat as a result of overgrazing, wood logging and forest fires. The subpopulation in Krk island inhabits polluted areas, but the species seems to be resistant to it.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Odontopodisma,montana,,Odontopodisma montana,"Kis, 1962",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The population of the Romanian Mountain Grasshopper is severely fragmented, but the species has a large extent of occurrence (c. 125,000 km²) and no declines have been observed. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The Romanian Mountain Grasshopper is known from an extensive area from the southern Carpathians in Romania to southern and southeastern Bulgaria (Kis and Vasiliu 1970, Chobanov 2009). Considering these records, its occurrence in western Serbia and northeastern European Turkey is expected. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 125,000 km².","Subpopulations of this species are very small and isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. Therefore, its population is considered to be severely fragmented. The population density varies, being low in the hilly belt and high in the mountains (western Stara Planina Mountains in Bulgaria). The population trend is unknown.","The species has an altitudinal range between 100 - 2,000 m. In the lowland and hilly areas, the species is confined to forest clearings and edges, where it occurs in the scrubs of Rubus, Carpinus, Quercus, etc. Towards the upper limit of its occurrence, it inhabits open Vaccinium associations including peatbogs.","The main threats to this species are overgrazing and logging, which lead to habitat degradation.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Odontopodisma,rammei,,Odontopodisma rammei,"Harz, 1973",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Rijeka Mountain Grasshopper is listed as Data Deficient (DD) due to lack of information, as the species has only been recorded from its type locality. Further research on its taxonomy, distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",Unknown,The Rijeka Mountain Grasshopper is only known from the type locality near Rijeka (Croatia) (Harz 1975). It has an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of 225 km² and a known area of occupancy (AOO) of 4 km².,There is no information on the population size and trend of this species.,"The habitat and ecological requirements of this species have not been recorded, but judging from its closest relative it likely occurs in shrublands.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Detailed morphological and molecular comparison with O. fallax is in progress (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016). Research on its the population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Odontopodisma,rubripes,,Odontopodisma rubripes,"(Ramme, 1931)",,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
The Red-legged Mountain Grasshopper is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) because there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and its area of occupancy (AOO) is small, being thus close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B. The species is affected by overgrazing, human intervention and insecticide use, and further research on its population trend is needed.",Decreasing,"The Red-legged Mountain Grasshopper occurs in the Carpathian range of central and northwestern Romania, western Ukraine, and the northeastern areas of Hungary and Slovakia (Kis 1962, Harz 1975, Kristin and Kanuch 2013). The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 400 and 3,000 km², with most of it within the EU 28 (c. 300-2,000 km²), and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 80,000 km² (for the EU 28 it is c. 62,000 km²).","Subpopulations of this species seem to be large and presumably stable in Romania, but they are small, fragmented and slowly declining in Hungary and Slovakia. There is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals.","The Red-legged Mountain Grasshopper occurs between 100 and 1,300 m altitude in scrub in forest clearings and edges as well as in shrub-dominated wetlands, where the species lives on Rubus spp. and other tall bushes and herbs (Kis and Vasiliu 1970, Kristin and Kanuch 2013, I. Iorgu, pers. comm.).","The main threats to this species overgrazing, human interventions (including early or very intense mowing, drainage and forest edge cutting) and the use of insecticides, which lead to habitat degradation.","This species is listed in Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive and it is therefore compulsory to monitor this species. Its status has been assessed as ""Unfavourable-Inadequate"" in all biogeographic regions (EEA 2014). It occurs in protected areas throughout its range. More research on its population trend is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Odontopodisma,schmidtii,,Odontopodisma schmidtii,"(Fieber, 1853)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
Schmidt's Mountain Grasshopper is listed as Least Concern (LC) as it is a common species and its population seems to be stable across its range.",Stable,"Schmidt's Mountain Grasshopper is known from north-eastern Italy, southern Austria, south-western Hungary, Slovenia, continental and partly Dinaric Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and northern Serbia (Harz 1975, G. Szövenyi, G. Puskas, S. Ivkovic and J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 210,000 km² (in the EU 28 it is c. 165,000 km²) and the area of occupancy (AOO) is between 500 and 1,000 km² (in the EU 28 it is c. 100-500 km²).","This species is widespread and common. It appears to have a stable population trend, and might even be increasing in some areas.","This species occurs in mesic habitats with tall herbs and small bushes and also in marshy grasslands with bushes. Its main habitats are bushes and shrubs in small-scale rural landscapes, edges and clearcuts along and inside forests, and it prefers horizontally oriented vegetation structure. It is found between 50 m (in Croatia) and 1,000 m altitude (Italy).","Habitat changes caused by urbanisation, farming and wood logging, together with the use of insecticides, may negatively influence local subpopulations.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Odontura,arcuata,,Odontura arcuata,"Messina, 1981",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Sicilian Striped Bush-cricket (Odontura arctuata) is endemic to Sicily, Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"The Sicilian Striped Bush-cricket is endemic to Sicily, Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5,600 km².",The species is common but the population trend isunknown.,"This medium-sized greenish bush cricket lives in high forbs and shrubs in grassland, where adults can be found from March until May at elevations between 600 m and 1,900 m asl. Morphologically, it cannot be distinguished from O. stenoxypha.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Odontura,aspericauda,,Odontura aspericauda,"Rambur, 1838",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Iberian Striped Bush-cricket (Odontura aspericauda) is endemic to Spain, where it is widespread in the southeastern part of the country, from Cádiz up to Barcelona. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common, occurs in a variety of habitats, and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"The Iberian Striped Bush-cricket is endemic to Spain, where it is widespread in the southeastern part of the country, from Cádiz up to Barcelona (Llorente and Pinedo 1990). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 235,000 km².","There is no available information on the population size and trend of this species, but it is common.","This species occurs in many different habitats, being present in both calcareous and siliceous soils, in pine forests, pastures, scrub-land and reeds (Pascual 1978). It is found from the sea level up to 2,000 m Asl (Llorente and Pinedo 1990).",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"The species is present in protected areas (Llorente and Pinedo 1990). Research is needed into the threats to this species and into the population trend, distribution as well as life history and ecology.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P.","Ferreira, S., Barranco Vega, P., Clemente, M., Correas, J., García, M., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B., Presa, J.J. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Odontura,borrei,,Odontura borrei,"Bolívar, 1878",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Algerian Striped Bush-cricket (Odontura borrei) is found in Lampedusa, Italy, and it also occurs in Algeria and probably in Tunisia. In Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"In Europe, the Algerian Striped Bush-cricket is found in Lampedusa, Italy. It also occurs in Algeria and probably in Tunisia (Massa et al. 2012). This species' known extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².",The species is rather common in spring but thepopulation trend is unknown.,This species inhabits shrubland and grassland. Adults can be found in spring and summer.,No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no conservation measures in place to this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Odontura,calaritana,,Odontura calaritana,"Costa, 1883",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Sardinian Striped Bush-cricket (Odontura calaritana) is endemic to Sardinia, Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"The Sardinian Striped Bush-cricket is endemic to west and south Sardinia, Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10,700 km².",The species common but thepopulation trend is unknown.,"This medium-sized mostly green bush cricket lives in high forbs, e.g. Ferula spp., and shrubs in grassland, where adults can be found in spring at elevations between 100 m and 400 m asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it probably occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend and threats is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Odontura,glabricauda,,Odontura glabricauda,"(Charpentier, 1825)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Smooth Striped Bush-cricket (Odontura glabricauda) is found in Morocco and in the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite widespread in the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula and its population size is presumably large.",Unknown,"The Smooth Striped Bush-cricket is found in Morocco and in the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula (Llorente and Pinedo 1990). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 192,000 km².","In Portugal, the population trend of this species is inferred to be decreasing as a consequence of increased pressure on its habitat (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2015). However, the global population trend is unknown. The overall population size is presumably large.",This species is found in bushes and on thistles at altitudes between 4 m and 800 m Asl (Llorente and Pinedo 1990).,This species may be locally threatened by overgrazing.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into its distribution, population trend, life history and ecology. Additionally research is also needed into potential threats to this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Barranco Vega, P., Odé, B., Ferreira, S., Presa, J.J., García, M., Correas, J. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Odontura,macphersoni,,Odontura macphersoni,"Morales-Agacino, 1943",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,Macpherson's Striped Bush-cricket (Odontura macphersoni) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population size is probably very large and it seems to be abundant - several individuals can often be found within a small area.,Unknown,"Macpherson's Striped Bush-cricket is present in the northwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and northeastern Portugal) (Llorente and Pinedo 1990, Ferreira pers. comm. 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 108,000 km².","The population trend of this species is unknown, but the population size is probably very large. Several individuals can often be found within a small area (Llorente and Pinedo 1990, Ferreira pers. comm. 2016).","This species is found mainly in shrubland with Cytisus, Retama and especially Echinospartum, with food preference for shrubs of the family Fabaceae (Gangwere and Agacino Morales 1973, Miranda-Arabolaza and Barranco 2005).","Wildfires are common within the range of the species, but the effects on this species are unknown.","There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Research is needed into the population trend, its distribution, life history and ecology. Furthermore, research into the major threats to this species is also recommended.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Ferreira, S., Barranco Vega, P., Clemente, M., Correas, J., García, M., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B., Presa, J.J. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M. & Barros, F.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Odontura,stenoxypha,,Odontura stenoxypha,"(Fieber, 1853)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Italian Striped Bush-cricket (Odontura stenoxypha) is found in Sicily, Italy, and it also occurs in Tunisia. In Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and no major threats to it have been reported.",Stable,"The Italian Striped Bush-cricket is found in Sicily, Italy, and it also occurs in Tunisia (Massa et al. 2012). In Europe, this species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 18,500 km².","This medium-sized bush cricket is relatively common but the population trend is unknown.Morphologically, it cannot be distinguished from O. arcuata.",This flightless species lives on shrubland and grassland at elevations between 150 m and 900 m asl.,No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend and ecology is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Oecanthus,dulcisonans,,Oecanthus dulcisonans,"Gorochov, 1993",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Large Tree-cricket (Oecanthus dulcisonans) occurs from the Canary Islands via the Mediterranean and the Arabian Peninsula to the Caucasus. In Europe it is found on the Canary Islands and in the Mediterranean from the Iberian Peninsula to Cyprus. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in the Mediterranean, quite common on the Canary Islands, and does not seem to be ecologically very specialised. There is an increase of records due to better knowledge of its song and morphology. However, the population trend remains unknown and more research is needed.",Unknown,"The Large Tree-cricket occurs from the Canary Islands via the Mediterranean and the Arabian Peninsula to the Caucasus (Cordero et al. 2009, Massa et al. 2012). In Europe it is found on the Canary Islands and in the Mediterranean from the Iberian Peninsula to Cyprus (Heller 2013). Its presence in Europe has only been confirmed recently (Gorochov and Llorente 2001, Cordero et al. 2009) so its distribution is still not completely understood. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and in the EU 28 is ca 4.6 million km².",The distribution of this species in Europe is still not completely understood. Therefore it is not possible to infer a population trend for this species. On the Canary Islands the species is quite widespread and common.,"This species is found in high ruderal vegetation and on trees (Massa et al. 2012). It has also been found on vegetable fields, along road verges and on pastureland.",The species might be threatened by the use of pesticides.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its distribution, population trends, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Odé, B., Lemos, P., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Oecanthus,pellucens,,Oecanthus pellucens,"(Scopoli, 1763)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The European Tree-cricket (Oecanthus pellucens) is widespread from the Canary Islands and north Africa to west Siberia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very widespread in Europe and its population trend is increasing; this tree-cricket is currently expanding its range in the north. In addition, subpopulations can be quite large and as the species is a good flyer, they are well connected.",Increasing,"The European Tree-cricket is widespread from the Canary Islands and north Africa to west Siberia (Harz 1969). In Europe it is widely distributed in the south and expanding its range in the north (e.g. Sander 1995). It has reached southern England, the Netherlands and the Berlin region in Germany.","This species is currently expanding its northern range border, therefore the population trend appears to be increasing. Subpopulations can be quite large and as the species is a good flyer, they are well connected.","This species is found in high grasses, forbs and shrubs (Massa et al. 2012). It occurs in grassland, abandoned farmland, vineyards and in ruderal vegetation in urban brownfields or along margins of roads, ditches, along rivers etc. (Sander 1995, Fedor and Majzlan 2001).",This species may be affected by pesticides. It has recently been shown that it shortens its songs under high traffic noise but this is unlikely to affect the population (Orci et al. 2016).,This species occurs in protected areas and no particular conservation action is required. More research into its population trend in the southern part of its range is needed.,The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Danielczak, A., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Oecanthus,turanicus,,Oecanthus turanicus,"Uvarov, 1912",,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
Eu 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Turanian Tree-cricket (Oecanthus turanicus) is a widespread cricket species which occurs from the Arabian Peninsula to the Lower Volga region. In Europe it is restricted to southern European Russia. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in Europe due to the lack of data on its population trend and ecology. More research into its distribution, ecology, population trend and threats is required in order to assess its extinction risk. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Unknown,"The Turanian Tree-cricket is found from the Lower Volga in southern European Russia (Heller 2013) to Central Asia (Garai 2010) and the Arabian Peninsula (Eades et al. 2015). In Europe it is only found in the Lower Volga region and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 40,000 km².",There is no available information on the population trend of this species. The population is possibly severely fragmented (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2015).,"There is no available information on the ecology of this species, but it is assumed to occur in semi-deserts.",The major threat to this species is the increasing frequency of wildfires (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2015).,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. More research into its distribution, ecology, population trend and threats is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Korsunovskaya, O., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Oedaleus,decorus,,Oedaleus decorus,"(Germar, 1826)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Handsome Cross Grasshopper (Oedaleus decorus) is a widespread grasshopper species, which can form very large subpopulations in parts of its range. While the species is regionally extinct in Austria and the Czech Republic, it is still common in the south of its distribution area and it is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Decreasing,"The Handsome Cross Grasshopper is widespread in Eurasia. In Europe, it is found from the Canary Islands and Madeira to southern Russia and from Sicily to central Germany and southern Slovakia (Boczki 2007, Heller 2013). In Austria and the Czech Republic the species is regionally extinct. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is c. 8.5 million km² and for the EU 28 it is c. 6.4 million km².","This species forms very large subpopulations. However, at the northern range margin, it has declined and is now regionally extinct in Austria (Berg et al. 2005) and the Czech Republic (Holusa 2012). The overall population trend seems to be decreasing. The species has recently been discovered in Germany (Boczki 2007), where it seems to be native. However, this seems to be a relict rather than a recent range expansion. Outbreaks of this species have regularly been reported (Holusa 2012). The population thus shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals.",The species is found in dry steppe-like grassland habitats.,The major threat to this species is the transformation of its habitat into farmland and forests (Holusa 2012).,"No specific conservation action is in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. The species is listed as Regionally Extinct on the national Red Lists of Austria (Berg et al. 2005) and the Czech Republic (Holusa and Kocarek 2005), and as Critically Endangered in Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007). In France, it is listed as Least Concern (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Research into its population trends is needed. Furthermore, a recent genetic study has shown that this species consists of two strongly differentiated genetic lineages (Kindler et al. 2012). Therefore, taxonomic research is needed as the species may represent two unique, but cryptic species.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Willemse, L.P.M. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Oedaleus,senegalensis,,Oedaleus senegalensis,"(Krauss, 1877)",,No,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iv,v)c(iv)",No,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iv,v)c(iv)+2ab(i,ii,iv,v)c(iv)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN°)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN°)

The Senegalese Cross Grasshopper (Oedaleus senegalensis) is widespread in the Sahel zone, northern and eastern Africa as well as western Asia. In Europe, only three localities of this species exist. The status of the record from Sardinia is unknown (Massa et al. 2012), as it might represent a vagrant specimen. On Tenerife, the species has not been recorded for more than 100 years, while records from La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain) exist from the mid 1960s and end of the 1980s. It is therefore assumed that the species reproduced at least on La Palma. Overall the species has a very small area of occupancy in Europe (4-8 km²) with a single location. Due to the lack of recent records, it is assumed to be continuously declining. Furthermore, the species is known to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. However, it might well be that the species is sometimes transported with sand storms from northern Africa. Therefore, its Red List category is downgraded by one step and the final assessment is Endangered (EN°).",Decreasing,"The Senegalese Cross Grasshopper is widespread in Africa (from the Cape Verde Islands to northern Tanzania as well as in the Maghreb) and in west Asia (from Israel and southern Russia to eastern India (Ritchie 1981). In Europe, it has only been reported from the Canary Islands (Bland et al. 1996) and Sardinia (Massa et al. 2012). In Sardinia, the species has been found only once in 1964 and its status is therefore not clear (Massa et al. 2012). In the Canary Islands it has been recorded from a single locality in La Palma as well as from Tenerife. However, the last record from Tenerife is from Burr (1911).","The number of records from Europe is rather small. The record from Sardinia might be a non-breeding vagrant, while another record from Tenerife has not been confirmed for more than 100 years. The only recent record from Europe is from La Palma (El Time), which has been confirmed for the last time in 1989. It remains unknown whether this species may be occasionally introduced by sand storms from North Africa. However, since specimens were collected on La Palma at the same locality also in 1966, it is assumed that the species reproduced here. Therefore, the overall population trend of the species is assumed to be decreasing. In the Sahel the species can become a pest. Outbreaks regularly occur, and it thus shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals.",Oedaleus senegalensis occurs in dry grassland habitats.,"Its disappearance on Tenerife might have been caused by urbanisation, touristic development or changes in agricultural land use. The major threat to the last remaining locality where this species occurs is touristic development, and based on this threat the species occurs only at one location.","No specific conservation action is in place for this species, although its only recent locality in La Palma is situated in a protected area. Research on its occurrence in this area and threats to this species are needed. Its habitat requirements need to be studied and the only remaining subpopulation should be in the focus of the reserve's management.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Oedipoda,aurea,,Oedipoda aurea,"Uvarov, 1923",,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Golden Band-winged Grasshopper (Oedipoda aurea) is a globally widespread species, but in Europe has only been reported on three Aegean islands in the 1930s - Lesbos, Samos and Kos. Recently, it has only been confirmed on Kos. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,500 km², known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km²), and the population is severely fragmented - thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. There could have been a decline as a result of which the species has not been recorded for a long time on the other islands, but this needs to be substantiated. Samos has been regularly visited by people interested in grasshoppers, but the species has not been recorded. Further research is required into the population size and trend, and to confirm its presence or absence on the islands of Lesbos and Samos.",Unknown,"The Golden Band-winged Grasshopper is found in Turkey, the Middle East and Greece. In Greece, it has been collected on the Aegean islands of Samos, Lesbos and Kos in the 1930s (Willemse 1984), but recently it has only been found once (2014) on Kos (M. Husemann pers. comm. 2014). Its presence on Samos and Lesbos needs to be reconfirmed. These Aegean islands form the westernmost boundary of this species' distribution (Willemse 1984). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,500 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km², with an upper estimate of 100 km².",Nothing is known about the population trend of this species. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.,"The habitat of this species consists of stony, bare slopes, not at sea level but at higher altitudes.","Within large parts of its European range, this species has not been recorded for 80 years. It was found on dry stony grounds, and the reasons for its apparent disappearance are unknown as such habitat types are rarely affected by human activities.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but the specimen on Kos was found in a protected area. Further research is required into the population size and trend, and to confirm its presence or absence on the islands of Lesbos and Samos.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Oedipoda,caerulescens,,Oedipoda caerulescens,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Blue Band-winged Grasshopper (Oedipoda caerulescens) is a widespread species in Europe, North Africa and Asia. Although it became rare in parts of northwestern Europe during the 20th century, the population is currently increasing in this part of its range. Even though local threats might exist, the species is probably not threatened across its complete range. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Increasing,"The Blue Band-winged Grasshopper is very widespread from Morocco and Portugal in the west to Mongolia in the east and Latvia in the north. In Europe, it is found from Sicily, Crete and Cyprus in the south to Latvia in the north and from Portugal in the west to eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its presence in Sweden is uncertain. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is c. 10 million km² and in the EU 28 is c. 6.3 million km².","In southern Europe the species is very common and widespread. In northwestern Europe, the species has become rare during the 20th century, but has recently spread again (Hochkirch 2010). The population size and trend are therefore suspected to be increasing.","Oedipoda caerulescens prefers open habitats with a large cover of bare ground (< 50% vegetation) (Kuhn and Kleyer 2000). It can be found in semi-deserts, steppes, Mediterranean shrubland, gravel banks, heathland, vineyards and in artificial habitats (e.g. urban brownfields, railway stations, quarries, sand and gravel pits) (Bellmann 2006, Hochkirch 2010). The species is able to rapidly colonize new habitats (Appelt and Poethke 1997).","Oedipoda caerulescens is very widespread, but threats might occur locally; particularly the regulation of natural river systems with destruction of gravel banks and the transformation of its habitat due to agricultural land use. It is also threatened by abandonment and subsequent encroachment of shrubs and trees (Urech 2003, Hochkirch 2010) and transformation of open tracks into paved roads (Denner 2009). In Switzerland one of the main threats is the recultivation of gravel pits (Monnerat et al. 2007).","Conservation measures exist at the northern edge of its distribution in Europe, where the species is rare, and it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. As the species has colourful, blue hindwings, it is regularly proposed as a flagship species for conservation. It is listed as Critically Endangered on the national Red Lists of Denmark (Wind and Pihl 2010) and as Near Threatened in Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003), Austria (Berg et al. 2005), Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007) and Germany (Maas et al. 2011).  Further research on its population size and trend are needed.",The species is not utilized.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Kristin, A., Szovenyi, G., Chobanov, D.P., Rutschmann, F., Willemse, L.P.M., Kleukers, R. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Oedipoda,canariensis,,Oedipoda canariensis,"Krauss, 1892",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Canarian Band-Winged Grasshopper is widespread on the Canary Islands. It occurs only at lower elevations and needs semi-open vegetation. Its habitats are locally affected by touristic development and other types of land use changes of the coastal region, but due to its large range size it is probably not at risk. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC). However, further research on its taxonomy, population size and trend and threats is needed.",Unknown,"The Canarian Band-Winged Grasshopper is endemic to the Canary Islands (Spain), where it occurs on nearly all islands, except for Lanzarote (Holzapfel 1970, Gangwere et al. 1972, Bland et al. 1996). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 26,000 km², whereas its area of occupancy is between 500 and 2,000 km².","There is no information available on the population size of the species, although it is generally common. The population trend is unknown.","The species occurs mainly in dry areas with sparse vegetation at lower altitudes, such as rocky areas or open dwarf shrub vegetation.",The species might be locally affected by touristic and industrial development at the coastal areas of the Canary Islands. It may also be affected by volcanism and land slides.,"No specific conservation action is in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas throughout its range. Research on its taxonomy is needed as there is first evidence from a molecular study suggesting that unique species may occur on some islands. This may affect its conservation status, as the species is common on Gran Canaria, Tenerife and La Gomera, but rare on La Palma and Fuerteventura. Further research on its distribution, population size and trend and threats is also needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Jakobs, D.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Oedipoda,charpentieri,,Oedipoda charpentieri,"Fieber, 1853",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Western Band-winged Grasshopper (Oedipoda charpentieri) is found on very dry habitats in the Iberian Peninsula and in southern France, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is very large. The habitat of this species may decline locally due to transformation into touristic, industrial or agricultural areas, but the population is not severely fragmented. The species is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"The Western Band-winged Grasshopper occurs in the western Mediterranean region (Iberian Peninsula and southern France). Records from the Baleares, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily are erroneous and refer to Oedipoda miniata mauritanica, which may represent a unique species (unpublished data, A. Hochkirch pers. comm. 2016). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 770,000 km².","There is no information available on the population size and trend of the species. It is quite common in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula (Pardo and Gómez 1995, J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2015), but rare in the west (Llucià-Pomares and Fernández-Ortín 2009, S. Ferreira pers. comm. 2016) and in the north (Olmo-Vidal 2002). The population trend is unknown.","This species occurs in areas with large amounts of bare ground, such as open Mediterranean dwarf shrub vegetation (Pardo and Gómez 1995, Olmo-Vidal 2002), open pine forest (Llucià-Pomares and Fernández-Ortín 2009), desert- or semi-desert-like habitats and rocky areas.","The main threat to this species is the transformation of its habitat. In parts of its French range, the habitat has been transformed into cropland or industrial areas. In Spain, no major threats to the species seem to exist.","No specific conservation action exists for this species, but it occurs in nature reserves throughout its range. The species is listed as ""priority 3"" (equivalent to Near Threatened) on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Research on its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Ferreira, S., Kleukers, R., Rutschmann, F., Willemse, L.P.M., Kristin, A., Szovenyi, G. & Chobanov, D.P.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Oedipoda,coerulea,,Oedipoda coerulea,"Saussure, 1884",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Iberian Band-winged Grasshopper (Oedipoda coerulea) is endemic to southwestern Europe and the Azores. This species is assessed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large population size. In addition, it tolerates a certain degree of habitat modification and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"The Iberian Band-winged Grasshopper occurs on the Iberian Peninsula, the Balearic Islands and in the Azores. North of the Pyrenees, it is also found in France. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.4 million km².",The species is quite common but its population trend is unknown. The population size is assumed to be very large.,"The species is found in a wide range of open habitats with scarce vegetation, including rocky areas, gravel fields, open and sunny fields with very heterogeneous vegetation (Gómez et al., 1992; Llucia-Pomares, 2002). Individuals are always found on the ground (Gómez et al., 1992), at elevations between sea level and 2,100 m Asl.",No threats to this species have been reported.,No specific conservation actions are currently needed for this widespread species. It is found within several protected areas. Research into its population trend is recommended.,The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Oedipoda,fuscocincta,,Oedipoda fuscocincta,"Lucas, 1849",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Yellow Band-winged Grasshopper (Oedipoda fuscocincta) is common on Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica and the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula and Italy. Due to its wide distribution and the lack of any indication of a decline, it is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"The Yellow Band-winged Grasshopper is known from North Africa, Sicily, southern Italy, Sardinia, Corsica (Defaut 2006), the Azores  and the Iberian Peninsula (Harz 1975, unpublished data A. Hochkirch pers. comm. 2016). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is c. 2.1 million km².",The species is quite common. There is no information available on its population trend.,"The species is found in rocky habitats with scarce vegetation, such as Mediterranean dwarf shrub vegetation (Olmo-Vidal 2002).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation actions for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. The species has been classified as ""priority 3"" (equivalent to Near Threatened) on the French national Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Research on its population trend is necessary.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Kleukers, R., Presa, J.J., Willemse, L.P.M., Kristin, A., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Oedipoda,germanica,,Oedipoda germanica,"(Latreille, 1804)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Red Band-winged Grasshopper (Oedipoda germanica) is found in western and central Europe. Even though the species is declining in the northern part of its range, it is still quite common in the south. Despite the fact that exact data on the area of occupancy (AOO) is lacking, it is likely to be above the thresholds for a threatened category. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Decreasing,"The Red Band-winged Grasshopper is distributed from northern Spain and northern Italy across France, Switzerland and Austria to Germany in the north and the Czech Republic in the east. Records from the Balkans and Italy south of the Po valley are here disregarded as recent molecular data suggests that these represent unique species (A. Hochkirch pers. comm. 2016). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 900,000 km².","The population of this species is declining, particularly at the northern range margin. However, subpopulations in the southern part of the range are still large. At the northern range border, the subpopulations are very small and isolated so that exchange between them is unlikely (Reinhardt and Köhler 2002).","Oedipoda germanica is mainly found on rocky or pebbly habitats with scarce vegetation, including gravel pits, river banks, rocky slopes, quarries and similar habitats (Holusa et al. 2009). It prefers habitats with a vegetation cover of < 20% (Zöller 1995).","The major threat to this species is the destruction of its habitat, mainly by river regulations. In the northern part of its range it is also threatened by abandonment of grazing and viticulture and subsequent encroachment of shrubs and trees (Wallaschek et al. 2004).","Conservation measures are in place in the northern part of its range and the species occurs in protected areas throughout its range. The species is listed as Critically Endangered on the national Red Lists of the Czech Republic and Germany (Holusa and Kocarek 2005, Maas et al. 2011), Endangered in Austria (Berg et al. 2005), Vulnerable in Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007), and Least Concern in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). The species is protected in Germany. Two translocation projects near Jena (Thuringia, Germany) were not successful (Wagner et al. 2005, G. Köhler pers. comm. 2016). A taxonomic revision is needed in order to describe the species from Italy and the Balkans.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Kleukers, R., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Willemse, L.P.M., Kristin, A., Szovenyi, G. & Chobanov, D.P.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Oedipoda,miniata,,Oedipoda miniata,"(Pallas, 1771)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Scarlet Band-winged Grasshopper (Oedipoda miniata) is widespread in Eurasia. In Europe it is confined to the southern part of the Balkans Peninsula, the Greek islands, Cyprus and the southern part of European Russia. It is quite common in the southern part of its range and is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The Scarlet Band-winged Grasshopper is widely distributed in Eurasia, from western China to the eastern Mediterranean. In Europe, it can be found on the southern Balkans (from Greece to Albania and southern Bulgaria), in Cyprus and in eastern European Russia. Recent genetic analyses have shown that the former records from the central Mediterranean (Sardinia, Sicily, Baleares) belong to a unique  species and are therefore disregarded here (unpublished data, A. Hochkirch pers. comm. 2016). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is c. 2 million km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 650,000 km².",There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species. It is rather common in the southern part of its range (e.g. Tumbrinck 2006).,"Oedipoda miniata is a lives in dry, warm areas. It is mainly found in rocky, open habitats (Kati et al. 2003).",The major threats to this species are touristic and industrial development.,"No conservation actions are in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Chobanov, D.P., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Sirin, D., Vedenina, V., Szovenyi, G., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Skejo, J. Skejo, Iorgu, I.S. & Pushkar, T.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Oedipoda,venusta,,Oedipoda venusta,"Fieber, 1853",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Cretan Band-winged Grasshopper (Oedipoda venusta) is only known from Crete. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a somewhat restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 14,000 km²), it is common throughout its range and the population size is assumed to be large. Further research into the population size and trend is required.",Unknown,"The Cretan Band-winged Grasshopper is only known from Crete (Willemse and Kruseman 1976, Willemse 1984) and Karpathos in Greece. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 14,000 km².",Nothing is known about the population trend of this species. It is quite common in Crete and consequently the overall population size is assumed to be large and well connected.,"Like other species of Band-winged Grasshoppers, it prefers open rocky ground with sparse vegetation.","This species is found in places used for grazing by sheep and goats, but the effect of grazing on the population remains unclear.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend is required.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Omocestus,africanus,,Omocestus africanus,"Harz, 1970",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The African Grasshopper (Omocestus africanus) occurs in North Africa and on the Italian island of Pantelleria. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common on the island of Pantelleria, and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"The African Grasshopper occurs in North Africa and on the Italian island of Pantelleria (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 32 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².",The species is rather common but the population trend is unknown.,"The species can be found in dry open habitat, such as grasslands, at altitudes between 10 m and 50 m asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Omocestus,antigai,,Omocestus antigai,"(Bolívar, 1897)",,Yes,VU,"B1ab(iii,v)",Yes,VU,"B1ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Pyrenean Grasshopper (Omocestus antigai) is endemic to the Pyrenees and the Catalonian mountains, where it inhabits herbaceous or shrubby habitats from 1,400 to 2,500 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 5,900 km². The species is generally rather rare and the population is severely fragmented. A continuing decline in the quality of habitat is observed and a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing threats. Therefore, it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU).",Decreasing,"The Pyrenean Grasshopper is widespread in the Catalonian Pyrenees and in the Catalonian mountain ranges. It is recorded from the north-western Girona province to Montseny (Barcelona) and to the Canigou massif in the Pyrenées-Orientales department (Llucia-Pomares 2002, Olmo-Vidal 2006, Clemente et al. 1990, Jaulin et al. 2011). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 5,900 km².","Omocestus antigai is a rather common species in the very restricted French part of its area, but it is rather rare on the Spanish side (Llucia-Pomares 2002, Olmo-Vidal 2006). Most subpopulations are small and isolated so that re-colonisation is unlikely, and the population is therefore considered severely fragmented. There is no specific information available on the population trend, but a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing threats.","Omocestus antigai is a mountainous species that inhabits open mesic to dry habitats, such as low heathlands and alpine and sub-alpine meadows. Its altitudinal range is 1,400 to 2,500 m altitude (Llucia-Pomares 2002, Olmo-Vidal 2006).","Since Omocestus antigai lives in high altitudes grasslands, direct human impacts are rare. However, overgrazing is reported as a local threat. In several mountains in its range pastoralism is decreasing, which will cause a negative effect on the long run due to succession.","There are no conservation actions in place for Omocestus antigai, but it occurs in several natural parks throughout its range. The species was assessed as Vulnerable in  Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2006) and as ""priority 3"" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Further research on its ecology and threats is needed. A proper traditional grassland management is required to avoid any further declines of this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Fartmann, T., Presa, J.J., Monnerat, C., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Fontana, P., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Omocestus,bolivari,,Omocestus bolivari,"Chopard, 1939",,Yes,VU,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,VU,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Iberian Grasshopper (Omocestus bolivari) is endemic to southern Spain. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11,000 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 2,000 km²), the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals due to global warming. Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.",Decreasing,"The Iberian Grasshopper is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it is found in mountainous areas of the Granada, Almería and Jaén provinces (southern Spain). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 11,000 km²and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 148 km² with an upper estimate of 2,000 km².","The population size of this species is unknown. The population is severely fragmented, since females are flightless and subpopulations are very small and isolated. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing habitat loss.","This species is found in brooms and Juniper shrubs, as well as in peatlands (Barranco 2002). There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of these habitats as a consequence of global warming, which leads to habitat shifting and alteration. This grasshopper is found at altitudes between 1,000 and 2,900 m Asl.","This species has a restricted range, within which it is threatened by habitat loss resulting from global warming.","There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, ecology, and threats to this poorly-known species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Omocestus,defauti,,Omocestus defauti,"Sardet & Braud, 2007",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"Defaut's Grasshopper (Omocestus defauti) is an endemic grasshopper from Corsica, living in dry and scarce vegetation of mountainous habitats between 840 and 1,440 m altitude. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 700 km² and the species seems to be rare. It is known from only seven sites and it has an area of occupancy (AOO) of c. 20 km². The major threat to this species is decreasing pastoralism at lower altitudes, which could drive this species to Critically Endangered in a very short time. Therefore, the species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) under criterion D2. More research on population trends and threats is needed.",Unknown,"Omocestus defauti is an endemic species from Corsica (France) (Sardet and Braud 2007). It is a mountain species, occurring in intermediary altitudes (between 400 and 1,440 m), and it is known only from the central and north-eastern Corsican mountains. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 700 km², while the area of occupancy (AOO) is c. 20 km².","In the past, Omocestus defauti may have been confused with Chorthippus corsicus at least in part of its range. Prior to describing Omocestus defauti, a monitoring program was carried out (Sardet and Braud 2007) which showed that the species is very rare. About 20 observations are currently known from seven municipalities (corresponding to six or seven localities). The population is severely fragmented as the subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. There is no information on the population sizes and trend of the species.","Omocestus defauti is a mountain species that inhabits dry and scarce vegetation areas (Sardet and Braud 2007) like sloping and stony grasslands, stony screes, and scarce vegetation in dry low scrubland.","Omocestus defauti lives in stony grasslands and screes at intermediate altitudes. Development projects (for example photovoltaic plants) are rare in these often hard to access localities. Decreasing pastoralism is the major threat at lower altitudes, as it may lead to afforestation that could displace this species.","There are no conservation actions in place for Omocestus defauti, and it is present in a natural park. More research into the population trend and threats is needed. A proper grazing management needs to be implemented to avoid any future decline of this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Monnerat, C., Zuna-Kratky, T., Presa, J.J. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Omocestus,femoralis,,Omocestus femoralis,"Bolívar, 1908",,Yes,VU,"B2ab(iii,v)",Yes,VU,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Stripe-legged Grasshopper (Omocestus femoralis) is endemic to Spain where it inhabits mountainous areas in the provinces of Albacete, Almería, Jaén and Murcia. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since its area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 2,000 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals a result of climate change, use of chemicals and reforestation -  as pines colonise higher altitudes where the species is found. Proposed conservation measures include the protection and management of its habitats, and a decrease on the use of chemicals. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend and threats to this species.",Decreasing,"The Stripe-legged Grasshopper is endemic to Spain, where it inhabits mountainous areas in the provinces of Albacete, Almería, Jaén and Murcia (southeastern Spain). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 30,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 132 km² with an upper estimate of 2,000 km².","The population of this species is severely fragmented as the subpopulations are very small and isolated with little or no genetic exchange between them. The species is rare and a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred as a result of reforestation, the use of chemicals and climate change.","This species is found in high mountain vegetation, such as thorny scrub pad anddense low scrub, as well as in Poa bulbosa grasslands (Clemente et al. 2011). It is found at altitudes between 1,300 m and 2,000 m Asl.","This species has a relatively restricted range, within which it is presumably affected by the use of chemicals and habitat loss resulting from reforestation, as pines colonise higher altitudes where the species is found. It is also affected by overgrazing. Climate change could also lead to a loss of habitat for this species as a result of droughts and warmer temperatures.","There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it has been recorded from a number of protected areas. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend and threats to this species. Habitat management and protection are needed, together with a decrease in the use of chemicals, in order to maintain the vegetation cover that the species requires.",This species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Omocestus,haemorrhoidalis,,Omocestus haemorrhoidalis,"(Charpentier, 1825)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Orange-tipped Grasshopper (Omocestus haemorrhoidalis) is widely distributed from northern Spain to Korea. In Europe it is found from Italy and Greece to the Swedish islands Öland and Gotland and northwest European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, and the overall population size is probably very large. However, it is declining in many countries, and more research into this decline is needed to allow the species to be assessed under Criterion A. Currently, the available data does not justify a threatened status.",Decreasing,"The Orange-tipped Grasshopper is widely distributed from northern Spain to Korea (Harz 1975). In Europe it is found from Italy and Greece to the Swedish islands Öland and Gotland and northwest European Russia (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 7.2 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 3.6 million km².","The subpopulations of this species can be very large. Overall the population trend is decreasing, but a local expansion has been noted in Switzerland (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2016). The overall population sized is probably very large.","This species is found in dry grassland habitats with short sward and dry heathland habitats with bare ground (Baur et al. 2006). In the southern part of its range, it is restricted to higher elevations (Olmo-Vidal 2002, Willemse and Willemse 2008, Massa et al. 2012).","The major threats to this species are the transformation of its habitat into farmland, and afforestation. It is also affected by abandonment as it benefits from grazing and even tolerates overgrazing (D. Chobanov and B. Defaut pers. comm. 2016). Eutrophication could also contribute to the deterioration of its habitats.","This species is listed as Vulnerable on the Red Lists of Germany and Austria (Berg et al. 2005, Maas et al. 2011). In Denmark it is listed as Critically Endangered, and in Switzerland as Near Threatened (Monnerat et al. 2007). In Luxembourg it is considered ""extremely rare"" (Proess and Meyer 2003). Due to its regional Red List status it is locally a priority species for conservation (e.g. Lower Saxony, Germany). It occurs in protected areas. Research into its global population trend is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Szovenyi, G., Zuna-Kratky, T., Korsunovskaya, O., Gomboc, S., Presa, J.J., Monnerat, C., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Defaut, B., Willemse, L.P.M., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R. & Rutschmann, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Omocestus,lopadusae,,Omocestus lopadusae,"La Greca, 1973",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Lampedusa Grasshopper (Omocestus lopadusae) is endemic to Lampedusa, in Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common, and its population trend is stable. Even though the species may be locally affected by urbanisation and touristic development, it is not believed to be strongly affected by these threats, and it is likely to occur in other areas of the island.",Stable,"The Lampedusa Grasshopper is endemic to Lampedusa, in Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 20 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km². However, the real AOO is likely to be higher.","This species is common and widespread in Lampedusa and the population trend is stable. Even though the current known AOO is small, it is highly likely that the species occurs in other areas of the island.","The species lives in dry habitats, such as shrubland and grassland. It is found at altitudes between 10 m and 100 m asl.",The species may be locally affected by urbanisation and touristic development.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Omocestus,minutissimus,,Omocestus minutissimus,"(Bolívar, 1878)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Small Spanish Grasshopper (Omocestus minutissimus) is endemic to Spain and is found in the eastern half of the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common, the population size is presumably large and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"The Small Spanish Grasshopper is endemic to Spain and is found in the eastern half of the Iberian Peninsula. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 310,000 km².",This flightless species is common and abundant and the population size is presumably large. The population trend is unknown.,"This species is found in low and open scrub, thorny scrub pad and other shrublands (Barranco and Pascual 1991, Gómez Ladrón de Guevara et al. 1992, Pardo and Gómez 1995). It is found at altitudes between 200 m and 2,200 m Asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is found within a number of protected areas. Research is needed into the abundance, population trend and threats.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Omocestus,minutus,,Omocestus minutus,"(Brullé, 1832)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Minute Grasshopper (Omocestus minutus) is found from the western Balkan Peninsula to southern European Russia and Anatolia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very common in dry grassy habitats and the population is assumed to be well connected and stable.",Stable,"The Minute Grasshopper is found in the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula from Hungary, Croatia and Greece, to the southern part of European Russia (Harz 1975, M. Lemonnier-Darcemont and G. Szövényi pers. comm. 2015) and Anatolia (Chobanov 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 2.1 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 900,000 km².","This species is very common in dry grassy habitats. On the southern Balkan Peninsula the subpopulations are large and probably well connected (D. Chobanov, I. Iorgu and M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015), while they are fragmented in Russia and Hungary (V. Savitsky and G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2015). It is assumed to have a stable or even increasing population trend (G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2015).","This species occurs in dry, warm habitats. It is often found on sand dunes or other habitats with sandy soils, but it is also found on dry and stony grassland (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008). It can also be found in open dry grassland in high mountains. In Russia, it occurs in semi-deserts and steppes with low grass swards (Savitsky 2005) and low salinity (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).","This grasshopper is not sensitive to grazing and also occurs on overgrazed sites. However, it may be threatened by afforestation, abandonment of grazing ( G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2015) and transformation of its habitat into farmland (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas  (G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2015). Research into its population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Sirin, D., Savitsky, V., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Szovenyi, G., Iorgu, I.S., Willemse, L.P.M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Pushkar, T. & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Omocestus,navasi,,Omocestus navasi,"Bolívar, 1908",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Pre-Pyrenean Grasshopper (Omocestus navasi) is endemic to the central and eastern Pre-Pyrenees in Spain, with one locality in France. It is a mountain species living in dry grasslands and scrublands. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 14,000 km², and the area of occupancy (AOO) has been estimated to be between 64 and 200 km². Significant threats are the loss of meadow habitats due to afforestation. Because the population is severely fragmented and a continuing decline in the area of occupancy, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat as well as number of mature individuals is inferred the species is assessed as Endangered (EN).",Decreasing,"Omocestus navasi is widespread in the central and eastern Pre-Pyrenees, mainly in Spain (Herrera 1982, Presa et al. 2007, Llucia-Pomares 2002, Olmo-Vidal 2006) and reaching the Pyrénées-Orientales in France (Defaut et al. 2009). Two subspecies are recognized: O. n. navasi Bolívar, 1908 (in Spain) and O. n. bellmanni Puissant, 2008 (in France). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 14,000 km². It may also occur further east from the Spanish known distribution (Cerdanya and Berguedà valleys in Spain the Albères massif in France), but this needs further confirmation. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to have a minimum of 64 km², with a maximum estimate of 200 km².","Omocestus navasi is considered a rare species in France (where it is known from only one locality) and also in the Spanish part of its range (Llucia-Pomares 2002, Olmo-Vidal 2006). The population is severely fragmented as the subpopulations are very small and dispersal between them is highly unlikely. There is a continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO), extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2015).","Omocestus navasi is a mountainous species which inhabits dry open and shrubby habitats, such as stuffed and thorny scrublands, semi-dry meadows or Buxus clearings. It has been recorded at altitudes between 700 to 1,600 m.","The main threat to Omocestus navasi is habitat abandonment, which leads to succession, and the consequent forest expansion and reduction of meadow habitats.","There are no conservation actions in place for Omocestus navasi. It occurs in several protected areas throughout its range. Further research on its population size and trend, and threats to the species is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Monnerat, C., Fontana, P., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Omocestus,panteli,,Omocestus panteli,"(Bolívar, 1887)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Pantel's Grasshopper (Omocestus panteli) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large population size. In addition, it appears to be tolerant to habitat modifications and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"Pantel's Grasshopper is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it occupies almost all of peninsula. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 660,000 km².","This species is very common and abundant and the population size is presumed to be large. There is no information available on the population trend of this species, but in Portugal it seems to have declined.","The species is found in grass-rich sub-Mediterranean dry grasslands, meadows, agricultural areas and abandoned fields (Gómez et al. 1992, Pardo and Gómez 1995). It appears to be tolerant to habitat modifications and is found at altitudes between sea level and 2,600 m Asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a number of protected areas. Research should be undertaken on the population trend and threats to this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Omocestus,petraeus,,Omocestus petraeus,"(Brisout de Barneville, 1856)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Rock-dwelling Grasshopper (Omocestus petraeus) occurs from northern Spain to southern Siberia. In Europe it is found from Italy and Greece in the south to the Czech Republic in the north and eastern European Russia in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range in the southern part of Europe. However, the population is severely fragmented and declining. More research into its population trend is needed.",Decreasing,"The Rock-dwelling Grasshopper occurs from northern Spain to southern Siberia (Harz 1975). In Europe it is found from Italy and Greece in the south to the Czech Republic in the north and eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence in Europe is ca 4.2 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 2.5 million km².","This species is quite widespread in southern Europe, but not common (Kati and Willemse 2001, Massa et al. 2012). Subpopulations are usually small and isolated (Kati and Willemse 2001, Kranebitter et al. 2007). As the species is not a good flyer these subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. The species is generally decreasing as a consequence of changes in land-use (Kranebitter et al. 2007). In the Czech Republic there is only one subpopulation left (Holusa et al. 2013).",This species is found in steppe-like vegetation (Massa et al. 2012). It mainly occurs in dry grassland with short sward (Kranebitter et al. 2007) with patches of bare ground with either sand or rocks (Zuna-Kratky 2009).,"The main threats to this species are transformation of its habitat into farmland, abandonment of grazing, eutrophication and afforestation.","This species is listed as Critically Endangered on the Austrian Red List (Berg et al. 2005). It is also threatened in large parts of France, except for the very south (Sardet and Defaut 2004). There are no specific conservation efforts in place for the species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Szovenyi, G., Zuna-Kratky, T., Gomboc, S., Korsunovskaya, O., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Defaut, B., Willemse, L.P.M., Presa, J.J., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Rutschmann, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Omocestus,raymondi,,Omocestus raymondi,"(Yersin, 1863)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Raymond's Grasshopper (Omocestus raymondi) is found in North Africa and south-western Europe where it occurs on the Iberian Peninsula, in southern France and in parts of Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, common in dry open habitats with patches of bare ground, and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"Raymond's Grasshopper is found in North Africa and south-western Europe where it occurs on the Iberian Peninsula, in southern France and in parts of Italy (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 28 is ca 1.6 million km².",This species is very common and widespread (Lluciá-Pomares and Fernández-Ortín 2014). The current population trend is unknown.,"This species occurs in dry to mesic grassland and shrubland habitats with patches of bare ground (Massa et al. 2012) including coastal dunes (Hochkirch 1998). It is also found in open pine forests (Olmo-Vidal 2002) and edges of Mediterranean oak forests (Lluciá-Pomares and Fernández-Ortín 2014). It feeds on grasses. It is found from sea level up to 2,100 m Asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. On the French Red List the species is listed as Least Concern, but it is considered threatened in the northern regions of France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Defaut, B., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Omocestus,rufipes,,Omocestus rufipes,"(Zetterstedt, 1821)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment. Least Concern (LC)

The Woodland Grasshopper (Omocestus rufipes) has a wide distribution from North Africa to South Siberia. In Europe it is found from the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily and the Greek mainland to south England, south Sweden and the Baltic states in the north and to eastern European Russia in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very widespread and common, and has a broad ecological amplitude.",Decreasing,"The Woodland Grasshopper has a wide distribution from North Africa to South Siberia (Harz 1975). In Europe it is found from the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily and the Greek mainland to south England, south Sweden and the Baltic states in the north and to eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 10.7 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 6.4 million km².","This species is very common and widespread in the southern and central parts of Europe. In northern Europe, subpopulations are often small and isolated. The population trend in the northern part of its range is decreasing (Maas et al. 2001, Zuna-Kratky 2009). The overall population trend is decreasing.","This species is found in grassland habitats, wasteland, forest clearings and edges, along road margins and railroad embankments and in urban and agricultural habitats (Massa et al. 2012). In the northern part of its range it is also found in degraded peat bogs and heathland habitats (Maas et al. 2002). It is found from sea level up to 2,300 m Asl.","Succession by trees and shrubs is a major threat to this species in northern Germany (NLWKN 2011). The species is also threatened by intensification of agricultural land use, particularly higher grazing densities, more frequent mowing and the use of fertilizers (Zuna-Kratky 2009).","This species is listed as Endangered on the national Red Lists of Germany (Maas et al. 2011) and Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003), as Vulnerable in Austria (Berg et al. 2005) and as Near Threatened in Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007). Due to the threatened status in the northern part of its range, some conservation action is in place for this species. In Lower Saxony (Germany) it is a priority species for conservation (NLWKN 2011). In northern German peat bogs, the species benefits from prescribed burning (Hochkirch and Adorf 2007). It is found in several protected areas.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Omocestus,simonyi,,Omocestus simonyi,"(Krauss, 1892)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Purpurarian Grasshopper is common on Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, where it occurs in many open habitats with grass vegetation. Even though the species has a small extent of occurrence (EOO), it is very common throughout its range. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"The Purpurarian Grasshopper is endemic to Lanzarote and Fuerteventura (Hochkirch 2003, Husemann and Hochkirch 2007). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 4,200 km².",The species is widespread and common on Lanzarote and Fuerteventura. The population trend is unknown.,This species is very common in open grassland habitats. Its elevation limit is 0 - 600 m.,"Goat grazing is common on Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, but the effects on this species remain poorly understood. In some areas the species may be threatened by touristic and urban development. Furthermore, there is still active volcanism on Lanzarote, which may threaten some subpopulations.","No specific conservation action is in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas throughout its range. More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Jakobs, D.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Omocestus,uhagonii,,Omocestus uhagonii,"(Bolívar, 1876)",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"Uhagon's Grasshopper (Omocestus uhagonii) is endemic to the mountainous areas of central Spain. This species is assessed as Endangeredsince its area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 500 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals due to climate change. The species seems to have shifted its altitudinal range upwards. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend and threats to this species. Monitoring of the population trend of this species is recommended.",Decreasing,"Uhagon's Grasshopper is endemic to the mountainous areas of central Spain. It has been found in the Ávila, Madrid and Segovia provinces. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 9,600 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 72 km² with an upper estimate of 400 km². The species has once also been cited from Granada but this is most certainly a label mistake (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2015), and this locality has therefore been excluded from this assessment.","The subpopulations are scarce and isolated, with little or no genetic exchange between them. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented, and the population trend is decreasing.","This species is found in alpine meadows and stony slopes with low scrub (Clemente et al. 1990), at altitudes between 1,180 m and 2,200 m Asl. There is an inferred continuing decline in the extent of this habitat as a result of climate change, which causes it to shift upwards.","This species has a relatively restricted range, within which it is threatened to a certain extent by habitat loss resulting from climate change. The species seems to have shifted its altitudinal range upwards (J.R. Correas pers. comm. 2016).","There are no direct conservation actions in place for this species, but it has been recorded from two protected areas. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend and threats to this species. Monitoring of the population trend of this species is recommended.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Omocestus,uvarovi,,Omocestus uvarovi,"Zanon, 1926",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Italian Dune Grasshopper (Omocestus uvarovi) is endemic to Italy, and is known from coastal regions in the central and southern parts of the country. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a known area of occupancy (AOO) of 64 km² with a maximum estimated AOO of 250 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and in the number of mature individuals caused by the touristic activities along beaches and dunes. Research is needed into the population trend and the species' ecology. Its habitat needs better protection and management.",Decreasing,"The Italian Dune Grasshopper is endemic to Italy, and is known from coastal regions in the central and southern parts of the country (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 140,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 64 and 250 km².","The population is probably decreasing due to the destruction of its habitat. As the subpopulations are very small and isolated with probably no genetic exchange between them, the population is considered severely fragmented.",This species lives exclusively in sand dunes and can be found from sea level up to 100 m asl. Adults occur from late spring to beginning of autumn.,"This species is threatened by touristic development along the coasts, particularly along beaches and dunes (Fontana and Kleukers 2002).","There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in nature reserves. Research is needed into the population trend and the species' ecology. Its habitat needs better protection and management.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Omocestus,viridulus,,Omocestus viridulus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Green Grasshopper (Omocestus viridulus) occurs from Ireland to Siberia and Mongolia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though a decline of this species has recently been documented in the northwestern part of its range, it is still very widespread and common throughout Europe. More research into its global population trend is needed.",Decreasing,"The Common Green Grasshopper occurs from Ireland to Siberia and Mongolia (Harz 1975). In Europe it is common in the northern part, reaching up to the Polar region of Scandinavia (Heller 2013), but is only found in high mountains in the southern part of Europe. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 11.6 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 3.4 million km².","The Common Green Grasshopper is a widespread and common species. However, strong declines have recently been found in northern Germany, namely 45% in 20 years in the Emsland (S. Krause pers. comm. 2006), and 97% in 10 years near Bremen (Grotjahn and Handke 200). In England a 50% decline over 13 years was reported in Essex, UK (Gardiner 2010). The overall population trend is thus decreasing.","This species is found in semi-dry to moist grassland habitats, marshes and bogs (Zuna-Kratky 2009). As it lays eggs above the ground, the eggs are sensitive to droughts. In the central and southern part of Europe it is found only at higher altitudes. It can be found from sea level up to 2,900 m Asl.","The major threats to this species are increasing numbers of droughts as a consequence of climate change, scrub encroachment due to abandonment of grassland management, drainage and overgrazing (Gardiner 2010).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas. More research into its global population trend is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Onconotus,laxmanni,,Onconotus laxmanni,"(Pallas, 1771)",,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Northern Barbed-wire Bush-cricket (Onconotus laxmanni) has been reported to occur from Moldova and southern Ukraine to Siberia. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in Europe due to the lack of data on its distribution and population trend. As a typical steppe species, it is likely to be affected by transformation of its habitat into farmland and the population appears to be severely fragmented. Research into its taxonomy, distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Unknown,The Northern Barbed-wire Bush-cricket has been reported to occur from Moldova and southern Ukraine to Siberia (Harz 1969). A record from the Czech Republic is probably erroneous (Holusa et al. 2013) and therefore disregarded here. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.4 million km².,"Nothing is known about the population size or trend of this species. The subpopulations in Russia are small and very isolated, so the population might be severely fragmented (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2015).",This species occurs in steppe habitats (Harz 1969).,The major threat to this species is the transformation of its habitat into farmland.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its taxonomy, distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Korsunovskaya, O., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Onconotus,servillei,,Onconotus servillei,"Fischer-Waldheim, 1846",,No,LC,,No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Southern Barbed-wire Bush-cricket (Onconotus servillei) is found from Hungary, Serbia and northern Bulgaria to the Caucasus and West Siberia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is widespread, it is quite common in European Russia and seems to be increasing in abundance there. In the EU 28 it is assessed as Endangered since it has declined dramatically in the region, being extinct in Hungary and possibly extinct in parts of Serbia. Only four subpopulations are known to still exist in Bulgaria and five in Romania. Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km² with an upper estimate of 90 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. The major threats to this bush-cricket are overgrazing and afforestation. It is also threatened by the use of insecticides. Research into its distribution, population trend and ecology is needed. Remaining habitats need to be protected and appropriate habitat management should be implemented to avoid any future population declines. Reintroduction possibilities in Hungary and Serbia should be explored.",Unknown,"The Southern Barbed-wire Bush-cricket is found from Hungary (where it is extinct), Serbia (where it has not been found in recent years, but may still occur in some habitats in the southeastern part of the country) and northern Bulgaria to the Caucasus and West Siberia (Harz 1969). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.8 million km², and ca 130,000 km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is between 36 and 90 km².","This species is extinct in Hungary (G. Szövényi pers. comm. 2015) and parts of Serbia (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015). Only five small subpopulations are known from Romania, four from Bulgaria (I. Iorgu and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015) and one from Moldova (Stahi and Derjanschi 2011). The distances between these subpopulations are very large so that genetic exchange between them is unlikely. The population in the EU 28 is therefore considered severely fragmented and declining (I. Iorgu and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). In Russia the species is quite common (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2015) and seems to be increasing in abundance (Ruchin et al. 2013). The European population trend is unknown.","This species occurs in steppe habitats (Popov 2007, Iorgu et al. 2013), preferably with bushes and at forest clearings (I. Iorgu pers comm. 2015).",The major threats to this species are overgrazing and afforestation (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). It is also threatened by the use of insecticides (Stahi and Derjanschi 2011).,"This species is protected in Romania (Stahi and Derjanschi 2011). It is listed as Endangered in the Red Data Book of Bulgaria (Golemanski 2015). On the Carpathian Red List it is listed as Vulnerable (Kristin and Iorgu 2014) and in Serbia it is strictly protected. Research into its distribution, population trend and ecology is needed (Stahi and Derjanschi 2011). Remaining habitats need to be protected and appropriate habitat management should be implemented to avoid any future population declines. Reintroduction possibilities in Hungary and Serbia should be explored.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Szovenyi, G., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Orchamus,gracilis,,Orchamus gracilis,"(Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882)",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Slender Stone Grasshopper (Orchamus gracilis) is probably endemic to Cyprus. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,875 km², and area of occupancy (AOO) is between 48 and 500 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the AOO, the number of subpopulations, the extent and quality of its habitat, as well as in the number of mature individuals due to bushfires. Stone Grasshoppers are difficult to monitor due to low population densities, and further research into the population size, distribution and trends, as well as its life history, is required. In addition, proper fire management is needed to prevent future population declines, and the development of new wind parks should only be carried out after appropriate environmental impact assessments.",Decreasing,"The Slender Stone Grasshopper is probably endemic to Cyprus (Massa 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,875 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 48 and 500 km².","There is no available information on the total number of individuals of this species nor about its population trend. For most sites from where the species has been reported only a single observation/collection exists. The Pamphagidae, the family to which this species belongs, are known to have subpopulations which are very low in numbers. Orchamus is no doubt the most extreme genus in this respect. Finding more than one specimen at any one site is the exception rather than the rule. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented. As a result of wildfires, the species is undergoing a continuing decline.","No information is given in the literature about the habitats where this species is found. The single specimen collected near Xandria was found on an open hill covered with low Cistus bushes. Orchamus species have often been associated with open pine forests with an undergrowth of grass and herbs and small bushes, a habitat which is very common across Mt. Troodos in Cyprus. It can by found in phryganic habitats in the lowlands. This species is found up to 1,350 m asl.","As the species occurs in habitats close to or within open pine forests, it is liable to bushfires. The establishment of wind farms may also affect this species as a result of infrastructure construction.","No specific conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Further research into the population size, distribution and trends, as well as its life history is required. In addition, proper fire management is needed to prevent future population declines, and the development of new wind parks should only be carried out after appropriate environmental impact assessments.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Tzirkalli, E., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Orchamus,kaltenbachi,,Orchamus kaltenbachi,"Massa, 2009",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Karpathos Stone Grasshopper (Orchamus kaltenbachi) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from the Greek island of Karpathos. A juvenile female was reported from the nearby island of Kasos which may well belong to this species. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 140 km², and area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 50 km²), it occurs at only three locations and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of the habitat, due to bushfires and deforestation. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, as well as into the threats to this species. In addition, appropriate fire management is needed to prevent any future population declines.",Decreasing,"The Karpathos Stone Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, and is only known from the Greek island of Karpathos (Massa 2009). A juvenile female was reported from the nearby island of Kasos which may well belong to this species. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 140 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 50 km².","There is no available information on the population size of this species. For most sites from where the species has been reported only a single observation/collection exists. The Pamphagidae, the family to which this species belongs, are known to have subpopulations which are very low in numbers. Orchamus is no doubt the most extreme genus in this respect. Finding more than one specimen at any one site is the exception rather than the rule. A continuing decline of the population is inferred from the ongoing threats (loss of habitat through forest fires and deforestation).","This species, like other species of the same genus, probably prefers open pine forests. This habitat is probably under stress on Karpathos, due to the cutting of trees, forest fires and overgrazing.","This species is affected by loss of habitat through forest fires and deforestation. Taking into account the extent of the effects of threats and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at three locations.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, as well as into the threats to this species. In addition,  appropriate fire management is needed to prevent any future population declines.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Orchamus,raulinii,,Orchamus raulinii,"(Lucas, 1854)",,Yes,VU,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,VU,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Cretan Stone Grasshopper (Orchamus raulinii) is endemic to Greece, and is only found in the island of Crete. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6,100 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the area of occupancy, the number of subpopulations, the habitat quality and in the number of mature individuals as a result of bushfires. Further research into the population size, distribution and trends, as well as its life history is required. In addition, proper wildfire management is needed to preserve this species.",Decreasing,"The Cretan Stone Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, and is only found in the island of Crete (Willemse and Kruseman 1976, Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008, Massa 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6,100 km².","There is no available information on the population size and the population trend. For most sites from where the species has been reported only a single individual was observed or collected. The Pamphagidae, the family to which this species belongs, are known to have subpopulations which are very low in numbers. Orchamus is no doubt the most extreme genus in this respect. Finding more than one specimen at any one site is the exception rather than the rule. This species is suspected to have declined as a result of forest fires. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.","This species, like other species of the same genus, prefers open pine forests with an undergrowth of small shrubs and low vegetation, and occurs up to 1,000 m Asl.",Suitable habitat (open pine forests) has declined as a result of forest fires.,"No specific conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas throughout its range. Further research into the population size, distribution and trend, as well as its life history is required. In addition, proper wildfire management is needed to preserve this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Orchamus,yersini,,Orchamus yersini,"(Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Yersin's Stone Grasshopper (Orchamus yersini) is known from the Middle East, Turkey, Greece and Cyprus. In Europe, this species is known from some of the East Aegean islands as well as a few localities on the Peloponnesus and the Akheloos delta - the south-western most tip of the Greek mainland. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic distribution (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 70,000 km², the area of occupancy (AOO) is substantially smaller than the EOO, but probably much larger than 2,000 km²), is widespread across Greece, and occurs in a very common habitat type (open pine forests). However, the population is severely fragmented and its area of occupancy, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat as well as the number of mature individuals is declining due to bushfires. Further research into the population size, distribution and trend, as well as into its life history and ecology is required.",Decreasing,"The Yersin's Stone Grasshopper is known from the Middle East (Lebanon, Syria), Turkey, Greece and Cyprus. In Europe, this species is known from some of the East Aegean islands as well as a few localities on the Peloponnesus and the Akheloos delta - the south-western most tip of the Greek mainland (Willemse 1984, Massa 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 70,000 km².","There is no available information on the population size and the population trend. For most sites from where the species has been reported only a single specimen has been observed or collected. The Pamphagidae, the family to which this species belongs, are known to have subpopulations which are very low in numbers. Orchamus is no doubt the most extreme genus in this respect. Finding more than one specimen at any one site is the exception rather than the rule. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.","This species, like other species of the same genus, prefers open pine forests with an undergrowth of small shrubs and low vegetation. It is also found in sandy areas close to the sea, and is found at elevation of 10-250 m Asl. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of suitable habitat due to forest fires.",Suitable habitat (open pine forests) is declining due to forest fires.,"No specific conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Further research into the population size, distribution and trend, as well as into its life history and ecology is required.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Oropodisma,chelmosi,,Oropodisma chelmosi,"Uvarov, 1942",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Chelmos Mountain Grasshopper (Oropodisma chelmosi) is endemic to Greece, where it is only found at higher altitudes in four mountain areas in the central part of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 838 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is between 20 and 100 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of its habitat, due to grazing and skiing activities. While grazing by goats and changes to the grazing regime may affect this species, the strongest threat is considered to be skiing (ski center on Mt. Chelmos has recently been expanded). Further research into the population size and the threats to this species is required. In addition, its habitat needs to be restored and managed to avoid any future population declines.",Decreasing,"The Chelmos Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, where it is only known from some mountains in the central part of the Peloponnesus (Willemse 1979, Willemse 1984). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 838 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 20 and 100 km².","There is no available information on the subpopulations of this species for each mountain where it occurs, nor is anything known about the population trend. However, the population is inferred to be in decline, particularly on Mt. Chelmos, which is affected by skiing activities. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.","Mountain Grasshoppers are high mountain species, as a rule found above the timberline. They are found on open rocky slopes with a sparse vegetation of herbs and grasses. They seem to prefer spots with loose rocks which they use to hide. This wingless species is found at elevations of 1,550-1,980 m Asl.","The mountain slopes where this species is found are grazed by goats during the summer, and Mt. Chelmos is used for skiing in the winter. These activities are likely to negatively affect this species. While grazing by goats and changes to the grazing regime may affect this species, the strongest threat is considered to be skiing (ski center on Mt. Chelmos has recently been expanded).","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Further research into the population size and the threats to this species is required. In addition, its habitat needs to be restored and managed to avoid any future population declines.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.",,,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Oropodisma,erymanthosi,,Oropodisma erymanthosi,"Willemse, 1971",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Erimanthos Mountain Grasshopper (Oropodisma erymanthosi) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from Mt. Erimanthos in the north-west of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 25 km²), it occurs at only one location and any changes to the grazing regime of its habitat could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Further research is needed into the population size, its area of occupancy and into the effects of grazing on this grasshopper. In addition, the grazing regime needs to be adjusted in a way to prevents future population declines.",Unknown,"The Erimanthos Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, and is only known from Mt. Erimanthos in the north-west of the Peloponnesus (Willemse 1971, Willemse 1984). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 25 km².",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend of this species.,"Mountain Grasshoppers are high mountain species, as a rule found above the timberline (1,600-1,800 m asl). They are found on open rocky slopes with a sparse vegetation of herbs and grasses. They seem to prefer spots with loose rocks among which they can easily hide. This species is found at elevations of 1,600-2,000 m asl.","Like other mountains, Mt. Erymanthos is grazed by goats in the summer, but the extent of grazing is unknown. However, any changes to the grazing regime could lead the population to decline rapidly. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and the distribution of this species it is considered to occur at only one location.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Further research is needed into the population size, its area of occupancy and into the effects of grazing on this grasshopper. In addition, the grazing regime needs to be adjusted in a way to prevents future population declines.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Oropodisma,karavica,,Oropodisma karavica,"La Greca & Messina, 1977",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Karavica Mountain Grasshopper (Oropodisma karavica) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from the area around Mt. Karava in Central Greece. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence is 150 km² and area of occupancy is 8-30 km²), it occurs at only two locations, and a decline in the number of mature individuals and in the quality of habitat is projected as a result of overgrazing. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, as well as into the effects of grazing on this grasshopper. In addition, its habitat needs to be managed appropriately (particularly the grazing regime), in order to avoid future population declines.",Decreasing,"The Karavica Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, and is only known from the area around Mt. Karava in central Greece (La Greca and Messina 1976, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 150 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km² (upper estimate 30 km²).","No specific information on the population size and the population trend of this species exists, but a future decline is projected based upon the threat of future overgrazing.","Mountain Grasshoppers are high mountain species, as a rule found above the timberline. They are found on open rocky slopes with a sparse vegetation of herbs and grasses. They seem to prefer spots with loose rocks which they use to hide.","Like other mountains, Mts. Karava and Kazarma are used for livestock grazing in the summer. In the future there might be increased cattle grazing, which could negatively affect this species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only two locations.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, as well as into the effects of grazing on this grasshopper. In addition, its habitat needs to be managed appropriately (particularly the grazing regime), in order to avoid future population declines.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.",,,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Oropodisma,kyllinii,,Oropodisma kyllinii,"Willemse, 1971",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Kyllini Mountain Grasshopper (Oropodisma kyllinii) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from Mt. Kyllini in the north-east of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 20 km²), occurs at only one location, and any changes to the grazing regime of its habitat could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Further research is needed into the population size, the area of occupancy, and into the effects grazing has on this grasshopper. The grazing regime also needs to be adjusted to avoid any future population declines.",Unknown,"The Kyllini Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, and is only known from Mt. Kyllini in the north-east of the Peloponnesus (Willemse 1971, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 25 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 20 km².",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend of this species.,"Mountain Grasshoppers are high mountain species, as a rule found above the timberline. They are found on open rocky slopes with a sparse vegetation of herbs and grasses. They seem to prefer spots with loose rocks which they use to hide. This species is found at elevations of 1,500-2,000 m asl.","Like other mountains, Mt. Kyllini is grazed by livestock in the summer, and any changes to the grazing regime could negatively affect this species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Further research is needed into the population size, the area of occupancy, and into the effects grazing has on this grasshopper. The grazing regime also needs to be adjusted to avoid any future population declines.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Oropodisma,lagrecai,,Oropodisma lagrecai,"Willemse, 1979",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Triandafilia Mountain Grasshopper (Oropodisma lagrecai) is endemic to Greece, where it is only known from the area around Mt. Triandafilia in central Greece. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 25 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 8-10 km²), occurs at only one location and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals as a result of livestock grazing. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the effects grazing has on this grasshopper. In addition, the grazing regime needs to be adapted to avoid any future population declines.",Decreasing,"The Triandafilia Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, where it is only known from the area around Mt. Triandafilia in Central Greece (Willemse 1979, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 25 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 8-10 km².","There is no available information on the population size and the population trend of this species. The population is suspected to be decreasing due to a decline in the quality of its habitat, and a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is therefore inferred.","Mountain Grasshoppers are high mountain species. They are usually found above the timberline on open rocky slopes with a sparse vegetation of herbs and grasses. They seem to prefer areas with loose rocks which they use to hide. This species occurs at elevations of 1,400-1,800 m asl.","Like other mountains, Mts. Triandafilia and Panetolikon are subject to grazing in the summer, which probably leads to the degradation of its habitat. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in at least one protected area. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the effects grazing has on this grasshopper. In addition, the grazing regime needs to be adapted to avoid any future population declines.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Oropodisma,macedonica,,Oropodisma macedonica,"Ramme, 1951",,Yes,VU,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",No,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Macedonian Mountain Grasshopper (Oropodisma macedonica) has a relatively large distribution area, is found in the mountains of northern Greece, and in the mountainous areas in the border region between the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia), Albania and Kosovo. In Europe, this species is assessed as Vulnerable, since it has a restricted geographic range (occurrence (EOO) is ca 8,900 km²), the population is severely fragmented, it occurs at only seven locations, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the quality of its habitat, due to livestock grazing. In the EU 28 region, this species is assessed as Endangered, since it has an even smaller geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 681 km²), the population is also severely fragmented, it occurs at only three locations, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the quality of its habitat, due to livestock grazing. Further research is needed into the population size and trend of this species. In addition, its habitat needs to be protected and managed appropriately to avoid future population declines.",Decreasing,"The Macedonian Mountain Grasshopper has a relatively large distribution area, it is found in the mountains of northern Greece (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willlemse 2008), and in the mountainous areas in the border region between the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia), Albania and Kosovo (Chobanov and Mihajlova 2010). In Europe, this species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8,100 km², and 681 km² in the EU 28 region.",A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred as a result of the effects of cattle grazing.,"Mountain Grasshoppers are high mountain species, as a rule found above the timberline. They are found on open rocky slopes with a sparse vegetation of herbs and grasses. They seem to prefer spots with loose rocks which they use to hide. This species is also found on slopes almost entirely covered by grass and hardly any rocks, and at elevations of 1,730-2,100 m Asl.","The mountains where this species occurs are affected by grazing in the summer, but the effects of this threat on this grasshopper are unknown. However, the population is suspected to be undergoing a decline as a result of cattle grazing throughout its range. This species is also likely to be affected by skiing centres. Taking into account the likely extend of the effects of these threats and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at seven locations in Europe, and at three locations in the EU 28 region.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but its distribution overlaps with protected areas throughout its range. Further research is needed into the population size and trend. In addition, its habitat needs to be protected and managed appropriately to avoid future population declines.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Tzirkalli, E., Kati, V., Heller, K.-G. & Papapavlou, K.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Oropodisma,parnassica,,Oropodisma parnassica,"(Scudder, 1897)",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+B2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Parnassos Mountain Grasshopper (Oropodisma parnassica) is endemic to Greece, where it is known to occur in two adjoining mountain ranges in the southeastern part of the Greek mainland, Mt. Parnassos and Mt. Elikon. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence is 200 km², and area of occupancy is no more than 30 km²), it occurs at only three locations, the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, and in the area and quality of its habitat, due to livestock grazing and developmental activities. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and to get a clearer picture of the effects of grazing and infrastructure development on this species. In addition, the habitat of this species needs to be protected and managed appropriately, to avoid any future population declines caused by grazing or skiing.",Decreasing,"The Parnassos Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, where it is known to occur in two adjoining mountain ranges in the southeastern part of the Greek mainland, Mt. Parnassos and Mt. Elikon (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 200 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is no more than 30 km².","There is no available information on the population size and the population trend of this species. However, due to infrastructure development, this species is inferred to be undergoing a continuing decline. The subpopulations are isolated with little or no genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.","Mountain Grasshoppers are high mountain species, as a rule found above the timberline. They are found on open rocky slopes with a sparse vegetation of herbs and grasses. They seem to prefer spots with loose rocks which they use to hide. This species is found at elevations of 1,500-1,950 m asl.","Like other mountains, Mts. Parnassos and Elikon are used for grazing in the summer, but the effects of this threat on this grasshopper are unknown. Mt. Parnassos is used for skiing in the winter and the effects of all development activities taking place to sustain this touristic activity is also unknown, although the construction of infrastructure (such as roads) is likely to lead to habitat loss for this species. Taking into account the possible extent of the effects of these threats and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at three locations.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in Parnassos National Park. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and to get a clearer picture of the effects of grazing and infrastructure development on this grasshopper. In addition, the habitat of this species needs to be protected and managed appropriately, to avoid any future population declines caused by grazing or skiing.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Oropodisma,taygetosi,,Oropodisma taygetosi,"Willemse, 1972",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Tayetos Mountain Grasshopper (Oropodisma taygetosi) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from Mt. Taygetos in the south of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 25 km²), it occurs at only one location, and any changes in the grazing regime of the area where it occurs could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, the area of occupancy, and into the effects of grazing on this grasshopper. In addition, the grazing regime needs to be adjusted in order to avoid any future population declines.",Unknown,"The Tayetos Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, and is only known from Mt. Taygetos in the south of the Pelopponesus (Willemse 1972). This species' extent of occurrence is 25 km².",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend of this species.,"Mountain Grasshoppers are high mountain species, as a rule found above the timberline. They are found on open rocky slopes with a sparse vegetation of herbs and grasses. They seem to prefer spots with loose rocks which they use to hide. This species is found at elevations of 1,700-2,200 m Asl.","Like other mountains, Mt. Taygetos is used for grazing by goats in the summer, and any changes to the grazing regime (abandonment or intensification) could negatively affect this species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, the area of occupancy, and into the effects of grazing on this grasshopper. In addition, the grazing regime needs to be adjusted in order to avoid any future population declines.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Oropodisma,tymphrestosi,,Oropodisma tymphrestosi,"Willemse, 1972",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Tymphrestos Mountain Grasshopper (Oropodisma tymphrestosi) is endemic to Greece, and occurs on three mountains in central Greece: Mt. Tymphrestos, Mt. Iti and Mt. Vardhoussia. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence is ca 500 km², and area of occupancy is 20-50 km²), the population is severely fragmented, it occurs at only three locations, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the quality of its habitat due to livestock grazing and touristic development. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and to get a clearer picture of the effects of grazing and infrastructure development on this species. In addition, the habitat of this species needs to be managed appropriately, particularly regarding grazing and skiing, in order to avoid any future population declines.",Decreasing,"The Tymphrestos Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, and occurs on three mountains in central Greece: Mt. Tymphrestos, Mt. Iti and Mt. Vardhoussia (Willemse 1984). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 500 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 20-50 km².","There is no available information on the population size and the population trend of this species. However, it is inferred that it is undergoing a continuing decline as a result of infrastructure development and cattle grazing. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.","Mountain Grasshoppers are high mountain species, found above the timberline as a rule. They are found on open rocky slopes with a sparse vegetation of herbs and grasses. They seem to prefer spots with loose rocks which they use to hide. This species is also found on slopes almost entirely covered by grass and hardly any rocks, and is found at elevations of 1,750-2,100 m asl.","Like other mountains, Mts. Tymphrestos, Iti and Vardhoussia are used for grazing in the summer, but the severity of this threat is unknown. Mt. Tymphrestos is used for skiing in the winter but the effects of all development activities taking place to sustain this touristic activity are unknown. Taking into account the extent of the effects of these threats and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at three locations.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas throughout its range. Further research is needed into the population size and trends, and to get a clearer picture of the effects of grazing and infrastructure development on this species. In addition, the habitat of this species needs to be managed appropriately, particularly regarding grazing and skiing, in order to avoid any future population declines.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Oropodisma,willemsei,,Oropodisma willemsei,"La Greca & Messina, 1976",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Willemse's Mountain Grasshopper (Oropodisma willemsei) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from Mt. Giona, in the southern part of the Greek mainland. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence is 85 km²), it potentially occurs at only one location, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the quality of its habitat, and in the number of mature individuals due to livestock grazing and day-mining activities on Mt. Giona. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the effects of day-mining and grazing on this species. The habitat of this species needs protection, and quarrying activities need to be stopped in order to avoid future population declines. Furthermore, livestock grazing needs to be managed appropriately.",Decreasing,"The Willemse's Moutain Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, and is only known from Mt. Giona, in the southern part of the Greek mainland (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 40 km².","There is no available information on the population size and the population trend of this species. As a result of quarrying activities, a continuing decline in population size is inferred.","Mountain Grasshoppers are high mountain species, as a rule found above the timberline. They are found on open rocky slopes with a sparse vegetation of herbs and grasses. They seem to prefer spots with loose rocks which they use to hide. This species is also found on slopes almost entirely covered by grass and hardly any rocks, and it is found at elevation of 1,750-1,900 m asl.","Mt. Giona is used for grazing in the summer, although the extent to which this species is affected is unknown. The main threat to this species comes from the quarries on the mountain which completely destroy its habitat. Taking into account the extent of the effects of quarrying and the distribution of the species it is considered to possibly occur at only one location (certainly fewer than 10 locatons).","No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it is not found in any protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the effects of day-mining and grazing on this species. The habitat of this species needs protection and quarrying activities need to be stopped in order to avoid future population declines. Furthermore, livestock grazing needs to be managed appropriately.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Tzirkalli, E., Papapavlou, K. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Ovaliptila,buresi,,Ovaliptila buresi,"(Maran, 1958)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
Because of its wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe of c. 320,000 km² and in the EU 28 of c. 100,000 km², and its probably large population size, Bures' Glandular Cricket is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"Bures' Glandular Cricket is known from the southern part of the Crimean Peninsula, the southwestern Black Sea coast of Ukraine, northern and southeastern Bulgaria (Gorochov 2006, Chobanov 2009, D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016). It is expected to occur in the extreme northeastern part of Greece and European Turkey, based on its occurrence in western Anatolia (Gorochov and Unal 2012), as well as in southeastern Romania. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 320,000 km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 100,000 km².",The population trend is unknown. Pitfall trap sampling and field observations show that subpopulations may be dense (D. Chobanov pers. obs. 2015),"This species lives on the ground, and at least during daytime it inhabits soil crevices and holes within stony ground, caves, leaf litter and human dwellings. It usually occurs in river valleys close to water, at altitudes between 20 and 400 m.",No threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its distribution and population trend is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Ovaliptila,kinzelbachi,,Ovaliptila kinzelbachi,"(Harz, 1971)",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Karpathos Glandular Cricket (Ovaliptila kinzelbachi) is endemic to Greece, where it is only known from a single cave in the island of Karpathos. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km²), occurs at only one location, and any human activities altering its habitat (e.g. touristic activities and limestone quarrying) could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Further research is needed into the population size and distribution area of this species, in particular whether it is restricted to a single cave or not. In addition, the cave needs to be protected.",Unknown,"The Karpathos Glandular Cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is only known from the island of Karpathos (Willemse 1984). As this species has only been found in a single cave, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km². The maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is 700 km², if the species is found throughout the island of Karpathos.",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend.,This species was found inside a cave.,"No threats for this species are known, although tourism and limestone quarrying could be potential threats. Taking into account the extent of the effects of anthropogenic activities and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","No conservation measures are in place for this species. Further research is needed into the population size and distribution of this species, in particular whether it is restricted to a single cave or not. In addition, the cave needs to be protected.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Ovaliptila,krueperi,,Ovaliptila krueperi,"(Pantel, 1890)",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Parnassos Glandular Cricket (Ovaliptila krueperi) is endemic to Greece where it is found in mountainous areas in the southern part of the Greek mainland. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,000 km²), and the population is severely fragmented - thus making this species close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, as well as into this species' ecology.",Unknown,"The Parnassos Glandular Cricket is endemic to Greece where it is found in mountainous areas in the southern part of the Greek mainland (unpublished data; Willemse 1984). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,000 km².","There is no available information on the population size and the population trend. It is a rare and difficult to find species, but it is assumed to be more common than recorded. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.","No information is available about the habitat of this species. Other species of Ovaliptila are either found in caves (O. kinzelbachi) or found in open forest, where they live among the leaf litter and/or hide underneath rocks (O. newmanae). This species is found at elevations of 900-1,560 m Asl.","There are no documented threats for this species, but limestone quarrying is a potential threat.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, as well as into this species' ecology.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Ovaliptila,lindbergi,,Ovaliptila lindbergi,"(Chopard, 1957)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Cretan Glandular Cricket (Ovaliptila lindbergi) is endemic to Greece and is only found on Crete, where it has been reported from a number of caves in the center and east of the island. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,300 km²) there are no major threats. Further research is needed into the population size and trend of this species.",Unknown,"The Cretan Glandular Cricket is endemic to Greece and is only found on Crete, where it has been reported from a number of caves in the center and east of the island (Willemse 1984). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,300 km².",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend.,This species lives in caves.,There are no major threats to this species.A potential future threat to this species is limestone quarrying.,"No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Further research is needed into the population size and trend.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Ovaliptila,nana,,Ovaliptila nana,"(Baccetti, 1992)",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Dodecanese Glandular Cricket (Ovaliptila nana) is endemic to Greece, where it is only known to occur on the island of Kos, in a single cave. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km²), and touristic activities in the cave could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Further research into the population size, distribution, and trend is needed, in particular to ascertain whether or not this species is restricted to a single cave. The effects of tourism on this species need to be studied and touristic activities need to be managed appropriately to avoid any future population declines.",Unknown,"The Dodecanese Glandular Cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is only known to occur on the island of Kos (Willemse 1984). This species' known extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4 km², and its maximum EOO would be ca 450 km² (if found throughout the island of Kos). Given that this species has only been found in a single cave, its area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend.,This species lives in caves.,"No threats to this species of cave cricket have been reported, although touristic activities in the cave could drive the species to extinction very quickly. Limestone quarrying is another potential future threat.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in a protected area. Further research into the population size, distribution, and trend is needed, in particular to ascertain whether or not this species is restricted to a single cave. The effects of tourism on this species need to be studied and touristic activities need to be managed appropriately to avoid any future population declines.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Ovaliptila,newmanae,,Ovaliptila newmanae,"(Harz, 1969)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Epirus Glandular Cricket (Ovaliptila newmanae) is found in Greece and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia). In FYR Macedonia the species has only been found once in 1942. In the EU 28 region, this species is only found in Greece, in the mountain ranges in the West of the Greek mainland. It has also been found in Tzrumerka in 2011. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a somewhat restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 15,000 km², extent of occurrence (EOO) in the EU 28 is ca 2,300 km²), the overall population size is large. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend is required, and into its threats.",Unknown,"The Epirus Glandular Cricket is found in Greece and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia) (Chobanov and Mihaljova 2010). In FYR Macedonia the species has only been found once in 1942. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 15,000 km². In the EU 28 region, this species is only found in Greece, in the mountain ranges in the West of the Greek mainland, from Mt. Tymphi in the north to Mt. Tymfristos in the south (Willemse 1984, notes). The species has also been found in Tzrumerka in 2011 (Puskás and Ivković 2014) - its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,300 km².",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend.,"This species has been found in leaf litter along streams adjoined by Platanus trees as well as in leaf litter in open oak forests. It can be found in the leaf litter or hiding under rocks, and is found at elevations of 460-1,180 m Asl.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend is required, and into its threats.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Ovaliptila,wettsteini,,Ovaliptila wettsteini,"(Werner, 1934)",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Sporades Glandular Cricket (Ovaliptila wettsteini) is endemic to Greece, where it is has been reported from the eastern Aegean islands of Ikaria and Rhodes. Only some specimens of this species have ever been collected, all of which prior to 1936. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 13,000 km², known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km²), and the population is severely fragmented - thus being close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. Further research into the population size and trend is required.",Unknown,"The Sporades Glandular Cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is has been reported from the eastern Aegean islands of Ikaria and Rhodes (Willemse 1984). Only some specimens of this species have ever been collected, all of which prior to 1936. This species' maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 13,000 km² (if the species is more common on Ikaria and Rhodes), and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km².",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.,"There is no available information on the habitat of this species, but it is likely to be a cave species.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it remains unknown, whether it occurs in any protected area. Further research into the population size and trend is required.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Ovaliptila,willemsei,,Ovaliptila willemsei,"(Karaman, 1975)",,Yes,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Montenegrin Glandular Cricket has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 18,000 km². It is assessed as Least Concern (LC) as the species probably has a large population with no reported major threats.",Unknown,"The Montenegrin Glandular Cricket occurs along the central part of the western Balkans, from central Bosnia and Herzegovina through Montenegro to northern Albania (Karaman et al. 2014). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 18,000 km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown. Due to its cryptic lifestyle it is rarely found. Studies on related taxa (O. newmanae, O. buresi) show that subpopulations of these cryptic species can be large.","The species occurs in stony and rocky calcareous habitats between 200 and at least 1,400 m altitude. It prefers moderately moist ground in mountainous areas and river valleys. During the day, it is usually found under stones, between soil and rock crevices, in caves and leaf litter. It is active mostly at night. The species is omnivorous, and adults and nymphs probably occur throughout the year.",No major threats to this species have been documented.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this taxon, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Pachytrachis,bosniacus,,Pachytrachis bosniacus,"Messina, 1979",,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Bosnian Bush-cricket is listed as Data Deficient (DD) as it is only known from the original description and there is no information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Unfortunately, vast areas in its potential habitats in Cincar Mountains are now mine fields and it is thus difficult to study. Further research is needed to clarify the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"The Bosnian Bush-cricket was described from the western Cincar Mountains in Bosnia and Hezergovina (at 1,500 m) and it is so far only known from its original description by Messina (1979).",There is no information on the population size or trend of this species.,The habitat and ecological preferences of this species are unknown.,The threats to this species are unknown.,There are no conservation actions in place for this species and it does not occur in protected areas throughout its range. Vast areas in its potential habitats in the Cincar Mountains are now mine fields and thus the species is difficult to study. Research on its taxonomy and population trend is needed.,This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Pachytrachis,frater,,Pachytrachis frater,"(Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882)",,Yes,EN,B2ab(v),No,EN,B2ab(v),EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Monk Bush-cricket (Pachytrachis frater) is a rare species on the western Balkan Peninsula. This species is assessed as Endangered since its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 50 and 250 km² in Europe and between 12 and 50 km² in the EU 28, the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals. The major threats to this species are wildfires and intensification of land use. More research on its distribution, population trends and threats is needed. Remaining habitats need to be protected and appropriately managed to avoid any further population declines.",Decreasing,"The Monk Bush-cricket is found from southern Croatia to Montenegro and western Serbia (Harz 1969). Records from Albania and northern Adriatic Croatia and Slovenia are doubtful (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2015). Former records from Bulgaria were misidentified individuals belonging to Pachytrachis gracilis (Chobanov 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 40,000 km² and ca 10,500 km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is between 60 and 250 km², and between 12 and 50 km² in the EU 28.","The subpopulations of this species are generally small (J. Skejo and G. Szövényi pers. comm. 2015). The population is severely fragmented since subpopulations are small and isolated with little possibility of genetic exchange between them, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The population trend is decreasing (J. Skejo and G. Szövényi pers. comm. 2015).","This species occurs at dry edges of oak forests (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2015), forest clearings and old, extensively managed orchards (G. Szövényi pers. comm. 2015).",The major threats to this species are wildfires and intensification of land use (G. Szövényi pers. comm. 2015).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research on its distribution, population trends and threats is needed. Remaining habitats need to be protected and appropriately managed to avoid any further population declines.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Ivkovic, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Pushkar, T. & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Pachytrachis,gracilis,,Pachytrachis gracilis,"(Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1861)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Graceful Bush-cricket (Pachytrachis gracilis) occurs on the Balkan Peninsula from northern Greece to northeastern Italy, southern Slovakia and west Ukraine. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in southeastern Europe and, even though it is considered threatened in the northern part of its range, its is quite common in the southern part and along the Adriatic coast. In addition, its population trend appears to be increasing as a consequence of global warming, but this requires further study.",Increasing,"The Graceful Bush-cricket occurs on the Balkan Peninsula from northern Greece to northeastern Italy, southern Slovakia and west Ukraine (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.1 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 970,000 km².",This species is widespread in southeastern Europe (Szövenyi and Puskás 2012) and can be quite abundant (Iorgu et al. 2009). The population trend seems to be increasing as a possible consequence of global warming (T. Zuna-Kratky and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2016).,"This species is found on bushes or high forbs on meadows, at hedges, forest margins, forest clearings or within open forests (Zechner and Koschuh 2005, Buzzetti et al. 2010, Massa et al. 2012).","This species is threatened by intensification of orchard management, particularly by the use of pesticides and removal of bushes or by the transformation of grassland into farmland (Karner-Ranner and Ranner 2009). It is also threatened by afforestation in Austria (Zechner and Koschuh 2005).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Vulnerable on the Austrian Red List (Berg et al. 2005). On the Carpathian Red List it is listed as Critically Endangered for the Slovakian part and as Endangered for the Hungarian part (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). Research into its ecology and population trend is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Kristin, A., Zuna-Kratky, T., Ivkovic, S., Puskas, G., Chobanov, D.P., Sirin, D., Iorgu, I.S., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Pachytrachis,striolatus,,Pachytrachis striolatus,"(Fieber, 1853)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Striated Bush-cricket (Pachytrachis striolatus) occurs from southern Switzerland and northern Italy along the Adriatic coast of the western Balkan Peninsula to Montenegro. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it is declining at its northern range margin, it has a wide distribution and subpopulations can be very large.",Decreasing,"The Striated Bush-cricket occurs from southern Switzerland and northern Italy along the Adriatic coast of the western Balkan Peninsula to Montenegro (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 140,000 km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 105,000 km².","The subpopulations of this species are variable in size and can be very large (G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2016). At the northwestern range border it appears to be decreasing (C. Monnerat and S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2016). Therefore, the overall population trend is considered to be decreasing.","This species is found in warm, dry habitats in bushes, or dry grassland with bushes or trees (Massa et al. 2012).","The major threat to this species is the increasing frequency of wildfires (G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2016). In Switzerland it is threatened by encroachment of shrubs and trees (Monnerat et al. 2007), as it does not tolerate bush vegetation which is too dense.","This species is listed as Critically Endangered on the Swiss Red List (Monnerat et al. 2007). It is protected in Switzerland, where its remaining habitat is listed in the Federal Inventory of Dry Grasslands of National Importance (DGS). Habitat management (regular re-opening of the vegetation) is conducted here (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2016). It occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Szovenyi, G., Skejo, J. Skejo, Gomboc, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Presa, J.J.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Pachytrachis,tumidus,,Pachytrachis tumidus,"Ingrisch & Pavicevic, 2010",,Yes,NT,,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Durmitor Bush-cricket is listed as Near Threatened (NT) as its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 3,000 km², its area of occupancy is 28-300 km² and the population is severely fragmented. Thus the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B.",Unknown,"The Durmitor Bush-cricket is known from the mountainous region of western Montenegro and eastern Herzegovina in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Ingrisch and Pavicevic 2010, G. Szovenyi and G. Puskas pers. comm. 2015). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 3,000 km² and the area of occupancy is 28-300 km².",The population of this species is severely fragmented with isolated subpopulations and little possibility of genetic exchange that may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population trend is unknown.,"This species is described from a locality at c. 1,100 m Asl, but in its recently discovered localities in Herzegovina it occurs between 1,250 and 1,800 m, typically above 1,400 m Asl (G. Szovenyi and G. Puskas pers. comm. 2015). It lives on rocky slopes often with dense bushes of Juniperus, and it hides between stony screes. The species feeds on small insects and plant parts such as leaves and flowers.","This species was recently described, and only a few field observations have been recorded. Therefore the threats are not well known. Overgrazing is not expected to be problematic as large parts of the habitat are very steep and therefore not suitable for sheep grazing. However, wild fires could pose a threat to the species.",There are no conservation actions in place for this species although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend and threats is required.,This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Pamphagus,marmoratus,,Pamphagus marmoratus,"Burmeister, 1838",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Marbled Stone Grasshopper (Pamphagus marmoratus) is endemic to western and central Sicily. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it is not common, there is no evidence of population declines and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to western Sicily, Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7,600 km².",This large grasshopper is never common and has a scattered distribution. The overall population trend is unknown.,"This flightless species lives in dry open habitats with shrubs, preferably on calcareous substrates. Adults can be found in spring and summer at altitudes between 100 m and 800 m asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into the population dynamics, life history and ecology of this species.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Pamphagus,ortolaniae,,Pamphagus ortolaniae,"Cusimano & Massa, 1977",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Lampedusa Stone Grasshopper (Pamphagus ortolaniae) is endemic to Lampedusa, Italy. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km²), and the population size shows extreme fluctuations from year to year. Research is needed into the population dynamics, its life history and ecology.",Unknown,"The Lampedusa Stone Grasshopper is endemic to Lampedusa, Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².","This species is common and widespread on Lampedusa. The population trend is unknown, and the population size shows extreme fluctuations from year to year.",This flightless species lives in dry habitats and shrubland. Adults and nymphs of different generations are found during the whole year. This species is preyed on by Eleonora's Falcon (Falco eleonorae) in Spring.,No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into population dynamics, its life history and ecology.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Pamphagus,sardeus,,Pamphagus sardeus,"(Herrich-Schäffer, 1840)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Sardinian Stone Grasshopper (Pamphagus sardeus) is endemic to Sardinia, Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it can be found in dense subpopulations, is quite common and the population trend is probablystable. In addition, no major threats to this species have been reported. However, the species shows extreme fluctuations in size from year to year and further research is needed to understand the population dynamics and the ecology requirements of the species.",Stable,"The Sardinian Stone Grasshopper is endemic to Sardinia, Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 22,000 km².","The species can be found in dense subpopulations and is quite common. However, the population can fluctuate from year to year and it shows extreme fluctuations in size. The overall population trend is probably stable (B. Massa pers. comm. 2015).","This large flightless grasshopper lives in dry natural grassland, shrubland, rocky habitats, with adults from spring to summer-autumn. It can be found from sea level up to 800 m asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into population dynamics to understand why this species' population fluctuates, and also into its life history and ecology.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Fontana, P., Hochkirch, A., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Paracaloptenus,bolivari,,Paracaloptenus bolivari,"Uvarov, 1942",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Pyrenean Pincer Grasshopper (Paracaloptenus bolivari) is endemic to the Pyrenees and Catalonia. It lives in herbaceous or shrubby habitats, from 245 to 2,100 m altitude and it has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO). Although the species is considered rather rare, it is assumed to be declining due to habitat changes caused by abandonment of grazing and subsequent afforestations. It shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. It is assessed as Least Concern (LC) due to its large distribution range.",Decreasing,"Paracaloptenus bolivari is endemic to the Pyrenean and Catalonian massifs. It is widespread along the whole south side of Pyrenees, in the Catalonian mountain range (southwards to Tarragona) and along the northern side of Eastern Pyrenees in France (Ariège, Pyrénées-Orientales and Aude) (Llucià-Pomares 2002, Olmo-Vidal 2006, Defaut et al. 2009, Poniatowski et al. 2009, Jaulin et al. 2011). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 62,000 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is assumed to be more than 2,000 km².","There is no information available on the population size and trend of Paracaloptenus bolivari. The species is considered as ""not very common"" in the Pyrenees (Poniatowski et al. 2009), ""not very abundant"" in Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2002), and generally rare on the French side, although it can be sometimes very abundant (Defaut et al. 1999). It is inferred to be declining due to recent afforestation of its habitat. The species shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals.","This sub-mountainous and mountainous species is recorded from altitudes between 245 and 2,100 m and occurs in herbaceous or shrubby habitats like dry heathlands, Buxus scrublands, grass-rich fringes of wet woodlands, wet and subalpine grasslands (Poniatowski et al. 2009, Olmo-Vidal 2006).","The main threat to this species is afforestation, caused by the decreasing pastoralism in the region.","There are no conservation actions in place for Paracaloptenus bolivari, although it occurs in several protected areas throughout its range. Paracaloptenus bolivari has been assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2006)  and as Vulnerable in France (Sardet and Defaut  2004). Research on its population trend, ecology and threats is needed. A proper management of the habitat needs to be implemented, particularly through avoiding succession to forests and any consequent future decline of this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Paracaloptenus,caloptenoides,,Paracaloptenus caloptenoides,"(Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1861)",,No,NT,,No,VU,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Balkan Pincer Grasshopper (Paracaloptenus caloptenoides) occurs on the Balkan Peninsula from Austria and Slovakia to Greece, western Anatolia and Moldova. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe since it has an area of occupancy (AOO) of between 1,200 and 3,500  km² and there is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations, extent and quality of its habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B2. In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Vulnerable since its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (ca 800 to 1,800 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations, extent and quality of its habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals. Abandonment of extensive grazing and afforestation are the major threats to this species, as well as urbanization and the use of pesticides. It is also threatened by intensification of land use such as mowing with machinery and overgrazing, and by high densities of game, particularly wild boar and moufflon. This grasshopper would benefit from better management of its habitats and more research is needed into its population trend and threats.",Decreasing,"The Balkan Pincer Grasshopper occurs on the Balkan Peninsula from Austria and Slovakia to Greece, western Anatolia and Moldova (Willemse 1973, Ünal 2000, Gavlas 2004). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 925,500 km², and ca 840,000 km² in the EU 28 . Its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is between 1,200 and 3,500 km², and between 800 and 1,800 km² in the EU 28.","This species is rare throughout large parts of its range, it has very small and isolated subpopulations and the population is considered severely fragmented in the EU 28 (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008, Kristin and Kanuch 2013). The species was thought to be extinct in Austria (Berg et al. 2005) but has recently been rediscovered (Panrok 2008). It has declined considerably during the last 50 years in Hungary and still seems to be declining (G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2015). In FYR Macedonia and Albania the population is less fragmented (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). The subpopulation in Romania is assumed to be stable (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015), but the global population is declining.","This flightless species occurs on sunny, stony mountain slopes with low vegetation (Willemse 1973). It is also found in meadows, forest edges and clearings (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008) as well as wasteland (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). This grasshopper is found from sea level up to 1,800 m Asl. (Kristin and Kanuch 2013).","Abandonment of extensive grazing and afforestation are the major threats to this species (EAA 2015) as well as urbanisation and the use of pesticides (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). It is also threatened by intensification of land use such as mowing with machinery and overgrazing, but also by high densities of game, particularly wild boar and moufflon (G. Szövenyi and I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).","This species is listed on Annex II and IV of the European Habitats Directive. Monitoring of the population status of this species is therefore in place. Its status has been reported as  ""unfavourable-inadequate"" for the Continental, Pannonian and Steppic region,  ""favourable"" for the Alpine and Black Sea region and ""unknown"" for the Mediterranean  region in the latest report (EEA 2015). According to Gruber et al. (2012) the species is in an unfavourable status and even critical in Hungary. The species has been assessed as Endangered on the Carpathian Red List, being Critically Endangered in the Slovakian and Hungarian part and Endangered in the Romanian part (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). It is listed as Least Concern on the Red List of Macedonia (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). Habitat management (cutting of trees and shrubs) has been undertaken at the only known locality in Austria (Biosphärenreservat Wienerwald). More research into its population trend and threats is needed. The species would benefit from better management of its habitats.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Zuna-Kratky, T., Kristin, A., Szovenyi, G., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Iorgu, I.S., Puskas, G., Willemse, L.P.M., Sirin, D., Ivkovic, S., Skejo, J. Skejo, Pushkar, T. & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Paracaloptenus,cristatus,,Paracaloptenus cristatus,"Willemse, 1973",,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
The Istrian Pincer Grasshopper is endemic to Dalmatia (between Istria and Bosnia and Herzegovina) and is listed as Near Threatened (NT) because its area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,000-2,000 km² (600-1,000 km² in the EU 28) and its population is severely fragmented, and it is thus it is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B. However, the species is common and no major threats have been reported.",Unknown,"The Istrian Pincer Grasshopper is distributed along the Adriatic coast and the neighbouring Dinaric mountains from southwestern Slovenia through Croatia and western Bosnia and Herzegovina to northern Montenegro (Willemse 1973, Ingrisch and Pavicevic 2012, Sardet et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 35,000 km² in pan-Europe, and c. 19,000 km² in the EU 28. The area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km² in pan-Europe and c. 600-1,000 km² in the EU 28.","The overall population trend of this species is unknown, although in Croatia the species seems stable (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016). The population of this flightless species is considered severely fragmented as the subpopulations are isolated and small with little possibility for genetic exchange, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","The species is found on warm, dry meadows on rocky karstic areas, usually scarcely overgrown with Saturea spp. in south-faced sub-Mediterranean to coline scarce oak forest. Its altitudinal range is 400-1,500 m Asl.","The threats to this species may be related to habitat succession. Fires and the abandonment of extensive nomadic cattle farming are a threat to this species, especially in the northern part of its distribution.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend and threats is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Paracinema,tricolor,,Paracinema tricolor,"(Thunberg, 1815)",,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Tricolor Grasshopper (Paracinema tricolor) is widespread from South Africa to southern Europe and South Asia. This species is affiliated with wetland habitats which are rapidly declining in large parts of its range. It is assessed as Near Threatened since its area of occupancy (AOO) is most likely smaller than 3,000 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of its habitat; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. No significant immigration from outside the assessment region is expected due to its strong habitat affiliation. The major threat to this species is drainage of its habitat, and it is also threatened by transformation of its habitat into farmland, overgrazing, water pollution and urbanisation. More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is required. Its wetland habitats need better protection and destroyed wetlands should be restored.",Decreasing,"The Tricolor Grasshopper is widespread from South Africa (including Madagascar) to southern Europe and South Asia (Dirsh 1965). In Europe it is found in the Mediterranean region, i.e. on the Iberian Peninsula, in southern France and Corsica, in Italy including Sicily and Sardinia, and on the Balkans from Greece to Slovenia and Ukraine (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 4.3 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 3.6 million km². This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is between 1,500 and 3,500 km², and in the EU 28 between 1,400 and 3,000 km².","This species is widespread, but because of its affiliation with wetland habitats the subpopulations are rather small and isolated. The distances between subpopulations are very large and re-colonisation of extinct sites is unlikely. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. A strong decline of this species is assumed for Italy (Massa et al. 2012). The species is also declining in Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2002) and on the Balkans (S. Ivkovic and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016). It is extinct in Switzerland (Baur et al. 2006) and also possibly extinct in Albania (G. Puskas pers. comm. 2016) and on Sicily (Massa 2011). The overall population size is decreasing.","The species occurs in wetland habitats with tall grass vegetation, including rice fields (Massa et al. 2012). It is a good flyer (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008).","The major threat to this species is drainage of its habitat. It is also threatened by transformation of its habitat into farmland, overgrazing, water pollution (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014) and urbanisation (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2016). The increasing number of droughts as a consequence of climate change may also threaten this species (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2016).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. It is listed as ""priority 3"" (equivalent to Near Threatened) on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004), as Vulnerable on the Serbian Red List and as Endangered on the Macedonian Red List (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). It occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is required. Its wetland habitats need better protection and destroyed wetlands should be restored.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Ivkovic, S., Gomboc, S., Chobanov, D.P., Presa, J.J., Monnerat, C., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Puskas, G., Korsunovskaya, O., Ferreira, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.","Skejo, J. Skejo & Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Paradrymadusa,galitzini,,Paradrymadusa galitzini,"Retowski, 1888",,No,VU,"B1ab(iii,iv,v)c(iv)+2ab(iii,iv,v)c(iv)",No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Galitzin's Tonged Bush-cricket (Paradrymadusa galitzini)  occurs from the Caucasus to Crimea and in Europe it is only found in the south of Crimea, Ukraine. This species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe since it has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of ca 7,700 km², anestimated area of occupancy (AOO) of between 1,000 and 2,000 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. In addition, the population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. The major threat to this species is the transformation of its habitat into farmland and vineyards, but it may also be affected by touristic development and urbanization. Research into its population trend and threats is required and remaining habitats should be effectively preserved. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Decreasing,"Galitzin's Tonged Bush-cricket occurs from the Caucasus to Crimea (Harz 1969). In Europe it is only found in the south of Crimea (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 7,700 km², and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is between 1,000 and 2,000 km².","The subpopulations of this species are usually very small and isolated (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015), and the population is considered severely fragmented. The population is known to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals and has even been reported as a pest in the past (Harz 1969). The population trend is decreasing.",This species occurs on rocky areas and screes with scarce vegetation (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). It has reported as a pest on tobacco (Harz 1969).,"The major threat to this species is the transformation of its habitat into farmland and vineyards, but it may also be affected by touristic development and urbanisation.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend and threats is required. Remaining habitats should be effectively preserved.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,MOGOPLISTIDAE,Paramogoplistes,dentatus,,Paramogoplistes dentatus,"Gorochov & Llorente del Moral, 2001",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Toothed Scale-cricket (Paramogoplistes dentatus) is endemic to the central part of the Iberian Peninsula. It has been found only in a few areas, but may be found elsewhere, as suitable habitat seems more widespread. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, found in a variety of habitats, and the population size is expected to be large. More research on its distribution, population size and trends is needed.",Unknown,"The Toothed Scale-cricket is endemic to the central part of the Iberian Peninsula. At present, it is known from Guadalajara and Monfragüe in Spain and from Serra da Estrela and Douro in Portugal (Gorochov and Llorente, 2001, Llucia-Pomares 2015, Ferreira and Grosso-Silva 2008). This small species is likely to be under sampled and is probably more widespread than records indicate. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca 50,000 km².","There is no information available on the population size and trend, but based on its wide distribution, the population size is expected to be large. Subpopulations may be potentially be fragmented, because this species is small and flightless.","This species is known from climatically different localities, both sunny and shady. It inhabits thick layers of oak litter, most frequently Quercus suber, where it finds the moist conditions it needs (Llucia-Pomares and Fernandez-Ortin 2011). It may also be found in pine litter (Ferreira 2009). Adults can be found from April to October (Llucia-Pomares and Fernandez-Ortin 2011, Ferreira and Grosso-Silva 2008), at altitudes between 280 m and 700 m asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in National Parks of Serra de Estrela, Douro and Monfragüe. More research on its distribution, population size and trends is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & Cálix, M.","Odé, B., Barranco Vega, P., Ferreira, S., Lemos, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Correas, J., Prunier, F. & Hochkirch, A.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,MOGOPLISTIDAE,Paramogoplistes,novaki,,Paramogoplistes novaki,"(Krauss, 1888)",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"Novak's Scale-cricket (Paramogoplistes novaki) has originally been described from the Croatian island Hvar and was recently rediscovered at another locality in Croatia. There is also one record from Parnassos (Greece). The records from Sardinia and Italy are considered doubtful. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to taxonomic uncertainty and lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to assess the extinction risk of this species.",Unknown,"Novak's Scale-cricket has been reported from Sardinia, Italy, Greece and Croatia (Heller 2013). Its status in Italy is unclear since it might have been confused with other species (Massa et al. 2012). Altogether, it is only known from a few localities including the Croatian island Hvar (type locality), Parnassos (Greece) as well as one doubtful record from Italy and three doubtful records from Sardinia. Recently, the species has been rediscovered in Croatia (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 34,300 km².",The population size and trend of the species are unknown.,Little is known on the ecology of this species. It has been collected in a pitfall trap in dry shrubs in Croatia (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016).,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. In addition, taxonomic research is needed since a few other Paramogoplistes species have been described in recent years, and the subpopulations of P. novaki in Greece and Sicily remain poorly studied.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Skejo, J. Skejo, Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,MOGOPLISTIDAE,Paramogoplistes,ortini,,Paramogoplistes ortini,"Llucià-Pomares, 2015",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Ortin's Scale-cricket (Paramogoplistes ortini) is only known from southern Spain from the regions of Andalusia and Extremadura, and it may also be present in southern Portugal. This species is assessed as Least Concern since is expected to be widely distributed in southern Spain in forest habitats and no major threats to it have been reported. More research on its distribution, population size and trends is needed.",Unknown,"Ortin's Scale-cricket is only known from southern Spain from the regions of Andalusia and Extremadura. It may also be present in southern Portugal. It has only recently been described (Llucia-Pomares 2015) and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 95,000 km².","There is no available information on the population size or trend. This species is flightless and has a very limited capacity to colonise new areas. Yet, this recently described species seems to be fairly abundant where it occurs.","This species inhabits the forest floor of Mediterranean forests, especially those with oaks (Quercus suber or Q. rotundifolia). Adults are found in late summer or autumn (Llucia-Pomares 2015) at altitudes between 47 m and 1,058 m asl, but may also occur at higher altitudes.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in the National Park Monfragüe (Llucia-Pomares 2015). More research on its distribution, population size and trends is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & Cálix, M.","Odé, B., Barranco Vega, P., Ferreira, S., Lemos, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Correas, J., Prunier, F. & Hochkirch, A.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Paranocaracris,bulgaricus,,Paranocaracris bulgaricus,"(Ebner & Drenowski, 1936)",,Yes,EN,B2ac(iv),No,EN,B2ac(iv),EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
The area of occupancy (AOO) of the Bulgarian Stone Grasshopper is less than 500 km² and its population is considered severely fragmented. While there is no information on a continuing decline in the population size, extreme fluctuations in the number of individuals occur. Therefore, the Bulgarian Stone Grasshopper is assessed as Endangered.",Unknown,"The Bulgarian Stone Grasshopper occurs in a few mountain ranges of southwestern Bulgaria, northwestern Greece and in the Mount Olympus (Willemse 1984), and is known from a single locality in Albania, very close to the Greek border (G. Puskas pers. comm. 2015). Buresch and Peshev (1955) reported this species from European Turkey, but this record is most likely a misidentification and it is not considered here. Its extent of occurrence is c. 62,000 km² (in the EU 28 it is c. 60,000 km²), and its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is only 100-200 km², with a approximately the same value in the EU 28.","The population trend of this species is unknown. Subpopulations of this species are usually very small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. However, some former records (Peshev 1965) and collection material (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015) show its occasional occurrence at very high abundances. This species shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals.","This species inhabits rocky and stony slopes and screes with scarce grass or bush vegetation in the mountain and sub-alpine belts, usually at altitudes between 900 - 1,800 m Asl and rarely occurring lower than 800 m or higher than 2,300 m Asl. The species is flightless.","Overgrazing by cattle is a minor threat to this species, considering the scarce vegetation present in its main habitat.","There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas in Bulgaria and Greece. Research on its population trend is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Paranocarodes,chopardi,,Paranocarodes chopardi,"Peshev, 1965",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)+B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Chopard's Stone Grasshopper (Paranocarodes chopardi) is endemic to Bulgaria and Greece, where it is found in the eastern Rhodope Mountains and its foothills. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,600 km², and maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 500 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the AOO, the number of subpopulations, the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of habitat due to habitat loss. Further research is needed to assess the population size and trend more accurately. In addition, better protection of its forest habitat in Bulgaria is needed, as well as better fire and grazing management.",Decreasing,"The Chopard's Stone Grasshopper is endemic to Bulgaria and Greece, where it is found in the eastern Rhodope Mountains and its foothills (Peshev 1965, Kati and Willemse 2001, Chobanov 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,600 km², and its maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 500 km².","There is no available information on the population size and the population trend. For most sites from where this species has been reported, only a few specimens were observed. The Pamphagidae, the family to which this species belongs, are known to have subpopulations which are very low in numbers.The highest density of this species was observed near Chernichino Village in Bulgaria with about ten individuals observed over a transect of 1 km, but usually the density is much lower. It is locally rare, and the subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them; this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented. A continuing decline in the population is inferred from the loss of habitat.",This flightless species is found in semi-shaded oak woods (usually represented by Quercus pubescens) with sparse Mediterranean scrub undergrowth and oak leaf litter (Kati et al. 2003). Based on a model including 18 variables (environmental layers) of the potential habitat in Bulgaria (covering 300 km²) the total size of potential habitat has been estimated at roughly 500 km². It is found at elevations of 235-700 m asl.,In recent years the habitat in Bulgaria has been subjected to destruction by deforestation and frequent fires (possibly intentional) with subsequent collection of wood material for production of charcoal. Overgrazing may be an additional threat.,"No conservation measures are in place for this species. It is included in the Red Data Book of Bulgaria as Vulnerable (Golemansky 2011). Distinct parts of its population in Bulgaria and Greece are found in Natura 2000 sites and a large part of the species' range in Greece falls within the Dadia Nature Reserve, which is well managed. Even though theoretically protected, this species' habitat in Bulgaria suffers ongoing retraction due to forest burning and clearing. Further research is needed to assess the population size and trend more accurately. In addition, better protection of its forest habitat in Bulgaria is needed, as well as better fire and grazing management.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A., Chobanov, D.P. & Puskas, G.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Paranocarodes,fieberi,,Paranocarodes fieberi,"(Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882)",,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
The Fieber's Stone Grasshopper (Paranocarodes fieberi) occurs in Turkey and Greece. Within Europe, it is only known from Greece, where it has been found on the eastern Aegean islands of Samos and Lesbos. The findings from both islands date back to 1927, and since then, this species has not been recorded there again. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7,700 km², maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,000 km²), and the population is severely fragmented - thus being close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. In addition, immigration from the nearby Turkish population is unlikely as this grasshopper is flightless. Further research is needed to assess its distribution, population size and trend.",Unknown,"The Fieber's Stone Grasshopper occurs in Turkey and Greece. Outside of Europe, this species is known from western Turkey, from the region around Izmir up to Antalya. Within Europe, it is only known from Greece, where it has been found on the eastern Aegean islands of Samos and Lesbos. The findings from both islands date back to 1927 (Willemse 1984) and since then this species has not been recorded there again. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7,700 km².","There is no available information on the population size and the population trend. The Pamphagidae, the family to which this species belongs, are known to have subpopulations which are very low in numbers. The subpopulations of this species are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and it is therefore considered as severely fragmented.","On Lesbos, this species was found on the surface of a hill covered with grass.","Specific threats to this species have not been published. As the grass covered hills of Lesbos are used for livestock grazing, this is considered to be a potential threat to the species.","No conservation measures are in place for this grasshopper, yet. Further research is needed to assess its distribution, population size and trend.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Paranocarodes,straubei,,Paranocarodes straubei,"(Fieber, 1853)",,No,EN,A2c,No,EN,A2c,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
The Straube's Stone Grasshopper (Paranocarodes straubei) is known from the southeastern-most Balkan Peninsula, northwestern Anatolia and the Aegean islands of Lesbos and Chios. In the European region, it is known from the southeastern part of Bulgaria, the European part of Turkey and the Greek islands of Lesbos and Chios. This species is assessed as Endangered because of an inferred population reduction of at least 50% during the last 10 years, based on a decline in area of occupancy (AOO). Further research into the population size and trend, and the threats to this species is required, and its trend should be monitored. In addition, better management of its habitat is needed, particularly regarding deforestation, wildfires, gazing and the use of pesticides.",Decreasing,"The Straube's Stone Grasshopper is known from the southeastern-most Balkan Peninsula, northwestern Anatolia and the Aegean islands of Lesbos and Chios. In the European region, it is known from the southeastern part of Bulgaria, the European part of Turkey and the Greek islands of Lesbos and Chios (Chobanov 2009, Willemse 1984). The Greek records date back to 1934, and no records from Greece exist since then. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 30,000 km².","The Pamphagidae, the family to which this species belongs, are known to have subpopulations which are very low in numbers. In Greece, this species has not been spotted for 80 years. In recent years the range of the species in Bulgaria has retracted for  unknown reasons. Being widely distributed in some forested areas of the southern Black sea coast of Bulgaria in the 1950s and 1960s, in recent years  the search in these areas has been unsuccessful. A population reduction of 50% during the last ten years is suspected based on habitat loss.","This species is found in warm, semi-dry, well-shaded oak woods with sparse scrub undergrowth and oak leaf litter. There is a reduction of the adult time period of this species, which is also shifting to earlier in the year. Its generation length is one year. This species is found from sea level up to 2,000 m Asl.","The habitat of this species is subjected to destruction by forest clearing and frequent fires (possibly intentional) with subsequent collection of wood material for production of charcoal. Overgrazing may be an additional threat. The reason for its disappearance in Bulgaria is unknown. Some suspected threats include forest management and the use of insecticides. Furthermore, the active infrastructure construction of the last 20 years destroys and fragments its potential habitats along the coast.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, yet. This species is included in the Red Data Book of Bulgaria (Golemansky 2011) as Critically Endangered. Part of its subpopulations in Bulgaria occur in Natura 2000 sites and a single locality was discovered on the territory of the Nature Park Strandzha. Further research into the population size and trend, and the threats to this species is required, and its trend should be monitored. In addition, better management of its habitat is needed, particularly regarding deforestation, wildfires, gazing and the use of pesticides.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A. & Chobanov, D.P.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Parapholidoptera,castaneoviridis,,Parapholidoptera castaneoviridis,"(Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Chestnut Dark Bush-cricket (Parapholidoptera castaneoviridis) is restricted to the southeastern part of Bulgaria, the northeastern part of the Greek mainland (Macedonia and Thrace), including the island of Samothraki, as well as the north Aegean part of Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 90,000 km² in Europe, and ca 61,000 km² in the EU 28 region) and its population size is estimated to be large. It may be locally affected by overgrazing, and further research is needed, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",Unknown,"The Chestnut Dark Bush-cricket is restricted to the southeastern part of Bulgaria, the northeastern part of the Greek mainland (Macedonia and Thrace) including the island of Samothraki as well as the North Aegean part of Turkey (Popov and Chobanov 2004, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 90,000 km², and ca 61,000 km² in the EU 28 region. Based on the current available information, this species is local and rare.",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend. This species is not common but its population size is estimated to be large.,"In Turkey, this species was found in areas with typical Mediterranean maquis vegetation (Çiplak 2000). In Greece, it has been found in open low oak (Quercus spp.) forests interspersed with meadows (Ingrisch and Pavicevic 1985), a habitat which is common in Thrace, south of the Rhodope mountains. This species is found at elevations of 250-1,300 m Asl.","This species may potentially be affected by overgrazing which occurs in the northeastern part of Greece, close to the species range.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Parapholidoptera,signata,,Parapholidoptera signata,"(Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1861)",,No,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)",No,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Signed Dark Bush-cricket (Parapholidoptera signata) is only known to occur in four localities in Cyprus, but it is assumed to be more common. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,700 km²), it occurs at a maximum of ten locations, the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and the extent and quality of its habitat, due to agricultural intensification and the use of pesticides. Further research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Protection of its habitat as well as careful management of local land use, particularly of the use of pesticides is needed to preserve this species.",Decreasing,"The Signed Dark Bush-cricket occurs on Cyprus, Turkey and Syria (Çiplak 2000). In Europe, the species has only been reported from Cyprus, and there is only one published record of it from material collected before 1900 (Tumbrinck 2006). In 2014, more material has been collected (E. Tzirkalli pers. comm.). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1,700 km².","This species is known to occur in four localities in Cyprus, and based upon the threats to its habitats (agricultural land use intensification and pesticides) the species is assumed to be continuously declining. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.",This species is found at field margins and abandoned sites in agricultural land. According to Çiplak (2000) the species has been reported in Turkey and Syria from many localities with different vegetation types.,"The main threats to this species are agricultural land use intensification and pesticides. Taking into account the extent of the effects of the threats and the distribution of the species, it is estimated to occur at less than ten locations.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected areas. It is necessary to gather information about the population size and trend, its habitat and ecology. Finally, the possible threats this species may face should be better documented. Protection of its habitat as well as careful management of local land use, particularly of the use of pesticides is needed to preserve this species.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Tzirkalli, E., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V. & Papapavlou, K.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Parasteropleurus,balearicus,,Parasteropleurus balearicus,"(Bolívar, 1884)",,Yes,VU,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,VU,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Balearic Saddle Bush-cricket (Parasteropleurus balearicus) is endemic to the Balearic Islands of Mallorca and Menorca. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7,600 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than than 500 km²), it occurs at less than ten locations and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals due to touristic development on both islands. Further research is needed on the distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats to this poorly-known species. Site protection is recommended in order to avoid future population declines.",Decreasing,"The Balearic Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the Balearic Islands of Mallorca and Menorca. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7,600 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km².","This species is rare, the population trend assumed to be decreasing and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals due to the ongoing threats.","This species has been found in vineyardsand wasteland(Gangwere and Llorente 1992), as well as in forest and scrubland (Prunier 2013). It occurs from the sea level up to 300 m Asl. Acontinuing decline in the quality and extent of its habitat is inferred from touristic infrastructure development in the area.","Considering the localities where the species was found, it is likely to be threatened by habitat loss due totouristic development. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of this threat and the distribution of the species, it is estimated to occur at less than ten locations, but more than five.","There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. Further research is needed on the distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats to this poorly-known species. Site protection is recommended in order to avoid future population declines.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Parasteropleurus,martorellii,,Parasteropleurus martorellii,"(Bolívar, 1878)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Martorell's Saddle Bush-cricket (Parasteropleurus martorellii) is endemic to eastern Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it can be locally abundant andthe population size is likely to be large. However, in parts of its distribution, construction of greenhouses may have led to population declines of this species and research is recommended into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats.",Unknown,"Martorell's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to eastern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 90,600 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 100 km² with an upper estimate of 1,000 km².",The population size and trend of this species are unknown but it can be locally abundant and the population size is likely to be large.,"This species has been collected in grasslands of arid areas (Llucià Pomares 2002, Pardo et al. 1993). It occurs at altitudes from sea level up to 1,990 m Asl.","In parts of its distribution, construction of greenhouses may have led to population declines of this species.","There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in a number of protected areas. Research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Parasteropleurus,perezii,,Parasteropleurus perezii,"(Bolívar, 1877)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,Perez's Saddle Bush-cricket (Parasteropleurus perezii) has wide distribution in northwestern Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population size is assumed to be very large and no major threats to it have been reported.,Unknown,"Perez's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to Spain, where it occupies the northeastern part of the Iberian Peninsula (Barat 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 170,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 256 km² with an upper estimation of 3,000 km².","The population trend of this species is unknown, but it is quite abundant and the population size is assumed to be very large.","This species has been found in uncultivated fields and all types of shrubland except scrub pads (Pardo et al. 1993). It occurs at altitudes between 200 m and 1,560 m Asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species but it occurs in a number of protected areas. Research into its population trend is required.,The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETRIGIDAE,Paratettix,meridionalis,,Paratettix meridionalis,"(Rambur, 1838)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Mediterrenean Groundhopper (Paratettix meridionalis) is widespread in southern Europe, where it is found in damp open habitats such as muddy and sandy banks of rivers and streams. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution, it is quite common and subpopulations are well connected. This groundhopper is a very good flyer and is therefore capable of rapidly colonising new habitats.",Unknown,"The Mediterranean Groundhopper is found in North Africa, southern Europe and western Asia (Harz 1975). In Europe this species is found from the Azores and the Canary Islands in the east to Cyprus and European Turkey in the west and from Sicily and Crete in the south to the French Atlantic coast and Slovenia in the north. In Romania the species is possibly extinct (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2016). Old records from Madagascar are erroneous (H. Devriese pers. comm. 2016). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and in the EU 28 are both ca 6 million km².",This species is very widespread and common in southern Europe. Given that it is a good flyer the subpopulations are well connected. It is regionally extinct in Romania. The overall population trend is unknown but the population size is very large.,"The Mediterranean Groundhopper is found in moist open habitats along rivers, streams and ponds (Hochkirch 1998, Massa et al. 2012). It is a good swimmer (Gangwere and Llorente 1992). The species is a good flyer and can rapidly colonise new habitats.","The species may be locally threatened by river regulations, drainage and the construction of dams.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Devriese, H., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Parnassiana,chelmos,,Parnassiana chelmos,"(Zeuner, 1941)",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Chelmos Greek Bush-cricket (Parnassiana chelmos) is endemic to Greece, where it is only found on some mountains in the northwestern part of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 777 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is between 24 and 100 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of its habitat, due to touristic skiing activities (such as the expansion of a ski resort on Mt. Chelmos). Further research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Careful management of tourism and grazing regimes is needed to preserve the species.",Decreasing,"The Chelmos Greek Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is only found on some mountains in the northwestern part of the Peloponnesus (Willemse 1973, Willemse 1980). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 777 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 24-100 km².","Density estimates for this species have not been carried out yet, but the population is assumed to be decreasing because of infrastructural touristic developments (for skiing). The subpopulations are isolated in four mountain areas with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.","All Greek bush-crickets are found at altitudes above 1,200-1,300 m on open, more or less rocky, slopes covered with herbs, grasses and small spiny bushes. Individuals tend to hide in bushes and small spiny shrubs. This short-winged species is found at elevations of 1,500-1,800 m Asl.","This species is threatened by infrastructural development tied to winter tourism skiing activities on Mt. Chelmos and Mt. Kyllini. In addition, the mountain slopes where this species occurs are grazed by sheep and goats during the summer, and it is likely that any changes in the grazing regime (abandonment or intensification) will negatively affect this species.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Careful management of tourism and grazing regimes is needed to preserve the species.",The species is not uitilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Papapavlou, K., Kati, V. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Parnassiana,coracis,,Parnassiana coracis,"(Ramme, 1921)","Zeuner (1941) described Parnassiana tymphrestos from Mt.Timfristos (= Mt. Veluchi, compare Ramme, 1931). Ramme (1951) discussed the possible synonymy of P. tymphrestos and P. coracis but, not being aware that Mt. Korax is close to Mt. Timfristos, and by l",Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Vardousia Greek Bush-cricket (Parnassiana coracis) is endemic to Greece, and is only found on Mt. Vardousia in the Greek mainland. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it occurs at only one location, and any changes to the grazing regime of the mountain slopes where it occurs could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time. Further research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Proper management of the grazing regime is needed to protect the species.",Unknown,"The Vardousia Greek Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only found on Mt. Vardousia in the Greek mainland (Willemse and Willemse 2008). Pending further taxonomic investigations, the distribution of this species may prove to include some more mountains adjoining Mt. Vardousia (Mts. Iti and Tymphrestos) (Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 25 km².","Greek bush-crickets tend to hide in bushes and shrubs and are not easy to monitor. Density estimates for this species have not been carried out yet, and there is no available information on the population trend. Some Parnassiana species were more common than they are now, but due to taxonomic problems it remains unknown, whether this trend applies to this bush-cricket.","All Greek bush-crickets are found at altitudes above 1,200-1,300 m on open, more or less rocky, slopes covered with herbs, grasses and small spiny bushes. Individuals tend to hide in bushes and small spiny shrubs. This short-winged species is found at elevations of 1,400-2,000 m Asl.","This species' habitat is grazed by livestock (lately including cattle), and any changes in the grazing regime may negatively affect it. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in at least one protected area. Prior to any conservation measures, research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Proper management of the grazing regime is needed to protect the species.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Parnassiana,dirphys,,Parnassiana dirphys,"(Willemse, 1980)",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Dirphys Greek Bush-cricket (Parnassiana dirphys) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from Mt. Dirphys on the island of Euboea. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it only occurs at one location, and any changes in the grazing regime on the mountain slopes where it occurs (especially abandonment), could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time. Further research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Careful management of the grazing regime is needed to preserve this species.",Unknown,"The Dirphys Greek Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from Mt. Dirphys on the island of Euboea (Willemse 1980). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 25 km².","This species tends to hide in bushes and shrubs and is not easy to monitor. Density estimates for this species have not been carried out yet, and there is no available information on the population trend.","All Greek bush-crickets are found at altitudes above 1,200-1,300 m on open, more or less rocky, slopes covered with herbs, grasses and small spiny bushes. Individuals tend to hide in bushes and small spiny shrubs. This short-winged species is found at elevations of 1,200-1,400 m Asl.","The mountain slopes where this species is found are grazed by sheep during the summer, and any changes in the grazing regime (especially abandonment) pose a threat to the habitat. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected areas. Prior to any conservation measures, further research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Careful management of the grazing regime is needed to preserve this species.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Parnassiana,fusca,,Parnassiana fusca,"(Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882)",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Tawny Greek Bush-cricket (Parnassiana fusca) is endemic to Greece, where it is only known from Mt. Taygetos which is situated in the southern tip of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km²), occurs at only one location, and any changes in the grazing regime (e.g. abandonment, intensification) of the mountain slopes where it occurs could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time. Further research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. The local grazing regime needs to be carefully managed to preserve the species.",Unknown,"The Tawny Greek Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is only known from Mt. Taygetos which is situated in the southern tip of the Peloponnesus (Willemse 1973, Willemse 1980). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 25 km², and its maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².","This species tends to hide in bushes and shrubs and is not easy to monitor. Density estimates for this species have not been carried out yet, and there is no available information on the population trend.","All Greek bush-crickets are found at altitudes above 1,200-1,300 m on open, more or less rocky, slopes covered with herbs, grasses and small spiny bushes. Individuals tend to hide in bushes and small spiny shrubs. This short-winged species has been found at elevations of 1,700-2,200 m Asl on Mt. Taygetos.","The mountain slopes where this species is found are grazed by sheep and goats during the summer, and any changes in the grazing regime (abandonment or intensification) could severely threaten this species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Further research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. The local grazing regime needs to be carefully managed to preserve the species.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Parnassiana,gionica,,Parnassiana gionica,"La Greca & Messina, 1976",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Giona Greek Bush-cricket (Parnassiana gionica) is endemic to Greece and is only known from Mt. Giona in central mainland Greece. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 25 km²), occurs at only one location, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of its habitat, due to mining practices (quarrying) and livestock grazing. Further research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Quarrying practices on Mt. Giona should be stopped to protect the habitat of this species. The grazing regime needs to be carefully managed and habitat needs to be restored.",Decreasing,"The Giona Greek Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece and is only known from Mt. Giona in central mainland Greece (Willemse 1980, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 25 km².","This species tends to hide in bushes and shrubs and is not easy to monitor. Density estimates for this species have not been carried out yet, and there are no available data on population trends. A continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the destruction of the species' habitat by quarrying practices.","All Greek bush-crickets are found at altitudes above 1,200-1,300 m on open, more or less rocky, slopes covered with herbs, grasses and small spiny bushes. Individuals tend to hide in bushes and small spiny shrubs. This short-winged species has been found at elevations of 1,700-1,800 m asl on Mt. Giona.","This species is threatened by quarrying practices on Mt. Giona, which are extremely destructive to this species' habitat (and cause noise disturbances). In addition, Mt. Giona is used for grazing in the summer, and changes in the grazing regime may also threaten this bush-cricket. Taking into account the extent of the effects of mining practices and grazing, and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in at least one protected area. Further research is needed on this bush-cricket, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Quarrying practices on Mt. Giona should be stopped to protect the habitat of this species. The grazing regime needs to be carefully managed and habitat needs to be restored.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Parnassiana,menalon,,Parnassiana menalon,"Willemse, 1975",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Menalon Greek Bush-cricket (Parnassica menalon) is endemic to Greece and is only known from Mt. Menalon in the central part of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy is 20 km² and extent of occurrence is 25 km²), it occurs at only one location, and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of its habitat, due to the negative effects of skiing activities and expansion of forest habitats. Climate change may pose a future threat to this species due to its restricted altitudinal range. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper management of the habitat is required, focusing on the skiing activities and maintaining the open landscape.",Decreasing,"The Menalon Greek Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece and is only known from Mt. Menalon in the central part of the Peloponnesus (Willemse 1980). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 25 km², and its maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².","There is a continuing decline in the population due to the ongoing threats to the habitat of this species, particularly skiing activities and the expansion of forested areas.","All Greek bush-crickets are found at altitudes above 1,200-1,300 m on open, more or less rocky, slopes covered with herbs, grasses and small spiny bushes. Individuals tend to hide in bushes and small spiny shrubs. This short-winged species has been found at altitudes above 1,550 m on Mt. Menalon.","The mountain slopes where this species is found are used for skiing in the winter. The expansion of the ski centre in the area is under discussion, and this would negatively affect this species. An increase in forested areas in this species' range also poses a threat. Taking into account the extent of the effects of skiing activities and afforestation practices, and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur only one location. Climate change is a potential future threat, given the narrow altitudinal range of this bush-cricket.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper management of the habitat is required, focusing on the skiing activities and maintaining the open landscape.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Parnassiana,nigromarginata,,Parnassiana nigromarginata,"(Willemse & Willemse, 1987)",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Akarnanika Greek Bush-cricket (Parnassiana nigromarginata) is endemic to Greece and is only known from Mt. Akarnanika, in the extreme southwestern part of the Greek Mainland. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (maximum extent of occurrence is 25 km², area of occupancy is 4-10 km²), occurs at only one location, and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and the extent and quality of the habitat, due to intensive grazing and, possibly, climate change. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",Decreasing,"The Akarnanika Greek Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece and is only known from Mt. Akarnanika, in the extreme southwestern part of the Greek Mainland (Willemse and Willemse 1987). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 25 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 4 and 10 km².","This species has a very small population size, and it is inferred that there is a continuing decline in the number of individuals caused by intensive grazing.","This short-winged species was discovered in 1986 at elevations of 1,000-1,450 m Asl on Mt. Akarnanika. It is found on open, more or less rocky slopes covered with herbs, tussocks of grass and small spiny bushes. Individuals tend to hide in bushes and small spiny shrubs.","Contrary to other Parnassiana species, this bush-cricket occurs in a relatively low mountain range (1,598 m asl). Since it is not able to shift its distributions upwards, this species is assumed to be threatened by climate change. In addition, this species' range is heavily grazed by sheep, goats and pigs, which is likely to have caused its decline. Taking into account the extent of the effects of climate change and grazing, and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur only one location.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected areas. There is a strong need for research on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. A proper management of the local grazing regime is required to preserve this species.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Parnassiana,panaetolikon,,Parnassiana panaetolikon,"Willemse, 1980",,Yes,CR,B1ab(v),Yes,CR,B1ab(v),EU28,,"The Panaitoliko Greek Bush-cricket (Parnassiana panaetolikon) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from Mt. Panaitolikon in the southwestern part of the Greek mainland. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence is ca 25 km²), it occurs at only one location, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, as it has become very rare and difficult to find recently. Even though the decline of this species is not well understood, it is known that the mountain slopes where it occurs are grazed by sheep and goats during the summer, and any changes to the grazing regime such as intensification or abandonment would be likely to affect this bush-cricket. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper monitoring and management of the grazing regime is required to protect this species.",Decreasing,"The Panaitoliko Greek Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from Mt. Panaitolikon in the southwestern part of the Greek mainland (Willemse 1980). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 25 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) between 8 and 20 km².","This bush-cricket tends to hide in bushes and shrubs and is not easy to monitor. Density estimates for this species have not been carried out yet, but it has become very rare and has been even more difficult to find recently. This species is therefore assumed to be in continuous decline.","All Greek bush-crickets are found at altitudes above 1,200-1,300 m on open, more or less rocky, slopes covered with herbs, grasses and small spiny bushes. Individuals tend to hide in bushes and small spiny shrubs. This short-winged species is found at elevations of 1,400-1,600 m asl.","The reasons for the decline of this species are poorly understood. The mountain slopes where this species is found are used for grazing by sheep and goats during the summer, and any changes to the grazing regime (intensification, abandonment) could significantly affect it. Taking into account the extent of the effects of the grazing and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Prior to any conservation measures, further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper monitoring and management of the grazing regime is required to protect this species.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Parnassiana,parnassica,,Parnassiana parnassica,"(Ramme, 1926)",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Parnassos Greek Bush-cricket (Parnassiana parnassica) is endemic to Greece, and is known from two mountains in the southeastern part of the Greek mainland. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 40 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of the habitat, due to grazing and skiing activities. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",Decreasing,"The Parnassos Greek Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is known from two mountains in the southeastern part of the Greek mainland (Willemse 1980, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 40 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 12-40 km².","Greek bush-crickets tend to hide in bushes and shrubs and are not easy to monitor. Density estimates for this species have not been carried out yet and there is no available information on the population trend. However, the population is assumed to be in decline due to the ongoing threats to its habitat (grazing and skiing activities). The subpopulations are small and isolated, with no or little genetic exchange between them (this bush-cricket is flightless), and the population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.","All Greek bush-crickets are found at altitudes above 1,200-1,300 m on open, more or less rocky, slopes covered with herbs, grasses and small spiny bushes. Individuals tend to hide in bushes and small spiny shrubs. This short-winged species is found at elevations of 1,500-1,750 m Asl.","This species occurs in an area which is affected by skiing activities (Mt. Parnassos). Furthermore, it occurs in areas grazed by sheep and goats; any changes to the grazing regime (intensification, introduction of cattle grazing, abandonment) may negatively affect the species.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area - Mount Parnassos has been a National Park since 1938. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. The habitat of this species, particularly the grazing and skiing activities, needs to be properly managed.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Parnassiana,parnon,,Parnassiana parnon,"Willemse, 1980",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Parnon Greek Bush-cricket (Parnassiana parnon) is endemic to Greece and is only known from Mt. Parnon in the southeastern part of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km²), it occurs at only one location, and any changes to the grazing regime in its range could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. The local grazing regime needs to be adequately managed to preserve this species.",Unknown,"The Parnon Greek Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece and is only known from Mt. Parnon in the southeastern part of the Peloponnesus (Willemse 1980). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 25 km², and its maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².",Greek bush-crickets tend to hide in bushes and shrubs and are not easy to monitor. Density estimates for this species have not been carried out yet and there is no available information on the population trend.,"All Greek bush-crickets are found at altitudes above 1,200-1,300 m on open, more or less rocky, slopes covered with herbs, grasses and small spiny bushes. Individuals tend to hide in bushes and small spiny shrubs. This short-winged species is found at elevations of 1,500-1,935 m Asl.","The mountain slopes where this species is found are used for grazing by sheep and goats during the summer, and any change in the grazing regime (abandonment, intensification) would pose a significant threat to this species' habitat. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Very little is known about this bush-cricket, and further research is needed, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. The local grazing regime needs to be adequately managed to preserve this species.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Parnassiana,tenuis,,Parnassiana tenuis,"(Heller & Willemse, 1989)",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Slim Greek Bush-cricket (Parnassiana tenuis) is endemic to Greece and is only found in a small area in the Pindus Mountains in the western part of the Greek mainland. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it only occurs at three locations and any changes to the grazing regime (introduction of cattle, intensification, abandonment) in its range could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. An appropriate management of the local grazing regime is required to preserve this species.",Unknown,"The Slim Greek Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece and is only found in a small area in the Pindus Mountains in the western part of the Greek mainland (Heller and Willemse 1989, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 170 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².",Greek bush-crickets tend to hide in bushes and shrubs and are not easy to monitor. Density estimates for this species have not been carried out yet and there is no available data on the population trend.,"All Greek bush-crickets are found at altitudes above 1,200-1,300 m on open, more or less rocky, slopes covered with herbs, grasses and small spiny bushes. Individuals tend to hide in bushes and small spiny shrubs. This short-winged species is found at elevations of 1,450-2,200 m Asl.","The mountain slopes where this species is found are used for grazing by sheep and goats during the summer, and any change in the grazing regime (introduction of cattle grazing, abandonment, intensification) would pose a significant threat to this species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at three locations.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Very little is known about this bush-cricket, and further research is needed, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. An appropriate management of the local grazing regime is required to preserve this species.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Parnassiana,tymphiensis,,Parnassiana tymphiensis,"(Willemse, 1973)",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Tymphi Greek Bush-cricket (Parnassiana tymphiensis) is endemic to Greece, and is only known to occur in a small mountainous area in the northwestern part of the Greek mainland. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 706 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 24-100 km², it occurs at only four locations, and there is a continuing decline in the number of individuals and the extent and quality of the habitat caused by livestock grazing (sheep and cattle). Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",Decreasing,"The Tymphi Greek Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known to occur in a small mountainous area in the northwestern part of the Greek mainland (Willemse 1973, Willemse 1980, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 706 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 24 and 100 km².",The population of this species is declining due to the ongoing deterioration of its habitat (as a result of grazing).,"All Greek bush-crickets are found at altitudes above 1,200-1,300 m on open, more or less rocky, slopes covered with herbs, grasses and small spiny bushes. This short-winged species is found at elevations between 1,200-1,900 m Asl, and tends to hide in bushes and small spiny shrubs and herbs (like thistles).","The mountain slopes where this species is found are grazed by sheep in the summer (and in recent years also by cattle), which poses a threat to its habitat. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at four locations.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Very little is known about this bush-cricket, and further research is needed, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Parnassiana,tymphrestos,,Parnassiana tymphrestos,"Zeuner, 1941",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Tymphrestos Greek Bush-cricket (Parnassiana tymphrestos) is endemic to Greece where it is found on Mount Tymphrestos and Mount Iti in Central Greece. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 188 km², area of occupancy (AOO) between 28 and 100 km²), it occurs at only two locations, the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and the extent and quality of its habitat, due to livestock grazing (lately including cattle) and skiing activities. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Part of the mountains should be set aside as livestock-free zones, and these zones should be monitored to ensure no livestock are allowed to graze there.",Decreasing,"The Tymphrestos Greek Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece where it is found on Mount Tymphrestos and Mount Iti in Central Greece (Willemse 1980). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 188 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) between 28 and 100 km².",The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.This species has a decreasing population size caused by the ongoing deterioration of its habitat due to grazing and skiing activities in its range.,"All Greek bush-crickets are found at altitudes above 1,200-1,300 m on open, more or less rocky, slopes covered with herbs, grasses and small spiny bushes. This short-winged species is found at elevations between 1,500-1,900 m Asl, and tends to hide in bushes and small spiny shrubs and herbs (like thistles).","A ski centre in the range of this species may affect it negatively, and skiing activities are considered a threat. In addition, the mountain slopes where this species is found are used for grazing by sheep (and in recent years also by cattle) in the summer - which poses a threat to the species' habitat, which has been strongly degraded in recent years. Taking into account the extent of the effects of the threats and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only two locations.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Very little is known about this bush-cricket, and further research is needed, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. A careful management of the local grazing regime is needed to preserve this species.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Peripodisma,ceraunii,,Peripodisma ceraunii,"Lemonnier-Darcemont & Darcemont, 2015",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)",No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the Cika Mountain Grasshopper is 4-20 km². The species occurs at one location and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals given the increasing pressure of cattle grazing. Therefore it is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR).",Decreasing,"The Cika Mountain Grasshopper was recently described. It is known only from the Maja e Qorres peak (Cika Mountain) in Vlore district, Albania (Lemonnier-Darcemont and Darcemont 2015). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 4-20 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is between 4 and 14 km².",The species is considered to be common in suitable habitats. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and therefore the population is inferred to be decreasing due to the increasing pressure of cattle grazing.,"The species inhabits rocky screes with sparse grass cover and meadows in the alti-Mediterranean belt between 1,650 m and the mountain summits (2,050-2,080 m alt.) dominated by communities of Pinus heldreichii. Adults occur from early July to October (Lemonnier-Darcemont and Darcemont 2015, D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016).","The major threat to the species is overgrazing by cattle, which reduces the quality of its habitat. Based on this threat, the species occurs at a single location.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in the Llogara Nature Reserve and Karaburuni Nature Park. Research on its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Peripodisma,llofizii,,Peripodisma llofizii,"Lemonnier-Darcemont & Darcemont, 2015",,Yes,NT,,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Albanian Mountain Grasshopper has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 933 km² and an area of occupancy (AOO) is 24-100 km², and it occurs in less than ten locations based on the threat of overgrazing. As it is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).",Unknown,"The Albanian Mountain Grasshopper is found in a few mountain ranges in the district of Gjirokastra and at the border of Vlora district, Albania. It occurs between 1,250 and 2,000 m altitude (Lemonnier-Darcemont and Darcemont 2015, D. Chobanov, pers. comm. 2015). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 933 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is between 24 and 100 km².",The population trend of this species is unknown. Field observations revealed high densities in the appropriate habitats.,The species lives on stony karstic areas usually with scarce grass cover and shrubs of Astragalus spp. and Juniperus spp. in the Mediterranean montane and alti-Mediterranean belts.,"The species seems to tolerate moderate grazing, but overgrazing in areas adjacent to the species' habitat results in habitat changes (also through over-fertilisation), which may be negative for the species. Based on this threat, the species occurs in less than ten locations.","There are no conservation actions in place for the species, although it is likely to occur in Zhej Nature Park. Research on its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Peripodisma,tymphii,,Peripodisma tymphii,"Willemse, 1972",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",No,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Tymphi Mountain Grasshopper (Peripodisma tymphii) is restricted to a few mountainous areas in Greece and Albania. This species is assessed as Endangered both in Europe and in the EU 28 since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence is ca 2,900 km² in Europe and ca 2,100 km² in the EU 28; area of occupancy is 44-190 km² in Europe and ca 32-80 km² in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the quality of its habitat due to livestock grazing. Further research is needed to estimate the population size and trend, and to get a clearer picture on the effects of grazing. Site protection and management should be undertaken in order to enhance the conservation status of this species.",Decreasing,"The Tymphi Mountain Grasshoppper occurs in Greece, where it is restricted to Epirus (north-western Greece), and in southern Albania. It is found on seven mountains (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008, M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 2,900 km², and ca 2,100 km² in the EU 28. Its known area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 44 km² with a maximum estimate of 190 km², and between 32 and 80 km² in the EU 28.","The population of this species has declined during the past decades due to ongoing grazing by sheep, and more recently by cattle, in the high mountains. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.","This species occurs elevations of 1,100-1,800 m asl where it is generally found on open mountain slopes with a more or less dense vegetation of taller herbs and grasses.","This species is restricted to medium and high altitudes in a few mountains in Greece and Albania, which are also used during the summer for grazing by sheep and cattle. As this species depends on the presence of grasses and herbs for food, the presence of cattle and sheep poses a threat.","No specific conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas (Vikos–Aoös National Park). Further research is needed to estimate the population size and trend, and to get a clearer picture on the effects of grazing. Site protection and management should be undertaken in order to enhance the conservation status of this species.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Lemmonier-Darcemont, M., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Petaloptila,aliena,,Petaloptila aliena,"(Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Iberian Glandular Cricket (Petaloptila aliena) is endemic to the eastern Iberian Peninsula, where it inhabits various open or forest habitats with darkness conditions between 100 and 1,540 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 107,000 km² and therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC). Further research on the population size and trends and threats to the species is needed.",Unknown,"The Iberian Glandular Cricket is widespread in the eastern part of Spain (Gerona, Barcelona, Cuenca, Valencia, Teruel, Alicante, Zaragoza and Huesca) (Gorochov and Llorente 2001), reaching France in the Cerdagne valley (Pyrénées-Orientales department) (Braud et al. 2008, Defaut et al. 2009). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 107,000 km².",There is no information available on its population size and trend.,"Petaloptila aliena occurs in plains and in mountainous habitats, where it inhabits various open or forest habitats with darkness conditions, and it has been recorded between 100 and 1,540 m altitude. This cricket species is present under stones and trees, in dead trunks, crevices, leaf and needle litter and in cave entries(Llucia-Pomares 2002, Olmo-Vidal 2006, Braud et al. 2008). This is a secretive nocturnal species, which is rarely observed. The males have vestigial forewings and cannot sing, and prospecting by night is the best way to detect its presence.",The threats to the species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation actions aimed at Petaloptila aliena, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Zuna-Kratky, T., Monnerat, C., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Fontana, P. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Petaloptila,andreinii,,Petaloptila andreinii,"Capra, 1937",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Italian Glandular Cricket (Petaloptila andreinii) is found in Italy and Corsica. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, and no major threats to it have been reported. However, more research on potential threats and into the population trend is needed.",Unknown,"The Italian Glandular Cricket is found in Italy and Corsica (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 238,400 km².","There is no available data on the population sizes and trend, but the species is widespread.","This species lives in leaf litter of deciduous forests and caves up to 1,500 m asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no conservation measures in place to this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into the population trends, life history and ecology.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Fontana, P., Hochkirch, A., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Petaloptila,baenai,,Petaloptila baenai,"Barranco, 2004",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"Baena's Glandular Cricket (Petaloptila baenai) is endemic to Spain, where it is found in nine localities. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted extent of occurrence (EOO) (2,000 km²) and its population is severely fragmented; being therefore close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B. Further research is needed on the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species.",Unknown,"Baena's Glandular Cricket is endemic to Spain, where it is distributed in a small area in the central part of Andalusia. So far it has only been found in nine localities (Barranco 2004, P Barranco pers. comm. 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,000 km².","The population size and trend is unknown. However, usually it is found only in small numbers, indicating a small subpopulation size. The population is considered to be severely fragmented, since there is no connection between the caves where this flightless species is found (P Barranco pers. comm. 2016) and these subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization.",This flightless species has been found in caves and one time on the basement of a building.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas, such as Sierras Subbeticas Natural Park. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the threats to the species.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & Cálix, M.","Odé, B., Barranco Vega, P., Ferreira, S., Lemos, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Correas, J., Prunier, F. & Hochkirch, A.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Petaloptila,barrancoi,,Petaloptila barrancoi,"Gorochov & Llorente del Moral, 2001",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Barranco's Glandular Cricket (Petaloptila barrancoi) is endemic to Spain, and is found in many caves in the Almería mountains. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,500 km²), it is usually numerous, has a wide distribution in caves and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"Barranco's Glandular Cricket is endemic to Spain, and is known from at least 25 caves in Almería (Gorochov and Llorente 2001, Barranco 2005, P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,500 km².","This species is usually numerous and has a wide distribution in caves. However, the population trend is unknown.",The species lives in caves.,No major threats have been reported for this species.,"Two caves have been closed to the public to protect the cave fauna. However, the species is not known to occur in any protected areas. More research into its distribution, population size and trends and into the threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & Cálix, M.","Odé, B., Barranco Vega, P., Ferreira, S., Lemos, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Correas, J., Prunier, F. & Hochkirch, A.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Petaloptila,bolivari,,Petaloptila bolivari,"(Cazurro y Ruiz, 1888)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Bolivar's Glandular Cricket (Petaloptila bolivari) is endemic to Spain, and is only known from caves and crevices in the provinces of Castellon, Alicante, Valencia and Murcia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population trend is suspected to be stable and it is unlikely to meet any of the  thresholds for a threatened category.",Stable,"Bolivar's Glandular Cricket is endemic to Spain. It is known from four localities in caves and from seven localities in subsoil crevices in the provinces of Castellon, Alicante, Valencia and Murcia (Gorochov and Llorente 2001, Barranco 2005, P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 28,000 km².","There is no available information on the population size, but based on revisits of subpopulations, the population trend is suspected to be stable (P Barranco pers. comm. 2016).","The species lives in underground crevices, sometimes up to 1 m of depth  (Jiménez-Valverde et al. 2015), and it is also found in several caves (Gorochov and Llorente 2001).",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. It is present in at least one protected area, Serra de Mariola. More research into its distribution, population size and trends and into the threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & Cálix, M.","Odé, B., Barranco Vega, P., Ferreira, S., Lemos, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Correas, J., Prunier, F. & Hochkirch, A.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Petaloptila,carabajali,,Petaloptila carabajali,"Barranco, 2004",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"Carabajal's Glandular Cricket (Petaloptila carabajali) is endemic to Spain, where it is found in caves in the Sierra de Cazorla. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,000 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is between 32 and 200 km²) and the population is severely fragmented. This species is therefore close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. More research into its distribution, population size and trends and into the threats to this species is needed.",Stable,"Carabajal's Glandular Cricket is endemic to Spain, where it is found in four caves in the Sierra de Cazorla in the eastern part of the Province of Jaén (Barranco 2004). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 32 km² and a maximum of 200 km².","This species is usually found in small numbers, but population trend is suspected to be stable (P Barranco pers. comm. 2016). As the subpopulations are very small and isolated with probably no genetic exchange between them, the population is considered severely fragmented.",The species lives in caves (Barranco 2004).,No major threats to this species have been reported.,"One cave has been closed to protect the cave fauna. This species is present in the natural park Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y las Villas. More research into its distribution, population size and trends and into the threats to this species is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & Cálix, M.","Odé, B., Barranco Vega, P., Ferreira, S., Lemos, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Correas, J., Prunier, F. & Hochkirch, A.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Petaloptila,clauseri,,Petaloptila clauseri,"(Schmidt, 1991)",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Corniolo Glandular Cricket (Petaloptila clauseri) is only known from one locality in central Italy, Castagnoli at Corgnolo. This species is assessed as Data Deficient since it is only known from the type locality and was described only from one female. Further research is needed into the taxonomy, population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements, and threats, in order to assess the extinction risk of this species.",Unknown,"The Corniolo Glandular Cricket is only known from one locality (the place where it was first described) in central Italy, Castagnoli at Corgnolo (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².",There is no available data on the population size and trend of this species.,"Not much is known about the biology of this species, but it is presumed to be found in leaf litter of temperate forests at around 780 m asl.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation measures in place to this species. Research is needed into the taxonomy of this species, since the description was based on a female. In addition, research on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats is needed. It was described from an area that is situated in a protected area.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Massa, B., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Petaloptila,fermini,,Petaloptila fermini,"Gorochov & Llorente del Moral, 2001",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Fermin's Glandular Cricket (Petaloptila fermini) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and is distributed in the Province of Cacéres in Spain and Serra de Estrela, Serra da Gardunha and Leiria district in Portugal. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide  distribution, it is found in a variety of habitats, and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"Fermin's Glandular Cricket is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. It has been discovered in Spain in the Province of Caceres (Gorochov and Llorente 2001), and a few years later it was found in several localities in Serra da Estrela in Portugal (Ferreira and Grosso-Silva 2008). Recently, it has also been found in the district of Leiria, in Portugal (F. Barros pers. comm. 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca 11,000 km².","There is no available information on the population size and trend. However, it has a wide distribution and is found in a variety of habitats.","This species occurs in a variety of habitats, both in open spaces in mixed forest with oak or pine (Ferreira 2009). In Portugal, it occurs mainly between 550 m and 1,490 m asl. (Ferreira 2009).",There are no major threats to this species known (S Ferreira and P Barranco pers. comm 2016).,"There are no specific conservation measures are in place for the species, but it occurs in protected areas, such as the Natural Park Serra de Estrela. More research into its distribution, population size and trends.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & Cálix, M.","Odé, B., Barranco Vega, P., Ferreira, S., Lemos, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Correas, J., Prunier, F. & Hochkirch, A.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Petaloptila,fragosoi,,Petaloptila fragosoi,"(Bolívar, 1885)",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Spanish Glandular Cricket (Petaloptila fragosoi) was originally described from Sevilla (Spain), but the type was destroyed in a fire. This species is assessed as Data Deficient as its taxonomy is not clear and its identity cannot be resolved. In addition, there is no data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats.",Unknown,"The Spanish Glandular Cricket was originally described from Sevilla (Spain), but the type was destroyed in a fire (Gorochov and Llorente 2001). Specimens from the eastern Mediterranean are currently not assigned to this species (Willemse and Willemse 2009). Its exact distribution is unknown.",Nothing is known about the population size or trend of this species.,The habitat of this species is unknown.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. As the types are lost it is unlikely that its identity can be resolved. However, its taxonomic status needs to be clarified as it is likely to be a nomen dubium.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Petaloptila,isabelae,,Petaloptila isabelae,"Gorochov & Llorente del Moral, 2001",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Isabel's Glandular Cricket (Petaloptila isabelae) is endemic to Spain and only occurs in mountains in the Provinces of Jaén and Albacete. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it occurs in a wide array of habitats, and no major threats to it have been reported. However, its habitat may be locally threatened by man-made fires and more research is needed into its distribution, population size and trends and into its threats.",Unknown,"Isabel's Glandular Cricket is endemic to Spain, where it only occurs in the mountains in the east of the Province of Jaén and in the southeast of the Province of Albacete (Gorochov and Llorente 2001). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca 4,000 km².","There is no available information on the population size or trend. Usually, only a low numbers of individuals are found.","The species inhabits open forests with pine, oak, hawthorn, juniper, broom and other shrubs and trees, being common at the entrances of caves. It can also been found in meadows. It lives in the litter, in crevices and under stones (Gorochov and Llorente 2001, Barranco 2010). It has been found between 900 m and 2,800 m asl.","No major threats have been reported for this species, but its habitat may be threatened locally by man-made fires.","There are no specific conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in the Natural Park of Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y las Villas. More research into its distribution, population size and trends and into the threats to this species is needed.",The species it not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & Cálix, M.","Odé, B., Barranco Vega, P., Ferreira, S., Lemos, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Correas, J., Prunier, F. & Hochkirch, A.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Petaloptila,llorenteae,,Petaloptila llorenteae,"Barranco, 2004",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"Llorente's Glandular Cricket (Petaloptila llorenteae) is endemic to Spain, Río Jarama, Vaciamadrid and it was only found once in 1967. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information about it. More research is needed into its distribution, population size and trends as well as into the species' ecology and threats in order to assess its extinction risk.",Unknown,"Llorente's Glandular Cricket is endemic to Spain, where it has only been found once (Río Jarama, Vaciamadrid). It seems to have never been found since its discovery in 1967 (Barranco 2004), and the exact locality is unknown. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca 100 km².",There is no available information on the population size and trend of this species.,No information is available about the habitat of this species.,"The threats to this species are unknown. However, since its description, the area has undergone severe changes, such as urban development.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. However, the type locality seems to be currently protected in the Regional Park Cursos Bajos de los Rios Manzanares y Jarama. More research is needed into its distribution, population size and trends as well as into the species' ecology and threats in order to assess its extinction risk.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & Cálix, M.","Odé, B., Barranco Vega, P., Ferreira, S., Lemos, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Correas, J., Prunier, F. & Hochkirch, A.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Petaloptila,malacitana,,Petaloptila malacitana,"Barranco, 2010",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Malaga Glandular Cricket (Petaloptila malacitana) is endemic to Spain, and is found in caves in the mountains of the Malaga province. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite common, the population trend seems to be stable and no major threats to it have been reported.",Stable,"The Malaga Glandular Cricket is endemic to Spain. It is distributed in caves and cavities in the mountains of the province of Malaga (Barranco 2010, P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,600 km².",The population trend of this species is believed to be stable (P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016).,"The species lives in natural caves in the mountains, but may also be found in artificial mines (Barranco 2010).",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures is in place for this species, but it occurs within three Natural Parks: Sierra de Tejeda, Sierras de las Nieves and Montes de Malaga.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & Cálix, M.","Odé, B., Barranco Vega, P., Ferreira, S., Lemos, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Correas, J., Prunier, F. & Hochkirch, A.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Petaloptila,mogon,,Petaloptila mogon,"Barranco, 2004",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Mogon Glandular Cricket (Petaloptila mogon) is endemic to Spain, where it is found in caves in the Natural Park de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is numerous, its population trend is thought to be stable and no major threats to it have been reported.",Stable,"The Mogon Glandular Cricket is endemic to Spain and it is only found in the Natural Park de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas, where it is known from 16 caves (Barranco 2004, P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016, Barranco 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca 4,000 km².","This is a numerous species, and the population trend is believed to be stable (P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016).",This species lives in caves.,No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is known to occur in the Natural Park de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & Cálix, M.","Odé, B., Barranco Vega, P., Ferreira, S., Lemos, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Correas, J., Prunier, F. & Hochkirch, A.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Petaloptila,pallescens,,Petaloptila pallescens,"Bolívar, 1927",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Pale Glandular Cricket (Petaloptila pallescens) is endemic to Spain, and is found on mountains in the Provinces of Segovia, Madrid, Cuenca and Avila. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite widespread, believed to be numerous and no major threats to it have been reported. Further research is needed into the population trend and ecology of this species.",Unknown,"The Pale Glandular Cricket is endemic to central Spain, where it is found in the provinces of Madrid, Segovia, Cuenca and Avila (Gorochov and Llorente 2001, P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10,000 km².","There is no available information on the population trend of this species, but based on published data, it may be regarded to be a numerous species.","There is no available information on the habitat of this species. However, it is expected to be ground-dwelling, living in litter, in crevices and under stones, as other species of the subgenus Petaloptila (S. Ferreira and P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016). It occurs up to 1,650 m Asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. It occurs in the National Park de la Sierra de Guadarrama. Further research is needed into the population trend and ecology of this species.,The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & Cálix, M.","Odé, B., Barranco Vega, P., Ferreira, S., Lemos, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Correas, J., Prunier, F. & Hochkirch, A.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Petaloptila,pyrenaea,,Petaloptila pyrenaea,"Olmo-Vidal & Hernando, 2000",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Pyrenean Glandular Cricket (Petaloptila pyrenaea) is endemic to Spain, and is found in the Pyrenees. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though the population size and trend are unknown, no major threats to it have been reported. More research is needed into its distribution, population size and trend.",Unknown,"The Pyrenean Litter Cricket is endemic to Spain, and is found in the central part of the Pyrenees in the provinces of Huesca and Lleida (Gorochov and Llorente 2001). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8,500 km².",There is no available information on the population size and trend.,"This species has been found in caves. However, it is also found outside of caves and living in crevices underground, as do the other species of the sub-genus Petaloptila (Olmo-Vidal and Hernando 2000, P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016).",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. More research is needed into its distribution, population size and trend.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & Cálix, M.","Odé, B., Barranco Vega, P., Ferreira, S., Lemos, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Correas, J., Prunier, F. & Hochkirch, A.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Petaloptila,sbordonii,,Petaloptila sbordonii,"(Baccetti, 1979)",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Risorgenza Glandular Cricket (Petaloptila sbordonii) is endemic to Italy and is only known from one locality in Basilicata. This species is assessed as Data Deficient since its taxonomy is uncertain, and it might be a synonym of Petaloptila andreinii. Research is needed into the taxonomy of this species to verify if it is a valid species. If so, further research into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats is needed in order to assess its extinction risk.",Unknown,The Risorgenza Glandular Cricket is endemic to Italy and is only known from one locality (the type locality) in Basilicata. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².,There is no available data on the population size and trend of this species.,There is not much information about the habitat and ecology of this species. It was found in a cave.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. Research is needed into the taxonomy of this species to verify if it is a valid species or a synonym of Petaloptila andreinii. If the species is valid, further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Massa, B., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Petaloptila,venosa,,Petaloptila venosa,"Gorochov & Llorente del Moral, 2001",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Venous Glandular Cricket (Petaloptila venosa) is endemic to Spain, and is found in caves and in underground crevices in the provinces of Valencia, Teruel and Castellon. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population trend is stable and no major threats to it have been reported.",Stable,"The Venous Glandular Cricket is endemic to Spain. It was found in 1933 in Teruel at an altitude of 935 m asl. (Gorochov and Llorente 2001). Since then, it has been found in the Provinces of Castellon and Valencia as well (Barranco 2004, P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 15,000 km².",The population trend of this species is believed to be stable (P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016).,This species lives in caves but it is also found in underground crevices (P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016).,No major threats to this species have been reported (P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016).,"This species does not occur in any protected areas. However, caves in Valencia have conservation legislation in place, restricting public access.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & Cálix, M.","Odé, B., Barranco Vega, P., Ferreira, S., Lemos, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Correas, J., Prunier, F. & Hochkirch, A.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Pezotettix,anatolica,,Pezotettix anatolica,"Uvarov, 1934",,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Within Europe, the Anatolian Maquis Grasshopper (Pezotettix anatolica) is only known from the island of Lesbos. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,000 km²), and occurs at only two locations - thus being close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. In addition, this species is found in habitats which, apart from bushfires, may be threatened by agricultural practices. Further research into the population size and distribution, as well as into possible threats is needed.",Unknown,"The Anatolian Maquis Grasshopper is found in Turkey and Greece. In Europe, this species is only known from the Aegean island of Lesbos (Willemse 1984), and its extent of occurrence is ca 2,000 km². Lesbos forms the westernmost part of its distribution area which extends into western Turkey (Karabag 1958).",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend of this species. The last record of this species dates back to the 1970s.,"This species occurs in lowland areas and is found in open pine tree forests, in dune areas with some pine trees and semi-wet/dried up valleys and in hills overgrown with dense 2-3 m high (Quercus coccifera) shrubs. It is found at elevations of 5-200 m Asl.","This species is found in areas which are liable to bushfires, and is likely to be threatened by them. However, the severity of this threat is unknown. It may also be affected by agricultural practices, particularly olive tree cultivation. Taking into account the extent of the effects of these threats and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at only two locations.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but one of its historic localities lies now in a protected area. Further research into the population size and distribution, as well as into potential threats is needed.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Pezotettix,cypria,,Pezotettix cypria,"Dirsh, 1949",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Cyprian Maquis Grasshopper (Pezotettix cypria) is endemic to Cyprus. This species is assessed as Least Concern, since although it has a restricted geographic range (known extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,000 km²), it is common across the island and its population is assumed to be stable. However, it occurs in agricultural areas which are affected by land transformation and pesticides. Further research is needed into the population size and trend.",Stable,"The Cyprian Maquis Grasshopper is endemic to Cyprus (Tumbrinck 2006). This species' known extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,000 km² (ca 14,000 km² if it occurs on the entire island).","There is no available information on the population size and the population trend of this species. However, this species is widespread in Greece and its population is assumed to be stable.","This species occurs at field margins in agricultural areas, in grassland and shrubland, and is found at elevations of 80-950 m Asl.","As this species is found in areas which are agriculturally used, it may be susceptible to the use of pesticides. Its habitat is also destroyed by transformation into vineyards and farmland.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend is required.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Tzirkalli, E., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Pezotettix,giornae,,Pezotettix giornae,"(Rossi, 1794)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Maquis Grasshopper (Pezotettix giornae) is widely distributed in the southern part of Europe, North Africa and the Near East. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common in southern Europe, and it is currently spreading in the north of its range.",Increasing,"The Common Maquis Grasshopper is widely distributed in the southern part of Europe, North Africa and the Near East. In Europe it is found from the south of the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily and Crete to central France, the south of Switzerland, eastern Austria (Heller 2013) and western Slovakia (Kristin et al. 2004). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 4.1 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 4.0 million km².",The Common Maquis Grasshopper is a common and widespread species. It has increased its range in Romania (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008) and Austria (Wöss et al. 2011). It may partly be transported by traffic (Wöss et al. 2011). The overall population is increasing.,"This species occurs in dry open habitats with scarce vegetation, usually dwarf shrubs or small bushes. It has a rather broad ecological amplitude (Hochkirch 1998) and can be found in grassland, Mediterranean dwarf shrub vegetation and open forests (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008).",This species may be locally affected by the use of pesticides and urbanisation(Ranner and Lederer 2009). It can also the threatened by bushfires.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. In Switzerland, it is listed as Near Threatened (Monnerat et al. 2007). Further research into the population trend is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M., Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Zuna-Kratky, T., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Pezotettix,lagoi,,Pezotettix lagoi,"Jannone, 1936",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Rhodes Maquis Grasshopper (Pezotettix lagoi) is endemic to Greece, where it is only found on the Aegean islands of Rodhes, Kos and Kalimnos. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence is ca 4,400 km²), it is widespread across the islands and the population in unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. The only known threat to the habitat of this species are bushfires. Further research into the population size, distribution and trend is required.",Unknown,"The Rhodes Maquis Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, where it is only found on the Aegean islands of Rodhes, Kos and Kalimnos (Willemse 1984). This species' extent of occurrence is ca 4,400 km².","There is no available information on the population size and the population trend of this species, but it is known to be common on Rhodes.",There is very little information on the habitat and ecology of this species. It was found in a riverbed with adjoining agricultural land but also on hills with only low prickly bushes (Sanguisorba spp.) and in a open Platanus/Quercus forest. This species is found at elevations of 10-400 m Asl.,"This species is found in areas which are liable to bushfires, and is likely to be threatened by them. However, the severity of this threat is unknown.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas on Rhodes. Further research into the population size, distribution and trend is required.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Phaneroptera,falcata,,Phaneroptera falcata,"(Poda, 1761)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Sickle Bush-cricket (Phaneroptera falcata) occurs from the Atlantic coast of Portugal, Spain and France in the west to China and Japan in the east. In Europe, it occurs from the northern Iberian Peninsula, central Italy and European Turkey in the south to England, southern Sweden and Latvia in the north, and eastern European Russia in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very widespread and currently expanding its range to the north.",Increasing,"The Common Sickle Bush-cricket occurs from the Atlantic coast of Portugal, Spain and France in the west to China and Japan in the east (Harz 1969). In Europe, this species occurs from the northern Iberian Peninsula, central Italy and European Turkey in the south to England, southern Sweden (Östrand 2015) and Latvia in the north, and eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). It is currently expanding its range rapidly to the north (Hochkirch 2001, Kocarek and Holusa 2006, Kocarek et al. 2008, Böhme et al. 2011, Schuch et al. 2011, Bakker et al. 2015, Budrys et al. 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 6.4 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 3.8 million km².","The Common Sickle Bush-cricket is common and widely distributed. Its population is currently increasing and the species is spreading to the north (Hochkirch 2001, Kocarek and Holusa 2006, Kocarek et al. 2008, Böhme et al. 2011, Schuch et al. 2011, Bakker et al. 2015, Budrys et al. 2015).",This species is found in dry to moist grassland habitats with high grassy vegetation and bushes as well as in ruderal vegetation and forest edges (Zechner et al. 2005). It is a good flyer and therefore able to rapidly colonise new habitats (Kocarek and Holusa 2006).,"This species may be locally affected by transformation of grassland into farmland and by the use of pesticides. However, it benefits from land abandonment (Wallaschek et al. 2004).","There are no specific conservation measures in place or needed for this species. It occurs in protected areas and is listed as Least Concern in Belgium (Lock et al. 2011), Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003), the Netherlands (Bakker et al. 2015), Germany (Maas et al. 2011), Austria (Berg et al. 2005), the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014) and France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). It is listed as Vulnerable in Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007). More research into its range expansion, particularly in the eastern part of its range is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Phaneroptera,nana,,Phaneroptera nana,"Fieber, 1853",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Southern Sickle Bush-cricket (Phaneroptera nana) occurs in North Africa via the Middle East and large parts of Europe to the Caucasus. In Europe, it is very widespread. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is has a wide distribution, the population size is very large and the population trend is increasing; this bush-cricket is currently expanding its northern range margin.",Increasing,"The Southern Sickle Bush-cricket occurs in North Africa via the Middle East and large parts of Europe to the Caucasus (Ragge 1960, Harz 1969). In Europe, it is found from the Azores in the west, the south of the Iberian Peninsula, Lampedusa (Italy), Crete and Cyprus in the south to northern France, western Germany and the Czech Republic in the north, and southern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). The species is currently expanding its northern range margin (Boczki 2007, Kocarek et al. 2008). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 7 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 6.5 million km².","The population trend of this species is currently increasing, as the species is expanding its northern range limit to the north. The population size is very large.","This species is found in grasslands, open forests, shrubland and gardens, where it lives on bushes and trees (Olmo-Vidal 2002, Massa et al. 2012). In the northern part of its range the species has mainly been reported from vineyards and garden bushes in cities (Zechner et al. 2005), where it is known to live on Rosaceae, such as Crataegus spp. (Boczki 2007). The species has been reported as a pest to vines and other fruits, but also preys on harmful insects (Massa et al. 2012). The eggs are laid on leaves (Olmo-Vidal 2002).",The species may locally be affected by pesticides.,There are no specific conservation measures in place or needed for this species. It occurs in protected areas. More research into its range expansion is required.,The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Phaneroptera,sparsa,,Phaneroptera sparsa,"Stål, 1857",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Arabian Sickle Bush-cricket (Phaneroptera sparsa) is widely distributed throughout Africa and some nearby oceanic islands, the Arabian Peninsula and Turkey. In Europe, it is found on the Canary Islands, Madeira and in southeastern Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since the population appears to be stable (or even increasing) and no major threats to it have been reported.",Stable,"The Arabian Sickle Bush-cricket is widely distributed throughout Africa and some nearby oceanic islands, the Arabian Peninsula and Turkey (Ragge 1980). In Europe, it is found on the Canary Islands, Madeira and in southeastern Spain. However, it is expected to be found in more localities in Spain. Its presence on Cyprus is uncertain (Tumbrinck 2006). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 757,000 km².","There is no available information on the population size or trend. However, the species is ecologically not very specialized and therefore it is inferred that the population is stable and may even be increasing (P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016).","This species is found in bushes and on trees, often along water bodies.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Barranco Vega, P., Presa, J.J., Odé, B., García, M., Correas, J., Prunier, F., Lemos, P. & Ferreira, S.","Kranz, M., Bazelet, C. & Naskrecki, P.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Phaneroptera,spinosa,,Phaneroptera spinosa,"Bey-Bienko, 1954",,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Eastern Sickle Bush-cricket (Phaneroptera spinosa) has a wide distribution from the Danube Delta to the Lower Volga region in European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is assumed to have a stable population trend, and no declines or major threats to it have been reported. In The EU 28 this species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is between 70 and 100 km², extent of occurrence (EOO)ca 3,500 km²), and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Further taxonomic research is also needed to clarify the status of this species which is sometimes considered a subspecies of Phaneroptera gracilis.",Stable,"The Eastern Sickle Bush-cricket is found in Central Asia and southeastern Europe (Harz 1969). In Europe it is found in southern European Russia, Ukraine and Romania (Heller 2013). In the EU 28 the species is only found in the Danube Delta. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe it is ca 600,000 km², and ca 3,500 km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is between 70 and 150 km².","This species is very rare in Romania, where it only occurs in the Danube Delta (Iorgu et al. 2008). The population is considered severely fragmented as the subpopulations are very small and isolated. However, the population is assumed to be stable (I. Iorgu pers comm. 2015). The situation in the Volga region is less clear, but the species is assumed to be widespread there.",This species inhabits sandy areas with tall vegetation such as Salix spp. (I. Iorgu pers comm. 2015).,No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Further taxonomic research is also needed to clarify the status of this species which is sometimes considered a subspecies of Phaneroptera gracilis.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Phlugiola,dahlemica,,Phlugiola dahlemica,"Eichler, 1938",,No,,,No,,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)

The Dahlem Greenhouse Bush-cricket (Phlugiola dahlemica) was described from a greenhouse in Berlin-Dahlem, but had become extinct before 1945. Since the species is probably not native to Europe, it is assessed as Not Applicable.",Unknown,The Dahlem Greenhouse Bush-cricket has been described from a greenhouse in Berlin. This species has not been recorded again since 1945 and it is assumed to have been introduced from South America (Maas et al. 2002).,The introduced subpopulation is extinct.,The species was only found in a greenhouse.,The threats to the species are unknown.,No conservation actions are in place for this species or needed in Europe. It does not occur in any protected areas.,The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J., Rutschmann, F., Szovenyi, G. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Phlugiolopsis,henryi,,Phlugiolopsis henryi,"Zeuner, 1940",,No,,,No,,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)

The Kew Gardens Bush-cricket (Phlugiolopsis henryi) was described from a greenhouse at Kew Botanical Gardens in England. This species was probably introduced from East Asia, but is now extinct in Europe. Since it is not native to Europe, it is assessed as Not Applicable.",Unknown,"The Kew Gardens Bush-cricket has been described from Kew Botanical Gardens in England, and is probably not native to Europe. Its likely origin is in East Asia (Wang et al. 2012).",The species is extinct in Europe.,This species was found in a greenhouse. It probably naturally occurs in tropical forests.,The threats in the natural range of this species are unknown.,There are no conservation measures in place for this species or needed in Europe. Research into its origin would be required. It does not occur in any protected areas.,The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R. & Chobanov, D.P.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Pholidoptera,aptera,,Pholidoptera aptera,"(Fabricius, 1793)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Alpine Dark Bush-cricket (Pholidoptera aptera) is quite widespread in montane and sub-montane regions of the Balkans, Alps, Italy and France. It occurs at forest edges, on forest clearings, in bushes and adjacent grassland. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very widespread and common. More research is needed into the taxonomic status of its subspecies and into the population trend.",Unknown,"The Alpine Dark Bush-cricket occurs in the sub-montane to alpine regions of the Balkans, Carpathians, the Alps, Italy and Sardinia (Heller 2013). It is found from northern Greece, central Italy and Sardinia to southern Poland and northern Czech Republic, and from southeastern France to Romania. It is also found in the lowlands of south Bulgaria (Pholidoptera aptera bulgarica). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.6 million km².",This species is quite common within its natural range (Berg 2009). The overall population trend is unknown but there is a local decrease in the northwestern part of its range.,"This species is found in bushes and high forbs at forest edges and on clearings, and in adjacent grassland (Berg 2009). In the Carpathians and Alps it is also found on screes. The P. a. bulgarica subspecies typically inhabits open oak forests.","This species may be locally affected by deforestation (Lemonnier 1999), intensive forestry (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2016) and overgrazing (D. Chobanov and I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2016). It is also sensitive to ski run preparations (Keßler et al. 2012) and construction of touristic facilities (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2016).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as ""priority 3"" (equivalent to Near Threatened) on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004), but as Least Concern in Austria, Switzerland and Germany (Berg et al. 2005, Monnerat et al. 2007, Maas et al. 2011). More research into its population trend is needed. In addition, the taxonomic status of the subspecies needs to be studied (Kati and Willemse 2001).",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Zuna-Kratky, T., Puskas, G., Ivkovic, S., Monnerat, C., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Pholidoptera,brevipes,,Pholidoptera brevipes,"Ramme, 1939",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Short-legged Dark Bush-cricket (Pholidoptera brevipes) occurs in northwestern Anatolia and the southeastern part of the Balkan Peninsula. In Europe, it is found in southeastern Bulgaria and European Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern since its subpopulations can be large, and the population trend is stable. In addition, even though the number of records in European Turkey is low and its presence in Greece is uncertain, this bush-cricket is assumed to be more common than presently known.",Stable,"The Short-legged Dark Bush-cricket occurs in northwestern Anatolia and the southeastern part of the Balkan Peninsula (Harz 1969). In Europe, it is found in southeastern Bulgaria and European Turkey. In Greece, the species has been reported only once (Ingrisch and Pavicevic 1985) and has not been confirmed recently (L. Willemse pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 42,200 km², and ca 16,500 km² in the EU 28.",The population trend of this species appears to be stable and its subpopulations can be large (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).,"This species is found in steppe habitats (Ingrisch and Pavicevic 1985), shrubland and abandoned farmland (D. Chobanov and D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). The adults appear in May and are abundant in June.",The major threats to this species are the transformation of its habitat into farmland and overgrazing (D. Chobanov and D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its distribution, population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Sirin, D., Chobanov, D.P., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Pholidoptera,dalmatica,,Pholidoptera dalmatica,"(Krauss, 1879)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional and global assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Dalmatian Dark Bush-cricket (Pholidoptera dalmatica) occurs in the Dinaric Alps, from Trieste (Italy), Slovenia, and Adriatic Croatia to Montenegro. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and quite common. However, the population is declining in the northern part of its range and there is a lack of information on its distribution, population trend, bioacoustics as well as the taxonomic status of the described subspecies.",Decreasing,"The Dalmatian Dark Bush-cricket occurs in the Dinaric Alps, from Trieste (Italy), Slovenia, and Adriatic Croatia to Montenegro (Chobanov and Mihajlova 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 70,000 km² in Europe, and ca 41,000 km² in the EU 28.","Overall, the species is quite common (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2015). However, the population is declining in the northern part of its range (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015).","This species is found at forest edges, on clearings, dry grassland and on stony karstic slopes with scarce vegetation (J. Skejo and S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015).",The main threat to this species is abandonment of grazing and subsequent encroachment of shrubs and trees (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. There is a lack of information on its distribution, population trend, bioacoustics as well as the taxonomic status of the described subspecies (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2015).",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Skejo, J. Skejo, Gomboc, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T. & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Pholidoptera,ebneri,,Pholidoptera ebneri,"Ramme, 1931",,Yes,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
Ebner's Dark Bush-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) as the species is common and no major threats have been reported.",Unknown,"The species is poorly known from its type locality (Ramme 1931) and some recent records from eastern and southern Albania and western Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia) (Lemonnier-Darcemont 2011, Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014, Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2015, Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015, D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 10,000 km².",The species is abundant in its habitat. The population trend is unknown.,"This species occurs in karstic areas, in shrubs and forest undergrowth, as well as in meadows, mixed forest edges and clearings between 900 and 1,800 m Asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. The species is assessed as Near Threatened on the Red List of FYRO Macedonia (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). Research on its taxonomy and population trend is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Pholidoptera,fallax,,Pholidoptera fallax,"(Fischer, 1853)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Meadow Dark Bush-cricket (Pholidoptera fallax) is found in southern and southeastern Europe and also occurs in Anatolia (Turkey). This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it is locally declining, it is still very widespread and common.",Unknown,"The Meadow Dark Bush-cricket occurs in large parts of the Balkan Peninsula as well as in Italy, Sardinia and Sicily, reaching southeastern France in the west, Moldova in the east, northern Sicily in the south and Slovakia in the north (Heller 2013). Outside of Europe, it occurs in Anatolia (Harz 1969). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.6 million km².","The subpopulations of this species are usually small (Buzzetti et al. 2010) but can sometimes be large in the Carpathians (G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2016). The species is quite rare also on Sardinia and Sicily (Massa et al. 2012). It has declined at its northern range margin in Austria in earlier decades, but now seems to be stable (T. Zuna-Kratky, C. Monnerat and A. Kristin pers. comm. 2016). However, it is still decreasing in Romania (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2016) and probably also in Hungary (G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2016). In Bulgaria the trend is stable (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016). The overall population trend is unknown.","This species occurs on dry grassland, alpine slopes and clearings (Massa et al. 2012), and open forests. In the northern part of its range, it prefers warm habitats, whereas it is more closely associated with cool areas in the south (Berg 2009, Massa et al. 2012).",The species is threatened by intensification of grassland management and urbanisation (Berg 2009) as well as by afforestation (Zechner and Koschuh 2005) and abandonment of hayfields with subsequent encroachment of shrubs and trees (G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2016).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as ""priority 2"" (equivalent to Vulnerable) on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004) and as Near Threatened on the Austrian and Swiss Red Lists (Berg et al. 2005, Monnerat et al. 2007). Research is needed into the population trend of this bush-cricket.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Zuna-Kratky, T., Chobanov, D.P., Kristin, A., Iorgu, I.S., Szovenyi, G., Monnerat, C., Skejo, J. Skejo, Willemse, L.P.M., Presa, J.J., Kleukers, R. & Rutschmann, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Pholidoptera,femorata,,Pholidoptera femorata,"(Fieber, 1853)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Large Dark Bush-cricket (Pholidoptera femorata) occurs in southern Europe from Central France to Sicily and from Slovenia to the Peloponnesus (Greece), and also occurs in Anatolia (Turkey). This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution and the population size is large. However, it is is scarce and seems to be declining, particularly in the northern part of its range.",Decreasing,The Large Dark Bush-cricket occurs in southern Europe from Central France to Sicily and from Slovenia to the Peloponnesus (Greece) (Heller 2013). It is also known from Anatolia (Ünal 2012). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 28 is ca 1.3 million km².,"This species is quite widespread, but scarce (Massa 2011, Massa et al. 2012). Subpopulations are usually small (G. Szövenyi and J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016). The species seems to be declining for unknown reasons in Corsica (Boitier et al. 2007). The overall population trend is assumed to be decreasing, but the population size is large.","This species prefers dry and warm grassland habitats, forest margins and clearings with dense vegetation (Massa et al. 2012).","Abandonment of pastures and subsequent encroachment of shrubs and trees is a threat to this species (F. Rutschmann, S. Gomboc, J. Skejo and G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2016).","There is no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Szovenyi, G., Buzzetti, F.M., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Gomboc, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Presa, J.J., Kleukers, R., Chobanov, D.P., Kristin, A. & Rutschmann, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Pholidoptera,frivaldszkyi,,Pholidoptera frivaldszkyi,"(Herman, 1871)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Green Dark Bush-cricket (Pholidoptera frivaldszkyi) occurs on the Balkan Peninsula and in eastern Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and the subpopulations can be quite large. However, there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat as well as in the number of individuals. This species may be threatened by overgrazing, afforestation and changes in the management of grasslands and research on its population trend is required.",Decreasing,"The Green Dark Bush-Cricket is found from the Croatian/Bosnian border in the west and Slovakia in the north to southern Bulgaria and northern Greece in the south, and eastern Ukraine in the east. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 609,000 km² in Europe, and ca 530,000 km² in the EU 28.","The subpopulations of this species can be quite large, but slightly fragmented (I. Iorgu, D. Chobanov and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015), particularly in the north (Slovakia) and south (southern Bulgaria, Greece) of the range (A. Kristin, D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). The population is decreasing in the northern part of its range (A. Kristin pers. comm. 2015).","This species occurs in wet and moist grassland (Iorgu and Derscariu 2009), montane grassland with bushes (Kristin 2000) and in beech forest clearings (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015). It is found at elevations between 70 m and 1,800 m asl.","This species may be threatened by overgrazing (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015), afforestation and changes in the management of grasslands (A. Kristin and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015).",The species is protected in Slovakia and occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Endangered on the Carpathian Red List of Orthoptera (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). Research on its population trend is required.,The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Pushkar, T., Puskas, G., Sirin, D. & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Pholidoptera,griseoaptera,,Pholidoptera griseoaptera,"(De Geer, 1773)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Dark Bush-cricket (Pholidoptera griseoaptera) occurs from the European Atlantic coast to the Caucasus. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is one of the most widespread and common bush-crickets in Europe and it appears to be expanding its range at the northwestern range margin.",Increasing,"The Common Dark Bush-cricket occurs from the European Atlantic coast to the Caucasus (Harz 1969). In Europe, it is widely distributed from northern Spain, Sardinia, southern Italy and northern Greece in the south to southern Finland in the north and from Ireland in the west to eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 7.7 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 5.7 million km².","This species is very widespread and common in Europe. It is expanding its range at its northwestern range border (Hochkirch 2001, Karner-Ranner 2009). The overall population trend is increasing.","This is a typical forest-edge dwelling species, and it is also found in high forbs and bushes, clearings, thickets, wasteland, hedges and gardens, and also grassland habitats (Baur et al. 2006, Bellmann 2006). Even though the species is flightless it has a comparatively good dispersal ability (Diekötter et al. 2005).",The species is locally threatened by the removal of bushes or natural forest edges (Grein 2010).,There are no specific conservation measures in place or needed for this species. It occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend is required.,The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R. & Chobanov, D.P.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Pholidoptera,littoralis,,Pholidoptera littoralis,"(Fieber, 1853)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Littoral Dark Bush-cricket (Pholidoptera littoralis) occupies a large area in southern Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range, it can be found in a diverse variety of bio-geographical regions, altitudes and habitats, and the population trend is increasing. In addition, there are no indications of significant threats to this species.",Increasing,"The Littoral Dark Bush-cricket is a montane species occurring in a large, but often discontinuous area in southern Europe. There are three subspecies known: P. l. insubrica occurs in the westernmost region, living from the Alpi Marittimi in the west across the alpine parts of the Italian provinces of Piemonte and Lombardia, reaching Switzerland in the Sottoceneri in the southern Tessin (Baur and Roesti 2006, Massa et al. 2012). The nominate subspecies follows eastwards from the alpine parts of the Italian provinces of Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia, covering the north-eastern Balkans including Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of Montenegro and Serbia (Massa et al. 2012, Gomboc and Šegula 2014). The third subspecies, P. l. similis, has an eastern distribution restricted to the Carpathian arc of Romania (where it occurs in 15 out of 20 Eco-regions, Iorgu et al. 2008), the Srpsko rudogorje in northeast Serbia and the western Balkan mountains in north-western Bulgaria (Chobanov 2009). In 2008 a probably introduced subpopulation was discovered in southern Germany in Munich (Glaw 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 625,000 km², and can be found from sea level up to 1,540 m asl.","This species is widespread and in large parts of its range even abundant. So far, there are no significant changes in population or range known, but the species is not being monitored. Increases in the population trend have been reported in Croatia (F. Rutschmann pers. comm. 2015), Italy (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015) and Germany (Glaw 2009), and the overall population trend is increasing.","This species is a heat-loving bush-cricket found in densely vegetated habitats like forest edges, hedgerows, margins of meadows and roads and grassland with inter-dispersed bushes and tall herbs (Baur and Roesti 2006, Massa et al. 2012). It is secretive and optically hard to detect, but the song of the male is quite conspicuous, mainly audible in the evening and at night. The eggs are laid in the ground and it can take them more than one year to develop.","This species lives in a large area in a variety of mostly unthreatened habitats. So far, there are no indications of significant threats to this species, but abandonment of pastures and intensification can have negative impacts on it.","There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but due to its large range it occurs in several protected areas.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & Cálix, M.","Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Pholidoptera,lucasi,,Pholidoptera lucasi,"Willemse, 1976",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Lucas' Dark Bush-cricket (Pholidoptera lucasi) is endemic to Greece and is only found in two mountainous areas in the eastern part of the mainland (Mt. Pelion) and the island of Euboea (Mt. Dirfi). This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 64 km²), it occurs at between two and five locations, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals, due to the increased frequency of wildfires throughout its range. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper fire management is needed to avoid any future declines in the population.",Decreasing,"The Lucas' Dark Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece and is only found in two mountainous areas in the eastern part of the mainland (Mt. Pelion) and the island of Euboea (Mt. Dirfi)  (Willemse 1976, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 64 km².","This species has only been observed and collected a few times. A continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat, as well as the number of mature individuals is inferred from the recent increase in wildfire frequency in its range.","This species was collected in a forested area where it was found in an open space covered mainly by ferns, at elevations of 900-1,100 m Asl.","Wildfires are common throughout the range of this species. Between 2007 and 2010, in particular, some large wildfires might have affected it. Taking into account the extent of the effects of wildfires and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at between two and five locations.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper fire management is needed to avoid any future declines in the population.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Pholidoptera,macedonica,,Pholidoptera macedonica,"Ramme, 1928",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Macedonian Dark Bush-cricket (Pholidoptera macedonica) is endemic to the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula, where it occurs in southern Serbia, Albania, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, northern Greece and southwestern Bulgaria. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and the population trend is assumed to be stable.",Stable,"The Macedonian Dark Bush-cricket is endemic to the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula, where it occurs in southern Serbia, Albania, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, northern Greece and southwestern Bulgaria (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2015, S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 112,000 km², and ca 72,000 km² in the EU 28. Its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is from 400 to 1,500 km², and from 250 to 1,000 km² in the EU 28.",This species is widespread in FYR Macedonia (Lemonnier-Darcemont and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015) and the population trend is assumed to be stable.,This species is found at the moist edges of forests and forest clearings. At higher altitudes it is also found in drier habitats as well as grassland and shrub land(Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015).,Deforestation is a potential threat to this species (Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Least Concern on the Red List of Orthoptera of the Republic of Macedonia (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). Research into its population trend and threats is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Pushkar, T., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.",,,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Pholidoptera,pustulipes,,Pholidoptera pustulipes,"(Fischer von Waldheim, 1846)",,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Near-Eastern Dark Bush-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) due to its wide distribution, low degree of fragmentation, lack of evidence for any declines and the fact that there are no major threats to the species.",Unknown,"The Near-Eastern Dark Bush-cricket occurs in the mountains and neighbouring territories of the Crimean Peninsula. The species has also been recorded in the western Caucasus (Bey-Bienko 1964, Harz 1969). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 14,000 km².",Subpopulations of this species are usually small. Its population trend is unknown.,"This species inhabits a variety of mesophytic vegetations, scrubs, meadows with patchy bushes and forest undergrowth. Its altitudinal range is 1-1,300 m Asl.",No threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas such as Karadag Nature Reserve. Research on its population trend is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Pholidoptera,rhodopensis,,Pholidoptera rhodopensis,"Maran, 1953",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Rhodope Dark Bush-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) due to its large extent of occurrence (EOO), low degree of fragmentation and the lack of indications for a continuing decline.",Unknown,"The Rhodope Dark Bush-cricket occurs in the mountains of southwestern Bulgaria (except in Belassitsa Mountain, where it is replaced by P. macedonica) and the neighbouring mountain ranges of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia) and Greece (Chobanov et al. 2011). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 21,000 km².",The population trend of this species is unknown. Its subpopulations are dense and well connected.,"The species inhabits a wide variety of mesic scrub-grass associations, forest clearings and edges and tolerates moderate ruderalization. Its subpopulations are found between 850 and 2,200 m Asl, occasionally up to 2,600 m Asl (in the Pirin Mountians).",The species avoids open habitats and thus deforestation and overgrazing may be harmful for its subpopulations.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas in Bulgaria. Research on its population trend is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Pholidoptera,stankoi,,Pholidoptera stankoi,"Karaman, 1960",,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Stanko's Dark Bush-cricket (Pholidoptera stankoi) has been reported from the Former Yugoslav Republic of  Macedonia, Albania and Greece. However, this species is likely to be a synonym of Pholidoptera ebneri. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its population size, trend and threats, and further research is needed to clarify its status.",Unknown,"Stanko's Dark Bush-cricket has been reported from the Former Yugoslav Republic of  Macedonia, Albania and Greece (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2015). However, this species is likely to be a synonym of Pholidoptera ebneri (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 80,000 km².",As the taxonomic status of Pholidoptera stankoi is doubtful there is no available information on its population size or trend.,"This species is found in mesic habitats, such as forest clearings and edges, mountains meadows and scrub.",The threats to this species are unknown.,There are no conservation measures in place for this species. Research into its taxonomy is needed to determine whether it is a synonym of Pholidoptera ebneri.,The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Pushkar, T., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Pholidoptera,transsylvanica,,Pholidoptera transsylvanica,"(Fischer, 1853)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Transylvanian Dark Bush-cricket (Pholidoptera transsylvanica) is endemic to the Carpathians and the Carpathian basin. The species is widespread and common and no declines have been detected. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"This species is known from Romania, Slovakia, Serbia, Hungary and Ukraine (Harz 1969, J. Skejo and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015). Its occurrence in Bosnia and Herzegovina is quite probable. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 250,000 km² in Europe and c. 170,000 km² in the EU 28.",The population trend of this species is unknown. Subpopulations are usually large.,"This species inhabits forest edges, clearings, shrubs and mesic grassland close to forests, from the lowlands (180 m Asl in southeastern Slovakia and southwestern Ukraine) to the sub-alpine zone (2,300 m Asl in Romania, Kis and Vasiliu 1970).","The species is locally threatened by habitat loss and degradation due to the expansion of human settlements, the use of insecticides and overgrazing.","The species is listed on Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC and it occurs in several protected areas throughout its range. According to the latest report, the status of this species is ""Favourable"" in the Alpine and Continental biogeographic region, whereas it is ""Unfavourable-Inadequate"" in the Pannonian region (EEA 2014). Research on its population trend is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Platycleis,affinis,,Platycleis affinis,"Fieber, 1853",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Tuberous Grey Bush-cricket (Platycleis affinis) occurs from North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula to Central Asia and the Near East. It is widespread in the southern part of Europe. Even though it is often described as rare and rather localised, it is difficult to detect visually. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it appears to be declining in the northern part of its range, overall it is still widespread and common in Europe.",Unknown,"The Tuberous Grey Bush-cricket occurs from North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula to Central Asia and the Near East (Harz 1969). In Europe, it is found from Portugal in the west to southern European Russia in the east, and from Crete and Cyprus in the south to eastern Austria, southern Slovakia, and Brittany (France) in the north (Heller 2013). There are no recent records from European Turkey (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 7 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 4.6 million km².","This species is rather localised in Italy (Massa et al. 2012), rare in Slovakia (Kristín et al. 2004), but quite common in Croatia, in the Hungarian Great Plain (G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2016), in Albania (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2016) and in Bulgaria (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016). In Spain, it can be locally abundant (Gómez et al. 1991). The species is difficult to detect visually as it prefers to sit at the base of grass stems (Llucià-Pomares et al. 2009). Bioacoustic searches are therefore recommended. It has been declining at its northern range margin (Karner-Ranner 2009) but recently it appears to be increasing again in Austria (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016), while it may still be decreasing in Russia (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016). The overall population trend is unknown but the population size is large.","This species is found in dry, steppe-like grassland habitats (Massa et al. 2012), sand dunes (Kristin et al. 2011) and abandoned farmland (Gómez et al. 1991). It has a preference for habitats with patches of bare ground (Karner-Ranner 2009). The species is very mobile and can colonise new habitats over large distances.","This species is threatened by abandonment and eutrophication with subsequent encroachment of bushes and trees (Karner-Ranner 2009). It is also threatened by transformation of its habitat into farmland, afforestation and overgrazing (A. Kristin and I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2016). In Russia, it is also threatened by wildfires (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for the species, but occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Endangered on the Austrian Red List (Berg et al. 2005) and as Least Concern on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its population trend is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Zuna-Kratky, T., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Chobanov, D.P., Puskas, G., Korsunovskaya, O., Willemse, L.P.M., Kleukers, R. & Rutschmann, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Platycleis,albopunctata,,Platycleis albopunctata,"(Goeze, 1778)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Grey Bush-cricket (Platycleis albopunctata) occurs in North Africa and large parts of Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very widespread and its population trend is increasing; it appears to be expanding its range margin in the north.",Increasing,"The Common Grey Bush-cricket occurs in North Africa and large parts of Europe (Harz 1969). In Europe, it is found from southern Spain, Sicily and Crete in the south to southern Norway and Estonia in the north, and southern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 10.1 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 6.5 million km².","This species has declined in the northwestern part of Europe in the 20th century as a consequence of agricultural intensification (Denner 2009). However, recently it has spread again at its northern range border (Brose and Peschel 1998, Hochkirch 2001, Gardiner and Seago 2015). Extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals have been reported (Gottschalk et al. 2003) and the population size fluctuates at least tenfold, but it is not clear how frequently these occur. The overall population trend is increasing.","This species is found in dry grassland habitats (Baur et al. 2006), inland dunes, sand pits, heathland (Grein 2010), ruderal vegetation and abandoned farmland (Denner 2009). In the southern part of it is found in mountains. It feeds mainly on grass seeds but also on insects, flowers, pollen and leaves (Baur et al. 2006). The species is a good flyer and able to rapidly colonise new habitats (Walter 1994). Harvested crop fields may represent an ecological trap for this species as it prefers high vegetation structures with bare ground, but cannot reproduce there successfully (Hein et al. 2003).","The major threat to this species is intensification of agricultural land use and abandonment, which leads to scrub encroachment and forest growth in the long term (NLWKN 2011).","This species is listed as Near Threatened on the national Red Lists of Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003), Austria (Berg et al. 2005), Denmark and Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007). Given that it is also listed in regional Red Lists (e.g. Endangered in Lower Saxony, Germany, Grein 2010) it is subject to local conservation action. For example, it is a priority species in Lower Saxony and a regional conservation plan exists for this species (NLWKN 2011). It occurs in protected areas. Taxonomic research is needed to clarify the status of its subspecies.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R. & Chobanov, D.P.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Platycleis,concii,,Platycleis concii,"Galvagni, 1959",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,The Sicilian Bush-cricket (Platycleis concii) is endemic to Sicily in Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is locally common and no major threats to it have been reported.,Unknown,"The Sicilian Grey Bush-cricket is endemic to Sicily, Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,300 km².",The species is locally common but the population trend is unknown.,"This species can be found in shrubland and grassland at elevations between 450 m and 1,800 m asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend required.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Platycleis,escalerai,,Platycleis escalerai,"Bolívar, 1899",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Escalera's Grey Bush-cricket (Platycleis escalerai) has a wide distribution in the southeastern Mediterranean. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though its is very rare in Italy and probably extinct in Romania, it is still common on the southern Balkans and the subpopulations are usually large.",Unknown,"Escalera's Grey Bush-cricket occurs from Italy and the southern Balkan Peninsula through Anatolia and the Near East to Central Asia (Harz 1969). In Europe it occurs in Italy, Greece, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Albania, Bulgaria, Cyprus and European Turkey. In Romania it is possibly extinct (Iorgu et al. 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca1.1 million km², and ca 740,000 km² in the EU 28.","The subpopulations of this species are usually large (D. Sirin and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015), but are smaller and fragmented in Italy (B. Massa pers. comm. 2015). It is probably extinct in Romania, where the last records were made in the 1960's (I. Iorgu pers comm. 2015). The population trend is unknown.",This species occurs in dry grassland (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015) with bushes (J. Tumbrinck pers. comm. 2015) and at the edges of shrubland (B. Massa pers. comm. 2015).,"The reasons for the possible extinction in Romania are unknown, but the area has been heavily transformed by touristic development (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Sirin, D., Iorgu, I.S., Massa, B., Tumbrinck, J., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Pushkar, T., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Platycleis,falx,,Platycleis falx,"(Fabricius, 1775)",,No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Falcate Grey Bush-cricket (Platycleis falx) occurs in North Africa and the southwestern part of Europe, where it is very rare and localised. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since its area of occupancy (AOO) has been estimated to be between 700 and 1,900 km², the population is considered severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent of the habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals due to the use of pesticides, abandonment of grazing and subsequent encroachment of shrubs and trees. More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. The habitats of this species requires adequate grazing management.",Decreasing,"The Falcate Grey Bush-cricket occurs in North Africa and the southwestern part of Europe (Harz 1969). In Europe it is found on the Azores and Madeira, in the south and east of the Iberian Peninsula, in southern France and in Italy, as well as on the Baleares, Sardinia and Sicily (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 28 is ca 3.2 million km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 700 and 1,900 km².","This species is very rare in Italy (Massa et al. 2012), Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2002) and the Madrid region (Gutiérrez-Rodriguez and García-Paris 2009). Most subpopulations are small (Gutiérrez-Rodriguez and García-Paris 2009) but locally the species can be abundant (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2016). As the distance between subpopulations is very large, and these subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation, the population is considered  severely fragmented (B. Massa and J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2016). The population appears to be declining (Gutiérrez-Rodriguez and García-Paris 2009).",This species is found in very dry habitats with grass vegetation (Massa et al. 2012) including the edges of crop fields and pine forests (Gutiérrez-Rodriguez and García-Paris 2009).,This species may be affected by the use of pesticides (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2016). It may also be affected by abandonment of grazing and subsequent encroachment of shrubs and trees.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as ""priority 3"" (equivalent to Near Threatened) on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. The habitats of this species requires adequate grazing management.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Presa, J.J., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Platycleis,iberica,,Platycleis iberica,"Zeuner, 1941",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,ii,v)+2ab(i,ii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,ii,v)+2ab(i,ii,v)",EU28,,"The Iberian Grey Bush-cricket (Platycleis iberica) is endemic to Spain. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km² with an upper estimate of 10 km²), it occurs at only one location and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, AOO, and EOO. This species was previously found in the Ávila, Madrid and Segovia provinces, but has become extinct in these regions. As a result of this dramatic decline, only one subpopulation is left, in the Sierra de Gredos (Ávila). Urban development, which also takes place in the Sierra de Gredos, could wipe out the entire population. Further research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology, and threats to this species. Remaining habitat needs to be appropriately managed to avoid any further population declines. Degraded habitats should be restored.",Decreasing,"The Iberian Grey Bush-cricket is endemic to central Spain, where it was previously found in the Ávila, Madrid and Segovia provinces. However, it has become extinct in these regions. Currently, it is only known from one locality in the Sierra de Gredos (Ávila), at altitudes between 1,000 m and 2,100 m Asl. The species has been also reported outside of this area, but it is considered that the latter data are not valid (Muñoz Alcón et al. 2012). This species' current extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km²with an upper estimate of 10 km².","The population size of this species is unknown. As a result of a dramatic decline, there is only one subpopulation of this species left and the population trend is decreasing.",The species is found in pastures and steppe grass associations of Festuca elegans (Muñoz Alcón et al. 2012).,"This species has a restricted range close to Madrid and is thus highly threatened by urban development, which is also happening at Sierra de Gredos. It is also potentially affected by shifting agriculture. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of urban development projects and the very restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. Further research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology, and threats to this species. Remaining habitat needs to be appropriately managed to avoid any further population declines. Degraded habitats should be restored.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Platycleis,intermedia,,Platycleis intermedia,"(Serville, 1838)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Intermediate Grey Bush-cricket (Platycleis intermedia) occurs from North Africa and southern Europe to Iran. It has a wide distribution in southern Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though the population trend may be declining at the edge of its distribution, it is still very widespread and common.",Decreasing,"The Intermediate Grey Bush-cricket occurs from North Africa and southern Europe to Iran (Harz 1969). In Europe, it occurs in the Mediterranean region from the Iberian Peninsula to the Romanian Black Sea coast and Moldova. Its eastern range border in Europe is not clear as individuals might have been confused with other species (Heller et al. 1998, O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 4.3 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 4.1 million km².","This species is generally very common and widespread (Boitier et al. 2007, Massa et al. 2012), but rare in Spain (Olmo-Vidal 2002, J. J. Presa pers. comm. 2016) and Romania (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2016). It appears to be declining (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2016).",This species occurs in warm and dry grassland habitats and agricultural fields (Massa et al. 2012).,This species is threatened by the use of pesticides (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2016) and abandonment of meadows with subsequent encroachment of bushes (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend, distribution, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Presa, J.J., Iorgu, I.S., Sirin, D., Chobanov, D.P., Skejo, J. Skejo, Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Platycleis,kibris,,Platycleis kibris,"Ünal, 2012",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Cyprian Grey Bush-cricket (Platycleis kibris) is endemic to Cyprus, where it is only known from two localities in the south of the island. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence is 60 km², area of occupancy is 8 km²), the population is severely fragmented, it occurs at only two locations, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and the quality and extent of its habitat due to ongoing threats - drainage of its wetland habitat and transformation into agricultural land, infrastructural development. This species has only recently been described, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecology, and threats. To prevent further loss of suitable habitat for this species, the sites where it occurs should be protected from drainage and agricultural or infrastructural developments.",Decreasing,"The Cyprian Grey Bush-cricket is endemic to Cyprus, where it is only known from two localities in the south of the island (Ünal 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 60 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) 8 km².","This species is only known to have two subpopulations, which are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them - this species is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. There is an inferred continuing decline in the population due to the known ongoing threats to its habitat (drainage of its wetland habitat and transformation into agricultural land, infrastructural development).","This species occurs in Salicornia spp. marshland, and is found at elevations of up to 70 m asl.","The main threat to this species is drainage of its wetland habitat and transformation into agricultural land. Taking into account the extent of the effects of this threat and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at two locations. One site where this species occurs is also threatened by infrastructural development.","One of the localities where this species occurs is in the sovereign base area of Akrotiri, the other one is in a protected area. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. To prevent further loss of suitable habitat for this species, the sites where it occurs should be protected from drainage and agricultural or infrastructural developments.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Tzirkalli, E., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V. & Papapavlou, K.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Platycleis,ragusai,,Platycleis ragusai,"Ramme, 1927",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Messina Bush-cricket (Platycleis ragusai) is endemic to Sicily, Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it is not commons, it is widespread and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"The Messina Grey Bush-cricket is endemic to Sicily, Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 22,000 km².",This species is not common and the population trend is unknown.,The species inhabits shrublands and grasslands at elevations between 500 m and 800 m asl.,No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend and threats is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Platycleis,romana,,Platycleis romana,"Ramme, 1927",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Roman Bush-cricket (Platycleis romana) is present in Italy, Slovenia and Croatia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it lives in all kinds of warm and dry grasslands and can be found in several types of habitat. In addition, it is widespread and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"The Roman Bush-cricket is found in Italy with many records from the Carso Triestino, coast of Veneto and Liguria and around Rome. It is also present in Slovenia and Croatia (Massa et al. 2012).",This bush-cricket is uncommon and the population trend is unknown.,"This species can be found in a range of habitats including dry grassland, dunes, agricultural fields and even rather marshy grassland, where adults can be found in the summer and autumn. It is found at elevations between 5 m and 1,350 m asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Platycleis,sabulosa,,Platycleis sabulosa,"Azam, 1901",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Sand Grey Bush-cricket (Platycleis sabulosa) occurs in North Africa, on the Canary Islands, Azores and in southwestern Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though the population is declining, it is still very widespread, quite common, and the overall population size is large.",Decreasing,"The Sand Grey Bush-cricket occurs in North Africa, on the Canary Islands, Azores and in southwestern Europe (Harz 1969). In Europe, it is found in large parts of the Iberian Peninsula, Italy, southern France, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, on the Canary Islands and on the Azores (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4 million km².","This species is common on the Canary Islands (Hochkirch 2003), Central Spain (Gutiérrez-Rodriguez and García-Paris 2009) and southern France (F. Rutschmann pers. comm. 2016), but quite rare in Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2002) and Italy (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2016). The population appears to be declining (B. Massa and P. Fontana pers. comm. 2016). The overall population size is large.",This species is found in Mediterranean dwarf shrub vegetation (Olmo-Vidal 2002) and dry grassland habitats (Hochkirch 2003). In Italy it is found mainly in coastal dunes and other coastal dry habitats (Massa et al. 2012).,In Italy the species is threatened by touristic development (Fontana and Kleukers 2002).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. The species is listed as ""priority 3"" (equivalent to Near Threatened) on the French Red List of Orthoptera (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Research on its population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Presa, J.J., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Platycleis,waltheri,,Platycleis waltheri,"Harz, 1966",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"Since the original description of the Vaucluse Grey Bush-cricket, no more information has become available on this species. It is uncertain whether it represents a unique species or a synonym (e.g. of Platycleis albopunctata). Due to the lack of information, it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD). More research on its taxonomy, population, ecology and threats is needed.",Unknown,"The Vaucluse Grey Bush-cricket is only known from Mornas (Rhône valley, Vaucluse). Only the type specimens are known, and thus the status of the species needs to be confirmed. The species was ignored by Defaut (1999) and Defaut et al. (2009). Kruseman (1988) and Voisin (2003) suggest a confusion with Platycleis grisea (Fabricius, 1781). However, the titillator looks more robust as in Platycleis grisea (L. Willemse pers. comm. 2016). According to Y. Braud (pers. comm. 2016), a confusion is more probable with Platycleis albopunctata (Goeze, 1778).",The current population size and trend is unknown.,There is no information available on the habitat and ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas. More research on its taxonomy, distribution, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C., Presa, J.J., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Platypygius,crassus,,Platypygius crassus,"(Karny, 1907)",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)c(iv)",No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)c(iv)",EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
The Thick Grasshopper is listed as Endangered (EN) because its area of occupancy (AOO) is probably less than 200 km², there is a continuing decline in the extent of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals due to urbanisation and development of tourism infrastructure, and the species shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals.",Decreasing,"The Thick Grasshopper has a very patchy distribution in Europe with a few known localities along the Aegean coast of northern Greece, the Black Sea coast of Bulgaria and Ukraine, and the Caspian coast of European Russia (Bey-Bienko and Mistshenko 1951, Willemse 1984, Kis 1993, Savitsky 2002, Willemse and Willemse 2008, Chobanov 2009). Its occurrence in Moldova and in the European part of Turkey (de Jong 2013) is highly doubtful due to the lack of appropriate habitats and is therefore disregarded here. The species is possibly extinct in Romania and Bulgaria. Depending on the taxonomic status of this species, its distribution may expand beyond Europe (see Taxonomic Note). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is very large (c. 680,000 km²) but the area of occupancy (AOO) is probably not more than 200 km². In the EU 28, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 14,000 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km².","The species has disappeared from several countries, so the overall population trend is decreasing. There is a continuing decline in the extent of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals. The subpopulations show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (Peshev and Djingova 1974), as it shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold.","The species inhabits saltings on wet bare ground with scarce halophytic vegetation (Salicornia, Atriplex verrucifera) along sea coasts and continental lakes within semi-desert areas (in southeastern European Russia).","The major threat to the species is the expansion of touristic infrastructure. In addition, any touristic and recreation activities may affect its habitat. In some protected areas (like Ropotamo Reserve in Bulgaria), subpopulations show an unexplained negative trend (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016).","The species is listed in the Red Data Book of Bulgaria (Golemanski 2015), but there are no conservation actions in place for the species. It occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research is needed on its taxonomy, trends, ecology and threats, and the status of the population and its habitat needs to be monitored. The remaining habitats of the species need to be protected.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Platypygius,platypygius,,Platypygius platypygius,"(Pantel, 1886)",,No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Maghreb Grasshopper (Platypygius platypygius) is very rare in Europe, where it is only found on the Iberian Peninsula, in Sicily and on Sardinia. The species is ecologically highly specialised and occurs only in mudflats and along salt pans that fall dry during summer. This species is assessed as Endangered since its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 70 and 500 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals. The main threat to this species is transformation of its habitat into farmland and urbanisation, and it is also threatened by the increasing number of droughts. More research into the population trend, ecology and threats is required. Furthermore, there is a need for better protection of its habitat as well as appropriate habitat management. Destroyed habitats should be restored.",Decreasing,"The Maghreb Grasshopper is found in North Africa, on the Iberian Peninsula as well as on Sicily and Sardinia (Massa 2011). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 28 is ca 611,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 72 and 500 km².","This species is very rare and the subpopulations are usually small and isolated (Munoz Alcon and Lluciá-Pomares 2011), and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. There is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals (Verdú et al. 2006).","This species occurs in warm moist open mud habitats, which become dry during summer (Yarza 2009). It is often found close to rivers and lakes, including salt pans and salt marshes  (Verdú et al. 2006). It mainly occurs at low altitudes (Massa et al. 2012).",The main threat to this species is transformation of its habitat into farmland and urbanisation (Verdú et al. 2006). The species is also threatened by the increasing number of droughts (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2016).,"This species is listed as Vulnerable on the Spanish Red List (Verdú et al. 2006). Its habitat is protected by the European Habitats Directive, and it occurs in protected areas. More research into the population trend, ecology and threats is required. Furthermore, there is a need for better protection of its habitat as well as appropriate habitat management. Destroyed habitats should be restored.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Kleukers, R., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Platystolus,martinezii,,Platystolus martinezii,"(Bolívar, 1873)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Martinez's Saddle Bush-cricket (Platystolus martinezii) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in the central part of the Iberian Peninsula, there are large areas of suitable habitat and the population size is presumed to be very large. However, in the vicinity of Madrid declines have been observed due to changes in agricultural management and research is needed into the threats, population trend, distribution and ecology of this species.",Unknown,"Martinez's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), where it is widespread in the central part of the peninsula (Barat 2007). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 174,000 km².","There is no available information on the population trend of this species. It is known to be locally abundant and the population size is presumed to be very large. However, in the vicinity of Madrid declines have been observed, due to changes in agricultural management.",This species inhabits the so-called dehesa grazed areas with cork oak (Quercus suber). It is also present in natural habitats like open mixed forest (J. Correas pers. comm. 2016).,The species is likely to be affected by changes in agricultural management.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed on the threats, population trend, distribution and ecology of this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Ferreira, S., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Clemente, M., Correas, J., García, M., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B., Presa, J.J. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Platystolus,surcularius,,Platystolus surcularius,"(Bolívar, 1877)",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Cryptic Saddle Bush-cricket (Platystolus surcularius) is endemic to Spain. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 500 km²) and a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat is inferred from the ongoing loss of habitat due to urban development; thus making this bush-cricket close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Further research is needed into the threats, distribution, population trend and ecology of this species.",Unknown,"The Cryptic Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the central area of Spain. Ithas been reported fromPortugal,but these records are generallynot acceptedby specialists and are therefore ignored here. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 24,750 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km².",The population size and trend of this species are unknown.,"The species has been collected in grasslands and on Eryngium, Scolymus and Xanthium spp. (Peinado de Diego 1990). Old records of the species were found in urban areas and recently it has been found in Rosmarinus sp. fields. It occurs at altitudes between 585 m and 1,100 m Asl. A continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat is inferred from the ongoing loss of habitat due to urban development.",The species is threatened by habitat loss mainly due tourban development.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it is present in any protected areas. Further research is needed into the threats, distribution, population trend and ecology of this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Podisma,amedegnatoae,,Podisma amedegnatoae,"Fontana & Pozzebon, 2007",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Ventoux Mountain Grasshopper (Podisma amedegnatoae) is endemic to the far south-western Alps in France. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a very small range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is only 4,500 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 50-100 km²), and there is a continuing decline in habitat quality in parts of its range due to intensive touristic activity at Mont Ventoux - thus making it close to qualifying for listing in a threatened category under criterion B. However, the larger mountainous part of the population seems to be stable. As it was described only recently (Fontana and Pozzebon 2007), important knowledge on the population trend and threats to this species is not yet available. Further research is needed into the distribution, potential threats, and population dynamics of this species. In addition, research into its taxonomic status and other closely related Podisma-species should be carried out.",Decreasing,"The Ventoux Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to the far south-western Alps in France in the Département Vaucluse, with a higher concentration around Mont Ventoux. This species was described by Fontana and Pozzebon (2007) and is closely related to the widespread Podisma pedestris, from which it is most obviously separated by a distinct row of dorsal dots in the female. It is supposed by Fontana and Pozzebon (2007), that this species evolved in a refugial area around Mont Ventoux during the ice ages. Most of the records are from the southern slopes of Mont Ventoux, but it also occurs on the northern sides of this mountain. Further records are known from the Alpes de Haute Provence (Drôme: Séderon, Montagne de Lure) to the east and from the Petites Alpes du Dauphiné to the north (Col de Cabre, Bézaudun-sur-Bine). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,500 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 50-100 km². It occurs on mountain slopes from comparably low altitudes at 820 m up to the mountain tops at 2,500 m asl (Fontana and Pozzebon 2007).","This species lives in rather large subpopulations within suitable habitats of its small AOO. It can be locally abundant at lower altitudes. Unfortunately, since prior to its description by Fontana and Pozzebon in 2007 this species was considered to be the widely distributed Podisma pedestris, there is no monitoring of the population size or habitat trends. However, the population is assumed to be decreasing.","This species lives in dry and hot mountainous habitats from the lower foothills up to climatically suitable peaks like the top of Mont Ventoux. It seems to be more adapted to dry and hot conditions than the other closely related species of the genus Podisma (Fontana and Pozzebon 2007). It is found in open grasslands, often with a high proportion of rocks and screes (Wagner 2005-2016, Fontana and Pozzebon 2007).It lives mainly on bare ground, and adults can be found over a long season from July to October.","Due to its restricted range, partly outside of protected areas, this species is rather sensitive to potential threats. Intensive touristic activities, possibly leading to habitat conversion at the easily accessible Mont Ventoux pose an important threat to this species (W. Wagner pers. comm. 2015). Abandonment of grasslands and habitat shifts due to climate change can also pose a threat to this species. Detailed information on these threats is lacking, and more research on the topic is needed.","There are no conservation measures targeted at this species, but it occurs in protected areas such as the Reserves de Biosphere Luberon-Lure and Mont Ventoux. This species has to cope with rather intense recreational use in its main habitat at Mont Ventoux. Further research is needed into the distribution, potential threats, and population dynamics of this species. In addition, research into its taxonomic status and other closely related Podisma-species should be carried out.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & Cálix, M.","Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Podisma,cantabricae,,Podisma cantabricae,"Morales Agacino, 1950",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Cantabrian Mountain Grasshopper (Podisma cantabricae) is endemic to northern Spain. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 20 and 50 km², and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. This grasshopper is likely to be affected by climate change, but this needs to be studied in more detail. Research is also needed into the population size and trend, and into the ecology of this little-known species.",Unknown,"The Cantabrian Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to a small area between León and Asturias provinces, in northern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 78 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km² with an upper estimate of 50 km².","This species is rare, but locally abundant. The population is severely fragmented, since the species is flightless and there is no connection between the small subpopulations. The population trend is unknown.","This species inhabits dense low-grass mountain grasslands (Morales Agacino 1950). It occurs at altitudes between 1,400 m and 1,720 m Asl.","The species is likely to be affected by climate change, but this needs to be studied in more detail.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present within a protected area. Research is needed into the population size and trend, ecology, and threats to this little-known species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Podisma,carpetana,,Podisma carpetana,"(Bolívar, 1898)",,Yes,VU,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",Yes,VU,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Carpetan Mountain Grasshopper (Podisma carpetana) is endemic to central Spain. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a small area of occupancy (AOO) (between 136 and 1,500 km²), the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the habitat quality, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. The threats to this species are poorly understood, but it is likely to be affected by climate change, causing habitat shifting and alteration. Research is needed into its distribution and population trend. Appropriate management of the habitat is required to avoid any future population declines. The trend of the population and habitat should be monitored.",Decreasing,"The Carpetan Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to Spain. Two subspecies are known: Podisma carpetana ignatii, which is present in northern Spain, and Podisma carpetana carpetana, restricted to the mountains of central Spain (Sierra de Guadarrama). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 50,000 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 136 km² with an upper estimate of 1,500 km².","The species is rare and its population is decreasing. The population is severely fragmented since the subpopulations are small, it is flightless and only found in mountainous areas, and the subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing deterioration of its habitats. P. carpetana carpetana is very rare and more restricted than the other subspecies.","This species has been collected in mountain low grasslands as well as in open Juniperus spp. shrublands (Morales Agacino 1950). It is found at altitudes between 1,400 and 2,421 m Asl.","The threats to this species are poorly understood, but it is likely to be affected by climate change, causing habitat shifting and alteration.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in some protected areas. Research is needed into its distribution and population trend. Appropriate management of the habitat is required to avoid any future population declines. The trend of the population and habitat should be monitored.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Podisma,dechambrei,,Podisma dechambrei,Leproux. 1951,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Alpes-Maritimes Mountain Grasshopper (Podisma dechambrei) is endemic to the French and Italian Alps. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 22,300 km²), and is present in different geographic, climatic and altitudinal conditions. However, the subpopulations within the eastern range (including the subspecies P. d. melisi) might be under higher threat and the species might be affected by global warming in the future, with an upward shift of suitable habitats. This species might benefit from measures to preserve the quality of alpine grasslands.",Unknown,"The Alpes-Maritimes Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to a narrow region extending from the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence along with the Alpes-Maritimes in south-eastern France and the Alpi Marittimi in north-western Italy, following the mountain ridges eastwards to the Appenino Tosco-Emiliano and the Alpi Apuane, reaching Pistoia and Arezzo in northern Italy (Defaut 2010, Massa et al. 2012). The eastern, mostly extra-Alpine, part of its range is occupied by the subspecies P. d. melisi (Fontana and Pozzebon 2007). It is replaced by the closely related species Podisma amedegnatoae in the west and by Podisma pedestris in the north of its area. It is a montane species, mainly occurring at higher elevations between 1,000 and 2,050 m asl (Defaut 2010), and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 22,300 km².","There is no available information on the population size of this species. Due to different taxonomic interpretations, it was repeatedly treated as a subspecies or even forma of Podisma pedestris, so there is often no specific information available. In the western part of its range it is abundant, but in the eastern part of its range it is found scattered in isolated subpopulations. The overall population trend is unknown.","This is a species of montane and alpine grassland, mainly living above the tree line. Unfortunately, there is no detailed information on the habitat preference of this endemic species, especially not from the eastern range with the subspecies P. d. melisi.","There are no threats reported for this species in the available literature. However, since it lives in the mountains up to the summits, it is potentially affected by global warming with an upward shift of suitable habitats, particularly in the Alps (e.g. Dirnböck et al. 2011). Especially the eastern part of the range seems to be highly fragmented and might be under higher risk of local extinction.","There are no known conservation measures targeting this species, but it occurs in several protected areas (Parc national du Mercantour, Parco naturale delle Alpi Marittimi, Parco Naturale Regionale dell´Aveto, Parco Nazionale dell´Appenino Tósco-Emiliano). It might benefit from measures to preserve the quality of alpine grasslands. Further research into the population size and trend, and into the development of its habitats is necessary.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & Cálix, M.","Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Podisma,eitschbergeri,,Podisma eitschbergeri,"Harz, 1973",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Valdieri Moutain Grasshopper (Podisma eitschbergeri) is only known from its type locality at the Cappella San Giovanni near Valdieri in Piemonte (Italy), where it was found in the 1960's. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of information on its ecological requirements, threats and conservation status. The first necessary step is to search for this species at the type locality and clarify its taxonomic status. Further research is also needed into the population size and trend, ecology, and possible threats.",Unknown,"The Valdieri Moutain Grasshopper is only known from its type locality at the Cappella San Giovanni near Valdieri in Piemonte (Italy), where it was found in the 1960's (Harz 1973). Any further attempts to rediscover this species have failed (Sindaco et al. 2012).",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend.,There is no information on the habitat of this species.,The threats to the species are unknown.,"First of all the species has to be rediscovered at the type locality and its taxonomic status has to be clarified. Further research is also needed into the population size and trend, ecology, and possible threats.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & Cálix, M.","Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Podisma,emiliae,,Podisma emiliae,"Ramme, 1926",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Emilia Mountain Grasshopper (Podisma emiliae)  is endemic to a restricted part of the northern Apennines (Appennino Tosco Emiliano), in Italy. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 50 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals due to tourism (skiing, tracking) and intensified cattle grazing in the area. It might also be threatened by climatic changes such as habitat shifts and extreme weather conditions. There is a need for habitat management and research into its population trends, ecology and threats.",Decreasing,"The Emilia Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to a restricted part of the northern Apennines (Appennino Tosco Emiliano), in Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 50 km².","The subpopulations of this species have a are very low density, and the population trend is probably decreasing due to the ongoing alteration of the habitat. This species is flightless and its population is considered severely fragmented, as subpopulations are very small and isolated.","This species lives on alpine meadows and adults are found from summer to autumn at altitudes between 1,300 m and 1,700 m asl.",This species is threatened by tourism (mainly skiing and tracking) and intensified cattle grazing. It might also be affected by climatic changes (particularly habitat shifts and extreme weather conditions).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a nature reserve. There is a need for habitat management and research into its population trends, ecology and threats.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Massa, B., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Podisma,goidanichi,,Podisma goidanichi,"(Baccetti, 1959)",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Gran Sasso Mountain Grasshopper (Podisma goidanichi) is endemic to Italy, and is only found in the Gran Sasso Massif, in the Central Apennines. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a small extent of occurrence (EOO) (300 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals due to tourism (skiing, tracking) and cattle grazing. It might also be affected by climate change, particularly by habitat shifts and extreme temperatures. More research is needed into its population trends, ecology and threats. Its habitat needs appropriate management to avoid any further population declines.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Italy, and is only found in the Gran Sasso Massif, in the Central Apennines (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 300 km².","The subpopulations of this species are very small and isolated. As the species is flightless, the population is considered severely fragmented. The density is usually very small, and the overall population trend is decreasing.","This species lives on high altitude meadows (1,100 m to 2,540 m asl) with adults from summer to autumn.","The main threats to this species are tourism (skiing, tracking) and cattle grazing. It might also be affected by climate change, particularly by habitat shifts and extreme temperatures.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a nature reserve. More research is needed into its population trends, ecology and threats. Its habitat needs appropriate management to avoid any further population declines.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Podisma,magdalenae,,Podisma magdalenae,"Galvagni, 1971",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Marche Mountain Grasshopper (Podisma magdalenae) is endemic to Italy, being found on a single mountain, Monte Catria in the Central Apennines. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are 8 km²), it occurs at only one location, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals as well as in the extent and quality of the habitat due to tourism and increasing levels of cattle grazing. This grasshopper might also be affected by climate change, particularly by habitat shifting and extreme temperatures. Further research is needed into its population trend, habitat trends, ecology and threats. The area and habitat where this grasshopper is found needs to be protected and suitable habitat management needs to be implemented in order to avoid any further population declines. Destroyed habitat should be restored.",Decreasing,"The Marche Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to Italy, being found on a single mountain, Monte Catria in the Central Apennines (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 8 km².",The population trend of this species is decreasing due to habitat alterations.,"It lives on high altitude meadows and rocky slopes, at altitudes between 1,200 m and 1,650 m asl, with adults present from summer to autumn.","This species is mainly threatened by tourism (skiing and summer sports) as well as increased cattle grazing. The species might also be affected by the changing climate, particularly by habitat shifting and extreme temperatures. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of grazing, and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected areas. Further research is needed into its population trend, habitat trends, ecology and threats. The area and habitat where this grasshopper is found needs to be protected and suitable habitat management needs to be implemented in order to avoid any further population declines. Destroyed habitat should be restored.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Fontana, P., Hochkirch, A., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Podisma,pedestris,,Podisma pedestris,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Mountain Grasshopper (Podisma pedestris) is a widespread species and its range extends throughout the Palearctic region. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a very large geographic range, and subpopulations in core areas seem to be relatively stable and occur in unthreatened habitats, like alpine and subarctic grasslands and rocky areas in the mountains. However, the subpopulations in central Europe have experienced a long-term decline that is still ongoing in many areas, especially at lower altitudes. Recent threats such as the overgrowth of sun-exposed unproductive pastures and grasslands as a result of abandonment, the increase in vegetation cover due to nitrogen emissions and climatic changes seem to affect only the range-restricted subpopulations. Further research is needed, particularly on the extra-Alpine subpopulations of central and southeastern Europe and maybe also on the two range-restricted subspecies of the Italian Alps, which might be at much higher risk than the whole species.",Decreasing,"The Common Mountain Grasshopper is a Palearctic species, occurring in most parts of Europe and ranging with several subspecies eastwards into Asia to the Caucasus, Mongolia and China. In Europe, it has a disjunct distribution with the southern range extending from the Pyrenean mountains across the Alps and the lower mountain areas of Central Europe into the Balkans, reaching the Black Sea. The northern range covers Scandinavia (outside Denmark), Finland and northwest Russia. There are two very range-restricted subspecies in the Italian Alps - P. p. caprai in the Alpi Finestre in Piemonte and P. p. nadigi at few localities in the northeastern Trentino (Massa et al. 2012). Apart from the Alps, occurrences are often isolated and separated by vast uninhabited areas. Especially in central Europe, larger parts of its range have been abandoned during the 20th century (e.g., Maas et al. 2002 for Germany), and the small Czech subpopulation is already extinct (R. Vlk pers. comm. 2015). It occupies a large range of elevations, occurring from near sea level in its northern area up to the rocky mountain-summits at 2,800 m asl (in Switzerland, Baur and Roesti 2006). In Europe, this species' extent of occurrence is estimated to be 5.6 million km².","This species occurs in a wide area with quite different habitats, resulting in a variety of subpopulation densities and trends. Core areas like the Alps and Switzerland are well occupied, the species can be quite common and the subpopulations seem to be relatively stable. Central European subpopulations have experienced a long-term decline that is still ongoing in many areas, especially at lower altitudes (e.g., in parts of Austria, Germany and the Czech Republic). The subpopulations in south-eastern Europe are quite fragmented and it is likely that there is no genetic exchange between them any more. The subpopulation in Fennoscandia seems to be stable. Overall the population trend seems to be decreasing.","This species prefers dry, warm habitats in most of its range, shifting to moister habitats in the warmer climate of the Balkans (e.g., Bulgaria, D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015) or the south-western Alps. It lives on the ground, preferring grassland with low vegetation-cover and a certain amount of bare sun-exposed ground. The eggs are laid into the ground and may remain there up to two seasons before hatching, as a means to cope with occasional harsh environmental conditions in the habitat (e.g. mountain peaks, subarctic habitats). Adults can be found from June to October, and the species does not produce any sound.","This species has undergone a marked decline in its central European range, but the reasons of this decrease are often not clear. Main threats seem to be the overgrowth of sun-exposed unproductive pastures and grasslands as a result of abandonment, the increase in vegetation cover due to nitrogen emissions and maybe also climatic changes leading to moister and less ""continental"" climate conditions. In some parts of its area (e.g., Northern Germany) suitable habitats were turned into forests or fields. This species can survive over long periods in isolated subpopulations with small numbers of individuals (Detzel 1998) and despite its normally flightless appearance, the occasional occurrence of fully-winged individuals allows a connection of subpopulations or leads to the re-colonisation of suitable habitats.","There are no known conservation measures targeting this species, but it occurs in many protected areas, covering different ranges and habitats. Especially the threatened subpopulations outside of the Alps should be monitored and the nature of the ongoing threats should be investigated. As the Alpine and Fenno-Scandinavian subpopulations seem to be secure so far, research should focus on the central and southeastern European subpopulations.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & Cálix, M.","Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Podisma,ruffoi,,Podisma ruffoi,"Baccetti, 1971",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Reatini Mountain Grasshopper (Podisma ruffoi) is endemic to Italy, and is only found on Monti Reatini in the Central Apennines. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a small geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 300 km²), the population is severely fragmented and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat, in the number of subpopulations and in the number of mature individuals due to tourism and intensive cattle grazing. It might also be affected by climate change, particularly altitudinal shifts of its habitat and temperature extremes. More research is needed its populations trends, ecology and threats. The habitat of this species requires appropriate management and degraded habitat should be restored.",Decreasing,"The Reatini Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to Italy, and is only found on Monti Reatini in the Central Apennines (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 400 km².","The subpopulations of this species are decreasing because of the ongoing alterations of its habitat. The population is considered severely fragmented as the species is flightless, the subpopulations are very small and there is probably no genetic exchange between them.","This medium-sized grasshopper lives on high altitude meadows and rocky slopes at altitudes between 1,400 m and 2,200 m asl, with adults from summer to autumn.","The major threats to this species are intensified cattle grazing and tourism (skiing and summer tourism). It might also be affected by climate change, particularly altitudinal shifts of its habitat and temperature extremes.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in nature reserves. More research is needed its populations trends, ecology and threats. The habitat of this species requires appropriate management and degraded habitat should be restored.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Massa, B., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Podisma,silvestrii,,Podisma silvestrii,"Salfi, 1935",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Sibillini Mountain Grasshopper (Podisma silvestrii) is endemic to Italy, and is only found in the Central Apennines, in Monti Sibillini. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 100 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals due to the intensification of cattle grazing and tourism. This species might also be threatened by climate change, particularly by extreme temperature and habitat shifts. Research is needed into the population trend, ecology and threats. Appropriate habitat management needs to be developed to avoid any future population declines, and degraded habitat should be restored.",Decreasing,"The Sibillini Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to Italy, and is only found in the Central Apennines, in Monti Sibillini (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 100 km².","The population density of this species is very low, and the population trend is decreasing due to habitat alterations. The subpopulations of this species are very small and isolated. As there is probably no genetic exchange between them, the population is considered severely fragmented.","This species lives on high altitude meadows and rocky slopes, at altitudes between 1,680 m and 2,250 m asl, with adults present from summer to autumn.","This species is threatened by intensification of cattle grazing in the area as well as by tourism (mainly skiing). It might also be threatened by climate change, particularly by extreme temperature and habitat shifts.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a nature reserve. Research is needed into the population trend, ecology and threats. Appropriate habitat management needs to be developed to avoid any future population declines, and degraded habitat should be restored.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Massa, B., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Podismopsis,frontalis,,Podismopsis frontalis,"Mishchenko, 1951",,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Bashkortostan Plump Grasshopper is listed as Data Deficient (DD) due to the very scarce knowledge on its distribution, population size, trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed to clarify the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"This species is so far known from two localities in Bashkiria (Republic of Bashkortostan) in eastern European Russia (Bey-Bienko and Mistshenko 1951), and it has been recorded at altitudes between 280 - 600 m. However, it is possibly it is much wider distributed than it is currently known. Its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 50,000 km² and its area of occupancy is 8 km².",The population size and trend of this species is unknown.,"The habitat of this species is unknown, but other species of the genus are found either in forest or grassland habitats.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is not known to occur in protected areas. Research on its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Podismopsis,keisti,,Podismopsis keisti,"(Nadig, 1989)",,Yes,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Keist's Plump Grasshopper (Podismopsis keisti) is endemic to the Churfirstenkette in the Swiss Alps, where it inhabits several summits. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are ca 10 km²), it occurs at a very low number of sites, and changes in land use and climate change could drive it to become Critically Endangered of Extinct in a very short time given its altitudinal limitation. The species should continue to be monitored and further research on the effects of climate change should be carried out. This species does not occur within the EU 28 and is therefore assessed as Not Evaluated at this regional level.",Stable,"Keist's Plump Grasshopper is endemic to the Churfirstenkette in the Swiss Alps, where it inhabits several summits; it was first discovered in the late 1980's by Bruno Keist (Nadig 1989). It is restricted to the upper mountain regions between 1,570 and 2,250 m asl (Baur and Roesti 2006). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both ca 10 km².","There is no available information on the recent population or habitat trend of this species, but it occurs on a well-visited site with plentiful observational data, so an obvious negative trend should have been reported. The population is therefore assumed to be stable.","This species inhabits alpine grasslands and dwarf shrub heaths in subalpine and alpine elevations. Extensive grazing is common in the habitats of this species, and some parts are even used for skiing in the winter. Suitable habitats show a rather closed vegetation cover of grass, herbaceous plants and dwarf shrubs, often interspersed with rocky areas (Baur and Roesti 2006). This species is adapted to cold and moist climates as it is mainly found on the northern slopes of the mountains. Adults are present from July to September, the eggs overwinter. The species is not able to fly, but it has a conspicuous song.","Recent climatic changes, especially in the Alps, result in a continuous increase of the mean temperature and lead to a shift of habitats towards higher elevations (Theurillat and Guisan 2001). As this species already occurs at the highest elevations of the Churfirstenkette there is no further potential to move upwards. The extent of suitable habitat is therefore limited and will probably decline in the future, e.g. due to the rise of the forest line. In addition, the specific preferences of this species for moist and cold climatic conditions are not expected to be available to the same extent as they are at present. Grazing, eutrophication, touristic and skiing activities can also pose threats to this species.",Monitoring of the population trend and habitats should be in place to observe the impact of the threats on this species. This species is not found in any protected areas.,The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & Cálix, M.","Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Podismopsis,poppiusi,,Podismopsis poppiusi,"(Miram, 1906)",,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Poppius' Plump Grasshopper (Podismopsis poppiusi) is distributed from eastern Siberia to the north of European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is widespread, common in northern Russia and the population trend is assumed to be stable. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Stable,Poppius' Plump Grasshopper is distributed from eastern Siberia to the north of European Russia. Records from Finland (Harz 1975) are not confirmed (S. Karjalainen pers. comm. 2015) and are disregarded here.,"This is a common grasshopper species. However, it is flightless and subpopulations are usually small. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented (V. Vedenina pers. comm. 2015). The overall population trend is assumed to be stable.","The genus Podismopsis is found in forests, where it is found in leaf litter and on clearings (Tishechkin 2008).",The major threat to this species is deforestation (V. Vedenina pers. comm. 2015).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is likely to occur in protected areas. More research into its distribution (particularly on its potential occurrence in Finland), population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Vedenina, V., Pushkar, T., Willemse, L.P.M., Sirin, D., Ivkovic, S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Kristin, A. & Skejo, J. Skejo","Kranz, M. & Karjalainen, S.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Podismopsis,relicta,,Podismopsis relicta,"Ramme, 1931",,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Relict Plump Grasshopper is listed as Data Deficient (DD) due to the very scarce knowledge on its distribution, population trend and threats.",Unknown,"This species is known from Hajla Mountain at the border between Montenegro and Kosovo (Harz 1975) and is found between 1,800 and 2,200 m altitude (G. Szövenyi, unpublished records based on samples by F. Willemse). Its known extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 160 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².",There is no information on the population size and trend for this species.,The species occurs in stony sub-alpine meadows on calcareous soil.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is protected in Serbia, and it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its distribution, population trend and threats is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Podismopsis,styriaca,,Podismopsis styriaca,"Koschuh, 2008",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Styrian Plump Grasshopper (Podismopsis styriaca) is endemic to a small area in the eastern Alps of Austria. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since its has a very restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is only 36 km²), it occurs at only one location, and land use changes or habitat shifts due to global warming could drive this species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time. While the effects of climate change may lead to population declines in the future, the subpopulations are well connected by suitable habitat, which are extensively managed, favouring the habitat requirements of this species. However, keeping in mind the potentially massive impact of habitat shifts due to climate change on this endemic species, a monitoring scheme on the population density and altitudinal distribution of this grasshopper is necessary.",Unknown,"The Styrian Plump Grasshopper is endemic to a small area in the eastern Alps of Austria, just recently discovered by Koschuh (2008). It was first described from the Zirbitzkogel, a mountain famous for endemic glacial relict species in the province of Styria. Further research revealed a distribution also reaching southwards to the Hohenwart mountain in Carinthia (Pucher 2014). This species can be found at elevations between 1,743 and 2,124 m asl, but 90% of all records originate from a very narrow range between 1,800 and 2,000 m asl (unpublished data; ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are quite similar and one of the smallest of the grasshoppers endemic to the Alps (47 and 36 km² respectively).","This species is a common grasshoppers in its alpine habitat; more than 40 % of all records of this species state a quantity of ""common"" or ""rather common"" (unpublished data; ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich). It is only known since its discovery in 2007 and so far there is no detectable population trend. The recent discovery of its occurrence in Carinthia reflects the intensive research activity at this site rather than an increase in the occupied area (Pucher 2014).","This species, like the other three European species of this genus, is a characteristic grasshopper of mountain summits, living on wind-exposed, but rather plane slopes, covered by open alpine habitats on crystalline rock (Koschuh 2008). The habitats are mainly Alpine grassland, dominated by Nardus stricta and Carex curvula and typically intermixed with dwarf shrub heath (especially Loiseleuria spp., Vaccinium spp. and Calluna spp.). Alternating dry and wet patches are typical for its habitats where this species favours the moist parts with dense vegetation-cover (Koschuh 2008). The meadows are  extensively grazed by cattle. Adult individuals of this rather ""late"" species can be found between the beginning of August and the beginning of November (unpublished data; ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich).","This species lives in a rather unchanged, extensively managed alpine area, protected by a Natura 2000 site and the ""Naturpark Zirbitzkogel-Grebenzen"". At the moment there are no obvious threats to this species, but in the case of ongoing climate change, going along with a shift of habitats towards higher elevations (Dirnböck et al. 2011), the species could lose substantial parts of its habitat. This species is adapted to moist habitats and the large majority of the records originate from a very narrow elevation range from the mountain tops just 200 m downwards. Taking into account the extent of the effects of climate change and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it could be a good flagship species for the conservation of the very typical alpine grasslands of this region (""Naturpark Zirbitzkogel-Grebenzen""), which are also occupied by the charismatic bird. Eurasian Dotterel (Eudromias morinellus). Keeping in mind the potentially massive impact of habitat shift due to climate change on this endemic species, a monitoring scheme on the population density and altitudinal distribution of this species is necessary.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & Cálix, M.","Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Podismopsis,transsylvanica,,Podismopsis transsylvanica,"Ramme, 1951",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Transylvanian Plump Grasshopper has a very small extent of occurrence (EOO) of 24 km², it is found at a single location and due to the existing threat of overgrazing, a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is projected, as the habitat is also expected to decline. Consequently, the species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR).",Decreasing,"The Transylvanian Plump Grasshopper occurs in a small area in the central part of the southern Carpathians in Romania between 1,700 and 2,200 m altitude (Harz 1975, I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2016). The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) andarea of occupancy (AOO) are both 24 km².","There is no information available on its population size. Based on the ongoing degradation of its habitat as a result of overgrazing, a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is projected.","The species inhabits sub-alpine meadows with Vaccinium associations between 1,700 m and 2,200 m altitude.","The main threat to this species is overgrazing. Based on this threat, the species is found on a single location.","There are no conservation measures in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected area throughout its range. Research on its population size and trend is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,aegaeus,,Poecilimon aegaeus,"Werner, 1932",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Aegean Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon aegaeus) is endemic to Greece, and is found on several islands in the Aegean Sea. It has been reported from a single spot on Euboea, from Skiros which is one of the island of the Northern Sporades and from the Cyclades islands of Andros, Tinos, Siros and Mykonos. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it has a restricted range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6,100 km², area of occupancy (AOO) 300 km²), it is widespread and common in some parts of its range and does not appear to have specific habitat requirements. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and into the threats to this species is required.",Unknown,"The Aegean Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is found on several islands in the Aegean Sea. It has been reported from a single spot on Euboea, from Skiros which is one of the island of the Northern Sporades and from the Cyclades islands of Andros, Tinos, Siros and Mykonos (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6,100 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) 300 km².","There is no available information on the degree to which population densities fluctuate from year to year. Based on field experience, this species may be widespread across all the islands from which it has been recorded (except possibly Euboea, where it may be restricted to the central eastern part of the island). It is common on Andros, and does not seem to have particular habitat preferences which might restrict its AOO. Like other short-winged species of Phaneropterinae, assessments about population densities can be made on sight or by recording males producing calling songs (with or without the use of a bat detector). Until more information is available, it is assumed that the total number of individuals of this species runs into the thousands. There may be large fluctuations between years, and there is no information on the population trend.","Detailed information about habitat preferences and population densities is lacking, but this species does not seem to have particular habitat preferences. It is an early season species requiring lush vegetation of herbs for its  nymphs to feed on. Adults are found on taller herbs such as thistles which  are still abundant somewhat later in the season, and is found from sea level up to 500 m Asl.","Although this species is not restricted to a particular habitat, human activities aimed at developing facilities for the tourist industry, as well as by agricultural activities like livestock farming pose a threat. Bushfires, although rare, may have devastating effects.","No conservation measures are in place for this species but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and into the threats to this species is required.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,affinis,,Poecilimon affinis,"(Frivaldsky, 1867)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Balkan Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon affinis) is widely distributed in mountains of the Balkan Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and assumed to have a stable population trend.",Stable,"The Balkan Bright Bush-cricket is found in large parts of southeastern Europe from Ukraine in the northeast to Greece in the south and Croatia in the north (Chobanov and Heller 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 805,000 km², and ca 400,000 km² in the EU 28.","This species is assumed to have a stable population trend (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). Subpopulations are variable in size (I. Iorgu and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). Due to its occurrence in mountains the population is fragmented (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015), but the fragmentation is not considered severe (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).","This species is found at forest edges, clearings (Iorgu 2012), in meadows and shrubland vegetation (Chobanov et al. 2013). It is found from sea level up to 3,000 m asl.","The major threats to this species are overgrazing, development of touristic infrastructure and afforestation (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Heller, K.-G., Iorgu, I.S., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,albolineatus,,Poecilimon albolineatus,"Ingrisch & Pavicevic, 2010",,Yes,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The White-lined Bright Bush-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) as it appears to be a common species with no indication of a decline, severe fragmentation or extreme fluctuations. However, more research is needed to clarify its taxonomy and population trend.",Unknown,"The White-lined Bright Bush-cricket is known from some mountain ranges of western Montenegro and the eastern parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Ingrisch and Pavicevic 2010, G. Szovenyi and G. Puskas pers. comm. 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 5,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 88 and 600 km².",The current knowledge on this species is scarce. It might be locally common.,"Poecilimon albolineatus occurs roughly between 1,000 and 1,800 m Asl. It lives in montane and sub-alpine semi-dry meadows which are rich in dicotyledonous plants. It feeds on nutritive plant parts like fresh leaves, flowers or green fruits.","This species seems to be relatively widespread and capable to survive in different, even degraded, habitats when the vertical and horizontal structural elements of the vegetation (provided mainly by different herbaceous plants) are present. However, the overgrazing of grasslands and the abandonment of extensive grazing may lead to changes in the vegetation structure, negatively affecting its subpopulations.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its taxonomy and population trend is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,amissus,,Poecilimon amissus,"Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878",,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Lost Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon amissus) is found in Turkey and Greece. In Greece, it is only known from the Aegean island of Lesbos. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,000 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is between 10 and 50 km²), and it occurs at less than ten locations - thus making it close to qualify for listing in a threatened category under Criterion B. Further research into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species is required.",Unknown,"The Lost Bright Bush-cricket is found in Turkey and Greece. Outside of Europe, it is found along the western coast of the Asian part of Turkey. In Greece, it is only known from the Aegean island of Lesbos (Heller et al. 2004, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) between 10 and 50 km².",There is no available information on the population size and trend.,This species is found in shrubland vegetation such as phrygana or road-side vegetation. The two sites where this species was found were both near water and semi-wet. It is found from sea level up to 100 m Asl.,"Wildfires are a potential threat to this species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of wildfires and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at less than ten locations.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species is required.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,ampliatus,,Poecilimon ampliatus,"Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment:Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Enlarged Bright Bush-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) in view of its large range size, the presumably large population and the lack of major threats.",Unknown,"The Enlarged Bright Bush-cricket is known from several countries in the northwestern Balkan Peninsula (along the Adriatic coast from Slovenia to Montenegro and western Serbia) as well as in some isolated localities in southeastern Serbia and southwestern Romania (Heller and Lehmann 2004). The presence of the species in Albania is uncertain. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 250,000 km²(in the EU 28 it is c. 235,000 km²).","There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species. In the western part of its distribution the subpopulations are large. The population is severely fragmented, as it consists of isolated subpopulations with little genetic exchange that may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","The species is found in shrubland vegetation like phrygana, meadows and road-sides at altitudes between 50-2,000 m Asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. The species is protected in Serbia. Research on its population trend and threats is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A. & Heller, K.-G.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,artedentatus,,Poecilimon artedentatus,"Heller, 1984",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Pelopponesian Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon artedentatus) is endemic to Greece, where it is restricted to the central and northern part of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,500 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 2,500 km²), it is widespread throughout its range, there are no known serious threats and the population is unlikely to be declining fast enough for listing in a threatened category. However, detailed information on this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",Unknown,"The Pelopponesian Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is restricted to the central and northern part of the Peloponnesus (Willemse 1982, Willemse 1984, Willemse 1985, Willemse and Willemse 2008, Chobanov and Heller 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,500 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 2,500 km².","This species is probably widespread throughout its range. No information is available on population densities, nor on fluctuations. Being a large Poecilimon species, the overall densities may be lower than for smaller sized species like P. jonicus. Based on the AOO, the overall number of individuals of this species should run into the thousands (possibly tens of thousands) rather than hundreds. There is no information on the population trend.","This is an early season species - adults are found in May and June. Adults are found in places with tall herbal vegetation including ferns and meadows. It is found at elevations of 50-1,200 m Asl.","Threats are mainly related to agriculture and other human activities, like grazing, logging and edge removal, but no studies have been carried out yet to assess the severity of these threats.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Papapavlou, K., Kati, V. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,athos,,Poecilimon athos,"Tilmans, Willemse & Willemse, 1989",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Athos Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon athos) is endemic to Greece, and it has only been recorded from Mt. Athos on the southern tip of the peninsula of Akti on Khalkidhiki, northern Greece. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km²), and wildfires could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Further research into the population size and trend, and into this species' ecology is required. Fire prevention measures should be carried out in order to avoid population declines.",Unknown,"The Athos Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and it has only been recorded from Mt. Athos on the southern tip of the peninsula of Akti on Khalkidhiki, northern Greece (Tilmans et al. 1989). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 20 km².","This species has only been found around Mt. Athos. In the area where it is found, it is not rare and is encountered in high numbers. An estimate of the total number of individuals runs into the thousands rather than hundreds. There is no information on the population trend.","This species is found on open slopes covered with low shrubs and herbs (e.g., Sambucus ebulus), at elevations of 600-2,000 m Asl.","Threats related to human activities that apply to most parts of Greece do not seem to apply to the peninsula, which is a closed community of monks. Travelling into Athos is restricted; only a limited number of tourists are allowed in, each year. However, there is a threat of accidental wildfires, which occur occasionally in Athos.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Further research into the population size and trend, and into this species' ecology is required. Fire prevention measures should be carried out in order to avoid population declines.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,bidens,,Poecilimon bidens,"Retowski, 1889",,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Two-toothed Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon bidens) is distributed along a rather narrow area from 100-150 km northwest of Istanbul in European Turkey, to about 100 km east of Istanbul in the Asian part of Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,500 km²), it is widespread and common throughout its range, the population is assumed to be large, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. This species does not occur within the EU 28.",Stable,"The Two-toothed Bright Bush-cricket is distributed along a rather narrow area from 100-150 km northwest of Istanbul in European Turkey, to about 100 km east of Istanbul in the Asian part of Turkey (Ünal 2005, Ünal 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,500 km².","It is uncertain, whether this species is still present in the Istanbul region, which has been heavily affected by urbanization (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). In the Kirklareli region, it is still common and the population is assumed to be stable. Detailed information on the population density is lacking. No information is available on the degree to which population densities fluctuate from year to year. Like other short-winged species of Phaneropterinae, density estimates can be made through sightings or by recording males producing calling songs (with or without the use of a bat detector). Until more information is available, it is assumed that the total number of individuals of this species in the European region runs in the thousands. It may be more common than it has been recorded so far, and it is assumed to be widespread.","This species is found on shrubby vegetation in open forests (Quercus spp. and Rosa spp.), and is found at elevations of 160-895 m Asl.",The major potential threat to this species is urbanization in the Istanbul region and overgrazing. It may also be threatened by wildfires.,"No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected areas. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A. & Sirin, D.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,bischoffi,,Poecilimon bischoffi,"Ramme, 1933",,No,NT,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) 
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Bischoff's Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon bischoffi) occurs in Anatolia and has also been reported from Crimea. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe since its known extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km² with an upper estimate of 50 km², and it is considered to occur at only one location; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. The threats to this species are not well studied but it is likely to be threatened by changes in land use, such as transformation of its habitat into farmland, vineyards and touristic development. Research into its population trend is required and the taxonomic status of the Crimean subpopulations needs to be studied, as it may represent a unique species. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Unknown,"Bischoff's Bright Bush-cricket occurs in northeastern Anatolia. It is also known from a single locality in southern Crimea (Kaya et al. 2012, D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). This species' known extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km² with an upper estimate of 50 km².",Nothing is known on the population size or trend of this species. Given that it has been found only at one locality it is assumed to be very rare on Crimea.,The habitat of this species on Crimea is the undergrowth of a deciduous forest at 765 m altitude at the southern slope of the Crimean mountains (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).,"The threats to this species are not well studied but it is likely to be threatened by changes in land use, such as transformation of its habitat into farmland, vineyards and touristic development. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of farming and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","There are no conservation measures in place for the species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. More research on its taxonomy is needed as the population on Crimea might represent an unsubscribed species. Research into its population trend is also required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Sirin, D., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.",,,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,bosphoricus,,Poecilimon bosphoricus,"Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878",,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

In Europe, the Bosporus Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon bosphoricus) is only known from three localities in European Turkey. Its taxonomic status is uncertain, and it may be a synonym of other genetically similar species (Poecilimon bidens, P. istanbul and P. miramae). This species is assessed as Data Deficient in Europe due to the lack of data on the population size and trend, and further research is needed to assess its extinction risk. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Unknown,"The Bosporus Bright Bush-cricket occurs in northwestern Anatolia and European Turkey (Kaya et al. 2012). Only three localities have been reported from Europe so far (Kaya et al. 2012). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 20 and 50 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,000 km².","In Turkey, the species has been reported as a pest (Tutkun 1981) and it shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. Only three subpopulations are known in Europe. The population size and trend are unknown.","This species is found in mesic shrubland and undergrowth, such as Sambucus ebulus, Quercus spp. and Rubus spp. (D. Chobanov and D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015).","The main threats to this species are insecticides, deforestation, road construction and urbanisation (D. Chobanov and D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. More research into its taxonomy and population size and trend is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Sirin, D., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,brunneri,,Poecilimon brunneri,"(Frivaldsky, 1867)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Brunner's Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon brunneri) has a wide distribution on the Balkan Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, has a large population size, and although the population is very fragmented in the northern part of its range, it is much more common and less fragmented in the south. However, the population trend is decreasing and further research into it is needed.",Decreasing,"Brunner's Bright Bush-cricket is widely distributed on the southeastern Balkan Peninsula. It has an isolated subpopulation in Hungary and occurs from mid Serbia and southwestern Romania to northern Greece (including the northern Aegean Islands) and European Turkey. It probably also occurs in Moldova and the southwest of the Ukraine. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 592,000 km², and ca 540,000 km² in the EU 28.","In the north of its range (Hungary, Romania, Serbia) subpopulations of this species are usually small and fragmented (I. Iorgu, S. Ivkovic and G. Szövényi pers. comm. 2015), while they are large in Bulgaria, eastern Macedonia and European Turkey (D. Chobanov and D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). One of the largest subpopulations in Hungary is currently affected by construction of new houses (G. Szövényi pers. comm. 2015) and in southeastern Serbia (around Niš) the species has declined due to urbanization (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015). A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is therefore inferred.","This species occurs in dry and mesic grassland habitats (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008). At the northwestern range border it is only found in dry habitats, such as steppes (G. Szövényi and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015). It has very low mobility (Vári and Szövényi 2005, 2007). In the southern part of its range it is also found in ruderal vegetation (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015) and moist habitats (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). It is found from the lowlands up to 1,300 m asl (as an exception the species was reported from 1,750 m asl in the Rhodope Mountains).","The major threats to this species are abandonment (and encroachment of bushes), transformation of grassland into farmland and urbanisation (G. Szövényi and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015). Near agricultural areas, pesticides may also pose a threat (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015).","This species is classified as Least Concern on the Red List of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014), and as Data Deficient on the Carpathian Red List (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). In Hungary, it is strictly protected and one subpopulation occurs in a nature reserve in which grassland restoration has recently been started by a LIFE+ project. More research into its population trend is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Szovenyi, G., Chobanov, D.P., Sirin, D., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Ivkovic, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Kristin, A., Pushkar, T. & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,chopardi,,Poecilimon chopardi,"Ramme, 1933",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Chopard's Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon chopardi) is endemic to Greece and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since there are no indications of decline.",Unknown,"Chopard's Bright Bush-cricket is known from the Greek mainland and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is between 170 and 1,700 km² and in the EU 28 between 160 and 1,600 km². Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 18,700 km², and ca 18,100 km² in the EU 28.",The subpopulations of this species are often small (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015) but not considered severely fragmented (L. Willemse pers. comm. 2016). The population trend is unknown.,"This species occurs in mesic to dry grassland and shrubland (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015), and forest edges in dense herbaceous vegetation (Lemonnier-Darcemont and Darcemont pers. comm.).",A potential threat to this species is overgrazing (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for the species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,cretensis,,Poecilimon cretensis,"Werner, 1903",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Cretan Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon cretensis) is endemic to Greece, and is found on the island of Crete. It is also present in the islands of Dia, Dionisades and Elasa, north of Crete. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8,500 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 5,000 km²) and the population size is assumed to be very large. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",Unknown,"The Cretan Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is found on the island of Crete (Willemse and Kruseman 1976, Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008). It is also present in the islands of Dia, Dionisades and Elasa, north of Crete. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca 8,500 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 5,000 km².","This species is widespread across the entire island of Crete. Population densities may vary from very low to high. It is unknown, whether or not there are yearly fluctuations, how big these are and what causes them. Based on the size of the AOO, it is estimated that the number of individuals across Crete runs in the tens of thousands rather than thousands. There is no information on the population trend.","This species does not seem to be restricted to a particular vegetation or habitat type. Like other Bright Bush-cricket species, this bush-cricket is an early season species. Its nymphs are most probably dependent on sufficient fresh herbal vegetation to feed upon. The adults, somewhat later in the season, are often found in vegetation types which besides herbal elements consist of a dense cover of prickly bushes in which they tend to hide. This species is found at elevations of 10-1,700 m Asl.","This species occurs in areas which are of no direct interest to humans except as grazing areas. The most likely threats to this species are heavy grazing by sheep and goats, and bushfires.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,deplanatus,,Poecilimon deplanatus,"Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Dodecanese Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon deplanatus) is endemic to Greece, where it is known to occur in Kasos, Karpathos and Kos (its presence in Kos needs to be confirmed), and three of the Dodecanese islands in the southeastern part of the Aegean Sea. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,150 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 200 km²), it is locally quite common, the population size is estimated to be large, and is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. However, livestock grazing and bushfires could pose a threat. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",Unknown,"The Dodecanese Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is known to occur in Kasos, Karpathos and Kos (its presence in Kos needs to be confirmed), and three of the Dodecanese islands in the southeastern part of the Aegean Sea (Willemse 1984, Heller et al. 2011). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at 2,150 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 200 km².","This species is widespread across Kasos and Karpathos, and is found from sea level up to 900 m Asl. Its presence is described as quite common (Heller et al. 2011). It is uncertain whether or not there are yearly fluctuations, how big these are and what causes them. Based on the size of the AOO, it is estimated that the number of individuals across the three islands runs into the thousands rather than hundreds. There is no information on the population trend.","There is no available information on the habitat and ecology of this species. Its habitat is most probably similar to that of other species of Poecilimon found on islands across the Aegean Sea. They are early season species, allowing the nymphs to feed on the abundant herbal vegetation. The adults are found on small shrubs (Cistus spp.) or thorny bushes in which they hide. This species is found from sea level up to 900 m Asl.","This species is found in areas which are of no direct interest to humans except for grazing livestock. The most likely threats for this bush-cricket are posed by overgrazing by goats and sheep, and by bushfires.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. It is also necessary to confirm the presence of this species on the island of Kos. There is reason to believe that the record from Kos was based a result of mislabeling.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,ebneri,,Poecilimon ebneri,"Ramme, 1933",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

Ebner's Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon ebneri) is found in northern Greece, the south of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, southern Bulgaria and Albania. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is between 100 and 600 km², and between 60 and 500 km² in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals due to the introduction of cattle into mountains (which leads to transformation of its habitat). Research into the threats and population trend is needed. Introduction of cattle grazing in its habitat needs to be avoided or replaced by traditional sheep grazing.",Decreasing,"Ebner's Bright Bush-cricket is known from the southern Balkan Peninsula (Albania, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Greece, Bulgaria) (Heller and Lehmann 2004). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is between 100 and 700 km², and between 60 and 500 km² in the EU 28. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 41,400 km², and ca 18,000 km² in the EU 28.","The population size of this species has probably decreased in the last few decades and a continuing decline is inferred from the degradation of its habitat (Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). Subpopulations of this species are usually small and very isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented.",This species is found in mesic forest edges and subalpine meadows.,Introduction of cattle into mountains is a major threat to this species as it leads to transformation of its habitat (Lemonnier-Darcemont 2015).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. The species is listed as Near Threatened on the Red List of the FYR Macedonia (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). Research into the threats and population trend is needed. Introduction of cattle grazing in its habitat needs to be avoided or replaced by traditional sheep grazing.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Chobanov, D.P., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,ege,,Poecilimon ege,"Ünal, 2005",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Ege Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon ege) is found on the island of Samos in Greece, and in the neighboring Anatolian mainland, in Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 630 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 478 km²), it is widespread and common on Samos and the overall population size is estimated to be large. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",Unknown,"The Ege Bright Bush-cricket is found on the island of Samos in Greece, and in the neighboring Anatolian mainland, in Turkey (Ünal 2005, Heller et al. 2008, Willemse and Willemse, 2008 as P. syriacus). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 630 km², and its maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 478 km².","This species is widespread across Samos. It is uncertain whether or not there are yearly fluctuations, how big these are and what causes them. Based on the size of AOO it is estimated that the number of individuals across the island runs in the thousands rather than hundreds. There is no information on the population trend.","This species is found in shrubland vegetation such as phrygana and road-side vegetation, and it is found from sea level up to 500 m Asl.",The threats to this species remain unknown.,"No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,elegans,,Poecilimon elegans,"Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,The Elegant Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon elegans) is endemic to Europe and occurs from northeastern Italy to Croatia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite common and the subpopulations are well connected. More research into its population trend and threats is needed.,Unknown,"The Elegant Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Europe and occurs from northeastern Italy via Slovenia to northern Croatia (Ingrisch and Pavicevic 2010, Massa et al. 2012, Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 25,000 km².",The subpopulations of this species are usually small (R. Kleukers and F. Rutschmann pers. comm. 2016) but the population is not fragmented. The population trend is unknown but this bush-cricket is quite common.,The species is found in bushes and forbs in grassland habitats (Massa et al. 2012).,The major threat to this species is transformation of its grassland habitat into farmland (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2016).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it  occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend and  threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Puskas, G., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,erimanthos,,Poecilimon erimanthos,"Willemse & Heller, 1992",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Erimanthos Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon erimanthos) is endemic to Greece, and is found in a small area in the northwestern part of the Peloponnesus, from the western and southern slopes of Mt. Erimanthos, down to the lowlands of northern Ilia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 540 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 250 km²) and the population size is estimated to be large. However, it may be locally threatened by bushfires, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",Unknown,"The Erimanthos Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is found in a small area in the northwestern part of the Peloponnesus, from the western and southern slopes of Mt. Erimanthos down to the lowlands of northern Ilia (Willemse and Heller 1992). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 540 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 250 km².","There is no available information about the population density of this species, but it is reasonable to assume that in all the localities from which it has been recorded, there are at least some hundreds of individuals. The total number of individuals likely runs into the thousands rather than the hundreds. There is no information on the population trend.","Like most species of Poecilimon, this species does not seem to have a narrow ecological niche and is  found where there is sufficient herbal vegetation to provide food for the nymphs in the early season. This species has been recorded on thistles, blackberry bushes, Astragalus spp. and even in a marshy spot. This species is found at elevations of 150-1,100 m Asl.",Locally the species might be negatively affected by bushfires.,"No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,fussii,,Poecilimon fussii,"Fieber, 1878",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
Fuss' Bright Bush-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) due to its wide distribution with a large extent of occurrence (EOO) and the wide global population size.",Unknown,"Fuss' Bright Bush-cricket occurs in northwestern and western Bulgaria, northern Serbia, northeastern Croatia, parts of western and northern Hungary, southeastern Slovakia and western Romania (Bey-Bienko 1954, Harz 1969, Chobanov 2009, Szövenyi and Puskas 2012). Former reported localities in Poland and Ukraine concern P. ukrainicus. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 340,000 km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 330,000 km².",Subpopulations of this species are usually dense. In the northwestern edge of its range the subpopulations are more fragmented. The current population trend is unknown.,"This species prefers open mesic to semi-dry grassland habitats, as well as forest edges and clearings from the lowlands up to 1,500 m Asl.","The species is affected by habitat change as a result of residential development, transformation of grassland into farmland, overgrazing, land abandonment and the use of insecticides.",The species is protected in Hungary and Slovakia and it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is required.,This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,gerlindae,,Poecilimon gerlindae,"Lehmann, Willemse & Heller, 2006",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Gerlind's Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon gerlindae) is endemic to Greece, and it was described in 2006 from a number of localities in a small area in the eastern part of the Greek mainland, on the edge of Thessaly and Sterea Ellas. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,500 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 500 km²), it is found in a variety of habitats and the population size is estimated to be very large. However, threats derived from agricultural practices may affect this species, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",Unknown,"The Gerlind's Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and it was described in 2006 from a number of localities in a small area in the eastern part of the Greek mainland, on the edge of Thessaly and Sterea Ellas (Lehmann et al. 2006). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,500 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 500 km².","There are no references as to the numbers ofP. gerlindae in their natural habitat. Based on general field experience with this group and the size of the AOO, it is assumed (preliminary) that the total number of individuals of this species runs into the thousands rather than the hundreds. There is no information on the population trend.","This species inhabits road verges and dry stony hillsides. In early spring these habitats are green due to the spring rain, turning brown very quickly.P. gerlindae seems to be adapted to these habitats, with two other species ofPoecilimon, P. mariannae andP. veluchianus, being adapted to woodlands and wetter plains, respectively. As a result of living in hotter and drier habitats, adults of this species appear two weeks earlier than those of P. mariannae. The availability of appropriate plant material is a key requisite for the occurrence ofP. gerlindae as well asP. mariannae andP. veluchianus, which apparently have picked their own ecological niche by habitat choice and timing of their seasonal occurrence (Lehmann et al. 2006). This species is found at elevations of 100-1,100 m Asl.","As the species is found close to, and amidst agricultural areas, threats derived from agricultural activities may be more likely for this species than for other species of Poecilimon, which tend to be found in more remote habitats.","No conservation measures are in place for this species but it is found in at least one protected area. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,gracilioides,,Poecilimon gracilioides,"Willemse & Heller, 1992",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,v)",No,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v)",EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Epiros Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon gracilioides) is found in the northwestern part of the Pindos mountain range situated in Epirus and Thessaly, mainland Greece as well as in the adjoining part of southern Albania. This species is assessed as Endangered both in Europe and in the EU 28 since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) in the EU 28 is ca 2,400 km², the area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 100-300 km², and ca 100 km² in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the area of occupancy, in the area, extent and quality of the habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals due to grazing by sheep and cattle. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required. In addition, proper management of the land use (particularly the grazing regime) is needed to avoid any future population declines.",Decreasing,"The Epiros Bright Bush-cricket is found in the northwestern part of the Pindos mountain range situated in Epirus and Thessaly, mainland Greece (Willemse and Heller 1992, Willemse and Willemse 2008) as well as in the adjoining part of southern Albania (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is estimated at ca 7,600 km² (in the EU 28 ca 2,400 km²) , and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 100-300 km² (in the EU 28 ca 100 km²).","This species occurs quite locally and is not numerous. Neither the population size nor the population trend are known. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented. There is an inferred continuing decline is in the area of occupancy, in the area, extent and quality of habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals as a result of grazing.","The habitat where this short-winged species has been found consisted of rocky mountain slopes between 1,350 and 1,850 m Asl, covered by a rather rich vegetation of low shrubs, herbs and grasses. On Mt. Tzoumerka the species was mainly found on leaves ofHelleborus spp. together with some other species ofPoecilimon: P. ornatus, P. jonicus, P. zimmeri andP. veluchianus.","The habitat where this species is found (mountain slopes higher than 1,350 m Asl) is used during the summer by shepherds to graze sheep, and in recent years also cattle. Grazing poses a threat to this and a few other species occurring in, and dependent on, similar habitats.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required. In addition, proper management of the land use (particularly the grazing regime) is needed to avoid any future population declines.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Heller, K.-G., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,gracilis,,Poecilimon gracilis,"(Fieber, 1853)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Slender Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon gracilis) has a relatively large distribution and occurs over a wide range of altitudes with moderate fragmentation of its population. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 210,000 km² and there is no indication of extreme fluctuations or a continuing decline. Thus, the species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The Slender Bright Bush-cricket occurs along the east coast of the Adriatic Sea from southern Austria to northern Greece (Chobanov and Heller 2010). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 210,000 km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 190,000 km².",The number of individuals in the subpopulations is usually low. The population trend is unknown.,"The species is found in shrubland vegetation and it occurs in mesic sub-alpine meadows, albeit rarely. It can also be found in forests and forest edges. Its altitudinal range is from sea level up to 2,200 m Asl.",Deforestation can pose a threat to this species.,There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. It occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend and threats is required.,This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A. & Heller, K.-G.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,hamatus,,Poecilimon hamatus,"Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Hooked Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon hamatus) is found in Turkey and Greece. Outside of Europe, this species is found in western Turkey. In Greece, this species is only known from some of the eastern Aegean Islands including Rhodes and Samos, and it has also been recorded in Lesbos. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 15,500 km²), it is widespread and common throughout Rhodes and the population size is estimated to be very large - in spite of the fact that wildfires are very common in Rhodes. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and into the threats to this species is required.",Unknown,"The Hooked Bright Bush-cricket is found in Turkey and Greece. Outside of Europe, this species is found in western Turkey. In Greece, this species is only known from some of the eastern Aegean Islands including Rhodes and Samos (Willemse and Willemse 2008, Heller et al. 2011), and it has also been recorded in Lesbos. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 15,500 km².","There is no available information on the population size and trend, but this species is widespread and common across Rhodes. It is uncertain whether or not there are yearly fluctuations, how big these are and what causes them. It is estimated that the number of individuals across the islands runs into the thousands rather than hundreds.","This species is found in bushes such as phrygana or road-side vegetation and is found from sea level up to 1,000 m Asl.",Wildfires are a potential threat as they are very common in Rhodes.,"No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and into the threats to this species is required.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,heinrichi,,Poecilimon heinrichi,"(Ramme, 1951)",,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
Heinrich's Bright Bush-cricket has a small extent of occurrence (EOO), which is c. 3,650 km² in pan-Europe and c. 2,100 km² in the EU 28, and a small area of occupancy (AOO), which is 200-500 km² in pan-Europe and 150-400 km² in the EU 28. The threat of recently expanding wood logging in the area for wood and charcoal production is causing a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. As it is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B, the species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT). There is no severe fragmentation observed.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Strandzha (Istranca) Mountains in southeastern Bulgaria and northeastern European Turkey (Kaya et al. 2012). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 3,650 km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 2,100 km². Its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 200 and 500 km², and in the EU 28 it is c. 150-400 km².",The population size and trend of this species is unknown.,"This species typically inhabits mesophytic undergrowth in the Pontic type vegetation of the Strandzha Mountains, dominated by Fagus sylvatica orientalis and Quercus spp. between 200 and 800 m Asl. It prefers shady places where it lives on a variety of tall herbs (e.g. Sambucus, Urtica), as well as on low branches of bushes and trees.","Deforestation has been recently increasing in Strandzha Mountains, which is a national park, and this can pose a threat to the species.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend and threats is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,heroicus,,Poecilimon heroicus,"Stshelkanovtzev, 1911",,No,NT,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The population of the Heroic Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon heroicus) is severely fragmented.  There is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy, extent and quality of the habitat, number of  subpopulations and number  of mature individuals. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 2,000 and 4,000 km², and as it is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B, it is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT).",Decreasing,"The Heroic Bright Bush-cricket occurs in the northern part of the Caucasus, eastern Ukraine and central European Russia (Bey-Bienko 1954, Heller et al. 2006). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 200,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 2,000 and 4,000 km².","Subpopulations of Poecilimon heroicus are very small with little genetic exchange between them, thus that may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. There is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. The species is more common outside the European area.","The species is found in meadows and shrubland vegetation at altitudes between 500-1,500 m.","The major threats to this species are the transformation of its habitat into farmland, the use of pesticides and fires (including intentional firing of crop fields and their surrounding land).","There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. More research on its distribution, population trends and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Heller, K.-G. & Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,hoelzeli,,Poecilimon hoelzeli,"Harz, 1966",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Macedonian Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon hoelzeli) is found in a small area running from the central and northern part of the Greek mainland (Thessaly and Macedonia) to the southwestern corner of Bulgaria and in southeastern Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia). This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread throughout its range (extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 18,000 km², and ca 16,000 km² in the EU 28 region), the population size is assumed to be large, and although it is likely to be affected by overgrazing and bushfires, the population is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required.",Unknown,"The Macedonian Bright Bush-cricket is found in a small area running from the central and northern part of the Greek mainland (Thessaly and Macedonia) to the southwestern corner of Bulgaria (Willemse 1984, Willemse 1985, Willemse and Willemse 2008, Chobanov and Heller 2010) and in southeastern Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia) (Chobanov and Heller 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 18,000 km², and ca 16,000 km² in the EU 28 region.","There is no available information on the population size of this species, and the number of individuals per subpopulation is difficult to quantify. However, numbers should be quite high - in the hundreds or even thousands at any one location rather than in the tens, based on the fact that one can hear quite a lot of males producing a calling song when walking through their habitat. As the extent of occurrence is quite large the overall population of the species may well be more than 10,000 individuals. There is no available information on the population trend.","This species usually inhabits mountainous areas. Little else is known about its particular habitat requirements. It is one of the species belonging to thePoecilimon ornatus group, which are all found in similar habitats along forest edges and in clearings with tall herbs. It is found at elevations of 100-2,000 m Asl.","This species inhabits mountainous areas which as a rule are outside the agricultural areas. However, part of such areas are used for grazing cattle, sheep and goats. In addition, bushfires are also a threat.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required.",The species is not being used nor traded in any way.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,ikariensis,,Poecilimon ikariensis,"Willemse, 1982",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Ikaria Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon ikariensis) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from the island of Ikaria in the eastern part of the Aegean Sea. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it only occurs at three locations, and wildfires could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper habitat management, particularly with respect to fire and grazing, is needed to avoid population declines.",Unknown,"The Ikaria Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from the island of Ikaria in the eastern part of the Aegean Sea, 19 km southwest of the island of Samos (Willemse 1984, Willemse 1985, Heller et al. 2011). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 310 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 100 km².","This species is currently only known from the island of Ikaria. There is no available information on the population size and trend, or on this species' subpopulations.","This species' habitat and ecology have not been documented. In the publications in which the three localities where this species is found on Ikaria were summarized, the habitat/ecology was not mentioned. It is assumed to occur in shrubland, similarly to other species in the same genus, and is found at elevations of 270-600 m Asl.","Our knowledge about this species is quite limited, and this extends to the possible threats it may be facing. However, some threats such as wildfires, farming and livestock grazing are thought to negatively influence the natural habitats of the island. Taking into account the extent of the effects of wildfires and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at three locations.","No conservation measures are in place for this species and it has not been documented in any protected areas. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper habitat management, particularly with respect to fire and grazing, is needed to avoid population declines.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,intermedius,,Poecilimon intermedius,"(Fieber, 1853)",,No,LC,,No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Intermediate Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon intermedius) occurs from Austria and the Czech Republic over Hungary, Romania and Moldova to eastern European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is widespread and very common in Russia. In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Endangered since its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 130 and 600 km² (most likely below 500 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. The main threats to this species are burning of grasslands, transformation of its habitat into intensive agricultural land, afforestation and overgrowth by bushes due to abandonment. Appropriate grassland management is needed to avoid any further population declines. The species benefits from extensive grassland use (late mowing, bush cutting, extensive grazing) in protected areas. More research into its population trend is needed.",Decreasing,"The Intermediate Bright Bush-cricket occurs from Austria and the Czech Republic over Hungary, Romania and Moldova to eastern European Russia. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 2.5 million km², and ca 130,000 km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is between 130 and 600 km².","The subpopulations of this species are usually small (I. Iorgu, A. Kristin and J. Holusa pers. comm. 2015), but can reach high densities locally (G. Szövényi pers. comm. 2015). The subpopulations in the EU 28 are very isolated and therefore the population is considered severely fragmented (I. Iorgu, J. Holusa, A. Kristin and G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2015). There is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations in the EU 28 (I. Iorgu, J. Holusa and G. Szövényi pers. comm. 2015). In Russia the species is still common and can reach very high densities (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2015).","This species occurs in mesic to dry grassland habitats and forest clearings (I. Iorgu, A. Kristin and J. Holusa pers. comm. 2015). It is mainly found in steppic habitats and rocky grassland. It feeds on dicotyledons, mainly on their flowers and young leaves (G. Szövényi pers. comm. 2015).","The main threats to this species are burning of grasslands, transformation of its habitat into intensive agricultural land, afforestation and overgrowth by bushes due to abandonment (G. Szövenyi and J. Holusa pers. comm. 2015).","On the Carpathian Red List this species is listed as Vulnerable, as Endangered in Slovakia, Vulnerable in the Czech Republic and Hungary, and Data Deficient  in Romania (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). It is protected in Hungary but no special conservation measures focus on it. Appropriate grassland management is needed to avoid any further population declines. The species benefits from extensive grassland use (late mowing, bush cutting, extensive grazing) in protected areas (G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2015). More research into its population trend is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Szovenyi, G., Holusa, J., Kristin, A., Korsunovskaya, O., Willemse, L.P.M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Pushkar, T., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Sirin, D. & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,istanbul,,Poecilimon istanbul,"Ünal, 2010",This species is in need of a taxonomic study as it is quite similar to P. bosphoricus and P. bidens (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015).,Yes,VU,D2,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Istanbul Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon istanbul) is endemic to European Turkey, where it was described in 2010. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it occurs at only two locations, and urbanization in its range could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Research is needed to fill some gaps in our knowledge on habitat requirements, life history and ecology, population characteristics (size; changes) and (possible) threats and their impact. Taxonomic research is also needed to confirm this species' status, especially compared to closely allied species. To avoid any future population declines, further urbanization in the Istanbul region needs to be thoroughly planned.

It does not occur within the EU 28.",Unknown,"The Istanbul Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to European Turkey, from where it was described in 2010 (Ünal 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 270 km².","This species is only known from European Turkey, where it was discovered in 2010. No detailed documentation is as yet available on the subpopulation(s) of this species. Neither the population size nor the population trend are known.",There is no documentation on the habitat or ecology of this species.,"The threats to this species are little understood. However, it is likely to be affected by urbanization near Istanbul. Taking into account the extent of the effects of urbanization and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at only two locations.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed to fill some gaps in our knowledge on habitat requirements, life history and ecology, population characteristics (size; changes) and (possible) threats and their impact. Taxonomic research is also needed to confirm this species' status, especially compared to closely allied species, and an analysis of the sound recordings would be extremely helpful. To avoid any future population declines, further urbanization in the Istanbul region needs to be thoroughly planned.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A. & Sirin, D.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,jablanicensis,,Poecilimon jablanicensis,"Chobanov & Heller, 2010",,Yes,NT,,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Jablanica Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon jablanicensis) is endemic to the Jablanica Mountains in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia  (FYRO Macedonia), and probably Albania. It has a small extent of occurrence (EOO estimated to be 66-130 km²) and area of occupancy (AOO estimated to be 44-66 km²). The species occurs in only one location. Climate change or changes in land use are possible threats that may affect its population. As the species is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B, it is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT).",Unknown,"The species is known only from the Jablanica Mountains, in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia) and the neighbouring Albanian territory (where its presence has not been proven) (Chobanov and Heller 2010). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 66 and 130 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 44 and 66 km².",The population is large but the population trend is unknown.,"The species is found in mesic montane and subalpine meadows, where it lives on herbs. Its altitudinal range is 1,800-2,100 m Asl.","As this species is only known from one mountain, it may be affected in the future by climate change or changes in land use. Based on the threat of climate change, there is only one location.","There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. It is assessed as Near Threatened on the Red List of the FYRO Macedonia (Lemmonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). Research on its population trend and threats is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A. & Heller, K.-G.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,jonicus,,Poecilimon jonicus,"(Fieber, 1853)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Ionian Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon jonicus) occurs in the southwestern part of the Balkans from Montenegro to the south of the Peloponnesus and in large parts of Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite widespread and common. In addition, subpopulations are quite large and well connected and only local threats have been reported.",Unknown,"The Ionian Bright Bush-cricket occurs in the southwestern part of the Balkans from Montenegro to the south of the Peloponnesus and in large parts of Italy (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 561,000 km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 550,000 km².  There are four subspecies; Poecilimon j. jonicus, Poecilimon j. lobulatus, Poecilomon j. superbus and Poecilimon j. tessellatus.",This species is quite widespread and common (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2015) and can build large subpopulations (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016). The population trend is unknown.,This species lives in high forbs and bushes in grasslands and forests (Massa et al. 2012).,Wildfires may locally affect this species along the Adriatic coast (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,klausgerhardi,,Poecilimon klausgerhardi,"Fontana, 2004",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Andros Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon klausgerhardi) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from the Greek Cyclades Islands of Andros and Tinos in the Aegean Sea. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 575 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 300 km²), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat of the species due to wildfires - thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. Detailed information on this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",Unknown,"The Andros Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from the Greek Cyclades islands of Andros and Tinos in the Aegean Sea (Fontana 2004, Willemse and Willemse 2008, Heller et al. 2011). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 575 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 300 km².","This species was only described in 2004. It is quite widespread across the islands, at times and at particular places (for instance around Ormos, Andros), reaching high population densities with many individuals found per square meter while at other localities densities are low. Neither the population size nor the population trend are known, but it is widespread and quite common across its range.","No detailed information is available on the habitat and ecology of this species. In publications in which the localities for this species were summarised, the habitat/ecology was not mentioned. One of the habitats in which this species was found, common throughout Andros and Tinos, are open hills covered with Cistus species and Astragalus species. It is not known whether this is the only type of habitat in which this species is found. This species is found at elevations of 150-450 m Asl.","Our knowledge about this species is quite limited, and that extends to the possible threats it may be facing. However, wildfires are thought to negatively influence the natural habitats of the islands where this species occurs.","This species has only recently been discovered and described (Fontana 2004), and it is known to be present in protected areas. Detailed information on this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,laevissimus,,Poecilimon laevissimus,"(Fischer, 1853)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Transionian Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon laevissimus) occurs in the west of the Peloponnesus, the Ionian Islands and the southwestern Greek mainland as well as in the northeast of Sicily. On Sicily it might have been introduced by humans during the Greek colonisation of the island. This species is assessed as Least Concern since in Greece it is quite widespread and the subpopulations are usually large.",Unknown,"The Transionian Bright Bush-cricket occurs in the west of the Peloponnesus, the Ionian Islands and the southwestern Greek mainland as well as in the northeast of Sicily (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008, Massa et al. 2012). On Sicily it might have been introduced by humans, e.g. during the Greek colonisation of the island (K.-G. Heller pers. comm. 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 42,700 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 2,000 km².","In Greece, this species is quite widespread and the subpopulations are usually large, whereas in Sicily it is quite rare and subpopulations are usually small. Altogether the population is not considered severely fragmented and the population trend is unknown.","This species is found in bushes and tall grass, often in ecotone habitats (Massa et al. 2012).",This species may be affected by the increasing frequency of wildfires and the use of pesticides (K.-G. Heller pers. comm. 2016).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its distribution, population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Heller, K.-G., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,macedonicus,,Poecilimon macedonicus,"Ramme, 1926",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Macedonian Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon macedonicus) is found in the northern part of Greece and southern Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and there is no evidence of decline. However, the population trend is unknown and further research into it is needed.",Unknown,"The Macedonian Bright Bush-cricket occurs in the northern part of Greece and southern FYR Macedonia. Its occurrence in Bulgaria is uncertain (Popov 2007). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 33,000 km², and ca 27,500 km²  in the EU 28. Its known area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 230 km² with an upper estimate of 2,000 km², and in the EU 28 the known AOO is 184 km² with an upper estimate of 1,800 km²",The population of this species is fragmented but the fragmentation is not considered severe (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). Sub populations are of variable size and the population trend is unknown.,"This species is found on mesic to dry grassland, on clearings, edges of deciduous forest and overgrown wasteland (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015).It is also found in steppe-like habitats (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).","The major threats to this species are wildfires, deforestation and the use of pesticides (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,mariannae,,Poecilimon mariannae,"Heller, 1988",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Marianne's Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon mariannae) is endemic to Greece, where it is found on the mainland in Thessaly and Central Greece. This species is assessed as Least Concern, since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,100 km²), it is widespread, common, and even abundant at places. In addition, even though large areas of its range are used for agricultural purposes it does not seem to be affected by these activities. Detailed information on this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",Decreasing,"The Marianne's Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is found on the mainland in Thessaly and central Greece (Willemse and Heller 1992). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 2,100 km².","This species has been described in 1992. Within its range, it has been reported to be common and in some places abundant. Neither the population size nor the population trend are known.",The species was found on thistles and other plants along the roadside and in adjacent fields. It is restricted to plains and plateaus (K-G. Heller pers. comm. 2015). It is found at elevation of 100-400 m Asl.,"This species occurs in plains which are used for agricultural purposes and in adjoining hills. However, the threats to this species remain unknown.","This species has recently been discovered and described (Willemse and Heller 1992), and it is known to occur in protected areas. Detailed information on this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,marmaraensis,,Poecilimon marmaraensis,"Naskrecki, 1991",,No,VU,B2ac(iv),No,CR,B2ac(iv),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

The Marmara Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon marmaraensis) occurs in Bulgaria, European Turkey and northwestern Anatolia. This species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe since it has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of ca 1,000 km², the population is severely fragmented and it shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it is only known from Bulgaria with an AOO between 4 and 12 km², it occurs at a single location, and shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. The major threats to this species are overgrazing and mowing. The habitats of remaining subpopulations need to be protected and adequately managed to avoid any further population declines.",Unknown,"The Marmara Bright Bush-cricket occurs in Bulgaria, European Turkey and northwestern Anatolia (Chobanov 2003, Heller and Lehmann 2004, Ünal 2010). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is ca 1,000 km², while in the EU 28 it is between 4 and 12 km². Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 30,400 km², and ca 500 km² in the EU 28.",The subpopulations of this species are usually small (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). The population is severely fragmented as the subpopulations are small and very isolated so that genetic exchange between them is unlikely. The population is known to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). The population trend is unknown.,"The species is found in meadows and shrub land vegetation like Phrygana or road-side vegetation from the sea level up to 1,000 m asl.","The major threats to this species are overgrazing and mowing (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of grazing and the restricted distribution of this species in the EU 28, it is considered to occur at only one location at this geographic level.",There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species and no records from protected areas are known. Research into its population trend and threats is required. The habitats of remaining subpopulations need to be protected and adequately managed to avoid any further population declines.,The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M. & Naskrecki, P.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,miramae,,Poecilimon miramae,"Ramme, 1933",,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Miram's Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon miramae) occurs in Western Anatolia, European Turkey and the adjacent part of Greece and Bulgaria. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is between 2,000 and 2,500 km², extent of occurrence  (EOO) is ca 20,000 km²) and there is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat and number of mature individuals; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. However, subpopulations are still large and well connected. In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is between 12 and 20 km², the extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 600 km²), and it occurs at between two and five locations; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. Contrary to the situation in European Turkey, no decline has been reported for the EU 28 and the population trend is assumed to be stable. The major threats to this species are urbanization and road construction. Research into the taxonomy, population trend and threats is needed.",Decreasing,"Miram's Bright Bush-cricket occurs in Western Anatolia, European Turkey and the adjacent part of Greece and Bulgaria (Kaya et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 20,000 km², and ca 600 km² in the EU 28. Its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is between 2,000 and 2,500 km², and between 12 and 20 km² in the EU 28.",In European Turkey the subpopulations are large and well connected. One subpopulation in Florya (Istanbul) is extinct and a continuing decline is inferred due to the threat of urbanization and road building projects (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). The population trend in the EU 28 is assumed to be stable.,"This species occurs in mesic shrubland and undergrowth such as Rubus spp., Sambucus ebulus and Urtica spp. (D. Chobanov and D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015).","The major threats to this species are urbanisation and road construction (D. Chobanov and D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of road construction and the restricted distribution of this species in the EU 28, it is considered to occur at between two and five locations at this geographic level.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for the species, but small parts of a subpopulation near Kilyos are in a protected area (but road constructions also takes place in this area). Research into the population trend and threats is needed. Also, the taxonomy of this species needs to be studied, particularly its relationship to other Poecilimon species (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Sirin, D., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,mytilenensis,,Poecilimon mytilenensis,"Werner, 1932",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Mytilene Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon mytilenensis) is known from the Greek island of Lesbos (=Mytilene) and the neighboring Turkish mainland. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,000 km², maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,565 km²), it is widespread throughout Lesbos and very common in places. Detailed information on this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",Unknown,"The Mytilene Bright Bush-cricket is known from the Greek island of Lesbos (=Mytilene) and the neighboring Turkish mainland (Willemse and Heller 1992, Heller et al. 2004). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,000 km², and its maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,565 km².","Neither the population size nor the population trend are known, but this species is widespread and very common across the island of Lesbos.","This species is found in shrubland vegetation such as phrygana or road-side vegetation and found from sea level up to 1,000 m Asl.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Detailed information on this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,nobilis,,Poecilimon nobilis,"Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Noble Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon nobilis) is endemic to Greece, where it is found on the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Least Concern, since it is widespread throughout its range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 27,000 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 1,000 km²), found in various habitat from sea level up to high mountains, and although grazing poses a threat to subpopulations at higher altitudes, the population is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. Detailed information on this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",Unknown,"The Noble Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is found on the Peloponnesus (Willemse 1984, Chobanov and Heller 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 27,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 1,000 km².","Neither the population size nor the population trend are known, but the subpopulations are known to be very large and well connected.","This species is found in meadows and shrubland vegetation like phrygana or road-side vegetation, and at elevations of 20-1,980 m asl.","At higher altitudes, livestock grazing is considered a threat to this species.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Detailed information on this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,nonveilleri,,Poecilimon nonveilleri,"Ingrisch & Pavicevic, 2010",,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
Due to the very scarce knowledge on its distribution, population trends and threats, Nonveiller's Bright Bush-cricket is listed as Data Deficient (DD). Further research is needed to clarify the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"Nonveiller's Bright Bush-cricket is known from northern Montenegro in a relatively restricted area in the Durmitor Plateau and in the surrounding canyons (Ingrisch and Pavicevic 2010). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 2,800 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km².",The population size and trend is unknown.,"Poecilimon nonveilleri occurs between 500 and 1,200 m Asl, and occasionally up to 2,000 m. It lives in forest glades and bushes in different forest associations and montane and alpine meadows.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in a protected area. Research on its distribution, population trend and threats is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,obesus,,Poecilimon obesus,"Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Obese Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon obesus) is endemic to Greece, and is found in the western part of the Greek mainland, north of the Gulf of Corinth, including some of the Ionian Islands. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 13,000 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 500 km²) and it is known from many localities in Western Greece. Detailed information on this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into potential threats.",Unknown,"The Obese Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is found in the western part of the Greek mainland, north of the Gulf of Corinth, including some of the Ionian Islands (Willemse 1984, Willemse 1985, Heller 1988, Chobanov and Heller 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 13,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 500 km².",Neither the population size nor the population trend are known.,"This species is found in meadows and shrubland vegetation, and from sea level up to 1,000 m.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species but it is found in protected areas. Detailed information on this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into potential threats.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Heller, K.-G., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,orbelicus,,Poecilimon orbelicus,"Pancic, 1883",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Orbelicos Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon orbelicus) occurs in the mountainous areas of southwestern Bulgaria and across the border, in Greek Macedonia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although is has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8,100 km²) and this species is quite common. Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology, and threats.",Unknown,"The Orbelicos Bright Bush-cricket occurs in the mountainous areas of southwestern Bulgaria and across the border in Greek Macedonia (Willemse 1984, Chobanov 2011). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8,100 km².","Neither the population size nor the population trend are known, but the species is common.","This species is found  in clearing and along the edges in rather wet deciduous and pine forest areas covered with a vegetation such as grasses, herbs and ferns. It is found at elevations of 1,100-2,000 m Asl.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas with a good management system in place. Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology, and threats.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Heller, K.-G., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,ornatus,,Poecilimon ornatus,"(Schmidt, 1850)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Ornate Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon ornatus) is widespread in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, common, and its population trend appears to be stable.",Stable,"The Ornate Bright Bush-cricket is found on the western Balkan Peninsula from northern Italy and southern Austria to northern Greece (Chobanov and Heller 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and in the EU 28 is ca 435,300 km².","This species is widespread and common. Subpopulations are usually large and the population is assumed to be stable (J. Skejo, T. Zuna-Kratky, S. Gomboc and F. Buzzetti pers. comm. 2015).","This species occurs in high forbage, bushes and open forests (Massa et al. 2012). At the northern range border it is found on warm montane grassland with low nutrient impact and low grazing or mowing intensity (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015).",The major threats to this species are overgrazing (F. Buzzetti pers. comm. 2015) and abandonment (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Skejo, J. Skejo, Buzzetti, F.M., Zuna-Kratky, T., Gomboc, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Vedenina, V. & Heller, K.-G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,paros,,Poecilimon paros,"Heller & Reinhold, 1992",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,iv,v)+2ab(iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,iv,v)+2ab(iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Paros Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon paros) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from three Aegean Islands: Paros, Naxos and Ios. This species is assessed as Endangered since its has very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 733 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km²), it is present at less than five locations, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, subpopulations, and in the extent and quality of of its habitat due to touristic development, wildfires and agriculture. Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Proper fire and grazing regime management is needed to prevent future population declines, and sustainable tourism needs to be developed.",Decreasing,"The Paros Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from three Aegean Islands: Paros, Naxos and Ios (Willemse and Willemse 2008, Heller et al. 2011). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 733 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².","Neither the population size nor the population trend are known. In the island of Paros, it is not very common. A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations, extent and quality  of the habitat, as well as in the number of mature individuals is inferred from  the ongoing threats (touristic development, wildfires and agriculture).","This species is found in shrubland vegetation such as phrygana or road-side vegetation, and is found from sea level up to 1,000 m.","The main threat to this species are bushfires. On Naxos, it could be affected by grazing. Various activities carried out across the islands to improve tourism are also considered a threat to this species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of the threats and the distributions of this species, it is considered to occur in less than five locations.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species and it is not found in any protected areas. Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Proper fire and grazing regime management is needed to prevent future population declines, and sustainable tourism needs to be developed.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Heller, K.-G., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,pechevi,,Poecilimon pechevi,"Andreeva, 1978",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",No,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)
EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)
The Kadiytsa Bright Bush-cricket is a local endemic to the summit of Kadiytsa, Vlahina Planina Mountain, at the border between Bulgaria and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia). The area of occupancy (AOO) is 5-7 km² in pan-Europe and c. 3 km² in the EU 28, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 11.6 km² in pan-Europe and c. 5-6 km² in the EU 28. The species is known from one location and there is a continuing decline in habitat quality and number of mature individuals. It is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered (CR).",Decreasing,"The Kadiytsa Bright Bush-cricket is a local endemic to the summit of Kadiytsa, Vlahina Planina Mountains, at the border between southwestern Bulgaria (Chobanov 2009) and FYRO Macedonia (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 11.6 km² in pan-Europe and c. 5-6 km² in the EU 28, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 5-7 km² in pan-Europe and c. 3 km² in the EU 28.",The population is relatively dense. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing degradation of its habitat.,"The species inhabits meadows in the treeless zone of Kadiytsa summit (Ossogovo-Ograzhden mountain group) between 1,600 and 1,900 m Asl. The Habitats Directive habitat type is 62D0 (Oro-Moesian acidophilous grasslands). Its vegetation is dominated by grass formations (Agrostideta capillaries, Nardeta strictae, Bellardiochloeta violaceae) replacing forests of Fagus sylvatica and Abies alba.","The habitat is affected by intensive blueberry picking. Due to the significant anthropogenic presence and the physical habitat disturbance (including motorised vehicles) at the time of blueberry picking, a continuing decline in the habitat’s quality is inferred. Based on this threat, the species occurs only at one location. The habitat might also be affected by climate change.","There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species and it does not occur in protected areas. Considering the very restricted range of the species, its habitat needs to be protected as a nature reserve. Research on its population trend and threats is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,pergamicus,,Poecilimon pergamicus,"Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891",,No,VU,D2,No,VU,D2,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable  (VU)

The Pergamon Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon pergamicus) is found in Turkey and Greece. In Greece, it is restricted to a very small area on the island of Lesbos. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) between 10 and 20 km²), and wildfires could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future, specially if the area of Moria were to be affected. Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Proper fire management is needed to avoid any future population declines.",Unknown,"The Pergamon Bright Bush-cricket is found in Turkey and Greece. Outside of Europe, this species is distributed in a rather small area in Western Turkey, in the region opposite, and a little north of, the island of Lesbos. In Greece, this species is only known from the East Aegean island of Lesbos, where it has only been found in the southeastern part of the island (Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 50 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 10 and 20 km².","Neither the population size nor the population trend are known. In Lesbos, this species is not common.","In Turkey, this species was found on low herbaceous plants in glades and shrubs at the sides of streams between 200 and 1,300 m Asl. It has not been recorded at altitudes over 1,300-1,400 m (Sevgili et al. 2011).",The major threat to this species are wildfires.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and it is not found in any protected areas throughout its range. Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. Proper fire management is needed to avoid any future population declines.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.",,,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,pindos,,Poecilimon pindos,"Willemse, 1982",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Pindos Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon pindos) is endemic to Greece, where it is only found on three high mountains in the northern part of the Pindos mountain range; Mt. Timfi, Mt.Vasilitsa and Mt. Mavrovouni. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence is ca 600 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 300 km²), it occurs at only three locations, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals as well as in the quality of its habitat due to grazing (skiing activities also pose a localized threat). Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. To avoid future population declines, the grazing regime and touristic developments need to be managed.",Decreasing,"The Pindos Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece where it is only found on three high mountains in the northern part of the Pindos mountain range; Mt. Timfi, Mt.Vasilitsa and Mt. Mavrovouni (Willemse and Willemse 2008, Chobanov and Heller 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 600 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 300 km².",This species is not rare but it is not found in large numbers either. A continuing decline in the quality of the habitats as well as the number of mature individuals is inferred as a result of grazing.,"This short-winged species is found in mountainous/subalpine meadows and shrubland vegetation, and is found at elevations of 1,800-2,200 m Asl.","The hill and mountain slopes where this species is found are used for grazing and breeding livestock, and in certain areas this is causing problems to the species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at three locations. In the area on Mt. Vasilitsa, where this species is found, a ski center has been built, and the development activities involved in this touristic site can have very serious effects, although localized.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. To avoid future population declines, the grazing regime and touristic developments need to be managed.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,pliginskii,,Poecilimon pliginskii,"Miram, 1929",,Yes,NT,,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Pliginski's Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon pliginskii) is endemic to Crimea. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 500 and 1,000 km². There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. However, the subpopulations are quite large. As it nearly meets the thresholds for a threatened Category under Criterion B, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).",Decreasing,"Pliginski's Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to southern Crimea, occurring along the southern coast and the mountains mostly in the eastern part of the peninsula. Further records are known westwards to Taushan-Bazar (Kaya et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 4,500 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is between 500 and 1,000 km².","A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing threats. However, subpopulations may still be dense in appropriate mesophytic meadows, and recent field observations indicate that it is more common than previously thought.","The species occurs is a variety of habitats, from sub-Mediterranean scrub and within forest undergrowth to mesophytic meadows above the tree line. It occurs at altitudes between 1-1,300 m Asl. There is a continuing decline in its habitat quality and extent.","The major threats to this species are the transformation of its habitat into vineyards, residential development and the use of pesticides.",The species is listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (Akimov 2015) as Critically Endangered and in the Red Book of the Republic of Crimea (Ivanov and Fateryga 2015) as Rare. Research on its population trend and taxonomy is needed.,This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,propinquus,,Poecilimon propinquus,"Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Similar Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon propinquus) is endemic to Greece, where it is found on the island of Euboea, the adjoining part of the Greek mainland and the northeastern part of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread throughout its range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 13,500 km²), it is found in a variety of habitats - from mountainous areas to lowlands and plains (which are used for agriculture) and the population size is assumed to be very large. Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",Unknown,"The Similar Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is found on the island of Euboea, the adjoining part of the Greek mainland and the northeastern part of the Peloponnesus (Willemse 1984, Willemse 1985, Willemse and Heller 1992). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 13,500 km².","This species is widespread but not common. Neither the population size nor the population trend are known, but the population size is assumed to be very large.","There are no specific references about the habitat and ecology of this species. Like other Poecilimon species, it was found on thistles and other plants along the roadside and in adjacent fields as well as in shrubland vegetation such as phrygana. At higher altitudes it prefers sites with higher vegetation of herbs and ferns. This species is found at elevations of 50-1,300 m Asl.","Bushfires and urbanization near Athens have affected this species in the past. It also lives in lowlands which are used for agriculture, which may also pose a threat to it.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, although it is found in protected areas. Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Papapavlou, K., Kati, V. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,pseudornatus,,Poecilimon pseudornatus,"Ingrisch & Pavicevic, 2010",,Yes,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Durmitor Bright Bush-cricket has a relatively small range size with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 16,000 km². However, the species is locally common and there is no indication of a decline. Therefore, it is listed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The Durmitor Bright Bush-cricket is known from eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, northern Montenegro and southwestern Serbia (Ingrisch and Pavicevic 2010, Pavicevic et al. 2014, G. Szövenyi and G. Puskas pers. comm. 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 16,000 km².","The species is locally common in meadows and partly forested, relatively humid habitats. Its population trend is unknown.","Poecilimon pseudornatus occurs between 600 and 1,600 m Asl. It lives in different montane, sub-alpine and alpine grasslands, bushy ecotones, forest clearings and hayfields. It feeds on different parts of herbaceous plants.","The main threat to this species is overgrazing of the grassland habitat, which destroys vertical vegetation structures.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,roseoviridis,,Poecilimon roseoviridis,"Chobanov & Kaya, 2012",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Pink Bright Bush-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) due to its presumably large population size and the fact that its population trend is stable. However, the effects of recently developed practices to clear forests for wood or charcoal production need to be studied.",Stable,"The Pink Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to a restricted area along the southwestern coast of the Black Sea between Varna and the southern edge of Strandzha Mountains (Bulgaria and European Turkey) (Kaya et al. 2012). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 6,100 km² in pan-Europe and c. 5,000 km² in the EU 28. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 1,000-2,000 km² in Europe and c. 800-1,800 km² in the EU 28.",Subpopulations may be large and the population trend is stable. Its population is not fragmented.,This species typically inhabits the undergrowth of the Euxinian type vegetation (broad-leaf humid forests of the southern and eastern coast of the Black Sea) in the Strandzha Mountains (southeastern Bulgaria and northeastern European Turkey). Bordering habitats are shady riparian vegetation and forest clearings.,Drainage and deforestation (especially recently for charcoal production) may be local threats to this species. The effects of these practices on the species need to be studied.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in Strandzha Nature Park. Research on its population trend and threats is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,sanctipauli,,Poecilimon sanctipauli,"Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Saint-Paul's Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon sanctipauli) is found in Turkey and Greece. In Greece, this species is only found on the East Aegean Islands, from Samos in the North to Rodhes in the south. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, common, and even abundant in some areas (its extent of occurrence is ca 10,400 km²) and the population size is assumed to be very large. Detailed information on this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and the threats.",Unknown,"The Saint-Paul's Bright Bush-cricket is found in Turkey and Greece. Outside of Europe, this species is found in South-West Turkey, from Bergama in the north to Fethiye in the south. In Greece, this species is only found on the East Aegean Islands, from Samos in the north to Rhodes in the south (Heller and Sevgili 2005, Papapavlou 2005). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10,400 km².","Neither the population size nor the population trend are known. On the East Aegean Islands, this species is widespread, common, and even abundant in some places. The population size is assumed to be very large.","This species is found in shrubland such as phrygana or road-side vegetation, and is found from sea level up to 1,000 m.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Detailed information on this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and the threats.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,schmidtii,,Poecilimon schmidtii,"(Fieber, 1853)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Schmidt's Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon schmidti) is widespread on the Balkan Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and has a stable population trend. However, in the northern part of the range the subpopulations are fragmented and further research is needed into the population trend and ecology of this bush-cricket.",Stable,"Schmidt's Bright Bush-cricket occurs on the Balkan Peninsula from southern Poland and Slovenia to northern Greece, European Turkey and the south Caucasus (Chobanov 2009). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 785,700 km², and ca 750,000 km² in the EU 28.","The population trend is assumed to be stable (A. Kristin, G. Szövényi, S. Ivkovic, I. Iorgu, S. Gomboc and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). Subpopulations of this species are quite variable in size (A. Kristin, I. Iorgu, G. Szövényi, S. Ivkovic, J. Skejo and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). In the northern part of the range the subpopulations are fragmented (G. Szövényi pers. comm. 2015).","This species is found in mesic forests, forest edges and on clearings (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008). It is also found in bushes along streams (D. Chobanov and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015) and other types of shrubland (Iorgu 2012) such as cities, villages, gardens, and wooden fences (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015). It is found at elevations between 90 m and 1,500 m asl.","Destruction of forest ecotone habitats and deforestation are the major threat to this species (A. Kristin, S. Ivkovic and G. Szövényi pers. comm. 2015).",This species is protected in Hungary (G. Szövényi pers. comm. 2015) and it occurs in protected areas. In the Carpathian Red List it is listed as Least Concern (Kristin and Iorgu 2014) and as Vulnerable in the Red Data book of Ukraine. Research into its ecology and population trend is needed.,The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Kristin, A., Chobanov, D.P., Skejo, J. Skejo, Ivkovic, S., Gomboc, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Heller, K.-G., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T. & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,scythicus,,Poecilimon scythicus,"Stshelkanovtzev, 1911",,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Scythian Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon scythicus) is found in the eastern part of Ukraine and the southern part of European Russia and its population trend is declining. The species is known to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals by outbreaks but its population is not severely fragmented as it occurs also in ruderal areas and agricultural plantations. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) exceeds the limits for a threatened category. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Decreasing,"The Scythian Bright Bush-cricket is a widespread species, occurring in the northern basin of the Black Sea from eastern Ukraine through central and southeastern European Russia to the Volga River. In Europe it occurs at altitudes between 1-380 m Asl. It is also found in the western and central Caucasus up to 1,350 m Asl (Bey-Bienko 1954, Kaya et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 630,000 km².","This species shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. Its population is assumed to be declining (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2015).",The species occurs in mesic to dry steppes and meadows along rivers. It prefers high herbal vegetation (e.g. Centaurea salicifolia) (Bey-Bienko 1954).,The major threat to this species is the transformation of its habitat into farmland.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. More research on its distribution, population trend and threats is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,soulion,,Poecilimon soulion,"Willemse, 1987",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Soulion Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon soulion) is endemic to Greece, where it is known from three mountain areas in the north western and central parts of the Greek mainland. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,650 km², area of occupancy is ca 300 km²), it only occurs at three locations, the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals as well as in the area, extent and quality of this species' habitat due to livestock grazing. Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper management of the grazing regime is needed to protect this species, and future touristic developments need to be planned carefully.",Decreasing,"The Soulion Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is known from three mountain areas in the north western and central parts of the Greek mainland (Chobanov and Heller 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,650 km², and its area of occupancy is ca 300 km².","The population size is unknown, but this species is rare throughout its range. A continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat, as well as the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing threats (grazing). The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.","This species is found in mountainous areas with shrubland vegetation, and is found at elevations of 900-2,000 m Asl.","This species is mainly threatened by anthropogenic land use - particularly grazing. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at only three locations. Tourism-related development is also a potential future threat to this species.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and it is not known to occur in any protected areas. Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper management of the grazing regime is needed to protect this species, and future touristic developments need to be planned carefully.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,sureyanus,,Poecilimon sureyanus,"Uvarov, 1930",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
Sureya's Bright Bush-cricket is a common species innorthern Greece.Although there are only very few records from European Turkey, the species is assumed to be widespread and to have an overall large population. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"This species occurs from northeastern Greece through European Turkey reaching northwestern Anatolia (Asian Turkey) from sea level up to 1,300 m Asl in Europe and up to 1,800 m Asl in Anatolia (Kaya et al. 2012, Chobanov et al. 2015). Its extent of occurrence in Europe is c. 22,500 km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 5,300 km².",Detailed information on the population size and trend is lacking. It is assumed that the overall population size is large. There may be extreme fluctuations between years. The population trend is unknown.,"In Greece, the species is found in montane areas. On Mount Pangaion, it was found in a forest clearing with a lot of high vegetation of herbs and ferns. In Turkey, the species was found in glades (Sevgili et al. 2011). In European Turkey, it inhabits mesic or semi-dry bushy vegetation, living on Rubus, Sambucus, Pteridium, in Mediterranean Cystus associations etc. from the sea level to 1,300 m Asl. It also occurs within sparse forests, albeit rarely.","In Greece, the species is affected by cattle and sheep overgrazing in mountainous habitats.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it does not occur in protected areas. Research on its population trend is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,tauricus,,Poecilimon tauricus,"Retowski, 1888",,Yes,NT,,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Crimean Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon tauricus) is only known from southern Crimea. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 4,400 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is c. 100 to 500 km². There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of subpopulations and mature individuals. As it nearly meets the thresholds for a threatened Category under Criterion B, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).",Decreasing,"The Crimean Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to the mountains and the southern coast of western Crimea, westwards from Alushta and Babugan Yayla (Kaya et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence is c. 4,500 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is c. 100 to 500 km².",A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing threats.,"Similar to its sibling species, P. pliginskii, this species occurs is a variety of habitats from the sub-Mediterranean scrub at the Crimean coast and within the undergrowth of forests and mesophytic meadows above the tree line. It is found at altitudes between 1-1,545 m Asl.",The major threat to this species is deforestation. It may also be affected by the numerous touristic activities in the region.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its taxonomy and population trend is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,thessalicus,,Poecilimon thessalicus,"Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Thessalian Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon thessalicus) is endemic to Greece, where it is found in a 60 km wide area along the eastern coast of the Greek mainland from north of Katerini to Volos and the Pilion, including the northern Sporades islands of Skiathos and Skopelos. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, common and abundant at places within its range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 9,000 km²). In addition, this species thrives both in the lowlands (in plains which are used for agriculture) and in mountainous areas and the population size is assumed to be very large. However, detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research into the population size and trend, ecology, and the threats to this species is required.",Unknown,"The Thessalian Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is found in a 60 km wide area along the eastern coast of the Greek mainland from north of Katerini to Volos and the Pilion, including the northern Sporades islands of Skiathos and Skopelos (Willemse 1982, Willemse 1984). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 9,000 km².","Neither the population size nor the population trend are known, but this species is widespread, common and fairly abundant. The population size is assumed to be very large.","This species is found in shrubland such as phrygana or road-side vegetation, and is found from the lowlands up to, and above, the timberline (100-1,800 m Asl). It has been found on a wide variety of plants, and is sometimes extremely abundant on thistles or stinging nettles (Urtica spp.) (Willemse 1982).",Overgrazing is a potential threat to this species.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research into the population size and trend, ecology, and the threats to this species is required.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.",,,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,thoracicus,,Poecilimon thoracicus,"(Fieber, 1853)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Bellied Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon thoracicus) occurs on the southern Balkan Peninsula, from the southern Carpathians and Serbia in the north to northern Greece in the south. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, common and its population is very large.",Unknown,"The Bellied Bright Bush-cricket occurs on the southern Balkan Peninsula, from the southern Carpathians and Serbia in the north to northern Greece in the south. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 400,000 km² in Europe, and ca 300,000 km² in the EU 28.","This species is common in Bulgaria, Serbia and in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont, S. Ivkovic  and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). The  subpopulations are large and well connected (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont  pers. comm. 2015). At the northern range border the population is fragmented and subpopulations are small (Iorgu 2012). The overall population trend is unknown.","This species inhabits meadows, forest edges and clearings.",Local threats to this species include deforestation and wildfires (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Near Threatened on the Carpathian Red List (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). Research into its population trend is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Iorgu, I.S., Chobanov, D.P., Ivkovic, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Nieto, A., Kristin, A., Heller, K.-G., Kranz, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,turcicus,,Poecilimon turcicus,"Karabag, 1950",,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Turkish Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon turcicus) is found in Turkey and Greece. In Europe, this species is known from Greece and European Turkey, and is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite widespread within the lowlands of European Turkey (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 26,000 km²), and the population is assumed to be stable. In the EU 28, this species is only known from Greece, where it has been reported from the island of Lesbos and a spot on the Evros river in mainland Greece, on the border with Turkey. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in this region, since it has a restricted geographic range (EOO is ca 1,300 km²), and the population is severely fragmented - thus being close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. However, the population is assumed to be stable in spite of the known threats (agricultural land-use, pesticide use and wildfires). Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research into the population size and trend, ecology, and the threats to it is required.",Stable,"The Turkish Bright Bush-cricket is found in Turkey and Greece. Outside of Europe, this species is found in the northwestern part of Turkey, around the sea of Marmara (Kaya et al. 2012, Ünal 2004). In Europe, this species is known from Greece and European Turkey (Kaya et al. 2012, Ünal 2004), and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 26,000 km². In the EU 28 region, this species is only known from Greece, where it has been reported from the island of Lesbos and a spot on the Evros river in mainland Greece, on the border with Turkey (Willemse and Willemse 2008). Its EOO is ca 1,300 km².","This species is common and the population is assumed to be stable (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2015). In the EU 28 region, the subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and the population is therefore considered as severely fragmented.","This species is found in shrubland vegetation such as phrygana or road-side vegetation. In Turkey (Bursa region), this species has been considered a pest of nurseries and vegetable gardens.","The major threats to this species are agricultural land use (particularly the transformation of its habitat into farmland), the use of insecticides and wildfires.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected areas. Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research into the population size and trend, ecology, and the threats to it is required.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A. & Sirin, D.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,ukrainicus,,Poecilimon ukrainicus,"Bey-Bienko, 1951",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Ukraine Bright Bush-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) due to its wide distribution. The population is not fragmented (except for the northwestern range margin).",Unknown,"The Ukraine Bright Bush-cricket is known from Ukraine, Moldova, eastern Poland and northeastern Bulgaria (Bey-Bienko 1954, Chobanov 2009, Grasshopper Specialist Group pers. comm. 2015). Its occurrence in eastern Romania is very likely and some records of P. fussii from this area may concern P. ukrainicus. In eastern Bulgaria, a transitional form between P. ukrainicus and P. fussii is found (with an unclear systematic status), which may also occur in the European part of Turkey. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 710,000 km² in pan-Europe and c. 250,000 km² in the EU 28.","The subpopulations of this species are large, and the population is not fragmented (except for the northwestern range margin). The population trend is unknown.","This species prefers open mesic and semi-dry grassland habitats with a steppe-like character, as well as forest edges and clearings mostly in the lowlands. A transitional form between this species and P. fussii with unclear status occurs in Bulgaria, where it reaches up to 1,200 m Asl.","The major threats to the species include residential development, change into agriculture land and overgrazing, which lead to habitat change. It is also affected by the use of insecticides.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is included in The Red Data Book of Ukraine (Akimov 2009) as Vulnerable and on the Polish Red List as Vulnerable (Liana 2002). Research on its population trend is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,unispinosus,,Poecilimon unispinosus,"Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Single-spined Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon unispinosus) is found in Greece and Turkey. In Greece, this species only occurs on the Greek island of Chios, opposite the Turkish mainland. Another record has been reported from Lesbos. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,000 km²), it is widespread within its range. However, detailed information is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and potential threats.",Unknown,"The Single-spined Bright Bush-cricket is found in Greece and Turkey. Outside of Europe, this species is found in the Manisa and Izmir provinces in western Turkey. In Greece, this species only occurs on the Greek island of Chios, opposite the Turkish mainland (Heller et al. 2011, Willemse and Willemse 2008). Another record has been reported from Lesbos. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO)  is ca 2,000 km².","Neither the population size nor the population trend are known, but this species is widespread in the island of Chios.","This species is found in shrubland such as phrygana or road-side vegetation, and it is found from sea level up to 1,000 m.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Detailed information on this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and potential threats.",This species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Heller, K.-G., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,veluchianus,,Poecilimon veluchianus,"Ramme, 1933",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Veluchi Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon veluchianus) is endemic to Greece, where it is found is the central and south (eastern) part of the mountain ranges of the Greek mainland. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, common  and at places abundant within its range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 10,000 km²). In addition, this species is found in a wide altitudinal range (300-2,000 m Asl), the population size is assumed to be very large, and in spite of threats such as livestock grazing (which lead to a decline in the extent and/or quality of its habitat), the population is unlikely to be declining fast enough for listing in a threatened category. However, detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",Unknown,"The Veluchi Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is found is the central and south (eastern) part of the mountain ranges of the Greek mainland (Willemse 1985, Willemse and Heller 1992). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is slightly over 10,000 km².","Neither the population size nor the population trends are known, but the species is widespread, common  and at places abundant within its range. The population size assumed to be very large.","There is little available information on the habitat and ecology of this species. It has similar habitat preferences to other Poecilimon species which are found in shrubland vegetation like phrygana or road-side vegetation. This species is found from low altitudes (300-400 m Asl) up to high altitudes (1,800-2,000 m Asl).","At higher altitudes, livestock grazing may pose a threat. The effects on this species are unknown, but may lead to a decline in the extent and quality of the habitat. At lower altitudes no threats are known.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Detailed information is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,vodnensis,,Poecilimon vodnensis,"Karaman, 1958",,Yes,NT,,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Vodno Bright Bush-cricket belongs to a well outlined group of species distributed from southwestern Anatolia to Lebanon. Its presence in the central part of the Balkans is of special taxonomic and phylogeographic interest. The population is severely fragmented and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 330 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km², which are very small. However, the threats to this species are unknown and there is currently no evidence for a decline. As it is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).",Unknown,"The Vodno Bright Bush-cricket was described from the Vodno mountain near Skopje, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia) (Karaman 1958, Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). Recently the species was also discovered at Stavica and Dunje in the Mariovo region (Lemonnier-Darcemont and Darcemont in press). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 330 km² and its area of occupancy is 12 km².","Recently observed subpopulations of this species were comparatively dense but overall small and isolated, with little genetic exchange between them, that may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. The population trend is unknown.","The species was found on Rubus in a degraded dry warm forest at c. 900 m Asl on Mount Vodno. The species was recently observed in semi-dry meadows with scattered Rosa sp. bushes between groups of beech, as well as in dry meadows at the edge of oak forests. Its altitudinal range is 600-1,150 m Asl.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this taxon. There are old records from Mount Vodno (Karaman 1958), which is a protected area of the type Landscape with Special Natural Characteristic. Research on its taxonomy, distribution, population trend and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,warchalowskae,,Poecilimon warchalowskae,"Chobanov, Kaya & Çiplak, 2015",,Yes,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Tekirdag Bright Bush-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) because its subpopulations are large and currently no threats or habitat loss are observed or inferred. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 200-500 km and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 2,550 km².",Unknown,"The Tekirdag Bright Bush-cricket is known only from the Gelibolu Peninsula and the neighbouring area to the north, reaching the Tekirdag Mountains in European Turkey (Chobanov et al. 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 2,550 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 200 and 500 km².",The population trend of this species is unknown. The population does not appear to be severely fragmented.,This species inhabits mesophytic grass vegetation and low bushes at altitudes between 1 - 300 m Asl. Adults occur from May to July.,No major threats to this species have been reported.,There are no conservation actions in place for this species and it does not occur in protected areas. Research on its population trend is required.,This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,werneri,,Poecilimon werneri,"Ramme, 1933",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Werner's Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon weneri) is endemic to Greece, and is only found in the southwestern corner of the Greek mainland and the western part of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread within its range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,500 km²) and the population size is assumed to be very large. However, detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trends, its life history, ecology and threats.",Unknown,"The Werner's Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only found in the southwestern corner of the Greek mainland and the western part of the Peloponnesus (Willemse 1985). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,500 km².","Neither the population size nor the population trend are known, but the population size is assumed to be very large.","In the Peloponnesus, this species was found on a hedge, bordering cultivated land, along the highway. No other documentation of the habitat of this species exists.",Threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trends, its life history, ecology and threats.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Papapavlou, K., Kati, V. & Tzirkalli, E.",,,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,zimmeri,,Poecilimon zimmeri,"Ramme, 1933",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Zimmer's Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon zimmeri) is endemic to Greece, where it is found across the mountain ranges in the northwestern and central part of the Greek mainland, Euboea and the northern part of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, common, and abundant at places within its range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 27,500 km²). This species is found in a wide altitudinal range, and the population size is assumed to be very large. Even though there are threats (grazing) that lead to a decline in extent and/or quality of habitat, the population is unlikely to be declining fast enough for listing in a threatened category. Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its life history, ecology and threats.",Unknown,"The Zimmer's Bright Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is found across the mountain ranges in the northwestern and central part of the Greek mainland, Euboea and the northern part of the Peloponnesus (Willemse 1984, Willemse 1985). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 27,500 km².","Neither the population size nor the population trend are known, but this species is widespread, common and at places abundant. The population size is assumed to be very large.","This species is found in shrubland such as phrygana or road-side vegetation, on various kinds of herbs, from middle elevations to higher altitudes, in a wide altitudinal range (800-1,900 m Asl).","This species is mainly threatened by anthropogenic land use, particularly grazing which leads to a decrease in the extent and quality of this species' habitat.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, although it is found in protected areas. Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its life history, ecology and threats.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Poecilimon,zwicki,,Poecilimon zwicki,"Ramme, 1939",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,Zwick's Bright Bush-cricket (Poecilimon zwicki) is found in southern Bulgaria and northern Greece. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common. It is one of the most common bush-cricket species in northern Greece.,Unknown,"Zwick's Bright Bush-cricket occurs in the north of Greece and south of Bulgaria (Kaltenbach 1965). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 32,000 km².",This is one of the most common bush-cricket species in northern Greece (Ingrisch and Pavicevic 1985). At the northern edge of the range subpopulations are smaller and the species is rarer (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). The population trend is unknown.,This species is found in grassland and shrubland (Ingrisch and Pavicevic 1985).,The major threats to this species are overgrazing and the transformation of its habitat into farmland (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population tend is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Heller, K.-G., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Polysarcus,denticauda,,Polysarcus denticauda,"(Charpentier, 1825)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Bull Bush-cricket (Polysarcus denticauda) occurs in large parts of the Balkans, northern and central Italy, southern France to the Pyrenees and reaches central Germany and southern Poland in the north. It is found from lowlands to montane and subalpine grassland habitats. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite widespread in Europe and the population size is large. However, at least in the northern part of its range the subpopulations are isolated and decreasing and this bush-cricket is therefore subject to conservation action (e.g. in Germany). More research into its global population trend is needed.",Decreasing,"The Bull Bush-cricket occurs in large parts of the Balkans, northern and central Italy, southern France to the Pyrenees and reaches central Germany and southern Poland in the north. A former record from Anatolia (Harz 1969) is erroneous. In Europe, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 1.9 million km².","This species is known to show extreme fluctuations in population size (Kanuch and Kristin 2009, Massa et al. 2012). In the northern parts of its range the species is rare and the subpopulations are quite isolated (Detzel 1998, Liana 2013). Overall, the population trend is decreasing but the population size is large.","This species is mainly found in moist alpine or montane grassland habitats (Kanuch and Kristin 2009, Massa et al. 2012). However, in well preserved grassland habitats, it can also be found in the wet areas of the lowlands (Kanuch and Kristin 2009).","The major threat to this species is the intensification of grassland management, i.e. overgrazing, use of fertilisers, more frequent mowing and other changes in land use (Kanuch and Kristin 2009).","This species is listed as Endangered on the Austrian and German Red Lists (Berg et al. 2005, Maas et al. 2011), as ""priority 3"" (equivalent to Near Threatened) on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004), as Near Threatened on the Swiss Red List (Monnerat et al. 2007) and as Least Concern on the Red List of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). On the Carpathian Red List, it is listed as Critically Endangered for the Czech Republic, but as Least Concern for the Carpathians as a whole (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). Due to its threatened status in the northern part of its range, it is subject to local conservation action. In northern Bavaria (Germany) a conservation plan was implemented for a subpopulation that was affected by the construction of a highway. In Thuringia (Germany) remaining habitats close to the former inner-German border were bought by a NGO and habitat management has been implemented. In Baden-Württemberg (Germany) the species is one of the 111 priority species for conservation and a conservation plan has been compiled. The species is found in protected areas. More research into its global population trend is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Polysarcus,scutatus,,Polysarcus scutatus,"(Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882)",,Yes,EN,B2ac(iv),No,EN,B2ac(iv),EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
The Short-tailed Bull Bush-cricket (Polysarcus scutatus) has a large geographic range, but the distribution is very scattered with only very few subpopulations known. Some of these subpopulations have not been confirmed for a very long time (in Serbia since c. 1950 and in Bosnia and Herzegovina since 1907). In France, the only country where more than one subpopulation exists, the species is listed on the National Red List as Endangered. The area of occupancy (AOO) has been estimated to be between 200 and 400 km² in pan-Europe, and 150 to 350 km² in the EU 28, the population is severely fragmented and the species is known to occasionally occur in very high densities, i.e. showing extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. It remains unknown if these mass occurrences are necessary for its long term survival. It is therefore assessed as Endangered.",Unknown,"The Short-tailed Bull Bush-cricket has a scattered and very localised distribution in montane areas of the Mediterranean. It occurs near Andorra and the west Pyrenees, in the French Cevennes (around Mont Aigual), in the Alpe du Haute Provence/Alpes Maritime (near Parc National du Mercantour), Korab Mt. (FYRO Macedonia) and in Greece (above Metsovon). Two localities on the Balkans have not been confirmed in recent decades: Velez (Planina) in Bosnia-Herzegowina by Werner (1907) and the type locality in Serbia (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 460,000 km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 320,000 km². Its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is between 200 and 400 km², and in the EU 28 it is between 150 and 350 km².","There is no information available on the population size and trend of the species. The population is severely fragmented as the distance between subpopulations is very large and the species is flightless, so that genetic exchange between them is unlikely and subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The species is known to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (Maillot 2015). The overall population trend is unknown.","The species lives in open grasslands, where it usually resides on the ground.","The species is mainly threatened by habitat loss due to agricultural land use (overgrazing). However, an outbreak of this species has been observed in a completely overgrazed area (F. Rutschmann pers. comm. 2016), so the effects of grazing need to be studied in detail. It may also be locally threatened by tourism.","No specific conservation action is in place for this species. It is listed as ""priority 2"" (equivalent to Vulnerable) on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Research is needed in order to ascertain why the species has such a restricted range. Furthermore, more information on the population trend and threats is needed. The remaining subpopulations of the species need to be protected.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Szovenyi, G., Chobanov, D.P., Kristin, A. & Kleukers, R.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Praephippigera,pachygaster,,Praephippigera pachygaster,"(Lucas, 1849)",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The Thick-bellied Saddle Bush-cricket (Praephippigera pachygaster) is known from Algeria and Tunisia, and from a single record in Sardinia from 1892. In Europe, this species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to clarify whether the species still occurs in Europe.",Unknown,"The Thick-bellied Saddle Bush-cricket is known from Algeria and Tunisia, and from a single record in Sardinia from 1892 (Massa et al. 2012).",There is no data on the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information on the habitat and ecology of this flightless species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species. Research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M. & Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Prionotropis,appula,,Prionotropis appula,"(Costa, 1836)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Apulian Stone Grasshopper (Prionotropis appula) is found in southern Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although the population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals, it is common and no major threats to it have been reported. Research is needed into the population dynamics, population trend, life history and ecology.",Unknown,"The Apulian Stone Grasshopper is found in southern Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca200,000 km².","The population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals from year to year, but the species is common. The population trend is unknown.","This flightless species lives in dry grassland, pastures, shrubland and fields. Adults can be found in spring and summer at elevations between 10 m and 950 m asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into the population dynamics, population trend, life history and ecology.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Fontana, P., Hochkirch, A., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M. & Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Prionotropis,azami,,Prionotropis azami,"Uvarov, 1923",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)c(iv)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)c(iv)",EU28,,"The French Stone Grasshopper (Prionotropis azami) is endemic to southern France. This species is assessed as Endangered since its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is between 50 and 300 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. In addition, the population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. The species is threatened by abandonment of grazing and subsequent succession as well as by afforestation and urbanisation. More research into its population trend, distribution and threats is needed. Remaining habitats need to be protected and appropriate grazing management should be implemented to avoid any further population declines.",Decreasing,"The French Stone Grasshopper is endemic to France where it occurs from the Alpes-Maritimes plateau to the Sainte-Victoire massif, at the boundary of the Bouches-du-Rhône department (Foucart and Lecoq 1998). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 50 and 300 km² and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 9,530 km².","This species is known to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals since large outbreaks have been reported (Foucart pers. comm. 2015). The subpopulations are usually small and given that the species is flightless, there is little (if any) genetic exchange between them; subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented (L. Tatin pers. comm. 2016). A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals is inferred from the overall degradation and loss of habitat.","This species occurs in dry, open habitats, particularly in rocky areas with short grass, meadows with scarce vegetation and clearings of Mediterranean evergreen forests (Streiff et al. 2005).",This species is threatened by urbanisation (Streiff et al. 2005) and abandonment of grazing (Lemonnier-Darcemont 2006). It is also affected by afforestation (Lemonnier-Darcemont 2006).,"This species is listed as ""priority 2"" (equivalent to Vulnerable) on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). It is protected in France (Streiff et al. 2005) and occurs in protected areas. Recently, more intensive mapping of the remaining subpopulations has been conducted around St Maximim and St Victoire (L. Tatin pers. comm. 2016). More research into its population trend, distribution and threats is needed. Remaining habitats need to be protected and appropriate grazing management should be implemented to avoid any further population declines.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Tatin, L. & Morin, D.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Prionotropis,flexuosa,,Prionotropis flexuosa,"(Serville, 1838)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Tortuous Stone Grasshopper (Prionotropis flexuosa) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in the Iberian Peninsula, the population size is presumed to be large and no major threats to it have been reported. However, the population is severely fragmented and further research into the population trend, ecology and threats is required.",Unknown,"The Tortuous Stone Grasshopper is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it occupies a large area excluding the coastal zones of Spain and Portugal (Llorente del Moral and Presa Asensio 1997, Bivar-De-Sousa et al. 2008). Its extent of occurrence is ca 300,000 km².","The population trend of this species is unknown. The species is considered rare, but is probably under-sampled. The population is considered severely fragmented as subpopulations are usually very small and isolated, with little genetic exchange between them. The population size is presumed to be large.","This species occurs in open shrublands and dry pastures (Llorente del Moral and Presa Asensio 1997). Males are able to fly, while females are flightless. It occurs at altitudes between 400 m and 2,188 m Asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a number of protected areas. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Prionotropis,hystrix,,Prionotropis hystrix,"(Germar, 1817)",,Yes,VU,"B2b(iii,iv,v)c(iv)",No,VU,"B2b(iii,iv,v)c(iv)",EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Eastern Stone Grasshopper is distributed along the Dalmatian coast. It is listed as Vulnerable because the area of occupancy (AOO) is between 1,100 and 2,000 km² in Europe (1,000 to 1,800 km² in the EU 28), there is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals and extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals occur.",Decreasing,"The Eastern Stone Grasshopper occurs at the Dalmatian coast (from northeast Italy to southern Bosnia and Herzegovina). Its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be between 1,100 and 2,000 km², and in the EU 28 between 1,000 and 1,800 km². Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 39,000 km² in Europe and c. 32,000 km² in the EU 28.","The subpopulations of this species are usually small and fragmented, although not severely. The species is known to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. In the past, the species occasionally was reported as a pest in farmlands. In Slovenia, only four small subpopulations remain (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015). The overall population trend is decreasing, and it is experiencing a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals.",This species is found in very dry habitats with scarce vegetation. However individuals were occasionally reported far away from the core habitats in villages and forests.,Abandonment of former grazing regimes seems to be the major threat to this species as many former sites where it was present are now overgrown with trees and shrubs (S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2015). Road development and tourism infrastructure also pose threats to this species.,"There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Better protection and management of its habitat is required.","This species is not utilised, although in Croatia children use them as toys.","Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Gomboc, S., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Willemse, L.P.M., Vedenina, V., Pushkar, T. & Sirin, D.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Prionotropis,rhodanica,,Prionotropis rhodanica,"Uvarov, 1923",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)c(iv)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)c(iv)",EU28,,"The Crau Plain Grasshopper (Prionotropis rhodanica) is endemic to a very small area in southern France. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of ca 40 km², the population is severely fragmented and shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. In addition, a continuing decline in the EOO, area of occupancy (AOO), number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals has been observed. In the past, this species declined mainly because of the destruction of its habitat, which has been transformed into meadows, orchards, olive yards or industrial areas. One of the remaining subpopulations is found in a military area and another within a car training course, where the construction of a new road is planned. The reasons for the decline of this species within the nature reserve ""Réserve naturelle nationale des Coussouls de Crau"" are poorly understood and are being studied. A conservation strategy was developed in 2014 and is currently being implemented. A captive breeding programme has been established at Thoiry Zoo and the first experimental reintroductions of egg pods were performed in 2015. Suitable habitat management needs to be implemented as soon as the major threats are understood. Remaining unprotected habitats should be integrated into the reserve. Destroyed habitats need to be restored and the plans for new road constructions need to be stopped.",Decreasing,"The Crau Plain Grasshopper is endemic to the Crau Steppe in southern France (Foucart and Lecoq 1998). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 40 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 12 to 16 km².","The Crau Plain Grasshopper has dramatically declined during the 20ᵗʰ century as a consequence of the destruction of its habitat (Foucart et al. 1999). Since the beginning of the 21ˢᵗ Century the species has strongly declined even within the protected area (""Réserve naturelle nationale des Coussouls de Crau""). A population reduction of 70% during the last ten years is suspected from the reduction of its area of occupancy (AOO). The remaining subpopulations are very isolated and separated by roads (Streiff et al. 2005). The species is flightless, not able to recolonise sites rapidly, and subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. The species is also known to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (A. Foucart pers. comm. 2015). Based on a recent mark-recapture experiment, the complete population size is likely to smaller than 5,000 mature individuals.","This species occurs only in a stone steppe habitat. It prefers areas which are rich in stones and scarce in vegetation. The generation length is one year, nymphs hatch in April and become adult at the end of May. Adults can be found until the beginning of July. Eggs appear to take two years for development (L. Bröder, L. Tatin and A. Foucart pers. comm. 2016).","In the past, this species declined mainly because of destruction of its habitat, which has been transformed into meadows, orchards, olive yards or industrial areas. One of the remaining subpopulations is found in a military area. Recent plans of the French army to construct new buildings on one of the sites have been stopped. Another subpopulation is found within a car training course, where currently the construction of a new road is planned. The reasons for the decline within the nature reserve are poorly understood. It is currently being studied whether it might have been affected by predation (by birds, e.g. cattle egret, which has strongly increased in this area), by sheep medication (since many grasshoppers regularly feed on sheep faeces), by general changes of the grazing regime (e.g. overgrazing), or by climate change (e.g. droughts during the egg period).","Parts of the Crau Steppe are protected in the ""Réserve naturelle nationale des Coussouls de Crau"" since 2001, but other parts are not protected. It is listed as Critically Endangered on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). A strategic conservation plan for the Crau Plain Grasshopper has been developed in 2014 and is currently being implemented (Hochkirch et al. 2014). This includes research into the population size and threats as well as a captive breeding program at Thoiry Zoo. Furthermore, the site of one of the remaining subpopulations has been excluded from grazing during the activity period of the grasshopper, while grazing in spring (before eggs were hatching) has been applied at another site that was overgrown with vegetation. Awareness programs are also underway. Suitable habitat management needs to be implemented as soon as the major threats are understood. Remaining unprotected habitats should be integrated into the reserve. Destroyed habitats need to be restored and the plans for new road constructions need to be stopped. Reintroduction is planned at sites where the species became extinct recently as soon as the reasons for its disappearance are understood. The species should be protected by law.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A. & Tatin, L.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Prionotropis,willemsorum,,Prionotropis willemsorum,"Massa & Ünal, 2015",,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii),EU28,,"The Willemse's Stone Grasshopper (Prionotropis willemsorum) is endemic to Greece, and has been reported from the a narrow mountainous region in Central Epiros in the northwestern part of the Greek mainland. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 140 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is between 12 and 50 km²), the population is severely fragmented and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and/or quality of the habitat due to livestock grazing. Currently there are only two sites from where the species has been reported during the past twenty years, and further research is needed to provide baseline data and more objectively and accurately assess the current status of this species. In particular, there is a need to get more reliable and specific data on its distribution, population trend and threats. Proper management of its habitat (particularly of the grazing regime) is necessary.",Unknown,"The Willemse's Stone Grasshopper is endemic to Greece (Massa et al. 2015, Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008). It has been reported from a narrow mountainous region in central Epiros in the northwestern part of the Greek mainland. Its presence in the north around Mt. Timfi has been confirmed, but its presence in the south on Mt. Mitsikeli still needs confirmation. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) has been estimated at ca 140 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 12 and 50 km².","This species was first discovered in 1882 after which it was not seen for some 100 years. Although it has been observed several times in the past 30 years (1986, 1997, 2000) information on the population trend is not available. This species is flightless and Pamphagidae typically have small, isolated populations, so the population of this species is considered to be severely fragmented.",No specific information is available on the habitat of this species. Most likely its habitat preferences resemble those of other related Greek species belonging to the same subfamily as well as Prionotropis appula in Italy: rather open dry rocky grounds with a sparse to more dense herbal vegetation. There is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and/or quality of the habitat due to livestock grazing.,The area where this species is found is used for livestock grazing. Grazing leads to a decline in the quality of habitat for the species and poses a threat.,"Currently no conservation measures are in place for this species. Further research is needed to provide baseline data and more objectively and accurately to assess the current status of this species. In particular, there is a need to get more reliable and specific data on its distribution, population trend and threats. It is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. Proper management of its habitat (particularly of the grazing regime) is necessary.",The species is not utilized in any way.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M. & Hochkirch, A.",,,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Psalmatophanes,barretoi,,Psalmatophanes barretoi,"Chopard, 1938",,Yes,VU,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,VU,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Madeiran Green Bush-cricket has a limited extent of occurrence (EOO) of 488 km². A continuing decline in the area of occupancy (AOO), number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals is inferred from an observed continuing decline in habitat quality as a consequence of increasing frequencies of wildfires on the island. The number of locations (based upon the typical size of a wildfire) is between five and ten. The species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"The Madeiran Bush-cricket is endemic to Madeira (Portugal), where it occurs in laurel forest (Arnedo et al. 2008, P. Oromí pers. comm. 2015). Its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is 488 km².","The species is widespread on Madeira, but the size of its subpopulations are usually small (A. Aguiar, pers. comm. 2015). A continuing decline in the area of occupancy (AOO), number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals is inferred from an observed continuing decline in habitat quality as a consequence of increasing frequencies of wildfires on the island",The species is mainly found in laurel forest (P. Oromí pers. comm. 2015).,"The main threat to this species are wildfires (A. Augiar pers. comm. 2015), which occurred frequently on Madeira during recent years. Even though it is not clear if and how the species was affected by wildfires, it is assumed that the effects are similarly detrimental as for Calliphona alluaudi on Gran Canaria. The number of locations (based upon the typical size of a wildfire) is estimated to be between five and ten.","There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research on its population trends, ecology and threats is needed. Appropriate fire management needs to be implemented in order to avoid any future declines.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Aguiar, A. & Oromi, P.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Pseudochorthippus,montanus,,Pseudochorthippus montanus,"(Charpentier, 1825)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Water-meadow Grasshopper (Pseudochorthippus montanus) is a highly specialized grasshopper species that is found in wet grassland, marshes and peat bogs. Data on population reduction is only available from a few areas in western Europe, so it is not possible to infer the global rate of reduction. While this species is declining, it has a broad distributional range and does not meet the thresholds for a threatened Category. The species is therefore assessed as Least Concern. However, it is highly recommend to monitor the population trend of this species as it is likely to decline throughout its range.",Decreasing,"The Water-meadow Grasshopper (Chorthippus montanus) is widespread in Eurasia. In Europe, it is found on the Pyrenees, the Alps and the South Carpathians to northern Scandinavia and eastern European Russia (Heller 2013). Its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is c. 7.8 million km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 4.4 million km².","An overall population estimate is not available, but data on population trends exist for some regions. In the Hunsrueck Mts. (Germany), the species has lost about 30% of its subpopulation between the mid 1980s and 2012. In the Eifel Mts. (Germany), 60% of the subpopulations have been lost during the same time period (A. Hochkirch pers. comm. 2016). In the Netherlands there has also been a decline in the past decade (Bakker et al. 2015). However, in the adjacent Belgium no notable regression was detected (Lock et al. 2011). In Austria and the Czech Republic, there is also no indication of a recent decline, but it is assumed that climate change could affect the species negatively (T. Zuna-Kratky and J. Holusa pers. comm. 2015). The same is assumed for the Carpathian Mts. (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). For Hungary, a long-term decline has been noted (G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2015). Even though there is no global analysis of the population trend available, a continuous decline is inferred in Europe. The species is flightless (although a macropterous morph sometimes occurs) and western subpopulations are usually very small and isolated (Weyer et al. 2012). The overall population trend appears to be decreasing.","Pseudochorthippus montanus is a wetland species that is mainly found in wet grasslands, marshes and peat bogs. The eggs require a constant water supply and are sensitive to droughts (Ingrisch 1983).","The main threats to this species are drainage, abandonment, intensification of grassland management (e.g. higher cattle densities, increased number of mowing on meadows) and transformation of grassland into farmland. Subpopulation declines and collapses have been found to be related to droughts (K. Rohde pers. comm. 2015) and could be related to climate change. Hybridisation with the Meadow Grasshopper (P. parallelus) may threaten small subpopulations (Rohde 2015).","The species is listed as Vulnerable on the national Red Lists of Luxembourg, Switzerland and the Netherlands (Proess and Meyer 2003, Monnerat et al. 2007, Bakker et al. 2015) and as Near Threatened on the Red Lists of France, Austria and Germany (Sardet and Defaut 2004, Berg et al. 2005, Maas et al. 2011). The species is a very good indicator for stable wetland habitats, and should receive more attention in conservation. There is a need for more data concerning its population trend as local subpopulation declines are strong. It occurs in protected areas throughout its range. However, its habitats need generally a better protection and management to avoid any future declines. Destroyed habitats should be restored.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Kristin, A., Szovenyi, G., Chobanov, D.P., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Willemse, L.P.M., Presa, J.J., Waeber, G., Holusa, J., Zuna-Kratky, T., Defaut, B. & Devriese, H.","Kranz, M., Gomboc, S. & Skejo, J. Skejo",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Pseudochorthippus,parallelus,,Pseudochorthippus parallelus,"(Zetterstedt, 1821)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Meadow Grasshopper (Pseudochorthippus parallelus) is a widespread and abundant grasshopper species. No major threats are thought to affect this species and it has a stable population trend. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"The Meadow Grasshopper (Pseudochorthippus parallelus) is a widespread species in Europe, where it occurs from the south of the Iberian Peninsula and the Peloponnesus to northern Finland and from the Portuguese Atlantic coast to eastern European Russia (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 12 million km² and in the EU 28it is c. 7.8 million km².","This species is very widespread and its subpopulations are usually very large. Even though the species is flightless, the subpopulations are well connected and the species also forms sometimes a fully winged morph, which is able to fly. Local increases have been observed in northern Germany (Hochkirch and Klugkist 1998). The overall population trend in Europe is assumed to be stable.","Pseudochorthippus parallelus occurs in a variety of grassland habitats, including moist and dry areas (Detzel 1998, Bellmann 2006). It is found on pastures, meadows and also on road verges.","The species may locally be affected by the use of pesticides, but this is unlikely to threaten the overall population. The species is known to tolerate even intensive grassland management (Bellmann 2006).","No specific conservation actions are in place or are needed for this species, but it occurs in many protected areas throughout its range. More research into its population trend would be useful.",This species is not utilized.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Kristin, A., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Willemse, L.P.M., Kleukers, R. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Pseudochorthippus,tatrae,,Pseudochorthippus tatrae,"(Harz, 1971)",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,The Tatra Grasshopper is listed as Data Deficient (DD) due to the very scarce information available on its distribution and population trend and its unknown threats. Further research is needed to clarify the status of this species throughout its range.,Unknown,"This species occurs only in the mountains of the northern part of Slovakia (Harz 1975, Chladek and Gavlas 2004, A. Kristin pers. comm. 2015). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 8,000 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is between 50 and 200 km².",The population size and trend of this species are unknown.,This species is found in mountain and alpine grasslands with scarce rocks.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in the National Parks of High Tatra and Low Tatra, and in Polana Biosphere Reserve. Further research is needed on its population trend and on the threats to the species.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,MOGOPLISTIDAE,Pseudomogoplistes,byzantius,,Pseudomogoplistes byzantius,"Gorochov, 1995",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",No,VU,D2,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
In pan-Europe, the Eastern Beach-cricket is known from three locations and it is mainly threatened by touristic development in the coastal zones of Crimea and Thasos. Its area of occupancy (AOO) has a maximum estimate of 300 km², there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, the number of subpopulations and of mature individuals, and its population is severely fragmented. Therefore, it is assessed as Endangered (EN).  
In the EU 28, the Eastern Beach-cricket is only known from one locality (Thasos), from where it has not been reported recently. It is not known whether the species is also declining on Thasos, because this island is currently less affected by touristic development. Due to the potential threat of touristic development affecting its habitat in the future (which may rapidly drive this species to Critically Endangered under Criterion B), it is assessed as Vulnerable under Criterion D2.",Decreasing,"The Eastern Beach-cricket is only known from the southern coast of the Crimean Peninsula and one locality on Thassos island, Greece (Gorochov 1995). Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is very small (8 km²), but it is difficult to find and therefore it is estimated to have a larger AOO with an upper estimate of 300 km². Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 20,000 km², and for the EU 28 it is between 100 and 500 km².","Information on the population size and trend of this species is very limited. The species has only been found at two localities and the subpopulations appear to be very small. The distance between the known localities is very large, and subpopulations may become extinct with a reduced possibility of recolonisation. Therefore, it is assumed to have a severely fragmented distribution. It is assumed to be declining as a consequence of touristic development.",The species occurs on shingle beaches and it has been found at altitudes between 5 - 50 m Asl.,"The major threat to this species is the development of touristic infrastructure. Based on this threat, the species is only known from three locations.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. The species is included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (Akimov 2009) and the Red Book of the Republic of Crimea (Ivanov and Fateryga 2015). Research on its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,MOGOPLISTIDAE,Pseudomogoplistes,madeirae,,Pseudomogoplistes madeirae,"Gorochov & Marshall, 2001",,Yes,DD,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Madeiran Beach-cricket (Pseudomogoplistes madeirae) is only known from the island of Madeira, in Portugal. This species is assessed as Data Deficient since after its discovery in 1957, it has never been found again. Hardly any information is known about it, and a first necessary step is to confirm that this species is still extant. If so, more research is needed into the population size and trend, the species' ecology and threats.",Unknown,"The Madeiran Beach-cricket is only known from Madeira. It has been described on the basis of collected specimens from Funchal in 1957 (Gorochov and Marschall 2001). After its first collection it has not been observed again. This species' maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 37 km², based on the assumption that the species occurs throughout the island.",There is no information on the population size and trend.,"There is no available information on the habitats and ecology of this species. Supposedly, like the other species of the genus, it is present in the coastal zone under stones or other debris on sandy beaches.",The threats to the species are unknown.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. The first necessary step is to confirm that this species is still extant. If so, more research is needed into the population size and trend, the species' ecology and threats.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & Cálix, M.","Odé, B., Barranco Vega, P., Ferreira, S., Lemos, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Correas, J., Prunier, F. & Hochkirch, A.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,MOGOPLISTIDAE,Pseudomogoplistes,squamiger,,Pseudomogoplistes squamiger,"(Fischer, 1853)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Mediterranean Beach-cricket (Pseudomogoplistes squamiger) is widespread along the Mediterranean coasts. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution, it is still abundant along the Adriatic coast, and it is probably more common than currently known. The species might be locally threatened by touristic development, recreational activities and rising sea levels. More research is needed into its distribution in order to calculate a reliable area of occupancy (AOO).",Decreasing,"The Mediterranean Beach-cricket is found along the Mediterranean coasts of North Africa, Spain, Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, Corsica, France, the Balkans and Greece. Records from Greece may also belong to either Pseudomogoplistes byzantius or Pseudomogoplistes turcicus (Massa et al. 2012). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and in the EU 28 is ca 1.8 million km².","In Spain, this species seems to be rare and one subpopulation has recently not been found (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2016). This species does not sing and can only be found by turning stones at beaches, and is is therefore very likely to be more common than currently known. However, it is certainly negatively affected by touristic development along the Mediterranean coasts and therefore a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and mature individuals is inferred. In France the species is only present in undisturbed areas (Berville et al. 2012). In Croatia the species is still abundant along the Adriatic coast (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016).","The Mediterranean Beach-cricket is found on rocky and sandy beaches where it lives among stones and debris just above the splash zone (Massa et al. 2012). On some Mediterranean isles the species is also found several meters above sea level, in areas that are permanently sprayed with water (Berville et al. 2012).",This species may be locally affected by touristic development and recreational activities (Berville et al. 2012). It may also be threatened by rising sea levels as a consequence of climate change.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Critically Endangered in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its distribution, population trend and threats is needed. Particularly the area of occupancy (AOO) needs to be determined, as it may fall below the threshold for a threatened category under Criterion B.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Skejo, J. Skejo, Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,MOGOPLISTIDAE,Pseudomogoplistes,vicentae,,Pseudomogoplistes vicentae,"Gorochov, 1996",,No,VU,"B2ab(iv,v)",No,VU,"B2ab(iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Atlantic Beach-Cricket (Pseudomogoplistes vicentae) is found on shingle beaches on the Atlantic coast of Europe and North Africa. In Europe, it occurs on the Atlantic coast of Portugal, France, southern England and Wales. It is also found on the Canary Islands and is probably also present on the Spanish Atlantic coast. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since, even though its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 620,000 km², its known area of occupancy (AOO) is very small - ca 220 km². The species has been intensively searched for in northern France (Normandy, Brittany) and the UK, so its distribution in this part of the range is probably not larger than currently known. However, it might have been overlooked in the southern part of its range and the upper AOO estimate is 1,500 km². In addition, the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and number of subpopulations due to the ongoing threats. This beach-cricket has been reported to be decreasing in the northern part of its range as a consequence of marine pollution and storm surges. Sea level rise is a potential future threat, and further research is needed into the population size and trend. Remaining habitats need to be protected.",Decreasing,"The Atlantic Beach-Cricket is found along the Atlantic coast from Morocco to England. In Europe, the species occurs on the Atlantic coast of Portugal, France, southern England and Wales. It is also found on the Canary Islands  and is probably also present on the Spanish Atlantic coast. Its known extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 620,000 km². Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 220 km², but it is assumed to be overlooked quite easily so that the upper estimate is 1,500 km².","The exact population size and trend of this species are unknown, but it has been reported to be decreasing in the northern part of its range (K. Vahed and P. Stallegger pers. comm. 2015). Since it is nocturnal, the population size of this species might be underestimated, but according to the best present knowledge, local subpopulations are small. These subpopulations are very isolated with large distances between them, there is probably little genetic exchange between them, and they may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented.","The Atlantic Beach-Cricket is found on shingle beaches, where it lives between the shingle, feeding on detritus (Sutton 2015). It is mainly found on sparsely vegetated places (Gardiner 2009). Eggs are laid in drift wood, which may be a means of dispersal (K. Vahed pers. comm. 2015).","A potential threat to the species is sea-level rise  as a consequence of climate change (Sutton 2015). A storm surge in 2014 heavily affected a subpopulation in England (K. Vahed  pers. comm. 2015). Furthermore, the species has been found to be affected by marine pollution. A subpopulation in Branscombe (UK) was affected by pollution from a stranded ship that lost fuel and cargo in 2001, but the subpopulation survived (Sutton 2015). It has also been affected by excavation for cables for a tidal energy program (Sutton 2015). Studies from England (Chesil  Beach, Dorset) suggest that the species is not negatively influenced by tourism and may even benefit from increased  numbers of visitors by the higher amount of detritus (Gardiner 2009).","This species occurs in several protected areas. After heavy storm surges in 2014, a subpopulation at Branscombe (England) was heavily affected and some individuals were raised in captivity (K. Vahed pers. comm. 2015). A total of 60 captive-bred nymphs were introduced to a site close to this locality. It is listed as ""priority 1"" (equivalent to Critically Endangered or Endangered) on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Further research is needed on the population size and trend of the species. Remaining habitats need to be protected.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Oromi, P., Braud, Y., Tim, G., Vahed, K., Ferreira, S., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Dusoulier, F., Zuna-Kratky, T., Monnerat, C. & Fontana, P.","Kranz, M. & Stallegger, P.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Pseudopodisma,fieberi,,Pseudopodisma fieberi,"(Scudder, 1897)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Fieber's Mountain Grasshopper (Pseudopodisma fieberi) is endemic to the south-eastern ridges of the Alps and the northern Balkans. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range and the population size is estimated to be very large. However, the Alpine subpopulations are isolated from each other, and have experienced recent declines. On the other hand, the subpopulations on the Balkans seem to be more connected and there is no actual evidence of declines or threats. Conservation action should focus on the more isolated and threatened subpopulations in the Alps, where continuous monitoring is needed. If future monitoring shows declines in the eastern part of its range, this species could become threatened.",Decreasing,"Fieber's Mountain Grasshopper is endemic to the south-eastern ridges of the Alps and the northern Balkans, living from the Monte Summano (Veneto) in Italy over the lower Alpine areas of the province Udine (Italy), along the eastern parts of Carinthia up to Graz (Styria) in Austria and northern Slovenia (Koschuh 2004, Tami et al. 2006, Massa et al. 2012). To the east the species is more densely distributed in Slavonia in north-eastern Croatia (Szövényi and Puskás 2012) and it was found in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia and the Kosovo. The easternmost occurrence covers large parts of Romania, where it lives in 11 of 20 bio-geographical regions (Iorgu et al. 2008) and also the mountains of south-west Bulgaria (Chobanov 2009). It mainly inhabits hills and mountains at lower altitudes with records between 115 and 1,100 m asl (Koschuh 2008, Massa et al. 2012, Szövényi and Puskás 2012, ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich; unpublished data), but in Bulgaria it occurs mainly at higher altitudes between 1,000 und 2,000 m asl (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 442,000 km².","In many parts of its range, this species lives in rather isolated subpopulations, and low abundances are often reported from the better surveyed Alpine sites (e.g., Koschuh 2004, Tami et al. 2006). The Austrian subpopulation is currently declining (T. Frieß pers. comm. 2015) and the densities are low (only in 10 % of all records was it found ""common"" or ""fairly common"", ARGE Heuschrecken Österreich; unpublished data). A similar situation is suggested for the small and very isolated Italian subpopulations (Tami et al. 2006), where densities have decreased for the last decade (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015). The situation in the Balkans seems to be much more favourable (e.g., Szövényi and Puskás 2012), but precise data on the population size and trend are missing. Overall, the population seems to be decreasing.","This species is an arbusticole species, mainly living on small bushes and tall herbs in dense and overgrown vegetation (e.g., Koschuh 2004, Tami et al. 2006). The habitats are often without or only under occasional management, but extensive grazing is also reported on some sites. The climatic conditions should be moist and rather warm in winter (Koschuh 2004), which fits well with the overall geographic distribution.","The Alpine subpopulations of this species suffer locally from the abandonment of their grassland habitats leading to reforestation, but also from intensification of pastures (P. Fontana and T. Frieß pers. comm. 2015). The subpopulations, especially those of the western range, are fragmented, and for this flightless grasshopper, most probably, there is no possibility for genetic exchange. Therefore, the probability of extinction in this part of the range is more likely than in the larger and more densely populated sites in the Balkans.  Unfortunately, there is no available information on the population trend and on recent threats to the eastern subpopulations.","Tami et al. (2006) developed conservation actions for the threatened westernmost site on Monte Summano, and also for the Austrian subpopulations a conservation action plan is currently being elaborated (T. Frieß pers. comm. 2015). Especially in the east, some subpopulations live in protected areas. Conservation action should focus on the more isolated and threatened subpopulations in the Alps, where continuous monitoring is also needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & Cálix, M.","Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Pseudopodisma,nagyi,,Pseudopodisma nagyi,"Galvagni & Fontana, 1996",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"Nagy's Mountain Grasshopper has an area of occupancy (AOO) between 400 and 2,000 km² and its population is severely fragmented. The species is threatened by overgrazing, succession of abandoned grasslands and use of insecticides. It is thus assessed as Near Threatened (NT). Further research is needed on the taxonomy of this species.",Unknown,"Nagy's Mountain Grasshopper is known from northern Hungary, Slovakia and southeastern Czech Republic (Galvagni and Fontana 1996, Nagy et al. 2010, Holusa et al. 2013). This species may also occur in Romania (Hoffmann 2009). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 34,000 km²and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 400 and 2,000 km².","The population of this flightless species is severely fragmented, with little possibility of genetic exchange between isolated subpopulations, which may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. In Hungary and Slovakia the subpopulations are larger than in the Czech Republic. The overall population trend is unknown.","This species occurs in grasslands and forest clearings rich in herbal vegetation at altitudes between 200 and 1,040 m.","The main threats to this species are overgrazing, the succession of abandoned grasslands and the use of insecticides, which lead to habitat degradation.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Further research is needed on the taxonomy of the genus Pseudoposima.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Pseudopodisma,transilvanica,,Pseudopodisma transilvanica,"Galvagni & Fontana, 1993",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Transylvanian Mountain Grasshopper is listed as Least Concern (LC) due to its large extent of occurrence (EOO) of around 100,000 km², its large population size and the lack of evidence for a decline. Further research on its population trend is needed.",Unknown,"The Transylvanian Mountain Grasshopper occurs along the eastern and southern Carpathians and the Apuseni Mountains in Romania. The presence of the species is uncertain in western Ukraine and in an isolated area in the High Tatra Mountains of northern Slovakia (Galvagni and Fontana 1993, Nagy 2005). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 100,000 km².",Subpopulations of this species are large but the overall population trend is unknown.,"The species occurs in mountain and sub-montane grasslands and forest clearings at altitudes between 345 and 1,190 m.","The main threats to this species are overgrazing, the succession of abandoned grasslands and the use of insecticides, which lead to habitat degradation.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Pseudoprumna,baldensis,,Pseudoprumna baldensis,"(Krauss, 1883)",,Yes,EN,B1ab(v)+2ab(v),Yes,EN,B1ab(v)+2ab(v),EU28,,"The Baldo Mountain Grasshopper (Pseudoprumna baldensis) is restricted to the southern edge of the Alps in Italy. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,300 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is only 36 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals due to touristic activities. In addition, global warming might become a serious threat to this species, which has only very limited possibilities to move to higher altitudes. Considering the potential negative effects of global warming in the restricted area of this species, monitoring of the population size and especially of the habitat quality is necessary. Developing and implementing a species-specific action plan for this endemic and endangered species of the Italian Alps is recommended.",Decreasing,"The Baldo Mountain Grasshopper is restricted to the southern edge of the Alps in Italy, specifically to the Alpi Venete, the Alpi Bergamasche and the Alpi Bresciane (Massa et al. 2012). Initially it was only found on the Monte Baldo, but further records on three other isolated mountains west of the Lago di Garda followed. Therefore, this species' extent of occurrence (EOO) reaches ca 1,300 km². This is a mountainous species, occurring at altitudes between 1,350 and 2,000 m Asl (Nadig 1993, Massa et al. 2012). During the last ice age these localities were not covered by glaciers and could act as refugia (Nadig 1993). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) is only 32 km².","This grasshopper has a small range, but can be quite common in its fragmented localities. On Monte Baldo, where the largest subpopulation occurs, this species is one of the most abundant grasshoppers (Massa et al. 2012). In recent times, at least some of the subpopulations have been declining (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015), and the overall population trend seems to be decreasing. The population is severely fragmented, since the subpopulations and isolated, there is little or no genetic exchange between them, and they may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization.","This species lives in alpine grassland that is grazed by feral animals, sometimes typically mixed with dwarf shrubs like Juniperus spp., Erica spp. or Rhododendron species. In its grassy habitats it prefers herbaceous plants like Tussilago spp. or Cytisanthus spp. (Nadig 1993). This species prefers cool mesic habitats (Nadig 1993, Massa et al. 2012). It is flightless with strongly reduced wings, and adults can be found mainly between July and September.","Some subpopulations of this species suffer from intensive touristic activities, and a new cable car has recently been built in an area where this species occurs (P. Fontana pers. comm. 2015). Especially the subpopulations west of Lago di Garda already live near or at the mountain tops. This could become a severe threat, if the thermic conditions or the habitat quality change due to global warming, as there is only limited possibility to move upwards. As this species does not seem to tolerate warm temperatures, it could be more sensitive to climatic changes than other endemic alpine species. Overgrazing and abandonment of pastures can also have negative effects on the habitats of the species.","There are no known specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in the protected area of Monte Baldo. Taking into account the potential negative effects of global warming in the restricted area of this species, monitoring of population size and especially habitat quality is necessary. Developing and implementing a species-specific action plan for this endemic and endangered species of the Italian Alps is recommended.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & Cálix, M.","Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Psophus,stridulus,,Psophus stridulus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Rattle Grasshopper (Psophus stridulus) occurs from the northern Iberian Peninsula to Mongolia and Korea. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is rather widespread in Europe and the overall population size is probably large. However, in parts of its range it is rare and declining. It is listed as threatened in nearly all existing national Red Lists and even Regionally Extinct in Belgium and the Netherlands. The main reason for its disappearance in northwestern Europe was the transformation of heathland habitats into farmland and forests. It is also threatened by abandonment (particularly of grazing) and eutrophication and subsequent succession of its habitats with bushes and trees. More data on the current population trend is needed.",Decreasing,"The Rattle Grasshopper occurs from the northern Iberian Peninsula to Mongolia and Korea (Harz 1975). In Europe it is found from northern Greece and central Italy to central Sweden and central Finland in the north and to northern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 8.4 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 4.6 million km².","This species has lost large parts of its former range in northwestern Europe, particularly in the Netherlands (Bakker et al. 2015), Belgium (Decleer et al. 2000), Czech Republic (Holusa et al. 2013), and Germany (Hochkirch 2010) where it is still declining (Maas et al. 2002). The overall population trend is decreasing but the population size is probably large.","The species is found at forest edges, in heathland habitats and on sunny mountain slopes (Harz 1975). It also occurs in dry grassland habitats with scarce vegetation and stony patches (Kolb and Fischer 1994, Maas et al. 2002), gravel terraces and rocky slopes (Baur et al. 2006) and inland dunes (Bönsel and Runze 2000). In the central and southern parts of its range, it is only found in montane regions. While males are good flyers, the females are flightless. The colonisation ability of this species is therefore low (Buchweitz 1993, Janßen and Reich 1998).",The main reason for its disappearance in northwestern Europe was the transformation of heathland habitats into farmland and forests. It is also threatened by abandonment (particularly of grazing) and eutrophication and subsequent succession of its habitats with bushes and trees.,"This species is Regionally Extinct in Belgium (Lock et al. 2011) and the Netherlands (Bakker et al. 2015). It is listed as Endangered on the Red List in Germany (Maas et al. 2011) and Sweden (Strid et al. 2010), Vulnerable in Poland and Switzerland (Liana 2002, Monnerat et al. 2007) and Near Threatened in Austria (Berg et al. 2005). It is also regionally threatened in the northern parts of France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). On the Carpathian Red List it is listed as Vulnerable for the Polish part, as Near Threatened for the Czech, Ukrainian and Hungarian parts (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). As the species is threatened in many countries, some conservation actions exist, e.g. in Finland (S. Karjalainen pers. comm. 2015) and Germany. It occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population trend.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Psorodonotus,fieberi,,Psorodonotus fieberi,"(Frivaldsky, 1853)",,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
Fieber's Walking Bush-cricket (Psorodonotus fieberi) is found in the mountainous areas of the central part of the Balkan Peninsula. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 200 and 2,000   km² in Europe and between 180 and 1,500 km² in the EU 28. The species shows extreme fluctuations in population size. As is is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B, it is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT).",Unknown,"Fieber's Walking Bush-cricket is present in the Balkan Mountains (Stara Planina) and the Macedonian-Thracian Massif (Rhodopean Mountains), reaching the eastern arc of the Dinaric Mountain Range (Bulgaria, eastern Serbia, the eastern Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia) and possibly Kosovo and northeastern Greece). 
The borders of its range include the Danube River valley to the north, the lower parts of Stara Planina Mountains and the Rhodope Mountains to the east and the southern slopes of the Macedonian-Thracian Massif to the south. In the west, the known range of the species, mostly according to Mikšić (1965), borders the ranges ofP. macedonicus and P. illyricus, approximately following the valleys of Vapa-Lim-Drina-Ibar (Ibër)-Sitnicë-Pchinja-Vardar Rivers, but it is not known where this border connects the valleys of Pchinja and Sitnicë. Yet, the exact border of its range, i.e. the locality ""Tara Mt."" (Grebenshchikov 1950, Mikšić 1965) has not been defined well (Kaya et al. 2015). The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 200 and 2,000 km² in Europe and between 200 to 1,500 km² in the EU 28. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 100,000 km² in Europe and c. 62,000 km² in the EU 28.","This species shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. Its population trend is unknown.","This species inhabits open grass-herb associations, usually with the presence of Juniperus communis alpina, which it uses for shelter. It is found at altitudes between 1,100–2,400 m Asl (usually between 1,500 and 2,200 m Asl). The taxon has a monovoltine cycle, emerging in the spring. Adults occur from June/July until September/October, although timing depends mostly on the altitude.","The major threats to the species are habitat destruction as a result of the cutting or burning of bushes. Other threats include infrastructure development, drainage of marshy areas and river regulation.","The species is found in protected areas in Bulgaria and Serbia, and it is protected in Serbia. Research on its population trend and threats is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Psorodonotus,illyricus,,Psorodonotus illyricus,"Ebner, 1923",,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
In Europe, the Illyrican Walking Bush-cricket is listed as Near Threatened (NT) due to extreme fluctuations on its population and the small size of its area of occupancy (AOO), which is between 132-1,000 km². Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B.
In the EU 28, the Illyrican Walking Bush-cricket is listed as Near Threatened (NT) because the extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 16,000 km², the area of occupancy (AOO) is between 60 and 200 km² and it experiences extreme fluctuations. Thus, the species is close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion B.",Unknown,"The Illyrican Walking Bush-cricket occurs along the Dinaric Mountain Range from the Istra Peninsula in southern Slovenia and northwestern Croatia, through Dinaric Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to the central regions of Montenegro. The border between P. illyricus and P. macedonicus passes along the Drina – Tara River Valleys, where contact of subpopulations or a hybrid zone is suspected (Kaya et al. 2015). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 51,000 km² in Europe and 16,600 km² in the EU 28. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 132-1,000 km² in Europe, and the minimum estimate for the EU 28 is 60 km².","The species is locally common. In several subpopulations outbreak years are known. This species is inferred to experience repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. In Europe, the subpopulations are naturally fragmented, following the open mesophytic mountainous habitats. However, the fragmentation is not considered severe as exchange of individuals among neighbouring subpopulations was observed.
However, in the EU 28 (Slovenia and Croatia) this species has a severely fragmented distribution with isolated subpopulations with little possibility of genetic exchange that may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","This species inhabits open grass-herb associations from the colline to the sub-alpine mountain zone. It seems less sensitive to droughts and high temperatures than its congeners P. macedonicus and P. fieberi. Records exist from 800 to 1,800 m Asl. P. illyricus has a monovoltine cycle, emerging in the spring. Adults occur from June/July until September/October and lay eggs that overwinter in the soil, although timing depends mostly on the altitude.","The main threats to this species are habitat destruction through the conversion of natural mountainous mesophyte grass-scrub (mostly associations of Juniperus communis) as a result of housing and the development of touristic infrastructure, drainage of marshy areas, river diversions, etc., but this species seems more drought-tolerant than its relatives from the genus. Occasional cutting/burning of the juniper bushes and extensive livestock breeding do not seem to affect the subpopulations of this taxon and they may be even beneficial to some extent.","Significant parts of the species' range fall within protected areas and it is covered by Natura 2000 sites in Croatia and Montenegro, but there are no conservation actions in place for this taxon. Research on its population trend is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Psorodonotus,macedonicus,,Psorodonotus macedonicus,"Ramme, 1931",,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
In Europe, the Macedonian Walking Bush-cricket has an overall large population. However, there is a decline in habitat quality and it has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO = 276-2,500 km²). As it is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B, it is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT).
In the EU 28, the area of occupancy (AOO) is 120-300 km² and there is a continuing decline in the quality of habitat due to overgrazing. In case extreme fluctuations will be observed, the species will qualify as threatened. Therefore, the Macedonian Walking Bush-cricket is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).",Unknown,"The Macedonian Walking Bush-cricket is distributed all over the Pindos Mountain Range, the mountains of the Pelagonia horst–anticlinorium and the southern part of the Dinaric Mountain Range (Greece except for the Peloponnese, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia), Albania, western Kosovo, southern Montenegro and possibly Serbia). The borders with the ranges of P. fieberi and especially P. illyricus are not clear. The border with the latter possibly passes along the Drina – Tara river valleys, where contact of subpopulations or a hybrid zone is suspected. The locality in Skopska Crna Gora Mountain (northern FYRO Macedonia) belongs to a geographically intermediate region with connects the Pindo–Dinaric Range and the Macedonian–Thracian Massif. As the specimens from there have not been studied (e.g., by Mikšić (1965)), their taxonomic affinity needs confirmation (Kaya et al. 2015). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 85,000 km² in Europe and c. 40,000 km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 276 and 2,500 km² in Europe and between 120 and 300 km² in the EU 28.","Subpopulations are usually large. The population trend is unknown. Outbreaks of this species were observed, thus extreme fluctuations are possible.","The species inhabits open grass-herb associations, usually moister than those that P. fieberi inhabits, and is even found on peat bogs. It is found at altitudes between 1,200–2,600 m Asl, being most common between 1,500 and 2,200 m Asl. The taxon has a monovoltine cycle and it emerges in the spring. Adults occur from June/July until September/October and lay eggs that overwinter in the soil, although timing depends mostly on the altitude. The southernmost subpopulations (in the southern Pindos range) may develop earlier.","The main threats to this species are habitat destruction as a result of the conversion of natural mountainous mesophyte grass-scrub habitats (mostly associations of Juniperus communis) as a result of housing and development of touristic infrastructure, although occasional cutting/firing of the juniper bushes and extensive livestock breeding do not seem to affect the subpopulations of this taxon, and may be even beneficial to some extent. Negative impacts are mostly related to infrastructure development, the drainage of marshy areas and river diversion. In the southernmost areas, climate change may lead to desiccation of its microhabitats and the disappearance of subpopulations.","As the species is present on the highest mountains in Greece, some localities are situated in Natura 2000 sites and in some protected areas in Greece. Part of its subpopulations in FYRO Macedonia and Montenegro are also in protected areas. There are no conservation actions in place for this species. Research on its population trend and threats is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Pterolepis,cordubensis,,Pterolepis cordubensis,"Bolívar, 1900",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Cordoba Bush-cricket (Pterolepis cordubensis) is endemic to Spain where it is only known from two individuals, collected from two localities, one male from the Córdoba province (locality unknown) and one female from the Sevilla province. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research on this bush-cricket is needed in order to assess its extinction risk.",Unknown,"The Cordoba Bush-cricket is endemic to Spain, where it is only known from two individuals, collected from two localities, one male from the Córdoba province (locality unknown) and one female from the Sevilla province, at 75 m Asl. This species' known area of occupancy (AOO) is therefore estimated at 8 km².","There is no available information on the population size and trend of this species. Only two records are known so far, made one hundred years apart.","There is very little available information on this species. The only recent data is from a female, which was collected in an extensive grain field (Llucià Pomares 2011).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species and it has not been recorded from any protected areas. Additional research is needed on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Pterolepis,elymica,,Pterolepis elymica,"Galvagni & Massa, 1980",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Sicilian Bush-cricket (Pterolepis elymica) is endemic to the western coast of Sicily, in Italy. This species is assessed as Endangered since its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 126 km², its area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals due to touristic and coastal development. Its habitat should be protected and further research into the population size and trend is needed.",Decreasing,"The Sicilian Bush-cricket is endemic to the west coast of Sicily (Italy), where it is known from four localities (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 126 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².",This species is quite rare and the subpopulations are very small and isolated with little genetic exchange between them. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented and the overall population trend is decreasing.,"This bush-cricket lives in retrodunal vegetation, and adults appear in summer and autumn.",The habitat of the species is threatened by touristic and coastal development.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Its habitat should be protected and further research into the population size and trend is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M. & Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Pterolepis,grallata,,Pterolepis grallata,"(Pantel, 1886)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Stilt-legged Bush-cricket (Pterolepis grallata) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since its population size is presumed to be very large, subpopulations are locally abundant, and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"The Stilt-legged Bush-cricket is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it occurs in a wide area excluding the north, northeast and southwestern regions. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 211,500 km².",The population trend of this species is unknown. The species' subpopulations are locally abundant and the population size is presumed to be very large.,"The species occurs in low Mediterranean shrubby vegetation and dry pastures (Llucià Pomares and Fernández Ortín 2011) between 164 m and 1,640 m Asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a number of protected areas. Further research is needed into its population trend, ecology and threats.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Pterolepis,lusitanica,,Pterolepis lusitanica,"(Bolívar, 1900)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Lusitanian Bush-cricket (Pterolepis lusitanica) is endemic to Portugal, where it is widely distributed in the southern half of the country. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, in spite of the limited number of records, it has been recorded in all areas during a year of targeted research in the country, suggesting that the species is widespread and common. In addition, no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"The Lusitanian Bush-cricket is currently only known from the southern half of Portugal (Barranco and Gutiérrez-Rodríguez 2010, F. Barros pers. comm. 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 37,000 km².","There is no available information on the population size and trend of this species. However, it is suspected to be locally abundant.","This species has been recorded in Mediterranean-type shrub vegetation (S. Ferreira pers. comm. 2016), but may occur in a wider array of habitats.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"Although the species is widespread in the southern half of Portugal, records from only eleven localities are known, six of them in the same protected area (F. Barros pers. comm. 2016). Another locality falls within a second protected area (Barranco and Gutiérrez-Rodríguez 2010). Research is needed on the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Ferreira, S., Barranco Vega, P., Clemente, M., Correas, J., García, M., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B., Presa, J.J. & Prunier, F.","Barros, F. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Pterolepis,pedata,,Pterolepis pedata,"Costa, 1882",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
In Europe, the Pedate Bush-cricket (Pterolepis pedata) is known from Sardinia and Lampedusa, in Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is locally common and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"The Pedate Bush-cricket is known from Tunisia, Sardinia and Lampedusa, in Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 76,300 km².","This bush-cricket is locally common and widespread, but the population trend is unknown.","This flightless species lives in coastal vegetation, dunes, salt marshes and dry shrublands from sea level up to 1,500 m asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Pterolepis,pityusensis,,Pterolepis pityusensis,"Barranco, 2014",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Ibiza Bush-cricket (Pterolepis pityusensis) is endemic to the island of Ibiza, where it is only known from a single female specimen. This species has only been recently described (2014) and is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trends, ecology and threats. Further research on this species is needed in order to assess its extinction risk.",Unknown,"The Ibiza Bush-cricket is endemic to the island of Ibiza, where it is only known from a single female specimen. This species' known area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km², and its estimated maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 250 km².",The population size and trend of this species are unknown since only one specimen has been recorded so far.,The only known specimen was collected in Mediterranean pinewood (Barranco 2014).,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it is present in any protected areas. Further research is needed on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Pterolepis,spoliata,,Pterolepis spoliata,"Rambur, 1838",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Disarmed Bush-cricket (Pterolepis spoliata) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it occurs mostly in the southern half of the peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide ecological amplitude and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"The Disarmed Bush-cricket is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it occurs mostly in the southern half of the peninsula (Barranco and Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 345,600 km².",The population size and trend for this species are unknown.,"This species has been collected in gardens of urban areas, pine associations on dunes, and low dry shrubland. It is found at altitudes between 2 m and 2,000 m Asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"This species is present within a number of protected areas, but no specific conservation measures are in place or necessary. Research on the population trend is recommended.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Pteronemobius,heydenii,,Pteronemobius heydenii,"(Fischer, 1853)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Marsh-cricket (Pteronemobius heydenii) is found throughout Africa (including Madagascar) to central Europe and southeast Asia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in southern Europe and its population trend is increasing as a consequence of the warming climate. It is affiliated with wet grassland habitats and threatened by drainage, melioration and changes in land-use. It has declined in the past due to habitat degradation and destruction, but is currently spreading again.",Increasing,"The Marsh-cricket is found throughout Africa (including Madagascar) to central Europe and southeast Asia (Massa et al. 2012). In Europe it occurs from the Iberian Peninsula, Lampedusa (Italy), Rhodes (Greece) and Cyprus in the south to northern France and the Czech Republic in the north and southern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 6.8 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 4.4 million km².","This species declined in the past as a consequence of destruction and degradation of its habitat. However, it is currently spreading as a result of the warming climate (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016) and the overall population trend is increasing.","The Marsh-cricket occurs in open wetland habitats (Massa et al. 2012) such as wet grassland with patches of bare ground, or shores of lakes, ponds, canals, streams and rivers (Braun and Lederer 2009).",The main threat to this species is drainage or other changes in the water regime of wetlands (Braun and Lederer 2009). Land improvement of its habitats and afforestation may also threaten this species (Braun and Lederer 2009).,"This species is listed as Vulnerable in Austria and Switzerland (Berg et al. 2005, Monnerat et al. 2007), and as Endangered in Germany (Maas et al. 2011). It is also considered threatened in the northern parts of France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Due to its threatened status in the northern part of its range, some conservation action is in place for this species (e.g. Moser 2011). There is a general need for research into its population trend, better protection and appropriate management of wetland habitats.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Puskas, G., Zuna-Kratky, T., Chobanov, D.P., Ivkovic, S., Monnerat, C., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Pteronemobius,lineolatus,,Pteronemobius lineolatus,"(Brullé, 1835)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Striped Marsh-cricket (Pteronemobius lineolatus) is found in southwestern Europe. It is rather widespread on the Iberian Peninsula and in the Atlantic part of France, while it is rare in eastern France, Switzerland and Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution and overall large population size.",Decreasing,"The Striped Marsh-cricket is known from the Iberian Peninsula, southern France, northern Italy and southern Switzerland (Harz 1969, Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.45 million km²,","This species is widespread in Portugal (Ferreira 2009), but less so in Catalonia (Olmo Vidal 2002). In France the species is more common in the Atlantic region than in the more continental region (Sardet and Defaut 2004). In Italy there are only few records, but it is likely to be underrecorded (Massa et al. 2012). In Switzerland the species is very rare (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2016). The population appears to be declining (F. Rutschmann pers. comm. 2016). The overall population size is large","This species is found in riparian habitats (Massa et al. 2012), such as pebbly riverbanks with some muddy parts (Monnerat et al. 2007). It is found under stones along rivers and streams (Ferreira 2009) and also along ponds (Llucià-Pomares and Fernández-Ortín 2009). It is usually flightless but fully winged specimens have been reported (Gorochov and Llorente 2001).",The major threat to this species is the regulation of rivers and streams. It is also threatened by touristic activities (F. Rutschmann pers. comm. 2016).,In Switzerland the species is listed as Critically Endangered (Monnerat et al. 2007). In France its status is largely unknown but overall the species is considered Least Concern (Sardet and Defaut 2004). It occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend is required.,The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Ferreira, S., Monnerat, C., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Purpuraria,erna,,Purpuraria erna,"Enderlein, 1929","A recent study by López et al. (2013) showed that the former records from North Lanzarote and Montaña Clara belong to a different species, Purpuraria magna.",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Purpurarian Stone Grasshopper is endemic to Fuerteventura, Lanzarote and Isla de los Lobos. Due to its small area of occupancy (AOO) of 60 km² and extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 2,500 km², the severe fragmentation of its population and the continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat and number of mature individuals, it is assessed as Endangered (EN). The main threats to this species are agriculture (overgrazing), rural development and tourism.",Decreasing,"The Purpurarian Stone Grasshopper occurs on Fuerteventura, Isla de los Lobos, and parts of Lanzarote (López et al. 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 2,500 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km².","The subpopulations of this flightless species are very small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. A continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat and number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing threats as a result of rural and touristic development.",Purpuraria erna only occurs inEuphorbiabushes. Its altitudinal range is 0 - 600 m.,"The species feeds exclusively onEuphorbia scrubs which are threatened mainly by rural development, but also by goat grazing and urban and touristic development. It may also be affected by volcanism.","There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas. Research on its population size and trend is needed as well as a monitoring program for its habitat. A thorough habitat management is recommended for this species.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A. & López, H.","Jakobs, D.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PAMPHAGIDAE,Purpuraria,magna,,Purpuraria magna,"López & Oromí, 2013",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Lanzarote Stick Grasshopper (Purpuraria magna) has a limited extent of occurrence (EOO) of ca 400 km² and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 20 km². It occurs at five locations and its population is severely fragmented. The major threat to this species is agricultural land use (goat grazing), and there is a continuing decline in the quality and extent of its habitat as well as the number of mature individuals. The species is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN).",Decreasing,"The Lanzarote Stick Grasshopper is endemic to Lanzarote (Canary Islands) and the small island of Montana Clara, north of Lanzarote (López et al. 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 400 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².","The existing subpopulations are extremely small and strongly isolated and the species is highly sedentary (completely flightless). These subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization, and the population is thus considered severely fragmented. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing degradation of its habitat.","The species is found in Euphorbia vegetation. Females are well camouflaged when resting on stems of Euphorbia, which they also feed on.","The species is threatened by habitat loss due to rural development, agricultural land use (goat grazing) and touristic development. Based upon the threat of goat grazing, the number of locations is five.","There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in the Natura 2000 reserves ""Los Volcanes"", ""La Corona"" and ""Los Islotes"". All remaining habitats need to be managed appropriately to avoid any future declines of the species. Further research on the population size and trend and threats is needed, together with the monitoring of habitat trends.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A. & López, H.","Jakobs, D. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Pycnogaster,algecirensis,,Pycnogaster algecirensis,"Bolívar, 1926",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Algeciras Saddle Bush-cricket (Pycnogaster algecirensis) is endemic to southern Spain. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology, and threats. Further research is needed in order to assess its extinction risk. In addition, taxonomic research is recommended since some authors have proposed this species as a subspecies of Pycnogaster finoti.",Unknown,"The Algeciras Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to southern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,325 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km².",The population size and trend of this species are unknown. Only seven specimens have been collected since the species was described.,"The species has been collected in uncultivated areas (Pinedo and Llorente 1986), in areas with thorny scrubs, Thymus and Pinus species (Schroeter and Pfau 1988). It occurs at altitudes between 17 m and 1,320 m Asl.","The threats to this species remain unknown. Grazing by goats is likely to take place in the area, but its effects on the species need to be studied.","There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. The species is poorly known and research is needed into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats. In addition, taxonomic research is also needed since some authors have proposed this species as a subspecies of Pycnogaster finoti (Pinedo and Llorente 1986).",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Pycnogaster,cucullatus,,Pycnogaster cucullatus,"(Charpentier, 1825)",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Hooded Saddle Bush-cricket (Pycnogaster cucullatus) is endemic to Portugal. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of information on its distribution, population size and trend, and ecology. Further research is needed in order to assess its extinction risk.",Unknown,"The Hooded Saddle Bush-cricket is only known from Portugal (Pinedo and Llorente 1986, Pfau and Pfau 1995). There have been no valid bibliographic citations of this species since the type series by Charpentier in 1825. However, it is likely to occur along the Portuguese Atlantic coast (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2016). Its exact distribution needs to be studied in more detail.",There is no available information on the population size and trend of this species. It is possible that the species shows a continuing decline and that subpopulations are isolated (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2016).,The species inhabits shrubland and grassland with shrubs. It is found on Ulex densus stands (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2016).,"Potential threats to the species are agricultural conversion, urbanisation, touristic development and wildfires (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2016), although it may require some medium disturbance by grazing, fires and winds.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. Research is needed to clarify the species boundaries between P. cucullatus and P. jugicola, to estimate the population trend, and to get a clearer picture of the distribution, ecology and threats to this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Ferreira, S., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Clemente, M., Correas, J., García, M., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B., Presa, J.J. & Prunier, F.","Barros, F. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Pycnogaster,gaditana,,Pycnogaster gaditana,"Bolívar, 1900",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Cadiz Saddle Bush-cricket (Pycnogaster gaditana) is endemic to Spain, where it is only known from seven specimens collected at five localities in the Cádiz province. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to assess the extinction risk of this bush-cricket.",Unknown,"The Cadiz Saddle Bush-cricket is only known from seven specimens collected at five localities in the Cádiz province, southern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,430 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km², but likely to be higher with a maximum estimate of 300 km².",The population size and trend of this species are unknown since only seven specimens have been documented so far.,There is little available information on this species. It has been collected in uncultivated areas (Pinedo and Llorente 1986).,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in a protected area. Additional research is needed on the distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats to this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Pycnogaster,graellsii,,Pycnogaster graellsii,"Bolívar, 1873",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"Graells' Saddle Bush-cricket (Pycnogaster graellsii) is endemic to southeastern Spain. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 500 km², and the population shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B2. Further research is needed on the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this species.",Unknown,"Graells' Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to southeastern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 33,400 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 68 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown. The species is usually present in low densities, but can sometimes reach high abundances. This bush-cricket shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals.","This species inhabits arid areas, where it keeps in low-grass pastures and open shrublands (Llorente et al. 1997). In cases of high densities it can damage crop fields, including wheat and vineyards. It occurs at altitudes between 580 m and 1,200 m Asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in a number of protected areas. Further research is needed on the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Pycnogaster,inermis,,Pycnogaster inermis,"(Rambur, 1838)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Unarmed Saddle Bush-cricket (Pycnogaster inermis) is endemic to southern Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite common and the population size is probably very large. However, climate change poses a threat to this species by shifting its preferred habitat upwards. These effects need to be studied in more detail, and research is also needed into the distribution, population trend and ecology of this species.",Unknown,"The Unarmed Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to southeastern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,400 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km² with an upper estimate of 500 km².",The population trend of this species is unknown. The species is quite common but its subpopulations are small (Pascual and Barranco 2013). The overall population size is probably very large.,"The species has been found in mountain pastures in associations of cold- and dry-resistant plants (Pinedo and Llorente 1986). It occurs at altitudes between 1,000 m and 2,600 m Asl.",Global warming may affect the species by shifting its preferred habitat upwards. Habitat loss can lead to fragmentation of the population resulting into small subpopulations with little possibility of genetic exchange between them (Pascual and Barranco 2013).,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs within protected areas. Research is needed into its threats, distribution, population trend and ecology of this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Pycnogaster,jugicola,,Pycnogaster jugicola,"Graells, 1851",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,The Fat-bellied Saddle Bush-cricket (Pycnogaster jugicola) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution along the central Iberian mountain ranges and it is not considered rare. Usually several specimens are found within a small area.,Unknown,"The Fat-bellied Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the central Iberian mountain ranges in Spain and Portugal (Pinedo and Llorente 1986, Pfau and Pfau 1995). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 65,500 km².","There is no complete data regarding the population size of this species, and the population trend is unknown. Usually several specimens are found within a small area and the species is not considered rare. Subpopulations are isolated and contact between them is limited, since the species is flightless.",The species is found in shrublands and grasslands mixed with shrubs of Juniperus and Cytisus spp. (Pinedo and Llorente 1986).,"Climate change may affect the species, as it occurs mainly near the mountain tops. In addition, it might be affected by wildfires at local scale.","There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas (Pinedo and Llorente 1986). Research is needed to clarify species boundaries between Pycnogaster jugicola and P. cuccullatus, to obtain better data on the species' distribution, population trend and ecology. Additional research into the threats to this species is also recommended.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Ferreira, S., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Clemente, M., Correas, J., García, M., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B., Presa, J.J. & Prunier, F.","Barros, F. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Pycnogaster,sanchezgomezi,,Pycnogaster sanchezgomezi,"Bolívar, 1897",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"Sanchez Gomez's Saddle Bush-cricket (Pycnogaster sachezgomezi) is endemic to eastern Spain. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 1,000 km²), and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. In some areas, goat overgrazing and construction of greenhouses lead to a decrease of the species' preferred habitat, but the habitat is not thought to be undergoing a continuing decline. Further research is needed into the distribution, population trend and threats to this species.",Unknown,"Sanchez Gomez's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to eastern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 71,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 112 km² with an upper estimate of 1,000 km².","The population size and trends for this species are unknown. The species can be locally abundant but in general it is rare and its population is considered severely fragmented as subpopulations are very small and isolated with probably no genetic exchange between them, and may go extinct with reduced probability of recolonisation.","This species is found in dry pastures, low thorny scrubs and hedgehog heaths (Pardo et al. 1993). It is found from sea level up to 1,800 m Asl.","In some areas, goat overgrazing and construction of greenhouses lead to a decrease of the species' preferred habitat, but the habitat is not thought to be undergoing a continuing decline.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present within a number of protected areas. Further research is needed into the distribution, population trend and threats to this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Pycnogaster,valentini,,Pycnogaster valentini,"Pinedo, 1987",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"Valentin's Saddle Bush-cricket (Pycnogaster valentini) is endemic to central Spain, where it is known from very few localities. This species is precautionarily assessed as Near Threatened since it has a very small geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 15,300 km², known area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km²), and the population seems to be severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Further research is needed into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats.",Unknown,"Valentin's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to central Spain, where it is known from very few localities. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 15,300 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown since only a few specimens have been recorded so far. The population seems to be severely fragmented as subpopulations are very small and isolated, and may go extinct with reduced probability of recolonisation.",This species has been found on high Cytisus shrubs at altitudes between 400 m and 820 m Asl (Llucià Pomares and Fernández Ortín 2014).,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Pyrgodera,armata,,Pyrgodera armata,"Fischer de Waldheim, 1846",,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Crested Band-winged Grasshopper (Pyrgodera armata) occurs in the Near East, Turkey and Central Asia, reaching India in the east. In Europe it is only known from the Lower Volga region in southern European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since no major threats to it have been reported and there is no indication of a decline. However, the subpopulations of this species are usually small and slightly fragmented and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 100 and 200 km². In addition, its overall population trend is unknown and further research into it is needed. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Unknown,"The Crested Band-winged Grasshopper occurs in the Near East, Turkey and Central Asia, reaching India in the east. In Europe, it is only found in southern European Russia (Harz 1975). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 85,500 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 100 and 200 km².","Subpopulations of this species are usually small (Savitsky 2002), and the population is slightly fragmented (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). The overall population trend is unknown.",This species occurs in deserts and semi-deserts (Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1964). It feeds on grasses (Savitsky 2010).,No major threats to this species have been reported.,This species occurs in protected areas but there are no specific conservation measure in place for it (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). More research into its population trend is required.,The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Vedenina, V., Pushkar, T., Chobanov, D.P., Skejo, J. Skejo, Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Sirin, D., Szovenyi, G. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PYRGOMORPHIDAE,Pyrgomorpha,bispinosa,,Pyrgomorpha bispinosa,"Walker, 1870",,No,NT,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Two-spined Stick Grasshopper (Pyrgomorpha bispinosa) occurs from west Africa to Mongolia. The subspecies P. b. deserti occurs in Central Asia, the Caucasus, Syria, Iran, Afghanistan and India. In Europe it is only found in the Lower Volga region, where is is presently known from six localities. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 50 and 200 km², extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 50,600 km²) and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. However, the population trend is assumed to be increasing. More research on its taxonomy, distribution and ecology is needed. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Increasing,"The Two-spined Stick Grasshopper occurs from west Africa to Mongolia (Eades et al. 2015). The subspecies Pyrgomorpha bispinosa deserti occurs in Central Asia, the Caucasus, Syria, Iran, Afghanistan and India (Kaltenbach 1980). In Europe it occurs in the Lower Volga Delta in European Russia, where it is known from six localities (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 50,600 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 50 and 200 km².","The population of this species is severely fragmented since subpopulations are usually small and isolated with probably little genetic exchange between them (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). Overall, the population size is assumed to be increasing (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).","This species is found in moist saline meadows, at the edges of sand dunes and other sandy habitats and the bordering ruderal vegetation (Savitsky et al. 2013).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. More research on its taxonomy, distribution and ecology is needed (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PYRGOMORPHIDAE,Pyrgomorpha,cognata,,Pyrgomorpha cognata,"Krauss, 1877",The species is commonly confused with Pyrgomorpha conica. A taxonomic revision of this species group is needed.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The African Stick Grasshopper (Pyrgomorpha cognata) is widespread in northern Africa and western Asia. In Europe, is is assumed to occur only on Cyprus. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and widely distributed in lowland habitats, particularly close to the coast (in dunes, salt marshes, shrubland), and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 14,000 km². However, this stick grasshopper is threatened by touristic development in coastal areas, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species. Taxonomic research is also needed, as this species is difficult to distinguish from Pyrgomorpha conica.",Stable,"The African Stick Grasshopper is widespread in northern Africa and western Asia. In Europe, is is assumed to occur only on Cyprus (Tumbrinck 2006, E. Tzirkalli, pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 14,000 km².",This species is common and widespread in the lowland areas of Cyprus.,"This species occurs near sandy beaches, in dunes and in shrubland.",The major threat to this species is the touristic development of coastal areas.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Taxonomic research is needed, as this species is difficult to distinguish from Pyrgomorpha conica, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Tzirkalli, E., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PYRGOMORPHIDAE,Pyrgomorpha,conica,,Pyrgomorpha conica,"(Olivier, 1791)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Stick Grasshopper (Pyrgomorpha conica) occurs in North and West Africa, southern Europe and western Asia. In Europe it is found from the Canary Islands to southern France and Cyprus. It is mainly found in coastal dune habitats and dry grassland. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite widespread and common. However, it is likely to be declining as a consequence of touristic development and urbanisation in coastal regions. Better protection of the remaining coastal dune habitats in Europe is needed in order to avoid any future population declines More research into its taxonomy, distribution and population trend is required.",Decreasing,"The Common Stick Grasshopper occurs in North and West Africa, southern Europe and western Asia (Harz 1975). In Europe it is found on the Canary Islands, on the Iberian Peninsula, in southern France, Sardinia, Sicily, Greece and Cyprus (Heller 2013). On the Canary Islands a unique subspecies, Pyrgomorpha conica tereticornis, occurs. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 28 is ca 3.7 million km².","This species is common, but likely to be in decline as a consequence of touristic development in coastal regions. The population trend is therefore decreasing.","This species occurs in sand dunes and other dry habitats with scarce vegetation (Massa et al. 2012), such as dry open grassland habitats (Gangwere and Llorente 1992). It also occurs in dry open pine forests and Mediterranean dwarf shrub vegetation (Olmo-Vidal 2002). On the Iberian Peninsula, it is also found further inland up to an altitude of ca 1,500 m Asl (Llucià-Pomares and Fernándes-Ortín 2009). It hibernates in the nymphal stage and reaches adulthood in spring, but can also be found later in the year (Llucià-Pomares and Fernándes-Ortín 2009).",The major threat to this species is touristic development and urbanisation along coasts.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Better protection of the remaining coastal dune habitats in Europe is needed in order to avoid any future population declines. More research into its taxonomy, distribution and population trend is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PYRGOMORPHIDAE,Pyrgomorpha,cypria,,Pyrgomorpha cypria,"Bolívar, 1901",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Cyprian Stick Grasshopper (Pyrgomorpha cypria) is endemic to the island of Cyprus, where it has been found all over the island. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, and even abundant in some places (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 14,000 km²). In addition, this species is found in a wide altitudinal range (from sea level up to 1,350 m Asl), the population trend is assumed to be stable, and the population size is assumed to be very large. However, detailed information about this species is still lacking, the threats to this species are unknown, and further research into the population size and trend, its life history and ecology is required.",Stable,"The Cyprian Stick Grasshopper is endemic to the island of Cyprus, where it has been found all over the island (Kevan and Hsiung 1989, Tumbrinck 2006). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 14,000 km².","Neither the population size nor the population trend are known, but the population is assumed to be stable and very large.","This species is found from sea level up to the highest parts of Mt. Troodos (1,350 m Asl), overwinters as juvenile or adult and is the most common species in Cyprus in April. This species occurs in Mediterranean shrubland, Salicornia steppes, pine forests and other habitats.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. Detailed information about this species is still lacking, and further research into the population size and trend, its life history and ecology is required.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Tzirkalli, E., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PYRGOMORPHIDAE,Pyrgomorphula,serbica,,Pyrgomorphula serbica,"(Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882)",,Yes,CR,B1ab(v),No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Serbian Stick Grasshopper is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) because its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 16 km², the five known subpopulations are severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals.",Decreasing,"The Serbian Stick Grasshopper is endemic to Mount Tara in Serbia, and its distribution was studied by Matvejev (1961). Both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are estimated to be 16 km².","The exact population size of Pyrgomorphula serbica is unknown. The population is declining due to the over-exploitation of dead wood on its habitat. The five known subpopulations are very small and isolated with little genetic exchange, and may become extinct with reduced possibility of recolonisation. Therefore, the population is considered severely fragmented.","The species inhabits sparse Pinus nigra forests on sunny stony slopes of serpentine rock at altitudes between 800-1,050 m Asl.","The major threat is the ongoing exploitation of dead wood from the habitat. As the nymphs hibernate in dead wood, this leads to drastic population declines.","There are no specific conservation actions are in place for this species. Regulation of dead wood extraction in its habitat would be important to stop its decline. It is protected in Serbia and occurs in protected areas. Research is needed on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Its habitat and population trend need to be monitored and an area-based management plan should be developed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Ramburiella,bolivari,,Ramburiella bolivari,"(Kuthy, 1907)",,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Middle-Eastern Black-spotted Grasshopper (Ramburiella bolivari) occurs in southern European Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkey and North Iran. In Europe, it is only known from southern Russia where it is one of the dominant species in the feathergrass community. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is assumed to have a large population size and no major threats to it have been reported. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Unknown,"The Middle-Eastern Black-spotted Grasshopper occurs in southern European Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkey and North Iran (Harz 1975). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 119,000 km².",This is a dominant species in the feathergrass community (Savitsky 2002b). The subpopulations are usually large but partially fragmented (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). The population size is assumed to be large but the population trend is unknown.,"This species occurs in sandy-loamy semi-desert with feathergrasses and a vegetation cover of 20-40% (Savitsky 2002a, b). The main foodplant is Stipa capillata, but it is likely to also feed on other feathergrass species (Savitsky 2010).",No major threats to this species have been reported (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). More research into its population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Vedenina, V., Chobanov, D.P., Skejo, J. Skejo, Pushkar, T., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Sirin, D., Szovenyi, G. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Ramburiella,hispanica,,Ramburiella hispanica,"(Rambur, 1838)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Iberian Black-spotted Grasshopper (Ramburiella hispanica) is widespread in Morocco and southwestern Europe (Spain and France), and its extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 371,000 km². It lives in dry, warm habitats (mainly rocky Mediterranean scrublands), from sea level to 800 m altitude, and it is considered a rather common species. Although minor threats may affect this species locally, the species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) on the basis of its large distribution range.",Unknown,"The Iberian Black-spotted Grasshopper is widespread in the western Mediterranean basin (south-west Europe and North Africa from Morocco to Libya). In Europe, the species is widespread in southern and eastern Spain (from Sevilla to Girona) and in France (along the Mediterranean mainland coast to the Alpes-Maritimes department) (Defaut 1999, Presa et al. 2007, Defaut et al. 2009). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 370,000 km².","The Iberian Blackspotted Grasshopper is a rather common species in Spain and France, with the exception of Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2006) and France east of the Rhône. No report on population sizes and trends is available. Subpopulations are usually small, but they do not seem to be severely fragmented.","Ramburiella hispanica occurs in lowland and sub-mountainous habitats, and it has been recorded from sea level to 800 m altitude. It inhabits open dry and warm habitats such as rocky (calcareous or siliceous) Mediterranean scrublands and steppe-like meadows (Olmo-Vidal 2002). It prefers habitats with scarce vegetation, such as rock outcrops, generally with Rosemary, Kermes Oak bushes or Stipa grasses.","Local subpopulations are affected by urbanisation and development projects, but these threats do not seem to be significant for the whole population. The species may also be affected by afforestation caused by succession as a result of land abandonment.","There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in several protected areas. Ramburiella hispanica was assessed as Least Concern in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research on its population trend is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Ramburiella,turcomana,,Ramburiella turcomana,"(Fischer de Waldheim, 1846)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

In Europe, the Turkish Black-spotted Grasshopper (Ramburiella turcomana) is found in the south of the Italian and Balkan Peninsulas, in Crimea and in the Lower Volga delta in Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since its geographic range is very large. In the EU 28 it is also assessed as Least Concern since, even though its area of occupancy (AOO) is likely to be smaller than 2,000 km² and it is very rare in Italy and European Turkey, it is more common in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Greece. Research into its ecology, threats and population trend is required.",Unknown,"The Turkish Black-Spotted Grasshopper occurs from Central Asia via Anatolia (Turkey) to Italy. In Europe it is found in southern Italy, Greece, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, south Albania, European Turkey, Ukraine and southern European Russia (Harz 1975). Its presence in Bulgaria is uncertain (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 2 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 405,000 km². This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is between 1,000 and 2,000 km².",This species is very rare in Italy (Massa et al. 2012) and European Turkey (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2016). It is more common in FYR Macedonia and Greece (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016). The global population trend is unknown.,This species occurs in steppe habitats with sparse vegetation. It feeds on grasses (Savitsky 2002). In Italy the species has been documented from moist grassland (Massa et al. 2012).,The major threat to this species is transformation of its habitat into farmland (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016). The species is also threatened by urbanisation and the use of pesticides (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2016).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for the species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed on the Bulgarian Red List as Critically Endangered (Golemanski 2015). Research into its ecology, threats and population trend is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Sirin, D., Chobanov, D.P., Korsunovskaya, O., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Rammeihippus,dinaricus,,Rammeihippus dinaricus,"(Goetz, 1970)",,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment:Near Threatened (NT)
The Dinarian Grasshopper is affected by changes in agricultural regimes at lower altitudes, although at higher altitudes the species is locally abundant and subpopulations may be stable. The species is listed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B as a result of a small extent of occurrence (EOO) (c. 5,000 km²) and area of occupancy (AOO) (less than 100 km²) and the fact that its population is severely fragmented.",Stable,"The Dinarian Grasshopperis endemic to the Croatian and Bosnian and Herzegovinian Dinaric Alps, where it occurs in the South Velebit, Dinara, Troglav, Kamešnica and Cvrsnica Mts. Mol and Zeybekoğlu (2013) listed the species erroneously in the checklist of Turkish Gomphocerinae, but the species is not present in Turkey. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is c. 5,000 km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 2,700 km². In pan-Europe the area of occupancy (AOO) is 40-100 km² and in the EU 28 it is 30-70 km².","The species is locally abundant and the population trend is assumed to be stable. The population is severely fragmented, as the subpopulations of this flightless species are isolated with  little possibility of genetic exchange and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization.","This small grasshopper species inhabits high calcareous karst slopes on the Dinaric Alps with scarce vegetation. The habitat of this species is very inaccessible and stony, therefore succession is not likely to reach these habitats.","The species is mainly threatened at lower elevations by the succession of habitat due to decline of nomadic extensive cattle farming that was present in the past all along the Dinaric Alps. At higher elevations, the species is not threatened.","No specific conservation action is in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. More research into its population trend, distribution, ecology and threats is needed. The area and habitat needs to be protected and proper management of the habitat needs to be maintained to avoid any future declines of this species.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Skejo, J. Skejo & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Rhacocleis,agiostratica,,Rhacocleis agiostratica,"Werner, 1937",The identity of Rhacocleis agiostratica is not beyond doubt as the description has been based on juvenile specimens. Adult material is required to compare it with other Rhacocleis species in particular Rhacocleis distinguenda.,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Agiostrati Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis agiostratica) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from the northern Aegean islets of Agios Efstratios and nearby Lemnos. This species is only known from a few juvenile specimens collected in 1936, and has not been recorded since then. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the absence of information on its population size and trend, habitat requirements, and threats. Moreover, given that the original description was based on juvenile specimens, further research is needed on the taxonomy of this species.",Unknown,"The Agiostrati Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from the northern Aegean islets of Agios Efstratios and nearby Lemnos (Willemse 1982). After it was first recorded in 1936 it has not been reported again. This species' maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca 1,300 km², and the maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be ca 520 km².",Nothing is known about the population size and trend.,There is no information on the habitat and ecology of this species.,Threats to this species are unknown.,"This species has not been observed or collected since its discovery in 1936, and it is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. The first necessary step is to reconfirm its presence on the islands of Agios Efstratios and Lemnos. Given that the original description was based on juvenile specimens, more data is needed to confirm its taxonomic status. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, ecology and threats.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Rhacocleis,anatolica,,Rhacocleis anatolica,"Werner, 1933",,No,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",No,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

In Europe, the Anatolian Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis anatolica) is only known from a few specimens collected on the island of Kos, and has not been recorded since 1978. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) 450 km², area of occupancy (AOO) 288 km²), it occurs at between two and five locations, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat as well as the number of mature individuals, due to the increasing number of wildfires on the island of Kos. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper fire management is needed to avoid any future declines in the population.",Decreasing,"The Anatolian Bush-cricket occurs in Greece and Turkey. In Greece, this species is only known from the eastern Aegean Island of Kos (Willemse 1982), and its presence along the western coast of Turkey has only been reported recently (Ünal 2012). This species' maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is 450 km², and its maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 288 km².","This species has only been observed and collected a few times, but the population is believed to be decreasing due to the increasing number of wildfires on the island of Kos.","Although there is no information on the habitat and ecology of this bush-cricket, it is assumed that the species occupies similar habitats as congeneric species of Rhacocleis found elsewhere on the Aegean Islands: dry to very dry, in more or less open slopes with a more or less dense cover of small shrubs, possibly including leaf litter where shrubs are taller (maquis shrubland).","This species is probably threatened by the increasing number of wildfires on the island of Kos. Taking into account the extent of the effects of wildfires and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at between two and five locations.","No conservation measures are in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper fire management is needed to avoid any future declines in the population.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Rhacocleis,andikithirensis,,Rhacocleis andikithirensis,"Tilmans, Odé & Willemse, 2016",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Andikithira Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis andikithirensis) is endemic to Greece, where it is restricted to the islet of Andikithira and the western Cyclades Islands of Milos, Sifnos, Serifos and Kythnos. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it has a restricted geographic range and may be locally affected by wildfires, the population trend is assumed to be stable and its habitat is very common on the islands where it occurs. However, little is known about it and research is needed into the population size and threats to this species.",Stable,"The Andikithira Bush-cricket, described in 2016, is endemic to Greece where it is restricted to the islet of Andikithira and the western Cyclades islands of Milos, Sifnos, Serifos and Kythnos (Tilmans et al. 2016). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7,570 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 345 km².","Although the species is very difficult to catch, it appears not to be very rare in the typical garrigue and phrygana habitat. The population trend is expected to be stable (Tilmans et al. 2016).","On all the islands from which the species was collected, it was found in the typical Aegean garrigue and phrygana formations with herbaceous plants and small bushes. In many cases the species was hiding in bushes of Sarcopoterium spinosum. This habitat is widespread on the islands where the species has been found (Tilmans et al. 2016).","The dry habitats in which this species is found are prone to bushfires, but it is unknown how the species is affected by this.","There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Little is known about it, and research is therefore needed into the population size and threats to this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Willemse, L.P.M. & Hochkirch, A.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Rhacocleis,annulata,,Rhacocleis annulata,"Fieber, 1853",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Ringed Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis annulata) is known from Italy (mainland Italy, Sicily, Panteleria), southern France, Malta and Tunisia. In Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern since it is a common and widespread, and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"The Ringed Bush-cricket is known from Italy (mainland Italy, Sicily, Panteleria), southern France, Malta and Tunisia (Massa et al. 2012). In Europe, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 400,000 km².",This species is common but the population trend is unknown.,"This flightless bush-cricket lives in shrubland, and the adults appear in summer and autumn. It is found at elevations between 50 m and 1,750 m asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend and threats is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M. & Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Rhacocleis,baccettii,,Rhacocleis baccettii,"Galvagni, 1976",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"Baccetti's Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis baccettii) is endemic to Sardinia, in Italy. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6,100 km², and the population is severely fragmented; thus making this species close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. The ecology of this bush-cricket is poorly understood and there is also little knowledge on threats affecting it. However, the major threat to this species seems to be overgrazing by sheep, and more research into the effects of grazing on bush-cricket and on its population trend is required.",Unknown,"Baccetti's Bush-cricket is endemic to Sardinia, in Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6,100 km².","This species is scarce and its subpopulations are small and isolated. Taking into account that the species is flightless, there is probably no genetic exchange between the subpopulations, and the population is therefore considered severely fragmented. The overall population trend is unknown.","This flightless species lives on bushes and in shrubland. It is found from sea level up to 1,800 m asl.",The major threat to this species seems to be overgrazing by sheep.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research on the effects of grazing on this species and on its population trend is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M. & Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Rhacocleis,bonfilsi,,Rhacocleis bonfilsi,"Galvagni, 1976",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Bonfils' Bush-cricket is endemic to Corsica, where it lives on rocky and often open habitats (dry heaths, scrublands, dry grasslands, screes) between 410 and 1,140 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) have been estimated at 830 km² and 150-250 km², respectively. The species is common in the Asco valley, but rare in other areas. However, as this is a nocturnal and secretive species it is very likely to have been under sampled. There are no major threats to the species, and its habitat is not very affected by humans, Therefore, it is assessed as  Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"Bonfils' Bush-cricket is endemic to Corsica (France) (Defaut 1999, Defaut et al. 2009). It is found at mid-elevations between 410 and 1,140 m in the northern half of central Corsica (Braud et al. 2002, Braud and Sardet 2006, Boitier et al. 2006). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 830 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) has been estimated at c. 150-250 km².","Rhacocleis bonfilsi is a secretive species which is rarely observed. Recent nocturnal researches with bat detectors resulted in the discovery of new localities (Boitier et al. 2006, Barataud 2005), and recent fieldwork showed that while the species is not rare in the Asco valley, only very few records are known from other areas, and there are 25 observations from six localities in total. There are no reports on the population size and trend of the species.","Rhacocleis bonfilsi is found at mid-elevations, living on rocky and often open habitats, including dry heaths, scrublands, dry grasslands and screes. It has sometimes been observed in open forest (Pinus laricio), but always with shrubs (Arbutus enudo, Erica arborea, Juniperus, Rubus etc.) (Boitier et al. 2006, Braud and Sardet 2006, Barataud 2005). This flightless species is mainly active at night, which is the best moment to hear its calling song or sometimes to find specimens on paved roads.","Rhacocleis bonfilsi lives on rocky and sloping sub-mountainous habitats, which are often difficult to access. Thus, direct human impacts like touristic development are rare, local and often do not have any negative impacts on the species in the long term. No major threats have been reported so far.","There are no conservation actions in place for Rhacocleis bonfilsi, and it is not present in any protected areas throughout its range. The species was assessed as ""priority 2"" (equivalent to Vulnerable) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Further research on its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Rhacocleis,buchichii,,Rhacocleis buchichii,"Herman, 1874",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Lesina Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis buchichii) is only known from three locations, which are strongly affected by touristic development. Although two more subpopulations may exist, the distribution of this species is very small. There is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals as well as in the extent and quality of habitats. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 1,500 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 30 and 60 km². It is therefore assessed as Endangered.",Decreasing,"The Lesina Bush-cricket is endemic to Croatia. It occurs on the Adriatic islands of Hvar and Brač, and possibly also on Korčula. It has also recently been recorded from the Croatian mainland (Wagner 2015). A recent record of a female from Troglav Mt. needs to be reconfirmed as it may represent another species. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 1,500 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) based upon the known records is 30 km², whereas the maximum estimate is 60 km².","A continuing decline in population size is inferred from the ongoing loss of its habitat. The population is severely fragmented, since subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization.",The species lives in low altitude Mediterranean shrubland and forest edges. Its altitudinal range is 0 - 50 m.,"The main threats to this species are constructions of roads and touristic development which are leading to a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. Forest fires pose another additional threat. Other threats are invasive species, such as mongooses. Based upon the main threat of touristic development the species occurs at two locations.","No specific conservation action is in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research on its distribution, population trend and ecology is needed. Protection of its habitat is needed as well control of the introduced mongooses and awareness raising.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Skejo, J. Skejo, Fontana, P., Szovenyi, G., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Chobanov, D.P., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Pushkar, T., Ivkovic, S., Vedenina, V., Willemse, L.P.M. & Iorgu, I.S.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Rhacocleis,corsicana,,Rhacocleis corsicana,"Bonfils, 1960",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Corsican Bush-cricket is endemic to central and south-eastern Corsica and northern Sardinia. It lives on Mediterranean scrublands, coastal Pinus forests and rocky dry low mountain moorlands from sea level up to 1,300 m altitude. This nocturnal species is undersampled, although it seems to be common on south-eastern Corsican scrublands. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 4,300 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 500 - 1,500 km². The population is slowly declining due to local threats along the coast such as urbanization and touristic developments, but is not severely fragmented and does not show extreme fluctuations. As the species nearly meets the thresholds for a threatened Category under Criterion B, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).",Decreasing,"The Corsican Bush-cricket is endemic to the islands of Corsica (France) and Sardinia (Italy) (Massa et al. 2012). It occurs from sea level to mid-elevations at 1,300 m. The species is mainly known from the southeastern part of Corsica (including the small islands of Bonifacio bay), but it is also found on the Asco mountain valley (north of central Corsica) and on Monte Limbara (northern part of Sardinia) (Braud et al. 2002, Barataud 2005, Braud and Sardet 2006, Boitier et al. 2006, Galvagni 2010). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 4,300 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is between 500 - 1,500 km².","Rhacocleis corsicana is a secretive nocturnal species. Recent fieldwork with bat detectors resulted on the discovery of a number of  new localities (Boitier et al. 2006, Braud 2006) and showed that the species is rather common in south-eastern Corsica. Elsewhere (central Corsica and the north of Sardinia), records are quite rare. About 40 observations from 15 localities are currently recorded. There is no information available on the population size and trend of the species, but it seems to be slowly declining due to local threats along the coast.","Rhacocleis corsicana lives between sea level and 1,300 m altitude on rocky open habitats (Arbutus and Erica scrublands or Juniperus heaths) as well as on forest habitats (on the undergrowth of dry coastal Pinus forests, with shrubs like Arbutus enudo, Erica arborea, Juniperus or Rubus (Barataud 2005, Boitier et al. 2006, Braud and Sardet 2006). This flightless species is mainly active at night, which is the best moment to hear its calling song or to sometimes find specimens on paved roads.","Rhacocleis corsicana mainly lives on inaccessible rocky Mediterranean scrublands, which are unlikely to be affected by infrastructural development projects. In addition, forest fires only have temporary negative effects. However, a small part of its population exists in coastal areas, where it is affected by direct human impacts like urbanisation and touristic developments.","There are no conservation actions in place for Rhacocleis corsicana and it is not present in any protected areas.The species was assessed as ""priority 3"" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in Corsica (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research on its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Monnerat, C., Presa, J.J., Rutschmann, F., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Rhacocleis,crypta,,Rhacocleis crypta,"Willemse & Willemse, 2005",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Gavrogo Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis crypta) is endemic to Greece, and has only been found in a single mountain in central Greece. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy is 4-10 km²), it occurs at only one location, and any changes in grazing intensity (abandonment or intensification) in the area could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper management of the local land use is needed to preserve this species.",Unknown,"The Gavrogo Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and has only been found in a single mountain in central Greece (Willemse and Willemse 2005). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 25 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 4 and 10 km².","This flightless species was only discovered in 2003 on Mt. Gavrogo, and has not been collected elsewhere or monitored on Mt. Gavrogo since then. There is no data on the population size and the population trend.","This bush-cricket species is found on dry mountain slopes, predominantly covered by rocks and stones between 1,500 m and 1,800 m Asl. Vegetation is comparatively poor with few, often coniferous, shrubs or trees, few herbs and tufts of grasses. The habitat contains a large number of more or less loose stones, as well as firmly embedded rocks with abundant cavities and crevices. Some of these spots are almost devoid of vegetation or with only a few scattered tufts of, e.g., Thymus species. This bush-cricket was observed mainly along the stony banks of a rough mountain road, commonly hiding under stones and occasionally also found in the open. The coloration of the specimens fits perfectly with the white grey color of the local limestones. Few specimens were observed and most of them were subadult on 2-3 August, 2003. In captivity, they became adult after about two weeks and start to sing and mate about ten days later.","The area where this species is found is grazed by livestock in the summer, and any changes in the grazing regime (abandonment or intensification) may negatively affect it. Taking into account the extent of the effects of livestock grazing and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Very little is known about this bush-cricket, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, ecology and threats. In addition, proper management of the local land use is needed to preserve this species.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Rhacocleis,derrai,,Rhacocleis derrai,"Harz, 1983",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Cretan Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis derrai) is endemic to Greece and is only found in the eastern part of Crete. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is between 12 and 20 km²), it occurs at only two locations, and bushfires could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",Unknown,"The Cretan Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece and is only found in the eastern part of Crete (Harz 1983, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 41 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 12 and 20 km².","This species has only been observed and collected a few times, and there in no data on the population size and the population trend.","This species has been recorded in rocky environments with maquis shrubland vegetation, including heath and leaf litter (Harz 1983).","Bushfires are the major threat to this species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of bushfires and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at only two locations.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Very little is known about this bush-cricket, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Rhacocleis,distinguenda,,Rhacocleis distinguenda,"Werner, 1934",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Lesbos Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis distinguenda)  is endemic to Greece and is only known from four sites in the eastern Aegean island of Lesbos. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it occurs at only three locations, and bushfires could drive it to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time. Further research is needed on this species, particularly into the population size and trend, its ecology and threats. In addition, proper fire management is needed to protect this species.",Unknown,"The Lesbos Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece and is only known from four sites in the eastern Aegean island of Lesbos (Willemse 1982). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,000 km².","This species has only been observed and collected a few times, and there in no data on the population size and the population trend.","Although no information about the habitat and ecology of this bush-cricket is known, it is assumed that it occupies similar habitats as congeneric species of Rhacocleis found elsewhere on the Aegean Islands: dry to very dry, in more or less open slopes with a more or less dense cover of small shrubs, possibly including leaf litter where shrubs are taller (maquis shrubland).","Bushfires are the major threat to this species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of bushfires and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at three locations.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Very little is known about this bush-cricket, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, its ecology and into the threats to it. In addition, proper fire management is needed to protect this species.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Rhacocleis,edentata,,Rhacocleis edentata,"Willemse, 1982",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Toothless Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis edentata) is endemic to Greece, where it is found in the southwestern-most tip of the Greek mainland and the Ionian Islands of Lefkada, Cephalonia and Zakinthos. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) ca 4,100 km²), and bushfires may pose a threat to it in dry areas, it is a widespread species found in a variety of habitats. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat and ecology, as well as into the potential threats to this species.",Unknown,"The Toothless Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is found in the southwestern most tip of the Greek mainland and the Ionian Islands of Lefkada, Cephalonia and Zakinthos (Willemse 1982, Willemse and Willemse 2005, Papapavlou and Katsouni 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,100 km².","This species is widespread on the islands where it occurs, but there is no available information on the population size and population trend.","On Cephalonia, the species is widespread and has been found in a variety of habitats such as the Abies cephalonica maquis mixed forest in Roudi, the coastal meadows in the Paliki peninsula, and even close to human settlements such as Dhavgata and Lassi (Papapavlou and Katsouni 2008). This species is most likely present in a similar variety of habitats on the other Ionian Islands, and on the Greek mainland, and is found at elevations of 10-1,300 m Asl.","This species may be threatened by bushfires in dry habitats, such as maquis shrubland.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Very little is known about it, and further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat and ecology, as well as into the potential threats to this species.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Rhacocleis,ferdinandi,,Rhacocleis ferdinandi,"Willemse & Tilmans, 1987",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Ferdinand's Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis ferdinandi) is endemic to Greece, where it is only known from two sites along the Ambracian Gulf in the western Greek mainland. Although there is very little available information, and the species has only been observed twice, it is assessed as Vulnerable due to its restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 to 12 km²), and the possibility that touristic development along the Gulf of Amvrikakos could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time. Further research is needed into the population size, trends, habitat and ecology, as well as into the potential threats to this species. A careful management of tourism and wildfires is needed to preserve this species, and its habitat needs to be protected.",Unknown,"The Ferdinand's Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is only known from two sites along the Ambracian Gulf in the western Greek mainland (Willemse and Tilmans 1987, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 50 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 to 12 km².","This species has only been observed and collected a few times, and there is no available information on the population size and population trend.",This flightless bush-cricket was first recorded at a site with thickets along the coastal part of the road.,The major threats to this species are wildfires and the touristic development of the region.,"No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it does not occur in any protected areas. Very little is known about this species, as it has only been recorded a few times. Further research is needed into the population size, trends, habitat and ecology, as well as into the potential threats to this species. A careful management of tourism and wildfires is needed to preserve this species, and its habitat needs to be protected.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Rhacocleis,germanica,,Rhacocleis germanica,"(Herrich-Schäffer, 1840)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Mediterranean Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis germanica) occurs from southeastern France in the west to south Ukraine and Anatolia (Turkey) in the east. It is widespread in southwestern Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it seems to be declining in France, it has a wide distribution, is very common in large parts of its range and has an overall large population size.",Unknown,"The Mediterranean Bush-cricket occurs from southeastern France in the west to south Ukraine and Anatolia (Turkey) in the east. It is also found on some Mediterranean islands such as Corsica, Crete and Corfu (Harz 1969). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.9 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 1.7 million km².","This species is very common and widespread (Adamovic 1964, Boitier et al. 2007, D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016). In France it was thought to be regionally extinct but was rediscovered in 2005 (Braud 2007). Nevertheless, the species is very rare in France and seems to be declining (Braud 2007, M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2016). The global population trend is unknown but the population size is large.","This species is found in dry grassland, at forest margins and in open forests, where it is usually found at the base of bushes and high forbs (Massa et al. 2012)","Locally, this species is threatened by urbanisation (Braud 2007). In France it may also be affected by competition with its congener, Ponel's Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis poneli) (Braud 2007). In addition, it may be locally affected by wildfires.","There are no specific conservation measures is in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend and ecology is required as well as the potential effects of competition with Rhacocleis poneli in France.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Presa, J.J.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Rhacocleis,graeca,,Rhacocleis graeca,"Uvarov, 1942",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Greek Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis graeca) is endemic to Greece, and is found across the Greek mainland from the northern tip of the Thessalian plains up to the southern tip of the Peloponnesus, including the island of Kithira. This species is assessed as Least Concern, since it is widespread throughout its range, found in a variety of habitats, and occurs in a number of protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size, trends, habitat and ecology, as well as into the potential threats to the species.",Unknown,"The Greek Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is found across the Greek mainland from the northern tip of the Thessalian plains up to the southern tip of the Peloponnesus, including the island of Kithira (Willemse 1982, Willemse 1984). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 44,000 km².","This species might be more common than recorded, but there is no data on the population size and the population trend.","This species is known to be present in phryganic shrubland, and is found from sea level up to 1,500 m Asl - mostly at mid-altitudes. Like Rhacocleis edentata, it is not restricted to a single habitat type.",This species might be affected by wildfires.,"No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Very little is known about this species, and further research is needed into the population size, trends, habitat and ecology, as well as into the potential threats to the species.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Rhacocleis,insularis,,Rhacocleis insularis,"Ramme, 1928",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Cyclades Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis insularis) is endemic to Greece, where it is restricted to several of the Cyclades Islands from Andros in the north to Santorini in the South. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although its extent of occurrence (EOO) is small (ca 8,500 km²), and it may be locally affected by wildfires, it is widespread on some of the Cyclades Islands. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required.",Unknown,"The Cyclades Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece where it is restricted to several of the Cyclades Islands from Andros in the north to Santorini in the South (Willemse 1982, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8,500 km².",There is no available information on the population size and trend .,"This species is found in open, dry, more or less stony, hilly sites with various types of small bushes and shrubs in which the species tends to hide.",This species could potentially be affected by wildfires.,"No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Very little is known about this bush-cricket, and further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Rhacocleis,japygia,,Rhacocleis japygia,"La Greca, 1959",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Apulian Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis japygia) is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the South of the peninsula. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has an area of occupancy (AOO) smaller than 300 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of the habitat due to changes in the agricultural land-use, particularly intensification of grazing. Research is needed into its population trends and threats. Remaining habitats need appropriate management and degraded or destroyed habitats should be restored.",Decreasing,"The Apulian Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the South of the peninsula (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8,800 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 32 and 300 km².","The population of this species is assumed to be decreasing based on the loss and degradation of its habitat. Subpopulations are very small and isolated, and since the species is flightless, there is probably no genetic exchange between them. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.","This species is found in arid open habitats or in ecotones, on bushes, from sea level up to 900 m asl.","The major threats to this species are changes in the agricultural land-use, particularly intensification of grazing.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into its population trends and threats. Remaining habitats need appropriate management and degraded or destroyed habitats should be restored.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Massa, B., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M. & Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Rhacocleis,lithoscirtetes,,Rhacocleis lithoscirtetes,"Willemse & Willemse, 2005",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Stone-jumping Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis lithoscirtetes) is endemic to Greece, and is only found in a small mountainous area in the southwestern part of the Greek mainland. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it occurs at only three locations, and any changes in the grazing regime of those areas could drive the species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required. The local grazing regime needs to be carefully managed to preserve this species.",Unknown,"The Stone-jumping Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only found in a small mountainous area in the southwestern part of the Greek mainland (Willemse and Willemse 2005). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 42 km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown, as it has only been observed and collected a few times.","The habitat of this species consists of dry mountain slopes, which are predominantly covered by rocks and stones at elevations of 1,200-1,500 m Asl. Vegetation cover is comparatively poor, with few - often coniferous - shrubs or trees, a few herbs and tufts of grasses or even localized groups of ferns. There is a large number of more or less loose stones, as well as firmly embedded rocks with abundant cavities and crevices. Some areas are almost devoid of vegetation or have only a few scattered tufts of, e.g., Thymus species. In the daytime, the specimens hide under stones, and are very apt at finding cavities and small crevices when disturbed, which makes them extremely difficult to relocate. The number of specimens observed has always been low (Willemse and Willemse 2005).","This bush-cricket is found in mountain areas which are grazed by livestock during summer. As a result, any changes in the grazing regime (abandonment or intensification) may pose a threat to this species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of this threat and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at only three locations.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Very little is known about this bush-cricket, and further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required. The local grazing regime needs to be carefully managed to preserve this species.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Rhacocleis,maculipedes,,Rhacocleis maculipedes,"(Ingrisch, 1983)",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Speckled Sardinian Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis maculipedes) is endemic to Italy, and is only known from Sardinia. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence is ca 4,300 km² , area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 100 km²) it occurs at only four locations, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of the habitat due to loss of Erica arborea bushes (which are cut by shepherds to create new grazing sites). Research is needed into the population trend, life history and ecology. Its habitat requires proper management. Particularly, further loss of Erica arborea bushes should be prevented.",Decreasing,"The Speckled Sardinian Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known from Sardinia (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,300 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 16 and 100 km².",The species is difficult to find and there are only a few records of it. It is assumed to be declining based on the degradation of its habitat.,"This species lives in arid habitats, on bushes (mainly Erica arborea).","The major threat to this species is intensified sheep grazing. The species has mainly been found on Erica arborea bushes, which are cut by shepherds to create new grazing sites. Taking into account the extent of the effects of this threat, and the known distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at four locations.","There are no conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. Research is needed into the population trend, life history and ecology. Its habitat requires proper management. Particularly, further loss of Erica arborea bushes should be prevented.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M. & Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Rhacocleis,neglecta,,Rhacocleis neglecta,"(Costa, 1863)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Adriatic Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis neglecta) is known from Italy and Algeria. In Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"The Adriatic Bush-cricket is known from Italy and Algeria (Massa et al. 2012). A single record also exists from Croatia (Istria), but it is assumed to have been introduced by ship (J. Skejo, pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 302,000 km².",This species is present in low densities but it is widespread.The population trend is unknown.,"This flightless, medium sized, bush-cricket lives in shrubland and grassland. Adults appear in summer and autumn, from sea level up to 1,200 m asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no conservation measures in place to this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M. & Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Rhacocleis,poneli,,Rhacocleis poneli,"Harz & Voisin, 1987",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Ponel's Bush-cricket is endemic to southern France, where it inhabits wet or riparian plain forest edges and is able to colonize ruderal or dryer habitats. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 20,000 km². Numerous recent discoveries in more western areas suggest passive introductions, and this range increase could lead to a continuous sub-Mediterraean range in the future. As a lowland species, the main reported threat is urbanisation. However, it is currently spreading and is able to survive even in degraded habitats. Therefore, is is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Increasing,"Ponel's Bush-cricket is endemic to southern France. It was formerly known only from the southeastern low altitude areas (Defaut et al. 2009). Currently, this species is expanding its range into some of theAtlantic departments like Landes, Gironde, Vendée. The Pyrenées-Orientales and Hérault. The Atlantic records are assumed to be from introduced subpopulations, and these were not taken into account when estimating the extent of occurrence (EOO) which has been calculated to be c. 20,000 km².","Rhacocleis poneli is a secretive and predominantly nocturnal species. Recent nocturnal surveys with bat detectors have revealed some new localities. Its presence in France has not been very well studied for a long time (Braud 2008), but the number of records has strongly increased over the last decades, even in the areas from where it was initially known. The species has expanded its range to several adjacent departments, but also to more distant departments (probably by passive introduction). There is no information is available on population size.","Rhacocleis poneli occurs in warm areas at low altitudes between 0 and 350 m. It mainly lives on shrubs (often Rubus) and ferns along edges or clearings of wet or riparian woodland. It can also be found on ruderal or degraded habitats (e.g. cultivated corn-field borders), and it has occasionally been recorded on dryer habitats like Mediterranean scrublands with dense vegetation.","Subpopulations of this species are affected by local threats like urbanisation and development projects, but these threats are not significant for the whole population.","There are no conservation actions in place for Rhacocleis poneli, but it is present in protected areas throughout its range. The species was assessed as ""priority 3"" (=Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004).",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Roesti, C., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C., Presa, J.J., Rutschmann, F., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Rhacocleis,silvestrii,,Rhacocleis silvestrii,"Ramme, 1939","Ramme (1939) described this species as Rhacocleis silvestrii, named after Prof. F. Silvestri-Portici, but it is often cited as Rhacocleis sylvestrii.",Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Maquis Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis silvestrii) is endemic to Greece and is only known from some of the Aegean Islands: Kasos, Karpathos, Rodhes and Kos. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since although it is a widespread species and occurs in more than ten locations, it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 13,800 km²), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals due to the increasing number of wildfires throughout its range - thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. Further research into the population size, ecology and the threats to this species is required.",Decreasing,"The Maquis Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece and is only known from some of the Aegean Islands: Kasos, Karpathos, Rodhes and Kos (Willemse 1982, Baccetti 1992). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 13,800 km².","There is no available information on the population size and the population trend, but this species is widespread across the islands where it occurs. However, a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat, as well as in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the increased frequency of wildfires.","Although no information about the habitat and ecology of this bush-cricket is known, it is assumed that the species occupies similar habitats as congeneric species of Rhacocleis found elsewhere on the Aegean Islands: dry to very dry, in more or less open slopes with a more or less dense cover of small shrubs, possibly including leaf litter where shrubs are taller (Maquis shrubland).","This species is likely to be affected by wildfires, which have heavily affected all islands on which this species occurs during the last decade. Taking into account the extent of the effects of wildfires and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at more than ten locations.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Very little is known about this bush-cricket, and further research into the population size, ecology and the threats to this species is required.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Rhacocleis,thyrrhenica,,Rhacocleis thyrrhenica,"La Greca, 1952",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Tyrrhenian Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis thyrrhenica) is endemic to Italy, and is only known from a few localities and islands along the western coast of the country. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 20,000 km², known area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km²), and the population is severely fragmented - thus making this species close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. This bush-cricket is threatened by tourism and coastal development, and further research is needed into its population trend.",Unknown,"The Tyrrhenian Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known from a few localities and islands along the western coast of the country (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 20,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km².","This species has a scattered distribution with isolated, small subpopulations, and there is probably no genetic exchange between them. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. The overall population trend is unknown.",This species lives in coastal habitats with scarce shrubby vegetation.,Touristic activities and coastal development can pose a threat to this species.,"There are no conservation measures in place to this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Fontana, P., Hochkirch, A., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M. & Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Rhacocleis,trilobata,,Rhacocleis trilobata,"La Greca & Messina, 1974",,Yes,CR (PE),"B1ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR (PE),"B1ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Three-lobed Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis trilobata) is only known from a few specimens collected in 1973 in the Peloponnesus, Greece. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered (possibly extinct) due to its restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence is 25 km²), it occurs at only one location, and there is an inferred decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of habitat due to bushfires. In addition, in spite of searches for it, this species has not been recorded since 1973, and bushfires might be the reason for its disappearance. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, ecology and threats to this species. The most obvious threat to be managed within its range is the threat of wildfires, and proper wildfire management would most likely benefit this bush-cricket.",Decreasing,"The Three-lobed Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a single locality in the Peloponnesus, from where it was described (Willemse 1982). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 25 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) has a maximum size of 20 km².","This species is assumed to be decreasing, given that it has only been observed and collected once, and has not been found again even though searches have been conducted.","This species has been found at medium altitudes (above 1,150 m) in arid habitat with low herbaceous vegetation, thickly covered with low bushes. It was collected together with two other species of Rhacocleis (La Greca and Messina 1974).","This species is only known from one locality, and given that the area is prone to bushfires, it is considered to occur at a single location, making bushfires a major threat to this species.","This species has, after its discovery in 1973, never been observed or collected again. The locality where it was recorded is now in a protected area. Further research is required into the population size, distribution, possible subpopulations, and the species' habitat and ecology, as well as into possible threats to the species. Only then will it be possible to consider which conservation actions may be required. The most obvious threat to be managed within its range is the threat of wildfires, and proper wildfire management would most likely benefit this bush-cricket.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Rhacocleis,uvarovi,,Rhacocleis uvarovi,"Ramme, 1936",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Uvarov's Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis uvarovi) is only known from a few specimens collected in the 1930s on the island of Kalimnos and its satellite island Telendos in Greece. This species is assessed as Data Deficient given that it has not been recorded since then, and very little is known about it. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, ecology and threats to this species. Moreover, the taxonomic status of the species requires re-examination.",Unknown,"The Uvarov's Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, and has only been recorded in the eastern Aegean island of Kalimnos and its satellite island Telendos (Willemse 1982). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 188 km², and its maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 135 km².","This species has only been observed and collected on a few occasions in the 1930s. There is no data on the population size and the population trend. Even though it has not been recorded for a long time, no intensive searches have been conducted.","There is no available information on the habitat and ecology of this species. However, based on knowledge of other species of Rhacocleis from the Aegean Islands, this species is most likely found in arid environments in habitat consisting of herbs and low bushes.",The threats to this species remain unknown.,"The first necessary step is to reconfirm the presence of this species on the islands of Kalimnos and Telendos, and to confirm its taxonomic status as a species, which is poorly defined. Further research is required into the population size, possible subpopulations, and the species' habitat and ecology, as well as into possible threats to it. Only then will it be possible to consider which conservation actions may be required, as the area where this species occurs is not protected.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Rhacocleis,werneri,,Rhacocleis werneri,"Willemse, 1982",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Werner's Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis werneri) is endemic to Greece, where it is found in the eastern part of the Greek mainland (Attica), the island of Euboea and the Cyclades island of Andros. This species is assessed as Near Threatened given that, even though it is a widespread species found in a variety of habitats, it has a small extent of occurrence (EOO) (ca 4,700 km²), and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of individuals due to the increasing number of wildfires in parts of its range (Attica) - thus making it close to qualifying for listing in a threatened category under criterion B. Very little is known about this bush-cricket, and further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required.",Decreasing,"The Werner's Bush-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it is found in the eastern part of the Greek mainland (Attica), the island of Euboea and the Cyclades island of Andros (Willemse 1982, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,700 km².","This species is widespread and found in a variety of habitats, but the population is inferred to be decreasing due to an increase in the number of bushfires in Attica - however, this threat only affects small parts of its range.","Like the Toothless Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis edentata), this species is relatively widespread and found in different habitats, varying from rather wet (the first specimens were collected on Euboea in a wet place with rushes) to drier habitats. This species is found at elevations of 120-600 m Asl.",Bushfires in Attica are the major threat to this species.,"No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Very little is known about this bush-cricket, and further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Roeseliana,ambitiosa,,Roeseliana ambitiosa,"(Uvarov, 1924)",,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The Ambitious Meadow Bush-cricket (Roeseliana ambitiosa) has been reported from Greece, the southeastern part of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, southern Bulgaria and European Turkey. However, its taxonomic status is doubtful and more research into its taxonomy is needed. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on the population size, population trend and threats, and more research is needed to assess its extinction risk.",Unknown,"The Ambitious Meadow Bush-cricket has been reported from Greece, the southeastern part of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, southern Bulgaria and European Turkey (Harz 1969). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 224,000 km², and ca 220,000 km² in the EU 28.",There is no available data on the population size and trend of this species.,This species if found in moist grassland habitats (Ingrisch and Pavicevic 1985).,The threats to this species are unknown.,There are no conservation measures in place for the species. Research into its taxonomy is required (Chobanov and Mihajlova 2010).,The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Pushkar, T., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Roeseliana,azami,,Roeseliana azami,"(Finot, 1892)",,Yes,VU,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,VU,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The French Meadow Bush-cricket (Roeseliana azami) is endemic to France, where it inhabits wetlands at low altitudes. The species is rather common in the Camargue wetlands, but rare outside of them. Direct human impacts like urbanisation and agricultural intensification are causing a slow continuing decline, although the species has the capacity to take refuge in degraded habitats like roadside ditches. The easternmost populations in Hérault are considered to have become extinct. As the extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 20,000 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) covers probably around 2,000 km², the population is considered severely fragmented and it is experiencing a continuing decline in the EOO, AOO, area, extent and quality of the habitat, and the number of subpopulations and mature individuals, it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) .",Decreasing,"The French Meadow Bush-cricket is endemic to France, where it is widespread from Languedoc (Gard and formerly Hérault) to the western Côte d'Azur (Fréjus) (Defaut et al. 2009, Jaulin et al. 2011). It is found at low altitudes, and it is predominantly known from the Camargue and other coastal wetlands (Fréjus, Sainte-Maxime, Etang de Berre), but it has also been reported further inland at the Aix-en-Provence basin and along various river valleys (Rhône, Durance, Calavon, Argens). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 20,000 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) covers around 2,000 km².","Roeseliana azami is considered to be rather common in the Camargue area, but most of the other subpopulations are very small and isolated (côte d'Azur, alluvial Calavon/Encreme or Tricastin subpopulations). The population is fragmented in more than 50% of the range, and it is considered to be severely fragmented since the subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The easternmost populations in Hérault department are considered to be extinct.There is no information available on the population size and trend, but an overall continuing decline is inferred from the current threats.","Roeseliana azami lives at low altitudes from sea level to 330 m in open and wet habitats, including various wet meadows with tall grasses, marshes, open reed beds and alluvial wetlands. It is also present on roadside ditches, but seems to avoid salt water ecosystems.","Roeseliana azami lives on coastal and plain wetlands. Thus the impact of threats like urbanisation and agricultural intensification have been significant during the last century. The same threats still exist nowadays, even if they are causing a slower decline. Additionally, changes in water management like drainage is a major threat to this species, since it results on a reduction in the amount of suitable habitat.","There are no conservation actions in place for Roeseliana azami, but the species occurs in protected areas like the Camargue and Vigueirat National Reserve. The species was assessed as ""priority 2"" (equivalent to Vulnerable) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Monitoring the population size and trend of the species is needed, together with research on its life history and ecology.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Roesti, C., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C., Presa, J.J., Rutschmann, F., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Roeseliana,brunneri,,Roeseliana brunneri,"Ramme, 1951",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Giant Meadow Bush-cricket (Roeseliana brunneri) is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the saline coastal area of Veneto, the Po delta and some marshlands in the interior of Friuli-Venezia Giulia. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5,500 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is between 32 and 300 km²), and the population is severely fragmented; thus making this species close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. This bush-cricket has suffered strongly from mosquito control in the past, but currently there are no indications that the population is declining, and no current major threats to it have been reported. However, more research into its population trend and threats is needed.",Unknown,"The Giant Meadow Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the saline coastal area of Veneto, Po delta and some marshlands in the interior of Friuli-Venezia Giulia (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence is ca 5,500 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 32 and 300 km².",There is no data on the population size or trend. The population of this species is severely fragmented as the subpopulations are very small and isolated with probably no genetic exchange between them.,"This species is found in saline coastal areas of Veneto, Po delta and also some marshlands in the interior of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, where adults can be found in the summer and autumn.","In the past, this species was strongly affected by an anti-malaria campaign, i.e. mosquito control. Currently, no major threats to this species have been reported.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its ecology and population trend is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Roeseliana,fedtschenkoi,,Roeseliana fedtschenkoi,"(Saussure, 1874)",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The distribution of Fedtschenko's Meadow Bush-cricket (Roeseliana fedtschenkoi) is not entirely clear but it may occur in the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Central Asia and Siberia. In Europe, it may occur in Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova,Ukraine and southern European Russia. However, its taxonomic status is still under debate. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution and population trend, and more research is needed in order to assess its extinction risk.",Unknown,"The distribution of Fedtschenko's Meadow Bush-cricket is not entirely clear. According to Harz (1969) it occurs in the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Central Asia and Siberia. It may occur in Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova,Ukraine and southern European Russia. However, its taxonomic status is unclear and the whole genus is in need of taxonomic revision (Chobanov 2011).","In Bulgaria, subpopulations assigned to this species are usually small (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015), while they appear to be large in Romania (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). The population trend is unknown.",This species is found in wet meadows (Iorgu et al. 2013) but may sometimes also enter farmland (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).,The major threats to this species are drainage (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015) and overgrazing (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research on the taxonomy, distribution and population trend is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Pushkar, T., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Kranz, M., Iorgu, I.S., Heller, K.-G., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Nieto, A., Puskas, G., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.",,,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Roeseliana,oporina,,Roeseliana oporina,"(Bolívar, 1887)",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"The Cuenca Meadow Bush-cricket (Roeseliana oporina) is only known from a single locality at the Gigüela River in Spain. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a small area of occupancy (AOO) (less than 1 km²), it occurs at only one location, and a single threatening event (riverine habitat destruction or degradation caused by agricultural land use) could rapidly drive this species to become Critically Endangered under Criterion B or even Extinct. This bush-cricket is threatened by drainage, replacement of riparian vegetation for crops along the river and by replacement of irrigation canals by pipelines. It may also be threatened by the increasing number of droughts. Several conservation measures for this species have been proposed, including maintenance of traditional irrigation (ditches), limitation of crop expansion to allow regeneration of riparian vegetation, reduction of the use of pesticides and the establishment of micro-reserves to protect its habitat.",Unknown,"The Cuenca Meadow Bush-cricket is endemic to Spain where it is only known from a single locality (Gigüela River near Castillo de Castillejo, Cuenca province; Gutiérrez-Rodríguez and García-París 2016). Its known extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both less than 1 km². The maximum estimate is 10 km².","This species has declined dramatically in the past, probably as a consequence of intensive anthropogenic habitat alterations (Gutiérrez-Rodríguez and García-París 2016). A single subpopulation is known.","This species inhabits riverine vegetation, and is also found along irrigation canals, where it inhabits high grasses and forbs (Lolium, Cirsium and Phragmites spp.) (Gutiérrez-Rodríguez and García-París 2016).","This species is threatened by drainage, replacement of riparian vegetation for crops along the river and by replacement of irrigation canals by pipelines (Gutiérrez-Rodríguez and García-París 2016). It may also be threatened by the increasing number of droughts. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of these threats and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","Gutiérrez-Rodríguez and García-París (2016) have proposed several conservation measures: (1) the maintenance of traditional irrigation (ditches), (2) limitation of crop expansion to allow regeneration of riparian vegetation, (3) reduction of the use of pesticides and (4) the establishment of micro-reserves to protect the habitat. This species does not occur in any protected areas and more research into its population size and trend as well as its ecology is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, J., Barranco Vega, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Correas, J., Prunier, F., Odé, B., Lemos, P. & Ferreira, S.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Roeseliana,roeselii,,Roeseliana roeselii,"(Hagenbach, 1822)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Roesel's Meadow Bush-cricket (Roeseliana roeselii) occurs from the French Atlantic coast and England to Siberia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28 since it is very widespread and common, and is currently expanding its range to the north and west.",Increasing,"Roesel's Meadow Bush-cricket occurs from the French Atlantic coast and England to Siberia (Harz 1969). In Europe, it is found from northern Spain, northern Italy and Bulgaria in the south to the north of Sweden and Finland in the north and eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). It is currently rapidly expanding its northwestern range margin. It has also been introduced in North America. The subpopulations in central and southern Sweden are probably also introduced (Kanuch et al. 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 9.6 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 5.1 million km².","This species is very widespread and common (Bellmann 2006). It is rapidly expanding its northern range margin as a consequence of climate change (e.g. Hochkirch 2001, Gardiner 2009, Hochkirch and Damerau 2009, Wissmann et al. 2009).","This species occurs in wet to mesic grassland habitats, ruderal vegetation, marshes, and edges of water bodies with a high and dense vegetation (Baur et al. 2006). It is also found along ditches and road margins (Hochkirch 2010). The species is usually flightless but long-winged individuals occur regularly (particularly in warm years) and can cover large distances (Hochkirch and Damerau 2009).","This species may be locally affected by transformation of grassland habitats into farmland (Denner 2009). It does not tolerate intensive grassland management (overgrazing, frequent mowing).",There are no conservation measures in place or needed for this species. It occurs in protected areas.,The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R. & Chobanov, D.P.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Ruspolia,nitidula,,Ruspolia nitidula,"(Scopoli, 1786)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Large Cone-head (Ruspolia nitidula) occurs in large parts of Africa, Asia and Europe, where it is widely distributed. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution, large population size and is currently expanding its range to the north.",Increasing,"The Large Cone-head occurs in large parts of Africa, Asia and Europe (Harz 1969). In Europe it is found from the Azores and the Canary Islands in the west to southern European Russia in the east and from Sicily and Crete in the south to northern France in the north. The species is currently expanding its northern range boundary (e.g. Holusa et al. 2007, Braun and Lederer 2009). Single specimens have been found in Britain and the Netherlands, but the species does not appear to be reproducing there yet (R. Kleukers pers. comm. 2016). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 10.8 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 8.7 million km².","This species is very widespread and common, and is currently expanding its northern range margin (e.g. Holusa et al. 2007, Braun and Lederer 2009).","This species occurs in moist to wet grassland habitats and marshes, but is also common along ditches and wet road margins (Braun et al. 1995). It prefers warm climates (Holusa et al. 2007) and high vegetation (Braun et al. 1995).","This species may be locally threatened by drainage, transformation of meadows into farmland and intensive management of ditches (Braun and Lederer 2009).","This species occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Endangered in Slovakia (Kristin 2001) and as Near Threatened in Austria, Switzerland and Germany (Berg et al. 2005, Monnerat et al. 2007, Maas et al. 2011). It is strictly protected in Germany and therefore considered in landscape planning (e.g. Rennwald 2014). More research into its current range expansion is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R. & Chobanov, D.P.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Sabaterpia,hispanica,,Sabaterpia hispanica,"(Kollar, 1853)",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Iberian Saddle Bush-cricket (Sabaterpia hispanica) is very rare and restricted to the southern Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Endangered since its area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals due to intensification of agriculture and pesticide use. Further research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this poorly-known species. It is necessary to avoid pesticides and conserve its habitat in order to avoid any further population declines.",Decreasing,"The Iberian Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to southern Spain. It has been cited from Portugal, but the latter record has not been confirmed (Barat 2012) and is thus disregarded here. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 37,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km².","This species is very rare and most records date back almost 100 years. The population is severely fragmented since subpopulation are small, separated by large distances, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The current population trend is decreasing as a result of the ongoing intensification of agricultural land use (J. Barat pers. comm. 2016).",The species has been collected on high shrubs in arid places (Peinado de Diego 1984). It has been found within a sunflower field in Sevilla (Biodiversidad Virtual 2016) and it occurs at altitudes between 10 m and 769 m Asl.,Intensification of agriculture can pose a threat to this species. It may also be affected by pesticides (J. Barat pers. comm. 2016).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it is present in any protected areas. Further research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this poorly-known species. It is necessary to avoid pesticides and conserve its habitat to avoid any further population declines.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Sabaterpia,paulinoi,,Sabaterpia paulinoi,"(Bolívar, 1877)",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"Paulino's Saddle Bush-cricket (Sabaterpia paulinoi) is only known from an undetermined locality in Granada, southern Spain. Only the type specimens, one male and one female, are known. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to its unknown provenance and the lack of information on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed on this species in order to determine its extinction risk.",Unknown,"Paulino's Saddle Bush-cricket is only known from an undeterminedlocality in Granada, southern Spain. Only the type specimens, one male and one female, are known. This species' known extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are therefore 4 km².",There is no available information on the population size and trends of this species.,Nothing is known about the habitat or ecology of this species except one reference of its presence on Genista sp. (Peinado de Diego 1990).,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it is present within any protected areas. Research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats to this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Sabaterpia,taeniata,,Sabaterpia taeniata,"(Saussure, 1898)",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The Large Saddle Bush-cricket (Sabaterpia taeniata) is known from Morocco and southern Spain. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of information on its population size and trend, habitat, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to assess its extinction risk.",Unknown,"The Large Saddle Bush-cricket is known from Morocco and southern Spain (Barat 2007). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 2,100 km².",There is no available information on the population size or trend. In Zahara de los Atunes (Cadiz) the species can be quite abundant.,This species occurs in Mediterranean shrubland.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., García, M., Presa, J.J., Prunier, F., Ferreira, S., Lemos, P. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Saga,campbelli,,Saga campbelli,"Uvarov, 1921",,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Lesser Predatory Bush-cricket (Saga campbelli) is found on the southern Balkan Peninsula. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be between 250 and 800 km², and between 200 and 700 km² in the EU 28. In addition, its subpopulations are usually small and the population is severely fragmented; thus making this bush-cricket close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. This species is threatened by overgrazing, abandonment, the transformation of its habitat into farmland, wildfires and insecticides. There is a continuing decline in a small isolated subpopulation in northwestern Bulgaria due to the degradation of its habitat, but there is no indication of a global continuing decline. More research into its ecology, population trend and taxonomy is needed.",Unknown,"The Lesser Predatory Bush-cricket is found on the southern Balkan Peninsula from northwestern Bulgaria and Kosovo to northern Greece (Kolics et al. 2012). Saga gracilis was considered a subspecies of S. campbelli for a long time, but currently it is treated as a separate species. However, the taxonomic status of S. gracilis  still needs further study (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 86,000 km² in Europe, and ca 49,000 km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated tobe between 250 and 800 km², and between 200 and 700 km² in the EU 28.","This is a rare bush-cricket species (Kaltenbach 1965). The subpopulations are usually small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented (D. Chobanov, I. Iorgu and M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). The population trend is unknown.","This species occurs in mesic and dry grassland, wasteland, abandoned farmland, forest clearings and forest edges at altitudes between 50 m and 800 m Asl (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont, I. Iorgu and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). The egg development usually takes three years (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2009).","This species is threatened by overgrazing, abandonment (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014), the transformation of its habitat into farmland, wildfires and insecticides (M. Lemonnier-Darcemnot, I. Iorgu and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). A small isolated subpopulation in northwestern Bulgaria is declining as a consequence of large scale logging (D. Chobanov pers. comm.).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. On the Red List of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia it is listed as Vulnerable (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). More research into its ecology, population trend and taxonomy is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Chobanov, D.P., Sirin, D., Iorgu, I.S., Puskas, G., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Pushkar, T., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Saga,gracilis,,Saga gracilis,"Kis, 1962",,Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
The Slender Predatory Bush-cricket has an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 40,000 km² and its area of occurrence (AOO) is estimated to be less than 2,000 km². Because of the severe fragmentation of the population and the inferred continuing decline in the area and quality of its habitat due to recently re-established setting of new agricultural land, reviving the local pasture activities, and illegal burning of the forest for subsequent wood material collecting in Bulgaria, the species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU).",Decreasing,"The Slender Predatory Bush-cricket occurs in southwestern Bulgaria and in neighbouring northeastern Greece (East Rodopi Mountains), as well as on the islands of Samothraki and Limnos (Greece) and in North Dobrogea (southeast Romania) (Kaltenbach 1967, Kis and Vasiliu 1970, Chobanov 2009, D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). Its occurrence in European Turkey is likely. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 40,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 124 and 2,000 km².","The population is considered to be severely fragmented since the subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. Its population trend is decreasing, and subpopulations are generally small.","Saga gracilis occurs in steppe-like dry, warm grasslands along sparse dry oak forests on calcareous substrate. In Dobrogea (Romania) it appears on grassland on sandy and even saline clay ground. Its altitudinal range is 2-800 m Asl.","The main threat to this species is habitat change as a result of conversion to agricultural land, overgrazing, pesticide use and fires, including accidental burning of the bushes as a result of the spread of of illegally fired crop fields.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas. Research on its population trend and threats is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Saga,hellenica,,Saga hellenica,"Kaltenbach, 1967",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Greek Predatory Bush-cricket (Saga hellenica) is found throughout the Greek mainland, some of the Ionian Islands, and the Cyclades island of Andros. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) (ca 120,000 km² in the EU 28 region, and ca 190,000 km² in Europe) and is found in a variety of habitats. However, this species is likely to be threatened by wildfires, farming and road construction. Further research into the population size and trends, as well as into the threats to this species is required.",Unknown,"The Greek Predatory Bush-cricket is known from Albania, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR  Macedonia), the southwestern tip of Kosovo, Bulgaria and Greece. The records from Albania,  FYR Macedonia, Kosovo and Bulgaria still require confirmation (D. Chobanov and M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). In Greece, this species is found throughout the mainland, some of the Ionian Islands, and the Cyclades island of Andros. This species seems absent from the north-eastern part of the Greek mainland (Willemse 1984). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in the EU 28 region is ca 120,000 km², and ca 190,000 km² in Europe.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown, but it is widespread and found in a variety of habitats.","This predatory bush-cricket is found in various habitats from sea level up to mid-elevations (1,500 m Asl), including phryganic shrubland, rural gardens, grassland and pastureland. These habitats all have a sufficient supply of food (mainly other grasshoppers and bush-crickets).","This predatory bush-cricket is likely to be affected by bushfires at a local scale and by road construction, as it often crosses roads. This species is also found close to agricultural areas, and is thus probably affected by farming practices and the application of pesticides.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Further research into the population size and trends, as well as into the threats to this species is required.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Saga,natoliae,,Saga natoliae,"Serville, 1838",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Anatolian Predatory Bush-cricket (Saga natoliae) is found on the Balkan Peninsula, in Anatolia and Syria (Harz 1969, Kolics et al. 2012). In Europe it occurs in southern Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, central Albania, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, southern Serbia, northern Greece, southern Bulgaria and European Turkey. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread on the Balkan Peninsula and has presumably a very large population size.",Unknown,"The Anatolian Predatory Bush-cricket is found on the Balkan Peninsula, in Anatolia and Syria (Harz 1969, Kolics et al. 2012). In Europe it occurs in southern Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, central Albania, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, southern Serbia, northern Greece, southern Bulgaria and European Turkey. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 333,000 km², and ca 300,000 km² in the EU 28.","The subpopulations of this species are usually small but the population is not severely fragmented (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). In Croatia the species has not been recorded since 1960 (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2015). The global population trend is unknown, but the population size is presumably very large.","This species is found in Mediterranean and Submediterranean shrubland, grassland with high vegetation, edges of farmland, brownfields and forest edges (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2009). During daytime adults hide in oak bushes (Kaltenbach 1965) or similar kinds of high vegetation. The males sing only during the late afternoon and night (Kaltenbach 1970, Holusa et al. 2013). The nymphs need two years for maturation and the species is found from sea level up to at least 1,000 m Asl (Lemonnier-Darcemnot et al. 2009).","The major threats to this species are the transformation of its habitat into farmland, urbanisation, road construction, road traffic and use of pesticides (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont, D. Sirin and D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).",This species is in the monitoring scheme of the Bulgarian Ministry of Environment and Water (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). It occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend is needed.,The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Skejo, J. Skejo, Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Sirin, D., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Iorgu, I.S., Pushkar, T. & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Saga,pedo,,Saga pedo,"(Pallas, 1771)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Predatory Bush-cricket (Saga pedo) is found from the Iberian Peninsula to West Siberia and is very widespread in Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution and overall large population size. However, subpopulations are usually small and the population is severely fragmented. It is listed on annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive and its European status has been classified mostly as ""unfavourable-inadequate"". There is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and mature individuals, but its area of occupancy (AOO) is very large and it exceeds the thresholds of a threatened category. More detailed research into its distribution and population trend.",Decreasing,"The Common Predatory Bush-cricket is found from the Iberian Peninsula to West Siberia (Harz 1969). In Europe it is found from the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Volga Delta in the east and from Sicily in the south to the southern Czech Republic in the north. It has also been introduced in North America (Cantrall 1972). The area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is estimated to be between 3,300 and 6,000 km². Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 4 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 2.4 million km².","This species is widely distributed but subpopulations are usually small and isolated (Massa et al. 2012). However, it is also difficult to detect. The population is very scattered and exchange between subpopulations is unlikely, and subpopulations may go extinct with reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented (B. Massa, T. Zuna-Kratky, J.J. Presa, A. Kristin, C. Monnerat, I. Iorgu, G. Puskás, O. Korsunovskaya, D. Chobanov and J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016). This species shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (B. Massa, I. Iorgu and T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016). In parts of Austria the population is increasing, but in western Austria the species is close to extinction (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016). In the Czech Republic, Switzerland, Slovakia and Romania it is also still decreasing (Fedor 2001, Holusa et al. 2010, A. Kristin, I. Iorgu and C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2016). A decline is also projected for the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014), but in Hungary it appears to be stable (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2016). The overall population trend is decreasing but the population size is large.","This species occurs in warm open grassland habitats with bushes or high forbage (Baur et al. 2006), on abandoned farmland and vineyards (EEA 2014) as well as in Mediterranean shrubland (Willemse 1997). It usually sits hidden between high forbs and bushes (Massa et al. 2012). It occurs from sea level up to 1,750 m Asl (Willemse 1997, Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2009). Egg development usually takes about three years (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2009). The species is parthenogenetic which means that males usually do not occur.","The threats for this species are abandonment of grazing, urbanisation, industrial development, construction of wind farms, golf courses, intensification of grassland management, transformation of grassland into farmland and wildfires (Kristin and Kanuch 2007, EEA 2014, Holusa et al. 2013, Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014).","This species is listed on annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive. It is therefore strictly protected in the European Union and monitoring is implemented. Its conservation status has been assessed as ""unfavourable-inadequate"" for the Alpine, Pannonian, Mediterranean and Steppic biogeographic regions of Europe and as ""unknown"" for the Atlantic and Continental regions (EEA 2014). It occurs in protected areas and is listed as Critically Endangered on the national Red List of Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007), Endangered in Slovakia (Kristin 2001), Austria (Berg et al. 2005), Bulgaria (Golemanski 2015) and Spain (Verdú et al. 2006) and as ""priority 3"" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004) and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). On the Carpathian Red List, it is listed as Vulnerable (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). In Albania, the species is protected by law. A Life+ project (Monitoring of insects with public participation, LIFE11 NAT/IT/000252 MIPP) exists in Italy to obtain more data on this and other species. It may also benefit from restoration of steppe vegetation in another Life+ project in Austria (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016). Generally, appropriate grassland management is needed to preserve this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Skejo, J. Skejo, Presa, J.J., Zuna-Kratky, T., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Korsunovskaya, O., Monnerat, C., Puskas, G., Chobanov, D.P., Szovenyi, G., Kleukers, R. & Rutschmann, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Saga,rammei,,Saga rammei,"Kaltenbach, 1965",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Ramme's Predatory Bush-cricket (Saga rammei) has a restricted range, being endemic to the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and northern Greece. This species is assessed as Least Concern since its population trend is probably stable and even though subpopulations are usually small, the population is not considered severely fragmented.",Stable,"Ramme's Predatory Bush-cricket is found in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and northern Greece (Kolics et al. 2013). Records for Bulgaria (Kaltenbach 1967) are doubtful. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is between 100 and 600 km², and between 50 and 500 km² in the EU 28. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 27,000 km² in Europe, and ca 12,000 km² in the EU 28.",The subpopulations of this species are usually small (Kolics et al. 2008) but the population is not considered severely fragmented (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). It is assumed to have a stable population trend (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015).,"This species is found in grassland, wasteland, hay fields, edges of farmland and forest edges at altitudes between 50 and 600 m Asl (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). The eggs usually take three years to develop (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2009).","The major threats to this species are pesticides, intensification of grassland management and road constructions (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Near Threatened on the Red List of Orthoptera of the Republic of Macedonia (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). Research into its population trend is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Pushkar, T., Iorgu, I.S., Chobanov, D.P., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Saga,rhodiensis,,Saga rhodiensis,"Salfi, 1929",,No,VU,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",No,VU,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Rhodes Predatory Bush-cricket (Saga rhodiensis) is only known from the island of Rhodes, where it is widespread and found in a variety of habitats. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,700 km², maximum area of occupancy is 1,400 km²), it occurs at between five and ten locations, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of individuals, and in the extent and quality of the habitat, due to wildfires. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species. Proper fire management is also required to protect this species.",Decreasing,"The Rhodes Predatory Bush-cricket (Saga rhodiensis) occurs in a narrow strip along the southern and southwestern Mediterranean coast of Turkey (Kaltenbach 1967, Sirin et al. 2014) and on the island of Rhodes (Willemse 1984). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1,700 km², and its maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,400 km².","Due to the increasing frequency of wildfires on Rhodes, it is assumed that the abundance of this species is decreasing.","This predatory bush-cricket is found in various habitats with the common feature of a sufficient supply of insects. In general, other grasshoppers are believed to be an important part of the diet of Saga species. Saga rhodiensis is known to feed - possibly predominantly - on cicadas (Nadig 1987).","The main threat to this species are wildfires, which occur frequently on Rhodes and can cover large areas (Christodoulou et al. 2011). Taking into account the extent of the effects of bushfires and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at between five and ten locations.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species. Proper fire management is also required to protect this species.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Sardoplatycleis,galvagnii,,Sardoplatycleis galvagnii,"(Fontana, Buzzetti, Kleukers & Odé, 2011)",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Sardinian Grey Bush-cricket (Sardoplatycleis galvagnii) is only known from a single location on Sardinia. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both smaller than 4 km²), it occurs at only one location, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals. This bush-cricket is strongly affected by touristic infrastructure (particularly roads) and sheep grazing. More research is needed into its population trend, ecology, and into the effects of the threats. Furthermore, there is a need for appropriate habitat management to avoid any further population declines. As the species is very rare and only known from a small area, education and awareness-raising in local communities is recommended.",Decreasing,"The Sardinian Grey Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, where it is only known from the tip of the Bruncu Spina mountain in the Gennargentu Massif on Sardinia (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².","Only one very small subpopulation of this species is known. However, no population size estimates are available. The current population trend is assumed to be declining due to ongoing threats.","This species occurs in dry, stony montane habitat with herbs and bushes of Juniperus species and dwarf shrubs of Astragalus species. It is found at elevations of between 1,600 m and 1,800 m asl.","This species is threatened by the presence of roads and buildings for tourism. In addition, grazing by sheep affects the habitat negatively. Taking into account the extent of the effects of these threats and the distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","The only known locality is inside the ""Parco Nazionale del Golfo di Orosei e del Gennargentu"", but the species is not protected in any special way. More research is needed into its population trend, ecology, and into the effects of the threats. Furthermore, there is a need for appropriate habitat management to avoid any further population declines. As the species is very rare and only known from a small area, education and awareness-raising in local communities is recommended.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M. & Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Schistocerca,gregaria,,Schistocerca gregaria,"(Forskål, 1775)",,No,,,No,,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)

The Desert Locust occurs in Africa and southwestern Asia. Swarms or single individuals may sometimes migrate to Europe or are introduced with plants. However, they do not form reproducing subpopulations in Europe. Therefore, the species is assessed as Not Applicable.",Unknown,"The Desert Locust occurs throughout Africa and in southwestern Asia (Dirsh 1965). In Europe, swarms have been reported from the southern part of the continent (particularly from the Canary Islands and the Iberian Peninsula), and sometimes have even reached southwestern England and southern Ireland. Single individuals have also been reported from other countries (e.g. the Netherlands, Austria). However, it does not seem to reproduce in Europe (Harz 1975).",The species is a vagrant in Europe.,Schistocerca gregaria is found in savannah and semi-desert habitats in Africa. Vagrants in Europe may occur in any habitat type.,"No major threats to this species exist in Europe, as it is not native to the continent.","In Europe, no conservation action is needed for this species.",This species is bred in captivity to serve as pet food.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Chobanov, D.P., Kristin, A., Szovenyi, G., Kleukers, R., Rutschmann, F. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Scintharista,notabilis,,Scintharista notabilis,"(Walker, 1870)",,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Splendid Band-Winged Grasshopper (Scintharista notabilis) is assessed as Near Threatened as it nearly qualifies as threatened under Criterion B. Its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is small (168-500 km²) and it has a severely fragmented population. Even though the species is capable of flight, it is not expected to receive significant immigration from outside of Europe. More research into its population trend and threats is needed.",Unknown,"The Splendid Band-Winged Grasshopper is found in northern Africa and on the Canary Islands (Spain), where it has been recorded from Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera and La Palma (Bland et al. 1996, Hochkirch 1997). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 16,000 km². Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is c. 168 km² with a maximum estimate of 500 km².","The species is rare on the Canary Islands and the subpopulations are usually small. The population is severely fragmented as the distance between them is quite large so that exchange between them is unlikely, and they may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization.","Scintharista notabilis is found on gravel fields and on rocky areas with nearly no vegetation. When it flies, it produces a clattering wing crepitation.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. More research is needed concerning its population trend and threats.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Sciobia,boscai,,Sciobia boscai,"Bolívar, 1925",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Bosca's Spade-cricket (Sciobia boscai) is endemic to a large inland area in southern Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is thought to be more common than reported and there are no major threats to it. More research on its distribution, population size and trends is needed.",Unknown,"Bosca's Spade-cricket is an endemic species from southern inland Spain, distributed roughly between the cities of Jaén, Albacete and Ciudad Real (Barranco and Aguirre 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be ca 33,000 km².","The population size and trend are unknown. Based on the present records it seems to be a rare species, but this is probably due to the fact that it is easily overlooked.","This species is found in open grasslands, usually under stones.","No major threats to this species have been reported, but fires may pose a local threat.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in at least one protected area. More research on its distribution, population size and trends is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & Cálix, M.","Odé, B., Barranco Vega, P., Ferreira, S., Lemos, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Correas, J., Prunier, F. & Hochkirch, A.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Sciobia,caliendra,,Sciobia caliendra,"(Fischer, 1853)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Iberian Spade-cricket (Sciobia caliendra) is distributed in southern Andalusia, Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide  distribution, may be quite common, and no major threats to it have been reported. Further research is needed into the distribution and population trend of this species.",Unknown,"The Iberian Spade-cricket is only found in the southern part of Spain, in the province of Cádiz and Malaga. Outside of Europe, it also occurs in Morocco (Barranco and Aguirre 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 12,500 km².","There is no available information on the population trend, but the species seems to be quite abundant where it occurs.","This flightless species occurs in open grassland or shrubland, where during the day the species hides in crevices in the soil or under stones. In the afternoon and evening it may be heard singing from burrows and crevices. It also occurs in olive plantations with occasionally ploughed soils (B. Odé pers. comm. 2016).",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas, such as Natural Park Grazalema. Further research is needed into the distribution and population trend of this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & Cálix, M.","Odé, B., Barranco Vega, P., Ferreira, S., Lemos, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Correas, J., Prunier, F. & Hochkirch, A.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Sciobia,lusitanica,,Sciobia lusitanica,"(Rambur, 1838)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 

The Lusitanian Spade-cricket (Sciobia lusitanica) is widely distributed in the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution, Although population trend and threats are unknown, it has a wide  distribution and no major threats to it have been reported. More research into its distribution, population size and trends is needed.",Unknown,"The Lusitanian Spade-cricket occurs on the Iberian Peninsula, where it is widely distributed in the southern half of the peninsula (Barranco and Aguirre 2013, Ferreira 2009). Outside of Europe it also occurs in Morocco. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 380,000 km².",The population size and trend of this species are unknown.,"This flightless species occurs in open grassland or shrubland, where during the day the species hides in crevices in the soil or under stones.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas. More research into its distribution, population size and trends is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & Cálix, M.","Odé, B., Barranco Vega, P., Ferreira, S., Lemos, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Correas, J., Prunier, F. & Hochkirch, A.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Sciobia,natalia,,Sciobia natalia,"Gorochov, 1985",,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

Natalia's Spade-crickets (Sciobia natalia) occurs in Morocco and in a small part of southern Spain, between Algeciras and Jerez de la Frontera. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) smaller than 2,500 km², area of occupancy (AOO) smaller than 200 km²), and it shows extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. No immigration from North Africa is expected to occur as the species is flightless and therefore no regional adjustment is made. The species is probably sensitive to future changes in land use, particularly to overgrazing and intensive agriculture. It is also likely to be affected by the increasing number of droughts and extreme rainfall events. More research into its distribution, population trend and threats is needed. The remaining habitats need to be preserved and a low intensity grazing regime should be maintained in order to avoid any future population declines.",Unknown,"Natalia's Spade-cricket occurs in Morocco and in a small part of southern Spain, between Algeciras and Jerez de la Frontera (Gorochov and Llorente 2001, Barranco and Aguirre Segura 2013, Cordero et al. 2015). Its known extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 300 km² with an upper estimate of 2,500 km². Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km² with an upper estimate of 200 km².","The species had not been found since 1925, but focused searches have led to its rediscovery at four places in the Cádiz province, southern Spain (Cordero et al. 2016). It appears to show extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (Cordero et al. 2016).","The species was found in grassland and roadside hedges with dense vegetation. It usually occurs in clay or loamy soil, where it hides in cracks and crevices when the soil dries (Cordero et al. 2016). Most subpopulations have been found close to water reservoirs, suggesting a preference for moist soil (Cordero et al. 2016).","This species is threatened by potential future changes of the grazing regime as it might be sensitive to overgrazing (Cordero et al. 2016). It might also be threatened by an increasing use of pesticides in the future (P. Cordero pers. comm. 2016). Furthermore, it is threatened by increasing numbers and lengths of droughts as well as by extreme rainfall events during the breeding season (P. Cordero pers. comm. 2016). Even though only four (plus a historic one) sites of this species are known, it is expected to be more widespread in the region, so that the number of locations is likely to exceed ten.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its distribution, population trend and threats is needed. The remaining habitats need to be preserved and a low intensity grazing regime should be maintained in order to avoid any future population declines.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Barranco Vega, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Odé, B., Correas, J., Prunier, F., Ferreira, S., Lemos, P. & Cordero, P.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Sepiana,sepium,,Sepiana sepium,"(Yersin, 1854)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Red-faced Bush-cricket (Sepiana sepium) occurs in southern Europe, Anatolia (Turkey) and the Caucasus. It is quite widespread in the Mediterranean part of Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution, is common and has a wide ecological amplitude. Even though the subpopulations are often small it does not appear to be threatened.",Unknown,"The Red-faced Bush-cricket occurs in southern Europe, Anatolia (Turkey) and the Caucasus (Harz 1969). In Europe it is found in southwestern France, northeastern Spain, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Italy, the western and southern Balkan Peninsula, Crete as well as Crimea (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 2.9 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 2.2 million km².","This species is common in Italy (Massa et al. 2012), Croatia (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016), Albania (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2016) and southeast Bulgaria (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016), but rare in Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2002), Corsica (Boitier et al. 2007) and Istria (Sombke and Schlegel 2007). It usually occurs at low abundances (Buzzetti et al. 2010). The population trend is unknown.","This species is found in a variety of warm habitats such as grassland, forest edges, open forests and brackish marshland, where it is found in low bushes or dense forbage (Massa et al. 2012). It is also found in roadside vegetation (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2016).","This species is threatened by the increasing number of wildfires (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2016), industrial development and transformation of its habitat into farmland (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Skejo, J. Skejo, Massa, B., Presa, J.J., Puskas, G., Sirin, D., Chobanov, D.P., Gomboc, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Sorapagus,catalaunicus,,Sorapagus catalaunicus,"(Bolívar, 1898)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Catalan Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the East Pyrenees, living on herbaceous or shrubby mountain habitats. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 21,000 km². The species is not common on both sides of the Pyrenees range, but the population is not severely fragmented and there is no indication of a decline. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The Catalan Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the central and eastern Spanish Pyrenees from Boltaya in Huesca to Montagut in Girona, including Montserrat and a small area in France (Vallespir and Têt valleys) (Olmo-Vidal 2006, Defaut et al. 2009, Jaulin et al. 2011, Barat 2012). It can be found at altitudes between 400 and 1,200 m. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 21,000 km².","Sorapagus catalaunicus can easily be detected by the loud calling song of the male. The species is not very frequent in Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2006) but it can be abundant locally elsewhere in Spain (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2015) and in France (Jaulin et al. 2011). The population is fragmented, but it is not considered severely fragmented. Detailed information on its population size and trend is lacking.","This montane species is recorded from altitudes between 550 and 1,960 m and it occurs on dry shrubby habitats like pasture grasslands with shrubs, Juniperus heaths, Buxus scrubs or dry Pinus forests (Olmo-Vidal 2006, Barat 2012). It has also been found on wetlands close to Juncus species in Spain.","Since this is a mountain bush-cricket, direct human impacts resulting on habitat destruction are rare. A decrease on pastoralism followed by afforestation would be positive in the short or mid-term (as it would create shrubby habitats), but negative in the long term (as it would lead to forest succession).","There are no conservation actions in place for Sorapagus catalaunicus, but the species has been recorded from several protected areas. Sorapagus catalaunicus was assessed as ""priority 3"" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research on its population trends and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Fartmann, T., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F., Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Sphingoderus,carinatus,,Sphingoderus carinatus,"(Saussure, 1888)",,No,NT,,No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Saddle Sand Grasshopper (Sphingoderus carinatus) is found from North Africa to West Mongolia. In Europe it occurs on Cyprus, in Greece and in the Lower Volga region (southern European Russia). It is rare in Greece and Cyprus, where it inhabits coastal sand dunes. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe since its area of occupancy (AOO) is very likely to be smaller than 3,000 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Endangered since its AOO is between 60 and 100 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is also a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. This grasshopper is threatened by touristic development and urbanisation and more research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Better protection of its coastal habitats is recommended.",Decreasing,"The Saddle Sand Grasshopper is found from North Africa to West Mongolia (Harz 1975). In Europe it occurs on Cyprus, in Greece and in the Lower Volga region (southern European Russia) (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.6 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 275,000 km². This species' known area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is ca 60 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km². The AOO in Europe is likely to be smaller than 3,000 km², since the AOO in Russia is very likely to be smaller than 2,500 km² (O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016).","This species is quite rare in Greece and on Cyprus. A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is inferred from the loss of habitat caused by touristic development and urbanisation. As subpopulations are very small and isolated from each other, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation, the population is considered severely fragmented.",The Saddle Sand Grasshopper is found in sandy deserts and dunes (Savitsky et al. 2013).,This species is probably affected by touristic development and urbanisation in the coastal regions of Cyprus and Greece.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Better protection of its coastal habitats is recommended.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Korsunovskaya, O., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Sphingonotus,almeriense,,Sphingonotus almeriense,"Llucià-Pomares, 2013",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Almeria Sand Grasshopper has recently been described from a small area in southern Spain. Based upon extensive taxonomic work, it is unlikely to occur in many other places. The species is assessed as Endangered, as it has a very small extent of occurrence (EOO less than 30 km²) and area of occupancy (AOO: 4-10 km²), it occurs in less than five locations (considering construction of greenhouses and touristic development as main threats) and there is a continuing decline in the number of individuals and the extent and quality of habitat. Further research on its distribution and population monitoring are recommended for this species.",Decreasing,"The Almeria Sand Grasshopper is a rare grasshopper species which is only known from the Cabo de Gata-Níjar in southern Spain, near Almería (Husemann et al. 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is between 10 and 30 km², its area of occupancy (AOO) between 4 and 10 km².","There is no information available on the population size or trend of the species, but a continuing decline in its population size is inferred from the ongoing destruction of its habitat as a consequence of touristic development and the construction of greenhouses along the coast.",The species occurs in sandy areas close to the sea.,"The major threat to this species are touristic development, recreational activities and the construction of greenhouses. It may also be susceptible to sea level rise. Considering construction of greenhouses and touristic development as main threats, the species occurs at less than five locations.","There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. One subpopulation is found within a Natura 2000 reserve, although it has also been found outside of this reserve. Research on its population size and trend, habitats and ecology and threats is needed, together with monitoring of the trends and protection of the habitat outside of the natural reserve.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B.","Hochkirch, A., Prunier, F., Correas, J., Presa, J.J., Barranco Vega, P., García, M., Lemos, P. & Ferreira, S.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Sphingonotus,azurescens,,Sphingonotus azurescens,"(Rambur, 1838)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,The Azure Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus azurescens) is endemic to the western part of the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large population size. In addition this grasshopper is tolerant of moderate habitat modifications.,Unknown,"The Azure Sand Grasshopper is endemic to the western part of the Iberian Peninsula. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 240,600 km². Its presence in North Africa is uncertain (Husemann et al. 2013) and is therefore disregarded here.","This species is widespread, and subpopulations can be large. The species is a good flyer and therefore, the subpopulations are probably well connected. The population trend is unknown.","The species is found in stony and very sparsely vegetated floodplains (Husemann et al. 2013), such as river gravel, as well as in beaches and dune systems, road sides, rocky and bare areas. It is found at altitudes between the sea level and 1,700 m Asl. This grasshopper is tolerant of moderate habitat modifications.",The species may locally be affected by river regulations or constructions projects.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs within a number of protected areas. Research is needed into the population trend and threats to this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Sphingonotus,caerulans,,Sphingonotus caerulans,"(Linnaeus, 1767)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Blue-winged Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus caerulans) is widespread in Europe. Even though the species has strongly declined in the 20th century as a consequence of river regulations and land use change, it has recently spread again in the northwestern part of its range. Due to its wide distribution and increasing trend, it is assessed as Least Concern. More taxonomic research is needed as the Iberian (and southern French) subpopulations may represent a unique species.",Increasing,"The Blue-winged Sand Grasshopper is found in large parts of Europe and northern Asia (Heller 2013). Recent molecular studies suggest that some genetic lineages in the Mediterranean may represent unique species, particularly specimens from the Iberian Peninsula and southern France form a distinct lineage (Husemann et al. 2013). However, the assessment is here made for the complete European range of Sphingonotus caerulans according to the present species delineation. In Europe, it is found from the southern Iberian Peninsula, Italy and Greece to southern Finland (Heller 2013). Its eastern distribution reaches European Russia. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 11 million km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 6.3 million km².","Sphingonotus caerulans strongly declined in the northern part of its range during the 20th century (Hochkirch 2010). However, during recent years the species has been expanding its range again (Denner 2009, Hochkirch 2010, Bakker et al. 2015) and colonised a number of artificial habitats.","Naturally, this species is mainly found in gravel banks along natural rivers, on rocky slopes and sand dunes. Recently, the species has often been found in human-made habitats, such as gravel pits, strip mining areas, quarries, abandoned industrial areas, railway tracks and stations. It prefers habitats with scarce vegetation (with a vegetation cover less than 20%) (Altmoos 2000).","The major threats to Sphingonotus caerulans are the regulation of natural river systems and the construction of dams. In secondary habitats (e.g. gravel pits, strip mining areas), it is also affected by abandonment and recultivation (Hochkirch 2010).","As the species is quite rare in northern Europe, it is protected in some countries or listed on national Red Lists. In Germany and Austria it is listed as Endangered (Berg et al. 2005, Maas et al. 2011), in Switzerland as Vulnerable (Monnerat et al. 2007) and in Luxembourg it is considered ""extremely rare"" (Proess and Meyer 2003). The species occurs in protected areas. In Lower Saxony, a new subpopulation has been established successfully after a translocation project (Hochkirch 2010). Research on its distribution, population and taxonomy is needed as distinct genetic lineages occur on the Mediterranean Peninsulas, of which at least the Iberian one seems to represent a unique species (Husemann et al. 2013).",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R., Szovenyi, G., Chobanov, D.P., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Sphingonotus,candidus,,Sphingonotus candidus,"Costa, 1888",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Whitish Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus candidus) is endemic to Sardinia, in Italy. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its area of occupancy (AOO) is probably smaller than 2,000 km², and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of the sandy shores and coast of Sardinia and in the number of mature individuals due to touristic activities and infrastructure development. This species is thus close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. The habitat of this species should be protected and further research into the population size and trend should be carried out.",Decreasing,"The Whitish Sand Grasshopper is endemic to Sardinia, in Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 14,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 500 and 2,000 km².","The species is locally common but the overall population is small. The population trend is decreasing, but it is not thought to be severely fragmented.",This species lives on sandy shores and coastal dunes.,The main threat to this species is habitat loss due to touristic activities and coastal development.,"There are no conservation measures  in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. The habitat of this species should be protected and further research into the population size and trend should be carried out.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Sphingonotus,coerulipes,,Sphingonotus coerulipes,"Ebner, 1941",,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Blue-legged Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus coerulipes) is found in southwest Asia, from Turkey to south Iran and from Crimea over Kazakhstan to west Mongolia. In Europe it is only found in eastern Ukraine, in the Crimea Peninsula and southern and eastern European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is widespread and common in the semi-desert zone of southern European Russia, its subpopulations are large and well connected, and no major threats to it have been reported. It is assumed be stable in Russia, but seems to be declining in the Ukraine and more research into its population trend and threats is needed. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Decreasing,"The Blue-legged Sand Grasshopper is found in southwest Asia, from Turkey to south Iran and from Crimea over Kazakhstan to west Mongolia (Harz 1975). In Europe it is only found in eastern Ukraine, in the Crimea Peninsula and southern and eastern European Russia. Records from the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia) are probably based on confusion with Sphingonotus caerulans, which is common in Europe (Chobanov and Mihajlova 2010). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 922,000 km².","The species can reach very large abundances in sandy semi-desert habitats (Savitsky 2002). In Russia the subpopulations seem to be well connected and it is assumed to be stable (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015), while in the Ukraine it appears to be in decline (T. Pushkar pers. comm. 2016). The overall population trend is decreasing.","This species is found in sandy semi-deserts, deserts (Savitsky 2010) and other habitats with scarce vegetation cover on sandy soils, such as sandy or dusty roads (Savitsky 2009, Savitsky et al. 2013). On Crimea it is strongly associated with gravel and limestone habitats (Pushkar 2011).",No major threats to this species have been reported (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Pushkar, T., Vedenina, V., Chobanov, D.P., Kristin, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M. & Skejo, J. Skejo","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Sphingonotus,corsicus,,Sphingonotus corsicus,"Chopard, 1923",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Corsican Sand Grasshopper is endemic to Corsica, Sardinia and Giglio Islands. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 70,000 km². This grasshopper occurs in dry, warm open habitats from sea level to 1,900 m altitude (sand dunes, rocky slabs, uncultivated lawns, etc.). The species is quite common, especially at lower altitudes, and no major threats have been reported. Therefore, the species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The Corsican Sand Grasshopper is endemic to Corsica (Defaut and Morichon 2015), Sardinia and Giglio Islands (Massa et al. 2012). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 70,000 km², whereas the area of occupancy (AOO) has been estimated to be around 30,000 km².","Sphingonotus corsicus is a common grasshopper, especially in the lowlands (Braud et al. 2002, Boitier et al. 2006, Defaut et al. 2009). In Corsica, 170 observations from 75 municipalities are currently recorded. The species seems to be common in Sardinia as well (Massa et al. 2012). There is no specific information on the population size and trend.","Sphingonotus corsicus inhabits dry and warm habitats from sea level to 1,900 m altitude. It is present in rocky areas and sandy shores, dry grasslands, stony alluvial habitats and open scrublands. This pioneer species also colonises urbanised and uncultivated areas.","There are no major threats to this species, as it has high capacity to adapt to open degraded habitats.","There are no conservation actions in place aimed at Sphingonotus corsicus, although it occurs in several protected areas throughout its range. In Corsica, the species was assessed as Least Concern (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Further research on its population size and trend is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Monnerat, C., Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Sphingonotus,crivellarii,,Sphingonotus crivellarii,"Jannone, 1936",The taxonomic status of Sphingonotus crivellarii is not clear. Whether it is indeed a distinct species or not still needs to be confirmed.,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Crivellari's Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus crivellarii) is endemic to Greece, where it has been reported from the Aegean islands of Rodhes, Kos and Kasos. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of doubts as to its taxonomic validity, and due to a lack of recent information on its ecological requirements, threats and conservation status -  it has not been reported since 1934-1938.",Unknown,"The Crivellari's Sand Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, where it has been reported from the Aegean islands of Rodhes, Kos and Kasos (Jannone 1936). Since it was first found in the period 1934-1938, it has not been reported again This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8,000 km².",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend of this species.,"In Rodhes and Kos, this species was found on calcareous sand close to a beach, whereas in Kasos it was found 500 m Asl on rocky soil (Jannone 1936).",The threats of this species are unknown.,"No conservation measures are in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. Research on its taxonomic status is needed to assess its validity as a species.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.",,,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Sphingonotus,eurasius,,Sphingonotus eurasius,"Mistshenko, 1936",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

In Europe, the Eurasian Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus eurasius) is found in southern European Russia, Cyprus and on Lampedusa (Italy). This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of information information about the population trends of this species, and about its threats. Not much is known about its biology, and research into its taxonomy is needed as the subpopulation from Lampedusa may represent a unique species. Overall, more research is needed into this species in order to assess its extinction risk.",Unknown,"The Eurasian Sand Grasshopper is distributed from Russia to Central and Western Asia, Cyprus and North Africa. In Europe, it is found in southern European Russia, Cyprus and on Lampedusa (Italy), where it is common (Massa et al. 2012).","There is no data on the overall population size and trend, but the species is common on Lampedusa (Massa et al. 2012).",The species inhabits open grassland and is frequently found in rocky habitats. Adults appears from summer to autumn and are found at altitudes between sea level and 50 m asl.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation actions in place to this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its taxonomy is needed as the subpopulation from Lampedusa may represent a unique species. Furthermore, research is needed into its ecology, population trend and threats.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Fontana, P., Hochkirch, A., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Sphingonotus,fuerteventurae,,Sphingonotus fuerteventurae,"Hochkirch & Husemann, 2008",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Fuerteventura Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus fuerteventurae) is very widespread in Fuerteventura. Even though the species may be locally affected by touristic development, it is very common and occurs also in anthropogenic habitats. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Fuerteventura, Canary Islands (Spain) (Husemann and Hochkirch 2007, Hochkirch and Husemann 2008). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 2,500 km².",The species is very common and widespread on Fuerteventura. Its population trend is unknown.,"This species is found in habitats with scarce vegetation, often with coarse-grained soil. It is also found in anthropogenic habitats, such as parking lots and dirt roads. Its elevation range is 0 - 400 m.","The threats to this species are poorly known. It is very common in Fuerteventura and occurs in any habitat with bare ground. Therefore, it is assumed that there are no major threats to the species, although it may locally be affected by touristic development.","There are no specific conservation action in place for this species, although it occurs in several protected areas throughout its range. Research is needed on the population trend of this species.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Jakobs, D. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Sphingonotus,guanchus,,Sphingonotus guanchus,"(Johnsen, 1985)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Gran Canaria Sand Grasshopper is endemic to Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain), where it is quite widespread. A recent survey has shown that the species is more common than previously thought. Its habitat is relatively little affected by humans, except for touristic development in the south of the island. Even though its extent of occurrence (EOO) and its area of occupancy (AOO) are small, the population is not severely fragmented and probably also not decreasing. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The Gran Canaria Sand Grasshopper is endemic to Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain), where it occurs in the centre, western and southern coast of the island (Hochkirch and Husemann 2008). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 1,100 km², whereas its known area of occupancy (AOO) is c. 200 km², with a maximum estimate of 500 km².","Sphingonotus guanchus usually has relatively small subpopulations. A recent survey (unpublished data, D. Margaritis pers. comm. 2015) has shown that the species is more common than previously thought. The population is not severely fragmented and probably also not decreasing, although its overall population trend is unknown.","This species occurs in dry open habitats with sparse vegetation, particularly on rocky ground. Its altitude range is 30 - 1,710 m.","The species might be locally affected by touristic development. Furthermore, geological events such as landslides may threaten this species.","There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in some protected areas throughout its range. Little information exists concerning the status of subpopulations, and more research into its population trend is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Jakobs, D. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Sphingonotus,gypsicola,,Sphingonotus gypsicola,"Llucià-Pomares, 2006",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Gypsum Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus gypsicola) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km² with a maximum estimate of 2,000 km², and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this little-known species.",Unknown,"The Gypsum Sand Grasshopper is endemic to Spain, where it is present in the provinces of Barcelona and Lérida. It has also recently been found in central Spain around Madrid, Cuenca and Ciudad Real. Additional sites have been found in Zaragoza and Granada. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 160,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is currently estimated to be 40 km². The real AOO is likely to be higher, but probably smaller than 2,000 km².","There is little available information on the abundance of this species, although subpopulations are known to be very small and isolated. Even though the species is able to fly, the distance between the subpopulations is very large, so that it can be considered to be severely fragmented. The current population trend is unknown.","This species has been found in gypsum soils with Thymus vegetation in Spain (Husemann et al. 2013, Llucià Pomares 2006). It normally occurs in places with very scarce vegetation (A. Hochkirch pers. comm. 2016).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no direct conservation actions in place for this species, and it has not been recorded from any protected areas. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this little-known species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Sphingonotus,halocnemi,,Sphingonotus halocnemi,"Uvarov, 1925",,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC°)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Salt-marsh Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus halocnemi) occurs from Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan to China (Harz 1975). In Europe it is only known from the Lower Volga region, where it was first recorded in 1996. This species's known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km² with an upper estimate of 200 km², and the population is severely fragmented - thus making it close to qualifying as threatened under criterion B. However, due to the potential rescue effect from the subpopulations in Kazakhstan, the assessment is regionally adjusted from Near Threatened to Least Concern. In addition, this species is assumed to be expanding its range and no major threats to it have been reported. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Increasing,"The Salt-marsh Sand Grasshopper occurs from Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan to China (Harz 1975). In Europe this species is only known from southern European Russia (Heller 2013). The known area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe is 16 km² with an upper estimate of 200 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 17,300 km².",The population of this species is severely fragmented since subpopulations are usually small and very isolated with little genetic exchange between them (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). It was recorded in the Lower Volga region for the first time in 1996 and is assumed to have recently expanded its range (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). The population trend is therefore considered to be increasing.,"This species occurs in salt pans (Harz 1975), where it is associated with Chenopodiaceae vegetation (mainly Halocnemum stobilaceum). It feeds on Halocnemum stobilaceum (Savitsky 2010)",No major threats to this species have been reported (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend and threats is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Vedenina, V., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T. & Skejo, J. Skejo","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Sphingonotus,halophilus,,Sphingonotus halophilus,"Bey-Bienko, 1929",,No,NT,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Salt-plane Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus halophilus) occurs mainly in Kazakhstan, but it reaches Kalmykia, in southern European Russia. This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe since its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 8 and 60 km², and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. However, no major threats to this species have been reported. More research into its population trend and ecology is required. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Unknown,"The Salt-plane Sand Grasshopper occurs mainly in Kazakhstan (Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1964). It reaches Europe in Kalmykia, southern European Russia (Heller 2013, V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 119,100 km² but its area of occupancy (AOO) is likely to be much smaller, between 8 and 60 km² (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).","This species is rare in the Lower Volga region (Savitsky 2002). According to Shcherbakov and Savitsky (2015) it might have expanded its range, but the current population trend is unknown (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). Only two subpopulations are known which are separated by a distance of 30 km (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). As the subpopulations are very small with little genetic exchange between them thepopulation is considered severely fragmented.",This species occurs in salt marshes with sparse vegetation (Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1964). It feeds on Chenopodiaceae species (Savitsky 2010).,No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and it is not known to occur in any protected areas (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). More research into its population trend and ecology is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Ivkovic, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo, Vedenina, V. & Lemonnier-Darcemont, M.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Sphingonotus,imitans,,Sphingonotus imitans,"Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882",,Yes,VU,"B2ab(iii,v)",Yes,VU,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Algarve Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus imitans) is endemic to the southwestern Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be smaller than 400 km²), the population is severely fragmented and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and an observed continuing decline in the quality of its habitat. The habitat of this species is affected by the invasive species Campylopus interflexus and Carpobrotus edulis. Maintenance of beaches can also have negative effects on this grasshopper. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this species. Degraded habitats should be restored and control measures should be undertaken regarding the spread of invasive species.",Decreasing,"The Algarve Sand Grasshopper is endemic to the southwestern Iberian Peninsula (Husemann et al. 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 58,000 km²and its known area ofoccupancy (AOO) is 80 km², with an upper estimate of 400 km².","This species is rare and subpopulations are usually very small and isolated. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented, as there is no connection between the subpopulations along the Portuguese coast. The population trend seems to be decreasing and a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing deterioration of its habitat.",This species is found in dunes and sandy places (including pine forests) very close to the seashore (Larrosa et al. 2010). It is found fromsea level up to 20 m Asl. There is an observed continuing decline in the quality of the habitat due to invasive species.,The habitat of this species is affected by the invasive species Campylopus interflexus and Carpobrotus edulis. Maintenance of beaches can also have negative effects on this grasshopper.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in two protected areas. Research is needed into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats. Degraded habitats should be restored and control measures should be undertaken regarding the spread of invasive species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Sphingonotus,lluciapomaresi,,Sphingonotus lluciapomaresi,"(Defaut, 2005)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,The Iberian Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus lluciapomaresi) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and the population size is presumed to be large.,Unknown,"The Iberian Sand Grasshopper is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, being present in Spain and Portugal (Llucià Pomares and Fernández Ortín 2009, Husemann et al. 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 350,000 km².","There is no available information on the population trend of this species. However, it is common and subpopulations are often large (A. Hochkirch pers. comm. 2016). The overall population size is presumed to be large.","This grasshopper has been found in Cistus shrublands and open Mediterranean pastures (Llucià Pomares and Fernández Ortín 2009) between 230 m and 1,000 m Asl. It is a very good flyer and is mainly present in areas with large amounts of bare ground (A. Hochkirch pers. comm. 2016).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Sphingonotus,lusitanicus,,Sphingonotus lusitanicus,"Ebner, 1941",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Lusitanian Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus lusitanicus) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Near Threatened, since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8,000 km², known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km²) and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. This species may be affected by beach management along the coast, particularly the mechanical removal of litter. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this species.",Unknown,"The Lusitanian Sand Grasshopper is endemic to southwestern Iberian Peninsula. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km² with an upper estimate of 100 km².","This species is rare, its subpopulations are small and very isolated, and the population is considered to be severely fragmented. The population trend is unknown.","This species is found in movable coastal dunes close to the sea (Larrosa et al. 2010), up to 10 m Asl.","This species may be affected by beach management along the coast, particularly the mechanical removal of litter.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in one protected area. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Sphingonotus,morini,,Sphingonotus morini,"(Defaut, 2005)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Morin's Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus morini) is endemic to eastern Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite common has large subpopulations. However, further research should be carried out on the population size and trend, ecology and threats to this species.",Unknown,"Morin's Sand Grasshopper is endemic to Spain, where it is found in the eastern part of the Iberian Peninsula (Huseman et al. 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 213,000 km².",This species is common and has large subpopulations (A. Hochkirch pers. comm. 2016). The population trend is unknown.,This species is present in arid zones with large areas of bare ground (Defaut 2005). It is also present in roadsides and rocky areas (A. Hochkirch pers. comm. 2016) and sandy beaches and dunes (J.R. Correas pers. comm. 2016).,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Studies are needed into the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Sphingonotus,nebulosus,,Sphingonotus nebulosus,"(Fischer de Waldheim, 1846)",,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Splendid Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus nebulosus) is found from central to eastern Asia. In Europe. Its presence in Europe is uncertain since records from eastern European Russia are doubtful. This species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient in Europe and research is needed to clarify whether it occurs within the assessment region. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Unknown,"The Splendid Sand Grasshopper is found from central to eastern Asia. In Europe, it has been reported from eastern European Russia (Heller 2013), but the records are doubtful (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015) and its presence there is therefore uncertain.",There is no available information on the population size or trend.,This species is found in rocky desert habitats (Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1964).,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for the species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. Research into its distribution and potential occurrence in European Russia is needed (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). In addition, research is also needed into its population trend, threats and ecology.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Sphingonotus,nodulosus,,Sphingonotus nodulosus,"Llucià-Pomares, 2013",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"Sphingonotus nodulosus is a restricted range species, known from only four localities in southern Spain and Portugal. One of these localities is severely affected by an ongoing touristic project including a new hotel and golf course. Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km² with a maximum estimate of 200 km². The population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat as well as the number of mature individuals. The species is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN).",Decreasing,"Sphingonotus nodulosus is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula where it is only known from four localities: Lagoa de Óbidos (Leiria, Portugal), Ribajeto (Portugal), Puerto de Santa María (Cádiz, Spain), and Mora (Toledo, Spain). Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km² with a maximum estimate of 200 km².",The population of Sphingonotus nodulosus is severely fragmented. Only four subpopulations are known. The species usually occurs at a low density (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2015). The population is declining due to recent touristic developments.,"Sphingonotus nodulosus is found in dunes, sandy beaches and other sandy habitats (Husemann et al. 2013).",The major threat to this species is touristic development. The type locality is currently severely under threat by a new touristic project including a new hotel and golf course (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2015).,No specific conservation action is in place for the species. Protection of its habitat is required.,The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M. & Odé, B.","Hochkirch, A.","Lemos, P.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Sphingonotus,obscuratus,,Sphingonotus obscuratus,"(Walker, 1879)",,No,,,No,,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)
The Dark-banded Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus obscuratus) has only been recorded twice in Europe (Lampedusa and Malta). It is assumed that these individuals were vagrants. Therefore, this species is assessed as Not Applicable.",Unknown,"The Dark-banded Sand Grasshopper occurs from Mongolia to Central and Western Asia, the Near East and North Africa. Single individuals have been recorded from Lampedusa (Italy) and Malta, but these are assumed to be non-breeding vagrants (Sciberras 2010, Massa et al. 2012).",There is no data on the population size and trend exist. The individuals reported from Lampedusa and Malta are assumed to be vagrants.,This species is found in desert habitats.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, although research is needed into its potential occurrence on Lampedusa and Malta.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Buzzetti, F.M., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Sphingonotus,octofasciatus,,Sphingonotus octofasciatus,"(Serville, 1838)",,No,VU,D2,No,VU,D2,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

In Europe, the Red-winged Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus octofasciatus) is only known from southern Spain, where it occurs in the Depression of Guadix and Baza. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km² with an upper estimate of 20 km², it occurs at only two locations, and farming could lead this species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. The major threats to this species are the transformation of its habitat into irrigated farmland, greenhouse construction, afforestation and changes in traditional agricultural practices (i.e. abandonment). More research is needed into its distribution, population size, trend and threats. Remaining habitats should be protected and appropriately managed to avoid any future declines. Degraded habitats should be restored.",Unknown,"The Red-winged Sand Grasshopper occurs from northwestern Africa to central Asia. In Europe, it is only found in southern Spain (Depression of Guadix and Baza, Granada) (Husemann et al. 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,050 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km² with an upper estimate of 20 km².",This species is found at a very low population densities (Pascual and Barranco 2008). The population size and trend are unknown.,This species occurs in stony deserts (Bei-Bienko and Mistshenko 1964) and open steppe-like habitats (Pascual and Barranco 2008).,"The major threats to this species are the transformation of its habitat into irrigated farmland, greenhouse construction, afforestation and changes in traditional agricultural practices (i.e. abandonment). Also gypsum quarrying, road construction and insecticides have been reported as threats (Pascual and Barranco 2008). Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of farming and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only two locations.","The species is listed as Vulnerable on the Andalusian Red List (Pascual and Barranco 2008). It occurs in protected areas. More research is needed into its distribution, population size and trends, and threats. Remaining habitats should be protected and appropriately managed to avoid any future declines. Degraded habitats should be restored.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Barranco Vega, P., García, M., Correas, J., Prunier, F., Odé, B., Ferreira, S. & Lemos, P.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Sphingonotus,pachecoi,,Sphingonotus pachecoi,"(Bolívar, 1908)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Lanzarote Sand Grasshopper is very common on Lanzarote. Even though it has a small extent of occurrence (EOO), it has large and well connected subpopulations, which are only locally threatened by touristic development, urbanisation and volcanism. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The Lanzarote Sand Grasshopper is endemic to Lanzarote, Isla Graciosa and Isla de Montana Clara (Canary Islands, Spain) (Hochkirch and Husemann 2008). Some older records from Morocco are probably erroneous. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 1200 km², and its area of occupancy is 400-600 km².","The species is widespread and common in Lanzarote (Hochkirch 2003), and it has large and well connected subpopulations. Its population trend is unknown.","Sphingonotus pachecoi occurs in habitats with a large cover of bare ground and coarse-grained soil, which are widespread on Lanzarote. Its altitudinal range is 0 - 580 m.",The species may be locally affected by touristic development and urbanisation. It is also threatened by active volcanism on Lanzarote.,"There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. However, the species is widespread in Lanzarote and occurs in several protected areas throughout its range. Research into its population trend is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Jakobs, D. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Sphingonotus,personatus,,Sphingonotus personatus,"Zanon, 1926",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Italian Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus personatus) is present on the coasts of Italy and Greece. This species is assessed as Endangered since its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 252 km² and 500 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in its AOO, number of subpopulations, number of mature individuals and in the quantity and quality of its habitat due to touristic activities and commercial development in the coastal zones of Italy. Further research is needed into the population trend, threats and ecology. The habitat needs better protection and destroyed habitat should be restored. This grasshopper should also be included in education and awareness programs.",Decreasing,"The Italian Sand Grasshopper is present on the coasts of Italy and Greece (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 535,500 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 252 km², based on existing records, with a maximum estimate of 500 km².","Though locally abundant, some subpopulations of this species have disappeared due to human activity, and the population trend is decreasing. Most subpopulations are very small and isolated so that genetic exchange between them is unlikely. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented.",This species lives on coastal dunes near the shore (Fontana and Kleukers 2002).,This species is threatened by touristic development in the coastal zones of Italy.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in nature reserves. Further research is needed into the population trend, threats and ecology. The habitat needs better protection and destroyed habitat should be restored. This grasshopper should also be included in education and awareness programs.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Massa, B., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M. & Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Sphingonotus,picteti,,Sphingonotus picteti,"(Krauss, 1892)",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Tenerife Sand Grasshopper occurs only in the coastal areas of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is small (c. 2,500 km²) and the area of occupancy (AOO) has a maximum estimate of 400 km². There is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. The population is severely fragmented. The species is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN). The most important threat is the touristic and industrial development in southern Tenerife.",Decreasing,"The Tenerife Sand Grasshopper is endemic to the southern and western coastal area of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) (Gangwere et al. 1972, Bland et al. 1996, Hochkirch and Husemann 2008). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 2,500 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) based on the known records is 140 km², with a maximum estimate of 400 km².","The subpopulations of this species are usually small and isolated. As it is not a good flyer, there is probably no genetic exchange between them and the subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. Based upon the ongoing decline of its habitat, a continuing decline on the population size is inferred.","This species occurs in semi-arid habitats with scarce vegetation, and it is only known from the coastal region of Tenerife. Its altitudinal range is 0 - 1,075 m.",The species is mainly threatened by urbanisation and touristic development of southern Tenerife.,"There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in some protected areas throughout its range. More research into its population trend and threats is needed, and its remaining habitat should be protected.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Jakobs, D.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Sphingonotus,rubescens,,Sphingonotus rubescens,"(Walker, 1870)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Desert Sand Grasshopper is a very widespread species, which is common in dry open Mediterranean habitats in southern Europe. No major threats to this species are known and it is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The Desert Sand Grasshopper is a widespread species, which occurs from the Canary Islands and Madeira across northern Africa and southern Europe to Central Asia (Heller 2013). In Europe, it is found on the Canary Islands, the Iberian Peninsula, Sardinia, Cyprus, Crete and and other Greek Islands. Its presence in southern Italy and the Greek mainland needs to be clarified (Willemse 1985, Massa et al. 2012). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 7 million km², and in the EU 28 it is c. 4.8 million km².",The species is very widespread and common. The population trend is unknown.,"Sphingonotus rubescens occurs in deserts and semi-deserts, rocky and stony areas, but also in anthropogenic habitats with scarce vegetation (Husemann and Hochkirch 2007).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. However, as it is a very widespread species, which also occurs in anthropogenic habitats, no actions are required at the moment. Research is needed concerning its distribution as the species has often been confused with Sphingonotus caerulans in the past (Husemann et al. 2013), particularly in the eastern part of the Mediterranean. The species can easily be identified by its song (Husemann and Hochkirch 2007).",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Rutschmann, F., Kristin, A., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Willemse, L.P.M. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Sphingonotus,rugosus,,Sphingonotus rugosus,"(Bland & Gangwere, 1998)",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iv,v)+2ab(ii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iv,v)+2ab(ii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Rugose Sand Grasshopper is endemic to Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, where it occurs only in very few areas with fine soil. It has a small extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO). The population is severely fragmented and there is a continuous decline in the area of occupancy, number of subpopulations and number of individuals. It is therefore assessed as Endangered.",Decreasing,"The Rugose Sand Grasshopper is endemic to Lanzarote and northern Fuerteventura (Bland and Gangwere 1998, Hochkirch 2003, Hochkirch and Husemann 2008). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 1,800 km², while its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km², with a maximum estimate of 200 km².","This species is quite rare and the subpopulations are very small and isolated. There is probably little genetic exchange between them and they may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. Recent searches for this species at two known localities in Lanzarote were not successful. Therefore, it is assumed that the population is decreasing.",This species occurs in bare open habitats with fine soil (Hochkirch 2003). Its elevation range is 50 - 300 m.,The major threat to this species is touristic development. It may also be affected by volcanic activities on Lanzarote.,"No specific conservation action is in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend, distribution, ecology and threats is needed. The remaining subpopulations need to be studied in more detail and appropriate habitat management needs to be applied in the reserves where it occurs.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Jakobs, D. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Sphingonotus,salinus,,Sphingonotus salinus,"(Pallas, 1773)",,No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iv,v)",No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Saline Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus salinus) occurs from the northern Caucasus to western China. In Europe it is only found in southern European Russia, where it was last recorded in 1957. This species is assessed as Endangered in Europe since its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is between 24 and 50 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, number of subpopulations and in the number of mature individuals, inferred from the lack of recent records. More research into its distribution is needed to clarify whether it still occurs in Europe. In addition, research into its threats is required. If a subpopulation of this species is rediscovered, its habitat needs to be strictly protected. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Decreasing,"The Saline Sand Grasshopper occurs from the northern Caucasus to western China (Bei-Bienko and Mishchenko 1964). In Europe it is only found in southern European Russia (Heller 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 56,000 km² and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is between 24 and 50 km².",This species is rare in the Lower Volga region (Savitsky 2002). Subpopulations of this species are very small and isolated with probably little genetic exchange between them. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). The last record from Europe is from 1957 (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). Hence the population size is assumed to be decreasing.,"The species is halophilous, (requires a saline environment) (Kalacheva 2005). It occurs in salt marshes with scarce vegetation where it feeds on Chenopodiaceae species (Savitsky et al. 2013).",The threats to this species are unknown (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its distribution is needed to clarify whether it still occurs in Europe. In addition, research into its threats is required. If a subpopulation of this species is rediscovered, its habitat needs to be strictly protected.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Vedenina, V., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T. & Skejo, J. Skejo","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Sphingonotus,savignyi,,Sphingonotus savignyi,"Saussure, 1884",,No,VU,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",No,VU,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Skylark Sand Grasshopper (Sphingonotus savignyi) is widespread from northern Africa to central Asia. In Europe, the species is only native to the Canary Islands (Spain). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 80 and 200 km² and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, extent of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. No recent records from Lanzarote and Gran Canaria exist. The subpopulations are small, but not considered severely fragmented as the species is a good flyer. The main threat to the species is the ongoing transformation of its habitat for touristic and industrial development as well as urbanisation. Based upon these threats the estimated number of locations is nine. It is unknown whether some immigration from the African mainland (with sand storms) occurs. It is therefore assessed as Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"The Skylark Sand Grasshopper is widespread in northern Africa and Central Asia, occurring from the Canary Islands to Pakistan and Kazakhstan. In Europe, it is only native to the Canary Islands, where it has been recorded from all islands except for La Palma and El Hierro (Bland et al. 1996, Hochkirch and Husemann 2008). A vagrant specimen has been reported from Malta. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is c. 26,000 km², while the area of occupancy (AOO) is between 80 and 300 km².","The species is declining on the Canary Islands. It has not been recorded since the mid-1980s from Gran Canaria and Lanzarote, despite an intensive research on the ecology of Sphingonotus species on Gran Canaria in 2014 (D. Margaritis pers. comm. 2015). The subpopulations on Tenerife, La Gomera and Fuerteventura are generally very small and isolated, but the species is a very good flyer, so the population is presently not considered severely fragmented.","The species occurs in sandy deserts and semi-deserts of North Africa and Central Asia. On the Canary Islands it is found in hot areas at low elevations, usually with fine soil and nearly no vegetation (Hochkirch and Husemann 2007).","The major threats to this species are touristic and industrial development and urbanisation. Considering these threats, the number of locations is nine.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is needed. Furthermore, there is a need for taxonomic research, particularly concerning its differentiation from Sphingonotus paradoxus. The remaining subpopulations need better protection.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Sphingonotus,sublaevis,,Sphingonotus sublaevis,"(Bolívar, 1908)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Red Sand Grasshopper is common in the coastal zone of Gran Canaria and does not seem to be sensitive to habitat changes. It occurs in any open habitat with large proportions of bare ground. As the population is quite large and not fragmented, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The Red Sand Grasshopper is endemic to Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain), where it is found in the coastal zone (Bland et al. 1996, Hochkirch and Husemann 2008).","The species is quite widespread and common on the coastal zone of Gran Canaria, and the population does not seem to be fragmented. It is likely to have declined in the past as a consequence of urban, industrial and touristic development in the eastern half of the island. However, it is also able to live in anthropogenic habitats. The overall current population trend is unknown.","This species occurs in open habitats with scarce vegetation, including anthropogenic habitats, such as unpaved parking lots and trails. It tolerates a higher vegetation cover than S. guanchus, which is also endemic to Gran Canaria, but usually still below 20% (D. Margaritis pers. comm. 2015). Its altitudinal range is 0 - 1,000 m.","The species might be locally threatened by the ongoing touristic development in the coastal areas of Gran Canaria. However, it is also found in anthropogenic habitats and does not seem to be very sensitive to anthropogenic habitat alteration. It may also be affected by landslides.","There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in some protected areas throughout its range. More research on its population trend is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Jakobs, D. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Sphingonotus,uvarovi,,Sphingonotus uvarovi,"Chopard, 1923",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Tyrrhenian Sand Grasshopper is endemic to Corsica and Sardinia, living in coastal sandy shores and dunes with scarce vegetation. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 30,000 km² ant its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is between 100 and 200 km². The population is severely fragmented, with isolated subpopulations along the coasts.Urbanisation and others coastal  touristic developments pose a threat and as a result a continuing  decline in the area of occupancy, extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals is  inferred. Based on the small area of occupancy (AOO), the continuing decline and the fact that the population is severely fragmented, Sphingonotus uvarovi is assessed as Endangered (EN).",Decreasing,"The Tyrrhenian Sand Grasshopper is endemic to Corsica (Defaut 1999) and Sardinia (Massa et al. 2012). Former records from the Balearic islands are assumed to be incorrect (J.-J. Presa and A. Hochkirch pers. comm. 2015). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 30,000 km². The known area of occupancy (AOO) is 100 km² with an upper estimate of 200 km².","Subpopulations of Sphingonotus uvarovi are very localised along the coasts. About 31 historical and contemporary records from 18 localities are known (Braud et al. 2002, Boitier et al. 2006, Braud and Sardet 2006). The population is severely fragmented, since subpopulations are small and isolated and recolonisations are unlikely. A continuing decline in the area of occupancy, extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals is inferred as a consequence of touristic development. The species became extinct near Ajaccio (Corsica).","Sphingonotus uvarovi is a specialised species, restricted to coastal sandy shores and dunes with scarce herbaceous vegetation. It is recorded from sea level to 25 m altitude.",The Tyrrhenian Sand Grasshopper occurs in very sensitive and localised habitats along the Sardinian and Corsican coast which are prone to urbanisation and touristic developments.,"There are no conservation actions in place aimed at Sphingonotus uvarovi, although it occurs on protected areas throughout its range. It is assessed as ""priority 2"" (equivalent to Vulnerable) in Corsica (Sardet and Defaut 2004). Further research on the population size and trend is needed, and protection of its habitat from detrimental effects is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F., Zuna-Kratky, T., Presa, J.J. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Sphingonotus,willemsei,,Sphingonotus willemsei,"Mistshenko, 1937",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Cañadas Sand Grasshopper is endemic to the subalpine deserts of Tenerife, where it is assumed to be stable. The habitat is strongly protected and only natural geological events may threaten this species. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Stable,"The Cañadas Sand Grasshopper is endemic to the Cañadas on Tenerife (Gangwere et al. 1972, Bland et al. 1996, Hochkirch and Husemann 2008). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 250 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 84 km², with a maximum estimate of 200 km².","There is no information available on the population size and trend of the species, but it is assumed to have a stable population size as its habitat is little affected by humans.","This species occurs only in the sub-alpine deserts of the Cañadas, where it inhabits areas with little or no vegetation. Its altitudinal range is 1,900 - 3,000 m.","Although this species has a very small range, its habitat is nearly completely preserved. It only may be affected by volcanic activities.",Large parts of the population are found in the Parque Nacional El Teide protected area. More information on its population trend and ecology is needed.,This species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Jakobs, D. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Sporadiana,sporadarum,,Sporadiana sporadarum,"(Werner, 1933)",,No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Sporades Bush-cricket (Sporadiana sporadarum) is known from the northeastern part of the Greek mainland (Thrace) and the Aegean islands of Chios and Lesbos. This species is assessed as Endangered due to its specific habitat requirements which led to a small area of occupancy (AOO) (20-50 km²), the fact that the population is severely fragmented, and an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and the area and extent of habitat, due to intensive agricultural practices throughout its range.",Decreasing,"The Sporades Bush-cricket is found in Greece and Turkey. In Greece, it is known from the Aegean islands of Chios and Lesbos and the northeastern part of the Greek mainland (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 13,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 20-50 km², due to its specific habitat requirements. Outside of Europe, this species has also been recorded from a single locality on the west coast of Turkey (Ciplak et al. 2002).","The population trend is inferred to be decreasing, due to habitat reduction as a result of agricultural practices. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.","In northeastern mainland Greece (Thrace), this species was first reported from a grazed swamp steppe (dried up in summer) with reeds, rushes, samphire grass and sedges (Ingrisch and Pavicevic 1985). In 2014 it was found again near one of the spots from where it had first been reported – this time in the midst of agricultural land – near the sea, in a field consisting of a single layer of grasses 20-25 cm high, used by the species to hide. The species most likely has specific habitat requirements which include the presence of grass vegetation.","In eastern Thrace, the habitat of this species has been largely destroyed by agricultural land use (farmland). This species may also be threatened by the use of insecticides.","No conservation measures are in place for this bush-cricket, but it occurs in at least one protected area. Very little is known about this species, and research into its population size, distribution, life history and ecology is required. Research into the threats to this species is also needed. The most important conservation action is protection of its remaining habitat from land use changes and restoration of former habitat. Furthermore, there is a need to manage the use of insecticides in the area.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Heller, K.-G., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Tzirkalli, E.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Stauroderus,scalaris,,Stauroderus scalaris,"(Fischer de Waldheim, 1846)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Ladder Grasshopper (Stauroderus scalaris) is widespread in European mountains, where it occurs in moist (in the south) to dry (in the north) meadows with extensive grazing regimes. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, still common in large parts of its range and the overall population size is likely to be very large. However, it is threatened by intensification of grassland management and abandonment, and there is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy (AOO), the number of subpopulations, the extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. In addition, this grasshopper is known to show extreme fluctuations in population size. Research is needed into its population trend.",Decreasing,"The Ladder Grasshopper is found from the Iberian Peninsula to Siberia and north Mongolia (Harz 1975). In Europe, it is found in the Alps and Carpathians as well as in mountain ranges of the Iberian Peninsula, Italy and the Balkans down to Greece. At northern latitudes (e.g. Germany, Sweden) it is also found at lower elevations, but it is extinct in the north German lowlands (but still exists on Öland, Sweden). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 6.6 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 2.5 million km².","This species has disappeared in large parts of its northern European range (northern Germany) (Maas et al. 2002) and is still declining (Detzel 1998). This species shows repeated fluctuations in population size, with the number of mature individuals fluctuating at least tenfold. It is therefore considered to exhibit extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (Maas et al. 2002). The overall population size is likely to be very large.","The Ladder Grasshopper occurs on dry to semi-dry mountain meadows, wasteland, forest edges and clearings in forests (Maas et al. 2002, Iorgu and Iorgu 2008, Massa et al. 2012). In southern latitudes it is more often found in moist meadows (Olmo-Vidal 2002). In central and southern Europe it is most often found in mountainous areas. The species is a good flyer (Baur et al. 2006) and is able to reoccupy habitats from where it has disappeared, i.e.it shows typical metapopulation dynamics (Carlssonand Kindvall 2001). It is found from sea level up to 2,550 m Asl.",A major threat to this species is the intensification of grassland management (Detzel 1998) as well as abandonment of grazing (Illich et al. 2010).,"This species is listed as Endangered in Sweden (Westling 2015) and Germany (Maas et al. 2011), Vulnerable in Austria (Berg et al. 2005) and Poland (Liana 2002) and Near Threatened in the Slovakian part of the Carpathians (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). It requires extensive grassland management (Detzel 1998). It occurs in protected areas and research into its population trend is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Stenobothrus,apenninus,,Stenobothrus apenninus,"Ebner, 1915",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Apennine Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus apenninus) is endemic to Italy, but widespread in the Northern and Central Apennines with an isolated southern population on Monte Pollino. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, and no major threats to it have been reported.",Stable,"The Apennine Toothed Grasshopper is endemic to Italy, but widespread in the Northern and Central Apennines with an isolated southern population on Monte Pollino (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 33,000 km².","This species can sometimes reach large subpopulations within its range, but the overall population trend is unknown.","This species lives in alpine meadows at altitudes between 1,000 m and 2,300 m asl. Although this species is most commonly encountered as a short-winged species, a fully winged form also occurs occasionally.",No major threats have been reported for this species.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in several protected areas. More research into its population trend and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M. & Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Stenobothrus,bolivarii,,Stenobothrus bolivarii,"(Brunner von Wattenwyl in Bolívar, 1876)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,The Pink-palped Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus bolivarii) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution and presumed large population size.,Unknown,"The Pink-palped Toothed Grasshopper is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it occupies a large area with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of ca 390,000 km². It is mainly present in the southeastern and central parts of the Peninsula.","This is a common species, but the population trend is unknown. The population size is presumed to be large.","This species is found in grasslands, low shrubland and pastures in mountainous areas between 700 m and 1,900 m Asl (Pardo and Gómez 1995, Llucià Pomares 2002).","A potential threat to this species could be climate change, which could lead to habitat modifications and shifting its range upwards.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it has been recorded from several protected areas. Research into its population trend and threats is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Stenobothrus,carbonarius,,Stenobothrus carbonarius,"(Eversmann, 1848)",,No,NT,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Dark Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus carbonarius) occurs from southern European Russia to Mongolia. In Europe it has only been recorded from three localities in Russia (near Volgograd and Orenburg). This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe since its area of occupancy (AOO) is very likely to be below 2,000 km² and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B2. Research on its distribution, ecology and threats is needed. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Unknown,"The Dark Toothed Grasshopper occurs from southern European Russia to Mongolia (Harz 1975). In Europe it has only been recorded from the Volgograd and Orenburg regions (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). Data on this species' distribution is scarce, but its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 200,000 km², and it is likely that its area of occupancy (AOO) is below 2,000 km².","This species is very rare in the Lower Volga region (Savitsky 2002), and it has only been recorded from three localities in European Russia (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). The population is considered severely fragmented as the subpopulations are very small and isolated from each other. The overall population trend is unknown (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).",The ecology of this species is poorly documented but it is likely to occur in steppes.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for the species, and it is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. Research on its distribution, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Savitsky, V., Vedenina, V., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T. & Skejo, J. Skejo","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Stenobothrus,clavatus,,Stenobothrus clavatus,"Willemse, 1979",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",No,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+B2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Club Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus clavatus) occurs in Greece, where it is found on two mountains at the western edge of the Pindos mountain range, and it also occurs in Albania. In Europe, this species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrenceis between 840 and 1,500 km²,and area of occupancy is between 12 and 50 km²), it occurs at only three locations, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the area, extent and quality of habitat due to livestock grazing and quarrying. In the EU 28, this species is also assessed as Endangered, since it has a restricted geographic range (EOO isca 170 km² and theAOO is between 8 and 30 km²), it occurs at only two locations, and a continuing decline is inferred in the number of mature individuals and the area, extent and quality of the habitat. In order to protect this species, its habitat needs to be protected and appropriate management (particularly in terms of grazing) needs to be implemented.",Decreasing,"The Club Toothed Grasshopper occurs in Greece, where it is found on two mountains (Mts. Tomaros and Xerovouni) at the western edge of the Pindos mountain range (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008). It also occurs in Albania (Griba Mts.) (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 840 km² (with an upper estimate of1,500 km²), and ca 170 km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is between 12 and 50 km², and between 8 and 30 km² in the EU 28.",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend of this species. A continuing decline in the quality of habitat as well as the number of mature individuals is inferred as a result of grazing activities.,"This species is found on open sunny mountain slopes between 1,200 and 1,700 m asl. The habitat is dry and stony ground with sparse vegetation.","Like other mountains, Mts. Tomaros, Xerovouni and Griba Mts. are used for grazing in the summer, although the extent of the grazing is unknown. On Mt. Tomaros there are signs that mining activities took place. Taking into account the extent of the effects of grazing and the distribution of this species it is considered to occur at three locations in Europe and at two locations in the EU 28.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it is not found in any protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend, and into the threats to this species is required. Its habitat needs to be protected and appropriate management (particularly in terms of grazing) needs to be implemented.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A., Szovenyi, G. & Puskas, G.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Stenobothrus,cotticus,,Stenobothrus cotticus,"(Kruseman & Jeekel, 1967)",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Cottian Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus cotticus) has a disjunct distribution with two strictly divided areas. One subpopulation inhabits the south-western Alps along the French-Italian border and another subpopulation occurs in the Bulgarian Rila Mountains, a part of the Rhodopian Mountains. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) is 64-200 km²), and the population is severely fragmented - thus making it close to qualifying for listing in a threatened category under criterion B. In addition, since this grasshopper often occurs at mountain peaks, global warming may lead to a habitat shift and deterioration of those localities. To clarify the impact of habitat deterioration and upward shift on this species, monitoring of the population trend and habitat quality is important.",Unknown,"The Cottian Toothed Grasshopper has a disjunct distribution with two strictly divided areas. One subpopulation inhabits the south-western Alps along the French-Italian border, ranging from the Valle di Susa (Piemonte) in the north along the mountain-ridge southwards to the Alpes Maritimes near Mercantour and the Alpi Marittime near Ormea (Berger et al. 2010, Massa et al. 2012). The main distribution is in the Hautes-Alpes in France. The Alpine subpopulation occupies mountainous habitats at elevations from 1,700 to 2,750 m asl (Bellmann 1993, Massa et al. 2000). In a distance of approximately 1,350 km to the east, an isolated subpopulation in the Bulgarian Rila Mountains, a part of the Rhodopian Mountains, exists  (Berger et al. 2010). There, this species lives on high mountain peaks at elevations between 2,300 and 2,850 m asl. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 73,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 64 and 200 km².","The subpopulation of this species on the Italian side of the Alps is fragmented (Massa et al. 2012). On the French side its occurrence is also localised, but the species can be quite abundant in suitable habitats (Voisin 2003). There are only three obviously isolated subpopulations known from the Bulgarian Rila Mountains (Berger et al. 2010). Unfortunately, no good information on the population size and recent trend is available, but it seems to be stable in the northern part of its range (C. Roesti pers. comm. 2015). The overall population trend is unknown. The subpopulations are isolated with little or no genetic exchange between them and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.","This is a typical species of higher altitudes in the mountains, and an ecologically highly specialised inhabitant of alpine grassland and rocky areas with very low vegetation cover (Bellmann 1993, Massa et al. 2012). In its whole range it can regularly be found at and around isolated mountain peaks, suggesting that it is already restricted to the uppermost parts of its post-glacial refuge (Berger et al. 2010). The male is able to fly and shows display flights also during courtship behaviour (Bellmann 1993).","This species already lives at the upper limits of its post-glacial refuge, as it often occupies isolated mountain peaks in most parts of its range (Berger et al. 2012). Habitat shift due to global warming, which is more pronounced in the mountains than in the lowlands, can lead to deterioration of suitable habitats of this specialised grasshopper, or in the worst case, cause local extinction. The often small localities of occurrence can also be vulnerable to direct human impact like touristic infrastructure that is often situated at mountain peaks.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. The whole Bulgarian subpopulation and important parts of the French subpopulation are living in protected areas (e.g., Rila and Rilski Reserve, Parc naturel regional du Queyras). The main threat, global warming, can only be halted by international action. To clarify the impact of habitat deterioration and upward shift of this species monitoring of population trend and habitat quality is important.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & Cálix, M.","Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Stenobothrus,crassipes,,Stenobothrus crassipes,"(Charpentier, 1825)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Pygmy Toothed Grasshopper is listed as Least Concern (LC) due to its wide distribution and large overall population size. Further research on its population trend is needed.",Unknown,"The Pygmy Toothed Grasshopper is widely distributed in central and southeastern Europe, where it occurs in Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, southwestern Ukraine, Hungary, eastern Slovenia and Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, western Romania and western Bulgaria (Harz 1975, de Jong 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is c. 650,000 km² and in the EU 28 it is c. 590,000 km².",The species' subpopulations could be considered moderately fragmented over large parts of its distribution. Its population trend is unknown.,"The species occurs in semi-dry and dry grasslands including forest clearings with low grasses, steppe associations and sub-alpine dry grasslands from the lowlands of central Europe (around 100 m altitude) to 2,100 m in Stara Planina Mountains (Vezhen peak in Bulgaria).","Threats to this species include the transformation of grassland into farmland, the abandonment of grazing, the use of insecticides and the destruction of its habitat as a result of residential development.","The Pygmy Toothed Grasshopper occurs in several protected areas, but there are no conservation actions in place for this species. It is listed as Endangered on the Austrian Red List (Berg et al. 2005) and as Near Threatened on the German Red List (Maas et al. 2011). Research on its population trend is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Stenobothrus,croaticus,,Stenobothrus croaticus,"(Ramme, 1933)",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Croatian Toothed Grasshopper has an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of 4 km², and it is known from a single location. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat as a result of succession is observed, and in the number of mature individuals as a result of this threat. Therefore, the species is listed as Critically Endangered (CR).",Decreasing,"This species is known from two localities in north Velebit Mountain (near Senj) in Croatia (Ramme 1933, Berger 2008). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are both estimated to be 4 km².","A continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat as a result of succession is observed, and a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing degradation of its habitat.",The species inhabits dry meadows in stony karstic areas at altitudes between 500 and 900 m.,"The main threat to this species is the succession of its habitat due to overgrowing of bushes and forest. Based on this threat, the species occurs only at one location (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2015).","There are no conservation actions in place for this species. It occurs in protected areas but one of the localities is inside a private land. Further research on its taxonomy, population size and trend, ecology, and on the response of this species to the ongoing succession is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Stenobothrus,eurasius,,Stenobothrus eurasius,"Zubovskii, 1898",,No,LC,,No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Eurasian Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus eurasius) occurs from the Czech Republic to northwestern China and northern Mongolia. In Europe it is found from the Czech Republic to eastern European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is widespread and the subpopulations in Russia and Ukraine seem to be stable. In the EU 28 this species is assessed as Endangered since its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 250 and 400 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), AOO, number of subpopulations, extent and quality of habitat and in the number of mature individuals. The taxonomic status of the subspecies S. eurasius macedonicus needs some more research as it might represent a unique species. However, in this case, the AOO of this species would still fall within the thresholds for Endangered. The major threats to this species are abandonment of grazing, overgrazing and transformation of its habitat into farmland. Cutting of bushes has taken place to manage its habitat, and appropriate management of its habitats is required to avoid any future population declines.",Decreasing,"The Eurasian Toothed Grasshopper occurs from the Czech Republic to northwestern China and northern Mongolia. In Europe it is found from the Czech Republic to eastern European Russia (Berezhkov 1956, Sergeev 1986, 1992). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.4 million km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is 220 km² with an upper estimate of 400 km². The AOO cannot be calculated for Europe due to the scarcity of information on its distribution, particularly in eastern Europe. The southern subpopulations of this group (S. eurasius macedonicus) are likely to represent a unique species (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015) and are therefore ignored here. The same may be true for some eastern subpopulations (S. e. hyalosuperficies) in Asiatic Russia and Kazakhstan (V. Vedenina and V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).","The population has been reported to be stable in the Alpine and Mediterranean region, but decreasing in the Pannonian region of the EU 28 (EEA 2015). In the Ukraine and European Russia the subpopulations seems to be stable (V. Vedenina and V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015).Overall, the population trend is decreasing (L. Willemse, G. Puskás and A. Kristin pers comm. 2015). Subpopulations in Europe are usually small and very isolated with probably little connectivity (G. Puskás, I. Iorgu and T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015).The population is therefore considered severely fragmented(L. Willemse, M. Lemonnier-Darcemont, I. Iorgu, T. Zuna-Kratky and A. Kristin pers comm. 2015).","This species occurs in dry open habitats such as steppes and semi-arid areas with grasses (Stipa spp., Festuca spp.) (Berezhkov 1956). In the northwestern part of its range, it is associated with dry open habitats with scarce vegetation (Gavlas 2005) such as rocky slopes (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015) and sandy forest edges (V. Vedenina pers. comm. 2015). It is found from sea level up to 2000 m asl.","The major threats to this species are abandonment of grazing, overgrazing and transformation of its habitat into farmland (EEA 2015, M. Sergeev, A. Kristin, T. Zuna-Kratky and L. Willemse pers. comm. 2013).","This species is listed on annex II and IV of the EU's Habitats Directive. Its status has been reported as ""unfavourable-inadequate"" for the Continental and Pannonian region, ""favourable"" for the Alpine region and ""unknown"" for the Mediterranean region in the latest report (EEA 2015). The species occurs in protected areas and there is an ongoing monitoring obligation for the EU 28. It is listed as Vulnerable in Slovakia (Kristin and Iorgu 2014) and Critically Endangered in Austria (Berg et al. 2005). The species was the focus of a LIFE project on pannonic steppes in Austria, where cutting of bushes and grazing took place to manage its habitat in the area (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015). This project has shown some success, but since no long-term follow-up grazing management was implemented, the sites are slowly starting to deteriorate again. Appropriate grazing management of its habitats is therefore required to avoid any future population declines.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Sergeev, M.G., Willemse, L.P.M., Kristin, A., Chobanov, D.P., Puskas, G., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Iorgu, I.S., Zuna-Kratky, T., Vedenina, V., Savitsky, V., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Ivkovic, S., Pushkar, T. & Skejo, J. Skejo","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Stenobothrus,festivus,,Stenobothrus festivus,"Bolívar, 1887",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Festive Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus festivus) is widespread in Spain (in the central and eastern low mountains ranges) and in southern France. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 520,000 km². It is a rather rare species, living in stony and dry grasslands or scrublands, from 15 to 1,500 m altitude. The population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat, the number of subpopulations and the number of mature individuals. However, due to its large distribution range it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Decreasing,"The Festive Toothed Grasshopper is widespread in southwestern Europe. This lowland and mountainous species is found from Spain (in the central and eastern low mountain ranges) to southern France (in the Eastern Pyrenees, south of the Massif Central, Crau plain, Verdon and Durance valleys) (Clemente et al. 1990, Defaut et al. 2009, Jaulin et al. 2011). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 520,000 km².","Stenobothrus festivus is a rare species in Spain and in France. The population is severely fragmented as the subpopulations are small and isolated, so that recolonisation of extinct sites is unlikely. A continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and the number of mature individuals is inferred. However, more research on the population trend is needed.","Stenobothrus festivus inhabits Mediterranean open scrublands and dry and stony grasslands. The eastern subpopulations in France occur in sub-steppic lawns. The speciesis recorded from 15 to 1,500 m altitude.","Numerous subpopulations (especially in France) are threatened by decreasing pastoralism (and its subsequent natural afforestation), but they may also be influenced by overgrazing. Low altitude subpopulations are also often threatened by urbanisation or development projects. Furthermore, land use change (transformation into agricultural land) negatively affects the species. Irrigation of orchards is also likely to have negative effects on this species.","There are no conservation actions in place for Stenobothrus festivus, although it is known from several protected areas (for example the Crau steppic plain nature reserve in France, where an abundant S. festivus subpopulation exists). The species was assessed as ""priority 3"" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research on its population trend and ecology is needed. A proper management of its habitats is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Monnerat, C., Fontana, P., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Stenobothrus,fischeri,,Stenobothrus fischeri,"(Eversmann, 1848)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The White-headed Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus fischeri) is found from central Spain to Siberia and Mongolia. In Europe it occurs from southern Italy and Greece (Peloponnesus) to southern France and eastern Austria in the north and eastern European Russia in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it is rare and declining at its northern range margin, it is widespread and still quite common in the southern part of Europe.",Decreasing,"The White-headed Toothed Grasshopper is found from central Spain to Siberia and Mongolia (Harz 1975). In Europe it occurs from southern Italy and Greece (Peloponnesus) to southern France and eastern Austria in the north and eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 4.7 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 2.2 million km².","This species is widespread in the southern part of its range (Kati et al. 2001), but rare in Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2002). The local densities of this species can be high (Massa et al. 2012). A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing loss of habitat (G. Szövenyi and A. Kristin pers. comm. 2016). It has not been seen in Romania for the last 15 years (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2016). The population is considerably fragmented.","This species is found in dry grassland habitats (steppes) and rocky slopes of hills and mountains (Massa et al. 2012) up to 1,700 m Asl (Chobanov 2009). In the north of its range it is associated with sandy steppe habitats (Kristin et al. 2004). The species feeds mainly on grasses (Savitsky 2010).","The major threat to this species is abandonment of grazing and subsequent succession by bushes or invasive plants (e.g. Asclepias syriaca, Robinia pseudoacacia etc.) (G. Szövenyi, B. Defaut and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2016). However, it may also be affected by overgrazing (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont, B. Defaut and O. Korsunovskaya pers. comm. 2016). It is also threatened by transformation of its habitat into farmland or plantations (R. pseudoacacia) (G. Szövenyi and A. Kristin pers. comm. 2016).","This species is listed as Critically Endangered in Austria (Berg et al. 2005) and Slovakia (Kristin et al. 2004), and ""priority 3"" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). It occurs in protected areas. Habitat management was implemented in the habitat of the only known subpopulation in Austria (Berg 2009). In Slovakia, where this grasshopper is threatened by encroachment of the Black Locust (R. pseudoacacia), control of this tree species has been instigated in recent years (A. Kristin pers. comm. 2016). Research into its global population trend is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Szovenyi, G., Zuna-Kratky, T., Korsunovskaya, O., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Defaut, B., Presa, J.J., Kristin, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Kleukers, R., Chobanov, D.P. & Rutschmann, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Stenobothrus,graecus,,Stenobothrus graecus,"Ramme, 1926",,No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Greek Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus graecus) occurs in Greece, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia), Kosovo and Turkey. In Greece, it is found in mountains from Mt. Parnassos in the north on the Greek mainland to Mt. Taygetos in the South of the Peloponnesus. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 100 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the area, extent and quality of the habitat due to touristic development. Further research is needed into the population size, distribution and trend. An appropriate (extensive) grazing regime needs to be implemented in order to avoid any future population declines",Decreasing,"The Greek Toothed Grasshopper occurs in Greece, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia), Kosovo and Turkey (Willemse 1974). In Greece, it is found in mountains from Mt. Parnassos in the north on the Greek mainland to Mt. Taygetos in the south of the Peloponnesus (Willemse 1984, Willemse and Willemse 2008). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is  ca 23,000 km², and ca 7,000 km² in the EU 28 region. The maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 100 km².",It is assumed that this species is decreasing due to the ongoing threats (such as touristic development and grazing). The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.,"This species prefers sunny slopes with stony ground and sparse, to not too dense vegetation of grasses and herbs. It is found at elevations of 600-2,200 m Asl.","In some mountains touristic development takes place (winter-sport facilities), which negatively affect this species. The mountains where this species is found are used in summer for grazing, and any changes to the grazing regime (abandonment, intensification) may negatively influence the population trend.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size, distribution and trend. An appropriate (extensive) grazing regime needs to be implemented in order to avoid any future population declines",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Stenobothrus,grammicus,,Stenobothrus grammicus,"Cazurro, 1888",,Yes,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Dark-palped Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus grammicus) is present on the Pyrenees, the Iberian central mountains and in the French South Pre-Alps. This is a rare species that inhabits stony and shrubby grasslands from 460 to 2,100 m altitude. Considering that the area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 2,000 km², that there is a continuing decline in the AOO, extent and quality of habitat, the number of subpopulations and the number of mature individuals, and that the population is severely fragmented, the species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU).",Decreasing,"The Dark-palped Toothed Grasshopper is widespread in southwestern Europe. This mountainous species is recorded from Portugal (Serra da Estrela), Spain (Pyrenees and central mountain ranges) and France (eastern Pyrenees and southern Pre-Alps: Mont Ventoux, Grand Luberon, Sainte-Victoire, Sainte-Baume, Canjuers) (Clemente et al. 1990, Defaut et al. 2009, Jaulin et al. 2011). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 361,000 km², and the area of occupancy (AOO) based upon the known records is c. 250 km², with an upper estimate of 2,000 km².","Stenobothrus grammicus is rather rare in Spain and very rare in France (Poniatowski et al. 2009, Olmo-Vidal 2006, Defaut et al. 2009). The population of this species is considered severely fragmented as the subpopulations are small and very isolated so that exchange between subpopulations is unlikely. Some localities seem to be extinct (such as the Salamanca province, Spain, or the Alpes-Maritimes department, France). Therefore, a continuing decline in the area of occupancy (AOO), extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals is inferred.","Stenobothrus grammicus lives in dry, shrub-rich and stony grasslands. Itis recorded from 460 to 2,100 m altitude.","Stenobothrus grammicus mainly lives in stony and sloping mountainous habitats, which are often hard to access. Overgrazing could negatively affect the species. In addition, decreasing pastoralism could have strong negative impacts on the long term as well, leading to shrub encroachment and natural afforestation.","There are no conservation actions in place for Stenobothrus grammicus, although it is recorded from several protected areas. The species has been assessed as ""priority 3"" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France  (Sardet and Defaut 2004) and Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal  2006). More research on its population trend and the effects of the threats on the species is needed. A proper habitat management, and particularly grazing management, is required in the areas where it occurs.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Monnerat, C., Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Stenobothrus,lineatus,,Stenobothrus lineatus,"(Panzer, 1796)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Stripe-winged Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus lineatus) is widely distributed from central Spain to South Siberia and north Mongolia. In Europe it occurs from central Spain, Sicily and northern Greece in the south to southern England, the Netherlands and Latvia in the north and eastern European Russia in the East. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common in large parts of Europe. However, it is rarer at the northern range margin and in some areas threatened and subject to conservation action.",Unknown,"The Stripe-winged Toothed Grasshopper is widely distributed from central Spain to South Siberia and north Mongolia (Harz 1975). In Europe it occurs from central Spain, Sicily and northern Greece in the south to southern England, the Netherlands and Latvia in the north and eastern European Russia in the East. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 7.8 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 5 million km².","This species is widespread and common in the southern and central parts of its range (Massa et al. 2012), but less abundant in the north (e.g. Budrys and Pakalniskis 2007). The species is declining in the northern part of its range. The overall population trend is unknown.","The species is found from dry to moist grassland habitats with dense vegetation (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008, Massa et al. 2012). It also occurs in heathland habitats (Maas et al. 2002). In the southern part of its range it is mainly found in mountains (Harz 1975). It generally prefers moderately grazed sites (pastureland) over mowed grassland (meadows) (Weiss et al. 2013). It is found from sea level up to 2,890 m Asl.","In the northern part of its range the species is threatened by abandonment of traditional grassland management leading to succession of its habitat with shrubs and trees (Grein 2010). It is also threatened by eutrophication and intensification of grassland management (overgrazing, mowing) (Grein 2010).","On the Belgian Red List the species is listed as Vulnerable (Lock et al. 2011), and in Luxembourg as Near Threatened (Proess and Meyer 2003). As the species is rare in the northern part of its range, it is subject of local conservation action. For example, it is a target species in the conservation project ""Thüringer Rhönhutungen"" (Germany) and the Biosphere Reserve ""Pfälzerwald-Nordvogesen"" (Germany). It occurs in several protected areas. Research into its global population trend is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Stenobothrus,miramae,,Stenobothrus miramae,"Dirsh, 1931",,No,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Miram's Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus miramae) is known from Crimea, northern Turkey and eastern European Russia. In Europe it is only known from a few localities on Crimea and eastern European Russia. This species is assessed as Endangered in Europe since its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 50 and 500 km², the population is severely fragmented, and a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing threats. This grasshopper is threatened by transformation of its habitat into farmland and more research into its distribution, population trends, ecology and threats is necessary. Remaining habitats of this species need to be better protected. Since it does not occur in the EU 28, this species is Not Evaluated at this geographic level.",Decreasing,"Miram's Toothed Grasshopper is known from Crimea (Harz 1975), northern Turkey (Ünal 2000) and eastern European Russia (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). In Europe only a few subpopulations are known. This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is between 50 and 500 km², and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 127,000 km².",The subpopulations of this species are very small and isolated with little genetic exchange between them. The population of this species is therefore considered severely fragmented (V. Savitsky pers. comm. 2015). The population trend is assumed to be declining as a consequence of habitat transformation.,The species is found in steppe habitats (V. Vedenina pers. comm. 2015).,The major threat to this species is transformation of grassland into farmland (V. Vedenina pers. comm. 2015).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its distribution, population trends, ecology and threats is necessary. Remaining habitats of this species need to be better protected.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Vedenina, V., Savitsky, V., Pushkar, T., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Nieto, A., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M. & Skejo, J. Skejo","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Stenobothrus,nigromaculatus,,Stenobothrus nigromaculatus,"(Herrich-Schäffer, 1840)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Black-spotted Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus nigromaculatus) occurs from the Cantabrian mountains and the Pyrenees to South Siberia. In Europe it is found from southern Italy and northern Greece to central Germany in the north and eastern European Russia in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it is rare and threatened at the northern edge of its range, it is still widespread and common in large parts of Europe.",Unknown,"The Black-Spotted Toothed Grasshopper occurs from the Cantabrian mountains and the Pyrenees to South Siberia (Harz 1975). In Europe it is found from southern Italy and northern Greece to central Germany in the north and eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 4.8 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 2.7 million km².","This species is declining in the northwestern part of its range (Detzel 1998, Maas et al. 2002, Denner 2009). Subpopulations of this species are often very small and isolated (Detzel 1998). The overall population trend is unknown.","The species is found in dry, warm grassland habitats (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008), usually with some patches of bare ground and short sward (Behrens and Fartmann 2004, Denner 2009).","The main threat to this species is abandonment of traditional grazing regimes with subsequent encroachment of bushes and trees, but also intensification of grassland management (frequent mowing, overgrazing, use of fertilizers) (Detzel 1998, Denner 2009).","This species is listed as Endangered on the German and Austrian Red Lists (Berg et al. 2005, Maas et al. 2011) and as Vulnerable on the Swiss Red List (Monnerat et al. 2007). As the species is threatened in the northern part of its range, it is subject to conservation action locally. For example, it is a target species of the natural park ""Tiroler Lech"" (Austria). More information on its global population trend is required. It occurs in several protected areas.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Stenobothrus,posthumus,,Stenobothrus posthumus,"Ramme, 1931",,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Balkan Toothed Grasshopper is listed as Data Deficient (DD) due to the lack of information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed to clarify the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"The Balkan Toothed Grasshopper is known only from the Hajla Planina, a single mountain range in the border region between Montenegro and Kosovo (Ramme 1931, Berger 2008). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 270 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 8 and 20 km².",There is no information on the population size and trend of this species.,"This species lives in alpine meadows at 1,800 m altitude. The upper limit of its distribution is unknown.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas. Research on its population size and trend, habitat and ecology and threats to the species is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Stenobothrus,rubicundulus,,Stenobothrus rubicundulus,"Kruseman & Jeekel, 1967",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Wing-buzzing Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus rubicundulus) is endemic to Europe where it is widespread on the Balkan Peninsula, reaching the French Alps in the west and central Romania in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it has strongly declined in the northern part of its range, it is still common in the southern part.",Unknown,"The Wing-buzzing Toothed Grasshopper is endemic to Europe where it occurs on the Balkan Peninsula from the Peloponnesus to Austria and the southwestern Carpathians, in the northern half of Italy and the Alps to southeastern France (Berger et al. 2010, Heller 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.4 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 1.2 million km².",This species has declined strongly in the northern part of its range (Zuna-Kratky 2009). In the southern part of its range it is still common in mountainous regions. The overall population trend is unknown.,"This species occurs in dry rocky grassland habitats (Baur et al. 2006), mainly in montane areas (Berger et al. 2010). It is found at elevations between 100 m and 2,560 m asl.","The major threats to this species are afforestation, abandonment of traditional grazing regimes (Zuna-Kratky 2009) and eutrophication.","This species is listed as Endangered in Austria (Berg et al. 2005), as ""priority 3"" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004) and as Near Threatened in Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007). In the Czech Republic it is considered as Regionally Extinct (Holusa 2012) but it is uncertain whether the species was ever native there (one record from 1917). It occurs in several protected areas. Research into its population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Stenobothrus,stigmaticus,,Stenobothrus stigmaticus,"(Rambur, 1838)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Lesser Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus stigmaticus) is found in North Africa, Europe and the Near East. In Europe, it is found from the Iberian Peninsula and northern Greece to Latvia and eastern European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it is threatened in Central Europe, it has a very wide geographic range and large population size.",Unknown,"The Lesser Toothed Grasshopper is found in North Africa, Europe and the Near East. In Europe, it is found from the Iberian Peninsula and northern Greece to Latvia and eastern European Russia (Harz 1975, Heller 2013), but is nearly absent in Italy (except at the border with Slovenia). It also occurs on the Isle of Man in the United Kingdom. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 6.9 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 3.7 million km².","This species is declining in Central Europe (e.g. Karner-Ranner 2009, Schweighofer 2011). Subpopulations are usually very small (NLWKN 2011) in the northern part of its range. It is more common in the southern part of its range, but the overall population trend is unknown. The population size is large.","This species occurs in dry grassland, pastureland and heathland habitats with short swards and patches of bare ground (Trautner and Simon 1993, Behrens and Fartmann 2004). It mainly feeds on grasses, particularly on Festuca rubra (Maas et al. 2002). In the southern part of its range it occurs in semi-dry to moist habitats (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008), mainly at higher altitudes (Olmo-Vidal 2002). It tolerates intensive grazing.","The main threats to this species are abandonment of grazing and subsequent succession by shrubs and trees, intensified land-use (fertilisers, overgrazing) and eutrophication (NLWKN 2011). It is also threatened by transformation of its habitat into farmland.","This species is listed as Critically Endangered on the Swiss Red List (Monnerat et al. 2007), Endangered on the Austrian Red List (Berg et al. 2005), Vulnerable on the German Red List (Maas et al. 2011) and Near Threatened in Belgium (Lock et al. 2011). In Luxembourg it is considered ""extremely rare"" (Proess and Meyer 2003). The species is protected in Lithuania. Due to the Red List status in Central Europe it is subject to conservation action locally (e.g. Trautner and Simon 1993, NLWKN 2011). Extensive sheep grazing has been proposed as the best management of its habitats (Trautner and Simon 1993, NLWKN 2011). It occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into its overall population trend.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Stenobothrus,ursulae,,Stenobothrus ursulae,"Nadig, 1986",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"Ursula's Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus ursulae) lives in a very small area of the south-western Alps of Italy. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 40 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is only 12 to 20 km²), occurs at only one location, and the habitat shifts caused by climate change could drive this species to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in the near future. Research should be conducted on the population trends of this species.",Unknown,"Ursula's Toothed Grasshopper lives in a very small area of the south-western Alps of Italy in the Gran Pardiso Massif on the southern slopes of the Val d´Aosta and the eastern slopes of the Gran Paradiso (Piemonte). It has only been found in three localities, living at elevations between 1,300 and 1,500 m asl at Punta Verzel (Nadig 1986) and between 2,100 and 2,400 m asl in the Val d´Aosta. This species' EOO is only 40 km², and its AOO is between 12 and 20 km². An isolated record in the Valle di Susa near the French border is depicted in the maps of Massa et al. (2012). A record from Slovenia has proven to be a misidentification (Gomboc and Šegula 2014).","In its habitats, this mountain-grasshopper can be quite common locally (Massa et al. 2012). However, the population is severely fragmented, as there are only three subpopulations separated by distances that can not be overcome by this flightless species and there is no genetic exchange between them. These subpopulations may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization. Due to the lack of monitoring the population trend is unknown.","This species inhabits various types of montane and alpine grassland, often mixed with dwarf shrub and, at lower altitudes, bushes. A typical plant species occurring at the locus typicus (the place where the species was originally described from) is Nardus stricta (Nadig 1986). There seems to be no special preference regarding soil conditions, as it was found in dry and also wet meadows, but they obviously benefit from low grazing impact (Nadig 1986). The species is flightless, but has a conspicuous song for courtship behaviour. Adults can be found from July to September.","As this species is described from low-intensity pastures, cattle grazing could be a threat to the small subpopulations (P. Fontana 2015 pers. comm.). However, there is no research published on the threats to this rare species so far. A part of the population lives quite high up in the mountains, where upward habitat shift due to climate change might be an additional threat and could lead to rapid population declines in the near future. Taking into account the extent of the effects of climate change and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","Despite the rarity of this species, there are no known conservation measures targeted at it. Only one of the three subpopulations is found in a protected area (Parco Regionale del Mont Avic). It is important to start a regular monitoring scheme on the population trend and changes in habitat availability. Site protection for other two subpopulations is also needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & Cálix, M.","Zuna-Kratky, T., Fontana, P., Roesti, C., Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F. & Presa, J.J.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Stenohippus,mundus,,Stenohippus mundus,"(Walker, 1871)",,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Tawny Grasshopper (Stenohippus mundus) is a widespread species in northern Africa and western Asia (Jago 1996). In Europe, it is only known from the southern and western coast of Tenerife. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,906 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 - 400 km². The species is assumed to be declining due to the strong touristic and industrial development in the coastal zone of Tenerife. However, the subpopulations are still large and it is not assumed to be severely fragmented. As the species is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT).",Decreasing,"The Tawny Grasshopper occurs from Mauritania in western Africa to India (Jago 1996). In Europe, it is only known from Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) (Bland 2001). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,906 km². The area of occupancy (AOO) is between 40 and 400 km².","The species is common in some areas of southern Tenerife, but it is assumed to be decreasing as a result of the ongoing threats. However, the subpopulations are still large and the population is not assumed to be severely fragmented.",The species is mainly found in open habitats which are rich in grasses.,"This species occurs in the coastal zone of Tenerife, which is heavily influenced by touristic and industrial development as well as urbanisation.","There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trends, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Stenonemobius,bicolor,,Stenonemobius bicolor,"(Saussure, 1877)",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
The Eastern Dwarf Cricket has a wide distribution in Europe with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 500,000 km². However, it is listed as Data Deficient (DD) due to the lack of information on its distribution, ecology and population trends. Further research is needed to clarify the status of this species.",Unknown,"The Eastern Dwarf Cricket (Stenonemobius (Ocellonemobius) bicolor), represented in Europe with its subspecies S. b. ponticus Gorochov, 1984, is presently known from a few scattered localities on the Crimean Peninsula, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Croatia and Serbia (Gorochov 1984, Chobanov 2003, D. Chobanov, G. Szovenyi and S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2015). Its presence in the neighbouring countries needs to be confirmed. Outside Europe, the subspecies S. b. ponticus is present in Transcaucasia (Georgia), and its nominate subspecies is present in the Indomalaya ecozone (Gorochov 1984).",The population size and trend of this species are unknown.,"The habitat preference of this species is poorly documented and may only be inferred from the few existing records. It possibly inhabits marshes along big rivers in the lowlands of the Pontic and Adriatic regions up to 350 m altitude. Mostly female specimens have been collected due to their active flight ability.
Regarding the ecological preferences of this species, the records from the Danube Delta in Romania for Stenonemobius gracilis (listed in Iorgu et al. 2008 crediting Marin et al. 1997), possibly concern this species.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, although it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its taxonomy, distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Stenonemobius,gracilis,,Stenonemobius gracilis,"(Jakovlev, 1871)",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The Dwarf Cricket (Stenonemobius gracilis) occurs from North Africa, via southern Europe and the Near East to the Iran and Central Asia. In Europe, it is widespread in the Mediterranean. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. The number of records of this cricket is quite limited, but it is certainly under sampled as it is mainly caught in light traps. It might have occasionally been confused with Stenonemobius bicolor. More research is needed on this species in order to assess its extinction risk.",Unknown,"The Dwarf Cricket occurs from North Africa, via southern Europe and the Near East to the Iran and Central Asia (Harz 1969). In Europe it is found on the Iberian Peninsula, in Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta and the southern Balkans. Its distribution is not fully understood and it is likely to be more widespread on the western Balkan Peninsula. Its presence in Ukraine is uncertain. Some of the known localities may concern Stenonemobious bicolor. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 28 is ca 1.6 million km².",The population size and trend of this species are unknown. Due to its nocturnal life it is rarely collected. Most records stem from single specimens attracted by light traps (Cassar 2008).,Very little is known about the ecology and biology of this species (Massa et al. 2012). It is a very good flyer and attracted by light. In North Africa it is found along temporary water courses (Massa et al. 2012). In Portugal it has been found in dry areas (Ferreira 2009).,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. More research into its ecology, threats, distribution and population trend is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Steropleurus,andalusius,,Steropleurus andalusius,"(Rambur, 1838)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Andalusian Saddle Bush-cricket (Steropleurus andalusius) is endemic to southeastern Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and found in a variety of habitats. However, wildfires and the use of pesticides can pose a threat to this species, and further research is required into the threats and population trend.",Unknown,"The Andalusian Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to southeastern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 120,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 144 km²with an upper estimate of 1,500 km².",The population trend of this species is unknown. It has been referred to be sometimes abundant and common.,"The species has been collected in various habitats, such as untilled fields, arid pastures, short and tall shrubs and cropsof fruit trees. It has been found in pine branches feeding on eggs of the Pine Processionary (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) caterpillar (López-Sebastián et al. 2004). It occurs at altitudes between 10 m and 2,280 m Asl.","Wildfires and the use of pesticides can pose a threat to this species, although their effects have not been studied in detail.","There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs in a number of protected areas. Further research is required into the population trend and into the threats to this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Steropleurus,brunnerii,,Steropleurus brunnerii,"(Bolívar, 1877)",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"Brunner's Saddle Bush-cricket (Steropleurus brunnerii) has been recorded from several areas scattered over the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its population size, trend and threats. Further research is needed into its taxonomy in light of current knowledge of the tribe Ephippigerini, and to determine the extinction risk of this bush-cricket.",Unknown,"Brunner's Saddle Bush-cricket has been recorded from several areas scattered over the Iberian Peninsula (Peinado de Diego 1990), yet, a revision of those records has to be conducted in the light of current knowledge of the tribe Ephippigerini (Barat 2012). This species' currently estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 322,000 km².","There is no available information on the population trend of this species, but it is locally abundant (J. Barat pers. comm. 2016).","The species can be found in croplands and shrublands, namely of Retama sp. (Peinado de Diego 1990), but also on tall grasses (J. Barat pers. comm. 2016).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it has been recorded from protected areas. Research is needed into its taxonomy, distribution, population trend, ecology and threats.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Ferreira, S., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Clemente, M., Correas, J., García, M., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B., Presa, J.J. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Steropleurus,castellanus,,Steropleurus castellanus,"(Bolívar, 1878)",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Castilian Saddle Bush-cricket (Steropleurus castellanus) is known from a single female specimen recorded from the Burgos province in Spain. It has never been documented again since its discovery and is therefore very poorly known. This species is assessed as Data Deficient to due lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed on this species in order to determine its extinction risk.",Unknown,"The Castillian Saddle Bush-cricket is known from a single female specimen recorded from the Burgos province in Spain (Peinado de Diego, 1990). It has never been documented again since its discovery.",There is no available information on the population size and trend of this species.,There is no information about the habitat or ecology of this species.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. Research is needed into its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Steropleurus,flavovittatus,,Steropleurus flavovittatus,"(Bolívar, 1878)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Yellow-striped Saddle Bush-cricket (Steropleurus flavovittatus) is endemic to the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it is rarely recorded, its population size is probably large. It is found in Mediterranean shrubland, which is a very common habitat in its area of occurrence.",Unknown,"The Yellow-striped Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 110,000 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 64 km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown. In addition to a few specimens that have been recorded before 1932, there are some recent records (Heller 1988, Biodiversidad Virtual 2016). The population size is probably large since it is found in a very common habitat (Mediterranean shrubland).","The species inhabits Mediterranean shrublands (Peinado de Diego 1990) with Compositae (Asteraceae) plant species, a very common habitat in its area of occurrence. It is found from sea level up to 1,200 m Asl.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed on the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this species.",The species is not utilized.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Steropleurus,obsoletus,,Steropleurus obsoletus,"(Bolívar, 1898)",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Shabby Saddle Bush-cricket (Steropleurus obsoletus) is endemic to Spain and it is only known from its type specimen, a male from El Molar in the province of Madrid. This species is assessed as Data Deficient since the type specimen is probably a misidentification of an exceptionally large specimen of S. brunerii, and due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats.",Unknown,"The Shabby Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to Spain and it is only known from its type specimen, a male from El Molar in the province of Madrid, central Spain, found at 850 m Asl. This species' known area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².",There is no available information on the population size and trend of this species.,"Little is known about the habitat or ecology of this species. Presumably, it is found in arid shrubland and uncultivated areas (Peinado de Diego 1990).",The threats to this species remain unknown.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species and it has not been recorded from any protected areas. The type specimen is probably a misidentification of an exceptionally large specimen of S. brunerii (J.R. Correas pers. comm. 2016). Further research is needed into its distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Steropleurus,pseudolus,,Steropleurus pseudolus,"(Bolívar, 1878)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Pseudolus' Saddle Bush-cricket (Steropleurus pseudolus) is found in the southwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it can be locally abundant, some of its subpopulations seem to be large, and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"Pseudolu's Saddle Bush-cricket is known from a limited number of records from the southwestern Iberian Peninsula (Peinado de Diego 1990). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 85,000 km².",This species can be locally abundant and some subpopulations seem to be large. The population trend is unknown.,"The species inhabits grassland with shrubs, shrubland (J. Correas pers. comm. 2016), open forest and dehesa pastures (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2016).",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed on its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Ferreira, S., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Clemente, M., Correas, J., García, M., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B., Presa, J.J. & Prunier, F.","Barros, F. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Steropleurus,recticarinatus,,Steropleurus recticarinatus,"(Llorente del Moral, 1980)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Straight-keeled Saddle Bush-cricket (Steropleurus recticarinatus) is endemic to Spain and listed as Least Concern since its habitat is common and no major threats to it have been reported. However, further research is needed on its population size and trend.",Unknown,"The Straight-keeled Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the province of Huelva in southern Spain. Only two subpopulations are known, one in Doñana National Park and its surrounding area and another in Rio Tinto. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,760 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km²with an upper estimate of 100 km².",The population size and trend of this species are unknown. Only a few specimens have been recorded so far from a restricted area. A second subpopulation was recently reported from Rio Tinto(Biodiversidad Virtual 2016).,The species inhabits oak forests of Quercus suber with Pistacia lentiscus and low Mediterranean shrubland (Barranco et al. 2004). It was also found in wet habitats in lagoons and marshes (Pascual Torres and Barranco Vega 2008). This species is usually found on Cistus species (J.R. Correas pers. comm. 2016) which are very common and abundant. It is found in the lowlands and up to 380 m Asl.,"Although it is only known from a small area, no major threats to this species have been reported.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. The species is poorly known and its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats need to be studied.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Stethophyma,grossum,,Stethophyma grossum,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Large Marsh Grasshopper (Stethophyma grossum) is widespread from the north of the Iberian Peninsula to Siberia. In Europe, it occurs from Bulgaria and northern Italy to northern Sweden and Finland. It is also present in England and Ireland. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very widespread in Europe and the population size is large. Recently, a increase of this species has been documented in Central Europe, while it may be declining in the south. It is unknown, whether there is any significant immigration from outside the assessment region.",Unknown,"The Large Marsh Grasshopper is widespread from the north of the Iberian Peninsula to Siberia (Harz 1975). In Europe, it occurs from Bulgaria and northern Italy to northern Sweden and Finland. It is also present in England and Ireland (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 10.4 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 6.2 million km².","Strong population increases have been documented in Central Europe, probably as a consequence of the warmer summers (Hochkirch 2001, Trautner and Hermann 2008), whereas declines are assumed in the southern part of its range (Massa et al. 2012). Subpopulations are variable in size but can be very large. In the Netherlands, the species is also increasing due to changes in land use (conversion of agricultural land into more natural grasslands) (Bakker et al. 2015). The overall population trend is unknown, but the population size is large.","The eggs of the Large Marsh Grasshopper require flooding in winter (Malkus 1997, Marzelli 1997). They are therefore restricted to wet meadows, marshes and peat bogs (Maas et al. 2002). The species is a very good flyer (Sörens 1996). Single individuals can often be found far away from larger subpopulations (Trautner and Hermann 2008), but the majority of individuals cover only smaller distances (Bönsel and Sonneck 2011). It prefers higher vegetation (Iorgu and Iorgu 2008, Massa et al. 2012).","Drainage and transformation of wetland habitats into farmland are the major threats to this species (Koschuh 2004, Braun and Lederer 2009). This grasshopper is also sensitive to frequent mowing of meadows and overgrazing (Malkus 1997).","This species is listed as Endangered on the Red List of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). It is listed as Vulnerable on the Polish, Austrian and Swiss Red Lists (Liana 2000, Berg et al. 2005, Monnerat et al. 2007). In Denmark, the UK as well as the Czech part of the Carpathians it is listed as Near Threatened (Wind and Pihl 2010, Kristin and Iorgu 2014, Sutton 2015). Due to its threatened status in some countries (or regions within countries) it is subject to conservation action. For example, it is considered an umbrella species for conservation in the German state Baden-Württemberg. The species occurs in protected areas. Research into its global population trend is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Svercus,palmetorum,,Svercus palmetorum,"(Krauss, 1902)",,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The Cicada Cricket (Svercus palmetorum) is widely distributed in Africa, the Near East and southern Europe. In Europe, it is found in the southern Mediterranean and on the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since its known area of occupancy (AOO) is between 500 km² and 1,500 km², and the population is severely fragmented; thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. This cricket is affiliated with wet habitats and the major threats to it are urbanisation, touristic and industrial development. More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Better protection of its habitats is recommended.",Unknown,"The Cicada Cricket is widely distributed in Africa, the Near East and southern Europe (Heller 2013). In Europe it occurs on the Canary Islands, the south of the Iberian Peninsula (Ferreira 2009), the south of Italy, Sicily, Sardinia (Massa et al. 2012), Corsica and on Cyprus (Tumbrinck 2006). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 3.2 million km², and its area of occupancy (AOO)is between 500 and 1,500 km².","This species is quite rare (Massa 2011). Subpopulations are usually small and isolated, and recolonisation of extinct sites is unlikely. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. The population trend is unknown.","This species is found in wet or brackish habitats e.g. along streams, but also in agriculturally influenced moist dynamic habitats (B. Odé pers. comm. 2016).  It is able to jump in the water and dive (Massa et al. 2012).","The major threats to this species are urbanisation, touristic and industrial development.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Better protection of its habitats is recommended.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Presa, J.J., Odé, B., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Synephippius,obvius,,Synephippius obvius,"(Navás, 1904)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Exposed Saddle Bush-cricket (Synephippius obvius) is endemic to the central southern Pyrenees and their foothills in the Huesca, Lérida, Navarra and Zaragoza provinces in northern Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and very abundant, and the population trend is assumed to be stable.",Stable,"The Exposed Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to the central southern Pyrenees and their foothills in the Huesca, Lérida, Navarra and Zaragoza provinces, northern Spain (Barat 2007). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 14,280 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 188 km² with an upper estimate of 1,000 km².",The species seems to be common and abundant throughout its range (P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016). The population trend is assumed to be stable.,"This species has been found in humid anddensevegetation of reeds and Buxus (Peinado de Diego 1990). According to Poniatowski et al. (2009) it occurs in mountain grasslands with low land-use intensity and box tree scrublands. It occurs at altitudes between 470 m and 2,200 m Asl.",Climate change could affect the species by shifting its preferred habitat upwards.,"There are no specific conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it occurs within a number of protected areas. Research is needed on the population trend, ecology and threats to this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Tartarogryllus,sandanski,,Tartarogryllus sandanski,"Andreeva, 1982",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Eastern Arable Cricket (Tartarogryllus sandanski) has been described from Bulgaria, but is likely to be a junior synonym of Tartarogryllus tartarus. Taxonomic research is required to clarify its status. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on the population size, population trend and threats. Further research is needed to assess its extinction risk.",Unknown,"The Eastern Arable Cricket has been described from Bulgaria (Heller 2013) but its taxonomic status is doubtful (Popov 2007, Chobanov 2009).",There is no available information on the population size or trend of this taxon.,This species has been reported from dry sandy hills in vineyards (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015).,"As the taxonomic status of this species is uncertain, threats cannot be reported.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for the species, and it is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas. Taxonomic research is required to clarify its status.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Tartarogryllus,tartarus,,Tartarogryllus tartarus,"(Saussure, 1874)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Arable Cricket (Tartarogryllus tartarus) is widespread in the Mediterranean part of Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe since it is locally common, there are no indications of decline and no major threats to it have been reported. However, since it occurs on farmland and in vineyards it may be locally affected by the use of pesticides. Research on its taxonomy is needed as Tartarogryllus sandanski seems to be a junior synonym of T. tartarus. More acoustic monitoring needs to be done to understand its population dynamics and trend.",Unknown,"The Arable Cricket occurs in Spain, North Africa (Cordero et al. 2007) and also from the southern Balkans Peninsula (Greece, Macedonia, Bulgaria and European Turkey) to Pakistan (Heller 2013). Its occurrence in the Ukraine and European Russia is uncertain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 813,000 km². No reliable data of its area of occupancy (AOO) is available.",This species is locally common (Cordero et al. 2007) but the population density is not large as the males seem to be territorial (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). The population trend is unknown.,"This species is found on dry sandy hills in vineyards and other sandy or stony habitats with scarce vegetation (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). In Spain the species was found on farmland as well as in vegetation around saline lagoons, hiding under stones, in cracks of bare ground or in burrows (Cordero et al. 2007). In Greece it was found in arable farmland (L. Willemse pers. comm.).","No major threats to this species have been reported. However, as the species occurs in farmland it might be affected by the use of pesticides.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). Research on its taxonomy is needed as Tartarogryllus sandanski seems to be a junior synonym of T. tartarus. The species has long been overlooked in Spain (Cordero et al. 2007). More acoustic monitoring needs to be done to understand its population dynamics and trend (P. Cordero pers. comm. 2015).",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Chobanov, D.P., Cordero, P.J., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Tessellana,carinata,,Tessellana carinata,"(Berland & Chopard, 1922)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Keeled Slender Bush-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) due to its large extent of occurrence (EOO), low fragmentation and lack of detected declines.",Unknown,"The Keeled Slender Bush-cricket is distributed in the southern and eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula in central and northeastern Greece, central and eastern Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia), southern Serbia, southern Bulgaria and in an isolated area in North Dobrogea in southeastern Romania (Harz 1969, Kis and Vasiliu 1970, Willemse 1984, Chobanov 2009, all as Platycleis (Tessellana) nigrosignata, S. Ivkovic unpublished data). Occurrence in the northern part of European Turkey is also expected. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 330,000 km² in Europe and c. 270,000 km² in the EU 28.",The population trend of this species is unknown. Its subpopulations may be large.,"The habitat of T. carinata consists of open, stony, very dry grassland, where the bush-crickets lives in the surroundings of and within Mediterranean scrub between 50 and 800 m Asl.",The main threat to the species is the conversion of its habitat into agricultural land.,There are no conservation actions in place for this species but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend and threats is needed.,This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Tessellana,lagrecai,,Tessellana lagrecai,"Messina, 1979",,Yes,VU,D2,Yes,VU,D2,EU28,,"La Greca's Slender Bush-cricket (Tessellana lagrecai) is endemic to Sicily. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since its known area of occupancy (AOO) is only 8 km², it occurs at only two locations, and the increasing number of wildfires could lead this species to become Critically Endangered in the near future. This species is very similar to T. tessellata and more taxonomic research is needed to establish the status of T. lagrecai. Further research is also needed into the distribution and population trend of this species.",Unknown,"La Greca's Slender Bush-cricket is endemic to Sicily, in Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 156 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².",The species is common in suitable habitat but the population trend is unknown.,"This species lives in dry open grasslands with sparse shrubs, and adults can be found in the summer and autumn.","The species might be affected by the increasing numbers of wildfires in Sicily. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of wildfires and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only two locations.","There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. This species is very similar to T. tessellata and more taxonomic research is needed to establish the status of T. lagrecai. Further research is also needed into the distribution and population trend of this species.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Tessellana,nigrosignata,,Tessellana nigrosignata,"(Costa, 1863)",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Black-marked Slender Bush-cricket (Tessellana nigrosignata) is endemic to Italy, and is only known from a few localities in Calabria, Puglia and Basilicata. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO) (smaller than 200 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of the habitat due to land use changes and wildfires. More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Restoration of destroyed habitat and appropriate habitat management are required to avoid any further population declines.",Decreasing,"The Black-marked Slender Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known from a few localities in Calabria, Puglia and Basilicata (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 5,340 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 16 and 200 km².","This species has not been found again in former habitats, so the population is assumed to be declining. The population is severely fragmented as the subpopulations are very small and isolated, and genetic exchange between them is unlikely.",This species can be found in warm and dry open habitats such as natural grassland and clearings.,The most likely threat to this species are land use changes by agriculture and potentially also wildfires.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Restoration of destroyed habitat and appropriate habitat management are required to avoid any further population declines.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Massa, B., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Tessellana,orina,,Tessellana orina,"(Burr, 1899)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Orina Slender Bush-cricket (Tessellana orina) is found in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula where it occurs from Croatia to the Peleponnesus. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and has a large population size. However, it appears to be declining in the north, and is threatened by abandonment and the subsequent succession by beech and pine forests. Research into its ecology, threats and population trend is needed.",Decreasing,"The Orina Slender Bush-cricket is found in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula where it occurs from Croatia to the Peleponnesus (Chobanov 2009, L. Willemse pers. comm. 2015). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 206,000 km² in Europe, and ca 180,000 km² in the EU 28.","The subpopulations of this species are usually small (J. Skejo, D. Chobanov and M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015), but this bush-cricket is difficult to identify and sometimes can be confused with other species (J. Skejo and M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). The population trend is declining but the population size is large.","This species occurs on dry, warm meadows, wasteland, edges of Mediterranean oak forests and ruderal grassland (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015). It is found from sea level up to 1,600 m asl.",The major threat to this species is abandonment and the subsequent succession by beech and pine forests.,"This species is found in protected areas but there are no specific conservation measures in place focusing on it. Research into its ecology, threats and population trend is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Pushkar, T., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A. & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M. & Gomboc, S.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Tessellana,tessellata,,Tessellana tessellata,"(Charpentier, 1825)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Slender Bush-cricket (Tessellana tessellata) occurs from the Canary Islands and North Africa to the Caucasus and Iran.  In Europe, it occurs from the Canary Islands and the Iberian Peninsula to northern France and Dalmatia. It also occurs from southern Ukraine to eastern European Russia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution and is quite common in suitable habitats. Even though it seems to be locally threatened by overgrazing and urbanisation, it is a common species in the western Mediterranean.",Unknown,"The Common Slender Bush-cricket occurs from the Canary Islands and North Africa to the Caucasus and Iran (Harz 1969). In Europe, it occurs from the Canary Islands and the Iberian Peninsula to northern France and Dalmatia. It also occurs from southern Ukraine to eastern European Russia (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 8.6 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 4.2 million km².","This species is quite common in the southern part of its range (e.g. Coray 1993, Llucià-Pomares and Fernández-Ortín 2009, Krämer et al. 2010, Labadessa 2014), but it is rare and has been declining at its northern range margin. It was assumed to be regionally extinct in Germany until it was rediscovered in 1992 (Heitz and Hermann 1993). In Luxembourg it is still considered as regionally extinct, but only a single individual was found and therefore it has been suggested that the specimen was introduced (Proess and Meyer 2003). The current population trend is unknown.","This species occurs mainly in dry, warm grassland habitats, but has also been reported from forest margins, dunes and crop fields (Massa et al. 2012). It prefers a mosaic of dense vegetation and patches of bare ground (Heitz and Herrmann 1993). In the Pyrenees it has been found mainly in homogeneous high and dense vegetation (Krämer et al. 2010).","This species prefers high vegetation and is therefore sensitive to overgrazing (Isern-Vallerdu and Pedrocchi 1994, Llucià-Pomares et al. 2009). It is locally also affected by urbanization and industrial development (Detzel 1998).","This species is listed as Critically Endangered on the Red Lists of Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007) and Germany (Maas et al. 2011). It is Regionally Extinct in Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003). However, in France it is considered as Least Concern (Sardet and Defaut 2004). It is strictly protected in Germany. Local monitoring has therefore been conducted near Freiburg, Germany. It is found in protected areas. More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed. Furthermore, research into its taxonomy is required as it is often confused with T. veyseli in the eastern part of its range.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Korsunovskaya, O., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Tessellana,veyseli,,Tessellana veyseli,"(Koçak, 1984)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Veysel's Slender Bush-cricket (Tessellana veyseli) is found in central and southeastern Europe, southern Russia, northeastern Turkey, northern Iran, Transcaucasia and Turkestan to western Siberia. In Europe, it is widespread in eastern Europe and on the Balkan Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide range, and it is very common in large areas of its range. In addition, its subpopulations are often large and not fragmented, but the species is threatened at the northern edge of its range.",Unknown,"Veysel's Slender Bush-cricket is found in central and southeastern Europe, southern Russia, northeastern Turkey, northern Iran, Transcaucasia and Turkestan to western Siberia (Chobanov 2009, Holusa et al. 2013). In Europe it occurs from eastern Austria, southern Czech Republic and Slovakia in the northwest to Bulgaria in the south and southern European Russia in the east. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.8 million km².","This species is very common in large areas of its range (G. Szövényi, D. Chobanov, S. Ivkovic, O. Korsunovskaya and A. Kristin pers. comm. 2015), but rare and fragmented at the northern range border (Holusa et al. 2012). In the southern part of its range, subpopulations are often large (Rácz 1998, Pisica et al. 2008, Iorgu et al. 2009). It has disappeared from two (out of four) known localities in the Czech Republic (Holusa et al. 2013). In Austria, the species increased in the 2000s as a consequence of the European set-aside regulations. Since 2008 the species has been declining again in Austria (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015). The overall population trend is unknown.","This species occurs in steppic grassland (Zinenko and Striganova 2009, Holusa et al. 2012) with high vegetation, weedy oldfields and even within cropfields (G. Szövényi, I. Iorgu, S. Ivkovic, J. Holusa, D. Chobanov and A. Kristin pers. comm. 2015). It is is usually flightless, but produces a fully winged (macropterous) form (Sänger and Helfert 1975).","The major threats to this species are pesticides and intensification of land use (G. Szövényi and T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2015), particularly transformation of grassland into farmland (Holusa et al. 2012).","There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Studies on the population trend are needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Szovenyi, G., Kristin, A., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Zuna-Kratky, T., Holusa, J., Korsunovskaya, O., Willemse, L.P.M., Sirin, D., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Skejo, J. Skejo, Pushkar, T. & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETRIGIDAE,Tetrix,bipunctata,,Tetrix bipunctata,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Two-spotted Groundhopper (Tetrix bipunctata) occurs from Portugal to Korea and has a wide distribution in Europe. While this species is declining in the western part of its range, it is quite widespread and common in the boreal region, and it is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Decreasing,"The Two-spotted Groundhopper occurs from Portugal to Korea. In Europe, it occurs from northern Greece, the Iberian Peninsula, Sardinia and Central Italy in the south to the north of Scandinavia in the north and eastern European Russia in the east (Devriese 1996, Lemos et al. 2016). Another taxon, Tetrix kraussi, is sometimes regarded as a unique species and sometimes as a subspecies or morph of Tetrix bipunctata. In this assessment, the taxon is considered a wing morph of Tetrix bipunctata and therefore included. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 11 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 6.5 million km².","The population of this species is decreasing, particularly in the western and southern part of its range as a consequence of land use intensification (Hochkirch 2010). It is regionally extinct in Luxembourg and Denmark. In the Netherlands it has recently been rediscovered (Bakker et al. 2015). The overall population size is probably very large.","This species is found dry montane grassland habitats, heathland and sand pits (Devriese 1996). They prefer short swards with patches of bare ground and rocky outcrops (Sardet et al. 2015). In the boreal zone it is mainly found on sandy habitats and it also occurs in pine forest glades (Budrys and Pakalniskis 2007).","The major threat to this species is intensification of grassland management, particularly the use of fertilisers and overgrazing. It is also threatened by eutrophication and afforestation (Wallaschek et al. 2004).","This species is Regionally Extinct in Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003) and Denmark (Nielsen 2000). It is listed as Critically Endangered on the Red List of the Netherlands (Bakker et al. 2015), Endangered in Germany (Maas et al. 2011), Vulnerable in Belgium (Lock et al. 2011) and Near Threatened in Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007). In France and Austria it is listed as Least Concern (Sardet and Defaut 2004, Berg et al. 2005). Due to its threatened status in central Europe, this groundhopper is subject to conservation action. For example, it is a priority species for conservation in Lower Saxony (NLWKN 2011). Extensive grazing in grassland and heathland habitats has been recommended as optimal management for this species (Hochkirch 2010). It occurs in protected areas. Taxonomic research is needed to clarify the status of Tetrix kraussi. Furthermore, research into its population trend, ecology and threats is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETRIGIDAE,Tetrix,bolivari,,Tetrix bolivari,"Saulcy, 1901",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Bolivar's Groundhopper (Tetrix bolivari) occurs in southern Europe via the Near East to Iran and Uzbekistan. In Europe, it is quite widespread in the southern region. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution and the population size is probably very large. More research on its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",Unknown,"Bolivar's Groundhopper occurs in southern Europe via the Near East to Iran and Uzbekistan (Harz 1975, Kocarek et al. 2011). In Europe it has a disjunct distribution, being found from southern Spain to northern France and the French Alps on the one hand, and from northeastern Italy across the Balkans Peninsula to southern Greece, Cyprus and southern European Russia. An isolated subpopulation exists in Campania, southern Italy (Massa et al. 2012). As the species was frequently misidentified with other closely related species in the past, its distribution is still not sufficiently clarified. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 5.2 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 3.9 million km².","There is little information on the population trend of this species. It is assumed to be declining in Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2002). In Austria it was previously assumed to be declining (Berg et al. 2005, Bieringer 2009) but many new localities have been discovered recently. New localities have also been found in Croatia (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016). The overall population trend is unknown but the population size is probably very large.","This species occurs on clay banks of ponds and salt marshes, saline wet meadows, sand and gravel pits, gravel banks and similar moist habitats with bare ground (Bieringer 2009, Kocarek et al. 2011). It feeds on detritus and moss (Kocarek et al. 2011).",The major threats to this species are drainage and land improvement (Bieringer 2009). Another threat is natural succession of its habitats after abandonment (Holusa and Kocarek 2000).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as ""priority 3"" (equivalent to Vulnerable) on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004) and as Critically Endangered on the Austrian Red List (Berg et al. 2005). More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Puskas, G., Zuna-Kratky, T., Chobanov, D.P., Presa, J.J., Skejo, J. Skejo, Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A. & Sirin, D.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETRIGIDAE,Tetrix,ceperoi,,Tetrix ceperoi,"(Bolívar, 1887)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Sand Groundhopper (Tetrix ceperoi) is a widespread species in southern and Central Europe and it inhabits moist open habitats, often with a sandy substrate. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, the population size is very large and subpopulations are well connected. It has good dispersal abilities it is able to rapidly colonise new habitats. However, this groudhopper is threatened by drainage, river regulations and recultivation of sand pits and strip mining areas. Protection and restoration of natural river systems and dynamic dune systems is recommended.",Unknown,"The Sand Groundhopper occurs in North Africa and large parts of western, central and southern Europe (Heller 2013). In Europe it is found from the Iberian Peninsula to southern Britain, northwestern Germany in the north, and southwestern Ukraine and Rhodes in the east. Its distribution is not yet fully known as the species has often been confused with other Tetrix species. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 5.2 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 5.1 million km².","This species has recently been reported from many new regions. However, this might be a result of better identification keys rather than a range expansion. The species is a good flyer and can rapidly colonise new habitats and the subpopulations are therefore probably well connected. In Catalonia it is rare and declining (Olmo-Vidal 2002). In Great Britain the species is classified as ""Nationally Scarce"", but is probably stable (Sutton 2015). The overall population trend is unknown, but the population size is very large.","The Sand Groundhopper is found mainly in sandy moist habitats, such as dune slacks, sand and clay pits, heath ponds, coal heaps, sandy river banks, ditches, salt marshes, bare patches in moist saline grassland, shores of ponds and paddy fields (Gröning et al. 2005, Gröning et al. 2007, Massa et al. 2012). It has a preference for large areas of bare ground (Hochkirch et al. 2007). The species feeds on detritus, mosses and algae (Kocarek et al. 2008).","A major threat to this species is degradation of its habitat by coastal protection, floodplain regulation, drainage and subsequent succession of its habitat (Gröning et al. 2007)  and the recultivation of former sand pits and strip mining areas (Wallaschek et al. 2004).","This species is listed as Endangered on the Polish, Swiss and German Red Lists (Liana 2002, Monnerat et al. 2007, Maas et al. 2011). Due to this status, it is subject to conservation action in the northern part of its range. In Lower Saxony (Germany) it belongs to the priority species for conservation and a conservation plan has been compiled (NLWKN 2011). The species occurs in protected areas and more research into its population trend is needed. Protection and restoration of natural river systems and dynamic dune systems is required for its conservation (Gröning et al. 2007, Hochkirch 2010, NLWNK 2011).",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R. & Chobanov, D.P.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETRIGIDAE,Tetrix,depressa,,Tetrix depressa,"Brisout de Barneville, 1848",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Dented Groundhopper (Tetrix depressa) is found in North Africa, southern Europe, the Near East and Central Asia. It is quite widespread and common in southern Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution and overall large population size.",Unknown,"The Dented Grasshopper is found in North Africa, southern Europe, the Near East and Central Asia (Harz 1975). In Europe it is found on the Iberian Peninsula, central and southern France, Sardinia, Sicily and Italy, the western and southern Balkan Peninsula, Crete, Rhodes and Cyprus, as well as in southern Crimea. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 3.8 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 3.7 million km².",This species is quite common and the population size is large. The population trend is unknown.,"This species is found in warm, rocky habitats, usually close to (even small) wet areas (Baur et al. 2006). It has also been reported from dunes, stony rivers, grassland (Olmo-Vidal 2002, Massa et al. 2012), quarries (Perrotin 2001), ponds and lakes (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016) as well as open forests (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016). It is found from sea level up to ca 2,000 m Asl (Massa et al. 2012).",This species may locally affected by river regulations or the construction of dams.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Vulnerable on the Swiss Red List (Monnerat et al. 2007). More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Skejo, J. Skejo, Chobanov, D.P., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETRIGIDAE,Tetrix,fuliginosa,,Tetrix fuliginosa,"(Zetterstedt, 1828)",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

The Northern Groundhopper (Tetrix fuliginosa) is found in the northern Palearctic, from Sweden to the Russian Pacific Ocean coast. This species seems to be very rare but it is poorly known and has rarely been searched for comprehensively. It is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its exact distribution, population trend and current threats. Even though it is widespread, it is currently not possible to present a reasonable estimate of its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe. It appears to be very rare in the EU 28 with an upper estimate of the area of occupancy (AOO) of 500 km². As a boreal species, it might be affected by climate change in the future, particularly by the increasing severity of droughts. More research into its distribution, ecology and threats is recommended. In addition, its taxonomic status in relation to Tetrix brunneri from North America needs to be studied.",Unknown,"The Northern Groundhopper is found in the northern Palearctic, from Sweden to the Russian Pacific Ocean coast (Harz 1975). It has also been reported from the northern Carpathians (Poland, Slovakia), but these records are doubtful (Liana 2013, A. Kristin pers. comm. 2015) and disregarded here. As typical for Tetrigidae, the information on its distribution is scarce. In Sweden, 14 old records (before 1915) exist, but only three recent observations (A. Lehmann pers. comm. 2015). This species' area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 28 is estimated to be between 50 and 500 km².","This species is very rare in Finland, where it has only been found twice during the last decade (S. Karjalainen pers. comm. 2015) and Sweden, from where only three recent records exist (A. Lehmann pers. comm. 2015). The population trend is unknown. As the subpopulations in the EU 28 appear to be very small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization, the population is considered severely fragmented there.",This species is found in damp habitats but has also been recorded from dry slopes (Sergeev 2011) and dry burned sites (S. Karjalainen pers. comm. 2015).,"As a boreal species, it might be affected by climate change in the future, particularly by the increasing severity of droughts.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is likely to occur in protected areas. More research into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats is needed. In addition, its taxonomic status in relation to Tetrix brunneri from North America needs to be studied (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2015).",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Karjalainen, S., Kristin, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Ivkovic, S., Heller, K.-G., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M. & Lehmann, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETRIGIDAE,Tetrix,nodulosa,,Tetrix nodulosa,"(Fieber, 1853)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Iberian Wingless Groundhopper (Tetrix nodulosa) occurs in the west and south-west of the Iberian Peninsula, being present in almost all of the Portuguese territory. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it can be locally abundant, it occurs in a variety of habitats, and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"The Iberian Wingless Groundhopper occurs in the west and south-west of the Iberian Peninsula, being present in almost all of the Portuguese territory (Llorente and Presa 1981, Ferreira et al. 2006). Outside of Europe, it is found in Morocco. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is higher ca 209,300 km².","This is a flightless species and the size of the subpopulations is normally small, although it can be locally abundant (P. Lemos pers. comm. 2016). There is no information on the population trend of this species.","This species is found in various habitat types, preferring southern sites exposed to the sun with low and scarce vegetation. The species is often found close to moist areas, such as wetlands or stream valleys.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no conservation measures currently in place for this species, but it has been recorded from several protected areas. Research is needed into potential threats to the species, its population trend, distribution as well as life history and ecology.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Ferreira, S., Barranco Vega, P., Clemente, M., Correas, J., García, M., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B., Presa, J.J. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETRIGIDAE,Tetrix,subulata,,Tetrix subulata,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Slender Groundhopper (Tetrix subulata) is widely distributed from Portugal and Ireland in the west to northeastern China in the east. It is very widespread in large parts of Europe, occurs in a variety of habitats and prefers areas with bare ground. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution, large population size and its population trend is assumed to be increasing.",Increasing,"The Slender Groundhopper is widely distributed from Portugal and Ireland in the west to northeastern China in the east. This species has also been recorded from North America, but these subpopulations are likely to belong to a unique species (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016). In Europe, Tetrix subulata is found from southern Spain, Sicily and northern Greece in the south to North Ireland and the north of Sweden in the north and eastern European Russia in the east. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 12 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 7.6 million km².",This species is very widespread and common and the population size is therefore large. As it has expanded its range to the north in Great Britain (Sutton 2015) it is assumed to have an increasing population trend.,"The Slender Groundhopper is found in a variety of habitats, including river banks, moist grassland, open forests, ditches, muddy shores of ponds, lakes and oxbows, sand, clay or gravel pits (Wallaschek et al. 2004, Gröning et al. 2005). It seems to prefer areas with bare ground (Hochkirch and Gröning 2012). The species is able to swim and dive (Gröning et al. 2005). It feeds on algae, detritus and mosses (Hochkirch et al. 2000). It is a good flyer and can rapidly colonise new habitats (Detzel 1998).",The main threat to this species is drainage of wetland habitats (Wallaschek et al. 2004).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Restoration of natural river systems and creation of flat ponds are useful conservation measures for this species (Hochkirch 2010).",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R. & Chobanov, D.P.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETRIGIDAE,Tetrix,tenuicornis,,Tetrix tenuicornis,"(Sahlberg, 1891)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Long-horned Groundhopper (Tetrix tenuicornis) is widely distributed from the northern Spain in the west to Siberia in the east. It is widespread in Europe from the northern part of the Mediterranean to central Finland. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, although it may be locally threatened by abandonment of grazing in grassland habitats, it is very widespread and common, and the population size is large.",Unknown,"The Long-horned Groundhopper is widely distributed from the northern Spain in the west to Siberia in the east (Harz 1975). In Europe, it occurs from northern Spain, central Italy and northern Greece in the south to central Finland in the north and eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 7.8 million km², in the EU 28 it is ca 4.4 million km².","This species is quite widespread and common and the population size is large. It might be declining locally in Austria (Berg et al. 2005), but the overall population trend is unknown.","This species is usually found in the transition between wet and dry habitats (Hochkirch et al. 1999, Massa et al. 2012). It has been found in grassland habitats, woodland clearings, rocky slopes, sand and gravel pits, river banks and dry spots in marshland and pastures, where it feeds on moss and detritus (Kuravová and Kocárek 2015). It also occurs in gardens, farmland, forest edges and railroad embankments (Baur et al. 2006).",The major threat to this species is abandonment of grazing in dry  grassland habitats and the subsequent encroachment of bushes and trees  (Wallaschek et al. 2004).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Near Threatened on the Austrian Red List (Berg et al. 2005). More research into its population trend is needed. This groundhopper benefits from extensive grassland management (Hochkirch 2010).",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R. & Chobanov, D.P.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETRIGIDAE,Tetrix,transsylvanica,,Tetrix transsylvanica,"(Bazyluk & Kis, 1960)",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Transsylvanian Wingless Groundhopper (Tetrix tanssylvanica) is assessed as Endangered (EN) due to its small area of occupancy (AOO being in the range of 32-200 km²), its severely fragmented population and a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), extent and quality of habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals.",Decreasing,"The Transsylvanian Wingless Groundhopper consists of two subspecies: T. t. transsylvanica (Bazyluk and Kis, 1960) and T. t. hypsocorypha Skejo, 2014. The first occurs in the southern Carpathians of Romania and the second is known from Hrvatsko Zagorje in northern Croatia (where it has not been found in recent years) and the neighbouring region of Slovenia (Skejo et al. 2014). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 57,000 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 32 and 200 km².",The species is possibly extinct in Croatia. Subpopulations of this species are usually very small and isolated that may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing threats.,"The species inhabits open forests and forest clearings. In Slovenia and Croatia its habitat is moist, usually bare ground at about 200 to 600 m altitude. In Romania, the species is also found in rocky habitats with moss, either in forests with sparse canopy and vegetation or sub-alpine rocky terrains between 600 and 2,200 m Asl.",The major threat to this species is deforestation. Urbanisation also poses a threat to its population.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its distribution, population trend and threats is needed. Its remaining habitats need to be protected.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.",,,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETRIGIDAE,Tetrix,tuerki,,Tetrix tuerki,"(Krauss, 1876)",,No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Alpine Groundhopper (Tetrix tuerki) occurs in the mountain systems of the Balkans, Alps, Carpathians and in mountains of western and central Asia. It is a highly specialised grasshopper species that is found on gravel banks on natural river systems in alpine areas of east and central Europe. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be between 700 and 1,000 km², and between 500 and 700 km² in the EU 28), the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and in the number of mature individuals - mainly caused by ongoing regulations of water courses and dams. Restoration, conservation and appropriate management of natural river dynamics in alpine areas is needed in order to preserve this species. It seems to be particularly dependent on occasional high floods. Research is needed into its population trend and taxonomy, as recent genetic studies have found a strong genetic differentiation between samples from Romania and Switzerland. Immigration from outside the two assessment regions seems unlikely as the distance between subpopulations is very large, and the assessment is therefore not regionally adjusted.",Decreasing,"The Alpine Groundhopper occurs in the mountain systems of the Balkans, Alps, Carpathians and in mountains of western and central Asia (Devriese 1996, Lehmann and Landeck 2007). Its extent of occurrence in Europe and in the EU 28 is ca 1.3 million km². Its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be between 700 and 1,000 km², while in the EU 28 it is estimated to be between 500 and 700 km².",This species has been reported to be decreasing in several countries and the overall population trend is decreasing. Subpopulations are usually small and found in small isolated habitat patches (A. Liana pers. comm. 2015). These subpopulation may go extinct with reduced probability of recolonisation and the population is therefore considered severely fragmented.,"This species is mainly found along alpine rivers and streams where it inhabits gravel banks with a larger content of fine sediments (Janßen 2003). It is mainly found on banks that are higher above the water level and only occasionally flooded, but have scarce vegetation (Janßen et al. 1996).","The major threat to the Alpine Groundhopper is the regulation of alpine rivers and streams including the construction of dams, partly for hydroelectric power production. New projects to produce hydroelectric power are probably the main future threat in Switzerland and Austria (C. Monnerat pers. comm. 2015). Furthermore, gravel extraction threatens the species locally in the Balkans (A. Kristin pers. comm. 2015).","This species is listed as Critically Endangered on the Red Lists of Germany (Maas et al. 2011), the Czech Republic (Holusa and Kocarek 2005) and Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007). It is Regionally Extinct in Bohemia (Holusa et al. 2013) and Croatia (Skejo et al. 2014). It is listed as Endangered in Poland (Liana 2002) and Austria (Berg et al. 2005) and Vulnerable in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). In Switzerland the species is a national priority species for conservation. Restoration, conservation and appropriate management of natural river dynamics in alpine areas is needed in order to preserve the Alpine Groundhopper. It seems to be particularly dependent on occasional high floods (Janßen et al. 1996). Restoration of rivers as in Val Müstair (Il Rom) and Kander was started  in areas where the species lost favorable habitats in the past. It occurs in protected areas and there is a need for more research on its population trend. Furthermore, recent genetic studies (A. Hochkirch, unpublished data, 2015) have found a strong genetic differentiation between samples from Romania and Switzerland, suggesting that further taxonomic research is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Holusa, J., Monnerat, C., Iorgu, I.S., Braud, Y., Skejo, J. Skejo, Kristin, A., Chobanov, D.P., Liana, A., Zuna-Kratky, T., Roesti, C., Fontana, P., Dusoulier, F., Presa, J.J. & Rutschmann, F.","Kranz, M. & Gomboc, S.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETRIGIDAE,Tetrix,undulata,,Tetrix undulata,"(Sowerby, 1806)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Groundhopper (Tetrix undulata) is endemic to Europe, where it occurs from the Iberian Peninsula in the southwest to northern Sweden in the north and northwestern European Russia in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common in the western and northwestern part of Europe, and occurs in a variety of moist habitats.",Unknown,"The Common Groundhopper is endemic to Europe, where it occurs from the Iberian Peninsula in the southwest to northern Sweden in the north and northwestern European Russia in the east. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 6.1 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 5.7 million km².","The species is quite widespread and common, and the population size is very large. The global population trend is unknown.","This species is mainly found in moist habitats with patches of bare ground such as forest edges, moist grassland, peat bogs, heathland habitats, shores of ponds, sand and gravel pits (Hochkirch 1997, Gröning et al. 2005, Zechner et al. 2005, Hochkirch 2010). In more humid regions it has also been documented from drier habitats such as sand dunes (Detzel 1998). It feeds on mosses and algae (Detzel 1998).","This species may be locally threatened by abandonment and subsequent encroachment of shrubs and trees (Wallaschek et al. 2004). In the southern part of its range it may also be affected by drainage, melioration and transformation of its habitat into farmland (Braun and Lederer 2009).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R. & Chobanov, D.P.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Tettigonia,balcanica,,Tettigonia balcanica,"Chobanov & Lemonnier-Darcemont, 2014",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Balkan Green Bush-cricket is widely distributed with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 255,000 km² in Europe and c. 240,000 km² in the EU 28. The species is very common and is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The Balkan Green Bush-cricket occurs in the mountains of southern Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Serbia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia), northwestern Greece, western and central Bulgaria. Undoubtedly, it will also be found in Kosovo (Chobanov et al. 2014).",The population trend of this widely distributed species in the Balkans is still unknown. In forest areas the subpopulations are smaller than in open shrubland.,"The species is present in dense mesic and semi-humid herbaceous meadows and wastelands with a significant coverage of shrub located in forest clearings and at the edge of deciduous and mixed forests or of riparian forests between 500-600 m (exceptionally at 200 m) and 1,800-1,930 m Asl (Bulgaria, Albania). In the first half of summer, adults mostly live within the herbaceous or woody vegetation between 0.5 m and 1.2 m above the ground, while adult males frequently climb higher in the tree crown from where they sing.","The threats to this species are not well known, but it is probably affected by habitat degradation as a result of logging and wildfires.",There are no conservation actions in place for this species but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is required.,This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Tettigonia,cantans,,Tettigonia cantans,"(Fuessly, 1775)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Upland Green Bush-cricket (Tettigonia cantans) occurs from the Pyrenees to West Siberia. In Europe it is found from Sardinia and southern Italy in the south to central Finland in the north, and from northern Spain in the west to eastern European Russia in the east. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very widespread and common, and the overall population size is large.",Unknown,"The Upland Green Bush-cricket occurs from the Pyrenees to West Siberia (Harz 1969). In Europe it is found from Sardinia and southern Italy in the south to central Finland in the north, and from northern Spain in the west to eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 6.2 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 3.7 million km².","This species is widespread and common, particularly at higher altitudes (Karner-Ranner 2009). The population trend is unknown but the overall population size is large.","This species is found in cool moist habitats with high forbage, such as moist grassland, ruderal vegetation, forest edges and clearings and shrubland (Karner-Ranner 2009). It is mainly found in higher elevations, but also occurs at sea level at its northwestern range margin (Bellmann 2006). Nymphs feed on plants and insects, whereas adults are mainly insect predators (Detzel 1998).","No major threats to this species have been reported. It benefits from abandonment (Sänger and Helfert 1990). It might locally be displaced by its congener Tettigonia viridissima (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2016), but this needs to be studied in more detail.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. In the existing national Red Lists for Orthoptera, the species is usually listed as Least Concern (e.g. Maas et al. 2011). However, it is listed as Near Threatened in the Netherlands (Bakker et al. 2015) and as ""rare"" in Luxembourg (Proess and Meyer 2003). More research into its population trend is needed as well as on its interaction with Tettigonia viridissima.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R. & Chobanov, D.P.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Tettigonia,caudata,,Tettigonia caudata,"(Charpentier, 1842)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Eastern Green Bush-cricket (Tettigonia caudata) is found from Central Europe to Iran and West Siberia. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very widespread and common in eastern Europe. Even though it may be locally declining as a consequence of agricultural intensification, it is not threatened at the European or EU 28 scale.",Decreasing,"The Eastern Green Bush-cricket is found from Central Europe to Iran and West Siberia (Harz 1969). In Europe it occurs from the Peloponnesus in the south to northeastern Germany in the north, and from eastern Switzerland in the west to eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 4.2 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 1.8 million km².","This species used to be common in farmland habitats but has meanwhile become quite rare. It appears to be declining at its western range margin (Zechner and Koschuh 2005, Karner-Ranner 2009, G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2016).","This species is found in farmland, ruderal vegetation (Fartmann 1997, Bellmann 2006) and grassland with high vegetation (Baur et al. 2006, Kristin et al. 2007).","This species is threatened by intensification of agricultural land-use (Monnerat et al. 2007, Karner-Ranner 2009). It is affected by pesticides and the removal of ruderal vegetation along farmland (Wallaschek et al. 2004).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Vulnerable on the Red List of Slovakia (Kristin 2001), Austria (Berg et al. 2005) and Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007). On the Carpathian Red List, it is listed as Near Threatened for the Slovakian and Hungarian part (Kristin and Iorgu 2014). However, it is considered Least Concern in Germany (Maas et al. 2011) and in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Lemonnier-Darcemont et al. 2014). The species is protected in Hungary. The preservation of abandoned farmland or ruderal strips is needed for its conservation (Bellebaum 2003).",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R. & Chobanov, D.P.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Tettigonia,hispanica,,Tettigonia hispanica,"(Bolívar, 1893)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Spanish Green Bush-cricket (Tettigonia hispanica) is endemic to the mountains of the Sistema Central in Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it occurs in an area of extensive, suitable habitat which has seen little ecological alteration. The species may be locally affected by overgrazing and further research is needed into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats.",Unknown,"The Spanish Green Bush-cricket is endemic to the mountains of the Sistema Central in Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 16,400 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 80 km²with an upper estimate of 500 km².","The population size and trend of this species are unknown, but it occurs in an area of extensive, suitable habitat.","The species has been found on ferns,nettlesand shrubs (Pinedo 1985). It occupies the dehesa pasture areas and thorny shrublands (P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016). This species has a preference for medium to high mountain altitudes that have seen little ecological alteration between 633 m and 2,230 m Asl. It is common in low-growing spreading shrub with a height of about 1 m (Cytisus purgans). In the Sierra Guadarrama-Somosierra-Gredos, it associates principally with Alpine Juniper (Juniperus communis alpina), and can also be found in Tree Heath (Erica arborea) (J. Correas pers. comm. 2016).",The habitat of this species can be affected by overgrazing by cattle in the dehesa pastures.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species but it is found in two protected areas. Further research is needed on its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Tettigonia,longispina,,Tettigonia longispina,"Ingrisch, 1983",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"The Sardinian Green Bush-cricket (Tettigonia longispina) is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the Gennargentu mountains in Sardinia. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a very restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both ca 4 km²), it occurs at only one location, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals as well as in the extent and quality of its habitat due to grazing by sheep and touristic activities (skiing). More research into its ecology and population trend is needed. Degraded habitat should be restored and appropriate habitat management is needed to avoid any further population declines.",Decreasing,"The Sardinian Green Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the Gennargentu mountains in Sardinia (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both ca 4 km².",The population trend of this species is assumed to be decreasing as a consequence of the ongoing threats.,This large green bush-cricket lives high in trees and on shrubs of Erica arborea in the mountains.,"The major threats to this species are grazing by sheep and touristic activities (skiing). Taking into account the extent of the effects of these threats and the restricted distribution of the species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. More research into its ecology and population trend is needed. Degraded habitat should be restored and appropriate habitat management is needed to avoid any further population declines.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Tettigonia,silana,,Tettigonia silana,"Capra, 1936",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Calabrian Green Bush-cricket (Tettigonia silana) is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the Calabria region. This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of the lack of data on the population size and trend, ecology and threats. Further research is needed in order to assess its extinction risk.",Unknown,"The Calabrian Green Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known from the Calabria region (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,500 km².",There is no available data on the population size and trend.,This large green bush-cricket lives at forest edges on prickly bushes and herbs.,The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Tettigonia,viridissima,,Tettigonia viridissima,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Great Green Bush-cricket (Tettigonia viridissima) has a wide distribution from the European Atlantic coast to the Altai Mountains and western China. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is very widespread and common in Europe, and found in a variety of habitats, including gardens, urban areas and farmland.",Increasing,"The Great Green Bush-cricket has a wide distribution from the European Atlantic coast to the Altai Mountains and western China (Rhee 2013). In Europe it is found from southern Spain, Lampedusa, Crete and Cyprus in the south to southern Finland in the north, and from Portugal in the west to eastern European Russia in the east (Heller 2013).","This species is very common and widespread. Declines have been reported in the past from the UK (Cooper et al. 2013), but recently it appears to be spreading in the Netherlands (de Winter 2011, Bakker et al. 2015). It is very likely that this species has strongly declined in the past throughout western Europe as a consequence of agricultural intensification. In the past, swarms of this species were reported (Harz 1957) which are not observed anymore.","This species occurs in dense grassland habitats, ruderal vegetation, reeds and other wetland habitats, at forest edges, clearings, in parks and gardens as well as at margins of roads, ditches and farmland (Baur et al. 2006, Bellmann 2006, Iorgu and Iorgu 2008). Nymphs prefer a dense and high vegetation (Schirmel and Fartmann 2007), whereas adults climb into higher structures such as bushes, high forbage, trees or houses.",Declines in England have been caused by urbanisation and agricultural intensification (Cooper et al. 2013). The species is also threatened by the use of pesticides and intensive garden management in urban areas (Wallaschek et al. 2004).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place or needed for this species, and it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Rutschmann, F., Presa, J.J., Kristin, A., Kleukers, R. & Chobanov, D.P.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Thalpomena,algeriana,,Thalpomena algeriana,"(Lucas, 1849)",,No,,,No,,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)
EU28 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)

The Algerian Band-winged Grasshopper (Thalpomena algeriana) has been found only once in Europe near Algeciras (Spain). It is assumed to be a vagrant to Europe and thus assessed as Not Applicable (NA).",Unknown,"The Algerian Band-winged Grasshopper is found in North Africa (Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco). A single specimen has been reported from southern Spain (Algeciras) (Harz 1975). It is likely to be a vagrant in Europe (J.J. Presa pers. comm. 2015).",There is no information on the population size or trend of this species.,The species is found in dry open habitats with scarce vegetation.,The threats to the species are unknown.,There are no specific conservation action is in place for this species and it does not occur in protected areas throughout its range. Research is needed to clarify if this species might occur elsewhere in southern Spain.,The species is not utilised.,"Odé, B. & García, M.","Hochkirch, A.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Thyreonotus,bidens,,Thyreonotus bidens,"(Bolívar, 1887)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Two-toothed Bush-cricket (Thyreonotus bidens) is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it occupies a large area of the southern and the western part of the peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it occurs in a wide variety of habitats and the population size is presumed to be large.",Unknown,"The Two-toothed Bush-cricket is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it occupies a large area of the southern and the western part of the peninsula. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 270,000 km².","The population trend of this species is unknown, but subpopulations may be dense and the population size is presumed to be large.","The species has been collected in a wide variety of habitats such as different types of shrubland, forests with undergrowth, along roadsides vegetation and bare land (Pardo et al. 1993). It occurs from sea level up to 1,700 m Asl.",This species may be locally affected by the increasing number of wildfires.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a number of protected areas. Research is needed into the distribution, population trend and threats.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Thyreonotus,corsicus,,Thyreonotus corsicus,"Rambur, 1838",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Moroccan Bush-cricket (Thyreonotus corsicus) is widespread in Morocco and southwestern Europe (Portugal, Spain, France). It lives on dry and shrubby habitats (forest edges, scrublands) from sea level to 1,500 m altitude. Although it is difficult to detect during the day, this bush-cricket is considered to be common. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 680,000 km². As the species is very widespread and common, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The Moroccan Bush-cricket is widespread on the western Mediterranean basin across southwestern Europe and Morocco. In Europe, the species is widespread in Portugal, Spain (except for the northwestern areas) and France (along the mainland Mediterranean coast) (Harz 1969, Defaut 1999, Defaut et al. 2009). Two subspecies are recognised: T. c. montanus Bolívar, 1900, which occurs on the Spanish central mountains, and T. c corsicus Rambur, 1838, which occurs elsewhere. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 680,000 km².","Thyreonotus corsicus is a secretive species which is hard to observe during the day when it hides in the bushes. Recent nocturnal fieldwork with ultrasound detectors resulted on the discovery of new localities. The species is common and abundant on the Iberian Peninsula, and this is probably the case in France as well. There is no information available on the population size and trend.","Thyreonotus corsicus is found from sea level to high altitudes (1,500 m), where it inhabits various dry and shrubby habitats like Mediterranean pine forest edges, Holm Oak forest edges, calcareous or siliceous scrublands, dry heathland, Kermes Oak, brambles and savannah-type meadows (Olmo-Vidal 2002).","Some subpopulations may be affected by urbanisation and development projects, but these local threats do not seem to be significant for the whole population.","There are no conservation actions in place for Thyreonotus corsicus, although it is found in several protected areas throughout its range, especially in Spain. Thyreonotus corsicus was assessed as Least Concern in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C., Rutschmann, F., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Trigonidium,cicindeloides,,Trigonidium cicindeloides,"Rambur, 1838",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Trig (Trigonidium cicindeloides) is found in large parts of Africa, Madagascar, southern Europe, Asia and Arabia. In Europe, it is found on the Canary Islands and in the southern Mediterranean region. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is quite common and widespread, and its population size is probably very large.",Unknown,"The Common Trig is found in large parts of Africa, Madagascar, southern, southeastern and eastern Asia, Arabia and southern Europe (Harz 1969, Massa et al. 2012). In Europe it is found in the Mediterranean region from the Canary Islands, the Iberian Peninsula, Lampedusa, Crete and Cyprus in the south to Croatia and southern France in the north (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 8.5 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 4.2 million km².",This species is quite widespread and common in southern Europe. The population trend is unknown but the population size is probably very large.,"The Common Trig is found in wet habitats such as wet grasslands, reed beds, river shores and coastal marshes (Olmo Vidal 2002, Massa et al. 2012). It was also found in moist meadows and along road edges (Ingrisch 1977). Eggs are laid in rush stems (Juncus spp.) or grasses (Ingrisch 1977).",The major threat to this species is drainage and other changes to the water regime in its habitat. It is also locally affected by touristic development (S. Ivkovic pers. comm. 2016).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Ivkovic, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Troglophilus,andreinii,,Troglophilus andreinii,"Capra, 1927",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Italian Cave Cricket (Troglophilus andreinii) is endemic to Italy, and is only known from South Eastern Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"The Italian Cave Cricket, which has two subspecies, is endemic to Italy, and is only known from South Eastern Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 12,900 km².",There is no available data on the population size and trend of this species.,"This species resides in caves, but moves outside to feed on forbs. Complete development from egg to adult takes around three years.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into population trends and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M. & Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Troglophilus,brevicauda,,Troglophilus brevicauda,"Chopard, 1934",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Short-tailed Cave-cricket has a wide distribution, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 92,000 km² in pan-Europe and c. 20,000 km² in the EU 28. Even though it may be locally threatened by mining and deforestation, overall its subpopulations are large. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The species is widely distributed in montane and sub-montane areas in limestone regions in the Balkans. Its range is divided in two isolated areas: one covering western Serbia, eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, and northern Montenegro; and another area in southern Bulgaria and in a small area in the neighbouring southeastern Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia) (Karaman et al. 2011). The species is also likely to occur in northeastern Greece. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 92,000 km² in pan-Europe and c. 20,000 km² in the EU 28.","The population trend is unknown. However, subpopulations may be very large in appropriate habitats, such as Belassitsa Mountain in Bulgaria.","The species is usually found on mesophytic ground in limestone areas, typically in the montane zone within beech, pine and spruce belts. It rarely occurs on metamorphic rock substrate (as in Belassitsa Mountain, Bulgaria), where it lives in leaf litter. It usually hides in subterranean habitats (i.e. caves, soil crevices, leaf litter, tree hollows) and is active at night, feeding on a variety of litter, dead insects, etc. It occurs at altitudes between 200-1,700 m Asl.",Threats to this species include limestone quarrying and deforestation.,The species is strictly protected in Serbia and it occurs in a variety of protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend and threats is needed.,This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Troglophilus,cavicola,,Troglophilus cavicola,"(Kollar, 1833)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Common Cave-cricket (Troglophilus cavicola) is widely distributed from Central Europe, south and east of the Alps, southwards through the Balkans, reaching its southern boundaries in Greece. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 430,000 km²), and the overall population is presumably large. Further research is needed into the population size and trend.",Unknown,"The Common Cave-cricket is widely distributed in central Europe, south and east of the Alps (Holusa et al. 1999), southwards through the Balkans (Karaman et al. 2011), reaching its southern boundaries in Greece (Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 428,000 km². Within the  EU 28 region, this species is known from northern Italy and Austria, Slovenia and mainland Greece.",Neither the population size nor population trend are known.,"Unlike species of Dolichopoda, which are exclusively found in caves, this species is also found outside caves. Habitats where they can be found have the common feature of including places to hide during the day (such as crevices, or under old tree logs). Recently, this species was also reported from trees, where they were found in bat-boxes 3-5 m above the ground.","This species might be locally affected by limestone quarrying or recreational activities. However, these threats are unlikely to affect the global population significantly.","There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population size and trend.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Troglophilus,lagoi,,Troglophilus lagoi,"Mennozi, 1934",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Lago's Cave-cricket (Troglophilus lagoi) is endemic to Greece, where it has been reported from the eastern Aegean Islands of Kos, Tílos and Rodhes. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,400 km², area of occupancy between 28-50 km²), the overall population size is presumably large. However, detailed information is lacking and a renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it.",Unknown,"The Lago's Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, where it has been reported from the eastern Aegean Islands of Kos, Tílos and Rodhes (Willemse 1984, Baccetti 1992, Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 2,400 km², and its known area of occupancy is between 28 km² and 50 km².",Neither the population size nor the population trend are known.,"This species has been reported from caves and cave-like places. The report from Mt. Attaviros on Rodhes was not specific, and  the species was possibly found outside a cave in the pine forest.",Limestone quarrying may represent a threat locally.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. A renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Troglophilus,lazaropolensis,,Troglophilus lazaropolensis,"Karaman, 1958",,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
The Lazaropole Cave-cricket is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) as there is no information on the population trend of this species and the threats are unknown.",Unknown,"The Lazaropole Cave-cricket occurs in a restricted area in western Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia) and the neighbouring territories of Kosovo (Karaman et al. 2011) and Albania (D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). The record from the region of Kumanovo in northeastern FYRO Macedonia (Karaman 1958) is doubtful. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be c. 11,000 km².",The population trend of this species is unknown. Subpopulations seem to be small as field observations and samples always reveal small numbers of specimens.,"The species inhabits carbonate stony and rocky areas and caves in mesophytic forests. It lives in stony screes, under stones and in caves between 1,000 and 1,850 m Asl. It is active at night.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species. It occurs in protected areas and is protected in Serbia. It is listed on the Red List of FYRO Macedonia as Vulnerable (Lemonnier- Darcemont et al. 2014). Research on its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Troglophilus,marinae,,Troglophilus marinae,"Rampini & Di Russo, 2003",,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU28,,"The San Torini Cave-cricket (Troglophilus marinae) is endemic to Greece, and is only known from  a single cave on the Aegean Island of Santorini. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has an extremely restricted geographic distribution (its extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are both within 4 km²), occurs at only one location, and there is a continuing decline in the quality of this species' habitat due to touristic activities and touristic development. A renewed investigation of the cave is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it. Touristic visits of the cave need to be managed carefully and any artificial illumination needs to be minimized.",Unknown,"The San Torini Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is only known from a single cave on the Aegean Island of Santorini (Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².","There is no available information on population size and population trend for this species, but a continuing decline in the quality of habitat is inferred due to touristic development; the cave where this species occurs is a tourist attraction.",This species lives inside caves.,"The cave where this species is found is a tourist attraction for the island of Santorini. Taking into account the extent of the effects of touristic activities and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at only one location.","This species is not protected, nor is its habitat, but it is present in protected areas. A renewed investigation of the cave is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it. Touristic visits of the cave need to be managed carefully and any artificial illumination needs to be minimized.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Troglophilus,neglectus,,Troglophilus neglectus,"Krauss, 1879",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The Neglected Cave-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) due to its wide distribution in the western Balkans and the fact that its subpopulations can be quite large.",Unknown,"The species is currently recorded from two isolated areas, one covering the north of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia), Kosovo, eastern Serbia, northeastern Albania and northwestern Bulgaria; and the other area covering a larger range in Croatia, northwestern Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, northeastern Italy and Austria (Karaman et al. 2011). It is introduced in the Czech Republic (where it has been found in old military shelters), Germany (where it has been found in old mines) and in Switzerland. The record from Malta is considered by Harz (1986) as native. It is however quite far from the species' range and considering the introductions in Germany and Czech Republic, the origin of the population in Malta remains uncertain. This species has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 340,000 km² in pan-Europe and c. 240,000 km² for the EU 28.",The population trend of this species is unknown. Subpopulations can be quite large.,"This species occurs in limestone areas between 200 and 1,400 m Asl, where it is commonly found in caves. It also inhabits soil crevices and is active at night.",The major threat to this species is limestone quarrying.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Troglophilus,ovuliformis,,Troglophilus ovuliformis,"Karny, 1907",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Montenegrin Cave-cricket is listed as Least Concern (LC) as the species has an overall large population and there are no major threats.",Unknown,"The Montenegrin Cave-cricket is distributed along the Adriatic Sea from Albania to the Istria Peninsula in Croatia, from the coastal areas to 1,700 m Asl (Karaman et al. 2011). Some high altitude inland occurrences and the large differentiation of male titillators may reflect some taxonomic subdivision. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 80,000 km² in Europe and c. 37,000 km² in the EU 28.","The densities in the southern part of its distribution are low, while the subpopulations along the Adriatic coast are larger. The overall population trend is unknown.","The species is found in caves and buildings, thus its occurrence and mobility outside caves is certain. It also lives in beech forests on limestone substrate, where it remains within leaf litter and in soil crevices during the day. The species is active at night.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its taxonomy, population trend, ecology and threats is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Troglophilus,spinulosus,,Troglophilus spinulosus,"Chopard, 1921",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Spiny Cave-cricket (Troglophilus spinulosus) is endemic to Greece, and is found across the island of Crete. This species is assessed as Least Concern in view of its widespread distribution in Crete, and an overall presumably large population. A renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and trend, and to gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it.",Unknown,"The Spiny Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is found across the island of Crete (Di Russo et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 4,600 km².",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend.,"This species lives inside caves, and is found up to 1,000 m Asl.",It remains unknown whether this species might be locally threatened by recreational activities. Limestone quarries are found close to some localities.,"No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. A renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and trend, and to gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Troglophilus,zoiai,,Troglophilus zoiai,"Di Russo, Rampini & Cobolli, 2014",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Zoia's Cave-cricket (Troglophilus zoiai) is endemic to Greece, and is found in four caves in mountainous areas in the southern part of the Greek mainland. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it as a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is 123 km², known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km²), and the population is severely fragmented - thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. This species was only described in 2014, and detailed information about the population size and trend is still lacking. A renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and trend, and to gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it.",Unknown,"The Zoia's Cave-cricket is endemic to Greece, and is found in a number of caves in mountainous areas in the southern part of the Greek mainland (Di Russo et al. 2014, Alexiou et al. 2014). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 123 km², and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend. The four known subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.,This species lives inside caves.,"One of the caves where this species occurs is located close to a limestone quarry, and if the quarrying activities are expanded it may subsequently drive this subpopulation to extinction. Taking into account the extent of the effects of the threats and the restricted distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at four locations.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is known to occur in protected areas. A renewed investigation of the caves is necessary to assess the population size and trend, and to gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it.",The species is not utilized.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE,Troglophilus,zorae,,Troglophilus zorae,"Karaman & Pavicevic, 2011",,Yes,LC,,No,DD,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
Zora's Cave-cricket has a wide distribution in southeastern Europe and no major threats to this species are known. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC). 

The occurrence of the species in Greece is uncertain, but it has been suggested as possible by Karaman et al. (2011). Due to the poor knowledge on the species distribution in EU 28, it is listed as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"The species occurs in western Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia), southern Albania and possibly in northern Greece. It is found between 200 and 1,050 m Asl. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in pan-Europe is c. 40,000 km². Occurrence in EU 28 (Greece) is still uncertain.",The population trend is unknown. Large subpopulations were observed in some caves.,"The species is usually found in caves in karstic areas, but a wider occurrence in subterranean habitats (soil crevices, mesophyte forests) is suspected (Karaman et al. 2011, D. Chobanov pers. comm. 2015). The species is active at night. Nymphs and adults occur throughout the year, but they hibernate in the winter.",The threats to this species include the use of caves as a shelter for sheep in Albania.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is not known if it occurs in protected areas. Research on its distribution, population trend and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.",,,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Tropidopola,cylindrica,,Tropidopola cylindrica,"(Marschall, 1836)",,No,VU,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",No,VU,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Common Cylindric Grasshopper (Tropidopola cylindrica) is found from North Africa and southwestern Europe to the Middle East, reaching Afghanistan in the east. In Europe, it is found in marshes of the western Mediterranean region. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 500 and 2,000 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat, in the number of subpopulations and in the number of mature individuals due to ongoing threats. No significant immigration from outside the assessment regions is expected to occur and the assessment is therefore not regionally adjusted. The major threat to this species is drainage of wetland habitats, and it is also threatened by transformation of its habitat into farmland. Further research is needed into the population trend and threats to this species. Appropriate habitat protection and management is required to preserve the species, and degraded habitats should be restored.",Decreasing,"The Common Cylindric Grasshopper is found from North Africa and southwestern Europe to the Middle East, reaching Afghanistan in the east (Harz 1975). In Europe, it is found on the eastern Iberian Peninsula, the Baleares, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica and the Italian mainland. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.1 million km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 500 and 2,000 km².","This species is widespread, but rare on Sardinia and Sicily (Massa 2011, Massa et al. 2012). It seems to be more common on the Iberian Peninsula, but it is difficult to find and therefore the known distribution is probably incomplete. A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations, extent and quality of the habitat as well as in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing threats to its habitat. The subpopulations are very isolated and there is probably very little exchange between them. These subpopulation may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation, and the population is therefore considered severely fragmented.","This species occurs in brackish swamps with dense vegetation (Massa et al. 2012), marshes and along river margins and irrigation canals with reed vegetation (Lluciá-Pomares et al. 2005, Defaut and Morichon 2015).",The major threat to this species is drainage of wetland habitats. It is also threatened by transformation of its habitat into farmland.,"According to Lluciá Pomares et al. (2005) the species is a good indicator for intact wetland habitats. It is listed as ""priority 3"" (equivalent to Near Threatened) on the French Red List and as Vulnerable in Catalonia (Sardet and Defaut 2004, Olmo-Vidal 2006). It occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed into the population trend and threats to this species. Appropriate habitat protection and management is required to preserve the species, and degraded habitats should be restored.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Tropidopola,graeca,,Tropidopola graeca,"Uvarov, 1926",,No,VU,"B2ab(iii,v)",No,VU,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

The Greek Cylindric Grasshopper (Tropidopola graeca) is known from quite a large area within Europe including Italy, Greece and Cyprus, as well as Albania. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO) (less than 2,000 km²), the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the quality and extent of its' habitat, due to residential and commercial development. Further research into the population size and trend of this species is required. The habitat of this species needs to be protected, as it is often found close to human settlements. In addition, lost habitat needs to be restored and appropriate water management is needed.",Unknown,"The Greek Cylindric Grasshopper is found in western and southern Turkey, Albania (G. Puskas pers. comm 2015), Italy (La Greca 1964), Greece (Willemse 1984), and Cyprus (Tumbrinck 2006). In Europe, this species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 400,000 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km².","There is no available information on the total number of individuals of this species nor on its population trend. It is found in very localized habitats, and the population is inferred to be undergoing a continuing decline as a result of coastal development and habitat loss. The subpopulations are isolated with no or little genetic exchange between them and this species is therefore considered as severely fragmented.","This species is found in lowland areas such as river deltas, and marshy wetlands adjoining the sea, where it hides among stands of caned reeds, but also  in reed vegetation at a site (in Greece) which is waterlogged during Winter and dries up during Summer.","This species is often found near the sea, in river delta areas often close to human settlements. Residential and commercial development therefore is considered a possible threat for this species. Water management next to the wetlands can also affect this species.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas. Further research into the population size and trend of this species is required. The habitat of this species needs to be protected, as it is often found close to human settlements. In addition, lost habitat needs to be restored and appropriate water management is needed.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A. & Puskas, G.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Tropidopola,longicornis,,Tropidopola longicornis,"(Fieber, 1853)",,No,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv)+2ab(ii,iii,iv)",No,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv)+B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

The Long-horned Cylindric Grasshopper (Tropidopola longicornis) is widespread across northern Africa, the Middle East and Turkey. In Europe, this species is confined to Crete. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,800 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 50 km²), it occurs at only three locations and there is an inferred continuing decline in the AOO, number of locations, and in the extent and quality of habitat due to its proximity to urban areas (areas of residential and commercial development). Further research into the population size, distribution and trend of this species is required. The habitat of this species also needs to be protected and lost habitat needs to be restored.",Decreasing,"The Long-horned Cylindric Grasshopper is widespread across northern Africa, the Middle East and Turkey. In Europe, this species is confined to Crete (Willemse and Kruseman 1976, Willemse 1984). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,800 km², and its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 50 km².","There is no available information on the population size and the population trend of this species, but it is inferred to be undergoing a continuing decline as a result of commercial and urban development.","This species is found in lowland areas, such as river deltas and marshy wetlands adjoining the sea, where it hides among stands of caned reeds. It is found at elevations of 5-50 m Asl.","This species is found near the sea in river delta areas, often close to human settlements. Residential and commercial development therefore are considered a possible threat for this species. Taking into account the extent of the effects of these threats and the distribution of this species, it is considered to occur at three locations.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, and it is not found in any protected area. Further research into the population size, distribution and trend of this species is required. The habitat of this species also needs to be protected and lost habitat needs to be restored.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Truxalis,eximia,,Truxalis eximia,"Eichwald, 1830",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

In Europe the Eastern Cone-headed Grasshopper (Truxalis eximia) has only been reported from Cyprus, from where a unique subspecies (Truxalis eximia cypria) has been described. However the taxonomic status of this species is not clear and it might be a synonym of Truxalis nasuta, a species which is widespread in the Mediterranean region. This species is assessed as Data Deficient since it is poorly known and further research is needed to assess its extinction risk.",Stable,"The Eastern Cone-headed Grasshopper has been reported from Turkey to India. In Europe it is only known on Cyprus (Harz 1975). However its taxonomic status is doubtful and it may represent a synonym of Truxalis nasuta (Tumbrinck 2006). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 9,000 km².",The subpopulations on Cyprus are usually large and assumed to have a stable size (E. Tzirkalli pers. comm. 2015).,"The species is found in dry grassland habitats such as agricultural areas, meadows and gardens (E. Tzirkalli pers. comm. 2015).",No major threats to this species have been reported.,There are no specific conservation measures in place for this taxon but it occurs in protected areas (E. Tzirkalli pers. comm. 2015). Research into its taxonomy is needed to clarify its relationship to Truxalis nasuta. Furthermore research into its population trend and threats is required.,The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Tzirkalli, E., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Kristin, A., Ivkovic, S., Chobanov, D.P., Iorgu, I.S., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Truxalis,nasuta,,Truxalis nasuta,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Splendid Cone-headed Grasshopper (Truxalis nasuta) occurs in North Africa, the Near East and the southern Mediterranean part of Europe. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread in the southern Mediterranean, can be locally abundant and its population size is presumably large.",Unknown,"The Splendid Cone-headed Grasshopper occurs in North Africa, the Near East and the southern Mediterranean part of Europe. In Europe it is found on the Canary Islands (Gran Canaria), on the Iberian Peninsula, most of the Mediterranean Islands, in southern Italy and southern Greece (Harz 1975, Heller 2013). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 2.9 million km².",This species is widespread and can be locally abundant (García et al. 1997). There is no available information on its population trend.,"This species occurs in dry grassland, dunes (Massa et al. 2012), wasteland and Mediterranean dwarf shrub vegetation with patches of bare ground (Pardo and Gómez 1995).",This species may be locally threatened by transformation of its habitat into farmland and the use of pesticides.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Ferreira, S., Presa, J.J., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,GRYLLIDAE,Turanogryllus,lateralis,,Turanogryllus lateralis,"(Fieber, 1853)",,No,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)
Due to the very scarce knowledge on its distribution and the uncertain occurrence in Europe the Turanian Cricket is listed as Data Deficient (DD). Further research is needed to clarify the status of this species in Europe.",Unknown,"The Turanian Cricket occurs in Central Asia, the Caucasus and Kazakhstan. In Europe, it might occur in southern European Russia. The only known locality is found in its description by Fieber (1853) with locus typicus ""southern Russia"". However, this locality may concern the Central Asian territories of the Russian Empire at that time.",There is no information on its population size and trend available.,This species occurs in semi-deserts.,The threats to this species are unknown.,There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. Research on its distribution and its potential occurrence in Europe is needed.,This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,PHANEROPTERIDAE,Tylopsis,lilifolia,,Tylopsis lilifolia,"(Fabricius, 1793)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The White Sickle Bush-cricket (Tylopsis lilifolia) is found from North Africa across southern Europe to Iran and the Caucasus. In Europe, it is widespread in the Mediterranean region. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution, large population size and is quite common. In addition, no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"The White Sickle Bush-cricket is found from North Africa across southern Europe to Iran and the Caucasus (Harz 1969). In Europe it occurs in the Mediterranean region from Portugal, Spain, Sicily, Crete and Cyprus in the south to western France (area near Bordeaux) and the southern Alps in Italy in the north, and southern Ukraine in the east (Heller 2013). It has recently been found also in Normandy (France), but has probably been introduced there (Mace 2011). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 4.5 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 3.5 million km².","This species is very common and widespread in southern Europe (e.g. Tumbrinck 2006, Massa et al. 2012), but the overall population trend is unknown.",This species is found on shrubs and tall forbs in grassland and artificial habitats (Massa et al. 2012) as well as in Mediterranean shrubland (Boitier et al. 2007).,No major threats to this species have been reported.,There are no specific conservation measures in place or needed for this species. It occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into its population trend.,The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Uromenus,agarenus,,Uromenus agarenus,"(Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Agarenus' Saddle Bush-cricket (Uromenus agarenus) occurs in North Africa and southern Spain. In Europe, this species occurs in a small area of the southernmost tip of Spain and it is only known from a few localities near the Strait of Gibraltar. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it has a restricted range, the population trend is thought to be stable. However, further research is needed, as it has a very restricted range and might be affected by wildfires.",Stable,"Agarenus' Saddle Bush-cricket occurs in North Africa and southern Spain. In Europe, this species occurs in a small area of the southernmost tip of Spain and it is only known from a few localities near the Strait of Gibraltar. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,160 km² and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km² with an upper estimate of 80 km².","The population size of this species is unknown, but the population trend is thought to be stable.",This species has been found in grassland vegetation edges (Schroeter and Pfau 1987). It has also been reported occurring on Chamaerops humilis (Biodiversidad Virtual 2016) and in thistles (P. Barranco pers. comm. 2016). It occurs at low altitudes between 100 and 250 m Asl.,"Wildfires may affect the species, but their effects need to be studied.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas. Research is needed into its distribution, population trend, ecology and threats.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Uromenus,annae,,Uromenus annae,"(Targioni-Tozzetti, 1881)",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Sardinian Saddle Bush-cricket (Uromenus annae) is endemic to Italy, and is only known from central Sardinia. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted extent of occurrence (EOO) (ca 700 km²), and the population is severely fragmented; thus making this species close to qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B. This bush-cricket is presumed to be found in rocky habitats on European Yew (Taxus baccata), which have been cut in Sardinia in the past hundred years, leading to increased numbers of livestock. However, it is unknown, whether this species is linked to Taxus baccata. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",Unknown,"The Sardinian Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to Italy, and is only known from central Sardinia (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 700 km².","This species is very rare and it has only been seen a few times. The areas where it was found are very isolated from each other and the species is flightless, so there is probably no genetic exchange between subpopulations. The population is therefore considered severely fragmented, but the overall population trend is unknown.",This bush-crickey inhabits shrublands and forests. It lives in trees and is presumed to be found in rocky habitats on European Yew (Taxus baccata). It is unknown whether the species is linked to Taxus baccata.,"Taxus baccata trees have been cut in Sardinia in the past hundred years, leading to increased numbers of livestock, which can pose a threat to this species.","There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Uromenus,bonneti,,Uromenus bonneti,"Bolívar, 1907",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
Bonnet's Saddle Bush-cricket (Uromenus bonneti) occurs on Sicily and Lampedusa in Italy, and in Tunisia. In Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and scattered in Sicily, locally common in Lampedusa, and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"Bonnet's Saddle Bush-cricket has two subspecies, one of which is endemic to Sicily and the Egadi Islands and the other is distributed in Tunisia and Lampedusa (Italy) (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 47,100 km².","The species is common and scattered in Sicily, and locally common in Lampedusa. The population trend is unknown.","This flightless species lives in dry habitats, in shrubland and grassland. Adults appear in spring and summer from sea level up to 800 m asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no conservation measures in place to this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M. & Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Uromenus,brevicollis,,Uromenus brevicollis,"(Fischer, 1853)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Short-backed Saddle Bush-cricket (Uromenus brevicollis) occurs in North Africa, Sardinia, Corsica and in the north of Sicily. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is common and, even though local threats exist, the global population does not seem to be threatened.",Unknown,"The Short-backed Saddle Bush-cricket occurs in North Africa, on Sardinia, Corsica and in the north of Sicily (Massa et al. 2012). The subspecies Uromenus brevicollis insularis occurs on Corsica and Sardinia, whereas the subspecies Uromenus brevicollis trinacriae is endemic to Sicily (Massa et al. 2012).","This species is common (Braud and Sardet 2006, Boitier et al. 2007, Massa 2011, Massa et al. 2012). The population trend is unknown.","This species is found in shrubland at forest edges and on clearings (Massa et al. 2012). On Corsica, mating and oviposition take often place on Asphodelus ramosus (Petit et al. 2007). On Sicily, the species has often been found on the fern Pteridium aquilinum (Massa et al. 2001).",The major threats to this species are cattle grazing and removal of ferns as a fire control measure (Massa et al. 2001).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Kleukers, R., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Uromenus,dyrrhachiacus,,Uromenus dyrrhachiacus,"(Karny, 1918)",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

The Albanian Saddle Bush-cricket is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) in view of its very small extent of occurrence (25-46 km²) and area of occupancy (8 km²), the fact that it occurs at one location which is threatened by urbanisation and tourism infrastructure development, and that there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals.",Decreasing,"The Albanian Saddle Bush-cricket is known from only two localities (one of them is from the original description and has not been confirmed since) in the region of Durres in Albania (Karny 1918, G. Szövenyi and G. Puskas unpublished data). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 25-46 km² and its area of occupancy is 8 km².",The species is very rare and the population trend is inferred to be declining as the extent and quality of its habitat is decreasing.,"The habitat of this species consists of sandstone ridges in the Adriatic coast of Albania, overgrown with scrub and sparse grass vegetation including associations of Scolymus hispanicus, Spartium junceum, Cirsium spp. and Carduus spp. (G. Szövenyi and G. Puskas pers. comm. 2015). Its altitudinal range is 20 - 130 m Asl. This species lays eggs inside the stem of plants.","The main threats to this species are residential development and the conversion of its habitat into agricultural land, causing habitat destruction. Based on the main threat, residential development, the species occurs in only one location.",There are no conservation actions in place for this species and it does not occur in protected areas throughout its range. Research on its population trend and threats is required. The remaining habitats need to be protected.,This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Uromenus,elegans,,Uromenus elegans,"(Fischer, 1853)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Elegant Saddle Bush-cricket (Uromenus elegans) is found on mainland Italy, on the Island of Caprera in Sardinia, and in Greece (Peloponnesus and Crete). This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread and common, and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"The Elegant Saddle Bush-cricket is found on mainland Italy, in the Island of Caprera in Sardinia, and in Greece (Peloponnesus and Crete) (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 160,400 km².","This is a common and widespread species, but the population trend is unknown.","This flightless bush-cricket occurs in open habitats, such as shrubland. Adults appear from summer to autumn.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend and threats is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Uromenus,maroccanus,,Uromenus maroccanus,"(Saussure, 1898)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Moroccan Saddle Bush-cricket (Uromenus maroccanus) occurs in north Africa and southern Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it occurs in a common habitat and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"The Moroccan Saddle Bush-cricket occurs in north Africa and southern Spain (Barat 2007). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1,360 km².",There is no available information on the population size and trend of this species.,This species occurs in Mediterranean shrubland. It has been found in Quercus trees close to a river (J.R. Correas pers. comm. 2016).,No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend, ecology and threats is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Correas, J., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Presa, J.J., García, M., Prunier, F., Odé, B., Lemos, P. & Ferreira, S.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Uromenus,riggioi,,Uromenus riggioi,"La Greca, 1964",,Yes,CR (PE),"B2ab(ii,v)",Yes,CR (PE),"B2ab(ii,v)",EU28,,"Riggio's Saddle Bush-cricket (Uromenus riggioi) is endemic to Sicily, Italy. This large bush-cricket was very abundant decades ago, but it has not been seen since 1970. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) since its area of occupancy (AOO) is probably smaller than 10 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is an inferred continuing decline in the AOO and in the number of mature individuals since the species has not been found since 1970, despite some field work having been carried out. However, this field work did not cover all the known localities. Further research is needed to identify if the species is still extant, and to study the population size and trend as well as the threats to the species. If it is rediscovered, its habitat needs to be protected and appropriate management should be implemented to avoid any future declines.",Decreasing,"Riggio's Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to Sicily, Italy (Massa et al. 2012). The last record of this species is from 1970, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) (based on old records) was ca 6,300 km². However, the present EOO is believed to be much smaller, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is probably smaller than 10 km².","This species was described from very abundant specimens collected in a few years. However, the species has not been found since 1970 despite some field work, although this did not cover all the known localities. If the species is still extant, the population is probably severely fragmented with very small and isolated subpopulations, and the overall population trend is decreasing.","This flightless species inhabits open habitats, such as bushes, at elevation between 800 m and 1,100 m asl.",The threats to the species are unknown.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area (Monte Etna). Further research is needed to identify if the species is still extant, and to study the population size and trend as well as the threats to the species. If the species is rediscovered, its habitat needs to be protected and appropriate management should be implemented to avoid any future declines.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M. & Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Uromenus,rugosicollis,,Uromenus rugosicollis,"(Serville, 1838)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Rough Saddle Bush-cricket (Uromenus rugosicollis) occurs in northeastern Spain and France. This species is assessed as Least Concern since even though it is generally rare, the population size is probably large and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"The Rough Saddle Bush-cricket occurs in northeastern Spain and France. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 372,000 km².","The population trend for this species is unknown. The species is generally rare, but it can be locally abundant and the population size is probably large.","The species is found in edges of riverine woodlands, wet tall forb stands and bramble shrubs (Llucià-Pomares 2002). It is found from sea level up to 1,250 m Asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Further studies are needed into the threats, distribution, population trend and ecology of this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barat, J., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Uromenus,siculus,,Uromenus siculus,"(Kollar, 1853)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Sicilian Saddle Bush-cricket (Uromenus siculus) is endemic to Sicily and the Eolian Islands in Italy. This species is assessed as Least Concern since although it is not common, it is regularly found in suitable habitats, and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"The Sicilian Saddle Bush-cricket is endemic to Sicily and the Eolian Islands, in Italy (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 26,700 km².","The population is scattered and the species is not common, but it is regularly found in suitable habitats. The population trend is unknown.","This flightless species inhabits shrubland and grassland. Adults appear in summer and autumn from sea level up to 1,900 m asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no conservation measures in place to this species, but it occurs in protected areas. More research into its population trend and threats is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Fontana, P., Kleukers, R. & Odé, B.","Weinberger, J. & Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Vichetia,knipperi,,Vichetia knipperi,"(Ramme, 1951)",,Yes,DD,,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data deficient (DD)
EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)

Due to its uncertain taxonomic position, as it is possibly a synonym ofVichetia oblongicollis, Knipper's Meadow Bush-cricket is listed as Data Deficient (DD).",Unknown,"This species is recorded from eight localities in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia) and a single locality in southern Serbia. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 6,800 km². Its taxonomy and distribution are poorly known (e.g., Willemse 1984). The species may be a synonym of Vichetia oblongicollis.",The population size and trend are unknown.,"The species occurs in a variety of meso- and mesoxeropytic grasslands mixed with scrub from the lowlands (around 200 m) to about 1,800 m Asl in the mountains.",The threats to this species are unknown.,There are no conservation actions in place for this species but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. This taxon needs taxonomic research.,This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Vichetia,oblongicollis,,Vichetia oblongicollis,"(Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Oblong Meadow Bush-cricket (Vichetia oblongicollis) is is found on the southern Balkan Peninsula, from southern Albania and northern Greece to the Bulgarian Black Sea coast and southern Dobrogea in Romania. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it is widespread, quite common and has an increasing population trend.",Increasing,"The Oblong Meadow Bush-cricket is found on the southern Balkan Peninsula, from southern Albania and northern Greece to the Bulgarian Black Sea coast and southern Dobrogea in Romania (Iorgu 2011). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 365,000 km² in Europe, and ca 300,000 km² in the EU 28.","The subpopulations of this species are usually small (M. Lemonnier-Darcemont, D. Chobanov, and I. Iorgu   pers. comm. 2015) but may reach greater densities at higher altitudes (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2015). The population appears to be increasing in Romania (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). The overall population trend is increasing.","This species is found in mesic to wet grassland with dense vegetation cover (G. Puskás, D. Chobanov and M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015) and in semi-dry grassland at forest edges and on forest clearings (Kati et al. 2003, Iorgu 2011) from sea level up to 1,800 m asl. Males stridulate during daytime and in the evening (Iorgu 2011).",The major threats to this species are deforestation and overgrazing (G. Puskás and M. Lemonnier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2015) as well as transformation of its habitat into farmland (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research into its population trend and threats is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Puskas, G., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Willemse, L.P.M., Szovenyi, G., Sirin, D., Pushkar, T., Iorgu, I.S., Chobanov, D.P., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Skejo, J. Skejo & Vedenina, V.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Xerohippus,azami,,Xerohippus azami,"(Bolívar, 1901)","There have been three species of Desert Grasshoppers described from Cyprus, all three of them endemic to Cyprus. The distinction between the three species is not clear which makes an assessment of these species impossible. Consequently, the assessment for",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Azam's Desert Grasshopper (Xerohippus azami) is endemic to Cyprus and has not been recorded since 1935. Given that three species of Desert Grasshoppers have been described from Cyprus and the distinction between them is not clear, all three species, including this one, are assessed as Data Deficient based on the uncertain taxonomy which needs to be reviewed. Very little is known about this species, and further research is required into the threats to this species, and into the population size and trend.",Unknown,"The Azam's Desert Grasshopper is endemic to Cyprus (Harz 1975, Tumbrinck 2006). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 48 km², and it has not been recorded since 1935.",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend of this species.,"Desert Grasshoppers prefer hot, arid places with various types of vegetation.","Like for other species that live in the dry arid parts of Cyprus, bushfires are the most likely threat.","No conservation measures are in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. A thorough taxonomic review of the status of the three Cyprian endemic species of Desert Grasshoppers is needed. Further research into the population size and trend, and the threats to this species is required.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Tzirkalli, E., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Xerohippus,cyprius,,Xerohippus cyprius,"Uvarov, 1942","There have been three species of Desert Grasshoppers described from Cyprus, all three of them endemic to Cyprus. The distinction between the three species is not clear which makes an assessment of these species impossible. Consequently, the assessment for",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Cyprian Desert Grasshopper (Xerohippus cyprius) is endemic to Cyprus. Given that three species of Desert Grasshoppers have been described from Cyprus and the distinction between them is not clear, all three species, including this one, are assessed as Data Deficient based on the uncertain taxonomy which needs to be reviewed. Very little is known about this species, and further research is required into the threats to this species, and into the population size and trend.",Unknown,"The Cyprian Desert Grasshopper is endemic to Cyprus (Harz 1975, Tumbrinck 2006). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,500 km².",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend of this species.,"Desert Grasshoppers prefer hot, arid places with various types of vegetation.","Like for other species that live in the dry arid parts of Greece, bushfires are the most likely threat.","No conservation measures are in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. A thorough taxonomic review of the status of the three Cyprian endemic species of Desert Grasshoppers is needed. Further research into the population size and trend, and the threats to this species is required.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Tzirkalli, E., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Xerohippus,occidentalis,,Xerohippus occidentalis,"Pascual & Aguirre, 1996",,Yes,VU,"B1ab(iii,iv,v)+2ab(iii,iv,v)",Yes,VU,"B1ab(iii,iv,v)+2ab(iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"The Iberian Desert Grasshopper (Xerohippus occidentalis) is endemic to the Almería province in southern Spain. This species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1650 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km² with an upper estimate of 80 km²), it occurs at less than ten locations and there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat, number of subpopulations and the number of mature individuals. The species' habitat is destroyed by the industrial construction of greenhouses. Overgrazing may also pose a threat to this species. Research is needed into the distribution (number and locality of remaining subpopulations), population trend, threats, and ecology of this species. Remaining habitat should be protected.",Decreasing,"The Iberian Desert Grasshopper is endemic to the Almería province in southern Spain (Pascual and Aguirre 1996). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,640km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km²with an upper estimate of 80 km².",This species is rare and the population trend is decreasing (Pascual Torres and Barranco Vega 2008) as a result of habitat decline.,"The species inhabits dry and sunny sites with low vegetation (Ziziphus lotus, Stippa tenacissima) (Pascual Torres and Barranco Vega 2008). It has also been recently found in a quarry (J.R. Correas pers. comm. 2016). It is found at altitudes between 10 m and 530 m Asl. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of this habitat as a result of the ongoing threats.","The species' habitat is destroyed by the industrial construction of greenhouses. Overgrazing may also pose a threat to this species. Taking into account the likely extent of the effects of industrial greenhouse construction and the restricted distribution of this species, it is estimated to occur at less than 10 locations.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and it is not present within any protected areas. Research is needed into the distribution (number and locality of remaining subpopulations), population trend, threats, and ecology of this species. Remaining habitat should be protected.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Xerohippus,sinuosus,,Xerohippus sinuosus,"Uvarov, 1942","There have been three species of Desert Grasshoppers described from Cyprus, all three of them endemic to Cyprus. The distinction between the three species is not clear which makes an assessment of these species impossible. Consequently, the assessment for",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Small Desert Grasshopper (Xerohippus sinuosus) is endemic to Cyprus. Given that three species of Desert Grasshoppers have been described from Cyprus and the distinction between them is not clear, all three species, including this one, are assessed as Data Deficient based on the uncertain taxonomy, which needs to be reviewed. Very little is known about this species, and further research is required into the population size and trend, the species' ecology, and the threats to it.",Unknown,"The Small Desert Grasshopper is endemic to Cyprus (Harz 1975, Tumbrinck 2006). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) could not be calculated as there are only two known localities. Since 1937 the species has not been recorded.",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend of this species.,"Desert Grasshoppers prefer hot, arid places with various types of vegetation.","Like for other species that live in the dry arid parts of Greece, bushfires are probably the most likely threat.","No conservation measures are in place for this species and it is unknown, whether it occurs in any protected areas. A thorough taxonomic review of the status of the three Cyprian endemic species of Desert Grasshoppers is needed. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Tzirkalli, E., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Xerohippus,solerii,,Xerohippus solerii,"(Jannone, 1936)",,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The Aegean Desert Grasshopper (Xerohippus solerii) is endemic to Greece, and has only been recorded in Rodhes, Kos and Nisyros. This species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,700 km²), and occurs at between eight and ten locations - thus making it close to qualifying for a threatened category under criterion B. Very little is known about this species, and further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required.",Unknown,"The Aegean Desert Grasshopper is endemic to Greece, and has only been recorded in Rodhes, Kos and Nisyros (Jannone 1936, Willemse 1984). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1,700 km².",There is no available information on the population size and the population trend of this species. It is a rare  and difficult to find species.,"Desert Grasshoppers prefer hot, arid places with various types of vegetation.","Very little is known about this species including its threats. Like for other species that live in the dry arid parts of Greece, bushfires are the most likely threat. Taking into account the extent of the effects of bushfires and the distribution of this species, it is estimated to occur at between eight and ten locations.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is found in protected areas in all three islands where it is present. Further research into the population size and trend, ecology and the threats to this species is required.",The species is in no way used or traded.,"Bushell, M., Cálix, M. & Nieto, A.","Willemse, L.P.M., Hochkirch, A., Kati, V., Papapavlou, K., Tzirkalli, E. & Heller, K.-G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TRIDACTYLIDAE,Xya,iberica,,Xya iberica,"Günther, 1990",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"The Iberian Molehopper (Xya iberica) was described from Sevilla (Spain) and additional records exist from Portugal. This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to the lack of data on its distribution, population size and trend, and threats. Only a few records exist so far and further research is needed in order to assess the extinction risk of this species.",Unknown,"The Iberian Molehopper was described from Sevilla (Spain), but it has not been confirmed in the area for many years. Additional records exist for Portugal (Hochkirch 1998), but some are doubtful and may refer to Xya variegata. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 38,500 km².",The population size and trend of this species are unknown.,"The species is found in wet open sandy habitats close to rivers and streams (Hochkirch 1998, B. Odé pers. comm. 2016).",Drainage and modifications of river beds could pose a threat to the species.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. Further research is needed into the distribution, population size and trend, and threats to this species.",This species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TRIDACTYLIDAE,Xya,pfaendleri,,Xya pfaendleri,"Harz, 1970",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Pfaendler's Molehopper (Xya pfaendleri) occurs from the Balkan Peninsula to Egypt and via the Near East to India. In Europe, it is widely distributed on the Balkan Peninsula. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution and seems to be expanding its range to the north.",Unknown,"Pfaendler's Molehopper occurs from the Balkan Peninsula to Egypt and via the Near East to India (Harz 1975, Tumbrinck 2006). In Europe, it is found from Cyprus and Rhodes in the south to the south of the Czech Republic in the north, and from Slovenia in the west to southern Ukraine in the east (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 1.4 million km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 1.3 million km².","This species has recently been documented from many new localities at its northern range margin. It is not quite clear if this is a result of more intensive research or a range expansion. In Austria the species seems to be declining as a result of abandonment of former gravel pits (Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016). However, it appears to be expanding its northern range margin in the Czech Republic (Holusa 2014, Kocarek pers. comm. 2016). The global population trend is unknown.","This species occurs on sandy river banks (Pisica et al. 2008, Holusa et al. 2013) as well as in sand and gravel pits (Gomboc et al. 2000, Zechner et al. 2005, Holusa 2014), where it builds burrows in moist open sand (Zechner et al. 1999). The species has a high capability to colonise new habitats (G. Puskás pers. comm. 2016).",A major threat to this species is the regulation of rivers and streams. In secondary habitats it is also threatened by recultivation and natural succession (Zechner et al. 1999) as well as by recreational activities and overgrowth by non-native plants (Zechner 2009). It also seems to be affected by pollution of rivers due to industrial activities (M. Lemmonier-Darcemont pers. comm. 2016).,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Endangered on the Austrian Red List (Berg et al. 2005) and as Near Threatened in Slovakia (Kristin 2001). Restoration of natural river systems is required for its conservation (Zechner et al. 1999) as well as maintenance of its secondary habitats (Holusa 2014). Research is needed into the population trend.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Zuna-Kratky, T., Puskas, G., Ivkovic, S., Iorgu, I.S., Kristin, A., Chobanov, D.P., Kocarek, P., Skejo, J. Skejo, Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TRIDACTYLIDAE,Xya,variegata,,Xya variegata,"(Latreille, 1809)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

The Colourful Molehopper (Xya variegata) is found from North Africa to South-East Asia. It is found in large parts of southern Europe, where it occurs on sandy and muddy river banks and similar habitats. This species is assessed as Least Concern since, even though it is threatened by regulation of river systems and constructions of dams, it has a very wide distribution and is generally locally common.",Decreasing,"The Colourful Molehopper is found from North Africa to South-East Asia (Harz 1975). In Europe, it is found from northern Spain in the west to eastern European Russia in the east and from the Peloponnesus in the south to the Czech Republic in the north (Heller 2013). In Switzerland it is Regionally Extinct (Monnerat et al. 2007). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is ca 5.2 million km², and in the EU 28 ca 2.5 million km².","This species is generally widespread and locally common, but rare in Catalonia (Olmo-Vidal 2002) and on the Balkans (D. Chobanov and G. Szövenyi pers. comm. 2016). It is currently declining in Austria (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016). The overall population trend is decreasing.","This species is found in natural floodplains where it creates burrows (so-called ""galleries"") on moist river banks with fine sediment (mud or sand) and scarce vegetation (Münsch et al. 2013). It is also found in dunes (Olmo-Vidal 2002), sand and gravel pits and along the shores of ponds (Berg et al. 2000). The species mainly feeds on algae (Münsch et al. 2013). It is able to swim and uses its hind legs (with out folded spines) as paddles (Massa et al. 2012).","This species is mainly threatened by river regulation and the construction of dams, which drove this species to extinction in Switzerland (Baur et al. 2006, Monnerat et al. 2007). It is also affected by pollution of riverine systems (D. Sirin pers. comm. 2016). Gravel pits serve as a secondary habitat for this species, but their creation and maintenance as well as their abandonment can also lead to local extinctions (F. Dusoulier pers. comm. 2016).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Regionally Extinct in Switzerland (Monnerat et al. 2007), ""priority 3"" (equivalent to Near Threatened) in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004) and Near Threatened in Slovakia (Kristin 2001). More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed. The preservation and restoration of natural dynamics of rivers and streams is crucial for its conservation (Münsch et al. 2013). Furthermore, the species needs to be considered after the abandonment of sand and gravel pits to avoid declines after recultivation or succession (Zechner 2009). In Austria restoration of the Danube river (Donau-Auen National Park) had positive effects on this species (T. Zuna-Kratky pers. comm. 2016).",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Sirin, D., Presa, J.J., Chobanov, D.P., Puskas, G., Dusoulier, F., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Iorgu, I.S., Monnerat, C., Ivkovic, S., Korsunovskaya, O., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Yersinella,beybienkoi,,Yersinella beybienkoi,"La Greca, 1974",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Bei-Bienko's Bush-cricket (Yersinella beybienkoi) is found in Italy and southeastern France. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it locally abundant, and no major threats to it have been reported.",Unknown,"Bei-Bienko's Bush-cricket is known from Italy and southeastern France (Massa et al. 2012). This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is 56,200 km².","This species is locally abundant, and it is probably more common than known. The population trend is unknown.","This bush-cricket lives on bushes and on the litter in temperate forests, at forest edges and in similar ecotones. It is found at elevations between 600 m and 1,630 m asl.",No major threats to this species have been reported.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed into its population trend, threats and ecology.",This species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Buzzetti, F.M., Fontana, P., Hochkirch, A., Kleukers, R., Massa, B. & Odé, B.","Kranz, M. & Weinberger, J.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Yersinella,raymondii,,Yersinella raymondii,"(Yersin, 1860)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Raymond's Bush-cricket (Yersinella raymondii) is found in the Mediterranean part of Europe, from northeastern Spain to western Greece, including the islands of Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily, where it inhabits forest edges, open forests, hedges and shrubland. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a wide distribution and is quite common.",Unknown,"Raymond's Bush-cricket is found in the Mediterranean part of Europe, from northeastern Spain to western Greece, including the islands of Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily (Heller 2013). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 1.3 million km².",This species is quite widespread and common (Massa et al. 2012). The population trend is unknown.,"This species is found in Mediterranean shrubland (Boitier et al. 2007), forest edges (Canestrelli 1980), hedges (Sombke and Schlegel 2007) as well as in open forests (L. Willemse pers. comm. 2016). It can be found from sea level up to 1,600 m asl.","This species may be locally affected by wildfires (J. Skejo pers. comm. 2016). In Switzerland, it is threatened by construction of houses and afforestation (Baur et al. 2006).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in protected areas. It is listed as Near Threatened on the Swiss Red List (Monnerat et al. 2007) and as Least Concern on the French Red List (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research into its population trend, ecology and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Bushell, M. & Cálix, M.","Hochkirch, A., Massa, B., Monnerat, C., Skejo, J. Skejo, Gomboc, S., Willemse, L.P.M., Rutschmann, F., Chobanov, D.P., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Presa, J.J. & Szovenyi, G.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Zeuneriana,abbreviata,,Zeuneriana abbreviata,"(Serville, 1838)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The Basque Wide-winged Bush-cricket (Zeuneriana abbreviata) is endemic to the western Pyrenean foothills and mountains, and it lives on various mesic open or shrubby habitats between sea level and 2,000 m altitude. The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 32,000 km², and although it is rare at low and high altitudes, it is considered to be rather common in the northern Pyrenean foothills. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"The Basque Wide-winged Bush-cricket is endemic to the western half of the Pyrenees (on both the French and Spanish sides), the Cantabrian mountain range and the Pyrenean French Piedmont up to the southern part of Gironde (Defaut et al. 2009, Poniatowski et al. 2009, Jaulin et al. 2011). The extent of occurrence (EOO) covers c. 32,000 km².","The species is considered to be rare in the Pyrenees (Poniatowski et al. 2009). In France, it is thought to be rather common at mid-elevations and foothills, but it is much rarer at low altitude areas (Gers, Landes, Gironde). There is no specific information available on the population size and trend of the species.","Zeuneriana abbreviata is recorded from sea level to 2,000 m altitude, living on mesic open or shrubby habitats like alpine meadows, tall-growing fringes, mesophilous grasslands, herbaceous fallows, heathlands and open moorlands.",No major threats to this species has been reported.,"There are no conservation actions in place for Zeuneriana abbreviata, although it is found on several natural reserves. The species was assessed as Least Concern in France (Sardet and Defaut 2004). More research on the population trend and threats is needed.",The species is not utilised.,"Willemse, L.P.M. & García, M.","Braud, Y., Hochkirch, A., Presa, J.J., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Fontana, P., Monnerat, C., Zuna-Kratky, T. & Dusoulier, F.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Zeuneriana,amplipennis,,Zeuneriana amplipennis,"(Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882)",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",No,NT,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
The Danube Wide-winged Bush-cricket is listed as Endangered (EN) in Europe based on its small area of occupancy (AOO) (30 to 100 km²), severely fragmented subpopulations and a continuing decline in the AOO, area and quality of its habitat, the number of subpopulations and number of individuals.
The species is considered Near Threatened (NT) in the EU 28 because of its small AOO (c. 8-50 km²) and the severe fragmentation of its subpopulations. Its subpopulations are considered stable in Romania but in case declines or extreme fluctuations will be detected in future the species will qualify for Endangered (EN).",Decreasing,"The species occurs along the lower courses of Sava and Danube rivers and is currently known from the Serbian/Croatian/Bosnian border and Romania (Iorgu 2011, Pavicevic et al. 2014). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 80,000 km² in Europe and c. 56,000 km² in the EU 28. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 30 and 100 km² in Europe and c. 8-50 km² in the EU 28,","Subpopulations are small. The population is considered to be severely fragmented as subpopulations are very small and isolated with little genetic exchange, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. There is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy, extent and quality of its habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals.","The habitats of this species are mesophytic meadows overgrown with high thick herbaceous vegetation. In Romania, the following species are present in its habitats: Urtica dioica, Cichorium intybus, Cuscuta europaea, Xanthium strumarium, Arctium minus, Linaria vulgaris, Cirsium vulgare, Tanacetum vulgare, Rubus caesius (Iorgu 2011). Its altitudinal range is 15-80 m Asl.","This species is in decline at least in the western part of its range because of habitat degradation and loss mostly due to drainage, regulation of river beds and urbanisation. Additionally, it is threatened by overgrazing, agriculture expansion and wildfires. It may also be affected by pollution affecting the vegetation.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it is protected in Serbia. The remaining habitats need to be protected and appropriately managed to avoid any future declines, and degraded habitats should be restored. Research on its taxonomy and population trend is required, and the population and habitat trends should be monitored.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Zeuneriana,burriana,,Zeuneriana burriana,"(Uvarov, 1935)",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Burr's Wide-winged Bush-cricket (Zeuneriana burriana) is endemic to the mountainous areas of the Asturias, Cantabria, Guipúzcoa, León and Orense provinces in northern Spain. This species is assessed as Least Concern since it occurs in a variety of habitats and its population size is presumed to be large. However, abandonment of grazing practices could be a threat to this species and further research is needed on the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this bush-cricket.",Unknown,"Burr's Wide-winged Bush-cricket is endemic to the mountainous areas of the Asturias, Cantabria, Guipúzcoa, León and Orense provinces in northern Spain. This species' extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 41,600 km²and its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 112 km² with an upper estimate of 1,500 km².","The population trends of this species is unknown, but the species is rare. The overall population size is presumed to be large.","The species is found in moorland, heathland, pastures, marshes and uncultivated places (Herrera and Larumbe 1992). It is found from sea level up to 1,700 m Asl.",Abandonment of grazing practices could be a threat to this species.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it occurs in a protected area. Further research is needed on the distribution, population trend, ecology and threats to this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Chobanov, D.P. & Cálix, M.","Presa, J.J., García, M., Clemente, M., Barranco Vega, P., Correas, J., Ferreira, S., Hochkirch, A., Lemos, P., Odé, B. & Prunier, F.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,TETTIGONIIDAE,Zeuneriana,marmorata,,Zeuneriana marmorata,"(Fieber, 1853)",In the eastern Balkans Zeuneriana amplipennis occurs. It should be investigated if this species is not conspecific with Z. marmorata.,Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v)",EU28,,"The Adriatic Marbled Bush-cricket (Zeuneriana marmorata) is a medium-sized species known from a few localities in Italy and Slovenia. It is found in wet coastal areas and marshland with Juncus species. This species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range (extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,000 km², area of occupancy (AOO) is between 20 and 36 km²), it occurs at only five locations and the population is severely fragmented. In addition, there is a continuing decline in the AOO, the number of mature individuals and in the extent and quality of the habitat. The main threats to this bush-cricket are drainage of its habitats, succession with trees and reed and transformation of wet sedge meadows into cornfields. The remaining habitat of this species needs to be preserved and further drainage needs to be stopped. Already drained areas should be restored and a monitoring program for the species and its habitat should be established.",Decreasing,"The Adriatic Marbled Bush-cricket is found in northeastern Italy (Kleukers et al. 1997) and in Slovenia near Ljubljana (Massa et al. 2012). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 3,000 km², whereas its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 20 and 36 km².","Since its description in 1853, the species had only been recorded from a few localities. It was thought to be extinct until 1996, when a large subpopulation was found near Monfalcone (Kleukers et al. 1997). Two more subpopulations have been meanwhile found in the region (Isonzo river delta and Marano lagoon). The Italian subpopulations are continuously declining, as most of the habitat is not managed and partly drained. It is deteriorating as a consequence of encroachment of bushes and reed (F. Tami pers. comm. 2016). In Slovenia, the species was discovered in 2004 in Ljubljansko barje between Ig and Skofjliika (Gomboc and Šegula 2005). In 2008 the number of singing males in the Slovenian subpopulation was estimated at about 1,000 (resulting from an inferred subpopulation size of 2,000) in an area of about 1 km² (Veenvliet 2008). This area has recently been partly transformed into cornfields, and the Slovenian subpopulation is therefore declining (P. Veenvliet pers. comm. 2016, S. Gomboc pers. comm. 2016). The population is considered to be severely fragmented as the species is flightless and the distance between the subpopulations is very large, so that exchange between subpopulations is very unlikely and they may become extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization.","This species is found in open wetland habitats. In Italy, it occurs in wet coastal marshland mainly in brackish areas with Phragmites spp. vegetation (not too dense). In Slovenia, it is found in wet meadows with Carex spp. and Filipendula ulmaria. Its altitudinal range is 0-300 m Asl.","The main threat to this species is the draining of its habitat. In Monfalcone (Lisert springs), habitats have disappeared due to the encroachment of reed and trees. In the past, the species has strongly declined due to the intensive use of pesticides for mosquito control. Near Monfalcone, the habitat has been partly destroyed for an industrial area, and other habitats have been drained. In Slovenia, the marshes near Ljubljana have recently been partly transformed into crop fields. Based on the threat of encroachment of shrubs and reed caused by drainage, there are only four locations in Italy, and based on the threat of transformation of this species' habitat into crop fields, there is only one location in Slovenia. The population therefore occurs at five locations.","The species is present in protected areas. A conservation strategy for it is currently being developed. A second intensive survey of the Slovenian subpopulation took place in 2016, showing that the distribution in this area has decreased. In Italy, a first mapping of the subpopulations has been done in 2016. The remaining habitat needs to be preserved. Further drainage and transformation of its habitat into cornfields need to be stopped. Already deteriorated areas should be restored and a suitable management of the sedge meadows in Slovenia needs to be implemented. A monitoring program for the species and its habitat needs to be established. Furthermore, research is needed to clarify the relationship of this species to Zeuneriana amplipennis, which occurs in Serbia and Romania.",This species is not utilized.,"García, M. & Bushell, M.","Hochkirch, A., Kleukers, R., Veenvliet, P., Gomboc, S., Tami, F., Buzzetti, F.M. & Tout, P.","Kranz, M.",,
Grasshoppers_Locusts_Crickets,2016_October,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,ORTHOPTERA,ACRIDIDAE,Zubovskya,banatica,,Zubovskya banatica,"(Kis, 1965)",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(ii,iii)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(ii,iii)",EU28,,"The Banat Grasshopper is known from a single location in the Semenic Mountain in southwestern Romania, with very small extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 30 km². Although the population trend has been stable so far, due to the expansion of human settlements and the development of touristic infrastructure a decline is projected in the area of occupancy and the quality of habitat. In addition, the species is present only in one location on the basis of overgrazing. Therefore the species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR).",Stable,The species is only known from the Semenic Mountains in southwestern Romania (Kis and Vasiliu 1970). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both c. 30 km².,"The population is small but currently stable (I. Iorgu pers. comm. 2015). However, a continuing decline in the area of occupancy and in the habitat area is projected as a consequence of the ongoing threats.","The species inhabits open mesophytic mountain grasslands with Vaccinium species in the treeless part of Semenic Mountains, at altitudes between 1,200 - 1,400 m.","Major threats to the species are the expansion of human settlements and the development of touristic infrastructure. Overgrazing also poses a major threat to the species, and based on this threat the species occurs in a single location.","The species was previously assessed as Vulnerable (Orthopteroid Specialist Group 1996), and as Endangered in the Carpathian Mountains as a result of a range of factors, including restricted range, low population density, and limited dispersal ability (Krištín and Iorgu 2014). There are no conservation actions in place for the species, although it occurs in the Semenic - Cheile Carasului National Park. Research on its population size and trend is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Kleukers, R. & García, M.","Chobanov, D.P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I.S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L.P.M.","Danielczak, A.",,
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Anasimyia,contracta,,Anasimyia contracta,"Claussen and Torp, 1980","This species was confused with Anasimyia transfuga until both   species were separated by Claussen and Torp (1980). Records of these   species before 1980 are commonly confused, taking into account that both   species can be present in the same habitat.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Anasimyia contracta is a widely distributed species in Europe and in the EU 27 and is known to exist in wetlands that are usually surrounded by shrubs or forests. The habitat quality and extent is known to be in decline. Despite this species being threatened in some European countries such as Germany, Belgium and Czech Republic - where habitat loss is the main threat - it is quite abundant and widespread in Northern countries and the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above  the thresholds for this species to be considered in a threatened  category. Therefore, its is categorised as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 27. The conservation of this species depends on the protection and correct management of its habitat, the wetlands. Monitoring and research of the population and distribution of this species is also necessary.",Stable,"This species is widely distributed in the European region and can be found from Scandinavia southwards to the Mediterranean basin and from Ireland eastwards through central Europe to European parts of Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above the thresholds for this species to be considered in a threatened category, in either Europe or the EU 27. Specific locality data for this species are not available for some  countries (for example: Belarus and Latvia) and so it is not possible at  this time to calculate a precise area of occupancy (AOO) for this  species.  This species has featured in the following national checklists: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Bulgaria (Tóth 2014), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Estonia (Kuznetzov 1993), Finland (FinBIF 2020), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Hungary (Tóth 2001), Ireland (including Northern Ireland) (Speight 2008), Italy (including Sardinia) (Stoch 2003), Latvia (Karpa 2008), Luxembourg (van Steenis 2006), Netherlands (Reemer et al.2009), Norway (Nielsen 1999), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Portugal (van Eck 2016), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), European part of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Sweden (Bartsch 2009), Switzerland (CSCF 2020), European part of Turkey (Tóth 2013), Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2019) and United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000).  The global range of the species extends out of the European region to Georgia (Mengual et al. 2020), Asian Russia (Western Siberia, Khabarovsk Krai; Barkalov and Mutin 2018), and Turkmenistan (http://szmn.eco.nsc.ru/Diptera/Syrphidae.htm).","This species is not equally common across all its range. It is more commonly present in the Atlantic seaboard countries, but more localised in central and southern countries of Europe (Speight 2018). For example, in the UK, it is considered widespread (Ball and Morris 2000) and in Netherlands it is quite common in coastal areas (Reemer et al.  2009). It is likely to have a stable population trend in Europe and the EU27.","This species is present in wetlands that are usually surrounded by shrubs or forests. It has a specific association with ponds, ditches and fens where Typha is growing. It can also be found in water treatment wetlands (known from man-made habitats). The larval stage remains poorly understood, but it is known to be saprophagous and presents an elongated anal segment transformed into a breathing tube. Larvae can be found among debris of dead Typha stalks beneath the water surface in moderately nutrient-rich water where they filter microorganisms. Adults are usually close to the margins of the water source, flying low over the vegetation or settled in the sun, and frequently on the foliage of large-leaved emergent vegetation such as Menyanthes. They feed on pollen and nectar as adults and males are territorial. The flight period of this species ranges between May/June to August/September. All this information has been obtained from Speight (2020).","The main threats to this species are the loss of quality and quantity of habitat. This can be caused by drainage and abstraction projects of water from wetlands, and as a result of changing rainfall patterns and drought due to climate change (Janssen et al. 2017). Intensified vegetation management of natural environments for tourism and intensification of grazing around wetlands can also threaten the species because it reduces the existing vegetation or wetland features. Nutrient enrichment of oligotrophic water bodies can also modify the original physicochemical properties of the environment. Although there are several threats to this species and its habitat which can be an issue in some specific localities, it is a very adaptable species and is broadly not at risk across Europe.","The conservation of this species depends on the protection and correct management of its habitat, the wetlands. In particular, it is important that the hydrological and substrate conditions upon which it relies are conserved. Minimising threats such as uncontrolled human activities (fishing, grazing, hunting, etc.), habitat contamination and invasive alien species are important for its conservation,  and reinstatement of local communities of flora and fauna will also help. This species requires correct management of surrounding vegetation, particularly Typha populations, due to its connection with this plant.   Most wetlands are now protected in European countries, and this species is known to occur in Protected Areas. There is a lack of information regarding its population trends and biology, which are important for the ongoing assessment and understanding of the conservation measures that are needed; Therefore, monitoring and research of its population and distribution is necessary. Education and awareness about this species and its situation can be also a useful conservation tool.  The species is categorized as Endangered in Belgium (INBO 2020), Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011) and in Norway (NBIC 2020), as Vulnerable in the Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005) and as Least Concern in Finland (FinBIF 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020).",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Flinn, G. & Smit, J.","Aracil, A., Rojo, S., Pérez, C., Campoy, A., Barkalov, A., Mazanek, L., Pennards, G.W.A., Popov, G., Speight, M. & Vujić, A.","Lillo, I.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Anasimyia,femorata,,Anasimyia femorata,"Šimić, 1987",This species is recently described (2001) and might need genetic    verification to confirm that it is a separate species. It is very close    to Anasimyia transfuga which is a widespread species but has not been found in the same locality as Anasimyia femorata (Speight 2020).,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,CR,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)  This species is known from Montenegro on Lake Skadar (Vujić et al. 2001, van Steenis et al. 2015), where it was described, and it is also known to exist at Prespa Lake in Greece (Vujić et al., 2020). The larvae exist in wetlands where they feed on decaying material, and the adults feed on pollen and nectar from flowering plants associated with marshlands. Habitat loss is the main threat to this species and conservation action should prioritize this. research is required to confirm its distribution, and occurrence in other countries adjacent to these two lakes is possible.  The occurrence range of this species is extremely small in Europe, where it is known only from Montenegro and Greece. In the EU27, the species is only present in Greece. The estimated area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 10 km2 and 8,000 km2 respectively. It occurs in two locations based on the threat of tourism development. Given the small AOO and EOO, the small number of locations and continuing decline in habitat extent and quality, this species is assessed as Endangered in Europe. In the EU27, the AOO is 4 km2 and the EOO around 80 km2, it is found at one location because it is only known from one locality in Prespa Lake, and the habitat extent and quality is declining. Therefore, the species is assessed as Critically Endangered in the EU27, and there is a high likelihood of this subpopulation going extinct due to the presence of the identified threats.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe (Speight 2020), where it is restricted to Lake Skadar in Montenegro (Vujić et al. 2001, van Steenis et al. 2015) and Prespa Lake in Greece (Vujić et al. 2020); presence in Albania and in North Macedonia in the Lake Prespa region is possible.  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 10 km2 and the extent of occurrence (EOO) around 8,000 km2. In the EU 27, the AOO is estimated to be 4 km2 and the EOO around 80 km2. The number of locations in Europe is highly likely to be fewer than five, and in the EU 27 is reduced to only one location because it is only known from one point in the small Prespa lake. There is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and the quality of the habitat, due to development of infrastructure and tourism activity in the areas.  It is possible that this species was previously more widespread and may be a relict species.","The population trend of this species is currently not known. The main subpopulation of this species occurs in the same marsh in which it was originally discovered in Montenegro. 27 individuals were collected during a survey in Montenegro in 2009 (van Steenis et al. 2015) and these authors indicated that a large subpopulation was established in the area. This is not considered enough information to determine its population trend. Although it might appear to be stable in that locality, it is not known where else this species is present, nor what its situation might be in those areas. There have been general hoverfly surveys in Greece, but this species has not been found elsewhere, indicating that it is not abundant. Nevertheless, as it has been described on quite recently, much more research is needed to determine the distribution and population trend.","The larval stage of this species remains undescribed, but is probably saprophagous (feeds on decomposing material). Larvae are probably to be found in water with decaying vegetable material in wetlands, more specifically in shallow pools. Adults have been found in marshland bordering lakes with submerged and emergent vegetation of Nuphar and Nymphaea, from whose flowers they must feed on pollen and nectar. This species has actually been observed feeding on Nuphar lutea.   This information is from Speight (2020), Vujić et al. (2001) and van Steenis et al. (2015).","There is a continuing decline in the extent and the quality  of the habitat, due to development of infrastructure and tourism  activity in the areas. There is development in the areas for tourism which might be contributing to pollution in the lakes, and moreover a large resort is currently (2020) being planned on Lake Skadar. Hydropower is also projected to be a future threat to the lake ecosystem. Habitat decline can also be impacted in a less rapid and perceptible way by the effects of climate change, such as by drought, modification of the flora due to variation in temperatures, and speeding up other damaging processes such as eutrophication and the appearance of alien species (Janssen et al. 2017).","Both localities where the species is present are protected within a  National Park, which means that threats to the habitat are supposed to  be controlled by the National Parks conservation measures, although the  extent of the protection is not fully known. Conservation actions should be focused on protecting the habitat. Lake Skadar is protected as a National Park and it is protected as a Ramsar wetland, Important Bird Area (IBA), Important Plant Area (IPA) and it is part of the Emerald Network. The Greek locality (Prespa Lake) is also found within a National Park, is listed as a Natura 2000 site and a Ramsar wetland site.   This species is not listed in any National Red List, but nevertheless in the recently published Atlas of the Hoverflies of Greece (Vujic et al. 2020) it is suggested that it should be considered threatened.  Population monitoring is needed, as well as research into its ecology to identify the micro-habitat and behaviour of the larval stage. Education and awareness-raising related to this species and its situation could also be a useful conservation tool.",This species is not utilized.,"Flinn, G. & Smit, J.","Aracil, A., Rojo, S., Pérez, C., Barkalov, A., Mazanek, L., Pennards, G.W.A., Popov, G., Speight, M. & Vujić, A.","Lillo, I. & Campoy, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Anasimyia,interpuncta,,Anasimyia interpuncta,"(Harris, 1776)","In the past, this species was misidentified with Anasimyia lunulata (Speight 2020).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Whilst the general outlook of this species indicates that its populations are moderately decreasing in some of the assessed countries, it is not significant and it has a large extent of occurrence and area of occupancy and stable populations in other occurrence countries. It is widespread throughout Europe and so this species has been categorized as Least Concern (LC) for Europe and the EU27 regional assessment.",Stable,"This species is quite widespread and occurs from Scandinavia to northern France, and from Britain eastwards through Central Europe into the European parts of Russia: it is endemic to Europe (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above the thresholds for it to be considered in a threatened category, in either Europe or the EU 27.  		 	 	 		 This species is cited from the following national checklists: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Finland (FinBIF 2020), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al, 2001), Hungary (Tóth, 2001), Latvia (Karpa, 2008), Lithuania (Kuznetzov 1993), Netherlands (Reemer et al, 2009), Norway (Nielsen 1999), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Romania (Stănescu and Păarvu 2005), European Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Sweden (Bartsch 2009), Switzerland (CSCF 2020), Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2019) and the United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2014).   In Estonia, the presence of this species is not certain: it has also been cited from the Balearic Islands (Ebejer et al. 2007) and European Turkey (Tóth 2013), but these occurrences need to be reviewed. Specific locality data for this species are not available for some countries (for example: Belarus and Latvia) and so it is not possible at this time to calculate a precise area of occupancy (AOO).  The range of this species extends out of the European region to Asian Russia (Siberia; http://szmn.eco.nsc.ru/Diptera/Syrphidae.htm) and Kazakhstan (Barkalov and Mutin 2018).","This species is widespread and abundant across most of its range, in the EU27 and Europe, except in the Mediterranean basin. In some countries a moderate decline has been observed, including in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011) and the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009). However, its general trend appears to be stable and it is common across both assessment regions.","This is a wetland species. It has been found at the edges of emergent vegetation covered by slow-moving water in fens, marshes and rivers in association with grasslands. During its aquatic larval stage it feeds on decaying material, making use of its elongated anal segment. It is frequently found beneath the water surface among rotting plant debris, filtering microorganisms, their main food resource. Adults are active between May and July, when they feed on pollen and nectar.   The larval stage was apparently first described by Hartley  (1961), although it is uncertain if this description definitely refers  to A. interpuncta. It is closely associated with Glyceria maxima. This information is summarized in Speight (2020).","The main possible threats are loss of quality and quantity of habitat. Drainage and water abstraction projects in wetlands, and changing rainfall patterns and drought due to the climate change (Janssen et al. 2017), may threaten this species.   Intensified vegetation management to adapt natural areas for tourism and intensified grazing of wetlands may also threaten this species. Nutrient enrichment of naturally low-nutrient water bodies is also a threat because it alters the natural physicochemical properties of the environment; such enrichment can be caused by a variety of human activities, such as agriculture, industry and domestic activities.","The conservation actions for this species should be focused on the conservation of the habitat in which it lives. There are a lot of wetlands that are currently protected in the EU 27 and other European countries, many of them listed within the Ramsar Convention.  Monitoring and research on distribution and population of the species is recommended, and education and awareness-raising would also be beneficial.  This species is considered to be nationally scarce in the United Kingdom, suggesting that the current subpopulations are stable but very localized (Ball and Morris 2014). It is considered to be Least Concern in Belgium (INBO 2020), Finland (FinBIF 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020), common in Germany (Dunk et al. 2003) and the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), and Vulnerable in the Czech Republic (Frkač et al. 2005) and Norway (NBIC 2020).",This species is not utilized or traded.,"Smit, J. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Rojo, S., Pérez, C., Campoy, A., Barkalov, A., Mazanek, L. & Vujić, A.","Lillo, I.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Anasimyia,lunulata,,Anasimyia lunulata,"(Meigen, 1822)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species can be found in wetland habitats across northern Europe and potentially parts of Central Europe. It is fairly widespread in northern Europe, and its population seems to be stable in this part of its European range where the population is better understood. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for both the European and the EU27 regions are far above the threshold for the application of a threatened category, and therefore this species is categorised as Least Concern in Europe and the EU27.   This species and its population is not fully understood. In some countries, it has been assessed as threatened or decreasing, which suggests it needs to be closely monitored in Europe and the EU27.  There is a lack of information regarding its biology, populations and trends, and so further research is recommended.",Unknown,"This species can be found from Scandinavia southwards to northeastern France, west to Britain and Ireland, and east to European Russia. Its range elsewhere requires reconfirmation due to previous confusion with Anasimyia interpuncta (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU27 regions are far above the threshold for the application of a threatened category. Specific locality data for this species are not available for some  countries (for example: Estonia and Latvia) and so it is not possible at  this time to calculate a precise area of occupancy (AOO).  This species has been cited in the following checklists: Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009) Denmark (DanBIF 2019), Estonia (Kutnetzov 1993), Finland (FinBIF 2020), France (Speight et al 2018), Ireland (including Northern Ireland) (Speight 2008), Netherlands (Reemer et al 2009), Norway (Nielsen and Svendsen 2014), Latvia (Karpa 2008), Lithuania (Kutnetzov 1993), European Russia (Barkalov and Mutin, 2018), Sweden (Bartsch 2009), Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2019) and United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2014).    Its presence in the following countries requires confirmation: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Hungary, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Serbia and Switzerland. Although it occurs in the Czechia and Slovakia national checklists, it has since been confirmed that the specimens were misidentified (L. Mazaneck pers. comm. 2019).  It is not limited to the European territory, being also present in the northern regions of the United States, central Russia and Japan.","The population trend of this species is unknown in Europe and the EU27 because of previous taxonomic confusion. It is unknown how common it is, and in the countries where it is known to exist, the data regarding locality are imprecise.   Data from the UK, Netherlands, Finland, Denmark and Sweden are more precise, and it is considered common in Finland (FinBIF 2019) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2019). In the Netherlands, it is very threatened with only two subpopulations known to exist (Reemer et al. 2009); in the UK it is considered Nationally Scarce (Ball and Morris 2014) and as Endangered in Denmark (DanBIF 2019).   Overall it seems to be more widespread in northern European countries and scarcer in southern countries.","This species occurs in wetlands, and in particular it has a preference for more acidic water bodies, which sets it apart from the rest of the species in this genus. It has been found in valley bogs and bogs that are being restored using the 'cut-over' method, transition mires and pools with vegetation. This habitat is common in the northern part of Europe.   The larval stage of this species is thought to have been described by Hartley (1961), although it is unclear if this description should actually belong to Anasimyia interpuncta. The larva is aquatic with an elongated tail which acts as a breathing tube. It feeds on microorganisms that are usually filtered from rotting plant debris under the water surface.   The adults feed on the pollen and nectar of flowers. Their flying period is usually between mid-May and August/September. All this information has been summarized and updated from Speight (2020).","The following potential threats to this species mainly affect the loss of quality and quantity of its habitat, which has been negatively impacted by the drainage and removal of water from wetlands, and changing rainfall and drought patterns due to climate change. Furthermore, intensified vegetation management to adapt land for tourism and recreation can negatively impact its habitat. Nutrient enrichment of oligotrophic water bodies, modifying the original physicochemical properties of the environment (Janssen et al. 2017), is also probably a threat. These possible threats are based on the fact that this species is found in similar habitats to others of the genus.","Conservation actions for this species should be focused on the protection of the habitat in which they live. Monitoring and research on the distribution should also be prioritised, to clarify its full distribution. This species would also benefit from increased awareness-raising efforts.  Most wetland habitats are now protected in European countries. This species has been categorized as extinct in Belgium (INBO 2020) but due to previous misidentification its presence needs to be further investigated. It has been categorised as Endangered in Denmark (DanBIF 2020) and in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011) (although its presence in the country is now uncertain), as Vulnerable in Czechia (Farkač et al. 2005) and as Least Concern in Finland (FinBIF 2020), Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020) and Norway (NBIC 2020). It is considered nationally scarce in United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2014) and very rare in the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009).",The species is not utilised or traded.,"Smit, J. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Rojo, S., Pérez, C., Campoy, A., Barkalov, A., Mazanek, L. & Vujić, A.","Lillo, I.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Anasimyia,transfuga,,Anasimyia transfuga,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is widespread and locally abundant in wetlands. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above the thresholds for threatened categories. Although there have been some declines, the local declines do not impact the extinction risk and therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU27. The main threats to this species are the loss of habitat extent and quality due to unsustainable land management. Monitoring and research on its distribution and population trends are recommended.",Stable,"This species can be found from southern Sweden to northern France; from Ireland eastwards through mountainous parts of central and southern Europe into European Russia (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above threshold for threatened categories. Specific locality data are not available for some countries (for  example: Belarus and Latvia) and so it is not possible at this time to  calculate a precise AOO. It is cited in the following national checklists: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Bulgaria (Tóth 2014), Krym ( Popov 1998), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Estonia (Kuznetzov 1993), Finland (FinBIF 2020), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Hungary (Tóth 2001), Ireland (including Northern Ireland) (Speight 2008), Italy (Stoch 2003), Latvia (Karpa 2008), Lithuania (Kuznetzov 1993), Montenegro (van Steenis  et al. 2005), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Norway (Nielsen 1999), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), European Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Sweden (Bartsch 2009), Switzerland (CSCF 2020) and United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000).",This species is widespread and locally abundant in wetland habitats. It is highly likely to have a stable population trend. It is less common in south-eastern Europe.,"This species is present in wetlands, shallow standing water bodies surrounded by woodland, and riparian vegetation such as Scirpus, Sparganium and Phragmites. The places they are found are usually hidden and shaded, with moderately nutrient-rich water. The larvae are aquatic and of the ""long-tailed"" type typical for the genus; they feed on microorganisms among rotting plant debris.   Adults fly among the vegetation and males are territorial. Adults feed on the pollen and nectar of flowers. The flight period ranges between early May/June to August/September. All of this information has been summarized and updated from Speight (2020).",The main potential threats to this species are the loss of quality and extent of habitat. This can be caused by drainage and water-abstraction projects in wetlands. Intensified vegetation management to adapt natural areas to tourism has also resulted in reducing existing vegetation or its features. Nutrient enrichment of naturally low-nutrient water bodies can also damage the quality of the habitat (Janssen et al. 2017). Changing rainfall patterns and drought due to climatic change may also impact this species in the future.,"Conservation actions for this species should be focused on conserving their wetland habitats. Additionally, monitoring and research on its distribution and population trends are also recommended. Education and awareness-raising about this species and its situation is also a useful conservation tool. Most wetlands are now protected in European countries.   This species is categorized as Endangered in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011); as Vulnerable in Belgium (INBO 2020), the  Czech Republic (Farkač et al 2005) and Norway (NBIC 2020); and as Least Concern in Finland (FinBIF 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020). It is considered to be common in the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009) and suggested to be threatened in Ireland (Speight 2008).",This species is not known to be traded or utilized.,"Smit, J. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Rojo, S., Pérez, C., Campoy, A., Barkalov, A., Mazanek, L. & Vujić, A.","Lillo, I.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Arctosyrphus,willingii,,Arctosyrphus willingii,"(Smith, 1912)",,Yes,DD,,No,NA,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)  Arctosyrphus willingii is a circumpolar species, found only in European Russia in the European region. It is seemingly not threatened in its whole range, although it is rare. However, this is probably also due to the fact it occurs in areas that have not been investigated comprehensively. There is uncertainty around the exact distribution, and it therefore may be more or less widespread than currently known. Nothing is known about the population trend or size of this species in Europe, and there is no data on specific localities in European Russia. Therefore, this species is assessed as Data Deficient for Europe.  The main threats to this species are focused on the loss of quality and quantity of habitat, and so protection and management of the habitat is recommended. In addition, given the lack of information about this species, further research on the population size and trends, distribution, threats and the life history of the species is required.  This species not found within the EU 27, and therefore it is Not Applicable for the EU Member States.",Unknown,"This species has a Holarctic distribution, found in the northern parts of European Russia (Arkhangel region and Kola Peninsula) (BeiBienko and Steyskal 1969, Speight 2017, 2020; Barkalov and Mutin 2018). Outside of Europe, this species is found through Siberia to the Pacific, and in the Nearctic region through northern Canada and south into the United States (North Dakota). The species is not found within the EU 27.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 1.1 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 580,141 km2. However, due to uncertainty of the exact distribution, the EOO and AOO values may be somewhat inaccurate.","Nothing is known about the population trend or size of this species in Europe, and there is no data on specific localities in European Russia. Adults have been collected near tundra wetlands, prairie sloughs and sedge meadows, but it is rare, difficult to find and lives in areas that are not very well investigated.","The preferred environment of this species is tundra, and it is found beside shallow, freshwater pools enriched with organic material and in swampy ground with hummocks (Bagachanova 1990). The species has been recorded visiting the flowers of Taraxacum (Skevington et al. 2019). The flight period of this species in Europe is from May to July, although in the nearctic it is from late May to mid-August.    The larva is described by Bagachanova (1990), who observed that female oviposits into the ground among grass roots and established that larval development occurs in the spring, in shallow water enriched with organic material and in swamp hummocks.  Pupariation occurs under natural conditions in May/June, the species remaining in the puparium for nine to ten days.","The main threats to this species are focused on the loss of quality and quantity of habitat. These include drainage and abstraction projects of water from wetlands, changing rainfall patterns and drought due to the climatic change. Distributional changes are to be expected towards higher altitudes with climate change (to colder and wetter areas). In addition, intensified vegetation management to adapt natural areas to increasing tourism, reducing the existing vegetation or its features, may negatively impact the species.","There are currently no conservation actions in place for this species. However, protection and management of the habitat is recommended, as well as monitoring of the habitat trends. In addition, further research on the population size and trends, threats and the life history of the species is required. It is assumed, but not known if this species occurs in any protected areas.",This species is not used or traded.,"Van Der Meutter, F. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Baccha,elongata,,Baccha elongata,"(Fabricius, 1775)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species does not meet the criteria for threatened categories in either Europe or the EU27. It is a widespread species, present in many habitats, and with large populations in most countries where recorded. There are no specific threats identified for this species. Therefore, this species is regarded as Least Concern in Europe and the EU27.",Unknown,"This species is widespread in Europe, occurring from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean. It is present from central Spain eastwards to Greece and from Ireland eastwards into European parts of Russia. This species is also known to occur in the Azores (Speight 2018). The species is known from Andorra, Austria, Belgium; Russia, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania; Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.  Outside Europe, its distribution ranges into North America.",There is no information about population trends for this species.,"Baccha elongata occurs in forests, both coniferous and deciduous, both young and old; also in scrub woodland, hedgerows and suburban gardens. Adults fly from April to June and from July to September/October, visiting flowers of different species of Compositae, Rosaceae, Umbelliferae, Hedera, etc (Speight 2018). The larva is aphidophagous (Rotheray 1994).","Apart from general threats to biodiversity, there are no specific threats identified for this species in Europe.",There are no specific conservation actions for this species. Research is required into the taxonomy of Baccha species.,"This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey, which include aphids (Rojo et al. 2003).","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Blera,eoa,,Blera eoa,"(Stackelberg, 1928)",,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Endangered (EN)  Blera eoa is only known in Europe from three different localities, one in Sweden, one in Finland and one from European Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 311,000 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 8 km2 in EU 27 and 12 km2 in Europe.  There are only three records available of the species. The species is very restricted, and based on habitat loss from agriculture and land use change, it is considered to occur at three locations (two in EU 27), with influx from other subpopulations not expected. In addition, although the population trend is unknown, but there is considered to be a decline in the quality and extent of its forest habitats. Therefore, this species is assessed as Endangered for both Europe and the EU 27.  The species may be under-recorded in European Russia, and there is potential for influx from larger subpopulations in the east of Russia, but this is not currently known. The species would benefit from further research and habitat protection.",Unknown,"This species is found in Europe in northern Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020), northern Finland and European Russia (Ichige Barkalov 2017). The only finding of this species in Sweden is a female from the Paskatieva nature reserve in Norrbotten. A survey of the distribution of the species could be done by systematically searching for larvae and pupae in hollow stumps, in the same way that they were looking for B. fallax in Scotland (Rotheray 2012). In Finnish collections of the genus Cheilosia, a female from Russian Karelia was found, so originally misidentified.  Outside of Europe, this species is known from northern Asia from the Novosibirsk region to Kamchatka and Sakhalin, and it is found in Japan in Hokkaido and Honshu (Speight 2020). In Finland, this species has been only found once in a place called Liikasenvaara, in Kuusamo, close to the Russian border in 2011 (FinBif 2018).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 311,000 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 12 km2 for Europe. In the EU 27, the EOO is estimated to be around 8 km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 8 km2. Based on loss of habitat through the threats of agriculture, and change in land use, this species is considered to occur at three locations.","This is mainly an eastern Palearctic species, and so there are only three records in Europe, one from Sweden, one from Finland and one from Karelia in European Russia. The current population trend of this species in Europe is unknown in both Europe and the EU 27. The species is rare, but probably under-recorded in the eastern part of European Russia.","The preferred environment of this species is forest, specifically humid pine forest (Pinus sylvestris) (Peterrsson and Bartsch 2001) with overmature trees, and taiga. The male of this species has been collected from resting on the trunk of an old, living Salix caprea (Kerppola and Raekunnas 2012). The only place where this species was found in the Nordic countries, was a multi-hundred-year-old pine forest where window traps were placed in a very warm, south-facing and sandy areas. In Siberia, the species is found mainly in mountain forests of Pinus cembra (Swiss pine) at an altitude of about 1,600 m asl, along with Blera fallax and some other Blera spp. There, the fly visits flowers of Rosa acicularis, the herb Potentilla fragariodides and the Gingeral maple Acer tataricum subsp. ginnala. It is also known to visit the flowers of Rhododendron aureum (Gritskevich 1998), Rhododendron dauricum (Barsukova 2012), Rosa acicularis, Potentilla fragarioides, and Acer tataricum (Bartsch et al. 2009). The flight period of this species is June and July. The developmental stages are currently not described, although it is most likely that the larvae develop in wet cavities in stumps and roots of coarse, blown pine.  Due to agriculture and land use change, there is considered to be a decline in the quality and extent of the habitat.","There is not much information on the threats regarding this species, due to the fact there are very few sightings of it in Europe. Likely threats are loss of habitat, breeding sites and big trees through agriculture, habitat destruction, and change in land use. Also climate change might trigger a shift in the habitat, forcing the species to move.","No conservation actions are currently known to be in place, although in Sweden the species does occur in a protected area. Actions should be focusing on the protection of the habitat and research on the population dynamics, biology and ecology of the species. In Sweden, this species was assessed as Endangered (EN) (Artdatabanken 2020), and was Not Evaluated (NE) in Finland (FinBif 2018).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Blera,fallax,,Blera fallax,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Blera fallax is a widespread species in Europe, found from central and southern Norway, to the Pyrenees and northern Scotland, eastwards through central Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 8.2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 3.9 million km2. In the EU 27, the EOO is estimated to be around 4.7 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 1.9 million km2. The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 27 is unknown, and it is localised in some parts of its distribution. The main threats of this species are focused on the loss of quality and quantity of habitat, but due to the wide distribution, this species is not considered to be threatened in Europe and the EU 27 as a whole. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both regional assessments.  Conservation actions for this species must focus on the preservation of the suitable habitat. Further research on the population size and trends, the threats and the life history of this species is required. In addition, monitoring of the population and habitat trends.",Unknown,"This species is found from central and southern Norway, to the Pyrenees and northern Scotland, eastwards through central Europe and Siberia to the Pacific coast (Sakhalin and Japan). It is found only in the northern parts of Scotland, in the United Kingdom, where pine forests remain, and only in northern parts of Italy. Generally, this species is found at higher altitudes where pine and spruce forests remain (Speight 2020).  The relative biogeographic isolation of the relict subpopulation of this species in northern Scotland is apparently reflected in its lower levels of genetic diversity, as compared with Scandinavian subpopulations (Rotheray et al. 2013).   The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 8.2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 3.9 million km2. In the EU 27, the EOO is estimated to be around 4.7 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 1.9 million km2.","There is very little information on the population trend or size, with only information on the subpopulation in Scotland. Therefore the current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 27 is unknown. It is localised in other parts of the distribution. For example, in the Carpathians, it also occurs in the lowlands (G. Popov pers. comm. 2020).  In the United Kingdom, in 1999, there was an extensive 12-year survey, which indicated a decline from eight to two subpopulations since the early 1900s, mainly due to loss of habitat and changes in forestry management (Rotheray and MacGowan 2000). Rotheray (2012) describes the ecology and conservation of endangered saproxylic hoverflies (including Blera fallax) (Diptera, Syrphidae) in Scotland. This species is arguably Britain’s rarest resident insect. However, the species is not uncommon in northern and central Europe in Pinus forests, it is regularly recorded and photographed elsewhere in Europe.","The preferred environment of this species is humid, ancient coniferous forest containing over-mature and dead trees. It is found in association with Picea or Pinus, up to, and including, subalpine P. uncinata forest. It is generally found at higher altitudes where pine forests remain. In some areas, it may be found in planted forest as long as microhabitat is right. Adults are known to rest in the sun on the cut ends of the stumps of conifers and on the ground adjacent to felled or fallen trees. Males fly fast and low through the vegetation of forest clearings, particularly in the vicinity of clumps of plants such as Rubus idaeus in flower. The species is also known to visit the flowers of Berberis spp., Parnassia spp., Prunus spp., Rosa canina, Rubus idaeus, Valeriana spp., Fragaria spp., Potentilla spp., Spiraea spp., Heracleum spp., Plantago spp., Pleurospermum uralense and Barbaea spp.. The flight period of this species is from May to July.    The larvae and puparium have been described and figured by Rotheray and Stuke (1998) from material found in wet, heart-rot trunk cavities in cut stumps of Pinus sylvestris. These cavities can evidently persist in stumps for a number of years, in a condition usable by this species (Rotheray and MacGowan 2000). Rotheray (2013) observed that as water in a rot-hole reaches a temperature at which it freezes, the larvae emerges from the water and remains on the side of the rot-hole, or on the water surface. Rotheray (2013) also presents evidence that resource partitioning between larvae of B. fallax, Callicera rufa, Myathropa florea and Sphegina clunipes reduces the likelihood of competition between them, when they occur in the same rot-hole. Under favourable conditions, Rotheray (2013) found that larvae can complete development within one year, reaching maturity by the onset of winter and then leaving the rot-hole, apparently passing the winter in diapause, to pupate the following spring. Maximum rates of development were found when pine sawdust was added to rot-hole content. This would imply that, under natural conditions, water-filled tree-holes into which comminuted wood fragments are raining down from above, e.g. as a consequence of the activities of the larvae of saproxylic Coleoptera, would provide better conditions for larvae than rot-holes in stumps remaining from tree-felling activities. Rotheray et al. (2016) show that food resource availability within the tree holes is limiting to larval growth, but that, even when food supply is not limiting, approximately 20% of larvae take 2 years to develop. Larvae of two North American Blera species are described and figured by Greene (1923), who also found them (in frass) in rotting stumps. The larva has also been found in a water-filled tree-hole by Dusek and Laska (1961). Occurrence of this species in Picea forest from which Pinus is absent, in central Europe, indicates that this syrphid can develop in rot-holes in Picea, as well as rot-holes in Pinus. According to van de Meutter (Bot and van de Meutter 2019) the species thrives in monocultures of spruce in Belgium, suggesting it is depending completely here on Picea, not Pinus.","The main threats of this species are focused on the loss of quality and quantity of habitat. However, there is no specific information regarding the potential threats affecting this species in Europe, besides the loss of suitable habitat due to deforestation and other land management like agriculture, habitat destruction, fire and change in land use. This will certainly have an effect on the sub populations of this species, and it will surely be a negative effect, but the actual changes are unknown.  In the United Kingdom, a decline since the early 1900s is considered to be mainly due to loss of habitat and changes in forestry management (Rotheray and MacGowan 2000).","Conservation actions for this species must focus on the preservation of the suitable habitat. The species relies on ancient woodland for its large gnarled trees and rot holes that can be found in them. It also relies on a naturally diverse, mosaic woodland that has open areas, where the flies can bask in the sun, and broadleaved trees – like rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) – where the flies can feed as adults. Besides Scotland the species is not subject to any targeted conservation action in other countries, although this type of habitat is getting more and more threatened. Further research on the population size and trends, the threats and the life history of this species is required. In addition, monitoring of the population and habitat trends.  In the United Kingdom, the species is threatened, listed in the UK Red Data Book as category 1 (endangered) and it is a UK Biodiversity Action Plan priority species (Rotheray 2012). In 2007, this species was included in the Species Action Framework (SAF), a Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) initiative (Scottish Natural Heritage 2007), which focuses on funding projects to improve the status of species deemed significant to overall Scottish biodiversity. In Finland, this species has been assessed as Least Concern in 2000, 2010 and 2019 (FinBif 2020). The species is Near Threatened on the Danish Red List of 2019 (Bygebjerg 2019).",This species is not used or traded.,"Van Der Meutter, F. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A., Popov, G. & Speight, M.","Birtele, D., Morris, R., Ball, S., Vujić, A. & Ssymank, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Blera,nitens,,Blera nitens,"(Stackelberg, 1923)",,Yes,DD,,No,NA,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Not Applicable (NA)  Blera nitens is thought to be present in European Russia, but there is no information about localities, size of subpopulations or population trend. No threats are known, although it probably faces the same problems as other species from this genus that result in habitat loss. Therefore, this species is assessed as Data Deficient for Europe. Further research on the European population is required.  This species is not found within the EU 27 Member States and therefore it is Not Applicable for the EU Member States.",Unknown,"This species is found in parts of European Russia, extending eastwards out of the European region through Siberia to the Pacific, to Korea and China (Barkalov and Cheng 2011, Speight 2020). This species is not found within the EU 27.",There is no population information known for this species.,"The preferred environment of this species is Pinus sibiricus taiga (A. Barkalov pers. comm. 2019). Flowers known to have been visited by this species include Rubus sachalinensis (Barkalov and Mutin 1991), white umbellifers and Rosa spp. (A. Barkalov pers. comm. 2020). The flight period is from July to August (A. Barkalov pers. comm. 2019).","No threats are known, although it probably faces the same problems as other species from this genus, so mainly the loss of quality and quantity of habitat.","Conservation actions for this species must focus on the preservation of the suitable habitat, which seems to be Pinus sibericus taiga (Speight 2020). Research has to be done on the biology and ecology of the species, and population and habitat trends have to be monitored.",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Brachyopa,atlantea,,Brachyopa atlantea,"Kassebeer, 2000",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  As only one Spanish record is known of this otherwise African species, nothing can be concluded concerning its threat status in Europe. Due to the lack of information on habitat preferences and the few observations of this species, it is categorised as Data Deficient in Europe.",Unknown,"Only one record is known from Spain, where it was collected in 1974 from Lanjaron, Grenada, southern Spain, at 550 m a.s.l. (van Steenis and van Steenis 2014). It is not known if this specimen was from a resident population or a vagrant individual.  The species is described from several specimens collected in different years from one locality in Morocco (van Steenis et al. 2020).","Only one specimen has been collected in Europe, in 1974.  In Morocco, several specimens and larvae were collected at one site through several consecutive years (van Steenis et al. 2020).","In Spain, the specimen was collected in an area with Mediterranean evergreen oak forest at an altitude of 550 m in April.  In Morocco, it has been found at an altitude of 1,000 m near an external sap-run on Populus spp. in the Atlas Mountains. The records are based on one adult, several larvae and pupae, of which many were empty, collected between March and April (van Steenis et al. 2020).","The saproxylic larvae of the genus Brachyopa have been found in sap-runs externally and internally in living deciduous and coniferous trees as well as in accumulations of sap in recently fallen and decaying logs or stumps. This habitat shows large fluctuations, with the quantity and quality varying over a period of five to ten years.  Larvae of Brachyopa atlantea have been found in external sap-runs which are known to have large fluctuations. The quality of the evergreen oak forest habitat is threatened by intensified agriculture causing dehydration, increased risk of pollution due to fertilizers and pesticide use. Unsustainable forestry leads to fewer overmature and senescent trees, decreasing the number of trees with sap-runs. Moreover, climate change will lead to dryer and hotter summers, giving rise to dehydration of sap-runs and increasing the risk of forest fires (van Steenis et al. 2020).",No conservations actions are in place. More research is needed to establish habitat preferences and conservation actions.,This species is not utilised.,"Nève, G. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Brachyopa,bicolor,,Brachyopa bicolor,"(Fallén, 1817)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species has a large area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO), and it is found in many localities across the European region.  Although there is an extensive database covering an estimated 80% of all records for this species, no quantitative analysis has been found to estimate the extinction risk. It could be argued that its population size has declined with almost 25% based on the many old records available in the database. Combined with the decreasing habitat quality and the known extreme fluctuations, it is prone to be threatened. It is however unknown if this decline has occurred over the last 10 years or more, but it is suspected to be happening over the next 10 years. This is based on the continuing decline of the habitat and the degradation and destruction of the larval habitat, caused by numerous threats, such as the intensification of agriculture and forestry, and cutting out old trees. As it is not possible to estimate the rate of population decline in the next 10 years, the species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27 countries. However, research and monitoring is strongly recommended as it can easily become threatened in the very near future.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in Europe from southern Norway and southern Sweden to northeastern Spain and Portugal, and from Wales to Greece and eastwards to European Russia(van Steenis et al. 2020).   The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) both in Europe and in the EU27 are significantly greater than  the values for the application of a threatened category.  Out of the European region, the range extends to the Siberian Far East of Russia and Japan (van Steenis et al. 2020).","The species is often found in low numbers on flowers or around trees with sap-runs, but sometimes it is more abundant and can be found in the same locality several years in a row, probably due to its larval habitat showing extreme fluctuations. It has been listed in several country Red Lists, ranging from Least Concern to Endangered. The population trend is possibly declining, based on the many old, but rare newer records from Central and Eastern Europe over the last 50 years (van Steenis et al. 2020). It is suspected this decline could continue over the next 10 years (J. van Steenis pers. comm. 2021).","The species is found in different deciduous wood and parkland forest types, from alluvial to thermophilous forests. The larvae are known from a wide variety of deciduous as well as coniferous forests in sap-runs or accumulations of sap under bark of live trees or tree trunks associated with larvae of other insects. Sap-runs on Quercus spp. is supposed to be the preferred larval habitat. The larvae are known to be parasitised, possibly causing many losses. Adults have been found visiting flowers of high shrubs such as Acer, Crataegus and Prunus, but they are more often found flying around trees with supposed sap-runs where they can fly high into the trees (van Steenis et al. 2020).","The main threat is the degradation and destruction of its larval habitat by intensification of agriculture and forestry, and increased use of pesticides and fertilizers. The clearance of old trees from forests and ""maintenance"" of old urban trees has a negative impact on the number of sap-runs. Furthermore, the expansion of urban and industrial areas will lead to a decrease of forest surface (van Steenis et al. 2020).","No conservation actions are in place. More research and monitoring is needed to improve knowledge of habitat preferences, fluctuations and population trends. Raising awareness about this species is also important.",This species is not utilised.,"Varga, Z. & Hadrava, J.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.","Pennards, G.W.A., Vujić, A. & Ssymank, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Brachyopa,bimaculosa,,Brachyopa bimaculosa,"Doczkal and Dziock, 2004",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",EU27-2020,,"This is an EU27 endemic. It is known from Germany, Slovenia and Greece with only two records in Germany, and one from Slovenia. It has a severely fragmented distribution. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is small (between 48 and 128 km2), qualifying for the Endangered category. Furthermore, there is an inferred decline in extent and the quality of the habitat. Therefore, the final category for this species is Endangered.",Unknown,"This is a species endemic to the EU27. It is known from Germany, Slovenia and Greece, but with only two records in Germany, one in Slovenia and two on mainland Greece. On the Peloponnesus there are several flourishing subpopulations in the mountain forests (van Steenis et al. 2020). Based on the suitable habitats in the Peloponnesus, the species is expected to have a wider distribution in this locality, and the area of occupancy (AOO) has been calculated to reflect this. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is above the threatened categories and the area of occupancy is between 48 and 128 km2.","The species is normally found as single individuals, except on the Peloponnesus, where it has been found in great numbers at different localities. The localities outside the Peloponnesus are very far away from each other (van Steenis et al. 2020). The population trend is unknown.","Two forest habitats are known for this species. It is found near sub-alpine mixed forests with streams, where it is recorded in singletons, and in Mediterranean calcareous pine forests, where large populations are known. However, there is not much information about its habitat requirements. Adults have been found visiting flowers of low herbs as well as trees, e.g. several Apiceae, Acer spp., and Salix aurita L. (van Steenis et al. 2020). No larval information is available, but it is assumed they live in sappy decay of living or dead wood, like other species in this genus (van Steenis et al. 2020).","Grazing by sheep, unsustainable forestry and forest fires on the Peloponnesus pose large threats to the species habitat. Agriculture, forestry and industrial activities such as drainage, increased use of pesticides and fertilizer, clearing of old trees and dam building are other factors may have a negative impact on the habitat  (van Steenis et al. 2020).",No conservation actions are in place. More research is needed to establish the habitat preferences and thus the need to establish conservation actions. Protection of important sites and reducing the impact of habitat  destruction would benefit the conservation fortunes of this species.,The species is not utilised.,"Hadrava, J. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Brachyopa,cinerea,,Brachyopa cinerea,"Wahlberg, 1844",,No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU°) EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  In the European region, this species has a minimum area of occupancy (AOO) of 80 and a supposed maximum of 1,560 km2. It is found in 20 localities making many locations, and its habitat is threatened and is classified as Vulnerable. The population density is very low, and the species occurrence is considered to be severely fragmented. Furthermore, there is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy and in the habitat quality. Therefore, the species is assessed as Endangered. However, it is much more common in the eastern part of its Palaearctic distribution, and it is assumed there will be some influx from this part into the European part of Russia. Therefore, the category is downgraded to Vulnerable (VU° B2ab(ii,iii)) in Europe.  In the EU27 countries, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 32 km2. The species is also severely fragmented here, and the habitats are threatened. Furthermore, the populations in the northern parts of Sweden are supposed to be extinct. Moreover, there is a continuing decline of the area of occupancy and the habitat quality in the EU27 countries as well. This will classify the species as Endangered, and as the species is already rare in the rest of Europe, no immigration from outside the EU27 is expected. Therefore, the final category in the EU27 is Endangered (EN B2ab(ii,iii)).",Unknown,"The species is known from the boreal parts of Norway, Sweden and Finland and eastwards from European Russia to the Siberian Far East of Russia and Japan (van Steenis et al. 2020). In some parts of Norway, Sweden and Finland the species is considered possibly extinct, as there have been general investigations in these areas and it has not been found in recent years. A record in Belarus is uncertain as it is far outside of the range and was recorded a long time ago (van Steenis et al. 2020).  In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is above the thresholds for threatened categories, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is between 80 and 1560 km2. In the EU27 countries, the EOO is 336,481 km2 and the AOO is 32 km2.","In Europe, the species is found only as single individuals at each site and in some years it has not been found at all. Seemingly it has very low population densities and the localities are very far apart. Moreover, some of these subpopulations are possibly extinct. In the Nordic countries, this species has been assessed as Near Threatened to Vulnerable (van Steenis et al. 2020). The population trend is unknown.","This is a subarctic species found in boreal Betula forests, visiting flowers of low herbs and shrubs such as Anthriscus sylvestris, Ribes rubrum and Salix glauca. Specifically, it lives in European Habitat G1.5. - broadleaved bog woodland on acid peat (Janssen et al. 2016). The larval stage is not well understood, but it is likely to be similar to other species of Brachyopa, occurring in old trees with sap runs or dead trees with sappy decay (van Steenis et al. 2020).","The habitat of this species (European Habitat G1.5 - broadleaved bog woodland on acid peat) is classified as Vulnerable, and it is known that this species has very low population densities. A small decline in habitat could have great effects, causing a rapid decline. The main threats are intensified and increasing forestry causing a loss of suitable habitat and old growth trees, and also climate change (van Steenis et al. 2020).",No conservation actions are currently in place. Research and monitoring are needed to understand the ecology and population trends. Protection of important sites and reducing the impact of habitat  destruction would also benefit the conservation fortunes of this species.,This species is not used or traded.,"Varga, Z. & Hadrava, J.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.","Ssymank, A., Vujić, A. & Pennards, G.W.A.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Brachyopa,dorsata,,Brachyopa dorsata,"Zetterstedt, 1837",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a widespread species with many records from all over its range. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this  species both in Europe and in the EU27 are significantly greater than  the thresholds for the application of a threatened category. Its habitat seems to be threatened by forestry and agriculture, but it is not placed in any threat category. However, some forestry actions could increase the availability of larval habitat. The net effect of the possible decline in adult habitat and the possible increase in larval habitat is not clear. No trends could be detected in the database, except for a possible extension of its distributional range and strong fluctuation populations in other parts of its range. This species is therefore considered to be Least Concern in Europe and the EU27 countries.",Unknown,"This is primarily a boreo-montane species with scattered records from temperate Europe. It is known from northern Sweden south to the French Pyrenees, and from Belgium to Romania and east to European Russia (van Steenis et al. 2020). Further to the east, it is also known from Siberia, the Russian Far East and Japan. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species both in Europe and in the EU27 are significantly greater than the thresholds for the application of a threatened category.","This species is found in various numbers, with often only one to five individuals found at one site. In some instances, several specimens were collected at the same site on a single day. Specimens have also been collected in the same place several consecutive years in a row. In some countries the species seems to show population fluctuations, and in other countries it seems to have extended it distributional range over the last decades (van Steenis et al. 2020). The population trend is unknown.","The species is found in lowland to subalpine mixed forest and on a variety of boreal bogs. Larvae are found in accumulation of sap under trunks and stumps of several deciduous tree species, often together with larvae of several other species of  Diptera and beetles. Adults are often found near stumps and trunks of deciduous and coniferous trees, and to a lesser extent also around sap-runs or visiting flowers of various species of herbs, shrubs and trees, such as Anthriscus sylvestris, Caltha palustris, Crataegus, Prunus and Salix. It is often found together with several other Brachyopa species (van Steenis et al. 2020).","Intensification of forestry is the main threat to this species. Tree harvest can decrease the availability of logs, but at the same time it can increase the number of stumps. Its effect (especially) on the larval habitat has not been investigated and is hard to predict. Based on the range extension in some countries and the seemingly fluctuating populations in others, the net effect can depend on many factors, and can lead to an increase, or to a decrease of the number of sub-populations (van Steenis et al. 2020).",No conservation actions are in place. Research and monitoring are needed to better understand the ecology of this species and its population trends. Raising awareness about it is also important.,The species is not utilised.,"Nève, G. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Brachyopa,grunewaldensis,,Brachyopa grunewaldensis,"Kassebeer, 2000",,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 regional assessment Endangered (EN)  This species has a very scattered distribution and a range of habitats, of which several are Red Listed. The population dynamics are not well known. The small area of occupancy (AOO) and the scattered distribution makes this species vulnerable to habitat destruction. The AOO of 140-420 km2, the severely fragmented population, and the decline in habitat quality due to tourism infrastructure development and commercial forestry activities all put this species in the Endangered category in Europe.   In the EU27 countries, the same conditions apply and there are fewer locations, making the area of occupancy (AOO) even smaller. The estimated AOO is between 128 and 384 km2, classifying the species as Endangered in the EU27 as well.",Unknown,"This is a very rare but widespread species in Europe. It is not known from outside Europe and is considered to be a European endemic. It is found from Spain to mainland Greece in the south, and through France and Serbia into Belgium and Poland in the north (van Steenis et al. 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is above the thresholds for threatened categories in both Europe and the EU27 countries. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) ranges between 140 and 420 km2, and between 128 and 384 km2 in the EU27 countries.","This species is most often found in very low numbers, and it is not recorded repeatedly over the years from the same localities. It is seemingly a rare and very scattered species with very low population densities and possibly also with large fluctuations (van Steenis et al. 2020). The population trend is unknown. The species is considered to be severely fragmented as mostly one or max two specimens have been recorded in each locality, which indicates that is has very small subpopulations over its range, which do not seem to support viable subpopulations. In addition, these subpopulations are widely separated.","The adults are found in a wide variety of forest types from Mediterranean, mixed thermophilous, alluvial and riparian forest. The use of emergence traps to collect adults suggest  that the larvae live in rot-holes of deciduous trees (Fraxinus and Quercus). The adults visit flowers of several tree species, such as Acer, Crataegus and Sorbus, or fly close to sap runs on a  wide variety of deciduous trees (van Steenis et al. 2020).","The habitat of this species, in particular alluvial and Quercus forests, are threatened by tourism infrastructure development and commercial forestry activities. Commercial forestry does not support oak forest and favours beech forest which can be particularly problematic (van Steenis et al. 2020).",There are no conservation plans in action. More research is needed to establish the habitat preferences and thus the need to establish conservation actions. Increased monitoring is required to understand the population trend of this species better. Several of the habitats in which this species has been recorded are Red Listed.,The species is not utilised.,"Hadrava, J. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Brachyopa,insensilis,,Brachyopa insensilis,"Collin, 1939",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a widespread species in most parts of Europe and thus does not seem to be threatened. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) both in Europe and in the EU27 are greater than  the thresholds for the application of any threatened category. However, the habitat is threatened due to several factors, such as  agricultural intensification, use of pesticides and fertilizers, and forestry. It is suspected that there will be a population reduction over a period of 10 years based on a decline of the habitat quality. The possible reduction is not easy to estimate, and more monitoring is needed to establish a better idea of the magnitude of the trend. The final assessment for this species and its category is Least Concern, but further work could find that it may warrant uplisting in the future.",Decreasing,"This is a widespread lowland species occurring in western, central and eastern Europe. It reaches its northern limit in the southern part of Sweden, and its southern limit in northern Spain and central Italy. Its latitudinal distribution ranges from Ireland in the west, to Greece and European Russia in the east (van Steenis et al. 2020). It is extinct in Ukraine and in European Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species both in Europe and in the EU27 are significantly greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.","This species is often found in large numbers at the larval habitat or while visiting flowers. It is also found in sap-runs several years in a row, but also seemingly disappears for many years. It has not been seen in Russia and Ukraine since 1958 and 1986 respectively, and so is thought to be extinct in these countries (van Steenis et al. 2020). It is suspected that there will be a population reduction over a period of 10 years based on a decline of the habitat quality. The possible reduction is not easy to estimate, and more monitoring is needed to establish a better idea of the magnitude of the trend.","This species is found in a wide variety of wooded habitats from broadleaved to coniferous forests, and often in cities with old senescent trees. Larvae are found in external sap runs on a wide variety of deciduous (e.g. Alnus, Aesculus, Ulmus) as well as coniferous (Abies alba and Pinus nigra) trees. Larvae are often very numerous and occur at the same time of the year at the sap run as the adults. Adults, and especially the males, are found near trees with sap runs or feeding on flowers such as Apiaceae, Malus, Prunus, Pyrus and Sorbus (van Steenis et al. 2020).","The main threat to this species is agricultural intensification, the use of pesticides and fertilizers and tourism. Forestry is another possible threat to this species together with the intensification of pest control, which could harm or even decrease the amount and quality of the larval habitat (van Steenis et al. 2020).",There are no conservation actions in place. More research is needed for estimating possible population reductions based on a decline of the habitat quality or fluctuations in the availability of suitable larval habitat.,The species is not utilised nor traded.,"Hadrava, J. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.","Vujić, A., Ssymank, A. & Pennards, G.W.A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Brachyopa,maculipennis,,Brachyopa maculipennis,"Thompson, 1980",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",No,EN,"B2b(ii,iii)c(ii,iii)",EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)   This species is dependent on alluvial forests. In several EU countries, it has not been found for many decades and is assumed to be critically endangered or even extinct in these countries. The extent and quality of its habitat has declined strongly, and it is still severely threatened throughout Europe. There is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy (AOO) and habitat quality. Based on the recorded localities, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 192 and 384 km2, assessing it as Endangered in Europe.   In the EU27, there are clear declines in the habitat extent and quality. The AOO is between 124 and a maximum of 248 km2. Based on the possible extinction and habitat decrease in several EU27 countries, the true AOO is inferred as a maximum to be 124 km2, classifying the species as Endangered in the EU27 countries.",Unknown,"This is a European endemic, known from German to Italy and eastwards to Poland, Hungary and into the eastern parts of Ukraine (van Steenis et al. 2020). In several countries only old records are known (in Germany, the records are from 1900 and 1971; in Italy, from 1890 and 1900). Possible stable subpopulations have been found in Austria, Czechia, Poland and Serbia. In Europe and in the EU27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is above the thresholds for threatened categories. The area of occupancy (AOO) is between 192 and 384 km2 in Europe, and between 124 and 248 km2 in the EU27.","This is a species with many scattered records and with only old records throughout its western range. For example, in Germany, the records are from 1900 and 1971; in Italy, the records are from 1890 and 1900; while in Austria, Czechia and Serbia, several recent records are known. It has been found in rather low numbers at each collecting site, and it is not well known if the population is stable over the years (van Steenis et al. 2020). The population trend is unknown.","This is a species of alluvial and humid broad-leaved forests. The adults fly near external sap-runs on deciduous trees such as Populus and Salix, or can be found visiting flowering trees such as Crataegus, Frangula alnus, Prunus padus and Malus. Egg laying was observed close to an external sap-run and this surely forms the larval habitat of the species (van Steenis et al. 2020).","The habitats where the species occurs - namely riparian floodplains, gallery woodlands, meso- and eutrophic oak and Hornbeam forests and woodlands - are categorized from Near Threatened to Endangered. The area and the quality of the alluvial forests in Europe are rapidly declining and thus the habitat and Brachyopa maculipennis are also threatened (van Steenis et al. 2020). Some of the threats are tourism, logging, agriculture and the use of fertilizers and pesticides.","No conservation actions are in place. More research is needed to establish the habitat preferences, and thus the need to establish and plan conservation actions. Protection of important sites and reducing the impact of habitat  destruction would also benefit the conservation fortunes of this species.",The species is not used or traded.,"Nève, G. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Brachyopa,minima,,Brachyopa minima,"Vujić and Pérez-Bañón, 2016",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,CR,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)c(ii,iii,iv)",EU27-2020,,"This species is endemic to Greece. It has a very small extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) (4-8 km2), and is only known from one or two widely scattered localities, so it is severely fragmented. Its habitat is declining in extent, area and quality. The number of subpopulations has also declined, as the only large subpopulation was known from Lesvos island, where it has not been found since 2015. The species is dependent on external sap-runs and thus shows extreme fluctuations in AOO, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. There is no indication of the exact number of mature individuals. The EOO (4-1,270 km2) and AOO (4-8 km2) together with the decline in the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, area, extent and quality of habitat, number of locations and subpopulations mean that this species is precautionarily assessed as Critically Endangered.",Decreasing,"This species is only known from Greece, where it is found in Thrace province and on the island of Lesvos (van Steenis et al. 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,270 km2 and the current area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km2.","This species is only known from a small number of localities. The main Lesvos locality was at a single Populus tree with an external sap run. This sap run ceased to exist over a short period of time, and after 2014 no Brachyopa specimens have been seen on Lesvos despite vigorous surveying efforts (van Steenis et al. 2020). Therefore, the population trend is decreasing.","Larvae have been found in an external sap-run on a single Populus nigra tree several years in a row. Around this tree, several adults have been collected too. The sap-run dried out due to the closure of the fissure during the recovery of the tree. In the surroundings of this single tree, no other external sap-runs were found, and it is possible the subpopulation here is now extinct. The population in Thrace is not well investigated, and only one record is known. The forest habitat in Greece and especially on the Aegean islands is heavily threatened due to overgrazing by livestock and forest fires (van Steenis et al. 2020).","The natural extreme fluctuations in the occurrence of external sap-runs makes this species very vulnerable to the loss of the extent or quality of its habitat. On the Aegean islands, repeated forest fires, logging and overgrazing by livestock are serious threats to the survival of this species (van Steenis et al. 2020).","No conservation actions are currently in place. Research and monitoring are needed to understand the ecology of this species and its population trends better. Some conservation suggestions have been made, such as reducting the damage that sheep grazing causes to old trees (Pérez–Bañón et al. 2016).",The species is not used or traded.,"Hadrava, J. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.","Pennards, G.W.A., Ssymank, A. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Brachyopa,obscura,,Brachyopa obscura,"Thompson and Torp, 1982",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  In Scandinavia, this is a widespread species, occurring in many localities. Overall, it does not seem to be threatened in Scandinavia, even though it is listed as Endangered in Norway, because the species is abundant in Sweden and Finland, and influx from these subpopulations will ensure its survival in Norway as well.   In central and southeastern Europe it is rare and its distribution is fragmented. The habitats are possibly relict glacial habitats and thus threatened. Any influx from Scandinavian subpopulations seems to be unlikely, and it is not known if there could be any influx from Russian subpopulations. The central and south-eastern subpopulations are at a higher risk level as they have a minimum area of occupancy (AOO) of 100 km2 and the habitat quality is considered to be declining. Therefore, the species is much more threatened in central and south-eastern Europe than in Scandinavia.    Using knowledge on the habitat and frequency of this species in Scandinavia, the range values are far greater than the threshold to consider this species threatened in either Europe or the EU 27 at this time. The species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 27. Monitoring of the population and habitat are needed to determine whether it should be assessed as threatened in the near future.",Stable,"This is a northern species with scattered records in central and southeastern Europe. It is recorded from northern Fennoscandinavia south to France and Montenegro, and from Belgium to European Russia in the east (van Steenis et al. 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species both in Europe and in the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.","Based on observations in Sweden where the population strongly increased some years after a destructive storm, this species shows strong fluctuations in population size. It can be found in great numbers in suitable localities and also over several consecutive years (van Steenis et al. 2020).","This species is associated with mixed boreal forests with overmature trees, and other rich deciduous forests. The collection of a recently hatched adult from Pyrus spp. indicates that the larva live in accumulations of sap under bark or in internal sap-runs. This species has been collected on a wide variety of flowering herbs and bushes such as Apiaceae, Acer, Crataegus and Prunus (van Steenis et al. 2020).","The adult habitat is not fully understood, but since it is not recorded often in central Europe, the species seems to have high demands on its habitat. In Scandinavia, it is found in mixed forests with old deciduous trees as possible larval habitat, most notably Populus and Pyrus. The Populus tremula forests of the sub-boreal region are very rare in central Europe, and are threatened by forestry, pollution from agriculture and climate change (van Steenis et al. 2020).",No conservation actions are in place. More research is needed to establish habitat preferences and thus the need for conservation actions.,The species is not traded or utilised.,"Nève, G. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Brachyopa,panzeri,,Brachyopa panzeri,"Goffe, 1945",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This is a widespread species with about 500 records throughout its distributional range. The main habitat does not seem to be threatened, although there is evidence that the old-growth beech (Fagus) forests and especially alluvial forests are declining. The larval habitat consists of accumulations of sap in tree trunks and stumps. Modern forestry induces an increase in such stumps and the net effect on the population due to logging, drainage and the increase in larval habitat is not fully understood. On the Red Lists of several countries this species is listed as Vulnerable, while in others it is Least Concern. The final category for both Europe and the EU27 is Least Concern, very close to Near Threatened. This is based on the rather low number of records as well as due to the lack of research on the net effects of forest management. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy  (AOO) both in Europe and in the EU27 are greater than  the thresholds for the application of any threatened category. Regular monitoring is needed because with more data the species could become threatened in the near future.",Unknown,"The species is widespread in northern Europe and in temperate climates of the continent, from southern Sweden to Spain and from central France eastwards to Siberia (van Steenis et al. 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) both in Europe and in the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.",The species is found in singletons or up to 10-15 individuals at the larval habitat. It is sometimes found in the same locality during consecutive years (van Steenis et al. 2020). The population trend is unknown.,"This species prefers humid Fagus forests and also alluvial and mixed forests. The records from coniferous forests could apply to Brachyopa dorsata, with which this species is often confused. The larva has been found in a sap-run on Fagus sylvatica, while the record from Picea spp. could refer to B. dorsata as explained above. The adults are seen visiting flowers of herbs, shrubs and trees such as Acer, Crataegus, Sambucus and Prunus, but are more often found hovering around stumps or at sap-runs on several different trees (van Steenis et al. 2020).","Forestry is the main threat to this species. Drainage of forest grounds will cause a change in ground flora, and possibly also lead to an accelerated dessication of the stumps and logs in which the larvae develop. The harvest of old trees can decrease the number of logs, but at the same time it can increase the number of stumps. Its net effect (especially on the larval habitat) has not been investigated and is hard to predict (van Steenis et al. 2020).",There are no conservation actions in place. More research is needed to establish the habitat preferences and thus the need to have conservation actions. Raising awareness about this species would be also important.,The species is not used.,"Nève, G. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Brachyopa,pilosa,,Brachyopa pilosa,"Collin, 1939",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a widespread species in the temperate zone of the Palaearctic region which seems to have stable populations and good dispersal capacity. Its habitats are somewhat threatened but due to its wide habitat range, this does not seem to pose a great threat to its survival. In addition, its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) both in Europe and in the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category. It is therefore categorised as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27.",Stable,"This is a widespread European species occurring from northern Scandinavia to Spain and Italy, and from Ireland to European Russia and the Caucasus and further eastwards into the Russian Far East (van Steenis et al. 2020). It is also known from Georgia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species both in Europe and in the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.","This species has stable populations and has been found over many years in the same localities. The larval habitat occurs naturally and rather abundantly in European forests, and does not seem to show large fluctuations. This is a species with seemingly good dispersal capacities (van Steenis et al. 2020).","The species is found in many different forests and forested areas, mainly in Fagus but also humid Picea spp. forests, or even in city parks. Larvae are found under the bark and/or trunk of a wide variety of deciduous and also coniferous trees. The species is often accompanied by larvae of other Diptera, but never in connection with xylophagous larvae. The larvae are known to be parasitized by Tetrastichus spp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). The visited flowers include herbs, shrubs and trees, such as Apiaceae, Acer, Anemone nemorosa, Cardamine pratensis, Crataegus, Prunus and Viburnum. The adults are found on tree trunks and logs, and are seldom seen around trees with sap-runs (van Steenis et al. 2020).",Forestry and especially the clearing of logs is the main threat to this species. Agriculture could also pose a threat to larval and adult survival due to use of pesticides and fertilisers (van Steenis et al. 2020).,"No conservation actions are in place. More research is needed to establish the habitat preferences of this species, and thus the need for conservation action. Raising awareness about this species is also important.",The species is not traded or used.,"Nève, G. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Brachyopa,plena,,Brachyopa plena,"Collin, 1939",,Yes,NT,"B2b(iii,v)",No,NT,"B2b(iii,iv)c(ii,iii)",EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU27 regional assessment:  Near Threatened (NT)  This is a rare East European endemic with rather few and scattered records. In Bulgaria, Croatia and Germany, only old records are known, and the species could be extinct in these countries. The area of occupancy (AOO) is rather small (ranging between 296 and 1,480 km2, but likely to be over 500 km2 in both Europe and the EU27 countries), and the possible extinction in parts of its distribution shows the decline of its populations. Its distribution outside the EU27 is very small, and many of the records are from Austria and Hungary. The quality of the habitat is declining, and it could be possible this species shows extreme fluctuations in its AOO and number of subpopulations, but this needs confirmation, and for now it is not considered to show extreme fluctuations. As such, this species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe and the EU27 countries.",Decreasing,"This is a rare East European endemic, recorded in Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Romania, Serbia and Ukraine (van Steenis et al. 2020). The species is possibly extinct in Bulgaria, Croatia and Germany (J. van Steenis pers. comm. 2021).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 714,272 km2. The species has a seemingly large area of occupancy (AOO), but due to lack of exact habitat data, it is difficult to estimate the true AOO. The Mediterranean and alluvial forests are threatened, and thus it seems likely that the AOO will be smaller. Only 74 records are known, making a minimum AOO of 296 km2 and a possible maximum of 1,480 km2. In the EU27, the minimum AOO is estimated to be 276 km2.","In Serbia, this species has been collected with several individuals around Salix trees with external sap-runs. It seems that it is rarely found at the same localities several years in a row. In Bulgaria (1983), Croatia (1969) and Germany (1989), only older records are known, and the species could be extinct in these countries (van Steenis et al. 2020). Thus the population trend is considered to be decreasing.","This species is found in Mediterranean oak forests and alluvial forests. The visited flowers include Acer, Crataegus, Pyrus, Salix and Sorbus trees. The adults are also seen flying around the base of oaks (Quercus). The larvae are thought to live in sap-runs, because adults have been seen flying around them (van Steenis et al. 2020).","As it is the case with other species of Brachyopa, forestry will most likely have a negative impact on the larval habitat. In addition, the alluvial forests are especially threatened at European level due to increased industrialization and tourism (van Steenis et al. 2020). The modification of streams and rivers for transport could also have a negative impact on the habitat.",There are no conservation actions in place. More research is needed to establish the habitat preferences and thus the need for conservation actions such as area protection and restoration. Raising awareness about this species is also important.,The species is not traded or used.,"Nève, G. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Brachyopa,quadrimaculosa,,Brachyopa quadrimaculosa,"Thompson, 1981",,No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  Within the European region, this species has a low number of locations (six, based on the threats of overgrazing, forest fires and other cases of deforestation), its range is severely fragmented and the quality of the habitat is declining. In addition, the area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 200 km2. Therefore, the species qualifies as Endangered. Possible influx from outside Europe could come from Israel, but the chance of this is regarded as very low. The threat category therefore is not downgraded. The threat category for Europe and EU27 is the same, and the final assessment is Endangered.",Unknown,"This species was described from Israel. In Europe, it is known from Cyprus and several localities in Greece (Thrace province, and the islands of Lesvos and Samos) (van Steenis et al. 2020).The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 102,055 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) ranges between 24 and 200 km2. The species is found on several east Mediterranean islands, which explains the large extent of occurrence (EOO), despite the small area of occupancy (AOO).","This species is only found in very low numbers, and it is not known whether it can be found on the same locality in several consecutive years (van Steenis et al. 2020), even though general hoverfly surveys are carried out in its European distributional range. The population trend is unknown.","Adults were found in alluvial and Platanus orientalis forest within Mediterranean Quercus frainetto and Q. pubescens forests, and in alluvial Populus forest within Pinus brutia forest and Mediterranean maquis. They were visiting flowers of Pyrus spinosa and Smyrnium olusatrum. Some were also collected in alluvial Alnus orientalis forest within mixed Platanus orientalis and Pinus brutia forest (van Steenis et al. 2020).","On the Aegean islands and Cyprus, repeated forest fires and overgrazing by livestock are serious threats to the survival of this species, and commercial forestry will also have a negative impact (van Steenis et al. 2020).","No conservation actions are in place. More research is needed to establish the habitat preferences, and thus the need for conservation actions such as area protection, management and restoration. Increased monitoring and raising awareness of the species are also recommended.",This species is not used or traded.,"Hadrava, J. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Brachyopa,scutellaris,,Brachyopa scutellaris,"Robineau-Desvoidy, 1844",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)     This is a widespread species in western Europe and thus does not seem to be globally threatened. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) both in Europe and in the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category. However, the species' habitat is threatened due to several factors. Thus this species might be threatened based on the reduction of the population size, but as nothing is known about the rate of a possible decline over the past or future 10 years and more research is needed to estimate it. Therefore, this species is classified as Least Concern in both Europe and in the EU27, but with more information, it is possible that it could be classified as threatened in the near future.",Unknown,"This is a widespread western European species, found from southern Sweden to Portugal and Italy in the south, and from Ireland to Poland and Austria in the east (van Steenis et al. 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) both in Europe and in the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.","This species can be found in the same locality several years in a row, and sometimes in great numbers at the same locality. The larvae are found in external sap-runs, a habitat that shows localised fluctuations over time (van Steenis et al. 2020). However, the species' habitat is threatened due to several factors. Thus this species might be threatened based on the reduction of the population size, but as nothing is known about the rate of a possible decline over the past or future 10 years and more research is needed to estimate it.","This species is found in humid deciduous forests, most notably in alluvial and swamp forests. Larvae are found in the sap-runs of a wide variety of deciduous trees. The species visits flowers of Apiaceae and others such as Cardamine, Cornus, Crataegus, Prunus, Rubus, Sorbus and Viburnum. The adults are more often found on tree trunks and trees with sap-runs on Acer, Betula, Castanea, Fagus and Quercus (van Steenis et al. 2020).","The main threat to this species is forestry and the cutting of over-aged trees. The habitats of this species are Alnus woodlands on riparian and upland soils, temperate and boreal hardwood riparian woodlands, and broadleaved swamp woodland on non-acid peat (G1.2a, G1.2b and G1.4 in the European Red List of Habitats) (Janssen et al. 2016), categorised respectively as Least Concern, Endangered and Vulnerable. On several regional Red Lists, this species is categorised from Near Threatened to Endangered (van Steenis et al. 2020).","No conservation actions are in place. More research is needed to establish the habitat preferences, and thus the need for conservation action. Raising awareness about this species is also important.",The species is not used.,"Nève, G. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Brachyopa,silviae,,Brachyopa silviae,"Doczkal and Dziock, 2004",,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  This is a very rare and seemingly severely fragmented species with a few locations (nine, based on the threat of forestry) and a small area of occupancy (AOO) of 36 km2 (32 km2 in the EU27). The threat to the habitat consists of modern forestry logging old-growth trees and the risk of turning oak (Quercus) forests into more productive species such as beech and poplar. Due to the small  AOO, the severe fragmentation and the decline in its habitat quality, this species is assessed as Endangered in Europe and in the EU27.",Unknown,"This is a rare central European endemic, recorded from Austria, France, Germany and Serbia (van Steenis et al. 2020). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 719,249 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km2. In the EU27, the EOO is estimated to be 517,496 km2 and the AOO to be 32 km2.","This species has only been observed regularly in Germany: the records from Austria, France and Serbia were mostly single specimens on single occasions. The population trend is unknown and the species is considered to be severely fragmented (van Steenis et al. 2020), as the subpopulations are far apart and are relatively isolated.","This species has been found in old-growth oak-beech (Quercus-Fagus) and alluvial forests, as well as in thermophilous oak (Quercus) and mesophilous beech (Fagus) forests. It visits flowers of high shrubs and trees such as Acer, Crataegus and Pyrus. One adult was found flying close to a sap-run on Carpinus betulus, indicating a potential larval habitat (van Steenis et al. 2020).","Logging of old-growth trees is the main threat to this species (van Steenis et al. 2020). In addition, intensified forestry, and the risk of turning oak (Quercus) forests into more productive species such as beech and poplar is also a risk.","No conservation actions are in place. More research is needed to establish the habitat preferences, and thus the need for conservation action; increased monitoring is required to understand the population trends better. Raising awareness about this rare species is also important.",The species is not used.,"Hadrava, J. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Brachyopa,testacea,,Brachyopa testacea,"(Fallén, 1817)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This species is listed as “Least Concern” on all Regional Red Lists, and its habitats also do not seem to be threatened. The habitat is heavily managed and will produce a constant amount of suitable larval habitat due to regular tree falling. In addition, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species both in Europe and in the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category. Due to its wide distribution and possible extension of the range in the west and southwards, this species is listed as Least Concern both in Europe and the EU27.",Stable,"This is a widespread boreo-alpine species found from northern Norway south to the Pyrenees and Bulgaria, and from Belgium east through the Alps and the Baltic States into European Russia (van Steenis et al. 2020). It is also widely distributed in the boreal zone of the Palaearctic region over to the Russian Far East. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species both in Europe and in the EU27 are greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.","This species is dependent on pine forests, where the larvae develop in rather freshly cut stumps. It seems not to show strong population fluctuations. In many occasions, several specimens have been found together visiting flowers or flying around suitable larval habitat (van Steenis et al. 2020). The population trend is stable.","The adult habitat consists of pine forests or pine-dominated mixed forests, but it can sometimes be observed visiting flowers in broadleaf-dominated mixed forests. The immature stages are known: the larvae are found under the bark of Picea stumps. The adults are often found near damaged coniferous trees and especially stumps of Picea abies, but also in mixed forests, foraging on flowering herbs and shrubs. They visit flowers of several Apiaceae and others such as Acer pseudoplatanus, Anemone nemorosa, Cardaminopsis arenosa, Crataegus spp., Malus spp., Meum spp., Myrrhis odorata, Prunus padus and P. spinosa, Ribes alpinum, Salix spp., Saxifraga granulata, Sorbus aucuparia, Stellaria holostea, Taraxacum spp., Valeriana spp. and Viburnum opulus (van Steenis et al. 2020).","The habitat of this species is heavily managed and will produce a constant amount of suitable larval habitat due to regular tree felling. This is favourable for the species, but the use of pesticides in modern forestry could pose a threat to larval and adult survival (van Steenis et al. 2020).",No conservation actions are in place.  More research is needed to understand the potential threats to this species. Research and monitoring are needed to have a better understanding of its population trends as well. Raising  awareness about this species is also important.,This species is not used or traded.,"Nève, G. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Brachyopa,vernalis,,Brachyopa vernalis,"J. van Steenis and W. van Steenis, 2014",,Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This species is endemic to Crete and its habitat is threatened in several ways. The few known localities suggest that the species is highly threatened. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 12-20 km2, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,750 km2, it has three locations (based on the threats of overgrazing, forest fires and logging) and its habitat quality is declining. Therefore, this species is classified as Endangered, but very close to Critically Endangered.",Unknown,"The species is only known from the Greek Island of Crete and is considered to be endemic to this island (van Steenis et al. 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,750 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is between 8 and 20 km2.","This species has been found at three localities, mostly in very low numbers. At one locality, several males were collected. Although Crete has been visited many times by syrphidologists, only a few specimens have been collected, indicating that the species is very rare and shows possible extreme fluctuations in its population (van Steenis et al. 2020). The population trend is unknown.",The species has been found in Mediterranean deciduous forests visiting flowers of Crataegus (van Steenis et al. 2020).,"As in many Mediterranean areas, this habitat is under threat due to overgrazing by livestock, forest fires and other threats such as forestry management (logging and burning). It is also threatened by climate change causing drought (van Steenis et al. 2020).",No conservation actions are in place. More research is needed to establish the habitat preferences and the need for conservation actions such as area and habitat protection and management. Raising awareness will also benefit this species.,The species is not used or traded.,"Nève, G. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Brachyopa,vittata,,Brachyopa vittata,"(Zetterstedt, 1843)",,No,NT,"B2b(iii)c(ii,iii)",No,NT,"B2b(iii)c(ii,iii)",EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  EU27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)    This is a widespread species, which is possibly extending its distribution range westwards into Europe. In Scandinavia, it is a rare and scattered species only found in singletons on many occasions, and hence is possibly at the edge of its northern distribution here, where it may show large fluctuations. In central Europe, Brachyopa vittata is a widespread and sometimes abundantly collected species. The habitat is heavily managed and will produce a constant amount of suitable larval habitat due to regular tree felling. In regional Fennoscandia Red Lists, this species has been included for Finland (Data Deficient), Norway (Endangered) and Sweden (Least Concern). These strongly contrasting assessments are based on very few recent records for each country, and thus it would make sense to rate this species as Vulnerable or even Endangered for these countries. At the same time, due to its wide distribution in Europe and possible range extension westwards, this species could be listed as Least Concern. However, it has a very narrow habitat preference, and the quality of the preferred habitats is declining. The species is possibly showing extreme fluctuations, and in Scandinavia and Germany most records are from before 2000. The total number of records is rather low, making an area of occupancy (AOO) of 3,000 km2. The EU27 has about 2/3 of the records, making a possible AOO of just above 2,000 km2. The species is thus categorised as Near Threatened in Europe and the EU27.",Stable,"This is a widespread species, found from northern Sweden south to the Pyrenees and northern Greece, and from the Netherlands east into European Russia and further to the Russian Far East (van Steenis et al. 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species both in Europe and in the EU27 are higher than the values for the application of a threatened category. The AOO is inferred to be approximately 3,000 km2 in Europe and around 2,000 km2 in the EU27. Although the larval habitat seem to be stable it is possible this species shows extreme fluctuations. In Scandinavia and also in Germany the number of records during each decade fluctuates strongly, possibly indicating extreme fluctuations.","This is a species dependent upon pine forests. It seems that it does not show strong population fluctuations in its central distributional range. On several occasions, many adult specimens could be found together flying around suitable larval trees (van Steenis et al. 2020), so the population trend is considered to be stable.","The adult habitat is old-growth pine forests or mixed swamp forests. Larvae are found in stumps and trunks of Abies spp., Picea spp. and Larix spp., in association with larvae of various Coleoptera and Diptera. Visited flowers include diverse Apiaceae and others such as Caltha palustris, Crataegus spp, Pimpinella major, Prunus spp., Salix spp., Sambucus spp., Sorbus aucuparia, Valeriana officinalis and Viburnum opulus. The adults are most often found on tree stumps and trunks of a wide range of coniferous trees (van Steenis et al. 2020).","The species habitat is heavily managed, which could be a threat but also produces a constant amount of suitable larval habitat due to regular tree felling. Agriculture could pose a threat to the larval and adult habitat due to the use of pesticides and eutrophication (van Steenis et al. 2020).","No conservation actions are in place. Research and monitoring of its populations trends are needed, and raising awareness about this species is also important.",The species is not traded or utilised.,"Nève, G. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Brachyopa,zhelochovtsevi,,Brachyopa zhelochovtsevi,"Mutin, 1998",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) In Europe, this species is only known from Finland, where it was recorded twice with a very long interval (1911 and 2008). It is not known from adjacent European Russia. It could be this species has been introduced as larvae from Siberia into Finland with logs. Another possibility is that the localities are part of relict habitats in which this species still survives. There is not enough information available in Europe, and there are only a very few records here. Therefore, this species is assessed as Data Deficient in Europe and in the EU27 Member States.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is known from just two localities in Finland, and it is possibly extinct in the northernmost locality. Out of the European region, it is known from eastwards from Siberia to the Russian Far East, but it is not known from adjacent European Russia (van Steenis et al. 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1000 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km2.","In Europe, only three individuals have been found at two localities (in Finland). In the locality with one record, it has not been seen for many years and is possibly extinct here. In Siberia, it is found in very low numbers together with other Brachyopa species (van Steenis et al. 2020). The population trend is unknown.","This species is found in old-growth mixed deciduous and coniferous forests with over-mature and dead trees, especially Abies, Betula, and Populus tremula (van Steenis et al. 2020).","Boreal forests are threatened due to forestry, agricultural expansion and also due to climate change. The net effect will most likely be a decline in the area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) and quality of the habitat (van Steenis et al. 2020).","No conservation actions are in place. More research and monitoring is needed to establish the habitat preferences of the  species and the trends of the habitats, which will help establish necessary conservation actions. Research and monitoring are also required to understand better the population trends. Raising  awareness about this rare species is also important.",The species is not traded or used.,"Popov, S. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Brachypalpoides,lentus,,Brachypalpoides lentus,"(Meigen, 1822)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Brachypalpoides lentus is a widespread species across Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 10.1 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 3.7 million km2. There is no specific information regarding the potential threats (besides the usual ones in forests in Europe) affecting this species, and although there will be a decline in parts of its range overall it is not severely under pressure. The current overall population trend for both Europe and the EU 27 is considered to be stable. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both regional assessments.",Stable,"This species is found from Scandinavia to the Pyrenees and central Spain; Ireland through central Europe into European parts of Russia; southern Europe eastwards to the former Yugoslavia and Greece and into Asia Minor (Ssymank et al. 1999, Burgio et al. 2000, Reemer 2000, Birtele and Hardersen 2012, Radenkovic et al. 2013, Mortelmans et al. 2014, Ssymank and Lair 2014, Speight 2020).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 10.1 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 3.7 million km2. In the EU 27, the EOO is around 6.6 million km2 and the AOO is 2.3 million km2.","This is a widespread species, found throughout Europe (Speight 2020). Although not much information is known about this hoverfly, it is expected to have a stable population trend throughout its range.","The preferred environment of this species is forest with overmature trees; especially Fagus, Picea and Quercus and including evergreen oak forest (Speight 2020). Adult have been seen on foliage of bushes, such as Rubus fruticosus, at the edge of forest clearings and on the ground near fallen and felled trees. A teneral specimen, not capable yet of flying, was observed on a Populus-trunk (Reemer et al. 2009). Flowers visited include umbellifers, Crataegus spp., Galium spp., Rubus idaeus, Sorbus aucuparia. The flight period of this species is from April to June, and July at higher altitudes.    The larvae are undescribed, but the species has been bred from damp, fungus-riddled rotten wood within the trunk base of an old, living Fagus and is included in the keys provided by Rotheray (1994), where it is distinguished from larvae of related genera and its fore body is figured. Larvae have also been found beneath the bark of Picea, by Kassebeer (1993).","The main threats are focused on the loss of quality and quantity of habitat, specifically overmature trees decline. Anthropogenic activities in natural areas for logging and to create industrial areas or for agriculture and tourism reduce the natural habitats for this species. However, there is no specific information regarding the potential threats affecting this species, it is widespread through Europe and although there will be a decline in parts of its range overall it is not under pressure.","There are currently no conservation actions in place for the species. Focus should be on the research of the biology and ecology of the species, and the monitoring of habitat and population trends. It is known to occur in National Parks throughout Europe. In Finland, this species has been nationally assessed as Vulnerable (VU) (FinBif 2018).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Ssymank, A., Vujić, A., Morris, R., Ball, S. & Birtele, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Brachypalpus,chrysites,,Brachypalpus chrysites,"(Egger, 1859)",,Yes,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  Brachypalpus chrysites is found in mountainous parts of central and southeastern Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is around 1.7 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 706 km2. In the EU 27, the EOO is around 1.6 million km2 and the AOO is around 464 km2. Although the current estimates of EOO for Europe and the EU 27 are large, the small AOO's indicate this species is much scarcer than the range would indicate, and it has a very fragmented distribution as is shown on the map. Based on the small AOO’s for Europe and EU 27, and taking in consideration it has a very fragmented distribution, and the expected decline in suitable habitat in the future the species is listed as Vulnerable under Criterion B for Europe, and Endangered for EU27.  Conservation action for this species should be mainly focused on the preservation of its habitat, but there are currently no direct measures in place. Further research on the population, ecology, threats, and monitoring of population and habitat trends.",Decreasing,"This species is found in mountainous parts of central Europe south to the Pyrenees, including Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine (Carpathian region), Schwarzwald, through the Alps (France, Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria) and eastwards into the former Yugoslavia, Romania, Turkey and Caucasian parts of Russia (Speight 2020). In Poland, this species is found in the Tatra Mountains (Zoralski pers. comm. 2020). It is mainly restricted to Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is around 1.7 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 692 km2. In the EU 27, the EOO is around 1.6 million km2 and the AOO is around 448 km2.","This species is not easy to collect but it is still possible to be found in good habitats in mountainous areas throughout Europe. Despite less impacts of forestry management higher in the mountains, the species still seems to be decreasing in its range. Therefore, in Europe, the population trend of this species is considered to be in decline. In addition, the population is considered to be severely fragmented, as the subpopulations are small and isolated and therefore may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","The preferred environment of this species is in mountainous areas with conifer forest; open Abies/Picea forest with overmature trees, from the upper limit of Fagus, up to the Larix/Pinus mugo zone. There is a projected future decline in the quality of the habitat of this species, due to anthropogenic activities and climate change.  The adults of this species fly around shrubs like Salix and Sorbus aucuparia in flower, but also settles on cut tree trunks of Larix and Picea and on low-growing vegetation, around the edges of clearings in forest. It is apparently a rather slow-flying, low-flying mimic of Bombus (Hymenoptera, Apidae) - or perhaps Laphria flava (Diptera, Asilidae) (Moertelmaier pers. comm. 2019).     The species has been known to visit the flowers of Centaurea, Crataegus, Crocus, Eriophorum vaginatum, Helleborus niger, Petasites albus, Ranunculus, Salix, Sorbus aucuparia, Tussilago.      The flight period of this species is from April to June, plus July at higher altitudes.     The larva are described and figured by Schmid and Moertelmaier (2007), from larvae reared to last instar in a mixture of damp rotten wood of Acer, Alnus and Picea, into which a captive female laid eggs.","The threats to this species are the usual anthropogenic threats like the use of forests for wood, cattle or human settlement. There might be additional threats which are not so easy to quantify such as climate change. However, there is no evidence to support an immediate threat of climate change yet in the species range.","This species is considered to be threatened in several national Red Lists. In the Red Lists of Germany (Ssymank and Doczkal 1998), of Bavaria (Dunk et al. 2003) and of Baden-Württemberg (Doczkal et al. 2001), this hoverfly is categorized as endangered (Category 3). On the German Red List it is listed as Vulnerable as well (Ssymank et al. 2011). This species is also considered Vulnerable in the Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2005), and as Endangered in the French Alsace Department (Treiber 2015).  Conservation action for this species should be mainly focused on the preservation of its habitat, but there are currently no direct measures in place, as there is no imminent direct threat for this species at the moment. This species is also known to occur in protected areas across its range. Further research on the population, ecology, threats, and monitoring of population and habitat trends.",This species is not utilized.,"Van Der Meutter, F. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A., Popov, G. & Speight, M.","van Zuijen, M., Vujić, A., Ssymank, A., Mielczarek, L., Mengual, X., Morris, R., Lair, X., Heimburg, H, Fisler, L, Ball, S., Romig, T., Mazanek, L., Zoralski, R., Pruner, S., Hermann Stuke, J., Reemer, M., Moertelmaier, T., Popov, G., van Steenis, W., Bot, S., Birtele, D., van Steenis, J., De Groot, M, Schmid, U., Langlois, D., François, N., Minssieux, E., Durand, O., Tourneur, J., Parret, A., Claude, J., Cavaillès, S., Lebard, T., Tissot, B., Lecointe, E., Jamard, H., Garrin, M., Gabory, O., Desvois, R. & Leconte, R.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Brachypalpus,laphriformis,,Brachypalpus laphriformis,"(Fallén, 1816)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Brachypalpus laphriformis is a European endemic and reasonably widespread species in western, central and eastern Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is estimated to be around 7.1 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 3.2 million km2. In the EU 27, the EOO is estimated to be around 5.2 million km2 and the AOO is around 1.9 million km2. Although generally not considered to be rare, the current population trend is considered to be declining due to declining forest areas from anthropogenic activities. However, it is likely to be found in multiple protected areas across its range, and therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27. It is very important to focus on the importance of old woodland and wood pasture with over-mature and veteran trees for the preservation of this (and other) species.",Decreasing,"The range of this species is from southern Fennoscandia, south to the Pyrenees, and from Ireland east through much of central Europe (and northern Italy) to the former Yugoslavia and European parts of Russia (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is estimated to be around 7.9 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 3.4 million km2. In the EU 27, the EOO is estimated to be around 6 million km2 and the AOO is around 3.4 million km2.","This is a reasonably widespread species in western, central and eastern Europe. In Scandinavia, it is only found in the southern parts (Andersson 1988). This species is not currently considered to be very rare throughout its range, although the population trend is considered to be in decline, like most of the forest dwelling species in Europe. The species is a bee mimic, but is not too difficult to find throughout its range.","The preferred environment of this species is deciduous forest; over-mature Fagus and Quercus forest with senescent trees and fallen, rotting timber. Adult males engage in rapid, zigzag flight along the trunks of fallen and felled deciduous trees, in clearings, not infrequently settling on the bark, in the sun; in flight they emit a characteristic, high-pitched buzz; they also settle on the trunks of standing, live trees, in the sun. The female can be found investigating fallen trees, but does not settle on them in the sun - on occasion can be found on the cut end of a felled tree or walking around the periphery of a tree hole, or settled on the foliage of trees at upwards of 2 m from the ground; both sexes visit the flowers of certain trees (Speight 2017, 2020). De Groot et al. (2010) found “a female hovering inside a hole in a logged tree in which ants were nesting. The immediate surroundings of the log consisted of mature Fagus forests"". The species is adaptable, it can sometimes be found in rural areas and urban parks when there are suitable trees (Stuke 1998, Trzciński et al. 2014). Flowers visited by this species include umbellifers; Berberis, Crataegus, Photinia, Prunus serotina, Sorbus. The flight period is from the end of May to the end of June, with a few records for early July.    Larvae are described and figured by Rotheray (1991) and illustrated in colour (apparently from a preserved larva) by Rotheray (1994), from a larva collected from exudates of a rot-hole in the trunk of Taxus and another from sappy water in a sub-bark cavity on the trunk of a live Quercus.  From the habits of the adults, it is likely that the larvae of Brachypalpus laphriformis might also be found in association with Acer, Castanea and Prunus. According to Bartsch et al. (2009), this species may be associated with Pinus in Sweden (Speight 2017, 2020).","The threats to this forest dwelling species are the usual anthropogenic activities throughout Europe which include deforestation, agriculture, urbanisation and logging.","For this species, the focus of conservation measures should be on the protection of forests with old and senescent trees. In addition, research should be done on the ecology and biology of the species, for example how adaptable the hoverfly is to a manmade environment. Monitoring the population trends and habitat trends are also important. This hoverfly also occurs in all kinds of protected areas across its range, for example Italy (Birtele et al. 2003). It is very important to focus on the importance of old woodland and wood pasture with over-mature and veteran trees for the preservation of this (and other) species. In Finland, this species has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU) (FinBif 2019), previously Endangered (EN) (Rassi et al. 2010). It is now also a threatened species under strict protection in Finland (Nature Conservation Decree 14.2.1997/160, Appendix 4 19.6.2013/471). It is treated as a Vulnerable species in the Czech Republic (Mazánek and Barták 2005). In Denmark the species is listed as near threatened (Bygebjerg 2019).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Mazanek, L., Birtele, D., Morris, R., Ball, S., Vujić, A. & Ssymank, A.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Brachypalpus,valgus,,Brachypalpus valgus,"(Panzer, 1798)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Brachypalpus valgus is a European endemic species found across Europe, where it is rare in Poland, the Czech Republic and the Netherlands, but the most common species of the genus in southern Europe and Ukraine. It is localised and decreasing, due to the removal of old and over-mature trees. However, it is not considered to be threatened in Europe, and so is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 27. To support this species, it is important to conserve the habitat of old Fagus and Quercus woods with overmature trees. There would also be the need to conserve old orchards and old trees in urban parks.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Europe, where it is known from southern Norway and Sweden, although it is not recorded in Denmark. It is also found south to the Pyrenees and central Spain; northern France eastwards through central Europe, and in Ukraine to European parts of Russia (Speight 2020).  This species is mostly found in the lowlands. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 7.7 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2.6 million km2. For the EU 27, the EOO is around 4.3 million km2 and the AOO is around 1.2 million km2.","This hoverfly is the most rare species of Brachypalpus in the Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2005), and it is also likely to be rare in Poland (Zoralski pers. comm. 2020) and possibly it occurs in the Netherlands and Belgium because it occurs just over the border in Germany and France (Bot and van de Meutter 2019). However, it is the most common Brachypalpus species in southern Europe and Ukraine. It is localised and it is considered to have a decreasing population trend, but the extent of this is unknown, as the species seems to be adaptable to human intrusions, having been found in town parks and orchards. Although the species can be difficult to identify, as it is a mainly arboreal bee mimic, it is not too difficult to find as it is known to visit flowers of certain tree species.","The preferred environment of this species are old Fagus and Quercus forests with overmature trees; and according to Doczkal (pers. comm. 2020), it is also found in old cherry (Prunus) orchards with overmature trees in southern Germany. This hoverfly requires old trees, and so it is also found in parkland where those trees can be found.    Adults are, to a significant extent, arboreal, but also visits tree trunks and fallen trees in the sun in glades, etc., flying fast and very close to the surface of the timber, and settling on fallen trunks and stumps, or the trunks of living trees, in the sun; the female may be found investigating the trunk-base of old trees and the cut ends of felled timber. When visiting low-growing forest flowers (while the branches of the tree canopy are still bare of leaves), the males may settle on dead leaves in the sun. The male closely resembles a large, fast flying hive bee (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Apis mellifera). So the species could be more widespread than usually thought.    Flowers visited by this species include umbellifers, Anemone nemorosa, Crataegus spp., Euphorbia spp., Prunus mahaleb, P. spinosa, Ranunculus spp., male Salix spp., Scilla bifolia, Sorbus spp. and Tussilago spp.; the fly most frequently visits flowers at some height above the ground. The flight period of this species is from the beginning of April to the beginning of June.     The larvae are described and figured by Dusek and Laska (1988), from larvae collected from a wet fissure in the trunk of Alnus glutinosa.  This species has also been reared from a trunk cavity if Quercus suber (J.-P. Sarthou pers. comm. 2020).",This species is fairly adaptable and manages to use orchards and urban parks where there are old and over mature trees. Threats will therefore be forest management and the removal of old trees from orchards and urban parks.,"To support this species, it is important to conserve the habitat of old Fagus and Quercus woods with overmature trees. There would also be the need to conserve old orchards and old trees in urban parks. However, there are no current conservation activities ongoing for the species. Research should be done on the biology, ecology and threats that influence subpopulations of the species. This species has been assessed as Vulnerable in the Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2005).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A., Popov, G. & Speight, M.","Mazanek, L., Birtele, D., Vujić, A. & Ssymank, A.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Caliprobola,speciosa,,Caliprobola speciosa,"(Rossi, 1790)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Caliprobola speciosa is a widespread species, found both within and outside of Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 7.8 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 3.2 million km2. For the EU 27 the EOO is estimated around 4.1 million km2, and the AOO is estimated around 1.3 million km2. Throughout its range, it is locally found in good habitat, despite being reasonably rare. In Europe, the species does not seem greatly at risk, although the overall current population trend is considered to be decreasing. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 27.  There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species, as it is not considered greatly at risk at present, although threats may include anthropogenic effects. Further studies are needed into the taxonomy, abundance, trends, ecology and threats to this species.",Decreasing,"This species is found in Europe, from Denmark and Poland south to the Pyrenees and northern Spain, from Britain (southern England) east through central Europe (plus northern Italy and northern parts of the former Yugoslavia) into Turkey and European parts of Russia. Outside of Europe, its range stretches into Asia as far as eastern Siberia (Speight 2020).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 7.8 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 3.3 million km2. For the EU 27, the EOO is estimated around 4.1 million km2, and the AOO is estimated around 1.3 million km2.","There is no information on the population size or number of subpopulations of this species. However, throughout its range, it is locally found in good habitat, despite being reasonably rare. In Europe, the species does not seem greatly at risk, although the current population trend is considered to be decreasing. There have likely been declines in the past as it was previously more commonly found in collections, and it might be closer to threatened in the future. However, in Flanders (Belgium) a slow but steady increase in range has been observed which can probably be linked to forest ageing and changes in forestry practices (van de Meutter pers. comm. 2020).","The preferred environment of this species is deciduous forest (Castanea spp., Fagus spp., Quercus pedunculata, Q. pubescens) and evergreen oak forest (especially Q. suber forest maintained for cork production) with overmature and senescent trees.     Males fly around, hover between and settle close to, the roots of senescent Castanea, Fagus or Quercus in the sun, settling on bare ground, on the sawdust of cut stumps, or on vegetation (for example Pteridium) in the vicinity. It can be found away from forests, feeding at flowers growing on exposed riverbed gravels or in adjacent fields, along large rivers with galley forest, in situations with either alluvial softwood, such as Salix alba or Populus, or with hardwood such as Fraxinus/Carpinus/Quercus. The species appears to use these riverine biotopes as corridors to move between forests. An alternative explanation would be that one or more of these trees provides an alternative host for the larvae but there is so far no evidence for this and the adults cannot be found investigating trunk bases of these trees as they do Castanea and Fagus. The species visits the damp mud of drying stream beds or drying puddles on tracks, usually in the shade, on hot afternoons, to drink.     Both sexes visit the flowers of small trees and low-growing plants. Flowers visited include white umbellifers, such as Caltha spp., Crataegus spp., Rorippa spp., Rubus spp., Sorbus aucuparia, Tamarix spp., Cornus sanguinea, and Frangula alnus (Dussaix 2013). The species is also known to visit Heracleum spp., Chaerophyllum spp., Syringia spp., Berberis spp. and Filipendula spp. (Skufin 1967, Violovich 1983)    The flight period of this hoverfly is from May to mid July, with the peak at the beginning of June. The larvae are described and figured by Rotheray (1991) and illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994), from larvae collected from wet, decaying roots of Fagus stumps. It has also been reared from larvae collected from Fagus and Quercus pedunculata stumps/roots/rot-holes by other authors. For instance, Dussaix (2005) reared the species from material in a moist, trunk-base cavity in Quercus. Distinguished from larvae of related genera in the keys provided by Rotheray (1994). A coloured photo of the puparium is provided by Dussaix (2013) who also confirms that overwintering of this species occurs as a larva.","The threats to this species target the habitat in old beech or oak forests. This includes human (anthropogenic) activities like logging, deforestation (for commercial use and tourism) as well as climate effects.","There are no direct conservation measures in place for this species, as it is not considered greatly at risk at present. Further studies are needed into the taxonomy, abundance, trends, ecology and threats to this species. It is known to be found in protected areas across its range.  This species is listed as Endangered in Czech Republic but has likely increased or spread again in recent years (L. Mazanek pers. comm. 2020, Farkac et al. 2005). However, it will be included in the next issue of the Red Data Book of Ukraine, as Vulnerable (Popov personal comm. 2020). This species is regarded as endangered in Spain (Marcos-Garcia 2006) where it is only found in two provinces. In Denmark the species is listed as Endangered (Bygebjerg 2019). In the Poland the species was assessed VU (Palaczyk et al. 2002).",This species is not used or traded.,"Van Der Meutter, F. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A., Popov, G. & Vujić, A.","Birtele, D., Morris, R., Ball, S., Vujić, A. & Ssymank, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Callicera,aenea,,Callicera aenea,"(Fabricius, 1777)",,Yes,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Vulnerable (VU)   Callicera aenea has a patchy distribution across Europe, which is not fully understood due to historical confusion with C. aurata. The estimation for the extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is around 6 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 848 km2. For the EU 27, the EOO is estimated to be around 3.4 million km2, and the AOO is estimated to be around 720 km2. Although the current estimates of EOO for Europe and the EU 27 are large, the small AOO indicates this species is much scarcer than the range would indicate, and it has a very fragmented distribution. The species is dependent on a habitat that is rare in economically exploited woodlands making it rare by definition over large parts of its range. The current population trend is considered to be declining, so the species is listed as Vulnerable under Criterion B for Europe and EU27.    Older records need to be clarified (verify old collections, look into genetics) to verify taxonomy. The taxonomic problems are probably solved for the western and northern parts of its range, but more clarity is needed in the central and eastern parts of its range. More research should be done, for example starting with examination of all old material in musea from this part of Europe.",Decreasing,"This known distribution of this species is patchy due to confusion with C. aurata until recently; but the species can be confirmed from Norway, Sweden, Poland, the Czech Republic, France (Vosges, Alps - Isere, Massif Central) and various parts of Germany through central Europe into the Jura, the Alps (Switzerland, Austria) and on into Ukraine (except Crimea) (Zimina 1986, Prokhorov and Popov 2018) and east into Siberia and on to the Pacific (Sakhalin) (Speight 2020).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 6 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 868 km2. The species could be more widespread than thought because it is not easily observed. Not all citations from literature could be found as exact localities for making the distribution map.","Like all species in the genus Callicera, this hoverfly is not easy to find and is rare throughout its range, probably because the adult insect is mainly arboreal and descends only to drink or visit flowers. The species rarely visits flowers which makes detection difficult, but males hover low and which makes them more easy to detect (for a Callicera). There seems to be a clear and continuing decline of the species in Europe. It was only recently recorded in western Europe. In addition, the population is considered to be severely fragmented, as the subpopulations are small and isolated and therefore may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","The preferred environment of this species is forest, specifically ancient Fagus/Picea forest with overmature and senescent trees, toward the upper altitudinal limit of Fagus, plus Fraxinus forest in Scandinavia (Bartsch pers. comm. 2019). In Ukraine, this species is found in mixed forests with Scottish Pine and oak (Quercus robur) and also deciduous Q. robus and maples (Acer campestris and Acer platanoides). Acer is a very good rot hole tree, it easily develops rot holes with nice structure and content. Other trees especially oak take much more time to develop rot holes (van de Meutter pers. comm. 2019). Adults are primarily arboreal, but males are known to hover at 2 to 3 m from the ground, in clearings and at woodland edge. Some males will hilltop.     Flowers visited by this species include white umbellifers; Crataegus sp., Rhododendron aureum, Rosa canina.     The flight period is from May to September, with the peak during May and June (June and July in Scandinavia), plus April in central Europe.     The developmental stages have not been described, but this species has been seen emerging from a small tree hole in Acer campestre (G. Popov pers. comm. 2019).  In western Europe, this species seems to be found in low altitude mountainous regions, possibly because this coalesces with forest distributions (van de Meutter pers. comm. 2019) and in eastern parts also in the lowlands. In the Czech Republic and Ukraine, this species is found in low altitude mountains (up to 1,000 m) and lowlands.","Threats to this species include the usual anthropogenic influences in forests (logging, cattle grounds, human settlement) which causes loss of habitat and reduce suitable breeding sites. Acer is readily used by larvae but is not a commercial tree and so it has only a patchy distribution because it is not featured in any forestry management. This restricts the available habitat for this hoverfly species.","No specific conservation measures are currently in place for this species. However, as the species is associated with trees that occur in unprotected managed forests, it would benefit from a number of protected sites within these areas to ensure protection of this hoverfly. Only one site is known to be protected Ukraine, in a National Park close to Kiev (Popov pers. comm. 2019).Monitoring should be done on habitat and population trends. Research on the taxonomic status is necessary, as well as the ecology and biology of the species.  Older records need to be clarified (verify old collections, look into genetics) to verify taxonomy. The taxonomic problems are probably solved for the western and northern parts of its range, but more clarity is needed in the central and eastern parts of its range. More research should be done, for example starting with examination of all old material in museums from this part of Europe.  This species is considered Endangered in some regional assessment, such as Baden-Württemberg (Doczkal et al. 2001) and Niedersachsen (Stuke et al. 1998) in Germany, and on the German red list it is listed as vulnerable (Ssymank et al. 2011). But one may argue the basis on which they are assessed (van de Meutter pers. comm. 2019). It also is included in the list of threatened species of Sweden (Cederberg et al. 2010), and Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2005). It is also on the Polish Red List as Near Threatened (Palaczyk et al. 2002).",This species is not used or traded.,"Van Der Meutter, F. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A., Popov, G. & Speight, M.","Lair, X., Hadrava, J., Lutovinovas, E., Ssymank, A., Heimburg, H, Romig, T., Mazanek, L., Mengual, X., Fisler, L, van Zuijen, M., Mielczarek, L., Pruner, S., Hermann Stuke, J., Reemer, M., Popov, G., Vujić, A., Öhm, G., Birtele, D., Pétremand, G., Langlois, D., François, N., Minssieux, E., Durand, O., Tourneur, J., Parret, A., Claude, J., Lebard, T., Tissot, B., Lecointe, E., Jamard, H., Garrin, M., Gabory, O., Desvois, R. & Leconte, R.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Callicera,aurata,,Callicera aurata,"(Rossi, 1790)",,Yes,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  Callicera aurata is a widespread species found in many European countries, but is not found regularly. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 6.3 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2,016 km2. The EOO for the EU 27 is around 4.6 million km2, but the AOO is just 752 km2. Although the current estimates of EOO for Europe and the EU 27 are large, the small AOO indicates this species is much scarcer than the range would indicate, and it has a very fragmented distribution. The species is dependent on a habitat that is rare in economically exploited woodlands making it rare by definition over large parts of its range. The current population trend is considered to be declining, so the species is listed as Vulnerable under Criterion B for Europe and EU27. But conversely it may be more widespread than thought because it is difficult to detect, as is the case for all the species in this genus, and there is some uncertainty around the true distribution, due to historical confusion with C. aenea. Further studies are needed into the taxonomy, abundance, trends, ecology and threats to this species, in particular to verify older records.",Decreasing,"The distribution of this species can only be stated provisionally, due to confusion with Callicera aenea. The species is thought to be widespread, occurring from southern Norway, Sweden, Denmark (Bygebjerg 2002) and Britain south to the Mediterranean and central Spain, including most of France; east through central and southern Europe with records from Germany, Switzerland (Petremand et al. 2017), Italy, the former Yugoslavia, Greece and Turkey. According to Zimina (1986) (as Callicera zhelochovtsevi), this species is also from Albania Ukraine (the Crimea), and southern parts of European Russia.  The species extends out of the European region to and Caucasus and on to Azerbaijan (Zimina 1986, Speight 2020).   The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 6.3 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2,016 km2. The EOO for the EU 27 is around 4.6 million km2, but the AOO is just 752 km2. Not all citations from the literature as seen in the occurrence could be found as exact localities for making the distribution map.","The adults are mainly arboreal and are usually only found when they come down to drink or visit flowers, and so the hoverfly is easiest to find when it is a larva. The population trend is therefore difficult to estimate, but in general for the moment the species seems to be in decline, and it may be affected by anthropogenic activities in bigger parts of its range. In addition, the population is considered to be severely fragmented, as the subpopulations are small and isolated and therefore may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","The preferred environment of this hoverfly is deciduous forest; ancient Fagus/Quercus forest with over mature and senescent trees, including thermophilous Quercus forest.      Adult are primarily arboreal, descending rarely to feed at flowers or to visit streams to drink; descends to drink in dappled sunlight at the margin of streams within the canopy of old forest; occasionally females can be found at great distance from forest (Speight 2017, 2020).     Flowers visited by this species include Calluna, Dipsacus fullonum, Filipendula, Hedera, Rosa (including Rosa canina - D. Levy pers. comm. 2019), Succisa; Crataegus (Bygebjerg 2002); Hypericum, Rubus fruticosus and Verbascum (Ssymank 2012).     Its flight period is from the end of May to mid October, with most records in July and September.     The larvae are described and figured by Rotheray (1991), from larvae collected from a rot-hole high (18 m above ground) in an old Fagus in ancient forest. The general appearance of the larva and puparium is shown in the coloured photos provided by Dussaix (2013). Dussaix (2005) reared the species from small, water-filled cavities in Fagus and Quercus. Reared from rot-holes in Fraxinus angustifolia by Ricarte (2008) and Betula (Perry 1997). Distinguished from larvae of some related species in the key provided by Rotheray and Perry (1994). Dussaix (2013) records that the puparial phase lasts nearly three weeks and confirms that overwintering occurs as a larva.","Although widespread throughout its distribution, this species might be impacted by all kinds of possible threats due to continuous anthropogenic interference, major threats such as deforestation (especially the loss of overmature and veteran trees), logging, agriculture, urbanisation and future threats like climate changes (fire).","There are no direct conservation measures known. Further studies are needed into the taxonomy, abundance, trends, ecology and threats to this species, in particular to verify older records. As this species is also associated with trees that occur in unprotected managed forests, a number of protected sites within these areas are recommended to ensure protection of this hoverfly. In Denmark, the species is on the Red List as Data Deficient (Bygebjerg 2004, 2019). In Norway it is assessed as VU (Artsobservasjoner 2020), and as Near Threatened in Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020). In the United Kingdom, this species is considered Nationally Scarce (Ball and Morris 2014). In Germany it is assessed as Critically Endangered (Ssymank et al. 2011).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Ståhls, G., Ricarte Sabater, A.R., García, M.A.M., Rojo, S., Pérez, C., Aracil, A., Lair, X., Ssymank, A., Mazanek, L., Mengual, X., Fisler, L, van Zuijen, M., Pétremand, G., Van Der Meutter, F., Reemer, M., Popov, G., van Steenis, W., Vujić, A., Birtele, D., Morris, R., Ball, S., van Steenis, J., De Groot, M, Cavaillès, S., Tissot, B., Minssieux, E., Lecointe, E., Langlois, D., Garrin, M., François, N., Desvois, R., Claude, J., Durand, O., Gabory, O., Jamard, H., Lebard, T., Leconte, R., Parret, A. & Tourneur, J.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Callicera,fagesii,,Callicera fagesii,"Guerin-Meneville, 1844",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Endangered (EN)  Callicera fagesii has a large EOO throughout western and southern Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in both Europe and the EU 27 is estimated to be around 3.7 million km2. The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be around 516 km2, and around 508 km2 in the EU 27. However, adults are not easily observed, and therefore there is some uncertainty regarding the true distribution and population size of this species. Although the current estimates of EOO for Europe and the EU 27 are large, the small AOO indicates this species is much scarcer than the range would indicate, and it has a severely fragmented distribution. The species is dependent on a habitat that is rare in economically exploited woodlands making it rare by definition over large parts of its range. The current population trend is considered to be declining, so the species is listed as Endangered under Criterion B for Europe and EU 27.  The species would benefit from protected sites that have especially overmature and old trees to ensure its protection.",Decreasing,"This is a widespread species throughout mainly western and southern Europe. This species has been confirmed from the Netherlands, Belgium, northwestern France (south to the Mediterranean, including the Pyrenees), Germany, Portugal, Spain (Cadiz), Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily), Greece, Cyprus (van Eck pers. comm. 2020), the former Yugoslavia, and Turkey (Zimina 1986, Speight 2020).  The range extends out of Europe to Türkmenistan (Zimina 1986, Speight 2020).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in both Europe and the EU 27 is estimated to be around 3.7 million km2. The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be around 516 km2, and around 508 km2 in the EU 27. Not all citations from the literature as seen in the occurrence could be found as exact localities for making the distribution map.","Information on the subpopulations of this species is difficult to obtain, as the hoverfly is not easy to observe or catch. The adults are mainly arboreal and are usually only found when they come down to drink or visit flowers. As is the case for other species in the genus, it is probably easier to find as a larva. This species is likely to be affected by the usual human impact in European forests, and there is a steady decline in the population trend for both Europe and the EU 27. In addition, the population is considered to be severely fragmented, as the subpopulations are small and isolated and therefore may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","The preferred environment for this species is deciduous forest, particularly ancient Fagus/Quercus forest with overmature and senescent trees and alluvial hardwood forest; also along ravines of seasonal streams where Fraxinus and old Acer are present, within drier types of forest, for example Salzmann pine forest (Speight 2017, 2020). The hoverfly can be abundant in Quercus pubescens forest where old Acer are frequent. Findings in Germany and western France indicated that this species was associated with waterside trees like Alnus, Fraxinus or Populus (Dziock 1999). There was also a finding in a private garden, feeding on Hedera sp. (M. do Carmo pers. comm in Van Eck 2016)    Adult are primarily arboreal, descending to feed at flowers of sub-canopy trees and to visit edges of streams in the afternoon or evening - or even the wet mud of a drying stream bed or rain puddle in a track, to drink. During the spring, adults may sometimes be found sunbathing on the foliage of large-leaved plants, including tall herbs like Heracleum.      Flowers visited by this species include Hedera, Quercus ilex, Sorbus aria, and Anthriscus sylvestris. It has also been found on Prunus dulcis and Pyrus spinose (Vujić 2019).      The flight period is from the beginning of April to the end of June, with females continuing to mid July.      The larvae are unknown, but possibly associated with waterside trees like Alnus, Fraxinus, Populus or Salix. The female of this species has been seen ovipositing on the trunk of a large Populus showing lesions on its trunk (W. Renema pers. comm. 2019) and in small, water-containing rot-holes in the trunk of an old, live, river-edge Fraxinus ornus (M. de C. Williams pers. comm. 2019).","This species may be impacted in some areas of its range by deforestation, logging, agriculture, urbanisation and supposedly climate changes (droughts and fire), but there are currently no major direct threats at the moment. That is besides the usual threats that forest dwelling species in Europe always have to face since forests in Europe have been in decline for already several hundred years.","There are currently no direct conservation measures in place for this species. Conservation actions needed are protection of suitable habitat locations and awareness for establishing protection. Further research is needed into the taxonomy, abundance, trends, ecology and threats to this species. The species would benefit from protected sites that have especially overmature and old trees to ensure its protection. In Germany, the species is on the Red List as Endangered (Ssymank et al. 2011).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Lair, X., Ssymank, A., Mazanek, L., Mengual, X., van Zuijen, M., Van Der Meutter, F., Hermann Stuke, J., Reemer, M., van Eck, A., Vujić, A., van Steenis, W., Birtele, D., De Groot, M, Claude, J., Tissot, B., Minssieux, E., Lecointe, E., Langlois, D., Garrin, M., François, N., Desvois, R., Cavaillès, S., Durand, O., Gabory, O., Jamard, H., Lebard, T., Leconte, R., Parret, A. & Tourneur, J.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Callicera,macquarti,,Callicera macquarti,"Rondani, 1844","The identity of Callicera rohdendorfi Zimina, 1982 with respect to C. macquarti requires confirmation. Zimina (1986) described details of Callicera rohdendorfi which led to the assumption that it should be C. macquarti. Callicera rohdendorfi was considered to be ""almost certainly the same"" as C. macquarti by Speight (1991), however this requires confirmation based on review of the Zimina holotype and/or paratype specimens of Callicera rohdendorfi. If C. rohdendorfi is a synonym of C. macquarti, then the range of C. macquarti extends to Crimea and the Caucasus, probably to Azerbaijan.  Callicera macquarti is probably synonymous with C. fagesii according to recent results from DNA analysis, but Callicera macquarti is maintained as a valid species until its identity is formally revised.",Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",EU27-2020,,"Global and European Regional Assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Endangered (EN)  Callicera macquarti is considered an endemic of Europe for the purposes of this assessment, due to an uncertain range as a result of previous confusion with C. fagesii and C. rufa. As in other species of the genus, adults are not easily observed, and therefore there is some uncertainty regarding the true distribution and population size of this species. The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 4.7 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 356 km2. The EOO for the EU 27 is estimated to be around 3.7 million km2, but the AOO is only around 300 km2. Although the current estimates of EOO for Europe and the EU 27 are large, the small AOO indicates this species is much scarcer than the range would indicate, and it has a severely fragmented distribution. The species is dependent on a habitat that is rare in economically exploited woodlands making it rare by definition over large parts of its range. The current population trend is considered to be declining, so the species is listed as Endangered under Criterion B for Europe and EU27.  The species might be synonymised in the future with C. fagesii due to recent results from DNA analysis.",Decreasing,"Due to previous confusion with C. fagesii and C. rufa, the range information for this species can only be stated provisionally. The species is thought to occur in central and southern France (including the Pyrenees), southwest Germany (Rhine valley), Portugal (van Eck pers. comm. 2020), southern Spain (Barcelona), central and southern Italy, Croatia (van Eck database), Greece, Turkey and Cyprus (Speight 2020). It was first recorded from Switzerland in August 2020 (M. Plichta via picture on Facebook pers. comm. 2020).  If C. rohdendorfi is a synonym of C. macquarti, then this species also occurs in the Crimea and Caucasus and probably Azerbaijan, so it would not be an European endemic in that case (Speight 2020). But for this assessment we consider it to be a European endemic, but not an EU 27 endemic.  The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 4.7 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 356 km2. The EOO for the EU 27 is estimated to be around 3.7 million km2, but the AOO is only around 300 km2. Not all citations from literature as seen in the occurrence could be found as exact localities for making the distribution map.","There is no known information about the population size or trend of this species. This is a European endemic which is, according to Speight on status and degree of endemism for the European syrphid species in the StN database (Speight 2020), decreasing in its range. However, this species is, as others in the genus, probably mainly arboreal and it is not easy to find and/or collect. The species rarely visits flowers which makes detection difficult, but males hover low and which makes them more easy to detect (for a Callicera). There seems to be a clear and continuing decline of the species in Europe. In addition, the population is considered to be severely fragmented, as the subpopulations are small and isolated and therefore may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","The preferred environment of this species is deciduous forest; ancient Fagus forest with overmature and senescent trees.      Adults are primarily arboreal, descending occasionally to feed at flowers or to visit streams to drink; descends to drink in bright sunlight, at spots where woodland streams provide flat patches in the sun at the water's edge and clear flight paths up to the canopy; occasionally females can occur at great distance from forest. Males may sit in the sun on the end of dead branches of trackside trees, at 3 m or more from the ground, returning to particular branches repeatedly (M. Hauser pers. comm. 2019).     Flowers visited by this species include pink flowered, autumnal Allium spp., Calluna vulgaris, Hedera spp., Solidago canadensis.      The flight period is from September to October.      The larvae are not described, but reared from rot-holes in overmature Quercus rotundifolia by Ricarte et al. (2008).","The main threats are the usual anthropogenic ones focused on the loss of quality and quantity of habitat. This would include land use change due to deforestation for wood, industrial areas, agricultural purposes or tourism. For example through changing forestry practices to faster rotation schemes with younger tree forests the habitat would severely degrade. Furthermore the climate change might be of influence (fires), but that is not clear yet.","There are no conservation actions currently known for this species. In the first place the focus should be on the taxonomy of this species, if it is a valid species or not. Furthermore research should be done on population, distribution, ecology and biology of the species. A monitoring scheme would be necessary to see population and habitat trends. In the German Red List for Baden-Württemberg it is listed as Data Deficient (Doczkal et al. 2001) and in Germany generally it is considered as Critically Endangered (Ssymank et al. 2011).",This species is not used or traded.,"Van Der Meutter, F. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Ståhls, G., Ricarte Sabater, A.R., García, M.A.M., Rojo, S., Pérez, C., Aracil, A., Lair, X., Hadrava, J., Romig, T., Mengual, X., van Zuijen, M., Nève, G., Reemer, M., Popov, G., van Steenis, W., van Eck, A., Öhm, G., Hermann Stuke, J., Birtele, D., Vujić, A., Cavaillès, S., Tissot, B., Minssieux, E., Lecointe, E., Langlois, D., Garrin, M., François, N., Desvois, R., Claude, J., Durand, O., Gabory, O., Jamard, H., Lebard, T., Leconte, R., Parret, A. & Tourneur, J.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Callicera,rufa,,Callicera rufa,"Schummel, 1842",,Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  Callicera rufa has a large range throughout western and southern Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 4.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 688 km2. In the EU 27, the EOO is estimated to be around 3.5 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 444 km2 Although it was previously considered to be very rare, this is now not considered to be the case, and it is known that the species is actually just difficult to observe, particularly as an adult. But even so the population is still considered to be strongly fragmented. Although the current estimates of EOO for Europe and the EU 27 are large, the small AOO indicates this species is much scarcer than the range would indicate, and it has a very fragmented distribution even when it is seen more nowadays, see the distribution map. The species is dependent on a habitat that is rare in economically exploited woodlands making it rare by definition over large parts of its range. The current population trend is considered to be declining, so the species is listed as Vulnerable for Europe and Endangered for the EU 27.  Further studies are needed into the taxonomy, abundance, trends, ecology and threats to this species. Because this species is also associated with trees that occur in unprotected managed forests, it would benefit from a number of protected sites within these areas.",Decreasing,"This species is known from Scotland, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Hungary, the Balearic Islands, Portugal, Pyrenees, Corsica, Italy, Greece (Lesbos) and Romania but not, apparently, from Scandinavia or European Russia. There are no records from more eastern parts of the Palaearctic. The species is also known from North Africa (Morocco and Algeria) (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 4.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 688 km2. In the EU 27, the EOO is estimated to be around 3.5 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 444 km2.   Not all citations from the literature as seen in the occurrence could be found as exact localities for making the distribution map.","This species used to be considered as very rare. However, adults are mainly arboreal, usually only found when they come down to drink or visit tree stumps or flowers. The species is easier to find as a larvae (see MacGowan 1994), and therefore after successful larvae searches, it was determined that this hoverfly is not as rare as originally thought. The population trend is difficult to estimate, but in general it seems to be in continuous decline like it is for most of the species in the genus when the usual anthropogenic activities are taken in account. In addition, the population is considered to be severely fragmented, as the subpopulations are small and isolated and therefore may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","This species is found in conifer forest, particularly ancient Pinus sylvestris forest with overmature and senescent trees (Speight 2017, 2020). It has also been collected in P. pinaster and Abies alba forest (J-P.Sarthou pers. comm. 2019). In Scotland, records are widely dispersed in the Scottish Highlands, within native pinewoods and plantations (Rotheray and MacGowan 2000).    Adults are primarily arboreal, but females descend to visit the freshly cut stumps of old pine trees in the sun in small forest clearings, or to visit rot-holes. Males have been observed resting on the trunks and branches of more-or-less isolated pines in the sun, at heights of from 2.5 m to 15 m above the ground (N. Jones pers. comm. 2019). The species has been known to visit the flowers of Ranunculus repens (Kormann 1993). The flight period of this species is from mid May to August.    The larvae are described and figured by Coe (1938); puparium described by Coe (1939), from larvae collected from deep, standing-water tree-holes in old, living Pinus sylvestris. Rotheray (2013) observed that as water in a rot-hole reaches a temperature at which it freezes, the larva emerges from the water and remains on the side of the rot-hole. or on the water surface. The larva is illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994). Development can apparently take one to three years. MacGowan (1994) also reports rearing this species from a standing-water rot-hole in a mature Larix, and shows that cutting artificial rot-holes in living P. sylvestris can provide sites in which the hoverfly can develop successfully. Rotheray and McGowan (2000) add that they have found larvae in the wet, decaying heartwood of a Picea stump and provide further detail on the larval microhabitat. MacGowan and Rotheray (2007) record use by the hoverfly of plastic tubs containing pine sawdust and chips, as sites for larval development sites, when these tubs are placed in localities where the species occurs. They also note that rot-holes with a capacity of less than one litre are noticeably susceptible to drying out resulting in death of the developmental stages, and that rot-holes found to contain larvae in the autumn may be without larvae the following spring, so that finding larvae in a rot-hole in the autumn is not necessarily evidence that development can be completed in that rot hole. Rotheray (2013) observed that the larvae characteristically occur around the mid-depth of a rot-hole’s volume and, because they lack an extendable respiratory tube, require to visit the water surface two to three times each hour for respiratory purposes. When the water in a rot-hole begins to freeze, larvae have been observed to come to the water surface, to rest on the ice, rather than remaining in the frozen water (Rotheray 2013). The larvae are distinguished from larvae of some related species in the key provided by Rotheray and Perry (1994).","While this species may be affected by human impacts such as deforestation, logging, agriculture, urbanisation and climate changes (droughts and fire) in certain areas of its distribution, there are no major direct threats for this species at the moment.  In Scotland, the threats are the clearance of native pine woodland, old pine plantations and removal of old trees. Where there gaps in the age structure of trees at a site, the loss of rot holes for a period of time could lead to local extinction of the fly. It is unlikely that extensive commercial plantations with younger age classes of trees could support this species.","In Scotland (Malloch Society 1988-2019), this species was the subject of early groundbreaking management trials for the conservation of saproxylic Diptera. In order to boost and stabilise subpopulations, artificial rot holes were first created in pine trees at Beinn Eighe in northwest Scotland in 1990. Holes were cut in the cleft of a twin-stemmed tree by use of a chain saw. The results surpassed the expectations - larvae were recorded in the holes within a few months and they produced adult insects within two years of their creation. When the site was revisited in summer 2006, the holes were still being used by larvae and puparia were also present. Conservation measures in Scotland include maintaining and encouraging the presence of old pines, especially those that are well branched or have twin trunks, and ensuring the age structure of trees at a site is suited to the continued presence of rot holes. Artificially created rot holes made by cutting into trees may help overcome this to some extent. Epiphytic growth of saplings and shrubs in rot holes can lead to their drying out and render them unsuitable for this hoverfly, therefore this threat should be carefully watched for and acted against where appropriate.  Further studies are needed into the taxonomy, abundance, trends, ecology and threats to this species. Because this species is also associated with trees that occur in unprotected managed forests, it would benefit from a number of protected sites within these areas.  On the German Red List the species is Endangered (Ssymank et al. 2011). For Denmark the species is Not Evaluated (Bygjeberg 2004), and in the United Kingdom the species is Nationally Scarce (Ball and Morris 2014).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Lair, X., Hadrava, J., Ssymank, A., Heimburg, H, Mengual, X., Van Der Meutter, F., Hermann Stuke, J., Vujić, A., Reemer, M., van Steenis, W., Morris, R., Ball, S., Birtele, D., Claude, J., Tissot, B., Minssieux, E., Lecointe, E., Langlois, D., Garrin, M., François, N., Desvois, R., Cavaillès, S., Durand, O., Gabory, O., Jamard, H., Lebard, T., Leconte, R., Parret, A. & Tourneur, J.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Callicera,scintilla,,Callicera scintilla,"Smit, 2014",,Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),No [revised],CR,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Critically Endangered (CR) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)  Callicera scintilla is only known in Europe from Cyprus, where only six specimens have been found at one locality. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species are both 4 km2. The current population trend is unknown, but the hoverfly is very likely to be affected by the usual anthropogenic activities in Cyprus. Based on the threat of deforestation, this species is considered to occur at one location. Although close to a protected area, the area where the records come from is used extensively, and there is considered to be a decline in the quality and the extent of the habitat.  Therefore, this species is assessed as Critically Endangered for both Europe and the EU 27.",Unknown,"The species was originally described from Jordan, and has only recently been found on Cyprus, in one locality in the Troodos Mountains (around six specimens) (Smit 2014). The species might also occur in Greece, but this needs to be confirmed. Due to being only known from locality in Europe (and therefore also the EU 27), the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species are both 4 km2. Based on the threat of deforestation, this species is considered to occur at one location.","There is only one known subpopulation of this species known in Europe, with very few specimens. The population trend is therefore unknown for both Europe and the EU 27.","In Jordan, the habitat of this species is unknown but given the saproxylic biology of the immature stages it is most likely found near trees, thus restricting the possibilities greatly in this predominantly desert country (Smit 2014). Moreover, it is uncertain if the larvae can develop in palm trees, reducing the possibilities even further. This is only the second saproxylic species recorded from Jordan (Waitzbauer and Katbeh-Bader 2002). Additional fieldwork is needed in order to ascertain the exact localities where this species might occur.  From the locality in Cyprus we know that they were collected and photographed in the Kypros region of the Troodos mountains, on the edge of a protected NATURA 2000 area called Periochi Platy. However, the area where the species was found is used extensively, and there is considered to be a decline in the quality and the extent of the habitat.  From Jordan’s neighbouring country, Israel, no species have been recorded but several specimens belonging to different species are present in the collection of TAUI (A. Freidberg and E. Morgulis pers. comm. 2019), none of which resemble this species.","The threats to this species are not known in detail, but it is very likely to be affected by the usual anthropogenic activities going on in Cyprus like deforestation, logging, agriculture and urbanisation. The area of the Troodos mountains is extensively used, also for resorts and tourism.","No conservation actions are known for the species. In Cyprus the specimens were collected and photographed in the Troodos mountains, at the edge of a protected area called Periochi platy (Makris pers. comm. 2020). This is a NATURA 2000 area (Limassol tourism 2016) in the Kypros region but the exact locality of the specimens is not known. Research should be done on population size, threats, distribution and trends, as well as ecology and biology of the species. If the species occurs outside one of the protected areas, then additional measures should be taken to protect the area.",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","van Eck, A. & Makris, C.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Callicera,spinolae,,Callicera spinolae,"Rondani, 1844",,Yes,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  The Ivy Hoverfly (Callicera spinolae) is found throughout western and southern Europe. The estimation for the extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is around 3.9 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) for Europe is estimated to be around 700 km2. For the EU 27, the EOO is around 3.7 million km2, but the AOO is 596 km2. Although the current estimates of EOO for Europe and the EU 27 are large, the small AOO indicates this species is much scarcer than the range would indicate, and it has a very fragmented distribution. The species is dependent on a habitat that is rare in economically exploited woodlands making it rare by definition over large parts of its range. The current population trend is considered to be declining, so the species is listed as Vulnerable under Criterion B for Europe and EU 27. However, the threats to this species may increase in the future, so the species will maybe go to a higher threatened category. So an increased protection of ancient Fagus/Quercus forest with overmature and senescent trees would be beneficial. In addition, further research into the taxonomy, abundance, trends, ecology and threats to this species is recommended.",Decreasing,"This is a widespread species throughout mainly central and southern parts of Europe. This species is found in Britain (eastern England) (Damant 2005) and northern France south to the Pyrenees, Portugal, central Spain and the Mediterranean (also on Crete and Sicily), Germany (last record in Rheinland Pfalz was 2019), Italy, Romania and Tajikistan (Speight 2020). It is not known from European Russia and further east in the Palearctic, but the record from Tajikistan suggests it may be more widespread to the east than thought.   The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 3.9 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 700 km2. In the EU 27, the EOO is estimated to be around 3.7 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 596 km2.  Not all citations from the literature as seen in the occurrence could be found as exact localities for making the distribution map.","The adults fly somewhat later in the year and are mainly arboreal, so are usually only found when they come down to drink, especially on Ivy (Hedera sp.). This makes recording individuals difficult, and it would probably be easier to find as a larva (see MacGowan 1994). Like all species in the genus Callicera, this hoverfly is not easy to find and is rare throughout its range. The species rarely visits flowers which makes detection difficult, but males hover low and which makes them more easy to detect (for a Callicera). There seems to be a clear and continuing decline of the species in Europe. In addition, the population is considered to be severely fragmented, as the subpopulations are small and isolated and therefore may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","The preferred environment of this species is deciduous forest, particularly ancient Fagus/Quercus forest with overmature and senescent trees. Adults are primarily arboreal, but descends occasionally to feed at flowers or to visit streams to drink. They visit streams in bright sunlight, choosing spots where direct sunlight falls on flat patches at the water's edge and there is direct flight path up to the canopy. The hoverfly has been recorded visiting the flowers of Angelica, Hedera, and Solidago sp. The flight period is from September to October.    Larvae of this species have been reared from rot-holes in living Populus (Zimina 1986) and Fagus (Rotheray 1994, Dussaix 1996). It has also been reared from rot-holes in ancient, living Fraxinus angustifolia and Quercus faginea, by Ricarte et al. (2008). Dussaix (2005) also reports rearing this species from a small trunk cavity in live Betula. Ball et al. (2011) cite Acer campestre and Aesculus as host trees. Further, this species has been reared from a larva collected from a cavity in the trunk of an ancient, live tree of Quercus suber (Dussaix pers. comm. 2019). The larvae usually require more than one year in which to complete development and are known to inhabit the heart-rot of the trunk of living trees, so that they may be located deep within the tree. The larva is described and figured by Rotheray and Perry (1994), who also provide a key distinguishing Callicera spinolae larvae from larvae of some related species. The general appearance of the puparium is shown in the coloured photo provided by Dussaix (2013), who also confirms that the larva overwinters (Speight 2017, 2020).","There are all kinds of possible threats throughout the wide range of this species in Europe, such as deforestation, logging, agriculture, urbanisation and possibly in future climate changes (droughts and fire). However, currently there are no major direct threats. But that could change in future where especially this kind of old forest habitat is under threat.","There are no known direct conservation measures currently in place for this species. Further research into the taxonomy, abundance, trends, ecology and threats to this species is recommended. Increased protection of ancient Fagus/Quercus forest with overmature and senescent trees would benefit this species, but it is also important to leave trees with rotholes in these forest so the species has enough breeding sites available. A number of protected sites within these areas would help ensure the protection of this hoverfly. In Germany the species is considered to be Critically Endangered (Ssymank et al. 2011), and in the United Kingdom the species is Vulnerable (Ball and Morris 2014).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Ståhls, G., Ricarte Sabater, A.R., García, M.A.M., Rojo, S., Pérez, C., Aracil, A., Lair, X., Nève, G., Van Der Meutter, F., Vujić, A., van Eck, A., Morris, R., Ball, S., Birtele, D., Cavaillès, S., Tissot, B., Minssieux, E., Lecointe, E., Langlois, D., Garrin, M., François, N., Desvois, R., Claude, J., Durand, O., Gabory, O., Jamard, H., Lebard, T., Leconte, R., Parret, A. & Tourneur, J.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Ceriana,conopsoides,,Ceriana conopsoides,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This saproxylic woodland species is widespread across Europe with a large area of occupancy and extent of occurrence, and the population is considered to be stable. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above thresholds to be considered in a threatened category. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern, both in Europe and EU27. Increased research on its ecology and population trends is recommended, together with increased monitoring of its habitat, which is partially threatened.",Stable,"This species can be found from Finland in the north to the Mediterranean in the south; and from France in the east across to European Russia (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above the thresholds to be considered in a threatened category. 				 			 		Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Belarus and Latvia) and so it is not possible at  this time to calculate a precise AOO for this  species. It has been cited in the following national checklists: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Estonia (Kuznetzov 1993), Finland (FinBIF 2020), France (including Corsica) (Speight et al 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al 2001), Greece (including Crete) (Vujić et al 2020),  Hungary (Tóth 2011), Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily) (Burgio et al. 2015), Latvia (Karpa 2008), Lithuania (Kuznetzov 1993), Malta (Ebejer 1995), Netherlands (Reemer et al 2009), Norway (Nielsen and Svendsen 2014), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Portugal (van Eck 2016), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), European part of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Slovenia (van Steenis et al 2013), Spain (including Balearic islands) (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), Sweden (Bartsch 2009), Switzerland (CSCF 2020), European parts of Turkey (Tóth 2013) and Ukraine (Popov 2010). Specific locality data for this species is not available for some countries (for example: Belarus and Latvia) and so it is not possible at this time to calculate a precise Area of Occupancy (AOO) for this species.  Outside of the European region it is present across the Asian continent to the Pacific coast (van Steenis et al. 2016), and can be also found in North Africa.","This is a widespread species with a large and stable population in Europe and the EU27. It is rare and decreasing in Western Europe and was probably present in Britain in the 19th century but has not been observed since (Speight 2020). It is considered to be scarce in the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), but quite widely distributed in Greece (Vujić et al. 2020).","This is a saproxylic species with the larvae being found in exuded tree sap and tree-holes mainly of deciduous trees (eg. Poplar and Elm (Populus and Ulmus)). The habitat of adults includes different types of deciduous forest: riparian Ash and Poplar (Fraxinus and Populus) forest, Oak, Elm and Hornbeam (Quercus, Ulmus and Carpinus) forest, warm and dry oak forest (Quercus pubescens, Quercus cerris and Quercus frainetto) and evergreen oak forests (Quercus suber) managed for cork production.    Veteran trees are important for its larval habitat. Adults fly from mid-May to mid-August, with a peak in mid-May to mid-June. The flowers most commonly visited are Apiaceae, Cirsium, Dianthus, Euonymus, Euphorbia, Ligustrum, Rubus and Sorbus. All this information is summarized and updated from Speight (2020) and Vujić et al. (2020).",Habitat loss and habitat modification are the main threats to this species. Some of the habitats where it is found are categorized as vulnerable on the European Red List of Habitats (Mediterranean and Macaronesian riparian woodland and Acidophilous Quercus woodland). Unsustainable commercial forestry activities such as deforestation or removal of dead wood also threaten this species due to the lack of age diversity and veteran trees. Forest fires (which can increase as a result of climate change) and modifications to the forest hydrology also pose a threat (Janssen et al. 2017).,"The conservation actions for this species should be focused on the preservation of its habitat. Monitoring and research on its ecology and population are needed. Education and awareness-raising related to this species and its conservation needs would be beneficial.  It is categorized as Endangered in the Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005) and in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011), as Vulnerable in Norway (NBIC 2020), as Near-Threatened in Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020) and as Least Concern in Finland (FinBIF 2020).",This species is not known to be utilised or traded,"Flinn, G. & Smit, J.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C. & Rojo, S.","Campoy, A. & Lillo, I.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Ceriana,glaebosa,,Ceriana glaebosa,"van Steenis and Ricarte, 2016",This species is very close to Ceriana vesipformis - it was quite recently split into two species by van Steenis et al. (2016).,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This species seems to be restricted to Cyprus and is considered endemic to the EU27, but increased surveying on other islands is needed for confirmation. The population in Cyprus seems to be declining in distribution. In the 1950's lots of specimens were found, but recent surveys have suggested it to be less common now, indicating a decline in the number of individuals but more surveys on the island are needed in order to determine the significance of this decline. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 25 km2 and the extent of occurrence (EOO) around 1,365 km2. The number of locations is estimated to be five with human disturbance (housing development and tourism activities) as the main threat, and hence this species is categorized as Endangered under Criterion B in Europe and the EU 27. Increased monitoring of this species and its habitat is needed, as well as research on its ecology and developmental biology, and the threats it faces.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Europe, and is considered to be endemic to Cyprus, although confirmation of its absence on other islands where the very similar species, Ceriana vespiformis, has been recorded, may be required (van Steenis et al. 2016, Speight 2020). Its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is 24 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,365 km2.","Many specimens of this species were collected at a small number of localities more than 50 years ago. In Limasol, 14 males and 18 females were collected between 1934 and 1958, one female in Episkopi in 1937, one male in Lania in 1961, eight females and four males in Yermasogia between 1950 and 1956 (van Steenis et al. 2016), one female in Paphos in 2017 (van Steenis et al. 2019) and one more collection point in Lapithos in 2018 (van Eck in prep.). The lack of more recent records suggests it may now be very scarce, but more surveys on the island are needed in order to determine the significance of this decline.","This is a saproxylic species, but its developmental stages are not yet understood. The larvae of congeneric species develop in tree sap, and this could be the case for this species. There is some evidence to suggest that its developmental stages may be associated with old storm-damaged Cupressus sempervirens trees.    Adults have been collected in herb-rich, open land with patches of scrub and scattered Cypress and Eucalyptus plantations, and they have been seen feeding on white umbellifers such as Ammi majus. Adults fly from early April to mid June and from mid August to early October. This species appears to be restricted to areas with lower altitudes between 500 and 600 metres, because apparently it does not occur in the mountains. All this information has been summarized and updated from Speight (2020).","The most important threats to this species are those related to modification of the quality and quantity of habitat in which it lives. Deforestation and tourism/recreational activities are most feasible threats. There are three localities where it is found very close to the city and therefore urbanization may also have an impact. Habitat pressure due to livestock farming may also impact this species. Fire are a potential threat too, although fires in Cyprus are normally restricted to the mountains and so may not be a direct current threat.","As this species was recognized taxonomically only recently (2016), continued surveys are needed in order to confirm that this species is limited to Cyprus. Additionally, monitoring of the currently known population and research on its ecology, developmental biology and habitat is necessary to understand the specific threats affecting it, and to develop a proper conservation strategy.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Flinn, G. & Smit, J.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C., Rojo, S., Barkalov, A., Mazanek, L., Pennards, G.W.A., Popov, G. & Speight, M.","Campoy, A. & Lillo, I.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Ceriana,vespiformis,,Ceriana vespiformis,"(Latreille, 1804)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species typically occurs in oak woodland and is found across much of southern Europe. Despite part of its habitat being threatened, it is fairly widespread and there is currently no evidence of the population decreasing. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above the thresholds for threatened categories, but increased monitoring and research are recommended. This species is therefore categorized as Least Concern both in Europe and the EU27. The presence of veteran trees needs special attention because conservation efforts for preserving forests do not always guarantee the   protection of older trees. Research on its general biology is also needed, as well as increased monitoring of the  population and habitat.",Stable,"This species occurs predominantly in the Mediterranean basin. In Europe, it ranges from Spain, through the Mediterranean basin and Adriatic sea coast including Albania and Greece, to Romania and Turkey (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above the thresholds for threatened categories. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Albania and Romania) and so it is not possible  at this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species. It has been observed in the following countries: France (including Corsica) (Speight et al. 2018), Greece (including Crete) (Vujić et al. 2020), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily), Montenegro (van Steenis et al. 2015), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Portugal (van Eck 2016), Romania (Stănescu and Părcu 2005) and Spain (including Balearic islands and Gibraltar) (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017).  It has only been recorded twice north of the the Alps, both from the Netherlands, in 1978 and in 1980 (Reemer et al. 2009). These two records need to be reviewed to be able to confirm that the occurrence of this species reaches further north than Mediterranean basin. They are difficult to reconcile with current knowledge of its ecology, because it has never been associated with habitats other than evergreen oak forests.   Outside the European region, it can be found in Lebanon, Israel and in North Africa from Morocco to Egypt (Speight 2020).","This species is widely distributed across the Mediterranean basin, for example in Greece, where its population is known to be stable (Vujić et al. 2020). The population trend is thus considered to be stable in Europe and the EU27.","This species is known to exist in evergreen oak forests of Quercus suber and Quercus ilex that have veteran trees present. It also exists in Mediterranean riparian Fraxinus angustifolia forests and Mediterranean mixed Fraxinus angustifolia and Tamarix forests. Adults fly from April to September, with a peak in June. It prefers flying in open areas surrounding Mediterranean shrubland and visiting umbellifer flowers. It is a saproxylic species, and the larvae have been found in decaying roots of Fraxinus angustifolia (Rotheray et al. 2006) and in sap runs of dead Morbus alba (Shaumar and Kamal 1978). An adult was collected in an emergence trap over a tree-hole in Quercus pyrenaica (Ramirez-Hernandez et al. 2014). Nearly all of this information has been summarized from Speight (2020).","This species may face threats in the future due to loss of quality and quantity of habitat. Part of its habitat is categorized as vulnerable in the European Red List of Habitats (Mediterranean and Macaronesian riparian woodland and Acidophilous Quercus woodland). Unsustainable forestry practices, such as deforestation, removal of dead trees and monoculture forestry may threaten this species. Forest fires (exacerbated by climate change) and hydrology modifications are also potential threats (Janssen et al. 2017).","Conservation actions for this species should be focused on the preservation of its habitat to avoid future decline. The presence of veteran trees needs special attention as the  conservation efforts for preserving forest do not always guarantee the  protection of older trees. Research on its general biology is also needed, as well as increased monitoring of the population and habitat.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Smit, J., Varga, Z. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C. & Rojo, S.","Campoy, A. & Lillo, I.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chalcosyrphus,eumerus,,Chalcosyrphus eumerus,"(Loew, 1869)",,Yes,DD,,No,NA,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Not Applicable (NA)  Chalcosyphus eumerus is only known within Europe from European Russia. However, there is no recent data on this species, and further research is required into the taxonomy, population trend, life history and threats to this species. Therefore, it is assessed as Data Deficient for Europe.  This species does not occur in the EU 27 and therefore is Not Applicable.",Unknown,"This species is known to occur in European Russia (Karelia, Moscow region, Leningrad, Orenburg) and throughout Siberia to the Pacific coast (Speight 2020, Barkalov pers. comm. 2019). It is not present in the EU 27. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 2.1 million km2 and the area of occupancy is around 655,697 km2, but due to the uncertainty surrounding this species, this may be inaccurate.","No information about the European population is known, but the species is rare and not easily collected.","There is little known information on the habitat of this species. It has been recorded on the flower of Rosa canina (Zimina 1957), and the flight period is from June to July.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"No conservation actions known for this species. Further research on the taxonomy, population trends, life history and threats is required.",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chalcosyrphus,eunotus,,Chalcosyrphus eunotus,"(Loew, 1873)",,Yes,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  The Logjammer hoverfly (Chalcosyrphus eunotus) is widespread across Europe and so it has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 3.4 million km2, but the the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated much smaller being around 1,044 km2. For the EU 27 the EOO is estimated to be around 2.2 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 756 km2. The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 27 is unknown. However, given habitat decline due to severe weather events, in conjunction with intensification of agricultural practices and water management, a reduction in habitat/population size of this species can be projected. Although the current estimates of EOO for Europe and the EU 27 are large, the small AOO indicates this species is much scarcer than the range would indicate, and it has a very fragmented distribution. The species is dependent on a habitat that is rare in economically exploited woodlands making it rare by definition over large parts of its range. Therefore, this species is assessed as Vulnerable for both Europe and the EU 27.   Research is needed on the impact of severe climatic events on this species, since this may lead to a need to reassess to an increased extinction risk.",Decreasing,"This species is widespread across Europe. It is known from Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Germany, the Czech Republic, Switzerland, Hungary, Poland, and Romania; in southern Europe from northern Spain, southern France, northern parts of the former Yugoslavia, Armenia, the Caucasus and Turkey (Speight 2020). However, it does not occur in the Scandinavian countries.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 3.4 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1,044 km2. For the EU 27 the EOO is estimated to be around 2.2 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 756 km2.  Not all citations from literature listed in the countries of occurrence could be found as exact localities for making the distribution map.","Due to its very specific habitat, this species is not often seen. However, it is very easily found when searching logs lying in or over small streams in the right surroundings. Most Belgian researchers are familiar with these habits and the species is therefore very often reported in this country (Van de Meutter pers. comm. 2020). There are only four department records for this species in France, despite a lot of surveys in recent years, based on latest data. In Belgium, there has been strong recent increase in the occurrence of this species, which seems to coincide with water quality improvement and less intense cleaning and dredging of small water courses (Van de Meutter pers. comm. 2020).    No comprehensive information on population dynamics is known, and therefore the current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 27 is not totally clear. However, given habitat decline due to severe weather events, in conjunction with intensification of agricultural practice etc. and water management, a reduction in habitat/population size of this species can be inferred, by a least 20% over the next ten years. It may disappear from the lowland within the next twenty years. So we consider the population trend being in decline. In addition, the population is considered to be severely fragmented, as the subpopulations are small and isolated and therefore may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","The preferred environment is forest/freshwater; streamside in deciduous (Carpinus, Fagus, Quercus) or mixed forest, including Fraxinus woodland, alluvial hardwood forest and brook floodplain forest; up to 1,000 m in the Alps. Although found more often in association with permanently running water, this species can be found along the bed of seasonal forest streams, where these contain fallen timber. Where beavers are present, this species is known to increase (G. Popov pers. comm. 2020). This is a secretive species, rarely seen as an adult in most countries. Most specimens have been found closely associated with running water, usually small or very small streams, where they occur on fallen logs and branches resting partly in the water, or on stones projecting from the water, or on the foliage of large-leaved, water-side plants, either over or beside the water, at up to 1.5 m above the water, or on moist stream-edge sand. Males are territorial here and females fly from log to log looking for oviposition sites. There are three different forest types this species can occur in (M. Speight pers comm. 2020). It needs streams in forests, if all the trees are cut away from the stream this may be problematic. It does not have any major specific habitat requirement besides the necessity of logs in water so it can possibly utilise different habitats.  During hot weather the species appears to visit stream edges to drink. The males patrol along streams, stopping at one appropriate resting place after another and visiting the same resting places repeatedly (Schmid and Levy pers. comm. 2020). Mating has been observed by Jukes (A. Jukes pers.comm. 2020). It is apparently initiated by a male launching itself into the air at a passing female, from some vantage point. Mating couples have been found repeatedly mostly at some distance from the water, they probably often venture to some quiet place to not be disturbed. A video of some mating and oviposition site prospecting behaviour can be found in the bibliography of this species, taken in Belgium (Margaux 2017).   The puparium has been described and figured by Maibach and Goeldlin (1992), from a larva reared from a container of artificial medium (wet sawdust) placed beside a stream in Fraxinus woodland. Jukes (A. Jukes pers. comm. 2020, Jukes 2010) has observed oviposition on (and in cracks and crannies of) the bark of small Alnus and Betula logs (around 5 cm diameter and less than 1 m long) in dappled sunlight, partially submerged in water, on the margin of a small stream within riverine gallery woodland. The eggs apparently took two to four weeks to hatch. On hatching, the larvae were observed to make their way into the wood of the log, rather than remaining just under the bark, and there they made tunnels in the wood. The wood of the water-sodden Betula logs concerned was fibrous and white. Two or three larvae were found aggregated within the same tunnel. No larvae were found in wood submerged in water. Bastiaan Wakkie also reared this species from eggs collected in Brussels (Van de Meutter pers. comm. 2020).  There is no data on which flowers this species visits. The flight period is from April to July.","The threats to this species include loss of habitat, from water management, agriculture, forestry, and other human activities. This species is likely to be extremely susceptible to the severe weather events which could be causing declines in recent years, but there is no evidence yet for this. In some cases, extreme weather events may provide good habitat by windfall of trees near rivulets and springs, although in bigger systems it may flush good fallen timber. In addition, long spells of drought may slow down or stop water flow, reducing the important high oxygen levels needed for larvae of this species (Van de Meutter pers. comm. 2020).  Dredging and cleaning streams is detrimental, and conversion of deciduous or coniferous forest is also a threat to this species. In Belgium, cleaning streams for flood prevention and maintaining good drainage prevents habitat from developing (Van de Meutter pers. comm. 2020).","Research is needed on the impact of severe climatic events on this species, since this may lead to a need to reassess to an increased extinction risk. The species is depending on a certain kind of habitat which is severely under threat, therefore more research is needed on population, areas where the species occurs and actions to protect these habitats.  In the United Kingdom, this species is graded as Nationally Scarce (Ball and Morris 2014, JNCC Species Status No. 9). In Germany (Bavaria), this species was assessed as endangered (Dunk et al. 2003), in Saxony Anhalt as critically endangered (Jentzsch et al. 2016), in Baden-Württemberg endangered (Doczkal et al. 2001), and in 2011 the status of this species in Germany in general was Endangered (Ssymank et al. 2011). In Poland it is listed as Critically Endangered (Palaczyk et al. 2002). In the Czech Republic, the species is listed as Endangered (Farkac et al. 2005).",This species is not used or traded.,"Van Der Meutter, F. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A., van Eck, A., Popov, G. & Speight, M.","Lair, X., Ssymank, A., Vujić, A., van Eck, A., Morris, R., Ball, S., van Steenis, W., Popov, G., Reemer, M., Hermann Stuke, J., Pruner, S., Van Der Meutter, F., Mielczarek, L., van Zuijen, M., Fisler, L, Mengual, X., Mazanek, L., Romig, T., Heimburg, H, Claude, J., Tissot, B., Minssieux, E., Lecointe, E., Langlois, D., Garrin, M., François, N., Desvois, R., Cavaillès, S., Durand, O., Gabory, O., Jamard, H., Lebard, T., Leconte, R., Parret, A. & Tourneur, J.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chalcosyrphus,femoratus,,Chalcosyrphus femoratus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,Yes,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  Chalcosyrphus femoratus is found across Europe, on dead wood within deciduous forest. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is large, estimated to be around 5.5 million km2. The the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be much smaller, around 732 km2. For the EU 27 the picture is the same, the EOO is large, estimated around 2.4 million km2, but the AOO is small, estimated around 660 km2. It is considered that the overall population trend is decreasing in both Europe and the EU 27, as there are very few records now within Europe compared to the past. The species is disappearing across Europe and the EU 27 and that is a trend which is likely to be continuing. Although the current estimates of extent of occurrence (EOO) for Europe and the EU 27 are large, the small AOO indicates this species is much scarcer than the range would indicate, and it has a very fragmented distribution. The species is dependent on a habitat that is rare in economically exploited woodlands making it rare by definition over large parts of its range. This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable for both Europe and the EU 27. Riparian gallery forest and large deciduous or mixed forests with which the species may be associated are not always protected and have many threats acting on it, especially from agriculture conversion threats. Disappearance of coppice forest may be an issue to this species, due to replacement to conifers to commercial forestry. Research into its distribution and why it does not just follow the distribution of certain tree species is required.",Decreasing,"This species is found from Poland south to northern and central France, Belgium and east through central Europe into parts of European Russia (Sku'f'in 1964, Speight 2020). Globally, this species is found all the way to eastern Russia, Mongolia and through Siberia, almost to the Pacific coast. There are no records of this species from the Scandinavian countries despite extensive research in the countries.  In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 5.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 732 km2. For the EU 27 the EOO is estimated around 2.4 million km2, and the AOO is estimated around 660 km2. Not all citations from literature as listed in the countries of occurrence could be found as exact localities for making the distribution map.","This is currently a very localised species in much of Europe, but was clearly more frequent in the past. There seems to be a decrease in the subpopulations of this species. However, not much information is available to confirm this, but it is considered that the overall population trend is decreasing in both Europe and the EU 27, as there are very few records now within Europe compared to the past. The species is disappearing across Europe and we infer a decline of at least 20% over the past ten years, a trend which is likely to be continuing. This species is widely distributed in Ukraine but rare (Popov pers. comm. 2020). In addition, the population is considered to be severely fragmented, as the subpopulations are small and isolated and therefore may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","The preferred environment of this species in Europe is deciduous forest; Quercus robur forest with over-mature trees, but it may be associated with Populus alba within these forests.      Adult are found running on the foliage of bushes and shrubs in the sun, where it resembles, in both appearance and movements, a large ophionid Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera); it settles on freshly cut trunks. Flowers visited by this species include Ranunculus repens, Heracleum sibiricum and Euphorbia spp.. The flight period of is from the end of May to the end of July.     The larvae are undescribed, but found by Krivosheina (2001) in ""wood dust"" in Betula and in rotten wood of Betula. This species has been associated with stands of Populus alba and P. canescens (a naturally occurring, fertile hybrid between P. alba and P. tremula) along rivers and in wet areas within Quercus robur forest, suggesting that this species may also develop in the rotten wood of these poplar species. Populus canescens has both a growth form and bark very similar to Betula sp., making fallen, dead trees of these species difficult to distinguish from one another. This species potentially has a commensal relationship with another saproxylic organism - it should be much more frequent if there was just a specific tree association. For example, an added nutrient source apart from wood, meaning that the species cannot be reared on dead wood alone.  Outside of Europe, this species may be found in other habitats, such as birch forests, but this does not seem to be the case in Europe.   There's a decline in riparian forest of 80% over the last 200 years (Naiman et al. 1993). There is a decline in the extent of habitat.","The threats to this species includes certain forest management as the species requires dead trees in situ. Riparian gallery forest and large deciduous or mixed forests with which the species may be associated are not always protected and have many threats acting on it, especially from agriculture conversion threats. Disappearance of coppice forest may be an issue to this species, due to replacement to conifers to commercial forestry.  This species is found in fallen timber with the bark on, so is likely to be buffered from the impacts of climatic change.","There are no current conservation measures in place for this species. In National Red Lists, this species is assessed as vulnerable in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011), and as Near Threatened (NT) in Poland: Red List of Endangered and Endangered Animals in Poland (Głowaciński et al. 2002, Palaczyk et al. 2002). In the Czech Republic, the species is listed as Endangered (Farkac et al. 2005). Research into its distribution and why it does not just follow the distribution of certain tree species is required.",This species is not used or traded.,"Van Der Meutter, F. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A., van Eck, A., Popov, G. & Speight, M.","Lair, X., Ssymank, A., Heimburg, H, Romig, T., Mazanek, L., Mengual, X., Fisler, L, Reemer, M., van Zuijen, M., Van Der Meutter, F., Mielczarek, L., Popov, G., Vujić, A., Birtele, D., van Eck, A., Hermann Stuke, J., van Steenis, J., Zoralski, R., Cavaillès, S., Tissot, B., Minssieux, E., Lecointe, E., Langlois, D., Garrin, M., François, N., Desvois, R., Claude, J., Durand, O., Gabory, O., Jamard, H., Lebard, T., Leconte, R., Parret, A. & Tourneur, J.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chalcosyrphus,jacobsoni,,Chalcosyrphus jacobsoni,"(Stackelberg, 1921)",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Endangered (EN)  Chalcosyphus jacobsoni is known for certain from northern Norway, northern Sweden, northern Finland and northern parts of European Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is estimated to be around 2.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 72 km2. The EOO for the EU 27 is estimated to be around 160,000 km2, and the AOO is estimated to be around 52 km2. Although the current estimates of EOO for Europe and the EU 27 are large, the small AOO indicates this species is much scarcer than the range would indicate, and it has a very fragmented distribution. The current population trend is considered to be declining, so the species is listed as Endangered under Criterion B for Europe and EU27.",Decreasing,"This species is found in northern Norway, northern Sweden, northern Finland, northern parts of European Russia, on to eastern Siberia, and Ukraine (the Carpathians). The range in the Carpathians is likely to be a relict part of the distribution and the record from Ukraine is from the 1960s. It is therefore an old record and there are no recent records, so this species is possibly extinct here (G. Popov pers. comm. 2020). There are very limited recent records in Sweden and Norway. Worldwide coverage also includes Siberia to the Pacific, including Sakhalin and probably also the Altaj area with several countries in the region.   In Norway, it is not on the online database (Artsobservasjoner 2020), but according to van de Meutter (pers. comm. 2020), the species was reported from Norway by Nielsen and Svendsen in 2014.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is estimated to be around 2.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 72 km2. The EOO for the EU 27 is estimated to be around 160,000 km2, and the AOO is estimated to be around 52 km2. Not all citations from literature as seen in the countries of occurrence could be found as exact localities for making the distribution map.","There are very few records from the distribution of this species in northern Europe, although it is widespread. This species is, in general, an extremely rare species to find, which is also due to its habitat. However, the search effort in its distribution is very low. The latest finds in Sweden are Tavelån in Västerbotten (2016) and from Kallkällsmyren in Lule lappmark (1982). In addition, there are only two older Swedish finds: one from the Dalarna mountains found in the early 1900s and one from Lycksele Lapland taken in the mid-1800s. In Norway, a female was found in western Finnmark in 1977, and in Finland there is a find from Kittilä and a few specimens from Pudasjärvi and Kuusamo. In the rest of Europe, the species is only known from northeastern Russia and Ukraine (but long ago) (Artdatabanken 2020). The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 27 is considered to be decreasing. In addition, the population is considered to be severely fragmented, as the subpopulations are small and isolated and therefore may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.  From Sweden, there are four sightings, in Norway two old records from the high north, and in Finland 10 recent sightings. So probably around 16 locations in the Nordic countries mainly from Sweden and Finland. The species is not even mentioned in the modern online list for Norway, so may be possibly extinct here. From European Russia a record from Komi in 1974 (Pestov 2010), so here it is also probably very rare.","The preferred environments of this species are forests and wetlands; a mosaic of boreal Picea/Pinus/Betula forest and mires with overmature and senescent trees and plentiful fallen timber in waterlogged conditions (H. Bartsch pers. comm. 2020). Northwards, this species is found into the taiga. Flowers visited by this species included Salix sp. (Pestov 2010) and Caltha sp. (Bagatshanova 1990). The flight period is June and July. There is no data on the developmental stages of this species.","Like most of the wood dwelling species, forest management is the main threat for this species. There is a continuing decline of habitat, and also the growing threats from climate change will play an important role in this. Distributional changes are to be expected towards higher altitudes with climate change (to colder and wetter areas). Connected with this might be the huge forest fires recently in Sweden (Wikipedia 2018) and Norway (The Local 2019) that are likely a big threat. Climate warming is much faster in these areas making habitat change may be drastic as well.","This species will benefit from forest management to leave wood and old trees. In addition, monitoring of the population to determine trends, threats and ecology is required.  This species was considered to be Near Threatened (NT) in Norway 2010 but in 2019 there was not considered to be enough information for a true assessment (Kålås et al. 2010, Artsobservasjoner 2019). Speight states that the species is strongly threatened at the European level (Speight 2020). In Finland, the species is assessed as Least Concern (FinBif 2010, 2018). In Sweden, it is Vulnerable (Artdatabanken 2019).",This species is not used or traded.,"Van Der Meutter, F. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A., Popov, G. & Vujić, A.","Popov, G. & van Steenis, J.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chalcosyrphus,nemorum,,Chalcosyrphus nemorum,"(Fabricius, 1805)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The Duskey-banded leafwalker (Chalcosyrphus nemorum) is a widespread species across Europe, common almost everywhere in its range. It has a very large EOO, around 10.2 million km2 in Europe and 7.5 million km2 in the EU 27 and also a large area of occupancy (AOO) of around 4.8 million km2 in Europe and 2.9 million km2 in the EU 27. The current population trend is considered to be stable. In addition, although there may be localised impacts from human activities, there are no major threats to this species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27. No conservation measures are needed for this species at present.",Stable,"This species is found in Fennoscandia and south to the Pyrenees, in Ireland and eastwards through much of northern, central and southern Europe (to southern Italy) into Russia and on to the Pacific coast (Sakhalin, Japan). In North America, this species is known from Alaska to Nova Scotia and south to California (Speight 2020).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in both Europe and the EU 27 are very large and exceed the thresholds for any threatened Category.","This is a widespread species with large subpopulations everywhere. In the Mediterranean, the hoverfly is less common compared with the northern part of Europe, and may even by scarce in this region (Vujic et al. 2019). The current population trend is considered to be stable for both Europe and the EU 27.","This species is found in forest and wetland, in particular Alnus/Salix carr, poorly drained deciduous forest and woodland, alluvial gallery forest, beside ponds and along streams in deciduous forest and woodland and along streams and rivers in mesophilous and thermophilous deciduous forest.      Adults have been found on sunlit foliage of bushes, overhanging the water along streams in woodland, and on trunks of fallen and felled trees beside water. Adults also settle on bare, damp mud and sand at the water's edge, to drink.      Flowers visited by this species include white umbellifers, such as Aegopodium podagraria, Anemone nemorosa, Anemone sylvestris, Caltha palustris, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Potentilla erecta, Ranunculus repens, Rubus idaeus, Sorbus aucuparia, Spiraea media and Taraxacum sp.      The flight period is from the beginning of May to the end of September.     The larvae are described and figured by Hartley (1961). They have been found to occur beneath bark of water-sodden deciduous timber, stumps and in damp tree rot-holes in deciduous trees, such as Betula, Fagus, Populus, Quercus, Salix and Ulmus. They have also been recorded from under the bark of stumps of Larix and Pinus and from a water-sodden Larix trunk lying partly in the water (Bagachanova 1990). Jukes (A. Jukes pers. comm. 2019) has observed oviposition on Salix and Betula logs, in a log-jam of partially submerged timber across a small river in riverine gallery forest. The larva overwinters and the puparial phase lasts 10 days (Dussaix 2013).","The species might suffer from the usual anthropogenic activities in certain parts of Europe, but it seemingly has no effect on the population.","No conservation actions are known to be in place for this species, but at the moment conservation action is not necessary and the species occurs in protected areas throughout its range. In Finland, this species has been nationally assessed as Least Concern (FinBif 2020).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Morris, R., Ball, S., Vujić, A. & Ssymank, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chalcosyrphus,nigripes,,Chalcosyrphus nigripes,"(Zetterstedt, 1838)",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Endangered (EN)  Chalcosyrphus nigripes is found in Sweden and northern Finland. There are no records from European Russia although it is highly likely to also occur there. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 1.7 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 44 km2. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in EU 27 is estimated to be around 174,000 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 24 km2. There are very few recent records of this species, and the existing records are more than 40 years old. The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 27 is considered to be decreasing, and there is a continuing decline in extent and quality of habitat. Although the current estimates of extent of occurrence (EOO) for Europe (and also the EU 27) are large, the small AOO indicates this species is much scarcer than the range would indicate, and it has a very fragmented distribution. The species is dependent on a habitat that is rare in economically exploited woodlands making it rare by definition over large parts of its range. Therefore, this species is assessed as Endangered for both Europe and the EU 27. However, given the fact that the youngest records are older than 40 years, the species might go quickly to Critically Endangered or even Regionally Extinct.",Decreasing,"This species is found in Sweden (Artdatabanken 2019), northern Finland, Siberia and into eastern Russia (Speight 2020). The records from Finland are old, from the 1920's (FinBif 2019). There are no available records from European Russia although it is likely to also occur there. All records are old, the youngest from 1978, so the species is likely to be very rare in the whole range of northern Europe and European Russia.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 1.7 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 44 km2. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in EU 27 is estimated to be around 174,000 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 24 km2. Not all citations from literature as listed in the countries of occurrence could be found as exact localities for making the distribution map.","This species is very rare. In Sweden, there have been only six recent sightings from three different provinces, and the species has an estimated occurrence in five different provinces (Artdatabanken 2019). In Finland, there are only very old observations from 1926 (FinBif 2019). However, it is likely to be under-recorded as it is highly likely that it occurs in European Russia, but there are no known records at present. From the available data it seems the last sighting was in 1978 in Sweden (Artdatabanken 2019). The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 27 is considered to be decreasing. The species is considered to be severely fragmented as the subpopulations are small and isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","There preferred environment of this species is forest; arctic-alpine Betula forest and western taiga (H. Bartsch pers. comm. 2020). There is no data on the adult habits, and of flowers visited. However, the flight period of this species is from the end of May to the beginning of July. There is a continuing decline in extent and quality of habitat.    The developmental stages of the species are not described, but the species was reared by Bagatshanova (1990), from larvae collected from under the bark of Larix stumps and logs. The species appears to overwinter as a larva.","The main threats of this species are focused on the loss of quality and quantity of habitat. This includes logging and other anthropological activities like work, agriculture and other activities. It is also threatened by changing rainfall patterns and drought due to climatic change. Distributional changes are to be expected towards higher altitudes with climate change (to colder and wetter areas).","This species is listed as Vulnerable (VU) in Sweden in 2010, 2015 and 2020 with a total of around 10 Swedish sightings (Artdatabanken 2020), and was listed as Data Deficient (DD) in 2019 in Finland (FinBif 2019). It seems the last sightings are more than 40 years ago, so research is needed on the population size, distribution and trends of this species, and of the main threats for it.",This species is not used or traded.,"Van Der Meutter, F. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A., Popov, G. & Vujić, A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chalcosyrphus,nitidus,,Chalcosyrphus nitidus,"(Portschinsky, 1879)",,Yes,DD,,No,NA,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Not Applicable (NA)  Chalcosyphus nitidus is known from European Russia and possibly Ukraine, but it is rare and localised. There is very little information known about the population, threats or life history of this species and so further research is required. Therefore, this species is assessed as Data Deficient for Europe.   The species is not found within the EU 27 and therefore is Not Applicable.",Unknown,"This species is known from the forest zone of European Russia, but it is rare and localized. It is also known from Ukraine and from Siberia to as far as Sakhalin; also northern China (Speight 2020). According to Speight (2017, 2020) the species is recorded for Ukraine, but there are no known specimens (Popov pers. comm. 2019). Based on the possible localities, the maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 29 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is around 1 million km2. However, given the uncertainty around this species, it is highly likely that this is inaccurate in reality.  This species does not occur within the EU 27.","There is no information about the population trend of this species. There is no information about the number of subpopulations or specimens from European Russia, also no information is available about search efforts for this species.","This species is found in deciduous forest of Quercus/Carpinus/Ulmus with overmature trees (Speight 2017, 2020; M. Krivosheina pers. comm. 2019). Flowers visited include Trollius riederanus (Gritskevich 1998), Poa pratensis, Festuca rubra and Agropyrum repens (Mutin 1983). The flight period of this hoverfly is from May to July.    The larvae are figured and included in the key provided by Krivosheina (2001), who found it always in the galleries of other insects (for example, Temnostoma spp.) in fallen, rotten wood of Alnus, Tilia and Ulmus. By contrast, Bagachanova (1990) reports rearing this species from larvae found in the bark (phloem) of Pinus and Larix trunks.","The species is likely to be affected by the usual anthropogenic activities going on in the forests of Europe, such as deforestation, logging, agriculture and urbanisation, but the extent to which it impacts the species is unknown.","Further research is needed about the occurrence of the species in the European range, after that research should be done on the biology, life cycle and distribution of this species, in order to identify necessary conservation actions. For that the habitat trend should be monitored.",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Mielczarek, L. & Romig, T.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chalcosyrphus,obscurus,,Chalcosyrphus obscurus,"(Szilady, 1939)",,Yes,DD,,No,NA,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Not Applicable (NA)  Chalcosyrphus obscurus is known in Europe from European Russia and Ukraine. However, very little other information about the species is available, and the current population trend and threats are unknown. Therefore, this species is assessed as Data Deficient in Europe. Further research on the species is required to determine the full distribution and to highlight if any conservation actions are required.  This species is not found within the EU 27 and therefore is Not Applicable.",Unknown,"This species is found in parts of European Russia (Karelia, Sverdlovsk district), Ukraine (Barkalov and Mutin 2018) and eastwards through most of Siberia (Speight 2020). It is not found within the EU 27.","There is very little information about this species, so the current population trend in Europe is unknown. There is no information about search efforts to find the species recently.","The species has been recorded visiting the flowers of Trollius riederanus (Gritskevich 1998), and the flight period is June. However, there is no other information known about the habitat.","The threats to this species are unknown, but it will likely be affected by the usual anthropogenic activities going on in Europe such as deforestation, logging, agriculture and urbanisation.","Further research is needed to understand more about the biology, life cycle, threats and distribution of this species, in order to make an better assumption about the necessary conservation actions.",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chalcosyrphus,pannonicus,,Chalcosyrphus pannonicus,"(Oldenberg, 1916)",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Endangered (EN)  Chalcosyphus pannonicus is found in Poland, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Romania and Greece, with continued presence in Ukraine requiring confirmation. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is estimated to be around 246,000 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 68 km2. The EOO for the EU 27 is estimated to be around 129,000 km2, and the AOO is estimated to be around 48 km2. Although the current estimates of EOO for Europe and the EU 27 are large, the small AOO indicates this species is much scarcer than the range would indicate, and it has a severely fragmented distribution. The species is dependent on a habitat that is rare in economically exploited woodlands making it rare by definition over large parts of its range. The current population trend is considered to be declining, so the species is listed as Endangered under Criterion B for Europe and for the EU27.",Decreasing,"Within the European region, this species is found in Poland, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Romania (where it is rare; Brădescu 1991) and mainland Greece (Ssymank 2012). The most recent records of this species from Ukraine are from the first half of 20th century, but there is no exact locality data for the map.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is estimated to be 246,000 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 68 km2. In the EU 27, the species has an estimated EOO of around 129,000 km2, and the AOO is estimated being around 48 km2.  Outside of Europe this species is known from Turkey (Anatolia; Sarıbıyık 2021), Georgia and the Transcaucasus (Mengual et al. 2020).","This species is likely declining in both Europe and the EU 27, as the habitat (swamp) is disappearing over time. There are very few records of this species over most of its range, and it is not frequent in Europe. It was reported as very rare in Romania in 1991 (Brădescu 1991), but there are some records from 1999 (Römig pers. comm. 2020). The species occurs in two localities in Slovakia and Poland (Mielczarek 2014), close to each other, the Picea forest in Greece (three localities from three mires) (Ssymank 2012). Furthermore there are old records from Bulgaria (Drensky 1934) and Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2020). In addition, the population is considered to be severely fragmented, as the subpopulations are small and isolated and therefore may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","The preferred environment of this species is 'swamp' (Drensky 1934), flushes and beside streams in mesophilous Picea /Abies forest (Ssymank 2012). The species is found in areas of bogs with fallen trees. In Greece, the species is known from the Dadia forest, found in threatened Picea forest. Riparian gallery forest with which the species may be associated is not protected and has many threats acting on it, especially from agriculture conversion threats. Disappearance of coppice forest may be an issue, due to replacement to conifers to commercial forestry. In Georgia, the males were rather abundant at forest edge of a large deciduous forest (with no coniferous trees to be seen near) all feeding on Geranium sanguineum (van de Meutter pers. comm. 2020). Flowers visited by this species include Cirsium sp. (Mielczarek 2014), Verbascum sp. (Ssymank 2012), and Geranium sanguineum (van de Meutter pers. comm. 2020). The flight period is June and July. The developmental stages of this species have not been described.","The threats to this species include anthropogenic activities like deforestation, drainage, logging and other human activity. The 'swamps' habitats are especially vulnerable for human intrusion and alteration (Janssen et al. 2017). In Europe, a lot of this habitat is already lost.","There are no known conservation actions for this species. The species is dependent on wetlands and forest, so conservation actions should focus on the preservation of this type of habitat. Research should be done on the population and its threats, and the population and habitat trend should be monitored. This species is included on on the Polish Red List (Palaczyk et al. 2002).",This species is not used or traded.,"Van Der Meutter, F. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A., van Eck, A., Popov, G. & Speight, M.","Romig, T., Mielczarek, L., Vujić, A. & van Steenis, J.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chalcosyrphus,piger,,Chalcosyrphus piger,"(Fabricius, 1794)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The Short-haired leafwalker (Chalcosyrphus piger) is widespread across Europe, and although was previously declining, it has returned across much of central and western Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be 9.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 4.4 million km2. For the EU 27 the EOO is around 4.8 million km2 and the AOO is around 1.4 million km2. In some parts of its range, the population trend seems to be increasing in Europe, in countries such as the Netherlands and Belgium. In parts of this species range, there will probably be local declines due to anthropogenic actions, but in its wide range this is not a significant problem for the species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27. More research is needed to figure out why this species has increased in recent years in Europe, including to discover any potential links with forest management.",Increasing,"This species is distributed from Scandinavia south to the Pyrenees, found in areas that are increasingly montane southwards. It is found eastwards from northern France through central Europe into Asiatic parts of Russia, and also in the Nearctic (Speight 2020)  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be 9.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 4.4 million km2. For the EU 27 the EOO is around 4.8 million km2 and the AOO is around 1.4 million km2.","This species has a broad range. It has been recorded in a lot of countries over the last years and is not considered uncommon. Previously, this was considered a particularly enigmatic species, potentially threatened at the European level and approaching extinction in western Europe (Speight 2017). However since 2000, the species seems to be expanding its range (Speight 2020). In some parts of its range, the population trend seems to be increasing in Europe, in countries such as the Netherlands and Belgium (van de Meutter pers. comm. 2020). Outside of Europe, this species is widespread in the Nearctic, and seems to also be increasing here (Skevington et al. 2019).","The preferred environment of this species is forest; Picea or Pinus forest with overmature trees, in the Pyrenees up to and including the P. uncinata zone.      The adults of this species have been found to sit on cut trunks and fallen trees in small patches of sunlight, within forest and on the lower leaves of large-leaved, low-growing plants growing beneath shrubs (for example, Salix sp.) in partial sunlight, at the edge of small open areas within forest or at forest edge. The species visits the margins of streams or small rivers in the sun, to drink under hot conditions, choosing locations where the margin is sandy or muddy, rather than with gravel or stones.    Flowers visited by this species include umbellifers; yellow composites; Calluna sp., Crataegus sp., Prunus serotina, Ranunculus sp., Seseli sp. (Baugnée 1998); Potentilla erecta (Bartsch et al. (2009), Verbascum sp., Solidago canadense, Padus serotina, Calumma vulgaris.    The flight period is from May/June, to July/August at higher altitude. In the Belgium (lowlands), this species is clearly bivoltine (two generations a year) (van de Meutter pers. comm. 2020)    The larva and puparium have been described by Heiss (1938), from sappy hollows beneath bark of Pinus. Both larva and puparium of this species are figured in colour by Bartsch et al. (2009). Perris (1870) records finding the larvae under bark on the trunk of Pinus pinaster, in wet tree humus formed from the frass of Ips sp. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) and Acanthocinus sp. (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). The female has been observed ovipositing in weeping hollows in bark, caused by woodpecker activity, on the lower trunk of moribund Pinus uncinata. Krivosheina (2001) reports rearing this species from under the bark of Larix and ""Siberian cedar"". Bagachanova (1990) similarly reports rearing C. piger from larvae collected from the bark of stumps and trunks of Larix and Pinus, in this instance the trunks being of young trees that had fallen and were lying partly in water. Bagachanova (l.c.) adds that the larvae overwinter under the bark and that the species remains in the puparium for approximately two weeks.","In parts of this species range, there will probably be local declines due to anthropogenic actions, but due to its wide range this is not a problem for the species. Therefore, there are no major threats to this species.","More research is needed to figure out why this species has increased in recent years in Europe, including to discover any potential links with forest management, and whether this species may be associated with tree stumps as well as full trees. There are probably other factors for the revival of this species which are not identified yet. Also, it is unclear whether it is only a temporary rise or not. This species is likely to occur in a number of protected areas in Europe. This species is strictly protected in Serbia (Republic of Serbia Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning 2010). In Germany the species is assessed as endangered (Ssymank et al. 2011).  In Finland, this species was assessed as Vulnerable (VU) (FinBif 2010, 2018). In the Czech Republic the species is assessed as Critically Endangered (Farkac et al. 2005).",This species is not used or traded.,"Van Der Meutter, F. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A., van Eck, A., Popov, G. & Speight, M.","Hermann Stuke, J., Vujić, A. & Ssymank, A.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chalcosyrphus,rufipes,,Chalcosyrphus rufipes,"(Loew, 1873)",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Endangered (EN)  Chalcosyrphus rufipes is less common in the west of Europe, as the main distribution is more central and eastern. The main distribution is the central and eastern Palearctic. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 2.2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 116 km2. In the EU27 countries the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 532,000 km2, and the AOO is estimated to be around 32 km2. Although the current estimates of EOO for Europe and the EU 27 are large, the small AOO indicates this species is much scarcer than the range would indicate, and it has a very fragmented distribution. The species is dependent on a habitat that is rare in economically exploited woodlands making it rare by definition over large parts of its range. The current population trend is considered to be declining, so the species is listed as Endangered under Criterion B for Europe and EU27.  This species is linked to the presence of good healthy forests, and so forest management can impact it.",Decreasing,"This species is found in Sweden (in museum collections, no recent records (ArtDatabanken 2020), Finland, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, parts of the former Yugoslavia, Romania, Ukraine, Transcaucasus, from western to eastern Siberia, Mongolia, and probably from eastern Germany (Speight 2020). But some of these records are old. This species is not found in the Mediterranean. The main distribution is the central and eastern Palearctic.  In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 2.2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 116 km2. In the EU27 countries the EOO of this species is estimated to be around 531,000 km2, and the AOO is estimated to be around 32 km2. Not all exact localities are shown on the current map, especially when they are very old or obscure.","This species is rare in parts of its distribution, and is less common in the west as the main distribution is central and eastern Europe. It can be relatively common in other places, linked to preservation of coniferous or pine forest, such as in Slovakia. Overall, the current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 27 is decreasing (Speight pers. comm. 2019). In addition, the population is considered to be severely fragmented, as the subpopulations are small and isolated and therefore may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","The preferred environment of this species is forest; humid deciduous forest of Fagus and sometimes Quercus (A.Vujic pers. comm. 2020), alluvial hardwood forest and riparian gallery forest (M. Krivosheina pers. comm. 2020). Flowers known to be visited by this species include Aruncus asiaticus (Gritskevich 1998), Rosa acicularis, Spiraea media, and Anemone sylvestris (Bagatshanova 1990). The flight period is from May to July. The larva are described and figured by Krivosheina (2001), from larvae found in workings of other insects, in rotten wood under the bark of old trunks and in moist tree-holes of Populus and Tilia.","There have been some declines of this species in central and southern Europe, caused by forestry management as the species is linked to presence of good healthy forests. Central Europe lies at the westernmost marginal range of the species, as the main range is more central and eastern Asia.","Some conservation measures should be taken in central and southern Europe where there are likely to be declines happening due to forest management. The species is more secure in the central European subpopulations. This species is strictly protected in Serbia (Republic of Serbia Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning 2010).  In Finland, this species has been assessed as Data Deficient (DD) (FinBif 2019). In Sweden, this species is Not Evaluated (Artdatabanken 2019).",This species is not used or traded.,"Van Der Meutter, F. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A., Popov, G. & Vujić, A.","van Zuijen, M., Popov, G., van Steenis, W., Vujić, A., Zoralski, R. & van Steenis, J.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chalcosyrphus,valgus,,Chalcosyrphus valgus,"(Gmelin, 1790)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Chalcosyrphus valgus is widely distributed, although its abundance differs across its range. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 7.3 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 4,032 km2. For the EU 27, the EOO is around 3.8 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 3,344 km2. The species is dependent on a habitat that is rare in economically exploited woodlands making it relatively rare by definition over large parts of its range. Although it also has a relatively fragmented distribution as seen on the map, and taken in account the expected decline in suitable habitat in the future the species is listed for the moment as Least Concern for Europe and EU27. This status might change in the future as it has the characteristics of a continuous decline in suitable habitat and a growing fragmentation in its distribution.  The main threats to this species are the usual anthropogenic influences on the mature forests, as is the case for all of the saproxylic species. Some conservation measures should be taken in central and southern Europe where there are likely declines happening, particular to protect old trees in forests, as this is a preferred habitat of the species.",Decreasing,"This species is found in Scandinavia, south to the Pyrenees, and in northern France eastwards through central and southern Europe into Asiatic parts of Russia. The distribution reaches almost as far as the Pacific coast, to China (Speight 2020). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 7.3 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 4,032 km2. For the EU 27, the EOO is around 3.8 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 3,344 km2.","This species is widely distributed, although its abundance differs across its range. There are very few records in southeast Europe, but it is regularly caught in suitable habitats, good forest, elsewhere. It is probably the most common species of the red-legged species in this genus. This species is today very localised within many parts of its European range, but not so evidently under threat as the closely similar C. femoratus (Speight 2020). Despite this, the current population trend of this species is considered to be decreasing across Europe and the EU 27.","The preferred environment of this species is coniferous forest; old Fagus/Picea forest with overmature trees, toward the upper altitudinal limit of the Fagus and in old Pinus forest, including western taiga; deciduous forest; old Quercus/Carpinus forest. It is also found in alluvial softwood forest of Salix alba/Populus alba with old trees.     Adults have been found on tree stumps and freshly cut logs of conifers; both in flight and when settled, the species closely resembles large ophionid ichneumons (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) in appearance and movements. From the observations of L. Mielczarek (pers. comm. 2020): “the male of C. valgus flies fast just over ground vegetation, close to poplars. When it reaches a tree, it flies spirally round the trunk, upwards to approximately 2.5 m - presumably to find a female. The male then returns to the base of another trunk and repeats this behaviour three to four times, systematically moving forward in the forest. Searching flight behaviour also occurs above fallen logs. Females searching for oviposition sites fly close to trees with wounds, sap runs or with activity of ants”.    Flowers known to have been visited by this species include Campanula sp., Chaerophyllum sp., Hypericum sp., Rubus idaeus and Sorbus aucupariae. The flight period is from May to July. The larva has been described and figured by Schmid and Moertelmaier (2007), from larvae reared to last instar in a mixture of damp rotten wood of Acer, Alnus and Picea, to which eggs laid by a captive female were added. There is strong circumstantial evidence to indicate that the larvae of C. valgus can develop in damaged trunks of Populus alba (L. Mielczarek pers. comm. 2020).","The main threats to this species are the usual anthropogenic influences on the mature forests, as is the case for all of the saproxylic species. This includes logging and deforestation, human intrusions like housing, industrial areas and tourism. Furthermore the climate change might be an issue with the degradation and alteration of suitable habitat.","In parts where the species is rare, some measures should be taken. It has a threatened status in other countries too, particularly in western parts of the range. Some measures should be taken in central and southern Europe where there are likely declines happening. This should be a recommendation for all saproxylic species. It is important to protect old trees in forests, as not just the size of forest matters, but the species also needs presence of old trees. Old trees outside of forests may also be in need of protection.  This species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Finland (FinBif 2010, 2019), Sweden (Artdatabanken 2019), and Norway (Artsdatabanken 2016). This species is strictly protected in Serbia (Republic of Serbia Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning 2010) and listed on the Polish Red List as Critically Endangered (CR) (Palaczyk et al. 2002). In Germany and Denmark, it is Vulnerable (VU) (Ssymank et al. 2011; Bygebjerg 2004, 2019). In the Czech Republic the species was assessed as VU (Farkac et al. 2005).",This species is not used or traded.,"Van Der Meutter, F. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A., Popov, G. & Vujić, A.","Lair, X., Schmid, U., van Steenis, J., Vujić, A., Popov, G., Hermann Stuke, J., Van Der Meutter, F., van Zuijen, M., Mengual, X., Romig, T., Ssymank, A., Heimburg, H, Mazanek, L., Fisler, L, Reemer, M., Mielczarek, L., Moertelmaier, T., van Steenis, W., van Eck, A., Zoralski, R., Claude, J., Tissot, B., Minssieux, E., Lecointe, E., Langlois, D., Garrin, M., Durand, O., Cavaillès, S., Desvois, R., Gabory, O., Jamard, H., Lebard, T., Leconte, R., Parret, A. & Tourneur, J.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,aerea,,Cheilosia aerea,"Dufour, 1848",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This species is a widely distributed temperate and south European species, especially common in the Mediterranean region. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU27 are above the thresholds for the threatened categories. It can be found in open forest ground, open areas in mesophilous/thermophilous deciduous forest of Fagus and Quercus, dry scrub, and unimproved dry/very dry grassland. This common and abundant species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU27.  There are no known conservation actions for this species and no conservation actions are presently required. Research into its taxonomy and ecology is required, and research into population trends is recommended. It could potentially be subject to localized impacts resulting from man-made activities in Europe.",Stable,"This is a widespread species in the Palaearctic  region, occurring in northwestern, central and southern Europe including the Balkans and the European part of Turkey and extending into southeast Russia (Speight 2018). Outside of Europe, the species is found in the Transcaucasia region in Georgia (Speight 2018, Mengual et al. 2020), and recorded from Tajikistan and Kazakhstan to Kyrgyzstan and Iran (Barkalov and Mutin 2018). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe and the EU27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.","The species has an overall stable population  throughout its range in Europe and the EU27, but  is scarce in the northern areas of its distributional range.","This species can be found in open forest ground, open areas in mesophilous/thermophilous deciduous forest of Fagus and Quercus, dry scrub, and unimproved dry/very dry grassland. Adults can be found in clearings and glades, fields adjacent to woodland, and open areas in scrubby dry grassland. Adults are fast flying and males can hover up to 4 m in sunlit glades. Both sexes settle on foliage of trees and shrubs and on ground vegetation. The flight period is between April and October, with peaks in May and July/August. Flowers visited include white umbellifers, Crataegus, and Euphorbia (Speight 2018). Doczkal (1996) reported specimens reared from Verbascum nigrum and females observed ovipositing on Verbascum densiflorum. The larvae have been scored by Stuke (2000).","This species could potentially be subject to localized impacts from intensified land use due to increased urbanization and intensive forest management, including clearing, which could lead to habitat degradation.","There are no known conservation actions for this species. In light of the current wide distribution and considerable population size, no conservation actions are presently required. Research into its ecology is required, and research and monitoring of population trends is recommended.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Eggert, F. & Malidžan, S.","Ståhls, G. & Vujić, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,ahenea,,Cheilosia ahenea,"von Roser, 1840","Cheilosia ahenea belongs to the subgenus Taeniochilosia. The species is included in identification keys in the StN Keys volume (Speight 2018), Speight and Claussen (1987) and Barkalov and Ståhls (1997), the latter figure the male terminalia.",Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data deficient (DD) EU27 regional assessment: Data deficient (DD)    This European endemic occurs in a large part of central Europe such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, Spain, France, Germany, Czech Republic, Poland, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria and Slovenia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU27 is very large. Its current population trend is unknown for both Europe and the EU27 but it is not considered common. It can be found in open ground, permanent, and unimproved grassland. There are no current conservation actions in place, but  conservation actions needed are site/area and resource and habitat protection.  It has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of 244 km2 in Europe and 228 km2 in the EU 27. It has a continuing decline projected in the area of occupancy (AOO), and also for the quality of habitat as a result of unimproved grassland through intensification of agriculture, intensified land-use due to increased urbanization, and habitat degradation as a result of climate change. However, the species might be under-recorded due to taxonomic confusion with morphologically similar species (Cheilosia grisella and Cheilosia pubera). Due to the potentially unclear distributional data resulting from taxonomic uncertainty in present data, the species is assessed as Data Deficient.  Research into its population size, distribution and trends, life history and ecology, and threats are required.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, and has its main distributional range in central Europe. It is found in Ireland, on the small island of Islay off the west coast of Scotland, Northern Ireland, the Vosges and Alps mountain ranges in France, the Pyrenees mountains (Speight 2018), the Cantabrian mountains of northern Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Poland (Mielzcarek 2009), Switzerland (CSCF 2019), Liechtenstein, Austria (Heimburg 2018) and Slovenia (S. Bot pers. comm. 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU27 is very large. The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 244 km2 and 228 km2 in the EU 27 based on known records. It is found up to 1,900 m asl.",The population trend for this species is unknown for both Europe and the EU27 as not enough information exists. It is not commonly encountered but the population is considered to be severely fragmented.,"This species can be found in open ground, permanent, unimproved grassland from lowlands throughout the montane zone up to nearly 2,000 m and in both calcareous and non-calcareous subalpine pasture in central Europe. Adults fly close to the ground and can be seen settling on bare ground or stones in the sun, and the males hover at 1-5 m. At the extreme western edge of its range in Ireland, it occurs on the coast at sea level and in calcareous Machair grassland. The flight period is between May and July. Flowers visited include Antennaria, Dryas, Hieracium, Ranunculus, and Taraxacum (Speight 2018). Potential plant hosts are discussed by Speight and Claussen (1987),  but actual host plant and immature stages remain unknown.","The species could be negatively impacted by locally occurring man-made activities in Europe, such as loss of unimproved grassland through intensification of agriculture or intensified land-use due to increased urbanization, which could lead to habitat loss. The localities in the sub-alpine grasslands could be under threat of habitat degradation, due both to man-made activities but also climate change.","This species was classified as Vulnerable (D1) on the German National Red List (Ssymank et al. 2011) as well as the National Red List of Great Britain (Ball and Morris 2014). For both National Red Lists, the number of mature individuals was estimated to be less than 1,000 and the distribution localized and in a low number of locations in the respective country. There are no current conservation actions in place for this species; however, conservation actions needed are site/area and resource and habitat protection. Research into its population size, distribution and trends, life history and ecology, and threats are required.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Eggert, F., Bowles, P. & Hadrava, J.","Ståhls, G. & Vujić, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,alba,,Cheilosia alba,"Vujić and Claussen, 2000","Cheiloisa alba is a member of the nominative subgenus. The species is similar in general appearance to Cheilosia clama, C. flavipes (Panzer, 1798), C. nebulosa Verrall, 1871 and C. uviformis Becker, 1894. Vujić and Claussen (2000) provide details for their separation.",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)    The species is assessed as Endangered due to its small area of occupancy (AOO) of 64 km2 in Europe and 44 km2 in the EU27, its severely fragmented population, and a projected decline in the quality of its habitat as a result of intensified land-use due to increased urbanization and forest management including clearings, which could lead to habitat degradation. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU27 is 1,819,890 km2. It is found in humid Fagus, Abies and Picea forest, alluvial softwood forest with Salix alba and humid, mesophilous/calciphilous Picea forest. It is a very rarely encountered species in all countries where it occurs (France, Germany, Italy, Finland, Montenegro and Norway). In all countries within the distributional range, its occurrence can be regarded as  highly unpredictable because it is rarely found despite being repeatedly  searched for at known localities in different years.",Unknown,"This species was described by Vujić and Claussen (2000) based on specimens from Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany, Montenegro and Serbia. It has additionally been recorded in southwest and southeast Finland (Haarto and Kerppola 2004), in central Europe from Italy, France (Tissot et al. 2019), to Poland (Zoralski and Kowalczyk 2015), Switzerland and Montenegro. It is possibly extinct in Serbia (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2021). A recent finding from Norway exists (T. Nielsen pers. comm. 2020). It is potentially under-collected due to its early spring flight period, and so the true distribution remains unclear. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 1,819,890 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 64 km2 and the EU27 is 44 km2. It is found between 1 and 1,409 m asl.","Only a few individuals have been observed in surveys throughout the known distributional range of this species. The current population trend for both Europe and the EU27 is unknown. From Italy, there are only one or two specimen known, so it is considered to be rare here. Most records from southern Finland are from habitats near a waterbody such as a lake or stream. It is potentially under-recorded due to its early flight period. The population is severely fragmented and the total number of recorded individuals can be estimated to be less than 100 based on the accumulated knowledge of observations. In all countries within the distributional area its occurrence can be regarded as highly unpredictable because it is rarely found despite being repeatedly searched for at known localities in different years.","This species is found in humid Fagus, Abies and Picea forest, alluvial softwood forest with Salix alba (Vujic and Claussen 2000), and humid, mesophilous/calciphilous Picea forest. Adults occur along streams in forests or at lakes or rivers. The early flight period is between the end of March to beginning of June. The host plant and the developmental stages remain undescribed, but the species is assumed to be phytophagous like its congeners (Speight 2018).","This species could be subjected to locally occurring man-made activities in Europe that consist of intensified land-use due to increased urbanization and forest management including clearings, which could lead to habitat degradation. Fagus forest has been reduced across Europe, which may impact the species to some extent, and it may be sensitive to the destruction of natural habitats near streams or other  small water bodies. In the Balkans, the construction of hydropower dams could potentially constitute a threat.  In Serbia, the species is known from only one locality and thus it is possibly extinct because the habitat of the locality has been destroyed by deforestation (A. Vujic pers. comm. 2020). It was not found at the locality in question during the past seven years despite targeted surveys. Whether deforestation could lead to habitat loss or degradation of habitat remains unclear because the host plant remains unknown.","In the Finnish National Red List, the species is assessed in the Least Concern category (Kahanpää, 2010). In the German National Red List, the species is classified as Data Deficient (Doczkal et al. 2001). There are no current conservation actions known for this species. In Serbia, the species is listed as a ""strictly protected species"" and protected by national law Code of Regulations on the Declaration and Protection of Strictly Protected and Protected Wild Species of Plants, Animals and Fungi (Official Gazette of RS, No. 5/2010, 47/2011, 32/2016 and 98/2016). Conservation actions recommended are site/area protection, site/are management, and awareness and communications. The species has been found in Parc naturel régional du Haut-Jura (France), and some of the point localities occur within the Natura 2000 network. Additional research on population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats is needed. Surveys should be conducted early in the season to ensure that this species is found, given its early flight period.",This species is not traded and is not commercially utilized.,"Eggert, F., Bowles, P. & Hadrava, J.","Ståhls, G. & Janković, M.","Bot, S., Sommaggio, D. & Šebić, A",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,albipila,,Cheilosia albipila,"Meigen, 1838",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This widely distributed species has been recorded throughout northern, western, central and eastern Europe, some parts of southern Europe, Great Britain, and the European parts of Russia and Turkey. It has not been recorded in the far north of Europe, south of the Pyrenees and southern Greece. It is commonly encountered and its host plants (several species of thistles) occur abundantly throughout the Palaearctic region. It can be found in wetlands and forests, Alnus/Salix carr, clearings, tracksides and other open areas in humid forest, both coniferous and deciduous, up to the altitude of Larix forest. It could potentially be subject to locally occurring man-made activities in Europe, such as intensified land-use due to increased urbanization and intensive forest management including clearings, which could lead to habitat degradation. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are above the thresholds for the application of a threatened category. This species is thus assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This is a widely distributed Palaearctic species. In Fennoscandia, it is recorded from the southern coastal region of Norway along the coast up to Hardangerfjorden, in southern and central Sweden (Bartsch 2009), and in southern parts of Finland (with the northernmost record at the Arctic Circle) (Haarto and Kerppola 2007). In other parts of Europe it occurs from Ireland eastwards through all of northern, central and southern Europe (not known further south of the Pyrenees), the Balkans (Vujic 1996), the European part of Russia and the European part of Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are above the thresholds for the application of a threatened category.  Outside of Europe, it is known from central and eastern Siberia in the Baikal region, Kazakhstan and Georgia (Bartsch 2009, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Speight 2018, Mengual et al. 2020).","Despite being an abundant species in most of its range, no information on population trends is available except that it seems to have a stable population throughout its range in both Europe and the EU27.","This species can be found in wetlands and forests, Alnus/Salix carr, clearings, tracksides and other open areas in humid forest, both coniferous and deciduous, up to the altitude of Larix forest. The larva is a stem miner in thistles (Carduus spp. and Cirsium palustre) common in agricultural environments, pastures and roadsides. The larva was described and figured by Rotheray (1988) using specimens collected from Cirsium palustre in pastures. This species overwinters as a puparium. Flowers visited include: Betula, Caltha, Cardamine, Corylus, Prunus spinosa, Ribes uva-crispa, Salix, Taraxacum, Tussilago and Vaccinium. The flight period is between the end of March to the end of May (Speight 2018).","The species could potentially be subject to localized impacts from intensified land use due to increased urbanization and intensive forest management, including clearing, which could lead to habitat degradation.","There are no known ongoing conservation actions for this species, and no conservation actions are needed. However, research into the population size, distribution and trends as well as the monitoring of population trends is recommended.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Malidžan, S., Eggert, F. & Bowles, P.","Ståhls, G. & Vujić, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,albitarsis,,Cheilosia albitarsis,"(Meigen, 1822)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This is a Holarctic species with a wide distribution throughout the Palaearctic region, occurring in almost all European countries and further extending to Siberia. It is one of the most widespread species in the Palaearctic region, but its distribution could require revision due to confusion with Cheilosia ranunculi (Doczkal in Speight, 2020). Its population trend is stable. It can be found on open ground and forests, agricultural land, and forest clearings, montane and subalpine pasture. It is assessed as Least Concern because the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category, the population appears to be stable, and it is unlikely to be subject to major widespread threats.",Stable,"This is a Holarctic species with a wide distribution throughout the Palaearctic region, occurring in almost all European countries and further extending to Siberia (Speight 2018). Outside of Europe, it is also recorded from North Africa, North America, Kazakhstan and Georgia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Speight 2018, Mengual et al. 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe and the EU27 are significantly greater than the thresholds for a threatened category.","This species is one of the most widespread and abundant species of the genus Cheilosia in the Palaearctic region, and the population trend is considered stable in both Europe and the EU27. It is common in its entire distributional range across Europe.","This species can be found in open ground and forests, agricultural land, and forest clearings, montane and  subalpine pasture. Adults can be found on the edges of forest clearings and tracks, along hedges and in pastures in farmland. The males hover up to 5 m above the ground and settle on foliage of shrubs or low growing plants. Flowers visited include: white umbellifers, yellow composites, Ajuga, Allium ursinum, Caltha, Crataegus, Matricaria, Potentilla, Ranunculus, Sorbus and Stellaria. The flight period is between April/June and July at higher altitudes. Being an synanthropic species, it is favoured by present-day  farming practices (Speight 2018). The larvae have been collected from the rootstock of Ranunculus (probably Ranunculus repens) and reared to adult (Rotheray 1994).","This species could potentially be subject to localized man-made activities in Europe, such as intensified land-use due to increased urbanization and intensive farming, which could lead to habitat degradation in agricultural areas.",There are no known ongoing conservation actions and none are needed for this species. Research on its distribution and trends as well as the monitoring of the population is recommended.,This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Eggert, F., Bowles, P. & Malidžan, S.","Ståhls, G. & Vujić, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,alpestris,,Cheilosia alpestris,"Becker, 1894","Identification keys include Barkalov and Ståhls (1997; including figures of the male terminalia) and the key to males of European Taeniochilosia (as Nigrocheilosia) species in the StN Keys volume (Speight 2018). In general appearance this species is similar to C. derasa Loew and the female to the female of C. pedemontana Rondani, separating characteristics provided in Barkalov and Ståhls (1997).",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)   This European endemic species is rare, never found in high numbers, with a distribution restricted to the Alps. It may be locally threatened due to human activities (increased tourism) and/or increased grazing by livestock on alpine meadows at medium-high to high elevations. More data on its occurrence, especially from areas from which only old data are available, and information on habitat quality (including host plant information) are necessary to assess the extinction risk, which could be high at some localities. The highest number of specimens are from France.    The present status of this species is considered to be endangered: although the EOO and number of locations are above the threshold, the area of occupancy is restricted (100 km2 in Europe and 68 km2 in the EU 27), is considered severely fragmented as many subpopulations are small and isolated, and there is a projected continuing decline in the quality of the habitat.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the central European Alps. It has been recorded from France (Speight et al. 1998, Ssymank and Lair 2014, Speight et al. 2018), Switzerland (CSCF 2020) and Austria (Barkalov and Ståhls 1997, Heimburg 2018). It is known from two records in Italy, one from a checklist (Belcari et al. 1995) and the other from a locality near the French border found in 2000 (D. Sommaggio pers. comm. 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is large for Europe and the EU 27. The area of occupancy (AOO) is only 100 km2 in Europe and is 68 km2 in the EU 27.","The number of sampled individuals at any locality is very low, despite there having been recent surveys in the Alps. There is no information on population trends. The newest record is from Italy in 2020.","The preferred habitat of this species includes humid grassy areas within the upper levels of the Picea zone and on through the Larix zone into humid unimproved calcareous subalpine grassland (near tree line) up to 2,100 m, and open herb-rich areas within Alnus viridis thickets (Speight 2018). In central Europe it has been collected at localities at medium-high to high altitudes. Flower visitation records exist from Peucedanum cervaria (Apiaceae) (Ssymank and Lair 2014). The larval host plant and immature stages unknown.","This species can be affected intensive grazing  of alpine meadows, especially on high alpine meadows. Increased tourism in alpine environments with negative impact on the natural habitat is a potential threat. The impact of climate change at  high altitudes leading to unfavourable conditions for the host plant, or  unsuitable habitat for the adult flies and resulting in habitat  fragmentation could constitute a high risk because the species is known from medium to high elevations in Alpine regions in rather few countries.","There are no known conservation actions for this species. The French specimens were collected in Mercantour National Park. Recommended conservation actions include protection of the habitat through controlling the intensity of grazing (which occurs within National Parks), management of tourism, and maintenance of plant diversity. Management is particularly important within National Parks. Research and monitoring of population trends, habitat management and study of its ecology are recommended.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Hadrava, J.","Ståhls, G. & Vujić, A.","Heimburg, H, Fisler, L, Tóth, S., Šebić, A, Bot, S. & Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,alpina,,Cheilosia alpina,"(Zetterstedt, 1838)",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  Due to the small AOO (96 km2 in Europe and 84 km2 in EU27), severely fragmented population caused by destruction of habitat, where small patches do not have the capacity to sustain viable subpopulations and a continuing decline in the quality of habitat, Cheilosia alpina is assessed as Endangered. It is not commonly encountered. Possible confusion with the morphologically very close central European species Cheilosia montana complicates the picture, including the recently evidenced identical or near identical DNA barcode sequences of these two species.    The preferred habitat in the northern populations of this species, subarctic birch forests near the treeline and arctic tundra, could be negatively impacted by unsustainable reindeer herding, as well as climate change. In the Finnish Red List C. alpina is classified as Near Threatened. The taxonomy and biology remain understudied and urgently need additional study.",Unknown,"Cheilosia alpina is a species with a boreo-alpine distribution pattern in Europe. In Fennoscandia, it only occurs in the extreme northern parts, with about 20 records in total from northern Finland, Sweden and Norway (one record from Russian Karelia, also recorded from northwestern Russia) (Bartsch 2009; Haarto and Kerppola 2007; species.fi (Schulman et al. 2021); artsdatabanken.no). In Central Europe it has been recorded from alpine regions of Austria and France (Claussen 1998), and from the High Tatra Mountains in Slovakia (Čepelák and Čepelák 1986, Čepelák 1992). A doubtful record from Lithuania is included in StN2015 Excel (Speight et al. 2015), but not considered in this assessment. Taxonomic confusion with the closely-related C. montana calls for re-appraisal of its distribution in central Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is large in Europe and the EU 27. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 96 km2 in Europe and 84 km2 in EU27  The distribution extends out of the European region to southern Siberia (Altay) (Barkalov and Mutin 2018) and Mongolia (G. Pennards pers. comm. 2020). Mengual et al. (2020) list the species from Georgia, but state that the record requires confirmation.","There is no information about population trends, but the population is considered to be severely fragmented as a consequence of habitat destruction and fragmentation. The species is not commonly recorded and may be genuinely rare.","The preferred habitat is open areas in subarctic birch forests near the treeline, and arctic tundra (Nielsen and Svendsen 2014). Flower visitation records exist from umbellifers, Alchemilla, Caltha palustris (Bartsch et al. 2009), Ranunculus spp. (Bartsch et al. 2009) and Salix spp. (T. Nielsen pers. comm. 2020). The flight period is June to July. The immature stages are undescribed, but Bartsch et al. (2009) discussed a possible host-plant association with Angelica archangelica archangelica.",Habitat loss and habitat fragmentation are major biodiversity threats to organisms in the Arctic and Subarctic regions. Grazing by reindeer could impact the species negatively if the host plant is Angelica archangelica archangelica. Ongoing climate change is expected to result in a continuing decline in the extent and suitability of its habitat.,"There are no ongoing conservation actions known for this species. The species occurs in Malla Strict Nature and Saana Nature reserves (Enontekiö, Finland), Further research into the ecology, threats and population trend of this rare species is needed and its taxonomy is in need of resolution.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Malidžan, S.","Ståhls, G. & Miličić, M.","Fisler, L, Pennards, G.W.A., Lair, X. & Mazanek, L.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,andalusiaca,,Cheilosia andalusiaca,"Torp Pedersen, 1971","The species belongs to the nominal subgenus Cheilosia s. str. Torp Pedersen (1971) described the male of this species, and Marcos-Garcia (1987) described the female. This species is apparently similar to C. rhynchops (C. Claussen pers. comm. 2020).",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This species is endemic to mainland Spain, where it is known from a small number of specimens in mountainous areas of Castile and León. It is assessed as Endangered because of its small area of occupancy (&lt; 500 km) and  low number of locations (between one and five). The potential threat is degradation of habitat quality. It was described in 1987, and is still  only known from very few specimens and localities.  Further research into the ecology, threats and population trend of this rare species is needed.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Spain, where it has been recorded in mountain ranges in the southern part of the provinces of Castile and León (Torp Pedersen 1971, Marcos Garcia 1987).","There is no information about population trends. Only 10 specimens have been collected so far (Torp Pedersen 1971, Marcos Garcia 1987).","This species is known from sparsely-vegetated, open rocky ground from 900 m to above 2,300 m (Marcos García 1987). The flight period is from April to June. The immature stages unknown (Speight 2018).","This species can be impacted by degradation of habitat quality, mostly due to occasional fires and to some extent overgrazing.","There are no ongoing conservation actions known for this species. Site and habitat protection would benefit this species. Further research into the ecology, threats and population trend of this rare species is needed.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Malidžan, S.","Ståhls, G.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,angustigenis,,Cheilosia angustigenis,"Becker, 1894",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Cheilosia angustigenis is a rather rarely encountered species. The preferred habitat type seems to be available, but it may have high requirements for habitat quality, as the occurrence is mainly in undisturbed (unimproved) habitats such as humid, unimproved meadows adjacent to temperate (old) forests rich in naturally occurring herbs, and in open areas in old coniferous forests.     The population trend is unknown, and although it may be locally threatened due to unsustainable forest management or other human activities there are no major direct threats. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are above the thresholds for the threatened categories. More research is needed on its ecology, population trends and microhabitat requirements. The available data are insufficient to determine the degree of threat to the species, but with the currently understood EOO and AOO, the species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 27.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in most of Sweden (van Steenis 1998, van Steenis 2016, Bartsch et al. 2009) and Finland (Haarto and Kerppola 2007), southern and northern Norway (Pasvik valley) (Nielsen 1980, 1998, Nielsen and Svendsen 2014), northern European Russia, Siberia and the Russian Far East (Barkalov and Mutin 2018 as C. lugubris), Kazakhstan and northern Caucasus (Speight 2018). A record from Ukraine remains doubtful (Lezhenina 1993, as C. lugubris). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened category.",There is no information about population trends. The occurrence of this species seems to be highly localized. It is a rare but possibly also an overlooked species.,"This species is known from open areas in boreal Betula forest (Nielsen 1980), western taiga (Nielsen 1998), and humid meadows adjacent to forests (Bartsch et al. 2009); van Steenis (2016) mentions wet meadows in old coniferous forests as habitat in a nature reserve in the Uppsala area (Sweden). It is known primarily from undisturbed habitats. Flower visitation records are known from Acer platanoides, Anemone nemorosa (Nielsen 1980, van Steenis 2016), Caltha palustris, Crataegus spp., Prunus spinosa, Viburnum opulus (Bartsch et al. 2009) and Prunus padus (van Steenis 1998). The flight period is from May to the end of June. The host plant and immature stages are unknown.","This species is subject to general anthropogenic activities in Europe, including intensified land-use due to increased urbanization, wetland drainage, and intensive agriculture, all of which could result in degradation of habitat and habitat fragmentation.","There are no known conservation actions for this species. Research is needed to clarify its distribution, population status, ecology and the impacts of threats.",This species is not traded or commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Malidžan, S.","Ståhls, G.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,antiqua,,Cheilosia antiqua,"(Meigen, 1822)","Cheilosia antiqua belongs to the subgenus Taeniochilosia. The species is morphologically similar to Cheilosia nigripes, and identification keys are provided by Barkalov and Ståhls (1997), and StN keys in Speight (2020).",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This European endemic species has been recorded throughout Europe except northern Europe and the Mediterranean region. Its population trend is unknown, and although it may be locally be threatened due to unsustainable forest management or other human activities, there are no major direct threats. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are above the thresholds for the threatened categories. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and EU27. More research is needed on its population trends and microhabitat requirements.",Unknown,"This species is a West Palaearctic species endemic to Europe and is to date, not known to exist outside of Europe despite existing close to the border of the region. The distribution ranges from Ireland and the UK (Ball et al. 2011) through to central and southern Europe, and the Balkans (de Groot and Govedić 2008, Krpač et al. 2001, Tóth 2011, Tóth 2014, Vujic 1996), and on into European parts of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018). It has apparently not been recorded further north than Denmark (Torp 1994), but is known from the French Pyrenees, and has been recorded in Spain (Ricarte and Marcos Garcia 2017, Speight 2018, Lair et al. 2021).",There is no information about population trends for this species.,"This species occurs in deciduous forest and unimproved pasture, including montane/subalpine pasture. The preferred habitats include forest clearings and beside tracks in woodland, along old hedgerows and in open areas in montane pasture. The flight period is from April to June, with occasional specimens in March and July. Known flowers visited are Caltha, Cardamine, Fragaria, Iris, Ranunculus and Taraxacum (Speight 2018). The host plant is Primula: the larva feeds in the rootstocks of several Primula species, where it hollows out cavities in thickened stem bases. The immature stages are described and illustrated by Rotheray (1991, 1994).","This species is likely to be locally affected by various human activities (habitat loss due to land conversion  and poor management, deforestation, logging, agriculture, urbanization, overgrazing, and possibly climate change) which potentially degrade the habitat quality and lead to habitat fragmentation.",There are no ongoing conservation actions known for this species.,This species is not traded or commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Malidžan, S.","Ståhls, G. & Vujić, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,aristata,,Cheilosia aristata,"Barkalov and Ståhls, 1997","This is one of several small, black Cheilosia species of the subgenus Taeniochilosia endemic to the Alps. The thickened antennal arista is readily observable and facilitates identification (also in the field), identification key is provided by Barkalov and Ståhls (1997).",Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  This European endemic species is assessed as Endangered because of its small area of occupancy, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1507 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2 in Europe and 12 km2 in the EU 27. Furthermore, the population is considered severely fragmented and there is degradation of habitat quality, due to tourism and unsustainable farming (grazing livestock), and (as this is a high-mountain species) the negative impacts of climate change on host-plant viability. Further research into its ecology, threats and population trend is extremely urgently needed.",Unknown,"This species is endemic  to Europe, with the only known occurrences in the central European Alps. It was described from Valais (Switzerland) (Barkalov and Ståhls 1997), and subsequently but fairly recently has been recorded from northern Italy (L. van der Ent pers. comm. 2020) and the French Alps (Lair 2018). It occurs at high elevations. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1507 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2 in Europe and 12 km2 in the EU 27.","This species was described in 1997 (Barkalov and Ståhls 1997), and is still  only  known from very few localities at high alpine elevations (1,900 – 2,650  m asl)  mainly in Switzerland. It has apparently been repeatedly sampled from the same localities in  Saas-Fee (Valais, Switzerland)   in the 1990s and in 2010, and the subpopulation here may be stable. In the other localities, the population trend is unknown. The total number of collected specimens is probably below 100 and the species is clearly rare.","This species has been found over open ground, including almost bare, hot and sunny siliceous rocky slopes and steep alpine meadows at 1,900 - 2,650 m, some with Androsacion alpinae communities. It may be restricted to areas with calcareous rocks (Speight 2020). Flower visitation records exist from Silene rupestris (P. Goeldlin pers. comm. 2020) and Helianthemum sp. (L.-J. van der Ent pers. comm. 2020). The flight time is from the end of June to August at higher elevations. The host plant and immature stages are unknown.","Potential threats to this species include habitat destruction due to intensive grazing of alpine meadows by cows or sheep, which seems to have become more common in high alpine meadows. Habitat destruction due to increased tourism is a potential threat, including development of ski resorts. The impact of climate change at high altitudes could result in unfavourable conditions for the host plant, or unsuitable habitat for the adult flies, and hence could constitute a high risk because the species is known from very few localities.","There are no ongoing conservation actions known for this species. It was described in 1997, and is still only known from very few localities at higher altitudes (1,900 – 2,650 m asl) mainly in Switzerland. All collecting sites are within National Parks or similar areas. Additional research on its ecology including population size is urgently needed. Research is needed to confirm the distribution, population status and the impacts of threats. Protection of habitat, including grazing and tourism management, is recommended.",This species is not commercially utilized or traded.,"Bowles, P. & Malidžan, S.","Ståhls, G. & Vujić, A.","Fisler, L, van der Ent, L.-J., Šebić, A, Bot, S. & Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,balkana,,Cheilosia balkana,"Vujić, 1994","Cheilosia balkana belongs to the proxima group of species of the nominal subgenus, and it  morphologically closely resembles the species Cheilosia pascuorum. For identification see the key for European species of the proxima group in Vujić et al. (2013), who figured the male terminalia.",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  Cheilosia balkana has a small AOO (76 km2) in Europe and 24 km2 in EU27, an EOO of around 72,029 km2 in Europe and 4,607 km2 in the EU27, and is found at nine locations in Europe and 4-5 in EU27 considering tourism and overgrazing as the main threats. Its population is severely fragmented, with tourism affecting all localities where this species occurs, and there is a projected continued loss of habitat quality. Taking into account this threat, as well as the threats of climate change and overgrazing, this mid-altitude mountain species is assessed as Endangered (EN).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, mainly distributed in the Balkan Peninsula (in Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia) (Vujić et al. 2013). It is also found in northeastern Italy. It does not occur in high-altitude mountain areas, and is not considered an alpine species. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 76 km2 and in the EU 27 about 24 km2. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 72,029 km2 in Europe and 4,607 km2 in the EU27. In Europe, it occurs in nine locations, 4-5 of which are in the EU 27. It is found between 354 m and 2,233 m above sea level.","There is no information on population size or trends. There are many specimens known (&gt;400), but most of them date from the beginning of the 1990s, in spite of regular collecting trips in the areas known to be suitable. Some specimens have no records of collection date. The most recent record is from 2018 in Italy: very few specimens are recorded from Italy, and it is more difficult to find the species now than it was historically (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019). The population trend is unknown, but the results of recent surveys may suggest a decline in the population, which is considered to be severely fragmented, with many subpopulations small and isolated with no possible exchange of individuals.","This species is known from open areas within humid Fagus forest and, at higher elevations, into subalpine grassland to 2,000 m. It is found in open grassy and rocky ground, where males hover at 5-7 m. It is known to visit flowers of Alyssum. The flight period is from mid-June to mid-July (Vujić 1996). The developmental stages are undescribed (Speight 2018).","The most severe threat to this species is tourism. In Slovenia and the Dolomites in Italy the presence of skiing areas results in habitat destruction at the mid-elevations where this species occurs. On Durmitor Mountain in Montenegro and on the Šar Mountains in Serbia, increasing tourism and the infrastructure development related to this activity represent the most serious threats (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019). Additional potential threats exist to mid-elevation habitats from climate change and overgrazing. Miličić et al. (2018) projected a potential loss of the area of suitable habitats in the future as a consequence of climate change.","Cheilosia balkana is listed as a strictly protected species in Serbia. There are no known conservation actions. Further research on its ecology, distribution and population trends is needed, as well as the control of the level of grazing. In Italy, it is found near the Dolomiti Bellunesi National Park, but not inside, while it is present in the National Parks of Durmitor in Montenegro and Šar Mountain in Serbia. Habitat preservation is recommended.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Bowles, P.","Miličić, M. & Vujić, A.","Bot, S., Ståhls, G., Šebić, A & Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,barbafacies,,Cheilosia barbafacies,"Vujić and Radenković, 2013","Cheilosia barbafacies was described by Vujić et al. (2013). The species is a member of the nominal subgenus and the proxima group. Vujić et al. (2013) provided descriptions of both sexes of the species, figured the male terminalia and provided an identification key distinguishing C. barbafacies from closely related species.",Yes,EN,,No,NA,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)  In Europe, this endemic species is assessed as Endangered because of its very small area of occupancy (24 km2), and extent of occurrence (136 km2). The known subpopulations occur within National Parks, but recent activities such as road development and avalanches have increased its extinction risk. The main threat is habitat loss due to changes in land-use and deforestation on high Balkan mountains in two locations, leading to both an ongoing and projected decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. As this species is not known to exist in the EU 27, it is assessed as Not Applicable for this region.",Unknown,"This is a Balkan endemic, only known from two Dinaric mountains in the central part of the Balkan peninsula: the  Durmitor (Montenegro) and Jahorina (Bosnia-Herzegovina)  mountains (Vujić et al. 2013). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 136 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2.","There is no information about population trends. Cheilosia barbafacies is only known from the type material (15 specimens) collected in the 1990s and one additional specimen from 2009 (Steenis et al. 2015). No additional records of C. barbafacies from either the field or private/public collections have been published, but it was seen in 2018 (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). Most specimens have been collected in the Durmitor National Park, but the area is not regularly surveyed.","This species occurs in deciduous forest. It was found only in primary forest near deep gorges of high mountains, a very localized habitat. The flight period is May to July (Vujić et al. 2013). The immature stages and host plant are unknown, but it is assumed to be phytophagous like its congeners.","Vujic et al. (2013) state that this species occurs in an area within the Dinaric mountains  rich in endemic insects and a plant diversity hotspot. Most known records are in the Durmitor National Park in  Montenegro, in a relatively small area. The main threat is habitat loss due to changes in land-use and deforestation on high Balkan mountains in two locations. Recently stochastic events, such as avalanches, have increased in frequency as a result of climate change, which may impact springtime occurrence and development. This has destroyed parts of the forest, and although the species was still found to be present, this threat might impact it again in the future. There is a road being built close to this area, and there may be future forestry plans.","This species can be difficult to distinguish from several closely related species, so collected material should be checked because this species was only recently described and is not well known. Further investigation on its biology and ecology is needed. More monitoring of population and habitat trends is required. The species would benefit from education and awareness raising activities.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Malidžan, S.","Ståhls, G. & Vujić, A.","Šebić, A, Bot, S. & Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,barbata,,Cheilosia barbata,"Loew, 1857",.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy are greater than  the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe  and the EU 27 and this species is not expected to be subject to major threats, and so it is assessed as Least Concern in both regions. It is often abundant, and has been recorded throughout central and southern Europe. Although widely distributed through large parts of Europe, additional research is needed, especially on its biology and ecology.",Unknown,"This species is widely distributed in Europe. Its distributional range extends from Britain east through most of central Europe to parts of European Russia and western Siberia, and south to southwest Spain; through upland areas of southern Europe to the Balkans, Turkey (Speight 2018) and Kazakhstan (Barkalov and Mutin 2018). One old specimen is known from the Helsinki region in Finland, but it seems highly likely that this specimen has an erroneous locality label, since no other specimens are known and in Fennoscandia the species is only known from Denmark, not from other parts of Scandinavia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy are greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.","There is no information about population trends, but this species is widely distributed. In the Netherlands, at the edge of its distribution, it is regarded as rare (Reemer et al. 2009). In the Finnish Red List (Haarto et al. 2019) it is classified as Regionally Extinct, but this classification is based on a single specimen with potentially erroneous locality data, and should not be considered.","This species is known from young deciduous woodland and scrub on well-drained soils and dry, unimproved grassland at elevations up to and including montane pasture; it is more closely associated with open areas within forest towards the southern edge of its range (Speight 2018). The flight period is from May to August, with a peak in July/beginning of August. Flower visitation records are known from Caltha, Chaerophyllum, Crataegus, Euphorbia, Ranunculus, Sambucus, Taraxacum and most white umbellifers (Speight 2018).","This species is unlikely to be subject to widespread threats due to its wide range, but a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat due to conversion of forest areas may constitute localized threats.","There are no known conservation actions for this species. Although widely distributed through large parts of Europe, additional research is needed, especially on its biology and ecology.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Malidžan, S.","Ståhls, G.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,beckeri,,Cheilosia beckeri,"Strobl, 1910","Cheilosia beckeri is a member of subgenus Taeniochilosia. Strobl (1910) included a number of males in his description of Cheilosia beckeri, but whether they all belong to the same taxon is doubtful (Speight 2018). The female lectotype was redescribed by Barkalov and Ståhls (1997) and included in their key to females, and the male was tentatively included in the key to males but no male specimen was available for study,  see also key to males of European Taeniochilosia (as Nigrocheilosia) species in StN Keys volume in Speight (2018). Barcoding of recently obtained specimens links male specimens with the females (Ståhls, in prep.), which will enable the accurate inclusion of the males in identification keys based on diagnostic characteristics.",Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This EU 27 endemic species is assessed as Endangered because of its small area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) and  low number of locations (3). Fewer than 20 specimens are known from three localities, two of which within protected areas. Potential threats are a projected degradation of habitat quality, mostly due to tourism  and unsustainable livestock farming in alpine environments, and (as this is a high-mountain species) including negative impacts of climate change on host-plant viability. Further research into its ecology, distribution threats and population trend is extremely urgently needed.",Unknown,This species is only known from high alpine localities (Hochalpen) in the southernmost German Alps and from the type locality Admont (Austria). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 947 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2.,"There is no information on population trends, and fewer than 20 specimens known in total. No new specimens have been recorded in Austria where the type was collected in 1910 but there has not been any recent surveys in this locality. It has been collected in Germany as recently as 2018/9, one female was caught in 2019 in the Berchtesgaden National park (altitude 1,984 m) in Germany. These are the only verified records known since the species was described.","This species is known from open ground in the high-alpine zone. In 2018, D. Doczkal found 2 males and 8 females in two malaise traps on the highest mountain in the German part of the Alps, the Zugspitze. All specimens were found solely in the highest traps, at 2,455 m and 2,500 m asl, in traps placed in a high alpine landscape with extremely sparse vegetation (e.g. Thlaspi rotundifolium). No specimens were found in the malaise traps placed lower down.","Habitat loss and degradation of habitat quality are the major ongoing threats to high-elevation alpine biodiversity, due to increased tourism  and associated activities, and unsustainable livestock farming in alpine environments. The impacts of climate change at high elevations may result in unfavourable conditions for this species or its host plant.","There are no ongoing conservation actions known for this species. The localities where the newly collected specimens from Germany occur are within National Parks or protected areas. Further research and monitoring is recommended into its distribution, population size, ecology and threats.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Ståhls, G., Vujić, A., Ssymank, A. & Romig, T.","Ssymank, A., Romig, T., Doczkal, D., Sommaggio, D., Bot, S. & Šebić, A",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,bergenstammi,,Cheilosia bergenstammi,"Becker, 1894",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) The species is assessed as Least Concern because the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27. It has been recorded throughout Europe except in some parts in Fennoscandia. The population trend is unknown in Europe and the EU 27. Future monitoring is needed, as well as research on its ecology and  potential threats.",Unknown,"Cheilosia bergenstammi is widespread in most parts of Europe, and occurs in southern Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden) (Bartsch 2009), France (Speight et al. 2018), northern Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), Ireland (Speight et al. 2018), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Czech Republic and Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Balkans (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia) (Vujic, 1996), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), Hungary (Tóth 2001), Italy (Stoch 2003), Switzerland (CSCF 2019) and Ukraine (Prokhorov et al. 2020), and outside Europe in southern European parts of Russia and Transcaucasia (Georgia) (Barkalov and Mutin 2018; Mengual et al. 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.","This species is rarely collected in Fennoscandia, but is regarded as fairly common in the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009). No information on population trends exist for Europe and the EU 27.","This species is found in open, grassy areas in coniferous and  deciduous forest, up to the upper altitudinal limit of Picea, eutrophic  dune grassland, unimproved alpine pasture and also sheep pasture in  parts of Europe with a moist climate (Speight 2018). The larva is an internal feeder in stems of Senecio, especially S. jacobaea, but probably also in other species, e.g. S. palustris, S. erucifolia. The larva is described and figured by Smith (1979). It has two generations per year in central Europe. The flight periods are from April to June and from the middle of July to September (Speight 2018).","This species is not subject to major threats but is likely to be impacted to some degree by the loss of habitat due to destruction  of humid forests across Europe, mainly caused by unsustainable forestry.","There are no ongoing conservation actions known for this species.  Future monitoring is needed, as well as research on its ecology and potential threats.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Malidžan, S.","Ståhls, G.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,brachysoma,,Cheilosia brachysoma,"Egger, 1860","Cheilosia brachysoma belongs to the nominate subgenus. The male of C. brachysoma is similar to C. vernalis in general appearance and the species has to be regarded as a member of the vernalis species group, whose component taxa still pose considerable taxonomic problems. Claussen and Vujic (1995) provide means of separating females of C. brachysoma from females of C.clama. The species is difficult to identify even for people with significant expertise.",Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)   This species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) in Europe and EU 27. It is often taxonomically confused with closely related species. More data need to be obtained for a better understanding of its distribution. At a general level, habitat loss (in quality and quantity) is expected due to the intensification of grassland management and livestock grazing pressure in Europe’s grasslands. Monitoring and further research is required to establish its distribution and precise habitat and ecological requirements so as to understand the existing threats better. The German Red List classified this species as Critically Endangered (Ssymank et al. 2011), and based on this Speight (2018) noted that the species appears to be extremely scarce and should be regarded as threatened. With more information, this species may well meet one of the thresholds for a threatened category, and so urgent action should be taken to carry out further research within the next five years.",Unknown,"Cheilosia brachysoma is a species endemic to Europe, distributed mainly in central Europe. It has been recorded from Austria (Heimburg 2018), Czech Republic and Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Hungary (Tóth 2001), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005) and Switzerland (CSCF 2019).  Its full distribution is unknown due to widespread difficulty with identification, and so it is not possible to calculate the area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) accurately. The distribution map is created based on potentially suitable habitat at higher altitudes within the countries of occurrence.","There is no information on population trends. Due to confusion with other species, it may be more widespread than currently known but this is not possible to confirm without checking more records. It is considered extremely rare in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011).","This species appears to prefer unimproved/almost unimproved (subject at most to addition of occasional organic fertiliser), humid, oligotrophic/mesotrophic montane grassland (at 800-1,000 m asl) with streams and flushes, subject to light/moderate grazing by cows (C. Claussen, D. Doczkal and A. Maibach pers. comm. 2020). There are no data on flowers visited, and the immature stages are unknown (Speight 2020).",This species appears to be extremely scarce (Speight 2020). The main threats are habitat loss due to change in land use and intensification of grassland management and grazing pressure in Europe’s grasslands.,"There are no ongoing conservation actions for this species. It is noted in the Red List of the hoverflies of Baden-Württemberg and in that for Germany as Critically Endangered (Ssymank et al. 2011). Its distributional range is partly within the boundaries of Natura 2000 in the Šumava National Park (Czech Republic). Since it is recorded mainly in grasslands of central and eastern Europe, the conservation actions should be focused on preserving its habitat due to intensification of grassland management and grazing pressure in Europe’s grasslands. Monitoring and further research is required to establish the habitat and ecological requirements and to understand the existing threats better.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Malidžan, S.","Likov, L., Ståhls, G. & Vujić, A.","Bot, S., Sommaggio, D. & Šebić, A",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,bracusi,,Cheilosia bracusi,"Vujić and Claussen, 1994",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is assessed as Least Concern because of its relatively large extent of occurrence and area of occupancy in Europe and the EU 27. It is considered unthreatened across Europe (Speight et al. 2020), although classified as Critically Endangered in the Red Lists of Baden-Württemberg (Germany) and in the German Red List. Potential threats are degradation of habitat quality in part of its range due to human activities such as unsustainable forestry and agriculture, because it can be found in forests and in grasslands. Further research into its ecology, threats and population trend is needed.",Unknown,"Cheilosia bracusi is confined to mountain ranges in central and southern Europe: the Pyrenees, Jura, Alps and Apennines, and mountain regions on the Balkan peninsula. Its distributional range includes Portugal (van Eck 2016), France (Speight et al. 2018), Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-Garcia 2017), Switzerland (L. Fisler pers. comm. 2020), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Austria (Heimburg 2018), Italy (Sommaggio 2010), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Bulgaria (Tóth 2014), Bosnia, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Greece and Slovenia (Vujić 1996). Outside of Europe, this species is found in at least Georgia (Mengual et al. 2020).","This species is not commonly encountered, but there is no information on population trends.","This species is known from open areas along streams, in humid Fagus forest upwards into unimproved, subalpine grassland, both calcareous and non-calcareous. The flight period is from the end of April to July. Flower visitation records are known from Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Doronicum austriacum, Ranunculus and Trollius. The immature stages are unknown (Speight 2018). In the Balkan peninsula the species occurs in mountain regions above 500 m altitude (Vujić 1996).","The preferred habitats are widespread within its range, but this species may locally be threatened due to forest management or other human activities such as agriculture.","There are no known conservation actions for this species. It is considered unthreatened across Europe (Speight et al. 2020), although it is classified as Critically Endangered in the Red List of Baden-Württemberg (Germany), and as Critically Endangered in the German Red List. Future monitoring is needed, as well as research on its ecology and potential threats.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Malidžan, S.","Ståhls, G., Miličić, M. & Šebić, A","Fisler, L",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,brunnipennis,,Cheilosia brunnipennis,"Becker, 1894",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is widespread in central and southern parts of Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far  greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened  categories for Europe and the EU 27. The preferred habitat types are widespread, but it may locally be threatened due to forest management or other human land-use activities. The present status of this species is considered to be Least Concern in Europe and the EU 27.",Unknown,"This species is widely distributed in the Mediterranean and adjacent regions, where it is known from southern France, northern Italy, the Balkans (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia), Romania, southern Russia. Outside of Europe, this species exists in northern Caucasus (Georgia), Ukraine, Israel and North Africa (Morocco) (Speight 2018).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27 but cannot be accurately calculated as the distribution of this species is based on country checklists rather than exact locality data.",There is no information on population trends for Europe or the EU 27.,"This species occurs along streams in thermophilous Quercus forest (Vujic 1996) and in Mediterranean shrub communities (garrigue and maquis). The flight period is from February to mid May. Males hover over Prunus shrubs in flower, at 2-3 m; both sexes have a rapid, darting flight more reminiscent of Syritta than a Cheilosia species. Flowers visited include Petasites, Salix (Vujic 1996), Euphorbia spp., Prunus mahaleb, P.spinosa, Pyrus spinosa and Viburnum tinus (Speight 2018).","This species could potentially be subject to localized anthropogenic activities in Europe, such as intensified land-use due to increased urbanization, and intensive forest management including clearing which could lead to habitat degradation.","There are no known conservation actions for this species, and none are presently required. Research and monitoring is needed on population trends.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Malidžan, S.","Ståhls, G.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,caerulescens,,Cheilosia caerulescens,"(Meigen, 1822)","Cheilosia caerulescens is a member of the subgenus Taeniochilosia, and the caerulescens species-group. Ståhls and Barkalov (2017) provide a key for the separation of this species from others of the caerulescens group. Cheilosia caerulescens is a morphologically very variable species. Dark forms of this species may be mistaken for C. laeviventris Loew or C. venosa Loew, and the male terminalia of these species are indistinguishable.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is widespread in Europe, and during last 10-15 years has spread northwards in Europe. Reemer et al. (2009) reported a strong increase in its relative abundance in the Netherlands between 1988 and 2000. The host plants, Houseleeks (Sempervivum spp.), are common garden plants. In light of the current horticultural trade, this species is expected to spread further in the future. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27. Based on the known information on its wide distribution, often high abundance and host-plant association with a common species, the species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 27.",Unknown,"This species is distributed from Britain (Ball et al. 2014) and the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009) south to the Pyrenees, occurring in France (Speight 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Italy (CSCF 2020) and Austria (Heimburg 2018) eastwards through central Europe as far as but not reaching European parts of Russia (Mutin and Barkalov 2018) and southeast to the Balkans (Montenegro, Bulgaria) and Romania (Bradescu 1991). It was added to the British list in 2006 (Iliff 2020) and recent records from this island are definitely from suburban gardens, including specimens bred from Sempervivum imported to Britain from horticultural suppliers in the Netherlands (Collins and Halstead 2008). Iliff (2020) stated that the species is now well established in southeastern England, and is gradually expanding its range northwards and westwards. It is included in The Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species - Britain and Northern Ireland (GRIIS; http://www.griis.org).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.",Reemer et al. (2009) reported a strong increase in the relative abundance of C. caerulescens in the Netherlands between 1988 and 2000. There is no other population information for this species in Europe or the EU 27.,"The natural habitat of this species is rocky unimproved calcareous and non-calcareous subalpine grassland and heath to above 2,000 m (Speight 2018). The larva is a leaf-miner of Houseleeks (Sempervivum spp.) (d'Aguilar and Coutin 1988). It is bivoltine and has spread rapidly north and west across Europe in recent decades, mainly utilizing Sempervivum tectorum growing in gardens. The host plants are alpine in their natural  habitat, but have been cultivated for a very long time, growing on roofs  and walls and often planted in rock gardens and, more recently, as  patio plants. The hoverfly has spread north and west across Europe and  its arrival in Britain has been expected. It was first  found in the Netherlands in 1986, but by 2005 it was reported to be  widespread and common in urban gardens in Leiden (Reemer et al. 2009). The recent British records are definitely from suburban gardens, including specimens bred from Sempervivum imported to Britain from horticultural suppliers in the Netherlands (Collins and Halstead 2008, Speight 2018). Judging by the experience in Belgium and the Netherlands, it can be expected to spread rapidly and become widespread in urban gardens in the UK (Ball and Morris 2014).","Potential threats to the high-mountain areas in the Alps and mountain regions in the Balkans, the original native range of this species, include intensive livestock grazing of alpine meadows. There may potentially be negative impacts of climate change at high elevations, but this species has naturally expanded its range outside this region following the wide cultivation of its host plants.",There are no ongoing conservation actions for this species. Research and monitoring is needed on population trends.,This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Malidžan, S.","Ståhls, G.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,candida,,Cheilosia candida,"Vujić and Radenković, 2020","Cheilosia candida Vujić et Radenković, 2020 is a member of the subgenus Convocheila Barkalov, and endemic to Europe. The species was described based on a single male specimen. Radenković et al. (2020) provide images of the male, including the male genitalia, and an identification key to separate the species from all other members of subgenus Convocheila. The species is morphologically similar to C. paralobi Malski, and distinguishing characters are provided in Radenković et al. (2020).",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27-2020,,"This species is listed as Data Deficient both in Europe and the EU27, to which it is endemic, on the basis that it is known from a single specimen and nothing is known of any threats.  Extensive research is needed of the distribution, population, habitat and ecology and the potential threats.",Unknown,"This species is only known from its type locality, the Pindos mountains in northern mainland Greece (Radenković et al. 2020). This species is currently considered to be a an EU 27 endemic but this requires further investigation. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) cannot currently be accurately calculated at this time due to lack of data.",This species was described based on one male specimen and so there is no information regarding its population trend.,"This species was collected in May in relict montane conifer forest of Pinus heidreichii/P. nigra pallasiana (Radenković et al. 2020). There is no information on flower visits. The larvae are undescribed, but are presumably phytophagous.",Nothing is known about any of the threats to this species.,"There are no known conservation actions for this species. Extensive research is needed of the distribution, population, habitat and ecology and the potential threats.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Hadrava, J.","Ståhls, G. & Vujić, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,canicularis,,Cheilosia canicularis,"(Panzer, 1801)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)     This is a very widespread European species with a stable population trend. The host plant typically grows in large communities and is distributed throughout Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far  greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened  categories for Europe and the EU 27. Therefore the present status of this species is considered to be Least Concern in Europe and the EU 27.,Stable,"This species ranges from the southernmost regions of Denmark and Sweden, most of central and southern Europe, most parts of the Balkan Peninsula, Ukraine, Turkey, and European parts of Russia. Outside of Europe it can be found across Russia to western Siberia, the Russian Far East and the Caucasus (Georgia) (Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Mengual et al. 2020).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.","This species is widespread and abundant in most parts of Europe and the EU 27, except in the northern parts and some western parts of its distribution. No precise information on population trends exists but it is considered stable.","Its preferred environments are humid deciduous and coniferous forests and along streams in open areas, where the adults settle on Petasites spp. and other streamside vegetation. The flight period is from the end of June to September, and it has two generations per year in most of its distributional area. Flowers visited include umbellifers, yellow composites, Petasites hybridus, Cirsium arvense, C. palustre, Hieracium spp., Senecio, Taraxacum and Ranunculus (Speight 2018, Vujic 1996). The larva is scored in Stuke (2000) and has been reared from Petasites hybridus (Stuke and Claussen 2000).",There are no known threats to this species.,"No known conservation actions are in place for this species. In light of its current wide distribution and apparently large population size, such actions are not presently required.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Malidžan, S. & Bowles, P.","Ståhls, G.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,carbonaria,,Cheilosia carbonaria,"Egger, 1860",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is widespread throughout Europe, except in  some parts of western Europe and the Mediterranean region. In  Scandinavia the species is rather rare, but is more frequently recorded in Denmark. In northern Europe it occurs in lowland areas, while in central Europe and the Balkans it also occurs in mountain regions (Alps, Dinaric and Rhodope mountains). Typically it is not abundant, but so far there is no evidence of decreasing populations. It is assessed as Least Concern because the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far  greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened  categories for Europe and the EU 27.",Unknown,"This species is widespread throughout Europe, except in  some parts of western Europe and the Mediterranean region. It is distributed in all Scandinavia, extending south to the Pyrenees; and from southern England eastwards including most of central Europe and all of the Balkan peninsula into European parts of Russia and further into Siberia and Kazakstan (Speight 2018, Barkalov and Muitn 2018).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.","There is no information on population trends for this species. In Scandinavia it is rather rare, but is more frequently recorded in Denmark.","This species occurs near flushes, springs and seasonal streams in pasture and herb-rich meadows, and scrub woodland on well-drained and usually calcareous soils, from alluvial hardwood forests up to within the Fagus/Picea forest zone. Adults are found along the edges of woodland clearings, tracks and field hedges usually close to a river or stream; they fly low and rather fast. Flower visitation records are known from white umbellifers, yellow composites, Allium ursinum, Caltha, Cirsium, Myosotis, Leontodon, Pulicaria, Ranunculus and Tripleurospermum. The flight period is from May to June and July to September. the larval host plant and developmental stages remain unknown (Speight 2018).","The preferred habitat types are widespread, but potential local threats could exist from anthropogenic activities in Europe, including intensified land-use due to increased urbanization, intensive forest management, or wetland drainage leading to habitat destruction.",There are no known conservation actions for this species. Monitoring and research of the population and trends is needed.,This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Malidžan, S.","Ståhls, G.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,chloris,,Cheilosia chloris,"(Meigen, 1822)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is widespread in most parts of Europe. It is not commonly encountered, especially not in northern Europe, but there is no evidence of decreasing populations so far. Its preferred habitat type is widespread and is considered unthreatened across Europe. The species could potentially be subject to locally occurring anthropogenic activities in Europe, such as intensified land-use due to increased urbanization, agriculture and intensive forest management, which could lead to habitat degradation. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far  greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened  categories for Europe and the EU 27 and this species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 27. Further research into its ecology, threats and population trends is needed.",Stable,"In Scandinavia this species is known from southernmost parts of Norway and Sweden. The distribution elsewhere includes most of central Europe extending east into European parts of Russia and on into Siberia; it is also recorded from the Transcaucasia (Georgia) (Speight 2018, Mengual et al. 2020).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.","There is no information on population size for this species, but it is presumed to be stable for Europe and the EU 27. It is not commonly encountered, especially not in northern Europe, but there is no evidence of decreasing populations.","This species is known from grassy areas within Fagus/Picea forest and scrub, and old unimproved pasture, apparently not extending above the upper altitudinal limit of Fagus. Adults are encountered around clearings, tracksides etc. where they fly low over ground vegetation. Flower visitation records are known from yellow composites, umbellifers, Allium ursinum, Caltha, Euphorbia, Frangula alnus, Prunus spinosa, Ranunculus, Salix and Sorbus aucuparia. The flight period is from April to June (Speight 2018). The larvae have been scored by Stuke (2000), and the female has been observed egg-laying on Cirsium oleraceum (Doczkal 1996), and the larval association with that plant was confirmed by Stuke and Carstensen (2000).","This species is affected by the loss of habitat quality in some parts of its range due to unsustainable forestry and agriculture, but these threats are localized and the overall population remains stable.","There are no known conservation actions for this species. Future monitoring is needed, as well as research into its population and ecology, and the impacts of potential threats.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Malidžan, S.","Ståhls, G., Miličić, M. & Vujić, A.","Romig, T.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,chrysocoma,,Cheilosia chrysocoma,"(Meigen, 1822)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is widespread in most parts of Europe. It is not commonly collected as it is an early spring species, but there is no evidence of decreasing populations so far. Its preferred habitat is widespread, but may be threatened locally from forest management or other human activities. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far  greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened  categories for Europe and the EU 27. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 27.",Unknown,"The distributional range of this species extends from Scandinavia south to northern Spain, Portugal, Italy, Bulgaria and the Balkan peninsula; Ireland eastwards through central Europe to European parts of Russia and on into Siberia and Georgia (Speight 2020, Mengual et al. 2020).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.",There is no population information for this species in Europe or the EU 27.,"This species is known from Alnus-Salix woodland, fen carr and alluvial softwood forest. Adults are found along tracks and glades, on low-growing vegetation in the sun. Flower visitation records are known from Caltha, Crataegus, Narcissus, Prunus, Ranunculus and Salix, including S. viminalis. The flight period is from April to June. The larva is undescribed, but the adult female has repeatedly been observed (Doczkal 1996) egg-laying on Angelica sylvestris, providing strong evidence that this is a larval host plant (Speight 2020). The larva was reared from the root of Cnidium spp. (Apiaceae) by Bagachanova (1990).","The preferred habitat types are widespread, but potential local threats could exist from anthropogenic activities in Europe, such as intensified land-use due to increased urbanization, intensive forest  management, or wetland drainage leading to habitat destruction.",There are no known conservation actions for this species. Research and monitoring on the population of this species is needed.,This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Malidžan, S.","Ståhls, G.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,clama,,Cheilosia clama,"Claussen and Vujić, 1995","The species belongs to Cheilosia s.str. The male of this species bears a superficial resemblance to C. nebulosa Verrall, while the female resembles C. psilophthalma, though its eyes are entirely bare and its claws are paler in colour (Speight 2020). Vujić and Claussen (2000) provide information for discerning C. clama from the similar species C. pini and C. alba.",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)   This species is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)) because of its relatively small area of occupancy (European - 68 km2; EU 27 - 40 km2), due to unsustainable forestry practices and its severely fragmented population. Potential threats include degradation of habitat quality, mostly due to unsustainable forestry and infrastructure development. Further research into its ecology, threats and population trends is needed.",Unknown,"The range of this species is uncertain due to confusion with other species until recently, but it has been confirmed from mainland France, Germany, Switzerland, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Speight 2020), Belgium (one record, male), and the Czech Republic.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) are large for Europe and the EU 27 but the area of occupancy (AOO) for Europe is only 68 km2 and 40 km2 in the EU 27.","There are no data on the population size or trends of this species and its trend is considered unknown for Europe and the EU 27. So far about 30 specimens have been collected, most from the 1980s and 1990s. Its population is considered severely fragmented as it is found in small numbers and its localities are isolated with large distances between them. In the northern parts of its range it does not occur in high mountains.","This species can be easy to overlook due to its early flight period. It prefers humid, open grassy areas in Fagus/Picea forest upwards through the Picea zone and on into Pinus cembra forest and the Larix zone (Speight 2020). It can be found in grassy clearings and tracksides, usually close to streams (Vujić 1996); females fly low and fast, with a rapid, zigzag flight, settling on leaves of low-growing plants (e.g., Caltha) in the sun (Speight 2020). Adults visit flowers of Caltha, Salix, Taraxacum and Tussilago. It is an early spring species, with a flight period from the beginning of May to June. The developmental stages and the host plant are unknown (Speight 2020).","The habitat of this species is threatened by unsustainable forestry practices (clearing of forests, low diversity of planted forest, lack of unmanaged areas) and infrastructure development, including roads built for forestry.","There are no ongoing conservation actions in place for this species. Some of the point localities occur within the Natura 2000 network. Additional research on its ecology, the impacts of threats, and population trends is needed, and clarification of its range. Habitat monitoring is required.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Hadrava, J.","Ståhls, G. & Janković, M.","Vujić, A., Sommaggio, D., Bot, S. & Šebić, A",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,clausseni,,Cheilosia clausseni,"Barkalov and Ståhls, 1997","Cheilosia clausseni belongs to subgenus Taeniochilosia. Identification keys include key to males of European Nigrocheilosia (=Taeniochilosia) species in StN Keys volume, and Barkalov and Ståhls (1997) who also figure the male terminalia, and a key for identification of the bare-eyed, black-legged Cheilosia species with partly red/orange antennae by Claussen and Van der Weyer (2004).",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  Cheilosia clausseni is assessed as Endangered because of its small area of occupancy (20 km2) and  low number of locations (5). Additionally, the population is considered to be severely fragmented. Potential threats exist from degradation of the quality and extent of habitat, and habitat fragmentation due to unsustainable farming (grazing livestock) and possibly negative impacts of increased tourism at high elevation areas. Although information is insufficient to infer the likely extent of these impacts, a precautionary approach is warranted due to its scarcity and evidence of increased pressure on alpine meadows from grazing of sheep. This is a high-montane species only occurring in central Europe, perhaps specialized on a high-elevation host plant which could be at particular risk as a result of climate change. Additional research into its ecology, distribution and population trends is extremely urgently needed.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Alps, where it has been recorded from Italy, Austria and France (Barkalov and Ståhls 1997). It has a known area of occupancy (AOO) of 20 km2.","Only six specimens of this species are known in total. It was described in 1997 (Barkalov and Ståhls 1997), and is still only known from very few localities at high-alpine elevations (1,900 – 2,500 m asl.). A specimen from France collected in 2009 is the most recent record; all five previous specimens are from the 1990s. No population information is available. There have been no targeted surveys to find it, but there are a lot of collections from the Alps and yet this species has not often been found in general surveys. It seems therefore to be genuinely rare, and although perhaps more widespread, current data suggest that it is localized to certain parts of the Alps. The current population trend is unknown.  This species is considered to occur as a severely fragmented population because the subpopulations appear to be small and isolated, and should they go extinct there will be a reduced probability of recolonization. It may however be more widespread than currently known.","This species is known from sparsely vegetated, rocky, open ground in the subalpine zone, at high altitudes from 1,900 - 2,400 m. There are no data on the flowers visited by adults. The flight period is from the end of June to the end of August. The host plant and developmental stages are unknown (Barkalov and Ståhls 1997, Speight 2018), but the host plant may well be a high-elevation species.","Potential threats include habitat destruction due to intensive grazing of alpine meadows by cows or sheep, which seems to have become more common also in high-elevation alpine meadows (IUCN Hoverfly Specialist Group pers. comm. 2020). Habitat destruction due to increased tourism is a potential threat. The impact of climate change at high elevations may lead to unfavourable conditions for the host plant, or unsuitable habitat for the adult flies, and so could constitute a high risk because the species is known from very few localities.","There are no known conservation measures in place for this species. The species has been found in the Reserve naturelle de Sixt-Passy (France). Additional research on its ecology, habitat, distribution and population size, and into threats is urgently needed. Monitoring of the habitat is also recommended. Further information on the host plant of this species would be beneficial, but is likely to be very difficult to identify directly in the field.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Ståhls, G. & Vujić, A.","Lair, X., Heimburg, H, Bot, S., Sommaggio, D. & Šebić, A",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,crassiseta,,Cheilosia crassiseta,"Loew, 1859","Cheilosia crassiseta belongs to subgenus Taeniochilosia. A key to males of European Nigrocheilosia (= Taeniochilosia) species is provided in StN Keys volume. An additional key, for identification of the bare-eyed, black-legged Cheilosia species with partly red/orange antennae, is provided by Claussen and Van der Weyer (2004). Barkalov and Ståhls (1997) figured the male terminalia.",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)      This species is encountered at low to high elevations in most of the European Alps. Its occurrence is restricted to geographically small areas in several countries in Europe, and the distributional area is considered severely fragmented. It is not very common, but no evidence of population decline currently exists. Its habitat is projected to be in decline (both in quality and extent) as a result of grazing livestock. The area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km² in both Europe and the EU 27, therefore this species is assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU 27. This species requires further research on its habitat and ecology, threats, population and monitoring of its population and habitat.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to central and south-east European mountain regions. It has a severely fragmented distribution in low to high mountain areas in Poland (Mielczarek 2009), the Alps (France, Switzerland, Austria, Italy) (Speight 2018; Heimburg 2018), Slovakia (Mazanek 2009), Slovenia and the Balkans (Montenegro) (Vujic 1996, van Steenis et al. 2015). It has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 but the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 200 km2 in Europe and is 148 km2 in the EU 27.",There is no information on population trends of this species in Europe or the EU 27. This high mountain species is considered to have a severely fragmented population.,"The habitat of this species is open ground: unimproved, non-calcareous grassland, from within the upper part of the Abies/Picea  zone upwards into alpine grassland to 2,500 m. There are no data on flower visits by adult flies. The flight period is June, and July at higher altitudes. The host-plant and  immature stages are unknown (Speight 2018).",This species may be threatened due to habitat degradation caused by grazing livestock.,"There are no ongoing conservation actions known for this species but more sustainable grazing practices may benefit this species. This species requires research on its habitat and ecology, threats, population and monitoring of its population and habitat.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Nève, G.","Ståhls, G. & Vujić, A.","Romig, T. & Heimburg, H",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,cumanica,,Cheilosia cumanica,"Szilady, 1938",,No,LC,0,No,EN,B1ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 assessment: Endangered (EN)   Cheilosia cumanica is assessed as Least Concern at the European regional level despite its relatively restricted known area of occupancy (148 km2) and the continuing decline in the quality and quantity of its habitat from unsustainable forestry and agricultural intensification, because of its large extent of occurrence (192,214 km2) and number of locations above the threshold (17).  At the EU 27 level it is assessed as Endangered due to the very restricted known area of occupancy (16 km2), extent of occurrence (4,696 km2) and number of locations within the threshold (3) in the only EU 27 range state, Romania. The above-mentioned threats to the habitat of the species are also present on the EU27 level.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Romania (Speight 2020), and Russian Transcaucasia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018). Outside Europe it is found in Iran (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is large in Europe and the EU 27 but the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 148 km2 in Europe and 16 km2.","There is no information about population sizes or trends. More than 200 specimens have been collected so far. Most of the records date from the 1980s and 1990s, with the most recent from Montenegro and Serbia, taken in 2017. Records over the last ten years have decreased in Serbia, suggesting a decline, but the reasons behind this are unknown. Although the overall current population trend is unknown it is suspected that there is a decline, at least in parts of the distribution (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). It is declining in Serbia, where the majority of occurrences derive (but still less than 50%). Its occurrences in this country are in lowland areas which are not connected, with large areas of agriculture and urbanization between them, thus Serbian subpopulations are considered severely fragmented.","The preferred habitat of this species is deciduous forest, occurring in herb-rich open areas in thermophilous Quercus forest (Q. cerris/Q. pubescens) (Speight 2020). Adults fly low and settle on foliage of bushes and Smyrnium perfoliatum (Vujić 1996) and on foliage of trees such as Tilia, up to 2 m from the ground (A. Vujic pers. comm. 2020). Males hover at up to 3 m (A. Vujic pers. comm. 2020). Flower visitation records are known from Smyrnium perfoliatum and white Apiaceae (Vujić 1996). The flight period is from March to August (Vujić 1996). Developmental stages and host plant are unknown.","Threats to the habitat of this species include unsustainable forestry practices, which include disturbance of forest herb diversity from a high density of trees or forest clearing, resulting in too dry or otherwise disturbed habitats; and also land-use change such as conversion of forest to agricultural land or urbanization. Habitat decline can be projected in the very localized areas where this species occurs, as pressure from forestry is increasing.","There are no conservation actions known for this species. Some of the point localities occur within National Parks; two point localities are within Natura 2000 network in Romania. Additional research on its ecology and population trend is needed. Monitoring is required to clarify whether declines have genuinely taken place, and if so, their extent, scale and causes.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Hadrava, J.","Ståhls, G. & Janković, M.","Bot, S., Šebić, A, Sommaggio, D. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,cynocephala,,Cheilosia cynocephala,"Loew, 1840","Cheilosia cynocephala is a member of the nominal subgenus. C.cynocephala is more variable in size than many other Cheilosia species, from the dimensions of C.melanura down to those of C. vernalis. Distinction of the males from C.melanura and C.vernalis on any basis other than the blue-black colour of C.cynocephala can be difficult. The surstyli of the male terminalia are figured by Stubbs and Falk (2002). Falk (2004) discusses the differences between males of spring and summer populations of C. cynocephala in Britain and how they may be distinguished from C. vernalis.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This is a very widespread species in Europe. The preferred habitat type is commonly available, and the larval host plants are common, but the species is seldom encountered in large numbers. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27, therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,This European species ranges from Fennoscandia south to central France; central and southern Britain eastwards through central Europe and on into central Russia; and southwards into mountainous parts of northern Italy and the Balkan peninsula.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.,"There is no information on population trends for Europe and the EU 27, but the species is rarely found in large numbers.","The preferred environment is open ground near rivers, streams or flushes in unimproved grassland, usually on calcareous soils, including unimproved montane pasture. Flower visitation records are known from white umbellifers, Calluna vulgaris, Cirsium arvense, Parnassia palustris, Pulicaria, Ranunculus, Salix repens, Saxifraga azoides, Scabiosa, Senecio and Sonchus. The flight period is from July to October, with peaks in July and September. The larva was described by Dušek and Láska (1962), mining the stems of Carduus nutans. The larva also develops in stems of Carduus crispus, Cirsium palustre and C. vulgare (Bartsch et al. 2009).","The preferred habitat types are widespread, but potential local threats could exist from anthropogenic activities in Europe such as intensified land-use from increased urbanization, intensive forest management, or wetland drainage leading to habitat destruction.","There are no known conservation actions for this species. Research on the threats, population and monitoring of the population and habitat is needed.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Hadrava, J.","Ståhls, G.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,derasa,,Cheilosia derasa,"Loew, 1857","The species is a member of the subgenus Taeniochilosia. Identification keys are provided by Barkalov and Ståhls (1997) and Speight (2020) to males of European Taeniochilosia (as Nigrocheilosia). Barkalov and Ståhls (1997) figure the male terminalia. A particular feature of C. derasa is that in the wing the alula is more than six times as long as its maximum width, appearing strap-like, almost parallel-sided, a condition most unusual among Cheilosia species and shared only with Cheilosia alpestris.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This species may be locally threatened due to habitat degradation caused  by grazing livestock.  Further research into its ecology, threats and population trends is needed. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27, therefore, the present status of this species is considered to be Least Concern. Further research into its ecology, threats and population trends is needed as well as population monitoring.",Unknown,"This species is widespread in central and southern Europe, to which it is endemic, but the distribution within this area is highly fragmented. It occurs in mountain regions at mid to high altitude in the Alps, Pyrenees and mountain ranges in the Apennine and Balkan peninsulas.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.",There is no information on population trends for this species in Europe or the EU 27.,"The preferred habitat of this species is stream margins with Petasites, toward the upper limit of Abies/Picea forest and montane/subalpine, unimproved, calcareous and non-calcareous grassland and grassy clearings with Adenostyles or Petasites. Adults visit flowers of Ranunculus and white umbellifers, and commonly rests on leaves of Petasites. The immature stages are unknown but are suspected to be in Petasites (Doczkal 1996). The flight period from end of May to July.","Habitat loss due to overgrazing by livestock in montane habitats, and habitat fragmentation due to land conversion and increased land use (urbanization), are potential local threats to this species.","There are no ongoing conservation measures known for this species. Further research into its ecology, threats and population trends is needed as well as population monitoring.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Nève, G.","Ståhls, G. & Vujić, A.","Heimburg, H & Romig, T.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,fasciata,,Cheilosia fasciata,"Schiner and Egger, 1853","Cheilosia fasciata belongs to the subgenus Pollinocheila. Both sexes of this species have the central area of the mesoscutal disc entirely undusted and brightly shining black, separating C. fasciata from both C. rhodiolae and C. semifasciata, in which the mesoscutum is uniformly dusted over its entire surface. A key for the separation of these three species is provided in Speight et al. (2017).",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is widespread in most parts of Europe except the north and the Mediterranean. Although certainly subjected to anthropogenic activities in Europe, including intensified land-use due to increased urbanization, forest management including clearing, and wetland drainage, the species overall has a stable population throughout its range. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27, it is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 27. Research and monitoring of the population would be beneficial.",Stable,"This species is endemic to Europe, where it is distributed in southern Norway (Nielsen 1979) seperated from the main range, which extends from Denmark (Bruun and Bygebjerg 2016) south to north-east France, Belgium and Netherlands (Speight 2020); the Alps (Austria: Heimburg 2018) and and the Balkan peninsula (Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia and North Macedonia: Vujić 1996), Czechia and Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Hungary (Tóth 2014), Bulgaria and Romania (Bradescu 1991).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.","The population trends for this species are unknown, but the population is presumed to be generally stable as no evidence of decline exists in Europe or the EU 27.","This species is associated with humid deciduous forest, including alluvial hardwood forest (usually close to water) and unimproved subalpine grassland. Adults are normally found flying low among vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the larval food-plant, at the edge of clearings, etc.; males hover low over stands of Allium ursinum and both sexes rest on the leaves of this plant. According to Hövemeyer (1992), the adult female shelters from bad weather within the soil litter layer. Flower visitation records are known from Allium ursinum, Chrysosplenium alternifolium, Ranunculus, Salix and Tussilago. The flight period is from the end of March to May, when associated with Allium ursinum, but June when associated with A. victorialis. The larva mines the leaves of Allium ursinum and A. victorialis. The final-instar larva may move from one leaf to another if its food supply becomes exhausted. The larva was figured by Dušek and Láska (1962), illustrated in colour by Schmid (1996), and the larval biology was described by Nielsen (1979). Detailed biological information on the development of this species is provided by Hövemeyer (1992). The egg and larval stages together take 8 weeks to develop, after which pupariation takes place in the soil in the vicinity of the host plant. It overwinters as a puparium. It is more easily recorded as a larva than as an adult, since the larval mines are very distinctive and obvious when the larvae are maturing in A. ursinum leaves in May. Schmid and Grossmann (1998) contrast the life-history details of subpopulations associated with A. ursinum (low altitude) and A. victorialis (high altitude) in central Europe. De Groot and Kogoj (2015) observed that, within the elevational range of A. ursinum, the highest densities of C. fasciata occurred at the highest elevations (Speight 2020).","Although certain to be subjected to anthropogenic activities in Europe, such as intensified land-use from increased urbanization, forest management including clearings, and wetland drainage or regulations of river flows, the species is considered overall to have a stable population throughout its range.",There are no known conservation actions known or required for this species. Research and monitoring of the population would be beneficial.,This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Hadrava, J.","Ståhls, G. & Vujić, A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,faucis,,Cheilosia faucis,"Becker, 1894","Cheilosia faucis is a member of the subgenus Taeniochilosia. An identification key to males of European Taeniochilosia species is provided in StN Keys volume, and the key bare-eyed, black-legged Cheilosia species with partly red/orange antennae by Claussen and Van de Weyer (2004). Barkalov and Ståhls (1997) figure the male terminalia.",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  This montane species exists in Picea forest and upwards into open areas within Alnus viridis thickets and unimproved, subalpine grassland species. It is not commonly encountered, but no information exist on population trends. It is considered to have a severely fragmented population, an area of occupancy (AOO) of less than 500 km2 in Europe and the EU 27. Furthermore, there is continuing destruction of this species' habitats by human activities such as urbanization and intensive forest management. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU 27. Further research on its ecology, potential threats and population and habitat trends is needed.",Unknown,"The distributional range of this species is still somewhat unclear due to confusion with the closely related species Cheilosia nivalis however this is not expected to significantly affect its area of occupancy (AOO). It is confirmed from the Pyrenees (France, Spain) (Ricarte and Marcos-Garcia 2017, Speight 2018), Massif Central and Jura (France, Switzerland) (Speight 2018), Alps (France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy) (Barkalov and Ståhls 1997), the Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Dinaric mountains (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Slovenia) (Barkalov and Ståhls 1997, Steenis et al. 2013, Vujic 1996), Carpathians (Romania) and Bulgaria (Ståhls and van der Ent unpubl. data).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) is large for both Europe and the EU 27. The AOO is 120 km2 in Europe and 96 km2 in the EU 27.","It is not commonly encountered, but no information exist on population trends in Europe or the EU 27. This high mountain species is considered severely fragmented as the small subpopulations are unlikely to be able to interact between montane localities.","This species is known from open areas in montane Picea forest (Vujic 1996) and upwards into open areas within Alnus viridis thickets and unimproved, subalpine grassland to 2,000 m in the Alps. Adults are found within forest in the montane zone beside streams in open areas, flying up to several metres from the ground around willow and other trees; males hover in small open areas and settle on foliage of large-leaved shrubs, such as Alnus viridis. Flower visitation records are known from Ranunculus and male Salix. The flight period is in May and June. The host plant and immature stages are unknown (Speight 2020).","The habitat of this species can be affected by locally occurring anthropogenic activities in Europe, such as intensive land-use caused by increased urbanization and intensive forest management including clearings, which could lead to habitat degradation.","There are no ongoing conservation actions for this species. Sustainable forest management which preserves and promotes the habitat of this species would be beneficial as well as protection of important sites. Its distributional range is partly within the boundaries of protected areas categorized by the Natura 2000 network and Durmitor National Park in Montenegro. Further research on its ecology and potential threats is needed, as well as monitoring of population and habitat trends.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Hadrava, J.","Ståhls, G., Vujić, A. & Šebić, A","Romig, T., Fisler, L, van der Ent, L.-J. & Heimburg, H",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,flavipes,,Cheilosia flavipes,"(Panzer, 1798)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This species is listed as Least Concern (LC) in Europe and EU 27 because it is common and widespread and the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27. However, habitat loss (both in quality and quantity) is expected due to change in land use and deforestation throughout the whole of Europe. Monitoring and further research is required to establish the habitat and ecological requirements and to understand the existing threats better.",Unknown,"This species is widely distributed across the whole of Europe, from Spain in the west east through the entire continent to western Siberia (Speight 2020).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.",This species is widely distributed across Europe with numerous subpopulations. The population trend is unknown. The species is fairly common in the southern parts of all countries in Fennoscandia as well as in western Siberia.,"The preferred habitats are small open areas in humid Fagus forests upwards through the Picea zone and into the subalpine zone. In central and southern Europe it occurs mainly in mountain regions. Adults settle on low-growing vegetation and fly from April to June, July at higher altitudes. Adults visits Caltha, Euphorbia, Ranunculus, Salix, Sorbus aucuparia and Taraxacum. The larva is not described, but the adult female has been observed (Stuke 1996) ovipositing on Cirsium arvense and Taraxacum officinale. The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988) (Speight 2020).","The main threat is habitat loss, due to changes in land-use and inappropriate forest management both in the Alps and in Europe more broadly (Bebi et al. 2017, Strandberg and Kjellström 2019).","Cheilosia flavipes is noted as moderately common in the Red List of hoverflies of Baden-Württemberg and the Red List of hoverflies of Germany, and classified as Vulnerable in the Red List of hoverflies of Denmark. Its distributional range is partly within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network and in Podyjí National Park (Czech Republic), Ceahlău National Park (Romania), Bucegi Natural Park (Romania), Mercantour National Park (France), the Regional Park of the Catalan Pyrenees (France), Haut-Jura Natural Park (France), and Yttre Hvaler National Park (Norway). Any conservation action should be focused on preserving its habitat due to high rate of deforestation of European forests. Monitoring and further research is required to establish the habitat and ecological requirements and to understand the existing threats better.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Ståhls, G.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,flavissima,,Cheilosia flavissima,"Becker, 1894",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    In Europe this species is mainly confined to boreal forests in Fennoscandia (the taiga belt) and northwest European Russia, with a few records in the Moscow region and in Poland. Its immature stages are highly likely to develop in fungi (Boletaceae) as in the other members of the subgenus, but host fungus and immature stages remain unknown. The population trend is unknown, and although it may locally be threatened due to unsustainable forest management or other human activities, there are no major direct threats. The extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are above the thresholds for the threatened categories. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and EU27. More research is needed to clarify its ecology, population trends and microhabitat requirements.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in the northern Palaearctic, and in Europe is known from Norway (Nielsen and Svendsen 2014), Sweden (Bartsch et al. 2009), Finland (Haarto and Kerppola 2007), and one locality in Poland (Mielzcarek 2009). The distribution includes European Russia, and extends to Siberia and further to the Pacific (including Sakhalin and Kuril Island) and Japan (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Georgia (Mengual et al. 2020) and Mongolia (Speight 2020).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.",There is no information on population trends for this species in Europe and the EU 27.,"This species is known from conifer forest and mixed boreal forest, where the flies are commonly encountered along roadsides and in open areas in forests. The larvae of the other members of the Cheilosia longula species group to which C. flavissima belongs are fungus-feeders in Leccinum spp. and Boletus spp. (and other Boletaceae), therefore fungus-feeding is the most likely larval feeding mode also for this species, The host fungus and immature stages are not known, but the host is presumably a species of Boletaceae. Flower visitation records are known from Solidago virgaurea (Bartsch et al. 2009) and Sorbaria sorbifolia. The flight period is from June to August (Claussen and Ståhls 2007, Speight 2020).","This species is subject to anthropogenic activities in Europe, which include intensified land use due to increased urbanization and intensive forest management, including forest clearing, which could result in habitat degradation. Climate change has potentially profound implications for this high-latitude species' habitats as it can be expected to lead to significant changes in the  coming century. In northern Fennoscandia the predictions are for increased precipitation and higher temperatures in the boreal zone which could be favourable for the abundance of terrestrial fungi (including the potential host fungi, Boletaceae). Additional research on its biology and ecology is needed.","There are no known conservation actions for this species. Research is needed into its population status, ecology and the impacts of threats. Monitoring of the population and habitat is also needed. This species is classified as Near Threatened in the Norwegian Red List (Henriksen and Hilmo 2015), but is assessed as Least Concern in the Finnish Red List (Hyvärinen et al. 2019) and the Swedish Red List (SLU Artdatabanken 2020).",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Hadrava, J.","Ståhls, G.","Mielczarek, L.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,fraterna,,Cheilosia fraterna,"(Meigen, 1830)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is widespread in most parts of Europe. This species is found along streams and rivers with marginal tall-herb communities, in open forest. The population trend is currently unknown but the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and in the EU27. Research on the population and monitoring of the population and habitat is recommended.",Unknown,"This species is distributed from Fennoscandia south to the Pyrenees (where it is montane in southern parts of its range), and from Britain eastwards through central and eastern Europe into European parts of Russia and on into Siberia (Speight 2020).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.",There is no information on population trends for this species for Europe or the EU 27.,"This species is found along streams and rivers with marginal tall-herb communities, in open forest (acidiphilous Quercus, humid Fagus). Adults are observed in clearings and tracksides, usually along streams or rivers. Flower visitation records are known from Caltha, Ranunculus, Stellaria and Taraxacum. The flight period extends from April to June and at higher elevations July to August/September. The larva was described and figured by Rotheray (1988): it mines stems and basal rosettes of Cirsium palustre; other species of Carduus and Cirsium are also cited as larval foodplants by Reemer et al. (2009). It overwinters as a puparium (Speight 2020).","The habitat of this species can be impacted by anthropogenic activities such as intensified land-use due to increased urbanization, forest management and clearing, wetland drainage, and intensive agriculture, the species has an overall stable population throughout its range.","There are no known conservation actions for this species. In light of the current distribution and population size, such actions are presently not required. Research on the population and monitoring of the population and habitat is recommended.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Hadrava, J.","Ståhls, G.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,frontalis,,Cheilosia frontalis,"Loew, 1857","Cheilosia frontalis belongs to the nominative subgenus. There is confusion in the literature between this species and C. hypena (Becker). Verlinden (1999) details distinctions between C. frontalis and C. hypena. The keys provided by van Veen (2004) help to distinguish females of C. frontalis and C. melanopa. This species is also included in the keys of van der Goot (1981), and keys to northern European Cheilosia species in Haarto and Kerppola (2007, provided in both Finnish and English).",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    This species is widespread in most parts of Europe but its population trend is unknown. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27, therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern. However, additional  research into the threats and population trends is  needed. Additional research on its biology and life cycle is needed, and research is recommended into its population status and threats.",Unknown,This species is endemic to Europe and is distributed from Fennoscandia and mountainous parts of Europe south to the Pyrenees and northern Spain; and from the Ardennes east to the Alps and on into European parts of Russia (Speight 2020).,There is no information on population trends for this species in Europe and the EU 27.,"Cheilosia frontalis occurs in the vicinity of streams, flushes and areas of poorly drained ground in unimproved montane grassland (including relatively small areas within forest) from the Picea zone upwards to 2,000 m. Adults fly at up to 2 m from the ground, in relatively sheltered situations, often following the edge of streams. They settle on vegetation of low-growing plants or shrubs. Flowers visited include white umbellifers, Acer pseudoplatanus, Anemone nemorosa, Cardamine and Salix. The flight period is in April/May and June/July at higher elevations. The host plant(s) and immature stages are unknown (Speight 2020).","Although certainly subject to general anthropogenic activities in Europe - including intensified land use due to increased urbanization, forest management and clearing, wetland drainage, and intensive agriculture - this species overall has a stable population throughout its range.","There are no known conservation actions for this species, and none appear to be required. Additional research on its biology and life cycle is needed, and research is recommended into its population status and threats. Monitoring of the population and habitat is needed.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Hadrava, J.","Ståhls, G.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,gagatea,,Cheilosia gagatea,"Loew, 1857","Cheilosia gagatea belongs to subgenus Taeniochilosia. An identification key to males of European Nigrocheilosia (=Taeniochilosia) species is provided in the StN Keys volume and by  Barkalov and Ståhls (1997), the latter study also figure the male terminalia. The length of the aristal hairs is variable in this species (Speight 2020).",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 assessment: Endangered (EN)     This species occurs at low to high altitudes in the European Alps and on the Balkan peninsula, but in geographically restricted areas mostly in mountains, and thus the distributional area is severely fragmented. The species is not very common,  but there is no evidence of decreasing populations. A decline in quality of habitat and area of  occupancy (AOO) can be projected and the AOO is &lt;500 km2 in both Europe and the EU 27. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU 27.  Research is needed to determine whether the population is declining and  to better understand the threats. Monitoring of the population and  habitat is needed.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in central Europe, in Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Slovakia (Maznáek 2009), France (Speight et al. 2020), Switzerland (CSCF 2019), Austria (Heimburg 2018), northern Italy (Sommaggio 2010), the Balkan countries  of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia (Vujić 1996), Bulgaria (Toth 2014) and Romania (Stanescu and Parvu 2005); it has also been recorded from northern Spain (Cordillera Cantabrica) (Ricarte and Marcos-Garcia 2017).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) is large for Europe and the EU 27 but the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 316 km2 in Europe and 160 km2 in the EU 27.","There is no information on population trends for this species for Europe and the EU 27. It is not very common, but there is no evidence of a decreasing population currently. The species is considered severely fragmented in Europe.","This species is found on unimproved, calcareous montane and subalpine grassland to above 2,000 m in the Alps, and open areas within Fagus/Picea forest. Adults are found on tracksides, in clearings and in pastureland up to 2 m from the ground. Flower visitation records are known from white umbellifers and Ranunculus. The flight period is from May to July. The developmental stages are undescribed (Speight 2020).","The habitat of this species can be affected by localized anthropogenic impacts in Europe, such as intensified land-use due to  increased urbanization and intensive forest management including  clearing, which could lead to habitat degradation.",There are no known conservation actions for this species but the species would benefit from habitat and site protection. Research is needed to determine whether the population is declining and to better understand the threats. Monitoring of the population and habitat is needed.,This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P.","Ståhls, G. & Vujić, A.","Hadrava, J.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,gigantea,,Cheilosia gigantea,"(Zetterstedt, 1838)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is widespread in Europe. Its preferred habitat is widespread but may locally be negatively impacted by anthropogenic activities, and the host plants are abundant and widespread in Europe. The potential threats are degradation of habitat  quality  in part of its range due to human activities such as  unsustainable  forestry and agriculture, because it is found in grasslands. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far  greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened  categories for Europe and the EU 27, therefore, the species is assessed as Least Concern. Further  research into its threats and population trend is  needed.",Unknown,"This species is widely distributed in the Palaearctic region, where it ranges from the whole of Fennoscandia (Bartsch 2009), the Baltic countries (Kuznetzov 1993; Karpa 2008), Austria (Heimburg 2018), France (Speight 2018), northern Italy (Stoch 2003), Switzerland (CSCF 2019), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005),  Czech Republic and Slovakia (Mazánek, 2009),  Hungary (Tóth 2001), Belarus, Bulgaria (Tóth 2014), the Balkan peninsula (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia) (Vujic 1996), Greece (Vujic et al. 2020), Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2020), Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), and into European parts of Russia and Siberia from the Urals to the Pacific coast of the Russian Far East, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan (Barkalov and Mutin 2018); Iran (Dousti and Hayat 2016) and the Caucasus (Georgia) (Mengual et al. 2020).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.",There is no information on population trends of this species for Europe and the EU 27.,"This species occurs in unimproved grassland, usually montane and subalpine (calcareous to neutral) in the Alps, but at low elevation in Scandinavia. Adult males hover at 2-5 m and settle on grass and rocks; both sexes are fast flying, flying low over ground vegetation. Flower visitation records are known from white umbellifers, Caltha, Euphorbia, Meum, Ranunculus, Sorbus aucuparia and Taraxacum. The flight period is May to June (July/beginning August at higher altitudes) (Speight 2020). Stuke and Carstensen (2002) reared and described the larvae found in the tap root of Rumex longifolius and Rumex aquaticus. They observed that it overwinters as a puparium. The larva was also reported by Bagatshanova (1990) from Rumex sp. She found that the larvae overwinter and pupate in the spring.","This species could potentially be subject to localized anthropogenic activities in Europe, such as intensified land-use due to increased urbanization and agriculture, which could lead to habitat degradation.",There are no known conservation actions for this species but more research is needed on the population and potential threats. Monitoring of the population and habitat is also needed.,This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Hadrava, J.","Ståhls, G.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,gorodkovi,,Cheilosia gorodkovi,"Stackelberg, 1963",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)   Due to its small area of occupancy (AOO) (16 km2) in Europe, the fact that it is found in four locations and the continuing decline in quality of habitat caused by livestock farming where one subpopulation (with the largest number of records) is found, this species is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)). At all other locations, only three specimens in total were recorded.  For the EU 27 regional assessment, the species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)) because the known AOO is 4 km2 in the EU27 and the species occurs only in one location.  The species would benefit from protection of the area and the habitat, as well as by legal protection. Further research on its ecology and distribution as well as monitoring is urgently needed.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is known from a single locality in southern Poland, north-eastern Ukraine (known from two still-unpublished locality records - G. Popov pers. comm. 2019), and from a single mapped locality in South European Russia. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 16 km2 and in the EU 27 it is estimated to be around 4 km2. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 79,301 km2 in Europe and around 1,000 km2 in the EU27. It is found between 162 m and 242 m asl.  Outside Europe, it is found in the Magadan region of the Russian Far East and in western and eastern Siberia (Speight 2018).","There is no information about population size or trends. The subpopulation in Russia was recorded in 1974 (in total, 33 specimens were collected), but was mentioned in Barkalov (2002) as being quite common: however, no precise distribution data were given. Only one specimen was collected in Poland in 2009. In Ukraine, two specimens were recorded (G. Popov pers. comm. 2019), but these records are still unpublished. No other data are available.","This species prefers open ground: humid, lowland unimproved grassland (Skufjin 1977) and steppe grassland (Mielczarek 2013). It visits flowers of Campanula, Fritillaria, Salix, and Schivereckia (Skufjin 1977). The flight period is April and May. The developmental stages are undescribed. The locality where it was found in Poland is a large flat forest glade surrounded by old oak trees. In the second half of the 19th century, the area was an overgrown forest, probably of a forest-pasture character. It is very likely that after cutting down the trees there was an arable field, followed by pasture and mowing meadow (Mielczarek 2013, Speight 2020).","The main threat for this species is the loss of habitat due to livestock farming, especially in the locality in the European part of Russia (A. Barkalov pers. comm. 2019). The locality in Poland was found within a protected area and so it is less exposed to intensive grazing, but is still threatened by this activity.","There are no known conservation actions for this species. It would benefit from protection of the area and the habitat, as well as legal protection. Future research needs to be focused on determining whether it is still present in the locality in Russia. In addition, its population trend, possible threats and ecology should be further investigated.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Bowles, P.","Miličić, M. & Vujić, A.","Popov, G., Šebić, A, Sommaggio, D., Bot, S. & Ståhls, G.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,griseifacies,,Cheilosia griseifacies,"Vujić, 1994","Cheilosia griseifacies can be distinguished by features in the key presented in Vujić (1994). It has previously been confused with Cheilosia canicularis, but there should be less confusion now.",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  This typically low mountain species is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)) due to small area of occupancy (AOO), which is around 108 km2 in Europe and 20 km2 in EU 27, and a severely fragmented population. The main threats are deforestation and transformation of the native lowland forests into monoculture tree plantations (Populus spp.), causing a decline in the extent and quality of the habitat. It requires further monitoring and protection of areas and the habitat.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe. Until recently its range has been uncertain due to confusion with Cheilosia canicularis, but so far it has been confirmed at low elevations in Germany, Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia (Speight 2018). The latest specimen was found in 2019 in Serbia. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 108 km2 and in the EU 27 around 20 km2. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 359,525 km2 in Europe and 165,033 km2 in the EU27. It is found between 75 m and 619 m above sea level.","There is no information on population size or trends. There are more than 100 records for this species. Due to the geographic distribution of mountains in the regions between Hungary and Germany the German subpopulations are very isolated, with no possible exchange of individuals, and so the population is considered severely fragmented.","This is a typical species of the Pannonian Plain, some outcrops in the Balkans (Javor Mountain in Bosnia and Herzegovina) and some parts of the European low mountain ranges (in Germany). It is dependent on rivers, and is found at low elevations (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019). It prefers deciduous forest and  Quercus/Fraxinus forest, including alluvial hardwood forest (Vujić 1994, 1996). Adults appear during the spring (April - May), flying among Salix branches and settling on large-leaved plants. Specimens were found on flowers of Euphorbia and leaves of Smyrnium perfoliatum (Šimić et al. 1994). The largest population density is recorded in the period April 20-May 10 (Vujić 1994, Speight 2018).",The main threats to this species are deforestation and transformation of the native lowland forests into monocultures of tree plantations (Populus sp.). The areas where it occurs in the Pannonian Plain are especially affected by this activity (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).,"This species is strictly protected under Serbian legislation. Both site and habitat protection are needed, as well as further research on its taxonomy, ecology, population trends and threats. Some monitoring in Serbia has occurred, but more activities across its range are recommended.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Miličić, M.","Bot, S., Sommaggio, D., Ståhls, G. & Šebić, A",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,grisella,,Cheilosia grisella,"Becker, 1894","Cheilosia grisella belong to subgenus Taeniochilosia. An identification key to differentiate this species from other members of the subgenus Taeniocheilosia was provided by Barkalov and Ståhls (1997), and a key for Taenichilosia males by Speight in the StN volume (Speight 2018).  The mtDNA COI barcode partly shared with other grisella-group species (G. Ståhls pers. comm. 2020).",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is fairly widely distributed in Europe and its population is considered stable. Whilst the area of occupancy (AOO) is within the threshold for the Endangered category, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and number of locations are above the thresholds for the threatened categories. However, unsustainable livestock grazing practices may locally impact this species. Currently, this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 27. Monitoring and research of its distribution, population status, habitat trends and ecology is recommended.",Stable,"This species is distributed in the Carpathians (""Silesia""), in the Alps (France, Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, northern Italy) (Speight 2018) and countries of the Balkan peninsula (Bosnia, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia, North Macedonia, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Romania) (Vujić 1996). It has been recorded in Georgia (Mengual et al. 2020), but is unlikely to occur here in reality, and has not been found there recently. Its presence in Russia is doubtful (Barkalov and Mutin 2018). Therefore, this species is considered to be a European endemic.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) is large in Europe and the EU 27 but the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 620 km2 in Europe and 364 km2 in the EU 27.","No precise information on population trends for this species exists in Europe or the EU 27. The population trend is considered stable, with individuals found in high numbers.","This species prefers open ground, unimproved montane/subalpine grassland on calcareous and non-calcareous sites sometimes at lower altitudes. The adults can be found from June to July, August at higher altitudes. The developmental stages are unstudied (Speight 2018), but the larvae must be phytophagous like related species.","Montane and subalpine pastures tolerate moderate grazing, but inappropriate grazing practices cause declines in the quality of the habitat of this species. Climate change may impact in the future, but at the moment it does not seem to be a major threat because its elevational range is wide.","There are no known conservation measures in place for this species. In Germany this species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU). Site protection and management of grazing in areas where it occurs is recommended. Monitoring and research of its distribution, population status, habitat trends and ecology is recommended.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Hadrava, J.","Ståhls, G. & Tot, T.","van der Ent, L.-J., Mazanek, L., Heimburg, H, Lair, X., Hadrava, J., Birtele, D., Bot, S., Vujić, A., Šebić, A & Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,grossa,,Cheilosia grossa,"(Fallén, 1817)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is widely distributed in Europe but there few records of it. The species is perhaps under-recorded everywhere due to its early flight period. The host plants, thistles, are omnipresent in the countryside and the preferred habitat type is commonly available, but the species may locally be threatened due to forest management or other human activities leading to habitat destruction. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far  greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened  categories for Europe and the EU 27 and this species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 27.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in Fennoscandia (Bartsch 2009, Haarto and Kerppola 2007), and from Ireland eastwards through northern, central and southern Europe (Doczkal et al. 2001, Heimburg 2008, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020), the Balkans (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece) (Vujić 1996), European parts of Russia and extending into Siberia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Ukraine and Crimea (G. Popov pers. comm. 2019) and Georgia (Mengual et al. 2020). It has also been recorded from the Oriental region (Uttah Pradesh in northern India) and North Africa (Morocco) (Speight 2020).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.",There is no information on population trends for this species in Europe and the EU 27. The records of this species are quite limited and it is believed to be under-recorded.,"This species is known from clearings and track sides in woodland and scrub, and poorly drained pasture. Adult males hover at 2-10 m, usually beside bushes or hedges in sheltered situations; females fly fast and low over ground vegetation in clearings and along tracks. Both sexes visit flowers of low-growing plants and trees, usually towards the middle of the day. The larva was described and figured by Rotheray (1988, 1994). It is a miner in stems of Cirsium spp. (Rotheray 1994) and Carduus spp. (Dušek and Láska 1962); detailed information about larval biology is provided by Rizza et al. (1988).   Although the known food plants of the larva of this species are plants occurring in pastures and roadsides, most records of the adult insect are from sheltered woodland sites, not open country. The early season at which C. grossa is in flight may dictate that this species occurs only where woodland and pasture are closely connected, the larvae requiring the pasture for appropriate host plants, the adults requiring the woodland for its early flowers. Flowers visited include Anemone nemorosa, Corylus, Prunus spinosa, Ranunculus spp., male Salix, Taraxacum and Tussilago. The flight period is in March-April, and May at higher altitudes (Speight 2020).","The species is subject to anthropogenic activities in Europe, including intensified land-use due to increased urbanization, and intensive forest management including clearing.",There are no known conservation actions for this species. Further research and monitoring is needed to better understand the population trend of this species.,This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Hadrava, J.","Ståhls, G.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,herculana,,Cheilosia herculana,"Bradescu, 1982","Cheilosia herculana belongs to subgenus Taeniochilosia, and the caerulescens species group. Barkalov and Ståhls (2017) provide a key for the separation of this species from others of the caerulescens group. This species closely resembles C. caerulescens (Mg.).",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  This European endemic species is only known from the Carpathian mountains (Romania) and the Balkan peninsula. Its population trend is currently unknown. It is assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU 27 due to its small area of occupancy (48 km2 in Europe and 8 km2 in the EU 27), severely fragmented population, and projected habitat degradation caused by increased urbanization and intensive forest management. Further research is needed into its ecology, including microhabitat preferences, and population trends.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is only known from the Carpathian Mountains (Romania) and the Balkan peninsula (Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia) (Bradescu 1982, Ståhls and Barkalov 2017; Vujić 1996, 2020). It has a large extent of occurrence in Europe but has an estimated area of occupancy of 48 km2 in Europe and only 8km2 in the EU 27. The EOO cannot be calculated for the EU 27 as it only exists in two localities.","There is no information on population trends for this species for Europe or the EU 27. The population is considered to be severely fragmented as a result of a very fragmented habitat, leaving the subpopulations isolated.","This species occurs in open, rocky areas in humid Fagus forest, upwards to 2,000 m in the Balkans (Vujić 1996). Adults fly in open, rocky areas, settling on stones in the sun; males hover at 2-4 m (Vujić 1996). Flower visitation records are known from Alyssum and Ranunculus (Vujić 1996). The flight period is from the beginning June to end August. The host plant and immature stages are unknown (Speight 2020).","The habitat of this species may be impacted intensified land use due to increased urbanization and intensive forest management including clearings. It is believed this is leading to loss in the quality of the habitat. Even in the protected areas that this species exists, inappropriate forest management and  human activities constantly increase disturbance of the habitat.","Some localities of this species are within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network in Romania, Durmitor National Park in Montenegro and Mavrovo National Park in Macedonia. Although these areas are protected, inappropriate forest management and human activities constantly increase disturbance of the habitat. Therefore, improved protection of key sites and habitats is recommended as well as increasing public awareness of this species. Further research into its ecology, including microhabitat preferences, and larval biology is needed, as well as monitoring of population and habitat trends. Further research on threats is also recommended.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Hadrava, J.","Ståhls, G. & Šebić, A",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,hercyniae,,Cheilosia hercyniae,"Loew, 1857","Cheilosia hercyniae is a member of subgenus Taeniochilosia, and shares characters with members of the Cheilosia caerulescens species group. Ståhls and Barkalov (2017) provide a key for the separation of this species from others of the caerulescens group. The female of C. hercyniae is distinguished from related species by its possession of a very large, yellow-orange, third antennal segment, with, low down on its internal face, a very distinct, straight, slit-like antennal pit. An additional distinguishing feature of this species is that, in both sexes, the postero-dorsal triangular extension of mesanepisternite 1 carries long hairs (Speight 2018).",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  This European endemic montane species has a wide distribution in central Europe and is not commonly encountered being mostly recorded in low numbers. It has a small area of occupancy (AOO) of only 120 km2 in Europe and of 96 km2 in the EU 27. It also has a decline in habitat quality and a severely fragmented population. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)) in Europe and the EU 27. Further research is needed into its biology, ecology and distribution.",Unknown,"This species has a wide distribution in central Europe. It has been recorded from Czechia (Mazánek 2009), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), France (Speight et al. 2018), Switzerland (L. Fisler pers. comm. 2020), Germany (A. Ssymank, pers. comm. 2020), Austria (Heimburg 2018), northern Italy (Burgio et al. 2015), Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-Garcia 2017) and from the Balkan Peninsula from Montenegro (Vujic 1996) and Romania (Bradescu 1991). The northernmost record is from Uppland (Sweden), a report of two specimens in 2005, but there have been no subsequent records from Sweden, and its presence in the country is considered uncertain (SLU Artdatabanken 2020; https://artdatabanken.se). It has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) but a known area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe of only 120 km2 and of 96 km2 in the EU 27.","The population of this species is considered to be severely fragmented because of its mountain-top subalpine habitats, which act as continental islands disabling communication between subpopulations, exacerbated by destruction of suitable habitat which remains in small patches. The species is not commonly encountered, and is mostly recorded in low numbers. Its population trend is unknown in Europe and the EU 27.","This species occurs in herb-rich open areas within Abies/Picea forest and upwards into calcareous, unimproved subalpine grassland to well above the tree line. Flowers visited include white umbellifers, Anemone ranunculoides, Caltha, Helianthemum, Ranunculus, Salix, Senecio and Tanacetum. Bartsch (2009) collected the species on Laserpitium latifolium. The flight period extends from the end of May to July, and on into August at higher altitudes. The host plant and immature stages are unknown (Speight 2018).","This species is experiencing habitat loss due to overgrazing by livestock in montane habitats, and  habitat fragmentation due to land conversion and increased land-use  (urbanization) are potential local threats to this species.","There are no known conservation actions for this species. Population and habitat monitoring is needed, as well as further research on its population, ecology and threats.",This species is not traded or commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Nève, G.","Ståhls, G., Miličić, M. & Vujić, A.","Fisler, L, Ssymank, A. & Heimburg, H",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,himantopa,,Cheilosia himantopa,"(Panzer, 1798)",Cheilosia himantopa belongs to canicularis species group of the subgenus Cheilosia. From the closely similar Cheilosia canicularis it can be distinguished based on features published by Stuke and Claussen (2000).,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is distributed in southern Sweden, Germany, France, the  Alps and Apennines. This species occurs along streams and in open areas in humid Fagus forest and upwards through the Abies/Picea zone into unimproved, subalpine grassland. This species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Europe and the EU 27, since the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO) and number of locations are above the thresholds for the threatened categories, but forest decline related to wet or flooded sites may cause noticeable declines in the quality of its habitat and this, along with the population trend should be closely monitored.",Stable,"This species is distributed in southern Sweden, Germany, France, the Alps (France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy) and Apennines (Italy) (Speight 2018) and in countries of the Balkan peninsula (Vujić and Šikoparija 2001). It has also been recorded in Poland (Klasa and Soszynski 2010), Slovakia (Mazánek and Bičík 2001), Czech Republic, the Netherlands, Belgium (Smit et al. 2001), Hungary and Bulgaria (Tóth 2011, 2014).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.",There is no precise information on population trends for this species exist in Europe or the EU 27.,"This species occurs along streams and in open areas in humid Fagus forest and upwards through the Abies/Picea zone into unimproved, subalpine grassland (Speight 2018). The adults can be found from early April to June (to mid July at higher altitudes) (Smit et al. 2001). The larvae are phytophagous as most of its congeners, and was described by Dusek (1962) from Petasites under the name Cheilosia canicularis (Speight 2018). Stuke and Claussen (2000) reported Petasites albus, P. hybridus and P. kablikianus as host plants for C. himantopa. Females were observed ovipositing on the leaf bud of Petasites hybridus in late spring. Eggs were laid on structures such as dead leaves, twigs and non-host plants near Petasites hybridus with undeveloped leaf buds. Larvae move to the rhizome, which provides living plant tissue and an ideal place for the larvae to overwinter (Vujić and Šikoparija 2001).","Forest decline in wet or flooded sites has a negative impact on this species, causing noticeable decline in the quality of its habitat. Destruction of habitats with the host plant Petasites hybridus along rivers and streams as result of river bank management is the main threat in many countries.","There are no known conservation actions for this species so far. Research is needed into its distribution, population status and threats is recommended, and site and habitat protection may be warranted due to its relatively specialized habitat requirements. Monitoring of the population and habitat is also needed.",This species is not traded not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Hadrava, J.","Ståhls, G. & Tot, T.","Mazanek, L.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,hypena,,Cheilosia hypena,"Becker, 1894","Cheilosia hypena belongs to the nominate subgenus. There is no key in which C. hypena is adequately distinguished from related species. Verlinden (1999) redescribed the species, providing detailed information on separation of this species from C. frontalis Loew. Goeldlin de Tiefenau (1974) mentioned some distinguishing features of C. hypena (as C. capitata). Claussen established that Cheilosia capitata Goeldlin, 1974 is a junior synonym of C. hypena.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This species is distributed in Portugal, Spain, France, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia and can be found close to streams and pools in unimproved, montane and subalpine grassland. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 27 despite a relatively restricted known area of occupancy (AOO) (European - 232 km2; EU 27 - 160 km2), because it is widespread, regularly recorded and known from numerous localities, and the threats are presently thought to be localized because most known localities lie within protected areas. While there is presumed to be a continuing decline in the quality and quantity of some of its habitats, due to unsustainable forestry and urban infrastructure development, it is found in a range of different habitat types (forest and grasslands), and across a range of elevations (400 m to 2,000 m asl).",Unknown,"This species is distributed in Portugal, Spain, France, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia (Speight 2020). The only record from Sicily is dubious. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is large in Europe and the EU 27 but the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 232 km2 in Europe and in the EU 27, 160 km2.","There is no information about the population size or trends of this species in Europe or the EU 27. More than 250 specimens have been collected so far. The oldest record is from 1921 (from Croatia), and the most recent one is from 2019 (from Switzerland). In Serbia and the Pyrenees, it appears quite regularly in large subpopulations, hence locally it is not a rare species. It may be more widespread than currently known.","This species can be found close to streams and pools in unimproved, montane and subalpine grassland, from 400 m upward to above 2,000 m; at lower elevations in the vicinity of marshy seepages and streams in open areas or in forest e.g. Betula, Quercus, Pinus uncinata. Adults fly along stream edges and among taller ground vegetation and settle on the foliage of taller herb layer plants, particularly white umbellifers (Speight, 2020). Males hover at 1-2 m (Vujić 1996). They visit flowers of umbellifers, Mentha, Parnassia, Saxifraga and Sisymbrium (Speight 2020). The flight period is from the beginning of June to the end of August, plus March to May in the Balkans (Vujic 1996). The developmental stages and host plant are unknown.","The habitat of this species is threatened by unsustainable forestry practices (lack of tree diversity, clearance of forest) and infrastructure development, mostly due to tourism in the mountainous areas, and building of forestry roads.",There are no ongoing conservation actions known for this species. Most of the point localities occur within the Natura 2000 network. It is protected by law in Serbia. Additional research on its ecology and population status is needed. Monitoring of its population and habitat is required.,This species is not traded not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Hadrava, J.","Ståhls, G. & Janković, M.","Šebić, A, Vujić, A., Sommaggio, D. & Bot, S.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,iberica,,Cheilosia iberica,"Marcos-Garcia and Claussen, 1989","Cheilosia iberica belongs to Cheilosia s.str., and is a member of the proxima species-group. Marcos-Garcia and Claussen (1989) described both sexes of this species and figured the male terminalia and the head of the female.",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,This species is endemic to the Iberian peninsula and exists in open Quercus forest. The population trend of this species is unknown but it has a known area of occupancy of 56 km2 and exists in up to five locations. There is inferred to be a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to a variety of anthropogenic pressures. It is consequently assessed as Endangered. Protection of sites and habitats as well as more sustainable management  of habitat is needed. Research on its ecology and population status is  urgently needed as well as monitoring of the population and habitat.,Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Iberian peninsula, where it is distributed in both Spain and Portugal. It is known from the Cantabrian mountain chain and the western mountain ranges of the Spanish central mountains. All Portuguese records are from Serra de Gerês and Serra da Estrela (Marcos-Garcia and Claussen 1989, van Eck 2016). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is large and the known area of occupancy is 56 km2. Based on the threats of land-use conversion, forest fires and overgrazing pressure, this species is considered to exist in up to five locations.","There is no information on population trends for this species. The type specimens from Spain were collected in the 1980s, while the records from Portugal are from 2010s. Only a few specimens have been collected so far.","The preferred environment is open Quercus forest, from 600-1,200 m asl. Flowers visited include white umbellifers, Chaerophyllum, Doronicum, Halymium, Stellaria (Marcos-Garcia and Claussen 1989), Rosa canina, Ranunculus, Spiraea and Taraxacum (van Eck 2011, 2016). The flight period is April to May. The host plant and immature stages are unknown (Speight 2018).","This species occurs in habitats that have undergone anthropogenic pressure from intensified land-use as a result of tourism, land conversion and overgrazing and the risk of uncontrolled forest fires.",There are no ongoing conservation actions for this species. Protection of sites and habitats as well as more sustainable management of habitat is needed. Research on its ecology and population status is urgently needed as well as monitoring of the population and habitat.,This species is not traded not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Nève, G.","Ståhls, G.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,illustrata,,Cheilosia illustrata,"(Harris, 1776)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a widespread and abundant species, and its host plants occur abundantly in most of Europe. The population trend of this species is unknown, and although it may be locally impacted by unsustainable forest management or other human activities, there are no major direct threats. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far  greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened  categories for Europe and the EU 27. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and EU27.",Stable,This species is widely distributed across the whole of Europe and outside of Europe is known to exist into western parts of Siberia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.,This is a widely distributed common species in Europe. Its population trend is considered to be stable in Europe and the EU 27.,"This species occurs in a wide range of habitats: deciduous forest and hedgerows, pasture and meadows, including montane pasture within sheltering woodland. Flower visits include a wide range of white Apiaceae, but very frequently on the flowers of Heracleum; it also visits Matricaria, Prunus, Rubus and Sambucus. The flight period ranges from May to September (Speight 2020). The larva and puparium were described and figured by Rotheray (1999), bred from Pastinaca sativa roots and also from the expanded rootstock of Heracleum (Rotheray 1999).","Although this species has most probably suffered from general anthropogenic activities in Europe related to land use change (such as increased urbanization, forest management clearings, intensive agriculture), it has an overall stable distribution and has adapted to some modified habitats so it is currently considered unthreatened.",There are no known conservation actions for this species. Continued monitoring of the population is recommended.,This species is not traded not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Nève, G.","Ståhls, G.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,impressa,,Cheilosia impressa,"Loew, 1840",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    This species is a widespread and relatively frequently occurring species throughout its distributional range. The population trend is unknown, and although it may locally be impacted due to unsustainable forest management or other human activities, there are no major direct threats. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are above the thresholds for the threatened categories. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and EU27. More research is needed on its population trends and microhabitat requirements.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in southern parts of Fennoscandia (Bartsch et al. 2009, Haarto and Kerppola 2007), south to the Pyrenees and north Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-Garcia 2017); and from Ireland east through all countries of central Europe (Speight 2020) to European parts of Russia, and across Siberia and the Russian Far East to the Pacific (Barkalov and Mutin 2018). It has also been recorded from Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan (A. Barkalov pers. comm. 2020).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.",There is no information on population trends for this species in Europe and the EU 27.,"This species favours open areas in deciduous forest, montane unimproved grassland and unimproved grassland up to above 2,000 m in the alpine zone. It is also known from fens. It is active in clearings, tracksides etc.; males hover at 2-5 metres. Flower visitation records are known from a wide range of white Apiaceae, Compositae, Cirsium, Eupatorium, Euphorbia, Filipendula, Geranium, Mentha, Prunus, Ranunculus and Rubus. The flight period is from May to July and August/September (with a peak in July), but the second generation may be limited or missing. The larva was described and figured by Schmid (1999), from larvae found feeding externally on the rootstock and underground stem-bases of Arctium. It very probably has alternative food plants since it may be abundant where no Arctium is present, for instance in alpine grassland. Stuke (2000) and Doczkal (2002) report egg-laying by this species on Eupatorium cannabinum and numbers of teneral specimens have been found drying their wings on large Rumex, in grazed alpine grassland where no other large herbs were present (Speight 2020).","This species could potentially be subject to locally occurring anthropogenic activities in Europe, such as intensified land-use and intensive forest management including clearing, which could lead to habitat degradation.",There are no known conservation actions for this species. Increased research and monitoring of its population as well as research on the microhabitats is needed.,This species is not traded not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Hadrava, J.","Ståhls, G. & Vujić, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,impudens,,Cheilosia impudens,"Becker, 1894",Cheilosia impudens belongs to the genus Taeniocheilosia. For identification see key to males of European Taeniocheilosia (as Nigrocheilosia) species in StN Keys volume and Barkalov and Ståhls (1997) who figure the male terminalia.,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  This species is distributed in central Europe and the Balkan mountainous regions. Its population trend is unknown but it is not a common species. The major threat for this species is intensive forest management across  Europe, as well as the expansion of winter tourism in mountains which can impact extent and quality of habitats. It is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)) in Europe and the EU 27 due to its small area of occupancy (AOO), severely fragmented population and current and projected continuing decline in the quality of habitat. Better grazing management is required, and management of expanding tourism in the area as well as additional research on its biology and ecology is needed and monitoring of population and habitat trends.",Unknown,"The range of this species includes Czechia (Vujić and Bartak, 2001), Germany (Schwarzwald), France (Massif Central, the Alps, the Jura), Switzerland (the Alps, the Jura), Italy (the Alps), Austria (the Alps), Spain (the Pyrenees), Slovenia, Croatia, Romania (Barkalov and Stahls 1997, Speight 2018), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Vujić 1996), Bulgaria (Tóth 2014) and the Caucasus (Speight, 2018). It has been reported to occur in Poland (Bankowska 1963), but this record is very old and cannot be checked, so it is not considered to occur in this country here.   The extent of occurrence (EOO) is large for Europe and the EU 27 but the area of occupancy is 144 km2 in Europe and 116 km2 in the EU 27.","There is no information on population size or trends of this species. It is not a common species. In 2020, 15 individuals were recorded at one sample site in France (S. Bot pers. comm. 2020). The population is considered severely fragmented because it is restricted to high mountains, which limit or prevent dispersal between subpopulations and would prevent recolonization should these be lost.","This species is known from Fagus/Picea and Fagus/Abies forest up into the Picea or Abies zone and on to its upper edge and the Larix zone; clearings and tracksides. It also occurs in high-mountain grasslands. Adults fly low and settle on the foliage of low-growing plants in the sun; males hover at 2-3 m. The species visits flowers of Caltha and Ranunculus. The flight period is from April to June. The developmental stages are undescribed (Speight 2018), and the host plant is unknown but may be rare.","The major threat for this species is intensive forest management across Europe, as well as the expansion of winter tourism in mountains leading to natural habitat destruction and habitat fragmentation. It also occurs in high mountain grasslands and so may also be impacted if there is intensive grazing.","In Germany this species is listed as Vulnerable (Ssymank et al. 2011). Some point localities of the species are within the boundaries of protected areas within the Natura 2000 network. Additional research on its biology and ecology is needed, as well as monitoring of population and habitat trends. Better grazing management is required, and management of expanding tourism in the area.",This species is not traded or commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Hadrava, J.","Ståhls, G. & Šebić, A","Bot, S., Vujić, A., Šebić, A & Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,ingerae,,Cheilosia ingerae,"Nielsen and Claussen, 2001","Cheilosia ingerae is a member of the nominative subgenus. Nielsen and Claussen (2001) described Cheilosia ingerae from northern Norway, and figured the male genitalia. They also provided characters to separate C. ingerae from C. gigantea. This species is included in the keys to northern European Cheilosia species in Haarto and Kerppola (2007) and Bartsch (2009).",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)    This Scandinavian endemic species is rarely encountered in all of its distributional area. It is mainly distributed in the northernmost parts of Fennoscandia. Its population trend is unknown. The extent of occurrence is above the thresholds for the threatened categories, but the known area of occupancy is 88 km2 in Europe and for the EU27 36 km2, the population is considered severely fragmented and a decline in quality of habitat can be projected as a result of unsustainable forestry practices, increased  tourism and climate change. Therefore this species is assessed as Endangered in both Europe and the EU27. More research is needed on its ecology and biology, population trends  and microhabitat requirements. Monitoring of the population and habitats  are needed.",Unknown,"This species is restricted to northern Fennoscandia and is distributed in Norway, Sweden and Finland (Nielsen and Claussen 2001, Bartsch 2009, Haarto and Kerppola 2007). There are records the border of Norway and Russia but there are no confirmed records from Northwest European Russia (A. Polevoi pers. comm. 2020). Whilst the extent of occurrence (EOO) is large, the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 88 km2 in Europe and 36 km2 in the EU 27.",This species is rarely encountered and there is no information on its population trends for Europe or the EU 27. The population is considered severely fragmented as its subpopulations are widely distributed and are unlikely to interact.,"This species is a subarctic, early summer species. It is found in open areas in taiga forest and field margins (Nielsen and Claussen 2001). Flower visitation records are known from Anthriscus sylvestris (Nielsen and Claussen 2001) and Ranunculus (Bartsch et al. 2009). The host plant and developmental stages are unknown. The flight period is from mid-June to early August (Speight 2020).","This species may be negatively affected by habitat degradation in some parts of its range due to unsustainable forestry practices, or increased tourism and development. Climate change has potentially profound implications for hoverfly habitats especially in the northern parts of Europe, and it can be expected to lead to significant changes in the coming century. In northern Fennoscandia the predictions are for much wetter environments, which could be unfavourable for many of the hoverflies that occur there today. This species occurs in the northernmost parts of the continent will be unable to migrate further north. However it remains unclear how serious this potential threat is or the timescale over which it may operate.","There are no known conservation actions for this species. More sustainable forestry practices could benefit this species as well as protection of its habitat. More research is needed on its ecology and biology, population trends and microhabitat requirements. Monitoring of the population and habitats are needed.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Hadrava, J.","Ståhls, G. & Šebić, A",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,insignis,,Cheilosia insignis,"Loew, 1857","Cheilosia insignis is a member of subgenus Taeniocheilosia. An identification key is provided  by Claussen and Van der Weyer (2004), Barkalov and Ståhls (1997) figure the male terminalia. Verlinden (2000) points out problems in the identification of C. insignis and provides features that help to identify C. insignis with more certainty.",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 assessment: Endangered (EN)  This species is strictly protected in Serbia, and in the German Red List it is classified as rare. It is widespread in mountainous areas in Europe at low to medium-high altitudes, but not commonly encountered because it is an early spring flying species. However, there is no evidence of decreasing populations so far. Additional research on its population size and trend, and ecology is needed. The area of occupancy (AOO) is small (212 km2) in Europe and the EU 27 (124 km2), the  distribution is considered severely fragmented and a decline in quality of habitat  can be observed, and therefore the present status of this species is considered to be Endangered. Monitoring of the population is required.",Unknown,"This conspicuous species is endemic to Europe. It is distributed throughout mountainous parts from the Pyrenees to central Europe including Austria, Germany, France and Switzerland and Poland to the Balkan peninsula (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia), and on to Bulgaria and Romania (Speight 2018).  Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is large but area of occupancy (AOO) is only 212 km2 in Europe and 124 km2 in the EU 27.",There is no information about population trends in Europe and the EU 27 but the species is considered severely fragmented as a high mountain species with isolated subpopulations.,"The preferred habitats of this species include humid, montane Fagus forest and from the upper limit of Larix into unimproved calcareous and non-calcareous subalpine grassland, and upwards into the rock and scree zone (Vujic 1996; Verlinden 2000). Flowers visited include Muscaria and Salix (Speight 2018). The flight period is from beginning of April to May, extending to June at higher elevations. The immature stages are undescribed, but Verlinden (2000) provides evidence suggesting the larvae may be associated with the rhizomes of Anemone species.","This species can be subject to locally occurring anthropogenic activities in Europe such as intensified land-use due to increased urbanization, overgrazing in mountainous habitats and intensive forest management including clearings, which can lead to habitat degradation. Habitat loss and fragmentation are the major general threats to alpine and montane biodiversity.","There are no conservation actions known for this species. In Serbia, this species is listed as a ""strictly protected  species"" and protected by the national law Code of Regulations on the  Declaration and Protection of Strictly Protected and Protected Wild  Species of Plants, Animals and Fungi (Official Gazette of RS, No.  5/2010, 47/2011, 32/2016 and 98/2016). Additional research on its population status and ecology is needed, and into the impacts of any threats. Monitoring is required.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Bowles, P. & Nève, G.","Ståhls, G., Janković, M. & Vujić, A.","Romig, T., Heimburg, H & Birtele, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,katara,,Cheilosia katara,"Claussen and Vujić, 1993",Cheilosia katara belongs to nominal subgenus Cheilosia. An identification key distinguishing C. katara from other related species was provided by Vujić and Claussen (2000).,Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)",EU27-2020,,"The Katara Pass, on the Greek mountain Pindos is the sole locality of this species. Due to its very small area of occupancy and extent of occurrence (both 12 km2), one location (due to the threat of grazing in the area) and the continuing decline in the quality of its habitat (and apparently in the number of mature individuals, inferred from evidence of recent decline) due to grazing, encroachment, development of winter tourism and developing infrastructure, this species is assessed as Critically Endangered",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Europe, specifically to Pindos Mountain in the Peloponnese (Greece: Vujić et al. 2020). Its range is restricted to an extremely small geographic area above 1,000 m altitude near Metsovo, called the Katara Pass. It can be considered a strict local endemic of this area and a relict species. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is 12 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is also 12 km2. It is found between 1,350 m and 1,680 m above sea level.","There is no information on population size. All specimens were found in only one subpopulation in a very restricted geographic area. Fewer than 30 specimens were found in the period 1990-2012. Most specimens date from 1990 and 2011. There are no more recent records, despite surveying at least three times in the last five years. Therefore the current population trend is considered to be decreasing (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019), however it is not yet considered to be extinct in wild.","This species prefers open areas with seepages/flushes in relict montane forest of Pinus heidreichii/P.nigra ssp.pallasiana (Vujić 1996). The adults are stocky with short wings, which results in their clumsy and short flight (Vujić 1996). They visit flowers of Ranunculus (Vujić 1996). It seems that it appears only over a short period during spring, from the end of April until mid-May (Speight 2018). The larvae are undescribed, but are presumably phytophagous.","Although found only at the borders of the Pindos National Park, this species is facing threats. It is impacted by grazing of goats and sheep in the area, and this is probably its main threat (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019) since it is a strict endemic found only in a very small area. Additional threatening factors besides overgrazing are forest encroachment (construction sites, intense machinery use, large number of logging operations), development of winter tourism and the developing infrastructure in this area. The dense forest road network (that serves mostly for forest exploitation) influences the level of disturbance. Landslides and erosion following the loss or degradation of forest cover have already been observed in many parts of the forest (Calisto 2020).","There are no known conservation actions for this species. Limiting the habitat destruction and further research on its population, life history and threats is needed, as well as monitoring and management of grazing. It is found within the Pindos National Park, formally a protected area but in reality the part where this species is found is strongly impacted by human activities. Increasing awareness  is needed of the local people regarding the fact that this is the only place where Cheilosia katara occurs, as well as its inclusion in national legislation documents.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Bowles, P.","Miličić, M. & Vujić, A.","Bot, S., Sommaggio, D., Ståhls, G. & Šebić, A",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,kerteszi,,Cheilosia kerteszi,"Szilady, 1938",Cheilosia kerteszi belongs to the caerulescens species group of the subgenus Taeniocheilosia (former Nigrocheilosia) for which Ståhls and Barkalov (2017) provide the key. It can be distinguished from the most similar species (Cheilosia circassica) by the presence of a few black bristles on the postalar callus.,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,CR,"B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii,v)",EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)  Due to its small area of occupancy (28 km2) in Europe, the fact that it is found in four locations, and an inferred continuing decline in quality of habitat due to the destruction of deciduous forests across Europe and developing tourism in the area where one of the subpopulations is found, this species is listed as Endangered.   In the EU27 regional assessment the species is assessed as Critically Endangered because the area of occupancy and extent of occurrence in the European Union have been calculated at 4 km2, and it occurs only in one location. Although officially protected by national law in Serbia, it would benefit from protection in other countries of occurrence as well. Protection of the habitat and further monitoring is needed, considering that its most recent record was more than 20 years ago.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Europe, recorded from Romania, Serbia and Montenegro (Vujić 1996, A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019). In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 28 km2 and in the EU27 estimated at 4 km2. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 20,479 km² in Europe and only 4 km2 in EU27. In Europe, it occurs in four locations, while occurring in just a single location in the EU 27. It is found between 380 m and 1,680 m above sea level.","There is no information about the population size or trends of this species. The number of caught specimens is low (fewer than 30), the latest from the 1990s despite at least five surveys in Serbia and Montenegro in the last ten years. The current population trend is considered to be decreasing (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).",This species occurs in open areas along streams in deciduous forest (Vujić 1996). Adult males hover at 2-5 m (Vujić 1996). Known flowers visited are Ranunculus and Salix (Vujić 1996). The flight period is in April and May. The developmental stages are undescribed (Speight 2020).,"The main threat to this species is the destruction of its habitat, because it is associated with deciduous forests which are in general decline across Europe due to inappropriate forestry management. Developing mountain tourism in Montenegro, where one subpopulation occurs, represents an additional threat (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).","There are no known conservation actions for this species. It is protected by national law in Serbia. It also occurs in Durmitor National Park in Montenegro. It requires habitat protection and would benefit from being listed as protected in all the countries of its occurrence. Further research is needed in order to obtain information about its population trends, ecology and threats.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Bowles, P.","Miličić, M. & Vujić, A.","Sommaggio, D., Bot, S., Ståhls, G. & Šebić, A",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,laeviseta,,Cheilosia laeviseta,"Claussen, 1987",Cheilosia laeviseta is a species of the subgenus Taeniocheilosia. For identification see the key to males of European Taeniocheilosia (as Nigrocheilosia) species in StN Keys volume; and Barkalov and Ståhls (1997) who figured the male terminalia.,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)   This species is assessed as Endangered since it has restricted area of occupancy (112 km2 in Europe and 68 km2 in EU27), its population is severely fragmented and as a high-mountain species it is connected with alpine habitats whose mountain peaks act as continental islands, disabling communication between subpopulations. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat throughout Europe due to development of winter tourism and overgrazing on mountain grasslands. Additionally, climate change is also a threat, as high-alpine species are considered to be especially threatened. Future monitoring is needed, as well as research on its ecology.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, distributed in northern Spain, France, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, northern Italy, Montenegro and Greece. In addition, it was found in Slovenia in July 2020 on a mountain path near an alpine meadow (S. Bot pers. comm. 2020). In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 112 km2 and in the EU 27 about 68 km2. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 886,592 km2 in Europe and 872,625 km² in the EU27. It is found at high elevations.  Although found quite recently in a new locality, given its rarity it is  currently considered unlikely that it exists in a significant  number of new localities so as to impact significantly the AOO and threat status.","There is no information about population size. There are both older (30 years) and newer (2013-2020) records. Considering that this is a high-altitude mountain species connected with alpine habitats, its population is considered to be severely fragmented because the mountain peaks act as continental islands, limiting or preventing dispersal between subpopulations (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).","The preferred environment for this species is open ground; open, grassy areas in the Larix zone upwards into unimproved calcareous and non-calcareous subalpine grassland to above 2,000 m into the alpine zone, including sparsely vegetated, stony ground and close to snow patches. Adults fly at up to 1 m over alpine grassland vegetation, and settle on rocks and stones in the sun. Flower visitation records are known from white umbellifers and Ranunculus. The flight period is from beginning of June to mid-August. It almost certainly has phytophagous larvae, like congeneric species, but the host plant is unknown and the developmental stages are undescribed (Speight 2018).","As this species inhibits high alpine habitats, development of winter tourism and overgrazing of mountain grasslands present its most severe threats. Climate change is also a threat, because high-alpine species are considered to be especially threatened (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).","There are no known conservation activities for this species. It would benefit from area and habitat protection, as well as management of grazing and tourism. Future monitoring is needed, as well as research on its ecology, population size and further threats.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Bowles, P.","Miličić, M. & Vujić, A.","Lair, X., Ståhls, G., Šebić, A, Sommaggio, D., Bot, S. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,laeviventris,,Cheilosia laeviventris,"Loew, 1857",A species of the subgenus Taeniocheilosia. For identification see the key to males of European Taeniocheilosia (as Nigrocheilosia) species in StN Keys volume; and Barkalov and Ståhls (1997) who figured the male terminalia. Cheilosia laeviventris belongs to the caerulescens species group of the subgenus Taeniocheilosia (former Nigrocheilosia) for which Ståhls and Barkalov (2017) provided the key.,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)   This species is assessed as endangered since it has restricted area of occupancy (24 km2 in Europe and 20 km2 in EU27), the population is severely fragmented as this is high-mountain species connected with alpine habitats, where the mountain peaks act as continental islands, disabling communication between subpopulations, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat throughout Europe due to development of winter tourism and overgrazing on mountain grasslands. Additionally, climate change is a threat, because high-alpine species are considered to be especially threatened. Future monitoring is needed, as well as research on its ecology.",Unknown,"The species is endemic to Europe, distributed in Austria, France, Germany, Italy, and Switzerland (Ståhls and Barkalov 2017). Its presence in Romania is uncertain, as the records are very old. The specimen reported as C. laeviventris in Montenegro was later reclassified as C. caerulescens (Vujić 1996). In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 24 km2 and in the EU 27 about 20 km2. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 46,645 km2 both in Europe and in EU27.","Although found in several distinct countries, this species is considered rare. Not many specimens have been found, despite many general surveys done recently in the Alps (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019). Most records are quite old, 25 years or older. The population is considered to be severely fragmented because this is high-mountain species connected with alpine habitats, whose mountain peaks act as continental islands, disabling communication between subpopulations.","The preferred habitats for this species are sparsely vegetated, rocky, unimproved, non-calcareous, subalpine grassland to elevations above 2,000 m. The adults have a very rapid, darting flight; the males hover at 1-3 m in the vicinity of large boulders and both sexes settle on rocks in the sun. The flight period is during July. The larva must be phytophagous, but the developmental stages are undescribed. According to Stuke and Carstensen (as cited in Speight 2018), the larval host plant is Primula auricula.","As this species lives in high-alpine habitats, the development of winter tourism as well as overgrazing of montane grasslands present its most severe threats (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019). Additionally climate change is a threat, because high-alpine species are considered to be especially threatened.","There are no known conservation activities for this species. It would benefit from area and habitat protection, as well as management of grazing and tourism.. Future monitoring is needed, as well as research on its ecology, population size and further threats.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Bowles, P.","Miličić, M. & Vujić, A.","Fisler, L, Mengual, X., Šebić, A, Sommaggio, D., Bot, S. & Ståhls, G.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,lasiopa,,Cheilosia lasiopa,"Kowarz, 1885",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Cheilosia lasiopa is assessed as Least Concern because of its relatively large range, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27. Although a decreasing population trend has been recorded in some European countries, it is considered that the European population as a whole is stable. Potential threats are degradation of habitat quality in part of its range due to poor management practices of European forests, and climate change because this is an alpine species. Further research into its distribution, ecology, threats and population trend is needed.",Stable,"This species is widely distributed. It ranges from Fennoscandia south to the Vosges Mountains (north-east France); and from Britain eastwards through mountainous parts of central Europe into the former Yugoslavia and European parts of Russia (Speight 2018), although the range in European Russia is not well known. Outside of Europe, this species occurs across parts of Asia.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.","There is no known information about the population size of this species. It is assumed that the overall population trend is stable, although there is a recorded declining trend in several European countries (Speight et al. 2015).","The preferred habitat of this species is forest, both deciduous and coniferous, particularly scrub woodland. Adults are found in clearings, tracksides etc., where they fly low and fast and settle on the foliage of bushes etc. favouring those with large leaves such as Arctium. Flower visitation records are known from white umbellifers, Cochlearia, Crataegus, Euphorbia, Fragaria, Menyanthes, Ranunculus, Salix, Stellaria, Taraxacum and Vaccinium. The flight period is during May and June (with occasional specimens into July), and April in southern Europe. The larva was described and figured by Stuke and Carstensen (2000), from larvae which lived initially in the leaf and stem bases of Plantago lanceolata, and later in the rootstock. They also established that it overwinters as a puparium (Speight 2018).","Decline in the quality of habitat due to poor management across forests in Europe affects this species in a part of its range. Considering that this is an alpine species, it is possible that raising temperatures due to climate change might also poses a threat.","There are no known conservation actions for this species. It requires further monitoring of habitat trends, as well as further research into its ecology, population size and possible threats. It is considered threatened in the Netherlands.",There is no use of or trade in this species.,"Barkalov, A. & Bowles, P.","Miličić, M. & Vujić, A.","Mengual, X.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,laticornis,,Cheilosia laticornis,"Rondani, 1857",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   Cheilosia laticornus is assessed as Least Concern because of its relatively large range, whose extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27. Although considered threatened in some European countries, it is considered that the European population as a whole is still stable. Potential threats for this species are degradation of habitat quality in part of its range due to poor management practices of European forests and overgrazing. Further research into its distribution, ecology, threats and population trend is needed.",Stable,"This species is found in southern Sweden, central Europe, the Balkans, southern Russia, Ukraine and Turkey and Israel eastwards to Afghanistan and Kyrgyzstan (Vujić et al. 2020). In Europe, there are isolated records from the northern edge of its range that suggest it is currently expanding northwards (Speight 2018).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.","There is no information on population size but due to the large range and the fact that it can be locally abundant, it is presumed that the population is stable.","This species occurs in tall-herb open areas and tracksides within montane, southern European deciduous forest (mesophilous Fagus, Castanea) and unimproved, montane grassland. At the northern edge of its range in southern Sweden, it appears to be confined to coastal grassland. The adults fly among tall-herb vegetation of scrub-invaded grassland, forest tracksides and clearings, settling on foliage. Flower visitation records are known from umbellifers and yellow composites. The flight period is from the end of April to June and the end July to the beginning of September. The larva is not described, but Sörensson (2003) suggests Peucedanum oreoselinum may act as one larval host-plant (Speight 2018).","A decline in the quality of habitat due to poor management across forests in Europe affects this species in a part of its range. As the species is found in grasslands as well, overgrazing might posse an additional threat.","This species is considered to be threatened in France, Netherlands and Switzerland (Speight et al. 2015), but its overall European trend is considered to be stable. There are no known conservation measures in place. Research on its population, distribution, ecology and threats is needed. Monitoring of population trends is needed.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Barkalov, A. & Bowles, P.","Miličić, M. & Vujić, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,latifrons,,Cheilosia latifrons,"(Zetterstedt, 1843)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Cheilosia latifrons is assessed as Least Concern because of its relatively large range, whose extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27. It is considered unthreatened across Europe. Potential threats are degradation of habitat quality in part of its range due to human activities such as overgrazing and agriculture. Further research into its threats and population trend is needed.",Stable,"This species ranges from Fennoscandia south to Iberia and from Ireland eastwards through central and southern Europe to Turkey, from there into European parts of Russia and western Siberia (Speight 2018). Outside of Europe, it is also found in North Africa (Kassebeer 1998).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.","There is no known information about population size, but presumably the population is large and stable.","The preferred habitat for this species is open ground; unimproved, non-calcareous grassland, usually on poorly drained sites, as well as coastal dune systems. Adult are low-flying, at the level of grasses etc., among which it settles. It visits flowers of yellow Asteraceae, especially Senecio and Taraxacum, and also Origanum, Ranunculus, and anemophilous flowers such as Luzula and Plantago. The flight period is from April (March in southern Europe) to September, with peaks in June/July and September. The larva is phytophagous, and was described by Stuke and Carstensen (2002) from larvae found in the tap root of Leontodon hispidus. Schmid and Grossmann (1996) present evidence of egg-laying by C. latifrons on Scorzoneroides autumnalis, suggesting this may be another larval host plant. Reemer et al. (2009) also cite L. hispidus as a larval foodplant of this fly. In all probability this insect uses a range of different plant species as larval food-plants (Speight et al. 2018).","This species is affected by the loss of habitat quality in some parts of its range due to overgrazing and agriculture, but these threats do not influence the overall population trend (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","There are no known conservation activities for this species, which occurs in protected areas. It is considered unthreatened across Europe (Speight et al. 2015). Future monitoring is needed, as well as research into its population and impacts of potential threats.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Barkalov, A. & Bowles, P.","Miličić, M. & Vujić, A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,latigenis,,Cheilosia latigenis,"Claussen and Kassebeer, 1993","Claussen and Kassebeer (1993) provide the key for distinguishing Cheilosia latigenis from the closely similar species C. mutabilis, C. psilophthalma and C. urbana. C. latigenis belongs to the nominate subgenus.",Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  Cheilosia latigenis is endemic to the Pyrenees in France and is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted AOO (16 km2) and EOO (192 km2) in Europe and in the EU 27, it is found only at 3 locations both in Europe and in the EU 27, and there is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat due to development of winter tourism and overgrazing on mountain grasslands. Additionally, climate change is a threat, as high-alpine species are considered to be especially threatened. Future monitoring is needed, as well as research on its ecology and population trends.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, found only in the Pyrenees in France (Speight 2020). In Europe and in the EU 27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is around 192 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is around 16 km2. The species is found between 1,600 m and 2,100 m above sea level.","There is no known information about the population trend or population size for this species (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019). It is so far known mainly from type material collected in 1991, a total of 12 specimens. Some recent material comes from the Pyrenees, i.e. two specimens from 2014 and one from 2017 (material of X. Lair, unpubl. data).","The preferred environment for this species is open ground beside pools and streams in unimproved, non-calcareous, subalpine grassland. Adults visit flowers of Caltha palustris and Senecio. The flight period is during June. The larva will be phytophagous, but the developmental stages are undescribed (Speight 2020).","As this species is restricted to mountainous areas, mainly in high alpine habitats, development of winter tourism as well as overgrazing on mountain grasslands present the most severe threats for this species (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019). Additionally, climate change is a threat, as high-alpine species are considered to be especially threatened.","There are no known conservation activities for this species. It would benefit from area and habitat protection, as well as protection through national legislation, as it is endemic to France. Management of grazing and tourism is required. Future monitoring is needed, as well as research on its ecology and population trends.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Bowles, P.","Miličić, M. & Vujić, A.","Ståhls, G., Lair, X., Sommaggio, D., Bot, S. & Šebić, A",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,lenis,,Cheilosia lenis,"Becker, 1894","Cheilosia lenis belongs to nominal subgenus. It can be difficult to separate C. lenis from its allies in central Europe. In western Europe, it is probably most easily confused with C. bergenstammi Becker. In C. lenis the eye hairs are long, vary from black to pale grey and extend to the ventral surface of the eyes. In C. bergenstammi they are shorter (especially in the female), pale brown and absent from the ventral quarter of the eye surface. The posterior margin of the scutellum can possess only fine hairs in this species, or fine hairs with some thin, black bristles, or hairs with some well-developed black bristles (Speight 2018).",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    This European endemic is assessed as Least Concern because of its relatively large range, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27. It is considered unthreatened across Europe, with the exception of the Netherlands. Potential threats exist from degradation of habitat quality in part of its range due to human activities such as unsustainable forestry, because it is found in woodlands. Further research into its threats and population trend is needed, as well as continued monitoring.",Stable,"This species is distributed from Germany south to the Pyrenees; and from the Netherlands eastwards through central Europe to European parts of Russia, with southern range limits in Italy and the Balkans (Speight 2018).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.","There is no known information about the population size of this species, but presumably most subpopulations are stable. There is a decreasing trend in some continental areas, but in general it is considered unthreatened across Europe and the population generally stable (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","The preferred habitat for this species is deciduous woodland towards its upper elevational limits, or otherwise experiencing a somewhat harsh climate e.g., humid Fagus/Picea forest, and upwards into the subalpine zone. Adult prefer clearings etc., often resting on low-growing vegetation; males hover at 1-3 metres. It visits flowers such as Acer platanoides, Alliaria petiolata, Allium ursinum, Anemone nemorosa, Caltha, Cardamine pratensis, Galium, Petasites albus, Prunus, Ranunculus, Salix, Taraxacum and Tussilago. The flight period is during April/May and June at higher altitudes (Speight 2020). The larva is phytophagous, and the developmental stages were described and figured by Dusek (1962) from larvae collected from Senecio fuchsi. The female has also been observed egg-laying on this ragwort species (Doczkal 1996). Reemer et al. (2009) also cite Senecio nemorensis as a larval foodplant of this fly.","This species is affected by the loss of habitat quality in some parts of its range due to unsustainable forestry but these threats do not influence the overall population trend, which remains stable (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","There are no known conservation activities for this species. It is considered unthreatened across Europe, except in the Netherlands (Speight et al. 2015). Future monitoring of its population is needed, as well as research on potential threats.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Barkalov, A. & Bowles, P.","Miličić, M. & Vujić, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,lenta,,Cheilosia lenta,"Becker, 1894",Cheilosia lenta belongs to the nominate subgenus. It is extremely difficult to separate C. lenta from C. rhynchops. The main difference is absence of pilosity at mid of katepisternum.,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)    This species is assessed as Endangered since it has restricted area of occupancy (188 km2 in pan-Europe and 76 km2 in the EU27), the population is severely fragmented because it is connected with humid forests which are disappearing and becoming fragmented across Europe, isolating subpopulations, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat throughout Europe due to unsustainable forestry. Future monitoring is needed, as well as research its ecology.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Europe, known from North Macedonia, Greece, Hungary, Romania, Serbia and Slovenia. Records from Switzerland are considered to be erroneous (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is large in both Europe and the EU 27, but the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 188 km2 in Europe and in the EU 27 it is 76 km2.","The population of this species is considered to be severely fragmented because it is typically connected with humid deciduous forests which are disappearing in most places in Europe, reducing or preventing dispersal between subpopulations.","This species is found in forests, beside brooks and rivers in humid deciduous forest, from Quercus/Carpinus up into the Fagus zone to above 1,500 m in the Balkans (Vujić 1996 and pers. comm. 2019). The adult flies low over waterside vegetation, settling on leaves (Vujić 1996). It visits flowers of Caltha, Myosotis and Ranunculus (Vujić 1996). The flight period is during April to June and July at higher elevations (Vujić 1996). The larva will be phytophagous, but the developmental stages are undescribed (Speight 2020).","This species is mainly threatened by the loss of habitat due to the destruction of humid forests across Europe, mainly caused by unsustainable forestry practices: this is a problem even in the protected areas where this species lives (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","There are no known conservation activities for this species.  Future monitoring is needed, as well as research on its ecology and potential threats.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Barkalov, A. & Bowles, P.","Miličić, M. & Vujić, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,limbicornis,,Cheilosia limbicornis,"Strobl, 1909",Cheilosia limbicornis belongs to nominal subgenus. The male is described by Torp Pedersen (1971). Diagnostic features are mentioned by Pérez-Bañón et al. (1996).,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Cheilosia limbicornis is endemic to Spain, and listed as Endangered since it has severely fragmented population and restricted area of occupancy (52 km2), found in 6-7 locations, and there is a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat throughout its range due to destruction of forests from forestry. Future monitoring is needed, as well as research on its population, ecology and threats.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Spain (Speight 2020). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is around 159,967 km2 and area of occupancy (AOO) about 52 km2.","There is no known information on population trends. All specimens are more than 20 years old. Pérez-Bañón et al. (1996) stated that taking into account the dispersion of its distribution within the peninsular area, it can be assumed that although low in numbers, Cheilosia limbicornis is present in a large part of the Iberian territory. It occurs in 6-7 localities, and is considered severely fragmented due to it being a forest species and forests are limited in Spain.","The preferred habitat for this species is forest, where it occurs in open areas within matorral of both Pinus and Quercus species; and Q. ilex maquis (M. Marcos-Garcia pers. comm. 2019), up to 1,600m. It visits flowers of  Prunus spinosus (Pérez-Bañón et al. 1996), and Ranunculus ollissiponensis (Marcos-García 1990). The flight period is from the middle of March until June. The larva will be phytophagous, but developmental stages are undescribed (Speight 2020).","This species is threatened by the degradation of habitat quality due to destruction of forests, poor forestry management and overgrazing, impacting the diversity of plants and probably the currently-unknown host plant (A. Ricarte pers. comm. 2019).","There are no known conservation activities for this species. Protection of its habitats is needed along with grazing control, as well as future monitoring of its population and habitat, and research on its population, ecology and potential threats. It is found in a protected area, the Sierra Nevada National Park.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Bowles, P.","Miličić, M. & Vujić, A.","Ricarte Sabater, A.R., Šebić, A, Sommaggio, D., Bot, S. & Ståhls, G.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,loewi,,Cheilosia loewi,"Becker, 1894","A species of the subgenus Taeniocheilosia. For identification see the key to males of European Taeniocheilosia (as Nigrocheilosia) species in StN Keys volume; and Barkalov and Ståhls (1997) who figured the male terminalia. Not an easy species to identify, closely related to other species but the genitalia are distinct.",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  Cheilosia loewi is assessed as Endangered since it has restricted area of occupancy (188 km2 in Europe and 172 km2 in the EU27), the population is severely fragmented because it is a high-montane species with no connectivity between subpopulations, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat throughout Europe due to development of winter tourism and overgrazing on mountain grasslands. Additionally, climate change is a threat, as high-alpine species are considered to be especially threatened. Future monitoring is needed, as well as research on its ecology.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in southern Poland, France, Spain, Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Italy, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Slovenia and Romania. Its presence in Croatia is uncertain, and it is not known to be present in Serbia, although this information appears in the literature - identifications of specimens from low elevations may be incorrect (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019). In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 188 km2 and in the EU 27, AOO is estimated to be around 172 km2. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 1,515,637 km2 in Europe and 1,413,093 km2 in EU27.","There is no information about the population size of this species. There are both older (more than 100 years) and some newer (around 2011, and 2017 to 2020) records. This is a high-montane species and therefore there is unlikely to be any connectivity between subpopulations. It is a very enigmatic species: all data are based on very few specimens found in seemingly low-density subpopulations (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).","The preferred environment of this species is unimproved montane grassland within the Picea zone and upwards into unimproved subalpine grassland to above 2,000 m, usually near seepages or streamlets. Adults fly among grasses in open areas towards the upper altitudinal limit of Picea and upwards. They visit flowers of Euphorbia, Myosotis, Potentilla verna and Ranunculus. The flight period is from May until July. The developmental stages are undescribed (Speight 2018).","As this species is montane and mainly associated with high alpine habitats, development of winter tourism as well as overgrazing on mountain grasslands present the most severe threats for this species (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019). Additionally, climate change is a threat as high-alpine species are considered to be especially threatened.","There are no known conservation activities for this species. It would benefit from area and habitat protection. Future monitoring of its habitat and population is needed, as well as research on its population, ecology and possible threats. Management of grazing and tourism is recommended.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Bowles, P.","Miličić, M. & Vujić, A.","Tot, T., Ståhls, G., Mengual, X., Lair, X., Sommaggio, D., Bot, S. & Šebić, A",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,longula,,Cheilosia longula,"(Zetterstedt, 1838)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 27 because of its large range, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27. It is considered unthreatened across Europe (Speight et al. 2020). Potential threats are degradation of its habitat quality in part of its range due to human activities such as unsustainable forestry. Further research into its threats and population trend is needed.",Stable,"This species ranges from Fennoscandia south to the Pyrenees; and from Ireland eastwards through Eurasia, with southern range limits in Europe in Italy and the Balkans (Speight 2020). Outside of Europe, the species is found across the Eurasian continent to  eastern Siberia and in North America. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.","There is no known information about the population size of this species. Although a decreasing trend has been reported in Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands and Switzerland (Speight et al. 2020), presumably the overall population is stable in Europe and the EU 27.","The preferred habitat for this species is forest (deciduous and coniferous) and conifer plantations. Adults are found in glades, clearings, tracksides etc., flying at up to 3 m, often settling on low-growing vegetation in dappled sunlight: they are more frequent in conifer than deciduous forest. They visit flowers of white umbellifers, yellow composites, Achillea, Calluna, Cirsium, Euphorbia, Galium and Potentilla erecta. The flight period is from end June to October, with a peak in September. The larva was described and figured by Rotheray (1990), and illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994). It is an internal feeder on the tissues of various large, woodland basidiomycete mushrooms, especially Boletus, Leccinum and Suillus (Buxton, 1955, Hackman and Meinander 1979). It overwinters as a puparium (Speight 2020).","This species is affected by the loss of habitat quality in some parts of its range due to unsustainable forestry but this threat do not influence the overall population trend, which remains stable (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","This species is protected under Serbian legislation. It is considered unthreatened across Europe (Speight et al. 2020). Future monitoring of its population and habitat is needed, as well as research on its population, habitat and potential threats.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Barkalov, A. & Bowles, P.","Miličić, M. & Vujić, A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,lucense,,Cheilosia lucense,"Ricarte, 2014","Cheilosia lucense belongs to the subgenus Montanocheila. It is most similar to C. chrysocoma. Males can be distinguished by using features of terminalia. Females can be separated by angular facial tubercle and pollinose sternum 2. Ricarte et al. (2014) describe both the male and female, figure the male terminalia and show how C. lucense can be incorporated into the key to the European alpina group of species (Claussen 1998).",Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Cheilosia lucense is considered to be endemic to the Cantabrian mountains in northwest Spain. Due to its small area of occupancy 8 km2, the fact that it is found in only two locations and a continuing decline in quality of habitat due to agriculture, overgrazing and wood harvesting, this species is assessed as Endangered. It would benefit from area and habitat protection, as well as legal protection. Further monitoring of the species is needed.",Unknown,"This species is considered to be endemic to Europe, found only in northwest Spain (the Cantabrian mountains) (Speight 2020). It was relatively recently described (in 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is around 90 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is around 8 km2. It is found between 710 m and 1,280 m above sea level.","There is no known information about the population trend or size of this species, but it is presumed that the population is small because only six specimens are known so far, all of them collected in 2012 (Ricarte et al. 2014). These were quite easy to collect and identify, and therefore the low number of specimens suggests that the species is rare.","The known specimens were collected in calcareous montane unimproved grasslands (Ricarte et al. 2014). It is known to visit flowers of Chaerophyllum hirsutum (Ricarte et al. 2014). The flight period is during May. The larva must be phytophagous, but the developmental stages have not been described (Speight 2020).","So far as is known this species is endemic to the Cantabrian Mountains, and so activities in this region are considered to affect the entire population of Cheilosia lucense directly. The landscape of this area is strongly influenced by human activities. Flatter areas have traditionally been cultivated, while wood from forests has been used as a source of fuel. Extensive areas of scrublands have been burnt or grazed by domestic animals (Ricarte et al. 2014)","There are no known conservation actions conducted for this species. It would benefit from area and habitat protection, as well as legal protection and management of grazing and tourism. Future research on its ecology, threats and population trends, and continued monitoring of the habitat and population is needed.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Bowles, P.","Miličić, M. & Vujić, A.","Bot, S., Šebić, A, Sommaggio, D. & Ståhls, G.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,luteicornis,,Cheilosia luteicornis,"(Zetterstedt, 1838)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This species is listed as Least Concern (LC) in Europe and EU 27 because it is widespread and known from many localities, and the extent of occurrence  (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to  be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27. Habitat loss (leading to a decline in both quality and quantity of its conifer forest habitat) is expected due to change in land use and deforestation throughout Europe. Monitoring and further research is required to establish the habitat and ecological requirements and to understand the existing threats better.",Unknown,"Cheilosia luteicornis is mainly distributed in northern and central Europe (mostly in the Alps and Carpathians) south to the northern part of the Balkan peninsula. Reports from Latvia (Kuznetzov 1993), Slovakia (Chvála 1997), Switzerland (http://www.cscf.ch/), Romania (Stanescu and Parvu 2005) and the European part of Russia (Speight 2020) have not been checked and are treated as uncertain here. Its range extends out of the European region to western Siberia and Mongolia in the east.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.","Based on all known data the largest subpopulations are reported from Scandinavia, Montenegro and Serbia. The population trend is unknown.","This species favours open areas in conifer forests of Picea and Pinus, from the Fagus/Picea zone upward. Adults usually fly beside streams and rivers, among Salix branches or visit Ranunculus. Adults are active in early spring, from April to May at high altitudes (Vujić 1992, Vujić 1996, Speight 2020). Barkemeyer (1994) provides a comprehensive review of the larval biology of this species, based on Hellrigl (1992) and Tragardh (1923). Essentially, the larva inhabits resin outflows on the trunk of Picea, caused by damage or the activities of scolytid beetles. The species apparently overwinters as a larva and pupates on the trunk, at the edge of the resin flow. Individual resin flows can evidently provide suitable larval habitat for a number of years, indicated by empty puparia trapped in the resin. The extent to which the larva is dependent upon the resin itself, or on micro-organisms associated with resins outflows, as its food source, is obscure (Speight 2020).","The main threat is habitat loss due to changes in land use and deforestation throughout Europe (Bebi et al. 2017, Strandberg and Kjellström 2019).","Cheilosia morio is on the Red List of hoverflies of Baden-Württemberg, on the Red List of Hoverflies of Germany (rare), on the Red List of Plants and Animals of Sachsen-Anhalt (very rare), and on the List of Protected Wild Species of Plants, Animals and Fungi in Serbia. The distribution range is partly within the boundaries of Natura 2000 and in Haut-Jura Natural Park (France), Triglav National Park (Slovenia), Durmitor National Park (Montenegro) and Kopaonik National Park (Serbia). Since the species is known mainly in mountains of central and northern Europe, as well as in western Siberia, the conservation actions should be focused on the preservation of the habitat due to high rate of deforestation of European forests. Monitoring of the population and habitat and further research is required to establish the population trend, habitat and ecological requirements and to understand the existing threats better.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Barkalov, A. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Likov, L.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,marginata,,Cheilosia marginata,"Becker, 1894",A species of the subgenus Taeniocheilosia. For identification see the key to males of European Taeniocheilosia (as Nigrocheilosia) species in StN Keys volume; and Barkalov and Ståhls (1997) who figure the male terminalia.,Yes,NT,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  This species is listed as Near Threatened (NT) in Europe and Vulnerable (VU) in EU 27 because the area of occupancy has been calculated as 64 km2 in Europe and 52 km2 in the EU27, and a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat as a result of changes in land-use, intensification of grassland management, grazing pressure, and deforestation throughout the whole distribution range. It is considered to occur in around 12 locations in Europe defined by a threat from grazing, and thus is close to but does not qualify for a threatened listing applying Criterion B2. It is considered to occur in approximately 10 locations in the EU 27, and so is listed as Vulnerable. Monitoring and further research is required to establish its habitat and ecological requirements and to improve knowledge about the existing threats.",Unknown,"This species is a European high-mountain endemic distributed in the Alps (France, Italy, Austria, Switzerland, and Germany) and the Carpathians (Romania and Slovakia). There are doubts about the Romanian records and these need to be verified.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) is large for Europe and the EU 27. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 64 km2 in Europe and 52 km2 in the EU 27.","Based on all known reports, only a few specimens have been collected from the period between 1973 and 2008, despite a lot of general collecting in the Alps, so it is probably a rare species. The most recent record is from Switzerland in 2017. The population trend is unknown.","The preferred habitat of this species is open ground in humid Fagus forests upwards through the Picea and Larix zones into humid subalpine grassland to above 2,000 m. Adults fly from April to June, and in July at higher altitudes. The larva is undescribed (Speight 2020).","The main threat to this species is habitat loss due to changes in land-use and deforestation in the Alps and in the whole of Europe (Bebi et al, 2017, Strandberg and Kjellström 2019), as well as intensification of grassland management and grazing pressure in Europe’s grasslands.","This species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. Its distributional range is partly within the boundaries of some Natura 2000 sites, Natural Park Bucegi (Romania) and Ecrins National Park (France). Since the species is recorded mainly in forests of the Alps and the Carpathian Mountains, conservation actions should be focused on preserving its habitat due to high deforestation rates of European forests. Monitoring and further research is required to establish its habitat and ecological requirements and to improve knowledge about the existing threats. Management of grazing is required.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Likov, L.","Bot, S., Šebić, A, Ståhls, G. & Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,melanopa,,Cheilosia melanopa,"(Zetterstedt, 1843)","Cheilosia melanopa belongs to nominal subgenus. Vujić (1996) figures the male terminalia and differentiates the Balkan subspecies C. m. redi, that is now recognised as a species in its own right, C. redi Vujic. C. melanopa is also included in the keys provided by van Veen (2004) and Haarto and Kerppola (2007).",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Europe and EU 27 because of its large extent of occurrence and number of locations. Habitat loss (both in quality and quantity) is expected due to change in land-use and deforestation throughout Europe. Monitoring and further research is required to establish its habitat and ecological requirements and to understand the existing threats better.,Unknown,"This European endemic is distributed mainly in northern Europe (Scandinavia), mountainous regions of western and central Europe (Alps, Carpathians and Pyrenees) and on northern mountains of the Balkan Peninsula. The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 528 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,942,141 km2, while the AOO in EU27 is 480 km2, and the EOO is 3,903,978km2.","Based on all known records, there are numerous subpopulations. The biggest subpopulations were recorded in Montenegro and in Scandinavia. The population trend is unknown for Europe and the EU 27.","The preferred habitats are open areas in high montane Pinus and Fagus forests, along streams in the Picea forest zone upward into montane and submountain grasslands, and pastures and rocks. Adults fly from the end of May to the end of July, and in August in the northern part of distribution range. Adults visit flowers of Myosotis, Ranunculus and Salix. The larva is undescribed (Vujić 1996, Speight 2020).","The main threat is habitat loss due to change in land-use and deforestation throughout Europe (Bebi et al. 2017, Strandberg and Kjellström 2019), as well as intensification of grassland management and grazing pressure in Europe’s grasslands.","This species is on the Red List of hoverflies of Bayern (Data Deficient) and of Germany (very rare). Its distributional range is partly within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network and in Triglav National Park (Slovenia), Durmitor National Park (Montenegro), Kevo Nature Reserve (Finland), Ovre Dividal National Park (Norway), Saltfjellet-Svartisen National Park (Norway), Hardangervidda National Park (Norway) and Jotunheimen National Park (Norway). Since it is recorded mainly in forests of northern Europe and Alps, as well as high mountains of northern Balkan peninsula, the conservation actions should be focused on preserving its habitat due to high percentage of deforestation of European forests. Monitoring and further research is required to establish its habitat and ecological requirements, and to understand the existing threats better.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Barkalov, A. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Likov, L.","De Groot, M",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,melanura,,Cheilosia melanura,"Becker, 1894",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Both the area of occupancy (AOO) and the extent of occurrence (EOO) are above the thresholds for a threatened category. Continuing declines in the quality of its habitat due to tourism, overgrazing and urbanization are considered the main threats. This species is distributed on the high mountains in Switzerland and the Balkans. However, it is projected to experience declines under climate change, and this should be carefully monitored as this may push the species into a threatened category in the future. Further research is needed, especially on its biology and ecology.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in the Carpathians, Schwarzwald, Alps and Balkan mountains. Outside of Europe, it can be found in the Caucasus mountains and in western Siberia to Cis-Baikal (Vujić 1996, Speight 2018).   The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.","The population trend of this species is unknown for Europe and the EU 27. There have been many subpopulations registered across its range. It was first recorded in Europe in 1896, within Croatia, although recent records are also present.","This species prefers open ground: unimproved, calcareous and non-calcareous montane and subalpine grassland, from within the Picea zone upwards. Adults are fast flying at 2-4 m, frequently along streams and active from the middle of the May (beginning of July at higher altitudes) to August. They visit white umbellifers, Caltha palustris, Ranunculus spp. and Euphorbia spp.. Its developmental stages and host plant are undescribed (Vujić 1996, Speight 2018), although Doczkal (1996) observed oviposition on Cirsium spinossimum and Stuke (2000) scored aspects of the larval morphology.","The tourism industry (i.e. expansion of tourism infrastructure) is the most plausible threat. Overgrazing and residential urbanization can also negatively affect the population. Furthermore, this high-mountain species can experience severe effects under climate change scenarios using species distribution modelling. Their ranges and abundances would be greatly reduced (range up to 60% and abundance up to 68% by 2080), vanishing almost entirely from the Balkan peninsula, except for alpine regions where suitable climatic conditions could persist (Radenković et al. 2017).","Most point localities of this species are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and the Natura-2000 network. In Montenegro some point localities belong to National park Durmitor. In Serbia some subpopulations are within national parks Kopaonik and Šar planina, while others in Natural parks Stara planina, Golija and Zlatibor. Unfortunately, increasing of tourism (ski resorts), overgrazing and urbanization constantly increase disturbance of its habitats. Increasing awareness about this species is very important. Further investigation of its biology and ecology is needed. More monitoring on population and habitat trend are required.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Barkalov, A. & Flinn, G.","Vujić, A. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,montana,,Cheilosia montana,"Egger, 1860",Cheilosia montana belongs to alpina species group of the subgenus Montanocheila. Features that distinguished this species from other members of this group were given by Claussen (1998).,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  This species is assessed as Endangered (EN) in Europe and EU 27 based on the small area of occupancy (AOO) and severely fragmented population in both regions. Furthermore, habitat loss (quality and quantity) is expected due to intensification of grassland management and grazing pressure in Europe’s grasslands. Monitoring and further research is required to establish its habitat and ecological requirements and to understand the existing threats better.",Unknown,"This European endemic is distributed in the mountainous regions of Europe; from northern Spain in the west, through the high central European mountains (Alps) to Romania and Bulgaria in the east (Carpathian and Rodopi mountains). The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe based on known records is 112 km2, while in EU 27 it is 96 km2. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is large in both Europe and the EU 27.","Based on all known records, about 30 specimens have been collected. The population trend is unknown for Europe and the EU 27. The population is considered severely fragmented in Europe and the EU 27 because of the fragmentation of suitable habitat.","This species has been recorded from unimproved, calcareous and non-calcareous subalpine grasslands. Adults rest on rocks and stones in the sun, and are active from the beginning of July to the end of August. The larva has not been described (Speight 2020).",The main threat to this species is habitat loss from the intensification of grassland management and grazing pressure in Europe’s grasslands.,"This species is on the Red List of the hoverflies of Bayern (Germany) as Data Deficient and on that for Germany as very rare. Its distributional range is partly within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network, and in Rila National Park (Bulgaria). Since it has been reported mainly in mountains of central and eastern Europe, conservation actions should be focused on preserving its habitat from intensification of grassland management and grazing pressure. Monitoring and further research is required to establish its habitat and ecological requirements and to understand the existing threats better.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Barkalov, A. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Likov, L.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,morio,,Cheilosia morio,"(Zetterstedt, 1838)","Two different taxa are clearly encompassed by the names Cheilosia morio and C. scanica, but correct application of these names and consequently relative range limits remain to be established (Speight 2020). The identities of Cheilosia morio (Zetterstedt 1838) (Syrphidae, tribe Rhingiini) and of its synonyms are reviewed by Doczkal and Claußen (in prep.). This work referred Cheilosia scanica Ringdahl, 1937 to the synonymy of Cheilosia morio (Zetterstedt, 1838) and determined that the name C. morio had been widely misapplied to a distinct species, for which these authors resurrected the name Cheilosia luteicornis (Zetterstedt, 1838). This nomenclature was used in a few recent publications (Nilsson et al. 2012, van Steenis 2016).  Cheilosia morio belongs to the subgenus Neocheilosia. From the most similar species it can be distinguished by its smaller size, presence of black pile around facial knob and black pile on terga. In Bartsch et al. (2009) this species is mentioned as Cheilosia morio B.",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  Taking the currently understood area of occupancy (AOO) of this species (116 km2 in Europe and 108 km2 in the EU 27) and using the precautionary approach, this species is assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU 27since it is a notably rare species, with a population that is considered severely fragmented due to its subpopulations are small and isolated. Furthermore, there is a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat due to unsustainable forest management. Key sites and habitat for this species should be protected as part of  a more sustainable forestry management. Its taxonomy, distribution and  ecology are in need of further research, and monitoring of the population  and habitat is needed.",Unknown,"The full range of this European endemic is uncertain at present, due to confusion with Cheilosia luteicornis until recently. Confirmed records of Cheilosia morio are known from Germany (Kassebeer 1993, Dziock 1997), Greece (Ssymank 2012), Italy, Montenegro, Poland (Bankowska 1963, 1981), Sweden (van Steenis 2011, 2016; Nilsson et al. 2007, 2012), France (Treiber 2011), Czech Republic (Mazanek et al. 2009) and Slovakia. The presence of this species in Austria (Burgenland - Metz 2012) is uncertain. Metz reported “Günser Gebirge, Geschrittensteinstrasse, 4.5.1995” as the locality. The specimen cannot be found, so a review of its identity is not possible (Heimburg 2018). It is believed that this species occurs also in Norway (Nielsen and Gammelmo 2017). The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 116 km2, while the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,808,234 km2. In the EU 27, the AOO is 108km2 and the EOO is 1,749,885 km2 . The AOO has been calculated using only the confirmed records of this species and so taking the precautionary approach at this time.","There is no precise information on population trends for this species. Cheilosia morio is a rare species, with a small number of records. Based on all known data, the biggest subpopulations are recorded from Sweden. The trend is unknown for Europe and the EU 27. The population is considered severely fragmented as over half of the subpopulations are presumed to small and isolated.","This species can be found together with the species Cheilosia luteicornis, but prefers more open habitats than Cheilosia luteicornis and seems more restricted. It was  collected in small open places such as humid meadows, dry meadows, and  fens within large pine forests. Flower visitation records exist for Anemone hepatica and Tussilago farfara (van  Steenis 2011). The flight period is April and May. The developmental  stages are unknown but the larvae are phytophagous like most of its  congeners.   Existing data about Cheilosia morio are now attributed to C. luteicornis due to the taxonomic situation with these two species. It is likely that the larval lifestyle of C. morio are also in resin-filled bark wounds but these needs confirmation.",Logging and inappropriate forest management that results in a lack of structural diversity of the forest causes a noticeable decline in the quality of habitat for this species.,"There are no known conservation actions for this species so far. Key sites and habitats should be protected as part of a more sustainable forestry management. Its taxonomy, distribution and ecology are in need of further research, and monitoring of the population and habitat is needed.",This species is not commercially utilized.,"Barkalov, A. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A., Likov, L. & Tot, T.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,mutabilis,,Cheilosia mutabilis,"(Fallén, 1817)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Europe and the EU 27 because of its large distribution and number of locations. Habitat loss (in both quality and quantity) is expected due to change in land-use and deforestation throughout Europe. Monitoring and further research is required to establish its habitat and ecological requirements and to understand better the existing threats.,Unknown,"This species is Euro-Siberian (Vujić 1992), distributed in most of Europe and in western Siberia, as well as in North Africa and Turkey (Speight 2020). Its extent of occurrence and area of occupancy in both Europe and the EU27 are significantly greater then the thresholds for threatened categories.","Based on all known reports of this species, it is frequent and numerous across its European range. The population trend is unknown for both Europe and the EU 27.","The preferred habitat of this species is open ground in both coniferous and deciduous forests, open woodland and scrub on well-drained sites often susceptible to short-duration winter flooding, and also in garrigue and heathland (Speight 2020) and Mediterranean maquis, shrubs and montane pastures (Vujić 1996). In Sweden, Denmark and along the northern seaboard of Germany, C. mutabilis is primarily a coastal species, occurring in coastal heathland and dune grassland, but it may also occur in inland, grassland situations that are not obviously well drained (H. Bartsch pers. comm. 2020) (Speight 2020). Adults inhabit clearings and tracksides, flying up to 2 m from the ground, and settle on foliage of bushes or flowers including white umbellifers, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Cistus, Hieracium, Jasione montana, Potentilla fruticosa, Sedum acre (Speight 2020), Ranunculus, Cotinus and Apiaceae (Vujić 1996). The flight period is from May to mid August, with a peak in July. The larva is undescribed, but reported by Grosskopf et al. (2001) as developing in the above-ground parts of Hieracium pilosella. According to Ball et al. (2011), the larva of C. mutabilis has been found in the roots of Carduus crispus.","The main threat to this species is habitat loss due to change in land use and deforestation throughout Europe (Bebi et al. 2017, Strandberg and Kjellström 2019), as well as intensification of grassland management and grazing pressure in Europe’s grasslands.","This species is on the Red List of hoverflies of Baden-Württembergs, the Red List of hoverflies of Denmark (LC), the Red List of hoverflies of Bayern (warning list), the Red List of hoverflies of Germany (moderately common), Flanders Red Lists (regionally EN), the Red List of hoverflies of Berlin (very rare), the Red List of plants and animals of Sachsen-Anhalt (moderately common) and the Red List of hoverflies of Saxony (potentially EN). Its distribution range is partly within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network and the Podyji National Park (Czech Republic), Foreste Casentinesi National Park (Italy), Triglav National Park (Slovenia), Učka Nature Park (Croatia), Durmitor National Park (Montenegro), Fruška Gora National Park (Serbia), Djerdap National Park (Serbia), Kopaonik National Park (Serbia), Stara Planina Natural Park (Serbia), Pirin National Park (Bulgaria), Mavrovo National Park (North Macedonia), Galičica National Park (North Macedonia) and Olympus National Park (Greece). Since it has been recorded mainly from both deciduous and evergreen forests in most of Europe and western Siberia, conservation actions should be focused on preserving its habitat due to the high rate of deforestation of European forests. Monitoring and further research is required to establish its habitat and ecological requirements, and to understand better the existing threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Barkalov, A. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Likov, L.","De Groot, M",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,naruska,,Cheilosia naruska,"Haarto and Kerppola, 2007",Cheilosia naruska belongs to nominal subgenus. Haarto et al. (2007) describe both sexes of this proxima group species and figure the male terminalia. The comprehensive key in which C. naruska has so far appeared is that provided by Bartsch et al. (2009).,Yes,NT,B2ab(iii),No,NT,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)   This species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Europe and EU 27 based on its known area of occupancy (160 km2 for Europe and 148 km2 for the EU 27), and its 13 locations in northern Scandinavia and the immediately adjacent European part of Russia, and a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat as a result of pressure on boreal forests from commercial forestry. Monitoring and further research is required to establish its habitat and ecological requirements and to understand better its existing threats.",Unknown,"This is endemic to northern Europe, distributed in northern Scandinavia and in European parts of Russia. Its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe, based on known records, is 160 km2, while the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 157,983 km2. In the EU 27, the AOO is 148 km2 and the EOO is 122,477 km2.",Most known data are from the period 2003-2015. The population trend is unknown for Europe and the EU 27.,"This species is known from open ground in humid meadows (Haarto et al. 2007) and the edge of humid meadow bordering Betula/Salix/Populus forests (Nielsen 2008). Adults are active from mid-June to the beginning of July, and visit Anthriscus sylvestris. Males sit on leaves in the sun and close to the ground. The larva is undescribed but this developmental stage is possibly associated with Anthriscus sylvestris, with which the adult flies are apparently always found (Haarto et al. 2007).","The main threat to this species is habitat loss due to change in land-use. In the Boreal region the area covered by natural habitats is much reduced and under increasing pressure. In terms of impact, commercial forestry (based mainly on spruce, pine, birch and oak) has had the greatest influence (Sundseth 2009). Additionally, some of the wet meadows in northern Europe and Russia have experiences a declining in the grazing needed to maintain this habitat and some have experienced complete abandonment of grazing leading to habitat loss for large number of wild animals (https://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/life/publications/lifepublications/lifefocus/documents/wetlands.pdf).","This species is not subject to any targeted conservation action and there are no conservation measures in place. It is listed as Least Concern in Finland (Haarto and Kerppola 2007). Its distributional range is partly within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network, and in Varangerhalvøya National Park (Norway), Muotkatunturi Wilderness Area (Finland) and Paanajärvi National Park (Russia). Since it is recorded mainly in the Boreal forests of Europe, conservation actions should be focused on preserving its habitat from the increasing pressure of commercial forestry (based mainly on spruce, pine, birch and oak). Additionally, there is a need to enact management measures in wet meadows in northern Europe and Russia in order to preserve suitable habitats. Monitoring and further research is required to establish the habitat and ecological requirements, and to understand better the existing threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Barkalov, A. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Likov, L.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,nebulosa,,Cheilosia nebulosa,"Verrall, 1871",Cheilosia nebulosa belongs to nominal subgenus. The male terminalia are figured by Claussen and Speight (1988). The adult insect is illustrated in colour by Stubbs and Falk (1983). Species with black r-m cross-vein on wing.,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Europe and EU 27 because of its large distribution and number of locations. Habitat loss (in both quality and quantity) is expected due to changes in land-use and deforestation throughout Europe. Monitoring and further research is required to establish its habitat and ecological requirements and to understand better the existing threats.,Unknown,This European endemic is distributed in most European countries (Vujić 1992) from Ireland in the west to the European part of Russia in the east (Speight 2020). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are significantly greater then the thresholds for any threatened category.,"Based on all known records, this species has been collected between 1886 (in Croatia) to the present day. According to Vujić (1992), its subpopulations are small and it is very rare. The population trend is unknown for Europe and the EU 27.","The preferred habitats of this species are wetland in Alnus/Salix forest and drained scrub in woodland with Prunus spinosa. Adults appears in clearings and tracksides, where males hover up to 7 m beside Salix or Crataegus in flower, descending to settle on low-growing plants whenever the sun disappears behind a cloud. Females fly low over ground vegetation, settling to rest in the sun on dead grasses (e.g. Molinia tussocks). Both sexes visit flowers of trees as Crataegus, Prunus, male Salix, Taraxacum, Tussilago (Speight 2020) and Ficaria verna (Vujić 1996). The flight period is from the end of April to the beginning of June, or at higher elevations to early July. The larva is undescribed, but Doczkal (2002) reports egg-laying by this species on leaves of Centaurea nigra (Speight 2020).","The main threat to this species is habitat loss due to change in land-use and deforestation throughout Europe (Bebi et al. 2017, Strandberg and Kjellström 2019).","This species is on the Red List of hoverflies of Baden-Württemberg (EN), Red List of hoverflies of Bayern (EN), Red List of hoverflies of Germany (rare), Flanders Red List (regionally NT), Red List of plants and animals of Sachsen-Anhalt (very rare) and listed as Vulnerable in the database of Irish Syrphidae. The distributional range is partly within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network, and in the Podyji National Park (Czech Republik), Durmitor National Park (Montenegro), Triglav National Park (Slovenia), Stara Planina Natural Park (Serbia) and Kopaonik National Park (Serbia). Since it is reported mainly from deciduous forests, conservation actions should be focused on preserving its habitat due to the high percentage of deforestation of European forests. Monitoring and further research are required to establish its habitat and ecological requirements and to understand better the existing threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Barkalov, A. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Likov, L.","De Groot, M",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,nigripes,,Cheilosia nigripes,"(Meigen, 1822)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Europe and EU 27 because of its large extent of occurrence and number of locations. Habitat loss (both in quality and quantity) is expected due to changes in land-use and deforestation throughout Europe. Monitoring and further research is required to establish its habitat and ecological requirements and to understand better the existing threats.,Unknown,"This species has a Euro-Siberian distribution (Vujić 1996), and is widely distributed through all of Europe into Turkey and the European part of Russia, through Siberia to the Russian Far East (Speight, 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.",Based on all known reports there are numerous subpopulations across the whole of Europe. It has been collected from 1886 (Croatia) to the present day. The population trend is unknown for Europe and EU27.,"This is a very numerous species in southern Europe, predominantly in deciduous forests (Vujić 1992, 1996). Its preferred habitat is open grassy area in Fagus forest, usually on well-drained soils, and upwards through (well-drained) Abies/Picea forest to the lowest levels of subalpine grassland, both calcareous and non-calcareous (Speight 2020). In the Balkans, it is most abundant in Quercus and Fagus forests (Vujić 1996). Adults fly low, settling on the foliage of low-growing plants and bushes, and visit flowers such as Caltha palustris, Myosotis, Prunus padus, Ranunculus, Rubus idaeus, Stellaria holostea, Taraxacum or white umbellifers (Vujić 1992, Speight 2020). The flight period is from May to June and into July and beginning of August at higher altitudes. The larva is undescribed (Speight 2020).","The main threat to this species is habitat loss due to changes in land-use and deforestation throughout the whole of Europe (Bebi et al. 2017, Strandberg and Kjellström 2019), as well as intensification of grassland management and grazing pressure in Europe’s grasslands.","Cheilosia nigripes is on the Red List of the hoverflies of Baden-Württembergs, Denmark (LC), Germany (moderately common), Flanders (regionally CR) and Sachsen-Anhalt (very rare). Its distributional range is partly within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network and in the North York Moors National Park (UK), South Downs National Park (UK), Ormø-Færder National Park (Norway), Podyji National Park (Czech Republik), Foreste Casentinesi National Park (Italy), Triglav National Park (Slovenia), Fruška Gora National Park (Serbia), Kopaonik National Park (Serbia), Stara planina Natural Park (Serbia), Durmitor National Park (Montenegro), Dassia National Park (Greece), Pindos National Park (Greece) and Olympus National Park (Greece). Since it has been recorded mainly in deciduous and evergreen forests of most of Europe and Russia right to the Pacific coast, conservation actions should be focused on preserving its habitat due to high percentage of deforestation of European forests. Monitoring and further research is required to establish its habitat and ecological requirements, and to understand better the existing threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Barkalov, A. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Likov, L.","De Groot, M",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,nivalis,,Cheilosia nivalis,"Becker, 1894",A species of the subgenus Taeniocheilosia. For identification see the key to males of European Taeniocheilosia (as Nigrocheilosia) species in StN Keys volume; and Barkalov and Ståhls (1997) who figure the male terminalia. Genitalia have complicated structures which can make identification more difficult than for other species of the subgenus.,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  This European endemic is assessed as Endangered in Europe and EU 27 based on its known area of occupancy (116 km2 in Europe and 88 km2 in EU 27) and severely fragmented population, and because there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat inferred from changes in land-use throughout Europe. Monitoring and further research is required to establish its habitat and ecological requirements and to understand better the existing threats.",Unknown,"This European endemic is distributed in the mountainous areas of western and central Europe, from Spain to western Romania. The data from Poland (Speight 2020) are omitted since they are old and unverified. The area of occupancy (AOO), based on known records in Europe, is 116 km2, while in the EU27 it is 88 km2.","Based on all known reports there have been only a few specimens recorded in the period from 1906 to 2019. Most recently, in 2019, three specimens were collected in the Pyrenees in France. The population trend is unknown in Europe and the EU 27, but is presumed to be severely fragmented because it is only found at high altitudes and so subpopulations are isolated. The population is thus considered severely fragmented in Europe and the EU 27.","The preferred habits of this species appear to be stony, open areas along rivers, torrents or roads, unimproved grasslands within the upper levels of Abies/Picea forests upwards, through the Pinus cembra/mugo zone and into unimproved, sparsely vegetated, calcareous and non-calcareous subalpine grassland. Adults sit on low-growing, or large-leaved herbs in the sun, and visit flowers such as Ranunculus and Sisymbrium. The flight period is from mid May to July, and in August at higher elevations. The larva is undescribed (Speight 2020).","The main threats to this species are habitat loss due to changes in land-use and intensification of grassland management and grazing pressure in Europe’s grasslands. Climate change is likely to impact it also, because although records exist from low elevations it is mostly known from mountains.","Cheilosia nivalis is on the Red List of hoverflies of Bavaria (rare) and of Germany (very rare). Its distributional range is partly within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network, and in the Pyrenees National Park (France) and La Sainte-Baume Nature Park (France). Since it has been reported mainly in the mountains of central and western Europe, conservation actions should be focused on preserving its habitat due to the high percentage of deforestation in Europe. Monitoring and further research is required to establish its habitat and ecological requirements and to understand better the existing threats. Management of grazing is required.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Likov, L.","Ståhls, G., Ssymank, A., De Groot, M, Šebić, A, Bot, S. & Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,orthotricha,,Cheilosia orthotricha,"Vujić and Claussen, 1994",Cheilosia orthotricha belongs to the nominate subgenus. It is related to Cheilosia canicularis and C. himanthopa (Vujić and Claussen 1994). The long pleural hairs are smooth. Other diagnostic features presented in (Vujić and Claussen 1994).,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    This species is assessed as Least Concern on the basis that it has an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) both above the thresholds for any threatened category, and it occurs in a large number of locations defined by existing threats in both Europe and the EU 27. There is, nonetheless, a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat due to varied forms of anthropogenic disturbance. Further research on this species is needed, especially in its biology, ecology, population size and trend.",Unknown,"This European endemic is distributed from Belgium and France eastwards through central Europe (Germany, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary) to Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina (Vujić 1996, Speight 2020).",The population trend is unknown. There are many recorded subpopulations.,"This species prefers forest, along stream margins and trackside with tall-herb communities in humid deciduous forest of Fagus and Quercus. Adults inhabit open areas along streams and settle on the ground or on the foliage of large-leaved herb-layer plants, e.g. Petasites. Males hover at 1-3 m (Vujic 1996) and visit flowers of Petasites, Salix and Taraxacum. Adults are active from February to May, and at higher elevations until June and July. The developmental stages are undescribed, but the larva morphology have been scored (Stuke 2000). Stuke and Claussen (2000) record finding the larvae in Petasites hybridus, where they occur in the lower half of the flowering stalks. It is uncertain whether the species overwinters as a larva or puparium (Speight 2020).","Possible threats exist due to anthropogenic disturbance (deforestation,  logging, urbanization). In the Balkans, species distribution modelling  predicts a loss of 90% of its range by 2080 under climate  change under the A2a climate warming scenarios of the CSIRO climate  model (Radenković et al. 2017).","Some point localities of this species are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and the Natura 2000 network. Anthropogenic disturbance can disturb its habitats, and so continuous management of sites is recommended. Further investigation of its population size, threats and ecology is needed. More monitoring on population size and trends are required.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Popov, S. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,pagana,,Cheilosia pagana,"(Meigen, 1822)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    This species is assessed as Least Concern because of its large range across Europe and the EU 27. It is considered unthreatened across Europe (Speight et al. 2020). Potential threats exist from degradation of habitat quality in part of its range due to human activities such as unsustainable forestry and agriculture. Further research into its threats and population trend is needed.,Stable,"This species is widespread from Fennoscandia south to Iberia, and from Ireland eastwards through central and southern Europe into Turkey and Russia and on to Eastern Siberia (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.","There is no known information about population sizes, but presumably the population is stable in Europe and EU 27. No decreasing trends for this species are reported by Speight et al. (2020).","This species favours open areas in coniferous and deciduous forest and humid, unimproved grassland; somewhat synanthropic, occurring also along hedgerows in farmland and along roadsides. Adults prefer clearings and tracksides in woodland, scrub and carr; fen meadows, and along hedgerows and beside streams. Adults fly up to 2 m, with hovering males up to 4 or 5 m; they settle on foliage of bushes and low-growing plants. They visit flowers of yellow composites, Ranunculaceae, white umbellifers, Allium ursinum, Anemone nemorosa, Fragaria, Potentilla erecta, Primula, Prunus spinosa and Salix. The flight period is May to June and July to September. In southern Europe, adults are on the wing from mid March. The larva has been reared from rotting roots of Anthriscus sylvestris (Stubbs 1980) and Angelica sylvestris (Doczkal 1996), and was described by Rotheray (1990). Adults have repeatedly been collected by emergence traps installed over clumps of Heracleum and also of Angelica, suggesting that both of these large umbellifers can support larval development. The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988) (Speight 2020).","This species may be affected by the loss of habitat quality in some parts of its range due to unsustainable forestry and agriculture, but these threats do not influence the population across Europe as a whole, which remains stable.","There are no known conservation activities for this species. It is considered unthreatened across Europe (Speight et al. 2020). Future monitoring is needed, as well as research on its ecology and potential threats.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Barkalov, A. & Bowles, P.","Miličić, M. & Vujić, A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,paralobi,,Cheilosia paralobi,"Malski, 1962",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)   This species is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)) for Europe and the EU27 Member States because of its relatively small areas of occupancy (84 km2), continuing decline in quality of habitat and its occurrence as severely fragmented subpopulations. A continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat is inferred from the existing threats of degradation of habitat quality, mostly due to logging and wood harvesting. Further research into its ecology, threats and population trends is needed.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is known from small numbers of mostly scattered records in Portugal and Spain. In Europe and the EU 27, its extent of occurrence is estimated to be 285,733 km2, and area of occupancy 84 km2.  Outside of Europe it is present in North Africa (Morocco, Algeria) (Speight 2018).","There is no information about population trends. Around 100 specimens have been collected so far, the majority of which are recent. The population is considered to be severely fragmented, particularly in Spain.","This species prefers broad-leaved evergreen forest. It can be found by streams in Quercus ilex forest and, at higher altitudes, in mixed Q.ilex/Q.pyrenaica/Castanea forest (M. Marcos-Garcia, pers. comm. 2020), in open Castanea forest (C. Kehlmaier, pers. comm. 2020) and montane grassland with Castanea (Ricarte et al. 2014). Males hover over ground vegetation in open areas within forest (C. Kehlmaier, pers. comm. 2020). Adults visit umbellifers; Hedera, Leucanthemopsis, Mentha, Oenanthe, Ranunculus, Stellaria, Thapsia (Marcos-Garcia 1986, as C. latifacies - M. Marcos-Garcia, pers. comm. 2020) and Salix (Van Eck 2011).The flight period is April to November in Spain (Marcos-Garcia (1986, 1987, 1990), but in North Africa virtually throughout the year, with peaks in March/April and September/ October (Kassebeer 1998). The developmental stages are unknown (Speight 2018).","Habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation are the most significant threats to this species, mostly due to logging and wood harvesting. Infrastructure development and agricultural intensification are to a certain extent impacting its habitat as well. Too much grazing will also have a negative impact.","There are no ongoing conservation actions for this species. The majority of point localities occur within the Natura 2000 network, and some are within two Nature Parks. Additional research on its population size, trends and ecology, as well as on possible threats is needed. Monitoring of habitat trends is required. The limiting of logging operations is recommended as the main conservation action. Localities where this species is found should be placed under some form of protection to ensure its survival.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Barkalov, A. & Bowles, P.","Janković, M. & Vujić, A.","Bot, S., Šebić, A, Ståhls, G. & Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,pascuorum,,Cheilosia pascuorum,"Becker, 1894","Cheilosia pascorum belongs to proxima group of species of nominal subgenus. For identification see key of European species of proxima group in Vujić et al. (2013) who figure the male terminalia. In general appearance C. pascuorum closely resembles C. gigantea, but has abdominal tergites that are entirely pale (yellow-brown) haired, whereas in C. gigantea black hairs are also present. Where it meets R4+5, vein M1 is curved slightly toward the wing base in C. pascuorum. In the other species it either meets R4+5 at a right angle or is pointing more toward the wing apex, in consequence reaching R4+5 at an angle less than 90° (Speight 2018).",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This species is assessed as Least Concern because of its large area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27. Although threatened in some parts of the range (A. Vujić, pers. comm. 2020), it is considered that the entire European population is still stable. Potential threats are degradation of habitat quality in part of its range due to poor management practices of European forests, infrastructure development and agricultural intensification. Further research into its ecology, threats and population trend is needed.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe. It is distributed in France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Romania, parts of European Russia and the Balkans (Speight 2018). It has a relatively large range, and the area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU27 are estimated to be well above the threshold for any threatened category.",There is no information about population size or trends in Europe or the EU 27. In some parts of its range it is considered threatened.,"This species prefers humid deciduous forests of Quercus and Fagus (Vujic 1996), upwards into unimproved, non-calcareous subalpine grassland to above 2000 m (Goeldlin and Speight 1997), and tall-herb open areas in Quercus frainetto/Q. pubescens forest and Quercus cerris/Q. pubescens forest. Males hover at 2-5 m and settle on the ground, or on flowers (Vujic 1996). Adults visit flowers of Alyssum, Ficaria (Vujić 1996) and Euphorbia. The flight period is from April to beginning of June and July at higher altitudes (Vujić 1996). The developmental stages are not described, but the larva is known to be an internal feeder in Cynoglossum officinale (Vujić 1996).","This species is threatened by habitat degradation at least in some parts of its range, as a result of infrastructure development, unsustainable forest management and agricultural intensification.","There are no ongoing conservation actions known for this species. In some parts of the range it is considered threatened, so additional research on threats would be beneficial. Research on its population size and trends, and life history and ecology is needed. Monitoring of habitat trends is required.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Barkalov, A. & Bowles, P.","Janković, M. & Vujić, A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,pedemontana,,Cheilosia pedemontana,"Rondani, 1857","A species of the subgenus Taeniocheilosia. For identification see the key to males of European Taeniocheilosia (as Nigrocheilosia) species in StN Keys volume; and Barkalov and Ståhls (1997) who figure the male terminalia. The female of this species is remarkably similar to the female of C. alpestris, from which it may most easily be distinguished by its hairy metasternum (the metasternum is bare in C. alpestris; Speight 2018), and by the shape of alula on the wing.",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 assessment: Endangered (EN)   This species is assessed as Endangered because it has relatively small area of occupancy (92 km2 in Europe and 84 km2 in EU 27), and the population is considered severely fragmented. The potential current and projected threats are degradation of habitat quality, mostly due infrastructure development and unsustainable livestock grazing, causing a decline in the quality and extent of habitat. Further research into its ecology, threats and population trend is needed.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe. It is distributed in Spain, France, Switzerland, Austria, northern Italy, Romania (Speight 2018), Bulgaria, Slovenia and Germany. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is large in Europe and the EU 27 and the area of occupancy (AOO) based on known records is estimated to be 92 km2. In the EU 27, the AOO is 84 km2.","There is no information about population size or trends in Europe and the EU 27. Around 300 specimens have been collected so far throughout the entire range, including some recent records in France (2018) and Switzerland (2019). This is a small species but easy to see and it occurs in fairly large subpopulations, but not in many places. This is thought likely to reflect reliance on a specialized but presently unknown larval host plant. The population is considered severely fragmented because it is found at high altitudes in isolated subpopulations.","This species prefers open areas within montane zone Abies/Picea forest and upwards into unimproved, calcareous and non-calcareous subalpine grassland to 2,000 m, in the Alps. Males hover at 2-4 m in open areas within forest and rest on foliage of shrubs such as Alnus viridis. Both sexes rest on rocks or patches of bare ground in the sun to bask. They visit flowers of umbellifers, Caltha and Ranunculus. The flight period is from June to September. The developmental stages are undescribed (Speight 2018) but Doczkal (1996) suggested that one host-plant was probably Peucedanum ostruthium (Apiaceae).","This species is threatened by habitat degradation due to infrastructure development (tourism, road networks, and urbanization) and unsustainable grazing.","There are no ongoing conservation actions known for this species. Some of the point localities occur within Natura 2000 sites and other protected areas. Its conservation needs should be taken into account when creating and implementing management plans for those protected areas. Research on its population size and trends, life history and ecology, as well as possible threats is needed. Monitoring of habitat trends is required. Management of grazing is recommended as the main conservation action.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Bowles, P.","Janković, M. & Vujić, A.","Bot, S., Šebić, A, Ståhls, G. & Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,pedestris,,Cheilosia pedestris,"Becker, 1894","Cheilosia pedestris belongs to the subgenus Taeniocheilosia. It was described by Becker (1894), based on a solitary female. Claussen and van der Weyer (2004) described C. romigi from Italy. The synonymy of C. romigi with C. pedestris was established by Claussen and Speight (2007) (Speight 2018).",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 assessment: Endangered (EN)   This species is assessed as Endangered because it has a severely fragmented population, a relatively small area of occupancy (32 km2 in Europe and 24 km2 in the EU 27) and is found in only seven locations. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat, inferred from logging, unsustainable grazing and infrastructure development. Further research into the ecology, threats and population trend of this rare alpine species is needed.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe. It is distributed in Italy and Switzerland (the Alps and the Jura mountains) (Speight 2018). In Europe, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 37,851 km2 and area of occupancy (AOO) to be 32 km2. In the EU 27, the AOO is 24 km2 and the EOO is 8507 km2.","There is no information on the population trends of this species. About 10 individuals have been found so far, most of them from Italy. The most recent record is from 2003, collected in Italy. The population trend is unknown; the lack of recent records may indicate a decline, but further research is needed to confirm this. The population is considered to be severely fragmented. The largest subpopulation occurs near and within Parco Nazionale del Gran Paradiso, while in other parts of Europe it is scattered and restricted to small subpopulations with little or no communication among them.","This species has been recorded from unimproved montane/subalpine, calcareous grassland within the Fagus/Abies zone, up to 1,800 m. It can also be found in subalpine Pinus uncinata forest on karst. Adults fly fast and low over short ground vegetation. They settle on foliage of shrubs along the woodland edge. The flight period is from mid-May to June. The developmental stages are unknown (Speight 2018).","The habitat of this species is threatened by logging (commercial forestry), but the most significant threats are unsustainable grazing and infrastructure development (ski centres, road networks, etc.), which can threaten it even in protected areas.","There are no ongoing conservation actions known for this species. Two point localities occur within the Natura 2000 network, and three point localities are within Parco Nazionale Gran Paradiso in Italy; it also occurs in Monte Baldo Regional Park in Italy. Its conservation needs should be taken into account when creating and implementing management plans within those protected areas. Further research on its ecology, population trends and possible threats is needed. Monitoring of habitat trends is required, particularly close to Lake Garda in Italy. Controlling the level of grazing is required.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Bowles, P.","Janković, M. & Vujić, A.","Bot, S., Šebić, A, Ståhls, G. & Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,personata,,Cheilosia personata,"Loew, 1857",A species of the subgenus Taeniocheilosia. For identification see the key to males of European Taeniocheilosia (as Nigrocheilosia) species in StN Keys volume; and Barkalov and Ståhls (1997) who figure the male terminalia.,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    This species has a large range and a large number of locations was estimated. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27 and so it is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 27. There is a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat due to anthropogenic interference (deforestation, logging, agriculture, urbanization, and tourism), but the current population trend is considered to be stable. Further research on this species is needed, especially on its biology, ecology, population size and trend.",Stable,"This European endemic is distributed in northern Spain, the Pyrenees, the Alps and northern parts of the former Yugoslavia (Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia) (Speight 2020). Its occurrence in the Apennines is based on an old record (1938) from Abruzzo National Park. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.","There is no information on the population size or trend, but it is considered stable. The oldest record dates from 1912 from Bosnia and Herzegovina, although there are recent records also (from 2020 in Slovenia). Where present it is found in good numbers.","This species prefers forest/open ground; open areas in humid Fagus forest and upwards through the Picea zone into the Larix/Pinus mugo or P. sylvestris/P. uncinata zone; plus unimproved, calcareous and non-calcareous montane grassland. Adults inhabit clearings and tracksides within forest and more open grassland. They fly fast and low and settle on low growing vegetation and visit flowers of white umbellifers and Adenostyles, Knautia, Saxifraga and Scabiosa. The flight period is in June and July, and in August at higher elevations. The developmental stages are undescribed, and the host plant is unknown (Speight 2020).","Possible threats are general impacts due to anthropogenic interference (deforestation, logging, agriculture, urbanization). Both over- and undergrazing negatively affect the population. In the Balkans, species distribution modelling has predicted a 79% decline in its distribution by 2080 (Radenković et al. 2017), which could lead to the loss of the subpopulation from the Balkan peninsula, but the species would survive in the Alps in this scenario and so is not considered a range-wide threat.","Some point localities of this species are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and Natura 2000 networks. These include Gorski kotar and Plitvice Lakes National Parks as well as Velebit Nature Park in Croatia, Durmitor National Park in Montenegro, and in Serbia the Tara and Kopaonik National Parks, as well as Stara planina Nature Park. Further research into its population size, threats and ecology is needed. More monitoring of population and habitat trends is required. Management of grazing and sustainable agriculture practices is recommended.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Milić, D.","Bot, S., Šebić, A, Ståhls, G. & Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,pictipennis,,Cheilosia pictipennis,"Egger, 1860",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 assessment: Endangered (EN)   This species is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)) for both Europe and the EU27 Member States because of its relatively small area of occupancy (180 km2 in Europe; 72 km2 in EU 27), a decline in the quality of its habitat (mostly due to tourism, infrastructure development and unsustainable grazing) and the severe fragmentation of its subpopulations. Further research into its distribution, ecology, threats and population trend is needed.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in Germany, France, Switzerland, Austria, Romania, Italy, Greece, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Serbia. Speight (2020) lists European Russia as well, but this cannot be confirmed with certainty.   Outside of Europe, it is found in Siberia and the Caucasus (Speight 2018, 2020, Mengual et al. 2020). In Europe, it is restricted to the highest mountains – the Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians, and Balkan mountains. In Europe, its extent of occurrence is estimated to be 776,717 km2 and area of occupancy 180 km2. In the EU 27, the extent of occurrence is estimated to be 769,716 km2 and area of occupancy 72 km2.","There is no information about the population size and trends of this species. Around 100 specimens have been collected so far across the entire range. Most of the records are more than 20 years old; the most recent specimen was found in 2015 in Switzerland. It is not a difficult species to see in the field, but there are only a few new records. This suggests that the species is rare and potentially in decline, but further research is required to confirm the population trend. The population is considered to be severely fragmented because it is restricted to the highest mountains in Europe, and connected with alpine habitats which are under immense pressure.","This species prefers mature Abies/Picea forest and unimproved calcareous montane grassland. Adults fly low in open areas within Picea forest or in unimproved grassland at higher altitude, and may settle on the ground. They visit flowers of Ranunculus and Sorbus aucuparia. The flight period is from May to June and on to July at higher elevations. The developmental stages are unknown (Speight 2018).","Habitat loss and fragmentation are the major threats to Alpine biodiversity, and are considered to affect this species. Infrastructure development, tourism and unsustainable grazing are major causes of habitat degradation. There are no data on modelling of climate change effects, but climate change is predicted to have a future impact especially in the Balkans.","There are no conservation actions known for this species. Some of the point localities occur within the Natura 2000 network and protected areas. Additional research on its ecology, population size and trends is needed. Monitoring of population and habitat trends is very important. Sustainable grazing and tourism management are required.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Bowles, P.","Janković, M. & Vujić, A.","Bot, S., Šebić, A, Ståhls, G. & Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,pilifer,,Cheilosia pilifer,"Becker, 1894","Barkalov and Stahls (1997) figure the male terminalia. An additional key, for identification of the bare-eyed, black-legged Cheilosia species with partly red/orange antennae, is providedby Claussen and van der Weyer (2004). C. clausseni is easily mistaken for C. pilifer (Speight 2020).",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 assessment: Endangered (EN)  This species is assessed as Endangered because of its severely fragmented population, the relatively small area of occupancy (AOO for Europe is 64 km2 and for the EU27 60 km2), and an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat, mostly due to tourism, infrastructure development and unsustainable grazing. The population is considered to be severely fragmented, as this species  is restricted to the Alpine region in Europe and associated with alpine  habitats which are under immense pressure. Further research into its ecology, threats and population trends is needed.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe. It is distributed in France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Italy (Speight 2018). In Europe, its extent of occurrence is estimated to be 66,768 km2 and the area of occupancy to be 64 km2. In the EU 27, the extent of occurrence is estimated to be 667,68 km2, and area of occupancy to be 60 km2.","There is no information about the population size and trends of this species. Around 20 specimens have been collected across its entire range. Although the population trend is unknown, there have been very few records over the last 20 years and very few recent ones, so a decline in the population is suspected. The population is considered to be severely fragmented, because it is restricted to the Alpine region in Europe, and associated with alpine habitats which are under immense pressure. The mountain-top habitat is naturally severely fragmented, restricting communication between subpopulations.","This species apparently prefers unimproved calcareous and non-calcareous grassland, from the Larix/Pinus mugo zone upwards to above 2,500 m. Adults fly at up to 1 m, in open grassland, settling on vegetation. They visit flowers of Ranunculus. The flight period is from the beginning of June to end of July, plus in August at higher altitudes. The developmental stages are undescribed (Speight 2018).","Habitat loss and fragmentation are the major threats to alpine biodiversity. Tourism, infrastructure development and unsustainable grazing are the main causes. Climate change is suspected to be having both ongoing and future impacts on this species.","There are no ongoing conservation actions known for this species. Some point localities occur within the Natura 2000 network or National Parks. Additional research on its population size and trends, as well as its ecology is needed. Monitoring of habitat trends is required. Better management of grazing and tourism is recommended.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Bowles, P.","Janković, M. & Vujić, A.","Romig, T., Sommaggio, D., Šebić, A, Bot, S. & Ståhls, G.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,pini,,Cheilosia pini,"Becker, 1894","Cheilosia pini belongs to the nominal subgenus. Vujić and Claussen (2000) redescribed the male and provide a description of the female, together with figures of the male terminalia and the key separating C. pini from other species of the pini group (Speight 2020).",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 assessment: Endangered (EN)  This species is assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU 27 because of its severely fragmented population and relatively small area of occupancy (36 km2). At the EU 27 level it is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)) due to the severely fragmented population, small area of occupancy (20 km²) and occurrence in only five locations. At both levels, there is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat. Potential threats are degradation of its habitat quality, mostly due to logging, agricultural intensification and infrastructure development. Further research into its ecology, threats, distribution and population trend is needed.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe. It is distributed in France, Germany, Slovakia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro (Speight 2018), and Romania (Stanescu and Parvu 2005).     Speight (2018) also list Poland and the Czech Republic, but these records are historical and the continuing presence of C. pini in these countries is uncertain. In Europe, the extent of occurrence is estimated to be 381,286 km2 and the area of occupancy to be 36 km2. In EU 27, the extent of occurrence is estimated to be 210,450 km2 and area of occupancy to be 20 km2.","There is no information about the population size or trends of this species. Around 30 specimens have been collected so far, the most recent from 2012. It has an early flight period, which means there may be a lack of data due to the surveying season. The population is considered to be severely fragmented, because this species is restricted to mountainous regions and associated with forests and montane grasslands which are under immense pressure, reducing connectivity between subpopulations.","This species has been recorded from humid Fagus/Picea forest (Vujić and Claussen 2000), and humid, montane grassland at 1,100 m asl (Treiber and Doczkal 2016). Males visit flowers of Salix and Caltha (Vujić  and Claussen 2000). The flight period is from April to July (Speight  2018). The developmental stages and host plant are unknown.","The major threats to this species are habitat destruction due to logging (commercial forestry), agricultural intensification and infrastructure development.","There are no conservation actions known for this species. Some point localities occur within the Natura 2000 network. Additional research and monitoring on its population, habitat size and trend, and its ecology is needed, as well as clarifying the impacts of threats. Efforts to confirm its presence in Poland and the Czech Republic should be made. More sustainable forest practices are recommended.",There is no use of or trade in this species.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Bowles, P.","Janković, M. & Vujić, A.","Mazanek, L., Ståhls, G., Šebić, A, Bot, S. & Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,proxima,,Cheilosia proxima,"(Zetterstedt, 1843)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   Cheilosia proxima is assessed as Least Concern because of its relatively large range. Although a decreasing population trend is recorded in some European countries, it is considered that the entire European subpopulation is still stable. Potential threats are degradation of habitat quality in part of its range due to poor management practices of European forests, agricultural intensification, unsustainable farming and infrastructure development. Further research into its ecology, threats and population trend is needed.",Stable,"This is a widely distributed species, with a range stretching from Fenno-Scandinavia south to Pyrenees and mountainous parts of Spain, and from Britain eastwards throughout much of Europe into Turkey and European parts of Russia, and though Siberia from the Urals to Kamchatka in the Russian Far East (Speight 2018).","There is no information on population size or trends, but the population is considered stable.","This species prefers forest, both coniferous and deciduous, acidophilous Quercus and humid Fagus/Picea, and also occurs in scrub and unimproved grassland. It can be seen near clearings or tracksides, and may occur in small patches of woodland, among scrub in old pasture and in more open grassland situations. The males hover at up to 6 m beside trees. Both sexes rest on the foliage of bushes and trees, not infrequently at more than 3 m from the ground. Adults visit flowers of white umbellifers, Crataegus, Euphorbia, Prunus spinosa, Ranunculus and Valeriana dioica. The larva has been described and figured by Rotheray (1988), collected from rosettes of Cirsium palustre, where it is an external feeder on the root collar and the lateral roots. The species has also been reared from other Cirsium spp and Centaurea maculosum. It overwinters as a puparium. The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988) (Speight 2018).","The habitat of this species is threatened due to unsustainable forest management, agricultural intensification, unsustainable farming and infrastructure development.","There are no ongoing conservation actions known for this species. Additional research on its population size and trend, as well as its ecology is needed. Monitoring of habitat trends is required.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Barkalov, A. & Bowles, P.","Janković, M. & Vujić, A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,psilophthalma,,Cheilosia psilophthalma,"Becker, 1894","Cheilosia psilophthalma belongs to the nominate subgenus. In some recent keys this species would usually key out to C. urbana, since C.psilophthalma can have antennae that are from pale orange to almost black, and the keys do not accommodate this range of variation. This species can also be confused with C. latigenis (Speight 2018).",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Cheilosia psilophthalma is assessed as Least Concern because of its large range. It is considered that the entire European subpopulation is still stable, and although not yet confirmed outside Europe it may be more widespread than presently understood. Potential threats are degradation of habitat quality in part of its range due to poor management practices of European forests, and infrastructure development. Further research into its ecology, threats and population trend is needed.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe. Its full range is uncertain, due to confusion until recently with C. latigenis and C. urbana, but it is confirmed from southern Norway, Sweden, southern Finland, Ireland, Britain, France (Vosges, Alps, Cevennes), Poland, Switzerland, Greece, Montenegro, Serbia and European Russia (Speight 2018).","There is no information about the population size or trends of this species, but the population is considered stable throughout most of the range. The closely-related C. urbana often occurs in great numbers, but only single individuals of C. psilophthalma are usually found.","This species prefers open ground within forest: open, grassy areas within sparse woodland and unimproved, montane/subalpine grassland from above 1,500 m, down to grassy, open areas within karstic Quercus pubescens forest. Adults settle on low-growing vegetation, e.g. clumps of dead Molinia and visit flowers of shrubs. They visit flowers of Acer platanoides, Anemone nemorosa, Euphorbia, Primula veris, Prunus padus, P. spinosa, and Salix spp. including S. repens. The flight period is from April to May and on to July at higher altitudes. The larval morphology is undescribed, but according to Grosskopf et al. (2001) it develops in the aerial parts of Hieracium pilosella and H. caespitosum, overwintering as a puparium among ground-surface litter (Speight 2018).","Threats to the habitat of this species include unsustainable forest management and logging operations, and infrastructure development.","There are no ongoing conservation actions known for this species. Additional research in order to determine the borders of its range is needed, and so is research on its ecology, population size and trend. Monitoring of the habitat trend is required.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Barkalov, A. & Bowles, P.","Janković, M. & Vujić, A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,pubera,,Cheilosia pubera,"(Zetterstedt, 1838)",A species of the subgenus Taeniocheilosia. For identification see key to males of European Taeniocheilosia (as Nigrocheilosia) species in StN Keys volume; and Barkalov and Ståhls (1997) who figure the male terminalia.,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least-concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least-concern (LC)    This species is widespread in both Europe and the EU 27, and is listed as Least Concern. There is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat due to tourism, overgrazing and other anthropogenic interference (deforestation, logging, agriculture, urbanization). Lots of further research is needed, especially into its biology, ecology, population size and trend.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in Fennoscandia, the Ardennes, northern Spain (Cordillera Cantabrica) and the Alps; from Ireland eastwards through northern and central Europe (plus mountainous parts of northern Italy and the former Yugoslavia) into European parts of Russia (Speight 2020). It is endemic to Europe.",The population trend is unknown. Based on all known data there are numerous subpopulations across Europe.,"This species prefers unimproved montane pasture and fen carr and beside streams in Fagus/Picea forest. Adults fly low over ground vegetation in grassland and in open areas along streams within forest, settling on the foliage of large-leaved plants and visiting flowers such as Acer platanoides, Caltha, Cardamine, Prunus padus, Pulsatilla alpina, Ranunculus and Taraxacum. Adults are active from the end April to June at lower elevations, and June/July at higher elevations and more northerly latitudes. Exceptionally, there appears to be a second generation in Ireland, with a flight period in July and August. The larva is described by Stuke and Carstensen (2002), found in the leaf-bases and root-stock of Geum rivale between June and September, and overwintering as a puparium. C. pubera can be found in at least two rather different types of situation. This may be due to the larvae having plant hosts with rather distinctly different ecological requirements (Speight 2020).","This species may be exposed to threats due to anthropogenic disturbance (deforestation, logging, agriculture, and urbanization). Overgrazing may also negatively affect its population. In the Balkans, a reduction of its distributional area by up to 50% has been projected by 2080 under the B2a climate warming scenarios of the CSIRO climate model using species distribution modelling (Radenković et al. 2017).","There are no known conservation actions for this species so far. Some point localities are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and the Natura 2000 network. Continuous management of sites is recommended. Further research into its population size, threats and ecology is needed. More monitoring of population and habitat trends is required.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Bowles, P. & Barkalov, A.","Vujić, A. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,ranunculi,,Cheilosia ranunculi,"Doczkal, 2000","Cheilosia ranunculi belongs to the nominate subgenus. Doczkal (2000) provides features for distinguishing the male of Cheilosia ranunculi from males of the closely-related C. albitarsis. Males of C. albitarsis and C. ranunculi can also be separated using the keys provided by van Veen (2004). Females of these two species cannot be distinguished. C. ranunculi and C. albitarsis are indistinguishable in the field and may be found in flight in the same place and on the same day, so considerable care is required in determining specimens.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    This species is widespread in both Europe and the EU 27, and is listed as Least Concern. There is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat due to urbanization, tourism and agriculture. Lots of further research is needed, especially into its biology, ecology, population size and trend.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in Denmark, Britain (southern England), France (Paris basin southwards), Germany, Switzerland, Hungary, Italy (including Sicily), Spain, parts of the former Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania (Speight 2020). It is endemic to Europe.",There are numerous subpopulations of this species. There is no information about its population size and trend.,"This species prefers open ground; unimproved dry grassland and open grassy areas within forest, from thermophilous Quercus forest up to 1,500 m in the Abies zone in the Jura and Alps. Adults fly at up to 1 m through grassland vegetation, settling on flowers or on leaves of low-growing plants and visiting flowers of Caltha, Ranunculus and Senecio (Speight, 2020). Adults are active from the end of April to the beginning of June. The larva of C.ranunculi is undescribed, but is probably associated with Ranunculus bulbosus since oviposition has been seen (Doczkal 2000, 2002), though Gibbs and Plant (2001) report the occurrence of C. ranunculi from localities where R. bulbosus did not seem to be present.","The most plausible threat is destruction of habitat due to conversion of forest and grassland areas into agricultural land, urbanization, tourism and supporting infrastructure. In the Balkans, a loss of up to 37% by 2080 of its distribution has been predicted under the A2a climate warming scenarios of the CSIRO climate model using species distribution modelling (Radenković et al. 2017).","Some point localities of this species are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and the Natura 2000 network: in Italy the Apuan Alps regional park, in Slovenia in Triglav National Park, in Croatia in Gorski kotar National Park, in Montenegro in Durmitor National Park, and in five national parks in Serbia as well as special reserves and natural parks. One subpopulation is situated in Boka-Kotorska Bay World Heritage Site; in Serbia in all five National parks (Fruška gora, Tara, Šar planina, Đerdap and Kopaonik), in Natural park Vršačke planine, special reserve of nature Deliblatska peščara and Obedska bara etc. Anthropogenic disturbances affect its habitats, so continuous management of sites is recommended. Further investigations of its population size, threats and ecology are needed. More monitoring of the population and habitat trend are required.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Popov, S. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,redi,,Cheilosia redi,"Vujić, 1996","Cheilosia redi belongs to the nominal subgenus. It was originally described (Vujic 1996) as a subspecies of Cheilosia melanopa, it was raised to species level by Francuski et al. (2009), on the results of a comparative morphometric study of the adult insects involving C. lasiopa, C. melanopa and C. variabilis (Speight 2018).",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Cheilosia redi is assessed as Least Concern because of its large extent of occurrence and number of locations. Potential threats to this species are degradation of habitat quality, mostly due to logging and wood harvesting, agricultural intensification and infrastructure development. Further research into its ecology, threats and population trend is needed.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania (Speight 2018) and Montenegro (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). It is endemic to Europe.","There is no information on the population trends of this species. Around 200 specimens have been collected so far from its entire range, the oldest in 1911 (from Bosnia and Herzegovina) and the most recent from 2017 (Montenegro and Serbia). Within its range there are three countries with only a single recorded specimen: the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia. The majority of specimens have been collected in Serbia (135).","Cheilosia redi can be found near streams in Balkanic thermophilous Quercus forest, Quercus/Carpinus forest and mesophilous Fagus forest (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). Males hover at 2-3 m (Vujić 1996). Adults visit flowers of Caltha, Salix and Stellaria (Vujić 1996). The flight period is from March to May, and July at the northern edge of its range (Vujić 1996). The developmental stages are unknown (Speight 2018).","The habitat of this species is threatened by logging operations, agricultural intensification, overgrazing and infrastructure development (tourism and road networks).","There are no ongoing conservation actions known for this species. Three point localities occur within the Natura 2000 network. Some of the point localities are within Protected Areas in Serbia (Fruška gora National Park, Đerdap National Park) and Montenegro (Durmitor National Park). Additional research on its ecology, and population size and trend is needed. Monitoring of the habitat trend is required.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Bowles, P. & Popov, S.","Janković, M. & Vujić, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,reniformis,,Cheilosia reniformis,"Hellén, 1930",,No,VU,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)    Cheilosia reniformis is assessed as Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii)) for both Europe and for the EU27 Member States because of its relatively small area of occupancy and number of locations, just within the threshold for this category. The main potential threat is degradation of habitat quality, mostly due to clearing of areas for arable land and infrastructure development. Further research into its ecology, threats and population trend is needed.    It is suspected that this species is much more widespread in Europe, but without further research and verification of existing records, it is not possible to draw a final conclusion. More genetic data are needed, because it is difficult to distinguish related species solely on the basis of morphology. Therefore, the species is assessed as Vulnerable, but it could be more widespread. It is also severely fragmented, but the extent of this is not fully known. More research is needed.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in Norway (Nielsen and Ødegaard 2013), Finland and Ukraine (Speight 2018). Mutin and Barkalov (1999) characterized its range in the non-European Palaearctic as Siberia, south of the Khabarovsk Region, the Amur Region, the Sakha Republic (Yakutia), and the Irkutsk Region (Prokhorov et al. 2018). It is likely to be more widespread (for instance occurring in Sweden), so the true distribution is unknown and the area of occupancy based on existing records highly inaccurate.","There is no information about the population size or trend of this species. Approximately 40 specimens have been collected so far, the majority of them recent (from 2009 to 2017) because the species has only recently been recognized as valid. In Finland there are good numbers and stable subpopulations, but numbers in other countries are unknown.","This species prefers humid, unimproved grassland along streams and grassy open areas in forests. Males hover at 2-3 m above ground (G. Ståhls pers. comm. 2020). Adults visit Caltha (G. Ståhls pers. comm. 2020), Trollius riederanus (Gritskevich 1998), Tussilago and Salix caprea (Bartsch et al. 2009). The flight period is from April to June. The developmental stages are unknown (Speight 2018).","This species is potentially threatened by habitat destruction mostly due to clearing of areas for arable land and construction (infrastructure development), but any impacts of these or other threats are mostly unknown.",There are no conservation actions known for this species. Only one point locality occurs within the Natura 2000 network. Additional research on its population trend and ecology is needed. Monitoring of the habitat trend is required.,There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Bowles, P. & Obreht Vidakovic, D.","Janković, M. & Vujić, A.","Bot, S., Šebić, A, Ståhls, G. & Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,rhodiolae,,Cheilosia rhodiolae,"Schmid, 2000","Cheilosia rhodiolae belongs to the nominate subgenus. Schmid (2000) figures the male terminalia and provides a key distinguishing this species from related C. fasciata and C. semifasciata. Speight et al. (2017) review the features available for separation of C. rhodiolae from C. fasciata and C. semifasciata and provide another identification key. Unpublished findings of Cheilosia semifasciata mining in leaves of Rhodiola rosea in Enontekiö, Finnish Lapland complicates the taxonomic interpretation of C. rhodiolae, which was previously believed to use a different host plant from C. semifasciata. Its species status remains doubtful as comparisons of mtDNA COI barcode sequences of adults and larvae from Central Europe, southern and northern Finland of both Cheilosia semifasciata and C. rhodiolae show identical mtDNA barcode sequences (Lair et al. 2021), and the morphological characters to separate the species are not informative.",Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Europe 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  This species is assessed as Data Deficient due to taxonomic uncertainty and therefore uncertainty about its true distribution. The taxonomic uncertainty arises from it being particularly difficult to separate from Cheilosia semifasciata, evident for subpopulations in central Europe where both species occur. More  research is needed on its distribution, taxonomy, ecology and population  trends. The available data are inadequate  to determine the degree of threat, and therefore it is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"This European endemic is a high-elevation alpine species recorded from Austria, France and Switzerland (Schmid 2000, 2007; Speight et al. 2017).",There is no information on population trends of this species.,"This species was described from a high-altitude locality in Austria, and the larvae are leaf miners of roseroot, Rhodiola rosea. Recent studies have shown that Finnish subpopulations of Cheilosia rhodoliae utilize both Hylotelephium telephium and Rhodiola rosea as host plants. Schmid (2000) reported that both sexes feed persistently on flowers of Rhodiola rosea, which grows in rocky areas at high elevations, and suggests (U. Schmid pers. comm. 2020) that this species may be an important pollinator of this plant. Males hover at 3-5 m over plants of Rhodiola, and settle almost exclusively on their inflorescences. Females lay their eggs on the undersides and bases of Rhodiola leaves, particularly basal leaves of the plant (U. Schmid pers. comm. 2020). The flight period is mid June and July. The larva was described and figured by Schmid (2000), who also provided details of the larval biology. He showed that the larva mines the leaves and overwinters as a puparium.","Habitat loss and fragmentation are the major threats to alpine  biodiversity. Tourism, infrastructure development and unsustainable  farming are the main drivers. Any impacts on this species are unknown, and its host plant is widely cultivated.","There are no known conservation actions for this species. Research is needed to clarify whether it is a valid species and to determine its population trend and potential threats. The type locality of Cheilosia rhodiolae is in the National Park Hohe Tauern (Austria) (Schmid 2000), and is reported from Mercantour NP (France) (Speight et al. 2017).",This species is not commercially utilized nor traded.,"Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Ståhls, G.","Lair, X.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,rhynchops,,Cheilosia rhynchops,"Egger, 1860",Cheilosia rhynchops belongs to the nominate subgenus. It is extremely difficult to separate this species from C. lenta. The main difference is the presence of pilosity at mid of katepisternum.,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    This species is assessed as Least Concern because it is widespread in both Europe and the EU 27. The continuing decline in the quality of its habitat due to tourism, overgrazing and urbanization is considered to be the main threat. It is distributed on the high mountains in central Europe and the Balkan Peninsula. However, lots of further research is needed, especially on its biology, ecology, population size and trend.",Unknown,"This endemic European species is distributed from Poland south to the Alps, and from northeastern France (Vosges) eastwards through central Europe to Austria and northern Italy, the former Yugoslavia, Romania and Bulgaria (Speight 2020). On the Balkan peninsula C. rhynchops is known from high elevations in the Alps, Dinaric mountains, Stara Planina and Rilo-Rhodopes (Vujić 1996).",There is no information about population size and trends for this species. It inhabits high mountains in several countries in Europe.,"This species prefers Fagus/Picea and Fagus/Abies forest, from the upper elevational limit of the Fagus into the Abies/Picea zone and upwards into the Larix/P. mugo/P. uncinata zone to 2,000 m. Adults inhabit clearings, tracksides, beside streams etc., flying quickly through vegetation up to 2 m, and settling on the foliage of bushes, Petasites etc. Males hover at up to 5 m in open areas within forest. Adults visit flowers of Caltha, Euphorbia, Ranunculus and Sorbus aucuparia. The flight period is from the end of May to July. The developmental stages have been scored by Stuke (2000), and the female has been observed ovipositing on Adenostyles alliariae (Doczkal 1996), strongly suggesting that this is a larval host plant (Speight 2020).",Expansion of tourist infrastructure (ski resorts) is the most plausible threat. Overgrazing and residential urbanization also negatively affect the population. In the Balkans a loss of up to 69% in its distribution by 2080 has been predicted under the B2a climate warming scenarios of the CSIRO climate model using species distribution modelling (Radenković et al. 2017).,"Some point localities of this species are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and the Natura 2000 network. Continuous management of sites is recommended. Further studies of its population size, threats and ecology are needed. More monitoring on the population and habitat trends are required.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Barkalov, A. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,rodgersi,,Cheilosia rodgersi,"Wainwright, 1911",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)   This species is assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU 27 because it has very small area of occupancy and is found in just two locations. Potential threats include degradation of habitat quality, mostly due to fires and to some extent overgrazing. Further research into its ecology, threats and population trend is needed.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is known from a single record in central Portugal and a single record in southern Spain. In Europe and the EU 27, extent of occurrence (EOO) cannot be calculated as it only exists in two localities; the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 8 km2.  Outside Europe it is found in Morocco (Speight 2018).","There is no information about the population trend of this species. Only a few specimens have been collected so far. The specimen from Portugal is from 1972, the Spanish record is even older. During the most recent surveys in Spain conducted in the last 3-4 years, specimens of many other species were collected, but not of this one. It is possible it may not be present in Spain any more. However, it is most often found after rainfall, and there is a possibility that the weather conditions were not favourable during these surveys. Therefore, more research is required before it can be determined that the species is no longer present in Spain.",This species prefers Mediterranean forest and garrigue (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). Data on its ecology is lacking. The flight period is in April. The developmental stages are unknown.,"The habitat of this species is potentially threatened by fires, which are getting more frequent and intense throughout the Mediterranean as a result of climate change. Overgrazing could also contribute to habitat degradation. Near the coast, there is increased infrastructure development.","There are no ongoing conservation actions known for this species. Both point localities occur within the Natura 2000 network. Research on its habitat, ecology, population size and trend is much needed, as well as monitoring of the habitat trend. Grazing management and more sustainable development activities are required.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Bowles, P.","Janković, M. & Vujić, A.","Bot, S., Šebić, A, Ståhls, G. & Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,rufimana,,Cheilosia rufimana,"Becker, 1894",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is assessed as Least Concern because of its large extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO). It is considered that the entire European and EU 27 population is still stable. Potential threats include degradation of habitat quality in part of its range due to poor management practices of European forests, agricultural intensification and infrastructure development. Further research into its ecology, threats and population trend is needed.",Stable,"This species is distributed from Finland, Denmark and Belgium eastwards through mountainous parts of central Europe to Bulgaria and Ukraine. Outside Europe it is found in Kazakhstan and Asiatic Russia (Speight 2018).","There is no information about population size, but it is considered stable across most of its the range.","Cheilosia rufimana prefers deciduous forest. It can be found in humid Fagus forest and in the vicinity of springs and flushes in more open country. Males hover at 2-6 m and settle on low growing vegetation on the ground. Adults visit flowers of white umbelifers, Anemone nemorosa, Bunias orientalis, Caltha, Crataegus, Euphorbia, Ficaria verna, Geranium sylvaticum, Iris pseudacorus, Prunus padus and P.spinosa, Ranunculus, Salix, Stellaria and Taraxacum. The flight period is from the end of April to mid June. The developmental stages are unknown but Bothe (1986) observed a female ovipositing on Polygonum bistorta (Speight 2018).","There are several threats to the habitat of this species: unsustainable forest management, transformation of habitat into arable land and infrastructure development.",There are no ongoing conservation actions known for this species. It is protected by law in Serbia. Additional research on its population size and trend and on its ecology is needed. Monitoring is required.,There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Barkalov, A. & Bowles, P.","Janković, M. & Vujić, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,sahlbergi,,Cheilosia sahlbergi,"Becker, 1894",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  This species occurs in northern Europe, the UK and part of eastern Europe. Taxonomic uncertainty makes its true distribution uncertain. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 272 km2 in Europe and 152 km2 in the EU27, which could bring this species close to being assessed as threatened, especially as a decline in quality of habitat can be projected.  However, it is particularly difficult to separate this species from C. grisella Becker, C. pubera (Zett.) and C. vangaveri (Timon-David), creating uncertainty evident for subpopulations in central Europe. More research is needed on its taxonomy, ecology, population trends and microhabitat requirements. The available data are inadequate to determine the degree of threat, and therefore the species is assessed as Data Deficient in Europe and the EU 27.  Research is needed regarding the taxonomy, population trends, ecology  and threats of this species. Monitoring of the population and habitat  are also needed.",Unknown,"This species has a boreo-alpine distribution in Europe,  distributed in the northernmost parts of Fennoscandia and north-west  Russia, central European mountain regions, Bulgarian mountain regions, together with a few records from northern UK. Records from Baltic countries  Latvia and Lithuania (Kuznetzov 1993, Karpa 2008) need to be confirmed. Outside of Europe this species exists in Russia.   Taxonomic uncertainty makes the true distribution of this species uncertain. The currently understood area of occupancy (AOO) is 272 km2 in Europe and 152 km2 in the EU27. The extent of occurrence is large in both regions.",There is no population information for this species in Europe or the EU 27.,"This species occurs near streams and base-rich flushes in moorland/montane heath, or unimproved, thinly vegetated, non-calcareous subalpine grassland. Adults fly low and rather rapidly over ground vegetation, emerging immediately following snow-melt. They settle on rocks, stones and flowers in sheltered spots. Flower visitation records are known from Caltha palustris, Potentilla erecta, Ranunculus spp., Saxifraga spp. (Speight 2020); Rhodiola rosea, and Geum montanum (X. Lair pers. comm. 2020). The flight period is April and May at lower elevations and June/beginning July in the alpine zone (Speight 2020). The larva is undescribed, but according to Stubbs and Falk (2002) has been observed by Rotheray to feed externally on the rootstock of Polygonum viviparum L.","Potentially, climate change has profound implications for hoverfly  habitats especially in the northern parts of Europe, and it can be  expected to lead to significant changes in the coming century. In  northern Fennoscandia the predictions are for much wetter environments,  which could be unfavourable for many of the hoverflies that occur there  today. The species occurring in the northernmost parts of the continent cannot to move elsewhere. It remains unclear  how serious this potential threat is to this particular species, and the timeframe over which this is likely to occur.","There are no known conservation actions for this species. Research is needed regarding the taxonomy, population trends, ecology and threats of this species. Monitoring of the population and habitat are also needed.",This species is not commercially utilized.,"Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Ståhls, G.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,schnabli,,Cheilosia schnabli,"Becker, 1894",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  This species is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)) in Europe and the EU27 Member States due to its small area of occupancy (100 km2 in Europe and 28 km2 in EU 27), severely fragmented population and a continuing destruction of forests caused by inappropriate forest management, logging and afforestation with inappropriate tree species. Further research on its ecology, population size, distribution, threats and habitat trends is needed.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is recorded from Hungary, Romania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Greece, European Turkey and Crimea (Ukraine) (Popov 1998, Tóth 2013, Stahls and Barkalov 2017, Speight 2018). It is found in low mountains. It has an estimated area of occupancy in Europe of 100 km2, and in the EU27 of 28km2.  outside Europe it occurs in southeastern parts of Russia (the Caucasus) and Kazakhstan (Popov 1998, Tóth 2013, Stahls and Barkalov 2017, Speight 2018).","There is no information about the population size or trends of this species. There are between 50 and 100 records. In Serbia it is a rare species, found only in isolated spots. It is likely dependent on a particular host plant, as there are similar habitats where it is not found. The population is considered severely fragmented as a result of forest loss between known subpopulations.","The preferred environments of this species are forest and open areas in thermophilous Quercus forest. In open, grassy areas within forest it settles on vegetation and flowers; the males hover at 1-3 m. It is known to visit flowers of Euphorbia and Ranunculus. The flight period is from mid-May to the beginning of July. The developmental stages are undescribed (Vujić 1996). The host plant is unknown.","Poor forest management, logging and afforestation with inappropriate tree species represent the main threats to this species, and is particularly pronounced in the lowlands where it occurs. Grazing management may also affect it.","In Serbia Cheilosia schnabli was declared strictly protected by law. Poor forest management is increasing the disturbance to its habitat. Further research into its ecology, population size and threats is needed, as well as the monitoring of habitat trends. Grazing management is recommended.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Šebić, A","Bot, S., Šebić, A, Ståhls, G. & Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,scutellata,,Cheilosia scutellata,"(Fallén, 1817)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a very widespread species, listed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27. A continuing decline in the quality of its habitat due to anthropogenic disturbance is likely. Further research on this species is needed, especially its biology and ecology, population size and trend.",Unknown,"This species has a very wide distributional range, occupying the greater part of the Palaearctic. It is occurs from Fennoscandia south to the Iberian peninsula and around the Mediterranean to Greece, Turkey and North Africa, and from Ireland eastwards through Eurasia to the Pacific coast (Vujić 1996, Speight 2020).",The population trend of this species is unknown. There are many known subpopulations across Europe.,"This species is found in a wide range of types of forest, from northern European conifer forest to Mediterranean maquis, but not apparently associated with Betula, Fraxinus or Picea. Adults are frequently found on low-growing vegetation and bushes within woodland, in the dappled sunlight of small glades etc.; also along tracks and at the edges of clearings (Speight 2020). Flower visitation records are known from white umbellifers, Calluna, Chaerophyllum, Cirsium, Cistus, Crataegus, Galium, Hedera, Hieracium, Ranunculus and Sorbus. Adults are active from May until September and from April till October (or even November) in southern Europe. The larva is described and figured by Rotheray (1990), and is well-known for tunneling the tissues of various large woodland basidiomycete fungi, especially Leccinum, Boletus and Suillus.","Localized threats may exist due to general anthropogenic disturbance to forest habitats in Europe (deforestation, logging, agriculture, urbanization).","Some localities are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and the Natura 2000 network: in Spain Grazalema National Park and Somiedo Natural Park; in Czechia Podyji National Park, in Greece in Olympus and Pindus National Parks, in Montenegro in Durmitor National Park, in North Macedonia National Park and in Serbia Fruška gora, Tara and Kopaoni National Parks and in special reserves. Anthropogenic disturbance can affect its habitats, so continuous management of sites is recommended. Further investigation of its population size, threats and ecology is needed. More monitoring of population and habitat trends is required.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Bowles, P. & Barkalov, A.","Vujić, A. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,semifasciata,,Cheilosia semifasciata,"Becker, 1894","Cheilosia semifasciata is a small species with hairy eyes and dark legs with at least the apical ends of all femora and/or the base of all tibiae yellow in both sexes. High altitude specimens may have entirely black legs (Schmid 2000). It is the most similar with C. rhodiolae Schmid, 2000. To separate these two species from one another it is necessary to refer Schmid (2000). The surstyli of the male terminalia are figured out by Stubbs and Falk (2002).",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Cheilosia semifasciata is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 27 due to its large extent of occurrence and large number of locations. There is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat due to poor forest management. Further research on its population and habitat trends is required.,Unknown,"This species is distributed from northern Norway and Finland south to the Pyrenees, and from Ireland eastwards through the mountainous parts of central Europe to Romania and Bulgaria (Speight 2018).",There is no information on population size or trends of this species. A lot of specimens and subpopulations are known.,"This species occurs in open ground/forest; stabilized scree slopes, cliffs and rock outcrops in sheltered locations up to 2,000 m, or within woodland at altitudes up to and including those of Alnus viridis scrub; drystone walls; and poorly-drained deciduous forest (Speight 2018). It can also occur in urban situations (Barkemeyer 1997). Schmid (2004) noted the frequent occurrence of C. semifasciata in suburban gardens in southwest Germany, using Sedum telephium as larval host. This author observed that the larvae could even be found in Sedum on traffic islands in the roads, and in seedlings on sale in garden supply shops. He concluded that it had sustainable subpopulations in the urban environment there. Adults fly low over ground vegetation and rock, settling on foliage or rock in the sun; the males hover up to 3 m in woodland glades or sheltered hollows in rocky terrain. The males seldom occur far from stands of the larval foodplant, and are often no more than a few metres from it. Adults visit flowers of Alliaria petiolata, Allium ursinum, Anemone nemorosa, Prunus spinosa, Ranunculus, male Salix, Taraxacum and Vaccinium myrtillus. The flight period is from the end March to the end May (Speight 2018). The larva was described and figured by Rotheray (1988), and illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994). It is a miner in the leaves of Saxifraga, Sedum and Umbilicus (Hering 1957), and is shown within a leaf mine on Umbilicus by Ball and Morris (2013). It overwinters as a puparium (Speight 2018).",The main threat for this species is poor management across forests in Europe.,"Cheilosia semifasciata is found in some protected areas that lie within the Natura 2000 network. It is also found in Durmitor National Park in Montenegro and Djerdap National Park, Fruska gora National Park, Kopaonik National Park and Tara National Park in Serbia. Further research is required, especially on its population and habitat trends and threats.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Bowles, P. & Barkalov, A.","Vujić, A. & Šebić, A",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,sootryeni,,Cheilosia sootryeni,"Nielsen, 1970",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Cheilosia sootryeni is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 27 because its extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are above the thresholds for any threatened category, and it occurs in numerous locations. There is an observed decline in the quality of its habitat due to industrial development and poor forest management. Although assessed as Least Concern, its population outside Fennoscandia is severely fragmented and it should be considered as threatened in that part of range. Protection of its habitat is needed, as well as additional research on its ecology, population size and trends and habitat trends.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is distributed in Norway (Gammelmo and Nielsen 2008), Finland (Haarto and Kerppola 2014), Sweden, Latvia (Karpa 2008), Ukraine (G. Popov pers. comm. 2020) and northern parts of European Russia (Barkalov 2007).  Its range extends out of the European region to Asiatic Russia (Speight 2018).",There is no information about population size or trends. There are more than 400 known specimens.,"The preferred habitats of this species are forests: open areas in boreal Betula and Picea forest (Nielsen 1970) and western taiga (Nielsen 1998). Adults are known to visit the flowers of Anemone nemorosa, Ranunculus ficaria (Nielsen 1970), Caltha and Taraxacum (Bartsch et al. 2009). The flight period is mid-May to mid-June (Nielsen 1970). The developmental stages are undescribed.","The main threats to the habitat of this species are associated with industrial development (logging, oil and gas exploration) and poor forest management. Human-mediated disturbances have increased in boreal forests during recent years, resulting in extensive loss of forest in some regions, whereas other regions face heavy forest fragmentation or threat of exploitation (Bradshaw et al. 2009). The boreal region is warming twice as fast as the other parts of the world, and is already experiencing severe impacts from climate change (Burton et al. 2010; Park et al. 2014).","Cheilosia sootryeni is rated as Least Concern in Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019). There are no known conservation actions. Additional research on its ecology and population trends is needed, as well as monitoring habitat trends.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Bowles, P. & Popov, S.","Vujić, A. & Šebić, A","Popov, G.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,soror,,Cheilosia soror,"(Zetterstedt, 1843)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Cheilosia soror is assessed as Least Concern for Europe and for the EU27 Member States because it is widespread in both Europe and the EU 27. There is an ongoing decline in quality of habitat due to the human activities. Further research on its population and habitat trends is needed, as well as on its biology and ecology.",Unknown,"This species is distributed from Scandinavia south to North Africa, and from Britain (southern England) eastwards throughout most of Europe including Turkey, into Siberia and on to the Pacific coast, including Japan (Speight 2018).","There is no information on population size or trends for this species. A lot of specimens (nearly 1,000) are known.","This species occurs in deciduous forest/evergreen broadleaved forest, often mature/overmature Fagus and Quercus forest, but including cork oak (Q. suber) forest and alluvial softwood forest of Salix/Populus. Adults are active in clearings, tracksides and hedgerows, usually in partial shade. They visits flowers of white umbellifers, Cirsium and Taraxacum. The flight period is from May to September with a peak in June/July. The larva is undescribed but reported as having been found in basidiomycetes, notably truffles (Speight 2018).","Possible local threats exist due to human impact such as logging, agriculture, urbanization, tourism and infrastructure development. Inappropriate forest management is also contributing to forest destruction within its range.","Some localities of this species are within protected areas of the Natura 2000 network, but it is also found in Durmitor National Park in Montenegro and in several protected areas in Serbia (Fruska gora National Park, Djerdap National Park, Sar planina National Park, Tara National Park, and Deliblatska pescara Special Nature Reserve). Although these areas are protected, forest loss is ongoing within some of them due to inappropriate management. Further research on the population and habitat trends is needed, as well on its ecology.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Bowles, P. & Barkalov, A.","Vujić, A. & Šebić, A",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,subpictipennis,,Cheilosia subpictipennis,"Claussen, 1998",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  Cheilosia subpictipennis is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)) because of its restricted area of occupancy (in Europe 240 km2 and in EU27 180 km2), severely fragmented population and a continuing decline in the quality of habitat due to tourism and unsustainable grazing. Taking into account that C. subpictipennis is generally a high-alpine species, never found at lower elevations, climate change also represents a threat. Further research into its ecology and population size, and monitoring of habitat trends is needed.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is distributed in the Vosges, Schwarzwald, the Massif Central, the Jura, the Alps (France, Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, and Italy), the Pyrenees (France), Hungary, and the Balkans (northern Greece, Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, and North Macedonia) (Speight 2018, Vujić 1996). It is mostly found in high mountains, but records from mid-elevation mountains are also known: it is never found in lowlands. The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 240 km2, while in the EU27 it is 180 km2.  Out of the European region, the range if this species extends to and in western Siberia (Vujić 1996, Speight 2018).","The population size and trends of this species are unknown. In the Alps the population trend is stable, but in alpine habitats communication between subpopulations is disabled, which causes a severely fragmented population.","This species is found in open areas, either grassy or with tall herb vegetation, within the Abies/Picea zone and along streams down into the Fagus zone. It also occurs in unimproved, non-calcareous montane grassland up to 1,500 m; and up to 2,000 m in unimproved, non-calcareous subalpine grassland in southern parts of the Alps and in the Pyrenees. Adults fly low among clumps of taller ground vegetation and settle on low-growing plants or on the ground; males hover at 2-3 m beside shrubs. They visit flowers of Crataegus, Ribes uva-crispa, Salix, Sorbus aucuparia, Vaccinium myrtillus (C. Claussen, pers. comm. 2020) and Cotoneaster jurana. The flight period is from the end of April to mid-July (Speight 2018). Stuke (2000) had three larvae from Meum athamanticum identified as ""cf. subpictipennis"" which he scored for many morphological characters in his phylogenetic study. The species is almost certainly associated with Meum athamanticum, on which D. Doczkal has observed oviposition (Claussen 1998).","The expansion of winter tourism and unsustainable grazing on mountain grasslands represent major threats for this species. Additionally climate change is a threat, as high-alpine species are considered to be at high risk.","This species is found within the boundaries of some protected areas within the Natura 2000 network and in Durmitor National Park in Montenegro. Further monitoring of the habitat trends, and additional research into its population size and ecology is needed. Management of grazing is recommended.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Bowles, P. & Obreht Vidakovic, D.","Vujić, A. & Šebić, A","Mengual, X., Ssymank, A., Šebić, A, Sommaggio, D., Bot, S. & Ståhls, G.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,thessala,,Cheilosia thessala,"Claussen and Ståhls, 2007",Cheilosia thessala belongs to the longula species group closely resembling the species Cheilosia scutellata. Claussen and Ståhls (2007) provided the key to separate this species from others in the C. scutellata group and also figured the male terminalia (Speight 2018).,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Based on the small area of occupancy (48 km2), a continuing decline in the quality of habitat due to degradation of Mediterranean forests, its typical habitat, and the fact that the population is severely fragmented due to habitat destruction, this species is assessed as Endangered. Protection of its areas and habitats is needed, as well as further research on its ecology, population trends and threats.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe. It was originally described based on specimens from the Thessaly region in Greece, but later was also found on some Greek islands (Lesvos, Samos, and Crete) and in the Peloponnese, as well as in Croatia and on Cyprus (Speight 2020). Surveys have been conducted in Montenegro, but no records were found there. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is around 482,474 km2 and area of occupancy (AOO) around 48 km2. The species is found between 1 m and 1,345 m above sea level.","There is no information about population size for this species. More than 50 specimens have been collected so far. The population is considered to be severely fragmented, with many subpopulations small and isolated with no possible exchange of individuals (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019). The most recent records are from 2017 (Croatia and Cyprus) and 2019 (Lesvos and Samos in Greece).","This species prefers Mediterranean pine forests of Pinus pinaster and P. halepensis (Claussen and Ståhls 2007) and P. pinea/P. halepensis (Standfuss and Claussen 2007). It flies along forest edges and tracks within pine forest (Claussen and Ståhls 2007). Adults fly during September/October (Claussen and Ståhls 2007). The developmental stages have not been described, but the larva is probably associated with the large basidiomycetes Amanita caesarea and Suillus granulatus (Standfuss and Claussen 2007).","The main threat to this species is destruction and degradation of Mediterranean forests. It is found mainly in Pinus forests; it survives in maquis, but not in garrigue. Wildfires represent a threat, and also people collecting fungi may affect the availability of the habitat of the larvae, but this requires confirmation (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).","There are no known conservation actions for this species. Protection of areas and habitats is needed, as well as further research on its ecology, population trends and threats. Some of the point localities where it has been found are a part of the Natura 2000 network. Inclusion of this species in national legislation is needed, as well as the provision of enough undisturbed habitat (specifically the host fungi).",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Bowles, P.","Miličić, M. & Vujić, A.","Ståhls, G., Šebić, A, Bot, S. & Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,tonsa,,Cheilosia tonsa,"Sack, 1938",A species of the subgenus Taeniocheilosia. For identification see the key to males of European Taeniocheilosia (as Nigrocheilosia) species in StN Keys volume; and Barkalov and Ståhls (1997) who figured the male terminalia.,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  This species is assessed as Endangered because of its small area of occupancy (28 km2 in Europe), severely fragmented population, and a continuing loss of habitat quality due to tourism as the main threat, with an additional projected threat from climate change affecting high-mountain species. Further research on its ecology, population size and trend is required.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in the Alps (Switzerland, Austria, and Italy) (Speight 2018) at high elevations. It is endemic to Europe.","There is no information on the population size or trends of this species. Only a few specimens (&lt;10) have been found, with no information on recent collection dates. The population is considered to be severely fragmented because it is only found at very high elevations in low densities, in areas subject to impacts. It is always found in very low numbers - one or two specimens - and is therefore recognized as rare.",This species prefers sparsely vegetated rocky ground in the alpine zone. The flight period is the end of July and August. The developmental stages are undescribed (Speight 2018).,"The main threat to this species is tourism and unsustainable grazing. Skiing destroys its habitat. Considering that this is a high-mountain species, there is also a current and future threat from climate change especially if they impact the host plant.","This species has been found in two protected areas in Italy that lie within the Natura 2000 network. Although these areas are protected, winter ski tourism and unsustainable grazing in the Alps are the major threats, which require management. There are only a few records, and additional research on its population size and trends is needed. Further research on its ecology is also required.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Šebić, A","Mengual, X., Šebić, A, Ståhls, G., Bot, S. & Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,urbana,,Cheilosia urbana,"(Meigen, 1822)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The species is assessed as Least Concern for Europe and for the EU27 Member States because it is widespread. A large number of locations and many individuals and subpopulations have been recorded. A continuing decline in the quality of its habitat due to industrial human impacts is likely. More research on its ecology, population status and habitat trends is needed.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is distributed from Fennoscandia south to Iberia and the Mediterranean (including the island of Crete), and from Britain eastwards through central and southern Europe to the Balkans, Ukraine (G. Popov pers. comm. 2020) and Turkey (not mapped). In Belarus, Denmark, Luxembourg and Romania, its presence is uncertain due to the fact these occurrences have not yet been taxonomically verified.   The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.  Outside Europe it occurs in North Africa (Speight 2018) and Iran (Barkalov and Mutin 2018).",There is no information on the population size or trends of this species. There are a lot of specimens (about 2000) and many known subpopulations.,"This species prefers open areas in both coniferous and deciduous forest and scrub, unimproved grassland including semi-arid grassland, dry calcareous grassland and montane/subalpine grassland, and clearings and tracksides. Adults fly low, usually within 1 m of the ground, and settle on low-growing plants. Males hover at 1-2 m close to shrubs in flower, or close to rocks. Adults are known to visit flowers of white umbellifers, Acer pseudoplatanus, Anemone nemorosa, Buxus, Caltha, Euphorbia, Potentilla, Prunus spinosa, male Salix and Taraxacum. The flight period is in April and June and July at higher elevations/more northerly latitudes (Speight 2018). Stuke (2000) found larvae in Hieracium pilosella that he identified as ""cf.urbana"" and scored in his study. Claussen (1980) and Doczkal (1996) found the species egg-laying in the basal leaf rosettes of Hieracium pilosella. Grosskopf et al. (2001) report that C.urbana can develop in both H. pilosella and H. caespitosum. The young larvae move down from the leaf axils in which the eggs are laid, to feed externally on the roots of the plant, in which they make small holes. It evidently overwinters as a puparium in the soil close to the ground surface. Kassebeer (1993) indicates finding females egg-laying on Filipendula ulmaria.","As this species favours habitats within forests, it may be subject to localized threats associated with human activities - principally deforestation, logging, agriculture, infrastructure development and urbanization.","Some localities of this species are within protected areas categorized by the Natura 2000 network. Further research on its ecology is needed, as well as monitoring of population and habitat trends.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Barkalov, A. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Šebić, A","Popov, G.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,uviformis,,Cheilosia uviformis,"Becker, 1894","Cheilosia uviformis belongs to the nominate subgenus. It is not satisfactorily distinguished in existing keys. It is included in the keys provided by van Veen (2004), but specimens lacking scutellar marginal bristles could be misidentified as C. laticornis, and others with a heavily-dusted face could be identified as C. rufimana. It is redescribed and its diagnostic features are detailed by Speight and Claussen (1987), who also figure features of the male terminalia (Speight 2018).",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is assessed as Least Concern both globally and for the EU27 Member States because its area of occupancy and extent of occurrence are above the thresholds for any threatened category, and it is known from many localities. Nevertheless it has somewhat specialized habitat requirements, and considering that its habitats are threatened and in decline, monitoring of its population is required so that any changes in population status can be detected. Protection of its habitat and further research is needed, especially on its biology, ecology, population size and trend.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is distributed from Fennoscandia (Norway, Sweden, Finland) south to the Pyrenees, and from western Europe (Ireland, Great Britain, France, Belgium and Netherlands) eastwards through Denmark and central Europe (Germany, Poland, Switzerland and Slovenia) to Serbia and Montenegro (Speight 2018). It is also found in Ukraine (Prokhorov et al. 2020) and in the European part of Russia (A. Barkalov pers. comm. 2020). This species is extant in Denmark and Great Britain but its exact localities are unknown. In the European part of Russia the species is possibly extant.   The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.","There is no information on the population size or trends of this species. About 100 records exist, with the most recent from 2018 (Ukraine) (Prokhorov et al. 2020).","This species is known from deciduous forest and woodland subject to winter flooding. It occurs in both alluvial hardwood forest and lake-edge swamp woodland of Alnus/Salix. Females spend much of their time sunning themselves on low-growing plants in sheltered spots; males hover up to 10 metres from the ground in small glades and along paths in woodland, descending immediately when the sun disappears behind a cloud and settling low down on pathside vegetation etc. Both sexes visit male flowers of Salix, but leave whenever the sun is obscured. They also visit flowers of white umbellifers, Anemone nemorosa, Caltha, Crataegus, Listera ovata, Potentilla tabernaemontani, Prunus padus, Ranunculus, Vaccinium myrtillus (Speight 2018) and Acer platanoides (Prokhorov et al. 2020). The flight period is in May. The developmental stages are undescribed (Speight 2018).","The main threat for this species is loss of habitat due to human activities, resulting in forest destruction (logging, agriculture, urbanization). Its habitats are threatened and in decline, so it is necessary to monitor the population to detect changes in the trend.","Cheilosia uviformis is listed as Least Concern in Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019), and as Data Deficient in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011) and Great Britain (Ball and Morris 2014). It is found in some protected areas within the Natura 2000 network, and also in Kopaonik National Park (Serbia), Fruska Gora National Park (Serbia) and Durmitor National Park (Montenegro). Habitat protection is desirable. Further research on its biology and ecology is needed, as well as more monitoring on the population and habitat trends.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Popov, S. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Šebić, A","Barkalov, A. & Mengual, X.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,vangaveri,,Cheilosia vangaveri,"Timon-David, 1937",A species of the subgenus Taeniochilosia. For identification see key to males of European Taeniochilosia (as Nigrocheilosia) species in StN Keys volume; and Barkalov and Ståhls (1997) who figured the male terminalia. Both sexes can be easily confused with C. sahlbergi Becker and females can easily be confused with C. pedestris Becker (Speight 2018). Claussen and van der Weyer (2004) provided an additional key for its identification.,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  This European endemic is found in high-montane grassland and forest habitats. The population is considered to be severely fragmented because it exists in  small isolated subpopulations at high altitudes, which are unlikely to  interact with one another. There is also continuing decline in the quality of the habitat due to tourism and overgrazing. Additionally, climate change could pose a threat for this high-mountain species. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is large for Europe and the EU 27, but the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 104 km2 for Europe and is 92 km2 in the EU 27. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU 27. Further research is needed on its ecology and the monitoring of its population and habitat trends.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, where it is distributed in the Jura (France, Switzerland), the Alps (France, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, and Italy), parts of central Europe (Montenegro, Slovenia) (Speight 2018) and Bulgaria. As there are no specific localities for Switzerland, the area mapped is approximate, and is based on reports from the Alps in the Graubunden and Wallis regions, all at 2,000 m asl or higher. There are a couple of records a little lower (1,200 m asl.) from the Vaud region (L. Fisler pers. comm. 2020).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) is large for Europe and the EU 27, but the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 104 km2 in Europe and is 92 km2 in the EU 27.","There is very little information on the population size or trend of this species. It is found in low numbers and there are fewer than 100 records. The population is considered to be severely fragmented because it exists in small isolated subpopulations at quite high altitudes, which are unlikely to interact with one another.","This species prefers unimproved montane grassland and open grassy areas in the upper parts of the Abies/Picea zone, and from there through the Larix zone into unimproved calcareous and non-calcareous subalpine grassland to above 2,500 m asl. Adults fly very low. They visits flowers of white umbellifers, Ranunculaceae, Potentilla and Thlaspi. The flight period is from the beginning of June to the end of July, plus August at higher elevations. The developmental stages are undescribed (Speight 2018).",The habitat of this species is threatened by winter tourism and overgrazing on mountain grasslands. Climate change could also pose a threat for this high-mountain species.,"This species is found in some protected areas within the Natura 2000 network and in Durmitor National Park in Montenegro. Habitat protection is desirable. Additional research is needed on its ecology, and its population and habitat trends.",There is no use of or trade in this species.,"Bowles, P. & Barkalov, A.","Vujić, A. & Šebić, A","Ståhls, G., Romig, T., Fisler, L & Mengual, X.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,variabilis,,Cheilosia variabilis,"(Panzer, 1798)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Listed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27 on the basis that this species is widespread and the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27. However, a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat due to unsustainable forest management, agricultural intensification, unsustainable farming and infrastructure development is likely to be taking place. Further research is needed, especially on its biology, ecology, population size and trends.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is widely distributed, from southern Fennoscandia south to Iberia, and from Ireland eastwards through central and southern Europe (Italy and the Balkans) into Bulgaria, and Turkey (Speight 2020).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.  The range of the species extends out of the European region to Turkey and Russia as far as western Siberia. It is also found in North Africa (Morocco) (Speight 2020).","There is no information on the population size or trend of this species. In the places where it occurs, there seem to be relatively well-established subpopulations. It is one of the most abundant species on the Balkan peninsula (Vujić 1996).","This species prefers humid/mesophilous deciduous forest, from the Fagus/Picea zone to alluvial hardwood forest. Adults inhabit tracksides, edges of clearings etc. and settle frequently on the foliage of bushes (e.g. Rubus fruticosus), shrubs and taller ground vegetation such as Pteridium. Adults visit the flowers of white umbellifers, Caltha, Cirsium, Euphorbia, Galium, Ranunculus, Rubus, Scrophularia nodosa, and Sorbus aucuparia. They are active from April to September, with apparently one generation in June and August towards the northern edge of the range, but with two periods of emergence (April to June and July to September) further south (Speight 2020). The larvae tunnel in the rhizomes of Scrophularia spp. (Scrophulariaceae), and pupate before overwintering; the larval morphology was described by Dusek (1962) and Rotheray (1990).","The habitat of this species is threatened due to unsustainable forest management, agricultural intensification, unsustainable farming and infrastructure development. In the Balkans, a decline in its distributional area of 12% and abundance of up to 58% by 2080 has been projected under the A2a climate warming scenario of the CSIRO climate model using species distribution modelling (Radenković et al. 2017).","Some point localities of this species are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and the Natura 2000 network, and it occurs also in the Somiedo Nature Park in Spain, Gorski kotar National Park and Papuk and Velebit Nature Parks in Croatia, Rila National Park in Bulgaria, Pindus National Park in Greece, Durmitor National Park in Montenegro, Mavrovo National Park in North Macedonia, Fruška gora, Šar planina, Đerdap and Kopaonik National Parks in Serbia, and Vršačke planine, Deliblatska peščara, Obedska bara and Triglav in Slovenia, amongst others. Continuous management of sites is recommended. Further investigation of its population size, threats and ecology is needed. More monitoring of the population and habitat trend is required.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Bowles, P. & Barkalov, A.","Vujić, A. & Milić, D.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,varnensis,,Cheilosia varnensis,"Claussen, 2000","Based on the presence of a precoxal bridge, Cheilosia varnensis belongs to the Cheilosia angustigenis-species group. Claussen (2000) provides features separating C. varnensis from other species in this group and figures the male terminalia.",Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This European endemic is assessed as Critically Endangered because of its very restricted area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) of 4 km2, its single known location and the continuing decline in the quality of habitats in the Black Sea region due to human activities. Further research is needed, especially on its natural  history, ecology and habitats, and on its population size and trend. Surveys and  monitoring are required in the place where the species was found.",Unknown,"Cheilosia varnensis is a species endemic to Europe, found only in Bulgaria (Claussen 2000, Speight 2018) in 1973 (eastern Bulgaria, coast of Black Sea). It may be a relict species. As it is known only from a single locality, its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are only 4 km2.","There is no information on the population size or trend of this species. Only a single male specimen is known, from the Black Sea coast south of Varna (Bulgaria); the female remains unknown (Claussen 2000). This species was last recorded in 1973 and it is not known whether surveys have recently been conducted in this area. It is unlikely that it is significantly more widespread, as there are many records of other species from the Balkan peninsula collected in recent surveys, but there have been no new records of this species.",The male was collected from temperate broadleaf and mixed forest along the western coast of the Black Sea (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020) in June (Speight 2018). The developmental stages are undescribed.,"Inadequate planning, uncontrolled urban and industrial development, inappropriate erosion control, and a lack of strong legislation and sustainable management have all led to degradation of the Black Sea landscape. Many habitats have been lost (Kotlyakov 1998).","This species was collected from the ""Galata"" Special Protection Area within the Natura 2000 network. Further research is needed, especially on its natural history, ecology and habitats, and its population size and trend. Surveys and monitoring are required in the place where it was found.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Bowles, P. & Obreht Vidakovic, D.","Vujić, A. & Šebić, A","Bot, S., Sommaggio, D., Ståhls, G. & Šebić, A",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,velutina,,Cheilosia velutina,"Loew, 1840",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is widespread and occurs in many locations, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far  greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened  categories for Europe and the EU 27. Thus it is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27. There is continuing decline in quality of its habitat caused by human activities. Additional research on its population, threats and habitat trends is  required, as well as monitoring of the population and habitats.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is distributed from Fennoscandia south to Spain, and from Ireland eastwards throughout much of Europe into European Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered for any threatened category for both Europe and the EU 27.  The distribution extends eastwards out of the European region through Siberia to the Russian Far East and the Pacific coast (Speight 2018).","There is no information on population size or trends for this species. More than 1,000 specimens have been recorded.","This species prefers forest/open ground; mesophilous deciduous forest/scrub and unimproved grassland. Males hover up to 5 m in the vicinity of trees and shrubs, beside streams and tracks; both sexes settle on foliage up to 5 m. The flight is low, very fast and very direct. Adults visit flowers of white umbellifers, yellow composites, Achillea, Anemone nemorosa, Anthemis, Bellis, Caltha, Chrysanthemum, Galium, Potentilla erecta, Prunus spinosa, Ranunculus and Rorippa. The flight period is mid-July to late August (Speight 2018). The larva remains undescribed. The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988).","The main threats to this species are those associated with human activities that lead to forest destruction (deforestation, logging, agriculture, urbanization, tourism, infrastructure development). Overgrazing might be an additional threat as it is found in grasslands (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","This species occurs in some protected areas within the Natura 2000 network. Additional research on its population, threats and habitat trends is required, as well as monitoring of the population and habitats.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Barkalov, A. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Šebić, A",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,venosa,,Cheilosia venosa,"Loew, 1857","A species of the subgenus Taeniocheilosia. For identification see the key to males of European Taeniocheilosia (as Nigrocheilosia) species in StN Keys volume; and Barkalov and Ståhls (1997) who figured the male terminalia. Cheilosia venosa belongs to the Cheilosia caerulescens-group for which Ståhls and Barkalov (2017) provided the key. This species is inadequately differentiated from C. caerulescens, C. herculana and C. kerteszi in the existing keys (Speight 2018).",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  The species is assessed as Endangered because of its severely fragmented population, relatively small area of occupancy and the low number of locations (7, based on grazing/tourism). Although climate change will probably be the main threat in the future, grazing and tourism are more immediate threats. There is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat due to climate change, overgrazing, and the development of infrastructure for ski resorts in the Alps. Monitoring of its population and habitat trends is needed, as well as further research into its ecology.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, where it is distributed in the Alps (Germany, France, Switzerland, Austria, and Italy) (Speight 2018) at high elevations.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown. There have been fewer than 15 specimens found, with the latest record from 1996. The population is considered severely fragmented because the species is only found at high altitudes and in small numbers, without the possibility of communication between subpopulations. The lack of recent records may indicate a decline in the population, but this is unknown and further research is needed to confirm this.","This species is known from sparsely vegetated, rocky, calcareous, subalpine grassland from the upper edges of the Larix zone and in karstic Pinus uncinata forest and upwards, to above 2,400 m. The flight period is from the end of May to mid-August. The developmental stages have not been described (Speight 2018).","In the Alps, unsustainable grazing and skiing are the main threats to the habitat of this species (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). Considering that C. venosa is a high-mountain species, climate change is likely to be the main future threat, but whether it is currently impacted by climate change is unknown.","This species was found in Parco Nazionale dello Stelvio, a protected area within the Natura 2000 network. Further monitoring of its population and habitat trends, as well as further research into its ecology and the impacts of threats is required. Grazing management is needed.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Bowles, P. & Obreht Vidakovic, D.","Vujić, A. & Šebić, A","Bot, S., Sommaggio, D., Šebić, A & Ståhls, G.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,vernalis,,Cheilosia vernalis,"(Fallén, 1817)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is assessed as Least Concern in both the EU and Europe due to its wide distribution. There is a continuing declining in the quality of its habitat due to anthropogenic interference (deforestation, logging, agriculture, urbanization, tourism). Further research is needed, especially on its biology, ecology, population size and trend.",Unknown,"This is a widely distributed species in the European region, with a range stretching from Fennoscandia south to Iberia, and from Ireland eastwards through central and southern Europe (Italy and the Balkans) to Turkey and European parts of Russia (Speight 2020).  Its global range extends through Siberia to the Russian Far East and the Pacific coast (Speight 2020).","In Europe, there are numerous subpopulations of this species. There is no information about its population size and trend.","This species occurs in dune systems, and humid oligotrophic and eutrophic unimproved pasture, Molinia grassland or acidic fen subject to seasonal flooding, grassy clearings in deciduous forest and upwards through montane grassland into alpine grassland. Adults are low-flying over ground vegetation; males hover at 1-3 m, in small clearings and sheltered spots. They visit flowers of white umbellifers, Caltha, Cirsium arvense, Leontodon, Leucanthemum, Menyanthes, Prunus spinosa, Ranunculus, Salix, Senecio and Taraxacum. The flight period is from April till October, with peaks in May/June and August (Speight 2020). The larva has not been described, but is known to be an internal feeder in the stems of Achillea, Matricaria and Sonchus oleraceus (Bankowska 1980).","The most plausible threat is decline in quality of the habitat due to anthropogenic interference (deforestation, logging, agriculture, urbanization, tourism). In high montane areas on the Balkan peninsula, this species is projected to experience severe impacts under climate change scenarios. Species distribution modelling suggests that its range and abundance in the Balkans would be greatly reduced (range up to 78% and abundance up to 67% by 2080) and that it would mostly remain in the Dinaric mountains but be less numerous, while its abundance would increase in the Alps, the Balkan mountain range and the Rhodopes (Radenković et al. 2017).","There are no known conservation actions for this species. Some localities are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and the Natura 2000 network. Continuous management of sites is recommended. Further studies into its population size, threats and ecology is needed.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Bowles, P. & Barkalov, A.","Vujić, A. & Milić, D.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,vicina,,Cheilosia vicina,"(Zetterstedt, 1849)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    This species is assessed as Least Concern for Europe and the EU27 Member States on the basis that it is widespread and there are a large number of locations. However, there is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat due to anthropogenic interference (deforestation, logging, agriculture, urbanization, tourism). Further research is needed, especially into its biology, ecology, population size and trend.",Unknown,"This is a widely distributed species in the European region, with a range stretching from Fennoscandia south to the Pyrenees and northern Spain, and from Ireland eastwards through northern, central and southern Europe (northern Italy and the former Yugoslavia) into European parts of Russia and Turkey (Speight 2020).  Its global range extends eastwards through Siberia to Tuva (Speight 2020).","There is no information on the population size or trend of this species. In the places where it occurs, there seem to be relatively well-established subpopulations and the population is considered stable.","This species occurs in both coniferous and deciduous forest, clearings and open areas in forest and unimproved grassland from the Fagus/Picea zone up to the Larix zone and beyond, into subalpine grassland, to above 2.000 m in the Alps. Adults usually fly within 2 m of the ground and settle on foliage of ferns and bushes etc. They are known to visit flowers of Caltha, Convolvulus, Galium, Potentilla erecta, Prunus spinosa, Ranunculus and Taraxacum. The flight period is from May till July and August at higher elevation/more northerly latitudes (Speight 2020). The larva has not been described but Kuznetsov (1992) reported oviposition on Alchemilla (Rosaceae). The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988).","Possible threats exist from anthropogenic interference (deforestation, logging, agriculture, urbanization). In the Balkans it is projected to lose up to 68% of its range by 2080 under the B2a climate warming scenarios using the CSIRO climate model using species distribution modelling (Radenković et al. 2017).","Some localities of this species are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and the Natura 2000 network, and it occurs also in National parks in Croatia, Czech republic, Greece, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia. Anthropogenic disturbance can affect its habitats, so continuous management of sites is recommended. Further research into its population size, threats and ecology is needed. More monitoring of the population and habitat trend is required.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Bowles, P. & Barkalov, A.","Milić, D. & Vujić, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,vujici,,Cheilosia vujici,"Claussen and Doczkal, 1998",Cheilosia vujici belongs to the nominal subgenus. It is very similar in general appearance to the smallest specimens of C. psilophthalma and C. latigenis. Main diagnostic features are presented in Claussen and Doczkal (1998).,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  Because of its severely fragmented population, small area of occupancy (68 km2 in Europe and 24 km2 in the EU 27), and the low number of locations (only eight in Europe, and just three in the EU 27), and continuing decline in quality of its habitat due to tourism and unsustainable grazing as the main threats, Cheilosia vujici is assessed as Endangered. Further research on its ecology is required, as well as research on threats, and population and habitat trends.",Unknown,"This European endemic is distributed in the Alps (France, Switzerland, and Italy), Serbia and Montenegro (Speight 2018). It is a mid- to high-mountain species, found at higher elevations in the Alps and mid-elevations in the Balkans.   The extent of occurrence (EOO) is large in Europe and the EU 27, while the area of occupancy (AOO) is 68 km2 in Europe and 24 km2 for the EU 27.","The population size and trend of this species are unknown. There are fewer than 100 specimens known, the latest from 2018. The population is considered severely fragmented because it is only found on the tops of mountains, and hence without the possibility of communication among subpopulations. In Serbia, the subpopulation has been stable over the last five years, but the overall trend in Europe and the EU 27 is unknown.","This species prefers open ground, occurring in calcareous and non-calcareous montane/subalpine and alpine grassland up to 2,500 m in the Alps. The flight period is from the end of May to the end of June and into July at higher elevations. The developmental stages are undescribed (Speight 2018).","Tourism represents the main threat to this species. In the Alps, unsustainable grazing and tourism are destroying its habitat, while on Kopaonik and Golija Mountains in Serbia and on Durmitor Mountain in Montenegro unsustainable grazing, tourism, and infrastructure development are the main threats (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). Climate change is also a potential threat in the future.","This species has been found in some protected areas within the Natura 2000 network. It was also found within the boundaries of Kopaonik National Park and Golija Nature Park in Serbia, and Durmitor National Park in Montenegro. In Serbia, it has been declared a protected species. Although these areas are protected, human activities such as tourism and infrastructure development related to tourism increase disturbance of the habitat. Management of grazing is required. Further research on its ecology, threats and monitoring of the population and habitat trends are needed.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Šebić, A","Bot, S., Sommaggio, D., Ståhls, G. & Šebić, A",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cheilosia,vulpina,,Cheilosia vulpina,"(Meigen, 1822)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is has an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) far greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category for Europe and the EU 27, and is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU27. There is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat anticipated due to anthropogenic disturbances such as deforestation, urbanization, agriculture and tourism-related infrastructure development. Further research on its population and habitat trends is needed.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is distributed in southern Norway and Finland, Estonia and Denmark south to the Pyrenees and northern Spain, and from Britain (England and Wales) eastwards through central and south Europe to central and southern parts of European Russia (Speight 2018). It is found in Ukraine (G. Popov pers. comm. 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.  Its global range extends as far as western Siberia in Russia (Speight 2018) and to Iran and Kazakhstan (Barkalov and Mutin 2018).","There is no information on the population size or trend of this species. There are many subpopulations recorded to date, and more than 500 individuals collected, the latest from 2019.","The preferred habitats of this species are open woodland (coniferous and deciduous) where there is herbaceous ground cover and unimproved pasture to above the altitude of Picea forest, usually on well-drained sites. The males hover up to 15 m. Adults are known to visit the flowers of white umbellifers especially Heracleum, Chaerophyllum, Bellis, Galium and Ranunculus. The flight period is from April to June and July to September (Speight 2018). The larva was described and figured together with the puparium by Brunel and Cadou (1990a), who reared it from the roots of cultivated artichoke (Cynara scolymus). These authors (1990b) also demonstrated the occurrence of a pupal diapause, triggered by temperatures experienced during the last larval instar. Stuke and Carstensen (2002) reared it from the root-stock of Arctium lappa and Arctium minus, and redescribed the larva. Doczkal (2002) reports egg-laying behaviour on Cirsium eriophorum, and Stuke and Carstensen (2002) also refer to various Cirsium species as probable larval host plants. It overwinters as a puparium.","Possible threats to the habitat of this species exist from human disturbances such as deforestation, urbanization, agriculture, and tourism-related infrastructure development (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","Cheilosia vulpina is listed as a vulnerable species in Denmark. It is found within some protected areas in the Natura 2000 network, and also in the Durmitor National Park (Montenegro), Fruška gora National Park (Serbia), Sutjeska National Park (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Galičica National Park (North Macedonia) and Mavrovo National Park (North Macedonia). Additional research and monitoring on its population and habitat trends are needed.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Barkalov, A. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Šebić, A","Popov, G.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chrysogaster,basalis,,Chrysogaster basalis,"Loew, 1857",,No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  EU27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)   This species is dependent on meadows and forest edges rich in flowers. It appears close to forests with good quality running or standing water nearby. Both extensive grasslands and small waters are facing declines in extent and quality due to infrastructure development, climate change and changing agricultural use.  In Germany, its population is in moderate decline in the long term and is probably in decline in the short term (Ssymank et al. 2011). In France, it is assumed to be declining in numbers (Speight et al. 2020). Its distribution is severely fragmented, and the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is below 2,000 km2 but above 500 km2 in both Europe and in the EU27 countries. Therefore, the species is assessed as Vulnerable in both Europe and the EU27.",Unknown,"This is a species with a southern distribution in Europe. It occurs from central France and central Germany south to Portugal, Spain, southern Italy, and further east to the Balkans and Greece (Burgio et al. 2015, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017, Stanescu and Parvu 2005, Vujić 1999, Vujić et al. 2018, Vujić et al. 2020, Van Eck et al. 2016, Tóth 2014). There are stray records from the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009) and Lower Saxony (Germany) (Stuke and Wolff 1998). The occurrence in Poland needs confirmation (Ł. Mielczarek pers. comm. 2020).  In the eastern and southeastern parts of the distribution, its presence is unclear due to confusion with Chrysogaster musatovi. The latter species, known from the northern Caucasus (European Russia), southern Caucasus (Georgia) and Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan) might be a synonym (Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Mengual et al. 2020, Speight 2020). The records of C. basalis or C. musatovi from Ukraine are doubtful (G. Popov pers. comm. 2020) and would need confirmation. The locations of the species are widely separated.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) is above the thresholds for threatened categories both in Europe and in the EU27 countries. Exact locality data are not always available for this species so calculating the area of occupancy (AOO) was difficult. Although the calculated area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,379,141 km2, due to the lack of information about the exact locations, the real AOO is much smaller. The total number of known localities will be less than 500, with an AOO of less than 2000 km2 in Europe, and this will be also the case for the EU27, where the AOO is also less than 2000 km2 but above 500 km2.   The species is also recorded from Iran (Khaghaninia et al. 2012, Samin et al. 2016), but it is unclear whether this is indeed C. basalis or C. musatovi. It is also present in North Africa.","There is little information known about the population size. This species occurs in low densities, except in Spain, where it is more abundant at certain localities. In Germany and France, the species probably is in decline (Speight et al. 2020, Ssymank et al. 2011). Most populations are widely separated, at least within the EU27.","This species is found in deciduous forests (acidophilous and thermophilous Quercus, including mesophilous Fagus forests). Adults are found visiting flowers of white and yellow umbels (in particular Thapsia villosa) and other species with easily accessible nectar in dry grasslands or forest edges.   Since the larvae presumably live in water (just like other species of the genus Chrysogaster), there is a need of (running) water in the vicinity of the species (Speight 2020).","The habitat of this species is poorly understood, but it is suspected to be threatened. The larval habitats (which are likely to be streams and other small waters, probably in or close to forests) may be threatened by urban or recreational development, droughts, agricultural irrigation, human alteration of forests, waters or both. The adult habitats, probably thermophilic grasslands rich in flowers, are threatened by intensification of grassland use in Europe (eutrophication due to over-fertilisation and lowering water tables for easier mowing and grazing at the forest edges) or abandoning extensive dry grasslands so they change into forests. Climate change will cause more severe drought and less water in small rivers. In addition, in the mountain areas, the habitat is threatened by recreational developments.","There are no conservation plans in place. Research and monitoring are needed to understand the ecology of this species and its population trends better. The most urgent conservation actions for the species are protection and restoration of nutrient-poor species-rich meadows, and small natural waters with good water quality and natural watersides.",This species is not used or traded.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.","Ssymank, A., Vujić, A. & Pennards, G.W.A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chrysogaster,cemiteriorum,,Chrysogaster cemiteriorum,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Europe regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Although the species shows a clear decline in the southern and western parts of the distribution (Reemer et al. 2009, Ssymank et al. 2011, Ball and Morris 2014, Speight 2020, Speight et al. 2020, Henriksen and Hilmo 2015), the northern populations from Sweden eastwards seem to be stable. The area where the species shows a decline is rather large, but not large enough to justify the Near Threatened category. Considering the whole of Europe, the conservation status seems to be in better order, although we do not have much information to be sure about the trends over the whole range. In addition, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this  species both in Europe and in the EU27 are significantly greater than  the thresholds for the application of any threatened category. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU27 countries.",Unknown,"This species occurs from southern Scandinavia, Scotland and Ireland, south to Spain, Italy and Greece (Belova et al. 2008, Borodin and Borodina 2014, Brădescu 1991, Burgio et al. 2015, De Groot and Govedić 2008, Haarto and Kerppola 2007, Heimburg 2018, Karpa 2008, Mazánek 2006, Nielsen and Gammelmo 2017, Nielsen 1999, Pakalniškis et al. 2006, Reemer et al. 2009, Röder 1990, Soszyński 1981, Speight 2008, Speight et al. 2018, Stanescu and Parvu 2005, Torp 1994; Tóth 2011, 2014, 2017; Vujić et al. 2020). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and in the EU27 are significantly greater than  the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.  Its distribution spreads to the east to western Siberia and Central Asia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Belova et al. 2008, Borodin and Borodina 2014, Chursina and Ruchin 2018,  Pestov 2007, Pestov and Dolgin 2006, Pestov et al. 2010). It also occurs in North Africa (Speight 2020).",Not much is known about the population size of the species. The species can be quite abundant at healthy sites.,"This species lives in wetlands, around fen and cutover valley bog (Speight 2020). It also occurs in herb-rich grasslands near small streams, forest edges close to running water, and moist deciduous forests (Reemer et al. 2009). It has also been recorded several times in dry habitats (dry grasslands, quarries, ruderal areas) (Barkemeyer 1994). It is also present in various wetland habitats and adjacent flower-rich forest edges (Bartsch et al. 2009), in marshes and brook valleys on base rich soils (chalk, loam) or with base rich seepage, sometimes in drier flower-rich habitats (such as calcareous grasslands) close by. The species often visits white umbels (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019).  The larval habitat is not known, but without doubt the larvae live in freshwater, presumably in small streams or ponds.","In the northern parts of Europe (Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Ireland) this species does not seem to be threatened, although climate change, change in forest management and intensification of agricultural use will have a negative impact. In Great Britain, the species shows a significant decline in most parts, except in the uplands (Ball et al. 2011). In France, Germany and Belgium, it is decreasing and is probably endangered (Speight 2020). In these countries, nitrogen deposition, alteration of water bodies and climate change will be the most important factors. In addition, pesticides (neonicotinoids and others) might also have an important negative effect in the southern parts of the distribution.","There are no conservation plans in place. The most urgent conservation actions for the species are protection and restoration of nutrient-poor, species-rich meadows, forest edges and small natural waters with good water quality and natural watersides in the vicinity. Research and monitoring are also needed to understand the ecology of this species and its population trends better.",The species is not used.,"Nève, G., Varga, Z. & Obreht Vidakovic, D.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chrysogaster,mediterraneus,,Chrysogaster mediterraneus,"Vujić, 1999",,No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)   In Europe, the species is only known from six localities (one Possibly Extinct) and five widely separated locations (based on water abstraction and urban development as the main threats). The type locality in Montenegro has been destroyed. Within the European Union, the species only had five localities of which four remain, and four locations of which three remain and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 16 km2. At all European localities, it has only been collected once and always in very small numbers, mostly one specimen at a time. The population is considered to be severely fragmented. There is not enough information available about the habitat to establish clearly that it is threatened. However, similar to related species, the habitat suffers from human disturbance (housing and recreational development, climate change, pesticides and so on), which leads to a decline in the habitat quality and the loss of the type locality indicates a decline of the area of occupancy. Thus the species is classified as Endangered both in the EU27 countries and in Europe. The species also occurs outside of Europe, but it is unlikely there will be a significant immigration from outside, and thus the rescue effect is unlikely.",Unknown,"The species is known from Greece (from southeast Thessaly, central regions of the mainland, and the eastern Aegean island of Samos), North Macedonia, Montenegro and the Asian part of Turkey (Reemer and Smith 2007, Vujić 1999, Vujić  et al. 2020). In addition, there is an unpublished record from Samos (one female, from Valeondades, south of Agios Konstantinos, at 110 metre asl., foraging on Foeniculum vulgare found by J. van Steenis) (J. van Steenis pers. comm. 2020).   The type locality of the species in Montenegro (Boka Kotorska, Morinj) was proposed to be protected as a Nature Reserve due to the highly diverse syrphid fauna (c.130 species in 4 km2) and the fact that two species were described from this small patch of remaining natural habitat. It was one of the richest areas within the Mediterranean. The Institute for Nature Conservation prepared a protection proposal. This was never considered in any legal procedure. The type locality now is a developed housing area, and the species has disappeared (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).  In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 142,133 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2. In the EU27, the EOO is 85,029 km2 and the AOO is 16 km2.","Nothing is known about population size of Chrysogaster mediterraneus. The number of collected specimens is very small, so probably the population size is also small over the whole range as well.","There is only little information available about the habitats of this species in Europe. It is found in and around streams and small marshy areas in thermophilous oak (Quercus pubescens) forests (A. Vujic pers. com. in Speight 2020). It has also been collected on a small open abandoned field with Foeniculum vulgare in a Platanus woodland and with olive grooves close to a small river (unpublished record by Jeroen van Steenis from Samos 2019) (J. van Steenis, pers. comm. 2020). In Europe, the species has been seen visiting Smyrnium perfoliatum, Ferulago sylvatica, and Tordylium apulum (Standfuss and Claußen 2007, Vujić et al. 2020).  In the Asian part of Turkey, the species is collected in deciduous forests (mainly Platanus) with springs and small streams. It also occurs in an area with mixed habitats, such as a Liquidamber orientalis forest with small streams and marshy grasslands and fields with large, flowering Euphorbia species (Reemer and Smit 2007).","Speight et al. (2020) state that there is not enough data about the species to decide whether it is threatened in Europe. However, the small pools this species relies on will be threatened by drought, agriculture (use of pesticides and draining of the water bodies), land use change, urbanisation and climate change.    The type locality of the species in Montenegro (Boka Kotorska, Morinj) was proposed to be protected as Nature Reserve because of its highly diverse syrphid fauna (c.130 species in 4 km2) and due to the fact that two species were described from this small patch of remaining natural habitat. It was one of the richest areas within the Mediterranean. The Institute for Nature Conservation prepared a protection proposal, but this was never considered in any legal procedure (A. Vujić, pers. comm. 2020). The population at the type locality (Morinj, Montenegro) is now lost to urban development (Van Steenis et al. 2015, 2019).","No conservation action plans are in place. The most urgent conservation actions for the species are protection and  restoration of the nutrient poor, species-rich sites in the  Mediterranean area, namely small natural waters with good water quality,  and natural watersides. Research and monitoring are also needed to better understand the ecology of this species and its population trends.",The species is not used.,"Andric, A., Varga, Z. & Obreht Vidakovic, D.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.","Pennards, G.W.A., Ssymank, A. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chrysogaster,musatovi,,Chrysogaster musatovi,"Stackelberg, 1952",,No,DD,,No,NA,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  EU27 regional assessments: Not Applicable (NA)  Both the taxonomic status and the existence within the assessed area are uncertain. However, in recent literature (Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Mengual et al. 2020), the species is listed, and the record in Ukraine could indeed be Chrysogaster musatovi, since the confirmed Teberda record is only 500 km from the Ukrainian border. More research and monitoring is needed to confirm the status of the species in Europe.",Unknown,"Speight states that the species is present in Ukraine, but Popov (pers. comm. 2020) does not know of any record of Chrysogaster musatovi (or C. basalis)  from this country. The listing from southern European Russia in Peck (1988) is  probably based only on one of the type localities, Teberda in  Karatsjaj-Tsjerkessia, in the European Caucasus (Stackelberg 1952),  which is outside the scope of this European assessment.      The species is present in Asia (Caucasus, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan) (Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Mengual et al. 2020, Speight 2020) and probably also in Iran, published as Chrysogaster basalis (Khaghaninia et al. 2012, Samin et al. 2016).",There is no information about the population in Europe.,No information exists about habitat preferences.,"Since nothing is known about this species in Europe, the potential threats are also unknown.",The first thing would be to prove the existence of this species in the assessed area and its taxonomic status as a good species.,The species is not used.,"Popov, S. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, W. & van Steenis, J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chrysogaster,rondanii,,Chrysogaster rondanii,"Maibach and Goeldlin, 1995",,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European Assessment: Endangered (EN)  EU27 Assessment: Endangered (EN)   This European species has a limited and severely fragmented distribution. There are only a few records within the distribution area. In Germany, it is judged ""threatened, but with unknown magnitude"" (Ssymank et al. 2011). In the national Red List of the Netherlands, the species is ""Critically Endangered"" (Reemer et al. 2009), and in Switzerland, it is threatened (Speight et al. 2020). Mazanek et al. (2009) reported it to the Czech national Red List, classifying it as Endangered, and suggested it be added to the National Red List of Invertebrates as an endangered species due to its rarity and connection to Endangered wetland habitats. Only in France and Belgium is the species not considered to be threatened (Speight et al. 2020). The area of occupancy (AOO) is 200 km2 in Europe, and 188 km2 in the EU27 countries. The habitat is under pressure from forest management, groundwater abstraction, nitrogen and pesticide deposition and climate change, causing a decline in habitat quality. Therefore the species is assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU27.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe. It has a very limited distribution, being only present in the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, France, Czechia and Switzerland (Maibach and Goeldlin de Tiefenau 1995, Stuke and Wolff 1998, Mazánek et al. 2009, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight et al. 2018, Bot and van de Meutter 2019, Speight et al. 2019, Speight et al. 2020, database of University of Novi Sad, personal collection of Bartak M., identified by Tóth, T.). Exact locality data are not always available for this species, so calculating the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) was difficult. However, it is estimated that there are only 50 localities, making the AOO 200 km2 in Europe. In the EU27, the AOO is estimated to be 188 km2.   Khaghaninia et al. (2012) list the species for Iran, but based on the known distribution and habitats in Europe, it is considered to be unlikely that the record is indeed Chrysogaster rondanii. However, since there is no chance of immigration from Iran to Europe due to the distance, this record would not affect its regional status.",The species is generally found in small numbers. The population trend is unknown.,"This species has been found in base-rich deciduous forests visiting flowers of Sorbus aucuparia and Prunus padus (Reemer et al. 2009). It also occurs in open areas along small brooks and in groundwater streams in forests, and along streams fringed by riparian Fraxinus gallery in Quercus / Carpinus / Ulmus forests, and humid Fagus/Picea and Fraxinus / Fagus forests. The adults visit flowering trees and shrubs, mainly Prunus spinosa, but also Salix, Sarothamnus scoparius, Crataegus, Sorbus aucuparia and Prunus padus (Bot and van de Meutter 2019), and also Ilex as well (Speight 2020). The ecology of the larva is unknown, but it is believed to live in freshwater in the above-mentioned habitats.",The species is under threat by habitat alteration due to climate change and drainage of forests. The species might also be threatened by pesticides (deposited in nature areas after application in agricultural lands) and nitrogen deposition.,There is no active conservation action plan in place. The most urgent conservation actions for the species are protection and  restoration of nutrient-poor species-rich wet to dry meadows and small  natural waters with good water quality and natural watersides in the  vicinity. Research and monitoring are also needed to understand better its ecology and population trends.,The species is not used.,"Andric, A., Varga, Z. & Obreht Vidakovic, D.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.","Ssymank, A., Vujić, A. & Pennards, G.W.A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chrysogaster,simplex,,Chrysogaster simplex,"Loew, 1843",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  There is very little information available about this species. Most of the records are from within the European Union, but the only recent records are from Greece. Nothing is known about the current situation in Romania. There are only three records from Mordovia (Russia). In Europe, the distribution is considered to be severely fragmented. The habitat preferences are predicted based on the known distribution and ecology of closely related species and from records from the Asian part of Turkey (Reemer and Smit 2007). Based on this, the species prefers Mediterranean forests and forest edges with small streams, and the quality of this type of habitats is inferred to be in decline. The species is recorded from Asian Turkey, but there will not be significant immigration from here to Europe, and thus the rescue effect is unlikely. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 180 km2 in Europe and 168 km2 in the EU27. Based on this, the species is assessed to be Endangered (EN  B2ab(iii)) both in Europe and the EU27 countries.",Unknown,"This species has a southeastern distribution in Europe, where it is present in Romania and Greece. In Romania, it is recorded from a range of localities (Mt. Ceahlău, Plateau De Suceava, Plaine Roumaine, Dobrogea du Sud, the Danube Delta, up to 850 metres) (Bradescu 1991). In Greece, there are two records close to each other on the coastland of the Ionian Sea (Vujić et al. 2020). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,139,713 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 180 km2, while in the EU27 the EOO is 426,581 km2 and the AOO is 168 km2.  The species is also recorded from Mordovia in the Russian Federation by Chursina and Ruchin (2018) (three records), but it is not on the Russian species list of Barkalov and Mutin (2018).   Outside of Europe, it is also present in the Asian part of Turkey (Reemer and Smit 2007).","The records are scarce. The Greek and the Mordovian records are of few specimens (Chursina and Ruchin 2018, Vujić et al. 2020). The Romanian records do not give any numbers of specimens (Bradescu 1991). The population trend is unknown.","There is no information about the habitat preferences from Europe, but in the Asian part of Turkey, the species is found in deciduous forest (mainly Platanus) with springs and small streams (Reemer and Smit 2007).   In Greece, it is recorded close to the town of Paleros near the Ionian Sea (Syrphidae database of A. Vujić). In Romania, it is recorded from the Danube delta up to the Central Romanian Plain and from more montane areas up to 850 metres. Thus the habitat seems to be Mediterranean forests and forest edges with small streams.","This species may be threatened by commercial management of Mediterranean forests. Infrastructure development, particularly on the Danube and other coastal areas, will have a negative impact, and loss of habitat for the larvae and adults by water abstraction for agricultural reasons can also have an effect. Climate change will also have a negative influence.",There are no conservation actions in place. The most urgent conservation actions are protection and  restoration of both nutrient-poor species-rich meadows and small and  larger natural waters with good water quality and natural watersides in  the vicinity of the meadows. Research and monitoring are also needed to understand better its ecology and population trends.,The species is not utilised.,"Andric, A., Varga, Z. & Obreht Vidakovic, D.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chrysogaster,solstitialis,,Chrysogaster solstitialis,"(Fallén, 1817)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The species is widespread both in Europe and in the European Union. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species both in Europe and in the EU27 are significantly greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category, and it is not listed on any European Red List. Although its habitat quality will be in decline and there are some indications that populations are also declining in some parts of Europe, the species still is very widespread.",Unknown,"This species occurs in most of Europe from southern Scandinavia and Ireland to Portugal and Greece, and eastwards to the Urals and the Caucasus mountains. Outside of Europe, it is also recorded in North Africa and the Asian part of Turkey (Speight 2020, Speight et al. 2020).   The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species both in Europe and in the EU27 are significantly greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.","The species is widespread and often quite abundant, but the overall population trend is unknown.","This species is present in wetlands and deciduous forest, woodland streams and ponds (Speight 2020). The adult habitats are forests, forest edges or meadows beside streams and ponds in woodlands and scrubs (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2020).     The adults can be active under cloudy conditions or even in light rain (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Speight 2020). They visit many flowers, such as white umbellifers, Cornus, Filipendula, Galium, Sambucus and Senecio jacobaea (Speight 2020).    The larva is described and figured by Hartley (1961). They were found in mud containing a large amount of decaying wood and other vegetation at the edge of ponds and streams in woodland areas (Hartley 1961), and can also be found on the surface of organically enriched mud beneath the fallen leaves of trees, in very shallow (1 cm) water of seepages and spring-fed pools within deciduous woodland (Speight 2020).","The ongoing decline of humid deciduous forests poses a threat to this species. Furthermore, the use of pesticides and nitrogen deposition might have a negative impact on this species as its larvae are dependent on nutrient-rich but not poisonous water, and the adults need flower-rich forest edges.","There are no conservation actions in place. The most urgent conservation actions are protection and restoration of flower-rich grasslands and forest edges along small natural waters with good water quality and watersides with natural vegetation of helophytes and macrophytes.        The species has several common names (Bartsch et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Haarto and Kerppola 2007, Nielsen and Gammelmo 2017, Röder 1990, Torp 1994, Tóth 2017), which could also help to engage with the public and taking conservation actions to a national level.",The species is not utilised.,"Nève, G. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chrysogaster,virescens,,Chrysogaster virescens,"Loew, 1854",,Yes,NT,"B2b(ii,iii)",No,NT,"B2b(ii,iii)",EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)   EU27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)   The species only occurs in Great Britain and in the EU27 countries. Although it does not seem to be threatened in parts of its distribution, it is listed as Threatened in the Czech Republic  and Flanders (Belgium), and Vulnerable in Baden-Württemberg (Meerhaeghe and Grootaert 1998, Mazánek and Barták 2004, Ssymank et al. 2011). The species has an area of occupancy (AOO) above 2,000 km2 (3,200 km2 in Europe, and 2,380 km2 in the EU27 countries) and its distribution is not severely fragmented. However, if the current declining trends of both the AOO and the habitat quality continue, the species might classify as Vulnerable in the near future.  Over most of its range, it will suffer from a drier environment due to groundwater abstraction and climate change. The peat habitat is clearly negatively affected by the ongoing threats. In addition, forest habitat will be also negatively affected by drier circumstances, nitrogen deposition and forest management. Furthermore, pesticide contamination may affect larvae and adults negatively.   Taking all this into account, the species is assessed as Near Threatened both in Europe and in the EU27 countries.",Unknown,"This species occurs from southern Sweden, Scotland and Ireland south to Spain, Southern France, Hungary and Romania. One locality is also known in southern Finland. The record from Greece by Speight et al. (2020) is not given by Vujić et al. (2020), so in this assessment Chrysogaster virescens is considered as not present in Greece. No records have been found from Switzerland, and it is not listed in Maibach et al. (1992), nor in the recent Swiss Syrphidae checklist on the internet. Therefore, despite Speight (2020), the species is not considered to be present in Switzerland. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,808,316 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 3,200 km2. In the EU27, the EOO is 4,495,507 km2 and the AOO is 2,380 km2.","This species can be found repeatedly over time in some locations, and in satisfactory numbers, but nevertheless there is no information about the overall population size or trend.","The habitats of this species are forests and wetlands, occurring in fen carrs and in small open areas with flushes and streams in deciduous forests (Speight 2020). In Belgium and the Netherlands it is found in two different habitats: in marshy seepage areas in large forests and in peat bogs and moors (Bot and van de Meutter 2019).       The adults settle on foliage of bushes and trees. They visit flowers of white umbellifers, Filipendula, Ilex, Iris, Ranunculus, Rubus, Rosa rugosa, Prunus avium and Sarothamnus scoparius (Bartsch et al. 2009, Ball et al. 2011, Speight 2020). The females fly low above Sphagnum vegetation (Bot and van de Meutter 2019). The larval ecology is not known, but the larvae probably live in shallow water close to the shore, where they probably feed by filter-feeding among decaying plants, just like the larvae of Chrysogaster solstitialis.","As with all species dependent on wet habitats, the drainage of moors, peat bogs and humid forests for domestic, agricultural or other uses poses a major threat to Chrysogaster virescens. Furthermore, the deterioration of forests and forest edges, pollution by nutrient loads or pesticides, and climate change (causing drought and habitat alteration) are also threatening the species.","There are no conservation plans in place. The most urgent conservation actions are protection and restoration of nutrient-poor species-rich wet to dry meadows and small natural waters with good water quality and natural watersides in the vicinity. Research and monitoring are also needed to understand better its ecology and population trends. The species has several common names (Röder 1990, Torp 1994, Haarto and Kerppola 2007, Bartsch et al. 2009, Tóth 2017, Bot and van de Meutter 2019), which could help to raise public awareness and taking conservation actions on a national level.",The species is not utilised.,"Nève, G. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chrysosyrphus,nasutus,,Chrysosyrphus nasutus,"(Zetterstedt, 1838)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Although Chrysosyrphus nasutus does not have a very large distribution area in Europe due to its habitat preferences, this species doesn't seem to be directly threatened in its range. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is estimated to be around 1.6 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 341,000 km2. In the EU 27, the AOO is around 234,000 km2, and the EOO is around 706,000 km2. In Europe, the hoverfly is only found in the high northern parts of Scandinavia and in European Russia (Speight 2020). Although it may be impacted by some human activity, and climate change in the future, it does not seem to be in any eminent danger. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27. Further research is needed on the biology, life cycle, threats and distribution of this species.",Unknown,"This species is found in northern parts of Norway and Sweden, Finland and European Russia (Narjan Mar, Vorkuta) (Barkalov and Mutin 2018). It is also recorded further through northern Siberia to the Pacific and the Nearctic (Speight 2020). It is known from the mountain ranges in Finland, from Lapland south to the Lake district and Jämtland (Haarto and Kerppola 2014, FinBif 2020). In Norway, it is known from several premises in Nordland, Troms and Finnmark (Nielsen and Gammelmo 2017), but records very old. In Sweden, it is known from the boreal zone (van Steenis and Zuidhoff 2013) – records from Laivadalen.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is estimated to be around 1.6 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 341,000 km2. In the EU 27, the AOO is around 234,000 km2, and the EOO is around 706,000 km2.","The species is not commonly encountered because it is difficult to find and is found in areas that have not been well investigated. In the mountains of Finland, it is probably more common than the few finds indicate, and it is also rare nearer the coast. The current population trend is unknown for both Europe and the EU 27.","The preferred environment of this species is wetland/forest; aapa mire within boreal Pinus sylvestris/Betula forest (H. Bartsch and T. Nielsen pers. comm. 2019), northwards to taiga wetlands (Nielsen 1998) and palsa mire (Van Steenis and Zuidhoff 2013).     The species has been recorded on the flowers of Caltha membranacea, Dryas octopetala, Ledum palustre, Rhododendron tomentosum and Rubus chamaemorus.  The flight period is from mid June to mid July. Van Steenis and Zuidhoff (2013) record observing oviposition in wet moss at the water edge, in a palsa mire.","The threats to this species are unknown, but similar to Chrysosyrphus nigra, the species will likely be affected by the usual anthropogenic activities going on in Europe, such as deforestation, logging, drainage, agriculture and urbanisation. The environment where it lives (high north) will probably provide some protection from these activities, but climate change will be a serious decline factor in the future.","More research is needed about the biology, life cycle, threats and distribution of this species, in order to make a more detailed assumption about necessary conservation actions. In both Finland and Sweden this species has been assessed as Least Concern (LC) (2019) (FinBif 2020, Artdatabanken 2020).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chrysosyrphus,nigra,,Chrysosyrphus nigra,"(Zetterstedt, 1843)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Although Chrysosyrphus nigra does not have a very large distribution in Europe due to its habitat preferences, it does not seem to be directly threatened in its range. In Europe, this hoverfly is only found in the high northern parts of Scandinavia, and in European Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 550,000 km2. In the EU 27, the EOO is about 566,000 km2 and the AOO is around 201,000 km2. The species is seemingly rare, and may be impacted by human activity and climate change, but it does not seem to be in any eminent danger. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27. Further research on the species and potential threats is recommended to establish if there are any conservation measures needed.",Unknown,"This species found across northern Europe, from northern Norway (old records from Finnmark), Sweden and Finland, northern parts of European Russia (Narjan-Mar) (Barkalov and Mutin 2018) and across Asia through northern Siberia to Kamchatka (Speight 2020).  In Sweden, it is known from the mountains south to Lycksele, but its distribution probably extends further south along the mountain chain and reaches the coast at least in Norrbotten. The species is likely to be more common than the few findings indicate, and the distribution may be greater (in particular along the mountain chain) than shown in the map (see bibliography). In Norway and Finland, it is known from a number of localities north of the Arctic Circle. It is also known from the area around Inare swamp at just over 100 m Asl. It also was sighted in other parts of northern Finland.   The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 550,000 km2. In the EU 27, the EOO is about 566,000 km2 and the AOO is around 201,000 km2.","Not much is known about the size of the subpopulations of this species, and the current population trend in both Europe and the EU 27 is unknown. It is not commonly encountered because it is difficult to find and lives in areas that are not well investigated. It may be more widespread than currently known.","The preferred environment of this species is wetland/forest, particularly aapamire within Pinus sylvestris forest and in taiga wetlands (Nielsen 1998). The flight period is from mid June to mid July.  This species occurs in mountain and marsh areas, both above the forest boundary and in the birch and coniferous forest belt. In Sweden, it visits flowers of cobwebs Caltha palustris, squamous Rhododendron tomentosum and cloudberry Rubus chamaemorus. In northern Norway it has also been seen visiting flowering Salix spp.","The threats to this species are unknown, but it is likely to be affected by the usual anthropogenic activities going on in Europe, such as deforestation, logging, drainage, agriculture and urbanisation. The environment where it lives (high north) will probably provide some protection from anthropogenic activities, but climate change will be a serious factor in the future.","More research is needed on the biology, life cycle, threats and distribution of this species in order to make a more detailed assumption about necessary conservation actions. In Finland and Sweden, this species has been assessed as Least Concern (LC) (FinBif 2020, Artdatabanken 2020).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chrysotoxum,arcuatum,,Chrysotoxum arcuatum,(Linnaeus 1758),"The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999) suggests that the name Chrysotoxum arcuatum should be used to refer to the species previously known as Chrysotoxum fasciatum. However, the name C. arcuatum has also been used for other Chrysotoxum species during the last decades.  For a correct understanding of the identity of C. arcuatum, only nomenclatural revisions should be taken in consideration. Otherwise, the name C. arcuatum could be referring to a different biological entity (Speight 2020). With the purpose of the present assessment, all literature records found of ‘C. arcuatum’ have been included because a specific taxonomic revision of the material from which these records originate has not been undertaken.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species does not meet the criteria for threatened categories in Europe/EU27. It is a widespread species, present in many habitats. There are no specific threats identified for this species, although Alpine subpopulations might be under higher pressure than those in lowlands. Therefore, Chrysotoxum arcuatum is here regarded as Least Concern in Europe and in the EU27 Member States.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species ranges from Scandinavia south to northern Spain, east through Europe to European Russia (Speight 2018).  In Europe the species occurs from Scandinavia south to the Pyrenees and northern parts of Spain. It is also present from Ireland eastwards through northern and mountainous parts of central and southern Europe into European parts of Russia. It is known from Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Russia, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.  Its range extends through Siberia as far as Kamchatka and Japan (Speight 2018).",There is no information about population trends for this species.,"The preferred habitats of C. arcuatum are wetlands/forests, fen carr, and edges of raised bogs. It can also occur along stream edges and in poorly-drained clearings in humid/wet forests (both conifer and deciduous) and conifer plantations. In the montane/subalpine zone of the Alps and Pyrenees, C. arcuatum is found in unimproved, non-calcareous grasslands and heaths (Speight 2018). Adults visit flowers of yellow composites, white umbellifers, and specifically those of Calluna, Frangula alnus, Hypochoeris, Leontodon, Leucojum aestivum, Ligustrum, Luzula sylvatica, Potentilla erecta, Ranunculus, Rubus fruticosus, R. idaeus, Salix repens, Sorbus aucuparia. The flight period is May to September. The larva of C. arcuatum is unknown (Speight 2018), but expected to be entomophagous in common with those of of other congeneric species.","Reduction of habitat quality at Alpine locations - resulting from commercial and tourist development, grazing and climate change - may threaten subpopulations of C. arcuatum in Europe.","There are no specific conservation actions for this species. However, Alpine subpopulations of C. arcuatum in Europe may require a specific monitoring programme to detect possible negative trends and then propose conservation actions accordingly. Further research is needed into this species' taxonomy, and life history research - including studies of larval biology - is needed to propose effective conservation actions.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However it has a potential use in population control of its prey, which are suspected to be aphids.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chrysotoxum,bicinctum,,Chrysotoxum bicinctum,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","In the south of Europe, the name Chrysotoxum bicinctum has often been used to refer to the species Chrysotoxum volaticum, a species that was described from the North of Africa and that has been recently reported from Europe based on Spanish material (van Steenis et al. 2020). After the clarification of range limits provided by van Steenis et al. (2020), the range of C. bicinctum in southern regions of Europe such as the Iberian Peninsula has been reduced substantially.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Chrysotoxum bicinctum does not meet the criteria for threatened categories in Europe/EU27. It is a widespread species, present in different habitats (forest and grassland), and with apparently large populations in most countries where recorded. There are no specific threats identified for this species. Therefore, C. bicinctum is regarded as Least Concern in Europe and in the EU27 Member States.",Unknown,"This species is widespread throughout Europe (Speight 2018). This species is possibly rare in the Iberian Peninsula, and in Spain, records of C. bicinctum are confirmed just from three northern provinces (van Steenis et al. in prep.).  In Europe it is known from Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Kosovo, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine; Russia, and the United Kingdom.  The species ranges eastwards through Asiatic Russia as far as central Siberia (Speight 2018).",There is no information about population trends for this species.,"Chrysotoxum bicinctum occurs near streams and fen vegetation in both deciduous and coniferous forests, and is also present in lowland humid and improved grassland. Adults visit flowers of white umbellifers, Achillea ptarmica, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Carduus, Crataegus, Hypochoeris, Potentilla erecta, Ranunculus, and Rubus, from late May to September (Speight 2018). The larva is undescribed, but has been reared on a diet of aphids in lab conditions (Rotheray and Gilbert 1989).","Apart from the general threats to biodiversity, there are no specific threats identified for this species in Europe.","There are no specific conservation actions for this species. However, many localities where C. bicinctum is found lie within protected areas. Life history research - including studies of larval biology - is needed to propose effective conservation actions. Further taxonomic research is needed to clarify the genetic distinctiveness of this species from C. volaticum.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey aphids.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chrysotoxum,cautum,,Chrysotoxum cautum,"(Harris, 1776)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European  regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Although C. cautum is possibly extinct (or recorded in error) in Ireland (Speight 2008), decreasing in  England (Ball and Morris 2014) and Regionally Extinct in  Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019), these areas represent the northern edge of its range and its extent of occurrence is high both Europe and the EU27 (5,465,881/5,431,256 km2 respectively). Although as presently understood the area of occupancy is below 2,000 km2, it is thought that it may be undersampled in part of its range and a high number of locations has been recorded for this species. For example, in France, it occurs in most departments (Speight et al. 2020) and, in Spain, it is present in the north, centre and south-east (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017). Thus, this species is listed as Least Concern (LC) for both Pan Europe and for the EU27 Member States.",Unknown,"In the European region, this species occurs from Finland west and south to Great Britain (Wales and the southern half of England), the Pyrenees and Spain, and east across European Russia (Speight 2018).  In Europe it has been recorded from Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechia, Denmark, Russia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine and the United Kingdom. In Ireland, the species is either possibly extinct or was recorded in error. In Finland it is considered Regionally Extinct.  The range extends eastwards out of the European region through Asian Russia as far as Mongolia (Speight 2018).","The population size and trend for this species are not well understood in Europe. Local population sizes for Chrysotoxum cautum appears to be uneven within its European range. For example, in the Czech Republic, northern Spain and Serbia, it appears to be abundant (Nedeljković 2011, Ricarte et al. 2014, Jiří Hadrava in litt.), while in Ireland and Finland it is extremely rare and may be extinct (Speight and Nash 1993, Speight 2008, Hyvärinen et al. 2019). In the UK, the southern English subpopulation appears to be declining (Ball and Morris 2014). It might just be that C. cautum is rare in the northern edge of its range (Great Britain, Scandinavia, etc).","Chrysotoxum cautum occurs in deciduous forest and scrub; unimproved grassland and slightly-grazed grassland which has not been subject to ploughing or tillage (Speight 2018). Adults fly from May to July, and also April in southern Europe. They visit flowers of white umbellifers, yellow composites, Allium ursinum, Caltha, Cornus, Crataegus, Euonymus, Euphorbia, Frangula alnus, Geranium, Plantago, Ranunculus, Rhamnus catharticus, Rubus, and  Sorbus aucuparia. The larva is undescribed (Speight 2018), but expected to be entomophagous.","Overgrazing and inappropriate mowing (too intensive mowing or neglected mowing) can threaten C. cautum subpopulations living in unimproved grasslands. Any other threats negatively influencing the habitats of C. cautum in countries where it is very rare (e.g, Ireland) should also be identified and regarded as relevant to the status of this species in Europe, however its scarcity in these areas may simply reflect natural rarity at its northern range limits.","There are no specific conservation actions for this species. However, the species is regarded as Regionally Extinct in the Red List of Finnish species (Hyvärinen et al. 2019). Further research into this species' life history - including studies of larval biology - is needed to propose effective conservation actions. The use of inappropriate land management practices in unimproved grassland should be discouraged in order to benefit this species.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its preys, which are suspected to be aphids.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chrysotoxum,cisalpinum,,Chrysotoxum cisalpinum,"Rondani, 1845",,No,VU,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  This species is regarded as Vulnerable due to area of occupancy below 500 km2 (68), number of locations where is recorded (9), and an estimated decline of the habitat quality. The low number of records for this species (only 30 specimens known in entomological collections from all its range) and apparent threats for its populations in the Mediterranean lead to the consideration of this species as Vulnerable, despite the very large extent of occurrence. In the assessment for the EU27 this species also qualifies for Vulnerable, since all known locations in Europe belong to the EU27.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species has been recorded from ten localities (representing 9 locations) in central  and southeastern (van Steenis et al. 2020) Spain, mainland Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, mainland France, Corsica (Durand et al. 2004), and Greece (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017, Ricarte et al. 2018). It has an estimated area of occupancy of 68 km2.  Out of the European region, the species has been recorded from Transcaucasia, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan (Peck 1988, Mengual 2020).","For this species, there are around 30 specimens known in collections. Most specimens are reported from Greece (from 1976 to 2017) and Spain (from 1930 to 2018), four from Corsica (in 2017), and two from Sardinia (in 2017). In Greece, C. cisalpinum was recorded from Peloponnese in 1976, 1984, 2016, and 2019, and from Epyrus in 1994 and 1995. Records from Corsica and Sardinia are relatively recent (2016 and 2017) (FSUNS database). The European subpopulations of this species are restricted to the Mediterranean region, where it appears to occur in low numbers. There is no information about population trends in Europe.","The preferred habitats of C. cisalpinum are dry montane grassland in the mesophilous Fagus zone of southern European mountain ranges; open, grassy areas along seasonal streams and rivers in karstic, thermophilous Quercus forest; and thermophilous forest fringes. Adults fly from May to October, visiting flowers of Euphorbia and yellow composites (Speight 2018). The larva is undescribed, but suspected to be entomophagous.","Apart from the general threats to biodiversity, infrastructure (e.g., housing and roads) development in touristic locations may threaten subpopulations of C. cisalpinum in Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily. Another threat is the encroachment of scrublands in Mediterranean ecosystems that may contribute to the disappearance of grassy clearings and grassland patches where this species lives, for example in Spain.",There are no specific conservation actions for this species. Further research into this species' life history - including studies of larval biology - is needed to propose effective conservation actions.,"This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which are suspected to be aphids.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.","Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chrysotoxum,elegans,,Chrysotoxum elegans,"Loew, 1841","Records of this species have been mistakenly identified as C. festivum, but Nedeljković et al. (2013) provided an updated diagnosis of C. elegans as part of a modern review of species allied with C. festivum, that should facilitate correct identification.",No,NT,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",No,NT,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",EU27-2020,,"European  regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)   This species is Near Threatened due to relatively restricted area of occupancy (816 km2) and reports of local decline and extinctions over most of its European range (Speight 2018). The species may however be more widespread and abundant than presently known, and the scarcity of records from much of mainland Europe may be due to historical confusion with other species.  On the EU27, the assessment for C. elegans is similar, with low AOO (208 km2) and a significant retraction of its population and habitat, mainly in the northern part of Europe (Denmark, Belgium, Germany, Ireland).",Stable,"Chrysotoxum elegans occurs from Sweden to Spain, but it is absent from Norway and Finland. It is also present through central and southern Europe into European parts of Russia (Speight 2018). In the UK, C. elegans is reported from southern England and south Wales (Ball et al. 2011). The estimated area of occupancy based on confirmed records is 816 km2 (208 km2 in the EU), but is likely to be an underestimate.  The mainland European range of this species is unclear due to its morphological similarity to, and subsequent confusion with, Chrysotoxum festivum (Nedeljković et al. 2013); records treated as confirmed here are known from Sweden, the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Spain, Andorra, Portugal, Germany, Austria, Czechia, Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, Albania, Italy, Ukraine and European Russia.  Out of the European region, the species range extends as far as the Caucasus Mountains and into Turkey (Speight 2018). Its extralimital range, if any, is unknown, as the species with which it has been confused ranges widely in the Palearctic: Nedeljković et al. (2013) studied only European records, and the species is regarded as being endemic to Europe and the immediately adjacent Mediterranean for the purposes of this assessment.","There is no information about population size and trends for this species in Europe. However, in England it is regarded as ""Nationally Scarce"" (Ball and Morris 2013). In the Balkans and Iberian Peninsula this species appear to have a stable population (Nedeljković et al. 2013).","Chrysotoxum elegans inhabits deciduous forest/open ground, mesophilous/thermophilous deciduous forest and dry, unimproved grassland with scrub, on well-drained sites. This species can also be found in some types of heathland (Speight 2018). It flies from May to August, with occasional specimens found in September. Adults visit flowers of white umbellifers, Origanum, and Ranunculus (Speight 2018). The larva is suspectd to be aphidophagous (Dušek and Láska 1962, Speight 2018).","Chrysotoxum elegans seems to be disappearing rapidly from much of its European range, along with its primary habitat: ancient, unimproved pasture with patches of scrub woodland (Speight 2018). Land use change may impact the species, particularly if grazing by livestock becomes either too intensive or absent.","There are no specific conservation actions in place for C. elegans. It is listed in England as ""Nationally Scarce"" (Ball and Morris 2013), as Critically Endangered in the National Red List of the Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005), Regionally Extinct in the Belgian Region Flanders (https://www.inbo.be/en/search-flanders-red-lists), and very endangered with extinction in the German provinces of Baden-Wurtemberg (Doczkal et al. 2001) and Bayern (Dunk et al. 2003). In Greece, this species is found within Pindos National Park (Likov 2018). Additional monitoring is needed to better understand the population trends and impacts of threats.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its preys, which are aphids.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.","Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chrysotoxum,fasciolatum,,Chrysotoxum fasciolatum,"(De Geer, 1776)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This European endemic species is assessed as Least Concern both globally and for the EU27 Member States due to wide distribution. Potential threats to this species may lead to a reduction in its population size in the near future. The species should be monitored regularly as it could become threatened in a short period of time.,Unknown,"Chrysotoxum fasciolatum is endemic to Europe, where it occurs from Scandinavia to France, with a record from northern Portugal old and requiring confirmation. It is also present in northeastern Europe (Baltic States, European part of Russia), northern Italy, and the Balkan Peninsula (Speight 2018, GBIF 2020).","There is no information on the population size and trend for this species. In Serbia, just three specimens have been recorded so far, in 1986, 1992 and 2012. In Greece, just two specimens are known, collected in 1994 and 2008. Some southern records of this species (for example, in Portugal) are old and unconfirmed. It was generally common in Czechia 10 years ago but there has been very limited monitoring recently.","Chrysotoxum fasciolatum is found in herb-rich open areas within humid Fagus/Picea forest and upwards through the Abies/Picea zone into unimproved alpine grassland. It flies from May to July, visiting flowers of Ranunculus, Rubus idaeus, and Taraxacum (Speight 2018). The larva is undescribed, but expected to be entomophagous, as are those of other congeneric species.","Apart from the general threats to biodiversity, there are no specific threats identified for this species. Nonetheless, changes in the management of grasslands and forests, where this species sometimes occurs, may have a negative influence on its conservation. Subopulations of C. fasciolatum at high elevations may also be influenced by global warming.","There are no specific conservation actions for this species. Further research into this species' life history - including studies of larval biology - is needed to propose effective conservation actions. The use of inappropriate land management practices in unimproved grassland should be discouraged in order to benefit this species. Listed as Vulnerable in the German Red List (Ssymank et al. 2011) and Least Concern in the 2015 Swedish Red List. Given its wide distribution, occurrence within Natura 2000 sites is presumed.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which are suspected to be aphids.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.","Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chrysotoxum,festivum,,Chrysotoxum festivum,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","The nomenclatural issues involving the name Chrysotoxum festivum were discussed in Nedeljković et al. (2013) and specific publications prior to this.  Black-haired specimens of C. festivum from high altitudes were found to belong to a separate species (C. tomentosum) and can now be separated from the typical C. festivum (Nedeljković et al. 2013). These recent updates in the taxonomy of C. festivum, mainly based on material examined from Scandinavia, central and southeast Europe, warrant the revision of the C. festivum from other parts of Europe to develop a precise view of this species’ range on the continent.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the regional/EU27 level due to its large extent of occurrence and its large number of locations. It is a widespread species, present in many habitats. There are no major specific threats identified for this species.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species occurs from Scandinavia to the Iberian Peninsula on the south, and from Ireland eastwards through much of Europe into Turkey and European part of Russia. Outside Europe, this species occurs in Siberia and Pacific Coast, India and Japan (Speight 2018).  European records are known from Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Russia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine and the United Kingdom.",There is no information about population size and trends for this species in Europe.,"Chrysotoxum festivum occurs in grassland with scrub, in forest, and in open ground (Speight 2018). Flight period from May to September. Adults visit flowers of white umbellifers, Calluna, Chaerophyllum, Cirsium arvense, Euphorbia, Galium, Hieracium, Hypochoeris, Narthecium, Origanum, Potentilla erecta, Ranunculus, Rosa rugosa, Rubus idaeus, Sambucus nigra, Senecio, Solidago canadensis, and S. virgaurea. The larva is apparently associated with Lasius niger ants in Corylus/Prunus shrubs (Speight 1976).","Apart from habitat destruction, there are no specific threats identified for this species in Europe.","There are no specific conservation actions for this species. Chrysotoxum festivum is listed as Vulnerable in Belgium (https://www.inbo.be/en/search-flanders-red-lists).  Chrysotoxum festivum occurs in many protected areas, and no particular conservation measures are needed either in Europe as a whole or the EU. Research is needed to clarify this species' distribution following recent work clarifying its identity.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which are suspected to be aphids.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chrysotoxum,gracile,,Chrysotoxum gracile,"Becker, 1921",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  The species is assessed as Endangered in Europe due to its relatively restricted area of occupancy (120 km2), a severely fragmented population and an expected continuing decline in habitat quality. There is a large gap in the distribution of this species between the western and the eastern records. Despite extensive surveys in these areas for many years and in recent times (Z. Nedeljković pers. comm. 2021). Thus, this appears to be an actual gap in the range of this species in Europe, or the species is scarce in these regions. Inappropriate forest management and wildfire induced by global warming may result in a reduction in the quality of this species' main habitats, which are forests.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is known from central and north-eastern Spain (Gil-Collado 1930) and the Pyrenees (Leclercq 1971), Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean parts of southern France (Speight et al. 2013), and North Macedonia (Glumac 1968) . The area of occupancy is estimated to be 120 km2, and extensive surveys between the eastern and western parts of the distribution suggests that the species is genuinely scarce or absent from this area (Z. Nedeljković pers. comm. 2021).  Out of the European region, the species is recorded from the Anatolia region of Turkey (Erzurum province) (Vujić et al. 2017).","Published records of this species refer to a low number of specimens at each surveyed locality (e.g. Speight et al. 2013). Thus, the abundance of this species in Europe is either low or under-estimated. The population is considered severely fragmented.","The preferred habitats of C. gracile are forests (e.g. Quercus pubescens and Quercus petrea forests), but it is also found in Q. pubescens savannas. Streams are often present at sites where C. gracile has been recorded. Adults of this species have been found visiting flowers of Anthriscus silvestris, Euphorbia sp., Pastinaca sativa and Potentilla. Larval biology is completely unknown, but larvae are expected to be predatory on aphids, as in other Chrysotoxum species (Speight 2018).","Reduction of habitat quality as a result of land use changes may threaten subpopulations of C. gracile in Europe. Inappropriate forest management and wildfire induced by global warming may result in a reduction in the quality of this species main habitats, which are forests.","There are no specific conservation actions for this species, which is absent from regional red lists. Speight et al. (2016) regard this species as 'Data Deficient'. Further research into this species' life history - including studies of larval biology - is needed to propose effective conservation actions. Additional monitoring is needed to better understand the population trends and impacts of threats.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which are suspected to be aphids.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Ricarte Sabater, A.R. & Nedeljković, Z.","Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chrysotoxum,intermedium,,Chrysotoxum intermedium,"Meigen, 1822",Under the name Chrysotoxum intermedium there are various species awaiting taxonomic definition in different parts of Europe (Speight 2020).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment:  Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species as we understand at present is listed as Least Concern (LC) in Pan-Europe and EU27, but taxonomic research is needed to establish the number of taxa within this species complex and their associated distributions.",Unknown,"The geographic range of C. intermedium is uncertain because there is still an unresolved complex of species under this species name (Speight 2018, Nedeljković et al. in prep.). Nonetheless, the name C. intermedium has been used in many countries of Europe and Africa to refer to Chrysotoxum hoverflies with a specific morphology (Van Veen 2004, Speight et al. 2016), suggesting that the name may apply to a genuinely widespread species.  European records provisionally accepted here are known from Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czechia, Russia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland and Gibraltar.","Animals referred to under this name are found in high numbers during its flight period in different countries, but the population trend is unknown.","C. intermedium sensu lato is found in open areas inside Fagus forests, but also in evergreen oak forest (Quercus coccifera, Quercus ilex and Q. suber), maquis and garrigue in the Mediterranean zone. Additionally it occurs in open habitats and olive orchards (Speight 2018). The larva is undescribed.",There are no specific threats identified for this species in Europe.,There are no conservation actions for Chrysotoxum intermedium in Europe. To define conservation actions for a taxonomically-unresolved species is not feasible. Taxonomic research is needed to establish the number of taxa within this species complex and their associated distributions.,"This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which are suspected to be aphids.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.","Vujić, A.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chrysotoxum,lineare,,Chrysotoxum lineare,"(Zetterstedt, 1819)",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  This species is assessed as Endangered at the European regional level due to relatively restricted area of occupancy (224 km2), severely fragmented population, and an inferred decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. There is also potentially a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and area of occupancy, although the causes of this remain unclear. It is unlikely that there will be a rescue effect from outside populations. Our poor understanding of this species' habitat requirements makes it difficult the define threats and propose conservation actions.  At the EU 27 level, it is assessed also as endangered due to relatively restricted area of occupancy (92 km2), severely fragmented population, and an inferred decline in the in the extent and quality of its habitat, and potentially in the number of mature individuals and area of occupancy (although the causes of this remain unclear). It is unlikely that there will be a rescue effect from outside populations.",Unknown,"In Europe Chrysotoxum lineare is known from central France, Germany, Poland, Czech Republic (record from 2003), Slovakia, Romania, northern Serbia (records from 2014), Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary (records from 2006) and European parts of Russia (Speight 2018, Speight et al. 2016, Doczkal et al. 2001, Vujić et al. 2018, Stanescu and Parvu 2005, Hubenov 2018, Toth 2001). It has an area of occupancy in Europe estimated at 220 km2, and as 92 km2 in the European Union.  The species is considered regionally extinct in Sweden. Most records that are not annotated are relatively old records (up to 100 years old).  Out of the European region, the species is also present in the Western-Siberian part of Russia and Kazakhstan (Barkalov and Mutin 2018).","There is no estimate of population size of C. lineare in Europe, but in western Europe this species exhibits a relictual distribution pattern (Speight 2018) with apparently small subpopulations. It is one of the scarcest members of the genus in Europe (A. Ricarte and Z. Nedeljković pers. comm. 2021). It is likely the population is severely fragmented. The majority of known specimens from eastern Europe belong to a series of 10 recorded in northern Serbia from 1988 to 2014. In 1988, only six specimens were recorded in Alibunar (Vujić et al. 1998) and Filić (unpublished), in Vojvodina (northern Serbia). Four further specimens were recorded in other Vojvodina locality, the Special Natural Reserves Slano Kopovo and Pašnjaci velike droplje (Markov et al. 2016). Although monitored after 1988, C. lineare has not been found again in Alibunar, suggesting that there might be a population decline of this species, at least locally, and possibly a reduction in the area of occupancy.","The preferred habitats of C. lineare are open areas of seasonally flooded, humid, unimproved, mesotrophic grassland, in the vicinity of standing-water bodies (Speight 2018), although it has also been recorded in cropland and coal mining areas. Adults fly from May to August visiting flowers of umbellifers. The larva is undescribed (Speight 2018).","Threats to this species are difficult to define as its biology and habitat requirements are poorly known, although the species is rare and may be at least local decline. A decline in the extent and quality of its habitat is inferred from tourism and infrastructure developments, although some of its fragmentary subpopulations in Europe are found in modified to heavily modified environments. For example, in the Czech Republic, this species is found in coal mining areas (Jiří Hadrava in litt.), while in Serbia it is found in crop and track verges.",There are no specific conservation actions for this species.  This species is Strictly protected under Serbian legislation. Chrysotoxum lineare is included in the Red list of the German Province Baden-Württembergs as 'Gefährdung anzunehmen' (Dunk et al. 2003) and in the Red list of Czech Republic as 'CR' (Farkač et al. 2005). Further research into this species' life history - including studies of larval biology - is needed to propose effective conservation actions. This species is listed as Critically Endangered in the German Red List.  Additional monitoring is needed to better understand the population trends and impacts of threats.,"This species is not traded or exploited commercially. Even though it has a potential use in pest control of their larval prey (which is unknown but likely to be insects, particularly aphids) and in crop pollination, the rarity of this species makes it a difficult prospect for commercial exploitation.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.","Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chrysotoxum,montanum,,Chrysotoxum montanum,"Nedeljković and Vujić, 2015",,No,NT,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  This species is assessed as Near Threatened for Europe due to its relatively restricted area of occupancy (AOO) of 156 km2, the low number of locations (12), and a continuing decline in habitat quality. At the EU 27 Member States level, it is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)) due to relatively restricted AOO (12 km2), and very low number of locations (only three known locations). Infrastructure development and, to some extent, overgrazing and fires are causing habitat destruction and threatening this species.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is known from records on high mountains in central and south Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, mainland Greece, the Alpine part of Italy and Austria (Nedeljković et al. 2015). Records of this species from the western Alps in eastern France (Champagny-en-Vanoise, Tinée and haut Verdon; Cavaillès 2020) require confirmation based on examination of specimens. Its confirmed area of occupancy is estimated at 156 km2.  Out of the European region, the species has been recorded from Anatolia, Turkey (Vujić et al. 2017).","The population seems to be stable on the Balkan Peninsula (there are a lot of specimens collected in the periods 1984-1986 and 2012-2016). Data from Austria and Italy are scarce, possibly because of sporadic collecting.",This species has been found with other Chrysotoxum species in the grassy edges of conifer forests at high elevations. It flies from early May to late August. There are no data on flowers visited by adults. The larval biology is unknown (Nedeljković et al. 2015).,"Loss of habitat quality caused by climate change, intense overgrazing and other anthropocentric activities (e.g. agriculture, change of land use particularly from infrastructure development) are potential threats to this species. There is however no published scientific information to document whether these processes are presently affecting the species.","There are no specific conservation actions for this species. Chrysotoxum montanum occurs in many protected areas in Serbia including National Parks (Kopaonik NP), Landscapes of Exceptional Features (Vlasina) and Nature Reserves (Golija). In Montenegro, this species is also present in Durmitor National Park. Its mapped range in Italy, Austria, and Greece overlaps Natura 2000 sites, however occurrence within these requires confirmation. However, it would be necessary to monitor human activities in these protected areas in order to avoid damage in the habitats of this species, which appears to depend at some extent on conifer forest at high altitudes.  Further research into this species' life history - including studies of larval biology - is needed to propose effective conservation actions. Additional monitoring is needed to better understand the population trends and impacts of threats.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in pest control of the larval prey insects (which are unknown, but related species feed on aphids) and in crop pollination due to its larval trophic habits and behaviour of adults, respectively.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.","Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chrysotoxum,octomaculatum,,Chrysotoxum octomaculatum,"Curtis, 1837",The taxonomy of this species is still in need of investigation all over Europe.,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) The area of occupancy of this species is below 500 km2 (448 km2) in Europe and 308 km2 in the EU, but it has been recorded from a wide range of European countries. The fact that this species is catalogued under some threatened  categories in parts of Europe suggests that different ongoing  threats are affecting this otherwise widespread species, but details on specific threatening processes are not recorded. In the Iberian Peninsula, C. octomaculatum might be confused with similar species of uncertain taxonomic status, and the area of occupancy in this region might be overestimated (A. Ricarte pers. comm. 2021). The species does not appear to be common in south-eastern Europe (e.g. Serbia) (Z. Nedeljković pers. comm. 2021). The species does not qualify for a threatened category but it might do it in the future, so it is here regarded as Near Threatened (NT).",Unknown,"In the European region, this species occurs from Britain (southern part of England) and the Netherlands south to the Mediterranean. It has an estimated area of occupancy of 436 km2 in Europe, and 308 km2 in the European Union.  In Europe it has been recorded from Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechia, Russia, Finland, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, the Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and Ukraine.  Globally it is also present eastwards through central and southern Europe into southern parts of Russia as far as Armenia and Kazakhstan (Speight 2018).","There is no widespread information about population size and trend for this species in Europe. Local population sizes for Chrysotoxum octomaculatum appears to be uneven within its European range. In southern Europe it appears to be abundant, while in northern Europe (Finland, Belgium, UK) it is rare (Hyvarinen et al. 2019, www.inbo.be/en/search-flanders-red-lists, Ball and Morris 2014). In Germany there are only old records for the states of Schleswig-Holstein (SH), Lower Saxony (NI), Brandenburg (BB), Bavaria (BY) and Baden-Württemberg (BW) and this species is considered to have become extinct in this region since the 1960s at the latest or possibly much earlier; it is likely to be still present in Hesse (HE) (last recorded in 1980) and in Berlin (BE), from which it has been recently recorded (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020).","Chrysotoxum octomaculatum occurs in forests (both deciduous and coniferous) and in open areas (including dune scrub). Adults fly from May to September visiting flowers of white umbellifers and Erica. The larva of C. octomaculatum is unknown (Speight 2018), but is expected to be entomophagous in common with those of congeneric species.",Climate change and tourism may affect this species. Fires and logging may threaten C. octomaculatum subpopulations living in forests.,"There are no specific conservation actions for this species. However, it is regarded as critically endangered in the Czech Republic (Farkač et al 2005), regionally extinct in the Flanders Region in Belgium (https://www.inbo.be/en/search-flanders-red-lists), and Finland (Hyvarinen et al. 2019), endangered in the German region Bayern (Dunk et al 2003) and endangered in the United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2014). Further research into this species' life history - including studies of larval biology - is needed to propose effective conservation actions.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which are suspected to be aphids.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chrysotoxum,orthostylum,,Chrysotoxum orthostylum,"Vujić, 2015","This recently described species has distinctive male genitalia, but its external morphology is most similar to that of other species of the C. vernale group. For a safe separation of C. orthostylum from other species of the C. vernale group, Nedeljković et al. (2015, 2020) should be used. An accurate characterization of this species’ range will only be possible after a thorough revision of C. vernale all over Europe.",No,VU,,No,NA,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)  Chrysotoxum orthostylum is assessed as Vulnerable on the regional level due to relatively restricted area of occupancy (60 km2), the low number of locations (9) and continuing decline in the habitat quality due to inadequate management of grassland and forest habitats, and projected habitat shifting due to climate change. The fact that other species of the C. vernale group have been surveyed an found in different habitats and regions of Europe, while C. orthostylum has mainly been found in protected areas (Nedeljković at al. 2015 and unpublished data) suggests that this species may be becoming limited to protected areas as a result of human activities and declining outside them.",Unknown,"Chrysotoxum orthostulym occurs only in the Balkan Peninsula. European records of this species are restricted to Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia.  Out of the European region the species occurs in Anatolia (Turkey), Georgia (Mengual et al. 2020) and Kyrgyzstan (Nedeljković at al. 2015).","There is no information about the population size and trend for this species in Europe. Twelve specimens have been recorded in North Macedonia so far (in 1956, 1960, 1972, 1988 and 1994). Only one specimen has been reported from Montenegro (Durmitor National Park) and one from Serbia (Kopaonik National Park) (Nedeljković et al. 2015). However, there are 14 additional specimens of C. orthostylum collected in Kopaonik and Zlatar (Serbia), and a second specimen found in Durmitor (Montenegro) (unpublished data).","Chrysotoxum orthostylum has been found flying with other Chrysotoxum species in the grassy edges of conifer forests at high elevations in Serbia and Montenegro. In North Macedonia, C. orthostylum has been found resting on Lapsana and Chrysanthemum leaves in wet meadows (Nedeljković et al. 2015). Adults fly from mid-May to mid August. The larva is undescribed (Nedeljković et al. 2015).","Overgrazing may threaten C. orthostylum populations living in grasslands. This species has been found in the grassy edges of conifer forests at high elevations, thus conifer logging and wood harvesting, as well as habitat changes induced by climate change may also threaten this species. However, there is no published scientific information or specific observations to support these suggestions.","Chrysotoxum orthostylum is not subject to any targeted conservation action.  Nonetheless, it occurs in protected areas such as Kopaonik National Park (Serbia), Durmitor National Park (Montenegro), Pelister National Park and Mavrovo National Park (North Macedonia). Further research into this species' life history - including studies of larval biology - is needed to propose effective conservation actions. Additional monitoring is needed to better understand the population trends and impacts of threats.","This species in not traded or exploited commercially. Even though it has a potential use in pest control of the presumed larval prey insects or in crop pollination, the rarity of this species makes commercial exploitation difficult.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.","Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chrysotoxum,parmense,,Chrysotoxum parmense,"Rondani, 1843",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  Chyrsotoxum parmense is assessed as Endangered (EN) at European level (where its distribution is entirely within the EU27) due to relatively small AOO (20 km2), very low number of locations (4), severe fragmentation and continuing decline of the habitat quality is due to intensive and inadequate management of grasslands. The distribution of species is very disjunct and, where found, it seems to occur in low numbers. In addition, the species appears to be suffering a population decline at parts of its range, because the hoverfly fauna of certain locations has been surveyed intensively during the last years but C. parmense has only been found once.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is known from some mainly Mediterranean countries across a wide area: Italy (near Parma, type locality; Peck 1988), Spain (Alicante Province - most recent record from 1994), France (Midi-Pyrénées), and Crete (Greece) (Speight 2016). The Italian and French records are historical data and the most recent records are from Crete (Greece) and Spain. The species is quite conspicuous and easily recognizable and should appear in records if present, so it may genuinely have a highly disjunct range. The European area of occupancy, based on available locality records, is 20 km2.  The range of the species extends out of the European region to Anatolia (Turkey; Speight 2016), Lebanon and Israel, Iran and North Africa (Egypt), and has also been recorded from the Transcaucasus (Speight 2018).","There is no information about population size and trends for this species in Europe. The population is considered severely fragmented. Only seven specimens have been recorded so far in the Spanish Province Alicante (locality Font Roja) (Ricarte and Marcos Garcia 2017). The most recent specimens of C. parmense from Font Roja, Alicante were found in 1993/1994, even though hoverfly collecting has taken place after that. Only one specimen was recorded in Turkey (Vujić et al. 2017). In Italy and Greece only a few specimens of Chrysotoxum parmense have been recorded so far (Burgio, Sommagio and Birtele 2015, Vujić et al. 2017).","Chrysotoxum parmense occurs in open areas in forests, also in unimproved grassland/grazed Mediterranean heath. In Spain this species occurs in open areas inside Quercus ilex forest and matorral/maquis woodland (M. Garcia pers. comm. 2020). Adults fly from May to July visiting flowers of umbellifers, Calamentha, Cistus, Euphorbia, Potentilla, Quercus ilex, Thymus. The larva is undescribed (Speight 2018).",Overgrazing may threaten C. parmense populations living in unimproved grasslands. The Spanish subpopulation is threatened by the encroachment of grassy clearings by scrub.,"There are no specific conservation actions for this species. In Spain C. parmense has been recorded in protected areas such as Font Roja natural park, in Alicante province, and further habitat protection is recommended. Further research into this species' life history - including studies of larval biology - is needed to propose effective conservation actions. Additional monitoring is needed to better understand population trends and impacts of threats.","This species is not treated or exploited commercially. Even though it has a potential use in pest control of its larval prey insects (which are unknown, but in related species include aphids) and crop pollination, the rarity of this species makes commercial exploitation difficult.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.","Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chrysotoxum,tomentosum,,Chrysotoxum tomentosum,"Giglio-Tos, 1890",This species was recently discovered amongst specimens labelled as C. festivum from the Balkan Peninsula. Black-haired specimens of C. festivum from high altitudes were found to be this new taxon (C. tomentosum) and they can now be separated from the typical C. festivum based on the characters described by Nedeljković et al. (2013). These recent updates in the taxonomy of C. festivum warrant the revision of the C. festivum from other parts of Europe to obtain a clearer understanding of the range of C. festivum and C. tomentosum in the continent.,Yes,LC,0,No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  This European endemic species is found in 16 locations in Europe and is assessed as Least Concern due to fact that identified threats (e.g., overgrazing, climate  change in mountains and continuing decline of habitat  quality) are mostly focused on the Alps and the species occurs mainly in Serbia and Montenegro. In addition, the distribution of this species is unclear due to morphological similarity with C. festivum.   It is assessed as Endangered for the EU27 Member States level due to a very small area of occupancy (24 km2), low number of locations (5) and continuing decline in the habitat quality. These five locations are all at high elevations in the French, Italian and Austrian Alps, which are all distant from one another and the species may be experiencing different specific threats at each location due to changes in its habitats and vegetation. It is unlikely that the EU27 subpopulations will experience a rescue effect from the pan-European subpopulation.",Unknown,"Chrysotoxum tomentosum is only known from records in the high mountains of Serbia, Montenegro, Austria, Italy (Alps) and France (Alps) (Nedeljković et al 2013; Speight 2018). It has an area of occupancy estimated at 224 km2 globally, and 24 km2 in the European Union.","There is no information about the population size and trend for this species. There are over 200 specimens collected so far. The majority (78) were collected in Montenegro, followed by Serbia (76 specimens). Only two specimens have been collected in Italy so far (Nedeljković et al. 2013).","This species occurs in open areas within Fagus/Picea forest; and open ground; unimproved, montane, and subalpine grassland. Adults fly from late May to late August. There are no data on flowers visited by this hoverfly. The larva is unknown but suspected to be aphidophagous as in congeneric species (Speight 2018).","Reduction of habitat quality due to tourist development for snow sports, overgrazing and climate change in mountainous regions may threaten subpopulations of C. tomentosum.","There are not specific conservation actions for this species. However, alpine subpopulations of C. tomentosum may require specific monitoring to detect possible negative trends and then propose conservation actions accordingly. Further research required to better understand the larval biology, distribution and threats to this species.   This species occurs in protected areas (e.g. Kopaonik National Park, Šar planina National Park in Serbia, and Durmitor National Park in Montenegro), and its range overlaps Natura 2000 sites in France, Italy and Austria.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which are suspected to be aphids.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.","Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chrysotoxum,triarcuatum,,Chrysotoxum triarcuatum,"Macquart in Webb and Berthelot, 1839",,Yes,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This species is assessed as Vulnerable on the regional level due to its relatively restricted area of occupancy (136 km2) and extent of occurrence (11,053 km2), the species is considered to occur in 10 locations, and there is an inferred continuing decline of habitat quality and threats from tourism development and wildfires. The assessment is the same on the EU27 level because this species' range is restricted to the European Union.",Stable,"Chrysotoxum triarcuatum is endemic to the Canary Islands in the Macaronesian region of Spain. It has been recorded from Gran Canaria, La Gomera, La Palma and Tenerife (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017, Burt and Mengual 2019). It has an estimated extent of occurrence of 11,795 km2 and area of occupancy of 136 km2.","There is limited information about the population size and trend of this species. Leclercq (1975) reported this species from Tenerife, and Báez (1977) from this and other islands. Burt and Mengual (2019) reported 23 specimens collected in different localities of La Palma in 2017. According to these data, the status of the population, at least in La Palma, appears to be stable.","Chrysotoxum triarcuatum has been collected in roadside vegetation and in a gorge in La Palma island, visiting flowers of Foeniculum vulgare (Burt and Mengual 2019). Larval biology is unknown.","Reduction of habitat quality may threaten this species. Infrastructure development (mostly due to tourism) can be regarded as the major threat to the habitat of the species. Although the natural habitat is unclear, it has mainly been found in remnant vegetation along verges. Additional threats in some parts of the species range include overgrazing by feral goats and wildfires.",There are no specific conservation actions known for this species. Further research into this species' life history - including studies of larval biology - is needed to propose effective conservation actions. Additional monitoring is needed to better understand the population trends and impacts of threats.,"This species is not traded or exploited commercially. Even though it has a potential use in pest control of the larval prey (presumed to be insects, particularly aphids) and in crop pollination, the rarity of this species makes commercial exploitation difficult.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.","Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chrysotoxum,vernale,,Chrysotoxum vernale,"Loew, 1841",The concept of the C. vernale group has been recently expanded with the description of several similar new taxa from Europe and the Middle East. The use of Nedeljković et al. (2020) is now necessary for a correct diagnosis of the typical C. vernale that has a more restricted distribution than initially thought. An accurate characterization of this species’ range will only be possible after a thorough revision of C. vernale across Europe.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species does not meet the criteria for a threatened category in Europe or in the EU27 Member States. It is a widespread species, present in many habitats. There are no specific threats identified for this species; although it is regarded as Endangered in the UK, it has a marginal distribution in this country.  This species is in need of a taxonomic revision and in Iberia several similar species are known, and it has been confused with the recently described Chrysotoxum montanum.",Unknown,"Chrysotoxum vernale occurs almost in all European countries from the south part of England eastwards through most of Europe into Asia, where it ranges almost to the Pacific (Speight 2018).  In Europe it has been recorded from Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Russia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.",There is no information about population size and trends for this species in Europe.,"Chrysotoxum vernale occurs in forest (Betula, Fagus). It can also be recorded in Genista florida/Quercus pyrenaica maquis and unimproved grassland, including montane and alpine grassland (Speight 2018). Adults fly from May to June (August at high elevations) visiting flowers of white umbellifers; Caltha, Crataegus, Euphorbia, Helianthemum, Sorbus, Valeriana. The larva is undescribed (Speight 2018).",There are no specific threats identified for this species in Europe.,"There are no specific conservation actions for this species.  Nonetheless, it is regarded as Near Threatened in the Belgian Province Flanders (https://www.inbo.be/en/search-flanders-red-lists) and the German region Bayern (Dunk et al. 2003), and as Endangered in the UK (Ball and Morris 2014). In Germany it is a widespread species (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020). Further research into this species' life history - including studies of larval biology - is needed to propose effective conservation actions. Research is needed to fully resolve the taxonomy and distribution of this species.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which are suspected to be aphids.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chrysotoxum,verralli,,Chrysotoxum verralli,"Collin, 1940",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is assessed as Least Concern both in Europe and the EU27 on the basis that it is widespread and no threats have been identified.,Unknown,"Chrysotoxum verralli occurs from Denmark and southern parts of Sweden to the central parts of France and southeast to north-eastern Greece. It is also present from southern parts of Britain eastwards through central Europe into European parts of Russia, the Caucasus and eastern Siberia (Speight 2018).  European records have been reported from Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechia, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, the Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine and the United Kingdom.",There is no information about population size and trends for this species in Europe.,"The preferred habitats of Chrysotoxum verralli are deciduous forests (including alluvial hardwood forest) and open areas, scrub and field hedges (Speight 2018). Adults fly from June to October, visiting flowers of white umbellifers, Caltha, Galium boreale, and Ligustrum. The larva is supposedly associated with nests of the ant Lasius niger (Speight 2018).",There are no specific threats identified for this species in Europe.,Chrysotoxum verralli is not subject to any conservation measures and it is not included in any red list.,"This species is not traded or exploited commercially. This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which include aphids (Rojo et al. 2003).","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Chrysotoxum,volaticum,,Chrysotoxum volaticum,"Seguy, 1961",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Chrysotoxum volaticum is assessed as Least Concern (LC) due to its fairly wide range across the Iberian Peninsula and southwest France, although it is absent from other parts of Europe. In the EU27 it is also assessed as Least Concern (LC), as its European range lies entirely within the European Union.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is known from mainland parts of northern Portugal, Spain, southern France and (van Steenis et al. 2020).   Outside Europe this species occurs in Algeria and Morocco (Séguy 1961, Sahib et al. 2020).","There is no information about population size and trends for this species in Europe. Most specimens known from Europe have been recorded from Spain, while 21 specimens have been reported from France and only one from Portugal (van Steenis et al. 2020).","In Spain, this species has been collected from grassy vegetation at high elevations (van Steenis et al. 2020, Claussen and Hausser 1990). In the Sierra de Alcaraz, it was collected near a brook in a mountain valley (van Steenis et al. 2020). Elsewhere in Spain it has been collected from Pyrenean oak (Quercus pyrenaica) forest; at one locality this species was associated with a peat bog and seasonal stream (van Steenis et al. 2020). Adults have been observed on Thapsia villosa in full flower (van Steenis et al. 2020), where these authors observed ""many individuals"" alongside other hoverflies, but also on other flowers (Marcos-García 1986).",There are no specific threats identified for this species in Europe.,"This species is not included at any red lists and it is not a target of conservation measures. Further research into this species' life history - including studies of larval biology - is needed to propose effective conservation actions, and taxonomic research is recommended. It has only very recently been reported from Europe and research is needed to clarify its distribution and population status.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially. This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which are suspected to be aphids.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Claussenia,hispanica,,Claussenia hispanica,"(Strobl, 1909)","Until recently (e.g. Peck 1988), Claussenia hispanica has been regarded as a synonym of Heringia heringi (Zetterstedt). It may be found in flight with H. heringi and the two species are virtually indistinguishable in the field, though males of C. hispanica are usually slightly larger than those of H. heringi (Speight 2018). A key distinguishing these two species is provided by Speight and Sarthou (2017). One of the features used to characterise C. hispanica is the presence of hairs at the ventral extremity of the median lobe of the lunule. These can be absent in the female (Speight 2018). Claussen et al. (1994) figured the male terminalia.",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This European endemic is assessed as Endangered since it has very restricted area of occupancy (48 km2), and its population is severely fragmented because it occurs on some islands and in distant parts of the Mediterranean with no possibility of dispersal between distant subpopulations. There is also a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat due to fires, common in the Mediterranean, and unsustainable grazing. More research on its ecology and monitoring of its population and habitat trends are needed.",Unknown,"This European endemic is primarily a Mediterranean species, occurring in Spain, the Mediterranean zone of southern France (plus Corsica), northern Italy (and Sardinia), Croatia, and Greece (including Crete) (Speight 2018). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is large, while the area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km2.","There is no information on the population size or trend of this species, but it is rare and its population likely to be small. There have been about 50 specimens recorded, the latest from 2012. It is known from sporadic records, and is thought to occur as a severely fragmented population, because very few specimens have been found at each locality, and its range appears to be highly disjunct. It is often found with similar species, but is dependent on Mediterranean forest.","This species prefers forest, the open scrub/maquis of evergreen oak forest of Quercus ilex and Q. suber, open areas in Pinus nigra var. salzmanni forest and phrygana. Adults fly through taller ground vegetation with a rapid, zig-zag flight, and visit stream edges in the shade to drink water. Adults are known to visit flowers of Nasturtium officinale (feeding having been observed in the evening at the margin of a large spring emerging at the edge of Q. ilex forest). The flight period is from the beginning of April to mid-May. The developmental stages are undescribed (Speight 2018).","The main threat to the habitat of this species is fire, common in the Mediterranean, and unsustainable grazing. Fires increasing due to climate change. Conversion of habitat due to overgrazing is also a threat (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","Some localities are within protected areas categorized by the Natura 2000 network. Additional research on its ecology, and population and habitat trends is needed. Grazing management is recommended, along with the protection of its habitats (Mediterranean forests).",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Šebić, A","Bot, S., Sommaggio, D., Ståhls, G. & Šebić, A",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Criorhina,asilica,,Criorhina asilica,"(Fallén, 1816)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU27 regional assessment:  Least Concern (LC)     Criorhina asilica is a widespread European endemic which lives in old deciduous forest with over-mature trees with well-developed shrub and herb-layers. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and in the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category. The species has become more widespread in the Netherlands after 1990 (Reemer et al. 2009). The population trend was found to be stable in Germany, the Netherlands and Great Britain. Besides local forest management issues and deforestation, there are no immediate threats known to the habitat of this species. Therefore, the current Red List status of Criorhina asilica is considered to be Least Concern, which is also true for the EU27 countries.",Stable,"This is a European endemic with a widespread distribution. It occurs from Great Britain (but is not present in Scotland except for one record near Edinburgh) and France, east to European Russia (northwestern, central and eastern European Russia), Ukraine (western and central parts) and Romania, and from central Fennoscandinavia (with a few records in northern Norway) south to the French Pyrenees (no recent records in Spain) and central Italy. It is also present on the Balkan peninsula and south to northern Greece (Pindos mountains) and southwest Bulgaria (Langhoffer 1918, Glumac 1968, Vujić and Milankov 1990, 1999, Bartsch et al. 2009, Tóth 2014, Nielsen and Gammelmo 2017, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017, Speight et al. 2018, Speight et al. 2020, Vujić et al. 2020, A.V. Barkalov pers. comm. 2020, D. Birtele pers. comm. 2020, G.V. Popov pers. comm. 2020, SLU Artdatabanken, Hoverfly Recording Scheme, Laji.fi).    The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species both in Europe and in the EU27 are estimated to be greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.","In general, this species is encountered in small numbers, rarely more than 10 specimens at a time. In the Netherlands, the population trend has been stable since 1950 (Reemer et al. 2009). In Germany, the population trend has also been stable in both the short and long-term (Ssymank et al. 2011). In Great Britain, the population trend was found to be stable during the past four decades (S.G. Ball pers. comm. 2021). The overall population trend is also considered to be stable.","This species lives in old, mesophilous and humid deciduous forests (mostly Fagus or Querus/Carpinus/Ulmus and sometimes Fraxinus forests) with over-mature trees and a well-developed shrub and herb-layer on sandy or more nutrient-rich soils (Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020). It is also found in ancient fenland sites with Salix spp. and Alnus spp. (Stubbs and Falk 2002), and in Fennoscandinavia in Betula and Populus tremula forests (Bartsch et al. 2009).        The adults are mainly arboreal but are often encountered on flowering shrubs and, less frequently, on flowering herbs. The males patrol around flowering shrubs and zigzag quickly through the vegetation. Sometimes they are found in groups on and around tree trunks that are suitable for egg deposition (Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020).        The larvae develop in decaying wood of deciduous trees, such as tree humus in a trunk cavity of Fagus sylvestrus (Schuhmacher 1968), and pupae in or near rot holes of Betula spp. and Populus tremula (Bartsch et al. 2009, Rotheray and Stuke 1998).        The visited flowers are shrubs including Berberis vulgaris, Cornus sanguinea, Crataegus spp., Euonymus europaeus, Frangula alnus, Ligustrum vulgare, Lonicera xylosteum, Rhamnus catharticus, Ribes spp., Rubus idaeus, Sorbus aucuparia, and herbs including Apiaceae, Allium ursinum, Cardamine spp. and Hieracium spp.       The flight period is from mid-April until June and at higher altitudes or more northern latitudes also to late July (Bartsch et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter, 2019, Speight 2020, Stubs and Falk, 2002). There is one generation per year.","Possible threats are deforestation and forest management where old trees and fallen tree trunks are removed, or original forest types like oak forests are replaced by stands of other, mostly fast-growing tree species which are not suitable for larval development.",There is no available information on conservation measures specific to this species. Protection of important sites and areas and controlling unsustainable forestry practices would benefit this species. Monitoring and research on population and habitat trend are also needed.,There is no information on the use or trade of Criorhina asilica.,"Varga, Z. & Obreht Vidakovic, D.","van der Ent, L.-J., van Steenis, J. & van Steenis, W.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Criorhina,berberina,,Criorhina berberina,"(Fabricius, 1805)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    This species has its main distribution in Europe, where it is widespread in ancient, moist deciduous but also mixed forests with over-mature trees and well-developed shrub and herb layers. The species is in decline in Great Britain (Ball and Morris 2014, Hoverfly Recording Scheme) and has been placed as threatened on a few German state Red Lists (Dziock et al. 2004, Pellmann and Scholz 1996). However, in general there are no known negative population trends and no immediate threats to the preferred habitat either. Furthermore, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and  area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in both Europe and in the EU27  are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened  category. Therefore, the current European Red List status of Criorhina berberina is considered to be Least Concern, which is also true for the EU27 countries.",Stable,"Criorhina berberina is a Palaearctic species with its main distribution in Europe. It occurs from Ireland, Great Britain including Scotland and France east to European Russia (no additional distribution data available), Ukraine (Carpathians and Kyiv Region) and Romania, and from Sweden (southern tip), southeast Norway with one recent record, and Denmark south to northern Spain, central Portugal and Italy. It is also present on the Balkan Peninsula, and south to the mountain regions of northern Greece and southwest Bulgaria (Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Van Eck 2011, Falck 2011, Glumac 1968, Langhoffer 1918, Ricante and Marcos-García 2017, Speight 2008, Speight et al. 2018, Speight et al. 2020, Stanescu and Parvu 2005, Torp 1994; Tóth 2011, 2014; Vujić et al. 2018, Vujić et al. 2020, Vujic abd Milankov 1990, Vujic and Milankov 1999, D. Birtele pers. comm. 2020, M. de Groot pers. comm. 2021, L. Mazanek pers. comm. 2019, G.V. Popov pers. comm. 2020, R. Żóralski pers. comm. 2020, Hoverfly Recording Scheeme).   The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and in the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.  Outside of Europe, Criorhina berberina has been recorded from Turkey and from Transcaucasia in Georgia (Saribiyik 2014, Speight 2020, Mengual et al. 2020).","In general, this species can be found in low numbers, seldom more than five specimens at once. There is no information about the population trend, except that a stable trend was observed in the Netherlands after 1950 (Reemer et al. 2009), as well a stable long and short-term population trend in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011). In Great Britain, a significant decline in populations was observed for Criorhina berberina during the past four decades, especially in the 1980s (S.G. Ball pers. comm. 2021).","The species lives in ancient, moist, deciduous but also mixed forests with over-mature trees and a well-developed shrub and herb layer (Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020), and sometimes in more open landscapes in old hedgerows and in wetlands in association with old trees (Stubbs and Falk 2002).     Adults are often seen flying through vegetation and visiting flowers. Males patrol around flowering shrubs, and females can also be found flying in the shade, investigating the trunks and roots of old trees for possible oviposition sites (Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020).     Larvae develop in decaying wood including in tree roots. Eggs deposition was observed on and around Quercus spp. and Fagus sylvestris trees (Reemer et al. 2009). Larvae are also found in a wide array of deciduous trees, such as Acer pseudoplanatus (Speight 2008) or Fagus sylvestris, Betula spp. and Fraxinus excelsior (Rotharey 1994) but also in conifer trees such as Abies spp. and Picea spp. (Speight 2020).     All kinds of flowering plants are visited, such as white Apiaceae, Acer campestre, Allium ursinum, Cornus sanguinea, Crataegus spp., Euonymus europeus, Filipendula ulmaria, Frangula alnus, Hieracium spp., Hypericum spp., Lonicera xylosteum, Photinia spp., Ranunculus spp., Rhamnus catharticus, Rhododendron spp., Rosa spp., Rubus idaeus, Rubus fructicosus, Salix spp., Sorbus spp., Stellaria holostea, Taraxacum spp. and Viburnum opulus (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2020).  The flight period is from April until July, but also extending into September, especially at higher altitudes and at more northern latitudes (Bartsch et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Speight 2020). It has one generation, but there is a possibility of a weak and/or facultative second generation (Reemer et al. 2009).","The possible threats to the subpopulations of Criorhina berberina are deforestation and the dehydration of forests patches by lowering groundwater levels for agricultural or drinking water leading to the disappearance of flowering shrubs and herbs. In addition, forest management that replaces old stands of trees with new stands, and the removal of old trees in parks and hedgerows also threaten this species.",There is no information available about any conservation measures specific to this species. Protection of important sites and areas and controlling unsustainable  forestry practices would benefit this species. Monitoring and research  on population and habitat trend is also needed.,The species is not utilised.,"Nève, G. & Varga, Z.","van der Ent, L.-J., van Steenis, J. & van Steenis, W.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Criorhina,floccosa,,Criorhina floccosa,"(Meigen, 1822)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)      This species has its main distribution in Europe where it is widespread in old deciduous, usually humid Fagus and Quercus forest with over-mature and senescent trees and a well-developed understory.  Possible threats to the preferred habitat involve forest management  where old trees are removed and suitable native deciduous stands of  trees replaced by tree species unsuitable for larval development. In the southern and eastern part of its range, it is rare and has a fragmented distribution. On the other hand, it has increased in the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009) and was recently downgraded from threatened to vulnerable on the national Red List of Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy  (AOO) in both Europe and in the EU27 are greater than  the thresholds for the application of any threatened category. Therefore, despite the occurrence on several regional Red Lists, the current European Red List status of this species is Least Concern, which is also true for the EU27 countries.",Stable,"This is a Palaearctic species with its main distribution in Europe. It occurs from Ireland, Great Britain including Scotland and France, east to European Russia (no additional distribution data available), Ukraine (Transcarpatia) and Romania (Banat); and from Norway (one recent record in the southeastern tip) and the southern tip of Sweden south to central Spain, central Portugal (unconfirmed record from Sierra da Estrela, L.J. van der Ent pers. comm. 2019) and central Italy. It is also present on the Balkan peninsula, south to the mountainious regions of Greece (Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Falck 2011, Glumac 1968, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017, Speight et al. 2020, Stanescu and Parvu 2005, Vujić et al. 2020, Vujić and Milankov 1990, D. Birtele pers. comm. 2020, G.V. Popov pers. comm. 2020, Hoverfly Recording Scheeme).    The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species both in Europe and in the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.  Outside Europe, the species has been recorded in Turkey and in Georgia (Transcaucasia) (Saribiyik 2014, Mengual et al. 2020).","In general, this species is encountered in low numbers, but sometimes on a flowering shrub such as Crataegus monogyna, dozens of specimens have been observed. In the Netherlands, it has increased in distribution, especially from the 1980s (Reemer et al. 2009). In Germany, it has shown an undefined long-term decline in populations (Ssymank et al. 2011). In Great Britain, population trend was found to be stable over the past four decades (S.G. Ball pers. comm. 2021). In general, the population trend seems to be stable.","This species lives in old deciduous, usually humid Fagus and Quercus forest with over-mature and senescent trees and a well-developed understory on sandy or more nutrient-rich soils (Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020). It can be also found outside of woodland in hedgerows, and on parkland trees (Stubbs and Falk 2002), as well as in stands of Populus canadensis. (L.J. van der Ent, pers. comm. 2020).     The adults are arboreal but they descend to visit flowers of small trees and shrubs. Males patrol and fly very fast through flowering small trees and shrubs. Females are also observed at the trunk base of large, old deciduous trees, apparently investigating sites for egg deposition (Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020).    Larvae are found in rotten trunks or roots in living and dead deciduous trees including Acer pseudoplatanus, Fagus sylvestris, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus faginea, Quercus pyrenaica, and Ulmus spp. (Bartsch et al. 2009, Reemer et al. 2009, Ricarte et al. 2013, Speight 2020, Stubbs and Falk 2002).    The visited flowers are mostly shrubs and small trees including Acer campestris, Cornus sanguinea, Crataegus spp., Photinia spp., Prunus spinosa, Ribes alpina, Rubus idaeus, Sorbus aucuparia, Sorbus aria, Sorbus torminalis; it is also recorded from white-flowering Apiaceae.    The flight period is from late March to early July (Bartsch et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meuter 2019, Speight 2020), but also until August (Stubbs and Falk 2002).","Forestry activities where old trees are removed, as well as a removal of old trees in parks and estates for safety reasons, may have a negative impact on the subpopulations of this species. In addition, afforestation via replacement of native deciduous tree stands by conifer trees or by other fast-growing tree species could pose a threat to larval development. This species is also dependent on forest edges with flowering shrubs such as Crateagus spp., which are less and less present at transition zones of commercial or recreational plantations.","There is no information about the conservation of this species. Better management of the habitats where it occurs would be important, and research about its ecology and population trends is recommended. On the regional Red Lists of some German states, it has been listed as threatened to severely threatened (Doczkal et al. 2001, Freund et al. 2005, Dziock et al. 2004, Saure 2018, Von der Dunk et al. 2003), in Poland as Endangered (Palaczyk et al. 2002), and in Ireland, Denmark and Sweden as Vulnerable (Speight 2008).",No information about the use and trade of this species. It is not utilised.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van der Ent, L.-J., van Steenis, J. & van Steenis, W.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Criorhina,pachymera,,Criorhina pachymera,"Egger, 1858",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)       Criorhina pachymera is a widespread European endemic that lives in ancient forests on nutrient-rich soils, mostly in Fagus forests with over-mature and senescent trees, and also in cultivated areas, in stands and lines of Populus. Currently, it is known from approximately 200 localities but is expected to be more widespread and the habitat type is not fragmented. It is expected to be affected negatively by forest management,  for example by removing old stands of beech forest, but at the same  time, it can also benefit from human landscaping such as planting lines  and stands of Populus trees along roads and waterways. In many countries the number of records for this species is low and subpopulations may be fragmented. However, while it is listed as threatened in a number of countries (such as Czechia and Poland), it is not rare in the Netherlands and Belgium, and has recently shown an increase in numbers and distribution (Waarneming.nl).   Although this species is declining in some parts of this range, overall the area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are thought to exceed the thresholds for considering this species threatened in either Europe or the EU  27. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in  both Europe and the EU27. However, regular monitoring of the population and habitats is needed to determine whether it should be assessed as  threatened in the near future.",Unknown,"This is a European endemic, occurring from the Netherlands (central and southern parts), Belgium (except the Ardennes) and central France, east to central Poland, Ukraine (Rivne Region) and Romania (Muntenia), and from southwest Sweden (with a few recent records as reported in Johansson 2015), and most German states south to central Spain and central Italy. It is also present on the Balkan peninsula south to the mountain regions of Greece (Langhoffer 1918, Vujić and Milankov 1990, Stanescu and Parvu 2005, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017, Speight et al. 2018, Bot and van de Meutter 2019, Speight et al. 2020, Vujić et al. 2020, D. Birtele pers. comm. 2020, G.V. Popov pers. comm. 2020, R. Żóralski pers. comm. 2020). So far Criorhina pachymera has been collected within its range from approximately 200 locations.","In general, this species is recorded in low numbers, one or two specimens at a time, but sometimes it is found in larger numbers on flowering shrubs such as Crateagus spp. In the Netherlands, there are no data on the population trend after 1950, but it has become more widespread after the 1980s (Reemer et al. 2009). In Germany, a strong and long-term population decline was found, as well as a moderate short-term population decline (Ssymank et al. 2011). The overall population trend is unknown.","This species lives in ancient forests on nutrient-rich soils, mostly in Fagus forests with over-mature and senescent trees, and also in Populus or Fraxinus riparian forests, as well as in lines or stands of Populus spp. in more open and cultivated countrysides (Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020). In Sweden, it has been found in a mixed forest near old Populus tremula trees (Johansson 2015).       The adults are primarily arboreal but they descend to flowers in the understory to feed, and sometimes are found at localities several kilometres away from any habitat suitable for egg-deposition (Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020). Males can be found sitting at the base of old Fagus sylvatica and Populus spp. trees defending a territory (Reemer et al. 2009) or patrolling by flying very fast through the canopy of Fagus sylvatica or around flowering shrubs of Crateagus monogyna (L.J. van der Ent, pers. comm. 2020). Females may be found investigating insect-bored and rotten parts of the trunks of old standing live trees (Speight 2020).        Egg deposition has been observed between leaves near stems of Fagus sylvatica, but the larvae, which are likely to live in rotten wood, have not been found so far (Reemer et al. 2009).       The visited flowers are mostly shrubs such as Cornus sanguinea, Crataegus spp., Photinia spp., Prunus avium, Prunus cerasus, Prunus spinosa, Prunus serotina, Rubus spp., Salix spp. and Sorbus aucuparia, but also herbs such as Myrrhis odorata.        The flight period is from April until June (Bot and van de Meutter 2019).","Threats may include deforestation and harvesting trees for commercial use resulting in removal of old tree stands. In addition, a potential threat is the removal of old Populus stands and individual trees along roads or waterways for safety reasons. This species is also dependent on forest edges with flowering shrubs such as Crateagus, which are less and less present in the transition zones of commercial or recreational plantations and forests.","There is no information available about the conservation measures specific for Criorhina pachymera. Protection and better management of the habitats where this species occurs would be  important, and research about its ecology and population trends is  recommended.  The species is considered to be threatened throughout Europe. It is listed as threatened on the Balkan peninsula (Vujić et al. 2001), endangered in Czechia and Poland (Mazánek  and Barták 2005, Palaczyk et al. 2002), and severely threatened in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011).",It is not utilised.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van der Ent, L.-J., van Steenis, J. & van Steenis, W.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Criorhina,ranunculi,,Criorhina ranunculi,"(Panzer, 1804)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)         This is a widespread European endemic that lives in old deciduous forest and sometimes meadows with over-mature trees. The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and in the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for  the application of any threatened category. Threats to its preferred habitat such as forest reclamation and forest management (for example replacing old trees and/or suitable tree species for larval development) occur only on a local scale. Therefore, the current European Red List status of Criorhina ranunculi is considered to be Least Concern, but the species should be evaluated regularly.",Stable,"This is a European endemic with a wide distribution range. It occurs from Ireland and Great Britain, including Scotland, east to European Russia (northwest, central and eastern European Russia), Ukraine (western parts until Kyiv region) and Romania (northern and western parts), and from southwest Norway and south and east-central Sweden south to central Spain, central Portugal and central Italy. It is also present on the Balkan peninsula, where it is recorded from Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro and northern Greece (Langhoffer 1918, Stanescu and Parvu 2005, Bartsch et al. 2009, van Eck 2011, Nielsen and Gammalmo 2017, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017, Janevic and de Groot 2018, Prokhorov et al. 2018 ,Bot and Van de Meuter 2019, Speight et al. 2020, van Eck et al. 2020, Vujić et al. 2020, G.V. Barkalov pers. comm. 2020, D. Birtele pers. comm. 2020, Hoverfly Recording Scheme).   The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and in the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.  The species was recorded outside Europe from Transcaucasia (Peck 1988), but this has not been confirmed in more recent faunistic reports from that area.","Generally, the species is encountered in low numbers, with one or two specimens at a time. In the Netherlands, no increasing or decreasing trend has been found after 1950 (Reemer et al. 2009), but it has become more widespread recently, possibly as a result of higher early spring temperatures. In Germany, the population trend was found to be stable in both the long and short term (Ssymank et al. 2011). In Great Britain, the population trend was found to be stable with a slight increase in the past four decades (S.G. Ball pers. comm. 2021). In general, the population trend seems to be stable.","This species lives in old deciduous forests, and sometimes in meadows with over-mature trees.  It is most frequent in oak-hornbeam forests on rich soils, and also in Betula, Populus tremula, Fagus and Quercus forests (Bartsch et al. 2009, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020).       Adults are primarily arboreal, but are often observed when they descend to visit the tops of flowering shrubs, and sometimes are found on and around wet trunk-base rots looking for the place for oviposition (females) or hovering (males). Males often behave very aggressively to other large flower-visiting insects, and do fly extremely fast with a characteristic zigzag flight between the branches of flowering shrubs and trees (Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020, Stubbs and Falk 2002). Males are strong flyers that are able to cover a large area (Bartsch et al. 2009).     Larvae have been found in a stump of Fagus sylvatica, and are predicted to live in trunk-bases and in fungus-infested, wet-rot cavities of Betula spp., Fagus sylvatica, Quercus spp. and Ulmus spp. (Rotheray 1991, Speight et al. 2020), as well as of Populus tremula (Bartsch et al. 2009).      In early spring, adults can often be found on flowering  male Salix spp. catkins, or on flowers of Prunus spinosa and Prunus avium. Later in the season, they occur on other flowering shrubs, such as Cornus sanguinea, Crataegus spp., Photinia spp., Prunus cerasus, Rubus spp. and Sorbus aucuparia, and have also been recorded from Cardamine pratensis (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2020).               The flight period is from mid-March until June, and at higher latitudes also in July (Bartsch et al. 2009, Bot and van de Meuter 2019, Stubbs and Falk 2002).","As it is the case with other Criorhina species, deforestation and landscape management by removal of old trees will locally have a negative impact on the occurrence of this species. It is also dependent on forest edges with flowering shrubs such as Salix spp. and Prunus spinosa, which are not commonly present because transition zones are not often established in commercial and recreational forests.","Criorhina ranunculus is listed as a protected species in Serbia (Miličić et al. 2018). It is listed as threatened to severely threatened in some German states (Pellmann and Scholz 1996, von der Dunk et al. 2003, Dziock et al. 2004, Freundt et al. 2005), threatened in Ireland (Speight 2008), and vulnerable in Norway and Czechia (Mazánek and Barták 2005, Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre).  However, in most parts of its current range there is no  decreasing trend, and the species was recently downgraded on the national Red List of Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011) from endangered to not threatened. In addition, the status of Criorhina ranunculi in Great Britain was changed recently from ""notable"" to ""lower risk"" (Hoverfly Recording Scheme 2010).    Protection and better management of the habitats where this species occurs would be  important, and research and monitoring  its ecology, population and habitats trends is  recommended.",The species is not utilised.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van der Ent, L.-J., van Steenis, J. & van Steenis, W.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Cryptopipiza,notabila,,Cryptopipiza notabila,"(Violovitsh, 1985)",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  This species is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)) in both Europe and the EU27, because it has an area of occupancy estimated at 144 km2, it occurs as a severely fragmented population, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat, potentially the result of human-mediated disturbance. Further research on its ecology, population size and trends as well as habitat trends is needed.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is distributed in Norway (Nielsen and Ødegaard 2013), Sweden, Finland, the western edge of European Russia (Karelia and Moscow Region) (Speight 2018). It has an area of occupancy in Europe of 144 km2.  The global range extends out of the European region to the Russian Far East (Sakhalin) (Speight 2018).","There is no information on the population size or trend of this species. There have been about 50 individuals found, the latest from 2016. The population is considered severely fragmented, because it is small-bodied and probably cannot fly long distances. Subpopulations are scattered across northern Europe and European Russia. It occurs at low densities, being known mostly from one specimen per locality.",This species prefers herb-rich open areas within Picea (T. Järveläinen pers. comm. 2020) and Pinus (Van Steenis 2011) forest. Adults are known to visit the flowers of Anthriscus sylvestris (T. Järveläinen pers. comm. 2020). The flight period is in June/July (Ståhls and Vujić 2009). The developmental stages are undescribed.,"The main threat to this species is habitat loss due to industrial development (land-use change, building roads, urbanization). Poor forest management also contributes. Due to increased human activities in boreal forests during recent years, there has been extensive loss of forest in some regions, while others face heavy forest fragmentation or the threat of exploitation (Bradshaw et al. 2009). There is also the threat of climate change, because the boreal region is warming twice as fast as other parts of the world and it is already experiencing severe impacts from climate change (Burton et al. 2010, Park et al. 2014). As this species is found close to forests, logging may also affect its habitat.","This species occurs in some protected areas within the Natura 2000 network. Additional research on its ecology, population and habitat trends is needed. More sustainable land management and forestry practices are recommended, as well as protection of the habitat.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Bowles, P. & Obreht Vidakovic, D.","Vujić, A. & Šebić, A","Bot, S., Sommaggio, D., Ståhls, G. & Šebić, A",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Dasysyrphus,albostriatus,,Dasysyrphus albostriatus,"(Fallén, 1817)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC), EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This is a widespread arboreal species in almost the whole of Europe and in the EU 27, it has a wide distribution and it is also widespread in conifer plantations and in suburban habitats. It is also likely that there is population exchange between European and adjacent non-European parts of the range. There are no major threats to this species and no conservation action is required at present, except research on the impacts of invasive harlequin ladybirds on this species.",Stable,"Dasysyrphus albostriatus is one of the most widespread species of the genus Dasysyrphus in Europe as well as in the Palaearctic region. It is present in almost all regions of Europe except the forestless north (Swalbard, Faroes, Iceland and the extreme north of European mainland) (Nielsen 1999, Bartsch et al. 2009, Jensen 2001). It is probably also absent from Malta (Ssymank and Ebejer 2009) and the European Macaronesian islands (Smit 2008, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017). This species has not been documented also from several poorly investigated countries (Moldova, Albania, Kosovo) in European mainland, but the presence of this migratory species is probable there.  Outside Europe it is present in almost all parts of Palaearctic region, including North Africa and Japan (Kazerani et al. 2012, Saribiyik 2014, Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Vujić et al. 2020).","This species is widely distributed and frequent but rarely abundant in Sweden (Bartsch et al. 2009) as well as in other parts of Europe. It is frequent also in suburban habitats with trees, parks and gardens (Bartsch et al. 2009, Barkemeyer 1994). Its European population is numerous and not fragmented, and seems to be stable in Europe, but with a downward trend in the Netherlands and Great Britain (Reemer et al. 2009, Ball et al. 2011).","Dasysyrphus albostriatus inhabits most types of coniferous and deciduous forests including conifer plantations, up to the lower limits of the alpine zone (Speight 2018). It is frequent also in parks and gardens with trees (Bartsch et al. 2009, Barkemeyer 1994). Adults are partly migratory (Aubert et al. 1976) and they fly from the end of April (early April in southern Europe) to September (October). There are two generation with peaks in May and August in the temperate Europe (Reemer et al. 2009, Ball et al. 2013, Kula 2001). Adult flies occur preferably in trackside, clearings etc. often near trees within 2-3 m of the ground. They frequently settle on foliage of trees and bushes to bask (Speight 2018). Adults visit various flowering plants, bushes and trees. For example Speight (2018) lists yellow Asteraceae, white Apiaceae, Acer pseudoplatanus, Calluna, Crataegus, Euphorbia, Lonicera xylosteum, Papaver, Ranunculus, Rubus, Salix, Sorbus, Stellaria, Succisa pratensis, Viburnum opulus. Adults were also observed eating honeydew from aphids on maple Acer platanoides (Bartsch et al. 2009). The larva is predacious in the crowns of trees and bushes (Kula 1982), mostly on aphids but apparently on a wide range of soft-bodied insects that it catches opportunistically as a well-camouflaged ambush predator (Goeldlin 1974, Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009).","There are no documented major threats to this species. This species is widespread also in agricultural and anthropogenic landscapes. The invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axiridis in Europe, that could be important threat for the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). This ladybird is also preferentially a predator of arboreal aphids (Chapin and Brou 1991). Intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of Dasysyrphus tricinctus could be detrimental for this hoverfly as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015).","Dasysyrphus albostriatus is not considered threatened in any area in Europe (Speight et al. 2016) and its biology is relatively well-known. However, the larval biology is known inadequately to estimate possible impact of the invasive ladybird Harmonia axiridis on this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & Hayat, R.","Mazanek, L.","Ricarte Sabater, A.R., van Eck, A., Popov, G. & Barkalov, A.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Dasysyrphus,eggeri,,Dasysyrphus eggeri,"(Schiner, 1862)",,No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)",No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,ii,iv)",EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  This is an extremely rare species with a relictual and fragmented distribution in Europe. The only recent records are from mainland Spain and Cyprus, and it has not been recorded from most of Europe for more than 30 years, and it is considered possibly extinct in all other parts of its European range. This is thought likely to represent a genuine decline in this highly conspicuous species and it is considered possibly extinct for most European countries. The estimated extent of occurrence has shrunk to a quarter in the last 40 years. Based on recent records, the estimated extent of occurrence 1,060,000 km2 and area of occupancy (AOO) 20 km2.  Recent subpopulations are known only from the Sierra Nevada and Sierra de Baza in southern Spain, and probably also in Pyrenees near Huesca in Spain, and from Cyprus. It is necessary to protect these, which are thought likely to be the last subpopulations of this species in Europe. The species is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)) as a result of its restricted AOO and continuing decline in the EOO, AOO, area and quality of habitat; (iv) number of locations or subpopulations, and in the number of locations or subpopulations.",Decreasing,"Dasysyrphus eggeri is one of the most conspicuous species of the genus, and was known in Europe from southern Sweden, Pyrenees, Sierra Nevada and Sierra de Baza (Spain, France, Andorra), the Alps (Switzerland, Austria, northern Italy, France), Corsica, Balkan (Greece), Cyprus and the Carpathian Mountains (Romania) (Speight 2018, Peck 1988, Ricarde and Marcos García 2017, Vujić et al. 2020, Burgio et al. 2015, Speight et al. 2018, Stănescu and Părvu 2005, Heimburg 2018, A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020, Ssymank pers. comm. 2020).  Peck (1988) and some others also listed Poland, Belgium, and Luxembourg, but D. eggeri is not listed in any regional literature and recent checklists for these countries (Mielczarek 2009, Bańkowska 1963, Verlinden 1991, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences 2020, Carrières 2001). Except for Spain (Sierra Nevada, Sierra de Baza, and probably also the Pyrenees) (GBIF 2020, Lacouture 2013, Rodriques 2014 and 2018, Ssymank pers. comm. 2020) and Cyprus (Vujić pers. comm. 2020) the occurrence of this species in the European countries is based only on unique or scattered old records (Bartsch et al. 2009, Vujić et al. 2020, Bradescu 1991, Séguy 1961, Goeldlin de Tiefenau 1974, Torp Pedersen 1971, Maibach et al. 1992, Sommagio pers. comm. 2020, van der Goot 1958, Becker et al. 1910).  All records except those from Cyprus and Spain are old and the species is considered possibly extinct in all other parts of its European range.  Outside Europe it occurs in the Caucasus and southwest and middle Asia (Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Iran, Mongolia and the Tuva Republic in Russia) (Speight 2018, Peck 1988, Vujić et al. 2020, Dousti and Hayat 2006).","This is a highly conspicuous species, and most evidence of surviving subpopulations is based on photographs taken by non-specialists (L. Mazánek pers. comm. 2021). As such it is considered unlikely that it is underrecorded. It is therefore thought that it is genuinely rare, present only as a vagrant, or has been lost from most of its historical European range (L. Mazánek pers. comm. 2021). Recent records of this rare species are known only from Spain (several recent records and photos from the Sierra Nevada, one record from 2003 from Sierra de Baza close to the Sierra Nevada, and one photo from 2013 from the Pyrenees near Huesca) (GBIF 2020, Lacouture 2013, Rodriques 2014 and 2018, Ssymank pers. comm. 2020). There is also one recent record for Cyprus from 2011 (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). Although it was sometimes mentioned in the literature, this was an incorrect translation by Peck (1988) and the species has never been collected in Poland, and also likely it has been never collected in Belgium and Luxemburg. This species could survive in the Romanian Carpathians, where it was collected several times in the past and recent hoverfly surveys have been limited (Bradescu 1991, Stănescu and Părvu 2005). Referred records of this species from all regions in Europe (except Spain and Cyprus) are more than 30 years old (often much more) (Vujić et al. 2020, Bradescu 1991, Ségui 1961, Peck 1988, Goeldlin 1974, Bartsch et al. 2009, Maibach et al. 1992, van der Goot 1958, Heimburg 2018, Sommagio pers. comm. 2020). This species could be extinct for all territories in Europe out of Spain and Cyprus, as this is a conspicuous species that is unlikely to have been systematically overlooked in surveys in the Alps and most of the Pyrenees.  The estimated extent of occurrence has shrunk from about 4,200,000 km2 to 1,060,000 km2 and the area of occupancy based on known records from 72 km2 to 20 km2 during at least the last four decades. This species was relatively recently recorded from Iran (Gharali and Gilasian 2002). Only 4 locations are estimated based on the confirmed extant subpopulations in Europe.","Speight (2018) mentioned Dasysyrphus eggeri as exhibiting a preference for forest environments in the Larix decidua/Pinus mugo forest zone in the Alps. One record from Spain (Sierra de Baza) is from schist scree with thorn cushion vegetation and single Crataegus monogyna bushes at 1,890 m above sea level (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020). There are no relevant data about adult habitat and habits for most European countries, due to the rarity of the species and because this species has not been recorded for several decades in most countries in Europe. Adults were photographed on flowering white Apiaceae and violet Lamiaceae and on sunlit stones in Spain (Lacouture 2013, Rodriques 2014 and 2018). Although its ecology is largely unknown, this species' rarity and apparently patchy distribution suggest that it may be associated with very rare and specific microhabitats and adults could be vagrant, as in other aphidophagous species. Developmental stages are unknown, but larva is apparently arboreal predacious as other larvae of Dasysyrphus species. The flight period of adults is from mid-June to the beginning of September. Bradescu (1991) reported that old records in the Romanian Carpathians were taken at 700 m above sea level. In the Pyrenees and Sierra Nevada, it was captured at 1,050 m and 1,800 m asl. respectively (van der Goot 1958, Torp Pedersen 1971). The only record from Sweden (from 1980) is from Tovetorp research centre about 50 m above sea level (Bičík and Láska 1983). The record from Cyprus is from near 1,500 m above sea level (Vujić pers. comm. 2020). The sole Greek record, from 1965, is from 2,100 m above sea level near Mt. Olympus (Vujić et al. 2020).","It seems that this very rare species has disappeared from most range of Europe over the last decades. The estimated extent of occurrence has shrunk to a quarter in the last 40 years. Although documented threats to this species are unknown, since there is no information on the biology of this species and microhabitat requirements, it is suspected that this reflects a reliance on specific microhabitats which are themselves in decline (L. Mazánek pers. comm. 2021). It is not known why this species is extremely rare and why this species has not been collected outside the isolated subpopulations in the Mediterranean area (Spain and Cyprus) for several decades. Nevertheless, due to human activities and settlements in the area of occurrence of this species, it is likely that there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of suitable habitats for this species.","Conservation actions regarding this species are unknown. Dasysyrphus eggeri is not listed in any national Red Lists. It has been recorded from countries that have not conducted national Red Lists and this species is listed as Not Applicable in the Swedish Red List (2015). Further survey work is needed to determine the recent distribution of this species in Europe. It is necessary to study this species' biology and larval and adult habitat requirements in Spain and Cyprus to make appropriate conservation action regarding the protection of the known, apparently isolated subpopulations of this species in Europe. Further information is needed to obtain evidence of and determine the reasons for suspected declines in order to determine whether habitat or site protection is likely to be effective.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & Hayat, R.","Mazanek, L., Aracil, A., Földesi, R., Miličić, M., Nedeljković, Z., Ricarte Sabater, A.R., Vujić, A. & Ssymank, A.","Barkalov, A., Doczkal, D., Sommaggio, D. & Popov, G.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Dasysyrphus,friuliensis,,Dasysyrphus friuliensis,"(van der Goot, 1960)",This species has often been referred to as Dasysyrphus postclaviger in some areas of Europe (especially eastern regions).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This arboreal species is widespread in all areas with conifer (preferably Picea) forests, it has a wide distribution and it inhabits also conifer plantations, in which it is sometimes abundant, but this species is disappearing from some parts of western Europe where spruce plantations are being replaced. There are no documented threats to this species, and no conservation action is required at present, except research on the impacts of invasive harlequin ladybirds on this species.",Stable,"Dasysyrphus friuliensis is widespread in boreal Europe and mountainous regions of temperate Europe south to the Pyrenees. European records are known from Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechia, Russia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Netherlands (from which it has not recently been recorded - Reemer et al. 2009), North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Ball et al. (2011) mentioned that there may be problems with identification with some records of this species from Great Britain.  Out of the European region, the range of the species extends to the rest of the northern Palaearctic region in Russia (Siberia, Far East) and Mongolia (Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Vujić et al. 2020).","This species is frequent in conifer forests in Europe and sometimes abundant also in conifer plantations (Kula 2001). Recently this species has disappeared from some areas of western Europe e.g. the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009). This may be related to changes in forest management in this country, characterized by a shift away from coniferous plantations. Across the European range as a whole, the population is thought to be generally stable.","Dasysyrphus friuliensis is an arboreal species of Picea forests and plantations upwards to the Larix zone (Speight 2018). In Europe it is considered to be associated with spruce (Picea) forests and plantations (Ball et al. 2011).  Adults are observed from the end of May to beginning of August in trackside, clearings etc. in the vicinity of conifer forests, from which adults descend to visit flowers (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). Adults are vagrant (Aubert et al. 1976) and males have also been observed in hilltop situations (Barkalov 2007). Flower visitation records include white Apiaceae, Ranunculus acris, Caltha palustris, Geranium sylvaticum , Sambucus ebulus, Sorbus aucuparia, Ribes rubrum, Potentila sp., Epilobium angustifolium,  and Taraxacum. (Speight 2018, Barkalov 2007, Bartsch et al. 2009). The predatory larva develops on spruce trees, where it is camouflaged against the bark (Goeldlin, 1974). It is probably an ambush predator that feeds on bark aphids (probably species of the genus Cinara) (Bartsch et al. 2009) and likely opportunistically on other soft-bodied insects, and overwinters in leaf litter on the floor of spruce forest (Kula 1982).","There are no documented major threats to this species. This species is widespread also in conifer plantations and it seems that presence of this species is strongly influenced by forestry management especially in the areas without suitable natural or semi-natural spruce forests. The invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axiridis in Europe could be an important threat to the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). This species is preferentially a predator of arboreal aphids (Chapin and Brou 1991) and intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of Dasysyrphus friuliensis could be detrimental for this hoverfly, as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015).","Dasysyrphus friuliensis is not considered to be threatened in any area in Europe and its biology is relatively well known. However, the larval biology is known inadequately to estimate possible impact of invasive ladybirds on this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & Hayat, R.","Mazanek, L.","Ricarte Sabater, A.R., Popov, G. & Barkalov, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Dasysyrphus,hilaris,,Dasysyrphus hilaris,"(Zetterstedt, 1843)","The concept of D. hilaris assessed here is that of D. Doczkal, who has a publication on Dasysyrphus venustus group of species in an advanced stage of preparation (D. Doczkal, pers. comm. 2020). Occasionally this species is considered as a light variant of Dasysyrphus venustus, and this together with competing concepts of the distribution and biology of this species makes its true identity and distribution unclear (Bartsch et al. 2009).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Dasysyrphus hilaris sensu Doczkal is probably rather common and widely distributed in most humid forests in Europe, including commercial plantations. Subpopulations of this species are numerous, there are no documented threats to this species and no conservation action is required at present except research on taxonomy and larval biology, and on the possible impacts of the harlequin ladybird.",Stable,"The European range of this species is uncertain due to considerable confusion with related species until recently, but Dasysyrphus hilaris sensu Doczkal (pers. comm. 2020) is probably widespread in almost all humid boreal and temperate areas in Europe and also in Asia (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Barkalov 2007, D. Doczkal pers. comm. 2020).  Following this concept, this species is considered to occur in Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, European Russia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine and the United Kingdom.","Dasysyrphus hilaris is probably a widespread arboreal species with numerous subpopulations in most forested areas in Europe that are assumed to be stable (D. Doczkal pers. comm. 2020). Its real population as well as population trends are unclear due to confusion with other similar species of Dasysyrphus (Speight 2018, Speight et al. 2016, Bartsch et. al. 2009).","Dasysyrphus hilaris sensu Doczkal occurs in or near humid mature conifer, deciduous and mixed forests (up to c. 1,000 m above sea level in the Alps) including Pinus plantations (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Kula 2004). Adults fly from the beginning of May to the mid of June (to mid of July in Sweden) usually round the foliage of conifers, but descend to visit flowers and settle on foliage of large-leaved trees, e.g. Acer (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). Flower visit records mentioned by Speight (2018) are from Lonicera xylosteum, Ranunculus, Sorbus aucuparia, Taraxacum, Vaccinium myrtilus, and those from Sweden mentioned by Bartsch et al. (2009) from Aegopodium podagraria, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Anthriscus sylvestris, Barbarea vulgaris, Berberis vulgaris, Cirsium palustre, Crataegus laevigata, Galium boreale, Hypericum spp., Laserpitium latifolium, Ranunculus acris, Rosa canina, Viburnum opulus, Vaccinium myrtillus. Developmental stages are not described, but the larva is apparently camouflaged against bark and it is aphidophagous, similarly to the larvae of other species of the genus.","Apart from general threats to biodiversity, there are no specific threats identified for this species in Europe. This species is not significantly affected by commercial forestry.    The invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axiridis in Europe could be an important threat to native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). This species is also preferentially a predator of arboreal aphids (Chapin and Brou 1991) and intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of Dasysyrphus hilaris could be detrimental for this hoverfly, as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015).","There are no specific conservation actions for this species, this species is not considered as threatened in any area in Europe (Speight et al. 2016). Further survey work is needed to resolve the taxonomy of this and related species and to determine the real distribution and ecological requirements of this species. However, the larval biology is known inadequately to estimate possible impact of invasive ladybirds on this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & Veličković, N.","Mazanek, L.","Barkalov, A., Doczkal, D., Popov, G. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Dasysyrphus,lenensis,,Dasysyrphus lenensis,"Bagatshanova, 1980","The species Dasysyrphus lenensis Bagatshanova, 1980 was described based on specimens from eastern Siberia (Yakutia). Doczkal (1996) introduced this name for Dasysyrphus species collected in Central European woodlands that was previously confused with other similar species e.g. D. pinastri and D. pauxillus. Barkalov (2007) proposed synonymizing the name D. lenensis within Dasysyrphus nigricornis (Verrall, 1873). This synonymy was proposed only on the characters based on similarity of pictures from papers of Bičík and Láska (1995) and Doczkal (1996), without study of D. nigricornis type specimens and Central European D. lenensis specimens. Distribution ranges as well as habitats of D. nigricornis and D. lenensis seems to be strongly different in Europe (D. Doczkal pers. comm.; Bartsch et al. 2009). Nevertheless the habitat on the type locality of Dasysyrphus lenensis seems to be more similar to habitat of D. nigricornis in northern Europe.  Locke and Skevington (2013) used the name D. lenensis for Central European specimens of Dasysyrphus that are clearly genetically separated from specimens from the northern Nearctic region referred as D. nigricornis, unfortunately specimens from northern Europe were absent within the analysed specimens of D. nigricornis. As such this assessment treats the two species as distinct pending more detailed taxonomic work.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Although the distribution and validity of this species in Europe requires further clarification, the concept applied here is of a widespread species that is endemic to the European Red List region, that is found in woodlands in Central Europe and both the extent of occurrence and area of occupancy of this species are probably larger than it is known at present. It assessed as Least Concern both globally and for the EU27 Member States.",Stable,"As defined by European authors, the concept followed here, Dasysyrphus lenensis is known from Central Europe and some sub-Mediterranean mountains. The real range of this species is uncertain due to confusion with other similar species of Dasysyrphus.   Confirmed records are known from the Netherlands, Belgium, France (Vosges, Alps, Pyrenees), Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Poland, Czech Republic, Northern Italy and Serbia (Kopaonik National Park) (Doczkal 1996, Weyer 2003, Mazánek 2009, Nedeljković 2011, Burgio et al. 2015, van Steenis et al. 2015, Speight 2018, Speight et al. 2018).  The occurrence of this species in European Russia as well as in Asia is questionable at present (Barkalov 2007, Barkalov and Mutin 2018), and the species is treated here as being endemic to Europe.","This species is rather rare and local, but it is regularly recorded along with similar Dasysyrphus specimens in forested Central Europe during early spring, and in some suitable forested localities can be relatively abundant (Doczkal 1996).","This arboreal species is present in conifer or mixed temperate forests, preferably submontane to montane Abies/Picea forest to its upper elevational limit (Speight 2018). Adults visit flowering Alnus viridis, Caltha palustris, Ribes, Cerasus avium, Crataegus, Salix spp. (Speight 2018, Doczkal 1996, L. Mazánek pers. comm. 2020). Flight period is from end of April to the beginning of June, or to July (females at higher elevations) (Speight 2018, Doczkal 1996). Developmental stages are unknown, but larvae are apparently predatory in common with larvae of other related Dasysyrphus species.","There are no documented threats to this species. The invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis in Europe could be an important threat to native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). This species is also preferentially a predator of arboreal aphids (Chapin and Brou 1991) and intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of Dasysyrphus lenensis could be detrimental for this hoverfly, as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015).",The primary requirement is for taxonomic studies to understand the taxonomic identity and therefore the distribution of this species.  Further survey work is needed to clarify the current distribution and population status of this species as well as its biology and taxonomy. Dasysyrphus lenensis is regarded as a threatened species in the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009) and it is a protected species in Serbia (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & Veličković, N.","Mazanek, L., Aracil, A., Földesi, R., Miličić, M., Nedeljković, Z., Ricarte Sabater, A.R., Vujić, A. & Ssymank, A.","Sommaggio, D., Doczkal, D. & Popov, G.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Dasysyrphus,neovenustus,,Dasysyrphus neovenustus,"Soszyński, Mielczarek and Tofilski, 2013","Dasysyrphus neovenustus is the same species as D. venustus sensu Láska and Bičík, 1996 and D. venustus A sensu Doczkal i l. 1995.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    Dasysyrphus neovenustus is uncommon, but apparently a widespread species across almost whole of north and temperate Europe. It has been often been overlooked due to nomenclatural problems. Its population has increased in Poland markedly (Soszyński et al. 2013). The species is likely to be more widespread than presently known, and is listed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27.",Stable,"Dasysyrphus neovenustus was described recently (Soszyński et al. 2013) and its range is still uncertain due to confusion with similar species. It has been confirmed from Ireland, Britain, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Germany and parts of European Russia (Speight 2018, Soszyński et al. 2013, Ssymank and Doczkal 2017, Láska and Bičík 1996, Maibach et al. 1998, Edelsjö 2018, Speight and Vanappelghem 2018, Nielsen and Gammelmo 2017, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Global Biodiversity Information Facility 2020). This species is probably widely distributed in boreal and temperate Europe.  Out of the European region the species is known from Asian Russia (Baikal) (Soszyński 2013, Barkalov and Mutin 2018).","Dasysyrphus neovenustus is an uncommon but apparently widespread species in most parts of forested Europe (D. Doczkal pers. comm. 2020). It has been often overlooked due to nomenclatural problems (Speight 2018). According to Soszyński et al. (2013) D. neovenustus probably appeared in Poland in the 1970s and the number of specimens collected in Poland increased markedly before 2013 (Soszyński et al. 2013), suggesting a genuine range expansion.","Dasysyrphus neovenustus is present in or near various conifer forests, preferably with Pinus sylvestris trees, including plantations and heathlands invaded by Pinus sylvestris scrub (Speight 2018). Adults have been observed on yellow-flowered Asteraceae, white-flowered Apiaceae, on flowering Sorbus aucuparia and Cerasus avium from mid April to end of June (Speight 2018). Developmental stages are unknown, but the larva is apparently camouflaged against bark and it is likely to feed as an ambush predator mainly on aphids that live on trees and bushes, in common with the larvae of other related Dasysyrphus species.","Apart from general threats to biodiversity, there are no specific threats identified to this species in Europe. The invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis in Europe could be an important threat to native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). This species is also preferentially a predator of arboreal aphids (Chapin and Brou 1991) and intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of Dasysyrphus neovenustus could be detrimental for this hoverfly, as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015).","Further survey work is needed to resolve the taxonomy of this and related species and determine the distribution of this species as well as its biology, especially larval biology.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & Veličković, N.","Mazanek, L., Aracil, A., Földesi, R., Ssymank, A. & Vujić, A.","Doczkal, D., Popov, G. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Dasysyrphus,nigricornis,,Dasysyrphus nigricornis,"(Verrall, 1873)","Barkalov (2007) proposed synonymizing the name D. lenensis within Dasysyrphus nigricornis (Verrall, 1873). This synonymy was proposed only on the characters based on similarity of pictures from papers of Bičík and Láska (1995) and Doczkal (1996), without study of D. nigricornis type specimens and Central European D. lenensis specimens. Distribution ranges as well as habitats of D. nigricornis and D. lenensis seems to be strongly different in Europe (D. Doczkal pers comm., Bartsch, 2009). Nevertheless the habitat on the type locality of Dasysyrphus lenensis seems to be more similar to habitat of D. nigricornis in northern Europe. Locke (2013) used name D. lenensis for Central European specimens of Dasysyrphus that are clearly genetically separated from specimens from Northern Nearctic region referred as D. nigricornis, unfortunately specimen from North Europe is absent within the analyzed specimens of D. nigricornis. As such this assessment treats the two species as distinct pending more detailed taxonomic work.",No,NT,"B2b(ii,iii)",No,NT,"B2b(ii,iii)",EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) The known confirmed European distribution area of this species is restricted to northern Europe (Bartsch et al. 2009). The real distribution of this species in Europe is still uncertain due to much confusion that has existed over the use of the name and confusion with other similar species. The area of occupancy (AOO) for this species is 328 km2 in Europe, and it is even smaller in the EU27, where it is only present in Finland, which seems to be its distribution centre in Europe. It  is a rare and local species with referred extreme fluctuation in the  number of mature individuals in Norway, where it is listed as Vulnerable. In addition, it is presumed that there is a continuing decline of  extent and quality of suitable habitats, due to human activities and  settlements (Janssen et al. 2016), and the quality of suitable habitat for this species could be also declining due to global warming (Barredo et al. 2020). It is consequently listed as Near Threatened both in Europe and the EU27.",Unknown,"The range of this species is uncertain, as much confusion has existed over the use of the name and those of similar species  (Speight 2018, Bičík and Láska 1995). Recent records under the name Dasysyrphus nigricornis from Latvia and Romania (Karpa 2008, Stanescu and Parvu 2005) cannot be accepted as reliable.    With the recognition of D. lenensis as a distinct species, D. nigricornis is treated here as being confirmed in Europe only from northern Fennoscandia (Norway, Sweden, Finland, North Karelia and the Kola Peninsula in European Russia) (Bičík and Láska 1995, Speight  2018, Gammelmo et al. 2015, Bartsch et al. 2009; Barkalov pers. comm. 2019). The status of the species elsewhere in European Russia is unclear.  Outside Europe it is present in Siberia to the Far East, Altai, Mongolia, Greenland; Alaska (USA) and Northern Canada (Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Barkalov 2011, Locke and Skevington 2013). Dasysyrphus nigricornis is a northern Holarctic species apparently with a circumpolar distribution north of the Arctic Circle (Bartsch et al. 2009, Locke and Skevington 2013).","Dasysyrphus nigricornis is rare and local in northern Scandinavia. An extreme fluctuation in the number of specimens is referred to in the recent Red List to Norwegian species (Gammelmo et al. 2015). The subpopulations in northern Sweden and Finland, where there are recent records of this species and no documented decline, could be stable. Overall, there are 60 records for this species in northern Europe, although 25% of those reported on GBIF (2019) are more than 30 years old.","This species is present mainly in arctic dwarf-shrub tundra and taiga environments (Speight 2018). In Northern Sweden it is occurred in open northern pine forests from 200 to 500 m above sea level (Bartsch et al. 2009). The flight period of adults is during June and July in Europe. Published flowers visitation records in Europe are known from Caltha palustris, Ranunculus acris, Taraxacum, Salix, Rhododendron tomentosum (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Nielsen 1998, Locke and Skevington 2013). The larval stage is unknown (Speight 2018) but is presumably predatory, in common with larvae of other related Dasysyrphus species, probably on soft bodied insects that live on Pinus spp. or Betula sp. trees (Bartsch et al. 2009).","Any current direct threats to this species are unknown, since there is little information on the biology of this species. It is projected that there is a continuing decline of extent and quality of suitable habitats due to human activities and settlements (Janssen et al. 2016). The quality of suitable habitat for this species could be also declining due to global warming (Barredo et al. 2020).","Further monitoring is needed to determine the current distribution and population status of this species as well as its biology.   Dasysyrphus nigricornis is listed in the Norwegian Red List to species Vulnerable under Criterion B2a (which equates to NT under the IUCN Categories and Criteria) (Gammelmo et al. 2015). In the Swedish Red Lists in 2015 and 2020 it is listed as Least Concern (ArtDatabanken 2015, 2020) as well as in the Finnish Red List (Hyvärinen 2019).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & Hayat, R.","Mazanek, L., Aracil, A., Földesi, R., Miličić, M., Nedeljković, Z., Ricarte Sabater, A.R., Vujić, A. & Ssymank, A.","Popov, G., Doczkal, D. & Barkalov, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Dasysyrphus,pauxillus,,Dasysyrphus pauxillus,"(Williston, 1887)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The application of this name to European populations and the distribution of this species are uncertain at present, but as currently understood this species is widespread in Fenoscandinavia and in forested submontane and mountain regions in temperate Europe; it has been suggested that this is an ongoing range expansion for a species originally native to North America. The extent of occurrence and area of occupancy of the European taxon are probably larger than they are known at present, and it is considered Least Concern both for Europe and for the EU27 Member States.",Stable,"The species D. pauxillus as understood by European authors (Bičík and Láska 1995, Doczkal 1996) is regarded as being widespread in Fenoscandinavia and in forested submontane and montane regions in temperate Europe, south to the Pyrenees (Spain), Alps and to Rhodopi and North Pindus (Greece) on the Balkan Peninsula, west to the Netherlands, Belgium and the United Kingdom (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Burgio et al. 2015, Vujić et al. 2019, Krpač 2009, Nedeljković 2011). This species has been referred as occurred also in European Russia, Siberia (Barkalov 2007, Barkalov and Mutin 2018) and North America, but it is doubtful that Eurasian and North American records are conspecific (in which case the name should be restricted to North American records).  European records are known from Austria, Belgium, Czechia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, the Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine and the United Kingdom.","This species is widespread in northern Europe and locally is quite common in Sweden (Bartsch et al. 2009). There are rather rare and local records in temperate Europe. Bartsch (2009) suggests that this may reflect confusion between this species and small Dasysyrphus pinastri in temperate areas where the latter occurs. This species is regularly recorded among specimens of this similar, common species. In Denmark all records are from 1979 onwards (Torp 1994), and it is likely that the species was introduced unintentionally in connection with planting spruce (Bartsch et al. 2009). It has been recorded in 2010 from two sites in the East Anglia, and according to Ball et al. (2011) it is probably a recent arrival in the UK. These authors regarded this as a North American species that has been spreading west across Europe and considered its arrival in the UK an expected natural range extension. Reemer et al. (2009) noted that this species was less common before 1950 in the Netherlands.","This largely arboreal species mainly occurs in open fields in conjunction with coniferous and mixed forests, acidophilous Picea forests, Abies/Picea forests and upwards into the Larix/Pinus mugo zone (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). Males were observed as hovering one to a few metres high in coniferous forest (Reemer et al. 2009). Adults visit mainly flowering bushes and trees: Acer platanoides, Rubus chamaemorus, Ribes alpinum, Crataegus spp., Prunus padus, Prunus spinosa, and Salix spp. They have however also been recorded visiting flowering herbs: white Apiaceae (Aegopodium podagraria, Anthriscus sylvestris), yellow Asteraceae (Barbarea vulgaris), Carex, Ranunculus acris, Anemone nemorosa, and Caltha palustris (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2018, Nielsen 1998, Bygebjerg 2004, Torp 1994). The flight period of adults is from end of April to the middle of June, or to July in northernmost parts of the range (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009), in Baden Württemberg and the Netherlands it is from mid of April to mid (end) of May (Doczkal 1996, Reemer et al. 2009). Developmental stages are unknown, but the larva is likely to be camouflaged against bark and it is likely to feed mainly on aphids that live on conifers similarly as larvae of other related Dasysyrphus species (Bartsch et al. 2009).","Specific threats to this species are unknown, since there is little relevant information on the biology of this species. The invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis in Europe, this could be an important threat for the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). This ladybird is preferentially a predator of arboreal aphids (Chapin and Brou 1991) and intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of this species could be detrimental for this hoverfly, as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015).","Further survey work is needed to determine the taxonomy, distribution and population status of this species as well as its biology. Dasysyrphus pauxillus is a protected species in Serbia (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & Veličković, N.","Mazanek, L.","Barkalov, A., Doczkal, D., Popov, G., Sommaggio, D. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Dasysyrphus,pinastri,,Dasysyrphus pinastri,"(DeGeer, 1776) sensu Doczkal (1996a)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a widespread arboreal species that inhabits a range of natural forests and also conifer plantations, in which it is often abundant. There are no documented threats to this species, and no conservation action is required at present, except research into any impacts of the invasive harlequin ladybird. The extent of occurrence and area of occupancy of the European taxon are probably larger than they are known at present, and it is considered Least Concern both for Europe and for the EU27 Member States.",Stable,"Dasysyrphus pinastri is widespread in subarctic and boreal Europe (including Iceland) and mountainous regions of temperate Europe south to the Pyrenees, and northern Italy.  Within Europe the species is known from Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Russia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Montenegro, the Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom.  Out of the European region it is also present in Turkey and the rest of northern Palaearctic region in Russia (Siberia, Far East) and in Transcaucasia (Bartsch et al. 2009, Saribiyik 2014, Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Vujić et al. 2020), and also in Mongolia, Tibet and probably also in Japan (Bartsch et al. 2009). The occurrence of this species in Nearctic region is surprisingly restricted to Greenland (Locke and Skevington 2013).","This species is the most frequent and abundant species of the genus Dasysyrphus in most types of conifer and mixed forests in Europe including conifer plantations (Ball et al. 2011, Kula 1980, 2001). Recently this species has decreased in some areas of western Europe (e.g. Great Britain, Belgium and the Netherlands - Ball et al. 2011, Speight et al. 2016, Reemer et al. 2009). This may be linked to changes in forest management in these countries, where there has been a shift away from conifer plantations. Ball et al. (2011) suggested, alternatively, that at least in the UK the decreasing population trend may be an artefact of changes in recorder effort.","Dasysyrphus pinastri is a largely arboreal species of conifer forest (Abies, Picea and Pinus) and conifer plantation, plus mountainous Betula woods (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). Adults are usually found near trees along woodland rides and edges and around mature hedgerows usually within a few metres of the ground but also high up in the crowns of trees (Ball et al. 2011, Bartsch et al. 2009). Adults are vagrant (Aubert et al. 1976) and males were also observed in hilltop situations (Barkalov 2007). The flight period of adults is usually from the end of April to June, but from July to beginning of August at higher altitudes or more northerly latitudes (Speight 2018). Adults visit a wide range of flowering plant, bushes and trees: Acer platanoides, Angelica spp., Anthriscus sylvestris, Argentina anserine, Barbarea vulgaris, Caltha, Cardaminopsis arenosa, Crataegus laevigata, Cirsium, Crataegus, Crepis paludosa, Euphorbia, Fragaria, Frangula alnus, Galium, Heracleum, Hieracium, Lonicera xylosteum, Malus domestus, Pink canina, Potentilla spp., Prunus spp., Ranunculus, Rosa rugosa, Salix repens, Saxifraga granulata, Saxifraga spinulosa, Sorbus aucuparia. Spiraea spp., Stellariae and others (Speight 2018, Barkalov 2007 and Bartsch et al. 2009). The predacious larva is camouflaged against bark (Rotheray 1987). It mainly feeds on aphids that develop on conifer trees (Bartsch et al. 2009) and it has been recorded as overwintering among leaf litter on the floor of spruce (Picea) forest (Kula 1980). Larvae have also been found in colonies of the aphids Drepanosiphum platanoides on Acer pseudoplatanus (Bartsch et al. 2009, Rotheray 1987). The larva has been found in association with Betula shrubs in Iceland and Greenland (Bartsch et al. 2009 and Böcher et al. 2015).","There are no documented major threats to this species. This species is widespread and common in both natural forest and conifer plantations. Documented declines of this species in some parts of Western Europe could be influenced by changes in forestry management. The also invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis in Europe, which could be an important threat to the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). This species is preferentially a predator of arboreal aphids (Chapin and Brou 1991) and intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of Dasysyrphus pinastri could be detrimental for this hoverfly, as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015).","Dasysyrphus pinastri is not considered as threatened in Europe but this species is apparently declining in some western regions (Ball et al. 2013, Speight et al. 2016, Reemer et al. 2009). This species is considered vulnerable in the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009). The biology of this species is relatively well-known, however, the larval biology is known inadequately to estimate possible impacts of invasive ladybirds on this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & Hayat, R.","Mazanek, L.","Ricarte Sabater, A.R., Popov, G. & Barkalov, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Dasysyrphus,postclaviger,,Dasysyrphus postclaviger,"(Štys and Moucha, 1962)","This species is often confused with more common species Dasysyrphus friuliensis, of which it is sometimes considered a synonym. The distribution of this species that is based on published records is therefore potentially misleading.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   Dasysyrphus postclaviger is rare but widespread in most of Europe. The extent of occurrence and area of occupancy of this species are probably larger in Europe than they are known at present, because this species has been probably overlooked due to similarity with common species. It prefers natural and semi-natural conifer forests at high elevations and intensive forestry could be threatening this species. The extent of occurrence and area of occupancy of the European taxon are probably larger than they are known at present, and it is considered Least Concern both for Europe and for the EU27 Member States.",Unknown,"Dasysyrphus postclaviger is a rare and local, but probably widely distributed species, in northern Europe and local in mountains of temperate Europe, south to the Pyrenees (France) and to Pelister National Park (North Macedonia) in the Balkan Peninsula (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Krpač 2009, Speight et al. 2018). According to Barkalov and Mutin (2018) this species is also known from most parts of European Russia, Siberia; the occurrence of this species in the Russian Far East is unclear. The true distribution of this species is unclear, because a lot of records had been based on the similar species Dasysyrphus friuliensis (especially in East Europe) and this species is still regarded as a synonym of D. friuliensis in some regions.","Dasysyrphus postclaviger is apparently very rare but probably a widespread species in Europe (D. Doczskal pers. comm. 2020). In some areas it is relatively frequently recorded (northern Finland, North Macedonia, European Russia) (Bartsch et al. 2009, Krpač 2009, A. Barkalov pers. comm. 2020). It is assumed that this species has likely been overlooked due to similarity with the common species Dasysyrphus friuliensis, D. venustus and D. hilaris (Krpač 2009).","Dasysyrphus postclaviger inhabits natural or semi-natural conifer forests at the upper elevational limit of spruce (Picea) and on through Larix/Pinus cembra and P. uncinata forest up to its limit (2,200 m in the Alps) (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). Adults are observed mostly in open areas near the tree line from the end of May to the beginning of July (Speight 2018), or mainly in July in northernmost range (Bartsch et al. 2009). Males hover at 1.5-5 m above ground and often settle on the trunks in the sun. Flower visitation records exist for Veronica, Ranunculus, Rubus idaeus Crataegus and Apiaceae (Speight 2018, Krpač et al. 2009). Developmental stages are unknown, but the larva is likely to be camouflaged against bark and it is suspected to be predatory on small tree invertebrates as in other related Dasysyrphus species.","Any current threats to this species are not documented. Nevertheless, it is estimated that there is a continuing decline of the extent and quality of suitable habitats for this species due to human activities and settlements (Janssen et al. 2016). Especially intensive forestry activities in West Europe could be threatening the species. In Eastern Europe, it is more widespread in mountains where the forestry is less intensive. Climate change may also threaten this species as it can be found in higher elevation habitat (Barredo et al. 2020).","Further survey work is needed to determine the distribution of this species as well as its biology, and to clarify its relationships with similar species. Dasysyrphus postclaviger is listed as Data Deficient species in the Red List of Syrphidae of Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011) and by Haarto and Kerppola (2007) in Finland.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & Veličković, N.","Mazanek, L., Vujić, A., Ricarte Sabater, A.R., Nedeljković, Z. & Miličić, M.","Barkalov, A., Doczkal, D., Popov, G., Sommaggio, D. & Ssymank, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Dasysyrphus,tricinctus,,Dasysyrphus tricinctus,"(Fallén, 1817)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This arboreal species is widespread in almost the whole Europe except parts of the Mediterranean, it has a wide distribution and it is also widespread in conifer plantations and in some suburban woodlands and parks. There are no documented major threats to this species, and no conservation action is required at present except research on the possible impacts of threats from the invasive harlequin ladybird. The extent of occurrence and area of occupancy of the European taxon are probably larger than they are known at present, and it is considered Least Concern both for Europe and for the EU27 Member States.",Stable,"Dasysyrphus tricinctus is widespread in the whole of subarctic and boreal Europe (present also in Iceland) and forested submontane and mountainous areas of temperate Europe south to the Pyrenees, Apennines and Turkey (Speight 2018, Sommagio 2010,  Saribiyik 2014, Burgio et al. 2015, Bartsch et al. 2009, Vujić et al. 2020).  It is also present in most of the rest of Palearctic region through the Caucasus, Iran, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Siberia, Mongolia and Korea to the Pacific coast and Japan (Kazerani et al. 2012, Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009).","This species is widespread and often abundant species in most woodland areas (Bartsch et al. 2009, Ball et al. 2011, Reemer et al. 2009). Subpopulations in Europe seems to be numerous and stable, but it is considered to be in decline in Switzerland, Netherlands and Great Britain (Speight et al. 2016, Reemer et al. 2009, Ball et al. 2011).","Dasysyrphus tricinctus inhabits a wide range of coniferous and deciduous woodlands, in particular Picea plantations and areas of scrub Betula in sheltered locations (e.g. associated with stands of mature coniferous or deciduous trees). It is also present in suburban parks and conifer plantations. The species is present also in Iceland in connection with birch forest (Bartsch et al. 2009). Adults are vagrant (Aubert et al. 1976) but predominantly arboreal, often flying within a few metres of the ground but also high up in the canopy of trees, but descends to visit flowers of low-growing plants in tracksides, clearings and other open habitats adjacent to forests.  Adults visit various flowering plants bushes and trees. Bartsch et al. (2009) mentioned that of some thirty species of plants are visited by this species in Sweden. Adults fly from mid-April to beginning of October. There are two generation per year with peaks in first half of May and the second half of August in the most of temperate Europe (Reemer et al. 2009, Ball et al. 2013, Kula 2001, Speight 2018); two generation per year are likely also in Sweden (Bartsch et al. 2009). Predacious larvae are camouflaged against bark (Gäbler 1938). It has been observed predating sawfly larvae on spruce Picea abies and lepidopterous larvae on deciduous trees (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). In Scotland it is also regularly seen in connection with the aphid Drepanosiphum platanoides, which lives on the Acer pseudoplatanus (Bartsch et al. 2009).","There are no documented major threats to this species. This species is widespread and common also in conifer plantations. Declines in some part of Western Europe could be related to changes in forestry management. The invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis in Europe could be an important threat for the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). This ladybird is preferentially a predator of arboreal aphids (Chapin and Brou 1991) and intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of Dasysyrphus tricinctus could be detrimental for this hoverfly, as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015).","Dasysyrphus tricinctus is not considered threatened in any region of Europe at present and the biology of this species is relatively well-known. However, the larval biology is known inadequately to estimate the possible impact of the invasive harlequin ladybird.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & Hayat, R.","Mazanek, L.","Barkalov, A., Popov, G. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Dasysyrphus,venustus,,Dasysyrphus venustus,"(Meigen, 1822)",This species is known to be a complex of more morphologically similar species in Europe and it will be split into more species in the future (D. Doczkal pers. comm. 2020).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)        Dasysyrphus venustus sensu Doczkal seems to be common and widely distributed species in almost all humid European forests, including commercial plantations. Subpopulations of this species are numerous in Europe and there are no documented threats to this species. Some parts of range mapped to whole countries/sub-country units with detailed distribution data unavailable. No conservation action is required at present, except research into possible impacts from invasive ladybirds. Taxonomic research is required. The extent of occurrence and area of occupancy of the European taxon are probably larger than they are known at present, and it is considered Least Concern both for Europe and for the EU27 Member States.",Stable,"Dasysyrphus venustus is widely distributed in almost the whole boreal and temperate Holarctic region, and is absent in Europe only form Iceland, some northern parts of European Russia, and Mediterranean parts of Europe. Nevertheless the real range of this species is uncertain because the present concept of this species in confused and its treatment here has to be regarded as provisional (Speight 2018, Locke and Skevington 2013, D. Doczkal pers. comm. 2020).","This is an apparently common arboreal species with numerous subpopulations in almost the whole of forested Europe. But its real population as well as population trends are unclear due to confusion with other similar, undescribed species of Dasysyrphus (Speight 2018, Locke and Skevington 2013, D. Doczkal pers. comm. 2020).","Adults of this species are found in or near various humid coniferous and deciduous forests, including conifer plantations, of various elevations from mid of April to June and July at higher altitudes/more northerly latitudes (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). Adults are observed as sitting to sun itself on leaves or as flying in clearings, tracksides and open areas in forests etc. They visit white-flowered Apiaceae, flowering Acer platanoides, A. pseudoplatanus, Allium ursinum, Berberis, Caltha palustris, Crataegus, Endymion, Euphorbia, Frangula alnus, Ilex, Lonicera xylosteum, Potentilla erecta, Cerasus avium, Prunus spinosa, Ranunculus spp., Rubus idaeus, Salix spp., Sambucus, Sorbus aucuparia, Stellaria, Taraxacum (Speight 2018). The larva is camouflaged resting on bark (Dušek and Láska 1962, Rotheray 1987, 1994) on small branches on trees and shrubs, e.g. Acer pseudoplatanus, by day and it feeds on aphids and other soft-bodied insects.","Apart from general threats to biodiversity, there are no threats identified for this species in Europe.  This species probably tolerates commercial forestry.         The invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis in Europe, which could be an important threat for the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). This species is preferentially a predator of arboreal aphids (Chapin and Brou 1991) and intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of Dasysyrphus venustus could be detrimental for this hoverfly, as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015).",There are no specific conservation actions for this species; which is not considered threatened in any area in Europe (Speight et al. 2016). Further survey work is needed to resolve the taxonomy of this and related species and determine the real distribution of this species and the larval biology is known inadequately to estimate the possible impact of invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis on this species.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & Veličković, N.","Mazanek, L., Aracil, A., Földesi, R., Ssymank, A. & Vujić, A.","Ricarte Sabater, A.R., Popov, G., Doczkal, D. & Barkalov, A.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Didea,alneti,,Didea alneti,"(Fallén, 1817)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species occurs widely throughout Europe and is consequently listed as Least Concern in both the EU27 and Europe regionally, although it is surely declining across most of its range in Western and Central Europe (with some evidence of recovery in the Netherlands following changes in forest management, but it remains rare here). It is a highly mobile, conspicuous species and is collected occasionally across a wide range of habitats, including anthropogenic ones, but it does not seem to be tolerant of intensive land management and may become more threatened in this region in future and research is warranted to estimate rates of decline. The extent of occurrence and area of occupancy of the European taxon are probably larger than they are known at present, and it is considered Least Concern both for Europe and for the EU27 Member States.",Decreasing,"This species is known from almost all regions of Europe except some parts of the Mediterranean and the extreme north (Bartsch et al. 2019, Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Vockeroth 1992). The historical occurrence of this species in Great Britain and Ireland is discussed by Ball et al. (2011), where it is suggested that it is an occasional migrant or vagrant that sometimes established temporary populations in Great Britain.  Didea alneti is conspicuous hoverfly that is widely distributed in most of the forested boreal and temperate Holarctic region.","Didea alneti is widespread in almost the whole of Europe, but it is regarded as declining or threatened across the most of its range in west and central Europe (Speight et al. 2016, Ssymank et al. 2011). There are only historical records from Ireland (1934) and from several areas in Great Britain: in the 1890s; around the turn of century; in the 1930s; and two records from one locality in 1989 (Ball et al. 2011). Speight et al. (2016) reported this species as declining in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland and also (in part) in France. These authors regard the decline in numbers of migrants in Switzerland as particularly alarming, as it implies threats impacting source subpopulations across a wide area. Declines have been recorded also in the Czech Republic, where it was evaluated as Vulnerable species (Farkač et al. 2005), and in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011). It had been rare but increasing in the Netherlands according to Reemer et al. (2009), but Speight et al. (2016) refer it as a threatened species in this country. It is widespread and less common in Sweden (Bartsch et al. 2009), and quite rare in Finland (Haarto and Kerppola 2007).","It is an arboreal species associated with conifer forests and deciduous forests, including some cultural forests (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Reemer et al. 2009) and plantations, with a preference for areas where there are wetlands that are close to forests (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). Adults are highly mobile, vagrant and even migratory (Speight et al. 2016, Maibach et al. 1992), eg. Aubert et al. (1976) reported 817 captured migrating adults in the Alps in Switzerland. Adults fly usually at the edges of clearings, along tracks, beside streams etc. in or near forests and visit various flowering plants, bushes and trees, with records including white Apiaceae, yellow Asteracea (Crepis spp, Hieracium spp. Leontodon autumnalis, Hypochaeris radicata), Cirsium, Centaurea jacea, Valeriana spp., Plantago major,  Hypericum maculatum, Potentilla anserina, Stellaria holostea, Armeria maritime, Rosa canina, Dasiphora (syn. Potentilla) fruticosa, Sambucus ebulus, Rubus idaeus, Crataegus spp., Viburnum opulus, Salix spp., Acer spp., Malus domestica (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). Males hover at 3-4 m beside trees, or between their branches. Flight period of adults is from mid May to early September (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). The larva is arboreal and having been found feeding on several genera of aphids (Cinara, Lachnus, Pterocomma, Pterochloroides) on both coniferous (Pinus cembra, Larix, Abies) and deciduous trees (Prunus, Salix, Quercus) including fruit trees (Rojo et al. 2003, Speight et al. 2018, Vujić et al. 2020).","This species has been observed in association with conifer plantations, but it is apparently not fully tolerant of intensive forestry and agriculture and is less common in intensively used landscapes. This species is probably affected by over-intensive management of landscapes and the loss of open patches and ecotones with tall herbs, flowers and shrubs structure in connection with high forests and wetlands. Generally, it is estimated that there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of suitable habitats for this species, due to human activities and settlements (e.g. deforestation). Jansen et al. (2016) listed many types of forests inhabited by this species as threatened in the Europe.         The invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis in Europe, which could be important threat for the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). This invasive ladybird is a predator preferentially of arboreal aphids, including genera known as prey of D. alneti (Chapin and Brou 1991). Intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and the larvae of D. alneti could be detrimental for this species, as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015). It is however unclear whether D. alneti is likely to be sensitive to competition with this ladybird as it occurs also in East Palearctic, where the harlequin ladybird is native.","The species has been listed as Endangered in Great Britain and threatened in Ireland, where there have been no extant records for more than 30 years (Speight et al. 2016, Ball et al. 2011, Speight and Gittings 2020), although it is not clear that it was ever an established native in these countries. Ball and Morris (2014) excluded this species from the list of threatened species in Great Britain, because they believe that this to be a vagrant, which may be prone to irruptions form northern boreal areas where it was common. It has been considered as threatened in Germany (and at regional levels as Vulnerable or Endangered Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt and Thüringen) and it has been listed as Near Threatened (""Vorwarnliste”) in the Red List to Syrphidae of Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011). It has been listed as a Vulnerable species in the List of Threatened Species in the Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005). In Finland, Sweden and Norway it is listed as Least Concern (Haarto et al. 2019, ArtDatabanken 2020, Gammelmo et al. 2015).       There are no known conservation measures currently in place. Further research on the the species' biology (including competition with invasive species), population and threats are required. In addition, monitoring of the population and habitat trends is required.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & Veličković, N.","Mazanek, L., Aracil, A., Földesi, R., Ssymank, A. & Vujić, A.","Barkalov, A., Popov, G., Sommaggio, D. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Didea,fasciata,,Didea fasciata,"Macquart, 1843",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Didea fasciata has numerous subpopulations in forests across almost the whole of Europe, despite evidence of some local decline. It inhabits well-preserved conifer plantations, but its occurrence is presumably declining in areas of intensive forest management and by the clearance of suitable forests. The extent of occurrence and area of occupancy of the European taxon are probably larger than they are known at present, and it is considered Least Concern both for Europe and for the EU27 Member States.",Unknown,"The species' distribution area covers virtually all of Europe (except marginal North, Iceland and warm Mediterranean. From there it continues east through Siberia, parts of China and northern India to the Pacific Ocean, Japan and Taiwan (Bartsch et al. 2009, Barkalov and Mutin 2018). This species has been also often reported for North America (eg. Speight 2018). As another, similar species occurs there according to Vockeroth (1992), it is possible this is a misidentification.","This species is widespread and relatively common in forested northern Europe (eg. Sweden, Denmark and Finland) (Bartsch et al. 2009). It has also numerous subpopulations in most forested, especially mountainous, regions in the rest of Europe (eg. Ball et al. 2011, Barkemeyer 1994, Čepelák et al. 1986), becoming less frequent and more localized towards the south. There has been a significant decline in occurrence records from most parts of Britain over the past 35 years (Ball et al. 2011).","Flies occur close to forests, both coniferous and deciduous, and can also be found in conifer plantations mostly with well developed understorey (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight et al. 2018, Reemer et al. 2009). Adults are mobile and migratory (Speight et al. 2016, Aubert et al. 2016). The flight period lasts from May to the end of September and appears to consist of two generation in most Europe (see Ball et al. 2011, Reemer et al. 2009, Barkemeyer 1994, Tóth 2011). Adults are not selective in their choice of flowers and visit various flowering plants (see Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2018). The larvae have been found as preying on aphids only on trees (Larix, Abies, Pinus, Salix) (Rojo et al. 2003, Láska and Starý 1980). Starý (1976) supposed that D. fasciata is the main and most important predator of the aphid Cinara piceae, because its larvae were present in a greater or lesser numbers in most of colonies of this aphid.","Although the species is often observed in plantations, it is probably not fully tolerant to intensive forestry (Stubbs 1982). A continuing decline in extent and quality of suitable habitats for this species is inferred due to human activities and settlements. Jansen et al. (2016) listed many types of forests inhabited by this species as decreasing in Europe.    The invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis in Europe could be an important threat for the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). This invasive ladybird is preferentially a predator of arboreal aphids, including the genus Cinara, although probably not this fly's apparent preferred larval prey species Cinara piceae (Chapin and Brou 1991). Intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of this species could be detrimental for this hoverfly, as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015).","Didea fasciata is not considered threatened at a national scale anywhere in Europe (Speight et al. 2016), although it has been listed as threatened in some regions in Germany (Thuringen, Sachsen and Sachsen Anhalt) (Ssymank et al. 2011).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & Veličković, N.","Mazanek, L.","Barkalov, A., Popov, G. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Didea,intermedia,,Didea intermedia,"Loew, 1854",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   Didea intermedia has numerous subpopulations in forests across almost the whole of Europe and can tolerate a degree of habitat modification. It is listed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27, but is thought to be subject to declines in at least parts of its range as a result of intensive forest management and land use change.",Unknown,"This hoverfly is widespread in almost all parts of Europe (except the extreme north, Iceland, Ireland and Mediterranean areas) and east through Siberia to the Pacific Ocean, as well as in Kamchatka and Japan (Bartsch et al. 2009, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Speight 2018).","This species is widespread and common in forested north Europe (eg. Sweden, Denmark and Finland) (Bartsch et al. 2009). It has also numerous populations in some forested, especially in mountainous regions in the rest of Europe (Ball et al. 2011, Čepelák et al. 1986), however towards to south it becomes rare and local. Speight et al. (2016) reported declines of this species in the Netherlands, Denmark, Switzerland and partly in Belgium. According to Reemer et al. (2009) there had been no apparent change in population of this species in the Netherlands.","Didea intermedia occurs in connection with coniferous forests  (Pinus mugo, P. uncinata and humid P. sylvestris), including plantations and conifers planted on sand dunes (Speight 2018, Ball et al. 2011, Bartsch et al. 2009) but also on dry sandy soils, in meadows and pastures as well as on beaches, bogs and in gardens in Sweden (Bartsch et al. 2009). Adults are mobile and at least partly migratory (Aubert et al. 2016). They visit many different flowers in clearings, among others white Apiaceae, yellow Asteraceae, Calluna vulgaris, Crataegus, Cirsium, Ligustrum, Narthecium ossifragum, Potentilla erecta, Ranunculus, Rosa spp., Sambucus ebulus, Rubus plicatus, Hypochoeris radicata, Sorbus aucuparia and Succisa pratensis (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight et al. 2018). The flight period lasts from the end May to the end of September (August) (Ball et al. 2011, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2018). The larva is known as predacious on aphids Schizolachnus pineti on Pinus nigra tree (Rojo et al. 2003, Evenhuis 1978).","This species is inferred to be subject to a continuing decline in the extent and quality of suitable habitats for this species, due to human activities and settlements. It inhabits also well preserved pine plantations, but it is presumably adversely affected by intensive plantation management and by the loss of suitable forests. Jansen et al. (2016) listed many types of forests inhabited by this species as declining in Europe. The invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis in Europe, which could be an important threat for the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). This invasive ladybird is preferentially a predator of arboreal aphids (Chapin and Brou 1991). Intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of this species could be detrimental for this hoverfly, as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015).",Didea intermedia is not considered a threatened species in any area in Europe (Speight et al. 2016) and its biology is relatively well-known. It has been referred as Vulnerable in the Thüringen region in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011).,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & Veličković, N.","Mazanek, L.","Barkalov, A., Popov, G. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Doros,destillatorius,,Doros destillatorius,"Mik, 1885",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  Doros destillatorius is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)) in both Europe and the EU27 (which includes all known range states except Turkey) due  to its known area of occupancy (68 km2), severely fragmented  population and an expected reduction in the habitat quality due to the loss and degradation of old-growth forests. There are big gaps between the known distribution points of this species in Europe. Inappropriate forest management and wildfire may also reduce the abundance of mature trees providing breeding sites.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is known from a small number of records across the Mediterranean basin from southern and eastern France, Italy (Sardinia), northeastern Greece, Bulgaria (no mapped locality) and European Turkey (no mapped locality) to the east, and is also found in Romania (no mapped locality), southern Crimea (Speight 2018), and the southern Czech Republic (Mazánek et al. 2005) close to the border with Austria.  Out of the European region, the distribution of this species extends to the Caucuses (Georgia; Georgian Biodiversity Database 2020).","There is no estimate of the population size of this species. Doros destillatorius has never been observed in numbers in nature, and most records consist of solitary specimens (e.g. Mazánek et al. 2005; Birtele 2011). Density consequently appears to be low. The species might be genuinely related to old-growth forest and further monitoring in this forest type may clarify the actual population size and trend of D. destillatorius.  The size and colour pattern of this species make it difficult for this species to go unnoticed by collectors. This species' population appears to be genuinely severely fragmented and individual subpopulations appear to be small, a fact that might relate to the fragmented distribution of forests with mature and over-mature trees providing potential breeding sites for this species.","The preferred environment of this species seem to be deciduous forest of mesophilous Fagus and thermophilous oak with mature or over-mature trees. Adults are apparently largely arboreal, but descend from the canopy to visit the margins of forest streams. The larva of this species is unknown but appears to be related to ant-maintained colonies of Stomaphis aphids living under the bark of mature Acer and Quercus trees (Speight 2018).","This species seems to be closely-associated with Acer, Fagus and Quercus forests with mature or over-mature trees where its presumed larval prey occurs. The main threats for this species are the reduction and loss of this habitat type, as well as inappropriate forest management techniques and wildfire which do not favour over-mature trees.","Doros destillatorius is in need of a specific conservation plan based on a better knowledge of its range, population size and larval biology. For the moment, strict protection of forests where this species is found is  required to preserve this species habitat. According to Speight et al. (2016) this species' population is decreasing in Europe, and might be regarded as 'endangered'. Doros destillatorius appears to be Critically Endangered (CR) in the Czech Republic, where it is known from a single specimen collected in Podyjí National Park (Mazánek et al. 2005).",This species is not subject to any use or trade.,"Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Ricarte Sabater, A.R. & Nedeljković, Z.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Doros,profuges,,Doros profuges,"(Harris, 1780)",This species appears in most European literature as Doros conopseus (Fabricius).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Although Doros profuges is considered threatened in the national Red Lists of some central European countries, it assessed as Least Concern in Europe and for the EU27 Member States due to its Extent of Occurrence and the large number of countries and localities where it has been recorded. Although it has a low estimated area of occupancy it is likely that this is a sampling artefact.",Unknown,"This species is found from southern Norway and southern Finland south to central Spain, and from Ireland east through most of central and southern Europe to European Russia (Speight 2020).  The range extends eastwards out of the European region through Eurasia to Japan and China (Speight 2018).","There are no population size estimates for this species in Europe, where it is widespread. Aartsen (1994) indicates that the abundance of D. profuges can fluctuate over time and Steenis (1998) suggested it became more common in the Netherlands during the period 1988-1998. In countries such as Denmark and Belgium, this species has been recorded in much lower numbers after 1900 (Steenis 1998), while in Spain the species has not been recorded since Gil Collado (1930). In Hungary, the most recent record of D. profuges dates from 1994 (Tóth 2011).","Doros profuges inhabits deciduous forests, Quercus/Fraxinus (both mature and scrub) and Corylus scrub, on well-drained sites which have been forested for a long time; and in well-drained, ancient, unimproved pasturage invaded by scrub. It might be an arboreal species that can also be found in open habitats, flying along the edge of scrub. Adults visit flowers of umbellifers, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Filipendula, and Rubus. These hoverflies fly at the end of May/June, and on into July at higher elevations. Larval biology is unknown but the larva is believed to be an ant commensal, probably with Lasius fuliginosus.","There are no specific threats reported for this species, however declines have been reported including some at higher elevations.","There are no specific conservation actions for this species, which is believed to be unthreatened at the European level despite what appears to be a locally declining population. However, alpine populations appear to be experiencing a heavier decline. In countries such as Germany and Denmark it is regarded as 'Threatened' (Speight et al. 2016). An accurate knowledge on larval biology is crucial to understand the actual requirements of D. profuges in nature and then, to propose effective conservation actions.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Ricarte Sabater, A.R. & Nedeljković, Z.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Epistrophe,annulitarsis,,Epistrophe annulitarsis,"(Stackelberg, 1918)",,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT°)    This is an uncommon species in Europe, however, it is widespread across eastern parts of the region, particularly in European Russia, and it is assessed as Least Concern for the Pan Europe region.  In the EU 27 Member States it is known only from about ten collecting sites in the northeast of the EU region with a known area of occupancy in the EU of 40 km2 and occurs in 9-11 localities, which is precautionarily assumed to each be a discrete location based on threats from forestry and urbanisation. The qualifies as Vulnerable (B2ab(iii)) for the EU 27, but there is probable immigration from Russia into EU 27, so the species is downgraded on category to Near Threatened (NT°) for the EU 27.  Further survey work is needed to determine recent population trends of this species in Europe as well as its biology.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is known from southern Finland (five localities; LAJI.FI 2021), Latvia (3-5 localities), Lithuania (probably only one locality is known), Estonia (one locality is known), and northern parts of European Russia (St. Petersburg region, Moscow region, Kirov region, Northeast European Russia) (Speight 2018, Pakalniškis 2006, Karpa 2008, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Haarto and Kerppola 2007, Bartsch et al. 2009, Pestov and Dolgin 2006, GBIF 2020, A. Barkalov pers. comm. 2019).  Out of the European region, the range of the species eastwards through Siberia to the Pacific coast, Korea and Japan (Speight 2018; A. Barkalov pers. comm. 2019).","E. annulitarsis is a very rare species, known only from several collecting sites in the northeast EU 27 (Bartsch et al. 2009, Hyvärinen et al. 2019, GBIF 2020). The species is widely-distributed and probably more frequent in European Russia and North East Asia (Barttsch et al. 2009, Barkalov pers. comm. 2019). Based on the criteria applied in the Finnish Red List (Hyvärinen et al. 2019) the population, area of occupancy and number of locations or subpopulations in this country experience extreme fluctuations, but the basis for this is not described.","E. annulitarsis occurs in deciduous and mixed forests (Bartsch et al. 2009) and in taiga (Barkalov pers. comm. in Speight 2018), Pestov and Dolgin (2006) referred to its occurrence south and mid parts of  taiga in northeast European Russia. The flight period of adults is in July and August (Barsch et al. 2009), mid-May to end of August (Speight 2018). The larva is undescribed, but probably feeds on aphids in trees, like the larvae of other Epistrophe species (Bartsch et al. 2009).","In the EU 27, it is inferred that there is a continuing decline of extent and quality of suitable habitats for this species, due to human activities (forestry) and settlements (Janssen et al. 2016). In European Russia, the species is likely widespread, but although it may be rare it is unlikely to be subject to major threats. The invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis in Europe could be an important threat for the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). This ladybird is preferentially a predator of arboreal aphids (Chapin and Brou 1991) and intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of Epistrophe annulitarsis could be detrimental for this hoverfly, as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015).  E. anulitarsis is however more widespread in east Palearctic, where this ladybird is native, than in Europe so it may not be at substantial risk.","Further survey work is needed to determine recent population trends of this species as well as its larval biology. E. annulitarsis is listed as Near Threatened (B2ac(i,ii,iii)) in the 2019 Red List of Finnish Species (Hyvärinen et al. 2019).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & Hayat, R.","Mazanek, L., Ricarte Sabater, A.R., Vujić, A., Nedeljković, Z. & Miličić, M.","Barkalov, A. & Popov, G.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Epistrophe,cryptica,,Epistrophe cryptica,"Doczkal and Schmid, 1994","This species was recognized relatively recently by Doczkal and Schmid (1994) on the basis of revision of Epistrophe specimens form Central Europe. Its real distribution area and population may not yet be known exactly due to confusions with similar commoner species (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2018).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Within the European region, this is probably a widespread rather arboreal species with its apparently most numerous and stable subpopulations in some areas in Scandinavia. It is listed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27 on the basis of this, its wide extent of occurrence, and because it is probably more widespread but overlooked between the known localities. It appears however to be very rare and/or threatened at national levels across most of its western and central European range, and may be specialized in transitional areas or open habitats in wet forests. Monitoring of subpopulations is necessary and further research is required to clarify the actual range of this species and to better understand the habitat requirements and threats.",Unknown,"The known distribution of this species extends from Scandinavia southward to Massif Central (France), Alps (Switzerland), to Serbia and the Carpathians (Ukraine) (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Prokhorov et al. 2020, Speight et al. 2018, Van Steenis et al. 2019). It is known also from European Russia (Moscow region), and through Siberia to east to the Pacific (Sachalin and Kuril Islands) and Japan (Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). The real distribution area is probably much larger, due to confusion with other similar, commoner, species until recently (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2018, Prokhorov et al. 2020).","This species is probably widespread but there are only scattered records across most of Europe. Only in some northern areas it is relatively common, and its population here may be numerous and stable there (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2018, GBIF 2020). According to Speight et al. (2016) this species has been regarded as threatened and/or declining in Alpine, Atlantic and Continental regions of Europe (particularly in Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland). Conversely, recently this species appears to be expanding its range in Belgium and the Netherlands (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019). This species was recognized from these areas relatively recently and it has probably been overlooked due to its resemblance to common species of the genus Epistrophe. Thus the population trend as well as the range of this species is known insufficiently (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2018).","It occurs in clearings with lush vegetation, in deciduous and mixed forests and in pastures near coasts, lakes and watercourses (Bartsch et al. 2009) and humid-non calcophilic Picea forest, up to the altitude of Pinus mugo (Speight 2018, Speight et al. 2016). The fly visits flowers of trees and bushes (Malus, Prunus spp., Salix spp., Acer platanoides, Crataegus laevigata) but also herbs (white Apiaceae, Cruciata laevipes) (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Van Steenis et al. 2019). It is univoltine species with flight period of adults from April to June (Speight 2018), mid-May to early July in Sweden (Bartsch et al. 2009) with diapausing overwintering larvae (Mazánek et al. 2001). The predacious larva was described by Mazánek et al. (2001), from larvae reared on aphids in a laboratory from eggs laid by a wild-caught, gravid female. The larva is flattened similarly to known larvae of the Epistrophe species, which are camouflaged against green leaves, but reared larvae of this species were whitish.","Apart from the general threats to biodiversity, such as deforestation, there are no known specific threats identified for this species in Europe. The loss of unimproved ecotonal areas between forest and grasslands or wetlands, and of open habitats with tall herbs, shrubs and trees with low economic value, is possibly the main threat for this species. The invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis in Europe, which could be an important threat for the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). This species is preferentially a predator of arboreal aphids (Chapin and Brou 1991) and intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of this species could be detrimental for this hoverfly, as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015).","Epistrophe cryptica is not threatened in Sweden, Finland and Germany (Haarto et al. 2019, ArtDatabanken 2020, Ssymank et al. 2011). It is listed as Near Threatened (criterion B2a(i)) in the Norwegian red list (Gammelmo et al. 2015). Speight et al. (2016) listed this species as threatened in the Atlantic region, the Netherlands and in Switzerland. However the biology, population trends and full range of this species is known insufficiently, since this species was recognized relatively recently and it has been probably overlooked due to its resemblance to common species of the genus Epistrophe (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2018). Monitoring of subpopulations is necessary and further research is required to clarify the full range of this species and to better understand to the habitat requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & Veličković, N.","Mazanek, L.","Barkalov, A., Popov, G., Sommaggio, D. & Mutin, V.A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Epistrophe,diaphana,,Epistrophe diaphana,"(Zetterstedt, 1843)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This is a rare and local but widespread species associated with unimproved ecotones and open habitats along streams with deciduous trees, bushes and tall herbs. It has been regarded as slightly declining in Continental region of Europe and declining and/or threatened in Switzerland, the Netherlands, Denmark (Regionally extinct) and Belgium (Speight et al. 2016, Bygebjerg 2019). This species is probably affected by deforestation and by intensive landscape management that induced loss of unimproved ecotones and open habitats in wet forests. It is listed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27 due to its wide range and is regarded as unthreatened in most range states which have included it on national Red Lists, but further research on its population status, ecology and threats is recommended.",Stable,"Within the European region, this species is widespread from southern Sweden, Finland and Norway south to the Pyrenees and Cordillera Cantabria (southern Spain), northern Apennines (Italy) and to the central mountains of the Balkan Peninsula (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Burgio et al. 2015, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017, Nedeljković 2011), and from southern England eastwards through sub-mountainous central and mountainous southern Europe into European Russia (Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009).  Out of the European region, the species' range extends through Asia: southern Siberia, Transcaucasia, Middle Asia to the Russia Far East (Amurskaya Province) (Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009).","This species is rather rare and local across whole its distribution area in Europe (Röder 1990, Maibach et al. 1992, Reemer et al. 2009, GBIF 2020). It is more frequent and probably has numerous subpopulations only in some areas of submontane central Europe (Stuke and Schulz 2001, Ssymank et al. 2011, Tóth 2011, L. Mazánek pers. comm. 2020) and in southern England, where its frequency of occurrence has been very variable but with a slight upwards trend and range expansion (Ball et al. 2011, Ball and Morris 2014). It has been slightly declining in Continental regions of Europe and is thought to be declining and/or threatened in Switzerland, the Netherlands, Denmark (Regionally Extinct) and Belgium (Speight et al. 2016, Bygebjerg 2019).","It occurs in connection with deciduous open woodland preferably in wetlands, beach forests, in moist meadows and in pasture and unimproved grasslands, but also in dry habitats near water (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2018, Stuke and Schulz 2001). Adults are relatively mobile and occasionally can be recorded far from breeding places.  The fly visits flowers of white Apiaceae (Aegopodium podagraria, Anthriscus sylvestris, Cicuta virosa, Laserpitium latifolium, Foeniculum), Valeriana speculum and Senecio spp. (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). It is a bivoltine species in temperate Europe with flight period of adults from mid of May to end of August (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Mazánek et al. 2001), into September in southern Europe (Speight 2018) and from the beginning of June to the middle of August in Sweden (Bartsch et al. 2009). The larva was described as being predaceous on aphids Uroleucon cichorii and Cichorium intybus (Mazánek et al. 2001), and there was also an observation of female as laying eggs on aphids Cavariella sp. on Heracleum spondilum (Dobson 1997, Rojo et al. 2003).","Apart from general threats to biodiversity, including deforestation, there are no known specific threats identified for this species in Europe. The loss of unimproved ecotones and open habitats along streams with deciduous trees, bushes and tall herbs is possibly the main threat for this species, because this species is associated with these habitats (Ball et al. 2011). The invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis in Europe could be an important threat for the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). This species is preferentially a predator of arboreal aphids (Chapin and Brou 1991) and intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of this species could be detrimental for this hoverfly, as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015).","Epistrophe diaphana is not threatened in Great Britain (Ball and Morris 2014), in the Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005) or in Germany generally (Ssymank et al. 2011), but it was referred as Regionally Extinct in Sachsen (Pellmann and Scholz 1996) and as Vulnerable in Sachsen-Anhalt (Dziock et al. 2004). This species was regarded as threatened in the Netherlands, Denmark and Belgium by Speight et al. (2016). This species is listed as Regionally Extinct for Denmark (Bygebjerg 2019). In Finland ans Sweden it is listed as Least Concern (Haarto et al. 2019, ArtDatabanken 2020). Monitoring of subpopulations is necessary and further research is required to clarify the full range of this species and to better understand the habitat requirements and the existing threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & Veličković, N.","Mazanek, L.","Ricarte Sabater, A.R., Barkalov, A. & Popov, G.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Epistrophe,eligans,,Epistrophe eligans,"(Harris, 1780)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This is widespread, rather arboreal species with numerous subpopulations in most parts of Europe including the EU 27, and is also widespread in suburban habitats. There are no major threats to this species and no conservation action is required at present, except research into potential impacts from the harlequin ladybird. It is listed as Least Concern both in Europe and the EU 27.",Stable,"Epistrophe eligans is widespread in all parts of Europe south from southern Fenoscandinavia (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2018, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017, Burgio et al. 2015, Vujić et al. 2020). It is probably absent only from some islands in the Mediterranean (Cyprus, Malta) (Ssymank and Ebejer 2009) and in Macaronesia (Smit 2008). This species has not been recorded from several poorly-surveyed countries (Moldova, Albania), but its presence is probable there.  The distribution further east is restricted to southern parts of European Russia, Transcaucasia and Turkey (Speight 2018, Mengual et al. 2020, Barkalov pers. comm. 2019), although it is possible that it extends as far as Kazakhstan and neighbouring countries in the south (Bartsch et al. 2009).","This species is the most common species of the genus Epistrophe in most of its range (e.g. Reemer et al. 2009, Ball et al. 2011). It is frequent also in suburban habitats, parks and gardens with well established trees (Bartsch et al. 2009, Barkemeyer 1994, Reemer et al. 2009, Ball et al. 2011). Its European population is numerous, not fragmented and seems to be stable or increasing (Ball et al. 2011).","Epistrophe eligans inhabits most types of deciduous forests and scrubs including suburban parks and gardens with well-established trees (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Barkemeyer 1994, Ball et al. 2011). Adult flies occur in trackside, clearings etc. often near trees foliage. Adults visit various flowering trees (Acer pseudoplatanus, Malus spp.), bushes (Crataegus laevigata, Prunus spinosa, Ribes spp., Euonymus europaeus, Ilex aquifolium, Sambucus nigra, Crataegus, Viburnum opulus) and herbs (white Apiaceae, Taraxacum spp., Cistus, Endymion Hyacinthoides, Euphorbia, Stellaria) (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). It is a univoltine species, adults fly from April (March in southern Europe) to June (beginning of July at Mountains and on the North) (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Reemer et al. 2009). The larva is aphid-feeding and largely arboreal, on trees (Malus domestica, Prunus spp. Cerasus, Acer platanoides, Tilia cordata, Quercus, Fraxinus, Pyrrus communis), on shrubs (Euonymus, Sambucus, Rubus fruticosus, Ribes, Spirea, Viburnum, Crataegus) but can occur also on herbaceous plants (Arundo, Urtica, Agrostis, Aster, Silene) including some crops (Beta vulgaris, Vicia faba, Foeniculum (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Rojo et al. 2003).","Apart from the general threats for biodiversity, including deforestation, there  are no specific threats identified for this species in Europe. The invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis in Europe could be important threat for the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). This ladybird is preferentially a predator of arboreal aphids (Chapin and Brou 1991) and intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of this species could be detrimental for this hoverfly, as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015).","There are not specific conservation actions for this species. Epistrophe eligans is not considered threatened in any area in Europe and its biology is relatively well known. However, the larval biology is known inadequately to estimate possible impact of the invasive ladybird Harmonia axiridis on this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & Veličković, N.","Mazanek, L.","Popov, G., Ricarte Sabater, A.R. & Barkalov, A.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Epistrophe,flava,,Epistrophe flava,"Doczkal and Schmid, 1994",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This is a widespread species in the European region, with numerous and probably stable subpopulations in some areas in Scandinavia and Central Europe. This species is probably affected by deforestation and by intensive landscape management, but it has a wide extent of occurrence and is not considered to be at risk in most range states that have included it on national Red Lists. Monitoring of subpopulations is necessary in some areas and further research is required to better understand to the habitat requirements and threats. It is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU27 Member States.",Stable,"Epistrophe flava is widespread from southern Scandinavia south to the Pyrenees and Cordillera Cantabria (southern Spain), Northern Apennines (Italy) and to Serbia and Bulgaria on Balkan Peninsula (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Burgio et al. 2015, Sommaggio 2010, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017, Tóth 2014, Nedeljković 2011). From Belgium and France it ranges eastwards through submontane Central Europe, Ukraine into European parts of Russia and Caucasus (Georgia) (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Mengual et al. 2020, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, G. Popov pers comm. 2020). It has not been recorded in European Russia east from Moscow region (A. Barkalov pers. comm. 2019, V. Mutin pers. comm. 2020). Its presence in southern Spain and in Corsica is uncertain (Kassebeer 2002, van Eck 2011).  Outside Europe it ranges through Siberia to the South Russian Far East including Sakhalin, Korea and Japan (Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). There is still uncertainty about its range, because this species was recognized relatively recently and it had been confused with several species before that (Doczkal and Schmid 1994, Bartsch et al. 2009).","This species is widespread but there are often only scattered records across most of its range e.g. in the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009). This species is numerous only locally in some types of forested landscapes (Mazánek et al. 2006). It is quite common in the Mälardalen and Stockholm archipelagos in Sweden and it is, next to the similar species Epistrophe nitidicollis, the most common early summer species there (Bartsch et al. 2009). This species is common also in Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2020). This species has been declining and/or is threatened in Belgium, Denmark and the Netherlands (Speight et. al. 2016, Reemer et al. 2009).","It occurs in connection with deciduous and mixed forests near coasts, lakes and streams (Bartsch et al. 2009), from riverine gallery forest of Populus/Salix alba to dry Quercus/Castanea forest and on to humid Fagus/Picea forest (Speight 2018). The species resides in lush clearings, open habitats with tall herbs, shrubs and trees with low economic value, and gardens but also along roads and on ruderal land (Bartsch et al. 2009). The fly visits flowering trees and bushes (Berberis vulgaris, Crataegus, Sorbus aucuparia, Tilia cordata) and various flowering plants (white Apiaceae, Argentina anserine, Bunias orientalis, Caltha, Ranunculus, Lathyrus japonica, Euphorbia, Leucanthemum vulgare) (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). The flight period of adults is in May and June, further north in June and July (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019). It is a univoltine species with diapausing and overwintering larvae (Mazánek et al. 2001). The predacious larva is flattened and green, and rests camouflaged against leaves. Larvae have been collected from aphid galls on leaves of Malus domestica in an orchard (Goeldlin 1974), and from aphid colonies on Cirsium arvense and Cichorium intibus (Mazánek et al. 2001). Bartsch et al. (2009) report observations of females that lay eggs in colonies of the aphid Aphis sambuci on Sambucus nigra.","Apart from the general threats to biodiversity, including deforestation, there are no known specific threats identified for this species in Europe. The loss of unimproved ecotones and of open habitats with tall herbs, shrubs and trees with low economic value is possibly the main threat for this species. The invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis in Europe could be an important threat for the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). This species is preferentially a predator of arboreal aphids (Chapin and Brou 1991) and intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of this species could be detrimental for this hoverfly, as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015).","Epistrophe flava is not threatened in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Central Europe (Gammelmo et al. 2015, Haarto et al. 2019, ArtDatabanken 2020, Ssymank et al. 2011, Farkač et al. 2006). Speight et al. (2016) listed this species as threatened in the Netherlands and Belgium. Reemer et al. (2009) list this species as Vunerable in The Netherlands and it is listed as Near Threatened species in Denmark (Bygebjerg 2019). Monitoring of subpopulations in some areas is necessary and further research is required to better-understand to the habitat requirements and threats from invasive beetles.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & Veličković, N.","Mazanek, L.","Barkalov, A., Popov, G., Ricarte Sabater, A.R. & Mutin, V.A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Epistrophe,grossulariae,,Epistrophe grossulariae,"(Meigen, 1822)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  It is a broadly widespread species with numerous subpopulations in several areas of Europe but often variable in numbers. This species is probably affected by deforestation and by intensive landscape management, but is not currently regarded as threatened in most European range state that has included it on national Red Lists. It is listed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27, but further research is required to better understand to the real distribution and habitat requirements as well as the impacts of suspected threats.",Stable,"Epistrophe grossulariae is broadly widespread in Europe and it is present in almost all of Europe except the Mediterranean and beyond the Polar Circle (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2018). It occurs further east through Siberia to the Russian Far East (including Kamchatka Peninsula, Sakhalin), Korea and Japan, and further south in Turkey, the Caucasus and Mongolia. It is also found in North America from Alaska and Quebec south to California (Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Vockeroth 1992).","This species is widespread and has numerous subpopulations in several areas of Europe (Bartsch et al. 2009, Reemer et al. 2009, Ball et al. 2011). Its occurrence is variable and it is much more numerous in certain years (Reemer et al. 2009). There has been a substantial decline in occurrence over the past 30 years in Great Britain (Ball et al. 2011). This species has been declining in Denmark, Ireland and the Netherlands (Speight et al. 2016).","It occurs in deciduous and mixed forests near coasts, lakes, watercourses, rivers and streams, including willow swamp woodland; also in drier meadows, in the edges and next to roads and in alpine grassland (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2018). The adults are highly mobile and probably vagrant and they can be observed almost everywhere even far from permanent breeding places, sometimes also in more numbers (see Aubert et al. 1976, Reemer et al. 2009). The adults reside in clearings, open places in and just above the herbaceous vegetation up to 3 m and visit various flowering plant (white Apiaceae, Bunias orientalis, Centaurea, Cirsium, Filipendula, Geranium, Knautia, Rhododendron, Rubus, Sambucus nigra, Succisa, Valeriana) (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Reemer et al. 2009). The flight period of adults is from June to September (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Reemer et al. 2009). Its larva is flattened and green; it is camouflaged resting on leaves and overwinters on fallen leaves (Rotheray 1994). They feed on the aphid Drepanosiphum platanoidis on the German maple Acer pseudoplatanus (Rotheray 1986) but given the species' widespread distribution, it is presumed hat it feeds on aphids also on other deciduous trees and shrubs (Bartsch et al. 2009).","Apart from the general threats to biodiversity, including deforestation, there are no known specific threats identified for this species in Europe. The loss of unimproved ecotones and open habitats with tall herbs, shrubs and trees with low economic value is possibly the main threat for this species. The invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis in Europe could be an important threat for the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). This species is preferentially a predator of arboreal aphids (Chapin and Brou 1991) and intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of this species could be detrimental for this hoverfly, as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015).","Epistrophe grossulariae is not threatened in Norway, Sweden, Finland, Great Britain and in Central Europe (Gammelmo et al. 2015, Haarto et al. 2019, ArtDatabanken 2020, Ssymank et al. 2011, Farkač et al. 2006, Ball and Morris 2014). This species is listed as Near Threatened in Denmark (Bygebjerg 2019). Further research is required to better understand to the habitat requirements and the impacts of possible threats from habitat loss and invasive species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & Veličković, N.","Mazanek, L.","Barkalov, A., Popov, G. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Epistrophe,leiophthalma,,Epistrophe leiophthalma,"(Schiner and Egger, 1853)",,No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)",No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)",EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  The current distribution of this species in Europe is not adequately known due to the scarcity of recent records in much of its historical range. This species has probably disappeared from large parts of its previous range (Belgium, Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Poland, possibly Romania, and the Pyrenees in South France) where all known records are old (more than 30 years) or historical, and are considered to be possibly extinct. Recent, extant, records of this species are restricted to several restricted areas in the Alps and to some broadly isolated small mountainous protected areas on the Balkan Peninsula (Durmitor, Pirin), and it is considered to occur as a severely fragmented population. It is a generally rare conspicuous  species with perhaps more or less stable subpopulations in the Alps and Dinaric Alps (Durmitor) (Speight et al. 2016, Vujić et al. 2001), but across Europe and the EU as a whole it is considered to be undergoing a continuing decline in all of its extent of occurrence, area of occupancy (estimated as 104 km for Europe and 92 km2 for the EU), and number of locations as well as habitat extent and quality. The species is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)) both in Europe and in the EU27 Member States.",Decreasing,"This is a rare European near-endemic species that has been reported from the Alps (France, Switzerland, Austria, Italy), the Massif Central and the Pyrenees in France, the Dinaric Alps (Slovenia, Montenegro, Bosnia Herzegovina), Pirin (Bulgaria), Ardennes (Belgium), southern Germany, the Czech Republic and the High Tatras (Slovakia and Poland) (Speight 2018, Peck 1988, Speight et al. 2018, Maibach et al. 1992, Heimburg 2018, Burgio et al. 2015, van Steenis et al. 2013, Šimić 1987, Glumac 1972, Outen 2013, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Ssymank et al. 2011, Mazánek 2009, Čepelák et al. 1986, Bankowska 1963, Mielczarek 2009). It has also been reported from Carpathians in Romania (Stanescu and Parvu 2005).  Only the records from southern France, the Alps, Montenegro and Bulgaria are recent, with all others considered possibly extinct. Based on the extant records, the calculated extent of occurrence is 508,800 km2 for Europe and 508,053 km2 for the EU, and the corresponding values for area of occupancy based on known records are 104 km2 and 92 km2.  The species' range extends out of the European region in the North Caucasus in South European Russia and Transcaucasia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Mengual et al. 2020).","There are only historical or too old (more than 30 years old) records from most areas of the species' known range in Europe, particularly in the Alps and Balkan Peninsula (Aubert et al. 1976, Bankowska 1963, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Bradescu 1991, Čepelák et al. 1986, Czižek 1909, Dirickx and Steffen 1992, Glumac, 1972, Goeldlin 1974,  Heimburg 2018, Leclercq 1955, Maibach et al. 1992, Malski 1959, Mielczarek 2009, Peck 1988, Ringdahl 1957, Rondani 1857, Sack 1932, Sarthou and Speight 1997, Schiner and Egger 1853, Speight 1993, Ssymank et al. 2011, Stanescu and Parvu 2005, Štys and Moucha 1962, Şuster 1959, Vimmer 1913). Recent occurrences are confirmed only from the Alps (GBIF 2020, Sommagio pers. comm. 2020, Speight et al. 2018, Ssymank and Lair 2014, C. Lauriaut pers. comm. 2020, T. Lebard pers. comm. 2020), Dinaric Alps (van Steenis et al. 2013, Vujić et al. 2001) and Pirin in Bulgaria (Outen 2013). According to Vujič et al. (2001) this species is threatened on Balkan Peninsula, but with a stable population on Durmitor Mountains. The population in the Alps is stable according to Speight et al. (2016), but recently this species has been recorded only occasionally there (Ssymank and Lair 2014). According to Speight et al. (2006) this species is decreasing in Belgium and Germany, and in Europe more generally. The extant population is regarded as being severely fragmented.","Epistrophe leiophthalma resides in open areas and along tracksides with tall herbs, within the upper levels of the Fagus forest zone up to the upper limit of Picea and unimproved montane and subalpine grasslands. Adults have been observed near streams in open areas within forest (Speight 2018). Van Steenis et al. (2013) observed male and female as visiting flowers of white Apiaceae in the vicinity of shrubs in Slovenia. Ssymank and Lair (2014), C. Lauriaut pers. comm. (2020) and T. Lebard pers. comm. (2020) reported adults visiting flowering Laserpitium latifolium in species-rich mountain hay meadow along a ridge in the Alps. The flight period of adults is from June to August (Speight 2018). The larva is aphid-feeding and was described by Goeldlin (1974) from larvae collected on Cirsium at 1,500 m.","There is an inferred estimated continuing decline in the extent and quality of suitable habitats for this species, due to human activities and settlements in Europe (Janssen et al. 2016). A likely threat is overgrazing of pastures (larvae live on herbs and feed on aphids which feed on herbs, so overgrazing could impact this). The loss of unimproved ecotones and open habitats along forests and streams with tall herbs, bushes and deciduous trees with low economical value is possibly the main threat for this species, because this species is probably associated with these species-rich habitats.    The invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis in Europe could be an important threat for the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). This species is preferentially a predator of arboreal aphids (Chapin and Brou 1991) and intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of this species could be detrimental for this hoverfly, as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015).","E. leiophthalma has been listed as extremely rare (Data Deficient) in the Red List to Syrphidae of Germany 2011 and as Vulnerable in the List of Threatened Species in the Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005). It could however be regionally extinct in the Czech Republic because there have been no records from the last 100 years. In Poland and Slovakia there have been no records for more than 50 years from the High Tatras. Speight et al. (2016) listed this species as threatened in the Belgium, from which there have been no records for more than 30 years (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019). It is considered threatened species in the Balkan Peninsula (Vujić et al. 2001). Further survey work is needed to determine the extant distribution and population trend of this species. Research on the biology, life history and threats of this species is also necessary.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & Veličković, N.","Mazanek, L., Ricarte Sabater, A.R., Ssymank, A., Vujić, A., Nedeljković, Z. & Miličić, M.","Barkalov, A., Popov, G., Sommaggio, D., Lebard, T. & Lauriaut, C.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Epistrophe,melanostoma,,Epistrophe melanostoma,"(Zetterstedt, 1843)","This species had been confused by some authors with other similar species before revision of Doczkal and Schmid (1994) so older records prior to this revision may belong to other similar species (Bartsch et al. 2009, Mengual et al. 2020, Speight 2018).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is widespread in the European region with numerous and probably stable subpopulations in several areas in Europe, and so is listed Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27. Nevertheless, this species is probably affected by deforestation and by intensive landscape management that results in the loss of unimproved ecotones and open habitats in wet forests with a sufficient proportion of tall herbs, bushes and trees of little economic value. Monitoring of subpopulations is necessary in some areas and further research is required to understand to the real distribution and the habitat requirements and the existing threats.",Stable,"Epistrophe melanostoma is widespread in Europe from Scandinavia south to Pyrenees and Cordillera Cantabria (southern Spain), Alps (Italy) and to Serbia and Bulgaria on Balkan Peninsula (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Burgio et al. 2015, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017, Tóth 2014, Nedeljković 2011) and from Britain (southern England) through Central Europe, Ukraine into European parts of Russia (Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009).   Outside Europe, the species ranges further through Siberia to the South Russian Far East and Japan (Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). However, there is still uncertainty about its range because this species was confused with similar species until recently (Doczkal and Schmid 1994, Bartsch et al. 2009, Mengual et al. 2020, Speight 2018). This species is probably present also in North America (Speight 2018).","This species is widespread and with probably numerous and stable subpopulations in many regions in Europe (e.g. Ssymank et al. 2011), but in some regions it is quite rare e.g. in Denmark (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight et al. 2016). This species is common also in Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2020). This species has been decreasing and/or is threatened in Belgium, Denmark and the Netherlands according to Speight et. al. (2016). Reemer et al. (2009) reported this species as being fairly common in the Netherlands, with evidence of an increase since 1942. The distribution patterns of records within its area suggests that there are probably problems resulting from confusion with similar species (Bartsch et al. 2009, Mengual et al. 2020), which makes determining its true population status difficult.","It occurs in connection with deciduous forests (Fagus and Quercus), alluvial softwood and alluvial hardwood forests (Speight 2018), but according to Bartsch et al. (2009) it prefers landscapes with coniferous forest where it is found in areas with mixed forest and deciduous groves near coasts, lakes and watercourses. The adults reside in clearings and open habitats with tall herbs, shrubs and trees with low economic value and they have been observed on flowering trees and bushes (Acer platanoides, Prunus padus, Crataegus laevigata, Lonicera xylosteum, Euonymus europaea, Spirea spp., Ribes alpinum, Prunus spinosus) and also flowering plants (Caltha palustris, Chelidonium, Euphorbia) (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). The flight period of adults is from mid April to June, from May to July at higher altitudes and on the north (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019). It is a univoltine species with diapausing and overwintering larvae that are flattened and green, adapted to camouflage while resting on leaves (Mazánek et al. 2001). Larvae have been found as predator on aphids colonies on bushes (Eonymus europaea and Sambucus nigra) and also on the herb Carduus personata (Mazánek et al. 2001). Dussaix (2013) reports observing oviposition of this species on the foliage of an apple tree.","Apart from the general threats to biodiversity, including deforestation, there are no known specific threats identified for this species in Europe. The loss of unimproved ecotones and open habitats with tall herbs, shrubs and trees with low economic value could be the main threat for this species. The invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis in Europe could be an important threat for the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). This species is preferentially a predator of arboreal aphids (Chapin and Brou 1991) and intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of this species could be detrimental for this hoverfly, as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015).","Epistrophe melanostoma is not threatened in Norway, Sweden, Finland and in Central Europe (Gammelmo et al. 2015, Haarto et al. 2019, ArtDatabanken 2020, Ssymank et al. 2011, Farkač et al. 2006). Speight et al. (2016) listed this species as threatened in the Netherlands, Denmark and Belgium. This species is listed as Data Deficient in Denmark (Bygebjerg 2019). Monitoring of subpopulations in some areas is necessary and further research is required to better understand the habitat requirements and threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & Veličković, N.","Mazanek, L.","Ricarte Sabater, A.R., Popov, G. & Barkalov, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Epistrophe,nitidicollis,,Epistrophe nitidicollis,"(Meigen, 1822)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a widespread arboreal species with numerous and probably stable subpopulations in most part of Europe and in the EU 27, and is also widespread in suburban habitats. It is consequently listed as Least Concern for both Europe and for the EU27 Member States. There are no major threats to this species, and no conservation action is required at present, except research into potential impacts from invasive ladybirds.",Stable,"Epistrophe nitidicollis is widespread in all parts of Europe south from Fennoscandia (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2018). It is probably not present only in some warmer and dry parts of the Mediterranean, Cyprus, Malta, Sardinia and Sicily (Ssymank and Ebejer 2009, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017, Burgio et al. 2015, Vujić et al. 2020) and in Macaronesia (Smit 2008, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017). Its occurrence on Corse and Balearic islands seems to be unconfirmed (Kassebeer 2002, Speight et al. 2018). It is widespread also through European Russia. This species has not been recorded from several poorly-surveyed European countries (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova), but its presence is probable there.  Outside the European region, the species ranges in Siberia to the Russian Far East (including Kamchatka, Sakhalin), Korea and Japan (Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018) and also in Alaska and Canada, south to California and South Carolina in North America (Speight 2018, Vockeroth 1992).","This species is broadly widespread in Europe and locally it has numerous subpopulations across most of its range (e.g. Reemer et al. 2009, Ball et al. 2011, Bartsch et al. 2009). According to Speight et al. (2016) this species is declining only in Ireland and the Netherlands. Ball et al. (2011) noted that there had been some decline in occurrence over the past 25 years in England, although this was not significant.","Epistrophe nitidicollis inhabits most types of deciduous forests and scrub including suburban parks and gardens (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). Adults reside in clearings and open habitats with tall herbs, shrubs and trees with low economic value in the foliage of trees and they visit various flowering trees (Acer pseudoplatanus, Malus spp., Salix spp., Sorbus aucuparia), shrubs (Crataegus laevigata, Rosa canina, Prunus spinosa, Euonymus europaeus, Ilex aquifolium, Viburnum opulus) and herbs (white Apiaceae, Anemone nemorosa, Barbarea vulgaris, Bunias orientalis, Caltha palustris, Ranunculus sp., Cistus, Stellaria, Myrrhis odorata, Taraxacum spp., Euphorbia spp.) (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). Adults fly from April (March in southern Europe) to June (Speight 2018, Reemer et al. 2009) and from the beginning of May to the end of July in Sweden (Bartsch et al. 2009). It is a univoltine species with diapausing and overwintering larvae that are flattened and greenly camouflaged to resting on leaves (Mazánek et al. 2001). They feed aphids on deciduous trees often on fruit trees (Malus domestica, Prunus spp., Cerasus, Acer pseudoplatanus), on shrubs (Euonymus europaea, Sambucus nigra, Rubus spp., Ribes spp., Lonicera, Spirea, Prunus padus) but they were observed also on herbaceous plants (Crepis, Rumex, Cirsium arvense, Carduus crispus) including some crops (Beta vulgaris, Vicia faba, Triticum) (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Rojo et al. 2003, Mazánek et al. 2001).","Apart from the general threats for biodiversity, including deforestation, there  are no specific threats identified for this species in Europe. This species inhabits suburban habitats, parks and gardens (Bartsch et al. 2009, Reemer et al. 2009), so tolerates a degree of disturbance. The loss of unimproved ecotones and open habitats with tall herbs, shrubs and trees with low economic value is nevertheless possibly the main threat for this species. The invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis in Europe could be an important threat for the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). This species is preferentially a predator of arboreal aphids (Chapin and Brou 1991) and intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of this species could be detrimental for this hoverfly, as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015).",There are no specific conservation actions for this species. Epistrophe nitidicollis is not considered threatened in any area in Europe except Ireland (Speight et al. 2016) and its biology is relatively well known. However there is insufficient data to evaluate the possible impacts of invasive ladybirds on this species.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & Veličković, N.","Mazanek, L.","Barkalov, A., Popov, G. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Epistrophe,obscuripes,,Epistrophe obscuripes,"(Strobl, 1910)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    In temperate Europe this species seems to be declining and the occurrence of this species in continental Europe is based only on scattered records that are often older than 30 years (although the species was only recognized in 1994). This species is probably affected by the loss of humid unimproved open habitats in forests and of ecotones with tall herbs, bushes and deciduous trees with low economic value along forests, meadows and streams. Nevertheless it remains widespread and is presently regarded as Least Concern in Scandinavia, and is listed here as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27.",Decreasing,"The range of this species is inadequately known since the species was recognized relatively recently (Speight 2018, Doczkal and Schmid 1994). So far it has been recorded from North Europe: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Russian Karelia, Moscow region and forested temperate European Russia: the Netherlands (Limburg), Belgium (Ardennes), France (Vosges), Luxembourg, Germany (Niedersachsen/Bremen, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern), Austria (Steiermark), Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary (Szakonyfalu), Slovenia, and Serbia (Kopaonik National Park). Nevertheless only old records are known from some areas of continental Europe (Speight 2018, Speight et al. 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Tóth 2011, Reemer et al. 2009, Ssymank et al. 2011, van Steenis et al. 2015, Holinka et al. 1997, GBIF 2020, Carrieres 2001, Żóralski et al. 2017, de Groot and Govenić 2008, de Groot pers. comm. 2020, Doczkal and Schmid 1994, Prokhorov et al. 2020, A. Barkalov pers. comm. 2020).   This species is known outside Europe from Siberia, South Far East of Russia and west China (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Barkalov and Mutin 2018).","Both the full distribution and population trend of E. obscuripes in Europe are inadequately known (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). It seems that this species is widely distributed in Scandinavia and locally it has more or less numerous subpopulations there (Bartsch et al. 2009, GBIF 2020). The occurrence of this species elsewhere in continental Europe is based only on scattered records that are often older than 30 years (Speight et al. 2018, Tóth 2011, Reemer et al. 2009, Ssymank et al. 2011, van Steenis et al. 2015, Holinka et al. 1997, GBIF 2020, Carrieres 2001, Żóralski et al. 2017, de Groot and Govenić 2008, Doczkal and Schmid 1994). According to Speight et al. (2016) this species has been declining in Germany and the Netherlands. There are no recent records of this species form the Netherlands, Hungary, Austria and Slovenia (Reemer et al. 2009, Tóth 2011, Doczkal and Schmid 1994, Heimburg 2018, de Groot pers. comm. 2020). From the temporal distribution of records it appears that this species has declined in both numbers of specimens and in its area of occupancy in Europe.","E. obscuripes is recorded as occurring in mountainous conifer forest of Picea (Speight 2018), or in mainly deciduous or mixed forest near lakes or streams (Bartsch et al. 2009). Van Steenis et al. (2015) observed this species in a wet meadow (Calthion) with clumps of Scirpus sylvaticus reed beds on a brookside not far from the forest margin in Serbia. Adults are largely arboreal, but descend to understorey trees and shrubs in flower, especially flowering Crataegus, Sorbus aucuparia, Bunias orientalis, Salix spp., Rosa canina and Apiaceae (Anthriscus sylvestris, Laserpitium latifolium) (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). Males were observed hovering about 2 metres above ground near flowering willow. The flight period of adults is from the second half of May to the end of June (July) (Speight 2018). The larva is unknown, but probably feeds on aphids on deciduous trees and shrubs like the larvae of other Epistrophe species (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2018).","Apart from the general threats for biodiversity, including deforestation, any current threats to this species are not documented. A continuing decline in the extent and quality of suitable habitat for this species is inferred due to human activities (forestry in temperate Europe) and settlements (Janssen et al. 2016). The loss of unimproved open habitats in forests and of ecotones with tall herbs, bushes and deciduous trees with low economic value is possibly the main threat for this species, because this species is probably associated with these species-rich habitats. The invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis in Europe could be an important threat for the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). This species is preferentially a predator of arboreal aphids (Chapin and Brou 1991) and intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of this species could be detrimental for this hoverfly, as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015).","The existing ride structures should be retained or enhanced to provide transitional structure between grasslands, stream and high forests, with provision of sunny open flower-rich glades. Rideside shrub clearance should endeavour to avoid removing of all trees and shrubs on any single ride management cycle. That all is recommended for similarly threatened related species of Syphidae by Ball and Morris (2014). Epistrophe obscuripes is listed as a Data Deficient species in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011). In Finland, Sweden and Norway it is Least Concern (Haarto et al. 2019, ArtDatabanken 2020, Gammelmo et al. 2015). Further survey work is needed to determine distribution and to estimate recent population trends of this species, especially in temperate Europe, as well as its biology.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & Veličković, N.","Mazanek, L., Ricarte Sabater, A.R., Vujić, A., Nedeljković, Z. & Miličić, M.","Barkalov, A., Popov, G., De Groot, M & Lebard, T.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Epistrophe,ochrostoma,,Epistrophe ochrostoma,"(Zetterstedt, 1849)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    The real distribution as well as population of Epistrophe  ochrostoma in Europe is uncertain, due to confusion with related species until the revision of the genus Epistrophe by Doczkal and Schmid (1994). It seems that this rare species is declining in temperate Europe, even if it was probably rare historically but there is problem with the reliabily of old records. E. ochrostoma is listed as Data Deficient species in the Red  List to Syrphidae of Germany and Great Britain (Ssymank et al. 2011,  Ball and Morris 2014) as Vulnerable in the Red List of   Threatened Animals in Poland (Palaczyk et al. 2002). Haarto and  Kerppola (2007) listed this species as Endangered (EN) for Finland,  but in the recent Red Lists for Finland, Sweden and Norway it is listed  as Least Concern (Haarto et al. 2019, ArtDatabanken 2020,  Gammelmo et al. 2015).",Unknown,"The true range of this species in Europe is uncertain due to confusion with related species until the revision of the genus Epistrophe by Doczkal and Schmid (1994). Records of this species published prior to this revision mostly belong to other species of Epistrophe.   The species has been confirmed as a rare species that occurs in Norway, Sweden, Germany, the Netherlands, Finland, the Czech Republic, Poland and Belgium (Speight 2018, Haarto and Kerppola 2007, Bartsch et al. 2009, Mazánek 2009, Palaczyk et al. 2002, Doczkal and Schmidt 1994, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019). At present, this species is also regarded as occurring in Hungary and Bulgaria (this is likely partly incorrect despite Tóth 2011 referring to it as being relatively widespread; Rila Mt. Rila valley - Tóth 2014). It has been reported from most parts of European Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018, A. Barkalov pers comm. 2020), Slovenia (de Groot and Govedič 2008), Slovakia (Čepelák et al. 1986, Mazánek 2009), Lithuania (Pakalniškis et al. 2006), Latvia (Karpa 2008) and Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), but most of these references are based on data published prior to revision of the genus by Doczkal and Schmid and it is not clear if these data were critically revised by authors. There are also records from Gibraltar by Ebejer and Bensusan (2010) that are apparently based on misidentified speciimens of E. elegans (A. Van Eck, pers.comm. in Speight 2018). This could also be the case with E. ochrostoma records from Mallorca (discussed by Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017) and also from Santander province in northern Spain (Peris 1958, Diricx 1994, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017). The occurrence of E. ochrostoma in Great Britain is discussed by Ball et. al. (2011), who conclude that E. ochrostoma is not resident in Great Britain.   The species is also reported to occur in Siberia, Far East and Japan (Barkalov and Mutin 2018, V. Mutin pers. comm. 2020).","The true distribution as well as the population status of E. ochrostoma in Europe is practically unknown due to confusion with related species (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). It seems that this species is extremely rare but probably widely distributed in northern Europe (Bartsch et al. 2009). The occurrence of this species in most parts of temperate Europe is based only on scattered and usually older records (Bartsch et al. 2009, Séguy 1961, Dirickx 1994, Doczkal and Schmid 1994). It is hard to determine whether the population of this species is declining, because there are a lot of older records that are unreliable due to confusion with similar common species (Doczkal and Schmid 1994). Nevertheless, the population of E. ochrostoma has decreased in the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009) and probably across the whole of temperate Europe.","E. ochrostoma is reported to occur in conifer and deciduous forest in temperate Europe and western taiga with Betula/Fraxinus/Salix (T. Nielsen, H. Bartsch and M. Reemer, pers.comm. in Speight 2018) and as occurring mainly in mixed or deciduous forest near lakes or streams (Bartsch et al. 2009) and suburban parks (Trzciński et al. 2014). Reemer et al. (2009) recorded subpopulations of E. ochrostoma in deciduous forests on various soils. It is rather arboreal species, but males were observed to hover low over ground vegetation. Adults visit flowering Salix repens, Salix sp. (Reemer 1999); Prunus padus and Ranunculus ficaria (Bartsch et al. 2009). The flight period of adults is from early May to mid June (to July in the north) in Sweden (Bartsch et al. 2009), and from mid April/mid May in temperate Europe (Speight 2018, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019). The larva is undescribed, but probably feed on aphids on trees and shrubs, like the larvae of other Epistrophe species. The larva described under this name by Goeldlin (1974) is now known to be that of E. flava (Mazánek et al. 2001).","Apart from the general threats to biodiversity, including deforestation, there  are no specific threats identified for this species, since there is no adequate information on the distribution and biology of this species. Nevertheless, it is presumed that a continuing decline in the extent and quality of suitable habitats for this species is underway, due to human activities (intensive forestry in temperate Europe) and settlements (Janssen et al. 2016).  This species probably has arboreal larvae associated with trees and shrubs with low economic value. The loss of unimproved open habitats in forests and ecotones along them and streams with tall herbs, bushes and deciduous trees with low economical value is possibly the main threat for this species, because it is probably associated with these species-rich habitats. The quality of suitable habitat for this species in temperate Europe could be also influenced by climatic changes due to global warming. The invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis in Europe could be an important threat for the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). This species is preferentially a predator of arboreal aphids (Chapin and Brou 1991) and intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of this species could be detrimental for this hoverfly, as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015).","Further survey work is needed to determine the distribution and to estimate recent population trend of this species especially in temperate Europe, as well as its biology. E. ochrostoma is listed as Data Deficient species in the Red List to Syrphidae of Germany and Great Britain (Ssymank et al. 2011, Ball and Morris 2014) as Vulnerable in the Red List of  Threatened Animals in Poland (Palaczyk et al. 2002). Haarto and Kerppola (2007) listed this species as Endangered (EN) for Finland, but in the recent Red Lists for Finland, Sweden and Norway it is listed as Least Concern species (Haarto et al. 2019, ArtDatabanken 2020, Gammelmo et al. 2015).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & Popov, S.","Mazanek, L., Ricarte Sabater, A.R., Ssymank, A., Vujić, A., Nedeljković, Z. & Miličić, M.","Barkalov, A., Popov, G., Mielczarek, L. & Mutin, V.A.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Epistrophe,olgae,,Epistrophe olgae,"Mutin, 1993",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The true distribution as well as the population status of this species in Europe is unknown at present, since it has been overlooked or confused up to now due to great similarity with the common Epistrophe nitidicollis. Nevertheless, E. olgae is probably a relatively frequent species with numerous subpopulations in Boreal Europe and in some biotopes may be more common than E. nitidicollis in Sweden (Bartsch et al. 2009). It is evaluated as Least Concern for Europe and EU 27, and there will be probably many more records of this species in future.",Unknown,"The distribution of Epistrophe olgae in Europe is uncertain, due to confusion with the common species Epistrophe nitidicollis (Speight 2018). E. olgae has been reported from Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, the Netherlands, France (Rhine valley in Alsace), Switzerland, Ukraine and European Russia (Russian Karelia) (Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, A. Barkalov pers. comm. 2019, Prokhorov et al. 2018, GBIF 2020). The species is probably more widespread in boreal and Central Europe (Bartsch et al. 2009). Ssymank et al. (2011) presume the presence of this species in Germany. It is expeected to occur in Denmark, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Poland (Bygebjerg 2019, L.Mazánek pers. data,  Ł. Mielczarek pers. comm. 2020).  Outside Europe it has been recorded from Eastern Siberia and the Far East, including the Kuril Islands and Japan (Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018).","The true distribution as well as population of E. olgae is unknown at present, since this species has been overlooked up to now due to great similarity with common species Epistrophe nitidicollis (Speight 2018). Material of this latter from many European countries is under review or has to be reviewed. At the moment there is not enough published data about E. olgae subpopulations in many European countries (Bygebjerg 2019, Ssymank et al. 2011, L. Mazánek pers. data, Ł. Mielczarek pers. comm.), but E. olgae is probably a relatively frequent species with numerous subpopulations in Boreal Europe, and in some biotopes may be more common than E. nitidicollis in Sweden (Bartsch et al. 2009).","E. olgae occurs in the clearings in deciduous and mixed forests, gallery Salix/Populus forests along edges of lakes and pools, alluvial softwood and hardwood forests and Salix/Alnus swamp forest (Speight 2018). Males often hover close to Prunus in flower and other bushes and trees (Bartsch et al. 2009). Flower visitation records exist from Crataegus, Prunus padus, P. spinosa, Taraxacum, Salix alba (Speight 2018). The flight period of adults is from the end of April to late June (Speight 2018). The larva is undescribed, but has been reported from Sambucus sp. (Speight 2018). Bartsch et al. (2009) noted that larvae feed on aphids, probably on deciduous trees and bushes of Prunus spp. and Sambucus sp.","Apart from the general threats for biodiversity, including deforestation, there  are no specific threats identified for this species, since there is no adequate information on the distribution and biology of this species. Nevertheless, it is presumed that a continuing decline in the extent and quality of suitable habitat for this species is underway due to human activities (forestry in temperate Europe) and settlements (Janssen et al. 2016). The loss of unimproved ecotones and open habitats with tall herbs,  shrubs and trees with low economic value is nevertheless possibly the  main threat for this species.     The invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis in Europe could be an important threat for the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). This species is preferentially a predator of arboreal aphids (Chapin and Brou 1991) and intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of this species could be detrimental for this hoverfly, as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015).","Further survey work is needed to determine distribution and recent population of this species in Europe as well as its biology. E. olgae is listed as Data Deficient in the Red Lists to Syrphidae of Germany and Denmark (Ssymank et al. 2011, Bygebjerg 2019), as Near Threatened species applying criterion B2ab(i,iii) in the recent Norwegian Red List for species (Gammelmo et al. 2015) and as Not Applicable in the recent Swedish Red List (Artdatabanken 2020). This species is not listed as threatened in Finland (Haarto et al. 2019).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & Veličković, N.","Mazanek, L., Ricarte Sabater, A.R., Vujić, A., Nedeljković, Z. & Miličić, M.","Barkalov, A., Popov, G., Mielczarek, L. & Mutin, V.A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Epistrophella,coronata,,Epistrophella coronata,"(Rondani, 1857)",There is uncertainty as to which genus Epistrophella coronata should be referred to because the only other species of this genus - E. euchroma - is consigned by some authors to the genus Meligramma (Speight 2020).,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,CR,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)  This European endemic species is regarded as Endangered (B2ab(iii)) due to the restricted known area of occupancy (AOO) of 28 km2, low number of locations (5, excluding the Italian locality), and apparent occurrence as a severely fragmented population (a), and a projected continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat.  Within the EU, the species has a known AOO of 8 km2 in two locations in Greece. The Italian record is very old (the type specimen from 1857) and it is uncertain whether the species still occurs there. Taking in consideration that the habitats of E. coronota in the EU are also expected to experience a reduction in extension and/or quality and severe fragmentation, a precautionary attitude has been taken and we exclude the Italian record, making this species Critically Endangered in the EU27. No rescue effect expected from pan-European sub-populations to EU27.",Unknown,"This European endemic species was described from the Parma region, northern Italy (historical record, considered presence uncertain). It has since been recorded in three localities of Serbia (Doczkal and Vujić 1998, van Steenis et al. 2019) and two localities in Greece (Peloponnese and east mainland) (de Courcy Williams et al. 2011, Vujić et al. 2020).","There is no detailed information about the population size and trend for this species, which is so far known from only seven specimens. The recent checklist of Italian hoverflies does not include this  species, probably due to the fact that it has not been collected again  in Italy after its original description in 1857. In Serbia, two males were found in Malinik and Deli-Jovan in 1989 and 1996, respectively (Doczkal and Vujić, 1998). These localities were visited in 2008 by two experienced collectors (Ante Vujić and Dieter Doczkal) to search for E. coronata and it was not found. In 2016 and 2017, the nearby locality of Dubasnica was systematically surveyed for hoverflies and E. coronata was absent from the catches (Zorica Nedeljković pers. comm. 2021). In Greece, the only specimens (3) found were collected in 2007 and 2014 (de Courcy Williams et al. 2011; Vujić et al. 2020). The most recent finding of this species is that by van Steenis et al. (2019) in Serbia from 2019. In spite of the sampling effort put into catching hoverflies in countries such as Greece and Serbia over several decades (Vujić et al. 2018, 2020), E. coronata has proven to be a very rarely collected species.  The population also appears to be severely fragmented, given its apparent occurrence at low densities in widely separated areas.","The preferred habitat of this species seems to be relict Tertiary polydominant forest communities (Doczkal and Vujić, 1998), and Balkanic thermophilous Quercus forest (M. de C.Williams, pers. comm. 2020). Adults fly from March to May. There are no data about the flowers visited (Speight 2018). The larval biology of this species is unknown.",Reduction of habitat quality due to changes in traditional forest management and reduction of forest cover because of land use changes could threaten this species' population.,"There are not specific conservation actions for this species. However, E. coronata may require monitoring to better understand its population status. Research is needed into the species' life history in order to propose effective conservation actions. The larval biology of this species is unknown. This species is strictly protected in Serbia and occurs in some protected areas in both Serbia and Greece. Vujić et al. (2001) and Speight et al. (2016) regarded this species as 'threatened' at the European level.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially. Even though it has a potential use in pest control of insect prey and crop pollination, the species appears to be rare and nothing is known of either its host plants or larval prey.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Ricarte Sabater, A.R. & Nedeljković, Z.","Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Epistrophella,euchroma,,Epistrophella euchroma,"(Kowarz, 1885)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species does not meet the criteria for threatened categories in Europe. It is a widespread species, present in many habitats, and there are no specific identified threats. Therefore, E. euchroma is regarded as Least Concern in Europe and in the EU27 Member States.",Unknown,"Epistrophella euchroma is widely distributed and present in almost all European countries. It occurs from northern Scandinavia to the Pyrenees and central Spain, and from Britain (southern England) eastwards through central Europe into European Russia.  Its range extends to the Caucasus in the south, and to eastern Siberia (Yakut) in Asia in the east (Speight 2018).","There is no information about population size and trends for this species in Europe. However, in countries such as the Czech Republic E. euchroma appears to be a common species (Jiří Hadrava in litt.).","The preferred habitat of Epistrophella euchroma are forests: taiga (Nielsen 1998), mature deciduous forest (Fagus/Quercus), and apple (Malus) orchards (Speight 2018). Adults fly from April to June visiting the flowers of white umbellifers, Acer pseudoplatanus, Euphorbia, Prunus, Salix. The larva is aphidophagous, described and figured by Dušek and Láska (1959) and Goeldlin de Tiefenau (1974).","Apart from general threats to biodiversity, there are no specific threats identified for this species in Europe.",There are no specific conservation actions in place or recommended for this species. Taxonomic and nomenclatural work is required.,"This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which include aphids causing pests in cultivated plants (Rojo et al. 2003).","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Episyrphus,balteatus,,Episyrphus balteatus,"(De Geer, 1776)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is listed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU27 Member States because it is widespread and abundant in many habitat types and it has a high migrant ability. The biology of E. balteatus is well-studied and this species is commercialized as a biocontrol agent. There are no threats identified for this species and conservation actions are unnecessary at this point.,Unknown,"Within the European region, this species occurs from Fennoscandia south to the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands, Azores east from Ireland through Eurasia. Whether this species has been introduced in regions such as Australia is not clear because it is naturally widespread and it is greatly migratory.  This species is widespread throughout the Palaearctic Region; its range extends to North Africa, and extends eastwards in Asia to the Pacific coast, and south through the Oriental region to Sri Lanka and Australia (Speight 2018).","There is no estimate of the population size for this species, but it very abundant and widespread in Europe and elsewhere. Nonetheless, studies on population trends in nature should be conducted to monitor possible changes in population dynamics, changes in its migratory behaviour and consequent changes in population densities.","This species is highly anthropophilic and almost ubiquitous. Thus, it can be found in a wide range of habitats visiting flowers of various plant species. The early stages of this hoverfly are well known. The larva preys on numerous insect species, mainly aphids (Speight 2018).",This is one of the commonest hoverfly species in Europe and seems not to be subject to any threats. Experiments in laboratory conditions (in petri dishes and on potted plants) examining competitive interactions between this species and the widely-introduced harlequin ladybird (Harmonia axyridis) found that the beetle larvae preyed on early instars of the hoverfly more frequently than vice versa; the significance of this interaction in the wild is unclear but warrants further research (Ingels et al. 2015).,"This is one of the commonest hoverfly species with a large population in Europe and, for the moment, conservation actions are unnecessary. Research is recommended into the impacts of introduced ladybirds on wild subpopulations (Ingels et al. 2015).","This is one of the two hoverfly species used for biocontrol purposes in Europe. There are companies rearing this species from breeding colonies at a large scale, developed with live specimens collected in the field. This species is commercialized and distributed in farms all across Europe to control mainly aphids. The commercial use of this species is not regarded as an important reason for this species to be widespread, since its use as pest control agent is not as extensive and generalised as other pest control methods are. In addition, the E. balteatus is usually used as pest control agent is closed agrosystems such as greenhouses.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Ricarte Sabater, A.R. & Nedeljković, Z.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eriozona,erratica,,Eriozona erratica,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is Least Concern due to being fairly widespread across Central and northern Europe, although in southern Europe it is rare. In the EU27 Member States, the assessment for E. erratica is similar as it has a relatively wide range and is not considered to be at significant risk. However, there is likely decline in Central parts of Europe and it is listed as Near Threatened in Belgium and as extinct in the German region of Berlin.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs mainly in northern and Central Europe, from Fennoscandia to the Pyrenees and from Ireland eastwards through central Europe and the Alps into European Russia.   Out of the European region, this species occurs in Siberia and the Pacific coast (Sakhalin and Kunashir islands) and in the Himalayas (Nepal) and North America from Alaska to Mexico (Speight 2018).","There is no information about population size and trends for this species in Europe. However, there is likely decline in Central parts of Europe and it is listed as Near Threatened in Belgium and as extinct in the German region of Berlin.","The preferred habitats of Eriozona erratica are coniferous forests: Abies, Picea, and humid Pinus forests. Adults fly from July to September visiting flowers of Bellis, Calluna vulgaris, Cardamine pratense, Cirsium vulgare, Crataegus, Epilobium angustifolium, Euphorbia hyberna, Geranium, Lonicera periclymenum, Prunus spinosa, Ranunculus, Rubus idaeus, R. fruticosus agg., Salix, Sorbus aucuparia, Stellaria, Veronica, Viburnum and yellow Asteraceae. The larva was described and figured by Dušek and Láska (1967) and Goeldlin (1974).",Reduction of habitat quality due to changes in traditional forest management and reduction of forest cover because of land use changes may particularly threaten this species' population.,There are not specific conservation actions in place for this species.  Eriozona erratica is regarded as Near Threatened (NT) in the Belgian region of Flanders (https://www.inbo.be/en/search-flanders-red-lists) and as extinct in Berlin (Germany) (Saure 2018). It is considered as Least Concern in Sweden (2015).  Additional monitoring is needed to better understand the population trends and the impacts of potential threats.,"This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which include aphids causing pests in cultivated plants (Rojo et al. 2003).","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.","Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eriozona,syrphoides,,Eriozona syrphoides,"(Fallén, 1817)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is assessed as Least Concern for Europe due to being fairly widespread across Central and Northern Europe. In the EU27 Member States, the assessment for E. syrphoides is similar, as most of its European range lies within the EU. There is however some contraction of its population and habitat, mainly in the northern part of Europe (Denmark, Belgium, Germany).",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species occurs from the southern part of Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden and Finland) to France (Vosges, Alps, Pyrenees), and ranges from the Republic of Ireland eastwards through central Europe (and the northern part of Italy), the Balkan Peninsula into European parts of Russia.  Its range extends out of the European region to Siberia and Pacific coast (Speight 2018).","There is no information about population size and trends for this species in Europe. In Serbia only three specimens of this species has been recorded so far (from Kopaonik National Park) (Nedeljković 2011). In some areas, such as Sweden and Czechia, it is more widespread but relatively rare (Bartsch et al. 2009).","The preferred habitat of Eriozona syrphoiodes is mature Picea/Abies forest. Adults fly from May to October visiting flowers of umbellifers, Centaurea, Cirsium, Crataegus, Epilobium, Hypericum, Ranunculus, Sambucus nigra, Sorbus aucuparia, Succisa, Valeriana. The larva is arboreal and has been found feeding on aphids in forests (Kula 1983; Speight 2018). It was described and figured in colour by Rotheray (1994).",Reduction of habitat quality due to changes in traditional forest management and reduction of forest cover because of land use changes may particularly threaten this species.,"There are no specific conservation actions for this species.  Eriozona syrphoides is considered Vulnerable (VU) in Denmark (https://bios.au.dk/raadgivning/natur/redlistframe), regionally extinct in Flanders (Belgium) (https://www.inbo.be/en/search-flanders-red-lists), Near Threatened (NT) in Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001) and Least Concern in Sweden (https://artfakta.se/artbestamning). Some of the point localities occur within National Parks as in Serbia (Kopaonik NP), and it may benefit from further habitat protection.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which include aphids.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.","Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eristalinus,aeneus,,Eristalinus aeneus,"(Scopoli, 1763)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Eristalinus aeneus is a widespread species, found across Europe and beyond. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) exceed the thresholds for a threatened Category in both Europe and the EU 27. It is a good pollinator and is artificially reared for commercial crop pollination. It is a common species, and the overall population trend is considered to be stable. Although impacted locally by loss of freshwater habitats, it is found in human-dominated environments and is therefore considered to be fairly adaptable. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27.  Further research and monitoring of the population trend is recommended, as well as education on the role the hoverfly can play as a pollinator.",Stable,"The general range in Europe of this species is from southern Sweden, south to North Africa and the Canary Islands, and from Ireland eastwards through central and southern Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above the threshold for a threatened category in both Europe and the EU 27. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Belarus and Estonia) and so it is not possible  at this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species.   This species has been cited in the following checklists: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Bulgaria (Tóth 2014), Cyprus (van Steenis et al. 2019), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Estonia (Kuznetzov 1993), Finland (FinBIF 2020), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Greece (including Crete) (Vujić et al. 2020), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Ireland (Speight 2008), Italy (Burgio et al. 2015), Latvia (Kuznetzov 1993), Lithuania (Pakalniškis et al. 2006), Madeira (Borges et al. 2008), Malta (Ssymank and Ebejer 2009), Montenegro (van Steenis et al. 2015), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Norway (Nielsen 1999), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Portugal (van Eck 2016), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), European parts of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Slovenia (van Steenis et al. 2013), Spain (including the Balearic and Canary islands) (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), Sweden (Bartsch et al. 2009), Switzerland (CSCF 2020), Turkey (Tóth 2013), Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2020) and United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000).  Outside European borders it is present from Russia and China to the Pacific, and south into the Oriental region; it also occurs on Mauritius. In North America, it is known from Minnesota and Ontario south to California and Texas, and also from Hawaii and Bermuda. It is present in Australia and the Gilbert and Ellice islands in Australasia too. In the Afrotropical region, it is found from the Sahel south to Kenya and Tanzania (Speight 2020).","This is a widespread species, common where present and with a synanthropic character. All these characteristics indicate a stable population trend for both Europe and the EU 27. In the United Kingdom, it is widely distributed around the coast (Ball and Morris 2000). In Ireland, it is also frequent along coastal areas (Speight 2008). In Greece, it is considered widespread and common on the mainland and islands (Vujić et al. 2020). In Spain, it is considered widespread on the mainland and the Balearic islands (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017).","This species is found close to bodies of water such as ponds, marshes, streams or rivers. It has also been found in coastal lagoons with high salinity and large amounts of decaying seaweed, especially in the northern regions. In southern Europe, it is highly anthropophilic, being present in areas with intense human activities such as sewage ponds, farms and irrigation ditches. The larval stage has been described several times (Dixon 1960, Hartley 1961, Pérez-Bañón et al. 2003, Zalat and Mahmout 2009), as well as the puparium (Pérez-Bañón et al. 2003) and is aquatic and saprophagous. Adults fly very fast and low, usually close to the water margin, although they can be found in a variety of inland environments. They can be found feeding on yellow composites, white umbellifers, Aster, Berteroa incana, Cistus, Origanum, Salix repens, Senecio and Taraxacum. The flight period ranges between April and September, and October in southern Europe. It overwinters as an adult. All this information has been summarized and updated from Speight (2020) and Vujić et al. (2020). It has an important role as a pollination agent in both natural and agricultural ecosystems (Latif et al. 2019).","The principle threats to this species are related to the loss of natural habitats, especially freshwater habitats, by modifications  to hydrological systems or the intensification of agriculture, amongst others (Janssen et al. 2017). However, due to its synanthropic character, this species is capable of surviving and reproducing in environments with high human activities.","The synanthropic character of this species means that conservation actions are not currently required to ensure its survival. Monitoring and research of its population size and trends is recommended, as well as education about its importance as a pollinator (Latif et al. 2019). The hoverfly is categorized as Endangered in Belgium (RBINS 2020) and Least Concern in Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Finland (FinBIF 2020), Norway (NBIC 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020). In some countries outside Europe, it is considered to be an invasive species (Thompson 2008).","This species is a good pollinator, and is artificially reared and used in the pollination of commercial crops (Latif et al. 2019, Campoy et al. 2019).","Marcos-García, M. & Englefield, E.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C., Rojo, S. & Campoy, A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eristalinus,megacephalus,,Eristalinus megacephalus,"(Rossi, 1794)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Eristalinus megacephalus is a widespread species, found mainly in the Mediterranean Basin in Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above the thresholds for a threatened Category in both Europe and the EU 27. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27. Further research on the population size and trends is recommended.",Stable,"The general European range of this species is from southern Spain, the Rhone Delta in France and coastal parts of Italy round the Mediterranean basin (including the islands of Corsica, Malta, Sicily and Crete) to European parts of Turkey (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above the thresholds for a threatened Category in both Europe and the EU 27.  This species has been cited in the following checklists: Cyprus (van Steenis et al. 2019), France (including Corsica) (Speight et al. 2018), Greece (including Crete) (Vujić et al. 2020), Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily) (Burgio et al. 2015), Macedonia (Krpač et al. 2001), Malta (Ssymank and Ebejer 2009), Montenegro (van Steenis et al. 2015), Portugal (van Eck 2016), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018) and Spain (including Balearic Islands) (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017).    Specific locality data for this species is not available for some countries (for example: Turkey) and so it is not possible at this time to calculate a precise Area of Occupancy (AOO) for this species.  The range of this species extends through Anatolia in Turkey and on into Egypt and North Africa, and also southwards through the Afrotropical region to South Africa (Speight 2020).","This species is mainly found in the Mediterranean Basin, where it is widespread and stable. In Greece, it is widespread and common on the islands and along the continental coast (Vujić et al. 2020).","This species is commonly found in open-ground areas close to freshwater bodies, coastal lagoons, canals and riverside situations. Adults are fast flyers, frequently around tall waterside vegetation. They can be found on flowers such as Anthemis, Dittrichia viscosa, Picris, Solidago, Erygium and Mentha, among others. The larval and pupal stages were described by Pérez-Bañón et al. (2003) and Zalat and Mahmoud (2009) from larvae were found in running water with pig manure and sewage settlement lagoons. The larvae are aquatic and saprophagous. The flight period of the adults is from March to October. All this information has been summarized and updated from Speight (2020) and Vujić et al. (2020).","The main threats to this species are related to loss of natural habitats, especially freshwater habitats, by modifications to hydrological systems, the intensification of agriculture, pollution and climate change, amongst other factors (Janssen et al. 2017).","Conservation measures to preserve the quality of freshwater bodies may benefit this species. In general, such actions have been implemented over past decades in most of Europe due to the impact of the Urban Waste Treatment and Nitrates Directives, amongst others (ETC/BD et al. 2015). Further research into the population size and trends is recommended. There is no information about the categorization of this species in national Red Lists.",This species is not used or traded.,"Marcos-García, M. & Englefield, E.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C., Rojo, S. & Campoy, A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eristalinus,sepulchralis,,Eristalinus sepulchralis,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Eristalinus sepulchralis is a widespread species found across Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above the thresholds for a threatened Category for both Europe and the EU 27. Although this species may be impacted locally by threats to its habitat, particularly freshwater environments, it is considered to be adaptable because it is found in anthropogenic habitats, and the current population trend is considered to be stable. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27.  Further research and monitoring on the population is recommended, but no conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"The general European range of this species is from Fennoscandia, south to the Iberian Peninsula and the European Mediterranean region, and from Ireland through most of Europe into Turkey and the European parts of Russia (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above the thresholds for a threatened category for both Europe and the EU 27. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Belarus and Estonia) and so it is not possible  at this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species. This species has been cited in the following checklists: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belarus (Borodina and Borodina 2014), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Bulgaria (Tóth 2014), the Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Estonia (Kuznetzov 1993), Finland (FinBIF 2020), France (including Corsica) (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Greece (Vujić et al. 2020), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Ireland (Speight 2008), Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily) (Burgio et al. 2015), Latvia (Kuznetzov 1993), Lithuania (Pakalniškis et al. 2000), Luxembourg (van Steenis 2006), Montenegro (van Steenis et al. 2015), the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Norway (Nielsen 1999), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Portugal (van Eck 2016), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), European parts of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Slovenia (van Steenis et al. 2013), Spain (including Balearic Islands) (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), Sweden (Bartsch et al. 2009), Switzerland (CSCF 2020), Turkey (Tóth 2013), Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2020) and United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000).   Out of the European region the range of the species extends south to North Africa and east through Siberia to the Pacific coast, Japan, China and India (Speight 2020).","This is a widespread species likely to have a stable population trend in both Europe and the EU 27. In the United Kingdom, it is widely distributed, although more abundant in southern areas and more restricted in the north (Ball and Morris 2000). In Ireland, the hoverfly is common and widely distributed (Speight 2008) although recently it may be less frequently recorded, and it is also common in the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009) and Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011). It is considered a widespread species in Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017) and Greece (Vujić et al. 2020).","This species can be found in wetlands such as fens, rivers and pond margins. It is highly anthropophilic, occurring close to seawage farms, manure heaps, polluted ditches and irrigation channels. Adults can be found flying low over the ground vegetation and mud, and also feeding on flowers such as white umbellifers, Achillea millefolium, Bellis perennis, Caltha, Ranunculus, Rosa, Salix, Senecio jacobaea, Solidago virgaurea, Taraxacum, Tussilago and Valeriana dioica, amongst others. Pre-imaginal stages were described by Hartley (1961) and Pérez-Bañón et al. (2003); the larvae develop in water with decaying organic matter. Adults can be seen flying between April and September, even October. All this information has been summarized and updated from Speight (2020) and Vujić et al. (2020).","The main threats to this species are related to loss of the natural habitats of the larvae, particularly in freshwater, by modifications of the hydrological systems, the intensification of agriculture, and climate change, amongst other factors (Janssen et al. 2017). Due to its synanthropic nature, the hoverfly is capable of surviving and reproducing in environments with high human activities. However, the species seems to have become less frequent recently in some parts of Europe, which may be due to changes in farming practices associated with animal waste storage and disposal – farmyard manure heaps have all but disappeared from the countryside due to progressive enforcement of EU regulations (Speight 2008).","As this species seems to be adaptable to human-dominated environments, it is not necessary to implement conservation actions at present. However, further research is recommended, including the monitoring of population size and trends. Education and awareness relating to this species and its situation can be also a useful conservation tool. This species has been categorized as Near Threatened in Belgium (INBO 2020) and Least Concern in Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Finland (FinBIF 2020), Norway (NBIC 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020).",This species is not used or traded.,"Marcos-García, M. & Englefield, E.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C., Rojo, S. & Campoy, A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eristalinus,taeniops,,Eristalinus taeniops,"(Wiedemann, 1818)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Eristalinus taeniops is a widespread species found across the Mediterranean Basin. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above the thresholds for a threatened Category in both Europe and the EU 27. Although the current population trend is unknown, the species is common in some countries, such as Greece and Spain. Although it may be impacted locally by declines in suitable habitat, particularly freshwater environments, it has been found in anthropogenic habitats and it is therefore considered to be an adaptable species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 27.  No conservation measures are required at the moment, but the species would benefit from additional research and monitoring on its population size and trend.",Stable,"The general European range of this species is across the entire Mediterranean region. This information has been obtained from Speight (2020) and Vujić et al. (2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above the thresholds for a threatened category in both Europe and the EU 27. This species has been cited in the following checklists: Cyprus (van Steenis et al. 2019), France (including Corsica) (Speight et al. 2018), Greece (including Crete) (Vujić et al. 2020), Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily) (Burgio et al. 2015), Malta (Ssymank and Ebejer 2009), Montenegro (van Steenis et al. 2015), Spain (including Balearic and Canary Islands) (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), Portugal (van Eck 2016).  Out of the European region, the range of this species extends to the Afrotropical and Oriental regions: Lebanon, Israel, North Africa (Syria, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia and Morocco), Transcaucasus, eastern part of Afrotropical region, South Africa and in Nepal and parts of Pakistan and northern India. Due to human activity, this species has been expanding its distribution through South America (e.g. recently in Argentina: Lillo et al. in prep.).","This species is widespread throughout the Mediterranean Basin. In Greece, it is a very common species (Vujić et al. 2020), and in Spain it is also considered a frequent species (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017).","This species can be found in open ground and evergreen forest, scrubs and maquis, usually close to freshwater bodies such as seasonal rivers, temporary pools and coastal lagoons and marshes. The larval and pupal stages were described by Pérez-Bañón et al. (2003) and Zalat and Mahmoud (2009). The larval stage is aquatic, saprophagous and filter-feeding. The described larvae were found in standing water containing decaying plant material (pine needles) or rotting animal carcasses, and also in running water contaminated by pig manure. Dutto and Maistrello (2017) report the recovery of larvae from various forms of organic waste produced as by-products on urban industrial premises. Therefore, taking into account this larval information, this species is considered to have a synanthropic character. Adults have been found feeding on umbellifers, Calluna vulgaris, Cistus, Solidago, Senecio, Daphne, Eryngium, Rubus, Euphorbia, Mentha and Hedera, amongst others (Marcos-García 1985). The flight period takes from April to September, extending to October in southern Europe. All this information has been summarized and updated from Speight (2020) and Vujić et al. (2020).","The main threats to this species are habitat loss and drought provoked by human activities. The loss of natural habitats especially freshwater habitats, by modification of hydrological systems or the intensification of agriculture, and climate change, amongst other factors, will have a negative impact (Janssen et al. 2017). However, it is capable of surviving and reproducing in environments with a high human activity.","As this species is found in anthropogenic environments, it is considered to be adaptable and so no conservation measures are required at present. However, monitoring of and research into population size and trends would be beneficial. Education and awareness related to this species and its situation can be also a useful conservation tool. There is no information regarding the assessment of this species in any national Red Lists.",This species is not used or traded.,"Marcos-García, M. & Englefield, E.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C., Rojo, S. & Campoy, A.","Lillo, I.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eristalis,abusiva,,Eristalis abusiva,"Collin, 1931",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is widespread in northern Europe and also occurs in central Europe. It lives in aquatic environments, such as  marshes, fens, bogs and seasonally flooded grassland. Despite threats to its habitat, Eristalis abusiva is an abundant and widespread species with only one record of threat categorization in Europe (Czech Republic). Therefore, it is categorized as Least Concern for Europe and the EU27 at this time. Monitoring and research on its distribution and population trend are suggested, as well as education and raising awareness about its situation.",Stable,"The general range of this species is from Scandinavia and the Faroes south to northern France (Yonne); and from Ireland eastwards through northern and central Europe into European Russia. The area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are far above thresholds required for a threatened category. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Ukraine and Poland) and so it is not possible at  this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species. This species has been observed in the following countries: Belgium (RBINS 2020), Bulgaria (Tóth 2014), Krym (Popov 1998), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Estonia (Kuznetzov 1993), Faroe Islands (Jensen 2001), Finland (FinBIF 2020), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Saure 2018), Hungary (Tóth 2001), Ireland (including Northern Ireland) (Speight 2008), Latvia (Karpa 2008) , Lithuania (Kuznetzov 1993), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Norway (Nielsen 1999), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), European Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Sweden (Bartsch 2009), Ukraine (Popov 2010) and the United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2014). The presence of this species in Belarus is not certain. It is clearly a northern species.   Outside of Europe, this species occurs eastwards through Siberia to the Pacific coast (Speight 2020).","This species is widespread in northern Europe, particularly in Finland and the southern part of Sweden. It is extremely scarce  in most of central Europe. It has been cited in older studies, but has not been observed in recent years. It is very common in the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), as well as in  European Russia and in the UK. Its population may be declining in the UK and in central  Europe, but it is stable in northern Europe. There are only a few records from Romania. It is considered common in the Berlin area of Germany (Saure 2018).","The developmental stages of this species were described and illustrated by Hartley (1961) from a specimen collected in a moorland pond. The larvae develop in aquatic environments such as marshes, fens, bogs and seasonally flooded grassland. They filter-feed on bacteria in an environment filled with decaying vegetation. They can also be found in constructed wetlands on farmland for treating livestock waste, although not very commonly since Eristalis abusiva is not synanthropic. Adults normally are present in places with dense vegetation within marshes, visiting the yellow and white flowers of plants such as Calluna, Caltha, Cirsium, Erica, Potentilla, Ranunculus, Rubus, Salix, Stellaria or Spartina. The flight period is from May to mid-October. All this information has been summarized and updated from Speight (2020).","The threats to this species are related to direct threats to its habitat. Aquatic habitats can be affected by pollution, drought (caused by climate change for example), unsustainable management of water resources and unsustainable commercial forestry practices (Janssen et al. 2017). These threats seems to mainly occur in Central Europe.","The conservation of this species should be focused on the conservation of its habitat, particularly in central Europe. Monitoring and research on its distribution and population trend are suggested, as well as education and awareness-raising about its situation. It has been categorized as Least Concern in Belgium (INBO 2020), Finland (FinBIF 2020), Norway (NBIC 2020), and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020), and as Vulnerable in the Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005).",This species is not utilised.,"Smit, J. & Varga, Z.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C., Rojo, S., Barkalov, A., Mazanek, L., Vujić, A. & Campoy, A.","Lillo, I. & Campoy, A.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eristalis,alpina,,Eristalis alpina,"(Panzer, 1798)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is found in freshwater habitats within forests. It is believed to be extinct in some European countries, and its presence is uncertain in others. However, it is widespread in European Russia. Thorough research on the species is recommended to be able to determine its risk of extinction and improve understanding of distribution within certain countries. With the current information available, the categorization in Europe and EU27 is Least Concern. However, while it is a widespread species in the EU27, there is a documented decline in its population in the EU Member States. Currently, the extent of the decline is unknown. Therefore, after acquiring more information, this species may be uplisted to a threatened category.",Decreasing,"The general range of this species is from Denmark, the Netherlands and Belgium eastwards through the mountainous parts of central and southern Europe (Italy, Balkans, Caucasus) into the European parts of Russia and Turkey, and on through Siberia and Mongolia to the Pacific coast (Speight 2020).  North of this range, there are some records in the southern parts of Finland (FinBIF 2020). Specific locality data are not available for some  countries and so it is not possible at this time to calculate an accurate area of occupancy (AOO), but the extent of occurrence (EOO) and AOO are far above the thresholds to be considered for a threatened category. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Belarus and Poland) and so it is not possible at  this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species.  There is one record from north-eastern Spain  (Ricarte and Marcos-García  2017). It is also present in one province in south-eastern France  (Speight et al. 2018) and in the northern and southern  parts of mainland Italy (Burgio et al. 2015).  This species has been observed in the following countries: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Bulgaria (Tóth 2014), Czechia (Mazánek 2009), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Hungary (Tóth 2011),  Luxembourg (van Steenis et al. 2006), Montenegro (van Steenis et al. 2015), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), European Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Slovenia (van Steenis et al. 2013), Switzerland (CSCF 2020) and Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2020). The presence of this species in Croatia, Norway and European parts of Turkey is uncertain. It seems to be extinct in Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009) and Belgium (INBO 2020).","This is a widespread species, common in European Russia but not  in some of the EU27 countries. It is very localized in south-eastern Europe, and in Serbia is considered a rare species from six different mountains. It is widespread in Czechia, being relatively frequent in humid forest landscapes (Mazánek pers. comm. 2021). In Spain it has only been observed near the eastern parts of the Pyrenees. It is present in one province in France, but the number of  localities is unknown. In Italy it is known from three different areas: in northern Italy it has been collected in the Piedmont Alps and the Travisio area, and in southern Italy it has been found in Sila National Park in Calabria; the southern findings need to be reviewed and confirmed taxonomically. In Ukraine it is considered to be rare, only common in some very local areas in the Carpathian mountains (Popov pers. comm. 2020). Its population  trend is decreasing in western, northern and central Europe, experiencing a steep decline  during the last 50 years. It is more stable in European Russia and the southern  parts of Finland. Overall, its population is considered to be decreasing in Europe and the EU27.","The main habitats of this species are streams and rivers located in forests. Its developmental stages have not been described. Nevertheless, it is known that the larvae feed on dead or decaying organic matter. Adults visit umbellifer plants of genera such as Aruncus, Crataegus, Heracleum, Prunus, Sambucus or Trollius. Its flight period is from mid-May to the end of August, and June and July at higher altitudes. All this information has been summarized and updated from Speight (2020). Haarto and Kerppola (2004) suggest that there is a possibility that this species could migrate.","The threats of this species are related to the direct threats to its habitat. Watery areas in forests can be affected by pollution, droughts (caused by climate change for example), unsustainable management of water resources and unsustainable forestry (Janssen et al. 2017). These threats seem to be occurring mainly in central Europe.","Conservation actions for this species should focus on the preservation of its habitats, and on researching and monitoring its populations to determine the real distribution and risks. This is particularly relevant for countries where it is considered to be threatened.  Education and awareness-raising about its importance as a pollinator are also important. Its population is decreasing and is threatened in some parts of Europe. In Belgium (INBO 2019) and the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), as well as in Denmark (DanBIF 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020), it is categorized as Regionally Extinct. It is categorized as Vulnerable in Czechia (Farkač et al. 2005) and as Near Threatened in Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019). It is considered to be a rare species in Germany (Saure 2018).",This species is not utilised.,"Smit, J. & Varga, Z.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C., Rojo, S., Barkalov, A., Mazanek, L. & Vujić, A.","Campoy, A., Lillo, I., Birtele, D., Sommaggio, D., Mazanek, L. & Popov, G.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eristalis,anthophorina,,Eristalis anthophorina,"(Fallén, 1817)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This wetland species is relatively widespread.  However, the apparent declining trend in its population needs to be thoroughly analysed to see if it is continuing and occurring across the range. The scarcity of new data hinders the study of these trends. For example in Germany, it has been recorded four times since 1991. Nevertheless, the species seems to be stable in the northern parts of Europe, which is reflected in the Least Concern categorization of some countries. Both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are considered far above the thresholds for threatened categories. Therefore, with the information available now, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27.",Decreasing,"The general range of this species is from Scandinavia southwards to eastern France; from Denmark and the Netherlands eastwards through central Europe into the European parts of Russia and through Siberia to the Pacific coast and Japan. It is also present in Mongolia. Specific locality data are not available for some  countries and so it is not possible at this time to calculate an accurate area of occupancy (AOO). However, both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and AOO are considered far above the thresholds to be considered for threatened categories.    This species has been observed in the following countries: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2019), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Estonia (Kuznetzov 1993), Finland (FinBIF 2020), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011), Latvia (Karpa 2008), Lithuania (Kuznetzov 1993), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Norway (Nielesen and Svendsen 2014), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), Sweden (Bartsch 2009), European Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018) and Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2020).  Specific locality data for this species is not available for some countries (for example: Belarus and Estonia) and so it is not possible at this time to calculate a precise Area of Occupancy (AOO) for this species.  The global range of this species extends to North America from Alaska southwards through the mountainous parts of the USA to California and New Mexico (Speight 2020). It is a typically northern species.","This species is widespread in Finland and Sweden, but it is increasingly less common further south in Europe. It is stable in northern Europe, but its populations are declining in the southern parts of its range and it is considered possibly extinct in Czechia.  In Western Europe, its range seems to have shrunk during the previous and present century, leaving the remaining population isolated in France, Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium (Speight 2020). Overall it is considered to be decreasing in Europe and the EU27.","The larvae are saprophagous, feeding on dead or decaying organic matter.  The developmental stages were described and  illustrated by Kuznetzov and Kuznetzova (1994), and also four years before by Bagachanova (1990). These authors have associated the species with swampy ground and swamp hummocks. It therefore occurs in wetlands, specifically in fens, woodland flushes, watery areas  in coastal dune systems and taiga wetlands. Adults normally  visit flowers such as Bellis, Caltha, Cardamine, Cirsium, Crataegus, Lycopus, Menyanthes, Prunus, Ranunculus, Rubus, Salix,  Solidago, Taraxacum and Valeriana. Adults can be seen flying between  mid-April and the end of August. All this information has been summarized  and updated from Speight (2020).","The threats to this species are related to the direct threats to its habitat. Watery areas in forests can be affected by pollution (agricultural and urban effluents mainly), droughts (caused by climate change for example), management of water resources and unsustainable forestry practices (Janssen et al. 2017). These threats seem to be occurring mainly in central Europe.","Conservation measures for this species need to focus on the preservation of its habitat, and can also focus on monitoring of and research into its population size and trends, as well as on education and awareness-raising about its importance as a pollinator. The population trend seems to be decreasing in the southern part of its range since 1950. It has been categorized as Critically Endangered in Czechia (Farkač et al. 2005) and it is possible that it is already extinct there (Mazanek pers. comm. 2019). It is also considered to be extremely rare in Germany, even possibly extinct in the Berlin area (Saure 2018), and scarce in the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009). However, in Finland (FinBIF 2020), Norway (NBIC 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020), it is categorized as Least Concern.",This species is not utilised.,"Smit, J. & Varga, Z.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C., Rojo, S., Barkalov, A., Mazanek, L. & Vujić, A.","Campoy, A. & Lillo, I.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eristalis,arbustorum,,Eristalis arbustorum,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is widespread in Europe and the EU 27. It has a wide distribution and is abundant with large subpopulations. It occurs in farmlands, urban parks and gardens, as well as in a wide range of wetlands and softwood forests.  There are no major threats to this species, but further research on the effects of insecticides is recommended. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above the thresholds for threatened categories. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27.",Stable,"This is a very widespread species, covering most of the Palaearctic region. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above the thresholds for threatened categories. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Belarus and Estonia) and so it is not possible  at this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species.  This species has been observed in the following countries: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Belgium (RBINS 2019), Bulgaria (Tóth 2014), Croatia (Jeličić et al. 2010), Czechia (Mazánek 2009), Denmark (DanBIF 2019), Estonia (Kuznetzov 1993), Faroe Islands (Jensen 2001), Finland (FinBIF 2019), France (including Corsica) (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Greece (including Crete) (Vujić et al. 2020), Hungary (Tóth 2001), Ireland (including Northern Ireland) (Speight 2008), Italy (including Sicilia and Sardinia) (Stoch 2003), Latvia (Karpa 2008), Lithuania (Kuznetzov 1993), Luxembourg (van Steenis 2006), Malta (Ssymank and Ebejer, 2009), Montenegro (van Steenis et al. 2015), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Norway (Nielsen 1999), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Portugal (van Eck 2016), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), European Russia (Barkalov and Mutin, 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Slovenia (van Steenis et al. 2013), Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), Sweden (Bartsch 2009), Switzerland (CSCF 2019), the European part of Turkey (Tóth 2013), Ukraine (Popov 2010) and the United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000).  Outside of Europe, this species occurs in North Africa and North America, where it occurs from Wisconsin to Labrador south to Kansas and South Carolina. It also reaches the Oriental region in northern India (Speight 2020).","The population of this species is stable in Europe and the EU27. In Western Europe, there has been a noticeable decrease in its abundance during the 1990s, perhaps due to the widespread use of medicines used to treat cattle for parasites (ivermectins and similar helminthicides). These compounds render cow-dung toxic to a range of dung-feeding insects, but their level of toxicity to this species remains to be established.","This species is tolerant of human-managed landscapes and it is ubiquitous in farmlands, urban parks and gardens. It also occurs in a wide range of wetlands and softwood forests. The adults fly two to three metres from the ground, settling on low-growing vegetation. They visit the flowers of a wide range of low-growing plants and shrubs. Their flight period is between April and October, starting in March in southern Europe. This species is migratory. All this information has been summarized and updated from Speight (2020).","The principal threats are related to the loss of natural habitats - especially freshwater habitats mostly by modifications to hydrological systems, intensification of agriculture or droughts and temperature changes caused by climate change, amongst other factors (Janssen et al. 2017). Due to its tolerance of human landscapes, it is capable of surviving and reproducing in environments with high human activity. Nevertheless, the indiscriminate use of insecticides (ivermectins and systemic helminthicides) in agricultural and livestock management also contaminates water resources and may cause some effect on the population (Speight 2020).","Because of its tolerance of human-managed landscapes, there are no conservation actions needed to ensure the survival of this species.  Conservation measures can be focused on the monitoring and research of its population size and trends. Research regarding the impact of insecticides on this species is recommended due to the observed decline in Western Europe. Education and communication about its importance as a pollinator is also beneficial. It has been categorized as Least Concern in Belgium (INBO 2020), Finland (FinBIF 2020), Norway (NBIC 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020). It has also been considered as very common in Germany (Saure 2018) and the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009).",This species is not known to be utilised.,"Varga, Z. & Smit, J.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C., Rojo, S., Barkalov, A., Mazanek, L. & Vujić, A.","Lillo, I. & Campoy, A.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eristalis,cryptarum,,Eristalis cryptarum,"(Fabricius, 1794)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species occurs in wetland habitats, which are  declining in most  European and EU27 countries (EEA10). The low number of  records makes it difficult to follow the population trends. Further studies on its populations are therefore needed. It is threatened in some countries in central Europe, but is considered stable in northern Europe where  the majority of the subpopulations occur. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above the threshold for threatened categories. Therefore, this  species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU27.",Unknown,"The general European range of this species is from northern Scandinavia south to the Pyrenees, and from Ireland through central Europe into European Russia. Despite its wide distribution, this species is very localised throughout its range, including in Europe and the EU27 (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above the thresholds for threatened categories. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Belarus and Estonia) and so it is not possible  at this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species.  				 			 		This species has been observed in the following countries: Austria (Heimburg 2008), Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Estonia (Kuznetzov 1993), Finland (FinBIF 2020), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Italy (Burgio et al. 2015), Latvia (Karpa 2008), Lithuania (Kuznetzov 1993), Norway (Nielsen and Svendsen 2014), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Romania (Stănesku and Părvu 2005), European part of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), Sweden (Bartsch 2009), Switzerland (CSCF 2020), Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2020) and United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2014). It is considered extinct in Ireland (Speight 2008) and in the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009).   It is known to occur in several countries, but there is very little information available about the localities and precise distribution. In Czechia, the last record is from more than 50 years ago, and is therefore highly likely to be regionally extinct in this area (Farkač et al. 2005). In Slovakia and Romania the records are very scarce.  The global range of the species extends east from the European region to central Siberia, and it occurs in Mongolia and North America.","This species is very localised in some of the countries where it occurs in Europe and the EU27. It has a mostly northern distribution, and it is widespread in Finland and Sweden. It is common in Russia. In the United Kingdom it was considered abundant between 1900 and 1930, but since then there has been a clear and continuous decline of its population there, and now seems to be found mainly in Dartmoor National Park (Ball and Morris 2014; Castle and Falk 2012). In Spain it is only known from the Pyrenees. Overall, subpopulations of this species are common in some areas and declining in others, and there is currently no clear picture about the overall population trend in Europe or the EU27. Further research is needed to clarify this.","This species is present in valley mires grazed by cattle, peat  bogs, marshes and in acidic water bodies with low or medium levels of nutrients (oligotophic and mesotrophic water bodies). It also occurs in palsa mires, taiga and tundra wetlands, mostly  at northern latitudes. These wetland habitats are declining in most European countries. The unknown larval stage is certainly saprophagous, using its 'tail' (elongated anal segment) to breathe when submerged under the water surface. The adults feed on pollen and nectar.  The flight period lasts between May and September. In Siberia, this  species occurs on flowers of Caltha species.  This information has been summarized from Ball and Morris (2014) and Speight (2020).","The threats are related to the habitat where this species lives: wetlands, tundra, taiga and palsa mires. These threats derive from industrial (oil, gas, mining) as well as logging, deforestation and hydrological (drainage, abstraction) activities. Grazing and mowing may also affect these habitats, but with less impact than at lower latitudes. Its habitats can also be threatened by the variations of temperature and water distribution due to climate change, and especially palsa mires due to permafrost melting (Janssen et al. 2017).   Particularly in the United Kingdom, the inadequate management of water resources may be harmful to the species; for instance, drainage or lack of drainage can generate desiccation and scrub invasion in either case. Furthermore, the intensified vegetation management needed to adapt natural areas to tourism reduces the existing vegetation or its features. Nutrient enrichment of oligotrophic water bodies that modifies the original physicochemical properties of the environment can also be considered a feasible threat (Ball and Morris 2014).","Conservation actions for this species should be focused on the preservation of its habitats, and on research into its populations to determine the real distribution and risks. This would be particularly important for the countries where it is considered to be threatened. Education and communication about its importance as a pollinator is also recommended.   This species has been categorized as extinct in Belgium (INBO 2020), Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005), Ireland (Speight 2008) and the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009). It is Critically Endangered in the United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2014), and Endangered in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011). However, it has been categorized as Least Concern in Finland (FinBIF 2020), Norway (NBIC 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020).   The main population of the UK is situated in the Dartmoor National Park. It acts as a meta-population, and it is very dependent on small populations surrounding the suitable habitats (Ball and Morris 2014). Managed grazing in some areas may be beneficial, to avoid willow and birch growth which can encroach on its habitat. Further research would be needed on the biology and ecology of the species, as well as on the habitat of the larvae.",This species is not utilised.,"Varga, Z. & Smit, J.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C., Rojo, S., Campoy, A., Barkalov, A., Mazanek, L. & Vujić, A.","Lillo, I.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eristalis,fratercula,,Eristalis fratercula,"(Zetterstedt, 1838)",,No,LC,0,No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  Eristalis fratercula is clearly a northern species, being only present in the very northernmost areas of Fennoscandia and European Russia. Some of the habitats where it lives are under threat, affected mainly by climate change. Although the current population in Europe is unknown, it has a very large area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO), which are above the thresholds for a threatened category. Therefore in Europe it is assessed as Least Concern. However, in the EU 27 the AOO is between 40 and 50 km2, and there is considered to be a decline in the habitat due to climate change. In addition, the species is found at between six and 10 locations (assuming habitat shifts due to climate change are the main threat), and therefore it is categorized as Vulnerable under Criterion B.  Conservation measures should focus on the protection of the habitat where this species is found, and further research and monitoring of the population, distribution and threats is recommended.",Unknown,"The general European range of this species is northern Norway, northern Sweden, Finland, northern parts of European Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values for Europe are far above threshold for any of the threatened categories. In the EU 27, the EOO is around 40450 km2 and the AOO is between 40 and 50 km2.  It has been cited in the following checklists: Finland (FinBIF 2020), Norway (Nielsen and Svendsen 2014, NBIC 2020), European parts of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Sweden (Bartsch et al. 2009).  The global range extends through Siberia to the Pacific coast, and it is also found in Greenland, Alaska and North America (Speight 2020, GBIF 2020).","This species occurs locally in the northern parts of Fennoscandia, but there is no information on population trends.","This species can be found in seasonally-flooded grasslands with standing water, in tundra and taiga beside rivers. The pre-imaginal stages of this aquatic and saprophagous species were described by Campoy et al. (2017) with material obtained from gravid females collected in north Norway. Females laid eggs in a medium of cow manure, soil and water, where the larvae developed. Adults can be seen flying in June and July at the edge of pools, and visiting flowers of Caltha, Matricaria, Ranunculus and Salix. All this information has been summarized and updated from Campoy et al. (2017) and Speight (2020).  In both, Europe and EU 27, there is inferred to be a decline in the quality and extent of the habitat.","The threats to this species are related to threats to the larval and adult habitat in which they live: wet grasslands, tundra and taiga. These threats come from industrial activities such as the oil, gas and mining industries, together with logging and deforestation. Grazing and mowing activities may affect these habitats too, but with less impact than at lower latitudes. The habitats can also be threatened by the variations of temperature and water distribution caused by climate change (Janssen et al. 2017).","Conservation actions should be directly related to conservation of the tundra, taiga and sub-arctic wet grasslands, as these are the habitats in which this species lives. Some of these habitats have been categorized as threatened by the European Red List of Habitats, for example Temperate and boreal wet grasslands are categorized as Endangered (E 3.5) (Janssen et al. 2017). The species has been categorized as Least Concern in Norway (NBIC 2020) and as Data Deficient in Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020), which indicates that more research on and monitoring of the distribution and population trends of this species are needed, as well as further research on the threats.",This species is not used or traded.,"Marcos-García, M. & Englefield, E.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C., Rojo, S. & Campoy, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eristalis,gomojunovae,,Eristalis gomojunovae,"Violovitsh, 1977",,No,LC,0,No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  Eristalis gomojunovae is a northern species, being only present in the very northernmost areas of Fennoscandia and European Russia. Some of the habitats where it is found are under specific threats as indicated in the European Red List of Habitats, mainly by climate change and human activity. The current population trend is unknown and there is an inferred habitat decline. However, in Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are very large, above the thresholds of any threatened category. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe.  However, in the EU 27 the AOO is between 30 and 40 km2, there is considered to be a decline in the habitat and the number of locations is between 6 and 10 determined by the previously mentioned threats to the habitat. Therefore, in the EU 27, this species is assessed as Vulnerable under Criterion B.",Unknown,"The general European range of this species is northern Norway, northern Sweden and Finland, plus northern parts of European Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values for Europe are far above threshold for a threatened category. However, for the EU 27 the EOO is estimated to be about 28550 km2 and the AOO is between 30 and 40 km2.  It has been cited in the following checklists: Finland (FinBIF 2020), Norway (Nielsen and Svendsen 2014, NBIC 2020), European parts of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Sweden (Bartsch et al. 2009).  The global range of the species extends eastwards through Siberia and in the Nearctic, it occurs in Alaska and northern Canada (Speight 2020, GBIF 2020).",This species is not considered to be common in any of the countries in which is present. There is no information on its  population size or trend.,"This species has been found in wetlands in boreal areas: the margins of lakes, tundra, taiga (Pinus sylvestris) and palsa mires. The pre-imaginal stages are not described, but larvae should be aquatic and saprophagous, as the rest of the species in the genus. Adults can be seen flying around between June and July close to the water surface, and visiting flowers such as Caltha, Ranunculus, Salix and Rubus. All this information has been summarized and updated from Bartsch et al. (2009) and Speight (2020).","The threats to this species are related to the habitats of the adult and larvae, i.e. wetlands, tundra, taiga and palsa mires. Some derive from industrial activities carried out by the oil, gas and mining industries, together with logging, deforestation, drainage and water abstraction. Grazing and mowing activities may also affect these habitats, but with less impact than at lower latitudes. These habitats are also threatened by the variations of temperature and water distribution caused by climate change, especially palsa mires due to permafrost melting (Janssen et al. 2017).","Conservation actions should be directly related to the conservation of the tundra, taiga and palsa-mire habitats in which this species lives. Some of these habitats have been categorized as threatened by the European Red List of Habitats, for example palsa mires are categorized as Critically Endangered (D3.1) (Janssen et al. 2017).  This species has been categorized as Vulnerable (VU) in Norway (NBIC 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020), and as Data Deficient (DD) in Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019), which indicates that more research and monitoring of the distribution and population trends of this species are needed. Other conservation measures can be focused on education and awareness about the species.",This species is not used or traded.,"Marcos-García, M. & Englefield, E.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C. & Rojo, S.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eristalis,hirta,,Eristalis hirta,"Loew, 1932",,No,LC,0,No,NT,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Eristalis hirta is a northern species, only present in the very northernmost areas of Fennoscandia and European Russia. Some of its habitats are under threat, as indicated in the European Red List of Habitats, being affected mainly by climate change: therefore these habitats are judged to be declining. The current population trend is unknown. The range of its habitats is wide compared to those of other species of the genus, which reduces the impact of the threats. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above the threshold for any threatened category. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe.   However, in the EU 27, the AOO is between 90 and 100 km2 and there is a continuous decline in the habitat due to human pressures and climate change, but the number of locations is higher than 10, taking into account the previously mentioned threats. Therefore this species is assessed as Near Threatened, as it is close for qualifying for a threatened category under Criterion B2 for the EU 27.",Unknown,"The general European range of this species is northern Norway, Sweden, Finland and European Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for Europe are far above the threshold for any threatened category. For the EU 27, the EOO is about 283,600 km2 and the AOO is between 90 and 100 km2.  It has been cited in the checklists of Finland (FinBIF 2020), Norway (Nielsen and Svendsen 2014), Sweden (Bartsch et al. 2009) and the European part of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018).  The global range extends eastwards though Siberia, and it is also found in North America (Speight 2020, GBIF 2020).","This species is widespread and often dominant in northern Norway, especially in cultivated areas (Nielsen and Svendsen 2014). The current population trend is unknown.","The habitat of this species is wetland located in open areas, bogs, aapa mires, ditches and temporary pools in grasslands (seasonally-flooded and unimproved), tundra and sub-alpine Betula forest. The pre-imaginal stages are not described, but the larvae should be aquatic and saprophagous, as in others of the genus. Adults can be seen flying between June and September, visiting flowers of species of genera such as Achillea, Caltha, Galium, Ledum, Matricaria, Ranunculus, Salix, Taraxacum and Valeriana. All this information has been extracted and updated from Speight (2020).","The threats to this species are related to threats to the habitat in which adults and larvae live: wetlands, temporary flooded grasslands, tundra, aapa mires and forest. These threats can be derived from industrial activities such as oil, gas and mining industries; together with logging and deforestation. Grazing and mowing activities may affect these habitats too, but with less impact than at lower latitudes. The habitats can also be threatened by the variation in temperature and water distribution caused by climate change (Janssen et al. 2017).","Conservation actions should be directly related to the conservation of its habitats: wetlands (bogs and mires), tundra, taiga and sub-arctic wet grasslands. Some of these habitats have been categorized as threatened by the European Red List of Habitats; temperate and boreal wet grasslands are categorized as Endangered (E 3.5) (Janssen et al. 2017). The species has been categorized as Least Concern (LC) in Norway (NBIC 2020), Finland (FinBIF 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020). It needs more research and monitoring of its distribution and population.",This species is not used or traded.,"Marcos-García, M. & Englefield, E.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C. & Rojo, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eristalis,horticola,,Eristalis horticola,"(De Geer, 1776)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Eristalis horticola has a widespread distribution. It is present and abundant in many countries across Europe, and hence the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are very large for both Europe and the EU 27 and exceed the thresholds for any threatened category. The current population trend is unknown, and the species may be impacted by changes to watery areas in forests, through pollution, climate change, management of water resources and deforestation. However, the species is adaptable and also found in gardens and parks in northern Europe. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27.",Stable,"The general European range of this species is from Fennoscandia, south to Mediterranean parts of the European region, and from Ireland eastwards through much of Europe into European Russia (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values for both Europe and the EU 27 are very large and far above the threshold for any threatened category. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Belarus and Estonia) and so it is not possible  at this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species.  This species has been cited in the following checklists: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Bulgaria (Tóth 2014), Krym (Popov 1998), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Estonia (Kuznetzov 1993), Finland (FinBIF 2020), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Greece (Vujić et al. 2020), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Ireland (Speight 2008), Italy (Burgio et al. 2015), Latvia (Kuznetzov 1993), Lithuania (Pakalniškis et al. 2000), Luxembourg (van Steenis 2006), Montenegro (van Steenis et al. 2015), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Norway (Nielsen 1999), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Portugal (van Eck 2016), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Slovenia (van Steenis et al. 2013), Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), Switzerland (CSCF 2020), Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2020) and United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000).  The global range extends south to North Africa and eastwards through Siberia to the Pacific coast (Sakhalin) and India (Speight 2020).","This is considered a common species in forestry areas of Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), and is a widespread and common species in the United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000), Ireland (Speight 2008) and Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011). It is an Atlantic-zone insect, being more restricted in central and southern Europe; for example, in Greece, it is only present in the mountainous areas of the northern part of the country (Vujić et al. 2020).","The habitat of this species is wetland inside forest: river, streams and brook margins, fens and bogs in forestry areas (both deciduous and coniferous). It can also be found in parks and gardens in northern Europe and has been sampled from farms in Dartmoor in the United Kingdom (Castle and Falk 2012). These data seem to indicate that it is capable of adapting to a wide range of habitats. The aquatic and saprophagous larval stages were described by Dolezil (1972). Adults can be seen flying between May and September, and even in April in southern Europe, and normally visit flowers of genera such as Calluna, Cardamine, Cirsium, Crataegus, Eupatorium, Galium, Jasione, Pyrus, Ranunculus, Rubus, Sambucus, Sorbus, Stellaria, Succisa and Viburnum. Adults have been seen laying eggs in soakaways of acidic peatlands in the United Kingdom (Castle and Falk 2012). This information has been summarized from Ball and Morris (2000) and Speight (2008 and 2020).","The threats to this species are related to direct threats to its habitat. Watery areas in the forest can be affected by pollution, drought (caused by climate change for example), management of water resources, deforestation and logging (forestry) (Janssen et al.  2017). However, it seems to have the ability to adapt to different habitats.","The conservation of this species should be focused on the preservation of the quantity and quality of the water of streams and pools inside forested areas. In addition, monitoring and research of the population size and trends is recognised as important. The species has been categorized as Least Concern in Belgium (INBO 2020), Finland (FinBIF 2020) and Norway (NBIC 2020).",This species is not used or traded.,"Marcos-García, M. & Englefield, E.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C. & Rojo, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eristalis,intricaria,,Eristalis intricaria,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This wetland species is widespread across the European region and has been assessed as unthreatened in most of the national Red Lists from European countries. Its population seems to be stable in Europe and the EU27. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above the thresholds for any threatened category. It is therefore categorized as Least Concern (LC) in Europe and EU27. Increased monitoring and research of population size and trends is  needed. Education and communication about its importance as pollinator  would also be beneficial.,Stable,"The general European range of this species includes Iceland and then from Scandinavia and the Faroes south to northern Spain, but increasingly confined to mountainous regions towards the southern limit of its range and absent from much of southern Europe; from Ireland eastwards through much of northern and central Europe (though very localised in the Alps) into European Russia (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above thresholds for any threatened category. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Belarus and Estonia) and so it is not possible  at this time to calculate a precise AOO for this  species. It has been listed in the following checklists: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Bulgaria (Tóth 2011), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Estonia (Kuznetzov 1993), Faroe Islands (Jensen 2001), Finland (FinBIF 2020), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Ireland (including Northern Ireland) (Speight 2008), Italy (Stoch 2003), Latvia (Karpa 2008), Lithuania (Kuznetzov 1993), Luxembourg (van Steenis 2006), Montenegro (van Steenis et al. 2015), the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Norway (Nielsen 1999), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Slovenia (van Steenis et al. 2013), Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), Sweden (Bartsch 2009) Switzerland (CSCF 2020), European parts of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2020) and United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000). The presence of this species in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and North Macedonia is not certain, but Vujić et al. (2004) cite it as present in the countries of the Balkan Peninsula.  The global range of this species extends as far as eastern Siberia (Speight 2020).",This species is quite abundant in northern Europe and the population trend is stable. It is less abundant in southern Europe and absent in south-eastern Europe. Its subpopulations are generally large. Overall the population trend is considered stable in Europe and the EU27.,"This species is present in a variety of environments, such as wetlands (bogs, fens or streams), deciduous forests and shrub areas, and seasonally flooded grasslands. It has also been observed in parks and gardens. It is frequently found close to humid areas since the larval stage is aquatic and saprophagous, present in stagnant water bodies or semi-liquid environments with a high amount of decaying organic material where it filter-feeds on microorganisms. It is sometimes associated with slurry/cow dung. The larval stage was described by Hartley (1961) who identified that it had an elongated anal segment. Adults feed on pollen and nectar from trees and shrubs, and normally visit white umbellifers and yellow composites, and also flowers of genera such as Armeria, Cakile, Cirsium, Prunus, Rubus, Salix and Succisa. The adult males are territorial. The flight period is between April and October. All this information has been summarized and updated from Speight (2020).","This species can be affected by impacts to its habitat. Aquatic habitats in forests can be affected by pollution (primarily agricultural and urban effluents), drought (which can be exacerbated by climate change) and unsustainable forestry and water management practices (Janssen et al.  2017).","Conservation actions for this species should focus on its habitat, particularly in central Europe. Increased monitoring and research of population size and trends is needed. Education and communication about its importance as pollinator would also be beneficial. This species has been categorized as Least Concern in Finland (FinBIF 2020), Norway (NBIC 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020). It is considered common in Germany (Ssymank  et al.  2011) and the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009).",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Smit, J. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C., Rojo, S., Campoy, A., Barkalov, A., Mazanek, L. & Vujić, A.","Lillo, I.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eristalis,jugorum,,Eristalis jugorum,"Egger, 1858",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Eristalis jugorum is present in many countries across Europe, and has a widespread distribution. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above the thresholds for any threatened category for both Europe and the EU 27.  It is a common species in central Europe, but less common in the northern area of its distribution and rare in the south of Europe. The current population trend for both Europe and the EU 27 is unknown. Overall, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27.  Although the species is widespread, any conservation measures should focus on the preservation of the larval habitat. In addition, further research and monitoring of the population is recommended.",Unknown,"The general European range of this species is from Poland, south to the Pyrenees and northern Spain and from Belgium eastwards through central and southern Europe into European parts of Russia (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above the threshold for any threatened category for both Europe and the EU 27. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Germany and Ukraine) and so it is not possible at  this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species.  This species has been cited in the following checklists: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Bulgaria (Tóth 2014), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Greece (Vujić et al. 2020), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Italy (Burgio et al. 2015), Luxembourg (van Steenis 2006), Montenegro (van Steenis et al. 2015), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), North Macedonia (Krpač et al. 2011), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Slovenia (van Steenis et al. 2013), Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), Switzerland (CSCF 2020) and Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2020).  The global range of the species extends to the Caucasus, Turkey and Iran (Speight 2020).","This species is widely distributed around Europe, although it is not very common in the northern parts (Reemer et al. 2009, Vujić et al. 2020). However, in Germany it is considered a common species (Ssymank et al. 2011) and is also common in central Europe, but less common in the northern area of its distribution and rare in the south of Europe (Vujić et al. 2020). The current population trend for both Europe and the EU 27 is unknown.","The habitat of this species is streams (running freshwater) in Fagus and Picea forest. The pre-imaginal stages of this species are not described, but the larva should be aquatic and saprophagous, as in the rest of the genus. Adults can be seen flying between May and July, visiting flowers such as Chrysanthemum, Euphorbia, Knautia, Polygonum, Rubus, Scabiosa, Sorbus and Succisa.  All this information has been extracted and updated from Speight (2020).","The threats to this species are direct threats to the larval habitat. Watery areas in forests can be affected by pollution, droughts (caused by climate change for example), management of water resources, deforestation or logging (forestry) (Janssen et al.  2017).","The conservation of this species should be focused in the preservation of the quantity and quality of the water of streams and pools inside forested areas, the potential larval habitat. Monitoring and research of population size and trends are recommended.",This species is not used or traded.,"Marcos-García, M. & Englefield, E.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C. & Rojo, S.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eristalis,nemorum,,Eristalis nemorum,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Eristalis nemorum is a widespread species, common in northern and central Europe. It is also present in southern parts, but more restricted to mountainous areas. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are very large, and exceed the thresholds for any threatened category for both Europe and the EU 27. Although the species can be impacted by threats to the habitat, such as pollution, drought and water management, it is generally not considered to be at immediate risk. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27.  Further research and monitoring on population trends would benefit this species.",Stable,"The general European range of this species is from northern Fennoscandia, south to Iberia, and from Ireland eastwards through central Europe and European Russia (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above thresholds for any threatened category for both Europe and the EU 27. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Belarus and Estonia) and so it is not possible  at this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species.  This species has been cited in the following checklists: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Estonia (Kuznetzov 1993), Finland (FinBIF 2020), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Greece (Vujić et al. 2020), Ireland (Speight 2018), Italy (Including Sicily and Sardinia) (Burgio et al. 2015), Latvia (Kuznetzov 1993), Lithuania (Pakalniškis et al. 2006), Montenegro (van Steenis et al. 2015), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Norway (Nielsen 1999), Poland (Mileczarek 2009), Portugal (van Eck 2016), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovenia (van Steenis et al. 2013), Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017) and Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2020).  The global range extends into Turkey, Russia and on into Asia, including most of Siberia and Japan, and to North America, where it is present from Quebec south to Colorado (Speight 2020).","This species is considered common and widely distributed in northern and central Europe, such as in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011), Ireland (Speight 2018) and the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009).  However, in southern regions it is more restricted to mountains (Vujić et al. 2020). The current population trend is unknown, but likely to be stable.","The habitat of this species is wetlands within forest: river, streams and brook margins, marshes, fens and bogs in forested areas. It can also be seen in parks in northern parts of Europe (Reemer et al. 2009). The pre-imaginal stages were described and figured by Hartley (1961); the larvae are aquatic and saprophagous, occurring mostly in streams and pools, but they have been found in cow faeces in water-logged areas. The adult flight period is between April and September: they fly around streamsides, visiting flowers of Cakile, Calluna, Caltha, Cardamine, Cirsium, Crataegus, Eupatorium, Euphorbia, Filipendula, Malus, Menyanthes, Mentha, Parnassia, Prunus, Ranunculus, Rubus, Salix, Sorbus and Succisa. All this information has been extracted and updated from Speight (2008, 2020) and Vujić et al. (2020).","The threats to this species are related to direct threats to the larval habitat. Watery areas in forests can be affected by pollution, drought (caused by climate change for example), management of water resources, deforestation or logging (forestry) (Janssen et al. 2017).",The conservation of this species should be focused on the preservation of the quantity and quality of the water of streams and pools inside forest areas. Some conservation measures should be focused on the monitoring of and research into population size and trends. This species has been categorized as Least Concern in Finland (FinBIF 2020) and Norway (NBIC 2020).,This species is not used or traded.,"Marcos-García, M. & Englefield, E.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C. & Rojo, S.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eristalis,obscura,,Eristalis obscura,"Loew, 1866",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This wetland species is most commonly found in the north of Europe where it is abundant and widespread. Its distribution in other parts of Europe needs to be confirmed with further research and monitoring. In recent national Red Lists it has been assessed as Least Concern. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are  far above the thresholds to be considered for any of the threatened categories. It is therefore categorized as Least Concern for both the EU27 and Europe regions. It is important that more research is conducted on its distribution  across Europe due to previous misidentification over past decades, and monitoring and research of its ecology and  population trends are needed.",Stable,"This species can be found from northern Norway, Sweden and Finland, south to the Netherlands and across to central Germany and European parts of Russia. Because of being often confused with other species, its presence in countries south of Scandinavia need to be verified. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above the thresholds of any threatened category. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Estonia and Ukraine) and so it is not possible  at this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species. Outside of Europe, it occurs in most of Siberia and is also present in North America.  This species has been observed in the following countries: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Estonia (Kuznetzov 1993), Finland (FinBIF 2020), Norway (NBIC 2020), European parts of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Sweden (Bartsch 2009) and Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2020).","Particularly in the northern parts of its range (Sweden, Finland and Norway), the population of this species is stable, and is considered relatively common. It is thought to be stable overall in Europe and the EU27.","This species is primarily found in wetland habitats such as freshwater bodies, fens, reed beds and watery areas in forests and forest edges.   The developmental stages were first  understood and described by Kuznetzov and Kuznetzova (1994) under the  name Eristalis vitripennis. Eristalis vitripennis was recognized by Hippa et al. (2001) as a synonym of Eristalis rupium before being considered as Eristalis obscura (Hippa et al. 2009). Because  of this, the original specimens examined in 1994 need to be reviewed, to  determine definitively to which species the larvae belong.The larvae are saprophagous (feeding on decaying  matter) and aquatic, as in the other species of Eristalis. All this information has been summarized and updated from Speight (2020).  Adults can be seen flying between May and June, as well as in July in the northern part of its European range. The adults visit flowers such as Achillea, Caltha, Jasione, Crataegus, Ranunculus, Rosa, Rubus, Saxifraga, Taraxacum and Valeriana.","The larval habitat of this species faces great threats because aquatic forest habitats can be negatively impacted by pollution, drought (likely to be increased by climate change), management of water resources and unsustainable forestry practices (Janssen et al. 2017).","Conservation actions for this species should be focused on the preservation of the wetlands where its larvae live, by preventing pollution and drainage. It is also important that more research is conducted on its distribution across Europe due to previous misidentification. Monitoring and research on the ecology and population trends of this species are also important.   It has been categorized as Least Concern in Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Finland (FinBIF 2020), Norway (NBIC 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020).",This species not known to be utilised or traded.,"Flinn, G. & García, M.A.M.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C. & Rojo, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eristalis,oestracea,,Eristalis oestracea,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a widespread wetland hoverfly found in bog and marsh habitats. Within its European range, its distribution is restricted to the northern and central parts of Europe, and in some of these countries it is judged to be threatened. This species is considered to be scarce, and hence deeper research on its distribution and population trends is necessary. Nevertheless, with the current information and considering that the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above the thresholds for any threatened category, it is categorized here as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27.",Decreasing,"Within the European region, this species can be found from Scandinavia south to northern Germany and eastwards through Poland into European parts of Russia. It can also be found in mountainous parts of Romania (Speight, 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Belarus and Latvia) and so it is not possible at  this time to calculate a precise AOO for this  species.  It has been observed in the following countries: Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Estonia (Kuznetzov 1993), Finland (FinBIF 2020), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Italy (Burgio et al.  2015), Latvia (Kuznetzov 1993), Lithuania (Pakalniškis et al. 2006), Norway (Nielsen 1999), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), European part of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Slovenia (van Steenis et al. 2013), Sweden (Bartsch 2009) and Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2020).  Outside Europe, this species can be found in Siberia, central Asia, Kazakhstan and in parts of North America such as Ontario.","This species is considered to be rare in the north of Germany, with a declining population (Ssymank et al. 2011); it was most recently observed in 2020 after 33 years of not being found (Plichta et al. 2020). In Denmark and Sweden, its population is declining as well (Torp 1994, Bartsch et al. 2009). Overall, this species is considered to be decreasing in Europe and the EU27.","This species can be found in wetland habitats on which it relies during its larval stage. It can be found in water bodies such as bogs, marshes and moors. The developmental stages are not yet fully understood but the larvae should be saprophagous (feeding on decaying matter) and aquatic, as in the other species of Eristalis.    Adults can be seen flying between May and September, beside the edges of small lakes and pools, where they visit flowers such as Caltha, Cardamine, Lythrum, Menyanthes, Prunus spinosa, Succisa and Salix. All this information has been extracted and updated from Speight (2020).","The principal threat to this species is the loss of habitats important for its developmental stages, specifically, freshwater habitats. Modifications to hydrological systems, intensification of agriculture, water pollution or drought due to climate change can all have negative impacts (Janssen et al. 2017).","Conservation actions for this species need to be focused on the preservation of the habitats where adults and larvae occur e.g. bogs and marshes. The continuous presence and quality of water are important factors to take into account.  This species would also benefit from increased monitoring and research on its distribution, ecology, population size and trends. Increased education and communication about this species would also be beneficial.   It has been categorized as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005), Denmark (DanBIF, 2020) and Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011), as Vulnerable in Norway (NBIC, 2020) and as Least Concern in Finland (FinBIF, 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken, 2020).",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Flinn, G. & García, M.A.M.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C. & Rojo, S.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eristalis,pertinax,,Eristalis pertinax,"(Scopoli, 1763)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This wetland specialist species is widespread and common in the countries where it is present. In most of its European range it is tolerant of human behaviour and human-influenced habitats, but it is less tolerant in southern Europe. It would benefit from further research and monitoring of its population. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are  far above the thresholds for the application of any threatened category, and therefore it is categorised as Least Concern in both the EU27 and Europe.",Stable,"Within the European region, this species can be found all the way from Scandinavia southwards to the Iberian peninsula and Mediterranean parts of Europe, and from Ireland in the west throughout much of Europe into the European parts of Russia and Turkey (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above threshold for the application of any threatened category. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Belarus and Latvia) and so it is not possible at  this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species.  It has been recorded from the following countries: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Bulgaria (Tóth 2014), Croatia (Jeličić et al. 2010), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Estonia (Kuznetzov 1993), Finland (FinBIF 2020), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Greece (Vujić et al. 2020), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Ireland (Speight 2008), Italy (Burgio et al. 2015), Latvia (Kuznetzov 1993), Lithuania (Pakalniškis et al. 2006), Luxembourg (van Steenis 2006), Montenegro (van Steenis et al. 2015), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Norway (Nielsen 1999), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Portugal (van Eck 2016), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), European parts of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Slovenia (van Steenis et al. 2013), Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), Sweden (Bartsch 2009), Switzerland (CSCF 2020), Ukraine (Popov, pers. comm. 2020) and United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000).  Outside Europe, it is not found beyond the Ural mountains (Speight 2020) but does occur in Anatolia in Turkey.","This species is one of the commonest species in Britain (Ball and Morris 2000), and is considered very common in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011), Ireland (Speight 2008) and the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009). In some southern European countries, it is often restricted to mountainous areas, such as Greece (Vujić et al. 2020). Overall, its population trend is considered stable in Europe and the EU27.","This species can be found in wetlands and in forests, more specifically in fens and woodland streams and ponds. It can be found in urban and human-dominated areas over much of the European territory (mainly northern and central areas), occurring in farmlands (mainly where domestic livestock graze in fields), wastewater treatment areas, parks and gardens. The developmental stages were described and first understood by Hartley (1961), who obtained larvae from a pond containing wet manure and decaying vegetable matter. Adults can be seen flying between February and November and they visit flowers belonging to a wide range of low-growing plants, bushes, shrubs and trees. All this information has been extracted from Ball and Morris (2000), Speight (2008 and 2020) and Vujić et al. (2020).","The threats to this species mainly arise from threats to its larval habitat. Aquatic areas in forests can be affected by pollution, drought (which can be increased by climate change), and unsustainable forestry and water management (Janssen et al.  2017). Due to its ability to thrive in areas controlled by humans, it is able to survive and reproduce in environments with high human activity.  Threats may have a higher impact in southern Europe, where the species is less tolerant of human behaviour (Speight 2020).","Conservation actions should be focused on the preservation of its habitat, especially wetlands. These actions need to be directed mostly to southern areas where the species is more restricted and the population may not be stable. Some conservation measures can be focused also on the monitoring of and research into the population size and trends. Education and communication about this species is also beneficial. This species is categorized as Least Concern in Belgium (INBO 2020), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Finland (FinBIF 2020), Norway (NBIC 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020).",This species is not known to be traded or utilized.,"García, M.A.M. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C. & Rojo, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eristalis,picea,,Eristalis picea,"(Fallén, 1817)",This species may be misidentified with Eristalis rupium (Speight 2020) and also with Eristalis obscura (Prokhorov and Popov 2017).,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species lives in the aquatic habitats of a variety of woodlands across Europe, occurring in most of the countries of central and northern Europe. It is categorized as Least Concern in some of these countries. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are  far above the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category, and therefore it is categorized as Least Concern in both the EU27 and Europe. The species is here considered to be endemic the European Red List region, however, given the past confusion between this and other species, this requires confirmation through further research.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is found from Scandinavia south to central France, and from Belgium eastwards into central Europe as far as Switzerland and Austria. It is also found in European Russia and Ukraine (Speight 2020). Due to common misidentification, it is not certain if this species is present further east than European Russia, in Siberia and Kamchatka (Bartsch 2009, Barkalov and Mutin 2018), and at present the species is considered to be endemic to the Pan Europe region. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Belarus and Germany) and so it is not possible  at this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species.  This species has been recorded from the following countries: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Estonia (Kuznetzov 1993), Finland (FinBIF 2020), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Italy (Burgio et al. 2015), Latvia (Kuznetzov 1993), Luxembourg (van Steenis 2006), Netherlands (Reemer et al.  2009), Norway (Nielsen 1999), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), European Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Sweden (Bartsch 2009), Switzerland (CSCF 2020) and Ukraine (Prokhorov and Popov 2017).","There is not enough information regarding the population trend of this species. In the Netherlands it is considered to be scarce (Remeer et al. 2009), while in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011) and in southern areas of Fennoscandia (Speight 2020) it is a common species.  The overall population trend of this species is considered unknown in Europe and the EU27.","The preferred habitat of this species is freshwater areas in forests. It can be found in deciduous forests that have seasonal pools and streams, alluvial softwood forest of Salix and Populus woodland and alluvial hardwood forest. It can be also be associated with bogs, marshes, fens and permanent springs. Its developmental stages are not yet fully understood, but the larvae should be aquatic saprophages that feed on decaying material, as the rest of the species of Eristalis; they may occur at the bottom of seasonal pools. Adults can be seen flying between April and June. They are mainly arboreal but often fly around temporary streams and visit flowers of plants such as Anemone, Brassica, Caltha, Cardamine, Crataegus, Euonymus, Myosotis, Prunus, Pyrus, Ranunculus, Rorippa, Rosa, Salix, Scilla and Sorbus. All this information has been extracted and updated from Reemer et al. (2009) and Speight (2020).","The main threats to this species are habitat loss and damage to its habitat. Aquatic forest habitat can be negatively impacted by pollution (affecting the quality of the water), drought (which is increasing as a result of climate change) and unsustainable forestry and water management practices (Janssen et al. 2017).","Research is required in order to confirm the distribution of this species, including whether the species is endemic to the European Red List region. The conservation of this species should be focused on the preservation of the quantity and quality of the water of the streams and pools inside forest areas, together with preservation of the trees (upon which the adults appear to rely). More research on its distribution and population trend is needed, particularly because of the difficulties in differentiating it from other species such as Eristalis obscura (Prokhorov and Popov 2017). Education and communication would also be of benefit. This species has been categorized as Near Threatened in Belgium (INBO 2020) and as Least Concern in Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Finland (FinBIF 2020), Norway (NBIC 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020).",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C. & Rojo, S.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eristalis,rossica,,Eristalis rossica,"Stackelberg, 1958",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species can be found in tundra, boreal shrubland and taiga habitat. It has a clear north-eastern distribution. More research is needed to know the exact distribution and population trends, but the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are considered to be far above the thresholds for any threatened category, and so it is categorized as Least Concern for Europe and EU27. Conservation actions should focus on conservation  of tundra, boreal shrublands and sub-arctic grassland habitats.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is found in Eastern Europe and European Russia (Sasaki and Mikami 2007, Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above the thresholds for any threatened category.   It has been recorded from the following countries: Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Estonia and Latvia (Kuznetzov 1993), Lithuania (Pakalniškis et al. 2006) and recently in Finland (Kerppola 2016; FinBIF 2020). Its presence in Belarus and Ukraine is expected, but not certain: more research is needed to determine the truth of the matter.   Specific locality data for this species is not available for some countries (for example: Estonia and Latvia) and so it is not possible at this time to calculate a precise Area of Occupancy (AOO) for this species.  Outside of Europe, the species occurs in Siberia eastwards to Sakhalin, Mongolia, China and Japan (Sasaki and Mikami 2007, Speight 2020).","The population trend for this species is unknown in both Europe and the EU27. In Russia, it is found fairly regularly, but it is not common.","In Europe, the habitat in which we can find this species is in tundra, boreal shrubland and taiga of Pinus sylvestris, Pinus sibiricus and Abies sibirica. The developmental stages were first discovered and described by Kuznetzov and Kuznetzova (1994) from a specimen collected near St. Petersburg. The larvae are aquatic and saprophagous (feeding on decaying material) and live in the roots of grasses that grow in shallow waters, but not in swamps (Bagachanova 1990). In Japan, larvae have been collected in manure and effluents of manure in an experimental farm (Sasaki and Mikami 2007). Adults can be seen flying between June and August, visiting flowers of genera such as Aruncus, Heracleum, Rhododendron, Trollius and Weigela. All this information has been summarized and updated from Speight (2020). This species has been observed to have synanthropic characteristics in Japan although there is no evidence of this in Europe (Sasaki and Mikami 2007).","This species can be threatened by damage to or loss of the habitat in which the larvae lives: wet grasslands, tundra and boreal shrubland. These threats can be derived from industrial activities such as the oil, gas and mining industries, together with unsustainable deforestation practices; livestock grazing and mowing activities may also affect these habitats at lower latitudes. The habitats can be threatened by changes in temperature and water distribution due to climate change (Janssen et al. 2017).","Conservation actions for this species should focus on conservation of the tundra, boreal shrublands and sub-arctic grassland habitats on which this species relies. The extinction risk has not been assessed in individual European countries to date. Increased research and monitoring is necessary to improve our understanding of the biology, ecology, distribution and population trends of this species. Education and communication about this species would also be beneficial.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C. & Rojo, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eristalis,rupium,,Eristalis rupium,"Fabricius, 1805",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species can be found in freshwater habitats within woodlands. It has a particular need for clean freshwater in its larval stage, and so special attention should be paid to preventing pollution of this habitat. Increased research and monitoring is needed to improve our understanding of its population trend, particularly because it can be easily confused with other related species. However it is widespread across Europe and considered common in some countries. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above the thresholds for any threatened category, and therefore it is categorized as Least Concern in the EU27 and Europe.",Unknown,"The general European range of this species is from Scandinavia south to the Pyrenees and northern Spain, and from the United Kingdom eastwards through central Europe into European Russia (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above the thresholds for any threatened category. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Belarus and Latvia) and so it is not possible at  this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species.  The species has been recorded from the following countries: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Bulgaria (Tóth 2014), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Estonia (Kuznetzov 1993), Finland (FinBIF 2020),  France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Italy (Burgio et al. 2015), Latvia (Kuznetzov 1993), Lithuania (Pakalniškis et al. 2006), Luxembourg (van Steenis 2006), Montenegro (van Steenis  et al. 2015), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Norway (Nielsen 1999), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu, 2005), European part of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Slovenia (van Steenis et al. 2013), Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-García, 2017), Sweden (Bartsch 2009), Switzerland (CSCF 2020), Ukraine (Popov Pers. Com., 2020) and United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000).  The global range of this species extends into Turkey and Russia east to Siberia, and occurs in North America from British Columbia south to Colorado and east to New York (Speight 2020).","The population trend is unknown for this species: it can be easily misidentified as Eristalis nemorum or Eristalis horticola, which makes assessing population trends more challenging. In the Netherlands and UK, it is considered rare (Ball and Morris 2000, Reemer et al. 2009), but is considered to be common in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011). Overall, the population trend is unknown in Europe and the EU27.","The preferred habitat of this species is forests (mainly coniferous and deciduous) with running freshwater and streams in highlands (normally about 300 metres), and it can also be found in montane grasslands. It seems to have an apparent dependence on clean water; adults are absent from lowlands except where permanent cold and clean spring-water streams are present. They can be seen flying around in stream margins and woodlands, between May and July (even in August in high altitudes), visiting flowers such as Anemone, Cardamine, Chrysanthemum, Crepis, Helianthemum, Menyanthes, Parnassia, Polygonum, Rubus, Sorbus, Taraxacum and Valeriana. The developmental stages were discovered and described by Maibach and Goeldlin in 1991: the larvae are saprophagous and aquatic. All this information has been extracted and updated from Ball and Morris (2000) and Speight (2020).","The quality of the water in the streams that this species uses is an important factor for the developmental stages. Therefore the main threat can be loss of water quality in the habitat where it lives, because of  pollution and contamination due to human activities. Drainage and loss of water quantity due to climate change may also be a feasible threat (Janssen et al. 2017).","The conservation of this species should be focused on the preservation of the habitat in which it lives: freshwater areas and streams inside forests, with special attention in the quality of the water, which seems a key factor for larval development.  Some research on identification is needed to improve current taxonomic keys, because at the moment it can be confused with Eristalis horticola, Eristalis nemorum or Eristalis picea (Speight 2020). Research and monitoring are needed to better understand its population and population trend. Education and communication about the species would also be beneficial.   This species is categorized as Vulnerable in Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Near Threatened in Belgium (INBO 2020) and Least Concern in Finland (FinBIF 2020), Norway (NBIC 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020).",This species is not known to be utilized or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C. & Rojo, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eristalis,similis,,Eristalis similis,"(Fallén, 1817)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This forest-dwelling, migratory species is considered to be widespread and common in some countries across Europe. Its population is thought to be stable, increasing in some areas. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are  far above the thresholds to be considered for any threatened category. This species is therefore categorized as Least Concern in both the EU27 and Europe. More monitoring and research is needed on its population  trends and threats. Education and increased communication about the  species would also be beneficial.",Stable,"This species can be found in Europe from Finland in the north to the Mediterranean basin in the south (including islands), and from Britain (central England) eastwards through central Europe to European Russia and Turkey-in-Europe (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above the thresholds to be considered for any of the threatened categories. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Belarus and Estonia) and so it is not possible  at this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species.  This species has been noted in the following checklists: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Bulgaria (Tóth 2014), Croatia (Jelicić et al. 2010), Cyprus (van Steenis 2019), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Estonia (Kuznetzov 1993), Finland (FinBIF 2020), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Greece (Including Crete) (Vujić et al. 2020), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Italy (Burgio et al. 2015), Latvia (Kuznetzov 1993), Luxembourg (van Steenis 2006), Montenegro (van Steenis et al. 2015), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Norway (Nielsen 1999), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Portugal (van Eck 2016), European parts of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Slovenia (van Steenis et al. 2013), Spain (Including Balearic Islands and Gibraltar) (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), Sweden (Bartsch 2009), Ukraine (Popov Pers. Comm. 2020) and United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000).  The global range extends to Turkey, North Africa and Asia (Speight 2020).","There is some data suggesting that this species is increasing in some countries like Germany (Speight 2018) and Norway (Nielsen et al. 2012). It is a common species in Netherlands, but with a fluctuating population, possibly caused by the migrant character of the species (Reemer et al. 2009). In Greece is considered common and very widespread (Vujić et al. 2020), and it is very widespread in Spain too (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017).","The preferred habitat for this species is a wide variety of forests: mature deciduous Fagus and Quercus forest, Mediterranean evergreen forest, Evergreen Oak and Cork Oak (Quercus ilex/Quercus suber) forest, and conifer forests of Abies, Picea and Pinus.  In southern Europe, adults have been found commonly in surrounding vegetation of crops (for example Diplotaxis erucoides and Almond trees).  The developmental stages were described by Pérez-Bañón et al. (2013) and the larvae used for the description were found in streams rich in organic matter (waste from an olive processing factory); pupation took place near the streams above the water level. Adults can be seen flying between March and August in most of the European territory except in the south, where their flight period starts in February and ends in November. They normally visit flowers such as Angelica, Buxus, Chaerophyllum, Convolvulus, Crataegus, Euonymus, Hypericum, Mentha, Parnassia, Ranunculus, Salix, Sambucus, Sorbus and Tilia. This species has migrant characteristics. All of this information has been extracted and updated from Speight (2020).","The threats to this species mainly affect its larval and adult habitat: forest and aquatic habitat within forests. Deforestation caused by unsustainable forestry practices is the most feasible threat in Northern and Central Europe, and fire is more likely in southern areas of Europe, together with modifications of the quantity of water in the streams by drainage and drought - this last could be increased by climate change (Janssen et al. 2017).","Conservation actions should be focused on preservation of the adult and larval habitats to avoid decline. More monitoring and research is needed on population trends and threats. Education and increased communication about the species would also be beneficial. This species can travel great distances and in countries such as Denmark, Finland, Sweden and Norway, it is only present for short periods of the year when it migrates to the South of these countries. This species is categorized as Least Concern in Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020).",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C. & Rojo, S.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eristalis,tecta,,Eristalis tecta,"Vujić, Radenković, Nielsen and Šimić, 2004","The proper identification of this species, which is very similar to Eristalis nemorum (and Eristalis interrupta), is only possible using the specific key (Vujić et al. 2004).",Yes,CR,,No,NA,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR) EU27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)  This species is currently known from two records in North Macedonia, where it has been found on Kožuf Mountain, making it endemic to Europe. It is not known to occur in the EU27 region. It has a preference for beech woodlands that have freshwater habitats, but more research is needed on its biology and ecology. There is a continuous decline in the quality of the habitat; the number of locations is limited to one, based on the main threat of development and human activities; the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 10 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km2. Therefore, it is categorised as Critically Endangered for Europe and as Not Applicable for the EU27, though its absence from adjacent parts of Greece requires confirmation through further studies. Even though only two specimens have been recorded, it is considered highly likely that this species is only found on the one mountain and is endemic to this area. However, lots of further research and monitoring is needed to understand the distribution, habitat and threats to this species better.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe (Speight 2020), where it is only known from Kožuf Mountain in southern North Macedonia (Vujić et al. 2004). Based on the available information, it is endemic specifically to this mountain and is unlikely to be found elsewhere (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019); although the mountain range forms the border with Greece, Greece is well-studies, and it has not been recorded there as yet. It has been found twice (two males) on the same mountain in two different years (1956, 1957). There have been no systematic surveys recently to establish its presence, but it is considered likely to still be present. The area of occupancy (AOO) is calculated to be about 8 km2 and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be approximately 10 km2.","Only two individuals of this species have ever been found (in 1956 and 1957), found about 10 km apart. It is difficult to identify, as there are many similar species. Because of the paucity of records, the population trend is also unknown.","This species is present in Fagus forests of a moderate climate that also have freshwater, such as streams and rivers. One individual was recorded at a relatively high elevation, and the other was lower down. The developmental stages are unknown, but it is presumed that the larva is an aquatic saprophage (feeding on decaying material), as the other species belonging to this genus. The adults fly between April and June. This information has been summarized from Vujić et al. (2004).",This species is threatened by recreational human activity near the river and streams around the mountain. A new ski centre was recently built on the mountain that increases this disturbance.,"There are no conservation measures currently in place for this species. It may benefit from protection of natural water areas close the known localities, but further research is needed to establish the specific habitat requirements and threats to this species. In addition, research into the population trends and monitoring is required. Education and communication about the importance of this species as a pollinator would be beneficial. Kožuf Mountain on which this species is known from is a natural reserve.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Smit, J. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C., Rojo, S., Campoy, A., Barkalov, A., Mazanek, L. & Vujić, A.","Lillo, I.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eristalis,tenax,,Eristalis tenax,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a widely distributed and abundant species across the European and EU27 regions. It is found in a wide variety of habitats and is highly tolerant of human environments. As a larva it lives in aquatic habitats, and as an adult it feeds on a wide range of flowers. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values in Europe and the EU27 are far above the thresholds for any threatened category, and therefore it is categorized as Least Concern in the EU27 and Europe. This species would benefit from monitoring and research of its population  size, trends and threats. It would also be beneficial  to educate and communicate about its importance as a  pollinator.",Stable,"Eristalis tenax is the most widely distributed hoverfly species in the world. In general, it is present in all the biogeographical regions except the Antarctic, and throughout Europe except in the far north. It occasionally reaches the offshore islands of northern Europe, such as the Faroes. It is highly migratory (Francuski et al 2013), found in many human-managed landscapes. All this information has been obtained and updated from Speight (2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above the thresholds for any threatened category.  This species has been recorded from the following European countries: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Bulgaria (Tóth 2014), Croatia (Jelicić et al. 2010), Cyprus (van Steenis 2019), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Estonia (Kuznetzov 1993), Faroe Islands (Jensen 2001), Finland (FinBIF 2020), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Greece (Including Crete) (Vujić et al. 2020), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Ireland (Speight 2008), Italy (Including Sardinia and Sicily) (Burgio et al. 2015), Latvia (Kuznetzov 1993), Lithuania (Pakalniškis et al. 2006), Luxembourg (van Steenis 2006), Madeira (Borges et al. 2008), Malta (Ssymank and Ebejer 2009), Montenegro (van Steenis et al. 2015), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Norway (Nielsen 1999), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Portugal (van Eck 2016), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), European parts of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Slovenia (van Steenis et al. 2013), Spain (Including Columbretes, Balearic and Canary Islands) (Pérez-Bañón et al. 2003; Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), Sweden (Bartsch 2009), Switzerland (CSCF 2020), Turkey (Tóth 2013), Ukraine (Popov pers. com. 2020) and United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000).","This species is cosmopolitan, highly migratory and widespread across Europe and the EU27. It is considered common in many countries, e.g. Ireland (Speight 2008), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011), UK (Ball and Morris 2000), Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017) and Greece (Vujić et al. 2020). It is one of the most common and most widely distributed species of all hoverflies. The population trend is stable in Europe and the EU27.","This species is highly tolerant of human environments and could even be described as ubiquitous. The developmental stages have been described many times; for example, by Pérez-Bañón et al. (2013), and compared with other species by Campoy et al. (2017). The larvae are found in a wide range of aquatic habitats with a high quantity of decaying organic matter. It is very common in human-managed environments. It hibernates as an adult, and can be seen flying around between February and November, visiting a huge range of flowers. It is also highly migratory. The adults can be found in a wide variety of natural, semi-natural and anthropogenic landscapes, close to larval habitats including grasslands. All of this information has been summarised and updated from Ball and Morris (2000), Speight (2008 and 2020) and Vujić et al. (2020).","There are not many threats known to be currently affecting this species. Nevertheless, the indiscriminate use of plant protection products in agricultural and livestock management also contaminates water resources and may cause some negative effect to its population.","As this species is widespread and does not appear to be experiencing any significant threats, there are no conservation actions being currently implemented or recommended.  However, it would benefit from monitoring of and research into its population size, trends and threats. It would also be beneficial to educate and communicate about its importance as a pollinator (Jarlan et al. 1997). It has been categorized as Least Concern in Belgium (INBO 2020), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019), Norway (NBIC 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020).","This species is a good pollinator, and is artificially reared and used in the pollination of commercial crops (Jarlan et al. 1997, Francuski et al. 2014, Campoy et al. 2019).","García, M.A.M. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C. & Rojo, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,alpinus,,Eumerus alpinus,"Rondani, 1857","The species belongs to Eumerus olivaceus group. E. alpinus Rondani, 1857 was resurrected from synonymy of E. olivaceus Loew, 1848 and considered a good species by Grković et al. (2015). Until than the name of E. olivaceus was used for both species.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This European endemic species is assessed as Least Concern both globally and for the EU 27 Member States since it has a relatively large distribution throughout Europe and the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. Frequent fires caused by human negligence and climate change as well as overgrazing in montane grasslands pose a threat to this species. Further research about taxonomy, population size, distribution and trends, threats, and life history and ecology are needed for this species. Monitoring of the population trends of this species is also needed and no immediate conservation actions are required.",Unknown,"This is a largely Mediterranean species, endemic to Europe. It occurs over much of Spain, at up to 1,000 m in the Pyrenees, in southern France from Dordogne and the Atlantic coast, to Italy and Tessin in southern Switzerland, and east to parts of former Yugoslavia (Speight 2018). It has also been recorded in Sicily, where the extremely similar and endemic species Eumerus olivaceus occurs, as well as in the north of Greece and on Lesvos. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of the species in Europe and in the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.","The population trend and size in the EU 27 and in Europe is unknown for this species. The species could be common locally, but its population is most likely very fragmented since the species lives in open terrain from the coast to mountain pastures (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","The species prefers well-drained, unimproved, permanent pasture, from montane pasture to sea level and open areas within deciduous Fagus and Quercus forest. The species is found in open areas with sparse ground vegetation and in more or less complete ground cover of grasses and Pteridium. The species flies fast and low, settling in the sun on bare soil, stones, and low vegetation. Adults also visit flowers of Potentilla erecta, Ranunculus and white umbellifers (Speight 2020). Developmental stages of the species are not described, but Speight and Garrigue (2014) reared the species (as Eumerus olivaceus) from larvae found in tubers of Asphodelus albus and Asphodelus ramosus, and they provided a coloured photo of the puparium. The apparently mature larvae overwinter in decaying Asphodel tubers and the puparial phase lasts between two and four weeks (Speight and Garrigue 2014).",Frequent fires caused by human negligence and climate change as well as overgrazing in montane grasslands pose a threat to this species (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). No immediate conservation actions are required.,"There are no known conservation actions in place currently. There are no conservation actions required for the species currently. Further research about taxonomy, population size, distribution and trends, threats, and life history and ecology are needed for the species (Grković et al. 2015). Monitoring of the population trends of the species is also needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,amoenus,,Eumerus amoenus,"Loew, 1848",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Eumerus amoenus is assessed as Least Concern since its range is relatively large and the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. The species usually occurs in natural unimproved ecosystems, but it can also be found as a secondary pest in onion bulbs, which is why it is quite common in some parts of the area. The species is listed as Critically Endangered in Germany, where it is situated on the northern border of the species' distribution (Ssymank et al. 2011). Further research into threats and the monitoring of population trends is required for this species.",Stable,"The species is widely distributed in Europe, from the Iberian Peninsula (mainland Portugal and Spain), through central and southern France, and through the Mediterranean Basin to European Turkey, including the Mediterranean islands (e.g., Cyprus, Rhodes, and Crete). Its range extends in the European region around the northern parts of the Black Sea and to southern European Russia. It is present in the Canary Islands, in the Azores, as well as in southern Germany, Austria, Switzerland and central Europe.  Outside of Europe, the species is also known from Morocco, the Caucasus region in Kazakhstan, Turkestan, Tajikistan, Mongolia, and Asia (Speight 2018). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of the species in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.","There is no information about the population size of this species, but the species is believed to be stable in the EU 27 and in Europe. Due to the fact that the species larvae develop in onion bulbs (Efflatoun 1922, Assem and Nasr 1967), the species is quite common in some parts of its range.","The species prefers warm-dry Quercus forest and unimproved, permanent grassland with an overgrowth of taller vegetation such as Pteridium. It is found in hedges and edges of crop fields and vegetable gardens in southern Europe. It flies among low-growing vegetation at up to one meter from the ground, often in partially-shaded conditions, for example hedges, bramble patches, and bracken stands. In the sun, it settles on leaves and on pathside vegetation, for example the main stem of a Pteridium frond or on the ground. On the ground, the species uses short vegetation rather than bare soil or stones to settle on (Speight 2018). Adults visit Smyrnium olusatrum (Ssymank 2012). Efflatoun (1922) records that the species has been reared from potato tubers, water melon, grapes, rotten paw-paw, and damaged rhizomes of Iris germanica. It has also been reared from Allium in the vicinity of Bordeaux (Speight 2018). The larvae commonly damages onion crops in Egypt (Assem and Nasr 1967).","Natural habitat loss as a consequence of urbanization and agriculture affects this species (EEA 2016), but due to the fact that it can also be found as a secondary pest in onion bulbs (Efflatoun 1922, Assem and Nasr 1967), it is assumed that the population is not under threat.","There has been no known conservation actions for this species and no conservation actions are needed to preserve this species. The species is listed as Critically Endangered in Germany, where it is situated on the northern border of its distribution (Ssymank et al. 2011). Research on threats and the monitoring of population trends is required. Currently, no conservation actions are needed to preserve this species.",This species is not used or traded.,"Hayat, R. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,argyropus,,Eumerus argyropus,"Loew, 1848",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large range and the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and in the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. The species prefers forest and open ground. While the species usually occurs in natural unimproved ecosystems, frequent fires caused by human negligence and climate change as well as overgrazing in grasslands pose a threat to its habitat. Further research into its life history and ecology and threats as well as monitoring of the population trends is needed.",Stable,"The species is found in central and southern Spain (including the Balearic Islands), Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean parts of France, the Rhone valley in Switzerland, mainland Italy and Sardinia, the Balkan states, Greece (mainland, Crete and the eastern Aegean), Cyprus, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine and the European part of Turkey.  Outside of Europe, it is also found in the Caucasus Mountains (Speight 2018). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of the species in the EU 27 and in Europe are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.","There are no data on the population trends of this species, but the species is assumed to be stable in the EU 27 and in Europe. It is observed to be common in Mediterranean habitats (Grković et al. 2015).","The species prefers forest and open ground. It is found in dry Pinus matorral shrubland and semi-arid, stony, unimproved grassland. It is also found in hedgehog heath and field margins (Speight 2018). Van Steenis et al. (2019) stated that the species could be ""...most abundantly found along the Appides stream in the Troodos Mountains on Cyprus flying through the vegetation, sometimes close to Naked Ladies (Colchicum) flowers"".",Frequent fires caused by human negligence and climate change as well as overgrazing in montane grasslands pose a threat to this species (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). No immediate conservation actions are required.,"The species is protected under the Serbian legislation (Code on declaration and protection of strictly protected and protected wild species of plants, animals and fungi, “Official Gazette of RS”, no. 5/2010). There are no other known conservation actions and no immediate conservation actions are required. Further research about its life history, ecology and threats, as well as monitoring of population trends are required.",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,armatus,,Eumerus armatus,"Ricarte and Rotheray, 2012",,No,VU,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  The species is a Mediterranean species that in the European region is found on the eastern Mediterranean islands including Cyprus. The species prefers rocky and sparsely vegetated ground. It is assessed as Vulnerable for Europe and for the EU 27 Member States since it has a very restricted geographic range in Europe and EU 27 with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 48 km² and it only occurs in six locations. There is also a continuing decline in the quality of the species' habitat due to human pressure on Mediterranean ecosystems and because of the impact of fire, which is increased due to climate change. It is unknown whether there is a rescue effect from subpopulations outside the assessment region.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is restricted to Cyprus and the eastern Aegean islands (Rhodes, Lesvos and Samos) of Greece close to Turkey (Ricarte et al. 2012, Grković et al. 2015). In Europe and in the EU 27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 80,132 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) around 48 km2. It is found in six locations.  Its range extends out of Europe to southwest Anatolia in Turkey (Ricarte et al. 2012, Grković et al. 2015). It is found between 0 m and 520 m above sea level.","There is no information about the population size of the species and the current population trend in Europe. In the places where it occurs, there seems to be relatively well-established subpopulations (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","The species prefers rocky and poorly vegetated ground, and can be found in old quarries or on roadside vegetation (Ricarte et al. 2012). The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies occur in fleshy parts of bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records for the larval stages of this species.","The Mediterranean Basin is one of the most fire-prone regions in the world and due to climate change, forest fires are expected to become more frequent and have a higher impact on the subpopulations. Other main threats are overgrazing and the development of the tourism industry, which has exposed areas of the coastline to intense pressure from land-use change (CEPF 2010).","There are no known conservation actions for this species so far but site and resource protection are recommended. The species occurs in some point localities within Greek Natura 2000 sites such as on the island of Lesvos in Voreia, Kolpos Geras, and Eli Ntipi Kai Charamida sites and on the island of Samos in Oros Kerketefs - Mikro Kai Megalo Seitani - Dasos Kastanias Kai Lekkas, Akr. Katavasis - Limenas sites (European Environment Agency 2020).   Site and area protection as well as resource and habitat protection are the conservation actions needed for this species. Further research about taxonomy, population size, distribution and trends, life history and ecology, and threats is needed. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is required.",This species is not used or traded.,"De Groot, M & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.","Sommaggio, D. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,aurofinis,,Eumerus aurofinis,"Grković, Vujić and Radenković, 2015",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  The species is a Mediterranean species that in the European region is found on three eastern Aegean Greek islands. It is assessed as Endangered (EN) because it has a very restricted geographic range in Europe with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 68 km2, and is found in five locations, all located on fragile Mediterranean island ecosystems. There is also a continuing decline in the quality of the species' habitat due to forest fires as a result of climate change, overgrazing, and the development of the tourism industry, which has exposed areas of coastline to intense pressure from land-use change, such as vineyards expansion (CEPF 2010). There are less than 50 findings of this species so far, all recorded after 2010. Area, resource and habitat protection and habitat and natural process restoration are conservation actions needed. Targeted research is necessary to assess the population size and gather more information about this species' taxonomy, population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats. It is unknown if there is a rescue effect from populations outside the assessment area.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is found on the eastern Mediterranean islands of Lesvos, Samos, and Rhodes in Greece. In Europe and the EU 27, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 6,634 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) around 68 km2. It is estimated to occur in only five locations. It is found from sea level up to 700 m above sea level.  Outside of Europe, the species is found in the Muğla and Bozdağ Mountains in southwestern Anatloia in Turkey (Grković et al. 2015). It is a recently described species and may be found in other areas, but it is typically eastern Mediterranean. It is a relatively large and conspicuous species which has been regularly monitored since 2010.","There is no information about population size for this species, since all findings are from 2010 and later, but it is considered rare based on fewer than 50 findings in total, despite regular monitoring (Grković et al. 2015, Vujić et al. 2020).","The species is generally found in clearings in forests, but has also been found near the edges of vineyards (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). The host plant is unknown, but is probably restricted in its distribution. The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies occur in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records for the larval stages for this species.","The Mediterranean Basin is one of the most fire-prone regions in the world and due due to climate change, forest fires are expected to become more frequent and have a higher impact. Other main threats are overgrazing and the development of the tourism industry, which has exposed areas of coastline to intense pressure from land-use change, such as vineyards expansion (CEPF 2010).","There are no known conservation actions for this species so far. It occurs at Natura 2000 sites on Lesvos (Paraktioi Ygrotopoi Kai Kolpos) and Samos (Oros Ampelos (Karvounis), Oros Kerkis, and Oros Kerketefs ) (European Environment Agency 2020). Area, resource and habitat protection, and habitat and natural process restoration, are the conservation actions needed. Further research about taxonomy, population size, distribution, trends, life history and ecology, and threats of this species is needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"De Groot, M & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.","Vujić, A. & Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,azabense,,Eumerus azabense,"Ricarte and Marcos-Garcia, 2018",,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"The species is found in typical dehesa in western Spain. It is assessed as Critically Endangered due to its small area of occupancy (AOO) of 4 km2 and because the species only occurs in one location, which is threatened by pasture intensification, droughts caused by climate change, trees dying off and the lack or shortage of regeneration of the tree layer. This is thus causing a continuing decline in the quality of the species' habitat. Less than 20 records exist for the species. Further research is required on its population size, distribution and trends, life history and ecology, and threats. Habitat protection is recommended to preserve this species.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, where it is known from a single locality, the Reserva Biologica Campanarios de Azaba in western Spain, despite the area being well explored (Ricarte et al. 2018). The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 4 km2. It is found at 800 metres above sea level.","There is no information about the population trend for this species. It is a quite large and noticeable species (Ricarte et al. 2018), and yet only a few specimens have been recorded since 2010, in a single locality: it is therefore considered extremely rare.","The species is found in the Biological Reserve of ‘Campanarios de Azaba’, a typical dehesa (a multifunctional agrosylvopastoral system and cultural landscape) of Salamanca, western Spain. This reserve extends to 522 ha. The dominant trees are Holm Oak (Quercus rotundifolia) and Pyrenean Oak (Quercus pyrenaica), and the overall tree density is 39 trees/ha (Ricarte et al. 2018).","Threats to Oak dehesa are pasture intensification, droughts caused by climate change and trees dying off. The lack or shortage of regeneration of the tree layer is also recognised as one of the major threats for Oak dehesa in Spain (Olea and San Miguel-Ayanz 2006). The specific threat at the known locality is habitat loss due to land conversion with poor management of habitats, such as overgrazing (A. Ricarte pers. comm. 2019).","The area where the species is found is included in the Natura 2000 Network (ES0000202 Campo de Azaba, an Special Protection Area (SPA) under the Birds Directive and a Site of Community Importance (SCI) under the Habitats Directive), catalogued as 'Reserva Entomológica' (Entomological Reserve) by the Asociación Española de Entomología (European Environment Agency 2020). Further research is required about its population size, distribution and trends, life history and ecology, and threats. Monitoring is required for population trends as well. Habitat protection is recommended to preserve this species.",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.","Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,banaticus,,Eumerus banaticus,"Nedeljković, Grković and Vujić, 2019",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",No,CR,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR) EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)  The species is assessed as Critically Endangered in Europe since its area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km2, extent of occurrence (EOO) is 35 km2 and the population is considered to be severely fragmented. There is a continuing decline in the habitat quality and in the area of occupancy of the species due to intensive agricultural activities.  The species is assessed as Critically Endangered in the EU 27 since its area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are 4 km2 and it is only found in one location. There is a continuing decline in the habitat quality and in the area of occupancy of the species due to intensive agricultural activities.  This species is a typical inhabitant of steppe areas, which have almost entirely disappeared in Europe. Monitoring of the subpopulations as well as the monitoring and protection of the species' habitat are needed. Further research on life history and ecology of the species is also needed.",Unknown,"The species is endemic to Europe, where it is found only in the Banat province, part of the Pannonian plain of northern Serbia and western Romania (Grković et al. 2019). The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 8 km2 and the extent of occurrence (EOO) around 35 km2. In the EU 27, the area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are estimated to be around 4 km2. Furthermore, in Europe the species occurs in two locations, but only in one location in the EU 27. It is found between 72 and 90 metres above sea level.","There is no information about population size for this species, and thus the overall trend and the population size are unknown. In total, just 25 specimens have been found: 24 in 2012 in Romania, and one in Serbia in 2016 (Grković et al. 2019). The subpopulations are small and isolated, and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization because the surrounding region is composed of areas of intensive agriculture, and so exchange of individuals is very unlikely. The population is therefore also considered to be severely fragmented.","The larva should feed on plants, presumably developing in bulbs or other infested underground organs, like other congeneric species (Speight et al. 2020). Adults have been found on trackside vegetation within typical Pannonian Steppe grassland, and also visit Conium maculatum (A. Vujić pers. obs. 2020).","Grassland steppe habitat, the typical habitat of the species, have almost entirely disappeared in Europe (IUCN 2019). Intensive agriculture in the area represents the most significant threat, and due to agricultural activities, the quality of the habitat is degrading. There is a continuing decline in the available habitat for this species because of extensive tillage of the land. The use of herbicides and pesticides on crops is also present as an influence on the habitat, because the species is found in the immediate proximity of cropland (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).","The locality where this species was found in Serbia is in the immediate proximity of the Special Nature Reserve Pašnjaci velike droplje. Although the surrounding areas are protected, agriculture in this area is intensive, as it is in the locality in Romania. In Romania, the species occurs at the Natura 2000 site called Mlaștina Satchinez. The species would benefit from a restriction of agricultural activities. It is recommend that this species is added to the National list of protected species, and that the area and habitat on which it relies is protected. Furthermore, increasing awareness and communication about this species would be beneficial. Additional research on population size, distributions and trends, life history and ecology, and threats of this species is required. Finding out the exact host plant for the development of the larvae is particularly important. Further monitoring of the population and habitat trends is also required. Appropriate conservation planning, more specifically developing an area-based management plan would further benefit the species.",This species is not used or traded.,"De Groot, M & Eggert, F.","Miličić, M. & Grković, A.","Popov, G., Radenković, S., Sommaggio, D. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,barbarus,,Eumerus barbarus,"(Coquebert, 1804)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Within the European region, the species is found in the Mediterranean Basin around Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, and Malta. It species prefers forest habitats along seasonal rivers and streams. It is assessed as Least Concern because of its relatively large range and presumably stable population. The species usually occurs in natural unimproved ecosystems and is probably affected by habitat loss. Further research into the species' taxonomy, population, distribution and trends and threats is needed.",Stable,"Within the European region, this species is known from southern mainland Portugal, Spain (mainland and the Balearic Islands), the Mediterranean coast of France and peninsular Italy, and the Mediterranean islands of Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, and Malta.  Outside of Europe, it is found in North Africa, from Morocco to Egypt, as well as in Lebanon (van Steenis et al. 2017, Speight 2018). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and in the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.","There are no data about population trends for this species, but its population is presumably stable for now, based on observations (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","The species prefers forest habitats along seasonal rivers and streams in open maquis of Cistus florida and Quercus pyrenaica, a scrubland vegetation of the Mediterranean region, and lentisc scrub. It is also found around the edge of wetlands such as marshes, and in open ground of sparsely-vegetated, unimproved dry grasslands. In forests, it is found in Olea europaea maquis with thickets of Opuntia ficus indica. Adults fly low over ground vegetation. They settle on bare ground, visit umbellifers (Speight 2018) and other plants such as Chrysanthemum (Ebejer 1988), Hedera and Thapsia (Marcos-Garcia 1985). Early stages of Eumerus hoverflies are found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records of the larval stages of this species.","This Mediterranean species is affected by land degradation due to overgrazing, urban tourism development, and frequent fires caused by human negligence and climate change (CEPF 2010).","No conservation actions have been implemented for this species so far. Further research into its taxonomy, population, distribution and trends, and threats is needed. Monitoring of the population trends is also required. Currently, no conservation measures are needed to preserve this species.",This species is not used or traded.,"Hayat, R. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,basalis,,Eumerus basalis,"Loew, 1848",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The species is assessed as Least Concern for Europe and for the EU27 Member States because of its relatively large range across the Mediterranean region, the Balkan Peninsula, European Turkey and Ukraine, where it may be common and because its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and in the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. The species prefers broad-leaved, evergreen forest, and Mediterranean shrub formations. The species usually occurs in natural unimproved ecosystems and is affected by fires and water shortages due to climate change and habitat loss due to land degradation caused by urban development, commercial and industrial areas and coastal tourism development. Research into the threats of the species and monitoring of the population trends are needed. The species population trend is presumed to be stable.",Stable,"This species is found in Mediterranean parts of Europe, from north-eastern mainland Spain, southern France and Corsica, to Greece (including Crete and Rhodes), and east to Romania, Ukraine, and European Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of the species in Europe and in the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.  The range of the species extends out of the Europe region to Iran (Sarıbıyık 2014, Speight 2018, Vujić et al. 2020).","There are no data on population size and trends of this species, but it is assumed to be stable. It is observed to be locally common (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","The species prefers broad-leaved, evergreen forest and high maquis scrubland of Quercus ilex. It is found in Mediterranean shrub formations, evergreen Mediterranean forest with Laurus nobilis, and dry forests of warm environments in general (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). Adults visit Smyrnium perfoliatum (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies can be found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems, and roots of various plants, but there are no records of the larval stages of this species.","Wildfires and water shortages due to climate change pose a major threat to the Mediterranean forests where the species occurs. Land degradation caused by urban development, commercial and industrial areas and coastal tourism development are also significant threats (CEPF 2010).","The species is protected under the Serbian legislation (Code on declaration and protection of strictly protected and protected wild species of plants, animals and fungi, “Official Gazette of RS”, no. 5/2010). No further conservation actions are required for this species at the moment. Research into the threats of the species and monitoring of the population trends are needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Hayat, R. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,bicornis,,Eumerus bicornis,"Grković, Vujić and Hayat, 2019",,No,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR) EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)    In Europe, the species is found only in one location in Greece, in high mountain pastures. Based upon the small geographic range of the species with an area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) of 4 km2 in Europe and the EU 27, with only one location, and a continuing decline of the habitat quality due to the construction of a ski centre and overgrazing in the area, the species is assessed as Critically Endangered. It is unlikely that there is a rescue effect from outside Europe, given the relict status of the species. The main conservation actions that are needed in order to preserve the species is resource and habitat protection and raising awareness about the level of endemism of the species and the fact that if its habitat is lost, it will disappear from Europe. Further research about the population size, distribution and trends, life history and ecology, and threats of the species is needed (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is currently known from a single small location in the Peloponnese Mountains in Greece (Grković et al. 2019). It appears to be a relict species, found on a high mountain in the Peloponnese Mountains. The species persists as a remnant of what was probably once a diverse and widespread population. In Europe and the EU 27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are estimated to be around 4 km2. It is estimated to occur in only one location, up to 1,704 m above sea level.  Outside of Europe, the species is also found in Turkey (Grković et al. 2019).","There is no information about the population size or trends of this species. Only 10 records exist from one single location in Europe, Chelmos Mountain on the Peloponnese Peninsula, in spite of repeated surveys across Greece (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019). These findings are from 2017. The species is presumed to be rare.","The species prefers open forest ground, open areas in Mediterranean Pinus forest and shrubland, and in Eastern Europe, more open, unimproved, semi-arid dry grassland (Vujić et al. 2020). It is connected with high mountain pastures, and has been found flying from June until September (Grković et al. 2019). The larvae presumably develop in bulbs or other infested underground organs.","The main threat to this species is tourism, due to the construction of a ski centre on the only known occurrence site in Europe. There is also intensive grazing in this area (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).","The main conservation actions needed to preserve this species are resource and habitat protection, and raising awareness about the importance of the European site and the fact that if its habitat is lost, it will disappear from Europe. It occurs in the Chelmos-Vouraikos National Park in Greece, which encompasses 12 Natura 2000 sites. Specifically, it is found within the Oros Chelmos Kai Ydata Stygos site. Further research about the population size, distribution and trends, life history and ecology, and threats of the species is needed (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).",This species is not used or traded.,"De Groot, M & Eggert, F.","Miličić, M. & Grković, A.","Sommaggio, D. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,bifurcatus,,Eumerus bifurcatus,"van Steenis and Hauser, 2019",,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"The species is species endemic to Spain, where it is found at only one location, in a high mountain pine forest. It is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has very a restricted extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of 12 km2. The quality of its habitat is continuously declining due to tourism activities, soil instability, and frequent fires. There is a need for area and habitat protection, awareness and communication, and implementation of legislation at a national level. Research into the species population size, distribution and trends, life history and ecology, and threats is required. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is also needed.",Unknown,"This European endemic hoverfly is found in the Sierra de Alcaraz and Puerto de las Crucetillas in Spain, between 1,000 and 1,500 m above sea level (Grković et al. 2019). It appears to be a relict species because it persists as a remnant of what was once probably a diverse and widespread population. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are estimated to be around 12 km2. It appears to occur only at one location, based on the known threats.",There are no data available on population size or trends. It has only been recorded at one location. Fewer than 10 specimens have been recorded so far (Grković et al. 2019).,"The species is found in mountainous areas with open pine-dominated forest of Pinus halepensis and Pinus nigra. It also lives in the undergrowth of Mediterranean maquis, the adults feeding on yellow and white flowering umbellifers (Grković et al. 2019).","The main threat to this species are forest fires caused by human negligence and climate change, overly intense and inadequately managed logging operations, and overgrazing (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). The species is also potentially affected by mountain tourism, ski facilities, and road construction, which are strongly degrading mountain forest ecosystems. Soil instability of steep mountain slopes, road construction, and clear-cutting operations have provoked serious landslides.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. It occurs in the Los Calares del Mundo y de la Sima Natural Park and Sierra de Alcaraz y Segura y cañones del Segura y del Mundo Natura 2000 site (natura2000.eea.europa.eu). All mapped localities are within the Sierra de Alcaraz y Segura y cañones del Segura y del Mundo Site of Community Importance (Habitats Directive)/Special Protection Area (Birds Directive).  Conservation actions needed include area and habitat protection, awareness and communication, and implementation of legislation at a national level. Research into the population size, distribution and trends, life history and ecology, and threats is required. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is also needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"De Groot, M & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.","Sommaggio, D. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,canariensis,,Eumerus canariensis,"Báez, 1982",,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"The species is assessed as Endangered since it is endemic to the Canary Islands and is found on only two islands, with old records from more than 30 years ago. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2 and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 382 km2. There is a continuing decline in the extent of and quality of its habitat due to goat overgrazing, agriculture, and tourism, resulting in two to four locations for the species. No details are known about the habitat or ecology of the species. Further research into the ecological preferences of the species as well as into its population, distribution, and trends might help preserve it. Monitoring of the species habitat trends is also required.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Canary Islands in Spain (Speight 2018), where it is found on the islands of Fuerteventura and Lanzarote. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 382 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2. It is found between 200 and 453 metres above sea level.","The population size and trend for this species remain unknown, due to a lack of information. All the records are from 1977, a total 17 specimens (Báez 1982) from two Canary islands. No targeted surveys have been conducted in order to find this species after its discovery.","The larva of this species presumably feeds on plants, developing in bulbs or other infested underground organs, like other species of this genus. No details are known about its habitat or ecology. The flight period of the adults is in February (Speight 2018).","So far, the species has only been found on two Canary Islands, both inhabited. There is a documented problem with overgrazing of feral and domestic invasive goats on Fuerteventura (Arevalo et al. 2012). Besides this, widespread subsistence agriculture and tourism due to the high tourist numbers on the island present additional pressure for this rare species (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).","There are no known conservation actions for this species so far. It occurs in protected areas within the Natura 2000 network. Conservation of damaged and fragmented habitat is needed, as well as the control of grazing of invasive goats that is causing further habitat destruction. Raising awareness about its rarity, as well as its listing in national legislation, are also needed. Further research into its ecological preferences as well as into its population, distribution and trends might help preserve it. Monitoring of habitat use is also required (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).",This species is not used or traded.,"De Groot, M & Eggert, F.","Miličić, M. & Grković, A.","Sommaggio, D. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,claripennis,,Eumerus claripennis,"Coe, 1957",,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  The species is endemic to the eastern Mediterranean island of Lesvos and Lake Ohrid in North Macedonia. It is assessed as Endangered because it has a very restricted geographic range with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 28 km2 and an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 2,065 km2, the number of locations is three to five with two to four being on Lesvos and one near the Lake Ohrid, where no specimens have been recorded since 1955, and a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat. There are less than 20 findings of the species so far. Targeted investigations are necessary to estimate population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it. There are no known conservation actions for the species so far. Further area and habitat protection is needed. Research on taxonomy, population size, distribution and trends, life history and ecology, and threats is needed for this species. Further monitoring of the population trends is also required.",Unknown,"The species is endemic to Europe, where it is known from two collections; from Lake Ohrid in North Macedonia (record from 1955; Coe 1957) and further research is required to see if it still occurs there), and from several areas on Lesvos Island in Greece (Ricarte et al. 2012). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,065 km2 and area of occupancy (AOO) 28 km2. The number of locations are three to five with two to four on Lesvos, and one near Lake Ohrid . It is found up to 1,200 m above sea level.","There is no information about population size and very few records exist for this species (Ricarte et al. 2012). There is a single record outside Lesvos, from 1955.","The species prefers open scrub areas along rivers and beside lakes (Speight 2018). The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies can be found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records of the larval stages of this species.","The Mediterranean Basin is one of the most fire-prone regions in the world, and due to climate change, forest fires are expected to become more frequent and have a higher impact (CEPF 2010). Other main threats are overgrazing and the development of the tourist industry, which has exposed areas of coastline to intense pressure from land-use change and pollution (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","There are no known conservation actions for this species so far, but area and habitat protection is needed. It occurs at a few Natura 2000 sites on Lesvos, such as at Kolpos Geras, Eli Ntipi Kai Charamida, Notiodythiki Chersonisos, and Apolithomendo Dasos Lesvou (natura2000.eea.europa.eu). The records from Lake Ohrid are within the Galichica National Park and Ohrid region World Heritage Site.  Further intensive surveys are needed to find new records between between Lake Ohrid and Lesvos, and to find possible subpopulations. Research on taxonomy, population size, distribution and trends, life history and ecology, and threats is needed for this species. Further monitoring of the population trends is also required.",This species is not used or traded.,"De Groot, M & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.","Sommaggio, D. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,clavatus,,Eumerus clavatus,"Becker, 1923",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is assessed as Least Concern for Europe and for the EU27 Member States because of its relatively large range across Europe; however, it is quite rare in eastern European countries. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. The species prefers the temperate forest of European beech. It is threatened mainly by changes in the precipitation pattern due to climate change and ozone air pollution. Monitoring of the population trends is required as well as further research into the species' life history and ecology and threats is needed.",Stable,"Within the European region, this species is found from north-western Spain, southern and northeast France to the south of Spain, as well as in Germany, Greece, the Danube floodplain in Romania, the Balkan countries, and Ukraine (Speight 2020).  The range of the species extends out of the European region to Anatolia in Turkey (R. Hayat pers. comm. 2019), the Caucasus region, and North Africa (Speight 2020, Vujić et al. 2020). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.","There are no data on population trends of this species, but it is assumed to be stable. It is observed to be rare, but could be locally common (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","The species prefers Fagus sylvatica forest. Adults fly low in and around the edges of thickets of Rubus in the sun, in clearings and open areas, settling on bare ground or low-growing plants (Speight 2018). The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies can be found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records of the larval stages of this species.","The habitat of this species is Beech forests, which are affected by an increase of periods of drought in summer and periods of heavy rain in spring and fall, with oxygen depletion in the soil caused by climate change, especially in the south (Rennenberg et al. 2004). Other main threats are pollution, particularly air pollution by tropospheric ozone which primarily damages the leaves (Cailleret et al. 2018). Currently, no conservation measures are required to preserve this species.","This species is protected under the Serbian legislation (Code on declaration and protection of strictly protected and protected wild species of plants, animals and fungi, “Official Gazette of RS”, no. 5/2010). In Germany, it is assessed as Critically Endangered (Ssymank et al. 2011). Monitoring of the population trends is required as well as further research into its life history, ecology and threats. Currently, no conservation measures are recommended to preserve this species.",This species is not used or traded.,"Hayat, R. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,consimilis,,Eumerus consimilis,"Šimić and Vujić, 1996",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This European endemic species is assessed as Least Concern globally and for the ERU Member States because of its relatively large range across the Mediterranean region in Europe; however being quite rare in western and eastern European countries. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. The species prefers open forest ground. It is affected by deforestation, habitat conversion into farmland, and urbanization. Resource and habitat protection are needed for this species. The population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats should be investigated.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, known from scattered records in mainland Portugal and Spain, then more widespread records through France and Italy to Greece in southeastern Europe (Speight 2020). The species is apparently absent from parts of the western Balkans, however this may be a result of a lack of survey. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and in the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.","There is no information about the population trend for this species. Overall, it is considered to be widespread, but rare in some parts of its range (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","The species prefers open forest ground. It lives in open, scrub-invaded areas and tracksides in well-drained, sandy hardwood forest, and warm-dry Oak (Quercus) forest. It also occurs beside rivers in karstic Downy Oak (Quercus pubescens) savanna. Adults visit Rock Rose (Helianthemum) flowers (Speight 2020). The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies can be found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records of the larval stages of this species.","This species is affected by deforestation, habitat conversion into farmland, and urbanization (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). No immediate conservation actions are required.","There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. The species likely occurs in protected areas across its range, and it is found in Sotos y Mejanas del Ebro in Spain (Ricarte et al. 2013) and Stura di Lanzo in Italy, which are part of the Natura 2000 network (D. Sommaggio pers. comm. 2020). It is found in the Đerdap National Park in Serbia and in Durmitor National Park in Montenegro, and also occurs in the area of the Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor Unesco World Heritage Site (whc.unesco.org). Resource and habitat protection are needed for this species. The population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats should be investigated.",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.","Sommaggio, D. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,crassus,,Eumerus crassus,"Grković, Vujić and Radenković, 2015",,No,VU,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  Within the European region, this Mediterranean species is found in Greece (the northeastern mainland and the eastern Mediterranean islands. It is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a very restricted geographic range in Europe and EU 27 with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 88 km². The number of locations are ten to fourteen. There is also a continuing decline in quality of its habitat due to human pressure on Mediterranean ecosystems. The species is threatened by forest fires as a result of climate change, overgrazing, and the development of the tourism industry, which has exposed areas of the coastline to intense pressure from land-use change. It is unlikely that there is a rescue effect from subpopulations outside the assessment area. In Europe and the EU 27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 26,761 km2. Using a precautionary approach, the assessors list this species as Vulnerable at present, but with a need for further investigation into population and habitat trends and threats.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is found in north-eastern mainland Greece and the eastern Aegean islands (Samos, Chios, Lesvos; Chroni et al. 2018). In Europe and the EU 27, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 26,761 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) about 88 km2.  Outside of the European region, the species occurs in Bozdağ and the Dilek Peninsula, in Anatolia (Turkey). It is found up to 900 m above sea level.","There is no information about the population trend for this species, but up to five individuals are usually recorded in one locality (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","The species prefers sparsely-vegetated, open areas in Mediterranean scrub and garrigue (Vujić et al. 2020). The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies are found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records of the larval stages of this species.","The Mediterranean Basin is one of the most fire-prone regions in the world and due to climate change, forest fires are expected to become more frequent and have a higher impact. Other main threats are overgrazing and the development of the tourism industry, which has exposed areas of the coastline to intense pressure from land-use change (CEPF 2010).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. It occurs at a few Natura 2000 sites in Greece, such as at Voreia Lesvos, Notiodytiki Chersonisos, Apolithomeno Dasos Lesvou, Lesvos Paraktioi Ygrotopoi Kai Kolpos Kallonis, Lesvos Kolpos Geras, Elos Ntipi Kai Oros Olympos – Potamos Evergetoulas, Voreia Chios and Samos: Oros Ampelos (Karvounis) (European Environment Agency 2020). Habitat and area protection are important conservation actions that are needed. Research into its taxonomy, population size, distribution and trend, life history, ecology and threats is required. Further monitoring of its population and habitat trends is also needed.",The species is not traded or utilized.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.","Sommaggio, D. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,dubius,,Eumerus dubius,"Báez, 1982",,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This species is endemic to Europe, where it is found on Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands. The species is assessed as Endangered since its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be less than 12 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 8 km2, and the species occurs at only two locations. Furthermore, there are only a few records of the species, and all the records belong to the material where it was originally described. The species' habitat is also experiencing a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat as a consequence of agricultural, urban, and industrial expansion in its area. There is a possibility that the species has already disappeared from the only island where it was found, since the succulent shrub lands where it lives largely retreated in the Canaries. Further research on taxonomy, life history, ecology, and population size, distribution, and trends are required, but more importantly - monitoring to find new specimens of the species. Raising awareness of rare and important species on the island and communication and protection of species at the national level are recommended as a conservation measure.",Unknown,"This species is a European endemic, found on Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands, Spain (Speight 2020). The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 8 km2 and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be less than 12 km2. The species only occurs at two locations.","The species is only known from Báez's material (1982), which consists of a few specimens. The population trend is unknown.","The type locality of this species is in the area of Spurge (Euphorbia) shrubland on rocky and scarcely developed soil (Aguilar et al. 2010). The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies are found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records of the larval stages of this species.","This species occurs in succulent communities where Spurge (Euphorbia) scrub occurs. This habitat has retreated greatly, sometimes with little possibility of recovery (Aguilar et al. 2010), as a consequence of agricultural, urban, and industrial expansion over its area.","There are no conservation actions for this species so far. It was found within the Amurga Habitat Directive Site on Gran Canaria (natura2000.eea.europa.eu). Research on its taxonomy, population size, distribution, trends, life history and ecology is needed to determine if the species still exists on the island. Monitoring of population trends is also required. Raising awareness of this rare and important species on the island, and communication and protection of the species at the national level, are recommended as conservation measures.",This is not utilized or traded.,"Hayat, R. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,etnensis,,Eumerus etnensis,"van der Goot, 1964",,Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  This European endemic species lives in forest and open ground of the Mediterranean area. It is assessed as Vulnerable since it has an area of occupancy (AOO) of 32 km2 and is found at seven locations. The most prominent threats are forest fires, overgrazing, and coastal tourism development in the Mediterranean area. There is also a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat due to human pressure on Mediterranean ecosystems. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 648,698 km2. The species is also considered VU for the EU Member States, with an AOO of 28 km2 and six locations.  Area and habitat protection is needed. Research into its taxonomy, population size, distribution, and trends, and threats is required. Monitoring of the species' population and habitat trends is also recommended.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, where it is known from mainland Portugal and Spain, Gibraltar, southern France, from the slopes of Mount Etna in Sicily, and from Malta (Speight 2018). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 648,698 km2 and the currently known area of occupancy (AOO) about 32 km2. The species is found at seven locations.",There is no information about the population trend of this species. There are very few records from all its known localities (Smit et al. 2004).,"This species prefers open forest ground, in open Castanea forests, Olea europaea maquis shrubland with Opuntia ficus indica thickets, and sparsely vegetated ground with Opuntia cactus. The egg, larva, and puparium of this species were described by Pérez-Bañón and Marcos-Garcia (1998) under the name Eumerus purpurariae. The larvae were found in the decaying stems of the introduced cactus Opuntia. The puparial phase lasts from two and a half to nearly four weeks. In southern Europe, larvae apparently occur throughout the year, as do the puparia. Adults visits Euphorbia flowers (Speight 2018).","This species is sensitive to the more frequent and devastating fires due to climate change, and also to overgrazing and coastal tourism development in the Mediterranean area (CEPF 2020).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. It is found in numerous Natura 2000 sites, such as at Ria Formosa / Castro Marim in Portugal, Rock of Gibraltar in Gibraltar, Sierras de Gádor y Enix and Illa de Tabarca in Spain and Fascia altomontana dell'Etna and Pineta di Adrano e Biancavilla on Sicily (European Environment Agency 2020). Area and habitat protection is needed. Research into its taxonomy, population size, distribution, trends and threats is required. Monitoring of its population and habitat trends is also needed.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.","Sommaggio, D. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,flavitarsis,,Eumerus flavitarsis,"Zetterstedt, 1843",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Within the European region, this species has a very wide distribution. The species is assessed as Least Concern because of its large range across the forest of Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and in EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. The species is common in central Europe but rare in southeast of the range. The species is under the threat of habitat loss due to urbanization, inadequate forest management and droughts. Additional research on life history and ecology as well as potential threats is needed. Furthermore, monitoring of its habitat trends is required.",Unknown,"This species is found from southern Norway, southern Sweden and southern Finland, southwards to the Pyrenees Mountains and Spain, and from the Netherlands and Belgium eastwards through central and southern Europe in Corsica, Italy, the Balkan states, Romania, and to European Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of the species in Europe and in the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.  Outside of Europe, it is found in Asia, continuing to the Pacific coast (Speight 2018).","There are no data about the population trends of this species. It is common in central Europe, but much rarer in the southeastern part of its range (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","This species prefers areas close to tiny brooks in deciduous forest, thermophilous Quercus forest and the lower levels of humid Fagus sylvatica forest, including alluvial hardwood Quercus forest sands and gravels (Speight 2018). Adults have been recorded visiting Potentilla erecta and Veronica chamaedrys (Bartsch et al. 2009). The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies are found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records of the larval stages of this species.","This species is under threat of habitat loss due to urbanization, inadequate forest management, and frequent droughts as a consequence of climate change (EEA 2016).","No conservation actions for this species have been implemented so far, and no conservation actions are required at present. Given that it is rare in some parts of its range, such as in southeastern Europe, additional research is needed on its life history and ecology, as well as potential threats. Monitoring of its habitat trends is required. The species can be found in several Natura 2000 sites in Europe, such as  at Údolí Otavy a Vltavy and Beskydy in the Czech Republic, Capçaleres  del Ter i del Freser in Spain, Kočevsko in Slovenia, and Ori Athamanon  (Neraida) in Greece (European Environment Agency 2020).",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Hayat, R. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,funeralis,,Eumerus funeralis,"Meigen, 1822",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The species is distributed across Europe, and the Palearctic realm in general. It is found in open ground, dry grassland and clearings in dry woodland. It also occurs in suburban gardens and land used for horticultural purposes. This species is assessed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, because the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and in the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category, and the species has a presumed large and stable population. Nonetheless, the species may be Endangered in some parts of its range such as in southeast Europe, thus, population trends need to be monitored.",Stable,"This species probably originated in the Mediterranean Basin but is becoming increasingly cosmopolitan. It is now known from much of the Palaearctic region. It can be found in all European countries, including the islands. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and in the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.  Outside of Europe, the species is found in North (except cold-climate zones) and South America. It has also been introduced into Australia and New Zealand (Speight 2018).","There are no data about the population trend for this species, but given that it is distributed in much of the Palearctic realm, its population is presumed to be stable. However, in southeast Europe it is quite rare and potentially at a risk of disappearing (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","This species prefers open ground, dry grassland, and clearings in dry woodland. It also occurs in suburban gardens and land used for horticultural purposes. It flies close to the ground, in sparsely vegetated grassland and woodland clearings, and over flowerbeds in gardens. It is fast-flying, settling often on bare ground or stones. Adults visit many flowers, including Bindweed (Convolvulus), Surge (Euphorbia), Strawberries (Fragaria), Ox-eye Daisy (Leucanthemum) and Buttercups (Ranunculus) (Speight 2018). The larva has been described by various authors, including Hodson (1927, 1932) and illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994): it feeds on damaged bulbs of Amaryllis (Amaryllis), Hyacinths (Hyacinthus) and Daffodil (Narcissus). It is classified as a minor pest of horticulture, but larvae are unable to complete their development in the absence of fungi infesting the bulbs (Creager and Spruijt 1935). It has not been established whether the larva carries the fungus it requires, enabling it to infect the bulb so as to provide itself with a food supply. This species overwinters as a larva (Brunel and Cadou 1994).","There are no major threats known for the species, but it may be Endangered in some parts of its range such as in Southeast Europe since it is quite rare there. Giving that it could develop in suburban ecosystems, it is not clear what poses a potential threat to this species (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","There are no current conservation actions in place for this species, and no conservations actions are needed at the moment. Since it is rare in southeast Europe, research about threats and the monitoring of its population trends are needed to obtain more information. The species occurs in several Natura 2000 sites in Europe, such as at  Karavanke in Slovenia, Ostoja Kozubowska in Poland, and Cheile Dobrogei  in Romania (European Environment Agency 2020). It is also found  in the Fruška Gora National Park in Serbia and Durmitor and Skadarsko  jezero National Parks in Montenegro.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Hayat, R. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,gibbosus,,Eumerus gibbosus,"van Steenis, Hauser and van Zuijen, 2017",,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This European endemic species is assessed as Endangered since it has a very restricted geographic range with an area of occupancy (AOO) of only 12 km2, is found in only two locations, and has a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat. The species is threatened due to the drying of its natural habitat with an increased risk of forest fires caused by climate change and human activities. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 365,586 km2. If research and surveys locate further localities, the species may require reassessment and potentially down listed to a lower threat category. For now, a precautionary attitude was used to list this species as Endangered. Further research into the population size, distribution and trends and threats is needed. Monitoring of the population trends is also required. Raising awareness of rare and important species and communication and protection of species at the national level are recommended as a conservation measure.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, where it is known from only two locations, one in southern Spain and one in southern Portugal (van Steenis et al. 2017, Speight 2020). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 365,586 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) about 12 km2.","This species is presumably extremely rare, since fewer than 20 specimen have been recorded and the area where the species is found is quite well explored (van Steenis et al. 2017). The population trend is unknown.","In Spain, this species can be found in low mountainous areas with open Pinus halepensis and Pinus nigra forest landscape that have an undergrowth of Mediterranean maquis shrubland and diverse yellow-and-white flowering Apiaceae (van Steenis et al. 2017). The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies are found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records of the larval stages of this species.","A decrease in precipitation due to climate change combined with the increased demand for water from tourism, agricultural practices and a growing population, is leading to the rapid loss of natural water sources and drought in the habitat of this species. Increasing risk of forest fires due to climate change (van Steenis et al. 2017) impact it. The larval stage is assumed to be dependent on bulb plants, which makes it particularly sensitive to these threats.","Both known localities are within the Natura 2000 network. The species occurs at the Vale do Guadiana National Park (Birds Directive and Habitats Directive) in Portugal, and Sierra de Alcaraz y Segura y cañones del Segura y del Mundo Habitat Directive Site in Spain (European Environment Agency 2020).  There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. Further research into its population size, distribution, trends and threats is needed. Monitoring of the population trends is also required. Raising awareness of rare and important species, and communication and protection of species at the national level, are recommended as conservation measures.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Hayat, R. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,grallator,,Eumerus grallator,"Smit, 2019",,Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"The species, which is endemic to Spain, is considered a rare species because less than 20 records exist for it. It is found in Oak dehesa. The species is assessed as Vulnerable due to its small area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and EU 27 of 28 km2, because it is only from six known locations, and because of a continuing decline in its habitat due to poor grassland management, trees drying-off, droughts caused by climate change, pasture intensification, and land conversion. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be around 154,985 km2. Site, resource, and habitat protection are needed. Raising awareness of this rare and important species and communication and protection of species at the national level are also recommended as conservation measures. Research into population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats as well as the monitoring of the population and habitat trends is required.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Spain, where it is known from six locations in central and southern Spain and from Burgos in the north (Grković et al. 2019). It could be extant in more localities, but this is unlikely since the species is relatively large and conspicuous, and therefore easily noticeable. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 154,985 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) about 28 km2.","The population trend is unknown for this species. All the records are from after 2000, and in total there are fewer than 20 records for this recently described species (Grković et al. 2019). It is a large, and hence relatively conspicuous and easily noticeable.","This species is found in Oak dehesa and mosaic landscapes generated after a long history of human use, where grassland, scrubland and woodland have been combined in the landscape (Ricarte et al. 2018). The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies are found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records of the larval stages of this species.","Threats to Oak dehesa habitat where this species is found include pasture intensification and droughts caused by climate change (which impacts tree survival). The lack or shortage of regeneration of the tree layer is also recognized as one of the major threats to this habitat in Spain (Olea and San Miguel-Ayanz 2006). Habitat loss due to land conversion, and the poor management of habitats (such as overgrazing), is probably the main threat.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. The Oak dehesa is a system protected by the 92/43/EEC Habitat Directive and included in the Natura 2000 network. This species would benefit from site, resource and habitat protection. Raising awareness of this rare and important species, and communication and protection of species at the national level, are also recommended as conservation measures. Research into its population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats, as well as the monitoring of population and habitat trends, is required.  The species occurs in numerous protected areas, including the following Natura 2000 sites: Serres  de Mariola i el Carrascal de la Font Roja, Carrizales y sotos de  Aranjuez, Sabinares Sierra de Cabrejas, Carrizales y sotos de  Aranjuez, Sierra de Loja, and Doñana Norte y Oeste (European Environment  Agency 2020).",The species is not utilized or traded.,"De Groot, M & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.","Vujić, A. & Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,grandis,,Eumerus grandis,"Meigen, 1822",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species prefers dry pine forests and large grassland area. It is assessed as Least Concern for Europe and EU 27 Member States in view of its wide distribution, but it is very rare and may be Endangered in some parts of its range, so populations need to be monitored and species' habitats should be protected. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species in Europe and EU 27 is significantly greater than the value for the application of a threatened category. The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and EU 27 is unknown. Further research into the population size, distribution, trends and threats to this species is needed. The species is considered to be Regionally Extinct in Germany and Endangered in Sweden.",Unknown,"This species is known from southern Finland eastwards through central Europe, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Slovenia (van Steenis et al. 2013), Montenegro, and Romania. In France it is known from the Alps, the Cevennes, the Pyrenees, and also from the mountainous parts of northern Spain (Speight 2018). In Greece it is known only from Mount Olympus (Vujić et al. 2020). It was found in southern Germany, but is considered to be extinct there now (Ssymank et al. 2011). Outside of Europe, the species is recorded from the Transcaucasia region in Armenia, and supposedly in Mongolia and China. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and EU 27 is significantly greater than the value for the application of a threatened category. The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is unknown.","There are no data about the population trends for this species. It is rare, but may be locally common (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","This species prefers dry Pinus salzmanni forest, herb-rich open areas in Abies and Fagus forests, and Pinus and Fagus forests, up into the Pinus uncinata zone in the Pyrenees (Speight 2018). Adults have been recorded visiting Sedum album (Bartsch et al. 2009) and Peucedanum cervaria (Ssymank and Lair 2014). In Slovenia, it is found in large grassland areas with flower-rich calcareous meadow with some scrub encroachment, with Fagus sylvaticus and Picea abies forests in the vicinity (van Steenis et al. 2013). The female has been observed ovipositing on the basal leaves of withered plants of Laserpitium latifolium (Sjöberg 2015). The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies are found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records of larval stages of this species.","The species could be threatened in some parts of its range, for example in southern Germany where it is considered to be Regionally Extinct. It is under threat from habitat loss due to urbanization, inadequate forest management, and frequent droughts as a consequence of climate change (EEA 2016).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species; however, site and area protection is needed. It is listed as extinct according to the German Red List (Ssymank et al. 2011). In Sweden, the species is assessed as Endangered (Artdatabanken 2020). Further research into its population size, distribution, trends and threats is needed. Monitoring of the population trends is also required. Some of the locations where the species occurs are included in the  Natura 2000 network, such as at Julijci and Krimsko hribovje -  Menišija in Slovenia, Domogled - Valea Cernei and Porțile de Fier in  Romania and Koryfes Orous Vora and Oros Olympos in Greece (European  Environment Agency 2020). It is also found in the Kopaonik  National Park in Serbia and in at least two national parks in Montenegro  - Prokletije and Durmitor.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Hayat, R. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,hispanicus,,Eumerus hispanicus,"van der Goot, 1966",,Yes,VU,B1ab(iii),Yes,VU,B1ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"The species is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and is classified as Vulnerable (VU) because it only occurs in fewer than ten locations, extending from Teruel to Alicante in mountainous Evergreen Oak forests and scrubland, which is severely affected by droughts and pathogens as well as logging, overgrazing, and fires. The species' habitat is thus experiencing a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 20,000 km2. Research on the species' population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats is required to get more knowledge about this species. Further monitoring of the population trends is also required.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to eastern Spain, where it occurs in mountainous habitats from Teruel to Alicante (A. Ricarte pers. comm. 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is expected to be less than 20,000 km2. The area of occupancy (AOO) is unknown. It is found in &lt;10 locations","There are no data about the population trends for this species, but it may be locally common (A. Ricarte pers. comm. 2020).","This species can be found in forest and scrubland. In particular, it is found in Quercus ilex and Quercus rotundifolia forest, and maquis shrubland (Marcos-Garcia pers. comm. in Speight 2018).","Severe periods of droughts due to climate change and the reoccurrence of pathogens induce Evergreen Oak (Quercus ilex) decline. Mediterranean  forests  dominated  by  the Holm Oak (Quercus rotundifolia) have  been  strongly  influenced  by  human  activities  during  the last  millennia  by  means  of  wood  exploitation,  species  mixture  modifications or substitution (such as with Aleppo Pine, Pinus halepensis), livestock grazing and fires (which have become more frequent due to climate change). All these disturbances have led to degradation, and in many cases Evergreen Oak forests have been completely replaced by agriculture and urban settlements (de Rigo and Caudullo 2016).","The species occurs within several Natura 2000 sites, such as at Sierra de Javalambre II and Serres de Mariola i el Carrascal de la Font Roja, Maigmó i Serres de la Foia de Castalla Aitana, and Serrella i Puigcampana (A. Ricarte pers. comm. 2020). There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. Research on its population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats is required. Further monitoring of population trends is also required.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Hayat, R. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.","Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,hispidus,,Eumerus hispidus,"Smit, Franquinho-Aguiar and Wakeham-Dawson, 2004",,Yes,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This European endemic species is restricted to the Madeira Archipelago, where it is known from two islands. It is found in open, dry, stony, and thinly-vegetated Madeiran landscapes up to the lower altitudes of the Laurisilva forest. The species is assessed since it has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of around 1,800 km2 and a small AOO (area of occupancy) of 128 km2, is only known between 10 and 15 locations, and has a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat. Expansion of invasive alien species and more frequent forest fires due to climate change as well as the construction of new roads are degrading its habitat. Further research is needed to determine whether this species should be included in a higher threat category. Further research is required to gain more knowledge about taxonomy, population size, distribution, trends, and threats affecting this species. Monitoring of the habitat trends is also needed. Raising awareness of rare and important species on the island and communication and protection of species at the national level are recommended conservation measures.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Madeira and Porto Santo in the Madeira Archipelago in Portugal (Speight 2018). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be about 1,800 km2, and area of occupancy (AOO) about 128 km2. It is known from 10 to 15 locations.","There are no data about the population trends of this species. Based on a relatively large number of records, the assessors assume that it is not rare on the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo (Smit et al. 2004).","This species prefers open ground and open, dry, stony, thinly-vegetated Madeiran landscapes up to the lower altitudes of the Laurisilva forest (J.T. Smit pers. comm. in Speight 2018). It also has a preference for field margins and Eucalyptus plantation forest (Barkemeyer 1999). Adults are usually found on stones, rocks, branches or leaves and in direct sunlight. Very often they are found in large numbers around and on Euphorbia bushes (J.T. Smit pers. comm. in Speight 2018). Adults have been recorded visiting Crithmum maritimum (Gomez and Báez 1990) and Euphorbia (J.T. Smit pers. comm. in Speight 2018). The developmental stages have not been described yet, but the larvae must feed on plants, as do other similar species, possibly in Euphorbia (Speight 2018).","Expansion of invasive alien species and forest fires, which are more frequent due to climate change, as well as the construction of new roads, represent the major threats to the habitat (IUCN 1999).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. Most of the population is distributed in the southern part of the island of Madeira, outside of Natura 2000 sites. Research is required to gain more knowledge about its taxonomy, population size, distribution, trends and threats. Monitoring of the habitat trends is also needed. Raising awareness of rare and important species on the island, and communication and protection of species at the national level, are the recommended conservation measures. There are only two records of the species inside the Natura 2000 sites,  one in Maciço Montanhoso Central da Ilha da Madeira, and one in Ponta de  S. Lourenço Habitats Directive Sites of Funchal on Madeira (European  Environment Agency 2020).",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Hayat, R. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,hungaricus,,Eumerus hungaricus,"Szilády, 1940",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  The species is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)) for both Europe and the EU27 Member States since it is considered have a severely fragmented population in Europe, has a small known area of occupancy (AOO) of only 132 km2 in Europe and less than 110 km2 in the EU 27, and has a continuing decline of its quality of habitat. Habitat loss due to monoculture plantations, extensive agriculture, and increasing urbanization is a major threat to this species. Problematic pest species and fires and droughts as a consequence of climate change, are other major threats to this species which prefers Oak scrubland, open grounds, and unimproved grasslands. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is estimated to be about 2,200,000 km2.   The species, which prefers scrub and open ground and patches of dry Oak scrub, or dry, sparsely-vegetated ground of open and unimproved grassland is very rare throughout Europe. Research on population size, distribution, and trends and the monitoring of the population trends is required to gain more knowledge for this species. Site/area and habitat protection is recommended to preserve this species. There is no rescue effect outside of the region.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is extant from southern Spain and Gibraltar to north and central France and to the central Mediterranean region. In northern Greece, it has been recorded on two mountains in the continental region (Vujić et al. 2020). The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is about 132 km2, occurring at 20 to 30 locations. The area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 27 is less than 110 km2 at 20 to 33 locations. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is estimated to be 2,200,000 km2.  Outside of the European region, the species has been found in the Anatolian region of Turkey and in North Africa as far as Morocco.","There are no data about the population trends of this species, but it is presumably rare in most of its range (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). The population is considered to be severely fragmented since subpopulations are small and isolated.","This species prefers scrub and open ground, patches of dry scrub Quercus cerris and Quercus pubescens and dry, sparsely-vegetated ground of open and unimproved grassland. The puparium was described by Ricarte et al. (2017) from specimens reared on bulbs of Narcissus confusus in Spain. According to this study, the larva overwinters in bulbs of the host plant. In France, adults have repeatedly been collected from localities where no species of  Narcissus is present anywhere in the vicinity, suggesting it can also use some other plants as a larval host (Speight 2018).","Habitat loss due to monoculture plantations, extensive agriculture and increasing urbanization is a major threat. Problematic pest species, and fires and droughts as a consequence of climate change, are other major threats to this species, which prefers Oak scrubland, open grounds, and unimproved grasslands (Frank 2008, A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. Research on population size, distribution, and the monitoring of population trends is required to gain more knowledge. Site or area measures, as well as resource and habitat protection, are recommended to preserve this species. It occurs at several Natura 2000 sites in Europe, such as at  Serres de Mariola i el Carrascal de la Font Roja and L'Albufera in  Spain; Massif du Puigmal and Combeynot - Lautaret - Ecrins in France;  Colli Berici, Laghi di Suviana e Brasimone and Massif Montagneux du  Cinto in Italy; Wachau - Jauerling in Austria and Koryfes Orous Vora  and Vouna Evrou- Potamos Lyras- Spilaia Didymoteichou Kai Kefalovounou  in Greece (European Environment Agency 2020). The species is also found  in Prespa National Park in North Macedonia and Durmitor National Park in  Montenegro.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Hayat, R. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,karyates,,Eumerus karyates,"Chroni, Grković and Vujić, 2018",,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"The distributional range of the species is limited to the Peloponnese Peninsula and the species is considered to be endemic to Greece. Considering that the species is found in only two locations, that its area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km2 and extent of occurrence (EOO) is around 20 km2, and because of a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to overgrazing, the species is assessed as Endangered. Monitoring of the species' population and habitat trends is also required. Site and habitat protection are required, as well as protection legislation at a national level.",Unknown,"This recently described species is only known from two point localities in the Peloponnese region in Greece, and it is considered endemic to this area (Chroni et al. 2018). The localities are about 20 km from each other. It may occur in other localities of the Peloponnese, but the chances are low since the species is quite large and conspicuous. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 20 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) at 8 km2. It was found between 900 and 1,200 m above sea level.","There is no information about the population size and trend. Only 10 records exist (Chroni et al. 2018), all of them from two localities in the Peloponnese region. In spite of many field investigations in this area, it has not been recorded again after its discovery in 2016, which implies it is rare.","The larvae presumably feed on plants, developing in bulbs or on other infested underground organs, like other species of the genus (Speight et al. 2020). It is found in typical Mediterranean shrubland, flying during May (Speight 2020). No further information about its ecology is known.",The main threat to the species is the destruction of its habitat from overgrazing (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).,"Neither of the known localities occur within protected areas. There is still a very small amount of information about this recently described species. It is primarily threatened due to the destruction of its habitat as a consequence of overgrazing, and so in order to be able to plan future conservation measures, research about its population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats is needed (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019). Monitoring of its population and habitat trends is also required. Site and habitat protection are required, as well as protection legislation at a national level.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"De Groot, M & Eggert, F.","Miličić, M. & Grković, A.","Sommaggio, D. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,latitarsis,,Eumerus latitarsis,"Macquart in Webb and Berthelot, 1839",,Yes,VU,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",Yes,VU,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",EU27-2020,,"This European endemic species is restricted to five western islands of the Canaries: Gomera, Gran Canaria, Hierro, La Palma, and Tenerife. It is assessed as Vulnerable since it is only known from eight to 12 locations, it has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 19,064 km2 and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 108 km2, and has a continuing decline in its area of occupancy (AOO) and the quality of its habitat. Tourism development may cause continuing habitat decline and degradation, although a suitable habitat still exists, and the host plant of the species Canary Island Spurge, which is found on the narrow coastal belt, is assessed as Least Concern. For some islands, records appear to be too old so further research into occurrences is required. Raising awareness of rare and important species on the island and communication and protection of species at the national level are recommended. The assessors use precaution to assess this species as Vulnerable at the moment, although if more than 10 locations are documented, the species would have to be assessed as Near Threatened.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to five western islands of the Canary islands: Gomera, Gran Canaria, Hierro, La Palma, and Tenerife (Speight 2020). It is only known from eight to 12 locations. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 19,064 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 108 km2. It is found up to 1,050 m above sea level.",There is no information about the population trends. Most of the records are older than the 1980s. Four specimens were recorded during research at La Palma during 2000 and 2017 (Trevor and Mengual 2018). Another 20 specimens were collected during 2011 from two localities on Tenerife (G. Pennards pers. comm. 2019).,"The developmental stages of this hoverfly were found in decomposing parts of the stems of Euphorbia canariensis (Báez 1977); this native succulent plant grows in the arid and humid environments of the narrow coastal belt, and is one of the most abundant plants on sea-cliffs. Adults were found on Euphorbia lamarckii (Burt and Mengual 2018).","A variety of factors can be identified as causing habitat loss, and directly or indirectly threatening local species. With the tourism industry booming during the last few years, the development of tourist resorts and illegal buildings continue to destroy the habitats. Many local and foreign enterprises have overdeveloped on different areas of the islands, causing enormous habitat destruction. Significant additional threats come from the illegal construction of houses inside protected areas, plantations, increasing fires due to climate change and uncontrolled dumping. Of these, tourism development is likely the most important threat, because this is primarily found in the coastal areas where the species and its host plant occur (WWF 2017).","There are no known conservation actions for the species so far; however, resource and habitat protection, habitat and natural process resource restoration, raising awareness and communicating about the species and the protection of the species on a national level are recommended. Its habitat is partially covered by protected areas, and all mapped localities overlap that of protected areas (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2021). Euphorbia canariensis, the only known host plant, is protected by legislation along with other endemic species of Euphorbia, and is listed under Appendix II of CITES. Currently, the plant is assessed as Least Concern by the IUCN Red List (Beech 2017). Further research on taxonomy, population size, distribution, trends, life history and ecology might also help preserve this species. The species occurs at several Natura 2000 sites of the Canary Isles in  Spain, such as at El Hierro, Barrancos del Cedro y Liria, Barranco de las  Angustias, Teno, and Anaga (natura2000.eea.europa.eu).",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,longicornis,,Eumerus longicornis,"Loew, 1855",,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  The European species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO), which is estimated to be between 28-30 km2 in Europe, the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat throughout Europe. In Europe, the species occurs at six locations and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 543,000 km2. In the EU 27, the species occurs at five locations, the area of occupancy (AOO) is about 25 km2 and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is about 123,000 km2. Habitat loss and habitat quality decline are slow but continuous. The species is only present in natural forests and scrubby European habitats which are severely fragmented and in continuing decline due to logging, air and soil pollution, increasing urbanization, and intensive forest management. Three of the six known locations are found in Germany, where the species is Critically Endangered. Research is required to see if the species is still extant in other localities. Negative results may lead to a re-evaluation of the species at a higher risk level. Research on taxonomy, population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats for the species is required. Further monitoring of the population and habitat trends is also needed. Site and habitat protection as well as legislation both at a national and international level is needed.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, where it is known from three localities in southern and central Germany (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020), one record each in western Slovakia and western Hungary, and from one record in eastern Ukraine (Donetsk region) (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). It potentially occurs in one locality in the Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009). Most records are older than 20 years. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 543,000 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 28-30 km2. In the EU 27, the area of occupancy (AOO) is about 25 km2 and the extent of occurrence (EOO) about 123,000 km2. It has been found at six locations in Europe, and at five locations in the EU 27, between 200 and 600 m above sea level.","Very few records of this species are known so far, and the population trend is unknown. Many of the records are older than 20 years. There are three German localities according to recent data, and five localities in total (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020). The species is assumed to be very rare and the population is severely fragmented because localities are very small, isolated and far from each other. There are not many records for the species overall, so subpopulations may be small and are already considered threatened in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011).","The species prefers deciduous forest and open ground, such as forest fringes of Fagus forest, and unimproved dry grassland within open deciduous forest. It also lives in xeric, open, unimproved, calcareous and non-calcareous grassland. The adult has been recorded feeding on Asparagus officinalis (Speight 2018). The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies are found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records of the larval stages of this species, and so its host plant is unknown.","Logging, air and soil pollution, increasing urbanization, and intensive forest management, particularly large clear cuts reforested with monocultures, are major threats to European forests where this species lives. The remaining forest habitats are often fragmented by divided highways and multi-track railroads, creating barriers to wildlife movement (EEA 2016). These threats directly affect this species, which is related to forests in every aspect of its life.","This species is listed as Critically Endangered on the German Red List (Ssymank et al. 2011). Site and habitat protection as well as legislation both on a national and international level is needed. Research on taxonomy, population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats is required. Further monitoring of the population and habitat trends is also needed. The species occurs at a few Natura 2000 sites such as at Waldreservat  Obereimer, Weihersberg bei Kiedrich, and Kyffhäuser - Badraer Schweiz -  Solwiesen in Germany, Homolske Karpaty in Slovakia,  and Kab-hegy in Hungary (European Environment Agency 2020).",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.","Ssymank, A.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,lucidus,,Eumerus lucidus,"Loew, 1848",,No,NT,B2ab(iii),No,NT,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  The species is assessed as Near Threatened because of its small known area of occupancy (AOO) of 60 km2 and because of the fact that it only occurs in 11 to 13 locations in Europe and the EU 27. The threat of fire is causing a decline in habitat quality and the threat may become even more frequent in the future. In Europe and the EU 27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is about 286,000 km2. Even though it could be found in different ecosystems, it is a rare species and not enough is known about it. Site/area as well as resource and habitat protection are needed. Research into the species' taxonomy, population size, distribution, and trends, and life history and ecology is furthermore needed. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends of the species is also required. There is no rescue effect from populations outside the assessment region.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is found in Greece (mainland, Karpathos, and the East Aegean) and has been recorded from Cyprus (van Steenis et al. 2019): there is a single record from southeastern Spain (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020). In Europe and the EU 27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is about 286,000 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) about 60 km2. It occurs in 11 to 13 locations in Europe and the EU 27.  Outside of Europe, it is found in Turkey, Yemen (Smit et al. 2017), Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan (Speight 2018).","There are no data about the population trends, but it is obviously not a common species based on the number of records. It is generally found in low numbers, with only a few specimens per locality (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). It is unknown whether the range is severely fragmented or not.","This species prefers shrubby Mediterranean habitat and also can be found on waste ground, ruderal vegetation (Ssymank 2012) and along streams in Turkish Pinus brutia forest (van Steenis et al. 2019). It was recorded flying above Hedera pastuchovii subsp. cypriavan (van Steenis et al. 2019). The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies can be found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records for the larval stages of this species.","The Mediterranean Basin is one of the most fire-prone regions in the world and due to climate change, fires are expected to become more frequent and have a higher impact. Other main threats are overgrazing and the development of the tourism industry, which has exposed areas of the coastline to intense pressure from land-use change and pollution (CEPF 2010).","There are no known conservation actions for this species so far. Site and habitat protection are needed. Research into its taxonomy, population size, distribution, trends, life history and ecology is needed. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends of the species is also required. The species occurs in some protected areas. The single record from Spain  is located within the Cuencas del Rumblar, Guadalén y Guadalmena  Habitats Directive Site. In Cyprus, the species occurs at Dasos Pafou  and Ethniko Dasiko Parko Troodous Habitats Directive Sites. In Greece,  the species occurs at Kentriki Karpathos, Lesvos Kolpos Geras, Voreia  Lesvos, and Vouna Evrou Habitats Directive Sites (European Environment  Agency 2020).",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.","Sommaggio, D. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,minotaurus,,Eumerus minotaurus,"Claussen and Lucas, 1988",,Yes,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"The species is endemic to the Crete and Karpathos islands in Greece. It is assessed as Vulnerable due to its limited extent of occurrence (EOO) of 7,631 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) of 72 km2. Today, it is only known from nine locations because of the threats such as coastal development for tourism and overgrazing. Furthermore, the species' habitat is in continuing decline due to human pressure on the islands' ecosystems. The species prefers forest and open ground and more particularly Evergreen Oak. Habitat and area protection is needed. It is necessary to research the life history and ecology as well as monitor the population trends of the species.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Crete and Karpathos in Greece (Chroni et al. 2018). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 7,631 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 72 km2. The species is known from nine locations.",There is no information on the population size or trends of this species.,"This species prefers forest and open ground, and more particularly Quercus coccifera and garrigue habitats (Claussen and Lucas 1988). The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies are found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records for larval stages of this species.","The natural landscapes of Crete are highly affected by pastures and grazing in mountain areas, the growing tourism development in the northern coastal zone (mainly tourism accommodation construction), and intensive agriculture in the southern coastal zone (pesticides and land clearance). Concrete production and road construction are devastating large areas of land with significant native habitats. Today, at least 50% of the land surface is considered to be used for grazing by sheep and goats. Overgrazing and fire caused by climate change and human activities, leading to soil erosion, are other important threats on Karpathos island. There is an increase of tourism in specific sites, especially at the coastal areas (FILOTIS - Database for the Natural Environment of Greece).","Most of the known localities occur within protected areas, such as Lefka Ori Kai Paraktia Zoni and near the Dikti Mountains such as at Oropedio Lasithiou, Katharo, Selena, Selakano, and Chalasmeni Koryfi Natura 2000 sites on Crete in Greece (European Environment Agency 2020). It is necessary to research the life history and ecology as well as to monitor the population trends of this species. There are no known conservation actions for the species so far; however, area and habitat protection is needed.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"De Groot, M & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.","Vujić, A. & Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,montanum,,Eumerus montanum,"Grković, Radenković and Vujić, 2017","A recent record (Mutin and Barkalov 2018) of this species from Omsk (Siberia) refer to another species, with genetic confirmation (A. Grković pers. comm. 2021).",Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)  The species is European endemic, found on Durmitor Mountain in Montenegro and on Smolikas Mountain in Greece. The species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range and it only occurs in four locations. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,585 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2. There is also a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its subalpine and alpine habitat due to human activities. Since the species only occurs at one location in the EU 27, it is assessed as Critically Endangered with an area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) of 4 km2. There is also a continuing decline in the quality of the species' habitat due to the development of tourism, which is seen as the most important threat. It is unknown if there is a rescue effect from subpopulations outside of the EU 27 assessment area. In addition, the species is considered to suffer from severe fragmentation. Conservation actions should be based on new policy regulations, national legislations, habitat and area protection, and education and awareness. Further research on population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats might also help preserve this species. Monitoring of the habitat trends for this species is also recommended.",Unknown,"This species is an European endemic, recorded from three localities in northern Montenegro and from northern continental Greece (Ethniko Parko Pindou National Park) (Grković et al. 2017). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,585 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2. In the EU 27, it occurs at one location, with an area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) of 4 km2. It is found at altitudes between 900 and 1,500 m above sea level. A recent record (Mutin and Barkalov 2018) of this species from Omsk (Siberia) refers to another species, with genetic confirmation (A .Grković pers. comm. 2021)","There is no information about population trends. The species occurs in four locations in Europe, and only one in the EU 27 (two records from Greece, both from 1994). All findings from Montenegro are from 2014 and later (Grković et al. 2017). The species is considered to suffer from severe fragmentation.","The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies are found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records for the larval stages of this species. It is mainly found in mountainous grassland bordered with shrubs at higher altitudes, and in seasonally mown grasslands, for example in hay meadows (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","Tourism development in both the Greece and Montenegro localities, as well as overgrazing, are considered the most important threats to this species. Mt. Durmitor, a very important tourist destination, is heavily exposed to negative direct and indirect human impacts. The main threats to this region are illegal construction, land degradation, illegal deforestation and the drying of forests. Human impact is also high in the Pindus mountain range, where another site, Mt. Smolikas, is located. Mountain tourism, ski facilities, illegal logging, overgrazing and road construction are strongly degrading the large mountain forest ecosystems (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","There are no known conservation actions for this species so far. Its habitat is partially covered by protected areas, for example the Durmitor National Park and Parko Pindou. Conservation actions should be based on new policy regulations, national legislations, habitat and area protection, and education and awareness. Further research on population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats might also help preserve this species. Monitoring of the habitat trends is recommended.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"De Groot, M & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.","Vujić, A. & Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,narcissi,,Eumerus narcissi,"Smith, 1928","This species was described from North America, however, Speight et al. (2013) confirmed the species to be European in origin.",Yes,DD,,Yes [revised],DD,,EU27-2020,,"This species is considered to be native to France (with known records from southern Corsica and southern mainland France), with a record from Madeira (Portugal) excluded here as considered to be the result of introduction, and with records from Turkey requiring confirmation. Records from North America result from introductions. There is insufficient distribution information in order to estimate the extent of occurrence or area of occupancy for this species, and the number of locations cannot be estimated. The species appears to be rare at its confirmed known native localities in France, however, there is no information on its population size or trend. The species is considered Data Deficient (DD), with research in order to understand the native range, population size and population trend.",Unknown,"This species is a native endemic to Europe, where it is known from two records in France (Biot Municipality, Alpes Maritimes, Côte d’Azur, southern mainland France; Speight et al. 2013) and from a small number of specimens collected from Bonifacio, southern Corsica; Lebard et al. 2019). The species has also been recorded from Porto Santo in the Portuguese Madeiran Archipelago, however, the origin of this latter record is of uncertain origin, and it is considered likely to occur there as a result of introduction. The area of occupancy (AOO) is a minimum of 8 km2, however, given the lack of detailed distribution data for the species in Côte d’Azur, it is not considered appropriate to estimate figures AOO or extent of occurrence.  Outside of the Europe region, the species has been reported from Anatolia in Turkey (Lebard et al. 2019), but this record is unconfirmed; the species is present in the list of the Agricultural Ministry of Turkey as a pest of ornamental plants, but it was not confirmed, R. Hayat (pers. comm. 2021) has no specimens in his collection. Further, it is not present in the recent checklist for Turkey (Saribiyik 2014); the species is here considered to be endemic to the European region.  The species has been introduced to North America, where it has become naturalized in California. There is a single record from Ontario in Canada (Speight 2018), also considered to be the result of introduction.","There are no data about population size for this species, and the population trend is unknown. In its natural range in Europe, the species has recently been recorded in southern France with fewer than 10 records (Speight et al. 2013), and there is one record from Madeira in Portugal (Speight 2018), which is excluded from this assessment.","In France, it has been found in Quercus ilex maquis with herb-rich ground flora (Speight et al. 2013).  In its introduced range in North America, the species prefers forest, small open areas in Quercus ilex shrubland and around bulb farms (Skevington et al. 2019). Larvae are frequently found in Narcissus bulbs but have also been reared from Allium and Hippeastrum (Speight et al. 2013). The species is considered as a pest for bulb plants, particularly in California where it has become naturalized.","The main threats to the region where the species is found are intensive urbanization, increased water consumption, agricultural intensification and fires caused mainly by human negligence and climate change (WWF 2013).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. Known records of this species do not occur in any protected areas.  Confirmation of the origin of the record from Madeira and of its occurrence in Turley is required. Research on population size, population trend, distribution, trends and threats are required.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Hayat, R. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.","Hayat, R.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,niehuisi,,Eumerus niehuisi,"Doczkal, 1996",,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"The species, which is endemic to the island of Corsica, is assessed as Endangered (EN) since it has a known area of occupancy (AOO) of 12 km2, an extent of occurrence (EOO) of around 1,274 km2, is found at two to three locations, and is experiencing a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat due to tourism development and fires. The species can be found in small, tall-herb open areas in warm-dry Hungarian Oak and Austrian Oak forest. Conservation actions such as area and habitat protection, education and awareness, and legislation on a national level are needed. Further research on taxonomy, population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats of the species is needed, and monitoring of the habitat trends is required. Habitats and areas where the species can be found should be preserved.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the island of Corsica in France (Doczkal 1996). There are currently only three known localities. Some sources state that the species occurs in Greece (Chios, Lesvos, Samos; Chroni et al. 2018, Speight 2018), but these are possibly records of the similar species Eumerus crassus. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be about 1,274 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) about 12 km2. It is found up to an altitude of 20 metres above sea level.","There is no information about population size, and any trends remain unknown (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019). In total, 17 specimens were found between 1991 and 1994. During later surveys in Corsica, the species was not detected (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).","This species can be found in small, tall-herb open areas in Balkanic thermophilous Quercus frainetto and Quercus cerris forest in coastal areas. Adults fly low and quite slowly over sparsely vegetated ground, and settle on the ground or on dead leaves in the sun. They are known to visit flowers of Euphorbia. Their flight period is between April and the beginning of June (Speight 2018). Early stages of Eumerus hoverflies are found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records of the larval stages of this species.","The biggest threat to this species is the development of tourism on the island of Corsica, primarily in the coastal zones of the island. Increased fires happening on the island (Vaiciulyte et al. 2019) as a result of climate change also represent an important threat, because they destroy suitable habitat. Intensive grazing by pigs on the island is a further threat (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).","There are no known conservation actions for this species. Conservation actions such as area and habitat protection, education and awareness, and legislation on a national level are needed. The taxonomic status of the species needs to be established and it needs to be separated from the similar species found in Greece. Further research on taxonomy, population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats is needed, and monitoring of habitat trends is required. Habitats and areas where this species can be found should be preserved. The species has been recorded within the boundaries of Natura 2000 sites  such as Cap rossu, Scandola, Pointe de la Reveletta, and Canyon de  Calvi in the northwest part of the island of Corsica.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"De Groot, M & Eggert, F.","Miličić, M. & Grković, A.","Vujić, A. & Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,nivariae,,Eumerus nivariae,"Báez, 1982",,Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"The European endemic species is known from a single specimen from Tenerife in the Canary Islands. The species is found in arid and sparsely vegetated areas of Los Gigantes on the island of Tenerife. The species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) since it has a restricted area of occurrence (AOO) of 4 km2, occurs in one location, and because there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the species' habitat. Its habitat is under the constant pressure of urbanization and tourism development. Research on taxonomy, ecology and life history, population size, distribution, trends, and threats as well as the monitoring of the population trends are required to get more knowledge about this species. Site/area and habitat protection is recommended to preserve this species.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Tenerife in the Canary Islands, where it has been recorded from a single locality in Los Gigantes (Báez 1982) on the west coast. The area of occupancy (AOO) of the species is 4 km2. The species occurs in one location.",There is no data on population size or trends for this species. There is only one single male holotype collected in 1976 (Báez 1982).,"There are no data about the preferred habitat for the species, but it was found in arid and sparsely vegetated areas of the island (Báez 1982). The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies are found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records for the larval stages of this species.","The single location where the species historically occurs is under constant pressure of urbanization, the expansion of residential areas and severe habitat destruction, as well as the development of tourist resort areas (WWF 2017).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species; however, site and area protection is required to preserve it. The single record was collected in 1976 within the Teno Habitats and Birds Directive Site, however the site was not designated until October 1989 (European Environment Agency 2020). Research on taxonomy, ecology, life history, population size, distribution, trends and threats as well as the monitoring of population trends are required to get more knowledge about this species. Site/area and habitat protection is recommended to preserve it.",This species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,niveitibia,,Eumerus niveitibia,"Becker, 1921",,No,VU,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)   The Mediterranean species is assessed as Vulnerable for Europe and the EU27 Member States because it has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO) of 52 km2, an extent of occurrence (EOO) of about 223,342 km2, occurring only at eight to nine locations, and a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the species' habitat due to tourism development and increased fire frequency as a result of climate change. It is unknown if there is a rescue effect from populations outside the assessment region. It is required to monitor the population trends and research the life history and ecology of the species. It is recommended to protect the species under the international legislation.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is known from the Black Sea coastal area of  Bulgaria and from various parts of Greece; from the southern mainland as well as from western Crete and the eastern Aegean islands of Samos and Lesvos. In Europe and the EU 27, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be about 223,342 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) about 52 km2. It is found up to an altitude of 1,250 m above sea level.  The range of the species extends out of Europe to the Caucasus Mountains and Egypt (Speight 2018).","There is no information about the population trend for this species. The species is very rare, but relatively widespread. It is a large and easily recognisable species. It is unknown whether the population is severely fragmented (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","The species occurs in vegetation growing on naturally burnt ground, two years after forest fires. It is known to visit Ferulago sylvatica (Standfuss and Claussen 2007), and occurs in rocky quarries and herb-rich olive grove terracing (Ricarte et al. 2012). The developmental stages have not been described. The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies are found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records for the larval stages of this species.","The Mediterranean region is facing critical threats due to increasing urbanization, invasive species, homogenization of flora and fauna, and more intense and frequent fires due to climate change and human negligence (CEPF 2010). The main threats to this species are tourism development, particularly in insular and coastal localities, and fires. Increased fire frequency may become a problem if fires are too frequent to allow the right habitat conditions for this species (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","There are no known conservation actions for this species so far; however, it is recommended to protect the species under international legislation. It occurs in a few Habitats and Birds Directive Sites in Bulgaria (Mandra - Poda, Aytoska planina, and Emine) and in Greece (Lesvos Kolpos Geras, Elos Ntipi Kai Oros Olympos - Potamos Evergetoulas, Oros Parnassos, and Oros Taygetos) (European Environment Agency 2020). Research on its life history and ecology as well as monitoring of the population trends is required.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.","van Steenis, J., Pennards, G.W.A., Sommaggio, D. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,nudus,,Eumerus nudus,"Loew, 1848",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The species is assessed as Least Concern for Europe and the EU27 Member States because it has a relatively large distribution across Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and in the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. The species' habitat is however affected by fires, which are more frequent due to climate change, urbanization, and overgrazing. Further research about population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats of this species is needed. Monitoring of the population trends is also required.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is known from Spain and Gibraltar, and around the Mediterranean coast, through southern France, to Italy including Sicily (Speight 2018). There are also records from Croatia and Romania, however these are from the beginning of the 20th century, so it is questionable whether the species still exists in these countries. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe and in the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.  Outside of Europe, it is found in Anatolia in Turkey and from North Africa (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia; Speight 2018), but the records from Turkey (Sarıbıyık 2014) are unconfirmed.","There are no data about the population trend for this species. It is more common in the western part of the Mediterranean, while in the eastern part its presence is rare and sometimes questionable (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","This species prefers open dry-forest ground, open areas in Mediterranean shrubland, and sparsely vegetated grassland (Speight 2018). The larva and puparium are described by Ricarte et al. (2017) from larvae collected from “swollen roots of Asphodelus cerasiferus”. It has also been reared by Speight and Garrigue (2014) from larvae found in tubers of Asphodelus ramosus. The two authors also provide a photo of the puparium. The larva apparently overwinters within decaying tubers. The duration of the puparial phase is approximately six weeks (Speight and Garrigue 2014). More than one larva is often found in occupied tubers, usually together with larvae of Eumerus olivaceus and Eumerus pulchellus (Speight and Garrigue 2014).","Habitat loss due to frequent fires as a result of climate change, urbanization and overgrazing pose a threat to this Mediterranean species (CEPF 2010).","There are no known conservation actions for this species so far. It is not known if the species occurs in protected areas. There are no conservation actions needed currently. Further research about population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats of this species is needed. Monitoring of the population trends is also required.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Hayat, R. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,obliquus,,Eumerus obliquus,"(Fabricius, 1805)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Within the European region, this species occurs from the Canary Islands and along the Mediterranean coast to Greece, including some larger Mediterranean islands. The species is assessed as Least Concern for Europe and the EU27 Member States because of its relatively large range across Europe and because the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and in the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. It is not known to be severely fragmented in Europe and its population is presumed to be stable. However, the scrub lands and forests where the species occurs are affected by fires, droughts, habitat conversion and urbanisation. Monitoring of and research on the population size and trends in the Mediterranean habitats is required. It is unknown if there is a rescue effect from populations outside the assessment region.",Stable,"Within the European region, this species is known from the Spain (Canary Islands, mainland and the Balearic islands) France (southern mainland and Corsica), Italy (southern mainland, Sicily and Sardinia), Malta, and Greece (Corfu and Lesvos). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of the species in Europe and in the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.  Outside of Europe, the species has been recorded in North Africa and the sub-Saharan region, including the Mascarene Islands. It is found on the island of Sokotra in Yemen (Smit et al. 2017), Madagascar, and Mauritius, and has also been recorded in Australia (Speight 2018) and Brazil, where it was introduced (Marinoni and Morales 2007).","The population trend is not fully understood, but it is considered to be stable (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). It is common in the western part of the Mediterranean area, and rare in the eastern part (Smit et al. 2017). The main part of the range is sub-Saharan, while Europe is its northern distribution border.","This species prefers open ground and thinly vegetated semi-arid dry grassland. It is often found along the margins of seasonal rivers, as well as in almost any Mediterranean-zone habitat where the introduced Opuntia ficus indica occurs (Speight 2018). It also occurs in rocky habitats with Euphorbia dendroides and rocky garrigue grazed by goats and sheep (Ssymank and Ebejer 2009). The larval stages have been reared from many decaying plants, including cuttings of poinsettia in water, fruits, and vegetables (De Moor 1973), including fruits of Opuntia maxima (Ricarte et al. 2008).","This species is not directly threatened, but populations of vulnerable Mediterranean scrublands and forests are threatened by changes in extreme temperatures causing fires and droughts as a result of climate change, as well as by habitat conversion for tourist infrastructure, and urbanisation (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","There are no known conservation actions in place for this species so far, and no conservation measures are currently required.  Research on population size, distribution and trends as well as the monitoring of trends in Mediterranean habitats is required. The species occurs in several Natura 2000 sites in the Mediterranean, such as  at Lesvos Kolpos Geras, Elos Ntipi Kai Oros Olympos – Potamos  Evergetoulas in Greece and Isola di San Pietro and Litorale di Ugento in  Italy (European Environment Agency 2020).",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.","Vujić, A. & Sommaggio, D.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,olivaceus,,Eumerus olivaceus,"Loew, 1848","The species belongs to Eumerus olivaceus group. E. alpinus Rondani, 1857 is resurrected from synonymy of E. olivaceus Loew, 1848 and considered as bona species in Grković et al. (2015), until than the name of E. olivaceus was used for both species.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27-2020,,"This Italian endemic species has only recently been resurrected from synonymy and is only known from the type material from Sicily. It is assessed as Data Deficient. Additional research on population size, distribution, and trends as well as threats are needed given that there are no recent records of the species. Monitoring of the population trends of the species is also required. Raising awareness on this rare species, as well as its listing in national legislation is recommended.",Unknown,"Endemic to Europe, this species is only found on the island of Sicily in Italy (Speight 2020), where it is only known from the type material (""Sicily"") of Loew (1848).","There are no data about the population size for this species, and the population trend is unknown. It is often confused with the more widespread species Eumerus alpinus, also present on Sicily (Grković et al. 2015).","The actual habitat where the type specimen was collected is not known, however, it can be assumed that this species prefers a habitat similar to that of the closely related Eumerus alpinus, which is found in well-drained, unimproved, permanent pasture from sea level to montane sites, and open areas within deciduous Fagus and thermophilous Quercus forest (Speight 2020). The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies are found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records of the larval stages of this species.","Frequent fires and droughts due to climate change and human negligence, as well as overgrazing, all of which are present in Sicily, pose threats to this species (CEPF 2010).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this rare species. We recommend raising awareness about it, as well as its listing in national legislation. There is a possibility that it occurs in a Natura 2000 site in Sicily, but its exact location is not known. Additional research on population size, distribution, trends and threats are needed, given that there are no recent records. Monitoring of population trends is also required.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Hayat, R. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Not possible
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,ornatus,,Eumerus ornatus,"Meigen, 1822",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species has a very wide range within the European region. The species is a widespread species found in deciduous forests and urban areas. It is assessed as Least Concern for Europe and the EU27 Member States because of its relatively large range and presumed stable population. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. No conservation actions are needed, but research on the population size, distribution, and trends and threats as well as the monitoring of the population trends are required.",Stable,"Within the European region, this species is found from southern Sweden and Norway, south to the Pyrenees mountains and northwestern Spain, and from southern England eastwards to central and Eastern Europe, including Italy and Sicily, the Balkan Peninsula and parts of European Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of the species in Europe and in the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.  Outside of Europe, it is found in North Africa (Sarıbıyık 2014, Speight 2018, Vujić et al. 2020). Records from Turkey (Sarıbıyık 2014) are unconfirmed.","There are no precise data about the population size and trend for this species, but the population is assumed to be stable in most parts of the range, although it is not a common species (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","This species prefers deciduous forest, humid and mesophilic Fagus and Quercus forest, including thermophilous Quercus pubescens forest, and is also found in mature and urban parkland. Adults are known to visit Convolvulus and Geranium robertianum (Speight 2018). The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies are found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records for the larval stages of this species.","There are no data about major threats for this species, but the species is considered to be threatened in the Czech Republic, probably due to habitat loss (Farkač et al. 2005).","There are no known conservation actions for this species so far. No conservation actions are needed, but research on the population size, distribution,  trends and threats, as well as the monitoring of population trends, are required. The species occurs at several Natura 2000 sites in its range, such as at  Notranjski trikotnik and Krimsko hribovje - Menišija in Slovenia,  Kvarnerski otoci in Croatia, and Koryfes Orous Smolikas in Greece (European  Environment Agency 2020). The species also occurs in the Durmitor  National Park in Montenegro and Fruška Gora National Park in Serbia.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Hayat, R. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,ovatus,,Eumerus ovatus,"Loew, 1848",,No,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",No,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv)",EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)    The species is known from Lithuania, Poland, southern Germany, Switzerland, and Austria in central Europe, to Romania, Ukraine. In southern Europe it can be found in southern France and Italy, to the Balkan countries, and Greece. The species is assessed as Endangered for Europe and the EU27 Member States because it has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO) of about 200 km2, is considered to be severely fragmented, and has a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. The species is present throughout Europe and the EU 27, with the extent of occurrence (EOO) being estimated to be 2,578,296 km2 in Europe and about 1,750,000 km2 in EU 27. The area of occupancy (AOO) for Europe is between 236 and 250 km2. Despite being widely distributed, the species is rare all over the region and its population trend is decreasing and the number of locations is considered to be declining in Europe. The species is found usually in low numbers, with approximately two to three individuals, with a maximum of 10 individuals. The species is only present in natural forests and shrubby European habitats, which are threatened by logging, air, soil and water pollution, increasing urbanization, and intensive forest management. It is unlikely that there is a rescue effect from Asian populations from the Caucasus Mountains. The species is Extinct in the Czech Republic and Critically Endangered in Germany. Legislation of the species and protection is needed on an international level. Resource and habitat protection is needed, as well as research on population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats to this species. Monitoring of the population trends is required all over the species' range.",Decreasing,"Within the European region, this species is known from mostly scattered records. These include Lithuania, Poland, southern Germany, Switzerland, and Austria in central Europe, to central Romania and northern Ukraine. In southern Europe it can be found in southern France and northern  Italy, to the Balkan countries and northern mainland Greece (Speight 2018). It has also been recorded in Serbia, where it only occurs in two localities. In some of the sites the species may no longer occur, for example in Germany, where the species is Critically Endangered (Ssymank et al. 2011). In the Czech Republic, the species is considered Regionally Extinct (Farkač et al. 2005). The number of locations is considered to be declining in Europe.  In Europe, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,578,296 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 236 and 250 km2. In the EU 27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be about 1,750,000 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) about 200 km2.  Outside of Europe, the species is found in the Caucasus Mountains.","There are no precise data about population size, but the population trend is decreasing. Despite being widely distributed, the species is rare all over the region. It is usually found in low numbers, approximately two to three up to a maximum of 10 individuals (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). In Italy, it is only present in a few locations (D. Sommaggio, pers. comm. 2019). The population is considered to be severely fragmented, with many subpopulations small and isolated with no possible exchange of individuals.","The species prefers open ground, thermophilous forest fringes and herb-rich, dry and semi-arid, open, unimproved and calcareous grassland. It is also found in scrub and garrigue (Speight 2018). The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies are found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records of the larval stages of this species. The species seems to be surviving in remaining European mixed deciduous forest patches, and the host plant is said to be Tragopogon spp. (Stackelberg 1961). In Ukraine, this plant is a local species occurring in Pinus sylvestris forests and mixed forests (G. Popov pers. comm. 2019).","Invasive species, logging, increasing urbanisation as well as intensive forest management, particularly large clear cuts reforested with monocultures, are all major threats to European broadleaf and mixed forests where this species lives. The remaining forest habitats are often fragmented by divided highways and multi-track railroads, creating barriers to wildlife movement (EEA 2016). These threats directly affect this species, which relies on forests in every aspect of its life (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","Legislation for the species and protection is needed on an international level. Resource and habitat protection is needed as well as research on its population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats. Monitoring of population trends is required all over the range.  The species is assessed as Extinct in the Czech Republic Red List (Farkač et al. 2005) and Critically Endangered on the German Red List (Ssymank et al.  2011). The species occurs in several Natura 2000 sites in Europe such  as at Bredower Forst, Bruch bei Bühl und  Baden-Baden, Kaiserstuhl and Nürnberger Reichswald in Germany; Coteaux,  bois et marais calcaires de la Champagne Berrichonne and Le Mercantour  in France;  Őrség, Boronka-melléke, Mecsek, Tenkes, Közép-Dráva, Felső-kiskunsági  szikes puszta, Csévharaszti homokvidék, Budai-hegység, Darányi borókás  in Hungary and Porțile de Fier in Romania and Ethnikos Drymos Vikou -  Aoou in Greece (European Environment Agency 2020).",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.","Ssymank, A., van Steenis, J., Popov, G., Hadrava, J., Lutovinovas, E., Radenković, S., Sommaggio, D. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,pannonicus,,Eumerus pannonicus,"Ricarte, Vujić and Nedeljković, 2016",,Yes,CR,,No,NA,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)  The European endemic species is recorded only in a small area just outside the boundaries of the Special Nature Reserve Pašnjaci velike droplje in the North Banat province in Serbia. The species is a typical inhabitant of steppe areas, which are disappearing from Europe. Based upon the small known geographic range of the species with an area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) of 4 km2, found at one single location, and due to the continuing decline of the species' habitat quality because of intensive agricultural activities, the species is assessed as Critically Endangered. The species would benefit from a restriction of agricultural activities. Further conservation actions needed are in education and awareness and legislation on a national level as well as site and habitat protection. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends are needed. Additional research on population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats of this species is required. Establishing the exact host plant for the development of the larvae of the species is also significant. It is crucial to introduce this species into the National list of protected species. The species is Not Applicable for the EU 27 Member States.",Unknown,"Endemic to Europe, this species is only known from one locality in the North Banat province in Serbia, just outside the boundaries of the Special Nature Reserve Pašnjaci velike droplje (Markov et al. 2016), which covers a total of 6,774 ha. This nature reserve is split into three geographically separated parts, and this species is found in immediate proximity to only one of them named Jaroš. It was found at 73 m above sea level. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of the species in Europe are estimated to be 4 km2.","There is no information about the population size for this species and the population trend is unknown. There are four known specimens, all found in one subpopulation in spite of repeated surveys in this area. Three specimens were found in 2014, and a fourth one in 2018 (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","The larva presumably feeds on plants, probably in bulbs or other infested underground organs, like other congeneric species. The specimens were caught on the white flowers of Conium maculatum, on trackside vegetation within typical Pannonian steppe (Markov et al. 2016), one of the most threatened habitats in Europe.","The typical habitat of this species, steppes, are disappearing in Europe (IUCN 2019). Intensive agriculture in the area where the species was found presents the most significant threat. Due to agricultural activities, the habitat quality is degraded and there is a continuing decline in its availability due to extensive tillage of the land. The use of herbicides and pesticides on crops is also a present threat with a direct impact on the habitat of the species since it is in the immediate proximity of cropland (A. Grković pers. obs. 2019). Fires deliberately caused in order to remove the remaining vegetation after harvest are an additional threat.","All the four known specimens of this species came from a single point locality, in the immediate proximity of the Special Nature Reserve Pašnjaci velike droplje in Serbia (Markov et al. 2016). Although surrounding areas are protected, agriculture in this area is intensive. The species would benefit from a restriction of agricultural activities. Further conservation actions needed are in education and awareness and legislation on a national level as well as site and habitat protection. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends are needed. Additional research on the population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats of this species is required. Establishing the exact host plant for the development of the larvae is also significant. It is crucial to introduce the species into the National list of protected species.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"De Groot, M & Eggert, F.","Miličić, M. & Grković, A.","Sommaggio, D., Vujić, A., Radenković, S. & Popov, G.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,pauper,,Eumerus pauper,"Becker, 1921",,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  The European endemic species is known from a few localities in Spain, one locality in Greece, and from southern parts of European Russia. All records are from the mid-20th century or before, with some of them possibly being misidentified. Because of the small amount of data available, the species is classified as Data Deficient (DD). There is not enough information to classify the species in a threatened category. Additional research and monitoring are needed to determine if the species is still present in the localities from where it was recorded.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, where is is known from a few localities in central and southern mainland Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), in one locality in Greece (van de Weyer and Dils 1999), and in southern parts of European Russia (Stackelberg 1961). There is also one record from the European part of Russia in the Ural Mountains (A. Barkalov pers. comm. 2019). Records are possibly misidentified in some of these locations. Some uncertainties regarding its taxonomy are still present, and hence the range is not clearly known. Based on all available data, the area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be 24 km2 and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is about 3,200,000 km2. In the EU 27, the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2 while the extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 500,000 km2. The species is found at six locations in Europe, while in the EU 27 there are five locations.","There are no data about the population size of this species, and its population trend is unknown. Research is required to establish whether it still exists in the known localities (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). All records are from the mid-20th century or before.","According to Stackelberg (1961), this species was found beside rivers. The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies are found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records for the larval stages of this species.",There are no data about possible threats to this species.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. It is unknown if the species occurs in any protected areas. Further research about taxonomy, population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats as well as the monitoring of the population and habitat trends are required.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Hayat, R. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,phaeacus,,Eumerus phaeacus,"Loew, 1848",,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)   The European endemic species is found in Evergreen forest, open ground and Mediterranean macchia in Greece and Montenegro. The species is assessed as Endangered since it has an area of occurrence (AOO) of 32 km2, occurs at five locations, and has a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 54,000 km2. In the EU 27, the species is also assessed as Endangered because it has a very restricted geographic range with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 24 km2, because it only occurs at three locations, and because there is also a continuing decline in the quality of the specie's habitat due to fires as a result from climate change and human pressure on Mediterranean ecosystems, whether it be through tourism or overgrazing. In the EU 27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is about 16,000 km2. It is unknown if there is a rescue effect from the Montenegro subpopulations to Greece. If other localities are found through research and surveys, the species may require a reassessment, which could lead to down listing it to a lower threat category. For now, the assessors use a precautionary attitude to list this species as Endangered. Research about population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats as well as the monitoring of the population and habitat trends of the species are required along the eastern Adriatic coast to Corfu to see if the species is extant in other localities. Resource and habitat protection is needed.",Unknown,"This species is a European endemic, known from Greece (Corfu, Mount Olympus and Mount Oiti) and Montenegro (from Mount Rumija and near Skadar Lake; Chroni et al. 2018). It may occur in other localities, but there is no evidence yet. It is a large conspicuous species, but so far there is no record from any other area. In Europe, the species occurs at five locations and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be about 57,273 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) about 32 km2. In the EU 27, the species occurs at only three locations, with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 24 km2 and extent of occurrence (EOO) about 16,000 km2.","There is no information about population size for this species, but it is considered to be very rare (Chroni et al. 2018). The population trend is unknown. It is unknown whether the population is severely fragmented or not. It is a large and conspicuous species, and could be found in additional localities in the future.","This species is found in Mediterranean Evergreen forest and open ground. It prefers Quercus coccifera (Claussen and Lucas 1988). In Montenegro, it is found in Mediterranean macchia (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies are found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records for the larval stages of this species.","The Mediterranean Basin is one of the most fire-prone regions in the world and due to climate change, forest fires are expected to become more frequent and have a higher impact on the habitats of this species (CEPF 2010). In addition to fires, other threats include overgrazing and the development of the tourism industry, which has exposed areas of the coastline to intense pressure from land-use change. Tourism development is the predominant threat in Corfu and Montenegro, including invasive road construction in coastal regions (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","There are no known conservation actions for this species so far; however, resource and habitat protection is needed. It is found at the Aisthitiko Dasos Koiladas Tempon Habitat Directive Site and the Ethnikos Drymos Oitis-koilada Asopou Birds Directive Site in Greece (European Environment Agency 2020). In Montenegro, it is found close but not within the Skadar Lake National Park and in Kotor Bay at the UNESCO World Heritage Site. Research about population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats as well as the monitoring of the population and habitat trends of the species are required along the eastern Adriatic coast to Corfu to see if the species is extant in other localities.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Hayat, R. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.","Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,pulchellus,,Eumerus pulchellus,"Loew, 1848",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species has a broad distribution within Europe. The species is assessed as Least Concern for Europe and the EU27 Member States in view of its wide distribution, because the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category, and its presumably large and stable overall population. Regardless, monitoring of the population trends is recommended given that the habitat of the species is threatened by more frequent fires due to climate change and human negligence, overgrazing and urbanization. The species prefers open, well-drained ground with low vegetation, unimproved, permanent pasture and Eagle Fern covered terrain.",Stable,"Within the European region, this species is found from the Canary Islands, southern Portugal, Spain (mainland and the Balearic Islands), and from the foothills of the Pyrenees on the Atlantic coast of France and in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques region in southwest France, to the Mediterranean basin in Malta, Italy (mainland, Sicily and Sardinia), Balkan Peninsula, Greece (mainland, Crete, and the eastern Aegean islands), Cyprus and Romania. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.  Outside of Europe, it is found in Turkey and North Africa (Speight 2018).","There are no exact data about the population size of this species, but the population trend is presumed to be stable in some parts of the range, based on the records. On the east Aegean islands the species is considered to be very common (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","This species prefers open, well-drained ground with low vegetation, unimproved, permanent pasture and Pteridium-covered terrain. Adults are known to visit Potentilla erecta and white umbellifers (Speight 2018). The developmental stages are described and figured by Ricarte et al. (2008) from larvae found in cavities in tubers of Asphodelus aestivus and Urginea maritima. Asphodelus albus and Asphodelus ramosus have also been identified as host plants for the larvae (Speight and Garrigue 2014).","This species is threatened by more frequent fires due to climate change and human negligence, overgrazing, and urbanization (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","There are no known conservation actions for the species so far and no conservation actions are needed currently. Monitoring of the population trends is recommended. It occurs at several Natura 2000 sites in Europe such as at  Estrecho, Sierra Nevada, Cimals de la Serra, Puig de na Bauçà (Palma de  Majorca) and Los Valles in Spain, Rdumijiet ta' Malta: Ir-Ramla  taċ-Ċirkewwa sal-Ponta ta' Bengħisa in Malta, Valle del Fiume Anapo,  Cavagrande del Calcinara, Cugni di Sortino in Sicily in Italy, and Ori  Kentrikis Evvoias, Paraktia Zoni Kai Nisides, Andros: Ormos Vitali Kai  Kentrikos Oreinos Ogkos, Samos: Oros Kerkis, Naxos: Ori Anathematistra,  Koronos, Mavrovouni, Zas, Viglatouri, Mikres Kyklades, Lefka Ori Kai  Paraktia Zoni and Dikti: Oropedio Lasithiou, Katharo, Selena, Selakano,  Chalasmeni Koryfi in Crete, Voreia Karpathos Kai Saria Kai Paraktia  Thalassia Zoni, Anatolici Rodos, Samos: Oros Kerkis, Voreia Lesvos,  Notiodytiki Chersonisos, Apolithomeno Dasos Lesvou, Oros Olympos Lesvou,  Samothraki: Oros Fengari Kai Paraktia Zoni, Thasos in Greece (European  Environment Agency 2020). It also occurs at the Skadarsko  jezero National Park in Montenegro.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Lair, X. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,purpurariae,,Eumerus purpurariae,"Baez, 1982",,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This European endemic species is known from only two Canary Islands (Fuerteventura and Lanzarote), where it is found in arid and sparsely vegetated areas on dry and stony ground. The species is assessed as Endangered because it has a limited area of occupancy (AOO) of 16 km2, an extent of occurrence (EOO) of only 250 km2, because it is only found at two to four locations, and because it has a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat due to overgrazing, agriculture and tourism, which have a destructive effect on the island vegetation. Therefore, conservation of the species should be based on the protection of its habitat. Further research about population size, distribution, and trends and life history and ecology of the species are required. Monitoring of the population trends is also important.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, where it is found on Fuerteventura and Lanzarote in the Canary Islands (Speight 2018). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 250 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2. The species occurs in between two to four locations.","There are no data about the population size of this species, but there are very few records and hence it is presumably rare (Báez 1982, Smit et al. 2004). The current population trend is unknown.","The species is found in arid and sparsely vegetated area on dry and stony ground (Smit et al. 2004). The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies are found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records for the larval stages of this species.","Excessive grazing of introduced goats, combined with constant human-made pressures, mainly from agriculture and tourism development, are thought to have had devastating effects on island ecosystems (Arevalo et al. 2012). Species associated with native island plants are expected to be severely threatened by habitat loss due to the destruction of the endemic flora.","There are no known conservation actions for this species so far. Its habitat is partially covered by protected areas. It is found at Salinas de Janubio in Lanzarote and Betancuria in the Fuerteventura Birds Directive Sites of the Canary Islands (European Environment Agency 2020). Its conservation should be based on the protection of its habitat. Further research about population size, distribution, trends, and life history and ecology of the species are required. Monitoring of the population trends is also important.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Hayat, R. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,purpureus,,Eumerus purpureus,"Macquart, in Webb and Berthelot, 1839",,Yes,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This species is endemic to Europe, where it is restricted to the Canary Islands of Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Palma, and Gomera. The most recent records of the species are from 2011. Intensive urban and tourism development and road construction, which specifically impact coastal areas, are causing a continuing decline and degradation of the species' habitat. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 8,521 km2, the area of occupancy (AOO) is 88 km2, and the species occurs in 10 to 12 locations. The species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable. The assessors use precaution to assess this species as Vulnerable at the moment, although if more than 10 locations are documented, the species will be assessed as Near Threatened.  Conservation of the species should be based on the protection of its habitat. Further research on population size, distribution, and trends and life history and ecology as well as the monitoring of the population trends might also help to preserve the species.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Palma, and Gomera in the Canary Islands (Speight 2018). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 8,521 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) to be 88 km2. It occurs in 10 to 12 locations.","There are no data about the population size of this species, and the population trend is unknown. Most of the records are from the last century, but there are a few records from 2011 collected on Tenerife (G. Pennards pers. comm. 2019).","This species is found in arid coastal areas on dry and stony ground covered with succulent shrub vegetation such as Euphorbia and the non indigenous Opuntia (G. Pennards pers. comm. 2019). The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies are found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records for the larval stages of this species.","Intensive urban and tourism development and road construction are causing enormous habitat destruction, particularly for coastal and low-elevation ecosystems (WWF 2017).","There are no known conservation actions for this species so far. Its habitat exists in some protected areas. Conservation should be based on the protection of its habitat. Further research on population size, distribution, trends, and life history and ecology as well as the monitoring of the population trends might also help to preserve the species.  It is found at the Anaga, Montes y cumbre, and Teno Birds  Directive Sites in Tenerife, the Monteverde de Breña Alta in La Palma  Habitats Directive Site, the Garajonay Habitat Directive Site in La  Gomera, Tamadaba, and the Los Tilos de Moya Habitat Directive Sites in  Las Palmas (European Environment Agency 2020).",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Hayat, R. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.","Pennards, G.W.A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,pusillus,,Eumerus pusillus,"Loew, 1848",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The species is found in Portugal, Spain, around the Mediterranean basin to Greece, and on the Mediterranean islands. The species is assessed as Least Concern for Europe and the EU27 Member States since it has a wide distribution in the Mediterranean, because the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category, and because of a presumed common and stable overall population. It can be found in a variety of Mediterranean habitats, from wooded areas to open habitats, even bare areas. There are no known major threats to this species. Considering that the species is very common in eastern parts of its range, no protection measures are needed currently, but the monitoring of its population is recommended.",Stable,"Within the European region, this species is found from mainland Portugal, Gibraltar, Spain (mainland and the Balearic Islands), and around the Mediterranean basin to Greece, and on the Mediterranean islands (Speight 2018). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.  Outside of Europe, it is also known from Turkey, Tunisia, and Algeria.","There are no exact data about the population size of this species, but it is considered common in the eastern part of its range and its population is presumed to be stable (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","The species prefers open forest ground, Cistus florida and Quercus pyrenaica maquis (Marcos-Garcia pers. comm. 2018 in Speight 2018), and more open, semi-arid, almost bare ground. It can also be found in hedgehog heath and Mediterranean dune systems (Speight 2018). On Cyprus, van Steenis et al. (2019) noted that it can be found in flower-rich abandoned vineyards, large open areas and meadows in montane forest dominated by Pinus brutia, Quercus alnifolia and Cistus spp., uncultivated fields with Foeniculum vulgare and Polygonum equisetiforme, in dry stream beds, along streams, and in broadleaved riverine forest. Adults visit umbellifers, Euphorbia, Hedera, Mentha, Solidago, Vinca (Marcos-García 1985; Speight 2018), Foeniculum vulgare, Τουμπαρίνα (Greek) or Çarşambaotu (Turkish) (Cachrys crassiloba), and Cyprian 'Ann Ala' Ivy (Hedera pastuchovii cypria) (van Steenis et al. 2019). The larva was described by Ricarte et al. (2008) from larvae in decaying parts of bulbs of Drimia maritima. Van Eck (2016) reports further rearing of the species from Drimia maritima bulbs.",There are no known major threats to this species.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species. Considering that the species is common in eastern parts of its range, no protection measures are needed at this time. Monitoring of the population trends is recommended.  The species occurs at several Natura 2000 sites in Europe such as at  Sintra / Cascais, Paul do Taipal and Serra de Montejunto in Portugal,  Llanos de Cáceres y Sierra de Fuentes, Sierra de Aracena y Picos de  Aroche, Sierra de Grazalema, Estrecho, Ramblas de Gérgal and Tabernas y  Sur de Sierra Alhamilla in Spain, Rdumijiet ta' Malta: Ir-Ramla  taċ-Ċirkewwa sal-Ponta ta' Bengħisa in Malta; Monte Coccovello - Monte  Crivo - Monte Crive in Italy, and Oros Erymanthos, Oros Parnassos, Oros  Taygetos - Lagkada Trypis, Sifnos: Profitis Ilias Mechri Dytikes Aktes  Kai Thalassia Periochi, Anafi: Chersonisos Kalamos - Roukounas,  Antikythira - Prasonisi Kai Lagouvardos, Lefka Ori Kai Paraktia Zoni,  Kourtaliotiko Farangi, Farangi Preveli, Prassano Farangi, Dikti:  Oropedio Lasithou, Katharo, Selena, Selakano, Chalasmeni Koryfi, Voreia  Karpathos Kai Saria Kai Paraktia Thalassia Zoni, Anatoliki Rodos, Samos:  Oros Kerkis, Voreia Chios Kai Nisoi Oinousses Kai Paraktia Thalassia  Zoni, Lesvos Kolpos Geras, Elos Ntipi Kai Oros Olympos – Potamos  Evergetoulas, Vouna Evrou - Potamos Lyras - Spilaia Didymoteichou Kai  Kefalovounou and Stena Nestou in Greece (European Environment Agency  2020).",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Lair, X. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,richteri,,Eumerus richteri,"Stackelberg, 1960",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)   The species is assessed as Endangered for Europe since it is very rare with five confirmed locations in Europe, with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 28 km2, and because there is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species in Europe, where it is found only in Serbia and Greece, is estimated to be 9,500 km2. In the EU 27, the species is assessed as Critically Endangered with only one recorded location, an area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) of 4 km2, and because there is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat. The majority of findings of this species are from before 2000. It is unlikely that there is a rescue effect from subpopulations outside the assessment region from Asian countries, where it is also considered to be rare.  The species is threatened by deforestation, agriculture, tourism, and forest fires. Further research on population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats as well as the regular monitoring of population trends are required. Resource and habitat protection is needed.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is known from north-eastern mainland Greece and eastern Serbia. There are also records from Croatia and Slovenia but they are not confirmed (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020) and are not mapped here. In Europe, where it occurs at five locations, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be about 9,500 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) about 28 km2. In the EU 27, it occurs at only one location, with an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) of 4 km2.  Outside of Europe, the species is known from Anatolia (Turkey), Azerbaijan and probably in Armenia.","The species is assumed to be extremely rare, and the population trend is unknown. There are only a few records for the species in Europe, and most of the records are older than 2000. The only reliable record from the EU 27 is the one from Dadia (northeastern Greece) collected in 2013 (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","The species is found in the low gorges of the Carpathians Mountains and in the Moesian foothills of Serbia (Vujić and Šimić 1999), where it is considered to be a relict species. It is also found in the natural mixed woodlands in Dadia in Greece. There are no data about visited flowers or developmental stages for this species. The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies are found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records for the larval stages of this species.","The major threats that are most likely to affect this species are deforestation and habitat fragmentation, as well as destruction from changing land uses in the Carpathian region. In the Moesian foothills, changing land use due to agriculture is likely to threaten it. Tourism, with visitors walking around sites and nearby caves where it lives, as well as illegal logging, may be the main threat (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). In Greece, dense forests dominated by pine trees are vulnerable to large-scale fires, which can be very destructive because of higher temperatures due to climate change and drought prevailing in the summer (Catsadorakis et al. 2010).","In Serbia, the species is protected under the Serbian legislation (Code on declaration and protection of strictly protected and protected wild species of plants, animals and fungi, “Official Gazette of RS”, no. 5/2010). In Greece, the species occurs in a protected area designated as the Dadia-Lefkimi-Soufli Forest National Park. Resource and habitat protection are needed as conservation actions. Further research on population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats, as well as the regular monitoring of the population trends, are required.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.","Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,rubrum,,Eumerus rubrum,"Grković and Vujić, 2017",,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This European endemic species is assessed as Endangered because it is found at only two to three locations on the Peloponnese Mountain range in Greece, with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 12 km2 and an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be around 605 km2. The species is likely to be found in shrubby Mediterranean vegetation at high altitudes. Overgrazing and tourism activities are destructing and causing a continuous decline in the quality of its habitat. The last specimen of this species was found more than 10 years ago, and therefore further targeted surveys are needed to establish if the species is still extant in the areas where it was found. For further conservation of the species area and resource protection are needed as well as legislation on a national level. Future research should focus on population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats to this species. Monitoring of both the population and habitat trends is required.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to mainland Greece (Grković et al. 2017), where so far it has only been found on the Mediterranean mountains of the Peloponnese. It is found between 836 and 1,695 m above sea level. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be about 605 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) at 12 km2, based on the known localities.","There is no information about the population size of this species, and the population trend is unknown. So far only three specimens have been found, all on the Peloponnese Mountains in Greece. The last specimen was found more than 10 years ago (in 2007) on Chelmos Mountain, although surveys in the area where it was found have been conducted several times since then (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).","The larvae feed on plants, presumably developing in bulbs or other infested underground organs, like other congeneric species. It was last recorded flying during May and June (Speight et al. 2018). It is likely to be found in shrubby Mediterranean vegetation at high altitude (Vujić et al. 2019). Its preferred habitats are herb-rich open areas and dry pine forests (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019). There is no further information on its habitats and ecology.","The main threats to this species are overgrazing, as well as the development of the tourism industry, such as the building of a ski-centre at Mount Chelmos (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).","There are no known conservation actions in place for the species. Although all known localities are within protected areas (for example, Chelmos-Vouraikos National Park and IBA (Important Bird Area) Taygetos Mountain) which are part of the Natura 2000 network, overgrazing and pressure from the tourism industry threaten it (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019). It is crucial to change the management of these protected areas and hence limit the threats to the species. For its further conservation, area and resource protection are needed as well as legislation on a national level. It is also important to continue systematic monitoring, because the last specimen was found more than 10 years ago. Future research should focus on population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats to this species. Monitoring of both the population and habitat trends is required.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"De Groot, M & Eggert, F.","Miličić, M. & Grković, A.","Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,ruficornis,,Eumerus ruficornis,"Meigen, 1822",,No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii)",No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  The species has faced a drastic decline in Europe in recent decades because of the abandonment of traditional agricultural practices, such as hay cutting and grazing by livestock in autumn, which was strongly favoured by its presumed host plant. While the species used to be widespread in Europe, it has only been found at five to eight locations in Sweden, Romania, Bulgaria, and Italy in the last few decades. For this reason, and because of its restricted area of occupancy (AOO), which in Europe and the EU 27 is assessed to be 50-100 km2, the species is assessed as Endangered. In Europe and the EU 27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is about 1,150,000 km2. Outside of Europe, the species has been recorded in North Africa. The conservation of the species should be based on resource and habitat protection. Further research on the population size, distribution, and trends as well as threats might also help preserve this species. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is required.",Decreasing,"Within the European region, this species is extant in Sweden, where it has recently been rediscovered (Johansson 2011), and it is also considered to be persist in northern Italy, eastern Bulgaria and in Romania. Its presence is uncertain in most parts of Europe despite the fact that it was once widespread across northern Europe, from France to parts of European Russia, and also in some west Mediterranean countries (Speight 2020). It is extinct in Denmark and the Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005) and possibly extinct in Germany (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). Records from northern and central France are not reliable, given from how long ago they are. It was never recorded in central Europe (Speight 2020). The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is estimated to be between 50 and 100 km2. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is about 1,150,000 km2.  Outside of Europe, it has been recorded in North Africa.","The population is assumed to be declining due to the fact that the species has not been recorded from most of its range for decades. There are only a few records from the 20th century. There has likely been a dramatic population decline due to the disappearance of its host plant, the Viper's-grass (Scorzonera humilis), in Western Europe (Johansson 2011). The remaining population is considered to be severely fragmented (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","The species prefers humid and unimproved lowland grassland at the edge of floodplains. It can be found beside flushes and seepages, and along river banks where Scorzonera humilis is present, in humid, unimproved, lightly-grazed, and seasonally-flooded grasslands. Adults are known to visit flowers of Potentilla erecta and Ranunculus (Speight 2020). Johansson (2011) provides evidence indicating that a larval host plant of the species is Scorzonera humilis.","Field studies suggest that this species is associated with Viper's-grass (Scorzonera humilis), still a fairly common plant on riverside pastures in the relevant area (Johansson 2011). However, the presumed host-plant is strongly threatened by the abandonment of old farming practices, such as cutting and extensive grazing in the late season. This relationship could help explain why the hoverfly has disappeared from most of Western Europe.","The species is listed as Extinct on the Czech Red List (Farkač et al. 2005), assessed as Critically Endangered in the German Red List (Ssymank et al. 2011), and as Endangered in Sweden (Gärdenfors et al. 2005, Artdatabanken 2020). It occurs at the Colli Berici Natura 2000 site in Italy and Dorohoi - Șaua Bucecei Natura 2000 site in Romania and Bosna in Bulgaria (European Environment Agency 2020). Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is required. Conservation of this species should be based on resource and habitat protection. Further research on the population size, distribution and trends as well as threats might also help to preserve the species.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,rusticus,,Eumerus rusticus,"Sack, 1932",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  Within Europe, this species is known from the Valea Cernei in Romania and from near Larnaka salt lake in Cyprus. The species is assessed as Endangered for Europe and the EU27 Member States since it has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO) of 8 km2 in Europe, is found in only two remote locations, and there is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat due human-made pressure. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is estimated to be less than 30,000 km2. The species may have already disappeared from one of the two locations where it was found, which could lead to assess it as Critically Endangered in the near future. The species is considered to be very rare in Europe. The conservation of the species should be based on the protection of its habitat. Further research on taxonomy, population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats as well as the monitoring of the population trends might also help preserve this species. There is no potential rescue effect from locations outside of the region.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is known from two localities; in Valea Cernei in Romania (Speight 2018), and recently recorded on Cyprus, near Larnaka salt lake (van Steenis et al. 2019). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km2, and extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 30,000 km2.  Outside of Europe, it is also known from Turkmenistan (Speight 2018) and the Asian part of Turkey (Sarıbıyık 2014), although this last record is uncertain.","There are no data about the population trend of this species, but it is considered to be very rare in Europe. There is a possibility that the population is severely fragmented, given that the two known locations in Europe are far from each other (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","The specimens from Cyprus were collected on Polygonum equisetiforme, Colchicum and Foeniculum vulgare (van Steenis et al. 2019). The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies are found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records for the larval stages of this species.","The location of this species in Romania has been continuously degraded by destructive and illegal logging in locations protected by the European Union's Natura 2000 legislation, including the Domogled-Valea Cernei National Park (https://www.euronatur.org/).","There are no known conservation actions for this species so far. Its habitat is partially covered by protected areas. It occurs at the Alykes Larnakas Birds and Habitats Directive Site in Cyprus and the Domogled - Valea Cernei Birds and Habitats Directive Site in Romania, which is also designated as the Domogled-Valea Cernei National Park (European Environment Agency 2020). Its conservation should be based on protection of its habitat. Further research on taxonomy, population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats, as well as the monitoring of population trends, might also help preserve this species.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,sabulonum,,Eumerus sabulonum,"(Fallén, 1817)","This species can be confused with the very similar and widely distributed European species Eumerus tarsalis, particularly the females, which are almost indistinguishable.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least concern (LC)    The species is known from southern Fennoscandia to England, eastwards through central and southern Europe, and into the European parts of Russia. The species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed stable population. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and in the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. However, since the species is considered rare in the central parts of its range such as in the Czech Republic and Germany and because of a decline in suitable habitat, monitoring is required to determine the species' habitat and population trends. It is unlikely that there is a rescue effect from populations outside the assessment region. Research into the species taxonomy, population size, distribution and trends, and threats as well as the monitoring its population and habitat trends is required.",Stable,"Within the European region, this species is known from southern Fennoscandia to England, eastwards through central and southern Europe, and into parts of European Russia (Speight 2018). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.  Outside of Europe, the range of this species extends to North Africa.","There is no information about the population size of this species, but its current population trend is assumed to be stable (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). However, although the species is widespread, it has been confirmed to be rare in some countries, such as the Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005) and Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011).","The species prefers open ground, coastal dune systems and low, rocky, coastal undercliffs at the northern edge of its range. It lives in dry, sandy areas of alluvial floodplains and dry, open, sandy areas within forest over much of continental Europe. It prefers open areas within Quercus ilex forest and maquis shrub land. In southern Europe, it is also found in unimproved montane grassland. Adults are known to visit Aegopodium podagraria, Euphorbia, Jasione montana, Potentilla erecta and Rosa pimpinellifolia. Munk (2000) apparently observed early-instar larvae of this species in cavities they had presumably made in the leaves of Jasione montana, on which he had previously observed deposition of eggs by Eumerus sabulonum. Stubbs (1997) also reported a female apparently depositing eggs on a rosette of Jasione montana.","The habitats of this species (for example improved systems) are globally impacted by human activities (such as land conversion by overgrazing, agriculture and urbanization), and as a result such activities may have an impact in parts of the range (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and no conservations are required art this moment in time. It is assessed as Vulnerable in the Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005), and Endangered on the German Red List, since it is very rare in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011). Because it is widely distributed, it occurs in several protected areas, including the Mercantour National Park in France (Ssymank and Lair 2014). Research into its taxonomy, population size, distribution, trends and threats, as well as the monitoring of its population and habitat, is required.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.","Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,santosabreui,,Eumerus santosabreui,"Báez, 1982",,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"The species is endemic to the Hierro, Gomera, La Palma and Gran Canaria islands of the Canary Islands, and it is undergoing a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat due to human-made pressure. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be less than 25,000 km2 and the EU 27 the area of occupancy (AOO) is assessed to be between 16-40 km2. The number of locations where the species is found is between four and 10 and in Europe. Therefore the species is classified as Endangered (EN). The conservation of the species should be based on resource and habitat protection. Further research about the population size, distribution, and trends and life history and ecology of the species are required. Monitoring of the population trends is also important.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Canary Islands in Spain. Báez (1982) stated that it is found on Hierro, Gomera, La Palma, and Gran Canaria islands. No recent records exist. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 16-40 km2 and extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 25,000 km2. It is found between four and 10 locations.","There are no data about the population trend of this species, and there are no recent records. There have been no targeted studies to find more material, but unlike Eumerus purpureus and other species endemic to the Canary Islands (G. Pennards pers. comm. 2019), recent research on the islands has not provided any new specimens.","The species is found in arid and sparsely vegetated areas of the Canaries covered with succulent shrub vegetation, such as Euphorbia and the non-indigenous Opuntia. The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies are found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records for the larval stages of this species.","Intensive urban, tourism development and road construction are causing enormous habitat destruction, particularly for coastal and low-elevation ecosystems (WWF 2017).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species; however, resource and habitat protection is needed. It is not known if the species is found in protected areas. Further research about the population size, distribution, trends, life history and ecology of the species is required. Monitoring of the population trends is also important.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,sicilianus,,Eumerus sicilianus,"van der Goot, 1964",The species belongs to the Eumerus obliquus group.,Yes,DD,0,Yes [revised],CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This species is considered to be endemic to Italy, where it is known from the single type specimen collected almost 60 years ago. The species may occur in Tunisia, but this requires confirmation and at present it is considered to be endemic to Europe. The species potentially qualifies as Critically Endangered, with a small area of occupancy (AOO) of 4 km2 and because it is only known from a single location with an inferred continuing decline in the quality of the species' habitat due to tourism, urbanization, and intensive agriculture. However, the species was last recorded around 60 years ago, and nothing is known of its current distribution, population size and population trend. Further research is needed to confirm its current distribution, and to obtain information about the ecology and specific threats endangering this species. The species is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is known from near Siracusa on Sicily (Italy), from where it was described, and its description is based on one specimen collected in 1961 (van der Goot 1964). Although some sampling efforts have been made in the area, the species has not been recollected since, but the sampling efforts may not have necessarily targeted this species. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km2.  Outside of Europe, it is possible that the species is also present in Tunisia but this requires confirmation (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019) and at present it is considered to be endemic to Europe (Burgio et al. 2015).","There is no information about the population size or trends for this species. Only one specimen has been found, in 1961 in Sicily (van der Goot 1964). Some surveys were conducted in the area in 2015, but the species was not recorded.","The species prefers the vicinity of springs and streams in very dry, non-calcareous, open ground (van der Goot 1964). It flies during August. As only one specimen was recorded more than 50 years ago, and no further information exists, all aspects of its biology and ecology remain unknown.","Because the species has not been found in recent years, there is no information about its specific threats. It is believed that the habitat quality is constantly declining due to intensive man-made activities in the area, such as tourism, urbanization and intensive agriculture (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).","There are no known conservation actions for this species, nor is it listed in any of the National Red Lists. The known localities are entirely within the Saline di Siracusa e Fiume Ciane site (Special Protection Area (Birds Directive)). Specific surveys designed to check if the species is still present are also needed (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019). Site and habitat protection as well as habitat and natural process restoration is needed. Research on taxonomy, population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats, as well as the monitoring of population and habitat trends, are required for this species.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"De Groot, M & Eggert, F.","Miličić, M. & Grković, A.","Popov, G., Radenković, S., Sommaggio, D. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,sinuatus,,Eumerus sinuatus,"Loew, 1855",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  The species is assessed as Endangered for Europe and the EU27 Member States since it has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO) of about 100 km2 in Europe, the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat throughout Europe. In the EU 27, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 76 km2. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is estimated to be about 1,500,000 km2. Habitat loss and habitat quality decline, even if slow, are continuous. This species is only present in natural forests and scrubby European habitats, which are in continuing decline due to logging, increasing urbanization, and intensive forest management, as well as expanding agricultural activity. It is unlikely that there is a rescue effect from populations outside the assessment region. Site and habitat protection of remaining Fagus forests and xeric calcareous and non-calcareous grasslands are needed. Monitoring of the population trends at all historical sites and research on life history and ecology and threats is required.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is found in central and southern France, in Bavaria and Baden-Wuerttemberg in southern Germany, Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, Serbia, and Romania (Speight 2020). It is also extant in Bolzano in northern Italy (D. Sommaggio pers. comm. 2019), and further recent records were made from northeastern Italy, Serbia and from France in June 2005. Records from Hungary and Croatia are relatively old (Tóth 2011). Its presence in the Czech Republic is uncertain, regardless of the fact that it is included in the Czech Red List (J. Hadrava pers. comm. 2020). In Europe, its area of occupancy (AOO) is about 100 km2. In the EU 27, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 76 km2. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is estimated to be about 1,500,000 km2. It is found between 80 and 1,700 metres above sea level.  Outside of Europe, it is found in western Siberia and northern Kazakhstan (Stackelberg 1961).","There are no data on the population trend of this species. Despite being widely distributed, the species is very rare all over its range. It is usually found in very small patches, so big subpopulations are unlikely to exist (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). The population is considered to be severely fragmented.","The species prefers broad-leaf forests, open ground and scrubby habitats. It is found in forest fringes of warm and dry sites, in Fagus forests and in xeric, open, unimproved, dry, calcareous and non-calcareous grassland (Speight 2018). The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies are found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records for the larval stages of this species. Adults are known to visit Asparagus officinalis flowers (Speight 2018).","Logging and increasing urbanization are major threats to European Broadleaf and mixed forests. Intensive forest management, particularly large clear cuts reforested with coniferous monocultures, is another major threat to this type of habitat. Remaining forest habitats are often fragmented by divided highways and multi-track railroads, creating barriers to wildlife movement (EEA 2016). These threats directly affect species related to forests in any aspect of their lives. One locality in Serbia is particularly threatened by a construction project. In Italy, the main problem is expansion of vineyards on calcareous soils where the species occurs (D. Sommaggio pers. comm. 2019).","This species is on the list of strictly-protected species under the Serbian legislation (Code on declaration and protection of strictly protected wild species of plants, animals and fungi, “Official Gazette of RS”, no. 5/2010). It is listed as Endangered in the Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005) and Critically Endangered in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011). Site and habitat protection of remaining Fagus forests and xeric calcareous and non-calcareous grasslands in Europe are needed. Monitoring of the population trends at all historical sites is required, as well as research on its life history, ecology and threats. It occurs in several Natura 2000 sites in Europe, such as at the  Monte Musiné Habitats Directive Site in Italy; Le Mercantour and  Bas-Rhin Habitat Directive Sites in France; Trockengebiete an den  Werntalhängen zwischen Karsbach und Stetten Habitat Directive Site in  Germany; Őrség, Papod és Miklád, Budai-hegység Habitats Directive Sites  and Mátra and Alsó-Tisza-völgy Birds Directive Sites in Hungary; and  Slovensky kras Birds Directive Site in Slovakia (European Environment  Agency 2020).",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.","van Steenis, J., Ssymank, A., Hadrava, J., Vujić, A. & Sommaggio, D.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,sogdianus,,Eumerus sogdianus,"Stackelberg, 1952",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The species is assessed as Least Concern for Europe and the EU27 Member States in view of its wide distribution throughout Europe and its presumed large and stable overall population. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. The species prefers unimproved pastures, montane grasslands, and sandy alluvial floodplains. It is also found on farmland, particularly in potato and cereal fields. There are no major threats to the species in Europe, but urbanization and land conversion due to agriculture and other human activities pose a minor threat to the species. No conservation actions are required to protect this species but monitoring of its population trends is recommended.",Stable,"This species occurs across much of the European region. It is found from Denmark to southern Spain and the Peloponnese in Greece, and from southern England to Belgium and further eastwards through central and southern Europe and into parts of European Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of the species in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.  Outside of Europe, it is found in central Asia in Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia and China (Speight 2018).","There is no information about population size, but an important number of findings indicate that the population trend is stable (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","The species occurs in open ground, dry, unimproved pasture and montane grassland. It is also found on farmland, particularly in potato and cereal fields, and in sandy soils, especially coastal dune systems. It lives in fixed dune grassland and sandy alluvial floodplains, plus humid and unimproved grassland, and the adults are known to visit white umbellifers and Sedum acre. The larvae have been reared from Allium spp., Daucus carota and Solanum tuberosum (Speight 2018).","There are no major threats to the species in Europe, but urbanization and land conversion due to agriculture and other human activities pose a minor threat (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","No conservation measures are in place for this species currently. No conservation actions are required to protect this species, but monitoring of its population trends is recommended. It occurs in many protected areas, amongst others in the Durmitor  National Park in Montenegro, Fruška Gora National Park in Serbia, and  Podyjí Natura2000 Site and National Park in the Czech Republic (A. Vujić  pers. comm. 2020). It is also found in Delta Evrou and Limnes Kai  Limnothalasses Tis Thrakis - Evryteri Periochi Kai Paraktia  Zoni Natura2000 Sites in Greece (European Environment Agency 2020).",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.","Vujić, A. & Sommaggio, D.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,strigatus,,Eumerus strigatus,"(Fallén, 1817)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The species is known from Fennoscandia south to the Iberian and the Mediterranean Basin. The species is found in the major and central parts of Europe. The species is assessed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution across Europe and its presumed large and stable overall population. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and in the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. The species occurs in unimproved, humid, seasonally-flooded grassland, in broad-leaf forests and in open and dry unimproved pasture. It can also be found in horticultural land and suburban gardens. There are no major threats to species, but urbanization and land conversion due to agriculture and other human activities pose a minor threat to the species. Currently no conservation actions are required, but the monitoring of the population trends is recommended.",Stable,"Within the European region, this species is known from Fennoscandia south to the Iberian and the Mediterranean Basin, and in the major and central parts of Europe. There have been some problems with its identification in old records, where it may have been confused with Eumerus sogdianus or other similar species from the strigatus group. For example, in northern Italy, many identified specimens were actually sogdianus (D. Sommaggio pers. comm. 2019). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and in the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.  Outside of Europe, the species is known from Turkey, Russia (east from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific coast in Sakhalin), and to Japan. The species has been introduced in North America, and it has been recorded in both Canada and the United States. It has also been introduced to Australia and New Zealand (Speight 2018).","There is no information about population size, but the large number of findings indicate that population trend is stable (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","The species is found in wetlands, forests and open ground in unimproved, humid, seasonally-flooded grassland, in broad-leaf forests and in open, dry unimproved pasture including dune grassland. It was transported to some areas by human activities, and it sometimes occurs in horticultural land and suburban gardens. It prefers visiting umbellifers, Allium ursinum, Convolvulus, Eschscholzia californica, Euphorbia, Fragaria, Leontodon, Papaver, Potentilla erecta, Ranunculus, Sonchus arvensis and Taraxacum. The puparium is described and figured by Ricarte et al. (2017), and the larva is described by Heiss (1938). The species is a bulb feeder, and it has been recorded from lilies, parsnip, carrot, potato, asparagus, artichoke roots, and from rotting grapefruit. It is regarded as a minor pest of horticulture as it apparently only attacks bulbs when they are rotting (Speight 2018).","There are no major threats to the species, but urbanization and land conversion due to agriculture and other human activities pose a minor threat (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","No conservation actions are required to protect this species at the moment, but the monitoring of population trends is recommended. It occurs in many protected areas, among others in the Kopaonik  National Park in Serbia, Durmitor National Park in Montenegro, Danube  Delta National Park in Romania and Podyjí National Park in the Czech  Republic. It also occurs in several Natura 2000 sites such as  at Slovenska Istra in Slovenia, Otok Cres in Croatia, Recifii Jurasici  Cheia in Romania, Kaňon Vltavy u Sedlce in Czech, Forêts picardes:  massif des trois forêts et bois du Roi in France, Ostoja Kozubowska in  Poland, and Ethnikos Drymos Vikou - Aoou in Greece (European Environment  Agency 2020).",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.","Sommaggio, D. & Vujić, A.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,subornatus,,Eumerus subornatus,"Claussen, 1989",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  In Europe, the species is known from a small number of localities in Portugal, southern France, and in Spain. The species prefers small open areas in Pyrenean Oak forests, thermophilous forests of Quercus faginea, evergreen forests of Quercus suber, and Mediterranean scrub land.  Based on the species' small area of occupancy (AOO) of 48 km2 in Europe and the EU 27, the fact that it is only found in four locations, and a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat, the species is assessed as Endangered (EN) in Europe and the EU 27. Threats to this species are related to human activities, such as intensive agriculture and grazing as well as the development of the tourism industry. It is unlikely that there is any rescue effect from populations outside of the assessment region.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species occurs in southern Portugal (van Eck 2011), central Spain (Ricarte 2008), and from southern France in the Pyrenees close to the border with Spain (Speight and Ricarte 2012). It is found between 233 and 808 m above sea level. It is considered to occur in four locations. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is estimated to be around 33,511 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) about 48 km2.  Outside of Europe, it is found in Morocco (Claussen 1989).","There is no information about the population size or trend. In Spain, around 300 specimens were found in the Cabaneros National Park during 2004 in more than 10 localities (Ricarte and Marcos-Garcia 2008); around 200 of these specimens were collected using a Malaise trap. There are very few records from the rest of the range.","The species prefers small open areas in Pyrenean Oak forests, thermophilous forests of Quercus faginea, evergreen forests of Quercus suber, and Mediterranean scrub land (M.A. Marcos-García and A. Ricarte pers. comm. 2019). Adults fly very close to the ground (M.A. Marcos-García and A. Ricarte pers. comm. 2019.) and come to drink at the edge of springs in hot conditions. Adults are known to visit yellow composites and Urginea maritima (M.A. Marcos-García and A. Ricarte pers. comm. 2019). The flight period is from May to October in the Mediterranean zone of Europe. Like congeneric species, the larvae presumably feed on plants, developing in bulbs or other infested underground organs.","The destruction of habitat due to different human activities, such as increased number of tourists and the construction of tourism infrastructure, agriculture (direct destruction of habitats due to usage of the machinery and monocultural plantations), and grazing are the main threats (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).","There are no ongoing conservation actions for this species. Site and habitat protection are necessary in order to preserve suitable areas. Further research is needed on the population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats, as well as the monitoring of habitat trends. It is present in protected areas such as in the Cabaneros  National Park in Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-Garcia 2008). Some of the  point localities where this species is found are part of the Natura 2000  network.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Miličić, M. & Grković, A.","Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,sulcitibius,,Eumerus sulcitibius,"Rondani, 1868",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The species is found in southern Europe from Portugal around the Mediterranean Basin to Italy and Montenegro, including the islands of Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, and Crete. The species is assessed as Least Concern for Europe and the EU27 Member States in view of its wide distribution and its presumed large and stable overall population. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of the species in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. The species prefers open ground, semi-arid and unimproved grassland and open woodland of Quercus pyrenaica but also can be found in small open areas beside rivers in Quercus ilex forests. Tourism development, overgrazing and frequent fires can pose a threat to the species in parts of its range, but no conservation actions are currently required. Further research into the species' threats and the monitoring of its population trends.",Stable,"Within the European region, this species is found in southern Europe from Portugal all around the Mediterranean Basin to the western Balkans and Greece, including the islands of Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and Crete, though apparently not recorded from mainland France. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.  Outside of Europe, the species is found in Anatolia in Turkey and Azerbaijan (Speight 2018, van Steenis 2017).","There is no information about the population size, but a large number of findings indicate that the population trend is currently stable (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","This species prefers open ground, semi-arid and unimproved grassland and open woodland of Quercus pyrenaica (Marcos-Garcia 1985). It is also found in small open areas beside rivers in Quercus ilex forests (Speight 2018). Adults are known to visit Thapsia (Marcos-Garcia 1985), Sambucus spp. and Euphorbia spp. (Krpač et al. 2011).","There are no major threats to this species, but habitat loss due to tourism development, overgrazing, agriculture and more frequent fires due to climate change can pose a threat to this species in the coastal regions of its area (EEA 2016).","No conservation measures are in place for the species currently.  No conservation actions are currently needed. Further research is needed into the threats and to monitor population trends. It occurs in many protected areas: some of the Natura 2000 sites where  the species occurs are Voreia Lesvos, Notiodytiki Chersonisos, Lesvos  Kolpos Geras, Lesvos Paraktioi Ygrotopoi Kai Kolpos Kolpos Kallonis on  Lesvos island, Kentriko Kai Notio Tmima on Andros, Oros Kerkis on Samos,  Voreia Karpathos Kai Saria Kai Paraktia Thalassia Zoni on Karpathos,  Dikti on Crete, Ori Gidovouni, and Taygetos on Pelloponese in Greece and  Fondali marini di Punta Campanella e Capri in Italy (European  Environment Agency 2020).",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,tarsalis,,Eumerus tarsalis,"Loew, 1848",,No,EN,"B2ab(i,iii,iv)",No,EN,"B2ab(i,iii,iv)",EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  The species is assessed as Endangered for Europe and the EU27 Member States since it has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO) of 24 to 40 km2 in Europe, the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and extent and quality of its habitat throughout Europe. The area of occupancy (AOO) in the EU 27 is estimated to be less than 20 km2. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species in Europe is about 520,000 km2. In the EU 27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is about 220,000 km2. The number of locations is also considered to be declining in Europe.  The species can be found in humid European forests as well as in unimproved, alpine pastures up to above 2,000 metres in the Alps, and in montane pine forests in southern Europe. Land conversion of alpine and subalpine habitats, abandonment of traditional livestock grazing, and replacement of meadows with dense cover of shrubs and forests are the main threats to the species' habitat. Habitat fragmentation is also a major threat to the species. Protection of its habitat and further research into the population size, distribution, and trends as well as threats might help preserve the species. It is unlikely that there is a rescue effect from populations outside the assessment region.",Decreasing,"Within the European region, this species was formerly widespread in Europe, but there are very few recent records - from France (Ssymank and Lair 2014), Austria (Aistleitner et al. 2008), Slovenia (van Steenis et al. 2013) and Montenegro (S. Brajović pers. comm. 2020). In Europe, the area of occurrence (AOO) is estimated to be between 24 and 40 km2 and in the EU 27 less than 20 km2. It is considered to occur at six to 10 locations in Europe, and fewer than six in the EU 27. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is about 520,000 km2, and in the EU 27, about 220,000 km2. It is Extinct in the Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005) and in Belgium (Speight 2020). Despite being assessed as Endangered in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011), there are no recent records of this species and it is Possibly Extinct in this country (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). Records from Romania (Bradescu 1991) are from the last century, and records from Hungary are over 40 years old (Tóth 2011) so we consider the species in these countries to be Possibly Extinct. It is considered to be Possibly Extinct in Spain as well. It has not been recorded recently in most of its historical locations,  so the number of locations is considered to be declining in Europe. Records from Ukraine are probably misidentified specimens of Eumerus sabulonum (Popov 2003); a record from the Netherlands from the last century was certainly a misidentified specimen, and thus the species is considered to be Possibly Extinct in the Netherlands (J. van Steenis pers. comm. 2020).  Outside of Europe, the species is found in North Africa, in Russia including eastern Siberia, and in Mongolia (Speight 2018).","There are no data on population size. Despite being once widely distributed, the species is now considered rare all over its range. It is found in low numbers in most sites, with approximately two individuals encountered per site. Its range is considered to be severely fragmented, because many subpopulations are small and isolated with no possibility of exchange of individuals among them (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). The population trend is decreasing, because the species has not been recorded recently in most of its historical localities.","The species prefers forests and open grounds. It is found in both coniferous and deciduous forest, including humid Fagus/Picea forests and Fagus/Fraxinus forests in central Europe. The species also lives in unimproved, alpine pasture up to above 2,000 m in the Alps, and in montane Pinus forests in southern Europe. Adults are known to visit Apiaceae (Speight 2018).","It is difficult to determine the reason why populations of this species have declined, but since their development is dependent on specific plants, the assessors have inferred that the decline is related to the degradation of its habitat. Land conversion of alpine and subalpine habitats, abandonment of traditional livestock grazing, and replacement of meadows with dense cover of shrubs and forests undoubtedly adversely affect the biodiversity of open habitats (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). Habitat fragmentation due to agriculture and urbanization is also one of the major threats to this species.","There are no known conservation actions for this species so far. It is listed as Extinct in the Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005) as well as in Belgium and is considered Possibly Extinct in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011), Spain, the Netherlands, Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania. Conservation should be based on the protection of its habitat. Further research on the population size, distribution and trends, as well as threats, might also help preserve this species. It is found in the Gîtes et habitats à chauves-souris en Bourgogne Habitat Directive Site (FR2601012) in France, Darányi borókás Habitat Directive Site in Hungary, Durmitor National Park, and Boka Bay UNESCO World Heritage Site in Montenegro (European Environment Agency 2020).",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.","Pennards, G.W.A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,tauricus,,Eumerus tauricus,"Stackelberg, 1952",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,CR,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)    The species is assessed as Endangered in Europe because of its very restricted and fragmented area of occupancy (AOO) of 32 km2 and because it is found in only seven locations, four of which are on the Crimean Peninsula in Ukraine. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is approximately 452,000 km2. There is only one record in each of the following countries: Serbia, Romania, and the European part of Russia. There is a possibility that the species became extinct in Serbia. There is also a continuing decline in the quality of its Eurasian steppe habitat due to human activities, such as agriculture, urbanization, overgrazing, and afforestation. Since there is only one location in the EU 27, which is in Romania, and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is only 4 km2, the species is assessed as Critically Endangered in the EU 27. Habitat protection is necessary to preserve this species. Research on the population size, distribution and trends is required as well as the monitoring of the population trends in all known locations. It is unlikely that there is a rescue effect from subpopulations outside the assessment region.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species has been found in Ukraine (southern Crimea), a single locality in Romania, Serbia, and in the Kursk region (European Russia). The species was described in 1952 from the Crimean Peninsula, and five localities have been found there after its description. In Serbia, one specimen was found at a single locality in 1954 (Vujić and Šimić 1999), and it is possible that the species became extinct in this country. In total, it is found at seven localities in Europe. In the EU 27, there is a single location in the region of Sibiu in Romania from the last century (Bradescu 1991). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is approximately 452,000 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km2, occurring at seven locations. In the EU 27, the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 4 km2 since it occurs only at one location.  Outside of Europe, the species is known from the Saur Mountains of Kazakhstan and from the Novosibirsk region in the Asian part of Russia.","There is no information about population size, and very few records exist, all of them from before 2000 (Vujić and Šimić 1999, Bradescu 1991, Barkalov and Popov 2000). The population trend is unknown. The species is not common, but outside the Crimean Peninsula it is extremely rare.","This species prefers open Eurasian steppe habitats (Barkalov and Popov 2000). The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies are found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records for the larval stages of this species, and no data about flowers visited by adults.","Eurasian steppes are facing numerous threats, such as agricultural expansion, urbanization, overgrazing and afforestation. These threats have resulted in a critical reduction of steppe‐like grasslands in Eastern Europe and in an enormous loss of biodiversity in the area (Cremene et al. 2005).","The species is strictly protected under the Serbian legislation (Code on declaration and protection of strictly protected and protected wild species of plants, animals and fungi, “Official Gazette of RS”, no. 5/2010). The site where the species was found in Serbia is a protected Special Nature Reserve called Deliblatska peščara, but despite later research, it has not been recorded there again. In Ukraine, where most records are known the mapped range of the species overlaps a number of protected areas, including the Krymskyi (Crimean) Nature Zapovednik (Nature Reserve).  Resource and habitat protection is necessary to preserve this species. Research on population size, distribution, trends, life history and ecology is required, as well as the monitoring of population trends in all known locations.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"De Groot, M & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.","Popov, G., Vujić, A., Radenković, S. & Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,tenuitarsis,,Eumerus tenuitarsis,"Grković and Vujić, 2019",,No,CR,B2ab(iii),No,CR,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR) EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)  Based upon its small area of occupancy (AOO) of 8 km2 in Europe and the EU 27, with only two locations known, both in Greece (in the Evros region and on Lesvos island), severe fragmentation of its population, and the continuing decline of habitat quality due to fires and tourism activities, the species is assessed as Critically Endangered. In Europe and the EU 27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at around 180 km2. Conservation of the species should be focused on the protection of its habitat and area. Monitoring of the habitat trends is required. Research of this recently described species should focus on population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats. If future research finds the species elsewhere, its area of occupancy (AOO) could be more important. However, the species is likely to be very rare. There is little probability of rescue effect from subpopulations in Turkey.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is only known from Greece, where it is known form a single locality in the Evros region on the Greek mainland, and from a single locality Lesvos (Grković et al. 2019) in the Eastern Aegean. It is found between 310 and 598 metres above sea level. In Europe and the EU 27, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 8 km2, while the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at around 180 km2.  Outside of Europe, it has been recorded from the Anatolia region of Turkey.","There is no information about the population size of this species, and the current population trend is unknown. Only two specimens are known so far from Greece (one in 2003 and the other in 2013) (Grković et al. 2019). It was recently described (in 2019) and it is likely very rare, because it was not recorded in spite of repeated surveys across different areas in Greece. The population is severely fragmented.","The larva feeds on plants, presumably developing in bulbs or other infested underground organs, like congeneric species. It is found in open areas in Castanea forest (M. Miličić pers. comm. 2019) and thermophilous Quercus forest (Vujić et al. 2020), the adults flying during the months of June and July (Speight 2020).","The main threats to this species are destruction of its habitat by fires and droughts as a result of climate change, as well as tourism activities such as resort development. These threats affect both known localities, and are especially intensive in the locality on Lesvos island (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).","There are no known conservation actions for this species so far. It is present in a site on Lesvos Island listed in the Habitats directive (Lesvos Kolpos Geras, Elos Ntipi Kai Oros Olympos – Potamos Evergetoulas), and is found within the boundaries of the Dadia National Park in Greece. Some of the point localities are part of the Natura 2000 network. Conservation should be focused on the protection of the habitat and area. The species would also benefit from being included in national legislation. Research on this recently described species should focus on the population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats. Monitoring of both the population and habitat trends is required (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).",The species is not utilized or traded.,"De Groot, M & Eggert, F.","Miličić, M. & Grković, A.","Sommaggio, D. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,torsicus,,Eumerus torsicus,"Grković and Vujić, 2015",,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This European endemic species is assessed as Endangered (EN) because it is only known from the islands of Chios (Greece) and Cyprus, has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of approximately 11,000 km2 and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 28 km2, and is only been found in four locations. Fire is considered to be the main threat. Intensive human activities, such as agriculture and tourism, also cause degradation and a continuing decline in the quality of the species' habitat. In order to preserve the species, there is a need for the protection of its habitat and area as well as educational awareness and communication. Gaining further knowledge about the population size, distribution and trends, life history and ecology, and threats of the species is also required.",Unknown,"This species is found only on the Greek island of Chios and in Cyprus (Speight 2020). It is found between 27 and 1,922 m above sea level. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 10,178 km2, and area of occupancy (AOO) of 28 km2, based on the known localities.","There is no information on the population size, and the current population trend is unknown. In total, 32 specimens of this species have been found so far in 2011 and 2012. Three specimens are from Greece (the island of Chios), while the other specimens are from Cyprus (Grković et al. 2016).","The species prefers areas along river streams, most often with Platanus orientalis and Alnus orientalis. It has been found flying around Colchicum (van Steenis et al. 2019). Adults fly from September to November (Speight 2020). The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies are found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records for the larval stages of this species.","The most severe threats to this species are frequent forest fires and droughts caused by global warming, as well as the destruction of habitat due to agricultural (overgrazing) and tourist activities (an increased frequency of tourist arrivals on the islands together with the development of tourist infrastructure) (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).","There are no known conservation actions for this species so far. All of the known localities where the species is found are within the Natura 2000 network. In order to preserve this species, there is a need for conservation of its habitat and area, as well as educational awareness and communication. Gaining further knowledge about the population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats will be important. Monitoring of both habitat and population trends is also required (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).",The species is not utilized or traded.,"De Groot, M & Eggert, F.","Miličić, M. & Grković, A.","Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,tricolor,,Eumerus tricolor,"(Fabricius, 1798)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The species is known from the Netherlands southwards to the Mediterranean Basin, and from Belgium eastwards to central Europe and to the European parts of Russia. The species is assessed as Least Concern for Europe and the EU27 Member States in view of its wide distribution across Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. However, the species deserves attention as it is decreasing over most of Europe. Land conversion due to agriculture, grazing, and urbanization pose a threat to this species in parts of its range. Habitat protection, research on threats and monitoring of the population trends is required for this species.",Decreasing,"Within the European region, this species is known from widespread but scattered records. These are from the southern Netherlands and northern France, southwards to the Mediterranean Basin, and from Belgium eastwards to central Europe and European Russia. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and in the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.  Outside of Europe, it is known from Siberia eastwards to the Pacific coast, including the Sakhalin Peninsula and Japan (Speight 2020).","There are no data about the population size of this species. It is widely distributed, but presumably decreasing over most of Europe (Speight 2020).","The species prefers scrub, hedgerows, dry unimproved and permanent pasture, including montane grassland from within the Fagus and Picea zone up to the Abies and Picea belt (Speight 2018). The larva and puparium were described by Arzone (1972). It has been reared from Tragopogon (Loiselle 1914, Arzone 1973) and is considered to be a pest for crops of Tragopogon porrifolius (Arzone 1972).","Land conversion due to agriculture, grazing and urbanization pose a threat to this species in Europe (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","Resource and habitat protection is recommended for this species. Additionally, research on threats and monitoring of the population trends is required.  It occurs in several Natura 2000 sites such as at Alto  Sir, Oteros-Campos, Valle de San Emiliano, Monte de El Pardo, Serres de  Mariola i el Carrascal de la Font Roja (ZEPA), and Los Valles in Spain,  Massif du Petit Luberon, Coteaux, bois et marais calcaires de la  Champagne Berrichonne, Vallées de la Loire et de l'Allier entre Cher et  Nièvre, Corridor de la Meuse, Milieux forestiers, prairies et pelouses  de la vallée du Suzon, Vallées de la Loue et du Lison, and Les Caps et  Marais Regional National Park in France, Geuldal and Kunderberg in the  Netherlands, Dörnberg, Immelburg und Helfenstein, Hainich, Ohrdrufer  Muschelkalkplatte, and Apfelstädtaue in Germany, Javorniki - Snežnik in  Slovenia, Őrség,Nyugat-Dráva-sík, Kab-hegy, Felső-Nyirádi-erdő és  Meggyes-erdő, Balatonfüredi-erdő, Ablánc patak völgye, Határ-menti  erdők, Fertő tó, Hanság, Vértes, Gödöllői-dombság, Mátra, Hortobágy, and  Zempléni-hegység a Szerencsi-dombsággal és a Hernád-völggyel in Hungary  and Koryfes Orous Smolikas, Oros Lakmos, Oros Parnassos, Oros Chelmos  Kai Ydata Stygos, Ymittos, and Oros Taygetos in Greece (European  Environment Agency 2020). It also occurs in the Durmitor  National Park in Montenegro and Fruška Gora National Park in Serbia.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,truncatus,,Eumerus truncatus,"Rondani, 1868",,No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  The species is found in Portugal, Spain, in the Aegean Islands in Greece, in Sicily in Italy, and in Corsica in France. The species is assessed as Endangered for Europe and the EU27 Member States based on a severely fragmented population as many subpopulations are small and isolated, a restricted extent of occurrence (EOO) of 1,919 km2 and a small area of occupancy (AOO) of only 84 km2 in Europe and the EU 27. The species is very rare in Europe and its Mediterranean habitats are threatened, so it deserves attention. Frequent fires as a consequence of climate change and tourism development in the Mediterranean Basin threaten the species.  There is a continuing decline in the quality of the species' habitat. Resource and habitat protection, research on threats to the species and monitoring of its population trends are recommended.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is known from southern Portugal, central and southern Spain, Corsica in France, Sicily in Italy, and from Greece (Crete and from some Aegean Islands and islands associated with mainland Greece). In Europe and the EU 27, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,919 km2 and area of occupancy (AOO) is 84 km2.  Outside of Europe, it is known from Morocco and Tunisia in North Africa (van Steenis et al. 2017, Vujić et al. 2020).","There are no data about the population trend, because there are not many records of this species (Vujić et al. 2020). It is presumably very rare in Europe. Recent publications verify that it exists in Spain and Portugal, but the records from Spain are from the last century (van Steenis et al. 2017). The range is considered to be severely fragmented because many subpopulations are small and isolated, with no exchange of individuals possible among them.","The species prefers scrub and open ground, patches of thermophilous Quercus scrub or garrigue in dry and sparsely vegetated ground in Mediterranean ecosystems (Vujić et al. 2020). The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies are found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records for the larval stages of this species.","The Mediterranean Basin is one of the most fire-prone regions in the world and due to climate change, fires and droughts are expected to become more frequent and have a higher impact on Mediterranean ecosystems. Other main threats that this species faces are overgrazing and the development of the tourism industry, which has exposed areas of coastline to intense pressure from land-use change (CEPF 2010).","There are no known conservation actions for this species so far. Resource and habitat protection, and research on threats and monitoring of population trends are recommended. It occurs at several protected sites, such as at the Vale do  Guadiana Birds Directive Site in Portugal, the Sierra de Gredos, Soto de  Viñuelas, and Cabo de Gata-Níjar Habitats Directive Sites in Spain, the  Massif montagneux du Cinto Habitats Directive Site in Sardinia, the  Monte Pelato in Sicily in Italy, and at several Natura 2000 Sites in  Crete, Serifos, and Lesvos in Greece (European Environment Agency 2020).",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,uncipes,,Eumerus uncipes,"Rondani, 1850",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    The European endemic species is listed as Least Concern because of its relatively large distribution. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. However, the species is considered to be Extinct in Germany and its presence is uncertain in Spain and in the Eastern part of its area. Habitat fragmentation as a consequence of deforestation, unsustainable logging, and changes in land use are the main threats to the species. In Italy, afforestation of grasslands is likely to be the main threat. Research into its life history and ecology and threats is needed. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends are required in order to elucidate the exact distribution of the species. If research shows that subpopulations are rare in other countries of occurrence, the species may qualify for a threatened status.",Unknown,"Endemic to Europe, this species is found in mainland France, peninsular Italy, Switzerland, Montenegro and Greece (on Corfu and Mount Chelmos) (Speight 2020). Its presence in Spain, Romania and Bulgaria is uncertain (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). In northern Italy it is only found in dry conditions, but it is more widespread in southern Italy (D. Sommaggio pers. comm. 2019). It is considered to be Extinct in Germany (Syymank et al. 2011). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of the species in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.","There is no information about the population trend of this species. There may be many specimens in some suitable habitats, but it is assumed that the population is highly fragmented as a result of a fragmented habitat (D. Sommaggio pers. comm. 2019).","The species prefers broad-leaf forests, thermophilous Quercus forests and scrub (Speight 2018). In Italy, it is usually found in calcareous grassland (D. Sommaggio pers. comm. 2019). The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies are found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records for the larval stages of this species.","Deforestation, unsustainable logging, and changes in land use present threats to European warm-dry forests and shrubland species. Mediterranean regions are likely to experience higher rates of tree mortality and forest fires, as temperatures and the frequency of droughts increase due to climate change (EEA 2016). Habitat fragmentation as a consequence of all the above is one of the main threats. In Italy, afforestation of grasslands is likely to be the main threat (D. Sommaggio pers. comm. 2019).","This species is assessed as Extinct in Germany according to their national Red List (Ssymank et al. 2011). It is found in the Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor in Montenegro. Resource and habitat protection is recommended. Research into its life history, ecology and threats is needed. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is required in order to elucidate its exact distribution.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Hayat, R. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.","Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,vandenberghei,,Eumerus vandenberghei,"Doczkal, 1996",,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This European endemic species is assessed as Endangered (EN) because the species is found in only three locations, on the islands of Corsica in France and Sardinia in Italy, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,163 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2. The habitat of the species represents a typical Mediterranean shrubland with pine forest. Urban and tourist development in the coastal zone have a significant impact on the species' habitat. Due to climate change, the risk of fires and droughts also significantly threats the habitat of the species. As a result, there is also a continuing decline in the quality of the species' habitat. Monitoring of the population trends in suitable habitats of Corsica in France and Sardinia in Italy is required. Protection of locations in Corsica in France is needed to preserve the species.",Unknown,"This species is found on the French island of Corsica (Doczkal 1996) and on the Italian island of Sardinia (Birtele 2011): these are the only known locations. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 4,163 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) at 20 km2, based on the available localities. The species is endemic to the EU 27 and Europe, and found at three locations.","This species is considered to be very rare, but the population trend in is unknown. Fewer than 70 specimens have been found in two locations in Corsica (Doczkal 1996), and there is only one specimen from Sardinia, from 2006 (Birtele 2011).","The type locality of the species is the coastal zone of Corsica, which is covered in Mediterranean shrubby vegetation mixed with pine forest in Porto-Vecchio (Doczkal 1996). In Sardinia, it was found in an area of forest consisting mainly of Quercus ilex, Quercus suber and Olea europaea var. sylvestris and slopes covered with Mediterranean shrubs and a secondary garrigue vegetation (Birtele 2011). The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies are found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records for the larval stages of this species.","Urban and tourist development in the coastal zone have a significant impact on the habitat. Due to climate change, the risk of fires and drought is also significantly increased (CEPF 2010).",The species occurs at the Monti del Gennargentu Natura 2000/Parco Nazionale Del Golfo Di Orosei E Del Gennargentu site in Sardinia in Italy (European Environment Agency 2020). Monitoring of the population trends in suitable habitats of Corsica in France and Sardinia in Italy is required. Protection of locations in Corsica in France is needed to preserve this species. Site and area protection is also needed.,The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eumerus,vestitus,,Eumerus vestitus,"Bezzi, 1912",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  The species is assessed as Endangered for Europe and the EU27 Member States because of its small area of occupancy (AOO) of 20 km2 in Europe and the EU 27, the fact that it is only found in four to five locations, and because there is a continuing decline in the quality of the species' habitat. There is continuing pressure causing degradation of the species' habitat. The threats causing this pressure are tourism, agriculture, fires, and droughts. The species prefers semi-arid, sparsely-vegetated, herb-rich, open ground communities beside seasonal water bodies. However, the species range exceeds Europe, and a global assessment might be different. There might be a rescue effect from outside subpopulations since the species in Europe occurs at the edge of its range. Protection of habitats is the main required conservation action. Future research on the population size, ecology and threats to the species are also needed.",Unknown,"Within Europe, this species is known from Greece (single localities on the mainland near Athens, on Rhodes in the Eastern Aegean, and on Thira in the Cyclades) and from two localities on Cyprus (Speight 2018). In Europe and the EU 27, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 59,345 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) about 20 km2. It is found in 4-5 locations in Europe and the EU 27. Outside of Europe, it is found in Egypt, Sudan, Syria, the Arabian Peninsula and the Afrotropical region. Anooj et al. (2020) report the species from New Delhi, India.","There is no information about the population size and trend. The species is rare in Europe since the locations where it is found correspond to the edge of its range but it is common in the Afrotropical region. The last finding from Europe and the EU 27 is from Cyprus in 2017. During surveys in Greece in the last 4-5 years, the species was not recorded (last finding is from 2008), although the surveys were not specifically targeting this species (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).","The species prefers semi-arid, sparsely-vegetated, herb-rich, open ground communities beside seasonal water bodies (Speight 2020). This is a typical Mediterranean species. It has been seen visiting flowers of Foeniculum vulgare (van Steenis et al. 2019). The flight period of the species is only known on the Arabian Peninsula, where the species flies in February, May, and November. The species feeds on plants, presumably developing in bulbs or other infested underground organs, like other congeneric species.","The main threat to this species is the degradation of its habitat caused by intensive tourism activities (increased tourist arrival numbers) and frequent fires and droughts, as a consequence of climate change. Furthermore, there is a strong negative pressure on its habitat caused by overgrazing (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).","There are no known conservation actions for this species so far. It is present in areas included in the Habitats Directive (Alykos Potamos - Agios Sozomenos) and the IBA (Important Bird Area) Alykes Larnakas on Cyprus. The main conservations actions needed for this species should focus on the protection of the areas where it occurs, as well as its habitats, which are sometimes severely degraded. Future research on the population size, distribution, trends, life history,  ecology and threats are a required step for its conservation. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is required (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).",The species is not utilized or traded.,"De Groot, M & Eggert, F.","Miličić, M. & Grković, A.","Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eupeodes,abiskoensis,,Eupeodes abiskoensis,"(Dušek and Láska, 1973)",,No,NT,B2ab(iii),No,NT,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT°)  This species is distributed in most mountainous arctic region in the Holarctic, but it is a rare localised species with a restricted area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe, with a known AOO of just 140 km2. There are 28 known locations in Europe and within them only six in the EU27. The population of this rare species seems to be stable at present, but there is a continuing decline in the quality and extent of the suitable habitats for this species. The species is assessed as Near Threatened for Europe under Criterion B (B2ab(iii)), with a number of locations (28) that is close to the threshold for a threatened category. If population decline of this species is detected it should be reassessed and may warrant listing in a higher category in Europe. This species meets the Criteria to be assessed as Vulnerable for the EU 27 (area of occupancy 28 km2, six locations, and a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat) but there is an expectation of continuous immigration from Norway, because most localities in the EU lie close to the border with Norway, so it is necessary to downgrade the category for EU27. Hence, the species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT°) for the EU27 Member States.",Unknown,"In the European region, this species is known from northern and alpine Fennoscandia (Norway, Sweden, Finland) (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2018, Skevington and Locke 2019, Mazánek et al. 1999). The occurrence in North European Russia has not been documented (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), and although it seems possible, this species does not occur in lowlands and there are limited suitable alpine tundra habitats in European Russia.  Eupeodes abiskoensis is distributed in northern Holarctic. Its range extends through Siberia to the north of Far East Russia, USA (Alaska) and Canada (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2018, Skevington and Locke 2019, Mazánek et al. 1999).","Eupeodes abiskoensis is a rare species in Europe with only scattered records from Fennoscandia (Bartsch et al. 2009) and no known records from European Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018). However, this species is still regularly observed in Fennoscandia and represented by recent records (GBIF 2020) as well as in Asian Russia (Chukotka) (Barkalov and Mutin 2015) so the population of this species could be stable, but the species is too rare (and there were no records of this species accessioned on GBIF between 1997 and 2007 (GBIF 2020), but the reason behind this is not known.","This species is present in unimproved subalpine, subarctic grassland and heathland with dwarf Betula scrub and herb-rich patches (Speight 2018). Bartsch et al. (2009) mention its occurrence in open coniferous or mixed forests and visiting of flowers of Bartsia alpina and Pinguicula alpina (both species which are restricted to mountain fens and wetlands). Tore Nielsen observed males of this species on flowering Salix and Cerastium in Norway (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). Barkalov and Mutin (2015) observed this species around flowering Rhododendron and on flowers of Sorbus near banks of the river Anadyr in Far East Russia, and on flowers of Arctanthemum, Taraxacum and  Potentila anserina edegi. Some females were trapped by yellow traps installed in floodplain underbrush of Pinus pumila. The species does not occur at low elevations (Bartsch et al. 2009). No information on the larvae of this species is known, but larvae are likely aphidophagous like other Eupeodes larvae (Skevington et al. 2019, Bartsch et al. 2009).","Any current threats to this species are unknown.  Nevertheless, there is presumed to be a continuing decline in the quality and extent of the suitable habitats for this species, due to human activities and  settlements (Janssen et al. 2016). The quality and extent of suitable habitat for this alpine arctic species may be declining due to global warming, limiting the potential range of the species (Barredo et al. 2020, T. Nielsen pers comm. 2021). Members of this genus tend to be ecological generalists whose distribution is influenced by the presence or absence of commoner, superior competitors (A. Vujic and D. Doczal pers. comm. to L. Mazanek 2021). Should climate change favour range expansion of commoner species into this species' range, it is likely to be highly sensitive to competitive displacement (L. Mazanek pers. comm. 2021).","E. abiskoensis is listed as Least Concern in the Norwegian Red List for Species (Gammelmo et al. 2015) and in Sweden (Arts databanken 2015, 2020)  and as Data Deficient in the Red List of Finnish Species (Hyvärinen 2019). Previously, Haarto and Kerppola (2007) listed this species as Vulnerable for Finland. Since the Norwegian and Swedish Red List assessments were prepared, there has been a reevaluation of this species' likely sensitivity to climate change impacts in particular, and national reassessments for these countries may be warranted (L. Mazanek pers. comm. 2021). Conservation actions relating to this species are unknown. Research is needed into the biology, population and threats to this species, and also monitoring on population and habitat trends.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & Hayat, R.","Mazanek, L., Aracil, A., Földesi, R., Ssymank, A. & Vujić, A.","Nielsen, T. & Barkalov, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eupeodes,biciki,,Eupeodes biciki,"Nielsen, 2003",,Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),No,CR,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)  EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)   This European endemic species has a very restricted range and it is an extremely rare species that is known only from two specimens from two localities in the northern Scandinavian peninsula (Nielsen 2003, Haarto and Kerppola 2007). It is listed as Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)) in Europe and in the EU 27 since only a single record not older 50 years is known. The known localities are not far from each other and are considered to occur in one location based on climate change as a plausible ongoing threat, with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 8 km2 (4 km2 for EU 27). It is estimated that the quality and area of suitable habitat is declining due to climate change and human activities and settlements in the area. Although this species was described recently, no specimens of this species have been collected since 1982  (Nielsen 2003, Haarto and Kerppola 2007, Speight 2018) despite recent surveys and it is relatively easy to separate this species from other related species of Eupeodes using external morphology.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is known only from two close localities, Fløyfjell Mountain near Tromsø city in Norway and Kilpisjärvi in Finland in northern Scandinavia (Nielsen 2003, Haarto and Kerppola 2007). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is only 400 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 8 km2.","Only two specimens of this species are known: male (dated 1.7.1982, leg. A Fjellberg; Nielsen 2003) and female (date not given, leg. R. Frey probably around 1929, this specimen is wrongly referred as male by Bartsch et al. (2009) and Haarto and Kerppola (2007). No specimens of this species have been collected since 1982, despite Scandinavian hoverflies being well-surveyed (Haarto and Kerppola 2007, Bartsch et al. 2009, Nielsen and Swendsen 2014).","The type specimen was found in the low alpine zone in the nearly 700 m-high Fløyfjell Mountain (Nielsen 2003). The developmental stages of this extremely rare arctic species are unknown (Speight 2018), but the larva is apparently predacious in common with related Eupeodes species.","Current threats to this species are unknown, since there is no information on the biology of this species and it has not been seen for nearly 40 years. It is not known why this species is extremely rare and why this species has not been collected for several decades. Recent surveys of extensive areas of alpine birch shrub near the Norwegian locality and also near the Finland locality have only recorded other members of the genus (T. Nielsen pers. comm. 2021, GBIF 2020).  Members of this genus tend to be ecological generalists whose distribution is influenced by the presence or absence of commoner, superior competitors (L. Mazánek pers. comm. 2021). The presence of related species in this arctic area may be an indication of competitive displacement that is induced in arctic and alpine habitats by recent global changes (A. Vujić and D. Doczkal 2020 pers. comm., T. Nielsen 2021 pers. comm.). Nevertheless, due to human activities in the area of occurrence of this species it is suspected there may have been a continuing decline of extent and quality of suitable habitat for this species. The quality of suitable habitat for this species may have declined due to global warming, as far as can be estimated from distribution data on this species (Barredo et al. 2020).","Further survey work is needed to determine the current distribution and population status of this recently-described species as well as to conduct more research on its biology (particularly larval biology) and habitat requirements.  Eupeodes biciki is listed in the Finnish Red Lists (2010, 2019) as Data Deficient (Kahanpää 2010, Haarto 2019). The species was also assessed for Norway as Data Deficient in the 2006 Norwegian Red List (Gammelmo et al. 2006), but has since been listed as Vulnerable applying criterion D2 in the 2010 Norwegian Red List (Kålås 2010) and as Vulnerable in 2015 under criterion B2ab(i,iii) (Gammelmo et al. 2015).",This species is not traded or exploited.,"Bowles, P. & Hayat, R.","Mazanek, L., Aracil, A., Földesi, R., Ricarte Sabater, A.R., Vujić, A., Nedeljković, Z., Miličić, M. & Ssymank, A.","Nielsen, T.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eupeodes,borealis,,Eupeodes borealis,"(Dušek and Láska, 1973)","This species is very close to, and may be a synonym of, Eupeodes curtus, being distinguished only by pale hairs on scutellum and different abdominal pattern.",Yes,DD,,No,NA,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)  This European endemic species is assess as Data Deficient on the basis that this species is known from two specimens collected at an unknown date prior to 1970, and nothing is known of any threats and recent occurrence of this species. It does not occur within the European Union.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Kola Peninsula in European Russia, where it is only known from two specimens from two localities (Ponoj, Kusomen) c.200 km apart (Dušek and Láska 1973), and it has not been recorded since it was described.","There are no recent data on this species, and the only two known specimens were collected on the Kola Peninsula on unknown dates before 1970 (Dušek and Láska 1973). The Kola Peninsula is a very poorly sampled area of Europe.","The species was described from tundra and dwarf scrub tundra on Kola Peninsula (Russia). The larva is unknown but presumably predacious, in common with other larvae of the genus Eupeodes (Dušek and Láska 1973, Speight 2018).","Current threats to this species are unknown, since there is no information on the biology of this species. Nevertheless, the quality of suitable habitat for this species could be influenced by global warming (Barredo et al. 2020).",Further survey work is needed to resolve the taxonomy of this species and determine recent distribution and population of this species as well as its biology.,This species is not traded or exploited.,"Bowles, P. & Hayat, R.","Mazanek, L., Aracil, A., Földesi, R., Miličić, M., Nedeljković, Z., Ricarte Sabater, A.R., Vujić, A. & Ssymank, A.","Barkalov, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eupeodes,bucculatus,,Eupeodes bucculatus,"(Rondani, 1857)",The present species concept of this species has been established relatively recently (Mazánek et al. 1998). This species was confused with more similar Eupeodes species previously (Mazánek et al. 1999).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Eupeodes bucculatus is occasionally but regularly recorded from almost the whole of Europe except warmer Mediterranean areas and the extreme north. Its Pan-European population seems to be numerous and stable, but this species is apparently threatened or disappearing from some areas of urbanized Western Europe (Speight et al. 2016, Bartsch et al. 2009). There are no documented threats to this species, and no specific conservation action is required at present, except research on taxonomy, population trends and possible threats, and it is therefore, assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and for the EU27 Member States.",Stable,"Eupeodes bucculatus is occasionally but regularly recorded from almost the whole of Europe except warmer Mediterranean areas and the extreme north.  The species is known also from most parts of the Palearctic region out of Europe (Georgia, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Siberia, Russian Far East, Japan and Korea - Speight 2018, Mengual et al. 2020, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Mazánek et al. 1998).","This species is broadly widespread in Europe, but usually recorded only sporadically with no obvious trend (Ball et al. 2011, Bartsch et al. 2009, Reemer et al. 2009, Vujić et al. 2020, S. Popov pers. comm. 2020). The species is however considered to be declining in Belgium, France and Switzerland and is referred to as threatened in Denmark (Speight et al. 2016, Bartsch et al. 2009). There is a possibility that this could be a rare migrant/vagrant in some areas (Ball et al. 2011). There is also problems with confusion with similar Eupeodes species (Speight 2018, Ball et al. 2011, Mazánek et al. 1999) since the present species concept of this species has been established relatively recently and there is great variability within the species (Mazánek et al. 1998).","Eupeodes bucculatus seems to be a principally arboreal species that descends to visit flowers in riverine gallery forest, alluvial softwood forest of Populus/Salix and mature fen carr of Salix/Betula (Speight 2018). In Sweden adults occur in open ground with elements of Alnus, Betula and Salix, among others, on meadows, among dunes, by beaches, in agricultural landscapes and in younger conifer plantations (Bartch et al. 2009). The adults can probably travel long distances over land and also sea (Bartsch et al. 2009, Aubert et al. 1976)) and they visit flowers of various herbs (eg. Cirsium arvense, Geranium sylvaticum, Heracleum sphondylium, Leontodon autumnalis, Caltha palustris, Euphorbia, Narthecium, Potentilla erecta, Stellaria.) and bushes (eg. Rubus chamaemorus, Salix spp., Sorbus aucuparia). Flight period of adults is from the end of April to September with two generation possible (Speight 2018, Speight et al. 2016, Bartsch et al. 2009, Ball et al. 2011). Aphidophagous larvae were found on plants by Dixon (1960), Láska and Starý (1980) and also by Dušek and Láska (1960, according to Mazánek et al. 1998).","There are no known major threats to this species in Europe. It seems that this species is present in agricultural and suburban landscapes. However, it is probably preferentially a woodland edge species that is likely to be affected by over-intensive management and loss of open patches and ecotones with tall herbs and shrubs structure in connection with high woodlands.   The invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis in Europe could be an important threat for the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). This species is preferentially a predator of arboreal aphids (Chapin and Brou 1991) and intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of this species could be detrimental for this hoverfly, as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015). E. bucculatus is however present also in the East Palearctic, where the invasive ladybird is native.","Eupeodes bucculatus is not threatened in Fennoscandia (Haarto et al. 2019, ArtDatabanken 2020, Gammelmo et al. 2015). Speight et al. (2016) listed this species as threatened in Denmark. It is necessary to critically review the knowledge about this species, since it is not certain whether all published information refers to the same species. The impacts of invasive ladybirds are unknown.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & Veličković, N.","Mazanek, L.","Barkalov, A., Popov, G. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eupeodes,corollae,,Eupeodes corollae,"(Fabricius, 1794)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This species is widespread and abundant in almost whole of Europe and in the EU 27, it has a wide distribution and it is also abundant in agricultural landscapes. There are no major threats to this species, and no conservation action is required at present. It is consequently listed Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27.",Stable,"Eupeodes corollae is one of the most widespread and abundant species of hoverfly in Europe as well as in the rest of the Palearctic region. It is present in all regions of Europe except the extreme North (Swalbard) (Nielsen and Gammelmo 2017, Bartsch et al. 2009). According to Speight (2018) this highly migratory species is frequently observed using the coastal land/water interface as a migration route. Records from northern Europe, Faroes and Iceland, are almost certainly derived from annual immigration (Jensen 2001, Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009).  It is also widespread in almost all other parts of the Palaearctic region, it is found along the coasts of Africa south to South Africa in the Afrotropical region, and it is recorded to be present in Mauritius, in Oriental region and Tasmania (Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Dousti and Hayat 2006, Saribiyik 2014, Vujić et al. 2020).","This species is one of the most common species of hoverfly in most parts of Europe. It is largely anthropophilic, and is often the dominant hoverfly also in agroecosystems and suburban habitats (Vujić et al. 2020, Speight 2018, Bartsch et. al. 2009)).","This species of hoverfly prefers rather open habitats (grasslands, dune systems, dry river beds, garrigue, agricultural landscapes, gardens, orchards and parks). It is present up to altitude of alpine grasslands in the Alps. Adults are frequent in hedgerows, grassy clearings in woodland, crops, gardens, tracksides, road verges etc. They are highly migratory (Speight 2018, Aubert et al. 1976). They visit flowers of various mainly herbaceous plant such as Apiaceae and a lot of other herbs and also shrubs (Bartsch et al. 2009, Bakemayear 1964, Röder 1990). The flight period of adults is from May to September in most of Europe, but it may persist all the year round in the Mediterranean zone (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). Larvae feed on aphids and exceptionally on other soft bodied pests on  various low-growing plants including various crop plants (see Rojo et al. 2003). Larva was described by Dušek end Láska (1961) and larval biology has been studied by many other authors, because E. corollae has an important role in the bio-control of aphid pests on various arable crops. Larvae are efficient searchers and quickly captured, and eat aphids even at the lowest aphid densities (Scott and Barlow 1986). Growth potential of this aphidophagous species is relatively high, and its population is able multiply 2.55 times every week (Sharma and Balla 1995). Bartsch et al. (2009) noted that development from eggs to newly hatched flies can be as short as eleven days, but this seems unreliable in natural condition. Benestad (1970) observed that duration of development is dependent highly on temperature and that shortest time of development from laid egg to adults was 14.1 days at constant 28 °C. A comprehensive review of the biology of this species is provided by Barkemeyer (1994).","There are no major threats to this species. This species is rather more abundant in anthropogenic habitats (Bartsch et al. 2009) and it seems to be partly antrophophilic.   The invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis in Europe could be important threat for the native aphidophagous predators in Europe (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016), but probably not for this aphidophagous species, since E. corollae occurs also in Asia where H. axiridis is native.",There are no known conservation measures in place and none are needed. Eupeodes corollae is not considered as threatened in any area in Europe and its biology is relatively well known.,"This species is probably not traded or exploited commercially at present. However, a lot of authors have studied the role and use of this species for biological control of aphids on various arable crops, because this species is one of the most important natural enemies that can control aphids (Pu 2019 and others).","Bowles, P. & Hayat, R.","Mazanek, L.","Ricarte Sabater, A.R., Barkalov, A. & Popov, G.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eupeodes,curtus,,Eupeodes curtus,"(Hine, 1922)","This species is very close to Eupeodes borealis, which differs from this species only by pale hairs on scutellum and different abdominal pattern which may fall within standard intraspecific variability, and E. borealis may therefore be a junior synonym of E. curtus. E. curtus is probably confused with E. punctifer by some authors in Nearctic region (see taxonimic note of E. punctifer).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This is a relatively rare species with limited distribution in arctic tundra and taiga habitats of the northern Holarctic. The population seems to be stable and there are much more that 10 locations in Europe and the EU 27 alike, and the population is not severely fragmented. This species is listed as Least Concern in all recent national Red Lists of all European countries within its distribution, and is listed here as Least Concern in both the EU27 and Europe.",Stable,"Eupeodes curtus has a northern Holarctic distribution including Iceland, but it is not present on Greenland (Böchet et al. 2015). It is known from northern and alpine Fennoscandia (Norway, Sweden,  Finland) and in the north Far East of Russia (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018) and the northern Nearctic. Its occurrence in Northern European Russia has not been documented (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), but it seems to be possible.","It is a rare but still regularly observed Eupeodes species in western taiga and tundra as well as in the Russian Far East and northern Nearctic region (Barstch et al. 2009, GBIF 2020; T. Nielsen pers. comm. 2021). Its subpopulations are apparently stable, with no documented decline (Speight et al. 20016).","This species is present in arctic tundra and taiga environments. The flight period of adults is during June and July. Published flower visitation records in Europe exist for Caltha sp. (Ranunculaceae), Chrysanthemum leucanthemum (Asteraceae) (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). Barkalov and Mutin (2015) observed this species on flowering Spirea sp., Tanacetum and Potentila anserina ssp. edegi in Anadyr river floodplain in the Far East of Russia. The larval stage is unknown, but apparently predacious as larvae of other Eupeodes species (Bartsch et al. 2009).","Any current threats to this species are unknown, although it is presumed to be subject to a general continuing decline in the extent and quality of suitable habitat due to human activities and settlements (Janssen et al. 2016). The quality of suitable habitat for this high-latitude species could be decline due to global warming (Barredo et al. 2020, T. Nielsen pers comm. 2021).","There are no known conservation measures in place or needed. Eupeodes curtus is not listed as threatened in any recent national Red Lists (Norway, Finland, Sweden)  (Artdatabanken 2020, Haarto et al. 2019, Gammelmo et al. 2015), although an earlier Red List for Finland (Haarto and Kerppola 2007) listed this species as Near Threatened.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & Hayat, R.","Mazanek, L.","Nielsen, T., Ssymank, A., Vujić, A. & Barkalov, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eupeodes,duseki,,Eupeodes duseki,"Mazánek, Láska and Bičík, 1999",The species has been recognized relatively recently. This species was  confused with several similar Eupeodes species previously (Mazánek et al. 1999). Male terminalia are almost identical with E. goeldlini.,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC°)  This relatively recently recognized species is relatively rare but probably frequent in northern Fenoscandinavia, although the distribution area of this species is not known precisely up to now. The population seems to be stable. This species is listed as Least Concern in all recent national Red Lists of all European countries with its occurrence (Norway, Finland, Sweden) (Gammelmo et al. 2015, Haarto et al. 2019, Artdatabanken 2020). This species could be assessed as Near Threatened  EU 27 as it has a small area of occupancy based on known records (only 108 km2) and  relatively small number of locations (less than 20), but there is high probability of  immigration of specimens from Norway and it is presumably under-recorded, so  it is necessary to downgrade category for the EU 27 assessment, also to Least Concern (LC°).",Stable,"The distribution range of this recently recognized European endemic species is still uncertain due to confusion with related species. It has been confirmed from Fennoscandia (Norway, Sweden,  Finland) (Mazánek et al. 1999, Speight 2018).  Specimens of this species reported from the Russian Far East (Madagan) have been reviewed but the results are not yet published and this species is not listed in the recent checklist of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018); pending the results of this work this species is treated as an European endemic. Its occurrence in northern European Russia has not been documented up to  now (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), but it seems to be possible.","This species has a relatively restricted range in northern Europe but it is locally frequent (Bartsch et al. 2009) and it is regularly recorded in northern Fenoscandinavia, including recent records (GBIF 2020).","Eupeodes duseki is present mainly in dwarf scrub tundra habitats (Speight 2018). In Sweden, it is referred from open, mountainous coniferous and mixed forests including mountain birch forests (Bartsch et al. 2009). Adults fly during mid-June to July and to mid August in Sweden and they were observed as visiting flowering Apiaceae (Angelica archangelica), Caltha palustris and Potentilla crantzi (Mazánek et al. 1999, Bartsch et al. 2009). The larval stage is unknown, but apparently predacious as larvae of other Eupeodes species (Bartsch et al. 2009).","Current threats to this species are unknown since the biology of the species is poorly known. Nevertheless, it is estimated that there is a continuing decline of extent and quality of suitable habitats for this species, due to human activities and settlements (Janssen 2016). The quality of suitable habitat for this species could be also strongly influenced by global warming (Barredo et al. 2020).","This species was listed as Data Deficient in the Red Lists to Norwegian and Finnish species previously (Kalas et al. 2006). In the recent Red List to Norwegian species is listed as Least Concern: the reason for change was noted as new information in distribution of this species (Gammelmo et al. 2015). Haarto and Kerppola (2007) listed this species as Near Threatened in Finland. In the recent national Red Lists of Finland (Haarto et al. 2019) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020) it is listed as  Least Concern.  Further research on biology, population and threats to this species is needed, along with monitoring on population and habitat trends.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & Hayat, R.","Mazanek, L.","Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eupeodes,flaviceps,,Eupeodes flaviceps,"(Rondani, 1857)",All records of females referred to this species and of males prior to description of Eupeopdes lucasi male (Marcos-García et al. 2000) are not reliable.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Eupeodes flaviceps is widespread, but probably relatively frequent only on the Balkan Peninsula into Hungary and south Slovakia. It seems that this species was more frequently collected in the past than recently, but records referred to this species (especially older ones) are often not reliable. It is not considered a threatened species in Europe except in Switzerland, and is consequently listed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27.",Unknown,"Eupeodes flaviceps is widespread in southern parts of West Palaearctic, occurring in Europe south from central France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovakia, Romania and Crimea (Speight 2018, Speight et al. 2018, Dušek and Láska 1976, Vujić et al. 2020, Burgio et al. 2015, Ricarte and Marcos 2017, Nedeljković 2011, S. Popov pers. comm.). Peck (1988) and some others authors reported the occurrence of this species also in Germany, Poland or Czech Republic, but this species is absent from current comprehensive regional lists for these countries (e.g. Mielczarek 2009, Ssymank et al. 2011) or data is based on very old single record that it is necessary to critically review (Mazánek et al. 2006).  Outside Europe it is known also from Turkey, Transcaucasia (Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia) and Altai (Speight 2018, Peck 1988, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Mengual et al. 2020, Saribiyik 2014).","This species is relatively frequent on the Balkan Peninsula including Hungary and south Slovakia (Nedeljković 2011, Tóth 2011, Čepelák et al. 1986), e.g. Dušek and Láska (1976) mentioned 63 males collected on one hilltop situation in Slovakia, and rather rare and local in Southwest Europe (Speight et al. 2018, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017, Burgio et al. 2015). Speight et al. (2016) report that this species is declining in Switzerland. It seems that this species was more frequently collected in the past than recently, but the rate of any genuine population decline cannot be calculated. Records of this species based on females are not reliable due to similarity with related species, and there is a great variability in numbers of collected males.","E. flaviceps prefers open areas in Quercus ilex and Q. pubescens forests and dry scrub and on dry/semi-arid, unimproved grasslands (Speight 2018, Nedeljković 2011). Males hover low (about 1 m) in dappled sunlight, beneath trees like Q. ilex (Speight 2018) and numerous males are often observed in hilltop situations (Dušek and Láska 1976). The flight period of the adults is from June to September. There is no data about flower visiting. The larva is not described, but specimens referred to this species were obtained from aphid colonies collected on Thalictrum flavum and other plant (Marcos-García 1985, Speight 2018).","Apart from general threats to biodiversity, any specific threats to this species cannot be identified due to the lack of clarity surrounding the biology and microhabitat requirements of this species.","Eupeodes flaviceps is not considered threatened generally in Europe, but is threatened and declining in Switzerland (Speight et al. 2016). There are no specific conservation actions for this species in Europe. Research is needed as the larval biology of this species is unknown and there are still problems with distinguishing females of this species, and older records are in need of review.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & García, M.A.M.","Mazanek, L.","Barkalov, A., Popov, G. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eupeodes,goeldlini,,Eupeodes goeldlini,"Mazánek, Láska and Bičík, 1999",The species has been recognized relatively recently. This species was  confused with several similar Eupeodes species previously (Mazánek et al. 1999). Male terminalia are almost identical with E. duseki.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This rare species was recognized relatively recently and so far, there are only scattered records and data about this species. It has been occasionally and locally recorded from large boreal and temperate forests in western Europe, and also in suburban situations (parks). Speight et al. (2016) report that this species as decreasing in Alpine, Atlantic and Continental regions, particularly in Great Britain, Germany, Ireland and Switzerland. The species is reported occasionally mostly from the Finland and Netherlands at present (Van de Meutter 2009, Reemer and van Steenis 2006, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, GBIF 2020). In the Netherlands, nearly half of the specimens of E. bucculatus s.l. that have been checked turned out to be E. goeldlini (Reemer and van Steenis 2006). There are no documented threats to this species, and no specific conservation action other than general research, and it is listed Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27",Decreasing,"The range of Eupeodes goeldlini is uncertain due to confusion with similar species like E. bucculatus until recently (Speight 2018, Mazánek et al. 1999). It has been occasionally and locally recorded from boreal and temperate western Europe (Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russian Karelia, Denmark, The Netherlands, Belgium, Ireland, Britain, France (also Pyrenees), Germany, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Serbia and Montenegro (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Van de Meutter 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Mazánek et al. 1999, Nedeljković 2011, Bartsch et al. 2009, Ball et al. 2011, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight et al. 2018, Naturbasen 2020, Speight and Gittings 2020, GBIF 2020, Speight et al. 2007, Reemer and van Steenis 2006, A. Barkalov pers. comm. 2020).   Outside Europe the species is known also from Georgia and the Russian Far East (Mengual et al. 2020, Mazánek et al. 1999, Barkalov and Mutin 2018) so it is apparently present across Siberia.","This species seems to be broadly distributed in Europe, but according to Ball et al. (2011), Bartsch et al. (2009), Van de Meutter 2009, and Reemer et al. (2009) there is no trend information available, because records are scattered records and past confusion with similar species. In the Netherlands, nearly half of the specimens of E. bucculatus sensu lato that have been checked turned out to be E. goeldlini (Reemer and van Steenis 2006). Nevertheless Speight et al. (2016) regard this species as decreasing in alpine, Atlantic and Continental regions, particularly in Great Britain, Germany, Ireland and Switzerland. In Sweden the records are spread all over the country (Bartsch et al. 2009) and the large spread of record from the archipelago in Uppland (Runmarö) indicate the species is a good migrant (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight et al. 2016). The species is reported occasionally mostly from Finland and Netherlands at present (Van de Meutter 2009, Reemer and van Steenis 2006, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, GBIF 2020). The range of this species should be reviewed, as a lot of records of this species are based on females that Mazánek et al. (1999) did not distinguish from those of Eupeodes bucculatus due to great similarity and variability.","So far, there is no clear definition either of the habitat preferences of E. goeldlini nor whether these may differ from those of E. bucculatus (Van de Meutter 2009, Ball et al. 2011). Speight et al. (2007) and Speight (2018) reported E. goeldlini from a tall-herb open area in alluvial softwood forest, Alnus incana alluvial hardwood forest and other types of humid forest where stands of Salix scrub and where adults visit yellow composites (Leontodon and Taraxacum). Reemer et al. (2009) suggested a preference for more moist conditions than E. bucculatus. It has been recorded from suburban areas. In Sweden it occurs in open terrain in the archipelago and in connection with coasts and lakes (Bartsch et al. 2009). Adults have been reported from beginning of May (June in Sweden) to beginning of September (July in Sweden) (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Reemer et al. 2009). The larva is unknown but is presumed to be aphidophagous on trees or tall herbs like other related Eupeodes species (Ball et al. 2011, Bartsch et al. 2009).","Current threats to this species are unknown, since there is inadequate information on the biology of this species and its microhabitat requirements. It seems that this species can occur also in suburban landscapes (Reemer et al. 2009, L. Mazánek pers. comm. 2021). Adults are probably highly mobile like other related species that are in generally a woodland edge species. These species are likely to be affected by over-intensive management and loss of open patches and ecotones with tall herbs and shrubs structure in connection with high woodlands (Ball and Morris 2014). The invasion of the ladybird Harmonia axyridis in Europe could be an important threat for the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). On its type locality in the Czech Republic specimens of this species has not been recorded since 1970 despite targeted searches by L. Mazánek, but the harlequin ladybird was found on this locality on the same bushes, where larvae of more Eupeodes species were collected previously, although it is likely that the hoverfly disappeared from this site prior to the invasion (L. Mazánek pers. comm. 2021).","This rare species was recognized relatively recently, and so far there are only scattered records of and knowledge about this species. It is listed as Data Deficient in some regional Red Lists, e.g. in Norway (Gammelmo 2015) and Germany (Ssymank 2011) and is absent from others (e.g. Great Britain, Denmark - Ball and Morris 2014, DanBIF 2020). Eupeodes goeldlini is listed as threatened in Ireland by Speight et al. (2016) and as Least Concern in Sweden and Finland (Artdatabanken 2020, Haarto et al. 2019). It is necessary to obtain further information about this species' distribution, biology and habitats requirements of this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & García, M.A.M.","Mazanek, L.","Ricarte Sabater, A.R., van der Ent, L.-J., Popov, G. & Barkalov, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eupeodes,lambecki,,Eupeodes lambecki,"(Dušek and Láska, 1973)","This species is similar to Eupeodes luniger. To date it is known only from the male holotype, an extremely dark specimen. Its validity is uncertain and its identity requires confirmation.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27-2020,,"Listed as Data Deficient on the basis that this species is known from only one specimens collected prior to 1970, and nothing is  known of any threats and recent occurrence of this species. The status of the species is also unclear, because there are no other specimens of this species. It could be rare and threatened species endemic to Corsica, or an extremely dark aberrant specimen of some related Eupeodes species.",Unknown,"This species is apparently known only from the type specimen, collected in Bonifacio, southern Corsica (Dušek and Láska 1973, Speight 2018), France.","The only known specimen was collected in 1963 (Dušek and Láska 1973, Speight 2018).","Nothing is known of this species' ecology. The larva is presumably aphidophagous, in common with the larvae of other related species of Eupeodes (Dušek and Láska 1973).","Any threats to this species are unknown, since there is no information on the biology and distribution of this species.",Further survey work is needed to resolve taxonomy of this and related species and determine distribution of this species as well as its biology.,This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bowles, P. & Hayat, R.","Mazanek, L., Vujić, A., Ricarte Sabater, A.R., Nedeljković, Z. & Miličić, M.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eupeodes,lapponicus,,Eupeodes lapponicus,"(Zetterstadt, 1838)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This species has numerous subpopulations in almost all humid regions of Europe with conifer forests and in conifer plantations. But this species is apparently rare and disappearing from some parts of western Europe. There are no documented specific threats to this species, but subpopulations of this species are apparently influenced by forestry management. No conservation action is required at present, except research on larval biology and the impact of possible threats from invasive ladybirds.",Stable,"Eupeodes lapponicus is a Holarctic species widely distributed across the whole Europe except the extreme North, Iceland, and dry forestless regions in southern Europe. The species is also widely distributed in all forested zones of Asia and in North America from Alaska south to California (Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Vockeroth 1992). It is not present in Greenland (Böcher et al. 2015).","This species has numerous and stable subpopulations in coniferous forests in Scandinavia (particularly in Finland) and Central Europe (Bartsch et al. 2009, Čepelák et al. 1986). It is reported to be rare, decreasing or threatened in Ireland, Great Britain, Belgium and Denmark (Speight et al. 2016, Ball et al. 2011). In general E. lapponicus is a vagrant species (Speight et al. 2016, Ball and Morris 2014), so it is often recorded as a rare species in areas without coniferous forest (Bartsch et al. 2009) far from permanent breeding sites.","This hoverfly occurs primarily in clearings and forest edges in both deciduous (mesophilous and humid Fagus) and coniferous (Picea/Abies) forests, including conifer plantations, also in montane birch (Betula) forest of northern Europe. Adults were observed on various flowering herbs, bushes and trees and their flying period is from March to November, but are most numerous during summer months. They are highly migratory (Aubert et al. 1976, Speight et al. 2016). Fertilized females are known as overwinter in Central Europe (Dušek and Láska, 1986, Goeldlin 1974), but this species can overwinter also as larva or pupa (Kula 1980). Larvae of this species are almost exclusively predacious on aphids on trees (Abies, Picea, Pinus, Fagus and Malus) (Rojo et al. 2003), including on balsam twig aphids (Mindarus abietinus) on balsam fir (Abies balsamea) on Christmas trees plantations in eastern North America (Berthiaume et al. 2016).","There are no documented threats to this species in Europe. This species is present in conifer plantations. Subopulations of this species are apparently influenced by forestry management in Europe, especially outside of boreal Europe. The is also invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axiridis in Europe, that could be important threat for the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). This species is also preferably predator of arboreal aphids (Chapin and Brou 1991) and intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of this species could be detrimental for this hoverfly as it was observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015), although E. lapponicus is present also in East Palearctic, where the invasive ladybird is native. Chemical treatments to control aphid pest in pine plantations, can also damage the populations of this predator species.","Eupeodes lapponicus is not threatened in Fennoscandia and Germany (Haarto et al. 2019, ArtDatabanken 2020, Gammelmo et al. 2015, Ssymank et al. 2011). Speight et al. (2016) listed this species as threatened in Ireland and Great Britain and decreasing in Denmark and Belgium. Ball and Morris (2014) believe this to be a vagrant species in the Great Britain. The biology of this species is relatively well known, however larval biology is known inadequately to estimate possible impact of the invasive ladybird Harmonia axiridis on this species and to estimate impact of chemical treatments to control aphid pests in pine tree plantations.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential to be used in biocontrol of aphids on coniferous trees.","Bowles, P. & García, M.A.M.","Mazanek, L.","Barkalov, A., Popov, G. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eupeodes,latifasciatus,,Eupeodes latifasciatus,"(Macquart, 1829)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This species is widespread and sometimes abundant in almost the whole of Europe and in the EU 27 Member States. It has a wide distribution and it is also widespread in agricultural landscapes. There are no major threats to this species, and no conservation action is required at present, and it is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and for the EU27 Member States.",Stable,"Eupeodes latifasciatus is one of the most widespread species of the genus Eupeodes in Europe as well as in almost the whole Holarctic region. It is present in all regions of Europe except the extreme North (Swalbard, Faroes) (Nielsen and Gammelmo 2017, Bartsch et al. 2009, Jensen 2001). It is not known from several parts and islands in the Mediterranean (Corsica, South Greece, Crete and Malta) (Speight et al. 2018, Vujić et al. 2020, Ssymank and Ebejer 2009) or from Macaronesia (Smit 2008, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017).  Outside Europe it is present in most parts of Palaearctic region (from North Africa to Far East), in most parts of the Nearctic and partly in the Oriental region (India) (Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Dousti and Hayat 2006, Saribiyik 2014, Vockeroth 1992).","Although this species is widely distributed, it is abundant only locally or occasionally (Bartsch et al. 2009); that probably depends on the abundance of suitable prey aphids. This species might be abundant also in agricultural landscapes and suburban habitats (Bartsch et al. 2009, Barkemeyer 1994).","This species of hoverfly prefers humid open ground habitats such as fens, seasonally-flooded/poorly-drained grasslands, usually along streams in open country (including seaside) and unsown fallow land in agricultural landscapes (Speight 2018). Adults are migratory (Aubert et al. 1976) and fly usually among low growing vegetation preferably in the vicinity of water. They visit flowers of various herbaceous plant and shrubs such as white Apiaceae, Caltha palustris, Convolvulus, Euphorbia, Potentilla erecta, Prunus padus, Ranunculus spp., Salix repens, Taraxacum, Tussilago, Calluna vulgaris, Frangula anus, Lobularia marítima , Crataegus spp., Cirsium arvense, Leucanthemum vulgare (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Barkemeyer 1994).  Flight period of adults is from May to September in most of Europe and from April to October in southern Europe (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). The predacious larva was described by Dušek end Láska (1960) and it feeds on various species of aphids that are found usually on roots or at the base of herbs, shrubs including various crops (Bartsch et al. 2009, Rojo et al. 2003).","There are no major threats to this species. This species is also widespread in agricultural landscapes.    The invasion of ladybird Harmonia axiridis in Europe could  be important threat for the native aphidophagous predators (Adriaens et  al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016) but probably not for this  aphidophagous species, since E. latifasciatus occurs also in Asia, where is H. axiridis native.",Eupeodes latifasciatus is not considered as threatened in any area in Europe and its biology is relatively well known.,"This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential to be used in control of aphids on various crops.","Bowles, P. & Hayat, R.","Mazanek, L.","Barkalov, A., Popov, G. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eupeodes,lucasi,,Eupeodes lucasi,"(Marcos-García and Láska, 1983)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is widespread in the Mediterranean area. This species is frequent in Iberian Peninsula and Corsica (Marcos-García et al. 2000) and south-east France (Speight et al. 2018). It is a migratory species (Speight et al. 2016), so in non-breeding areas it is recorded only occasionally. It is not considered as threatened species in Europe according to Speight et al. (2016), and is listed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27.",Stable,"Eupeodes lucasi is endemic to Europe and is apparently a Mediterranean species known from mainland Portugal, Spain (mainland and the Baleares), Italy, (mainland and Sicily) France (mainland and Corsica), Greece (mainland and the East Aegean Islands), and the Balkan Peninsula (Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina), but there are also some exceptional records - probably of vagrant specimens - far outside the Mediterranean area (Hungary, Switzerland, Czech Republic) (Nedeljković 2011, van Eck 2011, Burgio et al. 2015, Ricarte and Marcos 2017, Speight 2018, Marcos-García et al. 2000, Vujić et al. 2020).","This species is frequent in Iberian Peninsula and Corsica (Marcos-García et al. 2000) and also south-east France (Speight et al. 2018), in other parts of Europe is rather rare, but it had been often misidentified as E. luniger (Marcos-García et al. 2000). It is also a migratory species (Speight et al. 2016) and the seeming rarity of this species in some areas is probably based on vagrant specimens. This species is referred as decreasing in Switzerland by Speight et al. (2016).","It is present on paths and other small, open areas in mesophilous Fagus forest, Quercus pyrenaica forest and Castanea forest, upwards into Abies forest (Speight 2018) and in mountain ranges or areas with cold winter in Spain (Marcos-García et al. 2000).  This species is able to inhabit also rather anthropogenic suburban habitats in the Mediterranean. Flower visitation records are known from Hedera, Linaria, Thapsia, Sorbus, Quercus coccifera (Speight 2018, Ssymank 2012). The flight period of adults is from April to October, peaking in June/July (Marcos-García et al. 2000). Larvae are aphidophagous and they are present from May to September in colonies of various genera of aphids, which are often pests on Mediterranean fruit trees (Marcos-Garcia et al. 2000, Rojo et al. 2003).","Apart from the general threats for biodiversity, there are no specific threats identified for this species in Europe. Non-specific chemical treatments to control the aphids, can negatively affect the local populations of this species.",Eupeodes lucasi is not considered threatened species in Europe according to Speight (2016) and there are no specific conservation actions for this species in Europe.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & García, M.A.M.","Mazanek, L.","Popov, G. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eupeodes,lundbecki,,Eupeodes lundbecki,"(Soot Ryen, 1946)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This is a common species in forested Northern Europe that also inhabits conifer plantations. It appears not to be undergoing any decline in its resident European range and is listed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27. It is a strongly migratory species and its rare occurrence in most temperate Europe is based on migratory specimens far from breeding area.,Stable,"Eupeodes lundbecki is widely distributed in the northern Palaearctic from Iceland, Scandinavia and Denmark to European Russia in Europe.  Outside Europe it is known from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, through Siberia to the Pacific Ocean, including the island of Sakhalin and the Kuril archipelago (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Barkalov and Mutin 2018) as far as Alaska (Fluke 1949). It is a strongly migratory species (Speight et al. 2016) and its rare occurrence in Great Britain, central Europe (as far as North Italy) and Ukraine is probably based on migratory specimens from further north (Ball et al. 2011, Ball and Morris 2014, Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2019).","It is common in almost the entire Nordic region except mountains and Iceland (Bartsch et al. 2009). Its population is apparently stable here, with no documented decline. Towards the south it becomes rare and its occasional records in late summer and in autumn are based on migratory specimens (Ball and Morris 2014, Reemer et al. 2009), because the fly probably migrates in mass to south after hatching in autumn (Bartsch et al. 2009, Torp 1994, Speight 2018). Speight et al. (2016) reported that this species is in decline in the Netherlands and partly in the Atlantic region.","This species inhabit grassy open areas in Betula/Pinus forest in western taiga, Picea forest and in conifer plantations (Abies/Picea/Pinus). The flight period of adults is from mid-May to mid-October, with a peak in August/September. The fly visits various flowering herbs (Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Caltha palustris, Cakile maritime, Oreganum vulgare, Ranunculus acris, Reseda lutea, Saxifraga granulate, Hylotelephium telephium, Parnassia palustris) bushes (Berberis vulgaris, Calluna vulgaris, Prunus padus) and trees (Acer platanoides, Tilia cordata) (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). Specimens of this species were obtained from the aphid colonies collected on Tanacetum and Prunus (Bagatshanova 1990). Large-scale movements of this species apparently occur out of Scandinavia in August/September (Speight 2018, Torp 1994).","Any current threats to this species are unknown, and it occurs in conifer plantations as well as natural forest. Nevertheless, it is presumed that there is some continuing decline in the extent and quality of suitable habitats for this species, due to human activities and settlements in Europe (Janssen et al. 2016). Intensive chemical treatments in conifer plantations, could negatively affect some populations of this species.","Eupeodes lundbecki is not considered a threatened species in Northern Europe (Haarto et al. 2019, ArtDatabanken 2020, Gammelmo et al. 2015). Speight et al. (2016) reported that this species is declining in the Netherlands and partly in the Atlantic region, but its occurrence in these areas is apparently based on migratory specimens. Nevertheless the larval biology of this species is not adequately known.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & García, M.A.M.","Mazanek, L.","Barkalov, A., Popov, G. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eupeodes,luniger,,Eupeodes luniger,"(Meigen, 1822)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This species is a widespread and sometimes abundant species in almost whole Europe and in the EU 27, it has a wide distribution and it is also widespread in agricultural and suburban landscapes. There are no major threats to this species, and no conservation action is required at present. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern for both regions.",Stable,"Eupeodes luniger is one of the most widespread species of the genus Eupeodes in Europe as well as in the Palaearctic region. It is present also in North Africa, Madeira and Canary Islands and North India. It has not been recorded only in some areas of the extreme north, in Iceland and in several islands in the Mediterranean (Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Smit et al. 2004, Vujić 2020).","This is one of the most abundant species of the genus in forested and agricultural landscapes of most areas of Europe. This species is highly migratory, and in connection with migration it can occur locally in large numbers (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Aubert et al. 1976).","Adults of this species are very mobile and they can occur in any fairly open situations. It seems to be anthropophilic often occurring in many types of farmland and orchards, suburban gardens and parks and along the firebreaks and tracks of conifer plantations (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). Adults fly fast over ground vegetation and hover up to 4 m above the ground, usually around bushes and trees. Adults visit a wide range flowering herbs, bushes and trees, the flying period is usually from April to November with peaks in May/June and in August (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). According to Speight (2018) the species is known to hibernate as an adult in central Europe, but apparently this species overwinters as a puparium in Central Europe (Dušek and Láska 1986, Speight 2018). Immigrants from further south augment populations in many parts of Europe during the summer (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). The larva of this species has been frequently reported as predacious on aphids on various herbs, bushes and trees, often fruit bushes and trees and various arable crops (Rojo et al. 2003, Speight 2018, Barkemeyer 1994). A number of these reports (particularly older ones) are not reliable due to difficulties in the identification of Eupeodes species, especially as this species exhibits variable colouration influenced by temperature during pupal development (Dušek and Láska 1974, Ball et al. 2011).","There are no known major threats to this species in Europe. This species is also widespread in agricultural and suburban landscapes. The invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis in Europe could be an important threat for the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016), but E. luniger is widespread also in East Palearctic, where the invasive ladybird is native. Another possible threat are the chemical treatments in crops against aphid pests.",Eupeodes luniger is not considered threatened in any area in Europe (Speight et al. 2016) and its biology is relatively well known.,"This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has potential to be used in biocontrol of aphids in forestry.","Bowles, P. & García, M.A.M.","Mazanek, L.","Barkalov, A., Popov, G. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eupeodes,nielseni,,Eupeodes nielseni,"(Duek and Láska, 1973)","Studies of the taxonomy of this species is necessary, because it is probably a complex of two species (Dušek and Láska 1976 p. 270, comments on geographical variability).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This largely arboreal species is present in all humid regions of Europe with conifer (preferably Pinus) forests. It is abundant in Fennoscandia and inhabits pine plantations. It is consequently listed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27, although the species is apparently in decline in some parts of west Europe. There are no documented threats to this species, and no conservation action is required at present, except research on taxonomy and possible impacts of invasive beetles.",Stable,"Eupeodes nielseni occurs in the most parts of Europe from Fennoscandia to south to Pyrenees (Spain), Alps (North Italy), Dinaric Alps and Rhodope Mountains (Greece). The species is also known form European Russia (Rusian Karelia, Zhigulevky Nature Reserve), and outside Europe from North Siberia and Far East (Khabarovsk and Madagan region) (Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Burgio et al. 2015, Ssymank 2012; A. Barkalov pers. comm. 2020).","This species has numerous and stable subpopulations in Sweden, Finland and Norway (Bartsch et al. 2009). It is rather rare and local in the other parts of Europe and it becomes extremely rare towards to South especially in lowlands (Dušek and Láska 1976, Bartsch et al. 2009, Barkemeyer 1994, Röder 1990, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight et al. 2018, Nedeljković 2011, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017). Its frequency of occurrence in Great Britain is very variable, but there is evidence of a decline (Ball et al. 2011). According to Bartsch et al. (2009) the presence of this hoverfly is dependent on the availability of pine forests or pine plantations.","This hoverfly occurs primarily in Pinus forests from humid Pinus sylvestris forest including P. mugo, P. uncinata and in taiga, and in in P. sylvestris plantations (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). In the Netherlands it is mainly found in heathlands (Reemer et al. 2009). Adults reside in the tree canopy and on the vegetation in clearings. They visit flowers of various trees and bushes (Acer platanoides, Calluna vulgaris, Prunus spinosa, Ribes alpinum, Rubus spp., Rhododendron tomentosum, Rubus chamaemorus, Salix repens, Sorbus aucuparia), white Apiaceae (Angelica spp.) and other herbs (Achillea millefolium, Anemone nemorosa, Caltha palustris, Ranunculus acris, Crepis spp., Fragaria vesca, Geranium sylvaticum, Galium sp., Helianthemum nummulinum, Leucanthemum vulgare, Plantago major, Potentilla erecta, Taraxacum spp.). The flight period of adults is from the beginning of May to the end of August (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009), in the Netherlands from April to the beginning of September (Reemer et al. 2009). The larva is apparently a specialist predator of aphids on coniferous trees, and has been observed on the trees of Pinus sylvestris and Larix decidua (Rotheray 1988, Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Rojo et al. 2003).","There are no documented threats to this species in Europe. This species is present in conifer (Pinus sylvestris) plantations. Subpopulations of this species are apparently influenced by changing of forestry practices in Europe where coniferous woodland is replanted with hardwoods (Ball and Morris 2014), especially outside of Fennoscandia. The invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis in Europe could be an important threat for the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). This is preferentially a predator of arboreal aphids (Chapin and Brou 1991) and intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of this species could be detrimental for this hoverfly as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015). The non-specific chemical treatments against other insect conifer pest, can also affected population level of this predator species.","Eupeodes nielseni is not threatened in Fennoscandia (Haarto et al. 2019, ArtDatabanken 2020, Gammelmo et al. 2015). Speight et al. (2016) listed this species as threatened in Belgium, Great Britain and the Netherlands. Ball and Morris (2014) listed E. nielseni as a Nationally Scarce species in Great Britain and Pellmann and Scholz (1996) listed this species as endangered in their Red List of Sachsen in Germany. The biology of this species is relatively well known, however larval biology is known inadequately to estimate possible impacts of the invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis and impacts of non-specific chemical treatments against insect pest. Studies of the taxonomy of this species is necessary, because it is probably a complex of two species (Dušek and Láska 1976).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & García, M.A.M.","Mazanek, L.","Barkalov, A., Popov, G., Ricarte Sabater, A.R. & Ssymank, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eupeodes,nitens,,Eupeodes nitens,"(Zetterstedt, 1843)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This largely arboreal species is present in all forested areas of Europe. It is frequent in Fennoscandia, but in the rest of Europe seems to be rather rare and local. Its pan-European population seems to be large and stable, and as such it is listed as Least Concern both in Europe and the EU27, but this species is apparently declining in some parts of western Europe. There are no documented threats to this species, and no specific conservation action is required at present, except for research on population trends, on larval biology and the impacts of possible threats from invasive species.",Stable,"Eupeodes nitens is present in Europe from Fennoscandia to the north slopes of the Pyrenees (France), Apenines (North Italy), Olympus and North Pindos Mountains (Greece). The species is also known form most parts of European Russia. Outside Europe it ranges through Siberia to the Pacific coast and also further south in Turkey, Kazakhstan, Georgia, Middle Asia, Afghanistan and Mongolia to Korea and Japan (Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Mengual et al. 2020, Bartsch et al. 2009, Vujić et al. 2020; A. Barkalov pers. comm. 2020).","This species is broadly widespread in Europe, but usually quite uncommon. It is more common in some parts of Sweden and Finland and European Russia (Leningrad region) south to the Arctic Circle (Bartsch et al. 2009, A. Barkalov pers. comm. 2020). It is rather rare to very rare in the southern parts of its range in Europe, especially in lowlands (Bartsch et al. 2009, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight et al. 2018, Nedeljković 2011). Pan-European subpopulations seems to be stable; there are, however, indications that this species has undergone a significant decline over the several last decades in Great Britain (Ball and Morris 2014) and also in Belgium (Speight et al. 2016).","Eupeodes nitens is present in mature deciduous forest (Fagus) and also in unimproved, non-calcareous alpine grassland, from 1,700 m to 2,000 m (Speight 2018). In the Nordic region it occurs in both coniferous and deciduous forests (Bartsch et al. 2009) and in the Netherlands it has been found mainly in heathlands (Reemer et al. 2009). Adults are probably at least partly vagrant (Aubert et al. 1976). Adults reside in tree canopy and descend to the vegetation in clearings, along paths etc. They visit flowers of various trees, bushes and herbs. The flight period of adults is mostly from the beginning of May to September (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). This species has been frequently reported as being reared from larvae predaceous on aphids on various trees (both coniferous and deciduous), bushes and herbs including fruit trees and arable crops (Rojo et al. 2003) but a lot of these reports (especially older ones) are not reliable due to difficulties in identifying Eupeodes species (Ball and Morris 2014).","This seems to be a woodland edge species that is most likely to be affected by over-intensive ride management and loss of ecotone scrub structure in connection with high woodlands. In some locations, declining ride management may also be an issue as it may lead to closing of the canopy over the rides (Ball and Morris 2014). The invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis in Europe could be an important threat for the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). This species is preferentially a predator of arboreal aphids (Chapin and Brou 1991) and intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of this species could be detrimental for this hoverfly, as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015), although E. nitens is present also in the East Palearctic, where the invasive ladybird is native.","Eupeodes nitens is not threatened in Fennoscandia (Haarto et al. 2019, ArtDatabanken 2020, Gammelmo et al. 2015). Speight et al. (2016) listed this species as threatened in Belgium and the Netherlands. Ball and Morris (2014) listed E. nitens as a Nationally Scarce species in Great Britain, Reemer et al. (2009) listed this species as Vulnerable in the Netherlands and Pellmann and Scholz (1996) listed this species as Vulnerable in the Red List of Sachsen (Germany). There is a relatively large amount of information about larval biology of this species, but it is necessary to critically review this as it is not certain whether all this data genuinely relates to this species, and research is needed into potential impacts of invasive ladybirds.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & García, M.A.M.","Mazanek, L.","Barkalov, A., Popov, G. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eupeodes,nuba,,Eupeodes nuba,"(Wiedemann, 1830)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Eupeodes nuba is widespread species in southern Europe, particularly in the Mediterranean basin. Although it is usually recorded only occasionally, it has been recorded also in rather anthropogenic suburban habitats. It is not considered a threatened species in Europe according to Speight (2016).",Stable,"Eupeodes nuba is widespread in southern parts of Palaearctic region.  In Europe and adjacent areas it is present particularly in the Mediterranean basin. It is known from Canary Islands and Madeira, through the Mediterranean basin (Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Croatia, Greece, Malta, Crete, Cyprus, Turkey (Muğla), Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, Israel) including North Africa (Morocco, Egypt, Suez). Elsewhere it occurs through West and Central Asia (Transcausasus, Iran, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kirghizstan, Central Tian-Shan, Altai) to Mongolia and Nepal (Speight 2018, Peck 1988, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Dušek and Láska 1976, Vujić et al. 2020, Ricarte and Marcos 2017, Ssymank and Ebejer 2009, Smit et al. 2004, Dousti and Hayat 2006, Saribiyik 2011). There are also occasional records out of Mediterranean area in Europe (Roumania, Ukraine, Switzerland) (Maibach 1992, Prokhorov et al. 2017, Bradescu 1991), at least some of these records, e. g. in Switzerland, are based apparently on migratory specimens. This species is known also from northern parts of the Afrotropical region, from the area of Nubia, that is region stretching from the south of Egypt to Sudan (Dirricks 1998).","Although this species is widely distributed in Mediterranean area, it is recorded only occasionally in Europe, most frequently in Spain (Ricarte and Marcos 2017, Sommagio pers. comm. 2020, Vujić et al. 2020, Speight et al. 2018). Dirickx (1998) mentioned that it had not been recorded from tropical Africa since its description from Sudan 1830.","E. nuba inhabits various open ground and sparsely vegetated habitats usually beside dry seasonal rivers and streams in Mediterranean, it is present also in suburban maquis, in Mediterranean dune scrub and in coastal dune systems (Speight 2018). Adults fly round and over low-growing vegetation, often settle on low-growing vegetations and visit flowers of yellow Apiaceae, Euphorbia, Viburnum tinus (Speight 2018). Flight period of adults is mostly from April to June and from August to September (Speight 2018), but it may persist all the winter in the warmest part of Europe, eg. Canary Islands (Báez, 1977). Developmental stages are undescribed (Speight 2018) but Kesten (1975) reported larvae as predacious on Aphis craccivora on Medicago sativa (Rojo et al. 2003).","Apart from the general threats for biodiversity, there are no specific threats identified for this species in Europe. This species is able to inhabit also rather anthropogenic suburban habitats in the Mediterranean, where non-specific chemical treatments to control of aphid pests can negatively affect local populations of this predatory species.","Eupeodes nuba is not considered a threatened species in Europe according to Speight (2016) and there are not specific conservation actions for this species in Europe. Nevertheless, the larval biology of this species is known inadequately to estimate habitat requirements of this rather rare species and impact of non-specific chemical treatments on its populations.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has the potential to be used in biocontrol of aphids in agriculture.","Bowles, P. & García, M.A.M.","Mazanek, L.","Barkalov, A., Ricarte Sabater, A.R., Sommaggio, D. & Popov, G.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eupeodes,punctifer,,Eupeodes punctifer,"(Frey, 1934)",E. punctifer is not mentioned in some literature for Nearctic region. This species is probably confused with E. curtus there (Mazánek et al. 1999).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a widespread species of Arctic tundra in the whole northern Holarctic. This species does not meet the criteria for threatened categories in Europe or the EU27. It has large subpopulations in Arctic regions. There are no specific threats identified for this species. Therefore, it is regarded as Least Concern in Europe and in the EU27 Member States.",Stable,"Eupeodes punctifer is a widely distributed northern Holarctic species with a circumpolar Arctic distribution to almost the boreoalpine zone (Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Böcher et al. 2015, Barkalov and Mutin 2015).  In Europe it occurs in Scandinavia, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania and northern European Russia.","It is one of the most frequent Eupeodes species in circumpolar arctic tundra and taiga (Nielsen and Swendsen 2014, Bartsch et al. 2009, Bocher et al. 2015). Its population is apparently stable, and no decline has been documented.","This species is present in circumpolar Arctic and alpine dwarf-shrub tundra and taiga (Nielsen and Swendsen 2014, Bartsch et al. 2009). The flight period of adults is from the end of June to beginning of August (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). Published flower visitation records exist for Ranunculus propinquus (Ranunculaceae), Trolius sibiricus (Ranunculaceae), Sanquisorba officinalis (Rosaceae), Polemonium acutifolium (Polemoniaceae), Tanacetum bipinnatum (Asteraceae), Silene acaulis (Caryophyllaceae), Dryas integrifolia, Dryas octopetala (Rosaceae) (Barkalov 2012, Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Böcher et al. 2015). Developmental stages have not been described, but adults of this species were reared from predacious larvae found on Spiraea (Rosaceae) in Yakutia (Speight 2018).","Any current threats to this species are unknown. Nevertheless, a continuing decline of extent and quality of suitable habitats for this species is inferred due to human activities and settlements (Janssen et al. 2016).  The quality of suitable habitat for this high-latitude species could be also decline due to global warming (Barredo et al. 2020).","Eupeodes punctifer is not considered a threatened species in northern Europe (Haarto et al. 2019, ArtDatabanken 2020, Gammelmo et al. 2015). Nevertheless larval biology of this species is not adequately known.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & Hayat, R.","Mazanek, L.","Ricarte Sabater, A.R., Popov, G. & Barkalov, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eupeodes,rufipunctatus,,Eupeodes rufipunctatus,"(Curran, 1925)",,No,EN,,No,NA,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)  Factual threats to this species are not documented. The population on Iceland is out of main distribution area of this species, where its population status is unknown but may be declining. The population of this species on Iceland is greatly isolated and only about five collecting sites have been listed in literature, each regarded here as a separate location. It is not known from any other northern Palaearctic areas. The extent of occurrence (19,750 km2) as well as area of occupancy (20 km2) of this species is small at European level. Its actual distribution and population dynamics on Iceland are not known precisely, but presumably it is threatened there by sheep grazing. The species is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(i,iii)) for Europe, but is Not Applicable for the EU27 Member States.",Decreasing,"In Europe, this species is known very locally and rarely only from Iceland (Bocher et al. 2015, Vockeroth 1992, Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2018, Torp 1989), with an EOO of &lt;20,000 km2, and AOO of 20 km2 in five locations.  Eupeodes rufipunctatus is widely distributed in Arctic and alpine tundra in the northern Nearctic region (including Greenland).","There is no relevant data about population dynamics of this species in Iceland. Bartsch et al. (2009) reported only five collection sites of this species.  E. rufipunctatus seems to be rare across all of its range of distribution (Vockeroth 1992). This species was more frequently collected only form Greenland (Bocher et al. 2015, Vockeroth 1992). From the revision of all Eupeodes specimens from Greenland for Bocher et al. (2015) it is obvious, that this species has declined in Greenland. Surprisingly this species was recorded only occasionally (only one male) during intensive survey of Greenland entomofauna in 2002-2003, although 37 specimens of this species were collected from 24 localities in Greenland before this survey. The remaining two Eupeodes species extant on Greenland were collected during surveys in 2002-2003 more frequently. For example, 26 specimens of E. vockerothi were collected during survey 2002-2003 (up to this survey 37 specimens were collected from Greenland) and 40 specimens of E. punctifer were collected during survey 2002-2003 (before this survey 80 specimens were collected from Greenland).","This species is known from arctic and alpine tundra of northern Nearctic region (Vockeroth 1992) and from several vegetation-poor mountain habitats in Iceland (Bartsch et al. 2009). The flight period of adults is from end of June to beginning August in northern Nearctic (Vockeroth 1992, Speight 2018). Developmental stages are not described, but has been collected as predacious on Salix, on which both aphids and coccids were present (Speight 2018, Vockeroth 1992, Bocher et al. 2015, Bartsch et al. 2009).","Any current threats to this species are not documented. Nevertheless, the quality of suitable habitat for this species is declining due to climate change (Barredo et al. 2020) and may be the cause for the possible decline in its population in Greenland. The larva is apparently associated with its prey living on low bushes vegetation (shrubs of Salix) of Arctic mountainous habitats, that is strongly affected by grazing of sheep especially in highlands of Iceland (Marteinsdóttir et al. 2017, Austrheim et al. 2008). Ross et al. (2016) directly list decline of Salix shrubs in highlands as a trend induced by the sheep grazing in Iceland. Volcanic activity could potentially impact the species in Iceland.",Further survey work is needed to determine recent distribution and population trends of this species in Iceland. Research needed to determine larval ecology and potential threats from overgrazing.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & Hayat, R.","Mazanek, L., Ricarte Sabater, A.R., Miličić, M., Vujić, A. & Nedeljković, Z.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eupeodes,tirolensis,,Eupeodes tirolensis,"(Dušek and Láska, 1973)",,Yes,NT,B2ab(iii),No,NT,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Eupeodes tirolensis is a very rare European species that occurs mostly on isolated restricted montane/alpine and Arctic habitats, that are usually only in protected national montane parks. The population trend of this species is uncertain but is suspected to be declining. The population thought to be severely fragmented as many of the subpopulations are very small and likely not viable by themselves, since it is projected loss of habitats due global changes (Barredo et al. 2020). The Alps might be the last stronghold for this species. The species has a large extent of occurrence but apparently low and fragmented area of occupancy (Pan European = 200 km2, EU 27= 140 km2). The species is therefore close to qualifying as Endangered in both Europe and the European Union applying Criterion B2, however most known localities are within protected areas and subpopulations in the Alps presently appear to be stable.",Decreasing,"This European endemic species has a boreoalpine distribution. It is known from northern and mountainous Fennoscandia (Norway, Sweden, Finland), from most parts of the Alps (France, Switzerland, Austria, Italy), Pyrenees (France, Spain), the Dinaric Alps (Durmitor and Prokletije in Montenegro), and the northern Apennines in Italy (Dušek and Láska 1973, Maibach et al. 1992, Speight 1993, Nielsen 1999, Bartsch et al. 2009, Nedeljković 2011, Nielsen and Svendsen 2014, Burgio et al. 2015, van Steenis et al. 2015, Schlüsslmayr 2018, Speight 2018, Speight et al. 2018, Lembart and Speight 2019, GBIF 2020). Vujić et al. (2018) listed this species also as occurring in Serbia, citing Nedeljković (2011), but Nedelković reported a new record from Prokletije National Park in Montenegro rather than Serbia. The species has a large extent of occurrence, but an apparently low and fragmented area of occupancy (Pan European = 200 km2, EU 27= 140 km2).","This is an apparently rare subalpine to alpine species with fragmented populations in several restricted mountainous areas in Europe (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2018). It seems that this species was more frequently collected in past than recently, but the rate of any population decline has not been calculated. There is great variability in numbers of collected specimens (sometimes several hill-topping specimens are collected in one place; van Steenis 2015, Speight 2018). In the southern part of the Alps there seems to be a stable population because the species is regularly collected in this area at present (even if at low density) (Lebard and Speight 2019). The population thought to be severely fragmented as many of the subpopulations are very small and likely not viable by themselves.","Adults of E. tirolensis are known from unimproved montane and alpine grassland (with Alnus viridis and Salix scrub) and alpine lake shores, and heath near seepages and streams from 1,200 m up to 2,500 m in the highest mountains of Central and south Europe (Speight 2018) and in open, damp pine forest near the forest border in northern Scandinavia (Bartsch et al. 2009). The flight period is from the end of May to July and August at higher altitudes. The males often rest in the sun on large stones or scree, returning repeatedly to the same place, they hover at heights from 1 - 5 m, in open situations and often many of hilltopping males could be collected in close proximity on one place (van Steenis 2015, Speight 2018). Adults have been recorded visiting flowers of a Sedum sp.  Developmental stages are unknown, but larvae are apparently predacious as larvae of other Eupeodes species (Bartsch et al. 2009).","Any current threats to this species are unknown. Nevertheless, it is presumed that a continuing decline of extent and quality of suitable habitats for this species is ongoing, due to human activities and settlements in Europe (Janssen et al. 2016), although most known subpopulations occur in protected areas. The quality of suitable habitat for this species is likely to be strongly influenced by climate change (D. Doczkal pers comm. 2020, T. Nielsen pers. comm. 2021, Barredo et al. 2020).","Conservation actions regarding to this species are unknown, however this species has been recorded mostly only in the protected mountainous national parks. Haarto and Kerppola (2007) listed this species as Vulnerable to Finland. It is listed as Data Deficient in the recent Red List to Finland species (Haarto et al. 2019). In the recent Norwegian and Swedish Red Lists it is listed as Least Concern (Gammelmo et al. 2015, ArtsDatabanken 2020).  Further monitoring is needed to determine recent distribution and population status of this species as well as its biology.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & Hayat, R.","Mazanek, L., Ricarte Sabater, A.R., Ssymank, A., Aracil, A., Vujić, A., Nedeljković, Z., Miličić, M. & Földesi, R.","Ricarte Sabater, A.R., Nielsen, T., Sommaggio, D., Popov, G. & Doczkal, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eupeodes,vandergooti,,Eupeodes vandergooti,"(Dušek and Láska, 1973)","This species has been reported from outside Corsica (the French mainland, Sardinia and from Italy) by other authors (Burgio et al. 2015, Speight et al. 2018), but Eupeodes vandergooti is difficult to distinguish from related species, such as E. lucasi, and has not reliably been confirmed from outside Corsica. The species is considered here to be endemic to Corsica pending further work.",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,iv)+2ab(iii,iv)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,iv)+2ab(iii,iv)",EU27-2020,,"The confirmed distribution area of Eupeodes vandergooti is restricted to Corsica, and for the purposes of this assessment records elsewhere are considered to represent misidentifications pending further research. The species was relatively frequent last century, but in recent surveys at historical sites the species has been found to be rare and the population of this species seems to have declined. It is associated with Corsican Pinus nigra laricio forests, a habitat which is geographically restricted and subject to a continuing decline in extent and quality due to various threats, especially feral pigs. The calculated extend of occurrence and area of occupancy are considered to be small (EOO=867 km2, AOO=44 km2). The number of locations is no greater than six, and for the purposes of this assessment it is considered likely to be three based on the number of pigs. As such the species is listed as Endangered in both Europe and the EU27 (to which it is endemic).",Decreasing,"Dušek and Láska (1973) described Eupeodes vandergooti from a series of males and females collected from 1961 to 1967 in several localities (around the rivers Asco, Monte Cinto, Col de Vizzavone and Sant Florent) on Corsica. Some later records of this species were published from areas outside Corsica (the French mainland, Sardinia and from Italy) by other authors (Burgio et al. 2015, Speight et al. 2018), but the species is difficult to distinguish from related species (such as E. lucasi, whose male was unknown until 2000; Marcos García et al. 2000) and has not reliably been confirmed from outside Corsica. The species is probably endemic to Corsica, and reports from elsewhere are excluded from this assessment pending further research.","Dušek and Láska (1973) mentioned a series of 36 males and females regularly collected from 1961 to 1967 on Corsica by Van der Goot and Lambeck. The species was probably relatively frequent on Corsica at that time. The recent population status of this species on Corsica is not known precisely. During the last 5 years survey, only one specimen has been found there (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020), so it is assumed that population of this species has declined.","Eupeodes vandergooti is known from black pine forest of Pinus laricio about 1,400 m above sea level on Corsica (Speight 2018). Dušek and Láska (1973) listed specimens collected usually at higher altitudes (between 800 to 2,000 m above sea level) in July, but also one female from Sand Florent near the sea from 10 May. Flower visitation has only been recorded from Sedum album (Van der Goot 1961). The developmental stages are unknown, but larvae are presumably predacious on soft bodied insects preferably aphids as larvae of other Eupeodes species.","The main habitat reported for this species by Speight (2018) is Pinus nigra laricio forests, and Zaghi (2008) reported that, besides unsuitable forestry management and fires the overgrazing (by feral pigs), poses a threat particularly in Pinus nigra forests on Corsica. Leys et al. (2014) note that Pinus nigra laricio is an endemic subspecies that is currently threatened. Subpopulations of this taxon are geographically restricted (~16,000 ha), and their ranges are apparently decreasing, possibly because of disturbance, fire and logging. It is considered that there is a continuing decline of extent and quality of suitable habitat for this species due to human activities (tourism) and settlements in Europe (Janssen et al. 2016).","Five of the six collection localities are within the Massif du Rotondo Site of Community Importance area. Further monitoring is needed to establish the population trends of this species and the impact of threats, as well as research on biology to determine larval ecology and on its possible distribution outside Corsica.",This species is not traded or exploited.,"Bowles, P. & Hayat, R.","Mazanek, L., Ricarte Sabater, A.R., Vujić, A., Miličić, M. & Nedeljković, Z.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eupeodes,vockerothi,,Eupeodes vockerothi,"(Fluke, 1952)","This species has often been confused with the similar species E. luniger, of which it has been considered a dark form.",No,DD,,No,NA,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)   Listed as Data Deficient on the basis that this species has only recently been detected on Svalbard, and it has a highly restricted known distribution in the archipelago. Should any threats be identified it may therefore be at significant risk in the archipelago, however its origin and range in Svalbard are unclear and it may represent either a recent natural colonist or an introduction.",Stable,"This species has only recently been recorded in Europe, from Svalbard in 2013 (Nielsen and Gammelmo 2017). This species was previously confused with E. luniger, and its distribution data need revision. It is possible the species represents an introduction or vagrant to Europe from Greenland (T. Nielsen pers. comm. 2021).  Eupeodes vockerothi is widely distributed in the northern Nearctic region including Greenland (Bocher et al. 2015).","This species was first recorded on Svalbard, 18-21 July 2013 (malaise trap) (Nielsen and Gammelmo 2017). The population of this species is apparently stable - or could be increasing if this is genuinely a recent colonization.  This species could however be a newly introduced species to Svalbard (T. Nielsen pers. comm. 2021). According to Coulson (2015) there is a likelihood that additional alien species will be able to establish on Svalbard with projected climate change, both those naturally dispersing to the archipelago and those imported accidently by humans.","This species is known from Arctic and alpine tundra, dwarf-shrub tundra and taiga of the Nearctic region. The larva is unknown but apparently predacious, in common with larvae of other related Eupeodes species (Böcher et al. 2015).",Any threats to this species are unknown.,"Further survey work is needed to determine the origin and recent distribution, ecology and  population trends of this species in Svalbard. There are many protected areas on Svalbard.",This species is not traded or exploited.,"Bowles, P. & Hayat, R.","Mazanek, L., Nielsen, T., Vujić, A., Nedeljković, Z., Ricarte Sabater, A.R. & Miličić, M.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Eurimyia,lineata,,Eurimyia lineata,"(Fabricius, 1787)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species has been assessed as not threatened in most of the national Red Lists within Europe. It occurs in wetlands and relies on the flora found in this habitat for feeding as an adult.  Its populations seem to be stable with no major threats, although its wetland habitat is experiencing some pressures. It has a large EOO and AOO, and therefore is categorised as Least Concern (LC) in both Europe and the EU 27.",Stable,"This is a widespread species, found from southern Scandinavia to the northern edge of the Pyrenees, and from Ireland to the European parts of Russia. Outside Europe, it occurs across Siberia to the Pacific coast (Speight 2020).  It is now considered to be restricted to the Palaearctic, whilst records from the Nearctic are now (after taxonomic revision) considered to be E. stipata (Skevington et al. 2019). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. Specific locality data are not available for some countries (for  example: Belarus and Latvia) and so it is not possible at this time to  calculate a precise AOO for this species.    The species has been cited by the following checklists: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Belgium (RBINS 2019), Bulgaria (Tóth 2014), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Denmark (DanBIF 2019), Estonia (Kuznetzov 1993), Finland (FinBIF 2020), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Greece (Vujić et al. 2020), Hungary (Tóth 2001), Ireland (including Northern Ireland; Speight 2008), Italy (including Sicily; Stoch 2003), Latvia (Karpa 2008), Lithuania (Kuznetzov 1993), Luxembourg (van Steenis 2006), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Norway (Nielsen 1999), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), European Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Slovenia (van Steenis et al. 2013), Sweden (Bartsch 2009), Switzerland (CSCF 2019), Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2019), European Turkey (Tóth 2013) and United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000).","The population of this species is stable in the EU 27 and the European region. It is quite common in northern and central Europe, but it is scarcer in southern Europe. In Greece it is a rare species, being only present in the northern part of mainland Greece (Vujić et al. 2020).  It can be locally common where there is appropriate habitat.","This species can be found in wetland habitats. In particular, it can be found around stagnant and slow-flowing, nutrient-rich water bodies such as fens, marshes, ponds or oxbow lakes. It occurs less frequently in bogs. Described by Hartley (1961) and illustrated by Rotheray (1994), the larval stage is aquatic and feeds by filtering microorganisms under the water surface - usually in areas with rotting plant debris. It has an elongated anal segment which acts as a breathing tube. The adults feed on pollen and nectar from flowers that occur near the wetlands, often on Ranunculus, Anthriscus, Caltha, Cardamine, Crataegus, Lythrum and Nymphaea. The adults can typically be seen flying from between May and August/September. All this information has been summarized and updated from Speight (2020).","Loss and disturbance of habitat are the main threats to this species. Drainage of wetlands, changing rainfall patterns and drought due to climatic change all impact the wetland habitats necessary for the larval stage. Intensification of vegetation management for tourism and development purposes can result in loss of important food sources for this species. Pollution can result in the nutrient enrichment of its wetland habitat, which can also impact this species (Janssen et al. 2017).","Conservation efforts should focus on protecting the habitat. Most wetlands are now protected in European countries, and therefore this species is known to occur within protected areas. Additional research is required to understand the ecology of this species and its population trends better. Social education and awareness-raising related to this species and its situation could also be a useful conservation tool.  It is categorized as Near Threatened in Belgium (INBO 2019), Vulnerable in the Czech Republic (Frakač et al. 2005), and Least Concern in Finland (FinBIF 2020), Norway (NBIC 2019) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2019); it considered common in Germany (Dunk et al. 2003) and Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2005).",This species is not known to be used or traded.,"Smit, J. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Rojo, S., Pérez, C., Campoy, A., Barkalov, A., Mazanek, L. & Vujić, A.","Lillo, I.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Ferdinandea,aurea,,Ferdinandea aurea,"Rondani, 1844",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Ferdinandea aurea is considered to be widespread across its range. It is endemic to southern Europe, found across the Mediterranean. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above the thresholds for any threatened category. The species is not considered to be threatened at the national level in any national Red Lists, and although some subpopulations may be decreasing, there is no direct threat which may reduce significantly the overall population. Therefore this species has been categorized as Least Concern for both Europe and EU27.",Unknown,"This species is clearly a southern species, with a range in Europe from Portugal to Greece, around the Mediterranean (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above the thresholds for any threatened category.  Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Albania and Cyprus) and so it is not possible at  this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species. It is listed on the following checklists: Cyprus (van Steenis et al. 2019), France (Speight et al. 2018), Greece (including Crete) (Vujić et al. 2020), Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily) (Burgio et al. 2015), Montenegro (van Steenis et al. 2015), Portugal (van Eck 2016) and Spain (including the Balearic Islands) (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017).  Outside of the European territory this species has been recorded in Transcaucasia (Mengual et al. 2020) and Israel (Dirickx 1994).","The species seems to be widespread across its distribution. Some subpopulations across Europe seem to be decreasing, but in Spain it shows a high abundance, even being the most abundant saproxylic hoverfly in Cabañeros National Park (Ricarte et al. 2009). Therefore, the overall current population trend is unknown.","Its habitat is forest, mainly overmature thermophilus forest of Quercus pubescens and Quercus pyrenaica and evergreen forest of Quercus ilex and Quercus suber. It can also be present in Fagus forest (mesophilous). Adults can be seen in the sun, settled on trunks, among dead leaves on the ground, on stones and the bare ground of forest paths and on flowers of Dianthus, Hedera or Scabiosa. They normally have a flight period between July and October, with a mass emergence in mid-September. The saproxylic larva is not yet described, but there is evidence from Spain and France that it has a close relationship with the damage of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) in the trees. Dependence upon other Mediterranean saproxylic insects may explain its restriction to the Mediterranean zone, and its trait of having an almost entirely autumnal flight. All this information has been summarized and updated from Speight (2020) and Vujić et al. (2020).  Ricarte et al. (2010) recorded collecting this species in emergence traps covering basal tree cavities (“root-holes”) and other trunk tree-holes, in Quercus faginea and Q. pyrenaica. Now that the larval microhabitat is known, it should be possible to establish whether other saproxylic species are involved in making appropriate larval microhabitat available for F. aurea.","The main threats to this species are related to the habitat. Some of the habitats where this species is found are categorized as Vulnerable by the European Red List of Habitats (e.g. G1.8. Acidophilous Quercus Woodland). Human activities related to forestry, such as deforestation, removal of dead Quercus trees and the creation of even-aged Quercus stands can be possible threats, along with fire and hydrology modifications (Janssen et al. 2017). The relationship with longhorn beetles should be taken into account when analysing the possible threats to the species.","Conservation should be focused on the habitat, promoting the protection of over-mature and senescent Quercus trees. Some conservation measures can be focused on the monitoring of and research into  population size and trends. A deep analysis of the relationship of this species with other saproxylic insects is needed, together with the biology of the pre-imaginal stages. There is no information about national Red List categorization of this species across European countries.",This species is not used or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Englefield, E.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C. & Rojo, S.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Ferdinandea,cuprea,,Ferdinandea cuprea,"(Scopoli, 1763)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Ferdinandea cuprea is a very widespread and common species across Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above the thresholds for any threatened category. Although there may be some threats causing habitat loss locally, there are no major threats impacting the European population as a whole, and it is not considered to be threatened in several National Red Lists. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both EU 27 and Europe.",Stable,"The general range of this species is from Fennoscandia south to southern Spain and North Africa (Algeria) and round the Mediterranean through southern Europe to Turkey; from Ireland eastwards through central/northern parts of Eurasia to the Pacific coast of Siberia and Japan (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above the thresholds for any threatened category. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Belarus and Estonia) and so it is not possible  at this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species. This species appears on the following checklists: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Bulgaria (Tóth 2014), Croatia (Jelicić et al. 2010), the Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Estonia (Kuznetzov 1993), Finland (FinBIF 2020), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Greece (Vujić et al. 2020), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Ireland (Speight 2008), Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily) (Burgio et al. 2015), Latvia (Kuznetzov 1993), Lithuania (Pakalniškis et al. 2006), Luxembourg (van Steenis 2006), Montenegro (van Steenis et al. 2015), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Norway (Nielsen 1999), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Portugal (van Eck 2016), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), Russian Federation (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Slovenia (van Steenis et al. 2013), Spain (Ricarte et al. 2010, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), Sweden (Bartsch et al. 2009), Switzerland (CSCF 2020), Turkey (Tóth 2013), Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2020) and United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000).","This syrphid occurs over most of Europe, from southern parts of Scandinavia southwards, and can be abundant where it is found. It does become more localised in southern Europe, however, where it is largely restricted to more humid situations within forests (Speight 2020). It can be regarded as marginally synanthropic, although there is a general lack of records from farmland, suburban gardens or parks and this species does not occur in association with conifers. Any records from conifer plantations are presumably due to an admixture of deciduous trees surviving with the conifer crop (Speight 2008). It is common in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands (Ball and Morris 2000, Reemer et al. 2009). In Spain, it is restricted to the northern areas of the country, where it is not locally abundant (Ricarte et al. 2010).","The habitat of this species is mainly forest, more specifically deciduous forest with mature trees: alluvial forest of Populus, Quercus, Salix and Caprinus, acidophilus and thermophilus Quercus and Betula forest. Larvae have been found in semi-aqueous material in tree wounds of Populus damaged by Cossus larvae (Lepidoptera), and in tree wounds and sap runs on the trunks of living deciduous trees of various sorts, including Acer, Aesculus, Betula, Malus, Populus, Quercus, Salix and Ulmus. Dussaix (2013) reports observing full-grown F. cuprea larvae moving down the trunk of an oak, away from the sap-run in which they developed, to pupate among the litter at the trunk base. This species overwinters as a puparium (Dussaix 2013).  For non-overwintering puparia derived from the spring generation of adults, the duration of the puparial phase is two weeks (Dussaix 2013). Adults appear on tree trunks, on the ground among leaves, on stones near tracks in the sun, and also at sap runs. Their flight period starts in April and ends between September and October. In the Iberian Peninsula the flight period starts in March (Ricarte et al. 2010). Adults visit flowers of species such as Convolvulus, Crataegus, Hieracium, Leontodon, Lonicera, Mentha, Oenothera, Prunus cerasus, Ranunculus, Rosa, Rubus, Sonchus, Taraxacum and  Ulmus. In Ireland there are records away from woodland areas, suggesting that sometimes this species can develop in rotting parts of large herbaceous plants, as well as in sap runs on the trunks of trees; and indeed, in France it has been reared from Cynara scolymus roots that were also attacked by Cheilosia vulpina larvae (Brunel and Cadou 1994). All this information has been summarized and updated from Ball and Morris (2000), Speight (2020) and Vujić et al. (2020).","The main threats to this species are related to the habitat. Some of the habitats where this species is found are categorized as Vulnerable by the European Red List of Habitats (e.g. G1.8 Acidophilous Quercus woodland). It is impacted by human activities related to forestry, such as deforestation and fire (Janssen et al. 2017). However, it can be present in parks and anthropic areas, so it is less at risk of habitat loss driving extinction.","The conservation actions should be focused on the preservation of the habitat. Some conservation measures can be focused on the monitoring and research of population size and trends too, as well as education about the species. This species has been categorised as Least Concern in Belgium (INBO 2020), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Finland (FinBIF 2020), Norway (NBIC 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020). It is considered to be very common in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009) and the United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000).",This species is not used or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Englefield, E.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C. & Rojo, S.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Ferdinandea,fumipennis,,Ferdinandea fumipennis,"Kassebeer, 1999",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Ferdinandea fumipennis is restricted to a small area of Europe, but it is abundant in some parts of its Iberian range. It is considered the second most abundant species of the genus. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above the thresholds for any threatened category. Although there may be some threats causing habitat loss locally, there are no major threats impacting the European population as a whole. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both EU27 and Europe.",Stable,"This species is considered as an Ibero-Maghreb endemic. In the European region, it is known from Portugal, Spain (including the Balearic Islands) and from two localities in the southeastern area of France (no more than 20 km from the Mediterranean coast) (Biodiversidad Virtual 2019, GBIF 2019, Ramírez-Hernández et al. 2015, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2007, Ricarte et al. 2010, Speight et al. 2018). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above the thresholds for any threatened category.  It is also known from Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia.","This species is quite abundant in the areas where it is found. The subpopulations are small but stable. There are three subpopulations in France, two of which are sustainable; the third was an individual tree in a rubbish dump. This species has been found in Spain through photographs shared online, which indicates its abundance.  In the Iberian Peninsula, it seems to be the second most abundant species of the genus, after F. aurea. Despite being restricted to the Iberian Peninsula and some small subpopulations at the periphery, it is not considered to be at risk of extinction (Ricarte et al. 2010).","The larval morphology of this saproxylic species was described by Ricarte et al. (2007) from a specimen found in sap-runs of Quercus pyrenaica in Cabañeros National Park; there is also a report of a female laying eggs in a sap-run of Quercus pyrenaica. Its habitat is forest, mainly deciduous acidophilus forest with Q. pyrenaica and riparian forest of Fraxinus angustifolia. The flight period is from February to November, but it varies depending on location; it is normally seen flying with individuals of Ferdinandea cuprea. The flowers that they normally visit are Hypericum and Merendera. Only found along rivers, the potential range of this fly is reduced because the associated trees are not known to occur over very large areas. All this information has been summarized and updated from Ricarte et al. (2007, 2010) and Speight (2020).","The main threats to this species are related to the habitat. Some of the habitats where this species is found are categorized as Vulnerable by the European Red List of Habitats. Human activities related to forestry can be possible threats, such as deforestation, removal of dead trees, the creation of even-aged stands, and also fire and hydrology modifications (Janssen et al. 2017).","Conservation actions should be focused in the conservation of the habitat where it lives. For example, in Spain this species has been recorded in one National Park, two Natural Parks and Biological Reserve and also in one Natural Park in Portugal. However, not all the subpopulations studied are found in protected areas. Attempts have been made to protect one of the French sites, as it has exceptional saproxylic beetle subpopulations - but this is more of an understanding than official protection status. Monitoring and research on the distribution and population trends of the species are needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Smit, J. & Englefield, E.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C., Rojo, S., Barkalov, A. & Speight, M.","Lillo, I. & Campoy, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Ferdinandea,ruficornis,,Ferdinandea ruficornis,"(Fabricius, 1775)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern  This species has a wide distribution in many countries across Europe, but nevertheless is considered to be rare and scarce in many of these countries, and even Extinct in one. Its wide distribution gives an EOO and AOO above the threshold limits for any threatened category. Information about population trends is not abundant, but there are recent records in the last few years; for example, twenty new records in Belgium and two more in Italy during 2020. These recent records indicate hill-topping behaviour, and also that it may spend long periods flying in the high canopy of trees - hence it is easily overlooked during surveys and may be considered rarer than it really is.   Taking into account the wide distribution of the species, the consequent high EOO and AOO and the recent records found last year, this species is categorized as Least Concern for both EU27 and Europe. More research is needed on this species to determine the real state of the population, analysing the time that the species spends in the adult stage and what is the adult habitat. New information about this may lead to a different categorization in the future. It needs to take into account that its habitat is thought to be in decline, and the populations of the lepidopteran larvae with which is presumably associated are in decline too.",Unknown,"The general range of this species is from Sweden south to Iberian Peninsula, and from Britain (England) eastwards through central and southern Europe into European Russia and the Caucasus and on through Siberia and Uzbekistan to the Pacific and northern China (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above the thresholds for any threatened category. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Belarus and Poland) and so it is not possible at  this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species.  This species appears in the following checklists: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Croatia (Jelicić et al. 2010), the Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Finland (FinBIF 2020),France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Italy (Burgio et al. 2015), Latvia (Kuznetzov 1993), Luxembourg (van Steenis 2006), Macedonia (Krpač et al. 2011), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Norway (NBIC 2020), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Portugal (van Eck 2016), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), European parts of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Slovenia (de Groot and Govedic 2008), Spain (Ricarte et al. 2010, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), Sweden (Bartsch 2009), Switzerland (CSCF 2020), Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2020) and United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000).","Despite being represented across many European countries, and having a wide distribution, this species is considered very scarce and rare in some countries, such as the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011), Hungary (Tóth 2011), the United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000), Portugal (found only in Serra da Estrela) (van Eck 2016) and Spain (found in Cabañeros National Park and in a Natural Reserve in Salamanca) (Ramírez-Hernández et al. 2015, Ricarte et al. 2010). In Ukraine it is widespread all over the country but considered rare, although it can sometimes be locally common on sapping oaks (Popov pers. comm.  2020).  It has been recently collected in Italy in Piemonte Plain (Umberto Maritano pers. comm. 2020). In Belgium it is considered widespread but occurs in low numbers - around 20 individuals were collected in 2020 in the four different high-spots of the country (van de Meutter pers. comm. 2021).  The overall population trends for both Europe and the EU27 are unknown. The general literature and experts agree that this species might be overlooked and considered scarcer than it really is. Apparently it flies in the high canopy, and hence is not so easy to sample or see in normal syrphid surveys.","The preferred habitat of this species is mainly forest, more specifically deciduous Quercus forest and alluvial hardwood forest. The saproxylic larval stages are not yet described, but nevertheless there is evidence that they develop in sap-runs and tree trunks of Quercus and Populus species. It has a close relationship with the activity of Cossus caterpillars, but it is unlike that this is an obligate association because the hoverfly does occur at localities where the moth has not been found.  Adults are normally seen in patches of sunlight on tree trunks, but they are seldom found and may be largely arboreal; they have been found visiting Heracleum umbels. It is possible that adults are overlooked, perhaps by staying high in the canopy, and it is now considered to be a hill-topping species (van de Meutter pers. comm. 2021). The flight period is between April and September, with peaks in May and August. All his information has been summarized and updated from Ball and Morris (2000, 2014) and Speight (2020).   In the Iberian peninsula Q. pyrenaica and Q. robur are breeding sites of the larvae, and the flight period is between mid-March and October (van Eck 2006; Ricarte et al. 2010).","The main threats that may affect this species are those affecting its habitats, mainly over-mature trees. Some of the habitats where this species is found are categorized as Vulnerable by the European Red List of Habitats (e.g. G1.8 Acidophilous Quercus woodland). Human activities related to forestry can be possible threats, such as deforestation, removal of dead trees, the creation of even-aged stands, and also fire and hydrology modifications (Janssen et al. 2017). If the Cossus relationship with this species determines its distribution limits, then because Cossus is currently exhibiting a marked decline in much of western Europe, this may imply a decline in the F. ruficornis population as a consequence. This information has been obtained from Ball and Morris (2014).","Conservation actions should be focused on preservation of the habitat, mainly focusing on the promotion of old woodland habitat and improvement of the connectivity between habitats. More research is needed to determine the nature of the relationship between this species and Cossus caterpillars. Some conservation measures can focus on monitoring and research into the distribution, behaviour,  population size and trends too, as well as on education and awareness about the species. The species has been categorized as Regionally Extinct in Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Endangered in the Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005) and Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011) and Nationally Scarce in the UK (Ball and Morris 2014); it is considered Vulnerable in Norway (NBIC 2020) and Belgium (van de Meutter in prep.), and as Least Concern in Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020).",This species is not used or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Englefield, E.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C. & Rojo, S.","van Eck, A., Birtele, D., Sommaggio, D., Popov, G. & Maritano, U.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Hammerschmidtia,ferruginea,,Hammerschmidtia ferruginea,"(Fallén, 1817)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  On the Red Lists of the Nordic countries, the species is listed as Least Concern. It is threatened in Czechia, Germany and Great Britain (from Endangered to Critically Endangered). Due to its large area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO), this species does not seem to fall in any threat category. Therefore, the final category for this species is Least Concern in Europe and the EU27 countries.",Unknown,"This is a widespread species found from northern Norway south to the Pyrenees, and from central France east through the Alps, the Balkan peninsula and Poland towards European Russia. It is also known from Scotland. The record in northwestern France is an odd one, as it lies far away from the nearest other localities, and it does not seem to be in the right habitat: its presence here needs verification. It was previously recognized to be Holarctic, but DNA evidence showed that the Nearctic specimens belong to another species (Skevington et al. 2019).   Outside of Europe, it is present in Georgia and further east in the Russian Far East (van Steenis et al. 2020).","In the Scottish Highlands one suitable dead log produced almost 1,000 hatched specimens collected in one emergence trap. These logs tend to be suitable for only a few years, and the supply of dead logs is not stable over time. Based on its larval biology, it is highly likely this species shows fluctuations over its entire distributional range. On the regional Red Lists of Baden-Würrtemberg and Saxony-Anhalt, it has been assessed as extinct. In addition, in the whole of Germany, Scotland and the Czech Republic, the species is registered as Endangered to Critically Endangered, while in the Nordic countries, it is regarded as Least Concern (van Steenis et al. 2020). The overall population trend is unknown.","The adult habitat consists of pine and birch taiga and mixed forests with large stands of Populus tremula. The larval habitat consists of sap accumulations in fallen logs of Populus tremula or sap-runs on the same tree. The larvae live in recently fallen logs with sappy decay, lasting for two to three years. The adults visit flowers of a wide range of Apiaceae, and also shrubs and trees such as Crataegus spp., Prunus padus, Pyrus communis, Rosa spp., Rubus fruticosus, Salix spp. and Sorbus aucuparia (van Steenis et al. 2020).","In Europe, the habitat of this species falls within the European Nature Information System (EUNIS) category G1.4. (broadleaved swamp woodland not on acid peat), which is considered “Vulnerable” (Janssen et al. 2016). Forestry with felling of trees and removal of fallen logs is the main threat to this species. The intensification of agriculture is another threat due to the use of fertilisers and pesticides. Furthermore, most agricultural activities need drainage systems, causing the dehydration of the forests, which has a negative impact on tree growth and on the renewal rate of old-growth trees that provide suitable larval habitat (van Steenis et al. 2020).","In Scotland, this species is included in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (Rotheray et al. 2009) and it is to be expected that these actions will have a positive impact on its occurrence. Research and monitoring are needed to understand better the ecology of this species and its population trends.",The species is not used or traded.,"Varga, Z. & Hadrava, J.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.","Pennards, G.W.A., Ssymank, A. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Hammerschmidtia,ingrica,,Hammerschmidtia ingrica,"Stackelberg, 1952",,No,EN,,No,DD,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  In Europe, this is a scarce eastern boreal species, with only one record in the EU27 (Finland). It is a rare species, which most likely shows extreme fluctuations. The habitat is threatened and the rather small area of occupancy (AOO), which ranges between 60 and 600 km2 classifies it as Vulnerable to Endangered. The exact extent of habitat decline in Russia is not well known, but it seems to be continuous. There seem to be four scattered localities in Russia, of which one is a seemingly larger area. The 15 localities give a minimum of 60 km2 and the larger areas in Russia are estimated to be around 400 km2. All in all, the AOO is likely to be less than 500 km2 and the final category for Europe is Endangered.  For the EU27, the species should be classified as Data Deficient as the species could have been introduced (van Steenis et al. 2020). The origin of the species occurrence in the EU27 is uncertain and needs confirmation. If it has not been introduced, then it has only one location in the EU27, and the AOO is less than 10 km2, classifying the species as Critically Endangered. More research is recommended to establish the origin of the species in Finland.",Unknown,"The species is widespread in European Russia and Siberia, and into the Russian Far East. It is also known from one locality in southeast Finland, collected in 2011 and whose origin is uncertain and it may be the result of introduction (van Steenis et al. 2020). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 25,000 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is between 60 and 600 km2. In the EU27, both the EOO and the AOO is 4 km2.","This species is sometimes found with several individuals at the same locality, and over several years from the same locality. It is unknown whether the populations show fluctuations, but based on the larval habitat and on the (in this respect) similar Hammerschmidtia ferruginea, it is assumed this species also shows strong fluctuations in population densities (van Steenis et al. 2020).","The adults are found in mixed boreal forests with over-mature deciduous trees. The larvae are found in sap accumulations under the bark of Juglans, Populus tremula and Ulmus. It has been observed visiting Cornus alba (van Steenis et al. 2020).",Forestry with felling of trees and removal of fallen logs is the main threat to this species. The intensification of agriculture is another threat due to the use of fertilisers and pesticides (van Steenis et al. 2020).,No conservation actions are in place. Habitat protection and raising awareness are possible actions to undertake for its conservation.,The species is not traded nor used.,"Popov, S. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Helophilus,affinis,,Helophilus affinis,"Wahlberg, 1844",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Helophilus affinis is widespread in most of the countries of northern Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above the thresholds for any threatened category. Although there may be some threats causing habitat loss locally, there are no major threats impacting the European population as a whole, and it is not considered to be threatened in several National Red Lists. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both EU 27 and Europe.",Unknown,"The general range of this species is from Scandinavia south to the Netherlands, including Denmark, Germany, Poland and Switzerland, and through from northern Europe into Siberia and on into Asia (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above the thresholds for this species to be considered in any threatened category, in either Europe or the EU 27. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Belarus and Estonia) and so it is not possible  at this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species.  This species has been cited in the following checklists: Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Belgium (RBINS 2020), the Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Estonia (Kuznetzov 1993), Finland (FinBIF 2020), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Latvia (Kuznetzov 1993), Lithuania (Pakalniškis et al. 2006), the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Norway (Nielsen 1999), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), European parts of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Sweden (Bartsch et al. 2009), Switzerland (CSCF 2020), Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2020) and the United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000).","This species apparently is extending its range southwards in Europe (Speight 2020). According to Torp (1984) large migrations occurred from southern Sweden into Denmark. Since 1980 it has been recorded first from north Germany, then from the Netherlands. It has subsequently been recorded from southwest Germany and Switzerland (Ball and Morris 2000). In Germany it is considered to be rare (Ssymank et al. 2011).","The habitat of this species is wetlands: small water bodies in grasslands, fens and bogs. The pre-imaginal stages are not described, but the larvae should be long-tailed, aquatic and saprophagous, as the rest of the species in the genus. Adults can be seen flying between May and September, visiting flowers such as Aruncus, Cirsium, Parnassia, Ranunculus, Rubus, Senecio, Succisa and Valeriana. All this information has been summarized and updated from Speight (2020).","The principal threats are related to loss of natural habitats, especially freshwater habitats, by modifications  of hydrological systems, intensification of agriculture, water pollution or drought due to climate change, among others (Janssen et al. 2017).","Conservation should be focused on the preservation of the wetlands where the species lives, preventing pollution and droughts. More research on its distribution across Europe is necessary to clarify the migration patterns and its real distribution. Some conservation measures can be focused on the education and awareness about the species.  This species has been categorized as Least Concern in Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Finland (FinBIF 2020), Norway (NBIC 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020).",This species is not used or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Englefield, E.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C. & Rojo, S.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Helophilus,bottnicus,,Helophilus bottnicus,"Wahlberg, 1844",,No,RE,,No,RE,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Regionally Extinct (RE) EU 27 regional assessment: Regionally Extinct (RE)  Helophilus bottnicus was most recently recorded in Europe in 1980 in Poland, but this may well have been a vagrant as it was not found in its normal habitat. It has not been recorded in Poland again, despite survey efforts. It was known to occur in Sweden and Finland in the past, but has not been seen since 1930 in Finland and 1843 in Sweden. Therefore, this species is assessed as Regionally Extinct (RE) in Europe and EU27.",Unknown,"This Holarctic species was present in Europe in Sweden, Finland and possibly Poland, but it seems to be extinct now in all of these countries. All the records are very old, and the National Red Lists of Finland and Sweden categorize it as Regionally Extinct.  Outside Europe, it has been recorded from North America, in Canada and the USA (Alaska) (Speight 2020), and in far eastern Siberia (Russian Federation), where it is very common, but not in European Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018).","There is one old record in Finland (from 1930) (Haarto and Kerppola 2014), no recent record in Poland (last recorded in 1980) (Bankowska 1980), and it is extinct in Sweden (last recorded in 1843). It was searched for in Finland in 2019, but none were found (Stahls pers. comm. 2020). The Polish record may well have been a vagrant as the specimen was not found in its normal habitat, but instead in moorland (but the specific locality was not recorded, and the identification may need confirmation). General hoverfly surveys have taken place in Poland since 1980, but it has never been recorded since.","This species is found in open ground areas, close to forest and freshwater bodies. It has been found in seasonally-flooded alluvial grassland and taiga forest, both in Europe and outside. The larval stage is undescribed, although it should be aquatic and saprophagous, with an elongated anal segment. The flight period is in June. The record in Poland from 1980s was on a moor, possibly at a high altitude. All this information has been summarized and updated from Speight (2020).",This species is considered extinct in Europe. The threats that could have caused its extinction are unknown.,"Conservation actions should be focused on researching the distribution and monitoring to confirm that it no longer exists in Europe. Some analysis of the habitat and ecology outside of Europe may help inform understanding of the species, and help with any conservation efforts to revive the subpopulation of this species in Europe. We also need research on the threats facing this species to understand better what caused its decline and disappearance in Europe.",This species is not known to be used or traded.,"Smit, J. & Englefield, E.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C., Rojo, S., Campoy, A., Barkalov, A. & Vujić, A.","Lillo, I.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Helophilus,continuus,,Helophilus continuus,"Loew, 1854",,No,LC,0,No,NT,B1ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Helophilus continuus is found in Europe in Ukraine, European parts of Russia, Romania, Belarus. The extent of occurrence (EOO) across Europe is high and the area of occupancy (AOO) is currently unknown, due to imprecise data, but it is considered larger than the thresholds to be considered in a threatened category, therefore, it is categorised as Least Concern. However, research is needed to determine the full distribution, population trends and biological information such as the developmental stages and habitat.  In the EU 27, the distribution is restricted to the Danube Delta in eastern Romania, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) in the EU Member States is about 3,500 km2. The data are inadequate to estimate the area of occupancy (AOO), however it is likely to be very much less than 2,000 km2. The presence of the species in Romania is considered to be the western edge of its distribution. There is considered to be a decline in the wetland habitat, but the number of locations cannot be determined because there is no information about the exact localities inside the area, nor about its specific threats. Therefore, taking into account the restricted area where it is found in EU27 and the declining quality of the wetland habitat in this region, the species has been assessed as Near Threatened (B1ab(iii)) in the EU 27.",Unknown,"Within the European region this species has been recorded from eastern Romania (Danube Delta: Stănescu and Părvu 2005), Ukraine, Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014) and the European parts of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above the thresholds for any threatened category for Europe. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Belarus and Ukraine) and so it is not possible  at this time to calculate a precise area of occupancy (AOO) for this  species. The EOO is around 3,500 km2 for the EU 27, but it is not yet possible to calculate the AOO due to lack of specific data about the localities in which it occurs.   This is clearly an eastern Palaearctic species, well distributed in eastern Asia, but in Europe it is only present in Belarus, Ukraine, Romania and Russia, suggesting that the population in Romania is the furthest western place where we can find it (Popov 1997).   The global range of this species extends to the Transcaucasus region and through Asiatic Russia to the Pacific (Speight 2020, Popov 1997).","There is no information regarding the population trends of this species for either Europe or the EU27. However, according to Popov (1997), the species is rarely found on its western and eastern limit ranges but is considered common in southern Central Asia.","The habitat where this species has been found outside its European range is primarily in wetlands. According to Popov (1997), adults were caught in azonal and extrazonal areas near freshwater, such as deciduous forest, coastal meadows or steppes. There is no understanding of its habitat in Europe, and its biology is not yet understood. The developmental stages are not described but larvae should be aquatic and saprophagous, as other species of the genus (Naderloo and Pashaei Rad 2014). There is considered to be a decline in the quality of the habitat (the Danube delta) in the EU 27.","This species has been found in a variety of different habitats, always close to freshwater bodies. Although the specific threats affecting this species are not well understood, the most common threats affecting this kind of habitat are changes in hydraulic conditions of water bodies (dams, for example), pollution (caused by agricultural and urban effluents), variation in hydrological patterns caused by climate change, land reclamation for human uses (urban, agricultural and industrial expansion), among others (Janssen et al. 2017). The loss of quality and quantity of this habitat would affect directly the stability of the  subpopulations of this species.","For the proper conservation of this species, serious research on it is necessary first. There are some questions regarding its distribution, together with details of its habitat and biology, amongst other issues, that need to be answered before preparing any conservation plan. It is not included in any National Red Lists.",This species is not known to be used or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Englefield, E.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C. & Rojo, S.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Helophilus,groenlandicus,,Helophilus groenlandicus,"(Fabricius, 1780)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Helophilus groenlandicus has a Holarctic distribution in the northern latitudes of the globe. In Europe it is widespread across northern countries such as Sweden, Norway, Finland and European Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above the thresholds for any threatened category. Although there may be some threats causing habitat loss locally, there are no major threats impacting the European population as a whole, and it is not considered to be threatened in several National Red Lists. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both EU 27 and Europe.",Unknown,"The general range of this species covers the northern parts of Europe and the world: north of the United Kingdom (mainly Scotland), the Baltics (Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania), northern parts of European Russia and northern Siberia through to the Pacific, Greenland, Alaska, Canada and mountainous parts of the USA south to Colorado and New Hampshire (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above the thresholds for this species to be considered in any threatened category, in either Europe or the EU 27. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Estonia and Latvia) and so it is not possible at  this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species. This species has been included in the following checklists: Finland (FinBIF 2020), Norway (Nielsen 1999), Sweden (Bartsch et al. 2009) and the United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000 and 2014).","There is no information about the population trends of this species in the EU27 and Europe apart from the fact that in the UK there have been only a few records restricted to the northwestern part of Scotland, and so it may just be a vagrant (Ball and Morris 2000).","The habitat of this species is low-lying wetlands and bogs in taiga and tundra. The pre-imaginal stages are not described, but the larvae should be long-tailed, aquatic and saprophagous, as the rest of the species in the genus; they occur in accumulations of decaying organic matter (Böcher et al. 2015). Adults can be seen flying around flowers of various genera such as Allium, Epilobium, Matricaria, Stellaria, Tripleurospermum and Valeriana, between June and September. All this information has been summarized and updated from Ball and Morris (2000, 2014) and Speight (2020).","The threats to this species are related to threats to the habitat in which it lives: wet grasslands, tundra and taiga. These threats can be derived from industrial activities such as the oil, gas and mining industries, together with unsustainable forestry practices; grazing and mowing activities may also affect these habitats, but with less impact than at lower latitudes. There are also threats from the variation of temperature and water distribution caused by climate change (Janssen et al. 2017).","Conservation actions should be directly related to conservation of the tundra, taiga and subarctic open wetlands where this species lives. Monitoring of its population trends and research on its true distribution is suggested as a conservation tool, as well as education and awareness-raising. The species has been categorized as Data Deficient in the UK (Ball and Morris 2014), Vulnerable in Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019) and Least Concern in Norway (NBIC 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020).",This species is not used or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Englefield, E.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C. & Rojo, S.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Helophilus,hybridus,,Helophilus hybridus,"Loew, 1846",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is widespread and common across northern and central Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above the thresholds for any threatened category. Although there may be some threats causing habitat loss locally, there are no major threats impacting the European population as a whole, and it is not considered to be threatened in several National Red Lists. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both EU 27 and Europe.",Stable,"The general range of this species is from Fennoscandia south to northern France, and from Ireland eastwards through much of northern and central Europe (very localized in the Alps) into Russia and on through Siberia to the Pacific coast and Mongolia. In North America it occurs from Alaska to Nova Scotia and south to Utah (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category, in either Europe or the EU 27. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Ukraine and Belarus) and so it is not possible  at this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species.  This species has been listed in the following checklists: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Estonia (Kuznetzov 1993), Finland (FinBIF 2020), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Ireland (Speight 2008), Latvia (Kuznetzov 1993), Lithuania (Pakalniškis et al. 2006), Luxembourg (van Steenis 2006), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Norway (Nielsen 1999), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Romania, (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), European parts of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Slovenia (van Steenis et al. 2013), Sweden (Bartsch et al. 2009), Switzerland (CSCF 2020), Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2020) and United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000).","This species is considered to be common in the Netherlands, recording a slight increase in population since the 1950s (Reemer et al. 2009). In Germany it is a common species too (Ssymank et al. 2011). In Ireland and the United Kingdom, it is a very widespread species (Ball and Morris 2000, Speight 2008).","The main habitats of this species are different kinds of wetlands: freshwater pools (temporary and permanent), seasonally flooded grasslands fens, poor fens, bogs, brooks in woodlands and dune slacks. It is not common in eutrophic waters, but in some countries such as Ireland, it can occur in abundance  in association with (and has been bred from) temporarily flooded Glyceria maxima beds in constructed wetlands, introduced to farmland for treatment of livestock waste (Speight 2008). The pre-imaginal stages were described and illustrated by Hartley (1961) with material sampled from decaying rhizomes of Typha in a pond. Adults can be seen flying around between May and September, visiting flowers of various genera such as Calluna, Cirsium, Convolvulus, Crataegus, Echium, Euphorbia, Limonium, Lycopus, Mentha, Menyanthes, Narthecium, Parnassia, Plantago, Pulicaria, Rosa, Rubus, Salix, Senecio, Sorbus, Succisa, Taraxacum and Valeriana. All this information has been extracted and updated from Ball and Morris (2000) and Speight (2008 and 2020).","Apparently, eutrophication in wetlands negatively affects the pre-imaginal stages of this species. Therefore, the main threat may be loss of water quality in the habitat where it lives. The drainage and loss of quantity of water may be a feasible threat too, together with drought, mainly related to climate change (Janssen et al. 2017).","Conservation should be focused on preservation of the wetlands where this species lives, preventing pollution and drought. Monitoring and research on its population trends is also suggested as a conservation tool, as well as education and awareness-raising about the species. This species has been categorized as Least Concern in Belgium (INBO 2020), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Finland (FinBIF 2020), Norway (NBIC 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020).",This species is not used or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Englefield, E.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C. & Rojo, S.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Helophilus,lapponicus,,Helophilus lapponicus,"Wahlberg, 1844",,No,LC,0,No,NT,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Helophilus lapponicus has a Holarctic distribution in the northern latitudes of the globe, and in Europe it is present across northern countries. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) values in Europe are far above the thresholds for any threatened category. Although there may be some threats causing habitat loss locally, there are no major threats impacting the European population as a whole. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe.  However, in the EU 27 its distribution is limited to Sweden and Finland, with a large EOO of 900,000 km2, but with a restricted AOO of 250 km2. There is inferred to be a continuous decline in the habitat extent and quality, and one of the habitats in which it lives is categorized as Critically Endangered in the European Red List of Habitats (Palsa mires, D 3.1). The number of locations is between 15 and 20, taking hydrological variation as the main threat, and therefore it is categorised as Near Threatened for the EU 27.",Unknown,"The general range of this species is from Fennoscandia and northern parts of European Russia and on through Siberia to the Pacific coast, Kyrgyzstan and Greenland. In North America it occurs from Alaska south to Oregon, Colorado and New York State (Speight 2020). The Extent of Occurrence (EOO) and Area of Occupancy (AOO) are far above the thresholds for this species to be considered in any threatened category in Europe, but in the EU 27 its distribution is limited to Sweden and Finland, with an EOO of 900 km2 and AOO of 250 km2.  This species has been listed in the following checklists: Finland (FinBIF 2020), Norway (Nielsen and Svendsen 2014), European parts of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018) and Sweden (Bartsch et al. 2009).",There is no information regarding population trends of this species for either Europe or the EU 27.,"The habitats of this species are different types of wetlands: fens in boreal forest of Picea, Pinus and Betula, taiga wetlands and palsa mires in tundra. The developmental stages are not described. The larvae should be long-tailed, aquatic and saprophagous, as the rest of the species in the genus: they probably develop in pools and ditches (Nielsen 1997). Adults can be seen between June and September, visiting flowers such as Achillea, Allium sibiricum, Caltha, Matricaria, Ranunculus, Rubus and Sorbus. All this information has been summarized and updated from van Steenis and Zuidhoff (2013) and Speight (2020). According to Janssen et al. (2017), some of the habitats of this species (fens, bogs and mires in Nordic countries) have suffered strongly in recent years with long-term declines due to peat extraction, forestry, drainage and eutrophication, amongst other factors.","The threats to this species are related to threats to the habitat in which it lives: wetlands, tundra, taiga and palsa mires. These threats can be derived from industrial activities such as the oil, gas and mining industries, together with unsustainable forestry and water management practices; grazing and mowing activities may also affect these habitats, but with less impact than at lower latitudes. The habitats can also be threatened by variation in temperature and water distribution due to climate change, specially palsa mires (D3.1) due to permafrost melting (Janssen et al. 2017).","Conservation actions should be directly related to conservation of the tundra, taiga and subarctic open wetlands where this species lives. Monitoring and research on population trends is a suggested conservation tool, as well as education and awareness-raising. The species has been categorized as Least Concern in Finland (FinBIF 2020), Norway (NBIC 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020).",This species is not used or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Englefield, E.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C. & Rojo, S.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Helophilus,pendulus,,Helophilus pendulus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is synanthropic and occurs in wetlands, mainly standing waters, garden  ponds, silage seepage and shallow depressions on bogs. It is widely distributed across Europe, where it is very common and ubiquitous. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above  the thresholds for this species to be considered in any threatened  category, either in Europe or the EU27. Therefore this species is categorized as Least Concern in the EU27 and Europe.",Stable,"This species can be found from Iceland and Fennoscandia south to the Iberian peninsula, and from Ireland eastwards through central and southern Europe to European Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above the thresholds for this species to be considered in any threatened category, in either Europe or the EU 27. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Ukraine and Belarus) and so it is not possible  at this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species.  It has been recorded in the following countries: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Bulgaria (Tóth 2014), Croatia (Jelicić et al. 2010), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Estonia (Kuznetzov 1993), Faroe Islands (Jensen 2001), Finland (FinBIF 2020), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Greece (Vujić et al. 2020), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Ireland (Speight 2008), Italy (Burgio et al.  2015), Latvia (Kuznetzov 1993), Lithuania (Pakalniškis et al. 2006), Luxembourg (van Steenis 2006), Montenegro (van Steenis et al. 2015), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), North Macedonia (Krapč et al. 2001), Norway (Nielsen 1999), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Portugal (van Eck 2016), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), European parts of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Slovenia (van Steenis et al. 2013), Spain (Including Andorra) (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), Sweden (Bartsch 2009), Switzerland (CSCF 2020), Ukraine (Popov pers. com. 2020) and United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000).  Outside Europe, it is found through central and southern Asia to the Pacific coast (Speight 2020).","This species is common and ubiquitous in most of Europe and the EU27, except the Mediterranean area, where it is more localized in humid forest (Speight 2008). In the United Kingdom it is one of the most common hoverflies (Ball and Morris 2000), and in Germany it is considered very common too (Ssymank et al. 2011). In Greece and Spain, it is more common in northern areas. The population is thought to be stable in Europe and the EU27.","This species is synanthropic (i.e. it can thrive in human-managed environments) and has become ubiquitous in some regions of Europe. It is found in wetlands, mainly in standing waters, garden ponds, silage seepage and shallow depressions on bogs. The developmental stages were described and figured by Hartley (1961). Larvae develop in the water of ponds (including garden ponds), canals, wet ditches, open tree hollows and garden water butts, and in sub-aqueous decaying vegetable matter such as cow-dung, wet compost heaps and slurry pits. Adults can be seen flying in gardens and parks, visiting flowers of Compositae, Rosaceae, Umbelliferae and other yellow and white flowers. The flight period is between April and October, and even November in southern Europe. All of this information has been summarized and updated from Ball and Morris (2000) and Speight (2008 and 2020).","The principal threats to this species are related to loss of natural habitats, especially freshwater habitats, by modifications to hydrological systems or the intensification of agriculture, amongst other factors (Janssen et al. 2017). Due to its synanthropic behaviour, it can survive and reproduce in environments with high levels of human activity.","The synanthropic behaviour of this species makes it unnecessary to implement conservation actions to ensure its survival. Therefore, some conservation measures can be focused on monitoring of and research into population size and trends. Education and awareness-raising about the species would also be beneficial. It has been categorized as Least Concern in Belgium (INBO 2020), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Finland (FinBIF 2020), Norway (NBIC 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020).",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C. & Rojo, S.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Helophilus,trivittatus,,Helophilus trivittatus,"(Fabricius, 1805)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is distributed widespread across Europe and the EU27, where it is very common and ubiquitous. Its preferred habitat is wetlands such as river  margins, seasonally flooded humid grasslands and salt-marshes. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above  the thresholds for this species to be considered in any threatened  category, either in Europe or the EU 27. Therefore it is categorized as Least Concern in EU27 and Europe. Increased research and monitoring of this species is recommended.",Stable,"The general range of this species is from Scandinavia south to the Mediterranean, and from Ireland eastwards through Europe to European Russia, although eastern part of the range in Russia is not well known. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above the thresholds for this species to be considered in any threatened category, either in Europe or the EU 27. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Ukraine and Belarus) and so it is not possible  at this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species.  This species has been recorded from the following countries: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belarus (Borodin and Borodina, 2014), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Bulgaria (Tóth 2014), Croatia (Jelicić et al. 2010), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Estonia (Kuznetzov 1993), Finland (FinBIF 2020), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Greece (Vujić et al. 2020), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Ireland (Speight 2008), Italy (Burgio et al. 2015), Latvia (Kuznetzov 1993), Luxembourg (van Steenis 2006), Malta (Ssymank and Ebejer 2009), Montenegro (van Steenis et al. 2015), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Norway (Nielsen 1999), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Portugal (van Eck 2016), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), European parts of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Slovenia (van Steenis et al. 2013), Spain (Including Balearic islands) (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), Sweden (Bartsch 2009), Ukraine (Popov pers. com. 2020) and United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000).  Outside Europe, it occurs in Asia through to the Pacific, including Iran and Afghanistan (Speight 2020).",This species is regarded as highly migratory and can frequently be found in habitats which cannot support its larvae (Speight 2020). It is considered to be very common in the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009) and Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011). In Ireland it has been spreading in recent decades (Speight 2008). In Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017) and Greece (Vujić et al. 2020) it is also widely recorded. The population is considered stable in Europe and the EU27.,"The preferred habitat of this species is a variety of wetlands: river margins, seasonally flooded humid grasslands and salt-marshes. This species is synanthropic in southern Europe, where it can be found in ditches in farmlands. The developmental stages have not yet been described, despite being reared in the laboratory by Dolezil (1972) and Bagachanova (1990). Larvae have been found in liquid mud with high organic content of animal dung and rotten vegetation; from laboratory rearing, it has been concluded that this species overwinters as a larva. Adults can be seen between May and October, with the main peak in August. They are frequently found in areas where their larvae cannot develop, probably because of its migratory character. Adults normally visit flowers such as Armeria, Aster, Cakile, Centaurea, Chrysanthemum, Cirsium, Crataegus, Epilobium, Eryngium, Eupatorium, Euphorbia, Ligustrum, Lychnis, Lythrum, Mentha, Menyanthes, Origanum, Plumbago, Polygonum, Potentilla, Ranunculus, Rubus, Salix and Sorbus. All this information has been extracted and updated from Speight (2020).","The principal threats to this species are related to loss of natural habitats, especially freshwater habitats due to modification of hydrological systems, intensification of agriculture or droughts and significant temperature variations caused by climate change (Janssen et al. 2017). Due to its synanthropic behaviour, it is capable of surviving and reproducing in environments with a high human activity, although this has mainly been observed in southern Europe.","The synanthropic behaviour of this species makes it currently unnecessary to implement conservation actions to ensure its survival. Increased monitoring and research of population size and trends, ecology and life history, as well as threats, is recommended. Education and communication about the species would also be beneficial. It has been categorized as Least Concern in Belgium (INBO 2020), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Finland (FinBIF 2020), Norway (NBIC 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020).",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C. & Rojo, S.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Heringia,adpropinquans,,Heringia adpropinquans,"(Becker, 1908)","Claussen et al. (1994) provided the key in which Heringia adpropinquans is distinguished from H. heringi (Zetterstedt, 1843) and figured the male terminalia. In the male of H. adpropinquans the surstylus is noticeably broader in the apical half of its length, whereas in H. heringi it is almost parallel-sided, from base almost to apex (Speight 2018).",Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  This species is assessed as Endangered due to its very small area of occupancy (16 km2) and extent of occurrence (155 km2), number of locations (2), and continuing loss of habitat quality due to fire as the main threat, with contributory threats from a range of other human activities. Research is needed to provide further information about it, and  to confirm that all current protection plans for the forest are  sufficient.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Canary Islands (Speight 2018), with records from La Gomera and disjunctly from northern Tenerife. It is considered to occur in two locations based on the threat of fire. It has an extent of occurrence of 155 km2 and a known area of occupancy of 15 km2.","There is no information on the population size or trend for this species. Fewer than 100 specimens are known, most of them dating from the beginning of the 1990s. There have been a couple of surveys done in the Canary Islands, but apparently no recent records.","The preferred environment for this species is laurisilva (subtropical laurel forest) (Baez 1977). The flight period is in May and in July/August. The developmental stages are undescribed (Speight 2018), but the larva will be aphidophagous.","Wildfires represent the main threat on the Canary Islands. Due to the subtropical climate these islands are very susceptible to fire, which can result in the loss of large areas of laurel forests. In addition, land-use change could affect its habitat. Although much of the laurel forest is located within protected areas, tourist resorts and illegal construction inside the protected areas have a negative impact on the habitat and represent a major threat. Unsustainable livestock grazing, crop planting, and timber harvesting (WWF 2020) are also the causes of habitat destruction. Finally, invasive plant species may affect the host-plants of the aphids on which the larvae of this species feed, but this needs confirmation.","This species is found within the boundaries of some protected areas categorized within the Natura 2000 network, and very close to national parks. However, its habitat has been and still is under various detrimental influences. The laurel forest has been extensively exploited since the fifteenth century (Parsons 1981), and only 11% of the original forest remains (del Arco et al. 2010). Approximately 85% of the laurel forest is included in the Canarian Network of Protected Areas and up to 92% within the Natura 2000 Network (Guimaraes and Olmeda 2008). Additionally, the first long-term monitoring (12 years) of the laurel forest seedling bank in the Canary Islands (Fernandez-Lugo et al. 2015) revealed the high regeneration potential of the forest in well-preserved stands, indicating that probably no management interventions are required to ensure the regeneration of the forest. Further research on the ecology, population and habitat trends of this syrphid is needed. Prohibition of illegal house construction within the protected areas and regulation of other human activities is needed. Research is needed to provide further information about the species, and confirm that all current protection plans for the forest are sufficient.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Šebić, A","Bot, S., Šebić, A, Sommaggio, D. & Ståhls, G.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Heringia,heringi,,Heringia heringi,"(Zetterstedt, 1843)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Due to its large extent of occurrence and number of locations, this species is assessed as Least Concern for Europe and the EU27 Member States. Possible threats exist from declines in the quality of its habitat due to poor management across forests in Europe, and excessive use of pesticides in orchards. Further research on possible threats, and population and habitat trends is needed.",Unknown,"This is a widely distributed species in Europe, ranging from southern Norway south to southern Spain and the Mediterranean (including Crete), and from Ireland eastwards to European Russia, through central and southern Eurasia to Greece, Romania, Turkey and European parts of Russia.  Its range extends out of the European region to Mongolia (Speight 2018).",Population size and trends are unknown. There are numerous specimens and subpopulations.,"This species occurs in deciduous forest (Fagus, Quercus), including alluvial hardwood forest, plus broad-leaved evergreen forest (Q. ilex/Q. suber), orchards and sometimes suburban gardens (where fruit trees are present). Adults fly low among the foliage of bushes and within low-growing vegetation, at the edge of clearings or along paths, usually in partial shade. They visit flowers in partially shaded situations, and emerge into the open to sun-bathe on the foliage of low-growing shrubs in the evening. They are know to visit the flowers of Alliaria, Allium ursinum, Anthriscus, Caltha, Eruca sativa, Hypericum and Prunus spinosa. The flight period is from the end of April to July, with occasional specimens in August (Speight 2018). The larva was described and figured by Dusek and Laska (1959), and the larval biology described by Dusek and Kristek (1967), Kurir (1963) and Rojo et al. (1999): they are predators of gall-making or leaf-curling aphids or psyllids on various trees (e.g. Populus and Ulmus), fruit trees (e.g. Malus, Prunus spp., Pyrus) and shrubs (e.g. Laurus, Pistachio). They live within the aphid galls, one larva per gall being normal. Ball and Morris (2013) provide a coloured illustration of the larva of H. heringi with its aphid prey, within a gall on Populus. In the case of Laurus nobilis, Rojo et al. (1999) observed that it was characteristically the young plants, less than 1 m tall, on which H. heringi larvae were found. Rojo and Marcos-Garcia (1997) established that from oviposition to production of a puparium takes three weeks and that the adult hatches from the puparium after two weeks, during the summer. The larvae overwinter in diapause, which ends in April/May (Speight 2018).","Considering that Heringia heringi occurs in a wide range of forest types, possible local threats exist from a decline in the quality of habitat due to poor management across the forests of Europe. Excessive use of pesticides represent an additional threat, because the species can also be found in orchards.","There are no known conservation actions for this species so far. It requires further monitoring of its population and habitat trends, as well as additional research into possible threats.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Popov, S. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Šebić, A",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Ischiodon,aegyptius,,Ischiodon aegyptius,"(Wiedemann, 1830)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is present as a resident in the Canary Islands (Ricarte and Marcos-García, 2017), where it is common and abundant. It is also present in the Madeira islands, and has been recorded in southern Spain, Italy and Cyprus in southern continental Europe. It lives amongst low-growing plants in shrubby areas, open areas along tracks and in plantations of cotton, maize and squashes  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are greater than the thresholds required to be considered in any threatened category, and is well distributed in the Canary Islands. Therefore it is categorized as Least Concern for both the EU27 and Europe. Increased monitoring and research on its ecology, population and threats are recommended.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is present in southern Spain (Alicante, Almeria, Cádiz and Gibraltar), southern and central Italy and Sicily (Burgio et al. 2015), and on Cyprus (van Steenis 2019), the Balearic, the Canary Islands and on Madeira (Borges et al. 2008) (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017, Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values exceed  the thresholds to be considered for any threatened category.  Outside Europe, it is present throughout the Afrotropical region and into North Africa to the Mediterranean coast and Yemen.","The population trend of this species in Europe and the EU27 is unknown. It is very widespread and common in Africa and the Canary Islands (Ebejer and Bensusan 2010), from where it migrates to southern Europe. It does not seem to be resident in southern Europe (apart from in the Canary Islands), establishing temporary populations during favourable seasons (Speight 2020).","The habitat of this species is low-growing plants in shrubby areas, open areas along tracks and also in plantations of cotton, maize and squashes. The developmental stages were described by Tawfik et al. (1974). Láska et al. (2006) provided a key for separation of the last-instar larvae and puparia of Ischiodon aegyptius and Ischiodon scutellaris, and also describe the features which define this species. Larvae are predatory and feed on aphids. Adults normally fly low through sparse ground vegetation and settle on flowers of low-growing herbs. The flight period of adults is from June to October in Madeira, during August in southern Spain and throughout the year in the Canary Islands. The fact that adults have been observed in southern Europe only during the summer suggests this species may not be resident there, establishing temporary populations in favourable seasons. It was collected from Euphorbia obtusifolia in the Canary Islands. All this information has been obtained and updated from Speight (2020).","In Europe and the EU27, there are no known direct threats to this species, the main feasible threats being related to the habitat in which it lives. Its habitat could be affected by variations in temperature and hydrological cycles related to climate change. As it is associated with crops, the use of pesticides may negatively affect this species.","Conservation actions for this species should be focused on sustainable management of the crops in which this species can be found. Increased research and monitoring of its population trends, distribution, threats and ecology are needed. Education and communication about this species would also be beneficial.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Rojo, S. & Pérez, C.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Ischiodon,scutellaris,,Ischiodon scutellaris,"Bryan, 1934",,No,VU,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  EU27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  The distribution of this species outside European borders is widespread, but in Europe and the EU27 the distribution is extremely limited, with the European subpopulations being at the western limit of its distribution.   In the EU27, it has only been recorded on one island in Greece, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of 40 km2 and 16 km2 respectively. The number of locations is three, taking drought caused by climate change as the main threat, and there is a decline in the natural habitat. Therefore it would be considered as Endangered. In Europe it has also been recorded from two localities on the Crimean peninsula and in the mainland part of Ukraine, making the European extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) 52,169 km2 and 24 km2 respectively. In Europe, the number of locations increases to five (based on the threat of drought), with continuing decline in the habitat, and therefore it would also be categorized as Endangered. Nevertheless, taking into account that this species has the western edge of its distribution in Europe, and that it is widespread and common in the rest of its distribution, the categorization for both EU27 and Europe has been downgraded to Vulnerable (VU).  Habitat protection, population monitoring and research on distribution and threats are recommended for this species.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species has been recorded from just three localities in the East Aegean Islands (Vujić et al. 2020) and Ukraine (Krym and the mainland; Popov pers. comm. 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for Europe are 52,169 km2 and 24 km2 respectively, and for the EU27 are 40 km2 and 16 km2.  Outside Europe, it can be found in the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Iran, and the Arabian Peninsula, south to  the Indomalayan region, China, Japan, and Taiwan, and the Australasian and Oceanic  regions except Hawaii (Mengual et al. 2018). It is very common in the East Asian and Australasian regions (Speight 2020).","The European and EU27 population trend of this species is unknown; when recorded, it is found in small numbers. In Greece, it has only been recorded on Chios island, where it was found in four localities (three males and three females collected) in November 2012. In Ukraine, it has been recorded twice on the Crimean peninsula in 2007 (one female) and 2015 (one male).  It is considered a cosmopolitan species in the East Asian and Australasian regions (Speight 2020, Vujić et al. 2020).","The habitat of this species is open-ground areas close to freshwater, along the margins of water bodies and wetlands (permanent or temporary/seasonal). It is also present on agricultural land where crops such as Solanum tuberosum, Pisum sativum and Sinapis alba grow (Lal and Gupta 1953). The developmental stages were described by Lal and Gupta (1953) using larvae found on low-growing and tall herbaceous plants, including lianas. Láska et al. (2006) provide a key to help identify the larvae and puparia of Ischiodon aegyptius and Ischiodon scutellaris, and they also describe their key identifying features. The larvae are predators feeding on aphids. Adults fly low, in a manner reminiscent of Sphaerophoria, and they normally visit flowers such as Citrullus, Diplotaxis, Fagonia and Reichardia. They can be seen from January to April. All this information has been extracted and updated from Speight (2020).","The threats affecting this species are not currently well understood. It is predominantly associated with crops and therefore the management of crops may affect it, such as the use of pesticides. It can be present also in wetlands, so the loss of water by drought due to climate change, or changes in hydrology management, could be feasible threats too. Taking drought as the main threat, there are five locations.","This species has not yet been assessed on any national Red Lists. Conservation actions should be focused on the preservation of its habitat. Increased monitoring and research on the threats, population trends and distribution are needed to have a better understanding of its current situation. This species has been found in the Black Sea Biosphere Reserve (Popov pers. comm. 2020), and therefore one subpopulation is in a protected area.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Rojo, S. & Pérez, C.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Ischyroptera,bipilosa,,Ischyroptera bipilosa,"Pokorny, 1887",,Yes,CR,,No,EX,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR) EU27 regional assessment: Extinct (EX)  Ischyroptera bipilosa is an extremely rare European endemic. In total, six specimens have been encountered at four widely separated localities in the Alps. Only one record is recent (from 2008 in Switzerland), while the other records come from over 50 years ago (1887, 1941, 1963). Revisiting these sites did not reveal new specimens. Increasing tourism in the Alps and climate change may threaten or have threatened the subpopulations of the species.  As there is only one recent record, both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are 4 km2. In addition, there is a continuing decline observed in the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy and quality of habitat, as well as in the number of locations. Because of its extreme rarity, with only one recent sighting and the existence of possible threats, the current European Red List status is considered to be Critically Endangered. Despite various efforts to find it, the species has not been seen in the last 60 years in any of the other countries where it has been previously recorded. Therefore, it is considered to be Extinct in the EU27.",Decreasing,"This is a European endemic restricted to the Alps. It is an extremely rare species recorded from only four different localities throughout the Alps (France, Switzerland, Austria and Italy), but with only one recent record, from Switzerland in 2008 (Aubert et al. 1976, Lindner 1941, Pokorny 1887, Van de Weyer pers. comm. in Speight 2020). The older records are from 1887, 1941 and 1963. As there is only one recent record, both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are 4 km2.","At each locality only one or two specimens were collected. Multiple surveys have been conducted on these localities, especially where the most recent record was obtained, but they did not manage to find any new specimens.","This species occurs in high alpine habitats, mostly on bare, rocky and calcareous ground or talus slopes with sparse vegetation (Speight 2020) during summer. In spring, it is also found in montane or subalpine, unimproved calcareous grasslands (G. Van de Weyer pers. comm. 2008 in Speight 2020).       The adults fly when the snow melt has progressed far enough for patches of bare ground to be exposed. The males hover 2-3 metres up and settle on rocks (P. Goeldlin, pers. comm. 1976 in Speight 2020). The larval stages are unknown.       It has been recorded visiting the flowers of Potentilla spp. (G. Van de Weyer, pers. comm. 2008 in Speight 2020).        The flight period is during spring (end of May) at lower altitudes (1,600 metres) and in mid-summer (mid-July) at higher altitudes (ca 2,000-2,500 metres).","The only recent location of this species can possibly become threatened by infrastructure development in the near future. Increasing tourism may have had an impact on this species by disturbing the preferred habitat at two of the other three locations. Moreover, due to climate change, the high altitude summer subpopulations of this species may have become extinct as there are no snow patches left.","Research and monitoring are needed to understand better the ecology and population trends of this species and its potential threats. Protection and better management of the area where this species occurs would be very important to ensure its survival, including controlling infrastructure developments and tourism in the area. Raising awareness about this extremely rare species is also recommended.",It is not utilised.,"Popov, S. & Varga, Z.","van der Ent, L.-J., van Steenis, J. & van Steenis, W.","Pennards, G.W.A., Ssymank, A. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Katara,connexa,,Katara connexa,"Vujić and Radenković, 2018","This newly-recognized European monotypic genus has been discovered and described recently (Vujić et al. 2019). The systematic position of the taxon is within the tribe Rhingiini. Katara connexa is shiny, black species with broad, oval abdomen, which is distinctly broader than thorax in both sexes. Eyes are separated in both sexes (Vujić et al. 2019).",Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This species is endemic to the EU 27, within which it is known only from a small area between the Katara Pass and Kampos Despoti, in the Pindos Mountains in Greece. Based on the small geographic range (AOO = 8 km2), its occurrence in only one location and a continuing loss of habitat quality due to unsustainable grazing as the main threat, this species is assessed as Critically Endangered. Grazing management and research on its ecology, population size and trend is needed, as well as the identification of the host plant.",Stable,"This EU 27 endemic species is known only from a single area between the Katara Pass and Kampos Despoti, in the Pindos Mountains in central Greece (Vujić et al. 2019). It is considered to occur in one location based on the threat of grazing.","There are only 23 records, the latest from 2016, with surveys every 2-4 years. The population trend is considered stable, but in very low numbers, and due to decline in the quality of its habitat, it is likely to decline in the future. It is a very localized species.",Katara connexa prefers montane conifer forests of Pinus heldreichii/P. nigra pallasiana. The flight period is in May (Vujić et al. 2019). The developmental stages are undescribed and the scientific name of the host plant has not been determined.,"The main threat to this species is unsustainable grazing. A lot of sheep and cattle graze in the meadows of the Pindos Mountains during late spring and summer. Tourism can also negatively affect the population (WWF, 2020), and fire is a potential future threat.","This species has been found in Periochi Metsovou (Anilio - Katara) protected area, part of the Natura 2000 network. Another endemic species, Cheilosia katara, described by Claussen and Vujić (1993), was also found at the same locality. These two species have been recorded only in these relict Pinus heldereichii and P. nigra forests, demonstrating the importance of the Pindos Mountain Range in the preservation of relict European hoverflies (Vujić et al. 2020). Although this area is protected, grazing is intense and should be controlled, and the natural forest maintained. Additional research on its ecology, population size and trend is needed, as well as the identification of the host plant.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Šebić, A","Bot, S., Sommaggio, D., Ståhls, G. & Šebić, A",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Lejogaster,metallina,,Lejogaster metallina,"(Fabricius, 1781)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species occurs in most European countries and is also known throughout the Palaearctic region. Many records are known all over the range of occurrence.   The intensification of agriculture and especially the use of pesticides will pose a severe threat. In addition, climate change and lower groundwater tables will be very harmful. However, these effects are not studied, and the species is widespread and occurs in many wet grassland habitats. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are significantly greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category. Therefore, the species is regarded as Least Concern for both the EU27 and Europe. A possible influx of specimens from outside of Europe is doubtful.    The species is listed in several Red Lists: it is Vulnerable in the Czech Republic, decreasing in Great Britain and the Netherlands, somewhat decreasing in France, and Near Threatened in Germany (Mazánek and Barták 2004, Reemer et al. 2009, Ssymank et al. 2011, Ball and Morris 2014, Speight et al. 2020). In Italy, it is much rarer than it used to be (D. Sommaggio pers. comm. 2020). Therefore, regular monitoring is strongly recommended as it is possible that with more data, the species will become threatened in the near future.",Decreasing,"This species occurs from northern Finland, Norway and the Faroes (Jensen 2001) south to Spain, Portugal, northern Italy, Montenegro, Bulgaria and Ukraine, and from Ireland eastwards to Siberia. It is also present in North Africa (Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Jensen 2001, Speight 2020). In the central and northern part of the distribution, the species is widespread and populations are well-connected. In the southern part of its distribution, populations are scattered, and are really rare and widely separated. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are significantly greater than  the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.  The occurrence in Japan needs confirmation as this species has been misidentified in the past.","Even though this species can be very abundant in meadows in the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009) and in other wet habitats in the central part of its distribution, the overall population shows a decreasing trend.","This species is found in wetlands with fresh water: mires, fen, marsh, pool, lake edge, along brooks and water-filled ditches in open situations, mostly in basic or moderately acid environments. It also occurs in brackish environments. In Sweden, it often lives near temporarily flooded areas. It can be very abundant in wet meadows. In southern Europe it is also present along brooks in Quercus ilex forests (Bartsch et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Kabos 1951, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020).   The adults are observed to rest on leaves and flowers, and males are seen hovering close to females. They visit mainly the flowers of Ranunculus but also other Ranunculaceae, white umbellifers and Cochlearia, Convolvulus, Leontodon, Polygonum, Symphoricarpos and Valeriana (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020)    The larvae are aquatic in water-rich organic material, such as ditches, brooks, and ponds. They have been found in a floating mat of rotting material of mostly Bulboschoenus maritimus and in leaf sheaths of Typhus (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020).","This species is threatened by many factors that have a negative impact on its habitats: more intensive farming of grasslands, drainage of marshes, longer dry periods, use of pesticides, nitrogen deposition, and human development (recreational and housing) in southern Europe.","There are no conservation plans in place for this species. The most urgent conservation actions are protection and restoration of nutrient-poor species-rich wet meadows and small water-bodies with good water quality and natural watersides close by. It has several common names (Bartsch et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Haarto and Kerppola 2007, Nielsen and Gammelmo 2017, Röder 1990, Torp 1994, Tóth 2017), which could help to raise public awareness and taking conservation actions on a national level. Research and monitoring are also needed to better understand its ecology and population trends.",The species is not utilised.,"Nève, G., Varga, Z. & Obreht Vidakovic, D.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Lejogaster,tarsata,,Lejogaster tarsata,"(Megerle in Meigen, 1822)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This species occurs in most European countries and is also known throughout the Palaearctic region. However, in many countries the distribution is quite erratic and shows a clear decline. It has disappeared from parts of Sweden, Denmark, probably Italy and Germany as well, and is in decline in Great Britain, the Netherlands and Flanders (Belgium) (Meerhaeghe and Grootaert 1998, Ball et al. 2011, Bartsch et al. 2009, Reemer et al. 2009, Ssymank et al. 2011). In Czechia, Denmark and Norway it is listed as Vulnerable (Bygebjerg 2019, Henriksen and Hilmo 2015, Mazánek and Barták 2004).  Both in Europe and in the European Union, it is assessed as Least Concern due to the still large and more or less continuous distribution. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category. However, especially in the EU27 countries, the decline is obvious, and the Near Threatened status could apply in the near future. It is possible that if more quantitative data were available, it might even show a decrease of 30% in population size in the last 10 years, which would classify the species as Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"This species occurs from south Norway and Sweden (Upland) to Portugal, and from Ireland to Fennoscandia, south to the Mediterranean and Mediterranean islands (Corsica, Sicily) and eastwards into the European parts of Russia, Siberia and the Russian Far East.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.  Outside Europe, it is also present in southeast Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kirghizistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Mongolia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Reemer and Smit 2007, Speight, 2020). In the central part of its distribution, it is rather widespread and can be abundant, while it is very scattered and in low numbers in the southern parts.","This species mostly flies in small numbers, but sometimes it can be quite numerous in wet meadows, peat bogs and brackish grasslands (Reemer et al. 2009, W. van Steenis pers. comm. 2020), especially in the central part of its distribution. In Europe, the population is declining. It has disappeared from parts of Sweden, Denmark, probably in  Italy and in Germany as well. It is also decreasing in Great Britain, the  Netherlands and Flanders (Belgium) (Meerhaeghe and Grootaert 1998, Ball et al. 2011, Bartsch et al. 2009, Reemer et al. 2009, Ssymank et al. 2011).  In Czechia, Denmark and Norway, it is listed as Vulnerable (Bygebjerg  2019, Henriksen and Hilmo 2015, Mazánek and Barták 2004).","This species mostly appears in open marshes or peat bogs with clean water, often with calcareous or salty seepage, or in springs. In Great Britain, Sweden and Denmark, it is often found along the coast in brackish areas (Ball et al. 2011, Bartsch et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020)    Adults are found at the margins of streams and pools, but also further away in dry habitats. They fly in a zigzagging, darting fashion among taller vegetation. They visit flowers of Iris pseuacorus, white umbellifers, Crataegus, Matricaria and Ranunculus (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020)    The larvae live in floating decaying organic material in small water-bodies such as ponds and ditches (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020).","The usual threats for species living in wet bogs and grasslands apply to Lejogaster tarsata as well. These are decreasing groundwater tables, nitrogen deposition, intensification of agricultural use, urban development, climate change and possibly pesticides from agricultural lands.","There is no conservation plan in place for this species. The most needed conservation action is to preserve the quality of the habitat. The relatively nutrient-poor waters and wet grasslands with many flowers should be protected from changes in their water levels and from human induced nutrient inputs (through air, water pollution or by the use of fertilisers).",The species is not used.,"Popov, S. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Lejops,vittatus,,Lejops vittatus,"(Meigen, 1822)",,Yes,VU,A3c,No,VU,A3c,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  Lejops vittatus has a widespread, large range across Europe but it is confined to marsh, often brackish, habitat. The main distribution of this species is outside of Europe. The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 27 is considered to be strongly decreasing. There are occurrences, such as in Serbia where the species has disappeared from unprotected habitat. The species is dependent on a wetland habitat that is strongly economically exploited making it rare by definition over large parts of its range. Based on this, there is an expected decline in suitable habitat in the future of at least 30% or more. Therefore, the species is listed as Vulnerable. This species requires monitoring given its wetland habitat and the threats to it.",Decreasing,"This species is found from Fennoscandia (Sweden and Finland, including the Åland Islands) south to central France, the Balearic Islands (Mallorca), from Britain (southern England) eastwards through central Europe (Germany, Poland, Austria, Hungary), Italy and the former Yugoslavia into Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine and southern parts of European Russia; Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kirghizia, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan into southern parts of Siberia and on to the Pacific (Speight 2020). In Finland it was first found in 2016 (Kahanpää et al. 2018). The main distribution of this species is outside of Europe.  In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 5.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2.2 million km2. In the EU 27, the EOO is estimated to be around 3.9 million km2, and the AOO is estimated to be around 787,000 km2.","There are only five records of this species in southeast Europe. The data from the Czech Republic is old, and in Slovakia, this species is known from several occurrences around the river Danube (L. Mazanek pers. comm. 2019). This species is scarce in Ukraine but known from many localities (Popov pers. comm. 2020). It is known from one old locality in European Russia (Rostov region) (BeiBienko 1969), but also a recent one in Rostov on Don (Diptera.info 2020). The species has a widespread, large range but it is confined to marsh, often brackish, habitat. The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 27 is considered to be decreasing in the whole of its range. There are occurrences, such as in Serbia where the species has disappeared from unprotected habitat (A. Vujic pers. comm. 2019).","The preferred environment of this species is freshwater; standing and slow-running freshwater bodies supporting stands of Phragmites, Typha or Scirpus, including coastal lagoons with S. maritimus and ox-bows on functional floodplains of large rivers. Adults are known to fly amongst emergent vegetation of reeds along the edges of freshwater bodies and standing-water ditches, keeping low, and settling on reeds, Typha etc. The species visits the flowers of plants like Schoenoplectus sp. early in the morning (from 6am to 8.30am, A. van Eck pers. comm. 2019). Other flowers visited by this species include Bolboschoenus maritimus, Phragmites sp., and Typha sp.  The flight period is from mid-June to mid-August, with the peak in July. Waitzbauer (1976) records that the eggs of this species are laid on the stems and leaves of emergent plants like Typha sp., the larvae falling into the water once hatched. The larvae apparently remain more or less at the water surface, in association with floating plants such as Lemna sp., for most of their development, but the last instar larvae have moved into the submerged organic ooze/mud at the bottom of the pond or ditch in which they are living.   In Ukraine, this species occurs in the floodplains from northern part of Ukraine to Crimea peninsula (G. Popov pers. comm. 2019). In most of its northwest European range, including the Netherlands, it occurs in coastal, mildly brackish wetlands. It appears to be an ecologically more demanding species, but not sure what factors determine abundance in localities. In the Czech Republic, it only occurs in well protected wetland nature reserves.  Anthropogenic influences are very clear in wetland habitats throughout Europe, and it is not unimaginable that at least 30% of the right habitat will disappear over the next 10 years in combination with the effects of climate change.","This species is impacted by the common threats to wetland habitat, usually due to anthropogenic activities, like habitat loss, abstraction of water and pollution. The type of wetland habitat the species lives in is particularly threatened on a European level (Janssen et al. 2017).","This species is strictly protected in Serbia (Republic of Serbia Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning 2010). In the Czech Republic, this species is assessed as Critically Endangered (Farkač et al. 2005). In Sweden, it is assessed as Least Concern (Artdatabanken 2019) and as Near Threatened in the United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2014). In Denmark it is on the red list as Vulnerable (Bygebjerg 2004, 2019). In Germany the species is assessed as Critically Endangered (Ssymank et al. 2011). This species requires monitoring given its wetland habitat and the threats to it. This type of habitat is threatened in Europe so it is important to do research and monitoring of the species and its habitat.",This species is not used or traded.,"Van Der Meutter, F. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A., Popov, G. & Vujić, A.","van Steenis, J., Vujić, A., Morris, R., Ball, S. & Ssymank, A.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Lejota,korsakovi,,Lejota korsakovi,"(Stackelberg, 1952)",,Yes,DD,,No,NA,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Not Applicable (NA)  Lejota korsakovi is only known in Europe from European Russia. There is very little information on this species, and the current population trend is unknown. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient for Europe. Although the threats to the species are unknown, it is likely to be affected by human activity, but further research is required to establish if any conservation measures are required.  This species does not occur within the EU 27 and therefore is Not Applicable.",Unknown,"This species is known from parts of European Russia (Sverdlovsk district; Barkalov and Mutin 2018) and eastern Siberia (Speight 2017, 2020). There are no recent records of the species so the occurrence here is seen as possibly extant. Based on the possible localities, the maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 753,000 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is around 536,000 km2. However, given the uncertainty around this species, it is highly likely that this is inaccurate in reality.  It has also been recorded from Ukraine, but it is not considered to occur here (Popov pers. comm. 2019). It is not found within the EU 27.",There is very little known about this species and about recorded specimens in Europe. The current population trend in Europe is unknown. It is also unknown if there have been any search efforts to find the species in recent times.,"Adults have been recorded from Tumnin River Basin (Russia far east), sitting and flying around a large dead pine log (Mutin et al. 2016). The hoverfly has been recorded visiting the flowers of Trollius riederanus and Wiegela middendorffiana (Gritskevich 1998), and its flight period is considered to be June.","The threats to this species are unknown, but it is likely to be impacted by the usual anthropogenic activities going on in Europe such as deforestation, logging, agriculture and urbanisation.","Further research is needed about the population size, distribution and trends of this species in order to see what the threats for the species will be. After that an assumption can be made about necessary conservation actions.",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Lejota,ruficornis,,Lejota ruficornis,"(Zetterstedt, 1843)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Lejota ruficornis is reasonably widespread and relatively frequent in the northern areas of its range. It is more restricted in central Europe, to mountainous areas. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 6.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2.3 million km2. For the EU 27, the EOO is estimated being around 3.0 million km2, and the AOO is estimated as around 918,000 km2.  The population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 27 is currently unknown, and although it is likely to be impacted by threats to forests and wetlands, such as forest management and water regulation, there are currently no direct major threats to it. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 27. More research is needed for this species on taxonomy, at the genetic level, as well as on developmental stages, population trends and microhabitat requirements.",Unknown,"This species is found in Norway, Sweden, Finland, Lithuania, Poland, southern Germany (Alps), France (Alps), the Czech Republic, Switzerland (Jura, Alps), Austria (Alps), northern Italy (Bolzano (Birtele pers. comm. 2020), Dolomites), Montenegro (Durmitor) and through Russia into eastern Siberia (Speight 2020).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 6.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2.3 million km2. For the EU 27, the EOO is estimated being around 3.0 million km2, and the AOO is estimated as around 918,000 km2.","This species is reasonably widespread in Fennoscandia, throughout Russia and eastern Siberia, and is relatively frequent in the northern areas of its range. It is more restricted in central Europe, to mountainous areas. The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 27 is currently unknown.","The preferred environment of this species is forest/freshwater; boggy stream-sides and pool edges in open forest from the Picea forest zone upwards into alpine grassland; flushes with streamlets (slope mires) in Alnus viridis scrub. In Sweden, this species appears to be associated with open, overmature and senescent mire forest of Betula sp. and Populus tremula, including areas where forest fires have resulted in the presence of large quantities of dead wood (H. Bartsch pers. comm. 2020).     Adults have been found usually close to water, settling on low-growing vegetation and on rotten logs, and their flight reminiscent of Chrysogaster species (T. Moertelmaier pers. comm. 2020). On flowers, they move about like a muscid (Diptera, Muscidae) or a tachinid (Diptera, Tachinidae), or Xylota spp. Indeed, given its general body shape and colour, this species is easily mistaken for a tachinid when feeding at a flower. This species has been known to visit flowers of Caltha palustris, Prunus avium, Ranunculus sp., Pimpinella saxifraga, Filipendula, Sambucus, Sorbus, Spiraea (Violovich 1980), and Ledum palustre (Stackelberg 1958). The flight period of this species is from the end of May to the end of June and July at higher altitudes.  The larva of a north American Lejota species was found by Metcalf (1913), under the bark of a rotten log. From the available data there is a high probability that the larvae of this species are associated with fallen timber (including small branches) of deciduous trees, partially-submerged in shallow water, and with wet wood partially rotted by Polyporaceae. Bartsch et al. (2009) suggest that, in Scandinavia, the larvae develop in rotting wood of Populus tremula.   Some parts of its range it's primarily confined to mountainous regions and standing water bodies.","As with other species dependent on forest and wetlands, this species faces the same threats that occur from anthropogenic activities like forest management and the regulation of water bodies, including water abstraction and drainage of water. Also climate change might have an effect in future, distributional changes are to be expected towards higher altitudes (to colder and wetter areas) (Romig 2008). However, there are no clearly defined threats that have a direct impact on this species throughout its range.","More research is needed for this species on taxonomy, at the genetic level, as well as on developmental stages, population trends and microhabitat requirements.  In National Red Lists, this species has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in Finland (FinBif 2010, 2019), Least Concern (LC) in Sweden (Artdatabanken 2019) and as Not Evaluated (NE) in Norway (Artsobservasjoner 2019), where it is found only in the south. Threatened species in Finland (Nature Conservation Decree 14.2.1997/160, Appendix 4 19.6.2013/471). In Germany the species is assessed as Endangered (Ssymank et al. 2011).",This species is not used or traded.,"Van Der Meutter, F. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A., Mazanek, L., Popov, G. & Speight, M.","Birtele, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Leucozona,glaucia,,Leucozona glaucia,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a widespread and locally rather common species, but declining in some areas of temperate Europe. It inhabits mainly humid open ground habitats with tall herbs along streams and tracks in or close to coniferous and mixed forests, and also in humid deciduous forests. This species is probably affected by the loss of these unimproved open ground habitats in cultural landscapes. No conservation action is required at present, except research on population trends and larval biology and to understand the causes of observed declines. The species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and for the EU27 Member States.",Decreasing,"This species is widespread in most forested boreal to temperate regions of the Palearctic. Its European range extends from the Arctic Circle south to the Pyrenees (Spain), Alps (Italy) and Pirin Mountains (Bulgaria) on Balkan Peninsula, from Ireland eastwards through northern and mountainous Europe into Turkey and European parts of Russia (Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Burgio et al. 2015, Álvarez 2018, Tóth 2014).  Outside Europe it occurs throughout Siberia and Mongolia to the Russian Far East (Kamchatka peninsula, Sakhalin, Kuril islands), Korea and to Japan (Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009).","This species is broadly widespread and has numerous subpopulations in well-wooded lowlands at least in Fennoscandia and Great Britain (Ball et al. 2011, Bartsch et al. 2009, Röder 1990). There have been substantial declines in occurrence over the past 30 years in Britain and the Netherlands (Ball et al. 2011, Reemer et al. 2009). According to Speight et al. (2016) this species is decreasing in The Netherlands, Germany and Denmark. Declines in Germany are reported also by Ssymank et al. (2011).","This species inhabits mainly humid open ground habitats with tall herbs along streams and tracks in or close to coniferous and mixed forests and also in humid deciduous forests (acidophilus Quercus, humid Fagus and riverine gallery forest of Fraxinus/Salix) in Central Europe (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2018, Ball et al. 2011), up to 1,300 m in the Alps (Maibach et al. 1992). Adults often rest on the vegetation in moist, herbaceous places where visit flowers of tall herbs especially Apiaceae (e.g. Heracleum spondylium, Angelica sylvestris), but also Sambucus nigra, Senecio, Achillea millefolium, Butomus umbellatus, Filipendula ulmaria, Rosa canina, Sonchus arvensis, Tripleurospermum perforatum (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2018). The flight period of adults is from May or June to September with peak in July/August (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2018, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019). It is probably a univoltine species with diapausing and overwintering larvae (Speight et al. 2016, Dušek and Láska 1962). Larva feeds on aphids on Apiaceae (Rojo et al. 2003, Bartsch et al. 2009).","Apart from general threats to biodiversity, there are no specific threats documented for this species in Europe. There is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of suitable habitats for this species, due to human activities (forestry in temperate Europe) and settlements (Janssen et al. 2016). It is expected that the loss of unimproved ecotones and humid open ground habitats with tall herbs and shrubs along forests, streams and tracks will be the main threat for this species, since its larva is probably associated with tall herbs in these species-rich habitats. The is also invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axiridis in Europe could be an important threat for the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). The intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of this species could be detrimental for this hoverfly, as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015).","There are no specific conservation actions for this species in Europe at present. Leucozona glaucia is not threatened in Norway, Sweden and Finland (Gammelmo et al. 2015, Haarto et al. 2019, ArtDatabanken 2020). It is considered Near Threatened in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011), since it is apparently decreasing in Germany, but still locally rather common. Reemer et al. (2009) listed this species as Vulnerable for the Netherlands and Bygebjerg (2019) as Near Threatened in Denmark. The biology of this species, especially larval biology, is known inadequately to know its precise habitat requirements and both the causes of observed local declines and the possible impact of the invasive ladybird Harmonia axiridis on this species are unclear.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & García, M.A.M.","Mazanek, L.","Barkalov, A., Popov, G. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Leucozona,inopinata,,Leucozona inopinata,"Doczkal, 2000",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species has been recognized relatively recently and the real distribution as well as population of this species is unknown. However, it seems that this species is broadly widespread in Europe and it has numerous, perhaps stable, subpopulations at least in Germany and the Netherlands. The loss of unimproved ecotones and humid open ground habitats with tall herbs and shrubs along forests, streams and tracks is probably the main threat for this species. No conservation action is required at present, except research on population and larval biology that is known inadequately to estimate possible impact of the invasive ladybird Harmonia axiridis to this species.  The species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and for the EU27 Member States.",Stable,"The distribution of Leucozona inopinata is uncertain, because of confusion with a commoner species prior to the publications of Doczkal (1998, 2000). Nevertheless, it seems that this species is widely distributed in Northern and Central Europe. Up to now, it has been confirmed from Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, France,  Switzerland, Austria, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, Ukraine, European Russia (Russian Karelia, Saint Petersburg and Moscow regions), and outside Europe from Japan (Bartsch et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Doczkal 1998, 2000, de Groot and Govedič 2008, Mazánek 2006, Mazánek and Bičík 2001, Nedeljković 2011, Prokhorov and Popov 2016, Speight 2018, Speight et al. 2018, Żóralski et al. 2017; A. Barkalov pers. comm. 2020). Barkalov and Mutin (2018) report the occurrence of this species also from Siberia, Russian Far East and Middle Asia. There are also records from Romania in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (2020).","The full distribution as well as population status of Leucozona inopinata is not known adequately, but this species is probably broadly widespread in Europe and it has numerous and perhaps stable populations at least in some places in Germany (where it may be more common locally than L. lucorum) and in the Netherlands (Bartsch et al. 2009, Ssymank et al. 2011, Reemer et al. 2009). According to Speight et al. (2016) this species is decreasing in Denmark and France.","It inhabits open places with a rich, tall herbs and long grasses, preferably within sandy Pinus sylvestris forests upwards into humid Fagus forests (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2018) but also in suburban gardens (Prokhorov and Popov 2016). Adults visit flowering Apiaceae (Angelica sylvestris), Cirsium arvense, and Mentha sp.. There are also reports of a strong preference for visiting the flowers of Rubus ideus (Doczkal 2000, Bartch et al. 2009, Speight 2018, Prokhorov and Popov 2016). Flight period of adults is from beginning of May to beginning of July (Bartsch et al.  2009, Speight 2018) with exceptional records in August and April (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019). The larva is unknown but apparently feeds on aphids on tall herbs and/or trees similarly as related species.","Apart from the general threats for biodiversity and deforestation, there are no specific threats documented for this species in Europe, since there is no adequate information on the distribution and biology of this species. Nevertheless, the loss of unimproved ecotones and humid open ground habitats with tall herbs and shrubs along forests, streams and tracks is likely to be the main threat for this species, since its larva is probably associated on tall herbs within these species-rich habitats. The invasion of the ladybird Harmonia axiridis in Europe could be important threat for the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). The intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of this species could be detrimental for this hoverfly, as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015).","There are no specific conservation actions for this species in Europe at present. Leucozona inopinata is not threatened in Scandinavia, the Netherlands and Germany (Gammelmo et al. 2015, Haarto et al. 2019, ArtDatabanken 2020, Reemer et al. 2009, Ssymank et al. 2011). The biology of this species, especially larval biology, is practically unknown. Further research is required to establish the habitat and ecological requirements and to better understand the existing threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & García, M.A.M.","Mazanek, L.","Barkalov, A., Popov, G. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Leucozona,laternaria,,Leucozona laternaria,"(Müller, 1776)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional   assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  It is a widespread and locally relatively frequent species in humid well wooded landscapes still, but decreasing in some areas of temperate Europe. It inhabits mainly damp open ground habitats with tall herbs along streams and tracks in or close to humid deciduous and coniferous forests. This species is likely affected by the loss of these unimproved open ground ecotone habitats in cultural landscapes. No conservation action is required at present, except research on the population trends and on the larval biology, and to understand the causes of decline in some areas and estimate possible impact of Harmonia axiridis on this species.  The species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and for the EU27 Member States.",Stable,"This species is widespread in well-wooded regions of the boreal to temperate Palearctic. Its European range is from the Arctic Circle south to Pyrenees and Cantabrian Mountains (Spain), Alps (Italy) and to Balkan Mountains (Bulgaria) and Kopaonik (Serbia) on the Balkan Peninsula and from Ireland eastwards through northern and mountainous Europe into Turkey, Caucasia and European parts of Russia (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Mengual et al. 2020, Burgio et al. 2015, Álvarez et al. 2018, Nedeljković 2011; Barkalov pers. comm. 2020).  Elsewhere, it ranges throughout Siberia and Mongolia to northern China and the Russian Far East (including Kamchatka Peninsula, Sakhalin, Kuril islands) to Korea and Japan (Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009).","This species is widespread and has numerous, perhaps stable, subpopulations in well-wooded lowlands in Fennoscandia, Denmark and Great Britain (Ball et al. 2011, Bartsch et al. 2009). It is also widespread but less common and local in humid mountainous Central Europe. There has been a non-significant decline in occurrence over the past 30 years in Britain (Ball et al. 2011). This species is decreasing in the Netherlands and especially in Germany (Speight et al. 2016, Ssymank et al. (2011).","It inhabits mainly damp open ground habitats with dense and tall herbs along woodland streams and tracks in or near humid coniferous and deciduous forests (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2018, Ball et al. 2011), up to 2,000 m in the Alps (Maibach et al. 1992). Adults are usually seen visiting flowers, especially white Apiaceae, such as Heracleum spondylium and Angelica spp. Anthriscus sylvestris, Laserpitium latifolium, Aegopodium podagraria, but it visits also Filipendula ulmaria, Myrrhis odorata and Viburnum opulus (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2018, Álvarez et al. 2018). The flight period of adults is from June to August, with occasional specimens in September (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2018, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019). It is a univoltine species with diapausing and overwintering larvae (Speight et al. 2016, Dušek and Láska 1962). The larva feeds on aphids on Apiaceae eg. Angelica sylvestris (Rotheray 1988, Rojo et al. 2003, Bartsch et al. 2009).","Apart from the general threats for biodiversity, there are no specific threats documented for this species in Europe. Nevertheless, it is presumed there is a continuing decline of extent and quality of suitable habitats for this species due to human activities (forestry in temperate Europe) and settlements (Janssen et al. 2016). The loss of unimproved ecotones and humid open ground habitats with tall herbs and shrubs along forests, streams and tracks is likely to be the main threat for this species, since its larva is probably associated on tall herbs within these species-rich habitats. The invasion of the ladybird Harmonia axiridis in Europe could be important threat for the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). The intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of this species could be detrimental for this hoverfly, as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015).","There are not specific conservation actions for this species in Europe at present. Leucozona laternaria is not threatened in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark (Gammelmo et al. 2015, Haarto et al. 2019, ArtDatabanken 2020, Bygebjerg 2019). It is considered as Near Threatened in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011), since it is decreasing in Germany but locally rather frequent still. The biology of this species, especially the larval biology, is known inadequately to fully understand to its habitat requirements, to explain the decline of this species in some areas and to estimate possible impact of invasive ladybird Harmonia axiridis on this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & García, M.A.M.","Mazanek, L.","Barkalov, A., Popov, G. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Leucozona,lucorum,,Leucozona lucorum,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",The species to which this name is applied in North America may not be the same as the European species (Bartsch et al. 2009).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional   assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is widespread and it has numerous more or less stable subpopulations in most well-wooded countryside in humid boreal and temperate Europe. There are no specific threats documented for this species in Europe, although the loss of unimproved ecotones and humid open ground habitats with tall herbs and shrubs along forests, streams and tracks will be probably the main threat for this species. No conservation action is required at present, except research on larval biology that is known inadequately to estimate possible impacts of invasive ladybirds to this species.  The species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and for the EU27 Member States.",Stable,"This species is widespread in Europe except the extreme north (including Iceland) and dry, forestless southern Europe (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Álvarez 2018).   Outside Europe, its range extends through Siberia, the Caucasus, Kyrgyzstan and Mongolia to the Russian Far East (including Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Kuril islands), Korea and Japan (Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). In addition, it ranges in North America from Alaska through Canada south to Oregon, Colorado and New York in United States (Vockeroth 1992).","This species is widespread and it has numerous more or less stable subpopulations in most well-wooded countryside in humid boreal and temperate Europe (Ball et al. 2011, Bartsch et al. 2009, Ssymank et al. 2011, Maibach et al. 1992). According to Speight et al. (2016) this species is decreasing in the Netherlands.","It inhabits open ground adjacent to deciduous forest and shrubbery normally in relatively humid regions. Adults resides in moist places with lush herbaceous vegetation in clearings, on meadows, along roadsides, streams and in gardens where it flies in or just over the vegetation (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2018, Ball et al. 2011), up to 2,000 m in the Alps (Maibach et al. 1992). Adults especially visit flowering Apiaceae, but also a lot of other flowering herbs, bushes and trees. The flight period of adults is normally from beginning May to July with occasional records to September (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2018) or even in April (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019). It is a univoltine species with some evidence of a partial second generation and with probably diapausing and overwintering larvae (Speight et al. 2016, Dušek and Láska 1986, Ball et al. 2011). The larva feeds on aphids on herbs (Brassica, Rumex, Silene dioica) including mustard crops (Rojo et al. 2003, Bartsch et al. 2009) and also on shrubs and trees (Rotheray 1993, Bartsch et al. 2009).","Apart from the general threats for biodiversity, including deforestation and non-selective chemical pest control methods, there are no specific threats documented for this species in Europe. Nevertheless, the loss of unimproved ecotones and humid open ground habitats with tall herbs and shrubs along forests, streams and tracks is likely to be the main threat for this species, since its larva is probably associated on tall herbs within these species-rich habitats. The invasion of the ladybird Harmonia axiridis in Europe could be important threat for the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). The intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of this species could be detrimental for this hoverfly, as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015).","There are not specific conservation actions for this species in Europe at present. It is not threatened in Scandinavia, Germany, Great Britain and others regions (Gammelmo et al. 2015, Haarto et al. 2019, ArtDatabanken 2020, Ssymank et al. 2011, Ball et al. 2011, Ball and Morris 2014). The biology of this species, especially larval biology, is known inadequately to estimate possible impacts of threats e.g. of the invasive ladybird Harmonia axiridis on this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & García, M.A.M.","Mazanek, L.","Barkalov, A., Popov, G. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Mallota,cimbiciformis,,Mallota cimbiciformis,"(Fallén, 1817)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Mallota cimbiciformis is reasonably widespread across Europe but rare in some countries. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 6.6 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1.0 million km2. The EOO for the EU 27 is estimated around 4.3 million km2 and the AOO for this area is estimated to be around 651,000 km2. This is an enigmatic species with a broad range but not a high population density, although this is partly due to observer's effect because the species is mainly arboreal. The current overall population trend for this species in unknown for both Europe and the EU 27. The species may be impacted locally by anthropogenic loss by forest management, but generally it is considered to be reasonably adaptable and is known to occur in urban environments.  Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 27. Conservation actions should focus on the preservation of the habitats with old trees with rot holes.",Unknown,"This species is found in southern Fennoscandia, with its distribution continuing south to the Pyrenees and central Spain and on into northern Africa. It is found in Great Britain, and east through most of Europe to central Siberia; northern Iran (Speight 2020). The record from Bulgaria in Strandzha National Park was provided by L.J. van der Ent (pers. comm. 2019, unpublished).  This species is reasonably widespread but rare. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 6.7 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1.4 million km2. The EOO for the EU 27 is estimated around 4.3 million km2 and the AOO for this area is estimated to be around 651,000 km2.","In England this species is not extremely rare (Ball and Morris 2014), it is more rare in the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009). This species is quite frequent in the Mediterranean in southern Europe. It is abundant in Q. suber forests (Speight pers. comm 2019). In Ukraine, this species is extremely rare, only found once over the last 20 years in the Crimean peninsula (Popov pers. comm. 2020).  This is an enigmatic species with a broad range but not a high population density, although this is partly due to observer's effect because the species is mainly arboreal. The hoverfly is not incredibly rare but also not easy to find because it can be confused with another very common species Eristalis tenax (drone fly). It is relatively easily trapped in Malaise traps but many surveys done in France revealed it was not found in many occasions (Speight pers. comm. 2019).  The current overall population trend for this species in unknown for both Europe and the EU 27.","The preferred environment of this species is forest; deciduous forest of Fagus and Quercus with overmature and senescent trees, including thermophilous oak forest (Q. pubescens, Q. cerris, Q. frainetto), plus evergreen oak forest of Q. suber and Q. ilex.     Adults are largely arboreal, but descend to flowering bushes and shrubs in glades and more open areas; flies between flowering bushes extremely rapidly, with a zigzag flight. Males can be found sitting on vegetation adjacent to rotholes or patches of humid trunk rot, such as at the base of the tree, apparently awaiting the appearance of females. Females may be observed prospecting rot-holes, round the entrance to which they first hover. This species can also be found in urban rot-holes, and is considered to be reasonably adaptable.    Flowers visited by this species include white umbels; Cistus, Cornus sanguineus, Crataegus, Euonymus, Euphorbia, Rosa canina, Rubus, Sambucus ebulus, Sarothamnus scoparius. Also Ligustrum sp. and Viburnum opulus (G. Pennards pers. obs. 2020).    The flight period of this species is from June to August.     The larvae are described and figured by Maibach and Goeldlin (1989), who summarise data available on larval biology. The larva is also illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994). Dussaix (2013) provides a coloured photo of the puparium. The rat-tailed larva is saprophagous, living in standing-water tree-holes in deciduous trees, including Acer, Aesculus, Fagus, Populus, Quercus, Ulmus, usually at some meters from the ground; the species apparently shows preference for cavities with narrow entrance holes. These holes can provide entry to central trunk cavities of considerable proportions. Mallota larvae have been found in these large cavities, when they are partly filled with water, for instance by Dussaix (2005). The larva of this species overwinters. Duration of the puparial phase is approximately three weeks (Dussaix 2013).  In Ukraine, this species was found in 19th century in Q. robur forests, but is nowadays seemingly only present in the Crimea.","There is no specific information regarding the potential threats affecting this species. However, the species is presumably threatened in parts of its range by the reduction of specific habitats in forest areas due to anthropogenic loss (agriculture, habitat destruction, change in land use) by forest management. On the other hand the species is reasonably adaptable and also occurs in human made habitats like urban parks with old and senescent trees.","Conservation actions should focus on the preservation of the habitats with old trees with rot holes, because these are the most important for the reproductive success of this and many other species. Habitat trends and population trends should be monitored. In the Czech Republic it is on the red list as Endangered (EN) (Farkac et al. 2005), in Sweden it is considered Vulnerable (Artdatabanken 2020). In the United Kingdom it is listed as Near Threatened (Ball and Morris 2014), and in Germany the species is listed as EN (Ssymank et al. 2011). In Denmark the species is listed as Critically Endangered (Bygebjerg 2019). There is no information on the existence of conservation actions for this species.",This species is not used or traded.,"Van Der Meutter, F. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A., Popov, G. & Speight, M.","Birtele, D., Ball, S., Morris, R., Ssymank, A. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Mallota,dusmeti,,Mallota dusmeti,"Andréu, 1926",,Yes,LC,,No [revised],LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Mallota dusmeti is found within Europe in southern France and the Iberian peninsula. It is also known from Tunisia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe, and therefore also the EU 27, is estimated to be around 614,180 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 124,874 km2. The bulk of records come from Spain, where it is relatively common, and the current population trend for this species in Europe is considered to be stable. The situation might change under pressure of anthropogenic activities and climate change (droughts, fires), but that is not the case yet. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27.",Stable,"Within the European region, this species is known from Portugal, southern France and Spain (Claussen and Hauser 1990, Speight 2020). It is therefore not an European endemic. In Spain, records are known from the provinces of Alicante, Burgos, Caceres, Ciudad real, Madrid and Salamanca (Marcos Garcia 2006). In southern France, it is known from the Pyrenees Orientale and Var (Lauriat and Lair 2018), and in Portugal, from Vilar Formoso and Alvito (Beja) (van Eck pers. comm. 2020).  The range extends out of the European region to northern Africa (Tunisia).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe, and therefore also the EU 27, is estimated to be around 614,180 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 124,874 km2.","There are several records of this species from Portugal, but it may be more common than currently known (van Eck pers. comm. 2020). In Spain, it occurs locally in a number of provinces, including Barcelona and Andalucia (Cadiz and Grazalema) (Marcos Garcia 2006). Larvae were collected from Cabaneros National Park (Ricarte 2008). The bulk of records come from Spain, where it is relatively common. There are two French records, one from north Pyrenees and another one from Provence (Mediterranean area) (Lauriat and Lair 2018). The current population trend of this species in Europe, and therefore also the EU 27, is stable for the moment.","The preferred environment of this species is forest and open ground; arborescent matorral of evergreen oak (Quercus rotundifolia) forest (M.-A. Marcos-Garcia pers. comm. 2020); Quercus suber forest (Claussen and Hauser 1990). This species has been found in dehesa, a landscape in southern Portugal and Spain. In Spain, this species has also been found in areas with Quercus faginea and Fraxinus angustifolia. Flowers visited by this species include Cistus ladanifer (Marcos-García 1985), Foeniculum sp. (Carles-Tolrá 2006) and Euphorbia sp. The flight period is from March to July. Larvae have been reared (Marcos-Garcia 2006) from rot-holes in Fraxinus angustifolia and Quercus faginea; Micó et al. (2010) added Q. pyrenaica and Q. rotundifolia to the list of trees hosting larvae, adding that rot-holes containing larvae were at heights of 1 to 2.5 m from the ground. Lauriaut and Lair (2018) provide an account of rearing M. dusmeti from a deep, water-containing rot-hole in the trunk of an ancient, living Quercus suber. Larval and puparial features are described and figured by Ricarte et al. (2007).  The species is more adaptable than previously thought because it also occurs in human-impacted areas.","One of the main threats to this species is fire. Around Madrid in the area where specimens have been collected there was a big fire in 2019. Increases in the frequency of forest fires due to droughts, will strongly reduce old-growth forests which would be very detrimental for the species. This species is also at risk from the loss of cork trees being cut down because of increased use of plastic corks and no regeneration. So deforestation and logging are also important threats for this species.","There are no known conservation actions in place right now, and the species population trend seems to be stable at the moment. For this species it is further research on taxonomy (there are similar looking species) and the biology/ ecology of the species is recommended. It is also important is to monitor the population trend combined with the habitat trend to ensure the conservation of this species.  However, there might be more changes in the future (droughts, fires) so the situation could change in several years. It is listed on the Spanish Red List as “vulnerable” (Marcos-Garcia 2006). Since the national assessment, there have been more records found. It is common in some protected areas, including the Cabaneros National Park.",This species is not used or traded.,"Van Der Meutter, F. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A., Popov, G. & Speight, M.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Mallota,eurasiatica,,Mallota eurasiatica,"Stackelberg, 1950",,Yes,LC,,No,NA,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Not Applicable (NA)  Mallota eurasiatica is known in Europe to occur in Ukraine and European Russia. Although very little information about the species is known, it can occur in suburban parks, where there are old trees. Therefore, this suggests it is an adaptable species, despite possible impact from human activity. Therefore, for Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern. However, further research on the biology, population and threats is required.  This species is not found within the EU 27 and therefore is Not Applicable.",Unknown,"This species is known from Ukraine (Popov et al. 2002), European parts of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018) and eastwards through much of Siberia to Kunashir (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 1.2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 789,000 km2. This species does not occur within the EU 27.","There is very little information about this species and the population trend in Europe is unknown. It is not known if there are any recent search efforts to find the species in Europe, and it is not known how many sightings there have been. Because the species seems to be able to use the man made environment like parks and suburban areas, the population trend might be stable, but that is speculation for the moment.","The preferred environments of this species are deciduous forest with overmature trees, Betula forest, suburban parks with overmature deciduous trees (Populus, Ulmus, Quercus) (G.V. Popov pers. comm. 2019) and eastern thermophilous Quercus (Q.cerris/Q.frainetto) forest.     Both males and females rest on trunks of deciduous trees, by tree holes, sap-runs and patches of humid, rotting wood, especially toward the trunk base, and can also be found hovering around trees with trunk cavities or sap-runs (G.V. Popov pers. comm. 2019). In Russian Altay (2013) one specimen was caught in the middle of a town alongside a parking lot surrounded by trees (G.W.A Pennards pers. obs. 2013)    Flowers visited by this species include umbellifers; Berberis, Euphorbia virgata, Filipendula vulgaris, Rosa, Spirea crenata (A. Barkalov pers. comm. 2019), Acer ginnala (Mutin 1983) and Crataegus. The flight period is from April to July.   Features of the larva and puparium are described by Kuznetzov and Kuznetzova (1995), based on puparia collected from rot-holes in Betula. Svivova and Mutin (2000) also found the larva of this species among wet material in a rot-hole on a young birch (Betula platyphylla). Svivova et al. (1999) both describe and figure features of the larva and briefly describe the puparium, having reared the species from wet, sappy material under the bark of old, live Ulmus pumila. They state the species overwinters as a larva and that the insect remains in the puparium for 12 to 14 days. Features of the larva and puparium are again described and figured by Krivosheina (2002), from larvae collected in saprun and wet rot-hole material on the trunk of a living tree of Ulmus propinqua Koidz.","The threats to this species are the ones likely to be caused by human activity, such as deforestation, logging, agriculture and urbanisation, although it can occur in suburban parks with old trees. But it is unknown how adaptable the species actually is.","More research is needed about the taxonomy, biology, ecology, threats and distribution in order to make an assumption about necessary conservation actions.",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Mallota,fuciformis,,Mallota fuciformis,"(Fabricius, 1794)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Mallota fuciformis has a broad range across Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 6.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1.9 million km2. In the EU 27 the EOO is estimated to be around 4.6 million km2 and the AOO for this area is estimated to be around 1.1 million km2. Although it is a conspicuous species, it can be difficult to observe. However, this species used to be much scarcer, but during the last 15 years, it seems to be increasing in number across parts of its range. The causes for this are currently unknown, and it is also not known if this increase is temporary or not. However, the population trend currently seems to be stable or increasing, and therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27.",Increasing,"This species is found in Germany and Poland, south through France to Portugal and Spain; from Brittany (northwest France) eastwards through central Europe into European parts of Russia; southern western Russia, but doubtful according to Barkalov and Mutin (2018). In southern Europe, this species is known from Spain to the former Yugoslavia and on to northern Iran (Speight 2020). It is evidently much scarcer now than previously and probably threatened at European level, though not yet regarded as extinct in any European country. It has never been seen in the United Kingdom (Morris pers. comm. 2020). In Ukraine, this species is only present in Carpathian region (western Ukraine) (Popov pers. comm. 2019).   It has a broad range and although it is a conspicuous species as it looks like bumblebee, it can be difficult to observe, probably because it is mainly arboreal. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 6.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2.1 million km2. In the EU 27 the EOO is estimated to be around 4.6 million km2 and the AOO for this area is estimated to be around 1.1 million km2.","This species used to be very rare in the Netherlands, but a sudden rise of observations occurred (in one year 70 specimens were collected) (Pennards pers. obs. 2019). There was also a clear increase in numbers in Belgium, and in other countries as well but it is unknown why. The reason could lie in climate effects or changes in preferences. Van de Meutter (pers. comm. 2020) states it might be decrease in acid rain. The hypothesis would be that rot holes are filled with rain water and acidity may totally change the bacterial community in such holes and thus the availability of the food source. But this increase might be a temporarily phenomenon and it could fall back in its pattern from before, but it is unknown whether that will happen or not. If the increase is not temporary, the species presumably has found new options for breeding and survival, and this trend could go on.   This species has never been found in Switzerland, but individuals have started to be found (Speight pers. comm. 2019), here it is also unknown what the causes for this increase or expansions are. It's rare in the Ukraine, only a few specimens were found (Popov pers. comm. 2019). In comparison to 20 years ago, the population has increased for unknown reasons and therefore the population trend is considered to be increasing for the moment.","The preferred environment of this species is forest; deciduous forest (Fagus/Quercus) with over-mature trees; Quercus/Carpinus/Ulmus forest with rivers and streams; thermophilous Quercus forest (Q. pubescens) with gallery forest of Populus/Salix along rivers/in wet areas; Q. cerris/Q. frainetto forest, ancient cork oak groves. Traditional orchards can be extension of the species' habitat (old records from these areas) and these have disappeared and it's likely to be responsible for contraction in range in some regions, such as France. This species can be found in a wide range of forest types. Adults are largely arboreal, but descend to bushes and shrubs to feed, and search out rot-holes. Flowers visited by this species include Crataegus sp., Malus sp. and Prunus sp. The flight period is from mid March to the beginning of May. The developmental stages of this species are undescribed, but bred from basal rot-holes containing wet tree humus in trunks of Quercus suber (C. Lauriaut pers. comm. 2019).","For 15 years, this species has been increasing in Europe again but the reason behind this is unknown, so it is unclear what recent or historical threats may be. Traditional orchard loss decreases the number of suitable breeding places, but the general impact of this species is unknown.","Further research is required to establish the reasons behind the increase of this species across Europe. Conservation actions should include protection of suitable breeding places. Research on larval development is also required, the sudden increase might have to do with improved circumstances for larva survival. It is Vulnerable (VU) in the Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2005). On the German Red List it is also regarded as VU (Ssymank et al. 2011).",This species is not used or traded.,"Van Der Meutter, F. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A., Popov, G. & Speight, M.","Birtele, D., Ssymank, A. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Mallota,megilliformis,,Mallota megilliformis,"(Fallén, 1817)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Mallota megilliformis is found across Europe, but the main part of its distribution range is in central and eastern Russia. In the EU 27, the species is mostly found in Scandinavia, especially Finland, with a few scattered records elsewhere. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 6.1 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2.4 million km2. For the EU 27, the EOO is estimated to be around 2.6 million km2 and the AOO to be around 750,000 km2. It was originally potentially threatened at European level, but the overall population in Europe and the EU 27 now seems stable overall.  In Finland, there is a stable population with sightings every year, it is not very fragmented in the south of Finland and since 2010 it seems to have clearly increased in numbers. In Finland, the species went from Near Threatened to LC in 10 years. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 27. However, it probably was previously more widespread in Europe. Declines in some parts of the European range of this species may be due to this loss of floodplain forest, and these should be protected in especially Finland where the stronghold of the species is present for EU 27 countries. If the habitat decline continues, the status of the species might rapidly change over the coming years.",Stable,"This species is found in southern parts of Fennoscandia, south to Germany (although it is possibly extinct there); from Poland eastwards (including the Czech Republic and Slovakia) into eastern Russia and Ukraine and on into Siberia to Khabarovsk (Speight 2020). The main part of its distribution range is in central and eastern Russia. In the EU 27, the species is mostly found in Scandinavia, especially Finland (FinBif 2018), with a few scattered records elsewhere.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 6.1 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2.4 million km2. For the EU 27, the EOO is estimated to be around 2.6 million km2 and the AOO to be around 750,000 km2.","In Finland, where the major part of the species' range in Europe occurs, there has been a recent increase in the abundance of the species (FinBif 2018). It was originally regarded as threatened at European level, but the overall population in Europe and the EU 27 now seems stable overall. This species is generally scarce in Ukraine but present in higher abundance in an area with Populus and Ulmus urban parks on trees damaged by Cossidae (Lepidoptera) (Popov pers. comm. 2019). There are only old records from Norway (Artsobservasjoner 2019), and one record in Poland and one in the Czech Republic (Mazanek pers. comm. 2019).","The preferred environment of this species is deciduous forest; Falck (1996) has found this species in alluvial hardwood forest (Fraxinus/Acer) with overmature trees. The species has also been found in Quercus/Carpinus forest adjacent to seasonally flooded ground, but in forest which itself is apparently only rarely (if ever) flooded (M. Reemer pers. comm. 2020). Alluvial forests are one of the most threatened types of forest in Europe. In Ukraine, this species occurs in deciduous forests (except on the Crimean peninsula), generally scarce in Ukraine but present in higher abundance in an area with Populus and Ulmus urban parks on trees damaged by lepidopterans Cossus cossus and C. tenebrioides. Declines of the species are due to the decline of the habitat, floodplain forest, which is affected strongly by human interference (Janssen et al. 2017).     Adults are largely arboreal, descending to visit the upper flowering branches of small trees like Crataegus and Salix, where it is difficult to distinguish from the accompanying Bombus spp. (Hymenoptera, Apidae) (H. Bartsch pers. comm. 2019). Males may patrol trackside Rubus thickets, at 1 to 2 m, settling on the foliage (M. Reemer pers. comm. 2020).     Flowers known to have been visited by this species include Crataegus sp. (Falck 1996), Anthriscus sylvestris, Salix sp., Spiraea salicifolia (H. Bartsch pers. comm. 2019), Sorbus sp. (G. Pennards pers. obs. 2013). In addition, Chamaenerion angustifolium, Lonicera, Euphorbia, Viburnum, Berberis, Sorbus aucuparia, Spiraea media, (Stackelberg 1958, Skufin and Kuznetsova 1979, Violovich 1983, Bagachanova 1987). The flight period of this species is from the end of May to July.    Developmental stages are not described, but this species is closely associated with old trees old Populus and Ulmus damaged by Cossus sp. (G. Popov pers. comm. 2019).","Declines in some parts of the European range of this species may be due to loss of floodplain forest. This is caused by the usual anthropogenic activities like logging, agriculture, water management and industrial development.","No conservation actions are known for this species currently. According to the Finnish Red List, the species was Near Threatened in Finland in 2010 (FinBif 2020) and Vulnerable in Sweden (Artdatabanken 2010, 2015). But in 2019 it was downgraded to Least Concern in Finland. The reasons for category change was a genuine recent increase. The Finnish website shows around 50 recent localities where the species was found (FinBif 2020). The species was on the Nordic Red List as Endangered (EN) in 2006 (Kålås et al. 2006), but it is not mentioned on the recent list (Artsobservasjoner 2020). On the Czech Red List it was listed as EN (Farkac et al. 2005). In Germany, the species is assessed as possibly extinct (Ssymank et al. 2011).",This species is not used or traded.,"Van Der Meutter, F. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A., Popov, G., Mazanek, L. & Vujić, A.","Ssymank, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Mallota,rossica,,Mallota rossica,"Portschinsky, 1877",,Yes,LC,,No,NA,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Not Applicable (NA)  Mallota rossica is only known in Europe from European Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 580,000 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 192,000 km2. It is found in forests, which may be impacted by human activity, but there is very little information about the population of this species in Europe. However, it is not considered to be threatened and is assessed as Least Concern.  This species is not found within the EU 27 and is therefore Not Applicable.",Unknown,"This species is found in central and south eastern parts of European Russia (BeiBienko and Steyskal 1969, Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Iran, Kyrgyzstan, and through Asiatic Russia to Sakhalin, Mongolia, Japan, Korea and China (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 580,000 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 192,000 km2. This species is not found within the EU 27.","There is very little information available about this species and the current population trend is unknown. It is not known if there are any recent search efforts to find the species in Europe, and it is not known how many sightings there have been.",This species has been recorded in conifer forest and mixed coniferous/deciduous forest (A. Barkalov pers. comm. 2019). It was found in Russian Altay (Pennards pers. obs. 2013) and northern Mongolia (Pennards pers. obs. 2017) on open grass/shrub lands in the forest visiting umbellifers. The flight period is from mid May to mid August (A. Barkalov pers. comm. 2019).,"The species is likely to be impacted by human activity in forests, like deforestation, urbanisation and commercial development and agriculture. But to what extent is largely unknown.","Further research is needed about the biology, life cycle, threats and distribution of the species, in order to make an assumption about necessary conservation actions.",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Mallota,tricolor,,Mallota tricolor,"Loew, 1871",,Yes,LC,0,No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Endangered (EN)  Mallota tricolor has a small range in Europe although it is likely not uncommon in the eastern part of Europe. It has a small range in the EU 27, with probably only five or less recent localities in eastern Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 4.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1.2 million km2. In the EU 27, the EOO is around 759,000 km2, and the AOO is around 20 km2. As the species is not uncommon in Europe, due to most of the European population in the east, this species is assessed as Least Concern for Europe. However, in the EU 27, the habitat is declining, and as a result it is considered to occur at 5 or less locations. Therefore, in the EU 27, this species is assessed as Endangered.",Unknown,"This is a central-eastern Palearctic species. This species is known from Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, European parts of Russia (Moscow, Rostov on Don, not uncommon) and on into Asia through Siberia to Kamchatka (Speight 2020).  There are two records from two different locations in the south of Finland, but only one is recent (FinBif 2018, Haarto and Kerppola 2014). There is one record in eastern Poland (Carpathians) (Mielczarek pers. comm. 2020). Latvia, Belarus (Reemer 2000). In Ukraine, this species is present (except steppe zone and Crimean peninsula), but rare (Popov pers. comm. 2019). There is one very old record from Germany (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2019) from the steppic area, but it's considered not native in Germany. In Romania, it is only known from the north (Bucovina) (Stanescu and Parvu 2005). In European Russia, there are records from Leningrad and Moscow region and more records cited from other parts (Pestov et al. 2010, Barkalov pers. comm. 2019).  The species has a small range in Europe although it is likely not uncommon in the eastern part of Europe, but there is a low sampling effort in eastern Europe. It has a smaller range in the EU 27, with probably only five or less recent localities in the eastern part of western Europe.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 4.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1.2 million km2. In the EU 27, the EOO is around 759,000 km2, and the AOO is around 20 km2. The exact localities are currently not all known, however, within the EU 27, it is considered to occur at 5 or less locations due to the threat of habitat loss.","Europe is on the western margin of the range of this species, with only some scattered records from Poland (Mielczarek pers. comm. 2019), Belarus (Reemer 2000) and Ukraine (Popov pers. comm 2019). More records are known from European Russia (Pestov 2010, Barkalov pers. comm. 2019). There may be recolonisation from the main subpopulations outside Europe to western Europe, but this is not confirmed. It is not really known how migratory the species might be. The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 27 is unknown. Older records are from forest habitats, but more recently also records from steppe habitat (Popov pers. comm. 2019).  There are two records from two different localities in the south of Finland, but only one is recent (FinBif 2018, Haarto and Kerppola 2014). There is one record in eastern Poland (Carpathians) (Mielczarek pers. comm. 2020) and it seems to be known from Latvia. There is one very old record from Germany (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2019) from the steppic area, but it is not considered to be native to Germany. In Romania, it is only known from the north (Bucovina) (Stanescu and Parvu 2005).","The preferred environment of this species is steppic grassland with scattered deciduous scrub (G. Popov pers. comm. 2019); steppic grassland with clumps of scrub Populus tremula (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2019); deciduous forest; overmature alluvial hardwood forest (Quercus, with Populus and Salix intermixed) with frequent dead trees and fallen timber (Reemer 2000). Since then, records are also collected from steppe zone in floodplain conditions.     Adult males can be found flying round dead, standing oaks at 2 to 4 m, close to the trunk (Reemer 2000), potentially searching for freshly-emerged females.    Flowers visited by this species include Euphorbia sp. and the flight period is from the end of April to the beginning of June.","All records seem to be associated with steppe environments which is a threatened habitat in the EU (Janssen et al. 2017). The species probably suffers from human intrusion on its habitat with commercial and industrial areas, and the steppe is used as grazing grounds for human livestock. Climate change has certainly an effect on the steppe habitat, it will shift higher north when it gets warmer and drier.","Focus of conservation measures for this species should be on protection of the habitat, but more research is needed to confirm habitat criteria. This species was assessed as Data Deficient (DD) on the Finnish Red List (FinBif 2018), with only one recent observation from 2016. It was assessed as Vulnerable (VU) in Poland in 2015, from only one locality (around Lodz) but several specimens observed (Mielczarek pers. comm. 2019).",This species is not used or traded.,"Van Der Meutter, F. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A., Popov, G. & Speight, M.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Melangyna,arctica,,Melangyna arctica,"(Zetterstedt, 1838)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species does not meet the criteria for threatened categories in Europe/EU27. It is a widespread species (mainly in north and central Europe), present in many habitats and large number of locations. There are no specific threats identified for this species. The species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and for the EU27 Member States.",Unknown,"Melangyna arctica occurs in Scandinavia, Great Britain, Ireland, Germany, Czech Republic, France (Pyrenees and Alps), Switzerland and Liechtenstein (Speight 2018).  Outside Europe, the species is present in Asia in Russian Federation (northern and central Siberia) and in North America (from Alaska and Canada to Colorado).",There is no information about population size and trends for this species in Europe. The majority of specimens were collected in Scandinavian countries (Norway and Sweden) and the United Kingdom.,"The preferred habitats of Melangyna arctica are coniferous forest (Abies/Picea, Pinus) and plantations and wet deciduous woodland (Alnus/Betula/Salix) up to the altitude of Larix forest, and Alnus viridis scrub (Speight 2018). Adults fly from April to June (July to August at higher elevations) visiting flowers of Pseudoplatanus, Galium, Ilex, Prunus spinosa, Ranunculus, Salix, Stellaria, Taraxacum. The larva is aphidophagous, described and figured by Rotheray (1988) from larvae collected on Alnus (Speight 2018).",There are no specific threats identified for this species in Europe.,There are no specific conservation actions in place or required for this species.,"This species is not traded or used commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which include pest aphids in cultivated plants (Rojo et al. 2003).","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Melangyna,barbifrons,,Melangyna barbifrons,"(Fallén, 1817)","In Northern Europe, males of M. arctica can occur without pale marks on tergite 2 and, in these cases, they can be erroneously identified as M. barbifrons. To separate males of these two species without mistakes, the angle of eyes and the hairs on the occiput and sternites 1 and 2 should be examined. In males of M. arctica, the angle of eyes is 95-100° and the occiput and sternites 1 and 2 are mostly/entirely black-haired; in males of M. barbifrons, the angle between the eyes is 100° or more, and the occiput and sternites 1 and 2 are almost entirely black-haired (T.R. Nielsen pers. comm. to M. C.D. Speight).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Pan-European Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  In Europe, this species is Least Concern due to having a wide range across north and central Europe although it is rarer than some other widespread species and there appear to have been some local extinctions in parts of the Central European range. In Belgium is ""Regionally Extinct"", in Germany ""Rare"", and in UK ""Near Threatened"".  On the EU27, this species is also Least Concern due to having a wide range across north and central Europe although it is rarer than some other widespread species and there appear to have been some local extinctions in parts of the Central European range.",Unknown,Melangyna barbifrons occurs from Scandinavia to Belgium. It is also present from Britain eastwards through central Europe into European parts of Russia (Speight 2018).  Outside Europe it ranges through Siberia to the Pacific (Speight 2018).,"There is no information about population size and trends for this species in Europe, although it is rarer than some other widespread species. The majority of specimens have been collected in Scandinavian countries (Finland, Norway and Sweden). Only 21 specimens have been collected in Serbia (Kopaonik National Park). Only one specimen has been recorded in Estonia, and one in Poland (Krakow). In Czechia it is a widespread species. There have been some local extinctions in parts of the Central European range, and it is listed as Regionally Extinct in Flanders.","The preferred habitat of Melangyna barbifrons in Picea, Pinus and mixed forest. Adults fly from February to April visiting flowers of Alnus, Anemone nemorosa, Corylus, Hamamelis mollis, Prunus, male Salix, Tussilago. The larva is undescribed (Speight 2018).","Reduction of habitat quality due to changes in traditional forest management and reduction of forest cover because of land use changes may threaten this species' population. Competition with Melangyna pavlovski, a hoverfly that has recently colonized Europe and is expanding its range (Van de Meutter et al. 2015), for feeding resources during the larval and adult stage may impact this species.","There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. Melangyna barbifrons is regarded as ""Regionally Extinct"" in the Belgian Region Flanders (https://www.inbo.be/en/search-flanders-red-lists; Meerhaeghe and Grootaert 1998), as ""Data Deficient"" in German province Bayern (von der Dunk et al. 2008), ""Rare"" (selten) in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011), and ""Near Threatened"" in UK (Ball and Morris 2014). In the Swedish (https://artfakta.se) and Finnish (Hyvarinen et al. 2019) national Red Lists it is considered Least Concern (LC).  Additional research is needed to better understand the population trends and impacts of threats.","This species is not used or traded commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which are suspected to be aphids.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.","Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Melangyna,cincta,,Melangyna cincta,"(Fallén, 1817)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species does not meet the criteria for threatened categories in Europe or the EU27. It is a widespread species, present in many habitats, and with large subpopulations in most countries where recorded. There are no specific threats identified for this species. The species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and for the EU27 Member States.",Unknown,"Melangyna cincta occurs from Scandinavia to Iberia, and from Ireland eastwards through much of Europe into Ukraine (Crimea) and European parts of Russia.  Its global range extends out of Europe to the Anatolian region of Turkey (Speight 2018).",There is no information about population size and trends for this species in Europe. This species seems abundant in almost every European country.,"The preferred habitat of Melangyna cincta is deciduous forest (Quercus and Fagus forests). Adults fly from April to June visiting flowers of white umbellifers, Acer pseudoplatanus, Crataegus, Ligustrum, Malus sylvestris, Prunus spinosa, Rubus idaeus, Salix, Sambucus nigra, Sorbus aucupariae, Urtica dioica, Viburnus opulus (Speight 2018). The larva is aphidophagous, it is described and figured by Dušek and Láska (1962).",There are no specific threats identified for this species in Europe.,There are not specific conservation actions for this species.,"This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which include aphid pest species in cultivated plants (Rojo et al. 2003).","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Melangyna,cingulata,,Melangyna cingulata,"(Egger, 1860)","This species can be found in literature under the genera Melanostoma and Meligramma. It resembles Melanostoma species but it can be separate from them by the abdominal markings, which widen progressively towards the lateral margins of the tergites, meeting the lateral margins at full width. In addition, the second tergite bears a pair of narrow, transverse, whitish yellow bars, which come to a point towards the mid-line, while tergites three and four each exhibit either a pair of bars or a narrow, transverse band, of the same colour as the markings on tergite two (Speight 2020).",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This European endemic species is assessed as Least Concern globally due to large extent of occurrence and number of locations which are above the threshold (21) for a threatened listing, and because no threats have been identified. On the EU27 level, it is assessed as Least Concern on the regional level due to large extent of occurrence and number of locations which are above the threshold (19) for a threatened listing, and because no threats have been identified.",Unknown,"This European endemic species occurs from northern France, Poland and Czech Republic through the Alps (Switzerland, Austria) into the Balkans. It is also present in Portugal and in central and southern Spain (Speight 2018) though the locality in Portugal is uncertain and not mapped.","There is no information about the population size and trend. Only nine specimens were collected in Serbia (Kopaonik National Park). Only three specimens were collected in Montenegro (Durmitor National Parks), and two in Slovenia. Sixteen specimens were collected in Greece from 1987 to 2017.","The preferred habitat of Melangyna cingulata are forests (Abies/Picea forest). Adults fly from May to June/July visiting flowers of Crataegus, Genista, Photinia, Ranunculus, Sorbus aucuparia, Ulex, Viburnum opulus. The larva is undescribed (Speight 2018).",There are no specific threats identified for this species in Europe.,"There are not specific conservation actions for this species. In Spain it is listed as ""Rare"" (Verdu et al. 2006) and ""Data Deficient"" in the German Province of Bayern (von der Dunk et al. 2003).","This species is not used or treated commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which are suspected to be aphids.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Melangyna,coei,,Melangyna coei,"Nielsen, 1971",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This Holarctic species is assessed as Least Concern for Europe due to the large extent of occurrence and the absence of identified threats. In the EU27 Member States, its status is the same as at the European regional level.",Unknown,"In the European region, this species is restricted to Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden and Finland) and European parts of Russia (Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018).   It has a wide global range, also present in North America (USA and Canada) (Vockeroth 1992), the Russian Far East, Japan and Korea (Barkalov and Mutin 2018).",There is no information about population size and trends for this species in Europe. The majority of the specimens were collected in Norway.,"Melangyna coei occurs in taiga (Nielsen 1998) and subalpine Betula forest (Bartsch et al. 2009). Adults fly from June to July visiting flowers of Trollius riederanus, umbellifers, Dasiphora fruticosa, Potentilla erecta, Saxifraga aizoides, Taraxacum (Speight 2018). The larva has been found on umbellifers (Bartsch et al. 2009).","Climate change is the main threat for this species, since it is mainly a taiga species.",There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species.,"This species is not traded or used commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which are suspected to be aphids.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Melangyna,compositarum,,Melangyna compositarum,"(Verrall, 1873)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This Holarctic species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and for the EU27 Member States as it is widespread and abundant.,Unknown,"In the European region, Melangyna compositarum occurs from Scandinavia to the Pyrenees and northern Spain. It is also present from Ireland eastwards through northern and central Europe into European parts of Russia.   Outside Europe, this species occurs in Siberia, from the Urals to the Pacific coast, and also in North America, from Alaska to New Mexico (Speight 2018).",There is not information about population size and trends for this species in Europe.,"The preferred habitat of Melangyna compositarum are conifer forest (Abies, Larix, Pinus) and conifer plantations, up to (and including) the Larix zone. Adults fly from May to September, visiting flowers of white Umbelliferae, Galium, and Sorbus aucuparia. The larva is unknown (Speight 2018).",There are no specific threats identified for this species in Europe.,There are no conservation actions for this species.,"This species is not used or traded commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which are suspected to be aphids.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Melangyna,ericarum,,Melangyna ericarum,"(Collin, 1946)",,Yes,NT,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  EU27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe due to a relatively small area of occupancy (76 km2), a continuing decline in its habitat quality and the low number of locations (13-14) were it is found. It is regarded as Vulnerable in the UK and very rare or near threatened in other countries.    In the EU27 regional assessment, this species has been considered as Vulnerable (VU) due to its small number of locations (&lt;8), small area of occupancy (36 km2) and continuing decline in habitat quality.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is known from Great Britain (with records from the Scottish Highlands, and northern and southern England), Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, France, Switzerland, and northern Italy (Aosta) (Speight et al. 2016, Speight 2018). Speight et al. (1975) suggests that the species occurs in Ireland, but this requires confirmation.",There is no information about the population size and trend for this species.,"Melangyna ericarum occurs in forest (conifer forest; humid Pinus forest) and along the tree line from 1,700 m upwards in the Alps, found with Pinus mugo and Larix. Adults fly from July to August, visiting flowers of white umbellifers, yellow composites and Ranunculus. The larva is undescribed (Speight 2018).",Reduction of habitat quality in alpine locations as a result of forest management and commercial forestry activities may threaten subpopulations of this species. Extreme temperature changes as a result of climate change might have a great influence on this species due to reduction or disappearance of its high-altitude habitat,"There are no specific conservation actions for this species. However, it has been assessed as Vulnerable (D2) in the UK (Ball and Morris 2014) and regarded as 'extremely rare' in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011). In Sweden it is listed Not Applicable (https://artfakta.se) and in Norway as Near Threatened (https://www.biodiversity.no). The larval biology of this species is unknown, and further research on this species' biology is required in order to propose conservation actions. Additional monitoring is needed to better understand the population trends and impacts of threats.","This species is not used or traded commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which are suspected to be aphids.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Melangyna,guttata,,Melangyna guttata,(Fallén 1817),,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Although this Holarctic species is regarded as threatened or near threatened in one European country (Denmark) and one region (Flanders), it is widespread and qualifies for Least Concern across its European and EU27 ranges as a whole, as it is widespread and no major threats have been identified.",Unknown,"Melangyna guttata occurs from Scandinavia to the Pyrenees. It also ranges from Ireland eastwards through much of northern and central Europe into Russia (Speight 2018).  Besides Europe, this species ranges through Siberia to the Pacific coast in Asia, and in North America from Alaska to Arizona (Speight 2018).","There is no information about population sizes and trends. However, it appears to be locally scarce: for example 11 specimens have been collected in Serbia so far, where hoverfly fauna has been extensively surveyed over several decades.","Melangyna guttata occurs in forests (humid deciduous forest; field hedges with mature Fraxinus; mature Salix/Alnus forest; alluvial hardwood forest) (Speight 2018). Adults fly from June to August, visiting flowers of white umbellifers, Epilobium angustifolium, Euonymus, Filipendula, Frangula alnus, Galium, and Solidago. The larva is entomophagous on Acer pseudoplatanus (Speight 2018).",There are no specific threats identified for this species in Europe.,"There are no specific conservation actions in place or needed for this species. In Denmark, it is cataloged as Near Threatened (https://www.allearter-databasen.dk/) and in the Belgian Region of Flanders is regionally endangered (https://www.inbo.be/en/search-flanders-red-lists).","This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which include aphid pests in cultivated plants (Rojo et al. 2003).","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Melangyna,labiatarum,,Melangyna labiatarum,"(Verrall, 1901)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  For both the European and EU27 regional assessments, this Holarctic species is considered as Least Concern (LC) based on the widespread distribution and presence in many European countries, as well as the absence of any threats.",Unknown,"This species has been recorded from the UK (Great Britain), the Netherlands, Austria, Germany, Serbia, Montenegro, Italy, Hungary and Romania (Heimburg 2018, Doczkal et al. 2001, Toth 2011, Reemer et al. 2009, Bradescu and Parvu 2005, Ball et al. 2011). It is also known to occur in Norway, Denmark, Finland and Sweden (Haarto and Kerppola 2007, Barsch et al. 2009).  Outside Europe it occurs in the Nearctic (Haarto and Kerppola 2007, Barsch et al. 2009).","Existing data suggest that the knowledge on the population size and trend of this species is uneven amongst European regions. For example, 19 specimens have been collected in Serbia so far, while only one specimen has been found in each of Italy and Greece (Drama Province). The Italian specimen was collected in 1967.","The habitat, preferences and ecology of this species are poorly understood. The larvae are known exist on Evonymus europaeus and Heracleum sphondylium, feeding on aphids (Aphis fabae) in the UK (Rojo et al. 2003). In the Nearctic, the species is known to exist on the tundra, species-rich grassland and forests.",There are no specific threats identified for this species in Europe.,"There are no specific conservation actions for this species. In the German Province of Baden-Württembergs, M. labiatarum is regarded as Data Deficient (Doczkal et al. 2001). Additional monitoring is needed to better understand the population trends and impacts of threats. Research is required to validate taxonomy of the species and better understand the ecology and biology of the species.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which include aphids (Rojo et al. 2003).","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.","Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Melangyna,lasiophthalma,,Melangyna lasiophthalma,"(Zetterstedt, 1843)","The female of Melangyna lasiophthalma has pale marks on the tergites and could easily be confused with that of M. pavlovskyi, however M. lasiophthalma can be distinguished from M. pavlovskyi due to its all-black face (Speight 2020).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Melangyna lasiophthalma qualifies for the category Least Concern for both Europe and for the EU27 Member States due to its widespread distribution in Europe/EU27 and large number of locations where found. It appears to be a generalist species inhabiting different forest types but also scrub, urban gardens, etc. Adults feed on a wide range of flowers and larvae on insects of different taxa (Rojo et al. 2003).",Unknown,"Melangyna lasiophthalma is widely distributed in Europe. It occurs from Iceland and Scandinavia south to the Pyrenees and mountainous parts of Spain. It is also present from Ireland eastwards through northern Europe and mountainous parts of central Europe into European parts of Russia.   In Asia, it is distributed through much of Siberia. Besides Europe and Asia, this species is found in the Nearctic, from Alaska to Colorado and Maryland (Speight 2018).","There is not an accurate picture of the population size and trend of M. lasiophthalma in Europe. However, its wide distribution and apparently high local abundance (in Serbia, there are records of 269 collected specimens from different protected areas: Fruška Gora, Stara planina, and Kopaonik National Parks) suggest this species' population is large and stable.","Melangyna lasiophthalma occurs in forest (acidiophilous Quercus forest; Fraxinus/Salix gallery woods along rivers; wet forest of Alnus/Salix; Betula/Salix forest; coniferous forest of Abies/Picea and plantations). Besides forest, this species occurs in scrub, gardens and orchards. Adults fly from March to June, visiting flowers of a large list of plant species: Acer pseudoplatanus, Alnus glutinosa, Anemone nemorosa, Anthriscus, Caltha, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Corylus avellana, Euphorbia, Ilex, Lonicera xylosteum, Narcissus, Oxalis, Prunus laurocerasus, P. spinosa, Ranunculus, Salix, Sambucus, Sorbus aucuparia, Taraxacum, Tussilago, and Ulex. The larva is known and belongs to the aphidophagous guild of species (Speight 2018).",There are no specific threats identified for this species in Europe.,There are no conservation actions for this species in Europe.,"This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which include aphid crop pests (Rojo et al. 2003).","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Melangyna,lucifera,,Melangyna lucifera,"Nielsen, 1980",,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is mainly distributed in Scandinavia, where it is catalogued as Least Concern in Sweden and in Norway. Although M. lucifera is a forest species and changes in the quality and extent of this habitat may threaten it, there is no evidence of specific impacts and it has a wide extent of occurrence. It is consequently listed as Least Concern at both the European and EU27 levels.",Unknown,"In the European region, Melangyna lucifera has been recorded from Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, the Netherlands, Germany, the Czech Republic, northern Italy, and Ukraine.   Besides Europe, this species is also found in Siberia (Speight 2018).","The population of M. lucifera seems to be larger in northern Europe than in the south. Most records of this species are from Scandinavia, where it appears to be common. In southern countries there are few records of M. lucifera, for example two collected specimens in Serbia (Juhor and Fruška Gora mountains). The population trend is unknown.","Melangyna lucifera occurs in forest (Betula/Pinus/Salix and boreal pine forests). Adults fly from beginning of March to May, visiting flowers of Acer platanoides, Crocus vernus, and male Salix. The larval biology of this species is unknown (Speight 2018), but it is assumed to be predatory on aphids.","Reduction in forest quality and cover may affect subpopulations of this species in Europe, but there is no confirmed evidence of specific impacts on this species.","There are no specific conservation actions for this species. This species is regarded as Least Concern in Sweden (https://artfakta.se) and Norway (https://www.biodiversity.no). Research into the life history of species is essential for proposing effective conservation actions, but the larval biology of this species is unknown (Speight 2018).","This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which are suspected to be aphids.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Melangyna,quadrimaculata,,Melangyna quadrimaculata,"(Verrall, 1873)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This species is assessed as Least Concern on the regional and EU27 levels due to its extensive range and because no threats have been identified.,Unknown,"Melangyna quadrimaculata occurs from southern Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark to Belgium. It is also present from Ireland eastwards through central Europe into European parts of Russia.  Outside Europe it ranges through Siberia to the Pacific coast (Sakhalin) (Speight 2018).","There is no information about population trends. Most specimens have been collected in Norway, Sweden, Netherlands and the UK. There is just one record of this species in Serbia, only two specimens from Poland.","Melangyna quadrimaculata occurs in old deciduous forest (humid Fagus and Quercus). It can also occur in extensive urban/suburban parks in which overmature or mature trees have been retained. Adults fly from February to April visiting flowers of Alnus, Anemone nemorosa, Carpinus, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Corylus, Hamamelis mollis, Lonicera xylosteum, Populus tremula, Salix, Sambucus (Speight 2018). The larva is described and figured by Rotheray (1988) from larvae collected on Abies alba. The larva is figured in colour by Rotheray (1994).",There are no specific threats identified for this species in Europe.,There are no conservation actions known for this species. Research on population trends is needed. Monitoring is recommended.,"This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which include aphid crop pests (Rojo et al. 2003).","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Melangyna,triangulifera,,Melangyna triangulifera,"(Zetterstedt, 1843)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  In Europe, this species is Least Concern due to having a wide range across north and central Europe, relatively large known area of occupancy and number of locations (55-60) which is above the threshold for a threatened category, and because no major threats have been identified.          On the EU27, this species is also Least Concern due to having a wide range across north and central Europe and no identified threats.",Unknown,"Melangyna triangulifera occurs from Scandinavia to the central France. It is also present from Britain east through northern and central parts of Eurasia to the Pacific (Speight 2018).   Elsewhere, this species occurs in North America (from the Yukon to Minnesota, Massachusetts and New York) (Speight 2018).","There is no information about population size and trends for this species in Europe. The majority of the specimens were collected in Norway, Sweden, Netherlands and UK. Only six specimens were collected in Serbia (mainly from the north part: Vojvodina Province).","Melangyna triangulifera occurs in forest (humid deciduous forest, including alluvial hardwood forest, and alluvial gallery forest). This species has also been recorded in parks and gardens. Adults fly from April to August visiting flowers of white umbellifers, Acer platanoides, Anemone nemorosa, Bunias orientalis, Galium, Ligustrum, Lonicera, Prunus, Ranunculus, Ribes, Salix, Tilia cordata (Speight 2018). The larva is described and figured in colour by Rotheray (1994).",There are not specific threats identified for this species in Europe.,There are not specific conservation actions for this species. Additional monitoring is needed to better understand the population trends.,"This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which include aphid crop pests (Rojo et al. 2003).","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Melangyna,umbellatarum,,Melangyna umbellatarum,"(Fabricius, 1794)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  In both Europe and the EU27, this species is Least Concern due to having a wide range across all Europe and being subject to no major threats.",Unknown,"Melangyna umbellatarum is widely distributed in Europe. It occurs from Scandinavia to the Iberia. It also ranges from Ireland eastwards through northern, central and southern Europe into European parts of Russia.   Besides Europe this species also occurs in Asia (from Siberia to Kamchatka) and in North America (from Alaska to Arizona) (Speight 2018).","There is no information about population size and trends for this species in Europe. Only five specimens have been collected in Serbia (Fruška Gora National Park, Kopaonik National Park, Vlasina).","The preferred habitats of Melangyna umbellatarum are forest streams with Salix, Salix carr, beside streams and rivers fringed by Salix. Adults fly from May to September visiting the flowers of white umbellifers, Foeniculum, Euphorbia, Filipendula, Ulmaria, and Sorbus (Speight 2018). The larva is aphidophagous and was described and figured by Dušek and Láska (1967).",There are no threats identified for this species and conservation actions are unnecessary at this point.,There are no conservation actions known or required for this species. Research on population trends is recommended.,"This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which include aphid crop pests (Rojo et al. 2003).","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Melanogaster,aerosa,,Melanogaster aerosa,"(Loew, 1843)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is rare in parts of its distribution. It is classified as Endangered in Czechia, Germany and as threatened in the Balkan peninsula (Vujić et al. 2001, Mazanek and Barták 2004, Ssymank et al. 2011). Its habitats are under pressure in large parts of Europe. Still, in parts of its distribution (United Kingdom, Ireland, southern Scandinavia and probably Eastern Europe) it is widespread and still doing well, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for  the application of any threatened category. Therefore, the species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU27 countries.",Unknown,"This is a widespread species in the lower parts of Finland and Scandinavia, Great Britain, Ireland and northern Russia into Siberia, and south to central France, Switzerland, Austria and Hungary. In southern Europe, it is a rare species with some records from Spain, Montenegro, Romania and Bulgaria (Speight 2020).  Exact locality data are not always available, so calculating the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) was difficult. However, the AOO and EOO are considered to be large enough for this species not to be threatened in Europe.  Outside Europe, it is also recorded from western Siberia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018).",Populations are mostly small and separated. The population trend is unknown.,"This species is present in wetlands: in acid fen and valley bogs and flushes, pools and small streams in moorland (Speight 2020). In the Netherlands and Belgium the two generations show a remarkably different distribution and habitat. The spring generation occurs in grasslands and shrubland with clay soil along rivers, and the late summer generation occurs in peat bogs in heathlands with some seepage (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019).    The adults fly among dense fen vegetation, usually close to larger water bodies (lakes, rivers, large fens) and visits white umbels, Bunias, Cirsium, Hieracium and Leontodon (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2020). In Belgium and the Netherlands, the spring generation visits Crataegus and Ranunculus, and the summer generation most often visits Calluna (Reemer et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019).    The larvae live just beneath the surface of semi-liquid mud enriched by peat, in the vicinity of plant roots, in almost-standing water (Ball et al. 2011, Maibach et al. 1994, Speight 2020).","In most parts of Europe, the wet habitats of this species are negatively impacted by decreases in groundwater tables and surface waters, and nitrogen deposition. They are also threatened by habitat alteration and drought caused by climate change, and possibly by pesticides filtrating from agricultural lands.",There are no conservation plans in place for this species. The most urgent conservation actions are protection and restoration of nutrient-poor species-rich wet to dry meadows and small natural water-bodies with good water quality and natural watersides in the vicinity. Research and monitoring are also needed to better understand its ecology and population trends.,The species is not utilised.,"Varga, Z. & Obreht Vidakovic, D.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Melanogaster,curvistylus,,Melanogaster curvistylus,"Vujić and Stuke, 1998",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)   This European endemic is Endangered because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km2 (24 in the EU27), and the population is severely fragmented. It has only been only recorded from seven sites, five of them in EU27, all with only a very few specimens, and it is now probably extinct in Serbia (A.Vujić, pers. comm. 2021). Its habitat is under threat and is declining due to agricultural pollution, climate change and change of water management.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe. It has been recorded from Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Serbia (Vujić and Stuke 1998, Mielczarek 2010, Tóth 2011, 2014, Heimburg 2018, Vujić et al. 2018) and Kursk (part of the Russian Federation) (W. van Steenis, pers. comm. 2021). It is probably extinct in Serbia (Vujić et al. 2001). Its population is severely fragmented. The extent of occurrence (EOO) both in Europe and the EU27 countries is large. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km2 in Europe, and 24 km2 in the EU27.","All records are of single specimens, which means that the few existing subpopulations are probably  very small. The population trend is unknown. The species is considered to be severely fragmented because the seven specimens were registered far from each other, and it is doubtful whether the subpopulations could interact.","The species is found close to standing or slow-flowing water bodies in humid river floodplain forests or open grasslands (Vujić and Stuke 1998, Mielczarek 2010, Tóth 2011, Heimburg 2018, Speight 2020). The adults were swept from herbaceous vegetation in Poland (Mielczarek 2010). The larvae live in small fresh water-bodies with decaying vegetation.","Although no threats are given in literature, this species is probably threatened due to its very small, widely scattered subpopulations in habitats that are prone to deterioration because of climate change, abstraction of ground and surface water, and pollution from agriculture.","No conservation actions are in place for this species. Research and monitoring are needed to understand better its ecology and population trends.       It is strictly protected in Serbia (protected by national law Code of Regulations on the Declaration and Protection of Strictly Protected and Protected Wild Species of Plants, Animals and Fungi (Official Gazette of RS, No. 5/2010, 47/2011, 32/2016 and 98/2016)). In Germany, it is listed as Critically Endangered (Ssymank et al. 2011).",The species is not used.,"Andric, A., Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.","Vujić, A., Ssymank, A. & Pennards, G.W.A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Melanogaster,hirtella,,Melanogaster hirtella,"Loew, 1843",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Although this species shows some decline in numbers and is threatened by the spread of monocultural grasslands created for dairy farming, drainage and climate change, it does not seem to decline in its distribution. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for  the application of any threatened category. Therefore, the species is assessed as Least Concern both in the EU27 countries and in Europe.",Decreasing,"This is a very widespread species in western Europe. It occurs in the north in Ireland and southern Sweden, in the east in Latvia, western Poland, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria, southwards to Portugal, Spain and north Italy. Although Barkalov and Mutin (2018) record the species from European Russia, no records have been found to confirm this listing. It is also present in Bulgaria.  This is very much an Atlantic species. It is very widespread and abundant along the western seaboard of the continent from Denmark to Brittany, but otherwise rather localised and increasingly scarce into central and southern Europe (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.   Outside of Europe, it is also recorded in the Asian part of Turkey.","In humid meadows in the Atlantic part of Europe, this is one of the most abundant species. It is often found in very large numbers. However, it is much less numerous in the eastern and southern parts of its distribution (Speight 2020). In some parts of Europe, there are some signs of a decrease in both population size and distribution (Ball et al. 2011, Reemer et al. 2009).","This species occurs in wetland, fen, marsh, poorly-drained pasture and a wide range of waterside situations, such as along woodland streams or field drains, beside lakes, ponds and rivers, up to the altitude of Picea forest (Speight 2020). It also appears in all kinds of moist open or forested areas as marshes, ditch sides and humid flower-rich meadows (Barkemeyer 1994, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Reemer et al. 2009).   The adults are mostly found in the vicinity of standing or running water, flying among field-layer vegetation and settling on leaves or flowers. The males hover above or between low vegetation. In spring, the species is often abundant on flowering shrubs further away from water. It is mostly seen on Ranunculus, but also visiting white umbellifers, Caltha, Crataegus, Euphorbia, Iris pseudacorus, Menyanthes, Mimulus guttatus, Potentilla erecta, Prunus avium, Pyrus communis, Sorbus aucuparia, Taraxacum and Viburnum opulus (Ball et al. 2011, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020).     The eggs are deposited in clusters on the underside of vegetation growing above water. The aquatic larvae penetrate roots with their hind spiracles. They get oxygen from the roots of plants such as Caltha palustris, Glyceria and Typha. They live in banks of ditches and streams, rich in organic matter, close to the water surface. The pupae live attached on plants just above the water level (Ball et al. 2011, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Hartley 1961, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020).","Although this species suffers from the same threats as other Melanogaster species, such as abstraction of surface and groundwater, and agro-industry grazing by livestock resulting in vast areas with no other plants than some grass species, and the total numbers show clear declines in some countries, it seems that the species is still as widespread globally as before.","There are no conservation plans in place for this species. The most important conservation measures to maintain it at  its present distribution and numbers is to restore wet, species-rich meadows  in all parts of Europe where there is agro-industrial dairy farming.  This would ensure that it has suitable habitat throughout its  area of occurrence. Research and monitoring are also needed to understand its ecology and population trends better.",The species is not utilised.,"Nève, G. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Melanogaster,jaroslavensis,,Melanogaster jaroslavensis,"(Stackelberg, 1922)",,Yes,EN,,No,NA,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)  Melanogaster jaroslavensis is a widespread, but very rare species. It lives in wet, nutrient-poor meadows close to forest and rivers, a habitat sensitive to human alteration and therefore it is very likely that the species habitat is threatened. The subpopulations are very far apart, so the distribution is considered to be severely fragmented. There has been quite a lot of collecting in this part of Russia in the second part of the 20th century, so the very low number of records is not caused by lack of collecting effort. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 32 km2. Therefore, the species is assessed as Endangered in Europe, while it is considered Not Applicable for EU27 Member States as it does not occur in these countries.",Unknown,"This a European endemic, recorded from European Russia (Komi, Kirov, Perm, Leningrad, Moscow, Yaroslavl and Voronez regions) and northeastern Ukraine (Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Pestov and Dolgin 2006, Pestov et al. 2010, Popov et al. 2020; database of A. Barkalov 2019, Zoological Museum of Moscow State University collection listed by J. van Steenis). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than the values for the application of a threatened category. The area of occupancy (AOO) is difficult to calculate because there are only regional listings of some Russian regions and just one record for the other regions. The minimum number of localities from Russia will be seven and there is only one known locality in Ukraine. With eight localities, the minimum AOO is 32 km2.","There are only a few localities where the species is found. Both at the type locality and at the Ukraine locality, several specimens were collected on different days. Three males and seven females were collected at the type locality over six different days in 1907 and 1908. At the Ukrainian locality, two males and two females were collected on two different days in 2018 (Popov et al. 2020). The populations are probably far apart, but rather large at healthy sites. The population trend is unknown.","The preferred environments are alluvial forests and wet meadows in the vicinity of rivers. In the Sumy Region (Ukraine), all specimens were collected on a floodplain near the edge of an Alnus glutinosa forest. The visited flowers are Ranunculus, Caltha, and Barbarea. The adults fly in May in the southern parts of the range, and in June in the northern parts (Popov et al. 2020).     The larva is unknown (Popov et al. 2020), but probably lives in nutrient-rich or well-vegetated freshwater bodies close to the shore.","This species is threatened by forest management, intensification of meadow use (increasing grazing by livestock and use of fertilisers) and human alterations of rivers.",There are no conservation plans in place for this species. The most important conservation measure would be to protect the sites and habitats where it occurs. Research and monitoring are also needed to understand its ecology and population trends.,The species is not used.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, W. & van Steenis, J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Melanogaster,nigricans,,Melanogaster nigricans,"(Stackelberg, 1922)",,No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii)",No,CR,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessments: Vulnerable (VU)  EU27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)    This European endemic is very rare in the European Union, with only one record from Romania. Wetlands are threatened in Romania, and there is a decline in the quality of its habitat. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are 4 km2. Thus, the species is listed as Critically Endangered within the EU27 countries.   In Europe, the species is a bit more widespread in Ukraine and European Russia, where it has around 150 localities. However, it is still quite rare, with an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of 600 km2. It also has severely fragmented subpopulations. In addition, the habitat of the species is threatened by changes in the surface water  levels that alter wet meadows into dry ones, and in the  decrease or even disappearance of the breeding sites. Overgrazing by  livestock and use of fertilisers in the nutrient-poor, species-rich  meadows where adults feed, leads to these habitats becoming unsuitable. Therefore, this species is classified as Vulnerable in Europe.",Decreasing,"According to Speight (2020), this species is recorded from Albania, Romania, parts of European Russia (Ryazan region) and Ukraine (both mainland and Crimea) (Peck 1988, Stanescu and Parvu 2005, G. Popov pers. comm. 2021). There is also a record from Greece, but this requires confirmation (Vujić et al. 2020). A Lithuanian record (Pakalniskis et al. 2006) is far from the known distribution, and until this specimen is checked, its presence in Lithuania is considered to be uncertain (W. van Steenis pers. comm. 2021). Although recorded from North Macedonia (Glumac 1968) and Albania (Dirickx 1994), these records are considered to be unreliable (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020): according to Vujic, the species is not found in Albania and North Macedonia. Therefore, these countries are excluded from this assessment. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 825,579 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 600 km2. In the EU27, the species has only one locality in Romania, so both the EOO and the AOO are 4 km2 here.  Outside the range of this assessment, but within Europe, the species is also recorded from Karbardino-Balkari in the Russian part of the Caucasus Mountains (Goguzokov 2003).","There is no information on the population size or trend, but it seems to be decreasing because in most countries there are only old records of this species. In Ukraine, it is a common species in some areas (G. Popov pers. comm. 2021).","The species prefer wetlands and freshwater. It occurs close to both standing and running water bodies (pools, lakes, streams, rivers), in humid grassland, marsh and fen (G. Popov pers. comm. 2021, Speight 2020).","The habitat of the species is threatened by changes in the surface water levels that result in wet meadows becoming dry ones, and in the decrease or even disappearance of the breeding sites. Overgrazing by livestock and use of fertilisers in the nutrient-poor species-rich meadows where adults feed, leads to these habitats becoming unsuitable.","There are no conservation plans in place for this species. The most important conservation action would be to protect the areas,  sites, and habitats where it occurs. This includes the  maintenance of both the wet, nutrient-poor, species-rich meadows and the  natural waters used for reproduction.  Research and monitoring are also needed to understand better its ecology and population trends.",The species is not used.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Melanogaster,nuda,,Melanogaster nuda,"(Macquart, 1829)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   Although there is some reduction in its habitat and occurrence, for instance in the Netherlands and in France (Reemer et al. 2009, Speight et al. 2020), this species still has a large distribution in Europe and can be very abundant  in a healthy habitat, and hence the European population is still very numerous. In addition, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category. Therefore, the species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the European Union.",Decreasing,"This species occurs from south Sweden (Skåne) and Latvia, south to northern Spain, France, Italy and Greece, and to the east in European Russia (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.  Outside of Europe, it is also present in the Asian part of Turkey and in Syria (Speight 2020).","This species has a large distribution in Europe and can be very abundant in a healthy habitat, so the European population will be very numerous. However, there is some reduction in the habitat and occurrence, for instance in the Netherlands and in France (Reemer et al. 2009, Speight et al. 2020), so the overall population trend is considered to be decreasing.","This species prefers open, moist areas such as marshes and humid grasslands, preferably on base-rich soil, and less on acidic soils (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Speight 2020). It is less common in fertilised grasslands than Melanogaster hirtella (Reemer et al. 2009). The adults fly within a metre or so from the ground through and over fens and wet meadows, or around pasture vegetation in the vicinity of standing water. It is easily swept on dull days, and visits Caltha, Carex, Chaerophyllum, Crataegus, Crepis and Ranunculus (Bartsch et al. 2009, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020).    Larvae have been found in water or mud, close to plant roots, often in banks of ditches and streams (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Maibach et al. 1994, Speight 2020).","Although very abundant, this species will suffer from lower groundwater tables and surface water levels, from habitat alteration, pesticides, and from habitat change and droughts due to climate change.","There is no conservation plan in place for this species. The most important conservation action is the protection of the habitat, both inside and outside protected areas. The negative impact of modern agriculture on its habitat is immense. These effects include the lowering water tables, eutrophication of ditches and other small waters by ammonium deposition and nutrient run off, deterioration of species-rich meadows and watersides due to fertiliser use and nutrient run-off, and the risks of pesticides spreading into natural areas. It is therefore clear that this species would benefit strongly from a Europe-wide agriculture that has space for nature within agricultural areas and does not have negative effects on the local and regional environment. Research and monitoring are also needed to understand better its ecology and population trends.",The species is not used.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Melanogaster,parumplicata,,Melanogaster parumplicata,"(Loew, 1840)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    This species is classified as Vulnerable in Czechia and as Endangered in Germany (Mazánek and Barták 2004, Ssymank et al. 2011). In the Balkan Peninsula (both Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro) it is considered to be threatened (Vujić et al. 2001). It has a rather restricted range in Europe. Although threats are not known, it is likely that climate change and intensification of land use will have a negative impact now and in the future. However, it still likely to have a much larger area of occupancy (AOO) than 2,000 km2 and a population decline of 20% in the next 10 years seems unlikely. Therefore, the species is classified as Least Concern both for Europe and for the European Union.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe. It is recorded from Norway, Sweden, southern Finland (Åland), Denmark, Poland, Germany, Belgium, the French Jura, the Alps (France), Czechia, Slovakia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Romania (Torp 1994, Vujić 1999, Holinka and Mazanek 1997, Stănecu and Părvu 2005, Bartsch et al. 2009, Nielsen and Gammelmo 2017, Bot and van de Meutter 2019, Speight 2020). Although Speight (2020) places the species in Switzerland as well, no Swiss records have been found, and hence this is not taken into account in this assessment. The range size parameters in both Europe and the EU27 are likely to be greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.",There is no information about the population size or trend.,"Melanogaster parumplicata lives in wetland habitats mostly in calcareous areas, close to water bodies in river-floodplain grasslands or meadows, and also close to alluvial forests (Bartsch et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Speight 2020). The adults visit umbellifers, Bunias, Caltha, Crataegus, Prunus spinosa, Ranunculus, Rhamnus cathartica and Taraxacum (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2020).     The larvae are unknown. However, they are very likely to live in freshwater, close to the shore, in vegetation or roots of plants.","There are no specific direct threats known for this species. However, the negative impact of modern agriculture on the habitat of the species is immense, so this could be having an impact on the species, but further research is required. Climate change could also potentially have an impact.","There is no conservation plan in place for this species. The most important conservation action is protection of the habitat, both inside and outside protected areas. The negative impact of modern agriculture on the habitat of the species  is immense. These effects include the lowering of water tables,  eutrophication of ditches and other small waters by ammonium deposition  and nutrient run off, deterioration of species-rich meadows and  watersides due to fertiliser use and nutrient run-off, and the risks of  pesticides spreading into natural areas. It is therefore clear that this  species would benefit strongly from a Europe-wide agriculture that has space  for nature within agricultural areas and does not have negative effects  on the local and regional environment. Research and monitoring are also  needed to understand better its ecology and population trends.",The species is not used.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Melanogaster,tumescens,,Melanogaster tumescens,"(Loew, 1873)",,No,DD,,No,NA,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)  The species is described from Saratov (Russia) and recorded from  Transcaucasia (Peck 1988), but its taxonomic status is unclear (Barkalov and  Mutin 2018, Mengual et al. 2020). Since it is not even clear whether it is a good species, nor where the material that the description was based on originated, it is classified as Data Deficient. Further research is needed to establish its status and ecology.",Unknown,"The species was described from Saratov (South European Russia) and recorded from Transcaucasia (Peck 1988), but its taxonomic status is unclear (Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Mengual et al. 2020), resulting in uncertainty over its distribution.",Nothing is known about the population size or trend.,"There is no information about the habitat preferences of this species. The specimens referred by Kassebeer (1999) as Melanogaster tumescens were borrowed from the Zoological  Museum of the University of Tel Aviv  through Dr. Ä. Freidberg, and nothing is known about their origin.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"Since nothing is known about this species, it is not possible to establish its conservation needs. Further research is needed to establish its status and ecology.",The species is not used.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Melanostoma,certum,,Melanostoma certum,"Haarto and Ståhls, 2014",This species has been recently described (Haarto and Ståhls 2014) and many labelled specimens of Melanostoma in collections all over Europe should be revised to understand the actual distribution of this species.,Yes,LC,,No,DD,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is so far restricted in Europe to Scandinavia, where it is catalogued as Least Concern in both the Finnish and Swedish National Red Lists. The taxonomic status of this species was clarified recently (Haarto and Ståhls 2014) and its area of occupancy at the European/EU27 (currently estimated at 180/156 km2) may warrant revision following further research. Although it is known from a fairly low number of locations (15 in Europe/10 in the EU27) defined by exposure to declines in habitat quality due to overgrazing and climate change, M. certum might be present in a much higher number of locations in Scandinavia and present even in nearby European states. Thus, following the Scandinavian national Red Lists, M. certum is regarded as Least Concern (LC) in the present assessment. More research is needed to clearly define the taxonomy of the species.",Unknown,This European endemic species is so far known only from Scandinavia. According to Haarto and Ståhls (2014) this species occurs in northern Europe north of 68 °N.,There is no information on the population size and trend for this species. Only ten specimens were collected in Finland.,"Melanostoma certum occurs in open ground: unimproved, humid montane and alpine grassland and moor (palsa mire) (Van Steenis and Zuidhoff 2013). Adults flight from June to July, and August at higher elevations. It has been recorded visiting the flowers of the following plants: Carex spp., Potentilla erecta, Ranunculus. The larva is not described (Speight 2018).",The main threat to this species is habitat loss (both in quantity and quality) due to overgrazing. Climate change may also pose a threat to this species mainly found in Scandinavia.,"Melanostoma certum is not subject to any targeted conservation action. In the 2019 Finland National Red List the species is considered Least Concern (LC). In Sweden and Norway this species it is also regarded as Least Concern and additional monitoring is needed to better understand the population trends and distribution, ecology, and impacts of potential threats. Research is needed to clearly define the taxonomy of the species.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which are suspected to be aphids.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.","Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Melanostoma,incompletum,,Melanostoma incompletum,"Becker, 1908",,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This species is restricted to three islands (Tenerife, La Palma and Gomera) in the Canary Islands, Spain. It is listed as Endangered because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 104 km2, the extent of occurrence is low (6,043 km2), the number of locations is 4-7 and it is estimated that there is a continuing decline in the quality and extent of its habitat. Further research is needed into the population size and trends and its ecological requirements, and to understand better the threats affecting the species. This assessment takes a precautionary approach and presumes the species is considered to occur at five or fewer locations defined by threats from fire, tourist development and overgrazing by goats, and consequently lists this species as Endangered.",Unknown,"Melanostoma incompletum is endemic to the Canary Islands, Spain, where it occurs on Tenerife, La Palma and Gomera islands (Báez 1977, Leclercq 1975, Ricarte and Marcos García 2017, Burt and Mengual 2018). Based on known records its area of occupancy has been estimated at 104 km2.","There is no information about population size and trends. There have been around 200 specimens collected so far. The majority of specimens were collected in Tenerife island (from 1913 to 1974), followed by La Palma and Gomera (from the latter of which only 4 specimens were collected in 1974). Most records are historic; recent records are represented only by a specimen from Tenerife in 2013 and new material collected from La Palma in 2017. Even though Báez (1977) studied the hoverflies of all the Canary Islands, M. incompletum was not found in the eastern islands. New surveys are needed to confirm the absence of this species from the eastern islands.","There is very little information about the habitat and ecology of this species. The climate is subtropical and the species has been found on flowers of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), on road verges and in gorges. The flight season is January to December. This species is suspected to be zoophagous (Burt and Mengual 2018).","This species is threatened by habitat destruction. Infrastructure development (mostly due to tourism) can be regarded as the major threat to the habitat of the species. Additional threats in some parts of the species range could include overgrazing by feral goats, tourism related activities, and increasing fire risk as a result of climate change.","Melanostoma incompletum is not subject to any protection or conservation action. Known localities on all three islands occur within Natura 2000 sites and it is considered a 'Safe Native' species (Canary Islands Biodiversity Data Bank). Additional monitoring is needed to better understand the habitat requirements, population trends and impacts of threats, and research is needed to clarify its ecology and identify suitable sites and resources that should be protected to benefit this species.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially. The species has been recorded from fennel and so may have a potential role in crop pollination, but the rarity of this species makes its commercial exploitation difficult.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.","Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Melanostoma,mellarium,,Melanostoma mellarium,"(Meigen, 1822)","This species is similar to Melanostoma scalare. It is separable from it using the characters provided by Haarto and Ståhls (2014), but prior to this work the two species are likely to have been confused.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment:  Least Concern (LC)  This species is assessed as Least Concern globally due to having a wide range across northern Europe and because no major threats have been identified, although it is relatively rare. In the EU27, this species is also Least Concern due to having a wide range across northern Europe although it is relatively rare.",Unknown,"The geographic range of this species is uncertain due to confusion with other species until recently, but it presently appears to be endemic to Europe. Confirmed records are from Norway, Sweden, Finland, southern France, Luxembourg (Speight 2018), and Spain (Ricarte and Marcos Garcia 2017). There are unpublished records from various parts of the Alps (not mapped), the Pyrenees and Ireland (Speight 2018).",There is no information about the population size and trends for this species in Europe. although it appears to be relatively rare. The majority of specimens were collected in Finland.,"Melanostoma mellarium occurs in forests (Fagus/Picea, Abies, Picea and Larix forests) and montane and unimproved grasslands. Adults fly from June to July visiting flowers of Euphorbia and Ranunculus. The larva is undescribed (Speight 2018).",There are no specific threats identified for this species.,There are no conservation actions known for this species. Research to confirm the distribution of the species and understand the population trend and life history is needed.,"This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which are suspected to be aphids.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Melanostoma,mellinum,,Melanostoma mellinum,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This species is listed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27 Member States because it is widespread and abundant in many habitat types and occurs in many countries, and appears not to be subject to major threats.",Unknown,"This is a widespread species that occurs in Europe from Iceland and Scandinavia to the Iberian Peninsula and the Mediterranean, and from Ireland eastwards through most of Europe into European parts of Russia (Speight 2018).  Besides Europe Melanostoma mellinum occurs in Siberia (from the Urals to the Pacific coast), North Africa and North America (from Alaska to Quebec and south to Washington) (Speight 2018).",There is no estimate of the population size for this species because it is very abundant and widespread in Europe and other continents. This species' population could be affected by changes in agricultural practices (e.g. intensity of mowing/grazing and/or use of pesticides and fertilizers) due to the tendency of this species to occur in croplands.,"Melanostoma mellinum occurs in many types of habitats such as open country, grassland and heathland, plus grassy clearings and tracksides in woodland. It also occurs in most types of farmland, including arable crops and ""improved"" pasture, in suburban gardens and parks and along firebreaks and tracks in conifer plantations (Speight 2018). The larva is described and figured by Dušek and Laska (1960), and is aphid-feeding.",This is one of the commonest hoverfly species in Europe and seems not to be subject to major threats.,There are no threats identified for this species and conservation actions are unnecessary at this point.,"This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which include aphid crop pests (Rojo et al. 2003).","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Melanostoma,scalare,,Melanostoma scalare,"(Fabricius, 1794)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and for the EU27 Member States because it is widespread and abundant in many habitat types and many countries, and is not subject to major threats.",Unknown,"Melanostoma scalare is widespread in Europe. It occurs from Iceland and Scandinavia to the Iberian peninsula, in the Mediterranean Basin. It also ranges from Ireland eastwards through most of Europe into European parts of Russia.   Besides Europe this species occurs in Siberia (from the Urals to the Pacific coast (Kuril Isles), in North Africa and eastern parts of the Afrotropical region south to Zimbabwe; and throughout the Oriental region to New Guinea (Speight 2018).",There is no estimate of the population size for this species because it is very abundant and widespread in Europe and other continents.,"Melanostoma scalare occurs in both coniferous and deciduous forests (mainly humid and mesophilus). It is largely anthropophilic species, occurring in gardens, parks and along hedges. Adults fly from march to September visiting flowers of: Graminae, umbellifers, Allium ursinum, Arbutus unedo, Caltha, Cosmos, Euphorbia, Ilex, Leontodon, Plantago, Prunus spinosa, Ranunculus, Rosa, Salix repens, Taraxacum, Verbascum, and Veronica (Speight 2018). The larva is described and figured by Dušek and Láska (1959).",This is one of the commonest hoverfly species in Europe and seems to be subject to no threats.,"Melanostoma scalare is not subject to any targeted conservation action because it is widely distributed. However, the apparent preference of this species for forest (Hadrava in litt.) makes desirable the monitoring of its populations to understand the effects of changes in forest management on this species.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which include aphid crop pests (Rojo et al. 2003).","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Melanostoma,wollastoni,,Melanostoma wollastoni,"Wakeham-Dawson, Franquinho-Aguiar, Smit, McCullough and Wyatt, 2004",,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This species is endemic to Madeira, Portugal. It is assessed as Endangered in Europe because the area of occupancy (AOO) based on known records is 56 km2, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is low (412 km2), it is considered to occur in 3-5 locations based on tourism related activities and increased risk of fires, and there is an estimated continuing decline in habitat extent and quality and potentially in the area of occupancy.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Madeira Island in Portugal (Wakeham-Dawson et al. 2004, Speight 2018). The area of occupancy (AOO) based on known records is 56 km2 and the extent of occurrence is 412 km2.",There is no information about population trends. This species is known from a total of 84 specimens collected over more than 160 years (from 1855 to 2002).,"Melanostoma wollastoni occurs in endemic to laurisilva and Erica forest (and to a lesser degree Acacia/Eucalyptus plantation forests), and cloud heath-forest (Vaccinio - Sibthorpietum association) (Wakeham-Dawson et al. 2004; J.T. Smit pers. comm. to M. Speight in Speight 2018). The flight period is from March to November. Adults visit flowers of Ranunculus and species from the families Asteraceae and Apiaceae (Wakeham-Dawson et al. 2004). The larva is not described (Speight 2018).",This species is threatened by habitat destruction. Infrastructure development (mostly due to tourism) can be regarded as the major threats to the habitat of the species. Tourism-related activities and increasing fire risk as a result of climate change may also pose a threat to the species.,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species. Additional monitoring is needed to better understand the population trends and impacts of threats, and to identify suitable protection measures.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially. It has a potential use in pest control of the presumed larval prey insects and in crop pollination due to its larval trophic habits and behaviour of adults, respectively, but its scarcity makes commercial exploitation difficult.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.","Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Meliscaeva,auricollis,,Meliscaeva auricollis,"(Meigen, 1822)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This species does not meet the criteria for threatened categories in Europe or in the EU27 Member States. It is a widespread species, present in many habitats, and with large populations in most countries where it has been recorded. There are no specific threats identified for this species. Therefore, the species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and for the EU27 Member States.",Unknown,"Meliscaeva auricollis occurs in Europe from Fennoscandia and the Faroes to Iberia. It is also present in the Mediterranean (including Cyprus, Malta and Crete) and the Canary Islands, and from Ireland eastwards through most of Europe into European parts of Russia (Speight 2018).  Outside Europe it is known from North Africa, Turkey and Israel (Speight 2018).","There is no estimate of the population size for this species because it is very abundant and widespread in Europe and other continents. Nonetheless, studies on population trends in nature should be conducted to monitor possible changes in population size due to changes in forest management.","Meliscaeva auricollis occurs in different types of forests (both deciduous, broad-leaved evergreen and coniferous) and conifer plantations. Adults fly from March to October visiting flowers of white umbellifers, Arbutus unedo, Chaerophyllum, Euonymus, Euphorbia, Filipendula, Hedera, Rubus, Salix, Sarrothamnus, Sorbus, Viburnum opulus (Speight 2018). The larva and puparium are described and figured in colour by Dussaix (2013).",This is very common hoverfly species in Europe and seems to be subject to no threats.,There are no specific conservation actions in place or needed for this species.,"This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which include aphid crop pests (Rojo et al. 2003).","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Meliscaeva,cinctella,,Meliscaeva cinctella,"(Zetterstedt, 1843)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species does not meet the criteria for threatened categories in Europe/EU27. It is a widespread species, present in many habitats, and with large subpopulations in most countries where recorded. There are no specific threats identified for this species. Therefore, the species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and for the EU27 Member States.",Unknown,"Meliscaeva cintella is widespread through Europe. It occurs from Scandinavia to Iberian peninsula, the Mediterranean and from Ireland eastwards through most of Europe into European parts of Russia.  This species also occurs in Siberia from the Urals to the Pacific coast (Kuril Isles). Besides Europe and Asia, Meliscaeva cinctella also occurs in North Africa, North America from Alaska south to California and Colorado (Speight 2018).","There is no estimate of population size for this species because it is very abundant and widespread in Europe and other continents. Nonetheless, studies on population trends in nature should be conducted to monitor possible changes in population sizes due to climate change.","Meliscaeva cinctella occurs in forest and scrub, both deciduous and coniferous and conifer plantations. This species is to a significant extent anthropophilic, occurring also in hedgerows and suburban gardens and parks. Adults fly from April to September visiting flowers of white umbellifers, Acer pseudoplatanus, Crataegus, Euphorbia, Ilex, Juncus, Ligustrum, Lonicera periclymenum Origanum vulgare, Polygonum cuspidatum, Potentilla erecta, Prunus spinosa, Ranunculus, Rhododendron, Rubus fruticosus, R. idaeus, Salix, Sambucus, Senecio jacobaea, Solidago virgaurea, Sorbus aucupareia, and Taraxacum. The larva is aphidophagous (Speight 2018).",This is one of the most common hoverfly species in Europe and seems to be subject to no threats.,There are no specific conservation actions in place or needed for this species.,"This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which include aphid crop pests (Rojo et al. 2003).","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,aberrans,,Merodon aberrans,"Egger, 1860",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species prefers unimproved, calcareous montane grassland and patchily-vegetated, herb-rich open areas within the fir (Abies) forest zone, in the Alps and Pyrenees. At lower altitudes, this species also occurs in warm and dry (thermophilous) Balkan Oak (Quercus) forest, in southeastern Europe. The adults visit the flowers of Apiaceae.   The area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are above the thresholds for threatened species in Europe and the EU27. It has been found in many localities. The continuous decline of the quality of its habitats, and the conversion of forest areas could be possible threats to this species. Although, it is widely distributed through Central and Southern Europe, further research on this species is needed, especially regarding its biology and ecology.",Unknown,"In Europe and the EU27, this species is widely distributed in the mountains of Central and southern Europe. It is present throughout Central Europe, from Germany, the Czech Republic and the Alps (France, Switzerland, Austria) to Hungary and Romania and to Ukraine. In southern Europe it exists from the mountainous parts of Italy, Albania, the Balkans and Greece, including some Mediterranean islands, such as Crete. The data for Portugal and Spain have not been checked (Mengual et al. 2020, Speight 2020, A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). The area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are above the thresholds in Europe and the EU27 to be considered as a threatened species.  This species also occurs in southern Russia and Georgia and its range reaches Turkey and the southeastern Mediterranean (Lebanon, Israel). The data for Morocco have not been checked (Mengual et al. 2020, Speight 2020, A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","In Europe, there are numerous subpopulations of this species. There is no information about population size and trend for this species, but it seems to be stable.","This species prefers unimproved, calcareous montane grassland and patchily-vegetated, herb-rich open areas within the fir (Abies) forest zone, in the Alps and Pyrenees. At lower altitudes, it also occurs in warm dry (thermophilous) Balkan oak (Quercus) forest in southeast Europe. The adults visit the flowers of Apiaceae. The flight period is from May to July and in August at higher altitudes. The host plant and immature stages are unknown (Speight 2020).","The possible threats to this species are related to human activities, such as deforestation, logging, agriculture, and urbanisation.","Some point localities of this species are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and the Natura 2000 network, for example, in the Nature Park Velebit in Croatia, Pindus and Olympus National Parks in Greece, National Park Durmitor in Montenegro, National Park Mavrovo in North Macedonia, in Serbia National Parks Fruška gora and Đerdap, and in Natural Park Vršačke planine.    The growing levels of urbanisation, logging and agriculture constantly escalate the degradation of forest and grassland and the disturbance of the habitats of this species, and so a continuous management of sites in protected areas is needed.  It is very important to increase awareness about this species. Further research is needed on its biology and ecology, and further monitoring of its population and habitat trends are required.",This species is not utilised.,"Varga, Z. & Andric, A.","Radenković, S. & Milić, D.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,abruzzensis,,Merodon abruzzensis,"(van der Goot, 1969)",,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"The Abruzzi region in central Italy is the only known area where this European endemic species is known to occur, where it is found in the high mountains. The species habitats suffer from destruction by overgrazing (by livestock) (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). This species has not been recorded since 1960. We propose the monitoring of its population, as well as its habitat trend. Further research on its life history and ecology is also needed.   The area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2 and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 200 km2, both of them are below the thresholds for threatened categories. Based on the small geographic range of the species with only three locations based on the continuing decline of its habitat quality because of the intensive overgrazing by livestock, the species is assessed as Endangered.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, where it is restricted to the Abruzzo Mountains in central Italy (Vujić et al. 2012, Speight 2020). Despite intensive sampling, it does not seem to occur in northern Italy. However, it is possible that it is not restricted to the centre of Italy (D. Sommaggio pers. comm. 2020).","The population trend is unknown. This species has been observed in several point localities in National Park Gran Sasso and in one locality in Monte Sirente in the 1960s. The last records are from the 1960s, and no further sampling has been conducted since then.","This species prefers open ground. It occurs on grazed, unimproved, alpine and dry grasslands. The adults fly among stands of tall figwort (Scrophularia), which is unpalatable for cattle. The flight period is between July and early August. The developmental stages of this species have not been described (Speight 2020).","The main threat to the overall population is the habitat loss due to land conversion and poor management of habitats (overgrazing by livestock) (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). In some areas, the presence of millions of sheep grazing the grass during the summer is the most plausible threat.   Fires and tourism (i.e. the expansion of tourism infrastructure) can also have a negative impact on the population.   In other areas, land abandonment and land conversion are the main threats.   From 2012 to 2017, the Abruzzi Region (Gran Sasso National Park) implemented the LIFE+ PRATERIE project, which aimed to introduce grazing levels that allow the recovery of grasslands (D. Sommagio pers. comm. 2020). The impact of this project on hoverflies has not been assessed.","This species has been found in one national park (Gran Sasso and Monti della Laga National Park) and a regional park (Sirente-Velino). These belong to the Natura 2000 network. Although these areas are protected, grazing by livestock is still intensive (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). This activity should be controlled and maintained at sustainable levels in order to protect this species.    It has only been recorded in 1960. Additional monitoring of its population and habitat trends is needed. Additional research on its biology and ecology, as well as its population size and trend is required. It is essential to establish the exact host plant for the development of the larvae.    Introducing this endemic species to the National List of protected species, as well as increasing awareness about it, are also very important.",This species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Milić, D.","Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,adriaticus,,Merodon adriaticus,"Veselić, Vujić and Radenković, 2017",,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment:  Endangered (EN)   The Adriatic coast in Croatia and Montenegro is the only known area of Merodon adriaticus. It is a Mediterranean species and its habitats are increasingly destructed by tourism. Only five specimens in three localities have been recorded, although in Montenegro the species is considered Possibly Extinct since it has not been recorded there since 1997). It is considered to be likely that this species is endemic to this area. Based on the small geographic range of the species (the area of occupancy is 8-12 km2, the extent of occurrence is 45-1,127 km2) with only two (possibly three) locations based on the continuing decline of the habitat quality because of the intensive tourism, it is assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU27.  We propose the monitoring of its population, as well as the monitoring of the habitat trend. Further research on life history and ecology of this species is needed.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, with records from the Adriatic coast of Croatia and Montenegro (Veselić et al. 2017). Until now, it has been recorded only from three point localities (Veselić et al. 2017, Speight 2020). In Montenegro, the species has not been recorded since 1997, although surveys have been carried out systematically. Therefore, it can be considered as possibly extinct there. In Croatia, it was last recorded in 2017.   The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 45-1,127 km2, which is estimated based on a rough calculation (the distance between points and a rough width - 1 km) because only two point localities are confirmed and in the third it is possibly extinct; the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 8-12 km2 based on this rationale.","The population size and trend of this species is unknown. The locality in Montenegro may not be extant, and in Croatia it has been found in low numbers.","This species prefers Mediterranean scrub and evergreen Adriatic thermophilous oak (Quercus) forest. The adults are active during August. It occurs in coastal areas. The developmental stages are unknown (Veselić et al. 2017, Speight 2020). The host plant is also unknown.","The increasing tourism (and the expansion of tourism infrastructure), residential urbanisation and wine industry (expanding of vineyards), as well as the frequent  threats from fires during hot and dry summers constantly increase the  disturbance of the habitat and can have a negative impact on the population.","The range of this endemic Adriatic species belongs to a Mediterranean hot spot. The locality in Montenegro is situated in Boka-Kotorska Bay, which is included in the World Heritage UNESCO list.  In Croatia, both known localities are within protected areas of the Natura 2000 network (the Pelješac peninsula belongs to a Special Protection Area under the EU Birds Directive).  The increasing tourism and wine industry, as well as the frequent threats from fires during hot and dry summers constantly increases the disturbance of the habitats. Introducing this endemic species to the National Lists of protected species is very important, as well as increasing awareness about it. Further research on the biology of this phytophagous species is also needed, especially to reveal the host plant(s) necessary for its larval development. More monitoring of its population and habitat (Mediterranean scrubs and evergreen Adriatic forests) trends is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,aerarius,,Merodon aerarius,"Rondani, 1857",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This European endemic species is assessed as Least Concern both globally and for the EU27 Member States. While it has a relatively restricted area of occupancy (the regional area of occupancy (AOO) is 360 km2, in the EU27 it is 200 km2), it has a very large extent of occurrence (EOO): the regional EOO is 801,363 km2 and in the EU27 it is 801,363 km2. In addition, the number of locations, calculated based on the threat of logging, are above the threshold for threatened categories (45-55 in European levels and 20-25 in the EU27). Logging, infrastructure development and, to some extent, overgrazing by livestock and agricultural intensification are causing habitat destruction and threaten this species.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is known from records in Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, France (on the mainland and in Corsica), Italy (on the mainland and in Sardinia), Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia and Slovenia (Šašić Zorić 2018).   In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be 801,363 km2, and area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 360 km2. In the EU27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 801,363 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 200 km2.","There is no information on the population trend. In total, 792 specimens have been collected over the entire range of the species. The records from Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Slovakia and Romania are old (end of 19th and beginning of 20th century). The records from Croatia, France, Italy, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia are more up-to-date (second half of 20th century), distributed almost equally among these countries (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","This species prefers temperate broadleaved forests (mostly Quercus and Fagus forests). According to the available data, the flight period is from July to September. The developmental stages and the host plant are unknown.","Logging can be considered as the major threat to the habitat of this species. Other threats include overgrazing by livestock (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020), infrastructure development for tourism and agricultural intensification.","There are no known conservation actions targeting this species. Parts of its range occur within the Natura 2000 network. In Serbia and Montenegro, some point localities are within protected areas. Attempts should be made to collect new material from countries where only old records exist. Additional research on the possible threats, and on the ecology and population trend of this species is needed. Monitoring of the population and habitat is also required. Awareness should be raised about its importance.",This species is not utilised.,"Varga, Z. & Andric, A.","Janković, M. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,alagoezicus,,Merodon alagoezicus,"Paramonov, 1925",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN).  In Europe and the EU27, the species is only known in Greece, in areas that are increasingly destroyed by tourism. Fire and overgrazing by livestock can also negatively influence the population (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Based on the small area of occupancy (AOO) (32 km2) with only four locations based on tourism as the main threat, and because of the the continuing decline of the habitat quality, this species is assessed as Endangered in Europe. It is unlikely that populations from outside Europe would provide a rescue effect.  We propose the monitoring of the population, as well as the habitat trend. Further research on the life history and ecology of this species is also needed.",Unknown,"In Europe and the EU27, this species is known from eight localities in Greece  (on the mainland, on Samos Island and the Peloponnese Peninsula). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is moderate, at 40,853 km2, however, the area of occupancy (AOO), based on available records, is 32 km2.  Outside of Europe, the range extends through Anatolia (Turkey) to the Caucuses (Armenia) (Vujić et al. 2011, 2020; Speight 2020).",The population trend of this species is unknown. The specimens have been collected from eight point localities from 1982 to 2014 in Greece.,"This species prefers open ground, and wet, unimproved montane grasslands, mostly above 1500 metres. The adults visit and fly around flowers of Euphorbia species. (Vujić et al. 2011) and around stands of Apiaceae. They also settle on low-growing vegetation, often in partial shade. The flight period is from June to August. The developmental stages have not yet been described, and the host plant is unknown (Hurkmans and Hayat 1997, Speight 2020, Vujić et al. 2020).","In Greece, this species is under continuous threat, mainly from intensive tourism and its supporting infrastructure (transportation) both in the mountains (for example around ski centres) and on the islands (in the summer resorts); it is also threatened by overgrazing by livestock (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). In addition, fires are very frequent every summer on the Peloponnese Peninsula.","All subpopulations of this species live in protected areas designated by Natura 2000. The increasing tourism (around ski centres and summer resorts), frequent threats from fires during hot and dry summers, and overgrazing by livestock constantly increase disturbance of the habitats (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). This species would benefit from balanced levels of grazing. Introducing this species into the National Lists of protected species is very important, as well as increasing awareness about it. Further research on the population, threats and the biology of this phytophagous species is needed, especially to reveal the host plant species necessary for larval development. Monitoring the population size and trend is also required.",This species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,albifasciatus,,Merodon albifasciatus,"Macquart, 1842",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27-2020,,"This European endemic species is known from scattered records in Greece, coastal parts of Croatia, and northern peninsula Italy. It prefers Mediterranean maquis and forests (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020), and the adults visit flowers of Carlina, Dittrichia viscosa, and Drimia species (Vujić et al. 2018, 2020).  This species is assessed as Least Concern because while it has a relatively restricted  (56 km2) area of occupancy (AOO), its extent of occurrence (EOO) is large (368,678 km2), and the number of locations (based on fire as the major threat) are above the threshold (12). Fires, overgrazing by livestock and to some extent, infrastructure development are causing habitat destruction and threaten this species.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is known from Greece, on the Peloponnese peninsula, Crete, and on some Aegean islands such as the Cyclades, as well as in the coastal zone of southeastern Greece (Vujić et al. 2020, Speight 2020). It also exists in Croatia and Italy.    In Europe and the EU 27, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 368,678 km2, and its currently known area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km2.","There is no information about the population trend. A total of 36 specimens have been collected so far. Two specimens were collected in Croatia (one in 1983, one in 2014), one was collected in Italy (in 1986). The rest of the specimens are from Greece (between 1925 and 2018) (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","This species prefers Mediterranean maquis and forests (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). The flight period is in April and May, and in September and October. The adults visit flowers of Carlina, Dittrichia viscosa, and Drimia species (Vujić et al. 2018, 2020). The larva is unknown, but it is most probably associated with Drimia as host plant, possibly either Drimia numidica, or Drimia aphylla on East Aegean islands (Vujić et al. 2020).","The habitat of this species is threatened by fires, which are becoming more frequent and intense. Overgrazing by livestock is an additional threat, especially on Andros, Samos and Crete (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Infrastructure development (mostly due to tourism) can also harm the habitat of this species to some extent.","There are no ongoing conservation actions known for this species. Five point localities occur within the Natura 2000 network, and their protection should be implemented consistently. Research on its ecology, and population size and trend, as well as on the threats is needed. Areas where it occurs should be protected. Monitoring its population and habitat trends is also required.",This species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Janković, M. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,albifrons,,Merodon albifrons,"Meigen, 1822",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    This species is widely distributed in Central and Southern Europe. This species prefers open grounds, stony, unimproved, non-calcareous dry grasslands and open, tall-herb areas in deciduous and evergreen Quercus forests (Vujić et al. 2020). It also occurs on calcareous substrates in sweet chestnut forest, herb-rich meadows, and bushes below road and pine forests (Ricarte et al. 2012).   The area of occurrence (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are above thresholds for threatened category in Europe and EU27. A continuous decline in the quality of the habitat due to anthropogenic interference (for example deforestation, logging, agriculture, urbanization, tourism - especially on the Mediterranean coast) is possible. A lot of further research is needed about this species, especially on its biology and ecology, population size and trend.",Unknown,"This species is widely distributed in central and southern Europe. Its range extends to the east to Ukraine (Crimea), from central France south to the Mediterranean and  from western Spain eastwards through central (Switzerland, Austria, Hungary) and southern Europe (Sardinia, Sicily, Italy, the Balkans, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania) to Turkey (Speight 2020, A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). The area of occurrence (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are above the thresholds for threatened categories in Europe and EU27.  Out of the European region, the range extends to Anatolia (Turkey) and east Georgia and Azerbaijan, and to North Africa.",There are numerous subpopulations of this species in central and southern Europe. There is no information about the population size and trend.,"This species prefers open ground, stony, unimproved, non-calcareous dry grasslands and open, tall-herb areas in deciduous Quercus (Quercus  fraineto, Quercus  cerris, Q. pubescens) and evergreen Quercus (Q. coccifera, Q.ilex) forests (Vujić et al. 2020). It also occurs on calcareous substrates in sweet chestnut forests, herb-rich meadows, and bushes below road and pine forests (Ricarte et al. 2012).    The adults visit flowers of Urginea maritima (Standfuss and Claussen 2007), Chrysanthemum, Euphorbia, Helianthemum, Ranunculus, Scabiosa, Senecio, white-flowered Umbelliferae (Vujić et al. 2011), Leucanthemum, Ferula (Vujić et al. 2020) and Thymus (Speight 2020). The flight period is from the end of April until October (Vujić et al. 2020). The host plant and immature stages are not known (Speight 2020).",Possible threats include habitat degradation due to intense tourism on the Mediterranean coast and conversion of forest areas (logging) because of  infrastructure development (urbanization).,"Some point localities of this species are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and Natura 2000 network, such as the Natural Park Grazalema in Spain, Olympus National Park in Greece, National Park Durmitor in Montenegro, and the National Park Đerdap in Serbia.    The increasing tourism, urbanization, logging and agriculture can disturb the habitats of the species, so continuous management of sites in protected areas is needed. Raising awareness about this species is very important. Further research on its threats, biology and ecology is needed. More monitoring on population and habitat trends is also required.",This species is not utilised.,"Varga, Z. & Andric, A.","Radenković, S. & Milić, D.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,alexandri,,Merodon alexandri,"Popov, 2010",,Yes,VU,,No,NA,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)  Ukraine and southeast Russia are the only known areas of Merodon alexandri. Based on the small (80 km2) area of occupancy (AOO), which is below the threshold for threatened species, and because this species has about ten locations (based on forest fires as the main threat, caused by the war in eastern Ukraine), with a continuing decline of the habitat quality, this species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii)). The species is not present in the EU 27, and therefore it is Not Applicable in the EU 27 regional assessment.  The habitat of this oak forest species is threatened by war, fires and logging. We propose the monitoring of population, as well as the habitat trend. Further research on the life history and ecology of this species is needed. Increasing the percentage of protected areas and the awareness about this species is very important too.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is known from eastern Ukraine and southeastern parts of European Russia (Popov 2009, Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 164,030 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 80 km2.",The species has been recorded from several point localities (about ten in Ukraine and six in south-eastern Russia). It is a common species in Ukraine without annual fluctuations and with a stable subpopulation. The subpopulation trend in Russia is unknown.,"This species prefers forests and open ground, small open areas in humid Quercus robur forests and alluvial hardwood forests with Quercus  robur. The adults fly low over ground vegetation. The males exhibit territorial behaviour. They can visit flowers of Crataegus, Euphorbia, Fragaria, Ornithogalum fischeranum, and Stellaria holostea. The host plant is still unknown because larvae have not yet been found in natural conditions. The flight period is between May and June. The developmental stages are not described, but the larvae feed on bulbs of Hyacinthaceae in laboratory conditions (Popov 2009, Speight 2020).","The war in eastern Ukraine, which started in 2014, is the most plausible threat. The extent to which the war has had an impact on the subpopulations (possible degradation and fragmentation of habitats due to explosions that cause forest fires) is not known. Logging has a negative effect on the subpopulations in the European part of Russia.","Two point localities in Ukraine are in the Homilshanski Lisy NP and the Stanychno-Luhansky Nature Reserve, and two point localities in southeast Russia in the Les na Vorskle and Galichya Gora Nature Reserves.   Taking into consideration that the majority of recorded subpopulations have been found outside of protected areas, and that the quality of habitats are largely decreasing because of fires, war and logging, the species would benefit from restricting these activities. Additional research on its biology and ecology, as well as on the threats, habitat trend and population size and trend is required. Monitoring the population and habitat trends is also needed. Establishing the exact host plant for the development of the larvae is also necessary. Increasing the percentage of protected areas and the awareness about this species is very important too.",This species is not utilised.,"Varga, Z. & Andric, A.","Radenković, S., Milić, D. & Popov, G.","Popov, G.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,ambiguus,,Merodon ambiguus,"Bradescu, 1986",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  Within the European region, this species is distributed in southeastern Europe, in Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece. The species prefers mesophilous and thermophilous deciduous forests and unimproved grasslands with scrub. It occurs in track-sides and tall-herb open areas in Eastern thermophilous oak (Quercus) forests. The adults are extremely fast-flying and wary species, who are very difficult to catch with a hand net. They often appear at open areas and track-sides, where they fly mostly within one meter of the ground surface, around and through tall-herb vegetation and the foliage of the lowest branches of trees.    The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 52 km2, and it is 36 km2 in the EU27. Since it has a small area of occupancy (AOO), with only five locations based on the continuing decline of the habitat quality because of tourism, fire, and other threats, it is assessed as Endangered in Europe. There is no rescue effect of subpopulations from outside of the assessment region. Although its known localities occur within protected areas, they are largely under threat by tourism. We propose the monitoring of population, as well as the monitoring of the habitat trends. Further research on life history and ecology of this species is needed.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in southeastern Europe, with records from eastern Serbia, southwestern Romania, the Black Sea coast of Bulgaria and northeastern Greece (Vujić et al. 2018, 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 127,811 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 52 km2. Presence in the European part of Turkey is possible.  The range extends out of Europe to the Anatolia region of Turkey (Vujić et al. 2018, 2020).",The population trend and size are unknown. The species has been recorded from 11 point localities in four countries from 1977 to 2014.,"The species prefers mesophilous and thermophilous deciduous forests and unimproved grasslands with scrub. It occurs on the sides of tracks and tall-herb open areas in Eastern thermophilous oak (Quercus) forests.   The adults are extremely fast-flying and wary, very difficult to catch with a hand net. They often appear in open areas and at the sides of tracks, where they fly mostly within one meter of the ground surface, around and through tall-herb vegetation and the foliage of the lowest branches of trees.  It rests in the sun on the foliage of low branches or large-leaved herbs within one meter of the ground, or on the ground. It appears soon after the sun reaches the sides of the tracks in the morning, and disappears before midday.   In Greece, it has been recorded on the flowers of Polygonum. The flight period is from August or September to October. The developmental stages are not described and the host plant is unknown (Speight 2020, Vujić et al. 2020).","Tourism is the most plausible threat, but unsustainable commercial forestry and forest management also threaten the species. Wildfires are acknowledged as the major threats in the National Park Dadia in Greece (Catsadorakis et al. 2010), as well as in National Park Djerdap in Serbia.","All point localities where this species has been recorded in Greece, Bulgaria (Zlatni Pyasatsi Nature Park) and Romania belong to the Natura 2000 network. Additionally, the species is also found in National Park Djerdap in Serbia, as well in National Park Dadia in Greece. Although these areas are protected, tourism (namely the expansion of tourism infrastructure) presents a major threat and restricting these activities would benefit the species.   Additional research on possible threats, its biology and ecology, as well as on the habitat trend and population size and trend is required. Establishing the exact host plant for the development of the larvae of the species is crucial. In addition, its introduction to the National list of protected species, as well as increasing the awareness about this endemic species is very important.",This species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,analis,,Merodon analis,"Meigen, 1822",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    This European endemic species is distributed in the continental part of Central Europe and on the Balkan Peninsula. It is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU27 Member States because while the area of occupancy (AOO) is small (308 km2), the extent of occurrence (EOO) (767,702 km2) and the locations (60) are above the thresholds for the threatened categories. The number of locations is based on the possible degradation of its habitat due to logging, tourism and agriculture, which can be a threat for this endemic species. Further research on this species is needed, especially on its biology and ecology, population size and trend.",Unknown,"This European endemic species occurs from western to central Europe, including eastern and southeastern France, northern Italy, southern Germany, Austria, southern Czechia, and most of the Balkan Peninsula (Vujić et al. 2020). The southern-most record is in Serbia on the border with North Macedonia, and presence in North Macedonia is possible. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is 767,702 km2 and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 308 km2.","The population trend is unknown. In Europe and the EU 27, this endemic species has been recorded in the continental parts of several countries in central Europe, including northern Italy and most of the Balkan Peninsula. There are several point localities in Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy and Slovenia, and about 20 point localities in Serbia (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","The habitats cited by Speight (2020) for Merodon constans are also suitable for Merodon analis, because the continental populations of Merodon constans have been recently recognized as a separate species under the name of Merodon analis. The adults prefer forest and open ground, open grassy areas in, or adjacent to alluvial hardwood forests, or Quercus and Carpinus forests, as well as grassy open areas within humid Fagus or Abies forests. The adults visit flowers of white Apiaceae, Eryngium and Scabiosa. The immature stages are not described and the host plant is unknown. The flight period is from June to early September (Speight 2020, Vujić et al. 2020).","The possible threats are likely caused by anthropogenic interference, for instance tourism, logging and agriculture.","Some point localities of this species are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and the Natura 2000 network, such as the Plitvice Lakes National Park in Croatia, Podyji National Park in the Czech Republic, and National Parks Fruška gora and Kopaonik in Serbia. Increasing tourism, logging and agriculture constantly degrade forests and grasslands, and disturb the habitats. Increasing awareness about this species is very important. Further research is needed about its biology and ecology, as well as possible threats. Further monitoring of population and habitat trends is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Milić, D.","Mengual, X.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,andriotes,,Merodon andriotes,"Vujić, Radenković and Šašic, 2018",,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This species is endemic to Andros Island in the Greek Aegean. It is a Mediterranean species and its habitats are largely under threat by overgrazing, fire and tourism. We propose the monitoring of the population and habitat trend. Further research about the life history and ecology of this species is needed.   Based on the small geographic range of the species (the area of occupancy and the extent of occurrence are 12 km2, with only one location (based on overgrazing by livestock), and because of the continuing decline of its habitat quality due to intensive overgrazing by livestock, it is assessed as Critically Endangered (B1ab(iii)).",Unknown,"This European endemic species is restricted to eastern parts of the Aegean island of Andros in Greece (Radenković et al. 2018, Vujić et al. 2020). It is known from five localities, and all records are from 2012. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is measured at 9.5 km2 (but increased to 12 km2 to equal the AOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2.",The population trend is unknown.,"This species prefers Mediterranean maquis (Vujić et al. 2020). Similar to the other species of the Merodon luteomaculatus complex, it occurs in maquis and open areas in Mediterranean evergreen forests (Radenković et al. 2018). The adults of the species complex appear mainly in late summer or autumn (from August to October), visiting the flowers of Senecio, Inula, and Echinops ritro (Radenković et al. 2018). Adults of this species appear in October, and have been recorded visiting Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter (Vujić et al. 2020). The larval host plant is unknown.","Overgrazing by livestock is the most plausible threat (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Fire, tourism and road construction can also affect negatively the population.","The range of this endemic Aegean species belongs to a Mediterranean hotspot. It is found only on Andros island, which is one of the most important areas in Greece for seabirds and marine mammals. One locality is within a Natura 2000 protected area.  The increasing overgrazing by livestock, tourism, urbanization and frequent fires during hot and dry summers constantly increase the disturbance of its habitats (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). The species would benefit from restrictions of these activities and protection of site and habitat. Introducing it into the national lists of protected species, as well as increasing awareness about this endemic species are very important. Further research about possible threats, and about the biology of this phytophagous species is needed, especially to reveal the host plant species necessary for larval development. Additional monitoring of population and habitat trends is also needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,antonioi,,Merodon antonioi,"Marcos-García, Vujić and Mengual, 2007",,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"The Iberian Peninsula is the only known area that this species exists. It is an endemic Mediterranean species, and its habitats are largely under destruction by overgrazing (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Cork extraction and tourism also can negatively affect the quality of its habitat.   We propose the monitoring of the population, as well as the habitat trend. Further research on life history and ecology of this species is needed. Based on the small (16 km2) area of occupancy (AOO), with only four locations (based on overgrazing by livestock), and because of the continuing decline of the habitat quality due to intensive overgrazing, this species is assessed as Endangered (EN).",Unknown,"This European endemic species is known from southern Portugal and central and southwestern Spain (Marcos-García et al. 2007, Van Eck 2016, Speight 2020). The Spanish records are from 2004 and 2016, while the Portuguese record is from 2016. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 9083 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2.","The population trend is unknown. Until now, four subpopulations in Spain and Portugal have been recorded.","This species prefers forests with open ground and freshwater habitat. It occurs in open areas in riparian Fraxinus angustifolia forests along seasonal rivers (Marcos-Garcia et al. 2007), and in open areas in Pinus pinea forests (Van Eck 2016). Adults have been collected resting on the rocks of a dry river bed (Marcos-Garcia et al. 2007). In Portugal, the adults visited flowers of Dianthus broteri (Van Eck 2016). The flight period is during September and October. The developmental stages are not described (Speight 2020). The host plant is unknown.",The most plausible threat is overgrazing by livestock (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Cork extraction and tourism can also affect negatively the habitat where the species occurs.,"All point localities in Spain and Portugal belong to the Natura 2000 network, and one point locality is situated in the Cabañeros National Park in central Spain. Although these areas are protected, grazing by livestock is intense (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). This species would benefit from restriction of this activity, as well as stopping land conversion in its habitats. Additional research on its biology, ecology and possible threats is required, as well as the monitoring of the habitat trend, and population size and trend. Establishing the exact host plant for the development of the larvae is important. Introducing this species into the National list of protected species, as well as increasing awareness about this endemic species are also very important.",This species is not utilised.,"Varga, Z. & Andric, A.","Radenković, S. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,armipes,,Merodon armipes,"Rondani, 1843",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    In Europe and the EU27, the area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are above thresholds for threatened categories, and many locations are recognized. The continuing decline in the quality of habitat due to unsustainable forest management, agricultural intensification, unsustainable farming and infrastructure development are the main threats, However, it is assessed as Least Concern for Europe and for the EU27 Member States. Further research on this species is needed, especially about its biology and ecology, population size and trend.",Unknown,"This species is one of the most widely distributed species of the ruficornis group. Within Europe, it is present from France and Germany in the west to southwestern Romania southern and northeastern mainland Greece. It occurs in northeast France (Rhine valley in Alsace and the Alps) and in the adjacent parts of Germany, through central Europe (Switzerland, Slovenia to Hungary) and the mountainous parts of northern Italy towards the western Balkans, Albania and on to Romania, Bulgaria, Greece and Crimea. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are above the thresholds for the threatened categories in Europe and the EU 27. Outside of Europe, the range extends east to the Caucasus, Iran, Turkey (Anatolia) and south to Israel, and it is present in North Africa (Vujić et al. 2012, Speight 2020).","The population trend is unknown. There are many subpopulations across central and southern Europe, and further to the east, in Crimea, Iran, Israel, as well as in North Africa. The most abundant subpopulations are present on the Balkan and Apennine peninsulas, from the coasts to the high mountains (Vujić et al. 2012).","This species prefers open ground and forest. It occurs in thermophilous oak (Quercus) forests, thermophilous forest fringes, as well as in open areas within dry scrub and dry, semi-arid, closed, unimproved grasslands. The adults are known to visit flowers of Ornithogalum umbellatum, and Ranunculus and Euphorbia in Turkey (Vujić et al. 2011). The flight period is between the end of April and end of June. The immature stages are unknown, but this species is apparently associated with the Tassel Hyacinth, Muscari (Liliaceae) in southern Germany (D. Doczkal pers. comm. 2020). Ornithogalum is also almost certainly an alternative host (Speight 2020).","The habitat of this species can be threatened by unsustainable forest management, agricultural intensification and increasing tourism.","There are no known conservation actions for this species so far. Some point localities are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and the Natura 2000 network, such as the Parnassus National Park in Greece, National Park Durmitor in Montenegro, National Parks Fruška gora, Đerdap, Kopaonik and Šar planina in Serbia. Further research about the population size, threats and ecology of this species is needed. More monitoring of the population and habitat trends is required. The increasing tourism, logging and agriculture can disturb its habitats, so continuous management of sites in protected areas is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,arundanus,,Merodon arundanus,"Marcos-García, Vujić and Mengual, 2007",,Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"The Grazalema Natural Park, in the mountainous area in the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula is the only known area of this European endemic species. The habitat of this endemic species is being increasingly destructed by fires. We propose the monitoring of the population, as well as the habitat trend. Further research on the life history and ecology of this species is needed. This species is assessed as Critically Endangered, based on the small geographic range of the species (area of occupancy 4 km2) with only one location and continuing decline of the habitat quality due to fires and intensive overgrazing by livestock.",Unknown,"This European endemic species has only  been found at one locality in Grazalema Natural Park, in the mountainous area of southern Spain (Marcos-García et al. 2007, Speight 2020). The record dates from 2002. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km2.",The population trend is unknown.,"This endemic species prefers open ground in forest. It occurs in open areas at the upper altitudinal limit of Abies pinsapo forest (c. 1,350 m), an Endangered plant. The flight period is during April. The developmental stages are not described (Marcos-García et al. 2007, Speight 2020). The host plant is unknown.","The species prefers open areas in the forest of Endangered Spanish Fir, Abies pinsapo (Arista et al. 2011), which is mainly threatened by fires. The other major threats are overgrazing by livestock (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020) and tourism, which can also affect the quality of the habitat.","The point locality of this endemic species belongs to the Natura 2000 network, the Sierra de Grazalema Natural Park - a UNESCO Biosphere reserve. Although this area is protected, grazing is still intensive (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). The species would benefit from restricting this activity.   Additional research on its biology and ecology, as well as the habitat trend, population size and trend, and possible threats is required. Establishing the exact host plant for the development of the larvae is necessary and monitoring the population and habitat trends is also important. Introducing Merodon arundanus to the National list of protected species, as well as increasing awareness about this endemic species is very important. Increasing the protection levels of the endangered Spanish fir is also crucial.",This species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,atratus,,Merodon atratus,"(Oldenberg, 1919)",,Yes,NT,"B2ab(i,iii)",No,NT,"B2ab(i,iii)",EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  This species is endemic to Europe, where its distribution is restricted to the Alps. It is a high montane species, and its habitats are threatened by urbanisation (spreading settlements), traffic (road networks), tourism, unsustainable farming and agriculture and climate change. We propose the monitoring of the population, as well as the habitat trend. Further research on the life history and ecology of this species is needed.   Based on the small area of occupancy (124 km2, which is below the threshold for threatened categories) with about 14 locations (based on climate change as the main threat) and a continuing decline of the habitat quality due to climate change and anthropogenic interference, it is assessed as Near Threatened, close to Vulnerable.",Unknown,"The range of this European endemic species is restricted to the Alps in France, Switzerland, Austria and Italy (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 77,015 km2, and the known area of occupancy (AOO) is 124 km2.",The population size and trend is unknown. There are several known subpopulations in the Alps.,"This high mountain species prefers unimproved montane and subalpine, non-calcareous grasslands up to around 3,000 m altitude. Adults are known to visit flowers of yellow Asteraceae, Achillea, Potentilla and Senecio (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). The flight period is between mid-June and mid-August. The immature stages and the host plant are unknown (Speight 2020).","Habitat loss and fragmentation are the major threats to alpine biodiversity. Urbanisation (spreading settlements), traffic (road networks), tourism, unsustainable farming and unsustainable agriculture are the most plausible threats. In addition, climate change also threatens the species, because its range would be greatly reduced (up to 99.66%) by 2070 under the RCP 8.5 emission scenario using species distribution modelling (Milić et al. 2019).","There are no known conservation actions targeting this species so far. Some localities in the Alps are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and Natura 2000 network, such as the Hohe Tauern National Park in Austria, National Parks Ecrins and Vanoise in France, and Val Müstair Nature Park in Switzerland. Increasing awareness about this species is important. Further research about its population size, threats and ecology is needed. More monitoring of the population and habitat trends is required. Because of the vulnerability of Alpine ecosystems, sites and habitats of this species outside the protected areas should also be protected.",This species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,atricapillatus,,Merodon atricapillatus,"Šašić, Ačanski and Vujić, 2018",,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This European endemic species is found in Mediterranean scrub along the coastal zone of Crete in Greece. It is assessed as Endangered due to its restricted area of occupancy (40 km2) and extent of occurrence (165 km2), small number (4-5) of locations based on overgrazing by livestock, and because of the continuing decline of the habitat quality. In addition to overgrazing, the habitat of this species is also threatened by fires. Additional research on population trend and species ecology is needed.",Unknown,This European endemic species is restricted to a small number of records around Heraklion the island of Crete (Šašić Zorić et al. 2018) in Greece. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 165 km2 and area of occupancy (AOO) to be 40 km2.,"There are no data about population trends. In total, 174 specimens have been collected until now. The majority is from the 1980s, and the most recent ones are from 2014 (11 specimens).",This species prefers Mediterranean scrub along the coastal zone (Šašić Zorić 2018). The developmental stages and the host plant are unknown.,"Degradation of habitats has been going on for centuries on Crete. Overgrazing by livestock (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020) and the setting of fires to produce fresh grassland have contributed to the transformation of large areas of mature forests to degraded shrubland. Today, at least 50% of the land surface is used for grazing for sheep and goats.","There are no conservation actions known for this species. Research on population size, trends, and species ecology, as well as on possible threats is needed, and monitoring of the population and habitat trends is required. Limiting grazing by livestock and wild land fire management are recommended as the main conservation actions. Localities where this species is found should be placed under some form of protection to ensure its survival. Awareness should be raised about the importance of this species.",This species is not utilised.,"Varga, Z. & Nève, G.","Janković, M. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,aureus,,Merodon aureus,"Fabricius, 1805","Although Preradović et al. (2018) described the pupa under the name of Merodon aureus, new molecular data reidentified this pupa as an immature stage of Merodon calidus (Vujić et al. 2020). Speight (2020) listed the biological data under the name Merodon aeneus.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This endemic species is distributed on high European mountains. It occurs in the Alps in France, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Italy and Slovenia, on the Apennine Peninsula and the Dinaric mountain range in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Bulgaria (Vujić et al. 2020). This species prefers open grounds and unimproved, calcareous montane grasslands.    The area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are above thresholds for threatened categories. A possible decline in the quality of the habitat due to urbanization, tourism, logging and agriculture can threaten this montane species. This species is distributed in the high mountains of Central Europe, and on the Balkan and Apennine peninsulas. However, a lot of further research on this species is needed, especially on its biology and ecology, population size and trend.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is known from the high European mountains. It occurs in the Alps in France, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Italy and Slovenia, in the Apennines on the Italian Peninsula, and in the Dinaric mountain range in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Bulgaria (Vujić et al. 2020). The area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are above the thresholds for threatened categories.",The population trend is unknown.,"Speight (2020) listed the biological data of this species under the name Merodon aeneus. It prefers open grounds and unimproved, calcareous montane grasslands. The adults are known to visit the flowers of Apiaceae and Anthericum ramosum, Leucanthemum vulgare, Mentha, Ranunculus, Solidago, and Taraxacum. The flight period is from the end of May until August. At higher elevations, the peak is in July to August. The immature stages and the host plant are unknown.","The major threats are habitat loss and fragmentation. Traffic (road networks), tourism and logging on mountains can negatively influence the habitat of this species.","There are no known conservation actions targeting this species so far. Some point localities are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and the Natura 2000 network: the National Parks Mercantour, Vanoise and Écrins, Regional Parks Préalpes d'Azur and Haut-Jura in France, the National Park Abruzzo and Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga, Natural Park Adamello Brenta, Parc Ela, in Italy, National Park Triglav in Slovenia, National Park Kopaonik, Natural Park Golija and Stara Planina in Serbia, and National Park Rila in Bulgaria.   Further research is needed on the biology and ecology of this species, as well as on possible threats. More monitoring of the population and habitat trend is  required. Increasing tourism, logging and road networks can disturb its habitats, so continuous management of sites in protected areas is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,aurifer,,Merodon aurifer,"Loew, 1862",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).    EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).   In Europe and the EU 27, this species is distributed through the coastline of the Mediterranean Sea. Although the area of occurrence (AOO) is below the thresholds for threatened categories, a high number of locations (35) and large extent of occurrence (EOO) were recorded. The number of locations is based on tourism and fires as the most plausible threats. A decline of the quality of habitat due to tourism, fire and overgrazing by livestock has been observed. A lot of further research on this species is needed, especially on its biology and ecology.Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe.",Unknown,"This Mediterranean species is distributed in Spain, the Mediterranean zone of France, Italy, the coastal parts of the Balkan Peninsula, Greece, and Turkey (Speight 2020, Vujić et al. 2020). In Europe and the EU27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is 1,412,443 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 228 km2.   It is also recorded in Armenia and Azerbaijan.",The population trend is unknown. It has been recorded since 1925 from different point localities in the Mediterranean coastal zone.,"This species prefers hedgehog heath, herb-rich, semi-arid, open, unimproved grasslands, humid tracksides and meadows (Standfuss and Claussen 2007) as well as open, riparian Fraxinus angustifolia forests (Ricarte and Marcos García 2008). The adults are known to visit the flowers of  Foeniculum and Ferula (Standfuss and Claussen 2007, Vujić et al. 2020). The flight period is from April to June and from August to October. The developmental stages and the host plant are not known (Speight 2020, Vujić et al. 2020).","The main threats are the intensification of tourism, overgrazing by livestock (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020) and fires.","Some of the point localities of this Mediterranean species belong to the Cabañeros National Park in Central Spain and also to the Natura 2000 network (half of the localities). Although the areas are protected, grazing by livestock is still intense (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). The species would benefit from restrictions of this activity. Additional research and monitoring on its biology and ecology, possible threats, as well as the habitat trend and population size and trend are required. Establishing the exact host plant for the development of the larvae is also important.",This species is not utilised.,"Varga, Z. & Andric, A.","Radenković, S. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,auripes,,Merodon auripes,"Sack, 1913",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).     EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).    In Europe and the EU27, the area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are above the thresholds for threatened categories. Possible decline of the quality of the habitat due to logging, urbanization, tourism, agriculture can threaten this species, so a continuous management of sites in protected areas is needed. This species is mainly distributed on the low mountains of the Apennine and Balkan Peninsulas, and in some parts of Central Europe. Further towards the east, this species also occurs in Ukraine and Turkey. A lot of further research on this species is needed, especially on its biology and ecology, population size and trend.",Unknown,"This species has a mostly continental distribution. It is recorded from the Balkan and Apennine peninsulas, and in Central Europe. There are also records from Ukraine and Turkey. Its populations occur mostly on low mountains up to an altitude of 800 metres (Vujić et al. 2012, Speight 2020). In Europe and the EU27, the area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are above the thresholds for threatened categories.","The population trend is unknown. The species has been recorded from several point localities on the Apenine and Balkan peninsulas, as well as in Austria, Switzerland, Turkey and Ukraine.",The flight period is in April and May. The immature stages and the host plant are unknown (Speight 2020). The species prefers mesophilous and thermophilous deciduous forests and unimproved grasslands with scrub. The adults are known to visit Ranunculus flowers (Vujić et al. 2020).,"The quality of the habitat of this species can decline due to unsustainable forest management (logging), tourism, and infrastructure development.","There are no known conservation actions targeting this species so far. Some point localities are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and the Natura 2000 network. Some examples are the Pindus National Park in Greece, National Park Durmitor in Montenegro, National Parks Fruška Gora and Kopaonik and Natural Park Vršačke Planine in Serbia. Possible declines in the quality of the habitat due to logging, urbanization, tourism, roads network can be a threat, so continuous management of sites in protected areas is needed. Research about the population size, threats and ecology of this species is needed. More monitoring of the population and habitat trends is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Milić, D.","Popov, G.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,avidus,,Merodon avidus,"(Rossi, 1790)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).   EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).      In Europe and the EU27, this species is distributed in the Mediterranean zone of Europe, from  Southern France to Italy, and to the Balkan Peninsula and Romania,  Ukraine, Belarus (and probably further south around the Mediterranean  basin) (Speight 2020). The area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are above thresholds for threatened categories. There is a possible decline in the quality of the habitat due to tourism, urbanisation and fires in the Mediterranean zone, where this species is widely distributed.    A lot of further research on its population size and trend is needed.",Stable,"In Europe and the EU27, the area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are above the thresholds for threatened categories. This species is distributed in the Mediterranean zone of Europe, from southern France to Italy, the Balkan Peninsula, Romania, Ukraine, Belarus (and probably further south around the Mediterranean basin) (Speight 2020).    It is also present in the Eastern Mediterranean, in Cyprus, Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Israel.          Previously recorded populations from Spain belong to the related species, Merodon ibericus.","There are numerous subpopulations of this species in the Mediterranean. There is no information about its population size and trend, but it seems stable.","This species prefers open ground in forests, and the sides of tracks in thermophilous Quercus (Quercus  pubescens, Quercus frainetto and Q. cerris) forests and  evergreen oak (Quercus  ilex, Q. suber) forests. It also occurs in Salzmann’s pine (Pinus nigra salzmannii) forest and Pinus halapensis forest (including planted Pinus halapensis), as well as in old olive orchards.    The adults are known to visit flowers of Euphorbia (Speight 2020) as well as flowers of Ornithogalum, Foeniculum vulgare, Smyrnium perfoliatum and Ferula (Vujić et al. 2020). The flight period is from April to September (Vujić et al. 2020). The larva is described by Andrić et al. (2014), who collected it from bulbs of Ornithogalum umbellatum. A description from puparia associated with Ornithogalum umbellatum is provided by Preradović et al. (2018).",Urbanisation and expansion of tourism infrastructure can be possible threats to this species. Fires can also negatively affect the population.,"Some point localities of this species are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and the Natura 2000 network. Some examples are National Parks Dadia, Pindus and Olympus in Greece, National Park Etna in Italy, Nation Park Durmitor in Montenegro, National Park Mavrovo in North Macedonia, National Parks Fruška gora and Đerdap, and Natural Park Vršačke planine in Serbia. Increasing tourism, roads and fires can degrade the quality of its habitats, so continuous management of sites in protected areas is needed. More research and monitoring on possible threats,population and habitat trend are required.",This species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,balkanicus,,Merodon balkanicus,"Šašić, Ačanski and Vujić, 2016",,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,CR,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)  This species is endemic to Europe, where it is known from two locations in the Balkan Mountains in Serbia and from one location in the Rila-Rhodope Massif in Bulgaria. It is a high mountain species, and its habitats are largely under threat by intensive tourism development and climate change. We propose monitoring of population, as well as the habitat trend. Further research on the life history and ecology of this species is needed.    The area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2 in Europe and 4 km2 in the EU27 countries, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 191 km2 in Europe and not estimated for the EU27 countries (as it is known form just two point localities in this region). Both of them are below the thresholds for threatened categories. Based on the small geographic range of the species, with only two-three locations (one in the EU27 countries) based on the intensive tourism and climate change, it is assessed as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)) in Europe and Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)) in the EU27 regional assessment.",Unknown,"This European species is endemic to the Stara Planina (two localities in the Serbian part of the Balkan mountain range) and to the Rila-Rhodope Massif (one point locality in Bulgaria) (Šašić et al. 2016, Speight 2020). The records are from 1912 (in Bulgaria), and from 2011 and 2013 (in Serbia). Although the record from Bulgaria is old, it is expected that the species is extant there. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 191 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2.",The population trend is unknown. There are three known subpopulations on two mountains in Serbia and Bulgaria.,"The species is known from montane and subalpine unimproved grasslands, from 1,400 to 2,000 m altitude. The flight period is during July. The developmental stages are not described (Šašić et al. 2016, Speight 2020). The host plant is unknown.","This species is threatened by habitat degradation, primary due to intensive tourism (ski centres), but also because of overgrazing by livestock (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020), fires and mini-hydropower plants (on the mountain in Stara Planina in Serbia). There is also intensive tourism at the Belmeken High Mountain Sports Complex, between Rhodope Mountain and Rila Mountain, close to Rila National Park and Belmeken Dam in Bulgaria. According to species distribution modelling, Merodon balkanicus is likely to become extinct by 2070 (under the RCP 8.5 emission scenario) or will only remain in small patches in the Alps (under the RCP 4.5 emission scenario) (Milić et al. 2019).","The locality in Bulgaria belongs to the Rila National Park and Natura 2000 network, while the two localities from mountain Stara Planina in Serbia belong to a Nature Park. For Bulgaria, species-specific surveys would be needed to determine if the species is still present. For Serbia, monitoring the population and habitat trend is required. Measures to mitigate the impact of expanding the ski centre are also needed. Introducing this species into the National lists of protected species is very important, as well as increasing the awareness about the importance of this endemic species. Further investigation of the biology and ecology of this species is also needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,bessarabicus,,Merodon bessarabicus,"Paramonov, 1924",,No,NT,B2ab(iii),No,NT,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)   EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)   This species is assessed as Near Threatened on European and EU27 level because while it has a relatively restricted area of occurrence (AOO) (96 km2 on regional level and 72 km2 in the EU27), its extent of occurrence (EOO) is large (337,300 km2 on regional level and 337,300 km2 in the EU27), and its relatively small number of locations are just above the threshold for threatened categories (18 on regional level and 13 in the EU27 countries). The number of locations is based on logging as the major threat. Besides logging, overgrazing by livestock and infrastructure development are causing habitat destruction and threatening this species. There is no rescue effect from subpopulations outside of the assessment region.",Unknown,"This species is distributed on the Balkan peninsula, in Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Serbia and Slovenia  (Speight 2020).   Outside of Europe it is found in Turkey (Speight 2020).   In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be 337,300 km2, and area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 96 km2. In the EU 27, extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be 337300 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 72 km2.","There is no information about the population trend. A total of 187 specimens have been collected throughout the entire species range. The oldest record is from Croatia in 1955, and that is the only specimen collected in that country. The majority of records from other countries are recent.","This species prefers conifer forests, grassy areas in Abies forests (Vujić et al. 2011), glades in eastern thermophilous Quercus forests, and mesophilous Fagus and Quercus frainetto forests (Vujić et al. 2020.). The adults fly fast and low over ground vegetation in sun-lit glades within the forests, settling on the ground or on low-growing vegetation in the sun. Around the middle of the day, they visit stream margins to drink, alighting under concealing vegetation or jumbles of interlacing fallen branches or twigs. The females investigate white hand-nets and can be collected easily while doing so (Speight 2020). They are known to visit flowers of Euphorbia spp (Vujić et al. 2011), yellow Asteraceae and Polygonum (Speight 2020, Vujić et al. 2020). The flight period is in September (Speight 2020). The developmental stages and the host plant are unknown.","Logging can be considered as the major threat to the habitat of this species. Other threats include overgrazing by livestock (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020) and infrastructure development (tourism, urbanization and road infrastructure).","There are no ongoing conservation actions known targeting this species. Some of the point localities occur within the Natura 2000 network. All three point localities in Serbia are within protected areas. Additional research on its ecology and population trend, as well as on possible threats is needed. Since the record from Croatia is old, finding new specimens should be attempted. Monitoring the population and habitat trends is required. Awareness should be raised about the importance of this species, and areas where this species occur should be managed.",This species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Janković, M. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,cabanerensis,,Merodon cabanerensis,"Marcos-García, Vujić and Mengual, 2007",,No,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)  EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR).  In Europe, this species is known only in one point locality in the Cabañeros National Park (Montes de Toledo) in Central Spain. The habitat of this species is largely under destruction by overgrazing by livestock that is the most plausible threat. There is no rescue effect of subpopulations from outside of the assessment region. We propose the monitoring of population, as well as the habitat trend. Further research on the life history and ecology of this species is needed.    Both the area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are 4 km2. Based on the small geographic range of the species with only one location based on the intensive overgrazing by livestock as the main threat, and because of the continuing decline of the habitat quality, it is assessed as Critically Endangered in Europe and the EU27 countries.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in central Spain (one point locality in Cabañeros National Park, where the record dates from 2004) and in Morocco (Marcos-Garcia et al. 2007, Vujić et al. 2018, Speight 2020).   In Europe and the EU27, both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are 4 km2.",The population trend is unknown. Only one subpopulation is known in the Cabañeros National Park (Montes de Toledo) in central Spain.,"This species prefers open ground areas in thermophilous Quercus faginea and Fraxinus angustifolia forests. The adults were caught resting or flying near to the ground. The flight period is in March (Marcos-Garcia et al. 2007, Speight 2020). The developmental stages and the host plant are unknown.","The species is threatened by habitat degradation mainly due to overgrazing by livestock (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). In addition, cork extraction and tourism can negatively influence the species.","The point locality of this species is in the Cabañeros National Park in Central Spain, and also to the Natura 2000 network. Although this area is protected, grazing by livestock is still intense (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). The species would benefit from restricting this activity. Additional research on possible threats, about its biology and ecology, as well as about the habitat trend and population size and trend is required. Establishing the exact host plant for the development of the larvae of the species is important. Introducing this species into the National list of protected species, as well as increasing the awareness about this species is crucial.",This species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,caerulescens,,Merodon caerulescens,"Loew, 1869",,Yes,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"The species is endemic to Rhodes in the Eastern Aegean, Greece. The habitats of this Mediterranean species are largely under destruction by overgrazing by livestock, which is the main plausible threat. We propose the monitoring of population, as well as the habitat trend. Further research on life history and ecology of this species is needed.   Based on the small geographic range of the species (the area of occupancy is 60 km2 and the extent of occurrence is 914 km2, both of them are below the thresholds for threatened categories) with nine locations (based on the threat of overgrazing), and the continuing decline of the habitat quality, it is assessed as Vulnerable.",Unknown,"This speceis is endemic to Europe, with the only confirmed records from the Greek Aegean island of Rhodes (Vujić et al. 2020). Records from Crete belong to a new species Merodon atricapillatus Šašić, Ačanski et Vujić (Šašić Zorić et al. 2018). The record from Speight (2020) for southern Bulgaria is not confirmed. The confirmed records date from 1968 to 2012.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 914 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km2.","The population trend is unknown. Until now, ten subpopulations have been recorded throughout the island of Rhodes in Greece.","The species prefers open grassy areas in pine forests or Mediterranean scrub. The adults appear during March and April. The adults are known to visit flowers of Anthemis chia L. The developmental stages have not been described (Šašić Zorić et al. 2018, Speight 2020, Vujić et al. 2020).","The main threat is overgrazing by livestock (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). In addition, tourism, fire and soil erosion can also negatively affect the species.","Most of the recorded subpopulations occur in the Natura 2000 network. Although this area is protected, grazing by livestock is still intensive (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). The species would benefit from restrictions of this activity. Additional research on its biology, ecology, population size and trend, as well as the habitat trend, is required, and the population and habitat trends should be monitored. Establishing the exact host plant for the development of the larvae of the species is important. Introducing this species into the National list of protected species, as well as increasing the awareness about this endemic species is crucial.",This species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,calcaratus,,Merodon calcaratus,"(Fabricius, 1794)",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)     EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN).     In Europe and the EU27, this species is distributed in Portugal (Van Eck 2016) and in Spain (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). In Portugal, the species prefers semi-arid, sandy calcareous grasslands with scattered Pinus pinea (Van Eck 2016). The adults visit flowers of Drimia maritima (Van Eck 2016).   Based on the small (16 km2) area of occupancy (AOO), with only three locations based on intensive tourism, overgrazing by livestock and fires as main threats, and a continuing decline of the habitat quality, this species is assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU27 countries.    There is no rescue effect of subpopulations from outside of the assessment region. However, a lot of further research on this species is needed, especially on its biology and ecology.",Unknown,"In Europe and the EU27, this species is distributed in Portugal (Van Eck 2016) and in Spain (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).  Outside of Europe, it also occurs in North Africa (in Algeria, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia) (Radenković et al. 2011, Speight 2020).","The population trend is unknown. Besides North Africa, the species has been recorded from only four point localities in Western Europe (in Portugal and Spain).","In Portugal, the species prefers semi-arid, sandy calcareous grasslands with scattered Pinus pinea (Van Eck 2016). The adults have been seen visiting flowers of Drimia maritima (Van Eck 2016). The flight period is at the end of September and October on the Iberian Peninsula, and in March and April in Algeria. The developmental stages are not described, but Van Eck (2016) provides circumstantial evidence suggesting that the larval host plant could be Scilla autumnalis (Speight 2020).","The intensification of tourism and overgrazing by livestock (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020), as well as frequent threats from fires during hot and dry summers constantly increase the disturbance of the habitats.","Two point localities of this Mediterranean species belong to the Natura 2000 network because they are in the Sierra de Grazalema Natural Park and UNESCO Biosphere reserve. Although this area is protected, grazing by livestock is still intensive (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). The species would benefit from restricting this activity. Additional research on threats, taxonomy, biology, ecology, population size and trend, as well as the habitat trend, is required. In addition, the habitat and population trends should be monitored. Establishing the exact host plant for the development of the larvae is important. Introducing this species into the National list of protected species, as well as increasing the awareness about it is crucial.",This species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,calidus,,Merodon calidus,"Vujić, Ačanski and Šašić, 2020",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This European endemic species is assessed as Least Concern because while it has a relatively restricted area of occupancy (AOO) (372 km2 for Europe and 220 km2 in the EU27), its extent of occurrence (EOO) is large (400,183 km2 in Europe and 300,770 km2 in the EU27), and its number of locations are above the threshold (55-60 on regional level and 35-40 in the EU27). The number of locations is based on fires as the major threat. In some parts of the range, there is a continuing decline in quality of habitat due to fires, overgrazing by livestock, infrastructure development, agricultural intensification.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is distributed in the southern parts of the Balkan Peninsula: Greece, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Albania, Serbia (Vujić et al. 2020), and just reaching southwestern Romania. Vujić et al. (2020) also list Bulgaria, but its current presence cannot be confirmed because it is an old record (from 1907). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be 400,183 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 372 km2. In the EU 27, extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be 300,770 km2, and area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 220 km2.",There are no data on the population trend. Around 390 specimens have been collected so far. The oldest records are from Albania (1918) and the most recent from Montenegro (2019).,The species prefers open areas within deciduous submediterranean forests (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020) There are few data about its ecology. The developmental stages and the host plant are unknown. The flight period is from April to July (A. Vujić  pers. comm. 2020).,"There are no major threats, although in some parts of the range the habitat is threatened by fires, infrastructure development, overgrazing by livestock (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020) and agricultural intensification.","There are no conservation actions targeting this species. Some of the point localities occur within the Natura 2000 network. Research about its ecology and population trends is needed, and additional research in parts of the range where older records are from would be beneficial. Areas where it occurs should be managed. Monitoring the population and habitat trends is important. Awareness should be raised about the importance of this species.",This species is not utilised.,"Nève, G. & Varga, Z.","Janković, M. & Radenković, S.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,chalybeatus,,Merodon chalybeatus,"Sack, 1913",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe because while it has a relatively restricted area of occupancy (AOO) (216 km2 on regional level and 68 km2 in the EU27 countries), but its extent of occurrence (EOO) is large (268,968 km2), and its number of locations are above the threshold (16-17 on regional level and 11-12 in the EU27 countries). The number of locations is based on infrastructure development as the major threat. Infrastructure development, fires, logging, overgrazing are causing habitat destruction and threatening this species.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in Croatia, Cyprus, North Macedonia, Greece, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia and Slovenia. Outside of Europe it is found in Turkey (Speight 2020, Vujić et al. 2018). In Europe, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 268,968 km2 and area of occupancy (AOO) to be 216 km2. In the EU 27, the extent of occurrence is estimated to be 268,968 km2, and area of occupancy to be 68 km2.","There are no data on the population trend. In total, 52 specimens have been collected from 1901 to 2014 across the range in Europe. The majority of the records are recent.","This species can be found alongside seasonal river beds in rocky, dry, unimproved grasslands. It also occurs in grassy open areas in Abies forest, thermophilous Quercus forest and mixed deciduous forest (Syringo-Carpinetum orientalis forest) (Vujic et al. 2020). The adults fly fast and low within tall ground vegetation, and settle on stones in the sun when it is hot. They are known to visit yellow composites (Taraxacum spp.) (A.Vujic, pers. comm. 2020), Euphorbia, Ranunculus (Vujić et al. 2011), Cichorium intybus, Crepis capillaris (Ssymank 2012), and Mentha (Vujić et al. 2020). The flight period is in April and in August and September. The developmental stages and host plant are unknown (Speight 2020).","There is an ongoing decline in the quality of habitat due to infrastructure development (mostly due to urbanisation and tourism). Additionally, fires, logging and overgrazing by livestock are threatening the habitat of this species (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020).","There are no conservation actions targeting this species. Vujic et al. (2001) suggest that this species should be regarded as threatened in Europe. It is protected by law in Serbia. Additional research about its ecology, population trend and possible threats is needed. Areas where this species occur should be protected. Monitoring of the habitat and population size is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Janković, M. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,chalybeus,,Merodon chalybeus,"Wiedemann in Meigen, 1822",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).    EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).   The range of Merodon chalybeus occupied only Spain, Portugal and North Africa (J. Ačanski pers. comm. 2021). Previous  research suggested that this species is distributed in Portugal, Spain,  South France, Mediterranean region of the Balkans and Greece, as well  as Corsica and Morocco (Speight 2020).   Although the area of occupancy (AOO) is below the thresholds for threatened categories (128 km2), a high number of locations (20) and large extent of occurrence (EOO) were recorded.  The number of locations is based on habitat degradation (due to tourism, overgrazing by livestock and fires) as the most plausible threat. A continuous decline in the quality of habitat due to tourism, overgrazing and fire has been observed. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe. However, a lot further research about this species is needed, especially on its biology and ecology.",Unknown,"The confirmed range of Merodon chalybeus occupies only Spain, Portugal and North Africa (J. Ačanski pers. comm. 2021).   Previous research suggested that this species was distributed in Portugal, Spain, South France, Mediterranean region of the Balkans and Greece, as well as Corsica and Morocco (Speight 2020). It appeared in much of the older literature under the name Merodon spicatus Becker 1907, designated a junior synonym of Merodon chalybeus by Marcos-García et al. (2007). The range of Merodon minutus Strobl, 1893 (Corsica, Mediterranean region of the Balkans, Greece, Morocco) overlaps with M. chalybeus, although this requires additional checks (Speight 2020). The two species are morphologically very similar and can be easily mistaken.",The population trend is unknown. The species has been recorded from six point localities in Portugal and from more than 20 in the whole of Spain except the eastern part.,"The species prefers open ground in forest, as well as open areas in evergreen oak maquis and more open, almost bare ground in semi-arid conditions. It also inhabits Mediterranean oak dehesa, with Quercus rotundifolia and Quercus  pyrenaica as the dominant tree species (Ricarte et al. 2018). The adults fly from April to September. The developmental stages and the host plant are unknown (Marcos-García et al. 2007, Speight 2020).","The potential threats are intensive tourism, overgrazing by livestock and fires (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020).","About 80% of the point localities of this species occur within the Natura 2000 network, and some from the Natural Parks Grazalema and Del Estrecho in Spain, and Natural Park Vale Do Guadiana in Portugal. Although these areas are protected, grazing by livestock and tourist pressures are still intense (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Therefore, the species would benefit from restrictions of these activities. Additional research about the possible threats, biology and ecology, population size and trend, as well as the habitat trend, is required. Establishing the exact host plant for the development of the larvae is important, as is monitoring the population and habitat trends.",This species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,chrysotrichos,,Merodon chrysotrichos,"Vujić, Radenković and Likov, 2020",,No,VU,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)   EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  This species is distributed in Eastern Greece and on the Aegean islands of Samothraki and Samos (Vujić et al.  2020), as well as in Bulgaria. Outside of Europe, it is found in Turkey  on mountains along the Aegean and Mediterranean coast (Vujić et al. 2020).    This species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe due to its restricted area of occurrence (AOO) (28 km2), small number of locations (seven), and a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat. The number of locations is based on the increasing rate of urbanisation, extension of transport networks and frequent forest fires. The habitat of this species is threatened by infrastructure development, mostly due to tourism, fires and overgrazing by livestock. There is no rescue effect from subpopulations outside of the assessment region.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in eastern Greece and on the Aegean islands of Samothraki and Samos (Vujić et al. 2020), as well as in Bulgaria. Outside of Europe, it is found in Turkey on mountains along the Aegean and Mediterranean coasts (Vujić et al. 2020). In Europe and the EU 27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be 72,004 km2, and the area of occupancy is estimated to be 28 km2.","There are no data about population trends. A total of 29 specimens has been collected between 1962 and 2016, of which 10 specimens were from Greece, two from Bulgaria and 17 from Turkey. The majority of records are recent (from the 2000s) (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","This species has been collected in the following habitats: open areas and clearings by streams, in alluvial woods of Platanus orientalis, open thermophilous oak forest (Quercus frainetto, Quercus  pubescens and Quercus  cerris) and Pinus forest, and from mid- to low-altitude hillsides (700-1200 metres above sea level) right down to the seaside. It flies around clearings, settling on vegetation, including in sunlit patches in the deep shade of Platanus woodland. The flight period is from late March to late July (Vujić et al. 2020). The developmental stages and the host plant are unknown.","Habitat loss is the main threat due to the increasing rate of urbanisation, extension of transport networks mostly because of tourism, and frequent fires. On Samothraki, the habitat is threatened by soil erosion caused by overgrazing by livestock (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020).","There are no conservation actions targeting this species. Six point localities occur within the Natura 2000 network. Additional research about threats, population size and trends, and ecology is needed. Monitoring of habitat and population trends is required. Areas where this species occur should be protected. Awareness should be raised of the importance of this species.",This species is not utilised.,"Nève, G. & Varga, Z.","Janković, M. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,cinereus,,Merodon cinereus,"(Fabricius, 1794)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This European endemic high mountain species is distributed in the Alps (in  France, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, Liechtenstein, and Slovenia). It  prefers open ground, from the Picea zone up to 2,500 metres,  in unimproved calcareous and non-calcareous montane and alpine  grasslands. The adults visit flowers of white Apiaceae; Asteraceae, Euphrasia and Thymus.   The area of occupancy (AOO) is below the threshold (484 km2) for the Endangered category, however, numerous locations were estimated, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is above the threshold for threatened categories, and it is assessed as Least Concern both globally and for the EU Member States. For this Alpine species, the continuing decline in the quality of the habitat due to anthropogenic interference (deforestation, logging, agriculture, urbanisation, tourism) can be the main threat.  Further research on this species is needed, especially on its biology and ecology, population size and trend.",Unknown,"This European endemic high-mountain species is distributed in the Alps (in France, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, Liechtenstein and Slovenia). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 186,148 km2, and area of occupancy (AOO) to be 484 km2.",The population trend is unknown. There are many subpopulations across the Alps.,"This species prefers open ground, from the Picea zone up to 2,500 metres, in unimproved calcareous and non-calcareous montane and alpine grasslands. The adults are known to visit flowers of white Apiaceae, and also Asteraceae, Euphrasia and Thymus. The flight period is from June to August. The developmental stages are not described, but they are very probably associated with spring-flowering Crocus (Speight 2020).","Habitat loss and fragmentation are the major threats to Alpine biodiversity. The most plausible threats are urbanisation (spreading settlements), traffic (road networks), tourism, unsustainable farming and agriculture.","There are no known conservation actions targeting this species so far. Some point localities in the Alps are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and the Natura 2000 network. These are, in France, Natural Regional Parks of Queyras, Préalpes d'Azur and Baronnies provençales, National Park Mercantour, Vanoise and Ecrins; in Italy, National Park Gran Paradiso and Val Grande, Nature Park Rieserferner-Ahrn; in Switzerland, Val Müstair Nature Park with two UNESCO awards and Nature Park Ela; in Austria, Biosphere Reserve Nockberge; in Slovenia, National Park Triglav. Further research about the population size, threats and ecology of this species is needed. More monitoring of the population and habitat trends is required. Because of the vulnerability of Alpine ecosystems, sites and habitats of this species outside protected areas should also be protected.",This species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,clavipes,,Merodon clavipes,"(Fabricius, 1781)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).     EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC).    The area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are above thresholds for threatened categories. A possible decline in the quality of the habitat due to logging, agriculture and tourism is considered as the main threats. This species is distributed across Central and Southern Europe and the Mediterranean basin. However, a lot of further research on this species is needed, especially on its biology and ecology, population size and trend.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in central and southern Europe: from northern France to the Mediterranean (including Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and Crete) and North Africa, from Portugal and Spain through central and southern Europe to Greece, Romania, Ukraine and Turkey (Speight 2020). It is also present in Russia. In Europe and the EU27, the area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are above thresholds for the threatened categories.",The population trend is unknown. There are many subpopulations across central and southern Europe and in the Mediterranean area.,"This species prefers open ground, sparsely-vegetated semi-arid, unimproved stony pasturage and open grassy areas within thermophilous Quercus forests, as well as Mediterranean oak dehesa, with Quercus rotundifolia and Quercus  pyrenaica as the dominant tree species (Ricarte et al. 2018). The adults are known to visit the flowers of Apiaceae (Ferula), Euphorbia, Leontodon and Solidago (Speight 2020, Vujić et al. 2020). The flight period is from March to August. The developmental stages and host plant are unknown (Speight 2020).","Possible threats are those that are likely to happen due to anthropogenic interference (for example logging and agriculture). In the Mediterranean area, tourism can also be a threat.","There are no known conservation actions for this species so far. Some point localities are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and the Natura 2000 network. Some examples are the National Parks Olympus and Pindos in Greece, National Park Durmitor in Montenegro, and National Parks Grazalema and Sierra Nevada in Spain. Further research about its population size, threats and ecology is needed. More monitoring of the population and habitat trends is required. Due to the possible threats (logging, agriculture, tourism) to its habitats, continuous management of sites in protected areas is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,clunipes,,Merodon clunipes,"Sack, 1913",,No,NT,B2ab(iii),No,NT,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT).     EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT).     In Europe, the species is distributed in the Mediterranean, with more registered subpopulations in the eastern, and less in the western parts. Based on the small area of occupancy  (232 km2, below the thresholds) with about 13 locations (based on habitat degradation due to tourism, overgrazing by livestock and fires as the most plausible threats), and a continuing decline of the habitat quality, it is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe and the EU27, close to qualifying for Vulnerable. There is no rescue effect of subpopulations from outside of the assessment region. However, a lot of further research is needed  on this species, especially about its biology, ecology, population size and trend.",Unknown,"This Mediterranean species is distributed in Spain, southern France, Italy (and Sicily), parts of the Balkans, Greece, Bulgaria, and Cyprus. In Europe and the EU27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 1,688,051 km2 , and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 232 km2.   This species also occurs in Turkey, Lebanon, Israel and Iran (Speight 2020, A. Vujić pers.comm. 2020).",The population trend is unknown. There are more subpopulations in the eastern Mediterranean than in the western parts.,"This species prefers coniferous and deciduous forests, such as Pinus forest, open areas in mesophilous Fagus and Eastern thermophilous oak forest, and Castanea forest (Vujić pers.comm. 2020, Speight 2020). The adults are known to visit Euphorbia spp. (Vujić et al. 2011) as well as flowers of Foeniculum vulgare, Smyrnium perfoliatum, and Ferula (Vujić et al. 2020). The flight period is from May to September (Vujić et al. 2020). The developmental stages and the host plant are unknown (Speight 2020).","The intensification of tourism, overgrazing by livestock (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020), as well as frequent threats from fires during hot and dry summers constantly increase the disturbance of the habitats.","Some point localities of this species are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and the Natura 2000 network, such as the Regional Park Sierra de Gredos in Spain, and the National Parks of Tzoumerka, Peristeri, Arachthos Gorge and Acheloos Valley and Dadia-Lefkimi-Soufli Forest in Greece. Point localities in Peloponnesus and some point localities on the islands Chios, Samos and Lesvos belong to the Natura 2000 network.    The intensification of tourism, overgrazing by livestock, as well as frequent threats from fires during hot and dry summer constantly increase the disturbance of its habitats (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Taking this into consideration, continuous management of sites in protected areas is needed. Further research about possible threats, and on the biology and ecology of this species is needed. More monitoring of population and habitat trends is required, together with increasing awareness about this species.",This species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,confinium,,Merodon confinium,"Šašić and Vujić, 2020",,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This species is endemic to Europe, where it is restricted to the Peloponnese Peninsula in Greece. It is a low mountain species, and its habitats are largely under destruction by overgrazing by livestock and fires. We propose the monitoring of the population, as well as the habitat trend. Further research on the life history and ecology of this species is needed.   Based on the small geographic range of the species - the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 130 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km2 , with only two locations, (based on intensive overgrazing by livestock and fires), and a continuing decline of the habitat quality, it is assessed as Endangered.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is restricted to the Peloponnese Peninsula (Greece), where it is known from only two localities, Mt. Erymanthos to the north and Xirokambi in Laconia, southern Peloponnese (Vujić et al. 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 130 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km2, based on the two known locality records.",The population trend is unknown as there are not enough data. The only specimens are one from 1983 and one from 2012 (Vujić et al. 2020).,The preferred habitat is Mediterranean evergreen Pine forest. The flight period is between the end of August and early September (Vujić et al. 2020).,"The main threats to the maintenance of the special ecological characteristics of the mountain ecosystems of Erymanthos originate from overgrazing by goats and sheep, and from road expansion and increasing tourism (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Overgrazing by goats and sheep is one of the major threats to the survival of many unique plant associations in the open steppe grasslands characterized by high diversity and a great number of endemic species. From 1961 to 1972 there was a decrease in the number of goats grazing in the mountains, but an increase in the number of sheep, and the total number of grazing animals increased. However, during the 10-year period between 1980 and 1990 this number appeared to stabilise (Natura, 2000 Data Form). Fire is an important additional threat during hot summers.","The species has not been the subject of any targeted conservation action. One point locality is within Mt. Erymanthos Natural Park, which also belongs to the Natura 2000 network. However, it is recommended to conserve the habitats of this species. Additional research is needed on general abundance, habitat, ecological requirements, threats (for example, which levels of grazing can be tolerated) and trends. Increasing awareness about this species, as well as the monitoring of population and habitat trends, are both important too.",This species is not utilised.,"Nève, G. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,confusus,,Merodon confusus,"Marcos-García, Vujić, Ricarte and Ståhls, 2011",,Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This is a western Mediterranean endemic species. Its habitats are largely under destruction by overgrazing, tourism, cork extraction and fires. Based on the small area of occupancy (AOO), which is 60 km2, with ten locations, based on the threat of overgrazing by livestock, and a continuing decline of the habitat quality, it is assessed as Vulnerable.  We propose the monitoring of the population, as well as the habitat trend. Further research on the life history and ecology of this species is needed.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is distributed in Portugal, Spain and southern France (Marcos Garcia et al. 2011, Van Eck 2016, Speight 2020). The species was first described in 2011, and the records date from 1966 to 2015. The older records are from Spain.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be 488,519 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 60 km2.","The population trend is unknown. The species is recorded from 14 point localities in western European Mediterranean countries. The species was first described in 2011, and the records date from 1966 to 2015.","The species prefers forests. It occurs in open areas along seasonal streams with a riparian forest of Fraxinus angustifolia, within Quercus pyrenaica forest, and in open patches in Mediterranean shrub formations (Marcos-García et al. 2011). It is also present in open Quercus suber and Phillyrea maquis, open grassy or herb-rich areas along rivers, streams and seasonal water-courses in karstic Quercus pubescens savanna and Pinus nigra salzmannii forest (such rivers and seasonal rivers are usually lined by a riparian forest of Fraxinus or Populus). The adults fly fast and low (with a flight more rapid than that of the closely related Merodon equestris) over the bare ground of paths, settling on bare ground or stones in the sun. It visits flowers in the morning, this activity starting with the arrival of the sun and stopping later in the morning. The adults are known to visit flowers of Potentilla and Cistus. The flight period is from March to June, with a peak in May. The developmental stages have not been described (Marcos-Garcia et al. 2011, Speight 2020).","Overgrazing by livestock is the main threat (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020), but cork extraction, tourism (and road construction), and fires can also negatively influence the quality of habitat.","Five point localities in Spain and one in France occur within Natura 2000 sites. Although parts of the range occurs within protected areas, grazing by livestock is still intensive and impacts negatively the habitat quality and the species (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Therefore, it would benefit from restriction of this activity.   Additional research on its biology, ecology, population size and trend, as well as the habitat trend, is required. Establishing the exact host plant for the development of the larvae is important. Introducing it into the National list of protected species, as well as increasing the awareness about this endemic species is very important.",This species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,constans,,Merodon constans,"(Rossi, 1794)",,Yes,LC,0,No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  This species is assessed as Least Concern on the regional level due to its relatively restricted (172 km2) area of occupancy (AOO), but large (290,363 km2) extent of occurrence (EOO), and due to the number of locations which is above the threshold (20-25). The number of locations is based on infrastructure development.   On the EU 27 level, it is assessed as Vulnerable due to the restricted (52 km2) area of occupancy (AOO), and because the number of locations is just within the threshold (10). In addition, infrastructure development and, to some extent, overgrazing by livestock and fires are causing a continuous habitat destruction and threaten this species.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is distributed in Italy, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and northern mainland Greece  (Vujić et al. 2020). Occurrence in Albania is possible but not yet confirmed. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be 290,363 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 172 km2. In the EU 27, the extent of occurrence of the species is estimated to be 187,029 km2, and the area of occupancy is 52 km2.","There is no information about the population trend. 249 specimens have been collected so far (Vujić et al. 2020). The majority of specimens have been collected in Montenegro (from 1956 to 2019), with one from Bosnia and Herzegovina (in 1911), one from Serbia (in 2018) and eight from North Macedonia, most (seven) from the 1960s. The majority of records from Croatia (22 specimens) are also from the 1960s. Most of the records from Italy (10 specimens) are from the 1950s, with only two recent (2010 and 2013). In Greece, 10 specimens have been recorded, one in 1983 and the rest in 2018.","This species has been collected in Mediterranean habitats, including poly-dominant deciduous forest, open thermophilous Quercus forest, evergreen oak (Q. ilex) and Mediterranean pine forest, along streams. Based on the available data, the flight period is from early July to early October (Vujić et al. 2020). The developmental stages and the host plant are unknown.","This species is threatened by habitat destruction, mostly from infrastructure development (due to tourism). Additional threats in some parts of the range include overgrazing by livestock and fires (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020).","There are no conservation actions targeting this species. Some of the point localities occur within the Natura 2000 network. Increasingly, infrastructure developments can disturb its habitats, so continuous management and protection of sites in protected               areas are needed. Research on population and habitat trends as well as about possible threats is needed. Monitoring of habitat and population size is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Janković, M. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,crassifemoris,,Merodon crassifemoris,"Paramonov, 1925",,No,NT,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT).   EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU).  The only known areas of this species are France, the Balkan Peninsula and Crimea (Ukraine). It is a forest species, whose habitats are largely under anthropogenic destruction. There is no rescue effect of subpopulations from outside of the assessment region. We propose the monitoring of population, as well as the habitat trend. Further research about the life history and ecology of this species is needed.   Based on the small area of occupancy (AOO), which is 68 km2, with about 13 locations based on habitat degradation (due to tourism, urbanisation and agriculture), and because of the continuing decline of the habitat quality, it is assessed as Near Threatened close to Vulnerable in Europe.  Based on the small area of occupancy (AOO), which is 40 km2, 10 locations, and a continuing decline of the habitat quality, this species is assessed as Vulnerable in the EU27 regional assessment.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in southern France, parts of the Balkan Peninsula, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, Turkey, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Georgia (Speight 2020, Mengual et al. 2020, A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).          In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 1,185,210 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 68 km2. In  EU27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 652,232 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 40 km2.","The population trend is unknown. The species has been recorded from one point locality in France, one in Crimea (Ukraine) and several on the Balkan Peninsula.","The species prefers riparian forest vegetation of Populus and Salix, and also occurs within thermophilous oak scrub (Quercus iberica) and a more steppe vegetation of Tamarix (Hauser 1998, Speight 2020). The adults are known to visit flowers of Mentha and Ferula (Vujić et al. 2020). The flight period of adults is in June-July to August. The developmental stages and host plant have not been described (Speight 2020).","Possible threats are those that are likely to happen due to anthropogenic interference, such as agriculture, and urbanisation. In the Mediterranean area, increasing tourism is also a threat. Additionally, anthropogenic effects have threatened many of Crimea’s ecosystems. Primary habitats comprise only two to three percent of the territory of Crimea, including remnant forest and mountain meadows.","There are no known conservation actions targeting this species so far. In Serbia Merodon crassifemoris has been listed as strictly protected species. It is protected by national law Code of Regulations on the Declaration and Protection of Strictly Protected and Protected Wild Species of Plants, Animals and Fungi (Official Gazette of RS, No. 5/2010, 47/2011, 32/2016 and 98/2016). It has been also listed in the Red Book of Ukraine as an Endangered species (Акімова 2009).   Some point localities are near protected areas categorized by the IUCN and the Natura 2000 network, such as between the Prespa and Ohrid lakes in North Macedonia, which are close to the National Parks Galičica and Prespa. The point locality in France is in the Regional Park Monts d'Ardèche, while the point locality in Romania as well as some in Greece are within the Natura 2000 network. In addition, one point locality in Crimea is designated as a centre of floristic diversity by IUCN. Further research about population size, threats and ecology of this species is needed. More monitoring of population and habitat trends is required, as well as increasing awareness about this species. The growing levels of urbanisation, agriculture and tourism cause disturbance of its habitats, so continuous management of sites in protected areas is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,crypticus,,Merodon crypticus,"Marcos-García, Vujić and Mengual, 2007",,Yes,VU,B2ab(iii); D2,Yes,VU,B2ab(iii); D2,EU27-2020,,"This species is is known from the Cantabrian mountain range and western Pyrenees in northern Spain and from the Serra da Estrela mountain range in Portugal. This European endemic species is assessed as Vulnerable, primarily based on the number of locations (seven), based on overgrazing by livestock, and because the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 52 km2. Additional threats to the preferred environment of this species (Spanish Eurosiberian region) are fires and tourism development. Therefore, a continuing decline in quality of habitat, as well as its fragmentation is expected in the future.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is restricted to the north of Spain (Cantabrian mountain range and the western Pyrenees; Marcos-Garcia et al. 2007) and northern Portugal, where it is known from a single record in the Serra da Estrela mountain range (Ricarte et al. 2009; Van Eck 2011, 2016). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this endemic species is estimated to be 75,991 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) to be 52 km2.","There are insufficient data on the population trend for this species. Based on all known findings, the number of specimens recorded from Spain are as follows: one specimen in 1981, 14 in 1987, four in 1995, and one in 2017 (Marcos-Garcia et al. 2007). In Portugal, only a few specimens have been recorded: one in 1981 and three in 2009 (Ricarte et al. 2009; Van Eck 2011, 2016).","This species prefers non-calcareous, unimproved montane and subalpine grassland in high mountains of the Spanish Eurosiberian region.   The Portuguese specimens were collected in a former glacier valley with little streams, grazed by sheep. The vegetation is rich in grasses and the herbaceous perennial plants stay relatively short. In Portugal, adults are known to visit flowers of Merendera montana (Ricarte et al. 2009). The developmental stages have not been described. The flight period is from July to September (Marcos-Garcia et al. 2007, Speight 2018).","The loss of habitat and host plants represent direct threats. In the Mediterranean Basin around 80% of the land area is marginal, frequently mixed with various land uses (Pardini 2004). Drought and temperature extremes also pose threats, because an increase in temperature could disrupt the temporal synchrony of plant–pollinator interactions.  The main threats of grazing pressure and recurrent fire events in northwestern Spain could also increase soil erosion, depleting soil nutrients and altering the competitive environment (Peñuelas et al. 2007).","The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. However, taking into account the possible threats, it is recommended to conserve the habitat of this species by enforcement of environmental regulations, rules and other policies. In addition, public awareness and education are essential. Additional monitoring and research is needed to obtain more information on population size, distribution and trends, ecological requirements and threats. Some point localities are within the boundaries of the National Park de Los Picos de Europa, Natural Park de Fuentes Carrionas y Fuente and Natural Park Valles Occidentales. In Portugal, all point localities are within Natural Park Serra da Estrela. All known point localities are within the Natura 2000 network. Continuous monitoring is necessary in order to obtain more data on the population size and trend.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Veselić, S. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,desuturinus,,Merodon desuturinus,"Vujić, Šimić and Radenković, 1995",,Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),No,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)  This species is assessed as Vulnerable due to its area of occupancy (AOO), which is 68 km2, the number of locations (8), and the continuing decline of its habitat quality caused primarily by overgrazing, but also by tourism development, recreational activities and urbanization. The number of locations is based on overgrazing by livestock that could cause the fragmentation and loss of the species habitat.           In the EU 27 Member States, the species is restricted to Croatia, and is assessed as Critically Endangered based on its area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO), both of which are 8 km2, with one location primarily based on overgrazing by livestock as the main threat. The continuing decline of the species habitat quality is expected due to ongoing threats. It is not known whether there are additional subpopulations across the Dinaric Mountains that could potentially connect to subpopulations outside the EU. If subpopulations occur close enough, they could provide rescue effect, but this is unknown.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is present on the high mountains of the Balkan Peninsula, with records from Serbia, Montenegro and Croatia. There are no available records from Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is a typical high-mountain species, occurring between 730 and 1,540 m. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 65,347 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 68 km2.","Based on all known findings, the number of recorded specimens are the following: 8 specimens in 1986, more than 65 in 1993, 2 in 1994, 9 in 1998, 17 in 2009, 1 in 2011, 3 in 2012, 14 in 2015, 9 in 2016, 2 in 2017 and 4 in 2018 (Vujić et al. 1995, 2018). The largest subpopulation on Mt. Kopaonik seems to be stable, but the trends of the remaining subpopulations are unknown.","This species prefers open ground in forests. It occurs in open, dry, grassy areas within humid Fagus, Picea and Abies forest (Speight 2020). Although it is a high-mountain species, it prefers warm and dry locations on open ground, pasture and grassy woodland clearings and open areas covered with meadow vegetation on serpentine rock (Vujić et al. 1995). It can be found on dry slopes with species-rich grassland, often in close proximity to streams in valleys (Van Steenis et al. 2015). This species settles on vegetation in the sun. It is known to visit Ranunculus (Vujić et al. 1995), Ornithogalum and Scilla flowers (Radenković et al. 2018). The developmental stages have not been described, but according to field observations and unpublished data, they most probably develop in plants of the Hyacinthaceae (Radenković et al. 2018). The flight period is between May and June (Vujić et al. 1995, 2018; Van Steenis et al. 2015; Speight 2020). Like others in the genus, this species is territorial with strong ecological adaptations to specific species of host plant, which means it typically does not move much.","In all locations, grazing by livestock represents the main threat (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Tourism development, recreational activities and urbanization also lead to habitat fragmentation and loss, especially at point localities in mountain areas (Mts Kopaonik and Durmitor, because of their large ski resorts) and those near coastlines.","Vujić et al. (2001) listed this species under ""threatened species on the Balkan Peninsula, not present in other parts of Europe; degree of threat: decreasing"", following the classification of Speight and Castella (2001). In Serbia it is listed as a ""strictly protected species"" and protected by national law Code of Regulations on the Declaration and Protection of Strictly Protected and Protected Wild Species of Plants, Animals and Fungi (Official Gazette of RS, No. 5/2010, 47/2011, 32/2016 and 98/2016).    However, additional data must be obtained primarily on population size and trends and other potential threats. Therefore, regular monitoring is required on these issues.    Considering the fact that overgrazing by livestock is the main threat (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020), conservation actions should be directed mainly towards habitat protection (restricting grazing). Some point localities are within the boundaries of National Parks Kopaonik (Serbia) and Durmitor (Montenegro), one is within the Nature Park Stara Planina (Eastern Serbia), and one is within the Landscape of outstanding qualities in Kamena Gora (western Serbia). Increasing pressure from expanding tourism infrastructure requires better planning and mitigation. Education and raising public awareness about the importance of this species are very important.",This species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Veselić, S. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,dobrogensis,,Merodon dobrogensis,"Bradescu, 1982",,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This European endemic species is currently known from Greece and Romania. In Greece, the species prefers forest habitat, where it occurs in small open areas  maintained by grazing of goats, located in coastal, evergreen oak  mattoral of Quercus coccifera on limestone (Vujić et al. 2020). In  Romania, the species was found in small, narrow valleys with steppe  vegetation, as well as in the lower parts of the valley (not in forested  areas, but rather in the remaining steppe patches of the valleys). The  species can tolerate moderate levels of grazing by livestock.  The species is assessed as Endangered based on the area of occupancy (AOO), which is 20 km2, the extent of occurrence (EOO), which is 1,418 km2, and due to the fact that it occurs in only two locations in two countries (Greece and Romania). The number of locations is based on overgrazing by livestock as the primary threat. Furthermore, due to the threats to the habitat of this species, a continuing decline in the habitat quality is observed. Further research is required, especially to confirm its restricted distribution.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is known from north-eastern Greece and south-eastern Romania. The known point localities in both countries are very near to each other; there are a total of six point localities, four in Romania and two in Greece. In Greece, Merodon dobrogensis is recorded as a rare species from the coastal region of the northeast (from the Ismaros hills) (Vujić et al. 2020), whereas previous continental records from central, southern and western Greece (Radenković et al. 2011) now refer to M. rojoi Radenković and Vujić, 2020 (Šašić Zorić et al. 2020). Confirmation of the distribution of the species, especially occurrence of the species in Bulgaria between the known localities, requires confirmation.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 1418 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 20 km2.","There are no data about the population size or trends of this species. In Greece, two specimens were recorded in 1977, and six in 2011. In Romania, 21 specimens were recorded in 2014.","In Greece, the species prefers forests. It occurs in small open areas maintained by the grazing of goats, in coastal, evergreen oak mattoral of Quercus coccifera on limestone (Vujić et al. 2020). It flies very low over short ground vegetation (Speight 2020), and is known to visit flowers of Scilla autumnale. Its larvae may be associated with this plant species or with a closely related subspecies. The flight period is from August to October (Vujić et al. 2020).   In Romania, the species was found in small, narrow valleys with steppe vegetation, as well as down in the lower parts of the valley (not in forested areas, but rather in the remaining steppe patches). The species can tolerate moderate levels of grazing by livestock.","Overgrazing by livestock in some point localities represents the main threat (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Tourism development and urbanisation in coastal areas also causes habitat loss and fragmentation. In the Mediterranean region, fires of anthropogenic origin - particularly in fragmented ranges - can cause considerable impacts on the landscape, resulting in the destruction of large areas of vegetation. In addition, droughts and temperature extremes could also pose a threat, as an increase in the temperature could disrupt temporal synchrony of its plant interactions.","The species is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. However, conservation of the habitat is recommended, and in areas where grazing by livestock occurs, this needs to be maintained at levels tolerated by the species. Enforcement of environmental regulations, rules and other policies is needed. In addition, education and raising public awareness about this endemic species may be effective. Additional research is needed on general abundance, population size, habitat, ecological requirements, threats and trends. In order to obtain more data on population size and trends, regular monitoring has to be conducted. The point localities in Romania are within the Natura 2000 network.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Veselić, S. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,dzhalitae,,Merodon dzhalitae,"Paramonov, 1927",,Yes,EN,,No,NA,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)    The species is endemic to Crimea (Ukraine) (Vujić et al. 2020). Based on the small area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) (20 km2 and 854 km2), with only five locations (based on tourism as the main threat) and a continuing decline of the habitat quality due to the intensive tourism, this endemic species is assessed as Endangered. However, a lot of further research on this species is needed, especially about its biology and ecology.",Unknown,This European species is endemic to Crimea (Ukraine). Vujić et al. (2020) found five point localities in southern Crimea. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 854 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 20 km2.,"The population trend is unknown. It has been recorded from five point localities in the Crimea in 1925, 1988, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2017 and in 2018 (Vujić et al. 2020).",The species prefers grasslands and steppe-like areas among ravine woods. The adults are known to visit flowers of Mentha longifolia and Limonium platyphyllum. The flight period is from May to August. The host plant and the immature stages are unknown (Vujić et al. 2020).,"Anthropogenic actions such as urbanisation and tourism and their effects have threatened many of Crimea’s ecosystems. Primary habitats comprise only 2-3% of the territory of Crimea, including remnant forests and mountain meadows.","There are no known conservation actions targeting this species so far. Three point localities are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and the Natura 2000 network, in the Karadag nature reserve in Crimea. Further research about the population size, threats and ecology of this species is needed. More monitoring of the population and habitat trends is required. Introducing it into the National lists of protected species, as well as increasing the awareness about this endemic species is very important.",This species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,eques,,Merodon eques,"(Fabricius, 1805)",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)    EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)   This species is listed as Endangered in Europe and the EU27, considering the fact that the number of locations is four (based on overgrazing by livestock as the main threat), and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2. In addition, in Europe, the distribution of this species is restricted to the Iberian Peninsula. Due to the ongoing threats (primarily overgrazing by livestock), an ongoing habitat fragmentation and loss is inferred.  Continuing monitoring is recommended, as well as additional research on population trend, species ecology and biology. This species is also distributed in Turkey and North Africa (Morocco,  Tunisia and Algeria), but these subpopulations are separated by  geographical barriers, and it is unlikely that these subpopulations  would provide rescue effect.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is distributed in Spain, Portugal, and Gibraltar.   Outside of Europe it is also present in Turkey and North Africa (in Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria).  In Europe and the EU27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be 190,091 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 20 km2.","There is insufficient information about the population trend. However, the subpopulations found in Grazalema and Bolonia (both in Spain) are considered to be stable, since about 50 specimens were collected in 2016. In Portugal six specimens were recorded in 2011 (Van Eck 2016), and in Gibraltar 10 were recorded in 2008 and 2010 (Ebejer and Bensusan 2010).","The preferred environment of this species is rocky, sub-xeric, calcareous grassland in mattoral of Olea europea, Osyris quadripartita, Rhamnus alaternus, Pistacia lentiscus and Pistacia terebinthus (Ebejer and Bensusan 2010), as well as ruderal vegetation along the margins of seasonal rivers (Speight 2020). The adults rest on the bare ground in the sun. It has been recorded visiting flowers of Apiaceae (Foeniculum), Asteraceae (Dittrichia viscosa) and has a particular preference for Urginea (Hyacinthaceae) (Ebejer and Bensusan, 2010).  Hurkmans and De Goffau (1995) reared M. eques in the Netherlands from a batch of infested Narcissus tazzeta and from a bulb of Rhodophiala sp., all imported from Israel (Van Eck, 2016). The flight period is in September and October. The developmental stages have not been described, but it has been reared from Narcissus by Hurkmans and De Goffau (1995) and Pehlivan and Akbulut (1991) imported from Israel.","The main threat to this species is habitat fragmentation and loss due to changes in land use, mainly because of overgrazing by livestock (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Tourism development might be a potential threat to the habitat of this species as well.","This species is not the subject of any targeted conservation action so far. Although the range of this species is within the boundaries of the Sierra de Grazalema Natural Park (Spain), the Natural Park de Sintra-Cascais (Portugal) and the Nature Reserve Rock of Gibraltar (Gibraltar), implementing and enforcing some regulations related to grazing should be considered. All point localities are within the Natura 2000 network. Additional research on its population trend, biology and ecology is highly recommended. Increasing awareness about this species is very important. Monitoring the population size and habitat trends is required.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Veselić, S. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,equestris,,Merodon equestris,"(Fabricius, 1794)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    This species prefers open grounds in deciduous forests. It occurs in  open areas in humid deciduous forests and at higher altitudes, up into  the subalpine zone. It is significantly anthropophilic, occurring also  in suburban gardens and on horticultural land.   This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and EU 27 primarily due to its wide distribution from Scandinavia south to Iberia and the Mediterranean, and from Ireland eastwards through much of Europe into European parts of Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are too big for threatened categories. Habitat fragmentation and loss is the main threat. Additional research and monitoring is needed on population and habitat trend.",Stable,"This is a widely distributed species. In Europe and the EU27, it is present from Scandinavia south to Iberia and the Mediterranean, including North Africa, and from Ireland eastwards through most of Europe into the European parts of Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are too large for threatened categories.  Within Europe its range has almost certainly been expanded due to human activity. For instance, it is doubtful that this species could have reached either Great Britain (where there are significant numbers of records across the British Isles; NBN 2021) or Ireland unaided by man (Speight 2020).  Outside of Europe, it also occurs in Japan and in North America, where it is present from British Colombia south to California.","There is not much information about the population size and trend, but it seems stable.","This species prefers open ground in deciduous forests. It occurs in open areas in humid deciduous forests and at higher altitudes, up into the subalpine zone. It is significantly anthropophilic, occurring also in suburban gardens and on horticultural land.   The adults fly low, with a rapid zig-zag flight, among ground vegetation beside tracks, in clearings, or over flower beds, and they frequently settle on the bare ground. It is known to visit Apiaceae and many other flowers, such as Ajuga, Aster, Cirsium, Crepis, Eschscholzia californica, Hieracium, Knautia arvensis, Meconopsis cambrica, Papaver, Ranunculus, Rubus idaeus, Senecio and Thymus (Speight 2020).   The flight period is from May to July (plus April in southern Europe and August at higher altitudes or more northerly latitudes). The larva has been described and figured by Hodson (1932) and Heiss (1938), and illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1993). It occurs in the underground storage organs of many geophyte species from different plant families (especially those of commercial importance to horticulture), but mostly from Amaryllidaceae (also in some Asparagaceae, Iridaceae and Liliaceae) (Speight 2020). For further detail on host plants, see Ricarte et al. (2017).","This species is widely distributed (it is now Holarctic), but since its preferred environment is open ground in deciduous forests, as well as suburban gardens and horticultural land, a possible threat could be habitat fragmentation and loss due to land conversion because of urbanisation, fires, and grazing by livestock (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020).","This species is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. Although this is a widely distributed species, conservation of its habitat is recommended. Taking into account the possible threats, it is recommended to conserve the habitat by enforcement of environmental regulations, rules and other policies. Raising public awareness and education about the importance of this species are important. Additional research and continuous monitoring is needed about its population and habitat trend, species ecology and additional possible threats.  A number of point localities are within the boundaries of protected areas. Some of them are the National Park Stara Planina (Serbia), National Park Durmitor (Montenegro), National Park Mavrovo (North Macedonia); National Park des Pyrenees, National Park des Ecrins, Nantional Park de la Vanoise, Regional Natural Park des Pyrenees Catalanes (France); Natural Park de Fuentes Carrionas y Fluente (Spain).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Veselić, S. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,erivanicus,,Merodon erivanicus,"Paramonov, 1925",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  In Europe, this species is distributed in Serbia, Croatia, North Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Greece. It is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and EU 27 primarily due to its wide distribution. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 508,575 km2, and the number of locations is over 30 based on the overgrazing as the main threat. However, other possible threats to the habitat of this species should not be neglected (urbanisation and fires, especially in the Mediterranean hotspot). Additional research and monitoring is needed on population trend, species ecology and biology, as well as about potential threats.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in Serbia, Croatia, North Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Greece. In Europe and the EU27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 508575 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 304 km2.   Outside of Europe, it is also present in the Caucasus (in Armenia and Azerbaijan), Turkey and Israel.","There are insufficient data on the population trend, and thus monitoring is required. Specimens have been collected between 1887 and 2019, with more than 20 collected specimens in 2009, 2010 and 2012.","This species prefers open ground beside seasonal water-courses with a riparian forest strip of Populus and Salix scrub within otherwise open steppes, and alongside rivers in various habitats, including olive orchards, Castanea forest and phrygana. The known visited flowers are Euphorbia, yellow Apiaceae, and Ferula (Vujić et al. 2011, 2020; Ricarte et al. 2012; Speight 2020). The flight period is from the end of April until October (Vujić et al. 2020). The developmental stages have not been described.","The main potential threat is habitat loss due to change in land use. In addition, especially in the Mediterranean region, overgrazing by livestock, urbanisation and fires represent potential threats (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020).","This species is not the subject of any targeted conservation action so far. However, some point localities are within the boundaries of  Galičica National Park (Northern Macedonia) and Dadia Forest Nature Reserve (Greece). Furthermore, a considerable number of point localities are within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network. Monitoring of population and habitat trends is recommended, as well as research about potential threats, ecology and population size. Increasing awareness about this species is also important.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Veselić, S. & Radenković, S.","Mengual, X.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,erymanthius,,Merodon erymanthius,"Vujić, Ačanski and Šašić, 2018",,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This species inhabits high elevations (between 1,250 and 1,900 .) on  Erymanthos and Chelmos mountains in the northern Peloponnese, Greece. Its  preferred habitat is Mediterranean evergreen forest (Radenković et al. 2018), and tracksides and streams in Pinus forest. The adults visit flowers of Mentha L. (Vujić et al. 2020).  The species is assessed as Endangered based on the area of occupancy (AOO), which is 8 km2, extent of occurrence (EOO), which 38 km2 and because it has only two locations (based on overgrazing by livestock). This species is found at only two point localities in Mount Erymanthos and Mountain Chelmos (Peloponnesos, Greece), and due to major threats for the habitat of this species (primarily overgrazing by livestock and tourism), a continuing decline in quality of habitat is observed.",Unknown,This European endemic species is restricted to Mt. Erymanthos and Mt. Chelmos in the Peloponnese Peninsula of Greece. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 38 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km2.,"There no data on the population trend. Currently, only one specimen was collected in 1987 and 23 in 2012. In order to obtain more information on population, continued monitoring is needed.","This species inhabits high elevations (between 1,250 and 1,900 m) on Mts. Erymanthos and Chelmos in the northern Peloponnese. Its preferred habitat is Mediterranean evergreen forest (Radenković et al. 2018), and tracksides and streams in Pinus forest. The adults are known to visit flowers of Mentha (Vujić et al. 2020). The flight period is in August and September (Radenković et al. 2018).","The main threats to the maintenance of the special ecological characteristics of the mountain ecosystems of Erymanthos originate from overgrazing by goats and sheep, logging, road expansion, poaching and hunting. Overgrazing by goats and sheep is one of the major threats to the survival of many unique plant associations in the open steppe grasslands, characterized by high diversity and a high number of endemic species (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). From 1961 to 1972 there was a decrease in the number of goats grazing on the mountains, but an increase in the number of sheep, and the total number of grazing animals increased. However, during the 10-year period between 1980 and 1990, the numbers appeared to stabilize (Natura, 2000 Data Form). Due to the fact that the popular ski resort of Kalavryta (on Mt. Chelmos) is quite near to one point location, tourism development also poses a threat to the habitat of this species. Fires of natural or anthropogenic origin can also cause the habitat fragmentation and loss.","The species is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. However, education and raising awareness about the importance of this species is needed. All point localities are within the Natura 2000 network. One point locality is within the Mt Chelmos National Park and the other is in the Mt Erymanthos Natural Park. However, it is recommended to conserve the habitats of this species. Additional research is needed on general abundance, habitat, ecological requirements, threats (for example, which levels of grazing could be tolerated) and trends. Monitoring the population and habitat trends is also important.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Veselić, S. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,escorialensis,,Merodon escorialensis,"Strobl, 1909",,Yes,NT,B2ab(iii),Yes,NT,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This European species is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. It is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) as it is close to meeting the threshold for Vulnerable under Criterion B, with a restricted area of occupancy (AOO), continuing decline in habitat area and quality, but with a number of locations that exceeds ten (though to be c. 10). The number of locations is based on overgrazing by livestock as the main threat. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 369,791 km2 and AOO is 104 km2. In addition, due to the ongoing threats (of which overgrazing represents the main one), a continuing decline in quality of habitat and its fragmentation is observed. Furthermore, only a small number of specimens have been registered. Monitoring and research of its population and habitat trend are required.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is restricted to the Iberian Peninsula. In Spain, it is known from the Cantabrian mountains southwards to the mountains of the Sistema Central of central Spain, and in the Parque Natural de Cazorla in the south, and from locality in Barcelona (Marcos-Garcia et al. 2007). In Portugal, it is recorded from a few point localities in northwestern and central parts of the country (Van Eck 2011, 2016). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 369,791 km2 and area of occupancy (AOO) is 104 km2.","There are no data on the population trend, and therefore, continuous monitoring is needed. Based on all known findings, specimens in Portugal were collected from 1981 to 2015 (two in 1981 and one each in 2009, 2010, 2013 and 2015). Specimens from Spain were collected in 1969, 1986 (two), 1977, 1981, 1982, 1985 (three), 1980 (five), 1988 (six), 1987 (14) (Marcos-García 1989, Marcos-García et al. 2007).","The preferred environment for this species is open ground, unimproved, non-calcareous, montane grassland and heath, from the level of Castanea forest up to 1,800 metres, as well as open Quercus rotundifolia woodland all over Spain (Marcos-García 1989, Marcos-García et al. 2007, Speight 2018). It is known to visit yellow Asteraceae, Calluna, Lavandula, Mentha and Succisa. The developmental stages have not been described. The flight period is from March to September (Marcos-García et al. 2007). The host plant is unknown.","Overgrazing by livestock represents the main threat (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). The vegetation habitats have been increasingly fragmented in the Iberian Peninsula, and processes of intensification and expansion have provoked changes (such as shrub encroachment and nitrophilous plants) (Fernández et al. 2018). Fires in these point localities also represent a potential threat to the habitat quality, contributing to its fragmentation and loss. Ongoing urbanisation and tourism development in certain localities, especially in those near to the coast, can result in habitat fragmentation and loss.","The species is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. Some of its point localities are within the boundaries of the Natural Park de Cazorla in Spain. In Portugal, a few point localities are within the boundaries of two Natural Parks: da Serra da Estrela and das Serras de Aire e Candeeiros. A number of point localities are within the Natura 2000 network.   Additional research and monitoring are needed on its general abundance, habitat, ecological requirements, threats and trends. As overgrazing by livestock is the main threat, this should be restricted. Raising awareness and education about the importance of this species is also important.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Veselić, S. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,euri,,Merodon euri,"Vujić and Radenković, 2018",,Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  This European endemic is assessed as Vulnerable both globally and for the EU 27 Member States, primarily based on its number of locations (eight), and the area of occupancy (AOO) (68 km2). Moreover, due to ongoing threats (primarily habitat loss due to agricultural activities), a continuing decline in quality of habitat is observed. The number of locations is calculated based on the habitat loss due to agricultural activities. In the EU 27, the species is assessed as Vulnerable, based on its number of locations (seven) and the area of occupancy (AOO) (64 km2). Moreover, due to the ongoing threats, a continuing decline in quality of habitat is observed.",Stable,"This European endemic species is known from southwestern Bulgaria, Greece and southern Serbia, from the eastern to the southern parts of the Balkan Peninsula, with one population even occurring in the northern Peloponnesus. Further research is required to confirm its distribution, with no records from North Macedonia at present, for example.","In order to obtain more information about the population, continuing monitoring is needed. However, based on the available data, only one specimen was recorded in 1962 and 1985, two in 1998, three in 2007, and four in 1984. In 2012, the population was considered to be stable (61 specimens were caught, from Dadia National Park, Mount Olympus, Thessaly and central Greece, and from the Pčinja region in Serbia). It was also considered to be stable in 2014 as well (22 specimens collected, all from the Peloponnese, Greece).","The preferred environment of this species is maquis and open areas in Mediterranean evergreen forests (Radenković et al. 2018), open ground and brushwood forests, open thermophilous Quercus (Quercus  frainetto, Quercus  cerris, Quercus  pubescens) forests, garrigues and parklands. The flight period is from April to June and from August to October (Vujić et al. 2020). The developmental stages and host plant are unknown.","The loss of habitat and host plants represent direct threats (Rotheray 1993). The main causes of loss of maquis in the Mediterranean region is the destruction of the natural vegetation to make way for pasture, grazing by livestock (which hinders or slows down the progressive development of the vegetation), fires (large-scale fires particularly in Dadia National Park), replacement of the natural vegetation by crops, reforestation with species which do not give rise to maquis, and human settlements in varying density in places formerly covered by vegetation (Tomaselli 1977). A main threat is habitat loss due to agricultural activities. Additionally, urbanisation and tourism can also lead to habitat fragmentation and loss.","Until now, this species has not been the subject of any targeted conservation actions. However, since its habitat is being threatened, conservation actions should be undertaken to protect it, directed towards the protection of the habitat, including host plants. Some point localities occur in National Parks. Raising awareness and educating about the importance of this species are important. Research is needed about its threats, ecology, biology, population size and trends. Monitoring the population and habitat trends is also required.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Veselić, S. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,femoratoides,,Merodon femoratoides,"Paramonov, 1925",,No,VU,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)       EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)    This species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and the EU 27 primarily based on the number of locations (10) (calculated based on overgrazing as the main threat), and the small (64 km2) area of occupancy (AOO). Also, fires and changes in land use pose direct threats to this species habitat, causing its continuous fragmentation and loss. Furthermore, from some point localities (such as those in Crimea, Ukraine) this species is considered to be extinct (and records are quite dated). Continuous monitoring is required, as well as additional research on population trend, species ecology.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in Greece and Ukraine (in Crimea).  Outside of Europe, it also occurs in Turkey, North Africa (Algeria) (Speight 2020), and in Armenia.  In Europe and the EU27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 296,033 km2 and area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 64 km2.","Most collected specimens from Ukraine (Crimea) date from 1919, 1925, 1981-1984, 1997 and 1998, and are from the Karadag Nature Reserve (174 specimens out of 183). It is possible that this species is now extinct in its localities in Crimea, where only a few specimens were collected in 1923, 1929 and 1980 (G. Popov pers. comm. 2020). The recent records are from Greece (from 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, but also from 1956 and 1985), but only a few specimens were collected (Vujić et al. 2020; X. Mengual pers. comm. 2020). The population trend is unknown.","The species prefers sparsely-vegetated dry grasslands, Mediterranean prickly thickets of shrubs and trees, and dry deciduous forests (Speight 2020, Popov pers. comm. 2020). The flight period is from May to July. The visited flowers are Ornithogalum ponticum, Seseli tortuosum, Bupleurum sp. (Popov pers. comm. 2020). The developmental stages have not yet been described.","The main threats for this species are overgrazing by livestock, fires and ploughing, which could provoke habitat fragmentation and loss (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020).","Merodon femoratoides has been listed in the Red Book of Ukraine as a Vulnerable species (Akimova 2009, https://redbook-ua.org/). One point locality in Crimea (Ukraine) is within the boundaries of Karadag Nature Reserve, and a few point localities in Greece are within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network. Monitoring, as well as additional research about population and habitat trends, ecology and potential threats are needed. Raising awareness about this species is very important.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Veselić, S. & Radenković, S.","Popov, G. & Mengual, X.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,femoratus,,Merodon femoratus,"Sack, 1913",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This species is assessed as Least Concern  in Europe and the EU27 primarily due to its wide distribution (the extent of occurrence is 1,587,121 km2), and number of locations (more than 30 based on overgrazing and fires as main threats). However, because of the ongoing threats (primarily overgrazing by livestock and fires), the quality of habitat of this species is declining. According to data, this species existed on one point locality in Croatia (Dalmatia) more than 100 years ago, but now it is considered to be extinct here (A. Vujic pers. comm. 2020). Moreover, most of the registered specimens date back from many years ago. Therefore, continuous monitoring is highly recommended, as well as further research on population and habitat trends, the ecology of the species, and on possible threats as well.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in south and southwestern Europe (France, Portugal, Spain, and Italy).   Outside of Europe, it is also present in North Africa (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia).  In Europe and EU27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be  1,587,121 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 236 km2.","There are not enough data on its population trend. The collected specimens range in date from the early 1900s (France) to recent years (it was collected in 2017, also in France, in Corsica). In general, most of the oldest specimens are those from France. There is one location in Croatia (Dalmacia) where this species was recorded more than 100 years ago (Strobl 1900), but today it is considered extinct from this locality (A. Vujic pers. comm. 2020). Since a lot of records of this species date back to the 1950s, 1960s, and 1980s, monitoring is highly recommended.","The preferred environment of this species is garrigue (phrygana). It has been found on low-lying, sandy, herb-rich grasslands containing abundant wild onion flowers (Allium sp.), scattered clumps of sedge and occasional stems of Arundo. It also occurs at the edge of Mediterranean salt-marsh, where during winter the fluctuating ground-water levels bring the water level very close to the ground surface. It has also been found in open, dry Pinus forest (P. halepensis) on largely bare, stony grounds and in open areas within Quercus ilex forest and Castanea forest, garrigue, matorral, and hedgehog heath (Marcos-García et al. 2007, Speight 2020). Van Eck (2016) also mentions a zone of mixed deciduous forest on humid soils in the lower parts, with nearby higher, drier, rocky and more open places.   The adults fly extremely rapidly and very low over and through ground vegetation. The males return repeatedly to particular resting sites, settling on patches of reclining grass stems or other low-growing vegetation, or on small patches of bare ground. They are known to visit flowers such as Calystegia, Cistus and Eryngium  (Marcos-García et al. 2007, Speight 2020). The flight period is from April to September (Speight 2020), with peaks in June and at the end of August - beginning of September (Speight 2020). The developmental stages have not been described.","The main threat to the habitat of this species is overgrazing by livestock, and to some extent fires as well (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). These threats can cause decline in habitat quality leading to its fragmentation and loss.","This species is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. However, a lot of point localities in France and Spain are within the boundaries of National and Natural Parks (National Park des Pyrenees, Natural Parks Regional de Corse, la Serrania de Cuenca, des Baronnies provencales, du Luberon, des Ballons des Vosges, de la Sierra de Gredos, and do Vale do Guadiana). A relatively high number of point localities are within the Natura 2000 network. Nevertheless, additional research is needed on population and habitat trends, ecology, biology and potential threats. Taking into account the possible threats, it is recommended to conserve the habitat of this species by enforcement of environmental regulations, rules and other policies. Since a lot of records of this species date back from 1950s, 1960s, and 1980s, monitoring is highly recommended. Furthermore, raising awareness about this species is very important.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Veselić, S. & Radenković, S.","Mengual, X.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,flavicornis,,Merodon flavicornis,"Macquart, 1842",,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This European endemic species is known from only three point localities in southern France, one of which is considered to be possibly extinct. It is assessed as Endangered, based on the maximum two locations based on overgrazing as a primary threat and because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km2. Furthermore, due to the ongoing threats (overgrazing by livestock, fires, urbanisation and tourism), a continuing decline in the habitat quality is inferred.",Unknown,"The distribution of this European endemic species is restricted to southern France where it is known from only three point localities (around Nîmes, Marseille and Frejús, with the locality east of Marseille considered to be possibly extinct). The species was described from an unknown type locality. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 8 km2.","There are insufficient data about the population trend of this species. Only two specimens were caught in 1918, one in 1961, and one designated as the holotype in 1969 (Veselić et al. 2017). Regular monitoring is needed in order to obtain more information on population size and distribution. Due to the high pressure from urbanization and tourism, the species is likely to have become extinct in the locality close to Marseille from where the oldest records come.",This species inhabits thermophilous oak (Quercus) forests. The developmental stages have not been described. The flight period is in September and October (Veselić et al. 2017). The host plant is unknown.,"Overgrazing by livestock is the main threat (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Fires also pose a potential threat to the habitat quality, as they contribute to its fragmentation and loss. Ongoing urbanisation and tourism are major threats at one locality near to the coast, also causing habitat fragmentation and loss.","This species is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. One point locality is within boundaries of the National Park des Cevennes. It is recommended to conserve the habitat by enforcement of environmental regulations, rules and other policies. Additional research is needed about general abundance, habitat, ecological requirements, threats and trends. Regular monitoring is necessary in order to obtain more information on habitat trends, as well as on  population size and distribution, because due to the high pressure of urbanisation and tourism, it is likely that the species may have become extinct in the locality close to Marseille. Raising awareness of this species is also important.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Veselić, S. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,flavus,,Merodon flavus,"Sack, 1913",,Yes,NT,B2ab(iii),No,NT,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)    This European endemic species prefers unimproved montane grasslands. It is assessed as Near Threatened primarily due to its small area of occupancy (AOO) (96 km2) and the continuous decline in habitat quality and extent. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is large. However, due to ongoing threats (primarily overgrazing by livestock, tourism development, and, especially in the Alps, fires), the quality of habitat of this species is in decline.  Furthermore, the presence of this species is uncertain in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Bulgaria. Monitoring of the population is required, as well as more research on population trend, ecology and biology of this species.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is known from central Portugal, central and northern Spain, and southern France (the Causses in the Massif Central), and throughout the Alps (France, Switzerland, and Italy). Speight (2020) also mentions the Czech Republic, Hungary and Bulgaria, but its presence remains uncertain in these countries (A. Vujic pers. comm. 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is 547,423 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 96 km2.",More data are needed about the population trend. Most specimens were collected in the Iberian Peninsula.,"The species prefers open ground and unimproved montane grasslands with stands of wild Narcissus (Marcos-Garcia et al. 2007). The adults fly low (up to 0.5 metre) through and just above ground vegetation, with a rapid zig-zagging pattern, closely resembling that of M. equestris. The flight period is between the end of May and the end of July. The developmental stages have not been described, but they are probably associated with Narcissus (Speight 2020).","Poorly managed grazing by livestock is the main threat, which causes habitat fragmentation and loss (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Urbanisation and tourism development are also important threats for the habitat of this species, especially in the Alps. Fires are other possible threat to habitat quality.","The species is not the subject of any targeted conservation action so far. A number of point localities are within the boundaries of protected areas, National and Natural Parks and within the Natura 2000 network. Monitoring and research on population and habitat trends are needed, as well as research on its biology, ecology and other possible threats. Raising awareness about this species would be beneficial.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nève, G. & Varga, Z.","Veselić, S. & Radenković, S.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,funestus,,Merodon funestus,"(Fabricius, 1794)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   The species is listed as Least Concern both in Europe and the EU 27, primarily due to its wide distribution (throughout in Central and Southern Europe).  Both the area of occupancy (AOO) and the extent of occurrence (EOO) are above thresholds for the threatened categories. Due to ongoing threats (primarily unsustainable forest management, but also urbanization), continuing decline in habitat quality, as well as habitat fragmentation and loss is expected. Monitoring the population and habitat trends is recommended. Further research is needed on population and habitat trends, species ecology and biology, as well as other potential threats to the habitat of this species.",Unknown,"The species is distributed in central and southern Europe. In Greece, it has been recorded at low altitudes in the north-eastern and central parts of the mainland, as well as in the Peloponnese Peninsula, the Ionian Islands, the Cycladic island of Ios and the East Aegean island of Samos.   Outside of Europe, it is also present in Turkey, Israel and Libya (Vujić et al. 2020).  In Europe and EU27, both the area of occupancy (AOO) and the extent of occurrence (EOO) are above the thresholds for threatened categories.","The population trend is unknown. According to available data, there are numerous subpopulations of this species in the Mediterranean basin. .","The preferred habitat of this species is open ground in forests. It occurs in open areas in evergreen oak forests of Quercus coccifera or Quercus ilex, and by seasonal streams in Balkan thermophilus deciduous Quercus forests. It is also present in tall-herb ruderal communities on sparsely vegetated open ground close to seasonal rivers and streams, or in drainage ditches. It is known to visit the white and yellow flowers of Adonis, Anacyclus and Ranunculus (Vujić et al. 2020).   The flight period is from April to October. The developmental stages have not been described. The adults closely resemble honeybees (Apis) and spend much time sitting on flowers. They fly low through and over ground vegetation, and settle on stones  (Speight 2020).","The main threat is habitat degradation, primarily due to conversion of forest areas, urbanization and infrastructure development, intensive tourism especially in Mediterranean coastal areas.","The species is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. A number of point localities are within the boundaries of protected areas and the Natura 2000 network. For example, there are point localities in the Natural Park Los Alcornocales, Natural Park Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas; Regional Natural Park des Pyrenees Catalanes, Natural Park Grazalema in Sapin, and in the Dadia-Lefkimi-Soufli Forest National Park, National Park of Tzoumerka, Peristeri and Arachthos Gorge in Greece.   Monitoring of population and habitat trends is recommended. Further research is needed on these and on the ecology, biology and other potential threats to the habitat of this species. In addition, raising awareness would be beneficial. Especially in non-protected areas, it is recommended to conserve its habitat by enforcement of environmental regulations, rules and other policies.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nève, G. & Varga, Z.","Veselić, S. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,gallicus,,Merodon gallicus,"Vujíc and Radenković, 2012",,Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  This species is known from the Ticino region in southern Switzerland and from eastern and southwest France (from Lorraine south to the Alpes-Maritimes, and in Haut-Languedoc). Based on its area of occupancy (AOO) (40 km2) and number of locations (nine) calculated based on overgrazing by livestock as the main threat, the species is assessed as Vulnerable both globally and for the EU27 Member States. Furthermore, because of the ongoing threats (primarily poorly managed grazing) on this species habitat, a continuous decline in its quality is inferred.   Considering the fact that there are only few recent records of this species (from 2011 and 2018), while the other records are from 1919, 1924, 1932 and 1968, more efforts should be directed towards monitoring of this species, and towards research on its population, ecology, and other potential threats.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is known from France and Switzerland. In France, it is distributed in the eastern part, from Lorraine south to the Alpes-Maritimes, and in the south-west in Haut-Languedoc, with localities in Bourgogne, Hérault, Isère, Meurthe, Meurthe-et-Moselle and Côte-d’Or regions (Vujić et al. 2012, Speight 2018, Francois et al. 2019). In southern Switzerland, it has been recorded in the Ticino region (L. Pollini pers. comm. 2020).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this endemic species is estimated to be 216,453 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 40 km2.","There are not enough data about the population trend. Based on all known findings, in France only two specimens were caught in 1916, six in 1924, one in 1932 and one in 1968 (Vujić et al. 2012). Recent records are from 2011 near Grenoble, and in 2016 from the Côte-d’Or region (in the Natural Reserve de la Combe Lavaux) (Francois et al. 2019).   In Switzerland, five specimens were caught in 2018 in  the Ticino region (P. Lucia pers. comm. 2020). More research and monitoring is needed in order to obtain more information on the population size.","This species inhabits open ground in deciduous forests, open grassy and tall-herb areas in Quercus/Fraxinus and Quercus/Carpinus forest. The adults fly fast through and at the tops of tall herb and long grass vegetation, and also at greater heights above the ground, around the foliage of shrubs.   The developmental stages have not been described. The flight period is between May and the end of June (Speight 2018). In Switzerland, it was found in a fairly dry and sunny Quercus/Castanea grove (L. Pollini pers. comm. 2020). The host plant is unknown.","Overgrazing by livestock is considered to be the main threat (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Increasing tourism, road construction and urbanisation can also cause habitat fragmentation and loss.","The species is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. However, it is recommended to conserve its habitat and restrict overgrazing by livestock. Additional research and monitoring is needed on general abundance, habitat trends, ecological requirements, threats (especially to investigate the impact of grazing) and trends. In addition, raising awareness about this species would be beneficial.   One point locality is within the boundaries of de la Combe Lavaux Natural Reserve (France). Lebard and Speight (2019) include this species in their list of Syrphidae of the Mercantour National Park (in France; IUCN Management Category II). In addition, a few point localities are within the Natura 2000 network.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Veselić, S. & Radenković, S.","Pollini, L.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,geniculatus,,Merodon geniculatus,"Strobl, 1909",,Yes,NT,B2ab(iii),No,NT,B2b(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  This European endemic species is listed as Near Threatened, close to qualifying under Criterion B, primarily due to the small area of occupancy (AOO) (116 km2 in Europe, 112 km2 in the EU27 Member States) with continuing decline in the quality and extent of habitat. In addition, the number of locations is estimated to be 20 based on primarily overgrazing by livestock, as the main threat, as well as fires and tourism. Although a number of point localities are within the boundaries of protected areas, grazing is still intensive (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020), and it should be controlled and managed adequately.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is known from mainland parts of Portugal, Spain, and France, and from Gibraltar, Corsica (France) and Sardinia and Sicily (Italy). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,224,836 km2 and area of occupancy (AOO) is 116 km2.",There are insufficient data about the population trend. Most specimens were collected in the Iberian Peninsula.,"This species prefers open ground in forests. It occurs in unimproved montane grassland in southern Europe, and open areas in mesophilous Fagus and Quercus ilex forests. The adults fly rapidly and extremely close to the ground, settling on small patches of bare surface among low-growing vegetation. It is known to visit flowers such as Calluna vulgaris, Hedera and Rosmarinus officinalis.   The flight period is from April to October. The puparium is described and figured by Ricarte et al. (2017), who reared a series of specimens from bulbs of various species of Narcissus: N. dubius, N. rupicola, N. tazetta and N. triandrus ssp. pallidulus, all of which were collected from the field. Circumstantial evidence suggests one potential plant host for the larva is the yellow Autumn Crocus Sternbergia lutea (Speight 2020).","Overgrazing by livestock is the main threat, which causes habitat fragmentation and loss (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Habitats have been increasingly fragmented, especially in the Iberian Peninsula, and processes of intensification and expansion have provoked changes. Another possible threat to the habitat quality are fires. Ongoing urbanisation and tourism development in attractive locations, especially those near to the coastline, could cause declines in habitat quality, finally leading to loss. Since some point localities are within the boundaries of Grazalema Natural Park, cork extraction from the cork oak poses a threat to this species.","The species is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. Although a number of point localities are within the boundaries of protected areas, National and Natural Parks and the Natura 2000 network, grazing by livestock (the main threat to the habitat of this species) is still intensive, and should be controlled and managed adequately. Monitoring and research about population and habitat trends are needed, as well as research on biology, ecology and other possible threats. Raising awareness is important.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nève, G. & Varga, Z.","Veselić, S. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,hamifer,,Merodon hamifer,"Sack, 1913",,No,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)        EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)        This species is distributed in Greece and Turkey. In Europe and the EU27, it is assessed as Vulnerable, based on the extent of occurrence (EOO) (6558 km2) and area of occupancy (AOO) (60 km2), and on the number of locations (six), which is based on the main threats to the habitat of this species (overgrazing by livestock and fires), as well as because of the observed continuing decline in the habitat quality.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in Greece and Turkey (Hurkmans 1993, Vujić et al. 2011, Speight 2020). In Greece, it is known from the Eastern Aegean Islands of Chios, Lesbos and Samos (Vujić et al. 2020). It is more abundant in Turkey than in Greece.    In Europe and the EU27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 6558 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km2.","There are not enough data about the population trend. In Greece, only one specimen was collected in each of the years 1932, 1999, 2001, 2005 and 2017; seven were collected in 2004 and in 2012, and eight in 2009, while more than 30 were collected in 2010. More research and monitoring is needed in order to obtain more complete information on the population size of this species.","This species prefers deciduous forests of Quercus (Vujić et al. 2011) and Castanea, herb-rich meadows and bushes, and edge of tracks with tall herbs and bushes (Ricarte et al. 2012). The developmental stages have not been described and the host plant is unknown. Flowers recorded as visited by this species are white and yellow Apiaceae such as Foeniculum vulgare, Ferula (Vujić et al. 2011, 2020) and Ridolfia segetum (Ricarte et al. 2012). The flight period is from May to July (Speight 2018).","Overgrazing by livestock is the main threat, but fires also pose a threat. Grazing activities, especially on Greek islands (for example on Lesbos) have resulted in a drastic degradation of the landscape, and therefore, the quality of habitat (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Additionally, urbanisation and tourism development on the islands lead to habitat fragmentation and loss.","Until now, the species has not been the subject of any targeted conservation action. Conservation actions should be directed towards the protection of the habitat and host plants. Some point localities are within the Natura 2000 network. Monitoring the population and habitat trends is required, as well as increasing the awareness about this species. Research about its threats, ecology, abundance and population trend is also important.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Veselić, S. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,hirtus,,Merodon hirtus,"(Sack, 1932)",,No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)    EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)     The species is assessed as Endangered in Europe based on number of locations (three), area of occupancy (24 km2) and extent of occurrence (1,328 km2), which are all below thresholds. In Europe, this species is only registered at six localities in Cyprus. The number of locations is three based on the main threats (fires and intense urbanization). Furthermore, due to other ongoing threats, such as mismanagement of pastures and grazing by livestock, tourism development, a continuing decline in habitat quality is observed (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020).   Outside of Europe, this species is recorded in Asia (Turkey, Israel, Iran, Syria, Palestine and Jordan), but considering the fact that the range of this species in Europe is restricted to one island (making it isolated), conserving the habitat is of crucial importance as these island subpopulations are more vulnerable to extinctions resulting from ongoing threats.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in Cyprus (six localities). In Europe and the EU27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1328 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2.  Outside of Europe, it is present in Turkey, Israel, Iran, Syria, Palestine and Jordan.","There are not enough data about the population trend. Based on all known findings, on Cyprus five specimens were collected in 2000, 71 in 2003, four in 2011, and one in 2012. More research and monitoring is needed in order to obtain more complete information on population size.","This species prefers Mediterranean-type forest and shrubland (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). The developmental stages have not been described, and the host plant is unknown. The flight period is from March to September.","Habitat loss due to fires and urbanisation are the main threats. Mismanagement of pastures, grazing by livestock, as well as tourism development (mainly urban development in the coastal zone) also cause habitat fragmentation and loss (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Ski facilities in higher altitudes and road construction represent a growing threat to important forest habitats and endangered species (Regato 2021, Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Cyprus 2014, A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","Until now, the species has not been the subject of targeted conservation action. However, since its habitat is under ongoing threats, conservation actions should be undertaken. Taking into account the possible threats, it is recommended to conserve the habitat (host plants) of this species by enforcement of environmental regulations, rules and other policies. Public awareness and education are essential. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is required. Research about its threats, ecology, abundance and population trend is also important.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Veselić, S. & Radenković, S.","Mengual, X.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,hoplitis,,Merodon hoplitis,"Hurkmans, 2012",,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)   EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  The species is assessed as Endangered for Europe, based on the number of locations (4-5) and an area of occupancy of 28 km2. The number of locations is based on overgrazing (mainly by sheep and goats) as the main threat. In addition, a continuing decline in habitat quality is observed due to other ongoing threats, such as urbanisation in this area because of intensive tourism development, as well as due to fires (mainly of anthropogenic origin).  The species is also assessed as Endangered (EN) for the EU27 Member States, where it is restricted to Croatia, based on number of locations (two) and because its area of occupancy (AOO) is only 8 km2. A continuing decline in the habitat quality is observed due to ongoing threats, primarily overgrazing by livestock, urbanisation and intensive tourism development in this area, as well as because of fires.",Unknown,"Merodon hoplitis is endemic to the Balkan Peninsula in Europe, where it is known from the Dinaric Mountains along the Adriatic coast on the (Vujić et al. 2012). Its known distribution is restricted to Montenegro and Croatia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,004 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km2.","The population trend is unknown. Based on the known records, specimens were collected across the range in 1969 (128 specimens), 2008 (10), 2011 (62) and 2019 (12). In addition, one specimen was collected in 1930, and two in 2003. However, more research and monitoring needs to be conducted in order to obtain more complete information on any population trend. When detected, the species can be found in high numbers (hundreds).","This species prefers Mediterranean-type shrubland and forest and open habitats connected to forested areas. The developmental stages have not been described, and the host plant is unknown. The flight period is from April to June. Open habitats in mountainous areas do not usually require management, but at lower altitudes some grazing can help maintain them.","In all point localities, overgrazing by livestock represents a major threat (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Tourism development and urbanisation are threats of significant importance in some localities (Montenegro) as they can lead to habitat fragmentation and loss. Fires (mainly of anthropogenic origin in recent years) can cause declines in habitat quality.","Until now, Merodon hoplitis has not been the subject of any targeted conservation action. However, since its habitat is under ongoing threats, conservation actions should be undertaken. They should be directed towards the protection of the species habitat and host plants through  application and enforcement of environmental regulations, rules and other policies. Public awareness and education are essential. Two point localities are within Lovćen National Park (Montenegro), and point localities in Croatia are within the Natura 2000 network. More research and monitoring need to be conducted in order to obtain more complete information on its population and habitat trends, threats and ecology.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Veselić, S. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,ibericus,,Merodon ibericus,"Vujić, 2015",,No,NT,B2ab(iii),No,NT,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)    EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)    In Europe, this species is only known from the Iberian Peninsula. It is listed as Near Threatened in Europe and the EU27  primarily due to its relatively small AOO (136 km2) and 16 locations estimated based on overgrazing by livestock as the main threat. Because of the ongoing threats (changes in land use, overgrazing, fires and tourism), the quality of habitat of this species is declining. Although a number of point localities are within the boundaries of protected areas, grazing by livestock is intensive, and it should be controlled and managed adequately.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is known only from the Iberian Peninsula (from Portugal and Spain), but it is also present in North Africa (Morocco) (Speight 2020). In Europe and EU27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 369,959 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 136 km2.","There are insufficient data about the population trend. Specimens were collected from 1920 to 2018 from different point localities on the Iberian Peninsula. Most records are from Spain (Marcos-Garcia et al. 2007, Carles-Tolrá 2010, Ricarte et al. 2018), and only a few from Portugal (Van Eck 2016).","The preferred habitat of this species is open ground in forests. In particular, it is present in Quercus pyrenaica, Quercus rotundifolia dehesa (Ricarte et al. 2018), humid Fagus and Picea forest, dry pasture, and old almond, cherry and olive orchards (Marcos-Garcia et al. 2007). It is known to visit flowers of Apiaceae, Achillea, Euphorbia, Muscari (Marcos-Garcia et al. 2007) and Thapsia villosa (Carles-Tolrá 2010). The flight period is from May to July. The developmental stages have not been described.","Overgrazing by livestock is considered to be the main threat causing habitat loss (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). The habitats have been increasingly fragmented on the Iberian Peninsula, and processes of intensification and expansion have provoked changes (Pulido-Fernández et al. 2018). Fires in these point localities also represent a potential threat to habitat quality, contributing to its fragmentation and loss. Furthermore, ongoing urbanisation and tourism development in attractive point locations, especially those near to the coastline, could cause a decline in habitat quality, finally leading to loss. Since some point localities are within the boundaries of Grazalema Natural Park, cork extraction from the cork oak poses a threat to the habitat of this species.","This species is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. However, considering the fact that in Europe this species is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, it should be incorporated into National lists of protected species. Although a number of point localities are within the boundaries of protected areas, National and Natural Parks and the Natura 2000 network, grazing (the main threat to the habitat of this species) is still intense (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020), and should be controlled and managed adequately. Monitoring and research on population and habitat trend is needed, as well as research on its biology and ecology and other possible threats. It would be crucially import to know the host plant for larval development. Raising awareness about this endemic species is also very important.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Veselić, S. & Radenković, S.","Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,italicus,,Merodon italicus,"Rondani, 1845",.,No,NT,B2b(iii),No,NT,B2b(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  In Europe and the EU27, this species is distributed in Spain, Portugal,  Greece, Italy, Ukraine, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia and North Macedonia. The species prefers open ground near freshwater; open ground near  cultures (such as olive trees plantations); stony river banks, dry  grasslands and orchards as well as garrigues (Speight, 2020). It also   inhabits Mediterranean oak dehesa, with Quercus rotundifolia and Quercus  pyrenaica as dominant tree species (Ricarte et al. 2018).   This species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe and the EU27 primarily due to its area of occupancy (AOO) which is 272 km2. Moreover, because of the ongoing threats (primarily overgrazing by livestock, but also fires, changes in land use), the quality of habitat of this species is declining. This is the reason why this species is possibly extinct from two point localities in Crimea (out of the three in total where it was previously registered).",Unknown,"In Europe and the EU27, this species is distributed in Spain, Portugal, Greece, Italy, Ukraine, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia and North Macedonia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,850,258 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 272 km2.  Outside of Europe, it also occurs in Turkey, Lebanon and North Africa.","There are insufficient data on the population trend. However, more than 50 specimens were collected in Italy in 1959, more than 20 in Greece  in 2012, and in 2014 more than 50 in Spain, with two more from Portugal (Van Eck 2011). Only a few specimens have been collected in Ukraine (Crimea), where the species might be extinct in the two point localities (Alushka and Karasivka) (G. Popov, pers comm. 2020).","This species prefers open ground near freshwater, open ground near cultures (such as olive-tree plantations), stony river banks, dry grasslands and orchards as well as garrigues (Speight, 2020). It also  inhabits Mediterranean oak dehesa, with Quercus rotundifolia and Quercus  pyrenaica as the dominant tree species (Ricarte et al. 2018). Adults usually settle low down on the foliage of large-leaved shrubs. In particular, males rest on the bare ground of paths and tracks, in the sun and in the evening (Speight 2020). In Crimea, it is present in dry deciduous forests, and in shyblyak (G. Popov, pers. comm. 2020). It is known to visit flowers such as Foeniculum vulgare, Euphorbia, Daucus, Paliurus spina-christi and Ferula (Speight 2020, Vujić et al. 2020). The flight period is from May to September (Vujić et al. 2020). The developmental stages have not been described.","Due to the fact that this species prefers open ground near freshwater, open ground near cultures (olive plantations for example), dry grassland, orchards and garrigue, shyblyak, and dry deciduous forests, possible threats are overgrazing by livestock, fires and ploughing, which could induce habitat fragmentation and loss (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020).","This species is not the subject of any targeted conservation action so far. However, some point localities are within the boundaries of Natura 2000 (in Spain, Greece and Slovenia) and protected areas (in Spain: Los Alcornocales and Sierra de Grazalema Natural Parks, de Sierra Nevada National Park, Biological Reserve of Campanarios de Azaba; in Serbia: Đerdap National Park; in North Macedonia: Galičica National Park; in Ukraine: Karadag Nature Reserve). Taking into account the possible threats, it is recommended to conserve its habitat, especially in non-protected areas by enforcement of environmental regulations, rules and other policies. Monitoring is needed, and additional research on its population trend, ecology and potential threats is important. Raising awareness about this species is also very important.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Veselić, S. & Radenković, S.","Popov, G.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,kozufensis,,Merodon kozufensis,"Radenković and Vujić, 2020",,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered  (EN)  This European endemic species known only from Mount Kožuf in North Macedonia and the Pindus and Falakro mountains in northern Greece. Based on the area of occupancy (AOO) (12 km2), and number of locations (three in Europe and two in the EU27, mainly based on fires deliberate and/or accidental as the main threat) it is assessed as Endangered in both Europe and the EU27. Additionally, because of poorly managed grazing by livestock, as well as timber  extraction, this species habitat could be fragmented and lost. Regular monitoring and  further research is needed on population size and trend, ecology and biology of  the species.  This is an endemic species known in the EU27 only from Mountains Pindus and Falakro in Greece. Based on the area of occupancy (AOO) (8 km2), extent of occurrence (EOO) (240 km2) and number of locations (two), this species is assessed as Endangered. Due to primarily deliberate and/or accidental fires, but also because of poorly managed grazing, as well as timber extraction, this species habitat could be fragmented and lost. Regular monitoring and further research is needed on population size and trend, ecology and biology of the species.",Unknown,"This European endemic species has been recorded from three mountain areas in southeastern Europe: Mt. Kožuf in North Macedonia near the border with Greece, and from northern Greece (the northwestern part of Mt. Pindus (Radenković et al. 2020) and on Mt. Falakro). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8,550 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2. In the EU27 (Greece), the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 240 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km2.","In 2008, one specimen was recorded, in 2012 three, and in 2018 only two (Radenkovic et al. 2020). Further research is needed on the population trend.","The habitat of this species is inside, or very close to beech forests. It occurs in montane-Mediterranean  Fagus moesiaca, Abies alba, Pinus peuce, Pinus heldreichii, in combination with Supra-Mediterranean oak (Quercus) forests (Radenković et al. 2020). The flight period is between August and September. The developmental stages have not been described.","The main threats are forest fires (deliberate and/or accidental), but also unsustainable timber extraction and overgrazing by livestock (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Especially in Pindus National Park, extensive fires are caused by cattle breeders in order to create meadows for grazing, and because of this, large parts of the Pinus nigra and Pinus heldreichii forests are being destroyed.","Until now Merodon kozufensis has not been the subject of any targeted conservation action. However, since it is an endemic species known from only three mountains, with some point localities within protected areas (such as the Pindos National Park and Natura 2000 networks), conservation actions should be undertaken, such as limitations on grazing by livestock and logging. Regular monitoring and  further research is needed on its population size and trend, and its ecology and biology. Raising awareness about this endemic species is also very important.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nève, G. & Varga, Z.","Veselić, S. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,latifemoris,,Merodon latifemoris,"Radenković and Vujić, 2011",,No,VU,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  This species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and the EU27 due to its restricted area of occupancy (AOO) (72 km2), relatively large extent of occurrence (EOO) (42,397 km2) and nine locations. The number of locations is based on fire as the major threat. It is found in Greece (on Lesbos, Chios, Euboea and Mountain Pindos). Furthermore, a continuous decline of habitat quality and extent due to fires, tourism and overgrazing by livestock is noted. Additional research on species ecology and population trends is needed. There is no rescue effect from subpopulations outside of the assessment region.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in Greece (Speight 2018), on Lesbos, Chios, Euboea and on Mt Pindos.   Outside of Europe it found in Turkey and Iran.   In Europe and EU 27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be 42,397 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 72 km2.","There is no information about the population size or trend. Just over 60 specimens have been collected from 1998 to 2017 from Lesbos, Chios, Euboea and Mt Pindos.","This species prefers olive groves (Ricarte et al. 2012) in Mediterranean maquis, and Castanea forest (Speight 2020). The adults are known to visit yellow Apiaceae (Ricarte et al. 2012), and Trifolium (Speight 2018). The flight period is in June and July. The developmental stages and the host plant are unknown (Speight 2020).","Habitat loss is the main threat due to fires, which present a great threat to the habitats throughout the Mediterranean, and the habitat of this species is no exception. Additionally, increasing rates of urbanisation and an extension of transport networks mostly due to tourism, as well as overgrazing by livestock are threatening this species (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020).","There are no conservation actions known for this species. Twelve point localities occur within the Natura 2000 network. Additional research about its threats, ecology and population size is needed. Monitoring of the habitat and population trends is required. Awareness should be raised about the importance of this species.",This species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Janković, M. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,legionensis,,Merodon legionensis,"Marcos-García, Vujić and Mengual, 2007",,Yes,NT,B2ab(iii),Yes,NT,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This European endemic species occurs in Portugal and Spain. The known area of occupancy (AOO) is 72 km2, and the number of locations is 11-14 (based on overgrazing by livestock as the main threat). Because of continuous decline in the habitat quality and extent, it is likely that some of the threatened level thresholds are met in the near future, and so the species is classified as Near Threatened. Furthermore, because of the negative effects of threats (causing fragmentation and loss of habitat, loss of host plants, mainly due to overgrazing by livestock in the Iberian Peninsula, but also fires, urbanization and cork extraction in the Grazalema point locality), more efforts should be directed towards habitat conservation, as well as to the research on population trend, ecology and other potential threats.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is distributed in central and northern Portugal and in Spain. In Spain, there are scattered records from northern (Cantabria and the Pyrenees), central, southern and eastern Spain (Marcos-García et al. 2007, Van Eck 2016, Veselić et al. 2017). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 338,897 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 72 km2.","There are not enough data on population trends. However, based on known findings, four specimens were caught in 1987, three in 1993, one in 1994, 2002, 2012 and 2014, two in 1995, 2008 and 2009, and five in 2004 (Veselić et al. 2017; A. Ricarte pers. comm. 2020). More research and monitoring is needed in order to obtain more complete information on population size.","This species inhabits open ground, unimproved montane grasslands, including open grassy areas in pine forest or Mediterranean scrub, as well as hedgehog heath and Quercus rotundifolia woodland (Speight 2020 ). Usually the species has been recorded on flowers of white Apiaceae, yellow Asteraceae and Merendera montana. The developmental stages have not been described (Speight 2020). The host plant is unknown. The flight period is in August, September and October.","Overgrazing by livestock is the main threat (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Habitats have been increasingly fragmented on the Iberian Peninsula, and processes of intensification and expansion have provoked changes (such as shrub encroachment and nitrophilous plants) (Pulido-Fernández et al. 2018). Fires in these point localities also represent a potential threat to habitat quality, contributing to its fragmentation and loss. Ongoing urbanisation and tourism development in certain localities, especially in those near to the coast, cause habitat fragmentation and loss. Since one point locality is within the boundaries of Grazalema Natural Park, cork extraction from the cork oak could also be a potential threat to the habitat.","This species is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. The majority of point localities are within the Natura 2000 network. Some point localities are also within protected areas: in the Transboundary Biosphere Reserve Gerês-Xurés, Natural Park de Fuentes Carriones y Fuente, Natural Park da Serra da Estrela, Natural Park da Serra de S. Mamede, and Natural Park da Serra de Grazalema.   Additional research is needed into the abundance, habitat, ecological requirements, threats and trends. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is also required. Because of the negative effects of threats, more efforts should be directed towards habitat  conservation. Raising awareness about this endemic species is also important.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Veselić, S. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,loewi,,Merodon loewi,"van der Goot, 1964",,No,NT,B2b(iii),No,NT,B2b(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)    EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  This species is listed as Near Threatened both in Europe and EU 27, primarily due to its area of occupancy (AOO), which is 352 km2 despite its wide distribution range from the Apennine Peninsula to the Caucasus and Russian steppes. Furthermore, threats (land conversion, primarily overgrazing by livestock, but urbanisation as well) provoke decline in the habitat quality, causing its fragmentation and loss. Finally, additional research is needed on population and habitat trend, species biology and ecology. Monitoring is also recommended.",Stable,"This species has a relatively wide range, from the Apennines mountains and the Balkan Peninsula through Turkey to the Caucasus and Russian steppes (Vujić et al. 2020). Most of the subpopulations are concentrated in the area from the eastern Balkans through Turkey to the Caucasus mountains (Vujić et al. 2012). In Europe and the EU27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,114,489 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 352 km2.","This species was first described under the name of Merodon graecus by Loew (1862) based on an unspecified number of specimens from Greece and Bulgaria (Varna). Further specimens have been collected up until 2017. According to the known data, the subpopulations  seem to be stable, especially in Serbia, North Macedonia and Greece.","The preferred environment of this species is forests: polydominant deciduous forest (Vujić, pers.comm. 2020), open thermophilous Quercus (Quercus cerris/Q.frainetto) forests, evergreen oak (Q.ilex) and Mediterranean pine (Pinus halepensis, P.pallasiana) forests subject to periodic burning and/or clearance of ground vegetation (especially woody shrubs) to avoid burning, as well as garrigue (Speight 2020).   The males exhibit territorial behaviour, flying close to the ground to patrol the boundaries of their territories. They emit an audible buzz in their rapid zig-zag flight. They settle both on the ground and on vegetation (Hurkmans 1988). The females settle low on the upright stems of plants such as Gladiolus, and on dead leaves on the ground. The visited flowers that have been recorded are Aphylanthes monspeliensis, Muscari and Ornithogalum. The developmental stages have not been described, but are probably associated with geophytes such as Ornithogalum (Hurkmans 1988,  Vujić et al. 2020). The flight period is from March to the beginning of June (Vujić et al. 2020, Speight 2020).","The main threats are habitat loss due to changes in land use and overgrazing by livestock (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020), as well as urbanisation (for example, in Greece, one of the point localities is in the region of the Mainalo ski center).","In Serbia Merodon loewi is protected by national law Code of Regulations on the Declaration and Protection of Strictly Protected and Protected Wild Species of Plants, Animals and Fungi (Official Gazette of RS, No. 5/2010). It is recommended to protect the habitat of this species. Additional research is needed on its population and habitat trend, ecology and biology. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is required. Raising awareness is very important. A number of point localities are within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network and in protected areas, for example in the National Park Đerdap (Serbia), National Park of Tzoumerka, Peristeri and Arachthos Gorge (Greece) and Karadag Nature Reserve (Crimea).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nève, G. & Varga, Z.","Veselić, S. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,longisetus,,Merodon longisetus,"Vujić, Radenković and Likov, 2019",,No,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)  EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)  Based on the area of occupancy (AOO), which is 8 km2, and extent of occurrence (EOO), which is 0.01 km2, as well as the number of locations (one), the species belong to the category of Critically Endangered species in Europe and the EU27. The number of locations is only one based on the threat of overgrazing by dairy sheep, as well as due to frequent fires and the impact of urbanization. In Europe, it is restricted to only one Greek island, which prevents the spread of its range and the exchange of genetic material. The only known subpopulation seem to be small and isolated (there are only four registered specimens). The subpopulations occurring in Turkey are registered on high mountains of eastern Anatolian, and they are separated from Greek subpopulations by geographical barriers in the forms of mountains and sea, and they are far from the European range, making the rescue effect more difficult. Furthermore, a recent increase in the intensity of Chios dairy sheep farming has been recorded (Gelesakis et al. 2012), as well as fires across the island, which lead to expected overgrazing by livestock and consequently, to the loss of habitat quality, in addition to the negative impacts of urbanization in this area. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements and to better understand the threats affecting the species.",Unknown,"This is an eastern Mediterranean endemic, with the type locality on the Aegean island of Chios (Greece). In Europe, it is restricted to only three localities, all on Chios. The area of occupancy (AOO) both in Europe and in the EU27 is 8 km2. The known extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is highly restricted (below 1 km2), but has been increased to 8 km2 in order to equal the area of occupancy.         It is also distributed in the southeastern part of the Anatolian Peninsula, with records on Mt Bozdağ, the Isparta plateau and on high mountains around the plateau (Likov et al. 2020).","Due to the lack of sufficient data, the population trends are unknown. Based on all known findings, the population seems to be small and isolated (there are only four recorded specimens). In Chios, the records date from 2003 (three specimens) to 2009 (one specimen).",This species prefers Mediterranean maquis and phrygana. The adults are known to visit flowers of Foeniculum vulgare. The flight period is from May to October (Vujić et al. 2020). The developmental stages and host plants are unknown.,"Habitat loss (both in quantity and quality) due to overgrazing by livestock is the main threat (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Recently, increasing intensity of Chios dairy sheep farming has been recorded (Gelasakis et al. 2012), which is expected to lead to overgrazing and therefore to loss of habitat quality. Fires can be also a major threat (fires occurred in 2012 and 2016 on the island). Additionally, all known point localities are very close to a soccer field, so urbanization may cause habitat loss as well. The distribution range of this species is restricted to only one island in Europe, and so neither range expansion nor exchange of genetic material  is likely.","This species is not the subject of any targeted conservation action and there are no conservation measures in place. As it does not occur in protected areas, it is recommended that the areas where it occurs receive some kind of protection. Since it has been recorded only on three localities on the island of Chios in Europe, conservation actions should be focused on preservation of the habitat. Further research is required to establish its habitat and ecological requirements and to understand better the existing threats. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is required. Introducing this endemic species into the National list of protected species, as well as increasing awareness about it is very important.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Likov, L. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,longispinus,,Merodon longispinus,"Marcos-García, Vujić and Mengual, 2007",,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This species is endemic to southeastern Spain, with only a single known recent record. The current area of occupancy based on recent records is estimated at 4 km2, while the known extent of occurrence of the species is highly restricted (below 1 km2). Since the species is registered only at one point locality, the location number is one. This species has a restricted range, within which it is presumably threatened to some degree by climatic factors, due to an extreme variability of climate that has been proved in Sierra de Cazorla Natural Park, which leads to expected loss of habitat quality and quantity. Considering all known information, the species is assessed as Critically Endangered.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is known from a single locality in southeastern Spain, recorded only in the Sierra de Cazorla Natural Park, Jaén province. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km2. The known extent of occurrence of the species is highly restricted (below 1 km2), but has been increased to 4 km2 in order to equal the area of occupancy.","There are insufficient data on the population trend. Based on all known findings, only a single specimen has been recorded (in 1988). Therefore, the population trend is unknown.","This species was collected from open sparsely vegetated ground close to a river on a mountain in the south of Spain (Marcos-García et al. 2007, Speight 2020). The adult was visiting flowers of Lavandula latifolia (Marcos-García et al. 2007). The flight period is in September. The developmental stages and the host plant are unknown.","This species has a restricted range in the Sierra de Cazorla Natural Park, where the climate is extremely variable (Mendoza-Fernandez et al. 2010), with heavy rain and thunderstorms, extreme summer temperatures and a series of fires. Additional likely threats are anthropogenic habitat destruction due to tourism and change of land use (due to the expansion of agricultural land for olive trees, to the detriment of natural forests).","This species is not the subject of any targeted conservation action, but it occurs in a protected area (in the Sierra de Cazorla Natural Park, a site in the Natura 2000 network). As the climate is extremely changeable in this protected area, additional conservation of suitable habitats is recommended. Further research is required to establish its habitat and ecological requirements, and to understand better the existing threats. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is required. Introducing this endemic species into the National list of protected species, as well as increasing awareness is very important.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Likov, L. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,luteihumerus,,Merodon luteihumerus,"Marcos-García, Vujić and Mengual, 2007",,No,VU,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  The extent of occurrence (EOO) is relatively large (233,532 km2), which is above the thresholds for threatened categories, but the number of locations is 9-10 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km2. The number of locations the number of locations are determined by frequent fires and the collection of the host plant for medicinal purposes. Most of the subpopulations of this species can be threatened by the high risk of fires throughout the whole distributional range (exacerbated by climate change), as estimated by several studies (Jimenez et al. 2017, de Castro et al. 2005). This is likely to cause a decline in the amount of suitable habitats available. Because of this, the species is listed as Vulnerable in Europe.  Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements and to understand better all the threats affecting the species.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in Europe on the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands. In Europe and the EU27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 233,532 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km2.  Outside of Europe it also occurs in northwestern Africa, including Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.","The population trend is unknown due to insufficient data. Based on all known findings (Marcos-García et al. 2007; Ebejer and Bensusan 2010; Van Eck 2011, 2016), about 50 specimens have been collected in Europe during more than 50 years. The subpopulations generally seem to be isolated in the European part of its range. When detected, the species can be locally abundant (20-50 specimens).","This species inhabits open areas in evergreen oak forests (Quercus ilex and Quercus suber) with thickets of Mediterranean scrub on stony ground. Adults have been recorded feeding on flowers of Drimia maritima (Marcos-García et al. 2007, Ebejer and Bensusan 2010). The adults fly from August (Van Eck 2016) to October (Marcos-García et al. 2007, Ebejer and Bensusan 2010, Van Eck 2011, Speight 2020). All developmental stages are connected to the host plant  Drimia maritima (Ricarte et al. 2008; Van Eck 2011, 2016).","Fire is the main threat across the range, exacerbated by climate change, which is expected to increase the frequency and magnitude of extreme events such as fires. This is likely to cause a decline in the amount of suitable habitat (de Castro et al. 2005, Jimenez et al. 2017). Bulbs of Drimia maritima can be collected for medicinal purposes, posing a direct threat to its host plant (Bozorgi et al. 2017).","This species is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. Some point localities are located inside the Serra De São Mamede Natural Park (Portugal), Grazalema National Park (Spain) and Cabañeros National Park (Spain). Additionally, part of its range is within the Natura 2000 network. However, the remaining point localities are found outside protected areas, which is why it is recommended to conserve additional suitable habitats. Further research is required to establish its current status throughout its range, and to identify existing threats and trends. Additional research is needed about its habitat and ecological requirements. Monitoring of population and habitat trends is also required. Raising awareness about this species is also important.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Likov, L. & Radenković, S.","Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,luteofasciatus,,Merodon luteofasciatus,"Vujić, Radenković, and Ståhls, 2018",,No,VU,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  This species is assessed as Vulnerablein Europe and the EU27 countries due to its very restricted area of occupancy (AOO) (40 km2), and eight locations. The number of locations is based on fire as the main threat. It is found only on four Greek islands in Europe. In addition, a continuous decline in habitat quality and extent is observed, which is due to fires, tourism and overgrazing by livestock. Additional research on species ecology and population trends is needed. There is no rescue effect from subpopulations outside of the assessment region.",Unknown,"This species is distributed on four Greek islands (Lesbos, Samos, Crete, and Rhodes). It is also found in Turkey (Speight 2020). In Europe and EU27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be 50,498 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 40 km2.","There are no data about the population trend. From 2008 to 2014, a total of 27 specimens have been collected from the four islands.","This species prefers maquis, a scrubland vegetation characteristic for the Mediterranean region (Vujić et al. 2020). The adults are known to visit flowers of Drimia (Vujić et al. 2020). The flight period is from June to September and October. The larva is unknown but is most probably associated with Drimia as a host plant, either Drimia numidica or (on the Eastern Aegean islands) Drimia aphylla (Vujić et al. 2020).",Fire represents a major threat to the habitat of this species. Tourism and overgrazing by livestock are considered to be additional threats (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020).,"There are no conservation actions known for this species. Two point localities occur within the Natura 2000 network. Research about the threats, habitat and ecology, as well as about population trends is needed. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is also important. Awareness should be raised about the importance of this species.",This species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Janković, M. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,luteomaculatus,,Merodon luteomaculatus,"Vujić, Ačanski and Šašic, 2018",,Yes,EN,,No,NA,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 assessment: Not Applicable (NA)  This European endemic species is assessed as Endangered because its area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are small (40 km2 and 1,196 km2) and it has a relatively restricted range (it is considered to occur in five locations). The number of the locations are determined based on main threat, namely habitat loss due to road expansion and of tourism infrastructure, as well as the excessive deforestation. Merodon luteomaculatus occurs on top of few mountains in Western Balkans, where the increasing pressure from urbanization, tourism and deforestation are affecting the subpopulations. Additionally, climate change can pose a threat in the future (Alfthan et al. 2015, Kaloveloni et al. 2015), due to the highly restricted range of the species, and because it is a high mountainous species. Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, the habitat and ecological requirements and to better understand the existing threats. The species is not present in the EU27.",Unknown,"This is a continental species distributed on mountains of the western part of the Balkan Peninsula; Mt. Orjen and Mt. Durmitor in Montenegro, and Krupac (near Konjic) in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Radenković et al. 2018). The latter record is considered uncertain as it dates from 1911. The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 40 km2, while the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,196 km2. The species is endemic to Europe.","There are insufficient data about the population trend, but based on all known findings, the number of recorded specimens is relatively low. In Bosnia and Herzegovina only one male has been collected (in 1911), while in Montenegro two specimens were collected in 1984, and during recent field investigations there were a further 18 in 2011, two males in 2012 and one male in 2018. The population trend is unknown.","This species prefers sub-Mediterranean mixed oak forests, and beech or mixed beech forests. The adults fly from August to September (Radenković et al. 2018). The developmental stages and the host plant are unknown.","Habitat loss from road expansion and tourism infrastructure is the main threat, as well as the excessive deforestation. Because it is a high-mountain species, an increase in temperature exacerbated by climate change can potentially have a high impact on the future distribution of hoverflies on the Balkan Peninsula (Kaloveloni et al. 2015). This species occurs on the top of the mountains in the western Balkans, a proven hotspot of climate change (Alfthan et al. 2015). It is likely that global warming will further restrict the distribution of this species, and competition may cause it to move into rather unfavourable areas.","Specimens of Merodon luteomaculatus were collected from 13 point localities. Since it is not the subject of any targeted conservation action, and it is not known if it is present in any protected area, conservation actions should focus on preservation of its habitats and on research on its populations to determine the real distribution and extinction risk, as well its ecology, life history and possible future threats. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, efforts should be made to check its presence since the only record is from 1911. Conservation actions should include better planning and mitigation of tourism infrastructure. Monitoring the population and habitat trends is required.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Likov, L. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,medium,,Merodon medium,"Vujić, Likov and Radenković, 2020",,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This species is endemic to the island of Crete in Greece. It is assessed as Endangered primarily due to the number of locations (2-3) based on fires as the main threat (but also overgrazing by livestock and potential tourism development). Furthermore, both the area of occupancy (12 km2) and extent of occurrence (118 km2) are very near to Critically Endangered thresholds. Monitoring is needed, as well as additional research on population and habitat trend, an on the biology and ecology of this species.",Unknown,This species is endemic to the island of Crete in Greece. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 118 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2.,"All five known specimens are from 2014. Further monitoring, as well as additional research on the population trend is needed.","This species prefers open ground in forests, open areas in dry Pinus and thermophilous Quercus forests, scrub with Pistacia lentiscus, as well as well-vegetated, unimproved grassland. The known visited flowers are Ornithogalum, Potentilla and Thymus. The flight period is May. The developmental stages have not been described (Vujić et al. 2020).","Fires on the Greek islands represent the main threat, causing considerable impacts at the landscape scale by destroying large areas of vegetation. In the Mediterranean region in general, the season of forest and bush fires starts in May, reaches its peak in July and August and lasts until the end of October. Other threats include extensive grazing by livestock, tourism and urbanisation, which can cause declines in habitat quality, leading to fragmentation and loss (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020).","This species is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. However, considering the fact that it is endemic to Crete, and that it is known to occur only at three point localities, it should be incorporated into National lists of protected species. Monitoring and research on population and habitat trends are needed, as well as research on its biology, ecology and other potential threats. Two point localities are within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network. Fire management of wild lands and limiting grazing by livestock are recommended as the main conservation actions. Raising awareness about this endemic species is also very important.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nève, G. & Varga, Z.","Veselić, S. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,megavidus,,Merodon megavidus,"Vujić and Radenković, 2016",,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This European endemic species is assessed as Endangered because the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 32 km2 and extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,962 km2, and the number of locations is only five. The number of locations is based on habitat loss (quality and quantity), which is the main threat due to overgrazing by goats and sheep on Greek Islands (Arianoutsou-Faraggitaki 1985, Papanastasis 2004, Gkoltsiou 2011). In Europe, the species is present only on the two Greek islands of Lesbos and Samos presumably with no or little genetic exchange between them. Additionally, there is a high probability of threat posed by climate change in the Mediterranean Basin (Kaloveloni et al. 2015), which can increase the risk of fires. For this reason, there is a high probability of threat of a more intense impact of climate change in the Mediterranean Basin (Kaloveloni et al. 2015, Miličić et al. 2018, Tapoglou et al. 2019). Further research is needed on the population trend and ecology and biology of the species.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is restricted to Greece, where it has been recorded from the two East Aegean islands of Lesvos and Samos (Ačanski et al. 2016, Speight 2018, Vujić et al. 2020). The area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km2, while the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,962 km2.","The population trend is unknown due to the lack of data. In total, the species has five subpopulations. In Samos, there are two known point localities (with only eight specimens recorded between 2010 and 2012), and in Lesbos, there are eight point localities (records range from 1999 to 2015).","The preferred environments of this species are open ground in forests, open areas in thermophilous Quercus and Castanea forests (Vujić et al. 2020), and maquis (Ačanski et al. 2016, Speight 2020). The adults can feed in ruderal sites close to natural areas. The flight period is from April to July. The adults have been recorded visiting the flowers of Convolvulus (Vujić et al. 2020). The developmental stages and the host plant are unknown.","In Europe, the species is only present on two Greek islands (Lesbos and Samos), presumably with no or little genetic exchange between them. The main threat is habitat loss due to overgrazing by goats and sheep in Greece (Arianoutsou-Faraggitaki 1985, Papanastasis 2004, Gkoltsiou 2011), which may lead to loss of habitat quality and quantity. However, the impacts of overgrazing by livestock on the species are not fully known and require investigation. Additionally, there is a high probability of climate change impacts in the Mediterranean Basin (Kaloveloni et al. 2015), which can increase the risk of fires. The Aegean Sea is considered the area of the Mediterranean Sea most at risk of sea level rise, with particularly strong impacts on the majority of its coastal areas (Klaoudatos et al. 2015).","The conservation needs of this species relate mainly to conservation of its habitats, given that it is restricted to just two Greek islands in Europe, preventing its range increase and the exchange of genetic material. The range is partly within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network. Additional research is needed on its population trend, ecology and biology. The impacts of overgrazing by livestock also need further investigation. Monitoring the population and habitat trends is required. Introducing this endemic species into the National list of protected species, as well as increasing awareness about it is very important.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Likov, L. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,minutus,,Merodon minutus,"Strobl, 1893",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 27, mainly because it is widely distributed in Southern Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this  species both in Europe and in the EU27 are significantly greater than  the values for the application of a threatened category. Habitat loss (both in quality and quantity) is the main threat, caused by changes in land use, and overgrazing by livestock and fires throughout all the Mediterranean. Further research is needed about the population trend and ecology and biology of the species.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in southern Europe, mainly in the southern and eastern Mediterranean (on the Balkan Peninsula and some Mediterranean islands).   Outside of Europe it is also present in Turkey and Morocco. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) both in Europe and in the EU27 are significantly greater than the thresholds for the application of a threatened category.","Based on all known findings, 188 specimens have been collected between 1858 (Sicily, Italy) and 2017 (Corsica, France). Most of the subpopulations are in Greece and Italy. The population trend is unknown.","The  species prefers open areas in evergreen Quercus maquis and even more open, almost bare ground in semi-arid conditions. The adults fly extremely low and fast over thinly vegetated ground, settling on the ground and visiting the flowers of low-growing herbs (Prospero autumnale and Anthemis have been recorded) (Speight 2020, Vujić et al. 2020). The flight period of adults is from April to May and from September to November. The larva has not been described (Speight 2020).","The main threat is habitat loss due to fire and overgrazing by livestock throughout the Mediterranean region (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). This species is potentially further constricted by climate change (for instance by increasing temperatures and increased fire frequency) across its entire distribution. This is likely to cause a decline in the amount of suitable habitat available. Additionally, various biotic and abiotic risks threat the Evros Delta National Park, such as human activities or management problems (Arabatzis et al. 2010).","This species is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. Its conservation needs are mainly related to the conservation of suitable habitats. Its range is partly located within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network, and partially in the Park Naturel Regional de Corse (France) and Evros Delta National Park (Greece). Additional research is needed on its population trend, ecology and biology. The impact of overgrazing by livestock in the Mediterranean part of its distribution also needs further investigation. Monitoring the population and habitat trends is required.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Likov, L.","Mengual, X.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,moenium,,Merodon moenium,"Wiedemann in Meigen, 1822",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is predominantly distributed in the continental  parts of Europe, but it also occurs in the southern and southeastern  parts of the Mediterranean Basin. It is also present in Great Britain,  and the Black Sea coast. The data for Belgium is not checked (Speight et al. 2016).   This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 27, because it is widespread on the continent. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this  species both in Europe and in the EU27 are significantly greater than  the values for the application of a threatened category. Habitat loss (both in quality and quantity) is the main threat due to change in land use across Europe, and because of overgrazing by livestock and fires throughout all the Mediterranean Basin. Further research of the population trend and ecology and biology of the species is needed.",Unknown,"This species is predominantly distributed in the continental parts of Europe, but it also occurs in the southern and southeastern parts of the Mediterranean Basin. It is also present in Great Britain, and the Black Sea coast. The data for Belgium has not been checked (Speight et al. 2016).   Outside of Europe, it occurs in Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Iran, Turkey and North Africa. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) both in Europe and in the EU27 are significantly greater than the thresholds for the application of a threatened category.","Based on all known data, a large number of specimens have been collected from all of Europe between 1816 (Austria) and 2019 (Montenegro, Serbia and France). The biggest subpopulations are recorded in Serbia, France, Montenegro, Italy and Austria. The population trend is unknown.","This species prefers open ground in humid Fagus or Picea, mesophilous Fagus and thermophilous Quercus forests, as well as dry, unimproved, lowland grassland, old almond and cherry orchards, and vineyards with ground vegetation. The adults fly very fast and low through the vegetation and settle most often on the ground, on bare patches of soil on woodland paths, or at the edge of tracks. The males are very territorial. They are known to visit Apiaceae, Achillea and Euphorbia. The adults fly from May to August. The larva has not been described (Speight 2020).","Since the species is distributed across almost the whole of Europe, the main threat probably is habitat loss due to changes in land use, as well as forest fires and overgrazing by livestock in the Mediterranean areas (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020).","Merodon moenium is on the Red List of Berlin. Its conservation needs are mainly related to the conservation of suitable habitats. Its distribution is partly within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network, and also partially in various protected areas: the National Nature Reserve Combe Lavaux - Jean Roland (France), Central Balkan National Park (Bulgaria), Stara Planina Natural Park (Serbia), Rodopi Mountains National Park (Greece), Olympus National Park (Greece), Tzoumerka, Peristeri, Arachthos Gorge and Acheloos Valley National Park (Greece), Mavrovo National Park (North Macedonia), Tara National Park (Serbia), Djerdap National Park (Serbia), Fruška Gora National Park (Serbia) and Durmitor National Park (Montenegro). Additional research needed on its population trend, ecology and biology. The impacts of overgrazing by livestock in the Mediterranean part of the range also needs further investigation. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is also needed.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Likov, L.","Mengual, X.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,nanus,,Merodon nanus,"(Sack, 1931)",,No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)   This species is listed as Endangered in Europe, because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km2, the extent of occurrence is low (556 km2) and the number of locations is five (based on overgrazing and fires). In Europe (Lesbos), the number of sampled adult were 26 in total between  2004 and 2016. Ongoing habitat loss is the main threat in the EU27, due  to overgrazing by goats and sheep in Greece (Arianoutsou-Faraggitaki  1985, Papanastasis 2004, Gkoltsiou 2011), as well as fires. Additionally, the species is restricted only to one island in Europe (Lesbos). The subpopulations occurring outside of Europe are registered on  the mountains of Eastern, Southern and Central Anatolian and in the Middle East, separated from the Greek subpopulations by geographical barriers in the form of mountains and seas, and are far from the European range, making the rescue effect more difficult.    In addition, outside of Europe, there is potential for loss of suitable habitat for the species because it is distributed in a war zone in the Middle East. Further research is needed on the population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements and threats affecting the species.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in Greece and Turkey and in the mountainous regions of the Middle East (Armenia, Iran, Israel, Lebanon and Syria). In Greece, it has been recorded only from the East Aegean island of Lesbos (Vujić et al. 2020).   The area of occupancy (AOO) both in Europe and in the EU27 is 28 km2, while the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 556 km2.","The population trend is unknown due to the lack of data. However, based on all known findings, in Europe (Lesbos) between 2004 and 2016 the number of sampled adults was 26 in total, across eight point localities. All the subpopulations are concentrated in the south, east and southeast parts of Lesbos. A fire occurred in the southeastern tip of the island, eliminating the species in 2016 (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). Therefore, it is possible that the species no longer occurs in Charamida.","This species prefers open ground and unimproved, humid, montane grasslands (Vujić et al. 2020), as well as olive groves (Ricarte et al. 2012). The adults fly very low through the ground vegetation (Speight 2020). The flight period of adults in Europe is from April to June (Ricarte et al. 2012, Vujić et al. 2015, 2020). They are known to visit flowers of Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbia and Ornithogalum (Vujić et al. 2015, 2020). The developmental stages and the host plant are unknown.","The main threat is habitat loss (both quantity and quality) due to overgrazing by goats and sheep in Greece (Arianoutsou-Faraggitaki 1985, Papanastasis 2004, Gkoltsiou 2011) as well as fires (which are likely to increase with climate change). A fire occurred in the southeastern tip of the island, eliminating this species in 2016 (A. Vujić, pers. comm. 2020). In Europe, the species has a restricted range. In Greece, it has been recorded only from the East Aegean island of Lesbos (Vujić et al. 2020), which prevents its spread and the exchange of genetic material, and makes this species extremely exposed to the established effects of climate change in the Mediterranean Basin (Kaloveloni et al. 2015). The Aegean Sea is considered to be the area of the Mediterranean Sea most exposed to sea level rise, with particularly strong impacts on the majority of its coastal areas (Klaoudatos et al. 2015).","This species is not the subject of any targeted conservation action so far. For the most part it does not occur in protected areas (only and is partially within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network), and so it is recommended to conserve suitable habitats. Further research is needed on its population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Monitoring of population and habitat trends is required, and its presence in Charamida needs to be checked after the fires that occurred there.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Likov, L. & Radenković, S.","Popov, G. & Mengual, X.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,natans,,Merodon natans,"(Fabricius, 1794)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    The species is mainly distributed in Southern Europe (in the  Mediterranean region) and in Northern France. The data for Slovenia is  not checked. It prefers herb-rich open areas in thermophilous Quercus forest and phrygana with Cistus scrub.   This species is listed as Least Concern in Europe and EU 27, because it is widespread on the continent. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this  species both in Europe and in the EU27 are significantly greater than  the values for the application of a threatened category. Habitat loss (both quality and quantity) is the main threat due to change in land use, overgrazing by livestock and fires throughout the distribution range. Further research is needed about the population trend and ecology and biology of the species.",Unknown,"This species is mainly distributed in southern Europe (in the Mediterranean region) and in northern France. The data for Slovenia has not been checked. Records of Merodon natans from Iberia are potentially confused with other species from the Merodon natans group (e.g. M. calcaratus). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) both in Europe and in the EU27 are significantly greater than the thresholds for the application of a threatened category.   Outside Europe, it is present in Turkey.","Based on all known data, there are numerous subpopulations across southern Europe. Specimens have been collected between 1862 (Croatia) and 2018. The population trend is unknown.","This species prefers herb-rich open areas in thermophilous Quercus forest and phrygana with Cistus scrub. It also occurs in orchards in southern Europe. The adults fly in open areas with tall herbs and scrub within dry woodland. They are known to visit Apiaceae, Mentha (Birtele 2011), Scilla autumnalis, Foeniculum, Solidago and Drimia. The flight period is between April and July, and August and November. The larva has not been described (Speight 2020), but is probably associated with Prospero autumnale or one or more of its closely related micro-species (Vujić et al. 2020).","Since this species is distributed mostly in southern and southwestern Europe, the main threat is habitat loss due to overgrazing by livestock and fires in the Mediterranean areas, as well as change in land use across the whole of its distribution (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020).","This species is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. Vujić et al. (2001) listed it under “Species threatened in Europe generally, and on the Balkans; degree of threat: decreasing”, following the classification of Speight and Castella (2001). Its conservation needs are mainly related to the conservation of suitable habitats. Its range falls partly within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network, and it is also present in the Reserve Naturelle de la Combe Lavaux (France), Skadar Lake National Park (Montenegro), Olympus National Park (Greece), Pindos National Park (Greece), Evros Delta National Park (Greece) and Dadia National Park (Greece).   Additional research on its population trend, ecology and biology is needed. The impacts of overgrazing by livestock in the Mediterranean parts of the range also need further investigation. Monitoring of its population and habitat trends, as well as raising awareness are also important.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Likov, L.","Ricarte Sabater, A.R. & Mengual, X.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,naxius,,Merodon naxius,"Vujić and Šašić, 2018","The year of publication of this species is given as 2018 because even though the describing paper was published online in 2017 (Radenković et al. 2017), the online publication and the species name were not registered with ZooBank, and as a result, the year of publication (2018) of the paper version of the paper is taken.  Merodon naxius belongs to Merodon aureus species group and Merodon bessarabicus subgroup and M. luteomaculatus species complex of six cryptic species distinguishable from one another using combinations of molecular analysis, geometric morphometrics and distributional characteristics given by Radenković et al. (2017).",Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This species is endemic to the islands of Naxos and Iraklia in Greece. It is listed as Endangered because the area of occupancy (AOO) (20 km2) and extent of occurrence (EOO) (124 km2) are small, and the range of this species is restricted only to two Aegean islands (in two-three locations), which prevents its expansion and the exchange of genetic material. The number of locations is defined based on the overgrazing by livestock and high erosion risk on Naxos. Due to intensifying overgrazing by goats and sheep in Greece (Arianoutsou-Faraggitaki 1985, Papanastasis 2004, Gkoltsiou 2011), the quality of the suitable habitats for this species is expected to decline. Additionally, results of Nastos et al. (2010) indicate a high erosion risk on Naxos, as well as amplified erosion processes, together with a change in land cover and land use, which are the main drivers for the desertification of the island. Further research is needed about the habitat and ecological requirements and to understand better the threats affecting the species.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Greece, where it is known from just two of the Cyclades islands, Naxos (two localities in the north of the island) and Iraklia (four localities on the eastern side of the island) (Vujić et al. 2020). The area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2, while the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 124 km2.","The population trend is unknown due to the lack of data, but based on all known findings, it is endemic to Greece and occurs only on two Greek islands: on Naxos 3 specimens were collected in 2012 (one female) and two males in 2014; 16 specimens were collected on Iraklia in 2018.",This species prefers Mediterranean maquis. It is known to visit Dittrichia viscosa (Vujić et al. 2020). The flight period is during October (Speight 2020). The developmental stages and the host plant are unknown.,"Habitat loss is the main threat due to overgrazing by livestock that can additionally cause desertification through erosion processes (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Its range is restricted to just two of the Cycladic islands (Naxos and Iraklia), and hence range expansion is restricted as well as the exchange of genetic material.   Loss of habitat quality is expected because of intensifying overgrazing by goats and sheep on the Greek Islands (Arianoutsou-Faraggitaki 1985, Papanastasis 2004, Gkoltsiou 2011). Additionally, Nastos et al. (2010) indicated a high erosion risk on Naxos, as well as amplified erosion processes and change in land cover and land use, the main drivers of desertification on the island. This species has a relatively restricted range, making it more vulnerable to climate change. The Aegean Sea is considered to be the area of the Mediterranean Sea most exposed to sea level rise, with particularly strong impacts on the majority of its coastal areas (Klaoudatos et al. 2015).","This species is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. Iraklia is protected within the Greek Natura 2000 framework as part of the site of Community Importance site GR4220013 (EUNIS 2017). However, the subpopulations on Naxos do not occur in protected areas. Since the species is narrowly distributed and endemic to Greece, conservation actions have to be focused on conservation of suitable habitat and adequate levels of grazing (i.e. adequate management of habitats). Monitoring of its population and habitat trends is required. Introducing this endemic species into the National list of protected species, as well as increasing awareness is very important.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Likov, L. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,neofasciatus,,Merodon neofasciatus,"Ståhls and Vujić, 2018",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least concern (LC)  In Europe, this species is distributed in Greece and Cyprus. It prefers maquis, a scrubland vegetation characteristic for Mediterranean  region (A.Vujić, pers. comm. 2020). The adults visit flowers of Senecio iopensis, Crithmum maritimum, Dittrichia viscosa, Drimia, Inula (van Steenis et al. 2019, Vujić et al. 2020).   This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU27 countries because while it has a relatively restricted area of occupancy (AOO) (220 km2), the extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger (268,968 km2), and the number of locations are above the threshold (25-30). The number of locations is based on fire as the major threat. Fires, infrastructure development and, to some extent, overgrazing by livestock are causing habitat destruction and threatening this species.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is distributed in Greece and Cyprus.   Outside of Europe it is present in Turkey, Palestine and Israel (Speight 2020).   In Europe and EU 27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be 2,68,968 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 220 km2.",There is no information about the population size or trends. Between 120-130 specimens have been collected between 1925 and 2017 across Greece and Cyprus. The majority of records are recent.,"This species prefers maquis, a scrubland vegetation characteristic for Mediterranean region (A.Vujić, pers. comm. 2020). The adults are known to visit the flowers of Senecio iopensis, Crithmum maritimum, Dittrichia viscosa, Drimia and Inula (van Steenis et al. 2019, Vujić et al. 2020). The flight period is between February and June and  from August to October (Speight 2020). The larva is unknown but is most probably associated with Drimia as a host plant, either Drimia numidica or (on the eastern Aegean Islands) Drimia aphylla (Vujić et al. 2020).","Fires are a major threat to the habitats of this species. The increasing rate of urbanization and the extension of transport networks mostly due to tourism are also serious threats, followed by overgrazing by livestock in some parts of the range (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020).","There are no conservation actions known for this species. Many point localities occur within the Natura 2000 network. The increasing infrastructure development and the extension of transport networks can disturb its habitats, so continuous management and protection of sites in protected areas are needed. Additional research on its ecology, population trends and possible threats is needed. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is also required.",This species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Janković, M. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,neolydicus,,Merodon neolydicus,"Vujić, 2018",,No,CR,B1ab(iii),No,CR,B1ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)  EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)   This species is assessed as Critically Endangered in Europe and the EU27 countries because the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 55 km2 and the number of locations is one. The number of locations is defined by fires. The distribution range include Eastern Mediterranean (Greece, Turkey,  Syria, Lebanon, Israel) and Iran. The species is also severely  fragmented due to altered habitats within the distributional range,  especially in the eastern part of the distribution range. In Europe Merodon neolydicus is restricted only to one island (Chios), and the number of registered specimens is very low (12 specimens). Furthermore, because of fires that occurred in the island in 2012 and 2016 it is unclear if the species is still present.   Habitat loss is the main threat due to overgrazing by goats and sheep in Greece (Arianoutsou-Faraggitaki 1985, Papanastasis 2004, Gkoltsiou 2011) and fires. A continuing decline in habitat quality is expected due to these factors. Outside of Europe, the species is widespread but locally distributed, and the loss of suitable habitat is expected because the species is mainly distributed in war zones in the Middle East. Therefore, rescue effects from subpopulations outside Europe are unlikely. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements and to understand better the threats affecting the species in total of distribution area.",Unknown,"This species is present in several countries of the eastern Mediterranean (Greece, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel) and in Iran. In Greece, it is known only from the East Aegean island of Chios from four point localities (Vujić et al. 2018, 2020). The area of occupancy (AOO) both in Europe and in the EU27 is 12 km2, while the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 55 km2.","The population trend is unknown due to lack of data. However, based on all known findings, in Europe, the species has only been recorded a few times (12 specimens across four point localities in Chios, collected between 1998 and 2012).   In 2012 and 2016, fires occurred in Chios, and it is not known if this species still occurs in these localities. Outside of its European range (Eastern Mediterranean and Iran), it is relatively widespread, although locally distributed.","This species prefers Mediterranean maquis. The flight period is from January to June, with a peak in March (Speight 2020). It is an early-spring species (the adults can survive very low temperatures). The developmental stages and host plant are unknown.","The main threat is habitat loss due to overgrazing by goats and sheep in Greece (Arianoutsou-Faraggitaki 1985, Papanastasis 2004, Gkoltsiou 2011), as well as because of fires. In 2012 and 2016, fires occurred in Chios and their frequency could increase due to climate change. The species has a restricted range in Europe (recorded only from the East Aegean island of Chios), which make this species extremely vulnerable to the established effects of climate change in the Mediterranean Basin (Miličić et al. 2018). The Aegean Sea is considered to be the area of the Mediterranean Sea most exposed to sea level rise, with particularly strong impacts on the majority of its coastal areas (Klaoudatos et al. 2015).","This species is not the subject of any targeted conservation action so far, nor does it occur within protected areas. Conservation actions should be focused on the preservation of habitats and research on its populations, ecology and threats. Monitoring population and habitat trends is required, including checking if the species is still present on Chios.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Likov, L. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,neonanus,,Merodon neonanus,"Vujić and Taylor, 2015",,No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  This species is assessed Endangered in Europe, because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km2, the extent of occurrence is relatively low (1,210 km2) and the number of locations is five. The number of locations is defined by overgrazing by livestock and fires. Additionally, the species is restricted only to two islands in Europe (Chios and Samos). The subpopulations occurring in Turkey are registered on high mountains of northeastern and southwestern Anatolian, separated from the Greek subpopulations by geographical barriers in the form of mountains and seas, making the rescue effect difficult. Habitat loss is the main threat due to overgrazing by goats and sheep in Greece (Arianoutsou-Faraggitaki 1985, Papanastasis 2004, Gkoltsiou 2011) and fires. In 2012 and 2016, fires occurred in the central-southern part of Chios and could have eliminated the subpopulations occurring in that region. There is a continuous decline of habitat quality and extent due to these threats. Furthermore, the majority of the coastal areas in the Aegean Sea are exposed to strong impact of sea level rise (Klaoudatos et al. 2015). Consequently, further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements, and to understand better the threats affecting the species.",Unknown,"This species is present in Greece (on Chios and Samos) and Turkey. Vujić et al. (2015) and Speight (2020) also mention North Macedonia, but according to the additional morphological and molecular analysis of Kočiš Tubić et al. (2018), the record from North Macedonia listed under Merodon neonanus in Vujić et al. (2015) is a different species, Merodon vladimiri Vujić et Kočiš Tubić 2018. The area of occupancy (AOO) both in Europe and in the EU27 is 40 km2, while the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1210 km2.","The population trend is unknown because of lack of data, but based on all known findings Merodon neonanus has been recorded in Europe only on two Greek Island, Chios and Samos, between 1995 and 2012. Only one point locality (one specimen from 2012)  is on Samos.","This species inhabits herb-rich open areas in thermophilous Quercus forest, olive groves, and unimproved, humid, montane grasslands. The known visited flowers are Leontodon, Ornithogalum (Vujić et al. 2020) and Trifolium (Speight, 2020). The flight period in Europe is March to July, and October (Vujić et al. 2015, Speight 2020, Vujić et al. 2020). The developmental stages and the host plant unknown.","This species is present only on the two Greek islands of Chios and Samos in Europe, where overgrazing by goats and sheep together with fires cause ongoing habitat loss (Arianoutsou-Faraggitaki 1985, Papanastasis 2004, Gkoltsiou 2011). In 2012 and 2016, fires occurred in Chios, and these are likely to increase in frequency with climate change. There is also a high probability of threat caused by climate change. The Aegean Sea is considered to be the area of the Mediterranean Sea most exposed to sea level rise, with particularly strong impacts on the majority of its coastal areas (Klaoudatos et al. 2015).","So far, the species has not been the subject of any targeted conservation action, and there are no conservation measures in place. It partially occurs in the Natura 2000 network. Since the species has been recorded only at a few localities on the islands of Chios and Samos, conservation actions should be focused on preservation of the habitat. Further research is required to establish its habitat and ecological requirements, and to understand the existing threats better. Monitoring population and habitat trends is required, including checking its current status in the central-southern part of Chios, after the fires of 2012 and 2016.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Likov, L. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,nigritarsis,,Merodon nigritarsis,"Rondani, 1845",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    This species is distributed across Central and Southern Europe, from France on the west, to Ukraine on the east. It is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and EU 27 because it is widespread in Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this  species both in Europe and in the EU27 are significantly greater than  the values for the application of a threatened category. Habitat loss (both in quality and quantity) is the main threat due to change of land use and overgrazing by livestock and fires through all the Mediterranean. Further research is needed about the population trend, and ecology and biology of the species.",Unknown,"This species is distributed across central and southern Europe, from France in the west, to Ukraine in the east. The data for Poland (Speight 2020) and Switzerland have not been checked.   Outside of Europe, it is present in Turkey, Armenia, Turkmenistan and Iran. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species both in Europe and in the EU27 are significantly greater than the thresholds for the application of a threatened category.","Based on all known data, there are numerous subpopulations across Europe. Specimens have been collected between 1838 (Greece) and 2019. The population trend is unknown.","This species prefers open ground in thermophilous oak forest and evergreen Quercus ilex and Quercus  suber forests and maquis, as well as herb-rich, dry, semi-arid, unimproved grasslands, vineyards, Pinus matorral and Mediterranean scrub. The adults are active from May to August, and they fly fast and low through sparse ground vegetation, settling in the open on bare ground (Speight 2018). They are known to visit Rosmarinus officinalis (Speight 2020), Euphorbia, Tordylium apulum, Mentha and Ferula (Speight 2020, Vujić et al. 2020). The larva has not been described, but has been reared from the steppe hyacinth Hyacinthella pallasiana by Stepanenko and Popov (1997). There is circumstantial evidence to suggest that Muscari racemosum can also act as a larval host for this species (Speight 2020).","Since this species is distributed in most of Europe, the main threat is probably  habitat loss due to change in land use across the continent, and overgrazing by livestock and fires in the Mediterranean areas (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020).","Merodon nigritarsis is on the Red List of Germany, and also in the Red Book of Ukraine as a protected species in Crimea and endangered/rare species of Ukraine. Its distribution is partially within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network and also in the Natural Reserve Combe Lavaux (France), Biosphere Reserve Fontainebleau et du Gâtinais (France), Grands Causses Regional Natural Park (France), Ecrins National Park (France), Mercantour National Park (France), Pyrenees National Park (Spain), Sierra Nevada National Park (Spain), Sierra de Cazorla National Park (Spain), Gran Sasso National Park (Italy), Fertő-Hanság National Park (Hungary), Djerdap National Park (Serbia), Mavrovo National Park (North Macedonia), Dadia National Park (Greece), Olympus National Park (Greece), Pindos National Park (Greece) and Karadag Nature Reserve (Ukraine). Its conservation needs are mainly related to the conservation of suitable habitats. Additional research is needed into its population trend, ecology and biology. The impact of overgrazing by livestock in the Mediterranean part of its range also needs further investigation. Monitoring population and habitat trends, as well as raising awareness about this species are also important.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Likov, L.","Ricarte Sabater, A.R. & Mengual, X.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,nisi,,Merodon nisi,"Veselić, Vujić and Radenković, 2017",,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This species is listed as Endangered because the area of occupancy (AOO) is very low (24 km2), and the number of locations is five-six. Additionally, the species is restricted only to two Greek islands in Europe (Crete and Rhodes), where it is registered with only a few specimen (27 in total) over the years of sampling based on all known findings. The number of locations is defined mainly by overgrazing, and also by fire. Because Rhodes is exposed to strong winds, the probability for fires to spread across larger areas is higher. A continuing decline in habitat quality and extent is expected. However, further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements and to understand better the threats affecting the species.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Greece, where it has been recorded from a small number of records across Crete and two records on the East Aegean island of Rhodes. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2, while the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 12,913 km2.","The population trend is unknown due to lack of data. However, based on all known findings, the area of this species in Europe is restricted to just two Greek islands (Crete and Rhodes), where it was recorded with only 27 specimens (3 from Rhodes and 24 from Crete) across 6 point localities from 1986 to 2016.","The species prefers open areas in dry Pinus forest, Mediterranean scrub (Veselić et al. 2017) and maquis (Vujić et al. 2020). The flight period is in October (Veselić et al. 2017, Speight 2020, Vujić et al. 2020). The adults are known to visit flowers of Drimia (Vujić et al. 2020). The species may tolerate low levels of grazing by livestock that are enough to maintain open areas. The developmental stages and host plant are unknown.","Habitat loss is the main threat mainly due to overgrazing by goats and sheep in Greece (Arianoutsou-Faraggitaki 1985, Papanastasis 2004, Gkoltsiou 2011), particularly in Crete. On Rhodes, the expansion of tourism infrastructure is also an important threat. Additionally, fires can pose a threat. Because Rhodes is exposed to strong winds, the probability of fires spreading across larger areas is higher. Because of its limited distribution, the species is presumably threatened to some degree by climate change in the Mediterranean Basin (Tapoglou et al. 2019).","So far this species has not been the subject of any targeted conservation action. It partially occurs within the Natura 2000 network. Considering that in Europe, the area of this species is restricted to just two Greek islands (Crete and Rhodes), it is recommended that the areas where it occurs receive some kind of protection. Additional research is needed on its population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements, and to understand its threats better. Monitoring the habitat and population trends is required. Introducing this endemic species into the National list of protected species, as well as increasing awareness is very important.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Likov, L. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,nitens,,Merodon nitens,"Hurkmans and Vujić, 2020",,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This is a local endemic species of the Italian island of Sicily. It is assessed as Endangered based on the area of occupancy (AOO 8 km2) and extent of occurrence (EOO 35 km2) and because it is considered to occur in two locations. The number of locations is defined by intensive anthropogenic activities, as tourism, urbanization and intensive agriculture. Additionally, possible volcanic activity can destroy habitats of this species. The species was registered more than 50 years ago, in 1961 and 1966. Further monitoring and research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, the habitat and ecological requirements, and to better understand the existing threats.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is restricted to northwestern Sicily, Italy. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km2, while the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at 35 km2, as whilst the sepcies is only known from two localities, it is considered to occur across an area of 100 m at each locality.","This species has a restricted range on Sicily, where it was recorded more than 50 years ago (27 specimens in 1961, and one more in 1966). The population trend is unknown.","This species prefers open areas within mixed Mediterranean forests, high scrub, maquis, tracks and seasonal streams. Based on the known data, the flight period is from May to early August (Vujić et al. 2020)","Since this species has not been found in recent years, there is no information about its specific threats, but it is believed that the habitat quality is declining due to intensive anthropogenic activities, such as tourism, urbanisation and intensive agriculture. In addition, possible volcanic activity can destroy habitats of this species.","This species is not the subject of any targeted conservation action, and has a relatively restricted range. For this reason, it is recommended that the areas where it occurs, as well as the suitable habitats, receive some kind of protection. Specific surveys designed to check if it is still extant are needed. Additional research is needed about the population size and trend, habitat,  ecological requirements and threats. Monitoring the habitat and population trends is  required, and increasing awareness about this endemic species  is very important.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nève, G. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Likov, L.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,obscuritarsis,,Merodon obscuritarsis,"Strobl, 1909",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and EU 27 because it is widespread in Europe.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this  species both in Europe and in  the EU27 are significantly greater than  the values for the application  of a threatened category. The species is distributed mainly in the Mediterranean region  in Europe, from the Canary Islands on the west, throughout Southern  Europe to Ukraine and Transcaucasia on the east. The data for Austria,  Switzerland (in Speight et al. 2016) and Slovenia  are not checked.   Habitat loss (both quality and quantity) is the main threat due to change in land use, overgrazing by livestock and fires through the distribution range. Further research of the population trend and ecology and biology of the species is needed.",Unknown,"This species is distributed mainly in the Mediterranean region in Europe, from the Canary Islands in the west, throughout southern Europe to Ukraine and Transcaucasia in the east. Data for Austria, Switzerland (in Speight et al. 2016), Russia and Slovenia have not been checked. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) both in Europe and in  the EU27 are significantly greater than the thresholds for the application  of a threatened category.  Outside of Europe the species is present in North Africa (Algeria, Morocco and Tunis), Georgia and Turkey.","Based on all known data, there are numerous subpopulations across south and southeastern Europe. It has been collected between 1888 (Italy) and 2019. The population trend is unknown.","This species prefers evergreen oak (Quercus ilex) forests and montane, dry Pinus forests (Marcos-García et al. 2007) and Mediterranean riparian ash forests (Ricarte et al. 2008). It has been recorded in shrubland and forests of Fraxinus angustifolia, Quercus faginea and Quercus pyrenaica  in Spain (Ricarte and Marcos García 2008), and in Mediterranean oak dehesa (with Quercus rotundifolia and Quercus pyrenaica as dominant tree species) (Ricarte et al. 2018), as well as in mesophilous Fagus forest (Vujić et al. 2020). The adults fly fast and low over patchily vegetated ground in open areas within dry forests, settling on bare ground, from April to September (Marcos-García et al. 2007, Vujić et al. 2020, Speight 2020). They are known to visit flowers of Apiaceae, Caralluma burchardii, Euphorbia, Genista, Ornithogalum, Opuntia and Thapsia. The larva has not been described (Speight 2020, Vujić et al. 2020).","Since the species is distributed mostly in southern and southeastern Europe, the main threat is probably overgrazing by livestock and fire in the Mediterranean areas (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020), as well as habitat loss due to change in land use across the whole distribution range.","This species is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. Its conservation needs are mainly related to the conservation of suitable habitats. The distribution of the species is partially within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network, and within various protected areas: the Pyrenees National Park (France), Ecrins National Park (France), Mercantour National Park (France), Cabañeros National Park (Spain), Durmitor National Park (Montenegro), Kopaonik National Park (Serbia), Stara planina Natural Park (Serbia), and Tara National Park (Serbia). Additional research is needed into its population trend, ecology and biology. The impact of overgrazing by livestock in the Mediterranean part of the range also needs further investigation. Monitoring the population and habitat trends, as well as raising awareness about this species are also important.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Likov, L.","Ricarte Sabater, A.R. & Mengual, X.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,olympius,,Merodon olympius,"Vujić and Radenković, 2020",,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This species is a local endemic of Olympus Mountain in Greece. It is assessed as Critically Endangered because of its highly restricted extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO), and it is considered to occur in one location. (The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1.8 km2, but this has been increased to 12 km2 to make it equal with the area of occupancy). The value of the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2, which is very close to the Critically Endangered category. The number of locations is defined by tourism and overgrazing by livestock. In addition, only six specimens have been registered from 2012 to 2014. The main threats in the Olympus National Park can be the ongoing habitat loss due to human management activities and animal grazing, but also negative consequences of forest fires (Klesse et al. 2014). Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, the habitat and ecological requirements, and to better understand the existing threats.",Unknown,"Merodon olympius is endemic to Europe, where it is known from four adjacent recorded localities on Mt. Olympus in Greece (Radenković et al. 2020). The area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2, while the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1.8 km2 (increased to 12 km2 to make it equal to the area of occupancy).",This species has only 6 recorded specimens from Mt. Olympus in Greece in the period 2012 to 2014. The population trend is unknown.,"This species prefers open ground in mesophilous Fagus forests. The adults fly in September, and have been recorded visiting the flowers of Achillea.",The main threat is habitat loss due to tourism and overgrazing by livestock (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Negative consequences of human management activities and animal grazing have a proven devastating effect on some forests of Mt Olympus (Klesse et al. 2014). The Olympus National Park also faces a problem with forest fires (Filippidis and Mitsopoulos 2004).,"This species is not the subject of any targeted conservation action, but it occurs in the protected area of the National Park “Mt Olympus” and the Natura 2000 network. Due to the fact that negative human activities have a proven devastating effect on the forests on Mountain Olympus, it is recommended to control the growth of tourism infrastructure and limit grazing by livestock. Further research is required to establish its current status throughout its range, its habitat and ecological requirements, and to understand the existing threats better. The monitoring of population and habitat trends, as well as raising awareness about this endemic species is very important.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nève, G. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Likov, L.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,opacus,,Merodon opacus,"Vujić, Likov and Radenković, 2020",,No,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  In Europe, the species is only present on Lesvos island in Greece. This species prefers open grounds in forests, thermophilous and evergreen Quercus forests, Castanea forests, dry Pinus forests, unimproved grasslands and tracksides. The visited flowers are Ornithogalum spp. and Potentilla spp.  The species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe because the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1021 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km2. The number of locations is 10, defined by habitat loss due to overgrazing, but the species is present only on Lesbos island in Europe. The subpopulations generally seem to be small and isolated (only on one Greek island). Due to intense overgrazing by goats and sheep in Greece, the quality of suitable habitats for this species is expected to decline. Further research is needed about the population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements and to understand better the threats affecting the species.",Unknown,"This species has been recorded on the Greek island of Lesbos and in western Turkey (around Bozdağ and Muğla) (Vujić et al. 2020). The area of occupancy (AOO) both in Europe and in the EU27 is 56 km2, while the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1021 km2.","There is a lack of data, but based on all known findings there are several subpopulations on the island of Lesbos. The specimens were collected between 1988 and 2016. The population trend is unknown.","This species prefers open ground in forests, thermophilous and evergreen Quercus forests, Castanea forests, dry Pinus forests, unimproved grasslands and along the sides of tracks. The recorded visited flowers are Ornithogalum and Potentilla. The flight period is from March until September (Vujić et al. 2020). The larva is described in Vujić et al. (2020).","In Europe, this species is present on only one Greek island (Lesbos). The main threat is habitat loss due to overgrazing by goats and sheep in Greece (Arianoutsou-Faraggitaki 1985, Papanastasis 2004, Gkoltsiou 2011), which may cause the loss of habitat quality and quantity. In addition, wildfires that often occur as temperatures rise in dry summer months also threaten the species.","The conservation needs of this species are mainly related to conservation of habitats. Limitations on grazing and fire management are recommended as the main conservation actions. Its distribution is partially within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network. Additional research on its population trend, ecology and biology, as well as potential threats, is needed. Monitoring population and habitat trends, as well as raising awareness about this species is required. Although it is also recorded in the western part of Turkey, it is unlikely that the subpopulations from Bozdağ and Muğla can provide a rescue effect, taking into consideration that dispersal ability generally for Merodon is very low, since it is very territorial and does not migrate.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nève, G. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Likov, L.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,orjensis,,Merodon orjensis,"Radenković and Vujić, 2020",,Yes,CR,,No,NA,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)   This species is endemic to southwest Europe, with a single known recent record in Montenegro (Mountain Orjen) from 2011. Based on the only known record, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 4 km2. Since the species is registered only in one locality the location number is one bused on a range of threats. Considering all known information, the species is assessed as Critically Endangered. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements and to understand better the threats affecting the species.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, where it is known from a single locality, Mt. Orjen in Montenegro (Radenković et al. 2020). The area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km2. The species is not present in the EU27.",The only known specimen was recorded in 2011 (Radenković et al. 2020). The population trend is unknown.,The specimen was found in a Fagus forest on the oro-mediterranean Mt Orijen (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2021).,"The main threat is habitat loss (both quality and quality) due to forest fires, overgrazing by livestock, fragmentation of habitats, tourism and urbanization (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020).","This species is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. As it does not occur in protected areas, the areas where it occurs should receive some kind of protection. It is recommended to conserve its habitats using wildland fire management and controlling negative anthropogenic influences (tourism growth, urban development and overgrazing by livestock).    Further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, its habitat and ecological requirements, and to understand better the existing threats. Raising awareness about this endemic species is important. Monitoring its population and habitat trends is also necessary.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Nève, G. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Likov, L.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,ottomanus,,Merodon ottomanus,"Hurkmans, 1993",,No,VU,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  This species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe, because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km2 and the number of locations is 7-8, based on the main threats, which are overgrazing by livestock and fires throughout the whole distributional range, leading also to expected decline of habitat quality. In addition, the distribution range of this species is expected to be one of the areas that are more seriously affected by climate change in the near future (Schröter et al. 2005). Based on all known findings, the species is recorded in small numbers: 17 specimens from Spain and 11 specimens from Greece.   In Turkey, the species has not been found after 1999 (Vujić et al. 2011). Subpopulations occurring in Turkey are registered on high mountains of the eastern and southeastern Anatolian, separated from the Greek subpopulations by geographical barriers in the form of mountains and seas, and are far from the European range, making the rescue effect more difficult. Consequently, further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range, the habitat and ecological requirements and to better understand the existing threats.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in south and southeastern Europe (Spain and Greece). Outside of Europe, it is present in Turkey (Hurkmans, 1993, Marcos-García et al. 2007, Vujić et al. 2020). The area of occupancy (AOO) both in Europe and in the EU27 is 48 km2, while the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 401,785 km2.","There are insufficient data, but based on all known findings, this species has been recorded in small numbers. 34 specimens have been recorded in Spain, where the records date from 1966 to 2015 (Marcos-García et al. 2007, Database of Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Serbia), and 11 specimens in Greece (from 2 point localities in the Peloponnese) collected in 1970, 2014 and 2016 (Vujić et al. 2020). The population trend is unknown.","This species prefers open ground in forests. It occurs in open areas in Quercus ilex and Pinus halepensis forests and lentisk scrubs (Marcos-García et al. 2007), as well as in Quercus  rotundifolia woodlands (Marcos-García, pers. comm. in Speight, 2020), and unimproved, montane grasslands (Hurkmans and  Hayat 1997). Adults fly along the margin of stands of taller herbs (Hurkmans and Hayat 1997). They are known to visit Apiaceae and flowers of Ornithogalum (Vujić et al. 2011, 2020; Speight 2020). The flight period is from April to July (Marcos-García et al. 2007, Speight 2020, Vujić et al. 2011, 2020). The developmental stages and host plant are unknown.","The main threat is habitat loss (both quality and extent) due to overgrazing by livestock and fires throughout its whole range (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). This species has a relatively restricted range with disjunct areas, which could be further constricted by climate change (for example by increasing temperatures, or increased frequency of fires) and by the loss of suitable habitats.","This species occurs in the protected area of Sierra de Grazalema Natural Park in Spain and partially in the Natura 2000 network in Greece and Spain. It is recommended to conserve suitable habitats, since it is not yet the subject of any targeted conservation action. Further research is required to establish its current status throughout the range, its habitat and ecological requirements, and to understand better the existing threats. Monitoring population and habitat trends is required.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Likov, L. & Radenković, S.","Ricarte Sabater, A.R. & Mengual, X.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,papillus,,Merodon papillus,"Vujić, Radenković and Pérez-Bañon, 2007",,No,VU,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  This species is assessed as Vulnerable in Europe, because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 52 km2, and the number of locations is 8-9 based on overgrazing by goats and sheep, and fires, which can also reduce the quality of suitable habitat. A continuous decline of the habitat quality is expected.   The subpopulations occurring in Turkey are registered on high mountains of the Central and Southern Anatolian are separated from Greek subpopulations by geographical barriers in the form of mountains and seas, and are far from the European range making the rescue effect more difficult. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements and to understand better the threats affecting the species.",Unknown,"This is a local species distributed in Greece (two point localities in eastern mainland Greece, 12 point localities in Lesbos and one point locality in Samos): outside Europe, it also occurs in Turkey (Vujić et al. 2020). The area of occupancy (AOO) both in Europe and in the EU27 is 52 km2, while the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 22,722 km2.","There are insufficient data, but based on all known findings, there are at least nine subpopulations on mainland Greece and on the islands of Lesbos and Samos. Two specimens were collected from the mainland in 2007, one from Samos in 2010, and more than 100 from Lesbos between 2001 and 2014. The population trend is unknown.","The preferred environment of this species is forest, thermophilous oak forest of Quercus pubescens and Quercus  cerris, evergreen oak forest of Quercus ilex and maquis of Q. coccifera, Pistacia, Olea, phrygana of Cistus and Thymus capitatus, and olive (Olea) groves (Vujić et al. 2007, 2020; Speight 2020). The flight period is from April to May (Vujić et al. 2007, 2020; Speight 2020). The adults are known to visit the flowers of Ornithogalum (Vujić et al. 2020). The developmental stages and host plant are unknown.","The main threat is habitat loss due to fires and overgrazing by goats and sheep in Greece (Arianoutsou-Faraggitaki 1985, Papanastasis 2004, Gkoltsiou 2011). This species has a relatively restricted range in Europe, which will potentially be further constricted by climate change (for instance because of increasing temperatures and increased fire frequency). This is likely to cause a decline in the amount of suitable habitat available.","This species is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It occurs in the protected area of Nestos Delta Natural Park in mainland Greece and partly within the Natura 2000 network on the islands. It is recommended to conserve additional suitable habitats in other parts of its distribution range. Additional research about its population trend, ecology and biology, as well as potential threats, is needed. Monitoring  population and habitat trends, as well as raising awareness about  this species is required.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Likov, L. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,parietum,,Merodon parietum,"Wiedemann in Meigen, 1822",,Yes,NT,B2ab(iii),Yes,NT,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This species is endemic to Western Europe. It is listed as Near Threatened based on the small currently known AOO (92 km2) and a continuing decline of the habitat, due to overgrazing by livestock, and also desertification and fires. It has 16-17 locations based on these threats. In addition, the Mediterranean basin is expected to be one of the areas more seriously affected by climate change (Schröter et al. 2005). That is why the populations of this species can be further threatened. Based on scientific assessments in Sierra de Cazorla Natural Park, an extreme variability of climate has been proved (Mendoza-Fernandez et al. 2010), which is manifested in thunderstorms, rainfalls, extreme summer temperatures and series of fires. A continuous decline in habitat extent and quality is expected. This is likely to cause a decline in the amount of suitable habitats available. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat and ecological requirements and to understand better the threats affecting the species.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to western Europe, where it is is known from Spain, France and Portugal. The known area of occupancy (AOO) is 92 km2, while the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 641,128 km2.","There is a lack of data, but based on all known findings, the species is widely distributed in western Europe, represented with at least 11 subpopulations throughout the range. In France, four specimens were collected from two point localities (Périgord and Sainte-Baume) in 1951 (Speight et al. 1998) and in 1997. In Portugal five specimens were collected in the period 1966-1969 from four point localities, and a further 10 specimens in 2011-2013 from three point localities (Van Eck 2011, 2016). In Spain, more than 150 specimens were collected between 1933 (Marcos-García and Louis 1998) and 2018 from 12 point localities. The population trend is unknown.","The preferred environment of this species is forests and open ground, open areas in thermophilous Quercus forests and well-drained, unimproved, non-calcareous grasslands (Marcos-García et al. 2007). The adults fly low through tall ground vegetation, settling on patches of bare ground, and visit flowers such as Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Myosotis, Ranunculus, Scilla monophyllos, Stellaria (Marcos-García et al. 2007, Van Eck 2016, Speight 2020) and Cistus salviifolius (Kehlmaier 2002). The developmental stages and the host plant are unknown.","This species is widely distributed in Western Europe, where the main threat is habitat loss due to overgrazing by livestock, fires and desertification (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). It has a relatively restricted range, potentially further constricted by climate change (for instance by increasing temperatures or increased fire frequency). Evidence shows that the Mediterranean basin is expected to be one of the areas more seriously affected by climate change, associated primarily with increasing temperatures and decreasing precipitation, both of which are some of the most serious threats to biodiversity (Schröter et al. 2005). Based on scientific assessments in Sierra de Cazorla Natural Park, extreme variability of climate occurs (Mendoza-Fernandez et al. 2010), manifested in thunderstorms, rainfall, extreme summer temperatures and series of fires.","This species is not the subject of any targeted conservation action, but it occurs in the protected areas of Los Picos de Europa National Park (Spain) and Sierra de Cazorla Natural Park (Spain), and partly in the Natura 2000 network. Its habitats within protected areas should be conserved, as well as in the rest of its range. Monitoring of habitat and population trends is required, and raising awareness about the species is also important.  Further research is needed about its population size and trend, habitat  and ecological requirements, and to understand better the threats  that affect it.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Likov, L. & Radenković, S.","Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,peloponnesius,,Merodon peloponnesius,"Vujić, Radenković, Ačanski and Šašic, 2018",,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"The species is endemic to the southern part of the Peloponnese Peninsula, where it is found in open areas within Mediterranean pine forests and Mediterranean maquis. It is assessed as Endangered due to its very restricted area of occupancy (AOO) (12 km2) and extent of occurrence (EOO) (423 km2), and because it is considered to occur in three locations, based on urbanisation as the major threat. There is a continuous decline of  the habitat quality and extent due to commercial and residential development, as well as fires.",Unknown,"The species is endemic to the southern part of the Peloponnese Peninsula in Greece (Speight 2020), where it has been recorded at three localities (Radenković et al. 2018, Vujić et al. 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be 423 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 12 km2.","There is no information about the population trend. Only 21 specimens from 3 point localities have been collected so far, all from 2014.",This species prefers open areas in Mediterranean pine forests and Mediterranean maquis (Vujić et al. 2020). The adults fly in October (Radenković et al. 2018). The developmental stages and host plant are not known.,"Habitat loss is the main threat due to increasing rates of urbanisation and the extension of transport networks mostly due to tourism. In addition, fires present a great threat to the habitats throughout the Mediterranean and the habitat of this species is no exception.","There are no conservation actions known for this species. One point locality occurs within the Natura 2000 network (Oros Mainalo). The conservation of habitat and fire prevention is crucial for its survival. Additional research on its ecological preferences, population size and trends, and threats, is needed. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is required. Awareness should be raised about its importance.",The species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Janković, M. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,planiceps,,Merodon planiceps,"Loew, 1862",,No,CR,B2ab(iii),No,CR,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)  EU 27 regional assessment:  Critically Endangered (CR)  The species prefers open grounds, and unimproved, humid, montane grasslands (Hurkmans 1988). Only two specimens were collected in Europe, one in Italy and one in Rhodes (Greece). The record from Rhodes is dated from 1830 and the species was not found again on the island despite targeted attempts.   The species is assessed as Critically Endangered  in Europe and the EU 27 countries because it has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO) (8 km2), the number of its location is only one or two in Europe, and due to the continuing decline in the quality of its habitat. It is unknown if the species still occurs in Rhodes, in which case the number of locations is one. The rescue effects from outside of Europe are unlikely because the subpopulations occurring in Turkey are far from the European range and are very localized.",Unknown,"This species is found in Italy and Greece (on Rhodes) (Speight 2020), at one point locality in each country.   Outside of Europe it is also distributed in Turkey (Speight 2020). In Europe and EU 27, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 1,159,356 km2, and area of occupancy (AOO) to be 8 km2.","There are no data about the population trend. Only two specimens have been collected in Europe, one in Italy and one in Rhodes. The record from Rhodes dates from 1830 and it has not been found again on the island, despite targeted attempts.   A total of about 30 specimens have been collected up to now, mostly from Turkey.","This species prefers open ground, and unimproved, humid, montane grasslands (Hurkmans 1988). The adults fly fast and very low through and over short ground vegetation (Hurkmans 1988). It has been recorded visiting Euphorbia (Hurkmans and Hayat 1997, Vujić et al. 2020). The flight period is between April and July (Speight 2020). The developmental stages and host plant are unknown.","Overgrazing by livestock represents the major threat to the species at both of the two localities (in Italy and Greece) (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). The Greek subpopulation might be extinct, as it has not been recorded since 1830. Tourism represents an additional pressure to the quality of habitat in Rhodes.","There are no conservation actions known for this species. Controlling grazing by livestock is of utmost importance for preserving its habitat. Research on population size, trends, status and threats is strongly recommended. Monitoring of population and habitat trends is required, especially to check its status in Rhodes. Raising awareness about this rare species is also very important.",The species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Janković, M. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,pruni,,Merodon pruni,"(Rossi, 1790)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is distributed in Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Romania  and Ukraine. It is assessed as Least Concern in Europe because while it has a relatively restricted area of occupancy (AOO) (428 km2 on regional level and 420 km2 in the EU27), its extent of occurrence (EOO) is large (1,858,563 km2 on regional level and 1,567,358 km2 in the EU27), and the number of locations are above the threshold (55 to 62 on regional level and 55 to 60 in the EU27). The number of locations is based on fire as the major threat. Fires, overgrazing by livestock, agricultural intensification and infrastructure development are causing habitat destruction and threatening this species.  Outside of Europe, it is found in Turkey, North Africa and Arabia (Speight 2020).",Unknown,"This species is distributed in Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Romania and Ukraine. In Europe, its extent of occurrance (EOO) is estimated to be 1,858,563 km2, and area of occupancy (AOO) to be 428 km2. In the EU 27, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 1,567,358 km2, and area of occupancy (AOO) to be 420 km2.  Outside of Europe, it is found in Turkey, North Africa and Arabia (Speight 2020).","There is no information about the population trend. Out of the total number of specimens (760), 483 were collected in the European part of the range. The records from Arabia and North Africa are mostly from the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. Most of the European records are recent.","This species prefers sparsely vegetated, dry and semi-arid grasslands with scattered tall herbs, open areas in low-altitude Abies cephalonica forests on limestone, and Castanea forest (Speight 2020). Hurkmans (1985) provides some information on the territorial behaviour by the males. The females fly fast and very close to the ground, and are much less noticeable than the males. It has been found visiting flowers of Ferula, Cachrys crassiloba, Crithmum maritimum and Foeniculum vul­gare (Van Steenis et al. 2019, Speight 2020, Vujić et al. 2020). The flight period is from May to September. The developmental stages and host plant are unknown (Speight 2020).","There are several threats to the habitat of this species. Fires are a serious threat in the Mediterranean region, negatively affecting its habitat. Other threats include overgrazing by livestock, agricultural intensification and infrastructure development (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020).","There are no conservation actions known for this species. Some point localities occur within the Natura 2000 network. Threats such as fires, overgrazing, agricultural intensification and infrastructure development can disturb its habitats, so continuous management and protection of sites in protected areas are needed. Additional research on its ecology, population trend and threats is needed. Monitoring of population and habitat trends is required. Awareness should be raised about the importance of this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Janković, M. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,pulveris,,Merodon pulveris,"Vujíc and Radenković, 2011",,No,VU,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  EU 27 assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  This species is distributed in Greece (on Lesvos, Samos and Rhodes) (Speight 2020, Vujić et al. 2020), Cyprus (Van Steenis et al. 2019) and Montenegro.   It is assessed as Vulnerable  in Europe and the EU 27 countries since it has a restricted range (on European level the area of occupancy is 88 km2 and the extent of occurrence is 166,119 km2, while in the EU 27 the area of occupancy is 84 km2 and the extent of occurrence is 85,888 km2 ), and the number of locations, which is based on fire as the major threat, is just under the thresholds for a threatened category (the regional number of locations is 10, and 9 in the EU 27). It is observed that the quality of the habitat preferred by this species is declining continuously due to fires and overgrazing by livestock. Tourism, and associated infrastructural development also pose a certain threat, particularly in the coastal areas. Additional research on species ecology and population trends is needed. There is no rescue effect of subpopulations from outside of the assessment region.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in Greece (on Lesvos, Samos and Rhodes) (Speight 2020, Vujić et al. 2020), Cyprus (Van Steenis et al. 2019) and Montenegro. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be 166,119 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) of the species is 88 km2. In the EU 27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be 85,888 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 84 km2.  Outside of Europe, it is found in Turkey (Speight, 2020).","There is no information about the population trend. A total of 413 specimens has been collected so far. The majority of specimens are from the European part of the range (83 from Lesbos, 21 from Samos, 196 from Rhodes, 44 from Cyprus, and one from Montenegro). The rest (68 specimens) were collected in Turkey. Records from Europe range from the 1970s to 2018, mostly recent (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","This species prefers Mediterranean maquis (Radenković et al. 2011), herb-rich open areas in thermophilous Quercus forests and phrygana with Cistus scrub. The known visited flowers are Drimia, Foeniculum and Prospero autumnale (Vujić et al. 2020). The flight period is in April and from late September to mid-October (Speight 2020). The developmental stages and host plant are unknown, but the larva is probably associated with Prospero autumnale, or one or more of its closely related micro-species (Vujić et al. 2020).","Fires can be considered as the major threat to the habitat of this species, as it seems that they are becoming more severe and more frequent each year. Overgrazing by livestock is also a serious threat, especially on the Greek islands (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Infrastructure development (mostly due to tourism) is destroying the habitat too, especially along the coastlines.","There are no conservation actions known for this species. 12 point localities occur within the Natura 2000 network. Threats such as fires, overgrazing and infrastructure development can disturb its habitats (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020), so continuous management and protection of sites in protected areas are needed. Additional research on its ecology, population trend and threats is needed. Monitoring population and habitat trends is required. Awareness should be raised about the importance of this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Janković, M. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,pumilus,,Merodon pumilus,"Macquart in Lucas, 1849",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  In Europe, this species is distributed in Spain and Portugal. It prefers open areas in thermophilous Quercus forests and evergreen oak forests. It is also found in maquis and mattoral  and xeric grasslands (Marcos-Garcia et al. 2007).   The species has a relatively restricted area of occupancy (AOO) (56 km2) and a continuing decline in the quality of habitat is noted. The number of locations, which is based on overgrazing by livestock as the major threat, is just above the thresholds for threatened categories (11-12), but the population is considered to be severely fragmented. Due to all of the above, the species is assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU27. The rescue effect from subpopulations outside of Europe is unlikely to happen.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is distributed in Spain and Portugal, but it is also found in North Africa (in Algeria and Tunisia) (Marcos-García et al. 2007, Van Eck 2011, Speight 2020). In Europe and the EU 27, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 166,086 km2, and area of occupancy (AOO) to be 56 km2.","There is no information about the population trend. Many of the specimens from Spain (and Algeria) were collected in the 1920s. More recent records from Spain (2004, 2011 and 2015) are from at least 10 point localities. In Portugal, most of the records date from 2004 from two point localities. The subpopulation in Bolonia is the largest, while other subpopulations are small (typically 1-2 specimens per point locality) and isolated, with little possible exchange of genetic material. The population is considered severely fragmented because it is quite localized, does not fly large distances, and only a low numbers are collected in each locality.","This species prefers open areas in thermophilous Quercus forests and evergreen oak forests. It is also found in maquis, mattoral and xeric grasslands (Marcos-Garcia et al. 2007). It is known to visit flowers of the Apiacae, Anthericum ramosum, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Mentha, Ranunculus, Solidago, Taraxacum (Speight 2020) and Oenanthe crocata (Marcos-García et al. 2007). The flight period is from April to June. The developmental stages and host plant are unknown (Speight 2020).","The main threat to the habitat of this species is overgrazing by livestock (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Tourism, ski centres, infrastructural development, logging and fires also affect negatively the quality of its habitat in mountainous areas.","There are no conservation actions known for this species. Controlling grazing activities would benefit preservation of the habitat. Logging and infrastructural development should be closely monitored and controlled as well. Since there is no information about the population size, this needs attention together with its ecology. Monitoring population and habitat trends is required, and raising awareness about the species is also important.",The species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Janković, M. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,puniceus,,Merodon puniceus,"Vujić, Radenković and Péres-Bañón, 2011",,No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  This species is assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU 27 countries because it is found only on the island of Lesbos, and it has a very restricted range (the area of occupancy is 12 km2 and the extent of occurrence is 55 km2) with only three locations (based on overgrazing). Habitat loss is the main threat due to overgrazing by livestock on   Lesbos island, resulting in the drastic degradation of the landscape and   habitats. The habitat preferred by this species is also threatened by fires. In addition, tourism, and the associated infrastructural development also pose a certain threat to the habitats of the species, particularly in Polichnitos. Additional research on species ecology and population trends is needed. The rescue effect is unlikely to happen, since the European subpopulation is restricted to one island and subpopulations outside of Europe occur far away from the European range.",Unknown,"This species is known from the island of Lesvos in Greece (Speight 2020, Vujić et al. 2020), from just three point localities (Radenković et al. 2011, Šašić Zorić et al. 2020).   In addition, it is present in Turkey, near Bozdag, in the western part of the Anatolian Peninsula (Šašić Zorić et al. 2020). In Europe and the EU 27, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 55 km2, and area of occupancy (AOO) to be 12 km2.",There is no information about the population size or trend. Only eight specimens are known from three localities on Lesvos.,"This species prefers maquis, a scrubland vegetation characteristic for the Mediterranean region. It is composed primarily of leathery, broad-leaved evergreen shrubs or small trees (Radenković et al. 2011). The preferred habitats also include herb-rich open areas in thermophilous Quercus forests and phrygana (Vujić et al. 2020), as well as small open areas in Castanea and evergreen Quercus and Pinus forests (Šašić Zorić et al. 2020). The adults are known to visit the flowers of Prospero autumnale, Foeniculum vulgare (Šašić Zorić et al. 2020) and Dittrichia viscosa (Vujić et al. 2020). The flight period is in August and October (Speight 2020). The developmental stages and host plant are not known (Speight 2020).","Habitat loss is the main threat due to overgrazing by livestock on Lesvos, resulting in the drastic degradation of the landscape and habitats (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). The Mediterranean region is prone to fires in general, but in the light of climate change, they are becoming more frequent and intensive. Fires started by shepherds for pasture improvement contribute to habitat degradation. Tourism and associated infrastructural development also pose a threat, particularly to the Polichnitos site.","There are no conservation actions known for this species so far. One point locality occurs within the Natura 2000 network (Kolpos Geras, Elos Ntipi Kai Oros Olympos). Additional research on its ecology, population trends and threats is needed. Conserving its habitat by controlling fires and grazing by livestock is likely to contribute to its maintenance on the island. Monitoring population and habitat trends, as well as raising awareness about this species is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Janković, M. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,quercetorum,,Merodon quercetorum,"Marcos-García, Vujić and Mengual, 2007",,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This European endemic species is known from a small number of scattered records in Spain (Speight 2020). The main threat is habitat loss due to plantations of monocultures that  are threatening the ancient broadleaf forest in the Cantabrian range. In  addition, the expansion of energy and tourism infrastructures (wind  parks, ski resorts and motorways) is also endangering the habitat of  this species.   It is assessed as Endangered because it has a very restricted area of occupancy (AOO) (24 km2) and only occurs at 4-5 locations. The number of locations is based on the infrastructural development as the major threat. In addition, the habitat of this species is continuously threatened by infrastructure development due to mountain tourism, fires, logging and grazing by livestock.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is found in northern Spain (Cantabria) and in a few montane localities in central, southern and southeastern Spain (Speight 2020). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 134,135 km2, and area of occupancy (AOO) to be 24 km2.",There is no information about the population trends. The records range from 1980 to 2016.,"This species prefers open mountainous areas. It can be found in open areas in thermophilous Quercus (Quercus  faginea, and Quercus  pyrenaica), evergreen oak (Quercus rotundifolia) forests and open grounds at higher altitudes, up to 2,200 metres (Marcos-Garcia et al. 2007). It has been recorded visiting the flowers of Crocus salzmannii (Marcos-Garcia et al. 2007). The flight period is between August and September. The developmental stages and host plant are unknown.","Habitat loss is the main threat due to plantations of monocultures that are threatening the ancient broadleaf forest in the Cantabrian range. In addition, the expansion of energy and tourism infrastructures (wind parks, ski resorts and motorways) is also endangering the habitat of this species. Other threats include fires, overly intense and inadequately managed logging operations and overgrazing by livestock (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020).","No conservation actions are known for this species. It occurs in two Natural Parks, La Font Roja and Mariola (Marcos-Garcia et al. 2007). Habitat conservation and monitoring  are needed in order to conserve the species. Considering that some point localities are within protected areas, this species should be taken into account when creating and implementing management strategies for those areas. Monitoring the population and habitat trends is required. Raising awareness about this endemic species is also important.",The species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Janković, M. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,rasicus,,Merodon rasicus,"Vujić and Radenković, 2015",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  This species is assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU 27 countries due to its very restricted area of occupancy (20 km2 on regional level, and 16 km2 in the EU27) and small number of locations (three on regional level, and two in the EU 27). The number of locations is based on overgrazing by livestock as the major threat. In addition, the species can be considered severely fragmented. There is a continuing decline in the quality of habitat of this species due to overgrazing by livestock, fires and infrastructural development due to tourism. The rescue effect from subpopulations outside of Europe is unlikely to happen.",Unknown,"The range of this species includes Greece and Serbia (5 point localities). In Europe, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 23,716 km2 and area of occupancy (AOO) to be 20 km2. In the EU 27, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 336 km2 and  area of occupancy (AOO) to be 16 km2.    Outside of Europe, it is also found in Turkey, Azerbaijan and Iran (Speight 2020).","There is no information about the population of this species. Only 37 specimens have been collected until now. Out of the total number, 14 were collected in Europe.","This species prefers grassy open areas in Eastern thermophilous oak forests (Quercus frainetto) and unimproved, subalpine grasslands (Speight 2020). The preferred habitats also include open areas in mesophilous Fagus and Quercus forests. It has been recorded visiting the flowers of Achillea (Vujić et al. 2020).  The adults fly low, and settle on low-growing vegetation (M. de Courcy Williams, pers.comm. in Speight 2020). The flight period is between April and July. The developmental stages and host plant are unknown (Speight 2020).",Overgrazing by livestock has a major impact on the habitat of this species and represents the biggest threat (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Fires and infrastructural development due to tourism also have a negative impact.,"There are no ongoing conservation actions aiming to protect this species. One point locality is located within the National Park Kopaonik. Three point localities are within Natura 2000 sites, in Koilada Filiouri and Treis Vryses in Greece. Controlling the grazing, and monitoring the habitat are very important for the conservation of this species. Additional research on its population trends and ecology is needed. In addition, monitoring the population trend, as well as raising awareness about this species is very important.",The species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Janković, M. & Radenković, S.","Böhm, M., Ferreira, C. & Woolcock, S.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,robustus,,Merodon robustus,"Veselić, Vujić and Radenković, 2017",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  In Europe, the species is distributed on the island of Samos (Greece) (Veselić et al. 2017, Speight 2020, Vujić et al. 2020) and Cyprus. It prefers open areas in evergreen Mediterranean oak forests and maquis (Veselić et al. 2017).  This species is assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU 27 countries due to its very restricted area of occupancy (AOO) (28 km2), and small number of locations (3-5) which are based on overgrazing by livestock as the major threat. The habitat of this species is continuously threatened by overgrazing by livestock, tourism and fires. The rescue effect from subpopulations outside of Europe is unlikely to happen.",Unknown,"This species occurs on the island of Samos (Greece) (Veselić et al. 2017, Speight 2020, Vujić et al. 2020) and Cyprus. In Europe and EU27, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 20,053 km2 and area of occupancy (AOO) to be 28 km2.  Outside of Europe, it is found in Turkey and Israel.","There is no information about the population size and trend. In Cyprus, the records range from 1982 to 1999, and in Greece from 1988 to 2011.",This species prefers open areas in evergreen Mediterranean oak forests and maquis (Veselić et al. 2017). The flight period is April and May. The developmental stages and host plant are unknown (Speight 2020).,Overgrazing by livestock represents a major threat to the quality of the habitat of this species (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Tourism and fires also represent considerable threats.,"There are no ongoing conservation actions targeting this species. One point locality occurs within the Natura 2000 network, in Dasos Stavrovouniou. Controlling grazing would be beneficial for conservation of its habitat. Considering that there is no population or ecological information, researching these is necessary. Monitoring the population and habitat trends is required. Raising awareness about this species is also important.",The species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Janković, M. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,rojoi,,Merodon rojoi,"Vujić and Radenković, 2020",,Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This European endemic species has a restricted distribution in Greece, mostly in central Greece and on the Peloponnese Peninsula (Šašić Zorić et al. 2020). It is assessed as Vulnerable because it has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO) of 24 km2, and occurs in six locations, which is based on infrastructure development as the major threat. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is relatively large (37,096 km2), but the habitats of this species are threatened by the increasing rates of infrastructure development (mostly due to tourism), overgrazing by livestock, and fires, causing a continuous decline (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Greece, with records from near Chalcis, Athens and on the Peloponnese Peninsula) (Šašić Zorić et al. 2020). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 37,096 km2, and area of occupancy (AOO) to be 24 km2.","There are no data about the population trend. In total, 25 specimens have been collected from 1982 to 2012. The majority of records (20) are from 2012.",This species prefers small open areas in evergreen Quercus and Pinus forests. The adults are known to visit flowers of Prospero autumnale. The developmental stages and host plant are unknown. The flight period is in September (Šašić Zorić et al. 2020).,"Habitat loss is the main threat, and it is mainly caused by increasing rates of urbanisation and the extension of transport networks (mostly due to tourism). Additionally, overgrazing by livestock and fires present a great threat to habitats throughout the Mediterranean, and the habitat of this species is no exception (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020).","There are no conservation actions known for this species. Three point localities occur within the Natura 2000 network. The conservation of the habitat, fire prevention and controlling negative anthropogenic impacts, especially tourism growth, urban development and overgrazing by livestock, are crucial for maintaining this species. Additional research on the ecological preferences of the species, as well as on population trends and threats is needed. Monitoring the population and habitat trends is required. Raising awareness about this endemic species is also important.",This species is not utilised.,"Nève, G. & Varga, Z.","Janković, M. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,rubidiventris,,Merodon rubidiventris,"Costa, 1884",,Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This species is endemic Europe, where it is known from the islands of Sardinia and Corsica (Vujić et al. 2020). It prefers small, open areas in deciduous Quercus and  Mediterranean forests close to seasonal rivers and streams.   It is assessed as Vulnerable because it has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO) of 48 km2, and is considered to occur in eight locations, based on fire as the major threat, and there is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitats. The prevention of forest fires is important for the protection of its habitats.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the islands of Sardinia (Italy), where it is known from a small number of scattered record across the island, and from Corsica (France), where it is known from central parts of the island (Vujić et al. 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 23,472 km2, and area of occupancy (AOO) to be 48 km2.","There is no information about the population size and trend. On Corsica, the records date from 1938 to 2017, a total of 25 specimens. On Sardinia, records date from 1957 to 2016, with 10 specimens collected until now.","This species prefers small, open areas in deciduous Quercus and Mediterranean forests close to seasonal rivers and streams. Based on the available data, the flight period is from May to October. The developmental stages and host plant are unknown. All species from the Merodon constans species group whose developmental stages are known, develop in bulbs of Galanthus spp. It is possible that this is the same for this species as well (Vujić et al. 2020).","Forest fires are the main threat to this species, followed by overgrazing by livestock and infrastructural development, mostly along the coastline (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). In Corsica, fires are an especially severe threat, as they are often set to protest about particular social or political measures, such as the creation of new protected areas.","There are no ongoing conservation actions targeting this species. Seven point localities occur within the Natura 2000 network. The prevention of forest fires is important for the protection of the habitat. Additional research on population size and trends, as well as ecology and threats is needed. Monitoring the population and habitat trends, and raising awareness about this species is required.",This species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Janković, M. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,ruficornis,,Merodon ruficornis,"Meigen, 1822",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and in the EU 27, because it is widespread in Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and  area of occupancy (AOO) of this species both in Europe and in the EU27  are significantly greater than the values for the application of a  threatened category. The main threat is habitat loss (both quality and quantity), which is mostly due to changes in land use, and overgrazing by livestock and fires through all the Mediterranean (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Further research is needed into the population trend, and ecology and biology of the species.",Unknown,"This species is predominantly distributed in the central parts of Europe, as well as on the Apennine and Balkan peninsulas in southern Europe (Vujić et al. 2012). The data for Belgium (Speight et al. 2016), Latvia (Karpa 2008), North Macedonia (Speight et al. 2016), Poland (Mielczarek and Żóralski, 2009), and the European part of Russia (Speight et al. 2016) have not been checked. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) both in Europe and in the EU27 are significantly greater than the thresholds for the application of a threatened category.  Outside of Europe, it is present in Turkey and North Africa.","Based on all known data, there are numerous subpopulations across Europe. Specimens have been collected in the period of 1857 (in Italy) to 2019. The population trend is unknown.","This species prefers thermophilous Quercus, mesophilous Quercus and Fagus, as well as alluvial hardwood forests. The adults are active from the end of April to July. The species occurs in small, open areas with dense ground vegetation within forests, flying fast and low over and among ground vegetation, settling on low-growing plants in the sun, and visiting flowers such as Allium ursinum and Ranunculus. The larva has not been described (Speight 2020).","Since this species is distributed in most of Europe, the main threat is probably  habitat loss due to changes in land use across the Europe, and overgrazing by livestock and fires in the Mediterranean areas (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020).","Merodon ruficornis is on the Red List of Baden-Württembergs (Germany), Red List of Germany, Red List of Belgium (regionally Near Threatened), and on the Red List of Czech Republic (Regionally Extinct). Its distribution lies partly within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network, and in protected areas such as the Natural Reserve Combe Lavaux (France), Regional Nature Park Vexin (France), Nature Park Vitosha (Bulgaria), Prespa National Park (Greece), Pindos National Park (Greece), Rodopi National Park (Greece), Bükki National Park (Hungary), Fertő-Hanság National Park (Hungary), Pollino National Park (Italy), Durmitor National Park (Montenegro), Domogled Nature Reserve (Romania), Stara planina Natural Park (Serbia) and Fruška Gora National Park (Serbia).   The conservation needs of this species are mainly related to the conservation of suitable habitats. Additional research is needed into the population trend, and its ecology and biology. The impacts of overgrazing by livestock in the Mediterranean part of its range also need further investigation. Monitoring the population and habitat trends, as well as raising awareness about this species are also required.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Likov, L.","Mengual, X.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,rufipes,,Merodon rufipes,"Sack, 1913",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,CR,B1ab(iii)+ 2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)  The species is assessed as Endangered on European level due to the restricted area of occupancy (AOO) (12 km2), small number of locations (three) which are based on the urbanisation as the major threat and a continuing decline in the quality of habitat.   On the EU 27 level, it is assessed as Critically Endangered due to the even more restricted area of occupancy (4 km2), equally small extent of occurrence (EOO) (4 km2), a single location (only one point locality in Bulgaria), and the continuing decline in quality of habitat. It is unlikely that there is a rescue effect from subpopulations in the assessment region.",Unknown,"The European range of this species includes Bulgaria and Ukraine (Speight 2020). In Europe, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 25,500 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2. In the EU27, its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are estimated to be 4 km2.    Outside of Europe, it is also distributed in the Caucasus region of Russia and Georgia (Mengual et al. 2020).",There is no information about the population trend. Only five specimens have been recorded so far. The records from Ukraine are from 1881 and from 1883. One male from the Kharkiv region dates from 1981 (the most recent record).,"This species prefers Eastern thermophilous Quercus forest, mesophilous Fagus forest (Veselić et al. 2017) and Quercus robur forest in Ukraine (G. Popov pers. comm. 2019). The flight period is in August and September (Speight 2020). The developmental stages and host plant are unknown.","All of the specimens collected so far have been found in close proximity to urban areas, and therefore urbanisation is considered a major threat to this species. In addition, unsustainable agriculture can threaten its habitat.","There are no ongoing conservation actions targeting this species. One point locality occurs within the Natura2000 network: Sinite kamani - Grebenets.   The prevention of rapid and uncontrolled urbanization would be beneficial for the preservation of this species. Additional research on its population trends, ecology, and possible threats is needed. Monitoring the population and habitat trends is required, and raising awareness about the species is also important.",This species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Janković, M. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,rufus,,Merodon rufus,"Meigen, 1838",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    The species is distributed in most of Continental Europe (from  France on the west, to Ukraine on the east) and in the Mediterranean  region (on the Iberian, Apennines and Balkan Peninsulas). The data for Slovakia, and the European part of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Speight, 2020) are not checked and data from Poland (Radenković et al. 2020) doesn't give a precise locality.  The species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Europe and EU 27, because it is widespread in Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this  species both in Europe and in the EU27 are  significantly greater than  the values for the application of a  threatened category. Habitat loss (both quality and quantity) due to change of land use, and overgrazing by livestock and fires through all the Mediterranean is the main threat to the species. Further research is needed into the population trend and ecology and biology of the species.",Unknown,"This species occurs in most of Continental Europe (from France in the west, to Ukraine in the east) and in the Mediterranean region (on the Iberian, Apennine and Balkan peninsulas). The data for Slovakia, and the European part of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Speight, 2020) have not been checked. The data from Poland (Radenković et al. 2020) does not give a precise locality. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species both in Europe and in the EU27 are  significantly greater than the thresholds for the application of a  threatened category.  Outside of Europe, the species is present in Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and in North Africa.","Based on all known data, there are numerous subpopulations across Europe. It has been collected from 1832 (Czech Republic) to 2019. The population trend is unknown.","This species prefers open areas within dry forests, both deciduous (mesophilous Fagus, thermophilous Quercus and evergreen Quercus  ilex forests) and coniferous (dry Pinus) forests. It also occurs up to 1400 metres in unimproved montane grasslands in the Alps. The adults fly very fast and low over thinly vegetated ground, and settle on bare ground in the sun (Speight 2018). They are active from May to August, and have been recorded visiting the flowers of Asteraceae, Apiaceae (Krpač 2001), Anthericum, Paradisia, Geranium and Helianthemum. According to Peterson et al. (2008), Merodon rufus is a specialist pollinator of Anthericum liliago (Anthericaceae). It has also been observed feeding on flowers of Pinus sylvestris (G. Pétremand, pers. comm. in Speight 2020). The larva has not been described (Speight 2020).","Since this species is distributed in most of Europe, the main threat is probably habitat loss due to change in land use across the Europe, and overgrazing by livestock and fires in the Mediterranean areas (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020).","Merodon rufus is on the Red List of Germany, Red List of Baden-Württemberg and Red List of Czech Republik (Vulnerable). The range of the species is partly within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network, and also within various protected areas, such as the Natural Reserve Combe Lavaux (France), Ecrins National Park (France), Mercantour National Park (France), Pyrinees National Park (Spain), Gesause National Park (Austria), Fruška Gora National Park (Serbia), Triglav National Park (Slovenia), Risnjak National Park (Croatia), Durmitor National Park (Montenegro) and Rodopi National Park (Greece). Its  conservation needs are mainly related to the conservation of suitable habitat. Additional research is needed into its population trend, ecology and biology. The impacts of overgrazing by livestock in the Mediterranean part of its range also needs further investigation. Monitoring the population and habitat trends is required, and raising awareness about the species is also important.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Likov, L.","Ricarte Sabater, A.R. & Mengual, X.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,sacki,,Merodon sacki,"(Paramonov, 1936)",,Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This species is endemic to southwestern Spain, where it is known from only four specimens, three of which  are dated from 2015 (all from one point locality), and from one further specimen from  the beginning of the 20th century; this latter specimen requires confirmation.  This European endemic species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) based on the small area of occupancy (AOO) (4 or 8 km2, as one of the localities might no longer exist), the extent of occurrence (EOO) (4 or 250 km2), and number of locations (one or two, as one of the localities might no longer exist), as well as due to the decline in quality of habitats. We propose additional research concerning the population trends, as well as monitoring and conservation of the habitat.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is known from two point localities in southwestern Spain. The species is known from only four specimens, three of which date from 2015 (all from one point locality northwest of Seville), and the other from the beginning of the 20th century south of Cadiz, from where the species was described in 1936, in a locality where the species might not be present anymore. Since the specimen was collected at the beginning of the 20th century, further investigation is needed in order to confirm if the species still occurs in the locality. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 4 km2 based on extant the locality near Seville. Both AOO and EOO could be larger, depending on whether the species still occurs at the second locality.",There is no information about the population size or trends.,This species prefers open areas in evergreen oak forests (Quercus ilex and Quercus  suber) and Mediterranean scrub. The flight period is from April to July (Vujić et al. 2020). The developmental stages and host plant are unknown.,"Overgrazing by livestock represents a major threat to this species, followed by the intensification of agricultural practice and infrastructural development (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020).","There are no conservation actions known for this species. One point locality occurs within the Natura 2000 network (Sierra de Aracena y Picos de Aroche). The protection of habitat by preventing overgrazing by livestock, and restricting urban development (one point locality is very close to a village), are necessary measures for this species. Additional research concerning population size and trends, ecology and threats is needed. Monitoring the population and habitat trends is required. Raising awareness about this endemic species is also important.",The species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Janković, M. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,sapphous,,Merodon sapphous,"Vujić, Pérez-Bañon and Radenković, 2007",,No,CR,B1ab(iii),No,CR,B1ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)  EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)  In Europe, the species is known from the island of Lesvos (Greece) (Vujić et al. 2007, 2020; Speight 2020). It is found at only three point localities in one chestnut forest (Vujić et al. 2007).  It is assessed as Critically Endangered in Europe and the EU 27 countries  based on its small extent of occurrence (EOO), which 12 km2, number of locations (one), and decline in the quality of habitats. The number of locations is based on the fire as the major threat. The area of occupancy (AOO) is also 12 km2, which is also very close to the Critically Endangered threshold. We propose additional research concerning the species ecology and population trends, as well as monitoring and conservation of the habitat. The rescue effect from subpopulations outside of Europe is unlikely to happen.",Unknown,"In Europe this species is known from the island of Lesvos (Greece) (Vujić et al. 2007, 2020; Speight 2020) from just three point localities in one chestnut forest (Vujić et al. 2007). In Europe and EU 27, its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are estimated to be 12 km2.  Outside of Europe, it occurs in the Isparta region in Turkey.","There is no information about the population size. Only around 20 specimens have been found on Lesvos until now, dating from 2004, 2005 and 2019.",This species inhabits dry deciduous forests of Castanea. The adults have been recorded visiting the flowers of Foeniculum (Vujić et al. 2020). There is no information about its ecology. The flight period is September and October. The developmental stages and host plant are unknown (Speight 2020).,Fires represent the main threat to the habitat of this species. Overgrazing by livestock and infrastructural development also cause habitat disturbance to a certain extent (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020),"There are no ongoing conservation actions targeting this species. All three point localities occur within the Natura 2000 network (Kolpos Geras, Elos ntipi Kai Oros Olympos). The conservation of the forest habitat is vital for its survival, and measures include the prevention of forest fires and controlling grazing by livestock. Considering that there is no information about its ecology, research is needed. Monitoring the population and habitat trends is required. Raising awareness about this species is also important.",The species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Janković, M. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,segetum,,Merodon segetum,"(Fabricius, 1794)",,No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  In Europe, this species is distributed in Spain and Gibraltar. It prefers open rocky areas of sub-xeric calcareous grassland in the matorral of Olea europea, Osyris quadripartita, Rhamnus alaternus, Pistacia lentiscus and Pistacia terebinthus (Ebejer and Bensusan 2010).   It is assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU27, based on the small area of occupancy (AOO) (20 km2) and extent of occurrence (EOO) (345 km2), the number of locations (three) which is based on overgrazing by livestock and expansion of tourism infrastructure as major threats, and the ongoing decline of quality of habitats. We propose additional research concerning the population trends, as well as the monitoring and conservation of the species habitat. The rescue effect from the subpopulations outside of Europe is unlikely to happen.",Unknown,"This species occurs in Spain and Gibraltar, and outside Europe, it is also present in North Africa (Marcos-Garcia et al. 2007, Ebejer and Bensusan, 2010, Speight 2020). In Europe and EU 27, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 345 km2, and area of occupancy (AOO) to be 20 km2.","There is no information about the population trend. About 30 specimens have been collected so far, some from the 1920s. The most recent records date from 2019.","This species prefers open rocky areas of sub-xeric calcareous grassland in the matorral of Olea europea, Osyris quadripartita, Rhamnus alaternus, Pistacia lentiscus and Pistacia terebinthus (Ebejer and Bensusan 2010). The adults settle on bare ground of paths and on low-growing vegetation. Their flight is rapid and noisy (Ebejer and Bensusan 2010). The flight period is between March and beginning of May. The developmental stages and host plant are unknown (Speight 2020).","Overgrazing by livestock is considered to be a major threat to this species (in Grazalema) (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Infrastructure development due to tourism also pose a certain threat, particularly in Gibraltar.","There are no ongoing conservation actions targeting this species. Two point localities are within the Sierra de Grazalema Natural Park. Controlling grazing by livestock is crucial to the preservation of its habitat. Research on its population trend and threats is needed. Monitoring the population and habitat trends, as well as raising awareness about this species is required.",The species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Janković, M. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,serrulatus,,Merodon serrulatus,"Wiedemann in Meigen, 1822",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The species prefers open areas in thermophilous deciduous and evergreen Quercus, dry Pinus, and Castanea forests,  lentisc scrub. It also occurs in dry, well-vegetated, calcareous and  non-calcar­eous unimproved grasslands and tracksides, in hedgehog heath  (Speight 2020), as well as in Pinus, Pi­cea and Larix forests in Siberia (Vujić et al. 2020a), and mesophilous Fagus forests (Vujić et al. 2020b).     The species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and EU 27 because it is a widespread species. Based on all known data, there are numerous subpopulations across the continent, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) both in Europe and in the EU27 are significantly greater than  the values for the application of a threatened category. Habitat loss (both quality and quantity) is the main threat due to overgrazing by livestock and fires through all the Mediterranean (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Further research is needed on the population trend, and ecology and biology of the species.",Unknown,"This species occurs from the Iberian Peninsula in the southwest, right through to Greece and eastern Turkey in the south, and eastward towards Siberia and Mongolia (Doczkal pers. comm. in Vujić et al. 2020a). In Europe, it is distributed mostly in the Mediterranean region, on the Black Sea coast and in the European part of Russia. Previous records of this species from North Africa and Middle East belong to other species of the Merodon serrulatus species group. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) both in Europe and in the EU27 are significantly greater than the thresholds for the application of a threatened category.","Based on all known data, there are numerous subpopulations across Europe. Specimens have been collected from 1837 (Italy) to 2019. The population trend is unknown.","This species prefers open areas in thermophilous deciduous and evergreen Quercus, dry Pinus, Castanea forests, and lentisc scrub. It also occurs in dry, well-vegetated, calcareous and non-calcar­eous unimproved grasslands and tracksides, in hedgehog heath (Speight 2020), as well as in Pinus, Pi­cea and Larix forests in Siberia (Vujić et al. 2020a), and mesophilous Fagus forests (Vujić et al. 2020b).   The adults are recorded visiting flowers such as Apiaceae, Cirsium, Helianthemum, Potentilla, Rosa, Thapsia, Thymus and Ranunculus (Krpač et al. 2001 as Merodon alexeji) in the period from April to September (Vujić et al. 2020a). They fly low and very fast, zig-zagging through grasses and tall, herb-rich ground vegetation, settling on low-growing ground vegetation, often on dead shoots. The larva has not been described (Speight 2020).","Since the species is distributed mostly in southern Europe, the main threats are probably overgrazing by livestock and the ever-present fires in the Mediterranean region (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020).","So far this species has not yet been the subject of any targeted conservation action. Its range lies partly within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network in various protected areas such as Chelmos National Park (Greece), Olympus National Park (Greece), Pindos National Park (Greece), Vanoise National Park (France), Pyrenees National Park (Spain) and Sierra Nevada National Park (Spain). Its conservation needs are mainly related to the conservation of suitable habitats. Additional research is needed about its population trend, ecology and biology. The impacts of overgrazing in the Mediterranean parts of its range also need further investigation. Monitoring the population and habitat trends is required, and raising awareness about the species is important.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Likov, L.","Mengual, X. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,spineus,,Merodon spineus,"Vujić, Šašić and Likov, 2020",,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This European endemic species is considered at present to be endemic to the island of Corfu in Greece (Vujić et al. 2020). Data on species ecology and habitat preferences is lacking, but it prefers herb-rich open areas in thermophilous oak (Quercus) forest (Vujić et al. 2020).   The species is assessed as Endangered due to its restricted area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO), both of which are 12 km2, and is considered to occur in three locations, based on tourism as the major threat. The habitat of this species is threatened by infrastructure development due to tourism and urban development, overgrazing by livestock and fires (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020), and there is a continuous decline in the habitat quality. Additional research on the species ecology, and population size and trend is needed.",Unknown,"This species is considered to be endemic to the island of Corfu in Greece (Vujić et al. 2020), where it is known form a small number of localities in the centre of the island. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of the species are estimated to be 12 km2.",There are no data about the population trend. A total of 15 specimens from three point localities have been collected so far (all in 2014).,"Data on ecology and habitat preferences of this species are lacking, but it seems to prefer herb-rich open areas in thermophilous Quercus forest (Vujić et al. 2020). The flight period is from August to early September (Vujić et al. 2020). The developmental stages and host plant are unknown.",The habitat of this species is threatened by infrastructure development (mostly due to tourism) and overgrazing by livestock (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Fires are also considered to be a serious threat.,"There are no ongoing conservation actions targeting this species. It is recommended to conserve the suitable habitats by wildland fire management and controlling the negative anthropogenic influence of tourism growth and urban development, as well as overgrazing by livestock. Additional research on its ecology, population size and trends is needed. Monitoring the population and habitat trends is required, and raising awareness about this endemic species is also very important.",The species is not utilised.,"Nève, G. & Varga, Z.","Janković, M. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,spinitarsis,,Merodon spinitarsis,"Paramonov, 1929",,No,NT,B2b(iii),No,NT,B2b(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)   EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  The species is assessed as Near Threatened based on small area of occupancy (AOO) (272 km2 both in Europe and in the EU27) and continuing decline in the habitat. Habitat loss (both quality and quantity) is the main threat due to overgrazing by livestock and fires through all the Mediterranean (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020), and intensification of tourism, urbanization, expansion of agricultural land and extensive cutting of wooded land strips in the Dobrogea region in Romania (Sârbu et al. 2006). Further research is needed on the population trend, and ecology and biology of the species.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in southeast Europe. The area of occupancy (AOO) both in Europe and in the EU27 is 272 km2, while the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 300,684 km2.  Outside of Europe, it is present in Turkey, Israel and Russia.","Based on all known data, there are numerous subpopulations on the Greek islands of Lesvos, Samos, Chios, Kos, Rhodos and Thaso, and several specimens come from Bulgaria and Romania. The earliest finding of the species in Europe was in 1907, in Bulgaria. The population trend is unknown.","This species prefers open areas in Pinus forests, and in thermophilous deciduous forests (Castanea) (Vujić et al. 2011, Ricarte et al. 2012, Speight 2020). The adult flies in the period from March to July, and in September. It has been recorded visiting the flowers of Anthemis, Euphorbia and white Apiaceae. The larva has not been described (Speight 2020).","The main threat to this species is habitat loss due to fires and overgrazing by livestock throughout the Mediterranean region (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). In addition, the Dobrogea region in Romania is exposed to growing human impacts caused by the intensification of tourism, urbanization, expansion of agricultural land and extensive cutting of  wooded land strips (Sârbu et al. 2006).","This species is not the subject of any targeted conservation actions. Its conservation needs are mainly related to the conservation of suitable habitat. The range is partly within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network, and partly within the Olympus National Park (Greece) and Dadia National Park (Greece). Additional research is needed on its population trend, ecology and biology. The impacts of overgrazing in the Mediterranean part of its distribution also need further investigation. Monitoring the population and habitat trends is required, and raising awareness about this species is also important.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Likov, L.","Mengual, X.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,telmateia,,Merodon telmateia,"Hurkmans, 1987",,No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  The species is assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU27 based on the small area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO), both of which are 12 km2, the number of locations (three) which is based on overgrazing as the major threat, and the continuous decline in the quality of habitats. It is unknown if there is a rescue effect from subpopulations from outside the assessment region. We propose additional research concerning the population trends, as well as monitoring and conservation of the species habitat.",Unknown,"The range of this species includes Greece (only the island of Samos), Israel, Russia, Turkey and Pakistan (Speight 2020). Vujić et al. (2015) noted its discontinuous range, occurring in two regions with different climate characteristics. One is in the Aegean and Mediterranean regions, and the other in eastern Anatolia, with a gap in the central Anatolian region. Kočiš Tubić et al. (2018) confirmed this structuring of geographically isolated populations in eastern and western Anatolia, and also on Samos, designating them as three distinct subspecies. In Europe and the EU27, both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are estimated to be 12 km2.","There is no information about the population (size, trend, dynamics) of this species. The majority of specimens collected so far are from Turkey. From Europe a total of 11 specimens have been collected from Samos (Greece), 10 in 2010 and one in 2012.","This species prefers open ground in proximity to freshwater, and montane or subalpine grasslands with seasonal flushes or wet areas (Hurkmans 1988). However, from the information provided by Vujić et al. (2015), it seems likely Hurkmans' observations were based on both Merodon kopensis and Merodon telmateia (Speight 2020). The females fly very close (ca. 10 cm) to the ground (Hurkmans 1988), the males somewhat higher (Speight 2020). It is known to visit flowers of Euphorbia and Ornithogalum (Speight 2020, Vujić et al. 2020). The flight period is from March to August. The developmental stages and host plant are unknown (Speight 2020).",Overgrazing by livestock presents the major threat to the habitat of this species (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Fires and infrastructural development also cause some disturbance.,"There are no ongoing conservation actions targeting this species. Two point localities occur within a Natura 2000 site (Oros Ampelos (Karvounis) on Samos). The prevention of overgrazing by livestock is of the utmost importance for preserving its habitat. Research on its threats, ecology and population trend is needed. Monitoring the population and habitat trends is required. Raising awareness about this species is also important.",The species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Janković, M. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,teruelensis,,Merodon teruelensis,"(van der Goot, 1966)",,Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This European endemic species is distributed in northern and central Spain and in southeast France (Speight 2020). The species prefers small, marshy, open areas in evergreen oak maquis,  garrigue and scrub-invaded grasslands (V.S. van der Goot pers. comm. in  Speight 2020), and also wet meadows (M.Á. Marcos-Garcia pers. comm. in  Speight 2020). In France, it occurs around the margins of poor fen  (Speight 2020).  It is assessed as Vulnerable because while it has a relatively large extent of occurrence (EOO) (213,332 km2), its area of occupancy (AOO) based on the available records is small (24 km2), it has six locations and there is a continuous decline in the quality of its habitats. The number of locations is calculated considering the planting of monocultures as a major threat. We propose additional research concerning population trends, as well as monitoring and conservation of the habitat.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is restricted to northern and central Spain and southeast France (Speight 2020). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 213,332 km2, and area of occupancy (AOO) to be 24 km2.","There are no data about population size, trend or dynamics. In Spain, the records date from 1965 to 1987, while in France, only one specimen is known from 1927.","This species prefers small, marshy, open areas in evergreen oak maquis, garrigue and scrub-invaded grasslands (V.S. van der Goot pers. comm. in Speight 2020), and also wet meadows (M.Á Marcos-Garcia, pers. comm. in Speight 2020). In France, it occurs around the margins of poor fen (Speight 2020). The adults fly fast and low through ground vegetation. They are known to visit flowers of Senecio. The flight period is in May, and between July and beginning of August (Marcos-García et al. 2007, Speight 2020). The developmental stages and host plant are unknown.","The main threat is habitat loss due to monoculture plantations that cause serious decline in the quality of habitat. Infrastructure development for tourism (ski centres, motorways), and overgrazing by livestock also represent a certain threat (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020).","There are no ongoing conservation actions targeting this species. Five point localities occur within Natura 2000 sites, in Sierra de los Ancares, Picos de Europa en Castilla y León, Alto Tajo, Sierra de Guadarrama and Sierra de Gredos. Conservation and monitoring of the habitat are important for its preservation. Research on its population trend and ecology, as well as threats would be beneficial. Monitoring the population and habitat trends is required, and raising awareness about this endemic species is also important.",The species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Janković, M. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,testaceus,,Merodon testaceus,"Sack, 1913",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)   EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)   This species is distributed in the Southeastern Mediterranean, in Greece (on the East Aegean islands of Lesvos and Chios) (Vujić et al. 2020), and in North Macedonia. Further research is needed into the population trend and ecology and biology of the species.    This species is assessed as Endangered in Europe because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 120 km2,  and the species is severely fragmented. The number of locations is 10-15, defined primarily by the ongoing habitat loss (both quality and  quantity) caused by change in land use and overgrazing by livestock, and  also by the fires throughout the distribution range.  In the EU 27, it is assessed as Endangered, because the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3674 km2, the area of occupancy (AOO) is 108 km2 and the species is severely fragmented. The number of locations is about 10, which is defined primarily by the ongoing habitat loss.",Unknown,"This species occurs in the southeastern Mediterranean, in Greece (on the East Aegean islands of Lesvos and Chios) (Vujić et al. 2020), and in North Macedonia. In Europe, its area of occupancy (AOO) is 120 km2, while the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 39,051 km2. In the EU27, its area of occupancy (AOO) is 108 km2, while the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3674 km2.  Outside of Europe, it is present in southern Turkey.","Based on all known findings, there are about 100 collected specimens dating from 1937 to 2017. The population trend is unknown.","This species prefers thermophilous deciduous forests (Castanea) (Ricarte et al. 2012, Ståhls et al. 2009). The adults are active from April to October, and have been recorded visiting the flowers Ferula and Foeniculum. The larva has not been described (Speight 2020, Vujić et al. 2020).","Habitat loss (both in quality and quantity) because of overgrazing by livestock and forest fires across the range  is the main threat (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). A recent increase in the intensity of dairy sheep farming has happened in Chios (Gelesakis et al. 2012), leading to expected overgrazing and consequent loss of habitat quality.","This species is not the subject of any targeted conservation actions. Its conservation needs are mainly related to conservation of suitable habitat. The range lies partly within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network. Additional research is needed on its population trend, ecology and biology. The impact of overgrazing by livestock in the Mediterranean part of its range also needs further investigation. Monitoring population and habitat trends is required. In addition, raising awareness about the species would be beneficial.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Likov, L.","Sommaggio, D. & Mengual, X.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,toscanus,,Merodon toscanus,"Hurkmans, 1993",,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This European endemic species is assessed as Endangered based on the small area of occupancy (AOO) of 16 km2 and the number of locations (four), which is based on grazing by livestock and its mismanagement, as the main threat. This species is endemic to Italy and is currently known from four localities, and due to ongoing threats to the habitat of this species such as overgrazing by livestock, tourism development and intensive urbanisation, a continuing decline in the habitat quality is inferred.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to peninsular Italy, where it has been recorded from four point localities in the central and southern parts of the country. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 32,450 km2, and area of occupancy (AOO) to be 16 km2.","There are insufficient data about the population trend of this species. 13 specimens were collected in 1959, and single specimens in 1986, 1987 and 2012. Continuous monitoring, as well as additional research on the population trend are needed in order to obtain more data.","The species inhabits Mediterranean maquis. The developmental stages have not been described, and the host plant is unknown. The flight period is from May to August.","In the Mediterranean Basin, around 80% of the land area is marginal and is frequently mixed with different land uses (Pardini 2004). The main causes of the decline of the maquis in the Mediterranean are the destruction of the natural vegetation to make way for pasture, grazing by livestock (which hinders or slows down the succession of the vegetation) (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020), fires, replacement of the natural vegetation by crops, reforestation with species that do not give rise to maquis, and human settlement in varying densities, all in places formerly covered by vegetation (Tomaselli 1977). Tourism development and intensive urbanisation, especially in localities near the coast, represent a threat to its habitat.","This species is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. One point locality is within the Natura 2000 network. Taking into account the possible threats (especially destruction of the natural vegetation to make way for pasture), it is recommended to conserve the habitat of this species by enforcement of environmental regulations, rules and other policies. Public awareness and education are essential.   Additional research is needed on its abundance, habitat, ecological requirements, threats and trends. Monitoring the population and habitat trends is recommended.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Veselić, S. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,trebevicensis,,Merodon trebevicensis,"Strobl, 1900",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU27 because while it has a relatively restricted area of occupancy (AOO) (176 km2 in Europe, and 96 km2 in the EU27), it has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) (1,337,582 km2 in Europe and 1,015,460 km2 in the EU27), and its number of locations is above the threshold (30-35 on European level, and 20-21 in the EU27). In some parts of the range, there is a continuing decline in the quality of habitat due to fires, overgrazing by livestock, infrastructure development, and agricultural intensification (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). These are also the threats on which the number of locations is based.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is distributed in Slovakia, Austria, Italy, Bulgaria (Speight 2020), Germany, Greece, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, North Macedonia and Ukraine. In Europe, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 1,337,582 km2, and area of occupancy (AOO) to be 176 km2. In the EU 27, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 1,015,460 km2, and area of occupancy (AOO) to be 96 km2.  Outside of Europe, it is found in Turkey (Speight 2020).","There are no data on the population trend. A total of 94 specimens have been collected across the range. Records from Austria and Germany are old (19th and the beginning of the 20th century), and records from Bulgaria and North Macedonia are from the 1960s and 1970s: the rest of the records are fairly recent.","This species prefers open grassy and tall-herb areas in montane, mesophilous Fagus and Castanea forests of southern Europe. The adults fly fast through and at the tops of tall herb and long grass vegetation, and also at greater heights above the ground, around the foliage of shrubs. The flight period is from May to the end of June. They are known to visit yellow Apiaceae and yellow Asteraceae, Aegopodium and Ranunculus. The developmental stages and host plant are unknown (Speight 2020).","There is no major threat to this species. In some parts of the range, fires (Greece), overgrazing by livestock (Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina), infrastructural development (most of the range), and agricultural intensification (most of the range) are considered to be a threat to its habitat (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020).","There are no conservation actions known for this species. More than half of the point localities occur within the Natura 2000 network. Threats such as fires, overgrazing, agricultural intensification and infrastructure development can disturb its habitat, so continuous management and protection of sites in protected areas are needed. It is protected by law in Serbia. Fieldwork should check if it still exists in Austria and Germany. Additional research on threats, ecology and population size and trend is needed. Monitoring the population and habitat trends is also required.",The species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Janković, M. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,triangulum,,Merodon triangulum,"Vujić, Radenković and Hurkmans, 2020",,Yes,NT,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  In Europe, this species is assessed as Near Threatened, due to its relatively restricted area of occupancy (AOO) (60 km2), a continuing decline in quality of habitat, and because the number of locations (which is based on the urbanization and infrastructure development) is only slightly above the threshold (14). In the EU27 Member States, the species is assessed as Vulnerable, because the extent of occurrence (AOO) is 36 km2 and the number of locations which is based on the urbanization and infrastructure development is eight. Infrastructure development, agricultural intensification and overgrazing by livestock are causing an ongoing habitat destruction and threatening this species.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is known from northeastern Italy, northern Austria (on the border with Czechia), eastern Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, and North Macedonia (Vujić 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 319,987 km2 and area of occupancy (AOO) to be 60 km2. In the EU 27, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 144,186 km2, and  area of occupancy (AOO) to be 36 km2.","There are no data about the population trend. Records are scattered in time and space. One specimen was recorded in Austria in 1866. The 5 specimens recorded from Croatia are from 1907, 1969 and 2011. Two were collected in Hungary in 1963 and 1968, three in Montenegro in 1982, and five in North Macedonia (two in 1951, three in 2001). Five specimens were collected in Serbia (three in 1910, one in 1956, and one in 1958), and two in Slovenia in 2003 (Database of Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Serbia).","This species has been recorded from open areas in deciduous mesophilous beech (Fagus), thermophilous oak (Quercus) and mixed forests at lower altitudes. Based on the available data, the flight period is from May to July (Vujić et al. 2020). The developmental stages and host plant are unknown.","Many point localities are in close proximity to large cities and urban areas, and hence urbanization and infrastructure development can be considered as the major threats. In some parts of its range, there are other threats including agricultural intensification and overgrazing by livestock (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020).","There are no conservation actions known for this species. Four point localities occur within the Natura 2000 network, and one point locality in Serbia is in the Nature park ""Bosutske šume"". Threats such as overgrazing, agricultural intensification and infrastructure development can disturb its habitats, so continuous management and protection of sites in protected areas are needed. Additional research is needed on abundance, habitat,  ecological requirements, threats and trends. Monitoring the population  and habitat trends is recommended.",The species is not utilised.,"Nève, G. & Varga, Z.","Janković, M. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,trochantericus,,Merodon trochantericus,"Costa, 1884",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 27 because it is widespread in Europe.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of this  species both in Europe and in the EU27 are significantly greater than  the values for the application of a threatened category. Habitat loss (both quality and quantity) is the main threat due to change in land use, overgrazing by livestock and fires throughout the distribution range (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Further research is needed on the population trend, and ecology and biology of the species.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is mainly distributed in the southern and southwestern parts of Europe, with an additional locality on the island of Jersey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) both in Europe and in the EU27 are significantly greater than the thresholds for the application of a threatened category.","Based on all known data, there are numerous subpopulations on Sardinia and on the mainland of France. The first record from Europe was from 1905 from France. The population trend is unknown.","This species prefers open areas in thermophilous and evergreen Quercus (Quercus suber) forests, maquis, and unimproved, calcareous, coastal grasslands. The adults fly fast and low through tall ground vegetation in the period of May to June and July to September. They are known to visit flowers such as Cistus, Euphorbia, Quercus coccifera and Prospero autumnale. The larva has not been described. It has been postulated that one of its larval host plants is Prospero autumnale (Speight 2020).","Since the species is distributed mostly in southern and southwestern Europe, the probable threats are habitat loss due to change in land use in eastern and central Europe, and overgrazing by livestock and fires in the Mediterranean areas (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020).","This species is not the subject of any targeted conservation actions. Its conservation needs are mainly related to conservation of suitable habitat. Its range is partly within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network, and in the Pyrenees National Park (Spain). Additional research is needed on its population trend, ecology and biology. The impact of overgrazing by livestock in the Mediterranean part of its range also needs further investigation. Monitoring the population and habitat trends is required, and raising awareness about this species is also important.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Likov, L.","Ricarte Sabater, A.R., Mengual, X. & van Eck, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,unguicornis,,Merodon unguicornis,"Strobl in Czerny and Strobl, 1909",,Yes,NT,B2ab(iii),Yes,NT,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This European endemic species is assessed as Near Threatened, primarily due to its small area of occupancy (AOO) (92 km2), only 14 locations (based on overgrazing by livestock and fires) and decline in habitats quality provoked by ongoing threats (primarily overgrazing, but also fires and cork extraction on few point localities). Moreover, the presence of this species is uncertain for France and there is a reasonable possibility that nowadays this species is extinct from this locality. Although a number of point locations are within the boundaries of protected areas, grazing is intensive in these areas, and it should be controlled and managed adequately. Monitoring the population and habitats, as well as their protection is of crucial importance for the survival of this species.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, with records from central Portugal, Spain (from northern parts to the Mediterranean), and perhaps France (only one point locality collected in 1896) (Speight 2020), but its presence in France remains uncertain (Whithers 2017, Lair 2018) and it is considered possibly extinct there. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 414,790 km2, and area of occupancy (AOO) to be 92 km2.",The population trend is unknown due to the lack of data. Specimens have been collected from 1896 (the single uncertain record from France) to 2019.,"The preferred environments of this species are forests and scrub. It occurs in open Quercus ilex forest and maquis, Quercus rotundifolia woodland and hedgehog heath (Speight 2018). The adults fly at up to one metre from the ground, through low shrub vegetation. They are known to visit Brachypodium, Cistus, Erinacia anthyllis, Euphorbia, Helianthemum, Sedum and Thymus (Marcos-Garcia et al. 2007). The flight period is from April to August. The developmental stages have not been described.","Overgrazing by livestock is the main threat to the habitat of this species, causing decline in its quality and leading to fragmentation and loss (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). The habitats have been increasingly fragmented on the Iberian Peninsula, and processes of intensification and extensification have caused habitat changes (Pulido-Fernández et al. 2018). Fires also pose a threat to habitat quality, contributing to its fragmentation and loss. A few point localities are within the boundaries of the Grazalema Natural Park, where there is ongoing cork extraction from the cork oak, which could also be considered as a potential threat to the habitat of this species.","This species is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. The record from France is very old (1896) and there is a reasonable possibility that the species is now extinct at this locality. Monitoring the population trend is highly recommended. Although a number of point localities are within the boundaries of protected areas (National Park Sierra Nevada, Natural Park Los Alcornocales, Natural Park de la Sierra de Andujar  Regional Natural Park Pyrenees Catalanes, Natural Park Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas, Natural Park das Serras de Aire e Candeeiros and Natura2000 networks), grazing by livestock, the main threat to its habitat, is still intense, and should be controlled and managed adequately. Monitoring and research on its population and habitat trends is needed, together with research on its biology, ecology and other possible threats. It is crucially importance to discover the host plant for larval development. Raising awareness about this species is very important.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Veselić, S. & Radenković, S.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,unicolor,,Merodon unicolor,"Strobl in Czerny and Strobl, 1909",,No,NT,B2ab(iii),No,NT,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)    EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)   The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is 462,608 km2, and the number of locations is 16 (based on land conversion as the main threat). Because of the 16 locations and small area of occupancy (AOO) (184 km2 ),  but also the continuous decline in the habitat caused by the impact of ongoing threats (primarily land conversion due  to overgrazing by livestock, fires and tourism) the species is assessed  as Near Threatened in Europe and the EU27 countries. This species is primarily distributed across the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), but it also occurs in France and Andorra. Because of the ongoing threats (primarily land conversion due to overgrazing by livestock, fires and tourism), the habitat quality of this species is declining, and is getting fragmented.   Furthermore, even tough a number of point localities are within the boundaries of protected areas, grazing is still intensive, and it should be controlled and managed adequately. Monitoring is highly recommended. Additional research is needed primarily on the population and habitat trends, species ecology and biology.",Unknown,"This species occurs in southwestern Europe right across the Iberian Peninsula, from southern France (Col de Font-Froide) and the Pyrenees, Andorra, Spain including mountainous areas (Vujić et al. 2020) and Portugal (van Eck 2011, 2016). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at 462,608 km2, and area of occupancy (AOO) at 184 km2.  Outside Europe, it is also present in the mountain ranges of northwestern Africa (Speight 2020).","According to all known data, specimens have been collected from 1908 to 2018. A considerable number have been recorded from Spain (more than 200, in the largest numbers from localities in the Sierra de Gredos and Puerto de Pajares), 10 from Andorra, more than 30 from France, and more than 20 from Portugal. The population trend is unknown.","This species prefers open ground in forests, as well as well-drained, non-calcareous, montane and subalpine unimproved grasslands. It also occurs in hedgehog heath, open and grassy areas in montane Betula and Pinus forests, including Pinus uncinata forest in the Pyrenees (Speight 2020). In addition, it is present in small, managed woodlands (‘soutos’) of mature sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) in northern Spain (Ricarte et al. 2014). The adults fly fast, at up to 1.5 metres from the ground, through and around tall ground vegetation. They have been recorded visiting Anthemis mixta. The flight period is from April to September (Speight 2020, Marcos-Garcia et al. 2007).","Land conversion (mainly due to overgrazing by livestock, fires and urbanisation) is considered to be the main threat, causing decline in habitat quality, causing its fragmentation and loss. The habitats have been increasingly fragmented on the Iberian Peninsula, and processes of intensification and extensification have caused changes. Overgrazing by livestock is one of the biggest threats to habitats, even in protected areas (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Fires also represent a potential threat to habitat quality. Furthermore, ongoing urbanisation and tourism development (especially in point localities near ski resorts) cause habitat fragmentation and declines in habitat quality.","This species is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. However, considering the fact that it is distributed across the Iberian Peninsula and the Pyrenees in France, incorporating it into the National lists of protected species is recommended. A number of point localities are within the boundaries of protected areas, National and Natural Parks, as well as Natura 2000 networks (such as the National Park Sierra Nevada, Natural Park Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas, National Park de Los Picos de Europa, National Park des Pyrenees, Regional Natural Park des Pyrenees Ariegeoises, Regional Natural Park des Pyrenees  Catalanes, Regional Park de la Sierra de Gredos, and the Regional Natural Park du Haut Languedoc). However, even though a number of point localities are within the boundaries of  protected areas, grazing is still intensive, and it should be controlled  and managed adequately.   Further research is needed on the population and habitat trends, ecology and biology, as well as other potential threats to the habitat. Raising awareness about this species and monitoring its population and habitat trends are also important.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Veselić, S. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,velox,,Merodon velox,"Loew, 1869",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)    EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered  (EN)    The species prefers open grounds in forests, semi-arid, stony, thinly-vegetated, unimproved grasslands, and open areas in Abies forest (Vujić et al. 2011) and Castanea forests (Ricarte et al. 2012). The adults apparently resemble a small Xylocopa in the field, and continues to fly at temperatures above 35 °C.   It is assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU27 countries. Although the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 380,221 km2, the area of occupancy (AOO) is 200 km2, and the number of locations is 13 (based on overgrazing by livestock as the main threat), this species has a severely fragmented distribution due to the fact that it is recorded on islands (on a number of Greek islands and Sicily in Italy). Furthermore, ongoing threats to the habitat of this species should not be neglected (primarily overgrazing by livestock as a result of a poor land management, but also fires, urbanization and tourism) as they are causing an ongoing decline in the habitat quality. Additional research is needed on the population and habitat trends, species ecology and biology. Monitoring is also required.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs in Greece (on Greek islands) and in Italy (in Sicily). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 380,221 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 200 km2.  Outside of Europe, it is present in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey and Syria.","There is not enough data to establish the population trend, and so monitoring as well as research on this are needed. Existing specimens were collected from 1868 to 2016.","This species prefers open ground in forests, semi-arid, stony, thinly-vegetated, unimproved grasslands, and open areas in Abies forest (Vujić et al. 2011) and Castanea forests (Ricarte et al. 2012). The adults apparently resemble a small Xylocopa in the field, and even fly at temperatures above 35 °C. The males are strongly territorial, and both sexes fly low and fast through ground vegetation (Hurkmans and Hayat 1997). It has been found drinking at the edge of a small stream in the evening of a hot day (Reemer and Smit 2007). Adults are known to visit Apiaceae and Euphorbia (Speight 2020). The flight period is from April to September (Vujić et al. 2020). The developmental stages have not been described.","Extensive grazing by livestock is considered to be the main threat (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). In addition, fires in Mediterranean region, either of natural or anthropogenic origin, can cause considerable impacts on a landscape level with the destruction of large areas of vegetation. Tourism development and urbanization on islands cause declines in habitat quality, leading to fragmentation and loss.","This species is not the subject of any targeted conservation action. It is recommended to protect its primary habitats. Additional research is needed on its threats, population and habitat trends, ecology and biology. Monitoring the population and habitat trends is also needed. Raising awareness about this species is very important. A number of point localities are within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Veselić, S. & Radenković, S.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,virgatus,,Merodon virgatus,"Vujić and Radenković, 2016",,Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional  assessment: Endangered (EN)  This species is endemic to Europe, where it is restricted to the Balkan Peninsula. It is a  high mountain species and its habitats are largely under destruction by  overgrazing by livestock (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Based on the small area  of occupancy (AOO) (120 km2) with as few as nine locations and a continuing decline of the habitat quality due to the intensive  overgrazing by livestock, the species is assessed as Vulnerable on European level. The number of locations is based on overgrazing by livestock that could cause the fragmentation and loss of habitat of this species.  In the EU27, it is assessed as Endangered, based on the small geographic range of  the species (the area  of occupancy is just 12 km2 and the extent of occurrence is 1,717 km2, both of them are below thresholds), only two locations(a single locality in each of Croatia and northern Greece), and a continuing decline of the habitat quality due to  the intensive overgrazing by livestock.  Population and habitat trend monitoring is recommended, and further research on life history and ecology of this species is needed.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Balkan Peninsula in Europe, with records from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, North Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro and Greece (Šašić et al. 2016, Spieght 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 57,790 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 120 km2.","The population trend is unknown. There are about 30 subpopulations recorded to date. The older records date from 1910 from Croatia, but recent records are also available from 2011 to 2017.","This is a high mountain species, preferring open ground, and unimproved, calcareous and non-calcareous montane and alpine grassland (Vujić et al. 2020). The flight period is from June to September (Šašić et al. 2016). The adults are known to visit flowers of Thymus and Thymbra (Vujić et al. 2020). The developmental stages have not been described (Šašić et al. 2016, Speight 2020).","The main threat is habitat destruction, mainly due to overgrazing by livestock (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Tourism (ski resorts), fires and logging are also additional threats for this species.","The point localities in Croatia and Greece belong to the Natura 2000 network, while some point localities in Montenegro belong to National Parks. In Greece, the species occurs on Mt Olympus, which is also protected. Although these areas are protected, grazing by livestock is still intensive and the species would benefit from restrictions of this activity. Additional research on its threats, biology and ecology, as well as the habitat and population size trends is required, as well as monitoring the population and habitat trends. Establishing the exact host plant for the development of the larvae is crucial. Introducing it into the National list of protected species, as well as increasing awareness about this endemic species is very important.",This species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Merodon,vladimiri,,Merodon vladimiri,"Vujić, 2018",,Yes,VU,,No,NA,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)  This species is endemic to Europe, where it is currently known from a single male specimen collected in North Macedonia. It has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO) of 4 km2, with a plausible future threat (urban development) that could drive the taxon to become Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time. Based on this, the species is assessed as Vulnerable (D2). Significant further research is needed on this species, especially on its distribution, population size and trend, biology and ecology. We propose population monitoring, as well as of the habitat trend and potential threats. Once this research is ongoing, there is potential that the species is found to be classified in a higher threat category.",Unknown,"This European endemic species has only been recorded from one point locality in North Macedonia (Kočiš Tubić et al. 2018). The record is from 2003, and it is a relatively recently described species. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km2.",Only one male of this species has been recorded to date. The population trend is unknown.,"The male was collected in May. There are no data about the habitats (Kočiš Tubić et al. 2018), but it is likely to prefer open habitats and grassland. Other closely related species have been found in open grassland habitats, in relatively restricted subpopulations, so it is likely that this species occurs in the same type of habitats and is also very restricted.",There are high pressures from urban development in the area where the species was recorded.,"Raising awareness about this species is very important. Further research on its biology, ecology and population is needed. More monitoring on its population and habitat trend is also required, as well as site protection.",The species is not utilised.,"Andric, A. & Varga, Z.","Radenković, S. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Mesembrius,peregrinus,,Mesembrius peregrinus,"(Loew, 1846)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This wetland species is widespread in central and southern countries in Europe and the EU27, and its population is considered stable. Its primary habitat, wetlands, are largely protected in Europe through the Ramsar convention. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above  the thresholds for this species to be considered in any threatened  category, both in Europe and the EU 27. Therefore, it is categorised as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 27. It would benefit from increased monitoring of its population and research on its life history.",Stable,"Within the European region, this species can be found from southern Germany to the Mediterranean, through parts of central Europe (Switzerland, Austria, Hungary) and southern Europe (Italy, Bulgaria, Romania) to Israel; and from the Ukraine to European Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above the thresholds for this species to be considered in any threatened category, either in Europe or the EU 27. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Ukraine and Czechia) and so it is not possible  at this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species.  This species has been observed in the following countries: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Krym (Popov 1998), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Greece (Vujić et al. 2020), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Italy (Including Sicily) (Burgio et al. 2015), Montenegro (van Steenis et al. 2015),  Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), European part of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Slovenia (van Steenis et al. 2013), Switzerland (CSCF 2020) and Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2020).  Outside Europe, it can be found from the Caucasus eastwards through southern parts of the Palaearctic to the Pacific and northern China (Speight 2020).","This species is widespread in central and southern Europe, although in Greece it is considered rare (Vujić et al. 2020). In Ukraine it is widespread in the country, and although considered rare, it can sometimes be locally common (Popov pers. comm.  2020). Pétremand et al. (2020) considers it very rare and localized in Switzerland, and affirms that it is becoming rare in Europe due to the scarcity of its habitat. Nevertheless, in Hungary it is considered well distributed and common (Tóth 2011). In Slovakia there is a relatively stable and numerous population in the Ramsar site Parižské Močiare Nature Reserve (Králiková 2004). Grim (2006) cited this species in 1994, 1996 and 1997 in food samples obtained from cuckoo nestlings in reed warbler nests in Lednice and Lužice in the south-eastern part of the Czech Republic. Taking into account all this information, we consider that the general trend of the species up to now in EU27 and Europe is stable.","This species can be found in wetlands and other freshwater habitats such as temporary pools in humid, seasonally-flooded, unimproved grasslands and slightly brackish waters. The developmental stages have not yet been described, and are not fully understood but the larva is known to be saprophagous. Normally the adults can be seen between May and September around flowers, including umbellifers, Euphorbia, Paliurus spina-christi etc. All this information has been summarized and updated from Speight (2020).","The main potential threats to this species are loss of quality and quantity of habitat caused by drainage and water abstraction projects from wetlands, and changing rainfall patterns and drought due to climate change (Janssen et al. 2017). Additionally, intensified vegetation management to adapt natural areas to tourism reduces the existing vegetation or its features. Intensification of grazing by livestock around wetlands and the nutrient enrichment of oligotrophic water bodies which results in the modification of the original physicochemical properties of the environment could also impact this species.","The conservation of this species depends on the protection and correct management of its habitat, the wetlands. Preservation of traditional hydrological and substrate conditions and the sustainable management of human activities (fishing, livestock grazing, hunting, etc.) is important, as well as reducing habitat contamination and invasive species. Most wetlands are now protected in European countries. Increased monitoring of and research into population size and trends is needed, as well research into the life cycle and developmental stages. Education and communication about this species would also be beneficial.   This species has been found in Grande Cariçaie nature reserve, according to Pétremand et al. (2020). This finding proves the utility of the construction of temporary flooded pools linked to the seasonal fluctuations of the river, to allow and promote the establishment and survival of wetland-related species such as M. peregrinus.   This species is categorized as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005), very rare in Germany (Ssymank et al.  2011) and common in Hungary (Tóth 2011).",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Rojo, S. & Pérez, C.","Mazanek, L. & Popov, G.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Microdon,analis,,Microdon analis,"(Macquart, 1842)",,No,NT,A2c+4c,No,NT,A2c+4c,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  This species prefers open places in different woodland and forest   habitats, where its larval prey (ants) is abundant and ant nests are   frequent. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered for a threatened category, but considering its observed decline in several countries and its population reduction of 10-20% during the past 10 to 15 years, still continuing (inferred from reductions in both area and quality of suitable habitats according to the European Red List of habitats), it is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe and the EU 27, approaching the threshold for VU under criterion A4.",Decreasing,"The range of this species within Europe is likely to be from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean, and from Ireland in the west to European Russia. Based on larval identification, its presence is confirmed from Ireland, Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria and Spain (Speight 2018, 2020) - with a low number of larval records available. As no records exist in parts of northern Scandinavia for this species complex, the map of (Bartsch et al. 2009) was used to exclude these parts of Scandinavia.  Outside of Europe, it ranges eastwards to the Pacific coast of Russia and Mongolia (which needs confirmation due to confusion with Microdon major), and extending to northern Africa (Speight 2018). Microdon analis can only safely be identified from larvae or pupae. It is the most frequent species of this genus.  Due to taxonomic difficulties and the impossibility of identifying adult specimens, the map is based on country checklists, where countries with safe identification based on larvae or pupae are classified as ""extant"", others as possibly extant.","The population trend of this species is thought to be decreasing due to decreased extent and quality of the habitat. Generally it is found in very low numbers, often as singletons only, even in quite intense surveys. In museum material it is better represented than in recent data. It no longer exists at some historic localities in several countries such as Belgium, Czechia, Denmark, Ireland and several of the German Federal States, where its decreasing trend led to a threatened status in regional Red Lists (see Red list Rationale).  A population reduction of 10-20% over the past 10 to 15 years inferred from reductions in both the area and quality of suitable habitats, based on the European Red List of habitats (Janssen et al. 2016), a decline that is continuing.","This species prefers open places in different woodland and forest  habitats, where its larval prey (ants) is abundant and ant nests are  frequent. It is found mainly in deciduous forests in all altitudinal zones of Fagus and mixed Fagus-Picea-Abies forest, but also in Quercus and Betula-forests and Pinus sylvestris forests. The main habitats used according to the European Red List of habitats (Janssen et al. 2016) are G1.8 (acidophilous Quercus woodland) and a number of other forest types (G1.6a, G1.6b Fagus forests, G1.9a Betula and Populus tremula forests and G1Aa mixed mesic Quercus/ Carpinus forests, provided the canopy is not too closed and suitable ant nests are present (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020). Adults can be found in clearings, along tracksides or forest margins, flying low above the ground or sitting on dead wood, on leaves or on the ground close to ant nests. Their visits to flowers are rarely observed but they do feed from flowers as adults e.g. Heracleum sphondylium (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020). Their larval habitat is ant nests of the genus Lasius, possibly only Lasius platythorax, in rotten wood often under bark (Speight 2018, Schmid 2004). It is a very localised species that does not fly very far because they use chemical mimicry to communicate with the host ants.","The habitat of this species is partially declining (especially habitat G1.8 acidophilous  Quercus woodland, assessed as Vulnerable (VU) for Europe (Janssen et al. 2017). The threats it faces are changing practices in forestry which lead to a more dense canopy, or natural succession in secondary oak woodland towards closed canopy dense beech forest stands. Pesticide applications in forestry, for example to combat tortricid moth infestations on pine shoots or defoliation by the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), can also be a regionally important threat.","The larvae of this species develop in ant nests and therefore need healthy ant populations in the vicinity of their natal nests (due to the extremely local chemical mimicry, reproductive success drops very quickly with distance from the natal nest). Conservation must therefore aim at maintaining stable ant populations large enough to be suitable for Microdon larvae. Better forestry management is needed to maintain coarse wood debris, dead wood and old trees.   This species is listed in several national Red Lists; it is Critically Endangered (CR) in Belgium (Meerhaege and Grootaert 1998), Vulnerable (VU) in Denmark and Czechia (Bygebjerg 2004, Farkač et al. 2005), threatened in Ireland (Speight 2008) and nationally scarce in the United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2015). In the National Red List of Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011) it is still considered as Least Concern, but with historical losses. However, it is considered threatened in some of the regional lists within Germany, such as Berlin (Saure 2018), Saxony (Pellmann and Scholz 1996) and Saxony-Anhalte (Dziock et al. 2004). Research is needed on its population size, distribution, trends and threats. Monitoring of population trends is necessary.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"De Groot, M & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.","Vujić, A.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Microdon,devius,,Microdon devius,"(Linnaeus, 1761)",,No,NT,A2c+4c,No,NT,A2c+4c,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  This species is closely linked to threatened dry grassland habitats   where its host ants live. Its main habitats in   central Europe are threatened and near-threatened. It has a higher degree of threat in northwestern Europe, but in eastern and southern Europe it appears to be less threatened.  Based on a population decline suspected from habitat loss both in extent and quality where the species occurs (according to the European Red List of Habitats), it can be suspected that this species has undergone a decline of around 10-20% over the last 10 years, and this is projected to continue. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened in both Europe and the EU27.",Decreasing,"Within the European region, this species occurs from Fennoscandia to Spain, and in the west from southern England to the European part of Russia (Speight 2018). There are no detailed data for most countries, and it is likely to be under-recorded. It is linked to dry grasslands and is therefore likely to be more frequent in southern Europe. It is considered extinct in Denmark  The distribution map is based on country checklists, with an adaptation in Scandinavia to exclude unsuitable regions according to the distribution map of Bartsch et al. (2009). For Greece, Vujic et al. (2020), for The Netherlands, Reemer et al. (2009), for France, Speight et al. (2018), for the UK, Ball and Morris (2015), and for Spain, Ricarte and Marcos-Garcia (2017) have been used. For Germany, a specific habitat map was used and for the Czech Republic point data were used. The species inhabits specific dry habitats with its host ants, and has a scattered distribution throughout its range. Therefore for other countries where no detailed data were available, a habitat modelling approach was used based on the map of the natural vegetation of Europe (Bohn et al. 2000) with the vegetation units group L, G, F3, F4.1 and F6.  Its global range extends out of the European region to Siberia and the Russian Far East.","With a distinct historical and to some extent still ongoing decline of its specific habitats in Europe, a population decline of around 10-20% over the last 10 years is suspected, and this is projected to continue. Data from existing national Red Lists and trends from several countries confirm this, but there are no concrete data available for the overall population trend and size of this species across its European and EU27 range. It is not very rare, but it is localised. Parts of its range are very fragmented based on habitat availability. There cannot be much interchange among subpopulations.  In the northwestern and central parts of its range, this species is at risk, but it is doing better in the southern parts of its range.","This species is mainly found in dry sun-exposed unimproved semi-natural to natural grassland, calcareous semi-dry grasslands, steppic grasslands and sandy dry grasslands of river floodplains. Adults fly low in the vegetation, or sit on the ground or on leaves often close to ant nests (Speight 2018). Adults visit flowers only occasionally, observed on Prunus spinosa (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020). The larval habitat is ant nests of Lasius flavus (Rotheray 1994). The larvae use chemical mimicry to infiltrate the nests of the host ants, and therefore this species has locally restricted and fragmented subpopulations.","This species is closely linked to threatened dry grassland habitats,  where its host ants live (Janssen et al. 2017): the main habitats in  central Europe are E1.2b (semi-dry perennial calcareous grassland),  classified as Vulnerable (VU), and E1.2b (continental dry steppe), classified as Near Threatened (NT) with a more southeastern distribution. In northwestern Europe, dry sandy  grassland on inland dunes (habitats E1.9a and E1.9b) also are used, both assessed as Endangered (EN). The main threats come from non-adapted dry grassland management in agriculture, intensification of land-use or habitat loss due to complete abandonment of management and subsequent shrub and forest encroachment. Additional threats include pesticides used mainly in agriculture and sometimes in forestry as well. Its main habitat is classified under code ""6210"" as Annex I Habitat in  the EU Habitats Directive, and 2019 reports still show declining trends;  even inside EU protected Natura 2000 sites habitat losses still occur  and degradation is ongoing, partially because of missing resources for  adequate habitat management and subsequent complete scrub encroachment.  Outside Natura 2000 protected sites, many of the smaller habitat patches  have been lost during the past 10-15 years.","The larvae of this species develop in ant nests and therefore need healthy ant populations in the vicinity of their natal nests (due to their extremely local chemical mimicry, reproductive success drops quickly with distance to the natal ant nest). Grassland management can be either extensive pasturing or mowing regimes, but cutting the grass too short should be avoided because this destroys ant nests.  It has a higher degree of threat in northwestern Europe, being extinct in Flanders (Belgium) (Meerhaeghe and Grootaert 1998), Regionally Extinct in Denmark (Bygebjerg 2004), threatened in the United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2015) and with an observed decline in the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009). In central Europe, it is on the German Red list (Ssymank et al. 2011) assessed as Near Threatened (""Vorwarnstufe"") with a negative long-term trend. Research is needed on its population size, distribution, trends and threats. Monitoring of population and habitat trends are necessary.  In both eastern and southern Europe, it appears to be less  threatened, and in the Mediterranean its habitat is considered to be  Least Concern but it seems to be rare in this region: there is, for example, only one locality known from the mountains in Greece (Vujic et al. 2020).",This species is not utilised.,"De Groot, M & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A. & Földesi, R.","Hadrava, J. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Microdon,major,,Microdon major,"Andries, 1912",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",EU27-2020,,"This European endemic has been confused with Microdon analis in the past and can only be identified based on larval and puparial characters (Schmid 2004). However, the few known records clearly indicate that the species is much rarer than Microdon analis. The species is a European endemic confirmed only from three countries (Germany, France and Belgium), with a total of three known locations, based on the threat of land-use conversion for agriculture and forestry. In the Kottenforst area near Bonn  in Germany it has not been rediscovered since 1912 despite specific search for it, and it is now considered extinct here. The larvae are considered to be dependent on Formica ant nests. Formica species have declined in the past and are continuing to decline. Increased density of forest stands and changes in forestry management, leading to a reduction in diversity of forest structure and availability of habitats may be the cause of declining habitat quality. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 12-16 km2 and although there are one or two subpopulations yet to be discovered, this is not expected to be enough to change the assessment of this species. Because of the small AOO, the loss of historical subpopulations, the small number of known locations and the still-declining larval habitat, the species is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(ii,iii)) in Europe and the EU27.",Decreasing,"The range of this species is uncertain due to taxonomic confusion with Microdon analis: based on larval/pupal specimens (where identification can be certain), it is confirmed only from France, Germany (Speight 2018) and Belgium (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020). In some of the localities (Germany and Belgium), several larvae were collected. All records are relatively recent (2004 onwards), with the exception of records close to Bonn. It is currently considered a European endemic, although in Turkey one uncertain record has been published (but it is possible that this is a confusion with Microdon analis). It has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) of 116,404km2, but a small area of occupancy (AOO) of around 12 - 16 km2.  The distribution map is based on known confirmed localities. Due to confusion with M. analis, it is possible that a few more localities exist, although it is not expected to increase the AOO significantly. As there was no precise locality information available for France, here the map of Speight et al. (2018) was used.","There is only partial and very localised information on the population of this species. There was a relatively large subpopulation reported by Andries (1912) from the Kottenforst in Germany that is now likely to be extinct as no recent records are known, despite extensive searches and trapping (Ssymank 2019). Overall it is considered to be decreasing in both Europe and the EU 27. In the few localities where it is still present, the recorded numbers are very low and it can be assumed that even when a few localities might be still be found it will be nowhere abundant and have only small remnant populations.","The habitat requirements for this species are only partially understood. It can be found in forest clearings of mesic to humid deciduous and coniferous forests, thermophilous forest margins, scrub-invaded grasslands and garrigue (Speight 2018). Adults do visit flowers, although the only knowledge of this is from Delforge (1994) where ""Microdon latifrons"" is described as feeding on Ophrys fuciflora, believed to be Microdon major (according to Speight 2018). The larval habitat is within ant nests of Formica species (Formica rufa, F. exsecta, F. sanguinea) (Schmid 2004) that occur in tree stumps (Dussaix 2007) or tree bases, for example on Picea abies (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020).","The main threat to this species is land-use conversion due to agriculture and forestry. Speight (2018) states that because ants of the Formica rufa-group ""have become much less frequent during the 20th century, because of intensification of farming, it would be expected that Microdon major is itself becoming a threatened species"". The larvae have so far been collected in forest clearings, and forestry management which does not promote a diverse forest structure could be a threat.","The protection and management of forest margins and grassy clearings is recommended, as well as keeping a certain amount of grassland succession stages with scrub encroachment. Ant nests should also be protected. Research is needed on the population size, distribution and trends of this species, as well as on its habitat, ecology and threats. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is necessary.",This species is not known to be utilised.,"De Groot, M & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.","Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Microdon,miki,,Microdon miki,"Doczkal and Schmid, 1999",,No,VU,A2c,No,VU,A2c,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  This species has very rare and isolated populations in western Europe and mountain areas of central Europe (possibly relict populations), with a wider distribution in parts of Scandinavia and eastern Europe. Therefore there are big differences across the European region. It needs small clearings, wind throws or open canopy (all of which are getting rarer in modern forestry) as a suitable habitat for its host ants.   As it has a declining population based on a declining area of occupancy (AOO), and risks losing part of its extent of occurrence (EOO), this species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU A2c). Based on declines mainly in the quality of its habitats where it occurs, we suspect that it has undergone a population decline of around 30% over the last 10 years, and this is projected to continue, with possible losses of central European isolated relict subpopulations and additional pressure by climate change.",Decreasing,"This species can be found from Scandinavia southward to northern Italy and eastwards to European Russia. It is not present in the far west of Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are greater than the thresholds to be considered in a threatened category for Europe and the EU 27.  Outside of Europe, the global range of this species extends from European Russia on through Siberia to the Pacific coast (Speight 2018).  For the distribution map in Scandinavia (NO, SE, FI), GBIF point data (GBIF.org, 15 February 2020) were used; for Germany and the Czech Republic, point data; for France, department-based distributions (Speight et al. 2018); and for all other countries, modelling using a map of the natural vegetation of Europe (Bohn et al. 2000). The latter map was made based on a selection of group D (complete, with mapping units D1-D64), and modelled distribution data are shown with the status ""possibly extant"" in cases where no record on a country checklist is given.","This species has very small, very localized subpopulations in western Europe; for example, it is known from just one locality in Germany, in the National Park Bayerischer Wald (Merkel-Wallner 2010). To the east of Europe, there are many more subpopulations known, but their exact size is unknown. The population trend is suspected to be decreasing, based on habitat decreases in area and quality. We suspect that it has undergone a population decline of around 30% over the last 10 years, and this is projected to continue","This species exists in boreal, subarctic and temperate coniferous forests of Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies and in particular in forest clearings or open patches within the forest (Speight 2018). Currently there are no records of flowers that the adults visit. The larvae need Formica ant nests in which to develop, and the adults are known to stay in the vicinity of these ant nests. The larvae live in nests of the Formica rufa group in particular, most likely Formica lugubris (Speight 2018).","As this species is dependent on host-ant nests in coniferous forest, intensive forest management with more closed forest structures and quick reafforestation of wind-throws is possibly threatening suitable habitats. The habitats in which it occurs, such as temperate mountain Picea woodland, Abies woodland and temperate and continental Pinus sylvestris woodland, are considered to be Least Concern and Near Threatened (Janssen et al. 2017). Climate change is likely to reduce the available habitat when mountain coniferous forest becomes rarer.","There are currently no known specific conservation actions for this species. Restoration of more natural and diverse forests, as well as protection of ant nests in coniferous forests could help it. Research is needed on its population size, distribution, trends, ecology and threats. Monitoring of population and habitat trends is also necessary. Speight (2016, 2018) considers it threatened in  Europe, and it is assessed as Critically Endangered on the German Red List (Ssymank et al. 2011) and Endangered on  the Czech Red List (Farkac et al. 2005).",This species is not known to be utilised.,"De Groot, M & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.","Hadrava, J.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Microdon,mutabilis,,Microdon mutabilis,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,VU,A2c+4c,No,VU,A2c+4c,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  This grassland specialist has been assessed as threatened on many European national Red Lists. Its full distribution is currently uncertain as a result of taxonomic confusion with Microdon myrmicae. Despite this, it is understood that the population is declining in Europe as a result of loss in the quality and extent of its habitat. The majority of the habitats on which this species relies are threatened, and their quality and extent have reduced and are continuing to decline. The decline of this species seems to be more pronounced in central and northern Europe. Based on the decline both in extent and quality of its habitats where it occurs, we suspect that the species has undergone a population decline of around 30% over the last 10 years in both Europe and the EU 27, and this is projected to continue. The species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable (A2c) in both Europe and in the EU 27 Member States. This species can also be assessed as Vulnerable (A4c) based on the past and projected decline over a time period of 2020 to 2030.",Decreasing,"The range of this species is uncertain due to taxonomic confusion with Microdon myrmicae (a cryptic species). It is likely to occur from Scandinavia to Spain, eastwards to Russia.  It has been confirmed to occur in Britain and Ireland (Schönrogge et al. 2002a,b), Sweden (Bartsch et al. 2009b), Belgium (Van de Meutter 2016), Italy (Scarparo et al. 2017) and Switzerland (Beuker 2004), based on identification using larvae and pupae .  Outside Europe, the global range extends across Russia to the Russian Far East (Speight 2018).","This species is declining in Europe (Speight 2016). There are no direct data on its population trend, but surveys of its main habitat show a clear decline. It occurs on dry grassland and partially dry heathland, usually with very localized subpopulations with small subpopulation sizes. Considering the major losses of the quality and extent of its habitat, and the expectation that this trend will continue in the short and long term, it is clear that the population of this species is still declining. We suspect that the species has undergone a population decline of around 30% over the last 10 years in both Europe and the EU 27, and this is projected to continue.","This species is found in mesic to dry grassland on calcareous rocky substrates and sandy soil. It is also found in heathland, unimproved montane pasture and grassy forest clearings (Speight 2018). The larvae live in ant nests of Formica lemani (Schönrogge et al. 2002a), Formica cunicularia (Van de Meutter 2016, Scarparo et al. 2017) and Formica cinerea. The adults are known to make occasional flower visits to the orchid Ophrys fuciflora, presumably by males attempting copulation (Delforge 1994, Speight 2018).","The majority of the grassland habitats on which this species relies are threatened at European level, according  to the European Red List of Habitats (Janssen et al. 2017). The major threat is loss of habitat due to unsustainable grassland management practices, that can lead either to intensification of grassland use by grazing livestock or, in contrast, the abandonment of grassland management which leads to succession to scrub and then subsequently to closed forest. Additional threats include pollution and nitrogen enrichment, accelerating succession and resulting in the loss of the sunny open ground suitable for the host ants and as resting places for adults (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2021, Article 17 Habitats Directive).","Grassland management which keeps open bare ground suitable for ant nests and partially removes scrub invasion is recommended for this species. Low intensity pasturing (&lt;1-2 livestock units per ha) or mowing regimes (usually only once per year after the main herb flowering period) is recommended. Reseeding of agricultural land with grass seeds with toxic coatings can drift into crucial habitat, and it is important to protect habitat from this.  Research is needed on its population size, distribution and trends as well as on its life history and ecology. Monitoring of population and habitat trends is necessary.  This species is classified as Vulnerable in Czechia (Farkac et al.  2005), Endangered in Flanders (Belgium) (Meerhaeghe and Grootaert  1998) and Data Deficient in Germany but with a negative  short-term and long-term trend at a national level (Ssymank et al. 2011). Within Germany it is considered extinct in Saxony-Anhalt (Dziock et al. 2004) and Vulnerable in Baden-Wuerttemberg (Doczkal et al. 2001). In Ireland it is still considered to be Least Concern (Speight 2008).",This species is not utilised.,"De Groot, M & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.","Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Microdon,myrmicae,,Microdon myrmicae,"Schönrogge, Barr, Wardlaw, Napper, Gardner, Breen, Elmes and Thomas, 2002",,Yes,VU,A4c,No,VU,A4c,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  This European endemic species is closely linked to bog and mire habitats and wet heath. All these habitats have undergone severe declines, and many have been assessed as threatened in the European Red List of Habitats. Despite protection legislation being in place, there has been a significant loss in the extent and quality habitats due to climate change, intensive agriculture and pollution from pesticides and nitrogen, amongst others. Because of these declines in its habitats, it is reliant more specifically on the even more marginalised transition zone niches within these threatened habitats, and hence its population is suspected to be declining and this decline is expected to continue in both Europe and the EU27.   This species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable in Europe and the EU27 based on the continuous decline in extent and quality of its habitat: it has probably undergone a population decline and will continue to decline at a rate of around 30% over a period of 10 years.  It would benefit from the preservation of ecotones between wet  grassland or heathland to bog, and fen vegetation need to be preserved,  especially the hydrology and flooding regime. Research is needed on  its population size, threats, distribution and trends. This is likely to  indicate that the populations in the west and south of Europe are under  greater threat than in the east of Europe, and may need specific  conservation measures to combat the impacts of habitat destruction and  climate change. Monitoring of its population and habitat trends is also  necessary.",Decreasing,"The full range of this European endemic is uncertain due to its taxonomic confusion with Microdon mutabilis (a cryptic species). It is currently confirmed to exist from Norway south to Spain and eastwards to Karelia and Ukraine (Speight 2018). Based on larval and puparial characteristics confirmed from specimens, it is known to occur in France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, parts of European Russia (Karelia), Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland and Ukraine (Speight 2018). It has a very large extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU 27.","Although direct information on the population trend of this species is incomplete, it is considered to be declining in Europe (Speight 2016) as its habitat is clearly in decline. Because it often only uses transition zones of bogs as habitat, the rate of decline of the habitat is difficult to assess, however, the species has probably undergone a population decline and will continue to decline at a rate of around 30% over a period of 10 years.","This species can be found in wetland habitats, especially the ecotones between bogs and fens to humid grassland or heaths, or adjacent to wet shrub and Betula/Pinus swamp or bog forest (Speight 2018). Adults can be found hovering low over the ground or sitting on soils or vegetation close to ant nests. The larvae live in ant nests - during larval stages L2 and L3, they are predatory of ant brood and during the L1 larval stage they live in the debris of the ant nests (Wolton 2011). The species is particularly associated with the nests of the ant species Myrmica scabrinodis (Schönrogge et al. 2002) which can be found in Carex, Juncus or Molinia tussocks and in Sphagnum mosses. They can also be found in nests of Myrmica vandeli (Elmes et al. 2003), Myrmica gallienii and Myrmica rubra (Stankiewicz 2003) as well as Myrmica ruginodis (Wolton 2011).","This species is dependent on ant nests in bogs, mires and wet heathland. Its major threats are declines in the quality and extent of its habitat and the use of pesticides. Its habitats are threatened by changes in hydrology, climate change, succession and loss of quality and area due to aerial nitrogen input from agriculture and combustion, and also sometimes by land use change due to infrastructure development (road constructions and buildings). Furthermore, water soluble pesticides from adjacent agricultural areas, such as neonicotinoids within seed coatings, threaten both the larvae and its host ants.   Various of its habitats have been assessed in the European Red List of Habitats and are considered threatened or near threatened in Europe: calcareous  spring mire has been assessed as Endangered; non-calcareous quaking mire, calcareous quaking mire and wet heath have all been assessed as Vulnerable; and both blanket bogs and intermediate fen and  soft-water spring mires have been assessed as Near Threatened (Janssen et al. 2017).","Currently, this species receives partial protection under the EU Natura 2000 network because it can co-occur with a protected species (Maculinea) in the same ant nests. It also benefits from the protection of calcareous fen habitat by the Natura 2000 network and Annex I of the Habitats Directive.   It would benefit from the preservation of ecotones between wet grassland or heathland to bog: fen vegetation need to be preserved, especially the hydrology and flooding regime. Research is needed on population size, threats, distribution and trends. This is likely to indicate that the populations in the west and south of Europe are under greater threat than in the east of Europe, and may need specific conservation measures to combat the impacts of habitat destruction and climate change. Monitoring of its population and habitat trends is also necessary.  This species is classified as Vulnerable in the Danish Red List  (Bygebjerg 2004), and Endangered in Ireland (Speight 2008), but it is  still absent from most of the available Red Lists due to previous  confusion with closely related species. In Germany it was considered Data Deficient (Ssymank et al. 2011), but new regional lists  such as Berlin consider it as Critically Endangered (Saure 2018). In  the United Kingdom it is assessed as Least Concern (Ball and Morris  2015), probably due to the fact that there are large blanket bogs in  this country.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"De Groot, M & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.","Hadrava, J., van Eck, A. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Milesia,crabroniformis,,Milesia crabroniformis,"(Fabricius, 1775)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Milesia crabroniformis is a widespread species, particularly in the Mediterranean area. Although it is localised in some parts of its range, and may be declining in the most northern parts, the species is overall not at risk, with no major threats and the overall population trend in Europe is considered to be stable. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27. If conservation measures were introduced, they should focus on the preservation of habitat, in particular the conservation of forests with old, overmature and veteran trees.",Stable,"This species is found in northern France (Brittany) and central Switzerland, south to central Spain and round the Mediterranean, including Italy (Somaggio 2017) and the islands, to the former Yugoslavia, Albania, Greece and Turkey. It is also found in northern Africa (Speight 2020). This species is apparently known from Russia in the northern Caucasus (Barkalov and Mutin 2018).  There are indications that recently it may have become established in Britain, with sightings of the species in southwest England in 2006 and 2007 (Gainey 2008, Tremewan 2008). Given the large size and unmistakable appearance of this hoverfly, it would be surprising if those sightings were erroneous. But until a specimen has been more securely recorded, it would be premature to cite Britain as part of the range of this species (Speight 2020).  In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 6.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1.2 million km2. In the EU 27, the AOO is around 1 million km2 and the EOO is around 7 million km2.","This is a widespread species, particularly over the Mediterranean, and seems to be a nomadic species. It is now very localised in parts of its range and apparently retreating at the northern edge of its range, but overall it is not threatened in its range and the current population trend appears to be stable.","The following information is taken from Speight (2017, 2020):  The preferred environment of this species is evergreen oak (Quercus ilex/Quercus suber) and deciduous forest (mesophilous Fagus, acidophilous Quercus, thermophilous Quercus) with over-mature trees. Within the forest, the adults tend to fly high among trees, descending only to feed, drink or oviposit. Flowers visited are usually tall herbs, for example, Sambucus ebulus is particularly frequented. The adult fly is as often met within the vicinity of streams as elsewhere. It settles in patches of sun at the stream edge to drink, towards the middle of the day and in the early afternoon. It is not restricted to forests with permanent streams, but can occur where standing or running water are almost entirely absent (except after rain) during the adult flight period. Visually a very convincing mimic of the hornet, Vespa crabro (Hymenoptera, Vespidae), the hoverfly also flies in a manner very reminiscent of this large wasp, and the buzzing sound it emits in flight is very close to that made by the hornet. Both of these insects are on the wing at the same time of the year, and in the same forest biotopes. This species exhibits a distinct tendency to follow streams away from the forest biotope, so that the fly can be found feeding at streamside flowers in open country, some kilometers from the nearest potential larval habitat.     Flowers visited by this fly include white umbellifers, Cirsium spp., Fallopia japonica, Hedera, Lythrum salicaria, Mentha aquatica, Sambucus ebulus and Scabiosa spp..      The flight period is from July to October, with the peak at the end August and beginning of September.      Matile and Leclercq (1992) described what they believed to be the puparium of this species, collected from debris in an old Fagus. However, Maibach (pers. comm. 2019) has pointed out that the puparium they figure appears to be that of a species of Eristalini.  Indeed, it resembles the puparium of Mallota cimbiciformis. Certainly, its characteristics do not conform to those of the larva of another Milesia species, Milesia virginiensis, as figured in colour by Rotheray (1994). Also Vujic et al. (2019) agree that the larva is unknown. The female has been seen ovipositing in the bark at the base of an old, living Quercus that was largely hollow and filled with a meter of tree humus.","The species may be locally impacted by deforestation, fire, anthropogenic activities and climate change, but it is not under a direct threat.","No conservation actions for this species are known. If there would be actions, they should be focused on preservation of habitat, in particular the conservation of forests with old, over mature and veteran trees. It is known to also occur in protected areas.",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Birtele, D. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Milesia,semiluctifera,,Milesia semiluctifera,"(Villers, 1789)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Milesia semiluctifera is a widespread species in the Mediterranean area, and also found in some parts of central Europe. It is reasonably abundant in most areas of its range, and the current population trend for both Europe and the EU27 is considered to be stable. For the EU27 countries the EOO is estimated being around 3.5 million km2, and the AOO for this area is estimated around 376,000 km2. In addition, although some areas may be impacted by threats such as fire, deforestation and climate change, they do not seem to impact the species as a whole. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU27.  While no conservation measures are urgently needed for this species, if they were to be implemented, they should be focused on the protection of forests with old and overmature trees.",Stable,"This species is found in the Mediterranean basin, from central Spain through southern France to Italy (plus Sicily) (Somaggio 2017) and on to the former Yugoslavia, Greece, Bulgaria, Israel, Lebanon (Saab, 2021) and Syria. In central Europe, it is known from south-east Switzerland, Romania and the Ukraine to the Caucasus (Georgia) and on to as far as Turkmenistan in Asia (Speight 2020). Recorded from Cyprus for the first time in 2020 (van Eck pers. comm. 2020).  The species seems to have been recorded from southern parts of European Russia, but according to Barkalov and Mutin (2018) that is doubtful, and so the species is considered to be possibly extant. In the Ukraine, the species is recorded according to Speight (2020), but there are no specimens known (Popov pers. comm. 2019), and so also for the Ukraine the species is considered to be possibly extant.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 3.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 537,000 km2. In the EU 27, the EOO is estimated to be around 3.5 million km2 and the AOO is around 376,000 km2.","This species is widespread through the Mediterranean basin, and is not uncommon in most of its range. It is also found on several islands in the area, so presumably the hoverfly is a bit nomadic. There are no further details known about the population, but at the moment the trend seems to be stable for both Europe and the EU 27.","The preferred environment of this species is thermophilous and evergreen Quercus forest with overmature trees, such as Castanea forest. Adults fly strong and direct, at levels from the canopy of evergreen oak forest to close to the ground. They feed at the flowers of low-growing plants in the morning (around. 9.00 am to 10.30 am), where it bears a close resemblance to large scoliid wasps (Scolia spp. (Hymenoptera, Scoliidae) which may be found on the same flowers. The hoverfly settles on fallen timber and visits forest stream margins to drink during the afternoon, settling on mud in shaded spots adjacent to patches of sunlight (Speight 2017, 2020).    Flowers visited by this species include white umbellifers, Bupleurum spp., Eryngium spp., Euphorbia spp., Scabiosa spp., Sedum spp..    The flight period is from July to August.","This species might be impacted in some places by deforestation, fire, anthropogenic activities and climate change, due to its wide range around the Mediterranean.","There are no conservation actions currently in place for this species, although it is not considered to be at risk. If conservation measures were to be implemented, they should be focused on the preservation of habitat, especially in forests with overmature trees. Research should be done on the population and its trends, and research on threats that might occur in the future.",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Birtele, D. & Vujić, A.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Myathropa,florea,,Myathropa florea,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species can be found in a variety of deciduous forests,  seasonally-flooded grasslands and suburban gardens due to its synanthropic character. It is a common species, widespread across Europe and the EU27 with a stable population, and is categorized as Least Concern in some countries such as Finland and Sweden. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above  the thresholds for this species to be considered in any threatened  category, either in Europe or the EU27. Therefore this species is categorized as Least Concern in both the EU27 and Europe. Increased taxonomic research is recommended to understand what is probably a species complex.",Stable,"This species can be found from Scandinavia south to the Iberian Peninsula and the Mediterranean, and from Ireland eastwards through to Eastern Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above the thresholds for this species to be considered in any threatened category, either in Europe or the EU27. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Belarus and Estonia) and so it is not possible  at this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species.  It has been recorded from the following countries: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Bulgaria (Tóth 2014), Croatia (Jeličić et al. 2010), Cyprus (van Steenis 2019), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Estonia (Kuznetzov 1993), Finland (FinBIF 2020), France (Including Corsica) (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Greece (Including Crete) (Vujić et al. 2020), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Ireland (Speight 2008), Italy (Including Sardinia and Sicily) (Burgio et al. 2015), Latvia (Kuznetzov 1993), Lithuania (Pakalniškis et al. 2000), Luxembourg (van Steenis 2006), Malta (Ssymank and Ebejer 2009), Montenegro (van Steenis et al. 2015), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Norway (Nielsen 1999), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Portugal (van Eck 2016), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), European parts of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Slovenia (van Steenis et al. 2013), Spain (Including Balearic and Canary Islands) (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), Sweden (Bartsch 2009), Switzerland (CSCF 2020), Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2020) and United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000).  Outside Europe it is found in North Africa and through Asia to the Pacific coast (Speight 2020).","This species is very widespread and common in its European and EU27 range, and can be often be seen in anthropogenic settings such as parks and gardens. Its population is considered stable in both Europe and the EU27.","This species can be found in a variety of deciduous forests, seasonally flooded grasslands and and also suburban gardens due to its synanthropic character. The aquatic larva is saproxylic, living in rot-holes with standing water, water-filled hollows among tree-roots, tree stumps and at the junction between major branches and trunks. It can be found in such rot pockets from ground level to high up in the tree. It has been found in association with various tree species: Alnus, Betula, Castanea, Fagus, Populus and Quercus and also some conifers. The larvae can also develop in wet cow dung and compost heaps.   The developmental stages were described by Hartley (1961) and Rotheray (1994), and illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994) and Dussaix (2013). The duration of the developmental stage is very variable, between a few months or a few years; it overwinters as a larva. Sánchez-Galván et al. (2014) show that successful development of larvae of Myathropa florea in a trunk cavity can be enhanced by the presence of the faeces of saproxylic Coleoptera.   Adults can be seen near woodland tracks, hedgerows or woodland streams. Their flight period is between May and October with peaks in June and August. The flowers that this species normally visits are white umbellifers, Castanea, Convolvulus, Crataegus, Chaerophyllum, Euonymus, Filipendula, Hedera, Rhododendron, Rubus, Sambucus, Solidago, Sorbus and Viburnum. All this information has been summarized and updated from Ball and Morris (2000), Speight (2008), Speight (2020) and Vujić et al. (2020).","This species is ubiquitous and its synanthropic character means it is relatively unthreatened. However, the saprophagous aquatic larvae are sensitive to variation in their habitat caused by drought, and significant variation in temperature promoted by climate change. Because the larva overwinters, Greig (1989) suggested an important cause of mortality is the drying-up of many rot-holes toward the end of the winter. The presence of faeces from saproxylic Coleoptera favours larval development and the fitness of the resulting adults (Sánchez-Galván et al. 2014), and so their absence could negatively affect the life cycle.","The synanthropic behaviour of this species makes it unnecessary to implement conservation actions to ensure its survival. Some conservation measures can be focused on monitoring of and research into  population size and trends. Education and communication about the importance of this species as a pollinator is important (Klecka et al. 2018). It is a very attractive and conspicuous species, making it a good candidate for teaching people about the role of hoverflies as pollinators. It is probably a species complex, and detailed research is needed to understand its taxonomy, and then to determine which of the species of the complex is present in each of the countries where Myathropa florea has been observed. This species has been categorized as Least Concern in Belgium (INBO 2020), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Finland (FinBIF 2020), Norway (NBIC 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020). It is considered very common in Germany (Dunk et al. 2003), Greece (Vujić et al. 2020), Ireland (Speight 2008), Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017) and the UK (Ball and Morris 2000).",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Rojo, S. & Pérez, C.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Myathropa,usta,,Myathropa usta,"(Wollaston, 1859)",,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This endemic European species is restricted to the Portuguese island of Madeira, where it lives in the laurel forests. Although protected, its habitat is very sensitive to invasive species, and so there is an overall decline in the habitat. Taking into account fire as the main threat, this species is found in fewer than five locations (probably four); its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 128 km2, and area of occupancy (AOO) about 24 km2. Because this species is found only on Madeira, there is a real risk to its future. Therefore this species is assessed as Endangered under Criterion B in both Europe and the EU 27.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, where it occurs on the island of Madeira (Smit et al. 2004). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 128 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) about 24 km2.","The population trend of this species is unknown. It seems to be found in small numbers. Twelve specimens were collected in 1935, one in 1949, twenty between 1992 and 1998, and seven more in 2002 (Smit et al 2004).","This species is restricted to the areas of humid laurel forest (Deschampsietum argentae association) and Erica forest (Vaccinio - Sibthorpietum association) in the centre and north of the island of Madeira. Adults have been recorded from March to September, but they are likely to be present the whole year round. The developmental stages have yet to be described, but they are likely to be similar to Myathropa florea, with aquatic larvae living in standing water, rot-holes and in water-filled hollows among tree roots. All this information has been summarized and updated from Smit et al. (2004) and Speight (2020).","This species is threatened by the degradation of its habitat. Its main habitat, Macaronesian laurophyllous woodland, is considered Vulnerable in the European Red List of Habitats (Janssen et al. 2017). There are invasive species (e.g. the Australian tree Pittosporum undulatum) that affect the laurel forest, and climate change may impact the habitat in the future. Fire is a threat to this species, defining its four locations. This particular habitat may also be under pressure as a result of tourism and outdoor recreational activities.","Conservation of this species is currently linked to the conservation of laurisilva habitat, which is already under protection and is included in the Natural Park of Madeira. Research and monitoring is needed on the biology and population trend.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Smit, J. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C., Rojo, S., Barkalov, A., Mazanek, L. & Vujić, A.","Campoy, A. & Lillo, I.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Myolepta,difformis,,Myolepta difformis,"Strobl in Czerny and Strobl, 1909",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 Regional Assessment: Endangered (EN)  In Europe, this species can only be found in Spain and Portugal, where because of its saproxylic larva it occurs in forests with veteran trees that support rot-hole habitats. Its known area of occupancy (AOO) is 64 km2. Based on the main threat of fire, this species is present in around 10 to 12 locations, although the population is also considered severely fragmented using the precautionary approach, because the subpopulations are small and isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. Some of the subpopulations may not be viable, and some records are older than the 1980s. Habitats where this species can be found are progressively decreasing and fragmented. Therefore this species is categorized as Endangered under Criterion B, both in Europe and the EU27. It is recommended that the habitat of this species is given greater protection, and that there is increased monitoring and research on its European populations and ecology.",Unknown,"This species is known form a small number of records in central and southern parts of Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017) and Portugal (van Eck 2016). A locality in eastern Spain at Valencia is considered possibly extinct because the record dates from the 1930's.  Outside Europe, it is also present in North Africa (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia) (Reemer et al. 2004). It is considered endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa (Speight 2020).","In each of the localities where this species has been found, several specimens have been observed, but the subpopulations are quite small and some may not be viable. Some records are from before the 1980s. The Valencian and some of the Madrid records are very old (1930s), and hence it was thought that the species might be extinct in those localities because the habitat has been quite degraded. However, photographs submitted online for identification have confirmed that this species still exists in Madrid (Biodiversidad Virtual 2019). Ten specimens were collected between 2010 and 2011 in the Entomological reserve of Campanarios de Azaba, in Spain (Ramírez-Hernandez et al. 2011).   The population of this species is considered to be severely fragmented, and using the precautionary approach, since the subpopulations are small and isolated, they may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The habitat of this species is found across the Mediterranean.","The saproxylic larval stage of this species lives in water-filled rot-holes in overmature tree trunks in riparian ash (Fraxinus angustifolia) forest and thermophilous Quercus pyrenaica (deciduous) forest, alongside rivers. The developmental stages were described by Ricarte et al. (2007). According to Sánchez- Galván et al. (2014) and Micó et al. (2011), larval development in tree-holes may be conditioned by the presence of the larvae of saproxylic beetles in the cavities. Adults feed on pollen and nectar, normally from white umbellifers; they can be seen between mid-April and mid-July. All this information has been summarized from Speight (2020).","The main threats to this species are related to threats affecting its habitat. Some of habitats in which this species can be found are categorised as Vulnerable by the European Red List of Habitats (e.g. G1.8 Acidophilous Quercus woodland). Unsustainable forestry practices, such as deforestation, removal of dead trees, the creation of monoculture forests with even-aged stands can also threaten this species, together with fire and hydrology modifications. Temperature and drought caused by climate change are considered feasible threats (Janssen et al. 2017). For example, the forest habitat has been replaced by Pinus halepensis in some localities, such as Valencia. Human pressures caused by urbanization and recreation activities can also act as a threat to the habitat, and therefore to the species. Using fire as the main threat, 10-12 locations have been calculated for this species.","This species is considered to be facing threats in Europe (Speight 2020), but it has not yet been included in the Red Data Book of Spain (Verdú et al. 2011). It occurs in areas where conservation measures are being implemented, but wild fires still threaten it since conservation measures cannot protect it from all threats. Conservation actions should be focused on conservation of the habitat, as well as research on its habitat and ecology, and monitoring of distribution and population trends. The fact that the most northerly point of distribution of this species is Spain makes conservation particularly important in that country (Ricarte et al. 2007).",This species is not known to be utilised.,"Smit, J. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C., Rojo, S., Campoy, A., Barkalov, A., Mazanek, L., Pennards, G.W.A., Popov, G. & Speight, M.","Lillo, I.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Myolepta,dubia,,Myolepta dubia,"(Fabricius, 1805)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This saproxylic species is the most widespread of the genus in Europe, found from the United Kingdom to European Russia and across southern Europe. It is categorized as threatened and possibly extinct in some countries, and the habitat in which it lives is threatened. However, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above  the thresholds for this species to be considered in any threatened  category, either in Europe or the EU 27. Therefore, taking into account its geographical distribution, it is categorised as Least Concern in both Europe and EU27. It would benefit from increased protection of its habitat, and research and monitoring of its population, habitat and threats.",Unknown,"The general distribution of this species is from southern Sweden south to Spain and the Mediterranean, and from Britain (southern England) eastwards through central and southern Europe into the European parts of Russia (Speight 2020).   The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above the thresholds for this species to be considered in any threatened category, either in Europe or the EU 27. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Poland and Czechia) and so it is not possible at  this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species.  It is included in the following national checklists: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Bulgaria (Tóth 2014), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Denmark (DanBIF 2017), France (Including Corsica) (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Greece (Vujić et al. 2020), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Luxembourg (van Steenis 2006), Montenegro (van Steenis et al. 2015), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), European Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Slovenia (van Steenis et al. 2013), Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), Sweden (Bartsch 2009), Switzerland (CSCF 2020) and the UK (Ball and Morris 2014).  Outside Europe it is found in the Transcaucasus (Gilasian et al. 2016, Barkalov and Mutin 2018).","This species is considered the most widespread species of the genus, but its population trend is unknown in Europe and the EU27. It is considered to be rare in the UK (Ball and Morris 2014) and Greece (Vujić et al. 2020), and scarce in the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009).","The saproxylic larva of this species was described by Dusek and Laska (1960), and the pupa was illustrated by Dussaix (2013). They develop in wet holes in mature trees such as Populus, Fagus and Acer. They take over a year to complete their developmental cycle, overwintering as larvae (Dussaix 2013). The environments in which this species can be found are different kinds of forest: mesophilous forest with Fagus, acidophilous and thermophilous forest with Quercus, and maquis with Quercus species such as Quercus ilex and Quercus suber. Forests with mature, senescent and ancient trees are also potential habitats. Adults are normally in seen in dappled sunlight flying around low-growing plants with flowers such as Cistus, Cornus, Crataegus, Heracleum, Pastinaca, Potentilla, Prunus, Rubus and Torilis. The flight period of the adults is from May to August. It has been recorded together with Myolpeta nigritarsis, Myolepta vara and Myolepta potens. All this information has been summarized and updated from Ball and Morris (2014), Reemer et al. (2004) and Speight (2020).","Some of the habitats in which this species is found are categorised as Vulnerable by the European Red List of Habitats (e.g. G1.8 Acidophilous Quercus woodland). Unsustainable forestry activities such as deforestation, removal of dead trees and the creation of monoculture forests with even-aged stands can also threaten this species, as well as fire and modifications  to hydrology (Janssen et al. 2017). The loss of old trees where the species breeds in rot-holes may be a possible threat.  Since larvae are likely also to be present in trees of urban parks, arboricultural activities may affect it as well (Ball and Morris 2014).","This species requires greater conservation efforts to protect its forest habitat, taking special consideration of the conservation of mature and senescent trees. Research on and monitoring of its distribution, population, habitat and threats are also recommended.  This species is categorized as Endangered in the Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005), Vulnerable in Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020) and Near Threatened in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011).",This species is not known to be utilised.,"Smit, J. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C. & Rojo, S.","Campoy, A. & Lillo, I.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Myolepta,nigritarsis,,Myolepta nigritarsis,"Coe, 1957",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species can be found from southern Europe to southern parts of European Russia. Its habitat is forest, mainly mature and senescent deciduous oak forest. Its population trend is unknown, but in Greece it is considered to be widespread (Vujić et al, 2020). The habitat in which it lives has some level of threat, and this should be monitored along with increased monitoring of the population. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above  the thresholds for this species to be considered in any threatened  category, either in Europe or the EU 27. Therefore, taking into account the geographical distribution, it is categorized as Least Concern in both Europe and EU27.",Unknown,"The distribution of this species is concentrated in the northern part of the Mediterranean, where it is more common in the Balkan Peninsula. Spain is considered to be its western limit, and in this country it has been found in two different areas of the northern part of the country (Reemer et al. 2004). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above the thresholds for this species to be considered in any threatened category, either in Europe or the EU 27. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Bulgaria and Ukraine) and so it is not possible  at this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species.  This species has been included in the following checklists: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Bulgaria (Tóth 2014), France (Speight et al. 2018), Greece (including Crete) (Vujić et al. 2020), Hungary (Tóth 2001), Italy (Stoch 2003), Montenegro (van Steenis et al. 2015), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2020) and the southern part of European Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018).  Outside Europe, it can be found in Turkey, Azerbaijan and Armenia.","The overall population trend of this species is unknown in Europe and the EU27. In Greece it is considered widespread (Vujić et al, 2020), while in Hungary it is considered rare (Toth 2011).","The developmental stages of this species are not described, but like the rest of the genus, the larva should be saproxylic; females have been observed flying around and ovipositing in sap runs of Quercus species. Its habitat is forest, mainly mature and senescent deciduous oak forest of Quercus ilex and Quercus suber. It has also has been recorded in Liquidambar forest. The flight period of the adults is from May to mid-July, and the flowers that it normally visits are Cistus, Crataegus, Euphorbia and Orlaya. It has been recorded together with Myolepta dubia, Myolepta mada (outside Europe), Myolepta obscura, Myolepta potens, Myolepta trojana and Myolepta vara. All this information has been summarised and updated from Reemer et al. (2004) and Speight (2020).","Some of the habitats where this species is found are categorised as Vulnerable by the European Red List of Habitats (e.g. G1.8 Acidophilous Quercus woodland). Human activities related to forestry activities such as deforestation, removal of dead trees and the creation of forests with even-aged stands can threaten this species. Additionally, forest fires and hydrological modifications (Janssen et al. 2017) can pose a threat.  Special attention needs to be paid to the conservation of mature/veteran and senescent trees. The loss of continuity of mature trees is potentially a matter of concern in some localities.","Conservation actions for this species should be focused on conservation of its habitat by ensuring continuity of forest diversity, particularly the presence of mature and senescent trees. Research on the biology, ecology and population of this species is needed, as well as monitoring of its population and habitat trends.",This species is not known to be utilised.,"Smit, J. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C. & Rojo, S.","Campoy, A. & Lillo, I.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Myolepta,obscura,,Myolepta obscura,"Becher, 1882",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species can be found across central and southern Europe and into European Russia; although the population trend is unknown, it is considered rare where it does occur. It lives in forests that have mature/veteran and senescent trees of Populus and Fraxinus, and can also be found in thermophilous Quercus and alluvial forests. Some of these habitats are considered threatened. However, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above  the thresholds for this species to be considered in any threatened  category. Therefore it is categorized as Least Concern in both Europe and EU27.",Unknown,"This species can be found across central and southern Europe and into European Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above the thresholds for this species to be considered in any threatened category, either in Europe or the EU27. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Germany and Ukraine) and so it is not possible  at this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species.  It has been included in the following checklists: Austria (Heimburg 2018), France (Speight et al. 2018), Greece (Vujić et al. 2020), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Italy (Stoch 2003), North Macedonia (Krpač et al. 2001), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), Switzerland (CSCF 2020), Ukraine (Popov 2010) and south of European Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018).  Outside Europe, it can be found in the Caucasus (Azerbaijan) (Vujić et al. 2020).","The population trend of this species is unknown in Europe and the EU27.  In southern Europe, it is a rare species known only from northern Italy (Speight 2020), north-eastern Greece (Vujić et al. 2020) and central Spain (Ricarte et al. 2007).","The saproxylic larvae of this species was first described by Becher (1882), who found it in a tree-hole of Populus. It was re-described when discovered in a rot-hole in the trunk of a Fraxinus tree by Ricarte et al (2007). This species lives in forests that have mature/veteran and senescent trees of Populus and Fraxinus, but can also be found in thermophilous Quercus and alluvial forests. The adult flight period occurs from the end of April to the end of May, and they normally visit flowers of Sorbus but they have also been found on the invasive Photinia plants. Adults have been collected together with Myolepta dubia, Myolepta mada (outside Europe), Myolepta potens and Myolepta vara. All this information has been summarized from Reemer et al. (2004) and Speight (2020).","Some of the habitats in which this species is found are categorized as Vulnerable by the European Red List of Habitats. Human activities related to forestry, such as deforestation, removal of dead trees, and the creation of commercial forests with even-aged stands, possibly threaten this species. Additionally, forest fires and hydrological modifications can impact this species (Janssen et al. 2017). The lack of continuity of maturing trees due to increasing monocultures and decreasing variety of tree ages is potentially a matter of concern in some localities.","Conservation efforts for this species should be focused on the conservation and protection of its habitat to avoid habitat decline. It would also benefit from research on its biology, ecology and population, as well as monitoring of population and habitat trends. It has not been assessed on any national Red Lists,  but is nevertheless considered rare wherever it does occur in its  geographical distribution in Europe and the EU 27.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Smit, J. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C. & Rojo, S.","Campoy, A. & Lillo, I.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Myolepta,potens,,Myolepta potens,"(Harris, 1780)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The general range of this species is from the United  Kingdom (southern England) through France south to the Mediterranean, and  in Germany (Rhine valley), Hungary, Romania, Serbia and Turkey. It is found in different types of forest: mesophilous and thermophilous forest with Fagus and Quercus species with mature/veteran and senescent trees. The habitat in which it lives is partially threatened. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above  the thresholds for this species to be considered in any threatened  category, either in Europe or the EU 27. Therefore, taking into account the geographical distribution, it is categorized as Least Concern in both Europe and EU27.",Unknown,"The general range of distribution of this species is from the United Kingdom (southern England) through France south to the Mediterranean, and in Germany (Rhine valley), Hungary, Romania, Serbia and Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above the thresholds for this species to be considered in any threatened category, either in Europe or the EU 27. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Germany) and so it is not possible at this time  to calculate a precise AOO for this species. It has been included in the following checklists: France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Greece (Vujić et al. 2020), Hungary (Tóth 2001), North Macedonia (Krpač et al. 2001), Montenegro (van Steenis et al. 2015), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018) and United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2014).  Outside of Europe the species occurs in the Transcaucasian region (Speight 2020).","The population trend of this species is unknown in Europe and the EU27 and requires further investigation. It is considered rare in most of the countries where its presence has been recorded; for example Hungary (Toth 2011), Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011) or the UK, where it was considered extinct until found again in 2002, 2009 and 2013 (Ball and Morris 2014).","This species is found in different types of forest: mesophilous and thermophilous forest with Fagus and Quercus species with mature/veteran and senescent trees. The saproxylic larva was described by Rotheray (1991) from material collected in a rot-hole of a Fagus tree. The flight period of the adults is between May and July, visiting flowers of species such as Cistus, Cornus and Crataegus; both sexes have been seen flying around sap runs. There is only one generation per year. The adults have been observed with Myolepta dubia, Myolepta nigritarsis, Myolepta obscura and Myolepta vara. All this information has been summarized and updated from Reemer et al. (2004) and Speight (2020).","Part of the habitat of this species is categorised as Vulnerable in the European Red List of Habitats (e.g. G1.8 Acidophilous Quercus woodland). Human activities related to commercial forestry such as unsustainable deforestation practices, removal of dead trees and the creation of forests with even-aged stands possibly threaten this species. Additionally, forest fire and hydrological modifications can threaten its habitat (Janssen et al. 2017). Loss of continuity of ageing trees is potentially a matter of concern in part of its range. It can be encountered in urban parks, so arboricultural practices such as cavity filling could contribute to a reduction in possible breeding opportunities (Ball and Morris 2014).","In the UK, this species is categorized as Critically Endangered under criterion D by Ball and Morris (2014). The authors recommend increased research to understand its risk of extinction better. In the previous Red List of the country, it was considered extinct (Ball and Morris 2000). In the update of the checklist of France (Gretia, 2012), this species is categorized as threatened in France and Europe. Despite this, it is thought to be under-recorded and possibly elusive, and further research is needed to support this conclusion.   Conservation actions for this species should be focused on the preservation of its habitat, in particular the conservation of old trees and continuity of forests with a diverse age structure. A better understanding of this distribution is needed, as well as increased research on its biology and ecology, as well as monitoring of the population and habitat. It is listed by the council of Europe as a Saproxylic Indicator Species. Education and awareness related to this species and its situation can be also a useful conservation tool.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Smit, J. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C. & Rojo, S.","Campoy, A. & Lillo, I.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Myolepta,trojana,,Myolepta trojana,"Reemer, Hauser and Speight, 2005",,No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  In Europe, this species is only known from the Greek island of Lesvos. Although the current population trend of this species is stable, the deciduous thermophilous forest habitat where this species is found is showing a continuing decline in extent and quality. In addition, the area of occupancy (AOO) is calculated to be around 16 km2 and extent of occurrence (EOO)  approximately 30 km2. Finally, based on the main threat of forest fires, it is considered to occur at two or three locations. Therefore this species is assessed as Endangered under Criterion B in both Europe and the EU27. Increased habitat protection, research on the distribution and monitoring of the population are recommended for this species.",Stable,"This species is only found on the Greek island of Lesvos, where it has been recorded in four localities. Outside Europe, it can be found in Azerbaijan and Iran (Reemer et al. 2004, Speight 2020, Vujić et al. 2020). The area of occupancy (AOO) is calculated to be around 16 km2 and extent of occurrence (EOO) is approximately 30 km2.","The species has only been recorded in four localities on Lesvos (Greece), some of which are close together - altogether no more than 10 km apart. It was recorded at these localities over several years, and so the population trend is considered to be stable here. It was collected for the last time in 2010, when four specimens were sampled during systematic research on the island.","The developmental stages of this species are not yet fully understood, but the larva should be saproxylic like the other species in the genus. It is found in deciduous thermophilous forest of Quercus and Fagus trees. The adult flight period starts in the middle of April and ends in June. This information has been summarized from Reemer et al. (2004) and Ricarte et al. (2012).","The main threats facing this species are the destruction of its habitat as a result of unsustainable deforestation practices and fire. Based on these main threats, this species is considered to occur at two or three locations. Due to these threats, its habitat (mature/veteran trees) is declining in quality and extent on Lesvos. The construction of roads and residential development for housing and tourism also threaten its habitat (Vujić pers. comm. 2019). Variation in the condition of the habitat due to shifting temperature and hydrological patterns as a result of climate change is a feasible threat to the species as well.","Conservation actions for this species should be focused on the preservation of its habitat, with particular efforts made to conserve mature/veteran trees. Research on its biology and ecology is needed, as well as monitoring and research of population and habitat trends.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Smit, J. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C., Rojo, S., Barkalov, A., Mazanek, L. & Vujić, A.","Campoy, A. & Lillo, I.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Myolepta,vara,,Myolepta vara,"(Panzer, 1798)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This saproxylic forest species can be found across the European region and is widespread. It is an elusive species, and so is considered to be somewhat scarce where it does exist, although the population trend is currently unknown. The habitat in which it lives is partially threatened, and the species is considered Endangered in Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium. Nevertheless, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above  the thresholds for this species to be considered in any threatened  category, either in Europe or the EU 27. Thus it is categorised as Least Concern in both Europe and EU27. Habitat protection and increased research and monitoring are recommended.",Unknown,"The known general range of this species is from the Netherlands south through Belgium and France to the Mediterranean and central Spain; and through central and southern Europe to Switzerland, Austria and Romania and on to the Balkans. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above the thresholds for this species to be considered in a threatened category, in either Europe or the EU 27. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Poland and Czechia) and so it is not possible at  this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species.  It has been included in the following checklists: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Greece (Vujić et al. 2019), Hungary (Tóth 2001), Italy (Stoch 2003), the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), European part of Russian Federation (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Slovenia (van Steenis et al. 2013), Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017) and Switzerland (CSCF 2020).  Outside Europe it occurs in the Caucasus (Azerbaijan) and Far Eastern Russia (Speight 2020).","The general trend of the population in Europe and the EU27 is unknown. It is a widespread species across the European territory, but is considered scarce in the countries where it is present (Speight 2020). In Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011) and the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009) it is considered rare. However, in Hungary Toth (2011) states that it is a common.","The saproxylic larvae of this species can be found in water-filled rot-holes in mature/veteran trees such as Ulmus pumila (Sivova et al. 1999) or Quercus (Dussaix 1997) and also in decaying dead wood. It is present in acidophilous and thermophilous deciduous forests of Quercus with mature trees. The adults are elusive, but can be found feeding on flowers of small trees and shrubs, or settled in patches of sunlight. The adult flight period ranges between April and June. All this information has been summarized and updated from Speight (2020).","Some of the habitats in which this species is found has been categorised as Vulnerable by the European Red List of Habitats (e.g. G1.8 Acidophilous Quercus woodland). Human activities related to forestry such as deforestation, removal of dead trees and the creation of forest with even-aged stands can possibly threaten this species, as well as forest fires and hydrological modifications (Janssen et al. 2017). The loss of continuity of ageing trees is potentially a matter of concern in part of the range.","This species is considered as Endangered in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011) and the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009). Conservation efforts should be focused on the preservation of its habitat to avoid its decline, paying special attention to the conservation of old trees. Increased research on the biology, ecology and population is required, as well as monitoring of population and habitat trends.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Smit, J. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C., Rojo, S. & Campoy, A.","Lillo, I.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Neoascia,annexa,,Neoascia annexa,"(Müller, 1776)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Neoacsia annexa is a mainly European species that is widely distributed along forest streams in hillsides and mountain areas, primarily in central Europe. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.  Because of its specific habitat preference, this species is vulnerable to destruction of the small habitat patches where it does occur. However, these kinds of habitat patches are not uncommon throughout its distributional range. Therefore, the current European Red List status of the species is considered to be Least Concern which is also the same for the EU27 countries. However, it might become Near Threatened in the near future.",Stable,"Neoascia annexa is a Palaearctic species with its main distribution in Europe. It is a typical species for hilly countrysides and low to middle elevations in mountain regions. It occurs from the Netherlands (southeastern border), Belgium (Liège and eastern parts) and France (mostly eastern regions), east to the Baltic States, European Russia (Karelia and Komi Republic, Kirov and Lipetsk Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine (western part) and Romania (northern regions); and from the extreme southern tip of Sweden and central Denmark, south to the French Pyrenees, northwest Spain, northern Italy, and on the Balkan peninsula south to central Greece and south-west Bulgaria (Bartsch et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter, 2019, Glumac 1968, Langhoffer 1918, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017, Speight et al. 2018, Speight et al. 2020, Stanescu and Parvu 2005, Tóth 2014, Vujić 1990, Vujić et al. 2020, D. Birtele, pers. comm. 2020, G.V. Popov, pers. comm. 2020).   The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.  Outside Europe, the species  has been recorded from Georgia (Transcaucasia) (Mengual et al. 2020) and Turkey (Saribiyik 2014), although at least some of the specimens of Neoascia annexa from north-east Turkey may belong to the very similar species Neoascia subannexa (Claussen and Haya 1997).","In preferred habitat types, it can regularly be found in good numbers, up to a few dozen specimens. In Germany, the centre of its distribution, the population trend was found to be stable in the short and long term (Ssymank et al. 2011). Therefore, the overall population trend is also considered to be stable.","This species occurs on hillsides or in montane deciduous (usually Fagus) or mixed forests (including Picea), along small streams or near springs, often near patches of Petasites hybridus (Bartsch et al. 2009, Maibach and Goeldlin de Tiefenau 1993). The adults fly low through riparian vegetation and rest on the leaves or stems of plants, especially Petasites (Bartsch et al. 2009, Reemer et al. 2009). Larvae were found in cold wet soil on the sides of streams, close to the water, and the pupae were between moss less than one metre away from the stream (Maibach and Goeldlin de Tiefenau 1993). Adults visit umbellifers such as Anthriscus sylvestris, and other flowers such as Ajuga spp., Caltha palustris, Galium spp., Potentilla spp. and Ranunculus spp. (Bartsch et al. 2009). The flight period is from late May until August (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019) or until early September (Torp 1994). There are two generations per year, of which the second generation is weak (Reemer et al. 2009).","The patches of Petasites hybrides along forest streams are an important feature of the habitat of this species. As a consequence, it is vulnerable to local disturbance of its microhabitat by human activities such as recreational activities or building houses. In addition, watercourse management measures for all kinds of reasons may have a negative impact, because muddy places and/or stands of Petasites hybridus may disappear or be severely altered.","There is no information available on conservation measures specific to this species. It is considered to be threatened in the Netherlands (Reemer et al.  2009), vulnerable in Denmark, potentially threatened in the German  state of Sachsen (Pellmann and Scholz 1996), and has become extinct in  Sachsen-Anholz (Dziock et al. 2004). On the other hand, it is not considered to be threatened overall in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011) and in Czechia (Mazánek and Barták 2005). Protection and better management of the habitats where it  occurs would be  important, and research about its ecology and monitoring its population and habitat trends is  recommended.",The species is not utilised.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van der Ent, L.-J., van Steenis, J. & van Steenis, W.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Neoascia,balearensis,,Neoascia balearensis,"Kassebeer, 2002",,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",EU27-2020,,"This species is endemic to the EU27 and lives only on the Balearic Islands of Mallorca and Menorca. It occurs in wetland areas, and along river beds and water pools. The population in Park Natural de s' Albufera de Mallorca is relatively large and considered to be stable, but may become affected by intensification of land and water use around the Park. Other subpopulations elsewhere live in small habitat patches, which are vulnerable to water substraction for irrigation or drinking water. Furthermore, larval stages may be affected by water pollution, and also to heavy rainfall or extreme drought, which may be a result of climate change. This could reduce the number of subpopulations. The area of occupancy (AOO) of the species is 40 km2, and it is projected to decline both in its extent and quality due to these threats. Therefore, the current European Red List status is considered to be Endangered.",Unknown,"Neoascia balearensis is a European endemic that occurs on the Balearic Islands of Mallorca and Menorca (Kassebeer 2002). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,292 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km2.","In Park Natural de s' Albufera de Mallorca, the species was found to be common during spring (Riddiford and Ebejer 2006). The trend of this population is unknown. At the other collecting sites only one or two specimens have been collected during the autumn (Kassebeer 2002).","On Mallorca, in the Park Natural de s' Albufera de Mallorca, the species occurs in wetland vegetation with Phragmites and Tamarix and is most often encountered in areas with mud and flowering plants around (Riddiford and Ebejer 2006). Outside Park Natural de s' Albufera de Mallorca, it was found in patches of water in dried-up river beds, most often near the sea, and around small water reservoirs (Kassebeer 2002). The larval stages are unknown, but they are expected to live in wet mud. Adults visit the flowering plants of Euphorbia spp. and Ranunculus spp. (Riddiford and Ebejer 2006).     The flight period is from March until June (spring generation) and October (autumn generation) (Kassebeer 2002, Riddiford and Ebejer 2006).","Like other Neoascia species, Neoascia balearensis is  restricted to all kinds of wetlands or moist habitats. The intensification of water use for irrigation for agricultural purposes or for human consumption (tourism) may dry out suitable but often small habitat patches, such as river beds, especially at the end of the dry season (during autumn). Water pollution as a result of the use of pesticides or fertilisers in agriculture may also threaten the habitat. Due to climate change, more severe weather conditions are expected to occur in the near future including extreme rainfall or severe dryness, which will have a negative impact on the subpopulations of this species in river beds. Waste water and high pressure on water resources from increasing tourism and intensive farming nearby are also regarded as a threat to the wetlands of Park Natural de s' Albufera de Mallorca (Riddiford et al. 2014).",Neoascia balearenis is listed by the Government of the Baleares on the list of protected species as an endemic invertebrate (Pons 2015). Research and monitoring are needed to better understand its ecology and population trends. Better management and protection of the areas where this species occurs would be also important for its survival.,The species is not utilised.,"Popov, S. & Varga, Z.","van der Ent, L.-J., van Steenis, J. & van Steenis, W.","Pennards, G.W.A., Ssymank, A. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Neoascia,geniculata,,Neoascia geniculata,"(Meigen, 1822)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This is a Palaearctic species, widely distributed but most numerous in the northern parts of Europe. In Germany, it is considered to be endangered with a moderate decline (Ssymank et al. 2011), and in decline in Ireland (Speight 2008), Great Britain (S. Ball pers. comm. 2021), Denmark (Jutland) (Bartsch et al. 2009) and in the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009, Zollinger et al. 2018) where it has become rare after 2000. In the more northern part of its range, it has not been reported to be in decline or threatened. The main habitat can be locally threatened by habitat destruction, riparian vegetation management and water pollution. Climate change may also be a threat as it seems to be in retreat in a northerly direction. It is experiencing a population decline in large parts of its range due to habitat loss, although the extent of this could not be estimated. In the northern parts there is no suggestion of population decline yet, but this may change with increased monitoring and research. For now, the species is assessed as Least Concern, but it may become classified as Near Threatened or Vulnerable in the near future.",Decreasing,"This is a Palaearctic species that is most common in the northern parts of Europe, and is usually found in lowland areas. It occurs on Iceland (Nielsen et al. 1954) but this needs to be confirmed by new findings. The main range starts from Ireland and Great Britain, east to European Russia (northwestern European Russia and the Central Federal District), Ukraine (Kharkiv Region) and (north) Romania, and also from Fennoscandinavia, south to central France, south Germany, Austria and Hungary with an isolated occurrence in north Portugal (Aveiro). It is also present on the Balkan peninsula, where it is recorded in southwest Bulgaria (Bartsch et al. 2009, Haarto and Kerppola 2007, Nielsen and Gammelmo 2017, Speight et al. 2018, Speight et al. 2020, Stanescu and Parvu 2005, Tóth 2011, Van Eck 2011, A.V. Barkalov pers. comm. 2020, G.V. Popov pers. comm. 2020).   The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.   Outside Europe, the species has been recorded from Turkey, Transcaucasia (Georgia), west Siberia (including the Altai Mountains), east Siberia, the Russian Far East, Kazakhstan and Mongolia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Gudjabidze 2002, Peck 1988, Tóth 2013).","Usually, this species is encountered in small numbers. In the Netherlands, its population trend was found to be decreasing after 1950 (Reemer et al. 2009) with a 71% decline in the province of Noord Brabant (Zollinger et al. 2018). In Germany, the population trend was found to show a moderate long-term decline (Ssymank et al. 2011). In Great Britain, a significant gradual decline was observed over the past four decades (S.G. Ball pers. comm. 2021). The overall population trend is also decreasing.","This species lives in all kind of wetlands such as marshes, lakes, ponds, streams and ditches with emergent vegetation, flood plains, moist herb-rich grasslands, often on clay soils or alluvial sediments and also in peatland areas along fens, raised bogs and on meadows (Bartsch et al. 2009, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020).     The adults fly low through vegetation and near patches of mud (Reemer et al. 2009). The small, semi-aquatic larvae have been found in decaying vegetation around the margins of ponds and also along shores of peatland.  The adults visits flowers of white Apiaceae, such as Cicuta virosa and other herbs such as Ranunculus spp., Cardamine pratensis, Caltha palustris, Mentha aquatica, Iris pseudacorus, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Baldellia ranunculoides, Potentilla erecta and Senecio aquaticus (Bartsch et al. 2009, Reemer et al. 2009, Torp 1994).    The flight period is from late April until mid-September (Bos and Van de Meutter, 2019) or until October (Stubbs and Falk 2002), and there are probably two generations per year (Reemer et al. 2009).","This species prefers mesotrophic marshes, ditches and grasslands, which can be threatened by eutrophication from nearby intensively used agricultural land. Speight (2008) stated that the decline of this species in Ireland was caused by habitat loss. Locally, marshes may also be affected by increased recreation or even housing development activities, which could damage the riparian vegetation where its larvae live. In addition, mechanical maintenance of these habitats to clear watercourses has a negative impact on riparian vegetation. Climate change could also play a role, as it has been observed that it is declining in the southern parts of its range, but this claim needs to be verified.","There is no information available on conservation measures specific to this species. Protecting and restoring the habitat are urgently needed, as well as raising awareness about its decline.",The species is not utilised.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van der Ent, L.-J., van Steenis, J. & van Steenis, W.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Neoascia,interrupta,,Neoascia interrupta,"(Meigen, 1822)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a Palaearctic species with a wide distribution in the central parts of Europe, especially in lowland areas in nutrient-rich wet habitat types with standing water. In Great Britain, a significant decline has been observed over the past four decades (S. Ball pers. comm. 2021). In other countries, such as the Netherlands and Hungary, it is not rare and does not seem to be threatened at the moment. Local threats may be habitat destruction by land reclamation, recreational activities, mechanical clearing of watercourses and water pollution, and many lowland nutrient-rich habitat types are fragmented and locally under pressure in large parts of its range. However, due to the lack of data, it is not possible to give the rate of habitat quality reduction, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category. Therefore, the species is assessed as Least Concern both in Europe and the EU27 countries, with a note that more monitoring and research is needed because with more data this species could easily be reclassified as threatened in the very near future.",Unknown,"This is a Palaearctic species usually found in lowland areas. It occurs from England, east to European Russia (northwestern, central and the Volga Federal District), Ukraine (including Crimea) and Romania (Moldava, Marramures and Satu Mara); from south Sweden, south Finland, and south Norway, south to central France and north Italy (Po river delta). It also has isolated occurrences in north and central Portugal. On the Balkan peninsula, it is recorded from Serbia (mostly Vojvodina), Montenegro and Bulgaria (Bartsch et al. 2009, Haarto and Kerppola 2007, Nedeljkovic et al. 2009, Speight et al. 2018, Speight et al. 2020, Stanescu and Parvu 2005, Tóth 2014, Van Eck 2011, Vujić 1990; A.V. Barkalov pers. comm. 2020, D. Birtele pers. comm. 2020, G.V. Popov pers. comm. 2020).  Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.  Outside of Europe, the species has been recorded from Turkey, Transcaucasia (Armenia and Georgia) and West Siberia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Gudjabidze 2002, Saribiyik 2014).","This species is usually found in rather large numbers. In the Netherlands, the population trend was found to be stable after 1950 (Reemer et al. 2009). In Germany, a moderate long-term population decline was observed (Ssymank et al. 2011). In Great Britain, a significant gradual decline has been observed over the past four decades (S.G. Ball pers. comm. 2021). The overall population trend is unknown.","This species prefers nutrient-rich marshes including marsh forests (Salix spp., Alnus glutinosa), along nutrient-rich ponds, lakes, ditches and channels with high emergent vegetation (Phragmites australis, Schoenoplectus lacustris, Typha spp.). It often appears in river areas in floodplains or around dune lakes, and in its northern range it is more often seen in lagoons or ditches in semi-brackish environments (Bartsch et al. 2009, Reemers et al. 2009, Speight 2020, Stubbs and Falk 2002). It is typically abundant in nutrient-rich habitats with standing water, and with high emergent riparian vegetation or marsh forest.    The adults fly low through and around tall vegetation and above water, and are often found resting on leaves or branches of shrubs or small trees (Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020). The larvae probably live in decaying plant matter (Bartsch et al. 2009).    The visited flowers are Schoenoplectus lacustris, Carex spp., Caltha palustris, Crataegus laevigata, Ranunculis acris, Stellaris holostea, Myosotis palustris, Apiaceae such as Apium spp., Alisma plantago-aquatica, Rubus spp., Stachys spp. and Taraxacum spp. (Bartsch et al. 2009)    The flight period is from April until September, with a peak in spring (May-June) (Bot and van de Meutter 2019, Reemer et al. 2009, Stubbs and Falk 2002).","The preferred habitat of this species may be threatened by habitat destruction and water pollution from nearby intensive farming. In addition, increasing recreational use of watercourses in the areas may have a negative impact on the riparian vegetation where the larvae live, as the mechanical management of riparian vegetation along watercourses will destroy suitable patches for larval development. The occurrence in swamp forests may be threatened by draining and amelioration of these forest types to make them more accessible for human activities.","There is no information about conservation measures specific to this species. On the national Red Lists of Norway and Czechia, the species has a  threatened status (Mazánek and Barták 2005, Nielsen 1999). In Germany,  the species is considered to be near threatened and undergoing a moderate  decline (Ssymank, et al. 2011), and is listed as threatened in some German states. In Denmark, Neoascia interrupta is regarded as vulnerable (Bygebjerg and Bloss Carstensen 2019). Monitoring and research on its population and habitat trends is needed, as well as research on its biology and ecology and other potential threats. Protection of important sites and reducing the impact of habitat destruction would benefit its conservation fortunes.",The species is not utilised.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van der Ent, L.-J., van Steenis, J. & van Steenis, W.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Neoascia,meticulosa,,Neoascia meticulosa,"(Scopoli, 1763)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is widely distributed in Europe in all kind of wetland habitats and can be common locally. It is not listed on any national Red List as being threatened, but it has been reported to be in decline in Great Britain (Ball and Morris 2014). Its preferred habitat types may be locally threatened, but not on a large scale. Furthermore, its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category. Therefore, the current European Red List status of the species is considered to be Least Concern, and also the case for the EU27 countries.",Stable,"This is a Palaearctic species with a widespread distribution in Europe. It occurs from Ireland and Great Britain, east to European Russia (northwestern, central and the Volga Federal District), Ukraine (Kyiv and Donetsk regions) and Romania; and from most parts of Scandinavia, south to central Spain and northern Italy. It also appears on the Balkan peninsula south to Greece (in the northeastern mountainous regions) and southwest Bulgaria (Bartsch et al. 2009, Haarto and Kerppola 2007, Krpač et al. 2011, Langhoffer 1918, Nielsen and Gammelmo 2017, Nedeljkovic et al. 2009, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017, Speight et al. 2018, Speight et al. 2020, Tóth 2014, Vujić 1990, Vujić et al. 2020, A.V. Barkalov pers. comm. 2020, D. Birtele pers. comm. 2020, G.V. Popov pers. comm. 2020).  Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.  Outside of Europe, the species has been recorded from Turkey, Transcaucasia (Georgia), Siberia until the Cis-Baikal including the Altai, the Sayan and the Tuva mountains, Khazagstan, Kirgizia and Mongolia (Barkalov and Mutin, 2018, Gudjabidze 2002, Peck 1988, Speight 2020, Tóth 2013).","This species is usually found in small, but sometimes also in large numbers. In Germany as well the Netherlands, the population trend of this species is reported to be stable (Ssymank et al. 2011, Reemer et al. 2009). In Great Britain, the population trend has been stable over the past four decades (S.G. Ball pers. comm. 2021). The overall population trend is also stable.","This species occurs in all kinds of wetlands, mostly with open shallows and peaty vegetation, and also in rich marshes and adjacent grasslands and ditches along ponds. It is also regularly found in wet places in forest areas, and recorded in highland bogs as well (Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020).    The adults fly low through vegetation, rest on leaves of herbs and shrubs or are encountered on flowers (Bartsch et al. 2009, Reemer et al. 2009). The larvae have been found to live on aquatic plants, on the outer leaves of rotting stems of Typha spp. In the last larval instar, they move above the water where they also pupate (Maibach and Goeldlin De Tiefenau 1993).     Adults visit many species of herbs, such as Allium ursinum, Anemone nemorosa, Caltha palustris, Cardamine spp., Ficaria verna, Ranunculus acris, Galium spp., Taraxacum spp., and white Apiaceae such as Pimpinella saxifraga; and also shrubs, including Berberis vulgaris, Crateagus laevigata, Prunus padus, Prunus spinosa, Rosa canina, Salix spp. and Sorbus aucuparia (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2020).    The flight period is from April until October, with a peak in spring. Sometimes it has an evident second, but much weaker generation in the autumn (Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020, Stubbs and Falk 2002).","Taking into account that this species is restricted to wetland habitat types, it can be locally endangered by the reclamation of these areas. In addition, water pollution and large-scale mechanical mowing of wetland vegetation may have a negative effect on its populations. Severe drought and the decrease of groundwater levels in wet forests with small ponds on sandy soils may also have a negative impact.","There is no information about any conservation measures specific to this species. The management of the sites and habitats where it occurs is recommended, together with further research on the potential threats.",The species is not utilised.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van der Ent, L.-J., van Steenis, J. & van Steenis, W.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Neoascia,obliqua,,Neoascia obliqua,"Coe, 1940",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This Palearctic species is widely distributed in Central Europe. It is found to be relatively rare in many countries, but could be under-recorded because of its resemblance to the more common Neoascia podagica. Because of its rarity, it is considered to be threatened in Ireland (Speight 2008). The preferred habitats are small streams, ponds and other small water bodies with the larval host plant Petasites hybridus in their vicinity. This type of habitat occurs commonly in Central Europe and has no large-scale threats. In addition, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category. Therefore, its current European Red List status of is considered to be Least Concern, which is also true for the EU27 countries.",Stable,"This is a Palaearctic species with its main distribution in Europe. It occurs from western Ireland, England, southern and central Scotland, and northern and central France, east to European Russia (no further distribution data available), Ukraine (Transcarpathian region and Crimea) and Romania (Muntenia and Moldova); and from the southern tip of Finland and south Sweden, south to central France and central Italy (including Sardinia). It is also present on the Balkan peninsula south to Greece (Pindos mountains) and southwest Bulgaria (Bartsch et al. 2009, Haarto and Kerppola 2007, Speight 2008, Speight et al. 2018, Speight et al. 2020, Tóth 2014, Stanescu and Parvu 2005, Vujić 1990, Vujić et al. 2020, D. Birtele pers. comm. 2020, L. Mazanek pers. comm. 2019, G.V. Popov pers. comm. 2020, A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020, R. Zoralski pers. comm 2020.).   The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.  Outside Europe, this species has been recorded in Transcaucasia (Armenia and Georgia) (Gudjabidze 2002, Peck 1988) and Turkey (Stackelberg and Richter 1968).","This species is often encountered in dozens of specimens, usually around its larval host plant Petasites hybridus. In the Netherlands, the species has had a positive trend after 1950 (Reemer et al. 2009), and in Germany, the population trend was considered to be stable in the long and short term (Ssymank et al. 2011). In Great Britain, a significant gradual decline has been observed over the past four decades (S.G. Ball pers. comm. 2021). Still, the overall population trend is considered to be stable.","This species occurs in all kinds of wetland habitats, including ditches and ponds, with high herbal vegetation, often in forests or at forest edges, and usually in the vicinity of its presumed larval host plant Petasites hybridus (Bot and van de Meutter 2019, Reemer et al. 2009). It also appears in beech (Fagus) forest areas, usually along streams, and at higher altitudes or latitudes also in Picea forests (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2020). The adults fly low through dense vegetation and often settle on leaves of Petasites or Phragmites (Bartsch et al. 2009, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020). The larval stages are not described but have been reported from the stems of Petasites hybrides in tunnels made by Cheilosia himantopa or Cheilosia canicularis (Bartsch et al. 2009, Reemer et al. 2009).    Adults are usually only found on flowering herbs such as Caltha palustris, Anthriscus sylvestris, Aegopodium podagraria, Cardamine pratensis, Allium ursinum, Petasites hybridus, Leontodon autumnalis, Myosotis spp., Potentilla erecta, Sium latifolium, Stellaria holostea, Galium spp, Taraxacum spp., and on small shrubs such as Rubus spp.    The flight period is from April until September (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019), but it is also recorded in October (Stubbs and Falk 2002, Torp 1994), presumably having two generations a year.","Patches of the larval host plant, Petasites hybridus, can be threatened by all kind of disturbances, such as mechanical mowing along watercourses or changes in watercourse management that can result in unsuitable habitat conditions for the plants.",There is no information available on conservation measures specific to this species. Site and area protection and some basic research on the population distribution and trends is advised.,The species is not used.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van der Ent, L.-J., van Steenis, J. & van Steenis, W.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Neoascia,podagrica,,Neoascia podagrica,"(Fabricius, 1775)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a Palaearctic species, widely distributed in Europe, and occurring in many wet or moist habitat types. These habitat types are vulnerable to water substraction, severe drought as a result of climate change and land reclamation for human activities. At present, it is common and widespread, and not listed as vulnerable or threatened on any regional Red Lists. In addition, its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category. Therefore, the current European Red List status of this species is considered to be Least Concern, also the case for the EU27 countries, but this has to be evaluated regularly due to the ongoing threats to its habitat.",Decreasing,"This is a Palaearctic species. In Europe, the species is recorded in most countries except Iceland; it is absent from the inland parts of northern Fennoscandia and from the extreme northern parts of European Russia. It is also found on the Mediterranean islands of Cyprus, Crete, Sicily and Corsica, and on the Macaronesian island of Madeira (Bartsch et al. 2009, Haarto and Kerppola 2009, Nielsen and Gammelmo 2017, Smit et al. 2004, Speight et al. 2020, Vujić 1990).   Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.  Outside Europe, the species has been recorded from Turkey, Transcaucasia (Georgia), and Siberia, east to Cis-Baikal and south to the Altai and the Sayan mountain regions. It is also present in Israel (Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Peck 1988, Gudjabidze 2002, Saribiyik 2014, Speight 2020).","This species is encountered in small to medium numbers, up to a few dozen specimens. In the Netherlands, it was found to have a negative population trend after 1950 (Reemer et al. 2009). In Germany, the long and short term population trend was found to be stable (Ssymank et al. 2011). In Great Britain, a gradual decline was observed for Neoascia podagrica over the past four decades (S.G. Ball pers. comm. 2021). The overall population trend is considered to be decreasing.","This species can be found in all kinds of moist habitats, such as wetlands and meadows, even under brackish conditions. It also appears along ponds, ditches, and in open herb-rich areas in moist forests types, along hedgerows and even in gardens (Bartsch et al. 2009, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020, Stubbs and Falk 2002).    The adults fly through the vegetation, and often visit flowers. The males show territorial behaviour, including hovering and feinting. They visit all kinds of available flowering herbs and also shrubs (Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020, Bartsch et al. 2009). The larvae of Neoascia podagrica are reported to live in cow dung and compost, but also sub-aquatically in mud and nutrient-rich water (Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020).    The flight period is from April until October (Bot and van de Meutter 2019), but in the Mediterranean areas also in March (Speight 2020).","This species is restricted to all kind of moist habitat types, which are threatened by dehydration because of decreasing ground and surface water levels, especially in forest areas. This may also be caused by severe drought as a result of climate change. In addition, patches of suitable habitat are reclaimed by intensification of land use for agriculture, industry or housing developments, which could finally lead to local disappearance of this species.","There is no information available on conservation measures specific to this species. Protection of the habitat and research into its distribution and population trends, as well as into potential threats are needed to ensure that it remains Least Concern in Europe and the EU27 countries.",The species is not used.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van der Ent, L.-J., van Steenis, J. & van Steenis, W.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Neoascia,subchalybea,,Neoascia subchalybea,"Curran, 1925",,No,NT,"B2b(ii,iii)",No,NT,"B2b(ii,iii)",EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  EU27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  This is a northern Palaearctic and Nearctic species with a restricted occurrence in Europe. It is mainly present in northeastern Fennoscandia and adjacent European Russia. The main habitat, taiga wetland, is restricted in occurrence and may be affected by climate change. Its current European Red List status is considered to be Near Threatened due to the rather low number of localities and the threats (human intrusion and climate change) to the habitat. It has a small area of occupancy (AOO), ranging between 800 and 1,920 km2 in Europe and between 600 and 1,440 km2 in the EU27 countries, and there is a decline in the quality and extent of suitable habitats, which might accelerate in the future due to climate change.   More data should be gathered about its occurrence in Europe, especially in north European Russia, to find out if this species occurs commonly in suitable habitats, and to see if there are any obvious threats to the preferred habitats.",Stable,"This is a northern Palaearctic and Nearctic species. It occurs in Finland, Sweden (central and northern parts), Norway (Finnmark), and European Russia (Kola Peninsula) (Bartsch et al. 2009, Haarto and Kerppola 2014, Peck 1988, SLU Artdatabanken, Kahanpää 2019). It also occurs in the polar regions.  Within its range, it has been recorded so far from somewhere between 50 and 60 localities, so the minimum area of occupancy (AOO) is between 200 and 240 km2. However, it is presumed that it is more widespread and the number of localities could be fourfold higher, making an AOO of 800-1920 km2 in Europe more realistic. Since most of the records are from the EU27, the AOO is estimated to be between 600 and 1,440 km2 here.   Outside of Europe, it has been recorded from Siberia (including Sverdlovsk Oblast), the Russian Far East, and in the northern parts of North America (Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Peck 1988, Skevington et al. 2019).",The species is usually found in small numbers. The subpopulations in Finland were found to be stable (Kahanpää 2019).,"This species is found in taiga moors and wetlands with Caltha palustris (Bartsch et al. 2009). There are few data on adult behaviour, but the larvae are likely to live in nutrient-rich water and mud (Bartsch et al. 2009). Adults visit Caltha palustris and Stachys sylvatica (Bartsch et al. 2009). The flight period is from mid-May to early July (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2020).","There is little information on the threats to the preferred habitat of this species. The recent unusually high spring and summer temperatures in the region where it lives, likely caused by climate change, may have a negative impact on its preferred habitat and on the species itself, but this has to be determined. Locally, the taiga marshes and wetland areas can be affected by land reclamation or other kinds of human activities.","There is no information available on conservation measures specific to this species. Habitat protection and research into its population trends and threats are recommended. In Finland, where most records of this species in Europe have been obtained,  no recent decline in distribution has been observed, and the species is  listed as Least Concern (Kahanpää 2019). In Sweden, it is rare  but also has the status of Least Concern. In Norway, the species was  listed as Near Threatened and is only recorded from Finnmark (Artsdatabanken).",The species is not used.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van der Ent, L.-J., van Steenis, J. & van Steenis, W.","Pennards, G.W.A., Ssymank, A. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Neoascia,tenur,,Neoascia tenur,"(Harris, 1780)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU27  regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is widely distributed in Europe, occurring in many types of wetland areas from sea level up to 2300 metres altitude. It can be locally common. There are no reports of declines and it is not listed as vulnerable or threatened on regional Red Lists. However, it may be locally threatened, especially by mechanical mowing of vegetation. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category. Therefore, the current European Red List status of the species is considered to be Least Concern, and also the case in the EU27 countries.",Stable,"This is a Palaearctic and Nearctic species, widely distributed in northern and central Europe, but scarce in southern Europe. It occurs in Iceland, the Faroe Islands, and Ireland west to European Russia (northwest European Russia and the Volga Federal District) and Ukraine; and from north Fennoscandia, south to north Portugal (Villarreal), north Spain, north Italy (south to Emilia-Romagna). It is also present on the Balkan peninsula, and is recorded from Serbia, Montenegro, Greece (northern parts and Samos island), and southwestern Bulgaria (Bartsch et al. 2009, Haarto and Kerppola 2007, Jensen 2001, Nedeljković et al. 2009, Nielsen and Gammelmo 2017, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017, Šimić and Glumac 1987, Speight et al. 2020, Tóth 2014, vVn Eck 2011, Vujić 1990, Vujić et al. 2020, A.V. Barkalov pers. comm. 2020, D. Birtele pers. comm. 2020, G.V. Popov pers. comm. 2020).   Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.  Outside Europe, it has been recorded from Turkey and Transcaucasia (Georgia), and it is widely distributed from Siberia east to the Russian Far East, Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan), Mongolia, China and Japan (Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Mengual et al. 2020, Peck 1988, Saribiyic 2014). It is also widely distributed in the western parts of North America (Skevington et al. 2019).","This species is usually found in medium to large numbers, up to several dozens of specimens. The population trend is found to be stable in the Netherlands and in Germany (Reemer et al. 2009, Ssymank et al. 2011). In Great Britain, the population trend was also found to be stable over the past four decades (S.G. Ball pers. comm. 2021). The overall population trend is also stable.","This species can be found in all kinds of open wetland habitats including marshes, wet nutrient- and flower-rich grasslands, bogs, fens, ponds, lake margins, streamsides and ditches (Bartsch et al. 2009, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020).  The adults are often seen on flowering herbs, and less commonly visiting flowering shrubs and flying low through vegetation (Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020). The males are observed to hover low above the ground (Reemer et al. 2009). The larvae have been found living in the stem sheaths of rotting Typha spp. and Carex rostrata, at the water surface (Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020), and females have been seen ovipositing in decaying seaweed on the high shore (Rotheray and Britton 2014).   They visit all kinds of flowering herbs available in the habitats, such as Alliaria petiolata, Caltha palustris, Cardamine pratensis, Carex rostrata, Cicuta virosa, Filipendula ulmaria, Geum rivale, Hypericum spp. Menyanthes trifoliata, Nuphar lutea, Potentilla erecta, Ranunculus spp., and also flowering shrubs such as Salix repens, Prunus padus, Crataegus laevigata (Bartsch et al. 2009, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020).   The flight period is from mid-April until mid–September, with a weak second generation (Reemer et al. 2009).","The subpopulations can be affected by large-scale mechanical mowing of moist grasslands, which lowers the availability of food plants, and of riparian vegetation along watercourses where the larvae live. Intensive grazing by livestock may result in lower availability of food plants and plants for larval development.","There is no information available on conservation measures specific to this species. Protection of the habitat and research into distribution, population trends and threats is recommended.",The species is not used.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van der Ent, L.-J., van Steenis, J. & van Steenis, W.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Neoascia,unifasciata,,Neoascia unifasciata,"(Strobl, 1898)",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)   This is a European endemic which occurs in many countries in central Europe, but often only at a few sites and in low numbers. It usually occurs in undisturbed fragile wetland habitats which are sensitive to disturbance, including pollution from agriculture which is causing a decline in the habitat quality. So far, it has been collected from roughly 70 localities, but may be under-recorded as it often flies in low numbers among numerous specimens of other Neoascia species. However, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 280 and 1,120 km2 based on known occurrences and habitat potential. It is generally found in very low numbers at each location, and lives in small and fragile habitat patches with a fragmented distribution, making it sensitive to local extinction. Thus, its distribution may be severely fragmented. Taking a precautionary approach, and using the lower AOO value, the species is assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU27 countries.",Decreasing,"This is a European endemic, mainly found on hillsides and in the mountain regions of central Europe and on the Balkan peninsula. It occurs in the Netherlands (South Limburg), Belgium (East Ardennes), northwest France (Moselle, Doubs, Jura, Savoie, and Haute Savoie), Switzerland (Vaud), Austria (Voralberg, Styria, Lower Austria), Germany (except the lowland areas), Latvia, Poland (Lesser Poland), Czechia (Moravian-Silezian, Moravia), Slovakia (Bansky Bystrica), Hungary (northern parts and Transdanubia), Romania (Transylvania), Slovenia (central Slovenia and Littoria – Inner Carniola), Serbia (seven districts), North Macedonia (southwestern parts), Bulgaria (Pirin mountains) and Greece (Mt. Pindos) (Vujić 1990, Kuznetsov 1993, Krpač et al. 2001, Stanescu and Parvu 2005, Klasa and Soszyński 2011, Tóth 2011, 2014, Heimburg 2018, Speight et al. 2018 ,Bot and van de Meutter 2019, Speight et al. 2020, Vujić et al. 2020, M. de Groot pers. comm. 2021, L. Fisler pers. comm. 2020, L. Mazánek pers. comm. 2020, A, Ssymank pers. comm. 2020, A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).  Its exact distribution is not precisely known, and so the map indicates the regions where the species is known to exist rather than the exact distribution. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) would be 440,260 km2 based on the map, but so far, within this range it has been recorded from approximately 70 localities. Based on the low number of localities and the restricted habitat preference (most often the habitat is a stretch of Petasites along small rivers), an AOO of 280-1,120 km2 is more realistic for Europe. Only a few records are from outside the EU27, so the estimation of the AOO for EU27 is regarded to be in the same range.","This species is usually found in very small numbers, and it is often much less common than co-occurring Neoascia species. In Germany, it is thought to have shown a moderate population decline over the past 150 years (Ssymank et al. 2011). The overall population trend is also considered to be declining.","This species is usually found in wetlands along streams in unimproved humid pastures, and in open areas in brook-alluvial gallery (Alnus/Salix or Picea) forests, as well as in montane calcareous fens (Speight 2020). These habitat patches often also contain stands of Petasites hybridus.    The adults are observed to fly through the tall herb vegetation in the vicinity of streams and/or Petasites hybridus (Speight 2020). They are found flying together with Neaoscia annexa and/or Neoascia obliqua (Reemer et al. 2009). The larval stages are unknown, but they may also develop inside Petasites hybridus like both co-existing Neoascia species.   They visit Euphorbia cyparissias, Caltha palustris and Stellaris spp. (Speight 2020), and the flight period is from mid-May until July (Bot and van de Meutter 2019, Speight 2020)","Alluvial gallery forests where this species occurs can be impacted by overgrazing by livestock, leaving only willows (Salix) to grow, which can threaten the habitat of this species. Pollution, nitrification and upwelling can also impact the larval stages by disrupting their aquatic habitat.","Currently, no conservation actions are known for this species. It is listed as Near Threatened on the German national Red List (Ssymank et al. 2011).  Besides site protection and restoration, more research and monitoring are needed to understand its ecology and population trends better.",The species is not used.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van der Ent, L.-J., van Steenis, J. & van Steenis, W.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Neocnemodon,brevidens,,Neocnemodon brevidens,"(Egger, 1865)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This widespread species is present in many countries across Europe, particularly in central and southern Europe, although its population trend is unknown. Its preferred habitat is primarily softwood forest with  Populus and small water bodies fringed with Populus and Salix in forests. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above the thresholds to be considered as threatened, and therefore it is categorised as Least Concern for both EU27 and Europe. However, more research on the distribution and population is recommended to determine more accurately its situation.",Unknown,"This species can be found from the Netherlands southwards to France, and from the United Kingdom eastwards through central Europe to Romania and the European parts of Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above any thresholds to be considered threatened. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Latvia and Czechia) and so it is not possible at  this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species.  				 			 		It has been included in the following checklists: Belgium (RBINS 2020), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Greece (Vujić et al. 2020), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Italy (Burgio et al. 2015), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), European parts of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovenia (van Steenis et al. 2013), Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), Switzerland (CSCF 2020), Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2020) and United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000).  Outside Europe, it occurs across Siberia towards the Pacific (Speight 2020).","This species is considered Nationally Scarce in the UK, but it is likely to be more widely distributed than current data suggest because it is a difficult species to find (Ball and Morris 2014). It is considered rare in the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2005) and in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011). The overall population trend for this species is unknown.","This species has a close relationship with Populus and Salix, at least in United Kingdom, and its preferred habitat is primarily softwood (conifer) forest with Populus and small water bodies fringed with Populus and Salix in forests. The developmental stages of this species have not yet been described. As other species of the genus, the larvae probably prey upon hemipteran insects (generally gall formers and flocculent wax secretors) and therefore have a range limited to the availability of these prey. Adults are mainly arboreal, but often visit flowers such as Caltha, Nasturtium or Rubus. The flight period of adults is between mid-May and the beginning of September. All this information has been summarised and updated from Ball and Morris (2000; 2014) and Speight (2020).","The forest and aquatic habitats on which this species relies experience a number of threats. These habitats can be affected by pollution, drought (which can be affected by climate change), management of water resources and deforestation associated with commercial forestry, the latter being the biggest threat (Janssen et al.  2017). Clearance of poplars and willows is a significant threat to this species in the UK (Ball and Morris 2014).","The conservation of this species should be focused on the conservation of its habitat and important sites. Increased education and communication about this species would also be beneficial. Increased monitoring of and research  on the distribution, population size and trends, as well as biology of  the developmental stages, is required. It is categorised as Near Threatened in Belgium (INBO 2020).",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Rojo, S. & Pérez, C.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Neocnemodon,fulvimanus,,Neocnemodon fulvimanus,"(Zetterstedt, 1843)",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  The distribution of this forest-dwelling species is uncertain, due to persistent misidentification with Neocnemodon pubescens and Neocnemodon vitripennis. It is currently confirmed to occur in Norway, Sweden, Finland and the Alps (Austria, Italy), but its presence is uncertain in much of its range. Its population trend is also unknown. Increased monitoring and research of the habitat, distribution and  population trends, and research on the developmental stages, are  required. Due to taxonomic uncertainty and associated lack of data, this species is categorised as Data Deficient for both EU27 and Europe.",Unknown,"The general range of this species is uncertain, due to persistent misidentification with Neocnemodon pubescens and Neocnemodon vitripennis, but it is confirmed from Norway, Sweden, Finland and the Alps (Austria, Italy), with occurrence in European Russia and some other parts of Europe uncertain. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above any thresholds to be considered threatened.  The species is included in the following checklists: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Finland (FinBIF 2020), Italy (Burgio et al. 2015), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), European parts of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Sweden (Bartsch 2009) and Switzerland (CSCF 2020).  Outside Europe, it may occur through Siberia to the Pacific, as indicated in Peck (1988), but this requires confirmation (Speight 2020).","The population trend of this species is unknown across the EU27 and Europe. In Finland it is not considered rare: 24 adults were sampled between 2003 and 2018 (FinBIF 2020). In Sweden only four adults have been found across 2002, 2011 and 2020.","The preferred habitat of this species is forest, found in conifer forest of Abies and Picea at high altitudes (1300-1800 m) in the Alps, taiga forest and subalpine Betula forest. The developmental stages have not been described yet, but as other species of the genus, the larvae should prey upon hemipteran insects (generally gall formers and flocculent wax secretors) and therefore have a range limited to the availability of these prey. The adult flight period is between May and August, in open areas at the edges of forest, visiting flowers of Taraxacum. All this information has been summarized and updated from Speight (2020).","The main threats to this species are related to the management of its habitat. Unsustainable forestry activities in montane forests can impact this species, this includes deforestation and fires. Variation in habitat condition due to shifting temperature and hydrological patterns caused by climate change is a feasible threat to the species as well.","Conservation actions for this species should be focused on the preservation of its habitat. Increased monitoring of and research on the habitat, distribution and population trends, and research on the developmental stages, are required. It is categorized as Least Concern in Finland (FinBIF 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020), and as Data Deficient in Norway (NBIC 2020).",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Rojo, S. & Pérez, C.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Neocnemodon,larusi,,Neocnemodon larusi,"(Vujić, 1999)","Vujić (1999) figures the male terminalia and discusses distinctions between this species and the closely similar Neocnemodon pubescens and Neocnemodon vitripennis. According to Vujić (1999) the body length of Neocnemodon larusi is 7-8.5 mm. The body length given for Neocnemodon larusi by Bartsch et al. (2009) is 4-6 mm, exactly the same as given by those authors for Neocnemodon pubescens. Delucchi and Pschorn-Walcher (1955) give the body length for Neocnemodon pubescens as 5.5-6.5 mm. Whether the small size of the Scandinavian Neocnemodon larusi specimens indicates a regional size difference or confusion with Neocnemodon pubescens is a moot point. Re-appraisal of central European Neocnemodon pubescens material would seem worthwhile. All this information has been extracted from Speight (2020).",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This European endemic is present in Sweden,  Finland, Norway, Montenegro, Italy and Serbia. Due to the taxonomic issues attached to this species, the full distribution of this species and its population trend is not clear, nor is its biological cycle is fully understood or the threats that may affect it. Nevertheless, considering its current distribution, the extent of  occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are above the thresholds  to be considered in any threatened categories. Thus the species has been categorised as Least Concern in the Global, European and EU27 assessment. Extensive research on its taxonomy, threats, distribution and population are needed to understand this species better.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is currently known from Sweden (Bartsch 2009), Finland (FinBIF 2020), Norway (NBIC 2020), Montenegro (van Steenis et al. 2015), northern Italy and Serbia (Vujić 1999). Certainly, it seems odd that this species has been recorded for the Balkans and Scandinavia, but not, apparently, from any points in between. Due to identification difficulties, it is recommended that Central European Neocnemodon pubescens specimens should be re-examined to determine whether this species exists in other parts of Europe. Nevertheless, considering its current distribution, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are above the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries and so it is not possible at this time to calculate a precise  AOO for this species.","The population trend of this species is unknown in both Europe and the EU27. In Sweden it is considered to be widespread but not common (Artdatabanken 2020), while in Norway it has a more localised distribution (NBIC 2020); in Finland it is also widespread and apparently more common (FinBIF 2020).","This species is found in forest habitats, alongside streams in open, montane Picea/Abies/Fagus forest, up to 1,800 m (Vujic 1999). The developmental stages have not been described, but as for other species of the genus, the larvae should be predators upon hemipteran insects (generally gall formers and flocculent wax secretors) and therefore have a range limited to the availability of these prey. The adult flight period is between May and July, visiting flowers such as Caltha, Ranunculus and Prunus. All this information has been summarized and updated from Speight (2020).","This species is threatened by direct threats to its habitat. Human activities related to forestry in mountainous areas, such as unsustainable deforestation and forest fires, are a particular threat.","Conservation actions for this species should be focused on the preservation and appropriate management of its habitat. Increased monitoring and research of the taxonomy, biological cycle, distribution and population trends are needed, together with education and communication about the species. It has been categorised as Least Concern in Finland (FinBIF 2020), Norway (NBIC 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020).",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Rojo, S. & Pérez, C.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Neocnemodon,latitarsis,,Neocnemodon latitarsis,"(Egger, 1865)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This woodland species has a widespread European distribution, although it is considered to be more common in south-eastern Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are  far above any thresholds to be considered as threatened in either Europe or  the EU27. Therefore it is categorized as Least Concern in both the EU27 and Europe. Its habitat is somewhat threatened, and efforts should be made to conserve it, along with increased monitoring and research on the population and distribution.",Unknown,"This species can be found from southern Finland south to the Pyrenees, and from Britain eastwards through central and southern Europe into European parts of Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above any thresholds to be considered as threatened, either in Europe or the EU27. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Polonia and Latvia) and so it is not possible at  this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species.  It has been included in the following checklists: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Finland (FinBIF 2020), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Greece (Vujić et al. 2020), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Italy (Including Sardinia) (Burgio et al. 2015), Latvia (Kuznetzov et al. 1993), Montenegro (van Steenis et al. 2015), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Norway (Nielsen 1999), Portugal (van Eck 2016), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), European parts of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Slovenia (van Steenis et al. 2013), Sweden (Bartsch 2009), Switzerland (CSCF 2020), Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2020) and United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000).  Outside Europe, it is found as far as the Caucasus mountains and has been introduced into North America (Speight 2020).","This species is widely distributed in Europe but not common in at least part of its range, such as southern England (Ball and Morris 2014) and Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011). It is considered scarce in the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009). In Greece it is recorded widely in the mountainous areas of the mainland (Vujić et al. 2020). Its population trend is unknown in Europe and the EU27, but it is more common in south-eastern Europe.","This is a woodland species, found in mixed coniferous Abies forest, deciduous (acidophilus and thermophilus) Quercus forest and evergreen Quercus ilex forest. The developmental stages were first described by Dusek and Laska (1960). As in other species of the genus, the larvae prey upon hemipteran insects (generally gall formers) and therefore have a range limited to the availability of these prey. Larvae have been reported feeding on Dreyfusia (Adelgidae), Eriosoma, Pemphigus and Schizolachnus (Aphididae), and Pullus implexus (Coleoptera); they have also been found in Paranthrene tabaniformis galleries (Lepidoptera) (Rojo et al. 2003). As an adult, the species is largely arboreal but it can be seen flying around low-growing shrubs, visiting flowers such as Campanula, Origanum, Prunus, Rosa, Rubus and Vaccinium. The adult flight period is between June and September. All this information has been summarized and updated from Speight (2020).","Acidophilous Quercus woodland (G1.8), a key habitat for this species, has been categorised as Vulnerable in the European Red List of Habitats. Unsustainable deforestation practices and forest fires are particular threats to its habitat (Janssen et al. 2017). Variation in temperature ranges and hydrological patterns caused by climate change can be considered a feasible threat as well.","Conservation efforts for this species should focus on protection of its habitat and the sites where this species occurs. Monitoring and research on its distribution and population trends are required, together with education and communication about the species. It has been categorized as Nationally Scarce in the UK (Ball and Morris 2014), Vulnerable in Belgium (INBO 2020), Near Threatened in Finland (FinBIF 2020) and Least Concern in Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Norway (NBIC 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020).",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Rojo, S. & Pérez, C.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Neocnemodon,pubescens,,Neocnemodon pubescens,"(Delucchi and Pschorn-Walcher, 1955)",This species can be distinguished from all the species of the genus except from Neocnemodon larusi (Speight 2020).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This widespread species is present in many countries across Europe and the EU27. Its population trend is currently unknown in both regions, but it is considered Least Concern in several national Red Lists. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above the thresholds for any threatened category. It is therefore categorised as Least Concern for both EU27 and Europe. However, some taxonomic research should be done to solve separation issues with Neocnemodon larusi. Additionally, increased research on its population and threats, and monitoring of the population, is required.",Unknown,"This species can be found from Scandinavia southwards to the Alps, and from Britain eastwards through central Europe into European parts of Russia (Speight 2020). Outside of Europe, this species can be found in the Russian Far East and in North America (Barkalov and Mutin 2018). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above the thresholds for any threatened category. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Belarus and Estonia) and so it is not possible  at this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species. It has been included in the following checklists: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Bulgaria (Tóth 2014), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Estonia (Kuznetzov et al. 1993), Finland (FinBIF 2020), France (Speight, et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Greece (Vujić et al. 2020), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Italy (Burgio et al. 2015), Latvia (Kuznetzov et al. 1993), Lithuania (Pakalniškis et al. 2006), Luxembourg (van Steenis 2006), Montenegro (van Steenis et al. 2015), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Norway (Nielsen 1999), Poland (Mielczarek, 2009), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu, 2005), European parts of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin, 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Slovenia (van Steenis et al. 2013), Sweden (Bartsch 2009), Switzerland (CSCF 2020), Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2020) and United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000).","This species is considered to be scarce in the United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2014) and the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), but common in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011). Apart from that, the population trend of the species in EU27 and Europe is unknown.","The preferred habitat of this species is deciduous and coniferous forest, including forests of Quercus and Carpinus, Fagus and Picea, and Abies and Picea. The developmental stages have not been described, but as in other species of the genus, the larvae should prey upon hemipteran insects (generally gall formers and flocculent wax secretors) and therefore have a range limited to the availability of these prey. Kula (1980) recorded a larva overwintering on the forest floor in Picea forest. Adults are largely arboreal, flying between April and July, and visiting flowers such as Anemone, Bellis, Caltha, Mercurialis, Prunus, Ranunculus, Ribes, Stellaria, Taraxacum and Veronica. All this information has been summarized and updated from Speight (2020).","Forestry activities such as deforestation, removal of dead trees and the creation of forests with even-aged stands possibly threaten this species. Additionally, forest fires and hydrological modifications may affect it (Janssen et al. 2017). This is a woodland-edge species most likely to be affected by over-intensive ride management and loss of scrub structure at the interface with high woodland (Ball and Morris 2014). Variation in temperature ranges and hydrological patterns caused by climate change can be considered as a feasible threat to the species as well.","Conservation actions for this species should be focused on the preservation of its habitat. Research is needed on the taxonomy, biological cycle, threats and distribution of the species, and monitoring is required on the population trends. Education and communication about this species is also recommended. Existing ride structures should be retained or enhanced to provide transitional structures between grasslands and high forest, with the provision of sunny open flower-rich glades (Ball and Morris 2014). The species has been categorized as Nationally Scarce in the UK (Ball and Morris, 2014), Vulnerable in Belgium (INBO 2020), and Least Concern in Finland (FinBIF 2020), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Norway (NBIC 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020).",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Rojo, S. & Pérez, C.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Neocnemodon,verrucula,,Neocnemodon verrucula,"(Collin, 1931)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This woodland species is present in northern and central Europe to European Russia. Its population trends are unknown in Europe and the EU27, but its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above  the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category. Thus it is categorized as Least Concern for both EU27 and Europe. It would benefit from increased research on its biology and distribution, as well as the monitoring of its population.",Unknown,"This species can be found from Scandinavia south to Netherlands and Germany, and eastwards into European Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Latvia and Germany) and so it is not possible at  this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species.  It has been included in the following country checklists: Belgium (RBINS 2020), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Finland (FinBIF 2020), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2011), Latvia (Kuznetzov et al. 1993), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Norway (Nielsen 1999), European parts of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Sweden (Bartsch 2009) and United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000, 2014).  Outside Europe it occurs through Siberia to the Pacific coast and Mongolia (Speight 2020).","In the UK the records of this species are scattered, but it is widely distributed up to Scottish Highlands (Ball and Morris 2014). In the Netherlands and Germany, it is considered a very rare species (Reemer et al. 2009, Ssymank et al. 2011). Its general population trend in the EU27 and Europe is uncertain.","The preferred habitat of this species is Pinus sylvestris and Quercus, Carpinus and Ulmus humid forests. The developmental stages have not been described, but as  with other species of the genus, the larva should prey upon  hemipteran insects (generally gall formers and flocculent wax secretors)  and therefore have a range limited to the availability of these prey. The adult flight period is between April and June, when they visit flowers such as Acer, Potentilla and Salix. All this information has been summarized and updated from Speight (2020).","The main threats to this species are related to the management of its habitat. Forestry activities such as logging, deforestation and fire can impact it. It is likely to be a woodland-edge species that could be affected by over-intensive ride management and loss of scrub structure at the interface with high woodland (Ball and Morris 2014). Variation in temperature ranges and hydrological patterns caused by climate change can be considered as a feasible threat to the species as well.","Conservation actions should focus on the conservation of its habitat. Existing ride structures should be retained or enhanced to provide transitional structure between grasslands and high forest, with provision of sunny open flower-rich glades (Ball and Morris 2014). Further monitoring of and research on the distribution, population size and trends, as well as the biology of the developmental stages, are needed. Increased education and communication to the public and relevant sectors about the species would be beneficial. It is categorised as Near Threatened in Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Data Deficient in the UK (Ball and Morris 2014) and Norway (NBIC 2020), and Least Concern in Finland (FinBIF 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020).",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Flinn, G.","Rojo, S. & Aracil, A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Neocnemodon,vitripennis,,Neocnemodon vitripennis,"(Meigen, 1822)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This forest species is widespread across Europe and the EU27, and present in many countries. Its current population trend is unknown, but in some countries it is considered common. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above the thresholds for any threatened category. Therefore it is categorized as Least Concern for both the EU27 and Europe. Increased research and monitoring on the distribution, population trends and threats are required.",Stable,"This species can be found from southern Sweden southwards to central France, and from Ireland eastwards through northern and central Europe into European Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above the thresholds for any threatened category. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Polonia and Latvia) and so it is not possible at  this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species.  It has been included in the following country checklists: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Bulgaria (Tóth 2011), Krym (Popov 1998), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Estonia (Kuznetzov et al. 1993), Finland (FinBIF 2020), France (Speight, et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Greece (Vujić et al. 2020), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Ireland (Speight 2008), Italy (Including Sicily) (Burgio et al. 2015), Latvia (Kuznetzov et al. 1993), Lithuania (Pakalniškis et al. 2006), Montenegro (van Steenis et al. 2015), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Norway (Nielsen 1999), Portugal (van Eck 2016), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), European parts of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Sweden (Bartsch 2009), Switzerland (CSCF 2020), Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2020) and United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000).    Outside Europe it occurs through Russia and on to Siberia and the Pacific coast (Speight 2020).","In the UK, this species is considered to be the least scarce species of Neocnemodon hoverflies, although it is still quite scarce with records being concentrated in the south-east of the country (Ball and Morris 2000). In the Netherlands it is considered a common species (Reemer et al. 2009) and very common in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011). In northern countries such as Finland or Sweden, it is widespread and shows stable population trends (Artdatabanken 2020, FinBIF 2020). The population trend of this species is overall considered stable in EU27 and Europe.","The preferred habitat of this species is conifer forest, deciduous forest (Quercus, Carpinus and Ulmus) and suburban parks and gardens. The developmental stages were first described by Delucchi et al. (1957) from larvae collected on Abies, feeding on adelgids. The larvae predate upon a variety of insects including coccids on Populus and aphids on Malus (Evenhuis 1959). The adults are highly arboreal, flying up to three metres high; the flight period is between May and September. They visit flowers such as Euphorbia, Potentilla, Prunus, Rosa, Rubus and Salix. All this information has been summarized and updated from Speight (2020).","The main threats to this species are related to how its habitat is managed and affected by human activities such as forestry-related logging, deforestation and fires. Variation in temperature ranges and hydrological patterns caused by climate change can be considered as a feasible threat to the species as well.","Conservation efforts should be focused on habitat preservation and empathetic management of sites for the species. Monitoring and research of its distribution, threats and population trends are needed, together with education and awareness-raising. It has been categorized as Least Concern in Belgium (INBO 2020), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Finland (FinBIF 2020), Norway (NBIC 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020).",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Rojo, S. & Pérez, C.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Orthonevra,auritarsis,,Orthonevra auritarsis,"Bradescu, 1992",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27-2020,,"There is only one male known from Romania (Speight 2020). Based on the comparison of the description of Orthonevra auritarsis with material of O. gemmula from Hungary, this male might belong to Orthonevra gemmula, a very rare steppe species only known from a few specimens from the Russian steppe near the Altai Mountains, and from Serbia and Hungary (W. van Steenis pers. comm. 2021). There is no other information about Orthonevra  auritarsis. Thus the species is classified as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"This species have been registered in Romania in Negreşti-Oaş (Oaş Country, Satu Mare County, Maramureş province), which is part of the Pannonian Steppe (Brădescu 1992). Since the species is only known from the type locality, the known extent of occurrence (EOO) and the known area of occupancy (AOO) are 4 km2.",Only one male is known. The holotype was collected in 1986 by C. Pârvu (Brădescu 1992).,"There is no information about the specific habitat and ecology of this species, except from the type locality, which is at 200-300 metres altitude in Oaş Depression, Negreşti-Oaş, part of the Pannonian Steppe. However, the locality is not precise enough to establish the type of habitat.",The threats are unknown due to the lack of information about this species.,"There is no conservation plan in place. Research and monitoring are needed to better understand the habitat and ecology of this species, its population trends and the type locality.",The species is not utilised.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Orthonevra,brevicornis,,Orthonevra brevicornis,"(Loew, 1843)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This species is threatened by habitat alteration due to climate change and by the abstraction of groundwater. In the southern parts of its distribution (notably in France), it shows a clear decline (Speight et al. 2020), and is listed as Vulnerable on the national Red List of Czechia (Mazánek and Barták 2004). In Germany, it is classified as Near Threatened (Ssymank et al. 2011). However, in the northwestern parts of its range it is not declining, nor is it on any Red Lists (SLU Artdatabanken, Ball et al. 2011, Ball and Morris 2014, Bygebjerg 2019, Reemer et al. 2009). The situation in eastern Europe is less clear, but is probably comparable with the western parts. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category. Based on its wide distribution and relatively small declines, this species is assessed as Least Concern, both at European and EU27 level.",Unknown,"This species occurs from southern Sweden and Denmark south to Spain and Italy, and from Great Britain (Scotland) southeast through central and southeastern Europe into the European parts of Russia. Even though listed in Speight (2020), it has not been found in Finland (Bartsch et al. 2009, Haarto and Kerppola 2014). The first records are from Sweden from 1984, and since then, records have been scattered (Bartsch et al. 2009). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.  Outside of Europe, it is also present in  the Caucasus, western Siberia and Mongolia.","This species is rather widespread but scattered. In most cases, only a few specimens have been found each time at one site. The population trend is unknown.","The adults are found in marshes and fens, in forest edges and glades in moist forest such as acidophilous Quercus forests, humid Pinus sylvestris forests and wet Salix woodlands. Sometimes they can be found further away from forests, in hedgerows or near springs in heathlands or unimproved grasslands. They visit flowers or settle on foliage or bare ground in dappled sunlight. They visit flowers of white umbellifers, Caltha palustris, Cornus, Crataegus, Malus, Prunus padus, P. spinosa, Pyrus communis, Ranunculus, Rorippa and Salix. (Ball et al. 2011, Bartsch 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Speight 2020).    Orthonevra brevicornis and Orthonevra plumbago can be found together in the field (Speight 2020).    The larvae live in banks of brooks and pools rich in organic material. Nötzold (2000 as cited in Reemer et al. 2009) records the collection of an individual of this species from an emergence trap installed in a reed bed (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Speight 2020). The larva is aquatic, living in accumulations of decaying vegetation, especially in mesotrophic or base-rich seepages in fens, meadows and occasionally woods (Ball et al. 2011).","The larval habitat is threatened by decreasing water levels, urban and recreational development, and pesticides. The adult habitat is threatened by forest management, nitrogen deposition and pesticides.","There is no conservation plan in place for this species. The most important conservation action is protection of the habitat, both inside and outside protected areas. The negative impact of modern agriculture on its habitat is immense. These effects include the lowering of water tables,   eutrophication of ditches and other small water-bodies by ammonium deposition   and nutrient run off, deterioration of species-rich meadows and   watersides due to fertiliser use and nutrient run-off, and the risks of   pesticides spreading into natural areas. It is therefore clear that it would benefit strongly from a Europe-wide agriculture that allows space  for nature within agricultural areas and does not have negative  effects  on the local and regional environment. Research and monitoring  are also  needed to understand its ecology and  population trends better.",The species is not used.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Orthonevra,elegans,,Orthonevra elegans,"(Meigen, 1822)",,No,VU,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)",No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)",EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)    This species is dependent on grasslands around springs, so with their disappearance caused by drainage and declining water tables, Orthonevra elegans will probably disappear as well. It has been assessed as extinct in the national Red Lists of Belgium, Finland, western Poland, France and Italy, and between Endangered and Critically Endangered in Germany, Denmark, Czechia and Sweden (Ssymank et al. 2011, Bygebjerg 2019, Mazánek and Barták 2004, ArtDatabanken 2020).    In the European Union, the number of recent locations is very low, probably only five, based on water abstraction and pollution (nutrient loads) as main threats. The decline of suitable habitats in the European Union might be over 80%, but the timeframe is unknown, and it may be longer than 10 years. The species is a bit less threatened in the eastern parts of Europe, although it seems to be very rare everywhere. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 302 km2. In addition, there is a decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), quality of habitat, number of locations and subpopulations (the species has become extinct in the countries listed above). Therefore, it is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv) in the EU27.    In Europe, it has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)), as the AOO is 600 km2 and the same arguments as for the EU27 countries are true for the whole continent as well.",Decreasing,"The former range of Orthonevra elegans was from southern Finland (where it became extinct before 1950) and Sweden (extinct since 1955), south through Denmark and Belgium (extinct since 1960) to northern France (around Paris) (where the only records were from 19th century, so it is also considered extinct), and from northern Germany eastwards through central Europe to Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine and European parts of Russia, and on through to Siberia, Mongolia and China. There are also some very old records from Italy (19th century) (Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Haarto and Kerppola 2007, Heimburg 2018, Holinka and Mazanek 1997, Karpa 2008, Pakalniškis et al. 2000, Sommaggio 2007, Speight 2020, Speight et al. 2018, Stanescu and Parvu 2005; Tóth 2011, 2014; Verlinden 1991, Verlinden and Decleer 1987).     The records from this century are from Denmark, southern Germany, northeastern Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Ukraine, and European Russia (Pestov 2007; Tóth 2011, 2014; J. van Steenis pers. comm. 2020, G. Popov, pers. comm. 2021, A. Ssymank, pers. comm. 2020, Ł Mielczarek pers. comm. 2021).   In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is calculated to be 4,067,498 km2. The area of occupancy (AOO) of 600 km2 is  a rough estimation of 150 recent localities for the species, based on  the few literature records and personal comments (see above). In the EU27, the AOO is 302 km2.   It is also recorded from outside Europe: there is a record from this century from Mongolia (G. Pennards pers. comm. 2020).","The populations of this species are widely scattered. While recent records are fewer than in previous centuries, at some healthy sites it still flies in fair numbers. The population trend is decreasing due to habitat deterioration. At the same time, in Denmark, sites with good quality habitats still hold healthy subpopulations (J. van Steenis pers. comm. 2021).","This species occurs in springs in grasslands and wet nutrient-poor grasslands with seepage water running over the surface, bordered by forest (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2020, J. van Steenis pers. comm. 2020). It seems to be one of the most critical os all the syrphids of base-rich nutrient-poor wet grasslands in Europe. It visits white umbellifers, Filipendula ulmaria, Saxifraga hirculus and Viburnum opulus (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2020).  The larva is not described (Speight 2020), but will probably live in fresh surface water, probably small springs in nutrient-poor grasslands.","This is one of the most threatened species of Syrphidae in Europe. The habitat is very vulnerable to water abstraction, intensification of grassland management, agricultural pollution and climate change. Probably the species itself is also vulnerable to pesticides.",No conservation actions are in place for this species. Reducing pollution and more sustainable grassland management is recommended. Research and monitoring are also needed to understand its ecology and population trends better.,The species is not utilised.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Orthonevra,erythrogona,,Orthonevra erythrogona,"(Malm, 1863)",,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Orthonevra erythtogona is a rare but widespread species in the northern parts of Europe. It is clearly declining in the southern parts of its range, and is probably extinct in Germany, southern Sweden and Denmark (Barkemeyer 1994, Bygebjerg 2019, Bartsch et al. 2009): it is endangered in Norway (Henriksen and Hilmo 2015). In the northern parts of the range, it does not seem to be threatened. In northern Sweden and Finland, the population seems to be stable (G. Ståhls, pers. comm. 2021).  Although with a limited distribution that is probably close to becoming severely fragmented, the species is still assessed as Least Concern, based on the large extent of occurrence and the good situation in Finland. However, in northeastern Europe it will also face habitat alterations, so a regular monitoring is recommended.",Stable,"In Europe, this species occurs in northern Europe, European Russia and Ukraine. It clearly declines in the southern parts of its range. It is probably  extinct in Germany (the last record is from 1986), southern Sweden and Denmark (last recorded in 1956) (Barkemeyer 1994,  Bygebjerg 2019, Bartsch et al. 2009), and is Endangered in Norway (Henriksen and Hilmo 2015). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,186,737 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,000 km2. In the EU27, the EOO is 1,135,353 km2 and the AOO is 1,000 km2.   Outside of Europe, it occurs from Siberia to Kamchatka, and in Mongolia. (Barkemeyer 1994, Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2020).","The population size of this species is not known. It is found in low numbers at most sites. It is obviously decreasing in parts of its distribution, and is possibly extinct in Germany, Denmark and southern Sweden. However, in Finland the population trend seems stable (G. Ståhls pers. comm. 2020). Since this is the centre of its European distribution, the population trend is estimated as stable.","This species occurs in wetlands both in lowland and mountain areas. The adults fly low above the ground through vegetation. They visit Caltha, Leontodon, Ranunculus acris, R. repens and Taraxacum (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2020).   The larvae are not described, but they have been found in wet mud with a high proportion of organic material, and in dungs (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2020).","In the northern parts of its range, there will be no other threats other than habitat alteration due to climate change. In the southern parts, decreasing water tables, urban development, and pollution because of human activities will also play a negative role.",There are no conservation plans in place for this species. Research and monitoring are needed to understand better its ecology and population trends.,This species is not used.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Orthonevra,frontalis,,Orthonevra frontalis,"(Loew, 1843)",,No,NT,"B2ab(ii,iii)",No,NT,"B2ab(ii,iii)",EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Although the range in Europe is quite widespread, this is still a rare species, and the distribution map, largely based on administrative boundaries, exaggerates its distribution. In major parts of its range (France, Hungary) it shows clear declines or is even already possibly extinct (Germany, Italy) (Mazánek and Barták 2004, Speight 2020, Ssymank et al. 2011; D. Birtele pers. comm. 2021, D. Sommaggio pers. comm. 2021). The habitat is also declining and is threatened by human alterations and climate change. Although it is currently not the case, the population will probably become severely fragmented in the near future. The estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is already below the threshold for threatened categories (800 km2 in Europe and 500 km2 in the EU27 countries). Therefore, the Red List status of this species is Near Threatened, both in Europe and in the EU27, and it is very close to being Vulnerable.",Unknown,"The former distribution of this species ranged from Poland south to Spain and the Mediterranean, and from France eastwards through central and southern Europe (Italy, western Balkans, northern Greece), into the European parts of Russia. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,691,118 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 800 km2. In the EU27, the EOO is 3,146,816 km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 500 km2.   It is possibly extinct in many European countries, including Italy (D. Birtele pers. comm. 2021, D. Sommaggio pers. comm. 2021), Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Maibach et al. 1992).   Outside of Europe, it occurs in Turkey and Iran, and from Siberia to the Pacific (Kamchatka) and also in Mongolia (Speight 2020, Vujić et al. 2020).","Information on the population of this species is very limited. The number of localities is quite small, and the number of collected specimens per location is also very small.","This species occurs in flushes and spring-fed brooks on the floodplains of major rivers, and in brooks in thermophilous Quercus and Q. ilex forests. The adults fly in the forests, forest edges and in wet meadows nearby, visiting Crataegus, Euphorbia and Ranunculus (Speight 2020).  The larvae are not described. They will probably live in freshwater with nutrient-rich organic material, close to submerged plants or roots of emergent plants.","This species will suffer from deterioration of the habitat because of human developments, extracting ground and surface water, and by habitat change due to climate change. It will also suffer from pesticides used in agricultural areas but spreading out to natural areas.",There are no conservation plans in place for this species. Research and monitoring are needed to understand its ecology and population trends better. It would benefit from better protection of its sites against urban or recreational development. Maintaining the water tables (both groundwater and surface water) in its habitat and avoiding spread of agricultural pesticides into its habitat are also recommended.,The species is not used.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Orthonevra,gemmula,,Orthonevra gemmula,"Violovitsh, 1979",,No,CR,B2ab(iii),No,CR,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR) EU27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)  This is a very rare species n the European region, occurring at the border of the vast Euro-Siberian steppe system. The two European records and the Siberian type locality are all situated at this border. It is unclear how threatened this habitat is, but climate change and human use of water will certainly have a strong impact on it. Due to the very few known and severely fragmented subpopulations, the small (8 km2) area of occupancy (AOO), and the presumed decline in the habitat, the species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR CR B2ab(iii)) both in the EU27 and in Europe.   While it is possible that the record of Orthonevra auritarsis in Romania might belong to this species, even if it were considered in this assessment, the category would not change. However, at the time of this assessment, Orthonevra auritarsis considered to be a separate species.",Unknown,"This species occurs in Hungary, Serbia and western Siberia (Brădescu 1992, Reemer and Turnhout 2014, Vujić 1999). A Romanian record of O. auritarsis might also refer to this species (W. van Steenis pers. comm. 2020). All European records are from the Pannonian Steppe, mostly from wet areas within the steppe habitat. The type locality in Russia (close to Novosibirsk) is in the Kazakh Steppe (Violovitsh 1983). In Europe, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km2. The species potentially has a highly restricted extent of occurrence (EOO), but with only two georeferenced locality records, it cannot be estimated. In the EU27, both the AOO and the EOO are 4 km2.","This species has a very few records, and these are are widely separated. In Hungary, several specimens were recorded together. The population trend is unknown.","This species occurs in Juncus marsh in thermophilous Quercus (Q.cerris, Q.pubescens) forests (A.Vujić, pers.comm. in Speight 2020) and in the wet, moderately eutrophic parts of the steppe. It is known to visit flowers of Euphorbia (Reemer and Turnhout 2014).","Human water use in the steppe biome lowers water tables, posing a threat to the habitat of this species. In addition, climate change will negatively affect the wet areas in the steppe.","There are no conservation plans in place for this species. It is mainly threatened by changes in the water system. Thus the most important conservation action is to minimize the negative effect of human actions on the water tables in its habitat. The lowering of water tables, and using of ground or surface waters should be stopped, and efforts made to minimise and compensate for the effects of climate change. Research and monitoring are also needed to understand its ecology and population trends better.",This species is not used.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Orthonevra,geniculata,,Orthonevra geniculata,"(Meigen, 1830)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Although threatened in some parts of its distribution (in France the population trend is decreasing and it is considered to be threatened, and it is Vulnerable in Germany and Czechia), this species is not declining in most of its range (for instance in the Netherlands, United Kingdom, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Finland) (ArtDatabanken 2020, Ball and Morris 2014, Bygebjerg 2019, Henriksen and Hilmo 2015, Hyvärinen et al. 2019, Mazánek and Barták 2004, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight et al. 2020, Ssymank et al. 2011). In addition, its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category. Therefore, the Red List status of the species is Least Concern in Europe and the EU27.",Unknown,"This species occurs from northern Norway south to central France, and from Ireland eastwards through northern and central Europe (plus parts of northern Italy and northern Greece) into Russia and further into eastern Siberia and Mongolia (Bartsch et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Speight 2020, Vujić et al. 2020). Exact locality data are not always available, so calculating the area of occupancy (AOO) was difficult. But both the AOO and extent of occurrence (EOO) are considered to be large enough for this species not to be threatened.","In healthy habitats, the subpopulations can be quite numerous, with up to 100 individuals at one site. The overall population trend is unknown.","The adults are found in mildly acid boggy areas, peatbogs and mires, and in wet woodlands of Alnus/ Salix and Alnus/Salix carrs. They also appear on heathlands with alkaline soil (Ball et al. 2011, Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2020). They fly low above the ground and settle on bare patches, foliage and flowers, including dead Phragmites stalks. Furthermore, they also settle on trunks or twigs in the sun. The males hover between tussocks of vegetation (Ball et al. 2011, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020).    They visit white umbellifers, Anemone nemorosa, Bellis, Caltha, Cardamine, Crataegus, Iris pseudacorus, Malus sylvestris, Menyanthes, Prunus padus, P. spinosa, Ranunculus, and male flowers of Salix species, including S.repens (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020)    There is an observation of a female laying 1-5 eggs on twigs and grass leaves sticking out of mud, and underneath Lemna leaves. The larvae are almost certainly associated with springs and wet flushes (Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020).","This species is threatened by the drainage of its habitats due to the human use of water, or by drought caused by climate change. It is also threatened by eutrophication of the habitat caused by nutrient input. Furthermore, pesticides also have a negative impact in parts of its range.",There are no conservation plans in place for this species. Research and monitoring are needed to understand its ecology and population trends better.,This species is not used.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Orthonevra,incisa,,Orthonevra incisa,"(Loew, 1843)",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  This species is closely related to Orthonevra plumbago and O .brevicornis, and is sometimes considered to be a synonym of O. plumbago. Thus its taxonomic status is unclear. If it is a good species, it is quite likely to be threatened at both the EU27 and the Pan-European level. However, there are not enough data to give substance to this assumption. The species is 'Threatened with extinction' in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011). Further research is needed to confirm the status of this species.",Unknown,"This species is distributed from Germany, Poland, Hungary, Romania to Asian Turkey. It is also present in western Siberia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Brădescu 1991, Saure 2018; Tóth 2011, 2013). In Germany, only old records exist, with the most recent from 1979 (A. Ssymank pers.  comm. 2020). There are more records in Poland than shown  in the distribution map (Ł. Mielczarek pers. comm. 2020), but without detailed information, it was not possible to include them. Based on  the available information, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 437,068 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 600 km2, based on an estimated 150 localities in Europe.",There is no information available about the current population size or trend.,"No exact information is available, but this species probably lives in wet meadows and forest edges, close to freshwater. The larvae probably live in the water, just like the other species of the genus.","The possible threats to this species are unknown, but are probably comparable to the threats to the other Orthonevra species. It is probably quite threatened, at least in parts of its distribution.","There are no conservation plans in place for this species. Research and monitoring are needed to understand its taxonomy, ecology and population trends.",The species is not utilised.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Orthonevra,intermedia,,Orthonevra intermedia,"Lundbeck, 1916",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  In the western part of its distribution, there is some decrease in the subpopulations of the species. For instance, it is considered to be Vulnerable in Germany and Norway. However, its distribution in the Netherlands showed some increase from 1990 to 2009 (Henriksen and Hilmo 2015, Nielsen and Gammelno 2017, Reemer et al. 2009, Ssymank et al. 2011). In Sweden and Finland, it seems to be stable (Haarto and Kerppola 2007, G. Ståhls pers. comm. 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category. Therefore, even though this species suffers from habitat changes caused by climate change, it is assessed as Least Concern both in Europe and the EU27 countries.",Unknown,"This species is distributed from southern Norway and the coast of the Baltic Sea, through Denmark to the Netherlands and Belgium, and from northeastern England eastwards through northern and central Europe (northern Germany, Finland, Poland, Switzerland, Hungary) to the European parts of Russia. Outside Europe, it is also present from Siberia to the Pacific Ocean (Kamchatka, Sakhalin) (Bartsch et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Speight 2020). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.","The subpopulations are far apart, but in healthy habitats the species can be abundant. The overall population trend is unknown.","This species prefers marshy, calcareous or neutral habitats, such as springs and flushes, lagg edges of raised bogs, young peat bogs, fens, and unimproved wet grasslands. It also occurs close to standing or slow-moving water (streams, slow-moving river branches), in open areas such as young reed beds and seasonally flooded grasslands, and in forest edges and forest glades in Alnus or Betula forests (Ball et al. 2011, Bartsch et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020, A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020). Males fly low and fast over Sphagnum bog vegetation and settle regularly (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019).     This species visits umbellifers, Crataegus, Euphorbia palustris, Frangula alnus, Knautia, Potentilla, Prunus, Ranunculus, Rosa rugosa, Sorbus aucuparia, Spiraea and Viburnum opulus, and it can very often be found on Iris pseudacorus as well (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020).     The larvae are unknown (Speight 2020), but they probably live in open freshwater (large or small bodies), close to the adult habitat. They possibly feed on nutrient-rich decaying plant material.","The habitat of this species is under threat from abstraction of ground and surface water, habitat alteration due to climate change, and by the eutrophication of the habitat by nitrogen input - both ammonia (NH3) input from agriculture, and nitrogen oxides (NOx) from industry and traffic - in parts of its range.",There are no conservation plans in place for this species. Research and monitoring are needed to understand its ecology and population trends better.,The species is not used.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Orthonevra,montana,,Orthonevra montana,"Vujić, 1999",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  Across its distribution, this European endemic is rare in Germany, Greece, Romania and Czechia (Bradescu 1991, Ssymank et al. 2011, Barták and Vujić 2004 as cited in Speight 2020, Vujić et al. 2020). Although it lives in mountainous areas in the Balkans, it does not seem to be threatened by climate change in Serbia, where the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) shows a little increase under expected climate change scenarios (Miličić et al. 2018).   Within the European Union, it is only known from eight localities (Germany, Czechia, Romania and four localities in Greece) with an estimated AOO of 32 km2. The distribution is severely fragmented and the extent and the quality of the habitat are inferred to be declining. Thus this species is assessed as Endangered in the EU27.  In Europe as a whole, it is also Endangered due to the few severely fragmented populations, continuous threats to the habitat, and the small AOO (minimum of 56 km2).",Unknown,"This European endemic occurs in the mountainous parts of the Balkans (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece, North Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia), but there is also one record from Thassos island, Greece, at 80 metres asl. (Vujić 1999, Vujić et al. 2020). There are also records from Germany (Bavaria, the Isar River Valley) (Ssymank et al. 2011) and Czechia (Speight 2020, locality derived from title of the referred article: Šumava Mountain). The type locality in Serbia is destroyed (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2021).      The closely related Orthonevra tristis is also listed from Hungary, Romania and southern Italy. The records from Romania are included in this assessment as they are very likely to belong to this species (W. van Steenis pers. comm. 2021). The other records could refer either to O. montana or to O. tristis, so they are included in the O. tristis assessment as uncertain records.       The extent of occurrence (EOO) is above the threshold for threatened categories in both Europe and the EU27 countries. The area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km2 with a minimum known AOO of 56 km2 in Europe, and is 36 km2 in the EU27 countries.","The type locality has been destroyed and there have been no recent records there. There is no information about the population trend, but the species can be very abundant in healthy habitats.","This species lives near streams with small Sphagnum bogs, or calcareous spring fens in open Picea/Pinus forests well above 1,000 metres. The habitat is a mixture of wet and dry habitats with upwelling groundwater (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020).      It visits white umbellifers, Ranunculus and Trollius (van Steenis et al. 2015, Vujić 1999). The adults are found on large dry rocks in riverbeds. It is associated with Sphagnum bogs in the southeastern part of Europe, but in the Isar Valley with calcareous fens (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020).     The habitat in Greece (at Thassos) is not known.         The larvae are not yet known, but they probably live in the small bogs, springs or flushes close to the adult habitats.","This alpine species is threatened by winter tourism (development of ski resorts and ski runs), unsustainable grazing of grasslands by livestock, nutrient-enriching pollution from agriculture and climate change. Water abstraction can also impact it during its larval stage.","No conservation actions are in place for this species. Research and monitoring are needed to understand its ecology and population trends better. In Serbia, this is a strictly protected species.",The species is not used.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Orthonevra,nobilis,,Orthonevra nobilis,"(Fallén, 1817)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a widespread species. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category. Although its habitat is somewhat threatened, it is considered not to be threatened and stable in all assessed countries of Europe. Therefore, the species is assessed as Least Concern in the EU27 and Pan-Europe.",Unknown,"This species is distributed from central Sweden and Finland south to the Pyrenees, Portugal and central Spain, and from Ireland eastwards through northern and central Europe into European parts of Russia. It is also present in the mountainous parts of Italy, western Balkans, and Greece. Outside Europe, it occurs in Anatolia (Turkey), the Caucasus, and from Siberia to the Far East and China (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2020, Vujić et al. 2020).  Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.",There is no information available about the population size or trends. The species mostly flies in low numbers.,"This species prefers springs and flushes in fen, raised bog, riparian gallery forest and humid Fagus. It also occurs in humid grassland near springs, and it is often collected by sweeping lush vegetation. It visits white umbellifers, Achillea, Caltha palustris, Crataegus, Fragaria, Galium, Potentilla erecta, Ranunculus, and Viburnum opulus (Ball et al. 2011, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Speight 2020). While the adults prefer dry flower-rich grasslands such as calcareous meadows, the larvae are aquatic (Reemer et al. 2009), living in springs, brooks and flushes, where they feed in wet organically-enriched mud (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Speight 2020).","The threats to this species are decreasing ground-water levels, habitat deterioration from aerial nutrient inputs (both agricultural and industrial nitrogen deposition), decreasing surface water levels (mainly due to agricultural use), climate change, and probably pesticides as well in parts of its range.",There are no conservation plans in place for this species. Research and monitoring are needed to understand its ecology and population trends better.,This species is not used.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Orthonevra,plumbago,,Orthonevra plumbago,"(Loew, 1840)",,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  This European endemic is very rare but rather widely distributed. It is very closely related to Orthonevra  incisa and O. brevicornis. Speight and Castella (2011) give characters to separate O. brevicornis and O. plumbago. Some authors suggest that O. incisa might be a synonym of O. plumbago, but this synonymy has never been established.   The possible threats are not known, but probably the species suffers from threats to its habitats, such as drainage, nitrogen deposition and habitat changes due to climate change, just like several other species of Orthonevra. In Finland, it may be Extinct, and in France it is clearly threatened (Hyvärinen et al. 2019, Speight et al. 2020). This species is assessed as Endangered in Europe as it has a small area of occupancy (AOO), which is probably smaller than 40 km2, it is considered to be severely fragmented, and throughout its distributional range, a continuous decline has been observed in the quality of habitats.",Unknown,"This endemic species has been recorded in southeastern Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, France (the Alps), Czechia, Switzerland, Slovakia, Italy, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova, Ukraine and European Russia. (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2020, Ł. Mielczarek pers. comm. 2020, G. Popov pers. comm. 2020). The species is possibly extinct in Italy, Finland and Ukraine (W. van Steenis pers. comm. 2021). The German records in Speight (2020) refer to Orthonevra incisa (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020). Exact locality data are not always available for this species, so calculating the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) was difficult.","Nothing is known about the population size or trend. The subpopulations are very small and very widely separated and their viability is questionable, so the species is considered to be severely fragmented. All assumed 10 localities might be so small that they are at the risk of immediate extinction.","The only habitat information is in Speight (2020). According to this, the species prefers springs and flushes in seasonally-flooded, oligotrophic or mesotrophic, herb-rich, harvested Phragmites marsh. In addition, it also occurs on freely-draining sandy soil, and small open areas with flushes in Alnus incana forest. The larvae are not known, but they probably live in freshwater close to the adult habitat, as in other species of the genus. Although the precise habitat and habitat demands are not known, the species has specific habitat requirements, and it needs a combination of terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Throughout its distribution range, a continuing decline of suitable habitats for other species of Orthonevra is observed, so probably this is true for this species as well.","The biology of this species is hardly known, so it is not possible to state clearly the threats. However, it probably suffers from  threats to its habitats, such as drainage, nitrogen deposition and  habitat changes due to climate change, just like several other species  of Orthonevra.",There are no conservation plans in place for this species. Research and monitoring are needed to understand its ecology and population trends better.,This species is not used.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Orthonevra,shusteri,,Orthonevra shusteri,"Bradescu, 1993",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27-2020,,"This species is only known from one locality in Romania. It was collected along a small creek  on Ranunculus sp. As in all marsh habitats, the habitat will most probably suffer from habitat alteration by climate change, nitrogen deposition and use of ground or surface water.   Considering that it has not been collected since 1970 and is only known from the  type locality, it might be an aberrant specimen of another species. Since its taxonomic status is unclear, this species is assessed as Data Deficient. After establishing its taxonomic status, more research and monitoring will be needed to understand its ecology and population trends.",Unknown,"This species is only known from the type specimen, a single male from the province of Muntenia in Romania (district of de Giurgiu, Commune Comana, at 80-90 metres asl.), collected in 1970. It was collected along a small creek on Ranunculus sp. This area is a small nature reserve in the Danube valley, 20 km south of Bucharest.   Since the species has not been collected since 1970 and is only known from the type locality, it might be an aberrant specimen of another species. However, as long as the holotype is not studied in a broader study of Orthonevra, it is treated here as a good species.",This species is only known from one male specimen (Brădescu 1993).,"The specimen was collected along a small creek on a species of Ranunculus (Brădescu 1993). The larva is not known, but will surely live in freshwater close to adult habitat, as in other Orthonevra species.","The possible threats are unknown, but as for all marsh habitats, the habitat will probably suffer from  habitat alteration by climate change, nitrogen deposition and use of  ground or surface water","There are no conservation plans in place for this species. The first step should be to determine its taxonomic status. If it is a good species, then research and monitoring are needed to understand its ecology and population trends.",This species is not used.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Orthonevra,stackelbergi,,Orthonevra stackelbergi,"Thompson and Torp, 1982",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The species is Red Listed on the western border of its distribution: it is Critically Endangered in Germany, and Vulnerable in Norway (Henriksen and Hilmo 2015, Ssymank et al. 2011). However, in most parts of its distribution, it is considered as Least Concern (ArtDatabanken 2020, Hyvärinen et al. 2019), even thought the habitat is clearly threatened. In addition, its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category. Overall, the species is considered to be Least Concern in Europe and in the  European Union, mostly due to the many connected subpopulations and small decline.",Unknown,"This species occurs in Fennoscandia (southern Norway, along the Baltic Sea in Sweden and most of Finland) and Denmark, Belgium, the Baltic States, Poland and Ukraine. It is also present in the European parts of Russia and onwards through Siberia to the Pacific Ocean (Bartsch et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Speight 2020). It is rare and highly localised in Sweden and Finland (Bartsch et al. 2009). The species is listed for Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011), but without any locality. The Ukrainian records were published as Orthonevra intermedia by Lezhenina in 1991 and Anikina in 1966 (G. Popov pers. comm. 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.",Nothing is known about population size or trends.,"In Sweden and Finland, this species occurs in meadows and glades in damp deciduous or mixed forests, often near temporarily flooded areas (Bartsch et al. 2009). In Belgium, it appears in the lagg zone between forests and raised bogs (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019). It visits white umbellifers, Aruncus asiaticus, Caltha, Crataegus, Crepis, Frangula alnus, Potentilla erecta, Ranunculus, Rosa canina, Sambucus nigra and Viburnum opulus (Bartsch et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Speight 2020).   The larva is unknown, but probably lives in freshwater near the adult habitat.","This species is threatened by decreasing water levels, intensive forest management, and habitat shifts caused by climate change. In parts of the range, habitat alteration caused by nitrogen deposition will also pose a threat.",There are no conservation plans in place for this species. Research and monitoring are needed to understand its ecology and population trends better.,The species is not used.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Orthonevra,tristis,,Orthonevra tristis,"(Loew, 1871)",,Yes,NT,B2ab(iii),No,NT,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU27  regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  This European endemic occurs in wet alpine meadows close to springs, a habitat threatened both within and outside the EU by many human activities. Within the mountain ranges, it is quite widespread and abundant. Based on the small (1.600 km2 in Europe and 1,200 km2 in the EU27 countries) area of occupancy (AOO) and the estimated decline of the habitat, the species is classified as Near Threatened in the EU27 and in Europe as a whole. Although very challenging to judge, its distribution is not considered to be severely fragmented at the moment, but with more data this could easily change in the near future. Between the mountain ranges, its distribution can indeed be severely fragmented, but within the ranges, the subpopulations could be very well connected. The only subpopulations outside the EU 27 occur in Switzerland.",Decreasing,"This European endemic occurs in the Massif Central in France, throughout the Alps (Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, and Italy), the Pyrenees (France, and Spain), the Cantabrian Mountains (Northern Spain) and in the Sierra de Gredos (Central Spain) (Speight 2020). It is also recorded from Romania, Hungary and southern and central Italy, but these records could refer either to Orthonevra montana or to O. tristis. The Hungarian and Italian records (outside the Alps) need confirmation of the identification (W. van Steenis pers. comm. 2021). The Romanian records probably refer to Orthonevra montana (W. van Steenis pers. comm. 2021), and so those records are not included in this assessment. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,600 km2 and in the EU27, it is estimated to be around 1,200 km2.","Orthonevra tristis is quite abundant in healthy habitats. In mountain areas, it inhabits a rather large altitudinal range. Between mountain ranges the subpopulations are severely fragmented as they cannot interact, but within a mountain range, the subpopulations could be well-connected.","This species prefers wet unimproved montane or alpine grasslands close to springs and streams. It visits flowers such as Ranunculus (Speight 2020).        The larvae have been described by Maibach and Goeldlin (1994), found among plant roots beside seepages in unimproved alpine grasslands (Speight 2020).","The alpine wetlands where this species occurs are quite vulnerable to habitat destruction (ski resorts, ski runs, water use for electricity production, intensification of farming, regulation of rivers and brooks, mining and use of pebbles for building purposes among others). Within the habitat, the inputs of nutrients and/or pesticides probably have a negative impact on the subpopulations. Climate change will also alter the habitat, but the negative impact of climate change on the species itself is not confirmed.",There are no conservation plans in place for this species. Research and monitoring are needed to understand its ecology and population trends.  Protection of important sites and reducing the impact of habitat   destruction would benefit its conservation fortunes.,The species is not used.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Palumbia,bellierii,,Palumbia bellierii,"(Bigot, 1860)","The species is morphologically similar to Palumbia eristaloides (Portschinsky, 1887), and further research is needed to determine whether they may be the same taxon.",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Palumbia bellierii is a very rare species, only known from four records in three localities in Greece and Italy. At present, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 127,708 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 12 and 16 km2. In addition, the current population trend is considered to be decreasing, and the population is considered to be severely fragmented. The species is considered to occur at three or four locations, based on the threat of increased drought as a result of climate change in southern Europe, which is causing a decline in the habitat of the aquatic larvae. Therefore, this species is assessed as Endangered under Criterion B.  The species is morphologically similar to Palumbia eristaloides, and further research is needed to determine whether they may be the same taxon, which if synonymised, would greatly increase the range of the species. Further research is also needed to determine more information on the population and threats to this species.",Decreasing,"This species is only known from Sicily and Greece. Over the last 150 years, it has only been found in two localities from Sicily (one in 1860 and more recently in 2008, from a picture on the internet), and one from northern Greece (Vikos Gorge) and one from the Peloponnesos. It is morphologically similar to Palumbia eristaloides (Portschinsky 1887) but genetic research is needed to determine whether they may be the same taxon. If it turns out to be the same taxon as P. eristaloides (which is known from Turkey and Central  and West Asia) the range of the species would expand a lot, but this is not yet confirmed.  At present, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 127,708 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 12 and 16 km2.  The species is considered to occur at three or four locations, and based on the threat of the decline in larval (aquatic) habitat there will be a decline in the number of locations were the species occurs. Aquatic habitats are considered to be a threatened habitat, especially in Southern Europe (Janssen et al. 2016).","Not much information is available about the subpopulations of this species in Sicily. In Greece, one specimen was caught in the Pindos Mountains in 2004 (G. Pennards pers. comm. 2019). There is also a specimen from Peloponnesos (Greek atlas, Vujic et al. 2020). The species is considered to be severely fragmented as the three localities are very far apart, and so may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation. The species is also extremely rare so the subpopulations are likely to be localized and at risk. The current population trend is considered to be decreasing as a result of the decline in the aquatic habitat of the larvae.","There is little information about the habitat of this species, although the larvae are considered to be aquatic. The flight period is considered to be June. The species was photographed in Parco delle Madonie (Pizzo Sant'Angelo, 800 m, asl June 2008) on Sicily, visiting Foeniculum sp. (Natura mediterraneo 2008). It is presumed that the quality and extent of the habitat has and will continue to decline, given the impacts of climate change on aquatic habitats in southern Europe.","The threats to this species are largely unknown, but it is likely to be impacted by increasing droughts as a result of climate change, due to the presumed aquatic larvae.","Surveys in the three known localities are recommended, and also on Sicily around the known locality in May/June are suggested to determine if it still exists there. Further research on the taxonomy, biology and ecology is required, as well as on the threats to this species.",This species is not used or traded.,"Van Der Meutter, F. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A., Popov, G., Mazanek, L. & Vujić, A.","Birtele, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Paragus,absidatus,,Paragus absidatus,"Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1971",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  This species is known from a small number of scattered records in Europe from the Pyrenees to European Russia. The species is found living in alpine, subalpine and montane grasslands, and the main threats to the species are intensive grazing of its habitat by livestock and ski resorts. It is assessed as Endangered in both Europe and the EU 27, since it has a small area of occupancy (AOO) which is 72 km2 for Europe and 56 km2 for the EU 27 countries, a severely fragmented population, and a continuing decline in the quality of the species' habitat. The subpopulations are small and isolated and are found in 13 locations. There is no potential rescue effect from subpopulations outside of the region. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 1,948,562 km2 and in the EU 27 it is estimated to be around 528,796 km2.  Sustainable management of livestock grazing would benefit this species. The protection of key sites and habitats are needed conservation actions for this species. Further research on the species' population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats as well as the increased monitoring of its population and habitat trends are needed.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is known from the Pyrenees in southern France (apparently not recorded from adjacent parts of northern Spain) and southeastern France, Switzerland, northern Italy, Austria, and from single locality records from each of Serbia, Bulgaria, western Ukraine and European Russia. Röder (1998) recorded the species in Germany, but this was a misidentification - the record actually referred to Paragus pecchiolli, identified by Dieter Doczkal; based on this information, Paragus absidatus was deleted from the German list of hoverflies (Doczkal et al. 2002). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 1,948,562 km2 and in the EU 27 it is estimated to be around 528,796 km2. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 72 km2 in Europe and around 56 km2 in the EU 27. The species is found in 13 locations, up to 2,500 metres above sea level.  Outside of Europe, it has been recorded from the Anatolia region of Turkey, in the Siberian Mountains, and in the Amur and Primorye regions of Russia.","There is no information about the population size for this species, and the current population trend is unknown. It is very rare in both Europe and the EU 27 countries, and very few records have been made. The population is considered to be severely fragmented because it is found in small and isolated subpopulations.","The species prefers open ground, unimproved, calcareous and non-calcareous alpine/subalpine grassland and moraine up to 2,500 m. It also lives in unimproved montane grassland within the Picea zone down to 1,300 m. It has also been recorded in Larix forest near a river on ungrazed lawns (Lebard and Speight 2019). Adults fly low to the ground over vegetation, and are active in either mid-June or at the end of July (Speight 2018). The developmental stages for the species are known because the larva and puparium were described by Rotheray and Sarthou (2007). The larvae were found on Gentiana punctata, Epilobium and Cirsium in subalpine grassland; they are predators, mostly feeding on soft-bodied true bugs of the suborder Homoptera.",The main threat to this species is the intensive grazing of its habitat by livestock. Ski resorts are also one of the main threats to alpine calcareous grasslands (García-González 2008).,"There are no known conservation actions for this species so far. It was designated as a strictly protected species under the Serbian legislation (Code on declaration and protection of strictly protected and protected wild species of plants, animals and fungi, (“Official Gazette of RS”, no. 5/2010). Sustainable management of livestock grazing would benefit this species. The protection of key sites and habitats are the conservation actions needed. Further research on the population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats are needed, as well as increased monitoring of its population and habitat trends. Some point localities occur within protected areas and at  Natura 2000 sites such as at Hautes vallées d'Aspe et d'Ossau and  Combeynot - Lautaret - Ecrins in France; Osttiroler Gletscherflüsse  Isel, Schwarzach and Kalserbach in Austria; Rodopi - Zapadni in Bulgaria  (European Environment Agency 2020) and at the Kopaonik National Park in  Serbia.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Lair, X., Flinn, G. & Eggert, F.","Tot, T. & Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Paragus,albifrons,,Paragus albifrons,"(Fallén, 1817)",,No,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv)",No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)    The species is widely distributed in the European region but it is known from relatively scattered localities and is considered to be severely fragmented. The species is assessed as Endangered (EN) for Europe and the EU27 Member States since its area of occupancy (AOO) is not larger than 500 km2 in both Europe and the EU 27, and there is a continuing decline in habitat due to intensive logging. Protection of sites and habitat of this species is recommended. Site/area and resource and habitat protection is recommended for the species. The preferred habitat of the species is warm and dry oak forest, dry pine forest, dry dune scrub, and ancient unimproved dry grassland. Further research on the population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology as well as the monitoring of the population and habitat trends is required for this species.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is distributed from southern Sweden, south to the Mediterranean, including Malta, and from the south of the United Kingdom eastwards through central and southern Europe and into European Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 6,835,216 km2 and in the EU 27 it is estimated to be around 4,899,708 km2. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 464-500 km2 and 392-400 km2 for the EU 27.  Outside of Europe, the species is also recorded in the Caucasus Mountains, Iran, Afghanistan, and Mongolia (Speight 2018).","The population size and trend is poorly understood for this species. It is relatively widespread in Europe, but in many of its localities it is very rare, with very few records. The population is considered to be severely fragmented due to small and isolated subpopulations.","This species prefers warm and dry oak forest, dry pine forest, dry dune scrub, and ancient unimproved dry grassland. It is usually found close to damper spots and stream margins, flying early in the morning and late in the evening, under warm conditions. It flies within stands of taller grasses along the edges of paths and in small, open areas within forest or dune scrub. It has a preference for the following flowers: Eryngium, Euphorbia, Ranunculus, Sambucus ebulus and Veronica. The adult flight period is from June to October, with a peak in September. The larva was described by Goeldlin (1974) who collected it on Cirsium arvense (Speight 2018). The larvae are predators, mostly of soft-bodied true bugs of the suborder Homoptera.",This species is threatened by unsustainable forestry practices such as intensive logging (EEA 2016). This causes a decline in the quality and availability of  habitat.,"There are no specific conservation actions currently in place for this species. It has been listed as Near Threatened (NT) in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011), as Least Concern (LC) in Sweden (Artsdatabanken 2010) and Vulnerable (VU) in the Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005). In the United Kingdom, the species is listed as Critically Endangered (CR), because it is only known from a very few small localities in the Thames Estuary, which are very fragmented. In its subpopulation in the United Kingdom it has undergone a very significant decline in its range, and if one of only three recent localities is lost, this will continue (Ball and Morris 2014). Site/area and resource and habitat protection is recommended. Further research is required on the population size, distribution, trends, life history and ecology, as well as the monitoring of the population and habitat trends.  Some localities of the species occur within Natura 2000 sites, such as at  Ria de Aveiro in Portugal; Sierra y Cañones de Guara, Serra de  Collserola, and Les Gavarres in Spain; Forêts picardes: massif des trois  forêts et bois du Roi, Forêts picardes: Compiègne, Laigue, Ourscamps in  France; Vallée de la Meuse de Dinant à Yvoir in Belgium; River Avon,  Stour and Orwell Estuaries and Thames Estuary and Marshes in Great  Britain; Kaiserstuhl, Bruch close to Bühl and Baden-Baden, Wälder and  Wiesen close to Malsch, Bienwaldschwemmfächer, Tiefental, Schmiechtal,  Donau between Munderkingen and Ulm, northern Iller and Bocksbach, and  Pfinz in Germany; Dolina Vipave in Slovenia; Bernstein - Lockenhaus -  Rechnitz in Austria; Répce mente, Köröshegyi erdők, Mogyorós-hegy,  Felső-kiskunsági szikes puszta, Csévharaszti homokvidék, and  Alpár-bokrosi tisza-ártéri öblözet in Hungary; Frumoasa, Delta Dunării  and Podișul Nord Dobrogean in Romania; Reka Yantra and Burgasko ezero in  Bulgaria; Koryfes Orous Smolikas, Ori Voreiou Vourinou Kai Mellia, Oros  Pilio Kai Paraktia Thalassia Zoni- Spilaia Malaki Kai Skeponi, Oros  Falakro, and Koilada Filiouri in Greece (European Environment Agency  2020).",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Flinn, G., Lair, X. & Eggert, F.","Tot, T. & Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Paragus,albipes,,Paragus albipes,"Gimmerthal, 1842",Speight (2011) notes that the identity of this species is uncertain; its description (Gimmerthal 1842) is undiagnostic and its its maleterminalia have never been figured.,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27-2020,,"The European endemic species is present in Estonia and Latvia. The species is assessed as Data Deficient (DD), because there is no sufficient information for a proper assessment of conservation status to be made. There are no known conservation actions for the species so far. Research on taxonomy, population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats is needed for this species. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is also recommended for the species in Estonia and Latvia. It is unknown if the species is located in Protected Areas or National Parks.",Unknown,"This species was described from either Estonia and Latvia (Speight 2018). Gimmerthal (1842) published a catalogue of Lifland Diptera. Unfortunately, it is not possible to establish from the catalogue which of the species were found in Latvia and which in Estonia, because Lifland included the northern part of Latvia and southern part of Estonia (Kuznetzov 1993). The species is endemic to Europe, described from Estonia or Latvia and not subsequently cited from elsewhere (though see Speight (2011) for a discussion of Peck's (1988) recording of the species from Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are impossible to include due to insufficient information about the range of this species.","There is no information about the population size and trend of this species. There is no reliable evidence when this species was last observed, neither when it was last found nor in which number.","There is no information about the preferred habitat and flight period for this species. The developmental stages of this species are also unknown. In the original description (Gimmerthal 1842), as well as in publications, experts state that information about habitat of this species is lacking (Kuznetzov 1993, Speight 2018).",The threats to the species are unknown.,"Research is needed on its taxonomic identity, population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is also recommended in Estonia and Latvia. It is unknown if the species is located in Protected Areas or National Parks.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Tot, T. & Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Paragus,ascoensis,,Paragus ascoensis,"Goeldlin de Tiefenau and Lucas, 1981","According to some authors (e.g. Burgio et al. 2015), P. ascoensis, P. haemorrhous and P. tibialis belong to a single polymorphic taxon with high intraspecific variability. If this approach is accepted, the senior name would be Paragus tibialis (Fallén, 1817).",Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),Yes,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"The species is endemic to Europe, being only found on Corsica and Sardinia, and potentially in southern peninsula Italy, with records from there requiring confirmation. Considering it has a small area of occupancy (AOO) of 120 km2, a continuing decline in habitat quality, and that the species is found in only 10-14 locations based on the threat of tourism activities and infrastructure, this species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii)), taking a precautionary approach and considering there to be ten locations. Protection of key sites and habitat for this species is recommended. Further monitoring of the population and habitat trends is needed. Research into the species' taxonomic identity, population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology and threats is also recommended.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Corsica and Sardinia (Speight 2018), but is also possibly present in southern Italy (Burgio et al. 2015). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is estimated to be around 25,529 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) about 120 km2. It is found in between 10 and 14 locations.","There is no known information about the population size or trends of this species. However, the last specimen was found more than 20 years ago in Corsica and around 15 years ago in Sardinia. During the recent general hoverfly surveys in these areas, the species was not recorded, but no targeted surveys were organized, so it is not reasonable to assume that the species might be possibly extinct, especially as it is found in several locations. The species is however considered to be rare in Europe and in the EU 27 (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).","The habitat of this species is not understood. The majority of specimens have been found in the vicinity of the commune Asco on Corsica. Asco offers an extremely rich and varied landscape of bare rocky mountains in the Gorges of Asco, with almost impenetrable scrub above the gorges. There is dry and arid forest of prickly juniper in the vicinity of the village, and thick forests of black pine above the village. Below the ridge lines, thick and aromatic alder bushes grow - an endemic shrub without a trunk. The remarkable Asco communal forest that covers the upper valley includes the Forest of Vecchietto and the Forest of Carrozzica, which are larger and higher, but both on the Asco slopes. These landscapes are similar to high alpine valleys. The species is known to visit the flowers of Euphorbia. Some specimens were caught by entomological nets while flying above the flowers of Euphorbia pithyusa cupanii (Birtele 2011). The adult flight period is from the end of March to the beginning of October. The developmental stages have not been described (Speight 2018).","The main threat to the species is activities and infrastructure associated with tourism (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019), as well as intensive land use, mainly connected with overgrazing (Falcucci et al. 2007). Both islands Corsica and Sardinia are well-known tourist attractions. Specifically, the commune Asco, where many of the specimens have been found, once had a ski-resort, and now there are tourist activities such as adrenaline parks, hotels and camping sites Additionally, there are several historical and heritage sights. Overgrazing is particularly present in Corsica due to an extremely high number of pigs in the forests (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019). Because the species is found on Mediterranean islands that lie in one of the areas most susceptible to climate change in the world (Vogiatzakis et al. 2016), this might pose additional threatening factors.","There are no known conservation actions currently in place for this species. Some of the localities where the species is found are a part of the Natura 2000 network. Protection of key sites and habitat for this species is recommended. Further monitoring of the population and habitat trends is needed, especially as the last specimen was found more than 20 years ago. Research is needed into the population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S., Flinn, G. & Eggert, F.","Miličić, M., Tot, T. & Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Paragus,bicolor,,Paragus bicolor,"(Fabricius, 1794)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The species is found across southern Europe and into the European parts of Turkey and Russia. It typically exists in warm and dry Oak and Beech forests. The species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) for Europe and the EU27 Member States because it is considered to be relatively widespread and because the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. The population trend of the species is considered to be stable currently but increased monitoring is needed for this species and its habitat - which is facing a number of threats. Resource and habitat protection is recommended. Research on the population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats as well as the monitoring of population and habitat trends is recommended.",Stable,"This species is distributed across southern Europe (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020) including European Turkey and some Mediterranean islands, and the range extends to the northeast to European Russia. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.  Outside of Europe, it is also found in Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Kirghizstan, Tajikistan, and Iran (Sorokina 2009) and North Africa (Morocco and Algeria).","There is very little information about the population size of this species, but based on records of collected specimens, the population trend is considered to be stable. Both in Europe and in the EU 27, the species is not considered to be rare.","The species prefers open ground and forest. It exists in herb-rich temporary clearings, forest fringes and dry open clearings in warm and dry oak and beech forest. It can be found in open areas within Quercus ilex forest and maquis shrubland (Speight 2018). The adult flight period is from April to October. The developmental stages are not yet understood, but the larvae are predators of soft-bodied true bugs of the suborder Homoptera.","Intensive logging practices, overgrazing by livestock and tourism infrastructure development (in Mediterranean countries) may cause a decline in the extent and quality of habitat for this species (CEPF 2010).","There are no current conservation actions for this species. Resource and habitat protection is recommended. Research is recommended on the population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats, as well as monitoring of population and habitat trends. Some localities occur within Natura 2000 sites, such as  at all sites in Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece and Bulgaria and Les  Cévennes, Garrigues de Lussan, Forêt de Grésigne et environs and Les  Ecrins in France (European Environment Agency 2020).",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Flinn, G., Lair, X. & Eggert, F.","Tot, T. & Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Paragus,bradescui,,Paragus bradescui,"Stănescu, 1981",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)    The species is found across the Mediterranean region and can be found in oak woodlands and dry sparsely-vegetated, and unimproved grassland. It has been assessed as Endangered (EN) in both Europe and the EU 27 because it has an area of occupancy (AOO) of 184 km2 in Europe and 152 km2 in the EU 27, the population is severely fragmented, and due to human exploitation of the oak forests and grazing by livestock, the species' habitat has experienced a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. There is no potential rescue effect from locations outside of the region. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 3,577,261 km2 and in the EU 27 it is estimated to be around 2,667,606 km2. Resource and habitat protection is recommended. Research on the population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats as well as the monitoring of the population and habitat trends is also needed.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species can be mostly found on Mediterranean islands and within the zone of the Mediterranean and Black Sea, with a few continental records (Vujić et al. 1999). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 3,577,261 km2 and in the EU 27 it is estimated to be around 2,667,606 km2. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 184 km2 in Europe and around 152 km2 in the EU 27. It is found between one and 1,920 metres above sea level.  Outside of Europe, it has also been recorded in Turkey, Israel, Asiatic Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan (Speight 2018).","There is no information about the population size of this species, and the population trend is unknown. It is considered to be rare, both in Europe and in the EU 27, with a low number of individuals having been recorded (Vujić et al. 1999). The population is considered to be severely fragmented due to small and isolated subpopulations.","This species prefers open areas and forest fringes in thermophilous oak forests. It also has a preference for stony, dry, sparsely-vegetated and unimproved grassland. The adult flight period occurs from May to September with peaks in May, July and September. The developmental stages are not yet known (Speight 2018), but the larvae are predators and mostly feed on soft-bodied true bugs of the suborder Homoptera.",The human-driven exploitation of Oak forests (Frank 2008) and grazing by livestock have caused a noticeable decline in the quality of the habitat of this species (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).,"There are current conservation actions in place for this species. Resource and habitat protection is recommended. Research is also needed on the population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats, as well as the monitoring of population and habitat trends. Some localities occur within Natura 2000 sites, such as at  Massif de Madres-Coronat, Massif de la Sainte-Baume, Marguareis - La  Brigue - Fontan - Saorge and Haute vallée d'Asco, forêt de Tartagine et  aiguilles de Popolasca and Massif du Rotondo in Corsica in France; Monti  del Gennargentu in Sardinia; Monti Nebrodi and Fascia altomontana  dell'Etna in Sicily in Italy; Zaleđe Trogira in Croatia; Mlaștina  Satchinez and Vedea - Dunăre in Romania and Notiodytiki Chersonisos,  Apolithomeno Dasos Lesvou, Voreia Lesvos, and Lesvos Paraktioi Ygroopoi  Kai Kolpos Kallonis in Greece (European Environment Agency 2020).",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Flinn, G., Lair, X. & Eggert, F.","Tot, T. & Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Paragus,cinctus,,Paragus cinctus,"Schiner and Egger, 1853",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The species is distributed across Europe. The species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 27 because of its relatively large range and because the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly above the threshold for the application of a threatened category. The species is considered to be unthreatened across Europe (Speight et al. 2015). Potential threats for this species are the degradation of habitat quality in part of its range due to human activities such as tourism and agriculture. The species is found in on grassland and shrubland areas. Research on the population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats as well as the monitoring of the population and habitat trends is needed.",Stable,"Within the European region, this species is distributed across Europe in Spain, France (mainland and Corsica), Italy (all parts), Austria, Hungary, Croatia, mainland Greece, Romania, Serbia, and Ukraine. Its presence is uncertain in European Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly above the threshold for the application of a threatened category.  Outside of Europe, it is also found in Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Morocco (Speight 2018).","The population size and population trend of this species are unknown, but assumed to be stable. Both in Europe and the EU 27, the species is not considered to be rare (T. Tot pers. comm. 2019).","The preferred environment of this species is Quercus ilex and Quercus suber forest with a scrub layer of Cistus and Sarrothamnus and more open patches with sparse vegetation that contain grass and Sedum. The adults fly slowly through sparse, tall ground vegetation of grass and scattered bushes, at around one metre from the ground during the earlier part of the morning (it disappears by 10.00 a.m.). The adults are known to visit flowers of Scabiosa plants. The adults are active in May and August (Speight 2020). The larvae are known to be predators, but the developmental stages generally remain poorly understood.","The species is considered to be unthreatened across Europe (Speight et al. 2015). However, it may be affected by the loss of habitat quality in some parts of its range due to tourism and agriculture activities, but these threats do not influence the entire population, which remains stable.","There are no current conservation activities in place for this species. It is present in Natura 2000 Sites in Spain, France, Italy, Austria, Croatia, Hungary, Romania and Greece. Research is needed on the population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats, as well as monitoring of population and habitat trends.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S., Flinn, G. & Eggert, F.","Miličić, M., Tot, T. & Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Paragus,coadunatus,,Paragus coadunatus,"Rondani, 1847",,No,VU,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable  (VU)  The species is found on the Canary Islands, Azores Islands Sicily, Malta, Madeira, Porto Santo, and in Greece. The species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 188 km2 both for Europe and the EU 27, is found between 10-12 locations, and has a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to resort-oriented tourism development and urbanization. The species prefers open ground, thinly vegetated dry grassland and field margins, and gardens. It has an extent of occurrence in Europe and EU27 (EOO) of 4,404,884 km2. There is no potential rescue effect from subpopulations outside of the region. Site/area as well as resource and habitat protection are recommended. Research on the population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats is required.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is known from scattered localities, from the Macaronesian islands (Canary Islands, Azores Islands, Madeiran archipelago) in the west, to Italy (Sicily), Malta, and Greece (northeastern mainland) in the east. Kassebeer (2002) critically reviewed the literature on Balearic hoverflies, but he did not mention this species. The species was registered in checklists for the Balearic Islands, especially on Mallorca (Riddiford and Ebejer 2006), but without information about the localities where the species was found, and presence on the Balearic Islands requires confirmation. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in both Europe and in the EU 27 is 4,404,88 km2. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 188 km2 in both Europe and the EU 27. It is found in 10-12 locations, between one and 1,800 m above sea level.  Outside of Europe, it is known from Turkey and Morocco (Speight 2018).","There is no information about the population size and trend for this species. It is unknown if the population is severely fragmented. The species is rare in both in Europe and the EU 27. The most recent records are outside Europe, from Morocco (Sahib et al. 2020). The last records from Europe were from Malta and Sicily (Ssymank and Ebejer 2009).","The species prefers open ground, thinly vegetated dry grassland and field margins, and gardens (Speight 2018). Adults are known to visit Crithmum maritimum (Gomez and Baez 1990), Euphorbia, Foeniculum, Ferula, Frankenia, Malva, Solidago (Speight 2018) and Chrysanthemum coronarium (Pita and Gomes 2003). It has also been recorded on grassy vegetation along streams in Pinus brutia forest in the north-eastern part of Greece. The flight period is from April to October. The larva is aphidophagous and is frequently found in aphid colonies of creeping plant communities (Pita and Gomes 2003).",Resort-oriented tourism development and urbanization are causing habitat destruction for the species (CEPF 2010).,"There are no known conservation actions for this species so far; however, site/area as well as resource and habitat protection is needed. Research is required on on the population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats, as well as the monitoring of population and habitat trends.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Tot, T. & Grković, A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Paragus,compeditus,,Paragus compeditus,"Wiedemann, 1830",,No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  In Europe, the species is only confirmed from Cyprus. The species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range in Europe and the EU 27 with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 3,299 km2, an area of occupancy (AOO) of 32 km2, is found at five to seven locations, and is experiencing a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. Using a precautionary approach, the assessors assessed this species as Endangered at present given its small distribution on a single island. It is unlikely that there is a rescue effect from outside subpopulations. Research on the population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats as well as the monitoring of the population and habitat trends is recommended. Site/area protection as well as resource and habitat protection is recommended. Conservation of crucial sites for this species and its coastal dune habitat is required.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is restricted to Cyprus. Historical records from central and southern Italy (Bezzi 1926) and from the Giglio Isle (as Paragus aegyptius) are considered invalid; no specimens can be found in Bezzi's main collection in Milan (D. Sommaggio pers. comm. 2020). There is also a record (also as Paragus aegyptius) from Ukraine, but this specimen was also misidentified (G. Popov pers. comm. 2020). The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 32 km2 in Europe and the EU 27, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is about 3,299 km2. The species occurs at from five to seven locations, at 450 m above sea level.  Outside of Europe, the species occurs in Turkey, North Africa and the Afrotropical region, including the Mascarene islands, Russia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and China (Speight 2018).",There is no information about the population trend for this species. It is considered to be rare both in Europe and the EU 27. It was last observed in 2017. Akrotiri marsh was the locality in Cyprus with the most recorded specimens (27 specimen - 23 males and 4 females) (van Steenis et al. 2019).,"This species prefers open ground in arid habitats, including dune slacks in coastal dune systems and at the edge of marshes (Speight 2018). Most of the European species of Paragus produce multiple broods a year and the larvae feed on aphids (Marcos-García and Rojo 1994). The developmental stages of this species have not been described yet (Speight 2018).","The major threats to the biodiversity of Cyprus are similar to those faced by many other Mediterranean countries. They include the direct loss and destruction of habitat as a result of urbanisation and tourism, largely along the coast. Grazing by livestock and the abandonment of rural areas all have an impact. Land use changes and the expansion of infrastructure and housing cause a major impact on all habitats and to all species on the island. Fires as a result of climate change are also a potential threat to the species (CEPF 2010).","There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. Two point localities occur within the Natura 2000 Network on Cyprus: Koilada Diarizou and Alykes Larnakas (European Environment Agency 2020). Research is recommended on the population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats, as well as the monitoring of population and habitat trends. Site/area protection and resource and habitat protection is recommended. Conservation of crucial sites for this species and its coastal dune habitat is required.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"De Groot, M & Eggert, F.","Tot, T. & Grković, A.","Popov, G., Vujić, A. & Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Paragus,constrictus,,Paragus constrictus,"Šimić, 1986",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  The species is considered to be rare and can be found in coastal, limestone and calcium-rich habitats from alpine regions to calcium deposits that can be found near rivers. The species has been assessed as Endangered (EN) in Europe with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 236 km2 and an extent of occurrence (EOO) of about 5,700,000 km2. In the EU 27 it has an area of occupancy (AOO) assessed to be 144 km2 and an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 5,022,155 km2. The species' population is considered to be severely fragmented in Europe and the EU 27 and due to intensive grazing and coastal development there is a continuing decline in the quality of suitable habitat. Research on the population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats as well as the monitoring of the population and habitat of this species is required. Resource and habitat protection are conservation actions required for the species. In Germany the species is listed as Data Deficient (DD) and in Sweden it is listed as Vulnerable (VU).",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is known from the southern parts of the Scandinavia countries, Ireland, Spain, France and across Central and Eastern Europe to the Crimean Peninsula in Ukraine. In Europe and the EU 27, its range is considered to be severely fragmented. In some countries the records are relatively old, such as in Serbia and Montenegro where the species was last observed in 1997 (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020), in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1983 (Šimić 1986) and in North Macedonia in 1996 (Krpač et al. 2011). In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 236 km2 and the extent of occurrence (EOO) about 5,700,000 km2. In the EU 27 the area of occupancy (AOO) is assessed to be 144 km2 and the extent of occurrence (EOO) about 5,022,155 km2. The species can be found between one and 2,000 m above sea level.  Outside Europe, it has also been recorded in Turkey and Russia (Speight 2018).","The population size and trend of this species are unknown, but it is a very rare species in both Europe and the EU 27.  There are more records in the northern part of Europe than in the southern part. Records from the Balkan Peninsula are very scarce and old (T. Tot pers. comm. 2020). The population is considered to be severely fragmented because many subpopulations are small and isolated.","The species prefers open ground, areas of thinly vegetated rocky limestone, river margins and other aquatic areas that have calcareous deposits present, unimproved alpine pastures, and coastal dune systems. The adults can be found visiting white umbellifers such as Crithmum maritimum, Potentilla erecta, Potentilla fruticosa and Ranunculus. The flight period is between May and July/August. The developmental stages have not been described yet (Speight 2018), but the larvae are predators feeding mostly on aphids and other Homoptera.","This species is threatened by intensive grazing of its habitat by livestock, and by tourism and recreational activities (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). Additionally, in Ireland and part of its northern European range, coastal development and sea level rise resulting from climate change is causing destruction in the quality of its habitat.","There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. In Germany it is listed as Data Deficient (DD) (Ssymank et al. 2011) and in Sweden as Vulnerable (VU) (Artsdatabanken 2010). Research is required on the population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats, as well as the monitoring of population and habitat trends. Resource and habitat protection are required conservation actions. Some localities occur within Natura 2000 sites, such as at  Black Head-Poulsallagh Complex SAC and East Burren Complex SAC in  Ireland; Holtemmen, Højsande og Nordmarken, and Rømø in Denmark;  Verkeåns dalgång in Sweden; Haut Giffre and Plateau d'Emparis - Goleon  in France and Rodopi - Sredni in Bulgaria (European Environment Agency  2020). It is also found in the Durmitor National Park in  Montenegro.",This species is not utilized or traded.,"Lair, X., Flinn, G. & Eggert, F.","Tot, T. & Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Paragus,finitimus,,Paragus finitimus,"Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1971",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  The species is distributed from southern Scandinavia southwards to France and through southern central Europe towards Eastern Europe. The species occurs in calcareous grasslands that can be found in subalpine, lowland, and dune habitats. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,850,451 km2 and in the EU 27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,337,615 km2. It has been assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU 27 since its area of occupancy (AOO) is not larger than 500 km2 in both Europe and the EU 27, the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to extensive grazing and fires. Research on life history and ecology and threats as well as the monitoring of the population trends are required. Site/area as well as resource and habitat protection is recommended to conserve this species.",Unknown,"This species is distributed from southern Scandinavia southwards to France and through southern central Europe towards Eastern Europe.  Reemer and Rennema (2004) removed this species from the Dutch  hoverfly checklist because they considered that the records belong  to the species Paragus bicolor. In Belgium, there had been no confirmed records for this species for 60 years, but in 2018 Paragus finitimus was rediscovered (F. van de Meutter pers. comm. 2020). Outside of Europe, it can be found in Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Mongolia (Speight 2018). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,850,451 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 444 km2. In the EU 27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,337,615 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 392 km2.","There is no information about the overall population size and trend of this species. It is widely distributed across its range, but in most countries the population does not occur in large numbers. Within its range in Europe, only Germany and Hungary have a  high number of records. There is no Red List for Belgium, but this species is definitely one of the rarest and most threatened species there (F. van de Meutter pers. comm. 2020). The range is severely fragmented.","The species can be found in montane and subalpine grassland. It specifically thrives in unimproved, usually calcareous grassland that is lightly-grazed by cows and sheep. It can also be found in dry, unimproved, lightly-grazed, calcareous and lowland pasture. At the northern edge of its range it occurs at sea level in more-or-less calcareous and fixed-dune grasslands (Speight 2018). The developmental stages of this species are poorly known (Speight 2018) but the larvae are known to hunt and feed on invertebrates such as soft-bodied true bugs of the suborder Homoptera.","The main threats to this species are overgrazing by livestock, artificial fires, and habitat loss due to poor management practices and land conversion for agricultural activities. All these threats have negative affects on subalpine grasslands (García-González 2008).","There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. It would benefit from the proper management of grasslands. It is threatened in Germany, but the degree of threat is unknown (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020). In the Czech Republic it has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU) (Farkač et al. 2005). It has not yet been assessed on a national level for Belgium, but it is considered to be one of the rarest and most threatened hoverfly species there (F. van de Meutter pers. comm. 2020). Research is needed on life history, ecology and threats, as well as the monitoring of population trends. Site/area as well as resource and habitat protection is recommended for its conservation. The species occurs in some Natura 2000 sites in Europe, such as at  Valdonnez, Vallée de l'Eyrieux et ses affluents, Roc d'Enfer and Boucles  de Moisson, and de Guernes et de Rosny in France; Monte Pastello in  Italy; Rhein and Hardtebene between Lichtenau and Iffezheim, Albtal with  side valley's, Oberwald and Alb in Karlsruhe, Albtrauf between  Mössingen and Gönningen, Schönbuch, Bocksbach and upper Pfinz, Bruch  close to Bühl and Baden-Baden, Gerolsteiner Kalkeifel, Ahrgebirge, Drei  Gleichen, Kyffhäuser - Badraer Schweiz - Solwiesen, and Drawehn in  Germany; Podyjí in the Czech Republic; Fertő tó, Hanság, Répce mente,  Gerecse, Érd-tétényi plató, Turjánvidék, Balaton, Fülöpházi homokbuckák,  Hevesi-sík, Hór-völgy, Déli-Bükk, Aggteleki-karszt és peremterületei,  and Gemenc in Hungary; Minijos upės slėnis, Vakarinė Aukštaitijos  nacionalinio parko dalis, Anykščių šilelis, and Smalvelės upė ir  šlapžemės in Lithuania and Sreden Pirin - Alibotush in Bulgaria  (European Environment Agency 2020). It is also found in the  Durmitor National Park in Montenegro.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Hayat, R., Flinn, G. & Eggert, F.","Tot, T. & Grković, A.","Sommaggio, D. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Paragus,flammeus,,Paragus flammeus,"Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1971",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    The species is distributed from Belgium southwards through France to central Spain and eastwards through central Europe from Germany, Switzerland, Austria to Ukraine and through southern Europe. This oak woodland species is assessed as Least Concern because of its relatively large range and because its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. Despite a decreasing trend in some European countries, the species is considered to be overall unthreatened across Europe (Speight et al. 2015). Threats to this species are degradation of habitat quality in part of its range due to overgrazing and unsustainable forestry. Resource and habitat protection is required. Research on the population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats as well as the monitoring of the population and habitat trends is needed.",Stable,"Within the European region, this species is distributed from Belgium southwards through France to central Spain, and eastwards through central Europe from Germany, Switzerland, Austria to Ukraine and through southern Europe. Its presence in Greece is uncertain (Vujić et al. 2020), as well as in European Russia, based on Barkalov and Mutin (2018), who argue it is doubtful the species is still extant there. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.  Outside Europe, it can be found in the Caucasus Mountains, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Iran, China and Morocco (Speight 2018).","There is no known information about the population size of this species, but the overall population trend is considered to be stable. However, a decreasing trend is noted in some parts of its European range (Speight et al. 2015).","The preferred environment of the species is at the edge of thermophilous oak forests, and dry/semi-arid unimproved grasslands. The adults fly low among sparse ground vegetation in the grassland habitat, in open areas, and within the oak forests. They are known to visit flowers of Scabiosa (Baugnée 1998). The adult flight period is from the end of May to the end of August. The developmental stages of the species are poorly known, but the larvae are predatory and hunt other invertebrates.","Although there is a decreasing trend of this species in some parts of its European range, overall it is considered not threatened (Speight et al. 2015). It is affected by loss of habitat quality in some parts of its range due to overgrazing by livestock and unsustainable forestry practices, but these threats do not influence the entire population, which overall remains stable.","There are no current conservation actions in place for this species; however, resource and habitat protection is required. Research is needed on the population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats, as well as the monitoring of population and habitat trends. The species is present in some Natura 2000 sites, such as at Fuentes del  Narcea, Degaña e Ibias in Spain and Corbières occidentales in France.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S., Flinn, G. & Eggert, F.","Miličić, M., Tot, T. & Grković, A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Paragus,glumaci,,Paragus glumaci,"Vujić, Simic and Radenković, 1999",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  The species has been recorded in Montenegro, North Macedonia and Greece. The species is found in certain wetlands and in Oak woodlands and it has a very small distribution within Europe. The species is assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU 27 because it has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO) of 24 km2 in Europe and 16 km2 in the EU 27 and is only found at six locations in Europe and at four locations in the EU 27. Furthermore, due to the intensive loss of Oak forests across Europe, a typical habitat for this species, there has been a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the species' habitat. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is around 158,660 km2 in Europe and 55,142 km2 in the EU 27. The species would benefit from site/area as well as resource and habitat protection. This could be aided by increased education and awareness about the species. Research on the population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats as well as the monitoring of the population and habitat trends is recommended. It is unlikely that there is a rescue effect from subpopulations outside the assessment region.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species has been recorded from a small number of localities in Montenegro, North Macedonia (Speight 2020) and Greece (Lesvos (Vujić et al. 2020), Zakynthos and Thasos (unpublished data). The area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2 in Europe and 16 km2 for the EU 27. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is around 158,660 km2 in Europe and 55,142 km2 in the EU 27. It exists at only six locations in Europe and four locations in EU 27, between three and 229 metres above sea level.  Outside of Europe, it is known from only the Anatolian region of Turkey.",The population size and trend for this species is unknown. Very few individuals (not more than 20) have been found on the European continent (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).,"This species prefers open ground and wetlands, seasonally-flooded coastal grassland and sub-Mediterranean lake shores near thermophilous oak forests and maquis (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019). As a larva it is thought that this species hunts and feeds on aphids, like others in this genus.","The main threat to this species is the disappearance of its habitat, due to the destruction of oak forests across Europe (Thomas 2008). Furthermore, most of the remaining habitat is in small and scattered patches, limiting the ability of the species to make the movements important for sustaining populations. Oak forests have been exposed to intense human pressure over the last 2000 years with constant felling (Mansourian et al. 2013). This has resulted in overt destruction, size reductions and fragmentation of these forests, as well as promoting edge effects (Robinson et al. 1995). Residential and tourism development and recreational activities are additional disturbance factors for this species.","There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. However, it would benefit from site/area as well as resource and habitat protection. This could be aided by increased education and awareness about the species. Research is recommended on the population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats, as well as the monitoring of population and habitat trends. It is found at Dojran lake in Macedonia (a Ramsar Site), as well at Skadar Lake National Park in Montenegro and Skala Kallonis in Lesvos, all part of the Natura 2000 network. Some of the other point localities where the species is found are also part of the Natura 2000 network.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S., Flinn, G. & Eggert, F.","Miličić, M., Tot, T. & Grković, A.","Sommaggio, D. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Paragus,haemorrhous,,Paragus haemorrhous,"Meigen, 1822",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The species is found across the European region, including European parts of Russia and Turkey. The species can be found in a wide variety of habitats such as in forests, open ground, wetland, and unimproved grasslands to name a few. It has been assessed as Least Concern (LC) because it is the most common species of the genus Paragus in Europe and its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. Clearance of heathland for agriculture, intensive forestry and loss of plant diversity because of different human activities may cause a decline in the quality of its habitat in the future. Research on the population size, distribution, and trends and threats as well as the monitoring of the population and habitat trends is required to better understand the species and its habitat. Resource and habitat protection is also needed for the species.",Stable,"Within the European region, this species has a vast world range and occurs over most of the Europe region, from northern Norway south to the Iberian Peninsula and the Mediterranean, from Ireland eastwards through central and southern Europe into European parts of Russia and Turkey. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.  Outside Europe, it exists in North Africa, Israel, Turkey, in the Afrotropical region, and in the Americas from the Yukon southwards to Costa Rica (Speight 2018).","This is a common species with a stable population trend (Riddiford and Ebejer 2006, T. Tot pers. comm. 2020).","This species can be found in a variety of habitat such as in forests, open ground, wetland, unimproved grassland (calcareous and non-calcareous), heathland, including montane/subalpine heath, garrigue, dune grassland, open areas and path sides in forest up to the larch and pine zones, and in fen meadows. The adults are known to visit the following flowering plants: heather, Jasione montana, Matricaria, Origanum, Polygonum, Potentilla anserina, Potentilla erecta, Potentilla fruticosa, Solidago and Stellaria. The flight period of the adults is from May to September, with peaks in June and August (Speight 2018). The larvae were described by Goeldlin (1974), originally collected on Knautia flowers. Dussaix (2013) reported that the pupal stage lasts for ten days. Mizuno et al. (1997) stated that the larvae specialise on aphids protected by Black Garden Ants (Lasius niger).","The species can be impacted by the clearance of heathland for agriculture and intensive forestry. Loss of plant diversity due to a variety of human activities such as the introduction of invasive alien species, over-harvesting of biodiversity resources, and homogenization of species in agriculture may cause decline in quality of habitat (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","There are no current conservation actions in place for this species; however, resource and habitat protection is required. It occurs in a number of Natura 2000 sites across Europe. Although the most common species of the genus Paragus in Europe, research is required on the population size, distribution, trends and threats, as well as the monitoring of population and habitat trends, to understand the species and its habitat better.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Lair, X., Flinn, G. & Eggert, F.","Tot, T. & Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Paragus,hyalopteri,,Paragus hyalopteri,"Marcos-Garcia and Rojo, 1994",,No,VU,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  Within Europe, the species is found in Spain, Italy, Serbia, Greece and Ukraine. The species is assessed as Vulnerable under Criterion B because of its restricted area of occupancy (AOO) of 60 km2 in Europe and 52 km2 in the EU 27, its eight to 10 locations in Europe and six to eight locations in the EU 27, and a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat. The species' wetlands, a typical habitat for this species, are in continuing decline due to due to pollution coming from agricultural activities, drainage of these areas, and climate change, where droughts cause habitat alteration. Besides residing in its natural habitat, the species can also be found in orchards. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is around 108,2471 km2 and 685,450 km2 in the EU 27. As the species is not endemic to Europe and is found in Asia, there might be some rescue effect from subpopulations there. Resource and habitat protection and education and awareness are required conservation actions to preserve the species. Future research on the population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats is needed. Further monitoring on the species' populations and habitat trends is also required.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is known from mainland Spain, northern peninsula Italy (Sommaggio and Corazza 2006), Serbia, north-eastern mainland Greece and from Ukraine on the Crimean Peninsula. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km2 in Europe and 52 km2 for the EU 27. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is around 108,2471 km2 in Europe, and 685,450 km2 in the EU 27. It can be found between one and 913 metres above sea level, in eight to 10 locations in Europe and six to eight locations in the EU 27.  Outside Europe, it is recorded further east in Asia in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.",There is no known information about the population size and trends of the species (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).,"The preferred environment for this species is wetlands, marshes or ditches with Arundo or Phragmites, but it is better known in association with orchards of fruit trees such as almond, apricot, peach and plum. There are no data regarding the habitat and habits of adults, as almost all known specimens derived from rearing of larvae. There is also no information about the flowers that this species visits. The flight period is from the end of May until October, with a peak in July (Speight 2018). The larval stage has been studied and described by Marcos-Garcia and Rojo (1994) and Rojo and Marcos-Garcia (1998); it feeds on aphids that live on plum trees, Arundo and Phragmites.","The main threat to this species is loss of natural habitat. Wetlands are in general decline across the world, due to pollution from agricultural activities, drainage and climate change where droughts cause habitat alteration (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).","There are no current conservation actions in place for this species; however, resource and habitat protection as well as education and awareness are required conservation actions for its preservation. Future research is needed on the population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats. Further monitoring on population and habitat trends is also required. It has been recorded in some Natura 2000 sites, such as at Serres de Mariola i el Carrascal de la Font Roja in Spain and Notio Dasiko Symplegma Evrou in Greece.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Miličić, M., Tot, T. & Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Paragus,kopdagensis,,Paragus kopdagensis,"Hayat and Claussen, 1997",,No,EN,,No,NA,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)  Within the European region, this subalpine grasslands and meadows species is only recorded from Serbia. It is assessed under Criterion B under Endangered due to its small extent of occurrence (EOO) of 70 km2 and area of occupancy (AOO) of 8 km2 in Europe, the fact that it is only found in two locations, and because of a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat. The species habitat is threatened by overgrazing and by climate change, causing suitable habitat shifting. Resource and habitat protection is needed to preserve this species. Research on the species' population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats as well as the monitoring of its population and habitat trends is needed. It is unlikely that there is a rescue effect from the subpopulations outside of Europe. As the species is not extant in the EU 27, it is assessed as Not Applicable (NA).",Unknown,"In Europe, this species has only been recorded from two localities in eastern Serbia, close to the border with Bulgaria. In Europe, its area of occupancy is 8 km2, and extent of occurrence (EOO) about 70 km2, from just two locations. It is not present in the EU 27. It has been found between 610 and 1,695 metres above sea level.  Outside Europe, it has been found in Turkey (Hayat and Claussen 1997) and in the Caucasus Mountains in Russia.",There is no information about the population size or trends of this species. Most of the European records are more than 30 years old. One recent record is from Vlasina in Serbia from 2018 (T. Tot pers. comm. 2019).,"The preferred environments of this species are humid, grazed, and subalpine grasslands and meadows. There are no data about the habitat and habits of adults, nor flowers visited. The flight period is from the end of June until August. The larva is zoophagous, hunting other invertebrates. The developmental stages have not been described yet (Speight 2018).","The typical habitat for this species is subalpine grasslands that are moderately grazed, but it is threatened by the destruction of this habitat by overgrazing (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019). Considering that it is a mountain and subalpine species, climate change also posses a threat, causing the shifting of its suitable habitat.","There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. Resource and habitat protection are needed for its preservation. Research is needed on its population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats, as well as the monitoring of population and habitat trends. It is found in the Special Nature Reserve Stara planina and on Vlasina Landscape of Outstanding Features.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Miličić, M., Tot, T. & Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Paragus,majoranae,,Paragus majoranae,"Rondani, 1857",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  The species is endemic to Europe, with scattered records from northern Spain, east to southern Romana and northern Greece. It is assessed as Endangered because of its small area of occupancy (AOO) of 196 km2 in Europe and 156 km2 in the EU 27, its severely fragmented population as a result of habitat destruction and the existence of only small isolated patches of suitable habitat, and a continuing decline in the quality of habitat due to improper forestry management practices. It is assumed that there is no possibility of interaction between subpopulations found in different patches. In Europe and the EU 27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is around 1,668,899 km2. Further research on the species' population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats as well as the monitoring of its population and habitat trends is required.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Europe, with scattered records from northern Spain, southern and eastern France, Germany, northern Italy, northern Greece, Montenegro, Serbia, North Macedonia, Austria (not mapped), Croatia, and Romania (Vujić et al. 2020, T. Tot pers. comm. 2019). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 196 km2 in Europe and 156 km2 for the EU 27; in both Europe and the EU 27, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is around 1,668,899 km2. It is found from five to 2,124 m above sea level.","There is no information about the population size of this species. All records are older than 20 years, with most dating back to around 30 years ago, and those from Italy, Romania and Spain being more than 40 years old. Thus it is reasonable to assume that it is experiencing a declining population trend. The population is also considered to be severely fragmented as a result of habitat destruction and the existence of only small isolated patches of suitable habitat, with no possibility of interaction between subpopulations found in different patches (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).","The preferred environment for this species is open forest ground, open grassy areas, both humid and semi-arid, along brooks and rivers in warm-dry Oak (Quercus) forest, and upwards through Beech (Fagus) forest into the Spruce (Picea) zone up to 1,500 metres in the Balkan countries. It is largely confined to relict areas of unmodified forest (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019). Adults fly among low-growing plants (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019). The flight period is from April and May until July and August. The larva is zoophagous, hunting other invertebrates. The developmental stages have not been described yet (Speight 2018).","The main threat to this species is the destruction of deciduous and relict forests, which are in a general decline due to improper management practices in forestry, such as clear cutting (mainly the Balkan Peninsula) and elimination of old trees (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).","There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. Resource and habitat protection are required for its preservation. Further research is required on the population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats, as well as the monitoring of population and habitat trends. It is present in some Natura 2000 areas.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Miličić, M., Tot, T. & Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Paragus,medeae,,Paragus medeae,"Stănescu, 1991",,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"The species, which is endemic to the EU 27, is found in Hungary and Romania. The species is a typical inhabitant of sand dunes. It is assessed as Endangered because of its restricted extent of occurrence (EOO) of 4,567 km2 and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 16 km2, the fact that it is found in only two locations, and because it has a continuing decline of habitat quality due to deforestation which causes sand erosion. The species would benefit from conservation actions such as site/area as well as resource and habitat protection and education and awareness. Further research on the species' population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats as well as the monitoring of its population and habitat trends is necessary.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, where it is known from two point localities in eastern Romania (Stanescu 1992) and two 10x10 km grid cells in central Hungary (Ócsa, close to Budapest; Tóth 2011). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 4,567 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) around 16 km2. It has been found between one and 101 m above sea level, at two locations.",There is no information about the population size and trends of this species. It is known only from a small number of specimens (T. Tot pers. comm. 2019).,"This species prefers inland estuarine sand dunes (Stanescu 1992). It is found flying from June to September (Speight 2018). The larva is presumably aphidophagous, just like other congeneric species.","Deforestation, which intensifies the process of sand erosion, is considered to be the main threat to this species (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).","There are no known conservation actions for this species so far. It would benefit from conservation actions, such as site/area as well as resource and habitat protection, and education and awareness. Further research is necessary on its population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats, as well as the monitoring of its population and habitat trends. It is found in the Danube Delta Biosphere reserve in Romania.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Miličić, M., Tot, T. & Grković, A.","Sommaggio, D. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Paragus,oltenicus,,Paragus oltenicus,"Stănescu, 1977",,No,VU,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  The species is known from a small number of records from southern France, northern Italy, north-eastern Greece, Romania, and Ukraine. The species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range in Europe with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 44 km2, is found at 10-12 locations, and has a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to deforestation and the loss of grassland. In the EU 27, the species occurs between eight and nine locations, has an area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be around 36 km2 and has a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to deforestation and the loss of grassland. The extent of occurrence (EOO) for Europe is about 700,000 km2 and for the EU 27 it is estimated to be about 350,000 km2. It is unlikely that there is a rescue effect from subpopulations outside of Europe. Further research on population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats as well as the monitoring of the population trends are required.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species has a scattered known distribution. It is recorded from southern France, Italy (three localities from Tuscany, two of those in olive orchards; D. Sommaggio pers. comm. 2020), north-eastern Greece, south-western Romania, and the Crimean Peninsula in Ukraine (Speight 2020). In Europe, it occurs at 10-12 locations with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 44 km2 and an extent of occurrence (EOO) of about 700,000 km2. In the EU 27, it occurs at 8-9 locations with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 36 km2 and an extent of occurrence (EOO) of about 350,000 km2. It has been found between 0 and 600 metres above sea level.  Outside Europe, it is found in Turkey, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and China (Speight 2020).","There is no information about the population size and trends for this species. It is recorded in low numbers in the places where it has been collected. The latest records in Europe are from 2000 in Greece and from 2006 in France, from the habitat types of macchia and ruderal vegetation. Records outside Europe, for example in Turkey, are more recent, from 2014 and 2016 (T. Tot pers. comm. 2020).","This species prefers inland and estuarine sand dunes (Stănescu 1992), tall-herb areas in open Quercus pubescens forest, and unimproved open grassland with scattered thickets of scrub Quercus pubescens (Speight 2018). In Italy, the species is also found in olive groves (D. Sommaggio pers. comm. 2020). The larvae are predators, mostly of soft-bodied Homoptera. The developmental stages have not been described yet (Speight 2018).","Since this species appears to be associated with grassland patches inside forests, it is affected by a loss of grassland and deforestation (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","There are no known conservation actions for this species so far. Site/area as well as resource and habitat protection are required for its preservation. Further research is required on the population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats, as well as the monitoring of population trends. It occurs in a few Natura 2000 sites in Europe, such as at La  plaine et le massif des Maures, Étang de Thau et lido de Sète à Agde,  and Montagne de Lure in France and Limnes Kai Limnothalasses Tis Thrakis  - Evryteri Periochi Kai Paraktia Zoni, and Koilada Filiouri in Greece  (European Environment Agency 2020).",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Tot, T. & Grković, A.","Vujić, A. & Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Paragus,pecchiolii,,Paragus pecchiolii,"Rondani, 1857",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The species is considered common and is widely distributed across Europe. The species prefers different habitat types such as wet forests, open, dry herbaceous vegetation, calcareous grassland, roadsides, and vegetable gardens. The species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) because of its relatively large range and because the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of the species in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. However, clearance of heathland for agriculture and intensive logging may cause habitat loss of this species. Resource and habitat protection is recommended and research on the population size, distribution and trends and the monitoring of the population trends are required.",Stable,"Within the European region, this species is found from southern Norway and Denmark, south to Spain and most of the Mediterranean islands, and from northern France eastwards through central Europe to the Balkan Peninsula and into European Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.  Outside Europe, it is also found in North Africa and Turkey (Speight 2018).","The population trend of this species is presumed to be stable; it is common (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). Although widely distributed in Europe, it is scarce in in the Netherlands with no apparent long-term trends (Reemer et al. 2009).","This species occurs in a wide range of biotopes, such as in deciduous woodland and overgrown dune slacks, on low grassy vegetation at the edges of marshes and, further south, in garrigue, Evergreen Oak (Quercus ilex) forest and dry grassland. It may also occur in vegetable gardens. The adults are known to visit flowers such as umbellifers, spurge (Euphorbia), bedstraw (Galium), mayweed (Matricaria), Common Tormentil (Potentilla erecta), chickweeds (Stellaria), thyme (Thymus), starflower (Trientalis) and speedwells (Veronica). The flight period is from May to September, and in southern Europe from the end of March to October (Speight 2018). The larva was described by Goeldlin (1974), who found larvae on Fabaceae, Common Ivy (Hedera) and Prunus. The larvae are predators mostly of soft-bodied Homoptera.",Clearing of heathland for agriculture and intensive logging may cause a decline in the quality of the habitat of this species (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).,"There are no known conservation actions for this species so far, but resource and habitat protection is recommended. In Germany and Sweden the species is listed as Least Concern (LC) (Ssymank et al. 2011), while in the Czech Republic it is listed as Vulnerable (VU) (Farkač et al. 2005). Some localities occur within Natura 2000 sites such as at Otok Cres in Croatia and Oros Ossa, Samos Oros Ampelos, Lesvos Kolpos Geras, Elos Ntipi Kai Oros Olympos – Potamos Evergetoulas, and Ethnikos Drymos Vikou - Aoou in Greece (European Environment Agency 2020). It is also found in the Fruška Gora and Đerdap National Parks, Special Nature Reserves Obedska bara and Pašnjaci velike droplje in Serbia, and the Skadarsko jezero and Durmitor National Parks in Montenegro. Research is required on the population size, distribution and trends in distribution, and the monitoring of population trends.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Lair, X. & Eggert, F.","Tot, T. & Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Paragus,punctulatus,,Paragus punctulatus,"Zetterstedt, 1838",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The endemic European species is assessed as Least Concern because of its relatively large range across Europe and because the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. The preferred environment for this species is open ground, montane and Juniperus/Rhododendron/Vaccinium heath between 1,200 and 2,500 m in the Alps, Calluna/Vaccinium heath and unimproved montane grassland in northern Europe. The species is considered unthreatened across Europe; however, it can be threatened by the degradation of habitat quality in part of its range due to human activities such as tourism, infrastructure development and agriculture. The overall population is considered to be stable. Research on life history and ecology and threats as well as the monitoring of the population trends is required for the species.",Stable,"This species is endemic to Europe, distributed in Fennoscandia, southern Italy (Birtele et al. 2003), in the Alps in France, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, and Austria, in the Pyrenees Mountains in France and Spain, in the northern mountainous parts of Montenegro, in the Carpathians Mountains in Romania (Speight 2018), and in Hungary (Toth 2011). Speight et al. (2015) also list this species as found in Serbia, but the named locality administratively belongs to Montenegro. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.","There is no information on the population size of this species, but the population seems to be stable, based on observations in the field (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019). It is not very abundant in the places where it occurs, but it is widely distributed and recorded in many surveys across Europe (T. Tot pers. comm. 2019). It is easily distinguished from other Paragus species.","The preferred environment for this species is open ground, montane and Juniperus/Rhododendron/Vaccinium heath between 1,200 and 2,500 metres in the Alps, and Calluna/Vaccinium heath and unimproved montane grassland in Norway (T. Nielsen pers. comm. 2019). It flies extremely low and quite rapidly over the ground and among sparse vegetation. It is known to visit flowers of Calluna, Potentilla crantzi, Rhododendron, Saxifraga, and Vaccinium. Its flight period is from mid-June/July into August at higher altitudes and more northerly latitudes. The larvae are zoophagous, feeding on other invertebrates. The developmental stages have not been described yet, but they are quite possibly associated with dwarf shrubs, to judge by the habits of the adults (Speight 2018).","This species is affected by the loss of habitat quality in some parts of its range due to tourism, infrastructure development and agriculture, but these threats do not influence the entire population, which remains stable as a result (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).","There are no known conservation actions for this species. It is considered unthreatened across Europe (Speight et al. 2015), although certain threats influence some of its subpopulations. It occurs in several protected areas, such as in the Durmitor National Park in Montenegro. Research is needed on the life history, ecology and threats, as well as the monitoring of population trends. For now, no specific conservation actions are needed.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Miličić, M., Tot, T. & Grković, A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Paragus,quadrifasciatus,,Paragus quadrifasciatus,"Meigen, 1822",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The species is a widespread Mediterranean species, extending its range to Latvia, European part of Russia, European Turkey, and reaching the Netherlands in Europe. The species prefers open, dry, warm biotopes, such as grasslands, and ruderal areas. In southern Europe it is often found in agricultural areas. The species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) for Europe and the EU27 Member States since it has a large range and because of the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. Intensive logging and agriculture as well as coastal tourism development in the Mediterranean area may cause a decline in the quality of the species' habitat. Research on the population size, distribution, and trends as well as the monitoring of the population trends are required. Resource and habitat protection is recommended.",Stable,"Within the European region, this species is found from northern France south to the Mediterranean, and from Portugal eastwards through southern and central Europe to Romania, Greece, European Turkey and European parts of Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.  Outside Europe, it is found in North Africa, Iran and the Caucasus Mountains, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and further east to northern China, Korea and Japan (Speight 2018).","There is no information about the population size of this species, but its population trend is presumably stable, based on collected and published records (T. Tot pers. obs. 2020).","This species prefers open ground in forests, dry, unimproved, sparsely-vegetated grassland with or without dry scrub, and open Quercus ilex and Quercus suber forest. The adults are known to visit Asteraceae and umbellifer flowers. The flight period is from May to September (Speight 2018). The larva was described by Goeldlin (1974). Dussaix (2013) recorded the duration of the puparial phase as 8-20 days. The larvae are predators, mostly of soft-bodied Homoptera.",Intensive logging and agriculture as well as coastal tourism development in the Mediterranean area may cause a decline in the quality of the habitat of this species (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).,"There are no conservation actions for this species so far; however, resource and habitat protection is needed. In the Czech Republic the species is listed as Vulnerable (VU) (Farkač et al. 2005), and in Germany it is listed as Least Concern (LC) (Ssymank et al. 2011). Research is required on the population size, distribution and trends in distribution, as well as monitoring of population trends. Some of its localities occur within Natura 2000 sites, for  instance at Karla – Mavrovouni – Kefalovryso Velestinou – Neochori,  Dikti – Oropedio Lasithiou, Katharo, Selena, Selakano, Chalasmeni  Koryfi, Notio Dasiko Symplegma Evrou, and Kolpos Kallonis Kai Chersaia  Paraktia Zoni in Greece; Srednjedalmatinski otoci i Pelješac and Zaleđe  Trogira in Croati, and Mlaștina Satchinez in Romania (European  Environment Agency 2020). It also occurs in the Pindus National  Park in Greece; National Parks Skadarsko jezero and Lovćen in  Montenegro; and Special Nature Reserve Pašnjaci velike droplje and  National Park Fruška Gora in Serbia.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Lair, X. & Eggert, F.","Tot, T. & Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Paragus,sexarcuatus,,Paragus sexarcuatus,"Bigot, 1862",,Yes,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"The presence of the species has been confirmed only on two Mediterranean islands: Corsica and Sardinia. The species prefers sparsely-vegetated, semi-arid areas. This European endemic species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 15,422 km2, an area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be 32 km2, is found at six locations, and has a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the its habitat due to unintentional fires, overgrazing, and the development of ski resorts. Research on the population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats as well as the monitoring of the population trends are required. Site/area as well as resource and habitat protection is recommended.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, where it is known with certainty only from France (Corsica) and Italy (Sardinia). There is a very old record for Sicily, referable to Bezzi's (1926) records (D. Sommaggio pers.comm. 2020). It occurs in six locations with an area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be 32 km2, and an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 15,422 km2.  It is found between 16 and 1,215 m above sea level.","There is no information about the population trend of this species. It is rare, with only a very low number of records. Most records are from the last century, but there is one male specimen found in Corsica in 2017, the most recent data (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","This species prefers open ground, sparsely-vegetated, and semi-arid ground vegetated mostly by low-growing ruderals (Speight 2018). The larvae are predators, mostly of soft-bodied Homoptera, but the developmental stages have not been described yet (Speight 2018).","Due to unintentional fires and overgrazing, there has been an observed decline in the quality of the habitat of this species. Permanent damage to the habitat is caused by commercial and industrial areas, as well as the development of ski resorts on Corsica (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","There are no known conservation actions for this species so far; however, site/area as well as resource and habitat protection is recommended, and confirmation of the record from Sicily is required. Research is required on the population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats, as well as the monitoring of population trends. The species occurs in a few Natura 2000 sites, such as at Capu Rossu,  Scandola, Revellata, Calvi and Massif montagneux du Cinto, Monte  d'Oro/Vizzavona on Corsica and Monti del Gennargentu and Monte Linas -  Marganai on Sardinia (European Environment Agency 2020).",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Tot, T. & Grković, A.","Sommaggio, D. & Vujić, A.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Paragus,strigatus,,Paragus strigatus,"Meigen, 1822",Taxonomic research to resolve confusion with Paragus oltenicus is required.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The species is recorded in France, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Spain, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria and the European part of Russia. The species is assessed as Least Concern because of its relatively large range and because the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. The preferred environment for the species is open ground scrub cultures, hedgehog heath, and small open areas in maquis and along the edges of fields and olive orchards. The species is generally considered unthreatened across Europe, although certain threats influence some of the subpopulations of this species. Potential threats for the species are the degradation of habitat quality in part of its range due to human activities such as tourism and agriculture, but the population remains stable. Research on life history and ecology and threats as well as the monitoring of the population and habitat trends is required.",Stable,"Within the European region, this species is recorded from Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Malta, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria and European Russia (Speight et al. 2015, Speight 2018). In some publications it has also been reported to occur in Ukraine, but these specimens have proven to be of Paragus oltenicus (G. Popov pers. comm. 2019). Records from the Balkan Peninsula (Speight 2018) are also not valid. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.  Outside Europe, the species occurs in Morocco, and there are unconfirmed records from Kirghizia, Tajikistan and Mongolia known only from the literature (Sorokina 2009).","There is no known information about the population size of this species, but the population is presumed to be stable, based on observations from the field (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019). It is very abundant in the Mediterranean zone, but is widely distributed and recorded in many surveys from across Europe (T. Tot pers. comm. 2019).","The preferred environment for this species is open ground scrub cultures, hedgehog heath, and small open areas in maquis and along the edges of fields and olive orchards. Adults fly among and through tall ground vegetation. They are known to visit flowers of Chamaemelum, Leucanthemopsis, Rubus, umbellifers (Carles-Tolrá 2006) and Euphorbia. The flight period is from April to September. The larva is zoophagous, hunting other invertebrates. The developmental stages have not been described yet (Speight 2018).","This species is affected by the loss of habitat quality in some parts of its range due to tourism and agriculture (mainly wood plantations), but these threats do not influence the entire population, which remains stable. As the species is found in artificial areas, such as olive orchards, it seems that it is tolerant to human interventions in its habitat (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).","There are no known conservation activities for this species, and no conservation actions are required at the moment. It is considered unthreatened across Europe (Speight et al. 2015), although certain threats influence some of the subpopulations of this species. It has been recorded in some Natura 2000 areas, such as in the Danube Delta in Romania (European Environment Agency 2020). Research is required on the life history, ecology and threats, as well as the monitoring of population and habitat trends. Taxonomic research to solve confusion with Paragus oltenicus is also required.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Miličić, M., Tot, T. & Grković, A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Paragus,testaceus,,Paragus testaceus,"Meigen, 1822",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment:  Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The species is mainly distributed in the northern and central part of Europe. It prefers sparsely-vegetated grassland. Although the species is Regionally Extinct in Belgium and possibly extinct in the Netherlands, it is assessed as Least Concern for Europe and the EU27 Member States since it has a relatively large range. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. Deforestation and intense grazing may cause a noticeable decline in the quality of the species' habitat. Research on the population size, distribution, and trends and life history and ecology as well as the monitoring of the population trends are recommended. Resource and habitat protection is required.",Stable,"Within the European region, this species is found from southern Sweden and Denmark to northern France, eastwards through central Europe to the Balkan Peninsula. It is Regionally Extinct in Belgium, where it has not been observed for over 100 years (Baugnee 2004). It is also believed to be possibly extinct in the Netherlands because it was last recorded there in 1979 (Reemer et al. 2009). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. It is found between 0 and 2,200 metres above sea level.  Outside Europe, it is known from the Anatolia region of Turkey.","There is no information about the population size of this species, but the population trend is presumably stable (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","This species prefers open ground, and dry unimproved and sparsely-vegetated grassland (Speight 2018). Its flight period is in the summer months (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). The developmental stages are unknown, but the larvae must be predators, probably of soft-bodied Homoptera.",Deforestation and intense grazing may cause a decline in the quality of the habitat of this species (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).,"There are no known conservation actions for this species so far; however, resource and habitat protection is required. Research is recommended on the population size, distribution, trends, life history and ecology, as well as the monitoring of population trends. In Serbia, it occurs in the Special Natural reserve Pašnjaci  velike droplje and the Đerdap National Park, and in Montenegro, in the Durmitor and Skadarsko jezero National Parks. It is found in several Natura 2000 sites, such as  at Škocjanski zatok in Slovenia, Koryfes Orous Smolikas, Notioanatolicos  Parnassos – Ethnikos Drymos Parnassous – Dasos Tithoreas,  Spilaiovarathro in Greece, and Horsianska dolina in Slovakia (European  Environment Agency 2020).",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Lair, X. & Eggert, F.","Tot, T. & Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Paragus,thracusi,,Paragus thracusi,"Radenković, Likov and Vujić, 2020",,Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This is an European endemic species, found only in Greece, where it is known from a single specimen collected in 2000. The species is known to inhabit open ground and dry grasslands with scrub near the wetland. It is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)) since it has a very restricted geographic range, with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 4 km2, it exists in only one location as it is only known to one locality with a range of potential threats, and it is inferred to be experiencing a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to agricultural and urban expansion and pollution.  Research is recommended on the population size, distribution, trends, life history and ecology, as well as the monitoring of population trends. Protection legislation at a national level is required to conserve this species as well.",Unknown,This species European endemic species is only known from a single male specimen collected from Porto Lagos in northeastern Greece in 2000 but not described until 2020 (Radenković et al. 2020). It is considered to occur in one locality with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 4 km2.,"There is no information about the population size of this species and the population trend is unknown. So far this species has only been found once (in May 2000) - a male was collected by W. van Steenis and E.S. Bakker  in Porto Lagos, on a road verge with ruderal vegetation (W. van Steenis pers. comm. 2021). Further surveys are required to understand the population trends of this species.","This species is known to inhabit open ground, dry grasslands with scrub, near wetland. Its flight period is from April to May. It is known to visit flowers of Spurges (Euphorbia) (Vujić et al. 2020). The developmental stages are unknown, but the larvae are most likely to be predators, probably on soft-bodied Homoptera insects.","Agricultural and urban expansion (Gerakis 1992, datazone.birdlife.org) have caused noticeable decline in the quality of the habitat of this species. The only known site for this species is threatened by water pollution from intensive agricultural, industrial and domestic sources.","There are no currently known conservation actions for this species. However, the locality in which this species is known to exist is protected nationally and internationally as it occurs within Nestos Delta National Park, which is also a Natura 2000 Site (European Environment Agency 2020). Porto Lagos is also included in the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (Birdlife International 1997). However, the protection in these sites is relatively weak and needs improvements to conserve this species effectively. Research is recommended to understand the population size, distribution, life history and ecology, as well as the monitoring of population trends. Legislation is needed at a national level to conserve this species.",The species is not utilised or traded.,"Popov, S. & Flinn, G.","Tot, T. & Grković, A.","van Steenis, W.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Paragus,tibialis,,Paragus tibialis,"(Fallén, 1817)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The species is found from southern Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, Belgium south to the Mediterranean and from Britain eastwards through central and southern Europe. The species presence is uncertain in Austria and Sicily and it is considered extinct in the Netherlands. However, the species is assessed as Least Concern for Europe and the EU27 Member States since it has a relatively wide distribution across its range in Europe and because the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. Intense grazing and clearance of heathland for agriculture, urbanization, and coastal areas development can cause a decline in quality of its habitat. The species prefers open ground, unimproved dry pasture, dry heathland, garrigue, glades in dry Pinus sylvestris forest, and dune grasslands. Resource and habitat protection as well as research on the population size, distribution, trends, life history and ecology is recommended.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is found from southern Norway, Sweden, Belgium and Denmark south to the Mediterranean, and from southern Britain eastwards through central and southern Europe. Records from Austria are questionable and its presence here is uncertain; Franz (1989) considered that the species occurs in Upper Austria (Salzburg and Styria), but also indicated that he had not examined the male terminalia of the specimens, thus making its identification uncertain. Identification of the species belonging to the subgenus Pandasyopthalmus is dependent primarily on features of the male terminalia, and some females cannot be satisfactorily separated. The presence of this species is also uncertain on Sicily, because it is based on literature data. It has disappeared from the Netherlands and is considered extinct there because the last record was from 1973 (Reemer et al. 2009). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.  Outside of Europe, the species is recorded from Turkey and Israel (Speight 2018). Records from North America are questionable and they are most likely refer to Paragus haemorrhous.","There is no information about the population size and trends of this species. Records and literature data indicate it to be common in Europe, but there are a higher number of records in southern Europe than in the northern part (T. Tot pers. comm. 2020). It has not yet been recorded in the Czech Republic or Slovakia. In Germany there are very few records from the northern part of the country. In Belgium, two recent metapopulations have been noted, one in the very south and one in the middle of the country (F. Van de Meutter pers. comm. 2020).","This species prefers open ground, unimproved dry pasture, dry heathland, garrigue, glades in dry Pinus sylvestris forest, and dune grasslands. The adults are known to visit flowers of plants such as Jasione montana, Potentilla, and Salix repens. The flight period is from early May to August, and from April to September in southern Europe. The developmental stages are unknown (Speight 2018), but the larvae must be predators of soft-bodied Homoptera.","Intense grazing and clearance of heathland for agriculture, urbanization and coastal area development has caused a decline in the quality of the habitat of this species (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","There are no known conservation actions for this species so far. In Germany it is listed as Endangered (EN) (Symank et al. 2011), and in the United Kingdom as Near Threatened (NT) (Ball and Morris 2014). It has disappeared in the Netherlands, where it is considered to be Regionally Extinct. Its presence is uncertain in Austria. Resource and habitat protection as well as research on the population size, distribution, trends, life history and ecology is recommended.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Lair, X. & Eggert, F.","Tot, T. & Grković, A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Paragus,vandergooti,,Paragus vandergooti,"Marcos-Garcia, 1986",,No,NT,B2ab(iii),No,NT,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  The species is extant in mainland areas of France, Portugal, and Spain. Due to its area of occupancy (AOO) of about 72 km2 in Europe and the EU 27, the fact that the species is known from 12-15 locations, and because of a continuing decline in the quality of habitat, the species is assessed as Near Threatened. The species is threatened by tourism and unsustainable forestry, which cause the encroachment of the herb layer. This herb layer is significant for the larvae of the species. It is unlikely that there is a rescue effect from the subpopulations outside of Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 of the species is estimated to be around 432,400 km2. Resource and habitat protection as well as raising awareness about the presence of the species and its significance is recommended. Further research into its population size, distributions, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats as well as the monitoring of the population and habitat trends is needed.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is distributed in southern France, Portugal, and central and southern Spain. It is found up to 2000 metres above sea level, in 12 to 15 locations in Europe and the EU 27. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is estimated to be around 432,400 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) about 72 km2.  Outside of Europe, it is found in North Africa, such as in Morocco (Speight 2018).","There is no known information about the population size or trends for this species, which seems to be genuinely rare (T. Tot pers. comm. 2019). There are records from Portugal near Algarve from 1996 (Lucas 1996) and one near Porto from 2010 (van Eck 2011). The Spanish records are from 1980-1990, and again from 2000 and afterwards (Marcos-Garcia 1986, Ricarte et al. 2018). Records from France are from 1991 (Speight 1993).","The preferred environments of this species are forests, scrublands, tall-herb open areas in Quercus ilex forest, Quercus rotundifolia woodland, and Genista florida/Quercus pyrenaica maquis (Mª-A. Marcos-Garcia and A. Ricarte pers. comm. 2019). It also prefers Mediterranean riparian ash forest. It is known to  visit flowers such as umbellifers and Thapsia villosa (Carles-Tolrá 2006). The flight period is from May to September. The larva is zoophagous, but this stage of its life cycle is not yet fully understood (Speight 2018).","The main threats affecting this species are tourism and unsustainable forestry, which also causes the encroachment of the herb layer. The herb layer of forests is particularly important for this predatory species because the larval food is there. This threat mostly affects species found in inter-continental localities, while due to the touristic activities, there is a continuing decline in the quality of habitat in areas near the coast and near big cities (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).","There are no known conservation actions for this species, but resource and habitat protection is recommended, as well as raising awareness about its presence and significance. It occurs within the Cabaneros National Park in Spain. Some localities are part of the Natura 2000 network. Research is required on the population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats, as well as the monitoring of population and habitat trends.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Miličić, M., Tot, T. & Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Parasyrphus,annulatus,,Parasyrphus annulatus,"(Zetterstedt, 1838)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional   assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a widespread arboreal species with numerous populations also in conifer plantations. The decline of this species in some areas of Western Europe is probably linked to deforestation combined with changes in forest management in these countries, where there is a shift away from coniferous plantations. The species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and for the EU27 Member States.  No conservation action is required at present, except research on larval biology that is known inadequately to estimate possible impact of invasive ladybird Harmonia axiridis to this species.",Stable,"Parasyrphus annulatus is widespread across the whole forested boreal and temperate Palearctic from northern Fennoscandia south to the Maritime Alps and north Pyrenees  (southern France), northern Apennines (Italy) and Pindos and Rhodopi (Greece), and from Ireland eastwards through northern and mountainous Europe into European parts of Russia and on to the Caucasus in Europe (Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Vujić et al. 2020, Sommaggio 2010, Burgio et al. 2015).  In Asia it is present through Siberia to the Pacific coast (Kuril Isles, Korea, Japan) south to Mongolia (Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009).","This species has numerous and stable populations in almost all humid areas with coniferous forests. It is very common in conifer plantations (Kula 2004). It is common in Fennoscandia and Central Europe (Bartsch et al. 2009, Kula 2001, Röder 1990), but it is considered quite rare and decreasing in Denmark (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight et al. 2016) and as declining in Ireland, Belgium and the Netherlands (Speight et al. 2016). Conversely Reemer et al. (2009) reported that this species had been increasing in the Netherlands. The occurrence of this species in Great Britain has declined substantially in the past 25 years according to Ball et al. (2011).","It is an arboreal species that occurs along open habitats in woodlands with tall herbs, shrubs and trees with low economic value; and in clearings in or close to various coniferous and mixed forests, including conifer plantations. It is often recorded within a few metres of the ground but also high in the treetops (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Kula 2001). Adults visit flowerings trees and bushes (Sorbus aucuparia, Prunus spinosa, Pyrus communis, Crataegus, Ligustrum, Sambucus nigra, Rosa canina, Viburnum opulus, Rubus idaeus) and descent to visit also various flowering herbaceous plants (white Apiaceae, Allium, Caltha, Achillea, Bunias orientalis, Cardamine, Taraxacum, Barbarea vulgaris, Euphorbia, Galium, Crepis spp., Inula, Helianthemum oelandicum, Ranunculus spp., Leucanthemum vulgare, Tanacetum vulgare, Lathyrus japonicus) within or close to forests (Speight 2018, Barstch et al. 2009, Barkemeyer 1994). Adults are probably partly migratory (Aubert et al. 1976). The flight period of adults lasts from mid-May to the beginning of August, with peak in May/June and occasional specimens on into September/ October (Kula 2004, Speight 2018). The larva is unknown but apparently feeds on aphids that live on spruce needles (Speight 2018, Barstch et al. 2009). Its larvae have been recorded as dominant among overwintering Syrphidae larvae in the leaf litter of spruce (Picea) forest (Kula 1980).","Apart from general threats for biodiversity and deforestation, there are no specific threats identified for this species in Europe. This species is widespread and common also in conifer plantations (Reemer et al. 2009, Kula 2001). Reported declines of this species in Western Europe could be partly explained by high rates of deforestation and changes in forest management in these countries, specifically a shift away from coniferous plantations. The invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axiridis in Europe, that could be important threat for the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). This species is also preferentially a predator of arboreal aphids, but probably not on Picea (Chapin and Brou 1991). Intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of this species could be detrimental for this hoverfly, as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015).","Parasyrphus annulatus is considered threatened in Ireland and the Netherlands by Speight et al. (2016). The biology of this species seems to be relatively well known, however larval biology is known inadequately to estimate possible impact of the invasive ladybird Harmonia axiridis on this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & García, M.A.M.","Mazanek, L.","Ricarte Sabater, A.R., Popov, G. & Barkalov, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Parasyrphus,groenlandicus,,Parasyrphus groenlandicus,"(Nielsen, 1910)",,No,NT,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  The full distribution and population of status of this species in Europe is not known precisely. The species is very rare; there are only scattered, mostly older, records from Scandinavia according to Bartsch et al. (2009) and one known older occurrence in European Russia (Pestov and Dolgin 2006). Although suspected to be more widespread across the Arctic tundra by some authors, it could be a threatened species in Europe - there are fewer than 20 known occurrences from northern Scandinavia including four in Finland and two in Sweden (EU27). It is expected to be more widespread than presently known, and the species is not considered threatened in any national Red List. Nevertheless, the Arctic and subarctic Scandinavian areas have been the most well surveyed areas in Europe for Syrphidae, and this assessment adopts a precautionary approach as it is a scarce species estimated to occur in only 12 locations across Europe defined by multiple threats, it has an estimated area of occupancy of 124 km2 based on known records, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. It is consequently listed Near Threatened for Europe, as it is close to but does not qualify for a threatened listing applying Criterion B2.   The habitat upon which this species probably relies, dwarf Arctic Salix scrub, is listed as Near Threatened in the European Union (Janssen et al. 2016). The hoverfly is listed as Vulnerable for the EU27 based its small known area of occupancy (96 km2), occurrence in seven locations defined by threats, and a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat.",Unknown,"This is a species with a circumpolar distribution that in Europe is known from northern and alpine Norway, Finland, Sweden, and the most northern parts of European Russia (Bartsch et al. 2009, Mutin 1990, Pestov and Dolgin 2006). The distribution is unclear due both to the potential for confusion with more common species and uncertainty surrounding its taxonomy. Bartsch et al. (2009) believe that species is more widespread than it has been recorded, because the species is probably overlooked. Acknowledging the likelihood of undersampling on this basis, the species' estimated area of occupancy based on known records is 124 km2 in Europe as a whole, and 96 km2 in the EU27.  Elsewhere it occurs in northwest and northeast Siberia, the Arctic Far East (Vrangel Island), Arctic Alaska and Canada and Greenland (Bartsch et al. 2009, Mutin 1990, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Vockeroth 1992, Böcher et al. 2015). Bartsch et al. (2009) noted its possible presence on Svalbard, but it has not been confirmed by surveys on Svalbard (Nielsen and Gammelmo 2017).","It is a rare species with only scattered mostly older records from Northern Europe (Bartsch et al. 2009, Pestov and Dolgin 2006). According to Bartsch et al. (2009) the species is probably overlooked. P. groenlandicus is very similar to the much commoner species P. tarsatus and females of both species are practically indistinguishable according to Vockeroth (1992).","Parasyrphus groenlandicus inhabits Arctic and alpine communities in tundra and montane coniferous taiga (Bartsch et al. 2009). Adults have been observed visiting flowering Dryas octopetala, Rubus chamaemorus and Salix lapponum (Bartsch et al. 2009, Böcher et al. 2015, Speight 2018). The flight period is during June to July. The larva is unknown, but it probably feeds on aphids on e.g. Salix spp. (Bartsch et al. 2009).","Any current threats to this species are not documented. Nevertheless, it is estimated that there is a continuing decline of the extent and quality of suitable habitats for this species, due to human activities and settlements (Janssen et al. 2016). Overgrazing by livestock (such as sheep and reindeer) could be also threats for the species. Sheep grazing has been found to cause declines of Salix shrubs in Arctic/subartic habitats (Austrheim et al. 2008, Ross et al. 2016). This may represent a particular threat since it is assumed that the larva lives as a predator on Salix shrubs (Bartsch et al. 2009). The quality and extent of suitable habitat for this high-latitude species could be also declining due to global warming (Barredo et al. 2020).","Further survey work is needed to determine this species' full distribution and to estimate recent population trends as well as its biology. P. groenlandicus is listed as Data Deficient in the recent Swedish Red List (ArtDatabanken 2020). It has been listed as Least Concern species in the Red Lists for Norwegian and Finnish species (Gammelmo et al. 2015, Haarto et al. 2019). Further research is needed to establish population trends and impacts of threats. Sub-arctic Salix scrub is near threatened in the EU28 ERL assessment and Least Concern in the pan-Europe assessment (Janssen et al. 2016).",This species is not traded or exploited.,"Bowles, P. & Hayat, R.","Mazanek, L., Ricarte Sabater, A.R., Nielsen, T., Vujić, A., Nedeljković, Z. & Miličić, M.","Barkalov, A. & Nielsen, T.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Parasyrphus,kirgizorum,,Parasyrphus kirgizorum,"(Peck, 1969)",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  This is a very rare alpine species with only scattered records, suggesting its occurrence in severely fragmented, low-density subpopulations. It has been suggested that the population in the Alps is stable; conversely it has been observed that the species has been recorded more frequently in older than recent literature, but confusion surrounding the use of the names P. kirgizorum and P. tarsatus makes it difficult to determine whether this is likely to reflect a genuine decline. Should the species prove to be declining in the Alps, it will warrant reassessment and may qualify for a threatened category due to ongoing pressures on alpine habitats from development and climate change, but there is too much uncertainty surrounding its true distribution to apply Criterion B2 and data are lacking to determine whether it meets any other Criteria. It is consequently listed as Data Deficient both in Europe and the EU27 (which encompasses every confirmed range state in Europe except Switzerland).",Unknown,"The distribution of Parasyrphus kirgizorum in Europe has been uncertain due to confusion with P. tarsatus (Mutin 1990, D. Doczkal pers. comm. 2020). The species has been recorded from the Alps (France, Switzerland, north Italy, Austria), the Jura (Switzerland) in Europe (Mutin 1990, Speight 2018, Burgio et al. 2015, Heimburg 2018). Within Europe, it probably occurs also in Carpathian Mountains (Romania), Krkonoše Mountains (Czech Republic) and Rila Mountains (Bulgaria), where P. tarsatus has been recorded (Stănescu and Parvu 2005, Brădescu 1991, M. Barták pers. comm. 2009, Van der Ent pers. comm. 2020). According to Mutin (1990) (who reports that the ranges of both species overlap only in Sayan and the Altai Mountains) and D. Doczkal (pers. comm. 2020) P. tarsatus is not present in the mountains in the Central Europe. P. kirgizorum has been reported repeatedly from Poland recently, but all these records were based on confusion with Syphus nitidifrons (Mielczarek and Klasa 2017).  Outside Europe this species occurs in the Tien Shan (Kyrgyzstan), Sayan and Altai Mountains (Russia, Mongolia), Lower Amur mountains region (southern part of Russian Far East) and the Himalayas (West Nepal) in Asia (Mutin 1990, Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Claussen and Weipert 2003).","The population status of this species in Europe is uncertain, but it is a very rare alpine species with only scattered records from several subpopulations that are considered severely fragmented. There are about 16 recent European records combined of specimens referred to this species and P. tarsatus. The subpopulation of P. kirgizorum in the Alps is stable according to Speight et al. (2016), however records of this species had been apparently regularly more reported in historic and old literature (Maibach et al. 1992, Aubert et al. 1976, Goeldlin 1974, Séguy 1961, Şuster 1959). For example Ssymank and Lair (2014) summarized surveys of Syrphidae in Mercantour National Park in the Western Alps (France), and despite increasing the number of recognized species from this locality from 40 to 240 (based on surveys in 2010 and 2011) the only record of this species from the national park was an older published record.","Parasyrphus kirgizorum is a subalpine/Alpine species known from upper levels of Abies/Picea forest into the Larix/Pinus mugo zone and beyond up into unimproved, alpine grassland, from 1,200 to 2,400 m (Speight 2018, Maibach et al. 1992, Brădescu 1991). Males hover at 2-4 metres and rest on the bare ground of paths, and on stones and rocks, in the sun (Goeldlin pers. comm. in Speight 2018). Adults fly low over sparsely-vegetated tracksides etc. and visit flowering Ranunculus, male Salix, and Taraxacum. The flight period is from end May to June according to Speight (2018) but in July and August according to Brădescu (1991), Stanescu and Parvu (2005) and Aubert et al. (1976). The larva is unknown, but it probably feeds on aphids as larvae of other related species.","Apart from the general threats for biodiversity, there are no specific threats identified for this species. Nevertheless, there is an inferred continuing decline in the extent and quality of suitable habitats for this species, due to human activities (tourism) and settlements (Jansen et al. 2016). The quality of suitable habitat for this high-elevation species is likely to be strongly influenced by global warming (D. Doczkal pers. comm. 2020, Schwager and Berg 2019).","Further survey work is needed to determine distribution and monitor the population trend of this species. Research on the biology and life history of, and threats to, this species is necessary.",This species is not traded or exploited.,"Bowles, P. & García, M.A.M.","Mazanek, L., Aracil, A., Földesi, R., Ssymank, A. & Vujić, A.","Barkalov, A., Doczkal, D., Popov, G., Ricarte Sabater, A.R., Sommaggio, D. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Parasyrphus,lineola,,Parasyrphus lineola,"(Zetterstedt, 1843)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional   assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   It is a widespread arboreal species with numerous subpopulations in both natural forest and conifer plantations. The decline of this species in some areas of western Europe is probably the result of a combination of high deforestation rates and changes in forest management in these countries, where there has been a shift away from coniferous plantations. No conservation action is required at present, except research on larval biology that is known inadequately to estimate possible impacts of invasive ladybird Harmonia axiridis to this species.",Stable,"Parasyrphus lineola is widespread in the whole of the forested boreal and temperate Palearctic, from northern Fennoscandia south to the Maritime Alps and North Pyrenees (southern France), northern Apennines (Italy) and Pindos and Rhodopi (Greece); and from Ireland eastwards through northern and mountainous Europe into European parts of Russia (Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Vujič et al. 2020, Sommaggio 2010, Burgio et al. 2015).  Outside Europe it ranges through Siberia to the Pacific coast (Kamchatka, Sakhalin Is, Kuril Islands, Japan) south to Mongolia and North China (Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). Speight (2018) and Bartsch et al. (2009) referred P. lineola as a species with Holarctic distribution that is present also in North America from Alaska to Quebec and south to Colorado and New Mexico (to Rocky Mountains). The basis for this is not clear, as it is hard to find primary records of this species from North America. Vockeroth (1992) noted this species only as a Eurasian species, that is not present in North America, and was familiar with this species from his prior work (Vockeroth 1969).","This species has numerous and stable subpopulations in almost all humid areas with coniferous forests, including conifer plantations (Bartsch et al. 2009, Röder 1990, Speight et al. 2016). However, this species is scarce and has been declining in the Netherlands (Speight et al. 2016, Reemer et al. 2009) and it also has undergone a very significant decline in Great Britain (Ball et al. 2011).","It is an arboreal species that occurs along forest edges and in clearings in or close coniferous forests (Abies, Picea, humid Pinus) including conifer plantations and near conifers in mixed forests, parks, gardens, etc. (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). Adults fly often within a few metres of the ground but also high up in the treetops and visit various flowering trees (Acer platanoides, Sorbus aucuparia, Salix spp. Prunus spp.) and often descend to visit flowers of various bushes and herbs around of conifers (Speight 2018, Barstch et al. 2009, Barkemeyer 1994). In total there are more than 50 plant species from which flower visits have been documented (Bartsch et al. 2009). According to Aubert et al. (1976) adults also migrate. The flight period of adults lasts from end of April to the end of September with probably in two generation with facultative diapause in larva (Bartsch et al. 2009, Barkemeyer 1994, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Goeldlin de Tiefenau 1974). It is known that its larvae live in the crowns of Picea trees where they feed on aphids (eg. genus Cinara) and they can overwinter as a larva on the forest floor, among leaf litter (Kula 1980, 1982, Speight 2018, Barstch et al. 2009).","Apart from the general threats for biodiversity (e.g. chemical treatments with non selective pesticides to control aphid pest in pine plantations) and deforestation, there are no specific threats identified for this species in Europe. This species is widespread and common also in conifer plantations (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). The decline of this species in some areas could be partly explained by high deforestation and changes in forest management in these countries, where there is a shift away from coniferous plantations. The invasion of the ladybird Harmonia axiridis in Europe could be an important threat for the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). This species is preferentially a predator of arboreal aphids, but probably not on Picea (Chapin and Brou 1991) and intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of this species could be detrimental for this hoverfly, as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015).","There are no specific conservation actions for this species in Europe at present. Parasyrphus lineola is considered Vulnerable in the Netherlands by Reemer et al. (2009). The biology of this species seems to be relatively well known, however larval biology is known inadequately to estimate possible impacts of the invasive ladybird Harmonia axiridis on this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & García, M.A.M.","Mazanek, L.","Barkalov, A., Popov, G. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Parasyrphus,macularis,,Parasyrphus macularis,"(Zetterstedt, 1843)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional   assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This is a widespread arboreal species with rather numerous and stable subpopulations in boreal Europe and coniferous mountainous forests in Central Europe, although it is apparently influenced by forestry management in Europe outside boreal Europe. Parasyrphus macularis is considered threatened in the Netherlands and in Belgium (Speight et al. 2006), and the species was also referred as Critically Endangered in Sachsen in Germany (Pellmann et al. 1996).  The species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and for the EU27 Member States.",Stable,"Parasyrphus macularis is widespread in the forested boreal and mountainous temperate Holarctic. It is present from Fennoscandia south to Pyrenees (Spain), Northern Apennines (Italy) and Northern Pindos (Greece) and through Northern parts of European Russia (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017, Vujić et al. 2020, Sommaggio 2010, Burgio et al. 2015;  Barkalov pers. comm. 2020). Ricarte and Marcos-García (2017) reported this species as being extant on Balearic Islands on the base of a very old record, but according to Kassebeer (2002) this species certainly does not occur in the Balearic Islands. There is a single recorded specimen from 1992 from the Great Britain (Goring Heath, det. T. Nielsen, GBIF 2020), but this record is not included in any recent literature for this island (eg. Ball et al. 2011, Ball and Morris 2014). Parasyrphus macularis has been sometimes overlooked, especially in areas where the extremely similar P. punctulatus is more common (Speight 2018).  Outside Europe it ranges through south-western and south-eastern Siberia to the Pacific Ocean including the Kamchatka Peninsula. It also occurs from Alaska along the Rocky Mountains south to Oregon (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Vockeroth 1992).","Parasyrphus macularis has rather stable, numerous subpopulations especially in boreal forested areas in Europe. It is quite common in Sweden and Finland up to the tree line (Bartsch et al. 2009) and it is also numerous in mountains with coniferous forests in Central Europe (Röder 1990, Čepelák et al. 1986). It is decreasing and/or threatened in Belgium and the Netherlands (Speight et al. 2016, Reemer et al. 2009).","This is an arboreal species that inhabits open conifer (Picea/Abies) forests up to the tree line (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). Adults fly around trees in open habitats and clearings with tall herbs and shrubs in spruce forests from 2-3 metres upwards above ground, the fly visit flowers of Sorbus aucuparia, Acer platanoides, Malus domestica, Prunus spinosus, Salix spp., and also descend to visit flowering bushes (Crataegus, Ribes alpinum, Rosa canina, Viburnum opulus, Sambucus nigra, Vaccinium myrtillus) and flowering herbs (Anemone nemorosa, Anthriscus sylvestris, Caltha palustris, Cardaminopsis, Carex spp., Oxalis acetosella, Ficaria, Meum, Petasites albus, Adoxa moschatellina, Taraxacum) (Speight 2018, Barstch et al. 2009, Bakemeyer 1994). The flight time lasts from the end of April to the middle of August with a peak in May/June (Speight 2018, Barstch et al. 2009). The larva is unknown but probably feeds on aphids that live on spruce needles (Bartsch et al. 2009).","Apart from the general threats to biodiversity and deforestation, there are no specific threats identified for this species in Europe. Subpopulations of this species are apparently influenced by forestry management in Europe, especially outside boreal Europe.",There are no specific conservation actions for this species in Europe at present. Parasyrphus macularis is considered threatened in the Netherlands and in Belgium (Speight et al. 2006). This species was also listed as Critically Endangered in Sachsen in Germany (Pellmann et al. 1996). The biology of this species particularly larval biology is not adequately known.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & García, M.A.M.","Mazanek, L.","Barkalov, A., Popov, G. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Parasyrphus,malinellus,,Parasyrphus malinellus,"(Collin, 1952)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional   assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   It is a widespread arboreal species with probably numerous subpopulations in both natural forest and conifer plantations, although it becomes rarer toward to east in temperate Europe. The decline in this species in some areas of western Europe is probably due to a combination of deforestation and changes in forest management in these countries, where there has been a shift away from coniferous plantations. No conservation action is required at present, except research on larval biology that is known inadequately to estimate possible impacts of invasive ladybirds.",Decreasing,"This species is widespread in most of the forested boreal to temperate Palearctic. It is known from Fennoscandia south to Ardenes and north Pyrenees (southern France), Alps (Italy) and Kopaonik, Rila and Pirin (Serbia and Bulgaria) on the Balkan Peninsula; and from Ireland eastwards through northern and mountainous Europe into European parts of Russia (Speight 2018, Barkalov pers. comm. 2020, Bartsch et al. 2009, Nedeljković 2011, Burgio et al. 2015).   Outside Europe it ranges through Siberia to the Russia Far East (Sakhalin, Kuril Islands) and to Japan (Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009).","This species is widespread but quite uncommon or rare, especially southeast to Fennoscandia and Denmark (Bartsch et al. 2009, Maibach et al. 1992, Nedeljković 2011, Röder 1990). An analysis of population trends in Great Britain suggested that this species´ occurrence was declining, possibly with some evidence of recovery (Ball et al. 2011). According to Speight et al. (2016) this species is decreasing in the Netherlands and Belgium. Reemer et al. (2009) listed this species as scarce and susceptible in the Netherlands.","It is an arboreal species that occurs along rides and in clearings in or close coniferous forests (Abies, Picea, humid Pinus, including conifer plantations) (Speight 2018), in mixed forests near the coast in Sweden up to 300-400 m above sea level (Bartsch et al. 2009) and in forest from 800 to 2,000 m asl. in the Alps (Maibach et al. 1992). Adults often fly 2 m or more from the ground, also high up in the treetops, and visit various flowering trees (Sorbus aucuparia, Salix spp. Prunus spp, Malus domestica). They descend to visit flowers of various bushes and herbs (Anthriscus sylvestris, Crataegus laevigata, Rubus spp., Anemone nemorosa, Barbarea, Cardamine flexuosa, Meum, Petasites albus, Ranunculus, Stellaria, Taraxacum, Vaccinium myrtillus, Caltha palustris, Bunias orientalis, Allium ursinum, Heracleum spp., Filipendula ulmaria (Speight 2018, Barstch et al. 2009, Barkemeyer 1994, van Steenis et al. 2001). It is univoltine species with an adult flight period from mid April to beginning July (Bartsch et al. 2009, Barkemeyer 1994, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Speight et al. 2016), from mid-June to mid-July in the Alps (Maibach et al. 1992). The larva is unknown but probably feeds on aphids that live on conifers (Bartsch et al. 2009, Ball et al. 2011).","Apart from the general threats for biodiversity and deforestation, there are no specific threats identified for this species in Europe. This species is widespread in conifer plantations (Speight 2018, Ball et al. 2011). The decline of this species in some areas could be partly explained by high deforestation and changes in forest management in these countries, where there has been a shift away from coniferous plantations. The invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axiridis in Europe could be an important threat for the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). This species is preferentially a predator of arboreal aphids, but probably not on Picea (Chapin and Brou 1991) and intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of this species could be detrimental for this hoverfly, as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015).","There are no specific conservation actions for this species in Europe at present. Parasyrphus malinellus is considered a Near Threatened species in the Netherlands (Speight et al. 2016, Reemer et al. 2009). The biology of this species, especially larval biology, is known inadequately to estimate possible impacts of the invasive ladybird Harmonia axiridis on this species and also impacts of non-specific chemical treatments against aphid pest.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & García, M.A.M.","Mazanek, L.","Ricarte Sabater, A.R., Popov, G. & Barkalov, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Parasyrphus,nigritarsis,,Parasyrphus nigritarsis,"(Zetterstedt, 1843)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional   assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a widespread rather arboreal species with perhaps numerous and stable subpopulations in wetland forested countryside in Northern Europe. This species is rare, declining and threatened across most of Atlantic, Alpine and Continental Europe. This species is apparently affected by deforestation and by intensive landscape management that results in the loss of unimproved ecotones and open habitats in wet forests with a large enough proportion of trees of little economic value (Salix, Alnus, Populus tremula), because this species is associated with them. The biology of this species is relatively well known. Monitoring of subpopulations is necessary and further research is required to better understand the habitat requirements and the existing threats.  The species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and for the EU27 Member States.",Decreasing,"This is a Holarctic species, which is widespread in Northern Europe and occurs in most of Europe south to Pyrenees and Cordillera Cantabria (northern Spain), Alps (Italy) and to Kopaonik (Serbia), Vitoša and Pirin (Bulgaria) on the Balkan Peninsula (Speight 2018, Speight et al. 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Burgio et al. 2015, Ricarte et al. 2017, Tóth 2014, Nedeljković 2011). It also occurs from Ireland eastwards through northern and mountainous Europe into northern European parts of Russia (Speight 2018, Barkalov pers. comm. 2020).  Outside Europe it occurs through Siberia to the Russia Far East including Kuril islands and Japan. It is also found in the Caucasus, Kyrgyzstan and Mongolia, and in North America from Alaska and Canada and south along the Rocky Mountains to the Colorado (Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Vockeroth 1992).","This species is widespread but rare and local across most of Europe, only having been recorded with some regularity from some northern areas  (Bartsch et al. 2009, Maibach et al. 1992, Nedeljković 2011, Reemer et al. 2009, Röder 1990, Pestov and Dolgin 2006, GBIF 2020). It may have numerous and stable subpopulations in these areas. According to Speight et al. (2016) this species is declining in Alpine, Atlantic and Continental regions of Europe and it is threatened and/or decreasing in Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands and Switzerland. According to Reemer et al. (2009) it is declining and strongly threatened in the Netherlands. This species had previously been regarded as Endangered in the Great Britain; following recent records from this country its status has been revised to Nationally Scarce although data are insufficient to determine a population trend in this country (Ball and Morris 2014, Ball et al. 2011). In some countries it is so rare that it has been listed Data Deficient in some Red Lists, e.g. in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011). Possibly this species has been overlooked due to its resemblance to common species Syrphus or Epistrophe (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2018).","This is a generally arboreal species that occurs in connection with wetlands and moist deciduous and mixed forest with a large element of Alnus/Salix/Populus tremula woods (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009) both in brackish areas in Poland (Kaczorowska 2006) and in the mountains with Alnus viridis shrubs up to 2,000 m in the Alps (Speight 2018). In Great Britain records exist also from wet conifer plantations where there are fringes of deciduous scrub with Salix and Alnus (Ball and Morris 2014). Adults of this species are probably highly mobile and vagrant (see Aubert et al. 1976) and occasionally solitary adults have been recorded almost everywhere even in urban parks (Wien, Hamburk) (Heimburg 2018, Röder 1990). Adults reside in rides and clearings in forests usually close to water, often several metres of the ground and also high up in the treetops and visit flowering trees (Salix spp., Prunus spp, Malus domestica) and descent to visit flowers on bushes (Crataegus laevigata, Rubus spp., Rhododendron aureum, Ribes alpinum, Rosa canina) and herbs (Anthriscus sylvestris, Anemone nemorosa, Ranunculus, Potentilla erecta, Taraxacum, Argentina anserina, Caltha palustris, Bunias orientalis (Speight 2018, Barstch et al. 2009). It is univoltine species with a flight period of adults from beginning of May to the end of June (Reemer et al. 2009), the second half of May to the middle of August in Northern Europe (Bartsch et al. 2009). The larva is a specialist predator of larvae of chrysomelid beetles (Phratora vitellinae and Linaeidea aenea) found on Salix, Populus and Alnus trees and shrubs (Köpf et al. 1997).","Apart from general threats for biodiversity and deforestation, the loss of unimproved ecotones and open habitats has been noted as possibly the main threat for this species by Ball and Morris (2014). This species is likely to be found along woodland edges and it is associated with trees of little economic value of wetlands (Salix, Alnus, Populus tremula). As a consequence of over-intensification of ride management and woodland edges may be detrimental to the survival of this species. In some locations, declining ride management may also be an issue as it may lead to closing of the canopy over the ride to the detriment of low-growing ride side vegetation of eg. Salix.","According to Ball end Morris (2014) the existing ride structures should be retained or enhanced to provide transitional structure between grasslands and high forest, with provision of sunny open flower-rich glades. Rideside shrub clearance should endeavour to avoid removal of all sallow and alder on any single ride management cycle. This species is referred as threatened in most of Atlantic countries in Europe, Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands (Speight et al. 2016). It is considered strongly threatened in the Netherlands by Reemer et al. (2009) and as Nationally Scarce in Great Britain by Ball and Morris (2014). It is a protected species in Serbia (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). It is listed as a Vulnerable species in the Red Lists of the Czech Republic and Poland (Farkač et al. 2005, Palaczyk et al. 2002) and as Data Deficient in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011). In Finland, Sweden and Norway it is listed Least Concern (Haarto et al. 2019, ArtDatabanken 2020, Gammelmo et al. 2015). The biology of this species is relatively well known. Monitoring of subpopulations is necessary and further research is required to better understand the habitat requirements and the existing threats.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & García, M.A.M.","Mazanek, L.","Barkalov, A., Popov, G. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Parasyrphus,proximus,,Parasyrphus proximus,"Mutin, 1990",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC°) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC°)  The full distribution as well as population status of P. proximus in Europe is uncertain, and there is a high probability that either it is a migrant visitor to at least part of its European range or that it could be overlooked up to now due to great similarity with P. malinellus. As such, it is highly likely that it will be more widely distributed.  The calculated area of occupancy in Europe is only 164 km2, and it is listed as Vulnerable in the Norwegian Red List, but this uncertainty makes it unclear how reliable this estimate is. It is possible that it may be genuinely restricted in Europe and so close to qualifying for a threatened category, as it is presumed there is a continuing decline in the quality and extent of its habitat but it does not occur at fewer than 10 locations, however there is high probability of immigration of specimens from Russia since it is migratory species, so it is necessary to downgrade the category to Least Concern both in Europe and for the EU27 Member States.",Unknown,"Parasyrphus proximus was described by Mutin (1990) on the basis of specimens morphologically very similar to Parasyrphus malinellus from the Far East (Khabarovsk region) and from the Moscow region. It has been reported also from Sweden, Norway, Finland (Bartsch et al. 2009, Haarto and Kerppola 2007, Nielsen 1999), Russian Karelia (A. Barkalov pers. comm. 2020) and recently from the southwestern corner of Germany (Baden-Württemberg) (Ssymank and Doczkal 2017). According to Speight (2018) this species is distributed from central and northern parts of Fennoscandia eastwards into European parts of Russia and on through Siberia to the Pacific coast.","Recent distribution data and population data of P. proximus in Europe is incomplete. There are only scattered records from Europe, but this species is probably a widely distributed and a resident in Fennoscandia. This species may be migratory (Bartsch et al. 2009, Ssymank and Doczkal 2017), and may periodically immigrate into Sweden from the east (Bartsch et al. 2009), or it could be overlooked due to confusion with the similar species P. malinellus (Ssymank and Doczkal 2017). Ssymank and Doczkal (2017) noted that their record of this species from Baden-Württemberg is very surprising since the species had not been found in Central Europe, and that it cannot be determined whether the collected specimens belong to an autochthonous population or are migratory specimens.","P. proximus is known from humid mixed boreal forest and Alnus glutinosa forest (Speight 2018). Adults were observed along forest tracks and edges, and in adjacent fields, often several metres above ground (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). Adults fly from mid-May (peak) to June and visit flowering Caltha palustris, Prunus padus, Prunus spinosa, Ribes alpinum, Rosa canina (Bartsch et al. 2009) and Salix (van Steenis 2011) in north Europe. In Germany, two males were collected during April from comparatively cool and damp habitats within the otherwise warm study area (Ssymank and Doczkal 2017). The larva is undescribed, but it is likely to feed on (among other things conifers) aphids (Bartsch et al. 2009).","Any current threats to this species are unknown, since there is no adequate information on the distribution and biology of this species. Nevertheless, it is presumed that there is a continuing decline of extent and quality of suitable habitats for this species, due to human activities (such as commercial forestry activities) and settlements (Janssen et al. 2016). Climate change may also threaten this species.","Further survey work is needed to determine the distribution and to estimate recent population trend of this species especially in temperate Europe as well as its biology. P. proximus is listed in the 2015 Norwegian Red List as Vulnerable applying criterion B1a((i))b(iii)+2a((i))b(iii) (Gammelmo et al. 2015). Haarto and Kerppola (2007) listed this species as DD for Finland. In the Swedish National Red List from 2020, the species is listed as Least Concern (ArtDatabanken 2020).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & Hayat, R.","Mazanek, L., Ricarte Sabater, A.R., Vujić, A., Nedeljković, Z. & Miličić, M.","Barkalov, A., Doczkal, D. & Popov, G.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Parasyrphus,punctulatus,,Parasyrphus punctulatus,"(Verrall, 1873)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional   assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a widespread arboreal species with numerous and stable subpopulations in both natural forest and conifer plantations in Europe. Apart from the general threats for biodiversity, there are no specific threats identified for this species in Europe. It is not decreasing or considered threatened in any European state (Speight et al. 2006) and the biology of this species is relatively well known. It is consequently listed as Least Concern for both Europe and for the EU27 Member States.",Stable,"Parasyrphus punctulatus is widespread in forested boreal and temperate Palaearctic, from central Fennoscandia south to Pyrenees, Cordillera Cantábrica (Spain, Portugal), northern Apennines (Italy) and Pindos (Greece) in Europe and into European parts of Russia (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Barkalov pers. comm. 2020, Vujić et al. 2020, Sommaggio 2010, Burgio et al. 2015, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017).  Elsewhere it occus in the Caucasus and on through Siberia to the Pacific coast (Sakhalin, Japan) and south to Himalayas (Nepal) in Asia (Speight 2048, Bartsch et al. 2009, Claussen and Weipert 2003, Barkalov and Mutin 2018).","Parasyrphus punctulatus has often numerous and stable subpopulations in many humid and forested areas in Europe. It is not uncommon in parts of Fennoscandia and Germany (Bartsch et al. 2009, Röder 1990) and is common in Central Europe and Great Britain (Ball et al. 2011, Kula 2001, Čepelák et al. 1986).","This is an arboreal species that inhabits conifer forests, including plantations (Picea, Larix), but also mixed and deciduous forests (Quercus/Fraxinus and Betula/Salix/Alnus, thermophilous Quercus), as well as suburban gardens and orchards with mature trees (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Kula 2001). Adults fly around conifers and deciduous trees, frequently settling on the foliage, and visit various flowering trees and bushes (Acer pseudoplatanus, Crataegus, Ilex, Ligustrum, Prunus spp., male Salix, Sambucus racemosa, Sorbus aucuparia, Ulex, Viburnum opulus, Juniperus communis) and herbs (white umbellifers, Alliaria, Anemone nemorosa, Caltha, Cardamine, Euphorbia, Oxalis, Ranunculus, Stellaria holostea, Saxifraga granulata, Taraxacum, Tussilago) (Speight 2018, Barstch et al. 2009, van Eck et al. 2020). It is rather an early spring species with the flight period of adults usually from mid-April to mid-June (Speight 2018, Ball et al. 2011, Reemer et al. 2009, Kula 2001).  The larva has been reported as feeding on aphids on conifers (Abies, Picea, Pinus), but also on deciduous woody plants (Acer pseudoplatanus, Rosa, Fagus sylvatica) (Ball et al. 2011, Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2018, Rojo et al. 2003). The larvae overwinter among leaf litter under trees (Kula 1999, Barkemeyer 1994, Rotheray 1987).","Apart from general threats for biodiversity (e.g. using of non selective pesticides against homopteran pest in conifer plantations), including deforestation, there are no specific threats identified for this species in Europe, and this species is not an obligate of natural forest.",Parasyrphus punctulatus is not considered threatened in any European territory (Speight et al. 2016) and the biology of this species is relatively well known.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & García, M.A.M.","Mazanek, L.","Barkalov, A., Popov, G., Ricarte Sabater, A.R. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Parasyrphus,relictus,,Parasyrphus relictus,"(Zetterstedt, 1838)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional   assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a widespread arboreal species with numerous subpopulations. Declines in Western Europe have been observed but are probably linked to local changes in forestry management in these areas and there are no documented threats to  this species elsewhere. The species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and for the EU27 Member States.  No conservation action is required at present, except  research on larval biology that is known inadequately to estimate  possible impacts of invasive ladybirds.",Stable,"This species is widespread in subarctic and boreal  Holarctic and forested submountainous and mountainous temperate areas  south to the Pyrenees (Spain), Northern Apennines (Italy), Pindos (Greece) and the northern Caucasus in Europe (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Vujić et al. 2020, Sommaggio 2010, Burgio et al. 2015, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017; Barkalov pers. comm. 2020).  Outside Europe it ranges from the Urals to central Siberia (Cis-Baikal, Yakutia), Mongolia to northeastern Siberia and in North America south to California and Colorado (Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Vockeroth 1992).","Parasyrphus relictus has numerous subpopulations in almost all  humid and forested areas in Europe. It is abundant in Fennoscandia and  Central Europe (Bartsch et al. 2009, Kula 2001), but it is regarded as rare and decreasing in Denmark (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight et al. 2016) and as declining in Ireland, Belgium and the Netherlands (Speight et al. 2016). The number of occurrence records of this species in Great Britain has been steeply declining according to Ball et al. (2011).","This species occurs usually in conifer forest (Abies, Picea, humid Pinus), including plantations but preferably where these are semi-natural or well-preserved, but also occasionally in deciduous forest (humid Fagus) (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Kula 2001). It appears to be a largely arboreal species, but will descend to visit flowers in rides and clearings (Ball et al.  2011). The adults visit flowers of most herbaceous plants (white  Apiaceae, yellow Ranunculaceae) and many other herbs, shrubs and trees  (Speight 2018, Barstch et al. 2009, Röder 1990). According to Aubert et al. (1976) adults also migrate. The flight period  of adults is from April to September, with two generations at lower  altitudes (Speight 2018, Kula 2001). At higher altitudes or latitudes  the flight period is more restricted and there is one peak in  July/August (Speight 2018). The aphid-feeding larva has been found  mainly on conifers (Abies, Picea and Pinus), but also on beech Fagus sylvatica and on blackcurrant Ribes nigrum (Ball et al. 2011, Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2018). Larvae have been recorded overwintering among leaf litter on the floor of spruce (Picea) forest (Kula 1980).","Apart from the general threats for biodiversity (e.g. using of non selective pesticides against homopteran pest in conifer plantations), including deforestation, there  are no specific threats identified for this species in Europe. This species  seems to be widespread also in conifer plantations, although generally only where these have a similar structure to natural forest. Declines of this  species in Western Europe could be partly explained by changes in forest  management in these countries, where there has been a shift away from coniferous  plantations. The invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis in Europe could be important threat for the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al.  2016). The invasive species is preferentially a predator of arboreal aphids (Chapin and Brou 1991) and intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of this species could be detrimental for this hoverfly, as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015).","Parasyrphus relictus is considered threatened in Ireland by Speight et al. (2006) and as Vulnerable in the Netherlands by Reemer et al.  (2009). The biology of this species is relatively well-known, however  larval biology is known inadequately to estimate possible impacts of  invasive ladybirds on this species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & García, M.A.M.","Mazanek, L.","Barkalov, A., Popov, G., Doczkal, D., Ricarte Sabater, A.R. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Parasyrphus,tarsatus,,Parasyrphus tarsatus,"(Zetterstedt, 1838)","The distribution of Parasyrphus tarsatus in Central Europe has been uncertain, due to confusion with P. kirgizorum (Mutin 1990, D. Doczkal pers. comm. 2020). Mutin (1990) noted that males of P. kirgizorum and P. tarsatus can  be separated only on the base of characters on male terminalia and that  female of the both species is the same in external morphology.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional   assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a widely-distributed and rather common species in the whole of Arctic and subarctic Europe, and is consequently listed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 27. It is one of the dominant syrphid species on some Arctic areas. Further survey work is needed to solve distribution of this species in Europe and to obtain data about larval biology.",Stable,"Parasyrphus tarsatus is a widely distributed species in the northern Holarctic, with complete circumpolar Arctic to boreal range, including Svalbard, Iceland and Greenland (Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Böcher et al. 2015, Vockeroth 1992, Nielsen and Gammelmo 2017).   This species has been reported repeatedly from the Alps (France, Switzerland, North Italy) (Speight 2018, Speight et al. 2018, Ssymank and Lair 2014, Maibach et al. 1992, Aubert et al. 1976, Goeldlin 1974, Séguy 1961, Burgio et al. 2015) and Carpathians (Romania) (Stănescu and Parvu 2005, Brădescu 1991), but the presence of this species in the mountains of Central Europe is uncertain due to confusion with P. kirgizorum. According to Mutin (1990) and D. Doczkal (pers. comm. 2020) P. tarsatus is not present in the mountains in the Central Europe and it is replaced there by P. kirgizorum. Peck (1988), followed by some subsequent authors, reported that this species is present in Poland, but this was an error based on misinterpretation of Bankowska (1963). This species was also repeatedly reported as extant in Slovakia (Čepelák et al. 1986 and aithors citing this source e.g. Mazánek 2009), but these records originate from habitats that are quite different from that inhabited by either P. tarsatus or P. kirgizorum, so these records are expected to represent misidentifications.","It is a widely distributed and abundant species in circumpolar Arctic habitats (Vockeroth 1992, Böcher et al. 2015). It is a local but rather common species in North Scandinavia (Bartsch et al. 2009) and it is one of the dominant syrphid species on some areas in North Norway (Nielsen 1998, Nielsen and Swendsen 2014). It is quite rare in Finland (Haarto and Kerppola 2007) as well as in North European Russia (Pestov and Dolgin 2006).","This species preferentially inhabits dwarf Betula/Salix scrub in arctic tundra and subalpine Betula/Pinus forest, but frequently descends to coniferous and deciduous boreal forests at lower elevations (Speight 2018). Males hover at 1-2 m height and settle on bare ground, stones or rocks in the sun; both sexes often bask on foliage of Betula in the morning (Böcher et al. 2015). The flies visit flowering Caltha palustris and Salix spp. in Sweden (Bartsch et al. 2009). In Norway they also visit white Apiaceae, Barbarea spp., Saxifraga aizoides, Taraxacum spp., Papaver nudicaule, Potentilla cranzti, Ranunculus acris, Rhododendron tomentosum, Rubus chamaemorum (Nielsen 1998, Böcher et al. 2015). In Greenland it is pollinator of Ranunculus nivalis, Drias integrifolia and Silene acaulis (Philipp et al. 1990 in Böcher et al. 2015). The flight period is normally from late May to mid-August (Speight 2018). The larva is unknown, but it probably feeds on aphids on e.g. Salix spp. (Bartsch et al. 2009).","Apart from general threats to biodiversity, there are no specific threats identified for this species. Nevertheless, it is presumed that there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of suitable habitats for this species due to human activities and settlements (Janssen et al. 2016). The quality of suitable habitat for this species could be also affected by climate change, die to its Arctic distribution (Barredo et al. 2020).",There are no specific conservation actions for this species. Further survey work is needed to clarify the distribution of this species in Europe and to obtain data about larval biology.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & García, M.A.M.","Mazanek, L., Aracil, A., Földesi, R., Ssymank, A. & Vujić, A.","Ricarte Sabater, A.R., Barkalov, A., Doczkal, D. & Popov, G.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Parhelophilus,consimilis,,Parhelophilus consimilis,"(Malm, 1863)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is present in northern, central and eastern Europe. Its population is stable and widespread in some parts and rare in other parts of its European and EU27 range. In the UK its distribution increased with more efficient  surveys, which indicates it might be underestimated in other countries  too. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above  the thresholds to be considered in any threatened  category, in either Europe or the EU27.  Thus this species is categorized as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27. Research on its biology and population trends is recommended.",Stable,"This species can be found from Scandinavia southwards to Belgium and north-east France, and from Ireland eastwards through Britain, Denmark, Poland and northern Europe into European Russia. It does not seem to have been recorded from the Alps, other than in Switzerland (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category, either in Europe or the EU27. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Belarus and Germany) and so it is not possible  at this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species.  It has been included in the following country checklists: Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Estonia (Kuznetzov 1993), Finland (FinBIF 2020), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Ireland (Speight 2008), Italy (Burgio et al. 2015), Latvia (Kuznetzov 1993), Lithuania (Pakalniškis et al. 2006), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Norway (Nielsen 1999), European parts of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Sweden (Bartsch 2009), Switzerland (CSCF 2020), Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2020) and UK (Ball and Morris 2014).   It was cited for Spain (Ibiza Island) (Riddiford and Ebejer 2006) but re-examination of the material showed that it was a misidentification of Parhelophilus versicolor (Speight 2020).  Outside Europe, it can be found across Russia to eastern Siberia.","This species is not considered to be very abundant in central and western Europe. However, in Ireland it is quite widespread (Speight 2008) and in the UK more abundant than before due to more efficient surveying, which indicates that it may be more widespread than previously thought (Ball and Morris 2000, 2014). In northern countries such as Sweden and Finland it is also widespread and quite common, but in the Netherlands and Germany it is considered to be rare (Reemer et al. 2009, Ssymank et al. 2011). The population is considered stable in the EU27 and the pan-European part of its range.","This species is present in wetlands, normally in the transition habitat between bogs and fens. In Ireland it has been found associated with ditches installed for drainage of bogs that are used for peat extraction. The larval and pupal stages of this species are not yet well understood, but the larvae are likely to be long-tailed, aquatic and saprophagous like the other species in the genus. The adults visit white umbellifers and flowers such as Bidens, Menyanthes, Potentilla and Ranunculus. The flight period of the adults is between June and August. All this information has been summarized and updated from Ball and Morris (2014) and Speight (2008, 2020).","The main threats to this species result from reductions in the quality and extent of its habitat. In this case, drainage of its freshwater habitats and reduction in habitat quality are the main problems. It does not occur in eutrophicated waters and can be expected to disappear when small water-bodies become enriched with fertiliser residues. Nutrient enrichment in naturally nutrient-poor fens due to agricultural activity may also be an issue. Variation in the temperature ranges and hydrological patterns in the habitat due to climate change could be a feasible threat too. This information has been extracted from Speight (2008) and Ball and Morris (2014).","Conservation of this species depends on the protection and correct management of its habitat,  focusing specifically on maintaining natural water levels and limiting the nitrification of watercourses.  Monitoring and research of the population size and trends is required, and increased education and communication about this species would be beneficial. Additionally research is required to understand its biological cycle, which will also improve knowledge of its larval and pupal habitat needs.   This species has been categorized as Endangered in the Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005), Vulnerable in Norway (NBIC 2020), Near Threatened in Denmark (DanBIF 2020) and the UK (Ball and Morris 2014) and Least Concern in Finland (FinBIF 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020).",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Rojo, S. & Pérez, C.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Parhelophilus,crococoronatus,,Parhelophilus crococoronatus,"Reemer, 2000",This species was previously considered synonymous with Parhelophilus frutetorum but the two species were separated in 2000 (Speight 2020).,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This European endemic species is only known from mainland Portugal and southern France, and the population trend is currently unknown due to the low number of records. It can be found in a variety of freshwater habitats, some of which are considered threatened. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 40 km2, and there is a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat due to urbanisation, pollution and drought. It is considered to occur in between five and ten locations, taking pressures on water, land abstraction for urbanisation and construction of recreational areas as the main threats. It is therefore categorized as Endangered in Europe and the EU27. Key habitats and sites for this species would benefit from conservation  and protection, particularly coastal freshwater areas, to prevent the  impacts of anthropogenic pressures. Research is needed into its biology,  ecology and distribution, and monitoring of its population  is required.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is only known from mainland Portugal and southern France. Is is confirmed from four localities in Portugal (van Eck 2016, Reemer 2000) and one in France (Fos-sur-Mer, Bouches-du-Rhône department). It may occur in more localities that have not been surveyed, or where specimens may have been misidentified or are yet to be identified. It is therefore possible that this species occurs at more sites than is currently known, but if this is the case, the number of additional sites would be very limited, based on the specificity of its habitat. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 40 km2 and the extent of occurrence (EOO) 170,308 km2.","In Portugal, this species has been found in four localities. Three males were collected in 2016 at one locality, and one female in 2007 at another (van Eck 2016); in 1999 one male was found at a third locality and in 1985 a female was found in a fourth (Reemer 2000). It is very localized in France (Speight et al. 2018), found at only one locality where it was originally recorded in 1953 (male) and then rediscovered in 2015 (one male and one female), including a photographic record. The population trend is currently unknown.","This species can be found in open areas close to a variety of freshwater bodies, such as bogs, marshes, freshwater lakes and freshwater pools that have Phragmites grasses. It can also be found in brackish lagoons and estuarine areas. The larval stage is not yet fully understood, but the larvae should be saprophagous and live in aquatic environments, as is the case with other species of the genus. The adult flight period ranges between April and June. All this information has been summarised from Speight (2020).","This species is scarce and its threats are not yet fully understood. However, anthropogenic pressures should be considered a major risk, and the impact of the resulting increases in recreational activities, urbanisation and pollution (eutrophication caused by agricultural and urban wastes) are of particular concern. In addition, climate change causing drought could threaten this species. There is a decline in the quality of freshwater bodies, its main habitat. The brackish freshwater habitat where this species can be found is categorized as Endangered (C5.4- Inland saline and brackish helophyte beds) and as Near Threatened (C1.5: Permanent inland saline and brackish waterbody) in the European Red List of Habitats (Janssen et al. 2017).","This species is very localised in France (Speight et al. 2018). Very little information is known about the threats, so conservation actions are not clear. Key habitats and sites for this species would benefit from conservation and protection, particularly coastal freshwater areas, to prevent the impacts of anthropogenic pressures. Research is needed into its biology, ecology and distribution, and monitoring of its population is required.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Smit, J. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Rojo, S., Pérez, C., Campoy, A., Barkalov, A., Mazanek, L. & Vujić, A.","Lillo, I.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Parhelophilus,frutetorum,,Parhelophilus frutetorum,"(Fabricius, 1775)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species has a wide distribution across Europe; its population is considered overall to be stable, and it has been categorised as Least Concern in a number of national Red Lists. It can be found in wetland and riparian forests, and more specifically around pools in alluvial softwood forests. Whilst its habitat may be affected by threats such as agricultural pollution, these effects are not considered currently to be impacting the extinction risk of this species. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above  the thresholds to be considered in any threatened  category, in either Europe or the EU27. The species is therefore categorised as Least Concern in both the EU27 and Europe. Increased monitoring and research on the distribution and population of this species is recommended.",Stable,"The general range of this species is from southern Sweden south to the Mediterranean, and eastwards through central Europe and parts of southern Europe into Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category, in either Europe or the EU27. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Belarus and Germany) and so it is not possible  at this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species. It has been included in the following checklists: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Bulgaria (Tóth 2014), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Estonia (Kuznetzov 1993), Finland (FinBIF 2020), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Greece (Vujić et al. 2020), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Italy (Including Sicily) (Burgio et al. 2015), Latvia (Kuznetzov 1993), Lithuania (Pakalniškis et al. 2006), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), European part of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Slovenia (de Groot and Govedič 2008), Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-Garcia 2017), Sweden (Bartsch 2009), Switzerland (CSCF 2020), Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2020) and United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000).  Outside Europe, it can be found in the Caucasus and as far as eastern Siberia (Speight 2020).",This species is widespread across Europe. It is locally abundant in south-east England (Ball and Morris 2000) and common in the Netherlands where it has been increasing since 1950 (Reemer et al. 2009). It is considered to be common in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011). In Greece it is recorded infrequently and only in northern areas (Vujić et al. 2020). In Spain it has scarcely been recorded (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017). Its population is considered to be stable in EU27 and Europe.,"This species can be found in wetland and riparian forests, and more specifically pools in alluvial softwood forests. The saprophagous larvae were described and figured by Hartley (1961) from specimens collected from organic mud in a woodland pond. Adults can normally be seen in open areas in wet woodlands, standing on water and low-growing plants and shrubs. They visit flowers such as Cornus, Crataegus, Filipendula, Frangula, Ranunculus, Rubus, Sambucus and Viburnum, and also yellow composites and white umbellifers. The flight period of the adults is between the end of May and July. All this information has been extracted and updated from Ball and Morris (2000), Speight (2020) and Vujić et al. (2020).","The aquatic habitat of this species can be threatened by agricultural pollution (nitrates, pesticides and herbicides), drought (which is exacerbated by climate change) and unsustainable commercial forestry and water management practices (Janssen et al. 2017).","Conservation actions should be focused on protection of the habitat by avoiding drainage, preventing drought and halting the pollution of wetlands. Monitoring and research on the population trend, distribution and ecology is recommended, as well as education and raising awareness about this species. It has been categorized as Endangered in the Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005), Vulnerable in Belgium (INBO 2020) and Finland (FinBIF  2020) and Least Concern in Denmark (DanBIF 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020).",This species not known to be utilised or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Rojo, S. & Pérez, C.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Parhelophilus,versicolor,,Parhelophilus versicolor,"(Fabricius, 1794)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species has a wide distribution across Europe, is considered to have a stable population trend in Europe and the EU27 and is categorised as Least Concern in many countries. It can be found in a variety of freshwater habitats, and although its habitat faces some threats, these are not great enough to put the species at risk currently. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above  the thresholds to be considered in any threatened  category, either in Europe or the EU 27. Therefore this species has been categorized as Least Concern in both EU27 and Europe. Increased monitoring and research of its population is recommended.",Stable,"This species can be found from southern Scandinavia southwards to the Iberian peninsula and the Mediterranean, and from Ireland eastwards through most of Europe into Turkey and European parts of Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category, in either Europe or the EU 27. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Belarus and Germany) and so it is not possible  at this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species.  This species has been included in the following checklists: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Bulgaria (Tóth 2014), Krym (Popov 1998), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Estonia (Kuznetzov 1993), Finland (FinBIF 2020), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Greece (Vujić et al. 2020), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Ireland (Speight 2008), Italy (Including Sardinia and Sicily) (Burgio et al. 2015), Latvia (Kuznetzov 1993), Lithuania (Pakalniškis et al. 2000), Luxembourg (van Steenis 2006), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Norway (Nielsen 1999), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Portugal (van Eck 2016), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), European part of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Slovenia (de Groot and Govedič 2008), Spain (Including Balearic islands) (Ricarte and Marcos-Garcia 2017), Sweden (Bartsch 2009), Switzerland (CSCF 2020), Ukraine (Popov Pers. comm. 2020) and United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000).  Outside Europe it can be found in North Africa and across Russia to Siberia (Speight 2020).","This species is widespread across Europe. In Ireland it is widely distributed but not abundant, while in the UK it is abundant in the south and in the Netherlands and Germany, it is considered common (Ball and Morris 2000; Reemer et al. 2009; Ssymank et al. 2011). In Greece (Vujić et al. 2020) and Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017) it is not considered a frequent species. The population is thought to be stable across Europe and EU27.","The habitat in which this species can be found is mainly wetlands (fens, marshes and reed beds), and also along canals and water-filled ditches and associated with pools or ponds in farmlands because it is more tolerant of nutrient-rich water than other species of the same genus. The saprophagous larvae were first described by Hartley (1961), who collected them from decaying Typha stems in water; larvae have been collected multiple times on Typha, which suggests a relationship with this plant. Adults have been observed resting on the leaves of this plant, and they also visit the flowers of other plants such as Aegopodium, Cardamine, Cistus, Crataegus, Euphorbia, Filipendula, Galium, Leontodon, Sorbus and white umbellifers. The adult flight period is between May and August in the northern parts of its range, and between April and September in southern Europe. All of this information has been summarised and updated from Ball and Morris (2000), Speight (2008 and 2020) and Vujić et al. (2020).","The main threats to this species are related to the loss of freshwater habitat extent and quality as a result of hydrological system modifications, intensification of agriculture, agricultural pollution and climate change (Janssen et al. 2017). Since this species is present in eutrophic waters, this species is not currently considered to be severely at risk from these threats.","Conservation actions for this species should be focused on the protection of its habitat, avoiding drainage, mitigating the impact of drought and stopping the pollution of wetlands. Increased monitoring of and research into its population size and trends is needed, as well as education and communication about the species. It has been categorized as Endangered in Belgium (INBO 2020) and the Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005), Vulnerable in Norway (NBIC 2020) and Least Concern in Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Finland (FinBIF 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020).",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Rojo, S. & Pérez, C.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pelecocera,caledonica,,Pelecocera caledonica,"(Collin, 1940)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Pelecocera caledonica is an European endemic found across Europe, and is widespread in Scandinavian countries. In other parts of its European range, there is probably declines due to human activities. However, the species is fairly stable in the northern parts of Europe, and the species has been found in commercially harvested forests, so it is likely to be adaptable. Therefore, even when the population seems reasonably fragmented throughout Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, where it is known from northern and central Norway (Nielsen and Odegaard 2013), Sweden, northern, central and southern Finland, Latvia, Slovenia, Britain (northern Scotland), Portugal (van Eck 2016), the Pyrenees and northern Spain, France, Greece, former Yugoslavia (Vujic et al. 2018), European Russia (Karelia, St. Petersburg region) and Germany (Bavaria) (Speight 2017, 2020).  In the Netherlands there are some old records from before 1900, so it is possibly extinct here.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 7.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 807,000 km2. For the EU 27, the EOO is around 5.5 million km2 and the AOO is around 418,000 km2.","This species is widespread in Europe and although its distribution seems fairly fragmented, but there is not much information available on the population sizes. The species is certainly declining in comparison with earlier decades due to the continuing anthropogenic activities in Europe, such as in the Netherlands, but to what extent is unclear. In the northern parts of Europe, the subpopulations seem more stable. Therefore, the overall population trend for Europe and the EU 27 is unknown.","This species is found in humid conifer forest of Pinus sylvestris and western taiga forest, coastal dune systems, in the grey dunes/fixed dune grassland, where some shelter is provided by scrub or planted conifers, and open, heathy areas in humid Pinus sylvestris forest; Pinus heldreichii/nigra forest (Vujić et al. 2018). The hoverfly can apparently persist in commercially harvested forests in Scandinavia (Speight pers. comm. 2020)    Flowers visited by this species include Calluna vulgaris, Mentha sp., Saxifraga sp. and Solidago virgaurea.    The flight period is from July and August and on to October toward the southern end of its range, at lower altitudes.     The developmental stages of this species are not described, but apparently it is phytophagous.","Forest habitats with open, heathy areas have often disappeared, not only due to human activities like farming and logging, but also because of climate change and pollution (disappearance of heath and open spaces). In the south, there might be an additional threat to this species by fire and droughts.","In Serbia, this species is strictly protected (Republic of Serbia Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning 2010). This species has been assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Sweden (Artdatabanken 2019), Norway (Artsobservasjoner 2019) and Finland (FinBif 2019). In Germany the species is assessed as critically endangered (Ssymank et al. 2011). If conservation measures are implemented for this species, the focus should be on the protection of the habitat, but the species is adaptable and can be found in commercially harvested forests, and so may not require immediate conservation action.",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Speight, M., Vujić, A., Ball, S., Morris, R. & Ssymank, A.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pelecocera,lusitanica,,Pelecocera lusitanica,"(Mik, 1898)",,Yes,NT,A3c,No,NT,A3c,EU27-2020,,"Global and European Regional Assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Although Pelecocera lusitanica is found across Europe, it is mainly restricted to dunes and to sandy inland areas. There is a ongoing decline in the quality and the extent of the habitat, and in addition, the current population trend in Europe and the EU 27 is considered to be declining fast. This decline is and has been in the order of just over 30% so the current range could be a lot smaller than recorded on the map. This decline is likely to go on in this special type of habitat, so the species is expected to lose a big part of its suitable habitat in a short time. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion A3c.  The species would probably benefit from the protection of the coastal habitat.",Decreasing,"This species is known from southern Fennoscandia, south to the Mediterranean, Portugal and Spain, east through parts of central and southern Europe into European parts of Russia (Speight 2020). The species was recorded from the Canary Islands but all of these records are now considered being Pelecocera nigricornis. It is endemic to Europe.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 6.3 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 774,000 km2. In the EU 27, the EOO is estimated being around 5.5 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 685,000 km2.","There is not much information known about the population size, but it may be assumed there has been a substantial decline in the occurrence of the species due to the disappearance of suitable habitat. In the Scandinavian countries the species is not common: in Sweden there have been 21 recent sightings in the south, none in Norway, and nine recent localities in the southern part of Finland. Sandy areas with heather and continental dunes have been transformed to forest or agricultural used areas. In addition, the coastal dunes in western Europe are under threat although there are management actions in place to preserve them. Therefore, the population trend is considered to be declining in both Europe and the EU 27. This decline might be in such a degree that the decline will be just over 30% or more in the future.","This species is found in coastal dune systems in western Europe, at the transition between Ammophila dunes and grey dunes/dune scrub, or where Pinus has been planted in dunes, and in sandy heathland/pine forest (Reemer et al. 2009). Johansson (2012) records the species from inland sandy localities, including sandy roadsides and sandpits, in southern Sweden. The habitat in central Europe is unknown, but may be continental dunes and sandy areas with heather.     Adults fly low among vegetation, and appear to be in flight only early in the morning.     Flowers visited by the fly include white umbellifers, such as Cakile maritima, Calluna vulgaris, Galium sp., Hieracium umbellatarum, Hypochoeris radicata, Pimpinella saxifraga and Salix repens. The flight period is from May/June and July/October, with a peak in September.     The developmental stages are not described, but apparently are phytophagous. The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988).    There is considered to be a decline in the extent and quality of the habitat in Europe.","Forest habitats with open, heathy areas and (continental) dunes have disappeared, not only due to human activities but also because of climate change (storms, flooding) and pollution (disappearance of heath and open spaces). In the south there might be an additional threat by fire and droughts (Janssen et al. 2017).  Threats for the dune system in Europe (Coastal Wiki 2020) include anthropogenic activities like agriculture, husbandry and the deliberate use of fire. In recent decades, tourism has caused damages on coastal landscapes with the urbanization of the coast, the increase of summer visitors, and the introduction of invasive or exotic species. The pedestrian and motorized pathways all over dunes lead to vegetation destruction and therefore enhanced weathering and erosion. The potential for dune recovery is dependent on the sediment supply in each area and on the intensity of human impact. Dune plants are especially sensitive to disturbance and are heavily affected by humans. Without dune plants, the integrity and preservation of a stable dune complex cannot exist. Anthropogenic impacts combined with the natural regression process of the coastline induce the acceleration of the destruction of the dune vegetation ultimately leading to dune destruction. Inland sand dune systems with heathy areas are also under threat due to human intervention. The area is often reshaped to forest, farmland, economic centres or other.","There are no specific conservation actions for the species known, but there are efforts to restore the coastal dune habitats in general (Coastal Wiki 2020). The species would benefit from the protection of the coastal habitat, but it is unclear to what extent that will be. The species also occurs in sandy heath areas inland. Furthermore research should be done on the biology, ecology, and distribution of the species, combined with population and habitat trends.  In Sweden, this species has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU) (Artdatabanken 2020) and in Finland as Near Threatened (NT) (FinBif 2010, 2020). In Germany the species is assessed as critically endangered (Ssymank et al. 2011). In Denmark the species is listed as Endangered (Bygebjerg 2019).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Speight, M., Vujić, A. & Ssymank, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pelecocera,nigricornis,,Pelecocera nigricornis,"(Santos Abreu, 1924)",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)",EU27-2020,,"Pelecocera nigricornis is an hoverfly that is endemic to the Canary Islands, where it is known from around 22 localities. The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is around 15,000 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 88 km2. The species can be abundant in some localities. Although the current population trend of this species is unknown, there is a decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, mostly as a result of increasing urbanisation and tourism, although the rates of deforestation have declined in some places, with protected areas in place. In addition, the species is considered to be severely fragmented. Therefore, this species is assessed as Endangered (B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Canary Isles (La Palma (type location), El Hierro, and Tenerife) (Marcos Garcia et al. 1998). On Tenerife, the species is known from eight localities, on La Palma there are around 12 places were the species has been found, and on El Hierro there are two. Therefore, a total of around known 22 localities across the three islands. This hoverfly has been found within an altitudinal range of 1,000 m to 2,450 m asl.   The known estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is just under 15,000 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 88 km2.","This species is not very rare in the right place in the right time, as it was found locally to be very abundant during the central hour of the day on Foeniculum vulgare in La Palma (Burt and Mengual 2018). The current population trend is unknown, but the species is considered to be severely fragmented, as the subpopulations are small and isolated, due to being found on separate islands, and therefore may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","This species is found in Pinus forest and Laurisilva forest (Baez 1977). Adults have been found on sunny spots (Santos Abreu 1924), and recorded visiting the flowers of Cistus monspeliensis, Cistus berthelotianus (=symphytifolius) (Santos Abreu 1924), Foeniculum vulgare (Burt and Mengual 2018) and Ageratina riparia (Observation 2020).    The flight period of this species is from August to February, and January to November on La Palma (Burt and Mengual 2018). There is a decline in the extent and quality of the habitat, mostly as a result of increasing urbanisation and tourism, although the rates of deforestation have declined in some places, with protected areas in place.","A lot of the forests have been cut in the last decennia for timber and tar, but in the 20th century, the deforestation declined in Tenerife and reforestation programs were developed (Navascues Melero 2005). Now, tourism is one of the more important threatening factors because illegal houses and buildings are constructed, destroying local habitats. This will be of greater influence in the future because tourism is still increasing on the islands. Another threat to the species is uncontrolled garbage dump sites (World Wildlife Fund 2020).","The Canary Islands have a lot of protected areas were the species is found (for example in La Palma, Caldera de Taburiente and Roque de los Muchachos). Conservation of this species should be based on conservation and protection of habitat. More protected habitats have been established the last decades which automatically protects the species as well. Further research of population and distributional trends is also recommended. The species was assessed as 'Nativo Seguro' (García-Ramírez and Martín-González 2003).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Speight, M.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pelecocera,pruinosomaculata,,Pelecocera pruinosomaculata,"Strobl, 1906",,No,NT,A3c,No [revised - Türkiye],NT,A3c,EU27-2020,,"Global and European Regional Assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU27 Regional Assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Pelecocera pruinosomaculata has an uncertain distribution, but is known to occur across parts of Southern Europe. There is an ongoing decline in the quality and the extent of the habitat, and in addition, the current population trend in Europe and the EU 27 is considered to be declining fast. This is due to anthropogenic impacts combined with natural regression of the coastline, impacting dune habitats. Human activity also impacts other habitats where this species is found. This decline is and has been in the order of nearly 30% over a ten year period so the current range could be a lot smaller than recorded on the map. This decline is likely to go on in this special type of habitat, so the species is expected to lose a big part of its suitable habitat in a short time. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion A3c.",Decreasing,"The full distribution of this species is uncertain due to confusion with related species from the same genus, but it is known from Spain, southern France, southern Italy, Greece, Turkey (Saribiyik 2014) and Cyprus (van Steenis et al. 2019).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 1.7 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 102,000 km2.","There is no information on the European population size. The species is certainly declining in a rapid pace in comparison with earlier decades due to the continuing anthropogenic activities in southern Europe, and it is estimated it will be nearly 30% or more in a ten year period given the threats to its habitat.","The preferred environment of this species is open ground and forest, Mediterranean coastal dunes and heath with scrub Pinus, Pinus salzmanni forest, open Quercus pubescens forest on limestone karst plateau (at 730 m Asl), with Buxus shrub layer and sparse, unimproved dry grassland and phrygana (east Mediterranean version of garigue).   Lair et al. (2019) recorded that the species seems more eurytopic than the other Pelecocera species, as it has been found on Mediterranean sand dunes, scrublands with Buxus and Thymus on limestone or metamorphic schist at 500 m Asl, calcareous grasslands with Juniperus at 700 to 800 m Asl, heathlands with Erica arborea or Pinus and Cistus laurifolius, heathlands at 600 m ssl. Depending on the locality, the species is found in spring (April to May) or in the Autumn (September to October). Autumn populations may be numerous and are polymorphic, while spring data are usually of single individuals.    Adults apparently are only in flight early in the morning (before 08.30am) to judge from Malaise trap catches (Malaise trap emptied after dark and visited again early in the morning). In Cyprus, one male was collected on Polygonum equisetiforme flowers in partly shaded conditions close to several Hedera pastuchovii subsp. cypria plants standing on either side of a small stream (van Steenis et al. 2019). One additional male of Pelecocera pruinosomaculata was collected in a Malaise trap in an abandoned vineyard.      Flowers visited by this species include yellow Cruciferae, Erica manipuliflora (Standfuss and Claussen 2007) and Polygonum equisetiforme (van Steenis et al. 2019)","Forest habitats with open, heathy areas and coastal dunes have disappeared, not only due to human activities but also because of climate change (storms, flooding) and pollution (disappearance of heath and open spaces). In the other habitats where the species occurs, there might be an additional threat by fire and droughts next to the usual threats like overgrazing, urbanisation, roads and railroads and natural succession of the vegetation.  Threats for the dune system in Europe (Coastalwiki 2020) include a combination of natural effect which affects the dune landscape as well as the anthropogenic activities like agriculture, husbandry and the deliberate use of fire. In recent decades, tourism has caused important damages on coastal landscapes with the urbanization of the coast, the increase of summer visitors, and the introduction of invasive or exotic species. The pedestrian and motorised pathways all over dunes lead to vegetation destruction and therefore enhanced weathering and erosion. The potential for dune recovery is dependent on the sediment supply in each area and on the intensity of human impact. Dune plants are especially sensitive to disturbance and are heavily affected by humans. Without dune plants, the integrity and preservation of a stable dune complex cannot exist. Anthropogenic impacts combined with the natural regression process of the coastline induce the acceleration of the destruction of the dune vegetation ultimately leading to to dune destruction.","There are no specific conservation actions for the species known, but there are efforts to restore the coastal dune habitats in general (Coastalwiki 2020). The species will probably benefit from any protection of the coastal habitat, but it is unclear to what extent that will be.",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Speight, M. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pelecocera,scaevoides,,Pelecocera scaevoides,"(Fallén, 1817)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Pelecocera scaevoides is found across Europe. It is widespread in Scandinavia, but in other parts of the European range, it may be declining due to human impacts, climate change and pollution. However, overall, the population is still large and stable, and the species is considered to be quite adaptable to different types of pine forest. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27.  Although no conservation measures are urgently needed, if they were to be implemented, they should be focused on the preservation of the habitats where this species is found.",Stable,"This species is known from northern Norway and Sweden, Finland, Britain (Scottish highlands), Belgium (Possibly Extinct), France (Aude, Hautes Alpes), Germany, Poland, the Czech Republic, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Italy, parts of European Russia (Karelia) and the Caucasus Mountains (Speight 2020). It was recently found as a new record for Ukraine, in the Carpathians, Ivano-Frankivsk Region at 1,000 m asl (V. Shparyk; G. Popov pers. comm. 2019).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 6.7 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1.9 million km2. In the EU 27, the EOO is estimated to be around 4.8 million km2, and the AOO is estimated to be around 1.4 million km2.","This is a widespread species, although there is not much information on the population size in Europe. The species is certainly declining in comparison with earlier decades due to the continuing anthropogenic activities in Europe, but to what extent is unclear. In the northern parts of Europe, the species seems stable, and the overall population size is considered to be stable over its complete range.","This species is found in coniferous forest, especially Pinus. The fly can persist in various sorts of pine forest in Scandinavia and central Europe (M. Speight pers. comm. 2020). Adults are low-flying among ground vegetation in open woodland and clearings, and have been recorded visiting the flowers of Cerastium sp., Myosotis sp. and Potentilla erecta. The flight period of this species is from June to September. The developmental stages are undescribed, but apparently phytophagous.","Forest habitats with open areas have disappeared, not only due to human activities like deforestation, agriculture, industrial areas and other activities but also because of climate change and pollution (disappearance of open spaces). In the south there might be an additional threat by fire and droughts.","There are no conservation actions currently in place for this species. Although it is not threatened, if conservation actions were to be implemented, the focus should be on the protection of the habitat, but the species is quite adaptable.  This species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Sweden (Artdatabanken 2019), Norway (Artsobservasjoner 2019) and Finland (Finbif 2020). In the UK it is seen as nationally scarce (Ball and Morris 2014). In Germany the species is considered to be Endangered (EN) (Ssymank et al. 2011).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Speight, M., Ssymank, A., Ball, S., Birtele, D., Morris, R. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pelecocera,tricincta,,Pelecocera tricincta,"Meigen, 1822",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Pelecocera tricincta is found across Europe, and is particularly widespread in Scandinavia. In other parts of its range, it may be declining due to human activity, fire and droughts. However, overall the population is large and stable. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27.  Although conservation action is not urgently required, if it is implemented, it should focus on the preservation of the habitat where this species is found, particularly forest habitats with open areas.",Stable,"This species is known from Fennoscandia south to Iberia, from Britain (southern England) eastwards through much of Europe (including Italy, northern parts of the Balkans) into European parts of Russia (Karelia, Lipetsk Region, Voronezh Region) and the Caucasus. It is also found through Siberia to Cis-Baikal (Speight 2020).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 7.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2.7 million km2. The EOO for EU 27 is around 5.9 million km2, and the AOO is around 1.8 million km2.","There is no well documented population information on this species in Europe, but the association between this species and heathland in conifer, Pinus and Castanea forest means that it has decreased considerably in abundance, with its habitat. However, the current population trend is considered to be fairly stable for this species in both Europe and the EU 27. With continuing intensification of use of farmland, the species may decrease in frequency (M. Speight pers. comm. 2019). However, it still has a wide range in Europe, if fragmented.","The preferred environment of this species is conifer forest and open ground, dry Pinus forest and heathland. It is also found in open areas within Castanea forest.      Adults fly low among ground vegetation of tracksides and clearings, and in ericaceous heathland, easily detected by use of the sweep net as by direct observation.      Flowers visited by this species include Calluna vulgaris, Cirsium palustre, Hieracium sp., Hypochoeris sp., Leontodon sp., Narthecium sp., Potentilla erecta, Ranunculus sp., Sedum acre and Teucrium sp..      The flight period is from June to September, plus April and May in southern Europe. The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988).","Forest habitats with open areas have disappeared, not only due to human activities like deforestation, logging and industrial areas but also because of climate change. In the south, there might be an additional threat by fire and droughts.","There are no conservation actions currently in place for this species. Although not urgently needed, if implemented, they should focus on the protection of the habitat, particularly areas most vulnerable to human activities, pollution and climate change. Furthermore research should be done on the taxonomy, biology and ecology of the species.  This species has been assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Sweden and Finland (Artdatabanken 2020, FinBif 2020), and as Near Threatened (NT) in Norway (Artsobservasjoner 2020). The species is protected in Serbia (Republic of Serbia Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning 2010). In the Czech Republic the species was assessed as Vulnerable (Farkac et al. 2005).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Speight, M., Vujić, A., Morris, R., Ball, S., Birtele, D. & Ssymank, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pipiza,accola,,Pipiza accola,"Violovitsh, 1985",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(Iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)   This species is assessed as Endangered in both Europe and the EU27 on the basis that it has an area of occupancy calculated at 100 km2, occurs as a severely fragmented population, and there is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat due to conversion of forest. However, further research is needed, especially on its ecology.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in southern Fennoscandia, Germany, the Netherlands, France, Ukraine and Asiatic Russia (Siberia) (Speight 2018, Vujić et al. 2013).","The population trend of this species is unknown. Its population is considered to be severely fragmented. There are no regular surveys specifically for it, but it has been found during more general hoverfly surveys. It is found regularly at one locality in Finland, but elsewhere it is not found regularly. Some species of this genus seem to fluctuate naturally in numbers from year to year at the same site, with no known cause but possibly linked to aphid numbers. It is not known if the numbers of this species fluctuate, but all species of the genus are considered to show similar changes. The most recent record is from Finland in May 2020.","This species prefers deciduous forest along streams with Alnus and Fraxinus in Quercus/Carpinus/Ulmus forest, in association with Prunus padus close to water (T. Järveläinen pers. comm. 2020), and alluvial hardwood forest. Adults are active from the end of April to June and visit Prunus padus, Salix, Prunus spinosa and Salix caprea. The developmental stages are undescribed (Speight 2018), but the larva must be aphidophagous. It seems to be associated with aphid colonies on Prunus padus (Speight 2020). Prunus padus is commonly found at forest margins, near small streams, etc.","The most plausible threat is forest conversion, driven by an increase in urbanization, tourism and forest degradation.","The localities of this species in Germany and two localities in Finland fall within protected areas in the Natura 2000 network. Including this species into national lists of protected species is strongly recommended, as well as increasing the awareness about it. Further investigations into its life history, ecology, population size and threats are needed. More monitoring of population and habitat trends is required. Habitat protection is recommended through forest management plans to increase forest structural diversity (e.g. appropriate management of Natura 2000 sites).",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Bowles, P. & Obreht Vidakovic, D.","Vujić, A. & Milić, D.","Bot, S., Sommaggio, D., Ståhls, G. & Šebić, A",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pipiza,austriaca,,Pipiza austriaca,"Meigen, 1822",Pipiza austriaca can be separated from other European species of genus using key from Vujić et al. (2013),Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is assessed as Least Concern on the basis that this has a large area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) and is known from numerous locations. A continuing decline in the quality of the habitat, and conversion of forest, is considered the main threat. It is distributed throughout the whole of Europe except the Iberian Peninsula. However, further research is needed, especially into its biology and ecology.",Unknown,This species is distributed throughout the whole of Europe except the Iberian Peninsula and eastern Europe (Speight 2018). It is endemic to Europe.,"There is no information about the population size and trend for this species. In the places where it occurs, there seem to be relatively well-established populations.","This species prefers forest habitat, tall herbs and shrubs (e.g. thickets of Rubus fruticosus) at edges of open areas and tracks in deciduous (acidophilous Quercus) forest, conifer plantations and Atlantic scrub (including Corylus scrub on limestone pavement); tall herb vegetation edging fen and reed beds, pools and lakes; along hedges with an associated tall-herb, field-margin zone, in farmland; and crops of Solanum tuberosum. Adults are active from middle of June to the end of August and they fly through tall-herb ground vegetation and around shrubs; they visits mostly umbellifers, Euphorbia and Ranunculus. Larvae have been found on Rumex. At maturation they go into a diapause for some weeks, before puparial formation. The duration of the puparial phase is 8-9 days (Speight 2018).","Degradation of habitat (temperate forest) due to the long history of land-use change is the most plausible threat, and is ongoing driven largely by urbanization and tourism. A loss in distributional area of up to 6%, mainly on the Balkan and Apennine Peninsulas, was predicted for this species by 2070 under BCC_CSM1.1 and CCSM4 climate models using species distribution modelling (Milić et al. 2019).","Most localities are within protected areas. Anthropogenic disturbance can disturb its habitats, so a continuous management of sites is recommended. Further investigations on its population size, threats and ecology are needed. Monitoring of its population and habitat trends is required.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Nève, G. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pipiza,carbonaria,,Pipiza carbonaria,"Meigen, 1822",Pipiza carbonaria can be separated from other European species of the genus using the key provided by Vujić et al. (2013).,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)    This species is assessed as Endangered in both Europe and the EU27 on the basis that it has an area of occupancy calculated at 100 km2 in Europe and around 12 km2 in the EU 27, a severely fragmented population (and is considered to occur in only three locations in the EU 27), and there is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat due to conversion and degradation of forest. However, further research is needed, especially on its ecology.",Unknown,"This European endemic is distributed in Czechia, Austria and on the Balkan Peninsula (Vujić et al. 2013, Speight 2018) at low elevations. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is large in Europe and the EU 27 whilst the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 100 km2 and in the EU 27, is estimated to be around 12 km2.","The population trend is unknown. It has been recorded from a single locality in Czechia, one in Austria and several in the Balkan peninsula, from 1957 to 2011 (most recently in Serbia). Most records are from Serbia. The population is considered severely fragmented. At the locality near Novi Sad in Serbia, it has not been seen in the last seven years, despite regular surveys.","This species prefers forest margins and tracksides in Quercus forest. Adults are active during May and the beginning of June, where they fly through ground vegetation and visit flowers of Smyrnium and Stellaria. The developmental stages are undescribed (Vujić et al. 2013, Speight 2018), but the larvae must be aphidophagous.",The most plausible threat is a continuing decline of habitat quality due to land-use change for urbanization/industrial development and tourism in protected areas.,"Most localities in the Balkan peninsula are within protected areas, in Serbia in the Fruška gora National Park and Vršačke planine Natural Park, and in Montenegro in the Durmitor National Park. The important actions needed are its listing in the national lists of protected species, as well as increasing awareness about it. Continuous management of sites is recommended, especially in protected areas. Further investigation into its natural history and ecology is needed. More monitoring of its population and habitat trends is required.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Milić, D.","Bot, S., Sommaggio, D., Ståhls, G. & Šebić, A",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pipiza,fasciata,,Pipiza fasciata,"Meigen, 1822",Pipiza fasciata can be separated from other European species of genus using key from Vujić et al. (2013),Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is assessed as Least Concern on the basis that it is widespread and has been recorded from many localities. There is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat, and conversion of forest area, but the majority of known localities are in protected areas. Further research on this species is needed, especially into its biology and ecology.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, where it is distributed from Fennoscandia south to France, and from Germany eastwards through central Europe to the Balkan peninsula (Vujić et al. 2013).","There is no information about the population size and trends for this species. In the places where it occurs, there seem to be relatively well-established subpopulations.","This species prefers margins of and track sides in acidophilous Quercus forest, Quercus/Ulmus/Carpinus forest, humid Fagus forest and Picea forest. The adult flies through tall-herb vegetation and around shrubs, where it is active from April to August and visits umbellifers, Stellaria, and Ranunculus (Vujić et al. 2013). The developmental stages are undescribed (Speight 2018), but the larva must be aphidophagous.","The most plausible threat to this species is conversion of forest area in order to develop urbanization and infrastructure, tourism, agriculture etc. It is projected to lose up to 35% of its distributional area by 2050 and 2070 according to BCC_CSM1.1, HadGEM2-ES and CCSM4 climate models using species distribution modelling (Milić et al. 2019).","More than 50% of point localities are within protected areas. Continuous management of sites is recommended. Further investigation on its population size, threats and ecology is needed. More monitoring of population and habitat trend are required.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Nève, G. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pipiza,festiva,,Pipiza festiva,"Meigen, 1822",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27 because it is widespread and known from many localities. Climate change may affect a significant minority of its range over the next three decades. Further research is needed, especially into its biology and ecology.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is distributed from Belgium and the Netherlands south to the Mediterranean, and from France eastwards through southern and central Europe to European Russia (Vujić et al. 2013, Speight 2018).  The range extends out of the European region to the Caucasus and on through Russia to as far as the Pacific (Vujić et al. 2013, Speight 2018).","There is no information about population size for this species. In the places where it occurs, there seem to be relatively well-established subpopulations.","This species prefers forest, alluvial forest and orchards. Adults are active from April/June to August/October, and are fast-flying, up to 3-4 m from the ground, around trees and shrubs; they are know to visit flowers of Hedera. The larvae have been described from some found feeding on gall-making aphids of the genus Pemphigus on Populus (Speight 2018). Dussaix (2013) records duration of the puparial phase as 2-3 weeks.","According to the CCSM4 climate model, this species may lose up to 44% of current its distributional area by 2050, mostly in central and eastern Europe (Milić et al. 2019).","Approximately 50% of point localities lie within protected areas in the Natura 2000 network. The locality in Montenegro lies within Durmitor National Park and in Serbia it has been recorded from Fruska gora National Park, as well as one point locality within Vrsacke planine Natural Park. Increasing urbanization continues to cause forest degradation and disturbance of its habitats, so continuous management of sites is recommended. Further research on its population size, threats and ecology is needed. More monitoring of population and habitat trends is required.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Nève, G. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pipiza,laurusi,,Pipiza laurusi,"Vujić and Ståhls, 2012","Pipiza laurusi cannot be separated using traditional morphological characters, only with molecular data and using geometric morphometric evidence: wing size and shape (Vujić et al. 2013). Distribution can also be used to separate this species from Pipiza lugubris.",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  This species is assessed as Endangered in both Europe and the EU27 on the basis that it has a small area of occupancy (32 km2 in Europe, and 24 km2 in the EU 27), occurs as a severely fragmented population in only 8 locations (4-5 in the EU 27), and there is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat. It may have been lost from the locality in Montenegro, in which case it will have been subject to a decline in the extent of occurrence and area of occupancy. Further research is needed, especially into its natural history and ecology.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is distributed only in Montenegro, North Macedonia and Greece (Vujić et al. 2013). It is considered to occur at eight locations, based on the threat of habitat destruction from land-use change. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km2 in Europe, and 24 km2 in the EU 27, while the extent of occurrence (EOO) is large in both regions.","The population trend of this species is unknown. It has been recorded from several point localities in three countries. The population is severely fragmented. In Montenegro, where the species was first recognized, surveys over the last seven years have not resulted in any new records. Forest with Laurus is the type locality, and these are fragmented and destroyed in most of areas because of logging and conversion to urban areas, and hence this species might have disappeared from the locality, but this requires confirmation.","This species prefers Laurus nobilis forest. Adults are active from April/May to July. There is no information about visited flowers. The developmental stages have not been described (Vujić et al. 2013, Speight 2018), but the larva must be aphidophagous.","Expansion of tourism infrastructure and urbanization are the most plausible threats. Wildfire can also negatively affect its population, and also exposure to fires during hot dry conditions may be increasing as a result of climate change.","Most point localities in Greece lie within the Natura 2000 network. The locality in Montenegro is situated in the Boka Kotorska Bay World Heritage site. It is very important to consider this species for listing into national lists of protected species, as well as increasing awareness about it. Further investigation into its natural history and ecology is needed. More monitoring is required.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Milić, D.","Bot, S., Sommaggio, D., Ståhls, G. & Šebić, A",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pipiza,lugubris,,Pipiza lugubris,"Fabricius, 1775",Vujić et al. (2013) successfully applied an integrative taxonomy approach for delimitation of Pipiza lugubris. P. lugubris can be separated from related species using molecular data and geometric morphometric evidence: wing size and shape. This species can also be distinguished from P. laurusi by the distribution.,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Despite its small area of occupancy (AOO) this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27 because it is widespread, known from many localities and not currently considered to be severely fragmented. A continuing decline in the quality of its habitat, and conversion of forest area, are considered the main threats. Further research is needed, especially into its biology and ecology.",Unknown,"The known distributional range of this European endemic is in northwestern Europe: Fennoscandia, Poland, and from England and Wales through France and across central Europe (Vujić et al. 2013, Speight 2020) to Ukraine. Records published from European Russia in fact belong to Cryptopipiza notabila (A. Polevoi pers. comm. 2021). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category, but the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1436 km2 for Europe and 908 km2 and for the EU 27.","There is no information about population size for this species. In the places where it occurs there seem to be relatively well-established subpopulations. It has been recorded from 1883 until the present. It is still found regularly and is quite common in Finland, Sweden, Denmark, and southern Norway, the main centre of its distribution. In Fennoscandia, the population trend is stable, but the overall population trend is unknown.","This species prefers tall-herb tracksides and open areas in acidophilous Quercus and Quercus/Ulmus/Carpinus forest. Adult males hover in small groups at 2-3 m above the ground, in small open areas in oak forest, settling on foliage of trees in the sun. Adults visit white umbellifers, Crataegus, Euphorbia, Filipendula, Leontodon, Mentha, Potentilla erecta, Ranunculus, Rosa rugosa, Rubus and Stellaria. Adults are active from June and August/September, rarely seen in July; at the northern edge of its range it is in flight only in July/August. The developmental stages are undescribed (Speight 2020), but the larval stage must be aphidophagous.","The most plausible threat is conversion of forests to other land-uses (urbanization, infrastructure, and agricultural development). Milić et al. (2019) predicted the loss of distributional area of 8-28% for P. lugubris by 2050 and 2070 according to BCC_CSM1.1, HadGEM2-ES and CCSM4 climate models, using species distribution modelling. However there was no strong evidence that climate change would significantly affect the species in Europe, particularly in Scandinavia.",More than 50% of point localities are within protected areas. Continuous management of sites is recommended. Further investigation of its natural history is needed. More monitoring of population and habitat trends is required.,There is no use of or trade in this species.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Milić, D.","Bot, S., Sommaggio, D., Ståhls, G. & Šebić, A",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pipiza,luteibarba,,Pipiza luteibarba,"Vujić, Radenković and Polić, 2008",Vujić et al. (2008) provide figures of the male terminalia and the key distinguishing Pipiza luteibarba from other European members of the luteitarsis group. The luteitarsis group of species may be distinguished from other European Pipiza by the lack of apicoventral ridges on the hind femora. P. luteibarba can be separated from other European species of the genus using the key provided by Vujić et al. (2013).,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,CR,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)  This species is assessed as Endangered in Europe on the basis that it has a calculated area of occupancy of 28 km2, it is considered to occur as a severely fragmented population (and in only five locations), and there is an inferred decline in the extent and quality of its habitat as a result of forest conversion.  This species is assessed as Critically Endangered in the EU27 on the basis that it has a calculated area of occupancy of 8 km2, it is considered to occur as a severely fragmented population (and may survive in only one location if it is extinct in Austria and Czechia), and there is an inferred decline in the extent and quality of its habitat as a result of forest conversion.",Unknown,"The species is endemic to Europe, known only from seven point localities in Czechia, Austria, Serbia, and Greece (Samos island) (Vujić et al. 2013). The exact locality of the Austrian record is unknown.","The population trend of this species is unknown. The records from Czechia and Austria are old. Detailed surveys of the syrphid fauna in Austria (H. Helge pers. comm. 2020) and Czechia (Jirka pers. com. 2020) not resulted in confirmation of its recent presence in these countries. The most recent record is from Greece (2011). Only one or two specimens have been found at each locality, despite surveys particularly in Greece and Serbia. It may be extinct at one locality in eastern Serbia, since it has not been reconfirmed since the first record in 1989 (Vujić et al. 2008) despite monitoring during the last five years.","This species prefers deciduous forest and tall-herb open areas along rivers in the Balkan thermophilous Quercus forest of Q. pubescens/Q. cerris/ Q. frainetto and in alluvial hardwood forest. Adults are active during April. There are no data about adult habits, flowers visited or developmental stages (Vujić et al. 2008, 2013; Speight 2020), but the larva must be aphidophagous.","Urbanization and expansion of tourism infrastructure are the most plausible threat. Wildfire can also negatively affect the subpopulation in Greece during hot dry summers, and this threat may increase in the future as a result of climate change.","The locality in Czechia lies within a protected area in the Natura 2000 network. Two point localities in Serbia are within the Obedska bara Special Nature Reserve. Considering it for inclusion in national lists of protected species is very important, as well as increasing awareness about this European endemic. Continuous management of sites is recommended. Further investigation of its population size, threats and ecology is needed, as is more monitoring of the population and habitat trends.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Milić, D.","Bot, S., Ståhls, G., Sommaggio, D. & Šebić, A",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pipiza,luteitarsis,,Pipiza luteitarsis,"Zetterstedt, 1843","Pipiza luteitarsis can be separated from other European species of genus using key from Vujić et al. (2013). Vujić et al. (2008) provide a key distinguishing P. luteitarsis from other known European species of the luteitarsis group and also figure the male terminalia. Species of the luteitarsis group can be separated from other European Pipiza species by the lack of a pair of apico-ventral ridges on the hind femora, which are present in the other species (Speight 2020).",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Despite having a small area of occupancy in both Europe and the EU 27, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27. It is widespread and known from many localities and is not considered severely fragmented. A continuing decline in the quality of the habitat is ongoing as a result of forest conversion. Further research is needed, especially into its biology and ecology.",Unknown,"This European endemic is distributed from Fennoscandia south to Belgium and France, and from Ireland eastwards through central Europe (Speight 2018). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is large in Europe and the EU 27, but the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 380 km2 in Europe and in the EU 27 it is 194 km2.","There is no information about population size and trend for this species. In the places where it occurs, there seem to be relatively well-established subpopulations. There are records from 1909 to the present.","This species prefers deciduous forest; mature humid Fagus and acidophilous Quercus forest and woodland and thermophilous Quercus forest. It can also be found in mature suburban gardens. Adults are to a significant extent arboreal, flying at up to 5 m from the ground around the foliage of mature trees and shrubs. They settle on foliage of the lower branches of oak and beech at the edge of clearings and paths etc., and on bushes, e.g. Rubus fruticosus. Adults are active from the middle of April to the end of May (with occasional later records) and are known to visit the flowers of Acer platanoides, Crataegus, Euphorbia, Malus, Prunus spp., Ranunculus and Tussilago. The larva was described and illustrated by Rotheray (1987), who found larvae on a number of occasions in June in colonies of the leaf-curl aphid Schizoneura ulmi (L.) in leaf-curl galls on Ulmus glabra. Rotheray et al. (2014) records finding P. luteitarsis larvae with the same leaf-curl aphid on Ulmus glabra in 2010, remarking that the larva appears to develop exclusively on Schizoneura ulmi, on its primary host, the foliage of Ulmus species. Rotheray (1987) observed that the larvae went into diapause in July, overwintered as larvae, pupated in the following April and May and hatched as adults in May-June (Speight 2018).","Urbanization and tourism as well as the expansion of associated infrastructure are the most plausible threats to this species. The loss of up to 20% of its distributional area was predicted for P. luteitarsis according to BCC_CSM1.1, HadGEM2-ES and CCSM4 climate models by 2070 using species distribution modelling (Milić et al., 2019).","Approximately 40% of subpopulations are within protected areas categorised by the IUCN and the Natura 2000 network. In Montenegro one point locality lies within Durmitor National Park . In Serbia some subpopulation are within Fruška gora National Park and Obedska bara Special Nature Reserve. Anthropogenic disturbance can affect its habitats, so continuous management of sites is recommended. Further investigation of its population size, threats and ecology is needed. More monitoring of its population and habitat trend is required.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pipiza,noctiluca,,Pipiza noctiluca,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",Vujić et al. (2013) successfully used an integrative taxonomy approach for delimitation of Pipiza noctiluca from related species. P. noctiluca can be separated from related species using molecular data and geometric morphometric evidence: wing size and shape (Vujić et al. 2013).,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27 because it is widespread and known from many localities, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27. A continuing decline in the quality of the habitat, and conversion of forest area may be locally impacting this species. Although distributed throughout Europe, further research is needed, especially into its biology and ecology.",Unknown,"This European endemic is distributed throughout the whole of Europe, including Russia and Turkey (Vujić et al. 2013). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.","There is no information about population size and trend for this species. In the places where it occurs, there seem to be relatively well-established subpopulations. The species has been collected from 1914 until the present.","This species can be found in forest/water-edge ecotones - edges of open areas and tracksides in Atlantic scrub, conifer forest, conifer plantations, Salix forest and Quercus forest, tall-herb formations along streams in deciduous forest, around fens and at pool or lake edges in open country, and suburban gardens and along hedges in farmland. Adults fly among tall ground vegetation and within edges of thickets of Rubus etc., along hedges, tracks within woodland and in open areas in deciduous woodland and scrub and among tall-herb vegetation of humid grassland. They are know to visit umbellifers, Crataegus, Filipendula, Ranunculus, Rosa, Stellaria and Taraxacum. Adults are active from May/beginning of June to the end of July/beginning September, with peaks in June and August. The larva is aphid-feeding on tall herbs, bushes and shrubs up to 3 m from the ground (Speight 2018). Dussaix (2013) notes that, in what is probably this species, the mature larva undergoes a diapause of some weeks before formation of the puparium, and that duration of the puparial phase is approximately 2 weeks. Rojo and Marcos-Garcia (1997) found larvae on Populus, fruit trees (Prunus spp., Pyrus) and shrubs (Pistachio spp.). From oviposition to emergence of adults, development takes approximately 1.5 months, but may be interrupted by larval diapause. Overwintering occurs in larval diapause.","Urbanization and tourism as well as expansion of their infrastructure are the most plausible threats to this species. Species distribution models have predicted range declines of up to 15% under BCC_CSM1.1, HadGEM2-ES and CCSM4 climate models by 2070 (Milić et al. 2019).","More than 50% of point localities are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and the Natura 2000 network. In Montenegro some point localities within Durmitor National Park and one subpopulation is situated in Boka-Kotorska Bay World Heritage Site. In Serbia some subpopulation are within national parks and natural parks. Continuous management of sites is recommended. Further investigation on its population size, threats and ecology is needed. More monitoring of its population and habitat trends is required.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Nève, G. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pipiza,notata,,Pipiza notata,"Meigen, 1822","Vujić et al. (2013) successfully used an integrative taxonomy approach for delimitation of Pipiza notata from related species. P. notata can be separated from related species using subtle characters in male genitalia, molecular data and geometric morphometric evidence: wing size and shape (Vujić et al. 2013).",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27 because it is widespread, known from many localities and the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27. A continuing decline in the quality of its habitat, and conversion of forest area is likely at local scales, Although distributed throughout Europe, further research is needed, especially into its biology and ecology.",Unknown,"This species is distributed throughout Europe, except for the Iberian peninsula and southern Europe. It is endemic to Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.","There is no information about population size and trend for this species. In the places where it occurs, there seem to be relatively well-established populations. Records from 1905 to the present have been used.","This species prefers track-sides and tall herb open areas in acidophilous Quercus forest. Adults fly around and through forest margin vegetation of shrubs and bushes, settling on foliage at 1-3 m. Adults are active in May and June and have been recorded visiting Ranunculus flowers (Speight 2018). The developmental stages are undescribed, but Dussaix (2005) reports rearing what may be this species from larvae collected on Prunus avium feeding on a leaf-rolling aphid.","The most plausible threat is a decline in the quality of the habitat of this species due to anthropogenic interference (deforestation, logging, agriculture, urbanisation, tourism). A loss of up to 25% of its distribution was predicted under BCC_CSM1.1, HadGEM2-ES and CCSM4 climate models by 2070 using species distribution models (Milić et al. 2019).","More than 50% of known localities are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and Natura 2000 network. In Montenegro it is known from sites within Durmitor National Park. In Serbia some subpopulations are within national parks and natural parks. Anthropogenic factors can disturb its habitats, so continuous management of sites is recommended. Further investigation of its population size, threats and ecology is needed. Monitoring of its population and habitat trends is required.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Nève, G. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pipiza,quadrimaculata,,Pipiza quadrimaculata,"(Panzer, 1802)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27 because it is widespread, known from many localities and the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27. A continuing declining in the quality of its habitat and conversion of forest area is inferred. It is distributed throughout the whole of Europe except the Iberian Peninsula. However, further research is needed, especially into its biology and ecology.",Unknown,"This species is distributed from Finland south to the Pyrenees, Bulgaria and the former Yugoslavia, and through northern and central Europe into European Russia.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.  The global range extends eastwards through Russia as far as the Pacific (Sakhalin), and is also reported to occur in North America (Speight 2018).","The population trend of this species is unknown. It has been recorded from throughout Europe. In the places where it occurs, there seem to be relatively well-established subpopulations.","This species prefers conifer forest from the Fagus/Picea zone up into Picea forest, and on occasion it can also be found in humid Fagus forest. Adults are active from the end of May to July with occasional later specimens, especially at higher altitudes. Adults are active along tracksides, in clearings and in open, mature forest and visit the following flowers: yellow composites, umbellifers, Alliaria, Allium ursinum, Caltha, Cardamine, Cornus, Euphorbia, Fragaria, Malus, Meum, Potentilla, Ranunculus, Rubus, Salix, Sambucus and Sorbus aucuparia (Speight 2018). The developmental stages are undescribed, but Kula (1982) records larvae as overwintering among leaf litter on the floor of spruce (Picea) forest. The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988).","The most plausible threat is destruction of the forest habitat of this species due to urbanization, agriculture, tourism etc. Climate change may also influence its distribution. A loss of 10 to 30% of its distribution, mainly in central and eastern Europe, was predicted under BCC_CSM1.1, HADGEM2-ES and CCSM4 climate models using species distribution modelling (Milić et al. 2019).","More than 50% of its known localities are within protected areas. In Serbia some subpopulations are found in Kopaonik National Park and in Montenegro in Durmitor National Park. Continuous management of sites is recommended. Further studies of its population size, threats and ecology is needed. Monitoring of its population and habitat trends is required.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,"Nève, G. & Bowles, P.","Vujić, A. & Milić, D.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pipizella,annulata,,Pipizella annulata,"(Macquart, 1829)","Records of this species from Anatolia (Turkey) require confirmation; they probably refer to Pipizella orientalis (van Steenis and Lucas 2011), and P. annulata is considered to be endemic to Europe here.",Yes,NT,B2ab(iii),No,NT,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Nearly Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Nearly Threatened (NT)  The European endemic species, which typically occurs at higher altitudes, has a wide distribution in Europe and the large number of subpopulations. The species prefers deciduous forest of Quercus, Carpinus, Ulmus, Fagus, and Castanea.  Furthermore, the species can also occur in unimproved and alpine  grassland up to 2,000 m and in unimproved grassland at lower altitudes. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be about 3,500,000 km2 and in the EU 27 it is estimated to be about 3,100,000 km2. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 536-600 km2 in Europe and about 500 km2 in the EU 27. The species is threatened by a continuing decline and fragmentation of the quality of the its habitat due to land conversion, agriculture and urbanization. Further research is needed to determine if there is a need to include this species in any of the threatened categories based on a fragmented population. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened in both Europe and the EU27. Research on population size, distribution and trends and the monitoring of the population trends are recommended. Resource and habitat protection is also recommended.",Unknown,"This species is a European endemic, found from the Netherlands and Germany, south to southern Portugal, and east through central Europe to Hungary, and from the Mediterranean region to the Balkan countries (Speight 2020). Records of Pipizella annulata from Finland, especially female specimens, could refer to Pipizella certa (van Steenis and Lucas 2011).  Outside Europe, there are records of Pipizella annulata in Turkey but they probably refer to the species Pipizella orientalis (van Steenis and Lucas 2011), and the species is considered to be endemic to Europe here. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 536 and 600 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) about 3,500,000 km2. In the EU 27, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be about 500 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) about 3,100,000 km2. It is found in alpine grassland up to 2,000 metres, down to unimproved grassland at lower altitudes (D. Doczkal pers. comm. 2020 in Speight 2020).","There are no data on the population trends of this species. Despite the many records throughout Europe, this is not a common species (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","This species prefers deciduous forest such as Quercus, Carpinus, Ulmus, Fagus, and Castanea forest. Furthermore, it can also occur in unimproved and alpine grassland up to 2,000 metres, and in unimproved grassland at lower altitudes (D. Doczkal pers. comm. 2020 in Speight 2020). Adults are known to visit umbellifers, Chaerophyllum and Galium. The larval stages are undescribed, but a larva was found by Dussaix (1997) at the root collar level of Heracleum stems, with black aphids tended by ants. Dussaix (2013) provides more detail on the rearing of this species, and colour photos of both larva and puparium. Dussaix (1997) notes that all the larvae he found were on leaves or at the stem-base of Heracleum plants, where both aphids and ants were present. Formation of the puparium occurs at the stem-base (Speight 2020).","Usually occurring at higher altitudes, this species is threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation due to land conversion, agriculture and urbanization (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","There are no conservation measures in place for this species so far. Research is recommended on the population size, distribution (for example, the identity of records of this species in Anatolia is required), and trends in distribution, and the monitoring of population trends. Resource and habitat protection is also recommended.  The species occurs in several Natura 2000 sites, such as at Sierra de  Grazalema, Riu Montnegre, Serres de Mariola i el Carrascar de la Font  Roja, Llanos de Cáceres y Sierra de Fuentes, Monte de El Pardo, Parga -  Ladra - Támoga, and Riberas del Río Duero y afluentes in Spain; Réseau  hydrographique de la Haute Dronne, Plateau de Millevaches, Petite  Beauce, Vallée du Rutin, coteau de Chaumiton, étang de Saosnes et forêt  de Perseigne, Cuesta du Bray, Forêts picardes: Compiègne, Laigue,  Ourscamps, Réseau de coteaux crayeux du bassin de l'Oise aval  (Beauvaisis), Vallées de la Loue et du Lison, Montagne de Seymuit -  Crête de la Scie and Le Mercantour in France; Bunder- en  Elsloërbos, Savelsbos, Geuldal, and Brunssummerheide in the  Netherlands; Ohrdrufer Muschelkalkplatte, Apfelstädtaue, and Ampertal in  Germany; Julijci, Snežnik - Pivka and Krimsko hribovje - Menišija in  Slovenia; Fertőmelléki dombsor, Kab-hegy, Papod és  Miklád, Budai-hegység, Börzsöny, Mátra, Tisza-tó, Bodrogzug és Bodrog  hullámtere, Zempléni-hegység a Szerencsi-dombsággal és a  Hernád-völggyel, Szekszárdi-dombvidék, and Gemenc in Hungary; Domogled -  Valea Cernei in Romania; Melnishki piramidi and Zapadni Rodopi in  Bulgaria and Oros Tymfi (Gkamila), Aspropotamos, and Oros Olympos in  Greece (European Environment Agency 2020).",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pipizella,bispina,,Pipizella bispina,"Šimić, 1987",,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  The species is European endemic, found in Spain, France, Italy, Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovenia, Hungary, Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Romania. The species is an European endemic and occurs at higher altitudes. It is assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU 27 since its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 116 and 160 km2 in Europe and less than 100 km2 in the EU 27, its population is considered to be severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to land conversion and the improper management of grasslands and forests. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be about 1,035,300 km2 and in the EU 27 it is estimated to be less than 700,000 km2. Resource and habitat protection as well as research on the population size, distribution, trends and the monitoring of the population trends is recommended.",Unknown,"This species is a European endemic, known from north-eastern Spain, south-eastern France, northern Italy, Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovenia, Hungary, Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Romania (van Steenis and Lucas 2011, Speight 2020). In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 116 and 160 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) about 1,035,300 km2. In the EU 27, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be less than 100 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) less than 700,000 km2. It can be found at altitudes between 300 and 1,850 metres above sea level.","There are no data on the population trend of this species, but it is usually found in low numbers (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). It is not common and the population is considered to be severely fragmented.","This species prefers open forest ground, unimproved grasslands, open areas and heath within the upper levels of Spruce (Picea) forest (Speight 2020). It occurs at higher altitudes. Adults are known to visit white umbellifers (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020 in Speight 2020). The undescribed larva is assumed to feed on aphids occurring on trees, in galls, or  under the ground, such as on the roots of plants.","The major threats to this species are habitat loss and fragmentation, due to land conversion for agriculture and the improper management of grasslands and forests (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","There are no known conservation actions for this species so far; however, in Serbia the species is protected by law (Code on declaration and protection of strictly protected and protected wild species of plants, animals and fungi, “Official Gazette of RS”, no. 5/2010). It occurs in some Natura 2000 sites in Europe, such as at Le Mercantour and Sites à Spéléomantes de Roquebillière in France; Kokrháč - Hasištejn in the Czech Republic; Laghi di Suviana e Brasimone in Italy; Obere Drau in Austria; Kamniško - Savinjske Alpe in Slovenia; Zempléni-hegység a Szerencsi-dombsággal és a Hernád-völggyel in Hungary and Piemontul Făgăraș in Romania (European Environment Agency 2020). It is also found in the Durmitor National Park in Montenegro and National Parks Tara and Kopaonik in Serbia.  Resource and habitat protection as well as research on the population size, distribution, trends and the monitoring of the population trends is recommended.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pipizella,brevis,,Pipizella brevis,"Lucas, 1977","Pipizella certa and P. brevis are very similar morphologically, even male genitalia structure. P. certa proposed as a junior synonym of P. brevis by Kuznetzov (1987), but van Steenis and Lucas (2011) reinstated P. certa a valid species. P. brevis is a generally ”southern species“ (Spain, Austria..), whilst P. certa is a ”northern“ (Finland...) species.",Yes,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  The species is European endemic, known from the Pyrenees Mountains, with a single record from Austria. The species prefers open ground forest, open areas in the Pyrenees Mountains within the upper levels of Beech and Spruce forest. The species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range in Europe and the EU 27 with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of about 19,200 km2, an area of occupancy (AOO) of 32 km2, the fact that it occurs at nine to 10 locations, and because it has a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to development of tourism, logging, and overgrazing in its range. The population is considered to be very fragmented since the subpopulations are small and isolated. Site/area as well as resource and habitat protection are conservations actions that are needed to preserve this species. Further research into the species' population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology and threats are required. Monitoring of the population trends is also recommended.",Unknown,"This species is a European endemic, known from Spain, France (Speight 2018), Austria (Ivenz  2014, Ivenz and Krenn 2017), Andorra (van Steenis and Lucas 2011), the autonomous community of Cantabria, and the Pyrenees Mountains. Records from northern Europe, such as from Finland and Siberia (e.g. Verlinden 1999), are now considered to be of Pipizella certa (Speight 2020). In Europe and the EU 27, it occurs at 9-10 locations with an area of occupancy (AOO) assessed to be 32 km2, and an extent of occurrence (EOO) of about 19,200 km2. It is found between 800 and 2,500 metres above sea level.",There is no information about the population trend of this species. It is assumed to be very rare since there are very few records (around 10) so far (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). The population is considered to be severely fragmented since the subpopulations are small and isolated.,"This species prefers open ground in forests, open areas in the Pyrenees Mountains within the upper levels of Fagus and Picea forest upwards to the tree line in Pinus uncinata and Rhododendron forest and into the alpine zone in thinly-vegetated heath and acid grasslands up to above 2,000 m (Speight 2018). The larvae is assumed to feed on aphids occurring on trees, in galls, or under the ground, such as on the roots of plants (van Steenis and Lucas 2011). The developmental stages have not been described yet (Speight 2018).","The main threats to this species are the destruction of its habitat due to logging and overgrazing, and the development of tourism within its range, such as a ski-centre (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","There are no known conservation actions for this species so far. It occurs at three point localities in Spain within the Natura 2000 network: Valgrande, Posets - Maladeta, and Capçaleres del Ter i del Freser (European Environment Agency 2020), and its known localities overlap the extent of some other protected areas such as the Pyrénées Catalanes and Pyrénées Ariégeoises National Parks.  Site/area as well as resource and habitat protection are conservation actions needed for its preservation. Further research is required into the population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats. Monitoring of population trends is also recommended.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Tot, T. & Grković, A.","Vujić, A. & Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pipizella,calabra,,Pipizella calabra,"(Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974)",,Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"The species is found in the French Alps and in the Apennines Mountains in central Italy. The species prefers open ground scrublands and dry, open grassy areas with scattered deciduous scrub in the Spruce and Larch zone. The species is assessed as Vulnerable due to its small area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and in the EU 27 which is between 68 and 80 km2, because the species only occurs between seven and 10 locations, and because there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due land conversion and the improper management of grasslands and forests. The extent of occurrence is estimated to be less than 50,000 km2. Research on the species' population size, distribution, and trends and the monitoring of its population trends are needed. Site/area as well as resource and habitat protection are recommended.",Unknown,"This species is an European endemic, found in the French and Maritime Alps (Speight et al. 2018) and in the Apennine Mountains in central Italy (Birtele et al. 2003). It is considered to occur in 7-10 locations, with an area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be between 68 and 80 km2, and an extent of occurrence (EOO) between 46,000 and 50,000 km2. It is found at altitudes between 700 and 2,200 metres above sea level.","There are no data about the population trends of this species. It is usually found in low numbers, and is considered a rare species (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","This species prefers open ground scrublands and dry, open grassy areas with scattered deciduous scrub in the Spruce (Picea) and Larch (Larix) zone. Adults are known to visit Spring Cinquefoil (Potentilla tabernaemontana). It also occurs in unimproved and calcareous alpine grasslands up to 2,000 m, while also often being found near streamlets or alongside the seasonally dry channels of torrents (L. Verlinden pers. comm. 2020 in Speight 2020). The undescribed larva is assumed to feed on aphids occurring on trees, in galls, or  under the ground, such as on the roots of plants.",Land conversion and the poor management of mountainous grasslands and forests are the main threats facing this species (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species so far; however, site/area as well as resource and habitat protection are recommended. It occurs in a few Natura 2000 sites, such as at Bardonecchia - Val Fredda and Crinale dell'Appennino parmense in Italy and Le Mercantour and Marguareis - La Brigue - Fontan - Saorge in France (European Environment Agency 2020), as well as the Alpi Marittime and Alte Valli Pesio e Tanaro SPAs.  Research is needed on population size, distribution, distributional trends and the monitoring of population trends.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pipizella,cantabrica,,Pipizella cantabrica,"Claussen, 1991",,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This European endemic species is known from northern Spain and northern Italy. The species prefers open ground and dry unimproved grasslands. The species is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)) for since it has a restricted geographic range, with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 60 km2, is found at seven locations and is severely fragmented, and has a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to land conversion and the poor management of habitats, such as improper grassland management causing overgrazing or grassland conversion to forest. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is estimated to be 52,000 km2. Site/area as well as resource and habitat protection are conservation actions required to preserve the species. Further research on the population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats of the species are recommended. Monitoring of the population trends is also required.",Unknown,"This species is an European endemic species, where it is restricted to northern Spain (Ricarte et al. 2014) and northern Italy in the Piemonte and Val Pellice regions (Speight 2018). It occurs at seven locations, with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 60 km2, and an extent of occurrence (EOO) of about 52,000 km2. It is found at altitudes up to 1,700 metres above sea level.","There is no information about the population trend of this species. Fewer than 20 specimens per locality are usually found, and it is considered a rare species in Europe and the EU 27 (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). The population is probably severely fragmented since subpopulations are small and isolated.","This species prefers open ground and dry unimproved grasslands (Speight 2018). The larvae is assumed to feed on aphids occurring on trees, in galls, or under the ground, such as on the roots of plants (van Steenis and Lucas 2011). The developmental stages have not been described yet (Speight 2018).","The main threats to this species are land conversion and the poor management of habitats, such as improper grassland management causing overgrazing or grassland conversion to forest (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. It occurs at five point localities found in Natura 2000 Sites, all in Spain: Ancares - Courel, Valgrande, Montaña Central de León, Liébana, and Aizkorri-Aratz (European Environment Agency 2020). Site/area as well as resource and habitat protection are the conservation actions required for its preservation. Further research is recommended on population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats. Monitoring of population trends is also required.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Tot, T. & Grković, A.","Vujić, A. & Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pipizella,certa,,Pipizella certa,"Violovitsch, 1981",,No,NT,B2ab(iii),No,NT,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Within the European region, the species is found in southern Sweden and southern Finland. The species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) for Europe and the EU27 Member States under Criterion B since it has a restricted geographic range in Europe and the EU 27, with an area of occupancy (AOO) between 68 and 80 km2, it occurs at 11–15 locations in Europe and in the EU 27, and has a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to the excessive growth of plants and algae caused by the mismanagement of habitat. In Europe and the EU 27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is about 137,000 km2. The species prefers humid, grassy, open areas in calciphile deciduous forest with Lime Trees. Research on the population size, distribution, and trends as well as the monitoring of the population trends are required for this species. Site/area as well as resource and habitat protection is also recommended to preserve the species.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is found in southern Sweden (including Gotland) and southern Finland (including the Åland Islands) (van Steenis and Lucas 2011, Speight 2020). Occurrence in adjacent parts of European Russia is likely. In Europe and the EU 27, it occurs at 11-15 locations with an area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be between 68 and 80 km2, and an extent of occurrence (EOO) of about 137,000 km2.  Outside Europe, it can be found in the Novosibirsk region in Russia.","There are no data about the population trends of this species. It is usually found in low numbers, fewer than 10 specimens per locality, and it is considered a rare species in Europe and the EU 27 (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). The population is considered to be severely fragmented.","This species prefers humid, grassy, open areas in calciphile deciduous forest with Tilia spp. (A. Haarto pers. comm. 2020 in Speight 2020), and tall herb vegetation bordering Larix and Taxus forest (van Steenis 2011). The undescribed larva is assumed to feed on aphids occurring on trees, in galls, or  under the ground, such as on the roots of plants.","The gradual overgrowing of the habitat due to the absence of grazing and mowing, the clearing of land for cultivation, afforestation, water construction, dredging, and the excessive growth of plant and algae known as eutrophication are the major threats to wet grasslands and woodlands in northern Europe (Finnish Environment Institute 2018).","There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. In Sweden, it is assessed as Near Threatened (Artdatabanken 2020) whilst in Finland it is considered Least Concern (Suomen Lajitietokeskus 2021). Research is required on the population size, distribution and distributional trends, as well as the monitoring of population trends. Site/area as well as resource and habitat protection is also recommended for its preservation. It occurs at a few Natura 2000 sites in Europe, such as at  Marsviken-Marsäng and Hejnum hällar in Sweden and Karkali, Suuriniemi ja  Mailan alueet and Lohjanjärven alueet in Finland (European Environment  Agency 2020), and the mapped distribution overlaps that of a large number of protected areas (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2021).",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pipizella,divicoi,,Pipizella divicoi,"(Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The species is found most of western and Central Europe. The species is assessed as Least Concern for Europe and the EU27 Member States in view of its wide distribution and because the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. However, the species is affected by habitat loss due to irrigation of dry grasslands. The species prefers open well-drained, dry, unimproved grassland with scrub and montane, unimproved grassland and tall-herb open areas within warm-dry Oak forest. Further research on the population size, distribution, and trends and threats as well as the monitoring of the population and habitat trends is recommended. Resource and habitat protection is needed to further preserve the species.",Decreasing,"Within the European region, this species is found from the Netherlands south to the Mediterranean coast of Spain, and from Belgium and northern France in the Rhine valley eastwards through central and southern Europe to Italy and the Balkan countries. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. It is found at elevations up to 2,300 metres above sea level.  Outside Europe, it is found in Turkey, Mongolia, and through Siberia to the Pacific coast (Speight 2020).","There are no data on population size, but there is evidence that the population trend is declining (Speight 2020). It is not common in Europe and the EU 27.","This species prefers open well-drained, dry, unimproved grassland with scrub and montane, unimproved grassland with Castanea (Ricarte et al. 2014). It also occurs in tall-herb open areas within thermophilous forest of Quercus cerris and Quercus frainetto, unimproved, dry montane pasture, and garrigue, as well as sheep-grazed, unimproved, dry grassland with low, scattered, grazed scrub of Prunus spinosa, Crataegus or Rosa spp. (Speight 2020). It can also be found in avalanche corridors with high flower abundance (Ivenz and Krenn 2017). It occurs up to 2,300 metres in the Alps (Verlinden 1999). The undescribed larva is assumed to feed on aphids occurring on trees, in galls, or  under the ground, such as on the roots of plants.",The species is threatened by the introduction of irrigation to its dry grassland habitat (Speight 2020).,"There are no current conservation actions in place for this species.  Further research is recommended on the population size, distribution, trends and threats, as well as the monitoring of population and habitat trends. Resource and habitat protection is needed to further preserve the species. It occurs at several Natura 2000 sites in Europe, such as at  Julijske Alpe, Snežnik - Pivka and Grintovci in Slovenia; Gorski kotar i  sjeverna Lika in Croatia and Ethnikos Drymos Vikou - Aoou, Koryfes  Orous Smolikas, Periochi Metsovou (Anilio - Katara) and Oros Olympos in  Greece (European Environment Agency 2020). It also occurs in  the Durmitor National Park in Montengro and National Parks Šar Planina  and Kopaonik in Serbia.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pipizella,elegantissima,,Pipizella elegantissima,"Lucas, 1976",,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Considering that this European endemic species is known from only three locations, with tree logging and overgrazing having caused severe destruction and a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat, and as a result of a restricted geographic range with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 20 km2, it is assessed as Endangered. The species prefers deciduous forest and open areas within forests.  Conservation actions such as site/area as well as resource and habitat protection are recommended to preserve the species. Further research on the population size, distribution, and trends and life history and ecology is required. Monitoring of the population trends is recommended and the area of Castiglione dei Pepoli in Italy should be considered for protection.",Unknown,"This species is an European endemic, where it is known from the montane zone of Sila (Calabria) and the northern Apennines (Emilia-Romagna) in Italy, and from south-eastern France (Speight 2018). It is considered to occur at three locations, with an area of occupancy (AOO) of about 20 km2, and an extent of occurrence (EOO) of about 96,000 km2. It is found at altitudes between 600 and 1,500 metres above sea level.","There is no information about the population trends of this species. There are only a few records so far, so it is considered rare (van Steenis and Lucas 2011). Despite sampling in the Apennine Mountains north of Castiglione dei Pepoli, it has not been found there (D. Sommaggio pers. comm. 2020).","This species prefers deciduous forest and open areas within forests (Speight 2018). The larvae are assumed to feed on aphids occurring on trees, in galls, or under the ground, such as on the roots of plants (van Steenis and Lucas 2011). The developmental stages are undescribed (Speight 2018).","Due to tree logging and extensive grazing, a noticeable decline in the quality of the habitat has resulted (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","There are no current conservation measures in place for this species so far. It is known to occur within one Natura 2000 Site, Sila Grande in Italy (European Environment Agency 2020), however its mapped range overlaps that of 33 protected areas (UNEP-WCMC 2021). Conservation actions such as site/area as well as resource and habitat protection are recommended to help its preservation. Further research is required on the population size, distribution, trends, life history and ecology. Monitoring of population trends is recommended, and the area of Castiglione dei Pepoli should be considered for protection.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"De Groot, M & Eggert, F.","Tot, T. & Grković, A.","Vujić, A. & Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pipizella,lyneborgi,,Pipizella lyneborgi,"Torp Pedersen, 1971",,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This European endemic species is known from Portugal and Spain. The species exists in thermophilous oak forest. The species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range with an area of occupancy (AOO) between 23 and 40 km2,  has a severely fragmented population, and has a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to logging, urbanization, overgrazing, and tourism development. The species' extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and in the EU 27 is about 72,000 km2. The species occurs at only six to seven locations. Site/area as well as resource and habitat protection are conservation actions that are needed for the species. Research on the species' population size, distribution and trends, life history and ecology, and threats are recommended as well as the monitoring of the population trends is required.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, where it is known from central Portugal and central and southern Spain (Speight 2018). The first Portuguese records for this species were from 2011. It is considered to occur in six to seven locations, with an area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be between 32 and 40 km2, and an extent of occurrence (EOO) of about 72,000 km2. It is found at altitudes between 600 and 1,700 m above sea level.","There is no information about the population trends of this species. It is rare, with only a few specimens per locality being found (van Steenis and Lucas 2011). The population is considered to be severely fragmented, since subpopulations are extremely small and isolated.","This species prefers thermophilous Quercus forest (Speight 2018). The larvae are assumed to feed on aphids occurring on trees, in galls or under the ground, such as on the roots of plants (van Steenis and Lucas 2011). The developmental stages have not been described (Speight 2018).","The main threats to this species are logging, urbanization (such as in the vicinity of Madrid), overgrazing and tourism development in coastal areas (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","There are no known conservation actions for this species; however, site/area as well as resource and habitat protection are needed. Research is recommended on the population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats: the monitoring of population trends is required. In Spain, it occurs within the Sierra Nevada and Cuenca del río  Manzanares Sites, and in Portugal its range overlaps the Serra da Estrela Site of Community Importance (Habitats Directive)/Parque Natural, which are part of the Natura 2000 network (European  Environment Agency 2020).",The species is not utilized or traded.,"De Groot, M & Eggert, F.","Tot, T. & Grković, A.","Vujić, A. & Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pipizella,maculipennis,,Pipizella maculipennis,"(Meigen, 1822)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The species is known from southern England, Belgium, France, Switzerland, Italy, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, Slovenia, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Romania. The species is assessed as Least Concern for Europe and the EU27 Member States in view of its wide distribution and because the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. The species exists in open forest ground and dry, unimproved, grassy areas within dry scrub and in Fagus and Pinus forest. Further research on the population size, distribution, and trends and threats as well as the monitoring of the population and habitat trends are recommended. No conservation actions are required at the moment.",Unknown,"Within the European region, the range of this species was uncertain until recently, due to confusion with Pipizella zennegenensis. It is known from southern England, Belgium, France, Switzerland, Italy, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, Slovenia, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Romania. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.  Outside Europe, it is recorded from Turkey (Speight 2020), in Altai in Russia, and Afghanistan (van Steenis and Lucas 2011).","There are no data about the population trends for this species. It is not common in Europe and the EU 27, because fewer than 20 specimens per locality are typically found (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","The species prefers open forest ground and dry, unimproved, grassy areas within dry scrub or Fagus and Pinus forest. Adults are known to visit Cirsium flowers (Speight 2020). The undescribed larva has been recorded feeding on root aphids and on aphids on Plantago.",This species is affected by the loss of habitat quality in some parts of its range due to human activities such as agriculture and urbanization (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species currently. No conservation actions are currently required. Further research is recommended on the population size, distribution, trends in distribution, and threats, as well as the monitoring of population and habitat trends. It occurs at several Natura 2000 Sites in Europe, such as  in Massif de la Sainte-Baume in France; Slovenska Istra in Slovenia,  and Šire Rovinjsko područje in Croatia (European Environment Agency  2020). It also occurs in Fruška Gora, Đerdap and Kopaonik  National Parks in Serbia and National Park Durmitor in Montenegro.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pipizella,mongolorum,,Pipizella mongolorum,"Stackelberg, 1952",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN) Within the European region, the species is found in Jura in France, southern Germany, and the eastern Czech Republic. The species prefers wetlands, calcareous fern, transition mire, and edges of raised bog up to 1,300 metres in the Alps. The species is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO) between 16 and 24 km2, is only found from four to six locations, and has a continuing decline of habitat quality due to atmospheric pollution and droughts caused by climate change. It is unlikely that there is a rescue effect from subpopulations outside the assessment region. In Europe and the EU 27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is about about 35,500 km2. Resource and habitat protection is needed. Further research on the population size, distribution, and trends and threats as well as the monitoring of the population trends are recommended to obtain more knowledge about the species.",Unknown,"This species is found in Jura in France (Tissot et al. 2013), southern Germany, and the Czech Republic (Verlinden 1999). In Europe and the EU 27, it occurs at four to six locations, with an area of occupancy (AOO) of less than 24 km2, and an extent of occurrence (EOO) of about 35,500 km2. It can be found in the Alps up to 1,300 metres.  Outside of Europe, it is found in central and eastern Siberia and Mongolia.","There are no data about the population trends, but this species is presumably rare. Only a few specimens have been found in Europe, first discovered only at the end of the last century (Verlinden 1999).","This species prefers wetlands, calcareous fern, transition mire and the edges of raised bog up to 1,300 metres in the Alps (C. Claussen pers. comm. 2020 in Speight 2020). Adults visit flowers such as Potentilla erecta (B. Tissot pers. comm. 2020 in Speight 2020), yellow composites and Caltha. The undescribed larva presumably feeds on aphids on trees, in galls, or under the ground, such as on the roots of plants.","Atmospheric pollution and climate change are considered the main threats to the habitat of this species. Its wetland montane habitats are sensitive to even the slightest environmental changes. Warmer temperatures, for example, begin to dry them out, resulting in their degradation and, ultimately, complete destruction (Silva et al. 2007). These habitats are sensitive to a wide range of external and internal pressures, including changes in topography due to peat growth, climate change, atmospheric pollution, grazing, burning, artificial drainage, afforestation and infrastructure development (Grzybowski and Glińska-Lewczuk 2020).","There are no targeted conservation actions in place for this species; however, resource and habitat protection is needed. Further research is recommended on the population size, distribution and distributional trends, and threats, as well as the monitoring of population trends. It occurs in Vallons de la Drésine et de la Bonavette Habitats  Directive Site in France; Karwendel, Isar Birds Directive Site, Moore,  and Wälder der Endmoräne close to the Starnberg Habitats Directive Site  in Germany, and Šumava Habitats Directive Site in the Czech Republic  (European Environment Agency 2020).",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Lair, X. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pipizella,nataliae,,Pipizella nataliae,"Kuznetzov, 1990",,No,EN,,No,NA,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Not applicable (NA)  The species is found in the southern region of European Russia. The species was at first assessed as Critically Endangered since it has a restricted extent of occurrence (EOO) of 25 km2, is only found between one and three locations, and has a declining quality in its habitat due to the development of ski tourism and disturbance of weather patterns caused by climate change. However, considering the potential influence from Georgian subpopulations, the category was downgraded to Endangered. The area of occupancy of the species (AOO) is about 12 km2. Further research on the population size, distribution, and trends and threats as well as the monitoring of the population trends are recommended. Site/area as well as resource and habitat protection is required to preserve this species. The species is assessed as Not Applicable in the EU 27 since the species is not found in the EU 27.",Unknown,"This species is found in the southern European part of Russia in North Ossetia (van Steenis and Lucas 2011, Speight 2020). In Europe, it is found in one to three locations with an area of occupancy (AOO) of about 12 km2 and an extent of occurrence (EOO) of about 25 km2. It has been found at an altitude of 1,850 metres above sea level (van Steenis and Lucas 2011).  Outside of Europe, it is also found in Turkey and Georgia.","There are no data about the population trends for this species, but it is considered to be rare in Europe (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","This species was found on a high mountain ridge (van Steenis and Lucas 2011) among mountain pastures and grasslands. The undescribed larva is assumed to feed on aphids occurring on trees, in galls, or  under the ground, such as on the roots of plants.","This species is found on mountain peaks, where its habitat is significantly threatened by ski tourism and disturbance of weather patterns caused by climate change (Tashilova et al. 2019).","There are no targeted conservation actions concerning this species; however, site, resource and habitat protection are required for its preservation. It is found in the Alaniya National Park on the northern slope of the central Caucasus Mountains in European Russia (van Steenis and Lucas 2011). Further research is recommmended on its population size, distribution and threats, as well as the monitoring of population trends.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Lair, X. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pipizella,nigriana,,Pipizella nigriana,"(Séguy, 1961)",,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  The species is European endemic, found in France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Austria. It prefers open areas within Larix and Pinus mugo forest and scrubland, unimproved, non-calcareous alpine grassland and heath up to 2,500 metres. The species is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)) since it has a restricted geographic range in Europe and the EU 27, with an area of occupancy (AOO) between 50 and 80 km2, has severely fragmented subpopulations, and has a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to human-caused wildfires and the abandonment of alpine grasslands. In Europe and the EU 27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is about 150,000 km2. Further research on the population size, distribution, and trends and threats as well as the monitoring of the population trends are recommended. Resource and habitat protection are required to preserve this species.",Unknown,"This species is a European endemic, where it is known from southwestern France, Switzerland, northwestern Italy (Verlinden 1999; D. Sommaggio pers. comm. 2021), southern Germany, Liechtenstein and Austria (Ssymank et al. 2011, van Steenis and Lucas 2011, Ssymank and Lair 2014, Speight 2020). In Europe and the EU 27, it occurs at 10 to 15 locations, with an area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be between 50 and 80 km2, and an extent of occurrence (EOO) of about 150,000 km2. It is found at altitudes between 850 and 2,500 m above sea level.","There are no data on the population trends of this species. It is considered to be very rare in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011), although only a small proportion of its range occurs there, and in France, fewer than 10 specimens are found per locality (Ssymank and Lair 2014). It is considered to be severely fragmented.","The species prefers open areas within Larix and Pinus mugo forest and scrubland, unimproved non-calcareous alpine grassland and heath up to 2,500 m. Adults are known to visit Potentilla, Ranunculus, Saxifraga and Sedum (Speight 2020). The unknown larva presumably feeds on aphids on trees, in galls, or under the ground, such as on the roots of plants.","Pine scrublands are often cut and burnt in order to enlarge pastures, causing wildfires, one of the main threats to alpine ecosystems. However, the abandonment of alpine grasslands also causes afforestation, leading to losses in the biodiversity of open areas (WWF 2001, A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","There are no targeted conservation actions concerning this species; however, resource and habitat protection is needed. Further research is recommended on its population size, distribution and threats, as well as the monitoring of population trends. The species is found in the Le Mercantour Bird Directive Site in France  and Karwendel, Niedere Tauern, Hohe Tauern and Tirol Habitats Directive  Sites in Austria (European Environment Agency 2020), and a large number of protected areas occur within its known range (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2021).",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Lair, X. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.","Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pipizella,obscura,,Pipizella obscura,"van Steenis and Lucas, 2011",,No,VU,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU°) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU°)   In Europe, the species is known from Finland and Sweden. It is a lowland species collected in different habitats like Boreal forests and wet meadows along the seashore close to Alnus glutinosa forests. The species was assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted geographic range in Europe and in the EU 27, with an area of occupancy (AOO) of about 12 km2, is found in only three locations, and has a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to eutrophication and pesticide use. However, considering the potential influence from subpopulations from eastern Russia, the Red List Category is downgraded to Vulnerable (VU). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is about 36,000 km2. Further research on the species' population size, distribution, and trends and threats as well as the monitoring of the population trends is recommended. Site/area as well as resource and habitat protection is required to conserve this species.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this recently described species is known from a small number of records in Finland and Sweden (van Steenis and Lucas 2011, Speight 2018). Presence in European Russia is not yet known but presence there is possible (J. van Steenis pers. comm. 2021). In Europe and the EU 27, it occurs at three known locations, with an area of occupancy (AOO) of about 12 km2 and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be about 36,000 km2. It was found at altitudes of up to 400 m above the sea level.  Outside Europe, it is possibly widely distributed in eastern parts of Russia, and influx from these populations may occur (J. van Steenis  pers. comm. 2020).","There is no information about any population trends. There are very few records so far, and it is considered to be rare (van Steenis and Lucas 2011).","This is a lowland species collected in various habitats, such as Boreal forests and wet meadows along the seashore close to Alnus glutinosa forests. In Finland, it also occurs in wet meadows in turf areas with mixed coniferous and deciduous forest. Another record is from a very small ski-slope in a mixed urban forest with wet marshy meadows and a river close by (J. van Steenis pers. comm. 2020). The larvae are assumed to feed on aphids occurring on trees, in galls, or under the ground, such as on the roots of plants (van Steenis and Lucas 2011). The developmental stages have not been described yet (Speight 2018).","This species is found in meadows, and thus pesticide use and the excessive growth of plant and algae known as eutrophication are the main threats (J. van Steenis pers. comm. 2020).","There are no known conservation actions for this species so far. It occurs in the Natura 2000 Granlandet site in Sweden (European Environment Agency 2020). Further research is recommended on its population size, distribution and distributional trends, and threats, as well as the monitoring of population trends. Conservation actions such as site/area as well as resource and habitat protection are needed to preserve this species.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Hayat, R. & Eggert, F.","Tot, T. & Grković, A.","van Steenis, J., Vujić, A. & Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pipizella,pennina,,Pipizella pennina,"(Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is an European endemic species with a broad overall range from northern Spain east to western Romania. The species is assessed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution. In Europe and the EU 27, the species occurs at 19-20 locations, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be about 200 km2 and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is about 1,930,000 km2. The species is listed as Critically Endangered in Germany. The species is protected under the Serbian legislation. Further research on the species' population size, distribution, and trends and threats as well the monitoring of the population trends are required. Resource and habitat protection are needed to preserve the species. If research shows that the population is severely fragmented, it is possible that the species may qualify for a threatened category.",Unknown,"This species is an European endemic, where it is known from the Netherlands, Belgium, France, northern Spain, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Serbia, Romania (Speight 2018), Hungary (Tóth 2011) and Italy (Lucas 1976). It occurs in the Alps and Pyrenees mountains, where there are more records than in other parts of its range, where the species is much more sporadic due to habitat loss. It occurs in 19 locations, and also in one locality in Serbia (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). In Europe and the EU 27, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be about 200 km2 and the extent of occurrence (EOO) about 1,930,000 km2. It is found at altitudes between 60 and 2,600 metres above sea level.","There is no information about the population trend for this species. It is scattered in the Alps and Pyrenees mountains, and is considered to be even rarer outside this region in the rest of its distribution (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","This species prefers forest open ground, clearings in Fagus and Picea forests in the Montane zone, and on up to the upper limits of Picea forest in the Alps (Speight 2018). It also flies along forest edges, in open spaces in the forest, and around bushes up to a metre high. The larvae are assumed to feed on aphids occurring on trees, in galls, or under the ground such as on the roots of plants (van Steenis and Lucas 2011), but the developmental stages have not been described yet (Speight 2018).","Habitat loss and fragmentation are the major threats to Alpine biodiversity. Spreading settlements, unsustainable farming and road construction significantly endanger alpine ecosystems, but one of the most devastating human activities in the region is ski tourism. A further threat, global warming, affects weather patterns, and causes pathogen invasions and upward migration of alpine plants (WWF 2005).","There are no known conservation actions for this species so far. It is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011), and is protected under the Serbian legislation (Code on declaration and protection of strictly protected and protected wild species of plants, animals and fungi, “Official Gazette of RS”, no. 5/2010). It occurs at several Natura 2000 sites such as at Montaña Central de León, Los Valles, Sierra de Chía - Congosto de Seira, Posets - Maladeta, and Capçaleres del Ter i del Freser in Spain; Capcir, Carlit et Campcardos, Val d'Argens, Le Mercantour, Dormillouse - Lavercq, Steppique Durancien et Queyrassin, Val Ferret and Ubacs du Charmant Som et gorges du Guiers Mort in France; Monte Soro e Biviere di Cesarò in Sicily, Sila Grande and Val Ferret in Italy; Karwendel and Bisamberg (Wiener Teil) in Austria; Északi-Bakony and Mátra in Hungary; Mittelrheintal, Muschelkalkkuppen close to Embken, Muldenau, and Ahrgebirge in Germany; La Gileppe in Belgium; Sint Pietersberg and Jekerdal in the Netherlands and Porțile de Fier in Romania (European Environment Agency 2020). It is also found in the Kopaonik National Park in Serbia. Its mapped distribution overlaps the areas of &gt;400 protected areas (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2021).  Resource and habitat protection is needed as a conservation action for its preservation. Further research is required on the population size, distribution, trends and threats, as well the monitoring of population trends.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"De Groot, M & Eggert, F.","Tot, T. & Grković, A.","Vujić, A. & Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pipizella,siciliana,,Pipizella siciliana,"Nielsen and Torp, 1973","The record of the species from Romania (Bradescu 1991) is considered to refer to Pipizella zloti (Vujić 1997), and according to van Eck (2011), Portuguese records refer to Pipizella thapsiana.",Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This European endemic species is found in Sicily in Italy, southern France, and northwestern Spain. The species prefers open habitat, thinly vegetated grasslands and orchards and montane, and unimproved grasslands with Chestnut woodlands. The species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range, with an area of occupancy (AOO) less than 32 km2, it is found in six to eight locations, and has a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due the abandonment of montane grasslands. In Europe and the EU 27, the extent of occurrence is estimated to be about 650,000 km2. Resource and habitat protection is recommended. Research on the population size, distribution, and trends and the monitoring of the population trends is required.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is known from Sicily (Italy), southern France, and northwestern Spain. According to Vujić (1997), the citation of the species from Romania by Bradescu (1991) should be referred to Pipizella zloti. According to van Eck (2011), Portuguese records of Pipizella siciliana all refer to Pipizella thapsiana (Speight 2020). In Europe and the EU 27, the species occurs at six to eight locations, with an area of occupancy (AOO) considered to be less than 32 km2 and an extent of occurrence estimated to be about 650,000 km2.","There is no information about the population trend for this species. Based on a small number of records, it is presumably rare (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","This species prefers open habitat, thinly vegetated grasslands and orchards (Nielsen and Torp 1973), and montane and unimproved grasslands with Castanea woodlands (Ricarte et al. 2014). It also occurs in montane, sheep-grazed, unimproved and calcareous grassland with thickets of Rosa, Prunus spinosa and Juniperus (Speight 2020). The undescribed larva is assumed to feed on aphids on trees, in galls, or under the ground, such as on the roots of plants.",The abandonment of grazing in mountain pastures resulting in overgrowth and afforestation is the main threat to the species (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).,"There are no conservation actions in place for this species; however, resource and habitat protection is recommended. Research is needed on the population size, distribution and distributional trends, as well as monitoring of population trends. It is found in some Natura 2000 sites in Europe, such as Tratto  Montano del Bacino della Fiumara di Agrò in Sicily in Italy; Serra do  Xistral, Ancares - Courel in Spain and Est et sud de Béziers, Plaine de  Fabrègues-Poussan, Gorges du Tarn et de la Jonte, and Plateau de  Valensole in France (European Environment Agency 2020). Whilst Portuguese records of Pipizella siciliana refer to Pipizella thapsiana, the identity of records of Pipizella siciliana in northwestern Spain require investigation.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Lair, X. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pipizella,speighti,,Pipizella speighti,"Verlinden, 1999",,Yes,LC,0,No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  The species prefers open forest ground, grassy clearings in montane Fagus and Abies/Picea forest up into alpine scrub of Pinus mugo and Alnus viridis. The species is European endemic, found in the Alps in France, Switzerland, and Italy and in the Balkan Mountains in Serbia and Montenegro. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 116 and 120 km2 and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is about 490,000 km2. In Europe, the species is assessed as Least Concern since it occurs at 15-18 locations. However, there are concerns that the species will fall into one of the threatened categories in the future as the quality of the species' habitat quality is declining due to human pressure on alpine and montane ecosystems. For this reason, it is recommended to monitor the population trends of the species and research its threats.  Nonetheless, in the EU 27, the species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has a restricted geographic range with an area of occupancy (AOO) of less than 50 km2, the fact it occurs in 10-12 locations, and because it has a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to the abandonment of alpine pastures, reoccurring wildfires, and tourism development. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in the EU 27 is estimated to be about 51,500 km2. It is unlikely that there is a rescue effect from Serbia and Montenegro subpopulations. Research on the population size, distribution, and trends is needed. Monitoring of the population trends is also recommended. Resource and habitat protection is required to conserve the species.",Unknown,"This species is an European endemic, where it is known from the Alps in France, Switzerland and Italy, in the Balkan Mountains in Serbia and Montenegro (van Steenis and Lucas 2011, A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020), and from the Pyrenees (Andorra and France, presence in adjacent parts of Spain not recorded). In Europe, it occurs at 15-18 locations, with an area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be between 116 and 120 km2, and an extent of occurrence (EOO) of about 490,000 km2. In the EU 27, it occurs in 10-12 locations, with an area of occupancy (AOO) of less than 50 km2, and an extent of occurrence (EEO) estimated to be about 51,500 km2.","There are no data about the population trend of this species. It is not common, usually with fewer than ten specimens found per location (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","This species prefers open forest ground, grassy clearings in montane Fagus and Abies/Picea forest (A. Vujić and S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020 in Speight 2020), up into alpine scrub of Pinus mugo and Alnus viridis. The undescribed larva is assumed to feed on aphids occurring on trees, in galls, or  under the ground, such as on the roots of plants.","Pine scrublands are often cut and burned in order to enlarge pastures, causing wildfires, one of the main threats to alpine ecosystems. On the other hand, the abandonment of alpine grasslands cause afforestation and the loss of the biodiversity of open areas. Mountain tourism is also a threat to the habitat of this species (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","There are currently no conservation measures in place for this species. Research is needed on the population size, distribution and distributional trends, as well as threats. The monitoring of population trends is also recommended. Resource and habitat protection is required for its conservation. It is found in some Natura 2000 sites, such as at Vallée du Tarn  (de Brousse jusqu'aux gorges), Massif du Puigmal, Gervanne et rebord  occidental du Vercors, and Steppique Durancien et Queyrassin in France,  and Ambienti Glaciali del Monte Bianco in Italy (European Environment  Agency 2020). It is also found in the Šar-Planina and Kopaonik  in Serbia National Parks and Durmitor National Park in Montenegro.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Lair, X. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pipizella,thapsiana,,Pipizella thapsiana,"Kassebeer, 1995",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  The species, found in Portugal and prefers closed, unimproved, lightly-grazed, calcareous, Mediterranean tall-grass grassland at 200-300 m with thickets of Hawthorn, Blackthorn, and Bramble. The species is assessed as Endangered for Europe and the EU27 Member States due to its small area of occupancy (AOO), which is between 24 and 40 km2 in Europe and the EU 27, the fact that the species occurs in only three to five locations, and because it has a continuing decline of the quality of its habitat due to overgrazing, frequent fires, and soil nitrogen enrichment. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is about 18,000 km2. It is unlikely that there is a rescue effect from subpopulations outside of the assessment region. Further research on the species' population size, distribution, and trends and the monitoring of the population trends are required. Resource and habitat protection is recommended to conserve the species.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is restricted to central and southern Portugal (van Eck 2011), with four mapped localities. In Europe and the EU 27, it occurs at three to five locations, with an area of occupancy (AOO) estimated to be between 24 and 40 km2, and an extent of occurrence (EOO) of about 18,000 km2.  Outside of Europe, it is found in Morocco (Kassebeer 1995).","There are no data about the population trend of this species. It is not common, usually to be found in small numbers, typically fewer than 10 specimens per locality (van Steenis and Lucas 2011).","This species prefers closed, unimproved, lightly-grazed, calcareous, Mediterranean tall-grass grassland at 200-300 metres with thickets of Crataegus, Prunus spinosa, and Rubus (A. van Eck pers. comm. 2020 in Speight 2020) and humid grassland at 1,000 metres in the Atlas Mountains (Kassebeer 1995). It also occurs in very dry, unimproved, calcareous, sheep-grazed grassland with thickets of Juniperus, Prunus spinosa and Rosa (Speight 2020). The undescribed larva is assumed to feed on aphids occurring on trees, in galls, or  under the ground, such as on the roots of plants.","The main threats to grassland ecosystems in Portugal are overgrazing, frequent fires with short reoccurrence cycles due to climate change and human activities, and soil nitrogen enrichment due to intensive grazing  (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","There are no current conservation measures in place for this species. It occurs in two Natura 2000 sites in Portugal - Serra de São Mamede and Serras d'Aire e Candeeiros (European Environment Agency 2020). Further research is required on its population size, distribution and distributional trends, and the monitoring of population trends. Resource and habitat protection is recommended for its conservation.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Popov, S. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pipizella,viduata,,Pipizella viduata,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The species occurs throughout most of the European region, absent from Iceland and some northern parts of Scandinavia, and form the Mediterranean islands. The species prefers open forest ground, dune grasslands, heathland which can be partly-drained bog dominated by ericaceous scrub, unimproved pasture, and grassy clearings in woodlands, especially scrub woodlands. This species is assessed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumably stable population and the fact that the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. Research on the species' population size, distribution, and trends and the monitoring of its population trends is recommended. Currently, no conservation actions are required.",Stable,"Within the European region, this species occurs from Fennoscandia south to the Iberian Peninsula and the Mediterranean, and from Ireland eastwards through most of Europe into the European parts of Russia and Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.  Outside Europe, it is found in western Siberia (Speight 2020).","There are no data about the population trend, but the species is presumed to be stable based on numerous findings (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). It is presumed to be common within appropriate habitat in Europe and the EU 27, given its stable population trend.","This species prefers open forest ground, dune grasslands, heathland which can be partly-drained bog dominated by ericaceous scrub, unimproved pasture, and grassy clearings in woodlands, especially scrub woodlands. In Southern Europe, it is apparently mostly found in woodlands, such as alluvial hardwood forests. Adults are known to visit umbellifers, Euphorbia, Galium, and Potentilla erecta (Speight 2020). Eggs are laid on the stems of umbellifers and other plants infested with root aphids upon which the larvae feed: the aphids are usually tended by Lasuis niger (e.g. Dixon 1959).",There are no major threats to this species.,"There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. Research is recommended on the population size, distribution and distributional trends, and the monitoring of its population trends. Currently, no conservation actions are required. The species occurs in several Natura 2000 sites in Europe, such as at  Grintovci, Menina, Bohinjska Bistrica in Jereka, Dolina Vipave,  Notranjski trikotnik, Javorniki - Snežnik, Krimsko hribovje - Menišija,  and Slovenska Istra in Slovenia; Jelas polje in Croatia; Oros Tymfi  (Gkamila), Periochi Metsovou (Anilio - Katara), and Kentriki Rodopi Kai  Koilada Nestou in Greece (European Environment Agency 2020). It  also occurs in the Fruška Gora, Đerdap and Kopaonik National Parks in  Serbia and the Durmitor and Skadarsko jezero National Parks in  Montenegro.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Lair, X. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pipizella,virens,,Pipizella virens,"(Fabricius, 1805)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The species is found from southern Sweden south to northern Spain, from southern England eastwards through central and southern France, Italy, and the Balkan states, and then into the European parts of Russia. The species prefers dry deciduous forest such as Fagus, Quercus, and Atlantic scrub. The species is assessed as Least Concern for Europe and the EU27 Member States in view of its wide distribution and presumed stable population and the fact that the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.  Research on the species' population size, distribution, and trends as well as the monitoring of the population trends is required.",Stable,"Within the European region, this species is found from southern Sweden south to northern Spain, and from southern England eastwards through central and southern France, Italy, and the Balkan states, and on into the European parts of Russia and Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.  Outside Europe, it is found in Iran, Siberia and Mongolia, and on to the Pacific coast (Speight 2020).","There are no data about the population size or trends, but the species is presumed to be stable based on many findings (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). It is presumed to be common in appropriate habitats in Europe and the EU 27, given its stable population trend.","This species prefers dry deciduous forest such as Fagus, Quercus, and Atlantic scrub. Adults are known to visit umbellifers, Euphorbia and Rubus idaeus (Speight 2020). The larvae feed on wax-secreting aphids on the roots of white umbellifers - probably mainly on Anthriscus (Ball and Morris 2000).","There are no major threats to this species, but in some parts of its range it could be affected by habitat loss and fragmentation (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","In Sweden, this species is assessed as Near Threatened (Artdatabanken 2020). Research is required on the population size, distribution and distributional trends, as well as the monitoring of population trends. No conservation actions are needed at the moment. It is present in some Natura 2000 sites in Europe, such as at  Javorniki - Snežnik in Slovenia; Južni Dilj in Croatia and Koryfes Orous  Smolikas and Oros Titaros in Greece (European Environment Agency 2020). It also occurs in the Fruška Gora and Kopaonik National Parks  in Serbia and Durmitor National Park in Montenegro.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Lair, X. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pipizella,zeneggenensis,,Pipizella zeneggenensis,"(Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The species is a European endemic, found in the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Spain, Portugal, Andorra, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, and Hungary. Its presence is uncertain in Austria. It is assessed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed stable population and the fact that the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. The species prefers open forest ground, open areas in dry scrub, Mediterranean scrub, Quercus ilex forest, maquis, and Fagus forest. It can also be found in dry, stony, unimproved grasslands. It is threatened by the introduction of irrigation to its dry grassland habitat. Research on the species' population size, distribution, and trends as well as the monitoring of the population trends are recommended. Resource and habitat protection is also recommended.",Unknown,"This species is an European endemic, where it is known from the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Spain, Portugal, Andorra, Italy, Switzerland, Germany and Hungary (Steenis and Lucas 2011, Speight 2020). Its presence is uncertain in Austria. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.","There are no data about the population trend of this species. It is not common, but is quite widespread in Europe (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","This species prefers open forest ground, open areas in dry scrub, Mediterranean scrub, Quercus ilex forest, maquis, and Fagus forest. It can also be found in dry, stony, unimproved grasslands (both calcareous and non-calcareous) and heath up into the alpine zone in the Pyrenees mountains and southern parts of the Alps, as well as in the grey dunes of coastal dune systems in northern France (X. Lair pers. comm. in Speight 2020). Adults are known to visit Euphorbia, Myrrhis, Potentilla erecta, and Viburnum lantana (Speight 2020). The undescribed larva probably feeds on aphids on trees, in galls or on the roots of plants.",This species is threatened by the introduction of irrigation to its dry grassland habitat (Speight 2020).,"There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. It is found in Mercantour National Park in France (Ssymank and Lair 2014), and the mapped range of the species overlaps that of numerous protected areas (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2021). Research is recommended on the population size, distribution and distributional trends, as well as the monitoring of population trends. Resource and habitat protection is recommended.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"Lair, X. & Eggert, F.","Grković, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pipizella,zloti,,Pipizella zloti,"Vujić, 1997",,Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  The European endemic species is extant in Slovenia, Greece, Serbia, and Montenegro. The species prefers deciduous forest, open areas within thermophilous Quercus and Fagus forest and in montane, calcareous grasslands. It is assessed as Vulnerable because of its small area of occupancy (AOO) of  about 70 km2, the fact that it occurs at six to seven locations, and because there is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat due to deforestation, agriculture, intense urbanization, coastal tourism development, and habitat loss due to agriculture development. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is estimated to be about 150,000 km2.  In the EU 27, the species is assessed as Endangered because of its small area of occupancy (AOO) of 12 km2, the fact that it occurs at three locations, and because there is a continuing decline in the quality of habitat due to deforestation, agriculture, intense urbanization, coastal tourism development, and habitat loss due to agriculture development. The extent of occurrence (EOO) in the EU 27 is estimated to be about 7,200 km2.  Research on the species' population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats is required.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is known from Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia and Greece (mainland and the islet of Donousa, near Naxos island) (Speight 2018). In Europe, it occurs at six to seven locations, and has an area of occupancy (AOO) of about 70 km2 and an extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated to be about 150,000 km2. In the EU 27, it occurs at only three locations, with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 12 km2 and an extent of occurrence (EOO) of about 7,200 km2. It is found at altitudes up to 1,400 metres above sea level.","There is no information about the population trend for this species. There are only a few records so far, and it is considered very rare in Europe and the EU 27 (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","This species prefers deciduous forest, open areas within thermophilous Quercus and Fagus forest, montane, and calcareous grasslands (Speight 2018). The larvae are assumed to feed on aphids occurring on trees, in galls or under the ground, such as on the roots of plants (van Steenis and Lucas 2011), but the developmental stages are undescribed.","The main threats to this species are deforestation, intense urbanization, coastal tourism development, and habitat loss due to agricultural development (A. Vujić pers. comm. 20202).","There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. It is strictly protected under Serbian legislation (Code on declaration and protection of strictly protected and protected wild species of plants, animals and fungi, “Official Gazette of RS”, no. 5/2010). Site and and habitat protection are required to further its preservation. Research is required on its population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats. It occurs in two overlapping Natura 2000 sites called Snežnik -  Pivka and Javorniki - Snežnik in Slovenia and in Ethnikos Drymos  Prespon – Evryteri Periochi in Greece (European Environment Agency  2020). It also occurs in the Durmitor National Park in  Montengro.",The species is not utilized or traded.,"De Groot, M & Eggert, F.","Tot, T. & Grković, A.","Vujić, A. & Sommaggio, D.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,abruzzensis,,Platycheirus abruzzensis,"(van der Goot, 1969)",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  This is a high mountain species with a severely fragmented distribution, and it seems to have a very low population size, with never more than five individuals being observed at a time in any locality. It is considered to be declining in Europe and the EU27 because most of the known records come from before 1990, despite survey efforts. In Europe, it has an area of occupancy (AOO) of between 52 and 790 km2, and in the EU27 16 km2, and its habitat is declining in quality and extent due to the impacts of climate change and forestry practices. Based on this, the species is assessed as Endangered (B2ab(iii)) in Europe and the EU 27. Protection of its habitat and key sites is  recommended. Research is needed on threats, population size,  distribution and trends. Monitoring of population and habitat trends is  also necessary.",Decreasing,"This is a localised species found in the high mountains of central and southern Europe (the Alps, Jura in Switzerland and the Apennines in Italy) (Nielsen 2004) and Mercantour in France (X. Lair pers. comm. 2020). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is quite large at 168,860 km2, but the area of occupancy (AOO) is considered to be only between 52 and 790 km2. In the EU 27, the AOO is estimated to be around 16 km2. Outside Europe, it is found in the central to East Asian parts of Russia (Barkalov and Nielsen 2009), Kazakhstan and Armenia (Nielsen 2014).  The map was created from known point data published in Nielsen (2004), with additions from X. Lair (pers. comm. 2020).","Currently, there are very few data available on the population and subpopulation sizes for this species, but in most of the localities, between one and five individuals have been found. Speight (2016) and Speight (2020) report a declining trend for Europe (and EU 27), because most of the records come from before 1990, with only a very few records that are more recent (from the southern Alps). In Italy despite survey efforts, it was last recorded in Gran Sasso in 1960, and in Stilfser Joch in 1871, so it is considered possibly extinct in these localities. In Switzerland it was last recorded in 1990, while it was recorded most recently in France in 2010. Its population is considered to be severely fragmented due to the fact it exists in small isolated subpopulations between which it is unlikely to be able to disperse.","This species is found in open habitat within montane to subalpine Abies/Picea and Larix forests and up to alpine acidic to calcareous grasslands (Speight 2018). It is usually at altitudes above 1,700 m up to 2,800 m. The larval and pupal stages of this species are not known, but the larvae are presumed to be aphidophagous (feeding on aphids).","Climate change may considerably reduce the range of this species and localised high mountain subpopulations are threatened. As this is a high mountain species with records between 1,700 and almost 2,800 m asl, it is often in the vicinity of glaciers or cold screes, the specific habitat likely to be getting rarer as a result of climate change. Whilst Mediterranean Abies forests are assessed as Least Concern in the European Red List of Habitats, this habitat has slightly declined in the past as a result of forestry and possibly also climate change. Another of its habitats (temperate subalpine Larix, Pinus cembra and Pinus uncinata   woodland) has been assessed as Near Threatened (Janssen et al. 2017),   but P.abruzzensis only occurs in a small proportion of this habitat.","There are currently no specific conservation actions known to be taking place for this species, but protection of its habitat and key sites is recommended. Research is needed on threats, population size, distribution and trends. Monitoring of population and habitat trends is also necessary.",This species  is not known to be utilized or traded.,"De Groot, M & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.","Lair, X.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,aeratus,,Platycheirus aeratus,"Coquillet, 1900",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   With a subarctic boreal distribution in northern Europe, this species has a relatively small area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO), but still well above the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories. The population is considered stable in Europe and the EU 27, and in the Red Lists of  Finland and Norway, it is assessed as LC. The species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27. As it has a small AOO of 2,300 km2 in the EU27, potential future pressure on the habitat from climate change could push it into the Vulnerable category.",Stable,"Within the European region, this species can be found from Norway throughout northern Europe to the Karelian region of European Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are above the thresholds to be considered in a threatened category for Europe. The EOO for the EU 27 is greater than the threshold for the threatened category and the AOO is 2,300 km2.  Outside Europe, it can be found across Russia to eastern Siberia (Speight 2018), and in North America from Alaska south to California (Young et al. 2016).","Based on the widespread availability of its habitat in northern Europe, this species is currently assumed to have a stable population trend in Europe and the EU27. More detailed data is needed on the population size itself.","This species relies on dwarf scrub tundra (Nielsen 1974), and open ground or sparsely vegetated northern habitats (Speight 2018). The adult visit flowers of sedges (Carex) and Eriophorum (van Steenis 1998b). The larvae are not well studied, but are presumed to be aphidophagous.","There are no currently known threats to this species. Because it is a northern species, climate change may be a serious future threat with the loss of suitable habitat and habitat quality (for example by shrub encroachment).","There are no conservation actions needed or in place for this species. Research is needed on its population size, trends and potential threats as  well as on its life history and ecology. Monitoring of  its population and habitat trends is required.   It is assessed as Least Concern in Finland (Hyvänen et al. 2019) and Norway (Gammelmo et al. 2015), and has not yet been evaluated in Sweden.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"De Groot, M & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,albimanus,,Platycheirus albimanus,"(Fabricius, 1781)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a widespread species, found in a broad range of habitats. It is considered to have a stable population in Europe and the EU 27, and is not considered to have any current threats. Its extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are far above the thresholds to be considered for a threatened category. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and in the EU 27. The ecology of the adults and larvae is well understood, but monitoring would be beneficial.",Stable,"This is a widespread and common species across much of Europe, ranging from the United Kingdom across to Hungary and from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean (Röder 1990, Maibach 1993, Torp 1994, Nielsen 1999, Jensen 2001, Bartsch et al. 2009, Tóth 2011, Ball and Morris 2013, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019). It is also found in European Russia, but the specific localities are unknown (Mutin and Barkalov 1999).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.  Outside Europe, it is found across  Russia through Siberia to the Pacific coast, the  Philippines, Alaska,  western Canada and the United States (Mutin and Barkalov 1999, Young et al. 2016, Speight 2018, Skevington and Locke 2019).","This species is found in relatively high numbers, and has a stable population across its range in Europe and the EU27 (Ball and Morris 2013, Speight 2018, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019).","This species can be found at the edges of woodland and scrub, as well as in hedgerows and gardens. The larvae feed  on aphids and were described by Dixon (1960); the adult flight  period is between April and October, depending on latitude. The adults have been found feeding on the flowers of more than 130 plant species (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020, De Buck 1990).",This species is not currently believed to be experiencing any threats.,"No conservation actions are currently needed for this species. Monitoring is needed in order to follow its  population trend, but this species is fairly well understood.",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,altomontis,,Platycheirus altomontis,"Merlin and Nielsen, in Nielsen, 2004",,Yes,CR,B2ab(iii),No,DD,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR) EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)  This European endemic is only known from two localities  in the high Alps of northern Italy and Switzerland, where it is found in sparsely-vegetated, rocky habitat. The population seems to be very small but further research is needed to confirm its population trend and potential localities. As a montane species, it is likely that climate change threatens or will threaten it in the future. Its area of occupancy is only 8 km2 because it is only known from two localities and it is considered severely fragmented, as an isolated mountain species, in Europe, and it has only one location in the EU 27. It is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)) in Europe and in the EU 27. Research is needed on its biology, ecology,  population trends, threats and distribution range is  also required. Monitoring of the population and habitat is also needed.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is only known from two localities in the high Alps of northern Italy and Switzerland (Nielsen 2004, 2014; Speight 2018). It likely has a highly restricted extent of occurrence (EOO), but with only two georeferenced locality records, it cannot be estimated; the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 8 km2.","Very few surveys have taken place to find this species, but it seems to be severely fragmented and to have a very small population. There are only two records from high (&gt;3,000 m asl) in the Italian Alps, both from the same locality in 1998 (Nielsen 2004), and only one record from Switzerland (J. Van der Ent pers. comm. 2020). The population trend is unknown for Europe and the EU 27, but is projected that it may decline as a result of climate change impacts on its habitat in the future.","This species exists in the open ground of sparsely-vegetated, rocky talus slopes above 3,000 m asl in the Alps. Adult males rest in the sun, in sheltered spots between rocks, but there are no records yet of flower visits. The adult flight period is currently known to be in July  (Nielsen 2004). The larva is unknown but should feed on aphids.","As this species occurs in mountainous habitats in the Alps, the main possible threats are habitat loss and/or deterioration due to climate change.","Limiting the impact of climate change on the alpine habitat of this species is needed. Research on its biology, ecology, population trends, threats and distribution range is also required. Monitoring of the population and habitat is also needed.",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.","Ssymank, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,ambiguus,,Platycheirus ambiguus,"(Fallén, 1817)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The range of this species is uncertain due to its confusion with Platycheirus lundbecki and Platycheirus hirtipes, and its population trend is currently unknown in Europe and the EU 27. Despite this, it is known to be widely distributed, occurring in a variety of woodland and shrubland habitats not currently considered vulnerable. In some European countries (Germany and the Netherlands) it is considered to be a rare species. Its area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are far beyond the threshold to be considered for the threatened categories, and so this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Europe and also in the EU 27.  Monitoring and research are needed in order to understand better its distributional range and population and habitat trends.  More taxonomic research is also required because of its confusion with  other species.",Unknown,"The range of this species is uncertain, due to its confusion with Platycheirus lundbecki and Platycheirus hirtipes, but it is known to occur from Fennoscandia (Nielsen 1999) south to central Spain, and from Ireland (Speight 2008, Bartsch et al. 2009) eastwards through most of Europe, including Austria (Heimburg 2018), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Italy (Verlinden 2020), the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019), Bulgaria (Tóth 2014), Latvia and Lithuanian (Pakalniškis et al. 2000, Karpa 2008) into European Russia.  Outside Europe, its range extends to Russia, Siberia and on through the Russian Far East to the Pacific coast, including Japan (Mutin and Barkalov 1999, Speight 2020).","This is a widespread species in northern Europe and in the UK and Ireland, but knowledge of its population is uncertain due to confusion with other species. Literature from Germany and the Netherlands argue that this species is rare (Reemer et al. 2009, Saure 2018). In western Europe there are scattered records, with sometimes only a few occurrences. Overall its population trend is considered to be unknown in Europe and the EU 27.","This species can be found in scrub-invaded clearings and scrub-edged tracks within deciduous woodlands. It can also be found in garrigue, hedgerows and gardens (Speight 2020). Reemer et al. (2009) state that adults can be found on sunny forest edges, shrubs and flowering solitary fruit trees. The adults can be found flying from the beginning of April until the end of May in the immediate vicinity of scrub, the males hovering beside  Crataegus, Prunus spinosa or Salix in flower, often actually among the  branches. The females visit the flowers of these trees, and both sexes are known to visit Acer pseudoplatanus, Crataegus, Prunus mahaleb,  P. spinosa, Pyrus communis, male flowers of Salix (including Salix repens), Sorbus aucuparia and Viburnum (Speight 2020). The larvae are aphidophagous and were described by Dusek and Laska (1959).  In Ireland, it is typical of deciduous Prunus/Crataegus scrub habitat and mature hedgerows. It can be expected to occur also where Ribes is grown as a fruit crop. It is not known to occur in mature forest, wetlands or open ground and there are no records of it from Corylus scrub (Speight 2008).","The main threats to this species are intensive agricultural practices which result in the loss of transition habitat and the removal of habitat as a result of commercial forestry activities. This is well documented in Ireland, where intensive agriculture is resulting in tighter control over  scrub-invasion of grasslands and grubbing-up of hedges, which removes the only  available habitat for this species in much of the Irish landscape. Current trends in farming can only be expected to result in a  further reduction in the frequency of its occurrence. Conversion of  deciduous scrub to conifer plantation has a similar effect.   Currently it is not considered threatened in Ireland, and with the current policy of providing  financial incentives to farmers to maintain hedges in the farmed landscape, there is little reason to be concerned that it  will become threatened in the immediate future  (Speight 2008).","Monitoring and research are needed in order to understand better the distributional range and population and habitat trends of this species. More taxonomic research is also required because of its confusion with other species. Sustainable land use and management could help ensure its future by preserving its habitat. Furthermore, hedgerows and/or flower strips in gardens and urban area could provide appropriate habitat. In the Red List of Sweden (SLU Artdatabanken 2020), Norway (The Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre (NBIC) 2020) and Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019), the species is Least Concern.",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,amplus,,Platycheirus amplus,"Curran, 1927",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The European range of this wetland species is not yet fully understood due to taxonomic confusion with another species. While its population is considered stable in northern Europe, in the UK it has been assessed as Near Threatened. The area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and also in the EU27 are too large to be considered in a threatened category in Europe, and so the species is assessed as Least Concern.  Research on its biology, ecology and habitat range is needed. More  taxonomic research is also required because of possible confusion with  other species.",Unknown,"The distribution of this species is not yet fully understood due to its taxonomic confusion with Platycheirus peltatus. Nevertheless, it is known to occur in Iceland, Norway (Nielsen 1999), northern Sweden, Finland (Bartsch et al. 2009), Ireland, the United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000), Belgium (Ardennes: Bot and Van de Meutter 2019), Germany (Pompé and Cölln 1993), the French and Swiss Jura (Maibach 1993) and the central Alps (Austria). The exact localities are not known for some countries, in which case the whole country has been mapped.  The area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) cannot be accurately calculated, because part of its known distribution is based on country checklists rather than exact locality data. Nevertheless, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are considered to be too large to be considered in the threatened categories in Europe and the EU 27.   Outside Europe, it occurs in the Altai mountains, the Russian Far East (Mutin and Barkalov 1999, Speight 2018, 2020) and in North America (Young et al. 2016, Skevington et al. 2019).","The population is considered to be stable in northern Europe, but it seems to be somewhat fragmented.","The preferred habitat of this species is wetlands, fens and poor fens, flushes and brooks in moors and bogs. The adults can be found among sedges and similar tall ground vegetation, especially in the vicinity of standing water or brooks and they visit flowers of umbellifers, Polygonum bistorta, Ranunculus and Taraxacum (Speight 2018). The adult flight period is between June and July with records into August. The larva is unknown but is likely to feed on aphids.","This species can be threatened by drainage of its habitat, overgrazing of habitat and the conversion of land to conifer plantations.","There are no current conservation actions known for this species. Research on its biology, ecology and habitat range is needed. More taxonomic research is also required because of possible confusion with other species. The protection of its wetland habitat is needed. In the UK it has been assessed as Near Threatened on the National Red List (Ball and Morris 2014). In Sweden, Finland and Norway it has been assessed as Least Concern.",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,angustatus,,Platycheirus angustatus,"(Zetterstedt, 1843)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This wetland species is widely distributed across Europe and is considered to have a stable population across both Europe and the EU 27. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far  beyond the thresholds to be considered for the threatened categories in  both Europe and the EU 27. Therefore, this species is considered Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 27. Monitoring is needed in order to judge any habitat loss that may occur due to climate change and how this may affect on the population size.",Stable,"This species is widely distributed with many records across Europe, from Fennoscandia south to northern Spain, and from Ireland eastwards through northern and central Europe (Sweden, Norway [Torp 1994, Bartsch et al. 2009], Germany [Doczkal et al. 2001], Serbia [Nedeljković et al. 2009], Hungary [Tóth 2011], Great Britain [Ball and Morris 2013], Bulgaria [Tóth 2014], Belgium and the Netherlands [Reemer et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019], Lithuanian, Estonia and Latvia [Kuznetsov 1993, Pakalniškis 2006, Karpa 2008]) into European parts of Russia (Speight 2018, 2020). The map is based on the GBIF (2019) dataset and records in the literature (see references). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far beyond the thresholds to be considered for the threatened categories in both Europe and the EU 27.  Outside Europe, it is found through Siberia from the Urals to the Russian Far East and the Pacific coast (Sakhalin Is.) (Mutin and Barkalov 1999), and in North America from Alaska to Quebec and south to Washington (Young et al. 2016, Skevington et al. 2019).",This is a widespread species with stable population in Europe and the EU27 according to the available data from observation and sampling records (Speight 2020).,"The preferred habitat of this species is wetlands, fens, rich fens and marshes and humid, unimproved grasslands subject to seasonal flooding. Adults fly among dense, tall vegetation of fenland in May to September. Males hover within two metres of the ground, over paths and open areas (Speight 2018). The adults are known to visit the flowers of Cyperaceae, Aegopodium, Leontodon, Lycopus europaeus, Polygonum cuspidatum, Ranunculus, Rubus fruticosus (Speight 2020), Poaceae (e.g. Poa trivialis, Alopecurus pratensis) and Juncaceae (e.g. Juncus effusus) (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020). The aphidophagous larva was described and figured by Rotheray (1988), collected from aphids on Heracleum.","There is currently no direct threats observed to be affecting this species, but its wetland habitats may be threatened by drought caused by climate change and the drainage of habitat for agricultural water management.","No conservation actions are known to exist for this species, but its wetland habitats need to be maintained and preserved. Monitoring and research are needed in order to understand better its threats, distribution and population and habitat trends. In the national red list of Sweden (SLU Artdatabanken 2020), Denmark (Danish Biodiversity Information Facility (DanBIF) 2020) and Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019) this species is Least Concern (LC).",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,angustipes,,Platycheirus angustipes,"Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Whilst this species has a large area of occupancy and extent of occurrence, its population is declining as a result of habitat decline, it has very scattered and fragmented population, and the range is also uncertain but is probably restricted to mountains. There are only few georeferenced records in the databases, but nevertheless the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far  greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened  categories for Europe and the EU 27. With increased understanding of its distribution, this species may be reassessed as Vulnerable, but for now it is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Decreasing,"This species is known to occur in the Alps of France, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Austria (Heimburg 2018), the Swiss Jura, the Apennines in Italy and the Pyrenees in France (Speight and Goeldlin de Tiefenau 1990). Its full distribution is thought to be incompletely known, but the currently known data have been used for this assessment. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.  Outside Europe it is known to occur in the Caucasus within Georgia (Mengual et al. 2020).","The population of this species is somewhat fragmented because it is restricted to mountains. It is known from a limited amount of data, suggesting it is quite rare and found in fairly low numbers. The population is suspected to be in decline because its habitat is fragmented, very restricted and declining. However, there is no research on its population size. The last record is from 2014 in France.","This species is known to occur in wetlands, fens, rich fens and marshes and humid, unimproved grasslands subject to seasonal flooding (Speight 2018). The adults occur beside streams and lakes in montane grassland or open forest,  from 1,000 m upwards into the wet alpine grassland zone e.g. on glacier  floodplains. The adults have been recorded visiting Caltha palustris (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020).  The flight period is in June/August, with peak in July. The aphidophagous larva was described and figured by Goeldlin (1974), from larvae collected from emergent Carex and Phragmites around the edge of a small lake (P. Goeldlin pers. comm. 2020, Speight 2020).",The wetland habitat of this species may be at risk due to climate change and drainage. The glacier habitats are threatened in particular and the mountain habitats are known to be decreasing.,"There are currently no conservation actions known for this species. Conservation of its wetland habitats may be a priority in the future. There is no data on any national red lists on this species. Research on its ecology, habitat range, larval development, threats and taxonomy is needed, as well as monitoring of the population and habitat.",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,aurolateralis,,Platycheirus aurolateralis,"Stubbs, 2002",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The complete range of this species is uncertain at present due to previous taxonomic uncertainties, but it is considered to be fairly widespread across Europe and the EU 27, and is likely to be found in more localities than currently known. The population is stable, it occurs in a wide range of habitat types that are not currently vulnerable and it has been assessed as Least Concern in several Northern countries. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are  greater than the threshold required to be assessed in a threatened  category, and so this species has been assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 27.",Stable,"The complete range of this species is uncertain at present due to confusion with other members of the Platycheirus scutatus group, but it is believed to have a larger distribution than is currently understood. It is currently known to occur from Ireland eastwards through Germany to the Alps and on to Slovenia and Turkey, and northwards to Scandinavia (Stubbs and Falk 2002, Speight et al. 2004, Bartsch et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Speight 2020). Its presence in Czechia is uncertain, but according to its occurrence in Germany it may occur near to the border.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are greater than the threshold required to be assessed in a threatened category. The AOO for Europe is 72,814 km2, and for the EU27 67,482 km², while the EOO is 4,069,145 km2 and 3,236,009 km2, respectively.  Outside Europe, it is known to exist in non-European parts of Russia (Prokhorov 2018).","This population of this species is not yet fully understood due to taxonomic confusion with other species in the scutatus group (Speight 2020). Nevertheless, its population seems to be stable in Europe and the EU 27. In the Netherlands, there has been no definitive decline in its population but it is considered very rare.","The preferred habitats of this species are deciduous forests and scrubs up to alpine Corylus and Alnus viridis vegetation, and also mature urban parks and gardens (Speight et al. 2004, Speight 2018). The adults visit a wide range of flowers including Anthriscus, Cardamine asarifolia  (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020), Euphorbia amygdaloides, Myosotis, Saxifraga x urbium, Thesium bavaricum and Viburnum (Speight 2018). The larvae are unknown but are presumed to be aphidophagous.",There are no known threats to this species.,"There are no known specific conservation actions being taken for this species. Research on its taxonomy, habitats and larval development are required, as well as monitoring of its population and habitat. It has been assessed as Least Concern in the Red Lists of Sweden, Norway and Finland (SLU Artdatabanken 2020, The Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre (NBIC) 2020, Hyvärinen et al. 2019). In contrast, in Denmark it has been assessed as Data Deficient (Danish Biodiversity Information Facility (DanBIF) 2020). In the Netherlands it is very rare and considered threatened (Reemer et al. 2009).",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,brunnifrons,,Platycheirus brunnifrons,"Nielsen, 2004",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Despite low local subpopulation sizes and fragmentation in high-mountain areas, there is no indication that this species is in decline in Europe or the EU 27, but this is not yet fully understood. Speight (2016) does not consider it to be threatened in Europe, and it is not listed as threatened in any national Red Lists of Europe, although considered Data Deficient in some. It has a fairly large extent of occurrence (EOO), and its area of occupancy (AOO) is large enough not to be considered in any threatened category for both Europe and the EU 27. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) in both Europe and the EU 27. Because this is a high-mountain species, there is a risk that climate change might change this situation in the future, and monitoring of its habitat and population is crucial.",Unknown,"This species is found in northern Europe at low altitudes, and in southern and central European in high mountain ranges from around 800 to 2,600 m above sea level.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.  Outside Europe it can be found eastwards to Yakutia and Magadan, and is also found in the Nearctic (Young et al. 2016, Speight 2018).","This species is fairly scarce, possibly because of its unknown larval microhabitat requirements. While present in a number of high mountain areas in a wide range of countries, its local subpopulations are fragmented and seem to be quite small, because the number of collected specimens has always low, with mostly individual hoverflies being found. The population trend is currently unknown for Europe and the EU 27, but there is no suggestion that the population is in decline based on the frequency of records over the years.","This species is found in humid mountain Fagus forest, mixed Fagus/Picea/Abies forest, subalpine Picea-forest, Larix/ Pinus cembra forest and alpine acidic grassland and humid Pinus sylvestris forest (Speight 2018). In Spain it is also found in Quercus pyreanica forest (Nielsen 2004, 2014). Adults have been recorded visiting the flowers of Calluna vulgaris (Hellqvist 2009) and Tripleurospermum hookeri (Barkalov 2012). The larvae are not yet known, but are presumably aphidophagous.","This species is a typical high mountain species, inhabiting a wide range of montane habitats including acidophilous alpine grassland and diverse high-mountain forests. These habitats are currently assessed  mostly  as Least Concern or Near Threatened according to the European Red List of Habitats (Janssen et al. 2017), but they are at risk from intensification of agriculture and modification of high-mountain acidophilous grassland, as well as intensive forestry practices. Climate change may also reduce the suitable area and quality of the habitat, but more research is needed on threats.","There are currently no specific conservation actions known for this species. The intensive management of high-mountain and alpine grasslands as well as intensive forestry at high altitudes should be avoided. It was considered Data Deficient for Sweden in 2020 (ArtDatenbanken 2020) and also in Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019). Research is needed on its population size, distribution, trends and threats as well as on its life history and ecology. Monitoring of its population and habitat trends is necessary.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"De Groot, M & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,caesius,,Platycheirus caesius,"Nielsen and Stuke, in Nielsen, 2004",,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)  This species is only known from three localities isolated in the Swiss Alps and in the Spanish Pyrenees. It has not been found on any of the other high central or south European high mountains, where other closely related species of the Platycheirus ambiguus-group have been recorded. Furthermore there have been no records of this species since 1995, which could mean a population or even an area of occupancy (AOO) decline. However, there have been no intensive surveys on the historic sites so far. Its habitat is fairly widespread, but this is not reflected in the occurrence of this species, suggesting more habitat and ecology research is needed. The habitat could be threatened by intensification of human activities such as grazing by livestock and tourism. In the future it may also be threatened by climate change.   In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 41,850 km2 and the AOO is 12 km2, the population could be considered severely fragmented because it is only known from three small isolated subpopulations. It is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN).  In the EU 27, the EOO and AOO are only 4 km2, and it is only known to occur in one locality and therefore one location. It is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered (CR).  Improved grazing management in alpine grasslands with mosaics of  extensively managed and abandoned grassland may enhance its habitat quality. Research is needed on its population size, distribution,  trends and threats as well as on its life history and ecology. Monitoring of  the population and habitat trends is necessary.",Unknown,"This is a very rare European endemic found only in the high mountains of the Alps and Pyrenees in Spain and Switzerland (Speight 2018). It has only ever been found above 2,000 m above sea level. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 41,850 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) 12 km2 for Europe. In the EU 27, the EOO and AOO are both 4 km2 because it is only known from one locality.","This species is known from only three localities, all presumably with small population sizes. The largest number of specimens (28) was collected from the type locality in the Pyrenees in 1995 by Nielsen (2004). There has been no specific search for new records since 1995, but it has not been found during other general hoverfly surveys on any of the other high central or southern  European high mountains, where other closely related species of the Platycheirus ambiguus group have been recorded. In Europe it could be considered severely fragmented as it is only known to exists in three small isolated subpopulations, while in the EU 27 it is known to occur in only one locality, and therefore also has only one location. Overall the population trend is unknown for Europe and the EU 27.","This species occurs in alpine calcareous and acidic grasslands. The males are known to hover ""round outstanding groups of rocks ...at heights of 2-5 metres"" (Speight 2018). Currently there are no records of visiting flowers. The larvae are unknown but are presumed to be aphidophagous. As a high-mountain species, the flight period is short, in June and July.","This is a high-mountain species, and its habitat (mainly alpine grasslands) is threatened by the intensification of human activities such as tourism and agricultural grazing (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2021). Since it is limited to high altitudes, climate change is a potential threat in the future. The habitats of temperate acidophilous alpine grassland, arctic-alpine  calcareous grassland and scree vegetation have been assessed as Least Concern according to Janssen  et al. (2017).","There are no specific conservation actions currently being taken for this species. Improved grazing management in alpine grasslands with mosaics of extensively managed and abandoned grassland may enhance its habitat quality, as is indicated for other species by Walcher et al. (2020). Research is needed on its population size, distribution, trends and threats as well as on its life history and ecology. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is necessary.",This species is not yet known to be utilised or traded.,"Popov, S. & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.","Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,chilosia,,Platycheirus chilosia,"(Curran, 1922)",.,No,LC,0,No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  This is a Nordic species that exists on the tundra in the far north of Scandinavia and Russia. It is considered unthreatened by Speight (2016), and is currently listed as Least Concern and Near Threatened in the national Red Lists it has appeared in. It has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe, and its population trend is considered to be stable, and so it is assessed here as Least Concern (LC).   Within the EU 27, the species has a small AOO of  &lt; 20 km2 and is only known from four isolated localities, making the population severely fragmented. The habitat is projected to decline as a result of climate change, and therefore the species is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)) in the EU 27.  Research is needed on its population size, distribution, trends and threats  as well as on its life history (especially the larvae) and ecology.  Monitoring of the population and habitat trend is required.",Stable,"This species has a naturally northern arctic distribution, from northern Fennoscandia eastwards to European Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are greater than the thresholds for any threatened category for Europe. In the EU 27, the AOO is estimated to be less than 20 km2.  Outside Europe, it occurs across Russia to the Russian Far East and Greenland (Speight 2018), Canada and the Northern Yukon (Young et al. 2016).","There are very few data available on the size of subpopulations. However, there is no fragmentation of the population because the tundra habitat is continuous, and there are no signs of any decline, so the population is inferred as stable in Europe and the EU 27. The main EU 27 subpopulation is in Finland.","This species exists in arctic-alpine tundra (Speight 2018) on ""high barren mountain slopes"" (Vockeroth 1990). The adults are known to visit flowers of Dryas octopetala (Speight 2018). The larvae are unknown, but are presumed to be aphidophagous.","Currently this species does not seem to be experiencing any threats, but as an arctic species it will be potentially threatened by climate change in the future. Its habitats, shrub tundra and moss-and-lichen  tundra, have both been assessed as Least Concern in the Red List of European Habitats  (Janssen et al. 2017).","No specific conservation actions are known to exist for this species. Research is needed on its population size, distribution, trends and threats as well as on its life history (especially the larvae) and ecology. Monitoring of the population and habitat trend is required. It has been assessed as Least Concern in the national Red List of  Norway (Gammelmo et al. 2015), Near Threatened in Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019) and assessed as Not Applicable in Sweden because of its marginal occurrence there at the western  border of its range.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"De Groot, M & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,ciliatus,,Platycheirus ciliatus,"Bigot, 1884",,No,CR,B2ab(iii),No,CR,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR) EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)  This montane species was previously thought to be exclusively Nearctic, but was first found in Europe only very recently (Ssymank and Lair 2015). It is considered very rare because it has only been found in two localities, both in southern France; one in Mercantour National Park in southeastern France close to the border with Italy, and a second in the eastern Pyrenees, close to or within a second protected area. The population trend is unknown, however the population in Europe is considered severely fragmented because the two subpopulations are  very small and highly unlikely to interact with one  another, the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 8 km2 and the habitat is projected to decline in extent and quality due to the impacts of livestock grazing, commercial forestry and climate change. Based on this, the species has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) in Europe and the EU27.  This species is missing in all available European determination keys, which must be updated as soon as possible because it can be challenging to differentiate this from related species. Based on this, it is possible that this species has been overlooked in existing collections, and therefore further research is essential, in particular, into its threats, population sizes, distribution and  trends, as well as its habitats and biology, particularly of the larvae. Monitoring is required on the population and habitat trends.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is only known form southern France, where it has been found in the French Alps within the Mercantour National Park (Ssymank and Lair 2015) and in the eastern Pyrenees (Speight et al. 2018). Due to difficulties of identification and its absence in European identification keys, the range might be incompletely known, but it is not expected to occur in many more localities than currently known. However, this assessment uses the currently available data, and the species may be reassessed if ongoing monitoring suggests it occurs in more localities. Potentially it has a highly restricted extent of occurrence (EOO), but with only two georeferenced locality records, the EOO cannot be estimated. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km2.  Outside Europe, it occurs in Canada, the western coast of the United States of America (from Alaska to California (Young et al. 2016) and in the Russian Far East (Mutin 2020).","This is a predominantly Nearctic species first reported from Europe by Ssymank and Lair (2015). Only single individuals have been found so far in only two localities, both in France. The European population is believed to be small because a Malaise trap was used to survey for it. It is difficult to distinguish from closely related species and therefore the data are possibly incomplete, but it is understood to be very rare.  Based on the very small number of records, it is not possible to establish its population trend. It is considered severely fragmented because the two subpopulations are understood to be very small and highly unlikely to interact with one another due to the great distance between them. There has been some surveying in Mercantour National Park since this species was first found, but it was not found again there or anywhere else.","This is a montane species found in Pinus uncinata forest with Rhododendron thickets, in open areas of subalpine Pinus/Abies/Larix forest, but also in Mediterranean Quercus coccifera mattoral. Adults fly around bushes and were recorded visiting the flowers of Quercus coccifera (Speight 2018, 2020). The larvae are unknown but presumed to be aphidophagous.","Both of the mountain habitats listed for this species in Speight (2018) are threatened to some degree, with Quercus coccifera mattoral being more abundant. The threats are not yet well understood, but the species may be threatened by the impacts of climate change in the upper altitudinal zones, by industrial forestry and by intense pasturing in semi-open forests and garrigue vegetation.","The eastern record is within a protected area (Le Mercantour Site of Community Importance/Special Protection Area/National Park), whilst the western record from the Pyrenees is either within or adjacent to a protected area (Parc naturel régional des Pyrénées catalanes, the Canigou-conques de La Preste (Special Protection Area), the Massif du Canigou Site of Community Importance).  There are no specific conservation actions currently known for this species. It is not listed in any of the national Red Lists of Europe because it was only discovered here in 2015. Maintaining alpine forest and shrub vegetation, and preventing overgrazing by livestock, are recommended. Research is needed on its threats, population sizes, distribution and trends, as well as on its habitats and biology particularly of the larvae. Monitoring is required on its population and habitat trends.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Popov, S. & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A., Aracil, A., Vujić, A. & Földesi, R.","Lair, X. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,cintoensis,,Platycheirus cintoensis,"van der Goot, 1961",,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27-2020,,"This European endemic is found only on Corsica in Abies forests, but very little is known about its habitat needs as an adult or larvae. It has only been observed in 1982; additional surveys and research are needed to understand its distribution, habitat and ecology, and its population trend and threats. Due to lack of knowledge, this species is assessed as Data Deficient in Europe and the EU 27. Without recent monitoring on Corsica, we cannot establish whether the species is still extant.",Unknown,"This European endemic is only known from Corsica (France: Dušek and Láska 1982). It has a maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) of 10,604 km2 and a maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of 8,752 km2, because its exact distribution is unknown.","There are no recent records known from Corsica: it is only known to occur there based on its original discovery in 1982 (Speight 2018, 2020). The distribution map in Speight et al. (2018) is probably based on Dušek and Láska (1982). There are no available data on its population size or trends.","This species was found in open Abies forests with scrub in July, at around 1,600 metres above sea level, according to van der Goot (1961). The developmental stages are unknown.","The habitat (Abies forests) of this species is not considered to be threatened, but its deterioration has increased substantially in recent years through droughts and climate change. Overall, the threats to this species are unknown.","There are no conservation actions currently taking place for this species. Because of the lack of information, extensive research and monitoring needs to take place, including research on its population size, biology, ecology and threats, as well as its distribution within Corsica. Monitoring of its habitat and population trend is also required.",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,clausseni,,Platycheirus clausseni,"Nielsen, 2004",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment Endangered (EN)  This montane species is found in the high Alps of Austria, Switzerland, Italy and France. It occurs in high-mountain grassland habitats which are threatened by the building of infrastructure for ski tourism, climate change, and unsustainable grazing regimes. Hence the extent and quality of the habitat is projected to be in decline. The population is severely fragmented and the subpopulations are considered to to be very small, with just a few specimens being found at any one time. Finally, the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2 for the European region and 16 km2 for the EU27. Therefore, this species categorized as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)) in Europe and in the EU 27.",Unknown,"This species is found in the high Alps of Austria (with known records from 1,800 to 2,100 m above sea level), Switzerland, Italy (Nielsen 2004) and France (Speight et al. 2018). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is 29,994 km2 and area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2, and the AOO for the EU27 is 16 km2 and the EOO 29,982 km2.  Outside Europe it is found in the Russian Altai mountains (Barkalov and Nielsen 2008) and North America (Young et al. 2016).","The European population of this species is considered to be very small, with just a few specimens being found at  any one time, and severely fragmented because restricted to medium elevation mountains (1,800 - 2,100 m asl), and hence distributed at great distances which are highly unlikely to interact with one another. Its population trend is unknown. According to the GBIF database, the last record was in 2014 in France. Earlier data are from the 20th century (1949-1989).","The preferred habitats of this species are open grounds in calcareous and non-calcareous unimproved subalpine grasslands (Nielsen 2004, Speight 2018). The adults can be found in flight in July and August,  close to streams with tall-herb vegetation (Adenostyles), and are known to visit flowers of Silene rupestris (Nielsen 2004). Currently the larval and puparial stages are unknown (Speight 2018).","The subalpine grassland communities in which this species lives are relatively stable, but very sensitive to disturbance. When the vegetative cover is altered or there is significant loss of soil, it is almost impossible to restore the original habitat. The main threats to these grassland communities are inappropriate grazing practices, the construction of infrastructure for tourism (mainly ski resorts), perturbations caused by changes in land use and climate change. They tolerate moderate grazing, but overgrazing and overstocking can destroy the vegetation and lead to soil erosion (García-González 2008). New ski resorts are one of the main threats to alpine calcareous grasslands, because the construction and maintenance of ski trails lead to the deterioration of alpine habitat (García-González 2008).","No conservation actions are known to be currently taking place for this species. New ski resorts should not be built in areas where the alpine vegetation has high conservation value (García-González 2008). Additionally, sustainable management of grazing practices can help to conserve its habitat. Monitoring of its population and habitat trends, and research on its distribution, population size and biology (particularly of the larvae) is required.",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,clypeatus,,Platycheirus clypeatus,"(Meigen, 1822)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a very widely distributed species in Europe, occurring in a variety of wetland and anthropogenic aquatic habitats. It is well recorded and surveyed, and the data indicate that the population is stable. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are  far above the threshold to be considered in the threatened categories. The species is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Europe and the EU 27. Some of its wetland habitats can experience pressure from climate change and agricultural activities such as drainage. These should be closely monitored along with the population trends.",Stable,"This is a very widely distributed species in Europe. Its range expands from Iceland and the Faroe Islands (Jensen 2001), across Fennoscandia (Torp 1994, Nielsen 1999, Bartsch et al. 2009), south to Iberia and the Mediterranean, and from Ireland (Ball and Morris 2013) eastwards through most of western and central Europe including Germany (Röder 1990), Belgium (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019), Hungary (Tóth 2011) and European parts of Russia.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above the threshold to be considered in the threatened categories. Exact locality information is not available for its full distribution and so full countries have been represented on the map in these cases. Where exact locality information is available, it has been used.  Outside Europe it can be found in Turkey and from the Urals to central Siberia (Mutin and Barkalov 1999, Speight 2018). It is also present in North America from Alaska to Ontario and south to California (Young et al. 2016, Skevington et al. 2019).","This species is well recorded and surveyed, and the data indicate that the population is stable (GBIF 2019).","This species exists in open habitats of wetlands, humid grasslands and fens, margins of ponds, streams, bogs and lakes. It is to some extent synanthropic, also occurring along wet ditches and canals. The adults fly among the dense tall vegetation of fens, fen meadows and waterside habitats, and can be seen in flight between April and September. The adults have been recorded visiting the flowers of plants such as Cyperaceae, Poaceae (e.g. Holcus mollis), Juncus, white Apiaceae, Caltha, Luzula, Plantago, Polygonum cuspidatum, Ranunculus, Salix, Senecio jacobaea and Vaccinium myrtillus (Speight 2018): it has been observed on the flowers of more than 65 plant species altogether, with a preference for anemophiles (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020).  The larva feeds on aphids, as other species in this genus, and was described by Dixon (1960). According to Dziock (2002), development from egg-laying to hatching of the adult under laboratory conditions can take as little as 5-6 weeks.","There have been no direct threats to the species observed, but their wetland habitats experience more general threats such as the impacts of drought caused by climate change, and modern land-use practices such as drainage for agriculture, peat harvesting and soil acidification.","There are no known conservation actions taking place for this species, but its wetland habitats might be vulnerable, and therefore monitoring of the habitat and the population is useful in order to ensure action is taken if the population begins to decline.",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,complicatus,,Platycheirus complicatus,"(Becker, 1889)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The full distribution of this forest and grassland species is not yet known due to a lack of precise locality data. Its population trend is not yet fully understood, and its threats not completely known. Further research is needed to establish the ecological requirements of its larval stages. Despite the lack of available information, based on the currently understood distribution, its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are greater than the thresholds for threatened status, and so it is currently categorised as Least Concern (LC) in both Europe and the EU 27. If further research and monitoring show it to be in decline, or with a smaller EOO and AOO, then it may reach the threshold for Near Threatened or threatened in the future.",Stable,"This species can be found in Belgium (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019), Germany in Niedersachsen and Baden-Württemberg (Röder 1990, Ssymank et al. 2011), the Czech Republic (Dusek and Laska 1982), Hungary (Tóth 2011), France (Alps) (Speight et al. 2018), Switzerland (Maibach 1993) and northern Italy (Dolomites). Outside Europe, it occurs in western Siberia (Nielsen 1981, Nielsen and Barkalov 2017) and Japan (Mutin and Barkalov 1999). However, there are only few records of this species in GBIF (2019) and currently its exact localities are not well documented. Where exact localities are available, these have been used to show the distribution; where exact locality information is not available, the habitat types based on its preferences have been indicated.  Due to lack of exact locality data, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) cannot be calculated accurately at this time, but they are currently understood to be greater than the threshold required to be considered for threatened categories.","The population seems to be quite scattered across Europe with a localised distribution, suggesting that this species is quite rare.","The preferred habitats of this species are forests and wet unimproved montane meadows. It can be found in humid open areas of Fagus/Picea forest upwards into calcareous and non-calcareous unimproved subalpine grasslands. It also occurs in subalpine Betula and Larix forests (Speight 2018). The adult males hover at 1-2 metres and settle on both bare rocky ground and low-growing vegetation (Barkalov and Nielsen 2007). The adults have been recorded visiting the flowers of Allium ursinum, Caltha, Geranium sylvaticum, Lamium album, Meum athamanticum, Ranunculus, Rhododendron aureum, Salix, Sorbus aucuparia, Tussilago (Speight 2020) and Salix appendiculata (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020). The larval and puparial stages are unknown.","There are no specific threats currently known for this species, but its habitat may experience over-grazing by livestock, logging and impacts as a result of climate change such as habitat shifting and alteration.","There are currently no conservation actions taking place for this species. Due to the lack of precise knowledge about its distribution, population trends, larval ecology and threats, urgent monitoring and research are needed.",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,discimanus,,Platycheirus discimanus,"(Loew, 1871)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species has a wide distributional range across northern, western and central Europe, but is infrequently recorded. It is uncertain whether this indicates rarity or whether it is because it is difficult to survey. Its preferred environments are forests, deciduous forests and scrubs, and scrub-invaded grasslands. Changes to woodland management practices that affect the stand types or  ride-side vegetation are the most likely changes that will affect it. In Europe, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 4,142,381 km2 and area of occupancy (AOO) around 23,523 km2. In the EU 27, the EOO is estimated to be around 3,060,958 km2 and AOO around 19,883 km2.   Further research is needed on its life history and the population trend.",Unknown,"The distributional range of this species includes southern Scandinavia (Nielsen 1972, Torp 1994, Bartsch et al. 2009) south to Belgium (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019) and France (the Alps), and Ireland (Speight 2008) eastwards through central Europe (Röder 1990, Stubbs and Falk 2002, Reemer et al. 2009, Ssymank et al. 2011, Tóth 2011, Ball and Morris 2014, Speight et al. 2018) into Russia.  In Europe, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 4,142,381 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) around 23,523 km2. In the EU 27, the EOO is estimated to be around 3,060,958 km2 and the AOO around 19,883 km2.  Outside Europe, it is known throughout Russia to Siberia and the Russian Far East to the Pacific coast (Sakhalin), as well as Afghanistan, Mongolia and China (Mutin and Barkalov 1999). It is also known from North America (Young et al. 2016, Skevington et al. 2019).","The range of this species is large in Europe, but it has not been recorded anywhere frequently. In the United Kingdom, there has been a decline in its population over the past 25 years, and in particular there have been no records from southern England south of a line between the Thames and the Severn since 1990 (Ball and Morris 2014). However, this is not an easy species to find because it is active very early in the season, and often flies higher than recorders can reach. It is therefore unclear whether the apparent decline in the south is genuine or related to recorder behaviour, especially as recent work in Northamptonshire has revealed a number of new localities.  In Ireland there are just a few records (Speight 2008), and in the Netherlands it is rare and shows a decreasing tendency in its population since 1950 (Reemer et al. 2009).   The current population trend in Europe and the EU 27 is unknown.","The preferred environments of the species are forests, deciduous forests and scrubs, and scrub-invaded grasslands (Speight 2018). According to Speight (2018), adults occur in the immediate vicinity of scrubs, where they fly at about two metres or higher, among the branches of shrubs such as Prunus spinosa. They descend to rest on low-growing plants, for example, tussocks of dead Molinia. They also visit flowers of taller shrubs and small trees (Speight 2018), and flowers of, for example, Prunus spinosa, Salix, Salix glabra, Salix caprea, Taraxacum spp. and Potentilla spp. (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020).  The flight period is mid-April to around the end of May.  It is not easy to find because it is active very early in the season, and often flies higher than recorders can reach (a very long net handle being necessary at many localities, according to Ball and Morris 2000).  The developmental stages have been described only very briefly (Fielding 1953); a puparium was found under larch bark (Schremmer 1959).","According to Ball and Morris (2014), changes to woodland management practices that affect stand types or ride-side vegetation are the most likely changes that will affect this species. In conifer plantations, removal of stands of larch may be a possible factor in the long-term survival of particular subpopulations.","According to Ball and Morris (2014), subpopulations can be supported by conserving existing ride structures, or by providing suitable areas for this species to transition between grasslands and high forest, including sunny open flower-rich glades. Ride-side shrub clearance should avoid removal or cutting of all flowering sallows on any one ride management cycle. Where stands of larch are felled, replanting with the same species and maintaining a small number of mature trees might be considered (Ball and Morris 2014).  In Sweden, Finland and Norway it has been assessed as Least Concern (LC), and in Denmark as Near Threatened. It has the status 'Nationally  Scarce' in the United Kingdom  (Ball and Morris 2014), and in the  Netherlands is assessed  as Vulnerable (Reemer et al. 2009). Further research is needed on its life history and population trend.",This species is not used or traded.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,europaeus,,Platycheirus europaeus,"Goeldlin de Tiefenau, Maibach and Speight, 1990",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a widely distributed species in Europe, found in a variety of habitats including various wetland, grassland and forest habitats. The population is considered stable in Europe and the EU27, and it is most common in Scandinavia where it has been assessed as Least Concern in all of the national Red Lists. There are no threats currently known to be affecting it, although this requires further research. The extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are far greater than the thresholds for any threatened category for both Europe and the EU 27. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) in both regional assessments.  Monitoring and research on its ecology, threats, distribution, habitat in different latitudes and larval development is required.",Stable,"This is a widely distributed species in Europe, although its range is inadequately known. It has been recorded in Scandinavia (Torp 1994, Bartsch et al. 2009), United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2013), Germany (Ssymank 2002), Netherlands, Belgium  (van der Linden  1991, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019), France (the Cote d'Or, Vosges, Alps and Pyrenees), Czech Republic, Hungary (Tóth 2011), the Swiss Plateau (Jura and the Alps) (Maibach 1993), Austria, Spain, Italy (Speight and Goeldlin de Tiefenau 1990), Serbia and Belarus (Reemer 2000) but without georeferenced records in the literature.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are considered to be far greater than the threshold required to be assessed in a threatened category.  Outside Europe, it is found in the Far East of Russia and in Japan (Mutin and Barkalov 1999).","Whilst the population of this species is widely distributed, in some countries (mainly in central Europe) it seems to be more fragmented. It is likely to be most common in Scandinavia. The population is considered stable in Europe and the EU 27.","The preferred habitats of this species are wetlands and wet open ground in forests, in particular, brook floodplains and wet flushes in montane grasslands, grassy glades beside streams and flushes in the Carpinus/Quercus forest zone. It can also be found up into the Fagus/Picea zone (including humid Pinus) and in humid unimproved grasslands (Speight 2018). In Scotland, it has been found in Pinus sylvestris woods and in the Fagus/Picea zone. The low-altitude records in the Scottish Highlands are probably equivalent to records in the upper limit of its altitudinal range  on the continent, according to Ball and Morris (2013). The adults are known to visit flowers of Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Plantago, Cardamine, Ranunculus and Taraxacum (Speight 2018). The larva was described by Goeldlin (1974) under the name immarginatus, and feeds on aphids.",The threats to this species are currently unknown.,"No current conservation actions for this species. Monitoring and research on its ecology, threats, distribution, habitat in different latitudes and larval development are required.  It has been assessed as Least Concern in the national Red Lists of Sweden (SLU Artdatabanken 2020), Norway (The Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre (NBIC) 2020), Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019) and Denmark (Danish Biodiversity Information Facility (DanBIF) 2020).",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,fasciculatus,,Platycheirus fasciculatus,"(Loew, 1856)",,Yes,NT,B2ab(iii),No,NT,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  This species can be found across the Alps and in the Italian Dolomites. It has a  severely fragmented population due to its localised subpopulations in high mountains at altitudes above 1,800 m. It inhabits montane grasslands, which are threatened by tourism infrastructure for recreational skiing, climate change and unsustainable grazing practices. The population is suspected to be in decline based on these habitat pressures. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are above the thresholds to be considered for the threatened categories, but considering the fragmentation of the habitat and habitat decline across its range, it is considered to be Near Threatened (NT) in Europe and the EU 27.  Sustainably managing damaging grazing  practices can help to conserve its habitat. Additionally, new ski resorts should not be  built in areas where the alpine vegetation has high conservation value.  Monitoring and research of its population and  habitat trends, size, biology and distributional range is required.",Decreasing,"This European endemic species can be found in the Alps of Austria (Heimburg 2018), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011) and Switzerland (Maibach 1993), and in the Dolomites of Italy (Nielsen and Barkalov 2017, Speight 2018).  The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 13,625 km2, and 10,082 km2 in the EU27. The extent of occurrence (EOO) both in Europe and the EU 27 is 194,827 km2.","The subpopulations are restricted to high-mountain habitats, which are in decline, and so its population is considered somewhat fragmented. There are very few data to show the population trend definitively, but it is suspected to be in decline in both Europe and the EU 27 due to the threats and pressures that its habitats are experiencing. The latest record is from 2016 (Austria): this species is not regularly collected or found.","This species relies on the sparsely-vegetated open grounds and unimproved non-calcareous subalpine grasslands and moraines, from 1800 metres to above 2000 metres in altitude (Speight 2018).  The adults fly close to the ground, with a rapid darting flight when disturbed, settling on stones in the sun (C. Claussen pers. comm. 2020, Speight 2018). They have been recorded visiting flowers of Silene rupestris (C. Claussen pers.comm. 2020; Speight 2018) and Saxifraga aizoides (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020). The larval and pupal stages are unknown.","The subalpine grassland communities in which this species occurs are very sensitive to  disturbance (García-González 2008). When the vegetative cover is altered or there is significant loss of soil, it is almost impossible to restore the original habitat. The main threats to these grassland communities  are inappropriate grazing practices, the construction of infrastructure for tourism (mainly ski resorts), perturbations caused by changes in land-use,  and climate change. They tolerate moderate grazing, but  overgrazing and overstocking can destroy the vegetation and lead to soil  erosion (García-González 2008).","No conservation actions are currently being undertaken for this species. Sustainably managing damaging grazing  practices can help to conserve its habitat. Additionally, new ski resorts should not be built in areas where the alpine vegetation has high conservation value (García-González 2008).  Monitoring and research of its population and habitat trends, size, biology and distributional range is required.",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,fimbriatus,,Platycheirus fimbriatus,"(Loew, 1871)",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27-2020,,"European regional expert questions: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional expert questions: Data Deficient (DD)  There is only one record of this species in Europe and the EU 27, from one locality in Hungary in 2008. It is considered to be very under-recorded and hence its distribution, population trend and size is unknown. Its habitat and ecology are poorly understood because much of the available information comes from outside Europe, although it is known to occur in Fagus forests. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are currently estimated to be only 4 km2, based on the currently known single locality. Due to lack of data and knowledge we have on this species, it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) in Europe and the EU 27. Extensive research on its full distribution, habitat, biology and  ecology, threats and conservation actions needs to be undertaken.  Furthermore, monitoring of the population and habitat trends is needed.",Unknown,"The distribution of this species is known only from Hungary in Europe (Tóth 2011). The area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are 4 km2, because it is only found in one locality in Europe and the EU 27.  Outside Europe, it is found in central and eastern Russia and Mongolia, according to Nielsen (2014), who studied data from museum collections.","There are no data on population trend or size for this species because it has been recorded only once, in 2008 in Hungary. It is believed to be very under-recorded because there have been insufficient surveys for hoverflies where this species was previously found.","This species is found in open Fagus forest (Nielsen 2014, Speight 2020). In Hungary it is known to feed on Salix spp. as an adult (Nielsen 2014) and the flight period is in April, and May/June outside of Europe (Tóth 2011, Nielsen 2014). The developmental stages are unknown (Speight 2018). Further research is needed to understand its habitat and ecology in Europe.",The threats to this species are unknown because there are not enough data on its habitat and biology.,"There are no conservation actions currently being taken for this species. Extensive research on its full distribution, habitat, biology and ecology, threats and conservation actions needs to be undertaken. Furthermore, monitoring of the population and habitat trends is needed.",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,fulviventris,,Platycheirus fulviventris,"(Macquart, 1829)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a widespread species both in and outside Europe, occurring in mostly wetland habitat types. It has many records in Europe and the EU 27, and the population trend seems generally to be stable in both assessment regions. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category for both Europe and the EU 27.  More sustainable land-use practices such as the reduction of water  abstraction and pollution from agriculture can preserve its habitats. Increased research is needed on its distribution and  threats is needed, as well as monitoring of the population and habitat.",Stable,"Within the European region, this species is found from Fennoscandia (Bartsch et al. 2009) south to Iberia and the Mediterranean, through lowland areas of central and southern Europe into Turkey and European parts of Russia (Mutin and Barkalov 1999, Barkalov and Nielsen 2009).  More specifically, it can be found in Bulgaria (Tóth 2014), the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019), Austria (Heimburg 2018), Ireland (Speight 2008), Ukraine (Popov 2010), Germany (Röder 1990, Saure 2018), France (Speight et al. 2018), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Greece and Montenegro (Global Biodiversity Information Facility), Serbia and Montenegro (van Steenis et al. 2015) and Spain (GBIF Data Portal 2013).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) cannot be accurately calculated because part of its distribution is based on country checklists rather than exact locality data, but the EOO and AOO are far  greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category  for both Europe and the EU 27.  Outside Europe it can be found in Mongolia and on to the Pacific coast (Speight 2018).","The population trend of this species is considered to be generally stable in Europe and the EU 27, but it seems to be declining in the UK according to Ball and Morris (2014). In central and western Europe the population is somewhat fragmented, but this could be due to a lack of sampling.","This species occurs in wetlands, marshes, fens, margins of rivers and irrigation ditches in farmlands (Speight 2018). The adults fly among fen and waterside vegetation and along the water side (rather than the bank side) of reed beds. They are frequently found where Phragmites and Cyperaceae predominate, and they settle on stems of Cyperaceae and Juncaceae (Speight 2018). They visit flowers of Cyperaceae, Poaceae and Plantago (Speight 2018). The flight period is in May/August with adults occasionally being found in September, and March/October in southern Europe (Speight 2018). The larvae were first described by Rotheray and Dobson (1987), and are aphidophagous on aphids on Carex, Phragmites and Typha.","The wetland habitats of this species can be threatened by climate change, unsustainable land use and water management, which can can lead to alteration of their vital hydrological conditions. Water pollution caused by agriculture (fertilization) can be also a threat to the population.","No conservation actions are currently known for this species. More sustainable land-use practices such as the reduction of water abstraction and pollution from agriculture can preserve its habitat. Increased research is needed on its distribution and threats is needed, as well as monitoring of the population and habitat. In Denmark (Danish Biodiversity Information Facility (DanBIF) 2020), Sweden (SLU Artdatabanken 2020),  and Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019) it is considered to be Least Concern.",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,goeldlini,,Platycheirus goeldlini,"Nielsen, 2004",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  This alpine species has been found in three localities in Scandinavia and a small number of localities in the Alps. It relies on alpine grasslands, which can be threatened by climate change, tourism infrastructure development and intensive grazing by livestock. Many of the records are quite old and it is considered to be under-recorded. It has been assessed as Data Deficient (DD) in the Red Lists of Sweden and Finland.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) is large for both Europe and the EU 27. The area of occupancy is 36 km2 for Europe and 24 km2  for the EU 27. Many of the data are old and the species is  considered to be under-recorded, so whilst the AOOs are small for Europe  and the EU 27, these are considered to be under-estimates. This species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient in Europe and the EU 27. Monitoring of its population and habitat trends, as well as research on its biology and distribution range are required to understand its situation better.",Unknown,"This species has been found in Finland (although this is considered uncertain due to it being an old record) (Bartsch et al. 2009), eastern Sweden (GBIF 2019) and the Alps in eastern France, Switzerland, northern Italy (Nielsen 2004, 2014; Speight et al. 2018).  Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is large for both Europe and the EU 27. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km2 for Europe and 24 km2 for the EU 27. Some of the records are old, and it is considered to be under-recorded, so whilst the AOOs are small for Europe and the EU 27, these are considered to be under-estimates.  Outside Europe, it occurs in the central Asian parts of Russia (Barkalov and Nielsen 2009) and the Altai mountains of south-eastern Siberia (Barkalov and Nielsen 2008).","The population trend of this species is not known in Europe or the EU 27. In Finland, its presence is uncertain because it has not been observed there for over 100 years. It does not have many records, whilst other species are regularly recorded in the Scandinavian countries where this species is theoretically present. Females are unknown.",This species was described in 2004 by Nielsen. It is known to occur in the open ground of unimproved calcareous montane and alpine grasslands up to 2400 metres above sea level (Speight 2018). It has been recorded feeding on Salix flowers as an adult during its flight period in July/August (Nielsen 2004). Its larval and pupal stages are currently unknown.,"Although the direct threats to this species are not well understood, the main threats to its habitats - alpine grassland - are unsustainable grazing practices, the construction of tourism infrastructure   (mainly ski resorts), and perturbations caused by changes in land use   and climate change. These habitats tolerate moderate grazing, but   overgrazing and overstocking can destroy the vegetation and lead to soil   erosion (García-González 2008).","No conservation actions are currently known for this species. Monitoring of its population and habitat trends, as well as study of its biology and distributional range are required. Preventing grazing  practices can help to preserve its habitat  types. New ski resorts should not be built in areas where the alpine   vegetation has high conservation value (García-González 2008). In the Red Lists of Sweden (SLU Artdatabanken 2020) and Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019), this species is assessed as Data Deficient.",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,groenlandicus,,Platycheirus groenlandicus,"Curran, 1927",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species can be found across the most northern parts of Europe,  including much of central and northern Scandinavia and into European  Russia. It is restricted to arctic and boreal habitats such as subalpine Betula forest and dwarf Betula/Salix scrub tundra, which are currently unthreatened but may experience decline as a result of climate change in the future. There is no evidence of a significant decline, nor is it listed as threatened in any national Red List in Europe. Its population is considered stable, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category in both Europe and the EU 27. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Europe and the EU 27.  Research is needed on its population size, distribution and trends as well  as on its life history (especially the larvae) and ecology. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is required.",Stable,"This species can be found across the most northern parts of Europe, including much of central and northern Scandinavia and into European Russia.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are greater  than the thresholds to be considered in amy threatened category in both  Europe and the EU 27.  Outside Europe, it can be found across Russia into Asia and the Russian Far East, Greenland, Canada and Alaska (Speight 2018).","This species is considered to have a fairly stable population in Europe and the EU 27, because its habitats in northern Europe are abundant and not currently threatened.","This species is found in subalpine Betula forest and dwarf Betula/Salix scrub tundra (Nielsen 1972). It is also found open areas in taiga (Speight 2018) and palsa mire (Van Steenis and Zuidhoff 2013). The adults have been recorded visiting the flowers of Dryas, Sanguisorba (Barkalov 2012), Ranunculus, Salix, Sedum (Nielsen 1972), Rhodiola rosea (Bartsch et al. 2009) and Rubus chamaemorus (Van Steenis and Zuidhoff 2013). The larvae are unknown but are presumed to be aphidophagous.","There are no known immediate threats to this species. It may be potentially threatened by climate change in the future, because it exclusively inhabits northern European terrestrial habitats, mainly taiga and tundra. A small proportion of its habitats are currently in decline (palsa mire), but this has little influence on its overall range and distribution. The large majority of its habitats such as shrub tundra (F1.1), subarctic and alpine dwarf Salix scrub (F2.1) and boreal mountain Betula and Populus tremula woodland on mineral soils (G1.9a), are assessed as Least Concern in the European Red List of Habitats (Janssen et al. 2017). Only palsa mire habitats have been assessed as Critically Endangered.","Currently there are no conservation actions needed or in place. In the Red Lists of Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019), Norway (Gammelmo et al. 2015) and Sweden (SLU ArtaDatenbanken 2020) it has been assessed as Least Concern. Research is needed on its population size, distribution and trends as well as on its life history (especially the larvae) and ecology. Monitoring of its population and habitat trends is required.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"De Groot, M & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,hyperboreus,,Platycheirus hyperboreus,"(Stæger, 1845)",,No,LC,0,No,NT,"B2b(ii,iii)",EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Within the European region, this species can be found within Fennoscandia and northern Europe into European Russia. It is relatively frequent in its specific bog, mire and wet grassland habitats, but these habitats are declining in extent and quality due to water abstraction activities and climate change. Therefore the population is considered to be declining in Europe and the EU 27. In Europe, it has an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) that are far greater than the thresholds required to be considered in any threatened category and so the species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).  In the EU 27  the AOO is between 2,000 km2 and 8,000 km2, the habitat is declining in extent and quality which is also resulting in a projected decline in AOO. The population is not considered to be severely fragmented and the number of locations is greater than 10. Taking the precautionary figure for the AOO, this species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in the EU 27.  Restoration of the hydrology of disturbed bog systems and wetlands is needed, and possibly  reduction of grazing intensity in some wetlands. Research is  required on its population size and trends, as well as on its biology. Monitoring is required on its population and habitat trends.",Decreasing,"This species can be found within Fennoscandia and northern Europe into European Russia.  The European extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category. In the EU 27, the AOO is estimated to be between 2,000 km2 and 8,000 km2 based on the known localities and available habitat.  Outside Europe, it occurs throughout Russia to the Far East, and in Greenland, Alaska, Canada, and in the United States of  America down to Colorado and California (Speight 2018).","This is a relatively frequent species in its specific bog, mire and wet grassland habitats in northern Europe. There are very few historical records, so it is difficult to compare to  recent records to establish the population trend in Europe and the EU 27. However a certain population loss can be suspected in the past and still ongoing from the loss of its habitats both in extent and quality. Precise population information is not available, but there have been more than 150 records since 1980 in Scandinavia with no indication that it has been lost from any localities.","This species can be found in wetlands, marsh (Vockeroth 1992) and palsa mire (Van Steenis and Zuidhoff 2013), and it also uses a series of moist or wet mostly oligotrophic to  mesotrophic nordic grasslands. The adults have been recorded visiting flowers of Apiaceae (Speight 2018), Ranunculus (Nielsen 1998), Carex (Van Steenis 1998b) and Parnassia palustris (Van Steenis and Zuidhoff 2013). The larva was described by Fluke (1929), who collected larvae feeding on alfalfa and pea aphids (Ohio and Wisconsin, USA), but this connection is unlikely for Europe (Speight 2020).","As this species is linked to northern wetlands and bogs, the main threats are changes in the hydrology of these habitats due to water abstraction and climate change. All of its main bog and wetland habitats are declining, with losses of both extent and quality. In the European Red List of Habitats, Palsa mire is assessed as Critically Endangered, small-sedge base-rich fen and  calcareous spring mire are assessed as Endangered and arctic-alpine base-rich fen is assessed as Vulnerable. It also uses a series of moist or wet mostly oligotrophic to  mesotrophic grasslands, which are all  assessed as Endangered (Janssen et al.  2017).","There are no specific conservation actions currently known for this species. Currently it is not listed as threatened in the national Red Lists of any of the European countries. It is assessed as Least Concern in Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019), Norway (Gammelmo et al. 2015) and Sweden (SLU Artdatabanken 2020). However, all of its main bog and wetland habitats are declining with losses of both extent and quality. Restoration of the hydrology in disturbed bog systems and wetlands is needed, possibly together with reduction of grazing intensity in some wetlands. Research is required on its population size and trends, as well as on its biology. Monitoring is required on its population and habitat trends.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"De Groot, M & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A., Aracil, A., Vujić, A. & Földesi, R.","Vujić, A.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,immaculatus,,Platycheirus immaculatus,"Ôhara, 1980",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional experience: Least Concern (LC)  This species lives in the humid forests of southern and central Europe, and its population is considered stable in Europe and the EU 27. It is considered difficult to detect and survey, and so  its distribution may be greater than is currently understood.  Nevertheless, its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO)  are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened  category in Europe and the EU 27, and it is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Europe and the EU 27.  Research on its biology (particularly larvae), ecology, habitat,  distribution range and population trend is required.  Monitoring of its population and habitat is also recommended.",Stable,"This species is found in central and southern Europe (Nielsen 2014). It is known to occur in central France (Massif Central) (Speight et al. 2018; X. Lair pers. comm. 2020) and eastwards through central Germany (Ssymank 2011) to the Alps (Switzerland, France and northern Italy), Montenegro, Greece (mainland and Crete) and southwestern Bulgaria (Tóth 2014). Occurrence in the European part of Turkey is likely. The map was created according to GBIF (2019) and records and/or data in the literature, which are listed in the references. The AOO for the EU 27 is 85,433 km2, and the EOO is 1,505,831 km2. For the European region, these metrics are 113,742 km2 and 1,817,503 km2, respectively.  It is considered difficult to detect and survey, and so its distribution maybe greater than is currently understood. Nevertheless, its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category.  Outside Europe, it is found in Turkey, the Caucasus, Nepal, the Russian Far East and Japan (Ohara 1980, Mutin and Barkalov 1999).","This is not a widespread species in Europe compared to some other species, but the population is considered to be stable in Europe and the EU 27. In Germany, it is considered to be rare but not vulnerable.","This species exists in humid Fagus/Picea forests upwards into the Abies/Picea zone (Nielsen 2014, Speight 2018). The adults are known to visit understory trees that are in flower, but they can also be found flying amongst the herb layer vegetation in the shade (Nielsen 2004): therefore the species is considered difficult to detect (Speight 2018). The adults are known to visit white umbellifers and flowers such as Crataegus, Euphorbia, Salix spp. and Sorbus aucuparia (Speight 2018).  The larval and pupal stages of this species are unknown.","There are no threats currently known to affect this species directly, but deforestation and logging can reduce the size of its habitat. Habitat quality may also deteriorate due to the impacts of climate change, such as droughts, forest fires and increased extreme weather. The other threat to the habitat is bark beetles (Ips typographus), one of the most destructive of the forest pests causing damage to spruce forest (Picea) ecosystems in Europe (de Rigo et al. 2016). This is compounded by the other threats facing this habitat, such as climate change.","There are no conservation actions currently known for this species. Research on its biology (particularly larvae), ecology, habitat, distribution range and population trend is required. Monitoring of the population and habitat is also recommended. It has not yet been assessed in any European national red lists.",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,immarginatus,,Platycheirus immarginatus,"(Zetterstedt, 1849)",,No,NT,"B2ab(i,ii,iii)",No,NT,"B2ab(i,ii,iii)",EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  The distribution of this species is uncertain due to taxonomic confusion with other species, but it has a northern and central European distribution. It occurs in wetlands such as freshwater coastal marshes, fens and flush systems in blanket bogs, cut-over raised bogs and taiga wetlands. Its habitat is threatened by the intensification of  management of coastal wetlands, eutrophication of coastal wetlands and  further canalisation of tidal river fringes. Its population is somewhat fragmented in northern  Europe, and the trend is unknown in Europe and the EU 27. In Europe the area of occupancy (AOO) is considered to be only 1,352 km2 , while in the EU 27 it is only 592 km2. In both regions, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is very large.  The AOO is &lt;2,000 km2 in both Europe and the EU 27, but the population is severely fragmented only outside the United Kingdom. A decline in the AOO and EOO, and deterioration in the quality of its habitat are expected through the intensification of coastal wetlands. Thus this species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Europe and the EU 27.",Unknown,"The distribution of this species is uncertain due to taxonomic confusion with other species such as P. perpallidus and P. ramsarensis, and so data on its European distribution should be treated with caution (Speight 2008). However, in Britain it is present from the Scottish Highlands to the south coast of England (Ball and Morris 2014), and from various coastal sites in Ireland and Northern Ireland. It is also known to occur in Sweden, Denmark  (Torp 1994, Nielsen 1999, Bartsch et al. 2009), Belgium and the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019), Germany (Röder 1990, Ssymank et al. 2011), Hungary (Tóth 2011) and the Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005). Its presence is uncertain in France and central Europe (including Austria, Czechia and Hungary) and needs confirmation.  In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) based on accepted available locality records is 1,352 km2 and in the EU 27, the AOO is 592 km2. In both regions, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is very large.  Outside Europe, it occurs in the Caucasus, Russian Far East (Mutin and Barkalov 1999), Japan and in North America from Alaska south to southern California (Young et al. 2016, Skevington et al. 2019).","The population of this species is somewhat fragmented in northern Europe. In the UK, it is considered to have a stable population. Overall, the population trend is unknown in Europe and the EU 27.","This species occurs in wetlands and in the Atlantic parts of Europe, particularly associated with freshwater coastal marshes, fens and flush systems in blanket bogs, cut-over raised bogs and taiga wetlands (Speight 2018). The flight period of the adults is between end of May and the beginning of September (Speight 2018) and they have been recorded visiting flowers of Hottonia palustris (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020). The larval and pupal stages are unknown.","The habitat of this species is threatened by the intensification of management of coastal wetlands, eutrophication of coastal wetlands and further canalisation of tidal river fringes. Some subpopulations may be vulnerable to realignment of flood defences in response to sea level rise, but it must be anticipated that in the long run this is a species that may benefit from those realignments that create greater areas of brackish fringes (Ball and Morris 2014).","This species would benefit from the maintenance of water levels within existing marsh grazing regimes, and hence this is a priority, together with maintenance of saline transitions of marsh ditches. Protection of the fringes of Carex along tidal rivers to avoid their loss while upgrading tidal defences is also important. Research on its biology, phenology, distribution range and monitoring of the population  trends is required.  It has been assessed as Vulnerable in the national Red List of Ireland (National Biodiversity Data Centre 2013), as Endangered in Czechia (Farkac et al. 2005) although the identity of records here require confirmation, as Least Concern in Sweden (SLU Artdatabanken 2020) and Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019), Near Threatened (NT) in Norway (The Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre (NBIC) 2020), and Endangered in Denmark (Danish Biodiversity Information Facility (DanBIF) 2020).",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.","Mazanek, L. & Ssymank, A.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,islandicus,,Platycheirus islandicus,"Ringdahl, 1930",,Yes,VU,,No,NA,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)  This European endemic species lives in the subarctic Betula forests of Iceland, where it is considered common and widespread (Bartsch et al. 2009), although the population trend is unknown. It may be impacted by climate change in the future, and the habitat, boreal forest, has declined in the past and is probably still is declining (J. van Steenis pers. comm. 2020). In Europe its area of occupancy (AOO) is only 1,336 km2, and its extent of occurrence  (EOO) is 56,180 km2. Due to the small area of occupancy (AOO) of 1,336 km2, the projected decline in habitat and moreover due to the severely fragmented population, this species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii)) in the Global and European assessment. The species is not present in the EU 27 and so it is assessed as Not Applicable (NA) in the EU 27 assessment.  Research on its biology (in particular the larval biology), ecology and  habitat is needed. Monitoring of its population and  habitat is also recommended.",Unknown,"This species is only known to occur in Iceland, where it is considered widespread (Bartsch et al. 2009). The map is based on the vegetation map of Iceland and J. van Steenis pers. comm. (2020). It is not present in the EU 27, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,336 km2, the extent of occurrence (EOO) 56,180 km2.","The population trend of this species is unknown, but it is considered severely fragmented due to fragmented habitat. However, according to Bartsch et al. (2009) it is apparently common and widespread within suitable habitat in Iceland.","This species can be found in the subarctic Betula forests of Iceland (Speight 2018, 2020). The adults are in flight between June and August (Bartsch et al. 2009). The larval and pupal stages are unknown.","No threats are known to affect this species at the moment. However, the quality and extent of its habitat has undergone a long period of historical decline and it is projected to be impacted by climate change in the future.","There are no conservation actions specifically known for this species, but Iceland has been restoring its native woodlands for the last century and this is ongoing, particularly aimed at combatting the impacts of climate change (Aradóttir et al. 2011). Research on its biology (in particular the larval biology), ecology and habitat is needed. Monitoring of its population and habitat is also recommended.",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,jaerensis,,Platycheirus jaerensis,"Nielsen, 1971",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species can be found in northern and central Europe, where it occurs in a variety of wetland and forest habitats. Its population trend is unknown in Europe and the EU 27. No specific threats are known, but its habitat may  be threatened by drought caused by climate change, deforestation and habitat deterioration due pests. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are very large, and the AOO may be even larger due to the lack of precise data, particularly in central Europe. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Europe and the EU 27.  Research on its biology (particularly of the larvae and pupae), habitat  and distribution (especially in central Europe) is recommended.  Monitoring of its population trend is also needed.",Unknown,"This species can be found in Norway, Sweden, Finland (Nielsen 1999, Haarto and Kerppola 2007, Bartsch et al. 2009), Estonia, Latvia, Germany, France (Jura Mountains) (Speight et al. 2018) and Switzerland (Jura Mountains).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category for Europe and the EU 27. However due to the lack of precise data, particularly in central Europe, the EOO and AOO can only be estimated, and in fact the AOO may be larger than is currently understood. Countries where there is a lack of precise data have been shown on the map as the whole country.  Outside Europe, it occurs in Alaska and Canada (Vockeroth 1992, Young et al. 2016, Skevington et al. 2019).","Records of this species show, that in southern Scandinavia it is widespread, but the Swedish subpopulation is fragmented. It is present in northern Scandinavia but is scarcer here. It seems to occur only in the mountains within central Europe. Its population trend is unknown in Europe and the EU 27.","This species inhabits raised bogs with Vaccinium (especially V. uliginosus or V. myrtillus) and sometimes with Betula/Salix scrub, boreal Pinus forests, Picea/Pinus/Betula mixed forests and in humid grassy areas within Picea forests (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2018, Skevington et al. 2019). The adults are in flight from the end of May till mid June and in July/August in Finland (Haarto and Kerppola 2007). Its temperate forest habitats are not well understood, and its occupation of this habitat type requires confirmation although it is suspected in Germany. Adults are recorded visiting flowers of Geranium sylvaticum, Ranunculus spp., Taraxacum spp. and Vaccinium uliginosum (Speight 2018).   The larval stages are undescribed, but females have been observed ovipositing on the underside of leaves of Vaccinium uliginosus (T.R. Nielsen, Pers. Comm. 2020) and the larvae have been reared through the early stages using aphids as food (Speight 2018).","No specific threats to this species are known, but its habitat may be threatened by drought caused by climate change and deforestation. Another threat to the habitat is bark beetles (Ips typographus), one of the most destructive of the forest pests causing damage to spruce forest (Picea) ecosystems in Europe (de Rigo et al. 2016). Climate change can compound the impacts of bark beetles and therefore pose a threat to the habitat overall.","There are currently no conservation actions known for this species. Research on its biology (particularly of the larvae and pupae), habitat and distribution (especially in central Europe) are recommended. Monitoring of its population trend is also needed.  In Sweden (SLU Artdatabanken 2020), Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019) and Norway (The Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre (NBIC) 2020), it has been assessed as Least Concern in the national Red Lists.",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.","Ssymank, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,kittilaensis,,Platycheirus kittilaensis,"Dušek and Láska, 1982",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species occurs in Norway, Sweden, Finland and into northern parts of European Russia (Kola peninsula). It can be found in subarctic Betula forests, dwarf scrub (Salix) tundra, western taiga forests and palsa mires. Its population trend is not known in Europe and the EU 27 due to lack of  data, but it is suspected that population is stable. It is assessed as Least Concern in the national Red Lists of Sweden (SLU Artdatabanken  2020), Norway (The Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre (NBIC)  2020) and Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019).   The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is very large.  The area of occupancy (AOO) has been estimated to be 134,997 km2 in Europe and in the EU 27 it is 5,204 km2.  This is currently just an estimation because of the lack of precise  data, particularly in central Europe, but the values are considered to  be greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened  category, therefore the status of this species is considered to be Least Concern (LC).",Unknown,"This species occurs in Norway, Sweden, Finland and into northern parts of European Russia (Kola peninsula). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 is very large. The area of occupancy (AOO) has been estimated to be 134,997 km2 in Europe and in the EU 27 it is 5,204 km2. This is currently just an estimation because of the lack of precise data, particularly in central Europe, but the values are considered to be greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category.  Outside Europe it can be found in Siberia (Altai) (Nielsen 1999, Van Veen 2004, Haarto and Kerppola 2007, Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2018).","The population trend is not known in Europe and the EU 27 due to lack of data, but it is suspected that population is stable.","This species can be found in subarctic Betula forests, dwarf scrub (Salix) tundra, western taiga forests (Nielsen 1998) and palsa mires (Van Steenis and Zuidhoff 2013). The adult flight period is in June and July (Nielsen 1998, Speight 2018) when they have been recorded visiting flowers such as Geranium silvaticum, Caltha, Potentilla erecta (Bartsch et al. 2009), Ranunculus spp., Rubus chamaemorus and Viola biflora (Van Steenis and Zuidhoff 2013). The larval stages are unknown.","This species can be affected by loss of quality and extent of habitat due to climate change, especially the palsa mire habitat which is particularly at risk from the melting of permafrost.","No conservation actions are currently known to be taking place for this species. Research on its biology (larvae in particular) and ecology, and monitoring of its population trend are required. It has been assessed as Least Concern in the national Red Lists of Sweden (SLU Artdatabanken 2020), Norway (NBIC 2020) and Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019).",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.","Ssymank, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,laskai,,Platycheirus laskai,"Nielsen, 1999",,Yes,NT,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  This is an European endemic species that is found in forest habitats within northern and central Europe. It is a rare species that has a severely fragmented population in central Europe, but not throughout its distribution. There is a projected decline in the area of occupancy (AOO) and the extent and quality of its habitat due to the threats posed by logging activities and climate change. The AOO for Europe is estimated to be only 156 km2, and 120 km2 for the EU 27, although its full distribution needs further investigation. Based on currently available knowledge, this species is assessed as Near Threatened, close to qualifying under Criterion B2 in Europe and the EU 27.",Unknown,"This European endemic has previously been confused with Platycheirus sticticus, and so its true range is uncertain but is not expected to be much more widespread than is currently understood. It is confirmed to occur in Norway, Sweden, Finland (Nielsen 1999, Barstch et al. 2009, Haarto and Kerppola 2014, Speight 2020), Germany (Black forest) (Ssymank et al. 2011), Czechia (Nielsen 1999), northern Italy and Austria (Heimburg 2018). The data in GBIF (2019) correspond to those of Bartsch et al. (2009). The uncertain occurrence (see map) of this species in Scandinavia comes from Bartsch et al. (2009).  The area of occupancy (AOO) is 156 km2 in Europe and 120 km2 in the EU27. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is very large (2,139,837 km2 in Europe and 1,577,700 km2 in the EU 27).","Overall, this species is considered very rare in Europe and the EU 27, although it is more common in the northern boreal part of Europe: it is likely to be a relict species from the glacial period. In Germany it is considered extremely rare (Ssymank et al. 2011). It was last recorded in 2016 from Sweden. The population is considered severely fragmented, and the population trend is likely to be decreasing, although this is currently unknown in Europe and the EU 27.","This species occurs in forests, woodland edges and in open areas in deciduous forest of Betula/Salix (T. Nielsen pers. comm. 2020), and in the northern part of its distribution on dry slopes in flowering vegetation (Nielsen 1999). Its habitat in the Alps needs to be better understood, such as in Germany where it occurs in the western part of the Alps.   The adults can be seen between mid-June and the end of July (Speight 2020) visiting flowers such as Crepis (Bartsch et al. 2009) and Geranium sylvaticum (Nielsen 1999). The larval stages are unknown but should be aphidophagous.","This species may be impacted by logging and wood harvesting, and in the future it may be impacted by climate change.","There are no conservation actions currently known for this species. Monitoring of its population and habitat is recommended. Research on its distribution, biology (particularly the larval stage), ecology, life history and threats is needed.  This species is assessed as Least Concern in the national Red Lists of Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019), Norway (The Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre (NBIC) 2020) and Sweden (SLU Artdatabanken 2020).",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.","Mazanek, L. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,latimanus,,Platycheirus latimanus,"(Wahlberg, 1845)",,No,LC,0,No,NT,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Within the European region, this species occurs in Scandinavia, northern European Russia and Bulgaria, and overall its population is considered to be in decline because of the decline in its habitat. It occurs in boreal Betula forests northwards through sub-arctic Betula forests and into taiga and dwarf Betula/Salix scrub tundra. Its habitat is likely to be predominantly threatened by climate change and commercial forestry practices. The extent of occurrence (EOO) for Europe and the EU 27 is quite large.   The area of occupancy (AOO) is large in Europe (229,779 km2), but smaller in the EU 27 (2,612 km2). Considering the fairly large AOO in Europe, this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC). However, due to the smaller AOO in the EU27 and the decline of its habitat but the lack of severe fragmentation, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in the EU 27.",Decreasing,"Within the European region, this species is found in northern Norway (Nielsen 1981, Harto and Kerppola 2014), northern Sweden (Bartsch et al. 2009), at one locality in northern Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019), Bulgaria (Tóth 2014) and into northern Russia (Nielsen and Barkalov 2017).  It has previously been misidentified, confused with four or five similar species, but the currently understood range is fairly clear. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is very large for Europe and the EU 27, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is calculated as 229,779 km2 for Europe, and 2,612 km2 for the EU27.  Outside Europe, it occurs through Siberia to the Russian Far East, Japan (Hokkaido) and Mongolia (Mutin and Barkalov 1999, Yokohama and Haga 2003, Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Speight 2020).","In Finland this species is in decline due to habitat loss, and this is likely also to be the case for most of the central and southern European subpopulations. It was recorded in Bulgaria in 2015 in the high mountains which are at risk from climate change, which implies at least a projected decline. The Finnish and Bulgarian subpopulations are considered to be severely fragmented, but not those of Sweden and Norway. Overall it is likely to be declining in Europe and the EU 27.","This species exists in boreal Betula forests (Nielsen 1981) northwards through sub-arctic Betula forests and into taiga and dwarf Betula/Salix scrub tundra (Speight 2020). The adults are in flight from the end of June to mid-August, and are known to visit Geranium sylvaticum (Nielsen 1981). The larval and pupal stages are unknown, but the larva is presumed to be aphidophagous.","This species is possibly threatened by the impacts of climate change on its habitat. Commercial forestry is more of an immediate threat in Scandinavia. In Bulgaria, its habitat is primarily affected by the building of infrastructure (urbanisation) and climate change.","There are no specific conservation actions known for this species, and more research on suitable conservation actions would be beneficial. Monitoring of its population and habitats is needed. Research on its distribution, ecology and developmental stages is required. In Finland, it has been assessed as Near Threatened (NT) (Hyvärinen et al. 2019), and in Norway (The Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre (NBIC) 2020) and Sweden (SLU Artdatabanken 2020) it is assessed as Least Concern.",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.","Vujić, A. & Ssymank, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,lundbecki,,Platycheirus lundbecki,"(Collin, 1931)",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  In Europe, this species is only found in Norway, Finland and Sweden. There are very few data to indicate definitively its population size and trend in Europe and the EU 27.  However, the population is considered to be severely fragmented, and its habitat is declining, and so the population is suspected to be declining. Commercial forestry activities and climate change may be driving habitat decline. Whilst the extent of occurrence (EOO) is large in both regions, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be only 116 km2 in Europe and 40 km² in the EU 27. Therefore, this species is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)) in Europe and the EU 27.",Decreasing,"This species can be found in northern Europe, including Norway, Sweden and Finland (Bartsch et al. 2009, Nielsen 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,987,033 km2 , and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 116 km2 in Europe. In the EU 27, the EOO is 39,432 km2, and the AOO is 40 km2.  Outside Europe, it is known from northern Siberia, Greenland, Alaska and northern Canada (Mutin and Barkalov 1999, Young et al. 2016, Skevington et al. 2019, Speight 2020).","There are very few data on this species to indicate definitively its population size and trend in Europe and the EU 27. However, its population is considered to be severely fragmented, and its habitat is declining, and so the population is suspected to be declining. There are no data from European Russia. The last record from Norway was in 2010 according to GBIF (2013), and the last from Finland in 2008.","This forest species occurs in open ground within forests and beside lakes in taiga and in arctic-alpine tundra (Nielsen 2014). The adults are in flight between the end of June and the beginning of August, when they have been recorded visiting the flowers of Salix and Carex (Bartsch et al. 2009). The larval and pupal stages are unknown, but the larvae are presumed to be aphidophagous.","This species is threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation as a result of the impacts of climate change, but commercial forestry and logging activities are likely to be a more immediate threat  because there is not very much natural forest left in Finland as it is highly managed.","There are no conservation actions currently known for this species, but more sustainable management of its forest habitat would be beneficial. Further research on conservation actions, distribution, population size, biology and life history (particularly of the developmental stages) would be beneficial. Population and habitat monitoring are required.  It was assessed as Least Concern in the national Red Lists of Finland (LC) (Hyvärinen et al. 2019) and Norway (The Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre (NBIC) 2020). It has not yet been evaluated in the national Red List of Sweden (SLU Artdatabanken 2020).",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.","Ssymank, A. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,magadanensis,,Platycheirus magadanensis,"Mutin, 1999",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  This species has very few records from a small area in northern Finland, with the last-known records in 2017, and from Sweden close to the Finnish border. It therefore has a small extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU27. However, its ecology and habitats are very poorly known, and it may be under-recorded from its habitat, sedge-beds alongside temporary water pools in the subalpine Betula forest zone. It is therefore currently assessed as Data Deficient (DD) and needs further research. Specifically, research on its population size, distribution and trends as well as on its life  history and ecology is needed. Monitoring of its habitat and population is  also needed. If it really is restricted to the specified habitat, it is likely to be assessed as threatened in the near future.",Unknown,"Within Europe, this species occurs in northern Finland (Haarto and Kerppola 2007) and northern Sweden (Global Biodiversity Information Facility 2020) (Bartsch et al. 2009). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 101,930 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,210 km2 in Europe and the EU27.  Outside Europe, it is known from Magadan in the Russian Far East (LAJI.FI 2021).","There are only a few records of this species known, and no data on its population size or trend.","This species is found in Carex beds in shallow seasonal ponds in boreal marsh in the subalpine Betula forest zone (Haarto in Speight 2018). There are no data on the flowers visited by adults, nor on the larval biology and ecology, but the larvae are presumed to be aphidophagous.",Climate change may be a threat to this Nordic species.,"This species is assessed as Least Concern on both the Swedish (SLU ArtDatabanken 2021) and Finnish (LAJI.FI 2021) National Red Lists. There are no conservation actions currently being undertaken. Research on its population size, distribution and trends as well as on its life history and ecology is needed. Monitoring of its habitat and population is also needed.",The species is not utilised or traded.,"De Groot, M & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,manicatus,,Platycheirus manicatus,"(Meigen, 1822)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a widespread species with many records across Europe, where it occurs in a variety of wetlands. The population trend seems to be stable in Europe and the EU 27, but the decline of its habitat may affect it in the future. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far  greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category. It is assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Europe and the EU 27. Monitoring of its population and habitat is necessary, as well as further research on its distribution and threats.",Stable,"This is a very widespread species. It occurs in Iceland, the Faroes (Jensen 2001) and Fennoscandia (Bartsch et al. 2009) south to Iberia and the Mediterranean, and from Ireland eastwards through most of Europe (Aldridge 1984, Ball and Morris 2013, de Buck 1990, Röder 1990, Torp 1994, Vujic and Simic 1994, Tóth 2011, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019) and into European parts of Russia.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category for Europe and the EU 27, but these cannot be calculated accurately because some of the distribution is based on country checklists rather than exact locality data.  Outside Europe, it occurs in Turkey, North Africa, Kirghizstan, the Caucasus, Siberia and the Russian Far East (from the Urals to Yakutia) (Mutin and Barkalov 1999), Mongolia (Mutin and Barkalov 1999), Alaska in North America (Young et al. 2016) and Greenland (Speight 2018, 2020).","In central Europe the subpopulation of this species is somewhat fragmented, and it seems to be rarer with only a small number of records. There are very limited data on the subpopulations in Mediterranean countries. Overall the population in Europe and the EU 27 is considered stable.","This species occurs in open wetlands such as fens, unimproved montane and alpine grasslands and humid unimproved grasslands (to above 2000 m in the Alps). It can also be found beside streams and rivers in open country (including moorland) and taiga (Tóth 2011, Ball and Morris 2013, Speight 2018).   The adults are in flight between May and September, with peaks in June and August (Tóth 2011). They visit white umbellifers and other flowers such as Allium schoenoprasum, Caltha, Campanula rapunculoides, Cardamine, Chrysanthemum, Cirsium, Filipendula, Glechoma hederacea, Leontodon, Origanum, Ranunculus, Rosa rugosa, Senecio, Stellaria, Succisa, Taraxacum and Veronica (Speight 2018). This species has been observed on more than 25 plant species (A. Ssymank pers. comms. 2020).  The larvae were described and figured by Dixon (1960), Goeldlin (1974) and Rotheray (1986), and are aphidophagous on the aphids of low-growing plants and bushes.","There have been no direct threats to this species noted, but its habitats (such as montane alpine grasslands and wetlands) of this species are vulnerable, and might be threatened due to climate change (drought) and agricultural activities such as water abstraction from wetlands, peat harvesting and soil acidification.","There are no current specific conservation actions known for this species. However, reducing damaging activities such as abstraction of water would benefit its habitat. Additionally, monitoring of its population and habitat is necessary, as well as further research on its distribution and threats. It has been assessed as Least Concern in the national Red Lists of Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Norway.",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,marokkanus,,Platycheirus marokkanus,"Kassebeer, 1998",,No,VU,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  This species has small subpopulations in southern Spain and Portugal, and it is considered very rare. In the majority of the known localities, only single specimens have been collected, and subpopulations are geographically isolated, making many of  them probably not viable and the European/EU 27 population  severely fragmented. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 730 km2 in Europe and the EU 27. The extent and quality of the habitat is suspected to be in continuing decline, and therefore this species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii)) in both Europe and the EU 27.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species occurs in mainland Portugal (Kassebeer 1998, Van Eck 2016) and mainland Spain (van Steenis et al. 2020). In Portugal most of the records are from higher altitudes in the Serra de Estrela, from 900 -1910 metres above sea level, and exceptionally at lower altitudes (100 m asl) where it co-occurs with the more common Platycheirus albimanus (A. van Eck pers. comm. 2020). The distribution map is based on point data from all six known European localities (van Eck 2016, van Steenis et al. 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is large, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 730 km2 in Europe and the EU 27.  It also occurs outside Europe in Morocco (where it is probably more widespread than in Europe).","According to Kassebeer (1998), this species is widespread in Morocco in the absence of the closely related Platycheirus albimanus. Within Europe it is obviously rare, with only single observations and probably very small subpopulations in southern Spain and Portugal, where it coexists with the more widespread similar species Platycheirus albimanus. There are no detailed data on its population status and trend available, but the stronghold of the known European subpopulations seems to be in the central Portuguese highlands (Van Eck et al. 2020). Specimens have generally been collected as part of generalised hoverfly surveys. In the majority of the known localities, only single specimens have been collected, and subpopulations are geographically isolated, making many of them probably not viable; this makes the European/EU 27 population severely fragmented.","There is only a little specific information on the habitats for this species. In Portugal, its habitat is open places in the central Portuguese highlands of the Serra da Estrela along streams, small rivers and pine forests (van Eck pers. comm. 2020). The suspected habitats are garrigue,  open forest and Mediterranean shrublands, although more research is needed to confirm this. The adults are known to visit flowers of Saxifraga spp. (Van Eck 2016) and Thapsia villosa (van Steenis et al. 2020). Even in  Morocco, where the species is more widespread, there is little information on its habitats. The larvae are unknown, but are presumed to be aphidophagous.","The suspected potential habitats of this species (garrigue,  open forest, Mediterranean shrublands) are generally threatened in the  Mediterranean, and are declining in extent and quality. The threats are poorly understood, it can be assumed that pesticides and intensive agriculture may have negative impacts, as they have on its sister species Platycheirus albimanus.","There are no specific conservation measures existing for this species. Reduction of the use of pesticides would likely benefit, but further research is needed to define specific actions that would help. As the European population is suspected to be under threat, research to confirm its habitat (specifically the microhabitats) and all the threats is of utmost importance. Research is needed on its population size, distribution, trends and threats as well as on its life history and ecology. Monitoring of its population and habitat trends is necessary.",This species is not traded or utilised.,"De Groot, M & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.","van Eck, A. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,melanopsis,,Platycheirus melanopsis,"Loew, 1856",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species can be found in the mountainous regions of the United Kingdom and the Alps, but it is believed to have a wider distribution than is currently understood. In Serbia and Bulgaria, it is suspected to be declining because of habitat deterioration resulting from skiing tourism in the region, but in the Alps the subpopulation is considered stable. Overall the population trend is unknown in Europe and the EU 27. It occurs in unimproved montane grasslands on calcareous rock, usually within open forests or scrubs of Picea, Betula, Juniperus and Pinus mugo. It can also be found in open unimproved alpine grasslands up to 2700 metres in the Alps. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are greater  than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category for both  Europe and the EU 27. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Europe and the EU 27.  Research on its biology and population size as well as further  monitoring of its population and habitat are required.",Unknown,"This species can be found from the United Kingdom (northern Scotland and northern England: Stubbs and Falk 2002, Ball and Morris 2014) to the Alps and the Pyrenees, Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011), Austria (Heimburg 2018), Montenegro (van Steenis et al. 2015), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Bulgaria and into European parts of Russia. Outside Europe, it can be found across Russia into the Russian Far East (Mutin and Barkalov 1999). This species is generally found at elevations above 1500 metres above sea level,  but it is found at much lower altitudes in the UK (Stubbs and Falk 2002).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category for Europe and the EU 27, but cannot be calculated accurately because part of its distribution is based on country checklists rather than exact locality data.","The population is restricted to high-altitude areas, but it is likely to be more widely distributed than current records suggest (Ball and Morris 2014). As a result of infrastructure development in the high mountains of Serbia and Bulgaria (e.g. for skiing tourism), it is now very rare and declining in these areas. In the Alps, it is probably relatively frequent, and there is no major habitat loss. As there are differences between the areas where it occurs, its population trend for Europe and the EU 27 is unknown.","This species occurs in unimproved montane grasslands on calcareous rock, usually within open forests or scrubs of Picea, Betula, Juniperus and Pinus mugo. It can also be found in open unimproved alpine grasslands up to 2700 metres in the Alps (Speight 2018, 2020). In the United Kingdom, it is a montane species that occurs at altitudes in excess of 250 to 300 metres above sea level (Ball and Morris 2014).  The adults are in flight in June/July and July/August in higher altitudes. They have been recorded visiting flowers of Androsace, Bellidiastrum, Calamintha, Cerastium, Cirsium, Convolvulus, Crepis, Gypsophila, Helianthemum, Hornungia, Minuartia, Pinguicula, Potentilla erecta, Ranunculus and Rhododendron ferrugineum.   The larvae were described by Rotheray (1997) from puparia and a larva found on Vaccinium and Blechnum; larvae have also been found among aphid colonies on Cirsium in alpine grassland (Goeldlin pers. comm. 2020).","This montane species is possibly affected by the impacts of climate change on its habitat. Commercial afforestation and drainage are further and more immediate threats in the United Kingdom (Scotland) (Ball and Morris 2014), resulting in shrub development that might not be suitable. Loss of vegetation cover and soil erosion can also result in declines in the population in the UK (Ball and Morris 2014), but also in the Alps.  Outside the UK, this species is usually found above the forestry zone. In Serbia and Bulgaria, infrastructure development for skiing tourism is likely to be the main threat. Overgrazing of grasslands could be problematic in the Alps if there is an intensification of grazing.","Maintaining sustainable grazing management and limiting tourism pressure to popular mountains is key in order to avoid soil erosion. Further research on its biology and population size as well as monitoring of its population and habitat are required.  In the United Kingdom, this species has been assessed as Near Threatened.",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.","Vujić, A. & Ssymank, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,meridimontanus,,Platycheirus meridimontanus,"Nielsen, 2004",,No,CR,,No,NA,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)  Only two single males have been recorded in Europe, both in North Macedonia in 1959 and 1960, and it does not seem likely to occur in many other localities. Since that time, it has not been observed again, although no specific surveys have taken place to look for it in recent years. It is currently unclear whether the subpopulations still remain in the mountains of North Macedonia, and research is urgently needed to clarify whether this species is still extant in Europe. Due to the very restricted number of subpopulations, extremely low number of specimens known, an area of occupancy (AOO) of only 4 km2, only one location where the species is likely to still exist, and the observed decline in habitat quality, this species is assessed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Regionally Extinct) in Europe. In the EU 27, it is assessed as Not Applicable because it is not known ever to have occurred in the region. Research is needed on its population size, distribution, trends and threats  as well as on its life history and ecology. Monitoring of its population and  habitat trends is necessary.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is only known from two records in northwestern (Mavrovo Lake) and southwestern (Lake Prespa) North Macedonia. Both localities are considered possibly extinct. The European area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km2, considering the southern locality to be extirpated.  Only two male specimens of this species are known from two different localities in North Macedonia, and since 1960 there has not been a single observation, although no extensive search has been carried out recently in these localities. It is likely that the Lake Prespa subpopulation is extinct due to severe land-use changes and infrastructure development in the last 50 years (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020) but further research is needed to confirm the absence of the species at both known localities and in suitable habitat between these two areas.  Outside Europe, it is known from Lebanon (Speight 2018).",There is no information on population size and trend.,"Although in the montane zone, the habitat of this species is insufficiently understood (Speight 2018) and is suspected to be associated with water bodies (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). No visits to flowers have been recorded. The adult flight period is from the end of May until the end of June. The larvae are undescribed, but are presumably aphidophagous. The records from North Macedonia were collected between 900 and 1,400 m asl. It is a high-mountain species with a short flight period.","The threats to this species are largely unknown due to lack of knowledge of its habitat and biology. As with other closely related aphidophagous species of this group, it can be assumed to be sensitive to herbicides and pesticides, and as a Mediterranean montane species it is also potentially affected by climate change. Infrastructure development (ski and mountain resorts) is suspected to have impacted its subpopulation in the southern locality, where is is now possibly extinct.","No specific conservation measures exist for this species, and due to a lack of habitat and biological data, it is not possible to say which conservation measures are needed. Research is urgently needed to fill these gaps, and also on its population size, current presence and distribution in Europe, trends and threats as well as its life history and ecology. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is necessary.",This species is not known to be traded or utilised.,"De Groot, M & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.","Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,modestus,,Platycheirus modestus,"Ide, 1926",,No,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR) EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)  Within Europe, this species has been recorded just once in northern Finland, despite ongoing Platycheirus surveys in northern Finland and other parts of Scandinavia. It is suspected to be a relict in Europe, with a very small area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) of 4 km2. It occurs in just one location, and as a wetland specialist there is a continuing decline in the quality and quantity of its habitat, the case across Europe for wetland habitats. Increased research is clearly needed into its European ecology and population trend, and to understand its threats better. Despite this, based on current knowledge it is appropriate to assess this species as Critically Endangered in Europe and the EU 27.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is only present in northern Finland. The European population in Finland could possibly be a relict subpopulation from a previously connected population across the Holarctic.  Because the species is found in only one locality, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are only 4 km2. The known EOO is actually highly restricted (&lt;1 km²) but is increased to 4 km2 here in order to equal the AOO.  Outside Europe, it is found in Alaska, Maine and New Hampshire in the United States, and also in Canada (Young et al. 2016). It is regularly collected in North America within its range.","There is only one subpopulation of this species known to exist in Europe, in Finland, with a single record from 2008 (Haarto 2014b). It is considered to be very rare, and despite surveys for other Platycheirus in northern Finland, it has not been found in any other localities. There are no other data available about this species, and so the population trend is unknown.","This is a wetland species, known to occur in “marshes, fens, and other low, wet areas” (Young et al. 2016) in the Nearctic, although there is no information on its specific habitat needs in Europe (Speight 2018). There are no records of flower visits, and the larval biology is unknown but is presumed to be aphidophagous.","Knowledge on the ecology of this species relies on data from outside Europe, making it difficult to assess the threats. However, based on knowledge that this is a wetland species, it is possible that it is threatened by changes in the hydrology of wetland habitats, and pollution that affects marshes and fens. From its northern distribution, climate change is assumed also to be a threat. The situation in Europe needs more research.","No specific conservation measures for this species are known. Research is needed on its population size, distribution, trends and threats as well as on its life history and ecology. Monitoring of its population trends is necessary. In the Finnish Red List (Hyvärinen et al. 2019) it is listed as Data Deficient.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Popov, S. & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.","Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,muelleri,,Platycheirus muelleri,"Marcuzzi, 1941",,Yes,EN,B2ab(ii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This EU 27 endemic has a severely fragmented distribution in the mountains of the Mediterranean region. It occurs in mesophilous Fagus forest, and (in the Pyrenees) upwards to the Pinus uncinata zone. Most recent records are from the Pyrenees in the western Mediterranean, while new data in the eastern Rhodopes are scarce. Speight et al. (2016) suggest a decline in Europe, but so far the extent of occurrence (EOO) has not changed significantly. There is however a risk that some of its isolated populations may vanish in the future (e.g. the island subpopulations of Corsica or Sardinia, or in the Eastern Rhodopes), and therefore it could quickly become highly threatened and needs careful attention and additional research. The habitats are considered to be in decline (assessed as Near Threatened in the European Red List of Habitats) and the area of occupancy (AOO) is between 24 and 28 km2. Therefore, this species is assessed as Endangered (ENB2ab(ii)) in Europe and the EU 27.  Research is needed on its population size, distribution, trends and threats  as well as on its life history (especially larvae) and ecology. Monitoring  of its population trends and habitat is required.",Decreasing,"This European endemic species is known to occur in France (the eastern Pyrenees, southeastern mainland and Corsica), Italy (Sardnina and the north-eastern peninsula (Kehlmaier 2010, Speight et al. 2018), and Greece in the eastern Rhodope mountains (Vujić et al. 2020).   The extent of occurrence (EOO) is very large, but the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 24 - 28 km2.","This species has small isolated populations in Mediterranean mountain ranges, with a low number of records and usually only single individuals found. Therefore the population can be considered severely fragmented. There are no precise data available on its population trends, but from the slight decline in the extent of suitable habitat it can be inferred that there has been a population decline. Most recent records are from the Pyrenees in the western  part of the Mediterranean, while new data in the Eastern Rhodopes are scarce.  Speight et al. (2016) suggest a decline of this species in Europe, but so far  the extent of occurrence (EOO) has not changed significantly. There is a risk that some of the isolated populations may vanish  in future, such as the island subpopulations in Corsica and Sardinia, or in the Eastern  Rhodopes.","This species exists in mesophilous Fagus forest, and (in the Pyrenees) upwards to the Pinus uncinata zone (Speight 2018). Males hover over tracks or in open areas in woodland, or settle on low-growing track-side plants. The adults have been observed visiting flowers of Hypericum spp. and Sorbus spp. (Speight 2018). The larvae are unknown but are presumed to be aphidophagous.","The threats to this species are largely unknown, and may differ in the widely separated parts of its distribution. Its habitats such as Fagus woodlands on non-acid and acid soils (G1.6a, G1.6b) and Pinus unicinata woodland (G3.2b)  are assessed as Near Threatened in the European Red List of Habitats (Janssen et  al. 2017), with some decline in the past.","No specific conservation measures for the species exist. Research is needed on its population size, distribution, trends and threats as well as on its life history (especially larvae) and ecology. Monitoring of its population trends and habitat is required.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"De Groot, M & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,naso,,Platycheirus naso,"(Walker, 1949)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a northern European species that occurs in a variety of forest, scrubland and wetland habitats. Most of its habitats are not currently threatened but could experience decline in the future as a result of climate change, which should be monitored. The population is considered stable, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far  greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category  for both Europe and the EU 27. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC) in both Europe and the EU27. Research on its population trends and threats are recommended.",Stable,"This is a northern European species found in Fennoscandia (Speight 2018). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category for both Europe and the EU 27.  Outside Europe, it is found in the high-mountain ranges of the Altai in Russia (Speight 2018) and the Nearctic Region, from Alaska to Colorado (Young et al. 2016).","The population of this species seems to be largely stable, based on fairly regularly survey efforts, and its habitats are widespread in northern Europe.","This species occurs in taiga, sub-alpine Betula forest and dwarf-scrub tundra (Bartsch and Nielsen in Speight 2018) and palsa mires (Van Steenis and Zuidhoff 2013). The adults visit flowers of Geranium sylvaticum, Rubus chamaemorus, Ranunculus acris, Epilobium angustifolium, Apiaceae and Asteraceae (Taraxacum and Tanacetum) (Bartsch et al. 2009, Barkalov 2012, Nielsen 1998). The larvae are unknown but are presumed to be aphidophagous.","There are no major threats to this species known. In the future, climate change could threaten its habitat and result in partial loss of bog systems. In the European Red List of Habitats, its habitats of shrub tundra (F1.1), boreal mountain Betula and Populus tremula woodland on mineral soils (G1.9a) and Pinus sylvestris taiga woodland (G3.B) have been assessed as Least Concern. Picea taiga woodland (G3.A) has been assessed as Near Threatened, while the declining palsa mire (D3.1) is assessed as Critically Endangered (Janssen et al. 2017) - but this represents only a small proportion of its habitats.",There are no conservation actions known to be under way for this species. Research on its population trends and threats is recommended. Monitoring of its population and habitat trends is also recommended. It is not currently listed in any Red Lists of European countries.,This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"De Groot, M & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,neoperpallidus,,Platycheirus neoperpallidus,"Young, 2016",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  This species has been recently described and taxonomically split from its sister species Platycheirus perpallidus. It is currently only confirmed to occur in Ireland, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, and its presence in Germany requires verification. There is no knowledge about its population trend, habitat needs or threats, although it is considered rarer than Platycheirus perpallidus. Urgent research and monitoring is needed on its distribution, population trends, habitat, ecology and threats to establish its situation. This species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient (DD) in Europe and the EU 27.",Unknown,"The European range of this species is largely unknown because it was only recently split from Platycheirus perpallidus (Young et al. 2016). At present, its is confirmed to occur in Ireland, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands (Young et al. 2016), and its presence in Germany needs confirmation. Re-identification of all material formerly identified as Platycheirus perpallidus in European collections is needed, but it is clearly rarer than Platycheirus perpallidus.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) cannot be accurately calculated at this time due to lack of specific locality data, and due to the uncertainty of its true distribution.  Outside Europe, it is known to occur in Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Northwest Territories, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory) and the USA (Alaska, Colorado, Utah) (Young et al. 2016).","The population trend of this species is unknown, but it seems to be rarer in Europe than its sister species Platycheirus perpallidus.","The exact habitat of this species is unknown due to its recent taxonomic split from Platycheirus perpallidus, but it is assumed to occur in wetland habitats.",The threats to this species are unknown due to lack of knowledge.,"There are no conservation actions being taken for this species, but urgent research is needed to understand its distribution, population trends, habitat, ecology and threats. The population should also be monitored once the true distribution has been established.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"De Groot, M & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,nielseni,,Platycheirus nielseni,"Vockeroth, 1990",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species can be found from the United Kingdom, across Scandinavia and into European Russia. The population trend is unknown overall in Europe and the EU 27. It exists in a variety of open woodland habitats and alongside streams and creeks. Its exact distribution in all countries is not yet  completely known, but its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO)  are thought to be far greater than the thresholds to be considered for any threatened category. It is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 27. Monitoring of its population and habitat is needed, and further research  on its biology, ecology, and threats is needed.",Unknown,"This species can be found from Fennoscandia (Nielsen 1999, Bartsch et al. 2009, Hyvärinen et al. 2019) south to northern France (Speight et al. 2018), and from Ireland (Ball and Morris 2014) and the UK (Stubbs and Falk 2002) eastwards through northern and central Europe (including northern Italy, the central Alps, Germany [Röder 1990]) and into European parts of Russia (Karelia) (Mutin and Barkalov 1999, Barkalov and Mutin 2018) and Ukraine: there is one record from Austria (Heimburg 2018). Outside Europe, it is found in Siberia and the Russian Far East, Alaska, throughout much of Canada and south through the Rocky mountains to Colorado (Vockeroth 1992, Young et al. 2016, Skevington et al. 2019).  Its exact distribution in all countries is not yet completely known, but its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are considered far greater than the thresholds to be considered for any threatened category.","This species appears to be absent from many lowland areas, and although not frequent, it is also not considered threatened (Speight 2018, 2020). It has a somewhat fragmented distribution in most of Europe, except the northern part of its range.  The subpopulations in Ireland and the United Kingdom are considered to be stable. Overall, it is considered a low-density species likely to have a stable population, based on its habitat, but the population trend is currently unknown for Europe and the EU 27.","This species occurs in open ground of forests and along brooks in open conifer forests (humid Pinus, Abies, Picea) and Betula woodland (Speight et al. 2018). It can also be found beside scrub-fringed streams in montane and alpine pastures up to 2000 metres above sea level in the Alps. In Ireland, it is essentially an upland species, found where Betula/Salix scrub is present in oligotrophic Molinia grassland and moorland or partially-reclaimed blanket bog, especially alongside streams.   The adults are known to visit flowers of Aegopodium, Anthriscus, Barbarea vulgaris, Caltha palustris, Cirsium arvense, Geranium sylvaticum, Ranunculus and Senecio (Falk and Stubbs 1991). The larval and pupal stages are unknown, but the larvae should be aphidophagous.","Climate change can result in habitat loss in mountain alpine pastures where this species resides. Additionally, modification of brooks and small rivers can result in changes of the natural hydrological structures and systems, which could affect it. Unsustainable grazing and intensification of grazing by livestock can also impact its habitat.","There are no known conservation action for this species, but reduction of intensive grazing and restoration of natural stream hydrology would benefit it. Monitoring of its population and habitat is needed, and further research on its biology, ecology, and threats is needed.  It has been assessed as Least Concern in the national Red Lists of Sweden (SLU Artdatabanken 2020), Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019) and Norway (The Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre (NBIC) 2020).",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.","Ssymank, A. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,nigrofemoratus,,Platycheirus nigrofemoratus,"Kanervo, 1934",,No,NT,B2ab(iii),No,NT,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  This species can be found in the tundra habitat of northern Europe, and is considered rare in Europe and the EU 27. Its habitat is considered to be in decline due to the impacts of climate change, and therefore its population is also suspected to be in decline. In Europe its area of occupancy (AOO) is only 124 km2, while in the EU 27 this is only 112 km2. There is a projected decline in AOO and EOO, but the population is not deemed not to be severely fragmented and so the species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe and the EU 27.  Research is needed on its population size, habitat, threats, potential  conservation actions and ecology/biology (particularly the developmental  stages). Monitoring of the population and habitat is also required.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in northern Europe, including northern Norway, northern Sweden (Bartsch et al. 2009), northern Finland (Nielsen 1999, Haarto and Kerppola 2014) and northern European Russia (Karelia). Outside Europe it can be found in the Altai mountains (south-east Siberia) (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Alaska and northern Canada (Vockeroth 1992, Young et al. 2016, Skevington et al. 2019).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) is large in Europe and the EU 27, but the area of occupancy (AOO) is calculated to be only 124 km2 in Europe and 112 km2 in the EU27.","There are no data on population size for this species because of the limited number of records, but it is probably very rare; it is only found in tundra, making it very specialised and  restricted. The most recent records are from Finland (2017), Sweden (2014) and Norway (1982). The record from Karelia in European Russia has no year of record. The population is fragmented but is not considered severely fragmented.    Based on habitat degradation, there is a suspected decline in its population in Europe and the EU27, but there are no direct data to confirm this.","This species occurs in open ground alongside river banks in tundra (Nielsen 1999). The adults have been recorded visiting flowers of Caltha palustris and Ranunculus spp (Nielsen 1999). The larval and pupal stages are unknown, but the larvae should be aphidophagous.",The main threat to this species is habitat degradation/loss as a result of the impacts of climate change on tundra habitats.,"There are no current conservation actions known to be taking place for this species. Research is needed on its population size, habitat, threats, potential conservation actions and ecology/biology (particularly the developmental stages). Monitoring of the population and habitat is also required.  It appears as Least Concern in the national Red Lists of Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019), Norway (The Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre (NBIC) 2020) and Sweden (SLU Artdatabanken 2020).",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.","Vujić, A. & Ssymank, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,occultus,,Platycheirus occultus,"Goeldlin de Tiefenau, Maibach and Speight, 1990",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a widespread species in Europe and the EU 27, with a stable population trend. It exists in a variety of wetland habitats that are at risk from agricultural water abstraction and, in the future, climate change. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far  greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened  category for both Europe and the EU 27. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Europe and the EU 27.",Stable,"This species occurs in Norway, Sweden, Finland (Nielsen 1999, Bartsch et al. 2009), the Faroes (Jensen 2001), Denmark (Torp 1994), Ireland, United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2014), northern Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011), France (Ssymank and Lair 2015, Speight et al. 2018) (including the Alps, Pyrenees, Massif Central and the Vosges), lowland parts of Switzerland, Liechtenstein (the Rhine valley), Spain, northern Italy (Apennines), the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Belgium (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019), Austria (Heimburg 2018), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Serbia and Montenegro (Steenis et al. 2015) and Ukraine. The map is based on the GBIF (2019) dataset and the literature listed in the references.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category for both Europe (AOO= 320,841 km2) and the EU 27 (AOO= 96,670 km2).  Outside Europe, the species is known from Turkey, Iran and Azerbaijan.","This is a widespread species which is scattered but not rare. Its population trend is stable in the Pan-European and EU 27 regions. In the Netherlands, it is considered to be increasing.","This species exists in a variety of wetland habitats, including fens and the periphery of raised bogs, coastal marshes and dune slacks, moorlands and humid seasonally-flooded unimproved grasslands (Speight 2020). In the Alps, it is apparently only in wetlands with Phragmites below 1,000 metres above sea level, but in Scandinavia it occurs as far north as the taiga wetlands (Nielsen 1998).   The adults are in flight from April to September with peaks in May/mid-June and mid-July/August, and have been recorded visiting flowers such as white umbellifers, Carex and Salix repens (Ssymank 2002).  The larvae are unknown but presumed to be aphidophagous.","Abstraction of water and other hydrological changes, and changes in land-use management as a result of agriculture, are likely to be the major threats to the habitats of this species. It is also likely to be threatened by the impact of climate change, but this is not likely to be an immediate threat across its range.","There are no conservation actions known to be taking place for this species, but wetland habitat restoration is recommended. Monitoring of its population and habitat trends, and further research on its population size, life history, and threats are needed.  This species is listed as Least Concern in the national Red Lists of Sweden (SLU Artdatabanken 2020), Denmark (Danish Biodiversity Information Facility (DanBIF) 2020), Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019) and Norway (The Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre (NBIC) 2020). It is listed as Near Threatened in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011).",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.","Ssymank, A. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,parmatus,,Platycheirus parmatus,"Romani, 1857",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is widespread across Scandinavia and is scattered throughout much of Europe. Its coniferous forest habitats are not considered vulnerable, and the population trend is considered to be stable in Europe and the EU 27. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) is large in both Europe and the EU 27 and it is considered very likely to be far more widespread than the currently available data suggest, thus it is assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Europe and the EU 27.  Monitoring of its population and habitat trends, as well as research on  its habitat range, ecology, biology (particularly of the larvae) and  threats is required.",Stable,"This species is present in Norway (Nielsen 1999), Sweden and Finland (Bartsch et al. 2009) southwards to the Ardennes and the Vosges in Belgium, the Netherlands and France (Sarthou 1996, Reemer et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019), through the Alps in central Europe (Tóth 2011) to Bulgaria (Tóth 2014), Serbia (van Steenis et al. 2015) and the European parts of Russia.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) is large in both Europe and the EU 27. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 3,568,057 km2 in Europe and 15,340 km2 in the EU 27. It is likely that the species is more widespread than is currently understood.   Outside Europe, it occurs in Siberia and the Russian Far East (Mutin and Barkalov 1999), Alaska and northern Canada (Young et al. 2016, Skevington et al. 2019). It has been extending its range westwards for the last 20 or more years (Speight 2020).",The population trend of this species is considered to be stable in Europe and the EU 27. It is widely distributed with a continuous supply of records from across its range.,"This species exists in Fagus and Abies forest up to the upper limits of Picea and on into the Picea mugo zone (Speight 2018, Skevington et al. 2019).   The adults are in flight between April and June, or July at higher altitudes (Bartsch et al. 2009, Tóth 2011, Speight 2018), and have been recorded visiting the flowers of Alliaria petiolata, Allium ursinum, Anemone nemorosa, Ranunculus, Salix, Stellaria, Vaccinium (Speight 2020) and Caltha palustris (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020). The larvae were described by Goeldlin (1974, as ovalis), having been reared on aphids from eggs laid by gravid females.","The habitat of this species can be threatened by logging and industrial wood harvesting, but there has been very little research on this. Climate change is increasing the risk of drought which can threaten coniferous forest habitat.","There are no specific conservation actions known to be taking place for this species. Monitoring of its population and habitat trends, as well as research on its habitat range, ecology, biology (particularly of the larvae) and threats is required. Conservation of the forest habitat is needed by mitigating the impacts of wood harvesting. In Norway (Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre (NBIC) 2020), Sweden (SLU Artdatabanken 2020) and Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019), this species is listed as Least Concern on the national Red Lists.",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,peltatus,,Platycheirus peltatus,"(Meigen, 1822)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is widely distributed in Europe and the EU 27, with a stable population trend in both assessment regions. It occurs in a wide range of habitats, such as wetlands, humid forests and grasslands. There are no current threats impacting its risk of extinction, but the effects of climate change on wetland habitats should be monitored. Additionally, monitoring of its population, as well as research on its threats, larval biology and full distribution is needed, as our understanding of its distribution is incomplete due to previous taxonomic confusion with other species.  Despite the uncertainty of the entire distribution, the extent of  occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the  thresholds to be considered in any threatened category for either  Europe or the EU 27, and this species is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC) in both assessment regions.",Stable,"The full distribution of this species is uncertain due to confusion with other species (such as P. parmatus, P. amplus and P. nielseni) until recently, but its presence is confirmed in Norway (Nielsen 1999), Sweden, Finland, Denmark (Torp 1994, Bartsch et al. 2009), Ireland, United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2013), Germany (Röder 1990), the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), France (the Ardennes [Bot and Van de Meutter 2019] and Vosges mountains, the Loire floodplain, the Rhine valley, the Pyrenees), the Alps (Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Slovenia (De Groot and Govedić 2008) Serbia (Nedeljković 2011, Vujić et al. 2018), Romania (Stanescu and Parvu 2005), and Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania (Kuznetzov 1993, Karpa 2008). Outside Europe, it occurs in the Altai mountains (south-east Siberia), the Russian Far East (Mutin and Barkalov 1999), and Japan.  Despite the uncertainty of the entire distribution, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category in either Europe or the EU 27.","This is a widespread species across much of Europe, with a stable population in Europe and the EU 27.","This species occurs in fens and humid unimproved grasslands. It can also be found along rivers and streams in grasslands and heathlands, and in association with tall-herb vegetation of flushes in grasslands (Speight 2018). In the Alps, it is also known to occur in open areas within humid Fagus/Abies forests (Röder 1990, Bartsch et al. 2009).  The adult flight period is between May and August, with a peak in June/July.  Some individuals have also occasionally been observed to fly in September (Speight 2020). The adults have been recorded visiting flowers such as white umbellifers, Allium ursinum, Berteroa incana, Epilobium, Eupatorium, Euphorbia, Galium, Papaver and Ranunculus (Speight 2020).  Larval descriptions in the literature (Dušek and Láska 1960, Goeldlin de Tiefenau 1974, Rotheray 1993) were considered unreliable by Speight (2020) because of doubt about the identity of the species involved, although peltatus is by far the commonest species. The larvae feed on aphids.","No threats have been observed that might affect the extinction risk of this species currently. However, climate change is likely to have a negative impact on some of its habitats, especially on the humid and wetland habitats which are at greater risk of depletion from increasing drought.","There are no specific conservation actions known to be taking place for this species. Monitoring of its habitat and population, as well as research on its threats, larval biology and full distribution is needed.  In the Red Lists of Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019), Sweden (SLU Artdatabanken 2020), Norway (The Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre (NBIC) 2020) and Denmark (Danish Biodiversity Information Facility (DanBIF) 2020), this species is Least Concern (LC). In the German Red List it is listed as ""häufig"", which means ""frequent"" (Saure 2018).",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,perpallidus,,Platycheirus perpallidus,"Verrall, 1901",,No,LC,0,No,NT,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species has a fairly widespread but scattered distribution across northern and central Europe. Its population is declining in some areas and stable in others, but overall the trend is not known in Europe or the EU 27. The wetland habitats are threatened by water abstraction, agricultural pollution and the alteration of natural river flows. However, the the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are large in both the EU and EU27.  Conservation actions should concentrate on maintaining fringes of  sedge-rich marginal vegetation around and along water bodies, with a  sustainable level of grazing to deter scrub invasion. Further research on  the threats, conservation actions and distribution is needed as well as  monitoring of the population and habitat.",Unknown,"This species occurs in Norway and Finland (Torp 1994, Nielsen 1999, Bartsch et al. 2009) south to northern France (Speight et al. 2018), and from Ireland and the United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2014) eastwards through northern and central Europe, including northern Germany (Röder 1990), Czechia (Čepelák et al. 1986, Mazánek 2006), the Netherlands, Belgium (Reemer et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019), Hungary (Tóth 2011) and into European parts of Russia.  There is some taxonomic confusion about the identification between this species and Platycheirus neoperpallidus (newly described and a recent taxonomic split). This means there is a possibility that some records of this species may be incorrect, and thus the distribution might not be completely correct, although it is likely that the majority of records are in fact this species.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category in either Europe or the EU 27.  Outside Europe, it occurs across Siberia and the Russian Far East to the Pacific coast (Mutin and Barkalov 1999, Barkalov and Mutin 2018); and in North America from Alaska to New Brunswick and south to Utah (Young et al. 2016, Skevington et al. 2019).","Across Europe, this species is fairly widespread in the lowlands where there are suitable wetlands. However, wetlands across Europe are declining and fragmented. The subpopulations are quite fragmented and probably do not interact with one another. In Switzerland Maibach and Goeldlin (1991) recorded it from just five localities.  In Germany, there is a declining trend (Saure 2018), but it is considered stable in northern Europe, where it was most recently recorded (Sweden in 2019). Whilst an overall decline is assumed in the population size, the number of  sampling surveys from suitable localities has also decreased (Ball and Morris  2014) and so the overall trends are considered unknown in Europe and the EU 27.","This species exists in freshwater wetlands such as in the tall sedges of water-margins, reed beds in fens, transition mire, palsa mire and along rivers or the edge of lakes (Van Steenis and Zuidhoff, 2013, Speight 2020). The adults are known to vis Rubus chamaemorus (Nielsen 1998), Cyperaceae, Juncus spp. and Salix repens. The larvae were described by Maibach and Goeldlin (1991), collected feeding on the aphid Subsaltusaphis rossneri on the  sedge Carex rostrata. There are also records from Austria of the larvae feeding on the aphid Hyalopterus  pruni on Bulrush (Typha angustifolia). The larvae overwinter underwater on the lower parts of the host plant and may even be found beneath the ice when the surface water freezes (Speight 2020).","Drainage of wetlands, inappropriate engineering of river channels and over-grazing of riparian vegetation by livestock are the most likely threats to the habitat of this species (Ball and Morris 2014). Diffuse pollution from the application of nitrates in agriculture may also be a threaten. Pesticides from agriculture can spill over into freshwater habitats as well.","Conservation actions should concentrate on maintaining fringes of sedge-rich marginal vegetation around and along water bodies, with a sustainable level of grazing to deter scrub invasion.  In Germany, this species is listed as Vulnerable/Category 3, it is Nationally Scarce in the UK (Ball and Morris 2014), endangered in the Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2015) and is listed as Least Concern in Sweden (SLU Artdatabanken 2020), Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019)  and Norway (The Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre (NBIC) 2020). In Denmark it is assessed as Near Threatened (Danish Biodiversity Information Facility (DanBIF) 2020).   Further research on the threats, conservation actions and distribution is needed as well as monitoring of the population and habitat.",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.","Mazanek, L., Ssymank, A. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,podagratus,,Platycheirus podagratus,"(Zetterstedt, 1838)",,No,LC,0,No,NT,A4c,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is widespread across Europe, living in wetland habitats such as acidic fens, margins of oligotrophic lakes, rivers and brooks in  unimproved grasslands, taiga, moors, unimproved montane and alpine  grasslands and palsa mire. The majority of its habitats are threatened, and the population is therefore considered to be decreasing and this is projected to continue. However there is no monitoring of the population trend. Despite these data, the AOO and EOO are very large and therefore this species does not meet the criteria for a threatened category.  Monitoring of the habitat and population trends is required.  Further research is needed on its population size, trend and threats. It would benefit from wetland and bog land  restoration efforts.",Decreasing,"This is a widespread species in Europe that can be found from the Faroes (Jensen 2001) and Fennoscandia (Nielsen 1999, Bartsch et al. 2009, Hyvärinen et al. 2019) south to the Pyrenees, and from Ireland (Ball and Morris 2014) eastwards through northern Europe and the mountainous parts of central Europe, France (Ssymank and Lair 2015, Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Röder 1990), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Slovenia (De Groot and Godevic 2008), Romania (Stanescu and Parvu 2005), Lithuanian, Estonia and Latvia (Kuznetzov 1993, Pakalniškis et al. 2006, Karpa 2008), and into Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014) and Russia. There is only one georeferenced record in Germany. It is likely to  be under-recorded in the United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2014).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category for both Europe and the EU 27.  Outside Europe, it occurs in Mongolia, Kyrghizstan, Siberia and the Russian Far East to Sakhalin and the Kurils (Mutin and Barkalov 1999, Barkalov and Mutin 2018). It has a wide distribution in North America including Canad (Alberta and Ontario: Young et al. 2016, Skevington et al. 2019).","The population trend is considered to be decreasing in Europe and the EU 27 due to ongoing threats to the habitat, but monitoring of the population is needed to confirm this. It is very rare in Germany. It was most recently recorded in Sweden in 2019 (Global Biodiversity Information Facility 2019).","This species exists in a variety of wetland and open habitats. More specifically, it can be found in acidic fens, margins of oligotrophic lakes, rivers and brooks in unimproved grasslands, taiga, moors, unimproved montane and alpine grasslands and palsa mire (Van Steenis and Zuidhoff 2013). The adults are in flight from the end of May to mid-July and on to mid-August at higher altitudes (Speight 2020). They are known to visit the flowers of Cyperaceae. The larval and pupal stages are undescribed, but the larvae are aphidophagous.","Changes in the hydrology of freshwater habitats due to agricultural water abstraction, and changes in land-use and other agricultural practices such as the use of pesticides, can impact this species. Taiga, moors, unimproved montane and alpine grasslands and palsa mire habitats are threatened by climate change (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005). The majority of the habitats where this species is found are endangered or vulnerable (Van Steenis and Zuidhoff 2013).","There are no conservation actions known to be currently being taken for this species. Monitoring of its habitat and population trends is required. Further research is needed on its population size, trend and threats. It would benefit from ongoing wetland and bog land restoration efforts. It is listed as Least Concern in Sweden (SLU Artdatabanken 2020), Norway (The Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre (NBIC) 2020) and Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019), Vulnerable in Denmark (Danish Biodiversity Information Facility (DanBIF) 2020) and Endangered in Germany (Saure 2018).",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.","Ssymank, A. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,ramsarensis,,Platycheirus ramsarensis,"Goeldlin de Tiefenau, Maibach and Speight, 1990",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species can be found in the Faroe Islands, United Kingdom, Ireland and Scandinavia. It has a somewhat fragmented population in northern Europe. It is threatened by the deterioration of habitat due to agricultural water abstraction activities and increasing drought as a result of climate change. The population is not considered severely fragmented in Europe, but is considered fragmented in the EU 27. The population is stable in the United Kingdom. The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 11,317 km2 and 2,397 km2 in the EU 27. As the AOO and EOO do not meet the criteria of any threatened category, this species is considered to be Least Concern (LC). It may occur that in the EU 27, due to the decline of its habitat, its status should be re-assessed in the future and categorised into a threatened category.   Protection of wetland habitats, and the regulation of water use from  these habitats is needed. Research on its ecology, phenology, taxonomy  and distribution range is required, as well as the monitoring of its population and habitats.",Stable,"This European endemic species is present in the Faroes (Jensen 2001), Scandinavia (Nielsen 1999, Bartsch et al. 2009), Ireland and the United Kingdom (from Outer Hebrides and Scottish Highlands south to Yorkshire) (Speight and Goeldlin de Tiefenau 1990, Stubbs and Falk 2002, Ball and Morris 2013). The map is based on data from GBIF (2019) and the literature listed in the references. Scandinavian records are identical with the map presented in Bartsch et al. (2009).  The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 11,317 km2, while in the EU 27 it is 2397 km2 . The EOO is large in both Europe and the EU27. Based on the AOO and EOO, this species does not meet the criteria for any threatened category.","The population of this species is fragmented, with scattered subpopulations in northern Europe. In the United Kingdom, the population is considered to be stable. Overall, it is considered stable in Europe and the EU 27.","This species occurs in wetlands and open ground such as tundra, transition mires, flushes in blanket bog, lakeside vegetation round oligotrophic lakes and in tall marginal vegetation along brooks in moorlands. It can also be found in oligotrophic unimproved montane grasslands on non-calcareous soils (Bartsch et al. 2009, Ball and Morris 2013, Speight 2020) .   The adults are in flight between the end of June and mid-August, with a peak in mid-July. They have been recorded visiting the flowers of species such as Caltha palustris and probably also Poaceae and Cyperaceae (Speight 2020). Males have so far only been collected in June and the beginning of July (Speight and Goeldlin de Tiefenau 1990, Speight 2018). The developmental stages are unknown.","The drainage of fens, moors and other wetland habitats for agricultural purposes can cause the habitat of this species to deteriorate. Agricultural pollution through the use of pesticides may negatively affect its wetland habitats, and increasing droughts as a result of climate change are projected to continue to reduce the extent and quality of its habitats.","There are no conservation actions currently known to be being taken for this species. Protection of wetland habitats, and the regulation of water use from these habitats is needed. Research on its ecology, phenology, taxonomy and distributional range is required, as well as the monitoring of its population and habitats. It has been listed as Least Concern in the national Red Lists of Sweden (SLU Artdatabanken 2020), Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019) and Norway (NBIC 2020).",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,scambus,,Platycheirus scambus,"(Stæger, 1843)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is widespread in northern and far western Europe. It can be found in a variety of wetlands, a habitat declining as a result of intensive agriculture causing water abstraction, and it will be threatened in the future by increasing drought as a result of climate change. Its population is considered to be decreasing in Europe and the EU 27, but the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far  greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Europe and the EU 27.  More sustainable agricultural practices would benefit this species.  Research on its ecology, phenology and habitat is needed,  and monitoring of its population and habitat would be beneficial.",Decreasing,"This species is present in Fennoscandia (Torp 1994, Nielsen 1999, Bartsch et al. 2009) south to central France (Sarthou 1996, Speight et al. 2018), and from Ireland (Speight 2008, 2020) eastwards through northern and central Europe (such as Germany (Röder 1990), Austria (Heimburg 2018), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Romania (Stanescu and Parvu 2005), Belgium (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019) and the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009)), Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania (Kuznetzov 1993, Karpa 2008) to European parts of Russia. Outside Europe, it occurs across Russia to the Pacific coast of the Russian Far East (Sakhalin) (Mutin and Barkalov 1999) and in North America from Alaska to Quebec and south to California (Young et al. 2016, Skevington et al. 2019).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category.","According to Speight (2008), this species is widely distributed and not  threatened in Ireland. It is frequent in northern Europe, but further  south, it becomes confined to lakeside reed beds and alluvial wetlands on  the floodplains of major rivers (Speight 2008). It ranges widely beyond Europe, through  Asiatic parts of the Palaearctic and in the Nearctic. In the  Netherlands, the population has been decreasing since 1950 (Reemer  et al. 2009). In Germany, the species is abundant but shows a declining  tendency (Ssymank et al. 2011, Saure 2018).  In summary, in some countries the population of the species shows a decreasing tendency, while in other countries (especially in northern Europe and in the UK) the population seems stable.","This species is found in wetland habitats including fens, coastal fens, river margins and also salt-marshes (Speight 2020).   The adult flight period is from the end of May to mid-July and from August to September (Röder 1990, Bartsch et al. 2009). The adults have been recorded visiting the flowers of Carex, Ranunculus, Schoenoplectus, Scirpus lacustris, Spartina, Urtica dioica (Speight 2020) and Rorippa amphibia (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020). The larvae were described by Rotheray (1988) and are aphidophagous.","The drainage of fens and moors can threaten the habitat of this species, and increasing drought as a result of climate change may threaten the wetlands habitats too. In western Europe, habitat loss as a result of agricultural intensification can result in a decline of its population (Speight 2008).","There are no specific actions known to be taking place for this species. More sustainable agricultural practices would benefit it. Research on its ecology, phenology and habitat is needed, and monitoring of its population and habitat would be beneficial. In national Red Lists it is listed as Near Threatened in Denmark (Danish Biodiversity Information Facility (DanBIF) 2020), and Least Concern in Sweden (SLU Artdatabanken 2020), Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019), and Norway (The Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre (NBIC) 2020).",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,scutatus,,Platycheirus scutatus,"(Meigen, 1822)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is widespread across Europe, and is considered to have a stable population in Europe and the EU 27. It exists in a variety of deciduous woodlands and many artificial habitats too. There are no threats currently known to affect it, but it would benefit from further research on potential threats and also its full distribution, considering recent taxonomic changes. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far  greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category  for both Europe and the EU 27, and therefore it is assessed as Least Concern (LC) in both regions.",Stable,"The full distribution of this species requires review due to potential confusion with other species in the recently described scutatus group. Despite this, it is seemingly widespread and known to occur in Iceland, the Faroes (Jensen 2001), Fennoscandia (Bartsch et al. 2009, GBIF 2019) south to Iberia and the Mediterranean, and from Ireland eastwards through northern, central and southern Europe (including Italy, Greece and parts of eastern Europe) (Ball and Morris 2013, Röder 1990, Tóth 2011, Speight 2020) and into Turkey and European parts of Russia. Outside Europe, it occurs in Afghanistan and eastwards through Siberia to the Russian Far East including Sakhalin and Japan (Mutin and Barkalov 1999). It is also found in North America from Alaska south to Colorado (Young et al. 2016, Skevington et al. 2019).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category for both Europe and the EU 27, but cannot be accurately calculated as the distribution is sometimes based on country checklists rather than exact locality data.","This species is considered widely distributed in Europe, despite recent taxonomic changes. It is generally found in high numbers, and the current population trend is considered stable in Europe and the EU 27.","This species occurs in most types of deciduous forest, especially scrub woodlands. It also occurs in hedgerows, fruit and olive orchards, suburban gardens and parks and in young conifer plantations (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2020, Skevington et al. 2019). The adults are in flight between April and October, with peaks in June and August and occasionally into November (Tóth 2011, Ball and Morris 2013). They have been recorded visiting the flowers of plants such as Achillea millefolium, Aster, Berberis, Campanula rapunculoides, Euphorbia, Geranium robertianum, Leontodon, Ranunculus, Rosa, Salix repens, Silene dioica, Stellaria, Taraxacum and Tripleurospermum inodorum (Speight 2020).   The larvae were described by Bhatia (1939), Dixon (1960) and Rotheray (1988), and feed on aphids on herbaceous plants, bushes, shrubs and small trees (Dussaix 2013).",There are no threats currently known to affect the extinction risk of this species.,"There are no conservation actions currently needed for this species. The ecology of the adults and larvae are well-studied, but it can be confused with other species in the scutatus-group, and therefore confirmation of its identity in some records, and further research into its distribution is recommended, as well as research on its threats. Monitoring of the population is also recommended. In Sweden (SLU Artdatabanken 2020), Denmark (Danish Biodiversity Information Facility (DanBIF) 2020) and Norway (The Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre (NBIC) 2020), it is assessed as Least Concern.",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,speighti,,Platycheirus speighti,"Doczkal, Stuke and Goeldlin, 2002",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  This species has previously been recorded across the Alps, but some of these records are probably misidentifications. The population is suspected to be decreasing, based on habitat decline,  but there are insufficient data to know this for certain,  and it is generally considered to be very rare. The quality and extent of its habitat is projected to continue to decline. It is restricted and localised, and we can assume that the number of mature individuals in each subpopulation is very small - only individual specimens have been caught. It is quite likely that the subpopulations are isolated, and therefore its distribution might be severely fragmented. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are uncertain because its true distribution is uncertain, and therefore this species is assessed as Data Deficient in Europe and the EU 27.  Further research is needed on its taxonomy (to establish if it is a  European endemic), biology, ecology, threats, appropriate conservation  actions and distribution. Monitoring of its population  and habitat trends is also required.",Decreasing,"This species has previously been recorded across the Alps including Austria (Heimburg 2018), France (Speight 2020), Italy, and Switzerland (Doczkal et al. 2002), but some of these records are thought to be misidentifications (A. Vujic pers. comm. 2020). There is also an uncertain record from Austria from 1991. There are no records from the German part of the Alps, and only one record from Russia - although no locality was given for this and it has not been reported in the recent Russian checklist  (Barkalov and Mutin 2018).  There are very few records known and it may be under-recorded. It is only certain to occur in France based on a specimen from 2010 (J. van Steenis pers. comm. 2020), and similarly one certain record from Italy (Doczkal et al. 2002).  Outside Europe, it is known from Canada (Alberta, British Columbia) and the USA (Alaska: A.D. Young pers. comm. 2020). According to Young et al. (2016), Nearctic specimens are identical to the European ones, but research is needed to confirm this at a genetic level before it is possible to establish whether this species is endemic to Europe or not. Currently, it is not considered endemic.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are uncertain because its true distribution is uncertain. The AOO was calculated from two points in Europe.","The population is suspected to be decreasing, based on habitat decline, but there are not enough data to know this for certain, but generally it is considered very rare. It has very localised subpopulations, and it can be assumed that the number of mature individuals in each subpopulation is very small, based on the number observed during surveys (Doczkal et al. 2002). It is also quite likely that all the known subpopulations are isolated, and therefore its distribution might be severely fragmented. It was last recorded in 2010, in France (J. van Steenis pers. comm. 2020).","This species occurs in unimproved non-calcareous montane/alpine grasslands from 1,500 to above 2,000 metres above sea level in the Alps (Doczkal et al. 2002). The adults are in flight from the end of May until mid-July, and have been observed visiting the flowers of Myosotis alpestris (Doczkal et al. 2002). The larvae are unknown, but they should be aphidophagous.","This species is most affected by habitat loss and fragmentation caused by climate change in alpine environments. Unsustainable grassland management and land-use change are also potential threats, given that it is associated with these types of habitats.","There are no conservation actions currently known to support this species. Further research is needed on its taxonomy (to establish if it is a European endemic), biology, ecology, threats, appropriate conservation actions and distribution. Monitoring of its population and habitat trends is also required. It does not occur on any national Red Lists.",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.","Vujić, A. & Ssymank, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,splendidus,,Platycheirus splendidus,"Rotheray, 1998",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The entire distribution of this species is incomplete due to taxonomic confusion with other members of the scutatus group until recently. Nevertheless, it has a large distribution, being found in a variety of woodland and shrubland habitats. The population is considered stable, although somewhat fragmented. In Europe and the EU 27, the area of occupancy (AOO) and the extent  of occurrence (EOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered  in any threatened category. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC) in both Europe and the EU 27.",Stable,"The full distribution of this species is incomplete due to taxonomic confusion with other members of the scutatus group until recently. It is confirmed to exist in Ireland (Speight 2008, 2018), the United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2013), Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, Finland) (Haarto and Kerppola 2007, Bartsch et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019), through Belgium, the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009) and Germany to the Alps (Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland) (Doczkal et al. 2002).  In Europe and the EU 27, its area of occupancy (AOO) and the extent of occurrence (EOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category. Specifically in the EU 27, the AOO is 31,289 km2 and EOO is 4,348,043 km2.  Outside Europe, it is known to occur in the Nearctic (Young et al. 2016).","This species is widely distributed within suitable habitat. The population is somewhat fragmented in Europe and the EU 27, but in its local subpopulations it is considered stable.","This species is know to occur in forests and hedgerows, specifically in deciduous forest of Quercus/Ulmus that have a diverse forest structure, including clearings and other open areas upwards to the upper limit of the Picea/Abies forest zones and on to 2000 m in the Alps, where it may be found in association with Alnus viridis thickets. It can be found in hedges containing Ulmus glabra, and has also been observed in suburban gardens (Speight 2008, Bartsch et al. 2009).  The adult flight period is between April and the beginning of June and the end of  June into August. There may only be one generation (mid-April to the beginning of July) in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Scandinavia (Ball and Morris 2013, Speight 2018). The adults have been recorded visiting flowers of Anthriscus, Heracleum, Silene dioica and yellow Crassula (Speight 2020).  The larvae were described by Rotheray (1998) from leaf-curl galls of the aphid Schizoneura ulmi (L.) on Ulmus glabra, and from aphid colonies on Silene dioica.","No specific threats to this species are known. However, intensive wood harvesting and logging, as well as lack of forest structural diversity might threaten its habitat. Drought exacerbated by climate change can cause deterioration in the extent and quality of its habitat in Picea forests (Avitabile et al. 2020).","There are no current conservation actions known for this species. Increased research is needed to establish an understanding of its full distribution, and its population and habitats trends, as well as the threats. In Denmark (Danish Biodiversity Information Facility (DanBIF) 2020) this species is listed as Data Deficient in the national Red List, while it is listed as Least Concern in Sweden (SLU Artdatabanken 2020), Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019) and Norway (The Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre).",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,sticticus,,Platycheirus sticticus,"(Meigen, 1822)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is widespread in Europe although its distribution is somewhat fragmented. It is considered under-recorded because it is elusive and difficult to find. The population trend is unknown in both Europe and the EU 27. It is very rare in some countries such as the Netherlands, where it was once considered extinct, and is suspected to be declining in Germany. More research is needed to understand the population trends, habitat needs and threats better. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far  greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened  category for Europe and the EU 27, and so this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 27.",Unknown,"The range of this species extends from southern Sweden (Bartsch et al. 2009), Denmark (Torp 1994) and Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019) south to the Pyrenees and northern Spain, and from Ireland (Ball and Morris 2014) eastwards through Belgium (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019), central Europe including Hungary (Tóth 2011), Germany (Röder 1990), northern Italy and Latvia (Karpa 2008), and into Russia. Outside Europe, it can be found throughout Russia to the Far East (Sakhalin) and Mongolia (Mutin and Barkalov 1999). In the Netherlands it was considered extinct (Reemer et al. 2009) but was rediscovered in 2011 (https://waarneming.nl/observation/55095239/). In Hungary and Austria the records are uncertain because either the identification at species level was not possible (in Austria) or the records too old (most of the records from Hungary).  The map was created according to GBIF (2019) records, and available data in the literature. From European Russia and Latvia there are no exact records available, but occurrence is confirmed.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category for Europe and the EU 27.","This is a rare species but found in a wide range of habitats (Ball and Morris 2014), not restricted just to mountain areas. It is very widely distributed in Germany with 130-140 records across  almost all of  the states, but some are quite old and these  sites need to be revisited (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020).  It is assumed to be threatened in Germany but it is not known to what extent. It is suspected to have declined in the past, as it has not been recently recorded in some places where it was previously found. It is difficult to identify without collection, and difficult to collect with standard insect nets, and therefore it might be under-recorded since it is somewhat elusive. In Serbia, it has been recorded in only one locality and not since. It was last recorded in 2019 in France.  Overall the European and EU 27 population trends are considered unknown.","This species can be found in conifer Picea/Pinus plantations and acidophilous Quercus woodlands, relatively consistently across its range. The adults can be found in forest clearings and tracksides, and according to Speight (2020) are largely arboreal but descend to visit flowers of low-growing plants. It has been recorded visiting flowers such as Cardamine, Euphorbia, Ranunculus, Stellaria and Chaerophyllum hirsutum (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020). The adults are in flight from mid-May until August, and on into September at higher altitudes. The larvae are undescribed but should be aphidophagous (there are doubtful records from Italy of larvae associated with Psylla pyri on Pyrus malus) (Ball and Morris 2014).","Given the wide range of habitats from which this species has been recorded, and its wide but scattered distribution, there are broad indications that intensive woodland ride management, hedgerow removal, scrub invasion and intensification of grassland management may pose threats, because these result in habitat loss and degradation. More research is needed on these threats.","The existing mosaic of habitats should be retained and even restored where it has been lost. Rotational ride management should aim to maintain open swards grading into scrub. Similarly, field margins and woodland edges would benefit from maintenance of such gradations. Monitoring of habitat and population trends is required. Further research on its population, threats and biology are also recommended to clarify its habitat further.  This species is listed as Vulnerable in Czechia (Farkač et al. 2005), Near Threatened in Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019), Nationally  Scarce in the UK (Ball and Morris 2014), Near Threatened in Denmark (DanBIF 2020), but Least Concern in Sweden (SLU Artdatabanken 2020).",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.","Nedeljković, Z., Ssymank, A., Mazanek, L. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,subambiguus,,Platycheirus subambiguus,"Nielsen, 2004",,Yes,NT,B2ab(iii),Yes,NT,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This species is found in southern central Europe in  rocky calcareous open ground, probably beside rivers and brooks in stony calcareous grassland, although more research is needed on its habitat. Its population trend is unknown. Its habitats are considered vulnerable, and it is suspected  that there is a decline in the habitat quality and extent across its range. The population is considered to be severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline projected in the area, extent and quality of its habitat. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 5,439 km2 . The species is assessed as Near Threatened, close to qualifying under Criterion B2. Further research on its biology, ecology, habitat, population trends  and threats is required. In addition, monitoring of the  habitat and population is also recommended.",Unknown,"This European endemic occurs in northern Italy, Croatia and Hungary (Nielsen 2004, Tóth 2011) and France (Descaves and Speight 2017, Speight et al. 2018), although only the sampling sites are known in France rather than the specific coordinates, in France.  The area of occupancy (AOO) is 5,439 km2 and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 142,720 km2 in Europe and the EU 27.","The population size and trend is unknown for this species in Europe and the EU27, but it is considered very rare. It was last recorded in 2017 in France. The population is considered severely fragmented because of its small and isolated subpopulations.","This species occurs in rocky calcareous open ground, probably beside rivers and brooks in stony calcareous grassland (Descaves and Speight 2017).   The adults have been recorded visiting Salvia pratensis (Nielsen 2004) and Laserpitium siler (Descaves and Speight 2017) when they are in flight in May (Nielsen 2004) and June (Descaves and Speight 2017). The developmental stages are unknown but the larvae should feed on aphids.","Habitat loss is the major threat to this species; calcareous grasslands are in decline and so it is suspected  that there is a decline in the quality and extent of its specific habitat across its range. Climate change may contribute to habitat decline, but more immediate threats include unsustainable land-use management, including intensive grazing.","There are no current conservation actions known for this species. It would benefit from more sustainable grazing practices. Further research on its biology, ecology, habitat, population trends and threats is required. In addition, monitoring of the habitat and population is also recommended. It does not seem to have been included on any National Red Lists.",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.","Mazanek, L., Nedeljković, Z., Ssymank, A. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,subordinatus,,Platycheirus subordinatus,"Becker, 1915",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a northern Arctic and high-mountain species not considered at risk in Europe (Speight 2016). It lives in a range of mostly widespread habitats in northern Europe that are not threatened, such as taiga, sub-alpine Betula forest and dwarf-scrub tundra. Only additional bog and mire habitats such as palsa mire are threatened. Considering its wide habitat use, no evidence of significant population decline and large extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO), this species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Europe. The AOO is small in the EU 27 at around 1900 km2, but the habitat is not significantly declining and the population is not severely fragmented, and so it is assessed as Least Concern (LC) for the time being. Research on its population and monitoring of its population and habitat trends are needed.",Stable,"This is a northern Arctic and high-mountain species found in Fennoscandia to European Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far beyond the thresholds to be considered threatened in Europe, but in the EU 27 the EOO is large and the AOO is relatively small at an estimated 1,900 km2.  Outside Europe, the species occurs from Siberia to the Russian Far East (Mutin and Barkalov 1999, Speight 2018).","The population is largely stable across its European range and within the EU27, based on the information available, and it occurs in widespread northern habitats.","This species is found in taiga, sub-alpine Betula forest and dwarf scrub tundra (Bartsch and Nielsen in Speight 2018) and palsa mire (Van Steenis and Zuidhoff 2013). Adults fly low through dwarf scrub and ground vegetation, or rest in the sun on foliage (Speight 2018). The adults have been recorded visiting flowers such as Cerastium alpinum, Parnassia palustris, Potentilla crantzii, Ranunculus, Salix, Caltha palustris, Rubus chamaemorus and Viola biflora (Nielsen in Speight 2018, Van Steenis and Zuidhoff, 2013). The larvae are unknown but are presumed to be aphidophagous.","There are currently no threats known to this species, but in future climate change could possibly lead to habitat changes, especially the palsa mire habitat. The shrub tundra (F1.1) boreal mountain Betula and Populus tremula woodland (G1.9a) and Pinus sylvestris taiga woodland (G3,B) are assessed as Least Concern in the European Red List of Habitats. Picea taiga woodland (G3.A) is assessed as Near Threatened. Palsa mire (D3.1) has suffered a  decline and is assessed as Critically Endangered (Janssen et al. 2017) but this represents only a small proportion of the habitat of this species.","There are no specific conservation measures known for this species, but research on its population is needed, and monitoring of the population and habitat trends is also needed. In the Finnish Red List, it is assessed as Least Concern (Kahanpää 2010).",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Popov, S. & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,tarsalis,,Platycheirus tarsalis,"(Schummel, 1836)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is fairly widespread across Europe, occurring in humid Fagus, Carpinus/Quercus and acidophilous Quercus forests. Overall it has a stable population, although declining and rare in some parts of its range, such as the Netherlands, but its threats are not currently well understood. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far  greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened  category for Europe and the EU 27. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern for Europe and the EU 27.  It would benefit from research on its ecology, larval biology,  population and threats. Monitoring of the population and habitat is  also recommended.",Stable,"This species is present in the United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2013), Sweden, Finland, Norway (Nielsen 1999, Bartsch et al. 2009, GBIF 2019), eastwards through central and southern Europe. It is confirmed from the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Belgium (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001, GBIF 2019), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Serbia (Steenis et al. 2015, Vujić et al. 2018), Romania (Stanescu and Parvu 2005), Bulgaria (Tóth 2014), Latvia (Karpa 2008), Lithuania (Pakalniškis et al. 2000), the Alps (Verlinden 2020) and European Russia (Speight 2020). Outside Europe it is found across Asia to the Russian Far East (Mutin and Barkalov 1999). The distribution map is based on GBIF datasets (2019, checked again in 2021) and available records in the literature.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category for Europe and the EU 27.","In Scandinavian, the subpopulations are scattered, and in the Netherlands numbers are decreasing and it is considered threatened (Reemer et al. 2009). In the UK the subpopulation is considered stable according to the consistency of records. Overall the population is considered stable in Europe and the EU 27.","This species can be found in small open areas within humid Fagus, Carpinus/Quercus and acidophilous Quercus forests, with tall-herb communities (Speight 2020).  The adult flight period is from the beginning of May to July, with the peak at the end of May or beginning June (Röder 1990, Speight 2018). Adults are rcorded visiting flowers such as Euphorbia, Geranium, Myosotis, Frangula alnus, Potentilla, Primula, Ranunculus, Senecio, Stellaria, Verbascum, Viola (Speight 2018) and Geranium (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020).  The larvae described by Kuznetsov (1988) were reared from eggs and fed Aphis fabae in the laboratory.","There are no threats currently observed to be affecting this species. However, in the Netherlands it is rare and the population is decreasing, perhaps caused by habitat loss and habitat changes.","No conservation actions are currently known for this species. It has been listed as Least Concern in the Red Lists of Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019), Norway (The Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre (NBIC 2020) and Sweden (SLU Artdatabanken 2020). It would benefit from research on its ecology, larval biology, population and threats. Monitoring of its population and habitat is also recommended.",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,tatricus,,Platycheirus tatricus,"Dušek and Láska, 1982",,Yes,LC,0,No,NT,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This montane species can be found across the Alps and parts of central Europe in grassland and forest habitats. It is considered very rare, and is suspected to be declining due to declining habitat. Because restricted to high altitudes in declining habitats, and therefore unlikely to have mobility between isolated subpopulations, the population is considered fragmented. However, the area of occupancy (AOO) is large for Europe and the EU 27, and so the species does not meet the criteria for any threatened category at this time. Monitoring of its population trends and habitat is needed. Further research  on its biology, ecology, population size and threats is  required.",Decreasing,"This European endemic species occurs in the Tatra Mountains (Slovakia), Czech Republic, the Alps (France, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, Austria) (Heimburg 2018, Speight et al. 2018, Verlinden 2020), northern Italy (the Dolomites) (Speight 2020), Germany (with several records in high-mountain areas: A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020) and in Serbia and Montenegero (van Steenis et al. 2015).  The extent of occurrence (EOO= 650,269 km2) and area of occupancy (AOO=25,555 km2) are greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category for Europe and the EU 27. The AOO for the EU27 is 24,851 km2, and the EOO is 295,518 km2.","The population size is unknown but it is very rare across its range, and because it is restricted to high altitudes with little mobility between subpopulations, it is considered severely fragmented. Using knowledge about the decline of its preferred habitat, a decline in population size is suspected in both Europe and the EU 27. Increased data on the population size and trends of this species are needed. It was last recorded in Austria in 2016.","This species is found in open ground of the Larix zone upwards, in thinly-vegetated unimproved calcareous and non-calcareous alpine grasslands. It is found in these habitats up to 2,000 m asl, particularly along the edges of torrents (L.Verlinden pers. comm. in Speight 2020), and in open heathy areas in Pinus uncinata forests. It is not found in low-altitude areas (Speight 2020).  The adults are in flight at the end of May until July, and have been recorded visiting flowers of Potentilla, Ranunculus  and Salix. The developmental stages are unknown but the larvae are presumed to be aphidophagous (Speight 2020).","The threats to this species are habitat loss and degradation as a result of land-use changes. Open habitats in high mountain areas are threatened by land-use management and grazing. In addition, climate change also might have a negative impact.","There are no conservation actions known for this species. Improved conservation efforts and protection of the declining habitat is needed. Monitoring of population trends and habitat is needed. Further research on its biology, ecology, population size and threats is required.  In the Czech Republic, it is listed as Vulnerable (Farkač et al. 2005). It has not yet been included on any other national Red Lists.",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.","Vujić, A., Mazanek, L. & Ssymank, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,transfugus,,Platycheirus transfugus,"(Zetterstedt, 1838)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This forest species has a fragmented population in Europe and the EU 27, but with a wide distribution from Arctic Norway to southern France. In the northern part of its distribution, it is considered more stable but the overall population trend is unclear for both regions. It is considered very rare across its range, with just one or two individuals found in each locality.   Recently, there has been a decline in the extent and quality of natural and semi-natural forests, its main habitat. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 45,908 km2 for Europe, but 43,252 km2 in the EU 27. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is very large in Europe and the EU 27. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 27.  Monitoring of its population and habitat is needed. Further research on  its biology, ecology, threats, and population is required.",Unknown,"This species occurs throughout Norway (from the southern tip to the far northern Arctic regions), in Sweden (Bartsch et al. 2009), southern Finland (Haarto and Kerppola 2007), Denmark (Torp 1994, Nielsen 1999), southern Germany (Baden-Württemberg - without coordinates) (Doczkal et al. 2001), France (Vosges, Alps: Lair 2018, Speight et al. 2018) and Serbia (van Steenis et al. 2015).  The area of occupancy (AOO) is 45,908 km2 and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,920,129  km2 in Europe. For the EU 27 the AOO is 43,252 km2, and the EOO is 2,852,044 km2. The AOOs and EOOs are greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category for Europe and the EU 27.  Outside Europe, it occurs in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia and south-eastern Siberia (Altai mountains) (Mutin and Barkalov 1999).","This species occurs in severely fragmented small subpopulations. It is considered very rare across its range, with just one or two individuals found in each locality. It is more stable in the northern part of its range, but overall its population trend and size is unknown in both Europe and the EU 27.  The European population is very geographically separate from the  non-European population.","This species occurs within open areas of Picea/Pinus forests and deciduous forests (Nielsen 2004). In the southern parts of its range it is restricted to mountains, but this is not so true in the northern part of its range (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020).  The adults are in flight from mid May to the beginning of August, with a peak in June. They have been recorded visiting the flowers of Chrysanthemum fruticosa, Potentilla fragiformis (Nielsen 2004), Allium schoenoprasum, Potentilla crantzii, Ribes alpinum and Saxifraga granulata (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2020). The developmental stages are undescribed, but the larvae are likely to feed on aphids.","The main threats to this species are habitat loss and alteration of habitats as a result of wood harvesting/logging, acidification and climate change (Nellemann and Thomsen 2001).","There are no known conservation actions being taken for this species currently. Monitoring of its population and habitat is needed. Further research on its biology, ecology, threats, and population is required.  In Sweden (SLU Artdatabanken 2020) and Norway (The Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre (NBIC) 2020) it has been listed as Least Concern on the national Red Lists, but Near Threatened for Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019). In Denmark (Danish Biodiversity Information Facility (DanBIF) 2020) it is listed as Vulnerable, while in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011) it is considered to be the equivalent of Critically Endangered.",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.","Ssymank, A. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,urakawensis,,Platycheirus urakawensis,"(Matsumura, 1919)",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessments: Endangered (EN)  This Holarctic species is known to occur only in Scandinavia in Europe. It is rare and the population is very small and considered severely fragmented. More research is needed on its microhabitats and ecological requirements to understand its rarity better. Climate change is projected to cause a decline in the extent and quality of its general habitat. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is only 100 km2 in Europe and 80 km2 in the EU 27. It is therefore assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU 27.  Further research into its population size, biology, ecology (larval  development) and threats is required. Monitoring of its population trend and habitat is also needed.",Unknown,"This Holarctic species is known to occur in northern Sweden, Norway and Finland (Bartsch et al. 2009, Haarto and Kerppola 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is large in both Europe and the EU 27. In Europe, the area of occupancy is 100 km2 and in the EU 27 it is 80 km2.  Outside Europe, it occurs in the Himalayas (northern India, Bhutan), the Russian Far East and Japan (Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Speight 2020) and in the Nearctic in Greenland, Alaska (USA) (Young et al. 2016) and scattered localities in Canada (British Columbia: Young et al. 2016). It also can be found in Korea (Choi et al. 2018).","There are insufficient data on the population of this species to determine the trend for Europe and the EU 27, but it is considered rare and is likely to be a relict population. The last record from Norway was in 2018, and from Finland and Sweden in 2017. The population is considered severely fragmented because it occurs in small isolated subpopulations that are unlikely to interact.","According to Speight (2020), the preferred environments of this species are open areas that have tall herbaceous plants within Picea forests in northern Europe (Sörensson 2001) and tundra with dwarf Betula scrub (T. Nielsen pers. comm. according to Speight 2020, no exact date). The precise habitat requirements are not fully understood, because the habitat has a large extent in northern Europe and Russia, but the species is still rare here.  The adults are in flight in June and July in northern Europe (Sörensson 2001, Nielsen and Svendsen 2014). They are recorded visiting flowers of Aruncus asiaticus, Chamaenerion angustifolium (Gritskevich 1998), Geranium sylvaticum, Ranunculus and Rubus idaeus (Sörensson 2001).   The developmental stages are undescribed but the larvae have been reported feeding on Myzus persicae in Japan (Minamikawa and Fukuhara 1964) and associated with aphids of herbaceous plants (Vockeroth 1990).","Habitat loss and degradation can threaten this species, but its threats are not fully understood. Climate change is projected to impact its northern habitats and cause declines in extent and quality.","There are no conservation actions known to be under way for this species. Further research into its population size, biology, ecology (larval development) and threats is required. Monitoring of its population trend and habitat is also needed.  In the Swedish Red List (SLU Artdatabanken 2020), this species has not been evaluated, but in Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019) it is Least Concern.",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.","Ssymank, A. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platycheirus,varipes,,Platycheirus varipes,"Curran, 1923",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  This species is found in Norway, Sweden and Finland within boreal/sub-arctic Betula forests, tundra and palsa mire. It is known to be rare but there are very few data about  its population trend. However, a decline can be inferred because it is a habitat specialist, and its habitat is known to be in  decline. Its habitat is likely to be impacted by climate change  in the future. Its specific habitat needs in Betula forests  can be impacted by unsustainable forestry management, and palsa mire  habitats have been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) on  the  European Red List of Habitat. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is large for both Europe and the EU 27, but the area of occupancy is only 172 km2 in Europe and 104 km2 in the EU 27. This species is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)) in Europe and the EU 27, based on the small AOO, habitat decline and a severely fragmented population.  Monitoring of its population trend and habitat is needed. Sustainable  forest management that promotes the conditions it needs is  recommended.",Decreasing,"This species is found in Norway, Sweden and Finland (Nielsen 1999, Bartsch et al. 2009). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is large for both Europe and the EU 27, but its area of occupancy is only 172 km2 in Europe and 104 km2 in the EU 27.  Outside Europe it is found in Greenland, central Asiatic Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), and in North America throughout Alaska, western and northern Canada south to Colorado and Maine (Young et al. 2016, Skevington et al. 2019).","This is known to be a rare species, but there are very few data about its population trend. However, a decline can be inferred because it is a habitat specialist, and its habitat is known to be in decline. It was last recorded in Sweden in 2019 (GBIF 2019). Whilst neighbouring subpopulations may experience some interaction, the population is considered severely fragmented overall.","This species occurs in boreal/sub-arctic Betula forest (T. Nielsen pers.comm. in Speight 2020), tundra (Barkalov and Nielsen 2008), and palsa mire (Van Steenis and Zuidhoff 2013). The adults are in flight in June/July and have been recorded visiting small white Brassicaceae (H. Bartsch pers. comm. in Speight 2020) and Ranunculus (Nielsen 1999). The developmental stages are unknown but the larvae are presumably aphidophagous.","The habitat of this species is likely to be impacted by climate change in the future. Its specific habitat needs in Betula forests can be impacted by unsustainable forestry management. Palsa mire habitats have been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) on  the European Red List of Habitats because of the impacts of climate change, but its main habitats are Betula forests and tundra, which have been assessed as Least Concern (LC) (Janssen et al. 2017).","Monitoring of the population trend and habitat of this species is needed. Sustainable forest management that promotes the conditions it requires is recommended. Further research on its distribution and ecology is required. In Sweden (SLU Artdatabanken 2020), Norway (The Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre (NBIC) 2020) and Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019) it has been listed as Least Concern in the national Red Lists.",This species is not known to be traded or exploited.,"Bot, S. & Flinn, G.","Földesi, R.","Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platynochaetus,macquarti,,Platynochaetus macquarti,"Loew, 1862","Described from Sicily, was a synonym of the North African species Platynochaetus rufus but is now confirmed as a valid species (Speight 2020).",Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This European endemic is known only from the Maltese islands and the southern part of Sicily. Its population is considered stable in part of its range. The area of occupancy (AOO) is about 44 km2, the number of locations is between 8-10 taking fire as the main threat, and there is considered to be a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat. Consequently, this species is categorized as Vulnerable under Criterion B for both Europe and the EU27. Conservation efforts should be focused on the  preservation of its habitat, which is declining as a result of anthropogenic pressures. Research  and monitoring are needed to understand better the population trend,  ecology, biology, habitat changes and threats of this species.",Stable,"This European endemic species is known from the Maltese islands and the eastern part of Sicily (Ssymank and Ebejer 2009, Speight 2020). It is considered endemic to these islands. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 9,487 km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) around 44 km2. It is likely that fire is the major threat to this species, and therefore this species is considered to be found in between eight and ten locations.","This species is more abundant on Malta than in Sicily. In Sicily it is known from one locality within a village, surrounded by agricultural land and other anthropogenic landscapes, and in some southern localities in the south-east of the island; a total of 28 specimens have been found in four different localities, one in a volcanic scree. The subpopulation on the Maltese Islands is considered to be stable, although the area in which it is found is very small. It was last recorded in Malta in 2006 (Ssysmank and Ebejer 2009).","The main known habitats of this species are shrubs and open ground, calcicolous garrigue with patchy vegetation areas. The developmental stages of none of the species of this genus are known, and thus how the larva feeds in uncertain but is expected to be phytophagous. Adults have been collected in Malta on a steep coastal slope, garrigue with flowering Euphorbia dendroides and Asphodelus albus. In Sicily it has been observed on steep slopes with rocky debris and abundant flowering Euphorbia rigida. It has also been collected on Chrysanthemum coronarium. The flight period is from February to June, and the adults fly low over the ground surface, frequently settling on bare ground paths or rocks. All this information has been summarized and updated from Ssymank and Ebejer (2009) and Speight (2020).","The impact of the threats to this species are not currently well understood. However, it is likely that fire is a major threat to its habitat, which determines the six or eight locations that this species is estimated to occur in overall. In addition, development for tourism and urbanisation is highly likely to impact this species. The habitat is threatened and is considered to be declining in quality due to increasing tourism and the construction of roads and infrastructure. Variation in the temperature ranges and hydrological patterns, mostly caused to climate change, could be a feasible threat for the species as well.","Conservation efforts for this species should be focused on the preservation of its habitat, which is considered to be in continuous decline as a result of anthropogenic pressures. Research and monitoring are needed to understand better the population trend, ecology, biology, habitat changes and threats.",This species is not used or traded.,"Smit, J. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C., Rojo, S., Barkalov, A., Mazanek, L. & Vujić, A.","Campoy, A. & Lillo, I.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Platynochaetus,setosus,,Platynochaetus setosus,"(Fabricius, 1794)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is widespread and considered stable on the Iberian Peninsula. It is considered locally abundant in Spain and can be found in evergreen oak forest and maquis. However, outside of Spain, this species is more at risk and therefore requires additional research and protection. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are  far above the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category. With the information currently available, this species is categorised as Least Concern in Europe and EU27.   The habitat, ecology and threats of this species are poorly understood and would benefit from increased monitoring and research.",Stable,"Within Europe, this species is present in Portugal (van Eck 2016), Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), the Mediterranean zone of France (Speight et al. 2018) and Corsica. In Portugal it has been recorded from the Algarve, Santiago do Cacém, Lisbon and  Santarém areas. It is not certain that it occurs on Sicily, because it has been recorded but the material needs to be checked to confirm its identification (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category.   Outside Europe, it can be found in North Africa (Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco).","The population trend of this species is considered to be stable. It is a locally abundant species found in many provinces of Spain (Alicante, Albacete, Almeria, Balearic islands Barcelona, Cádiz, Castellón, Ciudad Real, Córdoba, Girona, Granada, Guadalajara, Jaén, Huelva, Lérida, Madrid, Málaga, Murcia, Salamanca, Sevilla Tarragona, Valencia, Zaragoza) (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017, Biodiversidad Virtual 2019). It has been recorded more than 200 times photographically, which indicates its abundance.","The developmental stages of the genus are unknown, and hence it is currently  unknown how the larva of this species feeds, but it is expected to  be phytophagous. Adults are found in open areas in evergreen oak forest and macquis of Quercus ilex, where they have been observed visiting flowers of Viburnum tinus. They can also be found in suburban areas. The adult flight period is from March to April, with males flying extremely rapidly in a zig-zag manner through shrubby vegetation, and hovering at heights of up to three metres. All of this information has been summarised and updated from Speight et al. 2020.","The threats to this species are currently unknown, because its biology and ecology and its host plant are currently poorly understood.","Further research is needed to understand better the threats, ecology and biology of this species and the genus. This species would also benefit from continued monitoring in Spain, and increased monitoring in other parts of its range. Its habitat could benefit from protection, particularly in localities outside of Spain. Within Spain, it is found in both National and Natural Parks, but also in suburban areas.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Smit, J. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C., Rojo, S., Barkalov, A., Mazanek, L. & Vujić, A.","Campoy, A. & Lillo, I.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pocota,personata,,Pocota personata,"(Harris, 1780)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Pocota personata is a widespread species with a broad distribution. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 6.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1.8 million km2. For the EU 27 countries, the EOO is estimated around 3.5 million km2, and the AOO is estimated around 906,000 km2. It can be rare, especially in some countries such as France and the Czech Republic, but it is an arboreal species that is difficult to find, and therefore may be more widespread that originally thought. The species may be declining in the natural forests where it occurs, but it is also known to occur in urban parks. This seems to be a very important lifeline for its survival, and as a result the overall current population trend is considered to be stable. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27. It would benefit from the protection of original habitat in natural forests, and appropriate management of urban parks.",Stable,"This species is found from southern Sweden, south to the Pyrenees, from Britain eastwards through central and southern Europe (Switzerland, Italy, Croatia, Serbia, Greece) and into European parts of Russia and on to the Caucasus and Ukraine (Speight 2020).   The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 6.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1.8 million km2. For the EU 27 countries, the EOO is estimated around 3.5 million km2, and the AOO is estimated around 906,000 km2.","This is a widespread species, with a broad range but it can be rare, probably because it is mainly arboreal. Likely has been in decline over the last few years but this is not known for certain, at the moment the population trend is considered being stable. It was likely to be more common historically, but it is still being collected - not sure if declines impact the entire European population. The species is rarely collected and may be well overlooked, but it might be more widespread than generally assumed. In the Netherlands, there are several records every year often from parks, and the species does not seem to be connected to pristine environments (Reemer et al. 2009). The Belgian records are mostly from old-growth forest, but also include old orchards and city parks (van de Meutter pers. comm. 2020).  The species is only known from a few localities in European Russia, two or three localities from the Czech Republic, with one subpopulation with many individuals, and three localities in Ukraine, in city parks, with 40 to 50 males found in one locality in one year (Popov pers. comm. 2019). There is one record from the centre of Paris, but it is extremely rare in France, and one locality is in a protected forest (Speight pers. comm. 2019). It was recorded once in the north of Spain in a National Park (Alexander 2005).","The preferred environment of this species is Fagus and Quercus/Carpinus/Ulmus forest, containing overmature and senescent trees.      Adults are largely arboreal, descending only to visit flowers of understorey trees and shrubs. Males sit on the trunks of trees near the entrance to rot-holes, quite high up the trunk – presumably awaiting the emergence of females. Mating has been observed on the trunk of beech trees. In Spain the species seems to be related with Fagus sylvatica. The hoverfly seems to also occur in Poplar species in urban parks but it is not known how sustainable these habitats are. It may be becoming increasingly rare in natural forest habitat due to anthropogenic activities, although forest management seems to adopt a more natural management in many areas. In urban forest parks with Poplar the species is known to be found as well, and so may be changing headquarters for the species.    Flowers visited by this species include Crataegus sp., Prunus sp. and Sorbus aucuparia. The flight period is from mid April to the beginning of July.    The larvae are described and figured by Rotheray (1991), from larvae collected from rot-holes in live Fagus. This species has also been reared from larvae collected in a standing-water rot-hole in Populus, by Becher (1882), and from a rot-hole in Populus tremula (Ahnlund pers. comm. 2019). Alexander (2005) concludes that there may be some dependence of the larvae of this species upon white-rot-fungi, suggesting that the presence of such fungi in a rot-hole may be of more significance to Pocota personata than whether or not the rot-hole contains standing water. He also substantiates suggestions that this species uses trunk rot-holes one meter or more above the ground. Larvae of this species may be distinguished from larvae of related genera by the keys in Rotheray (1994), who also provides a coloured illustration of the larva, apparently from a preserved specimen. The species overwinters as a larva.","The threats for this species in natural forests include urbanisation, agriculture and deforestation, but there is a lifeline in the urban parks. The loss of old trees in natural forests, through the replacement of old deciduous trees by conifers, will also impact this species. In addition, revitalisation of suburban parks (cutting old trees) and cleaning of fallen trees from city parks may have a negative impact.","There are currently no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it requires protection of original habitat in natural forests, and appropriate management of urban parks with old trees for the species. In the Czech Republic, it is considered as Endangered (EN) on the national red list (Farkač et al. 2005). In Germany the species is assessed as Critically Endangered (Ssymank et al. 2011). In Denmark the species is listed as Endangered (Bygebjerg 2019). In Poland it is listed as Vulnerable (Palaczyk et al. 2002).",This species is not used or traded.,"Van Der Meutter, F. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A., Aracil, A., Barkalov, A., Mazanek, L., Popov, G., Pérez, C., Rojo, S. & Speight, M.","Ball, S., Birtele, D., Morris, R., Ssymank, A. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Portevinia,maculata,,Portevinia maculata,"(Fallén, 1817)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU27 regional assessment:  Least Concern (LC)    This is a European endemic which mainly occurs in western and central Europe, in deciduous forests in the patches of its larval hostplant Allium ursinum. In these habitat patches, it often has large and stable subpopulations. Threats on a local scale are deforestation and disturbance by forestry management, and in the long term, climate change. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the threshold for the application of any threatened category. Therefore, the current European Red List status of Portevinia maculata is considered to be Least Concern, similar to its host plant Allium ursinum, but it should be monitored regularly.",Stable,"This is a European endemic, found mainly in western and central Europe. It occurs from Ireland and Great Britain, France (northern and western parts) east to Poland (Lower Silesia, Greater Poland and Subcarpathia), Ukraine (Carpathians and Rivne Region) and Romania (Moldavia), and from southwestern Norway, the extreme southern part of Sweden (Skane) and Denmark south to northern Spain (the Cantabrian Mountains) and north Italy (Alps). It also occurs on the Balkan peninsula, where it has only been recorded from Montenegro so far (Röder 1990, Torp 1994, Vujić 1996, Delmastro and Sommaggio 2003, Stănescu and Pârvu 2005, Speight 2008, Bartsch et al. 2009, Nielsen and Gammelmo 2017, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017, Tóth 2017, Speight et al. 2018, Speight et al. 2020, SLU Artdatabanken 2020, G.V. Popov pers. comm. 2020, R. Żóralski pers. comm. 2020).  Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.","This species is usually present in large subpopulations near to the host plant, Alluim ursinum. In the Netherlands and Germany, it has a stable population trend in the long and short term (Reemer et al. 2009, Ssymank et al. 2011). In Great Britain, the population trend was found to be stable or a slight increase over the past four decades (S.G. Ball pers. comm. 2021). The overall population trend is also considered to be stable.","This species occurs on nutrient-rich and often calcareous soils, and deciduous forests where its larval host plant Alliuim ursinum occurs, often near streams, trails or open patches in forests (Stubbs and Falk 2002, Bartsch et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019). There are also records from unimproved alpine grasslands, probably on Allium victoralis, and in parkland areas, and it is supposed that Allium triquetum may be an alternative larval host plant (Speight 2020). These latter records need verification regarding the true identity of the species and the very different habitat, and therefore this habitat has not been taken into account in this assessment (J. van Steenis pers.comm. 2021).       The adults are usually found flying around or sitting on sunlit leaves of the host plant Allium ursinum or nearby vegetation, and are seldom found away from these patches of the host plant (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2020). The larvae are phytophagous, and the first larval stages mine the stem-base and later on move to mine the bulbs, where they overwinter (Stubbs and Falk 2002, Bartsch et al. 2009). Bulbs affected by its larvae usually start showing discolouration (Stubbs and Falk 2002). Adults are often found feeding on the host plant, but also on nearby plants, such as Geranium sanguineum, Ranunculus acris and Rubus idaeus (Bartsch et al. 2009). The flight period is synchronous with the flowering of the host plant, from late March until early June (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019), and in Scandinavia also until July (Bartsch et al. 2009).","It has been predicted  that climate change will shift the range of the larval host plant, Allium ursinum, towards the north or higher altitudes (CWRnl.nl). This will have a negative impact on the population of this species, especially in the southern parts of its range. Allium ursinum has a broader distribution than the hoverfly, indicating that it is not always capable of tracking hostplant availability. It is expected that Portevinia maculata would only be able partially to follow the hostplant during any northward migration. Besides climate change, subpopulations of the hostplant can be locally threatened by deforestation or the thinning of forests, which makes the habitat unsuitable because shady conditions disappear, and also by large-scale hand-picking of leaves by humans for consumption (salads).","There is no information available on conservation measures specific to this species. It is considered to be Threatened on the Balkan Peninsula (Vujić et al. 2001) and Vulnerable in the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Norway (Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre 2021)  and Czechia (Mazánek and Barták 2005). It is also Near Threatened in  Denmark, but not found to be threatened in the centre of its  geographical distribution. Protection of the sites and habitats where this species occurs, and research and monitoring on its population and habitat trends are needed to keep it as Least Concern in Europe and the EU27 countries.",The species is not used.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van der Ent, L.-J., van Steenis, J. & van Steenis, W.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Primocerioides,regale,,Primocerioides regale,"Violovitsch, 1985",,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii)",EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  This saproxylic species is considered to be endemic to the Balkan Peninsula and is found in thermophilous oak forests. The area of occupancy (AOO) is calculated to be around 24 km2 for Europe and around 20 km2 for EU 27. There are several threats causing a decline in AOO and habitat extent and quality. Taking unsustainable forestry practices as the main threat, the number of locations is considered to be fewer than five. Taking all this into account, this species is assessed as endangered in Europe and EU27. Confirmation that this species is found only in a few localities may push the species to Critically Endangered: it is very unlikely that it occurs elsewhere in Europe. Habitat management and protection, and research and monitoring are all needed for this species. Habitat protection and habitat creation are needed to ensure the continuity of veteran trees. Further research and monitoring is also recommended, as well as confirmation of the records from Cyprus.",Unknown,"This species is considered to be endemic to the Balkan Peninsula in Europe. It is known from three countries: Serbia, in the city of Belgrade, where it was first described and recently rediscovered in the same locality (van Steenis et al. 2019); in northeastern Greece, where it is known from four localities in Dadia National Park and from one locality on Lesvos Island (Vujić et al. 2020); and finally, it was found in the south of Cyprus (Speight 2020), although its continued presence here is uncertain as it is known from a single very old record. The European area of occupancy (AOO) is calculated to be around 24 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 51,900 km2. In the EU 27, the AOO is calculated to be around 20 km2, and the EOO about 48,950 km2.","In Belgrade, an adult was found on an old tree (Quercus sp.) when first discovered (1985) and again later in 2019 in the same locality. In Lesvos, it was found on the flowers of olive trees, although it was originally identified as Sphiximorpha hiemalis in 2006 (Ricarte et al 2013, van Steenis et al 2016). It has frequently been discovered in north-eastern Greece in Dadia National Park, where numerous individuals have been found in four localities (de Courcy Williams pers. comm 2019). On Cyprus, it is only known to occur in one locality in the southern part of the island, but this is from a very old record and therefore it may be extinct there (van Eck pers. comm. 2019). To sum up, it is only considered frequent in the Dadia National Park in northeastern Greece, while rare in the rest of its localities.","This is known to be a saproxylic species, although the larval and pupal stages are not yet fully understood. The adults are active from late February to late June, and can be found on streams along thermophilous oak forests of Carpinus and Quercus, Quercus frainetto and Quercus pubescens and olive orchards - although only one record comes from olive orchards. It is normally found at low elevations (around 300 m in mainland Greece). This information has been summarized from Speight (2020) and Vujić et al. (2020).","Some of the habitats on which this species relies are categorised as Vulnerable in the European Red List of Habitats (e.g. G1.8 Acidophilous Quercus woodland). Unsustainable forestry practices such as deforestation, removal of dead wood and the creation of even-aged monocultures can threaten this species. Forest fires and hydrological modifications within forests also pose a risk. Variation in temperature ranges and hydrological patterns caused by climate change can be considered as a feasible threat to the species as well (Janssen et al. 2017). Forest destruction for housing and urbanization could constitute a direct threat due to loss of habitat.","The main subpopulation of this species is found in Dadia National Park where it seems to be abundant and quite stable, but the other localities are not in protected areas and in them this species has been found infrequently on just one or a few trees. Conservation actions should be focused on the protection of veteran and maturing trees, as well as replanting of new trees around existing old trees. Legislation is required to protect these important micro-habitats for this species. Further research is needed to confirm the distribution, and monitoring of the population and habitat trends is also recommended. Additional research is required on the threats, conservation actions needed and ecology of this species. Finally, the species would benefit from the creation of a conservation management plan.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Smit, J. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C., Rojo, S., Barkalov, A., Mazanek, L., Pennards, G.W.A., Popov, G., Speight, M. & Vujić, A.","Campoy, A. & Lillo, I.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Psarus,abdominalis,,Psarus abdominalis,"(Fabricius, 1794)",,No,VU,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)",No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)",EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)    In recent years, this species has rarely been collected. It seems to have vanished from northwestern Europe and to be declining sharply in central Europe. It is probably more widely distributed in eastern Europe. However, only scarce and occasional records have been reported from probably small and very isolated subpopulations (Mengual and Ssymank 2015). Vujić et al. (2001) list the species as ‘generally endangered in Europe, not threatened in the Balkans’, but the small number of recent records from the Balkans suggests decline there as well. The situation in Russia is unclear: if it is comparable with Ukraine (Popov 2009), then there is a huge decline in numbers there as well.    In parts of western Europe the species is extinct (Sweden, Belgium, The Netherlands, Switzerland) or has almost disappeared (France, Germany). Its status in western Europe would be Critically Endangered. In the eastern and southeastern countries of the EU, the situation is a bit less severe, but it is also extinct in Slovenia and Slovakia, and maybe in Romania too. It still occurs in a few localities in Greece, Bulgaria, and probably in Latvia and Lithuania.   In the EU27, its status is Endangered because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 200 km2, the population is severely fragmented, and there is a sharp decline in its extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, quality of habitat, as well as in the number of locations and subpopulations. With better insight into the decline of locations and population size, the species could be also assessed as Endangered under Criterion A (population decline), due  to these reductions possibly being greater than 50% in the last 10 years. However, more data are needed to confirm this.   At the European level, the species is Vulnerable, because the area of occupancy (AOO) is 800 km2 and there is also a sharp decline in habitats and subpopulations as well. Although in Ukraine it has disappeared from almost the whole country, it is expected that there will be more subpopulations remaining in Russia.",Decreasing,"The former distribution of this species stretched from south Sweden and western France through Poland, the Baltic States, Belarus and central Europe to eastern European Russia, and from northern Greece into the Asian part of Turkey. However, it has become extinct or almost extinct in large areas of its former range, such as in Sweden, most of France, Belgium, The Netherlands, most of Germany, large parts of Poland, Switzerland, Italy, Slovenia, Slovakia, parts of Hungary, North Macedonia, most of Ukraine, and probably most of European Russia. In recent times only very rare records have been made from central and eastern France (departments Sarte and the Rhine River Valley) through southern Germany, Poland, Hungary, Montenegro, Serbia, Bulgaria to Russia (Ryazan and Mordovia regions), northern Greece and northeastern Ukraine. The recent distribution in Romania, Latvia, Lithuania, Czechia, most of European Russia and the Asian part of Turkey is unclear due to lack of recent information.     The Belarus record is a new country record: Borodin and Borodina (2014) did not mention the species in Belarus in their country checklist of Syrphidae. This specimen was collected in Ambrosovichi, Vitebsk District (deposited in the Zoological Museum of St Petersburg, Russia, recorded by J. van Steenis in 2019). The species is not present in Austria, because the old record from this country is actually from Slovenia (Mengual and Ssymank 2015). The new records in Heimburg (2018) need confirmation.  In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3,893,247 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 800 km2, based on an estimated 200 localities. In the EU27 the AOO is 200 km2, based on an estimation of only 50 remaining localities.","This species is very restricted, and its subpopulations are far apart. However, in healthy habitats, it can be found with more specimens together, up to 10 at a time (Mengual and Ssymank 2015, W. van Steenis pers. comm. 2020). The site in Alsace (France) has been visited several times in the period of 1991-2016, and the species has been found there most days during the flight period. However, it has become extinct or almost extinct in large areas of its  former distribution, so the overall population trend is decreasing.","This species is most often found in well-drained, dry thermophilous Quercus forests with mature or overmature trees and a diverse herbaceous flora, including Eastern thermophilous oak forests of Quercus frainetto and Q.cerris. Other habitats are ancient olive groves with Quercus coccifera maquis as undergrowth, and Pinus pinaster forests mixed with Quercus. In northwestern Europe, most records are from oak coppice forests (Quercus petraea and probably also Q. robur) with abundant flowering forest edges or in meadows close by (Dussaix 2013, Mengual and Ssymank 2015, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020, Standfuss and Claussen 2007, Stuke 2000). Ssymank (pers. comm. 2020) suggests a relationship with pockets of ancient oak forests, which are more and more under threat by changing forest management.    The adults are usually visiting flowers when observed. In western Europe they mainly visit Geranium sanguineum, but in Ukraine, Cotinus coggygria is frequently visited. Other visited flowers include Malva sylvestris, Eryngium campestre, Convolvulus arvensis, Anthriscus sylvestris, Berteroa, Dianthus, Potentilla and Veronica (Mengual and Ssymank 2015).   The adults fly fast from flower to flower similar to Eumerus species, and it is difficult to distinguish this species if numerous Eumerus ornatus are visiting the same Geranium sanguineum. The males sometimes sit on branches or leaves and return to the same spot repeatedly (Mengual and Ssymank 2015, W. van Steenis pers. comm. 2020, J. van Steenis pers. comm. 2020).   The larvae are unknown. Several authors suggest a relationship with Geranium sanguineum, but a relationship with old Quercus trees seems more likely (Mengual and Ssymank 2015).","The heavy decline of this species clearly shows that it is severely threatened. Without understanding the larval habits, the threats to the adult habitat should be taken into account. Its preferred thermophilous oak forests are threatened by nitrogen deposition and acid rain. Changes in forest management including stopping coppice traditions (resulting in more shade-rich forests with fewer warm microclimates and less space for dominant old oaks), and cutting and replanting large areas (leading to fewer old oaks and more shade-tolerant tree species such as beech) can also negatively impact the species. Flower-rich herbaceous forest edges and meadows are also under threat from intensification of use and nitrogen deposition. In addition, the insects themselves might well suffer from pesticides.","It is clear that this species is the victim of forest clearance and poor forest management throughout western Europe. The fact that it is the only species of its genus (and tribe), and that it is mostly only present in Europe, make its status of greater significance (Speight 2020). Research and monitoring are needed to understand its ecology, conservation needs and population trends better. At the same time, it is important to protect the remaining sites, to manage these sites in a suitable way and to raise awareness of the species and the importance of ancient oak woods for threatened species in general. It would be also important to incorporate ancient forest species in payment systems for nature management.",The species is not used.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pseudodoros,nigricollis,,Pseudodoros nigricollis,"Becker, 1903",,No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  In Europe and the EU27, this species has only been recorded from two localities, both in Cyprus, where it survives in wetland habitats. The population trends are currently unknown, and therefore monitoring is needed. The areas of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are 8 km2 and 15 km2 respectively; there are two locations, taking into account loss of habitat due to infrastructure development as the main threat, and there is a continuous decline in the habitat. This species is therefore categorised as Endangered (B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)) in both the EU27 and Europe. Increased protection of its sites and habitats is needed, as well as research on its distribution, population, ecology and threats. It is present in more countries outside European borders, mainly to the south where it is more widespread and common. This leads experts to think that Cyprus is the northern limit of its distribution.",Unknown,"Within Europe, this species has only been found in two localities, both in Cyprus (van Eck and Makris 2016, van Steenis 2019). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is about 15 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is calculated to be around 8 km2.   Outside Europe, it is also present in Israel, Palestine, Egypt, the Arabian peninsula and the Afrotropical region (Speight 2020).","There are two localities from which this species has been collected. One is in the north-west of Cyprus, in the town of Polis Chrysochou, where seven individuals were collected in November 2014 and 15 more collected in November 2015 (van Eck and Makris 2016). The second locality is in the south in Akrotiri Salt Lake, where a further 15 individuals were collected in October 2017 (van Steenis et al. 2019). There is no information about its population trend on the island.","The habitat of this species is wetlands with Phragmites or Arundo plants. It was collected in Cyprus from reed beds of Phragmites. The developmental stages are not yet fully understood, but larvae have been reared feeding on the aphid Hyalopterus pruni. This aphid usually alternates between Phragmites reeds and Prunus fruit trees, and this hoverfly varies its habitat in the same way. Adults have been discovered in the leaves of Phragmites australis. In Cyprus, adults have been found in October and November, but in localities outside Europe adults have been found flying between April and September. All this information has been summarized and updated from Speight (2020), van Eck and Makris (2016) and van Steenis et al. (2019).","One of the areas (Akrotiri lake) in which this species is found is under threat of habitat loss and fragmentation as a result of infrastructure development for tourism, roads and renewable energy. The most recent threat for this site is the development of a casino and golf resort in the north-east part of the peninsula (Birdlife Cyprus 2018).","The protection of important sites and habitats, as well as reduction of damaging activities, is crucial for the survival of this species in Europe. Research is needed to understand better its current distribution and population, as well as its ecological relationship with aphids. Research is also needed to understand better the conservation actions that would benefit its habitat.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Rojo, S. & Pérez, C.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pseudopelecocera,latifrons,,Pseudopelecocera latifrons,"(Loew, 1856)",,Yes,LC,0,No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii)",EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Endangered (EN)  Pseudopelecocera latifrons is associated with steppe habitat in Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 2.7 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1.2 million km2. For the EU 27, the EOO is estimated to be around 455,000 km2, but the AOO for EU 27 is estimated to be around 500 km2. The species is relatively common in the southeastern steppe of the Ukraine, and there are also records from the Czech Republic and Hungary. However, some records from EU 27 countries are very old, and there are very little recent records from any of the EU 27 countries. The species seems to be extremely rare outside the Ukraine. The steppe habitat is considered threatened in the EU, the population trend in the EU 27 is considered to be strongly declining and the species is considered to occur at less than five locations. The estimated AOO will decline fast as the steppe habitat disappears. Therefore, in the EU 27, the species is assessed as Endangered. However, in Europe the species is assessed as Least Concern, because in the Ukraine and southern European Russia the habitat is still there and the population there seems to be reasonably stable.  Further research is needed on the threats, taxonomy, habitats, ecology and population of this species, particularly on the larvae.",Decreasing,"This species was described from specimens collected in the Lebanon. In their redescription of the species (as Pelecocera latifrons), Mengual et al. (2015) cite specimens examined from southern European Russia and Hungary. According to Peck (1988), this species has also been recorded from Germany (but possibly extinct), the Czech Republic, France, Roumania (Lasi, Jijia) and the former Yugoslavia. It is not currently included on the species lists for France or Germany (but probably as Pelecocera latifrons) - as far as we know there are no records in France, but it is suspected that it might occur there (Speight 2020).  The species is also known from Ukraine, in the steppe region, and is found in a few places in south European Russia (Lipetsk Region, Voronezh Region) (Barkalov and Mutin 2018). Its European occurrence is on the western border of the range.  Literature on this and related species is not comprehensive, but a lot of literature refers to the species as Pelecocera latifrons. Most recent record from the Czech Republic was from 2003, in the steppe region, with several records from one locality. One locality was found in 1992 to 1996 but has been searched for more recently and the species was not found there. Old records from Slovakia (1950s).  In 2005, the species was recorded from Hungary. There is no information on the record of Romania, it is listed on the checklist but no detailed information. Records from Germany exist but they are old (Ssymank pers. comm. 2019). It may be found in Turkey but there are two similar species that may cause confusion, one is P. persiana and another is a new species. According to Andre van Eck (pers. comm. 2019) the species doesn't occur in Turkey (in press).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 2.7 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1.2 million km2. For the EU 27, the EOO is estimated to be around 455,000 km2, but the AOO for EU 27 is estimated to be around 500 km2, although it might be smaller when the species is restricted to the small part of steppe that remains in Europe. Due to the threats on the rare and declining steppe habitat, this species is considered to occur at less than five locations within the EU 27.","There are four specimens known from Czech Republic but they are old records from a National Park in the southeast of the country. The species is common in southeastern Ukraine, and was last collected in 2014. The specimen from Germany is more than 50 years old, and was probably found in the south, but a recent survey of steppe habitat in Germany failed to find the species again (A. Hochkirch pers. comm. 2019).   Overall, the species seems to still be present in the countries were the habitat still occurs, like Ukraine, Hungary and the southern part of European Russia. In the western parts of Europe, particularly in EU countries, the species has strongly declined and probably has disappeared from France (although it is unclear if it was ever found there), Germany, Slovakia and maybe the Czech Republic. Therefore, the overall current population trend of this species is considered to be decreasing in the EU 27, but probably stable in European Russia.","This species is found in dry and steppic grasslands, although it can sometimes also occur in cities and in botanical gardens. It is probably a phytophagous species, although there is not much information about the larvae. There is lots of speculation around the larvae behaviour/ecology (may be below the ground in the grass root zone), and the species might be associated with fungi. The flight period of this species is April.","There are no known clear threats to this species, but the steppe habitat it lives in is considered to be a threatened habitat in the EU. This kind of habitat has probably disappeared in the western part of Europe due to (historical) anthropogenic activities like agriculture, logging and other human intrusions.  See for that the attached files to this assessment of the remaining steppe, the occurrence of the species is probably strongly connected with this, although there might be some populations outside this range which occur in cities and in botanical gardens. But it is unclear whether this will have a positive effect on the occurrence of the species. Frank van de Meutter (pers. comm. 2020) suggests that the species might have benefited from climate change where steppe habitat evolved.","Further research is needed on the threats, taxonomy, habitats, ecology and population of this species, particularly on the larvae. It has been found in a National Park in the Czech Republic which was well protected during WW2 until 1989, but now there is increasing tourism (Mazanek pers. comm. 2019). In 2009, this species was listed in the Ukraine Red Data Book (Akimov 2009).",This species is not used or traded.,"Van Der Meutter, F. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A., Aracil, A., Barkalov, A., Mazanek, L., Mengual, X., Popov, G., Pérez, C. & Rojo, S.","Speight, M. & Popov, G.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Psilota,anthracina,,Psilota anthracina,"Meigen, 1822",Some differences with the male genitalia showed in different publications suggest more than one species might be included inside Psilota anthracina (Speight 2020).,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a widespread European endemic previously confused with Psilota exilistyla and Psilota atra, which has created uncertainty about its true distribution and population trend. It is an arboreal species, present in deciduous forest of Quercus, Caprinus and Ulmus and old orchards of Malus and Prunus. Unsustainable forestry practices may threaten this species, and increased research and monitoring are needed to improve our understanding of its distribution, population trend and threats. Despite some uncertainties, the known extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are  far above the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category. This species is therefore categorised as Least Concern in Europe and the EU27.",Unknown,"The general range of this European endemic requires re-appraisal due to confusion with the species Psilota atra and Psilota exilistyla, but it is has been confirmed to occur in Albania, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, the Alps (France, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Austria), the Pyrenees (France), Spain, Italy, Montenegro, Croatia, Hungary, Poland and Greece (Smit and Vujić 2007, Speight 2020, Zóralski 2018). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Poland and Ukraine) and so it is not possible at  this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species. This species has been included in the following country checklists: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Bulgaria (Tóth 2014), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001),  Italy (Stoch 2003), Greece (Vujić et al. 2020),  Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Norway (Nielsen and Svendsen 2014), Slovenia (van Steenis et al. 2013), Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), Switzerland (CSCF 2020), United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000) and Ukraine (Popov pers. com. 2019).","In the UK this species is considered to be rare, having undergone a significant decline in the number of records in the last 25 years. However, it is a notoriously difficult animal to find and is easily missed (Ball and Morris 2014). It is considered rare in some other countries, such as in the Netherlands (Reemer et al 2009) or Hungary (Toth 2011). The general trend of its population in Europe and EU 27 is unknown.","This is an arboreal species, present in deciduous forest of Quercus,Caprinus and Ulmus and old orchards of Malus and Prunus. The saproxylic larval and pupal stages have been studied (Kassebeer et al. 1998), but because of taxonomic uncertainties it is believed that this original study may have also included data from Psilota anthracina and Psilota atra, which means further research is required. The larvae can be found feeding on yeasts and bacteria in the decaying sap of trees damaged by wind or other insects. They are believed to be mainly confined to broad-leaved trees. Adults can be found visiting flowers of Crataegus and Acer campestris, and occasionally Anthriscus sylvestris. Females can be found investigating tree trunks in the shade. The adult flight period ranges between April and June. All this information has been extracted from Smit and Zeegers (2005) and Speight (2020).","Deforestation and unsustainable forestry practices such as removal of dead trees and the creation of forests with even-aged stands could threaten this species. Forest management plans that are designed to reduce disease in productive woodlands and parkland result in the loss of important microhabitats by the removal of trees that have been damaged by wind or fungal development, or have sap runs. These trees are removed because they believed to be dangerous. Wood and pulp plantations tend to eliminate naturally occurring tree species, which diminishes the availability of trees upon which this species naturally relies. Additionally, loss of connectivity between suitable areas of habitat remains a matter of concern. The degree to which isolated hedgerow trees may contribute to the availability of suitable habitat is unclear. Additionally, forest fire or hydrological modifications (water abstraction in forest areas or drought due to climate change) could impact this species (Janssen et al. 2017).","Conservation actions should be focused on preserving the habitat and sites in which this species occurs. Research on its distribution is needed due the former confusion that existed between this species and Psilota atra and Psilota exilistyla (Speight 2020). Further research on the taxonomy and threats it faces, and public communication/education about it are also necessary. Additionally, monitoring of the population and habitats is required to understand better population trends in Europe and the EU27. This species is considered not at risk for Europe; however, it is considered scarce in the United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000) and the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009).",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Smit, J. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Rojo, S., Pérez, C. & Lillo, I.","Campoy, A.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Psilota,atra,,Psilota atra,"(Fallén, 1817)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This arboreal forest species has been previously confused with Psilota exilistyla and Psilota anthracina, and further research is required to determine its true distribution. However, based on currently available knowledge, this species is considered to be widespread in Europe and the EU27. There are early indications that it may be decreasing, but further research and monitoring are required to determine the extent of this reduction. Because the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values  are far greater than the values to be considered for any threatened  category, this species is categorised as Least Concern in Europe and EU27. Research is needed to understand better its taxonomy, population trend and ecology.",Unknown,"The distribution of this species requires re-examining due to its previous confusion with Psilota anthracina and Psilota exilistyla, but it is confirmed to occur in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, low-lying continental parts of the Atlantic zone (e.g. Netherlands), France, Spain, the Mediterranean region, central Europe, Italy and on to Montenegro, Greece (including Crete), Romania and Cyprus. Due to taxonomic uncertainties, its occurrence in Austria, the Czech Republic, Portugal, Ukraine and Slovakia is considered uncertain. Some research has also placed this species in Belgium (Van de Meutter and Reemer 2012), Poland (Zóralski 2018), Germany and Montenegro (Smit and Vujić 2007). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are far greater than the values to be considered for any threatened category. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Poland and Germany) and so it is not possible at  this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species.  It has been included in the following country checklists: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Czech Republic (Mazánek, 2009), Denmark (DanBIF, 2020), France (Speight et al. 2018), Greece (including Crete) (Vujić et al. 2020), Netherlands (Reemer et al.  2009), Norway (Nielsen and Svendsen, 2014), Portugal (van Eck 2016), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Sweden (Bartsch 2009), Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017) and Ukraine (Prokhorov et al. 2018).  Outside Europe it is found in North Africa (Morocco) (Speight 2020).","It is considered to be rare in some countries, such as the Netherlands (Reemer et al 2009), Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020) and Norway (NBIC 2020). It is well distributed across Poland (Zóralski 2018) and France (Speight et al 2018). The general trend of its population in Europe and EU27 is unknown.","This species is largely arboreal and lives in forests of Pinus sp., thermophilous Quercus (Quercus pubescens, Quercus cerris and Quercus frainetto) forests and Quercus and Carpinus forest. The saprophagous larva and the pupal stage were first studied by Kassebeer et al. (1998); larvae can been found feeding on yeasts and bacteria in decaying sap runs under bark and in crevices, hollows or rot-holes in trees. Adults visit flowers of Crataegus, Acer campestris and occasionally Anthriscus sylvestris.  The flight period ranges between April and June. All this information has been summarized and updated from Smit and Zeegers (2005) and Speight (2020).","Deforestation and unsustainable forestry practices such as removal of  dead trees and the creation of forests with even-aged stands could  threaten this species. Forest management plans that are designed to reduce disease in  productive woodlands and parkland result in the loss of important  microhabitats by the removal of trees that have been damaged by  wind and fungal development, or have sap runs. These trees are removed because  they believed to be dangerous. Wood and pulp plantations tend  to eliminate naturally occurring tree species, which diminishes  the availability of trees upon which this species naturally relies.  Additionally, loss of connectivity between suitable areas of habitat  remains a matter of concern. The degree to which isolated hedgerow trees  can contribute to the availability of suitable habitat is unclear. Additionally, forest fires and hydrological modifications (water abstraction in forest areas or drought due to climate change) could impact this species (Janssen et al. 2017).","Conservation actions should be focused on the preservation of the habitat. Some conservation measures can be focused on monitoring as well as education about the species. It is considered to be Vulnerable in Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020) and Endangered in Norway (NBIC 2020). Additional research is needed to understand better the taxonomy, population trend and ecology of this species.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Smit, J. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Rojo, S., Lillo, I. & Pérez, C.","Campoy, A.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Psilota,exilistyla,,Psilota exilistyla,"Smit and Vujić, 2008",,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  The distribution of this species requires re-examining due to previous taxonomic confusion with Psilota anthracina and Psilota atra. Although there are plenty of records from across Europe, most of these records are now uncertain and specimens need to be checked for correct identification, and therefore the distribution is unknown. Because of this, the population trend is also unknown. Furthermore, the habitat, ecology and threats to this species require research. This species is therefore categorised as Data Deficient in Europe and the EU27.",Unknown,"The distribution of this European endemic species requires re-examination due to previous taxonomic confusion with Psilota anthracina and Psilota atra. There is very little reliable information about its distribution, but it is confirmed to occur in the Netherlands, Belgium, France (Jura and Pyrenees) and Greece (Speight 2020). The known area of occupancy (AOO) is about 50 km2, and the known extent of occurrence (EOO) about 1,923,245 km2, taking into account only the countries where the species is known for certain.   This species has been previously cited as occurring in the following countries: Austria (Heimburg 2018), France (Speight et al. 2018), Greece (Vujić et al. 2020) and the Netherlands (Smit et al. 2015). Some studies also suggest it exists in Belgium (Van de Meutter and Reemer 2012) and Poland (Zóralski 2018).","There are very few data available for this species, with only one or two specimens from each locality. Until recently, it was taxonomically confused with Psilota atra, so it is likely that it is more common than previously thought. Until 2008, it had only been recorded in Greece and France. Since then it has been confirmed in the following countries: Poland (one locality in 2019), Belgium (one locality in 2015), Austria (one locality in 2017), France (three localities), the Netherlands (two localities in 2015) and Greece (four localities). It is likely to be found in Switzerland. Most of the specimens have not been re-examined following its separation from Psilota atra, and therefore new records may appear in the near future. Although present in Greece, the Netherlands, France, Belgium,  Poland and Austria, at present there is population information only from France,  where it is considered to be decreasing and threatened (Speight pers. comm. 2019). Overall, the population trend of this species is unknown in Europe and EU27.","This species is mainly arboreal, present in deciduous humid Fagus forest. The saprophagous larval and the pupal stages and biological cycle are not yet fully understood, and further research is required. The flight period ranges from the end of April to mid-July, and adults normally can be seen visiting white flowers such as Acer or Anthriscus. All this information has been summarized from Speight (2020) and Vujić et al. (2020).","Because the habitat needs of the larvae are not currently well understood, the threats facing this species are also not well understood. However, given its relationship with temperate forest, it is likely that threats such as deforestation, forest fires and other anthropogenic pressures may affect this species. Variation in temperature ranges and hydrological modifications due to climate change could be a feasible threat for this species as well.","There is little information about this species, and so currently it is difficult to recommend conservation actions. The subpopulation in France is considered to be threatened. Research is needed to confirm its true distribution following the resolution of former taxonomic confusion with other species. Research and monitoring are also needed to understand its population trend, habitat and ecology, and the threats and actions needed.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Smit, J. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Rojo, S., Pérez, C., Lillo, I., Barkalov, A., Mazanek, L., Pennards, G.W.A., Popov, G. & Speight, M.","Campoy, A.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Psilota,innupta,,Psilota innupta,"Rondani, 1857",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Psilota innupta is found in the central and southern regions of Europe, as well as outside of Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is very large but there is not enough locality information to calculate the area of occupancy (AOO), and so this is unknown. The current population trend in Europe is considered to be declining, and its threats include forestry activities such as deforestation, the removal of dead trees, or the creation of even-aged stands. The information on this species is currently not robust enough to determine a threatened category. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient in both Europe and the EU 27, due to the lack of information in most of the countries where it is found.  The conservation of this species is closely connected with the conservation of over-mature trees and forests, because this is its main habitat. Research on its distribution, population trends and the developmental stages is needed.",Decreasing,"This species can be found in the central and southern regions of Europe. Specific locality data are not available and so it is not possible at this time to calculate an area of occurrence (AOO) for this species. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is very large.   This species has been recorded in the following countries: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014),  Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Greece (only the north-east) (Vujić et al 2020), Hungary (Tóth 2011), northern Italy (Stoch 2003), Portugal (van Eck 2016), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), Serbia (a few localities) (Vujić et al 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), Sweden (as regionally extinct) (Bartsch et al. 2009) and Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2019). There is a study that places it in a few localities in Poland and Russia (Zóralski 2018). In Germany, four localities were recorded in 2011 (Speight 2020), and the Spanish records are not recent (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017). The most recent records are for Germany, Poland and Ukraine (Flügel 2001; Zóralski 2018).  This species is not found in France, where most of the habitat in which the species might occur has been eradicated (Speight pers. comm. 2019). There have been no new records from Serbia and Croatia in the last few decades (Vujić pers. comm. 2019).    Outside Europe it also occurs in North Africa, and eastwards into Siberia, Sakhalin, Japan and South Korea (Vujić et al. 2020).","In continental Europe, many of the subpopulations are decreasing, especially in Germany. It is extinct in Sweden - it was confirmed to be there in 2008, but has never been common in the country. It is very rare in the Czech Republic and in Slovakia. The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU27 is therefore decreasing.","This is a saproxylic species that is arboreal and present in Fagus forest, balkanic thermophilous Quercus forest, evergreen oak maquis and mixed forest with Quercus robur and Pinus sylvestris. The species is associated with mature and veteran oak trees in thermophilous oak forest - it lays its eggs on the trunks of Quercus cerris. It may also be associated with dry pine forest (Speight 2020). It has been found on flowering Salix in Mongolia. Its habitat is clearly very rare (Ssymank pers. comm. 2019).   The larval and pupal stages, the developmental stages and the biological cycle are not yet understood. The flight period ranges between the end of April and August.","Unsustainable forestry activities such as deforestation, removal of dead trees, or the creation of even-aged stands are possible threats, as well as forest fires and hydrological modifications (Janssen et al. 2017). The timber hygiene programmes in woodland and parkland sometimes remove trees damaged by wind and diseases, or with sap runs, because such trees are believed to be dangerous. The wood and pulp plantations remove natural forest, diminishing the natural host species. In addition, the loss of connectivity between suitable habitats remains a matter of concern. It is unclear whether isolated hedgerow trees may contribute to a suitable habitat. Variation in temperature ranges and hydrological patterns caused by climate change can be considered as a feasible threat to the species as well. Forest destruction for housing and urbanization could constitute a direct threat to the species due to habitat loss.","The conservation of this species is closely connected with the conservation of mature trees and forests, its main habitat.   This species is categorized as Endangered in the Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005), Extinct in Sweden (Bartsch et al. 2009) and extremely rare in Germany (Ssymank pers. comm. 2019). Research regarding its distribution, the population trends, habitat trends and the developmental stages is needed.",This species is not used or traded.,"Smit, J. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Rojo, S., Pérez, C., Lillo, I., Barkalov, A., Mazanek, L., Pennards, G.W.A., Popov, G. & Speight, M.","Campoy, A.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Psilota,nana,,Psilota nana,"Smit and Vujić, 2008",,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  This European endemic occurs in thermophilous deciduous and broad-leaved evergreen forests from only six localities, and is likely to have become extinct in one (Montenegro). The threats are very localised, giving only five locations for Europe, taking into account fire as the main threat, and there is a continuing decline in the habitat. Additionally, the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 24 km2 in Europe, and so this species is therefore assessed as Endangered in Europe.   In the EU27, the AOO decreases to 16 km2, the locations are reduced to two, taking fire as main threat and, as in Europe, there is a continuing decline in the habitat. Therefore the species is assessed as Endangered (EN).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, where it is currently known from one locality in southeastern Serbia (van Steenis et al. 2015), one in western Montenegro (Smit and Vujić 2007) where it it is considered possibly extinct as recent survey work did not refind the species, and from four records in northern mainland Greece (Vujić et al. 2020). For Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is calculated to be around 20 km2, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated at approximately 76,739 km2; and for the EU 27, the AOO is around 16 km2 and EOO approximately 5,475 km2.","This species is considered endemic to Europe, only known to exist in Greece, Serbia and Montenegro (Speight 2020). In Montenegro, five specimens were sampled from one locality (Morinj) between 1991 and 1995 (Smit and Vujić 2007); in 2009 there were some sampling efforts in the area but no more specimens were found; in Serbia one male was collected in 1996 in Dubasnica (Smit and Vujić 2007) and one female in Suva Planina in 2009 (van Steenis et al. 2015). Greece is where we find the main subpopulation in the Dadia National Park, where apparently it is not as scarce as in the other localities. The population trend in Europe and EU 27 is unknown.","This species is arboreal and present in thermophilous deciduous and broad-leaved evergreen forests of Quercus cerris and Quercus frainetto, Castanea sativa woodland with Laurus nobilis understory, Quercus ilex forest and Balkanic white-oak forest. In Montenegro, it was found in a deciduous forest on a path in the shade. The developmental stages are unknown, but the larva should be saproxylic; there is currently no information about the biological cycle. Regarding adults, males hover in the sun and females have been observed flying up and down the trunk of a large Quercus frainetto tree inhabited by the trunk-cavity ant Liometopum microcephalum, attempting oviposition on the bark. The flight period is during May. Adults visit flowers of the Apiaceae (such as Smyrnium) and Euphorbia. All this information has been summarized from Smit and Vujić (2007) and Speight (2020).","The threats to this species are not well understood, but it shares its habitat with other similar species, and therefore the threats are likely to be similar. Unsustainable forestry activities such as deforestation, removal of dead wood and the creation of even-aged stands may threaten this species. Additionally, forest fires and anthropogenic modifications to the woodland hydrology may threaten this species (Janssen et al. 2017). Variation in temperature ranges and hydrological modifications due to climate change could be a feasible threat for this species as well. In the Serbian locality, this species is threatened by the construction of a tourism resort.","This is a protected species in Serbia. Conservation actions should be directed to the protection of its habitat. The main subpopulation is in a National Park in Greece (Dadia National Park). Research is needed on its ecology, habitat, population and threats. It will also benefit from population and habitat monitoring.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Smit, J. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Rojo, S., Pérez, C., Lillo, I., Barkalov, A., Mazanek, L., Pennards, G.W.A., Popov, G., Speight, M. & Vujić, A.","Campoy, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pyrophaena,granditarsa,,Pyrophaena granditarsa,"(Forster, 1771)",,No,NT,A2c+4c,No,NT,A2c+4c,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  This species is widespread across Europe, found from Iceland south to the Alps and eastwards to European Russia in a variety of wetland and wet grassland habitats. However, its range started to decline regionally 10-20 years ago. Despite its large extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27, its population trend is considered to be decreasing, with recorded declines of up to 33% in multiple European countries. This decline has occurred in the past, is continuing, and it is projected to continue in the future, both in the extent and quality of its habitats. The causes of this decline, mainly agricultural threats such as water abstraction and pesticides, are understood and could be reversed, but they have not ceased, nor are they expected to cease in the near future. This species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened under Criterion A in Europe and the EU 27; it is not expected to experience a rescue effect from subpopulations outside Europe. Site protection and habitat protection is required. Research is needed  on its population size, distribution, trends and threats as well as on its life  history (especially larvae) and ecology. Monitoring of its population and  habitat trends is necessary.",Decreasing,"This species is widespread across Europe, found from Iceland south to the Alps and eastwards to European Russia. Outside Europe it can be found across Russia to Siberia and the Russian Far East, and on into the Nearctic Region from Alaska to Quebec and south to Colorado (Speight 2018).  Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds required for the application of any threatened category for both Europe and the EU27, but these cannot be accurately calculated because the distribution in places is based on country checklists rather than exact locality data.","The subpopulations of this species are very localised, and its distribution is reducing, causing a decline in the area of occupancy (AOO): there have been complete losses of some local subpopulations while the overall extent of occurrence (EOO) is still untouched. The population trend is clearly decreasing, with about a third of the known sites having been lost in the Netherlands alone (Reemer et al. 2009). In wet river valleys in Germany (Wahnbachtal) it used to be possible to find large subpopulations with numerous individuals (370 individuals in 1989), but this dropped to zero individuals in 2014, and so the size of this subpopulation has dropped to below the detection threshold or is now locally extinct (Hallmann et al. 2021, A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020). Additionally the remaining subpopulations seem now to have a general tendency to concentrate in very wet and unimproved habitats. In Ireland there have been ""clear losses, confined to wetter unused  habitats"" (Speight 2008). The species is easy to identify in the field, which means it is usually well recorded in surveys. A decline of between 20-30% is suspected in parts of its range.","This species occupies a wide range of intact humid grassland habitats, including alluvial grassland, acidic Molinia-grassland, marsh, calcareous and acidophilous fen, edges of transition bog and raised bog. In humid grasslands it is often associated with springs or upwelling groundwater. Males hover above open spots. Adults have been recorded visiting the flowers of a wide range of waterside herbs, such as white Apiacaeae, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Bidens cernua, Lycopus europaeus, Eleocharis palustris, Polygonum hydropiper and Polygonum cuspidatum (Speight 2018), but also grassland species like Ranunculus and Senecio jacobaea. The larvae were briefly described by Lundbeck (1916), but not recorded since: adult flies have been caught with emergence traps in humid grasslands with cow dung (Speight 2018). The differences in habitat quality requirements of this species compared to the more widespread and less sensitive sister species Pyrophaena rosarum are not understood.","The major threats to this species are changes in hydrology, both on rivers, sources and lakeshores, as well as drainage or groundwater abstraction in wetlands for agricultural purposes. It is closely linked to very wet habitats, often with small places of upwelling groundwater or groundwater close to the surface. Water soluble pesticides and seed coatings (neonicotinoids) seem to play an important role in affecting this species, derived from intensive agriculture adjacent or close to its habitat. Overgrazing can destroy its specific habitat of upwelling groundwater in wet grasslands. Most of its habitats are assessed as Endangered in the European Red List of Habitats, including moist or wet mesotrophic to eutrophic hay meadow, moist or wet mesotrophic to eutrophic pasture and temperate and boreal moist or wet oligotrophic grassland (E3.4a, E3.4b and E3.5); raised bog (D1.1) is assessed as Vulnerable and small-helophyte beds are assessed as Near Threatened (Janssen et al. 2017). Some of the  microhabitats are partially threatened and not covered by the European Red List of terrestrial habitats.","There are no specific conservation actions being taken for this species, but it benefits from wetland restoration. Site protection and habitat protection is required. Research is needed on its population size, distribution, trends and threats as well as on its life history (especially larvae) and ecology. Monitoring of population and habitat trends is necessary. In Germany it has been listed as Near Threatened in the national Red List, with both negative long-term and short-term population  trends (Ssymank et al. 2011); in the regional Länder lists, it has been assessed as Endangered in Saxony-Anhalt (Dziock et al. 2004).",This species is not known to be traded or utilised.,"De Groot, M & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.","Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Pyrophaena,rosarum,,Pyrophaena rosarum,"(Fabricius, 1787)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a widely distributed wetland species, found from Fennoscandia to the Mediterranean and eastwards to Russia. It is widespread, common and its population is considered to be stable. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far  greater than the thresholds to be considered for any threatened  category for Europe and the EU 27, and as long as there are no huge changes in its population and no larger  geographic gaps in its distribution, the species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Europe and EU 27.  Research is needed on its population size and trends, as well as on its larval  biology and ecology. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is  recommended.",Stable,"This is a widely distributed species, found from Fennoscandia to the Mediterranean, and east to Russia.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category for Europe and the EU 27, but these cannot be calculated accurately because the mapped distribution is partially based on country checklists rather than exact locality data. The distribution map has been adapted for Scandinavia according to Bartsch et al. (2009). For France the departmental distribution map of Speight et al. (2018) was used, and for Greece the Atlas of Vujić et al. (2020). Single locality data are scattered, depending on available habitats within the range.  Outside Europe it can be found across Russia including Siberia (Urals and Altai) and the Russian Far East, and on into the Nearctic, from Alaska to Nova Scotia and south to New Jersey (Speight 2018).","This species uses a wide range of wet habitats, some of which have declined in the past. However, it is still widespread and common, and can be found regularly in suitable habitats. Currently in these habitats the local subpopulations are more or less stable for Europe and EU 27, with some fluctuation presumably depending on the availability of aphid prey. There has been no change in the distribution of the subpopulation in the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), and unpublished population studies in North Rhine-Westphalia show no population decline either (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020).","This species is found in pond, stream and river margins with tall-herb vegetation, in fens, on the border of bogs, in Salix swamps and humid, seasonally-flooded, unimproved grassland (Speight 2018). Adults fly among tall waterside and fen vegetation, and in ditches. The adults have been recorded visiting flowers of waterside plants such as Caltha, Lythrum salicaria, Veronica scutellata, Mentha longifolia, Polygonum hydropiper and Lycopus europaeus but also many herbs in adjacent grasslands, such as Knautia, Lythrum salicaria, Potentilla erecta and Ranunculus, and some grasses such as Brachypodium sylvaticum and Phalaris arundinacea (Speight 2018, 2020; A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020). The larvae were very briefly described by Lundbeck (1916), but not since; they are presumed to be aphidophagous.","Overall this species is not considered to be at risk (Speight 2016). The potential threats are changes in the hydrology of its habitats, modifications of river systems for agricultural and other purposes, including water abstraction, agricultural intensification of wet grassland habitats and pesticide application in wetlands or close to the water edge. Its habitats have been assessed in the European Red List of Habitats, and some bog systems (such as non-calcareous quaking mire and calcareous quaking mire: D2.3a, D4.1c) were assessed as Vulnerable, and small-sedge base-rich fen and calcareous spring mire (D4.1a) was assessed as Endangered. A large  part of its habitats have been assessed as Near Threatened, including blanket bog, oceanic valley bog, mesotrophic to eutrophic waterbodies with vascular plants and base-poor springs and spring brooks (D1.2, D2.1, C1.2b, C2.1a), with some as Least Concern, such as permanent non-tidal, smooth-flowing watercourses (C2.3) (Janssen et al. 2017). The list of habitats that have been assessed is not  comprehensive, and some of the smaller ""microhabitats"" are not covered by  the Red List of terrestrial habitats.","No specific conservation actions are known for this species, but it would benefit from sustainable wetland management and restoration, as well as water management. Research is needed on its population size and trends, as well as on its larval  biology and ecology. Monitoring of the population and habitat trends is  recommended.  It has been listed as Least Concern in most country Red Lists, including Belgium (Flanders) (Meerhaeghe and Grootaert 1998), Denmark (Bygebjerg 2004), Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011), Ireland (Speight 2008), Norway (Henriksen and Hilmo 2015), Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019) and Sweden (SLU Artdatabanken 2020). Some local German studies point to differences from the national assessment: for example within three regions it was listed as Near Threatened (Berlin [Saure 2018), Saxony (Pellmann et al. 1996), Saxony-Anhalt (Dziock et al. 2004)].",This species is not known to be traded or utilised.,"De Groot, M & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A., Aracil, A., Vujić, A. & Földesi, R.","Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Rhingia,borealis,,Rhingia borealis,"Ringdahl, 1928",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU27 regional assessment:  Least Concern (LC)  This is a Palaearctic species widely distributed in Europe. It occurs in forest areas, especially in northern Fennoscandinavia and in the low and middle mountain ranges of central Europe. There is no immediate threat to its main habitat, and the species does not appear as vulnerable or threatened on national Red Lists of the countries where it is mainly distributed. In addition, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category. Therefore, the current European Red List status of Rhingia borealis is considered to be Least Concern.",Stable,"This is a Palearctic species, mostly found in northern Europe and in the mountainous areas of central Europe. It occurs from Belgium (Ardennes), the Netherlands (South Limburg – but there are no recent records), France (northern and northwestern regions), eastwards to Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, and Romania (Moldava and Transylvania), and from northern Scandinavia and adjacent European Russia (north European Russia, Karelia), south to the Pyrenees (France and Spain) and northern Italy (Alps). It is also present on the Balkan peninsula, where it is known from Croatia and Serbia (Bartsch et al. 2009, Bot and van de Meutter 2019, Haarto and Kerppola 2007, Kuznetzov 1993, Langhoffer 1918, Nielsen and Gammelmo 2017, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017, Speight et al. 2018, Speight et al. 2020, Stanescu and Parvu 2005, van Steenis et al. 2015, Tóth 2011; A.V. Barkalov pers. comm. 2020, D. Birtele pers. comm. 2020, L. Mazanek pers comm. 2019, R. Zoralski pers. comm. 2020).   The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.  Outside Europe, it has been recorded from western and central Siberia and Mongolia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Speight 2020).","This species is usually encountered in low numbers. In Germany, it shows a stable short-term population trend (Ssymank et al. 2011). The overall population trend is stable and might even be increasing, but this would need confirmation.","This is a typical forest species, found in open moist deciduous or mixed forests, such as Quercus/Carpinus, Fagus/Quercus, or Fagus/Picea forests, and at higher altitudes or latitudes also in Betula or Picea/Pinus forests. It is also found on floodplains of major rivers and on heather and ruderal vegetation besides forest areas (Bartsch et al. 2009, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020). Bot and Van de Meutter (2019) stated that Rhingia borealis typically occurs in forested stream valleys, in shady and semi-shady conditions.  The adults fly around or sit on vegetation and bushes in shady forest edges, along forest trails and clearings which are rich in vegetation (Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020).  The larval stages are not described, but Bartsch et al. (2009) expected the larvae to live in the droppings of animals such as reindeer and moose.  Adults visit flowers such as Geranium robertianum, Geranium sylvaticum, Linnaea borealis, Potentilla erecta, Ranunculus acris, Lonicera xylosteum, Lychnis flos-cuculi, Saxifraga spp., and white umbellifers such as Angelica archangelica (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2020).  The flight period is from May until August, and in Scandinavia from early June until early September. In central Europe, it probably has separate spring (May/June) and summer (July/August) generations (Bartsch et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Speight 2020).","There are no immediate threats known to this species or to its preferred habitat, except for forest reclamation for human use and replacing suitable forest patches by other types of forests.","There is no information available on conservation measures specific to this species. Site and habitat protection, raising awareness and monitoring the population trends would be of benefit.",The species is not used.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van der Ent, L.-J., van Steenis, J. & van Steenis, W.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Rhingia,campestris,,Rhingia campestris,"Meigen, 1822",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a Palaearctic species widely distributed in Europe. It occurs in many habitat types from the sea level up to 2600 metres altitude. The species is not considered as vulnerable or threatened on most regional Red Lists. Severe drought may have a big impact on the local subpopulations, and it takes them years to recover from it. However, the species is still common in the central part of its range. In addition, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category. Therefore, the current European Red List status is considered to be Least Concern, also the case in the EU27 countries.",Stable,"This is a Palaearctic species with a widespread distribution in Europe. It occurs from Ireland and Great Britain, east to European Russia (north, northwest, central and east European Russia), Ukraine and Romania, and from north Fennoscandia and the Baltic States, south to northern Spain and central Italy. It also occurs on the Balkan peninsula, and south to northern Greece and southwest Bulgaria (Bartsch et al. 2009, Dirickx 1994, Glumac 1968, Haarto and Kerppola 2007, Kuznetzov 1993, Langhoffer 1918, Nielsen and Gammelmo 2017, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017, Speight et al. 2018, Speight et al. 2020, Stanescu and Parvu 2005 Tóth 2011, Tóth 2014, Vujić et al. 2020; A.V. Barkalov pers. comm. 2020, D. Birtele pers. comm. 2020, G.V. Popov pers. comm. 2020).   The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.    Outside Europe, it has been recorded from Transcaucasia (Georgia), Turkey, west and east Siberia, the Russian Far East and Mongolia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Mengual et al. 2020, Tóth 2013, Speight 2020).","This species can be found in large numbers in suitable habitats in the centre of its distribution. In Germany and the Netherlands, the population trend was found to be stable (Reemer et al. 2009, Ssymank et al. 2011). In Great Britain, Rhingia campestris was found to decline significantly over the past four decades, especially after 2000 (S.G. Ball pers. comm. 2021). The overall population trend is still stable, but it is possible that with more information, it would become decreasing.","This species can be found in many moist habitat types, such as wetlands, open forest areas and alluvial forests along streams and rivers, but also in cultivated areas such as herb-rich meadows, hedgerows, parks and gardens (Bartsch et al. 2009, Stubbs and Falk 2002, Speight 2020).  The adults are often observed sitting on sunlit leaves and on flowers with concealed nectar sources, which they can reach with their elongated mouthparts (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2020). The larvae are subaquatic, living as saprophages in moist cow dung and probably in dung of other animals, and expected to be able to live in accumulated rotten foliage (Speight 2020).  The adults visit many species of herbs and shrubs, with or without concealed nectar such as Geum rivale, Aegopodium podagraria, Ajuga reptans, Anchusa officinalis, Anthriscus sylvestris, Berberis vulgaris, Calluna vulgaris, Caltha palustris, Cardamine pratensis, Crataegus spp., Crepis spp. Dactylorrhiza spp,. Echium vulgare, Frangula alnus, Geranium sylvaticum, Iris pseudacorus, Lamium spp., Mentha aquatica, Prunus spinosa, Rubus arcticus, Rubus idaeus, Salis caprea and Sorbus aucuparia (Bartsch et al. 2009, Reemer et al. 2009).  The flight period is usually from April until October, with peaks in May-June and August (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Speight 2020).","The subpopulations are known to undergo substantial crashes due to periods of severe drought (Stubbs and Falk 2002). Diminishing of cow grazing is expected to affect negatively the populations as less dung becomes available for larval development. Habitat management such as machine mowing without leaving standing vegetation also has a negative impact. The use of veterinary medicines which end up in the cowdung is expected to cause harm, but this relationship has yet to be researched in detail.","There is no information available on conservation measures specific to this species. Even if it is listed as Least Concern, the strong decline reported in Great Britain after 2000 is reason for great concern. Therefore, extended measures are needed to establish conservation and research actions. Some suggestions are site management and protection, and research into threats, population size and trends, as well as monitoring the habitat and population trends. Raising awareness about this species would be also important.",The species is not used.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van der Ent, L.-J., van Steenis, J. & van Steenis, W.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Rhingia,rostrata,,Rhingia rostrata,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    This species is widely distributed in Europe, where it occurs mostly in nutrient-rich deciduous forests. In the past 100 years, it has disappeared from several lowland areas in north-west Europe, and also from Spain and Italy. However, it has reappeared in some parts such as the Netherlands and Belgium, and became recently more common and widespread in England. In other parts of Europe, especially in the low mountain regions, the subpopulations seem to be more stable over the long–term, but can fluctuate a lot over short time periods. There are no immediate threats to its main habitat, but there is a lack of understanding about why the populations fluctuate so much, sometimes disappearing and then reappearing after some time, and more research is suggested to understand the reasons behind this. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category. Based on this, the current European Red List status of this species is considered to be Least Concern, but should be evaluated regularly as it could soon become threatened.",Unknown,"This is a Palaearctic species widely distributed in Europe. Currently, it occurs from England (including Wales) and France, east to European Russia (north, northwest, central and east), Belarus, Ukraine (western parts and Crimea) and Romania, and from the Baltic States, Poland and Germany south to Spain (the Pyrenees) and central Italy. It is also present on the Balkan peninsula south to Serbia (Kosovo), Montenegro and southwestern Bulgaria (Dirickx 1994, Drensky 1934, Kuznetzov 1993, Langhoffer 1918, Nedeljkovic et al. 2009, Peck 1988, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017, Speight et al. 2018, Speight et al. 2020, Stanescu and Parvu 2005, Tóth 2014, Vujić et al. 2020; A.V. Barkalov pers. comm. 2020, D. Birtele pers. comm. 2020, M. de Groot pers. comm. 2021, G.V. Popov pers. comm. 2020, A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019, R. Zoralski pers. comm. 2020).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.  Outside Europe, Rhingia rostrata is known to occur in Transcaucasia (Georgia) and western Siberia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Mengual et al. 2020).   In the past, it has become extinct in the Netherlands (before 1900), Belgium (1944), Sweden (in southern part in 1880), Denmark (1902), northern lowland states of Germany (1934), central Italy (1908), and central (before 1930) and possibly also northwest Spain (1978). However, from 2009 it has started to recolonise the central and eastern parts of Belgium and the extreme southeastern tip of the Netherlands (Bartsch et al. 2009, de Bree et al. 2013, Reemer et al. 2009, Torp 1994, A. Ricarte pers. comm. 2020, A. Ssymank, pers. comm. 2020). In England, it has dramatically increased in range northwards over the past three decades (Ball and Morris 2021).","This species is usually encountered in small numbers. The subpopulations are erratic in some woodlands, present in some years and then disappearing for many years (Stubbs and Falk 2002). In Germany, it had a strong population decline over the long-term and an undefined population decline over the short-term (Ssymank et al. 2011). In Great Britain, a strong significant increase was observed over the past four decades, especially after 2000 (S.G. Ball pers. comm. 2021). The overall population trend is unknown.","This species is found in deciduous forests (Quercus, Fagus or Fraxinus) or forest patches on nutrient-rich soils that have a rich herb layer (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2020). The adults are often encountered in shaded areas, but they also visit flowers or leaves in sunny patches inside forests and along forest edges (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2020).  The larvae are expected to live in dung of large animals such as horses, but also badgers, and they have been reared from human faeces where females were observed laying eggs on the underside of Fagus leaves above the dung after inspecting it (Speight 2020).  Adults visit Ballota nigra, Centaurea spp., Cirsium spp. Geum rivale, Geranium robertianum, Hypericum spp., Succisa pratensis, and Veronica spp. (Bartsch. et al. 2009), and also Campanula trachelium, Phyteuma spicatum, Silene dioica and Senecio ovatus (Waarneming.nl).  There are two generations. The flight period of the spring generation is from late April to early June and the summer generation from mid-July until early September (Bot and Van de Meutter, 2019), or somewhat later until October in Great Britain (Stubbs and Falk 2002).","The reasons behind the disappearance of this species in Sweden, Denmark, northern lowland parts of Germany, and its recolonization in Belgium and the Netherlands as well as the cause(s) of the observed huge population fluctuations in Great Britain are still unknown. There are no immediate threats known to the preferred habitat, and therefore it is hypothesized that the availability of dung or manure for larval development may be the key factor in the unexplained population fluctuations. One hypothesis is the absence of horses and mules around the preferred habitats, because these were replaced by machinery for agricultural uses and harvesting of trees. In addition, veterinary medicines found in the dung of livestock and other domestic animals may have a toxic effect on the species. The first hypothesis may be enhanced by the reappearance of the species in Belgium and the Netherlands, where horses have become more popular for grazing on semi-natural grasslands or for horse riding. Stubbs and Falk (2002) suggested that the availability of badger latrines may play a role. However, none of these hypotheses can satisfactorily explain why the species shows such extreme variation in its pattern of occurrence. Ball and Morris (2021) explained the recent increase of this species partly as a result of climate change, but further investigations are needed.","There is no information available on conservation measures specific to this species. It is listed as endangered on the Red List of Germany (Ssymanck et al. 2011). Habitat protection, raising awareness, research and monitoring (of the population and habitat trends) are proposed to keep this species out of the threatened categories. More research to understand the reasons behind the population fluctuations would be also important.",The species is not used.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van der Ent, L.-J., van Steenis, J. & van Steenis, W.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Riponnensia,daccordii,,Riponnensia daccordii,"(Claussen, 1991)",,Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii)",EU27-2020,,"This EU27 endemic species is only known from the type locality and the type series from Corsica, where it was collected in August 1988. The habitat probably includes forests with running water. Both forests and running water are threatened in Corsica by forest management, by abstraction of ground or surface water and by recreational development. For instance, today there is a ski resort close to or even at the type locality. Despite several syrphidologists having visited Corsica since the initial collection it has not been found again. If it is still extant, its area of occupancy (AOO) would be 4 km2, and it has only been found at one location. Therefore, the species is Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct). However, more thorough surveys might reveal a small remaining population in the mountains of Corsica. There is an unconfirmed record of one male from Sardinia, and this requires further investigation.",Decreasing,"Riponnensia daccordii is only known from the type series, one male and two females from Corsica (France). They were caught in Val d'Ese, ca. 5 km southeast from Bastelica, at 1,700 metres asl. in 1988 by M. Daccordi (Claussen 1991). Since the only record dates back to 1988, and several syrphidologists have visited Corsica since, it is possible the species is extinct.  Kehlmaier (2009) gives a record of one male from Sardinia (Province Oristano, Il Montiferru, close to Cúglieri, on typical mountain slope). However, he does not give any confirming characters, so it is not certain that the identification is correct. Therefore, Burgio et al. (2015) is followed, who do not mention the species to be present in Italy or Sardinia. The identities of some Riponnensia records from Corsica in Becker et al. (1910) are not clear and should be also checked.","The species is only known from the type series of two males and one female. The population is very small. Probably the population is decreasing because no recent findings are known. In 1910, there was a record that might have referred to Riponnensia daccordii as well (Becker et al. 1910), but this is not confirmed. There have been several recent general hoverfly surveys in Corsica and this species has not been found.","The only thing known about the species is that it was collected in Corsica near Bastelica, Val d'Ese, at 1,700 metres asl. in August 1988. Like other species of Riponnensia, the adults probably visit flowers near freshwater. The larvae probably live in the water, close to, or attached to water plants or plant roots, or they might live in decaying plant material.",Commercial forestry and climate change are the main threats to this species. Recreational development can also negatively impact it.,"No specific conservation actiona are known for this species. Research is needed and surveys should be conducted specifically for this species to understand its ecology, and to find where this species lives.",The species is not utilised.,"Andric, A., Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Riponnensia,insignis,,Riponnensia insignis,"(Loew, 1843)",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27-2020,,"Europe regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  The species is only known from one locality in Italy within Europe and the European Union, and has probably not been seen for a long period. Since there is only one known location, both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are 4 km2, which would make the species Critically Endangered in both Europe and in the European Union. However, it is also possible that the species is Extinct in Europe. Since there is so little information on its true occurrence in Europe, exact historic localities and habitat needs, it makes it challenging to survey and to know its true situation. Thus the species is assessed as Data Deficient in Europe and the EU 27.",Unknown,"This species was probably described from central Europe, but the type locality is unknown. It is now only included in the Italian checklist of Syrphidae (Burgio et al. 2015), but the source of this record could not be traced. Becker et al. (1910) gives a record from Corsica, together with Riponnensia longicornis and R. splendens. However, one or more of these records could be R. daccordii, but this should be checked and clarified. Both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) are 4 km2.  Outside of Europe, it is recorded from the Asian part of Turkey (Reemer and Smit 2007).","Nothing is known about the populations in Europe. In Turkey, 40 specimens were collected in six days over a 14-day period, so at these localities the species is probably rather abundant.","There is no information available about the European habitats or ecology of this species. In the Asian part of Turkey, information is available from one location with various habitats, including marshy grasslands, a forest of Liquidamber orientalis with small streams, and fields with large flowering  Euphorbia (Reemer and Smit 2007). The larvae probably live in freshwater.","Since there is no ecological information from Europe, it is difficult to describe possible threats. However, if the species still occurs in Europe, it is likely to be highly threatened because there are so few and obsolete records. The habitat will be under threat by decreasing water tables caused by water abstraction and climate change.","The most important action would be to find out if the species occurs somewhere in Europe. Monitoring and research on its ecology, habitat preferences, population and habitat trend is needed, as well as on the potential threats. This would be important to establish the necessary conservation actions.",This species is not utilised.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Riponnensia,longicornis,,Riponnensia longicornis,"(Loew, 1843)",,No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 Regional Assessment: Endangered (EN)  The species has a declining area of occupancy (AOO) of 88 km2 in Europe, and 68 km2 in the EU27 countries. It is only known from approximately 25 localities, mostly very far apart and very localised, causing the subpopulations to be severely fragmented. The distribution is smaller than it used to be. For example, it has become extinct in France. Furthermore, the habitat is in continuous decline due to climate change and human activities. Therefore, this species is assessed as Endangered for both the European Union and for Pan-Europe, since most of the European records are from within the EU.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in Portugal, Spain, Gibraltar, France (where it is Extinct), Sardinia, Sicily, North Macedonia, Greece, Romania and Bulgaria. Outside Europe, it is present in the Asian part of Turkey, Israel, and North Africa (Algeria, Morocco) (Bankowska 1967, Burgio et al. 2015, Dirickx 1994, Krpač 2011, Ricarte and Marcos-Garcia 2017, Speight et al. 2018, Speight 2020, Stanescu and Parvu 2005, Van Eck 2011, Vujić et al. 2020).    Although Speight (2020) also mentions Corsica, Speight et al. (2018) do not list the species there, but Becker et al. (1910) does mention its presence there, together with Riponnensia longicornis and R. splendens. However, probably one or more of these records could refer to R. daccordii. In addition, Vujić et al. (2020) do not give records from Rhodes, so the Rhodes record of Dirickx (1994) has not been included in this assessment. Dirickx (1994) also mentions the species from Cyprus, but this might be Riponnensia morini, since R. morini was only described 5 years later and is recorded from Cyprus (van Steenis et al. 2019). Therefore, Cyprus is also excluded from this assessment.    Exact localities have not been found for Romania ('Muntenia, August' in Stanecsu and Parvu 2005) and Gibraltar.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) is above the threshold for threatened categories in both Europe and the EU27 countries. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 88 km2 in Europe and 68 km2 in the EU27 countries.","The population size and population trend of this species are unknown. However, when it is found, the number of individuals is low (mostly only one specimen). The population is severely fragmented. Only in Lesbos are there several locations close to each other.","Speight (2020) describes the habitat as the outflow area of streams and winter-flooded torrents just above the beach (beyond the splash zone), where the torrent bed has become flat and sandy. In Lesbos, the species is restricted to places close to the coast with fresh surface water (almost) all year round, such as small rivers or drainage ditches with lots of Mentha and Nasturtium (Devalez and Meekel 2017). At the same time, records in Sicily range as high up as 1080 meters asl. (D. Birtele pers. comm. 2020).     In the Asian part of Turkey, the species is found in forest of Liquidamber orientalis with small streams, marshy grasslands, and fields with large, flowering Euphorbia species (Reemer and Smit 2007).     The species visits Asteraceae, Crithmum, Foeniculum, Mentha, Nasturtium and Tamarix (Speight 2020, J. Devalez pers. comm. 2020). The larvae will live in fresh running water close to the shore with rotting organic material or living water plants and roots.","The habitat quality declines due to climate change, as small Mediterranean streams will become more and more seasonal due to longer dry periods and higher temperatures. The destruction of aquatic habitats due to urban and recreational development can also impact this species, just as can nutrient and pesticides input through agricultural land use close to its habitats.",No conservation actions are in place and research is needed to establish what would be the best actions to preserve this species. Protection of important sites and reducing the impact of habitat destruction would benefit its conservation fortunes. Research and monitoring are also needed to understand its ecology and population trends better.,The species is not utilised.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Riponnensia,morini,,Riponnensia morini,"Vujić, 1999",,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)     This species is threatened and has a restricted range in the Balkans. It has become extinct at the type locality (van Steenis et al. 2015, Vujić et al. 2001), but has recently been recorded from North Macedonia (Krpač et al. 2011), Greece (Claussen and Standfuss 2017, Vujić et al. 2020) and Cyprus (van Steenis et al. 2019).     Based on the small (60 km2 in Europe and 28 km2 in the EU27 countries) area of occupancy (AOO), continuous decline both in the quality and extent of habitats, and severely fragmented population, the species is classified as Endangered at global, Pan-European and EU27 level.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe. It has been recorded in Greece (both on the mainland and on the islands as well), in the Balkans (Montenegro, Kosovo, North Macedonia) (Vujić 1999, Krpač et al. 2011, Vujić et al. 2018, Vujić et al. 2020) and on Cyprus (van Steenis et al. 2019). The type locality of  this species in Montenegro has been lost to urban development and thus, the species is considered to be Possibly Extinct here. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is above the threshold for threatened categories in both Europe and the EU27 countries. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 60 km2 in Europe and 28 km2 in the EU27 countries.","The population trend is unknown for this species. Although the number of subpopulations might be small, it could be numerous in some of them. For example, at least 90 males and 5 females have been counted in Cyprus on 5th and 9th October 2017 (van Steenis et al. 2019). The species is considered to be severely fragmented as the few subpopulations are very far from each other and any interactions between them seems unlikely.","This species prefers small streams or small marshy areas in humid forests of Castanea sativa with Laurus nobilis. It also occurs in evergreen oak (Quercus ilex), or broadleaved forests with Alnus orientalis, Platanus orientalis and flowering Hedera pastuchovii subspecies cypria (van Steenis et al. 2019, Speight 2020).       The adults settle in the sun on foliage and on flowers of large-leaved emergent vegetation or Hedera, and flowers of Smyrnium perfoliatum. The species visits Hedera, Smyrnium perfoliatum and Tamarix (van Steenis et al. 2019, Speight 2020).       The larvae are not known, but they probably live in small streams or marshy areas with emergent plants such as Polygonum equisetiforme or Smyrnium, where they probably feed on bacteria in nutrient-rich decaying plant material or on roots of submerged plants.","The type locality of  this species in Montenegro (Boka Kotorska, Morinj) was proposed to be protected as  a Nature Reserve due to the highly diverse syrphid fauna (approx. 130 species in 4  km2) and because two species were described from this small patch of  remaining natural habitat. It was one of the richest areas within the  Mediterranean. The Institute for Nature Conservation prepared a protection proposal.  This was never considered in any legal procedure (A. Vujić, pers. comm. 2020). The population at the type locality (Morinj, Montenegro) is now lost to urban development (van Steenis et al. 2015, 2019).   It is unclear what threats the other subpopulations suffer from. It is presumed that developments for housing and recreational purposes pose a threat. In addition, climate change will have a negative impact on the small rivers in which the larvae live. Water abstraction can also impact this species during its larval stage. Additionally, agricultural pollution can disrupt its aquatic habitat and pesticides will be harmful for the whole lifecycle of the species.",No conservation actions are in place for this species. Research and monitoring are needed to understand its ecology and population trends better.  Protection of important sites and reducing the impact of habitat  destruction would benefit its conservation fortunes.,The species is not utilised.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Riponnensia,splendens,,Riponnensia splendens,"(Meigen, 1822)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is listed as vulnerable on the national Red List of Czechia, as decreasing/declining in the Netherlands and Great Britain, and as endangered in Germany (Mazánek and Barták 2004, Reemer et al. 2009, Ssymank et al. 2011, Ball and Morris 2014). In France, the species is not threatened (Speight et al. 2020). The habitat is under pressure of forest management, decreasing water levels, nutrient enrichment and climate change.   The area of occupancy (AOO) is still above 2000 km2 in both Europe and the EU27 countries, and the populations are not severely fragmented yet. Therefore, the species classifies as Least Concern both at the European and EU27 level.",Unknown,"This species is distributed from the Netherlands south to North Africa, including the Mediterranean islands such as Corsica and Crete, and from Ireland eastwards through most of central and southern Europe into Greece. It also occurs in Turkey, Crimea, European Russia and the Caucasus Mountains. It is localised in central and south Europe (Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Dirickx 1994, Speight 2020, Speight et al. 2018).     Vujić et al. (2020) stated that the species is not recorded from Greece or Crete. The record from Crete (Claussen and Lucas 1988) could belong to Riponnensia morini, as Vujić et al. (2020) mention R. morini from Crete and the two species are very similar.   Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.","Not much is known about the population size or trends. In most areas, this species is seen in low numbers, up to 10 or so. The populations are scattered, without large areas with continuous subpopulations.","This species mostly occurs in humid forests close to running water. It is also found in grasslands and meadows close to streams and ditches, and very often is seen in areas under influence of base-rich seepage (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020)    The adults fly in a zig-zag fashion in dappled sunlight, settling on fallen branches and twigs in the sun. In general, the adults fly usually within one metre from the ground, settling on foliage of bushes or shrubs, and frequently visit flowers of yellow composites, white umbellifers, Matricaria and Ranunculus (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020).    The larvae are filter-feeders, and were found on plants in standing and slow-moving water with lots of organic material or wooden debris, such as ditches and cattle ponds (Ball et al. 2011, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020).","The habitat is threatened by water extraction, intensive forest management, nutrient input from agricultural lands and climate change (as the habitat shifts into drier habitats). The species could suffer from pesticide residues from agricultural lands in the vicinity of the habitat.",There are no conservation plans in place for this species. Research and monitoring are needed to understand its ecology and population trends better.  Protection of important sites and reducing the impact of habitat   destruction would benefit its conservation fortunes.,The species is not utilised.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, W., van Steenis, J. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Rohdendorfia,alpina,,Rohdendorfia alpina,"Sack, 1938",,No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii)",No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii)",EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  This is a high alpine species. In Europe, it is only known from the high parts of the Alps, usually at altitudes between 2,500-3,150 metres, where it lives in small populations on rocky south-facing slopes or on mountain tops with scarce vegetation. So far it has been recorded from at least 30 localities, but it is likely to have a more widespread and dense distribution because it has been found at several nearby localities during specific surveys searching for it. Climate change is expected to shift populations upwards in altitude, which leads to more fragmented populations and local extinctions in lower mountain ranges.  Many places where it has  been found are now considered too small to support a  viable population, and also the distances between these patches seem to  have increased,  making recolonisation problematic, so the distribution is treated as severely fragmented. Furthermore, enhanced human activities in high mountain areas of the Alps may locally disturb the fragile populations.  Taking the precautionary approach, due to the severe fragmentation, the continuous decline in the area of occupancy (AOO), and in the quality of habitat, as well as due to the small AOO (which is very likely to be under 2,000 km2 but above 500 km2 both in Europe and in the EU27 countries), the current European Red List status is considered to be Vulnerable, which is also true for the EU27 countries.",Unknown,"Rohdendorfia alpina occurs in Europe in the central high-mountain (above 3000 metres) range of the Alps. It has been recorded from France (Hautes Alpes) and adjacent Italy (Piëmond-Cuneo and also from Sondrio and Bolzano), Switzerland (Valais, near Saas Fee), the border area of Switzerland (Graubunden), Austria (Voralberg, Tirol) and East Tirol (Heimburg 2018, Sack 1938, D. Birtele pers. comm. 2020, F. Van de Meutter pers. comm. 2020, J. van Steenis pers comm. 2019, L.J. van der Ent, pers. comm. 2019). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 58,023 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) 6016 km2,  calculated for altitudes between 1950-3200 metres.  However, because the species only occurs on rocky slopes facing south and  mountain tops with scarce vegetation, the amount of suitable habitat  will be less than 2000 km2. At least half of the records are from the EU27 countries, so the AOO is also above 500 km2, while the EOO is 55,586 km2.   Outside Europe, it is known from the Caucasus (Georgian and Russian parts), and further east in Russia from the Altai and Tuva mountains (Barkalov and Nielsen 2010, Mengual and Barkalov 2019).","Several males and/or females have usually been found at each location at the same time, sometimes up to 50 specimens (J. van Steenis and F. van de Meutter pers. comm. 2020). No information is available about the population trend, but it has been found to occur at a few sites (e.g. Stelvio Pass and Saarbrückener Hütte) for at least 30 years.  In several places it was found on the barren stony hilltop of very  small and rather low mountains, and these places are severely threatened  by cattle grazing and even more so by climate change. Both of these threat have  generated an upwards shift of the flora and subsequently a decrease in  suitable breeding habitat for this species. Many places where it has  been found on are now too small to support a viable population, and the distances between the patches seems to have increased,  making recolonisation problematic. Therefore, the species is considered to be severely fragmented (J. van Steenis pers.comm. 2021).","This species is usually found on open ground. It occurs on alpine rocky moraine and scree slopes, often close to running water, glaciers or persistent patches of snow, and also on steep sun-exposed rocky slopes and mountain tops with scarce vegetation (C. Claussen and P. Goeldlin pers. comm. in Speight 2020, F. van de Meutter pers. comm 2020, L.J. van der Ent pers. comm. 2020).  The adults fly fast and low with a darting flight and settle on rocks as soon as the sun is obscured by clouds. They also frequently disappear into rock crevices (C. Claussen and P. Goeldlin pers. comm. in Speight 2020). Females have been seen to lay eggs underneath rocks in wet conditions (C. Claussen, pers. comm. in Speight 2020, F. Van de Meutter, pers. comm. 2020). The adults can be found in large numbers ""hilltopping"" on mountain tops (F. Van de Meutter pers. comm. 2020). The larval stages are unknown.   The adults are known to visit Cerastium spp., Leucanthemopsis alpina, Sedum spp. (C. Claussen pers. comm. in Speight 2020) and Ranunculus glacialis (L.J. van der Ent pers. comms. 2020). The flight period is from end of June to mid-August (Speight 2020).","The species of the genus Rohdendorfia are typical high-alpine species from rocky environments, often found in the vicinity of glaciers or snowfields (Speight 2020). These habitats are characterised by being covered in snow for long periods. However, due to climate change, these kinds of habitat conditions may become less common, which will negatively affect the populations of Rohdendorﬁa species in general (Mengual and Barkalov 2019). Climate change results in the retreat of glaciers and disappearance of semi-permanent patches of snow, which will force the subpopulations of Rohdendorfia alpina to move up in altitude in search for more suitable habitat patches. In the past, it was usually encountered around 2500 metres altitude, but in recent years it has been more often encountered at higher altitudes up to 3150 metres. This shifting upwards will result in more fragmented populations and in higher probability of local extinction events. Mengual and Barkalov (2019) also mention the influence of human activity on Asian species of Rohdendorfia, such as overgrazing by livestock, but this is not expected to occur in the scarcely vegetated high-alpine habitats in the Alps. In addition, local subpopulations can may be disturbed by enhanced hiking activities and other recreational activities in the Alps.","There is no information available on conservation measures specific to this species. Besides habitat protection and possible restoration, more research and monitoring are needed to understand its ecology and population trends better, and thus to plan conservation actions to protect it in the future. Raising awareness about this alpine species would be also important.",No information about the use and trade.,"Popov, S. & Varga, Z.","van der Ent, L.-J., van Steenis, J. & van Steenis, W.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Scaeva,albomaculata,,Scaeva albomaculata,"(Macquart, 1842)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,European regional   assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This is a locally abundant and migratory species widespread in the Mediterranean area which inhabits anthropogenic suburban habitats as well as natural grassland. It is listed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27.,Stable,"Scaeva albomaculata is widely distributed in the southern Palaearctic region and with a rather Mediterranean distribution in Europe. It is present from the Iberian Peninsula, Morocco and Canary Islands (Ricarte and Marcos García, 2017). Mediterranean basin to European Turkey, Greece, and the southern part of European Russia.  From there it ranges to the Caucasus, southern Siberia, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Mongolia and northern China (Speight 2018, Dušek and Láska 1985, Barkalov and Mutin 2018). This species is highly migratory and occasionally reaches as far north as southern Britain, from which there are two records (Ball et al. 2011). These, and records from most of central Europe, cannot be regarded as indicative of the presence of permanent populations (Speight 2018, Ball and Morris 2014).","It is a widespread and rather locally abundant species in most of the Mediterranean area. It is exceptionally recorded outside the Mediterranean, but these appear to be mostly migratory specimens and cannot be regarded as indicative of the presence or status of resident permanent populations (Speight 2018).","This species prefers open ground and rather arid grasslands in the warmest areas of Europe. It occurs in anthropogenic suburban habitats in the Mediterranean. The flight period of adults is from April to September in most parts of its range but could be throughout the year in the southern parts of its range (Canary Islands, Portugal, southern Spain). Adults visit flowering Quercus coccifera (Ssymank 2012), Cytisus, Senecio, and Thapsia (Speight 2018). It is a strongly migratory species (Speight et al. 2016): adults apparently migrate every year outside the Mediterranean basin, but they often do not establish permanent populations there because of unsuccessful overwintering of fertilized females (Dušek and Láska 1986, Ball and Morris 2014). Developmental stages were recently described by Láska et al. (2006). The larvae are predatory on aphids on various herbaceous plants, including crop species of Beta and Vicia (see Rojo et al. 2003).","Any current threats to this species are unknown, but it is widespread and abundant and adapts to suburban habitats in the Mediterranean area where preying on some species of aphids pest of crops being vulnerable to non-specific chemical treatments.",Scaeva albomaculata is not considered threatened in the Mediterranean area. Speight et al. (2016) reported that this species as threatened in the continental region in Europe.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & García, M.A.M.","Mazanek, L.","Barkalov, A., Popov, G. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Scaeva,dignota,,Scaeva dignota,"(Rondani, 1857)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional   assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  It is a widespread and relatively abundant species in Mediterranean area that inhabits both natural and anthropogenic suburban habitats, and its range may be expanding as a result of climate change. It is consequently listed Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27.",Stable,"Scaeva dignota is a widespread and rather abundant species of the warmer parts of Palaearctic region, particularly the Mediterranean area where it seems to replace the similar species S. selenitica, with which it was previously confused (Dušek and Láska 1985). It is present from Iberia (Spain and Portugal) including North Africa (Algeria) through Mediterranean and Submediterranean Europe, Turkey, Israel to Transcaucasia (Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan) and Iran (Speight 2018, Dousti and Hayat 2006, Peck 1988, Mengual et al. 2020).   The distribution of this species in some areas is not reliably reported yet, because of the historical confusion with Scaeva selenitica (Dušek and Láska 1985): for instance when Scaeva selenitica specimens from Balkan were revised by Radenković et al. (1995) about half of them were identified as S. dignota.  Moreover the northern border the range of S. dignota is unclear in Europe because S. dignota is a migratory species that can be occasionally recorded far outside its normal breeding range. In some or all of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Denmark and even south Sweden it probably does not maintain permanent breeding subpopulations (Speight et al. 2016, Maibach et al. 1992, Bartsch et al. 2009, Reemer et al. 2009, Dušek and Láska 1985). Its range may be expanding northwards with climate change, which is likely to increase the successful overwintering of females.","It is widespread and rather abundant species in most of the Mediterranean area. It is becoming rare towards the northern border of its range. Subpopulations are not probably permanent there and its occurrence depends mostly on migrants there (Dušek and Láska 1985, Bartsch et al. 2009, Maibach et al. 1992).","S. dignota inhabits various forests (Pinus forest, up to the elevation of P. uncinata in the Pyrenees, thermopilous Quercus, garrigue and mesophilous Fagus forest (Speight 2018). It is often present also in suburban woody gardens and parks especially in northern parts of range (Dušek and Láska, 1985, Reemer et al. 2009). Adults fly fast at 1-3 m above ground in open areas and along tracks in forest and garrigue. Males hover at up to 5 m above ground in the sun and settle on low-growing plants in the evening, to bask. Adults visit white Apiaceae and yellow Asteraceae, Euphorbia, Prunus padus (Speight 2018). The flight period of adults is from May to July and the beginning August/September in southern Europe and from March to the end of October in Turkey (Speight 2018, Dušek and Láska 1985). It is a migratory species: adults apparently migrate every year to the north and into mountains during summer but they often do not established permanent subpopulations there, because of unsuccessful overwintering of fertilized females (Dušek and Láska 1986). Larvae are predatory probably on a wide range of aphids on fruit trees, shrubs and plants, and have been found on aphid colonies on Prunus domestica, Pyrus communis, Vicia faba, Sambucus nigra, Lupinus polyphyllus (Láska et al. 2006, Rojo et al. 2003).","Any current threats to this species are unknown, but it is widespread and abundant and adapts to suburban habitats. The presence of the larva of this species on fruit trees of commercial interest means that non-selective chemical treatments against aphid pest could negatively affect the populations of this predatory species.","Scaeva dignota is not considered threatened in any Mediterranean area. Speight (2016) listed this species as threatened in Switzerland and Denmark. While these countries are probably at the natural northern edge of the species' range, records probably include migratory specimens (Maibach et al. 1992, Reemer et al. 2009, Bartsch et al. 2009, Dušek and Láska 1985).",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Bowles, P. & García, M.A.M.","Mazanek, L., Aracil, A., Földesi, R., Ssymank, A. & Vujić, A.","Popov, G. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Scaeva,mecogramma,,Scaeva mecogramma,"(Bigot, 1860)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species inhabit primarily threatened natural habitats eg. Mediterranean Quercus ilex/suber forest, but it also inhabits anthropogenic habitats (olive and citrus orchards) so is probably not threatened across Europe or the EU as a whole, even though it is seemingly not as abundant in olive-growing regions today as in the past. The distribution however seems to be restricted and relictual and most records of this species except these from Spain are too old (older than 30 years) to be used for calculating extent of occurrence or area of occupancy with any confidence. It is a strongly migratory species.  The species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and for the EU27 Member States.",Decreasing,"This is a Mediterranean species that is known in Europe from several areas in Spain, Portugal, southern France, Corsica, Italy (northern mainland, Sicily, Sardinia) and Lesbos (Greece) (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017, Speight 2018, Vujić et al. 2020). It is occasionally recorded far outside the suitable breeding sites, for example in Switzerland, 1,900-2,000 m in Bretolet in the Alps (Maibach et al. 1992). The sole record from Scotland (1905) is exceptional according to Dušek and Láska (1985); it is discussed by Ball et al. (2011) as probably an accidental import.  It is known also from North Africa (Morocco, Algeria) (Kassebeer 1998, Haffaressas et al. 2017).","The range of this species is rather restricted but this species is also associated with anthropogenic habitats (olive orchards) (Rojo et. al. 1999). The population of the species is decreasing in France (Speight et al. 2016). Sceava mecogramma is not as abundant in olive-growing regions as in the past (Speight 2018). It seems that this species is very rare except for specific places in Spain (Santos Rojo pers. comm. 2020). While there has been no monitoring across Europe as a whole it is suspected that the population trend is declining, based on the known threats to the main natural habitats of this species and the status of subpopulations in areas where sufficient data exist to infer a trend, such as France.","S. mecogramma primarily inhabits Mediterranean Quercus ilex/Q. suber forest and Q. rotundifolia woodland. Secondary habitats are western Mediterranean high maquis and also olive (Olea europea) and citrus orchards. Males hover 3-6 m above ground among open woodland, close to the canopy of an adjacent tree. Females fly in dappled sunlight along the edge of evergreen oak forest/maquis, at 2–3 metres from the ground. Adults visit yellow Asteraceae (Speight 2018). Rojo et al. (1999) dissected the guts of S. mecogramma specimens (from the Natural Park of the Columbretes Archipelago, 39°54´N, 0°41´E) and found pollen grains that mostly belonged to the Lobudaria maritima. These authors also found on the body of specimens of S. mecogramma the pollen from at least 8 plant species, among which Daucus gingidium was the most frequent.  The adults flight period is from May to June and August to September (Speight 2018).  It is a migratory species (Speight et al. 2016) that could migrate far outside the suitable breeding sites (Maibach et al. 1992). Larvae were collected repeatedly as preying on psyllids Euphyllura oliviana on olive trees in spring (May and June) and in autumn (September and December) by Rojo et al. (1999), who also described in detail larval biology.","This species mainly inhabits Quercus forests as its primary habitats, which are threatened by forestry, human activities and settlements (Janssen et al. 2016), causing a decline of extent and quality of natural suitable habitats for this species. This species also inhabits anthropogenic habitats (olive orchards), but it appears to be less abundant in these than in the past (Speight 2018). This author attributed this to the heavy and repeated use of non-specific insecticidal treatments in commercial olive orchards, in attempts to prevent infestation of olives by the olive fly (Bactrocera oleae (Rossi)).","This species is regarded as declining in France and as threatened in Switzerland (Speight et al. 2016) since there are only two records of this species in Switzerland (1962 and 1967), although these were probably migrant females (Aubert et al. 1976, Maibach et al. 1992). No conservation measures are currently ongoing. Further research on population and threats is necessary. It is necessary to control the non-selective pesticide use in secondary habitats and olive orchards, and to preserve natural and semi-natural Quercus forest. Monitoring of population and habitat trends are necessary.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, this species has the potential to be used in biocontrol of psyllids in olive orchards.","Bowles, P. & García, M.A.M.","Mazanek, L., Aracil, A., Földesi, R., Ssymank, A., Vujić, A. & Rojo, S.","Ricarte Sabater, A.R., Sommaggio, D. & Popov, G.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Scaeva,pyrastri,,Scaeva pyrastri,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional   assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is widespread in Europe and EU 27, it has a wide distribution and it is abundant also in agricultural landscapes. There are no known major threats to this species, and no conservation action is required at present. It is consequently listed Least Concern in both Europe and the EU.",Stable,"Scaeva pyrastri is one of the most widespread hoverfly species in Europe. It is present in all part of Europe except the extreme north (Swalbard) and Azores (Nielsen and Gammelmo 2017, Rojo et al. 1997, Bartsch et al. 2009). Occasional records from offshore islands of northern Europe, such as the Faroes are almost certainly derived from seasonal immigration (Jensen 2001, Speight 2018).  More broadly it is present in almost the whole Holarctic region, and also in the whole Mediterranean area including the Canary Islands and North Africa, in boreal and temperate Asia, marginal parts of the Oriental region (India, China) and exceptionally the Australian region (Dušek and Láska 1985, Speight 2018, Dousti and Hayat 2006, Saribiyik 2014, Vujić et al. 2020). In North America it is present from Alaska south to Arizona and Arkansas (Vockeroth 1992). According to Speight (2018) this is an extremely migratory species.","This species is common and often the dominant hoverfly species in various habitats in most parts of Europe (Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). It is a strongly migratory species that does not have permanent subpopulation in most of its northern range and therefore its frequency of occurrence varies greatly from year to year, eg. in Great Britain (Speight 2018, Ball et al. 2011). Its population has decreased in the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009).","According to Speight (2018) it is not possible to define preferences for this abundant and highly mobile species: it seems to exploit concentrations of aphids wherever it finds them rather than being tied to any particular habitat structure. The flight period of adults is from February to November in most of continental Europe. Females are known to overwinter in central Europe, but annual occurrence of this species in northern Europe is probably highly dependent upon annual immigration from southern parts, and records of the adults are restricted to late May to September there (Dušek and Láska 1974, Speight 2018, Bartsch et al. 2009). Adults were observed on various flowers and according to Röder 1990 they have a preference for blue or purple flowers. The aphidophagous larva of this species was described and figured by various authors (Láska et al 2006). Larvae feed on various aphids and some other soft bodied insects, including those in arable crops, hedgerows, orchards, gardens and conifer plantations (see Rojo et al. 2003). They have an important role in the biocontrol of aphid pests in different areas of the world (Láska et al. 2006).","There are no major known threats to this species. This species inhabits a wide range of anthropogenic habitats and it seems to be partly anthropophilic. The invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis in Europe could be important threat for the native aphid predators in Europe (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). Intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of Scaeva pyrastri could be detrimental for this hoverfly as has been observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015). However this aphidophagous species occurs also in Asia, where is H. axyridis is native, and seems not to be specialized on any particular group of aphids.","The occurrence of this species is supported for biological control of aphids in some agroecosystems. Scaeva pyrastri is not considered threatened in any area in Europe and its biology is relatively well known. However, impacts of the invasive harlequin ladybird are in need of study.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential to be used in biocontrol of aphids on various crops and also in greenhouses (Xiong and Dong 1991).","Bowles, P. & Hayat, R.","Mazanek, L.","Barkalov, A., Popov, G. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Scaeva,selenitica,,Scaeva selenitica,"(Meigen, 1822)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional   assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is widespread in Europe and the EU 27, where it has a wide distribution and it is abundant with large subpopulations. There are no major threats to this species, and no conservation action is required at present, only studies of larval biology to estimate potential impacts of invasive ladybirds on this species. The species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and for the EU27 Member States.",Stable,"Scaeva selenitica is widely distributed in almost the whole of Europe. This species is absent only from the extreme north of Europe, Iceland and from several areas and islands of Mediterranean area, where migratory specimens of this species could be also occasionally recorded (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2018, Dušek and Láska 1985, Vujić et al. 2020).  According to Speight (2018), Saribiyik (2014) and Dousti and Hayat (2006) this species is present also in North Africa, Turkey and Iran and it is known from the Urals through Siberia to Cis-Baikal and on to Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. However Barkalov and Mutin (2018) mentioned that this species is present only in Eurasia, including the European part of Russia and Altai. According to Dušek and Láska (1985) records from southern parts of the Palaearctic region require confirmation, since they may reflect confusion with S. dignota and S. lunata.",This species is common and often the dominant hoverfly species in most forested parts of Europe.,"This species inhabits various types of forests, scrub woodland and orchards, including evergreen Quercus ilex forest in southern Europe (Speight 2018). The flight period of adults is from March to September over much of Europe, but is restricted in montane regions and cooler climatic zones (Speight 2018). Adults visit a wide range of flowers, e.g. white Apiaceae; Buxus, Erica, Hamamelis, Leontodon, Ligustrum, Origanum, Polygonum, Ranunculus spp, Salix, Sarrothamnus, Taraxacum, Tussilago, Viburnum opulus, Anemone nemorosa, Rubus, Caltha palustris, Cichorium, Senecio spp., Lathyrus japonica, Crataegus spp., Succisa pratensis, Verbascusm, Geranium, Crepis spp. Cirsium vulgare, Bunias orientalis, Tripleurospermum perforatum, Calluna vulgaris and some others have been referred by Speight (2018), Bartsch et al. (2009) and Röder (1990). In central Europe and recently also in Great Britain, females can hibernate during winter (Mazánek and Láska 2007, Ball et al. 2011) and moreover Kula  (1982) reports larvae of this species as overwintering among leaf  litter of the floor of spruce (Picea) forest. The annual occurrence  of this species in northern Europe (e.g. in the Faroes) is probably highly dependent upon  annual immigration from southern parts and records of the adults are  restricted to late May to September there (Dušek and Láska 1974, Speight  2018, Bartsch et al. 2009, Jensen 2001).  Diagnostic features of the last instar larva and puparium of this species have most recently been given and figured by Láska et al. (2006). Larvae feed on various aphids, usually on trees and shrubs (see Rojo et al. 2003).","There are no major threats to this species. This species inhabits conifer plantations and orchards as well as natural forest. The invasion of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axy	ridis in Europe could be an important threat for the native aphid predators (Adriaens et al. 2003, Roy et al. 2006, Roy et al. 2016). This ladybird is preferentially a predator of arboreal aphids (Chapin and Brow 1991) and intraguild interactions between the invasive ladybird and larvae of this species could be detrimental for this hoverfly as it was observed for native ladybirds and Episyrphus balteatus (Adriaens et al. 2008, Almohamad et al. 2010, Ingels et al. 2015).",Scaeva selenitica is not considered threatened in any area in Europe and its biology is relatively well-known. However larval biology is known inadequately to estimate potential impacts of invasive ladybirds on this species.,"This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential be use in biocontrol of aphids in forestry and agriculture.","Bowles, P. & Hayat, R.","Mazanek, L.","Barkalov, A., Popov, G. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sericomyia,arctica,,Sericomyia arctica,"Schirmer, 1913",,Yes,VU,A3c,No,VU,A3c,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  The Arctic pond fly (Sericomyia arctica) does not have a large distribution area in Europe, due to its habitat preferences. It is only known from the high northern parts of Scandinavia and European Russia, with the bulk of sightings in Finland. The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 27 is considered to be strongly decreasing. The species is dependent on a wetland habitat that is strongly economically exploited making it rare by definition over large parts of its range. The decline in suitable habitat in the future is estimated to be at least 30% over ten years and so the species is listed as Vulnerable.  More research is needed about biology, life cycle, threats, population trends and distribution of this species to be able to make a more detailed assumption about necessary conservation actions.",Decreasing,"This is a circumpolar species from northern parts of Fennoscandia, European Russia (Karelia, Leningrad), Siberia and North America (Yukon) (Speight 2020). From Karelia, there is only one recent sighting of the species, 50 km north of Petrozavodsk in 2013 (G. Stahls pers. comm. 2019). In Norway, it is only known from the Pasvik valley in the northeast, in Finland only from Lapland and neighbouring provinces. The actual distribution of the species is expected to be much smaller that these numbers indicate. The worldwide distribution is circumpolar and extends via northern parts of European Russia, Siberia to the Pacific and on to North America (Artdatabanken 2020).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species in Europe is estimated to be around 2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 680,700 km2. The EOO for the EU 27 is around 612,000 km2 and the AOO is around 180,000 km2.","Adults have been collected near tundra wetlands, prairie sloughs and sedge meadows, but it is rare and lives in not very well investigated areas. The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 27 is strongly decreasing the last decennia (van Steenis and Zuidhoff 2013). There is an expected strong decline in suitable habitat in the future of around 30% over the next ten years (van Steenis pers. comm. 2020).","The preferred environment of this species is forest and wetland. The hoverfly has been found beside pools in humid Pinus sylvestris forest/taiga and forested bog and in tundra (Speight 2017, 2020). Flowers visited by the species include Achillea millefolium and Rubus chamaemorus (T. Nielsen pers. comm. 2019).    The flight period of the species is from the end of June to July, and in the Nearctic from mid June to mid August (Skevington et al. 2019).  The developmental stages are undescribed, but probably associated with small pools.","The threats to this species are unknown, but the species will surely be affected by the usual anthropogenic activities going on in Europe like deforestation, logging, drainage, agriculture, urbanisation and others. The environment where it lives (high north) will probably provide some protection from anthropogenic activities, but climate change will be a serious factor in the future.","More research is needed about biology, life cycle, threats, population trends and distribution of this species to be able to make a more detailed assumption about necessary conservation actions. In Finland, the species was assessed as Least Concern (LC) (FinBif 2020) and in Sweden it was Not Evaluated until 2015, but in 2020 as is considered LC, although there are no recent sightings (Artdatabanken 2020) and so this is probably an underestimation.",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","van Steenis, J.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sericomyia,bequaerti,,Sericomyia bequaerti,"(Hervé-Bazin, 1913)",,Yes,CR,"B2ab(i,ii,iii)",No,CR,"B2ab(i,ii,iii)",EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Critically Endangered (CR) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Sericomyia bequaerti is a large, obvious species with a restricted range, found in the subalpine zones of Europe. The only recent records in Europe are from Serbia from a single locality. There is considered to be a decline in the population trend for both Europe and the EU 27 and the quality and the extent of the habitat is also declining. The species is under threat from anthropogenic factors, such as deforestation, and climate change, and so the species is considered to occur at a single location in Europe. Therefore, this species is assessed as Critically Endangered.  However, the assessment at the EU 27 level is Data Deficient, as the species is possibly extant in Greece and there are very old records from Bulgaria and Romania, so the species is possibly extinct here, but further research is needed to establish this.",Decreasing,"This species is has been recorded from Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Dirickx 1994), Greece (Vujic 2016), Bulgaria (very old records from Pirin and Rila mountains (Hubenov 2017) but definitely known from here at one point), Romania (very old records from Parc Natural Bucegi and Parc Natural Cindrel (Stanescu 1976, Speight 2020) and was confirmed in Serbia in 2015 (Vujic et al. 2016). It is also known from Armenia, Georgia and Turkey, but not found in European Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018). Although listed as occurring in Ukraine (Speight 2017), this is not thought to be correct (Popov pers. comm. 2019).  The records from Bulgaria and Romania are old to very old, so the species is considered being possibly extinct there. The records from Bosnia Herzegovina, Albania and Greece need to be confirmed, there are no recent records known. The species is considered possibly extant in these countries. Looking at recent records only from Serbia, there has been a decline in the presence of the species. It might be restricted to only this one locality in Serbia.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both estimated to be around 4 km2. For the EU 27, the EOO and AOO are unknown.","This species is not very common, and only found in subalpine zones. The species might be overlooked, even though it is big and conspicuous, due to its habitat. However, as only old records are known from some countries, it seems to be in decline over the last years, and it might be expected that its habitat is declining at a continuous rate.","This species is found on open ground, in the subalpine zone, at the margin of high-altitude Betula/Picea forest (Vujic et al. 2016).   In the Pirin and Rila mountains in Bulgaria the species was found in mesophyllic and xeromesophyllic oak-hornbeam forests between 600 to 1,000 m Asl, and in beech forests from 900 to 1,600 m Asl (Hubenov 2017).  The flight period is June (Hervé-Bazin 1913), to August (Zimina 1960) or October (Vujic et al. 2016).","The species lives in the subalpine zone, and faces a number of threats including fire, deforestation, climate change, grazing of cattle and sheep. The pressure on these kind of habitats will grow, and so the species is probably under continuous decline.","There are no known conservation actions in place for the species, but it does occur in some protected areas, such as in Romania. More research is needed for the biology and ecology of the species and its habitat. Monitoring the species population and its habitat would be necessary.",This species is not used or traded.,"Van Der Meutter, F. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A., Aracil, A., Barkalov, A., Mazanek, L., Popov, G., Pérez, C., Rojo, S. & Speight, M.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sericomyia,bombiformis,,Sericomyia bombiformis,"(Fallén, 1810)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Sericomyia bombiformis is a widespread species across the hilly and mountainous areas of Europe. Although it might be under pressure in some localised parts of its range, it is not overall experiencing any major threats. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 27.  The species may in the future be impacted by climate change, and any conservation action implemented should be focused on the preservation of its forest habitats.",Stable,"This species is found in Scandinavia, and the mountainous parts of much of Europe, including the Pyrenees, the Alps, Apennines, the Balkans and various mountain ranges in Spain. It is also known from Crete, Turkey, Ukraine (Skolivs'kyi) and European Russia (Speight 2020, Barkalov and Mutin 2018).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 8.2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2 million km2. The EOO for the EU 27 is around 4.9 million km2 and the AOO is around 1.4 million km2.","This as a widespread species through the elevated parts of Europe and in Scandinavia. This include hilly areas, for example in Poland, up to 1,200 m asl (G. Pennards pers. obs.) until up to the alpine zones in the mountains. In these areas it is quite common and it is regularly encountered. The current population trend for this species in Europe and the EU 27 is not exactly known but presumed being stable for the moment.","This species is found in forest, close to freshwater streams (including temporary streams) or flushes in Fagus/Picea forest and upwards into subalpine grassland (Speight 2017, 2020). Adults have been found in clearings, tracks and streamsides. Flowers visited by this species include yellow composites and umbellifers; Carduus, Cirsium, Echium vulgare, Knautia, Succisa, Trifolium, Verbascum. The flight period is from May to August (June to July at high altitudes). A female has been observed egg-laying in moss at the margin of a forest stream (Van Steenis et al. 2013).","This species may be impacted by localised threats such as deforestation, fire, building and logging. However due to its wide range in Europe it not under a major threat overall, although due to high altitudes it may be impacted by climate change.","There are no known conservation actions present. These actions should focus on the preservation of the habitat and research on the population and threats of this species. In Norway the species was considered being Endangered (Kålås et al. 2010), but it is now listed as Vulnerable (VU) (Artsobservasjoner 2020). In the Czech Republic the species was assessed VU (Farkac et al. 2005). In Sweden the species was assessed Critically Endangered (CR) in 2010 (Gärdenfors et al. 2010) and also CR in 2020 (Artdatabanken 2020). In Germany the species is assessed as near threatened (Ssymank et al. 2011). In Denmark the species is listed as Endangered (Bygebjerg 2019).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Ssymank, A. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sericomyia,hispanica,,Sericomyia hispanica,"Peris, 1962",,Yes,NT,A3c,Yes,NT,A3c,EU27-2020,,"Sericomyia hispanica is only known from Spain, France and Portugal. Given that more frequent severe droughts are increasingly likely and the species having only one generation per year, under climate change, the species could actually disappear very rapidly. It is suspected there will be a continuous decline in the EOO and AOO of the species due to human interference and climatic changes. This decline in size and quality of the habitat will cause a strong decrease in the population of the species estimated to be just over 30% over the next ten years. Therefore the species is assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion A.",Decreasing,"This species is known from Spain, France and Portugal. In Spain, it is found in Segovia, Madrid, Leon, Oviedo and Salamanca (Peris 1962), with a total of 11 specimens in the northern localities. Only the Madrid records are from the last two to three years, all other records are from the last century. In France, it is known from the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department (Speight 2007). In Portugal, it is found in the north in Vila Real and Montalegre (Van Eck pers. comm. 2019). This species is endemic to the EU 27.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 196,000km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 68,000 km2. But the actual AOO will be smaller than this, as the given AOO is an estimation from the regions it was recorded from and there seems to be a significant decline in the size and quality of the habitat.","In Spain, this species is rare, present only in central and northern Spain. It is also rare in northern Portugal and southwestern France. The current population trend is considered to be decreasing, due to human interference and climatic changes. The Iberian peninsula gets drier and hotter, and this will have an influence on the species.","This species is found in deciduous forest, in open areas with streams and flushes in humid Fagus forest and Pinus sylvestris forest in northern Spain (S. Rojo pers. comm. 2019).  It has been recorded visiting the flowers of Ranunculus sp. and the flight period is from March to July. Larvae will be aquatic in standing surface water (Nielsen 1997). There is one generation per year.","There is no specific information regarding the potential threats affecting this species. However, the species is presumably threatened by the reduction of specific habitats due to human activities and climate change. Because larvae are aquatic in standing surface water, drought and fire will be a threat, just as the disappearance of water bodies. The species is susceptible to climatic oscillations due to one generation per year. Fire is a major threat, especially because the habitat in southwestern Europe seems to be drier over the last few years and the numbers of fires have increased in the region.","Research is recommended on locating the larvae and learn about distribution, biology and ecology of the species. It is also important to confirm current distribution and re-survey known localities for the species.",This species is not used or traded.,"Van Der Meutter, F. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A., Aracil, A., Mazanek, L., Popov, G., Pérez, C., Rojo, S. & Speight, M.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sericomyia,jakutica,,Sericomyia jakutica,"(Stackelberg, 1927)",,Yes,VU,A3c,No,VU,A3c,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  The Arctic pond fly (Sericomyia jakutica) does not have a large distribution area in Europe, due to its habitat preferences. It is only known from the high northern parts of Scandinavia and European Russia, with the bulk of sightings in Sweden and Finland. Although in Sweden and Finland it is listed nationally as Least Concern, it is probably an underestimation. The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 27 is considered to be strongly decreasing. The species is dependent on a wetland habitat that is strongly economically exploited making it rare by definition over large parts of its range. There is an expected strong decline in suitable habitat in the future of at least 30% over the next 10 years. Therefore, the species is assessed as Vulnerable.  More research is needed about biology, life cycle, threats, population trends and distribution of this species to be able to make a more detailed assumption about necessary conservation actions.",Decreasing,"This species is known from Norway, Sweden, northern Finland and European Russia. Nielsen reported the species as new to Scandinavia in 1996. Ringdahl's specimen from Abisko in 1922, which was reported to be a male of Sericomyia arctica, turned out to actually belong to this species.  Outside of Europe, it is found in Siberia, Alaska and Canada in the Nearctic (Speight 2020).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 1.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 909,000 km2.   The EOO for the EU 27 countries is estimated to be around around 336,000 km2 and the AOO is around 183,000 km2.","Adults are rare in Lapland, in Norrbotten and Västerbotten. Findings have subsequently been made in Norrbotten as well as in Lycksele and Torne. In Norway there is only a 19th century find from northernmost Finnmark (north of 70° N). In Finland, there are at least two finds from Lapland. The actual distribution may be somewhat larger, and seems to roughly coincide with the range of the related S. arctica. The current population trend of this species is considered being strongly in decline for both Europe and the EU 27 (van Steenis and Zuidhoff 2013). There is an expected strong decline in suitable habitat in the future of at least 30% over the next 10 years (van Steenis pers. comm. 2020).","This species is found in tundra and palsa mire (Van Steenis and Zuidhoff 2013). Adults occur in open, moist pine forests (Artdatabanken 2020). The flight period is June and July, but in the Nearctic it is from early June to early August. The larva is not described, but is likely to develop (as in the other species of the genus) in smaller water collections and marshes.","Specific threats to this species are unknown, but it will be affected by anthropogenic activities going on in Europe, such as deforestation, logging, drainage, agriculture and urbanisation. The environment where it lives (high north) will probably provide some protection from anthropogenic activities, but climate change will be a serious factor in the future.","More information is needed about biology, life cycle, threats, population trend and distribution of this species in order to make a more detailed assumption about necessary conservation actions. In Finland and Sweden, it has been assessed as Least Concern (LC) (FinBif 2019, Artdatabanken 2020).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","van Steenis, J.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sericomyia,lappona,,Sericomyia lappona,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern. (LC)  Sericomyia lappona is a widespread species found throughout Europe, with a large area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO). It is less common in the southern parts of its range, such as the Mediterranean region, but it is more common in central and northern Europe. The current population trend is considered to be stable, and although the species might be impacted locally by human activity, overall there are no major threats. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27.  There are no conservation measures required for this species at the moment, but it would benefit from further research into the biology and life history.",Stable,"This species is known from Iceland, Fennoscandia and the Faroes (Jensen 2001) south to the Pyrenees, from Ireland eastwards through northern, central and southern Europe (northern Italy, the former Yugoslavia) into European parts of Russia, and through Siberia to the Pacific coast (Sakhalin Is.) (Speight 2020).  The species is probably new to Greece, with a picture placed on Facebook in June 2020 (Pennards pers. obs. 2020).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is estimated to be around 12.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 4.2 million km2. In the EU 27, the EOO is around 6.6 million km2, and the AOO is around 2.2 million km2.","This is a widespread species throughout Europe. It is not common in the very southern parts (Mediterranean region), where it is found at somewhat higher elevations. However, it is very widespread in central and northern Europe, even in Iceland and further north. The current population trend of this species is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 27.","This species is found in wetland and forest, in fen, bog and boggy stream margins within acidophilous Quercus forest, Salix carr, swamp Betula/Pinus forest and moor (Speight 2017, 2020). Adults have been seen in clearings, tracksides and streamside, at up to 3 m from the ground.   In the Pyrenees, the species was found in a Pinus uncinata forest with an understorey of dwarf shrubs of Rhododendron ferrugineum and Vaccinium myrtillus, but with extensive open areas where oligotrophic flushes carpeted in Carex and grasses joined up to produce peaty slopes mires, with patches of Eriophorum sp. and frequent Parnassia palustris, at that time in flower (Sarthou and Speight 2002).     Flowers visited by this species include Caltha, Cardamine, Cirsium, Crataegus, Ligustrum, Ranunculus, Rubus fruticosus, Sorbus aucuparia, Taraxacum and Vaccinium myrtillus. (Speight 2020).    The flight period is from May to September, with peak in May and June (June/July at higher altitudes/more northerly latitudes).      The larvae are aquatic, and are described and figured by Hartley (1961) and illustrated in colour (from a preserved specimen) by Rotheray (1994).","Although this species might be impacted by anthropogenic activities in some part of its European range, such as urbanisation, logging, drainage and agriculture, overall it is not impacted by any major threats.","In light of the current distribution and population size, conservation action for this species is not required at the moment. More research can be done on the biology and life cycle of the species, combined with area management to preserve the wetland habitats. In Germany, the species is assessed as vulnerable (Ssymank et al. 2011).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Ball, S., Morris, R., Birtele, D. & Ssymank, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sericomyia,nigra,,Sericomyia nigra,"Portschinsky, 1873",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The Polar Pond Fly (Sericomyia nigra) only occurs in Europe in the Scandinavian countries and in European Russia. The species is rare in parts of Sweden, but has been found nearly everywhere in Finland. The current population trend is stable for both Europe and the EU 27, and although the species might be locally impacted by human activity, overall there are no major threats to the hoverfly. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 27.  There are no conservation measures required for this species at the moment, but it would benefit from further research into the biology and life history.",Stable,"This species is found from northern Norway, south to southern parts of Norway, Sweden and Finland, and in northern parts of European Russia and on into Siberia. It is also known from Canada (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 3.7 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1.4 million km2. For the EU 27, the EOO is around 1 million km2 and the AOO is around 423,796 km2.","This species is quite rare in the coniferous forest belt in Sweden, and even more rare in the southern part of the country. There are no records from Skåne, Blekinge, Öland and Gotland as well as from scattered landscapes further north. In Norway, there are scattered records from the areas around Oslo and north in the valleys and from Kristiansand, Bergen, Trondheim, Narvik and Pasvikdalen in northeast Finnmark. It is possible that the species occurs along the entire west coast. In Finland, the species is found all over the country (records are missing from a few provinces). The current population trend in Europe and the EU 27 is considered to be stable.  In Finland there have been around 100 recent sightings, in Sweden around 200 recent sightings, and in Norway around 84 recent sightings (FinBif 2020, Artdatabanken 2020, Artsobservasjoner 2020).","The following information is taken from Speight (2017, 2020). The preferred environment of this species is forest/wetland/ tundra, humid, open areas within boreal coniferous and deciduous forest, plus western taiga, humid, seasonally-flooded grassland (H. Bartsch and T.R. Nielsen pers. comm. 2019).    Adults are found in clearings and along tracks in woodland, settling on low-growing vegetation and the foliage of shrubs and small trees, at up to 3 m from the ground (H. Bartsch pers. comm. 2019).     Flowers visited by this species include umbellifers, such as Achillea, Malus, Pyrus, Rosa, Rubus idaeus, Taraxacum, Tilia, Valeriana sambucifolia (H.Bartsch and T.R.Nielsen pers.comm. 2019), Crataegus, Prunus padus, Vaccinium (Nilsson et al. 2012), and Spiraea (Skevington et al. 2019).    The flight period is from the beginning of June to mid August.  From Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020): Sericomyia nigra adults occur on open, moist soils adjacent to forests, in Norway also on occasionally flooded grasslands. The fly usually stays near the ground in glades and brows, but can also fly a few meters up. It visits flowers of Achillea millefolium, Aegopodium podagraria, Angelica archangelica, Berberis vulgaris, Lathyrus japonicus, Malus domestica, rose pink canina, Rubus idaeus, Sorbus aucuparia, Valeriana sambucifolia, Viburnum opulus. The flight time lasts from the end of May to the first half of August. The larva, as in the other Sericomyia species, is considered to be of the rat-tailed larva and to live in overgrown soil and puddles.","This species may be locally impacted by the usual anthropogenic activities in Europe that consists of urbanisation, logging, drainage and agriculture, overall, there are no major threats to it.","In light of the current distribution and population size in the northern countries, no urgent conservation action is required at the moment. More research can be done on the biology and life cycle of the species and the population trend, combined with area management to preserve the wetland habitats.  This species has been assessed as Least Concern in Finland (FinBif 2000, 2010, 2020), Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020) and Norway (Artsobservasjoner 2019).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sericomyia,silentis,,Sericomyia silentis,"(Harris, 1776)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC). EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Sericomyia silentis is a widespread species throughout Europe, with large area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO). It is very widespread in central and northern Europe, and the current population trend is considered to be stable for both Europe and the EU 27. Although this species may be impacted locally by human activities, it is not overall impacted by any major threats. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27.  No conservation action is required for this species at the moment, but it would benefit from further research on the biology and life history.",Stable,"This species is known from Fennoscandia, south through mountainous regions to the Pyrenees, from Ireland eastwards through northern Europe and mountainous parts of central Europe (this species is very local in the Alps) into Russia (and the Caucasus) and on to the Pacific coast and Japan (Speight 2020). Also in Iran (Mazandaran) (Gilasian and Vujic 2004). It was recorded as new to the Slovenian fauna in 2013 (van Steenis et al. 2013), and it was found in Portugal for the first time in 2019 (Alto Minho) (A. van Eck pers. comm. 2019).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 10.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 4.7 million km2. For the EU 27, the EOO is around 6.8 million km2 and the AOO is around 2.5 million km2.","This is a widespread species throughout Europe. It is more common in the Mediterranean region than S. lappona. In central Europe, it is found at somewhat higher elevations, locally in the Alps. But it is very widespread in central and northern Europe, and the current population trend for Europe and the EU 27 is considered to be stable.","This information is taken from Speight (2017, 2020). The preferred environment of this species is wetland/forest, wet moorland, valley bog, fen and Alnus/Salix carr. The hoverfly is found along streams in humid coniferous and deciduous forest and palsa mire (Van Steenis and Zuidhoff 2013).    Adults fly within 3 m of the ground, tracksides and along streams in woodland, and in moorland or heath it may be found far from water. They often settle on foliage of low-growing plants or bushes, and on the ground in the vicinity of water.   While extremely wasp-like behaviour when foraging on flowers, this species adopts jerky zig-zag flight when alarmed, so it may adapt its flight behaviour to appear more wasp-like only when directly threatened (Golding et al. 2005).     Flowers visited by this species include yellow composites and white umbellifers, such as Calluna, Filipendula, Knautia, Ligustrum, Polygonum cuspidatum, Ranunculus, Rubus fruticosus agg., Salix repens, Sorbus aucuparia and Succisa. The species favoured Rubus fruticosus and Cardueae species (Lucas et al. 2018).      The flight period is from the end of May to the beginning of October. It is especially abundant in August and early September (Golding et al. 2005).      The larvae are not described, but has been found in old, wet bark and wood fragments and saw-dust on an old forest sawmill site and from humus-rich mud in an acid fen flush. Also found by Bloomfield (1897) in the bottom of a water-filled ditch draining an exploited peat bog. The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988).","Although this species may be impacted locally by the usual anthropogenic activities in Europe, such as urbanisation, logging, drainage and agriculture, there are no major threats impacting this species as a whole.","In light of the current distribution and population size, conservation action for this species is not required at the moment. More research can be done on the biology and life cycle of the species, combined with area management to preserve the wetland habitats. The species is not included in any national red lists.",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Birtele, D., Ball, S., Morris, R., Ssymank, A. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sericomyia,superbiens,,Sericomyia superbiens,"(Müller, 1776)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Sericomyia superbiens is a widespread species, found throughout Europe and has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO). It is particularly widespread in Central Europe, and the current population trend is considered to be stable for both Europe and the EU 27. In addition, although this species might be impacted locally by human activities, there are no major threats to this species overall. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27. No conservation action is required at the moment, but further research on the biology and life history of the species would be beneficial.",Stable,"This species is found from southern Scandinavia, south to the Pyrenees, from Ireland east through central and southern Europe (northern Italy) into European parts of Russia and from the south of northern France largely confined to mountain ranges. It is not found in southern European lowland. A rapid decline of this species has been noted since 1950 in Belgium (Verlinden and Decleer 1987) and Denmark (Torp 1984) (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 8.6 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 3.3 million km2. In the EU 27, the EOO is around 5.1 million km2 and the AOO is around 1.5 million km2.","This is a widespread species throughout western and central Europe. In northern Europe, it is only in the most southern part of Sweden. In southern Europe, the hoverfly is not uncommon but more confined to mountainous regions. The current population trend of this species is considered to be stable for both Europe and the EU 27.","The following information is taken from Speight (2017, 2020) and van Steenis et al. (2013). The preferred environment of this species is wetland/forest, found near springs, wet flushes and streams and palsa bogs, usually in poorly-drained deciduous (Alnus/Salix/Quercus or Salix/Betula) or coniferous (Picea) woodland, such as Alnus/Salix woods along streams, but can be found by wet flushes and along streams in subalpine grassland.     Adults fly at all heights between tree canopy and ground level, settling on the foliage of trees and bushes, often at some meters from the ground, and visits low-growing flowers beside woodland paths and alongside streams etc., but rarely in open ground; it shows some preference for pink flowers.      Flowers visited by this species include white umbellifers and yellow composites, such as Centaurea, Cirsium vulgare, Mentha aquatica, Ranunculus, Rubus, Scabiosa, Succisa pratensis and Sonchus. Lucas et al (2018) did research on  flower visiting and pollen collecting by species of Sericomyia, and the results showed that both S. silentis and S. superbiens sequences of pollen came predominantly from Rubus fruticosus agg. pollen. However, S. silentis also favoured Cardueae and, to a lesser extent, Apiaceae, whilst S. superbiens had smaller amounts of both Calluna vulgaris and Succisa pratensis.  The flight period is from the end of July to October with peak in August; essentially a late summer/autumn insect.   The larvae are undescribed, but almost certainly aquatic/subaquatic among organic debris in semi-liquid mud close to streams and springs. Stubbs and Falk (1983) report that ""...a female was seen ovipositing in deep, water-filled hoof prints along a shaded muddy path by a stream"".","Although this species may be locally impacted by the usual anthropogenic activities in Europe, such as urbanisation, logging, drainage and agriculture, it overall is not impacted by any major threats.","In light of the current distribution and population size, no conservation actions are required at the moment. More research can be done on the biology and life cycle of the species, combined with area management to preserve the wetland habitats. In Sweden, this species was assessed as Least Concern (Artdatabanken 2020) with 70 recent sightings in the south (Skane, Halland). In the Czech Republic the species is considered Vulnerable (Farkac et al. 2005). In Germany the species is assessed as vulnerable (Ssymank et al. 2011). In Denmark the species is listed as Endangered (Bygebjerg 2019).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Ball, S., Morris, R., Ssymank, A. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sericomyia,tolli,,Sericomyia tolli,"(Frey, 1915)",,Yes,DD,,No,NA,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Not Applicable (NA)  Sericomyia tolli is in Europe only known from European Russia. There is very little information available on the population, and the trend is unknown. Although this species may be impacted by human activities, it occurs in the high north, in remote and understudied areas. However, it may be impacted in the future by climate change. Based on how little is known about this species in Europe, it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).  This species does not occur within the EU 27 and is therefore Not Applicable.",Unknown,"This species is from Siberia, including, supposedly, northern parts of European Russia (Speight 2020), but not listed for European Russia by Barkalov and Mutin (2018). It is also found in the Nearctic (Alaska, Yukon, North West Territories and Nunavut) (Skevington and Thompson 2012).","Not much is known about the population of the species. In is presumed to occur in European Russia (Speight 2020) but Barkalov and Mutin (2018) do not list it as such. It probably does occur here, but it's rare and not easy to find. More detailed research would probably discover the species again in these parts. Adults have been collected near tundra wetlands, bogs and moist meadows, but it is rare and lives in areas that are not very well investigated. The current population trend is unknown.","This species is found in open ground, wetlands and tundra/bog. Flowers visited by this species include Pachypleurum alpinuma and Valeriana capitata (Barkalov 2012). The flight period is July. Features of the larva and puparium are illustrated and described by Kuznetzov and Kuznetzova (1995), from material collected from a peat bog hummock.","The threats to this species are mostly unknown, but it will be impacted by deforestation, logging, drainage, agriculture, urbanisation and others. The environment where it lives (high north) will probably provide some protection from anthropogenic activities, but climate change will be a serious factor in the future.","Further research is needed about biology, life cycle, population size and distribution in order to make an assumption about any necessary conservation actions.",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Spazigaster,ambulans,,Spazigaster ambulans,"(Fabricius, 1798)",,No,NT,"B2b(ii,iii)",No,NT,"B2b(ii,iii)",EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  EU27  regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)    This is a Palaearctic species. In Europe, it occurs mainly in mountain areas (Alps, Carpathians, Balkans) and is restricted to special habitat types along mountain streams. It is rare in most of its range in Europe, but it is more common locally on the Balkan Peninsula. Patches of suitable habitat are often small and fragmented, and the number of observed adults is usually very low, which makes this species sensitive to local extinction. In addition, the preferred habitats are vulnerable to human activities and are suffering from a continuous decline in both their extent and their quality. So far, the species has been collected at approximately 100 different sites in Europe, but is likely to be encountered at more localities, making an area of occupancy (AOO) of around 1,600 km2 for Europe and 1,000 km2 for the EU27 countries more likely. The habitat is threatened, but there are no indications that it is either severely fragmented or showing extreme fluctuations. Thus it is considered to be Near Threatened in Europe and the EU27.",Unknown,"This is a Palaearctic species. In Europe, it is predominantly present in central and south-east Europe, especially in mountain areas (Alps, Carpathians, Balkans), but sometimes also in hilly landscapes. It occurs in eastern France (Alps), southern Germany (mainly the Alps), Czechia, Slovakia, southern Poland, south-west Ukraine, north and central Romania, Hungary, Austria, Liechtenstein, Switzerland (Alps), Italy (Alps and Apennines - possibly extinct) and Slovenia (Alps). On the Balkan peninsula, it is found in the mountains south to the northern mountainous parts of Greece and southwestern Bulgaria (De Groot et al. 2010, Dirickx 1994, Mazánek and Barták 2005, Peck 1988, Röder 1990, Speight et al. 2018, Speight et al. 2020, Stănescu and Pârvu 2005, Tóth 2011, Tóth 2014, Vujić et al. 2018, Vujić et al. 2020; L. Mazánek pers. comm. 2019, G.V. Popov pers. comm. 2020, A. Ssymank, pers. comm. 2020, L.J. van der Ent pers. comm. 2019).   The extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category, in both Europe and the EU27 countries. The calculated area of occupancy (AOO) was 532,623 km2 because areas such as provinces were used to indicate occurrence, but the current number of known locations is 100, and expected to be closer to 200-300. Thus in Europe, the AOO ranges between 800 and 1,200 km2, but it is probably closer to 1,600 km2, because many localities are suspected to be larger than 4 km2. Based on the records, the AOO in the EU27 countries is about two-thirds of the European AOO, making about 1,000 km2 to be likely here.   Outside Europe, it is widely distributed in the mountain areas of Turkey, and has been recorded from the Transcaucasus (Azerbeidzjan, Armenia and Georgia), northern Caucasus, the Middle East and Iran (Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Gharali and Reemer 2010, Mengual et al. 2020, Saribiyik 2014, Speight 2020).","In Europe, this species is usually encountered by single specimens, and it is rarely collected twice at the same site. In Germany, it showed an undefined negative population trend (Ssymank et al. 2011). The overall population trend is unknown. In Turkey, it can be abundant in the mountain ranges (J.A.W. Lucas pers. comm.  2000).","This species is most often encountered along undisturbed mountain streams, particularly around Alnus viridis thickets. It can be also seen near alpine and montane grasslands, as well as in alpine glacier floodplains (Speight 2020). It usually occurs at high altitudes close to the timberline, but can also be found at much lower altitudes along rivers and streamside vegetations.  Adult males are often encountered on leaves, while females behave more elusively, flying through dense vegetation (Speight 2020). The larval stage is not known, but are expected to live in thickets of low water-side shrubs (Speight 2020). The adults visit umbellifers, Galium spp., Parnassia palustris, Salvia spp., Sambucus ebulus and Saxifraga aizoides. The flight period is from the end of June to mid-August.","There is no information about the potential threats to this species, but the preferred habitat types along streams may be vulnerable to human activities such as drainage, canalisation, human settlements, recreational activities, water pollution and intensive grazing by livestock. As a result of these activities, the alluvial thickets probably necessary for larval development may disappear or become severely damaged.","There is no information available on conservation measures specific to this species. It is listed as threatened in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011) and Vulnerable in Czechia (Mazánek and Barták, 2005).  Research and monitoring are needed to understand its ecology and population trends better. The specific habitat needs protection and where possible, restoration is also recommended. Raising awareness would be also beneficial.",The species is not utilised.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van der Ent, L.-J., van Steenis, J. & van Steenis, W.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphaerophoria,abbreviata,,Sphaerophoria abbreviata,"Zetterstedt, 1859",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a northern European species: its major habitats are relatively widespread in northern Europe and are mostly unthreatened at the moment, although climate change is expected to have an impact in the future. Both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are above the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category, and the population is currently considered stable. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 27. Research is needed on its population size, trends and distribution, as well as  on its life history (especially larvae) and ecology. Monitoring is  recommended on its population trends.",Stable,"This species is found across northern Europe including Fennoscandia and European Russia. The map for this nordic species is based on Bartsch et al. (2009) for Scandinavia, while for Lithuania and Russia only the country checklists were available. With its northern distribution, for Russia the map was limited to the part north of 54°N (the southernmost edge of its distribution known for Europe). Because of this, it is not possible to calculate an accurate extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO). Despite this, the EOO and AOO are considered to be far  greater than the thresholds to be assessed in any threatened  category for Europe and the EU 27.  Outside Europe, it occurs in Siberia and the Russian Far East, and Greenland (Speight 2018).","Although parts of the population are scattered in northern Europe, there are no indications of a declining population trend, and therefore it is presumed to be stable in Europe and the EU 27.","This species is found in grassy open areas in western taiga forest and dwarf shrub tundra (Speight 2018). The adults have been recorded visiting the flowers of Rubus chamaemorus (Nielsen 1998), Caltha, Ranunculus and Taraxacum (Bartsch et al. (2009a), Potentilla and Ledum (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020), Tanacetum bipinnatum and Tripleurospermum hookeri (Barkalov 2012). The larvae are undescribed but are certainly aphidophagous.","There are no serious threats known to affect this species at the moment, but climate change may affect it in the future. Its major habitats are relatively widespread in northern Europe, and  mostly assessed as Least Concern (F1.1 shrub tundra, F2.1 Subarctic and alpine dwarf Salix scrúb and G3.B Pinus sylvestris taiga woodland) or at most Near Threatened (G3.A Picea taiga woodland), according to the European Red List of terrestrial habitats (Janssen et al. 2017).","There are no specific conservation measures known for this species. It is not considered threatened in Europe by Speight (2020), and is listed as Least Concern in Sweden (2010), Finland (2019) and Norway (2015). Research is needed on its population size, trends and distribution as well as on its life history (especially larvae) and ecology. Monitoring is recommended on its population trends.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Popov, S. & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphaerophoria,bankowskae,,Sphaerophoria bankowskae,"Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1989",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment : Least Concern (LC)  This species can be found from northern Europe (Fennoscandia) to central and southern Europe (Italy). It occurs in Fagus/Picea forest and subalpine Picea  forest, usually in small openings, clear-cut areas or at forest margins, but  also in treeless calcareous alpine grassland at high altitudes (up to  2000 m) and in northern taiga. Its population is considered stable. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and  area of occupancy (AOO) are considered to be far  greater than the thresholds to be  assessed in  any threatened  category for Europe and the EU 27. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 27. Research is needed on its population size, trends and distribution, as well as on  its life history (especially the larvae) and ecology. Monitoring is recommended  on its population trends.",Stable,"This species can be found from northern Europe (Fennoscandia) south to central and southern Europe (Italy). In some cases, only country checklists were available and so it is not possible to calculate an accurate extent of  occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO). Despite this, the EOO and  AOO are considered far  greater than the thresholds to be assessed in any threatened  category for Europe and the EU 27.  Outside Europe, it can be found eastwards to Asiatic Russia and the Pacific coast (Speight 2018).","The northern Europe subpopulations occur at low altitudes, while in central and southern Europe they only occur in mountain ranges and are therefore more isolated. There is no indication of any decline, and overall the population of Europe and the EU 27 is assumed to be more or less stable.","This species exists in Fagus/Picea forest and subalpine Picea forest, usually in small openings, clear-cut areas or at forest margins, but also in treeless calcareous alpine grassland at high altitudes (up to 2000 m) and in northern taiga (Speight 2018). Adults have been recorded visiting a wide range of flowers of the Apiaceae, Ranuculaceae (Ranunculus), Rosaceae (Potentilla), Asteraceae (Lactuca), Hypericaceae (Hypericum) and Prunella (Speight 2018). The larvae are unknown but are presumed to be aphidophagous.","High-mountain forestry practices, changes in grassland management (fertilization and early mowing regimes) (Treiber 2011) and climate change could reduce the number of subpopulations in the future, but more research is needed on threats to this species. Within the European Red List of habitats, its habitat in northern Europe, Picea taiga woodland (G3.A),  is assessed as Near Threatened, and Pinus sylvestris  taiga woodland (G3.B) is assessed as Least Concern, while in central and southern Europe it is a  mountain species of mostly unthreatened mixed relatively widespread  forests or conifer forests (G1.6a, G1.31, G1.3b, G3.2) (Janssen et al.  2017).","There are no specific conservation measures known or currently needed for this species. It is not considered threatened in Europe by Speight (2020), and has been listed in northern Europe as Least Concern in Sweden (2010), Finland (2019) and Norway (2015). For Denmark (Red List 2019) and the United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2015) it has been listed as Data Deficient, and for Germany as not threatened (Ssymank et al. 2011). Research is needed on its population size, trends and distribution, as well as on its life history (especially the larvae) and ecology. Monitoring is recommended on the population trends.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Popov, S. & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphaerophoria,batava,,Sphaerophoria batava,"Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This European endemic can be found throughout much of Europe,  from the United Kingdom and Fennoscandia to the Pyrenees and Alps. It inhabits a relatively wide spectrum of forest habitats with clearings, canopy openings and track sides. The population is considered stable but with some early indications of local declines. Further monitoring is needed to observe these declines closely. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far  greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened  category for Europe and the EU 27, and therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 27. Research is needed on its population size, trends and distribution, as well as  on its life history (especially the larvae), ecology and threats. Monitoring is  recommended on its population and habitat trends.",Stable,"This European endemic species can be found throughout much of Europe from the United Kingdom and Fennoscandia to the Pyrenees and Alps (Speight 2018). Due to confusion with related species, part of the older distribution records may be erroneous. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category for Europe and the EU 27, but these cannot be accurately calculated because the distribution is partially based on country checklists rather than exact locality data.","This species is relatively frequent and widespread in suitable habitats, even if large subpopulations do not occur regularly. More research is need on subpopulation sizes. Locally and regionally, there are some indications of declines which need to be monitored but overall the population is considered stable in Europe and the EU 27.","This species exists in open areas (clearings, track-sides and forest margins) in humid Pinus slyvestris forest and Pinus uncinata forests in the Pyrenees, and mesophilous Fagus forest and Myricaria germanica scrub in alpine river beds (Speight 2018). Adults have been recorded visiting a wide range of flowers such as Calluna vulgaris, Euphorbia, Euphrasia, various Apiaceae (Pimpinella saxifraga, Peucedanum oreoselinum, Bupleurum), Cirsium palustre, Potentilla erecta, Ranunculus and Veronica (Speight 2018; A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020). The larvae are unknown but are presumably aphidophagous.","There are no major threats known to affect this species, but more research is needed. Threats such as urbanization, pesticide use in agriculture and forestry and forestry management practices might affect its habitats. Its main habitats in deciduous and coniferous forests are all assessed as Near Threatened in the European Red List of habitats (Janssen et al. 2017).","No specific conservation measures are known or needed for this species. It is not considered as threatened for Europe by Speight (2020), and has been assessed in northern Europe as Least Concern in Sweden (2010), Finland (2019), Norway (2015) and Denmark (2019). For Belgium it was assessed as Near Threatened (Meerhaeghe and Grootaert 1998), and within Germany at regional level it was assessed as Vulnerable (""3"") for Saxony-Anhalt (Dziock et al. 2004) and Near Threatened (""V"") for Baden-Württemberg (Doczkal et al. 2001). While the overall European population is considered stable, regional or locally some declines may be present. Research is needed on its population size, trends and distribution, as well as on its life history (especially the larvae), ecology and threats. Monitoring is recommended on the population and habitat trends.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Popov, S. & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphaerophoria,bengalensis,,Sphaerophoria bengalensis,"Macquart, 1842",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  This species is recorded only from eastern Europe (sometimes under the synonym Sphaerophoria turkmenica) with very little information other than collection sites, and thus its habitat may be incompletely known, making it difficult to infer possible habitat losses and quality changes. With increasing knowledge, it may be assessed as Near Threatened, but with an aphidophagous larva obviously not directly linked to agricultural land, it could also be assessed as Least Concern. Currently it is considered also by Speight (2020) as Data Deficient for Europe, and is not listed on any of the published national Red Lists. Given the lack of certainty about its entire distribution (currently largely based on country checklists), habitat and population trends, this species is assessed as Data Deficient in Europe and the EU 27.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is known to occur in Cyprus (Van Steenis et al. 2019), Belarus, Crimea and European Russia, based on checklists. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) cannot be accurately calculated at this time, because the distribution information is based largely on country checklists. In the EU 27, the EOO is estimated to be 2400 km2 and the AOO is estimated as below 1000 km2 but further investigation is needed to confirm this.  Outside Europe, it can be found in the Caucasus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Arabian Peninsula (Oman), Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Pakistan and northern India (Speight 2018, 2020).","There is no detailed information available on the population size or trends of this species at a European or EU 27 level. Van Steenis et al. (2019) reported eight males from three different localities during a single excursion in October 2017 to Cyprus, where it does not seem to be rare. Population data from the European part of Russia are unknown.","This species is found in vegetated inland dune systems (Speight 2018) and herb-rich vegetation of seasonally dry river beds (Ebejer in Spheight et al. 2018, Van Steenis et al. 2019). Adults fly low in the vegetation, and have only been recorded visiting the flowers of Foeniculum (Speight 2020). The larvae are unknown but are presumed to be aphidophagous.","The potential threats to this species are unknown. While inland  dune systems as a known habitat (E1.9b) are listed as Endangered in Janssen et  al. (2017), dry temporary Mediterranean river beds are not rare.","No specific conservation measures are currently known for this species. It is considered Data Deficient for Europe by Speight (2020, category N3), and it is not documented in the Red List of any European country. Research is needed on its population size, trends and distribution, as well as on its life history (especially the larvae), ecology, preferred habitats and threats. Monitoring of its population and habitat trends is required.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Popov, S. & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphaerophoria,boreoalpina,,Sphaerophoria boreoalpina,"Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1989",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species has a boreoalpine distribution in the northern part of Fennoscandia and the Alps. It is listed as Least Concern in most of the country lists in northern Europe, and is not considered threatened in Europe by Speight (2020). As the population is still largely stable and both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are well above the thresholds to be considered threatened, this species is assessed as Least Concern. Further monitoring of the population is needed, especially in the Alps.",Stable,"This species has a boreal alpine distribution in the northern part of Fennoscandia, the Alps and, out of the European region, the Altai Mountains (Speight 2018). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category for Europe and the EU 27.","This species occurs regularly in suitable habitats, and there is no evidence of a population decline. Precise information on its population size is needed, particularly for the isolated alpine subpopulations because they are not well known and have only a few records. Overall the population is considered stable in Europe and the EU 27.","In the Alps and Altai this species occurs in sparsely-vegetated acidic high-mountain moraine soils and screes in the subalpine to alpine zone. In northern Europe, it can be found on montane tundra, sub-alpine Betula forest and scrub and on palsa mire (Speight 2018, Van Steenis and Zuidhoff 2013). Adults have been recorded visiting the flowers of Polygonum, Rubus chamaemorus (van Steenis (1998b), Ranunculus nivalis, Trifolium (Goeldlin in Speight 2018), Bistorta vivipara (Bartsch et al. (2009a), Sanguisorba and Tanacetum (Barkalov 2012). The larvae are unknown but are presumed to be aphidophagous.","There are no major threats known to be currently affecting this species, but research is needed, especially for the alpine subpopulations. A potential future threat to this Nordic and high-mountain species in the Alps could be climate change, especially in the alpine subpopulations, with a risk of major reduction both in extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO). Its habitats have been assessed in the European  Red List of Habitats as follows: subarctic dwarf Salix  scrub (F2.1), boreal mountain Betula woodland (G1.9a), acidic moraine soils and high mountain  siliceous screes (H2.3) are all assessed as Least Concern (Janssen et al. 2017). Only a small proportion of  its habitats (such as palsa mire D3.1) are highly threatened and assessed as Critically Endangered.","There are no specific conservation measures known or needed for this species. It is not considered as threatened in Europe by Speight (2020), and is assessed in northern Europe as Least Concern for Sweden (2010), Finland (2019) and Norway (2015). The regional situation in high-mountain populations in the Alps has not been assessed. Research is needed on its population size, trends and distribution, especially in the Alps, as well as on its life history (larvae), ecology and threats. Monitoring is recommended on the population and habitat trends.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Popov, S. & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphaerophoria,chongjini,,Sphaerophoria chongjini,"Bankowska, 1964",,No,LC,0,No,NT,A4c,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  This species can be found from northern to central Europe, and it is also present in some parts of the Mediterranean region. It inhabits mainly different types of dry grassland, often along woodland edges. The population is declining, based on the decline of suitable habitats both in area and quality throughout most of its range, with a suspected population reduction of about 20%. Both the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are beyond the thresholds for any threatened category, but in the southern part of its range (Italy) for the EU 27 as well as in European Russia, almost no data exist on its distribution and the real values might be lower. Therefore this species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) for EU27 based on Criterion A4c.  As the range extends well into European Russia with suitable dry grassland habitats, for the whole of Europe it is assessed as Least Concern, but precise data on its distribution in European Russia are missing and further research is recommended.",Decreasing,"This species can be found from northern to central Europe, and it is also present in some European parts of the Mediterranean region. Country checklists have sometimes been used to indicate its distribution, which means the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) cannot be calculated accurately, but they are both greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category. The AOO is in decline due to local losses of subpopulations and losses in both extent and quality of its habitat.  Outside Europe, it occurs in Siberia, the Russian Far East and Japan (Speight 2018).","Usually only small numbers of specimens are found, scattered in extensive dry and non-intensively managed  dry to mesic grasslands, but there are no precise population data at the European or EU 27 level. A decline in the population has been observed in several countries of central and northern Europe. Due to a decline of suitable habitats in Europe and the EU 27, a general population decline for the whole of Europe is suspected.","This species occurs in a variety of open or semi-open habitats, for example in unimproved dry grassland with shrubs, ruderal areas, and edges of deciduous forests (Speight 2018). Adults are reported to visit flowers of Apiaceae and Rosaceae (Potentilla and Prunus spinosa) (Speight 2018), Pastinaca sativa (Van Steenis 2016), and also shrubs and small trees such as Cornus alba and Acer ginnala, or Caltha palustris in wet forest openings (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020). The larvae are undescribed but have been found feeding on Macrosiphum euphorbiae aphids on Rosa (Gavrilyuk et al 2008).","The main threats result from loss of suitable extensive dry and mesic grassland, either by intensification of agriculture, or on the other hand by abandonment and subsequent shrub invasion and succession into forests. While some scrub can be positive, a closed tree canopy in later stages will not allow this species to survive. Airborne nitrogen input accelerates habitat change with loss in quality and a quicker succession. Over the whole range, less important threats are direct losses of habitat by infrastructure developments and locally also quarrying activities. An additional threat is input of pesticides, both as influx from arable crops as well as airborne pollution. The majority of its grassland habitats are declining, and assessed as Vulnerable  (E1.1i, E1.2a) or even Endangered (E1.9a), and even associated woodland  fringes and forests (for example E5.2a, G1,6a, G1.6b and G3.4a) are assessed at  least as Near Threatened in the European Red List of  terrestrial habitats (Janssen et al. 2017).","No specific conservation measures are known for this species. It is not considered as threatened for Europe by Speight (2020), and is assessed in northern Europe as Least Concern in Sweden (2010) and Finland (2019), Vulnerable in Norway (2015), equivalent to Vulnerable (category 3) in Germany with a negative long-term trend (Ssymank et al. 2011), and regionally within Germany in Baden-Württemberg as Endangered (""2"") (Doczkal et al. 2001). In Belgium for Flanders it is assessed as Near Threatened (Meerharghe and Grootaert 1998). Research is needed on its population size, trends and distribution, as well as on its life history (larvae), ecology and threats. Monitoring is required of the population and habitat trends.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Popov, S. & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphaerophoria,estebani,,Sphaerophoria estebani,"Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1991",,Yes,DD,0,No,NT,B2ab(iii)c(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  This is a relatively rare European endemic of high-mountain ranges in central and southern Europe. It exists in sparsely vegetated subalpine to alpine screes, and sparsely vegetated gravel beds of alpine river valleys. It is very rare with a severely fragmented distribution, mainly in the Alps and the Pyrenees. However, it is not considered threatened in Europe by Speight (2020), and it is not listed as threatened in the Red List of any country. The population is suspected to be stable at very low population densities, but may be at risk in the future due to climate change (no populations in low-altitude screes are known). While the maximum values of both extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are beyond the thresholds to be assessed as threatened, within the EU 27 the AOO is approximately 5,600 km2 at most, based on available habitat, and the real value could be distinctly lower, but sampling the habitat is difficult and perhaps unreliable. Subpopulations of different high-mountain ranges are severely fragmented, and fluctuations can occur probably depending on the availability of their larval prey. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for Europe, but as Near Threatened (NT close to qualifying under Criterion B with a restricted AOO) in the EU 27.",Stable,"This is a relatively rare European endemic of high-mountain ranges in central and southern Europe. It has a fragmented distribution linked to specific scree habitats. It is mainly found in the Pyrenees and Alps (Speight 2018). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category for Europe. Within the EU 27, the AOO is approximately 5600 km2 at  most, based on available habitat; the real value could be distinctly  lower, but sampling in these difficult habitats is hard, making the distribution unreliable.","There is not a lot of detailed information available on the population size and trends of this species. It is rarely recorded and only in low numbers, closely linked to subalpine/alpine screes with Rumex scutatus, a habitat which is more or less stable in its extent. Therefore the population is suspected to be more or less stable in Europe and the EU 27, but fluctuations are likely to occur probably depending on the availability of the larval prey. It is considered to have a severely fragmented distribution consisting of small isolated subpopulations, where exchange between them is not regularly possible.","This species occurs in sparsely vegetated subalpine to alpine screes, usually with Rumex scutatus, and sparsely vegetated gravel beds of alpine river valleys (Speight 2018). Adults fly close to or within stands of Rumex scutatus, and visit their flowers (Speight 2020). Scree vegetation with Rumex scutatus is more widespread than the distribution of this species, but the reasons for this and the detailed habitat requirements of this species are unknown. The larvae are unknown but are presumed to be aphidophagous.","No major threats are known to affect this species at the moment, as long as the screes remain in place without constructions to stabilize them. In future, a potential threat to this high-mountain species could be climate change with alteration of alpine habitats. It is sometimes recorded at lower altitudes in alpine river gravel beds. Glacial melt as a result of climate change will also severely modify the hydrology of these alpine rivers. Avalanches and landslides may also affect its habitat. Its major habitats have been assessed as Least Concern (high-mountain siliceous and  base-rich screes) in the European Red List of habitats (Janssen et al.  2017).","No specific conservation measures are currently known for this species. It is not considered threatened in Europe by Speight (2020), and it is not listed as threatened in the Red List of any country. In the German Red List it is assessed as ""R"" (extremely rare), but with a stable trend (Ssymank et al. 2011). Research is needed on its population size, trends and distribution, as well as on its life history (larvae), ecology and threats. Monitoring is required on its population and habitat trends.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Popov, S. & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.","Fisler, L & Hadrava, J.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphaerophoria,fatarum,,Sphaerophoria fatarum,"Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1989",,Yes,NT,A4c,No,NT,A4c,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  This species is not considered threatened in Europe by Speight (2020), and is not threatened in northern Europe. Decline and regional threats are documented in western and partially in central Europe, closely linked to losses of habitat in both extent and quality. A population decline is present in western and partly central Europe, with a decline also in the area of occupancy (AOO) but with still enough smaller intact subpopulations left so that the extent of occurrence (EOO) has not been reduced yet. With a population decline regionally documented and suspected from a decline of major parts of its habitats, especially in western and central Europe, the species is assessed as Near Threatened under Criterion A4 in Europe and the EU 27, with a suspected population decline of 15-20% based on habitat decline.",Decreasing,"This European endemic can be found from Iceland and Scandinavia south to the Alps and northern Italy (Speight 2018). It is rare to moderately frequent, with a scattered distribution over a wide European range. The range is not fully understood because it was confused with other species  in the older literature, and therefore the area of occupancy (AOO) and extent  of occurrence (EOO) are preliminary estimates; however, both values are  well above the thresholds for any threatened category in Europe and the EU  27. The AOO is in decline due to losses of local subpopulations in  several countries caused by ongoing habitat losses in both extent and quality.","There is no detailed information available on the population size and trends of this species at the European or EU 27 level. The population is declining in parts of its range, especially in central and western Europe, with documented losses of local subpopulations due to loss of suitable wetland and bog habitats.","This species occurs in Calluna heath, wet heath, transition and blanket bogs, oligotrophic Molinia grassland and unimproved extensive montane to alpine grassland, and in northern Europe in western taiga. (Speight 2018). Adults have been recorded visiting the flowers of Euphorbia hibernica, Potentilla erecta, Ranunculus, male catkins of Salix, Sorbus aucuparia and Taraxacum (Speight 2018). The larvae are unknown but are presumed to be aphidophagous.","This species inhabits a number of quite different but highly sensitive habitats. Heathland habitats are threatened by changes in grazing, either an intensification or a complete abandonment with subsequent succession to acidic beech oak and pine forests and therefore habitat loss. Airborne nitrogen input well beyond the critical loads, urban development and conversion to farmland all accelerate habitat degradation and loss. The whole range of its wetland habitats are threatened by anthropogenic changes in hydrology (mostly water abstractions for agriculture and land-use changes with drainage or changes in mowing regime of wet Molinia grasslands), and in future also by climate change. In addition, input of pesticides from agriculture, rarely also from forestry is a threat mainly to its wetland habitats. Most of the wetland habitats (such as raised bog D1.1,  quaking mires D2.3a, D4.1c and wet heath F4.1) are assessed as Vulnerable in  the European Red List of habitats (Janssen et al. 2017). Its other  habitats in northern Europe are less threatened, such as Picea taiga woodland (G3.A), or are assessed as Least Concern, such as Pinus sylvestris taiga woodland. The situation is better also at higher altitudes with acidophilous alpine and boreal grasslands.","There are no specific conservation measures known for this species. It is not considered threatened in Europe by Speight (2020), and this is also the case in most countries of northern Europe, where it is listed as Least Concern in Denmark (Bygebjerg 2004), Finland (2019), Norway (2015) and Sweden (2010). However in central and western Europe, it is threatened to different degrees: assessed as Endangered in Flanders (Belgium: Meerhaeghe and Grootaert 1998), with a distinct decline of about 80% of its distribution in the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009) and Near Threatened (category ""V"") in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011) with a negative long-term trend but a stable short-term trend at a lower number of sites. Research is needed on its population size, trends and distribution, as well as on its life history (larvae), ecology and threats. Monitoring is required of the population and habitat trends.",This species is not yet utilised or traded.,"Popov, S. & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphaerophoria,infuscata,,Sphaerophoria infuscata,"Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is not considered threatened in Europe by Speight (2020), but has a highly fragmented distribution in the high-mountain ranges of central Europe (it is a European endemic). Based on the situation of its major habitats, the overall population is suspected to be stable, and therefore the species is assessed as Least Concern. However, at regional level some of its fragmented high-mountain subpopulations may be threatened, and more research and monitoring is needed.",Stable,"This European endemic exists in the higher mountain ranges of central Europe (Harz, Vosges, Alps, Pyrenees) (Speight 2018) with a severely fragmented distribution. It is probably a relict species from a from a wider distribution in historical times.   The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category for Europe and the EU 27.","There is no detailed information available on the population size and trends of this species at the European level. The population is assumed to be stable, at least in the largest part of its range in the Alps, based on the more or less stable high-mountain forest habitats in this area. Populations in other high-mountain ranges of central Europe are highly fragmented and possibly partially declining due to climate change and a decline in forest quality. However, more research is needed on the situation of its regional populations. Overall the population is considered stable in Europe and the EU 27.","This is a high-mountain grassland species, occurring in grassy openings of montane to subalpine Picea/Abies forest and in alpine acidophilous grassland (for example Nardion) (modified from Speight 2018). Adults have been recorded visiting flowers of Rubiaceae (Asperula, Galium), Apiaceae (Meum athamanticum, Heracleum sphondylium), Rosaceae (Potentilla erecta) and Caryophyllaceae (Stellaria). The larvae are unknown but are presumed to be aphidophagous.","At the moment there are no major threats known for this species. As a high mountain relict, potentially in the future it will be affected by habitat alterations induced by climate change. In high-mountain conifer forests, bark-beetle attack due to weakened trees may play a role in some of the mountain ranges (e.g. Harz mountains), but more research is needed to assess how much this affects its populations. Other minor threats could be modifications in high-mountain forest management, and intensification or abandonment of alpine grasslands. The majority of its habitats, such as acidophilous alpine grasslands (E4.3b) and coniferous mountain Picea, Abies, or subalpine Larix and Pinus uncinata woodland, have been assessed as Least Concern or only partially Near Threatened, according to the European Red List of habitats (Janssen et al. 2017).","No specific conservation measures are known for this species, but it is present in several high-mountain protected sites. It is not considered threatened in Europe by Speight (2020), but in Germany it is listed as Vulnerable (category ""3""; Ssymank et al. 2011) because it is a rare species with a negative population trend.   Research is needed on its population size, trends and distribution, as well as on its life history (larvae), ecology and threats. These need to be done independently in all parts of its fragmented high-mountain subpopulations, because its threats and status might differ regionally. Monitoring of its population and habitat trends is required.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Popov, S. & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.","Morris, R. & Hadrava, J.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphaerophoria,interrupta,,Sphaerophoria interrupta,"(Fabricius, 1805)",,No,LC,0,No,NT,A4c,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  This species is considered to be decreasing in Europe by Speight (2020), while in northern Europe it is still assessed as Least Concern; a decline in populations with loss of many local subpopulations is evident especially in western and central Europe, leading to a declining area of occupancy (AOO). A large part of its main habitats (mainly extensive grasslands and heathlands) are threatened and in decline both in extent and quality, especially in the lowlands. Based on the situation of its major habitats, and regional population declines in western and central Europe, the species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe, but Near Threatened in the EU 27, with a suspected population reduction of 20% based on loss of suitable grassland and heathland habitats.",Decreasing,"This is a widely distributed species, occurring from northern Fennoscandia to the Mediterranean, and eastwards into Russia, Caucasus, Siberia and the Russian Far East (Speight 2018). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category for Europe and the EU 27, but cannot be calculated accurately because some of its distribution is based on country checklists rather than exact locality data. While in some parts of its range the AOO is declining, the EOO has remained the same.","There is no detailed information available on the population size and trends of this species at the European level. At least in some countries its population is declining quickly, especially in western and central Europe. However it is still a widespread, moderately frequent species even with the loss of some of its local subpopulations. Locally in Germany (Wahnbachtal), there has been subpopulation declines of 75% over a 25-year period (1989-2014) (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020), and in the Netherlands 50% of the occupied grid squares (minimum loss of local subpopulations) have been lost since 1990 (Reemer et al. 2009). Overall, the population is considered to be decreasing in Europe and the EU 27.","This species inhabits a wide range of different open habitats, from coastal dunes to montane heathlands, various kinds of unimproved grasslands up to alpine grasslands, as well as clearings and openings within forests and forest margins (Speight 2018, 2020). Adults have been recorded visiting the flowers of a wide variety of different plants, such as Apiaceae (Achillea millefolium, Meum athamanticum, Pastinaca sativa), Asteraceae (Senecio jacobaea, Taraxacum officinale agg.), Dipsacaceae (Succisa pratensis), Rosaceae (Potentilla erecta), Ranunculaceae (Ranunculus repens, R. acris, R. bulbosus), Polygonaceae (Bistorta officinalis, Persicaria sp.) and Caryophyllaceae (Stellaria, Dianthus) (Speight 2018). De Buck (1990) lists 34 plant species visited, and 49 were recorded by Ssymank (A. Ssymank pers. comms. 2020). The larvae were described by Rotheray (1986, as menthastri) and are aphidophagous, living in aphid colonies of herbaceous plants, e.g. Cerastium fontanum (Stubbs 1996).","As this species mainly inhabits various extensively managed grassland types and heathlands, changes in grassland management, intensification with higher fertilizer input, airborne nitrogen input and pesticides (including seat-coatings mainly from adjacent arable fields, especially in wet grasslands) are among the main threats. For heathland habitats, in addition to nitrogen input, changes or intensification of grazing also plays an important role. Abandonment of extensive grassland or heathland management can also lead to loss of habitat via succession. Other threats of lesser importance include habitat loss (in both extent and quality) due to residential and commercial developments, changes in hydrology in wet grasslands, and in the case of dune grasslands tourism pressure and activities. More research is needed to assess how much this affects its populations in different regions of Europe. Other minor threats can be modifications in forestry management leading to less open habitats in forest areas. Moist and wet mesotrophic to eutrophic grasslands (E3.4b), grey dune  grasslands of the Atlantic and Baltic coasts (B1.4a) are assessed as Endangered, and dry heath as Vulnerable in the European Red List of terrestrial habitats  (Janssen et al. 2017 ). In higher mountain areas, alpine and subalpine  grasslands and Nordic boreal grasslands are assessed as Least Concern. The subpopulations in  openings of Fagus forest, and Picea and Abies forest at higher altitudes are also less threatened.","There are no specific conservation measures known for this species, but it is present in several Natura 2000 sites with grassland habitats, which should continue to be protected and managed appropriately. It is considered to be decreasing in Europe by Speight (2020), and assessed as Critically Endangered in Belgium (Flanders: Meerhaeghe and Grootaert 1998); in the Netherlands there has been around a 50 % decline in occupied grid squares compared to before 1990 (Reemer et al. 2009). In Germany overall it is assessed as Least Concern (Ssymank et al. 2011), but local studies point at rapid regional declines, such as Berlin where it is assessed as Extinct (Saure 2018), in Wahnbachtal (North Rhine-Westphalia) where there has been a population  decline of 75% (1989-2014) (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020) and in Saxony where it is considered Vulnerable (category ""3"") (Pellmann  et al. 1996). In northern Europe, it is less threatened and still assessed as Least Concern in Denmark (2019), Finland (2019), Norway (2015) and Sweden (2010). Research is needed on its population size, trends and distribution, as well as on its ecology and threats in different regions in Europe. The aggravation of its decline seems to be a recent development and needs to be monitored more in detail. Monitoring is required for both population and habitat trends.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Popov, S. & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphaerophoria,kaa,,Sphaerophoria kaa,"Violovitsh, 1960",,No,NT,A3c,No,NT,A3c,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  This Nordic species is distributed in Europe in northern Sweden, Finland and marginally in Norway. The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2,000 km2. Although the population trend is stable at present, there is a projected continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and in the area of occupancy (AOO) based  on the impact that climate change may have on its habitat in the next ten years, but the degree of decline is largely unknown. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened in Europe and the EU 27. Research  is needed on its population size, trends and distribution, as well as on its life  history (especially larvae), ecology (habitats and flower visiting  behaviour) and threats. Monitoring is required on both its population and  habitat trends.",Stable,"This Nordic species is distributed in northern Sweden, Finland and marginally in Norway. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is large, but the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be only 2,000 km2.   Outside of Europe, it can be found in the Russian Far East and possibly Mongolia (Speight 2018).","There is no detailed information available on the population size and trends of this species at the European and EU 27 levels. The population is assumed to be stable in Europe and the EU 27, because its main habitats (taiga and subalpine birch forest) are stable in the northern part of Scandinavia. However more research is needed to confirm this. There is a projected population decline in the future, based on the impact of climate change on its habitat.",This species occurs in taiga and open subalpine birch forest (Bartsch et al. 2019a). Adults have been recorded visiting flowers such as Potentilla (Bartsch et al. 2009a). The larvae are unknown but are presumed to be aphidophagous.,"Because of limited available data, the threats to this species are largely unknown. Potential threats could be large-scale commercial forest exploitation in taiga forests. The main habitats, Picea taiga woodland (G3.A) and boreal mountain Betula and Populus tremula woodland  on mineral soils (G1.9a), are assessed as Near Threatened and Least Concern respectively in the European Red List of Terrestrial Habitats (Janssen et  al. 2017).","There are no specific conservation measures known for this species. In the northern part of Scandinavia it is assessed as Least Concern in Finland (2019) and Sweden (2010). It is not assessed on the Red List of Norway. Research is needed on its population size, trends and distribution, as well as on its life history (especially larvae), ecology (habitats and flower visiting behaviour) and threats. Monitoring is required on both the population and habitat trends.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Popov, S. & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphaerophoria,laurae,,Sphaerophoria laurae,"Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1989",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is found in northern Scandinavia and European high-mountain ranges (Alps, Pyrenees). It is not considered threatened in Europe by Speight (2020), and is not assessed as threatened on any national Red Lists. It has stable habitats in both northern Europe and the central European high-mountain ranges, and its population is considered stable with no major recognized threats. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far  greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened  category for Europe and the EU 27. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 27. Research is needed on its population size, trends and distribution, as well as  on its life history (especially larvae), ecology (habitats and flower-visiting behaviour) and threats. Monitoring is required on  its population and habitat trends.",Stable,"Within the European region, this species is found in northern Scandinavia and European high-mountain ranges (Alps, Pyrenees).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category for Europe and the EU 27, but these cannot be calculated accurately because the distribution is partially based on country checklists rather than exact locality data.  Outside Europe, it occurs in the Caucasus and Siberia (Altai) (Speight 2018).","There is no detailed information available on the population size and trends of this species at the European and EU 27 level, but the trend overall is considered stable. It has a fragmented distribution with a more or less continuous northern boreal subpopulation, and fragmented subpopulations in central European high-mountain ranges, such as the Alps and Pyrenees. There are no available data on the genetic divergence of these subpopulations. Overall the population is assumed to be stable because its main habitats (tundra in northern Europe, and mainly screes and block fields in central European high-mountain ranges) are stable.","The preferred habitats of this species are sparsely vegetated alpine calcareous and acidic alpine grasslands in the high-mountain ranges and montane arctic tundra in Scandinavia (Speight 2018). Adults have been recorded visiting flowers of Nigritella rubra, Potentilla and Ranunculus (Goeldlin and Verlinden in Speight 2018). The larvae are unknown but are presumed to be aphidophagous.","There are no major past and present threats to this species, but in the future climate change may be a potential threat both in northern Europe as well as in the high-mountain screes of central Europe with habitat alteration and possibly also loss. All major habitats of this species (coded E4.3b, F1.2, H2.1 and H2.4) have been assessed as Least Concern in the  European Red List of terrestrial habitats (Janssen et al. 2017).","There are no specific conservation measures known for this species, but its habitats are well covered by the EU Habitats Directive, and subpopulations occur in several EU Natura 2000 sites. It is not considered threatened in Europe by Speight (2020), and is not listed as threatened in the Red List of any country. It is assessed as Least Concern in Denmark (Bygebjerg 2004), Finland (2019), Norway (2015) and Sweden (2010). Research is needed on its population size, trends and distribution, as well as on its life history (especially larvae), ecology (habitats and flower-visiting behaviour) and threats. Monitoring is required on its population and habitat trends.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Popov, S. & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.","Fisler, L, Birtele, D. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphaerophoria,loewi,,Sphaerophoria loewi,"Zetterstedt, 1843",,No,NT,A2c,No,NT,A2c,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Within the European region the species is found from the British Isles and Fennoscandia south to the Mediterranean and eastwards into European Russia in slightly salty or brackish water habitats, such as coastal lagoons. There have been large historical losses and there is continuing population decline of the population and continuing decline in the number of mature individuals. There is also a continuing decline in the area of occupancy (AOO) and also in the extent of occurrence (EOO). There has been a large decline in the subpopulations of several countries of western and central Europe. However, the EOO, AOO and number of locations remain well above the thresholds for a threatened category.  There is a suspected and partially observed population reduction of around 20% over the last ten years due to loss of suitable habitat and habitat degradation. The species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened in Europe and the EU27. No regional adjustment is made as there is not thought to be any significant immigration from outside the region. Research is needed on its population size, trends and distribution, as well as  on its life history (especially larvae, details on habitat requirements),  ecology and threats. Monitoring is required of population and  habitat trends.",Decreasing,"Within the European region this species occurs from Fennoscandia south to the Mediterranean and eastwards into European Russia. Detailed distribution data are available only for Scandinavia, France and the UK, with all other parts of its distribution mapped to entire countries/sub-county units. It is, however, considered to have a severely fragmented distribution as it is mainly linked to brackish and saline habitats.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category for Europe and the EU 27, but these cannot be calculated accurately because the distribution is partially based on country checklists rather than exact locality data.  Outside Europe it is found across to Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, up to Mongolia and Siberia (Speight 2018).","Within its range this species is extremely localized, with scattered and often small subpopulations. It is considered to have a severely fragmented distribution with isolated populations in slightly saline or brackish environments, for example, on the Baltic coast and in inland brackish water bodies and steppic lakes. In Europe, it is a rare species with a clear decline and loss of local subpopulations in several countries, for example in the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark and Belgium. It is extinct in Flanders (Belgium) (Meerhaeghe and Grootaert 1998) and in parts of the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009). In Ireland, it is now only known from two sites in coastal lagoons (Speight 2008). Overall the population is considered to be declining in Europe and the EU 27. A population reduction of around 20% due to loss of suitable habitat and habitat degradation is suspected and partially observed.","This species is usually found in slightly salty or brackish-water habitats, such as coastal lagoons with Bolboschoenus maritimus, freshwater lakes with Scirpus-reedbeds, and occasionally in Phragmites reedbeds (for example steppic lakes). Adults fly in the morning over the water of reedbeds, where they visit flowers of Scirpus, Schoenoplectus and Triglochin palustre. They have also been recorded visiting other nearby herbs on the waterfront such as Eupatorium cannabinum, Filipendula ulmaria, Lythrum salicaria and Ranunculus (Speight 2018, A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020). The larvae are undescribed but are presumed to be aphidophagous: Bartsch et al. (2009) reported larvae on Phragmites.","The major threats to this species are reductions in the extent and quality of the habitat, such as the brackish to saline water-bodies with aquatic seedbeds of mainly Schoenoplectus or Scirpus. These can be impacted by pollution and nutrient input, changes in hydrology, any mechanical removal or destruction of reedbeds and by waves of ships in shipping lanes or water sports. Potentially in the future, climate change could alter the habitat, but no specific research has been carried out yet. Especially in estuaries but also along lake shores, industrial and commercial development as well as housing and urbanization can also play a role in local habitat loss. According to the European Red List of terrestrial habitats (Janssen et  al. 2017), permanent inland saline and brackish waterbodies  (C1.5) are only assessed as Near Threatened, but only a small fraction of these are  actually used as habitat by this species, possibly because it is more sensitive to threats than the habitat itself.","There are no specific conservation measures known for this species, but its habitats are partially covered by the EU Habitats Directive. These sites and its habitat should be protected and managed appropriately. It is not considered threatened in Europe by Speight (2020), but there have been major declines, especially in western and central Europe. It is listed as Endangered in Denmark (2019) and Norway, and Critically Endangered in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011) where extra surveys are needed to confirm its presence. In Sweden it was assessed as Near Threatened (2010), and also in the United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2015). Research is needed on its population size, trends and distribution, as well as on its life history (especially larvae, details on habitat requirements), ecology and threats. Monitoring is required on its population and habitat trends.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Popov, S. & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphaerophoria,nigra,,Sphaerophoria nigra,"Frey, 1945",,Yes,NT,,Yes,DD,,EU27-2020,,"Sphaerophora nigra is an endemic species from the Azores (Portugal), with historical and recent records in Flores, Faial, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira and S. Miguel islands. It is apparently widespread through natural and man-made/disturbed habitats, and occurs in areas that are currently Nature Reserves. This species has an extent of occurrence  of 22,957 km2, although the area of occupancy is small (152 km2). It is possible that this species has declined in the past as a result of human activity, even if apparently adapted to artificial habitats and also associated with introduced vegetation. The present situation of this species needs to be assessed and further research is needed into its population, distribution, threats, ecology and life history; and conservation of native habitats could potentially aid this species conservation. Overall, precautionarily, this species is assessed as Near Threatened.",Stable,"Sphaerophora nigra is a hoverfly species, described from the islands of Flores, Faial, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira and S. Miguel (Azores, Portugal) (Frey 1945, Borges et al. 2010). It is known from several distinct habitats, some degraded, but also from areas that are Nature Reserves (Caldeira do Faial - Faial and Pico da Vara - S. Miguel). Based on the old historical data and more recent records, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 22,957 km2 and the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is ca. 152 km2.","No current population size estimates exist for this species. Nevertheless, this species is relatively widespread through the archipelago, in a wide variety of habitats, which might be assumed as an indicator of a stable population. However, some fluctuations can be assumed in aphidophagous species with a wide range of suitable habitats.","The ecology and traits of this species are unknown. Larvae are presumably aphidophagous and, according to the wide habitat spectrum and altitudinal range on the Azores, no specialisation is expected on one or only a few aphid species. Most adults are very active fliers and often visit flowers, feeding on nectar and pollen (McAlpine 1987), and are also important pollinators. Other species of the genus Sphaerophora are usually associated with grasslands, woodlands or marshes. Several specimens of this species were collected in shady forest areas, or in association with flowers of Euphorbia stygiana and Hydrangea macrophylla. It was also reported from higher altitude areas in Pico Mountain (Pico).","A lack of information regarding the present distribution and ecology of this species, precludes a complete assessment of potential threats. Nevertheless, from the ecology of the Syrphidae family and known habitat preferences, it is likely that this species has probably declined in the past due to changes in habitat size and quality, mostly due to human action. On the other hand it seems adapted to some disturbed habitats and is associated with both endemic and introduced flowering plant species; although pesticides and herbicides will most likely have an impact on this species. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016) the habitat will likely further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting and alteration).","Historically at least, this species was present in areas that are currently included in the Natural Parks of Flores, Faial, Terceira and S. Miguel, disturbed or otherwise.; but the species is not protected by regional law. A habitat management plan is needed and one is anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Further research is also needed into this species population, distribution, threats, ecology and life history, and degraded habitats could also be restored. Additionally, a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change.",The species is not utilised.,"Russell, N.","Nunes, R., Ssymank, A. & Borges, P.A.V.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphaerophoria,pallidula,,Sphaerophoria pallidula,"Mutin, in Mutin and Barkalov, 1999",,No,LC,0,No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  Within the European region, this species only occurs in northern parts of Scandinavia (Norway, southern and northern Finland) and further east into European Russia where the majority of records are. It occurs in wetland habitats such as bog woodland. In European Russia there are limited data available but a potentially wider distribution according to available habitat information, making the EOO and AOO beyond the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category for Europe, and hence it is assessed as Least Concern. Within the EU27 Member States, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is large at 320,700 km2, however the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated, based on available locality data, to be below 100 km2, with only 12 documented localities and eight locations (based on the threats of commercial forestry management water abstraction). With a projected population reduction due to habitat decline as a result of the future threat of climate change, and severely fragmented subpopulations, the species is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)) in the EU 27, with no rescue effect applied as significant immigration from European Russia is uncertain. Research is needed on its population size, trends and distribution, as well as on its life history (especially larvae), ecology and threats. Monitoring is required of its population and habitat trends.",Unknown,"This species occurs in northern Europe (Sweden, Finland) and European Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are beyond the thresholds to be considered threatened in Europe, but in the EU 27, the AOO based on available records is between 44 and 100 km2.  Outside Europe it is found in Siberia to the Russian Far East (Speight 2018, 2020).","There is no detailed information available on the population size and trends of this species at European or EU 27 levels. There are only single records from Scandinavia.  The population is not severely fragmented in Europe, but in the EU27 Member States the population is considered to be severely fragmented, with only isolated records mostly far from each other in northern Scandinavia.","This species occurs in northern European mire systems and swamp forest with Picea and Betula or Pinus and Betula trees (Speight 2018). Adults have been recorded visiting flowers such as Ledum palustre and Cicuta virosa (Speight 2018). The larvae are unknown but are presumed to be aphidophagous. One of its major habitats, bog woodland, is partially declining in northern Europe.","The threats to this species are not well known, and further research needed. Modifications in hydrology by water abstraction and as a result of forestry management may threaten bog woodland habitats. Climate change could affect the water balance and thus lead to habitat alteration in the future.","There are no conservation actions yet known for this species, but it would benefit from the protection of its key sites. It is not considered threatened in Europe by Speight (2020). It has been assessed as Least Concern in Finland (2019), but has not yet been evaluated in Sweden. Research is needed on its population size, trends and distribution, as well as on its life history (especially larvae), ecology and threats. Monitoring is required of its population and habitat trends.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Popov, S. & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphaerophoria,philanthus,,Sphaerophoria philanthus,"(Meigen, 1822)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is not considered threatened in Europe by Speight (2020), and in northern European countries is assessed as Least Concern, although in western and central Europe it is more threatened. There are clear historical declines, and it still has a moderately decreasing population and habitat trend, with a decline in area of occupancy (AOO) in some countries. However, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far  greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened  category for both Europe and the EU 27. The species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 27. It may be reassessed as threatened if the negative trends continue in western and central Europe. Monitoring is required of its population and habitat trends.",Decreasing,"Within the European region, the range of this species is only incompletely known due to confusion with other closely related species, but despite this, it is considered to be widespread. It is currently known to occur from Norway to Germany and from Ireland to Austria (Speight 2018), with presence assumed in most western European countries except the Iberian Peninsula and parts of the Balkan Peninsula, and across European Russia.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category for Europe and the EU 27, but these cannot be calculated accurately because parts of its distribution is based on country checklists rather than exact locality data. The AOO is considered to be declining, but overall the range is not considered to be decreasing.  Outside Europe, it is present throughout Russia to the Far East and on into North America.","There is no detailed information available on the population size of this species at the European and EU 27 levels. It has a scattered distribution throughout most of northern and central Europe, and is moderately frequent. Based on the known distribution, there has been an estimated 50% decline in the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), and in Germany the population has also experienced some declines. Locally and regionally, some subpopulations seem to be stable, but the population trend is considered to be decreasing overall in Europe and the EU 27, as its habitat area is shrinking and deteriorating.","This species can be found in Calluna heath, including dry to wet heath and oligotrophic Molinia grasslands. It can also be found in blanket bogs, degraded bogs, dune grassland (Speight 2018) and western taiga (Nielsen 1998). Adults have been recorded visiting a range of flowers, including Calluna-heathland plants such as Calluna vulgaris, Galium, Hypochoeris and Potentilla erecta (Speight 2018). The larvae are undescribed from Europe, but Fluke (1929) described them from North America as aphid predators in crops. Bagatshanova (1990) reports larvae from Potentilla fruticosa, Ribes and Artemisia. Ecological information from North America and Europe is inconsistent and there is some variation in the genitalia.","The major threats to this species are modifications in the management regime of heathlands, both by the intensification of grazing and the complete abandonment of grazing which results in subsequent succession to forest. Nutrient input from adjacent crops as well as airborne nitrogen input can negatively affect wet heath and bog habitats. Changes in the hydrology of the habitat as a result of water abstraction of surface and ground water, and pesticide input from agriculture and forestry, can both also affect the habitat. More locally, habitat loss can result from infrastructure development, urbanization and commercial developments. According to the European Red List of terrestrial habitats (Janssen et  al. 2017), heathlands (F4.1, F4.2) and  quaking mires (D2.3a) are assessed as Vulnerable, but the habitat spectrum  it uses is larger and includes less-threatened habitats also, especially in northern Europe.","This species would benefit from site protection and management as well as the restoration of its habitat where it has been lost. It is not considered threatened in Europe by Speight (2020). It is assessed as Least Concern in the northern European countries of Denmark (2019), Finland (2019), Norway (2015) and Sweden (2020). The most critical situation is reported for Flanders (Belgium), where it was assessed as Critically Endangered (Meerhaeghe and Grootaert 1998). In Germany it is rare with a population decline and is assessed as Vulnerable (category ""3"") (Ssymank et al. 2011). Within Germany it is assessed as Critically Endangered in Berlin (Saure 2018), Endangered in Baden-Württemberg (Doczkal et al. 2001) and Vulnerable in Saxony (Dziock at al. 1996). Research is needed on its population size, trends and distribution, as well as on its life history (especially larvae), ecology and threats. Taxonomic and population genetic studies could be important to clarify the observed variation in genitalia morphology (possible a species complex). Monitoring is required of its population and habitat trends.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"De Groot, M & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphaerophoria,potentillae,,Sphaerophoria potentillae,"Claussen, 1984",,Yes,VU,A4c,No,VU,A4c,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  This European endemic species is very rare, with only scattered records of a small  number of individuals in the northern part of central Europe, extending  eastwards to the Baltic States. Its habitats are threatened, and its population trend is decreasing in Europe and the EU 27. There has been a partly observed, partly suspected population reduction of distinctly more than 30% over a period of ten years in most of central and western Europe, and this is expected to continue as a result of the threats facing its habitats. The species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable (A4c) in Europe and the EU 27. Monitoring is urgent, as it is possible that it may be upgraded to a higher threatened status in the near future.",Decreasing,"This European endemic is distributed from Scandinavia to northern Germany, and from France to north-eastern Europe (Speight 2018, 2020). There was an erroneous record from Italy (Delmastro and Sommagio 2003) which was a misidentification of Sphaerophoria infuscata (Speight 2020).   The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category for Europe and the EU 27, but these cannot be calculated accurately because the distribution is partially based on country checklists rather than exact locality data.","This is a very rare species, with only scattered records of a small number of individuals in the northern part of central Europe extending eastwards to the Baltic States. Its population trend is decreasing in Europe and the EU 27, with Germany having large historical losses and still a negative short-term trend. It is known from only one single locality in the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009) and one for Norway. Recent records are overall scarce.","This species can be found on the edges of low-altitude raised bogs (Lagg) and seasonally flooded humid grassland (Speight 2018). Adults have been recorded visiting flowers of Apicaeae (Achillea), Potentilla erecta and Ranunculus (Speight 2018). The larvae are unknown but are presumed to be aphidophagous.","The major threats to this species are changes in hydrology, and direct or indirect airborne nutrient (nitrogen) and pollution inputs. There is nitrogen deposition in large parts of its range, well above the critical loads for its sensitive bog habitats. Often areas adjacent to its habitat are under intensive agriculture, which results in fertilizer run-off, herbicide impact and water abstraction. An additional threat is climate change, both via direct summer drought and habitat alteration due to water shortage or lowered water tables, which can result in mineralisation of the bog and increasingly eutrophic tall-herb vegetation and reed beds. According to the European Red List of terrestrial habitats (Janssen et  al. 2017), its major habitats are either Endangered (temperate and boreal  moist or wet oligotrophic grasslands [E3.5]) or Vulnerable (Raised bog [D1.1]).","There are no specific conservation measures known for this species, but it would benefit from the protection and appropriate management of its key sites and habitat. It would also benefit from restoration of deteriorated habitats. It is considered clearly threatened in Europe by Speight (2020), is assessed as Critically Endangered in Germany (category ""1"") (Ssymank et al. 2011) and Vulnerable in Denmark (2019) and the United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2015). It was assessed as Least Concern in 2015 in Norway, but there are no recent records. Research is needed on its population size, trends and distribution, as well as on its life history (especially larvae), ecology (there are only limited data on flower visiting) and threats. Monitoring of its population and habitat trends is required.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Popov, S. & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphaerophoria,rueppelli,,Sphaerophoria rueppelli,"Wiedemann, 1830",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is widespread throughout Europe and major parts of the Palaearctic region. While some of its primary habitats in large river valleys have been significantly reduced, other natural habitats such as salt grassland still exist. It can also live in many ruderal habitats and - provided enough herbaceous plants are present - even live among crops. Despite losses in the area and quality of suitable habitat, it is still present throughout its natural range and can quickly recolonize suitable areas if aphid colonies build up and there are some flowering herbaceaous plants in the vicinity. This is due to its short generation time of a few weeks, several generations per year and migratory behaviour following its larval food sources (aphid colonies). Despite population reductions, this species is not threatened because it can live in various anthropogenic habitats. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far  greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened  category for Europe and the EU 27, and the species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both regions.",Decreasing,"This species is widespread throughout Europe, from Norway south to the Canary Isles. It is known form a single locality in eastern Ireland (Speight 2008). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category for Europe and the EU 27, but these cannot be calculated accurately because the distribution is largely based on country checklists rather than exact locality data.  Outside Europe it occurs in North Africa and eastwards to Turkey, Asia, Russia, Afghanistan to China, Korea and the Russian Far East (Speight 2018). It is also present in the eastern parts of the Afrotropical region (Dirickx 1998, Ssymank et al. 2020).","This is a widely distributed species with large fluctuations in its population, and quick local establishment of new subpopulations at suitable sites with abundant aphid populations. Some decline of its population can be assumed in the past and still ongoing because this is a species that can use many arable weeds, both as adults for flower visits and as larvae if aphids are present. Modern agriculture has almost completely eliminated herbaceous plants from crops by herbicide use, and hence the total suitable habitat area has declined and with it also its population size. However, it is still present along field margins and in rural places, and its current range is not reduced. Overall, its population is considered to be declining in Europe and the EU 27.","This species occurs in a wide variety of open habitats, often with high nutrient levels such as saltmarshes, river banks of lowland rivers, irrigation ditches, dry river beds and in a number of crops (Sinapis, Brassica, Zea mays etc.), both in central Europe and in the Mediterranean. Adults visit a wide range of flowers of herbaceous plants in crops or along field margins, such as Asteraceae (Matricaria, Aster, Taraxacum), Chenopodiaceae (Chenopodium album), Brassicaceae, Polygonaceae (Polygonum aviculare, P. persicaria), but also halophytic plants such as Salsola kali (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020, Speight et al. 2018). The larvae was described by Bhatia (1939), and feeds on aphids of herbaceous plants such as Chenopodium, Brassica, Nicotiana or Sonchus (Bhatia 1939, Dusek and Laska 1974, Marcos-Garcia 1981). The generation time under laboratory conditions from egg to adult is only two weeks (Amorós-Jiménez et al. 2012) and in the field it has several generations per year.","The main threats to this species are the extreme reductions in herbaceous wild plants (weeds) on agricultural land, and the abundant use of herbicides and pesticides. Fragmentation of habitats by very large monocultures and the loss of undisturbed ruderal vegetation is also a threat.","There are no conservation actions known for this species other than sites that are partially protected. However these sites are often without specific restrictions on intensive agriculture, the main factor causing declines and fluctuations in its numbers. Protection should be more effective and its habitat should be preserved. It is not considered threatened in Europe (Speight 2020), and in many countries it has been assessed as Least Concern or Near Threatened, such as Denmark (2019), Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011), Finland (2019), Norway (2015) and Sweden (2020). Additional research should be carried out on its distribution, population size and biology. Monitoring is recommended for population and habitat trends.","The species is an important pollinator species in Mediterranean glasshouse cultures, and at the same time is used as biocontrol for aphid pests.","De Groot, M & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphaerophoria,scripta,,Sphaerophoria scripta,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This  is one of the most common and abundant species throughout Europe. It is a widespread migratory species, and despite some local population declines due to intensive agriculture, the subpopulations are still very large and there are no gaps in distribution. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far  greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened  category for Europe and the EU 27. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both regions.",Stable,"This is a widespread, migratory species throughout Europe, including Iceland and Fennoscandia south to the Mediterranean. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category for Europe and the EU 27, but these cannot be calculated accurately because its distribution is based on country checklists rather than exact locality data.  Outside Europe it occurs in Greenland, North Africa, eastwards throughout Russia, Kashmir, Nepal and to the Pacific Coast (Speight 2018).","Throughout most European countries, this is one of the most abundant and frequent species, with high local fluctuations and a very wide range of habitats used. Nevertheless, some local declines have been observed in Germany over the past 27 years, but this cannot be extrapolated to the whole of Germany and beyond. It is a highly migratory species (Gatter and Schmid 1990).","This species occurs in all kinds of open terrestrial habitats, including arable fields, humid to dry grassland from the plains to the alpine zone, clearings and margins of forests (only avoiding dense closed forest), shrub, hedgerows, heathland, garrigue vegetation, saltmarshes, but also parkland, gardens and other anthropogenic or ruderal habitats such as roadsides. Predominantly coastal at the northern edge of its range, further south it is distinctly synanthropic (Speight 2018). Adults fly in the vegetation and visit a large spectrum of flowers, in Belgium at least 139 plant species have been recorded (De Buck 1990), and for Germany over 300 species (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020). Among the flowers visited are many herbs, such as white Apiaceae (Achillea millefolium, Anthriscus sylvestris, Daucus carota etc.), many Asteraceae (e.g. Cirsium arvense, Tussilago farfara, Tripleurospermum inodorum, Leontodon, Taraxacum, Erigeron), Euphorbiaceae, Ranunculaeae, etc. Some shrubs are regularly visited, such as Crataegus and Prunus spinosa. The larvae were described by Dixon (1960) and Goeldlin de Tiefenau (1974); they are aphidophagous, feeding mainly on aphids in the herb layer and using a wide spectrum of aphid species. Several generations per year are possible, depending on the climate.","Possible threats are related mainly to reduction of available larval food (aphids) due to pesticides, weed removal and loss of field margins, or direct toxicity of biocides such as neonicotinoids.","There are no specific conservation actions needed for this species. Local population decline can be diminished by using less pesticides, and maintaining flowering field margins and landscape elements. It is not considered threatened in Europe by Speight (2020), and has been assessed as Least Concern for all available Red Lists of European countries such as Belgium (Flanders) (Meerhaeghe and Grootaert 1998), Denmark (2019), Finland (2019), Norway (2015), Sweden (2020), Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011) and United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2015). As an important species both for pollination and biocontrol, at least monitoring of population trends is recommended.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"De Groot, M & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphaerophoria,shirchan,,Sphaerophoria shirchan,"Violovitsh, 1957",,No,NT,A2c,No,NT,A2c,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  This species is considered to be decreasing in Europe by Speight (2020). It is rare with highly fragmented subpopulations in high-mountain ranges in montane to subalpine forests. Its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) maxima are above the thresholds for any threatened category, but it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Europe and the EU 27 because recent records are scarce and a population reduction of more than 20% over the last ten years is suspected. This is projected to continue as result of the impact of climate change on the habitat.",Decreasing,"This is a relatively rare central European species, distributed eastwards to Ukraine and into European Russia. Whilst the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are estimated to be large in Europe and the EU 27, they may be estimated as much smaller in the future based on increased research and understanding. Although mapped to entire countries for most of its range, it is restricted to high-mountain ranges.  Outside Europe, it occurs in Siberia and the Russian Far East, including Sakhalin and Kunashir Islands (Speight 2018).","This species is clearly decreasing in Europe by Speight (2020). It is very rare with a severely fragmented distribution, and there are only scattered records of few specimens in central European mountain ranges such as Vosges, Ardennes, the mountains in central and southern Germany, the Alps and Czech Republic at higher altitudes in the montane and subalpine zone. The population trend is uncertain, but is possibly decreasing as recent data are scarce (Speight 2020), and a population reduction of more than 20% is suspected.","This species is found in open areas (clearings, tracksides) in montane Fagus/Picea forest up to subalpine Picea forest (Speight 2020, Reemer and Branquart 2004). Flower visits have not been recorded in Europe, but are known from the Russian Far East (Tumnin region) on Potentilla fragarioides, Salix bebbiana and Taraxacum (Mutin et al. 2016). The larvae are undescribed but are presumed to be aphidophagous.","Forest management in high-mountain forests may be the major threat to this species, and a possible future threat is habitat deterioration due to climate change, especially in subalpine forests. Increased research is needed to understand the threats better. According to the European Red List of terrestrial habitats (Janssen et al. 2017), its major habitats of temperate mountain Picea and Abies woodland  (G1.3a, G1.3b) are assessed as Least Concern, or in the case of Fagus woodlands  (G1.6a) as Near Threatened, but the habitat is much more widespread than the  species: the detailed habitat requirements of this species are not well known.","There are no conservation action taking place currently for this species, but it would benefit from site protection and management. It has been assessed as Vulnerable in the Czech Republic (Farkac et al. 2005), and in Germany it is very rare and assessed as Data Deficient (Ssymank et al. 2011). Research is needed on its population size, trends and distribution, as well as on its life history (especially larvae), ecology (flower visiting) and threats. Monitoring of its population and habitat trends is required.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"De Groot, M & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.","Fisler, L & Hadrava, J.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphaerophoria,taeniata,,Sphaerophoria taeniata,"(Meigen, 1822)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is one of the most common and abundant species throughout Europe. Despite some local population declines due to intensive agriculture, the subpopulations are still very large and there are no gaps in the distribution. It is currently not Red-Listed in any European national Red List, and only in Flanders (Belgium) is it considered Near Threatened. It can occur in large numbers in suitable habitats, and has a very large  extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO), well above the thresholds for any threatened category. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 27.",Stable,"Within the European region, this is a widespread species, occurring from Fennoscandia south to central Europe, and eastwards into European Russia. It can occur in large numbers in suitable habitats, and has a very large extent of occurrence (EOO and area of occupancy (AOO), well above the thresholds for any threatened category. Despite some local declines, there are no gaps in the distribution.  Outside Europe it occurs from Siberia to the Russian Far East and the Pacific coast (Speight 2018).","There is no detailed information available on the population size of this species at a European level. In most European countries it is one of the most abundant or moderately frequent to frequent species, with high local fluctuations and occurring in a relatively wide range of habitats. The population trend overall in Europe is still more or less stable, but regionally it can be decreasing: for example, local declines of up to 60% of the local population have been observed in Germany over the past 27 years (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020), but this cannot be extrapolated to the whole of Germany and beyond. In the Netherlands, it has lost approximately half of its original distribution since 1990 (map in Reemer et al. 2009). Overall the population is stable in Europe and the EU 27.","This species exists in open areas (clearings and tracksides) in humid deciduous forest (Fagus, Quercus), scrub, forest margins and unimproved humid grassland, especially in river flood plains (Speight 2018). Adults have been recorded visiting a wide spectrum of flowers, mainly from the families Asteraceae (Eupatorium cannabinum, Sonchus arvensis, Senecio) and Apiaceae (Berula erecta, Pimpinella major, Pastinaca sativa), but also a range of low herbs with small flowers such as Galium, Circaea, Potentilla erecta, Ranunculus, Polygonum, Myosotis, Lycopus europaeus or Sedum (Speight 2018, A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020). So far, flower visits are known on more than 70 plant species (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020). Larvae were described by Kuznetsov (1988) from material reared on Rhopalosiphum padi from eggs laid by gravid females, and have also been found in aphid colonies on Phragmites (Hartmann and Duelli 1988), Cirsium (Gavrilyuk et al 2008), Picea (Kula 1980) and Spiraea (Stary 1995).","The major threats to this species are grassland intensification, nutrient loads and pesticides in agriculture, and for wet grasslands changes in hydrology with various kinds of water abstraction. Other threats are losses of habitat due to urbanization, commercial and industrial developments and (of less importance) forestry management aiming at very closed canopy and minimal open habitats inside forests. The habitat spectrum used is mostly assessed as Least Concern or Near Threatened, according to Janssen et al. (2017).","There are no specific conservation actions needed for this species. Local population declines can be diminished by using less pesticides, minimizing nutrient (especially nitrogen) inputs both direct via fertilizers and indirect via airborne nitrogen deposition, and maintaining extensive herb-rich grasslands without changes in hydrology. It is not considered threatened in Europe by Speight (2020), and is assessed as Least Concern for the majority of available country Red Lists including Denmark (2019), Finland (2019), Norway (2015), Sweden (2020), Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011) and the United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2015). For Belgium (Flanders) (Meerhaeghe and Grootaert 1998) it has been assessed as Near Threatened. Monitoring of its population and habitat trends is recommended.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Popov, S. & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphaerophoria,virgata,,Sphaerophoria virgata,"Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974",,No,NT,A2c,No,NT,A2c,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  This species is a moderately frequent species, but its habitats such as wet heathland have undergone significant losses and this implies a population decline in Europe and the EU 27. Taking the large differences in the regional situation into account, with clear reductions in area of occupancy (AOO) in northwestern Europe, and a reduction of the quality of a considerable part of its habitats, this species is assessed as Near Threatened in Europe and the EU 27. A reduction in its population of 15-20% is suspected to have occurred over the last ten years due to reduction both in quantity and quality of a major part of its habitats, especially in the lowlands.",Decreasing,"Within the European region, this species is distributed from Fennoscandia south to Spain, and from central to eastern Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category for both Europe and the EU 27, but these cannot be calculated accurately because the distribution is partially based on country checklists rather than exact locality data.  Outside Europe it can be found in the Russian Far East (Speight 2018).","From the loss of habitats both in extent and quality, a decreasing population trend of this species can be inferred. In the Netherlands, it has lost about 60% of its original distribution since 1990 (Reemer et al. 2009).","This species occurs in Molinia grassland and heath, with a preference for wet heathland, from lowlands to montane heath, and also in woodland clearings of humid forest (Fagus, Picea and Pinus). Adults have been recorded visiting the flowers of Calluna vulgaris, Potentilla erecta, yellow Asteraceae (Tussilago, Taraxacum), Apiaceae (Meum) and a wide range of various other herbaceous plants and shrubs (e.g. Prunus padus, Salix repens) (Speight 2018). The larvae are undescribed but are presumed to be aphidophagous.","The major threats to this species are intensification of humid grassland and heathland management (fertilizers and earlier mowing, or changes in pasturing systems), partially coupled with airborne nitrogen deposition above the critical loads. An important extra threat is changes in hydrology with water abstraction of surface and ground water for various purposes. Pesticides may also play an important role. Heathland habitats (F4.1) are listed as Vulnerable, and moist to wet  oligotrophic grasslands (E3.5) are listed as Endangered in the European Red List of Habitats. However, the  species also inhabits clearings in mountain Fagus, Picea and Abies woodland (G1.6b, G31a and G3.1b) which are assessed as Near Threatened or Least Concern (Janssen et. al. 2017).","There are no specific conservation measures known for this species. It is not considered threatened in Europe by Speight (2020), and has been assessed as Least Concern for most of northern Europe, in Denmark (2019), Sweden (2020) and Finland (2019), but Endangered for Flanders (Belgium) (Meerhaeghe and Grootaert 1998). In Germany at national level it was assessed as Least Concern (Ssymank et al. 2011), but within Germany as Near Threatened for Baden-Württemberg (Doczkal et al. 2001), Vulnerable for Saxony (Pellmann and Scholz 1996) and threatened to an unknown degree in Berlin (Saure 2018). In the United Kingdom it is classified as nationally scarce (Ball and Morris 2015). Research is needed on its population size, trends and distribution, as well as on its life history (especially larvae), ecology, preferred habitats and threats. Monitoring of its population and habitat trends is required.",This species is not utilised or traded.,"Popov, S. & Flinn, G.","Ssymank, A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphecomyia,vespiformis,,Sphecomyia vespiformis,"(Gorski, 1852)",,Yes,NT,A3c,No,NT,A3c,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Sphecomyia vespiformis is known in Europe from Scandinavia, Belarus, the Baltic states and European Russia. The majority of the European records are from Finland. There is a decline in the current population trend of the species for both Europe and the EU 27, and a decline in the extent of the habitat. There is a clear decline in the occurrence of the species in the main area in Scandinavia, and in the other European countries it is very rare with few recent sightings. It is predicted that this will continue with more loss of habitat, populations and extent of occurrence, to an extent where the decline in the EU 27 is nearly 30%.  Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened for the EU 27, as it is close to meeting the threshold for a threatened Category under Criterion A3c. In European Russia, it is probably more abundant, and the estimation here is that it is Least Concern for the moment.",Decreasing,"This species is found from southern Norway to northern Sweden, Finland and Russian Karelia (also Moscow region), the Baltic states, Poland and on into Siberia (Speight 2020). The main distribution of this species is the central and east Palearctic region. It was thought that the species also occurred in the Nearctic region, but Moran and Skevington (2019) showed the species does not occur there. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 4.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1.5 million km2. For the EU 27, the EOO is around 716,000 km2, and the estimated AOO is around 194,000 km2.","In Finland, there seems to be a clear decline in the subpopulations of this species, with about 15 recent localities (FinBif 2020). In Norway, the only recent sightings are from Nordland (Artsobservasjoner 2020). In Sweden, there are about 13 recent sightings from 12 localities in central Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020). In other countries, it is very rare, with only two localities known from Poland in a National Park (three old specimens and seven recent) (Zoralski et al. 2017). In European Russia, it is 'not frequent', and it is very rare in Belarus and the Baltic states. The overall current population trend is considered to be decreasing in both Europe and the EU 27. There is expected to be a decline of just over 30% over the next ten years in the EU 27.","The preferred environment of this species forests with freshwater; along rivers/streams in Betula/Pinus forest (T. Nielsen pers. comm. 2019). Copulation has been observed on the trunk of Populus tremula. Flowers visited by this species include Berberis vulgaris, Hesperis matronalis, Rubus idaeus and Sorbus aucuparia (Bartsch et al. 1998); Pimpinella saxifraga, Spirea salicifolia (Bartsch et al. 2009). Also Viburnum opulus, Spiraea sp., Lonicera, Berberis and Crataegus. (Stackelberg 1958, Violovich 1986). Forest and freshwater habitats are in decline in Europe, and also for this species the suitable habitats are declining due to human activities.    The flight period of this species is June and July.      The developmental stage are not described, but according to Bartsch (1997) probably associated with sap-runs/lesions in the trunk of Populus tremula.","The threats to this species are mostly unknown, but it will likely be affected by the usual anthropogenic activities going on in Europe, such as deforestation, logging, drainage, agriculture, urbanisation and others. That is especially the case in Scandinavia, where it has its headquarters in Europe. The environment where it lives is under threat and climate change will be a serious factor in the future.","Focus of conservation action for this species should be on preservation of the right habitat. In Poland not protected by law but it occurs in National Parks (Wigierski Park Narodowy in the Augustowska Forest and Biebrzański National Park), and so it benefits from strict protection ( Soszyński 2004). It is a threatened species in Finland (Nature Conservation Decree 14.2.1997/160, Appendix 4 19.6.2013/471), it has been previously assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in 2000 and Vulnerable (VU) in 2010, but is now considered Endangered (EN) (FinBif 2020). In Norway, it is also EN (Artsobservasjoner 2020) and in Sweden, it is VU (Artdatabanken 2020).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphegina,atrolutea,,Sphegina atrolutea,"Lucas in Thompson and Torp, 1986",,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This species is an EU27 endemic, with scattered records from the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian mountains. Only four localities are known, in which it has only been recorded in low numbers - mostly single specimens. The habitat preferences are not well known, but it is probably forested areas with streams, as inferred from other species of this genus. The habitat is threatened by agricultural and recreational pressures, and it is found in only four locations, based on threats of logging, tourism development, and the impacts of dam building. The area of occupancy (AOO) is between 16 and 64 km2, and the species is classified as Endangered.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe. It was described from the Cantabrian mountains in Spain (Thompson and Torp 1986), and has also been found in the French Pyrenees (Speight et al. 2018). It is also recorded from Romania (Stănescu and Pârvu 2005), but this record needs confirmation as it lies far from the other known range. For now, it is assumed to be a misidentification (J. van Steenis pers. comm. 2020), and is therefore not taken into account in this assessment. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 9,570 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) ranges between 16 and 64 km2.","The description is based on two males and one female collected in July 1972, and one additional record from France (Thompson and Torp 1986, Speight et al. 2018). Other exact record data were not available, but a department-level distribution map of France recorded it from two departments, namely Pyrenees-Orientales and Hautes-Pyrenees (Speight et al. 2018). Based on this information, the species has been found in four localities, three of which are along the northern part of the Pyrenees and the fourth in the Cantabrian mountains. The population trend is unknown.","Adults have been observed flying along small streams in mid-elevational beech (Fagus spp.) forests and visiting white umbellifers. They have also been recorded visiting hawthorn (Crataegus spp.). They are found along the same small streams outside the forest, indicating that they could be dispersing along streams to other suitable habitats (Thompson and Torp 1986).      The larval habitat is inferred from the other species within this genus, and is probably decaying or dead trees with accumulations of sap under the bark or sap-runs on live trees. The dead logs need to be in humid places, notably in or along streams in dense deciduous, mixed or coniferous forests (Speight 2020).","The larval habitat is most vulnerable to threats caused by extensive logging, resulting in clear-cut areas. Other threats are the increased tourism leading to building roads, hotels and ski facilities, possibly decreasing the area of occupancy (AOO). Changes in hydrology due to dams or increased stream drainage will influence the quality of the habitat, posing a threat to the size of each subpopulations. Climate change may have a similar negative impact on hydrology.","No conservation actions are in place for this species. Research, surveying, and monitoring are needed to understand its ecology and current population, as well as the potential threats. Some conservation actions are proposed, such as land and water protection and creating restoration plans. In addition, raising awareness about this species would be also important.",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphegina,clavata,,Sphegina clavata,"(Scopoli, 1763)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a widespread European endemic with scattered records throughout its range. It occurs in alluvial forest habitats. Some of this habitat is threatened at European level, but the specific requirements of the species are not known. It is therefore not possible to conclude that the specific habitat (and with that also the species) is threatened. On the national Red List of Germany, it is listed as Least Concern (Ssymank et al. 2011). The area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are also considered to be large, meaning this species is listed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU27.",Unknown,"This is a widespread European species, extending from the Netherlands and Germany in the north-west, to the Spanish Pyrenees in the south, and to Moldova in the east (Thompson and Torp 1986, Brădescu 1991, Maibach et al. 1992, Dirickx 1994, Vujić et al. 1997, Stănescu and Pârvu 2005, de Groot and Govedić 2008, Heimburg 2018, Speight et al. 2018, Vujić et al. 2020). Exact locality data are not always available for this species, so calculating the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) was difficult. But the AOO and EOO were considered to be large enough for this species not to be threatened.","This species is mostly found in low numbers together with other species of the genus (Vujić 1990, van Steenis et al. 2013, van Steenis et al. 2015). It is possible that it is overlooked in the field, but it seems likely that it has low population densities throughout its range (Vujić 1990, Krpač et al. 2011, van Steenis et al. 2015). The population trend is unknown.","This species is found in alluvial deciduous forests such as humid Fagus forests and Alnus-Populus forests. It is found close to rivers and streams in the semi-shade, often visiting flowers of white Apiaceae such as Chaerophyllum temulum, and also Viburnum opulus (van Steenis et al. 2015, Speight 2020). Sometimes the species is hard to find among more numerous co-occuring other Sphegina species (Verlinden 1991, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020).","The alluvial forests of Europe are threatened by human activity and thus the habitat of this species could be threatened. However, the exact habitat preferences are not known for this species, and since not all alluvial forest types are threatened, it is not sure whether this species will be threatened.","No conservation actions are in place for this species. It has several common names (Bot and van de Meutter 2019, Röder 1990, Tóth 2017), which could help to engage with the public and taking conservation actions on a national level. Monitoring the population trends is also important.",This species is not utilised.,"Popov, S. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphegina,clunipes,,Sphegina clunipes,"(Fallén, 1816)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species occurs in almost all European countries and is also known throughout the Palaearctic region. Many records are known all over the range of occurrence. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category. No trends are known, and because its habitat is not fully understood, there could be a decline or even an increase. In Germany, it is listed as Least Concern (Ssymank et al. 2011). The intensification of agriculture and especially the use of pesticides could pose a great threat. As these effects are not studied, and the species is widespread and occurs in many forested habitats, the species is regarded as Least Concern for both the EU and Europe.",Unknown,"This is a widespread species in the Palaearctic region and in Europe. It is distributed from Scandinavia in the north, south to Spain and southern Italy, and from Ireland eastwards into the European part of Russia (van der Goot 1981, Thompson and Torp 1986, Vujić 1990, Brădescu 1991, Maibach et al. 1992, Kuznetsov 1993, Dirickx 1994, Nielsen 1999, Stănescu and Pârvu 2005, de Groot and Govedić 2008, Ball et al. 2011, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017, Heimburg 2018, Speight et al. 2018, Vujić et al. 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.  The records from Japan and Korea could refer to other species (J. van Steenis pers. comm.2020), and they need to be clarified.","This species is often seen in great numbers (van Steenis et al. 2013). However, in many instances, there are only very few individuals found at one locality. It seems that it has a preferred habitat in which population densities are high. In less favourable habitats, the number of specimens can be very low indicating a large dispersal range (Speight and Lucas 1992, Popov 1997, Pestov et al. 2010; Tóth 2011, 2014; Borodin and Borodina 2014. The population trend is unknown.","This species is found in broadleaved and mixed humid forests with tree trunks in wet condition and decaying trees with wet accumulations of sap. It is also found in city parks with old scenescent trees. Adults visit flowers of a wide range of herbs, such as Apiaceae, Ranunculaceae and also tall shrubs like Crataegus and Prunus, often in shady conditions close to water (but it has also been found in humid places without open water). The larval habitat is sap-runs on deciduous trees and sappy accumulations in tree trunks of deciduous and coniferous trees in wet conditions (Verlinden 1991, Torp 1994, Bartsch et al. 2009, Reemer et al. 2009, Krivosheina 2018, Speight 2020).","Ongoing forest decline of mainly humid, broadleaved forests pose a threat to this species. Furthermore, the use of pesticides will have a negative impact on this species as its larvae are dependent on clean water in which tree trunks are lying. It is not well known if its main habitat is directly affected by these threats and so it is not possible to conclude the threat status of this species.","No conservation actions are in place for this species. It has several common names (Bartsch et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Haarto and Kerppola 2007, Nielsen and Gammelmo 2017, Röder 1990, Torp 1994, Tóth 2017) which could help to engage with the public and taking conservation actions on a national level. Monitoring the population trends would be also important.",The species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphegina,cornifera,,Sphegina cornifera,"Becker, 1921",,Yes,NT,B2ab(iii),No,NT,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU27 Regional Assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  This is a European alpine endemic with a wide range of occurrence. On the national Red List of Germany, it is listed as Least Concern (Ssymank et al. 2011). Its specific habitat is highly threatened by human activities, such as the canalisation of streams and rivers, and drainage of grasslands for cattle grazing. Furthermore, dam building and ski slopes pose a threat. As it has very specific habitat requirements and a narrow altitudinal range from 1,000 to 2,000 metres, it is suspected that the distribution could become severely fragmented. The inferred area of occupancy (AOO) is between 1,000 (EU27) to 3,000 km2 (Europe). In addition, its habitat quality is declining, and it is possibly severely fragmented or could become severely fragmented soon. Therefore, this species is classified as Near Threatened in Europe. The exact extent of occurrence (EOO) and AOO will need to be clarified in the near future, and regular monitoring is strongly advised as the species could become threatened very soon.",Unknown,"This species is only known from Europe and is considered an Alpine endemic (Heimburg 2018, Speight et al. 2018). There is one stray record from Romania (Stănescu and Pârvu 2005) which needs verification (J. van Steenis pers. comm 2021). As it is not verified, this record has not been taken into account in this assessment. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 347,205 km2, but the true EOO will possibly be smaller due to the specific habitat requirements of alpine coniferous forests with small streams at an elevation between 1,000 and 2,000 metres. The area of occupancy (AOO) is inferred to be around 3,000 km2 for Europe and slightly smaller for EU27.","This is a rare species, of which only a few specimens have been collected at the same locality. It is unknown if the subpopulations are stable through time (Thompson and Torp 1986, Speight and Lucas 1992, Maibach et al. 1992).","This species inhabits alpine coniferous forests with streams and other wet situations up to alpine grassland at 2000 metres. The adults fly in shaded conditions along streams. In alpine grasslands, these streams also need to be shaded by trees. The larval habitat is not known but assumed to be water-logged tree trunks with wet sappy decay. The specific habitat needs of this species and its altitudinal range (streams in coniferous forest from 1,000 metres to 2,000 metres) (Thompson and Torp 1986, Speight and Lucas 1992, Speight 2020) mean that the habitat of this species is quite fragmented.","This species is threatened by many human activities which are causing a decline of wet forested areas. The threats mostly come from the agricultural practice of draining grasslands for cattle grazing. Dam building has reduced the amount of suitable habitats in the past, and is likely to continue in the future too. Land use for human leisure and especially winter sports (for instance skiing) will further decrease the amount of suitable habitat. Climate change may also cause decline of habitat quality, because it could shift upwards too quickly in the mountains.",No conservation actions are in place for this species. Research and monitoring are needed to understand its ecology and population trends. Raising awareness about this species is also important.,This species is not traded or utilised otherwise.,"Popov, S. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphegina,elegans,,Sphegina elegans,"Schummel, 1843",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a widespread European species with a slightly patchy distribution. Although its habitats seem to be threatened and are declining, the area of occupancy (AOO) as well as the number of locations are still likely to be large. In addition, there is no sign of severe fragmentation. This qualifies the species to be Least Concern.",Unknown,"This is a widespread central European species, occurring from the southern parts of Norway, Sweden and Finland south to northern Portugal, and from Ireland to European Russia in the east and Samos Island in the south-east (van der Goot 1981, Thompson and Torp 1986, Vujić 1990, Brădescu 1991, Maibach et al. 1992, Speight and Lucas 1992, Kuznetsov 1993, Dirickx 1994, Vujić et al. 1997, Nielsen 1999, Stănescu and Pârvu, 2005, de Groot and Govedić 2008, Ball et al. 2011, Krpač et al. 2011, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017, Heimburg 2018, Speight et al. 2018, Vujić et al. 2020). The records of this species in east Turkey and the Caucasus are most likely all to belong to Sphegina alaoglui Hayat, 1997 (see Hayat 1997 and Mengual et al. 2020). Sphegina elegans is, therefore, probably a European endemic. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.","Nothing is known about the population size of this species. It is often found in rather high densities and in many consecutive years at the same locality (Popov 1994, Tóth 2011, 2014, Borodin and Borodina 2014).","This species occurs in humid broadleaved forests with streams. It is a lowland species found up to 1,000 metres asl. The adults fly in shady conditions close to streams, and visit a wide range of flowers, for instance white umbellifers such as Chaerophyllum temulum, Crataegus, Ranunculus, Sanicula, Stachys, Valeriana and Viburnum opulus (Verlinden 1991, Torp 1994, Bartsch et al. 2009, Reemer et al. 2009, van Steenis et al. 2013, van Steenis et al. 2015, Speight 2020). Larvae have been found in tree trunks partly submerged in streams, having sappy decay under the bark of deciduous trees such as Alnus, Fagus and Populus (Torp 1994, Reemer et al. 2009, van Eck 2016, Krivosheina 2018).","The main threats are to its habitat, which consists of deciduous forests with streams and old tree trunks partly submerged in the water. This lowland habitat is severely threatened by human agriculture due to logging and drainage, and is under pressure due to the use of fertilisers and pesticides. Other threats are forest management including drainage, logging and clearing of old and dead trees.","No conservation actions are in place for this species. It has several common names (Bartsch et al. 2009, Bot and van de Meutter 2019, Haarto and Kerppola 2007, Nielsen and Gammelmo 2017, Röder 1990, Torp 1994, Tóth 2017) which could help to engage with the public and in taking conservation actions on a national level. Monitoring the population would be also important. On the national Red List of Germany it is listed as Least Concern (Ssymank et al. 2011).",Not used or traded for any human purposes.,"Popov, S. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphegina,latifrons,,Sphegina latifrons,"Egger, 1865",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is a widespread central European mountain endemic, occurring in most of the unspoiled forest streams throughout its range. It is found in great numbers at the same locality throughout many consecutive years. Although its habitat seems to be declining, the range and the relative large subpopulation sizes are unlikely to fall within any of the threatened categories. It is, therefore, classified (as in Germany; Ssymank et al. 2011), as Least Concern.",Stable,"This is a central European species of the mountains. It is distributed from Poland in the north to Italy in the south, and from the French Alps in the west to Moldova in the east (Thompson and Torp 1986, Vujić 1990, Maibach et al. 1992, Dirickx 1994, Stănescu and Pârvu 2005, de Groot and Govedić 2008, Heimburg 2018, Speight et al. 2018, Vujić et al. 2020). In addition, this species has been recorded from the Cantabrian mountains in Spain (Ricarte and Macros-García 2017), but it is possible that this record is of the similar Sphegina varifacies (Jeroen van Steenis pers. comm. 2021). Exact locality data are not always available, so calculating the area of occupancy (AOO) was difficult. The AOO and also the extent of occurrence (EOO) were considered to be large enough for this species not to be threatened. This species is endemic to Europe.","Nothing is known about the population size of this species. However, it is often found in great numbers together over periods of several years, and it is assumed that it forms stable subpopulations over time (Brădescu 1991, Vujić et al. 1997, Tóth, 2011, 2014).","This species occurs in humid deciduous and coniferous forests with streams, and also along streams in grassland with tree corridors along the stream. The adults fly in the shade and visit a wide variety of flowers, such as white umbellifers (e.g. Chaerophyllum) and Caltha palustris (Speight 2020). The larvae live in partly submerged tree logs with sappy decay under the bark, and in the bast of trunks of deciduous trees (Krivosheina 2018). The males are often found patrolling these logs (van Steenis et al. 2013).","The main threats to this species are forestry activities, agricultural intensification and increased pressure from human leisure activities. The forest activities and agricultural intensification will lead to drainage of streams and grasslands, logging and clearing of old trees, eutrophication and to an increased use of pesticides as well. These will mostly have an impact on the larval habitat, decreasing the absolute number of suitable fallen logs and probably their quality too.","No conservation actions are in place for this species. It has several common names (Röder 1990, Tóth, 2017), which could help in engaging with the public and taking conservation actions on a national level. Monitoring the population and habitat trends would be also important.",The species is not utilised.,"Popov, S. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphegina,limbipennis,,Sphegina limbipennis,"Strobl, 1909",,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This is an EU27 endemic. Although the number of locations is 19 (based on the decline of the habitat quality as the main threat), which is above the threshold for threatened categories, it has a severely fragmented occurrence around the Pyrenees and in Armorica (France). The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be at most 194 km2 and the habitat quality is declining due to the ongoing pressures of climate change, extension and intensification of agriculture and water abstraction. Therefore, the species is assessed as Endangered.",Unknown,"This species is known from widely separated localities in southern France, throughout Spain and in the northern part of Portugal (Dirickx 1994, van Eck 2011, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017, Speight et al. 2018). Recently it was found throughout Armorica (France), expanding its range tremendously (Cavailles et al. 2019). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than the threshold for the threatened categories, and the area of occupancy (AOO) ranges between 16 and 196 km2.","Nothing is known about population sizes or trends, but it seems to be a very rare species, occurring in very low densities. No records are known from the same locality in different years, so it seems that the population density fluctuates over the years. In Armorica, it is widespread and sometimes collected with several individuals at the same time, and so seemingly has a flourishing subpopulation (Cavailles et al. 2019). This species is considered to be severely fragmented as it is collected in very low numbers in small habitats at the other locations, so it is unlikely that these subpopulations are viable.","The species is collected in humid broadleaved forests with small streams and with senescent trees and logs in humid conditions. It is also known from a garden pool. The adults are encountered in shady conditions close to the streams, flying low among the vegetation or visiting flowers such as Anthriscus sylvestris, Euphorbia, Ficaria and Sambucus (Thompson and Torp 1986, Cavailles et al. 2019, Speight 2020). The larval habitat is unknown but, as for the other species of Sphegina, they probably live in sappy decay in partly submerged logs or sap-flows on live trees.","Climate change will give rise to warmer and drier summers, and thus will lead to the degradation of the humid streamside forests on the Iberian Peninsula. Furthermore, extension and intensification of agriculture will have a negative impact on the quality and also on the area of suitable habitats. Water abstraction, pollution and human recreational activities can also negatively impact this species during its larval phase.","No conservation actions are in place for this species. Research and monitoring are needed to understand its ecology and population trends better. Conservation should be focused on reversing the intensification of agriculture, reducing pollution, and on enhancing habitat protection and restoration measurements. Raising awareness about this species would be also important.",This species is not utilised by humans.,"Popov, S. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphegina,montana,,Sphegina montana,"Becker, 1921",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a widespread boreo-montane species with many records throughout its range. It is known from many countries in the EU, as well as throughout Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and in the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category. Its occurrence outside Europe will possibly ensure a continuous influx of specimens, ensuring stable populations in Europe. Although the boreo-alpine forests are threatened, as in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011) this species is regarded as Least Concern in Europe.",Unknown,"This is a boreo-montane species with a wide distribution from Belgium to European Russia, and from northern Norway to Italy (Thompson and Torp 1986, Vujić 1990, Brădescu 1991, Maibach et al. 1992, Dirickx 1994, Stănescu and Pârvu 2005, de Groot and Govedić 2008, Heimburg 2018, Speight et al. 2018, Vujić et al. 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.  Outside Europe, it is also known from the east Palaearctic region in the Altai, Siberia and Russian Far East, and also Japan.","Nothing is known about population size or trend of this species. It is found in rather low numbers at each collecting site, and can be collected over several years at the same sites (Speight and Lucas 1992, Tóth 2011, Mutin et al. 2016).","This is a boreo-montane species, found in mixed deciduous-coniferous humid forests with streams. It is also found in coniferous peat forests and boreal pine forests, where it has been seen visiting flowers of yellow composites, white umbellifers, Fragaria, Ranunculus and Swida alba (Thompson and Torp 1986, Haarto and Kerppola 2007, van Steenis et al. 2013, Mutin et al. 2016, Speight 2020). The larval habitat consists of sappy decay under barks, or in the bast of tree trunks of larch (Krivosheina 2018).","The boreo-alpine mixed forests and peat-bog forests are under pressure from human activities, such as drainage for agriculture and forestry. In addition, the intensified logging and use of fertilisers and pesticides will decrease the quality of the habitat.","No conservation actions are in place for this species. Research and monitoring are needed to understand its taxonomy and ecology and population trends. The species has several common names (Bartsch et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Haarto and Kerppola 2007, Nielsen and Gammelmo 2017, Röder 1990), which could help in engaging with the public and taking conservation actions on a national level.",The species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphegina,obscurifacies,,Sphegina obscurifacies,"Stackelberg, 1956",,No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",No,CR,"B2ab(ii,iii)",EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)   This is a very rarely collected boreal species. The European sightings are possibly at the western edge of its distributional range. Based on the few records, low area of occupancy (AOO) (between 20 and 200 km2), few locations (five based on logging as the main threat), and the ongoing decline in quality of the habitat, it can be categorised as Endangered. It is more likely this species has a much larger AOO and number of locations than currently known, but we consider that it would still fall within the Endangered category for Europe. It is unknown if the European population is in contact with the rest of the world population, but migration from outside of Europe seems unlikely, and therefore the threat category is not downgraded. This means that the species should be listed as Endangered in Europe.    In the EU27, it is categorised as Critically Endangered because it is severely fragmented, the area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km2 and there is a continuous decline in its habitat quality and extent.",Unknown,"This species is recorded from Latvia and Lithuania and has some widely scattered records from European Russia. It was recorded as Sphegina claviventris in Europe, but Mutin (2001) pointed out that the real S. claviventris is an east Palaearctic species and that the European specimens belong to Sphegina obscurifacies. In Europe, the extent of occurrence is estimated to be 906,358 km2, and the area of occupancy ranges between 20 and 200 km2. In the EU27, the EOO could not be calculated because there are only two known locations; the AOO is 8 km2.  Outside of Europe, it is known from Siberia and Korea.","The three Russian records are all based on single individuals, indicating very low population densities (Thompson and Torp 1986, Pestov and Dolgin 2006, Pestov et al. 2010). In the Russian Far East, it can be found in greater numbers at the same locality and over periods of several years (Mutin 2001, Mutin et al. 2016). It is possible that the European population is at the western boundary of its distributional range, and therefore exists in low numbers in widely scattered sites. In the Baltic states, the population is potentially declining (Kuznetsov 1993). The overall population trend is unknown.","This is a species of the coniferous taiga forest in Russia, and its larvae are found in decayed cambium of trunks and branches of Alnobetula hirsuta and Betula platyphylla that have fallen in the water of forest streams. Several larvae are found close together (Sivova and Mutin 2000). Very little is known about its European habitat (Speight 2020).","No direct threats to this species are known. However, its habitat is under possible threat due to deforestation and climate change, causing a decline in the area of occupancy (AOO) and a shift of the habitats northwards.","No conservation actions are in place for this species. Research and monitoring are needed to understand its ecology, population and habitat trends better. Protecting its habitats as well as increasing awareness about this species are very important.",The species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphegina,platychira,,Sphegina platychira,"Szilády, 1937",,Yes,NT,"B2ab(ii,iii)",No,NT,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  This European-endemic species is an Alpine specialist with a restricted habitat preference, and thus it could qualify for one of the threatened categories. As there are many records from widespread localities, the area of occupancy (AOO) and number of locations are large. Nothing is known about its population size. Based on the distributional pattern and its altitudinal preference, it can be argued this species close to become severely fragmented in the near future, and its AOO and habitat quality are continuously declining. The criteria for the AOO could be met if its narrow habitat preference is taken into account (which in this case is inferred to be between 2,000 and 3,000 km2 in Europe and 2,000 km2 in the EU27 countries). Based on this information, the species is classified as Near Threatened at European and EU27 level, but is very close to the Vulnerable category. More monitoring and research is strongly advised to see if it becomes threatened in the very near future.",Unknown,"This is a mountain species of central and eastern Europe, found in the Vosges and Massif Central (France), Schwarzwald and Allgauer Alps (Germany) and throughout the Alps (Switzerland, Austria and Italy). It is also present in Slovenia, Romania and Ukraine (Maibach et al. 1992, Dirickx 1994, Stănescu and Pârvu 2005, Heimburg 2018, Speight et al. 2018). It is widespread, but has a restricted habitat and altitudinal preferences. Based on the number of localities where it has been collected, the area of occupancy (AOO) will be between 2,000 and 3,000 km2 in Europe, and around 2,000 km2 in the EU27 countries.","This species is most often found in low numbers, and it is not known if it can be found at the same locality several years in a row (Brădescu 1991). The population trend is unknown.","The habitat consists of humid coniferous forests with streams (Thompson and Torp 1986). The adults are found in humid alpine meadows, visiting flowers of Caltha palustris and Sorbus aucuparia (Speight 2020). The larval habitat is unknown, but is probably tree trunks with sappy decay, partly submerged in streams and pools (Speight 2020).","The main threats to this species are agricultural intensification and forestry. These cause drainage of alpine meadows and forest streams, and an increased eutrophication and pesticide use. Forestry also causes a decrease in senescent trees and dead wood, and also affects forest streams negatively. Building of dams can destroy the entire habitat, and building of ski-slopes or other human leisure facilities can also negatively affect the species. Climate change will also have a negative impact.","No conservation actions are in place for this species, but habitat protection and restoration are recommended. It has a common name (Röder 1990), which could help to engage with the public and taking conservation actions on a national level. Research and monitoring are needed to understand its potential threats, ecology, population and habitat trends.",The species is not traded or used.,"Popov, S. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphegina,sibirica,,Sphegina sibirica,"Stackelberg, 1953",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species has increased its range during the last few decades, and is still expanding without any indication of any decrease in its former areas. It is widespread throughout Europe, and is still common in its original area of occurrence in Siberia, meaning that the species is possibly not vulnerable to any existing threat as of now. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category. Thus just as in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011), the species classified as Least Concern in both the EU and Europe as a whole.",Stable,"This is a widespread species, known from northern Fennoscandinavia to central France, and from Ireland eastwards to European Russia and further to Japan (van der Goot 1981, Thompson and Torp 1986, Vujić 1990, Brădescu 1991, Verlinden 1991, Speight and Lucas 1992, Kuznetsov 1993, Dirickx 1994, Nielsen 1999, Stănescu and Pârvu 2005, Pestov and Dolgin 2006, de Groot and Govedić 2008, Pestov et al. 2010, Ball et al. 2011, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017, Heimburg 2018, Speight et al. 2018, Vujić et al. 2020). It is probably a species that has extended its range enormously from Siberia into Europe, and is still spreading. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.","This species can be found in huge numbers in suitable habitats, but also far away from seemingly suitable habitats. In the latter case, the number of individuals is always low. It seems that it has great dispersal capacities and can have large flourishing populations (Reemer et al. 2009, Tóth 2011, Speight 2020).","This species is predominantly dependent on Pinus forests, but is also found far away from its main habitat. The larvae have not been described, but females have been seen near pine logs in different conditions, from water-submerged logs to heaps of timber in full sunlight. The adults can be found in humid forests in semi-shade, or even in full sunlight, visiting flowers, most notably white Apiaceae (Bartsch et al. 2009, Reemer et al. 2009, van Steenis et al. 2013, Speight 2020).","Due to its recent expansion, it is unknown or even unlikely that there are major threats to this species. The only possible threats are the ceasing of maintaining pine plantations or the intensification of pesticide use.","No conservation actions are in place for this species. It has several common names (Bartsch et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Haarto and Kerppola 2007, Nielsen and Gammelmo 2017, Röder 1990, Tóth 2017) which could help to engage with the public and taking conservation actions on a national level. Monitoring the population trends would be also important.",This species is not used.,"Popov, S. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphegina,spheginea,,Sphegina spheginea,"(Zetterstedt, 1838)",,No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii)",No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii)",EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT°) EU27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT°)  This  boreo-alpine species has a wide but severely fragmented distribution. Furthermore, it seems to have a small area of occupancy (AOO), ranging between 500 and 2,000 km2 in Europe and  between 500 and 1,300 km2 in the EU27 countries, and there is a continuing decline in the area of occupancy and quality of habitats. Based on these observations, the species is classified as Vulnerable both in Europe and in the EU27 countries. However, there is considered to be significant potential for a rescue effect from subpopulations out of the European region, hence, the assessment for the both the EU27 Member States and for Europe is revised to Near Threatened (NT°).",Unknown,"This is a boreo-alpine species with a scattered distribution in central Europe, and a more even distribution in the northern parts of Sweden, Finland and European Russia. It also spreads eastwards into Russia, Mongolia and the Russian Far East (Thompson and Torp 1986, Brădescu 1991, Dirickx 1994, Nielsen 1999, Stănescu and Pârvu 2005, Heimburg 2018, Speight et al. 2018). The species is possibly extinct in some parts of Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011). It has a large extent of occurrence (EOO), but based on the inferred number of locations and its restricted habitat preferences, the area of occupancy (AOO) would be between 800 and 2,000 km2. The AOO for EU27 is estimated to be two-thirds of the European AOO, with a range of 500-1,300 km2.","In Europe, this species is mostly found in very low numbers, and it is not known if it can be found over several years at the same locality (Maibach et al. 1992, Pestov and Dolgin 2006). The population trend is unknown.","This is a boreo-alpine species, found in coniferous taiga forests and also in humid Fagus forests with streams, pools and bogs. The adults are found in shady conditions along streams and humid vegetation, feeding on a wide variety of flowers such as Caltha, Potentilla erecta and Rubus chamaemorus (Bartsch et al. 2009, Speight 2020).","The forest habitat of this species is threatened by the intensification of forestry and agriculture, and is negatively influenced by logging, drainage and pollution by pesticides and eutrophication. Other human impacts are extension of leisure activities such as building ski-slopes and dams. Furthermore, agricultural pollution and climate change will have a negative impact on its future survival.","No conservation actions are in place for this species, but urgent habitat protection and restoration are needed, as well as the de-intensification of agriculture. It has several common names (Bartsch et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Haarto and Kerppola 2007, Nielsen and Gammelmo 2017, Röder 1990), which could help in engaging with the public and taking conservation actions on a national level. Research and monitoring are needed to understand the potential  threats, ecology, population and habitat  trends. It is classified as Endangered on the national Red List of Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011).",The species is not used by humans.,"Popov, S. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphegina,sublatifrons,,Sphegina sublatifrons,"Vujić, 1990",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",No,CR,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)  This species is a very rare Balkan endemic, with only one large population on a mountain area of about 40 km2. It has a specific habitat, and very narrow altitudinal range, making it very vulnerable to any threats to its habitat. Its inferred area of occupancy (AOO) is below 500 km2, and it is declining continuously together with the extent and quality of its habitat. There is also a possible decline in its subpopulations, especially on Mount Kopaonic. Its abundance in the other areas is not well known but is seemingly very low, especially in Serbia where several surveys have been conducted, and only on Mount Kopaonic was the species found on all occasions. As there are six rather widely scattered localities where it has been found, and only one of those has a seemingly stable population, it is classified as severely fragmented. The AOO is estimated to be between 80 and 400 km2. Therefore, the species is assessed as Endangered in Europe.  In the EU27, it is only known from two localities making an AOO of 8 km2, the distribution is severely fragmented and its habitat is deteriorating. It is very unlikely that the EU27 will have an influx of specimens from other European countries, as the subpopulations are far apart with little suitable habitat in between. Therefore, the species is classified as Critically Endangered in the EU27 countries.",Decreasing,"This is a very rare European endemic. It is only known from six localities in Greece, North Macedonia, Romania and Serbia (Dirickx 1994, Stănescu and Pârvu 2005). The only site with large subpopulations is on Mount Kopaonic (Vujić 1990, van Steenis et al. 2015, Vujić et al. 2020). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is larger than the threshold for the threatened categories, and the area of occupancy (AOO) ranges between 80 and 400 km2. In the EU27, the species potentially has a highly restricted EOO, but with only two georeferenced locality records, it can not be estimated. The AOO is considered to be 8 km2.","On Mount Kopaonic, this species is found in great numbers together with Sphegina latifrons, and can be found over many consecutive years. Some of its former localities have now been destroyed by the building of ski slopes, which probably caused a decline in its subpopulations. The other records are mostly a few to only single specimens in each locality not repeated in subsequent years (Krpač et al. 2011). It seems that Mount Kopaonic is its main area (Vujić 1990, van Steenis et al. 2015).","This species is found in humid alpine coniferous forests with streams and old-growth trees, at an altitude of 1,200 to 1,800 metres. The adults fly close to streams in shaded conditions, mainly feeding on Caltha palustris growing in the streams or close to springs (Vujić 1990, van Steenis et al. 2015). The larval stages are unknown, but it is presumed that they live in submerged logs with sappy decay.","The main threat is human leisure activities, particularly winter sports. The building of ski-slopes are causing forest loss, drainage of springs and streams, and pollution from ski-wax and other human waste. The type locality is now lost because of such infrastructure development and tourism. In addition, other kinds of pollution caused by human activities and climate change also pose a threat to this species.","This species is strictly protected in Serbia (Vujić et al. 2001). Area and habitat protection, management and restoration are recommended as well as raising awareness about this species. Research and monitoring are needed to understand the potential   threats, ecology, and population and habitat   trends.",This species is not traded or used in any other way.,"Popov, S. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphegina,varifacies,,Sphegina varifacies,"Kassebeer, 1991",,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iiii),EU27-2020,,"This is an EU27 endemic with a small area of occupancy (AOO), ranging between 24 and 96 km2, and only a few widespread locations (five or six, based on forestry degradation as the main threat). Its area of occupancy and quality of the habitat is declining due to ongoing threats such as intensified forestry and water management. Its distribution is severely fragmented as most of its individuals are found in small and relatively isolated subpopulations. Therefore, the species is assessed as Endangered.",Unknown,"This species is only known from a few localities in France (in the Massif Central) and Spain (in the Pyrenees) (Kassebeer 1991, Speight et al. 2018). There is also possibly one record from the Cantabrian mountains (J. van Steenis pers. comm. 2021) listed as Sphegina latifrons in Ricarte and Marcos-García (2017): this record needs to be clarified. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 75,850 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) ranges between 24 and 96 km2.",This species is found in good numbers at each of its collecting sites. Nothing is known about whether it has been found at the same localities over consecutive years. The species is considered to be severely fragmented as most of its individuals are found in small and relatively isolated subpopulations.,"This species was found near springs and streams in broadleaved Fagus forest at an altitude of 1,200 to 2,000 metres. The adults fly in shady conditions along streams and springs, and feed on yellow Ranunculaceae such as Caltha and Ranunculus (Kassebeer 2001, Speight 2020).","Forestry (especially cutting timber) and pollution will have a considerable negative impact on this species, together with human recreational activities and agricultural use of pesticides. Climate change will give rise to warmer and drier summers, and thus will lead to degradation of humid streamside forests on the Iberian Peninsula. Furthermore, extension and intensification of agriculture will have a negative impact on the quality and also on the area of suitable habitat.","No conservation actions are in place for this species, but managing agricultural pollution and habitat protection and restoration are recommended.  Research and monitoring are needed to understand the potential   threats, and its ecology, population and habitat   trends. Raising awareness is also important.",The species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphegina,verecunda,,Sphegina verecunda,"Collin, 1937",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a widespread species found in many localities. It can be found in various kinds of deciduous forests with streams and brooks, and has no obvious significant threats to its habitat. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category. Therefore, as in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011), it is classified as Least Concern in Europe.",Stable,"This species is distributed in western and central Europe, from Denmark in the north to France in the south, and from Great Britain in the west to European Russia in the east (Thompson and Torp 1986, Vujić 1990, Maibach et al. 1992, Speight and Lucas 1992, Popov 1994, Stănescu and Pârvu, 2005, de Groot and Govedić 2008, Pestov et al. 2010, Ball et al. 2011, Borodin and Borodina 2014, Speight et al. 2018, Vujić et al. 2020). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.  It is also known from the Caucasus (Mengual et al. 2020).","This species is often found as several specimens from the same locality and over several years in a row (Verlinden 1991, Torp 1994, Vujić et al. 1997, Bartsch et al. 2009, Reemer et al. 2009; Tóth, 2011, 2014; van Steenis et al. 2015). The population trend is stable.","This species can be found in various kinds of deciduous forests with streams and brooks. The adults fly in shady conditions along streams, forest edges and brooks, feeding predominantly on white Apiaceae (Torp 1994, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020). The larvae are found in submerged logs with sappy decay, or in sap-runs on old senescent trees (van Eck 2016).","The main threats are intensification of agriculture and forestry leading to logging, drainage of streams and pollution by pesticides and eutrophication.","No conservation actions are in place for this species. It has several common names (Bartsch et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Röder 1990, Torp 1994, Tóth 2017), which could help in engaging with the public and taking conservation actions on a national level. Monitoring its population and habitat trends would be also important.",The species is not utilised.,"Popov, S. & Varga, Z.","van Steenis, J., van Steenis, W. & van der Ent, L.-J.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphiximorpha,euprosopa,,Sphiximorpha euprosopa,"(Loew, 1869)",,No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  This saproxylic forest species is found on the Greek island of Lesvos and Dadia National Park on mainland Greece. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 14 and 20 km2 and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 3950 km2. Based on fire as the major threat, it is judged to occur at no more than five locations, more likely to be between two and five. There is continuous decline of habitat quality in both Lesvos and mainland Greece due primarily to forest fires and road construction, and restoration is limited because of overgrazing of the regenerating forest by livestock. The subpopulations are known to be declining in Lesvos, but may also be declining in mainland Greece. Due to all this information, the species is categorised as Endangered in both Europe and EU27. Habitat protection and better habitat management are recommended, as well as research and monitoring to improve our understanding of the species and its population.",Decreasing,"Within the European region, this species is known from north-eastern Greece (Dadia National Park and surrounding areas) and Lesvos island (Sikaminea and Mystegna) (Vujić et al. 2020). The area of occupancy (AOO) is calculated to be between 14 and 20 km2 and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 3,950 km2.  Outside of the European region, this species occurs in Turkey at one locality very close to Lesvos island.","The largest subpopulation of this species is on mainland Greece. There are three subpopulations in mainland Greece where it is likely to be stable, but roads are being built for access to wind farms which may pose some risk to these subpopulations although it is not currently possible to confirm whether this is a significant threat. Therefore the current population trend in mainland Greece is unknown. The subpopulation on Lesvos island has significantly reduced due to the habitat impact of road development in the area there, and the population is considered to be decreasing overall.  This is a rarely observed species only found at a small number of localities, and it is therefore difficult to confirm its overall population trend. It was described 150 years ago, and the only known European records are fairly recent, from Lesvos island in 2001 and 2004.","This is a species with a close ecological relationship with veteran trees. The developmental stages are not yet understood, but the larva should be saproxylic. In mainland Greece, the adults can be found in thermophilous oak forest of Quercus frainetto and Quercus cerrris. In the Lesvos islands, the species has been found in Quercus coccifera forest. Adults fly from March to April. After rain on hot days, individuals have been observed drinking at puddles on forest tracks. Adults often visit flowers of Crataegus and Pyrus amygdaliformis plants. All this information has been summarised and updated from van Steenis et al. 2016, Vujić et al. (2020) and Speight (2020).","The main threat to this species is habitat degradation, and in particular, the disappearance of old and veteran trees, primarily due to deforestation and forest fires. In Lesvos, a new road has been constructed recently which has resulted in the loss of veteran trees. Sporadic illegal firewood felling also causes habitat destruction. In mainland Greece, roads are being built for access to windfarms, which may pose some risk on these subpopulations, although it is not currently possible to confirm whether this is a significant threat. Overgrazing in Lesvos could be a threat too, as it prevents the regeneration of the forests. On mainland Greece, the species is found in a National  Park where there has been no increase in habitat quality but it is unknown whether the habitat is actually declining. Anthropogenic pressure caused by tourism on both island and mainland territory could be considered as a potential threat too, together with variation in temperature ranges and hydrological conditions caused mainly by climate change.","This species requires urgent action to protect its habitat. There is habitat protection and management required in Lesvos, to reduce overgrazing and the development of infrastructure, including roads and trails (used for agriculture). In mainland Greece, this species is found in a National Park, but the park would benefit from more resources being made available for management, and research to ensure that this species is effectively protected and enabled to thrive.   More research is needed on the biology, distribution and population of this species, both on Lesvos and in Dadia National Park. Research is specifically needed to understand if this species is associated with other tree species or not - or if it is only associated with old Quercus coccifera because this would imply greater rarity. Monitoring can confirm if there is a continuing decline across the whole population in Europe.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Smit, J. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C., Rojo, S., Barkalov, A. & Speight, M.","Campoy, A. & Lillo, I.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphiximorpha,garibaldii,,Sphiximorpha garibaldii,"Rondani, 1860",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The distribution of this species in Europe is very unclear, and more research is needed to confirm where exactly this species occurs, particularly in eastern Europe. However, the potential area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and number of locations is likely to be too large for a threatened category, and it is assessed as Least Concern in Europe. In most of the countries of the EU27 Member States where it is known (Spain, Italy, France, Hungary and Greece), it is considered to be very rare and localised. It is provisionally also assessed as Least Concern in the EU 27, because whilst the area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 2,000 km2, and there is a continuing decline in the habitat (specifically in western areas of Europe), but there are many more than 10 locations (considering fire as the main threat). However, this species requires further research to establish its distribution more comprehensively in both Europe and the EU27, and therefore the species may change to a threatened Category if more data are found.",Unknown,"This European endemic species primarily occurs in southern Europe. It has been recorded very rarely (Prokhorov et al. 2020, Speight 2020, van Steenis et al. 2016 and Vujić  et al. 2020), and in Germany it is considered extinct.  				 			 		 More specifically, in Spain, it has been found in Ciudad Real (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2010) and in the Pyrenees region of northern Spain (Gerard pers. comm. 2019). It is present in southern France (Speight et al. 2018) and Italy (Roma, Palermo, Parma and Viterbo) (Burgio et al. 2015), where it was originally described. It has also been included in the country checklists of Hungary (Tóth 2011), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), Greece (Vujić  et al. 2020) where there is a relevant subpopulation in Dadia National Park and some isolated records in Lesvos and Aristi, Serbia (Nedeljković et al 2009) and Ukraine where one specimen was found in 2019 in Kiev (Prokhorov et al. 2020). It is considered extinct in Germany, where there has been no record of this species for 150 years (a specimen was found in an ancient entomological collection).  The  data are scarce, and the available information is not specific for all the  countries where it has been mentioned to be present (for example: Croatia). The taxonomic  uncertainty that was present until 2016 also impedes the possibility of a  proper calculation of the area of occupancy (AOO), but taking into account the distribution and the habitat, it is inferred to be less than 2,000 km2. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is very large.","The general population trend of this species in Europe and the EU27 is currently unknown. In the western part of Europe, where there is more available data and the population is considered scarce and very rare. It has very rarely been recorded in Spain, is only known from two regions of France, and in Italy it is considered very rare (Burgio et al 2015). In the eastern part of Europe, where information on its distribution is less specific and there is less data overall, there is one stable subpopulation in Greece, in Dadia National Park.","This species has saproxylic larvae; although their larvae have not yet been studied, females have been observed ovipositing in rot-holes of veteran Quercus trees. Adults fly from mid-April to August in thermophilous deciduous forest of Quercus pubescens and Quercus suber forest with veteran trees . They fly into oak cavities with narrow openings. In the evening, males sit on the bark of veteran trees in the sun, apparently awaiting the arrival of females. After rain, the adults visit damp mud and drying puddles to drink. All this information has been summarized and updated from van Steenis et al. (2016) and Speight (2020).  In Ukraine, this species is found in mixed forest with Quercus robur, and in Spain it is found in the Dehesa habitat which is under protection in the country.","This species can be negatively impacted by deforestation, the removal of old trees and forest fires. Furthermore, increased use of plastic corks in bottles has resulted in a reduction in the need for the ancient cork groves where this species can be found. Management of forests for tourism and recreational activities also affects this species. The variation in temperature ranges and hydrological conditions caused mainly by climate change could be considered as a feasible threat too.","Conservation actions for this species should be focused on habitat preservation, and on researching its biology. Thermophilous Quercus forest is declining in western Europe, and in particular, there is a massive decline in veteran oak trees and primary forest. The decline of this habitat is continuous because the forest is not permitted to regrow or restore, making the habitat unsustainable and intrinsically unviable. In eastern Europe, the habitat appears to be less affected by threats than in western Europe, apparently presenting a higher quality of habitat. Research is needed to confirm the exact distribution in eastern Europe. Cyprus is a potential candidate location where this species might occur. Monitoring of this species and its habitat are needed to understand better the population and habitat trends across its range, and research on specific actions to help this species would be beneficial.  This species is categorised as threatened in France (Speight et al. 2018).",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Smit, J. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C., Rojo, S., Barkalov, A. & Speight, M.","Campoy, A. & Lillo, I.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphiximorpha,petronillae,,Sphiximorpha petronillae,"Rondani, 1850",,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  This saproxylic species is found in a very specific habitat within certain oak woodlands, and is known to live in the same habitat as the European velvety ant (Liometopum microcephalum). The area of occupancy (AOO) is about 32 km2 in the European region, and although the population trend is unknown, there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat. It exists in six locations, at most, with fire and tree felling as the main threats (the loss of a single tree in Novi Sad would eliminate the entire Serbian subpopulation). Taking all of these into account, the species has been categorized as Vulnerable (VU) in Europe.  In the EU27 this species has an AOO of 24 km2 and exists in one to four locations, using tree felling and fire as the main threats. The habitat is in decline in Italy but it is considered stable at the locality in Greece. This species is therefore considered to be Endangered in the EU27.  This species requires urgent action to protect its key sites and restore its habitat across its European range. Research and monitoring are also needed to understand the species, its ecology and population better.",Unknown,"This species is considered to be endemic in Europe, where it is known from three localities in peninsula Italy (most recently from 2003), Montenegro (one record from 2005) and north-eastern Greece (collected several times in Dadia National Park within the last two decades). It has recently been found (2019) around an old tree in a garden in Novi Sad, Serbia (van Steenis et al. 2019). For Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km2, but the extent of occurrence (EOO) is large (around 355,000 km2). In the EU27, the AOO is only 24 km2 and the EOO is around 208,950 km2. In Dadia National Park (Greece), there is around 50 hectares of suitable habitat, and there have been extensive attempts to find more suitable habitat but this has not been successful.","Only four specimens (females) of Sphiximorpha petronillae have been recorded during the last 150 years from localities in  Italy and Montenegro; it is one of the rarest of all European hoverflies  (Speight 2020). There are only three specimens known from Italy and the subpopulation there is not well understood since it has so rarely been seen (only once since it has been described). The habitat of the localities in Italy and Montenegro are suspected to be lost or degraded in such a way that the continued existence of the species is doubtful (van Steenis et al. 2015).    It has been found recently in north-eastern Greece (Dadia National Park), and this subpopulation is considered to be thriving . However, it has so far been found in only three localities where there is suitable habitat. The specific conditions it needs have apparently been found in other parts of the park, but this species has not been found there.    In Serbia it was found in a natural patch inside a urban area, and therefore it is very likely to disappear in 20-30 years or sooner if the trees it relies upon are cut down during urban maintenance of the park.   Overall, together with Epistrophella coronata, it is one of the rarest of all European species (van Steenis et al. 2016, Vujić et al. 2020, Speight 2020), and its population trend is currently unknown in Europe and the EU27. Despite increased interest in photography of hoverflies as a means of identification, a photo of this species is yet to be submitted, which further indicates its scarcity.","This species has a saproxylic larva: although the larvae have not yet been studied, female adults have been observed laying eggs in the bark of old living Quercus cerris trees inhabited by colonies of a saproxylic ant, the European velvety tree ant (Liometopum microcephalum). The presence of this ant indicates that the trunk is hollow and hence that there may be suitable habitat for larvae to grow. In Serbia, the specimen was found in a tree in a garden in Novi Sad, and the ant was also present in this tree. It is suspected that without the ant, the hoverfly is unlikely to be found. It is important to highlight that the ant Liometopum microcephalum is also associated with aphid colonies. Polistes dominulus and the European ant hunter (Tracheliodes curvitarsus) could also be used to identify possible localities for this species (van Steenis et al. 2019). The wasp Tracheliodes curvitarsus is known to predate on the  European velvety tree ant, and they are found at several European  localities where this ant still remains. The ant is thought at one stage to have existed as far west as Germany.   The habitat of this species is very specific, in veteran thermophilous Quercus cerris forest, Quercus frainetto and Quercus cerris forest and humid Castanea, Quercus and Laurus forest. In the regions in which it is known to exist, this habitat is considered to be declining.   Adults fly between April and May, and have been observed visiting flowers of Euphorbia, Pyracantha coccinea and Smyrnium.   All this information has been summarized from van Steenis et al. (2016), van Steenis et al. (2019) and Speight (2020).","The main threats to this species are related to habitat decline. The larvae are reliant on veteran/mature trees, which are in decline due to deforestation, unsustainable forest management and forest fires. Human management of the habitat is not currently permitting trees to age long enough to ensure that appropriate habitat will occur in the future. The cutting of trees for preparing recreational areas for tourism can be also a potential threat, together with decline due to variation in temperature range and hydrological patterns caused by climate change.","This species requires urgent action to protect the key sites where it exists, and restore its habitat across its European range.  When considering its conservation needs, it is important to consider the requirements of the associated ant Liometopum microcephalum, because the presence of the hoverfly appears to be dependent on its presence. Surveys to look for the ant in the last known localities of the hoverfly could be carried out, as it is often easier to find the ant than the hoverfly, and this would help to identify possible additional localities for the hoverfly. Research to establish if there is a decline in the ant population may mean that we can infer a decline in the population of the hoverfly. Research on the biology and population of this species is required to understand  further the relationship between the ant and the hoverfly. The population and habitat trends of this species also require monitoring, and description of the larvae is required.  The Greek locality for this species exists in the Natura 2000  site, Dadia National Park. However, the park would benefit from more  resources being made available for management, and research to ensure the  protection of this species. The national park authority should be  informed of the whereabouts of this species and the vulnerability of the  largest subpopulation.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Smit, J. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C., Rojo, S., Barkalov, A. & Speight, M.","Campoy, A. & Lillo, I.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Sphiximorpha,subsessilis,,Sphiximorpha subsessilis,"(Illiger in Rossi, 1807)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This saproxylic species is found in a variety of forests but has a particular reliance on veteran trees which are in decline. Overall it is considered stable, but there have been some declines within its range, particularly in northern Europe, with the species considered extinct in some countries including Belgium, Finland and possibly Sweden. However, the majority of its population is found in south-western Europe, where it is considered stable. Overall, the European and EU27 extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy  (AOO) values are both large enough to be above the thresholds for  any threatened category, and therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern for Europe and EU27. It would benefit from increased research and monitoring.",Stable,"This species is known to occur from the Netherlands south to Spain, the Czech Republic through central Europe to Romania and European parts of Russia, and through southern Europe from the Pyrenees to the Balkans and on into European Russia (Speight 2020, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017). The European and EU27 extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are both large enough to be above the thresholds for any threatened category. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Belarus and Poland) and so it is not possible at  this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species. The species has been included in the following country checklists: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Greece (Vujić et al. 2020), Hungary (Tóth 2001), Italy (Burgio et al. 2015), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Slovenia (van Steenis et al. 2013) Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), Sweden (Bartsch 2009), Switzerland (CSCF 2020), Turkey (Tóth 2013) and Ukraine (Popov 2010). The species is considered Regionally Extinct in Finland (Hyvärinen et al 2019, Finnish Museum of Natural History Luomus 2020), with records shown in FinBIF (Finnish Museum of Natural History Luomus 2020) either old (dating from the 1930's) or considered misidentifications (G. Ståhls pers. comm. 2022).   Outside Europe it occurs in the Caucasus.","The population of this species is considered stable in Europe and the EU27. However, the sustainability of many subpopulations are of concern as its habitat is threatened and at risk of not restoring quickly enough to replenish that which is being lost. Additionally, the subpopulations are often small and in areas that are unprotected. It is found in many localities in France, while in Spain it has been found in just a few localities spread out throughout the country. It is considered quite stable in the Mediterranean region and is particularly abundant in old cork groves. It is almost certainly under-recorded and it is therefore perceived as more scarce than it actually is.","This is a species with a saproxylic larva that develops in sap runs and under-bark cavities on the trunks of old deciduous trees (eg. Populus, Alnus, Salix) and veteran Evergreen Oak (Quercus suber) trees. The larvae were first studied by Rotheray et al. (2006) from larvae collected from exuding sap at the base of an Abies alba tree. Adults are found from April to June in alluvial soft- and hardwood forests with Populus nigra, riverine gallery forest with Alnus and Salix, Mediterranean Fraxinus angustifolia and Quercus faginea forest, Mediterranean wet Liquidamber orientalis forest and Quercus suber, Quercus pubescens and Pinus nigra forest. They can also be found in urban parks and avenues that have old trees present, such as Populus and Aesculus hippocastanum. This information has been summarised from van Steenis et al. (2016) and Speight (2020).","This species is potentially at risk from the negative effects of deforestation and the loss of veteran trees, and also from forest fires. The decline of the habitat due to variation in temperature range and hydrological patterns caused by climate change could be a feasible threat too.","The species has been categorised as Endangered in the Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005) and in Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020), and as Vulnerable in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011). It is considered 'rare' in the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009). The species is considered Regionally Extinct in Finland (Hyvärinen et al 2019, Finnish Museum of Natural History Luomus 2020).  Conservation actions for this species should be focused on the preservation of the forest where this species lives. Research is needed to understand the population, distribution and ecology of this species better. It would also benefit from continued and increased monitoring.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"Smit, J. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Pérez, C., Rojo, S., Barkalov, A. & Speight, M.","Campoy, A., Lillo, I. & Ståhls, G.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Spilomyia,digitata,,Spilomyia digitata,"(Rondani, 1865)",,Yes,VU,A3c,No,VU,A3c,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  Spilomyia digitata is now largely found in the Mediterranean basin. It is reasonably abundant in Spain, but with a localised distribution in France. It has apparently disappeared from areas in central Europe like Austria, Germany and Switzerland, and the current population trend is considered to be in decline. It is impacted by threats affecting forests in the Mediterranean, such as fire, and overall it is at risk of disappearing in a big part of its range, even given its abundance in the southern parts of its range. The species is likely at risk of declining at least for 30% or more from its current habitat in the future. Although the current estimates of extent of occurrence (EOO) for Europe and the EU 27 are relatively large, the strongly expected decline of the AOO indicates this species is much scarcer than the map range would suggest, and it has a very fragmented distribution. The species is dependent on a habitat that is rare in economically exploited woodlands making it rare by definition over large parts of its range. Based on the declining AOO’s for at least 30% or more in Europe and EU27 over the last ten years, and taking in consideration it has a very fragmented distribution as seen on the map, and taken in account the expected decline in suitable habitat will go on in the future the species is listed as Vulnerable under criterion A3c. Further research on the population, habitat and threats to this species is recommended.",Decreasing,"This species is known from parts of central Europe (but possibly extinct in southern Germany, Austria and Switzerland) and the Mediterranean basin, from Spain round to Italy. Literature records from eastern parts of Europe probably refer to other species (van Steenis 2000) (Speight 2020). It is present in Portugal (Serra da Estrela), multiple provinces for Spain (Almeria, Soria, Tarragona, Zamora, Castellon), three regions in France and also found in Italy (Apennines), the Baleares, Corsica and Sicily (van Steenis 2000). It is apparently not in mainland Greece or Crete (A. Vujic pers. comm. 2019).  Old records previous to 2000 were likely confused with other species in the same genus, therefore they are unreliable. It is a potentially Mediterranean species, although some northern records have been validated. The species is distributed also in the Caucasus and central Asia.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in both Europe and the EU 27 is estimated to be around 1.1 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 261,000 km2.","This is a very rare species and confined mostly to the western part of the Mediterranean area. There are only old records about its distribution further north. Van Steenis (2000) stated that in the main part of its European range, there are many new records which does not suggest a decline. But already since 2000 there seems to be a strong decline for this species, and this decline is considered having been 30% or more since 2010. Therefore, the current population trend is considered to be decreasing.","The preferred environment of this species is deciduous forest, thermophilous Quercus forest (Q.pyrenaica) and evergreen Q.ilex forest, containing overmature and senescent trees; Mediterranean riparian ash forest (Ricarte and Marcos Garcia 2008) and dehesa (Grković et al. 2019).    Flowers visited by this species include umbellifers, Hypericum sp. and Thapsia sp..      The flight period is from mid-June to September.      The larvae are described and figured by Rotheray et al. (2006), from larvae collected from rot-holes at the roots of live Fraxinus angustifolius, Quercus faginea and Q. pyrenaica. Sánchez-Galván et al. (2014) provide information suggesting that a prerequisite for development of larvae in a trunk cavity may be the presence there of the faeces of saproxylic beetle larvae. Their work on the relationships between trunk-cavity inhabiting syrphids and saproxylic beetles was focused on the Iberian chafer Cetonia aurataeformis (Coleoptera, Cetoniidae), whose larval faeces are known to be rich in accessible nutrients (Micó et al. 2011).","Any threat to forest habitats within the western Mediterranean region, such as urbanisation, logging, agriculture and wildfires, will be a main threat to this species. Additionally, conversion of old-growth forests will impact the species.","There are currently no known conservation measures in place for this species. More research is needed on the taxonomy, biology, ecology, habitat and population trends of this species. The habitat trends and population trends for this species should be monitored.",This species is not used or traded.,"Van Der Meutter, F. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A., Aracil, A., Mazanek, L., Popov, G., Pérez, C., Rojo, S. & Speight, M.","Birtele, D., Ssymank, A. & van Steenis, J.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Spilomyia,diophthalma,,Spilomyia diophthalma,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Spilomyia diophthalma is the most common and widespread species of the genus in Europe. It seems to be under threat in the lowland parts of its range, and possibly undergoing local declines. However, in more elevated parts of Europe, and in Scandinavia, the species is more abundant and stable. The main threats are focused on the loss of quality and quantity of forest habitat, but as the species is still widespread, it is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27.",Stable,"This species is found in southern Norway, Sweden, Finland, Germany (Bavaria), the Czech Republic, France (but possibly extinct), Switzerland, northern Italy, European parts of Russia, Poland, Turkey and the Caucasus and on through Siberia to Sakhalin. The occurrence in France is mention­ed by Seguy (1961), but neither Speight (1993) nor van Steenis (2000) have found specimens from France. It was caught in 2013 in Kasimov, Oblast Rjazan, Russia (130 m Asl), in 2014 in lowland Poland (Osiecznica, 167 m asl) and in large numbers in Mongolia in 2017 (G. Pennards pers. comm. 2019).The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 10 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 3.6 million km2. The EOO and AOO for the EU 27 are 6.2 million km2 and 1.7 million km2, respectively.","This species is probably the most common and widespread species of the genus in Europe. It is a reasonably widespread species in the Palearctic region, but almost no recent records are available from lowlands of central Europe, and it may be that the hoverfly is strongly threatened, if not extinct in parts of this area. In the Scandinavian countries, the species is not uncommon and seemingly not directly threatened. In Norway, is was recently found in 38 localities (Artsobservasjoner 2020), in Finland, more than 100 recent localities (FinBif 2020) and in Sweden, more than 200 recent sightings (Artdatabanken 2020). In alpine areas in Italy, Switzerland and Austria, the species is probably rare (van Steenis 2000). Due to the extensive commercial forestry activity in Fennoscandia and the Baltic states, the species is uncommon there but widespread. The overall current population trend of this species is considered to be stable.","The preferred environment of this species is conifer and deciduous forest, Tilia/Quercus/Fraxinus forest and Abies/Picea forest, with over-mature trees, up to the upper limit of Picea.      Adults settle on foliage and tree trunks. Males exhibit territorial behaviour when visiting flowers, even chasing away Vespula species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Females have been caught in traps on dead Populus tremula (all data from van Steenis 2000).     Flowers visited include umbellifers; Cirsium, Crataegus, Euonymus, Knautia and Solidago virgaurea. It has also been found on Achillea millefolium, Angelica sylvestris, Heracleum sosnowskyi, Heracleum sibiricum, Leucanthemum vulgare, Rosa, Epilobium, Veronica, Angelica (Stackelberg 1958, Skufyin 1964) and Ptarmica cartilaginea (Bagachanova 1990).    The flight period is from the end of June to the end of August.     The developmental stages are undescribed, but probably found in rot holes in Populus tremula (Bartsch et al. 2009).","The main threats are focused on the loss of quality and quantity of forest habitat. There is extensive commercial forestry activity in Fennoscandia and the Baltic states, but the species is still widespread.","There are no known conservation actions in place for this species. Any conservation measures implemented in the future should mainly focus on habitat protection. Research should be done on the population dynamics of the species and trends. In Norway (Artsobservasjoner 2020), Finland (FinBif 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020), this species has been assessed as Least Concern (LC). In the Czech Republic the species is Critically Endangered (CR) (Farkac et al. 2005). In Germany, the species is also assessed as CR (Ssymank et al. 2011).",This species is used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Birtele, D. & Ssymank, A.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Spilomyia,graciosa,,Spilomyia graciosa,"Violovitsh, 1985",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",No,EN,"B2ab(Ii,iii,iv)",EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Endangered (EN)  Spilomyia graciosa is a very rare species which was only known from six localities in Greece. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 78,684 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe is 24 km2. Although the current estimates of extent of occurrence (EOO) for Europe are large, the small AOO indicates this species is much scarcer than the range would indicate, and it has a very fragmented distribution. Due to human activities (logging, urbanisation, agriculture) some of the known localities are already expected to have been lost. There is also the continuing decline in size and quality of habitat. Therefore, this species is Endangered for both Europe and the EU 27.",Decreasing,"This species is only known in Europe from Greece, from six localities - Fokida (Skaloula-Doris), Arkadia (Tripolis), Evros (Dadia, Esimi, Lefkimi) from Greek published records (Vujic et al. 2019) and Zakoria (Gliki, Acheron river, G. Pennards pers. comm. 2019).  Outside of Europe, it is found in Turkey (in the very southeast part of Anatolia, Hakkari and Sirnak province), Iran (Gharali and Steenis 2008) and Iraq.  The area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe is 24 km2 and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 78,684 km2. Due to anthropogenic activities, this species is considered to occur at five or fewer locations.","There is no information on the population size, but from some localities more than one individual was found. The current population trend in Europe is uncertain, but the expectation is that the population is in decline due to human activities like urbanisation, logging, agriculture and others. In addition, the population is considered to be severely fragmented, as the subpopulations are small and isolated and therefore may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","The preferred environment of this species is ancient Balkanic thermophilous Quercus forest of Q.pubescens/Q.cerris/ Q.frainetto (M. de C. Williams pers. comm. 2010).    Adults are in flight through the middle of the day, at the hottest time of the year (M. de C. Williams pers. comm. 2010), visiting the stony edges of streams to drink, after landing walking under overhanging, low-growing vegetation before drinking. The species was found in Greece in a pasture feeding on Mentha sp. (G. Pennards. pers. obs. 2004).    Flowers visited by this species include Mentha sp., yellow composites, Scabiosa (M.de C. Williams pers. comm. 2010), Sambucus ebulus and Plumbago europaea.    The flight period is from July to the beginning of September.  As with the other Spilomyia species known in Europe, the decrease in ancient forest has probably taken a toll on this species, but there is not much information available.","The main threats are focused on the loss of quality and quantity of forest habitat. In Greece there are a lot of human activities like deforestation, logging, urbanisation and others that will be a threat to the species. Also the climate change and the increased fires in the region will be a threat.","There are no conservation actions known to be in place for this species, but part of the range lies in National Parks, for example in Dadia-Lefkimi-Soufli National Park in Greece. Actions should focus on the preservation of the right habitat for the species, combined with the research on the population, biology and ecology of the species.",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Spilomyia,manicata,,Spilomyia manicata,"(Rondani, 1865)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)   Spilomyia manicata is a widespread, but rare species found all over Europe. In Scandinavia, there are stable subpopulations, although with a reduced number of specimens caught in recent years. However, further south, there are more recent records of this species. Overall, the current population trend is considered to be stable, and although there are some threats that might impact the species, such as deforestation and other human activity, this species does not seem to be threatened across Europe. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27.   If conservation measures were to be implemented for this species, they should focus on the preservation of the habitat.",Stable,"This species is known from Norway, Sweden, Denmark and northern France, and found south to central Spain and eastwards through central Europe to European parts of Russia. It is found through mountainous parts of southern Europe (and Corsica) to the former Yugoslavia and Greece, Romania and the Caucasus (Speight 2020). The species is also found in India, Afghanistan (Wachkoo et al. 2019) and in Pakistan (Subhan 2016). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 5.9 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1.8 million km2. The EOO for the EU 27 is around 4.7 million km2 and the AOO is around 954,280 km2.","This is a widespread, but rare, species all over Europe. It is not easy to catch. In Scandinavia, the number of subpopulations has not changed over the years, only the number of specimens caught seems to have decreased (van Steenis 2000). The records from the Netherlands are regard­ed as migrants (Barendregt et al. 2000), and this may be the same situation for the Bel­gium record. Speight (pers. comm. 2020), however, does not share this opinion, and states that Spilomyia will fly at most a few kilometres. In that case the species will be extinct in the Netherlands and Belgium. In the more southern parts of the range, there are more recent records. The current population trend is considered to be stable overall.","The preferred environment of this species is deciduous forest, in particular Fagus forest with over-mature trees.   Adults are apparently largely arboreal, but descend to visit flowers or drink. In flight, the hoverfly is a disconcertingly exact mimic of Polistes wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae), and descends to drink from stream margins around the middle of the day. Flowers visited by this species include umbellifers, Filipendula spp., Succisa spp., and pink Allium spp.     The flight period is from mid June to September, with a peak in July and August.      Ahnlund (pers. comm. 2020) has collected females of this species from a small trap attached close to rot-holes on the trunk of live Populus tremula. This species has also been hatched from a puparium found in a rot-hole in Acer (van Steenis 2000).","The threats for this species are the usual ones for a forest dwelling species, including deforestation, anthropogenic activities like farming, building and recreation which lead to disappearance and decline of suitable habitat.","Conservation action for this species should especially focus on the preservation of suitable habitat. Further research is needed on the population, distribution, biology, ecology and life cycle of the species. In Germany the species is assessed as critically endangered (Ssymank et al. 2011). In Denmark the species is listed as regionally extinct (Bygebjerg 2019). In the Czech republic the species is listed as Critically endangered (Farkac et al. 2005). In Poland the species is listed as Vulnerable (Palaczyk et al. 2002).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Birtele, D., Ssymank, A. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Spilomyia,maxima,,Spilomyia maxima,"Sack, 1910",,Yes,DD,,No,NA,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Not Applicable (NA)  Spilomyia maxima is only known in Europe from European Russia, and it is also possibly found in Belarus. The species reaches the western border of its range and is found in some parts of European Russia, but it has its main distribution to the eastern Palearctic. So there will probably some scattered subpopulations in European with maybe some influx from the east. The assumption is that although it is scarce in this area, there is no evidence the species would be under threat due to the big population to the east. But also there are no solid records from European Russia except for some mentions in literature and one record from Moscow region in 2018, so this species is assessed as Data Deficient for Europe.  This species does not occur within the EU 27 and therefore it is Not Applicable.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is known from northern parts of European Russia (Moscow region, Kirov region, Oblast Leningrad) (Pestov and Egorov 2018, Pestov 2014).  It is possibly extant in Belarus, but there are no specimens or data (Borodin and Borodina 2014).  The global range extends eastwards through Siberia to the Pacific (Speight 2020), and it is found in Mongolia and Japan.  The European extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 1.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 506,442 km2. This species does not occur within the EU 27.","There is no information about the population of this species. There are no records from the EU 27, only some records from European Russia and literature mentions from Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014). The species reaches the edge of its distribution in European Russia, and there are records from around Moscow and from Leningrad. The main distribution area for this species is the eastern part of the Palearctic, so probably there will be some scattered populations in European Russia with possibly some influx from the east. The most recent record was from the Moscow region in 2018 (Prokhorov 2018).","The preferred environment of this species is coniferous and deciduous forest (A. Barkalov pers. comm. 2019), and Larix sibirica/Pinus sibirica forest with Betula (A. van Eck and G.W.A. Pennards pers. comm. 2020). Flowers visited by this species include umbellifers, Spirea spp. (A. Barkalov pers. comm. 2019) and Succisa pratensis (Prokhorov 2018). The flight period of this species is from mid June to the beginning of September (A. Barkalov pers. comm. 2019). The developmental stages are not described.","The threats to this species are not fully understood, but it is a forest species, so it will probably face the same threats as other forest dwelling species such as deforestation, anthropogenic activities and farming.","No conservation actions are known to be in place for this species. However, it would benefit from site protection and further research on population and life history.",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Spilomyia,saltuum,,Spilomyia saltuum,"(Fabricius, 1794)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Spilomyia saltuum is a widespread species in Europe, but it is rare and not easy to find. There is a clear decline in some parts of its range, such as Spain and Italy, but in the southern parts of the range, the decline is not as apparent. The species has been impacted by the decrease in ancient forest. At the moment, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27, but further declines in the future may push this species closer towards a threatened Category.",Decreasing,"This species is known from central France, and found south to the Mediterranean, from Spain to the former Yugoslavia, Turkey and the Caucasus. It is found through central Europe from southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria to Hungary, Romania and southern parts of Russia. Records from more northerly parts of Europe are apparently nearly all erroneous, due to confusion with Spilomyia manicata (Rondani), and there are very few recent records from north of the Alps (Speight 2020). Records from Spain and Italy are usually old, less recent records from the species. It is also recorded from Afghanistan (Wachkoo et al. 2019).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 6.3 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1.6 million km2. For the EU 27 countries the estimated EOO is around 3.8 million km2, and the estimated AOO is around 627,000 km2.","The species is widespread, but rare and not easy to find. The records north of the Alps are nearly all old and the species may be regarded as extinct there, but the species is hard to find and collect, so it is uncertain. Further south, the species occurs frequently. However in Spain, it is very rare and the Italian records are mostly old, and in both countries, there seems to be a decrease in numbers (van Steenis 2000). The current population trend for this species in both Europe and the EU 27 is considered to be decreasing.","The preferred environment of this species is thermophilous (Q.pubescens) and evergreen Quercus forest with over-mature trees, but primarily with Q.ilex/Q.suber (Speight 2017, 2020). The species has also been found in a Populus plantation flying from tree to tree and sometimes settling on the trees or foliage (van Steenis 2000).    Adults are largely arboreal, but descend to flowers to feed (during the earlier part of the morning) and also to drink at the margins of forest brooks, where these are in direct sunlight; males can be found engaged in shorts bursts of hovering at 1 to 3 m, interspersed with very fast direct flight, at the edge of large open areas within forest, where patches of shorter ground vegetation are intermixed with scrub and regenerating forest trees.     Flowers visited by this species include umbellifers, Eryngium spp., Sambucus ebulus, Scabiosa spp. and Solidago spp.     The flight period is from June to September, with the peak in August and some records on into October.     The developmental stages are not described.","As with the other Spilomyia species known in Europe, the decrease in ancient forest has impacted this species. The usual threats for this species include human intrusions like deforestation, logging, urbanisation and agriculture.","There is no information on any conservation actions currently in place for this species. As in other forest dwelling species emphasis should be put on protecting the habitat. Furthermore research should be done on the biology, ecology and trends in population and distribution. It sometimes occurs in National Parks (Bulgaria, Nature Park Zlatni Piassatzi) (Beuk 2004).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Birtele, D., Ssymank, A. & Vujić, A.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Spilomyia,triangulata,,Spilomyia triangulata,"van Steenis, 2000",,Yes,VU,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)",No,VU,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)",EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  EU 27 Regional Assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  Spilomyia triangulata has a very scattered distribution in Europe, of which several known localities are very old. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to &gt; 800,000 km2 (c.450,000 to 500,000 km2 for the EU27) and the AOO is likely to be &lt; 500 km2 for both Europe and the EU Member States. Threats such as logging, farming, tourism and urbanisation means there is currently considered to be around 10 locations, as some previously known localities are likely to already be extinct. There is an ongoing continuous decline in the extent and quality of the habitat. So for both the EU27 and Pan Europe the species is assessed as Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"Within the European region, this species is known from the Alps in France, and from mountain ranges in North Macedonia and Greece (Speight 2020). Records of Spilomyia digitata from Croatia and Romania are probably Spilomyia triangulata because of the allopatric distribution of the two species. So we treat them as possibly extant here. It is also known from Sicily (Mason et al. 2006).  Out of the European region, the species occurs in the Russian Federation (Gelendzjik (Krasnodar Krai); van Steenis 2000), eastern Anatolia (Turkey), and the species has also been recorded from northern Iran (Kazerani et al. 2012).  Van Steenis (2000) discusses the similarity of this species with Spilomyia digitata and Spilomyia maroccana. He states they have an allopatric distribution. S. digitata occurs in the western European part of the Mediterranean area, while S. triangulata occurs in the east European part and S. maroccana in the African part. There is however one specimen of S. triangulata known from France.  In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be &gt;800,000 km2 (c.450,000 to 500,000 km2 for the EU27), whilst the AOO is likely to be &lt; 500 km2 for both Europe and the EU Member States, the exact value is not known.  Human intrusion like logging, farming, tourism, urbanisation and other influences insure a continuing decline of habitat suitable for this species, and based on this, there is currently considered to be around 10 locations, as some localities are likely to already be extinct.","There is not much information about the European populations of this species. The species is not often encountered or caught and is considered being rare, even though it is a very conspicuous species. However, it very strongly resembles a wasp, so it is probably under recorded in the field. Latest records are from Greece in 2014 (Vujic pers. comm. 2020). Nonetheless, the expectation is that the species is strongly decreasing throughout the range, as some of the records are old or might have been confused with other species. It is expected there is a strong decline in the number of localities where the species has been found, and that it will continue in the future because the reasons for decline (human activities) have not changed.","The preferred environment of this species is conifer forest of Abies/Picea (France).     Adults visit flower-rich grassland to feed and settles on low-growing vegetation. In France, the hoverfly was observed on sunny, flower-rich alpine meadows with small springs, in coniferous forest, and settled on leaves near ground level. In Turkey, this species was caught on flower-rich meadows and pastures at an altitude of 1,700 to 1,800 m asl (van Steenis 2000). The species has been recorded as visiting the flowers of umbellifers (Vujić et al. 2019).    The flight period is from the beginning of June to the end of August.     The developmental stages are not described.","Human intrusion like logging, farming, tourism, urbanisation and other influences (like climate change) insure a continuing decline of habitat suitable for this species.","It is not known if there are any conservation actions for this species implemented at present. Conservation measures should focus on the conservation of the suitable habitat. Furthermore research should be done on the biology, ecology and population trends of the species. It is not known whether the species occurs in protected areas.",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Birtele, D. & Vujić, A.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Syritta,flaviventris,,Syritta flaviventris,"Macquart, 1842",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The Peg-legged Compost Fly (Syritta flaviventris) is a very widespread species found all over the world. In Europe, it is mostly found in the Mediterranean, where it occurs in large subpopulations. There are no known threats to the species at the moment, and the current population trend is considered to be increasing. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27.",Increasing,"Within the European region, this species is known from Portugal, Spain and around the Mediterranean from the southern coast of France to Turkey. It is also known from various Mediterranean islands - Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, and Crete  The range extends out of the European region to North Africa and Iran. It is found in eastern parts of the Afrotropical region to the southern tip of Africa and in Madagascar and the Mascarene islands, plus Cape Verde. It is also cited from Argentina, Brazil and Chile in the Neotropical region, Mexico and Texas (USA) in the Nearctic and Easter Island in Oceania (to which it has supposedly been introduced) (Speight 2020).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 3.4 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 586,000 km2. For the EU27 countries the estimated EOO is around 3.4 million km2, and the estimated AOO is around 248,000 km2.",This species is widespread throughout the Mediterranean region and it has large subpopulations across its European range. The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 27 is considered to be increasing.,"The preferred environment of this species is freshwater/wetland/open ground; seasonal rivers, coastal lagoons, dune slacks and temporary pools in marsh.     Adults fly low among sparse vegetation beside water (or over dried pools), settling on stones or dried mud.     Flowers visited include yellow composites.      The flight period is from April to October with peaks in May and September.     The larvae are described and figured by Perez-Banon and Marcos-Garcia (2000), from material collected in the field from decaying vegetable matter - Opuntia platyclades. Larvae were found in decaying platyclades both on the ground and still attached to the cactus. Pupation occurred within the tissues of the platyclades.",There are no threats known at the moment.,"No conservation actions known for the species, and probably not needed at the moment. However, research must be done on the developments in the population and ongoing trends.",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Birtele, D. & Vujić, A.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Syritta,pipiens,,Syritta pipiens,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The Common Compost Fly (Syritta pipiens) is a widespread species, found across the whole of Europe. It is very common, and has a very large extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO). The EOO of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 21.3 million km2 and the AOO is estimated to be around 9 million km2. For the EU 27 countries the estimated EOO is around 14.5 million km2, and the estimated AOO is around 3.6 million km2. There are no current threats to this species, and the current population trend is considered to be increasing. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27. No conservation measures are required at present.",Increasing,"This species is widespread and becoming cosmopolitan, and occurs across most parts of the European region.  Globally, it is known from most of the Palaearctic, including North Africa, most of North America, South America and the Oriental region. Records from the Afrotropical region are apparently erroneous (Speight 2020).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 21.3 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 9 million km2. For the EU 27 countries the estimated EOO is around 14.5 million km2, and the estimated AOO is around 3.6 million km2.",This species is very widespread and common across all of Europe. The current population trend is considered to be increasing.,"This species is found in a very wide range of habitats: wetland; fen, edges of bogs and along the margin of almost any freshwater body, including lakes, ponds, ditches, canals, brooks and rivers; anthropophilic, occurring in most sorts of farmland, suburban gardens and urban parks.     Adults are low-flying, rarely more than 1 m from the ground, settling on vegetation. Males patrol stands of low-growing plants in bloom (see Parmenter 1956).      Flowers visited include white umbellifers; Achillea, Allium, Aster, Calluna, Cardamine, Cirsium palustre, Convolvulus, Crataegus, Epilobium, Euphorbia, Galium, Jasione montana, Leontodon, Polygonum cuspidatum, Potentilla erecta, Prunus laurocerasus, Ranunculus, Rosa canina, Senecia jacobaea, Sorbus aucuparia, Tussilago. See also the extended list in de Buck (1990).      The flight period of this species is from March to November, and in southern Europe probably all the year round, but most records are from May to October.     The larvae described and figured by Heiss (1938) and Hartley (1961) and illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994), Bartsch et al. (2009) and Dussaix (2013); a inhabitant of various types of moist, decaying, vegetable matter, including cow dung and garden compost heaps. Under some conditions, the larva can apparently also develop successfully in mammalian corpses (Magni et al. 2013). Dussaix (2013) confirms the larva overwinters, shows a puparium in colour and reports the puparial phase as lasting for 3 weeks.",There are no major threats to this species.,No conservation measures are necessary; this species occurs in Protected Areas across its range.,This species is not used or traded.,"Van Der Meutter, F. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A., Aracil, A., Barkalov, A., Mazanek, L., Popov, G., Pérez, C., Rojo, S. & Speight, M.","Ball, S., Birtele, D., Morris, R., Vujić, A. & Ssymank, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Syritta,vittata,,Syritta vittata,"Portschinsky, 1875",,Yes,DD,,No,NA,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Not Applicable (NA)  Syritta vittata is only known in Europe from southern European Russia. There is very little information known about the population trend and threats of this species, and further research is needed to confirm the distribution, trends, habitat and threats of this species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Data Deficient in Europe.  This species is not found within the EU 27 and therefore is Not Applicable.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is only known from southern parts of European Russia (Speight 2020). According to Barkalov and Mutin (2018), it also occurs in southern Europe, but no records are found.  Elsewhere, this species is known from central Asiatic Russia (Wolgograd), Iran (Beluchistan, Ahwaz), Kazakhstan, Pakistan and Turkmenistan (Speight 2020) (Lyneborg and Barkemeyer 2005).",There is no information about the population trend in European Russia.,There is very little data about the habitat and ecology of this species. It has been recorded on the flower of Ferula sp. (A. Barkalov pers. comm. 2020). The flight period is from April to June. The developmental stages are not described.,"The threats to this species are unknown, although it may be impacted by anthropogenic activities such as logging, agriculture and urbanisation.","Further research is needed about the biology, life cycle, threats, habitat, population and distribution of this species in order to be able to make an assumption about any necessary conservation actions. Until now it has not been found in EU 27, and in Europe it only seems to occur in the southeastern part of European Russia.",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Syrphocheilosia,claviventris,,Syrphocheilosia claviventris,"(Strobl, 1909)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  In Europe, this species lives in (sub)alpine meadows between 1000 and 2600 metres altitudes, and it is widespread in the Alps and locally in the Bulgarian mountains. The species can be locally common in its preferred habitat types. There is no information about declines in its populations, and it seems to profit from grazing by livestock on alpine meadows. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category. Because there are no immediate threats to the species or its preferred habitat, and it can locally be abundant, the current European Red List status is considered to be Least Concern.",Unknown,"This is a Palaearctic species, in Europe restricted to the high mountains of the Alps and to the Balkan peninsula. It is widespread in the Alps, including France, Switzerland, Germany, Liechtenstein, Austria, and Italy. On the Balkan Peninsula, it occurs in southwest Bulgaria in the mountains south of Sofia and the north-west Rhodope mountains (Claussen 1987, Goeldlin de Tiefenau 1974, Heimburg 2018, Schmid 1989, Speight 1988, Speight et al. 2018, Speight et al. 2020, Tóth 2014; D. Birtele pers. comm. 2020, L. Fisler pers. comm. 2020).   Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.  Outside of Europe, it is recorded from Turkey (where it is widespread and abundant in mountain areas), Transcaucasus (Armenia and Georgia) and north Caucasus (Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Mengual et al. 202, Saribiyik 2014, Speight 2020).","In the preferred habitat patches in mid-summer, this species can be found as dozens of specimens at one site, where it is often the most abundant hoverfly (L.J. van der Ent pers. comm. 2020). In Germany, its populations are stable over the short and undefined long term (Ssymank et al. 2011). The overall population trend is unknown.","Syrphocheilosia claviventris lives close to flushes and streamlets in unimproved, calcareous and non-calcareous montane and alpine grasslands from the top of the Picea zone to above 2500 metres (Speight, 2020). In Tirol during mid-summer, it is regularly found to be the dominant hoverfly in high alpine non-calcerous grazed meadows. It has mostly been found on flowers of Potentilla grandiflora or Ranunculus sp., and in wetter habitat types as well (L.J. van der Ent pers. comm. 2020). It also visits Anemone ranunculoides, Caltha palustris, Cardamine spp. and Helianthus sp. In spring, it has been observed at lower altitudes in subalpine meadows above 1000 metres, and in mid-summer, it appears in alpine meadows up to 2600 metres altitude. The adults resemble a Cheilosia in habits and appearance, and are usually found on yellow flowers, sometimes with more than one specimen per flower. The larval developmental stages are not described, and the flight period is from end of May until end of August.","No threats to this species are found in the literature. Grazing by livestock, sheep and cows can lead to low availability of the flowers necessary for feeding and mating. However, on high alpine meadows grazed by livestock, Syrphocheilosia claviventris can be the most numerous hoverfly species, especially on small patches of yellow flowers. The isolated and fragmented populations in south-west Bulgaria are likely to be threatened by winter tourism, even within the National Parks.","There is no information available on conservation measures specific to this species. Habitat protection and, where possible, restoration are recommended, together with research and monitoring of the threats, ecology and population and habitat trends.",There is no information on use or trade.,"Popov, S. & Varga, Z.","van der Ent, L.-J., van Steenis, J. & van Steenis, W.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Syrphus,admirandus,,Syrphus admirandus,"Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1996",,Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) globally and in the EU 27 Member States following the Scandinavian national Red Lists, although its range is uncertain range as a result of current confusion with other Syrphus species.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, where it occurs in Scandinavia (Sweden, Finland and Norway) (Speight 2018), and it has been recently recorded from the Czech Republic (Král 2018). This species has an uncertain range due to current confusion with other Syrphus species (Speight 2018). Presence in European Russia is possible but not yet confirmed.","There is no information about population size and trends for this species in Europe. Only 14 specimens, including the type, have been collected in Sweden. In the Czech Republic, only one female has been collected in the Sovinecko Natural Park (Král 2018).","Syrphus admirandus occurs in coniferous forest and western taiga (P. Goeldlin pers. comm. 2020). Adults fly from May to August visiting flowers of umbellifers, Campanula cervicaria, Crataegus laevigata, and Taraxacum (Bartsch et al. 2009). The larva is undescribed (Speight 2018).",There are no specific threats identified for this species.,"There are no specific conservation actions for this species. This species is regarded as Least Concern in Finland, Sweden (SLU Artdatabanken 2020) and Norway (Artsdatabanken 2015).","This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which are suspected to be aphids.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Syrphus,attenuatus,,Syrphus attenuatus,"Hine, 1922",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   Syrphus attenuatus is assessed as Least Concern (LC) both in Europe and the EU27 due to fairly wide range across Northern Europe, although it is rarer in Central Europe and absent from Southern Europe. The main threat for this species is climate change, which may significantly impact its habitat.",Unknown,"Syrphus attenuatus occurs in the northern part of Europe in Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden and Finland) and in Russia (Saint Petersburg and Moscow) (Speight 2018; A. Barkalov pers. comm. 2020).   Besides Europe this species also occurs in the Nearctic from Alaska south to Wisconsin, Colorado and Pennsylvania (Speight 2018).","There is no information about population trends. The majority of the specimens were collected in Finland: 47 from 2001-2013. There are only two specimens collected in the European part of Russia. In Poland there are only 3 specimens, from 1956.","Syrphus attenuatus occurs in forests (sub alpine Betula forest and dwarf-shrub tundra (T. Nielsen, pers. comm. 2020). Adults visit the flowers of the following plants: umbellifers; Papaver sibiricum, Salix, Taraxacum (T. Nielsen, pers. comm. 2020), and Carex. The flight period is from June to August (T. Nielsen pers. comm. 2020). The larva is not described (Speight 2018).","This species is threatened by habitat destruction. Extreme temperature changes as a result of climate change might be major ongoing or future threat on this species because its natural habitat is the tundra, but there is no information on any impacts.",There are no conservation actions known for this species. Research on population trends and larval ecology is needed. Additional monitoring is needed to better understand the population trends and impacts of possible threats from climate change. It is listed as Least Concern on the 2015 Swedish national Red List (https://artfakta.se) and in the Norwegian national Red List (https://artsdatabanken.no).,"This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which are suspected to be aphids.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.","Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Syrphus,auberti,,Syrphus auberti,"Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1996",,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)   This European endemic species is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)) globally due to its relatively restricted known area of occupancy (&lt;100 km2), suspected severe fragmentation of subpopulations, and an inferred continuing decline in the of quality of its habitat due to various pressures.   This species is also assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)) for the EU 27 Member States due to its relatively restricted known area of occupancy (&lt;100 km2), suspected severe fragmentation of subpopulations, and an inferred continuing decline in the of quality of its habitat due to various pressures.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, where it occurs in the Alps , with records from Germany, Switzerland and France (Goeldlin de Tiefenau 1996, Goeldlin de Tiefenau and Speight 1997, Speight 2018). It has also been recorded from the Jura in eastern France (Réserve naturelle nationale du lac de Remoray (Claude and Tissot 2013) and FrancheComté (Gharet et al. 2011)) and southern France, from l’Ariège department (Lair and Maurette 2020) and the Pyrenees, from Porté-Puymorens and Dorres, at the junction of France, Spain and Andorra, by Lair et al. (2018). It has also been recorded from Vorarlberg (Pruner 2016) and the Allgäu Alps in Austria (Heimburg 2018). It has been found to an elevation of c.2,400 m asl.","There is no information about population trends. There are 11 specimens collected so far from Switzerland. At the type locality 7 specimens were collected in 1995, and four additional specimens from the Swiss Alps were collected in 2014. In France only 4 specimens were collected in 2016 and 2018 (X. Lair in litt.). Its apparent occurrence in low densities in high montane areas suggest that the population may be severely fragmented.","Syrphus auberti occurs in open ground; unimproved, humid, calcareous and non-calcareous, montane and subalpine grassland (Speight 2018). There are no data about the plant species which flowers adults of this species visit. The larva is not described. The flight period is from July to August (Speight 2018).",This species is threatened by habitat destruction and climate change. Overgrazing in alpine grasslands and snow-related tourist activities may threaten this high montane species.,Syrphus auberti is considered  Data Deficient (DD) in the Red List of  Bayern province of Germany (von der Dunk et al. 2003). Additional monitoring is needed to better understand the population trends and impacts of threats. Research required to better understand larval biology.,"This species is not traded or exploited commercially. Even though it has a potential use in pest control of their prey insects and crop pollination, the rarity of this species makes commercial exploitation difficult.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.","Vujić, A.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Syrphus,nitidifrons,,Syrphus nitidifrons,"Becker, 1921",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This European endemic species is assessed as Least Concern both globally and in the EU27 due to its wide range and the lack of identified threats.,Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, where it is known from Denmark in the north to northern Spain in the south, and from the southern coast of England to northern Romania and the Greek East Aegean islands in the east. It is also present in Belgium and the Netherlands through central Europe (Switzerland) to the Balkan Peninsula. Syrphus nitidifrons appears to be spreading rapidly through Atlantic parts of Europe at present (Speight 2018).","There is not information about population size and trends for this species in Europe. Only two specimens have been collected in Serbia (Kopaonik National Park), four specimens in Greece, and only one specimen in England.","The preferred habitat of Syrphus nitidifrons is conifer forest (Abies, Picea, humid Pinus). Adults fly from April to June visiting flowers of Amelanchier, Lychnis, Prunus serotina, Ranunculus repens, Salix, and Sorbus aucupariae. The larva is undescribed (Speight 2018).",There are no specific threats identified for this species.,There are not specific conservation actions in place for this species. Syrphus nitidifrons is listed as Vulnerable in Denmark (https://www.allearter-databasen.dk) and as Data Deficient in the German province Bayern (von der Dunk et al. 2003),"This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which are suspected to be aphids.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Syrphus,rectus,,Syrphus rectus,"Osten Sacken, 1875",,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27-2020,,European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Syrphus rectus is assessed as Data Deficient because of its unclear taxonomic status; the European population might be referable to S. vitripennis (Ssymank et al. 1999). Even if referable to the North American S. rectus it is unclear whether European records represent established native populations as the species appears to be migratory. Further taxonomic and faunistic research is needed to clarify this species status in Europe.,Unknown,"The geographic range of this species is uncertain due to confusion with other European species such as Syrphus vitripennis. Its presence is reported from Denmark, Finland, France,   Luxembourg, Germany, Ireland and Switzerland.  Besides Europe, Syrphus rectus occurs in North America (USA and Canada) and it may be to a significant extent migratory (Speight 2018).  There are still doubts about the assignment of European subpopulations to this species (Ssymank et al. 1999), and most records in Europe should be treated with caution. If European records are genuinely conspecific with North American S. rectus, it is likely that they represent migratory specimens or introductions rather than an established European population.",There is no information about population size and trends for this species in Europe.,"Syrphus rectus occurs in different types of deciduous forests and open ground, scrub and grasslands. There are no data about the plant species which adults visit. The flight period is from July to May. The larva is undescribed (Speight 2018). Short and Bergh (2005) illustrate the eggs of Syrphus rectus from North America, where the larva of this species is apparently a significant predator of the aphids on fruit trees, including the woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum).",There are no specific threats identified for this species in Europe.,"There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. Research is needed to clarify the taxonomic identity of this species across its range, and the distribution as well as the identity of European specimens referred to by this name.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which include aphids (Speight 2018).","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Syrphus,ribesii,,Syrphus ribesii,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species does not meet the criteria for threatened categories in Europe/EU27. It is a widespread species, present in many habitats and it has a high migrant ability. There are no specific threats identified for this species. Therefore, the species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and for the EU27 Member States.",Unknown,"Syrphus ribesii is widely distributed species in Europe. It occurs from Iceland and Scandinavia south to the Iberian peninsula and the Mediterranean, and the Canary Islands. It is also present from Ireland eastwards through most of Europe into European parts of Russia.  Outside Europe this species occurs in Asia - from the Urals to the Pacific coast (Kuril Islands), and in Afghanistan and Japan; and in North America (from Alaska south to central parts of the USA). This species is highly migratory (Speight 2018).",There is no information about population size and trends for this species in Europe. There are many specimens collected from different parts of Europe so far.,"Syrphus ribesii is a highly anthrophophilic species occurring in gardens, farmland, orchards, parks and all types of deciduous and coniferous forests (Speight 2018). Adults visit flowers of the wide range of plants including umbellifers, composites and threes and shrubs. The flight period is from April to mid-November (Speight 2018). The larva is described and figured by Dušek and Láska (1964).",This is one of the commonest hoverfly species in Europe and seems not to be subject to any threats.,There are no specific conservation actions for this species.,"This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which include aphids (Rojo et al. 2003).","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Syrphus,sexmaculatus,,Syrphus sexmaculatus,"(Zetterstedt, 1838)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is assessed as Least Concern on the regional level in both Europe and the EU27 due its wide range and the absence of identified threats.,Unknown,"Syrphus sexmaculatus occurs only in northern parts of Europe: Scandinavia (Norway, Finland, Sweden) and St. Petersburg and Karelia Regions in European parts of Russia (Speight 2018, Barkalov and Mutin 2018).   Besides Europe this species occurs also in North America in Alaska and Canada (Speight 2018).",There is no information about population size or trends for this species in Europe.,"Syrphus sexmaculatus occurs in forest and open ground, taiga (Nielsen 1998), dwarf scrub tundra and subalpine Betula forest (H. Bartsch pers. comm. 2020); and subalpine heath (Bartsch et al. 2009). Adults fly from June to August visiting the flowers of Matricaria, Ranunculus (Nielsen 1998), Bistorta vivipara, Geranium sylvaticum, Leucanthemum vulgare, Taraxacum (Bartsch et al. 2009). The larva is undescribed (Speight 2018).",There are no specific threats identified for this species in Europe.,There are no conservation actions known for this species. This species is considered Least Concern in Sweden (https://artfakta.se) and Norway (https://artsdatabanken.no). Research on population trends is needed.,"This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which are suspected to be aphids.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Syrphus,stackelbergi,,Syrphus stackelbergi,"Kuznetzov, 1990","This species is known only from the type series described from San Petesburg by Kuznetzov (1990). Goeldlin de Tiefenau (1996) in his revision of European species of the genus Syrphus included this species in the identification key.  Further faunistic and taxonomic research is needed to determine whether this is a valid species or not. If valid, this species can be separated from other Syrphus by the following characters: Second basal cell of wing bare on the anterior quarter or more; setae on the basitarsis all yellow; face mainly black; yellow bands on tergites divided.",Yes,DD,,No,NA,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)  Syrphus stackelbergi is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) both globally and in Europe because it is known only from its type locality (St. Petersburg region). Only two specimens, both collected in 1915, have been recorded so far. It is not known from the European Union.",Unknown,"This species is known from a single locality in the northern part of European Russia, in the St. Petersburg region (N. Bronnaya, Petergof; Kuznezov 1990, Speight 2018).","There is no information about population trends. There are only two specimens known, from a single locality.",There are no data about the habitat and ecology of this species (Speight 2018).,"Its ecology is unknown, and so it is not possible to identify any threats..","There are no conservation actions known for this species. Research needed to clarify the validity of this species and, if valid, determine its distribution, population status, ecology or any threats.",This species is not traded or used commercially.,"Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.","Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Syrphus,torvus,,Syrphus torvus,"Osten-Sacken, 1875",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species does not meet the criteria for threatened categories in Europe and the EU27. It is a widespread species, present in many habitats including anthropogenic ones. There are no specific threats identified for this species. Therefore, S. torvus is here regarded as Least Concern in Europe and the EU27.",Unknown,"Syrphus torvus is a widely distributed species. It occurs from Greenland, Iceland, the Faroes and Scandinavia to Iberian Peninsula and the Mediterranean. It ranges through most of Europe into European parts of Russia.   Besides Europe this species occurs also in Asia (from the Urals through Siberia to the Pacific coast (Kuril Islands); Japan; Taiwan; northern India, Nepal, Thailand) and in North America, from Alaska south to New Mexico (Speight 2018).",There is no information about population size and trends for this species in Europe.,"Syrphus torvus occurs in different kind of forests-humid conifer forest (Abies, Picea and humid Pinus), deciduous forest (Betula, Fagus and acidophilous Quercus) and dwarf-shrub tundra. This species is also anthropophilic, occurring in suburban gardens with mature trees and in urban parks (Speight 2018). Adults fly from March to October visiting flowers of umbellifers, Allium ursinum, Aster, Bellis perennis, Brassica rapa, Buxus, Caltha, Cirsium arvense, Crataegus, Euphorbia, Frangula alnus, Glaux maritima, Hedera, Hieracium, Oxalis, Prunus spinosa, Ranunculus, Rosa, Rubus fruticosus, R.idaeus, Salix, Senecio jacobaea, Sorbus, Taraxacum, Tussilago. The larva is aphidopgagous; it was described by Dušek and Láska (1964).",There are no specific threats identified for this species in Europe.,There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species.,"This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which include aphids crop pests (Rojo et al. 2003).","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Syrphus,vitripennis,,Syrphus vitripennis,"Meigen, 1822",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species does not meet the criteria for threatened categories in Europe or the EU27. It is a widespread species, present in many habitats. including anthropogenic ones There are no specific threats identified for this species. Therefore, S. vitripennis is here regarded as Least Concern in Europe and the EU27.",Unknown,"This species is widely distributed in the whole Palaearctic. It occurs in almost every European country.   Besides Europe this species occurs in North Africa and North America (from Alaska to California), and Asia (Taiwan) (Speight 2018).",There is not information about population size and trends for this species in Europe. There are many specimens collected from different European countries.,"The preferred habitat of this species are forests (most types of deciduous and coniferous forest and conifer plantations). This species is significantly anthropophilic, occurring along field hedges, in suburban gardens and parks. Adults fly from April to October visiting flowers of white umbellifers, Achillea millefolium, Brassica rapa,Campanula rapunculoides, Cirsium, Convolvulus, Crataegus, Euphorbia, Leontodon, Origanum vulgare, Ranunculus, Rosa, and Rubus fruticosus (Speight 2020). The larva is described by Dušek and Laska (1964).",This is one of the commonest hoverfly species in Europe and seems not to be subject to any threats.,There are no specific conservation actions for this species.,"This species is not traded and used commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which include aphid crop pests (Rojo et al. 2003).","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Temnostoma,angustistriatum,,Temnostoma angustistriatum,"Krivosheina, 2002",,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Endangered (EN) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Endangered (EN)  Temnostoma angustistriatum is currently rare in Europe, although it is widespread. Most of the records are found in Finland, but the species shows signs of recent expansion over the Carpathians in different countries. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 2.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 436 km2. For the EU 27, the estimated EOO is around 743,000 km2, and the estimated AOO is around 336 km2. Although the current estimates of EOO for Europe and the EU 27 are large, the small AOO indicates this species is much scarcer than the range would indicate, and it has a very fragmented distribution. The species is dependent on a habitat that is rare in economically exploited woodlands making it rare by definition over large parts of its range. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered for both Europe and the EU 27.",Decreasing,"This species is known from Finland, Poland (one locality from Carpathians in Bieszczady Mts., one locality from Białowieża Forest) (Mielczarek 2014), European Russia (Karelia (Polevoi 2008), Moscow region, Ural) (Krivosheina and Stahls 2003) and Siberia to the Pacific coast region (Speight 2020). There are recent records from Austria in 2014 and 2016 (Steiermark, BZ Liezen, Admont, National Park Gesäuse) (Heimburg 2018), one record from Denmark (Viborg), two records from Belarus. In Ukraine, the species only occurs in the Carpathian mountains (Popov pers. comm. 2019), on the western slope, it does not occur at higher altitudes. The species shows signs of spreading over the range of the Carpathians. There is also one locality from Norway (listed CR) but it is probably old.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 2.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 436 km2. For the EU 27, the estimated EOO is around 743,000 km2, and the estimated AOO is around 336 km2. Not all exact localities from countries mentioned in the occurrence section are included in the distribution map.","This species is rare throughout Europe, and the current population trend is unknown but it is assumed to be in decline. It may be more widespread than currently known, as there are several recent records from different countries. In addition, the population is considered to be severely fragmented, as the subpopulations are small and isolated and therefore may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","The preferred environment of this species is mixed forest and deciduous forest; taiga forest with Betula (S. Kerppola pers. comm. 2019), alluvial hardwood forest and Quercus/Carpinus/Ulmus forest. In Ukraine, it is found in deciduous forests in the base of one Acer platanoides tree. The species occurs in pristine habitats, some of which are protected.     Flowers visited by this species include Anthriscus sylvestris (S. Kerppola pers. comm. 2019) and Leucanthemum vulgare (Pestov 2007).    The flight period is from the end of April to August (Krivosheina 2002).     The larvae described and figured by Krivosheina (2003), who also provides distinctions from the larvae of T. bombylans. The larva occurs in wood of Alnus, Betula, Fraxinus, Populus tremula, Prunus avium, Quercus, Tilia and Ulmus (M. Krivosheina pers. comm. 2019). Larvae are found in dead wood.","The main threats are focused on the loss of quality and quantity of habitat. The major threats affecting this species are land use change due to deforestation for wood, agricultural activities and urbanization.","The species is known to occur in Protected Areas. The threat status of this species in Finland improved from Vulnerable (VU) in 2010 to Near Threatened (NT) in 2019 because the number of species recorded increased (FinBif 2020). However, in Norway, the species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) (Artsobservasjoner 2020).  More research on taxonomy, biology, ecology, life cycle, population trends and distribution is required.",This species is not used or traded.,"Van Der Meutter, F. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A., Aracil, A., Mazanek, L., Popov, G., Pérez, C., Rojo, S. & Speight, M.","van Steenis, W., van Eck, A., Popov, G., Mielczarek, L., Zoralski, R., Mengual, X. & Heimburg, H",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Temnostoma,apiforme,,Temnostoma apiforme,"(Fabricius, 1794)",,Yes,NT,A3c,No,NT,A3c,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Although Temnostoma apiforme has a wide geographic range it has a relictual distribution pattern over much of its European range. The current population trend is assumed to be declining in a strong and continuous pace. The distribution map is considered to be a rough reflection of the real distribution. This decline is and has been in the order of nearly 30%. The subpopulations are small and the species is under threat from forestry activities, including deforestation, agriculture and human activities, so this decline will not reduce in the future. This decline is likely to go on, so the species is expected to lose a big part of its suitable habitat in a short time. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened for both Europe and the EU27 Member States, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion A3c.",Decreasing,"The distribution of this species requires reassessment, due to confusion with T. carens, but it is probably found from Lapland south to northern France (Ardennes, Vosges), and from eastern Belgium through northern and central Europe into European parts of Russia and on through Siberia to the Pacific coast and Japan. Although this species has a wide geographic range it has a relictual distribution pattern over much of its European range (Speight 2020).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species is estimated to be around 8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 3.4 million km2. The EOO and AOO for the EU 27 are estimated to be around 3.7 million km2 and 1.6 million km2, respectively.","This species is widespread in Europe but the subpopulations are probably small with a relatively low number of adults. It is a species that resembles a wasp, so it is not so easy to find and collect. The current population trend of this species is expected to be in decline, because it is assumed that the real number of localities of the species will be a lot less than thought because of this relictual distribution pattern. There is an expected strong decline in suitable habitat in the future of nearly 30% over the next ten years. The population is probably severely fragmented, as the subpopulations are smaller and isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","This species is found in forest, in areas subject to temporary flooding in humid deciduous forest, from northern Betula forest to the upper levels of Fagus/Picea forest and down to the alluvial hardwood forest of major rivers.    Adults have been found in clearings, tracksides and meadows adjacent to forest. Although it is a forest insect, it can be found flying close to the ground and visiting the flowers of low-growing plants. Flowers visited by this species include white umbellifers, Crataegus, Geum, Matricaria inodora, Potentilla, Ranunculus, Rubus idaeus, Sorbus aucuparia, Trientalis. Also Rosa canina, Ranunculus acer, Conium maculatum, Potentilla erecta, Veronica (Zimina 1957, Stackelberg 1958), Ledum palustre, Spiraea media, Plantago media (Bagachanova, 1990). Pimpinella saxifraga, Heracleum sosnowskyi, Heracleum sibiricum, Leucanthemum vulgare and Achillea millefolium (Pestov 2007)    The flight period is from June to the end of July, and on into August at higher altitudes/more northerly latitudes.      The larvae are wood-boring, in solid wood within part-rotted stumps and logs; described and figured by Heqvist (1957), based on larvae collected from a rotten Betula stump. According to Bartsch et al. (2009), this species shows a preference for birch logs “in very humid situations, especially logs that periodically become partly submerged”. Krivosheina and Mamayev (1962) also figure and describe the larva of this species, from material collected from stumps of Tilia. These latter authors provide a key distinguishing T. apiforme larvae from those of the other European Temnostoma species.","The threats for this species are the usual ones for a forest insect, including deforestation, logging, agriculture, human intrusion and water management. In addition drainage or general drying of forests may be detrimental as this species requires wet situations.","There are no known conservation actions currently in place for this species, but it does occur in protected areas (for example in Belarus and Poland). More research is needed on its biology/ecology, habitat, population trends and threats. In Finland, this species has been assessed as Least Concern (LC) in 2000, 2010 and 2019 (FinBif 2020). In Germany the species is listed as Endangered (Ssymank et al. 2011). In Denmark the species is listed as Endangered (Bygebjerg 2019). In the Czech Republic the species is listed as Endangered (Farkac et al. 2005).",This species is not used or traded.,"Van Der Meutter, F. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Ssymank, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Temnostoma,bombylans,,Temnostoma bombylans,"(Fabricius, 1805)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Temnostoma bombylans is a widespread species throughout Europe with a large extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO). Although the species is not common in the southern parts of its range, it is very widespread in central and Eastern Europe. It may be impacted by anthropogenic activities, including agriculture, logging and urbanisation, but the overall current population trend is considered to be stable. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27.  Further studies are needed into the taxonomy, abundance, trends, ecology and threats to this species.",Stable,"The distribution of this species requires review due to confusion with T. angustistriatum, but it is probably known from southern Sweden and Denmark, south to the Pyrenees and North Africa and the former Yugoslavian countries. It is known eastwards from northern France through northern and central Europe (Whitemore et al. 2008) into Asiatic parts of Russia, as far as the Pacific coast, Japan and Korea. In Europe, it is probably the most frequently met Temnostoma species, but nonetheless very local (Speight 2020).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 7.2 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 3.3 million km2. For the EU 27 countries, the estimated EOO is around 3.7 million km2, and the estimated AOO is around 1.8 million km2.","This is a species with a wide European range. Overall, the population trend is considered to be stable for the moment, even with the usual anthropogenic activities in Europe. It is relatively common in the southern parts (Mediterranean region), but it is very widespread in central and eastern Europe and a bit more localised. It is probably the most frequently met species in the genus, and in the right habitat it is not too difficult to find. In Scandinavia, the species is only found in the southern parts. The hoverfly is also widespread to the eastern parts of the Palearctic.","This species is found in Fagus forest with over-mature trees, up to its upper altitudinal limits; Quercus/Carpinus/Ulmus forest and old alluvial hardwood forest (Speight 2017, 2020).    Adults are found in clearings and tracksides, flying 1 to 2 metres from the ground and settling on low-growing vegetation.     Flowers visited include umbellifers, species from the genera of Cornus, Hypericum, Ranunculus and Rubus, Sambucus nigra, Sorbus aucuparia and Viburnum opulus.      The flight period is from May to June and July at higher altitudes.     The larvae are described and figured by Krivosheina and Mamayev (1962); wood-boring, in solid wood within part-rotted stumps and logs; reared from stumps and logs of Acer, Fagus, Quercus, Salix and Tilia; N.P. Krivosheina (Krivosheina 2002) has also reared this species from stumps and fallen timber of Alnus and Betula. Derksen (1941) indicates metamorphosis takes two years and the larvae inhabit stumps of trees felled 7 or 8 years previously. The larvae described and figured, with puparium, by Heiss (1938) and Metcalf (1933) were probably those of T. balyras (Walker). Krivosheina and Mamayev (1962) provide a key distinguishing T. bombylans larvae from those of the other European Temnostoma species.","The main threats to this species in Europe are deforestation, agriculture, urbanisation and logging. This will certainly have a negative effect on the species, but the actual impact is unknown.","There are no direct conservation measures in place. Further studies are needed into the taxonomy, abundance, trends, biology, ecology and threats to this species. The species occurs in at least some protected areas. In the Czech Republic, the species was assessed as Vulnerable (VU) (Farkac et al. 2005).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Birtele, D., Ssymank, A. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Temnostoma,carens,,Temnostoma carens,"Gaunitz, 1936",,Yes,NT,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",No,NT,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",EU27-2020,,"Global and European Regional Assessment: Near Threatened (NT) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Endangered (EN)  Temnostoma carens was originally thought to be highly localised in Sweden and Finland, but it is also now known from Lithuania, northwestern European and Poland. In general, this species is widely distributed but rare across the range. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 1.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 2,000 and 3,000 km2. In the EU 27, the AOO is estimated to be around 76 km2. The number of mature individuals, AOO, and habitat area/quality of this species is considered to be undergoing continuing decline for both Europe and the EU 27. Although the current estimates of EOO for Europe and the EU 27 are large, the small AOO indicates this species is much scarcer than the range would indicate, and it has a severely fragmented distribution as is shown on the map. The species is listed as Near Threatened for Europe, and Endangered for the EU 27.",Decreasing,"This species was originally localised in northern Sweden and Finland, but it has also found in Lithuania (Lutovinovas 2015) and Poland (Zoralski and Mielczarek 2018) (Speight 2020). It is also known in northern European Russia (Karelia and Murmansk). The presence of this species is not confirmed in Ukraine - one female found but needs confirmation (Popov pers. comm. 2019).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 1.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is not known for certain, but is estimated to be between 2,000 and 3,000 km2  also based on its presence in Russia. However, for the EU 27, there is one locality in Poland and two in Lithuania. Furthermore there are records from Sweden and Finland. For Sweden there are around seven localities (Artdatabanken 2020) and from Finland, around nine recent sightings (FinBif 2020). Therefore, the AOO is estimated to be around 76 km2.","This species was thought to be very restricted, but it is now known to occur in Poland and Lithuania, so either this species has increased its range or it is more widely distributed than originally thought. Even so, it is probably not common anywhere and the expectation is it is declining in its range. There are two recent localities from Lithuania from 2015, and seven localities in Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020). In Finland, there are nine localities known (FinBif 2020), and in Poland, two localities known from 2018. The current population trend of this species is expected to be in decline for both Europe and the EU 27. In addition, the population is considered to be severely fragmented, as the subpopulations are small and isolated and therefore may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","The preferred environment of this species is deciduous forest; Alnus forest with flushes (this habitat information is based on data kindly provided by T. Järveläinen, relating to a specimen collected by him. Since only one specimen is involved rearing data or more substantial habitat association data are required before a relationship between this rarely-seen species and Alnus forest can be confirmed). Zoralski and Mielczarek (2018) recorded the species from old Quercus/Carpinus/Tilia forest with Pinus and Populus tremula in Poland.    The female flies low among vegetation (T. Järveläinen pers. comm. 2019).     Flowers visited by this species include white umbellifers and Crataegus spp.    The flight period is from mid June to the end of July.     The developmental stages are not described, but larvae of the genus are found in rotten wood.  Due to deforestation and forest management, there is considered to be a decline in the extent and quality of the habitat.","The threats to this species include deforestation and forest management, agriculture, drainage, removal of old trees (found in big fallen timber) and removal of rotten wood from natural habitats close to water.","This species has been assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in the Swedish National Red List (Artdatabanken 2020) and in Finland (FinBif 2020). More research is needed on the biology/ecology of this species, and on habitat, threats and population.",This species is not used or traded.,"Van Der Meutter, F. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A., Aracil, A., Barkalov, A., Mazanek, L., Popov, G., Pérez, C., Rojo, S. & Speight, M.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Temnostoma,meridionale,,Temnostoma meridionale,"Krivosheina and Mamayev, 1962",,Yes,NT,A3c,No,NT,A3c,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  EU 27 Regional Assessment: Near Threatened (NT)  Although Temnostoma meridionale is found across Europe, with its distribution concentrated in the central belt from west to east, it has a relictual distribution pattern over much of its European range, like T. apiforme. It is estimated this is the species in the genus that has declined the most in recent times in the number of locations, the area of occupancy and the quality of habitat. The current population trend is assumed to be declining in a strong and continuous pace. The subpopulations are small and the species is under threat from forestry activities, including deforestation, agriculture and human activities, so this decline will not be less in the future. This decline is and has been in the order of nearly 30% over a ten-year period. This decline is likely to go on in this special type of habitat, so the species is expected to lose a big part of its suitable habitat in a short time. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened, as it is close to qualifying for a threatened Category under Criterion A3c.",Decreasing,"This species is known from Belgium, the southern part of Sweden, Estonia, Latvia, Denmark, Germany, Luxembourg, central and southwest France (including the Pyrenees), the Czech Republic, Slovenia, Serbia, Slovakia, Croatia, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Ukraine (forest zone, common in some places (Popov pers. comm. 2020)), European parts of Russia and the Caucasus (Speight 2020, Bot and van de Meutter 2019). The species is mostly found in the central belt of Europe from west to east, it seemingly does occur in the French Pyrenees but not in the more elevated part of the Alps.  For Europe the estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is around 4.9 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1.4 million km2. For the EU 27, the estimated EOO is around 2.5 million km2, and the estimated AOO is around 789,000 km2.","This is a species with a wide central European range. Overall the population trend is estimated to be strongly declining over its range (Speight 2017). It is thought that especially this species in the genus Temnostoma suffers a lot from the human activities like logging, agriculture and drainage. The species itself resembles a wasp and might be under-recorded, but it is also big and reasonably conspicuous in its habitat. It would have been recorded more in recent times if the population would have been stable. Although the AOO looks reasonably big at the moment, it is assumed the occurrence in Europe is declining in a rapid pace, and it will soon reach a threatened status when this goes on. In Sweden, there have been 59 recent sightings in the southernmost part (Skane (54), Halland (4), Blekinge (1)) (Artdatabanken 2020). It is not very rare in Poland (Zoralski pers. comm. 2019), and also in Ukraine is is found regularly and is sometimes common in some places (Popov pers. comm. 2020).","This species is found in Fagus and thermophilous Quercus (Q.pubescens) forest containing overmature and fallen trees (Speight 2017, 2020).    Adults have been found in sunlit forest, where the species flies between the trees, the males hovering at 3 meters or higher and settling on low-growing vegetation. Males have been seen hovering in small groups, close to the trunk of large trees at the edge of a track. In these circumstances they not only hover but also fly rapidly both up and down and from side to side, within a space of 2 to 3 m diameter, buzzing noisily. Their resemblance to a cloud of hornets disturbed at the entrance to their nest hole is alarming (Speight 2017, 2020).    Flowers visited by this species include Cornus sanguinea and Photinia spp.     The flight period is from the beginning of May to the beginning of July.      The larvae are wood-boring, in solid wood within part-rotted stumps and logs; described and figured by Krivosheina and Mamayev (1962), from larvae collected from a Fagus log. These authors also provide a key distinguishing larvae from those of the other European Temnostoma species.","The main threats in Europe are focused on the loss of quality and quantity of habitat due to deforestation, agriculture, urbanisation and logging. This will certainly have an negative effect on the populations of this species, but the actual changes are unknown. It seems this species suffers more from loss of quantity and quality of habitat than other forest dwelling species in Europe according to Speight (2020).","There are no direct conservation measures for this species currently in place. Further studies are needed into the abundance, population trends, biology, ecology and threats to this species. The species occurs in protected areas, for example in Poland. In Sweden, this species was assessed as Near Threatened (NT) (Artdatabanken 2020). In the Czech Republic the species was assessed Vulnerable (Farkac et al. 2005), and in Germany the species is listed as Endangered (Ssymank et al. 2011). In Denmark the species is also listed as Endangered (Bygebjerg 2019).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Ssymank, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Temnostoma,sericomyiaeforme,,Temnostoma sericomyiaeforme,"(Portschinsky, 1886)",,Yes,VU,A3c,No,VU,A3c,EU27-2020,,"Global and European Regional Assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  Although Temnostoma sericomyiaeforme has the bulk of its European distribution in Scandinavia; it is also found further east and south, but in these countries the numbers recorded are very low. The current population trend is assumed to be declining in a strong and continuous pace. The subpopulations are very small and the species is under threat from forestry activities, including deforestation, agriculture and human activities, so this decline will not be less in the future. This decline is and has been in the order of nearly 30%, so the current range could be a lot smaller than recorded on the map. The species is expected to lose a big part of its suitable habitat in a short time. Therefore, this species is assessed as Vulnerable, but it may well become even more at risk in the future, and so careful monitoring of the population and habitat trends and threats to the species is required.",Decreasing,"This is an European endemic species. The true distribution of this species is uncertain, due to confusion with T. vespiformis until recently, but it is confirmed from Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark (FinBif 2020, Artdatabanken 2020) and Ukraine (although there are no specimens, G. Popov pers. comm. 2019). The species is also known from Belarus, Estonia, Lithuania and Poland (Lutovinovas and Kinduris 2013, Zoralski and Mielczarek 2018, Speight 2020). The occurrence in European Russia was considered doubtful according to Barkalov and Mutin (2018), but there are confirmed sightings from Kirov among others (Barkalov pers. comm. 2019). Sometimes there are only very few sightings, for example in Poland there is only one published record.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) for Europe is estimated to be around 4 million km2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 240 km2. For the EU 27, the estimated EOO is around 1.1 million km2, and the estimated AOO is around 180 km2.","The bulk of the European distribution seems to be in Scandinavia. In the other countries, the numbers of recorded individuals are very low. There are 21 recent localities in Finland (FinBif 2020), 21 recent localities in Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020) and two in Norway (Artsobservasjoner 2020). In other parts of the EU 27 countries there are less than five records, and the species is possibly extant in Ukraine. From Russia there were a good number of records, but these are likely to be confused with T. vespiformis (Barkalov pers. comm. 2020). So probably the number of sightings here is also low. In total, there are around 45 localities in the EU 27, and around 60 in Europe. According to Speight (2020), this species is decreasing in Europe. The species is certainly declining in a rapid pace in comparison with earlier decades due to the continuing anthropogenic activities in southern Europe, and it is estimated it will be just over 30% or more given the threats for its habitat.","The preferred environment of this species is deciduous forest, Alnus swamp forest with Salix, Populus tremula and Betula (S. Kerppola pers. comm. 2019) and with overmature and fallen trees; Alnus forest with Betula, Prunus padus and Populus tremula (T. Nielsen pers. comm. 2019). Flowers visited by this species include umbellifers, Rubus idaeus (Bartsch et al. 2009), Pimpinella saxifraga, Achillea millefolium and Tripleurospermum perforatum (Pestov 2007). The species was also detected at the edge of a mixed forest, on flowering Crataegus monogyna (Lutovinas and Kinduris 2013). There is considered to be a decline in the quality and extent of the habitat.  The flight period is from mid June to July.    The developmental stages are not described, but stated to develop in partly-rotten stumps and logs of Betula in wet situations (Bartsch et al. 2009).","The main threats are focused on the loss of quality and quantity of habitat, from deforestation and forest management, agriculture, drainage, removal of old trees (found in big fallen timber), and the removal of rotten wood from natural habitats close to water.","There are no direct conservation measures currently in place for this species. Further studies are needed into the taxonomy, abundance, trends, biology, ecology and eventually threats to this species. It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas. The species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Finland in 2010 and 2019 (FinBif 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020), but as Vulnerable (VU) in Norway (Artsobservasjoner 2020). In Denmark the species is listed as Data Deficient (Bygebjerg 2019).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Temnostoma,vespiformis,,Temnostoma vespiformis,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Temnostoma vespiformis is widespread across Europe, despite some confusion over its true distribution due to confusion with other species of the genus. Anthropogenic activities in natural areas to create industrial areas, for agriculture or for tourism reduce the natural habitats for this species, and so there may be localised declines, but overall the current population trend is considered to be stable. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27.",Stable,"The full distribution of this species requires reassessment, due to confusion with both T. meridionale and T. sericomyiaeforme, but it is probably known from central Sweden south to northern Spain, from northern France (Brittany) eastwards through most of Europe and on through Asiatic parts of Russia to the Pacific coast and Japan, and the Caucasus. Now, the species is rather localised over much of its European range (Speight 2020). A record from Bulgaria (specimen) was provided by L.J. van der Ent (pers. comm. 2020, unpublished data).  It was recorded also in the Nearctic from Alaska south to New Mexico and east to Quebec, but Skevington et al. (2019) state that Temnostoma vespiformis is restricted to the Palearctic region.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 10 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 4 million km2.  For the EU27 countries the estimated EOO is around 5.1 million km2, and the estimated AOO is around 2.2 million km2.","This is a widespread species, found throughout Europe. Although not much information is known, it is expected to have a stable population trend throughout most of its range. There have been several hundred recent sightings in Sweden alone.","The preferred environment of this species is deciduous forest containing over-mature and fallen trees, especially riverine alluvial gallery forest (Speight 2017, 2020).    Adults are found in open forest, especially near brooks and rivers. Males hover at 3 meters and higher, and both sexes frequently visit flowers (often visiting pastures and meadows for the purpose) and settle on shrub foliage. In flight, the hoverfly is an exact mimic of Vespula (Hymenoptera, Vespidae); when settled this insect carries its black fore tarsi as though they were antennae, resembling exactly black Vespula antennae and vibrates them as Vespula does its antennae.     Flowers visited by this species include umbellifers, Clematis, Cornus, Crataegus, Lonicera xylosteum, Papaver nudicaule, Ranunculus, Rubus idaeus, Sambucus, Senecio, Sorbus. Also on Tripleurospermum perforatum, Filipendula ulmaria, Achillea millefolium, Pimpinella saxifraga, Heracleum sibiricum (Pestov 2007), Ranunculus acer, Filipendula hexapetala, Potentilla erecta, Anthriscus and Aegopodium podagraria (Zimina 1957, Stackelberg 1958).    The flight period is from May to June and on into July and August at higher altitudes/more northerly latitudes.     The larvae are wood-boring, in solid wood within part-rotted stumps and logs. According to Drees (1999) larval development takes two years. The larvae are described and figured by Stammer (1933) and Krivosheina and Mamayev (1962); illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994); distinctions from the larva of T. apiforme (Fab.) are detailed in Heqvist (1957). Krivosheina and Mamayev (1962) provide a key distinguishing T. vespiforme larvae from those of the other European Temnostoma species known at that time. This species has been bred from Acer, Alnus, Betula, Fagus, Populus tremula, Quercus, Salix and Tilia.","The main threats are focused on the loss of quality and quantity of habitat. Anthropogenic activities in natural areas to create industrial areas, for agriculture, for logging or for tourism reduce the natural habitats for this species. However, there is no specific information regarding the potential threats affecting this species, it is widespread through Europe and although there will be a decline in parts of its range, overall it is not under pressure.","This species also occurs in National Parks throughout Europe. There is always the need to learn more on the biology and ecology of the species, as well as studying the habitat it lives in. In Finland, this species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in 2000, but in 2010 and 2019 it is assessed as LC (FinBif 2020) It is assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Sweden in 2010 and 2019 (Artdatabanken 2020) and Norway (Artsobservasjoner 2020).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Birtele, D., Vujić, A. & Ssymank, A.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Trichopsomyia,flavitarsis,,Trichopsomyia flavitarsis,"(Meigen, 1822)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This species is widely distributed in Europe in all kinds of wetland habitats, especially in fens, bogs and wet, nutrient-poor grassland and heath. It is a protected species in Serbia (Miličić et al. 2018). It is listed as Vulnerable on the National Red List of Czechia (Mazánek and Barták 2005) and Near Threatened in the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), partly due to the loss of suitable habitat types. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category. Therefore, the current European Red List status is considered to be Least Concern, but this should be evaluated regularly because its preferred habitat types may be under pressure from the enrichment of nutrients and periods of extreme drought as a result of climate change.",Decreasing,"This is a Palaearctic species with a widespread distribution in Europe. It occurs from Ireland east to European Russia (northwest, central and east Federal Districts), Ukraine (Donetsk region) and Romania, and from central Fennoscandia with some local occurrences in the more northern parts, south to north-east Spain (Teruel) and central Italy (Lazio). It also occurs from the Balkan peninsula south to Greece (Chios) and south-west Bulgaria (Bartsch et al. 2009, Dirickx 1994, Haarto and Kerppola 2007, Heimburg 2018, Kuznetzov 1993, Nielsen and Gammelmo 2017, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017, Speight 2008, Speight et al. 2018, Speight et al. 2020, Stanescu and Parvu 2005, Vujić et al. 2020; A.V. Barkalov pers. comm. 2020, L. Mazanek pers. comm. 2019, G.V. Popov pers. comm. 2020, A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019, R. Żóralski pers. comm. 2020).   Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.   Outside Europe, it has been recorded from Turkey, Siberia, southern parts of the Russian Far East, Iran, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018, Saribiyik 2014, van Steenis et al. 2018).","This species is usually encountered in low numbers. However, sometimes up to a dozen specimens can be found at the same time. In the Netherlands and Germany, it has stable long and short-term population trends (Reemer et al. 2009, Ssymank et al. 2011). In Great Britain, a significant decline was observed over the past four decades, especially after 1990 (S.G Ball pers. comm. 2021). Miličić et al. (2018) calculated a 75% loss in its current distribution range in Serbia as a result of climate change. The overall population trend is also considered to be declining.","This species is found in all kinds of wet and often nutrient-poor habitat types, such as wet heath- and grasslands, along fens, streams, and peat bogs, which are often situated at the edges of wet forests or above the treeline (Stubbs and Falk 2002, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020).  The adults fly low through dense vegetation and are difficult to detect except when visiting flowers (Bartsch et al. 2009, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020). Males hover at a height of one or two metres, often near bushes, or sit on leaves (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019). The larvae are found in the galls of a gall-making psyllid Livia juncorum (Homoptera) and on stems of Juncus articulatus (Rotheray 1997).   Adults visit the flowers of Aegopodium podagraria, Berteroa incana, Caltha palustris, Chaerophyllum temulum, Frangula alnus, Narthecium ossifragum, Potentilla erecta and Ranunculus repens (Bartsch et al. 2009, Steenis et al. 2018).  The flight period is from the end of April until late August, but late specimens also appear until September (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Stubbs and Falk 2002).","Because of its dependency on wet habitat types, this species is vulnerable to climatological drought periods. Miličić et al. (2018) calculated a 75% loss in its current distribution range in Serbia as a result of climate change. Furthermore, the species is vulnerable to human activities such as water abstraction and habitat destruction in general, and to nutrient enrichment of its habitats through air pollution or cattle manure.","There is no information available on conservation measures specific to this species. Habitat protection and, where possible, restoration are strongly advised, together with research and monitoring of the threats,  ecology and population and habitat trends. Raising awareness would be also beneficial.",The species is not utilised.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van der Ent, L.-J., van Steenis, J. & van Steenis, W.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Trichopsomyia,joratensis,,Trichopsomyia joratensis,"Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1997",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)    This is a European endemic. Its current distribution is not well known because it is elusive. It has been recorded from approximately 200 different sites, but is likely to be under-recorded because of its elusive nature. Therefore, its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are considered to be higher than the  thresholds for the application of any threatened category. There is no information about declines or severe threats to its subpopulations, or to the preferred habitat types in Europe. Therefore, the current status is considered to be Least Concern, cemented by the fact that the population trend seems to be stable and no large-scale threats to the preferred habitat are known.",Stable,"This is a European endemic. It is predominantly central European, occurring in hilly areas and mountain ranges. It is distributed from the Netherlands, Belgium and the eastern part of France, east to Poland and Romania (northern part). It has scattered records on the southern tips of Sweden and Finland, with one isolated location in central Sweden. It also occurs from the eastern parts of Denmark south into the Alps (France, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia), and on the Balkan peninsula, where it is recorded from Bulgaria (an old record), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia (Kula 1985, Dirickx 1994, Torp 1994, Stanescu and Parvu 2005, Haarto and Kerppola 2007, Bartsch et al. 2009, van Steenis et al. 2018, Vujić et al. 2018 ,Bot and van de Meutter 2019, Speight et al. 2020, D. Birtele pers. comm. 2020, M. De Groot pers. comm. 2021, A. Vujić, pers. comm. 2019). Peck (1988) also recorded Trichopsomyia joratensis from Norway, but this was not reconfirmed on the 2017 country lists (Nielsen and Gammelmo 2017). Although widespread in Europe, it is elusive and consequently difficult to find. So far it has been collected at approximately 200 different sites. However, the number of localities is likely to be under-recorded and will probably be much higher because of its elusive nature. The males fly high in the canopy of coniferous trees - a habitat still widespread in Europe. Therefore, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are considered to be higher than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.","In general, only one or sometimes two specimens (mostly females) are encountered at collecting sites. In Germany and the Netherlands, it has a stable population trend (Reemer et al. 2009, Ssymank et al. 2011). The overall population trend is also considered to be stable.","This species is found in open, herb-rich places, and in moist deciduous or conifer (often Abies spp.) forests. It often appears on nutrient-poor, preferably acid soils and near streams or other wet places (Reemer et al. 2009, van Steenis et al. 2018, Speight 2020).     The adults fly low through vegetation, visit flowering plants and have been observed drinking water from moist sandy soils along trails (Bot and van de Meutter 2019, L.J. van der Ent pers. comm. 2020). Males are encountered a lot less frequently than females, which might be because they spend most of the time high up in the canopy (van Steenis  et al. 2018). The larvae are expected to feed on gall-forming aphids on coniferous trees, because a puparium was found on the main stem of Picea abies (van Steenis  et al. 2018).     The recorded visited flowers are Anthriscus sylvestris, Chaerophyllum temelum, Crataegus spp., Prunus serotina, Ranunculus repens and Rubus spp. (Bartsch et al. 2009, van Steenis  et al. 2018). The flight period is from May until early August (Bot and van de Meutter 2019).","Not enough is known about the natural history of Trichopsomyia joratensis to determine any threats. Its preferred habitat is not generally threatened, except from drought or decreasing groundwater levels caused by climate change. Local forestry management in which spruce forest is replaced by other types of forests may also negatively affect the subpopulations.","There is no information available on conservation measures specific to this species. It is listed as Vulnerable on the national Red List of Denmark. Habitat protection and, where possible, restoration are strongly  advised, together with research and monitoring of the threats,  ecology  and population and habitat trends.  Raising awareness would be also beneficial.",The species is not used.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van der Ent, L.-J., van Steenis, J. & van Steenis, W.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Trichopsomyia,lucida,,Trichopsomyia lucida,"(Meigen, 1822)",,Yes,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)  EU27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)     This is a European endemic widely distributed mainly in central Europe. It has been found so far at only 100 different sites, but this is considered to be under-reported due to its elusive nature. Because of this, the suspected area of occupancy  (AOO) is 1,200-2,000 km² in Europe and 600-1,000 km2 in the EU27 countries. It is considered to be threatened on the Balkan peninsula and also in the rest of Europe because of a noticeable decrease in the numbers of subpopulations and/or range during the 20th century (Vujić et al. 2001). In the Netherlands, it has been declining in some provinces over the past two decades.   Due to its distribution being severely fragmented, the decline in the area and quality of its preferred habitats, and reports of its decline, the current European Red List status of Trichopsomyia lucida is considered to be Vulnerable in Europe, also true for the EU27 countries. More research is  strongly needed to reveal the reasons for its decline in relation to the threats to its preferred habitat.",Decreasing,"This is a European endemic. It has a widespread but scattered distribution, mainly in central Europe, and it is often rare at its locations. So far, it has been recorded from England (London), the Netherlands (central and southern parts), Belgium (north and eastern border), Germany (seven states), Czechia (Bohemia), Switzerland (four cantons), France (nine departments), Spain (three provinces), Serbia (Vojvodina), Ukraine (the Donetsk Region) and Latvia (Kuznetsov 1993, Vujić et al. 2001, Speight 2006, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017, Speight et al. 2018, van Steenis et al. 2018, Bot and van de Meutter 2019, Speight et al. 2020, L. Fisler pers. comm. 2020, L. Mazánek pers. comm. 2019, G.V. Popov pers. comm. 2020, A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2020).      Its exact distribution is not precisely known, and so the map indicates the regions where it is known to exist rather than the exact distribution. With 100 known localities, the minimum area of occupancy (AOO) is 400 km2 in Europe. As it is rare and difficult to find in the field, it is more likely that the number of localities will be around 300-500, making an AOO of 1,200-2,000 km2 possible. Its distribution in Europe is about twice as large compared to that of the EU27, and thus, the AOO for EU27 is estimated to be around 600-1,000 km2.  Records of Trichopsomyia lucida from Turkey most likely refer to a different species, Trichopsomyia ochrozona (van Steenis et al. 2018).","Usually, only one or two specimens have been collected at each site. In the Netherlands, the population trend was found to be stable after 1950 (Reemer et al. 2009), but a recent decline of  57% was found in the province North Brabant (Zollinger et al. 2018). In Germany, a moderate long-term and undeclared short-term population decline has been observed (Ssymank et al. 2011). The overall population trend is declining. At least 50% of its population is located in isolated small subpopulations in which only one or two individuals have been found, indicating its rarity: therefore the distribution is considered to be severely fragmented.","This species is found in open places, in and around moist deciduous or alluvial forests (Quercus, Populus, Ulmus) on nutrient-rich soils at forest edges with tall-herb vegetation and a high groundwater level (Reemer et al. 2009 ,Bot and van de Meutter 2019, Speight 2020). The adults are observed flying low through tall herbal vegetation or just above ground on adjacent paths, sitting on leaves of shrubs or visiting flowers such as Anthriscus sylvestris, Heracleum spondylium, Rubus spp. Verbascum spp., and Potentilla erecta (Bot and van de Meutter 2019, Speight 2020).     The larval stages are unknown, and the flight period is from late April until August (Bot and van de Meutter 2019).","There is no detailed information about the threats to the preferred habitat type of this species. Locally, the habitat may be threatened by water abstraction or by manipulation of natural flooding processes. Another threat may be habitat management such as machinery mowing of vegetation where all the vegetation is removed at once.","Trichopsomyia lucida is a strictly protected species in Serbia (Vujić et al. 2001).  In Czechia, it is listed as Threatened (Mazánek and Barták, 2005), and in Germany as Endangered (Ssymank et al. 2011). Research and monitoring are needed to understand its ecology and population trends better, and habitat protection and restoration are needed to protect it. Raising awareness would be also beneficial.",There is no information about uses and trade.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van der Ent, L.-J., van Steenis, J. & van Steenis, W.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Triglyphus,escalerai,,Triglyphus escalerai,"Gil Collado, 1929",,No,EN,B2ab(iii),No,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) EU27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)  Trichopsomyia escalerai was considered threatened on the Balkan Peninsula (Vujić 2001). At present, it is known to occur only at a limited number of locations (14) which are severely fragmented  on a European scale. Stable subpopulations occur mainly in moist forests with Laurel nobilis trees and natural Mediterranean oak forests. In the Mediterranean, both forest types have become rare and highly fragmented, and often occur in small patches. These remaining patches can be easily be affected by human activities. Because of the severe fragmentation of suitable habitats, the recolonisation of locally extinct subpopulations is not likely to occur. On the other hand, it has also been discovered in suburban gardens and parks, but in low numbers. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km2 in Europe, and 40 km2 in the EU27 countries. Based on this, the current severely fragmented distribution and the declining habitat, the current European Red List status of this species is Endangered.",Stable,"This species has an exclusively Mediterranean distribution. It was originally described from one female collected in 1929 near Tangier (Morocco) and has not been found again until the 1980s. It is currently known from six sites in north and central Portugal, and on the Balkan peninsula from Croatia (Dubrovnic (Slano), Montenegro (Morinj) and six sites in Greece (Van Eck 2011, 2016; Van Eck et al. 2020, Gil Collado 1929, Jentzsch and Claussen 2014, van Steenis et al. 2015, Vujić 1994, Vujić et al. 2020). In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,031,206 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km2. In the EU27, the AOO is 40 km2.   Outside Europe, besides the type specimen from Tangier, it has only been recorded from Turkey (Vujić et al. 2020).   The Balkan subpopulations may belong to a different species, currently under investigation (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).","At most sites, only one or a few specimens have been collected, while at the sites in Slano (Croatia), Morinj (Montenegro) and in Coimbra (Portugal), more than 10 specimens were observed at the same time. The population of Morinj was revisited over several years and found to be stable (Vujić et al. 2001). The overall population is supposed to be stable, however the European subpopulations are considered to be severely fragmented.","In general, this species is found in evergreen humid or thermophilous oak forests (Vujić et al. 2020), but also in suburban environments such as city parks and even gardens with planted trees (Van Eck 2011, Van Eck et al. 2020, Jentzsch and Claussen 2014, Devalez 2016). It is most abundant in dense and humid patches of Laurel nobilis forests and in undisturbed Mediterranean oak forests.     The adults settle on the leaves of bushes and shrubs (Van Eck et al. 2020, Vujić 1994), while females have been observed flying low through wet and partly shaded vegetation close to springs, and sometimes visiting flowers (van Steenis et al. 2015). The larval stages are unknown.    It has been reported to visit flowers of Apiaceae and Ranunculus species (Vujić 1994, van Steenis et al. 2015), and one female was collected on Foeniculum sp. (M.P. van Zuijen, pers. comm. 2021).  It is most abundant in spring from mid-April to mid-June, but two specimens were also collected in early September, which indicates a weak second generation.","In the past, Laurel nobilis forest (where this species has been found to be most abundant) was a lot more widespread in the Mediterranean area, and Vujić (1994) stated that many sections of the natural Mediterranean oak forest and maquis along the Adriatic coast of Croatia and Montenegro have been significantly degraded due to human activities. This may have resulted in severe fragmentation of the current population of Triglyphus escalerai. There are several threats to the remaining patches of natural laurel and Mediterranean oak forests where this species is still present. For example, the subpopulation in Morinj is strongly affected by various human activities (van Steenis et al. 2015) and the patch of laurel forest in the city park of Penedo da Saudade (Coimbra) is rather small and surrounded by unsuitable urban environment. This makes subpopulations vulnerable to local extinction (Van Eck et al. 2020). Recently, there have been large fires in central Portugal which may have destroyed suitable habitat patches.","There is an area in Montenegro where this species occurs which has been proposed for protection, but this has not yet been realised (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). More research and monitoring are needed to understand its ecology and population trends better. Habitat protection and restoration are strongly advised to protect it.  Raising awareness would be also beneficial.",The species is not used.,"Popov, S. & Varga, Z.","van der Ent, L.-J., van Steenis, J. & van Steenis, W.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Triglyphus,primus,,Triglyphus primus,"Loew, 1840",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   This is a Palaearctic species which is widely distributed in Europe. It is listed as Near Threatened on the Red List of Norway and the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009). Its preferred habitats are typically anthropogenic wastelands and roadsides where the widespread Common Mugwort is present (Artemisia vulgaris). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.  The reduction of wasteland patches caused by the use of wastelands for other human purposes may locally or even on a larger scale have a strong negative effect on the occurrence of Triglyphus primus. Therefore, the current European Red List status in Europe is considered to be Least Concern, but may become Near Threatened in the near future.",Stable,"This is a Palaearctic species which is widely distributed in Europe. It occurs from England east to European Russia, Ukraine and Romania, and from the southern tip of Finland, south Sweden and the extreme southeastern tip of Norway, south to southern France, Andorra, adjacent provinces of Spain and south to central Italy. It is also distributed on the Balkan peninsula south to the northern parts of Greece and south-west Bulgaria (Bartsch et al. 2009, Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Delmastro and Sommaggio 2003, Haarto and Kerppola 2007, Heimburg 2018, Kuznetzov 1993, Ricarte and Nedeljković 2020, Speight et al. 2018, Speight et al. 2020, Stanescu and Parvu 2005, Torp 1994; Tóth 2011, 2014; Vujić et al. 2020, A.V. Barkalov pers. comm. 2020, D. Birtele pers. comm. 2020, L. Mazanek pers. comm. 2019, G.V. Popov pers. comm. 2020, R. Żóralski pers. comm. 2020).  Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are greater than the thresholds for the application of any threatened category.  Outside Europe, Triglyphus primus has been recorded from Siberia, southern parts of the Russian Far East (including Sakhalin), Korea and Israel (Barkalov and Mutin, 2018, Speight 2020).","Usually, only one or a few specimens have been encountered at one site. In Germany and the Netherlands, this species shows a stable population trend on the long and short term (Reemer et al. 2009, Ssymank et al. 2011). In Great Britain, the population trend was found to be stable over the past four decades (S.G. Ball pers. comm. 2021), and the overall population trend is also considered to be stable.","Triglyphus primus is usually found in ruderal habitats with patches of bare ground, such as roadside verges, railway embankments, quarries, dikes and also thermophilous forest fringes and gardens or parks where recent digging activities have taken place (Bartsch et al. 2009, Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020).    Adult males fly erratically low above ground or visit flowering plants: they resemble small bees and are difficult to detect. Both sexes are often observed visiting white flowers (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Reemer et al. 2009) of umbellifers such as Aegopodium podagraria, Heracleum sphondylium and Daucus carotus, and also Alliaria petiolata, Euphorbia spp., Ligustrum ovalifolium, Prunus spp., Solidago spp. and Sorbus aucuparia (Bot and Van de Meutter 2019, Speight 2020).    Larvae have been collected and reared from galls induced by the aphid Cryptosiphum artemisiae on Artemisia vulgaris, and they might also occur in aphid galls on Artemisia absinthium and Melilotus albus (Reemer et al. 2009).    This species is bivoltine with a flight period from late April until June and July, or to September with the main peak in August (Reemer et al. 2009, Speight 2020, Stubbs and Falk 2002).","Because it lives in ruderal habitats, this species is vulnerable to disturbance by human activities, such as building houses or commercial premises. In many parts of its range, ruderal habitats (such as roadside verges and leftover corners in agricultural land or in industrial areas) are becoming scarce. In addition, paving of sandy roads diminishes suitable roadside habitat conditions. Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris), on which the larvae are found is considered to be an allergenic plant to humans and hence has been eradicated in some areas.",There is no information available about conservation measures specific to this species. More research and monitoring are needed to understand its ecology  and population trends better. Habitat protection and  restoration are strongly advised to protect it.  Raising  awareness would be also beneficial.,The species is not used.,"Obreht Vidakovic, D. & Varga, Z.","van der Ent, L.-J., van Steenis, J. & van Steenis, W.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Tropidia,fasciata,,Tropidia fasciata,"Meigen, 1822",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This wetland species is found in much of central and western Europe. It has been frequently recorded in France in the last few years, throughout the country. However in other parts of Europe such as in the north, the subpopulations are considered to be decreasing and in some instances are even going extinct. Overall, its population is considered to be decreasing, but its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above  the thresholds for this species to be considered in any threatened  category, in either Europe or the EU27. It is therefore categorised as Least Concern in both the EU27 and Europe. Its habitat is negatively impacted by drought and pollution, which should be managed to conserve it. More research is needed to understand better its distribution and population trends.",Decreasing,"This species can be found from France through the Pyrenees and on through the Czech Republic to Slovakia, Austria and Hungary. It is apparently absent from the Alps and European Russia, but is known outside Europe in eastern Siberia (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above the thresholds for this species to be considered in any threatened category, in either Europe or the EU27. Specific locality data are not available for some countries (for  example: Germany, Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, Belgium and Estonia) and so  it is not possible at this time to calculate a precise AOO for this  species.  It is included in the following country checklists: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Finland (as extinct) (FinBIF 2020), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Italy (Burgio et al. 2015) and Luxembourg (van Steenis 2006).","The only part of Europe that this species has been observed regularly is in France, from the Ardennes to the Pyrenees (Speight 2020). It is considered rare in Hungary (Tóth 2011) and Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011). In Finland it has been categorised as Regionally Extinct since 2010, with only four records between 1916 and 1918  registered in the country (Hyvärinen et al. 2019). Overall this species is considered to be decreasing in Europe and the EU27.","This species occurs in wetlands, mainly in bog pool edges with Betula and Pinus in deciduous forest, acid fens, oligotrophic flushes and streamlets in acidophilous grasslands. The developmental stages have not been described, but the larva it is known to be saprophagous. Adults can be found very close to the streamlets and over the surface of flushes. Females have been seen ovipositing on wet mud with organic debris on the edges of a streams. Adults normally visit flowers such as Chrysanthemum, Daucus, Euphorbia, Mentha, and Ranunculus, and the flight period is between June and September. All this information has been summarized and updated from Speight (2020).","The habitat of this species can be affected by pollution, drought (increasing as a result of climate change) and unsustainable forestry and water management practices (Janssen et al. 2017).","Conservation efforts for this species should focus on conserving its habitat via better habitat management to avoid drainage of water from the habitat, prevent and reduce the impact of droughts and stop pollution of wetland habitats. More research is needed, particularly on its life cycle (to understand better its habitat needs as a larva and pupa) and its distribution and population trend. This species has not been recorded frequently in the countries in which it is present, and therefore more sampling efforts are needed to know its exact distribution. Education and communication about the species is recommended as a conservation tool. This species has been categorized as Endangered in the Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005).",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Rojo, S. & Pérez, C.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Tropidia,scita,,Tropidia scita,"(Harris, 1776)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This saprophagous species is found in wetland habitats and is widespread across Europe. It is considered to be most frequent in the Atlantic areas and has been categorized as Least Concern in many European countries. The population is considered stable in both European and the EU27 and the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far  above the thresholds for this species to be considered in any threatened  category, in either Europe or the EU27. This species is therefore categorised as Least Concern in the EU27 and Europe. Increased research and monitoring about this species and its population is recommended.",Stable,"This species can be found from Spain north to Scandinavia, and from Ireland eastwards through central Europe to European Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far above the thresholds for this species to be considered in any threatened category, in either Europe or the EU 27. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Belarus and Latvia) and so it is not possible at  this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species.  This species has been included in the following country checklists: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Bulgaria (Tóth 2014), Krym (Popov 1998), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Estonia (Kuznetzov 1993), Finland (FinBIF 2020), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Greece (Vujić et al. 2020), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Ireland (Speight 2008), Italy (Burgio et al. 2015), Latvia (Kuznetzov 1993), Luxembourg (van Steenis 2006), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Norway (Nielsen and Svendsen 2014), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), European parts of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), Sweden (Bartsch 2009), Switzerland (CSCF 2020), Turkey (Tóth 2013), Ukraine (Popov pers. com. 2020) and United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2014).   		 	 	 		 Outside Europe, it occurs in the Caucasus and in Asia as far as the Pacific coast and Japan (Speight 2020, Pérez-Bañón et al. 1996, Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017, Lara-Ruiz and Lara-Vicente 2013).","This widespread species is considered to be abundant in Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011), frequent and widespread in Ireland (Speight 2008), frequent in the coastal areas of the UK (Ball and Morris 2000) and common in the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009). According to Speight (2008) it is very common in Atlantic areas but is less frequent in central and southern Europe. Overall, its population is considered to be stable in both the EU27 and European regions.","This species is found in wetland habitats, such as reed beds, marshes, fens, ditches and beside slow-flowing rivers. It can be also be found in freshwater marshes near coastal lagoons. The puparium of this saprophagous species was first studied by Decleer and Rotheray (1990) from a specimen collected as larvae in Typha leaves. It is likely that the saprophagous larvae develop in the debris that exists around the base of Typha plants. Nötzold (2000) collected an individual from an emergence trap installed in a reed bed.   The adult flight period is between May and early September among waterside vegetation, visiting flowers of Ranunculaceae, Apiaceae, Cardamine, Corydalis, Euphorbia, Galium, Iris, Myosotis, Potentilla, Rubus, Sorbus, Symphytum, Vaccinium and Valeriana. All this information has been summarized and updated from Ball and Morris (2000), Speight (2008 and 2020) and Vujić et al. (2020).","The principal threats to this species are related to loss of natural habitat, especially freshwater habitats, as a result of modifications to hydrological systems and the intensification of agriculture which can result in increased pollution of freshwater habitats. The decline of the habitat due to variation in temperature range and hydrological patterns caused by climate change could be a feasible threat too (Janssen et al. 2017).","Conservation efforts should be focused on the protection of the habitat and reducing the drainage of freshwater, reducing the impact of drought and stopping the pollution of wetlands. Increased monitoring and research on the species and its population size and trends is needed, as well as education and communication about it. This species has been categorized as Least Concern in Belgium (INBO 2020), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Finland (FinBIF 2020), Norway (NBIC 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020). It is protected in Serbia (Vujić pers. comm. 2019).",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Rojo, S. & Pérez, C.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Volucella,bombylans,,Volucella bombylans,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a very widespread species found right across Europe and the EU27, primarily in forest habitats. It is considered common or abundant in some of the countries in central and western Europe, and overall it has a stable population in both regions. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are  far above the thresholds to be considered threatened. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern for both the EU27 and Europe. As this species is reliant upon bumblebees for part of it life cycle, its future depends somewhat on the future of bumblebees. This species would benefit from habitat protection, and increased research and monitoring.",Stable,"This is a very widespread species found right across Europe and the EU27. More specifically, it can be found from northern Scandinavia south to the Iberian peninsula, and from Ireland eastwards through central and southern Europe and into Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are considered far above the threshold to be considered in any threatened category. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Belarus and Germany) and so it is not possible  at this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species.  The species has been included in the following checklists: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Bulgaria (Tóth 2014), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Estonia (Kuznetzov 1993), Finland (FinBIF 2020), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Greece (Vujić et al. 2020), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Ireland (Speight 2008), Italy (Burgio et al. 2015), Latvia (Kuznetzov 1993), Lithuania (Pakalniškis et al. 2006), Luxembourg (van Steenis 2006), Montenegro (van Steenis et al. 2015), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Norway (Nielsen 1999), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Portugal (van Eck 2016), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu, 2005), European parts of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Slovenia (van Steenis et al. 2013), Spain (Including Andorra) (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), Sweden (Bartsch 2009), Switzerland (CSCF 2020), Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2020) and United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000).  Outside Europe, it occurs in the Caucasus and through to the Pacific coast and Japan (Speight 2020).","This species is widespread across Europe, although less frequent in the south. In Ireland, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Germany it is common and widely distributed (Speight 2008, Ball and Morris 2000, Reemer et al. 2009, Ssymank et al. 2011). In Spain it is not widely distributed (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017). The population is considered to be stable in Europe and the EU27.","This species is primarily found in forest habitats, most types of deciduous forests, humid Pinus forest and evergreen oak forest of Quercus ilex. The developmental stages of this species were described and figured by Rotheray (1999). The larvae are detritivores/predators in nests of bumblebees (Bombus): Barkemeyer (1994) lists the Bombus species with which this species has been found associated. The adults are bumblebee mimics and can be found in mature woodland and humid grasslands visiting a wide range of flowers, including many different composites, umbellifers and trees in bloom. The adult flight period is between May and August and even in September at higher altitudes. All this information has been summarized and updated from Ball and Morris (2000); Speight (2008 and 2020) and Vujić et al. (2020).","This species has a close relationship with bumblebee nests, and some bumblebee species are in decline or threatened, which may be problematic for this species (Nieto et al. 2014). This is particularly evident in Ireland where the consequences of intensification of farming activities and drainage of wetlands is affecting bumblebee populations and therefore constitutes a threat to the survival of this species. However, Volucella bombylans is tolerant of human environments in some European countries, and is likely to survive as long as bumblebees do not decline further (Speight 2008). The use of pesticides can also be a threat because of its direct effect on populations of bumblebees. The decline of the habitat due to variations in temperature range and hydrological patterns caused by climate change could be a feasible threat too.","Habitat conservation should be the focus of conservation efforts for this species, together with conservation of the bumblebee populations upon which it relies. Monitoring and research of its ecology, distribution and population trends, together with education and communication about the species are also recommended as a conservation tools. It has been categorized as Least Concern in Belgium (INBO 2020), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Finland (FinBIF 2020), Norway (NBIC 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020).",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Rojo, S. & Pérez, C.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Volucella,elegans,,Volucella elegans,"Loew, 1862",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This European endemic forest species probably relies upon bumblebee and/or social wasp nests as a larvae. It only exists on the Iberian Peninsula (Spain, Portugal, Andorra) and Corsica, but is widespread and considered common. Its population is stable and the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are  far above the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category. Therefore it is considered to be Least Concern in EU27 and Europe. Research and monitoring are recommended for this species to understand its ecology and population better.",Stable,"This European endemic occurs throughout Spain and Andorra (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), Portugal (van Eck 2016), and the island of Corsica (Speight et al. 2018). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category.",This species is considered to be widespread and common in the countries in which it is present. Its population is also considered to be stable.,"The developmental stages of this species have not yet been studied, but like most of the species in this genus, the larvae are likely to be associated with bumblebee (Bombus) and/or social wasp (Vespula) nests. It lives predominantly in forests, including evergreen forests and maquis of Quercus ilex, Quercus rotundifolia and Quercus pyrenaica. The flight period of the adults is between May and October, and the adults visit flowers such as Carduus, Cirsium, Crataegus, Diplotaxis, Euphorbia, Hedera, Mentha, Rubus and Thapsia. All this information has been summarized and updated from Speight (2020).","This species may be threatened by deforestation and fires impacting its habitat. It may have a close relationship with bumblebee nests, and some bumblebee species are in decline or threatened. Therefore it may be at risk as a result of threats affecting bumblebee and/or wasp populations. The use of pesticides can be also a threat because of its direct effect on populations of bumblebees. The decline of the habitat due to variations in temperature range and hydrological patterns caused by climate change could be a feasible threat too.","Conservation action should be focussed on protecting its habitat and the bumblebee and/or wasp populations on which it may rely. Monitoring and research on its distribution, population, threats and taxonomy are needed, together with clarification of its relationship with social Hymenoptera. Education and communication about this species are also recommended as a conservation tools. This species has not currently been assessed on any national Red Lists.",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Flinn, G.","Rojo, S., Aracil, A. & Pérez, C.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Volucella,inanis,,Volucella inanis,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This forest species relies on social wasps for the larval stage of its life cycle. It is found in a variety of habitats including suburban parks and gardens. Its population is considered stable in the EU27 and Europe and it is categorised as threatened in only one country. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are  far above the thresholds to be considered for any threatened category. It is therefore categorized as Least Concern for both EU27 and Europe. It would benefit from increased research and monitoring of its population.,Stable,"This species can be found from southern Scandinavia south to Spain and the Mediterranean (including the islands), and from Britain (southern England) eastwards through central and southern Europe into European Turkey and European parts of Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above the thresholds to be considered for any threatened category. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Belarus and Germany) and so it is not possible  at this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species.  This species is included in the following country checklists: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Bulgaria (Tóth 2014), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Estonia (Kuznetzov 1993), Finland (FinBIF 2020), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Greece (Including Crete) (Vujić et al. 2020), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Italy (Including Sardinia and Sicily) (Burgio et al. 2015), Latvia (Kuznetzov 1993), Luxembourg (van Steenis 2006), Montenegro (van Steenis et al. 2015), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Norway (Nielsen 1999), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Portugal (van Eck 2016), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), European parts of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Slovenia (van Steenis et al. 2013), Spain (Including Andorra) (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), Sweden (Bartsch 2009), Switzerland (CSCF 2020), Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2020) and United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000).  Outside Europe, it can be found in North Africa, Syria, and on through Siberia to the Pacific, Afghanistan, Mongolia and China (Speight 2020).","This species is widespread in Europe and the EU27, and is considered locally abundant in the southern UK (Ball and Morris 2000) and Germany (Ssymnak et al. 2011), while in Greece it is considered to be widespread in mountainous areas (Vujić et al. 2020) and in Spain it is widespread also (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017). In contrast, it is considered rare in the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009). Overall, the population of this species is considered stable in Europe and the EU27.","This is an arboreal species found in forest habitats, primarily in deciduous forests. It can be found in open areas in woodland and scrub, and also in suburban areas such as parks and gardens. The developmental stages were described and illustrated by Rupp (1989) and Rotheray (1999). The larvae are obligate ectoparasites of wasp grubs (Vespidae: Rupp 1989), living in above-ground wasp nests of Vespula germanica and Vespula vulgaris. It seems to prefer wasp nests at some height above ground, for example in the attics of houses. (Speight 2020). Adults can be seen between the beginning of July and the end of September, visiting flowers of Achillea, Allium, Buddleja, Cirsium, Epilobium, Eupatorium, Hedera, Knautia, Mentha, Sambucus, Scabiosa, Solidago, Succisa, Thymus and Valeriana. It has a strongly migratory character. All of this information has been summarized from Ball and Morris (2000), Speight (2020) and Vujić et al. (2020).","This species may be threatened by deforestation and fire impacting its habitat. It has a close relationship with social wasp nests, and therefore is at risk as a result of any threats affecting wasp populations. The decline of its habitat due to variation in temperature range and hydrological patterns caused by climate change could be a feasible threat too. The synanthropic character of this species diminishes the potential impacts these threats have on its extinction risk.","Conservation actions for this species should be targeted at the conservation of the habitat and the wasp populations on which larvae rely. Monitoring and research of its distribution and population trends, together with education and communication about the species are also recommended as conservation tools. It has been categorized as Vulnerable in Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Near Threatened in Belgium (INBO 2020), and Least Concern in Finland (FinBIF 2020),  Norway (NBIC 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020).",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Rojo, S. & Pérez, C.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Volucella,inflata,,Volucella inflata,"(Fabricius, 1794)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment:Least Concern (LC)  This is a forest species which relies upon veteran trees for survival. Veteran trees are increasing in scarcity and there are very few young trees growing in habitats to replace them and ensure habitat continuity. Whilst this species is widespread in Europe and the EU7, it is becoming quite localised in parts of its range and has even has been categorized as Critically Endangered and Regionally Extinct in two countries. Its population trend is unknown, but there are countries in which it is widespread and more commonly found. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are  far above the thresholds to be considered for any threatened category. Therefore, with the information present to date, it is categorised as Least Concern for both EU27 and Europe. Careful attention should be paid to the preservation and restoration of mature trees, as well as increased research and monitoring of the population and habitat.",Unknown,"This species can be found from Sweden and northern Germany southwards to the Pyrenees and northern Spain, and from Britain eastwards through central Europe and into European parts of Russia. Outside Europe, it occurs in the Caucasus (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO)  values are far above the threshold to be considered for any threatened  category. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Belarus and Germany) and so it is not possible  at this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species.  It has been noted in the following country checklists: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Greece (Including Crete) (Vujić et al. 2020), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Italy (Burgio et al. 2015), Luxembourg (van Steenis 2006), Montenegro (van Steenis et al. 2015), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), European parts of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Slovenia (van Steenis et al. 2013), Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), Switzerland (CSCF 2020), Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2020) and United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000).","This species is widespread in Europe. It is considered locally frequent in southern Britain but scarce in the northern regions of the country (Ball and Morris 2000). It is considered rare in the Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017) and Germany (Ssymank et al. 2011), and Speight (2020) indicates that it is very localized in most of the European territory. Its population trend is unknown in Europe and the EU27.","This species lives in forests with veteran trees. The developmental stages of this species were described by Rotheray (1999) using material collected from debris produced by the tunnelling activity of Cossus larvae in a Quercus trunk. According to the morphology of the head, Rotheray suggests that this species is saprophagous, rather than a predator of insects (as in its congeners). There are references of this species being reared from the humus of cavities in deciduous trees. Adults are largely arboreal, descending to the ground level to visit flowers, and sap runs of tree trunks where females have been seen laying eggs. The flight period of adults is between May and July, and the flowers normally visited by adults are Cornus, Crataegus, Euonymus, Frangula, Heracleum, Ligustrum, Rubus, Sambucus and Viburnum. This information has been summarized from Ball and Morris (2000), Speight (2020) and Vujić et al. (2020).","The habitat of this species is threatened by human activities: for example, forestry activities such as deforestation, removal of dead trees, and the creation of even-aged stands in commercial forests. Forest fires and hydrological modifications within the habitat can also threaten the species. The decline of the habitat due to variation in temperature range and hydrological patterns caused by climate change could be a feasible threat too (Janssen et al. 2017).","Conservation actions should be focussed on habitat protection, and in particular the protection of veteran trees. In many parks and gardens there are no new young trees growing, and so with the decline of the old trees, there is no regeneration and continuity of habitat possible. Careful attention needs to be paid to the presence of veteran trees: conservation of the forest can protect the forest type but this does not guarantee the protection of old trees. Monitoring and research on the distribution, habitat and population trends, together with education and communication about this species are recommended. The species has been categorised as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005).",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Rojo, S. & Pérez, C.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Volucella,pellucens,,Volucella pellucens,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is found in certain Fagus forests and Quercus forests, and relies upon Vespula nests for part of its life cycle. Part of its habitat is considered threatened under the European Red List of Habitats and therefore conservation efforts should be focussed on habitat conservation, monitoring and research.  It is considered common and widespread across Europe and the EU27, and has been categorised as Least Concern in a few national Red Lists. Its population trend is considered stable in both regions, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are  far above the thresholds to be considered for any threatened category. It is therefore categorised as Least Concern in both the EU27 and Europe.",Stable,"This species is widespread across the European and EU27 regions, found from Scandinavia south to the Iberian Peninsula, and from Ireland eastwards through Europe to Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO)  values are far above the thresholds to be considered for any threatened  category. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Belarus and Germany) and so it is not possible  at this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species.  This species has been included in the following country checklists: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Bulgaria (Tóth 2014), Croatia (Jelicić et al. 2010), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Estonia (Kuznetzov 1993), Finland (FinBIF 2020), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Greece (Vujić et al. 2020), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Ireland (Speight 2008), Italy (Including Sicily) (Burgio et al. 2015), Latvia (Kuznetzov 1993), Lithuania (Pakalniškis et al. 2006), Luxembourg (van Steenis 2006), Montenegro (van Steenis et al. 2015), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Norway (Nielsen 1999), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Portugal (van Eck 2016), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), European parts of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Slovenia (van Steenis et al. 2013), Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), Sweden (Bartsch 2009), Switzerland (CSCF 2020), Ukraine (Popov Pers. comm. 2020) and United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000).    Outside Europe, it occurs in the Caucasus and across Asia including Japan, India and Malaysia (Speight 2020).","This species is widespread and common across Europe and the EU27, and it is more common than Volucella bombylans in southern Europe (Speight 2008). It is widespread but infrequent in Greece (Vujić et al. 2020). In Ireland, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, it is common and well distributed (Speight 2008, Ball and Morris 2000, Reemer et al. 2009). Overall, its population is considered stable in the EU17 and European regions.","This species lives in deciduous, mesophilous forests with Fagus trees, acidophilous and thermophilous forests of Quercus and also in hedgerows, gardens and parks.   The developmental stages of the life cycle were studied and described by Rupp (1989) and Rotheray (1999). The larvae are detritivores/predators in the nests of social wasps (Vespula), living for most of the time in the midden below the nest proper.   Adults are normally seen between May and October in open areas, flying high and visiting flowers of a wide range of low-growing plants (for example Heracleum), bushes and trees. It can be somewhat defined as synanthropic, but it seems to depend to a large extent on the presence of deciduous woodland. All this information has been summarized from Ball and Morris (2000); Speight (2008 and 2020) and Vujić et al. (2020).","The threats affecting this species may be directly related to habitat loss and fragmentation primarily through deforestation and fire. Threats affecting wasp populations would also impact this species due to its reliance on Vespula for part of its life cycle. One of its woodland habitats, Acidophilous Quercus woodland, has been assessed as Vulnerable by the European Red List of Habitats. Human activities related to unsustainable forestry, such as deforestation, removal of dead trees and the creation of even-aged stands, forests fires and hydrology modifications can threaten this habitat. The decline of the habitat due to variation in temperature range and hydrological patterns caused by climate change could be a feasible threat too (Janssen et al. 2017).","The conservation of this species should be focused on efforts to protect its habitat and the wasp populations in whose nests the larvae feed. Monitoring and research on its distribution and population trends, together with education and communication about the species are also needed. It has been categorised as Least Concern in Belgium (INBO 2020), Denmark (DanBIF 2020), Finland (FinBIF, 2020), Norway (NBIC 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020).",This species is not known to be utilised.,"García, M.A.M. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Rojo, S. & Pérez, C.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Volucella,zonaria,,Volucella zonaria,"(Poda, 1761)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is found in forests, parks and gardens, and relies upon wasp/hornet nests  for part of its life cycle. It is considered common and  widespread across central and southern Europe and the EU27. Its population trend is considered to be increasing in both regions, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are  far above the thresholds to be considered for any threatened category.  It is therefore categorised as Least Concern  in both the EU27 and Europe.",Stable,"This species can be found from the United Kingdom (southern England) southwards to the Mediterranean (including islands) and eastwards through central and southern Europe into European Turkey and European parts of Russia. It is strongly migratory (Speight 2020). Outside this range there is only one record in southern Finland, probably a vagrant (FinBIF 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values are far above the thresholds to be considered for any threatened category. Specific locality data for this species is not available for some  countries (for example: Belarus and Germany) and so it is not possible  at this time to calculate a precise AOO for this species.  This species has been included in the following country checklists: Austria (Heimburg 2018), Belarus (Borodin and Borodina 2014), Belgium (RBINS 2020), Bulgaria (Tóth 2014), Croatia (Jelicić et al. 2010), Czech Republic (Mazánek 2009), France (Speight et al. 2018), Germany (Doczkal et al. 2001), Greece (Vujić et al. 2020), Hungary (Tóth 2011), Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily) (Burgio et al. 2015), Luxembourg (van Steenis 2006), Montenegro (van Steenis et al. 2015), Netherlands (Reemer et al. 2009), Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Portugal (van Eck 2016), Romania (Stănescu and Părvu 2005), European parts of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018), Serbia (Vujić et al. 2018), Slovakia (Mazánek 2009), Slovenia (van Steenis et al. 2013), Spain (including the Balearic Islands) and Gibraltar (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), Switzerland (CSCF 2020), Ukraine (Popov pers. comm. 2020) and United Kingdom (Ball and Morris 2000).  Outside Europe, it occurs in North Africa and through Siberia to the Pacific, Iran and Mongolia.","This species is widespread across central and southern Europe. In the UK it is very common and is normally present in urban areas, where its population has been increasing since the 1940s (Ball and Morris 2000). This is also the case in the Netherlands, where records have been increasing in number since 1950, and the species is clearly reproducing successfully (Reemer et al. 2009). In Greece it is a very well distributed species (Vujić et al. 2020) and in Spain it is also very common (Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017). In Germany, it is considered a common species (Ssymnak et al. 2011). Overall the population of this species is considered to be stable in Europe and the EU27.","This species lives in forests (mesophilous Fagus and thermophilous Quercus forest), open ground, scrub, suburban gardens and parks.   Its developmental stages in wasp and hornet nests were studied and described by Rotheray (1999). The larva is detritivorous/ predatory, living and feeding for most of the time in the midden underneath the nest proper. It is mainly associated with Vespa crabro and Vespula species.   Adults can normally be seen between mid-June and November flying in open areas, gardens and parks. They also occur in a wide range of different situations whilst migrating, including resting on ships e.g. on cross-channel ferries between France and Britain. Adults normally visit a wide range of flowers, such as Achillea, Allium, Buddleja, Carduus, Centaurea, Cirsium, Clematis, Eryngium, Eupatorium, Hedera, Hydrangea, Knautia, Ligustrum, Mentha, Ranunculus, Rosa, Rubus, Sambucus, Scabiosa, Sedum, Solidago, Succisa and Thymus. All of this information has been summarised and updated from Ball and Morris (2000), Speight (2020) and Vujić et al. (2020).","The threats affecting this species may be directly related to habitat  loss and fragmentation primarily through deforestation and fire. Threats affecting wasp and hornet populations would also impact this species due to  its reliance on them for part of its life cycle. The decline of the habitat due to variation in temperature range and hydrological patterns caused by climate change could be a feasible threat too. Due to its synanthropic nature, this species is able to survive and reproduce in environments with high human activity.","The conservation of this species should be focused on conservation  efforts to protect its habitat and the wasp/hornet nests in which the  larvae feed. Monitoring and research on its distribution and population  trends, together with education and communication about the species are  also needed. It is categorized as Vulnerable in the Czech Republic (Farkač et al. 2005).",This species is not known to be utilised or traded.,"García, M.A.M. & Flinn, G.","Aracil, A., Rojo, S. & Pérez, C.",,,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Xanthandrus,azorensis,,Xanthandrus azorensis,"Frey, 1945",,Yes,NT,,Yes,DD,,EU27-2020,,"Xanthandrus azorensis is an endemic species of the Azores (Portugal), being present in historical and recent records from Faial, Pico, S. Jorge, and S. Miguel islands. It is apparently widespread through natural and man-made/disturbed habitats. This species has an extent of occurrence of 5,765 km2, although its potential area of occupancy is small (132 km2). It is possible that this species has declined in the past as a result of human activity, even if apparently adapted to artificial habitats and also associated with introduced vegetation. The present situation of this species needs to be assessed and further research is needed into its population, distribution, threats, ecology and life history. Conservation of native habitats could potentially aid this species conservation. Overall, precautionarily, this species is assessed as Near Threatened.",Stable,"Xanthandrus azorensis is a hoverfly species from the islands of Faial, Pico, S. Jorge and S. Miguel (Azores, Portugal) (Frey 1945), known from several distinct habitats, some degraded. Based on the old historical data and more recent records, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 5,765 km2 and the estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is ca. 132 km2.","No current population size estimates exist for this species. Nevertheless, this species is relatively widespread through part of the Azores archipelago, in a wide variety of habitats, which might be assumed as an indicator of a stable population.","Although the larvae of this species are not described (Speight 2018), Xanthandrus azorensis presumably has aphidophagous larvae, like other congeneric species. It has been found visiting flowers of exotic plants (e.g. Hydrangea macrophylla) and endemic plants (e.g. Euphorbia stygiana) (Frey 1945). This species has been collected in several different habitats, including swampy meadows and deciduous forests, and also disturbed or urbanised areas. According to Rojo et al. (1997), its preferred environment is peaty wetland. The species has been found flying from June to September (Rojo et al. 1997).","The lack of information regarding the present distribution and ecology of this species, precludes a complete assessment of potential threats. Nevertheless, from the ecology of the Syrphidae family and known habitat preferences, this species has probably declined in the past due to changes in habitat size and quality, mostly due to human action. On the other hand it seems adapted to some disturbed habitats and is associated with both endemic and introduced flowering plant species; although pesticides and herbicides will most likely have an impact on this species. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016) the habitat will likely further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting and alteration).","Historically, this species was present in areas that are currently included in the Natural Parks of Faial, Pico and S. Miguel, disturbed or otherwise. The species is not protected by regional law. It has been collected in some native vegetation areas, but also in degraded areas. From what is known of its habitat preferences, conservation of native wet or dry grasslands and other natural habitats could potentially aid this species conservation. Degraded habitats could also be restored. Additionally, a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. Further research is also needed into this species population, distribution, threats, ecology and life history.",The species is not utilised.,"Russell, N.","Nunes, R., Miličić, M. & Borges, P.A.V.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Xanthandrus,babyssa,,Xanthandrus babyssa,"(Walker, 1849)","Smit et al. (2004) supports the validity of X. babyssa and placed X. parahyalinatus as a synonym of X. babyssa, following Wakeham-Dawson et al. (2004).  However, there are some doubts about the validity of X. babyssa (Speight 2020), which appears in recent literature as Xanthandrus parahyalinatus. The fact that X. babyssa is found only on Madeira island - from which other endemic hoverflies are known - provides sufficient justification to consider it valid until new studies integrating morphology and molecular biology are undertaken.",Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This species is endemic to Europe, where it is restricted to Madeira island. It is assessed as as Endangered based on the restricted area of occupancy (AOO) of 88 km2 and extent of occurrence (EOO) of 535 km2, its occurrence in five locations defined by tourism-related activities and increased risk of fires as a result of climate change, and a projected continuing decline in the quality of habitat.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Madeira island, Portugal (Smith et al. 2004, Speight 2018), where it is known from records across most of the island.",There is no information about population trends. There have been 145 specimens collected so far in 21 localities in Madeira island (Smith et al. 2004).,"This species mainly occurs in Madeira-endemic laurisilva forest but less frequently, also in Acacia/ Eucalyptus plantation forests (Smit et al. 2004; Speight 2018). Adults visit the flowers of the following plants: Apiaceae, Asteraceae and Euphorbiaceae (J.T. Smit pers. comm. 2020). The flight period is from March to October (J.T. Smit pers. comm. 2020). The larva is not described, but it is probably entomophagous on Lepidoptera and Symphyta larvae (Speight 2018).",This species is threatened by habitat destruction. Infrastructure development (mostly due to tourism) and forestry activities can be regarded as the major threat to the habitat of the species. Tourism related activities and increasing fire risk as a result of climate change may also pose a threat to the species.,There are no conservation actions known for this species. Numerous known localities occur within protected areas. Research on population trends and the species' biology is needed. Additional monitoring is needed to better-understand the population trends and impacts of threats. Taxonomic research is needed to clarify the validity of this species.,"This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which are suspected to include caterpillars (Speight 2018). The rarity of this species makes commercial exploitation difficult.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.","Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Xanthandrus,comtus,,Xanthandrus comtus,"(Harris, 1780)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species does not meet the criteria for threatened categories in Europe or the EU27. It is a widespread species, present in many habitats, and with large subpopulations in most countries where recorded. There are no specific threats identified for this species. Therefore, the species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and for the EU27 Member States.",Unknown,Xanthandrus comtus is widely distributed in Europe. It occurs from the Faroes and southern Norway to the Iberian peninsula. It is also present from Ireland eastwards through central and southern Europe to Russia and the Caucasus and on to the Pacific coast.   Besides Europe and North Asia this species also occurs in Japan and Taiwan (Speight 2018).,There is not information about population size and trends for this species in Europe.,"Xanthandrus comtus occurs in forest, deciduous, broad-leaved evergreen and coniferous (Fagus, Quercus, and Pinus) forests and scrub. Adults visit flowers of umbellifers, Arbutus unedo, Filipendula, Hedera, Juncus, Leontodon, Lonicera, Mentha aquatica, Rosa, Rubus, Succisa, Viburnum tinus. The larva is described by Dušek and Láska (1967). The larva is predator of aphids and the caterpillars of small moths (from the families Noctiuidae, Torticidae) (Speight 2018).",This is very common hoverfly species in Europe and seems to have no threats.,There are no specific conservation actions needed for this species.,"This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which are aphids and caterpillars (Rojo et al. 2003).","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Xanthogramma,aeginae,,Xanthogramma aeginae,"Ricarte, Nedeljković and Vujić, 2018",,Yes,EN,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This species is regarded as Endangered due to its low extent of occurrence (1,434 km2) and area of occupancy (32 km2) and a projected reduction in the area and quality of habitat as a result of the increased frequency of fire. Based on the fact that a fire could impact large parts of the islands where this species is recorded, the eight known localities are thought to occur in four locations.",Unknown,"Xanthogramma aeginae was recently described from specimens collected on the Aegean islands of Chios and Lesvos in Greece (Nedeljković et al. 2018). These are the only localities where the species has been recorded so far. The species has an extent of occurrence of 1,134 km2, and an area of occupancy based on known records of 32 km2.","There are no estimates of the population size and trend for this species. Given that 17 specimens were collected on Chios island and just one on Lesvos, the Chios subpopulation appears to be larger than that on Lesvos (Nedeljković et al. 2018).","This species inhabits Mediterranean forests and shrubs. Adults fly from the end of March to the beginning of May. The larva is unknown, but suspected to be an aphid predator like other congeneric species (Nedeljković et al. 2018).","There are no specific threats documented for this species. However, at least on Lesvos, habitat destruction and tourist pressure could be two main threats. Fire could be a threat, at least for adults of this species, on both Lesvos and Chios (A. Vujić  pers. comm. 2020), since these islands are so small that a single major fire could destroy all suitable habitats.","There are no conservation actions in place for this species. Three of the collection sites are within the Voreia Chios Kai Nisoi Oinousses Kai Paraktia Thalassia Zoni Natura 2000 site. Since its larval biology is completely unknown and its requirements consequently unclear, life history research is needed in order to determine appropriate conservation measures. Monitoring is required to establish population trends and impacts of threats. There is also need for research on the distribution of this recently-described species.","This species is not subject to any trade or use. Even though it has a potential use in pest control of their prey and in crop pollination, the rarity of this species makes commercial exploitation difficult.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Ricarte Sabater, A.R. & Nedeljković, Z.","Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Xanthogramma,citrofasciatum,,Xanthogramma citrofasciatum,"(De Geer, 1776)",This species has been referred to in recent literature as Xanthogramma festivum.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a widespread species present in many habitats and countries, and no specific threats have been identified. Therefore, The species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and for the EU27 Member States.",Unknown,"Xanthogramma citrofasciatum occurs from southern Norway to the Iberian peninsula. It is also present from Ireland eastwards through central and southern Europe into European Russia (Speight 2018).  Outside the focal region, the species ranges into the Caucasus and western Siberia (Speight 2018).",There is no information about population size and trends for this species in Europe.,"Xanthogramma citrofasciatum occurs in open ground, usually in well-drained, unimproved, calcareous/mesophilous grassland. Adults fly from May to June visiting flowers of Convolvulus, Euphorbia, Scabiosa, and Taraxacum. Larvae live in the nests of Lasius ants, where they predate on ant-attended aphids (Speight 2018).",There are no specific threats identified for this species in Europe.,There are no conservation actions known for this species. Monitoring is required to better understand population size and trends in Europe.,"This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which include aphids (Rojo et al. 2003).","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Xanthogramma,dives,,Xanthogramma dives,"(Rondani, 1857)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This is a widespread species, without evident signs of severe fragmentation in its European population and without actual threats identified. Therefore, this species is regarded as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27.",Unknown,"The geographic range of Xanthogramma dives is uncertain due to confusion with other similar Xanthogramma species such as X. pedissequum and X. stackelbergi. Xanthogramma dives is confirmed from Spain, France, Netherlands, central Germany, northern Italy, Norway, Serbia, Montenegro and Greece (Nedeljković et al. 2018); it appears to be a central and southern European species, rare (Norway) or absent (UK) from the north.   The species has also been recorded from North Africa (Speight 2020).","There is no information about population size and trend for this species in Europe. However, there seem to be a good number of subpopulations in central and southern Europe and it can be locally abundant in southern Spain (A. Ricarte pers. comm. 2020).","Xanthogramma dives occurs in forest, both deciduous and coniferous and in broad-leaved evergreen forest, including mesophilous Fagus and thermophilous Quercus, especially in the vicinity of temporary streams; also in Mediterranean riparian Fraxinus forest, and in the vicinity of temporary streams in evergreen oak forest of Q. ilex and Q. suber. The species also inhabits garrigue, Abies forest, dry Pinus sylvestris forest, near temporary streams in Mediterranean pine forest and in olive orchards. Adults fly from May to June visiting flowers of Chaerophyllum hirsutum (Ricarte et al. 2014, Speight 2018). The larva is unknown, but suspected to be aphidophagous like other congeneric species.",There are not specific threats identified for this species in Europe.,"There are no specific conservation actions for this species. Research and monitoring are required to better understand the actual distribution of this species, as well as its population size and trend in Europe.  The larval biology of this species is unknown, and further research on this species biology is required to inform effective conservation actions, should any be required in future.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which are suspected to be aphids (Rojo et al. 2003).","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.","Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Xanthogramma,laetum,,Xanthogramma laetum,"(Fabricius, 1794)",This species appears in recent literature as Olbiosyrphus laetus.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment:  Least Concern (LC)   Xanthogramma laetum does not qualify for any threatened category in a European regional assessment. Its known area of occupancy is below 500 km2, but no specific threats have been identified.",Unknown,"Xanthogramma laetum occurs from northern Germany south to southwest France (Pyrenées-Atlantiques), from Belgium eastwards through central and southern Europe to Romania and European parts of Russia (Speight 2018).  Besides Europe this species also occurs in Siberia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018).","There is no information about population size and trends in Europe. However, the species appears to be locally scarce. For example, Nedeljković et al. (2018) reports three specimens from Serbia collected in 1957-1986, one specimen from Spain collected in 2016, and another from Montenegro in 2001.","The preferred habitats of Xanthogramma laetum are forests of Abies/Picea and Pinus, including dry Pinus, and also Alnus incana alluvial forest. Adults fly from May to September visiting the flowers of Allium ursinum, Crataegus, Glecoma, Phyteuma spicatum, and Ranunculus. The larva is unknown but suspected to be entomophagous, like congeneric species (Speight 2018).",There are no specific threats identified for this species in Europe.,"There are no conservation actions in place or needed for this species. Nonetheless, some subpopulations are indirectly protected in national parks, for example, in Fruška gora (Serbia), Durmitor (Montenegro) and Sovinecko (Czech Republic). Research and monitoring are required to better understand actual population size and trends for this species in Europe.  Larval biology of this species is unknown, and further research on this species' biology is required to inform any conservation measures.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which are suspected to be aphids (Rojo et al. 2003).","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Xanthogramma,marginale,,Xanthogramma marginale,"(Loew, 1854)",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)   Although endemic to the south-west of Europe and North Africa, this species does not qualify for any threatened category in Europe or the EU27 (to which its European range is restricted). There are no important specific threats influencing this species in the near future, its population is not severely fragmented and it is known from many localities. Thus, it is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU27.",Unknown,"Xanthogramma marginale occurs in Portugal, central and southern Spain, southern France, and Italy in Europe (Speight 2018).  Outside Europe it is known from North Africa (Morocco, Algeria) (Speight 2018).","There is no information about population sizes and trends in Europe. However, this species can be locally common even in anthropized habitats (A. Ricarte pers. comm. 2020). There are about 50 specimens known from Spain in literature (see bibliography in Ricarte and Marcos-García 2017), while in Portugal only two specimens are recorded.","The preferred habitats of X. marginale are forests and open areas such as open maquis of Q. ilex and Q. pyrenaica, as well as dry, unimproved grassland (Speight 2018). The species can also be found in Mediterranean riparian ash woods (Ricarte et al. 2008) and in anthropized halophilous Mediterranean scrub (A. Ricarte pers. comm. 2020). Adults fly from April to early June visiting flowers of yellow composites and umbellifers. Larva of this species is unknown but suspected to be entomophagous, like other congeneric species.",There are no specific threats identified for this species in Europe.,"There are not specific conservation actions for X. marginale. Research and monitoring are required to better understand population size and trend of this species in Europe.    The larval biology of this species is unknown, and further research on this species biology is required to inform effective conservation actions, should any be required in future.","This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which are suspected to be aphids (Rojo et al. 2003).","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Xanthogramma,pedissequum,,Xanthogramma pedissequum,"(Harris, 1776)","Xanthogramma pedissequum can be confused with other species due to their morphological similarity. However, the presence of 1–2 yellow maculae on the lateral side of thorax may help to separate it from X. dives and X. stackelbergi, which have more than two yellow maculae on this body part (Nedeljković et al. 2018). Xanthogramma pedissequum also lacks the dark pigmented area on the wing apex, which is present, even if slightly, in X. dives. The revision of collections and study of recently caught specimens of X. pedissequum from across its distribution may reveal the occurrence of more than one taxon within the current concept of this species.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species does not meet the criteria for threatened categories in Europe/EU27. In spite of the confusion in the identification of this species, which probably results in an overestimate of its range in the Mediterranean parts of its distribution (Speight 2020), it is still widespread in Europe/EU27. There are no specific threats identified for this species. Therefore, the species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and for the EU27 Member States.",Unknown,"The distribution of this species is uncertain, due to confusion with both X. dives and X. stackelbergi. It is known in Europe from Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, European Part of Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, and Great Britain (Speight et al. 2020), as well as Serbia (Z. Nedeljković et al. unpublished data). It is presumably widespread in intervening areas, and is considered Extant throughout Europe on the accompanying map, although Speight et al. (2020) suggests that its distribution may be overestimated in the Mediterranean.  There are also records of this species from Morocco, Israel, Syria (Dirickx 1994) and the Russian Far East (Peck 1988), but these plus the Mediterranean records are mostly to be confirmed (Speight 2020).","There is no information about population size and trends for this species. However, it appears to be local and usually scarce in Great Britain (Ball et al. 2011). In Serbia, another country with well known hoverfly diversity, about 47 specimens of X. pedissequum have been collected from 1979 to 2017 (Z. Nedeljković et al. unpublished data).","Xanthogramma pedissequum occurs in open ground; unimproved montane grassland and unimproved, lowland humid grassland and open areas along streams in thermophilous Quercus forest and mesophilous Fagus forest; in suburban parks and gardens (Speight 2018). Adults visit the flowers of the following plants: umbellifers, yellow composites; Berberis, Caltha, Crataegus, Euphorbia, Lamium, Ligustrum, Potentilla erecta, Pulicaria, Ranunculus, Rosa, Rubus, Sambucus nigra, Stellaria, Ulmus. The flight period is from May to September. The larva is described and figured by Rotheray and Gilbert (1989). The larvae are predators of the ""herds"" of root aphids tended by ants of the genus Lasius.",There are no threats identified for this species and conservation actions are unnecessary at this point.,There are no conservation actions known for this species. Research on population trend is needed.,"This species is not used or traded commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which include aphids (Rojo et al. 2003).","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Xanthogramma,pilosum,,Xanthogramma pilosum,"Nedeljković, Ricarte  and Vujić, 2018",,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU27-2020,,"This European endemic species is regarded as Endangered due to the restricted area of occupancy (8 km2) based on on currently known records, occurrence in two locations, and a projected reduction in habitat extent and quality. Despite the fact that the Greek hoverflies have been rather well studied (Vujić et al. 2020), X. pilosum has only been found in Lesvos island and the Rhodope region (mainland Greece). Especially in Lesvos, tourism-related activities may provoke changes in some of the habitats of this species, for example, X. pilosum appears to find refuge in organic olive orchards (Speight 2018) that might be abandoned by owners due to changes in economic activity. In the Rhodope region, fires may threat this species.  It is assumed that the species has a wider distribution than currently known, and it should be reassessed if further data on its distribution become available.",Unknown,"This species is recorded only from Greece, both from the northeastern mainland (the Rhodope region) and on the Aegean island of Lesvos (Nedeljković et al. 2018). It has an area of occupancy based on known records of 8 km2. The species is for sure present in other localities, but additional surveys are necessary to better understand the range of this species.","Only three specimens are reported so far, but the two known locations are far from each other, so the species is expected to be present in intervening areas. There are not enough data to estimate the population size or trend of this species. However, the hoverfly fauna of Lesvos has been well-studied in the last decade and this species has been found just in one location within the island, so the Lesvos subpopulation is apparently very small, or that hoverfly sampling on this island has not been focused on the main activity period of this species, which seems to be early in the year (April) (Nedeljković et al. 2018).","This species has been found close to temporary streams in evergreen oak (Q. coccinea), matorral and organic olive orchards. Adults fly through tall-herb vegetation, in April, and visit Euphorbia flowers (Speight 2018). The larva is totally unknown but expected to be predatory.","There are no specific threats documented for this species. At least in the island of Lesvos, habitat destruction and tourist pressure could be two significant threats. Tourist development may encourage the abandonment of traditional olive orchards, which appear to represent a potential refugia for this species. Fires may also threaten this species both in their insular and mainland populations (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020; https://rewilding-rhodopes.com/life-vultures/areas). In Rhodopes, the modification of vegetation due to abandonment of livestock breeding  can be a future threat for this species in the future (https://rewilding-rhodopes.com/life-vultures/areas).","There are no conservation actions for this species, and as its ecological requirements and larval biology are unknown further research is needed in order to identify appropriate conservation measures. Monitoring is needed to understand population trends and impacts of threats. There is also need for research on the distribution of this recently described species.","This species is not subject to trade or use. Even though it has a potential use in pest control of the presumed insect prey and in crop pollination, the rarity of this species makes commercial exploitation difficult.","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Ricarte Sabater, A.R. & Nedeljković, Z.","Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Xanthogramma,stackelbergi,,Xanthogramma stackelbergi,"Violovitsh, 1975",,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species does not meet the criteria for threatened categories in Europe/EU27. It is a widespread species, and present in many habitats. There are no specific threats identified for this species. Therefore, X. stackelbergi is regarded as Least Concern in Europe/EU27.",Unknown,"The geographic range of Xanthogramma stackelbergi is uncertain due to the confusion with X. dives and X. pedissequum (Nedeljković et al. 2018, Speight 2018). It is known from Norway, Sweden, Finland, parts of European Russia and Ukraine (Crimea), the United Kingdom, Denmark, The Netherlands, southern Germany (several localities), Switzerland, France, Italy (Speight 2018), Spain (van Eck 2010), Czechia (Hadrava et al. 2018), Serbia, Greece and Montenegro (Nedeljković et al. 2018).  It is likely a genuinely widely distributed species that ranges beyond Europe although the entire range is unknown, and is considered to be non-endemic to the European region here.","There is no information about population sizes and trends for this species. Possibly, it is more common in central and northern Europe than in southern Europe. Only one specimen has ever been collected in Spain (Van Eck 2010). However, it is rare but probably widespread in Sweden (Bartsch et al. 2009). In Czechia and Germany, Xanthogramma stackelbergi appears to be rarer than X. dives and X. pedissequum.","Xanthogramma stackelbergi occurs in forests (mesophilous Fagus forest, thermophilous forests of Q. pubescens, forest of Alnus incana and evergreen oak forest of Quercus suber). Besides forests Xanthogramma stackelbergi occurs in unimproved grasslands and scrub. In central Europe, the species occurs mostly in thermophilous grasslands (A. Ssymank, pers. comm. 2020). The flight period is from mid May to mid August. Adults visit flowers of the following plants: Sambucus ebulus; Stellaria (Bartsch et al. 2009); white umbellifers; and tall Euphorbia. The larva is not described (Speight 2018).",There are no specific threats identified for this species in Europe.,There are no conservation actions known for this species. Research into its distribution and population trend is needed. Monitoring is required. It is not included in any national Red Lists.,"This species is not traded or exploited commercially. However, it has a potential use in population control of its prey insects, which are suspected to be aphids (Rojo et al. 2003).","Hadrava, J. & Bowles, P.","Nedeljković, Z. & Ricarte Sabater, A.R.","Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Xylota,abiens,,Xylota abiens,"Meigen, 1822",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Xylota abiens is found across Europe, particularly in central areas. It is not found in northern Scandinavia or the Mediterranean. Although the species may be under pressure in some parts of its range from anthropogenic activities in natural areas, to create industrial areas, for agriculture or for tourism, overall the current population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 27. It has also been found in some man-made environments, so may be an adaptable species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27.",Stable,"This species is not really a northern species, in Scandinavia it is only in the south of Norway and Sweden and from Denmark south to the Pyrenees. It is found from Ireland eastwards through central Europe (and northern Italy and northern parts of the former Yugoslavia) into European Russia (Speight 2020). It is not present in the Mediterranean region, not known from Portugal, Spain, southern part of Italy, Greece and Turkey.  The range of this species extends out of the European region on as far as the Pacific coast (Sakhalin) in Russia, to the Caucasus, the Korean Peninsula, Japan, northeast China and Russia (from Urals to Sakhalin) (Jeong and Han 2019).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 8.6 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2.7 million km2. For the EU27 countries the estimated EOO is around 4.2 million km2, and the estimated AOO is around 1.3 million km2.",This is a widespread western/central European species with a seemingly stable population trend for now.,"The preferred environment of this species is overmature deciduous forest of humid Quercus and Carpinus/Quercus/ Ulmus, also alluvial hardwood forest. This species seems to frequent sites where seasonal fluctuations in water levels occur, such that during the winter months water levels are either at, or slightly above, the ground surface (Speight 2017, 2020).    Adults run about and sunbathe on felled and fallen trunks and on stumps in the sun, in glades, small clearings and beside tracks and on foliage of bushes and shrubs in similar situations, at up to 1.5 m from the ground. This species can also be found on stumps in partial shade/dappled sunlight.     Flowers visited by this species include umbellifers, Ilex, Ranunculus, Rubus idaeus, Sambucus, Rosa acicularis, Hieracium pilosella L. and Ranunculus acer.    The flight period is from mid June to July.     The larvae are described and figured by Rotheray (2004), from larvae collected from decaying sap under the bark of moribund pines (Pinus sylvestris) sinking into a mire of man-made origin. Under more natural conditions the larva has been found in wet, decaying roots of Fagus stumps.","The main threats to this species are focused on the loss of quality and quantity of habitat. Anthropogenic activities in natural areas to create industrial areas, for agriculture, for logging or for tourism reduce the natural habitats for this species. However this species seems adaptable and can also survive in regions where there is no undisturbed habitat (for example a man made mire). However, here is no specific information regarding the potential threats affecting this species, it is widespread through Europe and although there will be a decline in parts of its range overall it is not under pressure and the population trend seems stable.","There are no known conservation measures in place for this species, but as it is widespread and stable, this is not urgently needed. The species also occurs in National Parks throughout Europe. There is always the need to learn more on the biology, ecology and population trends of the species, as well as studying the habitat it lives in. In Denmark the species is listed as Vulnerable (VU, Bygebjerg 2019). In the Czech Republic the species was also assessed VU (Farkac et al. 2005).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Birtele, D., Ball, S., Morris, R. & Ssymank, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Xylota,caeruleiventris,,Xylota caeruleiventris,"(Zetterstedt, 1838)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Xylota caeruleiventris is regionally widespread in Northern Europe. Although it is rare in some countries, like Ukraine, it is possible that the species is more common in some areas than previously thought. The current population trend is considered to be unknown. The species is potentially at risk from climate change, but further research is required. It is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27.",Unknown,"This species has a regionally broad range in northern Europe. It is found in northern and central Fennoscandia (Norway, Sweden and Finland) and through Siberia to the Pacific coast. Based on the Norway Red List (Artsobservasjoner 2020) the species occurs in Oslo and Akershus. It is known from Germany (Doczkal 2004) and the Czech Republic (Dolezal and Romig 2004) in central Europe, plus Slovenia (Groot and Govedič 2008). Literature references to the occurrence of this species prior to 2002 cannot be relied upon, due to confusion with X. jakutorum (females look alike and can be confounded) (Speight 2020) (Bartsch et al. 2002).  There is confirmation of a new record in Ukraine (Kyiv) found in 2015-2016, but all other records from Ukraine have not been checked (Zoralski pers. comm. 2019). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 7.3 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2 million km2. For the EU27 countries the estimated EOO is around 2.9 million km2, and the estimated AOO is around 684,000 km2.","There is not much information about the European population of this species, but after the confusion with other species was solved, it was found more commonly in Scandinavia. In the Czech Republic, it has been found in two mountainous localities. It is rare in Ukraine. There is one record from Poland in 2015, but currently it is not rare in Poland. According to Speight (2020) on status, threats and degree of endemism for the European syrphid species in the StN database this species is threatened to some extent on a European level. However, the species is potentially under-recorded, and it is likely more common than previously known. For now the population trend is considered to be unknown throughout Europe.","The preferred environment of this species is taiga/humid Pinus sylvestris forest (including western taiga) and mixed boreal forest; relict sub-boreal transition mire with Pinus sylvestris or P. uncinata and bog with Pinus sylvestris in central Europe.      Males sit on the trunks of freshly-fallen (leaves still green) Pinus within/at the edge of bog/transition mire.     Flowers visited by the hoverfly include umbellifers, Rhododendron tomentosum (Bartsch et al. 2009), Rubus sp., Barbarea sp., Stellaria holostea and Ranunculus acer (Pestov 2007).    The flight period is from the end of May to mid July in central Europe, and from mid June to the second half of August in northern Europe.     The larvae are not described, but probably found under the bark of water-logged, fallen trunks of recently-fallen Pinus in, or at the edge of, bog and transition mire.    The species therefore is dependent on wood, as the larvae are dependent on the bark.","The main threats to this species are probably the loss of quality and quantity of habitat, due to the usual human activities like urbanisation, logging and forestry management. However, there is no specific information regarding the potential threats affecting this species. The species is presumably at risk from the reduction of specific habitats caused by the changing climate.","There are no current conservation measures in place for this species. Further studies are needed into the population size, trends, abundance, biology, ecology and eventually threats to this species.  However it might well be that the species is a bit under recorded and more common than previously thought. This species was assessed as Least Concern in Finland in 2010 and 2019 (FinBif 2020) and Sweden in 2015 (Artdatabanken 2020), and as Endangered in Norway in 2010 but down-listed to Vulnerable in 2015 (Artsobservasjoner 2020). In Germany the species was assessed as Critically Endangered (Ssymank et al. 2011).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A., Aracil, A., Mazanek, L., Popov, G., Pérez, C., Rojo, S. & Speight, M.","Birtele, D. & Ssymank, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Xylota,florum,,Xylota florum,"(Fabricius, 1805)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Xylota florum is a widespread species found across Europe. The area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) for both Europe and the EU 27 are large. Although the species may be impacted by threats locally, overall the current population trend is stable and the species seems to be reasonably adaptive. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27. No conservation measures are required for this species at present.",Stable,"This species is found from Scandinavia, south to central France, and from Ireland eastwards into European parts of Russia, the Caucasus and on as far as eastern Siberia (Speight 2020).The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 9 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 3 million km2. For the EU 27 countries the estimated EOO is around 5.5 million km2, and the estimated AOO is around 1.6 million km2.","This is a widespread species, although it is not as common as some other species of the genus, for example Xylota segnis. The current population trend of this species in Europe and the EU 27 is considered to be stable.","The preferred environment of this species is deciduous, alluvial hardwood forest with over-mature trees (especially Populus) and brook floodplain forest (Speight 2017, 2020). Adults have been found on trunks and stumps of fallen and felled trees in the sun, in clearings and at tracksides, as well as on streamside and trackside vegetation in the sun, within woodland.     Flowers visited by this species incldue white umbellifers, Rubus fruticosus, Rosa acicularis, Saxifraga punctata, Cicuta virosa, Anemone sylvestris, Caltha arctica, Caltha palustris, Ranunculus affinis, Valeriana officinalis (Bagachanova 1990), Achillea millefolium, Ranunculus acer, Anethum graveolens and Rumex acetosa (Pestov 2007).    The flight period is from the end of May to the end of July, with most records from June.      Dusek and Laska (1960) described the larvae from hole-holes in Populus. Their description has been validated as relating to this species by Rotheray (2004), who re-describes the developmental stages. Assuming that early records do relate to this species, it has been reared more than once from trunk cavities in Populus nigra. Krivosheina (2001) reports rearing this species from a fallen trunk of Picea.","The main threats are probably focused on the loss of quality and quantity of habitat due to human activities, like most of the forest dwelling species. However, there is no specific information regarding the potential threats affecting the population. It is widespread and probably will be threatened in parts of its range, but overall it seems reasonably adaptive and does not seem to be in direct danger.","The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action. At the moment, it is not considered to be necessary for this species. Research should be done on the population dynamics and the life history, biology and ecology of the species. It has been assessed on the national Red List of Finland as Least Concern (LC) in 2000, 2010 and 2019 (FinBif 2020). In Sweden it is assessed as LC in 2010, 2015 and 2020 with over 400 recent sightings (Artdatabanken 2020). In Norway the species is assessed as LC in 2019 (Artsobservasjoner 2020).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Birtele, D., Ball, S., Morris, R., Ssymank, A. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Xylota,ignava,,Xylota ignava,"(Panzer, 1798)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Xylota ignava is a widespread species found throughout Europe. It has a large area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO). Although this species may be impacted by localised threats causing declines in the habitat in some parts of its range, the overall current population trend is considered to be stable. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27. No conservation measures are required at the moment.",Stable,"This species is found from Fennoscandia, south to central Spain. It is known from the Netherlands (although probably extinct) and the Ardennes (Belgium) through central Europe to European Russia. In southern Europe, it is found to parts of the former Yugoslavia, Greece and Turkey, through Asiatic Russia to the Pacific, Mongolia, China, Korea (Jeong and Han 2019) and Japan (Speight 2020).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 9.6 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2.8 million km2.  For the EU 27 countries the estimated EOO is around 5.7 million km2, and the estimated AOO is around 1.3 million km2.","This is a widespread species through Europe, although it is not as common as some other species of the genus, for example X. segnis. The population size is unknown, but the current population trend is considered to be stable. In Sweden, there have been around 190 recent sightings. In Norway, the species is found in the southeastern point of the country and at a few central localities.","This species is found in the conifer forest of Picea, down to the altitude of mixed Fagus/Picea forest (Speight 2017, 2020). Adults have been found on logs and fallen trunks in the sun, or on ground beside them, often in abundance at Picea debarking stations. The hoverfly is known to visit the flowers of Aegopodium, Crataegus, Galium, Ranunculus polyanthemos, Rosa canina and Sambucus (Speight 2020). The flight period is from the end of May to July and August at higher altitudes. The developmental stages are not described.","The main threats are focused on the loss of quality and quantity of habitat, due to deforestation and other land management like agriculture, habitat destruction and change in land use. This will certainly have an effect on the species, and it will surely be a negative effect, but the actual changes are unknown and are likely to be localised.","The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action, and this does not seem to be required at the moment. However, further research on taxonomy, biology, ecology and the right habitat criteria should be done.  This species has been assessed as Least Concern in Finland in 2000, 2010 and 2019 (FinBif 2020), and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020). In Norway, the species has been assessed as Near Threatened (Artsobservasjoner 2020). In the Czech republic the species was assessed VU (Farkac et al. 2005).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Birtele, D., Vujić, A. & Ssymank, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Xylota,jakutorum,,Xylota jakutorum,"Bagatshanova, 1980",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Xylota jakutorum is a widespread species found across Europe. It has a large area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO). Although it may be impacted by localised habitat declines in quality and quantity, the current population trend is considered to be stable. In addition, it is an adaptable species that has been found in some man-made environments, in commercial conifer plantations. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27. No conservation measures are required at present.",Stable,"This species is found from Fennoscandia, south to the Pyrenees and northern Italy. It is known from Ireland eastwards through central Europe to European parts of Russia and on into Asia through much of Siberia (Speight 2020). It is not found in the Mediterranean region, as it is not present in Portugal, Spain, southern Italy or on the Mediterranean Islands. In Greece, it is only found only in the north of the country (Rhodope mountains) (Vujic et al. 2020). Records from Bulgaria (specimens) are known (L.J. van der Ent unpublished data, pers. comm 2020).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 9.3 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2.8 million km2. For the EU27 countries the estimated EOO is around 5.6 million km2, and the estimated AOO is around 1.7 million km2.","This is a widespread species throughout Europe, although not as common as X. segnis. The population size is unknown, but overall the current population trend is considered to be stable for both Europe and the EU 27. In Sweden, there have been more than 1,000 recent sightings.","This species is found in conifer forest, with mature and overmature trees. It is partially anthropophilic, extending its range into commercial conifer plantations in parts of Europe previously covered in deciduous woodland, and found with Abies, Picea and Pinus (Speight 2017, 2020). In southeast Europe, the species also occurs in montane deciduous forest (A. Vujic pers. comm. 2019). Adults have been recorded running on the foliage of bushes and shrubs at tracksides and edges of clearings, in the sun on fallen or felled timber and tree stumps or on the ground in the vicinity of old trees (Speight 2017, 2020).    Flowers visited by this species include umbellifers, Potentilla erecta, Ranunculus, Rosa rugosa, Rubus idaeus and Sorbus aucuparia.     The flight period is from May to August, with peak in June and July and occasional specimens into September.     Rotheray (1994) established that the larva of this species (under the name X. coeruleiventris) occurs in sap runs on Abies, caused by the weevil Hylobius abietus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). The larva is described and figured (as the larva of X. caeruleiventris) by Rotheray and Stuke (1998), from larvae collected from sap-filled borings of Hylobius beneath the bark of Pinus sylvestris stumps.","The main threats are focused on the loss of quality and quantity of habitat, due to deforestation and other land management like agriculture, habitat destruction and change in land use. This will certainly have an effect on the species, and it will surely be a negative effect, but the actual impacts are unknown and likely to only be localised, as the species is adaptable and also found in man made habitats.","The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action, and this does not seem to be required at the moment. However, further research on biology, ecology, population trends and habitat criteria for the species should be done. This species has been assessed as Least Concern in Finland in 2010 and 2019 (FinBif 2020), Norway (Artsobservasjoner 2020) and Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Ball, S., Birtele, D., Morris, R., Ssymank, A. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Xylota,meigeniana,,Xylota meigeniana,"Stackelberg, 1964",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)   Xylota meigeniana is a widespread species throughout Central and Northern Europe. The area of occupancy (AOO) and the extent of occurrence (EOO) are large for both Europe and the EU 27. The species may be impacted by localised threats from anthropogenic activities in forests and wetlands, but the overall current population trend is considered to be stable. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27.",Stable,"This species is found from southern Sweden and Finland, south to northern France (Paris basin), from Belgium eastwards through northern and parts of central Europe (Romania) into European parts of Russia and the Ukraine and on through Siberia to the Pacific and Japan (Speight 2020).  It seems to be a central and northern European lowland species, that is not found in the Mediterranean region, the Pyrenees or the Alps. The area of occupancy (AOO) and the extent of occurrence (EOO) are large for both Europe and the EU 27, above the thresholds for a threatened Category.","This is a widespread species through central and northern Europe. The population size is unknown, but the current population trend is considered to be stable for both Europe and the EU 27.","The preferred environment of this species is forest/freshwater; along streams in deciduous forest with overmature trees, Carpinus/Quercus/ Ulmus forest, alluvial hardwood forest and brook floodplain forest with Populus tremula (Speight 2017, 2020).    Adults in Sweden are “typically found sitting in sunlit patches on one to two year-old windfalls of aspen in part-shaded deciduous or mixed forest glades” (Bartsch et al. 2009).     The species has been recorded as visiting the flowers of umbellifers (Bartsch et al. 2009).      The flight period is from the beginning of June to September.      The developmental stages have not been described, but this species has been collected in an emergence trap installed on a groundwater seepage system (helocren) with a mosaic of fen vegetation and small species of Salix, e.g. S. capraea (E. Carrières pers. comm. 2019). Krivosheina (2001) reports rearing this species from larvae found in rotten wood under the bark of humid, fallen trunks of Populus tremula, together with Hammerschmidtia. (Speight 2020).","The main threats are focused on the loss of quality and quantity of habitat, due to deforestation and other land management like agriculture, drainage, habitat destruction, urbanisation and change in land use. This will certainly have an effect on the species, and it will surely be a negative effect, but the actual impact is unknown and is likely to be localised.","The species is not subject to any targeted conservation action, and it is not considered to be required at the moment. However, further research on biology, ecology and habitat criteria for the species should be done. The species has been assessed as Least Concern in Finland in 2000, 2010 and 2019 (FinBif 2020), in Norway (Artsobservasjoner 2020) and in Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020). In Germany the species has been assessed as Endangered (Ssymank et al. 2011). In Denmark the species is listed as Vulnerable (Bygebjerg 2019). In the Czech Republic the species is listed as Endangered (Farkac et al. 2005).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Ssymank, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Xylota,segnis,,Xylota segnis,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The Orange-belted Hoverfly (Xylota segnis) is a widespread, common species found across Europe, with the exception of the very high north. The current population trend is considered to be increasing, and the species is adaptable, having been found in man made environments. There are no major threats to this hoverfly across its European range as a whole. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27. Although no conservation measures are required at present, further research on the population, habitat and potential threats to this species is recommended.",Increasing,"This species is found throughout Europe, apart from in the extreme north. It is also found in North Africa, the Caucasus, through Eurasia to the Pacific coast and Japan, and in eastern parts of North America (Speight 2020).   The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 20 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 8 million km2.  For the EU27 countries the estimated EOO is around 13 million km2, and the estimated AOO is around 3 million km2.","This is an extremely widespread species throughout Europe, and the current population trend is considered to be increasing.","This species is found in most types of coniferous and deciduous forest. It is an anthropophilic species, also found away from woodland in hedgerows and suburban gardens. Adults have been seen running on foliage of bushes and shrubs; on ground beside logs and tree stumps, on felled or fallen trunks and on stumps of both deciduous and coniferous trees (Speight 2017, 2020).    The hoverfly is known to visit the flowers of umbellifers, Corylus, Crataegus, Hedera, Heracleum, Solidago virgaurea, Sorbus aucuparia, Tilia, Viburnum opulus, Achillea millefolium, Anethum graveolens, Chamaenerion angustifolium, Geranium sylvaticum, Hieracium umbellatum, Ranunculus repens, Rosa acicularis, Rumex acetosella, Lonicera, Dactylorhiza fuchsii (Pestov 2007), Ribes rubrum (Bagachanova 1987) and Tilia cordata (Zimina 1957). De Buck (1985) has established that the species collects appreciable quantities of pollen from the surfaces of leaves and may also ingest pollen grains from the faeces of other syrphids. The detailed observations made by Rotheray (2019), of the actions of specimens whilst on the flowers of a Ranunculus species, indicated that the insect was collecting pollen grains from the surface of the petals, but not from the stamens, and that the nectaries were ignored.     The flight period of this species is from May to September, with a peak in June, and occasionally in April (March/April in southern Europe) and may persist to November.      The larvae are described and figured by Hartley (1961), and they may be found under bark of rotten stumps, trunks and logs of both deciduous trees and conifers, in damp rot-holes and sap-runs on living trees and in various rotting plant debris, for example, wet, decomposing silage, wet, rotting sawdust, rotting potatoes. It would appear that the larvae can also, on occasion, make use of the remains of rotting mammalian cadavers as food (Moffat 2013). Rotheray (1994) illustrates the larva in colour. A coloured photo of the puparium is given in Dussaix (2013), who confirms that the larva overwinters and reports 20 days as the duration of the puparial phase.",There are no major threats to this species impacting the European population as a whole.,"There are no conservation measures required for this species at the moment. However, further research and monitoring of population trends, threats and the habitat would be beneficial.",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Ball, S., Birtele, D., Morris, R., Ssymank, A. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Xylota,suecica,,Xylota suecica,"(Ringdahl, 1943)",,Yes,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv)",No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)",EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Endangered (EN)  Xylota suecica is a species with a restricted range in Europe, found only in Sweden, Finland, Norway and European Russia. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 1.6 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is estimated to be between 500 and 2,000 km2. The distribution map is an estimation of the range in which the species can occur. There is a projected continuing decline in habitat and EOO and AOO with human activities and climate change for both Europe and EU 27 countries. In Norway, the species is very rare and records are old, but it has a wide range in Russia to the east. Therefore, in Europe it is assessed as Vulnerable under Criterion B.  However, for the EU 27 it is different as this species is found in approximately 14 locations in the EU 27 countries (Sweden and Finland) with an AOO of around 56 km2, based on the threat of human activities such as logging and other activities. It is severely fragmented in its distribution in both Europe and the EU 27, and the assumption is there is in a continuous decline in EOO and AOO which will continue in the future. Therefore, this species is assessed as Endangered for the EU 27.",Decreasing,"This species is known from arctic Norway, northern Sweden and Finland, eastwards through northern European Russia and on to eastern Siberia (Speight 2020). It is an Arctic species occurring high north in the Arctic circle.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 1.6 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be between 500 and 2,000 km2.  In the EU 27 countries this species is found in approximately 14 locations, so is estimated to have an AOO of around 56 km2, based on the threat of human activities in the region like logging, deforestation, work and other activities.","It is estimated there is a constant decline in the number of localities in northern Europe, and the overall current population trend is considered to be strongly decreasing (Speight 2020). There are 14 known localities across northern Scandinavia (eight from Finland and six localities in Sweden) and a undefined number of locations in European Russia. The species has a wide range to the east and is probably more stable in parts of European Russia due to connection to the more eastern subpopulations. However, the species is considered to be severely fragmented in both Europe and the EU 27, as the subpopulations are small and isolated and may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonisation.","This species is found in conifer forest, Pinus sylvestris taiga and mosaic boreal Picea/Pinus/Betula forest and aapa mire (Finnish term for a large, complex, cold-climate wetland) with overmature trees (H. Bartsch and T. Nielsen pers. comm. 2019; Speight 2017, 2020). The hoverfly has been recorded visiting the flowers of Ranunculus sp., Rubus chamaemorus, Rosa acicularis, Anemone sylvestris, Ptarmica cartilaginea, Ranunculus repens, Ledum decumbens (Bagatshanova 1990) and Heracleum sibiricum (Pestov 2007). The flight period is from mid June to mid July. The developmental stages are not described.  There is a projected continuing decline in the habitat as a result of climate change for both Europe and EU 27.","In the EU 27, this species is restricted to certain habitat types in the high north so any changes in climate will likely destroy its habitats, and it is susceptible to slight climatic changes that affect its habitats. Furthermore the species is susceptible for the human activities in the region like logging, deforestation, work and other activities.","It is not known if there are any conservation actions ongoing for this species, but it is known to occur in some protected areas in Russia. This species has been assessed as Near Threatened in Finland in 2010 and 2019 (FinBif 2020), and in Sweden (Artdatabanken 2020) and Norway (Artsobservasjoner 2020).",This species is not used or traded.,"Van Der Meutter, F. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A., Aracil, A., Mazanek, L., Popov, G., Pérez, C., Rojo, S. & Speight, M.",,,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Xylota,sylvarum,,Xylota sylvarum,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Xylota sylvarum is a widespread and fairly common species, found across most European countries. The current population trend is considered to be stable, and although it may be impacted by forestry activities locally, there are no major threats to the European population as a whole. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27.",Stable,"This species is found from Fennoscandia south to Iberia, from Ireland eastwards through much of northern and central Eurasia to the Pacific coast, and is known in southern Europe from Italy (also Sardinia, Mason et al. 2006), the former Yugoslavia, Greece and Turkey (Speight 2020).    The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 11 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 4.4 million km2. For the EU 27 countries the estimated EOO is around 7.8 million km2, and the estimated AOO is around 2.4 million km2.",This is a widespread Palearctic species with a seemingly stable population trend for now.,"The preferred environment of this species is most types of humid deciduous and coniferous forest with mature and over-mature trees and along streams in broad-leaved evergreen oak forest (Quercus ilex) (Speight 2017, 2020). Adults are found at tracksides and edges of clearings, running on foliage of bushes, Pteridium and low-growing vegetation, and sometimes on tree stumps.     Flowers visited by this species include Ranunculus, Rubus idaeus and Heracleum sosnowskyi (Pestov 2007). De Buck (1985) established that the species can obtain much or all of its pollen intake from ingestion of the pollen grains it finds on the surface of leaves, and may augment this with pollen taken from the faeces of other syrphids.     The flight period is from the end of May until September, with a peak in July.   The larvae are described and figured by Hartley (1961) and illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994), who also re-describes the larva in a more recent publication (Rotheray 2004). Larvae have been found in damp, fungus-ridden decaying wood of Abies, Fagus and Quercus trunks and stumps, usually beneath the bark. Rotheray (1990) suggests decaying tree roots are probably a major larval habitat for this species and Rotheray (1994) mentions both Abies and Fagus roots as locations where larvae have been found. Krivosheina (2001) adds Pinus to the list of tree genera from which the larvae of this species have been reared, commenting that the larvae occur under the same circumstances as those of Myathropa florea. Rotheray (2004) extends the list of trees from which this species has been reared to include Fraxinus, Picea, Populus tremula and Pseudotsuga. Dussaix (2013) provides a coloured photo of the puparium, indicates that the larva overwinters and records that the puparial phase lasts for 4 weeks.","There are the usual threats that all forest dwelling species are subjected to, but this is a very widespread adaptable species throughout its range, and so there are no major threats currently impacting the European population. The threats that are likely to affect this species are agriculture and forestry.","No information on conservation actions for the species, probably no need for that at the moment. For research the population trends should be looked at, and protection of suitable habitat should be undertaken. In Finland, this species has been assessed on the National Red List as Least Concern (LC) in 2010 and 2019 (FinBif 2020).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Ball, S., Birtele, D., Morris, R., Ssymank, A. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Xylota,tarda,,Xylota tarda,"Meigen, 1822",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Xylota tarda is a widespread species, found across Europe. It has a large area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO). The current population trend is considered to be stable, and although this species may be impacted by anthropogenic activities locally, overall there are no major threats impacting the European population. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27. There are no conservation measures required at the moment, but further research on the population, habitat and ecology of this species is recommended.",Stable,"This species is known from northern Fennoscandia, south to Spain, from northern Italy (Apennines) and Slovenia, from Ireland eastwards through central Europe into European parts of Russia, the Caucasus and through Asia to the Pacific coast (Kuril islands) (Speight 2020). It is not found on the islands of the Mediterranean or the Canary Islands.  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 9 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 3.6 million km2.   For the EU 27 countries the estimated EOO is around 5.7 million km2, and the estimated AOO is around 1.8 million km2.","This is a widespread species, comparable with a big part of the distribution on European mainland of Xylota segnis (which it resembles) but this species is less conspicuous. There is no direct information about the European population size but the population trend is considered to be stable in both Europe and the EU 27.","This species is found deciduous forest, Quercus forests (including thermophilous Quercus forest of Q. pubescens), alluvial forest with overmature Populus, brook-floodplain forest and other riparian forests with Populus tremula and Populus plantations (Speight 2017, 2020).    Adults are usually seen in scrub woodland, or open forest with patches of dense scrub, but nearly always on old forest sites; running on foliage of bushes, Rubus etc. at tracksides and edges of clearings and on bare ground. They fly through scrub vegetation at one to three meters from the ground (Speight 2017, 2020).    Flowers visited by this hoverfly include Calluna vulgaris, Leontodon, Potentilla, Ranunculus, Sambucus, Ranunculus acer (Zimina 1957) and Chamaenerion angustifolium (Pestov 2007).    The flight period is from May to August, with a peak at the beginning of July.      The larvae are described and figured by Rotheray (1991), from larvae collected from a sap run at the base of the trunk of Populus tremula. Rotheray (1994) illustrates the larva in colour. Krivosheina (2001) records rearing of this species from larvae collected in rotting wood of Fagus.","Although this species may be impacted locally by agriculture, deforestation, urbanisation and logging, this is a widespread species throughout its range and it is not under any direct pressure.","There are now known conservation actions in place for this species, but it is not considered to be needed at the moment. The species is widespread and probably also occurs in National Parks and nature reserves. More research needed on habitat, population trends and species biology/ecology. In the Czech Republic the species was assessed as Vulnerable (VU) (Farkac et al. 2005).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Ball, S., Birtele, D., Morris, R., Vujić, A. & Ssymank, A.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Xylota,triangularis,,Xylota triangularis,"Zetterstedt, 1838",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Xylota triangularis is known in Europe from the Alps, Scandinavia, and a few other localities, including European Russia. The species has a reasonably large EOO, but probably a much lower AOO. As a forest dwelling species, it is impacted by threats such as deforestation, logging, urbanisation and climate change, particularly in the Alps and Scandinavia. The current population trend is considered to be decreasing. The AOO for this species in the EU27 is considered being around 323,000 km2, but in reality that might be much smaller as it appears localised in the Alps and the Scandinavian countries. There is a suspected decline in suitable habitat due to human activity and climate change, which will continue in the future. However, the estimated AOO for now does not place it in a threatened category for now, but that might change soon in the future. So for Europe it is assessed LC, the species is reasonably widespread in European Russia and is connected to the main distribution area of the species in the eastern part of the Palearctic. For EU 27 it is also assessed as LC for the moment.",Decreasing,"This species is found in Lapland south to southern Norway and Sweden. the Alps (France, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Slovenia), European parts of Russia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018) and on into Asia throughout Siberia. It is also known from Mongolia (Pennards pers. obs. 2017). The species does not occur in Germany (A. Ssymank pers. comm. 2019). The extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is estimated to be around 7.5 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 1 million km2. For the EU 27, the estimated EOO is around 3.5 million km2, and the estimated AOO is around 323,000 km2.","Not much information is known about the European populations of this species, but it is probably very rare. In Finland, this species is definitely declining, as a result of an uplisting in the National Red List (FinBif 2020). Elsewhere, it is considered that the overall current population trend in both Europe and the EU 27 is decreasing, due to the human threats as well as by the effects of climate change, so suitable habitat for the species is disappearing. In Sweden, there are only nine recent sightings (Artdatabanken 2020), and very few recent sightings in Norway (Artsobservasjoner 2020).","The preferred environment of this species is overmature conifer forest with old trees, from the upper limits of Picea into old Larix/Pinus cembra/Pinus mugo forest (in the Alps, Pinus/Betula swamp forest and western taiga (Speight 2017, 2020).    Adults fly in the dappled sunlight of small glades along streams within forest, among tall ground vegetation, on which it settles; also rests on fallen trunks of Pinus (C. Claussen, A. Haarto, T. Moertelmaier and L. Verlinden pers. comm. 2019); also along streams in the more open forest occurring towards the tree line.     Flowers visited by the hoverfly include Rhododendron tomentosum (Bartsch et al. 2009), Ledum palustre, Rubus chamaemorus, Stellaria, Spiraea media, Rosa acicularis, Anemone sylvestris, Ranunculus repens, Barbarea sp., Aster aplinus (Bagatchanova 1990), and Heracleum sibiricum (Pestov 2007).    The flight period is from May/June and July/August in more northerly latitudes/higher altitudes. The developmental stages are unknown.","There are the usual threats that all forest dwelling species are subjected to like agriculture, deforestation, urbanisation and logging. However, in this case the species is also under pressure by climate change. It occurs on altitude in the Alps and in the north of Europe, so the habitat will disappear fast when global warming continues.","The focus of conservation action for this species should be on the conservation of the habitat, because in Europe it is only found in the Alps and in the Scandinavian countries, with a few scattered records from elsewhere. These habitats are not only under direct threat of anthropogenic activities, but are also very susceptible for the effects of climate change.  In Finland, the species went from Vulnerable (VU) in 2010 to Endangered (EN) in 2019 (FinBif 2020), and the species is considered a threatened species in Finland (Nature Conservation Decree 14.2.1997/160, Appendix 4 19.6.2013/471). In Sweden, it is Least Concern (LC) (Artdatabanken 2020), and in Norway it is Not Evaluated (Artsobservasjoner 2020).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Birtele, D.",,Incomplete
Hoverflies,2022_June,ANIMALIA,ARTHROPODA,INSECTA,DIPTERA,SYRPHIDAE,Xylota,xanthocnema,,Xylota xanthocnema,"Collin, 1939",,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27-2020,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Xylota xanthocnema is a widespread species throughout Central Europe and European Russia. It is not found in northern Scandinavia or in the Mediterranean. It has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO). The current population trend is considered to be stable for both Europe and the EU 27, and although there may be localised threats in certain parts of its range, overall this species is not impacted by any major threats. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern for both Europe and the EU 27. Although no conservation measures are required at present, further research on the population, habitat and ecology of this species is recommended.",Stable,"In Scandinavia, this species is only found in the southern parts of Norway, Sweden and Finland, and from Denmark. It is also found further south to the Pyrenees, from Britain (England) eastwards through central Europe, plus Italy and the former Yugoslavia in southern Europe, into European parts of Russia and on into the Caucasus Mountains and Georgia (Speight 2020, Mengual et al. 2020).  The extent of occurrence (EOO) of this species in Europe is estimated to be around 6.8 million km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 2.3 million km2. For the EU 27 countries the estimated EOO is around 4.2 million km2, and the estimated AOO is around 1.1 million km2.","This is a widespread species throughout the European region. There is no information about the population size, but the current population trend is considered to be stable for both Europe and the EU 27.","This species is found in well-drained deciduous forest, from the lower levels of Fagus/Picea forest down to alluvial hardwood forest still subject to seasonal flooding, on sites with a well-drained soil (Speight 2017, 2020). Adults have been found in tracksides and clearings, usually found running on foliage of bushes, such as Rubus, and shrubs, or on large-leaved lower-growing plants, such as Petasites in the sun. They have also been found on trunks of standing trees and on logs in clearings (Speight 2017, 2020).    There are no records of flower visiting by this species. It is likely it obtains its pollen and sugar intake in the same fashion as X. sylvarum, from the surface of leaves.     The flight period is from the end of May to September, with a peak in July.      The larva are described and its posterior spiracular processes figured by Hartley (1961), who stated he had only found larvae ""in the exudate and rot-holes of yews"" (Taxus). Krivosheina (2001) records rearing this species from larvae in a standing-water rot-hole in Abies and Rotheray (2004) also records the larva from a rot-hole in Quercus.","Although this species may be impacted locally by agriculture, deforestation, urbanisation and logging, the European population is not under direct pressure as a whole.","There are no known conservation actions in place for this species, but this is not considered to be needed at the moment, and it is likely to occur in National Parks and nature reserves. More research is needed on the population, habitat and species biology/ecology. In Germany the species is listed as Vulnerable (Ssymank et al. 2011). In Denmark the species is listed as Vulnerable (Bygebjerg 2019). In the Czech Republic the species is listed as Endangered (Farkac et al. 2005).",This species is not used or traded.,"Popov, S. & Englefield, E.","Pennards, G.W.A.","Ball, S., Birtele, D., Morris, R., Ssymank, A. & Vujić, A.",,Done
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,PTERIDACEAE,Adiantum,capillus-veneris,,Adiantum capillus-veneris,L.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This fern species is widespread and common in Mediterranean and Atlantic Europe. It has no current major threats as gathering by people is decreasing and the overall population is stable. Outside its natural habitats it is frequently found in urban settings on wet limestone, masonry, fountains and mortar. Towards the edges of its range, it has been listed as threatened on various national red lists. Those subpopulations might require monitoring or protection by law. Taxonomic studies are needed.",Stable,"Adiantum capillus-veneris is a cosmopolitan species. Its distribution encompasses tropical, subtropical and mild temperate regions including Mediterranean and Atlantic Europe. The taxonomy of the species is not well resolved and it is likely to represent a species complex including several species worldwide. In Europe, the species is uniform and it occurs from Macaronesia and the Atlantic fringe, northwards to western Ireland and throughout the Mediterranean eastwards to Crimea. At the global level, taxonomic studies may be needed to understand how many species this complex entails. In Europe, it is likely to be formed of one or maybe two taxa, depending on the status of the Macaronesian material.","The species is very common in the western half of the Mediterranean, with numerous localities and populations being stable or expanding. It occurs frequently in the Iberian Peninsula (Castroviejoet al.1986), is common in southern France and occurs in all the provinces of Italy and the Vatican Territories. In Ireland and Britain it is rare, local and confined mainly to sheltered calcicolous sea-cliff faces, but in the more western areas like the West of Ireland they can occur in deeper grykes of limestone pavements further inland (Page 1997). In Britain, native populations suffered from collection for horticultural purposes during the fern craze of the 19th Century, but the rapid growth-rate resulted in swift recovery to healthy populations (Page 1997). The species is often cultivated and may naturalise in frost-free, humid, alkaline situations, like walls and fountains in urban situations (e.g. Paris and many Mediterranean cities), although it is easily confused with exotic A. raddianum and A. diaphanum, which also naturalise in similar urban settings (e.g. in Amsterdam) and are more frequently grown as houseplants.","Adiantum capillus-veneris inhabits caves, rock fissures and humid rocks, sea cliffs, limestone pavements, banks of alkaline watercourses and springs and also artificial structures such as fountains, wells and wet walls, often near oozing water, waterfalls, banks of mountain streams, etc. It is very tolerant to the chemical nature of the substrate although it prefers alkaline soils. It is sensitive to frost and prefers to be screened from mid-day sun, but it will resprout from the perennial rhizome if leaves are scorched by frost or sun. (Komarov 1968, Page 1997). Its altitudinal range is 0 - 1,300 m.","In the past the species was collected for horticultural purposes, particularly during the 19th Century 'fern craze', but the species is proven to be resilient and subpopulations have rebounded. There are no major current threats for the species.","There are no conservation measures in place, although it is present in protected areas throughout its range. The harvest of this species for syrup and horticultural practices should be regulated as the species is easily propagated in cultivation, although impact of wild gathering is reducing. When walls inhabited by this species need repair, they are best re-grouted with traditional lime mortar, and when possible, at least some or all plants need to be left in place when grouting. Adiantum capillus-veneris is common in the western and central Mediterranean, but it is listed as Critically Endangered in Bulgaria (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009) and Serbia (Stevanović 1999), as Vulnerable in Switzerland (Moseret al. 2002), as Near Threatened in Croatia (Nikolić and Topić 2005) and as Rare in Bosnia-Herzegovina (Šilić 1996). However, these are all countries on the borders of the species' distribution. It is considered as Least Concern in the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005) and is abundant in western Ireland, large parts of France, Spain, Italy, Greece, Vatican City, Malta and Portugal, among others, and of no conservation concern there. Taxonomic studies are needed and the subpopulations around the edges of its distribution may require monitoring or protection by law.","The leaves of Maidenhair Fern are used as herbal medicine for respiratory problems. It is prepared as a tea or in form of a syrup made into a refreshing drink. Other uses reported are as a poultice to treat snake bites or bee stings, as a remedy to expel worms from the body and as a treatment against dandruff (Plants for a Future 2012). It is sometimes cultivated as an ornamental and may naturalise in suitable habitats. It is often confused with the more commonly cultivated A. raddianum or A. diaphanum, which also naturalise in urban areas of Europe.","Molina, J.,García, M.","Dyer, R.,Bento Elias, R.,Rouhan, G.,Väre, H.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Ivanenko, Y.","Bilz, M.",,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,PTERIDACEAE,Adiantum,reniforme,,Adiantum reniforme,L.,"A related taxon (A. asarifolium, sometimes treated as a subspecies of A. reniforme) is found in the Mascarenes (Reunion, Mauritius, Madagascar). It is also reported from isolated stations in southern China, Chad, Malawi and Kenya, but the identity of these samples needs to be confirmed. Within Europe, it is restricted to the Canary and Madeira archipelagos.

The species is decaploid in Madeira, and it was reported to be tetraploid and hexaploid from the Canary Islands (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This fern species is assessed as Least Concern in view of its stable population trend and the fact that it is locally frequent, even though it has a very restricted range. There are over 10 locations with many mature individuals. However, locally this species may require conservation actions through law and site protection.",Stable,"This species is endemic to the Macaronesia, where it is found on the Canary Islands (Lanzarote, Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, Hierro, La Palma), Madeira (Madeira island, Deserta Grande island) and in one locality in Cape Verde (Santo Antao island). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 424 km2.","The species is common in the north of Madeira, and in the Canary Islands it is locally abundant. Its overall population trend is stable.","The species is found on rock crevices, walls and very stony cliffs, especially in the shade of overhangs above levadas, besides roads and in ravines (Press and Short 1994). Its elevation range is 0 - 1,000 m.",This species is threatened by habitat destruction due to tourism infrastructure.,"Adiantum reniforme should be locally protected when possible as its distribution is restricted. No conservation measures are currently in place, but it occurs in protected areas throughout its range.","This species is not used, although it is sometimes grown as a rarity in botanical collections.","Schaefer, H.,García, M.","Ivanenko, Y.,Väre, H.,Dyer, R.,Bento Elias, R.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Christenhusz, M.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,PTERIDACEAE,Allosorus,acrosticus,,Allosorus acrosticus,(Balb.) Christenh.,This is an allotetraploid species derived from the hybridisation between A. pteridioides and A. persicus.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Allosorus acrosticus is a widespread fern species and is found in numerous localities where it is often abundant. It has a stable population trend, but further research is needed into the threats to this species. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Allosorus acrosticus is a mostly Mediterranean species, extending from Cape Verde across North Africa and southern Europe to Greece, along the northern Black Sea coast and into Kazakhstan and northern India. On Madeira, it was only known from a single historical collection (Press and Short 1994). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,044 km2.",The population trend of this species appears to be stable. It is locally frequent.,"This species inhabits warm limestone rocks or old masonry, with a preference for sunny exposures and low elevations. It prefers mild winters and survives long periods of desiccation during the summer months (Prelli 2001), after which it can revive. Its altitudinal rangel is 0 - 1,400 m Asl.",The species may be threatened by collection and by the renovation of old masonry.,"There are no conservation measures in place and none appear to be needed. The species is found in protected areas across its range. Further research on its threats, population size and dynamics and local monitoring may be beneficial. It is listed on the Red List of Andorra as Endangered D (Carrillo et al. 2008), because of the small number of plants found there.",This species is not used.,"Molina, J.,García, M.","Rouhan, G.,Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.,Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.,Väre, H.,Bento Elias, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,PTERIDACEAE,Allosorus,fragilis,,Allosorus fragilis,Christenh.,"This species is formerly known as Cheilanthes pulchella Willd., and not as Allosorus pulchellus C.Presl.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"This species has a stable population. There are many plants in each subpopulation, it occurs in protected areas throughout its range, and it faces no current threats. Even though this species is assessed as Vulnerable under criterion D2 on the Spanish Red List, the criteria used for that national Red List differ from the IUCN Red List Criteria. It is therefore assessed here as Least Concern.",Stable,"Allosorus fragile is restricted to the Canary Islands, where it is known from all the islands except for Lanzarote and Fuerteventura. The core of its population is found in the slopes of Teide (Tenerife). This species previously was erroneously recorded from Madeira (Press and Short 1994). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is ca 304 km².","This is an uncommon species, but its current population trend is assumed to be stable.","The species is found in crevices, rock fissures and mountain slopes, mostly in volcanic soil in areas with mist from the sea (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016).",There are no major threats to the species.,"The species is listed as Vulnerable under criterion D2 on the Spanish Red List (as Cheilanthes pulchella) (Moreno 2008). However, no rationale for this listing is given and the Red List Criteria in this national Red List differ from those of IUCN. It is found in protected areas throughout its range.",This species is not used.,"García, M.,Molina, J.","Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.,Rumsey, F.,Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.,Bento Elias, R.,Dyer, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,PTERIDACEAE,Allosorus,guanchicus,,Allosorus guanchicus,(Bolle) Christenh.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This is a widespread fern species with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of over 4,000,000 km2, but with an area of occupancy (AOO) of just 976 km2. The species is of local occurrence everywhere, and subpopulations do not appear to be under threat. Even though it is locally of conservation concern in Galicia (northwestern Spain), its overall population trend is stable and it is thus listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Allosorus guanchicus occurs scattered across the Mediterranean, from Madeira (where it may now be extinct), the Azores (in Pico and Sao Jorge) and the Canary Islands (in all the islands except for Lanzarote and Fuerteventura), through the Iberian Peninsula, North Africa, southern France, Italy and Greece. Its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 976 km2.","The overall population trend of this species appears to be stable, although further research on their distribution and abundance is needed. It is very rare throughout its range.","Allosorus guanchicus grows on steep siliceous rocks in sunny situations, often on old stone walls or among dry stones or on isolated rock outcrops, usually at low elevations in Mediterranean scrub (Prelli 2001). Its altitudinal range is 0 - 1,200 m Asl (Castroviejo et al. 1986).","This resilient species faces no major threats, and it has adapted to thrive on walls and harsh environments. However, there have been some local extinctions, and the reasons for these are not well known.","This species is best protected through habitat preservation and the protection of subpopulations on walls when they are grouted during renovation and building projects. Some disturbance may influence the distribution of this species. No conservation measures appear to be currently in place, but it is present in protected areas throughout its range. It is listed as Endangered under Criterion D on the French national Red List (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012). It is of conservation concern in Galicia (northwestern Spain; Campo Saavedra and Amigo 2009). Further research on the distribution, abundance and threats to the species is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Molina, J.,García, M.","Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.,Väre, H.,Dyer, R.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Ivanenko, Y.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,PTERIDACEAE,Allosorus,hispanicus,,Allosorus hispanicus,(Mett.) Christenh.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The resilient species is relatively widespread in the Iberian Peninsula, is locally abundant and it has a stable population, which is why it is listed as Least Concern. It is of conservation concern in southern France and north-west Africa where it is only known from very few sites.",Stable,"This species is found throughout the Iberian Peninsula, the Balearic Islands and southern France. It is also present at a few sites in North Africa.","Subpopulations of this widespread species appear to be stable. It is locally abundant, although it is very rare in France. This is a resilient species.","Allosorus hispanicus inhabits siliceous rocky crevices, preferably on hard Palaeozoic quartzites, in shallow soil on rocky cliffs and on dry stone walls, in sunny exposures and it is most abundant at moderate elevations (Tutin et al. 1964, Prelli 2001), and its altitudinal limits are 0 - 1,100 m Asl (Castroviejo et al. 1986).","The species may be locally threatened by the disturbance of its habitat, collection and the renovation of old masonry.","There are no conservation measures currently in place, although habitat protection may be appropriate in areas where this species is rare (e.g. France). It is listed as Endangered under Criteria D1+2 on the French national Red List (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012). It is found in protected areas throughout its range.",This species is not utilised.,"García, M.,Molina, J.","Bento Elias, R.,Rouhan, G.,Dyer, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Ivanenko, Y.,Väre, H.,Rumsey, F.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,PTERIDACEAE,Allosorus,persicus,,Allosorus persicus,(Bory) Christenh.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species has a marginal distribution in Europe, given that its main occurrence is in the Middle East. Even though in Europe it has a small area of occupancy (AOO) of 152 km2, it is widespread across the eastern Adriatic, it is locally common and has a stable population trend. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Allosorus persicus is a widespread species which is found across southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and southwestern Asia to India. In Europe, it is present from Italy to European Turkey, across the Balkan Peninsula, southern Ukraine and Crimea. Its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 152 km2.",The species is locally abundant and the population trend is probably stable. It is widespread across the eastern Adriatic.,"Allosorus persicus grows in rock crevices, especially on calcareous rocks such as gypsum, but also on other substrates, sometimes in dry stone walls. It is present always in Mediterranean climates with mild wet winters and hot dry summers (Komarov 1968, Prelli 2001). Its altitudinal range is 100 - 500 m Asl.",The threats to the species are unknown.,"There are no conservation measures in place, but the species occurs in protected areas throughout its range. In its marginal subpopulations, for instance in Italy, habitat protection would seem appropriate. It is listed on the Italian national Red List as Endangered B1ab(iii) + B2ab(iii) (Rossi et al. 2013), and on the Bulgarian National Red list as Vulnerable B2ab(ii,iv,v) (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009). Further research on the threats to this species are needed.",This species is not used.,"Molina, J.,García, M.","Ivanenko, Y.,Dyer, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.,Rumsey, F.,Bento Elias, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,PTERIDACEAE,Allosorus,pteridioides,,Allosorus pteridioides,(Reichard) Christenh.,Allosorus pteridioides is sometimes known under its synonym Cheilanthes maderensis.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This common and gregarious fern species has a very broad distribution and where it occurs it is often abundant. It occurs on natural, semi-natural or introduced habitats, and sometimes on heavily degraded sites. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Allosorus pteridioides is a widespread species which is found on Cape Verde, across North Africa from western Sahara to Egypt, across the Levant and Anatolia to Iran. In Europe, it is present in the Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands, across the Iberian Peninsula, southern France, Corsica, Sardinia, Italy, Sicily, Malta, the Adriatic, the southern Balkans, Greece, Crete and Cyprus. Its area of occupancy is 1,000 km2or larger.","This locally common species has stable or perhaps increasing subpopulations, since it responds well to aridification and local urbanisation. It is rare in the Macaronesia.","Allosorus pteridioides inhabits fissures of shaded or exposed, calcareous or siliceous rocky and stony slopes in Mediterranean climates (Komarov 1968). It is also present on dry stone walls in dry sunny or partially shaded environments (Prelli 2001), ranging from sea level to 1,350 m Asl (Castroviejo et al. 1986). On Madeira it occurs rarely on dry basalt walls (Press and Short 1994).",There are no current threats to this gregarious species.,No conservation measures are in place and none appear to be necessary. The species is present in protected areas throughout its range.,This species is not used.,"García, M.,Molina, J.","Christenhusz, M.,Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Bento Elias, R.,Rouhan, G.,Rumsey, F.,Väre, H.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,PTERIDACEAE,Allosorus,tinaei,,Allosorus tinaei,(Tod.) Christenh.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Because this is a widespread species with a localised distribution, it is of conservation concern in parts of its range (e.g. Canary Islands, Spain), but in others it is abundant and not threatened (e.g. Corsica). Therefore it is listed here as Least Concern, although populations and habitats should be monitored and protected when possible and appropriate.",Unknown,"This species is found from the Canary Islands and northwest Africa to Italy, and in some localities in Turkey around Istanbul (Frey et al. 2006, Prelli 2001). In Europe, it is found in the Canaries, Madeira, the western half and northeast of the Iberian Peninsula, southern France, Corsica, and in Italy in Liguria, Tuscany, Calabria, Sardinia and Sicily. The presence of this species in Greece needs to be verified. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is around 2,000 km2.","The population trend of this species is not known. It is locally common, particularly in the northeast of Corsica.","Allosorus tinaei inhabits siliceous rocks or is found at the base of dry stone walls, in sunny or moderately shady places, at low to moderately high elevations up to 1,200 m (Castroviejo et al. 1986, Press and Short 1994, Prelli 2001).",Locally this species is threatened by habitat destruction as a result of road building and changes in the land use.,"Allosorus tinaei is listed as Critically Endangered in the Canary Islands (Sanchez Velazquez 2002), as Vulnerable in Valencia (Spain; Aguilella et al. 2010) and as Least Concern in Corsica (Prelli 2001). Local habitat protection and public awareness are needed, together with habitat and trends monitoring. It is present in protected areas throughout its range.",This species is not used.,"García, M.,Molina, J.","Bento Elias, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Dyer, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Väre, H.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,PTERIDACEAE,Anogramma,leptophylla,,Anogramma leptophylla,(L.) Link,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This annual fern species is widespread and locally abundant. It prefers disturbed habitats and thrives in urban and natural sites. It is not considered to be threatened with extinction even though subpopulations may fluctuate dramatically in size from season to season and year to year due to its annual nature. It is listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This is an extremely widespread, but curiously disjunct species which is found in many warm-temperate to tropical habitats across the globe, from Mediterranean Europe throughout Africa, India, southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand and throughout the Neotropics, but always patchily. In Europe the species reaches its northern limit in the Channel Islands and occurs south to the Canary Islands and across the Mediterranean east to Cyprus and Crimea.","The species is widespread across the Mediterranean. In its northern limit, it occurs only on two of the Channel Islands, with two subpopulations on Guernsey (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016) and several of them on Jersey (Page 1997). It is also found in the Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands and other Atlantic sites along the coast of Portugal, Spain and France, north to Normandy where it can be locally abundant. Because of its annual and ephemeral nature, population studies are difficult. It may not appear for some years, or it may be overlooked when in the gametophyte or spore stage. Subpopulations are also highly mobile as they may easily appear in new areas and disappear in places where they formerly thrived, possibly outcompeted by the succession of vegetation. Thus, subpopulations may fluctuate dramatically from season to season and year to year due to its annual nature. However, spores may be kept in the spore bank, so this would not represent an actual change in the population size of the species. Its population trend is stable.","This is the only European species of ferns that is annual, growing in a single season from gametophyte to fully mature sporophyte. In Europe it is often winter-growing, shedding its spores by April or May. It is often found in coastal habitats across the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, mostly on steep, moist, sunny, south or west-facing banks, often on damp shaded granite or clay, sometimes in the shade of shrubs, but usually in areas with some erosion, limiting competition, often also in mortar of walls (Page 1997). It prefers places that are damp in the winter but fairly dry in summer. Its elevational range is 0-800 m.","The species is affected by the destruction of its habitat due to road construction and urbanisation. However, due to its ephemeral nature and its preference to grow in eroded and disturbed habitats, mild disturbance may result in a fast recolonisation or in the emergence of the species at new sites.","No conservation measures are in place. Spores can be stored in a spore bank for long-term preservation. It is rare (and possibly extinct) in Macedonia and included as Endangered in the Red List of Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002) and Critically Endangered in Hungary (Király 2007). Marginal populations can be maintained by proper site management. The taxonomy of the Anogramma genus needs attention, but it is not likely that there is more than a single species present in Europe.",The species is not used.,"García, M. & Ivanova, D.","Christenhusz, M., Bento Elias, R., Dyer, R., Ivanenko, Y., Rouhan, G., Rumsey, F. & Väre, H.,",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Arachniodes,webbiana,,Arachniodes webbiana,(A. Br.) Schelpe,,Yes,VU,D1,Yes,VU,,EU28,,"Arachniodes webbiana is an endemic fern species of Madeira where it is locally abundant. It occurs in protected areas where there are no known threats, although elsewhere the species is affected by infrastructure construction, landslides, fires, competition with invasive species fires and future droughts, which have caused habitat destruction. The species has a small extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO), and since there are less than 1,000 individuals the species is assessed as Vulnerable.",Stable,"This species is restricted to the island of Madeira. It is closely related to A. foliosa, a species (or tetraploid form) from East Africa that is sometimes treated as a subspecies, but is not included in this assessment. Its EOO is estimated to be 150-910 km² and its AOO is ca. 24 km².","This species is locally abundant on its known sites, but uncommon elsewhere on the island of Madeira. Its current population trend is assumed to be stable. The estimated number of individuals is below 1,000 (Farias et al. 2006).","This species grows in deep valleys in laurel forests of northwestern Madeira (Press and Short 1994, Frey et al. 2006). The species is found in the northern part of Madeira from 10 to 1,400 m asl.","Habitat destruction is the main threat to this species as a result of infrastructure construction, landslides, fires, logging and competition with invasive species. There have been many fires that did not affect the laurel forests, but large periods of drought have affected the habitats where the species occurs and this may pose future threats of fire in these areas.","Even though this species is restricted to forests in northern Madeira, it is abundant there and large areas of its distribution are located in protected areas. Habitat destruction is a threat, so it is best to preserve habitats where this endemic species occurs. The species is was assessed as Vulnerable in Madeira(Farias et al. 2006).",This species is not used.,"Ivanova, D. & García, M.","Christenhusz, M., Bento Elias, R., Dyer, R., Ivanenko, Y., Rouhan, G., Rumsey, F. & Väre, H.,",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,adiantum-nigrum,,Asplenium adiantum-nigrum,L.,"This species is considered here in the broad sense, including A. onopteris (a larger form) and A. cuneifolium (found on serpentine rocks), which are sometimes treated at species level. Asplenium a.-n. ssp. onopteris and A. a.-n. ssp. cuneifolium are diploid and A. a.-n. subsp. adiantum-nigrum is tetraploid, being derived from the hybridisation of these two diploid taxa. There have been multiple origins of this tetraploid (subsp. adiantum-nigrum) so biologically several morphologically indistinguishable species need to be accepted if these diploid taxa are accepted at the species level. Additionally there are intermediate forms (possibly back-crosses), making it difficult to discern these taxa at the species level (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). The Euro+Med checklist is followed for the purposes of this assessment, treating the species in the broad sense.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species is widespread and common throughout much of Europe, it is a good coloniser and its population trend is stable. It is found outside its natural habitat on old masonry, pavements, walls, canal sidings, locks and quarries, being able to colonise urban areas and habitats degraded by human activity. 

In Europe this species is composed of three subspecies: 

A. adiantum-nigrum subsp. adiantum-nigrum (LC). This taxon has multiple origins, but as a whole it is widespread and gregarious.

A. adiantum-nigrum subsp. cuneifolium (Near Threatened; NT). This taxon is more vulnerable than the other subspecies since it is restricted to serpentine soils only, it has a small AOO of 344 km2 and it is experiencing a continuing decline in habitat extent and quality due to mining activities, being thus close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B. There are management plans in place for this taxon in Bavaria (Germany).

A. adiantum-nigrum subsp. onopteris (LC). This taxon is widespread across the Mediterranean and Western Europe and often occurs in fairly large numbers of individuals.",Stable,"This widespread species complex occurs throughout Europe and North Africa, and in much of Asia, Hawaii and western North America, southwards to Mexico. In Europe, it occurs in most of the continent except the colder north and northeast, reaching its northernmost distribution in the Faroe Islands and southwestern Norway (Page 1997). Several subspecies with slightly different ecological preferences are sometimes treated at species level, but for the purposes of this assessment the species is treated in the broad sense, as the typical subspecies is not monophyletic. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is around 8,568 km2.","Asplenium adiantum-nigrum is mostly found as scattered individuals or small clusters consisting of several plants, although sometimes numerous subpopulations are locally present where sufficient extensive rocky habitats are uniformly present (Page 1997). It can also be abundant on old walls or quarries, and can be a pioneer on loose rocky places and wet, sunny scree slopes (Page 1997). The species is increasing in the Netherlands in urban areas in the western part of the country (Van der Meijden 2005), and its overall population trend is stable.","This species thrives on a wide variety of basic, light sandy banks and on fissured, slightly permeable, mainly non-acidic rocks, sometimes on serpentine or on old masonry and walls (Van der Heijden 2005), often near the sea, where conditions of high humidity, combined with mild winter temperatures and reasonable shelter are ideal. In Mediterranean Europe (subsp. onopteris), it grows in more exposed but humid and shady places. It is intolerant of dense herbaceous competition, tree overgrowth and grazing, but in exposed situations it becomes stunted (Page 1997). In Britain it is vigorous and has a wide range, but it dislikes competition and thrives best near the sea (Page 1997). Outside of its natural habitat, the species can be found on on old masonry, pavements, walls, canal sidings, locks and quarries, and is able to colonise degraded habitats. Its altitudinal range is 0 -1,800 m Asl.","The clearing or renovation of old walls may result in the loss of some, mainly urban, subpopulations. Although this may result in local extinctions, especially at the edge of its natural area of distribution, this does not have much impact on the persistence of this species in Europe as a whole.","Since this species is abundant and widespread, there are no conservation actions needed. It is likely that the species will respond well to climate change predictions of a more humid and mild climate, and it will colonize abandoned sites degraded by human activity such as open mines, quarries and masonry. However, in urban areas it is often part of the 'wall-flora', usually established there many years ago on old masonry. These old subpopulations are disappearing due to the renovation of buildings, garden walls, locks and canal sidings (Denters 2004). The species is listed on the following national Red Lists:

Austria: Endangered (EN; Witkowski et al. 2003)

Czech Republic: Critically threatened and rare (Grulich 2012)

Hungary: Vulnerable (VU) and partially protected (Witkowski et al. 2003) or Near Threatened (NT; Király 2007)

Slovakia: Endangered (EN) and under strict protection by law (Witkowski et al. 2003)

Sweden: Originally listed as Endangered (EN C2a; Gärdenfors 2000), but later re-assessed as Vulnerable (VU; Gärdenfors 2005)

Ukraine: Vulnerable (VU) and partially protected (Witkowski et al. 2003)

It is not threatened in Germany, Switzerland, France, the U.K. and Ireland.

There is a management plan in place for A. a-n subsp. cuneifolium (as A. cuneifolium) in Bavaria (Germany) (Horn et al. 2001). In the Netherlands, the species is protected by law (Flora en Fauna Wet 1998), and it is probably endangered in the Canary Islands (Sanchez Velazquez 2002). These listings show that the species is of conservation concern only along the margins of its distribution range. It occurs in several protected areas (e.g. U.K., France, Switzerland). When walls housing this species need repair, they are best re-grouted with traditional lime mortar, and when possible, at least some or all plants need to be left in place when grouting the wall. Public awareness of wall flora is very important. Further research is needed on its taxonomic status and on its population size and distribution.",This species is not utilized.,"Schaefer, H.,García, M.","Rumsey, F.,Ivanenko, Y.,Dyer, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.","Bernhardt, K.G.,Mereďa, P.,Marsili, S.,Peccenini, S.,Illarionova, I.,Stevanović, V.,Barberis, G.,Petrova, A.,Kleih, M.,Ferakova, V.,Király, G.,Hodálová, I.,Rasomavicius, V.,Bovio, M.,Alessandrini, A.,Dostalova, A.,Gygax, A.,Jogan, N.,Eliáš, P.,Ericsson, S.,Bazos, I.",,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,adulterinum,,Asplenium adulterinum,Milde,This species is of hybrid origin and has two subspecies: A. a. presolanense and A. a. adulterinum.,No,VU,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



This species is listed as Vulnerable because its area of occupancy (AOO) is 556 km², the population is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to mining and quarrying. Although overall it has a stable population, in most parts of its range it is declining. The species is listed as threatened in most national Red Lists and there are other threats to the species such as forest clearing and plantations, non-native species, urbanisation and infrastructure  development, and land   abandonment. The subpopulations should continue to be monitored and adequate measures should be put in place to prevent further declines.",Stable,"Asplenium adulterinum is found patchily across Europe, with an isolated subpopulation in British Columbia (Canada). It is an element of montane-subalpine forests in south, central and  eastern European high mountains and has a disjunct distribution. This species is present in Italy, Slovakia, Finland, Sweden, Czech Republic, Germany, Poland, Slovenia, Switzerland, Austria, Norway and Romania. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is over 3,000,000 km² but its area of occupancy (AOO) is 556 km² since this species occurs as scattered and restricted subpopulations. A summary of the presence of this species can be found below:

Austria: common within its habitat

Czech Republic: approximately 20 localities. 10 sites of European importance

Finland: three to four localities

Germany: found in two federal estates with four to five small localities

Italy: present at more than six localities in the regions Valle d'Aosta, Piemonte, Lombardia, Liguria, and Emilia-Romagna.

Norway: approximately 20 localities

Poland: seven localities are known in Lower Silesia (Kalinka and Nowak 2004)

Slovakia: the species was known for a long time only from one  locality, the Dunitová skalka rock Nature Reserve near Sedlice in the  Šarišská vrchovina Upland. In 1994 and 1998, two other localities from the  Slovenské rudohorie Mts were reported (Prakovce, Mokrá Lúka near  Revúca). In 1930 two individuals were found near Ondrej; since then the species has not been found at this locality (Mereďa  and Hodálová 2011)

Slovenia: area of occupancy is less than 1 km²

Sweden: area of occupancy is 8 km²

Switzerland: area of occupancy is 18 km²","The species is very localised. The population is probably stable in the core of its distribution (Sweden, Alps), but it is declining at the edges. Overall the population trend is considered to be stable. The population is considered to be severely fragmented, since it is found on small and isolated subpopulations in serpentine areas. The following population information is available: 

Austria: stable subpopulations and many individuals

Czech republic: stable, 3,400 tufts

Finland: 1,700 tufts

Germany: small subpopulations

Poland: around 200 tufts, with 27 individuals known to exist in Popiel Hill, 14 in  Przygórze, another 14 in Żmijowiec, three subpopulations in Wzgórza  Kiełczyńskie consisting of 125 individuals, and 35 in Kamionki. This last subpopulation is decreasing in number (Kalinka and  Nowak 2004).

Slovakia: several tens of individuals in the  localities, size and number of the subpopulations is stable (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).

Slovenia: three localities, stable but small subpopulations (100 plants)

Sweden: stable, 400 tufts

Switzerland: stable and some very large subpopulations with several thousand individuals","Asplenium adulterinum is found on basic and ultra-basic cliffs and on ledges and crevices of rocks mainly consisting of serpentinite, more rarely on rocks with a higher magnesium  content, such as dunite, phyllite, mica schist, gneisses or melaphyr. It grows in shaded rock crevices, forest scree  soils or ancient slag heaps, usually in hilly areas or in the submontane  vegetation belt (Käsermann and Moser 1999, Mered'a and Hodálová 2011).

","Mining and quarrying are direct threats to this species and can eradicate the often fragile subpopulations. Forest management, clearing and plantations, and the introduction of non-native species may affect its habitat. Urbanisation and infrastructure development cause further habitat loss and degradation. Land  abandonment, leading to succession and subsequent competition by native  species, is also a threat. Locally, air pollution, eutrophication, recreational activities and collection for natural history collections have been reported as threats (Käsermann and Moser 1999, Mereďa and Hodálová 2011).","Asplenium adulterinum is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is listed on the following national Red Lists:

Austria: Threatened (Niklfeld and Schratt-Ehrendorfer 1999), or Endangered (Witkowski et al. 2003), but it is not protected

Czech Republic: Critically Endangered (Holub and Procházka 2000) and protected by law, although listed as not threatened by Witkowski et al. (2003)

Finland: Vulnerable (Rassiet al. 2010)



Germany: Endangered, level 2 (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996) and protected by national law (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010)

Italy: In some regions under the highest protection level. The typical subspecies is Least Concern, but subspecies presolanense is listed as Critically Endangered (Rossi et al. 2013)

Norway: Endangered (Artsdatabanken 2010)



Romania: Not threatened (Witkowski et al. 2003)

Serbia: Vulnerable (Estimation by V. Stevanovic pers. comm. 2010)

Slovenia: Rare (Skoberne 1996) and protected by law

Slovakia: Endangered (Witkowski et al. 2003), or Critically Endangered (Mereďa and Hodálová  2011)

Sweden: Vulnerable (Gärdenfors 2010) and protected by law.

Switzerland: Near Threatened (Moser et al. 2002)



Ukraine: Vulnerable (Witkowski et al. 2003)

It occurs in protected areas in Austria, Slovenia (Natura 2000), Slovakia (one nature reserve and Natura 2000 sites), Czech Republic (several small protected areas), Germany (mostly in protected areas), Italy and Sweden (one locality is a nature reserve). It is advisable that sites are protected where this species occurs, where this has not been done already. The subpopulations should continue to be monitored and adequate measures should be put in place to prevent further declines.",The species is occasionally cultivated in botanical gardens and specialist collections.,"García, M.,Zimmer, B.","Väre, H.,Christenhusz, M.,Rouhan, G.,Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rumsey, F.,Bento Elias, R.","Király, G.,Gygax, A.,Ferakova, V.,Bazos, I.,Dostalova, A.,Hodálová, I.,Bernhardt, K.G.,Petrova, A.,Jogan, N.,Illarionova, I.,Rasomavicius, V.,Ericsson, S.",,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,aegaeum,,Asplenium aegaeum,"Lovis, Reichst. & Greuter",,Yes,VU,D1,Yes,VU,D1,EU28,,"This species has a very restricted distribution with a very small extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO). Although there is no information available on population size and trend, there are probably less than 1,000 mature individuals. Thus, this species is assessed as Vulnerable. Further research is needed into this species, especially into the population trend as this species may actually be at a higher risk of extinction than currently estimated.",Unknown,"This species is restricted to the Aegean area, where it is found in Crete (Greece) and possibly also in western Anatolia (to be confirmed). It is very closely related to Asplenium fissum. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 96-314 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km².","There is no information on the population size and trend for this species, but it is believed that there are less than 1,000 mature individuals in total (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016).","This species grows in crevices and gullies in mountainous areas where it is cooler and more humid than the surrounding arid land (Brownsey 1976). It grows on limestone rocks and its elevation limits are 1,700-2,200 m (Strid and Tan 1991).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"Most of the population is found within the Prostateftiko Dasos Lefkon Oreon protected area. Research and monitoring on its habitat, population trends and threats is needed. Protection of its habitat is needed.",This species is not utilized.,"Troia, A.,García, M.","Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Rouhan, G.,Ivanenko, Y.,Dyer, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,aethiopicum,,Asplenium aethiopicum,(Burm.f.) Bech.,"The taxonomy of this species is very complex. In Europe there are three different groups: in Madeira the species is dodecaploid, similar to those found in South Africa (braithwaitii). In the Canary Islands (canariense), the species is apogamous (reproducing asexually), which is a hexaplod and it does not have any counterparts in sub-Saharan Africa, but it extends to the Anti-Atlas mountains in Morocco. In the Azores there is one subpopulation that is tetraploid, that is similar to those in East Africa (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). Further taxonomic study on this complex is needed, and for the purposes of this assessment, the species is considered in the broad sense, following the Euro+Med checklist (Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013).",No,VU,C2a(i),No,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



This species is assessed as Vulnerable since there are less than 10,000 mature individuals in total, with less than 250 in each subpopulation, and it is experiencing a continuing decline in mature individuals. It has a very small range and in the Canary Islands it is assessed as Critically Endangered following criteria B2ab(i,ii,iv). Taxonomic research and monitoring of its population trend is needed.",Decreasing,"This species is widespread in Africa, Madagascar and tropical East Asia. The taxonomy is not yet well resolved and several subspecies are known, which may be recognised at the species level in the future. In Europe, it is found in the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 84 km².","The autogamous subpopulations in the Canary Islands are decreasing. The sexual subpopulation in the Azores is affected by constructions, and it is also decreasing in Madeira. The species is decreasing across its whole European range. There are certainly less than 10,000 mature individuals, with fewer than 250 in each subpopulation.","This species grows in damp and shady places, on stone walls of cultivated terraces and roadsides, and on fissures on basaltic lava rocks near the coast (Press and Short 1994).",Road building and changes in agricultural use lead to the destruction of the habitat of this species.,"Asplenium aethiopicum ssp. braithwatii is assessed as Critically Endangered in the Canary Islands, Spain (Sanchez Velazquez 2002, Moreno 2008) under Criteria B2ab(i,ii,iv); D. It was locally frequent in the northern part of Madeira (Press and Short 1994), but is currently in decline there. It is present in protected areas throughout its range. Taxonomic research and monitoring of the population trend is needed.",This species is not used.,"García, M.,Troia, A.","Dyer, R.,Rouhan, G.,Ivanenko, Y.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.,Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,anceps,,Asplenium anceps,Hook. & Grev.,,Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"Asplenium anceps is listed as Endangered in view of its small area of occupancy (AOO = 104 km²), the fact that it is considered to be severely fragmented and that it is experimenting a continuing decline in the habitat quality and in the number of mature individuals. Strict legal protection and enforcement are needed in order to protect this species.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Madeira and the Canary Islands, and it was formerly known from the Azores. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 104 km².","The species is rare in the Canary Islands (Sanchez Velazquez 2002), where it is assumed to be stable (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). It is frequent in Madeira (Press and Short 1994), although it is declining there (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). Since the core of its population is in Madeira, the overall population trend is considered to be decreasing. It is extinct in the Azores, where it was last seen on Pico in 1973 (Lovis et al. 1977). The population is considered to be severely fragmented, as it occurs in small scattered subpopulations with little to no exchange with each other.","Asplenium anceps is found on shady and damp places on rocks, walls of levadas, streams and roadside ditches, and among mosses in laurisilva (Press and Short 1994). In the Azores, it was found in the humid juniper forest above 700 m. Its altitudinal range is 400-1,400 m asl.","Asplenium anceps has declined as a result of changes in its habitat quality. Where the species is found close to levadas, it can be affected by repairing works and by the recreational use of these areas. In the Azores, it went extinct probably due to the collection of botanists and habitat destruction as a result of the logging of juniper forest for pasture land.","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but strict legal protection and enforcement are needed. The species is found in protected areas throughout its range, but where it occurs outside protected areas, its habitat needs to be protected. It is listed as Vulnerable D1+2 in Spain (Moreno 2008). If it is ever rediscovered in the Azores, it should be strictly protected.",This species is not utilized.,"Schaefer, H.,García, M.","Rouhan, G.,Dyer, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.,Väre, H.,Bento Elias, R.,Ivanenko, Y.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,aureum,,Asplenium aureum,Cav.,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Even though this Canary Islands endemic species has a small range, it is assessed as Least Concern in view of its stable population trend. There are no observed declines.",Stable,"This species is restricted to the Canary Islands (Spain), where it is found on all islands. It is the ancestral species of A. lolegnamense and A. octoploideum. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 232 km².","The species is rare in the Canary Islands (Sanchez Velazquez 2002), but its population trend is assumed to be stable since there are no observed declines (Moreno 2008).","Asplenum aureum is found on shady, moist, mossy rock walls and eroded volcanic lava in subtropical laurisilva forest, usually in open areas (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016).",This species is threatened by deforestation and habitat destruction through recreational activities.,The species is listed as Near Threatened in Spain (Moreno 2008). Habitats should be protected in order to preserve this species. It is found in protected areas throughout its range.,This species is not used.,"Troia, A.,García, M.","Dyer, R.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Väre, H.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,auritum,,Asplenium auritum,Swartz,,No,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v); C2a(i); D",No,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v); D",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

EU28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

Asplenium auritum was only recently reported as present in Europe (Rumsey et al. 2014), but it was first collected in 1857. It was probably more widespread before the destruction of the low-elevation woodland vegetation in the Azores. The species is listed as Critically Endangered since its population size is less than 50 mature individuals, its extent of occurrence (EOO) and its area of occupancy (AOO) are both only 4 km², it is present at a single location, and it is experiencing a continuing decline in the habitat extent and quality and in the number of mature individuals. It is known from a single extant locality since 1967 and its habitat is highly vulnerable, being threatened by development and habitat degradation.",Decreasing,"The Asplenium auritum complex is widely distributed in the Neo- and Palaeotropics. It is found from Brazil through central America, reaching its northern limit in Florida (US) where it is listed as Endangered. It occurs on the Galápagos Islands and it is found throughout the Greater Antilles at elevations from 275 to 945 m. It is rare in the Mascarenes (up to 1,400 m) and present in Madagascar and in southeast Africa from Zimbabwe to Mozambique and in Malawi and the Peoples Republic of the Congo. In Europe, it is only known from Flores, the westernmost island of the Azores. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both of 4 km².","Asplenium auritum is restricted to a small area (<2 km2) of low elevation secondary woodland where a population of less than 50 mature individuals occurs scattered along a few tracksides on soil and moss covered dry stone walls of local volcanic rock. The species shows active recruitment of new individuals and probably experiences high turnover through desiccation events and local wall collapses. The generation length is estimated to be of 5-10 years, and the population trend is probably declining.","In its broad tropical range, this species is predominantly found as an epiphyte at mid to high elevations (up to 1,400 m), but at its northern range limits (in Florida and Azores) it is found in the lowlands (<200 m) as it is probably limited by temperature. 

In the Azores, it occurs epilithically on shaded dry stone walls of pitted volcanic blocks, usually in the interstices and pits where soil and mosses provide some substrate. These old walls delimit tracks (probably indicating former ownership) and blocks of woodland now dominated by the invasive Pittosporum undulatum Vent. Its altitudinal range in the Azores is 125 - 200 m Asl.","The population size is critically low and could easily be severely impacted by stochastic factors and the collection of individuals. The habitat is under the threat of development for tourist accommodation, but is also threatened by the decrease in local subpopulations and the increasing dereliction of the walls and waysides as tracks fall into disuse and disrepair. Considering these threats, the species is present at only one location.","Habitat protection is required, and ex-situ conservation and spore banking (germplasm collection) should be considered. Raising local awareness and care when maintaining walls in the area of occurrence should be promoted. Monitoring and further research on the species' distribution, habitat and population are needed. The taxonomy of A. auritum and how the Flores specimens are related to subpopulations in the neotropics will be of interest. It is unknown whether A. auritum occurs in any protected areas throughout its range.",This species is not utilized.,"Schaefer, H.,García, M.","Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,azoricum,,Asplenium azoricum,"(Milde) Lovis, Rasbach & Reichst.",,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"The species is endemic to the Azores, where it is uncommon. While subpopulations are not directly under threat, it may suffer from neglect and destruction of old stone walls and the renovation of paths along which it occurs. However, considering its stable population trend and its large population size, it is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Asplenium azoricum is restricted to the Azores (Rumsey et al. 2004, Hortal et al. 2005, Schäfer 2005), where it is found on all nine islands. It has a relatively large extent of occurrence (EOO >20,000 km²), but its area of occupancy (AOO) is around 50 km².","The total estimated population is over 100,000 individuals (Schäfer 2005). Its current population trend is stable. The species is abundant in the eastern part of the island of Santa Maria, but on all the other islands it is rare (R. Elias pers. comm. 2016).",This species occurs in laurel forests and ravines (Schäfer 2005). It grows between stones of the terrace walls and in the crevices of volcanic rocks oriented to the north and northwest. Its altitudinal limits are from sea level to 650 m.,"There are no major threats to the species, but it suffers from collapse and removal of old stone walls along tracks and between pastures, its main habitat.","Asplenium azoricum is widely distributed throughout the Azorean archipelago and is the most common representative of the A. trichomanes complex on these islands. It is able to survive even in dense plantations of invasive species, although on islands where it is very rare, e.g. Corvo, its few localities should be afforded protection (Rumsey et al. 2004). It is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) and it is also protected by regional law in Portugal (Regional Decree 15/2012).",This species is not used.,"Schaefer, H.,García, M.","Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.,Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.,Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.","Caldas, F.B.",,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,balearicum,,Asplenium balearicum,Shivas,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The species is assessed as Near Threatened as it has a small area of occupancy (AOO) (149 km²) and the population is considered to be severely fragmented, being thus close to qualify as threatened under criterion B. Habitat protection is needed.",Stable,"This is central Mediterranean species, being found on Menorca (Spain), Porquerolles and Port-Cross (France), Corsica (France), Capraia (Italy), Sardinia and Sicily (Italy), and on Ponza and Palmarola (west of Naples, Italy). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 148 km².",The species is uncommon but the population trend is probably stable. The population is severely fragmented since the subpopulations contain a small number of individuals and the localities are far apart from each other.,"This warmth-loving species is found at low elevations (up to 100 m) close to the Mediterranean Sea, near shaded springs in cavities of non-calcareous rocks (granites or metamorphic rocks) (Prelli 2001). In the islands of Ponza and Palmarola (Italy) the species grows on volcanic rocks (A. Troia pers. comm. 2016).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"This species is not abundant and as such is of conservation concern. It is best preserved by habitat protection. It is present in protected areas and listed on the following national Red Lists:

France: Vulnerable, Criteria D1+2 (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012)

Spain: Vulnerable, Criterion D2 (Moreno 2008)",This species is not used.,"García, M.,Troia, A.","Ivanenko, Y.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Väre, H.,Dyer, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Bento Elias, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,bourgaei,,Asplenium bourgaei,Milde,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment:Near Threatened (NT)



In Europe this species is only known from four islands in the eastern Aegean, where it has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 9,000-12,843 km² and a maximum area of occupancy (AOO) of 56 km². Based on tourism, recreational activities and collection there are probably less than ten locations. Thus, the species is assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualify as threatened under criterion B. There is the possibility of emigration of gene flow between the neighbouring population on the Turkish mainland, although this rarely happens.",Unknown,"This species is present in Lebanon, southern Turkey and in the adjacent East Aegean islands of Halki, Karpathos, Rhodes and Kastellorizo (Greuter et al. 1983). Some of the records appear to be from the 1980s, but the species has been rediscovered in Rhodes. It has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of less than 13,000 km², and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 56 km² (calculated from known occurrences) although this AOO may be an overestimation because it includes many historical records that need verification.",There is no information on population size and trend. The species is very rare (Schulze et al. 2001).,"Asplenium bourgaei grows on crevices of shady limestone rocks at elevations between 1,000-2,000 m (Schulze et al. 2001).","Destruction of its limestone habitat is the main threat to this species. The species may also be threatened by collection, recreational activities and tourism. Based on tourism, recreational activities and collection there are probably less than ten locations.",It is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas. Habitat protection is the best way to preserve this species.,This species is not used.,"Troia, A.,García, M.","Rouhan, G.,Rumsey, F.,Väre, H.,Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.,Bento Elias, R.,Dyer, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,ceterach,,Asplenium ceterach,L.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Asplenium ceterach is widespread and locally common. It is found in both natural and urban settings and occurs in several nature reserves. Even though it seems to diminish in climatically marginal regions, it is unlikely that the core populations will become threatened. The effects that climate change could have on this species need further research.",Stable,"This broadly distributed species is found across the western and southern half of Europe, extending southwards and eastwards to North Africa, Yemen, Djibouti, India and China. In tropical Africa it is replaced by other species of the 'A. ceterach-complex'. In Europe it is locally abundant, particularly in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic (Van den Heede et al. 2004), and is less common in colder regions where it is often restricted to old walls in towns and cities. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is c. 7,000 km2.","Although it is present in scattered localities, Asplenium ceterach can occur in large numbers on certain sites, particularly in the west of Britain and Ireland and in the Mediterranean, where they can cover entire rock faces and walls (Page 1997). The population trend is stable.","Asplenium ceterach is a strongly calcicolous species, growing in lime-rich crevices on natural rock (limestone and oolite) and in mortar of well-matured walls (Page 1997). It is frost sensitive and therefore usually does not occur at high elevations but mostly below 180 m, although specimens have been found as high as 1,800 m. Plants are tolerant of sun and occur in both sunny and lightly shaded situations. It needs conditions of free draining. Plants are slow-growing and long-lived, thriving best where there is year-round humidity and a long growing season, preferring an absence of drying winter winds and limited frost (Page 1997).","Subpopulations in urban areas may be threatened by renovation practices. It is advisable that, where this species occurs on walls, particularly in climatically marginal areas, they are spared during renovation projects and when walls are re-grouted. It is possible that extreme (cold) temperatures due to climate change may have an effect on this species, but this needs further investigation. In general it is a resilient, adaptable species that would benefit from a warming climate.","When walls housing this species need repair, they are best re-grouted with traditional lime mortar, and when possible, some or all plants need to be left in place when grouting. Asplenium ceterach is fairly common in the core of its distribution area, but is rare and threatened on the margins. The population on Gotland (Sweden) is of particular concern as it is geographically disjunct from the main populations. Several sites in central Europe have disappeared or the species is Critically Endangered there. Marginal populations are in need of research and monitoring, and conservation actions should be undertaken where appropriate. It is listed on the following national Red Lists:

Czech Republic: Critically threatened and rare (Grulich 2012)

Germany: Endangered (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)

Ireland: not threatened, locally common (Page 1997)

Malta: Endangered (Lanfranco 1989)

Netherlands: Vulnerable (Van der Meijden et al. 2000) and protected by law in the Netherlands (Flora en Fauna Wet 1998)

Romania: not threatened (Witkowski et al. 2003)

Slovakia: extinct (Witkowski et al. 2003)

Sweden where it is only found on the island of Gotland: Critically Endangered (Gärdenfors 2000, 2005, 2010)

Switzerland: Least Concern (Moser et al. 2002)

United Kingdom: not threatened, locally common (Page 1997)

The species is present in several protected areas throughout its range.",The species is not utilised. It is occasionally cultivated in specialist collections.,"Schaefer, H.,García, M.","Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.,Ivanenko, Y.,Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Rouhan, G.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,creticum,,Asplenium creticum,"Lovis, Reichst. & Zaffran",,Yes,VU,D1,Yes,VU,D1,EU28,,"This fern species has a very restricted distribution with a very small extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO). Although there is no information available on population size and trend, there are certainly fewer than 1,000 mature individuals. Thus, this species is assessed as Vulnerable. Further research is needed into the population size and trend and threats, as this species may actually be at a higher risk of extinction than currently estimated.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Mount Dhikti in Crete, but it is possible that it also occurs in Asian Turkey (to be confirmed). It is derived from the hybridisation between A. aegaeum and A. viride (Brownsey 1976). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and its area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².","There is no information on the population size and trend for this species. However, there are certainly fewer than 1,000 mature individuals.","This rare species occurs on limestone rocks at high elevations, between 1,800 and 2,200 m (Reichstein et al. 1973).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is protected as it occurs in a nature reserve, but specific protection and fencing off of the site is advisable. Studies on population size, trends and threats are needed.",This species is not used.,"Troia, A.,García, M.","Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.,Ivanenko, Y.,Dyer, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,fissum,,Asplenium fissum,Willd.,,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment:Near Threatened (NT)



This species is listed as Near Threatened since the area of occupancy (AOO) is 300 km² and its population is severely fragmented, thus being close to qualify as threatened under criterion B.",Unknown,"Asplenium fissum is patchily distributed in Italy, the Alps and the Balkans, from Austria throughout the Balkans to mainland Greece and western Bulgaria. It is presumably extinct in Switzerland. Outside of Europe it has been recorded once from Iran, but this occurrence is doubtful. The species is found at elevations between 800 and 2,400 m. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 300 km².","This species is rare throughout its range, but can be locally abundant. It is less common at its  western limit, becoming more common in the eastern Alps and the Balkans. The population trend is unknown. Its population is severely fragmented, considering that it has small subpopulations that are isolated since they are restricted to high elevations.",Asplenium fissum grows in deep fissures of calcareous or dolomite rocks in shade (Tutin et al. 1964).,The threats to the species are unknown.,"It is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas throughout its range, but the species is listed on the following national Red Lists:

France: Vulnerable D2 (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012)

Germany: Extremely rare (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)

Switzerland: no information available (Moser et al. 2002)

Its habitat should be protected and further research is needed on its population trend and threats.",This species is not used.,"Troia, A.,García, M.","Ivanenko, Y.,Väre, H.,Dyer, R.,Bento Elias, R.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Christenhusz, M.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,fontanum,,Asplenium fontanum,(L.) Bernh.,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Listed as Least Concern because, although it has a small area of occupancy (AOO) of 608 km² and is threatened in certain countries, the species is locally common and has a stable population trend.",Stable,"Asplenium fontanum occurs in western and central Europe in patchy subpopulations. It is extinct in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, and presumably extinct in Belgium and Hungary. A related taxon (known as A. pseudofontanum) occurs in central and east Asia, but it is now considered a separate species and is therefore excluded from this assessment. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 608 km².","This species is locally abundant, although it has disappeared from Belgium, Slovakia and Hungary and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is decreasing. It appears to be stable at the core of its distribution, especially at higher elevations, although it is declining at the edges. The overall population trend is considered to be stable.","Asplenium fontanum inhabits cracks and fissures in cool and shaded calcareous rocks (very rarely siliceous), with a preference for relatively high mountain areas, much rarer at lower elevations and then on north-facing rocks or deep overhangs (Tutin et al. 1964). Its elevation limits are 300-2,400 m.","This species may be threatened by climate change in the future, as it is sensitive to high temperatures and droughts. Destruction of its habitat by various human interventions, such as mining, road building and urban development have resulted in local extinctions.","Asplenium fontanum is frequent in the French and Italian Alps, Jura and the pre-Alps; it is also often found in the Pyrenees, and as such it is not threatened in France. Habitat protection is needed and ex-situ conservation and reintroduction can be attempted where subpopulations are threatened. Population trends need to be studied and a recovery plan is advised in appropriate areas. It is present in protected areas and has been assessed on the following national Red Lists:

Germany: Extremely rare in Baden-Wuertemberg (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)

Hungary: Critically Endangered (Király 2007), but also listed as Extinct (Witkowski et al. 2003)

Netherlands: Extinct, last found in 1988 along a canal in Amsterdam, but the site is now destroyed (Van der Meijden 2005)

Slovakia: Extinct (Witkowski et al. 2003)

Spain: Vulnerable in the Murcia region (Sánchez Gómez et al. 2002)

Switzerland: Near Threatened (Moser et al. 2002)",This species is not used.,"García, M.,Troia, A.","Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.,Dyer, R.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,foreziense,,Asplenium foreziense,LeGrand ex Magnier,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Asplenium foreziense is listed as Least Concern, because it is widespread and has a presumed large population size. However further research is needed on its threats and population size.",Stable,Asplenium foreziense has a patchy distribution in western Europe and north-western Africa. In Europe it is found from the Netherlands southwards to Spain and from Switzerland to Sardinia. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 268 km2.,"The majority of its subpopulations are situated in France, particularly in the Massif Central where it is locally frequent. Elsewhere it is localised and uncommon. In the Netherlands it is only known from a single subpopulation at the edge of a canal in Eindhoven (Van der Meijden 2005). The population trend is probably stable.","Asplenium foreziense inhabits shady crevices of siliceous rocks (schists, granites, basalts), often on laterite or other red soils (in Spain), usually in deep valleys, rarely on old walls in gardens or urban areas (Tutin et al. 1964, Prelli 2001). Its elevation limits are 200 - 2,000 m.",The threats to this species are not known.,The species is assessed as not threatened in Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996) and as Critically Endangered in Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002). It is present in protected areas throughout its range. Habitat protection is advised and research on its threats and population trends are needed.,This species is not used.,"Troia, A.,García, M.","Rumsey, F.,Väre, H.,Bento Elias, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rouhan, G.,Dyer, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,hemionitis,,Asplenium hemionitis,L.,"Asplenium hemionitis is considered to be restricted to the western Mediterranean (Portugal, northwest Africa) and the Macaronesian islands. Records from Italy and Malta belong to Asplenium sagittatum.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species is assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution and its stable population trend, especially in the Azores and Madeira. However, it is of conservation concern in the Canary Islands and mainland Portugal, where subpopulations should be monitored.",Stable,"This species is native to Portugal (Estremadura), the Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands, Morocco and Algeria. The records from Italy, Sicily and Malta are erroneous, based on misidentifications of other species (most commonly confused with A. sagittatum).

In Spain, the species occurs on the Canary Islands of La Palma, La Gomera, Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura, Lanzarote, and its range covers around 2,100 km². Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 62 km². In Portugal, the species is found in Mafra and the Sintra mountains and occupies an area of 569 km² (Castroviejoet al. 1986, Commission of the European Communities 2009). It occurs on the islands of Madeira, Porto Santo and Desertas (Borges et al. 2008) and is found on all islands of the Azores (Borgeset al.2005), including Graciosa (H. Schäfer pers. comm. 2016).","In Portugal, the species is known from 18 localities and counts on c. 9,800 individuals (Commission of the European Communities 2009). It is frequent in northern Madeira, but rare in Porto Santo and on Ilheu dos Garajaus off Deserta Grande (Press and Short 1994). In Spain, the species is rare in the Canary Islands and at least five subpopulations are known (Sanchez Velazquez 2002). In the Azores, it is very rare on Corvo, Graciosa and Santa Maria. On the remaining six islands, it is scattered to locally common (H. Schäfer pers. comm. 2016). It is scattered and uncommon throughout its range (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016), but the population trend seems to be stable overall.","Asplenium hemionitis is found on shady or sunny but damp places in humus-filled rocky fissures in laurisilva, on basaltic rocky cliffs and moist gravelly stream banks and in roadside ditches. It also grows in caves and human-made wells and reservoirs (Castroviejo et al. 1986, Press and Short 1994). It also grows in mixed forest plantations, acid siliceous inland cliffs, thermo-Mediterranean scrub, large-scale ornamental garden areas ­and park flower beds, shrubbery and moss-covered levadas and stone walls. The species is found from sea level up to 655 m elevation in Macaronesia (R. Elias pers. comm. 2016), up to 1,300 m in the Portuguese mainland. In the Azores, it is most common in forest dominated by the invasive Pittosporum undulatum (Pittosporaceae) and in old plantations of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica, Cupressaceae; H. Schäfer pers. comm. 2016).","Considering that this species occurs in lowland habitats, subpopulations may be destroyed by forest plantations and urbanization. In the Azores, the species thrives in certain types of forest plantations (particularly of Cryptomeria and Pittosporum), but plants may be threatened when the timber is harvested or when the forest is converted into pasture (H. Schäfer pers. comm. 2016).","This species is listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention), and it is protected by regional law in Portugal (Regional Decree 15/2012). It is listed as Near Threatened on the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). No conservation measures are in place, but the subpopulations in mainland Portugal and the Canary Islands are of concern and should therefore be monitored. In the Azores, the very small subpopulations on Corvo, Graciosa, and Santa Maria should be specifically protected. Further research is needed on the threats to this species. It is found in protected areas throughout its range.",This species is not used.,"García, M.,Schaefer, H.","Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.,Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.,Bento Elias, R.,Rouhan, G.,Väre, H.","Moreno Saiz, J.C.,Caldas, F.B.",,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,hispanicum,,Asplenium hispanicum,(Coss.) Greuter & Burdet,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Even though the species is sensitive to habitat disturbance and climate change and it has a small range, there is no evidence that the population is in decline and it is therefore listed here as Least Concern.",Stable,"Asplenium hispanicum occurs in southern Spain (Andalusian mountains), and in northern Morocco and Algeria (Atlas Mountains). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is c. 8,000 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km2.","Although very localized, the subpopulations are large in number of individuals. This species experiences fluctuations in the number of mature individuals due to changes in humidity and similar climatic causes, although these are not extreme. The population trend is probably stable.","This species grows only in shady places in fissures and crevices on calcareous rocks in mountainous areas (Tutin et al. 1964, Prelli 2001). Its elevation limits are 0 - 500 m.",Habitat destruction due to human intrusions is the main threat to this species.,"Large parts of the subpopulations in Spain are inside the Parque Natural de Grazalema, but they are sensitive to disturbance and further site protection may be needed.",This species is not used.,"García, M.,Troia, A.","Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Dyer, R.,Väre, H.,Bento Elias, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Ivanenko, Y.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,hybridum,,Asplenium hybridum,(Milde) Bange,,Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU28,,"This species is endemic to Croatia and is listed as Near Threatened on the Croatian Red List (Nikolić and Topić 2007), although the reasons for this assessment remain not available. In view of the available information there is little knowledge on the population size and trend or possible threats and therefore this species is listed as Data Deficient. Further research is needed to clarify the status of this species throughout its range. 

",Unknown,"This Croatian endemic species is restricted to the Kvarner Islands in Dalmatia (Tutin et al. 1964). It is known from Cres, Losinj, Krk, Prvic and Rab.","This species is extremely localised. The population trend is assumed to be stable, but may also be declining. Further research is needed. The population size is unknown.","Asplenium hybridum occurs mostly in the aerosaline maritime rock walls of semi-evergreen maquis-type vegetation (Tutin et al. 1964). It is very resistant to high soil salinity. It is thus found in coastal caves and maritime spring habitats. However, it can be easily confused with A. sagittatum, which also has salt-tolerant forms.","The preferred habitats of this species are unlikely to be affected by any anthropogenic disturbance, although sea level rise due to climate change may cause habitat loss in the future.","This species is endemic to islands in Kvarner, Croatia, where it is listed as Near Threatened (Nikolić and Topić 2007), although the reasons for this assessment do not seem to be available. As there is still little available information on population trends and threats, it may be advisable to study these subpopulations and their possible threats, and protect their habitat in the meantime. It is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not used.,"García, M.,Troia, A.","Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.,Bento Elias, R.,Rouhan, G.,Christenhusz, M.,Ivanenko, Y.,Väre, H.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,jahandiezii,,Asplenium jahandiezii,(Litard.) Rouy,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"Asplenium jahandieziihas an extent of occurrence (EOO) less than 900 km², an area of occupancy (AOO) of 20-30 km², and it is present in eight locations. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualifying as threatened under criteria B and D2. The subpopulations appears to be stable and its cliff habitat currently is well protected, but there are potential threats from mountaineering, changes in hydrological regime and road infrastructure that could rapidly drive the taxon into a threatened category if these threats begin to take effect.",Stable,"Asplenium jahandiezii is endemic to the department of Var (southeastern France), where it is only found in the Gorges du Verdon (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is no more than 830 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 20-30 km².","This plant is present at eight locations with a total of over 100,000 individuals estimated. The population trend is apparently stable and its habitat is well protected and stable.","This species grows in crevices of large calcareous rocks, on overhangs of limestone cliffs (Tutin et al. 1964, Frey et al. 2006), and in shady spots in deep gorges (Prelli 2001). Its elevation limits are 600-800 m.","The main described threats are mountaineering, rock climbing, and modification of hydrographic functioning. Roads and motorways also pose a threat. On the basis of these threats, eight locations are calculated.","Asplenium jahandiezii is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is protected at the national level in France, under Annexe I (Association Tela Botanica 2000-2010). It is listed as Near Threatened under Criteria D2 (Olivier et al. 1995, Valentin et al. 2010, UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012). It is present in protected areas.",This species is not used.,"Troia, A.,García, M.","Christenhusz, M.,Väre, H.,Rumsey, F.,Dyer, R.,Bento Elias, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rouhan, G.","Juillet, N.",,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,lepidum,,Asplenium lepidum,C.Presl,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment:Near Threatened (NT)



This is a localised species with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 292 km², but it is widespread, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of over 1.6 million km². Declines have been observed in Bulgaria, but the overall population trend is unknown. However, the species has a severely fragmented population and is therefore assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualify as threatened under criterion B.",Unknown,"This is an eastern and central Mediterranean species that extends to the Caucasus and northern Iran. In Europe it is found across the Balkans, westwards to southeastern France and across Italy, and southwards to Sicily and Crete. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 292 km².","It is an uncommon and localised species with a severely fragmented population since it is found on small and isolated subpopulations. The overall population trend is unknown, but there is evidence of some decline in Bulgaria (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009).","Asplenium lepidum is found in small numbers in fissures of calcareous or dolomitic rocks, on cliffs or under overhangs, usually in semi-shade, often in gorges, at the bases of large boulders, on the north sides of cliffs, etc. (Prelli 2001). Its elevation limits are 300-1,000 m.",This species may be threatened by recreational activities such as rock climbing.,"Asplenium lepidum is protected by law in France (Prelli 2001), found in protected areas and listed on the following national Red Lists:

Austria: species present but not threatened (Witkowski et al. 2003) 

Czech Republic: species present but not threatened (Witkowski et al. 2003) 

Bulgaria: Critically Endangered, Criteria B2ab(iii);C2a(ii);D (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009)

France: Endangered, Criterion D (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012)

Hungary: Critically Endangered (Witkowski et al. 2003, Király 2007) 

Romania: Vulnerable (Witkowski et al. 2003)",This species is not used.,"Troia, A.,García, M.","Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Väre, H.,Ivanenko, Y.,Bento Elias, R.,Rouhan, G.,Dyer, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,lolegnamense,,Asplenium lolegnamense,(Gibby & Lovis) Viane,This is a hexaploid taxon derived from Asplenium aureum and A. ceterach.,Yes,VU,"B2ab(iii,v); D1",Yes,VU,"B2ab(iii,v); D1",EU28,,"The species is assessed as Vulnerable due to its small area of occupancy (AOO) of around 20 km², the fact that there are less than 10 locations, and that there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and habitat quality. In addition, its population size is estimated to be between 250 and 1,000 mature individuals. Site protection is advised and research on the threats to this species is needed.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to the Macaronesian islands of Madeira (Portugal), La Palma and Gran Canaria (Spain). On Madeira it is rare around Funchal, and it is also uncommon on the Canary Islands. It has been suggested that it is derived from the hybridisation of Asplenium aureum and A. octoploideum, the latter of which does not occur in Madeira (Gibby and Lovis 1989, Van den Heedeet al. 2004). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 53,686-85,710 km², but the area of occupancy (AOO) within this range is estimated to be around 20 km².","The population is estimated to be between 250 and 1,000 individuals (Martín et al. 2008). The number of subpopulations and of mature individuals in each subpopulation is unknown. The overall population trend is declining (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016), since the species is found on the drier parts of the islands, which are more subject to infrastructure development.","This species is found in decaying Selaginella and moss on volcanic rocky substrates, on roadside and garden walls and on some stream banks (Press and Short 1994). There is a continuing decline in habitat quality as a result of infrastructure development.","The species is threatened in Madeira and the rest of the islands due to urban development. On the basis of this threat, fewer than 10 locations are estimated. In addition, it may be potentially threatened by renovation of the walls where it occurs or the widening of the roads along which it is present.","Asplenium lolegnamense is rare in areas around the largest town in Madeira, where it is found on roadside walls. Half of the population falls within a nature reserve. It is advisable to protect the remaining sites and when development is planned that may threaten these subpopulations, ex-situ conservation and reintroduction should be considered. Research on the threats to this species is needed.",This species is not utilised.,"Troia, A.,García, M.","Dyer, R.,Rouhan, G.,Väre, H.,Christenhusz, M.,Ivanenko, Y.,Bento Elias, R.,Rumsey, F.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,macedonicum,,Asplenium macedonicum,Kümmerle,,Yes,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) 

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)



This species has a restricted range, but part of it is situated within a nature reserve and the population trend appears to be stable. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This fern species is only found in the Former Yugoslavic Republic of Macedonia (FYRO Macedonia), in the lowland belt of the Prilep vicinity (Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning 2004). It occurs in the Mariovo and Treskavec Selecka Mountain Key Biodiversity Areas (Melovski et al. 2012). It is closely related to A. foreziense, with which it forms occasional sterile hybrids (Herrero et al. 2002). Based on point data, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 20-35 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 28 km²; the EOO calculated around the limits of its distribution shown in the distribution map is 224 km². Melovski estimates its range to be 8-500 km².",This is a species that 'triggers the irreplaceability criterion by its highly restricted range of <500 km²' (Melovski et al. 2012). Its population trend is believed to be stable.,Asplenium macedonicum grows in granite rocks cracks (Matevski 2010).,"The threats to this species are not known, but habitat destruction because of human intervention is a real concern.","Asplenium macedonicum is included on the national CORINE list, a list of species of national importance to FYRO Macedonia (Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning 2004). It occurs in the Prilep-Pletvar reserve, but the population extends across the border of the reserve and not all plants are protected (Melovski et al. 2012). It is advisable to protect the full extent of the population, create awareness regarding this endemic species, and perhaps protect it by law at national level. Research is needed on its threats and population trends.",This species is not utilized.,"García, M.,Troia, A.","Bento Elias, R.,Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Rouhan, G.,Väre, H.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,majoricum,,Asplenium majoricum,Litard.,This species is possibly derived from ancient hybridisation between A. fontanum and A. petrarchae.,Yes,VU,C2a(i),Yes,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"This species is endemic to Spain, where it has a restricted distribution. Although it seems to be currently stable, a continuing decline in the population size is projected in the future. The population size is smaller than 10,000 mature individuals, with less than 1,000 individuals in each subpopulation. Therefore it is assessed as Vulnerable. Further research and monitoring of population trends and threats is needed.",Stable,"Asplenium majoricum was for a long time thought to be restricted to the northwestern half of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain), but it is now also known from the adjacent mainland of Spain near Valencia, Alicante and southern Catalonia.","This fern species is an allotetraploid derived from hybridisation between A. petrarchae and A. fontanum. It has a very local occurrence, and although the current population trend is probably stable, it is projected to decline in the future. There are less than 10,000 mature individuals, with less than 1,000 in each subpopulation.","This species inhabits sunny corners of limestone rocks in medium or low mountains in humid, shady environments, often also on walls of cultivated terraces and in rock fissures. This species grows through winter to spring and desiccates in summer, when its leaves can be revived in case of rain (Prelli 2001). Its elevation limits are 0 - 500 m.","The threats to this species are not known. However, as its secondary habitat is walls of cultivated terraces, the renovation or demolishing of these old walls could pose a threat to this species.","Aplenium majoricum is listed as Vulnerable under Criteria A1e; B1ab(i)+2ab(i); C2a(i) on the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). The subpopulations are not protected and it is not found in protected areas throughout its range. Further research is needed on its population trend and threats. As it is a species with a restricted range, it is advisable to protect at least some of its sites.",This species is not used.,"García, M.,Troia, A.","Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.,Dyer, R.,Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Ivanenko, Y.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,marinum,,Asplenium marinum,L.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Even though this fern species has declined in marginal habitats, within its core range it can be found frequently and in large numbers, and its current population trend is stable. It has therefore been assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Asplenium marinum is restricted to coastal habitats of Atlantic and western Mediterranean Europe, extending into coastal North Africa. In Europe, it is found as far north as western Norway and as far east as Italy. It is more abundant in Atlantic Europe, particularly in western Norway, western France, most of coastal Britain and Ireland (except in the east), and Atlantic Spain and Portugal. It is also frequent in Macaronesia, extending west to the Azores. In the Mediterranean it is less abundant, mostly found in coastal Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, Corsica, northern Sardinia, Sicily, Malta and in a few stations in mainland Italy. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 3,280 km2.","This species occurs in small patchy subpopulations in a narrow zone between sea level and 30 m Asl, and sometimes occurs more abundantly as small plants on favourable sites (Page 1997). Even though the species has declined in the past, the current population trend is stable.","This fern species grows in crevices and rock fissures on steep rocky cliff faces and beneath cliff overhangs and around moist sea caves, usually down to a meter above the high-tide level, up to c. 30 m above the sea. It is also rarely found in the mortar of shaded harbour walls. It requires a cool, moist habitat, sheltered from full sun in the summer and frost-free in the winter, usually where the sea is warmer than the land in the coldest weather and where fine sea spray carries the water's warmth onto the rock faces (Page 1997). Plants are salt-tolerant, but they do not require salt to grow well and can grow on a large variety of rock types, both acidic and alkaline. In Ireland it is also found in several inland sites, where the climate mimics that of its coastal preferred habitat.","There are no currently known threats to this species, but it has a narrow climatic niche and the effects of climate change on the species are unknown. It may also be impacted by water and air pollution, but further studies on this are needed since it appears to be fairly resilient. It may be locally threatened by cliff erosion, but this will not have an effect on the overall population size.","Asplenum marinum is much less frequent in many of its habitats today than it was in the nineteenth century (Page 1997), and the collection of specimens during the 'Victorian fern craze' doubtlessly had an effect. Contamination of seepage water, land drainage and climate change may have contributed to this decline too. Further research is needed on the effect that potential threats could have on this species. 

The protection of its habitat and the limitation of groundwater pollution should contribute to the conservation of this species in the short term. It is listed on the Red List of Norway as Near Threatened (Kålåset al. 2010) and as Endangered in the Comunidad de Valencia in Spain (Aguilella et al. 2010). It is extinct in Malta (Lanfanco et al. 1989), where it used to occur at a few localities on the islands of Malta and Gozo. However, it seems to have gradually disappeared and has not been recorded there for the last 50 years. It is Endangered in the Canary Islands (Sanchez Velazquez 2002).",The species is not utilized.,"García, M.,Schaefer, H.","Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Väre, H.,Ivanenko, Y.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,monanthes,,Asplenium monanthes,L.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Asplenium monanthes has a wide distribution with stable subpopulations on Madeira and on seven islands of the Azores. There are no threats to the species, and it is therefore assessed here as Least Concern.",Stable,"Asplenium monanthes is a very widespread species found across the Neotropics, southern North America, tropical Africa and Madagascar, with some regional variability. Its occurrence is marginal in Europe, where it is only found in the Macaronesia, most frequently on Madeira (Portugal) and on seven of the Azores islands (not on Graciosa and Santa Maria). It also occurs on La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 120 km2.","This species is uncommon throughout Madeira and the Azores (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016, H. Schäfer pers. comm. 2016), although it is more frequent there than in the Canary Islands, where it is rare. Its overall population trend is stable.","This species always grows in damp places, usually in the shade of cliffs, in rocks and lava fissures, in rocky roadside ditches and on stream banks, walls of levadas in the cloud regions and among mosses in laurisilva and juniper forest (Press and Short 1994, F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). Its elevation limits are 200 - 1,050 m Asl.",There are no threats to this species.,"Even though this is a fairly rare species in Europe, no conservation actions seem to be needed. It is present in protected areas throughout its range. The species is Endangered in the Canary Islands and Spain under Criteria B2ab(v); C2a(i) (Sanchez Velazquez 2002, Moreno 2008).",The species is not utilized.,"Schaefer, H.,García, M.","Christenhusz, M.,Ivanenko, Y.,Väre, H.,Rumsey, F.,Dyer, R.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,obovatum,,Asplenium obovatum,Viv.,This species is more commonly known across Europe as A. billotii.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This fern species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed overall large and stable population and no major threats. However, the species is decreasing in parts of its range and further research is needed on its possible threats.",Stable,"This species is widespread in the Mediterranean and western Europe, extending into Northern Africa and eastwards to Ukraine. In Europe, it is found mainly in France and the Iberian Peninsula, with some stations in Great Britain, Ireland and the Macaronesia (Page 1997). In Great Britain and Ireland it is a southwestern, largely maritime species (Page 1997). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,160 km2.","It is often a solitary species, seldom occurring in large numbers (Page 1997). The population trend is probably stable.","This species is a slow-growing, evergreen fern that occurs exclusively in fissures and crevices of sheltered rocky sites, often on steep rock faces, ledges or walls, such as the upper parts of sea cliffs, rocky outcrops on headlands and sometimes in hedge banks or on inland rocks. It is found on a wide range of non-calcareous rocks, sheltered from the sun, severe winds and frosts, and where slight seepage of permanent moisture occurs with very free drainage and good air movement (Tutin et al. 1964, Page 1997). In the Channel Islands it grows in steep often sunny slopes in banks of granite and clay with slight surface erosion and habitat openness. Its elevation limits are 0 - 300 m Asl. Subpopulations occasionally hybridise with A. adiantum-nigrum or A. scolopendrium.","There appear to be no major threats to this species. However, in Ireland and southwest England, the subpopulations of A. obovatum have decreased considerably in numbers in the last hundred years. The cause of this decline is unknown, although it seems likely that air and groundwater pollution may have had an effect (Page 1997).","As this species is restricted to specialised habitats, the protection of these habitats, including the provision of clean seepage groundwater, would be the best incentive to maintain healthy populations. Fortunately, many subpopulations are in already protected coastal habitats. The species is listed in the following national and regional Red Lists:

Germany: extremely rare (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)

Spain: Vulnerable under Criterion D2 (Moreno 2008)

United Kingdom: Near Threatened and nationally scarce (Cheffings and Farrell 2005)

Canary Islands: probably endangered (Sanchez Velazquez 2002)

Further research and mornitoring is needed on the population size and trends, threats and habitats trends.",The species is not utilized.,"García, M.,Schaefer, H.","Väre, H.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Dyer, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Ivanenko, Y.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,octoploideum,,Asplenium octoploideum,Viane & Van den Heede,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"This fern species is assessed as Near Threatened since its population size is estimated to be around 1,000 mature individuals and thus is close to qualify as threatened under criterion D. Further research on its population size is needed.",Stable,"This species is endemic to the Canary Islands (Gran Canaria, La Palma, Tenerife). It is an autopolyploid derived from hybridisation between A. ceterach and A. aureum. It was formerly known as A. parvifolium, an incorrectly applied name. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,109-13,451 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 48 km².","Due to the lack of surveys and introgression with related species, the exact number of plants in the population is unknown, although it is estimated to be around 1,000 mature individuals. The population trend is stable.","The species grows, often together with its tetraploid cousin A. ceterach, in rock fissures in natural pine forests and open savanna-like habitats dominated by Pinus canariensis (Van den Heede et al. 2004). A sterile hexaploid hybrid is also often present. Its elevation range is 700-2,000 m (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016).","There are no current threats to this species. Hybridisation could be a potential threat, but since the hybrids are sterile this is not a major threat to the species. Other potential threats include infrastructure development and fire.",Asplenium octoploideum was listed as Vulnerable on the Canary Islands (Sanchez Velazquez 2002). It is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas. Habitat protection is the only solution to preserve this species. Further research on its population size is needed.,This species is not used.,"García, M.,Troia, A.","Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Dyer, R.,Väre, H.,Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.,Ivanenko, Y.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,petrarchae,,Asplenium petrarchae,(Guérin) DC.,This species has two subspecies: one diploid called A. petrarchae subsp. bivalens with a chromosome number of 2n = 72 and one autotetraploid (spontaneous doubling of the genome) called A. petrarchae subsp. petrarchae with 2n = 144. The autotetraploid form is much more abundant and widespread than diploid bivalens.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This is a localised but widespread fern species with a stable population trend, and it occurs in many areas that are fairly well protected from human intervention. It is therefore unlikely to be threatened and is listed here as Least Concern.",Stable,"This species is distributed across the western Mediterranean, from Spain to Greece and in northwest Africa. In Europe, it is found along the Mediterranean coast in eastern Spain, southern France, Italy, the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, and along the Adriatic coast to Greece. It is also known from a few stations in Atlantic Portugal. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,424 km2.","This species is usually very localised and never common, but the subpopulations appear to be stable.","Asplenium petrarchae inhabits warm crevices of limestone rocks in areas that are not too high nor too cool (thermo- to meso-Mediterranean), preferably on sunny exposures. It avoids excessive sunshine, occupying warm but not too dry hollows (Tutin et al. 1964, Prelli 2001). Its elevation limits are 0 - 1,000 m.",Recreational activities (e.g. rock climbing) and the destruction of its habitat for the production of cement or road building will have a significant effects on local subpopulations.,"The species is listed as Critically Endangered in Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002), but it only has a marginal occurrence there. Within its distribution area it is not threatened as there is usually little activity on its preferred habitats, although rock climbing may have a local effect. It is found in protected areas throughout its range, and it is advisable to protect the subpopulations from disturbances.",This species is not used.,"Troia, A.,García, M.","Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.,Dyer, R.,Väre, H.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,ruta-muraria,,Asplenium ruta-muraria,L.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Asplenium ruta-muraria is a widespread and locally common fern species with a stable population trend. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Asplenium ruta-muraria is a widespread species with a mainly European distribution. However, it extends into North Africa and fragmentarily eastwards into China and the Himalayas. While it ranges from Fennoscandia to the Mediterranean, most sites are located in central and western Europe. In Europe, its area of occupancy (AOO) is 7,772 km2.","This is a fast growing species and perhaps rather short-lived, and re-establishment occurs in most places (Page 1997). It produces spores in abundance, making it competitive on more eroded mortar. Natural rock face sites are rare, but the species occurs abundantly on old walls throughout its range. The species is fairly common throughout Great Britain, France, Germany and the Alps. The population trend is stable.","The Wall-rue is a strongly calcicolous fern, that in natural situations is confined to steep faces of lime-rich rocks and in grykes of limestone pavement (Page 1997). However, it is more widespread in lime-rich mortar of old walls of church yards, gardens, fields, ruins, bridges, viaducts, canal sidings, etc. Its elevation limits are 0 - 2,600 m.","The renovation of old walls and the refinishing of these with modern mortar instead of the traditional lime is a local threat to its subpopulations and all other wall flora. It is also susceptible to air pollutants and it is a bioindicator of air quality. It is threatened by mining, sand and gravel quarrying, road building and the construction and renovation in towns, rural areas and shores, and by changes in tree species composition (Lilleleht 1998, Rassi et al. 2001).","When walls housing this species need repair, they are best re-grouted with traditional lime mortar, and when possible, at least some or all plants need to be left in place when grouting. City air pollution needs to be reduced. It is listed on the following national Red Lists:

Estonia: Vulnerable (Lilleleht 1998)

Finland: Vulnerable (Rassi et al. 2001), and later uplisted to Endangered (Rassi et al. 2010)

Germany: not threatened (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)

Switzerland: Least Concern (Moser et al. 2002)

The species is present in protected areas throughout its range. Research is needed on the life history and longevity of individual plants and subpopulations, and there are also some taxonomic issues to resolve.",The species is not utilized.,"Schaefer, H.,García, M.","Rouhan, G.,Rumsey, F.,Dyer, R.,Bento Elias, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.,Väre, H.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,sagittatum,,Asplenium sagittatum,(DC.) Bange,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Although this fern species has a small area of occupancy (AOO), its population trend appears to be stable and there are no major threats. Therefore it is listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This species is distributed across the Mediterranean, from Spain and Morocco to Turkey, Syria and Israel. In Europe it is found in Spain, southern France, Italy, Croatia, Greece, Malta, and the Mediterranean islands of Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and the Balearics. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 700 km2.","This is an uncommon or rare species, but the subpopulations can have many individuals. The population trend is probably stable.","Asplenium sagittatum is a warmth-loving species that inhabits moist, shady crevices of limestone rocks in low-lying areas, occasionally found in nooks of wells, caves, gullies, gorges, etc. (Tutin et al. 1964, Prelli 2001). Its elevation limits are 0 - 1,000 m.",There are no major threats to this species.,"The species is present in protected areas and listed on the following national Red Lists:

Croatia: Critically Endangered (Nikolić and Topić 2007)

France: Vulnerable under Criterion D1 (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012). It is protected by law in France. 

Malta: Endangered (Lanfranco 1989)

The species is not of conservation concern in Spain, Italy and Greece. In areas where it is of concern, the habitat needs to be protected or the species can be cultivated ex-situ.",This species is occasionally grown as an ornamental in specialist collections.,"García, M.,Troia, A.","Rumsey, F.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rouhan, G.,Christenhusz, M.,Dyer, R.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,scolopendrium,,Asplenium scolopendrium,L.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This gregarious fern is listed as Least Concern as it is widespread and occurs in large numbers in both urban and natural settings. The current population trend is stable and the species faces no immediate threats.",Stable,"This is a widespread species occurring from the Azores to Japan (where it is tetraploid), with a much rarer form in North America (which is diploid). In Europe, it is distributed widely from Ireland and the United Kingdom to the Azores and northern Portugal, throughout Spain, France, Italy, much of Germany northwards to coastal Norway, Gotland island and through the Balkans southwards to Crete and eastwards to Ukraine. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 6,212 km2.","This is a gregarious fern which is often found in large numbers in both natural and anthropogenic settings. The population trend is considered to be stable, and possibly increasing.","Hart's-tongue fern occurs in a wide range of mainly lowland habitats, often abundant in western and coastal habitats, being much more local in continental settings. It is found on shaded rocks in woodland, stream banks, hedge banks, lane banks, stonework, cliffsides, steep ravines, grykes and fissures of limestone pavements, around cave mouths and mining adits, and on damp, shaded walls and other masonry. The species is markedly calcicolous, requiring habitats that are more or less permanently moist with a high humidity, good shelter and shade (Komarov 1968, Page 1997). Its elevation limits are 0 - 1,800 m.","There are no immediate threats to this species in natural settings, and it may benefit from milder wetter winters predicted under various climate change scenarios. However, in urban settings it may be threatened by wall renovation projects.","When walls housing this species need repair, they are best re-grouted with traditional lime mortar, and when possible, at least some or all plants need to be left in place when grouting, particularly in marginal populations. The species is present in protected areas throughout its range and listed on the following national Red Lists: 

Albania: Vulnerable (Zoological Society of London 2014)

Czech Republic: Critically threatened, rare (Grulich 2012) 

Germany: not threatened (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)

Norway: Vulnerable under Criterion D1 (Kålås et al. 2006, 2010)

Sweden: Endangered under Criterion D (Gärdenfors 2005, 2010)

It is protected by law in the Netherlands (Flora en Fauna Wet 1998).","This species is not used, apart from occasional cultivation as a garden plant from horticultural stock.","García, M.,Schaefer, H.","Dyer, R.,Bento Elias, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Väre, H.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,seelosii,,Asplenium seelosii,Leyb.,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



This species has a small area of occupancy (AOO) of 864 km²and a severely fragmented population. It is therefore close to qualify as threatened under criterion B and it is listed here as Near Threatened. The population trend is not known and there is substantial geographical variability, so further studies on its taxonomy, habitat, threats and population trends are needed.",Unknown,"This is a montane species found in the Moroccan Atlas, the Pyrenees, Andalucía (Spain) and the Alps, extending to the Dolomites, Slovenia and Bavaria (Germany). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 864 km².","This is a rare plant that occurs on isolated and small subpopulations, and its population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. The population trend is unknown.","Asplenium seelosii is found in fissures and under overhangs of calcareous and dolomitic rocks, rarely in places that are slightly sunnier (Tutin et al. 1964, Prelli 2001, Frey et al. 2006). Its elevation limits are 200-2,400 m.",The threats to this species are not known.,"The species is listed as Near Threatened on the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). In France, subsp. glabrum is listed as Critically Endangered (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012), where it is protected by law. It is present in protected areas throughout its range. Subpopulations are best protected through habitat preservation. Research on its population trends, habitat, taxonomy and threats are needed.",This species is not used.,"García, M.,Troia, A.","Dyer, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.,Rumsey, F.,Ivanenko, Y.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,septentrionale,,Asplenium septentrionale,(L.) Hoffm.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This is a widespread fern species that is locally common and has a stable population trend, and it is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This widespread species occurs throughout the Northern Hemisphere, from western Europe to Japan and in western North America. In Europe, it is mostly found in colder regions of northern Europe or at higher elevations in the central European mountains. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 6,264 km2.","Asplenium septentrionale is widespread and locally common in continental habitats. In western Europe it is rare, it is found in only one locality in Ireland (Co. Galway) and it is present at a single site in Iceland, where it reaches its oceanic limits (Page 1997). In Britain, the subpopulations have been greatly reduced during the last century due to the collection of specimens for horticulture and the upgrowth of vegetation in formerly open habitats. In the Netherlands, it was first recorded from a lock wall in Zwolle and a second subpopulation was recorded in Rotterdam (Van der Meijden 2005). The overall population trend is stable.","This is a species of continental climates, which is tolerant of cold winter conditions and relatively hot summer temperatures. It generally grows on steep, sometimes vertical rock faces, usually on old weathered volcanic or metamorphic rocks, slate, basalt or granite, and as a consequence it is usually found in mountainous areas, but not necessarily at high elevations (Page 1997). Its elevation limits are 0 - 2,900 m Asl. It is often positioned in full sun on well-drained places, including steep roadside walls and canal sidings.","Specimen collecting can be a threat to the species, but this is not frequent and affects only single individuals. Construction activities (including road building), and the over-shading by natural or exotic vegetation and mining (Lilleleht 1998) are its greatest threats. As this species prefers cool climates, the climate change with extreme temperatures may be a threat to this species.","Habitat conversion is the major threat to the species, considering that vegetation grows up to shade out the subpopulations. In order to maintain the subpopulations, the habitat needs to remain locally open, and management may be needed. The species is present in protected areas throughout its range and listed in the following national and regional Red Lists: 

Estonia: rare (Lilleleht 2001) and Critically Endangered (Lilleleht 2008)

Germany: not threatened (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)

Switzerland: Least Concern (Moser et al. 2002)

United Kingdom: Near Threatened and nationally scarce (Cheffings and Farrell 2005)

Canary Islands (Spain): Endangered (Sanchez Velazquez 2002). 

In places where the species occurs in urban situations, subpopulations need to be protected by law to prevent them from disappearing during renovation works of old walls. Further research is needed on ecology, threats and population trends.","Although it is not commonly used, this fern is sometimes uprooted and transplanted into rock gardens, although this is rarely successful due to the peculiar requirements this species needs to thrive.","Schaefer, H.,García, M.","Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Bento Elias, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Rouhan, G.,Rumsey, F.,Väre, H.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,terorense,,Asplenium terorense,G.Kunkel,"In the past, A. terorense was not accepted as a good species and was synonymised with Asplenium ovovatum subsp. billotii. This subspecies is a tetraploid, while one of its parents is a diploid that has been called Asplenium obovatum var. protobillotii, so some experts believe that A. terorense is a synonym of this variety, in which case it would not be a Canarian endemic as it would also be present in mainland Spain, Turkey and probably elsewhere in the Mediterranean (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). For the purposes of this assessment, the Euro+Med checklist is followed (Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013), which treats A. terorense as a separate species.",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii); D,Yes,EN,B2ab(iii); D,EU28,,"The species is assessed as Endangered since there are fewer than 250 mature plants, it has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO), the population is considered to be severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in habitat quality. It may experience fluctuations that depend on the use or abandonment of agricultural sites. Habitat preservation and restoration are recommended to protect this species.",Stable,"This species is endemic to the Canary Islands (Spain), where it is known from the islands of Gran Canaria (where the majority of subpopulations are found) and El Hierro (where only few are present). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,212-9,649 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².","The population consists of 48 plants at 13 localities on Gran Canaria, with a few more plants on El Hierro (Marrero and Sanchez Velazquez 2013). The population trend is assumed to be stable. The population is considered to be severely fragmented, as it is found on small and isolated subpopulations. The population size is estimated to be between 50 and 250 mature individuals.","Asplenium terorense grows at the foot of walls or chalky slopes in deep soil, often in the understory of laurisilva (Pruno-Lauretea azoricae), but currently more commonly on secondary laurel, elm, chestnut or fig forest remnants, due to human activities, and it is sometimes found even in the shade of bushes like Chamaecytisus proliferus of Rubus ulmifolius. It also grows together with A. billotii at the foot of agricultural or natural walls and at the base of lava sheets, in humid, shaded environments. It is found at altitudes between 750-1,250 m (Marrero and Sanchez Velazquez 2013).","The species is found in an area of traditional agricultural use. Although the gradual abandonment of these activities since the 1980s has led to some recovery of that habitat through the forming of thickets or copses of secondary laurisilva, some agricultural activities persist and the continued habitat destruction, maintenance of tracks and roads, grazing and ploughing has negatively affected some subpopulations (Marrero and Sanchez Velazquez 2013).","Asplenium terorense was listed as probably endangered in the Canary Islands (Sanchez Velazquez 2002), but insufficient data were available at the time, resulting on its listing as Data Deficient in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008). Further studies have been carried out (Marrero and Sanchez Velazquez 2013) and its population has been found to consist of less than 50 clumps in small subpopulations, limited to a few isolated locations (10-15). Some of the subpopulations are in protected areas which are not under immediate threat. The species is best protected through habitat preservation and restoration.",This species is not used.,"García, M.,Troia, A.","Väre, H.,Bento Elias, R.,Rouhan, G.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Dyer, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,trichomanes,,Asplenium trichomanes,L.,"This represents a species complex with different subspecies that have various ploidy and could in theory be treated as separate species. However, for the purposes of this assessment, the Euro+Med checklist (Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013) is followed, in which these taxa are considered as a single species.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

This fern species (complex) is classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable population trend and absence of major threats. Its uses are limited and it is a common fern found in much of Europe. An assessment of the different subspecies is provided below:

 

Diploid A. t. subsp. trichomanes is classified as Least Concern, as it is widespread on siliceous rocks

Diploid A. t. subsp. inexpectans is classified as Least Concern, as it is widespread on calcareous rocks

Hexaploid A. t. subsp. maderense is classified as Data Deficient, as it has been only recently discovered and the population trend are unknown. 

Tetraploid A. t. subsp. quadrivalens is classified as Least Concern, as it is widespread in northern Europe on calcareous rocks

Tetraploid A. t. subsp. pachyrachis is classified as Least Concern, as it is widespread in central Europe on calcareous rocks

Allotetraploid A. t. subsp. coriaceifolium (also known as species Asplenium azomanes) is classified as Least Concern, as it is found locally frequently in the Balearic Islands and Andalucía on karst-limestone rocks.

 



 



",Stable,"Asplenium trichomanes is native to temperate Asia, Australia, North America, Africa and Europe (USDA 2012). In Europe it is widespread, found from Fennoscandia to the Mediterranean. It is variable and a number of cytotypes are accepted as subspecies or species under different taxonomies. For the purposes of this assessments, these have been considered under a single species A. trichomanes, however acknowledging that in the future the various cytotypes (e.g. subsp. coriaceifolium, subsp. hastatum, subsp. inexpectans, subsp. maderense, subsp. pachyrachis, subsp. quadrivalens, subsp. trichomanes) may need to be treated and assessed separately as many have different ecological preferences. For instance, typical subsp. trichomanes prefers more continental climates, whereas subsp. quadrivalens prefers to grow in climates of a more oceanic nature. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 9,324 km2.","Asplenium trichomanes is a very widespread and common species found in several continents. The tetraploid subspeciesAsplenium trichomanesssp.quadrivalensis one of the most common and widespread ferns in Europe and is very abundant, whereas the diploid subspeciesAsplenium trichomanesssp.trichomanesis much rarer (Suter et al. 2000, National Museums of Northern Ireland 2010), although the latter is more frequent in northern and mountain habitats (Page 1997). Subpopulations are often numerous, although some cytotypes are rare and infrequent. It is more common the western fringe of its distribution. Its overall population trend is stable.","This is a perennial evergreen fern species found in oceanic and montane areas growing in rocky habitats such as cliffs, screes and mines. It is commonly found growing on masonry, grikes and limestone pavements (Castroviejo et al. 1986, Page 1997, Joint Nature Conservation Committee 2012). It is found in natural rock habitats, often under ledges, but occurs in abundance on all types of natural and human-made walls, bridges, wells, viaducts, railway stations, ruins, garden walls, steep rocky roadside banks, preferring humid, free-draining situations, usually lime-rich for subsp. coriaceifolium, subsp. hastatum, subsp. inexpectans and subsp. quadrivalens, and more neutral to even acidic substrates for subsp. trichomanes and subsp. maderense. It occurs from sea level to 2,500 m elevation.

","There are no known significant threats to this species. However, in the United Kingdom its subpopulations have been reduced due to the loss of natural limestone pavements and the grazing pressure, although light grazing favours this species' spread beyond grikes (Joint Nature Conservation Committee 2012). It occurs frequently on human-made walls, and the restoration of these structures may cause loss of the subpopulations. Re-grouting of walls needs to be carried out with traditional lime mortar and plants need to remain in situ as much as possible throughout renovation projects. In general the species is gregarious and often occurs in large numbers.","Asplenium trichomanes (and its various subspecies) is listed on the following national Red Lists:

Estonia: Vulnerable (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012) 

Lithuania: Endangered (Rašomavičius 2007).

Luxembourg: Least Concern (Colling 2005)

Malta: possibly extinct (Lanfranco 1989), it has not been seen there for ca 70 years.

Norway: Least Concern (Artsdatabanken 2010)

Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002) 

United Kingdom: Least Concern (Cheffings and Farrell 2005)

It is protected by law in the Netherlands (Flora en Fauna Wet 1998). In the United Kingdom, the species is protected in certain areas (Joint Nature Conservation Committee 2012). 

When walls housing this species need repair, they are best re-grouted with traditional lime mortar, and when possible, at least some or all plants need to be left in place when grouting. It is present in protected areas throughout its range.",The medicinal uses of this plant are limited. The fronds are used to make a sweet tea to relieve pain and discomfort of mucous membranes and as a laxative. It has also been used in the treatment of chest complaints and to promote menstruation (Plants for a Future 2011). It is sometimes cultivated as a rock-garden plant.,"Schaefer, H.,García, M.","Ivanenko, Y.,Dyer, R.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.,Christenhusz, M.,Rouhan, G.,Rumsey, F.","Stanley, C.,Khela, S.",,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,viride,,Asplenium viride,Huds.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This fern species is widespread, it has a stable population trend and is not affected by any current major threats. It is therefore listed as Least Concern. Further research on the impacts of climate change on this species is needed.",Stable,"This fern species can be found in cold climates and montane environments throughout the Northern Hemisphere, from Greenland and Iceland through Europe, southwards to the Iberian Peninsula and Turkey, discontinuously through north and Central Asia to Japan, with outlying stations in the mountains of North America. In Europe, it occurs mostly in mountainous regions of Scandinavia, Great Britain, the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Carpathians, the Balkans and Greece. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 5,684 km2.","Asplenium viride is locally common throughout its range, and its population trend appears to be stable. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, it is mostly found in mountainous areas (Page 1997). In the Netherlands, it is only known from a canal in Amsterdam (Van der Meijden 2005).","This species grows mostly in hilly upland areas on calcareous rocks, mostly in the shade (Komarov 1968). They thrive in moist, jaded, sheltered crevices of basic rock, especially limestones, base-rich shales and mica schists, but also on rhyolitic lavas, andesites and dolomites and occasionally on ultra-basic rocks. It mainly occurs on damp, shaded cliff-faces, screes and rocky sides of ravines, sometimes in grykes of limestone pavement at lower elevations (Page 1997). Its elevation limits are 200 - 2,800 m Asl.","There are no immediate threats to this species. Climate change may have an effect on this species, as it is known to prefer cool summers, but established plants seem to be resilient. Mining poses a local threat in Finland.","Asplenium viride is listed on the following national Red Lists:

Czech Republic: Vulnerable (Grulich 2012)

Estonia: Vulnerable (Estonian Environmental Investment Center & Estonian Academy of Science Commission for Nature Conservation, assessed in 2008)

Germany: Not threatened (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)

Hungary: Endangered (Zoological Society of London 2014)

Netherlands: Vulnerable (Van der Meijden et al. 2000)

Switzerland: Least Concern (Moser et al. 2002)

It is protected by law in the Netherlands (Flora en Fauna Wet 1998) and it is found in protected areas throughout its range. When walls housing this species need repair, they are best re-grouted with traditional lime mortar, and when possible, at least some or all plants need to be left in place when grouting. Further research on the impacts of climate change on the species is needed.",This species is not utilized.,"Schaefer, H.,García, M.","Rumsey, F.,Bento Elias, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.,Dyer, R.,Christenhusz, M.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Athyrium,alpestre,,Athyrium alpestre,(Hoppe) Clairv.,"Athyrium alpestre (Hoppe) Clairv. has nomenclatural priority over the younger name A. distentifolium Tausch ex Opiz. It includes also A. flexile, a taxon from Scotland of dubious status.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Even though this is a locally scarce fern that is listed as Near Threatened in some countries, the species has a broad distribution, a stable population trend and is present in several protected areas. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This is an Arctic-Alpine species found from southern Greenland throughout northern and central Europe and in scattered localities through Siberia eastwards to Japan, Sakhalin and Kamchatka (Page 1997). In Europe, it is found in Iceland, the Faroe Islands, the Highlands of Scotland, the Scandic Mountains, Lapland, and the mountains of central and southern Europe it is present in the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Massif Central (France), Bohemia (Czech Republic), the Carpathians, the Balkans, Bosnia and Corsica, where it is locally abundant. It is also present in the Urals and the Caucasus.",The species is locally abundant and subpopulations are currently not declining. The population trend is stable.,"This fern is found in mountainous or Arctic regions, usually growing scattered in moist gullies, damp pockets on boulder slopes and hollows on acidic rock, where there is appreciable winter snow-lie, covering the plants well into spring, protecting them from severe cold and winter desiccation (Page 1997). It occurs at altitudes between 550 - 2,800 m Asl.","The dependence of this species on cold climates and winter snow coverage may result in difficulties to cope with climate change, although no studies have been carried out on whether climate change will have an effect on this species in particular. However, it is expected that the species would have to move its range upwards and northwards (H. Väre pers. comm. 2016).

The formerly accepted, but now synonymised species Athyrium flexile, has become much less frequent during the last 50 years, partly because of the use of herbicides, but more because of the abandonment of fallow land on chalk slopes and the spread of course grass, scrub and secondary woodland (Wigginton 1999).","No conservation measures are in place for this species, but it is present in protected areas in many parts of its range. If climate change proves to have an effect on this species, assisted migration could be considered as an option, but this is not a high priority at the moment. Habitat and population fluctuations need to be studied and monitored. Athyrium alpestre is listed on the following national Red Lists:

Bulgaria: Near Threatened (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009)

Germany: not threatened (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)

Switzerland: Least Concern (Moser et al. 2002)

United Kingdom: nationally scarce (Cheffings and Farrell 2005)

The formerly accepted Athyrium flexile is listed as Vulnerable on the U.K. Red List (Wigginton 1999). Its habitat should be protected and population trends should be studied. However, this form falls within the morphological and molecular variability of A. alpestre and thus it is not assessed here as a separate taxon.",This species is not utilised.,"Ivanova, D. & García, M.","Christenhusz, M., Bento Elias, R., Dyer, R., Ivanenko, Y., Rouhan, G., Rumsey, F. & Väre, H.,",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Athyrium,filix-femina,,Athyrium filix-femina,(L.) Roth,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This fern is a widespread and common species in many places and has an increasing population trend. It is frequently present in protected areas and resilient to disturbance and pollution. In addition, it is a good coloniser and there are no major threats to the species. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Increasing,"This is a common and very widespread species which is distributed from Iceland to Mongolia and southwards to north Africa and Lebanon. It has a closely related species in the Americas, Athyrium asplenioides, which is sometimes treated at a subspecific level of Athyrium filix-femina, which would extend the distribution across the northern hemisphere. In Europe it is common and widespread, often almost of weedy proportions when in suitable habitats. It is more common in the west and north of the continent, becoming less abundant in Mediterranean latitudes as it prefers wetter and colder climates.","When in suitable habitats, this species can be very abundant, occurring in large numbers. The more humid summers in western Europe have resulted in local increase in numbers (M. Christenhusz pers. comm. 2015), although it is rare on the Canary Islands (Sanchez Velazquez 2002). The population trend is increasing.","This species is frequently found on understory vegetation of deciduous and lighter patches in coniferous forest and in broadleaved woodland, hedgerows, rocky gorges, marshlands and swamps, usually on damp or wet soil, often along stream courses and in moist rocky habitats in the mountains. It can also be found in less natural sites, such as in the shade of walls, gardens, alleyways, drainage ditches and shady wet roadsides (Page 1997). It is usually found on soils that have good drainage but are permanently moist. Its altitudinal range is 0 - 2,300 m Asl. 

It is a vigorous species that can easily colonize disturbed habitats by spores on many types of wet soil and is tolerant to mild disturbance and pollution, even high concentrations of heavy metal contaminants. In heavily polluted areas, its rapid growth and density of vegetation cover may be of particular ecological importance (Page 1997).",There are no threats to this species.,No conservation measures are currently in place and none are needed as the species is common and gregarious throughout its range. It occurs in protected areas throughout its range. It is listed as Least Concern in Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002) and Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996).,The species is sometimes grown as a garden ornamental and may naturalise from usage in gardens. A rootstock infusion was used medicinally as a vermifuge in Russia (Komarov 1968). Other uses in traditional medicine and folklore also exist.,"García, M. & Ivanova, D.","Christenhusz, M., Bento Elias, R., Dyer, R., Ivanenko, Y., Rouhan, G., Rumsey, F. & Väre, H.,",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Blechnum,spicant,,Blechnum spicant,(L.) Roth,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This fern species is common in large areas of its range and is likely to expand due to climate change. It is found in several protected areas and most existing sites are generally not under threat. It is rare in marginal areas of eastern and northeastern Europe, but this is due to the climate being less suitable there. In general, it is locally abundant and its population trend is considered to be stable. It is thus listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Blechnum spicant occurs predominantly in Europe, extending eastwards to Anatolia and Iran. It is also present along the north Pacific, from Japan through the Aleutian Islands and the Pacific northwest of North America, southwards to central California, widely disjunct from the European distribution. In Europe, it is widespread throughout the moister middle and northwestern part of the continent, becoming less abundant in the Mediterranean and continental parts of Europe (Page 1998). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 7,248 km2.","This species can occur in great numbers in the more western and wetter parts of Europe, becoming more local elsewhere. It is abundant in the western parts of the UK, Ireland and western France, where it is characteristic of acidic woodlands (Page 1997). In the Netherlands, it is mostly restricted to stream sides and ditches in beech forests, and the changes of management have resulted in the return of many plants in formerly sparse populations, particularly in eastern Overijssel (M. Christenhusz pers. obs. 2016). Its overall population trend seems to be stable.","This species occurs on shaded, wet, acidic forests, both broadleaf and coniferous, growing up to 1,220 m Asl in the UK (Page 1998). In the Netherlands it is locally frequent in ditches in beech forests (Van der Meijden 2005). In Europe it occurs from sea level to 2,400 m elevation.","Locally the subpopulations can be under threat by drainage of wet forests and bogs and poor forest management. The warming and moistening of the climate due to climate change may have a beneficial rather than detrimental effect on the species, but this needs to be investigated.","No conservation measures are currently needed, although old moist forests on acidic soil should be protected from logging. In Finland where it grew in a spruce mire it has become extinct due to a combination of forest management activities, peatland drainage and peat harvesting, and probably also collecting by plant enthusiasts (Rassi et al. 2001). 



Blechnum spicant is listed on the following national and regional Red Lists:

Canary Islands (Spain): Vulnerable (Sanchez Velazquez 2002)

Czech Republic: Near Threatened (Grulich 2012)

Estonia: Extinct (Rašomavičius 2007)

Finland: Extinct (although vagrant) (Rassi et al. 2001, 2010)

Germany: Not threatened (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)

Hungary: Critically Endangered (Király et al. 2007)

Netherlands: Vulnerable (Van der Meijden et al. 2005)

Switzerland: Least Concern (Moser et al. 2002)

It is common and not of conservation concern in Ireland, UK, Norway, France, Germany, Switzerland and Spain. It is present in protected areas throughout its range. Further research on the effects of climate change on the species is needed.",The species is occasionally cultivated as an ornamental plant and is usually propagated from cultivated stock.,"García, M.,Schaefer, H.","Rouhan, G.,Dyer, R.,Bento Elias, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.,Väre, H.,Ivanenko, Y.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,PSILOTOPSIDA,OPHIOGLOSSALES,OPHIOGLOSSACEAE,Botrychium,boreale,,Botrychium boreale,Milde,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



In Europe, this fern is assessed as Least Concern in view of its widespread population. In the EU 28, the species has a very restricted area of occupancy (AOO) ofc. 1,000 km2 and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals. Therefore it is assessed as Near Threatened since it is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B. It is not possible to estimate the population size since the species can be dormant during some years and can be overlooked due to its small size, but most subpopulations are in Norway and Russia. Further research on its population size, trends and threats is needed. Its habitats are fragmented and is always local, rare and with small subpopulations.",Decreasing,"This species is a pan-Arctic species found in Canada, Greenland and Arctic Eurasia, eastwards to Japan and Korea. In Europe it is found in Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland and northwestern Russia (Frey et al. 2006), with single localities in Spitsbergen and Estonia. In Europe, its area of occupancy (AOO) is c. 3,000 km2 and in the EU 28 it is 1,032 km2, although this is probably an overestimation as this includes historical collections.","Due to changes in land management and agricultural practices, this species is disappearing from many sites. However, this is difficult to monitor because plants do not emerge every year, and due to their small size they are easily overlooked. The overall current population trend is decreasing.","This species occurs on dry natural grassy slopes, wet tundra and alpine meadows (Tutin et al. 1964, Komarov 1968). It is also found on forest clearings, usually on neutral to alkaline soils (Prelli 2001) and in coastal Juniper meadows (H. Väre pers. comm. 2016). Its elevation range is 0 - 1,690 m.","Botrychium boreale is threatened by eutrophication and over-shading by larger plants and the encroachment of the forest. The species has decreased as a result of changing and intensification of agricultural and forestry practices. In the whole of Fennoscandia, the abandonment of farming also affects the species, since this favours succession and reduces the availability of suitable poor nutrient meadows that this species requires (H. Väre pers. comm. 2016).","The species is present in protected areas throughout its range. It is listed on the following national Red Lists:

Finland: Vulnerable (Rassi et al. 2001, 2010)

Norway: Near Threatened (Kålås et al. 2006) and Critically Endangered in Svalbard (Kålås et al. 2010)

Sweden: Near Threatened (Gärdenfors 2000) and then Vulnerable; B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)c(iv) (Gärdenfors 2005, 2010)

Management of its habitats is needed to preserve the existing subpopulations and remove the competing plants (mostly grass species in order to avoid succession). Grazing may have to be reinstated in some areas as part of the land management regime. Research and monitoring on its population size and trend are needed.",This species is not used.,"Troia, A.,García, M.","Väre, H.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rumsey, F.,Bento Elias, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Dyer, R.,Rouhan, G.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,PSILOTOPSIDA,OPHIOGLOSSALES,OPHIOGLOSSACEAE,Botrychium,lanceolatum,,Botrychium lanceolatum,(S.G.Gmel.) Ångström,,No,VU,A2c,No,VU,A2c,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment:Vulnerable (VU)



This fern species is assessed as Vulnerable because it has experienced a decline of at least 30% over the last three generations (ca 90 years), and this decline is expected to continue. Traditional management of meadows and forests and the prevention of eutrophication are essential for this species to survive.",Decreasing,"Botrychium lanceolatum is a Northern Hemisphere species, found across the Arctic and the mountain areas of North America (southwards to New Mexico), Greenland and across Eurasia, eastwards to the Russian Far East, southwards to Inner Mongolia. In Europe it is found in Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, northern Russia, the Alps and a couple of isolated localities in the Baltic States, Belarus and Poland. In Europe, the area of occurrence (AOO) is ca 2,000 km² and in the EU 28 it is ca 1,236 km², although this is likely to be an overestimation as the species has disappeared from many sites and this calculation includes historical data.","Due to changes in land management and agricultural practices, this species is disappearing from many sites, although this is difficult to monitor because plants do not emerge every year and are easily overlooked due to their small size. In Finland, the species is declining mostly in the southern part (H. Väre pers. comm. 2016). The species has an estimated generation length of 20-30 years, possibly longer, and there has been a decline of at least 30% over the last three generations in Fennoscandia, which represents the core of its distribution. Therefore, a decline of at least 30% is suspected for the whole of the distribution (H. Väre pers. comm. 2016).","The species is present in meadows, especially on lake shores and river banks, sandy hills and slopes, semi-natural dry grasslands and forest margins (Komarov 1968, Rassi et al. 2001, Y. Ivanenko and H. Väre pers. comm. 2016). Its elevation limits are 0-1,230 m.","The species is mostly threatened by overgrowing of meadows following the cessation of grazing or hay cutting and by forest management activities. Chemical disturbances (including environmental toxins, pesticides, oil and atmospheric pollution, eutrophication) also affect the species (Rassi et al. 2001).","This species is protected by French law (Prelli 2001). It is listed on the following national Red Lists:

Estonia: Regionally Extinct (Lilleleht 1998, 2001)

Finland: Vulnerable A1ac (Rassi et al. 2001) and Vulnerable A2ac; B2ab (ii,iii,iv,v) (Rassi et al. 2010)

France: Regionally Extinct (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012)

Norway: Endangered B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv) (Kålås et al. 2006), and then amended to Near Threatened (Kålås et al. 2010)

Poland: Extinct (Witkowski et al. 2003)

Sweden: Vulnerable A1ac; B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)c(iv) (Gärdenfors 2000, 2005, 2010)

Switzerland: Critically Endangered (Moser et al. 2002)

The species is present in protected areas throughout its range. Recovery of abandoned lands, traditional management of meadows and forests, and the prevention of eutrophication are essential for this species to survive.",This species is not used.,"Troia, A.,García, M.","Väre, H.,Rumsey, F.,Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Dyer, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,PSILOTOPSIDA,OPHIOGLOSSALES,OPHIOGLOSSACEAE,Botrychium,lunaria,,Botrychium lunaria,(L.) Swartz,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This is a very widespread fern species in Europe which is locally frequent in parts of its range and occurs in a variety of habitats. The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) greatly exceed the values needed for a threatened Category, although these may be overestimated as they include historical data points. There are noted declines in parts of its range, such as in Germany, Finland and England, however it is not possible to estimate a percentage of decline for the entire population due to the fact that the species can remain alive underground for several years and thus appear as absent in surveys. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in view of its widespread distribution and large population size, but it should be noted that land abandonment and changes in agricultural practices and conversion of ancient meadows is a threat to this and other moonwort species in Europe, and thus monitoring of its population is recommended.",Decreasing,"The species is one of the most widely distributed moonworts, with a range that is essentially circumpolar. In North America, the species is found from Alaska throughout all northern states of Canada and the USA southwards to Pennsylvania. It is also present on Greenland (ISC 2014). It occurs throughout Europe and central and eastern Russia, eastwards to Japan, Korea, China and southwards to the Himalayas. It is also found in Turkey and Morocco and in the temperate zones of Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand and in Argentina (Cantlon et al. 1959, Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013). The taxonomical status of the specimens from the Southern Hemisphere needs to be investigated.

In Europe, it is found from Iceland and the Scandinavian countries, the British Isles and Ireland through all of western, central and eastern Europe to Greece, Spain and some Mediterranean islands, and on Pico (Azores) and Madeira in the Macaronesian Archipelago (Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013). Its distribution within countries varies; for example, it is found more frequently in the north and west of Britain (Stace 1997), and in France it is mostly found in the east and in the Pyrenees (Frey et al. 2006, Association Tela Botanica 2014).","This fern has an extremely wide range, but a very patchy distribution. It usually grows singularly or together with a few plants, rarely making larger stands (Page 1997). There are few available numerical data since plants are difficult to locate due to their small size and ephemeral nature. During some years plants remain underground, which may result in reports of loss of (parts of) the population, whereas they may still be there, but not evidently since they have not emerged above ground. 

However, the species is notably uncommon and declining in Fennoscandia, although still locally frequent in northern Britain and Ireland and in the Carpathians. It is always local and sometimes rare in most countries of north-western Europe, such as northern Italy and central Poland (Rose 1989, Marchetti 2003, Piekos-Mirkowa 2006, Woziwoda 2006). Some population declines are noted, for example in Germany (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2014) and the overall population trend is decreasing due to the abandonment of traditional grassland management, allowing this species to be over-shadowed and out-competed by larger plant species.","Botrychium lunaria grows on dryish to moist low grassland, meadows, coppices, heaths and moors often in uplands and rarely in deciduous or pine forests and open woodland. It is also found on dune slacks in the lowlands (Komarov 1968, Rose 1989, Page 1997, Van der Meijden 2005, Association Tela Botanica 2014, Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2014, Plants for a Future 2014). It is a characteristic species of four habitat types in Europe: acid Alpine and sub-Alpine grassland, Oro-Hellenic closed grassland, Pannonic closed sand steppes and Fenno-Scandian grasslands.

In areas where moonwort populations are frequent, they can also colonise old industrial spoil heaps and shale brings, particularly in central Scotland (Page 1997). It prefers soils that are neutral to alkaline, sometimes in soils direcly over limestone or chalk, or in calcareous sands, alluvium, basic clays, or in peaty soils where flushes of basic water creates lime-rich veins (Page 1997). Its elevation limits are 0 - 2,500 m. Gametophytes are mycoheterotrophic and these strong relationships with ectomycorrhizal fungi remain in adult state, making them susceptible to disturbance. Continued presence of decaying vegetable matter may be necessary for the success of moonwort (Page 1997).","The primary threat to this small fern is the loss of its open habitats to successional overgrowth (Woziwoda 2006, EOL 2014). It may also be subject to trampling and grazing in meadows with high animal stocking densities or in short turf by rabbits. In many parts of Europe, the species has seen a decline in frequency, and much of it in Britain is associated with ploughing and agricultural 'improvement' of long-established pastureland. Fluctuations in rabbit populations, increases in herbicide use and the spread of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) and land abandonment may all be factors that have had a substantial effect (H. Väre pers. comm. 2016).","This fern is grown ex situ in 17 botanic gardens worldwide (BCGI 2013), but it is not known whether spores are stored, and plants are difficult to maintain in cultivation. It is found in 181 Natura 2000 sites, in Belgium, Spain, Hungary and Finland, which includes formally protected areas such as Mount Brando National nature reserve, Ireland (EUNIS 2014). It is listed in the following national Red Lists (Zoological Society of London 2014):

Finland: Near Threatened (Rassi et al. 2010)

Germany: Endangered and subject to declines (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2014)

Hungary: Near Threatened (Király 2007)

Netherlands: Vulnerable (Van der Meijden et al. 2000) 

Norway: Near Threatened (Kålås et al. 2010)

Switzerland: Least Concern (Moser et al. 2002)

United Kingdom: Least Concern, but Vulnerable in England (Stroh et al. 2014)","This fern is historically used as a wound healing herb. The leaflets are used externally as an ointment or taken internally in the treatment of ruptures and dysentery (Plants for a Future 2014). In eastern Norway the young leaves are eaten in spring and have a lettuce-like taste (Øllgaard and Tind 1993), although it rarely occurs in such abundance that this is sustainable.","Schaefer, H.,García, M.","Christenhusz, M.,Bento Elias, R.,Chadburn, H.,Dyer, R.,Väre, H.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Ivanenko, Y.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,PSILOTOPSIDA,OPHIOGLOSSALES,OPHIOGLOSSACEAE,Botrychium,matricariifolium,,Botrychium matricariifolium,(Döll) A. Braun ex W.D.J. Koch,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



This species is assessed as Near Threatened because the number of mature individuals is close to 10,000, and there seem to be fewer than 1,000 in almost every country, and this therefore means that it is likely that there are less than 50 mature individuals in each subpopulation. In addition, it is experiencing a continuing decline that is predicted to continue in the future in the AOO, EOO, quality and extent of the habitats, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. Thus, it is close to qualify as threatened under criterion C. Fluctuations in the population size have been reported, but it is not clear whether they are extreme. This is a rare species with a scattered distribution throughout Europe. It is listed as threatened on all available national Red Lists and subpopulations are declining almost everywhere. The main threats are changes to its habitat such as reforestation, abandonment of grazing activities which lead to overgrowing and competition, or intensification of agriculture leading to eutrophication.",Decreasing,"Botrychium matricariifolium  is a circumpolar species found across North America, Europe and northern Asia. In Europe it is mainly distributed in central Europe, the Nordic countries and the European  part of the Russian Federation, extending to southeastern France and  the Balkan Peninsula  (Zlatkovićet al. 2009). 



In Italy, it was reported from the regions of Lombardia, Trentino Alto Adige, Veneto, Emilia-Romagna, Marche, Abruzzo and Campania and is found on more than four localities there. In France, it was recorded in Moselle, Bas-Rhin, Vosges, Haute-Savoie, Loire,  Haute-Loire, Ardeche, Vienne and Corsica (Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 2003-2010). In the Czech Republic it is found on mountainous areas especially the Sumava Mts. (including  Predsumavi and Novohradske hory Mts). It was extinct for more than 20  years there, but has been rediscovered since the 1990s until today. In total, 20 small sites are known, but the total area is difficult to estimate. In Hungary, it was known from four old localities which had not been confirmed during the last 40 years. It  was  thought to be extinct in the 2007 Red List, but a new locality with a few   individuals has been found in southern Hungary since then. In eastern Serbia it occurs mainly in the region of Stara Planina Mts, peak Tupanar. It has also been reported in Croatia and Bulgaria. In Lithuania, the species is rare and found in the southeast and east. In Switzerland, it is found at three localities in the Alps, between 800 and 1,800 m. Ten to twelve localities have disappeared during the past 50 years. The subpopulations are very small, occupying only a few m². It occurs throughout the Carpathians in Austria, Czech Republic, Poland,  Romania, Slovakia and Ukraine  (Witkowskiet al. 2003). In Ukraine it has been recorded from 14 localities and it grows on the lowland part, mainly in the forest steppe zone and in the Carpathian Mountains (in Chornogora, Svidivez mountain massifs, in Chivczinski Mountains and Transcarpathian lowland). The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be just above 2,000 km² in Europe and c. 1,000 km² in the EU 28.","Due to changes in land management and agricultural practices, this species is disappearing from many sites, although this is difficult to monitor because plants do not emerge every year. The following population information is available for individual countries:

Albania: fewer than 50 individuals. Zlatkovićet al. (2009) reported that this species is present in a 50 × 50 km  territory that belongs to Quafë e Guricus in north Albania. Its current status is uncertain

Belarus: it is found at around twelve localities

Belgium: disappeared from Flanders and Brussels

Bulgaria: probably less than 50 individuals as the plant is listed as Critically Endangered D on the national Red List

Croatia: known from one site only



Czech Republic: the total number of individuals is smaller than 1,000. One site has more than 100 individuals, the others  have only dozens of individuals. Strong fluctuations have been noticed

Denmark: 1,000 individuals (NERI 2007)



France: about 30 subpopulations (Alpes, Cevennes, Massif Central, Pyrénées, Alsace, Corse) which are often small, ranging from a few individuals to 35, but less than 1,000 individuals are estimated overall. Counting of the number of individuals is difficult, as the plants do not appear every year. The subpopulations are declining overall

Finland: the species has heavily declined (H. Väre pers. comm. 2016)

Germany: the subpopulations are declining and the species is extinct in several regions



Italy: in total there are less than 250 individuals, the subpopulations are declining and severely fragmented

Lithuania: a site can hold a single individual or up to dozens of them but all undergo strong fluctuations

Netherlands: one subpopulation existed that is now extinct (Van der Meijden 2005)

Norway: it was formerly known from 47 sites, but now it is only known from nine sites with very few individuals, often only single plants and rarely more than five. The overall population size is decreasing (Artsdatabanken 2010)

Serbia: there are less than 50 individuals in total (Zlatković et al.2009)



Sweden: the population size is around 1,000 individuals and the subpopulations are declining, there are extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals and is suspected and the subpopulations are severely fragmented



Switzerland: only 16 individuals in total are known and the population is rapidly decreasing. However the detectability of the species is very low and therefore it is difficult to obtain sound values.

Ukraine: half of the 14 localities were recorded before 1950. The number of individuals in Ukraine are very low, with only four to five individuals per site (Melnyk 2009)

United Kingdom: a single historical specimen of this species is known.","The species occurs on coastal and inland grasslands and dry meadows on poor soil, which are grazed or used for hay-making (H. Väre and Y. Ivanenko pers. comm. 2016). It can also be found in woodland and open scrub   (Morgan and Leon 1992). It is typical of acidic oligotrophic substrates. It can occur in open forests in Ukraine such as pine, oak, hornbeam and beech, but it does not frequently occur in forests elsewhere as it dislikes to be shaded.



It normally grows in the vegetation of high mountain and sub-alpine pasture community. The species undergoes strong natural fluctuations on its population size due to  weather conditions. Its elevation limits are 0-1,800 m.","The main threats to this species are changes to its habitat such as reforestation, abandonment of grazing activities (leading to overgrowth and succession), competition with other species, and intensification of agriculture causing eutrophication. Locally, infrastructure development for tourism, pig rearing, or trampling have been described as threats.","Botrychium matricariifolium is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed on many national Red Lists as follows:

Belarus: Endangered (Ermakova 2005)

Bulgaria: Critically Endangered (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009)

Croatia: Critically Endangered (Nikolić and Topić 2005)

Czech Republic: Critically Endangered (Holub and Procházka 2000)

Denmark: Vulnerable (NERI 2007)

Estonia: Critically Endangered (listed as Endangered which is highest national category; Lilleleht 2008)

Finland: Endangered (Rassi et al. 2010)

France: Vulnerable; D1 (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012)

Germany: Endangered (level 2; Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)

Italy: Endangered      (Rossi et al. 2013)

Lithuania: Endangered (Rašomavičius 2007)

Netherlands: Extinct, last seen in 1840 (Van der Meijden 2005)

Norway: Critically Endangered (Artsdatabanken 2010)

Romania: not threatened (Witkowski et al. 2003)

Russia: Vulnerable (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010) in the Leningrad, Pskov and Tver regions 

Serbia: Critically Endangered (Tomovićet al.  2009)

Spain: Extinct (Moreno 2008)

Sweden: Endangered (Gärdenfors 2010)

Switzerland: Critically Endangered (Moser et al. 2002)

Ukraine: Endangered (Diduch 2009)

The Carpathian Red List classes this species as Endangered (Witkowskiet al. 2003). In several countries it is protected by national legislation, including Hungary, France and Lithuania. It occurs on protected areas, for example the Carpathian biosphere reserve, and also in several Natura 2000 sites.



Management of its habitat with traditional, extensive grazing activities is recommended for this species. More research about population dynamics and ecology is needed. The subpopulations should be monitored.",This species is not used.,"García, M.,Troia, A.","Dyer, R.,Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.,Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.,Bento Elias, R.","Bilz, M.",,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,PSILOTOPSIDA,OPHIOGLOSSALES,OPHIOGLOSSACEAE,Botrychium,multifidum,,Botrychium multifidum,(S.G.Gmel.) Rupr.,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



Botrychium multifidum is locally common in the Nordic countries and in Russia although it is listed as Near Threatened (Sweden, Finland) or Vulnerable (Norway, Denmark) in all Nordic states. An alarming decline is noted in all countries and it is included in more than half of the national Red Lists where it occurs, however its current decline is estimated to be not rapidly enough to qualify for a threatened Category. In the EU 28, the species is assessed as Near Threatened since a decline of nearly 30% is estimated over the last three generations.",Decreasing,"Botrychium multifidum is found on boreal and temperate zones of Europe, North America and North Asia. It is very local in north, central and east Europe. It is mostly absent from Atlantic Europe, but is found in the west from Germany, Denmark to the northern Alps in France, Austria, Switzerland, Italy  and Slovenia, in the Appenines, extending northwards into Fennoscandia (up to 70° N) and scattered eastwards into Russia and Ukraine to Romania and the Black Sea. It occurs in eastern Europe north of the Danube river   (Käsermann and Moser 1999).



In Lithuania there are 15-20 localities mainly in the east and southeast, but two outlying subpopulations on the northwest coast. There are more than a hundred records in total. In Russia, it is found in the centre-north and in the northwest, but is extinct in Kaliningrad. It grows in the lowland part of Ukraine, in deciduous and mixed coniferous-broad leaved forests zone and lesosteppe (forest steppe zone)  and in the Carpathian Mountains. It is found on several parts of Belarus. In Finland, it is widespread throughout the country and it is also found in southwest Norway where it occurs up to 2,940 m elevation. The species is extinct in Switzerland, where the last locality is thought to have disappeared in 1998. In Europe, the area of occurrence (AOO) is calculated as 4,668 km2 (although this may be an overestimation as many historical sites have since disappeared), and in the EU 28 it is estimated to be 2,964 km2.","Due to changes in land management and agricultural practices, this species is disappearing from many sites, although this is difficult to monitor because plants do not emerge every year. In Germany, the species was known from eight federal estates, but is now  only found on two. There are around ten subpopulations, of which two are in  Berlin and eight in Bavaria (Bayerischer Wald). The Bavarian subpopulations are made up of around 40 individuals (data from 1999 and  2001; Ahlmer 2010). In France, the last subpopulation had one individual in 2000, and in 2006, a hole in the soil at the site of the last individual was seen. It might be regionally extinct following the harvesting of the last individual. The species is extinct in the wild in Switzerland.



In Lithuania, the subpopulations are small in each area. It could be overlooked and there might be more individuals than assumed, but the habitat is declining and this may affect the numbers. In Italy, there are less than 250 mature individuals with a declining population trend. In Sweden, the population is rapidly decreasing. The situation is similar in Norway, where the subpopulations are assumed to decrease by 30-50% in the next 30 years. In Denmark, there are 200 individuals with a declining trend. In Finland, the species is decreasing in the southern part of the country (H. Väre pers. comm. 2016). In Ukraine, the species was known from 67 localities, of which 35 where found before 1950. The local subpopulations occupy very small places: from 1 m² to 150 m². The number of individuals in the subpopulations is very low, ranging from two to 400 individuals (Melnyk 2009). In Russia, the species seems to be stable and still common (Y. Ivanenko 2016). The overall population trend is declining.



A decline of nearly 30% over the last three-generations period is estimated for the EU 28. A generation length for this long-lived species is difficult to estimate and can be between 30 and 80 years, and thus the three-generation period is estimated to be 90 - 240 years.","Botrychium multifidum mainly occurs as single plants, but one plant produces many spores. The reproduction of this plant is dependent on symbiotic fungi and it is therefore difficult to propagate via spores or vegetatively, which would make ex-situ conservation and reintroduction a complex process. It prefers soils that are acidic and clayey and is found in grasslands, montane meadows and pastureland, in dwarf shrubland and in light dry forest and wood margins (Komarov 1968, Käsermann and Moser 1999, Klotz et al. 2002).



In Lithuania, the habitat is not very common: short and dry sandy soil grasslands, open pine areas and fringes of pine areas. In Russia, it has also been reported from moist grasslands, edges of pine forests, sand soils, mixed forests with pine and birch (Y. Ivanenko pers. comm. 2016) and in Ukraine, it grows on spruce, pine, beech, birch, oak, hornbeam, ash, alder forest, shrub communities and on meadows. In Finland, the species is found along rivers and dry meadows, although currently it is found mostly on roadsides (H. Väre pers. comm. 2016). 



In Sweden, this plant is typical of compacted terraces along rivers and next to houses. Farms have been abandoned and with it the compression of the soil by the cattle. This leads to succession processes in ancient meadows and these changes in vegetation negatively impact the subpopulations. The main habitat where this species grows is disappearing, though it can still be found in other secondary habitats. Its elevation limits are 0 - 2,940 m.","Changes in land management and grazing as well as trampling by hikers or livestock are the main threats to this species. The abandonment of rural areas and traditional ways of living (cattle ranching) led to formerly open  areas with compacted soils being changed through succession into unsuitable habitats for this species. Furthermore, fertilization (associated with intensive agricultural practices) increases competition with grasses and large herbs. Reforestation, cutting of the forest and unfavourable forest management are further threats. Collection is a threat especially in those areas where only a few individuals remain, such as Germany and France. In Russia, forestry can be a threat, but only locally as the species is still abundant there.","This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). There are several conservation measures in place and it is listed on the following national Red Lists: 

Belarus: Vulnerable (Ermakova 2005)

Denmark: Vulnerable (NERI 2007)



Finland: Near Threatened A2ac (Rassi et al. 2010)

France: nationally protected

Germany: Critically Endangered, level 1 (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996) and under national protection

Hungary: Critically Endangered (Király 2007)

Italy: Endangered (Rossi et al. 2013)

Lithuania: found in some protected areas in the east and west, classed as Rare in the Red List (Rašomavičius 2007)

Norway: Vulnerable (Artsdatabanken 2010)

Russia: widely protected. In the Pskov region it is considered rare

Serbia: Critically Endangered (Stevanović 1999)

Sweden: Near Threatened (Gärdenfors 2010) and legally protected. Meadows in the north should be managed in a way to improve the conditions for this species.  In south Sweden some initiatives seem to take place

Switzerland: Regionally Extinct   (Käsermann and Moser 1999)

Ukraine: legally protected. Listed in the Red Book (Didukh 2009) as rare, protected in Desnjansko-Starogutskij national park

An estimation of the rate of decline throughout its range is needed to assess the threat status of this species. Monitoring for this species is recommended. It is present in protected areas throughout its range.",In Sweden and Ukraine it was thought to have magical properties in the past and was used for witchcraft.,"García, M.,Troia, A.","Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Christenhusz, M.,Ivanenko, Y.,Dyer, R.","Juillet, N.,Rasomavicius, V.,Illarionova, I.,Gygax, A.,Melnyk, V.,Ericsson, S.",,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,PSILOTOPSIDA,OPHIOGLOSSALES,OPHIOGLOSSACEAE,Botrychium,simplex,,Botrychium simplex,E. Hitchc.,,No,EN,A2c,No,EN,A2c; B2b(v)c(iv),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



Botrychium simplexis  a rare species with a scattered distribution throughout Europe. Subpopulations are small, often consisting of single individuals. It is  listed as threatened on all available national Red Lists and the subpopulations  are declining almost everywhere. In a few countries, the species is only known from one single locality, sometimes a single individual. The main threats are changes to its  habitat such as  reforestation, abandonment of grazing activities which  lead to  overgrowth and competition, or intensification of agriculture  which  leads to eutrophication. Extreme fluctuations in the population size have been reported in Fennoscandia. The number of mature individuals seems  to be less than 10,000 in total as often only very few  individuals are found. As it is extinct in several countries and several Red Lists show a higher threatened category than on earlier assessments, it is inferred that its extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO) and habitat quality have been reduced more than 50% the last three generations (60-90 years).",Decreasing,"This fern species has a circumpolar northern temperate and boreal distribution, being found in Europe, Asia and North America. In Europe, it occurs mainly near the coasts up to 65° N in Sweden, Finland, Denmark, the Baltic States, Poland and Russia. It is present in Iceland and southern Norway and is found as a glacial relict species in central European mountains (France, Switzerland, Italy). In the south it extends to the eastern Pyrenees in France, Corsica and Slovenia (Käsermann and Moser 1999). It is not clear whether this species is present in the Spanish Pyrenees (Castroviejoet al. 1986).



In France, it occurs at 10 localities in Corsica (massif du San Petrone, Niolu), Midi-Pyrénées (Aveyron, plateau de l’Aubrac), Pyrénées-Orientales (massif du Carlit); Rhônes-Alpes (Isère, Haute-Savoie, vallée de Chamonix) and Savoie (Beaufortin) between 1,300 and 2,000 m. In Germany, it is known from only one site near Paderborn, where it was rediscovered in 1993 (Frey et al. 2006, Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2008). In Greece, there is only one locality in Smolikas, in the northwest close to the Albanian border at 2,000 m. There are two stations in Italy (Trentino Alto Adige) and one in Lithuania and Latvia. The species is extinct in Belgium (formerly in Flanders and Brussels; Van Landuyt et al. 2006), the Czech Republic, Estonia, Poland, Slovenia and Switzerland. In Poland there were approximately 25 known localities in the past of which only two were found until the 1980s: Wierzchowo Lake near Szczecinek and at Kiedrowickie Lake near Lipnica in Bory Tucholskie (Tucholskie Forests). Both localities have extensively been searched during the last 20 years but the species has not been found again and therefore this plant is considered as possibly extinct in Poland (Kalinka and Nowak 2004). In Slovenia, one locality was found in the mid 20th century in the Julian Alps, but this is now extinct. In Switzerland, one locality has been confirmed but in 1970-1980, three to four others have been observed at elevations of 1,500-2,300 m. The species has not been recorded there since 1971 and is therefore  believed to have disappeared. However, it is possible that there might be undetected subpopulations (Käsermann and Moser 1999).



The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is only ca 660 km², but this includes historical collections and thus is likely to be an overestimation. In the EU 28, the AOO is ca 400 km².","Due to changes in land management and agricultural practices, this species is disappearing from many sites, although it is difficult to monitor because plants do not emerge every year. Individuals are difficult to count due to their small size and irregular appearance. The following population information is available for different countries (Commission of European Communities 2009):

Austria: 400-500 individuals

Denmark: 118-237 individuals

Finland: 116 individuals with extreme fluctuations

France: less than 200 individuals in 14 localities in 14 communes

Italy: the subpopulation is stable and there is a total of 15 individuals between the two sites

Lithuania: only one single individual is known

Norway: less than 2,500 individuals in total that undergo extreme fluctuations (Artsdatabanken 2010)

Sweden: 2,000 individuals with extreme fluctuations

The subpopulations are declining in most of its range. It is suspected that the species has declined by at least 50% over the last three generations (60-90 years). Furthermore, extreme fluctuations in the population size have been reported in Fennoscandia and it is assumed that this occurs through the whole of the distribution.","Botrychium simplex prefers fresh, moderately dry to wet, alkali-poor, sandy clay soils. Its habitats are acidic, oligotrophic mat-grass communities, heather and gorse heathlands, meadows, pastureland, shrubland, the banks of rivers and lakes and the edges of bogs and forests. It mainly occurs as single plants, but it produces many spores. The establishment of this fern is dependent on symbiotic fungi and it is therefore difficult to propagate it via spores or vegetatively, which makes reintroduction difficult if not impossible (Komarov 1968, Käsermann and Moser 1999, Klotz et al. 2002, Frey et al. 2006, Y. Ivanenko pers. comm. 2016). Its elevation limits are 850-2,300 m.","The modification of cultivation practices such as the abandonment of pastoral systems or the increased use of fertilisers is threatening this species. Eutrophication probably damages the symbiotic fungi on which Botrychium species depend. Trampling and overgrazing by livestock has negative effects. The conversion of its natural habitat into forest plantations or tourist developments (e.g. roads, ski slopes) leads to habitat loss. Changes to its natural habitat and a loss of quality are also caused by landfill, drying out, drainage or management of water levels. Collection of the plant and peat extraction are local threats (Käsermann and Moser 1999, Commission of the European Communities 2009).","Botrychium simplex is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed on the following national red lists:

Czech Republic: Extinct (Holub and Procházka 2000, Grulich 2012)

Denmark: Endangered (NERI 2007)

Estonia: Extinct (Lilleleht 1998, 2008)

Finland: Endangered; B1+2abcde+3d (Rassi et al. 2001) amended to Critically Endangered C1+2a(ii)b (Rassi et al. 2010)

France: Endangered (Olivier et al. 1995) and then amended to Vulnerable D2 (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012)

Germany: Critically Endangered, level 2 (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)

Italy: Vulnerable (Conti et al. 1997) and then amended to Critically Endangered B2ab(i,ii,iv,v) (Rossi et al. 2013)

Lithuania: Endangered (Rašomavičius 2007)

Norway: Critically Endangered C2b (Kålås et al. 2006) and then amended to Endangered (Artsdatabanken 2010, Kålås et al. 2010)

Russia: Critically Endangered (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010)

Sweden: Endangered; B2b(iii,iv,v)c(iv); C2a(i) (Gärdenfors 2005, 2010)

Switzerland: Critically Endangered (Moser et al. 2002)

This species is protected by national law in several countries including Germany, France, Switzerland and Sweden. It is found in national parks, protected areas and Natura 2000 sites. Monitoring of the subpopulations is recommended and management of the sites in a way that is favourable to the species.",This species is not used.,"García, M.,Troia, A.","Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.,Väre, H.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Christenhusz, M.","Bilz, M.",,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,PSILOTOPSIDA,OPHIOGLOSSALES,OPHIOGLOSSACEAE,Botrychium,virginianum,,Botrychium virginianum,(L.) Sw.,,No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",No,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



Botrychium virginianum is a fern with a broad distribution, but is rare throughout Europe (where it may be a separate taxon). It has a small area of occupancy (AOO) of ca 1,000 km²in Europe and 623 km² in the EU 28, the population size has been reduced in many parts of its range, particularly in Scandinavia and the Alps. The population is considered to be severely fragmented and it has experienced a decline in the area of occupancy, extent and quality of the habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. It is therefore listed as Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"This is a very widespread and taxonomically complex species found throughout the Northern Hemisphere and in South America. In Europe (where plants are sometimes considered to belong to a separate variety, B. virginianum var. europaeum) it is found in northeastern Europe, from Finland to a few isolated places in Switzerland, Romania and central Ukraine (Frey et al. 2006). The area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,000 km², although this is an overestimation as it includes historical subpopulations that have since disappeared. In the EU 28, the AOO is estimated to be ca 623 km².","This is a rare species throughout its range. Due to changes in land management and agricultural practices, it is disappearing from many sites although this is difficult to monitor because plants do not emerge every year. The population is considered to be severely fragmented and it experiences fluctuations, although these are not extreme.","The species is found on clearings in montane forest, forest margins, forest glades, coppices or alpine acidic grassland (Komarov 1968, Frey et al. 2006). In Finland and Russia it grows in lowland spruce forests with calcareous soil in moist habitats (H. Väre pers. comm. 2016). In the Ural Mountains it can grow on relatively dry pine forests (Y. Ivanenko pers. comm. 2016). Its elevation limits are 0-1,200 m.",Habitat shifting due to changes in land management and eutrophication from agricultural fertiliser run-off causes vegetation to grow taller and this may outcompete Botrychium virginianum. It is also threatened by forest management activities and clear cutting.,"The species is present in protected areas throughout its range. Habitat protection and prevention of agricultural run-off are the best means to protect this species. It is difficult to cultivate and reintroduce due to its strong mycorrhizal relationship, but in North America it is cultivated occasionally and these horticultural techniques could be applied to start reintroduction programmes. Botrychium virginianum is listed on the following national Red Lists:

Austria: Endangered (Witkowski et al. 2003)

Estonia: Critically Endangered (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012)

Finland: Endangered; B1+2bcde+3d (Rassi et al. 2001) and Endangered B2ab(iii,iv,v); C1+2a(i) (Rassi et al. 2010)

Germany: Extremely Rare (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)

Hungary: Endangered (Witkowski et al. 2003) amended to Critically Endangered (Király 2007)

Lithuania: Endangered (Rašomavičius 2007)

Romania: Vulnerable (Witkowski et al. 2003)

Slovakia: Extinct (Witkowski et al. 2003)

Sweden: Near Threatened (Gärdenfors 2000), amended to Vulnerable C2a(i) (Gärdenfors 2005) and changed to Endangered B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v) (Gärdenfors 2010). A clear trend is showcased here

Switzerland: Critically Endangered (Moser et al. 2002)

Research on its taxonomy, population size and trends and threats is needed. Monitoring of its population trends is also recommended.",This species is not used.,"Troia, A.,García, M.","Bento Elias, R.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Rouhan, G.,Ivanenko, Y.,Dyer, R.,Väre, H.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,PTERIDACEAE,Cosentinia,vellea,,Cosentinia vellea,(Aiton) Tod.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This fern species is widespread and still has sizeable subpopulations in some areas of the Canary Islands and the Mediterranean, particularly in Spain, Italy and Greece, and its overall population appears to be stable. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Cosentinia vellea is a pan-Mediterranean species which is found from Madeira, the Canary Islands and Cape Verde, across northern Africa and the Mediterranean, east to Iran and India, throughout the Arabian Peninsula and the Horn of Africa to Ethiopia. In Europe, it is found in the southern Iberian Peninsula, the Mediterranean coasts north to the Roussillon (France), the south of Italy, Greece and Crete, Cyprus and on most other Mediterranean islands (e.g. Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Aegean Islands).",This is a scattered but widespread species and its subpopulations appear to be stable.,"This species inhabits sunny, dry rocky crevices, especially dolomitic, calcareous or sometimes siliceous, mostly found in hot, semi-arid, Mediterranean climates (e.g. Tutin et al. 1964). The species can be found on old stone buildings, especially in Madeira (Press and Short 1994). Its elevation range is 0 - 1,000 m.",This species is locally under threat from habitat destruction due to the demolition of walls as a result of road construction and changes in land use.,"The species occurs in protected areas and is protected by law in France (Prelli 2001). It is listed as Vulnerable D1+2 on the French Red List (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012). Habitat protection and translocation when the habitat is under threat of destruction for road building or other activities is advised.",This species is not used.,"García, M. & Ivanova, D.","Christenhusz, M., Bento Elias, R., Dyer, R., Ivanenko, Y., Rouhan, G., Rumsey, F. & Väre, H.,",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,PTERIDACEAE,Cryptogramma,crispa,,Cryptogramma crispa,(L.) Hook.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species is locally abundant, is widespread and has no known threats. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This fern occurs in the more montane areas of Europe and Asia. It is present in scattered areas throughout temperate Asia, eastwards to Japan and Kamchatka. In Europe it has an arctic-alpine distribution, being mostly distributed in northern Britain and Ireland, western and northern Scandinavia and in the mountains of central and southern Europe, southwards to Former Yugoslavic Republic of Macedonia, northern Greece (Thrace) and the Iberian Peninsula (Page 1997).","This fern can occur in great abundances on scree slopes  At the margins of its distribution, subpopulations become smaller. There has been a decline in the southern part of the United Kingdom (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016), but its overall population trend is stable.","Parsley Fern is a calcifuge montane plant often forming large patches on steep mountain sides on acidic scree slopes, boulder fields and cliff ledges, avoiding the highly mobile parts of scree slopes and establishing in places that are slightly more stable, along scree flanks and talus fans, and especially among large boulders where movement is slight (Tutin et al. 1964, Page 1997). It is not common at sea level (for instance in north Wales), but it can be found up to 2,900 m. It also occurs on old mine spoils.","There are no known threats to this locally abundant species. Although in the past it has been affected by mining, eventually this could be beneficial to the species since it is able to invade screes formed by old mine spoils, once stabilised.","No conservation measures are in place or needed, and it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. In England it is listed as Vulnerable (on the basis of a 34% AOO decline), and in the United Kingdom as Least Concern (Stroh et al. 2014). This species is protected in Wallonia, Belgium (Dufrêne 2016).",This species is not used.,"Schaefer, H.,García, M.","Christenhusz, M.,Dyer, R.,Bento Elias, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rouhan, G.,Rumsey, F.,Väre, H.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,PTERIDACEAE,Cryptogramma,stelleri,,Cryptogramma stelleri,(S.G.Gmel.) Prantl,,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)



This is a widespread species that is of marginal occurrence in Europe, its core populations being found in Siberia and Canada. Since the population trend is stable and there are no major threats to the species, it is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This is a pan-Arctic species which is found across northern North America and Siberia, southwards to Central Asia and westwards to the Ural Mountains. In Europe, it is restricted to the far northeast of European Russia. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km2, as measured from data from the Atlas Florae Europaeae, but this is probably an underestimate due to the lack of modern data of the subpopulations in that region.","The trend of European populations of this species is not known. However, considering the habitats where it occurs, it is assumed to be stable (Y. Ivanenko pers. comm. 2016).","Cryptogramma stelleri is found in rock fissures and crevices in the shade, often on sheltered calcareous cliffs and rock ledges, typically in taiga or other coniferous forests (Komarov 1968, Tutin et al. 1964). It is also found on rocky slopes (Y. Ivanenko pers. comm. 2016). Its altitudinal limits are 0 - 3,000 m Asl.",There are no threats to this species.,"It is unknown if the species occurs in protected areas throughout its range. There are no conservation actions in place. The species does not seem to be of conservation concern in northeastern European Russia, as it is widespread and its habitat is abundant in the region.",This species is not used.,"García, M. & Ivanova, D.","Christenhusz, M., Bento Elias, R., Dyer, R., Ivanenko, Y., Rouhan, G., Rumsey, F. & Väre, H.,",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,CYATHEALES,CYATHEACEAE,Culcita,macrocarpa,,Culcita macrocarpa,C.Presl,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"A loss has been reported in area, quality and extent of habitat and number of mature individuals of this species due to threats such as fires, forest plantations and hydrological power plants. There are indications that its subpopulations in mainland Spain and Portugal have been decreasing seriously, but the rate of this decline in the last three generations is not known, particularly as individuals are very long-lived. Nevertheless, the Azorean subpopulations account for more than 10,000 individuals and seem stable, and the species is protected by law in Portugal. Therefore, the overall decline is not thought to reach 30% in the last three-generation length period.



However, the area of occupancy (AOO) of this rare species is smaller than 2,000 km² and a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence (EOO) and AOO is taking place. Therefore, the species is assessed as Near Threatened since it is close to qualify as threatened under criterion B. The habitats of this species need protection and its biology requires further research.",Stable,"Culcita macrocarpais endemic to Portugal and Spain. It is closely related to C. coniifolia, a tropical American species, and these are the only two species in the genus. It can be found in the north Cantabrian coast, northern Galicia, southern Spain (Algeciras), the Canary Islands (Tenerife), in the Serra de Valongo near Porto (Portugal), the Azores (Corvo, Faial, Flores, Pico, Sao Miguel, Sao Jorge, Terceira) and Madeira (Bañareset al. 2004). In Spain, the area of occupancy is 62 km² (Bañareset al. 2004). In Portugal mainland, the surface range of the species is 100 km² and it is 1,451 km² in the Azores and Madeira (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Overall, the area of occupancy (AOO) for this species is less than 2,000 km².","In Portugal, the population has been estimated to be of ca 300 individuals on the mainland (Commission of the European Communities 2009), but more than 10,000 plants occur in the Azores (Silvaet al. 2009), where it is abundant. It has been indicated that the area of occupancy has been reduced in the last decades (ICN 2006) and a continuing decline in the EOO and AOO is currently taking place.



The subpopulation in Spain has been estimated to comprise ca 20,000 individuals distributed across six regions including Asturias, Cádiz, Cantabria, Galicia, the Basque Country and on the island of Tenerife   (Bañareset al.2004), and although it is very localised, subpopulations can be reasonably large. The overall population trend is assumed to be stable.","This tree fern grows on siliceous rocky slopes, especially in deep valleys under evergreen forest and near coastal areas, sometimes in scrubland up to 1,100 m elevation.It is usually  found close towaterfalls or streams that provide moisture in the form of spray. This species requires shade and warm  temperatures all year round, with high atmospheric humidity to flourish. The  thickness of the soil does not appear to condition their development  as they grow on  earthy or stony slopes, skeletal soils and even  directlyon a diversity of acid rocks,  basic or ultrabasic, although it apparently avoids limestone substrates (Bañares et al. 2004). In the Azores, it is a common species in the herbaceous layer of high elevation montane forests (R. Elias pers. comm. 2016). 

","There is no evidence that subpopulations of Culcita macrocarpa are threatened by natural causes, although the knowledge of its biology is still scarce. The species could be affected by changes in the water supply, plantations and the cutting of trees (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). In recent years, a reduction or even disappearance of several subpopulations in natural parks or areas proposed as Natura 2000 sites has been observed.The main causes appear to be the conversion of forests into plantations, the construction of small hydro-plants, vandalism and habitat destruction (Bañares et al. 2004). In Portugal, fire is the main threat to the species and eucalyptus plantations are causing desiccation of the soil, leading to an alteration of its preferred habitat (ICN 2006). Madeira has seen a decline of at least 25% on its subpopulations over the last decade, but the decline in the Azores is not substantiated (Martín et al. 2008). 

","Culcita macrocarpa is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). This species is included in the Spanish Red Data Book as Endangered (EN) A2ce; B1b(i,ii,iii)c(i,ii) (Moreno2008) and considered to be Endangered in the Canary Islands (Sanchez Velazquez 2002). It is protected by national law in Portugal. 

Several subpopulations are located in protected areas, with conservation measures underway. It is suggested to protect the species in micro-reserves, to reinforce and protect effective subpopulations, to manage the risk from fires and to preserve its forest habitat. Studies on its reproductive biology should be continued (Bañareset al. 2004, ICN 2006).","This plant has been used commercially for ornamental purposes by florists in Porto. It is also of medicinal use (ICN 2006). Its rhizome scales were formerly used to stuff cushions, for example for old fashioned car seats, but this is no longer the case.","Schaefer, H.,García, M.","Bento Elias, R.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Väre, H.,Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.","Moreno Saiz, J.C.,Caldas, F.B.",,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Cystopteris,fragilis,,Cystopteris fragilis,(L.) Bernh.,"This species is a polyploid complex which comprises diploid to octoploid cytotypes, however a global revision is currently not available. Some authors recognise several species (four or five) in the European area (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016), but these are not accepted in general floras of the area, nor in the Euro+Med checklist. For the purposes of this assessment, these cytotypes will all be considered under C. fragilis as the information available for this taxon does not allow to treat these cytotypes as separate.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This fern species is gregarious, fast-growing and common in much of its widespread range. Its current population trend is stable and there no major threats to the species. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This species has a nearly worldwide distribution, although it is restricted to temperate climates. Hence, it is found in the temperate zones in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, and in mountains and on oceanic islands in the tropics and sub-tropics. In Europe it is widespread throughout northern and moister middle latitudes, spreading to the Macaronesia but becoming less abundant in the Mediterranean (Page 1997), where it is ecologically replaced by Adiantum capillus-veneris (Pteridaceae).

This assessment includesC. fragilis subsp. dickieana, which receives legal protection in Britain on its extreme rarity. However, there has been considerable debate about its taxonomic status in the Cystopteris fragilis complex, and allozyme studies proved it not to be distinct (Parks et al. 2000).","In many places this is a common and gregarious fern, which is fast-growing and occurs in small groups or large numbers. The current population trend is stable.","This species occurs in calcicolous, shaded rocks in wet mountainous and rocky lowland areas. It also occurs in rocky woodlands, wet ravines, mountain cliffs, screes, cave mouths, sink holes, gyres of limestone pavements, sandstone cliffs and on masonry in mortar on shaded walls, ruins, gardens, under bridges over streams and rivers, canal sidings and other brick-work in shade, where they have no competition from other vascular plants (Page 1997, Y. Ivanenko pers. comm. 2016). In Macaronesia, and sometimes elsewhere, it is also found on acid substrates (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). Its elevation limits are 0 - 2,700 m.","There are no major threats to this species, however the subpopulations on walls in urban settings may be threatened by renovation activities.","When walls housing this species need repair, they are best re-grouted with traditional lime mortar, and when possible, at least some or all plants need to be left in place when grouting. Cystopteris fragilis is found in many protected areas throughout its range.

The species is generally considered not to be of conservation concern, but it is listed as Vulnerable in the Netherlands (Van der Meijdenet al. 2000), where it is protected by law (Flora en Fauna Wet 1998). Several forms appear on national Red Lists: Cystopteris fragilis subsp. dickieana is listed as Vulnerable in the United Kingdom (Wigginton 1999, Cheffings and Farrell 2005) and as critically threatened in the Czech Republic (Grulich 2012; where its occurrence may be dubious). Cystopteris fragilis subsp. huteri is listed as Endangered in Andorra (Carrillo et al. 2008). In England, Cystopteris fragilis subsp. alpina is listed as Extinct, and Cystopteris fragilis subsp. diaphana is listed as Vulnerable (Stroh et al. 2014). In Ukraine, Cystopteris fragilis subsp. alpina is included as a Rare species. 

Further research is needed to clarify the taxonomic status of this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Schaefer, H.,García, M.","Bento Elias, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rouhan, G.,Väre, H.,Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Cystopteris,montana,,Cystopteris montana,(Lam.) Desv.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This fern has a wide distribution and occurs in remote areas that are not immediately under pressure from human development. Even though the species is rare throughout its range and the effects that future climate change may have on its subpopulations are uncertain, the current population trend is stable, it can be locally abundant and it is found in protected areas throughout its range. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Cystopteris montana is found on mountainous areas throughout the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, although discontinuously. In Europe it has an arctic-alpine distribution, centering on Fennoscandia, northern Britain, the Pyrenees, the Alps and other central and eastern European mountains. It is also found in the Caucasus (Page 1997).","The species has a patchy distribution and often occurs sparingly. It is rare, but can be locally fairly abundant. The species seems to be stable across its range, especially in the northern part of its distribution area.","The species grows mainly on dripping rock ledges on north facing steep gully sides and rocky slopes in areas where the summer maximum does not exceed 28 degrees Celsius. It usually occurs on mountain woodland in montane areas. It prefers basic soils and can be found on unstable, micaceous wet rocky screes with plenty of seepage water and where they are protected from sun and wind (Tutin et al. 1964, Page 1997). In Fennoscandia and Russia the species is also found in lowland calcareous moist spruce (Picea abies) and mountain birch (Betula pubescens subsp. czerepanovii) forests (H. Väre pers. comm. 2016). Its elevation limits are 700 - 2,500 m.","The threats to this species are unknown, but considering its climatic preference for cool mountain and arctic habitats, it may be under threat from future climate change. However, as it occurs on the lowlands in the north of its distribution, it may be less affected by climate change there. The sites where it occurs are often remote.","Cystopteris montana is listed as nationally rare in the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005) and as Near Threatened in Spain (Moreno 2008). It is not of conservation concern in Germany and Switzerland (Ludwig and Schnittler 1997, Moser et al. 2002). No conservation measures are currently in place and none appear to be needed. The species is found in many protected areas throughout is range.",This species is not utilised.,"Troia, A.,García, M.","Dyer, R.,Rouhan, G.,Rumsey, F.,Väre, H.,Ivanenko, Y.,Bento Elias, R.,Christenhusz, M.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Cystopteris,sudetica,,Cystopteris sudetica,A. Br. & Milde,,No,NT,,No,VU,B2ab(v),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



In Europe, this widespread fern species is assessed as Near Threatened since it has an area of occupancy (AOO) is 452 km² and its population is considered to be severely fragmented. In the EU 28, excluding the large subpopulations in Norway, Switzerland, Ukraine and Russia, it is assessed as Vulnerable in view of its small AOO of 204 km2, its severely fragmented population and the fact that there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals.",Stable,"Cystopteris sudetica is a continental species found from central Europe to east Asia. In Europe it occurs on the hills and mountains of southern Norway, at one site in Estonia and in sporadic places in the Alps. It is also present from the Czech Republic across Slovakia, southern Poland and the Carpathian mountains in Romania and Ukraine. It occurs in Belarus, throughout north, northwest and central European Russia to the Urals, from where its distribution continues patchily throughout the mountain regions of Central Asia, the Caucasus and China, eastwards to Korea and Japan. In Europe, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is over 4 million km², but its area of occupancy (AOO) is just 452 km². In the EU 28, its AOO is 204 km².","The subpopulations are typically small and widely dispersed and thus the population seems to be severely fragmented. The overall population trend is stable even though the subpopulations in Norway, Germany, Czech Republic and Estonia are declining. It is a rare species.","This species grows usually at high elevations on chalk and other basic rocks, on dry to humid slopes in mountain forests ravines and in rock fissures at middle elevations (Tutin et al. 1964, Komarov 1968, Prelli 2001). In the Leningrand region in European Russia, it is found in wet conditions along river streams (Y. Ivanenko pers. comm. 2016). Its elevation limits are 0 - 1,300 m.","The threats to this species are not known, but its ravine habitats are usually not threatened unless the substrate is mined, but there has not been any evidence that mining activities pose a direct threat to this species in particular.","The species is present in several protected areas. It is under threat in most of its western range, although the status of more eastern stations is more stable. It may locally be common in the Carpathians and the Ural Mountains. No conservation measures are currently in place, but it is advisable to protect the species and its habitats and specific sites at national and international levels, since it is threatened and rare in much of its range. Ex-situ conservation, reintroduction and possible alternative measures that could be set in place. It is listed on the following national Red Lists:

Czech Republic: critically threatened (Grulich 2012)

Estonia: Endangered (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012)

Germany: extremely rare (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)

Norway: it was listed in 2006 as Vulnerable A3c and as Endangered B1ab(ii,iii,iv)+2ab(ii,iii,iv) in 2010 (Kålås et al. 2006, 2010)

Belarus: Critically Endangered (Khoruzhyk et al. 2005)",The species is not utilised.,"García, M.,Troia, A.","Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Dyer, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Ivanenko, Y.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Davallia,canariensis,,Davallia canariensis,(L.)Sm.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species is widespread and locally common, and it does not face any threats. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This species is found throughout the southern Macaronesian Islands from Madeira to Cape Verde, and also in the south-western Iberian Peninsula (Frey et al. 2006) near Algeciras, Asturias and the Lisbon region. It is also found in Morocco. It was introduced to Guernsey, where it did not persist (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,668 km2.","The species is locally common, particularly on Madeira and the Canary Islands. Its overall current population trend is stable.","This is an epiphytic or epilithic fern growing on rocks, walls and trees (Tutin et al. 1964, Frey et al. 2006). In the Iberian Peninsula, it is found in the corky bark of oaks in decidious woodlands (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). Its elevation range is 0 - 600 m.",There are no threats to this species.,"The species is common and widespread across the Canary Islands and Madeira, and many sites of occurrence are known. No conservation measures are in place and none appear to be necessary. It is found in several protected areas throughout its range.","This species is not used, apart from the occasional cultivation in specialist collections, usually from horticultural stock.","Schaefer, H.,García, M.","Väre, H.,Christenhusz, M.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rumsey, F.,Dyer, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Diplazium,caudatum,,Diplazium caudatum,(Cav.) Jermy,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Diplazium caudatum is assessed as Least Concern because its population is stable overall. Even if it is rare in the Canary Islands and in danger of extinction in Andalucía, it is locally abundant on all the Azores islands.",Stable,"This species is only found across the Macaronesia (Cape Verde, Canary Islands, Madeira, Azores) and in southern Spain (Algeciras). The area of occupancy (AOO) is 212 km2.",The species is rare in the Canary Islands (Sanchez Velazquez 2002). In Madeira it is frequent but confined to small areas (Press and Short 1994). In the Azores is known to be abundant (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). Its overall population trend is considered to be stable.,"Diplazium caudatum occurs on slopes and ravines in subtropical evergreen forest (laurisilva), in dark, damp habitats. Its elevation range is from 250 to 900 m, although it mainly occurs at lower elevations (R. Elias pers. comm. 2016).","Invasive Hedychium gardnerianum (Zingiberaceae) crowds out the species and is the main threat in sites that are protected by law. Outside protected areas, the species can be threatened by natural or anthropogenic disturbance (especially at lower elevations) and deforestation.","The species is listed as Vulnerable on the Spanish Red List under Criteria A2a; B2ab(ii,iii,iv) (Moreno 2008). It is in danger of extinction in Andalucía, Spain (assessed in 1999; Zoological Society of London 2014). The species is easily grown from spores and ex-situ propagation and reintroduction in lost sites is a viable option for the survival of this species, together with the management of invasive Hedychium from the natural habitat of Diplazium caudatum. It occurs in protected areas throughout its range.",The species is not utilised.,"Troia, A.,García, M.","Bento Elias, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rouhan, G.,Dyer, R.,Väre, H.,Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Diplazium,sibiricum,,Diplazium sibiricum,(Turcz. ex Kunze) Kurata,,No,NT,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The species is known to be declining in Norway and Russia and is only known from two sites in Sweden, although it is widespread and has a stronghold in Finland, where the species is protected by law and found in several protected areas. However, it has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO), which is projected to experience a continuing decline. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Europe, since it is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B. In the EU 28 (Finland and Sweden) it is not experiencing a decline and it is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Stable,"Diplazium sibiricum is native to Norway, Finland, Sweden, extending eastwards into Russia, Central Asia and western China. A separate subspecies himalaicum, is found in the Kashmir and the Indian Himalayas.



The geographic range in Finland is 27,825 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Sweden, it is found at three localities, the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 932 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km² (ArtDatabanken 2010). In Norway, the extent of occurrence is less than 5,000 km² and the area of occupancy is 44 km². It is known from around 20 occurrences in the stream and river gorges in Gudbrandsdalen (Artsdatabanken 2010). The overall EOO is 2,964,911 km2 and its AOO is 1,396 km2.","In Finland and Sweden the population trend is stable (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Nearly 200 sites are known in Finland. In Norway, a decline of the subpopulations of 15-30% based on a decline of the habitat is expected to occur in the next 30 years. A continuing decline in the AOO is therefore projected. Four of the 20 known localities have disappeared, but new ones have been detected in recent years (Artsdatabanken 2010). It is common in central and eastern Russia, although it has a scattered distribution.","Diplazium sibiricum grows in spruce or fir-dominated taiga woodland, temperate-montane acid siliceous screes and temperate-montane calcareous and ultra-basic screes   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). In Sweden, both subpopulations are found in spruce forests. In Finland, the species is found in calcareous spruce forests (H. Väre pers. comm. 2016). In Russia, it is also known to occur on damp grassy and mossy spruce forest and in mixed forests (spruce, aspen and birch), slopes of river banks, lake shores, ravines and on outcrops of calcareous rocks (Tzvelev 2000, Y. Ivanenko pers. comm. 2016), often in rather dry mossy soil (Komarov 1968). Its elevation limits are 30 - 3,000 m.","The main threat toDiplazium sibiricum is habitat loss due to forest clearance and other forestry activities. This species only grows in shady environments and does not grow in the open, therefore logging affects its survival (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Deforestation and quarrying are the main threats in Norway and Russia. Road construction has been named another threat for Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010).","Diplazium sibiricumis listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. It is assessed as Near Threatened in Russia (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010). In Sweden, it is listed as Vulnerable D2 (Gärdenfors 2010) and is protected under national law. All the Swedish subpopulations are in nature reserves. In Norway, it was first assessed as Vulnerable A3c (Kålås et al. 2006), but has been re-assessed as Near Threatened A4c; B1b(ii,iii,iv,v)+2b(ii,iii,iv,v) (Artsdatabanken 2010, Kålås et al. 2010).The species is assessed as Least Concern in Finland (Rassiet al. 2010), where it is protected by law (Nature Conservation Decree 913/2005). Around 70% of the known Finnish localities are situated in Natura 2000 sites.",This species is not utilised.,"García, M.,Troia, A.","Dyer, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.,Väre, H.,Ivanenko, Y.,Bento Elias, R.,Rouhan, G.","Illarionova, I.,Ericsson, S.,Kemppainen, E.",,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Dryopteris,aemula,,Dryopteris aemula,(Aiton) Kuntze,"This is a diploid species (Juslén et al. 2011). The overall genetic variation is low for this species, although it is higher in the Azorean subpopulations than in the Iberian subpopulations. The overall genetic differentiation is high (Jiménez et al. 2010).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least concern (LC)

This western European fern species is locally common and its subpopulations are not generally under immediate threat. While it is threatened in certain countries, it is widespread and common in Britain, Ireland and the Azores, and has an overall stable population trend. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This is an oceanic-temperate element confined to the hyperoceanic zone in western Europe, including Madeira, the Azores, and the island of La Gomera (Canary Islands, Spain). It extends eastwards to the humid Caucasus into Georgia and northeastern Asian Turkey. Dryopteris aemula and D. dilatata are sometimes confused, particularly at the juvenile stage, but it does not have any implications in this assessment (Jalas and Suominen 1972, Gibby and Jermy 1977, Fraser-Jenkins 1982, Press and Short 1994, Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 2,788 km2, but this is may be an underestimation based on Atlas Florae Europeae data.","While the population size is not known, the overall population trend is stable. It is frequent and common in the central part of Madeira and in the Azores. It is locally abundant in the west of Ireland, Scotland, Wales and western England. It is scattered in Spain and France.","This species grows on moist but well-drained acidic to neutral soils of low base content, banks, sea cliffs and wooded slopes, deep, steep-sided wooded ravines. It is a maritime species with preference for high humidity (The Botanical Society of the British Isles 2004). It is generally found in lowland settings, but it reaches 1,550 m elevation on Pico Island (Madeira). In Madeira, it is frequent among rocks, in woods and along levadas (Press and Short 1994). In the Canary Islands it is found only in the laurel forests of central La Gomera (Arto Kurtto pers comm. 2016). In the Azores, it is a typical species of low herbaceous layer of mountain woodland and the of sub-alpine scrubland. It is very common on montane forests and altimontane scrublands (R. Elias pers. comm. 2016). Spores are produced annually and are easily dispersed. The total distribution range is limited to oceanic humid areas.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"Dryopteris aemula is listed as a VU B2ab(iii); D2 in Spain because of the rarity of its habitat, i.e. deciduous, temperate oceanic forests at low elevation close to the sea (Bañares et al. 2004). It is considered to be vulnerable in As Mariñas (Galicia, Spain) (Fragas do Mandeo 2010). It is listed as Vulnerable in France (IUCN 1982), and as Least Concern in the UK and British Red List (Stroh et al. 2014).

The species is present in several protected areas throughout its range.","This species is sometimes grown as a garden plant in Britain, but cultivation probably does not affect its subpopulations. It is included in the Catalogue of World Economic Plants (Wieresma and León 2013).","García, M.,Schaefer, H.","Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rumsey, F.,Dyer, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Dryopteris,affinis,,Dryopteris affinis,(Lowe) Fraser-Jenk.,"Dryopteris affinis is an apomictic di-/triploid species which belongs to the D. affinis-group, with many closely related species, including D. borreri, D. cambrensis and D. pseudodisjuncta. Even if these species are sometimes treated as subspecies, for the purposes of this assessment the Euro+Med checklist will be followed, in which these taxa are treated as separate species (Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013).



Apogamous ferns contain 32 spores in a sporangium (instead of the usual 64 found in sexual species), with each spore (and resulting prothalli and gametes when formed) containing the same genetical material as the parent fern plant (sporophyte) producing it. Furthermore, a new generation of sporophyte is produced directly from the prothallus without the usual fusion of gametes, a process that produces a new generation of clones (identical individuals). Any minor mutation will be passed on to future generations by the same process and thereby form a new subpopulation, morphologically distinct although with a very limited distribution.



The ancestry ofD. affinis is complicated and thought to involve an unknown species and two sexual diploids, D. oreades and D. caucasica (A. Braun) Fraser-Jenk. The common Male Fern, D. filix-mas, which has evolved through hybridisation between the latter two species, hybridises freely with all forms of D. affinis (Jermy and Gibby 1998), and through this process can introduce the genomes (and thereby characters) of those species into the affinis complex. 

",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

This widespread fern species is locally common and its population trend is stable. There are no major threats to the species and it is thus listed as Least Concern. However, further research on its taxonomic status and distribution are needed.",Stable,"This is a mainly western European species which extends into the Macaronesian Islands, northwards to Norway, southwards to Portugal and Spain and across the Mediterranean to the Carpathian Mountains. It has isolated subpopulations in the Caucasus and southwards to northern Iran. It is found from sea level in the United Kingdom up to 1,700 Asl m in Italy (Fraser-Jenkins 2007, Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013). It has an area of occupancy (AOO) of 3,780 km2, but this is probably an underestimation.","The overall population trend is stable. In Britain it is frequent and not difficult to find, particularly in the west and north of the island. It is also frequent in Ireland. The abundance of this species decreases from the western to the eastern parts of its distribution.","This species can be found in deciduous woodland, rocky forests on mountain slopes, along rides  in coniferous plantations, in ditches, on shady banks and road verges,  usually on acidic substrates. In more oceanic areas with high humidity it grows in the  open on well-drained west- or south-west-facing hillsides, scree slopes and  mountain ledges. It is also rarely found on brickwork in urban areas (The Botanical Society of the British Isles 2004). In central Europe, it is found on forested mountain slopes near sea level (Fraser-Jenkins 2007). In Britain, it is restricted to woodlands in the drier parts of its distribution (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016).",There seem to be no major threat to this species.,"No conservation actions are in place and none appear to be needed. It is assessed as Least Concern in Britain (Stroh et al. 2014) and as Data Deficient in Norway (Kålås et al. 2010), but it is not assessed as threatened in any national Red List. It is present in several protected areas. Further research on its taxonomic status and distribution is recommended.",This species is often available in the horticultural trade in many European countries. It is included in the catalogue of World economic plants (Wieresma and León 2013). Horticulture is unlikely to be a threat to populations of this species.,"Schaefer, H.,García, M.","Bento Elias, R.,Rouhan, G.,Väre, H.,Christenhusz, M.,Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.,Ivanenko, Y.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Dryopteris,aitoniana,,Dryopteris aitoniana,Pic.Serm.,"This is a diploid species. It is also given for the Canary Islands in the Euro + Med, based on information in Dobignard, A. and Chatelain, C. (2010), but this is based on a past misidentification.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"As this fern species is endemic to Madeira, it has a small distribution. However, it is locally common and  subpopulations are not under threat. Its population trend is stable. Therefore  this species is listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This species is endemic to Madeira (Juslén et al. 2011, Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013), where it is found from close to sea level to mountain forests (Press and Short 1994). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 800-922 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 180 km².

",This species is fairly common and probably locally abundant throughout Madeira. Its population trend is stable.,"Dryopteris aitoniana is found in woodlands and along shady levadas in Madeira, avoiding wet soil  (Press and Short 1994). Its altitudinal range is 50-1,500 m.",This species faces no threats as the forests of Madeira where this species occurs are situated on steep mountains slopes that are unattractive for building and the forests are well protected.,"Even though it is a species with a restricted distribution, it is present in protected areas where it faces no threats. No conservation actions are therefore needed.",This species is not used.,"García, M. & Ivanova, D.","Väre, H., Bento Elias, R., Christenhusz, M., Dyer, R., Ivanenko, Y., Rouhan, G. & Rumsey, F.,",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Dryopteris,ardechensis,,Dryopteris ardechensis,Fraser-Jenkins,"This taxon is an allotetraploid hybrid apomictic species, between the apomictic diploid D. affinis and the tetraploid sexual D. tyrrhena (Fraser-Jenkins 1981, Fraser-Jenkins and Widén 1993).",Yes,VU,D1,Yes,VU,D1,EU28,,"This fern species is endemic to southern France and is assessed as Vulnerable because the population size consists of less than 1,000 mature individuals. Monitoring of its population size and trends is needed.",Stable,"This species is endemic to the south of France (Ardèche, Gard, Lozère), where it is found at elevations between 100 and 550 m. The number of subpopulations is about 30, and therefore its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be a maximum of 120 km². Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,300-5,291 km².","This species has a stable population trend, it is not common and often localised. The number of subpopulations is about 30 (G. Rouhan pers. comm. 2016). The population size is estimated to be less than 1,000 mature individuals.","This species is often localised and it is found in very narrow valleys, on shale, or at the base of siliceous rocks and cliffs.",There are no immediate threats to this species.,"Monitoring of the population size and trend is needed. The species is assessed as Vulnerable in France (UICN France et al. 2012) under criterion D1 since the population size is of less than 1,000 mature individuals.",This species is not used.,"García, M. & Ivanova, D.","Rouhan, G. & Väre, H.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Dryopteris,borreri,,Dryopteris borreri,(Newman) Oberh. & Tavel,"Dryopteris borreri belongs to D. affinis group (Fraser-Jenkins 2007), with many closely related species, viz. D. affinis, D. cambrensis, D. pseudodisjuncta.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

This is a widespread and common fern species that is locally abundant whose population trend is stable. There are no threats to the species and it is therefore  listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This is a predominantly Mediterranean and mild-temperate European species which extends into the Caucasus and the adjacent northeastern Turkey. It is found from sea level up to the tree line in the Alps at 2,770 m (in Austria) and extends westwards to the Azores (Fraser-Jenkins 2007, Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013). The area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,640 km2, but this may be an underestimation.","Dryopteris borreri is a widely distributed, fairly common species of forest and mountain areas. In countries with limited number of forests and mountains like the Netherlands, this species is rare. In general the subpopulations are stable, and there are no reported declines. The species becomes more scarce towards the eastern part of its range.","This is a fern species of forests in humid mountain slopes, rarely in the lower alpine belt, usually on moist acidic soil with developed humus layer (Hess et al. 1967, Stace 1997). Its altitudinal range is 0 - 2,770 m Asl.",The species faces no current threats in large parts of its distribution area.,"The species has not been assessed as threatened in any regional Red Data book except for Luxembourg, where it is listed as Vulnerable (Krippel 2013). It is listed as Data Deficient in Norway (Kålås et al. 2010), a country where more studies are needed on the D. affinis complex.



No conservation actions are currently in place and none seem to be needed. The species is present in protected areas throughout its range.

Further research on its taxonomic status and distribution is recommended.","There seems not to be information on the commercial use of this species. However, D. affinis is commonly cultivated, and being very similar to this species, it is unlikely that commercial nurseries keep these two taxa separate.","García, M. & Ivanova, D.","Väre, H., Bento Elias, R., Christenhusz, M., Dyer, R., Ivanenko, Y., Rouhan, G. & Rumsey, F.,",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Dryopteris,cambrensis,,Dryopteris cambrensis,(Fraser-Jenk.) Beitel & W.R.Buck,"Dryopteris cambrensis belongs to the D. affinis group (Fraser-Jenkins 2007), with closely related species, viz. D. borreri, D. affinis and D. pseudodisjuncta.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment:Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

This is a widespread fern species that is fairly common locally and whose population trend is stable. It does not face any immediate threats and it is thus listed as Least Concern. Further research is needed to clarify the taxonomic status of the species.",Stable,"Dryopteris cambrensis is a widely distributed and locally fairly common species in western and central Europe, extending eastwards to Crimea and northeastern Asian Turkey (Fraser-Jenkins 2007, Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013). The area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,208 km2, but this may be an underestimation.","Dryopteris cambrensis is widely distributed and fairly common in forest and mountain areas where it faces no particular threats. In countries with limited number of forests and mountains, like the Netherlands, this species is rare. The species has a stable population trend.","This species is present on forests in humid mountain slopes, rarely in the lower alpine belt, usually on moist acidic soil with a developed humus layer. Its altitudinal range is 0 - 2,400 m Asl.",This species faces no threats.,"As a member of the Dryopteris affinis complex, its distribution patterns and taxonomy needs further study. It is listed as Least Concern in Britain and England (Stroh et al. 2014), and not assessed as threatened in any regional Red List. In Norway it is listed as Data Deficient, showing the need for further taxonomic study on this complex (Kålås et al. 2010). It is present in protected areas throughout its range.","Although there seems to be little information on the commerical use of this species (except for a cultivar Dryopteris cambrensis 'Crispa Barnes' that is occasionally offered in the British market), it might still be potentially cultivated because D. cambrensis is closely related and similar to D. affinis and D. borreri, and these are most probably distinguished in commercial nurseries.","García, M. & Ivanova, D.","Väre, H., Bento Elias, R., Christenhusz, M., Dyer, R., Ivanenko, Y., Rouhan, G. & Rumsey, F.,",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Dryopteris,carthusiana,,Dryopteris carthusiana,(Vill.) H.P.Fuchs,"Dryopteris carthusiana, D. dilatata and D. expansa were commonly treated as a single taxon in the former Soviet Union (Jalas and Suominen 1972).



This is an allotetraploid species, whose suggested parents areD. intermedia, D. semicristata, D. tokyensis, D. ludoviciana, D. azorica and D. maderensis.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

This widespread fern species is locally very common and its population trend is stable. There are no major threats to the species and it is thus listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Dryopteris carthusiana is a circumboreal, disjunctly holarctic, mostly boreal-temperate species that is widely distributed in North America and Eurasia, southwards to the Pyrenees and the Himalayas. It is present in most European countries and is locally very abundant (Jalas and Suominen 1972, Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013). It is found close to sea level up to 1,700 m in the Tatra Mountains and up to 2,660 m in the Alps, although it is rare in the sub-alpine zone. The area of occupancy (AOO) is approximately 10,000 km2, although this may be an underestimation.

Dryopteris carthusiana occurs frequently and in large numbers, although generally it does not extend beyond the timberline. It hybridises frequently with D. dilatata (D. x deweveri) where both species occur together (M. Christenhusz pers. comm. 2016).",This species is very common across Europe and occurs frequently and in large numbers. The overall population trend is stable.,"This fern is found in a range of damp habitats, including wet  heaths, fens, mires, raised bogs, carrs and wet woodlands. It prefers rich  alluvial soils with a high water table. It extends open moorland more rarely, possibly as a relic of former woodland. It generally occurs on lowlands, but it reaches forests of mountains slopes, although it is rarely present at the lower alpine belt. It is present on moist acidic to moderately acidic soils with developed hummus layer. The species occurs in a wide range of habitats, from exposed, well-illuminated to moderately shaded ones, a species of wetlands and wet woodlands.



Dryopteris carthusiana is characteristic of a seasonally fluctuating or permanently high groundwater level. Its ecological optimum lies between constantly moist or damp and wet habitats, suggesting that the high water-table conditions are required for optimal growth and reproduction. In Scandinavia and central Europe, D. carthusiana occurs over a broader soil moisture range. In southern Europe, the species can also be found in drier habitats, such as stone walls or as an epiphyte on trees (Hess et al. 1967, Stace 1997, Jonsell 2000, The Botanical Society of the British Isles 2004, Rünk et al. 2012).",There are no major threats to this species.,There are no conservation actions in place and none appear to be needed. It is found in protected areas throughout its range.,This species was used in the past as a medicine. It is currently planted for ornamental purposes but only occasionally. It is included in the catalogue of World economic plants (Wieresma and León 2013).,"García, M.,Schaefer, H.","Christenhusz, M.,Ivanenko, Y.,Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Dryopteris,caucasica,,Dryopteris caucasica,(A.Braun) Fraser-Jenk. & Corley,This is a diploid species. The name Dryopteris caucasica has been used in a uniform way.,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

This is a predominantly Turkish-Caucasian species, which in Europe is present in Crimea, but the rest of records from Moldova, European Turkey and Romania are doubtful and its distribution needs to be clarified. There is no information on the population size and trend of this species, and further research is needed to clarify the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"This species (possibly an ancestor of the widespread Dryopteris filix-mas) is common in the Caucasus region and in the montane deciduous forests along the Black Sea coast in Turkey, extending eastwards into northwestern Iran. In Europe, it has been reported from Crimea and Moldova (Tzvelev and Geltman 2012). Records from Romania and European Turkey are given in Euro+Med (Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013) but this has not been verified and its presence in European Turkey is questionable (Fraser-Jenkins and Corley 1972). According to C. Fraser-Jenkins, its presence in Europe outside of Crimea is uncertain and may refer to hybrids (C. Fraser-Jenkins pers. comm. 2016). Its known extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe is around 4,605 km². However, if the species was to be confirmed as occurring in the areas where its presence is currently uncertain, its EOO would increase potentially to around 265,695 km².","The population trend is is stable in the Caucasus and in northern Turkey, but the status in Crimea and Moldova is unknown. The overall population trend in Europe is unknown.","This species occurs in deciduous forests in montane regions, where it is confined to the more humid, dark, shaded and cloudy areas. Its altitudinal range is 450-2,130 m asl.","The threats to the species are unknown, although the possible clearing of forests and logging will have an effect on subpopulation sizes.","It is unknown if any conservation actions are needed, particularly in the European part of its distribution. Research on the population trends and threats in the western part of its range is necessary. It is unknown if it occurs in protected areas throughout its range.",The species is included in the catalogue of World Economic Plants (Wieresma and León 2013). It is seldom grown as an ornamental in specialist collections.,"García, M. & Ivanova, D.","Väre, H., Bento Elias, R., Christenhusz, M., Dyer, R., Ivanenko, Y., Rouhan, G. & Rumsey, F.,",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Dryopteris,corleyi,,Dryopteris corleyi,Fraser-Jenk.,The allozymic pattern of the allotetrapoloid D. corleyi confirms that it derived from D. aemula and D. oreades (Jiménez et al. 2009).,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,Dryopteris corleyi is listed as Least Concern because it is a frequently encountered species with a stable and probably increasing population trend. It is not facing any major threats.,Stable,"This species is endemic to the regions of Asturias and Cantabria, in the forests along the Costa Verde in northern Spain (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007), where it is considered to be expanding its range. Its presence has been reported currently in 14 localities (Commission of the European Communities  2009), so its maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km².",The population trend has been reported to be stable (Commission of the European Communities 2009) and is likely to be increasing. It is a locally abundant species.,"This fern grows in forest clearings, moist heaths and oak woodland on siliceous substrates. It is probably a recent species of hybrid origin (Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007), but this needs further study. Its subpopulations are currently expanding, colonizing Erica scrub that is abundant in its distribution range. Its altitudinal range is 50-650 m.","There are no major threats to this species. However, the species may be threatened by degradation of its habitat due to poor forest management (afforestation, reforestation) (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Other threats to the species include fires and communication networks.","This taxon is listed as a priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as a 'species of special interest' in the regional catalogue of threatened flora of Asturias, where a species management plan will be developed. It is listed as Least Concern in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).

",This species is not utilised.,"García, M. & Ivanova, D.","Väre, H., Bento Elias, R., Christenhusz, M., Dyer, R., Ivanenko, Y., Rouhan, G. & Rumsey, F.,","Bueno Sánchez, Á., Díaz, T.E., Nava, H.S., Fernández Prieto, J.A. & Jiménez-Alfaro, B.,",,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Dryopteris,crispifolia,,Dryopteris crispifolia,"Rasbach, Reichst. & G.Vida","This is an allotetraploid hybrid species whose parents are D. aemula and D. azorica (Juslén et al. 2011), which result into a double chromosome number and therefore into a new species. The name Dryopteris crispifolia has been used in a uniform way.",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"This species is endemic to the Azores, where it is locally common and the population trend is stable, and it is therefore assessed as Least Concern. However, the species is affected by invasive species, whose control should be a priority.",Stable,"This species is endemic to the Azores, where it is found on the islands of Corvo (17.11 km²), Faial (172km²), Flores (143km²), São Miguel (744.6km²), Pico (447km²) and Terceira (400.6km²). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is only 38 km², although it is possible that the species may have been overlooked (Gibby and Jermy 1977, Schäfer 2002, Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013).",According to the Flora of the Azores (Schäfer 2002) this species occurs scattered on the islands and subpopulations are usually small. The current population trend is stable.,"This species is found scattered in tree plantations, on slopes and in ravines (Schäfer 2002). It is also found in montane and laurel forests, between 200 and 1,550 m asl (R. Elias pers. comm. 2016).","In many islands of the Azores invasive species pose a serious problem. Especially worrying are invasive tree ferns (Cyathea) and Hedychium gardnerianum, Cryptomeria japonica, Pittosporum undulatum and Hydrangea macrophylla, which compete directly with this species for light, nutrients and space, and alter the local environment making it less suitable for D. crispifolia (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016).","The species was previously listed as insufficiently known for the Azores (Threatened Plants Unit IUCN 1982), but nowadays it is known that this species is not under threat. It would be beneficial for the species to establish an ex-situ collection in case invasive species lead the local subpopulations to disappear. It is present in protected areas, where the removal of invasive species should be a priority.",This species is not utilised.,"García, M.,Schaefer, H.","Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Dyer, R.,Väre, H.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Dryopteris,cristata,,Dryopteris cristata,(L.) A.Gray,"Dryopteris cristata is an allotetraploid hybrid species of polytopic origin. Its suggested parents are D. ludoviciana, D. ""semicristata"" and D. goldiana (Juslén et al. 2011).

",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Although the subpopulations of this aquatic fern are decreasing in western and central Europe, this is a widespread species which remains stable in its main distribution area in the boreal zone. It is thus listed as Least Concern.",Decreasing,"This species is widespread across the Northern Hemisphere, where it is found in (mainly northern) North America, northern Europe and northern Asia. In Europe, it is found from Norway to England, across northern and central Europe, southwards to the Alps and eastwards to the Ural mountains, from sea level up to 700 m Asl (Jalas and Suominen 1972, Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is over 5,500 km2.","Subpopulations of this species are stable in its main distribution area in the boreal zone. Due to its habitat requirements its population is fragmented, although where it occurs, the species is often locally abundant. In its southwestern European range, D. cristata is decreasing and it is considered regionally extinct in some countries, but the number of subpopulations in these areas has been always low. The overall current population trend is decreasing (Landergott et al. 2000).","This fern grows in mildly acidic 'floating' fens, swamps and swampy woods, and in shrubby wetlands. It is characteristic of Sphagnum lawns, where it can tolerate the shade. It can persist in fen carr. It is also found in lowland moist forests in low mountain slopes. It grows on moist acidic soil with a well developed hummus layer. It prefers alluvial soils with a high water table and it very rarely it grows at the lower alpine  belt in central Europe (Hess et al. 1967, Stace 1997, Jonsell 2000, The Botanical Society of the British Isles 2004).",The destruction of its habitats as a consequence of tree logging and soil draining may result into local decreases of the population size.,"Dryopteris cristata has become rare and threatened in southwestern central Europe (Landergott et al. 2000). In Switzerland, at the southern border of its European distribution, 22 (62% of all described) subpopulations are extinct due to habitat destruction, and only 14 subpopulations remained in 1999 (Landergott et al. 2000). It is listed as regionally extinct in Luxembourg (Krippel 2003) It is also regionally extinct in Scotland and Northern Ireland (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016).

In England, it is listed as Endangered (EN A2c, based on a 66% decline on AOO; Stroh et al. 2014). In France it is considered Vulnerable under Criterion C2a(i) (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012), and in Norway it is listed as Endangered (EN B2ab(ii,iii,iv); Kålås et al. 2010). In the Komi Republic (Russia) it is classified as threatened due to its rarity (class 3 in Russian ranking; Taskaev 2009).","This species is grown occasionally for ornamental purposes, often as a pond-margin plant. It is included in the catalogue of World economic plants (Wieresma and León 2013).","Schaefer, H.,García, M.","Rouhan, G.,Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.,Väre, H.,Bento Elias, R.,Dyer, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Dryopteris,dilatata,,Dryopteris dilatata,(Hoffm.) A.Gray,"This is a allotetraploid hybrid taxa whose parents are D. intermedia ssp. azorica and D. expansa.



D. carthusiana, D. dilatata and D. expansa were treated as a single taxon in former Soviet Union (Jalas and Suominen 1972).

",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

This is a widespread fern species that is locally common and whose population trend is stable. There are no major threats to the species and it is therefore  listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Dryopteris dilatata is found through most of Europe and across temperate Asia, eastwards to Mongolia and Japan. It is a predominantly European species, being most frequent in western and central Europe, where it belongs to the European temperate element. In southern Europe, D. dilatata is less frequent and it occurs mostly in mountains, up to 2,000 – 2,800 m in the Alps. In Britain it grows from sea level up to 1,050 m  (north of Loch Rannoch, Mid Perthshire), and was reportedly as high as 1,125 m in Scotland. It is rarer in southern Finland and Estonia, where it reaches its north-eastern boundary (Jalas and Suominen 1972, Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013). The area of occupancy (AOO) is more than 6,000 km2. 

Dryopteris dilatata hybridises with D. carthusiana (D. x deweveri) where both species occurs together (M. Christenhusz pers. comm. 2016).",The population trend is stable and there are no reported declines. It is a common and abundant fern throughout its range.,"This species occurs in many different habitats, but D. dilatata is mostly a woodland species, rarely found in the lower alpine belt. It is very shade-tolerant and is most frequent and abundant on acidic soils with pH <5.0, and on well- to  poorly-drained substrates with a developed humus layer. The species is present in deciduous and coniferous  woodland, hedgerows, ditches, open moorland, rocky slopes, boulder scree  and rock fissures. It occurs mostly in habitats with permanently moist but not wet soils. In wet woodlands and mires with high water-tables, D. dilatata grows in raised microhabitats, with better drainage (hummocks) (Hess et al. 1967, Stace 1997, Jonsell 2000, The Botanical Society of the British Isles 2004, Rünk et al. 2012). It can be occasionally found as an epiphyte in mossy tree trunks in damp climates and it is rarely found on masonry (M. Christenhusz pers. comm. 2016).",There are major no threats to this species.,"There are no conservation actions in place and none seem to be needed. It is found in protected areas throughout its range. It is listed as Least Concern in the United Kingdom (Stroh et al. 2014), and similarly not threatened in any other national Red Lists.",This species is grown commercially as an ornamental plant and is included in the catalogue of World economic plants (Wieresma and León 2013).,"García, M.,Schaefer, H.","Dyer, R.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.,Väre, H.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Dryopteris,expansa,,Dryopteris expansa,(C.Presl) Fraser-Jenk. & Jermy,"This is a diploid taxon whtich hybrideses with D. carthusiana and D. dilatata.



D. carthusiana, D. dilatata and D. expansa were treated as a single taxon in the former Soviet Union (Jalas and Suominen 1972).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

This widespread fern is locally common and has a stable population trend. There are no major threats to the species and it is thus assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Dryopteris expansa has a disjunctly holarctic range, distributed in northeastern North America, Greenland and across Eurasia extending across Siberia to Kamchatka and into Mongolia and Japan. Smaller isolated localities have been found in the Caucasus, northern Iran and north-eastern Turkey. It is a circumpolar boreal-montane element and is most commonly found in lowlands from sea level up to 150 m and in mountains, from 600 to 1000 m. It is rarer in the upper arctic-alpine zone. 

In Europe it is widespread, being found from Iceland to the Pyrenees and eastwards to Russia, the Urals and the Caucasus. In central Europe it occurs mostly in mountains up to the alpine region in the Tatra Mountains (up to 2,100 m) and in scattered localities in the lowlands. In southern Europe, it occurs only in mountains, up to 2,660 m in the Alps. In Fennoscandia, D. expansa is widely distributed and becomes rarer only in the most northern latitudes. In eastern Europe its frequency varies. The species is scattered throughout Estonia and Lithuania, more frequent in Estonia but rare in Latvia. In Russia, the distribution of the species extends from the northern and central part of western Russia to the Urals and eastwards (Jalas and Suominen 1972, Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013). The area of occupancy (AOO) is over 4,000 km2.","The population trend is stable, and there have been no reported declines. The species is common and locally abundant throughout its range.","This fern grows in open wet woodlands and around rock  outcrops at low elevations. It is also found on damp, sheltered hollows of upland  boulder scree. Its substrates are usually mildly acidic, but it can grow  in scree derived from quite base-rich mica-schists, growing up to 945 m (in Stob  Binnein, west Perthshire). It is present on mountain slopes, but rarely at the lower alpine belt. It mainly grows in lighter, more open habitats, often in the shade of sparse canopies or rocks.



Dryopteris expansa is mainly a species of acidic humus soils, but toletrates also neutral ones. It is mostly distributed in moist or damp soils, with a permanently high level of groundwater, or in moist rock fissures in mountains. The ecological amplitude of D. expansa for moisture appears to be even narrower than that of D. carthusiana, although towards the drier end of the gradient. In colder climates (e.g. Scandinavia), D. expansa occurs not only in moist but well-drained soils, but also in drier habitats, such as stone walls. In central Europe, D. expansa occurs mainly in habitats with moist rather than wet soils as in the British Isles. In Scandinavia it is also found above the tree line in relatively dry mountain heaths amongst blocks (Hess et al. 1967, Stace 1997, Jonsell 2000, The Botanical Society of the British Isles 2004, Rünk et al. 2012).",This species faces no threats.,No conservation actions are in place and none appear to be needed. It is present in several protected areas throughout its range.,The species is not used or traded commercially.,"García, M.,Schaefer, H.","Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Ivanenko, Y.,Bento Elias, R.,Dyer, R.,Rouhan, G.,Väre, H.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Dryopteris,filix-mas,,Dryopteris filix-mas,(L.) Schott,"Dryopteris filix-mas, D. affinis and D. oreades are closely related, but currently treated as separate species. However they be confusions with regards to these species in certain databases.

The taxonomy of Dryopteris filix-mas is not well understood. In North America, this fern has been considered both an auto- and an allopolyploid and may be composed of at least two closely related taxa. Plants in the northeast and northwest are tetraploid. These differ morphologically and ecologically from a taxon of unknown chromosome number in the southwestern Rocky Mountains. The Rocky Mountain taxon closely resembles the Mexican D. pseudofilix-mas (Fée) Rothmaler. Dryopteris filix-mas also occurs in Europe, and it is known to be an allopolyploid of D . caucasica (A. Braun) Fraser-Jenkins & Corley × oreades Fomin.



Already Manton in 1950 hypothesized that Dryopteris filix-mas was an allotetraploid species and she identified D. oreades Fomin as one of the parental species. Later researcher have followed Manton  in recognizing D. filix-mas as an allotetraploid, and D. caucasica (A. Braun) Fraser-Jenk. & Corley (Fraser-Jenkins and Corley 1972) or some species from the D. villarii/D. pallida complex (Widén et al. 1971) have been suggested to be the second parental species.

This is an allotetraploid species whose suggested parents are D. oreades, D. villarii, D. pallida, D. marginalis and D. caucasica.

",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

This widespread species is locally common, has a stable population trend and it does not face any major threats. It is therefore  listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Dryopteris filix-mas has a wide circumpolar distribution across mainly temperate and southern boreal zones of the Northern Hemisphere: in North America and across Eurasia, eastwards to China and Japan. Its centre of distribution lies in Europe, where it is widespread and occurs from sea level up to the lower alpine belt (2,400 - 2,540 m) in Austria and Switzerland, and up to 2,300 - 2,800 m in Italy. In Scandinavia it is rarely found above the tree line (600 - 800 m), and it is rather rare also in taiga forests.

Dryopteris filix-mas appears to be the most common species extending up to the alpine belt in the Polish Tatra Mountains. The area of occupancy (AOO) is over 12,000 km2, although this may be an underestimation.","Subpopulations are extensive and continuous except at the northern and southern range of this species in Europe. The overall population is stable or even increasing. The production of spores is normal, but these spread easily and suitable habitats exist widely in natural and anthropogenic settings.","Dryopteris filix-mas is a common fern in continental to maritime areas of woodland, rocky forests, both broadleaf and coniferous, in ditches, on roadside verges, along stream banks, on rocky hillsides, cliff ledges and scree slopes. It prefers light, well-drained but moist soils that are mostly acidic to neutral, though sometimes slightly basic. It is also found in urban habitats, including railway embankments, bridges, walls and gardens (Hess et al. 1967, Stace 1997, Jonsell 2000, The Botanical Society of the British Isles 2004).

It is primarily a species of moist and particularly fertile deciduous forests, but is also found in a wide range of other habitats including open ground and stone/brick walls in towns, open ground in natural settings and under deciduous scrub in dune hollows and railway track beds. In glacial succession it first appears against boulders and other moist sites on coarse substrates up to 2,540 m elevation in Switzerland. Dryopteris filix-mas grows on somewhat drier sites than other Dryopteris species and can tolerate moderate levels of disturbance. In summary, D. filix-mas is gregarious and grows in a wide range of vegetation types across Europe.","There are no threats to this species, which can be sometimes weedy in gardens.","There are no conservation actions in place and none appear to be needed. It is classified as threatened in the Komi Republic, Russia, due to its rarity there (class 3 in the Russian rank; Taskaev 2009). It is listed in the United Kingdom as Least Concern (Stroh et al. 2014), as in most national Red Lists where it is included.","This species is often cultivated as a garden plant in many countries. It can be bought online and in many garden centres and nurseries. As this species is very common, this trade does not affect the subpopulations, even though sometimes wild plants are for sale. It is included in the catalogue of World economic plants (Wieresma and León 2013).","García, M.,Schaefer, H.","Ivanenko, Y.,Väre, H.,Bento Elias, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Dyer, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Dryopteris,fragrans,,Dryopteris fragrans,(L.) Schott,This is a diploid species.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Although its distribution range is narrow and disjunct in Europe, the subpopulations are stable. In Finland it is present in a strict nature conservation area, and the subpopulations are not under immediate threat in the EU 28. Its Russian subpopulations are widespread and often in inaccessible sites that are not threatened. It is therefore  listed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 28, even though the species has a marginal occurrence in Europe.",Stable,"Dryopteris fragransis a widespread species in the arctic-alpine belt of the Northern Hemisphere, found across North America and in Asia from the Ural Mountains across Siberia to the Chinese Himalayas. In Europe it is only found in a small area in northern Finland where it has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 800 km² and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 44 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The nearest subpopulations to the Finnish ones are found in the Ural Mountains in Russia (Kalliola 1937), where the species occurs fragmented and over an extensive area. The overall AOO is estimated to be around 350 km². Genetic studies have shown that the Finnish subpopulations are most closely related to subpopulations in Mongolia (Juslén et al. 2011).","There are two subpopulations in northern Finland, one small and and one large, and several others in the northern Ural range (Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013). In Finland, the subpopulations have been calculated to be around 2,700 tufts, and subpopulations are stable there (Commission of the European Communities 2009). The known subpopulations in Russia are scattered over an extensive area in the Urals and eastwards (Jalas and Suominen 1972). The overall population trend is stable.","This fern grows on alpine rock outcrops and boulder fields. The species grows among stones and boulders, sometimes hidden by rocks. It also grows on the surface of rocks covered by lichens, but it does not grow on recently disturbed rocky landslides. The undisturbed habitat is indicated by a thick cover of lichens and mosses (Kalliola 1937, Jonsell 2000). In Russia, it is often found on screes and in rock crevices and usually on calcareous slopes (Y. Ivanenko pers. comm. 2016).","This species faces no immediate threats, although climate warming might be a future threat considering that this is a cold-climate species.

","Dryopteris fragrans is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. The species is well-protected and no further conservation actions are needed.



In Finland this species is classed as Near Threatened (Rassiet al. 2010) because the  AOO is restricted (44 km²), with a total of 36 sites having been   recorded. There are c. 2,700 mature individuals and the subpopulations are currently stable. All but one Finnish subpopulation are in the Kevo Strict Nature Reserve (open to the public only by permission). Climate change is a potential future threat but may be overcome with well-planned assisted migration. It is protected by law (Nature Conservation Decree 913/2005) in Finland.



In Russia it was also classified as threatened due to its rarity (class 3 in the Russian rank) in the Komi Republic (Taskaev 2009). The Russian subpopulations should be monitored.","It is included in the catalogue of World economic plants (Wieresma and León 2013), but its uses are not documented.","Troia, A.,García, M.","Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.,Christenhusz, M.,Ivanenko, Y.,Dyer, R.,Bento Elias, R.,Rumsey, F.","Kemppainen, E.",,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Dryopteris,guanchica,,Dryopteris guanchica,Gibby & Jermy,"This is an allotetraploid hybrid whose parents are Dryopteris aemula and D. azorica/intermedia.



The nameDryopteris guanchica has been used in a uniform way. D. aemula, D. guanchica and D. corleyi are closely related, the latter two also being allotetraploids, sharing the D. aemula genome (Gibby et al. 1978, Fraser‐Jenkins 1982, Juslén et al. 2011).",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Although this European endemic species has a restricted distribution, the population trend is stable and it is therefore assessed as Least Concern. Research on its population size and trend are needed.",Stable,"This species is restricted to Europe, where it is found in Portugal, Spain and the Canary Islands (Gomera, Hierro, Tenerife) (Gibby and Jermy 1977, Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013). The area of occupancy (AOO) is calculated to be 248 km², but this may be an underestimation.","There is no information on the population trend since the taxon was only recently described (1977). However, although in the past the habitats of D. guanchica were turned to fields, which reduced the size of subpopulations, the main ones on La Gomera and Tenerife are stable. The overall population trend is therefore assumed to be stable.","Dryopteris guanchica is found in deciduous forests on the Iberian Peninsula, and in laurisilva forests and ""barrancos"" in the Canary Islands.



The species is considered as a relict, particularly in Iberian refugia, being characterized by a high mean annual precipitation, or in particular along river basins where the subtropical moisture is to some degree substituted by water flowing from mountain headwaters (Fernández-Palacioset al. 2011, Heywood 2014). Its elevation limits are 0-1,000 m.","Although current threats are unknown, there has been considerable pressure on the subpopulations in the past due to land conversion for agriculture, particularly in the Canary Islands and especially on Gran Canaria (Anonymous 2010).

","The main subpopulations today are on the islands of La Gomera and Tenerife (Anaga region), which are protected following Spanish law. At Anaga, a site with high biodiversity, localities are today strictly prohibited to access without permission. In Spain it is listed as Vulnerable B2ab(iii); D2 (Moreno et al. 2008), and it is also categorized as Vulnerable in A Coruña where it is known from the locality at As Mariñas (Galicia, Spain) (Fragas do Mandeo 2010). It is extinct in Andalucía (Heywood 2014). Research on its population size and trend are needed.",This species is not used.,"Troia, A.,García, M.","Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.,Väre, H.,Bento Elias, R.,Dyer, R.,Rouhan, G.,Rumsey, F.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Dryopteris,intermedia,,Dryopteris intermedia,(Muhl. ex Willd.) A.Gray,"Dryopteris intermedia and the other taxa in the D . spinulosa complex have long confused taxonomists. Dryopteris  intermedia is diploid and is one of the parents of the allotetraploid D. carthusiana.



Dryopteris azorica (Christ) Alston and D. maderensis Milde ex Alston are considered subspecies of D. intermedia here although they are often accepted as species on their own (Schäfer 2002, Press and Short 1994). As such they would be endemic to Azores or Madeira. 



For the purposes of this assessment, the Euro+Med checklist is followed (Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

This is a widespread species that is locally common, with a stable population trend, and subpopulations are only mildly threatened by invasive species. It is therefore  listed as Least Concern.

The two subspecies sometimes recognised are: 

Dryopteris intermedia subsp. azorica with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 370 km2 in the Azores. As it faces no threats it is listed here as Least Concern.

Dryopteris intermedia subsp. maderenis with an AOO of c. 100 km2 on Madeira. As it faces no threats and is locally abundant it is listed here as Least Concern.

",Stable,"This species is widespread across northeastern North America. In Europe, it is present in the Azores (where it is found between 200 and 1,100 m Asl) and the northern half of Madeira (where it is found between 550 and 1,600 m Asl) (Press and Short 1994, Schäfer 2002). The area of occupancy (AOO) is 370 km2 in the Azores and c. 100 km2 in Madeira, being of 470 km2 in total. The Macaronesian specimens are sometimes treated as separate species from the North American taxon and are then called D. azorica and D. maderenis, respectively, but are here considered on a single assessment.","This species is locally abundant in Madeira and in all islands in the Azores. The population trend is stable, as there are no reported declines.","In Madeira it grows in humid, oceanic, nutrient-rich, rocky woods, especially in limestone areas, ravines and levadas (Press and Short 1994).

In the Azores it is commonly found in tree plantations, on slopes and in ravines (Schäfer 2002). It is a typical species of montane and laurel forests and it is also common in montane woodlands (R. Elias pers. comm. 2016).","There are no main threats to the species, although invasive species (Hedychium gardnerianum) may affect this taxon as they are found on the same strata.","The species was previously listed species as 'insufficiently known' (IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre 1982), but according to recent floras these evaluations are outdated (Press and Short 1994, Schäfer 2002). It is locally common and found in protected areas. Management of invasive species, particularly the removal of Hedychium would benefit this and other native species.",It is sometimes cultivated and therefore included in the catalogue of World Economic Plants (Wiersema and León 2013).,"García, M. & Ivanova, D.","Väre, H., Bento Elias, R., Christenhusz, M., Dyer, R., Ivanenko, Y., Rouhan, G. & Rumsey, F.,",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Dryopteris,lacunosa,,Dryopteris lacunosa,"S.Jess., Zenner, Chr.Stark & Bujnoch","This species was described very recently (Jessen et al. 2011). The concept of this taxon is unclear and is not generally accepted. It is a triploid of hybrid origin that belongs to the D. affinis group.



Most British and French specialists do not accept D. lacunosa as a species, generally suggesting that it more or less equates to what they have called morphotype insolens (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). For the purposes of this assessment, the Euro+Med checklist is followed (Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013).",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"Although there is some taxonomic uncertainty around the validity of this species concept, it is here treated as valid until further taxonomic research can be carried out. Currently it is assessed as Least Concern as it has an overall large and probably stable population. If future taxonomic work results in this species being split into several taxa, it will be reassessed under the revised concept then and its status may change accordingly.",Unknown,"This is a recently described species which is found in the southern and central Alps (Italy, around Lago Maggiore), northwards to Germany (Rheinland-Pfalz, Baden-Württenberg, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Saarland), extending to France and in Austria at elevations between 10 and 1,480 m (Austria, Montafon; Jessen et al. 2011). In Britain and Ireland its presence is uncertain given its uncertain taxonomic status (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). However, in the article in which this species was originally described, material from Britain and Ireland were studied and included in its treatment. Therefore, for the purposes of this assessment, the distribution provided by Jessen et al. (2011) is followed, and the distribution of the species in Ireland is disregarded here.","As this is a very recently described species (Jessen et al. 2011), there are yet no data on population trends. Although subpopulations may be considered to be stable, as is the case for other species belonging to the D. affinis complex, the overall population trend is unknown.","Dryopteris lacunosa is found in deciduous lowland forests and lower slopes of mountains where it grows in woodland on acidic to neutral fresh soil with a well-developed humus layer (Jenssen et al. 2011). It is found at altitudes between 10-1,480 m.","The threats to this species are unknown. Like other taxa in the D. affinis complex, it is unlikely to be particularly threatened.",Research is needed on the taxonomic status of this species and its distribution. It is unknown if the species is found in protected areas throughout its range.,This species is not used.,"García, M. & Ivanova, D.","Väre, H., Bento Elias, R., Christenhusz, M., Dyer, R., Ivanenko, Y., Rouhan, G. & Rumsey, F.,",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Dryopteris,mindshelkensis,,Dryopteris mindshelkensis,Pavlov,"There is still some uncertainty as to whether Christopher Fraser-Jenkins was correct in synonymising D. mindshelkensis with D. submontana. Stace (2010) in the New flora of the British Isles chose to retain the name D. submontana. For the purposes of this assessment, the Euro+Med taxonomy is followed (Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013), which considers D. mindshelkensis a valid species and D. submontana as its synonym. However, if D. submontana were to be considered a distinct species, its range will be in the east of Europe

 D. submontana is well accepted to be the allotetraploid of the sexual diploids D. pallida and D. villarii.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

This is a widespread species that is locally common, has a stable population trend and for which there are no major threats. It is therefore  listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This species was originally described from Mindshelke, a district in the Karatau Mountains in southern Kazakhstan, but when it was found that this name was also applied to plants that were previously treated as D. submontana, its distribution was expanded across the Caucasus to the mountains in the Mediterranean area and westwards to northwestern Britain. In Britain, it occurs from sea level up to 600 m Asl, while in the Alps it is usually found between 1,200 and 2,000 m Asl, ascending to 2,930 m on Mount Corno in Italy. It reaches 2,000 m in the Pyrenees (Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013). The area of occupancy (AOO) is calculated to be 692 km2, which is possibly an underestimation.



 



","It is a rare and localized species with a scattered distribution. There is no information available on its population trends, but in its main distribution area, the Alps, the subpopulations are most likely stable. Therefore the overall population trend is assumed to be stable.

The species is distributed in four major areas, with the smallest subpopulation in the British Isles. The subpopulations in the Pyrenees, Italy and the Balkans could well be isolated from each other. However, as there is no information on the size of subpopulations, it is not possible to identify whether the population is severely fragmented.","This fern occurs on limestone pavements, screes and rock crevices with moist humus-rich soils. It prefers a certain degree of shelter, but is intolerant to shade. It can extend onto  more exposed rock, but only where low woody scrub provides some  protection. It has also been recorded on limestone walls and from other  base-rich rocks (Stace 2010, The Botanical Society of the British Isles 2004, as D. submontana). In Romania, it is found in the sub-montane regions (Negrean 2011). In the Alps, it is confined to mountainous areas in the forest and the lower alpine belts, favoring lower temperatures, high humidity and abundant precipitation.","There are no current threats to this species. However, it is highly sensitive to grazing in Britain and this may be  the reason for its loss from old sites in Snowdonia and Arran. It is  also highly vulnerable to quarrying, but otherwise there have been few  losses since the 1962 (The Botanical Society of the British Isles 2004).","There are no conservation actions in place, although grazing needs to be controlled in areas where this species occurs. It is listed as Data Deficient on the French National Red List (assessed as D. submontana) (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012). It is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas throughout its range.","It is included in the catalogue of World economic plants (Wieresma and León 2013), as it is very rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in specialist collections.","García, M. & Ivanova, D.","Väre, H., Bento Elias, R., Christenhusz, M., Dyer, R., Ivanenko, Y., Rouhan, G. & Rumsey, F.,",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Dryopteris,oligodonta,,Dryopteris oligodonta,(Desv.) Pic. Serm.,This is a diploid species (Juslén et al. 2011).,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"This endemic species to the Canary Islands is locally common, its population trend is stable and it does not face any major threats. It is therefore  listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This species is endemic to the Canary Islands, where it is found on all islands except Fuerteventura and Lanzarote. In general it is found between 200 and 1,500 m elevation, but mostly at 800-1,200 m (Gibby and Jermy 1977, Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013). It has an area of occupancy (AOO) of about 200 km².","This species is fairly common on La Gomera, El Hierro, La Palma and Tenerife (Gibby and Jermy 1977), but rare on Gran Canaria. The population trend is stable.","Dryopteris oligodonta occurs mainly in shaded and humid habitats of the laurel forest (laurisilva) zone, where it is often abundant and as such it is a feature of the local landscape. Occasionally it also occurs in more humid parts of the evergreen forest zone (fayal-brezal vegetation) (Gibby and Jermy 1977).",There are no threats to the species.,No conservation actions are in place and none appear to be needed. The species is present in protected areas.,"This species is locally used as an ornamental, although it rarely adapts well to artificial habitats. It was formerly used as a drug against human intestinal parasitic worms.","García, M.,Troia, A.","Rumsey, F.,Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.,Ivanenko, Y.,Bento Elias, R.,Dyer, R.,Christenhusz, M.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Dryopteris,oreades,,Dryopteris oreades,Fomin,This is a diploid species.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This is a widespread western European and Mediterranean-montane species that is locally common with a stable population trend and no major threats. It is therefore  listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This species is found across Europe and western Asia from Iceland and Norway, southwards to Portugal and Spain, and eastwards to Crimea, the Caucasus and Pakistan. It is found at elevations of 100 and 850 m in Britain and 600-2,400 m in the Alps (Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is calculated to be 1,788 km², but this may be an underestimation.","Dryopteris oreades is locally abundant and the population trend is stable. It has moderate intrapopulation genetic variation, which may derive from the expansion of the subpopulations during the last glaciation (Jiménez et al. 2009).","In Britain and Ireland this species colonizes well-drained rocky ledges,  steep, loose scree slopes and gullies. Its substrates include relatively  acidic sandstones, slates and mica-schist. It is very sensitive to  grazing, often becoming confined to inaccessible ledges and unstable  scree slopes in heavily grazed areas (The Botanical Society of the British Isles 2004). In the Mediterranean, it inhabits rocky forests on oroboreal mountain slopes, and on rocky outcrops in the lower montane belt often among acidic boulders.",In Scotland there seems to be some pressure due to grazing (The Botanical Society of the British Isles 2004).,No conservation actions are in place or appear to be needed. The species is found in protected areas throughout its range. Grazing should be controlled in areas where this species is declining.,"It is included in the catalogue of World economic plants (Wieresma and León 2013), but its uses are not defined. It is rarely grown as an ornamental in specialist collections.","Troia, A.,García, M.","Rouhan, G.,Ivanenko, Y.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.,Christenhusz, M.,Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Dryopteris,pallida,,Dryopteris pallida,(Bory) Maire & Petitm.,"This is a diploid species.



The Pallidae clade (Dryopteris sect. Pallidae) include in EuropeD. aitoniana, D. pallida, D. mindshelkensis and D. oligodonta.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This is a widespread species that is locally common and has a stable population trend. It is therefore  listed as Least Concern, although the threats to this species are unknown and research is recommended to identify them. 

",Stable,"This widespread species is found around the Mediterranean from northwestern Africa, Sardinia and southern Italy, across the Balkans to Greece and coastal western Turkey, extending into Azerbaijan and northern Iran and southwards to northern Israel. It is also found in Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain), where it is sometimes treated as a separate subspecies (D. p. subsp. balearica). It extends from sea level up to 1,600 m in the Italian Alps (Nardi 1976, Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is calculated to be 444 km², but this is likely an underestimation.",This is a rather scattered and very localised species across its range. The population trend is probably stable.,"Dryopteris pallida is distinct in its climatic requirements compared to other Dryopteris species, being restricted to  the Mediterranean climatic region and following the area of olive  cultivation, with mild winter rains and summer droughts. It grows on calcareous and non-calcareous substrates in closed and moist lowland forests with rocky soil, often on rocky calcareous outcrops (Nardi 1976).",The threats to the species are unknown.,"No conservation actions are in place and none appear to be needed. It is found in protected areas throughout its range. It is listed as Critically Endangered in Corsica (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012), where it should be locally protected. Research on the possible threats to this species is recommended.",This species is not used.,"García, M.,Troia, A.","Ivanenko, Y.,Rumsey, F.,Dyer, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Bento Elias, R.,Rouhan, G.,Väre, H.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Dryopteris,pseudodisjuncta,,Dryopteris pseudodisjuncta,(Fraser-Jenk.) Fraser-Jenk.,"Dryopteris pseudodisjuncta belongs to the D. affinis group (Fraser-Jenkins 2007), with many closely related species, viz. D. borreri, D. affinis and D. cambrensis.",Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Date Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment:Date Deficient (DD)

This is a western European species that is locally fairly common in Norway, Britain and the Alps. However, available information on its population size and trend, taxonomy and threats is limited, and further research is needed to clarify the status of this species throughout its range. It is therefore  listed as Data Deficient.",Stable,"This species was only recently discovered in Britain and the Netherlands (Fraser-Jenkins 2007, Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013). It is also found in France, Switzerland, Austria and Norway. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is well above the criterion B1 threshold; its area of occupancy (AOO) is 140 km² in Europe. However, this species is under-recorded and the EOO and AOO are both expected to be much larger when the species complex becomes better studied. The available information on this species is limited.

","The species belongs to a fairly common complex of species in southwestern Norway and in the Alps, but it is difficult to separate it from other members in the group. The population trend is unknown, but is likely to be stable.","In Britain the species is found in semi-shaded, humid forests in a maritime climate, on acidic to almost neutral soil with a humus layer. In the Alps it grows on nutrient-rich and calcareous soils consisting of sand and gravel under deciduous forest (Elven 2005, Stace 2010, Botanical Society of the British Isles and the Biological Records Centre 2012). The available information on the habitats of this species belongs to the D. affinis group. Its elevation limits are 0-1,600 m.","It is not known if there are any threats to this species, but its habitats are generally not under threat.","Research is needed on its population size and trend, its taxonomy and possible threats. It is listed as Data Deficient in Norway (Kålås et al. 2010). It is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas throughout its range.",This species is not used.,"García, M.,Troia, A.","Ivanenko, Y.,Väre, H.,Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.,Dyer, R.,Bento Elias, R.,Rouhan, G.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Dryopteris,remota,,Dryopteris remota,(Döll) Druce,"This taxon is an apomictic triploid (reproduces by it self) taxon; parents being D. affinis subsp. affinis and expansa or pallida.

",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This is a widespread species that is locally common and has a stable population trend. It is therefore  listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This is a mostly central European species that extends to western Asia. It is a sub-Atlantic and sub-Alpine species, recorded from western Ireland, Scotland, England, the Spanish Pyrenees, France, Germany, Switzerland, northern Italy, Austria, the Czech Republic (Moravian Karst), western Hungary, Slovenia, western Croatia, Poland (Biesczady), Ukraine, Romania, Turkey and the west and central parts of the Caucasus (Ekrt et al. 2007, Tlałka and Piątek 2010, Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013). Its European distribution is centered on the northern part of the Alps and foothills of the northern Alps in Austria (up to 1,200 m), in Germany and Switzerland, where it is a scattered and relatively frequent species.

Records from Ireland and Scotland relate to single individuals from the Victorian times and a single specimen is known from England, which is probably a garden throw out (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). It did not persist in Britain and Ireland. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 968 km2.","There is no information available on population trends, but it seems to be stable as it faces no threats.","This is a European montane element found in sub-alpine areas near forest streams, in ravines and on steep rocky and scree slopes at elevations of (260–)400 to 1,500 m. It grows in mesotrophic and eutrophic mixed forests. Rarely, it occurs in spruce and spruce-fir forests, young spruce plantations, in clearings or openings in the sub-alpine vegetation belt.","It is not known if there are any threats to this species, but its habitat faces few threats.",No conservation actions are in place and none appear to be needed. The preferred habitat of this species is not threatened and it is present in protected areas throughout its range.,This species is not used.,"Troia, A.,García, M.","Rouhan, G.,Christenhusz, M.,Bento Elias, R.,Rumsey, F.,Ivanenko, Y.,Väre, H.,Dyer, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Dryopteris,schorapanensis,,Dryopteris schorapanensis,Askerov,"Dryopteris schorapanensis Askerov is proposed to be a triploid apomict species (Vida in: Fraser-Jenkins 2007), parental taxa being D. affinis and D. caucasica. The type specimens are deposited in TBI (Herbarium Tbilisi). The type specimen was collected in Schorapani, Mesketskii range, Caucasus Mts. in northern Georgia by Medvedev, 18 July 1968.



D. schorapanensis belongs to the D. affinis -complex, with closely related taxa: D. affinis, D. borreri, D. cambrensis and D. pseudodisjuncta. Further taxonomic research is needed on this species.",No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



Due to the lack of information and the dubious taxonomic status of this species, it is assessed as Data Deficient (DD). Further research is needed on its taxonomy, distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats in order to clarify the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"This is a species of the Dryopteris affinis complex, described from the Caucasus. It is also known from northern Iran and the Transcaucasian countries, particularly the Krasnodar region and Dagestan. However, it has been reported from many European countries (Fraser-Jenkins 2007), although this may be due to misidentifications. Major European herbaria were requested for information concerning this taxon, and only Berlin-Dalhem holds specimens: two from Germany and one from Romania. If these actually refer to this species, then its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) based on these specimens in Europe would be 12 km² (Fraser-Jenkins 2007, Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013). However, since its occurrence in Europe is so uncertain, it is not really possible at this time to estimate AOO or extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species.

",The subpopulations of Dryopteris schorapensis are poorly known. Further research on its occurrence in Europe is needed. Its population trend is unknown.,"Based on the ecology of related species in the D. affinis complex, this taxon is known from forested lower mountain slopes. It grows in mountain ranges, usually with low human activity.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There is no information available on its conservation, and it is unknown if it occurs in protected areas. Further research is needed on its taxonomy, distribution, population size and trend, ecology and threats.",This species is not used.,"García, M.,Troia, A.","Väre, H.,Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.,Bento Elias, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Dryopteris,tyrrhena,,Dryopteris tyrrhena,Fraser-Jenk. & Reichst.,"This is an apomictic triploid allotetraploid hybrid D. oreades × pallida (Fraser-Jenkins et al. 1975).

",Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"This species has a small area of occupancy (AOO) of 100-300 km², with a scattered and severely fragmented population and low number of individuals. Threats to the species are unknown at present. It is listed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualify as threatened under criterion B2. Research on its population size and trend, and threats to the species is needed. Monitoring of its population trend is also recommended.",Unknown,"This is a western maritime-Mediterranean species found in Spain (Sierra Nevada and Mallorca), France and Italy. It is found up to 2,550 m in Spain. In Italy it occurs in Liguria, on Elba, the Tuscan archipelago, and on Sardinia. In France, it is found in the Martitime Alps, the Vallée de la Roya, the Cévennes and on Corsica. In total, the species seems to be present at 86 localities, including two sites in the Balkan Peninsula, which are of dubious status (Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013). Its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is between 100 and 300 km².","In Spain, the estimation of the number of mature individuals in the Iberian subpopulations is approximate. The Balearic subpopulation has 25 individuals, and the one in Sierra Nevada has around 50 mature individuals (Bañares et al. 2010). In France it is very rare and present in five localities (Institute National de l'Information Geographique et Forestière 2015). Its status in Italy is unknown, but it is probably very rare there. Subpopulations are fragmented and those reported have with low number of mature individuals. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented. The overall population trend is unknown.","This species is found in the fissures and lines of rocky outcrops, often in caves or deep crevices in silicate rocks. It is found in various types of rock, such as on the mica-schists sediments in Sierra Nevada and in deep fissures of the calcareous lapiaz in Mallorca, in humid environments that are composed of almost always monospecific communities (Fraser-Jenkins et al. 1975, Magrini and  Scoppola 2010, Magrini et al. 2012). It is most likely a Tertiary relict.","It is not known if there are any threats to this species. Mining activities may have a negative impact, but it is uncertain if this threatens current subpopulations.","No conservation measures are currently in place, although it is present in protected areas throughout its range. It is listed in the following national Red Lists: Spain (CR B1ab(v)+2ab(v); C2a(i)) (Bañares et al. 2010), Italy (Vulnerable) (Magrini and Scoppola 2010, Magrini et al. 2012) and France (Near Threatened, close to meeting D2) (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012). Heywood (2014) lists it as Critically Endangered across the Mediterranean area, but providing no details on its explanation. 

Research on its population size and trend, and threats to the species is needed. Monitoring of its population trend is also recommended. 

",This species is not used.,"García, M.,Troia, A.","Rumsey, F.,Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.,Christenhusz, M.,Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Bento Elias, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Dryopteris,villarii,,Dryopteris villarii,(Bellardi) Schinz & Thell.,This is a diploid species.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment:: Least Concern (LC)

This is a widespread species that is locally common, whose population trend is stable, and for which there are no major threats. It is therefore  listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This species is widespread across central Europe, extending east across the Balkans to the Caucasus. It is common in Switzerland, the Dolomites, Slovenia, across the Balkans to Greece, and it also occurs in the Bulgarian mountains, such as Mt. Vihren. The species is also present in Crimea. It is extinct in the Tatra Mountains in the Czech/Polish border (Piękos-Mirkowa and Miechōwka 1992). Its elevation limits are from sea level to 2,100 m Asl (in Austria) (Gilbert 1970, Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013).",Subpopulations are stable as there are no reported declines. It is a locally common species.,"Dryopteris villarii is found in forests on mountain slopes and in the lower alpine belt on soils with neutral to high pH (Hess et al. 1967, Piękos-Mirkowa and Miechōwka 1992). It also grows in closed and moist lowland forests with rocky soil and on oroboreal rocky usually calcareous outcrops.",There are no reported threats to this species.,"The species has been assessed in Bulgaria as Vulnerable B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii) (Petrova and Vladimirov      2009), and in Poland as Extinct in the Wild (EW) (Zarzycki and Szeląg 2006). Although it may be locally extinct or threatened, no conservation actions are in place and none appear to be needed. It is present in protected areas throughout its range.",The species is not utilized.,"García, M. & Ivanova, D.","Väre, H., Bento Elias, R., Christenhusz, M., Dyer, R., Ivanenko, Y., Rouhan, G. & Rumsey, F.,",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Elaphoglossum,semicylindricum,,Elaphoglossum semicylindricum,(Bowdich) Benl,This species is similar to and sometimes treated as a synonym of the Caribbean species E. hirtum (Sw.) C.Chr.,Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"This epiphytic fern species is listed as Endangered (EN) since it has a very small area of occupancy (AOO) of 150 km², its population is considered to be severely fragmented, it is present at seven locations and is experiencing a continuing decline in the habitat extent and quality, and in the number of subpopulations and mature individuals. Adequate protection of its habitat, excluding grazers, logging and road construction is greatly needed to conserve this rare species.",Decreasing,"This species is restricted to the Azores, where it is found on Flores, Faial, Pico, Sao Jorge, Terceira and Sao Miguel, and to Madeira. It is closely related to E. hirtum, a Caribbean species, with which it was confused in the past. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 150 km².","The subpopulation in Madeira consists of over 1,000 mature individuals, but the data does not allow to elucidate a trend (Martín et al. 2008). However, the species is rare in Madeira, where it is possibly declining due to collection (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). As it is a small epiphyte, it may be easily overlooked. In the Azores, there have probably been declines in its habitat, but it seems to be currently stable. The species has declined in the past due to the fact that it is sensitive to disturbances, and its current population trend is slightly declining. The population is considered to be severely fragmented since it occurs in very small and isolated subpopulations.","Elaphoglossum semicylindricum is a typical epiphyte of montane forest and woodlands (laurisilva), being found on Ilex azorica, Juniperus brevifolia and Laurus azorica in the Azores and on Erica arboreal, Laurus azorica and Ocotea foetens in Madeira (Frey et al. 2006, Press and Short 1994, H. Schäfer pers. comm. 2016). It rarely grows on rocks (R. Elias and F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). Its elevation limits are 350-1,200 m asl.","The species is affected by cattle trampling, goat grazing and the cutting of trees, which are likely to threaten this species, including within protected areas (R. Elias and H. Schäfer pers. comm. 2016). In Madeira, the species can be affected by collection for ornamental purposes (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). Since this species occurs as an epiphyte on trees, it is susceptible to fires, and considering this threat the species is present at seven locations (M. Christenhusz pers. comm. 2017).","There are no conservation measures currently in place. It is found in protected areas throughout its range, but it faces threats there as these areas are not excluded from grazing and disturbance. Ecological restoration of degraded areas is needed (R. Elias pers. comm. 2016) and juniper forests in the Azores are in need of real protection (which would mean excluding grazing, logging and road construction) and the enforcement of the law in these protected areas. Further research on its population size and threats is needed.","This species is not used, but it is sometimes collected by fern enthusiasts.","García, M.,Schaefer, H.","Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.,Väre, H.,Bento Elias, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Rouhan, G.,Ivanenko, Y.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,EQUISETOPSIDA,EQUISETALES,EQUISETACEAE,Equisetum,arvense,,Equisetum arvense,L.,"
Equisetum arvense is known to hybridise with a number of other species of the genus (subgenus Equisetum). Few of these hybrids are frequent and these are not considered likely to affect the survival of the species or the outcomes of this assessment. 

",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This fern species is assessed as Least Concern as it is widespread, with stable or increasing populations throughout its European range and does not face any major threats. It is often invasive in disturbed sites and hence it is unlikely that this species will become threatened in the near future.",Increasing,"Equisetum arvense occurs throughout most of the Northern Hemisphere, from Europe eastwards throughout the Middle East, the Caucasus, Siberia, Kazakhstan, the Himalayas and Mongolia, eastwards to China, Japan and the Korean Peninsula, as well as throughout North America except the extreme southeast. In Europe, it occurs more or less throughout the continent, from Scandinavia through the Baltic States, southwards to the Iberian Peninsula and France along the Mediterranean coast to Greece (Fitter and Peat 1994, Finnish Museum of Natural History 1999, Association Tela Botanica 2000-2010, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (Real Jardín Botanico) and Fundación Biodiversidad (Ministerio de Medio Ambiente) 2009). It is probably introduced in the Azores (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016).","Equisetum arvense appears to be widespread and is abundant throughout its European range. It frequently occurs in very large stands, although due to its clonal nature it is impossible to discern how many individuals are present in these subpopulations. The population trend is increasing, particularly in disturbed habitats, roadsides, gardens and other open sites.","Equisetum arvense occurs in a very wide range of habitats, including most anthropogenic habitats from gardens, quarries, railways and waste ground to roadsides. In natural habitats, it is most frequent on river banks, dune grasslands, shrublands, forest edges, sandy coasts, meadows and pastures (Komarov 1968, Page 1997). Its elevation limits are 0-2,000 m.","There are no known past, ongoing or future threats to this species. It is very common and once established it is nearly impossible to eradicate. It benefits from anthropogenic disturbances.","There are no conservation measures in place or needed, and it is found in protected areas throughout its range. It is not threatened and listed as Least Concern on several regional checklists (Zoological Society of London 2014).","The species has a wide range of reported medicinal applications (PFAF 2014), such as anodyne, antirheumatic, antiseptic, astringent, cardiac, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, galactogogue, haemostatic, homeopathy, nervine, tuberculosis or vulnerary. The green infertile stems are generally used and are most active when fresh, but can also be harvested in late summer and dried for later use. Sometimes, ashes of the plant are also used (PFAF 2014). In addition, the species is used as a fungicide, as liquid feed in horticulture, in paper production, as a polish, sandpaper or a scourer (PFAF 2014), although E. hyemale is more frequently applied for that purpose.



It is also used as feed for horses, but considered by some to be harmful to cattle by producing a sickness called ""equisetosis"", while such effect is denied by others. It is possible that ""equisetosis"" is brought about by other horsetail species, e.g.E. palustre (Komarov 1968). 



The underground stems are rich in starch and are gathered in some places as food, while the ""fruiting"" stems are eaten on account of their sugar content. As a dye, the plant is treated with alum imparting a greyish-yellow colour to wool (Komarov 1968). Equisetum arvensis can be a burdensome weed of cereal fields and gardens.","García, M.,Troia, A.","Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Ivanenko, Y.,Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.,Lansdown, R.V.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,EQUISETOPSIDA,EQUISETALES,EQUISETACEAE,Equisetum,fluviatile,,Equisetum fluviatile,L.,Equisetum fluviatile is known to hybridise with a number of other  species of the genus (subgenus Equisetum). Few of these hybrids are frequent and these are not  considered likely to affect the survival of the species or the outcomes of this assessment.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This fern species is listed as Least Concern as it is widespread and does not face any major threats. Although some subpopulations may be affected by the drainage of wetlands, the population trend remains stable overall.",Stable,"Equisetum fluviatile occurs throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere, from Europe eastwards throughout Turkey, Siberia, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan and Mongolia, to the Russian Far East, China, Japan and the Korean Peninsula and throughout much of northern North America and southern Greenland. The subpopulations in Australia are introduced. In Europe it is widespread across the continent, from Iceland and northern Scandinavia to Spain and Greece. It is absent from Cyprus and Macaronesia.","This species is widespread and abundant throughout its known range. There is no detailed information available on population size, as the plants are clonal and it is therefore very difficult to know how many plants are present in a certain subpopulation, but the plant usually occurs in large stands. The overall population trend is stable.","The Water Horsetail is typically a plant of ditches, ponds, lakes, lake shores, backwaters of large rivers, wet grasslands, thickets, marshes and canals in deep silty muds, or in mats of floating reed swamp vegetation (Page 1997). It often forms dense stands in water (Komarov 1968). Its elevation limits are 0-1,800 m.","In spite of its abundance, locally the species has declined over the last 100 years due to the drainage of wet areas and filling in of ponds (Page 1997). On a European scale there appear to be no threats, as it readily colonises new sites like human-made ditches, ponds and canals.",There are no conservation measures in place or needed. It is not threatened and listed as Least Concern on several regional checklists (Zoological Society of London 2014). It is present in protected areas.,"The species is readily eaten by cattle, without producing any disease symptoms, and they prefer the branched form as it provides more tender feed (Komarov 1968). Ducks are fond of the species and eat the roots and deliberately fragment them providing many propagules (Page 1997).","Troia, A.,García, M.","Väre, H.,Lansdown, R.V.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,EQUISETOPSIDA,EQUISETALES,EQUISETACEAE,Equisetum,hyemale,,Equisetum hyemale,L.,"The North American, North Japanese and Far East Russian subpopulations are often included in this species (as E. hyemale subsp. affine), but these are probably better treated at the species level as E. praealtum Raf. Therefore this taxon is excluded from this assessment. It is cultivated and sometimes naturalises in Europe.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This fern species is classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable population trend and absence of major threats.",Stable,"Equisetum hyemale is widespread across the Northern Hemisphere, being native throughout temperate Asia and Europe with a separate subspecies (subsp. affine, or E. praealtum if accepted as a separate species) in North America, which is widely cultivated as an ornamental (USDA 2012), and has naturalised locally in Brazil and East Asia. In Europe, it is found throughout the continent although it is rarer towards the Mediterranean.

","This is a widespread species across Europe, often forming large stands on sandy soils. Due to its clonal nature it is difficult to count the number of plants in a subpopulation. In England there was a large historical decline, although many of these subpopulations may originally have been introductions as the species was formerly much cultivated (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). The overall population trend is stable.","This is an evergreen, rhizomous herb found in shaded open wet coniferous or broadleaf woodland often on valley slopes, wooded gullies, sunny slopes of river terraces, mountain stream banks, along depressions and near streams and rivers, base-rich moorland flushes, marshes on sand, near springs, sand dunes, roadsides and railroad tracks, etc., growing in permanently moist sandy or clayey soils high in minerals and silica and fairly poor in nutrients (Komarov 1968, Castroviejoet al.1986, Page 1997, Van der Meijden 2005, Botanical Society of the British Isles and the Biological Records Centre 2012). Its elevation limits are 0-2,000 m.","There are no current threats to this species. It was previously threatened by land drainage, grazing and trampling of riverbanks by livestock in the United Kingdom (Botanical Society of the British Isles and the Biological Records Centre 2012).","There are no conservation measures in place, but it is present in several protected areas. Conservation measures, such as habitat protection, may be taken in countries where it is assessed as threatened (e.g. Croatia, Czech Republic).

It is listed on the following national Red Lists:

Croatia: Vulnerable (Nikolić and Topić 2005)

Czech Republic: Endangered (Holub and Procházka 2000) 

Denmark:  Least Concern (NERI 2007)

Estonia: Least Concern (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012)

Finland: Least Concern (Rassi et al. 2010)

Germany: Least Concern (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)

Hungary: Near Threatened (Király 2007)

Luxembourg: Least Concern (Colling 2005)

Norway: Least Concern (Artsdatabanken 2010)

Switzerland: Least Concern (Moser et al. 2002)

United Kingdom: Least Concern (Cheffings and Farrell 2005, Stroh et al. 2014)

","Equisetum hyemale is used as an active diuretic and thus in the treatment of kidney and bladder problems (European Medicines Agency 2008, Plants for a Future 2012). It has been prescribed widely as a traditional  medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid  arthritis, conjunctivitis, pyelonephritis and as a diuretic (Komarov 1968, Park and Jeon 2008). In China it is applied against eye inflammations and as a hair rinse to get rid of fleas, lice and mites (Komarov 1968). It is additionally used instead of emery paper to clean metallic parts in tin plating and soldering, for polishing wood and furniture and for paper cleaning. For this purpose it is first bleached by repeated wetting and drying (Komarov 1968). In some places in Siberia the plant serves as forage for horses (Komarov 1968). It produces a light-pink dye (Komarov 1968).","Troia, A.,García, M.","Ivanenko, Y.,Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Christenhusz, M.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.","Khela, S.",,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,EQUISETOPSIDA,EQUISETALES,EQUISETACEAE,Equisetum,palustre,,Equisetum palustre,L.,"Equisetum palustre is known to hybridize with a number of  other  species of the genus. However, none of these hybrids are frequent and they  are not  considered likely to affect the survival of the species or the outcomes of this assessment.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This common fern species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable subpopulations that are resilient and do not face any major threats.",Stable,"Equisetum palustre occurs throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere, from Greenland across Europe, eastwards through the Middle East, the Caucasus, Siberia, Central Asia and China to Japan, Kamchatka, Primorskye and Sakhalin Island in the Russian Far East and throughout much of North America. It occurs more or less throughout Europe, northwards to Iceland and southwards to Italy, Spain and Greece, but it is absent from Macaronesia and the far south of Europe.",Equisetum palustre is widespread and abundant throughout its European range. The subpopulations often form large stands with an unknown number of individuals due to the clonal nature of the species. The population trend is stable.,"The Marsh Horsetail typically occurs in permanently wet, usually fairly base-rich pasture, marshland, dune slacks and fens, wet meadows, swamps and sea shores, as well as the margins of ditches, streams and rivers, usually on sandy, often calcareous soil (Komarov 1968, Page 1997). Its elevation limits are 0-2,500 m.","There are no known past, ongoing or future threats to this species. Plants produce massive, deep rhizomes and tubers, making the species considerably resilient due to its clonal spread and vegetative persistence.","There are no conservation measures in place or needed, although it is present in protected areas throughout its range. It is listed as Least Concern on the national Red Lists of Germany, Estonia, Switzerland and UK (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996, Moser et al. 2002, Stroh et al. 2014, Zoological Society of London 2014).","This species is poisonous to cattle and pigs, while reports concerning horses are conflicting. The plant contains the toxic alkaloid equisetin, which acts upon the nervous system. The plant is dangerous if present in quantity in hay (Komarov 1968). It is therefore not utilised, but it may be used when confused with other species of Equisetum, often with bad results.","García, M.,Troia, A.","Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Ivanenko, Y.,Lansdown, R.V.,Rumsey, F.,Dyer, R.,Väre, H.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,EQUISETOPSIDA,EQUISETALES,EQUISETACEAE,Equisetum,pratense,,Equisetum pratense,Ehrh.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Even though less common than other horsetail species, this species is widespread, does not face any major threats and the population is stable and resilient. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This widespread species can be found in patchy subpopulations throughout the Northern Hemisphere, particularly in colder climates. In Europe it is found predominantly in northern and central areas, from Iceland, Scotland and Northern Ireland through Germany, the Alps, northern Italy, the Central Balkans, Fennoscandia, Poland, the Baltic states and much of northern Russia and Ukraine. It is absent from milder parts of Europe.","The Shade Horsetail is mainly a pioneer species, forming abundant stands where slight soil instability or erosion maintains open surfaces (Page 1997). It is clonal and thus it is difficult to know what the number of plants is inside a subpopulation, however it is abundant and very common. Although it has disappeared from certain localities on the western range of its European distribution, it appears to be stable overall.","Equisetum pratense thrives on deep, moist, freely draining banks of sandy soil, with permanent soil moisture and high air humidity. It is mostly found in shady, open deciduous woods and thickets, but in cloudy areas it may also extend into open habitats such as mountain meadows (Komarov 1968, Page 1997). In marginal sites (such as Britain and Ireland) it reproduces mostly vegetatively as spore production is poor (Page 1997). In Fennoscandia and Russia, it is also found in mixed coniferous forests and meadows along river margins (Y. Ivanenko pers. comm. 2016). Its elevation limits are 0-1,600 m.","There are no known threats to this species, although it is scarce in many parts of its distribution and may be threatened there by habitat loss due to logging or urbanisation. The species is resilient to disturbance to some extent.","Even though it may be of conservation concern locally, the species is widespread and locally abundant and is therefore unlikely to become threatened in the near future. It is found in protected areas throughout much of its range, and in marginal areas it is advisable to place sites where it occurs under protection.

It is listed on the following national Red Lists:

Czech Republic: Vulnerable (Grulich 2012)

Estonia: Least Concern (Lilleleht 2008).

Germany: Not threatened (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)

Switzerland: Near Threatened (Moser et al. 2002)

United Kingdom: nationally scarce, occurring in 16-100 hectares in Great Britain (Cheffings and Farrell 2006)","This species was known to be locally used as feed for horses, especially in tundra areas of Siberia (Komarov 1968).","Troia, A.,García, M.","Ivanenko, Y.,Rumsey, F.,Väre, H.,Dyer, R.,Bento Elias, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Rouhan, G.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,EQUISETOPSIDA,EQUISETALES,EQUISETACEAE,Equisetum,ramosissimum,,Equisetum ramosissimum,Desf.,"Equisetum ramosissimum was previously erroneously treated as a synonym of the Neotropical species E. giganteum, due to confusion of the specimens. However E. ramosissimum is a separate species (Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013) found in the Old World.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This is a widespread and locally common fern species with a stable or increasing population trend and no major threats. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"When including the (doubtfully separate) subsp. debile of the Paleotropics, the species occurs from the Canary Islands, throughout Mediterranean Europe, the Middle East, north and east Africa, India, Sri Lanka, the Mascarenes, and throughout tropical Asia eastwards to New Caledonia and Fiji. It was occasionally introduced in the east coast of North America.



In Europe (where only the typical subspecies occurs), its distribution extends from the Azores throughout the southern half of Europe, eastwards to southern Russia and Siberia and the Caucasus. It is most common in the Mediterranean region, and is extinct in the Baltic states, and doubtfully native or formerly native to England.",It is a common species with a stable or possibly increasing population trend.,"Equisetum ramosissimum occurs frequently on sandy, chalky outcrops and bluffs, pebble beds and wet areas in Mediterranean scrub, among ancient ruins and in steppes and semi-deserts (Komarov 1968). In cooler climates it occurs sporadically on open sandy places along rivers (Van der Meijden 2005). It also occurs in disturbed areas along railways, roads, old mine sites, archaeological remains, etc.","There are no major threats to this species. It is very widespread and often common in partially disturbed situations. It may suffer under some climate change predictions, as the species is frost-sensitive and repeated cold spells in unusual areas may prevent it from reproducing. However, a warmer climate may allow this species to move further north in Europe, colonising areas where it previously did not occur.","In most of Mediterranean Europe it is not of conservation concern. No conservation actions appear to be needed and it is present in protected areas throughout its range. It is present on the following national Red Lists:

Andorra: Vulnerable D2 (Carillo et al. 2008)

Czech Republic: Endangered C2 (Grulich 2012)

Germany: Endangered (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)

Netherlands: Vulnerable (Van der Meijden et al. 2000)

Switzerland: Least Concern (Moser et al. 2002)

Canary Islands (Spain): rare (Sanchez Velazquez 2002).",This species is not used.,"Troia, A.,García, M.","Bento Elias, R.,Rouhan, G.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Dyer, R.,Väre, H.,Ivanenko, Y.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,EQUISETOPSIDA,EQUISETALES,EQUISETACEAE,Equisetum,scirpoides,,Equisetum scirpoides,Michx.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This fern species is widespread and while it is possibly declining in parts of its range, it is not declining fast enough to qualify for any of the threatened Categories. Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This species is widespread across Canada, northern USA, Greenland and northern Eurasia (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1994, NatureServe 2014). In Europe, it is restricted to the north southwards to Norway and Estonia, although it is locally naturalised in other countries.","Equisetum scirpoides seems to be stable across its range. It is rare, but it can be locally abundant.","The species grows in coniferous forests, arctic tundra and shrublands (often close to the snowline in the summer), shores of rivers or lakes, swamps and wetland margins usually on calcareous soils (Komarov 1968, H. Väre pers. comm. 2016). Its elevation limits are 0-1,350 m. The species is clonal and long-lived, spreads vegetatively and sexually (M. Christenhusz pers. comm. 2017).","The threats to the species are unknown. In Russia and Scandinavia, the species may be affected by forestry management (Y. Ivanenko pers. comm. 2016). The species is sensitive to draining of the soil (M. Christenhusz pers. comm. 2016).","No conservation actions for the species are known or likely to be needed, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. The species is listed as globally 'secure' by NatureServe (2014). It is assessed as Critically Endangered on the Estonian Red List (Lilleleht 2008), where it reaches it southern limit. It is cultivated and sometimes naturalises. Further research on its threats is needed.","The species is occasionally cultivated as a pond margin ornamental, from where it has escaped into nature for instance in the Netherlands (M. Christenhusz pers. obs. 2014).","Troia, A.,García, M.","Christenhusz, M.,Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.,Ivanenko, Y.,Bento Elias, R.,Rumsey, F.,Dyer, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,EQUISETOPSIDA,EQUISETALES,EQUISETACEAE,Equisetum,sylvaticum,,Equisetum sylvaticum,L.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



As this is a widespread and locally common fern species with resilient subpopulations and stable population trend, it is listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Equisetum sylvaticum is a very widespread species occurring throughout the Northern Hemisphere, predominantly in colder regions. It is found throughout northern and central Europe and Siberia eastwards to China, North Korea and North America. In Europe it is widespread across the Nordic countries, but restricted to hills and mountains in Central Europe.",The subpopulations appear to be stable. Due to the clonal nature of this species it is not certain how many individuals make up a single subpopulation. In some areas it can be weedy and invade agricultural land.,"The Wood Horsetail is found on wet, acidic soil near springs, clear streams, in hedgerows, woods, glades, thickets and forests, shady ditches and agricultural fields (Komarov 1968, Van der Meijden 2005). In Fennoscandia and Russia it is found mostly in spruce forests (H. Väre pers. comm. 2016). It can be weedy in gardens and agricultural fields in Fennoscandia and northern Russia. Its elevation limits are 0-1,800 m.","Some marginal subpopulations may be threatened as a result of the loss of forests and due to soil drainage, but this does not impact the overall fitness of the species.","No conservation measures are in place, although it is present in protected areas throughout its range. It is present on the following national Red Lists:

Estonia: Least Concern (Lilleleht 2008)

Germany: Not threatened (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)

Hungary: Vulnerable (Király et al. 2007)

Spain: Vulnerable; D2 (Moreno et al. 2008)

Switzerland: Least Concern (Moser et al. 2002)

United Kingdom: Least Concern (Stroh et al. 2014).","Young shoots can be used as food. The species is poisonous to guinea pigs, but acceptable as a feed for horses. The plant is used to dye wool in a greyish-yellow colour. It is used in popular medicine as diuretic and astringent (Komarov 1968).","Troia, A.,García, M.","Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.,Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.,Rouhan, G.,Rumsey, F.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,EQUISETOPSIDA,EQUISETALES,EQUISETACEAE,Equisetum,telmateia,,Equisetum telmateia,Ehrh.,The American subpopulations often included in this species are a separate species: Equisetum braunii. They are therefore not considered for this assessment.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Although this fern is locally threatened in northern Europe, it has an overall widespread distribution, an stable population trend and an absence of major threats. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Equisetum telmateia is native to northern Africa, temperate Asia and Europe. This assessment excludes the subpopulations of western North America as they are ecologically and genetically distinct and are thus better treated as the separate species E. braunii (USDA 2012, Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013). In Europe, it is present throughout the western and Mediterranean parts, extending into the southeast. It is also present in several Macaronesian islands in the Azores and Madeira.",This is a locally common species with a large population throughout Europe. The number of individuals in the subpopulations is difficult to discern due to their clonal nature. The overall population trend is stable.,"Equisetum telmateia is found in open habitats, eroding sea and river cliffs, springs, stream banks, lake margins, beech and oak woodland, forest margins, dikes, meadows, roadsides and railway embankments, growing in base-rich clay soils on sites with permanent (alkaline) seepage and on porous calcareous or clay rocks (Komarov 1968, Van der Meijden 2005, Botanical Society of the British Isles and the Biological Records Centre 2012). Its elevation limits are 0-1,700 m.","This species can be locally threatened by land drainage or water pollution. In Sweden, some local subpopulations have become extinct due to land drainage and subsequent overgrowth (Mattiasson 2000).

","The species is present in protected areas throughout its range and listed on the following national Red Lists:

 

Belarus: Critically Endangered (Ermakova 2005) 

Czech Republic: rare (Holub and Procházka 2000); Near Threatened C4a (Grulich 2012)

Denmark: Least Concern (NERI 2007)

Germany: Not threatened (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)

Lithuania: 'Rare' (Rašomavičius 2007)

Luxembourg: Least Concern (Colling 2005)

Netherlands: very rare (Van der Meijden 2005)

Sweden: Critically Endangered; B1+2de, C2a, D (Gärdenfors 2000, 2005, 2010)

Switzerland: Least Concern (Moser et al. 2002)

United Kingdom: Least Concern (Cheffings and Farrell 2005).

In Sweden, conservation efforts (re-introduction, habitat protection and restoration) have been made, but its gradual population declines will eventually lead to local extinction (Mattiasson 2000). Outside marginal areas in Northern Europe, it is not of conservation concern.

","In traditional medicine, E. telmateia is used for its anti-inflammatory and diuretic properties and antioxidant activity of the aqueous extract (infusion), or as a decoction to stop excess urinating. A poultice of the rough leaves and stems can be applied to cuts and sores (Correia et al. 2005, Plants for a Future 2012). It is also used for its antibacterial properties to treat infections, and in Turkey it is one of the most commonly used plants (Uzunet al. 2004). The root and fertile shoots can be eaten when cooked and the stems can be applied to polish floors.","García, M.,Troia, A.","Bento Elias, R.,Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.,Väre, H.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rouhan, G.,Christenhusz, M.","Khela, S.",,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,EQUISETOPSIDA,EQUISETALES,EQUISETACEAE,Equisetum,variegatum,,Equisetum variegatum,Schleich. ex F. Weber & D. Mohr,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This fern species is listed as Least Concern as it is widespread with an overall stable population trend and an overall low risk of extinction in Europe. However, E. variegatum is threatened in several national Red Lists, and research into the causes of those declines and adequate measures to prevent reduction of these populations are needed.",Stable,"Equisetum variegatum is a widespread species that occurs across the Northern Hemisphere, particularly in the colder temperate regions. In Europe, it occurs throughout the northern half of the continent and in mountainous areas further south, such as the Alps, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian Mountains (Castroviejo et al. 1986, Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013).","Low genetic diversity has been observed in the subpopulations that inhabit lowland areas, especially in France. This reduces its capacity for adaptive responses to environmental stresses, and isolated subpopulations have little chance to recover new genetic material through migration. However, the population is not considered to be severely fragmented.



In the Alps and Pyrenees, at higher elevations, the subpopulations are numerous and representative of its central distribution area in Northern Europe (Machon et al. 2001). Overall, the subpopulations appear to be stable, although it is usually difficult to discern the number of individuals in a population, and therefore its population size, due to the clonal nature of E. variegatum. Its overall population trend is stable.","The Variegated Horsetail occurs in a variety of open habitats that are often flooded or snow-covered in winter, besides streams and cold water springs in montane areas, on dune slacks, river shingles, upland flushes, stony shores, peat bogs, tundras, mossy coniferous woods, and river terraces, and in limestone pavement cracks on basic, chalk rich, moist, sandy or loamy soil. It is more common at higher elevations (Komarov 1968, Castroviejo et al. 1986, Van der Meijden 2005, Botanical Society of the British Isles and the Biological Records Centre 2012). It is also found in secondary habitats on limestone and in anthropogenic habitats such as road sides, tracks or quarries (Y. Ivanenko pers. comm. 2016). Its elevation limits are 0-2,500 m.","This species is impacted by habitat disturbance through tourism and recreation areas, drainage and water pollution. The increase of livestock has impacted montane populations and drainage and sand dune development affect lowland subpopulations (Botanical Society of the British Isles and the Biological Records Centre 2012).","Even though this species is threatened in several European countries, it does not appear to be of conservation concern in the mountains of Scandinavia, Britain and Ireland. Although often scarce, it is widespread and locally abundant, and the subpopulations can be protected by site management and exclusion of grazing pressure in central and western Europe. It is present in protected areas and it is included in the following national Red Lists:

Andorra: Endangered D;B2ab(iii) (Carrillo et al. 2008)

Croatia: Vulnerable (Nikolić and Topić 2007)

Czech Republic: Critically Endangered (Holub and Procházka 2000); Endangered C2: b - Taxon meets or approaches the condition of rarity (recently recorded at only 6-20 localities) and is declining in abundance (Grulich 2012)

Denmark: Near Threatened (NERI 2007) 

Estonia: Least Concern (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012)

Germany: Critically endangered (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)

Hungary: Near Threatened (Király et al. 2007)

Netherlands: Vulnerable (Van der Meijden et al. 2000)

Norway: Least Concern. Svalbard and Jan Mayen: Least Concern (Artsdatabanken 2010)

Switzerland: Least Concern (Moser et al. 2002)

United Kingdom: Least Concern but nationally scarce, occurring in 16-100 hectads in Great Britain (Cheffings and Farrell 2006). It is also listed as Least Concern in England, although it experienced a historical decline of 38% (Stroh et al. 2014)

Research on the threats to this species is needed. 

","Its astringent properties make E. variegatum an excellent clotting agent for wounds, stopping nosebleeds and healing wounds. It may also repair damaged connective tissue, improving its strength and elasticity. It has also been used to treat sore eyes. Stems contain 10% silica and can thus be used as a sandpaper, scouring metal and for polishing brass and hardwood. It is toxic as it reduces the human body's ability to metabolise the Vitamin B complex, which can be avoided by cooking (Plants for a Future 2012).","Troia, A.,García, M.","Väre, H.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.,Dyer, R.","Khela, S.",,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Grammitis,azorica,,Grammitis azorica,(H.Schaef.) H.Schaef.,,Yes,CR,"B2ab(iii,v); C2a(i)",Yes,CR,"B2ab(iii,v); C2a(i)",EU28,,"The species is listed as Critically Endangered as there are fewer than 100 individuals in total, with an even smaller number of individuals (<50) per subpopulation. In addition, the species has a small area of occupancy (AOO), it is experiencing a continuing decline on its habitat and number of mature individuals and its population is considered to be severely fragmented, since its subpopulations are small and isolated from each other. Its reproductive success is low and it is affected by the loss of forest on the islands by clearance, grazing and illegal collection. Protection of old growth natural forests and possible planting of native species, together with monitoring of the population and habitats trend, are recommended.",Decreasing,"This tiny fern species is restricted to the Azores (Portugal), where it is only found on the islands of Terceira, Flores and Pico (where it is uncertain if it is still present) at elevations between 600 and 850 m, where it is extremely rare. It is closely related to the Caribbean species G. marginella. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².","In spite of the abundance of suitable habitat, the overall population size of this species is small; it is estimated that there are fewer than 100 mature individuals (Schäfer 2005, R. Elias pers. comm. 2016), occurring in subpopulations far apart from each other (on two separated islands), and it is considered to be severely fragmented. The subpopulations do not seem to reproduce much and are slow-growing. The current population trend is declining, with a 30% loss on Flores due to illegal collection by foreign botanists for herbaria (H. Schäfer pers. comm. 2016).","This is a small epiphytic fern that inhabits mossy juniper rain forests, which is found at medium elevations (650-850 m), where it is restricted to the wettest and wind-exposed parts of the juniper forest (Schäfer 2001, 2005, Aguiar et al. 2006).","Illegal collection poses a threat to the species. The loss of forest on the islands by clearance and invasive tree species (especially Cryptomeria japonica) result in a shrinking of the natural vegetation where this species occurs. Its habitat is also decreasing due to grazing. Since the only subpopulations are situated on the slopes of volcanoes, a volcanic eruption may also be a threat.","The species occurs in protected areas (Martín et al. 2008), but its habitat is shrinking because these areas are still open to grazing by goats, cattle and invasive rabbits. Illegal collection by botanists for herbarium specimens is also a concern. Strict protection of old growth natural forests and possible planting of native species (juniper) may be needed to increase the area where this species could grow (H. Schäfer pers. comm. 2016). Monitoring of the population and habitats trend is also needed.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"García, M.,Schaefer, H.","Rouhan, G.,Väre, H.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rumsey, F.,Dyer, R.,Bento Elias, R.,Christenhusz, M.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Grammitis,jungermannioides,,Grammitis jungermannioides,(Klotzsch) Ching,This species is often segregated in the genus Ceradenia.,No,CR,C2a(i),No,CR,C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)

EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)



This fern species is assessed as Critically Endangered as it has a population size of less than 250 mature individuals, with less than 50 individuals in each of the 10 subpopulations. In addition, it is considered severely fragmented as these small subpopulations occur on three widely separated Azorean Islands, and there is a continuing decline in habitat extent and quality, number of subpopulations and mature individuals.",Decreasing,"This is a widespread Neotropical fern species, found from Guatemala and Jamaica to Bolivia and the Brazilian Amazon. It has outlying subpopulations in the Azores (Portugal), where it is present at three localities on the island of Flores, five on Pico and two sites on Terceira. It has a total area of occupancy (AOO) of 40 km².

","The species is very susceptible to habitat degradation as a result of cattle damage. Subpopulations are small and rare, and it seems to be declining. There are less than 250 mature individuals across its range, with fewer than 50 individuals per subpopulation (Schäfer 2001, 2005).","This is a small fern that grows as an epiphyte on mossy branches on juniper and tree heather in laurel forests (laurisilva) (Schäfer 2001, Frey et al. 2006, F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016).","Habitat destruction and the effect of storms on the forest may affect the subpopulations. It can be also affected by forest trampling, grazing and cutting of wood (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). It is collected by botanists for herbaria (inside protected areas and without permits). One subpopulation on Flores was lost because of unregulated collection by botanists between 2003 and 2010. The main threat to the species is goat and cattle grazing in the protected areas of Pico and Flores.","Habitat protection should be put in place to protect this species. Even though most subpopulations are already inside a protected area, grazing and habitat destruction continue to occur here as much as outside these protected areas. Therefore, exclusion from grazing and removal of feral goats and rabbits are needed to preserve these fragile habitats.",This species is not used.,"García, M.,Schaefer, H.","Bento Elias, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Dyer, R.,Väre, H.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Grammitis,quaerenda,,Grammitis quaerenda,Bolle,"Outside Europe this species is very rare and is often treated as a separate species, G. ebenina (which is a later synonym), which is putatively the same, although this has not been confirmed by any studies. If the two taxa are not identical, then G. quaerenda is probably globally extinct. Unless a new subpopulation is found, it is uncertain if the two taxa are the same since molecular data is needed to confirm it.",No,RE,,No,RE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Regionally Extinct (RE)

EU 28 regional assessment: Regionally Extinct (RE)



This species is Regionally Extinct in Europe, where it formerly occurred in northern Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain). Outside of Europe the species is very rare, localised and fragmented. It is often treated as a separate species (G. ebenina), which is putatively the same, although this has not been confirmed by any molecular studies. If the two taxa turn out not to be identical, then G. quaerenda would be globally extinct.",,"This is an Atlantic species, which, including its synonym G. ebenina, occurs on the Canary Islands (Tenerife), St. Helena, São Tomé and possibly also in Madagascar. In the Canary Islands, it was last recorded in the 1850s and despite exhaustive searches, it has not been found again.",The subpopulations in northern Tenerife decreased rapidly and the species has not been found again since the 1850s (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016).,"Grammitis quaerenda was an epiphyte of mossy forests, growing on tree ferns and mossy branches in laurisilva (Schäfer 2001).","Deforestation and habitat destruction through road building, tourism, agriculture, grazing and landslides are the main threats that likely caused this species to become extinct in Europe.",The species is now extinct in the Canary Islands (Aedo et al. 2014). Outside of Europe the species is very rare. Taxonomic research is needed.,This species was not used.,"Schaefer, H.,García, M.","Rouhan, G.,Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.,Väre, H.,Rumsey, F.,Bento Elias, R.,Dyer, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Gymnocarpium,dryopteris,,Gymnocarpium dryopteris,(L.) Newman,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This is a widespread fern species that is locally abundant and whose population trend is stable. There are no major threats to the species, and it is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Gymnocarpium dryopteris is widely distributed across the cooler regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It is found throughout North America, Greenland, Europe and northern Asia. In Europe, it is found across northern and central Europe, and elsewhere mainly in colder montane regions. It is rarer in the Mediterranean and Atlantic seaboards.",The species can occur in large numbers and locally cover large areas of forest ground. The plants are clonal and thus it is often difficult to count the individuals in a subpopulation. The overall population trend is stable.,"The species is most commonly found in shady situations in coniferous and deciduous woods (Komarov 1968), on shady slopes, rocky slopes and sometimes on humid shaded masonry, often on siliceous substrates, but also sometimes on chalk where organic matter has sufficiently acidified the soil (Page 1997, Prelli 2001). It has a wide range, down to sea level in northern Europe, but in France it is mostly found at medium elevations (G. Rouhan pers. comm. 2016). Its elevation limits are 0 - 2,500 m.","There are no major threats to the species. It is abundant, and even though deforestation can eradicate a certain subpopulation, it can recover and returns when the forest is regenerated.","When walls housing this species need repair, they are best re-grouted with traditional lime mortar, and when possible, at least some or all plants need to be left in place when grouting. The species can also be assisted by reintroducing it to new forest plantations, if required. It is not considered of conservation concern and it is found in protected areas throughout its range. It is assessed as Near Threatened in England (Stroh et al. 2014) and Least Concern in Serbia (Jakovljević et al. 2015).","It is grown occasionally for ornamental purposes, generally from horticultural stock.","Schaefer, H.,García, M.","Väre, H.,Christenhusz, M.,Bento Elias, R.,Rouhan, G.,Ivanenko, Y.,Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Gymnocarpium,jessoense,,Gymnocarpium jessoense,(Koidz.) Koidz.,"This species was previously included in Gymnocarpium robertianum (e.g. Atlas Florae Europaeae), or considered as a separate species from G. jessoense as G. continentale, in which several subspecies were considered. Here it is treated as the single widespread species G. jessoense.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



In Europe, the species is restricted to very small areas where it is rare. Even though it has an area of occupancy (AOO) ofc. 52 km2 and it occurs in isolated, small subpopulations, its population trend is stable and it is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This is a circumarctic species found in North America, from Alaska and Canada to the midwestern and northeastern USA, Greenland, and northern Eurasia from the Atlantic to the Pacific across Siberia and south to the Himalayas. The European taxon is G. j. subsp. parvulum, which is known from a few localities in northern Norway, Finland and Russia.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 52,406 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is c. 52 km2, although it may be larger as this is based on historical specimens and not on actual current records.","This is a rare species which is found in a few places in the far north of Europe where it is very localised. Subpopulations are scattered, but the overall population trend seems to be stable. The species may be more common, but it is difficult to identify and often overlooked (Y. Ivanenko pers. comm. 2016).","Gymnocarpium jessoense is found on shady coniferous woods among mossy undergrowth (Komarov 1968), usually on calcareous or dolomitic substrates in Europe, although other subspecies occur on granite in Asia and North America (Prelli 2001). In Finland and Russia it often grows on rock outcrops (Y. Ivanenko and H. Väre pers. comm. 2016). It occurs at altitudes between 100 - 250 m Asl.","There are no currently known threats, but climate change may have an effect on this geographically restricted, northern species. The main threat to the species in Finland is the natural hybridisation or replacement with Gymnocarpium dryopteris.","The species is listed as Near Threatened in Finland (Rassi et al. 2010) and as Critically Endangered A2ac;B1ab(iii);D1 in Norway (Kålås et al. 2010). Site protection and assisted migration to mitigate for climate change are probably the best ways to protect this species from extinction. It is found in protected areas in many parts of its range. Research and monitoring of its population sizes is needed, together with studies on its viability and the effects of climate change.",This species is not utilised.,"Ivanova, D. & García, M.","Christenhusz, M., Bento Elias, R., Dyer, R., Ivanenko, Y., Rouhan, G., Rumsey, F. & Väre, H.,",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Gymnocarpium,robertianum,,Gymnocarpium robertianum,(Hoffm.) Newman,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Even though the species may be of conservation concern in marginal sites (at the northern and western fringe of its distribution), the species is widespread and its overall population trend is stable. In its main distribution area, across central European mountains and hills, it can be locally abundant. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"The Limestone Oak-fern is a widely distributed species found across the temperate and cooler regions of the Northern Hemisphere, across North America south to the mid-west, on Greenland, and throughout temperate and montane Asia eastwards to northern Japan. In Europe, it occurs in the northern and central parts, particularly in the mountain regions, and patchily across the southern mountains. It is less abundant in the Atlantic fringe and the Mediterranean, although it is found across northern Spain, in Corsica, the Apennines (Italy) and the Balkans southwards to northern Greece.","The subpopulations and the overall population trend of the species appear to be stable. It is locally common in the calcareous mountains of central Europe, particularly the Pre-Alps, the Jura, the Massif Central, the Pyrenees, the Apennines and the Ardennes, and it is more local at lower elevations in places like the Alsace (Prelli 2001) and in Britain (Page 1997).","This species occurs most exclusively on calcium-rich substrates, usually on broken limestone rocks and scree, in ledges and crevices of limestone cliffs and scars, and in the grykes of limestone pavement, in exposed areas or in open woods (Komarov 1968, Page 1997). It sometimes occurs on masonry.

It may form extensive colonies due to its clonal nature, amongst grasses and under shrubs or under open woodland cover. In Fennoscandia, it is restricted to calcareous spruce forests (H. Väre pers. comm. 2016). Its elevation limits are 0 - 2,500 m.","The species is threatened by forest management and road building activities (Lilleleht 1998). When it occurs on masonry, it can also be threatened by wall restoration projects.","When walls housing this species need repair, they are best re-grouted with traditional lime mortar, and when possible, at least some or all plants need to be left in place when grouting. The species is found in protected areas throughout its range and protected by law in the Netherlands (Flora en Fauna Wet 1998). It is listed on the following national Red Lists:

Estonia: 'care demanding' (Lilleleht 1998)

Finland: Least Concern (Rassi et al. 2010)

Germany: not threatened (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)

Hungary: Near Threatened (Király 2007)

Netherlands: Vulnerable (Van der Meijden et al. 2000)

Serbia: Least Concern (Jakovljević et al. 2015). 

Sweden: Vulnerable; B2ab(ii,iii,v) (Gärdenfors et al. 2005, 2010)

Switzerland: Least Concern (Moser et al. 2002)

United Kingdom: Least Concern, although it experienced a historical decline of 46% (Stroh et al. 2014)",The species is not utilized.,"García, M.,Schaefer, H.","Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.,Dyer, R.,Rouhan, G.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,LYCOPODIOPSIDA,LYCOPODIALES,LYCOPODIACEAE,Huperzia,dentata,,Huperzia dentata,(Herter) Holub,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"In spite of its small range, this lycopod species is assessed as Least Concern in view of its stable population trend and the fact that it is locally frequent, particularly in the Azores.",Stable,"Huperzia dentata is restricted to the Azores and Madeira, and it has an area of occupancy (AOO) of 64 km². It  is  common  in  the  Azores  and grows on the islands of San Miguel, Terceira, San Jorge, Pico, Faial, Flores and Corvo (Schäfer 2005). On Madeira, it is the less common of the  two  species  of  the  genus Huperzia (Fernandez Prieto et al. 2008).","This species is locally frequent, but much less common than H. suberecta in Madeira (where it is uncommon), however more frequent than that species in the Azores (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). It is stable in the Azores and although it is possible that it may be declining in Madeira, the overall population trend is stable.","This species occurs scattered on steep often sandy slopes (Schäfer 2005) and in damp, sheltered, rocky places on wooded slopes, gullies and banks above levadas (Press and Short 1994). This species is not sensitive to disturbances as it is found at the edges of forests and roads (R. Elias pers. comm. 2016). Its elevation limits are 200-2,300 m.","The construction of trails and roads, and trampling by cattle and humans may affect the species, although there is some resilience to disturbance.",No conservation measures are currently in place. Habitat protection will benefit this species. It is found in protected areas throughout its range.,This species is not used.,"Troia, A.,García, M.","Väre, H.,Dyer, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Ivanenko, Y.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,LYCOPODIOPSIDA,LYCOPODIALES,LYCOPODIACEAE,Huperzia,selago,,Huperzia selago,(L.) Bernh. ex Schrank & Mart.,"Some authors regard this as a complex of species, often recognised are Huperzia arctica and H. appressa, although there may be other taxa. For the purposes of this assessment, the Euro+Med checklist is followed (Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013), considering them part of this complex as well.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



There appear to be no serious threats to this species although the recent decline of the subpopulations in some countries, particularly in its southern range, is of concern and needs further research. Given its wide distribution throughout Europe and its abundance in the Nordic countries, it is classified as Least Concern.",Decreasing,"Huperzia selagois a widespread circumboreal species extending in Eurasia from Iceland to Japan southwards to the Alps and the Himalayas. In North America it is found throughout the Arctic and boreal regions southwards to Michigan.It occurs at elevations between 0 and 2,700 m (Castroviejo et al. 1986, Botanical Society of the British Isles and the Biological Records Centre 2012). In Europe it is widespread, but mostly has an arctic-alpine distribution, growing down to sea level in northern Europe, but at much higher elevations in the mountains in the south. Some authors also distinguish H. selago subsp. arctica, which is found in the tundra of northern Europe and Russia, but it differs in leaf form, the amount of buds, its smaller size and chromosome number, and is here included in the assessment.","Huperzia selagois generally a common, widespread species in Europe, particularly in the north and at higher elevations, but it shows a decreasing trend overall (Frey et al. 2006). Subpopulations are assumed to be locally declining (e.g. Netherlands; Van der Meijden et al. 2000), which is also indicated by its listing as threatened in several national Red Data Books. Although in Fennoscandia and northern Russia it is mostly stable, its subpopulations tend to decline further south.","Huperzia selagois an evergreen perennial herb found in grasslands, heathlands, mossy woods, alpine meadows and heathlands, and in blanket bogs in montane mossy areas growing in acid, nutrient poor peaty soils, rocks and cracks (Komarov 1968, Castroviejoet al. 1986, Seybold 2011, Botanical Society of the British Isles and the Biological Records Centre 2012). In Fennoscandia and Russia, it is found in birch, mixed and spruce forests (Y. Ivanenko pers. comm. 2016).","The threats to this species are unknown, but it could be threatened by recreational activities such as trampling as a result of hiking. It remains unclear why the species is declining in some countries, but it could be a result of climate change. In the past it has declined due to habitat destruction and improvements in agriculture and drainage, combined with heather burning and overgrazing.","There are no conservation measures currently in place. It occurs in national parks in the British Isles and throughout Europe. This species is  listed on the following national Red Lists:

Belarus: Near Threatened (Khoruzhyk et al. 2005)

Belgium: Critically Endangered (Van Landuyt et al. 2006)

Czech Republic: Vulnerable (Holub and Procházka 2000)

Denmark: Least Concern (NERI 2007)

Finland: Least Concern (Rassi et al. 2010)

Germany: Least Concern (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)

Hungary: Critically Endangered (Király 2007)

Luxembourg: Critically Endangered (Colling 2005)

Netherlands: Critically Endangered (van der Meijden et al. 2000)

Norway: Least Concern (Artsdatabanken 2010)

Switzerland: Least Concern (Moseret al.2002)

United Kingdom: Least Concern (Cheffings and Farrell 2005). In England, it is considered Least Concern although there was a historical decline of 52% (Stroh et al. 2014). 

It is unknown why the species is in decline and further research and monitoring is needed to clarify its threats and population trend.","This species has an active narcotic poison with hypnotic properties. While the leaves are edible, chewing three stems induces mild  intoxication whilst eight can cause unconsciousness. A poultice of  the whole plant is used as a fast-acting emetic and purgative applied in the treatment of  headaches. A homeopathic remedy is made from the whole plant,  collected during the summer. It is also used as a laxative and to kill  worms and can be used as a mordant in dyeing (Plants for a Future 2012). Selagoline is the natural product derived from this plant species as well as Huperzine A and serratidine alkaloids (Stærket al.2004). Huperzine A is known to have neuronal protection properties used for improving memory and behaviour in the treatment for Alzheimers Disease (Maet al.2007). Additionally, it is a popular source of yellow wood dye. An infusion of the plant is used in popular medicine in Russia (Komarov 1968).","Troia, A.,García, M.","Christenhusz, M.,Väre, H.,Bento Elias, R.,Rouhan, G.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rumsey, F.,Dyer, R.","Khela, S.",,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,LYCOPODIOPSIDA,LYCOPODIALES,LYCOPODIACEAE,Huperzia,suberecta,,Huperzia suberecta,(Lowe) Tard.,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"Huperzia suberecta is a lycopod species restricted to Macaronesia. It has an area of occupancy (AOO) of 40 km² and its population is considered to be severely fragmented. Its population is currently stable, but if it, or its habitat, should start to decline this species would quickly move into a threatened category. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened, since it is close to qualify as threatened under criterion B2.",Stable,"Huperzia suberecta is restricted to Madeira and the Azores. It  is  the  most common  species  of  the  genus  on  Madeira  (Press and Short 1994), although it is still rare there. It is also rare in the Azores, where it is localised in its distribution and grows in  the  higher  zones  of the islands of San  Miguel,  Terceira,  San Jorge,  Pico,  Faial  and  Flores (Schäfer 2005), but it is absent from Corvo, Graciosa and Santa Maria (Fernandez-Prieto et al. 2008, R. Elias pers. comm. 2016). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km².","This species is locally frequent but rare in Madeira, and much less common than H. dentata in the Azores. The two species often occur together in the same places. The current population trend is presumed to be stable. The population is considered to be severely fragmented, since the species is found on seven widely separated small islands, with 40% of the population occurring in one subpopulation and the rest distributed within the others.","It is rather common in upland regions in damp, shady, rocky places, on wooded slopes, gullies and banks above levadas (Press and Short 1994, Frey et al. 2006). In the Azores, it is rare in humid regions above 500 m and it is sometimes epiphytic on old juniper trunks (Schäfer 2005). Its elevation range is 500-1,050 m.","There are no major threats to the species, although habitat destruction as a result of road building or grazing may have an effect. It is tolerant to some mild disturbance, but not to complete clearance.",No conservation measures are in place. Habitat protection is the best way to preserve this species. The species is present in Annex V of the Habitats Directive and protected by Portuguese Regional Law (DLR 15/2012). It is found in protected areas throughout its range.,This species is not used.,"García, M.,Troia, A.","Dyer, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Bento Elias, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Väre, H.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,HYMENOPHYLLALES,HYMENOPHYLLACEAE,Hymenophyllum,maderense,,Hymenophyllum maderense,Gibby & Lovis,"This species is a recent allopolyploid derived from hybridasition of H. tombrigensii and H. wilsonii. This taxon is difficult to differentiate from its parents and from other hybrids. Most of the records are the result of confusion with the primary hybrid, which is sterile (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016).",Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(i,ii);",Yes,CR,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(i,ii);",EU28,,"Hymenophyllum maderense is an endemic fern from Madeira, from where it is known from fewer than 50 individuals occurring in a single site. The species has a very restricted area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO), it is present at only one location and it has experimented a continuing decline in the EOO, AOO, extent of the habitat, number of locations, number of subpopulations and mature individuals. Therefore it is listed Critically Endangered.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Madeira. Previously, it was known from two localities (Gibby and Lovis 1989, Jardimet al. in: Martín et al. 2008), but currently it is only known from one site (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².","The population is found in a single small gully on two boulders and there are less than 50 mature individuals. The population has declined by half, considering that the only other subpopulation has been lost.","This delicate fern species grows on humid rocks in Laurisilva forests withOcotea foetens (Jardimet al. in: Martín et al. 2008). Its elevation limits are 1,000-1,400 m.","A decline on its habitat extent and quality due to invasive species has been observed, making it difficult for the species to compete with them. Trampling and recreational activities are also affecting the species, and occasional collection by fern 'enthusiasts' poses a real threat as this species is very rare. Droughts, wildfires and landslides are potential threats as well (Jardimet al. in: Martín et al. 2008). A flooding event may wipe out the entire remaining population (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016).","Hymenophyllum maderensis is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). 



Campaigns for public awareness are recommended for this species. Management and protection of the species habitat and re-introductions of new subpopulations are needed. Research on its distribution, biology and ecology as well as population dynamics should be undertaken. Fire prevention in the Laurisilva forests is greatly needed.



A recovering plan for the habitat and control of invasive species, together with the conservation of spores and in vitro material in a germoplasm bank are a necessity. It was previously listed as Critically Endangered in Madeira.","This plant is sometimes collected by fern collectors, but it usually does not survive transplantation. It is not used commercially.","García, M.,Troia, A.","Rumsey, F.,Bento Elias, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Rouhan, G.,Dyer, R.,Väre, H.,Ivanenko, Y.","Carvalho, J.A.",,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,HYMENOPHYLLALES,HYMENOPHYLLACEAE,Hymenophyllum,tunbrigense,,Hymenophyllum tunbrigense,(L.) Sm.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This delicate fern species is listed as Least Concern, as it is widespread, locally abundant and has a stable population trend. It has particular habitat requirements and therefore its habitat needs to be protected to preserve its subpopulations. Taxonomic research is also needed.",Stable,"This widespread species usually occurs in isolated subpopulations that are often situated at great distances from each other. It can be found in western Europe, the Caucasus and the Black Sea coast, sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar, and in the Neotropics, southward to Chile and northwards to an isolated station in South Carolina, although the taxonomy of some of the more distant subpopulations need to be reviewed. 

In Europe it has an essentially western, Atlantic range, occurring from Macaronesia northwards to Brittany, Ireland and Britain, with a small number of inland sites in France, Luxembourg and Italy. The isolated subpopulations in Germany, Czech Republic and Croatia are presumed to be extinct. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is around 2,000 km2.","This is a gregarious fern throughout its range, usually occurring as numerous, nearby, discontinuous patches in suitable habitats (Page 1997). The population trend appears to be stable. While the subpopulations are small and far from each other, with large areas of unsuitable habitat in between, it seems to be a good disperser and its population is therefore not considered to be severely fragmented (M. Christenhusz pers. comm. 2017).","Hymenophyllum tunbrigense typically grows amongst ever moist, shaded, rocky outcrops, in well-wooded, sheltered, stream valleys and in deep rocky stream gorges. It is usually found on free draining, steep or vertical rock surfaces, with the fronds mostly in a hanging position, forming cushion-like carpets on and around large boulders along courses of steep, tumbling stream ravines, or festoons the boles of trees beside cascading water courses. When occurring epiphytically, it grows on the lower parts of trees in moist, humid conditions (Tutin et al. 1964, Page 1997). Its elevation limits are from sea level to 500 m.","There are no major threats to this species. However, local collection of the specimens and the drying of the climate may pose a threat to this species.","The subpopulations of this species are vulnerable because they are restricted to specialised habitats, which need to be protected. It occurs in several protected areas throughout its range. The species is included on the following national Red Lists:

Czech Republic: Extinct (Grulich 2012).

Croatia: Data Deficient (Nikolić and Topić 2007), and now presumed to be extinct.

France: Least Concern (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012).

Germany: Threatened with extinction (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996), and now presumed to be extinct.

Spain: Vulnerable B2ab(iii); D2 (Moreno et al. 2008). It is locally listed as rare or vulnerable in the northern coastal area (Zoological Society of London 2014). It is endangered in the Canary Islands (Sanchez Velazquez 2002).

Taxonomic research is needed to verify if this consists of a single species globally or if it is a complex of cryptic species.","This species is not used. It is sometimes poached by collectors of unusual plants, but cultivation is often unsuccessful.","Schaefer, H.,García, M.","Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Väre, H.,Ivanenko, Y.,Bento Elias, R.,Rouhan, G.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,HYMENOPHYLLALES,HYMENOPHYLLACEAE,Hymenophyllum,wilsonii,,Hymenophyllum wilsonii,Hook.,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This delicate fern species is endemic to Europe. It has a stable population trend, it is widespread and gregarious in many places where it occurs, and it is therefore assessed as Least Concern. Nevertheless, it is sensitive to habitat alteration and subpopulations ought to be protected as they are indicators of a unique microclimate.",Stable,"This species is restricted to areas in northwestern Europe with high rainfall levels. It is mostly abundant in Britain and Ireland, and is also found in coastal Norway and Brittany, southwards to Madeira and northwards to Iceland (Schaefer 2005, Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013). The subpopulations in Normandy and on Gran Canaria have disappeared, although it is still present in La Gomera. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 2,700 km².","This is a gregarious fern within its range, forming many nearby patches within a subpopulation. It has declined in the past, but it is currently considered stable throughout its range. The species is not common in the Azores and in many other parts of its distribution (R. Elias pers. comm. 2016).","Hymenophyllum wilsonii occurs in deep ravines and river gorges on vertical rock faces by waterfalls and along cascading stream sides. It is also present on tree trunks in valley woodlands and in sheltered ravines or among scree on mountainsides (Page 1997), in woods and other damp, shady, sheltered or slightly more exposed places (Tutin et al. 1964). It is most abundant in steep, sheltered and well-shaded stream ravines near western Atlantic coasts, where humidity is normally constantly high, where winter temperatures are mild, and where there is a long growth season, especially on more acidic rocks (Page 1997). In the Azores, it is an epiphytic species on juniper (R. Elias pers. comm. 2016). It is found from sea level to 1,200 m elevation (F. Rumsey and R. Elias pers. comm. 2016).","The species is mostly affected by the alteration of its habitat. When the forest is cleared or the area dries out, the species disappears. Hydroelectric schemes and tourism disturbances may affect the species through changes in the levels of humidity (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016),","This species is often under-recorded because it is small and moss-like and thus frequently overlooked. It is present in protected areas throughout its range and listed on the following national Red Lists:

France: Endangered B2ab(iii) (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012).

Spain: Critically Endangered D (Moreno et al. 2008), Endangered in Galicia (Romero Buján 2007) and Extinct in the Canary Islands (Sanchez Velazquez 2002), although it is present in La Gomera.

United Kingdom: Least Concern (Cheffings and Farrell 2005, Stroh et al. 2014).",The species is not used.,"García, M.,Schaefer, H.","Väre, H.,Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rouhan, G.,Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.,Bento Elias, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,ISOETOPSIDA,ISOETALES,ISOËTACEAE,Isoëtes,azorica,,Isoëtes azorica,Durieu ex Milde,There are no significant taxonomic issues associated with this name.,Yes,VU,A4ce; C2a(i),Yes,VU,A4ce; C2a(i),EU28,,"Isoetes azorica is an aquatic quillwort restricted to the Azores and is suspected to have declined more than 30% for a three generation period (around 30 years), considering 20 years in the past and 10 in the future. It is threatened by invasive species, pollution and eutrophication from cattle, and general degradation of its habitat. In addition, there are fewer than 10,000 mature individuals in total, and less than 1,000 in each subpopulation. It is therefore listed here as Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"Isoetes azorica is restricted to the Azores   (Schäfer 2005, Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010) where it is found in crater lakes on the islands of Corvo, Flores, Faial, Pico, Sao Jorge and Terceira. The total geographic range estimated is between 13 and 16 km² (Commission of the European Communities 2009; GBIF data). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².","The total population size of this species is estimated to be 2,000 to 3,000 individuals by Schäfer (2005). This estimate might be slightly low, but the total number of mature individuals is surely below the threshold of 10,000 mature individuals, with less than 1,000 individuals in each subpopulation. In total, there are around 11 subpopulations (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). The generation length is around 10 years and the decline is at least 25% (Martin et al. 2008). This decline has occurred over the last 30 years in the Azores, which corresponds to the period with highest degradation of the habitats in the islands (R. Elias pers. comm. 2016). If current threats of eutrophication and invasive species continue, the species will face continuing declining by more than 30% over a three generation period. Additionally, there has been a decline in the extent and quality of its habitat (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016).","This species grows exclusively in permanent or temporary crater lakes, pools and ponds between 400 to 1,000 m elevation. It is adapted to oligotrophic waters with low botanical diversity. It can also be found in ponds and lakes with higher nutrient availability and diversity. It is found in the Habitats Directive's habitat 3130 Oligotrophic to mesotrophic standing waters with vegetation of theLittorelletea uniflorae and/or of theIsoëto-Nanojuncetea     (Tutin et al. 1964, Commission of the European Communities 2009).","The main and increasing threats to this plant species come from the spread of invasive macrophytes, pollution and eutrophication by cattle farming (Pietsch 1994). The subpopulation at Lagoa do Negro on Terceira has been dramatically reduced (<70%) in less than ten years, by the arrival and spread of Sagittaria subulata (F. Rumsey, pers. obs. 2010). One of the three subpopulations on Flores has recently (2010) suffered considerable mortality as a consequence of pollution leaching from a nearby rubbish tip (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2010). The subpopulation in the Caldeirao Lake at Corvo (a nature reserve) has almost disappeared as a consequence of eutrophication and cattle grazing in the crater (all year ca 200 cattle individuals are allowed to roam freely in the reserve and rely on the lake as their only water source). The common practice to pump water out of the lakes in the summer to fill water tanks for cattle is a threat especially on Pico and Flores, where this practice leads to dramatic reduction of the water levels (e.g., in 2015). Further threats to the species are grazing, leisure fishing, the construction of paths, canalisation, modifying structures of inland water courses and other human induced changes in hydraulic conditions (Commission of the European Communities 2009).","This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) under the Top 100 as Priority for Conservation (Martin et al. 2008) and under regional legislation (Decree 12/2015). There is no other information available on conservation actions, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range. As a minimum, the following conservation measures should be undertaken:

Remove cattle from areas with Isoetes subpopulations.

Assess the size of subpopulations and establish a basis for monitoring to measure trends.

Compile information on the life history ofI. azorica, with emphasis on dispersal and subpopulation or metapopulation dynamics.

Assess the risk from various threats listed and potential for these threats to be controlled or eliminated.

Given the small size of the known subpopulations, the sites should come under better legal environmental protection and these sites (already in natural areas) should be better managed to preserve this species.",The species is not utilised.,"Schaefer, H.,García, M.","Lansdown, R.V.,Bento Elias, R.,Rouhan, G.,Christenhusz, M.,Dyer, R.,Väre, H.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rumsey, F.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,ISOETOPSIDA,ISOETALES,ISOËTACEAE,Isoëtes,boryana,,Isoëtes boryana,Durieu,"Isoetes boryana falls within theI. longissima/I. velata group (Greuter and Troia 2014), a taxonomically difficult suite of species which merits further research. Prelli (2001) questions the validity ofI. boryana as a species, while Romero and Real (2005) propose its treatment as a variety ofI. velata. In France, this species is considered valid and similar to I. tenuissima.",Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"Isoetes boryana is an aquatic quillwort listed as Endangered because it has a restricted distribution with an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of 854-1,412 km² and an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of 56 km². Based on the impact of eutrophication and water management, the species occurs at three locations and there is a continuing decline in the AOO, habitat quality, number of mature individuals, subpopulations and locations, since the species disappeared from two ponds. Proper management and protection of the species is needed in order to improve the status of this species.",Decreasing,"Isoetes boryanais endemic to southwestern France (Gironde and Landes, in ponds of the Gascogne Gulf). The total geographic range for the species has been estimated to be 854 km² (N. Juillet pers. comm. 2010). Its EOO is 854-1,412 km², but within this area its AOO is only 56 km². Reports of this taxon from Spain belong to I. longissima.","The species occurs locally in large stands, but it is known from only three localities (three ponds). Its AOO is declining, as two localities have been lost in Landes. The population trend is decreasing.","Isoetes boryana occurs on the sandy edges of ponds or shallow lakes, on siliceous substrate, usually close to the sea (Tutin et al. 1964, Prelli 2001).","The main threats to this species are related to unfavourable water management (including drainage, pollution and disturbances), eutrophication due to agriculture and water recreation. Based on the impact of euthrophication and water management the species occurs at three locations.","This species is listed on Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive and on Annex I of the French National List of Protected Species. It is listed as Endangered (B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)) (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012). Proper management and protection of the sites or acquisition of the land by the National Littoral Conservatoire would be important for this species. Species recovery through ex-situ conservation may be an additional way of improving the subpopulations of this species. It is not present in protected areas.","This species is not used.

","Troia, A.,García, M.","Bento Elias, R.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rouhan, G.,Lansdown, R.V.,Väre, H.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,ISOETOPSIDA,ISOETALES,ISOËTACEAE,Isoëtes,creussensis,,Isoëtes creussensis,Lazare & S.Riba,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This is an aquatic species with a restricted distribution, but it is known from at least 16 oligotrophic lakes, it is locally abundant and faces no immediate threats, since agricultural run-off and pollution are unlikely in these sites. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern. However, this species was only discovered in 2010 and thus new information could possibly change its threat status in the future.",Unknown,"This recently discovered species (2010) is restricted to Andorra and adjacent France and Spain, and is reasonably abundant in mountain lakes of the eastern Pyrenees.","Isoetes creussensis is locally abundant and is found in many oligotrophic lakes in the region. It is present in at least 14 lakes in Catalonia, and an additional two in Andorra, and is possibly found in other non-prospected lakes in the region as well. The population trend is unknown.","Isoetes creussensis grows rooted in sandy soil, submerged along the shore up to 1 m deep in oligotrophic mountain lakes (Lazare and Riba 2010, Aymerich and Saez 2013). Its elevation limits are 2,100-2,500 m.","The threats to this species are unknown, and there will be few as long as the water quality of the lakes remains good. Eutrophication will affect this species, but this is not currently a concern in the region.","Habitat and water quality protection are the main means to protect this species. It is not in any immediate danger or threat, but nutrient loads may cause other species to outcompete I. creussensis. It is found in protected areas throughout its range.",This species is not used.,"Lansdown, R.V.,Troia, A.,García, M.","Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Dyer, R.,Väre, H.,Bento Elias, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,ISOETOPSIDA,ISOETALES,ISOËTACEAE,Isoëtes,delilei,,Isoëtes delilei,Rothm.,"The name Isoetes setacea Lam. has historically been applied to two different taxa. It is most frequently used for a lowland species with an amphibious habit (i.e. growing in shallow temporary ponds drying up in late spring) in the western Mediterranean, particularly in southern France.



It has alternatively been applied to an aquatic species growing in temperate-montane permanent lakes, a species usually known asI. echinospora Durieu. Some authors have rejected the name I. setacea on that account even though it would have nomenclatural priority over both names, yet its most frequent use is not compatible with its original description. The pragmatic designation of an epitype has placed the name I. setacea in synonymy under I. lacustris L., so that the correct name for the amphibious Mediterranean species becomes I. delilei Rothm. (Greuter and Troia 2015).",No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



This aquatic species has a small area of occupancy (AOO = 1,412 km²) and is experiencing a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat and in the number of mature individuals as a result of land abandonment. Its fragile habitat is under much pressure from agricultural and infrastructure development. Therefore it is assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualify as threatened under criterion B. Research on habitat and threats are needed and a recovery plan is recommended.",Decreasing,"This is a west Mediterranean species. It is found in France (Hérault, Pyrenees Orientales), in western, central and northeastern Spain, and in central and southern Portugal. It has recently been discovered in one locality in Morocco (near Benslimane). This species was listed for Greece, Corsica and Menorca in error. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,412 km².","Subpopulations are known to be declining due to the deterioration of its habitat. In France, the species is present in about one hundred ponds in the Natural Reserve of Roque-Haute, one pond in the plain of Béziers, one in Torremila, several ponds and ditches at Rodés plateau (Fenouillèdes). A more or less slow regression of subpopulations of I. delilei has been reported as a result of the disappearance of the species in the ponds of Saint Estève (Oriental Pyrenees), Grammont (Hérault) and Redessan (Gard). In the Iberian Peninsula, the species is present in the centre and the west, as well as in Catalonia (13 provinces in Spain and six in Portugal; Molina 2005). It has a scattered distribution.","This species is characteristic from temporary humid zones tolerating water depths of up to 50 cm. The species is restricted to temporary pools on Quaternary basalt up to an elevation of 270 m (Molina et al. 2011). It is found in Mediterranean aquatic communities in fluctuating water bodies (Corine biotope 22.3412). The vegetative growth generally takes place in winter, while the maturation of the spores takes place in spring.","Large construction of infrastructure (e.g. roadwork), the drainage of pools or their infilling, the extraction of sediment or conversion to permanent water bodies constitute serious threats for the subpopulations of this species. In addition, the quality of the habitat of the species is deteriorating as a result of land abandonment (mainly due to the reduction of grazing activities), which increases the sediments, causing colonisation by competitive perennial plants of a large size and the overshading of the plants. It is a heliophile species that is sensitive to competition.","The species is present in protected areas and is listed on the following national Red Lists:

France: Vulnerable D2 (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012)

Spain: Vulnerable (Andalucía) (Blanca et al. 2000)

In France, the habitats are monitored in several localities (ligneous species and clonal plants dynamic, water level), the species is under national protection and included in the Red List. The site of Roque-Haute is designated under a Natural Reserve statute since 1975, but lacks any management plan specific to this species. Research on habitat and threats are needed and a recovery plan is recommended. It is a keystone species determining priority habitats for the EU.",This species is not used.,"Lansdown, R.V.,García, M.,Troia, A.,Molina, J.","Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.,Rumsey, F.,Dyer, R.","Rhazi, L.",,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,ISOETOPSIDA,ISOETALES,ISOËTACEAE,Isoëtes,durieui,,Isoëtes durieui,Bory,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Even though this aquatic species has a small estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of under 900 km², the species is locally abundant with a stable population trend. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Isoetes durieui is a Mediterranean species restricted to southern Europe, northern Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia), western Anatolia (Turkey) and Lebanon (Musselman and Al-Zein 2010). In Europe, it occurs in Portugal, Spain, southern France, Italy, Greece and in some Mediterranean islands. Its presence in Malta is uncertain. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 868 km².",The species is locally abundant (Prelli 2001) and its population trend is stable.,"Isoetes durieui grows in sandy places where water lies in the winter (vernal pools), from cliff tops and wet meadows to open pinewoods (Tutin et al. 1964, Prelli 2001). It is present at elevations from sea level up to 1,300 m (Troia and Greuter 2015).","Threats have not been studied for the habitats of this species, but Mediterranean vernal pools are among the most threatened habitats in Europe.","It is listed as Vulnerable in Andalucía, Spain (Blanca et al. 2000) and it is protected by law in France (Prelli 2001). It is present in protected areas throughout its range. Habitat protection is the best way to preserve this species. Further research on its threats and monitoring of its population trends is needed.",This species is not used.,"Lansdown, R.V.,Troia, A.,García, M.","Ivanenko, Y.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Dyer, R.,Rouhan, G.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,ISOETOPSIDA,ISOETALES,ISOËTACEAE,Isoëtes,echinospora,,Isoëtes echinospora,Durieu,"This name was in the past confused and misapplied to Isoetes setacea (western Mediterranean) and I. hausknechtii (Greece) but these are a different species (Greuter and Troia 2015, Troia and Greuter 2015).



I. echinosporahas been shown to hybridise with I. lacustris (I. × hickeyi W.C. Taylor & Luebke) (Prelli 2001), however, the hybrid is not frequent and is not considered likely to affect the survival of the species or the outcomes of this assessment.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Even though it is threatened by water pollutionthroughout its range, this aquatic species occurs in a large number of lakes that are not polluted and as such the species is unlikely to disappear. It is therefore listed as Least Concern, but it should be noted that this is dependent on maintenance of clear lake water and water management efforts.",Stable,"This aquatic species occurs in lakes throughout the Northern Hemisphere, in North America and from western Europe through Scandinavia, northern Russia and Siberia to northern Japan. In Europe, it is more common in the north and northeast, scattered in England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, the Netherlands, Germany, Scandinavia, Finland and northern Russia. It becomes rarer towards the south (Frey et al. 2006).



A Bulgarian record of this species has been shown to be an error forI. lacustris (Stefanova and Ivanova 2000) and a Greek record was revealed to be a different species (I. haussknechtii; Troia and Greuter 2015).","This species occasionally forms dense turf-like patches, but more often occurs either as scattered individuals, sometimes intermixed with other species, or, more often, as small, sporadic patches (Page 1997). Subpopulations are decreasing due to the eutrophication of water bodies in the western (e.g. in Britain) and central part of its distribution, and also in Russia. In Fennoscandia and Russia the species is stable, and as this is where the core of the population is found, the overall population trend is considered to be stable.","This species grows within or around the margins, on the sandy bottoms of still, clear, deep, nutrient-poor fens, mountain lakes, up to four meters deep, seldom in flowing water. They are restricted to water of low calcium content and poor in nutrients (oligotrophic) (Tutin et al. 1964, Page 1997, van der Meijden 2005). It is also found on open excavations. Its elevation limits are from sea level up to 2,500 m.","The main threats to this species are pollution and eutrophication of water bodies, draining of wetlands and overgrowing with vegetation (Lilleleht 1998), mainly in the central part of its distribution. It can also be affected by the outgrow of invasive aquatic species, which shut out the light and may threaten this species.","This species is present in protected areas throughout its range. It is listed in the following national Red Lists:

Czech Republic: Critically Endangered (Grulich 2012)

Estonia: Endangered (Lilleleht 1998) and Critically Endangered (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012)

France: Vulnerable D2 (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012)

Germany: Critically Endangered (Ludwig and Schnittler 1998)

Netherlands: Endangered (van der Meijden et al. 2000)

Protection and adequate management of oligotrophic lakes is the only way to maintain the population of this species.",The species is not used.,"García, M.,Troia, A.,Lansdown, R.V.","Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.,Dyer, R.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.,Rumsey, F.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,ISOETOPSIDA,ISOETALES,ISOËTACEAE,Isoëtes,fluitans,,Isoëtes fluitans,M.I.Romero,"Until he description of Isoetes fluitans, this species was usually referred to as I. longissima. However, this is the older name for I. velata A.Braun (Troia and Greuter 2014).",Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"Isoetes fluitans is an aquatic quillwort, listed as Endangered in the Spanish Red List. The species has a very small area of occupancy (AOO) of 12 km², although when calculated with GBIF data (which includes historical sites where this species no longer occurs, such as in the wet forests along the Galician coast) the AOO is slightly larger (68 km²). There are fewer than five locations and continued population declines as a result of pollution and eutrophication that are affecting all subpopulations and cause a decline in the extent and quality of the habitat.",Decreasing,"Isoetes fluitans is endemic to Galicia in northwestern Spain, where it is only known in the high basin of the Miño River (particularly in the tributaries Ladra-Parga-Támoga) and in some localities of the Galician coast (rivers El Xallas and El Castro, A Coruña province). The subpopulations along the Galician coast may have disappeared (2016) because of the destruction of the flooded forest where it is found. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) based on the available collection data is 3,172 km², but based on the extended polygons shown in the distribution map the EOO could potentially be more than 5,000 km². The actual occupied area within this range is only 30.5 ha (Romeroet al. 2003). Its calculated AOO (including the areas where the species may now be extinct) is 68 km², but when the possibly extinct areas are excluded, it is 12 km². Reports of this species from Algeria need confirmation.","Isoetes fluitans occurs in sparse subpopulations in two main areas. There are seven subpopulations in the high basin of the Miño River (estimated around 57,300 individuals) and five unconnected subpopulations on the Galician coast (estimated around 31,000 individuals) (Romeroet al. 2003). Its overall population trend is decreasing.","Isoetes fluitans is a submerged aquatic plant that grows on siliceous, sandy substrates in river beds and rapids (Prelli 2001, Romero et al. 2003) in the colline belt of Atlantic areas of Galicia (Rodríguez-Oubiña et al. 1977). It forms part of the most endangered freshwater vegetation type in the Iberian Peninsula (Benavent-González et al. 2014). Its fronds, which exceed 65-85 cm in length, float on the water surface and are relatively persistent after drying.","Isoetes fluitans is threatened in its entire distribution area by uncontrolled pollution and eutrophication (chemicals and fertilisers drained from fields). Moreover, touristic development along rivers, which leads to create fluvial beaches or the cleaning of river beds, has eliminated or affected several subpopulations. On the basis of these threats, a total of 3-4 locations is estimated, since four or five have disappeared from the Galician coast and the subpopulations along the Miño river form a single location.","Isoetes fluitans is included in the national Red List of Spain as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii,iv)) under its synonymI. longissimum (Moreno 2008). It is found in Natura 2000 sites in the upper Miño River basin and is listed as 'in danger of extinction' in Galicia (Romero Buján 2007). The following conservation measures are being proposed:

Monitoring and protection of the subpopulations

Management of water quality and tourism development

Study of the biology and ecology of the species

Further research is needed on the threats and how to mitigate them. Research on its habitats and ecology and monitoring of its population trends is also recommended. It is advisable that habitats and natural processes needed for this species to survive are protected and restored.",This species is not used.,"Troia, A.,Molina, J.,García, M.","Christenhusz, M.,Lansdown, R.V.,Ivanenko, Y.,Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.,Rumsey, F.,Dyer, R.,Bento Elias, R.","Hugot, L.,Bagella, S.,Temple, H.J.",,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,ISOETOPSIDA,ISOETALES,ISOËTACEAE,Isoëtes,gymnocarpa,,Isoëtes gymnocarpa,(Gennari) A.Braun,"According to Bagella et al. (2015), Isoetes gymnocarpa (Gennari) A.Braun is restricted to Sardinia, central Italy, Corsica and the Balearic Islands, different from the Mediterranean I. histrix Bory and from the mainly central-eastern Mediterranean I. sicula Tod. [= I. subinermis (Gennari) Cesca & Peruzzi]. Troia and Greuter (2015) do not follow this taxonomic arrangement, and do not separate of I. sicula from I. gymnocarpa, which is followed in the Euro+Med checklist (Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013) and accepted here. However, further investigations in this group are needed.",No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

Even though this aquatic species is restricted in distribution and its habitat has known threats, there is no information on abundance and population size. In addition, it is easily confused with Isoetes histrix, which is a more common species. It is therefore assessed as Data Deficient. Field observations and (molecular) taxonomic studies are needed in order to clarify the status of the species throughout its range.",Unknown,"Isoetes gymnocarpa is a Mediterranean species found from the Balearic Islands to Greece. Outside of Europe, the species has also been reported from North Africa (Troia et al. 2016) and Turkey (Bolin et al. 2008)",The population trend of this species is unknown. It is difficult to identify and therefore observations are not always reliable.,"Isoetes gymnocarpa is found on sandy places, where water lies in the winter, often in temporary pools or in sparsely vegetated hollows in dense turf or shrubby vegetation, which are flooded or well irrigated in winter and in spring, but partially or largely dry out in summer.","The threats to this species are not studied, but its habitat faces similar threats as many other temporary, oligotrophic pools in the Mediterranean, one of the most threatened habitats in Europe. They are affected by habitat destruction, changing agricultural practices, urban and road development, pollution and eutrophication.","Isoetes gymnocarpa is best protected through habitat preservation. As with its close relative I. histrix, its habitats are few and threatened by human activities. This species is listed as Extinct in Malta (as I. histrix subsp. subinermis; Lanfranco 1989). It is present in protected areas throughout its range. Research is needed in taxonomy, population size, distribution and trends, threats, and habitat trends and health. Monitoring of its population and habitat trends is also needed.",This species is not used.,"Lansdown, R.V.,García, M.,Troia, A.","Rouhan, G.,Dyer, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Ivanenko, Y.,Väre, H.,Bento Elias, R.,Rumsey, F.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,ISOETOPSIDA,ISOETALES,ISOËTACEAE,Isoëtes,haussknechtii,,Isoëtes haussknechtii,Troia & Greuter,"This taxon was often erroneously placed under I. setacea or I. echinospora, but it represents a separate taxon (Troìa and Greuter 2015).

",Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),Yes,EN,B2ab(iii),EU28,,"Isoetes haussknechtii is an amphibious species with a small area of occupancy (AOO) of 16 km², with a severely fragmented population and occurrence in less than five locations. Its habitat is declining throughout its range, but since it has been only been recently recognised as a separate species, its population trend is not yet known. Further research on the habitat and local abundance of this species is greatly needed.",Unknown,"Isoetes haussknechtii is restricted to Greece, where it is known from a few localities in the Peloponnesos, Thessalia and the island of Lesbos (Troia and Greuter 2016). It altitudinal range is 200-1,050 m asl. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².","The status of the subpopulation in Thessalia, the type locality, is uncertain. However, subpopulations in the Peloponnese and Lesbos have been found. The population trend is unknown, but is not likely to be increasing. Its population is considered to be severely fragmented since it occurs in small and isolated subpopulations which may go extinct with a reduced probability of recolonization.","Isoetes hausknechtii is an amphibious species found in temporary pools, which tolerates temporary flooding and drying out.","Agro-pastoral exploitation or changes in agricultural practices may pose a threat to the species, leading to habitat destruction. Based on these threats, the species occurs at less than five locations.","As this species has been recently described (2015), no conservation measures are currently in place. Habitat protection is advised. Research is needed on its population size and trend and the ecology of this species. The species occurs in protected areas throughout its range.",This species is not used.,"García, M.,Troia, A.","Christenhusz, M.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,ISOETOPSIDA,ISOETALES,ISOËTACEAE,Isoëtes,heldreichii,,Isoëtes heldreichii,Wettst.,"
",Yes,CR (PE),D,Yes,CR (PE),D,EU28,,"Isoetes heldreichii has not been seen since 1885, in spite of searches in the type locality and other aquatic sites nearby. No individuals are known to exist for certain. Therefore the species is assessed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct). This species is easily overlooked, and it is necessary to carry out field studies to confirm if it is extinct or still persists somewhere.",Unknown,"Isoetes heldreichii is endemic to the south end of the Pindhos Mountains (near Palaiokastron) of Greece (Tutin et al. 1964), where it is no longer found.","Isoetes heldreichii is considered to be Possibly Extinct. It was last seen in 1885 so it is likely that very few individuals (certainly fewer than 50) remain, if any.

","There is no readily available information available on the habitats of I. heldreichii. Data from specimen labels suggests that it was found in marshes or a lake, although Tutin et al. (1964) lists it as growing on schist soil by a lake margin. The original labels and Wettstein’s original description list it as an aquatic species, growing under water throughout the year (Troia and Greuter 2015).",The causes that led to the (possible) extinction of the species are not known.,There are no current conservation actions for this species. It is necessary to carry out field studies at known sites in the Pindhos Mountains to evaluate if this species is confirmed to be extinct or if it still persists somewhere and which its threats are or may have been.,This species is not used.,"García, M.,Troia, A.","Rouhan, G.,Lansdown, R.V.,Bento Elias, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.,Ivanenko, Y.,Väre, H.","Bazos, I.",,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,ISOETOPSIDA,ISOETALES,ISOËTACEAE,Isoëtes,histrix,,Isoëtes histrix,Bory & Dur.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Although this aquatic species is locally rare and threatened, in the Mediterranean region it can be fairly common in some places and the threats it is facing are unlikely to cause a dramatic decline in the near future. It should be noted that this species is often confused with other, rarer species ofIsoetes. Further taxonomic studies are needed. It is listed as Least Concern because of its widespread distribution, but some subpopulations, particularly at the margins of its distribution area, should be protected and monitored.",Stable,"Isoetes histrix is an Atlantic-Mediterranean species with a wide, but sparse and discontinuous range through Mediterranean Europe and North Africa, north to southwest England and eastwards to Turkey (Page 1997). In Europe it is present in the centre and west of the Iberian peninsula (Spain, and all provinces of Portugal), continental Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Macedonia, Greece, Crete, East Aegean Islands, France (Bretagne, Poitou-Charentes, Pays de la Loire, Maures and widespread on Corsica), extending north to the Lizard peninsula in Cornwall (southwest England) and the Channel Islands (Alderney, Guernsey), where it is very local (Frey et al. 2006). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,784 km2.","The subpopulations of Isoetes histrix appear to be steady but are fragile due to their sensitivity to anthropogenic and natural alterations.

France: there is an important number of sites in Corsica, but only three recently found vestigial populations in the Mediterranean part of the continent (Hyères, Londe-les-Maures, Cannet-des-Maures). The subpopulations are in regression in Roussillon (with extinction as a result of the destruction of the pond of Saint-Estève) as well as in Maures (where it has not seen again in the region of Saint-Tropez, to the Lardier capes, Benat, and Taillat).

Italy: rare species (Sicily, Sardinia and regions of Tuscany, Lazio, Umbria, Calabria and Puglia).

Malta: the species is thought to be extinct; it has not been seen again since it was discovered at the end of the 19th century.

Portugal: present in all the provinces.

Spain: present in four sites in Menorca, one in Mallorca, and in 15 provinces of the west of the peninsula and three provinces of the northeast. In the Iberian Peninsula, some sites of the south and the west have been destroyed by urbanization.

United Kingdom: it is only known in very localised sites in Guernsey, Alderney and the Lizard Peninsula in Cornwall, where numbers of species have dwindled during the last years (Page 1997). Nine subpopulations are known on Guernsey and its offshore islets. It is very scarce on Alderney. In Cornwall over 30 subpopulations have been found.","Isoetes histrix grows on sandy places, where water lies in winter, from cliff tops to open pine woods (Tutin et al. 1964) often on the edge of temporary pools or in sparsely vegetated hollows in dense turf vegetation, which are flooded or well irrigated in winter and in spring, but which partially or largely dry out and 'bake' in most summers. In northerly areas most are on gentle southward or westward slopes and occur over serpentine or granite rock in soils that are particularly shallow, heating up quickly in spring (Page 1997). Its elevation limits are from sea level up to 1,000 m (Troia and Greuter 2014).","Urbanization, construction projects (buildings, golf fields, etc.), degradation of the habitat as a result of the expansion of competitive perennial plants, drainage and infilling of ponds by excavation and agricultural practices constitute potential threats for the habitat of this species. Many sites are vulnerable to development. Trampling of river bank vegetation could pose an additional threat (Wigginton 1999).","In Europe, the species is present in protected areas and included in several national Red Lists. It is nationally Vulnerable in the UK (Stroh et al. 2014) and under national protection in France.



There are no conservation measures in place but the following ones are recommended:

Preservation of sites

Surveillance of the existing sites and to search for new areas

Monitoring of the population dynamics

Surveillance and limitation of the development of the perennial plants in the habitat by clearing and maintaining the grazing practices

Raising public awareness",This species is not used.,"Troia, A.,García, M.","Rouhan, G.,Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Väre, H.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Bento Elias, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,ISOETOPSIDA,ISOETALES,ISOËTACEAE,Isoëtes,iapygia,,Isoëtes iapygia,"Ernandes, Beccarisi & V.Zuccarello","This species is similar to I. todaroana Troìa & Raimondo and some authors (e.g., Peruzzi et al. 2014, Troia and Greuter 2015) consider the two taxa conspecific. However, for the purposes of this assessment, the Euro+Med checklist is followed (Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013, following Ernandes and Marchiori 2012), which treats the two species separately.",Yes,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU28,,"This is an aquatic species with a restricted distribution in Italy. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 500 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 50 km², and it occurs in a threatened habitat. In 2010, subpopulations were still found in several localities and there are a total of nine known subpopulations. Based on the impact of anthropogenic alteration of the habitat there are nine locations and there is an  inferred continuing decline in the suitable habitat. The species is therefore assessed as Vulnerable.",Unknown,"Isoetes iapygia is only found in Apulia, on the southwestern part of Italy. It has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 500-760 km² and an area of occupancy (AOO) of less than 50 km².","The species is only known from nine subpopulations (Ernandes et al. 2010), some with few individuals and others are larger. It is a rare species and the population trend is unknown because it has been only recently discovered.","Isoetes iapygia is found in rocky places on limestone or calcareous rocks, often in cells of corrosion where the soils are thin. For several months of the year the habitat is characterised by a certain amount of aridity and high temperatures. The soil is water-logged during the winter, episodically flooded, but dry in the summer. The low permeability of the rocky substrate and the presence of mosses retain sufficient moisture for the development of the species. The corm is not superficial, but grows at about 3 cm under the level of the substrate (Ernandes et al. 2010). There is an inferred continuing decline in the suitable habitat. Its elevation limits are 3-150 m.","The threats to the species are unknown, although it is likely to be threatened by pollution and human activities, like other Isoetes species. Its habitat, Mediterranean temporary ponds, are among the most threatened habitats in Europe. Based on the impact of anthropogenic alteration of the habitat, nine locations are calculated.","In all nine known localities, Isoetes iapygia occurs in priority habitats, i.e. ‘‘Mediterranean temporary ponds’’, code 3170. In several localities the species was found to have a small number of individuals due to the limited habitat size in those localities. Elsewhere, ponds are larger and more abundant subpopulations are present. Only two of the localities are included in protected areas (Sites of Community Importance) and in these cases the species is indirectly protected. Habitats need to be protected and ex-situ conservation needs to be considered. In addition, monitoring of the sites where it is present is important.",This species is not used.,"Lansdown, R.V.,Troia, A.,García, M.","Christenhusz, M.,Bento Elias, R.,Dyer, R.,Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.,Rumsey, F.,Ivanenko, Y.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,ISOETOPSIDA,ISOETALES,ISOËTACEAE,Isoëtes,lacustris,,Isoëtes lacustris,L.,"Isoetes lacustris has been shown to hybridise with I. echinospora (I. ×hickeyi W.C.Taylor & Luebke)  (Prelli 2001), however the hybrid is not frequent and is not  considered likely to affect the survival of the species or the outcomes of this assessment.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This aquatic species is widespread and while it is locally declining due to overshading by other aquatic plants that crowd out the species as a result of water eutrophication, the overall population trend is considered to be stable since many subpopulations are healthy and the species is locally abundant. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Isoetes lacustris is widespread across Europe, northeastern USA and northern, central and eastern Canada. In Europe, it is present from western Poland to Spain, throughout Scandinavia, the west and north of the British Isles, the Faroe Islands and Iceland (The Isoetes Research Group 2015).",The species is classed as globally 'secure' by NatureServe (2014). European subpopulations appear to be stable in most of its range and it can be locally abundant.,"Isoetes lacustris is found in widely scattered localities in cold, clear, oligotrophic quiet waters of stream-fed (upland) lakes and slow-moving streams, usually down to 2 or even 8 m deep (Tutin et al. 1964, Van der Meijden 2005, Frey et al. 2006). It thrives in large, deep-water, glacial lakes, tarns, mountain lakes, ponds, etc., where it grows in water that can be acidic to slightly more base-rich and colonises unsilted, coarse to fine, consolidated sandy or gravelly lake bottoms. They can tolerate eutrophic waters, but are usually excluded from these by competition (Page 1997). In Russia, the species is also rarely found in bayous that are detached from the main river (Y. Ivanenko pers. comm. 2016). Its elevation limits are from sea level up to 2,000 m.","Plants are sensitive to eutrophication of the water bodies they grow in, from where they soon become out-competed by other species. Eutrophication is a problem in central Europe and Russia, but not in Scandinavia where it is locally abundant.","The species is not threatened through much of its range, as long as water quality is maintained. It is found in protected areas across its range and assessed in the following national Red Lists:

Bulgaria: Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii,iv) (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009)

Estonia: Vulnerable (Lilleleht 1998) and Critically Endangered (Lilleleht 2008)

France: Least Concern (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012)

Germany: Critically Endangered (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)

Netherlands: Critically Endangered (Van der Meijden et al. 2000)","This is one of the few cultivated species of quillworts, either as an aquarium plant or as an educational resource (The Isoetes Research Group 2015).","García, M.,Lansdown, R.V.,Troia, A.","Christenhusz, M.,Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rumsey, F.,Bento Elias, R.,Dyer, R.","Maiz-Tome, L.",,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,ISOETOPSIDA,ISOETALES,ISOËTACEAE,Isoëtes,longissima,,Isoëtes longissima,Bory & Dur.,"Isoetes longissima Bory & Dur. is the older name of a species commonly namedI. velata A.Braun, 1850 (Troia and Greuter 2014). It is part of a taxonomic complex which requires further study and includes taxa such as I. boryana and I. tenuissima, all of which have been considered subspecific entities withinI. velata (Prelli 2001). For the purposes of this assessment, these are treated here as separate taxa, following the Euro+Med Plantbase (Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013).",No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

This aquatic species is assessed as Near Threatened since, even though it can be locally abundant, it has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO) and it is experiencing a continuing decline in the EOO and AOO, having suffered a decline in most regions and being vulnerable to activities that threaten temporary Mediterranean wetlands. It is therefore close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B. Monitoring and protection of subpopulations is therefore needed.",Decreasing,"This is an Atlantic-Mediterranean species that is found in continental France (plain of Maures and Estérel in Var, plateau of Rodès in the Oriental Pyrenees) and in Menorca, Corsica, Spain, Portugal, continental Italy, Sicily, Sardinia and North Africa. Its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 1,700 km2.","Subpopulations of this species are regionally declining because its habitat is rapidly deteriorating in many areas. There is a continuing decline in the EOO and AOO of this species. 



In continental France, there is a single site in Roussillon, whereas the other subpopulations are found in Var (Maures plain, Estérel, about 60 sites), and Pyrénées-Orientales (Rodés plateau). The subpopulations decreased in Roussillon and in Gard, but are steady in Maures and Estérel. In Corsica (Capicorsu, Agriates, Uspidali-Cagna) there are about twenty sites.



In Spain and Portugal, there is no precise data on the size of the subpopulations, but the species is distributed across the Iberian Peninsula with the exception of the northern and eastern provinces. It is also present on the island of Menorca. In Italy, the species is rare with a few sites limited to the major islands (Sicily and Sardinia), the Tyrrhenian coast (regions of Tuscany and the Lazio) and one site in Apulia.","This species is found in temporary streams, ponds, depressions and swamps that are flooded during the winter, but often dry up in summer, usually on sandy or gravelly siliceous sediments. The germination of the spores begins in autumn (November) in saturated or flooded soil whereas their maturation is aerial. This species grows generally on non-chalky, oligotrophic and not very thick substrates (Tutin et al. 1964, Prelli 2001). Its elevation limits are 0 - 200 m.","This species is threatened by natural and anthropogenic habitat conversion, usually by human mismanagement, recreation, water pollution and eutrophication by agricultural run-off.","In France, the species is protected and included in the national Red Book and List (priority species). Monitoring of habitats in several localities (ligneous species dynamic, water level) is underway. It occurs in the natural reserve Tre Padule of Suartone in Corsica, at one important site under the 'serie ecologique' (ONF) protection status, and another locality in a Natura 2000 site.



It is listed as Vulnerable D2 in Spain (Morenoet al. 2008). Habitat protection is the best way to protect the fragile habitat of this species. Subpopulations should be monitored.",This species is not used.,"Troia, A.,García, M.","Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.,Rouhan, G.,Väre, H.,Lansdown, R.V.,Bento Elias, R.,Rumsey, F.,Dyer, R.","Rhazi, L.",,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,ISOETOPSIDA,ISOETALES,ISOËTACEAE,Isoëtes,malinverniana,,Isoëtes malinverniana,Ces. & De Not.,There are no significant taxonomic issues associated with this name.,Yes,CR,A2c,Yes,CR,A2c,EU28,,"This Italian endemic plant has suffered from a decline of 88% in its extent of occurrence (EOO) in the last ten years. Therefore the population is estimated to have declined more than 80% during the last three-generation period (over 30 years) and it is thus assessed as Critically Endangered. The occurrence of this species in irrigation canals and rice fields leads to population declines due to water pollution and grading of the canals in the dry season. The causes for the decline continue and appropriate conservation measures are urgently needed but not yet in place. However, subpopulations are continuously monitored and being reinforced. Plants grown from spores become fertile after two or three years.",Decreasing,"This plant is endemic to the Piedmont and western Lombardy in northern Italy, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is somewhere between 305-7,593 km², but its area of occupancy (AOO) within this range is 36 km². 

A comparison of the historic with the current range revealed a decline of 88% in the last ten years. There was a particularly strong reduction in 2009 when four localities near Pavia were destroyed and a similar number of localities has disappeared in Piedmont in the last decade (Barniet al. 2013).","Surveys of the research team of the University of Pavia and Turin counted 12 growing sites in 2009, most of them (10) occurring in a small area around the town of Arborio (Piedmont). Two small sites have been found close to Vigevano (Lombardy) and Novara (Piedmont) (Barniet al. 2010). Genetic analysis revealed thatI. malinverniana has a low between-subpopulation genetic diversity and a moderate level of within-subpopulation genetic variability (Gentiliet al. 2010).



The generation length of this species is unknown but likely to be longer than 10 years. The population trend is fluctuating, but in the longer term decreasing. The population is estimated to have declined more than 80% during the last three generations.

A new subpopulation has been established by the University of Pavia in the Ticino Natural Park near Vigevano, within the historic range of the species. This subpopulation counts on 25 individuals and represents the first successful reintroduction trial.","Isoetes malinverniana is an aquatic plant found in clear, fresh and rapidly flowing spring water and in irrigation ditches of rice fields between 60 and 350 m elevation. It is adapted to survive dry periods and can withstand low temperatures. The plant prefers loamy soils with a high sand content (Tutin et al. 1964, Prelli 2001).","The main threats forI. malinverniana come from a change in the cultivation of rice, as a consequence of inappropriate irrigation channel management and eutrophication of the water. A threat directly affecting the species in some subpopulations is mechanical bank adjustment and mechanical brush that remove the channel sediments in the dry season, affecting the survival of adult plants, sporeling establishment and the formation of a spore bank in the soil. Manual brush seems to have a positive effect as it removes other faster-growing species that can compete withI. malinverninana for light and nutrients (Amosso 2010, Barni et al. 2010, Abeli et al. 2012), whereas plants of Isoetes are not affected. Increased nutrient concentration into the water indirectly affects I. malinvernianathrough the competition with other aquatic macrophytes that compete for light and nutrients (Amosso 2010, Barni et al. 2010). On the other hand, artificial channels dug in the past for rice field water supply increased the surface of suitable habitat available for the species. Thus, traditional rice cultivation is of primary importance for the species survival, impacting it both positively and negatively.","This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed in Annex C1 (Species of native flora protected in a stringent way) of the regional law in Lombardy, L.R. 10/2008. Despite this, its aquatic habitat is much threatened by water pollution, poor land management, industrial development, building and road works, and especially by extraction of sediment from water bodies where this species occurs. The ecology, reproductive biology and genetics of the species have been studied by the University of Pavia, Milano-Bicocca and Turin. It is present in protected areas throughout its range.



A few plants ofI. malinvernianaare currently cultivated at the Botanical Garden of the University of Pavia and at the University of Turin butex-situ conservation of the species could be increased. Appropriate management of its sites such as replacing mechanical with manual brushing and managing nutrient levels are needed. Furthermore, a species recovery and reintroduction programmes are now in place. Annual monitoring of the subpopulations and habitat trends are carried out.","Isoetes malinverniana is sometimes mentioned in aquarium literature as an item for aquatic plant collectors, but it is not available in the commercial trade. This mentioning in the literature may initiate illegal collecting from the wild.","Abeli, T.,Troia, A.,García, M.,Lansdown, R.V.","Väre, H.,Bento Elias, R.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Ivanenko, Y.,Dyer, R.,Christenhusz, M.","Orsenigo, S.,Barni, E.,Siniscalco, C.,Rossi, G.,Gentili, R.",,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,ISOETOPSIDA,ISOETALES,ISOËTACEAE,Isoëtes,phrygia,,Isoëtes phrygia,(Boiss.) Hausskn.,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



In Europe, there are only two verified subpopulations (which are considered two locations for the purpose of red listing) of this species on the Greek island of Crete. It has a small extent of occurrence (1,210 km²) and a very small area of occupancy (AOO) of 8 km² and it is only present at two locations. As it is close to qualify as threatened under criterion B, it is assessed as Near Threatened (NT). The species is potentially threatened by shifting agricultural expansion and habitat protection is advised.",Stable,"Isoetes phrygia is a predominantly Anatolian species. In Europe, it is known from two localities on the Greek island of Crete (Troia and Greuter 2015). Its elevation range is 1,100-1,300 m. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km².","The subpopulations of Isoetes phrygia appear to be stable. However, they are fragile due to their sensitivity to anthropogenic and natural threats.","Isoetes phrygia is found in shallow temporary ponds at the bottom of mountain poljes (karst fields), up to a depth of 30 cm.","Anthropogenic habitat destruction and agricultural exploitation are the major potential threats to this species. On the basis of these threats, two locations are calculated.","There are no conservation measures in place but the following ones are recommended:

Preservation      of sites. 

Surveillance      of the existing sites and the search for new areas.

Monitoring      of the population dynamics.

Raising      public awareness.

It is unknown whether the species occurs in protected areas throughout its range.",The species is not utilized.,"García, M.,Troia, A.","Christenhusz, M.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,ISOETOPSIDA,ISOETALES,ISOËTACEAE,Isoëtes,sabatina,,Isoëtes sabatina,Troìa & Azzella,,Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU28,,"This species is assessed as Critically Endangered since it has an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of less than 56 km²and an area of occupancy (AOO) of only 4 km². It is present at only one location and there is a possible continuing decline of the quality of habitat, since it is potentially threatened by human activities such as recreation. Despite the presence of a Regional Natural Park and the absence of significant sources of organic waste along the shores, local water quality deterioration is caused by some small inlets from nearby farms that are not connected to the sewage system and discharge dirty water into the lake. There are some cultivated areas nearby that may cause agricultural run-off and the sandy beaches are intensively used for recreation. Protection measures are needed in order to conserve this species.",Unknown,"This species is restricted to central Italy, where so far it is only known from a single locality in one lake (Lago di Bracciano), northeast of Rome, at an elevation of 164 m. Its maximum EOO is less than 56 km², which is the total area of the lake, although within this area it only occupies only 700 m² (Troia and Azella 2013). Therefore its AOO is estimated to be 4 km².","About 1,000 mature individuals are known from an area of only 700 m² (Troia and Azzella 2013). As this species has only been recently discovered, the population trend is yet unknown.","Isoetes sabatina is known from the southeastern coast of Lake Bracciano, on a sandy substrate in clear, low-nutrient water at a depth of 0.5-1.5 m, but owing to seasonal fluctuations of about 1 m, in the winter this depth increases up to 2.5 m (Troia and Azzella 2013).","This species is threatened by human activities on the lake, to which it is sensitive, including eutrophication (sewage pollution, agricultural run-off) and disturbance (recreational activities on the sandy beaches of the lake). On the basis of this threat, the species is present at one location.","Even though this species is present in a Regional Nature Reserve, it is threatened by sewage pollution, agricultural run-off and recreational activities on the sandy beaches of the lake. The population and water sources need to be protected. The species must be included in the biodiversity conservation policies recently suggested in the municipality and province of Rome (Capotorti et al. 2013). Moreover, the Regional Park “Bracciano e Martignano” could play an important role in the protection of this endemic species, and ex-situ conservation programs could be applied to avoid the loss of biodiversity (Troia and Azzella 2013).",The species is not used.,"Lansdown, R.V.,Troia, A.,García, M.","Rumsey, F.,Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,ISOETOPSIDA,ISOETALES,ISOËTACEAE,Isoëtes,tenuissima,,Isoëtes tenuissima,Boreau,This species is sometimes treated as a synonym of Isoetes longissima (= I. velata) or I. fluitans.,Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"Isoetes tenuissima is an aquatic species listed as Endangered because its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 5,000 km², its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 52 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the EOO, AOO, habitat quality, number of subpopulations and mature individuals, even though it is present in protected areas.

",Decreasing,"The species is endemic to the centre of France (Brenne, Montmorillonnais, Marche). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,140-3,956 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 52 km².","This species is strongly decreasing and one subpopulation has already disappeared. It is very localised, although a thorough survey of artificial fish ponds has not been carried out and there may be undiscovered subpopulations. An overall reduction in aquatic vegetation and an increase of eutrophication have been observed in the past four decades (F. Pinet pers. comm. 2016). In the 1930s it was known from 33 fish ponds, and in 2004 only from 12 ponds.","Isoetes tenuissima is found in small lakes and artificial fish ponds and has poor dispersal abilities, so the species is considered to be severely fragmented. It grows in very clean and pure waters with neutral pH and intermediate nutrients, rooted in sandy soils. It can emerge from the water during the summer when water levels are low.","This species is threatened by eutrophication of water bodies and competition by invasive aquatic species, such as Procambarus clarkii. Intensive fish farming in ponds can also pose a threat. Each decade, ponds are dried out for over half a year and inadequate cleaning practices during this period may severely damage the subpopulations.","Isoetes tenuissima is protected by law in France (Prelli 2001), but protection of its habitat should be prioritised. It is present in a protected area (R. Lansdown pers. comm. 2016). Further research on its distribution, habitats, ecology and threats is needed, together with monitoring on its population size and trend.",This species is not used.,"Pinet, F.,García, M.,Troia, A.,Lansdown, R.V.","Rouhan, G.,Christenhusz, M.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,ISOETOPSIDA,ISOETALES,ISOËTACEAE,Isoëtes,tiguliana,,Isoëtes tiguliana,Gennari,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU28,,"This aquatic species is probably endemic to Sardinia, where it is currently known to have a small range. However, the overall population appears to be stable and not under current threat. Thus, the species is listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Isoetes tiguliana is a locally common species in Sardinia. It has also been reported from Sicily and North Africa, but these records are uncertain and need to be verified. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,277-18,911 km², but the area of occupancy (AOO) within this range is just 12 km² (although this is probably an underestimation).",The general population trend in Sardinia appears to be stable.,"Isoetes tiguliana is known from several areas in Sardinia, where it grows along the margins of shallow lakes and in temporary marshes (Tutin et al. 1964, Prelli 2001). Its elevation range is 0-500 m.",There appear to be no major current threats to this species.,"Even though this species is very localised, it does not appear to be threatened. It is present in protected areas.",This species is not used.,"García, M.,Lansdown, R.V.,Troia, A.","Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.,Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rouhan, G.,Väre, H.,Bento Elias, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,ISOETOPSIDA,ISOETALES,ISOËTACEAE,Isoëtes,todaroana,,Isoëtes todaroana,Troìa & Raimondo,"This species is similar to I. iapygia Ernandes et al. and some authors (e.g. Peruzzi et al. 2014, Greuter and Troia  2015) consider the two taxa conspecific. The Euro+Med checklist is followed for the purposes of this assessment (Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013, which follows Ernandes and Marchiori 2012), which treats the two species separately.",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",Yes,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"Isoetes todaroana is an aquatic species only known from a single locality that is under threat of land drainage, development, agricultural practices and other human influences, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of both 4 km². The species occurs in one location where there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. It is therefore listed as Critically Endangered.",Decreasing,"Isoetes todaroana is endemic to western Sicily (Mazara del Vallo), Italy, where it is known from one or two subpopulations covering ca 200x100 m (Ermandes and Marchiori 2012). Its EOO and AOO are both 4 km².","The species is known from two localities, which are under threat from agricultural practices. The population trend is decreasing.","Isoetes todaroana is found in seasonally wet, siliceous, alkaline soil in temporary wetland that dries out in summer. The plants are emergent or submergent in temporary ponds.","The population is threatened by farming and other human activities such as the drainage of wetlands, conversion to agricultural land, dumping of waste, land reclamation, summer fires, etc. (Troia and Raimondo 2010). Based on these threats, the species is present only at one location.","Urgent measures are needed to protect the site, which hosts other rare species and additionally is an important area for migratory birds. The habitat ('Mediterranean temporary ponds') is a priority habitat as designated by the Council of the European Communities 92/43/EEC Directive. The site is included in the ""Site of Community Interest"" code ITA010014, established to protect habitat and species according to the above mentioned Directive. Further actions such as agreements with the current land owners, planning restrictions, disturbance mitigation and land purchase are also suggested (Troia and Raimondo 2010).",This species is not used.,"Troia, A.,Lansdown, R.V.,García, M.","Rouhan, G.,Dyer, R.,Väre, H.,Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.,Ivanenko, Y.,Bento Elias, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,LYCOPODIOPSIDA,LYCOPODIALES,LYCOPODIACEAE,Lycopodiella,cernua,,Lycopodiella cernua,(L.) Pic.Serm.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Even though this species has a small area of occupancy (AOO) of only 36 km2, the gregarious subpopulations are usually large, it faces no major threatas and it is able to invade newly disturbed sites. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Lycopodiella cernua is a widespread pan-tropical species, found mostly at higher elevations in subtropical mountain climates of tropical Africa, Asia, the Pacific Islands and the Neotropics. In Europe, it is found in the Azores (where it is possibly native) and formerly on Madeira. It has been introduced in Portugal (Valongo), Sicily and Malta. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km2.","Presumed natural subpopulations of this gregarious species in the Azores are stable to increasing in disturbed habitats. It is naturalised in several places (Portugal, Sicily, Malta; Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013).","Lycopodiella cernua usually grows in montane heaths and cloud forests on steep, often eroded slopes, in the Azores between 200 and 1,105 m elevation (R. Elias pers. comm. 2016). It is a competitive species that easily invades new habitats, and it is often found close to fumaroles in the reach of steam and heat (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016).","There are no known threats to this species. It responds well to habitat disturbance, invading roadsides and land slides.",No conservation measures are in place and none are needed. It is present in protected areas throughout its range.,In Europe this species is not used. In several tropical countries it is used for decoration purposes.,"García, M.,Schaefer, H.","Dyer, R.,Rouhan, G.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Väre, H.,Bento Elias, R.,Ivanenko, Y.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,LYCOPODIOPSIDA,LYCOPODIALES,LYCOPODIACEAE,Lycopodiella,inundata,,Lycopodiella inundata,(L.) Holub,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Although widespread, this lycopod species appears to be declining throughout much of its range, mainly as a result of loss and degradation of its habitats. However, it is still sufficiently abundant that it is assessed here as Least Concern. There is a concern that the number of records mask declines that may become significant globally, and further monitoring and conservation actions are encouraged for this species.",Decreasing,"Lycopodiella inundata occurs throughout the Northern Hemisphere, and while in North America it can be found as far south as Florida, it is usually found at higher latitudes. It also occurs across Eurasia, eastwards through Russia to China and Japan (Hassler and Schmidt 2012). In Europe it is rarely frequent, but it is found locally and widely scattered throughout much of the continent, Great Britain, Ireland and the Azores. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 5,612 km2.","Even though Lycopodiella inundata has experienced a significant number of local declines and it has an overall decreasing trend, the species is widespread and locally abundant.","Lycopodiella inundata grows in open, wet, bare, peaty or sandy margins of lakes, pools, flushes and trackways often in heathland, swamps, boggy meadows, mossy coniferous woods, wet dune slacks or along the edge of Sphagnum bogs. It can rapidly colonise secondary habitats and substrates kept open by winter inundation, disturbance by cars, cattle, hikers or peat cutting (Tutin et al. 1964, Komarov 1968, Preston et al. 2002, Frey et al. 2006). It can thus inhabit road edges, ditches, abandoned mines and under electricity powerlines (Y. Ivanenko pers. comm. 2016). Its elevation limits are 0 - 1,900 m Asl.","Marsh clubmoss is threatened by widespread and continued loss and degradation of its habitat throughout its range as a result of draining, eutrophication and the building of infrastructure.","Lycopodiella inundata has been assessed in the following national Red Lists:

Belarus: Near Threatened (Khoruzhyk et al. 2005)

Bulgaria: Critically Endangered (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009)

Croatia: Critically Endangered (Nikolić and Topić 2007)

Czech Republic: Endangered (Procházka 2001)

Estonia: Vulnerable (Lilleleht 2008)

Finland: Near Threatened (Rassi et al. 2010)

France: Near Threatened (UICN France 2012)

Italy: Data Deficient (Rossi et al. 2013)

Luxembourg: Regionally Extinct (Colling 2005)

Netherlands: Vulnerable (van der Meijden et al. 2000)

Poland: Vulnerable (Mirek et al. 2006)

Spain: Vulnerable (Moreno 2008)

Switzerland: Vulnerable (Moser et al. 2002)

Sweden: Near Threatened (Gärdenfors 2010)

Ukraine: Rare (Didukh 2009)

United Kingdom: Endangered. In England it is also assessed as Endangered as a result of a 65% recent decline in EOO (Stroh et al. 2014).

Whilst overall this species would appear to be secure, at least in the near future, it is clear that there is a significant ongoing decline. There is a need to monitor populations to ensure that if major losses occur, it will not be too late to undertake conservation action. Restoration of heathlands and wet open sandy areas may benefit this species (M. Christenhusz, pers. obs. 2016). In France and Bulgaria it is protected by law (G. Rouhan pers. comm. 2016, D. Ivanova pers. comm. 2016), and it is included in Annex V of the Habitats Directive. An action plan for L. inundata was ellaborated in Bulgaria (D. Ivanova pers. comm. 2016). The species occurs in protected areas throughout its range.",This species is not utilised.,"García, M.,Ivanova, D.","Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.,Ivanenko, Y.,Dyer, R.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.,Lansdown, R.V.,Rouhan, G.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,LYCOPODIOPSIDA,LYCOPODIALES,LYCOPODIACEAE,Lycopodium,alpinum,,Lycopodium alpinum,L.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



As this lycopod species is common, widespread, is not facing any major threats and subpopulations are well protected in mountain reserves, it is listed here as Least Concern. Further research is needed to clarify if this species will be affected by climate warming.",Stable,"This is a circumboreal species found in north Asia, North America and Europe. In Europe it is found at higher elevations, mostly in Scandinavia, Lapland, the Alps, northern Britain and Ireland and rarely also in the mountains of central Germany (Frey et al. 2006).",Plants are locally abundant. Its current population trend is stable.,"This species occurs in tundras, high elevation mountain moors and short grassy heaths, where it is characteristic of acidic, well-drained slopes with a thin covering of compacted, peaty ground over rock. Sometimes it also grows in patches of thicker turf where competition is reduced by grazing and high exposure, in relatively dry alpine and pine heaths (Tutin et al. 1964, Komarov 1968, Page 1997, H. Väre pers. comm. 2016). It is found at elevations between 1,000 - 2,700 m.",There are no major threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are in place and none are needed. Many subpopulations occur on mountain tops that usually enjoy a certain degree of protection, and it is found in protected areas. It is included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine as a Rare species (Didukh 2009), and it is protected by law in France (G. Rouhan pers. comm. 2016). It is included in the Annex V of the Habitats Directive. It is uncertain if a warming climate has any effect on this arctic-alpine species, and further research is needed to clarify this.",This species is not used.,"Troia, A.,García, M.","Ivanenko, Y.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Dyer, R.,Christenhusz, M.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,LYCOPODIOPSIDA,LYCOPODIALES,LYCOPODIACEAE,Lycopodium,annotinum,,Lycopodium annotinum,L.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Even though declines have been noticed in part of its range, this lycopod species is still widespread and occurs in abundance in northern coniferous forests. It is therefore listed here as Least Concern. Further research on its population trend and possible threats is needed.",Stable,"Lycopodium annotinum is a circumboreal species found across the north of the Northern Hemisphere, in North Asia, North America and Europe. It is locally common in boreal and alpine habitats, principally following the distribution of boreal pine forests (Page 1997).","Even though in the southern areas of its distribution the species is decreasing, it is still abundant in the north and the overall population trend is stable.","The species is found on moist acid ground along mainly coniferous forest edges, in heathland, moors, mountain grassland and tundra and under creeping willow (Salix repens) (Tutin et al. 1964, Komarov 1968, Van der Meijden 2005), mostly in alpine and boreal areas in pine, spruce and birch forests (Y. Ivanenko and H. Väre pers. comm. 2016). Its elevation range is 0 - 2,000 m.","Declines in the subpopulations have been noticed in the western part of its distribution as a result of human activities, including infrastructure construction, building, forestry, changes in land use, climate change and eutrophication.","Lycopodium annotinum is still common in much of its northern range, but declines have been noticed and its population trend and possible threats need to be investigated. It was assessed as Vulnerable on the Dutch national Red List (Van der Meijden et al. 2000). It is present in protected areas in many parts of its range.",This species is not used.,"García, M.,Troia, A.","Dyer, R.,Bento Elias, R.,Rouhan, G.,Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.,Ivanenko, Y.,Väre, H.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,LYCOPODIOPSIDA,LYCOPODIALES,LYCOPODIACEAE,Lycopodium,clavatum,,Lycopodium clavatum,L.,"Subpopulations from the alpine tundra, the fells of northern Scandinavia and the Highlands of Scotland are sometimes segregated as L. clavatum subsp. monostachyon, but these differ only in the number of sporangia per branch, which is variable in the species across its range, and are here included in this assessment. Some authors recognise this subspecies as L. lagopus, but for the purposes of this assessment it will be considered a subspecies.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This lycopod species is widespread and common throughout arctic and mountainous areas in Europe. There are parts where the species is abundant and does not face major threats such as Fennoscandia, Ukraine and Russia. But in other parts of its range, the species is listed on national Red Lists threatened by a loss of habitat that causes subpopulations to decline. The species is a weak competitor and the abandonment of traditional land management, forest plantations and eutrophication leads to changes in vegetation and outcompete Lycopodium clavatum. The species has a wide range of medicinal and cultural uses and off-take should be monitored in order to prevent overharvesting becoming a threat.",Stable,"Lycopodium clavatum has a broad distribution across north Asia, North America and Europe and in tropical and subtropical mountains in the Caribbean, South America and East Africa (Frey et al. 2006). In Europe, it is widespread but with a markedly arctic-alpine distribution. In the United Kingdom it is mostly confined to upland sites in the west and north, or scattered on heaths in the south (Natural History Museum 2010). It is widespread across Fennoscandia and it is also common in the Baltic states, although rather rare in central Lithuania, because its habitat is absent there. It can be found throughout European Russia including Kaliningrad   (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010). In Ukraine,Lycopodium clavatum is widespread in the zone of deciduous and  mixed forests in the Polesian lowland, in the lesosteppe (forest steppe)  zone and in the Carpathian Mountains. There are isolated localities in  extra-zonal pine forests in the steppe zone of Ukraine. It is widespread but less common in the rest of central and southern Europe, mainly found in the mountains of the Czech Republic, Germany, Belgium, France, Italy, the Alps and Balkans and the Pyrenees.","Lycopodium clavatum is common in the Nordic countries, Russia and the central European mountains, but some subpopulations are decreasing because this is a slow-growing species and it is affected by habitat loss. The parental generation needs about 20 years to produce offspring. On a long-term and general scale, the population is stable, but it is locally affected by some threats (V. Rašomavičius pers. comm. 2010). Due to its clonal nature it is difficult to count numbers of individuals in a subpopulation and a single plant can cover a fairly large area of forest floor.

In Hungary there are still more than 100 localities but  the  number of localities and the subpopulations have a declining trend  especially in the last 20 years. In Switzerland, each subpopulation covers a few square meters and could sometimes be formed  by only one individual. There is also a slight long-term decline there: 40 locations were found after 1994, but there is no clear information about the real   distribution at current times. The Italian subpopulations are also declining, however, in Ukraine subpopulations are big and stable. In 1960, up to 9.2 tons ofLycopodium clavatum spores were stored in Ukraine (Chikov 1980) and this shows the magnitude of this species in this country. The overall population trend is stable and it is common in most of its distribution area except for the western range.","Lycopodium clavatum is a long-lived and slow-growing species. It is a poor competitor and a slow   colonizer, only able to compete successfully in open situations with short vegetation. It prefers relatively open moist or slightly dry places in heathy vegetation, coniferous forests, open woodland, arctic tundra, moors, peatland, montane heathland, grassland and moorland, often in conifer plantations, frequently forming large patches (Tutin et al. 1964, Komarov 1968, Frey et al. 2006, F. Rumsey per. comm. 2016). Its elevation limits are 0 - 2,300 m.","Lycopodium clavatum is mainly threatened by the loss of suitable habitat. Abandonment of  traditional land uses such as grazing leads to natural succession  processes and as the species is a weak competitor this leads to population declines. The species  tends to establish on eroded areas such  as  the ones that have suffered  clear cuttings. Even a decrease in the use of former military paths leads to  succession and the disappearance of this species.



Intensive agricultural activities on forests edges are another threat as they lead to eutrophication and this leads to a change in vegetation. Here again,Lycopodium clavatum cannot compete if faced with the emergence of taller vegetation. Pollution  and eutrophication can damage the mycorrhiza that are in symbiosis  with this  plant. For other species in this genus it has been reported  and it could  be a threat for this species as well. Due to reforestation projects, forest areas become larger and forest  edges decrease. Dense forest plantations have dark understories where this species cannot thrive as it requires light. 



In Lithuania, the main threat is its use as decoration, particularly near the bigger cities, although this gathering is forbidden by national  regulations. It is likely this regulations would stop the threat, because  of their transposition into administrative punishments. The species does not face threats in large parts of its range such as Ukraine and Fennoscandia.","This species is listed under Annex D of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulation 318-2008. Live specimens of this species as well as dried and fresh plants, including, leaves, roots/rootstock, stems, seeds/spores, bark and fruits are subject to this regulation. The entire genusLycopodium is listed in the Annex V of the Habitat Directive.



The species is listed on several national Red Lists:

Estonia: Near Threatened (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012)

Finland: Least Concern (Rassi et al. 2010)

Germany: Vulnerable (level 3; Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)

Hungary: Near Threatened (Király 2007)

Luxembourg: Critically Endangered (Krippel 2003)

Netherlands: Endangered (Van der Meijden et al. 2000)

Russia: Least Concern (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010)

Serbia: Endangered (V. Stevanovic pers. comm. 2010)

Switzerland: Near Threatened (Moser et al. 2002)

United Kingdom: Least Concern, although in England it is Vulnerable as a result of a 31% decline in AOO (Stroh et al. 2014)

It is not of concern in Ukraine and several other countries. However, the species is under national protection in various countries and regions such as Hungary, in some regions of France and in one region in Switzerland. Regulations for its commercial use are in place in Italy, Latvia and Lithuania.

It occurs in several protected areas throughout its range, for example in Switzerland and the Czech Republic.



In terms of conservation measures needed, it is necessary to manage sites in a way thatLycopodium clavatum can compete with other vegetation, i.e. keep areas open, reintroduce grazing activities. Monitoring of some subpopulations' trends is recommended. In addition, off-take should be monitored in order to prevent over-harvesting becoming a threat.","The spores of Lycopodium clavatum are harvested from the strobili and sold as 'Lycopodium Powder'. This was used as an explosive in film and entertainment industries, as lubrication on condoms and surgical gloves, as cosmetic powder, as pill coating in the pharmaceutical industry and in homoeopathic medicine (Natural History Museum 2010). In traditional medicine, the plant is used internally in the treatment of urinary and kidney disorders, rheumatic arthritis, gastritis, etc. and externally it is applied to treat skin diseases and irritations (Plants For A Future 2010).

In the Baltic States, the plant is locally still used for medicinal purposes and collected near cities. It is also  gathered for religious purposes as it is used to decorate churches  during Easter because of its evergreen character (V.  Rasomavicius pers. comm. 2010). In the Czech Republic, it can be collected for personal use if it is not within a protected area as the species is not protected. There is no indication about collections for high scale trade. In Switzerland, the collection is regulated in one canton.



The spores are used as baby powder and as binding material for pills; they are also employed in the manufacture of fireworks. They contain about 47.5% of nondrying fatty oils (glycerides, and oleic, palmitic, stearic, and merits acids, etc. They were used in large amounts in cast-iron foundries for dressing holds, and therefore it used to be an export article of great importance. In Sweden the plant was used sometimes for mat weaving (Komarov 1968).","Troia, A.,García, M.","Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Bento Elias, R.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Christenhusz, M.,Väre, H.","Rasomavicius, V.,Dostalova, A.,Gygax, A.",,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,LYCOPODIOPSIDA,LYCOPODIALES,LYCOPODIACEAE,Lycopodium,complanatum,,Lycopodium complanatum,L.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Even thoughLycopodium complanatum is decreasing in part of its range, it is still reasonably abundant in several places like Fennoscandia and the Alps, and it is therefore unlikely that this species will meet any of the threatened Categories. It is therefore listed here as Least Concern.",Stable,"Lycopodium complanatum is a widespread species found throughout the Northern Hemisphere. There are several subspecies recognised. In Europe it is most frequently encountered in the north and central parts of the continent, found across Fennoscandia and eastwards to the Urals, and southwards to the Italian Alps and the Carpathian Mountains. It is scattered in Germany, but many localities from before 1945 have not been recently confirmed there (Frey et al. 2006).","Subpopulations appear to be stable in many places, but during the last 50 years several localities have disappeared due to changes in land management, forestry practices and water quality. However, its overall population trend is stable and it is locally fairly frequent.","Lycopodium complanatum can form large stands on acidic humus over sand or granite in pine (or rarely beech) forests, rarely in spruce of fir woods, in mixed forests (Komarov 1968, Frey et al. 2006) or in heathland (Prelli 2001). Its elevation limits are 0 - 1,800 m.",The species is threatened by changes in land management and forestry practices.,"Lycopodium complanatum is locally abundant but has reduced in abundance in many places. Habitat protection is the most effective strategy since this species is difficult to cultivate and will not translocate as it has strong mycorrhizal associations. It is listed on the following national Red Lists:

Bulgaria: Regionally Extinct (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009)

Czech Republic: Endangered. The taxon meets or approaches the condition of rarity (recently recorded at only 6-20 localities) and is declining in abundance (Grulich 2012)

Estonia: Near Threatened (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012)

France: Regionally Extinct (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012) and nationally protected by law (Prelli 2001)

Germany: Critically Endangered (Ludwig and Schnittler 1999)

Ukraine: Rare (Y. Ivanenko pers comm 2016)",This species is a popular source of a green wool dye (Komarov 1968).,"Troia, A.,García, M.","Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Bento Elias, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,LYCOPODIOPSIDA,LYCOPODIALES,LYCOPODIACEAE,Lycopodium,issleri,,Lycopodium issleri,(Rouy) Domin,"Lycopodium issleri is an allopolyploid species, sometimes considered an hybrid between L. alpinum and L. complanatum.",No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



This lycopod species is listed as Near Threatened because its area of occupancy (AOO) is 632 km² and the population is severely fragmented so the species is close to qualifying as threatened under criterion B. It is affected by changes in habitat management and eutrophication.",Unknown,"This species is a hybrid between L. alpinum and L. complanatum, and like its parents it has an arctic-alpine distribution, but it is much more patchy. It is known from North America (Maine, USA) and in Europe it is mainly known from the central European mountains (Alps, Vosges, northern Carpathians). It extends into the Scottish Highlands and central Siberia. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 632 km².",This species is often confused with other species of Lycopodium. Plants are clonal and thus actual population trends based on numbers of individuals are not known. The species is very infrequent and has a severely fragmented population since it is found in small and isolated subpopulations.,"Lycopodium issleri is most common in montane grassland and dwarf heathland, usually on warm, sunny, open ground or on cool moist banks (Tutin et al. 1964, Page 1997, Frey et al. 2006).",Changes in habitat management and eutrophication are affecting this species.,"No conservation measures are in place. This species is listed in France as Endangered (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012), in the United Kingdom as Near Threatened (Cheffings and Farrell 2005) and in England as Critically Endangered (Stroh et al. 2014). It is unknown whether it is present in protected areas, although it is likely.",The species is not utilised.,"Troia, A.,García, M.","Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.,Dyer, R.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,LYCOPODIOPSIDA,LYCOPODIALES,LYCOPODIACEAE,Lycopodium,madeirense,,Lycopodium madeirense,J.H.Wilce,,Yes,VU,C2a(i),Yes,VU,C2a(i),EU28,,"Lycopodium madeirense is an extremely rare lycopod found in small areas in Madeira and the Azores. It has an area of occupancy (AOO) of only 32 km², and there are known threats to the subpopulations due to grazing and road construction work. It has a population of less than 3,000 individuals, with ca 50 mature individuals per population and a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and its habitat extent and quality. It therefore qualifies as Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"This plant is found in the Azores and Madeira (Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013), where it is usually very rare. Its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km².","On Madeira, the species is currently only present in one small site. It is difficult to assess how many individuals there are because it is a clonal species, but there are estimated to be fewer than 1,000 in the island of Madeira (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). In the Azores, the species is uncommon and sporadic (R. Elias pers. comm. 2016). The total population size is estimated to be less than 10,000 individuals (R. Elias pers. comm. 2016), and likely less than 3,000 individuals, with ca 20 subpopulations containing fewer than 50 individuals each (H. Schaefer pers. comm 2016). The population appears to be fragmented, but it is actually interconnected due to spore exchange (H. Schaefer pers comm. 2016). The population trend is not known (R. Elias pers. comm. 2016), but expected to be decreasing since its habitat quality and extent are declining.","This species is rare on high elevation heathlands. In Madeira it is only known from a single locality in the center of the island (Press and Short 1994). In the Azores, it is found on moorlands, juniper forests, heathland and lava fields between 300 and 1,100 m elevation (Schäfer 2005, F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016).","The juniper forest habitat of this species is generally under threat through grazing and road construction and maintenance, including in protected areas. On Flores, rabbits and goats often eat the fertile parts of the plant reducing its fertility rate (H. Schäfer pers. comm. 2016).","This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention), under Appendix V of the Habitats Directive and by Portuguese regional law (RLD 15/2012). Habitat protection is the best means to protect this species from decline. It is present in protected areas throughout its range.",This species is not utilised.,"Schaefer, H.,García, M.","Christenhusz, M.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Rumsey, F.,Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Väre, H.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,LYCOPODIOPSIDA,LYCOPODIALES,LYCOPODIACEAE,Lycopodium,oellgaardii,,Lycopodium oellgaardii,"(Stoor, Boudrie, Jérôme, K.Horn & Bennert) B.Bock",The species combines characters of L. alpinum and L. tristachyum and is often treated as a hybrid. The status of this species has been doubted by Vogel and Rumsey (1999) stating that it probably fits within the general variability of L. alpinum.,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

The population size and frequency of this species are not yet well known. Due to confusion with other Lycopodium species, it is possible that the species is more common than reported. The species is assessed as Near Threatened, because its area of occupancy (AOO) is 68 km² and the population is severely fragmented, thus being close to qualify as threatened under criterion B2. Further research and monitoring on the species' population trends and threats is needed.",Unknown,"Lycopodium oellgaardii is a central European species of hybrid origin with L. alpinum and L. tristachyum as its parents. It is known from a single locality in Jutland, Denmark, but is more widely spread in the Alps (Germany, Austria, Italy, France), southern Czech Republic (Bohemia) and the Vosges and Massif Central in France (Stoor et al. 1996, Prelli 2001). This species has only been recently recognised and plants were often confused with L. issleri or treated as L. alpinum in the past. Outside of Europe, this species is also known from the northeast Anatolia region (Turkey), as reported on Takhtajan (2003).",The population trend is not known as the species has only been recently recognised as distinct. Subpopulations are usually very isolated and small so the population is considered to be severely fragmented.,"Lycopodium oellgaardii is found on siliceous or superficially decalcified soils in montane heathland and open forest, often in similar places as L. alpinum, one of the parental species (Frey et al. 2006).","The threats to this species are not known, but habitat destruction or overgrowing of the heath due to eutrophication or management alteration may have an effect.","Habitat protection is the best way to preserve this rare species. Further research and monitoring on the species' trends and threats is needed. It is found in protected areas and listed on the following national Red Lists:

France: Vulnerable D2 (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012)

Germany: Possibly endangered (Ludwig and Schnittler 1999)

Italy: Data Deficient (Rossi et al. 2013)",This species is not used.,"Troia, A.,García, M.","Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Bento Elias, R.,Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,LYCOPODIOPSIDA,LYCOPODIALES,LYCOPODIACEAE,Lycopodium,tristachyum,,Lycopodium tristachyum,Pursh,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



This widespread lycopod species is listed as Near Threatened because it probably has slightly over 10,000 mature individuals, with less than 1,000 individuals in each subpopulation, and it is experiencing a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals due to succession and eutrophication.",Decreasing,"Lycopodium tristachyum is a widespread species found in Europe, Anatolia and North America. In Europe, it is mainly found in central and northern areas. It is scattered in Germany, but many localities from before 1945 have not been recently confirmed (Frey et al. 2006). Its area of occupancy (AOO) has been estimated as 2,460 km², but this includes historical collections; the current AOO may therefore be smaller.","This species is rare in north and western Europe, and becomes more common towards the east of its distribution. The population trend is declining, particularly in the northern and western areas of its European distribution. It probably has around 10,000 individuals (perhaps slightly more than this), but considering its clonal nature an exact count is not available.","Lycopodium tristachyum is found on acid heath communities, open pine forests and lightly shaded places on dry nutrient poor sandy soil in heathland and open forest, sometimes in dunes (Van der Meijden 2005, Frey et al. 2006). Its elevation limits are 0-2,000 m.","This species is threatened by succession, through the conversion of heathland into forests, and by soil eutrophication due to agricultural activities.","No conservation measures are currently in place, although the species is found in protected areas throughout its range. The species is best protected by preservation of its habitat and areas where it occurs. Research and monitoring is needed on population and habitat trends and threats, and management plants may be appropriate in some cases. It is listed on the following national Red Lists:

Czech Republic: Critically threatened. The taxon meets the condition of decline, at least 90% of all the populations ever recorded have become extinct and extant populations are usually clearly declining (Grulich 2012)

Estonia: Vulnerable (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012)

Finland: Endangered A2ace; B2ab(ii,iii,iv) (Rassi et al. 2010)

France: Vulnerable D1 (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012). It is protected by law (Prelli 2001)

Germany: Critically Endangered (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)

Italy: Data Deficient (Rossi et al. 2013)

Netherlands: Critically Endangered (Van der Meijden et al. 2000)

Norway: Endangered A4bc;B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) (Kålås et al. 2010)",The species is not used.,"García, M.,Troia, A.","Rumsey, F.,Väre, H.,Dyer, R.,Bento Elias, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rouhan, G.,Christenhusz, M.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,LYCOPODIOPSIDA,LYCOPODIALES,LYCOPODIACEAE,Lycopodium,zeilleri,,Lycopodium zeilleri,(Rouy) Greuter & Burdet,"Lycopodium zeilleri is an hybridogenous allopolyploid species, sometimes treated as an hybrid between L. complanatum and L. tristachyum.",No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



This lycopod species is assessed as Near Threatened as it has a relatively small area of occupancy (AOO) of around 2,000 km², and its population is considered to be severely fragmented. Therefore it is close to qualifying as threatened under criterion B. In pan-Europe, its extent of occurrence (EOO) and AOO values are substantially larger than in the EU 28 since there are many sites in Norway, Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. Further research and fieldwork are needed as many new subpopulations have recently been discovered, together with monitoring and habitat protection.",Stable,"Lycopodium zeilleri is a species of hybrid origin between L. complanatum and L. tristachyum. It is a very local species, found in isolated subpopulations mainly in Canada, USA, central and northern Europe, Germany and Russia. Its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is around 2,000 km², and in the EU 28 it is ca 1,788 km².","Population trends are not known, but it is a local and rare species. The species is very common in Belarus, northern Ukraine and European Russia. In Fennoscandia, the trend is slightly decreasing but it is possible that the species is undersampled there (H. Väre pers. comm. 2016). In Russia, it seems to be stable. The overall population trend is therefore considered to be stable. However, with the current knowledge of its occurrence, the population seems to be severely fragmented since it is found on small and isolated subpopulations.","Lycopodium zeilleri is found on acid heathland and open pine, spruce and mixed forests, normally in lightly shaded places among mosses and lichens on sandy soil (Frey et al. 2006, Y. Ivanenko pers. comm. 2016). This species is relatively resistant to forest fires due to its large rhizomes (Y. Ivanenko pers. comm. 2016).","The threats to this species are not known, but habitat alteration certainly affects some subpopulations. In Fennoscandia and Russia, forestry management and soil ploughing can be detrimental to the species (H. Väre pers. comm. 2016)","No conservation measures are currently in place, although the species is found in protected areas throughout its range. Habitat protection, restoration and heath maintenance are the best means to preserve this species. This species is listed on the following national Red Lists:

Czech Republic: Critically Endangered. The taxon meets or approaches the condition of rarity (recently at 1-5 locations), with its subpopulations declining: either some populations have become extinct or at least some of the extant populations are clearly declining (Grulich 2012)

Estonia: Data Deficient (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012)

France: Endangered B2ab(ii,iv,v) (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012)

Italy: Data Deficient (Rossi et al. 2013)

Norway: Vulnerable A4bc (Kålås et al. 2010)

Research and monitoring on its population size, trends, distribution and threats is needed.",This species is not used.,"Troia, A.,García, M.","Christenhusz, M.,Bento Elias, R.,Rouhan, G.,Väre, H.,Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.,Ivanenko, Y.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,SALVINIALES,MARSILEACEAE,Marsilea,aegyptiaca,,Marsilea aegyptiaca,Willd.,,No,NT,,No,NE,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)



Marsilea aegyptiaca is an aquatic fern with a restricted distribution in Europe, where it is only found in the Lower Volga Valley in southern Russia. The species has an area of occupancy (AOO) of only 12 km²and ten locations have been calculated and it is thus listed as Near Threatened since it is close to qualify as threatened under criterion B. Although the current threats are unlikely to cause this species to disappear from Russia in the immediate future, further habitat protection is advisable.",Stable,"Marsilea aegyptiaca is an aquatic fern found across Africa, from Mauritania to South Africa, in Madagascar, across the Arabian Peninsula, and patchily eastwards to India, and China. Its Mediterranean distribution comprises Egypt, where it is relatively abundant, and Tunisia, where it is rare. It also occurs in Saharan Algeria and Libya. Records for Spain, Greece and Cyprus are based on confusion with other species (Wood 1997, Chaudhary 2001).



In Europe, it is rare in south-east European Russia, in the Lower Volga valley, where it is known from two localities. The species was found more than 150 years ago near Astrakhan, and until 1932 it was not found again in this region. A third locality was found by Galina Klinkova in the Krasnoyarsk district of the Astrakhan region. The last record was made by Leonid Nepomenko in 2013 near the Yamnoe settlement in the Volodarsky district of the Astrakhan region (Y. Ivanenko pers. comm. 2016). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².","Marsilea aegyptiaca is fairly locally abundant in southern Russia and the population trend seems to be stable. It is likely that there may be less than 1,000 mature individuals although no surveys have been undertaken and the population size remains unknown.","Marsilea aegyptiaca grows in temporary inundated places, lagoons, canals, pools, flooded fields, rice paddies and depressions among sand. It is resistant to desiccation (Komarov 1968). In Russia, the species is found along car tracks in the soil, in the shallow ditches created by the wheels. Its elevation limits are 0-3,100 m.","The preference of the species for arid and semi-arid regions limits its possible threats. The main ones are non-intentional destruction of wetlands and their drainage for agricultural purposes, although construction of drainage canals may benefit this species to some extent. On the basis of this threat, there are less than 10 locations. Livestock may also affect the species through trampling and pollution in the water.","There are no conservation measures in place, although it is present in the Astrakhan protected area. At the regional level, it has been proposed to legally protect the species or the sites where it grows.The species is listed on the Russian Red List as (Critically) Endangered (Y. Ivanenko pers. comm. 2016), but no Criteria are given, and it is locally abundant. As it is a clonal species it is unknown how many individuals there are, but population trends should be monitored.",There is no evidence that this species is used.,"Lansdown, R.V.,García, M.","Ivanenko, Y.,Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,SALVINIALES,MARSILEACEAE,Marsilea,batardae,,Marsilea batardae,Launert,"Marsilea batardae was recently distinguished from Marsilea strigosa, from which it differs in sporocarp size and form. All subpopulations in Portugal, previously attributed to Marsilea strigosa, belong to Marsilea batardae (Launert 1983).",Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)",EU28,,"Marsilea batardae is an aquatic fern endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it has a small area of occupancy (AOO) of less than 500 km² and is subject to continuing declines in AOO, habitat quality, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals. It is found on around 25 sites and the population is considered to be severely fragmented due to changes in land management and the fluvial habitat it inhabits.The  main threats are the general destruction and degradation of  standing water bodies, the modifications of hydrological networks such as the construction of dams, the canalisation of streams, the degradation of water quality and alteration of ancient grazing practices. The species is therefore assessed as Endangered.",Decreasing,"Marsilea batardae is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it is limited to the southwestern quarter, mainly in the hydrological basins of the rivers Tejo, Sado, Guadiana and Guadalquivir. In Portugal, it occurs in the Alentejo region (Alqueva dam) and São Miguel do Pinheiro region, east of the Parque Natural do Vale do Guadania. In Spain it is found in the southwestern provinces of Badajoz, Ciudad Real, Huelva, Cáceres and Córdoba (Bañareset al. 2004). Its presence is uncertain in the provinces of Toledo and Valencia (Rosselló-Graellet al. 2000). The area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be smaller than 500 km².","Marsilea batardae has a scattered distribution and the number of localities is about 25.  In Portugal, the number of individuals, although not precisely estimated, may be considered to be low (ICN 2006). About five  locations have disappeared due to the construction of the Alqueva  reservoir in Portugal, but around seven new subpopulations have been found  in Spain since 2004, especially in the area of Andalucía (L. Medina pers. comm. 2010). The subpopulations in Spain have been estimated to have ca 115,800 individuals     (Bañareset al. 2004). In Spain, most of the extinct subpopulations were  in the same area (Extremadura) and became extinct due to river and basin transformations  by dams there. A few subpopulations from other areas disappeared due  to other reasons. In Portugal, some of the subpopulations are disappearing  due to changes in crop areas in the Alentejo province.



The population is considered to be severely fragmented since the propagule exchange is by river water flow and an exchange is therefore mostly taking place downstream and linked to rainfall and associated periods of flooding. In the past, it is suspected that former genetic exchange was due to traditional movements of livestock (in Spanish ""trashumancia""), when sheep and cattle move to high green areas in spring and return to low areas for the winter. This kind of livestock movement is not practised any longer and thus subpopulations have become more fragmented.","Marsilea batardae is a perennial, aquatic fern species growing at low elevations (between 0 and 300 m), on clay and sand in temporarily flooded areas (e.g., stream banks), but also occasionally in rock fissures and on stony riverbeds. It inhabits muddy or marshy soil that is virtually permanently inundated, in temperate-warm climates, not far from coastal areas. It can occasionally invade rice fields. Its development is dependent on groundwater level and water quality. The species prefers water that is poor in nutrients and salts, although the biggest subpopulation is found in a rather eutrophic reservoir.","The main threats are related to the general destruction and degradation of water bodies and modifications of hydrological networks, notably through the construction of dams and canalisation of stream banks. Degradation of water quality is also problematic for the survival of subpopulations. All these factors lead to a reduction of the natural habitat of Marsilea batardae, and seriously threaten its long-term survival.","Marsilea batardae is protected at the European level under the Habitats Directive 92/43/CEE (Annexes II and IV) and included in   Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). In Spain, it was listed as Critically Endangered (Dominguez Lozano 2000), but this was amended to Endangered A2ace+3ace+4ace; B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv) (Bañares et al. 2004, Moreno 2008). It is furthermore protected at regional levels in Spain (Andalucía, Castilla-la-Mancha, Extremadura). In Portugal, it was previously listed as Vulnerable (Dray 1985, Walter and Gillett 1997), but due to the construction of the Alqueva dam the listing was amended to Endangered on the basis of the loss of many subpopulations (Rosselló-Graell et al. 2000). This species is protected in Portugal under decree-law n°140/99 (Annexes B-II b/ e B-IV b/) and decree-law n°316/89 (Annexe I). It is included in the seed and spore bank project for the flora affected by the Alqueva dam. It is found in protected areas throughout its range.

The following future conservation measures are being proposed:

Control of the water quality and of the hydrological regimes of concerned streams

Monitoring of the subpopulations, notably the ones affected by the Alqueva dam (Portugal)

Evaluation of the size of the subpopulations

Study of the dynamics of the subpopulations, in relation to drainage, irrigation and other hydrological modifications",This species is not known to be used.,"García, M.,Troia, A.","Dyer, R.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.,Lansdown, R.V.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Ivanenko, Y.","Medina Domingo, L.",,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,SALVINIALES,MARSILEACEAE,Marsilea,quadrifolia,,Marsilea quadrifolia,L.,"
 



",No,VU,A2ce,No,VU,A2ce,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



This aquatic fern species is widespread, but declining nearly everywhere in its range, with only a few sites left in most countries where it occurs. The stronghold is in France with 93 localities, but even there the subpopulations are declining. The plant has a clonal structure and it is difficult to determine numbers of individuals in a subpopulation. However, the habitat in which this species is found is continuously degraded, mainly due to changes to hydrological regimes, agricultural runoff and water pollution.



It is estimated that at least 30% of the population has been lost over the three-generation period, even though it is complicated to define a precise generation length. The number of individuals has decreased in the remaining subpopulations due to degradation of habitat quality and the effects of pollutants and fertilisers, which have not ceased. Marsilea quadrifolia is therefore assessed as Vulnerable. It is strongly recommended to collect detailed population information and decline rates from each country and to re-assess the species when all the data is available.",Decreasing,"Marsilea quadrifolia is a Paleo-temperate species that occurs throughout much of southern Europe, extending eastwards to China and Japan. In Europe it occurs along many of the major river valleys, such as the Loire, Po, Rhine and Danube, as well as in complexes of wetlands throughout central and southern Europe. It is introduced to eastern North America. Its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 1,660 km².","This species is rare and is becoming rarer, so the population trend is considered to be decreasing. The country reports for Article 17 under the Habitats Directive presented the following population information for the EU member states (Commission of the European Communities 2009):

France: 93 localities, decreasing subpopulations

Germany: 2 localities with decreasing subpopulations

Greece: formerly in 1 locality, now extinct

Italy: 23 localities with stable subpopulations. The species was recorded in 1867 along the Tirso river in Sardinia but those subpopulations have long disappeared (Scoppola and Spampinato 2005) or records could have been based on misidentifications (Gentili et al. 2010).



Netherlands: one locality with unknown population trend 

Poland: extinct in natural subpopulations; reintroduced in 1 locality with increasing population trend (Mirek et al. 2006)



Slovenia 4 localities and a decreasing subpopulation trend



Portugal: 1 locality and a decreasing subpopulation trend



Hungary: 50,000 to 920,000 shoots and a decreasing population trend



Slovakia: 9 localities with decreasing populations trend

Spain: extinct in the wild, reintroduced in one locality

A 30% decline in the last 20 years has been estimated. Its generation length is longer than a decade. Therefore it is estimated that a decline of over 30% has occurred over the last three-generation period.","Marsilea quadrifolia typically grows in the stagnant waters and sporadically drying meadows, shallow margins and draw-down zones of lakes, marshes, river margins, oxbow lakes and sometimes ditches. Its elevation range is from sea level up to 400 m. It is intolerant of competition and usually occurs on otherwise bare soils (Komarov 1968). It can be found in the following Habitats Directive habitats:

3150 Natural eutrophic lakes withMagnopotamion orHydrocharition - type vegetation

3130 Oligotrophic to mesotrophic standing waters with vegetation of theLittorelletea uniflorae and/or of the Isoëto-Nanojuncetea

3110 Oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals of sandy plains (Littorelletalia uniflorae)

This species inhabits more or less fluctuating, shallow backwaters, and can invade flooded rice fields.","There are several threats that lead to population declines: changes to the hydrological regime of water bodies such as infilling, drainage and drying out, the construction of dikes or embankments and the management of water levels are major threats. Water pollution as a result of fertilization and pesticides used in agriculture, and run-off causing eutrophication also impact the species. Other minor threats are the disposal of household or industrial waste, species invasion, forest planting, aquaculture and abandonment of pastoral systems (Commission of the European Communities 2009).



In Greece, the complete drainage of Lake Kerkini meant the disappearance of this species from its only known locality in that country. The cause of extinction of the Spanish subpopulations was a change in agricultural land use accompanied by a more intensive use of herbicides that led to eutrophication of the species habitat and to its eventual loss    (Bañares et al. 2004).","Marsilea quadrifolia is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and   under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is protected in France (Prelli 2001) and legally protected in Bulgaria by the Bulgarian Biodiversity Act (D. Ivanova pers. comm. 2016). It is found in protected areas throughout its range and present on the following national Red Lists:

Albania: Endangered A1c (IUCN 2013)

Bulgaria: Critically Endangered B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv) (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009)

Croatia: Endangered (Nikolić and Topić 2007)

France: Near Threatened, close to B2b(ii,iii,iv) (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012, Olivier et al. 1995)

Hungary: Endangered (Király et al. 2007, Witkowski et al. 2003)

Italy: Endangered A2c; B2ab(i,ii,iii) (Scoppola and Spampinato 2005, Rossi et al. 2013, Gentili et al. 2010)

Poland: Extinct in the wild; missing from natural localities (Mirek et al. 2006)

Romania: Vulnerable (Witkowski et al. 2003)

Serbia: Vulnerable (V. Stevanovič pers. comm. 2010)

Spain: Regionally Extinct (Moreno et al. 2008)

Switzerland: Endangered (Moser et al. 2002)

Ukraine: Vulnerable (Witkowski et al. 2003)

The species had become extinct in Switzerland, but has been successfully reintroduced and is now classed as Endangered (Käsermann and Moser 1999, Moser et al. 2002). In Spain, where the species is now possibly extinct, there is a small species recovery programme undertaken in the Parque Natural del ""Delta de l'Ebre""   (Bañares et al. 2004). It was recently discovered in the Netherlands. Protection of sites, habitats and watershed quality is important if this species is to be maintained. Spore capsules can be stored in gene banks, and the species can be propagated artificially and reintroduced in sites where it has been lost and where habitats have now been restored..",Marsilea quadrifolia is occasionally sold in garden centres in the UK and the Netherlands. It is not clear whether this material is sourced from cultivation or the wild or whether it may have an impact on wild subpopulations. There is a potential for naturalisation of cultivated material.,"García, M.,Troia, A.,Ivanova, D.","Bento Elias, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Väre, H.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Lansdown, R.V.,Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,SALVINIALES,MARSILEACEAE,Marsilea,strigosa,,Marsilea strigosa,Willd.,,No,VU,"A2c; B2ab(iii,v)",No,VU,"A2c; B2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



Between 30 and 50% of subpopulations of this aquatic fern have been lost during the last 20 years and the last three-generation period, even though it is complicated to define a precise generation length (due to its clonal habit). The number of individuals has decreased in the remaining subpopulations. In addition, the area of occupancy (AOO) is 836 km², the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals due to overgrazing, drainage, cultivation, urbanisation and road infrastructures. If more information becomes available on the population trends and levels of threat, this species might prove to be more threatened than currently estimated.",Decreasing,"Marsilea strigosa has a mostly western Mediterranean distribution, being found in North Africa (Morocco, Algeria) and southwestern Europe from Spain to Italy, with disjunct localities in Egypt, the Lower Volga (Saratov, Volgograd, Astrakhan), the Black Sea region, western Siberia and central Asia.



In Europe it is restricted to Spain, southern France and southern Italy. In Spain it occurs in 14 provinces, but it is localised especially in the regions of Catalonia, Levante, Almería, Extremadura, Castilla yLéon and on the Balearic Islands. In France it occurs in Saint-Estève in the Pyrénées Orientales, Plateaux of Roque-Haute and Vendres in the Hérault, and in Italy it can be found in Sardinia and in the south of the peninsula with some localities in the province of Puglia, region of Taranto. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 836 km².","The population is globally in decline and those subpopualtions that appear to be stable are generally threatened due to their biotope being fragile. In France, the species is very rare, with four known localities with small and scattered subpopulations. It disappeared from some sites (e.g., Agde, Aigues-Mortes, Vendres, Saint-Estève) and from the fallow lands of Torremila. In Italy, it is considered as very rare and found at a few localities only. In Spain, there were about 50 localities in the regions of Catalonia, Levante, Almería and Extremadura, of which many are today extinct (probably more than 50% of the former localities). It is a very rare species on the Balearic Islands with some localities in the south of Mallorca and in the north of Menorca. The species is in regression, in particular in the province of Valencia, but a disappearance of 10% of the sites is expected in the next 20 years. In Russia the population is severely fragmented and declining. There were about 10 subpopulations, but in the last 25 years it has only been found in three.



Overall, between 30% and 50% of the subpopulations have been lost in the last 20 years. It is complicated to define a precise generation length (although it is estimated to be longer than a decade) and number of individuals, because individuals are clonal and can live several decades if not longer. The population is considered to be severely fragmented since it is found on small and isolated subpopulations, and it has very limited dispersal capacity.","Marsilea strigosa is an aquatic fern found mainly in oligotrophic and poorly mineralized temporary pools in Spain and perennial ponds in France and Italy. In general it is found in siliceous muddy ground in small water-filled depressions, in shallow river and lake overflows and temporary inundated places that usually dry out in summer (Komarov 1968). It is a perennial hydrophyte (geophyte with rhizomes), but able to behave as an annual (therophyte). The opening of the sporocarps and the sexual reproduction takes place within shallow water or on water-saturated soil. It reproduces mainly by vegetative multiplication (rhizome fragmentation) in Italy and France, but most probably mainly by sexual reproduction in Spain. One individual can live for several decades at least.



This species can occur in the Habitats Directive listed habitats 3170 ""Mediterranean temporary ponds"" and 3120 ""Oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals generally on sandy soils of the west Mediterranean, withIsoetes spp.""   (Commission of the European Communities 2009). Its elevation limits are 0-400 m.","The habitat of Marsilea strigosa encounters numerous anthropogenic threats, such as overgrazing, drainage, cultivation, urbanisation and road infrastructures. In European countries, the abandonment of extensive grazing and the resulting emergence of shrubs and helophytes (e.g., in Roque-Haute, France) threaten the subpopulations by competitive exclusion. Marsilea strigosa is dependent on bright sunshine and overshading will reduce its fecundity. Other threats are related to the dynamics of subpopulations. Their much reduced dispersal capacity results in a weak ability to colonize new sites. This increases the risk of extinction in subpopulations that are genetically isolated.","This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed on the following national Red Lists:

 

France: Vulnerable D2 (Olivier et al. 1995, UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012)

Italy: Least Concern (Rossi et al. 2013)

Spain (Andalucía, Valencia): Vulnerable (Blanca et al. 2000, Aguilella et al. 2010)

Russia: under threat of disappearance (Russian Red Data Book)



 

  There are several national level conservation measures in place: 

In France, it is under national and regional protection, and it is protected in a natural reserve in Roque-Haute. There is ex-situ conservation of the sporocarps by the National Mediterranean Botanical Conservatory of Porquerolles. 

In Italy, ex-situ conservation is in place, for example in the Botanical Garden of Padova. 

In Spain, there is national legislation to protect the species and it is listed as threatened on five regional lists. Some localities are included in Natura 2000 sites. In addition, the creation of two micro-reserves (Valencia and Balearic Islands) is planned and ex-situ conservation of the sporocarps is in place.

Monitoring of all the subpopulations should be implemented, although this may be difficult due to the tendency of this species to disappear for several years, only to reappear when the growing season is favourable again and lakes are sufficiently filled.",This species is not known to be used.,"Troia, A.,García, M.","Christenhusz, M.,Ivanenko, Y.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.,Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Lansdown, R.V.","Gargano, D.,Moreno Saiz, J.C.,Buord, S.",,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Onoclea,struthiopteris,,Onoclea struthiopteris,(L.) Roth.,"Onoclea struthiopteris (L.) Roth is often treated in its own genus as Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Tod. It is merged with Onoclea by Christenhusz et al. (2011) and is accepted as such by the Euro+Med checklist (Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013).



Onoclea is sometimes placed in its own family Onocleaceae (Smith et al. 2006, Christenhusz et al. 2011), but they are closely related to Blechnum and Woodwardia and were therefore placed in Aspleniaceae subfam. Blechnoideae by Christenhusz and Chase (2014).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The moist woodland habitats of this fern are undoubtedly threatened in Europe, but it is a widespread species with a large extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO) and population size. While it is declining in certain parts of its range, this decline is insufficient to be listed in a threatened Category. It also occurs in several protected areas where threats to these subpopulations are minimal, and it is thus assessed as Least Concern. However, surveys, monitoring and management of the subpopulations, habitats and threats in some parts of its range are recommended due to ongoing declines. The effect of introduced subpopulations also needs study.",Stable,"This fern is native across the Northern Hemisphere and it is found in the USA, Canada, Europe, the Russian Federation and eastwards to China and Japan. The North American subpopulations are often treated as a separate variety (var. pensylvanicum). 



In Europe, it is native to Scandinavia and the Baltic states, central and eastern Europe from northeastern France to parts of the Balkan Peninsula and northern Italy (Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013). It is often cultivated and it is sometimes difficult to distinguish native populations from naturalized ones.","Onoclea struthiopteris is an extremely widespread species, but there is little population data available. It is known to grow in dense stands and it is reported to be common in parts of western Norway, southern Sweden and Finland (Odland 1992, Øllgaard and Tind 1993, Pinkka 2014). It is suspected to be less common in the southern countries of its range in Europe and is noted to be uncommon in Belgium and Germany and rare in Denmark and Italy (Rose 1989, Øllgaard and Tind 1993, Marchetti 2004). It is also rare in Croatia, where it is known only from a few localities (Hrsak 2000). Ongoing threats are noted in some parts of its range which are suspected to be leading to a decrease in population. On the other hand, it is cultivated throughout Europe and easily escapes from gardens, from where it may persist for many years. Within its natural range it is often difficult to separate truly wild from naturalised subpopulations. Naturalization outside its natural range is expanding its EOO substantially. The overall population trend is stable, since the core of the population, which is found in Scandinavia and Russia, is considered stable.","This fern is found in damp woodland habitats often beside streams and lakes, like riverside woods, riverbank brush, alder groves, wet forests, etc. (Komarov 1968). It spreads vegetatively via long stolons and can form dense stands. It is found in a variety of habitats, mainly birch and spruce taiga woodland and swampy ash-alder woodland (EUNIS 2014). In Poland it is noted to be a character species of Alno-Ulmion, Stellario-Alnetum and Alnetum incanae habitat types and to be a sub-montane species (Stachurskka-Swakon and Towpasz 2008). Its elevation limits are 0 - 1,550 m.","In Germany it is noted to have been threatened by the management of small rivers and streams, such as straightening and damming and by conversion of forests (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2014). The Finnish Environment Institute (2008) considers 70% of forests where this species occurs to be threatened, with threats noted from forestry activities and clearing for agriculture, which is likely to have some impact on this species. In Poland the subpopulation is noted to be declining due to river engineering, creation of lakes, desiccation resulting from the lower water tables, road construction and building. Six subpopulations are also noted to be threatened by invasive species such as Fallopia japonica and Soldago gigantea (Stachurskka-Swakon and Towpasz 2008) in the Carpathian region. In Denmark it is rare and declining because of forestry activities and conversion of areas for cultivation (Øllgaard and Tind 1993).","This fern is listed from 121 Natura 2000 sites in many countries, for example France, Italy, Finland and Poland. It is found within protected areas, such as the Pallas-Yllästunturi National Park, Finland (IUCN 2010) and a good natural stand is found on Ruissalo Island, a cultural and natural heritage area near Turku, Finland (M. Christenhusz, pers. obs. 2015). In Machowa, near Pilzano (Poland), a floristic reserve was created especially to protect this species (Stachurskka-Swakon and Towpasz 2008).



It is conservedex-situ in 150 botanic gardens worldwide, but it is not known whether any spores are stored (BGCI 2013). It is assessed as Vulnerable in the Red Lists of Switzerland, Hungary (Zoological Society of London 2014), Slovakia and Denmark (Øllgaard and Tind 1993, Feráková et al. 2001). It is considered endangered in Germany and protected by the Federal nature Conservation Act (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2014). It is also protected by law in France (Prelli 2001). 



Further research may be needed on the population size and trends, particularly in areas where this species is less common and considered threatened. Management of some protected areas may be needed, for example in the Machowa reserve in Poland it is threatened by invasive species and the lowering of the water table (Stachurskka-Swakon and Towpasz 2008). The effect of naturalized plants on native subpopulations has not been studied but should receive attention.","This fern is considered to be edible. The rootstock can be peeled an roasted. The young fronds, known as fiddle-heads, before they unroll can be cooked and eaten as a delicacy and substitute for asparagus, or eaten raw in salads. They are canned and are particularly popular in Canada (Øllgaard and Tind 1993). It is possible that it may contain some undesirable chemical compounds and is considered by some only as a famine food. The leaves are cut for fodder in Scandinavia as the stems have starch-rich bases but it is only used when other fodder is scarce (Øllgaard and Tind 1993), as it is also stated that the plant is harmful to livestock (Komarov 1968).



A decoction of the leaf stalk base from sterile fronds has been used in folk medicine to treat back pain and to help speed the expulsion of the afterbirth (Plants for a Future 2014). A rootstock infusion serves as a popular vermifuge and was used in the past against bedbugs (Komarov 1968).



It is a popular garden plant in moist shady areas as it has and attractive shape and decorative fronds. It has a clonal habit and as such often escapes into neighbouring natural areas, or plants are thrown out as they grow too large and may establish themselves where discarded.","García, M.,Troia, A.","Rumsey, F.,Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.,Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Chadburn, H.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,PSILOTOPSIDA,OPHIOGLOSSALES,OPHIOGLOSSACEAE,Ophioglossum,azoricum,,Ophioglossum azoricum,C.Presl,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



As this fern species is widespread and it does not face any major threats apart from local grazing, it is classed as Least Concern. Localities are usually inaccessible and not altered by humans, but in areas where grazing causes a threat (e.g. Azores, Canary Islands), cattle should be excluded.",Unknown,"Ophioglossum azoricum is an Atlantic-Mediterranean species found in the Macaronesian Islands (Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands), coastal Greenland, and in western and southwestern Europe (Iceland, Ireland, Britain, Netherlands, France, Corsica, Spain and Portugal). It is also present locally in Italy (Tuscany), Poland and the Czech Republic (Frey et al. 2006), and east to Cyprus and Turkey. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,448 km2.","The population trend is not known, but subpopulations are extremely localised and although they can be vegetatively moderately vigorous once established and are probably long-lived, no information is available on its sexual propagation and establishment, although it most certainly involves a fungal relationship.","The species is found in low-lying, damp, sandy-peaty habitats, such as dune slacks, cliff-tops and turf along the coast, heaths and scrubland (Page 1997, Frey et al. 2006, R. Elias pers. comm. 2016). Its elevation limits are 0 - 1,600 m.","On Flores and on Corvo in the (protected) Caldeirao region, the population suffers strongly from cattle grazing, where all fronds that are within reach of the animals are eaten. Only those between rocks survive and may produce spores. Apart from grazing there are no major threats to this species (H. Schäfer pers. comm. 2016).","Ophioglossum azoricum occurs in scattered and remote sites across its oceanic range. It is Critically Endangered in the Canary Islands (Sanchez Velazquez 2002), but not of conservation concern in areas that are remote and inaccessible. It is protected by law in the Azores but suffers from grazing pressure there even within protected areas. It is advisable to exclude grazing in areas where this species occurs.",This species is not used.,"Schaefer, H.,García, M.","Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.,Dyer, R.,Bento Elias, R.,Rumsey, F.,Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,PSILOTOPSIDA,OPHIOGLOSSALES,OPHIOGLOSSACEAE,Ophioglossum,lusitanicum,,Ophioglossum lusitanicum,L.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Ophioglossum lusitanicum is a widely distributed fern species with no major threats, and it is therefore listed as Least Concern. However, the species is declining in certain areas and monitoring is needed. Land management practices in areas where this species occurs need to be maintained and habitats may be protected against trampling if the species is locally of concern.",Stable,"Ophioglossum lusitanicum is a widespread species found in Mediterranean Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East eastwards to India. In Europe, the species is found from southwestern Britain and the Channel Islands through Brittany to the Azores, the Canary Islands, the Iberian Peninsula and the Mediterranean eastwards to Greece and Turkey. Other subspecies (or species) are found in Patagonia and Australasia. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 896 km2.","There is little information about the subpopulations of this species or its overall population trend. However, it is an uncommon species that is decreasing at least in some areas, but is likely to be stable in others. Most notably, on the Channel Island of Guernsey, subpopulations have declined over the last decade by 50% due to changes in land management (F. Rumsey, pers. comm. 2016). However, it is possibly stable at the moment.  The numbers of visible individuals in the subpopulations can vary from year to year, depending on water availability.","This plant is mainly found on Mediterranean climates and therefore in areas with mild, wet winters and relatively hot summers. It grows on exposed patches of moist, mossy, short turf, often on sandy, stony or laterite soil along rivers or on sea cliffs, often in areas where there is an accumulation of dark, humus-rich, peaty or sandy soil overlying bedrock (Komarov 1968, Page 1997). Ophioglossum lusitanicum inhabits open grasslands and brush on siliceous or laterite substrates, where it can be present in small numbers or abundantly, particularly after wet winters. Its elevation limits are 0 - 200 m Asl.","There are no major threats to this species since its sites are usually inaccessible. Changes in local land management, land eutrophication, or other ecosystem modifications and invasive species may pose local threats to the species (M. Christenhusz pers. comm. 2016).","Monitoring of populations and habitats is recommended. The species is considered to be Vulnerable in the Canary Islands (Sanchez Velazquez 2002) and in the UK (under Criterion D1), due to the small numbers of individuals (Stroh et al. 2014). Land management practices in areas where this species occurs need to be maintained and habitats may be protected against trampling if the species is locally of concern.",This species is not used.,"García, M.,Schaefer, H.","Christenhusz, M.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.,Dyer, R.,Rouhan, G.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rumsey, F.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,PSILOTOPSIDA,OPHIOGLOSSALES,OPHIOGLOSSACEAE,Ophioglossum,polyphyllum,,Ophioglossum polyphyllum,A.Braun,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



Very little data are available on the population of this fern species in Europe. Therefore it is listed here as Data Deficient. Further research on its population size, fluctuations, number of locations and threats are needed in order to clarify the status of this species in Europe.",Unknown,"Ophioglossum polyphyllum is distributed across Africa and southwest Asia, eastwards to India and southwards to South Africa. In Europe it occurs only on the Canary Islands (Frey et al. 2006). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 172 km².","There is no population information available for this species in Europe. This is an uncommon species and its population trend is unknown, because it is very easily confused with O. azoricum and O. vulgatum (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). In addition it only appears above ground for a couple of months per year and thus monitoring is complicated.","This fern prefers clayey and sandy soils in coastal areas at medium elevations, in the arid and semi-arid Canary Islands. Outside of Europe it is found in a variety of usually fairly open habitats on clay or sand. Its elevation limits are 0-1,000 m.","The main threats to this species are not known, but changes in management or habitat alteration may locally affect this species.","Ophioglossum polyphyllum is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as Data Deficient on the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008), even though it was listed as Endangered (without criteria given) by Sanchez Velazquez (2002). Further studies on population size, fluctuations, number of locations and threats are needed. It is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas.",This species is not used.,"Troia, A.,García, M.","Bento Elias, R.,Dyer, R.,Väre, H.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Rouhan, G.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,PSILOTOPSIDA,OPHIOGLOSSALES,OPHIOGLOSSACEAE,Ophioglossum,vulgatum,,Ophioglossum vulgatum,L.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This is a widespread fern species with numerous localities where it is often abundant. It does not experience any major threats, although eutrophication may be of local concern. It is therefore listed it as Least Concern.",Stable,"Ophioglossum vulgatum is a widespread species found across northern Asia, North America, southern South America and Europe, where it is absent in the extreme north (Frey et al. 2006). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 7,472 km2.","Plants are often abundant, and when present, clumps of several shoots together are usually present. As the species is clonal, it is difficult to calculate numbers of individuals in any given subpopulation. Its overall population trend is stable.","This is a locally fairly common species that occurs in a variety of habitats, for instance on wet to humid, humus rich, intermediately nutrient poor soil in dune valleys, sand-dune slacks, coastal wetlands, cliff-tops, rocky ledges, open roadbeds, open grasslands, grassy links, damp ditches, coastal flushes, moist hollows, in grassy pastures, meadows, heathland, marl pits, open woodland, alder forest, occasionally in moist bottoms of limestone grykes and in slightly disturbed areas like old damp quarry workings. It is most characteristic of old moist water meadows, sometimes in brackish environments near the sea (Komarov 1968, Page 1997, Van der Meijden 2005, Frey et al. 2006). Its elevation limits are 0 - 1,500 m.","Habitat alteration through afforestation, fertiliser use, ploughing, draining and eutrophication of meadows may threaten the subpopulations. In Scandinavia, the species is often overgrown by reed (Phragmites australis) in areas where eutrophic water brings more nutrients to shore meadows (H. Väre pers. comm. 2016).","Subpopulations are best preserved through habitat protection, although ex-situ conservation is also an option as the species is easily cultivated. It is present in protected areas. It is listed as Least Concern in Great Britain and Finland (Rassi et al. 2010, Stroh et al. 2014).","This species is not used, although it makes an unusual and attractive ornamental.","García, M.,Troia, A.","Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rumsey, F.,Väre, H.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,OSMUNDALES,OSMUNDACEAE,Osmunda,regalis,,Osmunda regalis,L.,"Osmunda regalis is restricted to the Old World. In the New World it is replaced by O. spectabilis, which was formerly treated as a subspecies of O. regalis. However, this is now known to be more closely related to O. japonica (Metzgar et al. 2008) and is thus to be treated at the species level.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This semi-aquatic fern species is widespread across Europe. Even though it is uncommon throughout much of its range and many subpopulations have disappeared over recent years, it is very abundant in other areas, particularly in the west of Britain, Ireland, Sweden, and the Macaronesian Islands. It is listed as Least Concern as it has stable or increasing subpopulations in parts of its range and therefore the risk of the species going extinct in Europe is very low. However, many subpopulations are under threat and several have become extinct recently due to habitat alteration and drainage. It is of concern that it is listed as threatened on various national Red Lists and the reasons for this should be addressed at local level.",Stable,"In its strict sense this is a widespread species, found throughout Europe and Africa, from Norway southwards to Cape Verde and eastwards throughout temperate Asia to India and the Himalayas. In East Asia it is replaced by its closely related species O. japonica. In North America it is replaced by O. spectabilis, which looks similar and is sometimes treated as a subspecies of O. regalis, but it is genetically distinct from it (Metzgar et al. 2008). It is replaced by a suit of related species in tropical Africa and the Mascarenes, of which the exact taxonomic status is unknown. 

In Europe, O. regalis is predominantly a western and southern species. It is found from the milder and wetter areas in Norway and southern Sweden, Britain and Ireland, west to the Azores, south through the Mediterranean and east to Anatolia and the Caucasus. It is absent from the northeast of Europe. It is often cultivated as a garden ornamental and may easily escape if suitable habitats occur nearby. It now also occurs in New Zealand as an escaped invasive.

Its extent of occurrence in Europe is 2,836 km2.","The species is widespread in the wetter western regions of Europe, such as western Britain and Ireland, and also in wet sites further east, such as the fens of East Anglia (Page 1997). There has been no notable decline in the U.K. since 1962 (Preston et al. 2002). It is also widespread in Portugal, but more common in the north. In Spain it is found along the Atlantic coast in the north and north-west and there are some isolated subpopulations in the south-east (Anthos 2016). The species is widespread in France, but rare towards the interior. It is common in Bretagne and the south-west, and becomes rare in the Mediterranean and the south-east of France, but is common in Corsica. 

It also occurs in the north and west of Italy and is rare in Croatia. On its northern limit, Norway, the species was first discovered in 1938 and more subpopulations have subsequently been found. It is protected in the Netherlands because of former overharvesting of the rhizomes for horticultural purposes (orchid cultivation), but it has shown a notable increase in subpopulations there (M. Christenhusz, pers. obs. 2015). There is no evidence of decline and it is likely that the species will increase its range due to global warming, resulting in warmer wetter areas, although this might be hindered by the low genetic variability of current populations (Kålåset al. 2010). The current overall population trend is stable.","Osmunda regalis is a long-lived perennial fern that grows in peaty marshes, stream banks, lake shores and drains, on wet rocks, fens, wet cliff faces and in humid caves. It is also found in alder groves, forest bogs and riparian alder and poplar forests (Komarov 1968). It is usually found in moderately acidic soils, often on sand. It can occasionally be found on sea cliffs in Ireland, often confined to inaccessible sites in areas that are grazed (Prestonet al. 2002). Its altitudinal range is 0 - 1,750 m.","Even though increase is seen in Osmunda regalis subpopulations in western Europe, the more marginal subpopulations in eastern and southern Europe are declining as a result of habitat destruction due to agriculture and drainage of ecosystems. In Croatia, urbanisation and the drainage of wetlands have been reported as a cause of habitat loss (Nikolić and Topić 2005). However, increase of populations in western Europe, particularly in the U.K., France, Belgium and the Netherlands, where the species used to be declining, indicate the resilience of this species and how well it responds to the improvement of land management. Climate change may have a beneficial effect on this species due to higher precipitation levels.","Osmunda regalisis included in the following national Red Lists:

Belarus: Critically Endangered (Ermakova 2005)

Belgium: Least Concern (Van Landuyt et al. 2006)

Bulgaria: Critically Endangered (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009)

Croatia: Critically Endangered  (Nikolić and Topić 2005)

Denmark: Least Concern (NERI 2007)

Germany: Vulnerable (category 3 - Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)

Hungary: Critically Endangered (Király 2007)

Luxembourg: Critically Endangered (Colling 2005)

Norway: Near Threatened (Kålås et al. 2010)

Switzerland: Vulnerable (Moser et al.2002)

United Kingdom: Least Concern (Cheffings and Farrell 2005)

In the Netherlands the species is nationally protected by law (Flora en Fauna Wet 1998). In France, the species is protected at the regional level (Alsace, Bourgogne, Centre, Champagne-Ardennes, Franche-Comté, Haute-Normandie, Ile-de-France, Lorraine, Picardie, Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur) and at the departmental level (Ain, Isère) (Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 2003-2012). In Bulgaria, the species is legally protected by the Bulgarian Biodiversity Act (D. Ivanova pers. comm. 2016). The species is present in protected areas throughout its range, but monitoring of population size will help achieve better understanding of the population dynamics of this species and why it has declined in some areas and increased in others.","Roots and fronds are used in medicine to treat jaundice, rheumatic pains, wounds and intestinal worms (Plants For A Future 2012). Osmunda fibre is used in horticulture for potting epiphytes and orchids and was heavily collected for that purpose in Victorian times  in the United Kingdom (Prestonet al.2002) and the Netherlands (where the species is now protected for this reason). It was also used in cloth making (Plants For A Future 2012). The species is fairly commonly cultivated as a garden or pond-margin ornamental.","García, M. & Ivanova, D.","Christenhusz, M., Bento Elias, R., Dyer, R., Ivanenko, Y., Rouhan, G., Rumsey, F. & Väre, H.,","Ben Saad, S., Bilz, M., Daoud-Bouattour, A., Ghrabi, Z. & Muller, S.,",,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,PTERIDACEAE,Paragymnopteris,marantae,,Paragymnopteris marantae,(L.) K.H.Shing,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



This species has a rather limited area of occupancy (AOO) of 1,780 km2 and it is experiencing a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals. Therefore it is assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B.",Decreasing,"Paragymnopteris marantae (also known as Cheilanthes marantae or Notholaena marantae) is a very widespread species across North Africa, southern Europe, the Arabian Peninsula wouth to Yemen and across Anatolia, the Caucasus, and the Himalayas. In Europe, it is locally common in Madeira (Press and Short 1994), rare on the Canary Islands, and it is found across Mediterranean Spain but also in Galicia (Spain) and northern Portugal, southern France, Corsica, Italy (Apennines, Liguria, Tuscany) and across the Balkans and in the foothills of the Alps in Switzerland, Austria, Moravia and Hungary, where this species is very rare. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,780 km2.","The species has a patchy distribution and is locally common. However, it shows a decreasing trend, particularly in its northern range, and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals.","Paragymnopteris marantae inhabits crevices on dry, steep, rocky ledges, rock faces and dry open scree slopes, with little soil, always on siliceous substrates, especially in laterite, often strictly isolated on ultrabasic rocks rich in magnesium (serpentine, peridotite, gabbro) or on basic volcanic rocks (basaltic scoria's lavas), but grows also on more acidic substrates (gneiss, schist, granites), preferring sunny places. It can also inhabit old walls (Komarov 1968, Press and Short 1994, Prelli 2001). Its altitudinal range is 50 - 1,300 m Asl.","The threats to this species are unknown, but climatic or anthropogenic habitat alterations, mainly due to mining, climate change, road building and urbanisation, may have an effect on this species.","No conservation measures are currently in place, but it should ideally be protected in its marginal habitats in the northern edge of its distribution. The species is present in protected areas throughout its range and listed on the following national Red Lists:

Cyprus: Vulnerable (Tsintides et al. 2007)

Czech Republic: Critically Endangered (Grulich 2012)

Hungary: Critically Endangered (Király 2007)

Switzerland: Critically Endangered (Moser et al. 2002)

Crimea: evanescent (Y. Ivanenko pers. comm. 2016)



Further research is needed on its threats and their effects on the species.",This species is not used.,"García, M. & Ivanova, D.","Christenhusz, M., Bento Elias, R., Dyer, R., Ivanenko, Y., Rouhan, G., Rumsey, F. & Väre, H.,",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,PTERIDACEAE,Pellaea,calomelanos,,Pellaea calomelanos,(Sw.) Link,,No,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",No,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



Pellaea calomelanos is widespread in Africa, but in Europe it is only known from two small sites in Spain. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 854 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 36 km², it occurs in four locations, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat and in the number of mature individuals. It is listed as Critically Endangered under the criteria B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008), but the EOO and AOO are too large to qualify for this category at the European level, and it is thus listed here as Endangered. The causes of the decline in these subpopulations and means to reverse this trend, either by ex-situ conservation, reintroduction, site management and protection or a combination of these, need to be investigated.",Decreasing,"This is a predominantly African species, with isolated subpopulations in the Himalayas and in the area of Girona, Spain, which is the only known locality in Europe. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) less than 854 km² (based on a polygon around known occurrence data); its area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 36 km².","Only two localities in Europe are known for this predominantly tropical African species. In both sites (eastern Pyrenees at Alt Empordà and La Selva in Catalonia) the species is very rare and a continuing decline is observed (Moreno 2008). In 2001 there were 423 mature individuals, although this may be an underestimation as the survey was carried out following a drought period (Moreno 2008).","This fern is found in crevices and fissures of siliceous, granite rocks or among the blocks of steep scree slopes and ledges of acid soil at the base of small rocky overhangs, in sunny, south-exposed sites, usually in evergreen oak forest (Prelli 2001, Tutin et al. 1964). Its altitudinal range is 100-300 m asl.","The species is threatened by general habitat degradation due to wildfires, changes in land use and competition with weedy plants. Based upon these threats, the species is present in four locations.","The species is listed as Critically Endangered on the Spanish Red List under criteria B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v). The species is present in protected areas throughout its range. Further research is greatly needed to study the causes of this decline and what measures should be undertaken to protect these subpopulations, as they represent an isolated outlying population of this species in Europe.",The species is not used.,"Ivanova, D.,García, M.","Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.,Ivanenko, Y.,Dyer, R.,Bento Elias, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Phegopteris,connectilis,,Phegopteris connectilis,(Michx.) Watt,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This is a widespread, common and resilient species whose current population trend is stable. It is thus listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"The Beech Fern is a pan-Arctic species found throughout the Northern Hemisphere in Europe, North Asia and North America, becoming more common at higher latitudes and higher elevations. In Europe, it is widespread across the north, extending south to England and Ireland, and throughout central Europe between eastern France and Romania, south to Bulgaria, Corsica and the Pyrenees.","This is a frequent species in deciduous or coniferous forests, often occurring in large sways due to their clonal nature. Its current population trend is stable.","The species is mainly found in areas with cool summers and cold winters. It is usually associated with north temperate deciduous or coniferous forests, usually in shady areas with beech, oak and beech/fir or spruce woodland and on sheltered rocky banks (Komarov 1968, Fedorov 1999, Frey et al. 2006). It thrives especially on deep, moist, often semi-stable, unconsolidated mineral soil banks with steep slopes and gently irrigated by slight seepage (Page 1997). Its altitudinal range is 0 - 2,300 m.","There are no immediate threats to this species. Although logging activities may have a temporary effect on the species, it usually rebounds well as it does not mind some slight disturbance.",No conservation measures are in place and none appear to be needed. It is present in protected areas throughout its range. It is listed as Least Concern in England although there has been a historical AOO decline of 31% (Stroh et al. 2014).,This species is not used. It is very rarely grown as a garden plant.,"Ivanova, D.,García, M.","Ivanenko, Y.,Dyer, R.,Bento Elias, R.,Rouhan, G.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Väre, H.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,SALVINIALES,MARSILEACEAE,Pilularia,globulifera,,Pilularia globulifera,L.,There are no significant taxonomic issues associated with this name.,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



In spite of the decreasing population trend and its decline in habitat extent and quality, this rare species is assessed as Least Concern since it has a large distribution area, it is resilient and can remain in the spore bank in the soil for many decades, and it is unlikely to qualify under any of the threatened categories. Further research and monitoring are needed on its existing subpopulations and their habitats.",Decreasing,"Pilularia globulifera is endemic to Europe, where it mostly has a western distribution, occurring in southern Scandinavia, the United Kingdom and Ireland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and Poland, extending through France to the west of the Iberian Peninsula and southwards through the Alps to Italy and Croatia. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 3,120 km².","Most information suggests that subpopulations throughout its range are declining, although it must be noted that this species is often overlooked, and it has re-appeared from the natural spore bank when canalised rivers were restructured along their original water courses, for instance in the eastern Netherlands (M. Christenhusz pers. comm. 2016). The Pillwort typically occurs as dynamic metapopulations due to its habitat requirements and that in almost all cases detailed searches have discovered new subpopulations, or subpopulations that were believed to be lost were found again. The overall population trend is decreasing, and these declines happened mostly in the last 50 years.

","Pilularia globulifera typically occupies bare gravel, silt or muddy flats on the margins of fresh-water lakes, ponds and temporary (vernal) pools, fens, ditches, tracks, etc., usually in areas where fluctuating water levels suppress competition from taller plants. It also grows on silty mud at the edges of slow-flowing river backwaters and river mouths, in wet sandy hollows in dunes and heaths, and sometimes invades muddy ditches and old claypits in shallow, wet situations. It will survive permanently submerged, but only produces spores where the water level drops in the summer (Komarov 1968, Page 1997). It occurs at elevations between 0-380 m.","The main threats toPilularia globulifera are the stabilisation of water levels and the drainage of temporary wetlands. It is possible that even low-level eutrophication may pose a threat to the species, since it enables colonisation of otherwise unsuitable habitat by more aggressive plants, outcompeting the Pillwort. Invasive macrophytes such asCrassula helmsii pose another serious threat to this plant.","Even though Pilularia globulifera is widespread and can occur in abundance in suitable habitats, it is listed as threatened in nearly all countries in which it occurs: 

 

Croatia: Data Deficient (Nikolić and Topić 2005)

Czech Republic: Critically Endangered (Procházka 2001)

Finland: Vulnerable (A1c) (Rassi et al. 2010)

Germany: Critically Endangered (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)

Norway: Endangered (A2bc; B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)c(v)) (Kålås et al. 2010)

Spain: Endangered (Moreno 2008)

Sweden: Vulnerable (B2ab(ii,iii,v)) (Gärdenfors 2005)

Switzerland: Critically Endangered (Moser et al. 2002)

United Kingdom: Near Threatened (Cheffings and Farrell 2005)

England: Vulnerable (Stroh et al. 2014)



It is protected at the national  level in France. It is recommended to carry out surveys to determine the actual species distribution and to monitor the existing subpopulations and their habitats.

","Pilularia globulifera is increasingly sold for garden ponds (propagated from cultivated stock), particularly in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, but it is not clear whether this trade affects wild subpopulations. It does not seem to be harvested from the wild, and naturalisation events are likely to be rare.","Schaefer, H.,García, M.","Ivanenko, Y.,Väre, H.,Lansdown, R.V.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Dyer, R.,Bento Elias, R.,Christenhusz, M.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,SALVINIALES,MARSILEACEAE,Pilularia,minuta,,Pilularia minuta,Durieu,,No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)c(iv)",No,EN,"B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)c(iv)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 28 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



This aquatic fern species occurs only in very small scattered sites around the Mediterranean, and has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of less than 500 km². Due to the fragility of its habitat (Mediterranean temporary pools are probably the most rapidly declining habitat in Europe) and the changes in agricultural practices, its extent of occurrence, its area of occupancy, the extent and quality of its habitat, as well as the number of subpopulations and of mature individuals are significantly decreasing over time. This species has also very specific ecological requirements. The population is considered severely fragmented, since the majority of the subpopulations are small and isolated, and the subpopulation size can be very variable from one year to the next and is thus considered to experience extreme fluctuations. It is therefore considered as Endangered.",Decreasing,"Pilularia minuta is found on both sides of the Mediterranean Sea and on many of the islands. Outside Europe it occurs in Turkey (around Izmir) and in North Africa, where it was, for instance, recently rediscovered in Tunisia. In Europe it occurs in France (Hérault, Alpes-Maritimes where it is now considered possibly extinct), Corsica (Bonifacio, Lecci, vicinity of Aleria and Ghisonnaccia), Portugal (Algarve, Alto Alentejo), Spain (Andalucía, Castilla y León, Menorca; Anthos 2016), Italy (around Rome, Sardinia, Sicily), Malta, Greece (Aegean Islands: Lesvos, Psathoura, Agios Evstratios), Cyprus, Slovenia, Croatia (Dalmatian Coast), Serbia and Macedonia. Its total area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be smaller than 500 km².","In spite of its wide distribution across the Mediterranean basin, the number of sites and the actual area occupied by Pilularia minuta is very small, resulting from the scattered distribution and the small size of the temporary pools. It is present in: 

Croatia: one to two sites on islands off the coast 

Cyprus: one site, last observation 1998, possibly extinct

France: on the mainland at least two sites (last observation Roque-Haute 2001); Corsica: nine sites

Greece: one locality on Psathoura, two on Agios Evstratios and c. four in Lesvos (I. Bazos pers. comm. 2010); all the localities are small

Italy: four or five sites, last observation 2007 in Sardinia, formerly extinct in Sicily (recently rediscovered there, Troia and Lansdown 2016), and possibly extinct in Latium

Kosovo: number of localities unknown

Macedonia: number of localities unknown

Malta: number of localities unknown

Portugal: two sites

Slovenia: number of localities unknown

Spain: three sites (last observation 2003 in Andalucía) on the mainland and three sites in Menorca (Anthos 2016)

On all sites, subpopulation size can be very variable from one year to the next, depending on annual rainfall conditions. This makes the assessment of the status of the subpopulations difficult. In addition, this small plant is often overlooked and new subpopulations are frequently found (R. Lansdown pers. comm. 2016). Historical destruction of several main sites (e.g., pool of Biot in France destroyed in 1975) has caused its AOO to decrease. In general, the subpopulations are threatened notably by the increasing pressure from anthropogenic activities, pollution and invasive species.



The population is considered severely fragmented, since the majority of the subpopulations are small and isolated, and the subpopulation size can be very variable from one year to the next and is thus considered to experience extreme fluctuations.","Pilularia minuta is found in temporary pools, hollows and ditches at low elevation in diverse landscapes such as forests, ""matorral"" or agricultural fields. It is always found on acidic soils and spore germination requires saturated or flooded soils, but sporocarp maturation only takes place after exposure to air at the end of spring (Tutin et al. 1964).","The habitat of P. minuta faces numerous anthropogenic threats such as drainage, levelling, agriculture, overgrazing and urbanization. Natural threats are also problematic sometimes, such as the encroachment of invasive competing plants that crowd out this dwarf species.","This species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is protected at the national level in France (decree of August 31, 1995) and is included in several national Red Lists:

Spain: Vulnerable B1ab(iii,iv)+2ab(iii,iv); D2 (Moreno et al. 2008)

Italy: Vulnerable B2ab(iii) (Rossi et al. 2013)

Greece: Vulnerable (Phitos et al. 1995)

France: Endangered D2 (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012)

Croatia: Critically Endangered (Nikolić and Topić 2007)

In France, sites are protected in nature reserves, for instance in the pools of Roque-Haute (France) and Tre Padule in Suartone (Corsica). Harvest and ex-situ conservation of the spores is undertaken by the National Botanical Conservatory of Porquerolles (France). Because this species is frequently overlooked, its life history, habitat and population trends are poorly known. Research and monitoring in these areas is needed.",This species is not used.,"García, M.,Troia, A.","Bento Elias, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rumsey, F.,Dyer, R.,Väre, H.,Christenhusz, M.,Lansdown, R.V.,Rouhan, G.","Rhazi, M.,Rhazi, L.,Grillas, P.",,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Polypodium,cambricum,,Polypodium cambricum,L.,"Two subspecies (sometimes treated as species) are recognised in Europe. The Macaronesian specimens are treated as P. cambricum subsp. macaronesicum, with a major split between the plants from the Azores (P. azoricum) and the Canary Islands (P. macaronesicum). Continental subpopulations are treated as P. cambricum subsp. cambricum.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This is a widespread and locally common fern species with a stable population and no major threats. Even though it is nearly restricted to Europe it is listed here as Least Concern. If the subspeciesP. c. macaronesicum is treated as a separate taxon, it would be endemic to Europe and it would be similarly assessed as Least Concern as it is locally very common.",Stable,"This is a Mediterranean-Atlantic species, distributed from Britain. Ireland and Macaronesia throughout Mediterranean Europe and North Africa, eastwards to Georgia and adjacent Russia and Turkey. In the the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands a separate subspecies (P. cambricum subsp. macaronesicum) occurs.","The overall population of this common fern is stable. The subspecies P. c. macaronesicum is also locally common, with over 100,000 specimens known in the Azores.","Polypodium cambricum grows terrestrially on base-rich rocks or epiphytically in oak, ash, elder, hawthorn, laurel or juniper forests over base-rich soil. It is usually found on steep rocky slopes, often close to the sea, on rocky mouths of stream gorges, hinterland cliffs, raised-beach terraces, on walls and in old quarries, especially where there is shelter, shade and seepage. On artificial walls it is found on those constructed of natural limestone rock (Page 1997). Its elevation limits are 0 - 1,400 m.",There are no major threats to this species.,No conservation measures are in place and none are deemed to be needed. It is found in protected areas throughout its range.,This species is not used.,"García, M.,Troia, A.","Rumsey, F.,Väre, H.,Bento Elias, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rouhan, G.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Polypodium,interjectum,,Polypodium interjectum,Shivas,This is an allohexaploid species derived from the hybridisation between Polypodium cambricum and P. vulgare. The species is thus morphologically intermediate and climatically and environmentally adaptable.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This is a widespread and locally abundant fern species that does not face any major threats. It is therefore listed here as Least Concern.",Stable,"Polypodium interjectum is essentially a European species, extending eastwards to Georgia, western Russia and Iran. In Europe it is predominant in the west, from Scotland and southwestern Norway to Portugal and discontinuously throughout the Mediterranean, eastwards to the Caucasus. It is also found on Madeira.","The species forms large, extensive colonies and is locally abundant. The overall population trend is stable.","The plants are terrestrial and epilithic, sometimes epiphytic, on mildly basic conditions, but absent from acidic rocks, often found on wall mortar, particularly in otherwise acidic areas. In more base-rich regions it occurs on roadside banks, sheltered stream valleys, in the forks and along branches of oak trees, rocky banks, cliffs, covering boulders in open woodland and in turf on rural stone walls, sometimes also in dune systems (Page 1997). Its elevation limits are 0 - 1,000 m.",There are no major threats to this species.,No conservation measures are in place and none seem to be needed. It is present in protected areas throughout its range.,This species is not used.,"Troia, A.,García, M.","Christenhusz, M.,Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Polypodium,vulgare,,Polypodium vulgare,L.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

This fern species is classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable population and absence of major threats.",Stable,"Polypodium vulgareis a widespread species found from Greenland to the Ural Mountains, southwards to North Africa and eastwards to western China and Kazakhstan. In Europe it is common throughout most of the continent, from North Cape and Iceland to Madeira and Greece.","This species is common and widespread throughout its distribution, although in Madeira it seems to be rare. The overall population trend is stable.","Polypodium vulgare prefers well-drained, predominantly  acidic substrates such as grits, granites, gneiss and sandstones, often in small fissures. It also grows on the north side of sand dunes (Van der Meijden 2005, M. Christenhusz pers. obs. 2015). It is often found on rocky outcrops, on boulders, shaded stony slopes or in sandy soil in broadleaf or coniferous woods, it is tolerant of exposure and then can be found on montane scree or on large granite boulders. In the west of its range, in areas with higher rainfall and more humid air, this fern can grow epiphytically on tree trunks, mostly on oak (Quercus) and other  deciduous trees (Komarov 1968, Castroviejoet al. 1986, Page 1997, Botanical Society of the British Isles and the Biological Records Centre 2012). In Atlantic Europe it is also frequently found on stone walls surrounding agricultural land, fields, plantations or derelict walls in urban areas. Its elevation range is 0 - 2,300 m.","There are no major threats to this species.

","There are no conservation measures in place or needed, and the species is found in protected areas in many parts of its range. It is listed on the following national Red Lists:

 

Belarus: Near Threatened (Ermakova 2005) 

Belgium: Least Concern (Van Landuyt et al. 2006)

Bulgaria: found in national parks, rare, with few subpopulations occupying small areas, but of no economic importance (Kathe 2003, Evstatieva and Hardalova 2004)

Estonia: Least Concern (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012)

Finland: Least Concern (Rassi et al. 2010)

Germany: Least Concern (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)

Luxembourg: Least Concern (Colling 2005)

Norway: Least Concern  (Artsdatabanken 2010)

Switzerland: Least Concern (Moser et al. 2002)

United Kingdom: Least Concern (Cheffings and Farrell 2005).

","Polypody rhizome is used in traditional medicine as an expectorant for cough, cold and short term constipation. It is usually prepared as tea or as herbal preparations in solid dosage forms for oral use (European Medicine Agency 2008). Polypody  stimulates bile secretion and is a gentle laxative. In European herbal  medicine it is traditionally used as a treatment for hepatitis and  jaundice and as a remedy for indigestion and loss of appetite. It  should not be used externally since it can cause skin rashes. The poulticed root can be applied to inflammations (Plants for a Future 2012). The rhizomes contain tannic and malic acids, saponin and glycyrrhizin, which are occasionally used in medicine against bronchitis. It has a sweet taste (Komarov 1968). It is occasionally grown as a garden plant (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016).



In the early 19th century in Ireland a distinction was made between the epiphytic polypody found on oak and the supposedly different kind found commonly on walls and it was rated so much more effective that, given the scarcity of Irish woodland by then, it had to be imported (Allen and Hatfield 2004).","Troia, A.,García, M.","Rumsey, F.,Bento Elias, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Ivanenko, Y.,Dyer, R.,Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.","Khela, S.",,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Polystichum,aculeatum,,Polystichum aculeatum,(L.) Roth,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This is a widespread, locally common fern species with resilient subpopulations in much of its range and a stable population trend. Therefore it is here listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Polystichum aculeatum is a widespread western Eurasian species that occurs throughout western and southern Europe to Anatolia, the Caucasus, Ukraine, Iran and Central Asia, eastwards to western China. It also occurs on the mountains of Morocco. In Europe it is found along the Atlantic from southern Norway throughout central Europe to Mallorca (Spain), Corsica, Italy and mainland Greece.","The subpopulations are widespread, but often somewhat of local occurrence, a solitary species occurring in small numbers or individually (Page 1997). The species is less common in marginal areas like the drier Mediterranean and the more continental parts in eastern and northern Europe. Its overall population trend is stable.","This is a calcicolous species, especially found on valleys and glens of mountainous areas, in areas of high rainfall. It is found often on rocky places in river valley woodland, on steep rocky slopes, and on rock face exposures along stream gorges and narrow ravines, often where permanently shaded, normally where lime-rich rocks are exposed or in deeper grykes of limestone pavement (Page 1997). Its elevation limits are 0 - 2,700 m.",There are no major threat to this species.,"This species is common and abundant in the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Belgium, Switzerland, much of Germany, Norway, Italy, Austria, Hungary and Romania. It is of conservation concern in climatically marginal countries, where protection of its sites is the most effective measure. It is present in protected areas and listed on the following national Red Lists:

Czech Republic: Near Threatened (Grulich 2012)

Estonia: Critically Endangered (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012)

Germany: not threatened (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)

Hungary: Least Concern (Király 2007)

Lithuania: Endangered (Rašomavičius 2007)

Netherlands: Vulnerable (Van der Meijden et al. 2000)

Spain: locally extinct or vulnerable (Zoological Society of London 2014)

Canary Islands: probably endangered (Sanchez Velazquez 2002)

Sweden: Endangered; C2a(i) (Gärdenfors 2005, 2010)

Switzerland: Least Concern (Moser et al. 2002)","The species is not utilized. It is sometimes grown as an ornamental, but that material is derived from cultivated stock.","Troia, A.,García, M.","Dyer, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Ivanenko, Y.,Väre, H.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Polystichum,braunii,,Polystichum braunii,(Spenn.)Fée,,No,LC,,No,VU,B2ab(v); C2a(i),EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



In Europe the species is assessed as Least Concern because despite being listed as threatened in many European countries with an overall declining population trend, it has a wide distribution and an overall large population size.



In the EU 28, the area of occupancy (AOO) is 564 km2, the population is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals. In addition, there are probably less than 10,000 mature individuals and  fewer than 1,000 mature individuals in each subpopulation. Thus, the species is assessed as Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"Polystichum braunii is a widespread species across the cooler regions of the Northern Hemisphere, being found in Europe, in Asia from the Caucasus to Japan and across northern North America. In Europe it is found throughout the northern central European mountains, particularly in Norway, the Alps, northern Italy, the Sudeten and Carpathians, but with outlying stations in the Black Forest (Germany), the Vosges (France) and the French Pyrenees. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is 3,120 km2 and in the EU 28 it is 564 km2.","This species is locally abundant and stable in Norway and occurs locally in the Alps. It is extremely rare in France and Germany, where it is probably declining. The overall population trend is declining. 

In the EU 28 (which excludes stable subpopulations in Norway and Switzerland) there are probably less than 10,000 mature individuals and there are fewer than 1,000 mature individuals in each subpopulation. The population in the EU 28 is severely fragmented.","This is a plant of acid soils growing among siliceous rocks in dark beech-fir forest with humid atmosphere. It also occurs in deep ravines, along fjords and river edges (Tutin et al. 1964, Komarov 1968, Prelli 2001). Its elevation range is 0 - 2,000 m.",Polystichum braunii is threatened by forestry practices and clear-cutting (Lilleleht 1998). There is evidence that lower relative humidity and warmer winters have resulted in declines to this species due to climate change.,"Polystichum braunii is most common in Norway, where the majority of its European plants are found. It is rare elsewhere and is listed on the national Red Lists of most other countries it occurs in:

Czech Republic: Endangered (Grulich 2012)

Estonia: Endangered (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012)

France: Vulnerable D2 (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012)

Germany: Critically Endangered (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)

Hungary: Endangered (Király 2007)

Sweden: Critically Endangered; D (Gärdenfors 2005, 2010)

Switzerland: Near Threatened (Moser et al. 2002)

Habitats should be protected where this species occurs and reintroduction from ex-situ collections should be considered. It occurs in protected areas throughout its range.",This species is generally not used. It is very occasionally cultivated in specialist fern collections.,"García, M.,Troia, A.","Rouhan, G.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rumsey, F.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.,Dyer, R.,Christenhusz, M.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Polystichum,drepanum,,Polystichum drepanum,(Sw.) C.Presl.,,Yes,CR,D,Yes,CR,D,EU28,,"Polystichum drepanum is restricted to northeast Madeira, where it occurs at five localities with a maximum extent of occurrence (EOO) of 219 km² and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 52 km². Although the species has a stable population trend, it is threatened by invasive  species, collection,  recreational activities, fires and landslides, and its total population size is smaller than 50 mature individuals. It is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered.",Stable,"This species is endemic to northern Madeira (Portugal), where it is found at five localities (Jardimet al. in Martín et al. 2008). Its maximum EOO is 219 km²   (Commission of the European Communities 2009) and its AOO is 52 km².",The total population size is smaller than 50 mature individuals and has a stable trend. Its subpopulations are very small (Jardimet al. in Martín et al. 2008).,"This fern is characteristic of the laurisilva forest dominated by Ocotea foetens.It is restricted to a few steep forest areas (Press and Short 1994, Commission of the European Communities 2009). It lives on shady and humid cliff ledges of laurisilva in the northwest of Madeira (Jardim et al. in Martín et al. 2008).","The main threat to the species is habitat degradation due to the invasion of exotic species that increase competition for this fern. Collection, recreational activities from tourism, fires and natural factors such as landslides can affect the species (Chá-Chá et al. 2005, Jardimet al. in Martín et al. 2008).","Polystichum drepanum is listed as a priority species on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). Its entire population is included in a national park.



Much needed conservation measures are habitat management and protection, species recovery and reintroduction programmes, and campaigns to raise public awareness. The biology and ecology as well as population dynamics need further research (Jardimet al. in Martín et al. 2008). It was listed as Critically Endangered for Madeira. The conservation of spores in germplasm banks is also recommended.",This species is not utilised.,"García, M.,Troia, A.","Rouhan, G.,Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.,Väre, H.,Rumsey, F.,Dyer, R.,Bento Elias, R.","Carvalho, J.A.",,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Polystichum,falcinellum,,Polystichum falcinellum,(Sw.) C.Presl,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"This fern species has a very restricted range in the mountains of Madeira. It is calculated to be present at less than 15 locations and has a continuing projected decline in the habitat quality and numbers of mature individuals due to forest fires and a dryer climate. Therefore, it is assessed as Near Threatened since it is close to qualify as threatened under criterion B.",Decreasing,Polystichum falcinellum is restricted to the mountains on the Macaronesian island of Madeira (Portugal). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 910 km² and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 68 km².,"This species is locally common and subpopulations were stable (Press and Short 1994), but a reduction in the population occurred as a result of the wildfire that took place in 2012 (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016).","This species is found in dark, moist laurisilva forests, but in somewhat drier habitats than other Polystichum species (Press and Short 1994). It is found at high elevations and its habitats may have been affected by a large fire that occurred in 2012 (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). A continuing decline in the habitat quality is projected since it is likely that forest fires will occur again in this area, particularly if the climate continues to dry (R. Elias pers. comm. 2016). Its elevation range is 500-1,450 m.","Habitat destruction is the main threat to this species as a result of forest fires and the removal of trees. Although the latter is unlikely because this area is protected, it would have a devastating effect on the species. On the basis of these threats, the species is estimated to be present at fewer than 15 locations.",This species is locally common and site protection and fire prevention are its best measures of conservation. It is present in protected areas throughout its range.,This species is occasionally grown as an ornamental plant in the United Kingdom.,"Troia, A.,García, M.","Bento Elias, R.,Dyer, R.,Rouhan, G.,Christenhusz, M.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rumsey, F.,Väre, H.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Polystichum,lonchitis,,Polystichum lonchitis,(L.) Roth,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Even though this fern species is listed in some European countries under a category of threat, it is abundant in mountain habitats in Scandinavia, the Alps, the Balkans and the Pyrenees. There are no major threats to this species, it is widespread and found in protected areas, and it is thus assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"The Common Holly Fern is a predominantly montane species that occurs in the mountains of Eurasia, where it is found from Iceland, the northern United Kingdom and western Ireland, eastwards to western China and southwards to Italy and Turkey. In Europe it has a distinctly arctic-alpine distribution, centered on the Scandic Mountains, the Pyrenees and the Alps. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is above 5,200 km2.","The species is seldom gregarious on cliffs and ledges, more often occurring as widely scattered individuals. In screes it may occur locally in some numbers (Page 1997). Its current population trend is stable.","Polystichum lonchitis occurs mainly in upland habitats, which are cool in the summer and where there are exposures of lime-rich rock (such as limestones and mica-schists). The species is most successful on steep slopes where habitats are well drained, shaded and kept permanently cool and moist by slight seepage of base-rich water. It grows most luxuriantly on the sides of shaded upland ravines, along shady lower parts of moist cliffs, on moist ledges, and especially between angular boulders of large block scree slopes, with cool easterly or northerly aspects (Tutin et al. 1964, Komarov 1968, Page 1997). Its elevation limits are 150 - 2,700 m.",The species may be affected by collection in Britain (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016).,"This species is listed in the following national Red Lists:

Estonia: Endangered (Lilleleht 1998), and in 2008 it was listed as Critically Endangered (Rašomavičius 2008)

Finland: Near Threatened (Rassi et al. 2001, 2010)

Germany: not threatened (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)

Hungary: Endangered (Király 2007)

Netherlands: Vulnerable (Van der Meijden et al. 2000)

Switzerland: Least Concern (Moser et al. 2002)

United Kingdom: Vulnerable: A2c (Cheffings and Farrell 2005). In England, it is assessed as Endangered under Criterion D (Stroh et al. 2014).

No conservation measures are needed in core areas like Iceland, Norway, Sweden, the Alps or Pyrenees. In more marginal habitats, it is advisable to monitor subpopulations and protect their habitats where possible. The species occurs in several protected areas throughout its range.","This species is not used, apart from very occasional cultivation in specialist plant collections.","Schaefer, H.,García, M.","Bento Elias, R.,Rumsey, F.,Dyer, R.,Rouhan, G.,Väre, H.,Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,POLYPODIACEAE,Polystichum,setiferum,,Polystichum setiferum,(Forssk.)Woyn.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This is a gregarious fern species in many areas. It is widespread, has a stable population trend and faces no major threats. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Polystichum setiferum is a western and southern European species, with a somewhat discontinuous range eastwards to the Caspian Sea and westwards to Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. It is most abundant along the Atlantic seaboard from the western Iberian Peninsula to Britain and Ireland (Page 1997). It can be found from sea level to 1,450 m. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is over 4,400 km2.","In some Atlantic areas this is a very dominant fern, with resilient subpopulations that rapidly re-establish from spores after disturbance. The population trend is stable.","Polystichum setiferum occurs mainly in sheltered shaded river valleys of mixed deciduous woodland, but also grows in more open situations on sheltered banks near the sea, or in sheltered lane banks and shady hedgerow communities. It occurs mainly in areas with warm, wet winter climates and year-round high humidity. Further inland it occurs mostly within stream ravines, where the humidity is enhanced by local conditions (Page 1997).",There are no major threats to this species.,"The species is listed on the following Red Lists:

Germany: Endangered (Ludwig and Schnitzer 1996)

Hungary: Near Threatened (Király 2007)

Netherlands: Vulnerable (Van der Meijden et al. 2000)

Switzerland: Least Concern (Moser et al. 2002)

Canary Islands: rare (Sanchez Velazquez 2002).

No conservation measures seem to be in place, but in more continental, inland areas, it is advisable to protect the habitats where this species occurs, as it is an indicator of a specialised micro-climate in those situations. It is present in protected areas throughout its range.",This species is occasionally cultivated as a garden ornamental. There are several cultivars.,"García, M.,Schaefer, H.","Rumsey, F.,Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.,Christenhusz, M.,Bento Elias, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,PSILOTOPSIDA,PSILOTALES,PSILOTACEAE,Psilotum,nudum,,Psilotum nudum,(L.) P. Beauv.,,No,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",No,CR,"B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)",EU28,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR) 

EU 28 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)



The actual area of occupancy (AOO) for this species is 0.01 km², its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4 km, the population is severely fragmented as it is known from three distinct subpopulations which are isolated from each other, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the area and in the number of mature individuals (estimated to be fewer than 200). Thus, the species is assessed as Critically Endangered.",Decreasing,"This is a pan-tropical species that extends into a few temperate zones, such as the southeastern USA, Japan, Kuril Islands and New Zealand. In Europe, it is known only from three subpopulations in southern Spain, at Los Barrios near Cádiz (Frey et al. 2006). These subpopulations are isolated as they are situated outside the tropics, separated widely from the other subpopulations by the Sahara and the Atlantic, with the nearest subpopulation being found in the Cape Verde Islands. It is naturalised in Funchal (Madeira). The actual area of occupancy (AOO) is 0.01 km² (Moreno 2008) and the extent of occurrence is 4 km².","There are less than 200 individuals in the Spanish subpopulations. The population trend is decreasing, and the species is only known from three small subpopulations which are isolated from each other. The population is therefore considered to be severely fragmented.","In Europe this species grows in sunny situations on rocks at low elevations. Elsewhere (mainly in the tropics), it can be found terrestrially on rocks or in moist sand and epiphytically often in the crowns or among the roots of palms and cycads or in tree forks and hollows; sometimes naturalising in gardens or greenhouses. Its elevation limits are 90-170 m.","The species is threatened by collection, fires, road development, atmospheric contamination and recreational activities.","This species is listed as Critically Endangered on the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008), under criteria B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v). It is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas, although it is likely. These subpopulations should be protected because they are severely disjunct from the main subpopulations in the tropics. Genetic studies on these subpopulations are required, and research on its population size and trend is needed.","This species is sometimes grown as an ornamental, particularly in botanical gardens as a curiosity. It is popular as an ornamental in Japan where many cultivars are known.","García, M.,Troia, A.","Christenhusz, M.,Bento Elias, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rouhan, G.,Väre, H.,Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,DENNSTAEDTIACEAE,Pteridium,aquilinum,,Pteridium aquilinum,(L.) Kuhn,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Bracken is a widespread, common, fern with resilient subpopulations. It has an increasing population trend and there are no threats the species. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Increasing,"Often originally thought to be a cosmopolitan species, it is now much better understood and the taxa from the Americas, Africa, Australia, Hawaii and tropical and east Asia are now excluded from this definition. Pteridium aquilinum in its strict sense is restricted to Eurasia and northern Africa, where it extends eastwards to Russia, Ukraine, the Caucasus, Anatolia, Iran and Central Asia. It is replaced by P. pinetorum in northern Europe.",The plants of this species usually form big stands covering large terrain. It can be very invasive but this is often a result of vegetative spread rather than sexual reproduction. The population trend is increasing.,"Bracken often grows in deciduous and coniferous woodlands and parklands, coppices, on slopes, in glades, on heathlands, steppes, along forest edges and in meadows. It is often found in dry sandy soil, usually acidic, and sometimes calcareous (Komarov 1968, Page 1997). It can also be a weed in gardens (M. Christenhusz pers. comm. 2016) and it grows on masonry (particularly juvenile plants) in cities (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). The species benefits from fire to spread. Its elevation limits are 0 - 2,000 m.",This is a resilient and widespread species without any threats.,"Bracken is widespread and often occurs in abundance, easily colonizing new areas especially after fire. In Malta it is listed as Endangered, as it is only known from one site on Gozo island (Lanfranco 1989). However, elsewhere it is very common and not of conservation concern. It is present in protected areas throughout its range.","Young shoots of this species are used in some countries for food. The rhizome contains about 60% starch, lathering freely with water (used as soap in the past in French villages). It has astringent properties and can act as a mild vermifuge. Due to its starch content, it was used for making glue and for brewing beer. It is readily eaten by pigs, but is poisonous to other livestock, both fresh and as ensilage. It is excellent as layering for litter, improving the quality of manure. The leaves have a distinctive smell and have rot-preventing properties, they repel insects and are very effective as packaging for the preservation of fruit and vegetables. The ash contains potassium salts and is useful in glass and soap manufacture. If the plant becomes troublesome as a weed, it may be controlled by digging up the rhizomes (Komarov 1968). This plant contains many toxins and its consumption is at one's own risk.","Schaefer, H.,García, M.","Christenhusz, M.,Dyer, R.,Rouhan, G.,Rumsey, F.,Ivanenko, Y.,Väre, H.,Bento Elias, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,DENNSTAEDTIACEAE,Pteridium,pinetorum,,Pteridium pinetorum,C.N. Page & R.R. Mill,"This species was often treated under the name Pteridium aquilinum subsp. latiusculum, a taxon from North America. It is also sometimes considered a subspecies of Pteridium aquilinum (as Pteridium aquilinum subsp. pinetorum (C.N.Page & R.R.Mill) J.A.Thomson by Hassler and Schmitt (2015)), but it is best treated as a separate species as they are not genetically and ecologically overlapping.",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This fern species is abundant and common throughout its range, often occurring in large stands and over large areas, and it has a stable population trend. It is resilient to deforestation, fire and other human impacts. Therefore the species is assessed as Least Concern. Research should be carried out to solve the existing taxonomic issues.",Stable,"This is a boreal species found throughout Scandinavia, Finland, northern Russia and the Scottish Highlands. It is restricted to Europe, and although isolated subpopulations may exist in northwestern Siberia, this has not been confirmed.",The population trend for this species appears to be stable. It is often abundant and because of the clonal nature of this species it is sometimes difficult to know of how many individuals a subpopulation is composed.,"This species is common in coniferous and mixed broadleaved-coniferous forests, sometimes in open tundra, and it is often a relic of ancient burning. It usually grows on sandy soils at elevations between 0-1,800 m. Disturbance and fire may increase its numbers, but it very rarely propagates sexually as spore production is rare. The species has a very long generation length, probably of several centuries.","There are no major threats to the species. It is resilient to deforestation, fire and other human impacts.","No conservation measures are needed, and it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Research should be undertaken to solve the existing taxonomic issues.","This species is not used, although like its related species P. aquilinum, young shoots and rhizomes are sometimes consumed. As it contains many toxins, consumption is ill-advised.","Ivanova, D. & García, M.","Christenhusz, M., Bento Elias, R., Dyer, R., Ivanenko, Y., Rouhan, G., Rumsey, F. & Väre, H.,",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,PTERIDACEAE,Pteris,cretica,,Pteris cretica,L.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This is a gregarious fern with an increasing population trend and no major threats, often growing in urban settings. In part of its range it has naturalised from cultivation and as such its range is expanding, possibly exacerbated by climate change. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Increasing,"This is a cosmopolitan species, occurring in many countries in the tropics and subtropics. Its natural area is not certain, but is likely to be widespread and native to the Old World tropics. In Europe, it is found patchily across the Mediterranean in Spain (Catalonia), southeastern France, Corsica, Italy, Sicily, Malta and Greece, and in some localities in the Swiss and Italian Alps. It is possibly extinct in Crimea. It naturalises easily from cultivation, particularly in towns or on buildings in gardens, for instance in Spain, France or the United Kingdom. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 168 km2.","This is a widely distributed and commonly encountered species throughout its range, and its range is expanding due to the wetter and hotter climates across its northern range and because it easily naturalises from horticulture.","Pteris cretica is a species of permanently damp, shaded rocks, often in woodland or in deep gorges or on masonry, usually in a humid, warm atmosphere (Komarov 1968, Prelli 2001). Its elevation limits are 0 - 600 m.",No threats have been reported for this species.,"No conservation actions are known or needed for this species and none seem necessary, and it is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. The species is listed on the following national Red Lists:

 

France: Vulnerable D2 (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012)

Switzerland: Vulnerable (Moser et al. 2002)

","This species is frequently grown as a house or garden plant, generally from horticultural stock. It is not harvested from the wild.","García, M.,Schaefer, H.","Väre, H.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Christenhusz, M.,Bento Elias, R.,Dyer, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,PTERIDACEAE,Pteris,dentata,,Pteris dentata,Forssk.,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 28 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



Despite its wide global range and fairly frequent occurrence, in Europe this species is restricted to a single island where it is known from only a few localities, having an extent of occurrence (EOO) and an area of occupancy (AOO) of only 16 km². It is listed as Endangered in the Greek National Red List, but unfortunately there is no publicly available information to substantiate this classification. As there is no information on the population size and trend and the threats to this species, it is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"This fern species is widespread across Africa and the Middle East. Two subspecies are often recognised (subsp. dentata and subsp. flagellata). In Europe, the typical subspecies (dentata) is found only on the Aegean island of Ikaria, which may be introduced from former cultivations, although its sites appear completely natural. Its area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are both of 16 km².",Subpopulations on Ikaria are small but there is no information on the population size and trend for this species.,"The species grows along streams, cliffs and valleys (Christodoulakis 1996).","The threats to this species are not known, but its subpopulations are small and fragile.","This species is protected by law in Greece (Proedriko Diatagma 67/81, Greek Presidential decree 67/81), and it is listed on the national Red List as Endangered. It occurs in a Natura 2000 site. Further research is needed into the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats to this species.","This species is not used, although it is frequent in horticulture and is often grown unintentionally.","García, M.,Ivanova, D.","Bento Elias, R.,Dyer, R.,Väre, H.,Christenhusz, M.,Rouhan, G.,Rumsey, F.,Ivanenko, Y.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,PTERIDACEAE,Pteris,incompleta,,Pteris incompleta,Cav.,,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU28,,"The species has a stable population trend and there are over 10,000 individuals particularly in the Azores and Madeira. However, the area of occupancy (AOO) is very small and there is a continuing decline in the habitat extent and quality. It is under threat in the Canary Islands and the Iberian peninsula and has disappeared from North Africa. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened (NT) since it is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion B. Protection of its habitat, appropriate management, research and monitoring of the population is needed to improve the status of this species.",Stable,"Pteris incompleta principally is a Macaronesian species, found on the Canary Islands (Gran Canaria, La Gomera, Tenerife, La Palma), the Azores (Santa Maria, Sao Miguel, Terceira, Sao Jorge, Pico, Faial, Flores, Graciosa, Corvo) and on Madeira. There are a few stations in the Mediterranean, on either side of the Strait of Gibraltar. In Spain it is known from a small subpopulation in the area of Algeciras and in Morocco (where it used to grow at Jbel Kbir and Cap Spartel, but where it no longer occurs). Considering that the species is extinct in North Africa, it can be considered a European endemic. Its subpopulation in mainland Portugal (at Sintra) is possibly introduced. The species was also reported, most certainly in error, from Turkey, and it is thus not considered for the purposes of this assessment.



Its area of occupancy (AOO) in Spain is smaller than 9 km² (Bañareset al. 2004). Its actual AOO measured on the basis of grid squares, following IUCN standards, would be larger, but presumably under 100 km². Its global AOO is 268 km², but this includes historical specimen data so it may be an overestimation.","The Spanish subpopulations are dynamic, with numerous mature plants and juveniles. Its specific habitat requirements result in a paucity throughout its range, and the subpopulations become small, restricted and decreasing when habitats are altered. Although there are several localities, the number of individuals at each locality is very small, however the overall number of mature individuals is over 10,000 (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016). The species has been lost from North Africa and the subpopulation in Andalucía is very small and under threat from drainage and deforestation; however the overall population trend is stable because in the Macaronesia the species fares very well.","Pteris incompleta grows along streams in shaded damp coastal laurisilva forests on rocky, acid soils, in a mild, humid oceanic climate, between sea level and 800 m elevation (Prelli 2001, Bañareset al. 2004). Its habitat quality and extent is experiencing a continuing decline due to the ongoing threats.","The major threat to this species is habitat loss caused by forestry, drainage, the increase of grazing pressure, competition with non-native species, trampling and the use of herbicides   (Bañares et al. 2004).","In Spain, P. incompleta is listed as Vulnerable under Criterion C2a(i) in the national Red List (Moreno 2008), and it is protected at the regional level in Andalucía (V) and the Canary Islands (E, Annex II). It is endangered in the Canary Islands (Sanchez Velazquez 2002). The Spanish subpopulations are located in the Natural Park of los Alcornocales; the ones of the Canary Islands are located in the Natural Parks of Garajonay, Majona and Tamadaba, and in other protected areas: the Paisaje de las Cumbres, the Natural Reserve Tilos de Moya, Guelguen and del Pijaral, the Rural Parks de Anaga and de Teno, the protected landscapes of los Campeches Tagaiga and Ruiz, and the site of scientific interest Barranco de Ruiz. The species is frequent in Madeira (Press and Short 1994) and the Azores.



Apart from regional protection there are no conservation measures in place, but the following measures are proposed:

Legal protection at the international level

Protection of its habitat and water management

Monitoring of the subpopulations

Evaluation of the size and number of subpopulations

Study of the dynamics of the subpopulations, and the biology and ecology of the species.",This species is not used.,"Schaefer, H.,García, M.","Dyer, R.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Väre, H.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,PTERIDACEAE,Pteris,vittata,,Pteris vittata,L.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

This fern species is assessed as Least Concern as it is widespread with an increasing population trend and does not face any known threats. It often occurs urban environments and these subpopulations are resilient.",Increasing,"Pteris vittata has an almost cosmopolitan distribution, being found from the Mediterranean southwards throughout sub-Saharan Africa to South Africa, and eastwards through the Caucasus, the Middle East, Russia and the Indian subcontinent to the Far East, and southwards through southeast Asia to Australia. It has apparently been introduced to a number of Pacific Ocean island groups, New Zealand, North, Central and South America and in several European contries: the United Kingdom, France, Hungary and Switzerland. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 384 km2.","
There is no quantitative information on the population trend of this species. However, it has become naturalized throughout much of the world and it is likely that the overall population is increasing. It is a common species.

","
Pteris vittata typically grows on humid or moist walls, cliffs and rocks near or on the margins of streams and irrigation canals, in wells and on fountains, usually in shaded areas and near permanent waters. It is frequent in urban environments, and its status of natural occurrence is often uncertain in such sites, although these subpopulations are usually resilient. Its elevational range is 0 - 300 m.","
There are no known significant past, ongoing or future threats to this species.","
There are no conservation measures in place and none appear to be needed as in most areas this species is gregarious, grows in both natural and artificial environments and is widespread. However, it is listed on the following national Red Lists:

 

Cyprus: Endangered; B1ab(i-v)+2ab(i-v); D1 (Tsintides et al. 2007)

Switzerland: Critically Endangered (Moser et al. 2002)

","
This species is widely sold as a house and garden plant.","García, M.,Ivanova, D.","Väre, H.,Christenhusz, M.,Rouhan, G.,Lansdown, R.V.,Ivanenko, Y.,Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.,Bento Elias, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,SALVINIALES,SALVINIACEAE,Salvinia,natans,,Salvinia natans,(L.) All.,"
",No,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



Even though the species is widespread and locally abundant, it has a restricted area of occupancy (AOO) and it is experiencing a continuing decline in its extent of occurrence (EOO) and AOO, having experienced some local extinctions. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened since it is close to qualify as threatened under criterion B. Adequate training in identification is needed to prevent taxonomic confusion of the species withS. molesta (an invasive species) in the field.",Decreasing,"Salvinia natans is a Eurasian species, distributed across central and eastern Europe and from the Caucasus to China and Japan. In Europe, it is patchily distributed from the Rhine valley (Germany) to Russia, and from northern Italy to the Danube Basin towards the Black Sea and into northern Greece. In Western Europe, it occurs unreliably in Belgium, the Netherlands, France (where it is considered to be introduced) and Spain (Prelli 2001). The instability of the species in Western Europe leads to suspicion that it may have been introduced there, or that it occurred there in the past and has been reintroduced without persisting.



The species is believed to be extinct in the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland and France (since 1974), and recent records there are usually based on confusion withS. molesta, a non-persistent exotic escape from aquaria or ponds. The distribution of Salvinia natans in central Europe is probably relictual. In Germany it is known only from isolated subpopulations in Sachsen-Anhalt, Berlin, R. Main, the Upper Rhine Plain and Bavaria; in Croatia it occurs in the eastern province of Baranja, and in Ukraine it is widely distributed in the Danube, Dnieper and Desna river basins, but it is very rare in other river systems. In warmer eras the distribution of this species extended further northwards (Frey et al. 2006). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,736 km².","This species typically shows  naturally large subpopulation fluctuations (although probably not extreme). Therefore, while it may appear to decline and to be more abundant in other years, it seems to be experiencing an  overall decline throughout its range, with a continuing decline in its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO). Observed recolonizations may be due to confusion with escapes of the more commonly cultivated invasive S. molesta. Even though there is a notable decline in the western edge of the range, in Ukraine the subpopulations are found in many localities with a high number of individuals and the trend is stable with range extensions in some river basins.","Salvinia natans is a free-floating fern that grows in large subpopulations at the surface of stagnant waters or in weak currents: ditches, canals, ponds, oxbow lakes and other sluggish eutrophic water courses (Komarov 1968, Prelli 2001). It is considered annual in the wild, but it can be perennial in cultivation. It is impossible to differentiate the wild subpopulations from the escaped ones (H. Väre pers. comm. 2016).","The threats to the species are not known, but drainage of its aquatic habitat certainly affects its population. Salvinia molesta is listed as an invasive species and can be troublesome, and since they resemble each other, taxonomic confusion may lead to eradication of the wrong species.","This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and it is found in protected areas throughout its range. Salvinia natans is classed as Extinct in the Netherlands (Van der Meijden et al. 2000) and  Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002), Critically Endangered in Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996), Endangered in Czech Republic (Procházka 2001), and Near Threatened in  Croatia (Nikolić and Topić 2005) and Belarus (Ermakova 2005); it is protected but not classed as threatened in Hungary and  protected throughout France and in Greece. It is included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (Diduch 2009) and included in some protected areas. In Russia it is categorized as Near Threatened (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010). The species is considered under protection in Ukraine, Poland and Lithuania. In Lithuania is considered possibly extinct. 

Awareness of the differences between the native S. natans and invasive S. molesta is important when control of the invasive species is considered. Control measures for S. molesta may affect native S. natans, particularly when the two are confused, so adequate training in identification is needed to prevent taxonomic confusion of the species in the field.



 

   



","The species is used as an ornamental plant in ponds and aquaria. However, the Salviniaspecies that is most used in  horticulture is S. molesta, which readily naturalises and with which this species is often confused.","Schaefer, H.,García, M.","Väre, H.,Bento Elias, R.,Rumsey, F.,Ivanenko, Y.,Dyer, R.,Rouhan, G.,Lansdown, R.V.,Christenhusz, M.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,LYCOPODIOPSIDA,SELAGINELLALES,SELAGINELLACEAE,Selaginella,denticulata,,Selaginella denticulata,(L.) Spring,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Selaginella denticulata is rarer in the eastern Mediterranean and faces localized threats, but it has an overall widespread distribution, is locally abundant and its overall population trend seems to be stable. It is therefore listed as Least Concern. This species is easily propagated and can be translocated in case isolated subpopulations are threatened.",Stable,"Selaginella denticulata is a Mediterranean-Atlantic species, found in Madeira (including Porto Santo and Deserta Grande), the Canary Islands and throughout the Mediterranean basin southwards to North Africa and eastwards to the Levant. In Europe it is very common in southern Portugal (south of Rio Douro), southern Spain, the Balearic Islands, Corsica, southern France, Italy, Malta, the Adriatic coast (Croatia, Bosnia, Montenegro, Albania), Greece and Cyprus (Prelli 2001).",Selaginella denticulata is abundant in the western Mediterranean basin and rarer in the eastern part. The population trend is stable.,"Selaginella denticulata forms carpets on soil or rocks in humid and shady sites, such as river banks, rocky forests, slopes, levada walls, old masonry and edges of temporary pools. It almost exclusively grows on siliceous substrates, but in southern areas it is locally tolerant of limestone. This species inhabits slopes, rocks or shady walls in the understory of oaks, pines and Mediterranean maquis. It prefers a warm temperate climate (Prelli 2001, Davis 1965-1985). Its elevation limits are 0 - 1,000 m.","There are no major threats to this species, but the small subpopulations of the eastern Mediterranean basin are threatened by urbanization.","This species is protected at the regional level (Languedoc-Roussillon) in France, and is found in protected areas throughout its range. No further conservation measures are suggested.",This species is not used.,"Troia, A.,García, M.","Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Ivanenko, Y.,Bento Elias, R.,Dyer, R.,Rouhan, G.,Väre, H.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,LYCOPODIOPSIDA,SELAGINELLALES,SELAGINELLACEAE,Selaginella,helvetica,,Selaginella helvetica,(L.) Spring,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Even though the area of occupancy (AOO) is small (724 km2), the species is locally  common, particularly in the Alps, and has an overall stable population trend. Therefore it is listed as  Least Concern.",Stable,"This species is found predominantly in the mountain regions of Eurasia, eastwards to Japan, the Himalayas, the Caucasus and Anatolia. In Europe it is found in the central mountains, where it is widespread in the Alps, High Ardennes, Sudeten, Carpathians and the Balkans, with a few lowland stations in the Po Valley (Italy). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 724 km2.",The species is locally abundant and the population trend is considered to be stable.,"Selaginella helvetica is a found on damp mossy rocks in shady places in grassland, meadows and sedge bogs, rarely in spruce forest (Komarov 1968, Frey et al. 2006), on siliceous or calcareous substrates, usually at middle elevations, sometimes in the lowlands or at higher elevations in Italy (Prelli 2001). Its elevation limits are 0 - 2,000 m.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is not of conservation concern in the Alps, but habitat protection is advised elsewhere. It is found in protected areas throughout its range and is listed on the following national Red Lists:

Croatia: Endangered (Nikolić and Topić 2005)

Czech Republic: Extinct (Grulich 2012)

France: Vulnerable D2 (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012)

Hungary: Endangered (Király et al. 2001) or Critically Endangered (Witkowski et al. 2003)

Italy: Least Concern (Rossi et al. 2013)

Poland: Extinct (Witkowski et al. 2003)

Slovakia: Endangered (Witkowski et al. 2003)

Switzerland: Least Concern (Moser et al. 2002)

Ukraine: Endangered (Witkowski et al. 2003)",This species is not used.,"Troia, A.,García, M.","Dyer, R.,Rouhan, G.,Väre, H.,Bento Elias, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rumsey, F.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,LYCOPODIOPSIDA,SELAGINELLALES,SELAGINELLACEAE,Selaginella,kraussiana,,Selaginella kraussiana,(Kunze) A.Braun,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This lycopod species is widespread and invasive in many parts of the world (including Europe). It is locally abundant in the Macaronesia, where it faces no threats, and it is therefore it is listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This widespread species is found throughout tropical and southern Africa and is naturalized in North and South America, Australasia, Asia and Europe. In Europe, it is native to the Azores, Madeira and Canary Islands, as proven by palynological evidence (van Leeuwen et al. 2005) and it is locally naturalised from cultivation in the UK, Portugal, France, Spain, Corsica, Sicily, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, and Croatia etc.","The trend in the Macaronesian subpopulations is stable, and it is frequently cultivated and naturalises easily elsewhere. Spores are also long-lived and plants can re-emerge years after it was last found. Its range is likely to increase as woodland habitats are replaced (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016) and garden escapes become more frequent.","This species is locally abundant and is found in damp woods, laurel and montane forests, on banks beside levadas, damp roadsides, gardens, and among damp pavement, from sea level up to c. 1,600 m elevation (R. Elias pers. comm. 2016). It is often an escape from cultivation and is then found in various altered, but moist habitats.",There are no threats to this resilient and widespread species.,No conservation measures are in place and none appear to be needed. It is present in protected areas.,"This species is frequently grown as a 'moss' in plant and flower arranging, and can easily establish itself when discarded in a moist place. They are not harvested from the wild.","García, M.,Schaefer, H.","Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rouhan, G.,Christenhusz, M.,Väre, H.,Bento Elias, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,LYCOPODIOPSIDA,SELAGINELLALES,SELAGINELLACEAE,Selaginella,selaginoides,,Selaginella selaginoides,(L.) P.Beauv. ex Schrank & Mart.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species is widespread and locally abundant without any obvious threats, so it is listed as Least Concern.",Decreasing,"This is an arctic-montane species, found in northern Asia and Europe, from the Canary Islands (El Hierro, where its presence needs verification) throughout northern Europe, in the mountains of Scandinavia, Britain, northern Ireland, the Alps, Pyrenees and the Balkan Peninsula (Frey et al. 2006).","This species occurs in good abundance in the mountain habitats that it prefers. It is a strong coloniser of open wet soil. In the southern edge of Scandinavia and UK the species is decreasing (H. Väre pers. comm. 2016). The same case is suspected to be true for Spain and Italy. In Russia, the species appears to be stable. The overall population trend is considered to be decreasing.","Selaginella selaginoides is found in open, light places in sedge bogs, calcareous mires, flushes, alpine heaths, wet meadows rarely in mossy spruce forests, common in mountainous areas (Komarov 1968, Frey et al. 2006). In Russia and Scandinavia, the species is found in stream banks, wet stony slopes, wet meadows and bogs (Y. Ivanenko pers. comm. 2016).500-2500",The species is very sensitive to water drainage. It may be affected by forestry in spruce forests.,"The species is Critically Endangered in the Canary Islands (Sanchez Velazquez 2002), where it is only known from El Hierro. In most mountain habitats in northern Europe the species is abundant and no conservation measures are in place or are needed.",This species is not used.,"García, M.,Troia, A.","Christenhusz, M.,Bento Elias, R.,Väre, H.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Thelypteris,dentata,,Thelypteris dentata,(Forssk.) H.St.John,"This species is sometimes treated in the genus Christella or Cyclosorus, but is here included in a broad concept of Thelypteris.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This is a gregarious species that easily invades disturbed sites and its subpopulations are therefore persistent. It is not frequent in Europe, but this is more due to a lack of suitably warm climates. It is common in Macaronesia and also frequent in a few places on the mainland. It grows readily from spores in greenhouses and in urban settings in most warm climates. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This is a pantropical species (often treated under synonymous genera Cyclosorus or Christella). This species has been often accidentally introduced, and this has happened so frequently that in tropical regions natural or naturalised populations are difficult to discern. In Europe it occurs locally (native or naturalised) in the Mediterranean and Atlantic regions in Spain (Andalucía, Galicia), Sicily, Malta and western Crete and in the Macaronesian Islands (Canary Islands, Madeira). It is also reported from the Azores where its status is uncertain, but it is most likely introduced (R. Elias pers. comm. 2016). It frequently appears in greenhouses from spores imported with other plants and may escape from there into sheltered and warm (heated) places in cities. Its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 80 km2.",Natural subpopulations usually do not consist of many plants. The species is widespread but not abundant on Madeira (Press and Short 1994). The overall population trend is stable.,"Thelypteris dentata is found in moderately damp places, in shady or exposed areas often beside streams, usually in coastal mountains in hot or mild climates (Tutin et al. 1964, Press and Short 1994, Prelli 2001). It often naturalises from cultivation, growing from spores that lifted along on plants imported from the tropics, and as such it is often found in greenhouses and in urban settings in warm countries, but also may naturalise in places of a completely natural setting and thus this species can occur in places outside of its natural range (F. Rumsey pers. comm. 2016).",This is a common and resilient species that faces no threats.,"Some conservation measures are in place in Los Alcornocales Natural Park in Cadiz (Spain). The effect of introduced plants on natural subpopulations is not known and research should be undertaken to clarify them. It is present in protected areas throughout its range. The species is assessed as Vulnerable in Andalucía (Blanca et al. 2000) and as Endangered B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v) in Spain (Moreno 2008).","This species is not used. However, it is frequently found in cultivation, usually being unintentionally cultivated.","Ivanova, D.,García, M.","Christenhusz, M.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rouhan, G.,Dyer, R.,Väre, H.,Rumsey, F.,Bento Elias, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Thelypteris,limbosperma,,Thelypteris limbosperma,(All.) H.P.Fuchs,"This species is sometimes placed in the genus Oreopteris, but is here placed in a broad concept of Thelypteris.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species is locally abundant, has a wide geographical range, its population trend is stable and lacks major threats. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This is a Palearctic species which extends from Atlantic Europe through montane regions eastwards to Japan. In Europe, it is mostly confined to wet Atlantic regions and mountain slopes in the west and south of the continent.",Thelypteris limbosperma is very abundant locally on wet mountain slopes. Its current population trend is stable.,"The Lemon-scented fern is found in montane, damp, acidic woodland, on moorland and heathland, especially by streams. It is also found in wet alder woods and in relatively open situations such as screes (Tutin et al. 1964, Frey et al. 2006). Its altitudinal range is 0 - 2,000 m.",There are no current threats to this species.,No conservation actions are in place or are needed. The species is found in protected areas throughout its range.,This species is not used.,"Ivanova, D.,García, M.","Dyer, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Väre, H.,Rouhan, G.,Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.,Bento Elias, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Thelypteris,palustris,,Thelypteris palustris,Schott,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Even though this aquatic fern species occurs sparsely across its range and is threatened by habitat destruction in part of its distribution area, it is still locally abundant and the species is widespread, so it is listed here as Least Concern.",Stable,"This is a pan-Arctic species, with a separate subspecies (subsp. pubescens) in North America and the typical subspecies found in Eurasia. The two subspecies overlap in east Asia. The species used to occur in Morocco although it has experienced a large decline there and may now have disappeared. In Europe the species is widespread and locally abundant.","Some subpopulations are decreasing due to pollution and the drainage of waterways, but its overall population trend is stable. When it occurs it is often abundant.","The Marsh Fern occurs mainly in exposed sedge fens, marshes, alder and willow carr (Page 1997, Frey et al. 2006) and in peat bogs, scrub bogs, wet meadows and overgrown lake shores (Komarov 1968). Its elevation limits are 0 - 360 m Asl.",This aquatic species is threatened by water pollution and the drainage of swamps and waterways.,"The habitats of Thelypteris palustris may need to be protected, and when land is drained, the subpopulations should be maintained either through site protection or ex-situ conservation/re-introduction. The species occurs in protected areas throughout its range.","Taking part in peat formation, the rhizomes and roots provide a substrate for greenhouse orchid culture (Komarov 1968).","Lansdown, R.V.,García, M.","Bento Elias, R.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rouhan, G.,Väre, H.,Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Thelypteris,pozoi,,Thelypteris pozoi,(Lag.) C.V.Morton,"This species is sometimes placed in the genera Cyclosorus or Stegnogramma, but it is here included in a broad concept of Thelypteris (Christenhusz and Chase 2014)",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The species is assessed as Least Concern in view of its stable population trend. However, there is a projected continuing decline in the habitat quality, and although it is not enough for the species to qualify as threatened, protection of the sites is needed in parts of its range.",Stable,"Thelypteris pozoi is a widespread species found across sub-Saharan Africa and the Macaronesian Islands (Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands, Cape Verde). In Europe, it reaches its northern limit in the far southeast of France (where it is only known from three localities in the Nive basin, Pays Basque Occidental) and in Spain (Cantabrian Coast, western Galicia). The subpopulations in India, Sri Lanka, China, Korea and Japan belong to a related species (sometimes included in this species at varietal level).","The population trend is probably stable. It is locally common on the Macaronesian Islands, although it becomes more scarce in the western range of the Azores. Subpopulations elsewhere in Europe are few and far between and are composed of few individuals.","Thelypteris pozoi is found in sheltered valleys, in Europe usually near the sea (Tutin et al. 1964). In general, it prefers gullies that are always humid and warm, often on rocky, wooded slopes along streams, near cascades, on sandstone, schists or conglomerates, sometimes on calcareous rocks. A continuing decline in the habitat quality is projected as a result of competition with invasive species.","This species may locally be threatened by habitat destruction as a result of deforestation, hydroelectric constructions, and other human activities and climate change that affects humidity levels. In the Azores and Madeira, the species may face competition with Deparia petersenii (an invasive fern from east Asia).","This species has a broad distribution and is locally common, but the subpopulations in mainland Europe are small and far apart. It is more abundant on the Macaronesian Islands. Habitats and populations in mainland Spain and France may need protection, but in the Azores, Canary Islands and Madeira the species is of no conservation concern. It is listed on the French Red List as Critically Endangered under Criterion D (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012). It is protected by law in France and should perhaps also be considered for protection by law in Spain. The species is found in protected areas throughout its range.",This species is not used.,"García, M.,Schaefer, H.","Ivanenko, Y.,Väre, H.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.,Dyer, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,HYMENOPHYLLALES,HYMENOPHYLLACEAE,Trichomanes,speciosum,,Trichomanes speciosum,Willd.,This species is often placed in the genus Vandenboschia.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Trichomanes speciosum is a restricted to western Europe and Macaronesia. It is found at more than 500 localities in its range and is stable in some countries. Overall, it does not approach any of the threatened Categories at the European level. However, the species has a very specialized ecology and habitat preferences and  is very slow-growing. In addition, it faces several threats including collection, recreational activities,  habitat destruction, unfavourable forest management, modification of hydrological  conditions, droughts and garbage disposal. Therefore, despite being assessed as Least Concern, the species should continue being monitored, site protection should be kept in place and appropriate management of the sites needs to be considered.",Stable,"Trichomanes speciosum is restricted to western Europe and Macaronesia. This species has a mainly extreme western range in Europe, with sporophytic subpopulations found from Scotland, western England, Wales and Ireland, Brittany, the western Iberian peninsula to the Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands and Cape Verde. Isolated sporophytic subpopulations are known from Italy (Alpi Apuane) and Germany (Palatinate). Gametophytic populations are also found in Belgium, the Czech Republic (Hrensko), France (Vosges), Germany (Eiffel, Palatinate near Pirmasens, Elbsandsteingebirge), Italy (Tuscany, Liguria) and Luxembourg and Poland.

In France, it occurs in Brittany, Alsace and Pyrénées Atlantique. In Italy, the gametophyte grows in about 200 subpopulations in Tuscany and Liguria between 20 and 600 m elevation. The sporophyte has been recorded in about six localities in the Alpi Apuane between 165 and 275 m (Foggiet al. 2010). In Portugal, it is found at two localities close to each other in the Serra de Santa Justa, region Valongo (ICN 2006). In Spain, it occurs in the provinces A Coruña, Asturias, Cadiz, Guipuzcoa, Navarra, Santander, and Vizcaya (Castroviejoet al.1986, Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal del MARM 2007). In the UK, it is found in at least 14 localities (UK Biodiversity Group 1995). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is over 2,400 km2.","The following population data has been provided in country reports for the Article 17 consultation under the Habitats Directive (Commission of the European Communities 2009):

Belgium: occupying 7 grid cells with an unknown trend

Czech Republic: 230 localities with an increasing trend

France: 172 localities

Germany: 128 localities with stable subpopulations

Ireland: 66 localities with a stable trend

Italy: sporophyte subpopulations at 6 localities with a population size of 2,500 individuals and a stable trend that is expected to decline in the future. 

Luxembourg: 130-150 localities with a stable trend

Poland: 2 localities with 5 individuals and declining (Kalinka and Nowak 2004)

Portugal: 23 tufts with a declining population

Spain: 16 localities with a stable trend and more than 1,000 individuals on the Canary Islands

United Kingdom: 162 localities with an unknown trend

Its overall population trend is stable.","Mature sporophyte subpopulations occur in widely discontinuous stations, mostly in steep, sheltered and well-shaded stream ravines on steep-sided rock faces, beneath overhangs or close to the splash zone of permanent waterfalls, dripping vertical cliffs, or from the roofs and sides of shallow caves. It is found almost unvaryingly in conditions of high humidity, permanent seepage, usually running ground water and extreme shelter, mainly on hard, acidic rocks, but occasionally epiphytic on tree boles (Page 1997). Gametophytes grow in small rock crevices or on the surfaces of dark rock faces, which can press for many years.

This is a strictly oceanic species, which is much less common than it formerly was and is extinct in many localities. Since 1990, several relict gametophyte populations have been detected in Europe at localities where the sporophytes are absent. Gametophytes have been found in France (Vosges), Luxembourg, Germany (Eiffel, Palatinate near Pirmasens, Elbsandsteingebirge), Italy and the Czech Republic (Hrensko). A sporophyte has recently been reported from Palatinate (Freyet al. 2006).","This species has a very specialized ecology and habitat preferences, and is very slow growing. Therefore it is potentially threatened by a number of factors including sample collection, recreational activities, habitat destruction and desiccation. Unfavourable forest management (such as the removal of forest undergrowth), outdoor sports and leisure activities such as rock climbing, and modification of hydrological conditions have been reported as threats by some of the EU 28 member countries (Commission of the European Communities 2009). For Italy, additional threats of logging, droughts (probably more important in the future due to surface water abstraction and climate warming) and domestic waste and garbage discharge have been reported (Foggiet al.2010). In Portugal, the  invasion ofAcacia melanoxylonalso poses a threat (ICN 2006).","Trichomanes speciosum is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). In Ireland, Trichomanes speciosumis protected under the Wildlife Act, 1976-Flora   (Commission of the European Communities 2009).  In France, it is protected at national level. In Italy it is included in the Tuscany Regional Law for the Protection of the Flora LR 56/2000, but is not included in any protected areas there. Recommended conservation measures include a constant monitoring of the subpopulations and the development of guidelines for forest management and water abstraction when nearby the species. It is listed on the following national Red Lists:

Czech Republic: Critically Endangered (Holub and Procházka 2000) or Endangered C2 (Grulich 2012)

France: Least Concern (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012)

Germany: Not threatened (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)

Luxembourg: Least Concern (Colling 2005)

Portugal: protected by regional law (Decree 15/2012)

Spain: Vulnerable B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D2 (Moreno 2008)

United Kingdom: Least Concern but nationally rare (Cheffings and Farrell 2005) and Vulnerable (Wigginton 1999). The species was first found in Britain in 1688 on Brent Down in Somersetshire, and it still grows there at a place now known as Bream Down. It occurs at four localities in the Mendip Hills, Somerset, and at four sites near Torquay in Devon. It is abundant at both Bream Down and Berry Head, numbering many thousands, and is frequent at three of its other sites. The subopulation appears to be relatively stable overall, and nearly all colonies are within protected sites.

It is recommended that subpopulations continue to be monitored, site protection should be kept in place and appropriate management of the sites needs to be considered. Further research on its gametophyte range is needed.","This fern is is not used, but it is unusual and therefore sometimes subject to collection by horticulturists. Its cultivation is often unsuccessful.","García, M.,Schaefer, H.","Ivanenko, Y.,Dyer, R.,Väre, H.,Rumsey, F.,Bento Elias, R.,Rouhan, G.,Christenhusz, M.","Juillet, N.,Foggi, B.,Bilz, M.",,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Woodsia,alpina,,Woodsia alpina,(Bolton) Gray,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The broad distribution and number of localities render this species as Least Concern, but it should be noted that the subpopulations are fragile and that in certain subpopulations the numbers have been reduced in the past due to over-harvesting and that these subpopulations have not recovered 170 years later. Re-introduction measures may be needed locally.",Stable,"This circumboreal species is found mostly on colder northern regions and mountains across the Northern Hemisphere. In Europe it has an arctic-alpine distribution, being found on the arctic regions and in high mountain ranges (the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Balkans, the Carpathians, the Caucasus and the Urals), with outlying stations in Iceland and Britain.","Plants occur naturally as gregarious small colonies, spreading along small fissures by rhizome growth and re-establishing in neighbouring fissures from spores (Page 1997). The species is not common and it is scattered, but it is overall stable (H. Väre pers. comm. 2016).","Woodsia alpina is a moderately basiphilous species growing in rock crevices on a range of hard volcanic or metamorphic rock such as granite, nepheline, basalts and slates. They are found on exposed cliff ledges, steep craggy cliff and rock faces, often southerly facing, where they have a free drainage and minimal competition (Komarov 1968, Page 1997). They rarely grow also on masonry (Tutin et al. 1964). Its elevation limits are 1,000 - 2,800 m.","Formerly this species was collected in Britain and Ireland during the 19th Century 'fern craze', which reduced subpopulations substantially and from which they have not recovered in the United Kingdom. The number of plants in some places is now so few and their genetic basis so limited that it is doubtful that viable breeding subpopulations are able to form. Elsewhere there are currently no major threats to the species.","It is protected by law in the UK since the subpopulations there are declining. The species should be reintroduced there to broaden its genetic basis. In the Scandic Mountains, the Alps and the Pyrenees this species is not so much of concern as they are safe from gathering and have a broader genetic basis. It is found in protected areas throughout its range.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"García, M.,Troia, A.","Dyer, R.,Rouhan, G.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rumsey, F.,Bento Elias, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Väre, H.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Woodsia,glabella,,Woodsia glabella,R. Br. ex Richardson,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species is assessed as Least Concern in view of its stable population trend. The species is Endangered in Norway and Near Threatened in Finland, and it can be assumed thatWoodsia glabella is also rare elsewhere. Further research is needed on its population size and trend and possible threats, and assisted migration may be needed to mitigate for climate change in case it is found to be a threat.",Stable,"This is an arctic-montane species found throughout the colder regions of the Northern Hemisphere, as far south as the Indian Himalayas. In Europe, it is found on the polar areas of Norway, Arctic Russia and adjacent Finland and Sweden (Lapland), and it is known from one site in Romania. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 1,784 km2.","Plants are scarce, but the subpopulations appear to be stable.","This is a mountain-loving species found in crevices of calcareous, rarely granitic rocks (Komarov 1968, Tutin et al. 1964). Its elevation limits are 0 - 2,300 m.","The threats to the species are unknown. However, it is uncertain which effects could climate change have on this montane-arctic species.","There are no conservation measures in place. It is found in protected areas throughout its range. The species is uncommon in northern Europe and it is listed as Near Threatened in Finland (Rassi et al. 2010), and as Endangered (Criterion D1) in Norway (Kålås et al. 2010). Since threats and population pressures are unknown, it is advisable to monitor the subpopulations and protect the sites where it occurs when possible. If climate change is found to be a threat, assisted migration may be an option.",This species is not used.,"Troia, A.,García, M.","Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Ivanenko, Y.,Christenhusz, M.,Väre, H.,Bento Elias, R.,Dyer, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Woodsia,ilvensis,,Woodsia ilvensis,(L.) R.Br.,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 28 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Even though the species is threatened in the United Kingdom, it is widespread across Europe, with many stations particularly in Fennoscandia and the Alps. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This is a widespread species found across the Arctic and mountain regions of the Northern Hemisphere, often discontinuously across northern Asia, North America, arctic Canada, Greenland and Europe. In Europe it shows an arctic-alpine trend with most of its stations in Iceland, Fennoscandia, the Alps and a few stations in northern Britain (where it is highly threatened). Even though the epithet 'ilvensis' alludes to the Italian island Elba, the species has never been found there.","In the past, the subpopulations were decreasing due to over-harvesting in the United Kingdom, but they are now stable. Its overall population trend is also stable.","Woodsia ilvensis occurs on small fissures and crevices on mountain cliff ledges and on sheer, precipitous mostly granite, basalts, pumice tuffs, Silurian grits, slaty shales or other siliceous rock faces. It is present on granite and other mountain rocks (Tutin et al. 1964, Komarov 1968, Page 1997). In Finland, this species hybridises locally with Woodsia alpina (H. Väre pers. comm. 2014). Its elevation limits are 0 - 1,315 m.","The species was previously collected in the UK, but this is now illegal. There are no major current threats to the species.","Woodsia ilvensis is still common particularly in Fennoscandia, where numerous sites with many individuals can be found and thus no conservation measures are needed there. In the UK, subpopulations have dwindled to two sites with poor genetic diversity and programmes to reintroduce the plant have been carried out. It is protected there by law and is considered Endangered. In England it is Critically Endangered, because there are only 68 natural mature individuals (Stroh et al. 2014). It is present in protected areas throughout its range.","In the past this species was collected in the UK during the Victorian 'fern craze', which reduced its subpopulations a lot and from which it did not recover on its own. It is currently not used, although it is still occasionally grown in specialist fern collections.","García, M.,Troia, A.","Dyer, R.,Rumsey, F.,Christenhusz, M.,Bento Elias, R.,Rouhan, G.,Väre, H.,Ivanenko, Y.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Woodsia,pulchella,,Woodsia pulchella,Bertol.,This species was formerly included in Woodsia glabella as a subspecies.,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU28,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 28 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



The species is listed as Near Threatened as its area of occupancy (AOO) is 92 km² and the population is considered to be severely fragmented. It is not known whether there is any continuing decline. It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualifying as threatened under criterion B. The species is rare throughout its range and research is needed on its population trend and threats.",Unknown,"This species is found on the montane areas of Europe (the Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians and Caucasus). It was recently found in the Tatra Mountains in Poland (Kruk et al. 2015), its northern limit. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 92 km².","The species is uncommon, but can be sometimes confused with Cystopteris or other Woodsia species, so records may be unreliable. Population trends are not known, but it may be that this montane species is in decline. Studies on population trends are needed. The population is considered severely fragmented since the subpopulations are few and far from each other.","This montane species grows on crevices of calcareous rocks (Tutin et al. 1964). Its elevation limits are 900-2,000 m.",The threats to this species are not known.,"This species is listed as Endangered in Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002), although the criteria are not provided. It has a restricted range and no conservation actions are in place. Monitoring of population trends and threats is needed and sites will benefit from protection.",This species is not used.,"Troia, A.,García, M.","Väre, H.,Christenhusz, M.,Rumsey, F.,Ivanenko, Y.,Dyer, R.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.",,,
Lycopods_Ferns,2017_November,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Woodwardia,radicans,,Woodwardia radicans,(L.) Sm.,,No,VU,A2c,No,VU,,EU28,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 28 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



The species is assessed as Vulnerable since it has experienced a decline of over 30% in the last 150-300 years (three-generation length period). Its area of occupancy (AOO) is likely to be less than 2,000 km², the species is strongly declining in Italy and France and several subpopulations have been lost in the last 50 years. However, in Spain and the Azores, it is still widespread and the subpopulations there are stable. Its forest habitat is generally declining in extent and in quality due to clearing, agricultural activities and pollution. Its dispersal capacity is not fully understood and even though it has a scattered range, the population is not severely fragmented.",Decreasing,"Woodwardia radicans is a boreo-subtropical species that is found patchily across southern Europe, from the Azores to Crete. It is found in the Macaronesia, Portugal, Spain, Corsica, Italy, Sicily, Crete and is known from a single subpopulation in Algeria (Quezel and Santa 1962-63). In Portugal, it has been found in the mountains of Gerês, Amarela, Freita, Arada and in the Trovela River valley (Ponte do Lima) (ICN 2006). It is present in all islands of the Azores (Borgeset al. 2005) and it has been recently discovered on Graciosa (H. Schäfer pers. comm. 2016). It also occurs in Madeira (Borgeset al. 2008) and in the western Canary Islands. In mainland Italy it is foundin two regions (Calabria and Campania) and it is present in Sicily (Pampanini 1911, Piconeet al. 2003, Pisani 2007). In Spain, it only occurs in the north near the coast of Cantabria, Asturias and Galicia (Anthos 2009). In Greece, the species is present in Crete. This species has a wide but fragmented geographical range, occupying only a few sites. Its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is smaller than 2,000 km².","Woodwardia radicans has always been very rare, and apart from the subpopulations in northern Spain and the Azores, it is known to be declining. It was known from Corsica at two sites: Cap Corse near Siscu and Santo-Pietro-di-Tenda (Olivier et al. 1995, Jeanmonod and Gamisand 2007), but nowadays it is only found in Cap-Corse, where 39 individuals are present. It is considered to be slowly declining there.



In mainland Portugal, it is known from less than ten sites with a calculated number of 2,500 individuals (ICN 2006), but it is common in the Azores (where there are more than 10,000 individuals). In Spain, there are numerous subpopulations in the northwest and the trend there is stable. In Crete, five subpopulations are present, each with ca 10 individuals, and these are under threat. In Italy, there were 62 subpopulations, but 24 of them disappeared during the last 50 years, so it is now present in 38 localities plus a new subpopulation that was found in 2008. The area of occupancy in Italy is ca 132 km², and a reduction of 42% in its AOO and 30% in its extent of occurrence (EOO) has been recorded in Italy in the last 50 years, and the current number of individuals is estimated to be about 6,000. In the next ten years, a reduction of 10% for the number of individuals in Italy is estimated (Rossiet al. 2008).



The generation length of the species is estimated to be 50-100 years, and therefore the three-generation period would be 150-300 years. A decline of over 30% is estimated over this three-generation period.","Woodwardia radicans is a long-lived perennial fern that prefers damp ravines (châbas) in forests on siliceous hills or in cave entrances. It is also found in laurisilva and riparian forests. It prefers shady, wet places with mild winters and humid summers (Rossiet al. 2008). It reproduces vegetatively by the plantlets on the tip of its leaves. Its elevation limits are 0-1,700 m.","One of the main threats to Woodwardia radicans is the clearing of forests. Agricultural activities and water extraction for irrigation also threaten the species in Crete and Italy. In Corsica, the frequent use of hiking tracks, sedimentation in the rivers in wet  years, dumping of garbage and lack of water management also pose threats to the species. The invasion of subpopulations by Rubus species and Robinia pseudacacia (naturalising from plantations) cause competition and may threaten the persistence of these subpopulations. The construction of water reservoirs and general habitat disturbances also impact the species. This species is susceptible to climate change, which could cause fluctuations in the number of mature individuals in the future.","This species is included in Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive and in Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is protected by national law in Portugal and France, and protected under regional legislations in Spain (Romero Buján et al. 2007). It is listed on the following national Red Lists:

France: Vulnerable (Olivier et al. 1995), Critically Endangered (IUCN National Red List 2012) and protected at national (Annex 1) and local levels (Arreté de Protection de Biotope)

Greece: Endangered (Phitos et al. 1995)

Italy: Vulnerable (Conti et al. 1997, Scoppola and Spampinato 2005) 

The species is present in Natura 2000 sites. More research on the population trend and preferred habitats (including gametophyte habitats) are needed. Molecular analysis of the genetic diversity of the subpopulations is needed in order to establish the dispersal capacity and potential rescue effects and to evaluate the differentiation of the subpopulations in Italy and Crete.","This species is collected for horticulture. However, plants offered for sale generally come from horticultural stock.","Schaefer, H.,García, M.","Dyer, R.,Christenhusz, M.,Väre, H.,Ivanenko, Y.,Rumsey, F.,Rouhan, G.,Bento Elias, R.","Bazos, I.,Spampinato, G.,García Murillo, P.G.,Grillas, P.,Foggi, B.,Abeli, T.,de Bélair, G.",,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,MURIDAE,Acomys,minous,,Acomys minous,,"A poorly defined species. Likely to be part of Acomys cahirinus but currently recognized as valid (see Barome et al. 2001, and Musser and Carleton 2005 for discussion).",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU25,Unknown,"Data Deficient because of taxonomic issues. This taxon is likely to be conspecific with the widespread and common species Acomys cahirinus but more research is needed to confirm this. Even if this is a valid species, it is Least Concern on Crete because it is widespread there and not under threat at present.",,"Acomys minous is endemic to the island of Crete, Greece, where it occurs from sea level to 1,000 m (P. Lymperakis unpublished data). More taxonomic research is required to clarify whether A. minous is a valid species, or whether it should be considered as part of A. cahirinus. There is no fossil or subfossil record of Acomys species on Crete (Dieterlen 1978), suggesting that this taxon is the result of a relatively recent human introduction.","Little is known about the status and population trends of this species. It may be common in suitable habitats, and there are no reports of population declines (Zima 1999).","It is found in arid areas, including scrubby hillsides and rocky slopes. It may be found in close proximity to human habitation, and sometimes enters houses, especially during the winter. Its diet is predominantly herbivorous, supplemented by some animal items (Zima 1999).",It is not believed to face any major threats at present (B. Kryštufek pers. comm. 2006).,It occurs in a number of protected areas. Research is required to clarify its taxonomic status and determine population trends.,,,"Amori, G., Hutterer, R., Kryštufek, B., Yigit, N., Mitsain, G. & Palomo, L.J.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,CERVIDAE,Alces,alces,,Alces alces,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as the species is still very widespread and extremely abundant despite fairly intense hunting pressures in parts of its range. It is expanding its range in places and is tolerant of secondary habitat.,,"Alces alces has a large range extending from Norway through northern and central Europe, northern Russia, Alaska, and Canada to Newfoundland (Canada) and Maine (USA) (Corbet 1978, Bauer and Nygrén 1999, Wilson and Ruff 1999). In Europe, it has a continuous distribution extending through Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, the Baltic states, Belarus, Poland and northern Ukraine. There was a small population in northern Austria which is now extinct (although there may still be occasional migrants). There are three isolated subpopulations in southern Czech Republic, and the species is occasionally recorded in Germany, Croatia, Hungary and Romania. It has been extending its range southwards along the rivers into the northern Caucasus lowlands. It ranges from sea level up to at least 1,500 m in Europe (H. Henttonen pers. comm. 2006), and up to 2,500m in the Altai mountains of Central Asia (Nygrén 1986).","It is a widespread and abundant species. Numbers have increased markedy in Scandinavia in recent decades, and the range is expanding in the Caucasus (EMA Workshop 2006). The global population is in the region of 1.5 million individuals, and the European population is in the order of 0.5 million. European populations show fluctuations over a multi-year cycle (Bauer and Nygrén 1999). Population estimates for European countries include the following: Czech Republic - maximum of 50 animals, Estonia - 10,000 individuals, Finland - at least 110,000 individuals (60-80,000 shot annually), Poland - 2,800 individuals, Sweden - 340,000 individuals (EMA workshop 2006, Ruusila and Kojola in press).","Alces alces is found in a range of woodland habitats, both coniferous and broadleaved, from the tundra and taiga southwards through boreal to temperate zones. It tends to prefer damp, marshy habitats and areas in close proximity to water. It is also found in open country in the lowlands and mountains, including farmland, if there is forest nearby. It thrives in secondary growth, and its population expansion in Scandinavia has been linked to the replacement of natural taiga forest by secondary woodland after logging (Bauer and Nygrén 1999). It feeds on vegetative parts of trees, shrubs, dwarf shrubs, herbs, and aquatic plants, and is a pest of agriculture and forestry in at least parts of its range (Ruusila and Kojola in press). The species has seasonal movements in parts of its range, particularly in northern Europe.","There are no major threats to this species at present. A wasting disease has been reported, and its causes remain poorly understood (Frank 2004), but it is not considered to be a serious problem for the species. Overexploitation caused significant population declines and range contractions in the 18th and 19th centuries, but since then populations have recovered (Ruusila and Kojola in press, Bauer and Nygrén 1999). In most European range states, populations are controlled to prevent damage to forestry and arable crops (Bauer and Nygrén 1999).","It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention. It occurs in a large number of protected areas across its range (Wemmer 1998, EMA Workshop 2006). The species is subject to intense management in some countries through hunting quotas (e.g. in Finland: Ruusila and Kojola in press). It is protected under national legislation in a number of countries (e.g. Germany).",,,"Heikki Henttonen, Andreas Kranz, Michael Stubbe, Tiit Maran, Alexei Tikhonov",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,DIPODIDAE,Allactaga,elater,,Allactaga elater,,Includes a number of subspecies distributed in a quite fragmented range. The last taxonomic revision was made by Shenbrot (1991).,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU25,-,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)A common species across most of the range, however in its European range (North Caspian region) the population is declining owing to transformation of semideserts into steppes. At present, it is not believed that the rate of decline approaches the threshold for Criterion A (30% over 10 years or 3 generations), and the European population and range remain large enough that Criteria B-D do not apply. However, the situation should be monitored and regional reassesment might be required in the near future.",,"Distributed in loamy and rubbly deserts, solonetzic and desertified steppes in SE Europe, N Caucasus and Transcaucasia through Kazakhstan and Central Asia to S Siberia, to NE Xinjiang, Nei Mongol, and N Gansu, China, and western Mongolia. Southern part of the range includes SW Pakistan, Afghanistan; Iran; E Turkey (Shenbrot et al. 1995, Wilson and Reeder 2005).","A common and abundant species across most of the range. The isolated population in northern Caspian Sea region is currently declining due to rapid transformation of the species' habitats. Population fluctuations are characteristic of this species, so in favourable years the population may increase even though the overall trend is of decline in the northern Caspian Sea region. Population density may fluctuate ninefold between different years (Shenbrot et al. 1995).","Inhabits various biotopes in deserts and semideserts, depending on soil and vegetation type. The species prefers sandy, rubbly and loamy soils, and is found on solonetzic deserts, but never inhabits real deserts. It prefers areas with a mixture of vegetation including shrubs. Avoids open spaces and dense vegetation (Shenbrot et al. 1995). Feeds on different herbs, seeds and insects. Solitary, active during dusk and at night. Lives in burrows with a length up to 2 m and depth up to 70 cm. Across most of its range hibernates for about four months (from mid-November to mid-March), but in Transcaucasia does not hibernate. Reproductive period starts after hibernation (in Transcaucasia in February). There are two reproductive peaks in April and in August-September. Produces 2-3 litters per year with 2-4 young per litter.",In the European part of the range it is not abundant and the population is declining due to rapid transformation of semideserts into steppes. Also land development reduces natural habitats and causes population decline.,"Up to now no special conservation measures have been taken, although the species occurs in several protected areas. The north Caspian population might need protection in the near future as natural habitats are declining.",,,Katerina Tsytsulina and European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,DIPODIDAE,Allactaga,major,,Allactaga major,,According to different views includes from 3 to 6 subspecies (Shenbrot 1991).,No,NT,,No,NE,,EU25,-,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)The species is rapidly declining in northern parts of its European range, and has even recently gone extinct in some areas (e.g. Moscow district). Considered Vulnerable according to the Red Data Book of Ukraine. Overall it is suspected that population declines in the European part of the range approach (and perhaps even exceed) 30% over the last 10 years. Consequently the species is assessed as Near Threatened at the European regional level. Monitoring is required. It is not known if there would be a significant rescue effect from populations outside the region, so the regional assessment is not adjusted.",,"Distributed from forest-steppes to northern parts of deserts from Ukraine and European Russia through Kazakhstan and N Uzbekistan to W Siberia and W Xinjiang, China (Shenbrot et al. 1995, Wilson and Reeder 2005).","Widespread across most of its range, but distributed irregularly because of fragmentation of suitable habitats and human-caused landscape change. In Ukraine west of the Dnepr the species was common until the mid 1920s (Bilsky 1929), but there are no recent records of the species there (Shenbrot et al. 1995).","One of the most ecologically plastic jerboa species. Inhabits various habitats; in the northern part of the range the main limiting factor is grass density, and the species is restricted to areas with sparse vegetation. In steppe zone often inhabits roadsides, field edges, pastures and flat slopes of ravines. In deserts and semideserts occurs in all habitats except moving sands. Prefers areas with loamy soils, with absinth and succulent vegetation. Feeds on underground and green parts of plants, also on seeds and occasionally on insect and molluscs. Has three types of burrows: permanent summer and winter, and temporary. Enters hibernation in autumn with the first frost. Exits hibernation in March-April. Reproductive period is prolonged. Pregnant females may be found from March to July. During the reproductive period females may have two litters. Litter size ranges from 1 to 8 young, usually 3-6.","Declining very rapidly in the northern part of its range. Has disappeared from Moscow, Kursk regions. The main threat is land use change. The species needs large continuous habitats and fragmentation has strong impact on populations. In the Moscow region, habitat destruction due to building of dachas has caused the species to disappear.","The species is listed in the Moscow regional Red Data Book as Extinct in the Wild, but it is not listed in the Russian national Red Data Book due to abundance elsewhere in the range. In the Red Data Book of Ukraine it is listed as category II (abundant species with rapidly declining population).",,,"Katerina Tsytsulina, Nikolai Formozov, Boris Sheftel, Igor Zagorodnyuk",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Allocricetulus,eversmanni,,Allocricetulus eversmanni,,,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU25,-,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)An abundant species with no major threats. Classed as Least Concern.,,Distributed from eastern bank of the Volga river through the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan to Xinjiang (China).,Common and relatively abundant throughout the range. In the Ural region the species is expanding its range to the north by occupying agricultural lands.,"Inhabits dry steppe and semi-deserts, but is occasionally found in agricultural fields and the surroundings of settlements. According to Vinogradov and Gromov (1952) it is found near human settlements in Siberia further north than its original distribution. In the northern part of the range it is also found in forest-steppe (Gromov and Erbaeva 1995). In the Pleistocene it also occurred west of the Volga (Don basin, Crimea: Nechay 2000). Does not hibernate, however daily activity is lower in winter. Feeds on vegetative parts and seeds of different wild and cultivated plants. Also eats insects and molluscs on a regular basis, there are record of feeding on lizards, voles, small birds' nestlings and young ground squirrels (Gromov and Erbaeva 1995). Gives birth to 2-3 litters per year in northern parts of the range and 3-4 in southern. Litter size is 4-6 young.","There are no major threats to the species. Eversmann's hamster is a pest of cereal crops, melons and gourds.",There are no specific conservation measures applied to this species.,,,"Katerina Tsytsulina, Nikolai Formozov, Boris Sheftel",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CARNIVORA,CANIDAE,Alopex,lagopus,,Alopex lagopus,,"""The Arctic fox is sometimes placed in a subgenus of Vulpes and sometimes in Canis. However, the species is still most often placed in Alopex. The most closely related species are swift fox (Vulpes velox) and kit fox (V. macrotis), neither of which occurs in the tundra."" (Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004).",No,LC,,No,CR,"D1, C2a(i)",EU25,Unfavourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)At the regional level, the species is Least Concern (there are large populations of >10,000 mature individuals, occupying a large area, and populations are generally stable). However, there may nevertheless be cause for concern in north-western mainland Russia, where population densities apparently are low and have failed to recover despite a decrease in hunting pressure. Little is known about the arctic fox in this region, and more information (and action) is urgently needed.Within the EU, the arctic fox is found only in Sweden and Finland, where its total population numbers at most 50-70 animals. In Sweden the population is very small but appears to have stabilized, whereas in Finland no breeding has been recorded since 2000 and the population can be assumed to be decreasing. Fennoscandian populations are all tiny and highly fragmented, so no rescue effect should be expected from outside the EU. Consequently the species qualifies as Critically Endangered (D1, C2a(i)).Arctic foxes in Fennoscandia are isolated from other populations, and thus can be described as a subpopulation (according to global Red List guidelines). Within that subpopulation there are a number of further isolated subpopulations, each numbering less than 50 individuals. The Fennoscandian subpopulation is assessed as Critically Endangered under Criterion C2a(i), as it numbers <250 mature individuals, and there are ongoing declines (although populations in Norway and Sweden are relatively stable, the Finnish population is declining).",,"Arctic foxes have a circumpolar distribution (Corbet 1978, Hall 1981, Ginsberg and Macdonald 1990, Pulliainen 1999, Wilson and Ruff 1999), occurring in three distinct ecological situations. Arctic foxes are found throughout the area of continental tundra that covers the northern coasts of Alaska, Canada and Siberia. They occur on most of the arctic islands including all islands of the Canadian high arctic, Greenland, Iceland, Svalbard, Jan Mayen, Bjørnøya, Novaya Zemlja, Wrangel Island, and the Komandor Islands (in addition, they have been introduced to some of the Aleutian Islands: Bailey 1992). Thirdly, they occur on the alpine tundra that occurs on the mountain ranges found along the spine of the Scandinavian peninsula (including the Kola region). Arctic foxes are also observed in the open drift ice. In a pan-European context arctic foxes occur in four geographic areas that represent all three ecological situations – continental tundra in western Siberia (Russia), arctic islands in Svalbard (Norway) and Iceland, and alpine tundra in Fennoscandia (Norway, Sweden, Finland and the Kola peninsula of Russia). Southern and altitudinal limitations on its global distribution is most probably set by intraguild competition with the larger red fox (Hersteinsson and Macdonald 1992). In Europe Arctic foxes occur from sea level to 1,500 m (N.E. Eide pers. comm. 2007).","The world population of arctic foxes is in the order of several hundred thousand animals (see Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004 for specific details). Most populations fluctuate widely in numbers between years in response to varying lemming numbers. The species is common in the tundra areas of Russia, Canada, coastal Alaska, Greenland and Iceland. Exceptions are Fennoscandia, Mednyi Island (Komandor Islands, Russia) and the Pribilof Islands, where populations are at critically low levels (Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004). The situation in Europe varies between areas. It is most realistic to consider the four geographic areas of occurrence separately:Western Siberia (from the White Sea to Novaya Zemlya). There are no reliable data about arctic fox numbers from this region, although Sillero-Zubiri et al. (2004) estimate that the total Russian population (including eastern Siberia) could potentially be in the order of 200,000-800,000 animals. In general in Western Russia, the species is sparse on the mainland but common on the Novaya Zemlya archipelago, where some thousands of animals can be estimated on the each island (A. Tikhonov pers. comm. 2006). Although the hunting pressure on this species is now very low all over Russia, mainland populations may not have recovered from historical overhunting (A. Tikhonov pers. comm. 2006).Svalbard. There has been no total census of arctic foxes on this archipelago, but the population is known to be numerous and stable. The arctic fox went extinct on the island Bjørnøya (part of the Svalbard archipelago) and on Jan Mayen (an isolated island further south between Svalbard and Iceland). The two populations were severely depleted following early 20th century extermination efforts (Fuglei et al. 1998). On Bjørnøya the arctic fox population has re-established by immigration over sea ice in recent years, and breeding is again documented, while no foxes have been observed on Jan Mayen since before 1998 (E. Fuglei pers. comm. 2007). Iceland. Numbers of arctic foxes on Iceland have fluctuated as a result of differing management practices. From a low point in the 1970s of around 1,300 individuals, the population reached 8,000 individuals in 2003 and is still increasing (Hersteinsson 2006).Fennoscandia. Arctic foxes were once very abundant throughout the alpine tundra habitats of Fennoscandia, but were greatly reduced due to over-harvesting in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They have basically never recovered, despite having been protected for over 75 years (Østbye et al. 1978, Hersteinsson et al. 1989, Linnell et al. 1999, Kaikusalo et al. 2000). The most recent estimate is 120 adults in Norway, Sweden and Finland, around 50 of which are found in Sweden (Angerbjörn et al. 1995, Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004, Angerbjörn et al. 2005), 50 in Norway (Frafjord and Rofstad 1998, Linnell et al. 1999), and 5-15 in Finland (Kaikusalo et al. 2000, Angerbjörn et al. 2005). The population on the Kola peninsula has not been accurately censused. Estimates range from c.40 individuals (Angerbjörn et al. 2005), and less than 100 individuals (A. Tikhonov pers. comm. 2006), to 1,000-2,000 animals (Potansky 1993). The latter figure is considered likely to be an overestimate (Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004). Genetic research showed that the Arctic fox in Scandinavia presently is subdivided into four subpopulations, and that the Kola Peninsula and northwest Russia together form a large fifth subpopulation. Current dispersal between the subpopulations seems to be very low (Dalén et al. 2006). The population trend in Norway and Sweden is stable, but in Finland the population can be assumed to be decreasing as there has been no breeding documented since 2000 (H. Henttonen pers. comm. 2006).","The species is confined to arctic and alpine tundra, above or north of the treeline. The arctic fox is an opportunistic predator and scavenger, but in most inland areas the species is heavily dependent on fluctuating rodent populations. In Fennoscandia, the Norwegian lemming Lemmus lemmus was the main prey in summer (85% frequency of occurrence in faeces) followed by birds and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) (Frafjord 1995, Elmhagen et al. 2000). Changes in fox populations have been observed to follow those of their main prey in three- to five-year cycles (Angerbjörn et al. 1995, Angerbjörn et al. 1999). The typical response to lemming peak-years is an increase in both the number of litters and litter size (Tannerfeldt and Angerbjörn 1996). Foxes living near ice-free coasts have access to both inland prey and sea birds, seal carcasses, fish and invertebrates connected to the marine environment, leading to relatively stable food availability and a more generalist strategy especially in areas without cyclic rodent populations (Hersteinsson and Macdonald 1996, Dalerum and Angerbjörn 2000, Eide et al. 2005). In Iceland, lamb carcasses frequently are found among prey remains at dens resulting in the species being considered a pest. Although individual foxes may indeed prey on lambs, it is more likely that a large proportion of the lambs have been scavenged (Hersteinsson 1996). Arctic foxes are known to prey on wildfowl (Eide et al. 2005) and occasionally kill reindeer calves (Prestrud 1992a). Foxes reach sexual maturity at 10 months, and the average lifespan for animals that reach adulthood is approximately three years (Angerbjörn et al. 2004). In more stable coastal environments the average age is probably higher (Prestrud 1992a). Arctic fox life history traits reflect adaptations to differing constraints in resource availability. Arctic foxes in unstable environments (e.g., habitats dominated by cyclic prey) have higher litter size but do not reproduce every year, whereas arctic foxes in stable environments (e.g., coastal habitats with bird cliffs), have a smaller litter size but reproduce every year (Tannerfeldt and Angerbjörn 1996, Angerbjörn et al. 2004). Social organization (home range size and territoriality) and hence local density of arctic fox is also highly influenced by resource availability; home range sizes range from 10 km2 in stable coastal habitats up to 52 km2 in more fluctuating environments (Angerbjörn et al. 1997, Strand et al. 2000, Eide et al. 2004). Hence predictable coastal habitats support a denser population of foxes compared to more unpredictable habitats. Arctic foxes tend to be territorial, with a mated pair occupying a common territory (Hersteinsson and Macdonald 1986, Prestrud 1992b, Landa et al. 1998, Tannerfeldt and Angerbjörn 1996, Eide et al. 2004). Additional, but non-reproductive adults may also be present within the territory even though their function as “helpers” may be somewhat limited. In some rare cases it has been observed that two adult females will reproduce within the same territory (Strand et al. 2000, Angerbjörn et al. 2004, Bodil Elmhagen pers. comm.). As a result of these home range sizes and territorial social organisation typical densities can vary from 20 adults per 100 km2 to 2-4 per 100 km2. A noticeable feature of arctic fox ecology is dependence on and year round use of dens. These dens are normally excavated in sandy soil and can reach a considerable size (Østbye et al. 1978, Dalerum et al. 2002, Frafjord 2003). After several decades, or even centuries, of use they can acquire many tens of openings. In areas without sandy deposits foxes use crevices in cliffs or moraines as dens (Prestrud 1992b).","Globally the large populations on the continental tundra of Alaska, Canada and Siberia (except Kola) and the island of Greenland are all harvested by trapping or shooting. The main motivation is for fur, although they are killed around settlements in parts of Greenland to reduce the risk of rabies being spread to sled dogs and humans. There is nothing that indicates that these populations are currently threatened by overharvest. The small population on the Komandor islands is threatened by a form of mange (Otodectes cynotis: Goltsman et al. 1996).In Europe the threats vary between regions.The animals occupying western Siberia are exposed to trapping, but nothing indicates that this is representing an immediate threat. There is no other information available about threats to this population.On Svalbard arctic foxes are trapped, but the extent of this trapping is limited to areas close to settlements, and it is therefore not regarded as a threat (Fuglei et al. 1998). Possible threats include accumulation of long distance transported pollutants and climate change, which may influence sea ice conditions in the future. The arctic fox on Svalbard (Norway) has higher levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) than foxes in other parts of the arctic (Norheim 1978, Wang-Andersen et al. 1993, Fuglei et al. 2007). The levels are similar to those found in polar bears from Svalbard and Greenland (Verreault et al. 2005). Such high concentrations of contaminants may have possible toxic health effects. The island Bjørnøya holds a small, recently re-established population of arctic foxes, while no foxes have been reported on Jan Mayen since before 1998 (E. Fuglei pers comm. 2007). Arctic foxes on these islands are protected and the main threat appears to be lack of influx of new animals and the extremely small population size. These islands were part of the Svalbard metapopulation, as sea ice allowed connectivity. Climate change through reduction in the extent of the sea ice might in fact explain why the arctic fox has not re-established on Jan Mayen (E. Fuglei pers comm. 2007).On Iceland the status of arctic fox has changed. Historically they were heavily persecuted because of the belief that they were involved in depredation on livestock. Recent legislation has restricted harvest and the population is increasing (Hersteinsson 2006), although in many areas they are still hunted year round.In Fennoscandia arctic foxes are scattered along the peninsula in very small populations that are relatively isolated from each other. The alpine tundra habitat is naturally fragmented, but the degree of population fragmentation has increased due to the extinction of local populations. The populations have not increased despite over 75 years of protection. Overexploitation due to hunting and trapping was most probably the originate threat and the reason behind the dramatic decline of arctic foxes in Fennoscandia (Østbye et al. 1978, Hersteinsson et al. 1989, Angerbjörn et al. 1995, Linnell et al. 1999, Kaikusalo et al. 2000). The value of arctic fox fur together with high grants for killing foxes gave motivation for this strong persecution. In 1924 Norwegian trappers could get 25% more than an average year's salary for a peasant for only one skin (Østbye and Pedersen 1990). Establishment of the fox farm industry at the beginning of 1900 probably also forced the decline further. Live trapping of foxes also continued also after protection. Arctic fox den sites are easy to spot and several dens were dug out during the sixties to catch cubs to bring in to fur farms (Østbye et al. 1978).     The exact reason why the population in not responding to protection is not understood, but a range of factors are believed to be involved, including:Intraguild competition with red foxes. Red fox populations have increased and expanded in range throughout the 20th century, both in the boreal region and above the treeline to alpine tundra habitat (Selås and Vik 2006, Elmhagen et al. 2007). It is known that they have occupied former arctic fox dens in the most productive, low lying areas (Østbye et al. 1978, Linnell et al. 1999, Frafjord 2003, Tannerfeldt et al. 2002, Kaikusalo et al. 2000). Red foxes occupy the same niche and eat the same prey as arctic foxes (Elmhagen et al. 2002), they can kill arctic fox pups and adults (Frafjord et al. 1989, Tannerfeldt et al. 2002), and arctic foxes avoid breeding close to red foxes (Tannerfeldt et al. 2002). Therefore the potential for a negative effect is clearly present.Genetics. The remaining arctic fox populations are all very small and relatively isolated from each other. Today the population consists of four genetically distinct subpopulations with very little exchange of dispersing animals (Dalén et al. 2002, Dalén et al. 2006). Therefore the potential for inbreeding is high. So far there are no obvious signs of inbreeding depression but individual genetic variation was negatively associated with fitness (Dalén et al. unpublished). Although there is still a surprisingly high degree of variation, by comparison with historical samples it is clear that 25% of the variation has been lost (Nyström et al. 2006). Hybridization with arctic foxes that have escaped from fur farms has also been documented.  Genetic mapping revealed hybridization of genotypes originating from escaped farm foxes (Norén et al. 2005), mixing in haplotypes not found in the wild Fennoscandian arctic fox (Dalén et al. 2005). The amount of reported escapes of farm foxes has increased in recent years and even breeding has been observed (N.E. Eide pers. comm. 2006). However at present demographic stochasticity probably remains a greater threat than inbreeding.Small population size. The small size of populations directly increases their individual risks of extinction, especially when they occupy a fluctuating environment with strong year to year variation in the probability of reproducing (Linnell et al. 1999, Loison et al. 2001). Extinction risk is further increased by fragmentation, which reduces the chance of rescue effects occurring (Dalén et al. 2006).Climate change. Projected climate change would intensify fragmentation of the Fennoscandian mountain plateau even further, and may exclude the arctic fox from lower lying alpine tundra areas. For a review of the potential impacts of climate change on arctic foxes see Ims and Fuglei (2005).","Occurrence in protected areasGood information is available for Norway, Sweden and Finland. For Iceland, Arctic foxes could potentially appear in most protected areas (Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004). Norway: The National Parks Blåfjell-Skjækerfjella, Børgefjell, Saltfjellet, Øvre Dividal, Reisa. On Svalbard Arctic foxes are found in most protected areas.Sweden: The National Parks Sarek, Padjelanta, and Stora Sjöfallet, in the county of Norrbotten; the Nature Reserves Vindelfjällen, Marsfjället, and Gitsfjället, in the county of Västerbotten; the Nature Reserves Hamrafjället, Henvålen-Aloppan, Vålådalen, Gråberget-Hotagsfjällen, Frostvikenfjällen, Sösjöfjällen and Skäckerfjällen, in the county of Jämtland.Finland: Malla, Käsivarren erämaa, Iiton palsasuot, Saanan luonnonsuojelualue, Muotkatunturin erämaa, Hanhijänkä Pierkivaaran jänka, Pieran Marin jänkä, Kevo, Kaldoaivin erämaa, Paistunturin erämaa, Pulmankijärvi.There appear to be no significant protected areas in the the Kola peninsula that contain arctic foxes.LegislationIt is strictly protected under the Bern Convention (Appendix II), and is listed on Annex II* and Annes IV of the EU Habitats & Species Directive. In most of its range, the arctic fox is not protected under national legislation. However, the species and its dens have had total legal protection in Sweden since 1928, in Norway since 1930, and in Finland since 1940. In Europe, the arctic fox is a priority species under the Actions by the Community relating to the Environment (ACE). Conservation measures takenAction plans based on status reports have been developed for arctic foxes in Sweden (Löfgren and Angerbjörn 1998) and Norway (Direktoratet for Naturforvaltning 2003), and a status report has also been published for Finland (Kaikusalo et al. 2000). In Sweden and Finland, a species-specific conservation project has been completed (SEFALO), and a second is under way (SEFALO+), the latter also involving work in Norway (Angerbjörn et al. 2005). Measures taken include den monitoring (and protection of den sites by excluding ptarmigan hunting in Sweden only), supplementary feeding, red fox control, disease research, as well as building public awareness and education work (Angerbjörn et al. 2005). In Norway a captive breeding programme on arctic foxes was started in 2000 and extended in 2007. The first successful captive reproduction and release of foxes happened in 2006 (A. Landa pers. comm. 2006). A research programme on red fox control was started in northern Norway in 2004. Programmes to build public awareness have also been started in Norway by non-governmental organizations (www.fjellrev.no). A number of research projects on the arctic fox are underway, of which further details can be found in Sillero-Zubiri et al. (2004).",,,"P. Hersteinsson, A. Landa, N.E. Eide, J.D.C. Linnell, H. Henttonnen, A. Tikhonov, A. Angerbjörn.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,MURIDAE,Apodemus,agrarius,,Apodemus agrarius,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)A common and widespread species with no major threats.,,"The striped field mouse has an extensive but disjunct range in the Palaearctic and Indomalayan regions, which is in two separate portions (Karaseva et al. 1992, Panteleyev 1998, Gliwicz and Kryštufek 1999). The first stretches from central and eastern Europe through Russia, Poland and the Caucasus, and northern parts of Kazakhstan and Kyrghyzstan to Lake Baikal (Russia). The second encompasses southern parts of the Russian Far East, China, the Korean peninsula, and Taiwan. It is predominantly a lowland species, although it has been recorded up to 1,750 m in southern Europe (e.g. Macedonia) (Gliwicz and Kryštufek 1999). In Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine and Hungary, there has been a huge expansion of the species' range (V. Vohralík and I. Zagorodnyuk pers. comm. 2006), and it reached Austria in the late 1990s (Spitzenberger 1997).","A widespread and abundant species. Population densities fluctuate, producing sporadic population outbreaks, although such an event has not been recorded in central Europe for at least 30 years (Gliwicz and Kryštufek 1999). During years of peak density it is considered an agricultural pest. Its range in western Europe is expanding (Gliwicz and Kryštufek  1999, V. Vohralík and I. Zagorodnyuk pers. comm. 2006).","It is found in a range of habitats including woodland edge, grasslands, marshes, reedbeds, cornfields, pastures, gardens in rural and suburban areas, and green spaces in urban areas (Gliwicz and Kryštufek 1999). Moist habitats are preferred.",No major threats are known.,It occurs within protected areas throughout its range. It tends to be considered an agricultural pest species.,,,"Boris Kryštufek, Holger Meinig, Igor Zagarodnyuk, Vladimir Vohralík",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,MURIDAE,Apodemus,alpicola,,Apodemus alpicola,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,Locally common within its range with no major threats.,,"The Alpine mouse is endemic to the Alps (France, Switzerland, Germany, Italy and Austria), where it occurs from 550-2,100 m (Storch 1999, Spitzenberger 2002). It probably occurs in suitable habitat throughout the Alps, although records are patchy.",It is common in suitable habitats (Storch 1999).,"It typically occurs in montane woodland, where it favours areas with rocks and patches of grass (Storch 1999).",No major threats are known.,It occurs within protected areas in its range.,,,"Bertolino, S., Meinig, H. & Spitzenberger, F.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,MURIDAE,Apodemus,epimelas,,Apodemus epimelas,,A. mystacinus has been split into two separate species: A. mystacinus and A. epimelas (Wilson and Reeder 2005).,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,A common and widespread species with no major threats.,,"Apodemus epimelas is endemic to the western and southern Balkans, where it is found in Croatia, west Bosnia and Herzegovina, south Serbia and Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia, west Bulgaria and Greece. It is also found on the Adriatic islands of Korčula and Mljet (Storch 1999, Wilson and Reeder 2005). It occurs at altitudes from sea level to at least 1,600 m (Storch 1999).","It is abundant in suitable habitats, and European populations are presumably stable (Storch 1999).",It inhabits rocky areas with a sparse cover of grass or shrubs (Storch 1999).,No major threats.,It occurs within protected areas within its range.,,,"Kryštufek, B., Vohralík, V. & Mitsain, G.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,MURIDAE,Apodemus,flavicollis,,Apodemus flavicollis,,"It is very probable that Apodemus ponticus and A. flavicollis are conspecific, and that their recognition as different species arose because the Cold War prevented comparison of populations on either side of the Iron Curtain (B. Kryštufek and V. Vohralik pers. comm. 2006). A. ponticus was reported by Russian authors from the Caucasus and Transcaucasia. Authors who studied Apodemus from north-easternmost Turkey (close to the Georgian border) did not find any difference between these populations and other Turkish populations of A. flavicollis (Frynta et al. 2001, Macholan et al. 2001, B. Kryštufek unpubl. data). Individuals captured on the Turkey-Georgia border formed fertile hybrids with A. flavicollis from Austria (Steiner 1978). Thus, the range of ponticus is arbitrarily defined by political borders: populations from the extreme NE Turkey (close to Georgian border) are classified as flavicollis, those across the border as ponticus. If the Asiatic phylogroup of A. flavicollis is indeed an independent species, than arianus predates all other names, including ponticus (B. Kryštufek pers. comm. 2006).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This is a common and widespread species with no major threats affecting the population at a global or regional level.,,"The yellow-necked mouse has a large range extending from Great Britain across much of continental Europe to the Urals (Russian Federation). It also found in parts of the Near and Middle East and the Caucasus (Montgomery 1999, Wilson and Reeder 2005). In Europe, it is generally widespread, although it is absent from southern Iberia, western France, northern and central Fennoscandia and Russia, and most islands (including Ireland). It is present on some east Mediterranean islands. Occurs from sea level up to 1,850 m (Spitzenberger 2002).",It is a common species throughout much of its range. Populations appear generally stable (natural fluctuations occur). Densities of more than 100 individuals per hectare have been recorded in eastern Europe (Montgomery 1999).,"It inhabits a variety of woodland habitats. It tends to be a forest edge species, but in the Alps it lives within forests (F. Spitzenberger in litt. 2006). Its spatial distribution in large forest areas is related to the productivity and spatial distribution of forest trees with heavy seeds, mainly oak and hazel (Juškaitis 2002).","Globally there are no major threats. In the UK, the species occupied a wider distribution in historic times and has undergone a range contraction associated with the conversion of ancient woodland to agricultural land (Battersby 2005).",It occurs in protected areas across its range. No specific conservation measures are recommended.,,,"Sandro Bertolino, Giovanni Amori, Heikki Henttonen, Igor Zagorodnyuk, Jan Zima, Boris Kryštufek, Rimvydas Juškaitis, Holger Meinig",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,MURIDAE,Apodemus,mystacinus,,Apodemus mystacinus,,A. mystacinus has been split into two separate species: A. mystacinus and A. epimelas (Wilson and Reeder 2005).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)A widespread and abundant species within its global range. Although it has a restricted Extent of Occurrence in Europe (<20,000 km2), it is common in suitable habitats, with no evidence of decline and no major threats. For these reasons, it is evaluated as Least Concern.",,"Apodemus mystacinus occurs on some Aegean and Ionian islands eastward through Turkey to Israel, Lebanon, north-west Jordan, Syria, and northern Iraq (Wilson and Reeder 2005). It occurs from sea level up to 2,700 m.",It is abundant in suitable habitats. The population trend is stable (Storch 1999).,It inhabits forest with rocky areas with a sparse cover of grass or shrubs. Rocky areas are important for this species (Storch 1999).,No major threats.,It occurs in protected areas within its range. No specific conservation actions are recommended.,,,"Boris Kryštufek, Vladimir Vohralík",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,MURIDAE,Apodemus,sylvaticus,,Apodemus sylvaticus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is widespread and abundant across its large range. There are no major threats and no suspicion of declines. Consequently it is assessed as Least Concern.,,"The wood mouse has a large range that extends throughout Europe (with the exception of Finland and northern parts of Scandinavia, the Baltic and Russia) and parts of North Africa (Panteleyev 1998, Montgomery 1999, Wilson and Reeder 2005). It is present on the majority of offshore islands including the British Isles and Iceland. It occurs from sea level to 2,000 m.","It is widespread and abundant throughout much of its range, and populations appear to be stable. Population density may fluctuate more than tenfold between years of maximum and minimum abundance, but there are no regular cycles (Montgomery 1999).","It is a very adaptable species, inhabiting a wide variety of semi-natural habitats including all types of woodland, moorland, steppe, arid Mediterranean shrubland, and sand dunes. It is also found in many man-made habitats including suburban and urban parks, gardens and wasteland, pastures and arable fields, and forestry plantations. It has an omnivorous diet including seeds and invertebrates. Although it can cause occasional damage, it is not generally considered an agricultural pest (Montgomery 1999).","There are no major threats to this species, although pollution by lead and agrochemicals may have localized negative impacts.",It occurs in protected areas within its range. No specific conservation actions are needed.,,,"Boris Kryštufek, Holger Meinig, Vladimir Vohralík, Rimvydas Juškaitis, Heikki Henttonen, Igor Zagorodnyuk, Linas Balciauskas",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,MURIDAE,Apodemus,uralensis,,Apodemus uralensis,,This taxon is often confused with A. sylvaticus. It may be more than one species.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)A common and widespread species with no major threats.,,"Apodemus uralensis occurs from central and eastern Europe through Russia, northern Anatolia and the Caucasus to central Asia (Panteleyev 1998, Storch 1999). In Europe, it occurs from the Carpathians and the Carpathian basin through southern Poland, Ukraine, and Belarus to the Baltic countries, extending south as far as Bulgaria. In Europe it occurs from sea level to at least 1,400 m in the Carpathians (Mošansky 1962).",Little is known about the status of this species. Its distribution is patchy in at least parts of its European range (Storch 1999).,"In Europe, it is found in a variety of habitats including arable fields, dry grassland, and humid woodland. In Lithuania, it is an ""ecotonic"" species, occurring where forests adjoin open habitat (meadows overgrown with shrubs, cornfields and fallow fields), and rarely found inside forests (Juškaitis 2003). In Anatolia and the Caucasus it tends to occur along streams and brooks in woods with a dense shrub layer (Storch 1999).",No major threats.,It occurs in protected areas within its range.,,,"Boris Kryštufek, Vladimir Vohralík, Linas Balciauskas",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,MURIDAE,Apodemus,witherbyi,,Apodemus witherbyi,,,No,,,No,,,EU25,-,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Assessed as Not Applicable as it was considered to be of marginal occurrence in the European Mammal Assessment region. The limits of its range are poorly known, especially in the south and east. It is typically widespread and abundant in appropriate habitat, and it may more appropriately be assessed as Least Concern when the EMA is next revised.",,"Occurs on Rhodes (Greece) and in S Ukraine. Also in N and S Caucasus, Anatolian Turkish steppe, south to N Israel and NW Jordan; through C and N Iran to Kopet-Dag Mountains of SW Turkmenistan and WC Pakistan. Probably also occurs in Iraq and Afghanistan (Wilson and Reeder 2005).",,"""Plains, mountain and plateau steppes, and highland semideserts"" (Wilson and Reeder 2005).",,,,,European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Arvicola,amphibius,,Arvicola amphibius,,"Linnaeus' amphibius and terrestris, both proposed in 1758 on the same page, are now considered conspecific by most researchers, but which name should be properly used is still debated. Some authors split this taxon into two separate species: the aquatic A. amphibius and the fossorial A. scherman (Wilson and Reeder 2005).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species has a wide distribution, and both the fossorial and aquatic forms are considered pests in parts of the range. The population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population size criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. less than 10,000 mature individuals in conjunction with appropriate decline rates and subpopulation qualifiers). Although there are ongoing declines in some range states (such as Britain, Italy, and the Netherlands), the overall population trend is believed to be stable at the regional and global level. For these reasons, it is evaluated as Least Concern.",,"Arvicola amphibius has a large range extending from Portugal and Great Britain in the west, through much of continental Europe and Russia, as far as the Lena Basin and Lake Baikal in Siberia (Russia). Its range extends north of the Arctic circle and south into Iran and the Near East (Shenbrot and Krasnov 2005). In Europe, it is widespread in central and northern parts of the continent, but it is absent from southern Iberia and southern and western France, and occurs only sporadically in the Balkans. The species occurs as two distinct ecological forms: aquatic and fossorial (burrow-dwelling). Aquatic forms are widely distributed, whereas fossorial forms are restricted to mountainous areas in southern and central Europe (Saucy 1999). In the French Alps it occurs to 2,400 m (Reichstein 1982).","Population declines in the aquatic form are evident in some European countries (e.g. Great Britain, the Netherlands and Italy) (Saucy 1999, Battersby 2005). However in many areas it is common and stable (in northern continental Europe it is considered a pest species). Even in optimal habitat, aquatic forms seldom occur at densities greater than 100 individuals per hectare (roughly equivalent to 15 individuals per 100 m of river bank), whereas fossorial forms may occur at such high densities that they become agricultural pests. Fossorial forms undergo pronounced cyclic population fluctuations every 5-8 years, with densities ranging between 0 and 1,000 individuals per hectare (Saucy 1999). In Fennoscandia and the Baltic area the aquatic form also shows population cycles in synchrony with other vole species.","Aquatic forms inhabit a variety of freshwater habitats in the lowlands and the mountains, including rivers, streams, lakes and marshes. In Fennoscandia, the aquatic form becomes fossorial during winter months. Steep riverbanks with lush grass and vegetation are preferred. Fossorial forms are restricted to the uplands, where they construct extensive underground burrows in grasslands (including pastures) or, less frequently, in woodlands. Both forms have a herbivorous diet, feeding predominantly on vegetation in the summer and on roots, bulbs and tubers in the winter (Reichstein 1982, Saucy 1999).","Declines in aquatic populations in parts of western Europe have been attributed to habitat loss, water pollution, predation by introduced American mink Neovison vison and competition by the introduced muskrat Ondatra zibethicus.",Occurs in protected areas but is frequently considered a pest species. The UK is the only part of Europe where the species is currently protected under national legislation.,,,"Heikki Henttonen, Boris Kryštufek, Holger Meinig",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Arvicola,sapidus,,Arvicola sapidus,,"There are two subspecies of the water vole: Arvicola sapidus sapidus (Miller, 1908) and Arvicola sapidus tenebricus (Miller, 1908). A. s. sapidus is present in Portugal and southern Spain, while A. s. tenebricus occurs in France and northern Spain.  A. s. tenebricus is dark to reddish brown, while the coat of A. s. sapidus is generally lighter and more yellowish (Noblet 2005).",Yes,VU,A2ace+4ace,Yes,VU,A2ace+4ace,EU25,Unfavourable,"The water vole has undergone a marked reduction in both the absolute number of individuals and its subpopulations located throughout its traditional range in France, Spain and Portugal, and that this decline is continuing as a result of ongoing habitat modification/disturbance and competition with introduced species. Furthermore, the water vole is facing all the risks associated with geographically scattered and isolated subpopulations. It is suspected that the rate of population decline exceeds 30% over a 10-year period.",,"The Southwestern Water Vole, Arvicola sapidus, occurs only in freshwater habitats in parts of France, Spain and Portugal, where it is found from sea level to a maximum of about 2,300 m in the Pyrenees (Le Louarn and Quéré, 2003).In France, the water vole remains relatively common in only three regions: Charente-Maritime, Brittany and southwest France (Pyrenees), though its distribution is still patchy in these areas. In the French départements of Drôme, Var, Alpes-Maritimes, Hautes-Alpes, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Loire, Rhône and Ain, the water vole has become rare, with a maximum of only 10 locations per département.  In the Ain there is only one location, two in the Rhône and no more than 6 or 7 in the Hautes-Alpes.In Spain, the water vole is now restricted to the northern and eastern parts of the country, and has disappeared from central Spain, where it was formerly common. Locations of the water vole in Portugal are not well-documented but, as in other parts of its range, the water vole seems to be restricted to fairly isolated subpopulations in only a few parts of the country.","The water vole is declining in most parts of its range. In France it is much less common than it was 10-15 years ago (S. Aulagnier, 2006), and in the Iberian Peninsula it is considered to be declining as a result of habitat loss and degradation (Palomo and Gisbert, 2002), although it is not currently classified as threatened in Portugal (Cabral, 2005). Several studies have shown that, in optimal habitat, water vole density can reach five individuals per 100 m of river bank, but that it is unlikely to exceed this figure (Saucy 1999, Palomo and Gisbert, 2002). Population fluctuations are not known (Saucy 1999).FranceA recurring problem with accurately determining the full extent of water vole population decline is that the species has been poorly documented in the past, with older information on water vole population being anecdotal and patchy. For example, an atlas of mammals of France (1984, Société Française de l’Etude et Protection des Mammifères - SFEPM) mentioned no threat to the water vole, and reported a nation-wide distribution of the species, with the exception of Corsica, the North, North-East and the Alps. There were no national surveys on the water vole and the vole was not even mentioned in the Action Programme for wild fauna and flora, a wide-ranging survey published in 1996 by the French Ministry for the Environment.  In contrast, over the last 10 years there has been increasing attention on the water vole, mainly owing to its apparent disappearance from many areas, a great cause for concern in a species with a normally high reproductive potential (3 to 4 litters per year, averaging 3.5 young per litter). These recent observations and studies all point to its rapid decline.SpainThe water vole has previously been little known and studied in Spain, yet it is probable that its numbers have suffered drastic declines in recent years, making it crucial to carry out further research and monitoring of the species (J. Román pers. comm., 2007).  Experts in Spain seem to agree that the water vole is facing similar threats in the Iberian Peninsula as those in France (M. Delibes pers. comm., 2007).  The water vole is not currently classified as a threatened species in any part of its range in the Iberian Peninsula, yet its subpopulations in this region exhibit a marked reduction, due to human-induced habitat degradation, destruction or modification, such as cementing over of riverbanks, canal-building, destruction of vegetation along waterways, draining of wetlands and water pollution (Álvarez, 1985; Garde, 1992).PortugalThe water vole faces a situation similar in Portugal to that confronting its subpopulations in France and Spain, though its status in this country is perhaps the least well-documented of the three.  Research conducted in several locations in Portugal where the water vole is present leads to the conclusion that it is scarce and under threat principally from habitat disturbance and predation, as well as isolation of subpopulations owing to the scattered nature of suitable habitat in Portugal.","The water vole is almost always found near to water, preferring small (under 8 ha) freshwater lakes, ponds and slow-moving rivers and streams with dense riparian vegetation (Saucy 1999, Fedriani 2002). It sometimes occurs in drainage ditches and wet fields. Abundant hydrophilic vegetation and shorelines suitable for water vole burrowing activity seem to be essential characteristics of water vole habitat.  Its diet consists mainly of aquatic plants, grasses, and herbs, although small animal prey are occasionally taken (insects, fish, tadpoles, freshwater shrimp). The burrows of the water vole typically have two entrances – one primary entrance above water level and one underwater entrance. The water vole is mainly active during the day, with two peaks in activity in late morning and early afternoon, as well some nocturnal activity.  It is active throughout the year, with no period of hibernation.Reproduction occurs between March and October, with 3 to 4 litters of 2 to 8 young per litter, with the average reported as 3.5 to 6 young.  The gestation period is 3 weeks.  Sexual maturity is reached at 5 weeks old and the life span of the water vole varies from 2 to 4 years. The water vole lives in small family groups and, under optimal conditions, its density may reach 5 individuals for every 100 meters of riverbank (Saucy 1999, Palomo and Gisbert, 2002). There have never been any records of damage to human activity or agriculture by the water vole.","Since the water vole is restricted to wetland areas, it faces all the usual threats associated with this habitat. The water vole only flourishes where the banks and vegetation have not been significantly altered by human activity. Consequently, habitat loss and degradation (as a result of drainage, dredging, canal-building, infrastructure development, intensive agriculture, and so on) are major threats. Competition with the introduced Coypu and Muskrat for food and dens is also a threat. In Spain, water vole decline is attributed primarily to anthropogenic habitat modification, but competition from the Norway rat may be an additional factor threatening the water vole (Palomo and Gisbert 2002). Efforts to control invasive species by poisoning have resulted in accidental water vole deaths.In descending order of importance, the principal threats are:Secondary poisoning with anticoagulant rodenticides (Bromadiolone and Chlorophacinone) intended for the Norway Rat, Coypu and Muskrat, Competition for habitat and food sources with the Muskrat and Coypu,Predation by the American Mink, Polecat and Norway Rat, as well as domestic dogs and cats,Trapping and shooting of “vermin”,Habitat modification, including draining of suitable wetlands, dredging, canal-building, disturbance by human activity and livestock, etc.,Drastic variations in water level caused by dams or seasonal droughts,Pollution and possibly disease and parasites.","The water vole occurs in some protected areas within its range, although this does not particularly improve the status of this species (European Mammal Assessment Workshop 2006). As yet, the water vole receives no legal protection under EU legislation (Cabral et al. 2005), nor under national legislation in any of the three countries where it occurs. Further research and monitoring is urgently needed to supervise the population trend, and the aquatic habitats where the water vole occurs require protection.Nature et Humanisme and the SFEPM recommend the following methods for protecting the water vole (J.F. Noblet pers. comm.):-Prevention of the use of rodenticides in the habitats occupied by the water vole.Alternative methods of combating the proliferation of the Muskrat, Coypu and American Mink, by more selective means (live cage traps, etc.).-Forbidding the raising, import, transport or release of these three animals.-Legislative protection of the water vole, under Annexes I or II of the EU Habitats Directive, the Bern Convention, as well as in national legislation,Legislative protection of the water vole’s habitat. -Information campaigns directed at the concerned parties (local elected officials, waterway engineers, waterway management bodies, etc.).-Regulation of management techniques of water ways and their shores, such as forbidding dredging and paving of water vole habitat and destruction of riverside vegetation.-Forbidding destructive agricultural practices and associated water pollution.-International cooperation between France, Spain and Portugal in protecting the water vole and coordinating research in cross-border areas where the water vole may occur.-An ongoing research programme, in order to thoroughly map and monitor the remnant populations and their trends and to analyse the reasons for their ongoing decline.-A captive breeding programme and eventual reintroduction of the water vole in suitable protected habitat.",,,"Rigaux, P., Vaslin, M., Noblet, J.F., Amori, G. & Palomo, L.J.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,ERINACEIDAE,Atelerix,algirus,,Atelerix algirus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)In Europe and the EU, the species is generally rare (although it is common on some small islands) and has a relatively small and fragmented range. There is no evidence at present of population decline, but the status of the species should be monitored, and if declines in population or range occur in the future, uplisting may be warranted.",,"Atelerix algirus is endemic to the Mediterannean region, being found across north Africa from Morocco to Libya, in Spain, and on a number of islands including the Canary Islands, Djerba, Malta, Majorca, Ibiza and Formentera. It was formerly introduced to France, but is now extinct. Its occurence in continental Europe and on many of the islands within its range may be the result of introductions by man (Lapini 1999). It typically occurs at altitudes of 0 to 400 m, although it can reach altitudes of 900 m in Morocco (Lapini 1999).","It is rare in mainland Europe, and on most of the islands within its range, although it is locally common on the Canary Islands, Malta and Formentera (Lapini 1999, Palomo and Gisbert 2002).","It is found in a range of habitats including semi-desert, dry Mediterranean scrub, grasslands, pastures, cultivated fields, and gardens, sometimes in close proximity to human habitation. It is most often found in arid areas (Lapini 1999, Palomo and Gisbert 2002). It forages at night for arthropods, small vertebrates, carrion, and fungi.",Threats include roadkill. Populations may be limited by the availability of suitable habitat (Palomo and Gisbert 2002). The species is sometimes taken from the wild to keep as a pet (Palomo and Gisbert 2002).,"It is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and Annex IV of the EU Habitats and Species Directive. Surveys and monitoring are required to determine population trends in this rare species. If there is any evidence of declines, action should be taken to protect the species. Research would be required to determine appropriate conservation measures.",,,Giovanni Amori,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,BALAENIDAE,Balaena,mysticetus,,Balaena mysticetus,,"The taxonomy is not in doubt. There are five traditionally recognised geographical populations. The species was once commonly known in the North Atlantic and adjacent Arctic as the Greenland right whale. However, the common name bowhead whale is now used almost exclusively for the species.",No,,,No,,,EU25,-,This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it is of marginal occurrence in the European Mammal Assessment region.,,"Bowhead whales are found only in Arctic and subarctic regions. They spend much of their lives in and near the pack ice, migrating to the high arctic in summer, and retreating southward in winter with the advancing ice edge (Moore and Reeves 1993). The IWC recognises five stocks: Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort Sea; Hudson Bay-Fox Basin; Davis Strait-Baffin Bay; Spitsbergen; and the Okhotsk Sea (Rugh et al. 2003). The Spitsbergen stock extends from the east coast of Greenland across the Greenland Sea, the Barents Sea and the Kara Sea as far as Severnaya Zemlya, and going as far south as the ice front, exceptionally reaching Iceland and the coast of Finnmark (Norway).","Current population sizeThe range-wide abundance is not known with precision but numbers over 10,000 individuals, with 10,500 (8,200-13,500) (in 2001) in the Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort Seas (Zeh and Punt 2005), and a provisional estimate of 7,300 (3,100-16,900) for a part of the range of the Hudson Bay-Foxe Basin and Baffin Bay-Davis Strait stocks (Cosens et al. 2006). There are no reliable abundance estimates for the small Okhotsk Sea and Spitsbergen stocks.Population trendsThe Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort (BCB) population has been monitored for more than 30 years and has been increasing over this period at an estimated rate of 3.4% (1.7%-5%) per year in the presence of subsistence hunting (Zeh and Punt 2005). No quantitative estimates of trends in the other bowhead populations are available, but Inuit hunters and elders report that they are observing more bowheads in the eastern Canadian Arctic than they did in the 1960s-1970s, and that the geographic distribution of the whales has expanded in recent years. No estimates of population trend are available for the Svalbard-Barents Sea and Okhotsk Sea stocks.Pre-whaling population sizesAll bowhead populations were severely depleted by commercial whaling, which was established in the north-eastern Atlantic by 1611 (Ross 1993). Basque whalers took bowheads in the north-west Atlantic (Labrador) in the 16th century, but ambiguities over the species identity of whales taken in early commercial whaling make pre-1600 catch records difficult to interpret. Minimum pre-whaling stock sizes are estimated to have been 24,000 for the Svalbard-Barents Sea stock, 12,000 for the Hudson Bay-Foxe Basin and Baffin Bay-Davis Strait stocks, and 3,000 for the Okhotsk Sea stock (Woodby and Botkin 1993). The Spitsbergen and Okhotsk Sea stocks are at a small fraction of their pre-whaling levels.Demographic parametersA high longevity (>100 years) is suggested by biochemical methods and the finding of old-fashioned stone harpoon heads in harvested animals (George et al. 1999). If this high longevity is confirmed, it would be among the longest known for a mammal.","The seasonal distribution is strongly influenced by pack ice (Moore and Reeves 1993). During the winter they occur in areas near the ice edge, in polynyas, and in areas of unconsolidated pack ice. During the spring these whales use leads and cracks in the ice to penetrate areas that were inaccessible during the winter due to heavy ice coverage. During the summer and autumn they concentrate in areas where zooplankton production is high or where large-scale biophysical processes create local concentrations of calanoid copepods (Finley 1990, Finley et al. 1998). Small to medium-sized crustaceans, especially krill and copepods, form the bulk of the bowhead's diet (Lowry et al. 2004). They also feed on mysids and gammarid amphipods, and the diet includes at least 60 species. Bowheads skim feed at the surface and feed in the water column. It has recently been suggested that they also feed near the bottom, but probably do not directly ingest sediments as gray whales routinely do. During surface skim feeding, coordinated group patterns have been observed, including whales feeding in echelon (V-shaped) formation.","Heavy commercial hunting, beginning in the 1500s, depleted all populations of bowheads. The Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort Sea stock has recovered substantially since the end of commercial hunting in the early 20th century to around 10,000 animals, while recent provisional estimates of the Hudson Bay-Foxe Basin and Baffin Bay-Davis Strait stocks suggest that a significant recovery has probably occurred. There is no reliable evidence of recovery of the Svalbard-Barents Sea and Okhotsk Sea stocks.  Limited aboriginal subsistence whaling on the BCB stock (by native peoples of Alaska and Chukotka) is permitted by the IWC on the basis of advice from its Scientific Committee (most recently under its new aboriginal subsistence whaling management procedure). These takes have not impeded the recovery of the stock. Very small takes by indigenous hunters are allowed in Canadian waters, so far too few to seriously impede recovery of the stocks, but there will be pressure to increase these takes given the recent, higher population estimates for the eastern Canadian Arctic. There has been concern since the 1970s that disturbance from oil and gas exploration and extraction activities in the Arctic region might affect bowhead whales. There is also evidence of incidental mortality and serious injury caused by entanglement in fishing gear and ship strikes (Philo et al. 1992, 1993; Finley 2000). Environmental threats, such as pollution (Bratton et al. 1993), and disturbance from tourist traffic (Finley 2000) may affect bowhead whales but the impacts have not yet been well characterized or quantified. During this century, a profound reduction in the extent of sea ice in the Arctic is expected, and possibly a complete disappearance in summer, as mean Arctic temperatures rise faster than the global average (Anonymous 2005).   The implications of this for bowhead whales are unclear but warrant monitoring.",The International Whaling Commission has protected bowhead whales from commercial whaling since its inception in 1946. All range states except Canada are members of the IWC. Limited aboriginal subsistence whaling is allowed by the IWC on bowhead whales from the BCB stock on the basis of scientific advice. Indigenous hunting in Canada is co-managed by the national government and regional bodies created under land-claim agreements.,,,Species account by IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist Group; regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,BALAENOPTERIDAE,Balaenoptera,acutorostrata,,Balaenoptera acutorostrata,,"Until the 1990s, only one species of minke whale was recognised, the Antarctic minke whale B. bonaerensis being regarded as conspecific with B. acutorostrata. Most of the scientific literature prior to the late 1990s uses the name B. acutorostrata for all minke whales including Antarctic minke whales.  Since 2000, the International Whaling Commission (IWC) Scientific Committee (SC) recognizes Antarctic minke whales as the separate species B. bonaerensis, and provisionally groups all Northern Hemisphere minke whales and all Southern Hemisphere “dwarf” minke whales under the single species B. acutorostrata (IWC 2001).  This has been followed by management agencies, such as CITES.  

B. acutorostrata is known as the dwarf minke whale in the Southern Hemisphere. It was described there by Best (1985) and Arnold et al. (1987) in terms of its differences from the Antarctic minke whale, which was regarded as the “ordinary” minke whale.  Subsequent genetic analyses (Wada 1991, Pastene et al. 1994) revealed that the dwarf minke whale is closely related to the “ordinary” minke whale of the Northern Hemisphere, while the Antarctic minke whale is a separate species.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"The Northeast Atlantic stock is estimated to number c.80,000 individuals, well above the thresholds for a threatened category. There is no indication that the population has declined to an extent that would qualify for a threatened category. Consequently this species is assessed as Least Concern at the European regional level.",,"The common minke whale is a cosmopolitan species found in all oceans and in virtually all latitudes, from 65°S to 80°N. In parts of its range it is very abundant, in other parts much less so.  Its migration patterns are poorly known.  It occurs in the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and the Southern Hemisphere, but is not known in the northern Indian Ocean.North AtlanticIn summer, minke whales are common throughout the northern North Atlantic as far north as Baffin Bay, Greenland Sea, Svalbard, Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya, and as far south as 40°N (New Jersey) on the US east coast (Anon. 2005),  and as far south as the Hebrides (northwest British Isles) and the central North Sea in the east.  In mid-Atlantic the southern limit of summer abundance is at least as far south as 50°N (Sigurjónsson et al. 1991).  It is likely that at least a part of the minke whale population overwinters in the summer range, but there has been very little observation effort in winter to confirm this.Minke whales also occur south of this range in the southeastern North Atlantic, but with no obvious seasonality, and are not common, with the exception of the Canary Islands, where they appear to be frequent year-round (van Waerebeek et al. 1999).  There have been occasional sightings (Aguilar et al. 1983) and strandings (van Waerebeek et al. 1999) off Spain and Portugal, Western Sahara, Mauritania and Senegal. Minke whales are rare in the Azores and not recorded from Madeira. The minke whale is considered a “visitor species” in the Mediterranean (average <1 record per year) with one vagrant recorded in the Black Sea (Reeves and Notabartolo di Sciara 2006).  There are very few winter records, but a summary by Mitchell (1991) indicates that they do occur in winter near Bermuda, the Bahamas and the Antilles, and the US coast south of 40°N. Ten strandings have been recorded in the Gulf of Mexico (Jefferson and Schiro 1997) but hardly any live sightings. A Norwegian winter expedition sent to the tropical Atlantic in 1989/90 to “find the breeding grounds of the minke whale” encountered just two minke whales, at 20°N and 10°N off West Africa in December (Folklow and Blix 1991).","North AtlanticThe IWC recognizes four stocks of minke whales in the North Atlantic: Northeast Atlantic, Central North Atlantic, West Greenland, and Canadian East Coast. The latter includes the US east coast. Population estimates were last reviewed by the IWC SC in 2003 (IWC 2004), but a new estimate for West Greenland was accepted in 2006 (IWC 2007).  The best/most recent available estimates for the whole North Atlantic total about 182,000, and the Northeast Atlantic stock was estimated at c.80,000 individuals.Minke whales have been exploited in the North Atlantic, mainly since the 1940s, and recorded catches total about 140,000 (IWC 2006).  The largest catches have been by Norwegian “small-type” whalers who have taken about 120,000 since 1948, mainly in the Northeast Atlantic.  Annual catches peaked at over 4,000 in the late 1950s, declining to about 2,000 annually in the early 1980s. Catches were phased out from 1984 to 1987. Commercial minke whaling resumed in 1993 at a lower level and continues to the present.  About 4,000 minke whales were taken off Iceland during 1941-85, but recent abundance estimates imply that this would have had no discernible effect on the population.  About 8,000 common minke whales have been caught by small-type whaling off West Greenland, mainly since 1960. The present catch limits (up to 175 annually for the years 2003-7) were set by the IWC in the absence of advice from its Scientific Committee. Some concerns have been expressed by the IWC Scientific Committee over the sustainability of the catch levels given the uncertainty over the size of the population available to the hunters off West Greenland (IWC 2007) although sex ratio information suggests that the population may not have been significantly impacted by the catches (Witting 2006).Generation timeNo satisfactory method of age determination has been developed for this species to date. Therefore the value of Taylor et al. (2007) was used. Unlike Antarctic minke whales, common minke whales tend not to develop ear plugs with readable layering (Lockyer 1984).  A method based on layer counts in tympanic bullae (Christensen 1981) could not be reproduced by later workers.  Other aging methods are being researched, but none is yet at the stage where it can be reliably applied to this species (Olsen and Øien 2002).","The common minke whale occurs in both coastal and offshore waters and exploits a variety of prey species in different areas according to availability. In the Northern Hemisphere some populations migrate to higher latitudes in summer, but it is also found year-round in some areas.  With the exception of the Sea of Japan – Yellow Sea- East China Sea population, conception and birth occur in winter.  Most animals occur singly, and few in groups of more than two.  In the North Atlantic, studies in the Barents and Norwegian Seas show that minke whale diet varies greatly between areas and years, being dominated by krill in the northern areas, but by herring or capelin in other areas according to what is most abundant that year, with gadoids being taken when herring and capelin were scarce (Lindstrøm and Haug 2002).  In the North Sea the diet consisted almost exclusively of sandeel (data from one year only).  Minke whales taken off Iceland in 2003-04 contained mainly sandeel, with some capelin and gadoids (Víkingsson et al. 2006). Minke whales caught off Newfoundland during 1966-72 contained mainly capelin (Mallotus villotus) (Mitchell 1974).The overlap of the diet of this species with the targets of commercial fisheries poses difficult questions in ecosystem management. The question of whether minke whales should be culled to reduce their fish consumption is a particularly controversial issue.","Whaling on this species has been intensive in the Northeast Atlantic, and reduced the population over the period 1952-83. Catches were phased out by 1987, but whaling resumed, at a lower level, in 1993. Norway sets national catch limits based on the IWC’s Revised Management Procedure, a formula for setting safe catch limits (Hammond and Donovan in press). In presenting the RMP to the IWC for approval, the IWC SC offered three variants that it believed were acceptable and the IWC chose the most conservative option. Up until 2000, Norway used this option to set its national catch limits. It is now using the least conservative option presented by the SC. The national catch limit for 2006 was 1,052 whales, but only 521 were taken.Coastal catches averaging about 200 per year were taken off Iceland until 1985 when the IWC moratorium on commercial whaling came into effect. Small (a total of 100 expected for the period 2003-2006) experimental catches resumed in 2003.  Catches off West Greenland continue, under an IWC catch limit of 175 whales annually, valid through 2007.  As discussed above the IWC Scientific Committee has expressed concern at its inability to provide scientific advice on an appropriate catch limit (IWC 2007).Minke whales are subject to some level of incidental catch in fishing gear throughout much of their range, but in most areas the numbers involved are probably not significant.","Catch limits for all commercial whaling have been set at zero by the IWC since 1986. However, this moratorium does not apply to Iceland, Norway or the Russian Federation which have objected to this provision. IWC members are allowed to issue permits for whaling for scientific research. Limited aboriginal subsistence whaling is permitted by the IWC for common minke whales off Greenland. Takes of dwarf minke whales have been excluded from the Japanese scientific whaling programme in the Antarctic (JARPA) since summer 1992/93 (Nishiwaki et al. 2005). Minke whales, including B. acutorostrata, are listed on Appendix I of CITES, with the exception of the population from Greenland which is included in Appendix II. This implies prohibition of commercial international trade in its products, but that does not apply to Iceland, Norway or Japan, who hold reservations on the species. Common minke whales benefit from national protection measures implemented in several range countries.",,,Species account by IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist Group; regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,BALAENOPTERIDAE,Balaenoptera,borealis,,Balaenoptera borealis,,"The sei whale is a recognized species, but phylogenetically it falls within the Bryde's whale clade (Wada et al. 2003). Older catch and sightings records of sei whales, particularly prior to 1972, tended to include Bryde's whales in areas where the latter occur. Tomilin (1957) proposed two subspecies, B. b. borealis in the northern hemisphere and B. b. schlegeli (Flower 1884) in the southern hemisphere, but these are not widely recognized.",No,EN,D,No,EN,D,EU25,Unfavourable,"Sei whales are virtually absent in the eastern North Atlantic: Norwegian surveys of northeast Atlantic waters in 1987, 1989, and annually from 1995-2005 yielded only one sei whale sighting in the Eastern stock area. Small numbers of sei whales were caught during 1957-80 off northwestern Spain, mainly in late summer/autumn (Aguilar and Sanpera 1982). It seems reasonable to assume that the total number of mature individuals in the European Mammal Assessment region is less than 250. Consequently the regional assessment is Endangered.",,"The sei whale is a cosmopolitan species, with a mainly offshore distribution, occurring in the North Atlantic, North Pacific and Southern Hemisphere, but probably not in the Northern Indian Ocean (Rice 1998). It is an occasional visitor to the Mediterranean (Reeves and Notabartolo di Sciara 2006). Sei whales undertake migrations between tropical and subtropical latitudes in winter to temperate and subpolar latitudes in summer, mainly in water temperatures of 8°-18°C, and tend not to penetrate to such high latitudes as other rorquals. Their winter distribution seems to be widely dispersed and is not fully mapped (Horwood 1987, 2002).In the North Atlantic the summer distribution seems to be quite variable from year to year; however, sei whales typically occur north of an arc running from south of Nova Scotia in the west, to the northwest British Isles and on to Trondheim in Norway, as far as the Davis Strait and the northern end of the Denmark Strait in the north. Occasional incursions into other areas have been noted (e.g. the Gulf of Maine, Schilling et al. 1993). Peaks of catch rates in early and late summer suggested a northward and southward migration through the former Nova Scotia whaling ground (Mitchell 1975).  Sei whales have been scarce in Norwegian waters in recent years despite significant catches there in the past.  Sei whales were caught in limited numbers, mainly in late summer, off northwestern Spain (Aguilar and Sanpera 1982), and have been recorded in winter as far south as the Caribbean and Cap Blanc, Mauritania (Rice 1998).","North AtlanticThe IWC recognizes three stock divisions for sei whales in the North Atlantic: Nova Scotia; Iceland-Denmark Strait; and Eastern (including the waters of Spain, Portugal, British Isles, Faeroes and Norway), but the divisions were chosen on largely arbitrary grounds (Donovan 1991). About 14,000 sei whales are recorded caught by modern whaling in the North Atlantic. In addition, an unknown proportion of the approximately 30,000 unspecified large whales caught in the North Atlantic in the late 19th and early 20th century were sei whales.  Sei whales appear to have been depleted in the eastern North Atlantic, with over 7,500 recorded taken in Norwegian and British waters prior to WWII (not counting the unspecified whales), but fewer than 200 since then.  The species seems to be virtually absent there now: Norwegian surveys of northeast Atlantic waters in 1987, 1989, and annually from 1995-2005 have yielded only one sei whale sighting in the Eastern stock area.  Small numbers of sei whales were caught during 1957-80 off northwestern Spain, mainly in late summer/autumn (Aguilar and Sanpera 1982); the stock identity of these animals is unclear.By contrast, sei whales are still abundant in the central North Atlantic (Iceland-Denmark Strait IWC stock area), especially southwest of Iceland south to 50°N in summer.  The only survey with reasonably complete coverage, designed specifically for the purpose of estimating sei whale abundance, was in 1989, and yielded a population estimate of 10,300 whales (CV 0.27) (Cattanach et al. 1993).  Areas of sei whale abundance seems to shift markedly between years relative to the northern extent of the distribution, more so than for other baleen whale species (Gunnlaugsson et al. 2004).No recent abundance estimates are available for the western North Atlantic. The population size during 1966-69 was estimated at 2,078 (Mitchell and Chapman 1977) from sightings surveys, using strip transect methodology. About 1,200 sei whales were taken off Nova Scotia during 1962-72.Generation timeThe default value of 23.3 years for generation time given in Taylor et al. (2007) was considered appropriate, given an absence of any indications to the contrary from available biological information for the species.","Sei whales exhibit a greater variety in diet than, say, blue whales, but tend to feed on only one type of prey at a time. Of 21,713 stomachs examined in the North Pacific, 82.7% contained copepods only, and 12.6% contained euphausiids only; of 31,494 stomachs examined in the Southern Hemisphere, 54.3% contained euphausiids only, 30.5% contained copepods only, and 14.4% contained amphipods only (Nemoto and Kawamura 1977). Sei whale stomachs examined in the Northeast Atlantic contained copepods and euphausiids (Jonsgård and Darling 1977).  Sei whale stomachs analysed in the North Pacific off California contained euphausiids and anchovies (Rice 1977).  Sei whales are noted for their erratic appearance in specific feeding grounds, being plentiful in some years and absent (sometimes for years or even decades) in others (Horwood 1987).","Sei whale exploitation by modern whalers was particularly intensive in the Southern Hemisphere and the North Pacific from the late 1950s to the mid 1970s, following the depletion of the larger blue, fin and humpback whales. Sei whale stocks were seriously depleted during this period. Exploitation in the North Atlantic occurred over a longer period and was less intensive, except in the eastern North Atlantic, where the population appears not to have recovered from early modern whaling. Commercial exploitation ceased in the North Pacific in 1975, in the Southern Hemisphere in 1979 and in the North Atlantic in 1989. Catches by Japan under scientific permit resumed in the North Pacific in 2002: since 2004, the annual take has been 100 animals.Reports of other human-caused mortalities of sei whales are rare. Two fatal ship strikes (sei whales found dead on the bows of ships) have been reported on the US East Coast during 2000-2004 (Cole et al. 2006). It is hard to extrapolate from known cases to an estimated total, but sei whales appear to be at relatively low risk of human impacts, probably because of their largely offshore distribution.Rice (1961, 1974) reported a pathological condition in several North Pacific sei whales which resulted in deterioration or loss of baleen; however, the current frequency of this condition, and its impact (if any) on the population, are unknown.","Sei whales have been specifically protected from commercial whaling by the International Whaling Commission since 1975 in the North Pacific and 1979 in the Southern Hemisphere. They have also been protected by the general moratorium on commercial whaling since 1986, although this does not cover catches taken under scientific permit.  No other specific conservation measures for sei whales are reported, but the species benefits from general whale protection laws in several countries.",,,Species account by IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist Group; regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,BALAENOPTERIDAE,Balaenoptera,musculus,,Balaenoptera musculus,,,No,EN,D,No,EN,D,EU25,Unfavourable,"It is not possible to derive a quantitative population size or trend estimate for this species in the European Mammal Assessment region because there have been so few sightings in recent decades. However, based on the very small number of records it seems reasonable to assume that the population is smaller than 250 mature individuals. Consequently the regional assessment is Endangered. Before commercial whaling the species was much more abundant in the region.",,"The blue whale is a cosmopolitan species, found in all oceans except the Arctic, but absent from some regional seas such as the Mediterranean, Okhotsk and Bering seas. In the North Atlantic the summer distribution of blue whales extends in the west from the Scotian Shelf to the Davis Strait (NMFS 1998). Blue whales occur in the Denmark Strait, around Iceland and north to the ice edge, and in the northeast to Svalbard.  Historically, blue whales were commonly caught along the coasts of North and West Norway, the Faeroes and the NW British Isles. They also occur in low numbers off NW Spain (Bérubé and Aguilar 1998) and in the past near the Strait of Gibraltar, but not in the Mediterranean (Reeves and Notabartolo di Sciara 2006).  The winter distribution is poorly known but it appears that in the past blue whales were widely distributed in the southern half of the North Atlantic in winter (Reeves et al. 2004).","North AtlanticIn the North Atlantic, about 400 whales have been photo-identified in the Gulf of St Lawrence (Ramp et al. 2006) and Pike et al. (2004) estimate 1,000-2,000 in the central North Atlantic (Iceland, Denmark Strait, East Greenland, Jan Mayen, Faeroes and the British Isles). Sightings of blue whales are still very rare off Norway, Svalbard and the British Isles despite substantial past catches, especially in northern Norway (Christensen et al. 1992, Norwegian sighting surveys 1995-2006). Approximately 8,000 blue whales are specifically recorded caught in whaling statistics since the start of modern whaling in northern Norway in 1868, but an additional 30,000 unspecified large whales were recorded caught in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, of which perhaps as much as  25% could have been blue whales (IWC 2006). However, only about 1,600 blue whales were caught after 1917, hence the main decline occurred primarily before this time. The population is estimated to have been recovering at 5.2% p.a. (SE 1.1%) in the Iceland/Denmark Strait area during 1969-88, after catching had ceased (Sigurjónsson and Gunnlaugsson 1990). Taken together this all suggests that the North Atlantic population was very low when whaling ceased in the mid 1960s (apart from a very few pirate whaling catches up to 1978), and may now be at or above the 1911 level, but still well below the pre-whaling level.Generation time. The default value of 32 years for generation time given in Taylor et al. (2007) was considered appropriate, given an absence of any indications to the contrary from available biological information for the species.","Blue whales feed almost exclusively on euphausiids (krill), with a variety of species being taken by different blue whale populations, such as Euphausia superba in the Antarctic, Nyctiphanes australis off southern Australia (Gill 2002), Euphausia recurva off Western Australia (Bannister pers comm.) and Nyctiphanes simplex off the Galapagos (Palacios 1999). They feed both at the surface and also at depth, following the diurnal vertical migrations of their prey to at least 100m (Sears 1999). The migration patterns of blue whales are not well understood, but appear to be highly diverse.  Some populations appear to be resident year-round in habitats of year-round high productivity, while others undertake long migrations to high-latitude feeding grounds (see above), but the extent of migrations and the components of the populations that undertake them are poorly known.","The main threat in the past was direct exploitation, which only became possible in the modern era using deck-mounted harpoon cannons. Blue whale hunting started in the North Atlantic in 1868 and spread to other regions around 1900 after the northeastern Atlantic populations had been severely reduced. The Antarctic and North Atlantic populations were probably depleted to the low hundreds by the time whaling ceased, but are increasing. Blue whales have been protected worldwide since 1966, although they continued to be caught illegally by USSR fleets until 1972. The last recorded deliberate catches were off Spain in 1978 (IWC, 2006). Blue whales are subject to some ship strikes and entanglements (NMFS 1998) but reported cases are few. The remote distribution of some blue whale populations probably makes them less vulnerable to human impacts than some other cetacean species, but local populations that inhabit waters with significant levels of human activity may be subject to some threat, such as disturbance from vessel traffic, including ship noise (e.g. Gulf of St Lawrence population, NMFS 1998).  Globally, there appear to be no major threats to blue whales at present.","The International Whaling Commission had granted protection to blue whales by 1966. Catch limits for all commercial whaling have been set at zero by the IWC since 1986. However, this moratorium does not apply to Iceland, Norway or the Russian Federation which have objected to this provision. No blue whales have been recorded deliberately caught since 1978. They are protected by national regulations in many range states. Local measures may be required to protect the habitat of specific local populations in order to ensure their long-term viability in the face of increasing human impacts, e.g. see Hucke-Gaete et al. (2005).",,,Species account by IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist Group; regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,BALAENOPTERIDAE,Balaenoptera,physalus,,Balaenoptera physalus,,"The subspecific phylogeny of fin whales has not yet been fully elucidated, but some authors recognize a Northern Hemisphere subspecies B. p. physalus, and a Southern Hemisphere subspecies B. p. quoyi which has a larger body size. Clarke (2004) proposed a pygmy subspecies B. p. patachonica Burmeister 1865, but this is not widely accepted and no genetic analysis has been performed.",No,NT,,No,NT,,EU25,Unfavourable,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (approaching A1d). The population and range are large enough that Criteria B and D do not apply. Does not meet Criterion C (even at Near Threatened) because although the number of mature individuals is fairly low, there is no evidence of continuing decline. Generally in the North Atlantic populations are either stable or increasing, or there is no quantitative data. There are no estimates of historical or pre-exploitation abundance for the marine area covered by the European Mammal Assessment, but populations were undoubtedly depleted by commercial whaling. It is suspected that, by comparison with population levels 81 years (3 generations) ago, the population is currently 30-49% lower. This is a precautionary assessment that is not based on quantitative data, and it is strongly recommended that further surveys and modelling studies are carried out to better determine current and historic population size and trends.The Mediterranean population of the fin whale was assessed in 2006 as Data Deficient (Reeves and Notarbartolo di Sciara 2006).",,"Fin whales occur worldwide, mainly but not exclusively further offshore. They are rare in the tropics, except in certain cooler-water areas such as off Peru. North AtlanticIn the North Atlantic, the fin whale's range extends as far as Svalbard in the northeast (but rarely far into the Barents Sea), to the Davis Strait and Baffin Bay in the northwest (but rarely into the inner Canadian Arctic), to the Canary Islands in the southeast, and to the Antilles in the southwest (Rice 1998, Perry et al. 1999), but it is rare in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico (Ward et al. 2001). Their main summer range in the northwest Atlantic extends from Cape Hatteras (39°N) northward (Anon. 2005). In former times, fin whales were caught year-round near the Straits of Gibraltar. While there may be some north-south migration between summer and winter, it does not necessarily involve the entire population, and North Atlantic fin whales may occur to some extent throughout the year in all of their range, as suggested by acoustic data (Clark 1995).MediterraneanThere is a resident population in the central and western Mediterranean which is genetically distinct from that of the North Atlantic (Bérubé et al. 1998).  The species also occurs, but rarely, in the eastern Mediterranean (Reeves and Notarbartolo di Sciara 2006).","North AtlanticNorth Atlantic fin whales were comprehensively assessed by the IWC Scientific Committee in 1991 (IWC 1992), and an update for the northern part of the region was undertaken in 2006 in a joint workshop with NAMMCO (IWC 2007). North Atlantic fin whale stocks had previously been assessed by the IWC Scientific Committee in 1976 (IWC 1977). Based mainly on past whaling operations, the IWC recognizes seven management areas in the North Atlantic: Nova Scotia; Newfoundland-Labrador; West Greenland; East Greenland-Iceland; North Norway; West Norway-Faeroe Islands; British Isles-Spain-Portugal.  Based on genetic evidence, it is now considered more likely that there are from two to four breeding stocks, which utilize these seven management areas in different proportions (IWC 2007).The best available estimates of recent abundance accepted by the IWC Scientific Committee (IWC 2007) are: 25,800 (CV 0.125) in 2001 for the central North Atlantic (East Greenland-Iceland, Jan Mayen and the Faeroes);  4,100 (CV 0.21) in 1996-2001 for the northeastern North Atlantic (North and West Norway); and 17,355 (CV 0.27) in 1989 for the Spain-Portugal-British Isles area (Buckland et al. 1992). The only accepted estimate for West Greenland is 1,046 (CV 0.35) in 1988 (IWC 1992); a newer estimate from a 2005 survey could not be accepted due to methodological problems. There are no complete estimates for the western North Atlantic Northwest Atlantic, but partial estimates are 1,013 (95% CI 459-2,654) for Newfoundland in 2003-3 (IWC 2007), and 2,814 (CV 0.21) for the east coast of North America from the Gulf of St Lawrence southward (Anon. 2005).    No significant trends were found in the total abundance for any of the above areas, but when the area west and southwest of Iceland was singled out, a significant increasing trend was found (IWC 2007).Fin whales were heavily exploited in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, starting in 1876, particularly off Norway, Iceland, the Faeroes and British Isles.  Whaling then spread to Spain, Greenland and eastern Canada, and exploitation continued at a lower level until the 1980s. Catch statistics for the early years are probably incomplete, and a large number of whales were killed but lost, due to lines breaking, etc., perhaps up to one-half in the first 20-25 years and one-third in the next 15-20 years (Tønnessen 1967).  The IWC Scientific Committee added 50% to recorded catches up to 1915 to allow for this (IWC 2007): recorded catches up to 1915 total 15,315 fin whales plus 29,024 unspecified whales of which about half may have been fin whales, thus the total kill may have been about 45,000 up to 1915.  The total recorded catch post-1915 has been about 55,000 fin whales.  The approximate figures by area are:  Canada 12,000; Norway 10,000; Iceland 10,000; Faeroes 5,000; Greenland 1,000; British Isles 3,000; Spain and Portugal 11,000; and pelagic operations 3,000. The behaviour evident for the various North Atlantic fin whale populations following earlier reductions through whaling differs. It ranges from clear evidence of recovery to no firm indications of any increase. An estimated 14,000 fin whales were killed off North Norway during 1876-1904, and a further 1,500 during 1948-71, but fin whales are rare there now (although quite abundant off western Spitsbergen, where about 1,500 whales had been killed during 1904-11) (Øien 2003, 2004). An estimated 12,000 fin whales were killed off Iceland during 1890-1915, until whaling was suspended partly due to concerns about the reductions in the stocks, but the modern abundance data suggest that the there has been a recovery in the population that may still be continuing, particularly west of Iceland, despite catches during 1948-89 averaging about 220 per year (Branch and Butterworth 2006).  An estimated 10,000 fin whales were taken from the Faeroes, but about 25% of these were actually caught off eastern Iceland (IWC 2007).  Whaling from the Faeroes and West Norway petered out during the 1960s as whales became scarce (IWC 1977), but catches had apparently been mainly of migrating whales rather than local populations.  MediterraneanCatches of about 7,000 fin whales taken near the Straits of Gibraltar in the 1920s apparently depleted the local abundance, and fin whales are still rare there today, but this did not seem to affect the abundance of fin whales off northern Spain, where catches continued until 1985. The impact of catches on the fin whale stocks in the Northwest Atlantic is unclear (Mitchell 1972). The population was estimated in 1991 from surveys covering much of the western Mediterranean at 3,583 (CV 0.27) (Forcada et al. 1996).  It is likely, but not certain, that the historical catches near the Strait of Gibraltar were from the North Atlantic rather than from this population (Sanpera and Aguilar 1992).  Palsbøll et al. (2004) found that Mediterranean fin whales probably have a small but non-zero genetic exchange with fin whales elsewhere in the North Atlantic.Generation time The default value of 27 years for generation time given in Taylor et al. (2007) was considered appropriate, given an absence of any indications to the contrary from available biological information for the species.","Fin whales are often portrayed in the secondary literature as eating fish including juvenile herring (e.g. NAMMCO undated). However, the available quantitative evidence suggests that the fin whale's reputation as a fish-eater is largely overstated. In Icelandic catches, 96% contained krill only, 2.5% a mixture of krill and fish, and 1.6% fish only (Sigurjónsson and Víkingsson 1997), while only one of 267 fin whales caught in the northeast Pacific off British Columbia, Canada,  contained fish (Flinn et al. 2002), and over 99% of stomachs with food in the Antarctic contained krill (Kawamura 1994). On the other hand, Overholtz and Nicolas (1979) report apparent feeding of fin whales on American sand lance (sand eel) Ammodytes americanus in the northwest Atlantic, and Mitchell (1975) found that capelin comprised 80-90% of prey in fin whales caught off Newfoundland.  Capelin abundance is extremely variable over time, and fin whales may feed opportunistically on capelin in high-capelin years. In summary, although the fin whale is more flexible in its diet than the blue whale (B. musculus), its consumption of fish is not necessarily a significant problem.","Prior to the advent of modern whaling in the late 19th century, fin whales were largely immune from human predation because they were too hard to catch. Fin whales were depleted worldwide by commercial whaling in the 20th century. Fin whales have been protected in the Southern Hemisphere and North Pacific since 1975, and catches ceased in the North Atlantic by 1990, except for small aboriginal subsistence catches off West Greenland. Commercial catches resumed off Iceland in 2006, with nine fin whales being taken that year.  A Japanese fleet resumed experimental catches of fin whales in the Antarctic in 2005, taking 10 whales each during 2005/06 and 2006/07, with plans to take 50 per year from the 2007/08 season (IWC 2006).  It seems unlikely that catching of fin whales will return to the high levels of previous years, not least due to the limited market demand for whale products.Fin whales are one of the more commonly recorded species of large whale in vessel collisions (Laist et al. 2001). Five fatal collisions are recorded off the US east coast during 2000-04 (Cole et al. 2006).  Collisions with vessels appear to be a significant, but not necessarily unsustainable, source of mortality for the Mediterranean population (Weinrich et al. 2005, Reeves and Notabartolo di Sciara 2006).  Fin whales are occasionally caught in fishing gear as bycatch: four deaths and serious injuries from this source are reported from the eastern US coast during 2000-04 (Cole et al. 2006); recent Japanese Progress Reports to the IWC (www.iwcoffice.org/sci_com/scprogress.htm) report about one fin whale by-caught per year on average.","The IWC set catch limits to zero for fin whales in the North Pacific and Southern Hemisphere in 1976. Catch limits for all commercial whaling have been set at zero by the IWC since 1986. However, this moratorium does not apply to Iceland, Norway or the Russian Federation which have objected to this provision. Limited aboriginal subsistence whaling is permitted by the IWC for fin whales taken off West Greenland. Fin whales are listed on Appendix I of the Convention on Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), but this does not apply to Iceland, Norway and Japan, who hold reservations. Fin whales are also listed on Appendices I and II of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS).  Under the Agreement for Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black and Mediterranean Seas (ACCOBAMS), fin whales in the Mediterranean, along with other cetaceans, are protected from deliberate killing by signatories to the agreement.",,,Species account by IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist Group; regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,VESPERTILIONIDAE,Barbastella,barbastellus,,Barbastella barbastellus,,"The genus comprises two Palaearctic species with little overlap in range. Some populations described as belonging to B. leucomelas may in fact belong to B. barbastellus (J. Juste pers. comm. 2006). The population from the Canaries is at present regarded as endemic subspecies B. barbastellus guanchae (Trujillo et al. 2002, Juste et al. 2003).",No,VU,A3c+4c,No,VU,A3c+4c,EU25,Unfavourable,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)EU 25 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)Large range, rare, low density and numbers. Mainly sedentary. Population is fragmented and linked to particular kinds of old forest habitats, which are declining. Does not easily colonise new areas. Declines widely reported in most of its range with a few exceptions for recent years. Status is linked to forestry practices and the decline in the number of old trees (one colony uses up to 30 old trees with holes per season). Has specific habitat and diet requirements. Listed as Vulnerable, as it is suspected that population declines will exceed >30% over a 15 year period including both the past and the future.",,"Barbastella barbastellus is largely restricted to central and southern Europe, although its range extends into north Africa. It is widely but patchily distributed from England and probably Ireland, Iberia to the Caucasus and from the Mediterranean coast to southern Scandinavia, and it also found in Morocco and the Canary islands. It occurs to 1,800 m in the Alps (Spitzenberger 2002), 1,900 m in the Caucasus and 2,260 m in the Pyrenees (Urbańczyk 1999, K. Tsytsulina pers. comm. 2005).","A rare or infrequent species. Summer colonies, usually c. 30. Winter clusters usually small (often solitary), but can reach 500 and, rarely, up to 1,000 in France, Poland and over 7,000 in Slovakia (Schober 2004). Up to 10 in Caucasus (K. Tsytsulina pers. comm. 2005). Extinct in the Netherlands since 1984. Last recorded in Norway in 1949, and possibly extinct (J. van der Kooij in litt. 2006). Decreases widely reported. Considered threatened in many range states. Very small numbers in large part of the range with large temporary aggregations in areas without natural caves. Populations increasing in the last 5 years in Germany now that insecticide use has been reduced (D. Kock pers. comm. 2005). Relatively frequent in woodlands in western part of Caucasus and without reported decline; rare in Ukraine (S. Kruskop pers. comm. 2005).","Forages in mature woodland, woodland edge (and agricultural edge). Feeds on small moths. Summer roosts: usually older mature woodland with maternity sites in trees (occasionally older buildings). Depends on a large number of old trees to roost in a large part of its range, because individuals change their roosts very frequently and colonies need a large number of roost sites for this reason. Winter: Hibernation may start in trees, but later underground sites are preferred. Usually in smaller numbers (up to 50) in natural caves, but in regions where these are missing in large groups in mines and bunkers. Underground habitats may be of any type, but usually very cold sites. Recorded in old mines in winter in the Caucasus (K. Tsytsulina pers. comm. 2005). Movements up to 290 km in Austria (Kepka 1960).","Loss of old mature woodland and ancient trees with loose bark or wood crevices (reforested areas are not suitable for this species: K. Tsytsulina pers. comm. 2005); disturbance and loss of underground habitats, disturbance and loss of roost sites in older buildings. In Germany, habitat loss and fragmentation (caused by inter alia infrastructure development, forestry, and the renovation or demolition of old buildings used as roost sites), and disturbance (e.g. from cave tourism) are major threats (Schulenberg 2005); accidental mortality (roadkill) is also a problem (Rudolph et al. 2003).","It is protected by national legislation in most range states. There are also international legal obligations for its protection through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention. It is included in Annex II (as well as Annex IV) of the EU Habitats and Species Directive, and hence requires special measures for conservation including designation of Special Areas for Conservation. Some habitat protection through Natura 2000. Research is underway to establish conservation requirements for this species. Recommendations include adopting forestry practices that maintain old trees in sufficient numbers.",,,"Tony Hutson, Friederike Spitzenberger, Stéphane Aulagnier",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,BOVIDAE,Bison,bonasus,,Bison bonasus,,Two genetic lines are distinguished in recent populations: the Lowland line (B. b. bonasus) and the Lowland-Caucasian line (B. b. bonasus x B. b. caucasicus). There are no surviving pure-bred populations of B. b. caucasicus (Pucek et al. 2004).,No,VU,D1,No,VU,D1,EU25,Unfavourable,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)EU 25 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)The global population of free-living animals was c.1,800 in 2006. However, because some of these have not reached breeding age, and because polygyny reduces the effective population size, the total number of 'mature individuals' may be less than 1,000. Almost all of these animals live in the European region (as defined by the European Mammal Assessment), and approximately 550 of them live in EU 25 countries (Poland, Lithuania, Slovakia) (EBPB 2004). Although the population declined between the early 1990s and 2000, the current population trend is increasing. Consequently the species qualifies as Vulnerable under Criterion D1 at the European regional and EU 25 levels. Bison bonasus (Lowland line): Vulnerable D1In 2000, the total population was 931, not all of these are mature individuals. Although the population declined between the early 1990s and 2000, it is currently increasing.Bison bonasus (Lowland-Caucasian line): Endangered C1+2a(i)In 2000, the total population was 714, not all of these are mature individuals. The population decreased by >20% between 1990 and 2000, and has continued to decline since 2000. All subpopulations are smaller than 250 individuals.""The fate of the European bison provides an example of the way in which a species may be brought to the brink of extinction in a very short time, and then saved only through great efforts. The saving of the bison has been an undoubted success, but further action to protect what remains a creature of relict distribution will continue to be essential"" (Krasiński 2005).",,"European bison Bison bonasus is the largest herbivore in Europe. Historically it was distributed throughout western, central, and south-eastern Europe and the Caucasus. By the end of the 19th century, there were only two populations of European bison left in the wild: in Białowieża Forest B. b. bonasus and in the western Caucasus mountains B. b. caucasicus. B. b. bonasus was finally driven extinct in the wild in 1919, and B. b. caucasicus had been extirpated by 1927. Subsequently, the species survived only in a few European zoological gardens (Sztolcman 1924). As a result of reintroductions and introductions, it now occurs in free-ranging and semi-free herds in Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Russian Federation, Ukraine, and Slovakia. The introduced Kyrgyzstan subpopulation has recently gone extinct (EBPB 1996, Pucek et al. 2004). Captive populations are well distributed in 30 different countries worldwide (see Pucek et al. 2004 for details). It occurred from sea level to 2,100 m in the Caucasus (Pucek 1986), and in the Carpathians it is presently found at alitutudes of up to 800 m (K. Perzanowski pers. comm. 2006).","In historical times, the European bison was widespread and presumably abundant in its native range. However, by the end of the 19th century it was close to extinction, with only two wild populations remaining (Pucek et al. 2004). Shortly after World War I the species was extinct in the wild, and the captive population consisted of just 54 (29 males; 25 females) European bison with proved pedigrees (Raczyński 1978, Pucek 1991), originating from 12 founder animals (Slatis 1960). The captive population subsequently increased slowly until World War II, when the species again suffered a steep decline, with the population dropping from 160 animals in 1943 to 93 in 1946 (Pucek et al. 2004).As a result of captive breeding, reintroductions, benign introductions, and intensive conservation management, the total population of free-ranging bison now stands at c.1,800. A further c.1,400 individuals live in captivity (EBPB 2004). Some captive animals are not recorded in the European Bison Pedigree Book, so this is likely to be an underestimate (Pucek et al. 2004). Population structure is such that approximately 60% of individuals are sexually mature (Krasiński 1978, Krasińska and Krasiński 2004). The effective population size is smaller than the total population size, because European bison are a polygynous species, so not all males have the opportunity to breed (Krasiński and Raczyński 1967, Krasinska and Krasiński 1995, Krasińska and Krasiński 2004). The free-living population increased more or less steadily from the mid-1960s to a peak of c.2000 in the early 1990s (Pucek et al. 2004). Following a period of decline in the mid to late 1990s, the population is once again expanding (W. Olech pers. comm. 2006), although the potential for ongoing growth is limited by a number of factors (Pucek et al. 2004). Two genetic lines are distinguished in recent populations: the Lowland line (B. b. bonasus) and the Lowland-Caucasian line (B. b. bonasus x B. b. caucasicus). There are no surviving pure-bred populations of B. b. caucasicus (Pucek et al. 2004).","Optimal habitats for the European bison are deciduous and mixed forests, but the range should include about 20% of grassland habitats (meadows) (Pucek et al. 2004, K. Perzanowski pers. comm. 2006). In Białowieża Forest (Poland) they primarily forage in moist deciduous forests, and then in mixed coniferous forests (Krasińska et al. 1987, Krasiński and Krasińska 1994). Forest complexes with a mosaic-like forest type arrangement (such as Białowieża and Borecka Forests, Poland) are most favourable. In fresh deciduous forest, European bison find food throughout the vegetative season. In the Caucasus region, European bison prefer foothill forests; in summer, they feed on alpine meadows (Kazmin and Smirnov 1992, Kazmin et al. 1992). However, considerable plasticity of European bison with regard to food means they also forage in habitats where coniferous forests predominate (Krasiński et al. 1999). All European bison populations inhabit ranges that include open areas, such as mown meadows, deforested feeding glades covered with grass, clear cuts and young plantations up to 10 years old (Dzięciołowski 1991, Krasińska and Krasiński 1994, Krasiński et al. 1999). The attraction of open areas results from the fact that meadows and glades provide ungulates with much more food than the same area of the forest herb layer and food is more easily available there (Korochkina and Bunevich 1980, Kazmin et al. 1992). The species had an important role in the formation of the prehistoric European broad-leaf forest and forested steppe ecosystems (Pucek et al. 2004).","Habitat degradation and fragmentation due to agricultural activity, forest logging, and unlimited hunting and poaching were the primary reasons for the decrease and extinction of European bison populations. Pucek (1991) has summarised the history of their extinction. Among the primary reasons for the rapid decrease of the European bison population in Białowieża Primeval Forest at the beginning of 19th century was the over-population of deer species, and the drastic reduction of natural food resources for herbivores which resulted (Wróblewski 1927). During the period of World War I and the Russian Revolution of 1917, conflict and heavy poaching exacted a severe toll on remaining populations (Pucek et al. 2004). Conflict and political instability continues to be a threat to the species in the Caucasus, where reintroduced free-living herds have suffered very severe losses (leading to extinctions) in recent years (Pucek et al. 2004). Other current threats include lack of appropriate habitat, fragmentation of populations (and concomitant loss of genetic diversity), inbreeding depression, disease, hybridization, and poaching. There is little space for a large herbivore such as the European bison in Europe's contemporary ecosystems, especially in the west. The most significant limit for the enlargement of European bison populations is human population density; forestry and agricultural activity is not a limiting factor. Fragmentation and isolation of free-ranging (and captive) herds result in little or no exchange of genetic material. Small isolated populations quickly lose their genetic heterogeneity and are more vulnerable to extinction (Franklin 1980). As yet, the opportunity to reconstruct a more compact geographic range to facilitate migration of bison between herds does not exist. As a consequence of passing a dramatic bottleneck (the current population descends from just 12 founder animals), the gene pool is limited and animals are highly inbred. The average inbreeding coefficient is very high compared to other large mammals, and is equal to 44% in the Lowland line and 26% in the Lowland-Caucasian line for individuals with a full pedigree (Olech 1998). The negative effects of inbreeding, manifested in the decline in reproduction rate, are more strongly pronounced in the Lowland-Caucasian line than in the Lowland line (Olech 1987, 1989, 1998). Inbreeding exerts a harmful effect on skeleton growth, particularly in females (Kobryńczuk 1985), and possibly lowers the resistance of bison to disease and pathologies.Diseases appearing in European bison populations can bring serious threats to the whole species. It is not certain whether the species has always shown a weak resistance to disease or if immunity has declined, due to limited genetic heterogeneity. The most important disease affects the male reproductive organs and is manifested in the inflammation of the penis and prepuce, leading to diphtheroid-necrotic lesions, diagnosed as balanoposthitis. This disease was discovered at the beginning of the 1980s in Białowieża Forest (Kita et al. 1995, Piusiński et al. 1997, Jakob et al. 2000); although similar symptoms had been reported earlier (Korochkina and Kochko 1982) in Russia and Ukraine (Krasochko et al. 1997). Despite many years of study, its pathogenesis has not yet been elucidated. Other diseases that are potentially major threats to herds include foot-and-mouth disease Aphte epizooticae (to which the species is known to be sensitive) (Podgurniak 1967), and tuberculosis (Żórawski and Lipiec 1997, Welz et al. 2005) .A particular problem concerning the management of extant populations of European bison is the existence of hybrid herds, especially European × American bison hybrids living in the Caucasus. Two free-living hybrid herds have been established in the Caucasus Mountains, in close proximity to reintroduced free-living herds of the pure blood Lowland-Caucasian line. There are fears that all these animals will crossbreed, creating a mixture of various genotypes. According to Russian authors, the distances between herds are not so great, but the configuration of mountain ridges and valleys make it impossible for contact between them. There are also two small semi-free herds of European × American bison hybrids in Toksove Forest Park (St Petersburg) and the Mordovia Wildlife Reserve (Pucek et al. 2004). Finally, poaching as a result of administrative disorders and a failure to enforce nature conservancy law threatens free-living herds of European bison in many countries.","The species is listed in Appendix III (protected fauna species) of the Bern Convention, and on Annexes II* and IV of the EU Habitats & Species Directive. The European Bison Pedigree Book has been developed, which registers and publishes lists of European bison, enabling the genetic purity of the species to be maintained. A Conservation Action Plan for the species has been published (Pucek et al. 2004), and most countries in which the species occurs have national management plans. The European Endangered Species Programme (EEP) for zoos was established by the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA) in 1996, and now a third of the captive population is participating in this programme. Conservation measures recommended in the 2004 Action Plan (Pucek et al. 2004) include the following:1. Continue captive breeding, following a coordinated programme that focuses on maintaining genetic variability. Hybridization between existing breeding lines (Lowland and Lowland-Caucasian) should be avoided, as should hybridization between European bison and American bison Bison bison.2. Establish a Gene Resource Bank (semen collection in the first phase) to serve as a safeguard against loss of important genetic diversity.3. Continue reintroductions and benign introductions, into forests and other ecosystems (including large tracts of land where human activities are abandoned, such as former farmland or military training grounds). A target of 3,000 free ranging animals of each genetic line is recommended as a management goal. It will be necessary to link isolated subpopulations (e.g. by creating habitat corridors) and restore metapopulation function to enable the population to be self-sustaining in the long term.4. Regulate bison populations by culling, when necessary, to prevent populations exceeding the carrying capacity of remaining habitat.5. Manage habitat appropriately, for example by creating watering places, and cultivated meadows or feeding glades for use by other ungulates. 6. Implement and enforce stricter regulations to control poaching.7. Continue producing the European Bison Pedigree Book, and expand its scope.8. Establish an International Bison Breeding Centre, to coordinate reintroductions, monitoring of captive and free-ranging herds, and genetic management of particular herds.9. To promote protection of the species, upgrade it to Appendix II (strictly protected fauna species) of the Bern Convention.Further details, as well as recommended research activities, can be found in Pucek et al. 2004.",,,Wanda Olech (Bison Specialist Group),,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,BOVIDAE,Bos,primigenius,,Bos primigenius,,See Gentry et al. (2004) and Wilson and Reeder (2005) for the debate about the correct name for this species.,No,EX,,No,EX,,EU25,-,"The species Bos primigenius is considered Extinct. It went extinct across most of Europe before 1500 A.D., but persisted in Poland until the 1600s.",,"Bos primigenius was Extinct in the Wild, except in Jaktorowka Forest, Masovia, Poland, by the start of the 15th century. The last wild individual is reputed to have died in 1627 (Wilson and Reeder 2005). It is distributed worldwide under domestication (as Bos taurus), and feral populations have become established in Australia, New Guinea, USA, Colombia, Argentina and many islands, including Hawaiian, Galapagos, Dominican Republic/Haiti, Tristan da Cunha, New Amsterdam and Juan Fernandez Islands, and the United Kingdom (Chillingham cattle). Its native range encompassed parts of Europe, Africa and the Middle East (Wilson and Reeder 2005).",,Presumably in grasslands.,,,,,Alexei Tikhonov,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CARNIVORA,CANIDAE,Canis,aureus,,Canis aureus,,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU25,Unfavourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)In Europe as a whole, the population trend is stable to increasing. The golden jackal is patchily distributed over a wide area, locally common, and faces no major threats. Hence it is listed as Least Concern.Within the EU 25 it is only found in Greece and Hungary, with vagrants in Italy, Austria, Slovenia and Slovakia. The distribution is patchy and fragmented, and each subpopulation consists of fewer than 1,000 mature adults. There has been more than a 50% population reduction in the past 20 years in Greece, but its population has expanded rapidly in Hungary during that same period. Overall, there is believed to have been a small population decline in the EU 25 over the last 18 years (3 generations), and the net population trend is believed to be slightly decreasing at present. Therefore it qualifies as Vulnerable under Criterion C2a(i). However, as it is a mobile species that readily colonises new areas, there is likely to be a rescue effect from expanding jackal populations in parts of Europe outside the EU 25. Consequently the assessment is downgraded by one category to Near Threatened.",,"The golden jackal has a large global distribution extending from north and east Africa and south-eastern and central Europe eastwards through the Middle East, the Caucasus and central and and southern Asia to Burma and Thailand (Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004). It is the only jackal species that occurs outside subsaharan Africa. In Europe, it is resident in the Balkans and, since recent times, in Hungary and southwestern Ukraine. It has a very patchy distribution in Europe. It is regularly found as a vagrant in Austria, Slovakia, Slovenia and northeastern Italy (Kryštufek 1999). It is generally found between sea level and 600 m, and occasionally up to 1,000 m in the Peloponnese (Greece) (G. Giannatos pers. comm. 2006).","In Europe, the jackal occurs in small and scattered populations, mainly along the Mediterranean and Black Sea coast of the Balkan Peninsula and in southern parts of Hungary. Over the last century, its distributional border has fluctuated, and there have been both local colonisations and extinctions (Kryštufek 1999). In Greece, one of its European strongholds, its range and population have declined over the last 25 years, and it is by far the most rare canid species (Giannatos 2004, Giannatos et al. 2005). It is now stable in northeastern Greece (and may even be increasing) but in parts of southern Greece is still declining. The largest population in Europe is found in Bulgaria where the species has increased 33-fold in the last 20-30 years (Kryštufek and Tvrtkovic 1990). In Hungary, the jackal went extinct in 1942, but it has naturally recolonised over the last few decades, and now has a rapidly expanding population of c.1,000 individuals (Heltai et al. 2000, Heltai et al. 2004). Other population estimates for the jackal include 5,000 individuals (Bulgaria), >1,000 adults and sub-adults (Greece), and 40-50 animals in 7-8 groups (Ukraine) (Giannatos 2004, Giannatos et al. 2005). The global population is large, with a minimum of 80,000 individuals estimated for the Indian sub-continent (population estimates for Africa are not available), but it may be declining as a result of agricultural intensification and urbanisation (Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004).","Globally, it occupies a wide range of habitats, from the Sahel desert to the evergreen forests of south-east Asia (Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004). In Europe, it prefers cultivated areas and wetlands in lower elevations, with adequate cover to be used for hiding and breeding. Dense continuous forests and large intensively cultivated areas without cover are not suitable. Moderate human activity may benefit the jackal, as it tends to increase availability of food (carrion, refuse, and animal dung) (Giannatos 2004). In Central Europe (Hungary) the dominant food of golden jackal is small mammals, and the trophic niche overlap with red foxes is usually high, although the jackal seems to be more carnivorous and more specialist than the fox (Lanski and Heltai 2002, Lanski et al. 2006).","In Greece, population declines have been linked to loss of suitable habitat caused by changes in agricultural practices (intensification), specifically the loss of scrubby patches used as cover (Giannatos 2004). Changes in animal husbandry may have reduced the food base. Throughout its range, the species is widely persecuted as a pest.","The jackal is not considered a priority species for the European Union (it is included in the Annex V of the Habitats Directive, 92/43 EC). In Bulgaria, Croatia and Hungary it is a game species, and in Greece it is not classified. An Action Plan has recently been produced for jackals in Greece (Giannatos 2004), which suggested the following conservation measures: preservation and restoration of safe and good quality habitat; scientific research and monitoring to develop a database in order to improve management decisions for jackal conservation and promote co-operation of the jackal hosting countries in the region; legislation improvement; and public awareness, education and information to improve the animal's public image.",,,"Giorgos Giannatos, Boris Kryštufek",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CARNIVORA,CANIDAE,Canis,lupus,,Canis lupus,,"All European wolves are Canis lupus. Only two subspecies are recognized: C. l. signatus (Iberia) and C. l. italicus (Italy, France and Switzerland)",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Following the bottleneck of the 1960s and 1970s, the European wolf population is generally increasing in number and expanding the distribution range. The total number of wolves in the EU 25 is likely to be in the order of 4-5,000, and the number of wolves in geographic Europe is likely to exceed 10,000. Consequently the species qualifies as Least Concern at the European and EU 25 level. 1. IberiaNear Threatened. The Iberian population is large (about 2,500 wolves) and expanding toward south and east. It does not qualify for the category Vulnerable and it is maintained in category Near Threatened because of the fragmentation in management regimes, the lack of a population level management plan, the occurrence of largely unpredictable events of human reaction against wolves (poison, shooting, etc.) that may threaten the population at local level. The small population of Sierra Morena is far from the main population in the North and should be classified as Critically Endangered (D). 2. Western-Central AlpsEndangered (D). The Alpine population is the recent outgrowth of the Italian wolf population and it is still numerically small. Though it is increasing fast, it is currently estimated to be 100-120 animals, and it has limited genetic and demographic contacts with the adjacent population of the Apennines (less than one successful migrant per year, meaning that it qualifies as a subpopulation under IUCN Red List guidelines). Its small size justifies the assessment in category Endangered.3. Italian peninsulaVulnerable (D1). The Italian wolf population is estimated to be 500-800 individuals distributed along the Apennines. The shape of the range is narrow and elongated, restricted to the Apennines. The population has limited exchanges with the population of the Western Alps and recent genetic evidence indicates a flux of genes only in the direction toward the Alps. In spite of the recent increase in numbers and range, the Italian wolf population is still highly vulnerable to local extermination from human pressures (poison, shooting, car accidents) and the stochastic nature of these events suggest to maintain a cautionary assessment. The population does not qualify for the category Endangered, but it may easily reverse its current favourable status. 4. Dinaric-BalkanLeast Concern. This large wolf population (c.5,000 animals) appears to be in favourable conservation status mainly due to the limited management caused by the recent political instability of large areas of the region. However, the more marginal parts of the range may be subject to excessive pressure from human disturbance (Slovenia, southern Greece) and ad-hoc management actions should be implemented.   5. CarpathianLeast Concern. This large wolf population (c.5,000 animals) appears to be in favourable conservation status mainly due to the conservation implemented in Romania. However, some of the marginal areas of the range may be subject to excessive pressure (southern Poland, Slovakia) and may require ad-hoc conservation measures. Those marginal areas are also critical because of completely different management regimes implemented in neighboring countries (Ukraine, Poland and Slovakia). To ensure viability of those marginal parts of the Carpathian population international common decisions are important. 6. BalticLeast Concern. The relatively large number of wolves and the continuity of the range into Russia support its assessment in the category of Least Concern. However, the small portions of the population in Poland and some of the Baltic States may require conservation measures to ensure their long term persistence. 7. KareliaNear Threatened. The total population in Finland and Russian Karelia is not known, but is considered likely to number less than 10,000, and it may be declining as a result of persecution. The degree of fragmentation is not known. Consequently it is assessed precautionarily as Vulnerable (C2a(i)). The Karelian population is generally considered to be  in contact with the large Russian population, and there would potentially be a rescue effect, so the assessment is downgraded by one step to Near Threatened. Very little information is currently available on the status of the wolf in Russian Karelia, and this population should be reassessed if any new relevant data becomes available.8. ScandinaviaEndangered (D). The number of mature individuals is estimated to be less than 250. The population has low genetic variability and has had no genetic exchange with the Finnish population since 1991.9. Germany/western PolandCritically Endangered (D). The population is tiny, fragmented and isolated.",,"Originally, the wolf was the world's most widely distributed mammal, living throughout the northern hemisphere north of 15°N latitude in North America and 12°N in India. It is distributed worldwide under domestication (as the domestic dog Canis familiaris). It has become extinct in much of Western Europe (Boitani 1995), in Mexico and much of the USA (Mech 1970). Present distribution is more restricted; wolves occur primarily in wilderness and remote areas, especially in Canada, Alaska and northern USA, Europe, and Asia from about 75°N to 12°N (Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004). In Europe wolves are found from sea level to 2,400 m, although in central and southern areas they tend to occur in mountainous areas above 600 m, as a result of persecution (Sulkava and Pulliainen 1999). The European wolf population is a large metapopulation with several distinct fragments, which can be described as follows (LCIE 2007):1. Iberia Wolves are found in the north-western quadrant of Iberia including the western Basque country. Not in the Pyrenees, but south as far as Ávila. A very small number of wolves is isolated in the Sierra Morena mountains in southern Spain (Blanco and Cortés 2002, Álvares 2005).2. Western-Central AlpsThe population occupies an area that includes most of the Western Alps in France and Italy, many wolf packs territories being transboundary along the French-Italian border south of Valle d’Aosta. Isolated animals are dispersing regularly into Switzerland as far as Grisons but failed, until now, to establish a permanent pack (Boitani 2003, Marucco et al. 2005, Tropini et al. 2005). 3. Italian peninsulaWolves occur in the whole Apennines range from Liguria to Calabria (Aspromonte) and extending into northern Lazio and central western Tuscany (provinces of Siena, Grosseto and Pisa) (Ciucci and Boitani 1998, Corsi et al. 1999, Boitani 2003).4. Dinaric-BalkanThe population cover a vast area from Slovenia to north-central Greece and it includes the whole Dinaric mountain range through Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, western Serbia and Kosovo, Montenegro, F.Y.R.O. Macedonia, Albania, western and southern Bulgaria. 5. CarpathianThe central Carpathian mountains in Romania are home of one of the healthiest and more numerous wolf population in Europe. This population extends across several countries, from Northern Bulgaria to Eastern Serbia, Romania, south-western Ukraine, Slovakia and southern Poland. Wolves are rarely reported in the Czech Republic.6. BalticThis population covers eastern Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Belarus, northern Ukraine and the Russian oblasts of Kaliningrad, Lenningrad, Novgorod, Pskov, Tver, Smolensk, Bryansk, Moscow, Kursk, Belgorod and Orel.7. KareliaWolves occur in Finland (mainly in the south) and Russian Karelia. The Finnish wolf population is a fringe population of a large Russian population.8. ScandinaviaThe distribution range of the population is in central Sweden and, to a lesser extent, in south-eastern Norway. It is spreading slowly toward southern and northern Sweden and into southern Norway.9. Germany/western PolandThis population consists of scattered packs living in eastern Germany (Saxony) and western Poland.","Because of the diversity in climate, topography, vegetation, human settlement and development of wolf range, wolf populations in various parts of the original range vary from extinct to relatively pristine. Wolf densities vary from about one per 12 km² to one per 120 km². Sillero et al. (2004) provide details, for each range country in the world, on subspecies present, population status, approximate numbers, the percentage of former range occupied at present, main prey (where known), legal status, and cause of decline. The European wolf population is a large metapopulation with several distinct fragments, although dispersal could theoretically connect almost all fragments. Following the bottleneck of the 1960s and 1970s, the European wolf population is generally increasing in number and expanding the distribution range. However, most European populations are still small and only a few have more than 1,000 animals (see below for specific details). Dispersing animals can be found anywhere in Europe. The total number of wolves in the EU 25 is likely to be in the order of 4-5,000; some of the populations are in continuity with wolf populations living in countries not yet part of the EU. The number of wolves in geographic Europe is likely to exceed 10,000.1. IberiaPopulation size: 2,500 wolves (including c.50 in the Sierra Morena). The Iberian wolf (Canis lupus signatus) may be a distinct subspecies. After the population reduction up to the 1960s, it is currently increasing in numbers and expanding its range across central Spain. The northwestern population is expanding, having recently crossed the Duero river in Spain. There are three distinct population segments within this population. The largest is that north of the river Duero in both countries. South of the Duero in Portugal there is a small segment of around 50 wolves which has only limited exchange of animals with the segments north of the Duero in Portugal and east to the Spanish segment south of the Duero. The isolated population in the Sierra Morena numbers c.50 individuals and appears to be stable. The nearest wolf population is in the Western Alps and connections between the two are nonexistent or limited to exceptional cases. In Cataluña, there are currently 2-3 wolves that have been genetically identified as members of the Alpine population from where they are assumed to have dispersed naturally (Blanco and Cortés 2002, Álvares 2005). 2. Western-Central AlpsPopulation size: 100-120 wolves. This population is of Italian origin and all wolves share the same Italian genetic haplotype. Individual wolves dispersing from the Apennines first colonized the Alps in 1992 and succeeded in establishing a permanent and expanding population which shows a highly dynamic spatial pattern spreading towards the west and north. The total number is estimated to be 100-120 wolves, increasing on average by 10% per year. The genetic continuity with the Apennines population has been recently assessed at 2.5 individuals per generation, all of them moving from the Apennines to the Alpine population. In 2005, a young radio-marked wolf dispersed more than 1000 km from Parma to Nice, providing evidence of the natural dispersal along the northern Apennines range. In spite of the continuity between the two populations, their ecological and socio-economic contexts are sufficiently different to justify a separation for management purposes (Boitani 2003, Marucco et al. 2005, Tropini et al. 2005, LCIE 2007).3. Italian peninsulaPopulation size: 500-800 wolves. The population has been described in 1921 (Altobello 1921) and confirmed in 1999 (Nowak 1999) as a distinct subspecies (Canis lupus italicus). It is genetically recognized by the presence of a unique mtDNA haplotype. After the population bottleneck of the 1960s, when total numbers were estimated to be about 100 animals, the population has steadily recovered and expanded into the western Alps. In 2006, the population was estimated to be 500-800 wolves. The nearest population (apart that in the Western Alps, see above) is in Slovenia (Dinaric-Balkan population). However, a large portion of the central Alps and the agricultural Po river valley effectively separate the Italian and the Dinaric populations (Ciucci and Boitani 1998, Corsi et al. 1999, Boitani 2003).4. Dinaric-BalkanPopulation size: 5,000 wolves.There is continuity of the population and suitable habitats throughout the range although the population might be significantly structured within the elongated range. The population is estimated to number c.5,000 individuals, although locally the densities may vary greatly and its overall demographic trend is unknown. In Croatia and Slovenia, the population has recovered significantly following active management started in the 1990s. To the north, the population has no contact with the nearest population in Italy, although dispersing animals are reported in Austria and eastern Italy. To the east, the population may exchange individuals with the large wolf population of the Carpathians which extends into northern Bulgaria (Iliopoulos 1999, Kusak et al. 2005, Štrbenac et al. 2005).5. CarpathianThis population is estimated to number c.5,000 animals, the majority of them living in Romania and Ukraine. Slovakia hosts about 400-500 wolves and southern Poland contributes with good wolf habitat in the areas along the south-eastern borders (wolf population in Polish Carpathians is about 180-220 individuals). In the past, there was natural continuity with wolves living in northern Poland and Belarus but the link is now constrained by large areas where wolves have been exterminated. Nevertheless, it is likely that some level of genetic exchange still occurs with the Dinaric-Balkan population in western Bulgaria and with the Belarusian population in eastern-central Poland (Okarma 1993, CLCP 1997-98, 2000, 2001, 2002; Smietana and Wajda 1997, Okarma et al. 2000). 6. BalticPopulation size: 3,600 wolves. The trend throughout the region appears to have been very consistent. At the start of the 20th century populations were reduced, but still widely present, these increased during and after World War 1. In the period between the wars, populations were greatly reduced again, but recovered to peak levels during and after Word War 2, only to be heavily persecuted in the 1950s such that they again reached very low levels in the 1960s and early 1970s. The populations appear to have then increased, peaking in the early 1990s – before being shot down again in the late 1990s. There are about 1,000 wolves in Poland and the Baltic States, about 1,000 in Belarus and 1,600 in the neighbouring Russian oblasts. This population is the westernmost portion of the large Russian population and it connects with the wolf range of Russian Karelia. In Poland, although the distribution is not continuous, it is highly likely that dispersal is still possible between the northern and southern populations (Carpathian), and dispersal towards west (Germany) is still observed (Bluzma 2000, Ozolins and Andersone 2001, Valdmann 2001, Sidorovich et al. 2003, Linnell et al. 2006). 7. KareliaPopulation size: 750 wolves. Following widespread control of the population in the first part of 20th century, the population recovered after the 1980s and 1990s. The current estimates are based on counts of family groups in Finland (about 200 wolves in Finland) and the population is expanding. In Karelia wolf numbers appear to be stable.8. ScandinaviaPopulation size: 130-150 wolves. The population derives from a pair that immigrated from Finland and first reproduced in Sweden in 1983. A third immigrant in 1991 boosted the reproduction and the population is now estimated to be 130-150 wolves (about 20% in Norway), with as many as 15 litters produced in 2006. The population has been steadily increasing from 1983-2001, then slightly decreased in 2002-3, and is currently increasing again. There is evidence of no genetic exchanges with the Finnish/Russian wolf population after 1991. Immigration from Finland is the only possible mechanism to increase the genetic variability of the population.9. Germany/western PolandPopulation size: <50 wolves. Wolves were exterminated in Germany during the 19th century, but individuals that were dispersing from Poland were shot occasionally throughout the 20th century. In the mid 1990s a pack began breeding in Saxony, and there are currently two packs breeding regularly. Wolves in western Poland have had a dynamic history, but presently there are only a few widely scattered packs throughout the region. This population is extremely fragmented internally. Potential connections exist to both the Baltic and Carpathian populations, but the distances are in the order of several hundred kilometers.","Wolves live in diverse habitat types and their broad distribution ranges show the species' adaptability to the most extreme habitat conditions. The wolf's habitat has been described as everywhere where humans do not kill it and where there is something to eat. Where wolves depend on wild ungulate prey, their habitat is that of their prey. Habitat quality should thus be interpreted in terms of human disturbance, prey densities and range size. In general, large forest areas are particularly suitable for wolves in Europe, although wolves are not primarily a forest species. The wolf has a very diversified diet and is a true generalist that feeds opportunistically on what is most available in its habitat. The wolf diet may include large prey, such as moose, deer and wild boar, or small vertebrates, invertebrates, vegetables and carcasses. Diet composition throughout the geographic range and seasonal variations depends on the relative abundance of potential prey, as well as accessibility and availability. A wolf typically requires 3-5 kg of meat per day, although it can fast for several days when food is not readily available.","Human intolerance is perhaps the greatest threat facing wolves in Europe today. Fear, misunderstanding and the fact that wolves do kill livestock have prompted an uneasy relationship with people in many areas, leading to direct conflict and persecution. In some countries unrestricted hunting of wolves poses a threat, while in others, licenses for killing wolves are issued irrespective of biological understanding. Poaching is widespread and probably represents the most important mortality factor for the wolf in Europe. Wolves preying on domestic animals have been a problem since man progressed from hunter/gatherer to farmer, and although the numbers of sheep or cattle taken are, as a percentage very low, livestock depredation remains the primary reason for exterminating wolves. Human encroachment is the most significant threat to wolf habitat. Wolves can live close to humans but they require safe areas in which to retreat. This is not considered in land planning in wolf areas and the small, fragmented populations in Western Europe can result in animals moving into unsuitable habitat. Specific threats to different European wolf populations are as follows:1. IberiaIllegal killing is still common (estimated to account for 50% of the total mortality) and poison baits are used (Blanco and Cortés 2002, Álvares 2005). 2. Western-Central AlpsDocumented causes of mortality include primarily car or train accidents and poaching events. Several cases of illegal killings have been reported in France and Italy, and conflicts with hunters and farmers are constantly reported. Both France and the Regional Government of Piemonte have been carrying out extensive and continuous research and monitoring of the wolf population and the damages to livestock and excellent data is available for management purposes. The number of livestock depredations in the Italian Alps is decreasing, despite the increase in wolf numbers, due to the high efforts in the implementation of preventive practices promoted by the Regional Government of Piemonte. Also if the wolf presence is still far from being accepted by local farmers and livestock breeders, the general attitude is improving (Boitani 2003, Marucco et al. 2005, Tropini et al. 2005).3. Italian peninsulaThe population is protected on paper but the law is poorly enforced and unpersecuted illegal killing is very common throughout the range. Poison baits are increasingly used against dogs, foxes and wolves. Hybridization with dogs has been found and it appears to account for at least 5% of the total wolf population (Ciucci and Boitani 1998, Corsi et al. 1999, Boitani 2003, Verardi et al. 2006). 4. Dinaric-BalkanLegal hunting and illegal killing are taking an unknown number of wolves throughout most of the range. Other pressures are commonly reported: widespread use of poisons, habitat fragmentation due to construction of fenced highways and shortage of wild preys (Huber et al. 2002, Iliopoulos 2005).5. CarpathianPoison baits and illegal killing are widespread throughout the range. In Ukraine, wolves are often treated as a pest species.6. BalticThe Latvian population appears to be on the way to being divided into two, with the area south of Riga starting to appears as a carnivore free area. This development will greatly increase the vulnerability of carnivore populations in western Latvia. 7. KareliaThe main threat to wolves in this region is killing by humans. In Finland, wolves cause very limited damage to livestock; predation on domestic dogs is the most frequent damage that cause strong resentment from the public. 8. ScandinaviaThe inbreeding coefficient is very high, on average higher than for full siblings mating (Liberg et al. 2005). Predation on domestic dogs, sheep and reindeer are the most frequent damages that cause continuing debate on wolf conservation.9. Germany/western PolandThe main risk for this population is its very small size, highly fragmented internal structure, and long distance from any other source. Coordination between Germany and western Poland is crucial. A single litter of wolf-dog hybrid pups was born in 2003.","The species is strictly protected by the Bern Convention (Appendix II) and is in Appendix II of CITES. In the European Union the species is protected by the Habitats Directive but there are several exceptions:1) in Spain, wolves north of the Duero river are not protected2) in Greece, wolves north of 39°N are not protected3) in Finland, wolves occurring in the reindeer herding area in northern Finland fall under Annex V of the Habitats Directive; wolves outside the reindeer herding area fall under Annex IV4) in the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) wolves are harvested (HD Appendix V)In general, habitat restoration is required in key areas to increase a healthy prey base and encourage wolves to move back into their former territory where appropriate. Corridors of land between small populations need to be established to allow movement of animals and prevent local extinctions. Conflict with humans needs to be addressed by involving local people in wolf management plans and through education programmes to increase people' s understanding of wolf biology and behaviour. Problems resulting from wolves preying on domestic animals need to be tackled by livestock protection schemes and compensation systems. Details of specific conservation measures for European wolf populations are given below: 1. IberiaWolves are fully protected in Portugal and south of the Duero river in Spain. North of the Duero, wolves are game species under various management regimes depending on legislation of 8 autonomous regional governments. Asturias has a wolf management plan and Galicia and Castilla y León are about to approve their plans. The autonomous regions are gradually approving their action plans. However, management coordination among the regional governments and between Spain and Portugal is very limited. The sub-population of Sierra Morena require ad-hoc management to ensure its viability (Blanco and Cortés 2002, Álvares 2005).2. Western-Central AlpsThe population is fully protected under the French, Italian and Swiss law. In France and Switzerland the national Action Plans include provisions for legal take of few wolves under strict conditions of damages on livestock. The three countries have recently (2006) signed a formal agreement of cooperation for the management of the entire population, marking an innovative procedure based on the recognition that the biological population needs to be managed through a common and accepted approach.  3. Italian peninsulaFully protected by a national law, while damage compensation is provided by 14 different regional laws. Compensation paid per wolf has been estimated to be the highest among European countries, but the effectiveness of compensation programs has never been assessed and it is increasingly questioned. Apart from formal protection the population is not actively managed. The species occur in several protected areas throughout its range but the size of these areas is far too small to protect a viable population. In spite of formal protection, illegal killings are estimated to take a substantial portion of the population every year (up to 15-20%). A national Action Plan sets the broad strategic ground for management but is not being implemented by the national and regional governments (Ciucci and Boitani 1998, Corsi et al. 1999, Boitani 2003). 4. Dinaric-BalkanManagement is fragmented by several national laws. It is a game species in almost all countries, except for Slovenia, Croatia and Greece south of 39° latitude where wolves are fully protected. In Croatia, an effective Action Plan is in place and implemented (Štrbenac et al. 2005). In general, law enforcement is weak or totally absent even in protected populations.5. CarpathianIn Slovakia wolves are game species with hunting season 1.11-15.1 and no quotas per season; in the Czech Republic they are protected game species, but hunting is prohibited; in Poland they are protected and in Romania they are protected game species with hunting quotas decided yearly; in Ukraine wolves are not game species nor protected (often treated as “pest” species, with bounties of c.20 Euro per individual) (Salvatori et al. 2002). 6. BalticThe standard management practice for most of the 20th century was open harvest, often with bounty incentives, all with the view of exterminating wolves, or at least seriously reducing their numbers. This situation persisted until the 1990s, when restrictions on their harvest gradually came into place in all countries They are currently protected in Poland, but harvested in the three Baltic States (EU Habitats & Species Directive Appendix V) and in Belorussia and Ukraine. The sub-population of western Poland and Germany requires ad-hoc management to ensure its viability. There is an action plan for the conservation of the wolf in Latvia (Ozolins and Andersone 2001).7. KareliaIn Finland, wolves occurring in the reindeer herding area fall under Annex V of the Habitats Directive; those outside the reindeer herding area fall under Annex IV. Finland has recently approved a National Management Plan that include removal of some wolves under controlled circumstances. In Russian Karelia, wolves are killed throughout the range and at any time. In spite of the small number of wolves, Finland has approved a plan to maintain the population within the current size (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 2006). Discontinuous flow of dispersing wolves from Russia allow a reasonable but cautiously positive forecast on the conservation of this population.8. Scandinaviait is fully protected in Sweden and Norway; however, Norway applies a zoning system that includes culling of wolf numbers in the areas where damages are considered unacceptable. Both Norway and Sweden provide full compensation of damages; Sweden applies a preventive compensation system to reindeer breeders that operate in areas where wolves live.9. Germany/western PolandWolves are protected in both countries, but the extent to which protection is enforced in western Poland is questionable.",,,Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,BOVIDAE,Capra,hircus,,Capra hircus,,"The domestic goat and the wild goat are treated here as separate species (following inter alia Shackleton 1997), named Capra hircus and Capra aegagrus respectively. These taxa are sometimes considered to be conspecific, in which case the name Capra aegagrus has generally been used to refer to the wild species and its domesticated form, although some authors use the name Capra hircus for both the wild species and its domestic descendants (see Gentry et al. 1996, BZN 2003, Gentry et al. 2004 and Wilson and Reeder 2005).

""Wild goats"" and ""wild sheep"" found on Mediterranean islands are generally recognised to have been introduced by humans (Shackleton 1997, Wilson and Reeder 2005), and genetic and archaeozoological studies suggest that they are feral populations of ancient domestic stocks (e.g. Groves 1989, Vigne 1994, Hiendleder et al. 1998, Manceau et al. 1999, Kahila bar-Gal et al. 2002). Consequently, such taxa should be included in the respective domestic species (Capra hircus, Ovis aries) and not as subspecies of the wild taxa (as proposed by Gentry et al. 1996, Gentry et al. 2004, and Gippoliti and Amori 2004).",No,,,No,,,EU25,-,"This Red List rationale refers only to anciently introduced populations of ""wild"" goats on Majorca and certain Greek islands. As they are considered to be feral descendants of early domestic stock, they are classed as Not Applicable (NA). The total population of these animals is >20,000, and although the range is small (Area of Occupancy may be less than 2,000 km2) and there are problems in parts of the range with hybridization with domestic goats and poaching, the population trend overall is believed to be stable or increasing. However, the Cretan subpopulation (subspecies cretica) has a very restricted range (the National Park is about 50 km2 and can be considered as a single location) and is threatened by hybridization. These ancient feral form are of interest as ""living fossils"", representing the very earliest domestic stock little changed from its primitive state, and deserve protection.",,"This Red List assessment refers to populations of Capra hircus that were introduced to Mediterranean islands in prehistoric times, known as Cretan or Majorcan ""wild"" goats, or as agrimi (Cretan populations only). These feral descendants of primitive domestic stock are clearly distinct from modern domestic and feral goats, and are of conservation interest as ""living fossils"" and repositories of important genetic diversity (Shackleton 1997). More recent feral populations are not considered here; neither are domestic Capra hircus.""Wild"" goats can be found in mountainous areas in northern and western Majorca (Spain), and on Crete (Greece) where they were formerly widespread but are now restricted to an area of approximately 72 km2 in the Lefka Mountains at the western end of the island. There is a small, semi-captive population on the small (68 ha) satellite island of Theodorou (Shackleton 1997, Palomo and Gisbert 2002). Populations on the Greek islands of Dia, Agii Pantes (Agii Apostoli), Erimomilos (Antimilos), Samothrake, Gioura and others, are all considered hybrids of ""wild"" and modern domestic or feral goats (Shackleton 1997), as are populations in the Czech Republic (Pedrotti and Lovari 1999). There are genetic and morphological differences between the Cretan and Majorcan populations (Seguí 2005). The species occurs from sea level to 1,450 m (Palomo and Gisbert 2002).","The 1985 Cretan population was estimated to be around 500 agrimi, and together with those on Theodorou island, make a total population of at least 570 to 600 agrimi in Europe at that point (Shackleton 1997). More recent population estimates vary widely, but some are as large as 2,000 individuals (G. Giannatos pers. comm. 2006). It occurs at high densities in at least parts of its range on Crete, although its total range is very small. In 1998 a census of Majorca found 20,000 individuals (Palomo and Gisbert 2002), although this included hybrids and feral domestic goats (B. Seguí pers. comm. 2007). The current (2007) estimate of the Majorcan wild goat population is 1,500-2,000 individuals, out of a total of 10,000 including hybrids and feral descendants of modern domestic goats (B. Seguí pers. comm. 2007).","Agrimi inhabit mountainous areas, where there is a mixture of rocky outcrops or scree slopes and vegetation (shrubby maquis thickets or conifer forests). They tend to be found in relatively arid habitats, and are herbivorous, feeding on grasses, herbaceous plants and shrubs (Pedrotti and Lovari 1999).","For the Cretan population, the greatest threat is hybridization with recently feral domestic goats that are common even within Samaria National Park. Other problems arise from increased road accessibility, which in turn increases tourism and poaching problems. In Majorca, hybridization with feral domestic goats is again the main threat (Palomo and Gisbert 2002).","It is listed (as Capra aegagrus) on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and Annexes II and IV of the EU Habitats and Species Directive (natural populations only). On Crete it is fully protected under national law, which is well enforced. Part of the agrimi's distribution on Crete falls within Samaria (Lefka Ori or White Mountains) National Park. There are no current management plans in operation other then an attempt to control poaching. Agrimi inhabiting Theodorou island also receive protection. Shackleton (1997) proposes the following measures for agrimi on Crete: 1) Establish a strict control program to eliminate feral goats inside Samaria National Park to remove the threat of hybridization with the agrimi. Only reducing or eliminating the herds of domestic goats from the surrounding areas will prevent their immigration into the Park. 2) Continue improving the control of poaching by regularly patrolling the Park during winter, and by allowing no further increases in access. 3) Impose greater controls on tourism developments in the Park. These should include banning the development of major tourist facilities (chair/ski lifts, hotels, restaurants, roads, etc.) in the mountain regions of the Park and its surroundings, and strictly controlling visitor use (e.g. specific hours of use enforced, no overnight use of the Park). 4) The population should be censused and the area surveyed regularly throughout the Lefka mountains, paying special attention to the degree of hybridisation and human encroachment. 5) Overall, it may be desirable to eradicate domestic x wild goat hybrids, unfortunately F1 hybrids are difficult to distinguish from agrimi in either external appearance or behaviour. (However, compared to agrimi, the hybrid' s coat appears to be slightly longer and interspersed with black hairs, the horns are curved outwards a little more and are more robust, and the resting tail is held more horizontal than downwards.) 6) Determine the degree of hybridization of the goats found on the various islands to help direct conservation management decisions. On Majorca, the wild goat has been studied since 2001 and several groups have been protected in fenced areas and captive-bred (B. Seguí pers. comm. 2007). Palomo and Gisbert (2002) recommended that selective hunting should be used to remove the hybrids from the population. Since 2006, hunting of pure-bred animals has been banned (Decret 91/2006, Balearic Government) but hunting of hybrids amd recent feral domestics goats is allowed and encouraged. Trophy hunting of Mallorcan wild goats will be allowed again once populations have reached target levels stated in Decret 91/2006. To prevent poaching, capturing alive animals for trade, and illegal hunting of hybrids for commercial purposes, the Balearic Government is collaborating with SCI and Junta Nacional de Homologación de Trofeos de Caza, MMAM, Spanish Government (B. Seguí pers. comm. 2007).",,,"Giorgos Giannatos, Juan Herrero, Sandro Lovari",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,BOVIDAE,Capra,ibex,,Capra ibex,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is not declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category. The species needs conservation action to prevent future decline.",,"The Alpine ibex is endemic to Europe, where its native range is the Alps of France, Switzerland, Austria, Germany, and northern Italy (Shackleton 1997; Grubb, 2005). It has been introduced to Slovenia and Bulgaria (Pedrotti and Lovari 1999). The ibex was driven very close to extinction in the early 19th century, and with the exception of the population in the Gran Paradiso National Park (Italy), all current populations originate from re-introductions or introductions. Although the range of the ibex has increased over the last century as a result of translocations and natural colonisation, its distribution is still rather patchy in the Alps. It occurs from 500 to 3,000 m (Pedrotti and Lovari 1999).In Austria, all current populations originate from re-introductions, although not always into former or even suitable habitat. The first colony was re-established in 1924 in the Bluhnbach valley (Hagen mountains), and the second in 1936, farther east in Wildalpen, so that by 1988, ca. 740 ibex had been released (Bauer, 1991). By the 1990s, the species is now found in the Bhihnbach valley (Hagen mountains), in the Northern Limestone alps in Wildalpen, and in the Pitz and Kauner valleys of Tyrol, and in the Styria (Hochlantsch massif). In France, it is found mainly in the eastern part of the Alps. Four ibex populations had been re-established in Germany by the 1990s. The first introduction was made at Koenigsee (Berchtesgaden) in 1936 with 24 animals. The founding animals came from the Aosta valley (Italy), from Peter and Paul, and from the Berlin and Munich Zoological Gardens. The animals dispersed after a few years to the Austrian Bluebachtal. In 1951, the population was reduced considerably after an outbreak of sarcoptic mange, but since then numbers have increased slowly. The population straddles the German-Austrian border, wintering in Austria and summering in the Bavarian Alps in Germany. A second population was established at Jachenau, partly the result of immigration of one male from the Austrian colony at Baechental, supplemented by four animals from Swiss founder populations in 1967. After the addition of several more ibex, this population increased to about 100 animals by the 1990s; however, its range is very restricted and there is little potential for expansion. A small colony in Oberaudorf was the result of a re-introduction in 1963 which failed to disperse. It is now restricted to an area of about 100 ha, and foresters consider it a problem because of range over-use. Another small, restricted population became established through natural dispersal from Austria, but its size is unknown. Ibex were introduced into the Rila mountains of Bulgaria (Atlas of the Mammals of Bulgaria) in the mid-1980s. In Italy, re-introductions, combined with some spontaneous migration from adjoining countries (Peracino and Bassano, 1986; Tosi et al., 1986a), have increased areas with ibex, but its distribution is still rather discontinuous in the Alps.","After centuries of decline caused primarily by intensive hunting, at the beginning of the 19th century at most a few hundred Alpine ibex survived in the Gran Paradiso massif (Valle d’Aosta region, Italy). Current ibex populations in the Alps are generally restricted to mountain areas above the tree line and are the result of both translocations from the original core of c.100 individuals and natural colonisation (Dupré et al. 2001). These efforts, together with spontaneous migration from adjoining countries, have increased the population and the number of areas inhabited by ibex, although the distribution is still discontinuous (Stüwe and Nievergelt 1991, S. Lovari pers. comm. 2006). In the 1990s it was estimated that c.30,000 ibex lived in the Alps (Pedrotti and Lovari 1999). Populations grew steadily from the 1960s to the 1990s, showing a mean annual growth rate between 3% and 6% (Dupré et al. 2001). About 15,000 ibex were estimated in Switzerland, 9,700 in Italy, 3,200 in Austria, 3,300 in France, 250 in Slovenia and, and 220 in Germany (Shackleton 1997).","Alpine ibex typically inhabit open, rocky habitats at high altitude, above the tree line. Steep, south-facing slops with rugged topography and grassy vegetation are preferred. Below the tree line, at subalpine levels, ibex are only found in open, sunny woodland interspersed with rocky outcrops (Nievergelt and Zingg 1986, Pedrotti and Lovari 1999). Ibex feed on alpine grasses, herbaceous plants and shrubs (Pedrotti and Lovari 1999). This species is diurnal, but most active during the early morning and late afternoon. Living in montane pastures, they eat grasses and some woody plants. They migrate seasonally to different altitudes, spending the harsher winter months at medium elevations. The animals occur in maternal herds of 10-20 members, while males roam solitarily or in bachelor groups.  Females gestate for about 170 days, and usually carry one kid per pregnancy.  Females are sexually mature by 18 months, and males are mature at 2 years. The species lifespan is typically 10-14 years.","Although the species is not considered threatened at present, there is concern regarding genetic diversity, the founder effect and minimum viable populations (Shackleton 1997, Maudet et al. 2002). Genetic variability in ibex populations is among the lowest reported from microsatellites in mammal species, and the Alpi Marittime–Mercantour population in particular has suffered from a severe genetic bottleneck associated with its reintroduction (Maudet et al. 2002). The ibex's distribution remains fragmented and many colonies are small and thus vulnerable to epizootics and stochastic events as well as inbreeding depression. Colonies with >60 individuals are believed to be viable as long as diseases (most importantly mange) do not affect them (Shackleton 1997, EMA Workshop 2006). Hybridization can be a threat where populations are small and sympatric with high densities of domestic goats, as is the case in Italy (Randi et al. 1990, Pedrotti and Lovari 1999). High densities of domestic goats and sheep may also have a negative impact on the ibex through parasite and disease transmission and resource competition (Shackleton 1997, J. Herrero pers. comm. 2006). Appropriate habitat for the species may be decreasing, as the abandonment of traditional agriculture means that high-altitude alpine meadows are reverting to forest through natural succession (EMA Workshop 2006). Human disturbance as a result of increased tourism and recreation is suspected to be a general threat to mountain ungulates (Shackleton 1997). Alpine ibex are legally hunted in some areas (e.g. Bulgaria, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia), although hunting is completely prohibited in several range states (Shackleton 1997). Legal hunting is not considered a threat if it is properly planned and regulated, but poaching is a potential threat (Dupré et al. 2001).","The Alpine ibex is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention and Annex V of the EU Habitats and Species Directive, and is protected under national legislation in most range states. It occurs in a number of protected areas (e.g. Hohe Tauern and Kalkhochalpen National Parks, Austria; Vanoise, Ecrins, and Mercantour National Parks, France; Gran Paradiso and Stelvio National Parks and Maritime Alps Natural Park, Italy), and it has been the subject of intensive conservation management in the form of reintroductions and introductions (Shackleton 1997). Reintroductions began at the end of the 19th century in the Swiss Alps, while in Italy they have been significant only since the 1970s (Dupré et al. 2001).According to Shackleton (1997) and Dupré et al. (2001), the main proposal for ibex conservation is to continue restocking populations in appropriate habitats. Reintroductions should also be carefully planned, e.g. by (1) Using environmental evaluation models for selecting areas for reintroducing ibex, in conjunction with (2) a conservation strategy that aims to make the separate colonies part of a single metapopulation; (3) Giving priority to protected areas, or to other areas capable of guaranteeing efficient surveillance against poaching and disturbance (although this does not mean that controlled hunting areas should be a priori excluded); (4) Selecting founder individuals for new colonies according to specific criteria; (5) Limiting domestic sheep and goat grazing in reintroduction areas to decrease the possibility of parasite and disease transmission, resource competition, and hybridization; and (6) Screeing reintroduction sites for suitability in relation to health and disease transmission.Other conservation recommendations include ensuring that any harvest is sustainable (through research, legislation, and international cooperation), reducing poaching (through legislation, enforcement, education and communication), reducing the impacts of human disturbance (e.g. by providing refugia in areas with intense tourism), and monitoring all populations.",,,"Aulagnier, S., Kranz, A., Lovari, S., Jdeidi, T., Masseti, M., Nader, I., de Smet, K. & Cuzin, F.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,BOVIDAE,Capra,pyrenaica,,Capra pyrenaica,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,This species is now abundant and its range and population are currently expanding as a result of habitat changes resulting from rural abandonment. Consequently it is assessed as Least Concern. Hunting reservations and protected areas have played a crucial role in species recovery.,,"This species historically occurred throughout the Iberian peninsula, including southwest France, Spain, Andorra, and Portugal (Grubb, 2005). It is, however, extinct in the northern part of its range (including in France and Andorra), and no longer occurs in the Pyrenees. Capra pyrenaica is now endemic to the Iberian peninsula. Of the four described subspecies, only two are extant: C. p. victoriae and C. p. hispanica. C. p. victoriae occurs in the central Spanish mountains (Sierra de Gredos), and has been re-introduced to a number of additional sites in Spain (Batuecas, La Pedriza, Riaño) and northern Portugal (Peneda-Gerês National Park) (Palomo and Gisbert 2002, Cabral et al. 2005, Moço et al. 2006, J. Herrero pers. comm. 2006). C. p. hispanica occupies the arc of mountains that run along the Mediterranean coast, from the Ebro river to the rock of Gibraltar (where it no longer occurs), as well as the Sierra Morena. C. p. lusitanica died out at the end of the 19th century, and C. p. pyrenaica went extinct in 2000 when the last known individual was found dead (Pérez et al. 2002, Cabral et al. 2005, J. M. Pérez pers. comm. 2006). It formerly occurred throughout much of the French, Spanish and Andorran Pyrenees, and persisted until recently in Ordesa and Monte Perdido National Park in the Maladeta massif. The species is found from sea level to 3,400 m (Palomo and Gisbert 2002).","The population in the whole of the Iberian peninsula was estimated at c.50,000 individuals in more than 50 subpopulations (Palomo and Gisbert 2002, Pérez et al. 2002). Subpopulations include those of the Sierra Nevada (16,000 individuals), Sierra de Gredos (8,000 individuals), Maestrazgo (7,000 individuals), Serranía de Ronda and Sierras de Grazalema (4,000  individuals), Puertos de Tortosa y Beceite Natural Park (4,000 individuals) Cazorla (2,500  individuals), Sierra Tejeda y Almijara (2,500  individuals), Sierras de Antequera (2,000  individuals), Sierra Morena (2,000 individuals) and Muela de Córtes (1,500  individuals) (Pérez et al. 2002, J. Herrero and J. M. Pérez pers. comm. 2006). Numbers have expanded dramatically since the early 1990s, when the total population was estimated at c.7,900 individuals (Shackleton 1997), and continue to increase. Its range is expanding in Spain and into Portugal (Cabral et al. 2005). In 2003 the Portuguese population consisted of a minimum of 75 individuals. (Moço et al. 2006).","It occurs in rocky habitats. Even small rocky patches in arable farmland and on the coast may be used, although cliffs and screes interspersed with scrub or pine trees are the most typical habitats. It often lives in very close proximity to humans, and is a familiar and popular species. It disperses readily and can rapidly colonise new areas if appropriate habitat is available. It is an important trophy-hunting species, with some trophy prices exceeding EUR 2,000 (J. Herrero pers. comm. 2006). Hunting can be an important source of revenue to local communities in rural areas. The species can sometimes be an agricultural pest, causing damage to almond trees (J. Herrero pers. comm. 2006).","No threats are causing population or range declines at present - indeed the species is expanding. However, alteration and fragmentation of habitats (through agriculture, forestry, fires, and infrastructure development) may impact upon certain Capra pyrenaica populations, and competition with the introduced the aoudad (Ammotragus lervia) might become a conservation problem in the near future (Cabral et al. 2005, J. M. Pérez pers. comm. 2006). The aoudad was introduced during the 1970s in southeastern Spain, and recently an important range expansion of this exotic ungulate has been reported (Cassinello et al. 2004); competition between these two ungulate species can be expected. The impact of hunting (predominantly for trophies) has not been scientifically assessed (J. M. Pérez pers. comm. 2006), but the poaching of large dominant males might alter gene flow (J. Herrero pers. comm. 2006). However, hunting levels are broadly under control. Outbreaks of mange (Sarcoptes scabiei) occur sporadically and have caused at least one major population crash (Shackleton 1997, Palomo and Gisbert 2002). Wild goats are occasionally killed by accident during wild boar hunting-drives with dogs (J. Herrero pers. comm. 2006). Previously, the population was kept low by competition with domestic livestock, which restricted wild goats to marginal habitats. The causes of C. p. pyrenaica' s demise are unknown, but there are a number of hypotheses including competition for food with chamois, inbreeding depression, parasite infections from domestic livestock, climatic conditions, poaching, and low fertility due to plant secondary compounds (Shackleton 1997). The last remaining individual, a 13-year-old female, was killed by a falling tree.","The species is protected under Appendix III of the Bern Convention and Annex V of the EU Habitats and Species Directive. It is listed as Critically Endangered in Portugal, owing to its very small population in that country (Cabral et al. 2005). C. p. victoriae occurs in Sierra de Gredos, las Batuecas and Riaño Hunting Reserves and Manzanares Natural Park. C. p. hispanica occurs in a number of protected areas, including Sierra de las Nieves, Sierra de Grazalema, Sierra Nevada, and Sierra de Tajada y Almijara, Puertos de Tortosa y Beceite, and Muela de Cortes. However, most of the range occupied by wild goats is outside protected areas. Conservation measures proposed include establishing additional populations of C. p. victoriae in other areas to strengthen its conservation status by reducing the possibility of an epizootic or some other catastrophe wiping out, or severely depleting, the present small population. When establishing new populations, founder effects should be considered, and sufficient numbers of animals should be introduced to maintain genetic diversity (J. Herrero pers. comm. 2006). Measures should be taken to reduce poaching (Cabral et al. 2005), and the impact of hunting should be scientifically assessed.",,,"Herrero, J. & Pérez, J.M.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,CERVIDAE,Capreolus,capreolus,,Capreolus capreolus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)A widespread and common species with no major threats. It is listed as Least Concern. However, subspecies C. c. italicus is rare (<10,000 mature individuals) and faces serious threats.",,"The roe deer has a large range in the Palaearctic. It is found throughout most of Europe (with the exception of Ireland, Cyprus, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, and most of the smaller islands), including western Russia (Stubbe 1999). Outside Europe, it occurs in Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran, and the Caucasus (Wilson and Reeder 2005). It is extinct in Israel and Lebanon (Wilson and Reeder 2005). It occurs from sea level to 2,400 m in the Alps (von Lehmann and Sägesser 1986).","It is widespread and common, and is expanding in many areas. Densities in the northern and southern parts of the range tend to be lower than in the central parts of the range. The central European population is estimated to number c.15 million individuals (EMA Workshop 2006). However, the endemic Italian subspecies C. c. italicus, which is largely restricted to southern Tuscany, probably numbers no more than 10,000 individuals and is at risk from hybridisation with introduced C. c. capreolus (Lorenzini et al. 2002)","It occupies a wide variety of habitats, including deciduous, mixed or coniferous forests, moorland, pastures, arable land, and suburban areas with large gardens. It prefers landscapes with a mosaic of woodland and farmland (Stubbe 1999). Roe deer are well adapted to modern agricultural landscapes (Sempéré et al. 1996).","The main threat in Europe is the increased mixing of various genetic stocks as a result of translocations. This may be a particular threat to genetically distinct peripheral populations, such as those in northern Portugal, the southern Italian Apennines, and Greece (Randi et al. 2004, Lorenzini and Lovari 2006). Molecular studies show that roe deer in central and southern Europe are mainly admixed (Lorenzini et al. 2002, Randi et al. 2004), indicating that human manipulation has greatly affected the natural genetic structure of populations. The small remaining population of C. c. italicus is also threatened by poaching and predation by feral dogs (Lorenzini et al. 2002)","The species is listed on the Bern Convention (Appendix III), and occurs in a large number of protected areas across its range. To protect remnant populations of the Italian roe deer C. c. italicus, Lorenzini et al. (2002) recommend the following measures: (1) Conduct research to determine the genetic struture of Italian roe deer, (2) Map extant populations of Italian roe deer, with indications of their genetic purity, (3) Prohibit translocations of roe deer from northern stocks to central and southern Italy, and vice versa, (4) Facilitate the expansion of remaining populations by reducing poaching and eliminating feral dogs, and (5) Establish a reintroduction plan for southern Italy. Similar actions are recommended to protect genetically distinct peripheral populations in Portugal and Greece. In general, any translocations of roe deer should respect the genetic integrity of populations at the destination site.",,,"Juan Herrero, Jim Conroy, Tiit Maran, Giorgos Giannatos, Michael Stubbe, Stéphane Aulagnier",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,CERVIDAE,Capreolus,pygargus,,Capreolus pygargus,,"This taxon was formerly considered a subspecies of the European roe deer Capreolus capreolus. Currently three subspecies are recognised: C. pygargus pygargus Pallas, 1771 (main part of the distribution area), C.p. tianschanicus Satunin, 1906 (southern parts) and C.p. bedfordi Thomas, 1908 (eastern parts).",No,LC,,No,NE,,EU25,-,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)A widespread and common species with no major threats. Assessed as Least Concern.,,"The Siberian roe deer has a wide distribution in the Palaearctic. It is found in southern parts of Siberia and the Urals (to the Volga River in the west), the Russian Far East, and in the mountains of Middle Asia, Mongolia, and Northern and Eastern China. It has been recorded at altitudes of up to 3,300 m.",It is generally widespread and common across the whole distribution area. The population is stable; the species is a game animal.,"Inhabits different types of deciduous and mixed forests and forest-steppes. In summer it is solitary whereas in winter it aggregates into groups of up to 20-30 individuals. During the seasonal nomadic period it forms herds of up to 500 individuals. Polygamous, but does not form harems. Heat usually occurs from mid-July to mid-September; during this period males are territorial. Young are born in May-June; females give birth to one or two calves (rarely up to four).","There are no major threats to whole population. However, poaching might be a threat to the isolated population in the Cis-Caucasus.",The main conservation measures are regulation of hunting and maintenance of suitable habitats on hunting grounds. The majority of the Cis-caucasian population inhabits protected areas.,,,European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CASTORIDAE,Castor,fiber,,Castor fiber,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The European beaver has shown good recovery across much of its range, as a result of conservation programmes. The highest numbers are found within Europe. Conservation measures are ongoing to prevent the population declining again and as long as these continue, there is no reason to continue to assess the species as threatened or Near Threatened. Now Least Concern.",,"The Eurasian beaver Castor fiber was once widespread in Europe and Asia. However, by the beginning of the 20th century, over-hunting had drastically reduced both the numbers and range of the species. In Europe, only a few isolated sites remained: parts of the Rhone (France) and Elbe (Germany), southern Norway, the Neman River and Dnepr Basin (Belarus) and Voronezh (Russia). Reintroductions have enabled the beaver to return to much of its former range, and there are now a number of rapidly expanding populations extending from Spain and France across central and eastern Europe to European Russia, and in Scandinavia and parts of western Finland. Free-living populations of beavers are now established or establishing in most regions of their former European range, the main exceptions to date being Portugal, the south Balkans and Great Britain (Halley and Rosell 2002, Ceña et al. 2004). Detailed information on the status and distribution of the Eurasian beaver in each range state can be found in Halley and Rosell (2002), and information on the population that was translocated to Spain in 2003 can be found in Ceña et al. (2004). It is generally a lowland species, but occurs up to 850 m in Europe (D.J. Halley pers. comm. 2006).","By the beginning of the 20th century, the global population had been reduced to eight populations, totaling approximately 1,200 individuals (Halley and Rosell 2002). Protection (beginning with a hunting ban implemented in Norway in 1845), natural spread and reintroductions have resulted in a rapid recovery in numbers and range, particularly in Europe. In 1998, the global population was estimated at 430,000 (Nolet and Rosell 1998), by 2002 it had reached at least 593,000 (Halley and Rosell 2002), and in 2006 the minimum estimate was 639,000 (D.J. Halley pers. comm. 2006). This is almost certainly a considerable underestimate, as both population and range are in rapid expansion (Halley and Rosell 2002, 2003; D.J. Halley pers. comm. 2006). Considerable further expansion in range and population, especially in western Europe and the lower Danube basin, can be expected. If current trends continue, the Eurasian beaver will be a fairly common mammal in much of Europe within the next few decades. However, populations in Asia are still considered small. In Mongolia, reintroductions have been successful and the population has reached 150, and in China the population has reached 800 (Halley and Rosell 2002, EMA Workshop 2006).","Beavers are adapted for a semi-aquatic life, using a variety of freshwater systems, including rivers, streams, irrigation ditches, lakes, and swamps. They generally prefer freshwater habitats surrounded by woodland, but may occur in agricultural land or even suburban and urban areas (Tattersall 1999, Halley and Rosell 2002). In northern Scandinavia, beavers may be found right up to the limit of the willow zone in the mountains, where knee-high willow bushes are the only woody vegetation and it is iced over for 8 months of the year. This is not preferred habitat, but they can survive there. In many places, beavers live both on the valley floor, and on the mountain plateau above (where it is wooded), with a break in distribution where streams flow down the steep valley sides. In general beavers should be able to live in almost any freshwater habitat where there are trees or shrubs and the gradient is not precipitous. However, patterns of recolonisation demonstrate a clear preference for still or slow, laminar water flow if it is available (Nowak 1999, Halley and Rosell 2002, D.J. Halley pers. comm. 2006).","The beaver's historic decline was caused by over-hunting for fur, meat and castoreum (a secretion from the scent glands), combined with loss of wetland habitats. Beaver populations were severely reduced in most countries by mediæval times, but the species clung on in marshes and other inaccessible places until the advent of efficient steel traps and accurate firearms in the 17th century; and then through to the 19th century there was a rash of final extinctions for these reasons combined with drainage of many of the large marshland areas in which the species clung on (all of the European refugia where the species survived, except in Norway, are extensive marshlands). Today, beaver populations in Europe are expanding rapidly, and there are no major threats (e.g. threats of a magnitude likely to cause decline at the regional level). Competitive exclusion of the native European beaver C. fiber by its American cousin C. canadensis may be a threat in parts of Finland and north-west Russia, but it is not a major threat regionally. In Europe North American beavers are now confined entirely to Finland and north-west Russia, where populations are increasing only slowly (due to heavy harvesting). The former population at a reservoir near Paris has been removed, and populations introduced to Poland and Austria have apparently gone extinct in competition with C. fiber, the opposite of what has tended to happen in Finland and north-west Russia (it has been suggested that, due to differences in the life history of the two species, Eurasian beavers may have a competitive advantage at more southerly latitudes, whilst North American beavers may be more successful further north: D.J. Halley pers. comm. 2006). There are no serious prospects of further introductions (Halley and Rosell 2002, D.J. Halley pers. comm. 2006). The two species do not interbreed (Tattersall 1999). Roadkill is an important source of mortality for some populations (Tattersall 1999). Rapidly expanding beaver populations may come into conflict with humans in some areas, as they do some damage to forestry and crops. Such damages should be put into perspective: they tend to be less severe than those caused by other species such as deer and voles, but are noticed because beavers are a new and unfamiliar species in areas where they have been recently introduced (Halley and Rosell 2002).","A number of conservation measures have contributed to the species' recovery in Europe, including reintroductions and translocations, hunting restrictions, and habitat protection. It is listed under the Bern Convention (Appendix III) and the EU Habitats and Species Directive (Annex V for the Swedish and Finnish populations, Annex II & IV for all others). In Finland, C. canadensis populations are controlled to prevent them spreading into the west where C. fiber occurs. Halley and Rosell (2002) recommend regulated hunting as the optimal management regime in managed landscapes with healthy beaver populations. Management of beaver populations should be at the watershed scale, except where large human-made dams form significant barriers to spread. Early provision of interpretation and public viewing opportunities is also recommended, as this provides a benefit to the local economy through wildlife tourism, and helps foster positive attitudes to beavers (Halley and Rosell 2002). This has been a successful feature of several recent reintroductions. Reintroduction to Italy has been recommended in a European Union/Bern Convention Nature and Environment Series document (Nolet 1996). Considerable efforts have been made to develop a beaver reintroduction programme in Scotland, and a full public consultation showed strong support for such a scheme among the general public, including in rural areas where beavers were likely to be released (Halley and Rosell 2002).",,,"Boris Kryštufek, Holger Meinig, Jan Zima, Heikki Henttonen, Linas Balciauskas",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,CERVIDAE,Cervus,elaphus,,Cervus elaphus,,"In North America, wapiti Cervus elaphus are sometimes called elk. However, in Europe the name elk refers to Alces alces (known in North America as moose). 

Genetic studies suggest that populations on Sardinia and Corsica are closely related to the north African subspecies C. e. barbarus (Ludt et al. 2004, Pitra et al. 2004), and some authors have suggested that C. e. barbarus should be treated as a distinct species (Pitra et al. 2004). These island populations may have been introduced by man in Holocene times (Hmwe et al. 2006).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species has a wide range. Population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population size criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. less than 10,000 mature individuals in conjunction with appropriate decline rates and subpopulation qualifiers), as the species is described as common in at least parts of its range. There have been range contractions and presumably population declines in some parts of the species' European range, but it is not believed to approach the threshold for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, it is evaluated as Least Concern. However, genetic mixing as a result of introductions of deer from different areas is a problem that should be addressed.",,"The red deer has a large global distribution extending from Europe and North Africa through central Asia, Siberia, the Far East and North America (Corbet 1978, Koubek and Zima 1999, Wilson and Ruff 1999). It is widely but somewhat patchily distributed throughout most of continental Europe, although it is absent from northern Fennoscandia and most of European Russia. It is present on a number of islands, including the British Isles and Sardinia. It is extinct in Albania. There are several small introduced subpopulations in Russia (all introduced into nature reserves for hunting) of unknown origin. There may be a small natural subpopulation at Kaliningrad in Russia just across the Polish border (A. Tikhonov pers. comm. 2006). In Greece, the small isolated subpopulations are the result of reintroductions into areas where it previously occurred. Likewise in Portugal all populations result from reintroduction or natural expansion from transborder Spanish populations which in turn were reintroduced. It occurs from sea level to above the tree line (c.2,500 m) in the Alps. The distribution is much more patchy and fragmented than the apparent continuity suggested by the distribution map.","It is a widespread and abundant species, although there is increasing fragmentation of populations in central Europe, and the species has been lost from some areas (EMA Workshop 2006). Typical population densities range from 2 to 10 individuals per km2 (up to c.25 per km2, higher figures in the literature almost certainly refer to fed populations: S. Lovari pers. comm. 2006). It is sufficiently abundant in some areas to be considered a pest in forestry plantations. In Germany there are reports of 60,000 animals hunted per year. The most recent records indicate a population size of 150,000-180,000 in Germany (M. Stubbe pers. comm. 2006). Subspecies C. e corsicanus, endemic to the islands of Sardinia and Corsica, is relatively rare but its numbers are increasing. It was reintroduced to Corsica in the 1970s and is found in three small subpopulations, estimated in 2005 to number no fewer than 5,000 individuals (S. Lovari in litt. 2006).","It inhabits open deciduous woodland, upland moors and open mountainous areas (sometimes above the treeline), natural grasslands, pastures and meadows (Koubek and Zima 1999). In woodland, its diet consists mainly of shrub and tree shoots, but in other habitats it also consumes grasses, sedges and shrubs.","The main threat is the intermixing of the various subspecies, including subspecies from North America (wapiti) and Asia, as well as hybridisation with sika deer Cervus nippon (Koubek and Zima 1999, EMA Workshop 2006). The introduction of animals from North America has also resulted in the spread of parasites and diseases to previously unaffected subpopulations (e.g. liver worms). Overhunting and habitat loss as a result of agricultural intensification and urbanisation are other pressures (Wemmer 1998), but they are not thought to pose a major threat to the species at present (EMA Workshop 2006).","It is protected under Appendix III of the Bern Covention. Subspecies C. e. corsicanus is strictly protected under Appendix II of the Bern Convention and Annexes II* and IV of the EU Habitats and Species Directive. It occurs in numerous protected areas across its range and also in protected areas outside its range where it has been introduced. To preserve the genetic integrity of local populations, it is important that the introduction of red deer from other areas is stopped, unless there is evidence that they belong to the same taxon (subspecies).Red deer in Europe have been affected to a large extent by translocations not only between far distant populations and different subspecies within the continent, but also by imported conspecifics from Central Asia and North America, and introduced Sika deer. As a result, most of the present deer populations of Europe are either known hybrids on a subspecific or even specific level or their breeding background is insufficiently known for excluding such a possibility. Systematic investigation into the history and the genetics of all European red deer populations is therefore needed as a base for establishing a European Red Deer Managment Plan. Part of this plan should be the identification of unpolluted autochthonous populations of this species and protection of their genetic integrity, thus preserving as much as possible of what is left of its natural variation. In this respect the following populations are important and should be given a high priority for conservation and research:Swedish Red Deer (C. e. elaphus)Red deer population of Skåne, Southern SwedenSubspecies C. e. elaphus with original distribution in central Europe and southern Scandinavia has its only remaining free-living population that is free from hybridization in Skåne, Sweden (Ahlén 1965, I. Ahlén pers. comm. 2007). Genetic studies have confirmed that there is no mixing with eastern European or wapiti genes that has affected all other populations in central Europe, Denmark and other parts of Sweden. In the official Swedish Red List produced in 2005 this subspecies was classified as VU (D1) (Gärdenfors 2005). Norwegian Red Deer (C. e. atlanticus)All red deer occurring in Norway still represent pure C.e. atlanticus, with the only exception being the isolated population on the Island of Otteroy, which has experienced an inflow of genes from introduced red deer from Germany (Ahlén 1965, Trense CIC pers. comm. to W. Frey).Scottish Red Deer (C. e. scoticus)Otago Mountains Red deer population, New ZealandThe red deer population of the Otago Mountains was established in 1871 with animals from Invermark Forest, Scotland, long before these could have been polluted through introductions from other sources. Unfortunately there are deer farms now all around the periphery of the Otago Mountains, from which animals escape from time to time. Red deer from the central sections of the range land however are still pure C.e. scoticus. This has been supported by the results of genetic investigations (Banwell pers. comm. to W. Frey). Banwell recommends that some of these animals pure bred animals should be removed before it is too late, and Frey suggested that an isolated population should be established in Great Britain with animals from this source, as according to Carne (2000) there is no red deer population left in Great Britain and Ireland that reliably represents pure C.e. scoticus (W. Frey pers. comm. 2006). Central European Red Deer (C. e. hippelaphus)Western populationsVosges Red deer populationThe population of the Vosges, presently numbering c.15,000 individuals, derives from an autochthonous relict population of some 200 head. Recent contacts to the neighbouring non-autochthonous population in Germany cannot be excluded. However if gene flow between both populations has already occurred, it is believed that this should have been in one direction only: from the Vosges population to the German population (Riffel pers. comm. to W. Frey). This assumption was strongly supported by extensive genetic investigations of the Vosges population (Hartl et al. 1991, Hartl pers. comm. to W. Frey). The genetic integrity of the Vosges population however is threatened in the longer term, if a pure transplant population is not established.Eastern populationsRed deer populations of Greece, Bulgaria and the European part of TurkeyThe red deer populations of Greece and Bulgaria have remained free from admixtures of foreign genes (Trense CIC pers. comm. to W. Frey), as has the population of the Belgrad Forest in Turkey (Can pers. comm. to W. Frey)  Whilst there are about 29,000 red deer in Bulgaria (Chassovnikarova et al. 2003) very little is known about the status of the species in Greece, with the exception that the total number of individuals cannot be high and is concentrated in a few isolated populations. Clutton-Brock and Gill (1989) mentioned with reference to Papageorgiou that the red deer occurring on the Sithonia peninsula is in need of better protection and may deserve examination for possible sub-specific status.Red deer of the Italian peninsulaMesola Red Deer The Gran Bosco della Mesola Natural Reserve harbours the only autochthonous unmixed population of red deer in the Italian peninsula. The population size dropped to the historically lowest level of 10 animals in 1945-1947. In spring 1998 there were 59 individuals. Considering zoogeographical factors, this indigenous red deer may represent a separate subspecies (Mattioli 1990, Hmwe et al. 2006).Sardinian Red Deer (Cervus elaphus corsicanus)It is possible that the red deer of Sardinia and Corsica is descended from deer from mainland Italy that reached the island naturally during the Pleistocene. It is also possible that it was introduced by man in Holocene times (Hmwe et al. 2006). Genetic studies suggest that populations on Sardinia and Corsica are closely related to the north African subspecies C. e. barbarus (Ludt et al. 2004, Pitra et al. 2004). Iberian Red Deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus)Iberian subspecies C.e. hispanicus might represent a relict of the red deer populations before the last Ice Age. The Coto Doñana red deer population represents pure C.e. hispanicus (Riffel pers. comm. to W. Frey), and there are probably more unmixed populations left of this subspecies (W. Frey pers. comm. 2006). Nevertheless, it is considered to be threatened by genetic introgression from introduced animals from other parts of Europe. There have been many introductions of allochthonous red deer by private landowners seeking to ""improve"" the antlers, only some of which have been documented. (Carranza et al. 2003).",,,"Sandro Lovari, Juan Herrero, Jim Conroy, Tiit Maran, Giorgos Giannatos, Michael Stubbe, Stéphane Aulagnier",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Chionomys,nivalis,,Chionomys nivalis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)A common and widespread species with no major threats.,,"Chionomys nivalis has a global distribution extending from south-western Europe through south-eastern Europe to the Caucasus, Turkey, Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Iran (Shenbrot and Krasnov 2005). In Europe, it is restricted to mountainous and rocky areas, typically above 1,000 m and up to 4,700 m (Amori 1999). Its strongholds in Europe are in the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Apennines, the Carpathians and the mountains of the Balkan peninsula. Of the islands, it is found only on Euboea (Amori 1999).","It is locally common in at least parts of its range, and no declines have been recorded. Fluctuations in population density are not known to occur. Its distribution is naturally fragmented as subpopulations became isolated from each other when temperatures warmed at the end of the last ice age (Amori 1999).","It inhabits open, rocky areas, typically above the tree-line (Amori 1999). It has a herbivorous diet, feeding on grasses, shrubs, and berries (Krapp 1982).","In the northeastern part of the range the species occurs exclusively in rocky slopes. During the last two decades, these areas have been covered by enchroaching new forest as sheep grazing has declined (B. Kryštufek pers. comm. 2006). However, this is not though to be a serious threat to the species at present.","It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention, and occurs within many protected areas within its range. In the Ukraine, the species is included in the Red Book of Ukraine.",,,"Boris Kryštufek, Giovanni Amori",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Cricetulus,migratorius,,Cricetulus migratorius,,,No,LC,,No,,,EU25,-,"European: Least Concern. The species has a large range in parts of eastern Europe and European Russia, within which it is widespread. The population size is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population size criterion of the IUCN Red List. Although there have been some range contractions within this region, presumably with concomitant population declines, these are not thought to approach the threshold for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List. EU 25: Not Applicable. In the EU, this species only occurs in Greece. Very little is known about the species' range and habitat requirements in this country, and there are no data on threats or population size. Only a very small proportion (less than 1%) of the grey hamster's range lies within the EU 25, thus it is classed as Not Applicable (NA) at the regional level.",,"The present range of the grey hamster extends from eastern Europe through Russia and central Asia to Mongolia and western China. In the south, its distribution extends into Turkey, Israel, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan and Kashmir. In Europe, it is restricted to Greece, Turkish Thrace, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, and European Russia. It is recorded from sea level to 4,300 m in the Pamir mountains of central Asia (Vohralík 1999).","It is scarce and sporadic in the Balkans, although it may be more abundant elsewhere in its global range. Populations in Greece (very rare: known from less than ten collections), Bulgaria (very rare: only six records) and Turkish Thrace may be isolated (Nechay 2000). Its status is poorly known. There have been range contractions in some parts of Europe (EMA Workshop 2006).","It originally occurred in dry grasslands, steppes and semideserts. Now, it also inhabits agricultural land and gardens, sometimes even living in houses. Arid areas with relatively sparse vegetation are preferred, and forests and damp habitats are avoided (Vohralík 1999). It typically feeds on roots, shoots and seeds.","The species is rare, especially in the Balkans, and its requirements are not well known. It is not known why the species is not more widespread within Europe, given that it can use a variety of habitats.","Surveys are required to determine population status and trends, and research is needed to determine the species' requirements and investigate potential threats.",,,"Boris Kryštufek, Igor Zagorodnyuk, Vladimir Vohralík",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Cricetus,cricetus,,Cricetus cricetus,,Populations west of the River Rhine are recognised as a separate subspecies (canescens) (Weinhold 1999).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Unfavourable,"At the European and EU 25 levels the species is considered Least Concern. It has a very wide range and, although population declines are occuring in the western part of the range, it is stable elsewhere (including in a number of EU 25 countries).",,"Cricetus cricetus has a large global range, extending from western Europe, through central and eastern Europe, Russia, and Kazakhstan, reaching as far east as the Yenisey river (Asian Russia). In Europe, it occurs from Belgium, the Netherlands and northern France in the west to Russia in the east, and from northern Germany, Poland and Russia in the north to Bulgaria in the south (Panteleyev 1998, Weinhold 1999). It is found from sea level to 650 m (Nechay 2000).","It has undergone severe range and population declines in western and central Europe, and it now has a highly fragmented distribution in these areas. Subpopulation extinctions have occurred in a number of countries including Belgium, the Netherlands, France and Germany. Less is known about the status of the species in eastern Europe and Russia, but it is certainly more abundant there than in the west. Spring population densities of 0.5-3 individuals per hectare are reported in western Europe (Weinhold 1999), whereas densities of 3.4-37 occupied burrows per hectare have been recorded in Hungary (Nechay 2000). In Ukraine the species is considered abundant (I. Zagorodnyuk pers. comm. 2006). In areas where the species is abundant, periodic population outbreaks occur (Nechay 2000).","Its original habitat was fertile steppe and grassland, but it has successfully spread into a variety of anthropogenic habitats including meadows, croplands (especially cereals), and field edges, road verges and scrubby fallow areas on farms. In eastern parts of its range it is found quite often in gardens and orchards, in close proximity to human habitation. It is more abundant in these man-made habitats than it is in natural grassland. It prefers relatively deep, heavy soils, in which it digs extensive burrows. Its diet mainly consists of the green parts of plants and seeds, supplemented by invertebrates and, occasionally, small vertebrates. At high densities, it can be an agricultural pest (Nechay 2000).","Its decline in western Europe has been attributed to a combination of persecution and agricultural intensification. It was trapped and poisoned to prevent damage to crops, and this practice continues in some parts of the hamster's range (although not in the western part of its range). In eastern Europe it continues to be trapped for the fur trade. Agricultural intensification, specifically the loss of perennial crops and small uncultivated patches of land, the introduction of autumn-sown cereals, and the increased use of pesticides, has had a negative impact on many hamster populations. Changing agricultural practices in eastern Europe, where the hamster population has traditionally been considered stable, may pose a threat in the future.","It is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and Annex IV of the EU Habitats and Species Directive. Specific conservation recommendations to improve the status of the species in western Europe are detailed in Stubbe and Stubbe (1998) and Nechay (2000). These focus on subsidising farmers to manage agricultural habitats appropriately, and minimising use of pesticides. In the last few years, reintroductions have been carried out in France, Belgium and the Netherlands. Monitoring is required in eastern range states to determine population trends.",,,"Boris Kryštufek, Holger Meinig, Igor Zagorodnyuk, Vladimir Vohralík",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,SORICIDAE,Crocidura,canariensis,,Crocidura canariensis,,"It has been argued, on the basis of mandibular measurements, that Crocidura canariensis should be treated as a subspecies of C. sicula (Sarà 1996). However, other morphological, ecological, palaeontological and molecular evidence supports specific status (Michaux et al. 1991, Hutterer et al. 1992). Genetic distances suggest that C. canariensis and C. sicula diverged approximately five million years ago (Vogel et al. 2003).",Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii)",Yes,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii)",EU25,Unfavourable,"C. canariensis has a very small extent of occurrence (5,000 km²), which is severely fragmented, and presumably declining as a result of habitat loss and degradation caused by urbanisation and desertification. Consequently it qualifies as Endangered.",,"The Canary shrew Crocidura canariensis is endemic to the eastern Canary Islands, where it is currently found on Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Lobos and Mount Clara. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 5,000 km². Recent fossils indicate that it previously occurred on Graciosa and Alegranza (Hutterer 1999), but it has never been trapped on either of these islands and is presumed to have gone extinct there (Palomo and Gisbert 2002). Canary shrew remains have been found in owl pellets collected on Graciosa and Alegranza, but this is believed to result from the movement of owls between different islands (Palomo and Gisbert 2002).","Numbers and population trends are unknown. Mount Clara has a tiny population, which is unlikely to number more than a hundred individuals. The habitat of C. canariensis is severly fragmented as a result of anthropogenic habitat loss and natural barriers to dispersal (R. Hutterer pers. comm. 2006).","The Canary shrew's main habitat is the malpaís (barren lava fields), and it seems to be adapted to the hot and dry conditions of these plains (Hutterer et al. 1992, Stone 1995). It feeds on snails and insects in lava tubes, and it is cool inside its burrows even when temperatures reach 60ºC outside. The shrew is also sometimes found in gardens and abandoned arable land adjacent to lava fields, as well as in rocky gullies and sandy areas with rocks and vegetation (Palomo and Gisbert 2002). On Mount Clara, the species is restricted to a single coastal sand dune. More suitable habitat is found on other islands, however, there is a lot of urbanisation and industry.","This species has a highly restricted distribution. Rapid urbanisation and infrastructure development in and around its range are causing loss and fragmentation of suitable habitat, and desiccation may also be a problem (Hutterer 2004). Introduced cats Felis catus sometimes depredate Canary shrews (Palomo and Gisbert 2002). Other introduced species, e.g. rats and mice, are also present but are not known to have any effect on the Canary shrew. Of these threats, habitat loss is considered to be the most important (Palomo and Gisbert 2002).","C. canariensis is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive, and is also protected under Spanish law. It is found within a number of National Parks in Fuerteventura. Research is needed to determine the ecological and conservation requirements of this species (Stone 1995). Recommended conservation measures include controlling feral cats and preventing further introductions of alien species to small islands such as Mount Clara (Palomo and Gisbert 2002).",,,"Hutterer, R.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,SORICIDAE,Crocidura,leucodon,,Crocidura leucodon,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species has a large range, within which it is widespread. The population size has not been quantified, but the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population size criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. less than 10,000 mature individuals in conjunction with appropriate decline rates and subpopulation qualifiers). Although population declines or fluctuations have occurred in parts of its range, the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, it is evaluated as Least Concern.",,"Crocidura leucodon occurs in Europe and western Asia, from north-west France in the west to the Caspian sea in the east, extending as far south as Israel. In Europe, it is absent from Iberia and southern France, Fennoscandia, northern Poland, the Baltic, and northern Belarus and European Russia (Krapp 1999). The only European island on which it is known to be present is Lesbos (Greece). Its distribution in the eastern part of the range is not well known because it is possible that some records from that region refer to a different species. It occurs from sea level to around 2,000 m.","At the northern and western borders of its range at least, it appears to be declining or fluctuating. In the southern part of eastern Europe this species has seriously declined during the last 50 years (50 years ago there were many records, especially from owl pellets, whereas recently there are very few records)(I. Zagorodnyuk pers. comm. 2006).","Its habitat preferences vary in different parts of its geographic range. In France, it is found in damp areas with dense vegetation, whereas in central Europe and Italy it prefers open agricultural landscapes. At the northern edge of its range it is associated with gardens and houses in suburban and urban areas, and in the Balkans and Asia Minor it can be found in moist habitats in the mountains including screes, stony areas, riverbanks and stone walls. In Asia Minor it is also found above the tree line in stony areas (Krapp 1999). In European Russia the species occurs in moist habitats within steppe and semi-desert areas. It feeds on invertebrates, including insects, insect larvae and worms.","This species often occurs in open rural country, where it may be negatively affected by agricultural intensification (accidental poisoning and loss of prey species as a result of pesticide use, and loss of cover owing to replacement of hedgerows and fallow areas with large-scale monocultures) (Krapp 1999).","It is protected under Appendix III of the Bern Convention, and it occurs within protected areas.",,,"Vladimir Vohralík, Jan Zima, Boris Kryštufek",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,SORICIDAE,Crocidura,pachyura,,Crocidura pachyura,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU25,Unknown,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 25 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)In Europe, this species is restricted to the islands of Ibiza, Sardinia and Pantelleria, where it has a small range (approaching the threshold for the geographic range criterion of the IUCN Red List, i.e less than 20,000 km²). However, there are no data on population trends. Currently there are no serious threats known, but pesticide use may be problematic. More research is needed to determine the status of this species, and reassessment is recommended if more data become available.",,"This species occurs on the islands of Ibiza (Spain), and Sardinia and Pantelleria (Italy). It also occurs in North Africa, where its range is poorly known but includes Tunisia and eastern Algeria (Wilson and Reeder 2005). The Pantelleria population may be a separate subspecies (cossyrensis). It occurs from sea level to 800-1,000 m above sea level (G. Amori pers. comm. 2006).","Little is known about population size and trends in this species, but it is not rare (G. Amori pers. comm. 2006).","It occurs in a variety of habitats including pastures, cultivated fields, low shrubland, gardens, and old agricultural terraces with dry-stone walls.","No serious threats are known at present, although accidental poisoning with pesticides may be a problem. The population on Pantelleria may be threatened because of its highly restricted range.",It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention (as a subspecies of Crocidura russula). Further research is required to determine population status and trends and to investigate potential threats.,,,Giovanni Amori,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,SORICIDAE,Crocidura,russula,,Crocidura russula,,"Genetic studies indicate that the population on Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands (previously considered to be a separate species, Crocidura osorio) is conspecific with C. russula (Vogel et al. 2003), although differences in size, ecology, and behaviour (Hutterer et al. 1992) characterize it as a distinct island form. The African population is probably a composite of two species that are only sympatric in part of Algeria (R. Hutterer pers. comm.).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)A very widespread and common species within its range, with no serious threats.",,"This species is found in southern and western Europe (including some Atlantic and Mediterranean islands). It also occurs in North Africa, in Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria (Ramalhinho et al. 1999). The population on Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands (previously considered to be a separate species, Crocidura osorio) seems to have been introduced from Spain (Vogel et al. 2003). It typically occurs from sea level to 1,200 m, but has also been found as high as 2,000 m, particularly in Mediterranean landscapes (Palomo and Gisbert 2002).","Population size and trends are unknown, although the species is generally widespread and fairly common within its range. In Germany at least it is stable and expanding in some parts, although it is not known if this is natural or the result of accidental human transportation (Kraft 2000). It is probably the most common shrew in Spain, and is often the dominant prey species in the barn owl's diet in this region (Ramalhinho et al. 1999).","In the Mediterranean it occurs in a wide range of habitats including shrubland (maquis), open habitats, forest edges with abundant ground vegetation, cultivated fields, urban areas, gardens, farms, mountainous areas and land adjacent to rivers and streams (Palomo and Gisbert 2002). It particularly favours old terraces with dry stone walls. In northern Europe and at higher alititudes it is predominantly synanthropic, living in close proximity to humans in houses and gardens (Ramalhinho et al. 1999). In Morocco, it occurs in the mountains.","Due to its synanthropic habits it may suffer from the use of pesticides and other toxic chemicals (Ramalhinho et al. 1999), but this is not thought to be a serious threat to the species at present.","It receives legal protection under the Bern Convention (Appendix III), and it occurs in numerous protected areas.",,,"Holger Meinig, Stéphane Aulagnier, Rainer Hutterer",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,SORICIDAE,Crocidura,sicula,,Crocidura sicula,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"C. sicula is endemic to Italy, occurring on Sicily and surrounding islands in the Mediterranean. It is relatively widespread within its range and although population trends are not known, there do not appear to be any serious threats at present. Consequently, the species is assessed as Least Concern. It has a small extent of occurrence (approaching 20,000 km²), therefore it should be reassessed if any declines are suspected. Populations on Sicily and Gozo may deserve some special attention because they are genetically distinct.",,"Crocidura sicula is endemic to Sicily and its associated islands (to Italy) and Malta. It is currently found on Sicily, Ustica, Gozo, and the Egadi islands (Favigniana, Levanzo, Marettimo). It may be extinct on the island of Malta, where it is known only from subfossil remains (Vogel 1999). It occurs from sea level to about 1,000 m (G. Amori pers. comm. 2006).","This species is widespread on Sicily (Maddalena et al. 1990). However, trapping results indicate that it occurs at much lower densities than other Crocidura species that inhabit Mediterranean islands (Vogel 1999). Population trends are unknown. It may have gone extinct on the island of Malta, but even if so, the date of that extinction is unknown. In Ustica a melanic form occurs and shows a very restricted range (G. Amori pers. comm. 2006).A new genetic study has shown that populations of Sicily and Gozo may deserve some special attention because they are genetically distinct (R. Hutterer pers. comm. 2007).","Owl pellet analyses suggest that C. sicula inhabits suburban areas, gardens, pastures, arable land, and open scrub. In the summer, it prefers damp areas (Vogel 1999).","No serious threats are known at present, although pesticides in agricultural areas are often a problem for insectivore species. Populations on smaller islands could be adversely affected by predation from domestic cats (G. Amori pers. comm. 2006).","It is protected under Appendix III of the Bern Convention. No specific conservation actions are recommended at this time. This is one of only three ancient endemic mammal species occurring on the Mediterranean islands (Gippoliti and Amori 2006), and for this reason it is a valuable species to conserve.",,,"Amori, G. & Hutterer, R.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,SORICIDAE,Crocidura,suaveolens,,Crocidura suaveolens,,"Populations from eastern Asia (SE Siberia, E China, Korea, Taiwan) are now considered to be a separate species, C. shantungensis.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,A widespread and common species throughout its range with no major threats.,,"The lesser white-toothed shrew Crocidura suaveolens has a wide distribution in the Palaearctic, extending from the Atlantic coast of Spain and probably Portugal (where its occurrence needs further confirmation) eastwards through Europe and Asia to Siberia. The southernmost edge of its distribution passes through northern Africa (Morocco and Algeria: Corbet 1978), Asia Minor, Israel, Saudia Arabia, Iran and China. In Europe, it has a somewhat scattered distribution in north-west Iberia, south-west France, Italy, central and eastern Europe, and the Balkans. It is present on some Atlantic and Channel islands, and on most eastern Mediterranean islands, as well as Menorca, Corsica, Elba, and Capraia in the western Mediterranean. It was introduced to Crete in Minoan times (Pieper 1990), where it may threaten the endemic Cretan white-toothed shrew C. zimmermanni through competition (Nowak 1999). In eastern Europe and in Germany C. suaveolens is expanding northwards in urban landscapes. It is commonest from sea level to 1,000 m, although it occurs as high as 1,600 m (Libois et al. 1999).","It is uncommon in the western part of its range, occurring at much lower densities than its congener C. russula (Libois et al. 1999). Further east it is more common. Described as abundant and ubiquitous in at least parts of its global range (Harrison and Bates 1991). In the steppe forest zone in Ukraine it is the most abundant shrew species, both in natural and agricultural habitats (I. Zagorodnyuk pers. comm. 2006).","At higher latitudes and altitudes in Europe it is often associated with human habitation, tending to be found in parks, gardens, and even houses. It is very common in straw ricks. In western and southern Europe and it inhabits a wide range of habitats including vineyards, olive groves, terraced farmland on hillsides, dry Mediterranean shrubland, sand dunes, rocky areas in the mountains, and damp densely-vegetated patches near to water. It tends to avoid dense forests (Vlasák and Niethammer 1990, Libois et al. 1999). Small, soft-bodied insects form a major part of its diet (Vlasák and Niethammer 1990).In south-west Asia it has been collected from habitats with long dry grasses; thick vegetation along streams, river edges and vegetation channels; around houses and in forested areas (Bates and Harrison 1989, Tez 2000). Its main requirement is enough vegetation and moisture to support its insect prey, and in arid areas it tends to be more common near springs and oases; however it is more tolerant of dry conditions than many of its congeners (Qumsiyeh 1996). The gestation period is 28 days and life expectancy one year; a female may have 10-12 litters, each with one to seven young, although usually four (Qumsiyeh 1996).","It may be out-competed in some areas by C. russula. Pesticides and herbicides may have a negative impact on the species in agricultural habitats (Libois et al. 1999), but at present this does not seem to be a major threat.","It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention. Subspecies C. s. caneae, endemic to Crete, is on Appendix II of the Bern Convention (as C. ariadne). It occurs in protected areas within its range. No specific conservation actions are recommended.",,,"Vladimir Vohralík, Jan Zima, Boris Kryštufek, Boris Sheftel, Holger Meinig",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,SORICIDAE,Crocidura,zimmermanni,,Crocidura zimmermanni,,,Yes,VU,"B1ab(i,ii,v)+2ab(i,ii,v)",Yes,VU,"B1ab(i,ii,v)+2ab(i,ii,v)",EU25,Unfavourable,"C. zimmermanni is endemic to Crete where it is restricted to the central areas of the island. Its extent of occurrence is less than 20,000 km² and it has been collected at only three sites, although further sites are known from owl pellet samples. It is estimated that there are fewer than 10 locations (certainly not more than 15 sites). It is suspected that population decline and range contractions are occurring as a result of out-competition by a non-native shrew, C. suaveolens. This could ultimately result in the extinction of C. zimmermanni. Assessed as Vulnerable.",,"Crocidura zimmermanni is endemic to the island of Crete (Greece), where it has been trapped in the central mountains at altitudes of 1,150 to 1,400 m. However, owl pellets collected at 140 to 830 m contained remains of this species, indicating that it may also occur at lower altitudes (Vogel 1999).",It is a rare and little-known species which is only recorded from a small number of localities. Analysis of owl pellets suggested that C. zimmermanni is more than ten times rarer than its congener C. suaveolens (Vogel 1999). The population trend has not been quantified but it is suspected to be decreasing.,"It has been collected in open mountainous areas that are dry in summer and snow-covered in winter (Vogel 1999). It is likely also to occur at lower altitudes, but if so its habitat preferences there are unknown.","The introduction of C. suaveolens in Minoan times (ca. 2,500 to 1,500 BC) may have forced C. zimmermanni into a restricted range as it is out-competed for habitat (Pieper 1990, Nowak 1999). C. suaveolens is abundant in coastal areas, but has also been found in the mountains at the same sites as C. zimmermanni (Vogel 1999).","It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention. Research is required to determine its distribution and population trend, and to investigate potential threats (especially competition with C. suaveolens) and identify appropriate conservation measures.",,,"Vohralík, V.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CARNIVORA,PHOCIDAE,Cystophora,cristata,,Cystophora cristata,,,No,,,No,,,EU25,-,"This species is a vagrant in the marine region covered by the European Mammal Assessment, consequently it is classed as Not Applicable.",,"Hooded seals are found in the Arctic Ocean and in high latitudes of the North Atlantic. They breed on pack ice and are associated with it for most of their lives, shifting their distribution with seasonal fluctuations in ice cover (Sergeant 1974). There are four major pupping areas: near the Magdalen Islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, north of Newfoundland and east of Labrador in an area known as the “Front”, the Davis Strait, and near Jan Mayen (Reeves and Ling 1981). Hooded seals wander widely, and animals have beached as far south as Portugal and the Canary Islands in Europe, and from New England south to several islands in the Caribbean, in the Americas. Since the mid 1990s large numbers of wandering vagrants have been found away from the Arctic in some years, and the numbers of these sightings are increasing for unknown reasons (Mignucci-Giannoni and Haddow 2002).","The current worldwide population of hooded seals is unknown. From the 1950s to the 1980s various estimates were published giving a population from 300,000-600,000 animals. However, the methods used to generate these past estimates are poorly documented and the estimates are considered unreliable (Kovacs and Lavigne 1986). Counts of pups born in the western Atlantic breeding areas have been used to extrapolate an estimate of approximately 400,000-450,000 animals for the Front and Gulf of Saint Lawrence herds (Waring et al. 2005). Using similar methods, the Jan Mayen stock has been estimated at 200,000 animals (Reijnders et al. 1993).","Hooded seals are markedly sexually dimorphic pinnipeds. Adult male hooded seals average 2.5 m in length and 300 kg (Kovacs and Lavigne 1986), with very large animals reaching over 400 kg (Kovacs 2002). Adult females are smaller, averaging 2.2 m and 160 kg (Kovacs and Lavigne 1986), but can reach 300 kg (Reeves and Ling 1981). Pups are born at approximately 1 m in length and 25 kg (Kovacs 2002).Hooded seals pup on pack ice in March and early April. The breeding season for this polygynous species is very short, usually lasting about two weeks, and mating takes place in the water (Boness et al. 1988).  This species has the shortest lactation period for any mammal, with most pups being weaned in four days at an average weight of 42.6 kg (Bowen et al. 1985).  Most animals congregate in the Denmark Strait or north of Jan Mayen for a post-breeding molt in early summer, followed by dispersal in the North Atlantic (Kovacs and Lavigne 1986).  With the exception of the breeding and molting periods where they form short-lived, loose aggregations in specific areas, hooded seals live solitary lives that can last 25-30 years (Kovacs 2002).Hooded seals are capable divers and spend approximately 90% of their time at sea submerged. The majority of dives are from 100-600 m in depth and last 5-25 minutes, however, very deep dives to over 1,000 m and others lasting almost an hour have been recorded (Lavigne and Kovacs 2002).  Although their diet is not well known, hooded seals have been reported to feed on a wide variety of fish and invertebrates, including species that occur throughout the water column.  Examples of typical prey are Greenland halibut, cods such as polar and Atlantic cod, redfishes (Sebastes spp.), herring, capelin, squid, and shrimp (Reeves and Ling 1981, Kovacs and Lavigne 1986).  Polar bears, killer whales, and Greenland sharks are known hooded seal predators (Lavigne and Kovacs 1988).","Hooded seals were subjected to episodes of intense commercial hunting in the 19th and 20th centuries. Harvests were often conducted in association with harp seal harvests and commercial fisheries for Greenland sharks. Norway, the Soviet Union, Canada, and Greenland have been principally involved in the commercial harvests. Following World War II this was primarily focused on newborns, because of their highly prized blue-back pelt, however, many adults females were taken when defending their pups. Annual harvests of hooded seals continue in Canada and Greenland (Lavigne and Kovacs 2002).  In 1985 a permanent import ban on hooded seal pelts by the European Union ended most of the commercial harvesting of this species, although Canada took approximately 26,000 as recently as 1996. Hooded seals are also taken by Native People of Greenland and Canada for subsistence purposes every year (Kovacs 2002).  Bycatch of hooded seals in coastal net fisheries has been reported from the United States, from trawl fisheries off Norway and Newfoundland, and salmon drift nets used off Greenland (Reeves et al. 1992, Waring et al. 2005, Woodley and Lavigne 1991). Competition for food with commercial fisheries and other predators has been suggested as a factor that may limit population growth or lead to declines (Reijnders et al. 1993).Impacts of oil spills on hooded seals have not been reported; however as an ice breeding species, they might be at risk of mortality from spills during the pupping season when newborn and newly weaned pups could be fouled (St. Aubin 1990). Hooded seals did not suffer fatalities during the mass die-off of harbour seals in European waters from phocine distemper virus in 1998 and 2002. Subsequent testing of a variety of Arctic seals revealed antibodies to the virus in 18-24% percent of the hooded seals sampled indicating exposure and transmission of the virus (Harkonen et al. 2006). The hooded seal is an Arctic pack ice species dependent on ice as a substrate for pupping, molting, and resting, and as such is vulnerable to reduction in extent or timing of pack ice formation and retreat. The productivity of the ice edge ecosystem is also dependent on the dynamics and seasonality of Arctic ice, and alteration of the cycle of formation and retreat could have negative effects on important hooded seal prey such as Arctic cod (Tynan and DeMaster 1997). Decreases in sea ice cover could also lead to more shipping and development of extraction based industries in the Arctic which in turn could negatively affect hooded seals through increased exposure to contaminants and pollution, increased disturbance, and increased risk of shipping accidents and spills (Pagnan 2000).","Numerous conservation measures, international management plans, harvest quotas, and agreements and treaties, have been developed for the conservation of hooded seals dating back to the 1870s. Molting seals in the Denmark Strait have received complete protection since 1961. Harvest quotas at Jan Mayen began in 1971, hunting was banned from the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in 1972, and quotas were placed on the rest of the Canadian harvest beginning in 1974. A European Economic Community ban on importation of all seal products in 1985 reduced the harvest of blue-back hooded seals through loss of the primary market for the furs (Reeves et al. 1992). In addition to establishing quotas, several countries place observers on commercial fishing boats, and monitor subsistence harvests.",,,European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,CERVIDAE,Dama,dama,,Dama dama,,"Two subspecies; Dama dama dama (original range includes Turkey and possibly parts of south-eastern Europe, widely introduced) and D. d. mesopotamica (formerly found in Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, Iran and Iraq; now restricted to Iran, possibly Iraq, and Israel where it recently has been reintroduced) (Wemmer 1998, Bar-David et al. 2005).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)As a result of introductions by the Phoenicians, Romans, and Normans, it is a widespread and abundant species in Europe. Classed as Least Concern at the regional level. However, in its non-European native range this species is under serious threat.",,"A western Palaearctic species. Its original range includes the Near and Middle East and possibly parts of south-eastern Europe. It was introduced to the western Mediterranean by the Phoenicians, and to central and northern Europe by the Romans and Normans. More recently, it has been introduced to many countries worldwide (e.g. New Zealand, where it is considered a pest) (Apollonio 1999). In Portugal most of the specimens occur within confined areas, such as parks and private hunting areas, and apart from a few scattered individuals there is no wild population (Cabral et al. 2005).","Most introduced populations in Europe are stable (Apollonio 1999). However, in its native range outside Europe, this species has suffered severe declines and has disappeared from a number of countries where it was formerly found (Wemmer 1998).",A highly adaptable species that can survive in a wide range of habitats.,"There are no major threats to this species in Europe. In the species' native range outside Europe, hunting and habitat conversion for agriculture caused massive declines in the past, and habitat degradation continues to be a serious threat (Wemmer 1998).",Listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention. Subspecies mesopotamica is listed on CITES Appendix I (as D. mesopotamica). Occurs in a number of protected areas.,,,European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,MONODONTIDAE,Delphinapterus,leucas,,Delphinapterus leucas,,Specimens that appear to be hybrids between narwhals and belugas have been described from nature (Heide-Jørgensen and Reeves 1993).,No,,,No,,,EU25,-,This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it is of marginal occurrence in the European Mammal Assessment region.,,"Beluga whales are distributed in high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere from the west coast of Greenland westwards to Svalbard (Stewart and Stewart 1989, O'Corry-Crowe 2002). Records from the Sea of Japan and Baltic Sea are considered extralimital but resident populations occur in cold temperate latitudes in Cook Inlet (Alaska) and the St. Lawrence River system (Canada).","The global population consists of numerous subpopulations with varying degrees of differentiation. The IWC organized information on the basis of 29 management stocks and recognized that these were provisional (IWC 2000). Some of the stock boundaries overlap spatially and seasonally, complicating assessment. Many of the sub-populations or stocks maintain distinct or contiguous geographical ranges during the summer months and mix during the spring and autumn migrations and share common wintering quarters. While good abundance estimates are available for some beluga sub-populations/stocks, the size of others is virtually unknown. Total numbers worldwide are well above 150,000 animals.","Belugas occupy estuaries, continental shelf and slope waters, and deep ocean basins in conditions of open water, loose ice, and heavy pack ice. Belugas occur seasonally (mainly in summer) in coastal waters as shallow as 1-3 m deep but also in deep offshore waters (>800 m). They typically enter estuaries and sometimes move upstream into rivers; there are records of individuals or small groups ranging hundreds of kilometers from the sea.","Direct hunting by aboriginal people for food is the biggest known threat to belugas across certain portions of their range. The most immediate concerns relate to continuing harvests from small and depleted subpopulations (IWC 2000). The strong philopatry of belugas, which causes them to return to the same estuaries year after year, makes them highly vulnerable to overexploitation. This behavioural trait is undoubtedly the most important natural factor which has led to the extirpation of belugas from some parts of their range (e.g. southwest Greenland, some river mouths in Ungava Bay, Canada) by a combination of commercial and subsistence hunting. Another threat is Arctic climate change. As recent decreases in ice coverage have been more extensive in the Arctic belugas may experience climate-induced geographic shifts or altered reproductive capacity due to persistent changes in ice extent. Changes in sea ice extent and concentration thus have the potential to alter the distribution, range and migration patterns of cetaceans associated with ice habitats, and thus indirectly affect nutritional status, reproductive success, and ultimately the abundance and stock structure of these species (Tynan and DeMaster 1997, Laidre et al. in press). Belugas are also susceptible to sassats or ice entrapments when sea ice conditions rapidly change.Other known or potential threats include a wide variety of human activities: oil and gas development, expansion of fisheries (with possible implications for bycatch and resource depletion), and industrial and urban pollution.","Local and regional management bodies exist in Canada, Greenland, and the United States (Alaska), with the expectation that they will ensure the conservation of belugas. These include the Alaska Beluga Whale Committee (United States) and JCNB/NAMMCO (Canada/Greenland) and generally set harvest limits or recommend harvest limits for beluga populations within countries of interest. Harvest levels from sub-populations range anywhere from <10 to a few hundred animals per year. Removals from some subpopulations/stocks are considered sustainable, however there is concern and evidence that removals from other subpopulations/stocks are not (e.g. Eastern Hudson Bay and West Greenland) (Alvarez and Heide-Jørgensen 2004). In the Russian Federation, there is little to no population assessment.",,,Species account by IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist Group; regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,DELPHINIDAE,Delphinus,delphis,,Delphinus delphis,,"Until 1994, all common dolphins around the world were classified as a single species, Delphinus delphis. However, it is now known that at least two species exist within the genus: the short-beaked (D. delphis) and long-beaked (D. capensis) common dolphins (Heyning and Perrin 1994).  There is also a distinct short-beaked form in the Black Sea, the taxonomic status of which has not been adequately clarified (although it is currently thought to be a subspecies, D. delphis ponticus: Amaha 1994).",No,DD,,No,DD,,EU25,Unknown,"This species has a varying status in different parts of its European range. In the Mediterranean and Black seas there have been substantial population declines; the Mediterranean population was recently assessed as Endangered (A2abc), and the Black Sea subspecies D. d. ponticus was also classed as Endangered (A1d)(Reeves and Notarbartolo di Sciara 2006). However in the eastern North Atlantic there are very large populations that show no evidence of significant decline, and the species is Least Concern in this area. Overall in the European Mammal Assessment region, it is not possible to quantify the population trend because the relative size of the different subpopulations is not known. Consequently the species is assessed as Data Deficient at the European regional level.",,"The short-beaked common dolphin is an oceanic species that is widely distributed in tropical to cool temperate waters of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans (Perrin 2002), from nearshore waters to thousands of kilometers offshore. It regularly occurs in some enclosed seas, such as the Okhotsk Sea and Sea of Japan, and separate subpopulations apparently exist in the Mediterranean and Black seas. Short-beaked common dolphins may occur in parts of the Indian Ocean around southeast Africa and southern Australia, but previous records of this species in other parts of the Indian Ocean and in waters of Taiwan and are now thought to have been long-beaked common dolphins D. capensis (Jefferson and Van Waerebeek 2002).","This is a very abundant species, with many available estimates for the various areas where it occurs. In the Atlantic, abundance in European continental shelf waters was estimated at 63,400 (95%CI=27,000-149,000) in 2005 (SCANS-II project: P. Hammond pers. comm. 2007). Offshore, abundance in a block bounded by 53-57ºN and 18-29ºW has been estimated at 273,000 (95%CI=153,000-435,000) in 1995 (Cañadas et al. in press). West of the Bay of Biscay, 62,000 common dolphins were estimated in the fishing grounds of the albacore tuna driftnet fishery in 1993 (Goujon 1996).  In the western North Atlantic, 121,000 (CV=0.23) were estimated (Waring et al. 2006).In the western Mediterranean, abundance has been estimated at 19,400 (95%CI=15,300-22,800) in the northern Alborán Sea between 2000 and 2004 (Cañadas 2006). Once one of the most common species in the Mediterranean Sea, the short-beaked common dolphin has experienced a generalized and major decline during the last 30-40 years (Bearzi et al. 2003).  Dramatic negative trends were recorded in portions of the central Mediterranean, particularly in the northern Adriatic Sea and in the eastern Ionian Sea (Bearzi et al. 2004, 2006). Recent genetic studies indicate that population structure within the Mediterranean reflects differences in distribution pattern and habitat use by short-beaked common dolphins in the eastern (where the species is predominantly coastal) and western (where it is predominantly pelagic) portions of the basin (Natoli 2004).  Genetic exchange between short-beaked common dolphins from the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean, to the extent that it occurs, appears to involve predominantly animals from the Alborán Sea (Natoli 2004). The population size in the Black Sea is unknown. Line transect surveys have been conducted recently to estimate common dolphin abundance in a few parts of the range.  The survey areas are small relative to the total range of the subspecies. Results suggest that current population size is at least several 10,000s, and possibly 100,000 or more (Birkun 2006).  By the mid 1960s, the Black Sea subpopulation collapsed due to long-running overexploitation and a reduction of 70% was inferred. However, directed takes continued until 1983 when cetacean hunting finally ceased.  The population has not recovered (Birkun 2006).","Short-beaked common dolphins appear to have a preference for upwelling-modified waters, areas with steep sea floor relief, and extensive shelf areas, but they are widespread in warm temperate and tropical waters (see Evans 1994). In the eastern tropical Pacific, they prefer equatorial and subtropical waters with a shallow thermocline, relatively large seasonal changes in surface temperature, and seasonal upwelling (Reilly 1990, Fiedler and Reilly 1994). Mediterranean common dolphins frequent coastal and upper slope waters (Bearzi et al. 2003).  In the Black Sea, common dolphins are distributed mainly offshore and visit shallow coastal waters following seasonal aggregations and regular mass migrations of small pelagic fishes such as anchovy and sprat (Birkun 2006).  Black Sea common dolphins avoid waters with low salinity, and this may explain why they do not occur in the Sea of Azov and in the Kerch Strait. Associations with other marine mammal species are common. Mixed-species groups of common dolphins, striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) and Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus) have been observed frequently in the pelagic waters of the Gulf of Corinth, Greece (Frantzis and Herzing 2002). The prey of common dolphins consists largely of small schooling fishes and squids (Perrin 2002). Reproduction is seasonal, with the exception of the Central population in the eastern tropical Pacific, which breeds throughout the year (Danil and Chivers 2007).","The common dolphin is one of the most prominent by-catches of pelagic purse-seine and driftnet, and trawl fisheries. Incidental capture of common dolphins in European Atlantic fisheries has been well studied in recent years, and as a result of recent EU legislation, on-board observer programmes are being carried out in most of the fisheries considered to have a potentially significant bycatch of common dolphins. Northridge (2006) showed that bycatches of common dolphins in European pelagic trawl fisheries probably total around 800 animals per year in UK and French pelagic trawl fisheries for sea bass. Annual catch rates in the UK sector of this fishery have been falling in recent years (Northridge 2006) and the annual average total mortality (2000-2006) is 170 animals in this sector.  Other bycatches in the same area are known to occur in gill nets, tangle nets and possibly other fisheries (Northridge 2006). The main factors thought to have contributed, singly or in synergy, to the decline of Mediterranean short-beaked common dolphins include: 1) incidental mortality in fishing gear, especially driftnets, 2) reduced availability of prey caused by overfishing and habitat degradation, 3) contamination by xenobiotic chemicals resulting in immunosuppression and reproductive impairment, and 4) environmental changes such as increased water temperatures affecting ecosystem dynamics (Bearzi et al. 2003, 2006).  A recent survey focusing on the Moroccan driftnet fishing fleet estimated that about 12,000-15,000 dolphins are killed annually around the Strait of Gibraltar (Tudela et al. 2005).At least 840,000 dolphins were taken from the Black Sea from 1946 until a ban of small cetacean hunting was declared in Turkey in 1983.  The take was certainly much greater because that value did not incorporate catch statistics from Romania (whole period), Turkey (before 1976 and after 1981) and Bulgaria (before 1958) (Birkun 2006). Reduced prey availability is considered to be a major ongoing threat to Black Sea common dolphins (Bushuyev 2000).  Of two mass mortality events that killed an unknown but certainly large number of common dolphins in 1990 and 1994 (Krivokhizhin and Birkun 1999), the latter was recognised as the result of a morbillivirus epizootic.  However, both die-offs coincided with a drastic (8 to 12 fold) decline in the abundance of the two main common dolphin prey species, anchovy and sprat.  Such a reduction was caused by a combination of overfishing, eutrophication and the explosive increase of the introduced ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi.  Correlation between large die-offs of Black Sea common dolphins and prey scarcity suggests that reduced prey availability increases susceptibility to viral infection (Birkun 2006).","The common dolphin is included in EC Directive No.92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats of wild fauna and flora; D. delphis is listed on Annex IV (Animal and Plant Species of Community Interest in Need of Strict Protection).MediterraneanA large Marine Sanctuary for cetaceans in the Corso-Ligurian Basin has been declared by the Governments of Italy, France and Monaco. Other smaller marine protected areas exist or have been proposed throughout the Mediterranean Sea (Bearzi et al. 2003). While these types of designations may benefit common dolphins at least indirectly, measures to provide direct benefits, e.g., area-, season-, or fishery-specific reductions in fishing effort, curtailment of inputs of particular pollutants, etc., remain to be identified and implemented. The Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area (ACCOBAMS 2002) considers the Mediterranean common dolphin as an endangered population. It is expected that efforts to increase understanding of ongoing threats, monitor status, and provide needed protective measures on behalf of the dolphins and their habitat will be organized and implemented through ACCOBAMS. The current ban on driftnet fishing in the Mediterranean should be implemented and enforced as a matter of priority.Black SeaCommercial killing of Black Sea common dolphins, as well as other Black Sea cetaceans, was banned in 1966 in the former USSR, Bulgaria and Romania, and in 1983 in Turkey. The Strategic Action Plan for the Rehabilitation and Protection of the Black Sea (1996) envisages some special cetacean-oriented conservation and research actions, and a regional Conservation Plan for Cetaceans in the Black Sea has been drafted in accordance with the ACCOBAMS International Implementation Priorities for 2002-2006 (Notarbartolo di Sciara 2002). On a national level, Black Sea cetaceans, including common dolphins, are protected by environmental legislation and governmental decrees. Action plans for the conservation of Black Sea cetaceans were produced in Ukraine (2001) and Romania (2003) but they have no legal effect at present (Reeves and Notarbartolo di Sciara 2006).",,,Species account by IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist Group; regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,TALPIDAE,Desmana,moschata,,Desmana moschata,,The only species of its genus.,No,VU,A2bc+4bc,No,NE,,EU25,-,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)A rare species with a fragmented distribution. Population size, area of occupancy, and habitat quality are all declining, and the species faces a number of serious threats including bycatch, habitat loss and degradation, water pollution, and competition from introduced species. Surveys in Russia indicate that the population declined from 39,000 in 1985 to 27,000 in 2000/2001, and it is suspected that rates of decline have increased since then. The desman recently went extinct in Belarus. Overall, it is suspected that declines exceed 30% over a ten-year period in the past or future, so the species is classed as Vulnerable.",,"This species occurs in Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan; it has recently disappeared from Belarus. At the beginning of the 20th century the desman was common in the Dnepr, Don, Volga and Ural rivers basins. Its current range is very fragmented, and it has disappeared form many areas where it formerly occurred. At the end of the 19th century it disappeared from Ukraine, but was reintroduced in the 1950s. In the 1990s it was found again in the Desna (a tributary of the Dnepr, Ukraine).","At the beginning of the 1970s in the Soviet Union there were about 70,000 individuals, of which the majority occurred in Russia, with about 1,500 individuals in Kazahstan and single records in Ukraine and Belarus. More recent surveys in the Russian Federation indicate that the population there declined from 39,000 in 1985 to 27,000 in 2000/2001, and it is suspected that rates of decline have increased since then owing to growing threats from fisheries bycatch. The 2000/2001 survey covered around 30,000 km of the banks of rivers, lakes and artificial reservoirs, and a uniform methodology was used (see the Biodiversity Conservation Centre website http://www.biodiversity.ru/eng/programs/desman/results.html for further details). In Ukraine the desman is currently very rare and in Belarus it has recently been extirpated.","A riparian species, it is found in holes primarily along oxbow lakes, less frequently by rivers and ponds. It does not inhabit all water bodies within its range; it has quite strict habitat requirements and prefers water bodies with rich water-marsh vegetation, bushes and primary forests along the banks. Prefers lakes with 1-2 m depth with rich invertebrate fauna. Also found in small rivers with slow flow. In favourable years it is able to reproduce during the whole year, but usually has two reproduction peaks at the end of spring and autumn. Males participate in care of young. Omnivorous, recorded feeding on at least 72 species of water invertebrates and 30 plant species, as well as fish and amphibians.","The main threat to the Russian desman at present is the widespread use of fixed fishing nets. These nets, which are used by poachers, have become increasingly cheap and widely available in recent years: a recent study recorded 50 'outlets' freely selling these nets on the Moscow-Vladimir section of the Nizhny Novgorod highway alone (http://www.biodiversity.ru/eng/programs/desman/results.html). The very low price and high durability of modern nets means that poachers often leave them in the water for days or even months, checking them only occasionally and often abandoning them. A desman dies on average within 5-10 minutes when trapped in a net. The second most important threat is the use of 'electric landing nets' (or electric rods), which use an electric current to stun fish. These items of equipment, also used by poachers, have become widespread over the last 10-15 years. They are not believed to directly harm desmans, as a general rule, but they almost totally wipe out the fish and aquatic invertebrates that the desman depends upon. A third major threat is habitat loss and degradation. During the second half of the twentieth century water pollution, creation of impoundments, drainage, clearance of riparian vegetation, and uncontrolled agricultural exploitation of flood plains became widespread and contributed to the decline in the species' population. However, this process has abated somewhat in the last decade, and its influence on the decline in the Russian desman population is today secondary. Competition for breeding sites with introduced nutria (Myocastor coypus) and muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) may also be a threat.","The desman is listed in the Russian Red Data Book (under category 2: declining in number rare relict species). It is protected in the buffer zone of Okskiy, Voronezhskiy, Kaluzhskie Zaseki Zapovednik, and Ugra National Parks and several small protected areas. This species has been the subject of re-introductions attempts. Recently, conservationists tried to reintroduce it to the Desna basin, in the area of Bryanskiy Les Zapodnenik. The Biodiversity Conservation Centre has started a public campaign against nylon nets and electro-fishing. Conservation measures recommended to stabilize and improve the condition of the Russian desman throughout its range include the following:· Banning the unrestricted sale of nets and net-making materials;· Developing a system of measures to combat electric landing nets; and· Setting up specialized hunting reserves in the desman's key areas of habitation.",,,"Katerina Tsytsulina, Nikolai Formozov, Boris Sheftel, Igor Zagorodnyuk",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Dicrostonyx,torquatus,,Dicrostonyx torquatus,,"Once believed to encompass most or all New World populations, but karyotypic and breeding evidence supports the strict application of D. torquatus for only Eurasian populations (see Wilson and Reeder 2005 and references therein).",No,LC,,No,NE,,EU25,-,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)There are no major threats to the species which is common and abundant. Consequently it is classed as Least Concern. However, the collared lemming subspecies from Novaya Zemlya (Dicrostonyx torquatus ungulatus) is considered as Vulnerable under Russian nature conservation legislation (included in Red Book of Russian Federation since 1998).",,"""Arctic and subarctic tundra and forest-tundra in the Palearctic, from White Sea, W Russia, to Chukotski Peninsula, NE Siberia, and Kamchatka; including Novaya Zemlya and New Siberian islands, Arctic Ocean"" (Wilson and Reeder 2005), but excluding Wrangel Island (Gromov and Erbaeva 1995, Pavlinov et al. 2002).",Common throughout the distributional area. Shows extreme cycles of abundance approximately every three years. Apparent population declines in the European part of the distribution area may have been the result of natural population fluctuation.,"Inhabits arctic and subarctic tundra and forest-tundra with small Salix spp. bushes. Lives in colonies with simple burrows along feeding routes; nesting and seed storage chambers used collectively. Activity is multiphase and may occur around the clock. Feeds on shoots and leaves of willows and birches, and vegetation and berries of cloudberry, great bilberry and other species. Litters 2-3 times a year with 5-6 young each time. A migratory species.","No major threats known at present, but climate change may threaten the species in the future.",The species occurs in several protected areas. The collared lemming subspecies from Novaya Zemlya (Dicrostonyx torquatus ungulatus) is considered as Vulnerable under Russian nature conservation legislation (included in Red Book of Russian Federation since 1998).,,,"Katerina Tsytsulina, Nikolai Formozov, Boris Sheftel",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Dinaromys,bogdanovi,,Dinaromys bogdanovi,,"Molecular data suggests that this taxon might in fact consist of two (or more) species, although further research is required to confirm this (Kryštufek et al. 2007). Genetic and morphological data clearly indicate that the Balkan Snow Vole is composed of three historically isolated, independently evolving sets of populations, that can be regarded as evolutionary significant units (ESUs).",Yes,VU,"B2ab(i,ii,iv)",No,DD,,EU25,Unfavourable,"Dinaromys bogdanovi is endemic to the Balkans area of the Mediterranean region. It is restricted to a specialised and fragmented habitat, and may be declining in parts of its range as a result of competition with the European snow vole. The area of occupancy is restricted, and is certainly less than 2,000 km² (B. Kryštufek pers. comm. 2007). Its range is severely fragmented due to the species' specialised habitat requirements and the range is shrinking. Listed as Vulnerable (VU B2ab(i,ii,iv)). Research is urgently needed to determine how serious a threat competition with the European snow vole is.Dinaromys bogdanovi consists of three historically isolated, independently evolving sets of populations, which can be regarded as evolutionary significant units (ESUs), and which are likely to constitute at least two separate species. If these were assessed separately, then it is extremely likely that one or more of them would qualify as Endangered or Critically Endangered under the IUCN Red List Criteria.",,"The Balkan snow vole is endemic to the Balkan states of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, and western Macedonia. Its range is likely to extend into Albania and may include northern Greece, although there are no known records (Kryštufek 1999, Shenbrot and Krasnov 2005). It occurs from sea level to 2,200 m, but is typically found over 1,500 m and rarely much lower (Kryštufek 1999, B. Kryštufek pers. comm. 2006). It is the only living representative of its genus, and its range was restricted throughout prehistorical times.","Because it is restricted to karst limestone habitats, it has a naturally discontinuous distribution, and subpopulations are always small and isolated (B. Kryštufek pers. comm. 2006). The long-term population trend has not been quantified, but there is evidence to suggest that the species is declining in both population and range (Kryštufek et al. 2007). At the southernmost known site (on the Macedonia/Albania border) there have been no records of this species in the last 30 years, and the only records since then are of the European snow vole Chionomys nivalis (B. Kryštufek pers. comm. 2006). There are three distinct lineages within the population (Kryštufek et al. 2007). One of these, the north-western lineage, is of particular cause for concern: its range is excessively limited andhighly fragmented, with only 17 known localities that stretch along approximately 300 km of the Dinaric mountainrange; and its populations are invariably small and frequently highly isolated, with an extensive survey of its range often yielding only one individual in many of the sampling localities (Kryštufek et al. 2007).","It is found exclusively in rocky karst limestone areas, typically being found in stone-piles in meadows above the tree line, less often in rocky areas below the tree line. It has highly specific habitat requirements (Kryštufek et al. 2007). It eats grasses and herbs. The species' life history is slow compared to other Arvicoline rodents: longevity is up to four years, age at sexual maturity is two years, and the species has 1-2 litters per year (Petrov 1992, B. Kryštufek pers. comm. 2006).","It tends to inhabit isolated, inaccessible areas that are subject to little human disturbance. However, interspecific competition with another native rock-dwelling vole, Chionomys nivalis, may possibly pose a threat (Kryštufek 1999, Kryštufek et al. 2007). There has been no research and monitoring to determine whether this is a major threat, or whether this is occurring over a long time period - there is only anecdotal evidence from the southernmost locality (B. Kryštufek pers. comm. 2006).","The species occurs in several protected areas within its range. There is some national legislation in at least parts of its range. There is an urgent need to establish a long term monitoring program, and to determine the extent of competition with the European snow vole.",,,"Kryštufek, B.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,SORICIDAE,Diplomesodon,pulchellum,,Diplomesodon pulchellum,,The only species of its genus.,No,,,No,NE,,EU25,-,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Less than 1% of range lies within Europe, so it is considered Not Applicable.",,"Distributed in sand deserts in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Russia.","In some places is common, but it is a naturally rare species. Quantitative data on population size is lacking.","Inhabits semi-fixed and fixed sands covered by saxaul (Haloxylon sp.). Active at dusk and night. Usually uses rodent burrows. Feeds mainly on insects and their larvae, often eats ants, sometimes hunts small lizards. Breeding season is from March to October. Young animals start reproduction in the second half of summer. Litter size is 4-5.",There are no major threats to the species. In the areas of overlapping range Hemiechinus auritus and Crocidura spp. are food competitors.,There are no special conservation measures applied. A common species in most parts of the range.,,,"Katerina Tsytsulina, Nikolai Formozov, Boris Sheftel",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,DIPODIDAE,Dipus,sagitta,,Dipus sagitta,,Dipus sagitta is only species in the genus Dipus. Eight subspecies are recognized; however there is a clear geographical cline in size and colouration from north to south.,No,,,No,NE,,EU25,-,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)The species is common throughout most of the range and is a pioneer species that is expanding its range in the Aral Sea area. However, pervasive changes to desert habitats are a major threat in the European part of the range. Populations near the Don River are listed in the local Red Data Book because of fragmentation of habitats due to the nature of sand dunes. As the European range is less than 1% of the global range, this species as classed as Not Applicable at the European regional level.",,"Distributed in deserts and partly in semi-deserts from Don River sands (Russian Federation) to cis-Caspian region, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and N Iran and through Kazakhstan to Irtysh River, Tuva, Mongolia and China (Shenbrot et al. 1995).",A common species with weakly marked population fluctuations. In favourable years population density could reach 5-6 animals per hectare (Gromov and Erbaeva 1995).,"Inhabits different types of sand, however avoids large expanses of open sand-dunes. Also found in sand-dunes covered with pine forest. Most abundant in hilly and ridge sands, including those used as pastures. Often found together with Allactaga spp. One of the pioneer species that is occupying new habitats that have emerged as the Aral Sea dries out. In northern parts of the range it hibernates, while in southern parts it remains active throughout the year with the exception of extremely cold winters. Lives in burrows with length of about 5-6 m and depths up to 3 m; can also occupy burrows of Meriones major. In spring feeds on vegetative parts of grasses and shrubs, also eats roots and bulbs. When seeds start to ripen it switches its diet to seeds. During the whole year it takes insects and larvae as a usual part of its diet. The length of the reproductive period differs in northern and southern parts of the range: from 2 to 2.5 months in north to 8-9 months in south. The number of litters per year differs correspondingly, from 1 to 4 in differents parts of the range.","The species is common throughout most of the range and is a pioneer species that occupies opening sands in the Aral Sea area. However, pervasive changes to desert habitats are a major threat in the European part of the range. It is listed as threatened in the Don River region's local Red Data Book because of the fragmentation of its preferred habitat (sand dunes).",Populations near the Don river listed in the local Red Data Book. The species occurs in several protected areas.,,,"Katerina Tsytsulina, Nikolai Formozov, Boris Sheftel",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,GLIRIDAE,Dryomys,nitedula,,Dryomys nitedula,,"The western subspecies intermedius is taxonomically not well defined, but occurs in the part of the range where the species is declining.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)A widespread species with a large global population. Population trends appear stable in most parts of its range, it has a broad habitat tolerance, and is found in many protected areas. Consequently it is classed as Least Concern.",,"Dryomys nitedula is found from Switzerland in the west through eastern and southern Europe, Asia Minor and the Caucasus to central Russia and central Asia, reaching as far as 90°E. Many isolated subpopulations occur on the edge of its range, including in Israel, central Iran, Afghanistan, the Tien Shan mountains and Sinkiang (China). In Europe, it occurs from eastern Switzerland through eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula to Latvia in the north and Russia in the east, with an isolated subpopulation in southern Italy (Kryštufek and Vohralik 1994). Its vertical range is from sea level to 2,300 m (Kryštufek 1999).","In Europe west of Russia it is generally rare, although in some southeastern areas (e.g. Bulgaria, Turkish Thrace, Moldova) it is locally common, reaching densities of 23-25 individuals per hectare in Moldova (Kryštufek 1999). At the western border of its distribution, populations have declined due to deforestation. There is only one population remaining in Switzerland (Tester and Müller 2000), and the German population has not been surveyed in over 30 years (H. Meinig pers. comm. 2006). However, there have been no reports of declines elsewhere as yet (Kryštufek 1999, EMA Workshop 2006).","It occurs in a broad variety of habitats in Europe, including broad-leaved, mixed, and coniferous woodland (mainly at higher altitudes), dwarf pine Pinus mugo and rocky areas, evergreen Mediterranean shrubland, and wood-steppe (Kryštufek 1999). In the west, the species is found in moist areas next to streams (Austria, Switzerland, and Germany). The species is not found in human dominated habitats such as agricultural areas.",There are no major threats in most parts of its range (EMA Workshop 2006). Declines at the western edge of its range have been attributed to deforestation (H. Meinig pers. comm. 2006),It is protected by international law under the Bern Convention (Appendix III) and the EU Habitats and Species Directive (Annex IV). The species is found in protected areas.,,,"Boris Kryštufek, Holger Meinig, Vladimir Vohralík, Rimvydas Juškaitis",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,GLIRIDAE,Eliomys,quercinus,,Eliomys quercinus,,,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU25,Unfavourable,"Populations in the east have decreased significantly over the last 20-30 years, and the species may have disappeared from as much as 50% of its former range during the last 30 years. However, there is little information on the current decline rate. Since the western populations remain stable, the overall reduction over the last 10 years is almost certainly less than 30% (the threshold for Vulnerable under criterion A). However, as the species is suffering significant ongoing decline, the cause of which is not understood, it is listed as Near Threatened. The species has declined more than almost any other rodent in Europe.",,"Eliomys quercinus is endemic to Europe, where it was historically widespread from Portugal in the west to the Urals (Russia) in the east. It is now largely confined to western Europe, including numerous Mediterranean islands, with eastern populations having become scattered and fragmented. The focus of the species range in the region is in the west. It is a polytypic species, and some insular populations are distinctive forms (e.g., Balearic Islands). Its altitudinal range is from sea level to 2,000 m.","Population declines, range contractions and local extinctions have occurred in central, eastern and southern Europe over the last few decades. Some island populations are declining. The species is now rare in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania (probably extinct: Juškaitis 2003), east Germany and the Czech Republic (Andera 1994) and adjacent Austria (Spitzenberger 2002), and has disappeared completely from the Slovakian part of the Carpathians and from the Croatian mainland. The last record in Romania is over 20 years old (I. Coroiu pers. comm. 2006). In the south of Spain, where it was formerly abundant and expanding, it is now rare (Ruiz and Roman 1999, Palomo and Gisbert 2002). In Portugal a decline in population is possible, although causes and magnitude of any such reduction are unknown (Cabral et al. 2005). Many of the declines were over the last 50 years or so, with some of the declines more recently recorded. The species may have been lost from over half of the range in the last 30 years (S. Bertolino pers. comm. 2006). In parts of its range where it is more abundant, population density is usually less than 10 individuals per hectare, though exceptionally densities of 30-50 individuals per hectare have been recorded (Filippucci 1999).","Its main habitat is woodland (coniferous, deciduous, and mixed), although it is sometimes found in orchards and gardens. It is less arboreal than some other dormice, and is often found on the ground in rocky areas, cracks in stone walls, and even in houses (Le Louarn and Spitz 1974, Vaterlaus 1998, Filippucci 1999, Spitzenberger 2002, Bertolino 2006).","It has been suggested that it is threatened in some areas (especially Corsica) by direct competition with the brown rat Rattus norvegicus (Macdonald and Barrett 1993). The populations from Germany eastwards are declining (H. Meinig pers. comm. 2006), but the reasons are not well known, although thought to be related to habitat changes. In some areas of orchards, the species is considered a pest.","It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention. The species is found in many protected areas. There is a need to determine why the populations in the eastern part of the range are in decline, to monitor these populations, and to identify and implement appropriate conservation measures.",,,"Bertolino, S., Amori, G., Henttonen, H., Zagorodnyuk, I., Zima, J., Juškaitis, R., Meinig, H. & Kryštufek, B.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Ellobius,talpinus,,Ellobius talpinus,,"Up to four subspecies are recognized, but eastern forms need taxonomic revision (Gromov and Erbaeva 1995).",No,LC,,No,NE,,EU25,-,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)This species has a wide range. Population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population size criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. less than 10,000 mature individuals in conjunction with appropriate decline rates and subpopulation qualifiers), as the species is described as common in at least parts of its range. Although declines have been reported in some parts of the range, it is not believed to approach the threshold for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, it is evaluated as Least Concern. However, in Ukraine this species is considered to be threatened.",,"Steppe grassland and semi-deserts in SE Europe, Kazakhstan (except SE Kazakhstan) and Turkmenia. Sometimes found in forest-steppes.","Common throughout most of the range. In some parts it is abundant on cultivated lands, especially along forest belts, where one hectare could be inhabited by 15 family groups. In some parts in Russia and Kazakhstan it is a considerable pest. The population in Ukraine is fragmented and declining owing to cultivation of steppe areas. It has been extirpated from areas between Dnieper River and Lugansk region, and from the Dnieper to Crimea (I. Zagorodnyuk pers. comm. 2006).","A typical subterranean steppe mammal. Lives in large groups, digs complex burrows which may be inhabited by around ten animals. Colonies are very mobile. Burrow entrances usually sealed with soil. Feeds on subterranean plant parts. Nesting chambers (especially winter ones) and foraging chambers are usually about 4 meters underground. Seldom emerges above ground (usually only to clear soil from the burrow or to disperse, rarely for feeding). During dispersal could cover distances up to 800 meters. No real hibernation, but in winter as well as during summer heat and drought, activity declines significantly. During the warm period of the year gives birth to two litters with 2-3 young in each.","Cultivation of steppe habitat, fragmentation of social groups and populations.","As the species is abundant across most of the range and even sometimes a considerable agricultural pest, there have been no conservation measures in Russia and Kazakhstan. Ukrainian populations are severely fragmented and recently Ellobius talpinus was included in new edition of the Ukraine Red Data Book.",,,Katerina Tsytsulina and European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,VESPERTILIONIDAE,Eptesicus,bottae,,Eptesicus bottae,,,No,,,No,,,EU25,-,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Assessed as Not Applicable as it is of marginal occurrence in Europe.,,"Found in ""Rhodes (Greece), Turkey, Egypt, Yemen, Israel, Jordan, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, east to Mongolia, NW China, and Pakistan"" (Wilson and Reeder 2005). Less than 1% of its global range falls within the European Mammal Assessment region. Altitude: to 2,100 m.","Nothing known, but nowhere common. Seems to be more common in arid regions. Colony size probably small (e.g. to c.20).","Forges over open habitats, including disturbed (e.g. agricultural) habitats and around street lights. Roosts in crevices in buildings (including ruins) and rock faces.",Not known; apparently a species that adapts to artificial habitats.,"Protected through Eurobats (Bonn Convention) and Bern Convention, and included in Annex IV of EU Habitats and Species Directive in parts of range where these apply. No specific conservation actions known.",,,"A.M. Hutson, S. Aulagnier, P. Benda",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,VESPERTILIONIDAE,Eptesicus,nilssonii,,Eptesicus nilssonii,,Includes Eptesicus japonensis (synonym of E. nilssonii). Could be a separate form in the southwest Asia region (K. Tsytsulina pers. comm. 2005),No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The species is widespread and abundant and there is no indication of significant decline at present. Consequently it is classed as Least Concern.,,"Eptesicus nilssonii is a widespread Palaearctic species that occurs from France and Norway through northern and central Europe and Asia east to the Pacific seaboard and northern Japan. In Europe, it occurs north to well above the Arctic Circle, but is absent or occasional in the west (the Low Countries, UK, western France, Iberia). It occurs from sea level to 2,300 m (van der Kooij in litt. 2006).","A widespread and common species over much of its range, indeed the most abundant bat species in the north (Rydell 1999). Summer maternity colonies usually number 10-100 females.","It forages in open areas of diverse habitats, including woodland edge (or above woodland), small-scale farmland, parks and gardens with trees (van der Kooij in litt. 2006), over lakes and rivers and at street lights. In autumn, it forages and displays in high mountains above the tree line (Spitzenberger 2002). Its diet comprises small insects such as Diptera. Summer roosts are located mainly in houses, occasionally in tree holes. It may change roost sites during summer. Winter roosts are found mainly in houses, cellars, and natural and artificial underground habitats. In winter the species roosts singly or in small groups of 2-4 individuals. Long-distance movements of up to 450 km have been recorded by Tress (1994).",The main threat is likely to be disturbance of colonies in houses (and possibly when hibernating in underground habitats). However this is not thought to be a major threat to the species.,"It is protected by national legislation in most range states. There are also international legal obligations for its protection through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention in parts of range where these apply. It is included in Annex IV of EU Habitats & Species Directive, and there is some habitat protection through Natura 2000. No specific conservation actions are known.",,,"Tony Hutson, Friederike Spitzenberger, Stéphane Aulagnier, Ioan Coroiu",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,VESPERTILIONIDAE,Eptesicus,serotinus,,Eptesicus serotinus,,"A recent genetic study suggests that the south Iberian population may belong to a different species, probably E. isabellinus (Ibañez et al. 2006).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)A very widespread and abundant species. Global and regional population trends are difficult to determine, as the species is decreasing in some range states (sometimes dramatically) whilst increasing in others. Overall, it is not believed to approach the threshold for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, it is evaluated as Least Concern.",,"Eptesicus serotinus is widely distributed through the Palaearctic from the Atlantic to the Pacific seaboards. It occurs north to about 57ºN in Denmark, south-west to North Africa, and east into northern parts of the Indian subcontinent and south-east Asia. Records from the Canary Islands (Lanzarote) refer to a single vagrant that died shortly after arrival (Trujillo 1991). Its altitudinal range is from sea level to to 1,440 m in the Alps (Spitzenberger 2002).","A very widespread and abundant species, with decreases recorded in some areas and increases in others. It may be increasing in some parts of northern Europe (e.g. Denmark) and decreasing in others, slightly (e.g. UK), or severely (e.g. Austria). In Austria, a 70% decline has been recorded in the eastern part of the country (the former stronghold) over the last 15 years, and the species is now absent from lowland regions with bare arable land (F. Spitzenberger pers. comm. 2006). It is suspected to be declining in the rest of Pannonian basin. It is known from a single locality in European Turkey, and the total population in Turkey is small (A. Karatash pers. comm. 2005). In Iran it is at the edge of the its range, the species occurs in low numbers (M. Sharifi pers. comm. 2005). Summer maternity colony size is generally 10-50 females (occasionally up to 300). It winters singly or in small groups.","It forages over open woodland, woodland edge, and pasture, feeding on larger beetles, moths and Diptera.Most summer (maternity) colonies are in buildings (mainly houses) and occasionally tree holes or rock fissures.In winter it roosts singly or in small numbers in buildings and rock crevices, or often in underground habitats in north central Europe. Winter roosts are usually in fairly cold, dry sites. It is a largely sedentary species, with movements to 330 km recorded (Havekost 1960 in Hutterer et al. 2005).","In some areas it is affected by habitat loss and disturbance and destruction of colonies in houses. Population decline in Austria might be related to food reduction due to large scale mosquito control with the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, used in the Danube and Moravia regions (F. Spitzenberger and I. Coroiu pers. comm. 2006). The species is a host of the rabies-related virus EBLV1. There is increasing interest in the occurrence, risk to humans and epidemiology of this virus (e.g. Stantic-Pavlinic 2005), which could have an effect on the public image of this house-dependent bat.","It is protected by national legislation in most range states. There are also international legal obligations for its protection through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention in parts of range where these apply. It is included in Annex IV of EU Habitats & Species Directive, and there is some habitat protection through Natura 2000. No specific conservation actions known. Protection of maternity roosts and study of impact of B. thuringiensis on the species are needed at least in Austria (F. Spitzenberger pers. comm. 2006).",,,"Tony Hutson, Friederike Spitzenberger, Stéphane Aulagnier, Ioan Coroiu",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CARNIVORA,PHOCIDAE,Erignathus,barbatus,,Erignathus barbatus,,,No,,,No,,,EU25,-,"This species is a vagrant in the marine region covered by the European Mammal Assessment, consequently it is classed as Not Applicable.",,"Bearded seals have a circumpolar distribution in the Arctic and sub-Arctic south of 85 degrees North, usually in water less than 200 m deep (Kelly 1988). A disjunct population inhabits the Sea of Okhotsk, ranging south to Hokkaido, Japan (Rice 1998). They reach the southern Bering Sea and Bristol Bay to the limit of seasonally ice covered waters (Kelly 1988). They also occupy all of Hudson Bay, and range south to Southern Labrador, and northern Iceland and Norway (Kovacs 2002).Bearded seal vagrants have been reported from many locations outside the Arctic including Portugal in the eastern North Atlantic (van Bree 2000), the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, northern Newfoundland, and Cape Cod, Massachusetts in the western North Atlantic (Gosselin and Boily 1994).The ranges of the two subspecies are divided near the central Canadian Arctic in the Western Hemisphere, and Laptev Sea in the Eastern Hemisphere, with the Atlantic subspecies barbatus occurring from the central Canadian Arctic east to the central Eurasian Arctic, and Pacific subspecies nauticus occurring from the Laptev Sea east to the central Canadian Arctic, including animals in the Sea of Okhotsk (Rice 1998).","The worldwide population of bearded seals is unknown (Kovacs 2002). Portions of the range have the following abundance estimates: 200,000-250,000 in the Sea of Okhotsk, including 60,000-75,000 off eastern Sakhalin Island for the period 1968 to 1990, and 250,000-300,000 in the Bering Sea, including 83,000-87,000 in the western Bering Sea (Fedoseev 2000). A minimum estimate for Canadian waters of 190,000 animals was suggested by Cleator (1996), based on data collected over a 35-year period. Angliss and Outlaw (2005) state that there are no current reliable population estimates for the Bering Chukchi stock of bearded seals. No estimates exist for the population in the Atlantic Ocean (Reijnders et al. 1993), or Barents to Chukchi seas area.","Bearded seals are the largest phocids in the Arctic. Adults reach lengths of 2-2.5m and weights of 250-300 kg (Andersen et al. 1999) with females typically being slightly larger than males (Kovacs 2002). In the Bering Sea, males have been recorded to reach 390 kg and females 361 kg (Kelly 1988). Sexual maturity is reached at 3-6 years in females, with 80% of females having had a pup by age 6. Males reach sexual maturity at 6-7 years (Kelly 1988). Physical maturity occurs at approximately 9-10 years (McLaren 1958), and they can live 20-25 years (Kovacs 2002). Bearded seal pups are born on the sea ice, but they swim within hours of birth (Kovacs 2002), and before they are weaned they are spending about half their time in the water. Bearded seals primarily feed on or near the bottom, and most diving is to depths of less than 100m (Kovacs 2002).  Therefore they live primarily in waters overlying the continental shelf, like much of the relatively shallow Bering Sea when it is seasonally covered with ice (Burns 1981).  Adults have been recorded to dive to nearly 300 m, and young pups to over 488 m (Kovacs 2002).Ice is also a determinant of habitat. Bearded seals are typically found away from shore-fast ice and unbroken heavily covered ice fields, preferring areas with moving ice where ice movement, currents, weather and land features interact to create broken ice fields, leads, polynas, and other open areas (Burns 1981).  They rarely haul out more than a body length from water (Kovacs 2002).  Bearded seals are typically solitary animals, but will form loose aggregations when ice availability is low (Kovacs et al. 2004). The diet of bearded seals varies by age, location, season, and possibly changes in prey availability in marine communities over long time periods (Kelly 1988).  Their primary foods live on or near the bottom, but also include some infauna and schooling and demersal fish (Burns 1981). At Svalbard, bearded seals took a wide variety of prey and over half of the stomachs examined had 5 or more species. Arctic cod, found in 44% of the animals, sculpins (Cottidae spp.) in 44%, spider crab (Hyas araneus) in 59%, and the crustaceans Sabinea sptemcarinatus 59% and Sclerocrangon boreas 46%, were the most frequently found prey items (Hjelset et al. 1999).In June, following the pupping and breeding season, bearded seals undergo their annual molt. During the molt they spend much of their time hauled out, and are reluctant to enter the water (Kovacs et al. 2004). Animals can be found molting from April to August with a peak in May to June (Burns 1981). Bearded seals usually haul out on ice when it is available, but will haul out on land in the summer in the Sea of Okhotsk, along the Laptev, White, and Kara Sea coastlines (Burns 1981), and at Svalbard (Kovacs et al. 2004).Important natural predators of bearded seals include polar bears (Burns 1981), as well as killer whales, walruses, and Greenland sharks (Kovacs 2002).","Native Peoples of the Arctic have hunted bearded seals for subsistence for thousands of years, a practice that continues today (Burns 1981). Overall levels of subsistence harvest are not well known. The former Soviet Union had commercial harvests in the Sea of Okhotsk, and the Bering, Chukchi, Barents, and White Seas historically, and harvest levels were at times high. Harvest levels grew from 9,000 to 13,000 from 1957 to 1964, and were 8,000 to 10,000 per year for the Bering and Okhotsk Seas combined from 1964-1967 (Reeves et al. 1992). This commercial over-harvesting probably depleted the population (Kelly 1988).  Bearded seals are now harvested more on a subsistence basis for local use in Russia, although some seals are killed as food for fur-farm animals (Kelly 1988), and are primarily taken from the Bering Sea where harvests of 1,881 and 1,418 were reported for 1988 and 1989 respectively (Reeves et al. 1992).Fisheries interactions appear to be low. Logbooks indicate 14 bearded seals killed and 31 injured in 1991 in the Bristol Bay, Alaska salmon drift net fishery. There were several incidents of incidental take, serious injury, or mortality each in the Alaskan Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands flatfish and pollock trawl fisheries respectively from 1999-2003, when annual mortality was estimated at 1.58 seals (Angliss and Outlaw 2005).  Oil spills from offshore extraction and transportation could negatively affect bearded seals through direct contact with oil, and damage to foraging areas and stocks of prey, particularly benthic invertebrates, which respond poorly to oil contamination (Kelly 1988).Arctic climate change that is currently leading to reduction in the extent and duration of sea ice cover is a threat to many species of marine mammals.  Patterns of Arctic primary productivity and population levels of prey species important to Arctic marine mammals may be altered as a consequence of Arctic warming and changes in sea ice. Pinnipeds, such as the bearded seal that are dependant on sea ice for pupping, molting, resting, and access to foraging areas, may be especially vulnerable to such changes (Tynan and DeMaster 1997). In contrast, Stirling and Derocher (1993) suggest that climatic warming could result in more favorable conditions for bearded, harp, and harbor seals, and walruses if it causes sea ice to become less consolidated in winter, and the summer open water period to lengthen.An increase in human-created noise in the Arctic environment could cause marine mammals, including bearded seals which are very vocal during their breeding season, to abandon areas of habitat (Tynan and DeMaster 1997).  A reduction in sea ice cover would likely lead to increased human activity in the Arctic in the form of shipping and extractive industries, and an associated greater threat of marine accidents and disturbance of marine mammals (Pagnan 2000).  Harp seals, hooded seals, and ringed seals from the Canadian Arctic, where they share habitat with bearded seals, were all determined to carry antibodies to phocine distemper virus (PDV), with harp seals constituting the population with the largest percentage (83%) of positive tests.  Although the disease has not been identified in bearded seals, the opportunity for exposure exists (Duignan et al. 1997).","Bearded seals are protected by various laws in their range countries and by treaties internationally. Subsistence hunting by Native People of the Arctic is generally for personal use and not regulated, for example, as in Canada and the United States (Cleator 1996, Angliss and Outlaw 2005).Vessel-based commercial hunting in the former Soviet Union ended in 1975 and the harvest continues at much lower levels, more like a subsistence harvest.  Prior to the end of commercial harvesting, the Soviet Union used a system of quotas to regulate the take in an attempt to manage the population (Kelly 1988).  Licensed hunters can take bearded seals in Svalbard, but not in nature reserves or during the breeding season (Kovacs et al. 2004).",,,European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,ERINACEIDAE,Erinaceus,concolor,,Erinaceus concolor,,,No,,,No,,,EU25,-,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Assessed as Not Applicable as it is of marginal occurrence in Europe.,,"Found on Rhodes (Greece); also ""Asia Minor to Israel, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq and Iran; S Caucasus"" (Wilson and Reeder 2005). Less than 1% of its global range lies within the European Mammal Assessment region.",,,,,,,European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,ERINACEIDAE,Erinaceus,europaeus,,Erinaceus europaeus,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,This species is common and abundant throughout its wide range. Consequently it is considered to be Least Concern.,,"Erinaceus europaeus is endemic to Europe (including European Russia), with a global distribution extending from the British Isles and the Iberian peninsula, westwards through much of western to central Europe; and from southern Fennoscandia, and the northern Baltic to north-west Russia. It was introduced recently to the Azores (Portugal); the species was recorded there in the 1990s (R. Hutterer pers. comm. 2007). In the Mediterranean, it occurs in Portugal, France (including Corsica), Spain and Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily but not present on Malta).","This generally is a relatively common and widespread species. It is rare in Sardinia (Italy), where it is hunted with dogs (R. Hutterer pers. comm. 2007). The is no evidence of any population decline in most parts of its range. Many of the island populations have been introduced there from the mainland (R. Hutterer pers. comm. 2007).","E. europaeus thrives in a variety of man-made habitats including orchards, vineyards, farmland, parks and gardens, including those in urban areas. It also occurs in deciduous woodland, woodland edge and grasslands, although it is less common in these areas (Lapini 1999). Also occurs in maquis (R. Hutterer pers. comm. 2007).","There are no major threats to this species across most of its range. In some areas, many hedgehogs are killed by collision with cars, but this is unlikely to cause serious population declines (Huijser 1999, Verkem et al. 2003). It is locally hunted and eaten in parts of its range, but this is a localised activity and is also not considered a serious threat to the species.",This species is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention. It occurs in a number of protected areas throughout its wide range. It is also legally protected in many countries within its range.,,,"Amori, G., Hutterer, R., Kryštufek, B., Yigit, N., Mitsain, G. & Palomo, L.J.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,ERINACEIDAE,Erinaceus,roumanicus,,Erinaceus roumanicus,,"Formerly included in europaeus, but see Suchentrunk et al. (1998), among others. Subsequently included in concolor, but genetic and morphological data suggest that concolor and roumanicus are two distinct species with parapatric distributions.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is common and abundant throughout its wide range. Consequently it is considered to be Least Concern.,,"Erinaceus roumanicus has a distribution extending from central and eastern Europe, the Baltic and the Balkan peninsula eastwards through Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia, reaching as far as western Siberia. In the south, its range extends as far as the northern Caucasus and possibly north-western Anatolia (B. Kryštufek pers. comm. 2006). It is recorded from sea level to at least 1,400 m (Lapini 1999).","It is relatively rare in the colder parts of its range, but there is no evidence to suggest a population decline. It is locally common in at least some areas (Lapini 1999).","It inhabits farmland, parks and gardens in rural and urban areas, and scrubby habitats at the edge of forests. Like its congener E. europaeus, it is more abundant in artificial than in natural habitats (Lapini 1999).","Many are killed by collision with cars (Lapini 1999), but this is unlikely to cause widespread population decline.",It occurs in many protected areas throughout its wide range.,,,Boris Kryštufek,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,ESCHRICHTIIDAE,Eschrichtius,robustus,,Eschrichtius robustus,,,No,RE,,No,RE,,EU25,-,The gray whale has been Regionally Extinct since the 1700s or earlier.,,"The gray whale was once found in the North Atlantic. Sub-fossil remains, the most recent dated at around 1675, have been found on the eastern seaboard of North America from Florida to new Jersey, and on the coasts of the English Channel and the North and Baltic seas. There are historical accounts of living gray whales from Iceland in the early 1600s and possibly off New England in the early 1700s (Rice 1998). Gray whales are now only found in the North Pacific and adjacent waters.","This species is extinct in the North Atlantic. In the North Pacific, the eastern stock has recovered strongly from past over-exploitation, and the most recent population estimate is 15,000-22,000 for 2001/02. The western Pacific stock remains at a small fraction of past levels and is estimated to number about 100 individuals, of which 20-30 are mature females (Reeves et al. 2005). It is considered Critically Endangered.","Gray whales are primarily bottom feeders and are thus restricted to shallow continental shelf waters for feeding. They are largely coastal although they do feed at greater distances from shore on the shallow flats of the Bering and Chukchi seas. Gray whales feed primarily on swarming mysids, tube-dwelling amphipods, and polychaete tube worms in the northern parts of their range, but are also known to take red crabs, baitfish, and other food (crab larvae, mobile amphipods, herring eggs and larvae, cephalopods, and megalops) opportunistically or off the main feeding grounds.Most groups are small, often with no more than three individuals, but gray whales do sometimes migrate in pods of up 16, and larger aggregations are common on the feeding and breeding grounds. ‘Aerial’ behaviour such as breaching and spyhopping are common, especially during migration, and in and near the breeding lagoons of Baja California and mainland Mexico.","Gray whales have been subject to hunting since prehistoric times, due to their slow swimming speeds and coastal distribution. The North Atlantic population was extinct by the early 1700s although the causes are unclear. Overexploitation was though to have caused the extinction of the western gray whale until Soviet scientists in the 1980s reported a small remnant group summering off Sakhalin Island, Russia. The eastern North Pacific population had reached such low numbers by the end of the 19th century that commercial whaling ceased, but has now recovered to at or near carrying capacity, its abundance showing some fluctuation in response to environmental conditions. The eastern North Pacific population is subject to anthropogenic threats such as entanglements in fishing gear (Baird et al. 2002), disturbance by vessels and other noise, collisions, and possibly petroleum-related and other contaminants (Moore and Clarke 2002). However, these do not appear to be important for the demography of the population.","The gray whale is regionally extinct in European waters, so there are no conservation measures for this species in the region. Gray whales have been protected from commercial whaling by the International Whaling Commission since its establishment in the 1946. Limited aboriginal subsistence whaling is permitted by the IWC for the eastern gray whale and catch limits have been set since the 1970s on the basis of advice from its Scientific Committee.",,,Species account by IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist Group; regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,BALAENIDAE,Eubalaena,glacialis,,Eubalaena glacialis,,"The taxonomy follows the view of the IWC Scientific Committee which now recognises right whales in the North Atlantic, North Pacific and Southern Hemisphere as three distinct species in the genus Eubalaena, namely E. glacialis (North Atlantic right whale), E. japonica (North Pacific right whale) and E. australis (southern right whale) (IWC 2004), based mainly on the findings of Rosenbaum et al. (2000).

The North Atlantic right whale was included in previous Red Lists together with North Pacific right whales under the common species name E. glacialis (Baillie and Groombridge 1996).

Rice (1998) classifies right whales in the North Atlantic, North Pacific and Southern Hemisphere as the single species Balaena glacialis, in the genus Balaena along with B. mysticetus, the bowhead whale. While not all cetologists accept that the three right whale taxa qualify as full species, their clear geographical separation ensures that no practical problem arises from treating them as distinct species.

The species was formerly known as the black right whale to distinguish it from the Greenland right whale, Balaena mysticetus, which is now called the bowhead whale.  The term “right whale” is acceptable for specimens of any of three Eubalaena species, when the species in question is implicit from the geographical context.",No,CR,D,No,CR,D,EU25,Unfavourable,The eastern North Atlantic population is clearly extremely small (fewer than 50 mature individuals) (IWC 2001a); it is classified as Critically Endangered (CR).,,"The right whale in the past was common on both sides of the North Atlantic. It appears to be effectively extinct in the eastern North Atlantic, but in the past probably ranged from a calving ground in the Golfo de Cintra (23°N) off the western Sahara, through the Azores, Bay of Biscay, western British Isles, and the Norwegian Sea to the North Cape (hence the Dutch name Noordkaper). In the western North Atlantic the species migrates from a calving ground off Florida and Georgia along the eastern seaboard of North America, to summering grounds in the Gulf of Maine, Bay of Fundy, and Scotian Shelf, with some individuals reaching the Gulf of St Lawrence, the Davis and Denmark Straits and occasionally Iceland and Norway. It is unclear whether in the past the animals in the northern part of the range (off Iceland and Norway) belonged mainly to the western or eastern breeding stocks.","Northwest AtlanticHistoricIt is not clear when Basque whaling began in the northwestern North Atlantic, but it had been established by no later than 1530. An estimated 25,000-40,000 right whales were taken off Labrador and Newfoundland between 1530 and 1610 (Aguilar 1986) although recent genetic data have suggested that many of these were bowheads (Reeves 2001, Rastogi et al. 2004). Shore-based whaling along the US east coast began in the mid 17th century, with an estimated 2,000-3,800 taken during 1696-1734. Whaling continued sporadically over the next two centuries, with a few hundred taken in total until the last catch in 1935 (Reeves et al. 1999).CurrentThe current population is of about 300–350 individuals off the east coast of North America. IWC (2001a) obtained a minimum estimate of 263 in 1996 from identified animals known to be alive at that time, and indicated that the true population is probably not much higher.  Kraus et al. (2001) provided a minimum estimate of 299 in 1998 based on animals presumed to be alive at that time (and not missing for more than 5 years).  Preliminary analysis of more recent data have yielded estimates similar to those above. The whales are regularly surveyed in the winter calving ground off Florida and Georgia, and in spring/summer feeding grounds in Cape Cod Bay, the Great South Channel off Massachusetts, the Gulf of Maine, the Scotian Shelf, and the Bay of Fundy, but not all the whales using the wintering ground are seen in these major summering areas (IWC 2001a).  There have been a few sightings in recent years in the Gulf of St Lawrence, two off Iceland in 2003, and one in the former whaling ground off Cape Farewell in 2004 (IWC 2005).   A sighting off Norway in 1999 was identified as a well-known animal from the western North Atlantic population (IWC 2001a). Northeast Atlantic HistoricThe first records of Basque whaling in the Bay of Biscay are from the 11th century. At least dozens of whales were taken each year in the Bay of Biscay until a marked decline was evident by 1650; whaling continued there until the 18th century. Basque whalers arrived in Iceland as early as 1412, and participated in the right whale fishery around the British Isles and Norway from the 14th to the 18th century, but probably many more whales were taken by Dutch, Danish, British and Norwegian whalers. Quantitative estimates of catches are not available. Historic right whale catches as far north as Iceland and Norway appear to have been mainly E. glacialis, with Balaena mysticetus (bowhead) being the main species only in the far north (Greenland and Svalbard) (Aguilar 1986). Smith et al. (2006) document extensive whaling for E. glacialis in the North Cape area (northern Norway) in the 17th century. Right whaling seems to have declined from the mid-17th century and disappeared by the mid-18th century, but there was a brief period of right whale catches by modern whalers operating from shore stations in the British Isles and off Iceland, where at least 120 right whales were taken during 1881-1924 (Collett 1909, Brown 1986). The last recorded catch was a cow-calf pair off Madeira in 1967, accompanied by a third individual which escaped.CurrentIt is not clear whether there is a remnant Northeast Atlantic population or whether the animals seen here in modern times are strays from the west.  There have been only eight confirmed sightings from 1960 to 1999, including the animal sighted in Norway in 1999 which was matched with the western north Atlantic population (IWC 2001a). A possible right whale was sighted in the Bay of Biscay in 1977 (Aguilar 1981) and a cow-calf pair was sighted off Cape Vincent, Portugal in 1995 (Martin and Walker 1997). A recent survey of the former Cintra Bay calving ground off the Western Sahara failed to locate any right whales (Notarbartolo di Sciara et al. 1998), although survey conditions were often poor.","Right whales are often encountered as singles or pairs, with larger groups or aggregations observed socializing, mating or feeding. They can be aerially active and generally raise their flukes before a deep dive. Right whales can be individually identified by the patterns of callosities on the head, as well as by scars (Kraus et al. 1986). The mating system appears to involve sperm competition (males competing to inseminate females, not so much by physical aggression, as by delivering large loads of sperm, thereby displacing that of other males). Young are born in winter and spring in calving areas in low temperate or subtropical latitudes.Right whales feed on calanoid copepods and other small invertebrates (smaller copepods, krill, pteropods, and larval barnacles), generally by slowly skimming through patches of concentrated prey at or below the surface. The most common prey species is the copepod Calanus finmarchicus.","Right whales in the North Atlantic are no longer hunted, and the most serious current threats are deaths and injuries from entanglements in fishing gear and collisions with ships off the eastern coast of North America (Knowlton and Kraus 2001). During 1999-2003, the recorded human-caused mortality and serious injury averaged 2.6 animals per year, of which 1.6 per year were fishery entanglements and 1.0 vessel collisions. A further 11 deaths (8 ship strikes, 1 entanglement and two of unknown cause) were reported between 2004 and the end of 2006. Based on scarring from fishing gear it is estimated that at least 72% of the right whale population had been involved in an entanglement event at some point in their lives, and that 10-30% of the population are entangled each year (Clapham 2005).  Because some anthropogenic mortalities probably pass undetected, reported rates are likely minima.Hypotheses that have been advanced to explain the low reproductive rates observed for several years include: genetic factors, poor nutrition, chemical contaminants, biotoxins, disease (IWC 2001b, Reeves et al. 2001). However, reproduction in recent years has increased; whether this rate will continue is unknown.","The right whale has been protected from hunting by the IWC and its predecessor since 1935, and is also protected in Canada, a non-member of the IWC. Efforts are underway in both the US and Canada aimed at limiting deaths and injuries due to ship strikes and entanglements. In both countries, recovery plans have been developed involving collaboration between the various stakeholders. Regulations are in place in the US requiring modifications to fishing gear and restrictions on certain types of such gear in areas and times where right whales are common (Clapham 2005).  A Mandatory Ship Reporting Scheme has been in place since 1999 in two areas in the right whale calving and summering grounds to enable vessels to be warned of right whales in the area. Regulations specify minimum approach distances for whale-watching and other vessels. Shipping lanes in the Bay of Fundy have been moved, with the approval of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), to take them away from the major summer concentrations of right whales. A regulatory proposal to enforce maximum transit speeds on vessels passing through right whale habitats off the US east coast was still under review in 2007.There is as yet no indication of a decrease in the rate of anthropogenic mortalities, hence it is unclear whether the measures taken to date are sufficient.",,,Species account by IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist Group; regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CARNIVORA,FELIDAE,Felis,chaus,,Felis chaus,,"Includes six subspecies, only the nominate occurs in Europe.",No,,,No,NE,,EU25,-,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)In Europe and the Caucasus Felis chaus is declining rapidly and only a small number of mature individuals survive in the wild. It is listed in the Red Books of the Russian Federation, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. At the European regional level the species is considered Not Applicable because only a very small proportion (much less than 1%) of the global population occurs within the region. This listing should not detract from the fact that population declines in this species are a major cause for concern.",,"The jungle cat has a very broad range, from Southeast Asia west through India, Southwest and Central Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, and finally into Africa along the Nile River Delta.","It is a relatively common species throughout much of the range. In Europe, it is of marginal occurrence, with small populations in Cis-Caspian region and the Caucasus along the Caspian Sea. The European population has been rapidly declining since the 1960s. There have been no records of this species in Astrakhan State Reserve (Russian Federation) since the 1980s. Marked population fluctuations are characteristic of this species, probably because of absence of adaptations to cold winters. Despite these fluctuations the long-term trend in Europe is of decline in both population and area of occupancy. Data from Russia suggest that there are about 500 animals left in the wild (Prisazhnyuk and Belousova 2007). A very small population persists in Georgia (I. Macharashvili pers. comm. to K. Tsysulina 2007).","The jungle cat, despite its name, is not strongly associated with closed forest, but rather with water and dense vegetative cover, especially reed swamps, marsh, and littoral and riparian environments. It is able to satisfy these requirements in a variety of habitats, from desert to scrub woodland and dry deciduous forest, as well as cleared areas in moist forest (Nowell and Jackson 1996).","Jungle cats do well in cultivated landscapes (especially those that lead to increased numbers of rodents) and artificial wetlands. However, reclamation and destruction of natural wetlands, ongoing throughout its range but particularly in the arid areas, still pose a threat to the species, as density in natural wetlands is generally higher (Nowell and Jackson 1996). Thousands of jungle cat furs have been confiscated in illegal trade in India (Mukherjee 1998). In Europe, population and range declines since the 1960s have been attributed to illegal hunting and artificial landscape change.","Included on CITES Appendix II. Hunting is prohibited in Bangladesh, China, India, Israel, Myanmar, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Thailand and Turkey (Nowell and Jackson 1996). This species is considered threatened in a number of range states in Europe and the Caucasus, and is included in the Red Books of the Russian Federation, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. It is considered possibly extinct in Georgia.",,,"Global assessment by IUCN SSC Cat Specialist Group, regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CARNIVORA,FELIDAE,Felis,silvestris,,Felis silvestris,,"Populations of wildcats occur on Crete, Corsica, Sardinia, and the Balearic Islands. Some authorities consider these populations to be discrete subspecies, related most closely to the lybica group, and among the most endangered populations in Europe (see Nowell and Jackson 1996 for references). Vigne (1992), Hemmer (1999) and Gippoliti and Amori (2006) on the other hand, consider them to be feral forms of domestic cats introduced centuries before by humans. 

The Sardinian wildcat has been assigned to the libyca group on the basis of both morphological and genetic evidence (Ragni 1981, Ragni and Randi 1986, Ragni and Possenti 1996, Randi et al. 2001); and a similar case could be made for the Corsican wildcat (Salotti 1993) and that of Crete (Ragni et al. 1999). However, the wildcat of Sicily is generally considered to be an autochthonous population of F. s. silvestris, and may warrant the status of a conservation unit, given its genetic distinctness from the mainland Italian population (Randi and Ragni 1991, Randi et al. 2001, Gippoliti and Amori 2006).",No,LC,,No,NT,,EU25,Unfavourable,"European: Least Concern, given that there are large and stable populations in the eastern portion of the region. The category “Least Concern” can be misleading, for although the wildcat is probably the most widespread and numerous felid in the region, it is seriously threatened in some areas by genetic loss through hybridization with domestic cats. EU 25: Near Threatened (approaching A4e). It is expected that hybridization with domestic cats will cause population declines approaching 30% over 15 years (3 generations) including both the past and the future. It is unlikely that there would be a rescue effect from the eastern populations because of increasing habitat fragmentation. There is particular concern for the wildcat population north of the Alps. It is clearly adapted to the cold climate, and if conservation fails it could not be replaced by animals from the Mediterranean. The Scottish wildcat is scarce and declining, and is currently listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It may warrant uplisting to a higher category of threat.The Iberian subpopulation is suspected to be declining at a rate of >30% over 3 generations in the past or future, and should be listed as Vulnerable.Other isolated subpopulations (France/Germany, Italy, some Mediterranean island populations) face a greater level of threat than the species as a whole. These subpopulations are significant units for conservation, and thus it might be helpful to carry out separate subpopulation Red List assessments in the future; listing in a threatened category (e.g., Vulnerable, Endangered, or Critically Endangered) would be the likely outcome.",,"The wildcat has a very wide distribution stretching across Europe (F. silvestris, silvestris group), South West and Central Asia (F. silvestris, ornata group), and Africa (F. silvestris, lybica group) (Nowell and Jackson 1996). In Europe it was formerly very widely distributed and absent only from Fennoscandia. Severe declines and local extirpations occurred in Europe between the late 1700s and mid 1900s, resulting in a fragmented relict distribution (Stahl and Artois 1991, Nowell and Jackson 1996, Peichocki 2001). Previously considered extinct in the Netherlands (Nowell and Jackson 1996), but it may be recolonizing from populations in the Eifel or Ardennes forests (Canters et al. 2005). It was considered regionally extinct in Austria (Spitzenberger 2005), but vagrants still occur and the Italian population is spreading northwards into Austria (Lapini and Molinari 2006). It is possibly extinct in the Czech Republic (EMA Workshop 2006). Wildcats (silvestris group) occur on Sicily, and populations of cats assigned to the libyca group occur on Crete, Corsica, Sardinia, and the Balearic Islands. Feral domestic cats are also found on numerous other small Mediterranean islands.  It occurs from sea level to 2,250 m in the Pyrenees (Palomo and Gisbert 2002). In some parts of the wildcat's distribution (e.g. Scotland, Stromberg in Germany) it is possible that, as a result of hybridization with the domestic cat, very few genetically pure wildcats remain (Macdonald et al. 2004, Battersby 2005, Herrmann and Vogel 2005).","One of the major barriers to the effective conservation of the wildcat in Europe is the lack of information regarding its current status and population trends (Macdonald et al. 2004). There have been no recent large-scale surveys or European regional reviews of the status of the species (Macdonald et al. 2004). During the European Mammal Assessment process, information (ranging from detailed national surveys to expert opinion) was collated for a number of European range states and is presented here, but this is by no means a comprehensive review. A review of the status of the wildcat in Europe in the 1980s and early-mid 1990s can be found in Stahl and Artois (1991) and Nowell and Jackson (1996).Scotland (UK): Recent estimates have varied between 1,000 and 4,000 (compared to 1.2 million feral cats in Britain), but as few as 400 cats with classical wildcat pelage may survive, and it is possible that very few genetically pure wildcats remain (Macdonald et al. 2004, Battersby 2005). If so, this putative subspecies would be Critically Endangered (Kitchener et al. 2005). Surveys show that 30% of populations have declined, whilst only 8% are increasing (Battersby 2005). The Scottish wildcat is currently listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.Portugal: The population is suspected to be decreasing (M. Fernandes pers. comm. 2006). Considered Vulnerable at the national level, on the basis of suspected declines reaching 30% over three generations in the past or future (Cabral et al. 2005).Spain: In some places it is increasing and others decreasing (J. Herrero pers. comm. 2006). Considered Vulnerable at the national level, on the basis of suspected declines of over 30% over the last three generations (Palomo and Gisbert 2002).Belgium: Evidence from wild cats found dead on roads indicated that the species is gradually expanding its range to the north and west. There are no data on population size (Libois 2006).Germany: The population was recently estimated at 1,700-5,000 individuals (Knapp et al. 2000). The population is increasing and occupying new areas (M. Stubbe pers. comm. 2006). Switzerland: The wildcat persists in the Jura Mountains in northwestern Switzerland, adjacent to the French population. It was very rare in the 1970s, but records started to increase in the late 1980s (Doetterer andBernhart 1996) and are now reported on a low, but regular frequency over the whole of the Swiss Jura Mountains. No population estimation available. Italy: The estimated number of wildcats is between 750 and 1000 individuals (Ragni 1981, Ragni et al. 2001), which remains unchanged due to the slight range expansion in the middle and north-east, accompanied by extinction in the north-western peninsula (Ragni 2006). Slovenia: The population is estimated (on the basis of density and habitat suitability) at no more than 2,000; it is stable. Recently expanded highways possibly pose some threat in south-east part of its high density range. (B. Kryštufek pers. comm. 2006)Poland: Estimated number of wildcats in Poland is between 100 and 150 individuals, estimated density is 1-1.3 per 1000 ha (Okarma et al. 2002). The current distribution of wildcat in the Polish Carpathians, mainly along the borders with Slovakia and Ukraine, shows that the Polish population forms a continuum with Slovak and Ukrainian populations. Together they constitute the northernmost part of the larger Carpathian population of this species. The species is decreasing and is considered endangered (EN) in Red Data Book of Poland (Wolsan et al. 2001).Slovakia: The estimate of the Slovakian population in 2000 was about 1,500 individuals (unpublished data of the Slovak Environmental Agency: A. Olszanska pers. comm. 2006). Serbia: There are large populations along the southern Danube (EMA Workshop 2006).Macedonia: The species is widespread (EMA Workshop 2006).Greece: The wild cat is widespread in continental Greece with sightings in all forested areas and many wetlands. There are apparently more sightings in north and north-east Greece, where the population density seems to be higher. The population trend has not been quantified but is believed to be stable. On Crete it occurs at low densities (G. Giannatos pers. comm. 2006).Romania: The population is estimated to number c.10,000 individuals, but this is not based on quantitative data (Red Data Book of Romania). Bulgaria: There are no quantitative data, but the species is considered relatively abundant (Spassov et al. 1997).European Russia: The population size and trend have not been quantified, but there are thought to be large, relatively stable populations (EMA Workshop 2006).In Scotland, 88% of wild-living cats may be hybrids or feral domestic cats (Kitchener et al. 2005), and in Italy and Hungary the proportion of hybrids is estimated at 8% and 25-31% respectively (using genetic nethods: Pierpaoli et al. 2003, Lecis et al. 2006). On the basis of museum specimens, the proportion of hybrids in Bulgaria was estimated at 8-10% (Spassov et al. 1997), but the extent of hybridization may have increased since specimens were collected. Wild cats of mixed origin have also been found in Belgium, Portugal, Germany (only one animal) and Switzerland (Pierpaoli et al. 2003). In general the genetic distance to the domestic cat is larger in the north of the range than in the south (Pierpaoli et al. 2003). Eastern European populations are generally considered to be relatively pure (Nowell and Jackson 1996). Assessing the status of the wildcat is difficult, becuse it is a cryptic species and, moreover, because it may be difficult for some experts to distinguish between specimens of European wildcat and domestic cat (Nowell and Jackson 1996). Morphological critera established by Kitchener et al. (2005) should help to resolve these problems.","European wildcats are primarily associated with forest and are found in highest numbers in broad-leaved or mixed forests with low densities of humans. They are also found in Mediterranean maquis scrubland, riparian forest, marsh boundaries and along sea coasts. Areas of intensive cultivation are avoided (Nowell and Jackson 1996). As with other wildcats, rodents are the staple of the diet of European wildcats across much of their range (Nowell and Jackson 1996, Biro et al. 2005) However, rabbits are a major prey where they occur (Nowell and Jackson 1996, Lozano et al. 2006). Birds (both passerine and ground-dwelling) are of secondary importance (Biro et al. 2005). The composition of the diet shows only minor seasonal variations: rabbits or rodents are the major year-round food items. In Italy, historical (1968-1983) and recent (1994-2004) diets of wildcats show highly significant differences in composition, with an overwhelming occurrence of arthropods, reptiles and murines in the most recent period; the change appeared to be directly correlated to the expansion of wood vegetation and growth of atmospheric temperature over the last twenty years (Ragni 2006). Wildcats will also scavenge food and cache their kills, especially in winter (Nowell and Jackson 1996). The overlap in trophic niche between wildcats and feral domestic cats is large (Biro et al. 2005), indicating the potential for competition between these two taxa. Age at sexual maturity is 10-12 months for females and 9-10 months for males, interbirth interval is typically one year (although females may exceptionally breed twice in a year if the first litter is lost), and longevity is exceptionally up to 15 years, but more typically up to 5-6 years  (Nowell and Jackson 1996, Macdonald et al. 2004).","Habitat loss and persecution by humans caused the dramatic decline of this species in Europe in the 18th to mid 20th centuries. Today, the main threats are hybridization, disease transmission, and competition with feral domestic cats. There is ongoing habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation in some areas (e.g., Mediterranean bushland); although in some other parts of Europe forest cover is increasing as a result of abandonment of extensive agricultural land. The fact that wildcats have failed to recover across much of their former European range, despite decades of strict legal protection, indicates that although persecution has largely ceased, other factors are now limiting populations of this species.European wildcats suffer from hybridization with domestic cats, which descend from African wildcats. The process of domestication began thousands of years ago in North Africa and Southwest Asia, and domestic cats are now found in large numbers throughout the world, living in peoples' homes as well as feral in the wild. Feral cats compete with wildcats for prey and space, and there is also interbreeding or hybridization, which is leading to a strong decline in genetically pure wildcats in some areas. There is also a high potential for disease transmission between domestic cats and wildcats (Nowell and Jackson 1996, Fromont et al. 1998, Daniels et al. 1999), with some infections being maintained permanently in wildcat populations by transmission from domestic cats, when otherwise the diseases would die out (Fromont et al. 1998). A further risk is presented by the selective resistance of silvestris x catus  hybrids to viral disease infection (Ragni and Possenti 1991, Ragni 1993). Other threats include significant human-caused mortality, especially road kills (Nowell and Jackson 1996, Lüps et al. 2002, Schulenberg 2005). The species is still considered a pest in Scotland and is illegally persecuted. Predator control measures in a number of European countries may result in this species being killed as bycatch. In Europe at least, the species has never been commercially exploited for its fur (Palomo and Gisbert 2002). Introduced feral domestic cats cause serious harm to native species in many parts of the world, and there have been suggestions that virus-vectored immunocontraception should be developed as a control method (Courchamp and Cornell 2000). Any such development should take into account potential risks to wildcats. In recent years there have been a number of cases of people taking young wildcats from the wild in the mistaken belief that they would make good pets (8 cases in two years in two areas in Germany, and another cat that was introduced from France into the Netherlands: Canters et al. 2005, Simon et al. 2005).","Included on CITES Appendix II. The species is fully protected across most of its range in Europe and eastern areas of Central Asia, but is only protected in part of its African range (Nowell and Jackson 1996). It is listed on the EU Habitats & Species Directive (Annex IV) and the Bern Convention (Appendix II). It is classed as threatened at the national level in many European range states.",,,"Mathias Herrmann, Andrew Kitchener, Holger Meinig, Michael Stubbe, Margarida Fernandes, Jim Conroy, Giorgos Giannatos, Juan Herrero, Andreas Kranz, Agnieszka Olszanska",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,TALPIDAE,Galemys,pyrenaicus,,Galemys pyrenaicus,,,Yes,VU,A2ac+3c+4ac,Yes,NT,,EU25,Unfavourable,"Listed as Vulnerable because the species is undergoing declines across its whole range. Declines appear to be the highest in Spain, but are lower in France (where the population marginally occurs) and Portugal. An overall decline of 30% over the last ten years is plausible, and given the ongoing threats to this species it is realistic to expect a further decline of at least 30% over the next ten years.",,"The Pyrenean desman is restricted to the Pyrenees mountains (Andorra, France and Spain), as well as parts of northern and central Spain and northern Portugal. In France it occurs along the Aude, Agly, Salat, Aspe, Ossau, Ariège, Ardour, Tet and Tech rivers. In Portugal it occurs along the Minho, Ancora, Lima, Neiva, Cavado, Ave, Leca, Douro, Vouga, Mondego, and Tejo rivers (Queiroz et al. 1998) In Spain it is found in the upper reaches of rivers in the Pyrenees, the Cantabrian mountains, the Sistema Central, the Picos de Europa and along the Deva River. It also occurs in the Sierra de Guarra north of Huesca and Infiesta, Oviedo, and Burguete, Navarro (J. Herrero pers. comm. 2006). It is found at altitudes between sea level and 2,500 m (Palomo and Gisbert 2002). In Spain, the river systems that the species occurs in flow to three different seas: Mediterranean, Atlantic and Cantabrian; hence the populations are all separated from each other.","The population has declined in recent years, but it is hard to obtain precise estimates of population size and decline rate for this shy and secretive species (González-Esteban et al. 2003). The desman has been radio-tracked in Portugal following successful capture of animals using underwater traps (care is required to check these traps regularly to prevent drownings: M. Fernandes pers. comm. 2006). In favourable habitats population densities may be 5-10 individuals per kilometre, but other studies indicate much lower densities (Quaresma et al. 1998, Chora 2001, Cabral et al. 2005). In Portugal it is estimated that there are less than 10,000 mature individuals divided into small and isolated subpopulations due to the existence of physical (e.g. dams) and ecological barriers (Cabral et al. 2005). In Spain the species has undergone marked declines in the central system (J. Herrero pers. comm. 2006), and the desman has disappeared from some sites where it was previously known (Palomo and Gisbert 2002). In the Spanish Pyrenees and Cantabrian regions densities range from 2.8 to 7.3 animals per km of river (Palomo and Gisbert 2002); however, in the Sistema Central population densities are lower (P. García pers. comm. 2007). In France the population is also declining (S. Aulagnier pers. comm. 2006). As well as population declines, range contractions have been observed along the western, southern, and eastern edges of the desman's range in Portugal (Cabral et al. 2005).","The desman's preferred habitat is fast flowing mountain streams, although it is occasionally found in slow moving water bodies such as canals, lakes and marshes. It favours perennial rivers where the margins offer some shelter, and it requires clean and well oxygenated water. G. pyrenaicus is specialised to an aquatic environment. It feeds nocturnally on a diverse array of crustaceans and insect larvae, including stoneflies and caddis fly larvae (Queiroz 1999, Palomo and Gisbert 2002, Cabral et al. 2005).","This species is confined to a very vulnerable habitat in a restricted area. The most potent threats are from water pollution, and habitat fragmentation caused by the construction of hydro-electric plants, water extraction, and dam and reservoir construction (Queiroz 1999, Palomo and Gisbert 2002, Cabral et al. 2005). Other threats are direct persecution from fishermen who incorrectly believe this species to be a threat to fish stocks, especially trout, or from over-eager collectors. Poison and explosives are used as fishing methods in Portugal, which would kill the desman (Cabral et al. 2005). The escape of North American mink (Neovison vison) from fur farms in northern Iberia might be negatively impacting populations in Galicia. It is predated by otters in Galicia (forming up to 5% of their diet) (Palomo and Gisbert 2002).Climate change is anticipated to be a serious threat to the desman in the near future. The species tends to occur only in areas with annual rainfall superior to 1,000 mm and, given climate change scenarios for Spain, by 2060 the species may be virtually extinct from central Spain and also in most of its important areas from northern Iberia (P. García pers. comm. 2007).","It is strictly protected under the Bern Convention (Appendix II) and the EU Habitats and Species Directive (Annexes II and IV). Part of the range falls within the Parc National des Pyrénées Occidentales and Parque Nacional de Covadona, and possibly the Parque Nacional de Aiguas y Lago de San Mauricio and the Parque Nacional de Ordesa. This species' conservation has been the topic of an international conference that has drawn up an action plan that includes priority actions. There is also an action plan for the species in Portugal. Actions proposed include appropriate management of water courses, habitat restoration, improvement of knowledge of the threatened populations, and use of the desman as a flagship species to promote river conservation (Cabral et al. 2005). In Spain the species is considered Vulnerable because populations have disappeared from the formerly known range (L.J.P. Muñoz pers. comm. 2007).",,,"Fernandes, M., Herrero, J., Aulagnier, S. & Amori, G.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CARNIVORA,VIVERRIDAE,Genetta,genetta,,Genetta genetta,,"There is a high degree of intraspecific variation in this species, which has resulted in many described subspecies; the validity of many of these is unknown, while others may actually represent distinct species (Gaubert et al. 2004, 2005).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The species was introduced to Europe before 1500, and thus it is considered as part of the naturalised regional fauna for the purposes of this assessment. The genet has a fairly large European range, including a number of protected areas, and the population trend is stable. Consequently it is classed as Least Concern.",,"A widespread species, occurring on the northern Saharan fringe (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya), and then in open and dry savannah zones throughout Sub-Saharan Africa in three large blocks, corresponding roughly to West Africa, East Africa and southern Africa (Delibes and Gaubert in press). For Europe, Delibes (1999) lists this species as occurring in all of continental Portugal and Spain, and much of France (mainly south of Loire River and west of the Rhone River). It is also found on the Mediterranean islands of Majora, Ibiza, and Cabrera (Balearic Islands) (Delibes 1999). There are also scattered records from Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, and northwest Italy (Delibes 1999). This species is generally considered to have been introduced to Europe; the date of introduction is unknown, but remains have been found dating from the Middle Ages (Dobson 1998, Delibes 1999). It has been recorded to at least 3,000m asl in the Ethiopian Highlands (Admasu et al. 2004).","One of the most common small carnivores in its native range, though detailed data on density in Africa are scarce; in Serengeti, Waser (1980) estimated a density of 1.5 + 0.37 individuals per km2. In Europe, this species is moderately abundant, with increasing populations in France, and densities of 0.3 to 0.7 individuals per km2 in Spain (Delibes 1999). The genet is common in suitable habitat throughout the Iberian peninsula (Palomo and Gisbert 2002). Populations are either stable or slowly increasing (J. Herrero pers. comm. 2006). On Ibiza, habitat is declining and becoming more fragmented, thus this species is suspected to be declining.","The genet tends to prefer all types of wooded habitats (deciduous and evergreen), where it is often associated with rivers and brooks, but it is a generalist and can be found in other habitats where there is suitable prey. It avoids open habitats, but may occur even in small fragments of woodland in farmland or near villages, and usually is absent from rainforests, dense woodlands and woodland-moist savannah mosaics (e.g. miombo woodland in Angola) (Delibes and Gaubert in press). The common genet is not uncommonly found in proximity to people and human buildings (e.g. Admasu et al. 2004). It feeds mainly on small mammals, but will also take birds, other small vertebrates, insects, and fruit (Delibes and Gaubert in press).","There are no major threats. They are occasionally eaten by people in some localities, and body parts are used for medicinal purposes while skins may be used for the manufacture of karosses in southern Africa (Delibes and Gaubert in press). In Europe, the genet used to be trapped for its fur (Delibes 1999). In Portugal genets are illegally killed in predator trapping for hunting management. On Ibiza, the genet is threatened by the loss and fragmentation of habitat caused by urbanization and infrastructure and tourism development. The ability of genets to live close to humans and their domestic animals could have implications for disease transmission (Admasu et al. 2004).","It is present in many protected areas across its range. This species is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention, as well as EU Habitats and Species Directive, Annex V (Delibes 1999). In Ibiza, it is recommended that semi-natural habitats are protected, and that development takes place in such a way that fragmentation of remaining habitat is minimized.",,,"Juan Herrero, Paolo Cavallini",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,GLIRIDAE,Glis,glis,,Glis glis,,Was Myoxus glis but now transferred to Glis.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)A common and widespread species. Declines are occurring in the northernmost part of the range, but in the southern part it is abundant and considered a pest species. Consequently it is classed as Least Concern.",,"Glis glis has a global distribution that extends across Europe and through northern Turkey to northern Iran and the Caucasus. In Europe, it occurs from northern Spain through central and eastern Europe, as far as Latvia in the north and Italy and the Balkan Peninsula in the south (Kryštufek 1999). It is found on a number of Mediterranean islands, but the population in the British Isles is the result of an introduction in 1902 (Kryštufek 1999, Battersby 2005). It is recorded from sea level to 2,000 m.","In northern parts of its range it is scarce and may be declining, whereas in southern parts of its range it is sufficiently abundant to be considered an agricultural pest in years of high population density. In central Europe, typical population densities may be c.5 individuals per hectare, although densities of 20-22 individuals per hectare have been recorded (Kryštufek 1999).","It is typically found in mature deciduous and mixed woodland, where it frequents the canopy, although it also occurs in maquis and shrubland on rocky areas along the Mediterranean coast. Man-made habitats such as gardens and orchards are sometimes used, and the species often enters buildings (Macdonald and Barrett 1993, Kryštufek 1999).","In parts of its range, including Slovenia, Croatia, and Italy, there is a tradition of hunting this species. In the past, it was a source of meat, fat, and skins for subsistence and trade, but today it is hunted recreationally (Kryštufek 1999). The species is protected in Italy, but is sometimes illegally hunted (G. Amori pers. comm. 2006). In northeastern Europe, cutting of oak forests is a threat (Juškaitis 2003).",It is listed on Appenix III of the Bern Convention. It occurs in protected areas throught its range.,,,"Boris Kryštufek, Holger Meinig, Giovanni Amori, Rimvydas Juškaitis",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,DELPHINIDAE,Globicephala,melas,,Globicephala melas,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU25,Unknown,"This species is widespread (thus not qualifying as threatened under criterion B) and relatively abundant (above the thresholds for criteria C and D). Population trend data for this species are unavailable. Primary threats that could cause widespread declines include entanglement in fisheries and competition with squid fisheries. The combination of potential declines driven by competition with fisheries for squid and bycatch in fisheries is believed sufficient that a 30% global reduction over three generations or in this case 60 years could not be ruled out. Therefore, the species is classed as Data Deficient. The Mediterranean population was also recently assessed as Data Deficient (Reeves and Notarbartolo di Sciara 2006).",,"Long-finned pilot whales occur in temperate and subpolar zones (Olson and Reilly 2002). They are found in oceanic waters and some coastal waters of the North Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean Sea and North Sea. In the North Atlantic, the species occurs in deep offshore waters, including those inside the western Mediterranean Sea (where is thought to be the only species of pilot whale found there), North Sea, and Gulf of St. Lawrence (Abend and Smith 1999). Long-finned pilot whales tend to follow their prey (squid and mackerel) inshore and into continental shelf waters during the summer and autumn (Reeves et al. 2003). In the western North Atlantic, they occur in high densities over the continental slope in winter and spring months.  In summer and autumn months, they move over the shelf.  Long-finned pilot whales were previously found in the western North Pacific as well, but appear to be absent there today.  The circum-antarctic subpopulation(s) in the Southern Hemisphere occur as far south as the Antarctic Convergence, sometimes to 68°S.  They are apparently isolated from those of the Northern Hemisphere (Bernard and Reilly 1999).","There is little information on stocks within the species (Donovan et al. 1993). In the north-eastern Atlantic the number of pilot whales inhabiting the area between East Greenland, Iceland, Jan Mayen, Faroe Islands and off the western coasts of the British Islands and Ireland was estimated at around 778,000 (CV=30%) by Buckland et al. (1993). The removals by drive hunting at the Faroes (see below) have therefore been considered sustainable (NAMMCO 2000, Reeves et al. 2003).","Long-finned pilot whales are highly social; they are generally found in pods of about 20-100, but some groups contain over 1,000 individuals. These large pods are generally dispersed in smaller subgroups of 10-20.  Based on photo-identification and genetic work, pilot whales appear to live in relatively stable, maternally-based pods like those of killer whales, and not in the fluid groups characteristic of many smaller dolphins.This is one of the species most often involved in mass strandings (Olson and Reilly 2002).  Strandings are fairly frequent, for instance, on Cape Cod (Massachusetts, USA) beaches from October to January.  Their tight social structure also makes pilot whales vulnerable to herding, and this has been taken advantage of by whalers in drive fisheries off Newfoundland, the Faroe Islands, and elsewhere.  Primarily squid eaters, pilot whales will also take small medium-sized fish, such as mackerel, when available (Gannon et al. 1997).  Other fish species taken include cod, turbot, herring hake, and dogfish.  They will sometimes also ingest shrimp.  Pilot whales are deep divers, most feeding appears to take place at depths of 200-500 m.","Drive fisheries for long-finned pilot whales in the Faroe Islands date back to the Norse settlement in the 9th century. Catch statistics exist from the Faroes since 1584, unbroken from 1709-today, show an annual average catch of 850 pilot whales (range: 0 - 4,480) with a cyclic variation according to the North-Atlantic climatic variations (Bloch and Lastein 1995). This level of offtake has been considered sustainable (NAMMCO 2000, Reeves et al. 2003).Incidental catches are reported from Newfoundland, the Mediterranean and the Atlantic coast of France. In British waters, long-finned pilot whales are accidentally caught in gillnets, purse seines and in trawl fisheries. A 1990 workshop to review mortality of cetaceans in passive nets and traps documented an annual kill of 50-100 G. melas off the Atlantic coast of France. Furthermore, pilot whales are also known to be taken incidentally in swordfish driftnets in the Mediterranean (Olson and Reilly 2002).  Although there is considerable controversy regarding the absolute level of declines, there is good evidence of  large-scale reductions in many predatory fish populations (e.g. Baum et al. 2003, 2005; Sibert et al. 2006; Polacheck 2006) and over-fishing and collapse of several important “prey” fish stocks world-wide (e.g. Jackson et al. 2001). The effects of such fish population reductions and subsequent ecosystem changes on world-wide populations of long-finned pilot whales are unknown but could result in population declines. Commercial fisheries for squids are widespread in the western North Atlantic. Target species for these fisheries are squids eaten by pilot whales, again raising the possibility of prey depletion. Long-finned pilot whales off the Faroes, France, UK and the eastern USA appear to have high levels of DDT and PCB in their tissues. Heavy metals such as cadmium and mercury also have been found in pilot whales from the Faroes. Because these contaminants accumulate in tissues over time, older animals and especially adult males tend to have the highest concentrations (Caurant and Amiard-Triquet 1995). Evidence from stranded individuals of several similar species of beaked whales indicates that they have swallowed discarded plastic items. Sometimes this may happen when animals are already ill and incapable of finding/catching normal prey (e.g. Gomercic et al. 2006), or they may be healthy and eat it by accident and it then contributes to blockage of the digestive tract and eventual death (e.g. Scott et al. 2001). Globicephala melas may also be at risk.While impacts of high levels of anthropogenic sound have been well documented for beaked whales (Simmonds and Lopez-Jurado 1991, Frantzis 1998, Balcomb and Claridge 2001, US Dept of Commerce and US Navy 2001, Jepson et al. 2003, Fernandez et al. 2005), there are examples for a number of other species of odontocetes of potential impacts. While conclusive evidence of cause and effect are often lacking, strong avoidance reactions, embayments or mass stranding events have been spatially and temporally associated with high levels of anthropogenic sound for short-finned pilot whales (Hohn et al. 2006), killer whales, melon-headed whales (Southall et al. 2006), Atlantic spotted dolphin (Balcomb and Claridge 2001), striped dolphins, dwarf sperm whales (Hohn et al. 2006), pygmy sperm whales, and Dall’s porpoise (Balcomb pers. comm.). As such, it should be recognized that high levels of anthropogenic sound have the potential to impact other deep diving odontocete species. Predicted impacts of global climate change on the marine environment may affect long-finned pilot whales, and may induce changes in the species’ range, abundance and/or migration patterns (Learmonth et al. 2006).","The North and Baltic Sea subpopulations have been listed in Appendix II of the Convention on Migratory Species. One of the areas with regular confirmed presence of long-finned pilot whales in the Mediterranean, the western section of the Ligurian Sea, is included within the marine Sanctuary dedicated to cetaceans in the Corso-Ligurian Basin, created by the Governments of Italy, France and Monaco (Pelagos Sanctuary, SPAMI). No management or conservation measures have been taken as yet specifically for the conservation of this species.A SPAMI (Specially Protected Area of Mediterranean Importance) under the Barcelona Convention has been proposed for the northern half of the Alborán Sea and Gulf of Vera in southern Spain (Cañadas et al. 2005), but it has not yet been designated or even evaluated by the Spanish administration. This proposed area includes the “hot-spots” for long-finned pilot whales in the Mediterranean.",,,Species account by IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist Group; regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,DELPHINIDAE,Grampus,griseus,,Grampus griseus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU25,Unknown,"Risso’s dolphin is widely distributed in temperate and tropical waters worldwide but little is known about the species. Estimates of abundance are available for only a few regions and details of distribution are generally lacking. Population trend data for this species are unavailable. Primary threats that could cause widespread declines include entanglement in fisheries and competition with squid fisheries. The combination of potential declines driven by competition with fisheries for squid and bycatch in fisheries is believed sufficient that a 30% global reduction over three generations or in this case 60 years could not be ruled out. Therefore, the species is classed as Data Deficient. The Mediterranean population was also recently assessed as Data Deficient (Reeves and Notarbartolo di Sciara 2006).",,"This is a widely-distributed species, inhabiting primarily deep waters of the continental slope and outer shelf (especially with steep bottom topography), from the tropics through the temperate regions in both hemispheres (Kruse et al. 1999). They also occur in some oceanic areas, beyond the continental slope, such as in the eastern tropical Pacific. They are found from Newfoundland, Norway, the Kamchatka Peninsula, and Gulf of Alaska in the north to the tips of South America and South Africa, southern Australia, and southern New Zealand in the south. Their range includes many semi-enclosed bodies of water, such as the Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of California, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Sea of Japan, and Mediterranean Sea.","There are no regional estimates of abundance for this species. Although Risso’s dolphins are regularly sighted in the western Mediterranean, they are considered scarce (Reeves and Notarbartolo di Sciara 2006). Line-transect abundance estimates for the western central Mediterranean in 2001-03 gave 493 Risso’s dolphins (95% C.I. 162-1,498) in an area of 32,270 km2 (Gómez de Segura et al. 2006).","Risso’s dolphins inhabit deep oceanic and continental slope waters, generally 400-1000 m deep (Jefferson et al. 1993, Baird 2002), mostly occurring seaward of the continental slope. They frequent subsurface seamounts and escarpments, where they are thought to feed on vertically migrant and mesopelagic cephalopods. Currents and upwelling causing local increases in marine productivity may enhance feeding opportunities, resulting in the patchy distribution and local abundance of this species worldwide (Kruse et al. 1999). Most records of this species in Britain and Ireland are within 11 km of the coast. Risso's dolphins feed on crustaceans and cephalopods, but seem to prefer squid. Squid bites may be the cause of at least some of the scars found on the bodies of these animals. In the few areas where feeding habits have been studied, they appear to feed mainly at night.","In the Mediterranean Sea, Risso’s dolphins are among the cetacean species frequently found entangled infishing nets. Bycatches in longlines and gillnets have been reported in Spain (Valeiras and Camiñas 2001) and Italy (Notarbartolo di Sciara 1990). Sound pollution is a threat to deep-diving pelagic cetaceans, including Risso’s dolphins. Evidence consistent with a syndrome related to exposure to high-intensity sonar has been described in this species in the UK (Jepson et al. 2005). Risso’s dolphins in the Mediterranean have been found to carry substantial contaminant burdens (see references in Reeves and Notarbartolo di Sciara 2006).",The North and Baltic Sea subpopulations are included in Appendix II of the Convention on Migratory Species.,,,Species account by IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist Group; regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CARNIVORA,MUSTELIDAE,Gulo,gulo,,Gulo gulo,,,No,VU,A2cd,No,VU,D1,EU25,Unfavourable,"European: Vulnerable (A2cd). The European population is very small (ca. 2,260 individuals), and although the Fennoscandian part of the regional range is stable, there have been sharp declines in the (much larger) Russian area over the past 30 years owing to overharvesting and decline in prey populations (reindeer). It is not anticipated that there would be a rescue effect from populations in Asian Russia, as these are suspected to be declining too.EU 25: Vulnerable (D1). Wolverine numbers in Sweden and Finland are stable, but the total population is very small. Outside the EU, the Russian wolverine population is sharply declining, and the Norwegian wolverine population is very small, so it is not expected that there would be any significant rescue effect and the Red List category is not adjusted.1. Scandinavian wolverine populationVulnerable (D1). The Scandinavian part of the geographical European range is stable, but the population is very small (750 wolverines). The Scandinavian population is only narrowly connected with the Karelian population and genetic analyses have shown that these two populations are clearly distinct, consequently it is assumed that there would not be a significant rescue effect and the Red List assessment is not adjusted.2. Karelian wolverine populationEndangered (C2a(ii)). The population in Karelia is very small (450 wolverines, of which 60 in Finland and 390 in Russia). Although the population trend in the Finnish part of the range is slowly increasing, the trend in the much larger Russian population is believed to be decreasing (although it is poorly known). The population trend in Karelia is suspected to be declining overall. All individuals are part of the same subpopulation. In Russia in general there have been sharp declines in wolverine populations over the past 30 years owing to overharvesting and decline in prey populations (reindeer). Consequently, although the Karelian population is connected to populations further east in Russia, it is not expected that there would be a significant rescue effect because the populations are declining.",,"In addition to their circumpolar distribution across Siberia and North America, wolverines once occurred throughout the European part of Russia, Norway, Sweden, Finland, the Baltic states, and north-east Poland. During the 19th century, wolverines disappeared from the southernmost of these areas in Europe mainly due to persecution, but also due to deforestation and other human impacts. In Europe the species is now found in Norway, Sweden, Finland and European part of Russia. Within these countries wolverines are mainly found north of 60ºN. According to the Guidelines for Population Level Management Plans for Large Carnivores (LCIE 2007) two populations are recognized in Scandinavia and Karelia:1. Scandinavian wolverine populationThis population is distributed mainly along the border of Norway and Sweden, with extensions into the southern Norwegian mountains, and the northern Norwegian county of Finnmark and adjacent areas of northwest Finland (the region of Lappland). Within this range there are three population segments, the south Norwegian, the central population segment along the Norwegian/Swedish border, and a few animals breeding in the boreal forest areas of eastern Sweden.2. Karelian wolverine populationThis population extends across southern and central Finland (all Finland excluding Lappland) and the Russian oblasts of Murmansk and Karelia. The main distribution appears to be continuous, but there is a relatively isolated population segment in western Finland.","The European population of Gulo gulo is currently estimated to be approximately 2,300 individuals. The European distribution is connected to the Asian Russian population along the Urals. The overall European population forms a more or less continuous distribution with a few geographically and genetically distinct units, and constitutes a smaller fraction of the large Eurasian population. During the last decades, there has been a increase in population numbers and distribution of wolverines in the Fennoscandian countries, but decreasing trends in Russia.1. Scandinavian wolverine populationPopulation size: 750 wolverines. Genetic surveys for the Scandinavian population have shown a low genetic variability and subdivision among populations indicating that the wolverine in Scandinavia has potentially lost variation due to a previous bottleneck event and that the current populations are the result of a recent common genetic background. The southern part of the population seems to form a sink with a few individuals emigrating from the northern continuous population. The southern Norwegian population segment was naturally re-established during the late 1970s and was a result of protective legislation. This population segment has recently increased in numbers and distribution, but seems to have stabilized at around 100 individuals. Genetic surveys have shown that the southern Norwegian population segment is genetically distinct from the northern population segments (about 220 individuals in Norway), but the geographic gap between the southern population and the main population to the north and east has decreased from 100-200 km by the early 1990s to virtually connectivity by 2006. There are an estimated 380 individuals of 1 year and older in the Swedish portion of the central population segment. Recently, during the 1990s a small and distinct reproducing population became established in the southern boreal region of the country. Population data for the past 9 years (1996-2004) suggest a fairly stable over all population trend, with a slight increase during the past 5 years.2. Karelian wolverine populationPopulation size: 450 wolverines.","Wolverines inhabit a variety of habitats in the alpine, tundra, taiga, and boreal forest zones. They are found in coniferous, mixed, and deciduous woodlands, bogs, and open mountain and tundra habitats. Sometimes known as “hyaenas of the north”, wolverines have evolved to scavenge from the kills of wild ungulates abandoned by more efficient predators such as wolves and lynx, as well as victims of accidents and disease. However, wolverines also prey on hares, rodents and occasionally animals as large as moose given certain snow conditions. They can also prey heavily on domestic sheep and semidomesticated reindeer. The wolverine has vast home-ranges (Landa et al. 1998a) and good dispersal abilities. Faecal DNA sampling has detected dispersal distances of more than 500 kilometres (Flagstad 2005, Flagstad et al. 2006).","Wolverines are scarce in Europe today. Their continued survival is threatened due to their small and fragmented distribution, and the potential for their future survival may be weakened by the likelihood of low genetic diversity. Habitat loss per se is not a substantial threat to wolverine conservation. Large areas of Norway, Sweden and Finland are still covered by forests and mountains that offer a suitable prey base and habitat for wolverines. The problem is that these are not wilderness areas, and wolverines come into conflict with a low, but crucial, number of human land uses. The fact that there are no large areas within their distribution where there is no conflict potential with sheep or semidomestic reindeer means that human tolerance for wolverines is low. This results in a difficult situation for wildlife managers who are forced to try and balance wolverine conservation with the conflicts they create with livestock. In Norway, farmers no longer use traditional sheep-herding methods that once deterred depredation, so wolverines are often controlled in an effort to protect livestock. Poaching also occurs. In Russia, overharvesting and declines in key prey species are major threats.1. Scandinavian wolverine populationHigh levels of depredation on domestic sheep in Norway, and on semi-domestic reindeer in Norway, Sweden and Finland, generate large conflicts. These lead to pressure for population reduction through both legal and illegal killing. Finding ways to reduce depredation on sheep is crucial. It is unclear if the existing levels of harvest, especially in Norway, are sustainable. With respect to depredation on semi-domestic reindeer solutions are harder to find as wolverines depend heavily on semi-domestic reindeer for food.2. Karelian wolverine populationThe Russian economic depression during the 1990s is believed to have led to widespread poaching of ungulate game species. Furthermore, there has been a reduction of the semi-domestic reindeer herding industry due to large calf/breeding losses. This is believed to have indirectly negatively affected wolverine populations in western Russia. The wolverine's main prey base (wild and domestic reindeer) became less abundant and the population has faced a decrease in numbers and distribution during the last decades.","The wolverine is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and Annex II* and Annex IV of the EU Habitats and Species Directive. European range states have different monitoring and management regimes. The species is strictly protected in Finland and Sweden, but is subject to licensed harvest and control measures in Norway.1. Scandinavian wolverine populationWolverines are subject to both de facto hunting and government organised lethal control activities in Norway. The Norwegian national goal is to control the total population within the limits of 39 yearly active natal dens. Control measurements, killing of family groups in early spring and licensed harvest is used as a management tool to restrict wolverine predation on unattended sheep during summer and domestic reindeer all year around. The national goal in Sweden is to reach a minimum of 90 annual reproductions which equals approximately 550 individuals. Wolverines in Sweden are protected, although there is some limited use of lethal control following acute depredation events. The Norwegian and Swedish population is monitored through annual den inventories and there is cooperation and data exchange between the two national programmes. In Finland the species is monitored through a national fauna monitoring programme based on tracks crossing fixed 4x4+4 km triangles. 2. Karelian wolverine populationWolverines are protected in Finland and Russian Karelia.",,,Arild Landa (Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe),,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CARNIVORA,PHOCIDAE,Halichoerus,grypus,,Halichoerus grypus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"This species is widespread and abundant, and European populations are stable or increasing. Consequently it is classed as Least Concern.",,"Grey seals have a cold temperate to sub-Arctic distribution in the North Atlantic waters over the continental shelf (Hall 2002). There are three populations isolated both geographically and by timing of reproduction (Bonner 1981). In the western Atlantic, the population is centered in northeastern North America from the Gulf of Maine to southern Labrador, including the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The eastern Atlantic population is found at Iceland, the Faroe Islands, from the Kola Peninsula south to southern Norway, around most of the United Kingdom and Ireland, and in Brittany in France. The Baltic Sea stock is entirely confined to the Baltic Sea (Bonner 1981, Hall 2002). Vagrants are known from as far south as New Jersey in the western Atlantic and Portugal in the eastern Atlantic (Rice 1998).","Grey seal numbers are increasing at some locations while declining in others. The total world population is not completely known. Canada’s Department of Fisheries and Oceans estimates its present population at 250,000 divided into in two herds, mainly in the southern Gulf of St Lawrence, and at Sable Island (Anon. 2006). Aerial surveys in 1997 provided an abundance estimate for the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and Sable Island populations at 195,000 animals. The Sable Island population is increasing by 13% per year. The Gulf of St. Lawrence population is decreasing by and unspecified amount. There are approximately 7,300 gray seals in United States waters, where its numbers are increasing (Waring et al. 2005). The population estimates for areas in the eastern North Atlantic are: Iceland, 11,600 (Hauksson 1987), Norway, a minimum of 3,100 (Wiig 1986), Ireland 2,000, the White Sea 1,000-2,000, and the United Kingdom 110,000 and increasing at 6% per year (Hall 2002). The Baltic Sea population is given as 17,640 (ICES 2005).","Grey seals are large sexually dimorphic phocids. In the United Kingdom, adult males are on average 2.07 m long and weigh an average 233 kg, with a maximum of 310 kg. Adult females are smaller, averaging 1.79 m and 155 kg. At birth, pups are 90-105 cm, with male pups averaging 15.8 kg and female pups averaging 14.8 kg in weight (Bonner 1981). Adults in the western Atlantic are larger, with males averaging 2.25 m and 300-350 kg, and females averaging 2 m and 150-200 kg (Mansfield 1988), with males reaching a maximum of over 400 kg and females over 250 kg (Hall 2002).Pupping occurs from September to March with peak dates differing significantly between populations: in the western Atlantic, January; eastern Atlantic, September-December; and in the Baltic Sea, late February to early March, which probably reproductively isolates each group (Bonner 1981).  Pups are born on ice or land in the western North Atlantic, land in the eastern North Atlantic, and ice in the Baltic (Bonner 1981).  Pups are born with a woolly lanugo that is molted several weeks after weaning. The pup stays on land from birth until the molt is finished, losing up to 25% of its body weight from fasting (Mansfield 1988). In the United Kingdom, pups molt before weaning; adult females molt from mid-January to mid-February, and males molt from mid-February to early April (Bonner 1981).Grey seals not known for being long-distance migrants. In one study, they spent 43% of their time within 10 km of frequently used haul-out sites, traveling to sandy areas, or gravel sea-bed sediments, the preferred habitat of sandeels, an important part of the grey seal’s diet. Short trips away averaged 2.3 days (McConnell et al. 1999). In Canada, tagging revealed that some animals travel 350-800 km, and in the United Kingdom, they took short-range trips. Occasionally, long treks of up to 2,100 km were made, crossing deep water from northern England to the Shetlands or Orkneys, and from the Faroes into the North Sea.  In the Baltic Sea, grey seals make short trips, spending roughly 75% of their time within 50 km of haul-out sites (Sjoberg and Ball 2000).Grey seals' diet varies by location, though they are largely demersal or benthic feeders (Hall 2002).  In some areas, the food consumed can be over 70% sandeels (Ammodytes sp.). In the United Kingdom, sandeels, cod and Dover sole accounted for 56% of the diet by weight (Prime and Hammond 1990).","Grey seals have been important in subsistence harvests throughout the history of their contact with humans. They have been hunted by peoples of the Baltic Sea coast for more than 10,000 years (Harkonen et al. 2005). Commercial harvesting has been ongoing in many areas for hundreds of year, and at times grey seals have been important to local economies (Mansfield 1988). Overharvesting in the Baltic in the early 20th century led to a large decline, from a population that once numbered an estimated 30,000 to perhaps as high as 200,000 to a low of 1,500-2,000 by the early 1980s (Kokko et al. 1999).Government culls, bounties, and licensed kills for harvest and protection of fishing gear have been put into effect in many countries, and continue to be used in some in efforts to control grey seal numbers and reduce their impact on commercially important fisheries. Grey seals feed on a number of commercial species, and by damaging nets and traps, they are in direct conflict with fisheries. Indirectly, grey seals are a vector for seal worm, also known as cod worm, a destructive parasite of Atlantic cod (Mansfield 1988, ICES 2005). Entanglement in commercial fishing nets causes bycatch mortality in most parts of the grey seals’ range (Woodley and Lavigne, 1991). Bycatch levels are approximately 300 per year in Swedish fisheries in the Baltic (ICES 2005). Of 528 deaths of tagged seals in the United Kingdom, 148 were attributable to fishing nets. However, this may overestimate the rate of entanglement-related mortality due to the high rate of tag returns from fisheries. It was also estimated that 1-2% of animals less than a year old die in fishing gear (Woodley and Lavigne 1991).  Grey seals are known carriers of the morbillivirus known as phocine distemper virus (PDV), in all populations (Ross et al. 1992, Duignan et al. 1995, Harkonen et al. 2006). However, they have suffered almost no mortality from the disease.  Harkonen et al. (2006) report grey seal mortality of approximately 230 (equal to 1% of the harbour seal mortality) in the 1988 epizootic in Europe, and the death of 30 gray seal pups in the Baltic were attributed to PDV.  Because grey seals haul out with harbour seals in the Wadden Sea, and are known to travel more widely than the sedentary harbour seal, it is presumed that they had a role in the outbreak and spread of the 2002 epizootic of PDV in harbour seals.As a coastal species, grey seals are exposed to and ingest industrial and agricultural pollutants through the food chain.  PCBs and DDT contaminant loads are extremely high in Baltic gray seals, despite the fact that tissue burdens have declined since the 1970s.  Analysis of samples collected from 1996 to 1998 indicated that gray seals still have a very heavy load of contaminants when compared to other seals outside the Baltic (ICES 2005). Health effects on grey seals have been suggested to be linked to very high exposures of PCBs and DDT. Baltic grey seals have a relatively high rate of colonic ulcers, sometimes fatal, associated with hookworm infestations. This condition occurs in Baltic ringed seals as well, but essentially not found elsewhere in either species (ICES 2005). Uterine stenosis and a range of pathologies in other organs have been attributed to long-term exposure to environmental toxins, particularly in older Baltic gray seals. These are specifically linked to reproductive and population declines for this subspecies, and are conditions not seen in other populations (Bergman et al. 2001). However, no negative effects have been attributed to heavy metal contaminants in Baltic gray seals (Bergman et al. 2001, ICES 2005).Grey seals are generalist predators, and their population has increased in recent decades during periods of declines of some commercial fish stocks that are important grey seal prey. The risks of overfishing or climate-induced declines of fish stocks on grey seals are unclear at this time. One potential threat is the risk of a demand for larger culls and control of grey seal populations to help rebuild fisheries stocks that are affected by, or are presumed to be affected by, grey seals. This would be similar to the efforts to manage harp seals after the collapse of the Atlantic cod fishery, as discussed by DeMaster et al. (2001).  Despite the fact that the collapse of the cod fishery is probably not attributable to seal predation, there has been ongoing pressure to cull the populations of harp seals and gray seals (Yodzis 2001).The potential effects of climate change, either warming or cooling, on gray seals are not well known. Although not a high Arctic species, some grey seals pup on ice and are seasonally associated with ice in parts of their range (Bonner 1981).  It is unknown how decreases in sea-ice cover might affect gray seals, although Learmonth et al. (2006) identify the gray seal as a species that will probably undergo a decrease in range because of climate change.None of the above is thought to be a major threat to the species as a whole at present.","Numerous countries have invoked protective measures to limit grey seal harvests, culls, disturbance, and by-catch (Bonner 1981, ICES 2005). Pollutant loads in Baltic gray seals have declined in step with regulations banning of the use and/or discharge of toxic pollutants such as DDT and PCBs beginning in the 1970s, and the reproductive health of female grey seals has improved as has the population level in the Baltic (Bergman et al. 2001). Establishment of coastal marine reserves for seals in Norway have been more effective in protecting harbor seals than grey seals because the latter are more likely to travel outside the areas closed to fisheries and become entangled in nets (Bjore et al. 2002).",,,European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,ERINACEIDAE,Hemiechinus,auritus,,Hemiechinus auritus,,,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU25,-,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)This species is common and abundant throughout its wide range, but some marginal populations are fragmented and slowly declining. In Ukraine the population has historically declined dramatically, and the species is considered Critically Endangered in the national Red Data Book.",,"Widespread in the steppe zone from Northeast Africa to Central Asia. In Europe it occurs in Southeast Ukraine, the lower Don River and Volga River basin steppes (Russian Federation) and Cis-Caucasus.","It is a widespread and common species in most of the distribution area, but in marginal parts of its range populations are usually fragmented and often declining. There is a lack of detailed data on population size in the European part of the distribution area, but it is considered Critically Endangered in the Ukraine owing to its very small range and declining trend in that country (I. Zagorodnuik pers. comm. 2006). Since 1950 three fragmented populations have been recorded in Ukraine: one around the Streltsovskie Stepi Nature Reserve (last record about 50 years ago), one record from amateur source found near Lugansk city in 2001/2, and one in the Donetsk Region near shore of Azov sea. The third population is the only stable one and is largest in Ukraine. It is partly covered by the Kamennye Mogily Nature Reserve (I. Zagorodnuik pers. comm.).","Inhabits different types of dry steppes, semi-deserts and deserts. Prefers dry river valleys, gullies, forest shelter belts, abandoned irrigation ditches and shrubby areas. Often settles in oases and around human settlements. Avoids tugais and high herbage. Lives in burrows that it usually digs itself, although sometimes it occupies abandoned burrows of turtles, gerbils, foxes and otters. Active at night. In nothern parts of distribution area hibernates from late October/early November to late March/early April. Heat occurs in April after hibernation. Gestation is about 40 days, females give birth to 3 to 8 pups (5-6 on average). In the European part of the distribution area it usually gives birth once a year, in southern parts often twice.","No major threats are known for most of the distribution area. In marginal populations (e.g., Ukraine) it could suffer from habitat loss.",It occurs in a number of protected areas throughout its wide range. The species is listed as Critically Endangered in the Red Data Book of Ukraine.,,,Igor Zagorodniuk,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CARNIVORA,HERPESTIDAE,Herpestes,ichneumon,,Herpestes ichneumon,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is generally assumed to have been introduced to Europe, perhaps a long time ago. Although there is little evidence regarding the exact date of introduction, it is considered likely to have been before 1500. The species is widespread and common in at least part of its range. There appear to have been some range and population increases in recent years, but this may be due to better observation.",,"This species is found mainly in sub-Saharan Africa, from Senegal and Gambia to East Africa, then southwards in Angola, Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique. It is absent from much of southern Africa, but present in NE Namibia, N Botswana, N and E Zimbabwe and the extreme eastern parts of South Africa (Palomares in press). In North Africa, ranges in a narrow coastal strip from Western Sahara to Tunisia, and also from N and E Egypt southwards to Ethiopia (Palomares in press). It is also found from the Sinai Peninsula to the south of Turkey, and the Iberian Peninsula (Delibes 1999). More specifically, in Europe this species is found in southern and central Portugal (Borralho et al. 1995) and south-western Spain (Delibes 1999). At the beginning of the 20th century, it was also present in the northwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula (Delibes 1999). An individual was recently recorded near Leon (Castile and Leon, Spain) (Palomo and Gisbert 2002). It is generally considered to have been introduced to Europe, on a zoogeographical basis (Delibes 1999) and on the grounds that the species is absent from the European fossil record although late Pleistocene and Holocene fossils are known from North Africa (Dobson 1998). It has been speculated that the introduction occurred ""perhaps a long time ago"" (Delibes 1999). It has been reported to 3,000 m asl in the Ethiopian highlands (Yalden et al. 1996).","In the 19th century it regularly occurred in the north-west of the Iberian peninsula, but it subsequently became restricted to the south-west. In recent years, there have again been records from the north-west (Palomo and Gisbert 2002). “The status of its population in Europe is unknown, but numbers and probably range have increased in the last 20 years, in both Portugal and Spain (Delibes 1999).” Abundance increases from north to the south, reaching densities of 1.2 individual per square kilometer in southern Spain (Delibes 1999).","Mainly associated with habitats with understorey vegetation in coastal, lacustrine and riparian (streams, rivers, marsh, swamps) habitats (Palomares in press). This species avoids humid forests and extreme deserts (Delibes 1999, Palomares in press). In tropical Africa, the Egyptian mongoose occurs where there are termitaries, which Kingdon (1977) suggested could satisfy a need for secure shelter. In Europe, “it is found in Mediterranean maquis, with a clear preference for humid and riparian habitats (Delibes 1999).” Egyptian mongooses have home ranges of about 3 square kilometers, and are diurnal and omnivorous (Delibes 1999).","There are no major threats to this species. Incidental poisoning by rodenticides is a localized threat, and trapping with boxes is legal in Portugal (F. Palomares pers. comm. 2007). Deliberate illegal poisoning of carnivores sometimes occurs (European Mammal Assessment Workshop 2006). “It is considered a pest by hunters, because of its presumed impact on small game species"" (Delibes 1999). The range of this species in south-western Europe has experienced reductions due to increased agricultural production, yet increases in range have also occurred due to the reduction of its natural predators (Delibes 1999).","This species is present in many protected areas across its range. It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention, and Annex V of the EU Habitats and Species Directive (Delibes 1999).",,,"Juan Herrero, Paolo Cavallini, Francisco Palomares",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,ZIPHIIDAE,Hyperoodon,ampullatus,,Hyperoodon ampullatus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU25,Unknown,"Hyperoodon ampullatus is widespread throughout the north Atlantic region. Population trend data for this species are unavailable. A primary threat that could cause widespread declines is vulnerability to high-level anthropogenic sound sources, especially military sonar and seismic surveys. Although the current population remains depleted from whaling the decline took place more than three generation lengths ago.The combination of possible declines driven by vulnerability to high-level anthropogenic sound sources and bycatch is believed sufficient that a 30% reduction over three generations (in this case 54 years) could not be ruled out. Therefore, the species is currently considered to be Data Deficient.",,"Northern bottlenose whales are found only in the North Atlantic, from New England, USA to Baffin Island and southern Greenland in the west and from the Strait of Gibraltar to Svalbard in the east (c. 38ºN to 72ºN: Mead 1989, Gowans 2002). There are reports from the Mediterranean Sea, and some extralimital records from the Baltic Sea. Bottlenose whales are occasionally observed off the Azores (Steiner et al. 1998), and have been seen as far south as the Cape Verde Islands (15ºN: Ruud 1937). The pelagic distribution extends from the ice edges south to approximately 30°N. Historic catch distributions indicated the existence of at least six centres of abundance, each potentially representing a separate stock (Benjaminsen 1972): i) the Gully; ii) northern Labrador-Davis Strait; iii) northern Iceland; iv) and v), off Andenes and Møre, Norway, and vi) around Svalbard, Spitzbergen. Anecdotal reports from whalers suggest a north/south seasonal migration could occur in some regions but there is little strong evidence for this. They inhabit the most northerly waters of the Barents and Greenland seas in summer (May to August). The northern bottlenose whale forms an antitropical species pair with the southern bottlenose whale, Hyperoodon planifrons.","Global numbers of northern bottlenose whales are largely unknown. There are estimated to be more than 5,000 in the waters around Iceland and the Faroe Islands. An estimated 40,000 occur in the eastern North Atlantic (NAMMCO Annual Report 1995), including approximately 5,827 (CV=16%) in the high latitudes of the eastern North Atlantic (Gunnlaugsson and Sigurjónsson 1990). Estimates for Icelandic and Faroese waters are 3,142 and 287 whales respectively, although allowance was not made in the surveys for animals not observed because of their long dives (Reyes 1991). Most populations of the species are probably still depleted, due to large kills in the past; over 65,000 animals were killed in a multinations hunt that operated in the North Atlantic from c.1850 to the early 1970s (Mitchell 1977, Reeves et al. 1993). A study by Christensen and Ugland (1983) resulted in an estimated initial (pre-whaling) population size of about 90,000 whales, reduced to some 30,000 by 1914. The population size by the mid 1980s was said to be about 54,000, nearly 60% of the initial stock size.","The behavior and ecology of northern bottlenose whales have been better studied than that of any other species in the family Ziphiidae. Most groups contain at least four whales, sometimes with as many as 20, and there is some segregation by age and sex. These deep divers can remain submerged for an hour, possibly as long as two, and can reach depths of well over 1,400 m (Hooker and Baird 1999). They are known for their curiosity, often approaching and swimming around boats for some time, as well as their habit of ""standing by"" injured companions; these behaviours permitted whalers to kill large numbers of whales at the same site (Gray 1882). Although capable of travelling long distances, their movement patterns are generally quite localized (Hooker et al. 2002, Whitehead et al. 2003). These cold temperate to subarctic whales are found in deep waters, mostly seaward of the continental shelf (and generally over 500-1,000 m deep) and near submarine canyons.  They sometimes travel several kilometres into broken ice fields, but are more common in open water.  Few whales were caught in shallow waters over the continental shelf off Labrador and in waters less than 1000 m deep off the west coast of Norway. In the surrounding waters of Iceland, the whales were sighted in waters with surface temperature between -1.3°C and +0.9°C (Reyes 1991).Northern bottlenose whales occupy a very narrow niche; their primary food source is squid of the genus Gonatus (Hooker et al. 2001, Whitehead et al. 2003) These whales may also occasionally eat fish (such as herring and redfish), sea cucumbers, starfish, and prawns. They do much of their feeding on or near the bottom in very deep water (>800 m, and as deep as 1,400 m: Hooker and Baird 1999). Longevity is at least 37 years, possibly much longer (Christensen 1973).","This is one of only a few species of beaked whales to be hunted commercially on a large scale. Hunts occurred from the 1850s to the 1970s, and over 65,000 whales were killed (with many more struck but lost: Reeves et al. 1993). By far the major bottlenose whaling nation has been Norway, though some hunting was also done by the UK and Canada. The northern bottlenose was sought after for its oil (including a form of spermaceti oil in the head) and later for pet food. No hunting of this species has been conducted by Norway since 1973 (Jefferson et al. 1993, Reyes 1991). The species has been essentially unexploited for almost 30 years, with only a few animals taken in some years in the Faroe Islands. The aggregate population was certainly reduced by whaling, and the extent of recovery is uncertain (Reeves et al. 2003). Mitchell (1977) considered that the population was severely depleted in both the early and modern whaling periods. Very few incidental catches have been reported (Reyes 1991). Pollutant levels in this species are usually low (Reyes 1991). There are no major fisheries for squid in the Northeast Atlantic, but future developments could represent some threat for subpopulations as heavily depleted as those of the bottlenose whale (Culik 2004). This species, like other beaked whales, is likely to be vulnerable to loud anthropogenic sounds, such as those generated by navy sonar and seismic exploration (Cox et al. 2006).","The northern bottlenose whale is said to have been twice overexploited by Norwegian hunting, in the periods 1880-1920 and 1938-1973. It was included in the International Whaling Commission schedule in 1977, with recommendations that northern bottlenose whales be granted Protected Stock status with zero catch limit (Klinowska 1991). It is listed in Appendix II of the Convention on Migratory Species as well as in Appendix I of CITES. Populations or stocks are not defined; this, together with estimates of present abundance as well as present levels of catches (Faroe Islands), should be the focus of future studies (Reyes 1991, Culik 2004, Dalebout et al. 2006).",,,Species account by IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist Group; regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,HYSTRICIDAE,Hystrix,cristata,,Hystrix cristata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"Globally this species is very widespread, although it is a favoured food item for humans in many parts of its range, and there should be some investigation into harvest levels in these areas (e.g. north and west Africa). In Europe, the species occurs only in Italy where it has a relatively large population and an expanding range. Consequently it is classed as Least Concern at the European and EU 25 levels.",,"The crested porcupine is found in Italy, North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa. In Europe, it is restricted to mainland Italy and the island of Sicily, where it occurs from sea level to over 1,500 m. It is sometimes asserted that the porcupine was introduced to Italy by the Romans, but fossil and subfossil remains indicate its presence in Europe in the Upper Pleistocene (Amori and Angelici 1999).","In mainland Italy, population densities are increasing, and the species is expanding its range northwards. On Sicily, the porcupine is widespread, and the long-term population trend appears to be stable (Amori and Angelici 1999). Outside Europe, there is little published information on population trends, but there have been declines in at least some areas, probably as a result of persecution and exploitation for its meat and quills (Nowak 1999). The species may have been extirpated in Egypt since 1980, and has been extinct in heavily-settled parts of Uganda since the 1970s (Nowak 1999).","It inhabits dry Mediterranean shrubland, maquis, abandoned farmland, and dry rocky areas. Its den is in a deep burrow or a cave. Its diet consists of roots and tubers (including cultivated crops), bark, and fallen fruit (Nowak 1999, S. Lovari in litt. 2006).","Despite being strictly protected under international and domestic legislation in Europe, the porcupine is still illegally hunted for meat (often with dogs). This occurs both in Europe and Africa (G. Amori pers. comm. 2006). In parts of the range it is considered a pest species and it is sometimes illegally controlled with poison baits because of the damage it may do to crops (Macdonald and Barrett 1993), a practice which continues (G. Amori pers. comm. 2006). However, at present these are not thought to be major threats to the survival of the species in Europe.","It is strictly protected under Appendix II of the Bern Convention. It is listed on Annex IV of the EU Habitats and Species Directive, and has been protected under Italian national law since 1974.",,,"Giovanni Amori, Sandro Bertolino, Sandro Lovari",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,PHYSETERIDAE,Kogia,breviceps,,Kogia breviceps,,,No,,,No,,,EU25,-,This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it is of marginal occurrence in the European Mammal Assessment region.,,"Pygmy sperm whales are known from deep waters (outer continental shelf and beyond) in tropical to warm temperate zones of all oceans (McAlpine 2002). They appear to be especially common over and near the continental slope, although they also occur in very deep oceanic regions.  This species appears to prefer somewhat more temperate waters than does the dwarf sperm whale.  The range of Kogia breviceps is poorly known, though a lack of records of live animals may be more due to inconspicuous behaviour rather than rarity. Most information stems from strandings (especially females with calves), which may give an inaccurate picture of the actual distribution at sea (Culik 2004). There are very few records of this species from European waters (Reid et al. 2003)",There are no estimates of global abundance for pygmy sperm whales. The frequency with which they strand in some areas (such as Florida and South Africa) suggests that they may not always be as uncommon as sightings would suggest. Abundance is often underestimated using visual survey methods because they dive for long periods and are inconspicuous when they surface (Barlow 1999).,"Kogia breviceps has records from nearly all temperate, subtropical, and tropical seas. It is rarely seen at sea; it tends to live a long distance from shore and has inconspicuous habits. According to Caldwell and Caldwell (1989) K. breviceps lives in oceanic waters beyond the edge of the continental shelf while K. sima lives over or near the edge of the shelf. However, this separation of both species was not apparent in the study of Mullin et al. (1994) who, by aerial observation, found both species over water depths of 400-600m in the north-central Gulf of Mexico.","Although they have never been taken in large numbers and have never been hunted commercially, small numbers have been taken in coastal whaling operations off Japan, Indonesia, Taiwan, the Lesser Antilles, and Sri Lanka (Jefferson et al. 1993). Perez et al. (2001) reported occasional bycatch in fisheries in the northeast Atlantic (mostly gillnet and purse seine operations). Noise pollution may also be a problem.",This species seldom occurs in European waters and thus there are no specific conservation measures at the regional level.,,,Species account by IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist Group; regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,PHYSETERIDAE,Kogia,sima,,Kogia sima,,"This taxonomic unit is treated as one species even though there is genetic evidence to suggest that there may be two separate species of dwarf sperm whales, one in the Atlantic and one in the Indo-Pacific (Chivers et al. 2005). However, this remains to be confirmed with additional work.",No,,,No,,,EU25,-,This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it is of marginal occurrence in the European Mammal Assessment region.,,"The dwarf sperm whale, like the pygmy sperm whale, is known mostly from strandings (Nagorsen 1985, Caldwell and Caldwell 1989, McAlpine 2002). It is generally not a commonly-seen species at sea, although this may have more to do with its cryptic appearance than actual rarity. It appears to be distributed widely in tropical to warm temperate zones, apparently largely offshore. Their distribution shows somewhat more of a preference for warmer waters than does that of the pygmy sperm whale, and this species probably does not range as far into high-latitude waters.  There is no evidence of migrations.  A single record exists for the Mediterranean, and this is considered extralimital.",No estimates of global abundance exist.,"There is very little known of the ecology of this species (Caldwell and Caldwell 1989, McAlpine 2002). Much of what is known comes from records of strandings. Group sizes tend to be small, most often less than about six individuals (although groups of up to 10 have been recorded). Dwarf sperm whales appear to feed primarily on deep-water cephalopods, but also take other prey types (see dos Santos and Haimovici 2001).","Primary threats that could cause widespread declines include vulnerability to high-level anthropogenic sound sources, especially military sonar and seismic surveys, and bycatch. Hunting is localized and has not had a high impact on the status of the species globally.",This species seldom occurs in European waters and thus there are no specific conservation measures at the regional level.,,,Species account by IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist Group; regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,DELPHINIDAE,Lagenodelphis,hosei,,Lagenodelphis hosei,,,No,,,No,,,EU25,-,This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it is a vagrant in the European Mammal Assessment region.,,"The exact distribution of this species is poorly known. Fraser's dolphin has a pantropical distribution, largely between 30°N and 30°S in all three major oceans (Jefferson and Leatherwood 1994, Dolar 2002).  Strandings in temperate areas may represent extralimital forays connected with temporary oceanographic anomalies such as the world-wide El Niño phenomenon in 1983-84, during which a mass stranding occurred in France (Perrin et al. 1994). Bones et al. (1998) reported on a stranding on the coast of Scotland.",This species does not appear to be particularly abundant anywhere (with the possible exception of some areas in the Philippines).,"It is an oceanic species that prefers deep offshore waters, but it can be seen near shore in some areas where deep water approaches the coast (Perrin et al. 1994). Fraser's dolphins feed on midwater fish (especially myctophids), squid, and crustaceans (Dolar et al. 2003). Physiological studies indicate that Fraser’s are capable of quite deep diving (and it is thought that they do most of their feeding deep in the water column in waters up to 600 m deep), but they have been observed to feed near the surface as well (Watkins et al. 1994).","This species very seldom occurs in European waters, and there are no known major threats in the region.",There are no conservation measures for this species in the European region.,,,Species account by IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist Group; regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,DELPHINIDAE,Lagenorhynchus,acutus,,Lagenorhynchus acutus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"The species is widespread and abundant and there have been no reported population declines, therefore the Atlantic white-sided dolphin is currently considered to be of Least Concern.",,"Atlantic white-sided dolphins are found in cold temperate to subpolar waters of the North Atlantic, from about 38°N (south of Cape Cod) in the west and the Brittany coast of France in the east, north to southern Greenland, Iceland, and southern Svalbard (Reeves et al. 1999, Cipriano 2002). The range includes the U.K. and the northern coasts of Scandinavia, although they rarely enter the Baltic Sea. They also sometimes move quite far up the Saint Lawrence River of eastern Canada, and they have been seen as far south as Strait of Gibraltar (Hashmi and Adloff 1991, 1992).","This species is quite abundant throughout its range.There are an estimated 51,640 (CV=38%) Atlantic white-sided dolphins off the eastern North American shoreline (Waring et al. 2006), and about 96,000 (CV=54%) off the west coast of Scotland (MacLeod 2004). There is currently little evidence for separate subpopulations (Mikkelsen and Lund 1994).","Atlantic white-sided dolphins are found primarily in waters of the continental shelf and slope, but they also occur in oceanic waters across the North Atlantic. Along the continental slope of North America, they seem to associate with high sea-bed relief along the continental shelf (Palka et al. 1997). Calves are born over an extended period around the summer season, with apparent peaks in June and July. These dolphins often associate and feed with large baleen whales (fin and humpback whales), and are known to form mixed groups with pilot whales and a number of other dolphin species (including bottlenose and white-beaked dolphins). Atlantic white-sided dolphins feed mostly on small schooling fish (such as herring, mackerel, cod, smelt, hake, and sandlance), shrimp, and squid.","Some hunting for this species occurred in the past, especially in Norway. Some dolphins are still taken in Greenland, the Faroe Islands, and eastern Canada (Jefferson et al. 1993, Reeves et al. 1999). Recent catches in Faroe Islands were 333 and 310 in 2004 and 2005, respectively (NAMMCO Annual Report 2005). Incidental mortality in fishing gear has been documented off Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom and Ireland. Gaskin (1992) judged Atlantic white-sided dolphins to be less vulnerable to capture in pelagic near-surface drift nets and fixed groundfish gill nets than are many other small cetaceans. They may, however, be especially susceptible to capture in midwater trawl nets (Addink et al. 1997). Substantial numbers have been bycaught in pelagic trawl fisheries for horse mackerel and mackerel south-west of Ireland (Reeves et al. 1999). Like other North Atlantic marine mammals, Atlantic white-sided dolphins are contaminated by organochlorines, other anthropogenic compounds and heavy metals (Reeves et al. 1999); although the effects of pollutants are not well understood in this species, they may affect reproduction or render them susceptible to other mortality factors","Existing direct takes are currently not regulated by any hunting quotas. Operational difficulties in observing bycatch and potentially significant annual fluctuation in catch rates warrant further observer studies of these and other trawl fisheries (Morizur et al. 1999, NMFS Stock Assessment Report: Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico). The impact of combined anthropogenic removals should be assessed.",,,Species account by IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist Group; regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,DELPHINIDAE,Lagenorhynchus,albirostris,,Lagenorhynchus albirostris,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,The species is widespread and abundant and there have been no reported population declines or major threats identified; therefore white-beaked dolphin is currently considered to be of Least Concern.,,"This is the most northerly member of the genus Lagenorhynchus, and it has a wide distribution (Kinze 2002). White-beaked dolphins inhabit cold temperate to subpolar waters of the North Atlantic, from Cape Cod and Portugal, north to central Davis Strait, southern Greenland, Svalbard, and east to Novaya Zemlya.  The range includes Iceland, Faroe Islands, the U.K., and most Scandinavian waters (but apparently does not include the Baltic Sea, although there are a few extralimital records there).","Lagenorhynchus albirostris is reasonably abundant. There are few actual estimates of abundance, but there may be a hundred thousand or more throughout their range (Øien 1996, Reeves et al. 1999).At least a few thousand white-beaked dolphins inhabit Icelandic waters and up to 100,000 are found in the northeastern Atlantic including the Barents Sea, the eastern part of the Norwegian Sea and the North Sea north of 56°N (Øien 1996). A survey of the North Sea and adjacent waters in 1994 provided an estimate of 7,856 (CV=0.30) white-beaked dolphins (Hammond et al. 2002). In 2005 there were an estimated 22,700 (CV=0.42) in the European Atlantic continental shelf waters, including 10,600 (CV=0.29) in the same area surveyed in 1994 (P. Hammond pers. comm. 2007). Kinze et al. (1997) maintained that the white-beaked dolphin is much more common in the North and Baltic Seas than its relative, the Atlantic white-sided dolphin and Northridge et al. (1997) found that white-beaked dolphins are relatively common in European waters compared with white-sided dolphins, or compared with US waters.","White-beaked dolphins inhabit continental shelf and offshore waters of the cold temperate to subpolar zones, although there is evidence suggesting that their primary habitat is in waters less than 200 m deep. The species is found widely over the continental shelf, but especially along the shelf edge. A change in habitat use has been documented in U.S. waters, where white-beaked dolphins were observed primarily on the continental shelf prior to the 1970s, but mainly occurred over slope waters during the 1970s. This shift was associated with changes in finfish abundance and a shift in the distribution of Atlantic white-sided dolphins, L. acutus (Katona et al. 1993, Kenney et al. 1996). The ecology of white-beaked dolphins has received little detailed study (Kinze 2002).  Calving peaks in summer to early autumn (May to September), but not much else is known about reproduction in this species (Reeves et al. 1999). White-beaked dolphins feed on variety of small pelagic schooling fishes, but also demersal species (such as cod, haddock, poorcod, bib, hake, and whiting), squid, and crustaceans (for review, see Reeves et al. 1999). They sometimes associate, while feeding, with large whales (such as fin and humpback whales), and are known to form mixed groups with a number of other dolphin species (including bottlenose and Atlantic white-sided dolphins) (Reeves et al. 1999).","Although not a target of any large commercial fisheries, there has been a long history of small-scale hunting for white-beaked dolphins in some countries, such as Norway, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Iceland, and Labrador, mostly for food (Reeves et al. 1999); hunting in some areas continues today (Jefferson et al. 1993), e.g. some hunting continues off the south-west coast of Greenland (Kinze 2002) and opportunistically off the coast of Canada (Lien et al. 2001). During the early 1980s an estimated 366 white-beaked dolphins were taken annually by the residents of 12 Labrador harbours (Alling and Whitehead 1987). White-beaked dolphins are known to be taken in a range of fishing gear throughout the range of the species (Dong et al. 1996, Reeves et al. 1999). In Norwegian waters where the species is abundant and fishery effort is high, bycatches of white-beaked dolphins are too rare to be detected in fishery operations monitored for marine mammal bycatches (A. Bjørge pers. comm. 2006). In the UK bycatch observer programme, no white-beaked dolphins have been recorded (S. Northridge pers. comm. 2006). Thus, recent bycatch monitoring programmes support the conclusion of Jefferson et al. (1993) that although known to be occurring, incidental catches are not thought to be high enough to represent a serious threat to this species.Like other North Atlantic marine mammals, white-beaked dolphins are contaminated by organochlorines, other anthropogenic compounds and heavy metals (Reeves et al. 1999); although the effects of pollutants are not well understood in this species, they may affect reproduction or render them susceptible to other mortality factors.","Existing direct takes are currently not regulated by any hunting quotas. Although known to occur, bycatch rates seem to be poorly documented and warrant more intensive research. The impact of combined anthropogenic removals should be assessed.",,,Species account by IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist Group; regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Lagurus,lagurus,,Lagurus lagurus,,It is the only species in the genus Lagurus.,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU25,-,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)This species has a wide range. Population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population size criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. less than 10,000 mature individuals in conjunction with appropriate decline rates and subpopulation qualifiers), as the species is described as common in at least parts of its range. Although declines have been reported in some parts of the range, it is not believed to approach the threshold for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, it is evaluated as Least Concern. However, in Ukraine this species is considered to be threatened.",,"Distributed in plain and mountain steppes and semi-deserts in Eurasia from Dnepr River to Tuva and to Tien Shan in the south. Occurs from sea level to 2,800 m.","A typical steppe rodent. Very abundant at the beginning of the 20th century in Ukraine (Migulin 1938), but now restricted to easternmost regions. In Russia populations are fragmented, but the species remains a considerable pest of arable and pasture land. Declines in some populations may be related to climate change, specifically to increasingly moist conditions. Since the 1960s, irrigation and planting of trees to protect fields has changed the microclimate for this species.","Inhabits steppes and semi-deserts, where it forms large colonies that dig branched burrows extending over hundreds of square meters. Feeds on narrow-leaved cereals and absinths. Also consumes bulbs, tubers and sometimes insects. Breeds up to six times a year, with 5-6 young in each litter (maximum 14). Marked population fluctuations are a characteristic feature of this species; during population peaks it is nomadic.",Destruction and alteration of habitats by humans (including climate change); pesticides.,"It is an abundant species throughout most of the distribution area, but is listed as Critically Endangered in Ukraine where it partly inhabits protected areas.",,,"Katerina Tsytsulina, Nikolai Formozov, Boris Sheftel, Igor Zagorodnyuk",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Lemmus,lemmus,,Lemmus lemmus,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,A common and widespread species with no major threats.,,"The Norway lemming is endemic to Norway, western and northern Sweden, northern Finland, and the Kola peninsula (Russia). It is found on at least some islands. During population outbreaks, it may migrate as far as the Baltic (Hansson 1999). The southern border of the range is not stable due to large migrations that occur occasionally.","It is a widespread and generally common species within much of its range, although populations undergo major fluctuations in density. The species declined in Sweden in the last decades of the 20th century, but it is thought to have remained stable in other parts of its range (Hansson 1999). It is typical for northern lemmings to have population booms every 20-30 years. In Sweden, intensive grazing was thought to be a problem for the species, but perceived population declines may have been a result of natural population fluctuation: long low phases are common for populations in Sweden, and some large populations have been found in Sweden in recent years (H. Henttonen pers. comm. 2006).","It inhabits a variety of alpine and subarctic habitats including peat bogs, dwarf shrub heaths, and sparsely-vegetated slopes and ridges. Habitat use varies seasonally: in summer it prefers very moist habitats, whereas in winter it must use other habitats as wet areas freeze. During mass outbreaks, it can be found in forests, farmland, and even on frozen lakes. Large numbers of migrating lemmings may accumulate next to rivers and lakes that bar their passage, and many drown attempting the crossing (Hansson 1999).","It has been speculated that heavy grazing by semi-domesticated reindeer may have a negative impact on the species' habitat in Sweden (Hansson 1999). Climate change may threaten the species in the future (Nowak 1999). At present, the species is not under major threat.",The species occurs in a number of protected areas. No specific conservation actions are recommended.,,,"Henttonen, H.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Lemmus,sibiricus,,Lemmus sibiricus,,"This species was formerly broadly defined to encompass not only most Palearctic forms but also North American populations now considered to be a separate species, L. trimucronatus (Wilson and Reeder 2005). Now three subspecies are recognised: L. s. sibiricus Kerr, 1792 (found in most of the distribution area), L. s. novosibiricus Vinogradov, 1924 (endemic to New Siberia Island) and L. s. portenkoi Tchernyavsky, 1967 (endemic to Wrangel Island).",No,LC,,No,NE,,EU25,-,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)A common and widespread species with no major threats. Classed as Least Concern.,,Distributed across the Palaearctic tundra zone from the White Sea to Kolyma (Russian Federation); also found on New Siberia Island and Wrangel Island.,A widespread and common species; has marked population cycles with periodicity of 3-4 years.,"An abundant species in tundra habitats. Populations reach maximum densities in lowland tundra with substantial moss and sedge cover. Also distributed in wetlands on shrubby tundra foothills, and in wetlands at the edge of the forest zone (Arkhangelsk, Northern Urals, Gyda peninsula, Taimyr). Lives in burrows, forming large colonies. Digs its own burrow, or occupies existing burrows of other species. In winter makes tunnels under snow cover and builds large spherical nests. Feeds on sedges, cotton-grass, green mosses and various shrubs. Reproductive peak starts in June and ends in August, however, during periods of low population density reproduction is extended and starts immediately after snowmelt. Animals that have overwintered die off by the end of the following breeding season. During summer produces 4-5 litters with 5-6 young in each. Like Lemmus lemmus, this species has large population fluctuations with a 3-4 year cycle; however, migrations are less pronounced. In summer dispersal occurs and preferred foraging habitat changes.",There are no major threats to this species known at present. Climate change may be a problem in the future.,The species occurs in several protected areas.,,,"Katerina Tsytsulina, Nikolai Formozov, Boris Sheftel",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,LAGOMORPHA,LEPORIDAE,Lepus,capensis,,Lepus capensis,,"Lepus capensis, once thought to be conspecific with L. europaeus, is now generally treated as a separate species (Flux and Angermann 1990, Boitani et al. 1999, Kryger et al. 2004). The taxonomy of this species is unclear, and further research may result in this taxon being split into several species. A taxonomic review based on genetic studies is urgently required, otherwise it is possible that some species may go extinct before they are formally identified. A number of publications indicate that the range of L. capensis extends into China, Mongolia and Russia; however, current taxonomic classification suggests L. tibetanus and L. tolai are valid species (Wilson and Reeder 2005).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Unfavourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The species is Least Concern in Europe. Although some declines in the Sardinian population have been noted, they are not thought to be of sufficient magnitude to warrant a Near Threatened listing. However, population trends should be monitored.",,"Lepus capensis has a large global range in Africa and the Near East, where it occurs in two separate non-forested areas; the first in the region bounded by southern Angola, Mozambique and South Africa, and the second extending across North Africa, the Sahara and the Sahel to East Africa, the Arabian peninsula, Syria and Iraq. In Europe, it is found only on the island of Sardinia (Italy), where it occurs as a distinct subspecies L. capensis mediterraneus and is found throughout the island. This population is considered to have been introduced by humans in prehistoric or early historic times (Gippoliti and Amori 2004, G. Amori pers. comm. 2006). It has been recorded from sea level to 4,000 m in Africa (Angelici 1999).","The Sardinian population is suspected to be suffering ongoing decline, even though it is considered locally common in at least parts of its range (Angelici 1999).","Globally, it occupies a variety of open habitats including desert, semi-desert, grassland and steppe. On Sardinia, it is found in almost all habitats on the island, but prefers cultivated land and maquis (Spagnesi and de Marinis 2002).","In Italy the Sardinian hare is considered a game species, and hunting and poaching may have contributed to population declines. Predation by feral dogs is also a potential threat, and anthropogenic bush fires may cause local population declines (Spagnesi and de Marinis 2002). However, these are not thought to be serious threats to the survival of this species on Sardinia.","It is listed under Appendix III of the Bern Convention. Captive breeding has been carried out in order to maintain the numbers available for shooting. Recommended measures include better regulation of hunting, and measures to control and limit the number of bush fires.",,,Giovanni Amori,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,LAGOMORPHA,LEPORIDAE,Lepus,castroviejoi,,Lepus castroviejoi,,"Past concerns regarding taxonomic status have been resolved with recent genetic evidence that support the classification of Lepus castroviejoi as one of two endemic species of Lepus inhabiting the Iberian Peninsula (Alves et al. 2003, Melo-Ferreira et al. 2005). Recent molecular data suggest that L. castroviejoi is a sister taxa to L. corsicanus (Alves et al. 2002).

There are no subspecies recognized for Lepus castroviejoi (Flux and Angermann 1990, Hoffmann and Smith 2005).",Yes,VU,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,VU,"B1ab(iii,v)",EU25,Unfavourable,"Lepus castroviejoi is restricted to a relatively small geographic range of approximately 5,000 km². (Ballesteros 2003). This species is considered fragmented, as it occupies highly specialized patches of scarce habitat (Ballesteros in press).  These fragmented populations form a dispersed metapopulation within a matrix of unsuitable habitat (Ballesteros in press).  Population declines have been observed along the northern portion of its range and in the marginal habitat in which it occurs (Ballesteros et al. 1996).",,"The distribution of L. castroviejoi is limited to the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest of Spain (Flux and Angermann 1990). It occupies elevations of 1,000 to 1,900 m between Sierra de los Ancares and Sierra de Pena Labra (Flux and Angermann 1990, Ballesteros 2003).  The total distribution is approximately 25 - 40 km from north to south, 230 km east to west (Flux and Angermann 1990).  It is estimated that the extent of occurrence is 5,000 km² (Ballesteros 2003).  This species is considered fragmented, as it occupies highly specialized patches of habitat that is scarce (Ballesteros, in press).","L. castroviejoi is experiencing a decline in relation to specific portions of its distribution that are disturbed by human activities and excessive hunting (Ballesteros et al. 1996). Fragmentation, resulting from the patchy distribution of suitable habitat, has produced a dispersed metapopulation of this species (Ballesteros, in press).  A habitat suitability model indicated that L. castroviejoi was experiencing a decreasing population trend of 16.67% and a 4.17% increase within its metapopulation structure, with no appreciable change for 70.82% of the populations (Acevedo et al. 2007).","Little is known about the home range, population density, and food preferences, but they are likely to be similar to those of European hares in comparable habitat. No information is available on reproduction (Alves pers. comm.).L. castroviejoi occupies an elevational range of 1,300-1,900 m, descending in winter to 1,000 m to avoid snow.  This habitat consists of heathland where the dominant vegetation forms are Erica, Calluna, and Vaccinium and shrub where the cover consists of Cytisus, Genista, and Juniperus (Flux and Angermann 1990, Alves and Niethammer 2003).  A habitat suitability model determined that L. castroviejoi, ""selects areas characterized by a high percentage of broom and heather scrublands, high altitude and slope, and limited human accessibility (quantified as distance to roads variable) (Acevedo et al. 2007).  Its habitat also includes cleared areas of mixed deciduous forest of Fagus and Quercus (Palacios 1977).  L. castroviejoi also selects habitat that has been burned and areas where broom has been cleared within Somiedo Natural Park (Ballesteros et al. 1996).  Nocturnal censuses with spotlights in Somiedo Natural Park determined average densities of 6.83/100 ha (Gonzalez-Quiros et al. 1992).","There has been excessive hunting at the western edge of its distribution where hares are isolated from the rest of the population during the summer (Palacios and Ramos 1979). In addition to over harvesting, this species is subject to predation, poisoning (fertilizer and pesticides) and habitat change (Ballesteros et al. 1996).","Recommended conservation actions are (Ballesteros et al. 1996):- Research to determine the effects of habitat change, predation pressure, and illegal hunting.- Develop a global hunting plan for all regional reserves and private hunting areas, accommodating specific characteristics of the situation for the species.- Avoid any restocking with other hare species within the extent of occurrence of L. castroviejoi.- Development of direct or indirect predator control, especially in conjunction with foxes and domestic dogs and cats.- Restoration of altered habitat that is no longer suitable for L. castroviejoi.The establishment of corridors among local populations should be considered to bolster interbreeding within the metapopulation (Acevedo et al. 2007).Research should also be conducted to improve knowledge of reproduction and genetic structure (Alves pers. comm.). Although L. castroviejoi is listed as endangered in Spain, it is still hunted as a game species in some regions (Cantabria and Leon) (Alves per. comm.).The ability to implement policies to manage and conserve this species should be easy, because a substantial portion of its area of occupancy lies within reserves (Ballesteros et al. 1996).",,,"Smith, A.T. & Johnston, C.H.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,LAGOMORPHA,LEPORIDAE,Lepus,corsicanus,,Lepus corsicanus,,"Formerly included in Lepus capensis or L. europaeus; see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Petter (1961); but see also Palacios et al. (1989) and Pierpaoli et al. (1999) who provided evidence of their specific distinctness (see also below).

The taxonomic status of L. corsicanus has been uncertain since its first description by De Winton in 1898. Its species rank was soon rejected by Miller (1912) and others, who considered L. corsicanus a subspecies of L. europaeus. However, Palacios (1996) studied historical museum specimen and described new morphological traits that provided phenotypic support for the species rank of the Apennine Hare. Recent molecular studies confirmed that L. corsicanus is a phylogenetically distinct species, which can be identified by concordant morphological and mtDNA traits. It is reproductively isolated and apparently does not hybridize with sympatric L. europaeus. Phylogenetical analyses suggested that corsicanus and europaeus are not closely related sister taxa, but belong to distinct evolutionary lineages that dispersed in western Europe in different periods during the early Pleistocene. L. corsicanus probably differentiated in isolated refuges in southern Italy during the last glaciation. Comparative analyses of genetic variability highlighted a phylogeographical structure of the Apennine Hare. Recently, it has been hypothesized that L. corsicanus and L. castroviejoi are conspecific, based on preliminary molecular studies involving low sample size and mtDNA (Alves et al. 2003).",Yes,VU,A2bcde+3bcde,Yes,VU,A2bcde+3bcde,EU25,Unfavourable,"Our assessment is based on field surveys (spotlight censuses, hunting bag, captures, etc) and on molecular analyses of specimens collected by a network of helpers (hunters, park rangers, etc). This species has been monitored continuously since 1997 in continental Italy and Sicily. L. corsicanus shows a variable conservation status across its distribution range. Due to the fragmentation and scarcity of L. corsicanus populations in continental Italy, mainland status is classified as endangered (following Angelici and Luiselli 2001). However, the creation of several protected areas in southern and central Italy will help the populations to recover.In Sicily, L. corsicanus is widespread and the populations are locally abundant. Furthermore since its official recognition as true species (1998), the local government has forbidden hare hunting on the island. However, hunting of this species was permitted during the 2004-2005 hunting season in Sicily.  Therefore, in Sicily L. corsicanus does not appear to be threatened.Finally we have no direct information on the status of the species in Corsica.  The recent discovery of three specimens in Corsica implies that there are extant populations of L. corsicanus (Scalera and Angelici 2002).  However, it is presumed that population numbers are low.  Further studies are needed to ascertain its true status.Globally, this species is classified as Vulnerable due to its variable conservation status across its geographic range.  Utilizing information currently available regarding the historical range on continental Italy, we replicated this portion of the range using GIS to calculate the total area (Pierpaoli et al. 1999).  The result showed that the historical range on continental Italy was approximately 79,700 km².  Online sources gave an area of approximately 25,700 km² for Sicily.  This provides a total area of 105,400 km² as the historical range for L. corsicanus.  We inferred an approximate decline of 50% for the continental populations from the map provided in Pierpaoli (1999).  From this we derived an overall decrease of only 37.8% for the species as a whole.",,"Until the 1930s, L. corsicanus was distributed in south-central Italy (the northern limit being marked by Elba Island on the Tyrrhenian coast and the province of Foggia on the Adriatic coast) and Sicily. It was also present in Corsica, where it was introduced by man in historical times (maybe between the 14th and 17th centuries). The current distribution of L. corsicanus is still poorly known. In Sicily, the distribution seems to be continuous, whereas in the Italian Peninsula, populations are known only in Tuscany (in Grosseto province), Latium, Abruzzo, Molise, Apulia (Gargano), Campania, Basilicata and Calabria. It has been recorded from sea level to 2,400 m a.s.l. on Mount Etna. Recently the presence of L. corsicanus has been rediscovered in Corsica, too (Scalera and Angelici 2002). As of 1984, L. corsicanus was thought to be possibly extinct in Corsica; however, one dead specimen was found in 2000 and two dead specimens were examined in 2001 (Scalera and Angelici 2002).","Populations of L. corsicanus in the Italian peninsula have a fragmented distribution and are sometimes in sympatry and syntopy with Lepus europaeus. Density estimates highlight low values in hunting areas (0.5 hares/km²) and higher in protected areas (11 hares/km²). In mainland Italy L. corsicanus is decreasing because of habitat degradation, hunting pressure, and probably, from competition with introduced L. europaeus. However, in Sicily, where there are not populations of L. europaeus, L. corsicanus is continuously distributed and locally abundant (protected areas: 10 hares/km²; hunting areas: 2 hares/km²). No data are actually available on abundance and distribution of L. corsicanus in Corsica (where L. europaeus is present too).","Information about the ecology of this species is still limited. However, it seems well adapted to the Mediterranean environment, although it has been recorded from sea level to 2,400 m a.s.l. on Mount Etna (Sicily). The preferred habitats are the Mediterranean maquis and the mosaic of clearings (also cultivated), bushy areas, and broad-leaved woods. Furthermore L. corsicanus inhabits also coastal dune habitat. When L. corsicanus is in sympatry with L. europaeus, the latter species tends to be more a habitat generalist, while L. corsicanus seems to inhabit almost only pastures and grasslands. In Sicily, the species inhabits a variety of natural and artificial habitats: open grassland, bushy pastures, cultivated areas, etc.In terms of elevation, L. europaeus and L. corsicanus do not differ significantly when they live allopatrically. According to Angelici and Luiselli (in press), when the two species coexist in sympatry, L. corsicanus occurs at elevations significantly higher than L. europaeus. L. europaeus inhabits significantly higher elevations when it lives allopatrically than when it lives sympatrically, and L. corsicanus inhabits significantly higher elevations when it lives sympatrically than when it lives allopatrically. However, this ecological allocation is not shared by Trocchi and Riga who always directly observed, in sympatric condition, L. europaeus occupying the mountain grassland and L. corsicanus inhabiting the lower and warmer areas with thermophilous oak woods.The diet of L. corsicanus, studied in Sicily, varies seasonally as the available vegetation changes. Monocotyledones, Cyperaceae and Juncaceae, are ingested year round, while Gramineae and Labiatae are consumed during spring and summer, respectively (De Battisti et al. 2004).  Dicotyledones ingested year round by L. corsicanus are Leguminosae and Compositae (De Battisti et al. 2004).","The main threats to L. corsicanus have been identified in the following aspects: fragmentation of the range, low or absent genetic flow between populations, low population density, habitat loss, introduction of L. europaeus in central and southern Italy (with interspecific competition and disease spread - L. corsicanus is fully susceptible to EBHS), competition with the European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus (mainly in Sicily, where this species is widely distributed), over-hunting, poaching and predation by foxes and feral dogs (both abundant and largely distributed in southern Italy). L. corsicanus is susceptible to accidental mortality due to difficulties distinguishing it from L. europaeus by hunters (Angelici and Luiselli 2001).  Potential hybridization between L. europaeus and L. corsicanus could constitute a future threat to the species (Pierpaoli et al. 2003).  On the major threat list ""other"" has been checked and identified as intraspecific genetic pollution.","The main conservation actions are:-improve data of the distribution and status of the species in Italian peninsula and in Corsica-conservation and improvement of natural populations-habitat improvement-minimizing risk factors-planning specific oriented management both in protected areas and in hunting territories at a local level-carrying out a number of enclosures for captive breeding and initiating behavioral study on L. corsicanus-promote a public educational campaign to develop the awareness and understanding of L. corsicanus-prepare a training program on biology and conservation of L. corsicanus for field biologists, conservationists, game keepers, and protected areas staff-creation of a data bank on the species-improvement of scientific research -place the species on a suitable legal status for international legislationToday L. corsicanus is legally protected in continental Italy because of its conservation status (primarily low population size). However, the problematic discrimination in the field between L. corsicanus and L. europaeus (a game species) produces remarkable problems for effective protection.  Since L. corsicanus was recognized as a true species (1998), hare hunting has been banned in Sicily.  During the 2004-2005 hunting season, this ban was lifted allowing the hunting of hares in Sicily.  In Corsica it is considered a game species, in the French hunting act, since it cannot easily be distinguished from L. europaeus.Lepus corsicanus can be found in many protected areas in Italy.  The following is a partial list.Continental Italy:Parco Regionale della MaremmaParco Regionale Monti LucretiliParco Regionale dell'Appennino ""Monti Simbruini""Parco Regionale del CilentoParco Nazionale della SilaParco Nazionale del PollinoParco Nazionale dell'AspromonteSicily:Parco Regionale dell'EtnaParco Regionale dei Monti NebrodiParco Regionale delle Madonie",,,"Angelici, F.M., Randi, E., Riga, F. & Trocchi, V.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,LAGOMORPHA,LEPORIDAE,Lepus,europaeus,,Lepus europaeus,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species has a wide range. Population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population size criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. less than 10,000 mature individuals in conjunction with appropriate decline rates and subpopulation qualifiers), as the species is described as locally common in at least parts of its range. Population trend has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the threshold for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations), although there have been some declines. For these reasons, it is evaluated as Least Concern.",,"Lepus europaeus has a large global range extending from western Europe to western Siberia (Russia) and south-western Asia (Iran). In Europe, the species is widely distributed throughout, with the exception of most of the Iberian peninsula, northern Fennoscandia and northern Russia. It occurs on a number of Mediterranean islands. The population in Ireland was introduced recently, and the population in the UK is a long-established naturalised population, that may originally have been introduced by the Romans (Battersby 2005). As a game species, the European hare has widely been introduced to countries across the globe (Flux and Angermann 1990). It is found from sea level to 2,300 m (Spitzenberger 2002).","It is considered locally common in at least parts of its range, with typical population densities ranging from 0.2 to 0.7 individuals per hectare (Homolka and Zima 1999). In western and central Europe, the species has undergone significant decline in the last 50 years (Flux and Angermann 1990, Homolka and Zima 1999, Battersby 2005, Smith et al. 2005), although there are indications that the population trend has stabilised in recent years in at least some countries (Battersby 2005, Zima pers. comm. 2006). Hunting bags suggest that populations in Finland are currently stable (H. Henttonen pers. comm. 2006). There is no information on population trends in eastern and south-eastern Europe.","A highly adaptable species, it occupies a wide variety of habitats, including grassland, steppes, open temperate woodland, arable farmland, and pastures (Flux and Angermann 1990, Homolka and Zima 1999). It tends to be particularly abundant in open, flat areas where cereal cultivation predominate. Dense old-growth forests are avoided (H. Henttonen pers. comm. 2006). Woodland, scrub, hedges and shelterbelts are used as cover when the species is resting (Homolka and Zima 1999). It feeds mainly on grasses and herbaceous plants. When available, weeds and wild grasses are preferred, but where intensive agricultural practices have reduced the availability of these food sources crop species are selected (Reichlin et al. 2006). Unlike Lepus timidus, it does not feed on shrubs.","Agricultural intensification, in particular the increased use of pesticides, fertilizers and heavy machinery in arable farming, is generally considered to be the main cause of population declines in western and central Europe (Homolka and Zima 1999). A recent study that reviewed available literature on the relationship between hare abundance, demography, habitat, and land-use practices in 12 European countries confirmed that the primary cause of hare decline was intensification of agriculture (Smith et al. 2005). It is inferred that this threat may impact on the species throughout its global range, wherever farming is practiced. Agricultural intensification in eastern and south-eastern Europe is a potential cause for concern, especially in countries that have recently acceded to the EU, or that may join in the near future. In Greece, restocking with hares from other regions has been identified as a threat to local gene pools (Mamuris et al. 2001). This issue has also been identified as a concern for the Cantabric population in Spain (Palacios et al. 2004). It is a popular game species throughout it range in Europe, but hunting is regulated and appears sustainable. Smith et al.'s (2005) review found no evidence of a link between hunting pressure and population density.","The species is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention. It occurs in many protected areas throughout its wide range. In Norway, Germany, Austria and Switzerland, population declines have resulted in country-specific Red Listing as ""near threatened"" or ""threatened"" (Reichlin et al. 2006).Research is needed to determine the effect that habitat change has on life history parameters with regard to declines (Smith et al. 2005). There is a lack of understanding as to why hare numbers are low in pastoral landscapes, and therefore research should be conducted within this habitat type with particular emphasis paid to demography and behavioral ecology (Smith et al. 2005). When population declines are the direct result of agricultural intensification, which results in increased application of fertilizer, landscape homogeneity and mechanization, population declines of L. europaeus can be countered by management practices that increase heterogeneity (Smith et al. 2005).In Spain, molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that the Cantabric population has unique mtDNA in relation to other European populations (Palacios et al. 2004). As an important hunting species, declining numbers have prompted the importation of non-Iberian hares (from France and elsewhere) to supplement hare densities (Palacios et al. 2004). In an effort to conserve this population's gene pool, a captive breeding program has been implemented (Palacios et al. 2004). As of 2003 this program has successfully bred leverets and in 2004 turned its focus to increasing genetic variability by introducing individuals from new localities (Palacios et al. 2004).",,,"Giovanni Amori, Jan Zima, Heikki Henttonen, Andrew Smith, Charlotte Johnston",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,LAGOMORPHA,LEPORIDAE,Lepus,granatensis,,Lepus granatensis,,"Lepus granatensis was formerly included in europaeus or capensis; but see Palacios (1983, 1989), and Bonhomme et al. (1986). The population in Sardinia, to which the names mediterraneus Wagner, 1841 and typicus Hilzheimer, 1906, are applied, in the past have been assigned to this species based on Miller (1912), who regarded it as closest to granatensis, though he retained it as a ""...very distinct species"" because of its small size.  If in the future mediterraneus is confirmed as a synonym of granatensis, it has priority over granatensis.  The Sardinian population is included in L. capensis until its taxonomic status is resolved.

Molecular phylogeny has shown that L. granatensis is indeed a full species and one of three hare species present on the Iberian Peninsula (Alves et al. 2003).  Previous questions regarding taxonomic distinction of L. granatensis from L. capensis have been resolved by genetic and morphological comparisons (Mitchell-Jones et al. 1999, Alves et al. 2003).

There are three subspecies: Lepus granatensis granatensis, L. g. solisi (Mallorca), L. g. gallaecius (Galicia and Astrias, Spain) (Hoffmann and Smith 2005).",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,Lepus granatensis is cited as common and locally abundant within its widespread geographic range of the Iberian Peninsula (Mitchell-Jones et al. 1999). The current population trend in general is stable (Duarte 2000).,,"The geographic range of Lepus granatensis includes Portugal and nearly the entire extent of Spain (Alves et al. 2003). It is excluded from northern regions of Spain where L. castroviejoi and europaeus exist (Alves et al. 2003).  In most of the northern provinces (Navarra, Asturias, Cantabria, Aragon, Catalunya, and Basque Country), L. europaeus and L. granatensis exist in parapatry, the Iberian hare inhabits the southern region and the brown hare can be found to the north (Fernandez et al. 2004).  L. granatensis is also located on the island of Mallorca of the Balearic chain (Schneider 2001).  It has gone extinct on the island of Ibiza (Balearic Islands) (Mitchell-Jones et al. 1999).L. granatensis has been introduced in southern France (Perpignan) (Alves et al. 2003).","Lepus granatensis is considered locally abundant and common in the southern and central portions of its range (Mitchell-Jones et al. 1999; Farfan et al. 2004). In the autonomous communities of Galicia and Asturias, it is thought to be extremely rare or extinct (Mitchell-Jones et al. 1999). On the island of Mallorca it has become extinct in the western mountain range and is rare throughout the remainder of the island (Mitchell-Jones et al. 1999).  Population trends in Navarra and Donana National Park, monitored over several years, have been increasing (Carro et al. 2004).  A study of relative abundance and population trends in northeast Spain indicated that L. granatensis experienced, ""a general positive trend during the study period"" which occurred from 1992-2002 (Gortazar et al. 2007).","Lepus granatensis can persist in a variety of habitats within Spain and Portugal (Mitchell-Jones et al. 1999). It occupies arable lands of central Spain and mountainous forests of northwestern Spain (Mitchell-Jones et al. 1999). Other has been checked on the Habitat Preferences list and has been identified as dunes along the Mediterranean coast (Mitchell-Jones et al. 1999).Reproduction in L. granatensis is continuous year round, with peaks experienced between February and June (Alves et al. 2002; Farfan et al. 2004).  It has been estimated that the mean number of litters per productive female per year and the mean litter size are 3.48 and 2.08, respectively (Farfan et al. 2004).",No major threats to Lepus granatensis have been cited.,Lepus granatensis is listed as an Appendix III species under the Bern Convention as part of L. capensis sensu lato (Mitchell-Jones et al. 1999).,,,"Smith, A.T. & Johnston, C.H.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,LAGOMORPHA,LEPORIDAE,Lepus,timidus,,Lepus timidus,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species has a large range. Population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population size criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. less than 10,000 mature individuals in conjunction with appropriate decline rates and subpopulation qualifiers). Population trend has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the threshold for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations), although the isolated Alpine population may be declining. For these reasons, it is evaluated as Least Concern.",,"Mountain hares range from Fennoscandia, the Baltic and east Poland to the Pacific Ocean, from 75°N in the far north of Russia and Scandinavia, south to 40-50°N. There are isolated populations in the Alps from France to Slovenia, Ireland, Scotland, Switzerland, Italy, the Kurile Islands, and Hokkaido, Japan. It has been introduced into the Faeroes, England, and various Scottish Islands; some introduced on Spitzbergen later died out. It occurs at altitudes of 250 to 3,700 m (Sulkava 1999).","Long-term population trends in Europe appear generally stable, with fluctuations in population density occurring over a multi-year cycle (typically peaking every 4 or 7-8 years in Scandinavia and every 10 years in Scotland and northern Russia). Periodic population crashes occur, potentially as a result of disease (tularaemia, a bacterial infection), parasitism, predation, or starvation (Angerbjorn and Flux 1995, Sulkava 1999). Population densities of 1-10 individuals per km2 are typical in range states (e.g., Scotland and Finland). Population declines have occurred in Russia, and in the far south of Sweden the species has completely disappeared (Thulin 2003). The isolated Alpine population may be declining (Sulkava 1999).","Mountain hares occupy tundra and open forest, particularly of early successional stages. In Scotland and Ireland heather moors and bogland are favoured habitats, and in southern Russia copses in the middle of open steppe and reed belts around lakes. The diet varies with the habitat. In Scotland and Ireland much heather, Calluna, is eaten, but this is not a major food item elsewhere in Europe where willow, aspen, birch, juniper, poplar, and Vaccinium are favoured (Flux and Angermann 1990). Palatable grasses and clovers are taken when available. Mountain hares are nocturnal, but there is increased daylight activity in summer when nights are short, or in winter when food is scarce (Flux and Angermann 1990). In areas where L. timidus and L. europaeus coexist, L. timidus retreats to areas of higher elevation, presumably as a result of competitive exclusion (Thulin 2003).","It is hunted as game, but current hunting rates appear to be sustainable in most parts of its European range. L. timidus has successfully hybridized with L. europaeus in areas where the latter has been introduced (Thulin 2003). The pathogens European Brown Hare Syndrome (EHBS) and tularemia may be problematic, but research is required to determine how great an impact they have on wild populations (Thulin 2003). Competitive exclusion of the mountain hare by the European brown hare may restrict the distribution of the former (Thulin 2003), and anthropogenic climate change may affect competitive relationships between these two species. The discovery of an introduced population of L. europaeus to Ireland could pose a threat to the Irish subspecies L. t. hibernicus (N. Reid pers. comm. 2006).","The species occurs in a number of protected areas within its European range. It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention, and Annex V of the Habitats and Species Directive. In areas where L. timidus is proven or suspected to be declining, research should be carried out to determine the potential causes. Monitoring is required to determine if the species is declining in the Alps. Monitoring of the endemic Irish hare (L. t. hibernicus) is already underway. Genetic investigations into the taxonomic status of this subspecies are also underway. A number of reasons for decline have been suggested: interspecific competition with L. europaeus, the impact of pathogens, and the effects of hybridization (Thulin 2003). In Ireland, the cause(s) of population change require further investigation, but agricultural intensification appears to be one of the main concerns.",,,"Heikki Henttonen, Andrew Smith, Charlotte Johnston",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CARNIVORA,MUSTELIDAE,Lutra,lutra,,Lutra lutra,,"Some authors considered Japanese otters as a distinct species (Lutra nippon) (see Wilson and Reeder 2005 and references therein), however they are maintained here as a distinct population of Lutra lutra.",No,NT,,No,NT,,EU25,Unfavourable,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 25 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)In both cases, the species is listed as Near Threatened because it has undergone historical declines but is now recovering across most of Europe (although declines are ongoing in some areas). However, if conservation actions for the species were stopped or reduced, the species would very quickly move back into a threatened category. Hence the Near Threatened listing is a precautionary one based on Criterion A3 and A4, as it is suspected that if conservation measures ceased, declines over a 12 year (=3 generation) period in the future, or including both the past and the future, might approach 30%.",,"The Eurasian otter has the widest distribution of all otter species. Its range covers parts of three continents: Europe, Asia and Africa. Originally the species was widespread throughout Europe, but it declined dramatically in the 1960s and 1970s, and has disappeared from parts of central and northern Europe (it is probably extinct in Liechtenstein, the Netherlands, and Switzerland: Prigioni 1999). It is not found on most of the Mediterranean islands due to the lack of appropriate habitat, although it is found on Corfu (Greece). Little is known about the original distribution in Africa and Asia. Otters have been found in brackish waters below sea level in the Netherlands, and up to 2,400 m in the Pyrenees. Outside Europe they have been recorded up to 4,120 m in Tibet (Reuther and Hilton-Taylor 2004).","Expanding throughout most of its European range following historic declines up until the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s; although in the European part of Russia there have been recent marked declines, and isolated populations in countries like Turkey, Italy, Georgia, Armenia are still declining. The UK population started to recover in the 1960s (Battersby 2005). The population in Portugal is stable and did not show much decrease historically (Cabral et al. 2005). In Norway, although the range is increasing on the south-western coast, the population appears to have declined again since the mid 1990s (T. Heggberget pers. comm. 2006).","It is known from a wide variety of aquatic habitats, including highland and lowland lakes, rivers, streams, marshes, swamp forests and coastal areas. It is very adaptable, using saltwater as well as freshwater habitats, and even sewerage systems in urban areas. In most parts of its range otter distribution is correlated with presence of riverbank vegetation. Otters in different regions may depend upon different features of the habitat, but the important component of otter habitat, for breeding purposes, is the presence of holes in the river bank, including cavities among tree roots, piles of rock, wood or debris. The Eurasian otter avoids deep water. Their distribution in coastal areas is strongly correlated with the presence of freshwater. The location of breeding holts is not confined to river banks; there is evidence to indicate that sometimes the species breeds well away from water and the pups are moved to holts on the river banks once they are a few months old (Reuther and Hilton-Taylor 2004).","The aquatic habitats of otters are extremely vulnerable to man-made changes. Canalisation of rivers, removal of bank side vegetation, dam construction, abstraction of water for irrigation, draining of wetlands, agricultural activities and associated man-made impacts on aquatic systems are all unfavourable to otter populations. Pollution is major threat to the otters in western and central Europe, the main pollutants posing a danger to otters are the organochlorines dieldrin (HEOD) and DDT/DDE, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and the heavy metal mercury. Coastal populations are particularly vulnerable to oil spills. Acidification of rivers and lakes results in the decline of fish biomass and reduces the food resources of the otters. The same effects are known to result from organic pollution by nitrate fertilisers, untreated sewage, or farm slurry. In addition, major causes of mortality from several countries are drowning, road kills, and poaching. Fyke nets set for eels and other fish as well as creels set for marine crustaceans are very attractive to otters, and many that try to enter these traps are entangled and drowned. A further potential threat is strangulation by transparent, monofilament drift net. A potential risk comes from traps designed to kill other species, especially underwater cages constructed to drown muskrats. Illegal hunting is still a problem in many parts of their distribution range. In several European countries political pressure especially by fishermen has resulted in granting of licenses for killing otters (Reuther and Hilton-Taylor 2004). Illegal killing for the trade of pelts is on the increase in Ukraine and Danube Delta, and probably in the eastern parts of its global range (European Mammal Assessment Workshop 2006).","It is strictly protected under international legislation and conventions: CITES Appendix I (Reservation by Russian Federation), Bern Convention Appendix II, EU Habitats and Species Directive Annexes II and IV, and EC 338/97 Annex A. Additionally it is protected under national law in many range states. A European Breeding Programme (EEP) for self-sustaining captive populations was started in 1985. Monitoring programmes have been established in many range states in Europe. Road barriers and tunnels under roads are required to reduce the impact of road kills (especially in countries like Germany where road kills are the main threat). Much more monitoring is required, but also better survey techniques are required. For example, the population on the Shetlands is well-surveyed, and survey results show no indications of decline, but evidence from other sources (breeding holts, changes in diet, etc.) indicate that declines are in fact happening (J. Conroy pers. comm. 2006).",,,"Jim Conroy, Andreas Kranz, Paulo Cavallini, Margarida Fernandes, Alexei Tikhonov, Juan Herrero, Michael Stubbe, Tiit Maran",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CARNIVORA,FELIDAE,Lynx,lynx,,Lynx lynx,,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU25,Unfavourable,"European: The species has a wide range in Europe, and remains abundant in the eastern part of the range. Although population trends in European Russia have not been quantified, they are not believed to approach the threshold for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (30% over 10 years or 3 generations). Consequently the species is classed as Least Concern at the European level.EU 25: The lynx was driven extinct in much of western and central Europe over the last few centuries. However, over the past few decades, as a result of conservation action, the status of the species has improved. Reintroductions have restored it to some areas of its former range, although many of these reintroduced populations remain fragmented and extremely small. However, the lynx population within the EU remains small (below the population size threshold for Vulnerable under Criterion C, although it does not currently meet the subcriteria). If ongoing conservation action ceased, it is expected that the species would quickly start to decline again, and could meet Criterion C1 in the near future. Consequently it is assessed as Near Threatened. Continued protection is required to ensure the continuing recovery of this species.1. JuraEndangered (D). This population results from reintroductions in 1974/75. It now numbers c.80 individuals, and the range is expanding. Consequently it qualifies as Endangered under Criterion D (very small population). Although potential corridors to neighbouring lynx populations (Alps, Vosges-Palatinian and Black Forest) exist, there are barriers to dispersal. Furthermore, these neighbouring lynx populations are small and threatened, so no rescue effect can be expected; consequently the Red List category is not adjusted.2. Vosges-Palatinian.Critically Endangered (C2a(ii), D). According to the current estimations, about 30-40 lynx exist in the area of the Vosges Mts.-Palatinian Forest. Whereas the most recent tendencies indicate a slight expansion of the range in the south, it has been decreasing in the north, and an overall decline is suspected. Although there are other lynx populations in relatively close proximity, there are significant barriers to dispersal and neighbouring populations are small and threatened, so no rescue effect is anticipated. Consequently the Red List category is not adjusted.3. Alpine.Overall the Alpine population of c.120 individuals is Endangered (D). If assessed separately, the Western Alps population (80 lynx) is Endangered (D) and the Eastern Alps population is Critically Endangered (D). It is not expected that either population would experience any significant rescue effect from neighbouring populations which are fragmented and tiny. Consequently the Red List category is not adjusted. 4. Bohemian-Bavarian.Critically Endangered (C2a(i)). The current estimate is around 75 animals. Whereas the population was increasing and expanding until the mid 1990s (the population was then estimated to be 70-100), since 1999 a marked decrease has been noticed. All individuals are part of the same subpopulation. Neighbouring lynx populations are small and threatened, and there are barriers to dispersal, consequently no rescue effect from them can be expected and the Red List category is not adjusted.5. Dinaric.Endangered (D). The Dinaric lynx population bases from re-introductions in Slovenia in 1973 where the animals reproduced well and spread quickly southwards. The current size is estimated to be about 130 animals with a stable to slightly decreasing trend, however sound monitoring has only been established recently (except for Bosnia-Herzegovina), and the long-term trend is therefore difficult to assess. The population extends over a continuous area of occupancy of about 24,000 km2, but due to the small population size has to be regarded as Endangered. Although there are other lynx populations in relatively close proximity, there are significant barriers to dispersal and neighbouring populations are small and threatened, so no rescue effect is anticipated. Consequently the Red List category is not adjusted.6. Carpathian.Least Concern. The Carpathians host one of the largest continuous lynx populations in Europe (area of occupancy about 100,000 km2). The overall number is about 2,500 lynx and is stable. An range expansion towards the south (Serbia) was noticed since 2000. For these reasons the population qualifies as Least Concern.7. Scandinavian.Least Concern. In the past few years, the increase of the Scandinavian population came to a halt. This occurred because, owing to conflicts with livestock breeders, lynx were strictly controlled. The population size seems to be more or less stable, with around 2,000 indiviuals occupyng around 650,000 km2 (area of occupancy). Consequently it qualifies as Least Concern. PVA results indicate that this population has low chance of extinction. The merging of the Finish (Karelian population) and Scandinavian distribution areas is recent, but a rescue effect could potentially be expected.8. Karelian.Least Concern. In Finland, there were no animals left by 1950, before recolonisation from Russia started. Since then, the population has been increasing and expanding, especially during the past two decades. The estimation in Finland was 1050-1100 animals in 2004 with an increasing and expanding trend. The 2005 estimate for Karelia oblast was 510 and appears to be stable. Although the Karelian population is relatively small (potentially close to 1,000 mature individuals), it is in continuity with large neighbouring populations, and there would be likely to be a significant rescue effect if this population were to decline. For all these reasons, the Karelian population is assessed Least Concern.9. Baltic.Least Concern. The population consists of around 3,400 lynx, of which 1,600 are found in the Russian portion. Although there was some reduction in numbers in Estonia and Latvia during the 1990s, numbers appear to have stabilised following the adjustment of hunting quotas. The numbers in Russia appear to be stable. The highly fragmented distribution of animals throughout Lithuania, northern and western Belarus and northeastern Poland is, however, a cause for concern. This population is connected to the Karelian population and the large Asian Russian population.10. Balkan.Critically Endangered CR(C2a(i)). The total size of the population is estimated to be about 100 individuals at best, distributed over different patches, indicating a strong population fragmentation. It is impossible to assess the recent trend in population size or distribution, however local experts indicated a decrease for both 1990-1995 as well as 1996-2001.",,"The Eurasian lynx is one of the widest ranging of all cat species. It was once distributed throughout Russia, central Asia and Europe. It was probably absent from some of the larger islands such as Ireland and Sicily and from countries with few forests. It was also absent from the Iberian Peninsula, where the smaller Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus occurs. From this extensive distribution, lynx were exterminated from almost all of western Europe. In western and central Europe, they survived only in the Carpathian Mountains, the southern Dinaric Mountains in Macedonia and Albania, and parts of Fennoscandia and the Baltic (where populations were heavily reduced), although larger populations persisted in European Russia. Human activities reduced the lynx to its minimum numbers in the 1950s. Lynx have been released in several areas of Europe in an effort to reintroduce this elusive predator, including in Switzerland, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Austria, Germany and France. Lynx occurring in Europe can be viewed as belonging to a number of distinct populations (LCIE 2007):1. Jura.Countries: France and Switzerland. Description: This population stretches across the Jura Mountains from central-eastern France north of the Rhone to western Switzerland between Geneva and Basel.2. Vosges-Palatinian.Countries: France and Germany. Description: Distributed along the French Vosges Mountains and in the German Palatinian Forest and its surroundings.3. Alpine (comprising two segments - Western Alps and Eastern Alps).Countries: Switzerland, Slovenia, France, Italy, Austria. Description: Two main extant populations can be identified: One in the western to central Swiss Alps (mainly in the cantons of Valais, Vaud, Fribourg and Berne), stretching into the French Alps, and the western Alps in Austria (Vorarlberg); the other one in the western part of Slovenia (west of the Jesenice-Ljubljana-Triest highway), stretching into the adjacent regions of Italy (Tarvisiano) and Austria (Carinthia). Outside these two sub-populations, a more scattered distribution with no permanent lynx presence exists in France (south-east of the country, from the lake of Geneva as far south as to the department of Hautes-Alpes), eastern Italy (Friuli VG, Veneto (Bellunese), and Austria (northern Kalkalpen, Upper Carinthia, Niedere Tauern).4. Bohemian-Bavarian.Countries: Czech Republic, Germany, Austria. Description: The population stretches in the triangle of the three range countries: in the western Czech Republic (Sumava Mts., NW-part of the Cesky les Mts. = Oberpfälzerwald, the Sumava foothills, S-Novohradske Mts.; in the north more isolated, small but constant occurrence in the Brdy highlands in connection with the core population), eastern Germany (Bayerischer and Oberpfälzer Forest, Fichtelgebirge, Frankenwald), and northern Austria (Böhmerwald, Mühlviertel, Waldviertel).5. Dinaric.Countries: Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina. Description: From central-southern Slovenia (S and SE of the Jesenice-Ljubljana-Triest highway) over Croatia (Gorski Kotar and Lika) up to West Bosnia (no data available for sporadically present areas).6. Carpathian.Countries: Romania, Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine, Czech Republic, Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria. Description: The distribution area covers at present almost the entire mountain chain of the Carpathians, and is further expanding into Serbia, and most probably south into Bulgaria.7. Scandinavian.Countries: Sweden, Norway. Description: Lynx occur from central-south to north-east Norway and almost all over Sweden. 8. Karelian.Countries: Finland, Russia. Description: The population stretches from the Republic of Karelia over to Finland where it is only permanently present in the south-east of the country. The occasional presence in northern Finland is consistent with the situation in Murmanskaya Oblast, where indications are also much more scarce compared to Karelia. 9. Baltic.Countries: Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine, Russia. Description: In the north (Estonia, north-eastern Latvia, and northern Belarus) the distribution is coherent with Russia. The rest of the range (southern Latvia, Lithuania, main parts of Belarus, Poland, the Ukraine, and Kaliningrad) is highly fragmented.10. Balkan.Countries: Albania, FYR Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, potentially Greece. Description: Scattered distribution. Lynx occurs in the Albanian Alps and central-central east Albania, in western FYR Macedonia (mainly in the areas in and between the national parks Mavrovo, Galicica and Pelister, but most probably also in the Shar Planina Mts. bordering with Kosovo), as well as in Serbia (Kosovo and Metohija province) and Montenegro. From time to time single, unconfirmed observations in the border regions of Greece with FYR Macedonia and Albania.","Lynx in Europe were widely extirpated within the past several hundred years, reaching a nadir in the 1950s. Populations were reintroduced from the late 1970s onward, and the total number of lynx in Europe (excluding European Russia) is c.8,000. Populations in central and southern Europe remain very small and fragmented, although there are larger populations in Fennoscandia, the Baltic states, and European Russia (Breitenmoser et al. 2000). The lynx's stronghold is a broad strip of southern Siberian woodland stretching through eastern Russia from the Ural mountains to the Pacific. There is little information on population status and trends from the lynx's wide Asian range (Nowell and Jackson 1996, Cat Specialist Group 2002). For the European populations, detailed status and trend information can be found on ELOIS - the Eurasian Lynx Online Information System for Europe (http://www.kora.unibe.ch/en/proj/elois/online/index.html).","Throughout Europe and Siberia, lynx are associated primarily with forested areas which have good ungulate populations (Nowell and Jackson 1996). In Central Asia they occur in more open, thinly wooded areas. Small ungulates are the lynx's primary prey (Nowell and Jackson 1996, Cat Specialist Group 2002). In Europe, the lynx's preferred diet includes roe deer and chamois. Lynx will also take larger ungulates such as red deer, moose, or wild boar occasionally. Where ungulates are not available, birds, hares and rodents form important prey. In Norway, Sweden and Finland, lynx also kill significant numbers of semi-domesticated reindeer. Depredation on sheep is also a problem in some countries.","Lynx are vulnerable to destruction of their ungulate prey base. Hunting pressure may also play a role in lynx population declines. Habitat destruction through clear-cutting can have a negative effect on lynx abundance. There is no information beyond harvest reports on which to base an assessment of the biological impact of commercial trapping for furs, and thus its significance as a threat is difficult to judge (Nowell and Jackson 1996, Cat Specialist Group 2002). The lynx's disappearance in lowland Europe was due to human persecution, deforestation, loss of prey species, expansion of agriculture and an increase in human populations. Although the lynx is not endangered, these threats still affect it today throughout Europe. Habitat loss, loss of prey due to logging and hunting, and human population pressures have serious negative impacts. Humans still present a major threat to the lynx, particularly to small or reintroduced populations. These groups can be devastated by traffic accidents or by unsustainable hunting and poaching. In Norway in 1998, licensed hunters killed 112 lynxes out of a total population of just 400-500. This scale of hunting may be unsustainable, particularly when compounded by illegal hunting. Threats to specific European populations are detailed below:1. JuraIllegal killing, traffic accidents, limited dispersal.2. Vosges-Palatinian.Illegal killing in the Vosges Mts., in general small population size with a rather limited potential to expand.3. Alpine.Threats include illegal killing, infrastructure development (especially road constructions), vehicle and train collisions, and limited dispersal. A potential threat for the population in the Alps is the narrow genetic base: all of the relatively few founder animals came from the same region and some of them were probably closely related. First genetic analysis indicated that the Alpine population has a reduced allelic diversity compared to the Carpathian source population, and that it has today the smallest level of heterozygosity of all European lynx populations.4. Bohemian-Bavarian.Illegal killing, habitat fragmentation due to road constructions.5. Dinaric.Legal and illegal shooting, collisions with vehicles/trains, limited prey base.6. Carpathian.Potentially illegal killing and habitat fragmentation due to infrastructure developments and wood cutting.7. Scandinavian.Illegal killing, potentially legal harvest.8. Karelian.Potentially harvest.9. Baltic.Population fragmentation (in the south-west of the range), potentially illegal killing.10. Balkan.Small population number, limited prey base and habitat degradation (especially in Albania), probably illegal killing.","Included on CITES Appendix II, protected under the Bern Convention (Appendix III) and strictly protected under the EU Habitats & Species Directive (Annexes II and IV). Conservation measures in place and recommended for the European populations are as follows:1. Jura.Lynx is legally protected in both countries. Stock-raiding animals can however be removed. For this, similar criteria have been established in France and Switzerland. In practice, depredation is much more pronounced in the French than in the Swiss Jura. The Ministries of Environment are responsible for the management of the species. There is co-operation on scientific and administrative level, but no systematic common monitoring and no common management plan for the entire population. Most important conservation measures needed: Continuation and improvement of monitoring, genetic surveillance of the population, law enforcement, improve connectivity to other lynx populations or occurrences.2. Vosges-Palatinian.In France as well as in Germany, lynx is fully protected by law. Most important conservation measures needed: Improve potential corridors, mitigate the problem of illegal killings, continue monitoring and cross-border co-operation.3. Alpine. Lynx is at present protected in all Alpine countries. In Switzerland, Slovenia, and France lynx causing too much damage to livestock can be removed. With the exception of Austria, national environmental agencies have the authority for lynx management. In Austria, the owners of the hunting grounds are responsible for the management of the species, but are supervised by the states (Bundesländer), which have the legal power. With the exception of Switzerland, national management plans are lacking. Current management practices: In the early 1990s, scientists from all Alpine countries formed an expert group to survey the status of and co-ordinate actions for the Alpine lynx population. The SCALP (Status and Conservation of the Alpine Lynx Population) defined common standards to interpret the monitoring data collected, and has developed a Pan-Alpine Conservation Strategy (PACS, Molinari et al. 2003), which was adopted by the Standing Committee of the Bern Convention. Most important conservation measures needed: Promote the expansion of the area occupied, improve law enforcement, continue monitoring of demographic and genetic parameters, increase acceptance of lynx by local people. To prevent genetic problems, conservation priority should be given not only the expansion of the range (fusion of the two subpopulations), but also the genetic exchange of individuals between different populations, e.g. between all reintroduced populations and the source population.4. Bohemian-Bavarian.Lynx of the Bohemian-Bavarian population are fully protected by law. Co-operation and exchange of information amongst scientists has started some years ago, and the establishment of a discussion platform for management issues was suggested (CELTIC – Conservation of the European Lynx: Management and International Cooperation). However, there is no common management approach yet. In Germany and Austria, wildlife management is in the responsibilities of the federal states (Bundesländer), and as there are no national management strategies for lynx, it is difficult to implement international co-operation. Most important conservation measures needed: Find solutions against the widespread illegal killing, improve connectivity first within the population, but then also to neighbouring occurrences, get a clear commitment and a more strenuous involvement of the authorities.5. Dinaric.Lynx was granted legal protection in Croatia in 1998. By becoming a member state of the European Union in 2004, Slovenia has ratified the EU Habitats Directive and hence legally protected lynx. In Bosnia-Herzegovina, no proper legislation exists. National management plans are in place in Croatia (since 2005) and in preparation in Slovenia, however a coherent strategy for the entire population is missing. Most important conservation measures needed: Develop a cross-border conservation strategy (including defining the legislation in Bosnia-Herzegovina), improve and continue the monitoring of lynx and prey, increase prey base. A specific survey in southern Bosnia-Herzegovina is required to clarify whether there is a connection between the Dinaric and the Balkan population. This knowledge would be of great importance for the assessment of the Balkan lynx, which might be considered a different subspecies.6. Carpathian.In all countries but Romania, lynx is completely protected by law, though since only recently in Slovakia (2001). Until 2000, the annual legal harvest was almost 15 animals in Slovakia and considered a threat to the population. In Poland, lynx received full protection in 1995. Of the Carpathian population, Romania is therefore the only country left were lynx is legally hunted. Yet the number of lynx shot has been very modest compared to the number of lynx estimated and the potential quota set per year. It is however assumed that there is no control over the real extent of hunting, as numbers differ in the literature found. The 2003 Carpathian Workshop on Large Carnivore Conservation aimed to start the elaboration of a Carpathian Action Plan for large carnivores, a measure recommended by the Standing Committee of the Bern Convention. According to this action plan the countries are then requested to draft and implement national action plans. Most important conservation measures needed: Improve the monitoring and census systems, habitat conservation, public education, conduct field research in different parts of the Carpathians to find out more about the species' biology in this region, develop a general strategy for the lynx in the entire Carpathians.7. Scandinavian.The Nordic countries apply more or less the same census methods and management regime, namely the controlled hunting of the species in certain areas where livestock depredation is considered too high. As a matter of fact, depredation is intense: Up to 10,000 sheep and several ten thousands of reindeer have yearly been killed by lynx from 1996-2001 in the area of the Nordic population. Whereas in Norway, sheep depredation is the most extensive, reindeer is the species mainly affected in Sweden. In both countries, the state pays for domestic animals killed. Sweden has implemented a management plan in 2000, Norway a government white paper in 1997, which sets the management guidelines (a new edition is in place since 2004). The harvest numbers in each of the two countries were around 90 lynx per year in 1996-2001. Most important conservation measures needed: Change sheep husbandry in Norway, set the hunting quotas at sustainable level.8. Karelian.The lynx is protected in Finland since 1995. Complete protection can however be derogated in accordance with article 16 of the EU Habitat Directive (resulting in a kind of quota hunting). Finland maintained the same level of harvest throughout the 1990s, with no change after 1995. The level (59 lynx annually in 1996-2001) is however considered sustainable. A management plan has been implemented in Finland in 1996. In Russia, lynx is a game species. Most important conservation measures needed: Establish a monitoring system in Russia, find solutions to mitigate human-livestock-carnivore conflicts in Finland, set the annual quotas on the basis of good census data, establish co-operation between the countries.9. Baltic.Lynx is only hunted in Estonia and Latvia (reservation for including the lynx in Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive) as well as in Russia, in all other countries the species is fully protected. Legislation has in most of the countries strongly improved in the past few years due to harmonizing national laws with requirements of the European Union during the process of accession. Both Estonia and Latvia have prepared and implemented a lynx management plan. Such a plan is also planned for Lithuania. Furthermore, a cross-border network of researchers, conservationists, state officials and other stakeholder representatives from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania was created in 2000 under the umbrella of the Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe LCIE: the Baltic Large Carnivore Initiative. A report on the status of the large carnivore conservation in the Baltic States including an action plan for the Initiative for 2001-2005 has been published. The report focuses on how the national management plans fulfil the guidelines and recommendations in the European Action Plan. There is however no such framework and strategy yet that would include all countries sharing the population. Most important conservation measures needed: Expand the population towards the south (southern half of Latvia and Lithuania), improve the connectivity within the population in the south-western part and create a broad corridor towards the occurrences in north-eastern Poland across Lithuania along the border with Belarus, improve and coordinate the monitoring of the species, develop a comprehensive conservation strategy based on a metapopulation concept and considering habitat quality and connectivity, continue with the Baltic Large Carnivore Initiative.10. Balkan.The species is fully protected by law in all range countries. No national management plans exist, however it is one of the aims of an ongoing cross-border conservation project to develop a recovery strategy for the Balkan lynx from which national actions can be derived. Most important conservation measures needed: Conduct a systematic field survey covering the whole potential distribution area, establish a standardised monitoring of lynx and prey species, research the ecology and life history of the Balkan lynx, define taxonomic status, raise public awareness, law enforcement, habitat and prey base enhancement.",,,Manuela von Arx (Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe / Cat Specialist Group),,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CARNIVORA,FELIDAE,Lynx,pardinus,,Lynx pardinus,,"Previously considered conspecific with Lynx lynx by some authorities, now accepted as a distinct species on the basis of both genetics (Johnson et al. 2006, Eizirik et al. 2008) and morphology (Werdelin 1981, Wozencraft 2005).",Yes,CR,C2a(i),No,CR,C2a(i),EU25,Unfavourable,"The Iberian Lynx occurs only in isolated pockets of southwestern Spain, and its continued survival in Portugal is uncertain. There are only two known breeding populations in Spain, and the latest survey results suggest a minimum of 84 and a maximum of 143 adults surviving in two breeding populations (in the Coto Doñana and near Andújar-Cardeña in the eastern Sierra Morena). The Doñana population numbers 24-33 adults and the Sierra Morena is the stronghold of the species with an estimated 60-110 adults. These populations are isolated from one another making them even more vulnerable. None of the remaining potential populations in East Montes de Toledo, West Sistema Central and some areas of central and western Sierra Morena is thought to include animals that breed regularly. Current numbers are not sufficient for the survival of the species in the long term and experts agree the cat is now on the brink of extinction (IUCN 2007).With a total population of 84-143 adults, the Iberian Lynx qualifies as Critically Endangered under C2a(i).  There has been a continuing decline due to severe depletion of its primary prey, the European rabbit, by disease and over-hunting, with additional threats of high rates of non-natural lynx mortality and habitat destruction and fragmentation.   The effective population size of the largest subpopulation (Sierra Morena) is likely less than 50 mature breeding individuals, based on the general measure for felids (the proportion of the adult population contributing to the gene pool through successful raising and recruitment of offspring is 50%: Nowell et al. 2007).",,"The Iberian lynx is restricted to the Iberian peninsula, confined to scattered groups in the southwestern quadrant of the Iberian peninsula as a result of the fragmentation of their natural habitat by agricultural and industrial development. Only two or three groups in Spain are considered to have populations which could be viable in the long term. It is possibly extinct in Portugal (IUCN 2007).","The Iberian lynx occurs only in isolated pockets of Spain and possibly Portugal. The latest survey results from Spain suggest a minimum of 84 and a maximum of 143 adults surviving in two breeding populations: iin the Coto Doñana and near Andújar in the eastern Sierra Morena. The Doñana population numbers 24-33 adults and the Sierra Morena is the stronghold of the species with an estimated 60-110 adults. These populations are isolated from one another making them even more vulnerable. None of the remaining potential populations in East Montes de Toledo, West Sistema Central and some areas of central and western Sierra Morena is thought to include animals that breed regularly. Current numbers are not sufficient for the survival of the species in the long term and experts agree the cat is now on the brink of extinction. The latest population estimates represent a Spanish decline of more than 80 per cent since the last survey (1987-1988) suggested as many as 1,136 lynxes. A similar decline of 80 per cent was estimated in Spain for the period 1960-1978 (IUCN 2007). In Portugal a sign search, camera trapping and box trapping survey conducted in 2002 by the Instituto da Conservacao da Natureza failed to detect a single lynx (Sarmento et al. 2004). The most recent evidence of the presence of lynx in Portugal comes from the discovery of a scat in the Guadiana area in 2001, which was identified by molecular analysis (Pires and Fernandes 2003). During the 1990s, a national survey based on personal interviews and dead animal records suggested a population of about 40 lynxes fragmented in small subpopulations in five different areas: Algarve mountains, Sado Valley, Guadiana, S. Mamede and Malcata. However, further local field surveys indicated the absence of resident animals, pointing to a pre-extinction scenario (Pinto 2000, Fernandes et al. 2001, Sarmento et al. 2004)","The Iberian lynx occurs in Mediterranean woodland and maquis thicket. It favours a mosaic of dense scrub for shelter and open pasture for hunting rabbits (ICONA 1992). Palomares et al. (1991) examined habitat preferences of lynx in the Coto Doñana area of south-western Spain, including the national park and environs. Lynx were generally absent from cropland and exotic tree plantations (eucalyptus and pine), where rabbits were also scarce. In the park, radiotelemetry showed that more than 90% of daytime resting spots used by lynx were located in thick heather scrub (Beltrán et al. 1987). The Iberian lynx is a specialised feeder, with rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) accounting for 80-100 per cent of its diet. Other species occasionally taken include rodents, hares, partridges, ducks, geese, juvenile deer, and fallow deer, but these do not form an important part of the lynx's diet. Lynx often kill other carnivore species, including those regarded as pests by humans, such as feral cats and foxes, but do not eat them. The lynx's highly specialised diet makes it a naturally vulnerable species and the rapid decline in rabbit populations since the 1950s has had a direct impact on lynx numbers (IUCN 2007).","The Iberian Lynx is a naturally vulnerable species because of its dependence on only one prey species, the rabbit, and its narrow habitat spectrum. The dramatic decline in rabbit populations, caused by habitat changes and myxomatosis since the 1950s and Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease (RHD) since the late 1980s, has therefore had a direct impact on lynx numbers. Over-hunting of rabbits and other human activities have further compounded the problems of prey scarcity. In recent years, prey scarcity has been compounded by high rates of non-natural mortality and habitat destruction and fragmentation. Habitat destruction, deterioration and alteration have impacted negatively on the lynx for centuries. Notable examples since the middle of the 20th century include the planting of Mediterranean scrublands with pines and eucalyptus and more recently the over stocking of deer and livestock on private estates and the opening up of roads and forest tracks in previously remote areas. The lynx's preferred habitat mosaic has also suffered at the hands of afforestation and scrub clearance schemes, road building, dam construction, and the building of holiday homes. New infrastructure projects continued to fragment lynx populations and created new barriers in corridor areas between the remaining populations in the 1960s. More than forty separate lynx populations in Spain and Portugal appear to have collapsed since the early 1980s. WWF Spain/Adena has identified 53 different public works that will affect important areas for the Iberian lynx. Heavier and faster traffic is also taking an unacceptably high toll on lynx each year as juveniles venture away from their areas of birth in search of new habitats. This high mortality has been an important factor in the decline of the species, particularly in the areas surrounding Doñana National Park. The Iberian Lynx received protection against hunting in the early 1970s and since then hunting has dropped off. However, some lynxes are still shot and killed in traps and snares set for smaller predators, particularly on commercial hunting and shooting estates (IUCN 2007).","Lynx pardinus is currently listed on CITES Appendix I, and on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and Annexes II* and IV of the EU Habitats and Species Directive. It is also fully protected under national law in Spain and Portugal, and is classed as Critically Endangered on the national Red Lists of both countries (Palomo and Gisbert 2002, Cabral et al. 2005). Public awareness and education programs have helped change attitudes towards the lynx particularly among private landowners in lynx areas. Two international seminars have been held, in 2002 and 2004, to establish a coordinated strategy to save the Iberian lynx from extinction (Olszanska and Breitenmoser 2004). A captive breeding programme has been started in Spain. In Portugal, the National Action Plan foresees a re-introduction programme. The construction of facilities for breeding and reintroduction has been prepared (ICN 2003, Sarmento et al. 2004).In the short term, in situ conservation efforts must concentrate on preserving the last two breeding populations in Coto Doñana and Andújar-Cardeña. Priority must also be given to maintaining several large areas (of at least 500 km²) of suitable habitat to harbour new lynx populations. The central and western regions of Sierra Morena and the Toledo Mountains, as well as other areas in Spain and Portugal naturally rich in rabbits, will be vital for this purpose. All lynx habitat must be strictly protected from further destructive infrastructure projects. Captive breeding is of critical importance for lynx recovery. In addition to providing a vital gene bank for the survival of the species, captive lynxes will be needed to recolonise the many areas where populations have collapsed. Efforts to stimulate rabbit recovery must also be intensified. Without sufficient prey density, lynx populations will continue to decline and reintroductions will not be feasible (in spite of recent rabbit conservation measures in Doñana National Park, such as restocking, protection of burrows and vegetation management, rabbit numbers remain low). An adaptive conservation process based on careful monitoring of the last populations and the results of the measures implemented is necessary to facilitate the survival of the Iberian lynx. Recovery plans in all regions where the lynx has occurred over the past decade also need to be rapidly implemented (IUCN 2007).",,,"von Arx, M. & Breitenmoser-Wursten, C",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,PRIMATES,CERCOPITHECIDAE,Macaca,sylvanus,,Macaca sylvanus,,"Macaca sylvana is a synonym of M. sylvanus (Alvarez and Horaldo 1975, Burton 1972, Deag and Crook 1971, Hill 1966)",No,,,Yes,,,EU25,-,"There is no conclusive evidence that the Barbary macaque occurred in Europe before the 1700s. Consequently the Gibraltar population is regarded as a relatively recent introduction, and is classed as Not Applicable (NA) at the European and EU 25 level. The Barbary macaque is seriously threatened in its native range in North Africa.",,"The Barbary macaque is the only surviving primate in Africa north of the Sahara desert, the only species of primate to occur in Europe (apart from Homo sapiens), and the only member of the genus Macaca that can be found outside Asia. The species was once an inhabitant of parts of Europe and all of North Africa (Delson 1980, Camperio Ciani et al. 1986) but the current distribution of the Barbary macaque is limited to relict forest areas in Algeria and Morocco (Fa 1984, Camperio Ciani 1986, Menard and Vallet 1993, Scheffran et al. 1993). A semi wild population lives in Gibraltar, which is a long established population that is almost certainly introduced (see discussion below) (Fa 1981, von Starck 1990, Hodges and Cortes 2006). In Morocco, M. sylvanus can still be found in the Rif mountains (northern Morocco) and the Middle and High Atlas mountains (central and southern Morocco). In Algeria, it is found in the Petit and Grande Kabylie mountains (northern Algeria) (Taub 1977). It occurs from sea level to 1,900 m, but in Morocco at least it is most common at altitudes above 1,600 m (E. van Lavieren pers. comm. 2006). In mainland Europe, macaques were widespread during the Pleistocene, but disappeared thereafter. However, there are no fossil or subfossil remains known from Gibraltar, suggesting that the species is not native to this promontory (Hodges and Cortes 2006). It has been speculated that macaques may have been introduced to Gibraltar in early historic times, by the Phoenicians, Romans, or Moors, who kept these animals as pets (von Starck 1990), but there is no conclusive evidence to support this (Hodges and Cortes 2006). The first definite records date from the 1700s onwards, when the island was occupied by the English (Hodges and Cortes 2006). The population was driven close to extinction by disease or persecution on a number of occasions, but each time was replenished by animals imported from North Africa (von Starck 1990). Genetic studies have confirmed that the current population are descendants of a mixture of Algerian and Moroccan stock (Modolo et al. 2005).","In 1999 the total number of remaining macaques was estimated at around 15,000 individuals (Von Segesser et al. 1999), although this estimate was based on incomplete data. The Morocco population was more recently estimated to be 6,000-10,000 individuals (Ross 2004), whereas in 1975 it was about 17,000 (Taub 1975). In Algeria, the population was estimated at 5,500 30 years ago (Taub 1977), but is currently much less, although exact numbers are unknown (Hodges and Cortes 2006). On Gibraltar, the population has been maintained at c.200 individuals in recent years (Hodges and Cortes 2006). Consequently, the global population of M. sylvanus is now estimated to number fewer than 10,000 individuals (Hodges and Cortes 2006). According to Moroccan authorities the number of macaques has increased over the last decade (van Lavieren 2006). However, a number of detailed surveys have documented marked declines in population density, along with losses of a number of sites (Von Segesser et al. 1999, Camperio Ciani et al. 2005, van Lavieren 2006). The remaining subpopulations in the Rif mountains and High Atlas mountains of Morocco are fragmented and small. The same can be said for the Algerian subpopulations (Mehlman 1989, Fa 1984, Von Segesser et al. 1999). In 1999, just seven widely separated isolated populations existed, whereas only 35 years ago they were found in at least 6 additional localities in Algeria (Von Segesser et al 1999). The remaining isolated populations are now completely separated by distances of 50-100 km, with no corridors. The only area where M. sylvanus is thought to occur in relative abundance is the cedar forest area of the central Middle Atlas (Camperio Ciani et al. 1995, van Lavieren 2006), which represents the largest refuge of the North African forest ecosystem. It was estimated that 65-75% of the world' s remaining population lived in this area (Camperio Ciani 1986). The populations in the Middle Atlas outside the central region are much lower in density (Taub 1975). The central region of the Middle Atlas thus has a crucial role in the survival of the species. In the mid-1970s, population densities in the central Middle Atlas cedar forest (the stronghold of the species) were variously estimated at 60-70 individuals per km2 (Deag 1974) or 43/km2 (Taub 1975). More recent surveys showed that the population in this region declined from 44 to 25 individuals per km2 over the last two decades of the 20th century (Camperio Ciani et al. 1999) - a decline of 43% over 20 years. The most recent surveys in the Middle Atlas show an average density of 15 to 20 individuals per km2 (van Lavieren 2006), in some areas dropping to an average density of 7-10 individuals per km2 (Camperio Ciani et al. 2005). Thus over the last 30 years a decline of 53-79% in the average population density is apparent, with declines in some areas being even greater.","In Algeria, occupied habitats include mixed cedar and oak forests, humid Portuguese oak (Quercus faginea) and cork oak (Quercus suber) mixes and gorges dominated by scrub vegetation (Taub 1977). Moroccan habitats include high cedar forests (Cedrus atlantica), cedar/holm oak (Quercus ilex) mixtures, pure holm oak forests and gorges dominated by scrub vegetation. In the High Atlas mountains the population of Barbary macaques is restricted to the Ourika valley, where only a small relict population survives (Taub 1977) in a habitat of holm oak and juniper (Juniperus phoenica) scrub on steep mountain slopes. The Rif mountains of Morocco contain a few fragmented and small populations in disjunct remnants of mixed woodland (Taub 1975, Deag 1974, Waters et al. 2007). The cedar/oak forests of the Middle Atlas region contain the largest remaining population of M. sylvanus, and are considered to be optimal habitat for the species (Camperio Ciani et al. 2001). In cedar habitats, macaques can reach densities of 25-40 individuals per km2 or greater, whereas in habitats without cedar much lower densities of 5-7 individuals per km2 are reported (Fa 1984, Mehlman 1989). All the areas occupied by the macaque are under growing pressure from human activity and the habitat availability for the M. sylvanus has severely decreased over the last decades (Camperio Ciani et al. 2005, van Lavieren 2006).M. sylvanus live in social groups of up to 30 individuals of both sexes. Life span in the wild is known to be up to 22 years of age (Lindenfors 2002). Females reach sexual maturity between 2.5 and 4 years of age and males between 4.5 and 7 years of age. Average age at first birth is 4.8 years for females (Lindenfors 2002), and the birth interval is two years (Taub 1974 in Fa 1984).","Major threats to M. sylvanus include habitat destruction and degradation (including dessication) and illegal live trade (Fa 1984; Camperio Ciani et al. 2003, 2005; van Lavieren 2004; Hodges and Cortes 2006). Severe habitat loss and degradation have been caused by domestic and industrial consumption of wood, use of fire, clearing for cultivation and overgrazing by sheep and goat herds (Taub 1977, Fa et al. 1984, Camperio Ciani et al. 1986, Menard and Vallet, 1993). Additionally, in the last ten years the drought in Morocco has prompted shepherds to settle near water sources. As shepherd tribes move into the forest region, they often enclose open water sources with cement wells so they can extract water for their herds. As a result, macaques and other wildlife have been excluded from water sources in areas where it was previously accessible to them (Camperio Ciani et al. 2003). Live trade is the second largest threat to the wild M. sylvanus population. Most of the specimens taken from the wild are for the international pet trade. In comparison with the international trade, offtake for local purposes is low. M. sylvanus seems to be rarely used for food, except for some reports in Algeria (Deag 1977). In the 1960s, a large number of macaques was captured for the use in laboratories in Casablanca, Tangier and Spain (Deag 1977), but this is no longer permitted in Morocco (A. Camperio Ciani pers. comm. 2003). M. sylvanus are kept fairly frequently as pets in Morocco (van Lavieren 2004). Reports of capture for the international pet trade date back to 1977 (Deag 1977). Since then, the trade has increased markedly (van Lavieren 2004). Sanctuaries and zoos in Europe have become overstocked with Barbary macaque infants offered to them by authorities and ex-owners, most infants coming straight from the wild (van Lavieren 2004). Infant M. sylvanus are very “cute” and are offered openly and covertly for sale on markets all over Morocco (van Lavieren 2004), resulting in frequent impulsive purchases mainly by tourists. Prices of up to 200 Euro per animal have been recorded (van Lavieren 2004). This problem has become so severe that there is only one animal sanctuary in Europe that continues to accept Barbary macaques, leading to many confiscated animals being euthanised (E. van Lavieren pers comm. 2006). It is estimated that 300 infants are taken annually from the Moroccan habitats (van Lavieren 2004). According to van Lavieren (2004) the maximum sustainable annual offtake of macaques in the Central Middle Atlas region lies between 200 and 250 individuals. If the estimate of 300 macaques taken from the wild is more or less correct (van Lavieren 2004) the offtake exceeds sustainability by up to 50% annually. Further potential threats include persecution, and predation by feral dogs (E. van Lavieren pers comm. 2006). The shooting of monkeys as a result of crop raiding and cedar bark stripping was reported by Deag (1977), but the current status of this activity is unknown.","M. sylvanus receives some protection under national and international legislation. Collection and export of M. sylvanus are regulated by a system of permits in Morocco, but enforcement of the legislation is inadequate. The National forestry department Eaux et Forets is the responsible authority (E. van Lavieren pers comm. 2006). Deag (1977) mentions a maximum quota for trade of 100 macaques annually in Morocco. The species is listed on Appendix II of CITES (EC 338/97, Annex B). In 2000, the European Community suspended imports of M. sylvanus from Algeria and Morocco under the provisions of Article 4.6b of EC Regulation 338/97 because such a trade was deemed to have a harmful effect on the conservation status of the species. These import suspensions remain in force under the most recent EC suspensions regulation (EC252/2005). Over the last few decades there have been repeated surveys of the species in the wild, mainly carried out by scientists from outside the range states. The national authorities are aware of these surveys but do not always support or agree with the outcome (E. van Lavieren pers. comm. 2006). The Moroccan authorities have planned a new survey on the Moroccan Middle Atlas population in 2007 (M. Mouna pers. comm. 2006). Most habitats of M. sylvanus in Algeria have national park status. This is not the case for all the habitats in Morocco. A part of the Rif mountains has national park status, and there are plans to make the cedar/mixed forest in the central Middle Atlas a national park, but a large part of the species' habitat in Morocco lies outside protected areas. In both Morocco and Algeria, the national forestry departments are responsible for the management and the protection of flora and fauna. There has been much debate about appropriate management of M. sylvanus. The national forestry department in Morocco believes that there are too many macaques in the region (due to the disappearance of predators such as the leopard Panthera pardus), and that they are responsible for the degradation of cedar forests through their bark stripping behaviour. There has even been talk of culling or translocating a part of the population (E. van Lavieren pers comm. 2006). However, field studies and surveys indicate that the population is declining, and that bark stripping behaviour is probably induced by water shortage (Camperio Ciani et al. 2001, 2003). The forestry department plans to start a new research project on the status of the Barbary macaque in the central Middle Atlas region, but some scientists have expressed concern that this is not necessary and may postpone the action needed to protect the species (E. van Lavieren pers comm. 2006). AAP (a Netherlands-based sanctuary for exotic animals) has initiated a major project to combat illegal trade of Barbary macaques into Europe, involving inter alia awareness raising among potential buyers, cooperation with authorities in the consuming countries and training of the customs officers in Spain. This project is carried out in collaboration with IUCN Netherlands, who are currently working to protect cedar forests in Morocco (E. van Lavieren pers comm. 2006).The Gibraltar population is intensively managed, receiving supplementary food and vetinary care (Hodges and Cortes 2006).",,,"Thomas Butynski, John Cortes, Sian Waters, John Fa, Maria Elisa Hobbelink, Mohamed Mouna and Andrea Camperio-Ciani",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,SCIURIDAE,Marmota,bobak,,Marmota bobak,,"Includes three subspecies: M. b. bobak Muller, 1776 (Ukraine, European part of Russia); M. b. kozlovi Fokanov, 1966 (Volga River region, right bank around Saratov City); M. b. schaganensis Bazhanov, 1930 (the rest of the range).",No,LC,,No,NE,,EU25,-,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)The population experienced severe decline in the past, but these declines ended well over 10 years (3 generations) ago. The species is now stable and abundant within its present range in Europe. Consequently it is assessed as Least Concern.",,"At the beginning of the 20th century the species was distributed along whole steppe zone from W Ukraine through Russia and Kazakhstan to the Irtysh River. However, in the first half of the 20th century hunting and habitat loss (ploughing of steppes and conversion to arable land) significantly reduced the range of bobak marmot in the European steppes. By the 1940s the European range of the bobak marmot had become fragmented into isolated populations in unused land and protected areas. Currently the majority of the range is in the Urals and N Kazakhstan.","Formerly the species was common and abundant along the whole steppe zone from W Ukraine to the Irtysh River. By the 1940s the European population and range had declined dramatically, and the species was restricted to isolated fragments of habitat in uncultivated areas and nature reserves. In the 1960s in both Russia and Ukraine hunting was prohibited, and marmot populations in these countries subsequently increased and are now considered stable. In N Kazakhstan, by contrast, the population has not recovered and remains at low density, but in central Kazakhstan the population is increasing. The species was reintroduced to a number of locations in the early 1980s, and the species has also naturally recolonised many areas.","It inhabits a variety of steppe habitats, including lowland, mixed grass, arid, and wormwood (Artemisia) steppes. Forms colonies consisting of several families. Burrows are complex, and may be up to 4-5 m in depth. There are summer and winter burrows, both with pronounced mounds. Does not stock up for winter; instead hibernates for at least six months a year. Enters hibernation at different times in differents parts of the range, leaves hibernation in late March-April. Feeds on green parts, bulbs, flowers and shoots of grasses. Sensitive to moisture in food and in overly dry conditions enters estivation. Reproduces once a year with litter size of 4 to 7 young.",Severe population and range reductions in the early to mid 20th century were caused by excessive hunting and habitat loss (cultivation of steppe grassland). Some illegal hunting continues.,"At present, there are no special conservation measures except hunting prohibition. In the early 1980s re-introductions were carried out in a number of locations. In the European part of the range the bobak marmot occurs in protected areas, where it survived during the period of severe population decline in the early to mid 20th century.",,,"Katerina Tsytsulina, Nikolai Formozov, Boris Sheftel, Igor Zagorodnyuk",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,SCIURIDAE,Marmota,marmota,,Marmota marmota,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"The species is not threatened at present. Subspecies marmota is common within at least parts of its range and has no major threats. However, subspecies latirostris has a restricted range and small population, and should be monitored and protected.",,"The Alpine marmot is endemic to Europe. Its core range extends through the Alps of France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany and Austria. Isolated subpopulations are found in the Pyrenees, Massif Central, Jura, Vosges, Black Forest, Appenines, High Tatras, and Romanian Carpathians. A number of these isolated subpopulations (those in the Pyrenees, Massif Central, Jura, Vosges, Black Forest, and Appennines, and eastern Alps) are the result of introductions. The marmot has inhabited the Alps and High Tatras continuously since the end of the last Ice Age, and was reintroduced to the Romanian Carpathians (three attempts in 1973, the third attempt was successful) and Slovenia (in 1953). It occurs as two subspecies: M. m. marmota in the Alps (and most introduced subpopulations) and M. m. latirostris in the High Tatras. A hybrid population exists in the Low Tatras, the result of introductions of both subspecies. Likewise populations in the Appenines are hybrids of both subspecies. It occurs at altitudes of 600-3,200 m (Preleuthner 1999).","M. m. marmota is abundant in at least parts of its core range in the Alps, although some subpopulations may be under threat (e.g. in the Jura and in Germany). Reported population densities for M. m. marmota range from 24-36 individuals per 100 hectares (Gran Paradiso, Italy) to 40-80 individuals per 100 hectares (Tessin, Switzerland). In Romanian Carpathians, the population is estimated at 1,500 individuals. It is known from three areas in Romania: Retezat, Fagaras and Rodna. In Retezat and Fagaras the populations are stable; in Rodna the population is very small and is threatened by poaching (Popescu and Murariu 2001, Botnariuc and Tatole 2005). The population is Slovenia is expanding (B. Krystufek pers. comm. 2007). Subspecies M. m. latirostris has a restricted range (it occurs at higher elevations in a small region of the High Tatras) and is considered to be rare and threatened (Preleuthner 1999).","It inhabits alpine meadows and high-altitude pastures, typically on south-facing slopes from 1,200-3,000 m (although it is occasionally found at lower altitudes). Colonies inhabit deep burrow systems in alluvial soil or rocky areas (Preleuthner 1999). It has a herbivorous diet, primarily composed of green parts of grasses, sedges, and herbs (Krapp 1978).","Marmots were previously hunted for meat, fur, and fat (which was used for cosmetics and medicines). Hunting continues today, but is primarily a leisure activity (Preleuthner 1999). In Slovenia and Austria, hunting levels are sustainable, but in Austria at least populations living below the timberline are threatened by loss of open habitats through abandonment of high-altitude cattle grazing (Spitzenberger 2002, B. Kryštufek pers. comm. 2006). Hybridisation with introduced M. m. marmota is a potential future threat to remaining pure-bred populations of M. m. latirostris in the High Tatras.","The species occurs in a number of national parks within its range. It is listed under Appendix III of the Bern Convention, and is protected under national law in a number of range states (e.g., Slovenia). Subspecies latirostris requires strict protection in Slovakia and Poland.",,,"Herrero, J., Zima, J. & Coroiu, I.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CARNIVORA,MUSTELIDAE,Martes,foina,,Martes foina,,"Some of the island populations are taxonomically quite distinct, although the significance of this is not yet clear (see Krystufek 2004a, 2004b). In addition, they may be threatened, as they would meet Red List criteria on range alone (W. Duckworth in litt. 2006).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, its large population, its occurrence in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category.",,"The stone marten is widespread, occurring throughout much of Europe and central Asia. It is found from Spain and Portugal in the west, through central and southern Europe, the Middle East, and central Asia, extending as far east as the Altai and Tien Shan mountains and north-west China. In Europe, it is absent from the United Kingdom, the Scandinavian peninsula, Finland, the northern Baltic, Ireland and northern European Russia. At the end of 20th century the species extended to the north and east in European Russia, as far as the Moscow Province in the north and across the Volga River in the east (Abramov et al. 2006). The species occurs in Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bhutan. It was recently found in northern Myanmar (Rabinowitz and Khaing 1998). The species was introduced to Ibiza, Balaeric Islands (Spain) but failed. It was also introduced to Wisconsin, U.S.A. (Long 1995). It is found from sea level to 3,400 m in Kazakhstan and 4,200m in Nepal.",It is common in at least parts of its range (Macdonald and Barrett 1993). Populations in western and central Europe have increased since the 1960s and 1970s. The beech marten is recolonising areas in the Netherlands from which it had disappeared.,"The stone marten prefers more open areas than other martens (Sachhi and Meriggi 1995). Its habitat preferences vary in different parts of its range. It is typically found in deciduous forest, forest edge, and open rocky hillsides (sometimes above the tree line). However, in Switzerland, Austria, north-east France, and southern Germany, it is very common in suburban and urban areas, often building its nest in house attics, outhouses, barns, garages, or even car engine spaces. In some areas they are common in towns and rare in woods. Commensal beech martens may cause damage to roofs, insulation, and electrical wiring and pipes in houses and cars (Broekhuizen 1999).",This species has no major threats. It is sometimes persecuted as a pest. The species is hunted for its fur in India and Russia; and is also hunted for food in some parts of its global range (not in Europe).,"It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention. It occurs in many protected areas. The Indian population is listed in Appendix III of CITES, as Martes foina intermedia (A. Abramov pers. comm. 2006).",,,"Alexei Tikhonov, Paulo Cavallini, Tiit Maran, Andreas Kranz, Juan Herrero, Giorgos Giannatos, Michael Stubbe, Roland Libois, Margarida Fernandes, Alexei Abramov, Chris Wozencraft",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CARNIVORA,MUSTELIDAE,Martes,martes,,Martes martes,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, large population, occurrence in a number of protected areas, tolerance to some degree of habitat modification, and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category. The population is stable to increasing.",,"The pine marten has a wide distribution in the Palaearctic, being found throughout most of Europe, Asia Minor, northern Iraq and Iran, the Caucasus, and in westernmost parts of Asian Russia (Western Siberia). It is widespread in continental Europe, with the exception of most of Iberia and Greece, and parts of Belgium and the Netherlands (Bright 1999, Matos and Santos-Reis 2003). It is found on the Mediterranean islands of Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily (Bright 1999). It was introduced historically to the Balearics (S. Roy pers. comm. 2006). It was formerly widespread in the British Isles, but is now restricted to northern Britain and Ireland, where it is still locally common (Battersby 2005, S. Roy pers. comm. 2006). Altitude ranges from sea-level to the timber line (2,300 m in the Pyrenees: Palomo and Gisbert 2002).","In the more northern and eastern parts of its range it remains widespread, and it is fairly abundant owing to its large range. Population declines and range contractions occurred in many parts of its distribution, yet it was difficult to quantify these population declines because historical data were lacking for many range states. Hunting bags in Russia were 80% lower in the late 20th century than they were in the 1920s (Grakov 1993), and Russia constitutes a large part of the species' range. The pine marten has also declined in the Netherlands (Bright 1999), and has become extinct in many parts of the British Isles where it formerly occurred (Battersby 2005). In northern and central Europe, this species declined from the 1950s to the 1980s, but has since stabilized and is now regionally increasing due to implementation of hunting controls. Since 1990, in the Russian Federation the population has been increasing again in forested areas; in 1999 the number was estimated as 170,000 (A.Abramov pers. comm. 2006). In the United Kingdom, the species' range has increased in Scotland in recent years, but the population trend has not been quantified (Battersby 2005).","It inhabits deciduous, mixed, and coniferous woodlands, as well as scrub. Optimal habitat appears to be woodlands with an incomplete canopy and dense understorey vegetation. Pine martens have a predominantly carnivorous diet, consuming voles, mice, squirrels, rabbits, birds, and amphibians. Carrion is a major food source in the winter. Bee nests, mushrooms, and berries are also sometimes eaten. Solitary, but not highly territorial. The home ranges very often overlap partially or even totally. Female may mate with several males while on heat. There is delayed implantation after 165-210 days. In the eastern parts of distribution area (Ural Mts) it can hybridize with sympatrically distributed sable M. zibellina (A. Abramov pers. comm. 2006).","Threats to the pine marten include unsustainable hunting and trapping, incidental poisoning, and the loss and fragmentation of woodland habitats. The marten is still hunted and trapped for its fur in some parts of its range. Its decline in Britain was due to persecution, and the species is still subject to persecution even in some countries in which it is protected. Efforts to control other carnivore species sometimes result in pine marten deaths.","It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention and Annex V of the Habitats Directive, and it occurs in a number of protected areas throughout its range. In The United Kingdom it is listed under the Wildlife and Countryside Act. Hunting controls need to be implemented and enforced across its range.",,,"Andreas Kranz, Alexei Tikhonov, Jim Conroy, Paulo Cavallini, Juan Herrero, Michael Stubbe, Tiit Maran",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CARNIVORA,MUSTELIDAE,Martes,zibellina,,Martes zibellina,,,No,,,No,NE,,EU25,-,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)This species is listed as Not Applicable at the European regional level because it is of marginal occurrence in the region.,,"This species is found in ""China (Xinjiang to then northeast), Japan (Hokkaido); Mongolia, DPR Korea, Russia (Ural Mountains to Siberia, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Kunashiri, and Etorofu)"" (Abe 2005, Wilson and Reeder 2005). This species is of marginal occurrence in Europe, where it is found only in the Ural mountains.","The species' population was fragmented due to hunting and has since recovered and is now such that the species is now fairly abundant in Siberia and the Far East (Monakhov 2001). In 1990-1999 the numbers of sable in Russia were estimated as 800-1,100 (A. Abramov pers. comm. 2006).","The species is primarily found in dense coniferous forests, but can tolerate other types of forests. It feeds on small rodents, voles, squirrels, pikas, doves and berries. For this species in the Ob region of Russia, Monakhov (2001) found that young animals tended to live near floodplains (lowland forest), while adult animals lived on watersheds (upland forest).","This species is still commercially hunted, and logging of primary dense coniferous habitat in Siberia and the Far East is a threat. The species is heavily farmed for fur (A. Abramov pers. comm. 2006). In Japan, introduced Japanese marten Martes melampus can be a competitor of the endemic subspecies Martes zibellina brachyura (T. Murakami pers. comm. 2006).","Studies are needed on the effects of hunting on this species, in order to develop methods to control its populations and use them commercially without decreasing annual population growth (Monakhov 2001).",,,"Global assessment by Alexei Abramov, regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,BALAENOPTERIDAE,Megaptera,novaeangliae,,Megaptera novaeangliae,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"Reasonably good survey data are available for the two main feeding grounds that lie relatively close to the European Mammal Assessment region (Iceland and N Norway/Spitzbergen). Recent partial estimates include 13,900 individuals for Iceland (CI=3,900 – 29,000) and 889 for N Norway/Spitzbergen (CV 0.32) (IWC 2002, 2003). Not all of these are mature individuals. The global population is estimated to be increasing rapidly (3% per year), and the Iceland population may be increasing more rapidly still (surveys showed an increase of 11.4% per annum from 1986 to 2001, although immigration as well as population growth may be responsible for this) (IWC 2003). The species is rare in the European Mammal Assessment region (Reid et al. 2003). Although no quantitative estimates are available, it seems reasonable to suspect that the number of humpback whales present in the EMA area may be fewer than 1,000 mature individuals, the threshold for consideration as Vulnerable under Criterion D. However the humpback whale is highly mobile and travels large distances, and the animals in the EMA region are undoubtedly part of larger populations that extend outside the region and that are expanding rapidly in size. Consequently the category is downgraded by two steps to Least Concern.",,"The humpback whale is a cosmopolitan species found in all the major ocean basins (Clapham and Mead 1999), and all but one subpopulation (that of the Arabian Sea) migrate between mating and calving grounds in tropical waters, usually near continental coastlines or island groups, and productive colder waters in temperate and high latitudes. Humpbacks are abundant throughout the Antarctic in summer south to the ice edge, but not within the pack ice zone. In the winter, Southern Hemisphere populations are aggregated into specific nearshore breeding areas in the Atlantic, Indian Ocean and Pacific, two of which extend north of the equator, e.g. off Colombia in the eastern Pacific and in the Bight of Benin in the Atlantic. Some wintering grounds are fairly localised, for example around island groups, and some are more diffuse, for example along the western coast of Southern Africa and the southern coast of west Africa. In the North Atlantic, they range in summer from Gulf of Maine in the west and Ireland in the east, and up to but not into the pack ice in the north; the northern extent of the humpback’s range includes the Barents Sea, Greenland Sea and Davis Strait, but not the Canadian Arctic. They occur mainly in specific feeding areas.  In the winter the great majority of whales migrate to wintering grounds in the West Indies, while an apparently small number of animals still utilize a historical breeding area around the Cape Verde Islands.Humpbacks rarely enter the Mediterranean and are considered vagrant there.","The humpback whale is better studied than other balaenopterid species, and migratory destinations are well known for some subpopulations. North AtlanticA comprehensive assessment of North Atlantic humpback whales was completed by the IWC Scientific Committee in 2002, from which most of the information below is drawn.Six distinct feeding aggegrations have been identified: Gulf of Maine; Gulf of St Lawrence; Newfoundland/Labrador; West Greenland; Iceland; North Norway (including Bear Island and Jan Mayen). Genetic and photo-ID data indicate that the six feeding aggregations represent relatively discrete subpopulations, fidelity to which is determined matrilineally.  However, because whales from different feeding grounds all mix in a common breeding area in the West Indies, there is male-mediated nuclear gene flow between the subpopulations.Humpbacks were heavily exploited in the past by pre-modern whaling in their breeding grounds in both the West Indies and the Cape Verde islands, and by modern whaling in their feeding grounds, especially off Iceland and off Norway in  the late 19th and early 20th centuries.  Catches of pre-modern whaling are estimated primarily from trade records.  Catches of early modern whaling also need to be estimated, because most of the catch records were not divided by species. An estimated 3,200 were taken from Iceland and 2,000 from northern Norway during 1880-1916.  About 1,500 humpback whales are reported killed in the North Atlantic since 1916, from a variety of areas including the British Isles, Faeroes, Norway, Iceland, Greenland, and eastern Canada, as well as Norwegian pelagic catches.Population modelling exercises show that the recent abundance and increase rate of humpback whales in the North Atlantic are too large to represent a recovery from depletion by the estimated past kills.  This suggests that either:(i) past kills have been substantially underestimated; or(ii) there has been some increase in the environmental carrying capacity for humpback whales; or(iii) whaling had a negative impact on the population, over and above the effects of the actual removals, in ways that are not understood; or(iv) some combination of the above factors.Whichever of the above hypotheses pertains, the increase rate of 3% per annum implies that humpbacks are considerably more abundant in the North Atlantic today than they were in 1940.  This is consistent with anecdotal evidence of the relatively low numbers observed prior to 1960.Generation timeTaylor et al. (2007) estimate mean generation time at 22 years.","With a few exceptions, such as the Arabian Sea population, humpback whales undertake long migrations between breeding grounds in tropical coastal waters in winter to feeding grounds in middle and high latitudes, mainly in continental shelf waters. In the Southern Hemisphere, humpbacks appear to feed mainly in the Antarctic, where the diet consists almost exclusively of krill (Euphausia superba), although some feeding in the Benguela Current ecosystem on the migration route west of South Africa has been observed (suspected prey species are E. lucens and Themisto jaudichaudi). Limited data on diet in other areas is available.  Humpback whales caught off Newfoundland and Labrador in the 1950s and 1960s were found to be consuming mainly capelin (Mallotus villotus). Those caught off California in the early 20th century were eating mainly euphausiids and sardines.  In areas of Alaska and the North Atlantic, humpback whales have also been observed feeding co-operatively on schools of herring (Clupea harengus), sand lance (Ammodytes spp.) and (more rarely) mackerel (Scomber scombrus), by herding the school together with bubble nets, clouds or curtains.","Although commercial whaling seriously depleted all humpback populations, the species has demonstrated remarkable resilience, and most populations have increased since the end of whaling, although there are several populations which remain small and for which no increase has yet been detected, such as the populations breeding near South Pacific islands, and the western North Pacific population. Humpback whales have been protected from commercial whaling worldwide since c.1963, but illegal catches by Soviet fleets continued in the Antarctic and North Pacific until 1973. Today, small numbers only are taken by a “subsistence” whaling operation off St Vincent (1-2 animals per year); it is possible that other small unreported catches occur elsewhere. However, the government of Japan has announced plans to resume humpback whaling in the Antarctic from the 2007/08 season, starting with an experimental catch of 50 animals per year under scientific permit. The species is not currently hunted in European waters.Humpback whales are subject to entanglements, often fatal, in fishing gear. They are also vulnerable to injury by ship strikes, which an also be fatal.  The documentation of such incidents is best for US waters.  For the Atlantic coasts of the US during 1999-2003, there were 19 reports of mortality or serious injury caused by entanglements and 7 cases of mortality or serious injury due to ship strikes.  For US Pacific waters (mainly Alaska) during 1999-2001 there were 13 reports of mortalities and serious injuries due to entanglement and three reports of mortalities due to ship strikes.","Humpbacks have been protected from commercial whaling worldwide since 1963, and there have been very few catches after 1967. Despite having been severely depleted to a world population in the low thousands at that time, humpbacks have since recovered strongly to a world population which was at least 60,000 in the mid-1990’s and has been increasing since. Humpback whales enjoy additional protective measures in some countries, such as sanctuaries.",,,Species account by IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist Group; regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CARNIVORA,MUSTELIDAE,Meles,meles,,Meles meles,,"Previously the genus Meles was considered as monotypic. According to recent morphological and genetic studies the genus has been split into three different species: M. meles, M. leucurus and M. anakuma (Abramov 2002, 2003, Abramov and Puzachenko 2005; see also Wilson and Reeder 2005).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, relatively large population, occurrence in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category.",,"According to Wilson and Reeder (2005) this species is found in “Afghanistan, Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, China (Xinjiang), Crete, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia (eastward up to Volga River), Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the Ukraine.” It occurs from sea level to 3,300 m in Pamir Mountains, up to 2,500m in the Caucsasus (A.V. Abramov pers. comm. 2006), and up to 2,200 m in the Alps (Spitzenberger 2002).The boundary between the distribution ranges of the European M. meles and Asian badger M. leucurus is the Volga River (up to the Middle Volga). M. meles is distributed west of the Volga River, M. leucurus is distributed from the Volga River to the east. The European badger M. meles was found in the Nizhnii Novgorod Province (on both sides of Volga River). M. meles is distributed in the west and north districts of Kirov Province, the east and south of Kirov Province are inhabited by M. leucurus. The sympatric zone between these species is the country between the Volga and Kama rivers (Abramov et al. 2003).","The species is abundant throughout its range, and populations are generally stable or increasing. Densities of this species have increased in Europe during recent decades (Holmala and Kauhala 2006). In central Europe the population is increasing due to the reduction of rabies, in western Ukraine the population has increased, and in the United Kingdom there was a 77% increase in the total population size from the 1980s to the 1990s (Battersby 2005). There are large differences in population densities across its range (Prigioni 1999). In Finland, near the northern limit of its distribution, the population density is low at about 0.2 to 0.25 individuals per km2 (Kauhala in litt. 2006), whereas in the UK densities of up to 19.7 individuals per km2 have been recorded (Prigioni 1999).","It prefers deciduous woods with clearings, or open pastureland with small patches of woodland. It is also found in mixed and coniferous woodland, scrub, suburban areas and urban parks (Prigioni 1999). It is an opportunistic forager with an omnivorous diet, including fruit, nuts, bulbs, tubers, acorns, and cereal crops. It also consumes a variety of invertebrates (especially earthworms), wasp and bee nests, birds' eggs, carrion, and live vertebrate prey such as hedgehogs, moles, and rabbits. In the northern parts of its range the species hibernates during the winter months. The home ranges of this species in Finland are very large, with a mean of about 15 km2 (Kauhala et al. 2006), and their social system is peculiar, with large overlapping home ranges without any communal den (K. Kauhala in litt. 2006). In Finland, it does not reproduce every year, and the litter size is small (Kauhala et al. 2006).","It is sometimes persecuted as a pest. In central Europe the population was formerly severely reduced by rabies, but that threat has now decreased with rabies controls. In the United Kingdom and Ireland the species is associated with bovine TB, which is used as a pretext to eradicate the species. During hunting for foxes or raccoons the badger is often killed as bycatch. In the Russian Federation the species is sometimes hunted for its meat and fat which is used as a medicine. The species is sensitive to habitat fragmentation and the size of the remaining patch is important for the continued survival of the species. In Germany, the species is hunted annually. It is possible that the introduced raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) competes with the badger in parts of its range, and a project in Finland is looking into this possible threat (K. Kauhala in litt. 2006). Badgers are heavily hunted in Finland, the annual harvest has increased in recent years, being about 10,000 badgers now (K. Kauhala in litt. 2006). The hunting season in Finland is the whole year, with the exception of females with young being protected in May, June, and July (K. Kauhala in litt. 2006).","It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention. It is protected under national legislation in a number of range states: e.g. Schedule 6 of the UK Wildlife and Countryside Act, the Protection of Badgers Act (UK), and Schedule 5 of the Irish Wildlife Acts. In Albania it is considered Endangered. The species is found in many protected areas.",,,"Andreas Kranz, Alexei Tikhonov, Jim Conroy, Paulo Cavallini, Juan Herrero, Michael Stubbe, Tiit Maran, Margarida Fernades, Alexei Abramov, Chris Wozencraft",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,MURIDAE,Meriones,meridianus,,Meriones meridianus,,"The taxonomy of this species needs revision. Several subspecies are recognised. M. (P.) m. dahli Schidlovski, 1962 is currently listed as a subspecies, but is probably an independent species (Gromov and Erbaeva 1995).",No,LC,,No,NE,,EU25,-,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)A widespread species with no major threats. Assessed as Least Concern. Taxonomic revision is needed, and if Meriones (P.) meridianus dahli Schidlovski, 1962 from Transcaucasia is recognised as a separate species, the status of this form should be reassessed.",,"Distributed in sand deserts in the western Caspian Sea region (Russian Federation), Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Iran, northern Afganistan, northern China and Mongolia.","It is a widespread and generally common species within much of its range, although populations undergo major fluctuations in density. Depending on winter weather conditions and the availability of essential fodder crops, density could fluctuate by ten times or more. Like other gerbil species, Meriones meridianus is a natural carrier of plague and other diseases. Population size in this species is monitored by plague control agencies.","Distributed in sand deserts, including fragmented alluvial and deluvial sands. Most abundant in hilly deserts and sandy areas with shrub cover, including small sand tracts in the steppe zone in the western part of the range. In spring and summer it is nocturnal, but in autumn (while foraging for winter) it remains active all day. Burrows are usually excavated under the roots of shrubs. Congregates in large colonies with pronounced social structure. Feeds mostly on seeds, sometimes on insects. Breeding period differs in northern and southern parts of the range. In northern parts it lasts from April til September, with two peaks in spring and autumn. In southern parts the reproductive period occurs from February or March til beginning of October, and in favourable conditions it may last throughout the year. Females that are at least a year old usually give birth to three litters per year; young females give birth once, rarely twice a year. Litter size is about 6 young.",There are no major threat to this species.,This species occurs in a number of protected areas in different parts of its range.,,,"Katerina Tsytsulina, Nikolai Formozov, Boris Sheftel",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,MURIDAE,Meriones,tamariscinus,,Meriones tamariscinus,,Includes 4-5 subspecies.,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU25,-,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)An abundant species with no major threats. Classed as Least Concern.,,"Distributed from cis-Caucasia through Kazakhstan to Tajikistan, Mongolia, and N Xinjiang and Nei Mongol regions of China (Gromov and Erbaeva 1995, Wilson and Reeder 2005).","It is a common species within much of its range, although populations undergo fluctuations in density every 2-3 years. Usually does not form colonies, but in Kazakhstan density could reach 30-50 individuals per hectare. A considerable pest of grain-crops, melons and gourds. In Central Asia population density considerably increases during the time of year when cereals ripen. Like other gerbil species it is a natural carrier of plague and other diseases agents. Population size is under observation of plague control services.","Inhabits shrubby thickets in flood-plains and forest belts (in Astrakhan semidesert); also oases and shrubby semi-deserts with some grass cover. In NW parts of the range it is expanding its range and occupying new lands that have appeared as the Caspian Sea has dried out; however, in the Aral Sea region the species's range has stayed the same despite the availability of new lands. Lives in family groups, occasionally forming small colonies without social structure. Besides seeds, a considerable proportion of its diet is made up of vegetative parts of plants. Reproduction starts in February to March (western parts of the range) or March to April (eastern parts of the range) and lasts for about six months. Breeding intensity decreases during hot months. Females that have overwintered usually give birth to three litters per year; young females generally start reproduction in June. Litter size is about 4-5 young.",No major threats to this species are known.,This species occurs in some protected areas.,,,"Katerina Tsytsulina, Nikolai Formozov, Boris Sheftel",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,MURIDAE,Meriones,tristrami,,Meriones tristrami,,,No,,,No,,,EU25,-,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Assessed as Not Applicable as it is of marginal occurrence in Europe.,,"Occurs on the island of Kos (Greece); also in Asia Minor, the Middle East, Transcaucasia and northwestern Iran (Mitchell-Jones et al. 1999). Less than 1% of its global range lies within the European Mammal Assessment region.",One of the most common jirds throughout much of its global range.,Prefers deserts and dry steppes.,No major threats are known.,,,,European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Mesocricetus,newtoni,,Mesocricetus newtoni,,,Yes,NT,,No,NE,,EU25,-,"The species has a restricted range, but its extent of occurrence is greater than 20,000 km². The area of occupancy is not known, but is suspected to approach the 2,000 km² threshold for Vulnerable. The species is adversely affected by agricultural intensification, and is inferred to be decreasing, although there are no quantitative data on population trend. Consequently it is assessed as Near Threatened. If new information shows that the area of occupancy is below 2,000 km², uplisting to Vulnerable (criterion B2) should be considered. However, if the population trend is conclusively determined to be stable, downlisting to Least Concern may be warranted.",,"Mesocricetus newtoni is a European endemic. It is restricted to lowlands (up to 460 m) along the right bank of the lower Danube river in northern Bulgaria and Romania, Dobrudja (Vohralík 1999). Its extent of occurrence is small (<50,000 km2), but its area of occupancy is unknown.","It is uncommon throughout its small range. Population densities fluctuate, but outbreaks are localised and infrequent. Long-term population trends have not been quantified but are believed to be declining. In Romania, the population was estimated at around 3,000 mature individuals (Murariu 1995).","It is found in relatively dry habitats including barren, rocky steppe and steppe grassland, Medicago, Taraxacum and cereal fields, vineyards, gardens, and scrubby slopes (Vohralík 1999). Its diet is probably similar to that of other hamster species.","The main threat is habitat loss and degradation as a result of intensive agriculture. The agricultural utilisation of abandoned fields and steppe-like habitat is very likely to have a negative impact on the species (V. Vohralik pers. comm. 2006), although the species does inhabit some anthropogenic habitats. In Dobrudja intensive agriculture is ongoing (I. Coroiu pers. comm. 2006), and agricultural intensification may have increased since the accession of Romania to the European Union.","It is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention. Monitoring is required to determine population trends in this poorly-known species; if there is evidence of declines, appropriate conservation measures should be instated (Nechay 2000). The species is included on the Red Lists of Romania and Bulgaria, and is protected by Romanian legislation.",,,"Coroiu, I. & Vohralík, V.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,ZIPHIIDAE,Mesoplodon,bidens,,Mesoplodon bidens,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU25,Unknown,"The range of this species does not qualify as threatened under criterion B. It cannot be ruled out that the regional population of this species is small enough to warrant listing under criteria C-D. Population trend or abundance data for this species are unavailable. As with other beaked whales, threats that could cause widespread declines include high levels of anthropogenic sound, especially military sonar and seismic surveys, and bycatch. The relative rarity of this species implied from the existing records makes it potentially vulnerable to low-level threats.The combination of possible declines driven by vulnerability to high-level anthropogenic sound sources and bycatch is believed sufficient that a 30% reduction over three generations could not be ruled out. Therefore, the species is currently considered to be Data Deficient.",,"Sowerby's beaked whales are known almost exclusively from the colder waters of the North Atlantic, from at least Massachusetts, USA to Labrador, Canada in the west, and from Iceland to Norway in the east (Mead 1989, MacLeod et al. 2006). This is the most northerly distributed of the Atlantic species of Mesoplodon, and most records are north of 30°N.  Based on unconfirmed records, the range may include (probably as a stray) the Mediterranean Sea.  Records from the shallow Baltic Sea are considered extralimital.  The species appears to be more common in the eastern North Atlantic than in the western.  Based on strandings, the area of northern Europe appears to be the center of abundance.  There is a single record from Florida in the Gulf of Mexico, but this appears to represent an extralimital wandering.  As with other members of the genus, they occur almost exclusively in deep waters past the continental shelf edge.","Very little is known of the subpopulation biology of this species, other than the fact that it is not rare. It is one of the most commonly seen mesoplodonts in some parts of its range. Abundance is often underestimated using visual survey methods because they dive for long periods and are inconspicuous when they surface (Barlow 1999).","Very little is known of the natural history of this species beyond what has been learned from occasional sightings and strandings (see Pitman 2002), which have generally involved singles and pairs. However, in several sightings observed at sea off Nova Scotia, groups ranged in size from 3-10 and some were of mixed composition.  Mass strandings of up to six individuals of this species have been recorded.  Recorded dives lasted 12-28 minutes (Hooker and Baird 1999).  These whales often bring their heads up out of the water at a 45° angle when surfacing, and often arch their backs relatively high when diving.  Breaching, spy-hopping, and fluke-slapping have been observed in sightings at sea.  There have also been some instances in which the animals approached vessels.Although it is one of the most commonly stranded Mesoplodon species, there have been few sightings at sea, and it is poorly known. De Buffrénil (1995) mentioned that two sightings were north of Scotland and west of the Orkney Islands, in waters several hundred metres deep. Hooker and Baird (1999) observed groups of Sowerby's beaked whales in the Gully, a submarine canyon off eastern Canada, on four occasions. Sightings were in water depths of between 550 and 1500 m. Sowerby's beaked whales feed on squid and small fish, including Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua).  Ostrom et al. (1993) evaluated the diet of Sowerby's beaked whales, based on isotopic comparisons among northwestern Atlantic cetaceans.","There is little specific information on the status or threats to this species (Reeves et al. 2003). However, some are known to have been incidentally killed by whalers in Newfoundand, Iceland, and in the Barents Sea.  A few entanglements in fishing gear (e.g. driftnets) have been documented. Like other beaked whales, this species is likely to be  susceptible to acoustic trauma caused by loud anthropogenic sounds like those generated by navy sonar exercises (Cox et al. 2006)","The species is poorly known. However, its distribution spans most of the North Atlantic and strandings do occur on the west and east coasts of the Atlantic ocean. Range states should be encouraged to conduct more coordinated research efforts (Culik 2004).",,,Species account by IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist Group; regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,ZIPHIIDAE,Mesoplodon,densirostris,,Mesoplodon densirostris,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU25,Unknown,"The range of this species does not qualify as threatened under criterion B. It cannot be ruled out that the regional population of this species is small enough to warrant listing under criteria C-D. Population trend or abundance data for this species are unavailable. As with other beaked whales, threats that could cause widespread declines include high levels of anthropogenic sound, especially military sonar and seismic surveys, and bycatch. The combination of possible declines driven by vulnerability to high-level anthropogenic sound sources and bycatch is believed sufficient that a 30% reduction over three generations could not be ruled out. Therefore, the species is currently considered to be Data Deficient.",,"Blainville's beaked whales occur in temperate and tropical waters of all oceans (Mead 1989). This species has the most extensive distribution of any species of the genus Mesoplodon, and is also the most tropical of the genus (Pitman 2002, MacLeod et al. 2006). Like other beaked whales, they are found mostly offshore in deep waters, but they may sometimes occur reasonably close to shore (MacLeod and Zuur 2005). Sightings are also common around some oceanic archipelagos, like the Hawaiian (USA) and Society Islands (French Polynesia).  They occur in many enclosed seas with deep water, such as the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and the Sea of Japan.  However, there are only rare records of this species occurring in the Mediterranean, and therefore the species is considered to be a vagrant there.","Overall, the species appears to be fairly common in most tropical seas, and it is one of the most common of all the species of Mesoplodon (Reeves et al. 2003). Estimates of abundance are generally not available for most areas, but there are estimated to be 2,138 (CV=77%) in Hawaiian waters (Carretta et al. 2006). Abundance is often underestimated using visual survey methods because they dive for long periods and are inconspicuous when they surface (Barlow 1999).","There is more information available on the behavior and ecology of Blainville’s beaked whale than for any other species of Mesoplodon (Reeves et al. 2003). There is a subpopulation of this species that is being studied in detail in the Bahamas (Balcomb 1981, MacLeod and Zuur 2005). Individual whales have been identified, based on natural marks. This represents only the second case that a beaked whale subpopulation has undergone long-term behavioral and ecological study (the other case is northern bottlenose whales in the Gully). Groups of 3-7 Blainville's beaked whales have most often been recorded, although singles or pairs are most common. In the Bahamas, adults are generally grouped into what appear to be ‘harems’, with a single adult male accompanying several adult females.  Subadults appear to stay in separate groups.  The harems tend of occur in more productive waters over the continental shelf canyon walls, while subadults tend to occur in less productive waters inshore and offshore of these areas.Although there is not a great deal know of habitat preferences for beaked whales, there is more known for this species than for any other in the genus.  A detailed analysis of habitat preferences in the Bahamas, where this species is commonly encountered, indicated that Blainville’s beaked whales were found preferentially in waters of intermediate depth gradients and depths between 200 and 1,000 m (continental slope waters).  These may be areas of increased prey availability caused by interactions of currents and local topography (MacLeod and Zuur 2005).  Observations around Hawaii seem to indicate that animals prefer water depths of 700 - 1000m  (Baird et al. 2006). Dives of up to 1,400 m and over 54 minutes have been recorded in Hawaiian waters (Baird et al. 2006). Squid are apparently the main food items, but some deepwater fish may be taken as well. Like most other ziphiids, they are thought to be suction feeders (Heyning and Mead 1996) .","No incidental or directed catches of this species have been recorded in European waters, although they have been recorded elsewhere in the species' global range. Like other beaked whales, this species appears to be highly vulnerable to mortality associated with naval sonar exercises (Cox et al. 2006). Subadult whales, found in more offshore waters, may be more susceptible (Anonymous 2001). At least one animal died in September 2002 during a naval exercise conducted around Gran Canaria, Canary Islands (Vidal Martin pers. comm.). Another two specimens live stranded during a naval exercise off the Bahamas in March 2000 (Rowles et al. 2000). High intensity Low Frequency Active Sonar (LFAS) was used by US and NATO vessels in both these areas, respectively, which apparently led to a multi-species mass stranding in the Bahamas, including both M. densirostris and Ziphius cavirostris (Balcomb and Claridge 2001).Concerns regarding the impact of man-made debris in the marine environment are increasing. Pollution in the form of plastic debris has been recently recognised as a major threat to marine wildlife, in terms of ingestion and entanglement. On 27 February 1993, a 419 cm adult female Blainville's beaked whale was found washed ashore in an advanced state of decomposition at Mar Grosso Beach (32°07'S, 52°02'W), Sao Jose do Norte, southern Brazil (Secchi and Zarzur 1999). Stomach analysis revealed the presence of a blueish bundle of plastic threads occupying a large part of the main stomach chamber. Both stomach and intestines were completely free of parasites, as well as food remains and faeces, indicating that the whale had not fed for some time.","The species is poorly known with respect to abundance, migratory patterns, by-catch and direct catch rates. Range states should be encouraged to conduct more coordinated research efforts.",,,Species account by IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist Group; regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,ZIPHIIDAE,Mesoplodon,europaeus,,Mesoplodon europaeus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU25,Unknown,"The range of this species does not qualify as threatened under criterion B. It cannot be ruled out that the regional population of this species is small enough to warrant listing under criteria C-D. Population trend or abundance data for this species are unavailable. As with other beaked whales, threats that could cause widespread declines include high levels of anthropogenic sound, especially military sonar and seismic surveys, and bycatch. The combination of possible declines driven by vulnerability to high-level anthropogenic sound sources and bycatch is believed sufficient that a 30% reduction over three generations could not be ruled out. Therefore, the species is currently considered to be Data Deficient.",,"Although sometimes depicted as a North Atlantic endemic, this species is probably continuously distributed in deep waters across the tropical and temperate Atlantic Ocean, both north and south of the equator (Mead 1989, MacLeod et al. 2006). Most records are from the east and Gulf coasts of North America, from New York to Texas, but Gervais' beaked whales are also known from several of the Caribbean islands.  This is the most commonly-stranded beaked whale in the southeastern United States.  In the eastern Atlantic, they are known from Ireland to Guinea-Bissau in West Africa. There is only one record of this species entering the Mediterranean, and it is considered a vagrant there (Podesta et al. 2005).","No specific estimates of abundance exist; however estimates indicate that 106 (CV=41%) mesoplodonts occur in the northern Gulf of Mexico, which are considered to be either M. densirostris or M. europaeus (Waring et al. 2006). Based on the frequency with which they strand, they are presumed to be relatively common in waters along the east coast of North America. Abundance is often underestimated using visual survey methods because they dive for long periods and are inconspicuous when they surface (Barlow 1999).","Gervais' beaked whales have only been reliably identified alive in the wild on a few occasions (Pitman 2002), mostly in the eastern Atlantic, although many Mesoplodon sightings in the Gulf of Mexico are thought to have been of this species. Around the Canary Islands, they sometimes lift their heads out of the water upon surfacing.  Live-stranded individuals have been held in captivity for short periods of time.Like other members of the genus, the species prefers deep waters based on the presence of prey from such habitats in stomach contents and a lack of sightings near shore (Mead 1989). Strandings and the few possible sightings suggest that the species prefers tropical and subtropical waters (MacLeod et al. 2006).Like other members of the genus, Gervais’ beaked whales are known to feed primarily on squid, although some fish may be taken as well (Norman and Mead 2001).  Growth layer group counts in the teeth of one specimen suggest they live to at least 48 years of age (Mead 1984).","Specimens of Gervais’ beaked whale have been entangled and killed in pound nets off New Jersey. Like other beaked whales, this species is highly sensitive to disturbance and mortality from loud anthropogenic sounds such as naval sonar exercises (Cox et al. 2006). Several atypical mass strandings of beaked whales, including Gervais' beaked whales, were associated with naval activities: mid to late 1980s on the Canary Islands (Waring et al. 2006), in March 2000 on the Bahamas (Rowles et al. 2000, Anonymous 2001) and again in September 2002 during a naval NATO maneuver involving low frequency sonar around the Canaries (Vidal pers. comm.).Finally, all beaked whales seem to be susceptible to the ingestion of plastic bags, which are of widespread occurrence at sea and have been linked to detrimental health effects in several cetacean species.",No specific conservation measures are known for this species.,,,Species account by IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist Group; regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,ZIPHIIDAE,Mesoplodon,mirus,,Mesoplodon mirus,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU25,Unknown,"The range of this species does not qualify as threatened under criterion B. It cannot be ruled out that the regional population of this species is small enough to warrant listing under criteria C-D. Population trend or abundance data for this species are unavailable. As with other beaked whales, threats that could cause widespread declines include high levels of anthropogenic sound, especially military sonar and seismic surveys, and bycatch. The combination of possible declines driven by vulnerability to high-level anthropogenic sound sources and bycatch is believed sufficient that a 30% reduction over three generations could not be ruled out. Therefore, the species is currently considered to be Data Deficient.",,"True's beaked whales appear to have a disjunct, antitropical distribution (Mead 1989, MacLeod et al. 2006). In the Northern Hemisphere, they are known only in the North Atlantic, from records in eastern North America (Nova Scotia to Florida), Bermuda, Europe to the Canary Islands, the Bay of Biscay, and the Azores. They also occur at least in the southern Indian Ocean, from South Africa, Madagascar, southern Australia and the Atlantic coast of Brazil (MacLeod et al. 2006). The species does not generally occur within 30° north or south of the equator, which may indicate that the northern and the southern subpopulations are isolated from one another. This is supported by morphological and coloration differences (Ross 1969, Ross 1984). This peculiar disparate distribution pattern suggests that there may actually be separate species or subspecies in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres; however, this is not confirmed.","Until recent years, True’s beaked whales had been only rarely identified at sea, and there are no estimates of abundance. The species is not rare, however, at least in the North Atlantic. Abundance of beaked whales is often underestimated using visual survey methods because they dive for long periods and are inconspicuous when they surface (Barlow 1999).","Since True’s beaked whale has rarely been identified alive in the wild, and is not one of the most commonly-stranded species, there is little information available on its natural history (see Pitman 2002). Groups observed at sea have consisted of up to three individuals. They may show their beaks when surfacing. Known mainly from stranded specimens, M. mirus is probably a deep water pelagic species, like other ziphiids (Houston 1990). Like other members of the genus, stranded animals have had squid (mostly Loligo spp.) in their stomachs. They may also take fish, at least occasionally. Stable isotope analysis has found that this species feeds at a similar trophic level to other Mesoplodon species with which it is sympatric, but at lower trophic level than Cuvier’s beaked whale and  the northern bottlenose whales which suggests that it feeds on smaller prey than these latter species (MacLeod 2005).","Almost no information is available on the threats and status of this species. It appears never to have been hunted.  Mesoplodonts have been taken occasionally by whalers but are not presently the main targets of any hunt. Entanglement in fishing gear, especially gillnets in deep water (e.g. for billfish and tuna), is probably the most significant threat. Like other beaked whales, this species is likely to be sensitive to disturbance and mortality from loud anthropogenic sounds such as naval sonar exercises (Cox et al. 2006).As a temperate water species, True's beaked whale may be vulnerable to the effects of climate change as ocean warming may result in a shift or contraction of the species range as it tracks the occurrence of its prefered water temperatures (Learmonth et al. 2006).  Finally, all beaked whales seem to be susceptible to the ingestion of plastic bags, which are of widespread occurrence at sea and have been linked to detrimental health effects in several cetacean species.",No conservation measures for this species are known.,,,Species account by IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist Group; regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,MURIDAE,Micromys,minutus,,Micromys minutus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Both globally and within Europe, the species is widespread and common. Although wetland habitat destruction is occurring in many places throughout its range, the species is highly tolerant of disturbed habitats and is not considered threatened at present.",,"The harvest mouse has a large range in the Palaearctic and Indomalayan regions, where it occurs from northern Spain and Great Britain through Europe, eastern Fennoscandia, and Russia to northern Mongolia, China, northeast India, Myanmar and Vietnam (Corbet 1978, Panteleyev 1998, Spitzenberger 1999). It is present in Japan and on the border between southern Sweden and south-east Norway, where it is regarded as possibly introduced (van der Kooij et al. 2001, Wilson and Reeder 2005, van der Kooij et al. in litt. 2006). In Europe, it is largely absent from Iberia, the southern part of Italy and the Alps, and it occurs only sporadically in the Balkans. It is typically a lowland species, although it occurs at altutudes of up to 1,700 m in Europe (Spitzenberger 1999).","Population declines have been noted in many parts of Europe. However, populations of this species fluctuate drastically, and some reported declines may in fact have been part of a natural fluctuation (Trout 1978, Haberl and Kryštufek 2003). The species is hard to trap and is often not recorded even when it is present (Haberl and Kryštufek 2003). However, nests may be found quite easily by experienced observers (R. Juškaitis, pers. comm. 2006).","It is found in wetlands, reedbeds, and clearings and edges of humid forest. It has also adapted to a variety of anthropogenic habitats, including gardens and arable land (in the wetter north-western parts of its range), drainage ditches, and rice paddies (Spitzenberger 1999). It has a high tolerance of disturbed habitats (Haberl and Kryštufek 2003).","In Europe the species is common in wetlands (e.g. rice fields) and other habitats (e.g. abandoned agricultural land). There are no serious threats to the survival of the species here, although local population declines have occurred in some areas as a result of loss and degradation of wetland habitats (Spitzenberger 1999).",It occurs in protected areas within its range.,,,"Boris Kryštufek, Holger Meinig, Heikki Henttonen",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Microtus,agrestis,,Microtus agrestis,,Molecular evidence suggests this may be two species (Jaarola and Searle 2002).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)A widespread and common species with no major threats.,,"The field vole is a widespread Palaearctic species, ranging from western Europe eastwards through Russia to Lake Baikal in south-east Siberia. In Europe, it is present in Great Britain and western, central and northern parts of the continent, but absent from Iceland, Ireland and southern Europe (Zima 1999, Shenbrot and Krasnov 2005). It occurs from sea level to 2,100 m in the Alps (Spitzenberger 2002).","It is generally common, although it may be locally rare in marginal parts of its range in western and central Europe. In some areas, population density fluctuates markedly over a cycle of approximately three to four years. In peak years it can cause damage to pastures, orchards and forestry plantations (Zima 1999).","It occurs in a wide range of habitats including grasslands, woods, upland heaths, dunes, marshes, peat-bogs and river-banks, tending to prefer damp areas. It occurs in a number of anthropogenic habitats including meadows, field-margins and young forestry plantations, but is absent from heavily grazed areas (Zima 1999). The field vole is predominantly herbivorous, feeding on grasses and herbaceous plants, and gnawing bark in the winter. Exceptionally, animal prey (e.g. dipteran larvae) are taken (Krapp and Niethammer 1982).",There appear to be no major threats to this species over much of its range.,The species is present in a large number of protected areas throughout its wide range. No specific conservation measures are required.,,,"Boris Kryštufek, Vladimir Vohralík, Jan Zima, Igor Zagorodnyuk",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Microtus,arvalis,,Microtus arvalis,,The species consists of two allopatric chromosomal races (“arvalis” and “obscurus”: Wilson and Reeder 2005).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This is a widespread and common species with no known major threats.,,"Microtus arvalis has a large range extending from Spain across much of western, central and eastern Europe to the Middle East and central Russia (Shenbrot and Krasnov 2005). Isolated populations exist in Iberia, Guernsey and the Orkney Islands. It is absent from much of southern Europe, Fennoscandia, northern Russia, Iceland and the British Isles (with the exception of the Orkney Islands, where it was introduced prehistorically). The species occurs from sea level to 2,600 m (Spitzenberger 2002).","It is a common species throughout much of its range, with population densities of over 1,000 individuals per ha reported in peak years. Population densities may fluctuate markedly from year to year. In most areas, populations are apparently stable, although the Orkney subspecies Microtus arvalis orcadensis has declined in recent years (Macdonald and Tattersall 2001).","It is typically found in dry, open habitats such as natural alpine grassland above the timber line (Spitzenberger 2002), grazed pastures, arable land, field margins and meadows. Wet grassland and tall grasses are avoided. It feeds mainly on the green parts of grasses and herbaceous plants, and is a serious agricultural pest in some areas (Zima 1999).",The decline on Orkney has been attributed to land-use changes (Macdonald and Tattersall 2001). Elsewhere it is not under threat.,"The species is present in many protected areas. It is often considered a pest as it damages crops. On Orkney, despite recent declines the vole remains abundant, and simulation modelling suggests that the population is likely to remain viable without requiring specific conservation measures (Macdonald and Tattersall 2001).",,,Giovanni Amori,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Microtus,bavaricus,,Microtus bavaricus,,"Microtus bavaricus is part of Microtus multiplex species-complex. Its formerly continuous range in the Alps was split into three parts during the last glaciation which led to the evolution of three species: Microtus liechtensteini (south of the Alps east of the river Adige and Balkan mountains), Microtus multiplex (south of the Alps west of the river Adige), and M. bavaricus (north of the Alps in a small refuge in Bavaria and Northern Tyrol) (Haring et al. 2000, Spitzenberger et al. 2000, Spitzenberger 2002, Musser and Carleton 2005, Martinkova et al. 2007).",Yes,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),No,CR,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),EU25,Unfavourable,"This species is restricted to one location, which is severely fragmented and under threat from habitat loss. There are confirmed extinctions of populations in Germany, and good certainty that the species is restricted to the one known location. There remains some doubt about the validity of this population as a distinct species, but current research indicates that it is valid.",,"Microtus bavaricus is endemic to the Northeastern Alps. Previously it was known from only one location in the district of Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Bavaria, Germany. The last record of the species at this site was in 1962. A population discovered in Northern Tyrol, Austria in 1976/1977 was much later (2000) assigned to Microtus bavaricus based on genetic and karyological analysis (Haring et al. 2000, Spitzenberger et al. 2000). This population was confirmed to exist there still in 2004. Genetic and karyological analyses of both captured individuals and museum specimens have confirmed that the Austrian population belongs to Microtus bavaricus (Haring et al. 2000, Spitzenberger et al. 2000, Martínkova et al. 2007). Intensive surveys in Germany have failed to find the species, and both of the former known sites have been lost (one as a result of urbanization, the other due to deforestation and the replacement of natural vegetation with fertilized pasture)(H. Meinig pers. comm. 2006). The species is now known only from Rofan Mountain, Northern Tyrol, Austria where it occurs in altitudes between 730 and 1,100 metres a.s.l. Given the extensive surveys that have been carried out, the species is unlikely to be found elsewhere (F. Spitzenberger pers. comm. 2006).",Fewer than 50 individuals have been collected (F. Spitzenberger pers. comm. 2006).,"The original site was in an area of Alpine meadows. However, the species was rediscovered in an open mixed forest dominated by spruce with abundant brooks (F. Spitzenberger pers. comm. 2006).","Habitat at the type locality was lost following the construction of a hospital. The forests in which M. bavaricus lives in Northern Tyrol were used probably since medieval times as cattle pasture. This practice stopped in 2005, when in parts of the valleys the forest was replaced by fertilized and fenced cattle pastures. Through this M. bavaricus lost large parts of its known habitat. Habitat loss is expected to go on, as the open forests will become denser through lack of cattle browsing and intensification of forestry practices (F. Spitzenberger pers. comm. 2006).","The single site at which the species is known to occur is not protected, although the species has been legally protected under the local Tyrolean provincial law since 2006. There is no current national or EU legislation, but the species is strictly protected under Appendix II of the Bern Convention. There are currently no management plans in place (F. Spitzenberger pers. comm. 2006). Recommended conservation actions include the following: conduct surveys to determine the size and distribution of the rediscovered population; continue searching similar sites in the German and Austrian Alps to look for other populations; protect habitat at the rediscovery site.",,,"Spitzenberger, F., Zima, J., Meinig, H. & Vohralík, V.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Microtus,brachycercus,,Microtus brachycercus,,"The validity of this species needs to be confirmed (Wilson and Reeder 2005, G. Amori pers. comm. 2006).",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"The distribution of this species is not well known, and there is continued work on its taxonomic validity. It is probably common and not declining, so there is no reason to think that with further information this species would qualify as threatened. Therefore listed as Least Concern.",,"This species is known from southern Italy, Calabrian Peninsula, Camigliatello Silano (Wilson and Reeder 2005). Genetic data also indicates that the species occurs in Abruzzo region of central Italy (Castiglia et al. 2008; G. Amori pers. comm. 2006). The distribution limits between M. savii and M. brachycercus require clarification.","Like Microtus savii, to which it it closely related (indeed perhaps conspecific), it is likely to be widespread and abundant within its range, with a stable population trend (G. Amori in litt. 2006).","It is found in the majority of terrestrial habitat types, with the exception of high mountains, dense woodlands, and some very sandy, rocky or wet areas. It occurs in many anthropogenic habitats including pastures, arable land, gardens, and urban areas.",No major threats are known.,The species is found in protected areas. Research is required to clarify the taxonomy of this species.,,,"Amori, G.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Microtus,cabrerae,,Microtus cabrerae,,Its phylogenetic position was studied by Jaarola et al. (2004).,Yes,NT,,Yes,NT,,EU25,Unfavourable,"This species has an area of occupancy that is small and potentially in decline (Pita et al. 2007). If the area of occupancy is measured based on 2x2 km grid squares (as recommended in the Red List Guidelines), the area of occupancy is likely to exceed 2,000 km2, but potentially not by much. Assessed as Near Threatened under criterion B2.",,"Microtus cabrerae is endemic to the Iberian peninsula (Portugal and Spain), where it has a fragmented range (Palomo 1999, Shenbrot and Krasnov 2005). It occurs from 0 to 1,500 m, although it is most common below 1,200 m (Palomo and Gisbert 2002, R. Pita unpublished data).In Spain, populations in the south have recently disappeared (Muñoz, L.J.P. pers. comm.2007).","Many subpopulations are small, fragmented, and subject to major inter-annual fluctuations (Palomo and Gisbert 2002, Mira et al. 2005). Subfossil remains have been found outside the species' current distribution, suggesting a range contraction (Palomo 1999), and it is considered that the species occupies a relict distribution (Palomo and Gisbert 2002). Population densities are moderate by comparison with other arvicoline rodents, typically varying between 17 and 350 individuals per hectare (Palomo and Gisbert 2002). The species is often found in isolated patches inhabited by a few individuals, often an adult couple and its offspring.","It occurs in pastures, fields and open clearings in woodland, tending to prefer damper areas than the common vole. It is often found in proximity to water (Palomo 1999) and on road verges (Santos et al. 2006, Pita et al. 2006). Meadows and perennial grassland communities are the most favourable microhabitats for this species (Santos et al. 2005).","Agricultural intensification, including overgrazing, has presumably contributed to range contractions and fragmentation over the last few decades (Palomo 1999). There is increased pressure on streams and other wetland areas the species occurs in. There is suspicion that interspecific competition with Arvicola sapidus may be a problem (Pita et al. 2006).",The species occurs in protected areas in both Portugal and Spain. It is protected under the Bern Convention (Appendix II) and the EU Habitats and Species Directive (Annex II and Annex IV).,,,"Fernandes, M., Pita, R. & Mira, A.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Microtus,duodecimcostatus,,Microtus duodecimcostatus,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"A common species, which is considered an agricultural pest across its range.",,"Endemic to the western Mediterranean, where it occurs in the Iberian Peninsula (everywhere except the north-west) and southern France (Shenbrot and Krasnov 2005). It is found from sea level to 2,250 m (Palomo 1999).","It is widely distributed throughout its geographic range, and can reach high enough densities in some areas to be considered an agricultural pest (particularly in orchards). Population densities of 400-600 individuals per ha exceptionally have been recorded, but lower densities are more typical (le Louarn and Quéré 2003).","It occurs in open habitats with relatively deep, loose soil, where it constructs underground burrows (Palomo 1999). It occurs in a number of anthropogenic habitats, including pastures, arable land, and orchards. It is also found in shrubland (le Louarn and Quéré 2003).","Pest control can cause very significant local population declines (Palomo 1999). However, there is no evidence of global declines as a result of this.",It occurs in a number of protected areas across its range.,,,"Aulagnier, S. & Palomo, L.J.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Microtus,felteni,,Microtus felteni,,"Formerly considered a subspecies of Microtus savii, but now regarded as a separate species (Wilson and Reeder 2005)",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU25,Unknown,"The species is endemic to the Mediterranean region and is restricted to a relatively small area. It is naturally rare, and there is some indications of shrinkage in the southern parts of its range; in Greece the species is certainly declining, perhaps by as much as 20-25% over the last ten years. However nothing is known of the status of populations in the northern parts of its range. There is a need for more information on the species' population, habitat requirements and ecology, therefore currently assessed as Data Deficient.",,"Microtus felteni occurs in southern Serbia, F. Y. R. Macedonia, Albania and northern Greece (Shenbrot and Krasnov 2005), where it has been recorded from 360-2,050 m (Kryštufek 1999). The species occurs in a relatively narrow range.",It is a little-known and rare species throughout its relatively small range. Population trends are not known. There is some evidence of range shrinkage in the south of its range indicating population declines (Greece) (C. Stamatopoulos unpublished data). The species has been rarely collected and is known from only around fifteen localities.,"It is primarily known from mountain forests, although it is very occasionally found on arable farmland at lower altitudes (Kryštufek 1999). This species is poorly known, but is likely to have a broad habitat tolerance (B. Kryštufek and V. Vohralík pers. comm. 2006).",No major threats are known. The species is not likely to be affected significantly by habitat loss (B. Kryštufek and V. Vohralík pers. comm. 2006).,"Some of the known records are from protected areas. Research on population status and trends, habitat requirements and ecology are required.",,,"Mitsain, G. & Kryštufek, B.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Microtus,gerbei,,Microtus gerbei,,"Some authors consider Microtus pyrenaicus a synonym of Microtus gerbei, although there is debate about which name is appropriate (Musser and Carleton 2005).",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"A common species within its range, particularly in western areas. No major threats.",,"Microtus gerbei is endemic to the western Mediterranean, where it occurs in northern Spain and western and central France (Shenbrot and Krasnov 2005). It occurs from sea level up to 2,000 m in the Pyrenees (Palomo 1999).","It is locally abundant in at least parts of its range, reaching densities of up to 100 individuals per hectare (Palomo 1999). It is most abundant in western France (S. Aulagnier pers. comm. 2006).","At lower altitudes, it is found in pastures and arable land, whereas in the mountains it inhabits grassland and rocky woodland edges. Relatively cool (15º - 16º annual medium temperature) and dry areas are preferred (Palomo and Gisbert 2002). It is a fossorial species, although it burrows less in mountainous areas (Palomo 1999).",No major threats are known.,Occurs in some protected areas. No specific conservation measures required.,,,"Aulagnier, S. & Palomo, L.J.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Microtus,gregalis,,Microtus gregalis,,"The only representative of the subgenus Stenocranius. Complex subspecies structure with 11-15 subspecies. Taking into consideration fragmented range and morphological variation, Microtus gregalis probably represents a complex of closely related species. Taxonomic revision is necessary.",No,LC,,Yes,NE,,EU25,-,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)A widespread and abundant species with no major threats.,,"Distributed in several separated regions: in tundra and forest-tundra from White Sea to Kolyma River; in Alaska peninsula; in steppes of Kazakhstan, Kyrgizia, SW Siberia, Yakutia, Mongolia and Northern China. It occurs at altitudes of up to 4,000 m.",Populations undergo fluctuations in density; in mountainous areas populations are patchy and density varies.,"Inhabits tundra, plains and mountain steppes and meadows. In the forest zone (including mountain forests) and semideserts it occupies open grassy areas. It reaches maximum density in cereal and grass steppes, and alpine and water meadows. Lives in groups, during periods of high population density may form colonies. Feeds on various wild and cultivated plants, tends to prefer legumes. Reproductive period lasts throughout the warmer months of the year; in tundra zones reproduction often starts under snow cover (in Karsk tundra in February-March). Has up to 5 litters per year in southern parts of the range, and up to 4 in mountains and northern areas. Litter size is usually up to 12 young. Considerable pest of crops in Siberia and Kazakhstan and pastures in Central Asia. A natural carrier of several diseases including encephalitis, plague and rabbit fever.",There are no major threats to the species.,The species occurs in several protected areas.,,,"Katerina Tsytsulina, Nikolai Formozov, Boris Sheftel",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Microtus,guentheri,,Microtus guentheri,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)A widespread and common species with no major threats. It is tolerant of a range of habitat types, both natural and man-made.",,"Microtus guentheri is restricted to the south-east Balkans and Turkey and Northern Libya. Within Europe, it has a discontinuous range in southern Serbia (Serbia and Montenegro), F. Y. R. Macedonia, parts of southern and eastern Greece, southern Bulgaria, and Turkish Thrace, and has been recorded from 150 m to 500 m above sea level (Kryštufek 1999, Shenbrot and Krasnov 2005).","In Europe, it occurs in scattered subpopulations which often undergo large fluctuations with steep declines. However, local extinctions have not been recorded. The species is considered locally common in parts of the Balkans. In Asiatic Turkey, very high population densities have been recorded in peak years (Kryštufek 1999).",It inhabits dry grasslands with sparse vegetation on well drained soil. These include both natural and man-made habitats (e.g. dry meadows and pastures) (Kryštufek 1999).,No major threats.,"A lowland species, therefore across most of its range it does not occur in protected areas. In some parts, however, it does occur in protected areas (for example in Greece). No conservation measures are required - this species is considered an agricultural pest.",,,"Boris Sheftel, Vladimir Vohralík",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Microtus,levis,,Microtus levis,,"Synonyms include M. rossiaemeridionalis, M. subarvalis and M. epiroticus (Wilson and Reeder 2005).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)A widespread and common species, tolerant of a wide range of habitat types. No major threats are known. Consequently it is classed as Least Concern.",,"Microtus levis has a large range extending from east and south-east Europe eastwards across Russia and Asia Minor to Lake Baikal in Siberia. It has been introduced to the Svalbard (Zima 1999, Shenbrot and Krasnov 2005). In Europe, its range includes the Balkan peninsula, Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic and southern Finland. A lowland species, it is recorded from 60 m to 1,100 m (Petrov and Ružić 1982).","It is a relatively common species. Population densities fluctuate on an annual basis, and peak densities of as high as 200,000 burrow openings per hectare have been recorded in F. Y. R. Macedonia (Zima 1999).","It occurs in a range of habitats including farmland, meadows, and open woodland. In southern parts of its range it tends to occur in damp habitats in close proximity to rivers and lakes (Zima 1999).",No major threats are known.,It occurs in protected areas throughout its range. No specific conservation actions are needed.,,,"Igor Zagorodnyuk, Heikki Henttonen, Boris Kryštufek",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Microtus,liechtensteini,,Microtus liechtensteini,,"This species is closely related to Microtus multiplex, and has been previously considered synonymous (Wilson and Reeder 2005).",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"This species is relatively widespread, with a presumed large population, no major threats, and no known declines. It is listed as Least Concern.",,"Endemic to Europe, where it occurs in Austria, eastern Italy, Slovenia, Bosnia, and Croatia. In Austria, it is found in two isolated localities and also found along the Italian and Slovenian border (Spitzenberger 2002). Its altitudinal range is from sea level to 1,700 m (B. Kryštufek pers. comm. 2006). One record for Serbia (B. Kryštufek pers. comm. 2007)","It is locally common in at least parts of its range, and there is no evidence of population decline (Kryštufek 1999).","It inhabits pastures, meadows, open woodland and woodland clearings, preferring open areas with dense herbaceous vegetation to mature forest. In the high mountains it is also found in dwarf pine Pinus mugo, and in the coastal lowlands it occurs dry meadows, vineyards, and hedgerows (Kryštufek 1999).","There are no major threats to this species. It is sometimes considered a pest, and is controlled through poisoning.",This species is found in protected areas. No specific conservation actions are recommended.,,,"Spitzenberger, F., Amori, G., Hutterer, R., Kryštufek, B., Yigit, N., Mitsain, G. & Palomo, L.J.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Microtus,lusitanicus,,Microtus lusitanicus,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"This species is relatively widespread, with a presumed large global population, no major threats, and no known declines. It is listed as Least Concern.",,"Microtus lusitanicus is endemic to Europe, where it occurs in central and northern Portugal, northwest Spain, and in the extreme south west of France. It has been recorded from sea level to 2,050 m (Palomo 1999, Mira and Mathias in Palomo and Gisbert 2002, Shenbrot and Krasnov 2005, S. Aulagnier pers. comm. 2006).","It is very abundant, and is considered an agricultural pest in orchards in some parts of its range. Population densities appear relatively constant, with no cyclic fluctuations. In Spain, there have been no studies on population dynamics in natural habitats, but in orchards population densities of 100-200 individuals per hectare are typical (and exceptionally densities greater than 300 individuals per hectare have been recorded) (Palomo and Gisbert 2002).","It is found in a diverse range of habitat types, including natural habitats (borders of small rivers, chestnut and oak woodland) and agricultural areas (pastures, arable land, rice fields, and orchards). It requires soft and humid soils with dense vegetal cover, where it constructs its burrows. It is often found near to small stone walls (Palomo 1999, Palomo and Gisbert 2002). There are 2.2 young per litter (le Louarn and Quéré 2003).",There are no major threats to the species. Pest control measures can cause local population declines (Palomo 1999).,It occurs in a number of protected areas within its range. No specific conservation measures are recommended.,,,"Aulagnier, S., Amori, G., Hutterer, R., Kryštufek, B., Yigit, N., Mitsain, G. & Palomo, L.J.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Microtus,middendorffii,,Microtus middendorffii,,This taxon is sometimes considered to include M. hyperboreus (Pavlinov et al. 2002).,No,,,Yes,NE,,EU25,-,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)A widespread and common species with no major threats. It is of marginal occurrence in Europe, and consequently is assessed as Not Applicable.",,Arctic and subarctic waterlogged tundra from the Ural Mountains to the Kolyma lowlands (Russian Federation).,"Data on population size are lacking, but as in most rodent species populations fluctuate. Severe springs may cause population reduction; heavy rains and floods cause short-distance migrations.","Inhabits waterlogged tundra, sedge and Sphagnum marshes, waterlogged banks; avoids anthropogenic landscapes. Lives in colonies with shallow burrows in dry areas. Nest chambers are usually sited on hillocks, on the ground, or on shrub branches. The species feeds on sedges, leaves and stalks in summer and roots in winter. Reproduction occurs from May to August, in favourable years from March til October. Females that have overwintered give birth to up to 3 litters per year. In the Urals fecundity is lower than in Yakutia.",There are no major threats to this species.,This species occurs in several protected areas.,,,"Katerina Tsytsulina, Nikolai Formozov, Boris Sheftel",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Microtus,multiplex,,Microtus multiplex,,"Eastern populations are now considered as a separate species, M. liechtensteini (Wilson and Reeder 2005).",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"This species is relatively widespread, with a presumed large global population, no major threats, and no known declines. It is listed as Least Concern.",,"Microtus multiplex is endemic to Europe, where it occurs in the southern part of the Alps, from southeast France through Switzerland to northern Italy (Shenbrot and Krasnov 2005). It has been recorded from sea level to 2,800 m (Hausser 1995, Kryštufek 1999). Populations further east (e.g. in Austria, eastern Italy, Slovenia, Bosnia, and Croatia) are now referred to as a separate species, Microtus liechtensteini (Spitzenberger 2002, Wilson and Reeder 2005).","It is locally common in at least parts of its range, and there is no evidence of population decline. The local abundance can be high, up to 100 individuals per hectare in southern France (le Louarn and Quéré 2003).","It inhabits pastures, meadows, open woodland and woodland clearings, preferring open areas with dense herbaceous vegetation to mature forest. In the high mountains it is also found in dwarf pine Pinus mugo, and in the coastal lowlands it occurs in dry meadows, vineyards, and hedgerows (Hausser 1995). The species eats roots and bulbs, and can feed on grasses (le Louarn and Quéré 2003). The number of young averages 2.7 in Switzerland (Salvioni 1986).","There are no major threats to this species. It is sometimes considered a pest, and is controlled through poisoning (Kryštufek 1999).",This species occurs in protected areas within its range. No specific conservation measures are recommended.,,,"Aulagnier, S., Amori, G., Hutterer, R., Kryštufek, B., Yigit, N., Mitsain, G. & Muñoz, L.J.P.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Microtus,oeconomus,,Microtus oeconomus,,Small isolated subpopulations are considered separate subspecies (e.g. Netherlands and the Pannonian population).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Globally, the species is common and widespread and is not considered threatened. In southern parts of the species' range in Europe isolated populations are declining. The species is naturally fragmented. Population decline is due to habitat degradation and loss. In central Europe decline is considered serious, however in Baltic countries the population is increasing and expanding. Overall in Europe the species is not considered threatened. However, isolated subspecies (arenicola and mehelyi) are declining at a rate that may be high enough to merit a threatened assessment.",,"Microtus oeconomus is a Holarctic species, with a wide range extending from north-west Europe in the west to Alaska in the East. In Europe, its main range extends from eastern Germany and northern Fennoscandia through Poland, Belarus, and northern and central European Russia. Isolated relict populations are found in the Netherlands, southern Scandinavia, the Finnish coast, and Austria, Slovakia and Hungary (van Apeldoorn 1999, Shenbrot and Krasnov 2005). A lowland species (occurs up to at least 1,300 m: EMA Workshop 2006).","Range and population declines are evident in parts of Europe, although the species is stable or increasing in other areas. The species' range is contracting along its south-west edge in Poland, and relict populations in Hungary, Austria, Slovakia and the Netherlands are diminishing (van Apeldoorn 1999). In other areas, populations are stable (albeit with cyclic fluctuations in Fennoscandia and central Europe), and in Lithuania the population is increasing and expanding into new areas (van Apeldoorn 1999, L. Balciauskas and R. Juškaitis pers. comm. 2006).","It typically inhabits damp, densely-vegetated areas, in close proximity to water. Wet meadows, bogs, fens, riverbanks and flooded shores are all important habitats (Tast 1982, van Apeldoorn 1999).","In the Netherlands, population declines have been attributed to a combination of habitat degradation and competitive exclusion (van Apeldoorn 1999). The population in Slovakia has shown population declines which are attributed to habitat destruction caused by the construction of the Danube River Dam (EMA Workshop 2006). Degradation of wetlands due to agricultural expansion is a further threat.","It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention. Subspecies arenicola (from the Netherlands) is listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats and Species Directive, and both M. oe. arenicola and M. oe. mehelyi (the latter from Austria, Hungary and Slovakia) are listed on Annex IV.  Recommended conservation measures include conducting surveys to determine the size and distribution of the isolated population, and defining management plans to maintain and improve the habitat (F. Spitzenberger pers. comm. 2006)",,,"Rimvydas Juškaitis, Boris Sheftel, Holger Meinig, Giovanni Amori, Heikki Henttonen",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Microtus,savii,,Microtus savii,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,A widespread and abundant species with no major threats. The population trend is stable. It therefore is listed as Least Concern.,,"Microtus savii is endemic to Europe, where it is found throughout northern Italy (with the exception of the extreme north-east, but including Sicily). It occurs marginally in southern Switzerland. It occurs from sea level to 2,000 m. Some southern Italian populations previously ascribed to this species have been described as a new species, Microtus brachycercus (Contoli 1999, Castiglia et al. 2008). The distribution limits between M. savii and M. brachycercus require clarification.","It is a widespread and abundant species, dominating small mammal communities within its range, and providing a key food source for many predators. Periodic population booms occur in cultivated areas, and the species is considered an agricultural pest. The long-term population trend appears to be stable (Contoli 1999).","It is found in the majority of terrestrial habitat types, with the exception of high mountains, dense woodlands, and some very sandy, rocky or wet areas. It occurs in many anthropogenic habitats including pastures, arable land, gardens, and urban areas (Contoli 1999).",No major threats.,The species is found in protected areas. The Sicilian subspecies (nebrodensis) needs more genetic investigation to determine its taxonomic status.,,,"Amori, G.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Microtus,socialis,,Microtus socialis,,"Six or seven subspecies are recognized, some of those have isolated ranges and their taxonomic status might need revision.",No,LC,,Yes,NE,,EU25,-,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)A widespread species with no major threats. However, several isolated populations in N Ossetia, Kalmykia and Astrakhan regions, Armenia, Syria and China might need special attention.",,"""The species is distributed in plains and low mountain dry steppes from the Dnepr River and Crimea east to Lake Balkhash and NW Xinjiang in China, south through Caucasus and E half of Turkey (Kizilirmak River may be W boundary) to NW Syria, Lebanon (restricted to Mt Lebanon), N Iraq, and NW Iran"" (Wilson and Reeder 2005). The range is fragmented. All the isolated populations are represented by separate subspecies. In the European part of the range two subspecies are present: Microtus socialis nikolajevi Ognev, 1950 from left bank of Dnepr to the Crimea and SE Rostov district; Microtus socialis parvus Satunin, 1901 in cis-Caucasia, Stavropol region, Krasnodar Territory and Dagestan.","It is a common species with relatively stable populations, with some population fluctuation from year to year. Considered as one of the main pests in agricultural landscapes. However high population densities are recorded only in long-fallow lands, winter crops and herbs, and in natural sites with dry-steppe vegetation. Population peaks tend to occur in years with humid summers and repeated warm winters (Gromov and Erbaeva 1995).","Lives in complex colonies formed by polygynic families. Burrowes are complex, but shallow, with a number of entrances and living and storage chambers. Above-ground activity is limited, especially in summer. This species mainly feeds on cereals and legumes. In autumn seeds predominate in the diet. May occasionally feed on insects and molluscs. Reproduction occurs year round, females produce up to five litters with 6-8 young in each.","Widespread and abundant in the most of the range. However, several isolated populations (e.g. M.s. gorensis and M.s. astrachanensis) are declining because of desertification and landscape degradation due to overgrazing (Shilova 1995). These changes can be reversed through steppe vegetation restoration (Kasatkin et al. 1998).","There are no special conservation measures, however the species occurs in several protected areas.",,,"Katerina Tsytsulina, Nikolai Formozov, Boris Sheftel, Igor Zagorodnyuk",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Microtus,subterraneus,,Microtus subterraneus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)A widespread and abundant species. It occupies a wide range of habitats, and faces no known major threats. The long-term population trend is thought to be stable. For these reasons it is assessed as Least Concern.",,"Microtus subterraneus occurs primarily in Europe, where it occupies central regions from the Atlantic coast of France to European Russia, and the Balkan peninsula. Isolated populations are found in Estonia and near St Petersburg, Russia. Outside Europe, its range extends into western Asia Minor (Turkey) (Shenbrot and Krasnov 2005). There are records of this species from sea level to 2,300 m (Kryštufek 1999).","It is widespread and common throughout most of its range. Despite fluctuations, the long-term population trend appears to be stable (Kryštufek 1999).","It is found in a broad range of habitats including broadleaf and coniferous woodlands, meadows and pastures, and rocky areas in the high mountains. It tolerates both dry and damp conditions (Kryštufek 1999).",No major threats.,It occurs in protected areas throughout its range. No specific conservation measures are needed.,,,"Boris Kryštufek, Vladimir Vohralík, Jan Zima, Igor Zagorodnyuk",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Microtus,tatricus,,Microtus tatricus,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"This species has a restricted range (area of occupancy less than 2,000 km²), but there is no evidence of population or range decline and the core range is protected. Currently considered Least Concern. However, if new information suggests that population, range, or habitat quality is declining, uplisting to Near Threatened or Vulnerable should be considered.",,"The Tatra vole is a European endemic. It is restricted to the Carpathian mountains of Slovakia, Poland, Romania and Ukraine, where it is found at altitudes of 650 to 2,350 m (Martínková and Dudich 2003, Shenbrot and Krasnov 2005). Its extent of occurrence is 18,322 km², and its area of occupancy is approximately 840 km2 (Martínková and Dudich 2003).","It is a rare species that occurs in isolated subpopulations. However, there is no evidence to suggest that range or numbers are decreasing at present. The total population has been estimated to number 200,000-250,000 individuals (Martínková and Dudich 2003), and is probably stable (N. Martínková pers. comm. 2006). There is very little information on the current status of subspecies M. t. zykovi in the Eastern and Southern Carpathians. Populations are severely fragmented. This is partly natural, as the species is restricted to an intrinsically fragmented habitat type (high mountains), but fragmentation may have been exacerbated by the loss of woodland in mountain valleys through human activities in historical times.","The Tatra vole is found in two types of habitat: first, humid areas in climax upper montane forest (usually located in inverse valleys); and second, humid rocky meadows in the subalpine zone. The species is never found outside natural habitats (e.g. in agricultural land). No population fluctuations or population outbreaks are known (Jurdíková et al. 2000, Martínková et al. 2004).","There are not thought to be any major threats causing significant declines at present. The species requires old, mature forests below the timberline, hence any logging in those areas would be harmful. Its habitat in the subalpine zone, above the timberline should be safe in the near future. Much of its range in the Slovak and Polish mountains falls within protected areas, and there are not thought to be any major developments planned in this area in the near future. However, forest habitat is sometimes lost through natural events (e.g. in 2004 a big storm in the High Tatras destroyed a large 1-2 km wide belt of forest at about 1,000 m above sea level, within the range of the vole: N. Martínková pers. comm. 2006).",It is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention. The core range of the species' range in Slovakia and Poland falls within protected areas. Habitat and population monitoring is required to ensure that the species is stable and not declining.,,,"Zima, J., Vohralík, V. & Martínková, N.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Microtus,thomasi,,Microtus thomasi,,"Sometimes considered as a subspecies of M. duodecimcostatus, but its specific status has been reconfirmed by analysis of karyotype, molecular genetics and molar pattern (Kryštufek 1999, Jaarola et al. 2004). A chromosomally polymorphic species; relationships are unknown (Wilson and Reeder 2005).",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"A common species within its range, with no major threats known. Appears to be tolerant of habitat disturbance. Consequently it is assessed as Least Concern.If one of the races within this species is eventually raised to species level its restricted range may merit a threatened listing. However, more work is necessary to determine its taxonomic status.",,"Microtus thomasi is endemic to the south-eastern Balkans, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, mainland Greece, and the island of Euboea (Greece) (Shenbrot and Krasnov 2005). Its occurrence in Albania has now been confirmed (E. Giagia pers comm. 2007). Occurs from sea level to 2,000 m.","It is sporadic, but is considered locally common in at least parts of its range. Densities of 383 individuals per hectare have been recorded in Herzegovina (Bosnia and Herzegovina) (Kryštufek 1999). In some parts of its range it is considered a pest.","It prefers open areas with deep soil, in which it digs extensive burrows. Recorded habitats include meadows and pastures on karst limestone, and high mountain pastures. It is also found on arable farmland (Kryštufek 1999).",No major threats.,Not legally protected under international legislation. Known to occur in protected areas within Greece.,,,"Kryštufek, B. & Mitsain, G.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,VESPERTILIONIDAE,Miniopterus,schreibersii,,Miniopterus schreibersii,,"Two papers by two different teams published in 2004 split the species in three (Appleton et al. 2004, Tian et al. 2004); only one of these taxa is present in the Western Palaeartic.",No,NT,,No,NT,,EU25,Unfavourable,European and EU 25: Classed as Near Threatened. Significant population declines and range contractions have been recorded in a number of range states; overall the rate of population decline is likely to approach 30%.,,"A southern Palaearctic species; patchily distributed over its range in some huge and vulnerable colonies. It typically occurs at altitudes of up to 1,400m (commuting up to 2,600m).","In southern Europe and Asia Minor it is widely distributed and common, but it has lost the northern parts of its range since the 1960s. Summer breeding colonies typically number 500-10,000 individuals (formerly up to 80,000 animals in Bulgaria and 100,000 in India). It winters in clusters of at least a hundred individuals (exceptionally up to 33,000 animals in Spain and Romania). Population trends vary in different parts of the range: in most of south-east Europe and the Middle East it appears to be stable, whereas very significant recent declines have occurred in northern parts of the European range. In south-west Europe there have been recent mass mortality events.Extinction has occured in Germany and Ukraine. In Switzerland the species has declined since the 1960s and is now close to extinction, and in Austria the hibernating population has declined from 2,500 to 1-2 individuals and all maternity colonies have been lost. In Romania, half of the roosts have disappeared since the 1960s. However, no decline has been recorded in large colonies in Croatia and Bulgaria. In 2002 mass mortalities of this species were reported for populations in France, Spain and Portugal; there are also historical records for such mortalities in Italy and Australia and a possible incidence in Iran. A herpesvirus was found but not identified as the cause of the die offs. Hundreds of individuals were found dead in spring. Mortality up to 60% in one year (2002) was reported in France (Roué and Némoz 2002), and 40% mortality occurred in Spain during the same period including 1,000 dead individuals out of 6,000 in one colony. A number of sites were subsequently deserted. Outside Europe, it is the second most common bat species in Turkey and Iran, with large colonies of thousands of individuals (A. Karatash and M. Sharifi pers. comm. 2005). The population in Iran is probably stable (M. Sharifi pers. comm. 2005). Populations in the Caucasus are considered Near Threatened (K. Tsytsulina pers. comm. 2005).","It forages in a variety of open and semi-open natural and artificial habitats, including suburban areas. It feeds mainly on moths, and occasionally on flies and spiders. It is a colonial species that roosts almost exclusively in caves and mines, often in large mixed colonies with other cave-dwelling bat species. Large and warm caves are preferred. Solitary animals and small groups may sometimes occupy other types of shelter. In winter it hibernates in underground sites (usually large caves with a constant microclimate). Schreiber's bat is a migrant species which changes its roosts frequently, long-distance movements occur occasionally (longest recorded distance 833 km: Hutterer et al. 2005).","Disturbance and loss of underground habitats and pesticide use may threaten this species. In the Caucasus, disturbance caused by tourism in caves is a problem (K. Tsytsulina pers. comm. 2005). The cause of recent mass mortality events is unknown. A meeting was held at the 9th European Bat Conference to discuss these incidents. Veterinary investigations in Spain did not identify any disease as the cause of the die offs, and there is increasing belief that the die offs are caused by bad weather in late winter/early spring.","It is protected by national legislation in most range states. There are also international legal obligations for its protection through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention. It is included in Annex II (and IV) of the EU Habitats and Species Directive, and hence requires special measures for conservation including designation of Special Areas for Conservation. There is some habitat protection through Natura 2000, and some roosts are already protected by national legislation. There have been a number of LIFE-funded projects for this species in Spain, Italy, Romania and Germany.",,,"Tony Hutson, Stephane Aulagnier, Petr Benda",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CARNIVORA,PHOCIDAE,Monachus,monachus,,Monachus monachus,,,No,CR,C2a(ii),No,CR,C2a(ii),EU25,Unfavourable,"The Mediterranean monk seal has a very small population (<250 mature individuals) in the European Mammal Assessment area. There is only one breeding population remaining in the region, so it is presumed that all animals belong to the same subpopulation. There are ongoing declines as a result of fisheries bycatch, persecution, human disturbance, and other threats. Consequently the species is assessed as Critically Endangered.",,"Mediterranean monk seals were once widely and continuously distributed in the Mediterranean, Black and adjacent seas, in North Atlantic waters off northwest Africa south to Cap Blanc, and possibly Senegal and Gambia. They also were found at the Cape Verde Islands, Canary Islands, Madeira Islands and Azores, and north as vagrants to Portugal (Ronald and Healey 1982), and Atlantic France (Israels 1992). Today the distribution is wide but extremely fragmented with three surviving small breeding populations located at opposite ends of the historic range. In the Mediterranean, the stronghold for the species is on islands in the Ionian and Aegean Seas, and along the coasts of Greece and western Turkey. The two surviving colonies in the southeastern North Atlantic are at Cabo Blanco (also known as Cap Blanc or Ras Nouadhibou) on the border of Mauritania and Western Sahara, and the small colony at the Desertas Islands in the Madeira Islands group (Gilmartin and Forcada 2002). Many locations where seals are infrequently or regularly seen, or were seen in the recent or historic past, are reported in the literature and cataloged in reviews and status updates, see Sergeant et al. (1978), Israels (1992), UNEP/MAP (2005).","The Mediterranean monk seal is the most threatened pinniped species in the world, with an estimated population of 350-450 animals. The largest remaining population is that of the eastern Mediterranean, with 250-300 individuals, of which c.100 occur in Turkish waters (Güçlüsoy 2004). Approximately 100 to 130 seals are found at Cabo Blanco in Western Sahara and Mauritania, and approximately 20-23 at Desertas Island, Madeira (Pires and Neves 2001, Gilmartin and Forcada 2002, UNEP/MAP 2005). The population at Cabo Blanco was estimated at 317 seals before the loss of an estimated 70% in a mass mortality event in 1997 (Forcada 2000). Following this event, 24 pups were born at Cabo Blanco in 1997, comparable to the rate of births in 2004 and 2005, but this number rose significantly in 2006 to 46 births (Cedenilla and de Laminoa 2006). A recent review of monk seal occurrences reported at all other locations and countries from 1999-2005 yielded a minimum of 14 additional seals, with 10 of the 14 in Algeria, plus an unspecified number of vagrants (UNEP/MAP 2005).","Mediterranean monk seals are medium-sized phocids that reach 2.3-2.8 m (Gilmartin and Forcada 2002). Adults weigh from 240-300 kg, and newborns 15-26 kg (Boulva 1979, Gilmartin and Forcada 2002), with records of a male reaching 400 kg and a pregnant female reaching 302 kg (Sergeant et al. 1978). Mediterranean monk seals once hauled out on open beaches, but this is now rare, and throughout their range they use caves with sea entrances for hauling out and pupping (Gilmartin and Forcada 2002). Sea caves used by seals often have submerged entrances or some other barrier to provide protection from waves. In a study that covered 250 km of coastline inhabited by monk seals in the Cilician Basin region of southern Turkey, 282 caves were searched. Of these, 39 showed evidence of monk seals, including 3 that were used for pupping and 16 that were actively being used. Use of these caves increased in October coincident with the autumn pupping season in Turkey (Gucu et al. 2004). The maximum number of seals from this small Turkish population found in a cave in at one time was 3 (Gucu et al. 2004). Sea caves are also used extensively at Cabo Blanco, particularly northwest of the cape. Two caves separated by 1.1 km accounted for 84% of the births in the area from 1993-1997 (Gazo et al. 1999). In contrast to the situation in Turkey, counts at one cave in the Las Cuevecillas section of the Cabo Blanco colony recorded up to 89 seals hauled out at one time, and never less than 5 animals present (Gonzalez et al. 1997).Female Mediterranean monk seals probably become sexually mature at three to four years. One female at Cabo Blanco became pregnant at 2.5 years and gave birth at 3.7 years, the youngest age known for this species (Gazo et al. 2000b). Females can give birth in successive years. The annual reproductive rate in Mediterranean monk seals is very low at 0.3-0.43 pups to each sexually mature female (Gazo et al. 1999). Pup survival is low (Gazo et al. 2000a). Mediterranean monk seals take a wide variety of prey primarily from shallow water habitats (Sergeant et al. 1978, Kenyon 1981). In the eastern Mediterranean, they have been reported to take a variety of fish, octopus and loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) (Margaritoulis et al. 1996). Examination of two seals from the Aegean Sea yielded five species of prey. By weight 94% of the contents were cephalopods including musky octopus (Eledone moschata) and globose octopus (Bathypolypus sponsalis) (Salman et al. 2001).","Mediterranean monk seals have a long history of interaction with humans that includes exploitation for subsistence needs, commercial harvest, and persecution as a competitor for fisheries resources. Once abundant, monk seals were written about and illustrated in the literature and depictions of classical antiquity. They became the target of a commercial harvest for skins and oil by the Portuguese as early as the 15th century along the coast of northwest Africa (Israels 1992).Reasons given for the recent population decline include increased human population displacing seals from their habitat, mortality due to fisheries bycatch and persecution, and the possible effects of toxics and pollutants (Boulva 1979). Exacerbating these factors are political instability and wars, the challenge of implementing effective conservation for a species in a complex multi-national environment, weak enforcement of agreements and international laws, diseases, genetic consequences of inbreeding, and other catastrophes such as oil spills and collapse of occupied pupping caves (Israels 1992).Interactions with fisheries are of great conservation concern, particularly for the population in the eastern Mediterranean, where seals are killed through net entanglement and deliberately killings by fishermen. They possibly suffer from depletion of fish stocks, anti-seal methods designed to protect aquaculture facilities, and illegal dynamite fishing (Güçlüsoy 2004). Monk seals have been entangled in a wide variety of fisheries gear including set-net, trawl net, and long-line. They seem most vulnerable to set-nets placed on the bottom, and can also become entangled in abandoned and discarded nets (Tudela 2004).The deaths of 130 seals over a 10-year period ending in 1999 highlighted the significance of deliberate killing as a source of mortality (Tudela 2004). Deliberate killing of monk seals by humans was attributed to 1/3 of all mortalities of 79 stranded animals in Greece, and is considered the single most important source of mortality (Androukaki et al. 1999).The genetic diversity of Mediterranean monk seals is amongst the lowest found in pinnipeds. Only Hawaiian monk seals and northern elephant seals have lower diversity. The consequences of mating between closely-related individuals include congenital defects leading to stillborn pups and a decreased reproductive rate, both of which have been documented in the Cabo Blanco colony. Additionally, low fitness and increased susceptibility to disease may be a problem (Pastor et al. 2004). Morbillivirus was isolated from Mediterranean monk seals after the mass mortality at Cabo Blanco in 1997. The virus most closely resembled dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) that was previously implicated in the 1991 mass mortality of striped dolphins in the Mediterranean Sea (Osterhaus et al. 1992, Van de Bildt et al. 1999). Although this virus was already circulating in monk seals prior to the mass mortality, there is doubt that it caused the deaths.  Dinoflagellate-produced saxitoxins were found in tissues from animals that died during the 1997 event, and the suddenness of death of the animals and other symptoms suggest that the cause of death was from the toxins rather than an epidemic of morbillivirus. Additionally, toxic algal blooms (red tides) are favored by oceanographic conditions near Cabo Blanco, and were reported from nearby Morocco the southeastern North Atlantic during a 25-year period leading up to the mass mortality. Canine distemper virus is present in stray dog populations in Aegean Turkey at a level of approximately 9% in the population. This may be a source for future infections of wild carnivores, including monk seals through contacts in harbors and along shorelines (Gencay et al. 2004).Contaminant burdens have always been suspected to be a threat to the Mediterranean monk seal, and should be investigated and routinely monitored (Boulva 1979, Reijnders et al. 1993). Tissues collected during the 1997 mass mortality and analyzed for PCBs and DDT detected levels of pollutants comparable to those found in other marine mammals not believed to be experiencing contaminant related health or reproductive effects (UNEP 2005).Mediterranean monk seals are at an unknown but suspected high level of risk from oil tanker and other ship accidents, spills and groundings. Animals could be oiled or coated in fuels and lubricants, exposed to other toxic or environment-altering chemicals or products, and experience disturbance at haul outs or coastal feeding areas. Mauritania is planning to explore offshore oilfields which would lead to increased vessel traffic in the area, and greater chance for accidents, disturbance, and collisions near important habitat. Three accidents or spills have occurred near monk seal habitat in the recent past, including a supertanker that spilled oil off of Morocco in 1989 (Israels 1992), an oil spill in the Madeira Islands in 1994 (UNEP 2005), and the grounding of a bulk carrier near Cabo Blanco in 2003 (UNEP 2005). None of these spills or accidents had any known impacts on monk seals, but they underscore the threat of significant impacts from a major maritime accident near an important monk seal site (UNEP 2005).Human disturbance has been identified as a primary factor in the decline in numbers of monk seals through displacement of animals from habitat. Traditionally, this was the result of expanding human populations and coastal development. Since the 1970s, a new threat has emerged in the form of people seeking out monk seals to view at the few remaining locations. Tourism has grown to become one of the most significant hazards faced by monk seals, particularly in the eastern Mediterranean (Johnson and Lavigne 1999). Besides disturbance, tourist activities increase the risk of vessel accidents, spills, transmission of disease, and the discharge of pollutants and waste near the seals.","The Mediterranean monk seal is protected throughout its range. Two protected areas have been established for monk seals, the Desertas Islands in the Madeira archipelago, and the Northern Sporades Islands national marine park in Greece. There are future plans to set up nature reserves to protect more habitat for monk seals in the region.Numerous agreements, conventions, and treaties are in force to protect monk seals internationally, and many workshops and conferences have brought together scientists and managers to discuss monk seal conservation issues and problems. Israels (1992) summarizes 30 years of this conservation history, and provides details on accomplishments and failures to meet objectives. Other measures in place include Action Plans completed in 1978 and 1988 for the conservation and management of monk seals, and the 2005 plan for the recovery of the monk seal in the eastern Atlantic.Many actions have been taken on a local scale including outreach and education programs, restrictions on gear and location for fisheries, development of monitoring programs and protocols, and increasing the capability to rehabilitate sick and injured animals (Gonzalez 2004).",,,European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,MONODONTIDAE,Monodon,monoceros,,Monodon monoceros,,,No,,,No,,,EU25,-,This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it is of marginal occurrence in the European Mammal Assessment region.,,"Narwhals primarily inhabit the Atlantic sector of the Arctic and are rare in the Pacific sector. The principal distribution is from the central Canadian Arctic (Peel Sound – Prince Regent Inlet and northern Hudson Bay), eastward to Greenland and into the eastern Russian Arctic (around 180°E). They are rarely observed in the far eastern Russian Arctic, Alaska, or the western Canadian Arctic. In summer, narwhals spend approximately two months in high Arctic ice-free shallow bays and fjords and overwinter in offshore, deep, ice-covered habitats along the continental slope (Heide-Jørgensen and Dietz 1995). These disjunct seasonal distributions are connected by extensive annual migrations (over 1,000 km) which last approximately two months (Koski and Davis 1994, Dietz et al. 2001, Heide-Jørgensen et al. 2002, Innes et al. 2002, Heide-Jørgensen et al. 2003).","The global population is probably in excess of 80,000 animals. The narwhals that summer in the Canadian High Arctic constitute the largest fraction, probably in excess of 70,000 animals (Innes et al. 2002, NAMMCO/JCNB 2005).","In all areas of their occurrence, narwhals prefer deep or offshore waters (Hay and Mansfield 1989). Narwhals from Canada and West Greenland have high site fidelity to the winter pack ice of Davis Strait and Baffin Bay in regions along the continental slope with high gradients in bottom temperatures, predictable open water (< 5%), and relatively high densities of Greenland halibut (Laidre et al. 2004). Fish, squid, and shrimp make up most of the narwhal diet (Hay and Mansfield 1989, Heide-Jørgensen 2002), especially Arctic fish species, such as Greenland halibut, Arctic cod, and polar cod (the latter of which are often associated with undersides of ice) (Laidre and Heide-Jørgensen 2005).  Narwhals feed at times in deep water and possibly at or near the bottom.  Dives of up to nearly 1,500 m and 25 minutes are documented (Laidre et al. 2003), and there are some seasonal differences in the depth and intensity of diving (Laidre et al. 2002, Laidre et al. 2003).","Narwhal populations may be limited or threatened by hunting, climate change, and industrial activities such as commercial fishing and oil exploration. Narwhals were never the targets of large-scale commercial hunting except for a brief period of perhaps several decades of the early 20th century in the eastern Canadian Arctic (Mitchell and Reeves 1981). They were hunted opportunistically by commercial whalers, explorers and adventurers in many areas. Narwhals have been hunted by the Inuit for human food, dog food and tusk ivory (Born et al. 1994). The mattak (skin and adhering blubber) is highly prized as food and provides a strong incentive for the hunt (Reeves 1993, Heide-Jørgensen 1994). The effects of climate change on narwhals are uncertain. Narwhals are well adapted to a life in the pack ice as indicated by the fact that there is very little open water in their winter habitat (Laidre and Heide-Jørgensen 2005).  Narwhals spend much of their time in heavy ice and are vulnerable to events called ice entrapments where hundreds of whales become trapped in a small opening in the sea ice and die.  This occurs when sudden changes in weather conditions (such as shifts in wind or quick drops in temperature) freeze shut leads and cracks they were using.  When live entrapped whales are discovered by Inuit hunters, they normally take advantage of the event by killing the animals. A recent assessment of the sensitivity of all Arctic marine mammals to climate change ranked the narwhal as one of the three most sensitive species, primarily due to its narrow geographic distribution, specialized feeding and habitat choice, and high site fidelity (Laidre et al. in press).","The narwhal is actively hunted only in Canada and Greenland. In Canada, the quota system that had been in place since the 1970s was replaced by a community-based management system implemented in the late 1990s and early 2000s (COSEWIC 2004). The hunt is managed by local hunter and trapper organizations with harvest limits established in some communities. Compliance has been questionable (COSEWIC 2004). Under this system, removals from some summering aggregations are probably sustainable, however there is concern that removals from other summering aggregations may not be (NAMMCO/JCNB 2005). In Greenland, a quota system was introduced in 2004 by the Greenland Ministry of Fisheries and Wildlife. The quota was set at 300 narwhals (of which 294 were taken), divided among municipalities of West Greenland. Compliance has reportedly been good (NAMMCO/JCNB 2005). Narwhals are legally protected in Russia and Norway. The species is listed in Appendix II of CMS.",,,Species account by IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist Group; regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,MURIDAE,Mus,cypriacus,,Mus cypriacus,,"""A new species of the genus Mus has been discovered on the island of Cyprus, namely Mus cypriacus. Molecular phylogeny of complete D-loop sequences, as well as that of a nuclear gene intron (ABP), evidence that this new taxa is not an island variant but deserves a species rank on its own, as a sister species of Mus macedonicus and Mus spicilegus, the two closest mainland relatives. Classical and geometric morphometry provide diagnostic morphological criteria separating Mus cypriacus from European species."" (Cucchi et al. 2006). Genetic and archaeological evidence suggest that the common ancestor of M. cypriacus and M. macedonicus arrived on Cyprus during the Middle Pleistocene by a founder event on natural raft (Cucchi et al. 2006). This species is one of only three surviving endemic mammal species on Mediterranean islands that originate from ancient natural colonization events (Gippoliti and Amori 2006).",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"Little is known about the status and distribution of this recently-discovered species. However, it may be quite common in appropriate habitats, and no major threats are known. Consequently it is assessed as Least Concern. Its extent of occurrence is small (<10,000 km²), so if any evidence emerges to suggest that declines or extreme fluctuations are occurring, the species should be reassessed.",,"The Cyprus mouse Mus cypriacus is endemic to the island of Cyprus in the Mediterranean (Bonhomme et al. 2004, Cucchi et al. 2006). It may be quite widespread in upland areas, and is typically found at altitudes of 300-900 m, although there are some records from 100-150 m (Cucchi et al. 2006). Among the 15 trapping localities sampled in different biotopes on the southern part of the island, M. cypriacus was captured in eight of them (Cucchi et al. 2006). Further research is required in order to establish the range of this new species.",Population status and trends are not known.,"The species has mainly been found in abandoned cultivation terraces at moderate altitudes (300-900 m), where the vegetation consists of a mosaic of open grassy areas, shrubs and small trees, and cultivated vines (Vitis vinifera).It can also be found in forested riverine areas at 100-150 m, where it is syntopic with the house mouse (M. m. domesticus). It is apparently absent from lowland (less than 100 m) areas with strong anthropogenic pressure, such as intensive arable farmland, human dwellings and farms, and orchards (orange groves), where the house mouse is almost exclusively dominant (Cucchi 2005).","It is not yet known if there are any major threats to this recently-discovered species. It is generally found in abandoned vineyards and terraced fields at moderate altitudes. This type of habitat has increased in Cyprus in the recent past, and is probably now more or less stable, although declines may potentially occur in the future as a result of changes in agricultural policy since Cyprus joined the EU in 2004, and as a result of housing and tourism development (Panayides 2004, M. Hellicar pers. comm. 2006). The use of rodenticides as pest control may cause mortality in populations that live close to human habitation.","No conservation measures are known. Surveys are required to determine the status and range of the species, and research is required to confirm or refute the existence of any major threats. The Cyprus mouse is of conservation interest as it is one of just three surviving palaeoendemic mammal species found on Mediterranean islands (the other two being the shrew species Crocidura sicula and C. zimmermanni) (Gippoliti and Amori 2006). Most ancient endemic mammals of Mediterranean islands died out after the arrival of man (Gippoliti and Amori 2006). Mediterranean islands are also home to a number of taxa currently recognised as endemic species and subspecies that are the descendants of mainland taxa introduced by man (Gippoliti and Amori 2006).",,,Giovanni Amori and Eleftherios Hadjisterkotis,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,MURIDAE,Mus,macedonicus,,Mus macedonicus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species has a wide range. It is common with no major threats at present, and the population trend is believed to be stable. Consequently it is classed as Least Concern.",,"Mus macedonicus occurs in the south Balkans, Asia Minor, the Caucasus (Transcaucasia), and the Middle East south to Israel and Jordan and east to Iran (Panteleyev 1998, Macholán 1999). In Europe, it is found from sea level to 500 m (Macholán 1999).",It is common throughout its range (Macholán 1999).,"It occurs in a wide range of habitats including cultivated farmland, orchards, olive groves, road verges, sand dunes, arid Mediterranean shrubland, wadis, and densely-vegetated riverbanks. It is absent from dense forests, and avoids areas of human habitation (Macholán 1999).",No major threats.,It occurs in some protected areas within its range. No specific conservation measures are recommended.,,,"Boris Kryštufek, Vladimir Vohralík",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,MURIDAE,Mus,musculus,,Mus musculus,,Includes domesticus as a subspecies (Wilson and Reeder 2005).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)A widespread and extremely abundant species that thrives in anthropogenic habitats. Classed as Least Concern.,,"Originally a Palaearctic species; through its close association with humans it has been widely introduced and has become established in North and South America, sub-Saharan Africa, northern Australia, and many oceanic islands (Macholán 1999).",A widespread and abundant species; common except in some extreme habitats (e.g. at high altitude) (Macholán 1999).,"House mice are typically commensal, and are found in a very wide range of man-made habitats including houses, farm outbuildings, other types of buildings, and even coal mines and frozen meat stores. Sometimes it is feral in areas where it has been introduced, and in some parts of its native range it maintains wild populations in outdoor habitats such as arable land, pastures, coastal sand dunes, salt marshes, and scrubby road verges (Macholán 1999, Wilson and Reeder 2005). House mice tend not to be found in forests and deserts (Macholán 1999).",This species faces no major threats.,Not protected under international legislation; commonly regarded as a pest. Present in many protected areas. A highly successful colonist of artificial environments; no conservation measures are required.,,,Giovanni Amori,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,MURIDAE,Mus,spicilegus,,Mus spicilegus,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Unfavourable,"M. spicilegus is widespread in its range and can be common in suitable habitat. It is declining in some parts of its range owing to habitat loss, but not at a rate that meets the threatened criteria. Likewise in parts of the Mediterranean there are local declines; it may be in direct competition with M. musculus. Currently assessed as Least Concern, but population declines should be monitored.",,"Mus spicilegus is endemic to Europe, occurring from Lake Neusiedl on the Austro-Hungarian border through Slovakia, Hungary, Moldova, and Ukraine, extending eastwards to as far as Rostov in the extreme south-west of Russia. In the Mediterranean region, it occurs in Serbia and Bulgaria, with an isolated subpopulation occurring in Montenegro, Greece and Albania. This subpopulation has a fragmented range within a very narrow strip of coastal habitat, and there are only three known localities (B. Kryštufek pers. comm. 2006). It typically occurs from sea level to 200 m (Macholán 1999).","It remains common in suitable habitats, but is suspected to be undergoing population decline in some areas. Densities of 1-20 mounds per hectare are typical, but densities of up to 60-100 mounds per hectare may be reached in particularly favourable habitat. On average, each mound is inhabited by five to six individuals (Macholán 1999). In Slovakia the range appears to be expanding.","It occurs in a variety of open habitats including natural steppe grasslands, pastures and cereal fields, orchards, open woodland, woodland edges and clearings. It avoids forests and human settlements. It feeds on grain and seeds, which it hoards in the winter in a soil-covered mound built above its nest chamber; a single mound may be up to 400 cm in diameter (although 100-200 cm is more typical) and contain up to 10 kg of grain (Macdonald and Barrett 1993, Sokolov et al. 1998). Groups of 4-14 mice cooperate to build these mounds (Sokolov et al. 1998).","It is feared that loss of steppe grassland and agricultural intensification may cause population declines (Macholán 1999). However, in Romania at least, this species is considered an agricultural pest (Popescu and Murariu 2001).",It occurs in some protected area within its range. The population may be declining and this should be monitored.,,,"Coroiu, I., Kryštufek, B. & Vohralík, V.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,MURIDAE,Mus,spretus,,Mus spretus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)A common and widespread species within its range, with no major threats.",,"Mus spretus is endemic to the Mediterranean region, occurring in south-west Europe and North Africa from Morocco to Libya (Panteleyev 1998, Macholán 1999). In Europe, it is found in Portugal, Spain, the Balearic islands (Spain), and southern France. Its vertical range is from sea level to 1,800 m (L.J. Palomo pers. comm. 2006).","It is common throughout its range, and populations are presumably stable. Typical densities are in the region of 3-12 individuals per hectare (Macholán 1999).","It is found in grasslands, dry shrubland, cereal fields and open woodland. It is absent from dense forest, and tends to avoid human settlements (Macholán 1999). Their limited water requirements (half that of the house mouse) allows them to inhabit drier areas than other mice (Palomo and Gisbert 2002).",No major threats.,Occurs in some protected areas within its range. No specific measures are recommended.,,,"Holger Meinig, Giovanni Amori",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,GLIRIDAE,Muscardinus,avellanarius,,Muscardinus avellanarius,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This is a relatively common and widespread species across its range. However, in parts of its northern range (e.g. UK, Netherlands, Sweden, Germany, Denmark) populations are declining and fragmented as a result of habitat loss and fragmentation. In these areas there is cause for concern.",,"The common dormouse occurs in Europe and northern Asia Minor (Turkey). In continental Europe, it is fairly widespread, although it is absent from Iberia, south-west France, and northern parts of Fennoscandia and Russia. It is also absent from eastern Ukraine and southern Russia. Island populations occur in southern Britain and on Corfu and Sicily (Morris 1999, Rossolimo et al. (2001). In the Alps it occurs up to 1,920 m (Spitzenberger 2002).","Population trends vary in different parts of the range: in some areas it is declining, in others it is considered stable. In parts of its northern range (e.g., UK, Netherlands, Sweden, Germany, Denmark) populations are declining and fragmented as a result of habitat loss and fragmentation. However in Lithuania it is a common and widespread species, and no decline has been observed (Juškaitis 2003). Population densities may reach c.10 individuals per hectare in optimal habitat, but densities are significantly lower in less favourable habitats (Morris 1999).","It inhabits deciduous woodland, favouring forest edge, secondary growth, coppices, and other wooded areas with a dense shrubby understorey. It is also found in hedgerows in farmland. It is an arboreal feeder, foraging on flowers, insects and fruit.","In north-western parts of the species' range, habitat fragmentation as a result of forestry, urbanisation and agriculture is a major threat. It was formerly a popular pet in some parts of its range, but this is now illegal in many countries (Morris 1999).",It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention and Annex IV of the EU Habitats and Species Directive. In many countries this species is included on national Red Lists.,,,"Boris Kryštufek, Holger Meinig, Rimvydas Juškaitis",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CARNIVORA,MUSTELIDAE,Mustela,erminea,,Mustela erminea,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This is a widespread and abundant species with no significant major threats, hence it is listed as Least Concern.",,"The stoat has a very large circumboreal range, inhabiting central and northern Eurasia, northern North America and north-eastern Greenland. It has been introduced to New Zealand. In Europe, it is present as far south as 41ºN in Portugal (Santos Reis 1983), and is found on most islands with the exception of Iceland, Svalbard, and some small North Atlantic islands; it does not occur on Mediterranean islands. In Japan, it is present in central mountains (northern and central Japan Alps) to northern part of Honshu (primarily above 1,200 m) and Hokkaido (Abe et al. 2005). Its vertical range is from sea level to 3,000 m (Pulliainen 1999).","The density and structure of populations of this species are unstable, due to short life spans and high reproductive capacity; populations are greatly influenced by fluctuations in prey supply (especially small mammals) (King 1983, Pulliainen 1999). Population fluctuations of stoats and their prey tend to increase in magnitude at more northerly latitudes (Pulliainen 1999), although fluctuations have also been recorded in Spain (Blanco 1998, Palomo and Gisbert 2002). In France, it was declining, but now has stabilized as a result of full protection (EMA Workshop 2006). In Spain it has been speculated that the population may be declining as a results of declines in the southern water vole Arvicola sapidus (Palomo and Gisbert 2002), but the population trend has not been quantified in Spain or Portugal (Palomo and Gisbert 2002, Cabral et al. 2005). Despite population fluctuations, it is a widespread and abundant species.","Stoats occupy a wide range of habitats. They are often found in successional or forest-edge habitats, in scrub, alpine meadows, marshes, riparian woodlands, hedgerows, and riverbanks that have high densities of small mammals, especially Microtus and Arvicola species (King 1983). Pulliainen (1999) states that coniferous and mixed woodlands are preferred, but that many other habitats are used including tundra and the summits of fells and mountains. Dense forests and deserts are avoided (King 1983). This species is a specialist predator of small mammals, but will occasionally feed on fruit, earthworms, insects, eggs, and birds (King 1983). Its local distribution is typically related to that of small rodents and lagomorphs (King 1983, Pulliainen 1999). Estimates for home range size range from 4 to 200 hectares for males, most often falling between 10 to 40 hectares (King 1983).","In the Iberian Peninsula the species is dependent on two Arvicola species, and these are declining, so loss of prey base may be a threat (Palomo and Gisbert 2002). Habitat loss (e.g. as a result of urbanization: Pulliainen 1999) is also a problem in parts of the range. The species is commonly hunted in Russia, where there is also a limited fur trade (R. McDonald pers. comm. 2006). In western and central Europe, the stoat was frequently hunted for its white winter fur up until at least the 1930s (with c.30,000 pelts sold in Finland alone during that decade) (Pulliainen 1999). Availability of prey is the principal factor controlling population density (King 1983, Pulliainen 1999), but disease, parasites and other pressures can also contribute.","It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention. It occurs in many protected areas across its range. Monitoring of exploitation is required by the Bern Convention (R. McDonald pers. comm. 2006). The species is protected under national legislation in some range states (e.g. Spain), although this is not necessarily enforced (Palomo and Gisbert 2002). However, in many parts of its global range the species is not protected and trapping is quite legal (R. McDonald pers. comm. 2006).",,,"Margarida Fernandes, Tiit Maran, Alexei Tikhonov, Jim Conroy, Paulo Cavallini, Andreas Kranz, Juan Hererreo, Michael Stubbe, Giorgos Giannatos",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CARNIVORA,MUSTELIDAE,Mustela,eversmanii,,Mustela eversmanii,,,No,LC,,No,EN,C2a(i),EU25,Unfavourable,"European: Least Concern as it has a wider distribution range, is more common and does not appear to be declining as much as in the western parts of the range. The range is more continuous eastwards.EU 25: Endangered C2a(i). The population in the European Union is very small (probably less than 1,000 mature individuals) and is undergoing continuing decline and is severely fragmented with each subpopulation containing < 250 mature individuals. There is unlikely to be a rescue effect from the eastern populations, hence the assessment is not adjusted.",,"The steppe polecat occurs from central and eastern Europe in the west through southern Russia, northern Georgia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan to Mongolia and northern and western China. Wilson and Reeder (2005) list the following countries of occurrence for this species: Austria, Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. According to Wolsan (1999), in Europe this species is represented by two major populations that are separated by the Carpathians. The western of these two major populations (subspecies Mustela eversmanii hungarica) is found in the Czech Republic, eastern Austria, southern Slovakia, Ukraine south of the Carpathians, Hungary, northern Serbia, and western Romania; and the eastern (nominate subspecies) is restricted to northern Bulgaria, southern Romania, Moldova, Ukraine east and north of the Carpathians, southeastern Poland, southern European Russia, and Kazakhstan (Wolsan 1999). It occurs up to 800 m in Europe and to 2,600 m in central Asia.","This species is still numerous in Europe, particularly in southern European Russia. However it is unevenly distributed across its range, and especially in the western parts of its range (e.g. in the EU) it is scarce and patchily distributed. Population densities vary spatially and temporally, with fluctuations linked to the abundance of prey species. It is capable of spreading and colonizing new areas rapidly (Wolsan 1999). There has been no evidence for any decline in Europe (except in Austria and the Czech Republic). However ground squirrels are declining and this is an important prey species, so this could have an impact on the population in Europe. It is widespread and common in Central Asia and Siberia.","It inhabits a variety of relatively dry habitats including steppes, semi-deserts, pastures, and cultivated fields (Wolsan 1999). Its diet consists mainly of rodents, including sousliks, marmots, hamsters, pikas, gerbils and voles. It avoids forests, and is primarily nocturnal.",In western Europe it is seldom intentionally hunted (although it may be taken as bycatch) but is heavily impacted by persecution (EMA Workshop 2006). However in at least parts of its range (e.g. Russia) it is commonly hunted for its fur.,It is protected under Appendix II of the Bern Convention (Wolsan 1999). It occurs in many protected areas. There is a need to address the hunting and persecution issues for this species. It is listed as Vulnerable in the Red Data Book of Ukraine.,,,"Alexei Tikhonov, Paulo Cavallini, Tiit Maran, Andreas Kranz, Michael Stubbe, Boris Kryštufek, Alexei Abramov, Chris Wozencraft",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CARNIVORA,MUSTELIDAE,Mustela,lutreola,,Mustela lutreola,,"The species occasionally hybridizes with Mustela putorius (Tumanov and Abramov 2002). Genetic studies have shown that the western populations (Spain and France) have very low genetic variability and southern populations show moderate genetic variability, whilst the eastern populations have the greatest variability (Lode 1999; Davidson et al. 2000; Michaux et al. 2004, 2005).",No,EN,A2ce,No,CR,A2ce,EU25,Unfavourable,"European: There has been considerable reduction in the population of this species across most of its historic range. However, there is considerable uncertainty about current population size and rate of decline, which makes it difficult to determine what the true status of this species should be (given better data a Critically Endangered listing might be warranted). There has certainly been more than a 50% population reduction in the past ten years. This decline is likely to continue given the current threats, but it is hard to say if criteria A3 and A4 should be used under Endangered or even Critically Endangered.EU 25: Critically Endangered (A2ce). This assessment refers only to the isolated population in Spain and France. The French population is declining rapidly. In Spain the overall number of European mink is decreasing, and the species is disappearing from rivers in the north and centre of its range, although a concurrent slight extention of the range to the east has been observed (Palomo and Gisbert 2002). The rate of decline has not been quantified, but an 80% reduction in the past ten years seems reasonable. The species could well become extinct in France in the near future, but probably not in the next ten years.",,"Mustela lutreola is largely restricted to Europe. A century ago it was widespread throughout the continent, with a distribution extending from northern Spain in the west to the river Ob (just east of the Urals) in the east, and from the Archangelsk region in the north to the northern Caucasus in the south (Youngman 1990). However, over the last 150 years it has severely declined and been extirpated or greatly reduced over most of its former range (Maran 1999). The current range includes an isolated population in northern Spain and western France, which is widely disjunct from the main range in Eastern Europe (Latvia, Estonia, Belarus, Ukraine, central regions of European Russia and the Danube delta in Romania). It occurs from sea level to 1,120 m (Palazon et al. 2003).","Since the mid-19th century, this species has undergone dramatic declines throughout its range, and is now extinct in most European countries. It now occupies less than 20% of its original range, and the remaining population is small and fragmented and continues to decline (Maran 1999). Recent population estimates include 500-1,000 individuals in Spain (Palazon et al. 2003), several hundred individuals in France (Fournier and Maizeret 2003, Stephane Aulagnier and Roland Libois pers. comm. 2006), and <1,000 individuals in the Danube Delta (A. Kranz pers. comm. 2006). In Ukraine, at the beginning of the 21st century, the population was estimated at 350-400 individuals, with the majority of those found in the Danube Delta (>200 individuals) (Volokh 2004). The most viable population in western Europe is that of the Danube Delta, but even this population may be rapidly declining: in 250 trap nights (2006) only one animal was caught, compared to one in 20 nights in 2003 (A. Kranz pers. comm. 2006). Other viable populations are found in the northeastern part of European Russia.The current European mink range in Russia consists of isolated distant habitats of different size. These fragmented populations are scattered across western Russia, the Urals, and the northern Caucasus. The only parts of the range where the American mink is absent are rivers in the Archangelsk Region and Komi. Everywhere else populations of European mink are vanishing or becoming increasingly fragmented and localised, and in a greater part of historical range in Russian the European mink is not met any more. The Russian population of European mink has been estimated at c.20,000 (Tumanov 2003, 2006), but this is not based on quantitative data as no large-scale census has been done. Hunting bags suggest that the European mink is rapidly becoming less abundant by comparison with the American mink: for instance, in Vologda and Kostroma regions the proportion of European mink skins in the hunting bag of the two mink species decreased from 50-70% to 1-10% within the last 5-7 years (to 2006). For the whole of Russia, recent records refer only to the capture of single individuals or to local populations consisting of some ten of individuals (Skmatov and Saveljev 2006).","European mink have specialised habitat requirements. They are semi-aquatic, inhabiting densely vegetated banks of lakeshores, rivers, streams and marshlands, and are rarely found more than 100 meters away from fresh water. They forage at night, hunting both on land and in water for a wide range of animal prey including small mammals, birds, frogs, molluscs, crabs, fish and insects (Youngman 1990, Maran 1999, Palomo and Gisbert 2002). Females become mature at 19 months (Youngman 1990).","Habitat loss and degradation is a serious threat to the European mink. Ongoing destruction and degradation of freshwater and associated terrestrial habitats is caused by by inter alia hydroelectric developments, channelisation and water pollution. Accidental trapping is also a threat, even though the fur of the European mink is less valuable than that of the American mink Neovison vison. In France, secondary poisoning and trapping of European mink has occurred as a result of efforts to control coypu (Myocastor coypus) and small carnivores (e.g. polecat). Accidental mortality through vehicle collisions is a problem in some areas, and small remnant populations may be driven extinct by threats such as predation by feral dogs and accidental mortality in fish traps (T. Maran pers. comm. 2006). Competition and direct aggression from the American mink is a further threat to depleted remnant populations (Maran 1999). The Aleutian disease could also have an impact, but diseased animals have not yet been found. In Spain and France, hybridization with Mustela putorius may be a threat (Davidson et al. 2000).","Legally protected in all range states (Schreiber et al. 1989) including the Russian Federation (Alexei Tikhonov pers. comm 2006). At least part of the population occurs within protected areas. Studies have been undertaken to determine the mink's ecological requirements, to analyse the causes of its decline, and to assess the genetic variability of western populations. In Spain and France programmes have been started to control the American mink population. A captive breeding programme was launched in 1992 by the European Zoo Association (the Catalonian Government's captive breeding programme is part of this European initiative). Efforts are being made to reintroduce European mink to areas where they formerly occurred in Germany and the Russian Federation. An introduction programme is underway on the island of Hiiumaa (to Estonia) in the Baltic, where the American species has been excluded. In France a national action plan for the conservation of the European mink was initiated by the Ministry of Environment and has been coordinated by the SFEPM (French Mammal Society). Conservation needs vary throughout Europe, and include the following:·National and regional authorities need to increase attention and allocate sufficient resources for European mink conservation. Otherwise this species will disappear soon.·There is a need for large-scale efforts to secure the survival of the last small remaining populations in different areas inside of the historical range of the species, but also restoration and/or establishment of new populations is required. ·For remaining in situ populations, the maintenance or restoration of sufficiently large areas of suitable habitats has to be secured by designation of new protected areas and improvement of management of existing protected areas. ·The impact of the American mink on local European mink populations has to be monitored and controlled, and whenever possible and feasible the alien mink populations should be removed. Local authorities have to pay more attention to the effects of the American mink on the local fauna, including the European mink. They should support further studies and actions to mitigate the effect of alien mink to the native mink species. ·Aleutian diseases and other pathologies must be monitored in all remaining in situ populations of the European mink. ·For French and Spanish wild populations which appear to be highly inbred further research needs to be carried out to identify whether these seemingly genetically highly uniform populations suffer from inbreeding depression. The introduction of individuals from ex situ stock from genetically diverse eastern populations has to be considered as a potential conservation measure, if further research confirms the need for this. In addition to genetic studies, comparative studies on ecology and behavior of the disjunct mink populations (Spanish/French, Romanian and eastern European) should also be conducted to support the findings of genetic studies.  ·The ex situ conservation breeding program has to be enhanced and promoted, as it guarantees the survival of the  species in case in situ efforts fail. It also provides opportunities for the restoration of already vanished wild populations and reinforcement of existing populations whenever needed. ·There is a need for developing an all-European conservation breeding program with secured long-term funding.·Further studies are needed about the current the status of the European mink in Romania, Ukraine and elsewhere in eastern part of Europe.",,,"Tiit Maran, Stéphane Aulagnier, Roland Libois, Andreas Kranz, Alexei Abramov, Chris Wozencraft",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CARNIVORA,MUSTELIDAE,Mustela,nivalis,,Mustela nivalis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The weasel is a widespread species that is locally abundant in at least parts of its range. Although declines have been observed in the UK and are suspected in other parts of Europe, it is not thought that these approach the threshold for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (30% in ten years or three generations). Monitoring is required, and if new evidence emerges suggesting that declines are of a greater magnitude than is presently thought, the species should be reassessed.",,"The weasel has a very large circumboreal distribution, taking in much of Europe and North Africa, Asia and northern North America. An introduced population exists in New Zealand. It is found throughout Europe and on many islands, including the Azores, Britain (but not Ireland), and all major Mediterranean islands. The populations on the Azores and many Mediterranean islands are widely considered introduced (Dobson 1998, R. McDonald pers. comm. 2006). It occurs from sea level to at least 3,860 m. It is also found on Honshu, Hokkaido, Kunashiri, Etorofu, and Sakhalin Islands (Abe et al. 2005).","In the European part of its range, there are documented population declines in some areas (e.g. Britain: Battersby 2005), and suspected declines in others. Although it has a wide distribution, it is considered rare in North America (Sheffield and King 1994). In Eurasia, it is relatively common, but not often seen (Sheffield and King 1994). Local densities of 0.2 to 1.0 individuals per hectare can occur in favored habitats when prey are abundant (Sheffield and King 1994). However, over wider areas, the average density may be as low as 1 to 7 per 100 hectares (Goszczynski 1977). Populations fluctuate both seasonally and annually, sometimes involving large increases of up to 10-fold, concurrently or within 9 months of a population peak of small rodents, and lasting 6 to 18 months (Sheffield and King 1994).","Weasels tolerate a wide range of habitats, including forests, farmlands and cultivated fields, grassy fields and meadows, riparian woodlands, hedgerows, alpine meadows and forests, scrub, steppe and semi-deserts, prairies, and coastal dunes (Sheffield and King 1994, Pulliainen 1999). This species is a specialist predator of small mammals (especially rodents), although it will also occasionally feed on birds’ eggs, lizards, frogs, salamanders, fish, worms, and carrion (Sheffield and King 1994). Habitat selection is usually determined by local distribution of rodents. Foraging individuals avoid open spaces, where they are most vulnerable to predation by raptors (Sheffield and King 1994). They prefer dense, rank grassland where microtines (voles and lemmings) are abundant (R. McDonald pers. comm. 2006).","Threats include incidental poisoning with rodenticides (Sheffield and King 1994) and persecution. The weasel prefers open agricultural habitats, which are declining owing to changes in agricultural practices (rural abandonment) in parts of Europe, as open fields undergo succession.","This species is found in many protected areas. It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention (Pulliainen 1999), and is protected under national and sub-national legislation in a number of range states (e.g. Sichuan, China: Yi-Ming et al. 2000). Monitoring is required to quantify the population trend in Europe.",,,"Alexei Tikhonov, Paulo Cavallini, Tiit Maran, Andreas Kranz, Juan Herrero, Giorgos Giannatos, Michael Stubbe, Jim Conroy, Boris Kryštufek, Alexei Abramov, Chris Wozencraft, Robbie McDonald",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CARNIVORA,MUSTELIDAE,Mustela,putorius,,Mustela putorius,,"The origin of the Moroccan population has been debated; some authors contend that it is a feral population of M. putorius ‘furo’, although fossil remains found in 2001 and ascribed to M. putorius suggest that the species may be native to Africa (see Griffiths and Cuzin in press, and references therein).",No,LC,,No,NT,,EU25,Unfavourable,"European: Least Concern. The species has a wide range extending to the Urals. Certainly in the northern and eastern parts of its range it appears to be common, widespread and under no major threat despite hunting pressures.EU 25: Near Threatened. There are declines in parts of the range, especially in central Europe and the situation is not clear in Portugal and Spain. There are concerns about loss of prey, persecution, loss of suitable habitat, etc. Hence the species is listed as Near Threatened as it almost qualifies under Criterion A4. The assessment is not adjusted because it is difficult to say if there would be a rescue effect or not and likewise it is unknown if the European population is a sink or not.",,"Mustela putorius is widespread in the western Palaearctic up to the Ural Mountains in the Russian Federation (absent from Ireland, northern Scandinavia, and much of the Balkans and eastern Adriatic coast). The species occurs only marginally in northern Greece. It is found in Morocco in the Rif Mountains from sea level to 2,400 m (Griffiths and Cuzin in press). Feral populations of the domesticated form M. putorius 'furo' (ferret) have become established in a number of areas including northern Britain, the Isle of Man (United Kingdom), Texel (Netherlands), some Mediterranean islands, the Azores, and New Zealand (Birks 1999, Clapperton 2001, W. Duckworth in litt. 2006).","The species is common in forested areas of European Russia. In western Europe, the species is scarce, typically occurring at densities of about 1 individual per 1000 hectares, and rarely exceeding 5-10 individuals per 1,000 hectares even in optimal habitat (Birks 1999). The population appears to be stable in the eastern parts of its range, but there are reports of recent declines from a number of countries in western Europe (e.g. Switzerland, Germany and Denmark: Birks 1999). In Portugal population numbers and trend have not been quantified, but a declining trend is possible related to the decrease in rabbit numbers (Cabral et al. 2005). In Morocco, Griffiths and Cuzin (in press) suggests that populations may be decreasing. In central Europe, a main prey item (the common hamster Cricetus cricetus) has declined and thus polecat numbers may also be decreasing (EMA Workshop 2006). Populations in the United Kingdom and Estonia are now increasing (Battersby 2005, Tiit Maran pers. comm. 2006). This increase in the United Kingdom follows a major persecution driven decline from the 1800s to 1920s, which nearly led to the extinction of the species there (Birks 1999, Battersby 2005).","A generalist, it is found in almost every type of lowland habitat. It is often found in lowland woods in riparian zones, and in areas close to farms and villages in the winter; but it also uses wooded steppe, sand dunes, marshes and river valleys, agricultural land, forest edge and mosaic habitats (Birks 1999, Cabral et al. 2005). Mountainous areas are avoided. It feeds on live rodents (voles, mice, hamsters) and other vertebrates, also sometimes on invertebrates and carrion. In wetland areas it often feeds on amphibians (Birks 1999).","In western and central Europe, it was formerly widely hunted for sport and fur and persecuted as a pest, although this threat has become less serious as the species is now protected in a number of range states and rates of hunting have greatly reduced (Birks 1999). Accidental mortality in car collisions and via secondary rodenticide poisoning is a problem (Birks 1999, Battersby 2005). Declines in prey species, e.g. hamsters (Nechay 2000) and rabbits in southern Iberia (Cabral et al. 2005) may contributing to declines in parts of the range. In European Russia, the species is commonly hunted (A. Abramov pers. comm. 2006). Hybridisation with the ferret is a possible threat in the United Kingdom (Battersby 2005). Possible competition with the American mink may also be a problem. In Morocco, the species may be captured in some areas for hunting.","It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention and Annex V of the EU Habitats Directive. It is listed on Schedule 6 of the WildLife Countryside Act (UK). It occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. Better monitoring of the species is needed, and measures should be taken to reduce hunting pressure where this is excessive. There is also a need to control release of ferrets into the wild.",,,"Margarida Fernandes, Tiit Maran, Alexei Tikhonov, Jim Conroy, Paulo Cavallini, Andreas Kranz, Juan Herrero, Michael Stubbe, Alexei Abramov, Chris Wozencraft",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CARNIVORA,MUSTELIDAE,Mustela,sibirica,,Mustela sibirica,,,No,,,No,NE,,EU25,-,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)This species is listed as Not Applicable at the European regional level because it is of marginal occurrence in the region.,,"This species is found in northern Myanmar, China, Japan (Tushima, introduced to western Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku), North Korea, South Korea, Pakistan, Russia (from Kirov Province, Tataria and western Ural Mountains throughout Siberia to Far East), Taiwan, and northern Thailand (Wilson and Reeder 2005). There is also a historical record from Thailand (Lekagul and McNeely 1977). In Japan, it has been introduced to Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu Islands (Abe 2005). It is native on the islands of Sakhalin, Kamishima, and Quelpart (Abe 2005). The distribution in southeast Asia is poorly known (A. Abramov pers. comm. 2006). The species was recorded in two locations in national parks in Thailand (Kanchanasaka, pers. comm.) and in one location in Nakai-Nam Theun National Biodiversity Conservation Area in 1996 in Laos (Duckworth 1997). It occurs from sea level to over 3,000 m in Nepal and to 5,000 m in China (GMA Small Carnivore Workshop 2006). This species is of marginal occurrence in Europe, where it is found only in the Ural mountains.","The species is widespread and abundant in Siberia and China (A. Abramov pers. comm. 2006). It is also common in northern central Korea as well, where few other mammals other than rats and squirrels are easily seen (W. Duckworth in litt. 2006).","The species occurs in primary and secondary deciduous, coniferous and mixed forests, as well as open areas with small patches of forest enclaves and forest steppe. It is also found along river valleys. It feeds on small mammals, such as voles, squirrels, mice and pikas, amphibians, fish, and carrion, and occasionally on vegetative matter (e.g. pine nuts) (Global Mammal Assessment Small Carnivore Workshop 2006).",There are no major threats known to this species (Global Mammal Assessment Small Carnivore Workshop 2006). It is legally hunted in Russia for its fur (A. Abramov pers. comm. 2006).,"This species is listed on CITES Appendix III (Tibet) (Yi-ming et al. 2000). There is a large, legal harvest of pelts of this species, which is apparently sustainable (W. Duckworth pers. comm. 2006).",,,"Global assessment by Alexei Abramov and Will Duckworth, regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Myodes,glareolus,,Myodes glareolus,,Clethrionomys is a synonym of Myodes.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)A widespread and common species with no major threats.,,"The bank vole has a wide range in the Palaearctic which stretches from the British Isles through continental Europe and Russia to Lake Baikal. In the north, its range extends beyond the Arctic circle, and in the south it reaches northern Turkey and northern Kazakhstan (Shenbrot and Krasnov 2005). It is widespread in Europe, although it is absent from southern Iberia and the Mediterranean islands. It is found from sea level to 2,400 m (Spitzenberger 1999).","It is very common throughout much of its European range, with typical densities varying between approximately 6-12 individuals per hectare and 50-100 individuals per hectare (Spitzenberger 1999). Populations densities fluctuate from year to year. The long-term trend appears stable.","It inhabits all kinds of woodland, preferring densely-vegetated clearings, woodland edge, and river and stream banks in forests. It is also found in scrub, parkland, and hedges (Viro and Niethammer 1982, Spitzenberger 1999).",There are no major threats to this species at present.,It occurs in a number of protected areas throughout its wide range. No specific conservation actions are recommended.,,,"Giovanni Amori, Heikki Henttonen, Vladimir Vohralík, Igor Zagorodnyuk, Jan Zima, Boris Kryštufek, Rimvydas Juškaitis, Holger Meinig, Sandro Bertolino",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Myodes,rufocanus,,Myodes rufocanus,,Clethrionomys is a synonym of Myodes.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Unfavourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Common and widespread with no major threats. Although there have been some declines in north-western parts of the range, it is not considered to approach the threshold for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (30% over 10 years or 3 generations). Consequently assessed as Least Concern.",,"The grey-sided vole has a large range in the northern Palaearctic, extending from northern Fennoscandia through northern Russia to the Pacific coast and the islands of Sakhalin, Hokkaido and Rishiri (Sulkava 1999). It ranges as far south as northern parts of Mongolia, China and the Korean peninsula (Wilson and Reeder 2005). It occurs from the coast to at least 1,170 m in northern Fennoscandia (Henttonen and Viitala 1982).","It is a common species in northern Fennoscandia. The long-term trend is stable with cyclic fluctuations every 4-5 years (Sulkava 1999). In northern Fennoscandia (Fennoscandian taiga) and northern Russia it was previously common, but there have been declines since the mid-1980s (H. Henttonen pers. comm. 2006).","It inhabits coniferous forests and birch forests, where it tends to prefer rocky areas, and is also found in dry peat-bogs and subarctic dwarf shrub heathland. It has a herbivorous diet, feeding on vegetative parts of grasses, herbs and dwarf shrubs, and on berries (Henttonen and Viitala 1982, Sulkava 1999). The species can sometimes be found in high densities in clear-cut areas, and is often found on plains (B. Sheftel pers. comm. 2006).",There are not thought to be any major threats to this species at present. Declines in Fennoscandia may be linked to changes in forestry practices (H. Henttonen pers. comm. 2006).,"It occurs in a number of protected areas within its wide range. The population trend should be monitored, particularly in the north-western part of the range.",,,"Boris Sheftel, Heikki Henttonen",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Myodes,rutilus,,Myodes rutilus,,Clethrionomys is a synonym of Myodes,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)A common and widespread species. Although there may have been declines in some parts of its European range, it is not thought that these approach the thresholds for the IUCN Red List, even at the EU 25 level. Consequently it is assessed as Least Concern.",,"Myodes rutilus has a northern Holarctic distribution. It occurs in northern Fennoscandia, European Russia, Siberia, Sakhalin and Hokkaido islands (Japan), Alaska (USA) and Canada, at latitudes of 43-73 degrees north (Shenbrot and Krasnov 2005).","It is described as common in subarctic Fennoscandian birch woods. In northern parts of its European range, the long-term population trend is stable, with fluctuations on a 4-5 year cycle. In southern parts of its European range (e.g. in central Finland and Russian Karelia) the species is suspected to be declining (Sulkava 1999).","It is found in the subarctic birch forest zone and in northern parts of the boreal forest zone. It is more abundant in productive (eutrophic or mesotrophic) forests, with a dense understorey of grasses, herbs (especially Scrophulariaceae), or moss. It prefers mature old-growth forests and, unlike other Myodes species, it is absent from clear-felled areas (Sulkava 1999). It has a herbivorous diet, feeding on the green parts of grasses and herbaceous plants. In the autumn it stores seeds, especially of Scrophulariaceae (Sulkava 1999).","Suspected declines in southern parts of its European range have been attributed to increased clear-felling of old-growth spruce forest (Sulkava 1999, H. Henttonen pers. comm. 2006).","It receives no legal protection under international legislation. Occurs in a number of protected areas in its wide global range, including some in northern Fennoscandia.",,,"Heikki Henttonen, Boris Sheftel",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,GLIRIDAE,Myomimus,roachi,,Myomimus roachi,,,No,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii)",No,DD,,EU25,Unfavourable,"European: This species is found in a restricted area, there have been no recent records from European Turkey, the vast majority of the habitat is converted to agriculture, and the remaining areas are severely fragmented and subject to ongoing decline. Consequently it is classed as Endangered at the European level. Further research may show that the species qualifies as Critically Endangered under criterion A and/or B. EU 25: The species may marginally occur easternmost Greece. As the world population of this species is small, any population in Greece might constitute a significant (>1%) proportion of the global population. The species is assessed as Data Deficient at the EU 25 level, as its occurrence in the region is uncertain, but if it is confirmed to occur in Greece it is likely to qualify as Critically Endangered under Criterion B. The population outside the EU is fragmented and declining, so no rescue effect would be expected.",,The mouse-tailed dormouse is found in Bulgaria and Turkey (both European and Asian Turkey). It may also occur in eastern Greece. It is mainly a lowland species.,"Little is known about this restricted-range species. In Turkish Thrace there are only definite records from a small number of sites, and none of these records are recent: despite intensive searches, the species has not been found during the last five years (Global Mammal Assessment SW Asia workshop 2005). Throughout its distribution the vast majority of suitable habitat has been converted to intensive agriculture, and the species' range is severely fragmented and subject to ongoing losses (Global Mammal Assessment SW Asia workshop 2005).","It inhabits scrub and semi-open habitats with trees or bushes such as orchards, vineyards, hedgerows in arable land, and river banks. Although it is found in some extensively managed agricultural habitats, it is absent from intensively farmed areas. It is more terrestrial than other dormice, and its diet consists for the most part of seeds.","The range of this species is in decline. In European Turkey, most of its habitat has been transformed by agriculture. In spite of intensive searches the species has not been found over the last five years. It is clear that the range is shrinking.","It is listed on Appendices II and III of the Bern Convention. Surveys are needed to determine if and where the species can still be found, and sites where the species is found should be strictly protected.",,,Boris Kryštufek,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,CRICETIDAE,Myopus,schisticolor,,Myopus schisticolor,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species has a wide range. The population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population size criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. less than 10,000 mature individuals in conjunction with appropriate decline rates and subpopulation qualifiers). Although there may have been some population declines as a result of logging, it is not believed to approach the threshold for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, it is evaluated as Least Concern.",,"Myopus schisticolor has a wide distribution in the northern Palaearctic, ranging from western Norway, through Sweden and Finland through northern and central Russia to the Pacific coast and Sakhalin island (Russia) (Shenbrot and Krasnov 2005). It occurs at altitudes from 600 to 2,450 m (Nowak 1999).","Population densities in this species are typically very low, although infrequently there may be population irruptions and local migrations. Such events occured in northern Finland in 1910, 1957-58 and 1963 (Sulkava 1999). The sex ratio is female-biased (75% females : 25% males). In Fennoscandia local population declines may have occurred as a result of logging (Sulkava 1999, H. Henttonen pers. comm. 2006).","The species's main habitat is old spruce forest, where breeding tends to occur in areas with a abundant mosses (Pleurozium, Dicranum, and Hylocomium spp.), which provide a critical winter food source. In the summer, marshy areas within forests and pine-bogs with a high dwarf shrub layer are used, and in years of high population density dry forests and even clear-cuts may be occupied (Sulkava 1999). The species is found in the taiga and not above the treeline.","There are no major threats. The species may be locally affected by logging of old-growth spruce forest, its main habitat (H. Henttonen pers. comm. 2006).",The species is found in protected areas.,,,Heikki Henttonen,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,VESPERTILIONIDAE,Myotis,alcathoe,,Myotis alcathoe,,"Formerly included in Myotis mystacinus (Kuhl, 1817); the species was differentiated (von Helversen et al. 2001) on the base of karyological, genetic and echolocation characters.",Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU25,Unknown,"The species has been recently described (2001) and is known from few localities. It is not easy to identify morphologically. More localities are being reported, but insufficient information is currently available on the extent of the range, population size and population trends. Consequently it is assessed as Data Deficient. Based on present knowledge the species is endemic to Europe.",,"This species was recently described and is poorly known (von Helversen et al. 2001), but current information suggests that it is endemic to central and southern Europe. It is known from Spain, France, Switzerland, Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Montenegro, Romania, Bulgaria, and Greece (Ruedi et al. 2002, Benda et al. 2003, Agirre-Mendi et al. 2004, von Helversen 2004, Helversen et al. 2006, P. Benda in litt. 2006). The species is possibly present for most of Serbia and areas of Montenegro (M. Paunovic pers. comm. 2007).","Its population size and trend is unknown. To date, c.15 localities are recorded in international publications (von Helversen 2001, Benda et al. 2003, von Helversen 2004). However, new localities continue to be found (EMA Workshop 2006, Mediterranean Mammals Workshop 2007).","According to present scarce knowledge, it is a tree dwelling and forest foraging species. In parts of the range at least it prefers to hunt in small valleys with deciduous trees and flowing water, which is a threatened habitat. The only breeding colony was found in a tree hollow. It may also occur in rural gardens and urban habitats. It probably occurs in underground habitats in winter.",Damage to riparian forest is believed be a threat in parts of range (von Helversen et al. 2001). Wider forest and roost tree loss (especially in wet old growth forests) may also be threats.,"It is protected by national legislation in most range states. There are also international legal obligations for the species' protection through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention. It is included in Annex IV of the EU Habitats and Species Directive, and some habitat protection may be provided through Natura 2000. Conservation recommendations include further research on distribution, population status and trends, ecology, habitat requirements, and threats. Measures to increase public awareness of this little-known species are also recommended.",,,"Hutson, A.M., Aulagnier, S., Nagy, Z., Karataş, A., Palmeirim, J. & Paunović, M.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,VESPERTILIONIDAE,Myotis,aurascens,,Myotis aurascens,,Formerly included in Myotis mystacinus; it was differentiated on the basis of morphology (Benda and Tsytsulina 2000).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species has a wide range. Population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population size criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. less than 10,000 mature individuals in conjunction with appropriate decline rates and subpopulation qualifiers), as the species is described as common in at least parts of its range. Population trend has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the threshold for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, it is evaluated as Least Concern.",,"Myotis aurascens is a western Palaearctic species; from present knowledge it is distributed in south-east Mediterranean and steppe Europe, and in south-west Asia (from Italy through the Balkans to southern Russia and Transcaucasia). In that area it is the most common of the M. mystacinus group and one of most common bat species (Benda 2004).","Exact details are not known, but it is a widespread and common species.","Recorded from forest and scrub (including Mediterranean-type scrub), and likely to occur in underground habitats.","Potential threats include habitat loss (as a result of infrastructure development and other causes), and disturbance of roost sites in buldings or underground habitats. However, these are not thought to be major threats to the species at present.","It is protected by national legislation in most range states. There are also international legal obligations for the protection of this species through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention. It is included in Annex IV of EU Habitats & Species Directive. Some habitat protection may be provided through Natura 2000. Further research is required on population size and trends, distribution, habitat requirements and ecology, and potential threats to this species. Measures to increase public awareness are also recommended.",,,"Tony Hutson, Friederike Spitzenberger, Stéphane Aulagnier, Zoltan Nagy",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,VESPERTILIONIDAE,Myotis,bechsteinii,,Myotis bechsteinii,,"Monotypic form, without taxonomic complexities (Baagøe 2001).",No,VU,A4c,No,VU,A4c,EU25,Unfavourable,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)EU 25 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)A rare species that occurs at low densities and has specific habitat requirements. Its population is fragmented and its sedentary habits mean that it does not colonise new areas easily. There is very little information on population trends, but it is suspected that the species is declining as a result of the loss and degradation of specific types of old-growth woodland, compounded by other threats such as human disturbance. It is suspected that these threats may result in a population decline of >30% over a 15 year period including both the past and the future. Consequently it is assessed as Vulnerable.",,"A western Palaearctic species, it occurs in central and southern Europe and temperate south-western Asia (Caucasus region and Asia Minor). It is found on several islands including Bornholm, Corsica, Elba, Capri, Sicily (Baagoe 2001). It has been recorded from sea level to as high as 1,500m in central Spain (Benzal and de Paz 1991).","It is considered rare throughout its range, although in optimal habitat it may be regularly found, and it is a typical member of central European bat communities. In southern Europe and the Caucasus it is rare (K. Tsytsulina pers. comm. 2005), and there has been only one confirmed individual in Iran (Sharifi et al. 2000). There are also few records from Turkey, where it has been found in groups of up to six individuals in six localities (A. Karatash pers. comm. 2005). Breeding colonies are small, numbering up to 10-30 individuals (K. Tsytsulina, J. T. Alcalde, A. Hutson pers. comm. 2006). Populations are fragmented as a result of the loss in historic times of the majority of its forest habitat. There is very little information on recent population trends. However, one of the few colonies known from Spain has disappeared in recent years because of human disturbance (J. T. Alcalde and J. Juste pers. comm. 2006).","This species has specialised habitat requirements, and is largely dependent on mature natural forests. In the south-west Asia region it is found in broadleaf forest and sometimes mixed forest (K. Tsytsulina pers. comm. 2005). In Europe, it tends to prefer mature deciduous woodland of beech and oak with a high proportion of old trees. Densities of this species are highest in forests that are managed according to environmental (rather than strictly economic) principles. It is occasionally found in artificial habitats such as pasture, plantations (especially orchards) and rural gardens. In summer it roosts in tree-holes, or occasionally in buildings; bird and bat boxes are fairly readily accepted (Schlapp 1999). In winter it hibernates in underground habitats, and possibly also in hollow trees. It forages in woodland and along woodland edge for Lepidoptera, Diptera, Planipennia, and also non-flying insects. A sedentary species (Hutterer et al. 2005).","Threats include inappropriate management and development of woodland habitats, intensive agriculture (e.g. use of pesticides on farmland adjacent to woodland occupied by the species) and human disturbance of roost sites. The loss of old trees with hollows is a particular problem. In Germany, infrastructure developments (and associated habitat fragmentation) and forestry are the main threats (Schulenberg 2005).","It is protected by national legislation in most range states. There are also international legal obligations for its protection through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention. It is included in Annex II (and (IV) of EU Habitats and Species Directive, and hence requires special measures for conservation including designation of Special Areas for Conservation. There is some habitat protection through Natura 2000, and the species is found in protected areas all over its range. It benefits directly or indirectly from a number of LIFE funded projects in Europe, and there are current research projects focussing on the species. Appropriate habitat management involves leaving old trees in sufficient numbers, as each individual colony uses up to 30 trees in the summer. Monitoring is required to determine population trends in this species.",,,"Tony Hutson, Friederike Spitzenberger, Javier Juste, Stéphane Aulagnier, Juan Tomas Alcaldé",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,VESPERTILIONIDAE,Myotis,blythii,,Myotis blythii,,"Based on analyses of sequence data of mitochondrial genes (Ruedi and Mayer 2001), Wilson and Reeder (2005) treated myotis, blythii, oxygnathus and punicus as separate species, an arrangement used also by Spitzenberger (2002). However, the IUCN SSC Chiroptera Specialist Group awaits further details to justify the specific separation of M. blythii and M. oxygnathus. We follow Castella et al. 2000 in treating the populations of North Africa, Corsica, Sardinia and Malta as a species: M. punicus.",No,NT,,No,NT,,EU25,Unfavourable,"European and EU 25: Near Threatened. This species has declined in many parts of its range both inside and outside Europe. There is evidence of rapid ongoing decline in at least some areas, although in other areas the trend may be stable. It is suspected that, overall, population declines may approach 30% over the last 21 years (3 generations). Consequently, the species is assessed as Near Threatened (approaching A2b) at the European and EU 25 levels. There is not expected to be any rescue effect from populations outside the region, as these may be declining too.",,"A south-west Palearctic species, it occurs in southern Europe, southern parts of central Europe, and non-arid parts of southwestern Asia from Asia Minor, the Caucasus region and Palestine to Kashmir, the Altai mountains, Nepal, and parts of China. The subspecies M.b. oxygnathus occurs in Europe and western Anatolia: Portugal, Spain, France, Italy (including Sicily). Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania, Moldova, Ukraine (including Krym), the Balkan Peninsula and parts of Turkey (Topál and Ruedi 2001). In the Caucasus, Turkey, Iran, the Russian Federation and Georgia it is confimed to occur no higher than 1,700m (K. Tsytsulina, M. Sharifi and A. Karatash pers. comm. 2005). However, it is found at altitudes of up to 2,100m in the winter in southern Spain (Palomo and Gisbert 2002).","A gregarious species, it congregates in nursery and/or hibernating colonies of up to 500 individuals. There have been large population reductions since the 1950s in several areas, including central Europe, Israel, and central Asia, and there is evidence of ongoing decline in some parts of the range, although in other areas populations appear stable. It remains an abundant species. In Turkey it occurs in large clusters and is the second most common bat species (A. Karatash pers. comm. 2005). In Iran there is evidence of population decline, although it remains one of the most sighted species (M. Sharifi pers. comm. 2005). The Spanish population is estimated to be smaller than 20,000 individuals, and is concentrated in the southern part of the country (Palomo and Gisbert 2002). It is declining, at a rate of one third over the last 10 years in important large colonies in Andalucia (Franco and Rodrigues de los Santos 2001). It is one of the rarest species in Portugal, where its population of c.2,000 individuals is declining (Rodrigues et al. 2003). It is uncommon in the northern part of the range (Austria) but seems stable (Spitzenberger 2002). In France, the population of over 20,000 individuals experienced declines since the 1960s, but may now be stable (S. Aulagnier pers. comm. 2006). In Romania, one well-known colony has declined by 95% as a result of disturbance by speleological tourism (Z. Nagy pers. comm. 2006). It often occurs in mixed colonies with Myotis myotis and identification is sometimes problematic.","It forages in scrub and grassland habitats, including farmland and gardens. Maternity colonies are usually found in underground habitats such as caves and mines, and sometimes in attics of buildings (particularly in central Europe).It hibernates in winter in underground sites with a relatively constant temperature of 6-12ºC. The species is an occasional migrant, with movements of up to 488 km recorded (Hutterer et al. 2005; previous reports of 600 km are erroneous).","Changes in land management, especially agricultural pollution and other agricultural activities, can affect populations of this species. Disturbance to roosts in caves and buildings may also be a problem.","It is protected by national legislation in most range states. There are also international legal obligations for its protection through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention. It is included in Annex II (and IV) of the EU Habitats and Species Directive, and hence requires special measures for conservation including designation of Special Areas for Conservation. There is some habitat protection through Natura 2000. In some countries (including Spain, Portugal, and Italy) several colonies are protected by closing entrances to caves with fences. More colonies should be protected.",,,"Tony Hutson, Friederike Spitzenberger, Javier Juste, Stéphane Aulagnier, Juan Tomas Alcaldé, Zoltan Nagy, Ioan Coroiu",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,VESPERTILIONIDAE,Myotis,brandtii,,Myotis brandtii,,"In this assessment we regard M. brandtii as a species consisisting of two forms, M. brandtii brandtii (Europe, Caucasus, Western Siberia), and M. b. gracilis (central and Eastern Siberia, Mongolia, Korea, Manchurea, Japan) (Benda and Tsytsulina 2000, Tsytsulina 2001). K. Tsytsulina has a paper in press which proposes two separate species and revises the distribution. Both the eastern and the western forms are widespread and abundant.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The species is widespread and abundant, and there is no indication of current significant decline. Consequently it is assessed as Least Concern.",,"Myotis brandtii is a boreal Palaearctic species, distributed from Ireland, central Europe and Fennoscandia through the Russian Federation and central Asia to the northern Far East. It has a scattered distribution in south-east Europe and Anatolia. It occurs from sea level to 1,800 m.","One of the more common species within northern parts of its regular distribution area. It is decreasing in Turkey, at the southern edge of its global range (A. Karatash pers. comm. 2005).","It inhabits mixed and broadleaf forest, and sometimes coniferous forest, often in close proximity to water (K. Tsytsulina pers. comm. 2005, Gerell 1999). It is less often found near human habitation than its congener M. mystacinus. Summer roosts are sited in buildings, tree holes, and bird and bat boxes. In winter it hibernates in caves and mines. It is an occasional migrant, with movements of up to 618 km recorded (Hutterer et al. 2005).","There are no major threats known. Localized possible threats include changes in land-use practices (including woodland loss, infrastructure development and pesticide use). Human disturbance to roosts in builidings and underground habitats may also be a problem. In the eastern Black Sea area, it prefers to roost behind window shutters in older buildings, and these sites are not provided in modern buildings. Another popular roost site in this region is barrels hung in trees for honey bee farming, and when the barrels are removed to check for honey, roosting individuals are disturbed (A. Karatash pers. comm. 2005).","It is protected by national legislation in most range states. There are also international legal obligations for its protection through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention, in parts of its range where these apply. It is included in Annex IV of EU Habitats & Species Directive, and there is some habitat protection through Natura 2000.",,,"Tony Hutson, Friederike Spitzenberger, Stéphane Aulagnier, Ioan Coroiu",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,VESPERTILIONIDAE,Myotis,capaccinii,,Myotis capaccinii,,Most of the recent authors consider M. capaccinii as a monotypic species (Spitzenberger and von Helversen 2001).,No,VU,A4bce,No,VU,A4bce,EU25,Unfavourable,"The species occupies specialised habitat in Mediterranean countries (caves and associated water systems). In the eastern part of the range it congregates in winter in a few sites threatened by human disturbance. It has declined between 30 and 50% in Spain in the last 10 years, and there are indications of decline in other parts of the range. It only hunts on watercourses and is therefore threatened by water pollution and development of touristic infrastructure, which is expected to continue in the future. It is suspected that population declines are underway that will exceed 30% over 18 years (3 generations), and for that reason the species is considered Vulnerable at the European and EU 25 levels.",,"Myotis capaccinii is sparsely distributed from eastern Iberia through the northern Mediterranean to coastal Asia Minor and Israel, Lebanon and Jordan, and also in Mesopotamia from Turkey to Iran and in north-west Africa. It occurs from sea level to 900 m.","Locally it can be abundant. Generally, the population is fragmented, but these ""fragments"" may constitute robust parts of the overall population. Declines have been reported in many range states. In Spain, the population has declined by 30-50% in the last 10 years to fewer than 10,000 individuals. Only 30 colonies are known that comprise more than 20 individuals (Palomo and Gisbert 2002). At least six important colonies are threatened by the construction of buildings nearby and five colonies have disappeared over the last 10 years. In France the population has declined to very low numbers (an estimated 3,800 individuals). Colonies have been lost in the western part of the range in the last 15 years (S. Aulagnier pers. comm. 2006). Colonies in central Romania known from the 1960s have disappeared, and the species is now restricted to the south. The species is almost absent in winter and probably hibernates in Bulgaria (Z. Nagy pers. comm. 2006). The Bulgarian population is estimated at c.20,000. In Croatia there are still some large colonies but these are threatened by pollution of karstic water bodies (F. Spitzenberger pers. comm. 2006), and the species is listed as Endangered in the Croatian Red Book of Mammals (Tvrtković 2006). In Turkey it has a decreasing population and is considered vulnerable; it is most often encountered in small groups, very occasionally up to several hundred individuals (A. Karatash pers. comm. 2005). The species is naturally rare in Iran (M. Sharifi pers. comm. 2005) and north Africa (S. Aulagnier pers. comm. 2006). The size of colonies is smaller in the western part of the range (several hundreds of individuals in summer) than in the eastern part (up to several thousands in winter).","It forages over wetlands and waterways (including artifical waterbodies, such as canals and reservoirs), also scrub. It generally roosts in underground habitats (principally caves). Movements between summer and winter colonies are mostly within a distance of 50 km (maximum 140 km: Hutterer et al. 2005)","Threats include changes in water quality through pollution and dam building, and loss of water bodies and watercourses. Damage or disturbance to caves used as roosts may also be a problem.","It is protected by national legislation in most range states. There are also international legal obligations for its protection through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention. It is included in Annex II (and IV) of EU Habitats and Species Directive, and hence requires special measures for conservation including designation of Special Areas for Conservation. Some habitat protection through Natura 2000. In Spain, fences are in place to protect several known colonies. Measures needed include protection of colonies and improvement of water quality.",,,"Tony Hutson, Friederike Spitzenberger, Javier Juste, Stéphane Aulagnier, Juan Tomas Alcaldé",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,VESPERTILIONIDAE,Myotis,dasycneme,,Myotis dasycneme,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU25,Unfavourable,"The species' range is wide but it is specialised to feeding above water courses and water bodies. Loss and degradation of aquatic habitats may threaten the species. There has been a rapid decline in the past in at least parts of Europe, and although this decline may now have slowed, it is nevertheless suspected to approach 30% over the last 15 years (3 generations). Consequently the species is classed as Near Threatened (approaching A2c) at the European and EU 25 levels.",,"Myotis dasycneme occurs from north-west Europe (north-western France and southern Scandinavia) south to Serbia and Montenegro, Ukraine, and north Kazakhstan and east to the River Yenisey in central Russia, with few record from China. Historic or subfossil records exist from Switzerland, Austria and the former Yugoslavia. Recorded from sea level to 1,500 m.","It is rarely abundant, and ranks among the rarest bat species in Europe. Summer colonies usually less than 100, but can reach 500. In winter sites, usually roost singly or small groups of up to 10, few sites with more than 200 individuals (maximum 700). Although no quantitative data on population trends are available, the species is reported as seriously declining in much of Europe.","This species feeds principally over open calm water, particularly canals, rivers and lakes, on small emerging and emergent insects, often taken from the water surface. It prefers water lined by open rough vegetation without trees. Most of the known summer maternity roosts are in buildings, often in large attics and church steeples, in groups of 40-600. Some tree  and bat box roosts are recorded. It frequently hibernates in underground habitats ranging from natural caves to cellars and bunkers. It is a partial migrant, with winter and summer roosts often separated by more than 100 km (maximum recorded: 350 km), and it may need good habitat links between summer and winter roosts.","Threatened by habitat change, including renovation and maintenance of buildings with roosts involving the use of chemicals for remedial timber treatment that are toxic to mammals. Few nursery roost sites are known and many of these have been lost, although numbers in hibernation sites have shown a slower decline in the Netherlands. Water pollution may also be a threat; the species already has a relatively restricted foraging habitat of broad, open flat water of canals, rivers and lakes with relatively open banks, with possibly some further seasonal (summer) restriction within utilised habitat. Such restrictions in summer may be opportunistic rather than enforced, and it may be that the requirements for wider dispersal in spring, and possibly autumn, is more of a conservation problem than concentration in summer in good foraging habitat close to the roost. The requirements during migration are not known and may be a constraint (Limpens et al. 2000, Hutson et al. 2001)","Protected in all European range states, and possibly in most of rest of range. In Europe it is included in Annex II of the EEC Council Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora 1992 (EEC Habitat Directive) requiring full protection and designation of Special Areas of Conservation to maintain it and its habitats. Other international treaties of relevance are the Agreement on the Conservation of Bats in Europe (Bonn Convention 1994), Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (the Bern Convention 1982) and Bern Convention Recommendation 36 (1992, Conservation of Underground Habitats). Most European range states are party to at least one of these treaties. Numbers in underground habitats have increased following site protection. Considerable effort has been applied to the conservation of known maternity roosts, but not always with success in view of requirements for renovation and maintenance of buildings used as roosts. Particularly in the Netherlands the use of bat detectors has more clearly demonstrated the distribution of the species and hence allowed more precise definition of foraging habitat requirements and the need for an adequate network of protected flightpaths between roosts and foraging sites. Under the Agreement on the Conservation of Populations of European Bats, the species is selected  for examination of its migratory behaviour.The Bern Convention has commissioned a Species Action Plan under its obligations to the Pan-European Biological and Landscape Diversity Strategy (Hutson et al. 2001). Current (2006) research in the Netherlands and Germany focuses on conservation requirements and migration.",,,"Tony Hutson, Stéphane Aulagnier, Zoltan Nagy",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,VESPERTILIONIDAE,Myotis,daubentonii,,Myotis daubentonii,,"This assessment refers to M. daubentonii sensu lato, thus including M. petax from Altai and Siberia which was recently separated as species by Matveev et al. (2005).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The species is widespread and abundant, and there are indications that its population is currently increasing. Consequently it is classed as Least Concern.",,"Myotis daubentonii is distributed from Portugal, Ireland and Norway through Europe and northern Asia to the Far East (Korea and Japan). It is absent in Central Asia from the Caspian region to the Altai mountains, and only a few records are known from Asia Minor and the western Caucasus. There are records from sea level to 1,400 m in the Alps (Spitzenberger 2002).","One of the most abundant bats in many parts of its range, and the only European bat species for which continuing population increase from the 1950s to present has been recorded. A very common species in central and eastern Europe and in northern Asia.","It forages over natural and artificial water bodies (including fjords), sometimes in woodland or scrub. Summer roosts are in trees, buildings and other artificial structures (e.g. bridges, cellars). It winters in wide range of underground habitats. Seasonal movements between winter and summer roosts are mostly within a distance of 100-150 km (Hutterer et al. 2005). The longest distance covered is 257 km (Tress et al. 2004 in Hutterer et al. 2005).","Changes in water quality may reduce food supply, and loss of or damage and disturbance to roost sites in trees, buildings, other artificial structures, and underground habitats may cause temporary localised losses. However, these are not thought to be serious threats to the survival of this abundant and expanding species.","It is protected by national legislation in most range states. There are also international legal obligations for its protection through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention in parts of its range where these apply. It is included in Annex IV of EU Habitats & Species Directive, and there is some habitat protection through Natura 2000.",,,"Tony Hutson, Friederike Spitzenberger, Stéphane Aulagnier, Ioan Coroiu",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,VESPERTILIONIDAE,Myotis,emarginatus,,Myotis emarginatus,,"The population of the western part of the distributional range (NW Africa, Europe, Caucasus and Levantine regions) belongs to the nominotypic subspecies (M. emarginatus emarginatus); in the Asian part of the range two further subspecies are found (M. e. sogdianus and M. e. desertorum).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The species experienced a significant decline from the 1960s to the 1990s, but now it is expanding in central Europe and is stable or not significantly declining elsewhere. The range is still large and the species is not restricted to a specialized habitat, although it has a very specialized diet.",,"Myotis emarginatus occurs in southern Europe and southern part of western and central Europe and non-arid parts of south-western Asia from Asia Minor, Caucasus region and Palestine to Oman, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan; also in north-west Africa. It occurs from sea level to 1,800 m, highest records in the Alps are 812 m (maternity colony) and 1,505 m (hibernaculum) (Spitzenberger 2002).","Locally it can be rare or common. The species experienced a significant decline from the 1960s to the 1990s, but more recently the numbers in several regions have increased and the species has spread into new areas. It lives in large colonies (up to 1,200 individuals in Austria in one maternity colony). It is included in the Red List of the Russian Federation as Vulnerable, on the basis of a past population decline of 30% or more inferred from a reduction in range. The species is of marginal occurrence in the Russian Federation.","It forages over scrub and grassland. Diet unique in Europe as it mainly feeds on spiders and flies. In summer, it roosts in underground habitats and, in central Europe, in buildings (in loft spaces). Sometimes roosts in summer with Rhinolophus species. It winters in underground sites. In Iran and the Caucasus, the species occurs in a variety of habitats, but in low numbers (M. Sharifi pers. comm. 2005). Mainly a sedentary species, but movements of up to 105 km have been recorded (Schunger et al. 2004 in Hutterer et al. 2005)","In Europe the species is mainly associated with agricultural landscapes, therefore all agricultural activities can affect populations of this species. Loss of and disturbance to roost sites in buildings and underground sites are also threats.","It is protected by national legislation in most range states. There are also international legal obligations for its protection through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention. It is included in Annex IV of EU Habitats & Species Directive, and there is some habitat protection through Natura 2000.",,,"Tony Hutson, Friederike Spitzenberger, Stéphane Aulagnier, Zoltan Nagy",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,VESPERTILIONIDAE,Myotis,myotis,,Myotis myotis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The species experienced a significant population reduction in the past but is now stable (at lower densities) or recovering throughout the range. The range is still wide and the population large (tens of thousands of individuals in various countries). Consequently it is assessed as Least Concern.,,"Myotis myotis is a western Palaearctic species; it occurs in western, central and southern Europe (with individual records from southern England and southern Sweden) and in Asia Minor and in the Levant.","A common species in most of its distributional range, populations of several regions are fluctuating in numbers. During the 1980s and 1990s in central Europe there were increases in numbers following major declines in earlier decades. It forms large nursery colonies (tens to thousands of individuals) in caves, in central Europe also in loft spaces. In Austria the population was estimated to be 76,000 individuals in 1999 and is still increasing (Spitzenberger 2002, F. Spitzenberger pers. comm. 2006). In France 37,000 individuals were recorded in summer 1995 (Roué and Groupe Chiroptères 1997); trend data are not available. A small population went extinct in Britain in 1990 (A. Hutson pers. comm. 2006)","It forages over woodland edge, scrub, and pasture. It preys on large insects, mainly flightless beetles, gleaned from the ground. It roosts in underground sites all year in much of range, and in buildings (loft-spaces) in summer in northern parts. Occasionally it forms small colonies in trees. It is an occasional migrant; the longest recorded movement is 436 km (Simon et al. 2004).","In Europe, it is a typical species of agricultural mosaic landscapes, therefore agricultural activities (e.g. pesticide use, intensification that leads to loss of scrubby patches, hedgerows, and small woods) can affect populations of this species. Loss of or damage to roost sites in underground habitats and buildings may also be a threat. However these are not thought to be major threats to the species as a whole at present.","Protected by national legislation in most range states. Also international legal obligations for protection through Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention. Included in Annex II (and IV) of EU Habitats and Species Directive, and hence requiring special measures for conservation including designation of Special Areas for Conservation. Some habitat protection through Natura 2000.",,,"Tony Hutson, Friederike Spitzenberger, Stéphane Aulagnier, Zoltan Nagy",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,VESPERTILIONIDAE,Myotis,mystacinus,,Myotis mystacinus,,"Includes three forms differing in morphological traits: M. mystacinus mystacinus (most of European range), M. mystacinus occidentalis (Iberia and Morocco) and M. mystacinus caucasicus (Caucasus region).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The species is widespread and abundant, and there are no indications of current significant population decline. Consequently it is classed as Least Concern.",,"Myotis mystacinus is a western Palaearctic species, occurring in western and central Europe, southern parts of Scandinavia, the British Isles, Morocco, northern parts of eastern Europe, western parts of the Caucasus and the Urals. The occurrence in south-east Europe is questionable but likely. It has been recorded from sea level to 1,920 m (Gerell 1999).",One of the more common species within the regular distribution area.,"It inhabits forest, woodland edge and shrubland. Summer maternity roosts are typically sited in trees, buildings, and bird and bat boxes. It hibernates in small groups in underground sites (caves, mines, and cellars). It is an occasional migrant, with movements of up to 240 km recorded (Gerell 1999). Movements of up to 625 km have been described, although the longest distance covered by a bat with certain species identification is 165 km (Gaisler et al. 2003 in Hutterer et al. 2005).","Although not major threats, the species is affected by loss of woodland and other aspects of land management and development. It is also affected by loss of and damage to roost sites in trees, buildings and underground habitats.","It is protected by national legislation in most range states. There are also international legal obligations for its protection through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention. It is included in Annex IV of EU Habitats & Species Directive, and there is some habitat protection through Natura 2000.",,,"Tony Hutson, Friederike Spitzenberger, Stéphane Aulagnier, Ioan Coroiu",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,VESPERTILIONIDAE,Myotis,nattereri,,Myotis nattereri,,"Does not include Myotis schaubi (Armenia and western Iran) and Myotis bombinus (south-eastern Siberia, north-eastern China, Korea, Japan). Two subspecies of M. nattereri are recognized: M. nattereri nattereri (N Africa, Europe, SW Asia Minor, Palestine) and M. n. tschuliensis (Caucasus region, Iraq, Turkmenia). Part of the Iberian population has been described as a a new cryptic species named Myotis escalerae (Ibañez et al. 2006).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The species is widespread and abundant, and there is no evidence of current significant population decline. Consequently it is classed as Least Concern.",,"Myotis nattereri is a western Palaearctic species. It is widespread in Europe, with the exception of northern Fennoscandia, eastern Ukraine and much of Russia. Also found in Morocco, western and south-western Asia Minor, Levant, Caucasus region (including northern Iraq), Kopetdag Mountains in Turkmenia and Iran, northern Kazakhstan. Its altitudinal range is sea level to 2,000 m.",In Europe it is widespread but everywhere rare (Topál 2001). Colonies can reach 250-300 individuals in Jordan (Z. Amr 2000).,"It forages in woodland (including Mediterranean pine and oak forest: Amr 2000), shrubland and parkland, sometimes over water, pasture, and road verges. It occurs in humid areas, and in dry areas it is dependant on water bodies. Summer roosts are in hollow trees, buildings and occasionally underground sites. It hibernates in underground habitats (caves, cellars and mines). It is a sedentary species, movements between summer, autumn and winter roosts are up to 120 km (Masing et al. 1999 in Hutterer et al. 2005).","The species is affected by loss of woodland and other changes in land management and development. Loss of or damage to roost sites in trees, buildings and underground habitats may also be a problem.","It is protected by national legislation in most range states. There are also international legal obligations for its protection through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention, in parts of its range where these apply. It is included in Annex IV of EU Habitats & Species Directive, and there is some habitat protection through Natura 2000.",,,"Tony Hutson, Friederike Spitzenberger, Stéphane Aulagnier",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,VESPERTILIONIDAE,Myotis,punicus,,Myotis punicus,,"Originally described as a subspecies of blythii, but recently shown to lie outside a clade including blythii, myotis, and oxygnathus (Ruedi and Mayer 2001).",No,NT,,No,NT,,EU25,Unfavourable,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)EU 25 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)The population size is estimated at between 6,000 and 8,000 individuals. The species is cave dwelling, only a small number of colonies are known, and those are in touristic areas subject to disturbance. Although the population trend has not been quantified in Corsica, some colonies have been lost, suggesting that declines have occurred. It is assumed that the population trend will be similar on Sardinia as the species faces the same threats there. On Malta, surveys have shown an estimated decline of 50% or more in 3 generations, although this is a small part of the overall population and the trend has now stabilised. It is therefore suspected that the species is declining faster than 10% in 3 generations (generation time for the species is 7-8 years). Because the overall decline rate is suspected rather than estimated, the species qualifies as Near Threatened (approaching C1). There is no evidence that there would be a significant rescue effect from North African populations.",,"Myotis punicus occurs in North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya) and on the Mediterranean islands of Corsica (to France), Sardinia (to Italy), and Malta.","On Corsica there are around 3,000 individuals in four colonies. The total population size on Corsica, Sardinia and Malta is estimated at between 6,000 and 8,000 individuals. Cave dwelling, therefore there are few colonies. On Malta, over 50% of the population was lost between the latter half of the 1980s and the early 1990s. Numbers appear to have stabilised at 400-450 individuals (Borg 2002, J.J. Borg unpubl. data). The population trend on Corsica is difficult to quantify as surveys before 2000 were very limited, but some colonies have been lost, indicating that there are some threats to the population (S. Aulagnier pers. comm. 2007).","This species forages in woodland and shrubland and roosts in underground sites, possibly also in buildings. Bats ringed in Malta were retrapped in Gozo, but there were no indications of longer distance movements (Hutterer et al. 2005).","Human disturbance is a major threat, as colonies are located in touristic areas, in caves that are well known and popular. Changes in land management and agricultural pollution are also threats.","It is protected by national legislation in its European range states. There are also international legal obligations for its protection through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention, in parts of its range where these apply. It is included in Annex IV of the EU Habitats & Species Directive, and there is some habitat protection may be provided through Natura 2000. There is an ongoing project for the conservation of this species. Appropriate conservation measures include fencing cave entrances and obtaining legal protection for the species.",,,"Javier Juste, Stéphane Aulagnier, Tony Hutson",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,SORICIDAE,Neomys,anomalus,,Neomys anomalus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Unfavourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species has a wide range. The population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population size criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. less than 10,000 mature individuals in conjunction with appropriate decline rates and subpopulation qualifiers). Although the species is presumed to be declining as a result of loss and degradation of its wetland habitat, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, it is evaluated as Least Concern. However, the fragmented distribution of this species makes it susceptible to local extinctions, and population trends need to be monitored.",,"Neomys anomalus has a patchy distribution in continental Europe and Asia Minor. It is found in parts of central and southern Europe from Spain and Portugal in the west through to the middle of the River Don (European Russia) in the east, but its range is fragmented (Corbet 1978, Spitzenberger 1999). It is recorded from sea level to 1,850 m (Spitzenberger 1999).","It is suspected to be declining in line with rates of loss of its wetland habitat (Spitzenberger 1999, Spitzenberger pers. comm. 2006). Its patchy distribution means that there are many small isolated subpopulations, making local extinctions more likely. It may be locally quite abundant in the absence of its main competitor, N. fodiens. There are areas where the two species occur in the same habitats, but using different niches.","It inhabits lush vegetation next to slow-flowing or still eutrophic waters (marshes, swamps, lakes, rivers, and streams). Its habitat choice is influenced by competition with the larger Eurasian water shrew N. fodiens, which is a stronger swimmer (Spitzenberger 1990, 1999). In general, N. anomalus is less aquatic than N. fodiens and can colonise areas away from water (Palomo and Gisbert 2002). However, in regions where N. fodiens is absent, N. anomalus may adopt its competitor's aquatic niche and increase in size (Spitzenberger 1990, 1999). N. anomalus is strictly carnivorous, feeding predominantly on soft-bodied invertebrates such as insect larvae, spiders and worms (Spitzenberger 1990, Palomo and Gisbert 2002).","The major threat to the species is habitat loss. In many parts of its range wetlands are being destroyed and fragmented as a result of water extraction, canalisation of streams, agriculture, road building, and other human activities. Water quality is often degraded by agricultural chemicals, industrial effluent and sewage. Use of pesticides may be a problem in parts of the range (Palomo and Gisbert 2002, Cabral et al. 2005).","It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention, and it occurs in many protected areas. It is recommended that population trends are monitored, as the species may be vulnerable to the loss of aquatic habitats.",,,"Holger Meinig, Sandro Bertolino, Boris Kryštufek",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,SORICIDAE,Neomys,fodiens,,Neomys fodiens,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species has a wide range and is generally abundant, although local population declines have been recorded. Loss and degradation of wetland habitat is the main threat, although this is not a serious threat to the global population at present. The subspecies niethammeri in western Spain has a restricted range and may be threatened. It is morphologically distinct from other populations and may warrant species status. Further taxonomic investigation and population monitoring is recommended for this subspecies.",,"The water shrew has a large range extending from the British Islands eastwards to Lake Baikal, Yenisei River (Russia), Tien Shan (China), and northwest Mongolia. A disjunct range includes Sakhalin Island and adjacent Siberia, Jilin (China), and North Korea. In Europe it is generally widespread throughout, with the exception of southern Iberia. It occurs only sporadically on the Balkan peninsula, where it is largely restricted to the mountains. It occurs from sea level to over 2,500 m (Stone 1995). The distribution of the species recently expanded southwards in Italy owing to a new record in the Sila massif (Aloise et al. 2005).","It is a widespread and abundant species, although local population declines may be caused by wetland drainage, pollution, and destruction of riverbanks. Population densities fluctuate from year to year (Spitzenberger 1999). In the northern part of its range and in the steppe zone, the species has a patchy distribution.","This species is semi-aquatic with water repelling fur. It occurs in a wide variety of wetland habitats, both freshwater and coastal, including lakes, rivers, streams, marshes, bogs, damp grasslands, humid woodlands, sea shores and intertidal wetlands. It is the most aquatic of all European shrews. It hunts on land and in water for invertebrates, including crustaceans, and occasionally takes small fish and amphibia (Sokolov and Orlov 1980, Spitzenberger 1999, Smith and Xie in press). It paralyses large prey with its venomous saliva (Stone 1995, Smith and Xie in press). It is highly territorial, with males only moving out of territory during the breeding season.","Loss of wetland habitats through drainage, development, conversion to agricultural land, and destruction of natural vegetation at the water's edge may have a negative impact on this species. It may suffer from a shortage of food when prey species decline owing to acidification and pollution of water with pesticides, fertilisers, and sewage (Spitzenberger 1999).","It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention, and occurs in numerous protected areas within its range. The western Spanish population is a separate subspecies (niethammeri), which has a very restricted range and may be threatened. It is morphologically distinct from other populations, and may represent a valid species (López-Fuster et al. 1990, Bühler 1996). There is a need for taxonomic research on this population, as well as surveys and monitoring to determine if it is undergoing population decline or range contractions.",,,"Holger Meinig, Sandro Bertolino, Boris Kryštufek, Igor Zagorodnyuk, Giovanni Amori, Heikki Henttonen, Friederike Spitzenberger, Boris Sheftel, Rimvydas Juškaitis",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,VESPERTILIONIDAE,Nyctalus,azoreum,,Nyctalus azoreum,,"There is marked genetic differentiation between populations on central and eastern islands in the archipelago, indicating that they have evolved in relative isolation for a long time (Salgueiro et al. 2004).",Yes,EN,B1ab(iii),No,EN,B1ab(iii),EU25,Unfavourable,"This species is endemic to the Azores, where it has a small population and range. It is suspected to be declining as a result of disturbance and destruction of colonies, loss and degradation of natural and semi-natural habitats and pesticide use. There is no direct information on dispersal between islands, but genetic research suggests that dispersal is restricted, and so the population is precautionarily regarded as being severely fragmented; further research would be required to confirm this. For these reasons, it is assessed as Endangered.",,"Nyctalus azoreum is restricted to the Azores archipelago (Portugal), where it occurs on Faial, Pico, San Jorge, Graciosa, Terceira, San Miguel and Santa Maria islands, where it occurs from sea level to 600 m (A. Rainho pers. comm. 2006). Its extent of occurrence is estimated at ca.2,200 km2.","Surveys in 2002, 2003 and 2004 found the species quite abundant on San Miguel, Faial, Terceira and San Jorge, but rare on Graciosa and extremely rare on Santa Maria. It is absent from Flores and Corvo. There is no quantitative information on population trend, but it is suspected that the species may be declining as a result of habitat degradation, destruction of or exclusion from roosts (both in trees and buildings), and human persecution. Local environmental groups report that numerous colonies have recently disappeared (A. Rainho pers. comm. 2006). The total population is estimated at 2,000-5,000 individuals, and there are probably fewer than 1,000 individuals on San Miguel, where the species is most abundant (Cabral et al. 2005, J.M. Palmeirim, A. Rainho and L. Rodrigues pers. comm. 2006).","It forages over a variety of habitats on the islands, favouring natural and semi-natural habitats. But it frequently feeds around artificial lighting (e.g. streetlamps). Most maternity colonies are probably located in buildings, trees and rock crevices.","Human persecution, and the destruction of roost sites, are likely to be the main threats (A. Rainho pers. comm. 2006). Habitat loss and degradation, use of pesticides, and the spread of exotic plant species may also have a detrimental effect on the species. It is suspected that the extreme scarcity of the species on Santa Maria is attributable to habitat loss and degradation. This species is particularly vulnerable to persecution because it flies during the day, making colonies obvious and easy to find (A. Rainho pers. comm. 2006).","There is no specific national legislation. It is protected under Bern Convention and included in Annex IV of EU Habitats and Species Directive. There are proposals for protection and monitoring of roosts, public awareness (with special reference to roosts), reduction of adverse agricultural practices, preservation and restoration of natural habitat, use of lights that attract insects (e.g. mercury), and further studies of the species' biology (Rainho et al. 2002).",,,"Hutson, A.M., Aulagnier, S., Rainho, A. & Palmeirim, J.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,VESPERTILIONIDAE,Nyctalus,lasiopterus,,Nyctalus lasiopterus,,,No,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU25,Unknown,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 25 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species has a wide range, but it has a patchy distribution and occurs at very low densities, making it very difficult to survey. It has specific habitat requirements (mature forest). Some cases of mortality have been recorded at wind farms, and the number of wind farms is growing. Area of Occupancy and population size are not known, but are not believed to approach the thresholds for IUCN Red List criteria. There are no data available on population trend. Consequently the species is classed as Data Deficient.",,"Nyctalus lasiopterus has a very scattered distribution through central and southern Europe and north Africa (Morocco, Libya, and possbily Algeria) through Asia Minor to the Caucasus, northern Iran and Kazakhstan. Of the Mediterranean islands, recorded on Sicily. The species is easy to detect with bat detectors, so it is known that the species' distribution in Europe is genuinely extremely patchy. Until 1999, it had been recorded in 120-130 localities in Europe (Benzal 1999). It occurs up to 1,900 m in Switzerland.","The patchy distribution and low population density in most of range suggest a relatively small global population. Breeding colonies are typically small (up to 35 females), and few are known. Only two larger-sized (50-100 females) breeding colonies are known in the world. It is rare throughout the range in the Russian Federation (K. Tsytsulina pers. comm. 2005). There is a strong population in northern Hungary. The species is difficult to survey, and difficult to capture with mist nets as it hunts 10-20 m above the ground (K. Tsytsulina in litt. 2005). The population trend is unknown.","It forages over mixed and deciduous forest and wooded river valleys (the latter especially on migration). It is highly dependent on mature forest. It is largely insectivorous, but is also reported to take small passerines in the southern part of the range during migration. In summer it roosts in hollow trees, and occasionally in buildings. Rock crevices may also be used as hibernacula in winter. It sometimes roosts with other species such as N. noctula. Nursery colonies are usually relatively small (up to 35 females). Females give birth to a single pup per litter. It is considered to be migratory in the north-east of its range, but there is very little data. Vagrants have been recorded well outside the normal range (Hutterer et al. 2005). Some areas in the western part of the range appear to be occupied exclusively by males, according to capture results. Its foraging range may be greater than 30 km in a single night.","Little is known about potential threats, but loss of mature woodland and loss of or disturbance to roost sites (in old trees and buildings) may have a negative impact on the species. Some individuals were found dead in wind farms in Spain (J.T. Alcalde pers. comm. 2006), and all pups were found dead in 2005 at one of the two known colonies in Spain (located in a city park). The cause of these deaths was not known (J.T. Alcalde pers. comm. 2006).","It is protected by national legislation in most range states. There are also international legal obligations for its protection through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention, in parts of its range where these apply. It is included in Annex IV of EU Habitats & Species Directive. No specific conservation actions are known. It occurs in a number of national parks and protected areas within its range (K. Tsytsulina pers. comm. 2005). However, in Spain the two known colonies are outside protected areas (J.T. Alcalde pers. comm. 2006). More information is needed on population size and trends, ecology, and potential threats.",,,"Tony Hutson, Javier Juste, Juan Tomas Alcaldé",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,VESPERTILIONIDAE,Nyctalus,leisleri,,Nyctalus leisleri,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The species is widespread and abundant, and there is no evidence of current significant population decline. Consequently it is classed as Least Concern.",,"Nyctalus leisleri is largely a western Palaearctic species (Europe and north-west Africa), with scattered records in west parts of the eastern Palaearctic (Pakistan, Afghanistan, the Himalayas). It is widely distributed in Europe from Portugal and the British Isles to western Russia. It is present on Madeira and the Canary islands but absent from southwestern Italy and Sicily, eastern Spain, most of Fennoscandia, the northern Baltic and northern Russia. It occurs from sea level to 2,400 m.","It is widespread although patchily distributed in Europe. Common in parts of range (e.g., Ireland), scarce in other parts (Stebbings and Griffith 1986). Local extinctions have been reported for the central part of Russian Federation (K. Tsytsulina pers. comm. 2005), although the species remains common in other parts of Russia and the Caucasus (S. Kruskop pers. comm. 2005). There is no information about trends.","It forages over woodland, pasture, and river valleys, where it feeds on flies (including mosquitos), moths and beetles. It is linked to old trees. Summer nursery roosts are located in tree holes, plus buildings and bat boxes. Nursery colonies usually number 20-50 females, occasionally up to 1,000 (e.g., in Ireland: Stebbings and Griffith 1986). In winter it hibernates mainly in tree holes, or occasionally in underground sites or buildings, often in large groups. Females migrate over distances up to 1,567 km (Ohlendorf et al. 2000).","Threats include disturbance to and destruction of roosts in trees and buildings, and loss or degradation of foraging habitat. However, these are not thought to be major threats at present.","It is protected by national legislation in most range states. There are also international legal obligations for its protection through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention, in parts of its range where these apply. It is included in Annex IV of EU Habitats & Species Directive, and there is some habitat protection through Natura 2000. It occurs in protected areas throughout its range. No specific conservation actions known, but a review of the species' status and summary of existing knowledge is currently (2006) in preparation.",,,"Tony Hutson, Friederike Spitzenberger, Stéphane Aulagnier",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,VESPERTILIONIDAE,Nyctalus,noctula,,Nyctalus noctula,,Nyctalus furvus (Japan) and N. plancyi (eastern China and Taiwan) are now considered as separate species (Wilson and Reeder 2005).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The species is widespread and abundant, and although there may have been declines in some areas, it is not believed that these approach the threshold for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (30% in 10 years or 3 generations). Consequently it is classed as Least Concern.",,"Nyctalus noctula has a wide Palaearctic distribution, including Europe and southern Scandinavia to the Urals and Caucasus; Turkey to Israel and Oman; western Turkmenistan, western Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan to south-west Siberia and the Himalayas, south to Myanmar, Vietnam, and western Malaysia. Its occurrence in North Africa is questionable (see below), and a record from Mozambique is considered dubious. With few exceptions, maternity colonies are confined to northeastern Europe (Strelkov 1997a, 1997b). Has been found at 1,900 m in the western Alps during migration (Aellen 1962 in Gebhard and Bogdanowicz 2004).""It is possible that N. noctula occurs in Africa but this needs confirmation. A record from Algeria (two specimens collected from a hollow tree in Cheliff plain) was published by Loche (1858), but these specimens were lost with the rest of Loche's collection. According to Palmeirim (1982), it is possible that these specimens belonged to N. lasiopterus, a species which does occur in North Africa and which was considered to be conspecific with N. noctula by earlier zoologists. There are also some doubts as to the place of origin of some specimens of N. noctula in the BMNH (Palmeirim 1982) and in the RMNH (Jentink 1888). One of these was mentioned by Dobson (1878) as having been bought in Algiers. Kowalski and Rzebik-Kowalska (1991) suggest that all of them were bought from professional dealers, which means that their localities may be unreliable"" (M. Happold pers. comm. 2007).","A widespread species, relatively common throughout much of its range. Very abundant, not declining and considered least concern in the Russian Federation (K. Tsytsulina pers. comm.). Common in winter in Austria, with no sign of decline (Spitzenberger 2002 and F. Spitzenberger pers. comm. 2006). However, there have been documented local declines in the Netherlands, and there are suspected to have been substantial declines in the United Kingdom since the 1940s, although the population trend now appears to have stabilised (Bogdanowicz 1999, Battersby 2005). Within its Iranian range and based on very limited information, the species appears to be rare (M. Sharifi pers. comm. 2005).","It forages over wetland, woodland and pasture, feeding on larger moths, beetles and flies. Summer colonies are in tree holes, sometimes in buildings. Winter hibernacula are in rock crevices, caves, occasionally artificial structures. Maternity colonies number 20-50 females (occasionally up to 100), but winter groups in rock crevices, caves and artificial structures can be large, to 10,000 in one instance (Germany) (Harrje 1994, Mayer et al. 2002). Tree holes and bat boxes are also used as wintering sites. Seasonal migrations between breeding area and hibernation range which is situated in central and southwest Europe normally cover distances of less than 1,000 km. The longest recorded movement is 1,546 km (Hutterer et al. 2005).",The species is affected by loss of tree roost holes in northeastern Europe. In Romania and Hungary colonies are being lost due to renovation of buildings and human disturbance in buildings. Local declines in the Netherlands were linked to loss of wetlands (Bogdanowicz 1999). These are not thought to be major threats to the species as a whole at present.,"It is protected by national legislation in most range states. There are also international legal obligations for its protection through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention, in parts of its range where these apply. It is included in Annex IV of EU Habitats & Species Directive, and there is some habitat protection through Natura 2000. The species occurs in a number of protected areas. No specific conservation actions are known.",,,"Tony Hutson, Friederike Spitzenberger, Stéphane Aulagnier, Zoltan Nagy",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CARNIVORA,ODOBENIDAE,Odobenus,rosmarus,,Odobenus rosmarus,,"Three recognized subspecies: rosmarus: Atlantic Walrus; divergens: Pacific Walrus (Illiger, 1811); and, laptevi: Laptev Walrus (Chapskii, 1940)",No,,,No,,,EU25,-,"This species is a vagrant in the marine region covered by the European Mammal Assessment, consequently it is classed as Not Applicable.",,"Walruses have a discontinuous circumpolar Arctic and sub-Arctic distribution. The Pacific subspecies is found in the Bering and Chukchi Seas to the East Siberian Sea in the west and the western Beaufort Sea in the east. The Atlantic subspecies occurs in numerous subpopulations from the Eastern Canadian Arctic to the western Kara Sea, including the Barents and White Seas, and Svalbard and Franz Josef Land. Vagrants have been reported from Iceland, and from Norway south to the Bay of Biscay. The Laptev walrus is confined to the Laptev Sea north of central Russia. All three subspecies of walruses are found in relatively shallow continental shelf areas, and rarely occur in deeper waters (Scheffer 1958, Fay 1982, Rice 1998, Kastelein 2002).","The Pacific walrus population recovered from a depleted state in 1950 to historical high levels in the 1980s (Fay et al. 1997). The population was estimated at over 230,000 in 1985 (Gilbert 1989), and 201,000 in 1990 (Gilbert et al. 1992). However, difficulties with associated with conducting these surveys greatly reduced the precision of these estimates (Gilbert 1999). The current population level is unknown (Angliss and Lodge 2004). The Atlantic walrus has been extirpated from some areas but estimates are that between 10,000 and 19,000 animals occur from the eastern Canadian Arctic to the Kara Sea (Born et al. 1995, Kastelein 2002). The Laptev population was estimated at 4,000-5,000 animals according to a report cited in Fay (1982), and the current status is unknown. The walrus is a vagrant in the marine region covered by the European Mammal Assessment.","Walruses are highly gregarious animals and are frequently found in close knit groups that regularly number in the tens to many hundreds, and aggregations of animals including many groups of these sizes can number in the low thousands. Walruses also haul out on ice floes and beaches on islands or remote stretches of mainland coastlines forming dense groups of animals lying pressed together and on top of one another. At sea, walruses can be found alone or in large aggregations.Courtship and mating occurs in the winter. It is believed that walruses are polygynous, the males forming a type of lek, or establishing small aquatic territories where they vigorously vocalize and display adjacent to females hauled-out on ice floes. Males have an unusual adaptation for producing bell-like sounds underwater. A pair of elastic pharyngeal pouches in the neck can be inflated with air to serve as resonance chambers that make this unique sound. There is also intense male-male fighting at this time. Tusks are used for interspecific aggression, defense against predators, which include polar bears and killer whales, and for aids in hauling-out on ice, but not for digging up food. Walruses are one of the largest pinnipeds.  Males reach about 3.6 m and 880-1560 kg, females about 3 m and 580-1039 kg.  Newborns are 1-1.4 m and weigh 33-85 kg. Although females can ovulate at four years of age, the majority do not give birth until they are 7-8 years old and usually only produce one calf every three years. Gestation lasts 15 months, including a delay of implantation time of 3-3.5 months. The period of calf dependency is long, regularly taking two years, and can extend longer if a female does not give birth every three years. Males become sexually mature between 7-10 years old, but are not physically and socially mature enough to successfully compete for breeding opportunities until they are approximately 15 years old. Longevity is approximately 40 years (Fay 1981).Walruses are primarily bottom feeders and shallow divers. Most prey taken is found in the upper few centimeters of sediment, or on or just above the bottom. A wide variety of benthic invertebrates, with several species of clams, make up the majority of food for most animals. Their diet also includes other species of mollusks, and many species of worms, snails, soft shell crabs, amphipods, shrimp, sea cucumbers, tunicates, and slow-moving fish. Some individuals regularly prey on seals, small whales, and seabirds, and occasionally scavenge marine mammal carcasses (Fay 1982).","All three walrus populations were severely depleted by episodic commercial hunting that was heaviest from the 18th through the mid-20th centuries. Native people of the Arctic have depended on walruses for food, hides, ivory, and bones since first contact, and subsistence harvests of all three subspecies continue today in most parts of their ranges. Direct conflicts with fisheries are low; however trawl fisheries can disturb important benthic feeding area (Born 2003).  Human disturbance at land-based haul-out sites, low-level aircraft over-flights, and near-shore passage of vessels can have serious effects on walruses out of the water, as they are highly susceptible to disturbance, and easily panicked into stampedes. Fay and Kelly (1980) documented an instance of a mass mortality of approximately 1,000 animals from a stampede event at Saint Lawrence Island. The cause of the stampede is unknown; however this mass mortality event underscores the risks of any source of disturbance to aggregations of hauled-out walruses.    Global warming and any associated reduction in the extent, timing, and characteristics of seasonal sea ice cover could negatively effect walrus populations. Declining sea ice reduces suitable strata for pupping and breeding aggregation, and limits access to offshore feeding areas (Tynan and DeMaster 1997, Moore 2005). In contrast Stirling and Derocher (1993) suggest that climatic warming could result in more favorable conditions for bearded, harp, and harbor seals and walruses if it causes sea ice to become less consolidated in winter, and the summer open water period to lengthen. Reduction in sea ice could also lead to the addition of commercial sea lanes in rarely visited portions of the walruses’ range, with increased risk of spills and discharge of pollutants, disturbance, and coastal development (Reijnders et al. 1993, Tynan and Demaster 1997, Moore 2005).","Coastal Alaska Natives have hunted walruses for subsistence purposes in the United States under an exemption from the Marine Mammal Protection Act since 1972. No quotas or limits have been established, but all animals taken are required to be harvested in a non-wasteful manner. Quotas on harvest have been imposed in Canada and in the Russian Federation. Walrus hunting in east Greenland has been banned and is regulated in other areas of Greenland. In the Laptev Sea, only natives and members of scientific expeditions are allowed to kill walruses (Reijnders et al. 1993).",,,European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,DELPHINIDAE,Orcinus,orca,,Orcinus orca,,"Killer whales are presently considered to form a single cosmopolitan species, Orcinus orca (Rice 1998). Separate species status has been suggested for different morphological forms found in the southern Ocean (Mikhalev et al. 1981, Berzin and Vladimirov 1983, Pitman and Ensor 2003). Pitman et al. (2007) describe one of these as a dwarf form of killer whale. Killer whales in the eastern North Pacific are known to consist of at least two and maybe three distinct forms, colloquially known as ‘resident’, ‘transient’ and ‘offshore’ killer whales (Ford et al. 1994). Separate species status has also been suggested for at least two of these different forms, based on color pattern, diet, and morphological traits (Baird 1994, Baird et al. 1999). Genetic differences are found among these forms, with particularly marked differences between resident and transient forms (Stevens et al. 1989, Hoelzel and Dover 1991, Hoelzel et al. 1998, Barrett-Lennard 2000). The taxonomy of this genus is clearly in need of review, and it is likely that O. orca will be split into a number of different species or at least subspecies over the next few years (Reeves et al. 2004).",No,DD,,No,DD,,EU25,Unknown,"Orcinus orca is widespread and fairly abundant. Population trend data for this species are unavailable. Primary threats that could cause widespread declines include depletion of prey resources and contamination with persistent organic pollutants. Live-capture removals and direct takes are localized and do not appear to have had a high impact on the status of the species globally. Current threats for killer whales appear most serious in nearshore waters. The combination of potential declines driven by depletion of prey resources and the effects of pollutants is believed sufficient that a 30% global reduction over three generations or in this case 78 years could not be ruled out. Therefore, the species is currently considered to be Data Deficient.Additionally, regional subpopulations of killer whales can be small and highly specialized, and therefore vulnerable to over-exploitation and habitat deterioration. Several small subpopulations have already been recognized as having a high risk of extinction, including the Strait of Gibraltar subpopulation, which was provisionally assessed in 2006 as Critically Endangered (C2a(i,ii); D)(Reeves and Notarbartolo di Sciara 2006).",,"The killer whale is the most cosmopolitan of all cetaceans, and may be the second most widely-ranging mammal species on the planet, after humans. Killer whales can be seen in virtually any marine region, from the equator to polar waters. Although they are generally more common in nearshore areas and in higher productivity areas and/or higher latitudes, there appear to be no hard and fast restrictions of water temperature or depth on their range. The distribution extends to many enclosed or partially-enclosed seas, such as the Mediterranean Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, Gulf of California, Gulf of Mexico, Red Sea, and Persian Gulf. However, there are only extralimital records from the Baltic Sea and no records from the Black Sea.","Although killer whales occur worldwide, densities increase by 1-2 orders of magnitude between the tropics and the highest sampled latitudes in the Arctic and Antarctic (Forney and Wade 2006). Killer whales tend to be more common along continental margins; however, there is some variation in this general pattern that appears linked to ocean productivity. Killer whales appear to be less common in western boundary currents such as the Gulf Stream, than in more productive eastern boundary currents such as the California Current. Line-transect surveys have resulted in estimates of abundance in several regions in the North Atlantic, including an abundance estimate of 3,100 (CV=63%) killer whales in Norwegian waters (Øien 1990), and an estimate of 6,618 (CV=32%) whales in Iceland and Faroes Islands waters (Sigurjónsson et al. 1989, Gunnlaugsson and Sigurjónsson 1990).","Killer whales may occur in virtually any marine or estuarine habitat, but are most common in areas of high marine productivity, particularly at higher latitudes and near shore (Dahlheim and Heyning 1999, Forney and Wade 2006). Sightings range from the surf zone to the open sea. Although they do not migrate, movements can be extensive; for instance, some killer whales have been documented to have moved between Alaska and central California, a distance of more than 2000 km. In the Antarctic, they readily enter areas of floe ice in search of prey (Pitman and Ensor 2003). Killer whales in some areas congregate seasonally in coastal channels to forage and occasionally enter river mouths. Killer whales are known to feed on a wide array of prey types, including most marine mammal species (except river dolphins and manatees), seabirds, sea turtles, many species of fishes (including sharks and rays) and cephalopods (Dahlheim and Heyning 1999, Ford and Ellis 1999, Ford 2002). Killer whales have a diversity of foraging tactics, including intentional beaching to gain access to seals onshore. They are known to use cooperative techniques to herd fish and to attack large prey (Dahlheim and Heyning 1999, Baird 2000).  Although a generalist as a species, at least some subpopulations specialize on particular types of prey (Bigg et al. 1990, Baird 2000). Studies in coastal waters of the eastern North Pacific, from California to Alaska, have described three distinct ecotypes of killer whales, referred to as residents, transients, and offshores.  Although distinguished by ecological differences, there are also differences in coloration, external morphology, behavior and acoustics.  The three ecotypes maintain social isolation from each other despite overlapping ranges.","Killer whales have been exploited at low levels in several regions world-wide (Jefferson et al. 1993). Norwegian whalers in the eastern North Atlantic took an average of 56 whales per year from 1938 to 1981. Fishermen in many areas see killer whales as competitors, and intentional shooting of whales is known to occur. This problem is especially serious in Alaska, where depredation of longline fisheries is extensive (Jefferson et al. 1993).  Killer whales are still taken in small numbers in coastal fisheries in Japan, Greenland, Indonesia, and the Caribbean islands (Reeves et al. 2003).After 1976, Iceland has been involved in live-captures of killer whales for export. During the period 1976-1988, 59 whales were collected, of which 8 were released, 3 died and 48 (an average 3.7 per year) were exported (Reyes 1991 and ref. therein). In 1991, the lcelandic government announced that once current permits for live-capture expire, no new ones would be issued (Jefferson et al. 1993).  Bycatch in trawl and driftnet fishing operations occur, but are considered rare (Dahlheim and Heyning 1999). Persistant, bioaccumulating contaminants have recently been found to present a serious potential risk to some killer whale subpopulations. Large-scale catastrophic oil spills have the potential to cause significant mortality of killer whales. Oil spills may also have an indirect effect by reducing prey abundance.Disturbance may be a matter for concern in areas inhabited by killer whales and supporting whale-watching industries (Reyes 1991).  Moving boats can disrupt activities such as foraging and resting, and underwater boat noise could affect social and echolocation signals of the whales or otherwise interfere with foraging (Erbe 2002, Williams et al. 2002).  For example, close approaches by whale-watching vessels have been shown to result in avoidance responses by resident killer whales in British Columbia, which may have energetic costs for whales frequently subjected to whale watching activity (Williams et al. 2002, 2006).  Fast-moving boats in the proximity of killer whales also present a risk of collision or injury from propellers.  Visser (1999) reported propeller scars observed on killer whales in New Zealand.  There have been large-scale reductions in predatory fish populations (Myers and Worm 2003, Baum et al. 2003) and over-fishing and collapse of several important “prey” fish stocks world-wide (Jackson et al. 2001). The effects on killer whales of reductions in fish populations due to overexploitation are unknown. In some areas, populations could be vulnerable owing to dietary specialization. The depletion of the Mediterranean bluefin tuna stock is considered a source of concern for the survival of the Gibraltar killer whales (Cañadas and de Stephanis 2006).Predicted impacts of global climate change on the marine environment may affect killer whales, and may affect some subpopulations more than others through changes in prey availability.","The eastern North Atlantic subpopulation is included in Appendix II of the Convention on Migratory Species. The proposal to list all subpopulations of the killer whale in Appendix II was endorsed in 2002 by the Working Group of the CMS in Bonn (see Proceedings), as all the subpopulations were migratory and could profit from cooperative protective measures. Because killer whales are cosmopolitan in distribution, they may be present in virtually any marine protected area worldwide. Further studies on subpopulation structure, abundance and life history are needed.",,,Species account by IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist Group; regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,LAGOMORPHA,LEPORIDAE,Oryctolagus,cuniculus,,Oryctolagus cuniculus,,"Two recognized subspecies occur on the Iberian peninsula of Europe. Oryctolagus cuniculus algirus occupies the south-western area (roughly Portugal and southern Spain). Its range overlaps somewhat with that of O. c. cuniculus, which occupies all points north and west of O. c. algirus (Biju-Duval et al. 1991). O. c. cuniculus is thought to be the descendant of early domestic rabbits released into the wild (Chapman and Flux 1990), and is the subspecies that has been introduced throughout Europe and worldwide (Angulo 2004).  O. c. algirus is also found in north Africa, and on Mediterranean and Atlantic islands (Branco et al. 2000).",No,NT,,No,NT,,EU25,Unfavourable,"European and EU 25: Populations in all parts of Europe where the rabbit has been established since before 1500 A.D. are considered for this assessment. Significant declines have been reported in many parts of the rabbit's European range, and it is inferred that declines approach 30% over the last 10 years overall. Consequently the species is assessed as Near Threatened (approaching A2b). In many countries outside Europe, the rabbit is an alien invasive species that is itself a threat to many other species; the listing of Near Threatened in Europe should not in any way deter efforts to eradicate the rabbit in areas where it is a conservation problem.",,"Oryctolagus cuniculus is a widespread and abundant species, which has been introduced to all continents except Antartica. It was originally restricted to Spain, Portugal, western France, and northern Africa, but it has spread over the last two millenia to almost all parts of the European region, including the British Isles, many Mediterranean islands, the Azores, and Madeira. This range expansion occurred partly because of deliberate introductions, as the rabbit was widely exploited as a food source, and partly through natural spread. It remains absent from most of Fennoscandia, and occurs only sporadically on the Balkan peninsula. Outside Europe, it was introduced to Australia, in 1788 and again in 1859, where it is now widespread (Thompson and King 1994). It was introduced to South America unsuccessfully several times since the mid-nineteenth century, and successfully in about 1936; it now maintains a limited range in Argentina and Chile (Thompson and King 1994). Found in many islands in the Pacific, off the African coast, New Zealand, and the Caribbean (Thompson and King 1994).","It is a common species throughout much of its European range. Population densities of 0.5 to 10 individuals per hectare are typical, with densities of up to 100 individuals per hectare having been recorded (Homolka and Zima 1999). However, in at least some parts of Europe the species has undergone significant decline in recent years. In Portugal, a population reduction of 24% was recorded between 1995 and 2002 (Alves and Ferreira 2002), and in Spain and Portugal as a whole it is estimated that there are now as few as 5% of the number of rabbits that existed 50 years ago (Ward 2005). Large declines since 1990 have also been noted in Austria (Spitzenberger 2005) and Germany (Eylert 2004), and in the UK the species declined significantly between 1995 and 2002 (different survey methods give a 48% decline from 1995-2002 and a 23% decline from 1997-2002: Battersby 2005). Subspecies O. c. huxleyi, which occurs on certain Atlantic and Mediterranean islands, has a restricted range and may be threatened (Homolka and Zima 1999).","The rabbit occupies a variety of habitats, including grassland, meadows, pastures, arable field-margins, sand-dunes, grassy cliffs, heathland and open woodland. In summer, it feeds on the vegetative parts of a variety of grasses and herbaceous plants, and in winter it eats grasses, bulbs and bark (Macdonald and Barrett 1993). It can be an agricultural pest in areas where it is abundant, and it has caused severe damage to native ecosystems in some areas where it has been introduced (for example Australia) (Ward 2005). Rabbits are an essential keystone element of the Mediterranean ecosystem in Spain and Portugal, being preyed on by at least 39 predator species including the Critically Endangered Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus and the vulnerable and range-restricted Iberian imperial eagle Aquila adalberti (Ward 2005, BirdLife International 2006). Rabbit declines are considered to have had a negative impact on both of these threatened species (Ward 2005, BirdLife International 2006).","Myxomatosis caused severe population declines in the 1950s, but numbers subsequently rallied as the myxoma virus become less virulent and the rabbit more immune (Macdonald and Barrett 1993, Macdonald and Tattersall 2001). Myxomatosis was deliberately introduced to Europe in 1952 in an effort to control rabbit numbers; it originates from South America (Ward 2005). Declines in recent years have been attributed to Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease (RHD; also known as DHV), myxomatosis, and over-hunting (Ward 2005, Spitzenberger 2005). RHD is believed to have originated in Europe, where it was first detected in 1987 (Ward 2005). Habitat loss (due to agriculture, forestry, development, forest fires and land abandonment) is considered to be a contributory factor to rabbit decline in Iberia (Ward 2005). It is a popular game species, and over-hunting may be a problem in some parts of its range. Pest control measures may cause local population declines. There have been attempts in Australia to develop a genetically modified immunocontraceptive virus for rabbits, and accidental or deliberate illegal spread of such a virus could be a threat to rabbits in the future (Henzell and Cooke 2003, Trout 2003, Ward 2005).","The issue of eradication of O. cuniculus from its introduced range (e.g. Australia, New Zealand, and many islands) may have overshadowed the significance of rabbit decline in its native range. However, the importance of O. cuniculus within its natural range necessitates that it be considered for listing as threatened in spite of its global abundance. It is a keystone component of the Iberian ecosystem, as prey for specialist predators (Virgos et al. 2005) and as a landscape modeller (Delibes et al. 2000, Ward 2005). It is an important game species in Spain and Portugal (Ward 2005). Oryctolagus cuniculus occurs in some protected areas within its natural range, including Donana National Park in Spain (Ward 2005) and Serra da Malcata Nature reserve in Portugal (700km2) where the Iberian lynx is protected.Ward (2005) summarises key issues regarding the conservation of the European rabbit within its native range: ""- Establish rabbit monitoring programs to accurately describe decline directly.- Create and implement a management plan for rabbit recovery that prioritizes critical ranges and populations. Some plans have begun for local regions, including Donana National park. - Programs to limit the incidence and impact of new and existing diseases may be difficult in the wild, though some success has been observed in captive populations. Current vaccines do not confer total immunity to RHD or myxomatosis, have side effects such as increasing vulnerability to predators, and have short-lived effectiveness. A genetically modified live myxomatosis virus vaccine, LapinVac, is controversial because of the possibility of unpredictable evolution of the virus, and its potential spread to rabbit populations outside the natural O. cuniculus range where eradication, not conservation, is the objective. Increasing habitat quality may indirectly help rabbit disease resistance. Controlling disease vectors for myxomatosis has not been found to be effective. Preventing the spread of modified immunocontraceptive viruses engineered in Australia to control rabbit fertility may become an issue.- Reducing hunting impact is not guaranteed to reduce decline because disease effects often outweigh hunting as a threat, and because implementation of restrictions would likely not be realistic given the prevalence of hunting in Iberia. Revisions to existing hunting seasons have been proposed and some tested, but even moving the season to summer when rabbits are most abundant has caused concern in trials because the overall catch increases and the season coincides with a peak in death from disease. A growing recognition among hunters of the issue of rabbit decline has led to some self-restraint, and though often well intentioned, uninformed management strategies are leading to inappropriate actions. Rather than focusing on hunting restraint, many hunters exert efforts to reduce rabbit predators, which are not directly responsible for decline. As a very large demographic, hunters could represent a powerful force in maintaining sustainable hunting populations, if the awareness of the issue of decline increased within this group.- Rabbit populations affected by agriculture represent a sensitive issue, as rabbits are typically seen as a pest and an economic liability for farmers. Despite pressures from environmental groups, many farmers continue to take measures to eradicate rabbits from their land, even in areas where rabbit populations have declined dramatically. Awareness among farmers of rabbit conservation issues is low. Government policy allows farmers to control rabbits with permits, and though crop loss due to rabbit damage is economically subsidized, no requirement of those compensated is made for conservation.- Halting and reversing habitat loss and fragmentation was aided in the 1990s by the establishment of many national parks in Spain, but much optimal rabbit habitat is on private land. A shift from high-intensity farming and monoculture forestry back to mixed agro-forestry and small scale farming would help sustain rabbit populations. Natura 2000 promotion of sustainable development and EU subsidies supporting environmentally friendly agriculture are promising but underfunded and too new to demonstrate a significant impact. Eucalyptus plantation removal has demonstrated a positive effect on rabbit populations, but may compromise other environmental issues such as erosion and conditioned bird habitat, as well as economic impact.- Reintroductions have been a key focus of conservation efforts, with up to 500,000 released annually in Spain and France. The efforts so far have not increased rabbit populations, due to increased mortality from predation and inadvertent spread of disease, which may actually have a net negative impact. The flaws in reintroduction practices do not completely negate the importance of the efforts, which have been shown to help sustain predators and hunting populations. The success of introductions may be increased by fencing from predators and competitors and preventing dispersal.- Though rabbit predators have not directly caused rabbit decline, factors that have caused initial decline (e.g., disease, habitat loss) are exacerbated by some opportunistic predators (while not caused by specialist predators like the Iberian lynx and Imperial eagle). Game keeping efforts to increase rabbit populations often focus on predator reduction, sometimes counterproductively, causing decline of top predators that are already threatened. Efforts could be more productively focused on habitat protection, reduction of rabbit mortality by humans (hunting, poisoning), and reducing disease impacts.""",,,Andrew Smith and Anna Boyer,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,BOVIDAE,Ovis,aries,,Ovis aries,,"The domestic sheep and its wild ancestor the urial are treated here as separate species (following inter alia Shackleton 1997), called Ovis aries and Ovis orientalis respectively. These taxa are sometimes considered to be conspecific, in which case the name Ovis orientalis has generally been used to refer to the wild species and its domesticated form, although some authors use the name Ovis aries for both the wild species and its domestic descendants (see Gentry et al. 1996, BZN 2003, Gentry et al. 2004 and Wilson and Reeder 2005).

""Wild sheep"" and ""wild goats"" found on Mediterranean islands are generally recognised to have been introduced by humans (Shackleton 1997, Wilson and Reeder 2005), and genetic and archaeozoological studies suggest that they are feral populations of ancient domestic stocks (e.g. Groves 1989, Vigne 1994, Hiendleder et al. 1998, Manceau et al. 1999, Kahila bar-Gal et al. 2002). Consequently, such taxa should be included in the respective domestic species (Capra hircus, Ovis aries) and not as subspecies of the wild taxa (as proposed by Gentry et al. 1996, Gentry et al. 2004, and Gippoliti and Amori 2004).",No,,,No,,,EU25,-,"This Red List rationale refers only to anciently introduced populations of Ovis aries on Mediterranean islands. As they are considered to be feral descendants of early domestic stock, they are classed as Not Applicable (NA). These ancient feral form are of interest as “living fossils”, reperesenting the very earliest domestic stock little changed from its primitive state, and deserve protection.",,"This Red List assessment refers to populations of Ovis aries that were introduced to Mediterranean islands in prehistoric times, known as mouflon. These feral descendants of primitive domestic stock are clearly distinct from modern domestic and feral sheep, and are of conservation interest as ""living fossils"" and repositories of important genetic diversity (Shackleton 1997). More recent feral populations, and recently-introduced populations of ancient feral forms, are not considered as part of the population for the purposes of the assessment; neither are domestic Ovis aries.The mouflon was introduced in prehistoric times to Corsica, Sardinia and Cyprus. Since the middle of the 18th Century it has been introduced to many parts of Europe and populations have become established in many countries including Spain, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Denmark, Italy, Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Lithuania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro, Ukraine, and the Canary Islands (Röhrs 1999). These introduced mainland populations are patchily rather than continuously distributed. In Corsica it is found from sea-level to above 2,000 m, whereas in Cyprus it is found from sea level to about 500 m.","On Corsica it is known from two small isolated subpopulations (one in the north near Massif du Cinto and one in the south in the Bavella Reserve). There are only about 500 animals, and the population is probably stable (after a long decrease, during which the total population dropped below 100 individuals) (S. Aulagnier pers. comm. 2006). On Sardinia there are at least 5,000 head (C. Murgia pers. comm. to S. Lovari). In the western part of Cyprus, the population is more than 2000 animals and increasing (EMA Workshop 2006).","In Europe, the species inhabits Mediterranean maquis (shrubland), rocky areas, and open coniferous forest and green oak forest. It is absent from dense woodland (Röhrs 1999). Mouflon are hunted for trophies and meat.","Hunting is the most important threat, although competition and crossbreeding with domestic sheep are also threats (Shackleton 1997, S. Lovari pers. comm. 2006). However, these are not considered to endanger the species at present.","The mouflon is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention, and on Annexes II and IV of the EU Habitats & Species directive (populations on Corsica and Sardinia only). It is protected under national legislation in Sardinia, Corsica, and Cyprus. The Corsican population is being studied as part of an EU LIFE Project. As part of this project they are looking into increasing the population through captive breeding, and improving genetic vigour by mixing the two subpopulations (S. Aulagnier pers. comm. 2006).",,,"Stéphane Aulagnier, Giorgos Giannatos, Sandro Lovari",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CARNIVORA,PHOCIDAE,Pagophilus,groenlandicus,,Pagophilus groenlandicus,,,No,,,No,,,EU25,-,"This species is a vagrant in the marine region covered by the European Mammal Assessment, consequently it is classed as Not Applicable.",,"Harp seals are widespread in the North Atlantic and the adjacent Arctic Ocean. Their range extends from northern Hudson Bay and the Foxe Basin, Baffin Island, and the Davis Strait, and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and Newfoundland in the western north Atlantic, east to somewhat south of Greenland, continuing east to Iceland and from there to Northern Norway, the White Sea and all of the Barents and Kara Seas. The northern limit in the eastern North Atlantic is at least to Franz Joseph Land and Svalbard and may continue to between 82-85 degrees north depending on ice conditions (Lavigne and Kovacs 1988, Rice 1998, Lavigne 2002). Harp seals often wander south outside this range and vagrants have reached the United Kingdom (Ronald and Healy 1981), the Faroe Islands, Denmark, Germany, France, and Spain (Heptner 1976, Van Bree 1997, Bloch et al. 2000).","The population level in 2000 for the animals breeding in Canadian waters of the western North Atlantic, on “the Front” off Newfoundland and Labrador and in Gulf of St. Lawrence, was estimated to be 5.2 million animals (95% CI 4.0-6.5 million). Canada’s Department of Fisheries and Oceans claims the population has recovered in the past from an estimated low of around 1.8 million in the early 1970s to more than 5 million today (Anon. 2005). The breeding group on the West Ice near Jan Mayen was estimated at 296,000 in 1994. The White Sea breeding group is made up of approximately 1.5-2.0 million animals as of 1999 (Lavigne 2002). Totaling the figures from Lavigne and each area estimate gives a world population of 5.8-8.8 million, making harp seals the most abundant pinniped in the Northern Hemisphere.","Harp seals are medium-sized phocids, with adult males averaging lengths of 1.83 m and weights of 135 kg. Females are slightly smaller at 1.79 m, weighing 120 kg. Females in the northwest Atlantic mature at about 4-5 years, compared to males at 5-8 years. The Jan Mayen and White Sea breeding groups reach maturity about a year earlier (Ronald and Healey 1981). The maximum life span of a harp seal is approximately 30 years, and it is not unusual for them to reach over 20 years of age. Both males and females are sexually active until their 20s, and females may give birth every year until they are at least 16 years old (Ronald and Healey 1981).Harp seals are migratory, and after breeding, Canadian seals follow the pack ice up the coast of Labrador, with small numbers into Hudson Bay, to Baffin Island, and both sides of the Davis Strait, to Greenland. The Jan Mayen and White Sea groups migrate and mix in the Barents Sea. The Jan Mayen group reaches the high Arctic, up to 85 degrees north.Harp seals consume a wide range of prey that varies along the migration route. Their diet, according to Lavigne (2002), consists of 67 species of fish and 70 species of invertebrates. Pups and juveniles take euphausiids (Thyanoessa spp.) and amphipods (Parathemisto spp.) (Nilssen et al. 2001), whereas adults take pelagic crustaceans and a variety of fish (Kapel 2000).","Harp seals have been harvested for thousands of years by native peoples of the Atlantic Arctic, including coastal Northern Europeans (Stora and Ericson 2004). Basque whalers began taking harp seals in the 1500s.  By the mid-1600s, French settlers began the hunt in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, developing land-based netting techniques on the St. Lawrence River in the 1700s.  The French Canadians exported 500 tons of oil per year by the mid-1700s, based on an estimated take of 6,000 seals per year. In Newfoundland, English settlers hunted harp seals on a larger scale that accounted for an estimated 7,000-12,800 seals per year for most of the 1700s, including 50,000 whitecoats (juvenile harp seals) killed in 1773.  By the 1800s, schooner-based sealing developed, and the number of seals harvested rose dramatically; from 1803-1816 the average annual was 117,000.  The peak of sealing in the northwest Atlantic occurred between 1818 and 1862, when 500,000 seals were harvested in many years, reaching a maximum of 640,000-740,000 in single years.  During that time, it is estimated that 18.3 million harp seals, mostly whitecoats, were killed for oil.  The records show somewhat lower figures for the northeast Atlantic. At Jan Mayen, the catch began falling in the late 1850s, attributed to overhavesting.  From 1860 to 1900, an estimated 12.8 million seals were harvested there (Lavigne and Kovacs 1988).   The 20th century saw the advent of steel-hulled ships, and the hunt continued, though harp seals became more valued for their pelts than their oil.  143,000 seals were taken in 1917. This number fell during the war years, then rose again in the 1950s, when it averaged 312,000 seals per year. In 1960, Canada became concerned about the large numbers of adults being killed, so it placed limits on the length of the hunting season.  During the 1960s, an average of 284,000 seals were taken per year.  In 1964 observers sent by humane organizations described the clubbing of whitecoats, and the subsequent public outcry led to seal protection regulations controlling the methods of the kill, and the types of vessels used. Adult females were protected on the breeding grounds, and Norway was excluded from sealing in Canadian waters. In 1971 a quota management program was set up, and from 1970 to 1987 the quotas varied, from 127,000 per year to 245,000 per year, but the actual harvest was often much lower (Lavigne and Kovacs 1988).In 1983, the European Economic Community imposed an import ban on all whitecoat (juvenile harp seal) products, and the average annual harvest in Canadian waters fell to 52,000 seals from 1983-1995. By 1987, Canada outlawed the killing of whitecoats, and the focus of the hunted switched to beaters (post-weaning to 13 months of age) (Anon. 2006a). From 1999-2003, the estimated annual mortality of harp seals in the northwest Atlantic was 453,962, broken down into an average of 232,915 taken in the commercial harvest by Canada, 83,010 taken from 1999-2002 in Greenland, and 4,881 taken in the Canadian high Arctic, plus a bycatch of 18,566 in the Newfoundland lumpfish fishery, with an average annual struck and loss rate of 119,430 from all harvests  (Waring et al. 2005). Since the late 1970s large numbers of harp seals have been leaving the Barents Sea, and possibly the Greenland Sea, to forage along the coast of Norway, resulting in the deaths of thousands of seals in shore-based net fisheries.  Bycatch mortality from nets was estimated to be 56,647 (perhaps up to 100,000) in 1987, and 21,474 in 1988 (Haug et al. 1991, Woodley and Lavigne 1991). Another threat to harp seals is the overharvesting of their prey, including herring and capelin. There have also been calls for an increased cull of harp seals to protect the  Atlantic cod fishery, for some years in a steep decline  (Lavigne 2002).  Oil spills in the northwest Atlantic off the east coast of Canada remain a threat to seals. There is a concern about the impacts of tanker traffic, particularly in places like Lancaster Sound in the eastern Canadian Arctic, which is an important harp seal summering area (Reijinders et al. 1993). Additionally, harp seals have been found to carry significant loads of contaminants including heavy metals, organochlorines and PCBs (Ronald et al. 1984a,b).  Phocine distemper virus (PDV) was first found in harp seals from the West Ice off Jan Mayen in 1987 and 1989.  It is widespread in harp seals, but it is not known if there are significant health effects or mortality from the infection. The harp seals may have been carriers infecting harbor seals, which did experience a mass mortality in Europe in 1988 (Markussen and Have 1992).","Canada has in place sealing regulations pursuant to the 1993 Marine Mammal Regulations that require annual quotas, referred to as “Total Allowable Catches,” hunting licenses, and official observers of the commercial hunt (Anon. 2005). In the northeast Atlantic, quotas for sealing are based on recommendations made by the International Council for Exploration of the Sea (ICES) and the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (NAFO). Russia is responsible for managing seals in the southeast part of the Barents Sea, while Norway is responsible for managing stocks in the Greenland Sea by Jan Mayen (Anon. 2006b).",,,European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,DELPHINIDAE,Peponocephala,electra,,Peponocephala electra,,,No,,,No,,,EU25,-,This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it is of marginal occurrence in the European Mammal Assessment region.,,"Melon-headed whales have a pantropical distribution (Perryman 2002). The distribution coincides almost exactly with that of the pygmy killer whale in tropical/subtropical oceanic waters between about 40°N and 35°S (Jefferson and Barros 1997). A few high-latitude strandings are thought to be extralimital records, and are generally associated with incursions of warm water. These include specimens from Cornwall in England, Cape Province in South Africa, and Maryland, USA (Perryman et al. 1994, Rice 1998).","This species is relatively common in some areas of its range, although few abundance estimates are available.","Melon-headed whales usually occur in groups of 100-500 (with a known maximum of 2,000 individuals). Melon-headed whales are highly social. This species is sometimes involved in mass strandings, generally containing many dozens or even hundreds of animals. The largest ones known have included about 250 animals.Most sightings are from the continental shelf seaward, and around oceanic islands; they are rarely found in temperate waters. However, they do occur nearshore in some areas where deep water approaches the coast (see Watkins et al. 1997, Wang et al. 2001).  In the eastern tropical Pacific, the distribution of reported sightings suggests that the oceanic habitat of this species is primarily in the upwelling modified and equatorial waters (Perryman et al. 1994).Little is known of the diet of this species, though they are known to feed on several species of squid, shrimp and small fish.","Threats include declines in prey species, incidental mortality in fishing gear, and noise pollution.","The melon-headed whale does not regularly occur in the European Mammal Assessment region, so there are no conservation measures for the species in this area.",,,Species account by IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist Group; regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CARNIVORA,PHOCIDAE,Phoca,vitulina,,Phoca vitulina,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"This species is widespread and abundant. Population size well exceeds the threshold for the population size criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. less than 10,000 mature individuals in conjunction with appropriate decline rates and subpopulation qualifiers). Population trend has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the threshold for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, the harbour seal is evaluated as Least Concern at the European level. There is concern, however, for the Baltic Sea and Svalbard populations.",,"Harbour seals are one of the most widespread of the pinnipeds. They are confined to coastal areas of the Northern Hemisphere, from temperate to polar regions. Five subspecies are recognized: P. v. vitulina occurs in the eastern Atlantic from northern Portugal to the Barents Sea in northwestern Russia, and north to Svalbard; P. v. concolor occurs in the western Atlantic from the mid-Atlantic United States to the Canadian Arctic and east to Greenland and Iceland; P. v. mellonae only lives in several lakes and rivers in Quebec, Canada that drain into Hudson and James Bays; P. v. richardii is found in the eastern Pacific from central Baja California, Mexico to the end of the Alaskan Peninsula, and possibly to the eastern Aleutian Islands, and P. v. stejnegeri ranges from either the end of the Alaskan Peninsula or the eastern Aleutians to the Commander Islands, Kamchatka, and through the Kuril Islands to Hokkaido in the western Pacific.","Combining recent estimates yield a world-wide population of 350,000 to 500,000 animals. P. v. stejnegeri  of the western Pacific (approximately 7,000), and P. v. mellonae (120-600), of the seal lakes of the Ungava Peninsula, Canada, may be the subspecies most at risk due to low population numbers. Populations in Svalbard and the Baltic Sea, both in the hundreds, are also dangerously low, although they are not considered to be separate subspecies from P. v. vitulina.","Harbour seals are mainly found in the coastal waters of the continental shelf and slope, and are also commonly found in bays, rivers, estuaries, and intertidal areas. Although generally considered non-migratory species with a high degree of site fidelity to a haul out, juvenile dispersal, emigration, and establishment of new haul out sites are all possible reasons for long range movements of harbor seals (Burns 2002).Harbour seals are generalist feeders taking a wide variety of fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans obtained from surface, mid-water, and benthic habitats. Generally, a few species dominate the diet at any one location and time of year. Harbour seals also take many commercially important fish species such as Atlantic cod, many kinds of salmon, herring, and flatfishes, and this aspect of their foraging puts them into conflict with coastal fisheries. Although primarily coastal, dives to over 500 m have been recorded (Burns 2002).Male harbour seals become sexually mature when four to five years old. Longevity is typically 35 years for females and 25 years for males.","Harbour seals live in coastal areas in some of the most heavily fished waters on earth, and as a result there are significant entanglement and by-catch issues, as well as effects on the food chains they depend on for their prey. Historically there have been organized population reduction programs and bounties for taking seals in many parts of their range, and licenses, permits, and legal allowances are also available in a number of countries today to commercial fishermen to take animals that depredate nets, traps, and lines. Harbor seals may still be taken by subsistence hunters in Canada, Greenland, and the United States. Mass die-offs from viral outbreaks have claimed thousands of harbor seals.  In 1988 and 1989 more than 18,000 harbor seals are estimated to have died from a phocine distemper virus (morbillivirus) epidemic in European waters. Other disease outbreaks occurred both before and after this large epidemic in both Europe and the western North Atlantic, but resulted in much smaller levels of mortality. Because many harbor seals live and feed in close proximity to large populations of humans they are exposed to and can accumulate high levels of industrial and agricultural pollutants. Immunosuppression is one effect regularly attributed to exposure to high levels of certain organochlorines, and these and other contaminants probably contribute to poor condition and overall fitness of a number of animals in some areas. Both chronic oil spills and discharges, and episodic large scale spills cause direct mortality, and have long term impacts on harbor seal health and their environment.","Hunting of subspecies P. v. vitulina is currently only permitted in Norway and Iceland, where there may be an annual catch of 5,000-7,000. In the United Kingdom, shooting licenses may be issued in order to protect fishing activities. In the United States the harbour seal is protected from all but subsistence hunting by the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, which also prohibits importation of parts or products from all seals. Coastal reserves in Norway which exclude commercial fishing have been shown to reduce harbour seal mortality. Hunting is now prohibited in the Wadden Sea area (Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, and Sweden) (Reijnders et al. 1993).",,,European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,PHOCOENIDAE,Phocoena,phocoena,,Phocoena phocoena,,"Four subspecies are recognized: P. p. phocoena in the North Atlantic, P. p. vomerina in the eastern North Pacific, an un-named subspecies in the western North Pacific (Rice 1998) and P.p. relicta in the Black Sea (Reeves and Notarbartolo di Sciara 2006).

Several genetic and morphometric studies have concluded that the Baltic porpoises are a separate population distinct from those living in Kattegat, Skagerrak and North Sea (Tiedeman et al. 1996, Huggenberger 1997, Huggenberger et al. 2002). A recent genetic study found no statistically significant differences that would justify a separate Baltic population (Palme et al. 2004). However, it is precautionary to consider Baltic porpoises as a distinct subpopulation.",No,VU,A2cde,No,VU,A2cde,EU25,Unfavourable,"This species has suffered major declines in the Baltic and Black Seas, although large and apparently stable populations persist elsewhere in the European region. Overall, it is estimated that population reduction has exceeded 30% over the last 30 years (= 3 generations). This population decline is driven almost entirely by trends in the Black Sea population (a separate subspecies), which is completely isolated from the North Atlantic population. Consequently at the European regional level the species is classed as Vulnerable (A2cde).The Baltic Sea subpopulation is assessed separately as Critically Endangered (C2a(ii)). The current information on abundance provides evidence for a population size of fewer than 250 mature animals, and a continuing decline can be inferred based on the current information on bycatches. All individuals in the Baltic Sea population belong to one subpopulation.The Black Sea subspecies P. p. relicta was assessed in 2006 as Endangered (A2d+A4cde)(Reeves and Notarbartolo di Sciara 2006).The North Atlantic population of this species is large, and there is no evidence to suggest that any significant declines have occurred (although the population trend has not been quantified). This part of the European population should be considered Least Concern.",,"Harbor porpoises are found in cold temperate to sub-polar waters of the Northern Hemisphere (Gaskin 1992, Read 1999). They are usually found in continental shelf waters, although they occasionally travel over deeper offshore waters. In the North Pacific, they range from central California and northern Honshu to the southern Beaufort and Chukchi Seas (including the Bering and Okhotsk Seas, and Sea of Japan). In the North Atlantic, they are found from the southeastern United States to southern Baffin Island (they apparently do not enter Hudson Bay) in the west, and from Senegal to Novaya Zemlya in the east. They also occur around southeast and western Greenland, Iceland, and the Faroe Islands, and this is the only cetacean species that currently regularly occupies the Baltic Sea. The species occurs in the Black Sea, Marmara Sea, and Sea of Azov, but with the exception of the adjacent northern Aegean Sea, they do not regularly occur in the Mediterranean Sea.","In the North Atlantic Ocean (including the Black and Azov seas), fourteen population units have been proposed (Donovan and Bjørge 1995), and in the North Pacific, several population units have been identified based on genetic studies (Chivers et al. 2002). There are no synoptic surveys covering the entire range within ocean basins, but abundance has been estimated for selected portions of the species’ range.  Abundance estimates have been summarised by Read 1999 (see updates in Angliss and Outlaw 2005, Carretta et al. 2006, Waring et al. 2006). In the waters of the European Atlantic, abundance in 2005 was estimated at 385,600 [CV=0.20] (SCANS-II P.S. Hammond pers. comm.), of which about 335,000 [CV=0.21] were estimated in the North Sea and adjacent waters, where abundance was estimated at 341,000 [CV=0.14] in 1994 (Hammond et al. 2002). The abundance of the Baltic Sea stock has been estimated at 599 (CV=57%; 95% confidence interval = 200-3,300) (Hiby and Lovell 1995), of which about 50% or 300 would likely be mature (Taylor et al. 2007). Using a precautionary approach (Wade 1998), a minimum abundance estimate of mature animals would be the lower 20th percentile of the abundance estimate of mature individuals, equal to 192. Line transect surveys have been conducted recently (since 2001) to estimate harbour porpoise abundance in different portions of the Black Sea suggesting that total population size in the region may be at least several thousand and perhaps as much as 10,000-12,000 (Reeves and Notarbartolo di Sciara 2006).There is evidence of decline in abundance in some areas, for example in the Black Sea (Reeves and Notarbartolo di Sciara 2006) and the Baltic Sea. Although there are no reliable estimates of pre-exploitation subpopulation size, harbour porpoises were once numerous in the Baltic proper (see citations in Kinze 1995).","Throughout its range, P. phocoena is largely limited to continental shelf waters. They frequent relatively shallow bays, estuaries, and tidal channels less than about 200 m in depth. Harbor porpoises eat a wide variety of fish and cephalopods, and the main prey items vary regionally. Although small schooling fish (e.g. herring) are important, demersal foraging is characteristic in many areas. The ecology of Black Sea harbour porpoises may be unusual reflecting the high degree of geographic isolation of their habitat.Surveys in 1994 and 2005 in the North Sea and adjacent waters have shown a major shift in distribution from northern to southern areas (Hammond et al. 2002, P.S. Hammond pers. comm. 2007), a change that is reflect by increased in shore-based sightings (Camphuysen 2004, Thomsen et al. 2006).","The harbor porpoise has been hunted in many areas of its range, including some European waters. Many of these fisheries are now closed, but hunting of harbour porpoises still occurs in Greenland. In the Black Sea, large directed takes occurred during 1976-1983 before being banned by Turkey in 1983. Within that period, the total number of harbour porpoises killed was at least 163,000-211,000. Illegal direct killing of unknown numbers continued in some parts of the Black Sea until 1991 (Reeves and Notarbartolo di Sciara 2006).Today, the most significant threat in most areas is incidental catches in fishing gear, primarily gill nets. Incidental mortality in fishing gear is likely to occur throughout the range of the species, but in European waters substantial incidental takes have been documented (summarized in Donovan and Bjørge 1995) for the North Sea (4,600/year) and the Celtic Shelf (1,500/year). More recent monitoring programmes of Danish set-net fisheries in the North Sea revealed an average of 5,591 porpoises taken annually in the period 1987-2001 (Vinther and Larsen 2002). However, most North Sea gillnet fisheries were not monitored for marine mammal bycatch (ICES 2002). In the Black Sea incidental mortality in bottom-set gillnets is estimated to have been in the thousands annually through the 1980s (e.g. Birkun 2002). Almost all (>99%) of the porpoises are caught in bottom-set gillnets. The scale of this mortality almost certainly increased in recent times owing to the rapid expansion of illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing in the Black Sea.Other types of threats include chemical pollution, vessel traffic, noise, and depletion of prey by overfishing. Due to its near shore distribution, the harbour porpoise is exposed to coastal sources of pollution throughout most of its range. Chemical pollution (PCBs) has been described as having adverse effects, especially in the Baltic. Porpoises from the Baltic Sea have up to 254% higher mean levels of PCBs than corresponding samples from the adjacent Kattegat and Skagerrak (Berggren et al. 1999, Bruhn et al. 1999), and a number of lesions and pathological changes have been reported from the Baltic Sea porpoises (Clausen and Andersen 1988).","The European Union adopted a Council Regulation 812/2004 entering into force in July 2004. This regulation is aimed at reducing the incidental catch of small cetaceans in fisheries in European Union waters. The regulation includes measures restricting Baltic Sea drift net fisheries, providing for mandatory use of acoustic deterrent devices (pingers) in some EU gillnet fisheries in the Baltic Seas, and the use of onboard observers on vessels of over 15 m in length. Immediate actions to reduce the magnitude of bycatches are necessary. A review of the progress of implementing the regulation is scheduled for 2007. Commercial hunting of Black Sea cetaceans, including harbour porpoises, was banned in 1966 in the former USSR (present Georgia, Russia and Ukraine), Bulgaria and Romania, and in 1983 in Turkey. In the North Sea incidental takes have been determined to be above the advised maximum level of removals.Under the aegis of the ASCOBANS Secretariat, a special working group composed of representatives of international conventions, government ministries, fishermen and environmental groups has developed a recovery plan for the Baltic Harbour porpoise (Jastarnia Plan), which recommends a programme for bycatch reduction, research and monitoring, marine protected area establishment and an increase of public awareness. The overall aim is to restore the Baltic population of harbour porpoises to at least 80% of the Baltic’s carrying-capacity. A change in fishing methods and a reduction of fishing effort could significantly contribute to a lower bycatch rate.",,,Species account by IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist Group; regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,PHYSETERIDAE,Physeter,macrocephalus,,Physeter macrocephalus,,"Also known as Physeter catodon Linnaeus, 1758.",No,VU,A1d,No,VU,A1d,EU25,Unfavourable,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable. The population and range are large enough that Criteria B and D do not apply. Does not meet Criterion C because there is no evidence of continuing decline. There are no estimates of historical or pre-exploitation abundance for the marine area covered by the European Mammal Assessment, but populations were undoubtedly depleted by commercial whaling. It is suspected that, by comparison with population levels 82 years (3 generations) ago, the population is currently >50% lower. This is a precautionary assessment that is not based on quantitative data, and it is strongly recommended that further surveys and modelling studies are carried out to better determine current and historic population size and trends.The Mediterranean subpopulation, which is genetically distinct, is assessed as Endangered C2a(ii). It contains fewer than 2,500 mature individuals, there is a continuing decline, and all mature individuals are in one undivided subpopulation. The Mediterranean subpopulation is subject to a number of threats that can result in direct mortality, including bycatches in fishing gear (especially drift gillnets) and ship strikes. In addition, the subpopulation may be affected by disturbance, particularly related to intense maritime traffic (Reeves and Notarbartolo di Sciara 2006).",,"The sperm whale has a large geographic range (Rice 1989). Sperm whales can be seen in nearly all marine regions, from the equator to high latitudes, but they are generally found in continental slopes or deeper water. The distribution extends through many enclosed or partially enclosed seas, such as the Mediterranean Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, Gulf of California, and Gulf of Mexico.","The only recent quantitative analysis of sperm whale population trends (Whitehead 2002) suggests that a pre-whaling global population of about 1,100,000 had been reduced by about 29% by 1880 through “open-boat” whaling, and then to approximately 360,000 by the 1990s through modern whaling, although much uncertainty is associated with all these estimates. There is no direct evidence that any part of the population has increased since the end of large-scale whaling in about 1980 although, for most areas, there is also no direct evidence that they have not. In some areas there is concern that populations are continuing to decline (e.g. the Mediterranean).","The habitat of the sperm whale is the open sea. More specifically, sperm whales can be found in almost all marine waters deeper than 1,000m that are not covered by ice, except in the Black Sea and possibly the Red Sea (Rice 1989, Whitehead 2003). In some areas, particularly in the western North Atlantic, sperm whales, and especially males, can occur in shallower waters (e.g. Scott and Sadove 1997). Sperm whales are generally more numerous in areas of relatively high primary productivity (Jaquet et al. 1996), although there are some exceptions, such as the Sargasso Sea.The sperm whale is an animal of extremes, in size (up to 18m), sexual dimorphism (mature males have three times the mass of mature females), ecological imprint (sperm whales take roughly the same amount of biomass from the oceans as humans), and many other attributes (Whitehead 2003).  The commercial value of the animal (a function of its size and the quality of sperm whale oil) drove two massive worldwide hunts: the technologically primitive “open-boat” hunt from 1712-c.1920 (Starbuck 1878, Best 1983), and modern whaling using engine-driven whaling ships and harpoon guns from c.1910-1988 (Tønnessen and Johnsen 1982). The complex social structure of sperm whales may have been affected by whaling, lowering potential population growth rates, which are very low anyway (Whitehead 2003).  On the positive side, sperm whales are very widely distributed (see above), and their primary food, deep-water squid, are not yet major targets of fisheries. The generation time (mean age of mothers) for sperm whales can be calculated if one assumes a set of population parameters, specifically age at first birth, mortality rate of mature females, and reproductive rate of mature females.  There is uncertainty about these parameters, so two calculations were made using different assumptions:a) Applying the population parameters most recently used for sperm whales by the International Whaling Commission’s Scientific Committee (International Whaling Commission 1982: age at first birth = 10 years; female reproductive rate in unexploited population = 0.20/year; female adult mortality = 0.055/yr): generation time = 27.3 years.b) The estimates of mortality used by the International Whaling Commission are particularly problematic, and sperm whales likely have age-specific survival and reproductive rates.  Thus it may be more realistic (Whitehead 2002) to use the well-established mortality schedule of killer whales (Orcinus orca; Olesiuk et al. 1990) and an age-specific pregnancy rate taken from the sperm whale data presented by Best et al. (1984; pregnancy rate for mature females = 0.257-0.0038xAge in years): generation time = 27.5These estimates are consistent and suggest a generation time of 27.4yr for sperm whales.","Sperm whales have had a long history of local whaling going back at least to the 1500s (Mesnick pers. comm.), and intense whaling, beginning around 1712, and continuing to 1988. The “modern” highly mechanised phase was particularly intense around 1950, and at its peak killed around 25,000 whales per year, dramatically depleting the global population. Currently, some tens of whales are taken each year from small boats in Indonesia, and 10 are taken annually by Japan under IWC Special Permit (Clapham et al. 2003).Entanglement in fishing gear, particularly gillnets, has been a particular problem in the Mediterranean Sea (see Reeves and Notarbartolo di Sciara 2006) but sperm whales die from entanglement in nets and lines in many other areas and in a variety of fisheries as well (e.g. Haase and Félix 1994, Barlow and Cameron 2003, Caretta et al. 2005). Sperm whales sometimes take fish off fishing gear (most often demersal long-line gear), an activity known as depredation. Depredation of long-line catches appears to be a recent and increasing phenomenon, and now occurs in many regions (e.g. South East Alaska, Chile, South Georgia and several other southern ocean island areas, North Atlantic). This interaction has resulted in a few reported entanglements and deaths (e.g. Salas 1987, Hucke-Gaete et al. 2004), and has incurred hostility from some fishermen (National Marine Fisheries Service 1998, Donoghue et al. 2003), including shooting of whales (González and Olivarría 2002).Sperm whale tissues have high levels of some contaminants (O'Shea 1999, Nielsen et al. 2000), though any population-level effects on health are unknown. The effects of noise on sperm whales are also uncertain. Some evidence suggests that they are highly sensitive to noise (e.g. Watkins et al. 1985, Bowles et al. 1994) while other studies have found little or no effect (e.g. Madsen and Møhl 2000, Madsen et al. 2002).  To date, all published studies of sperm whales and noise focus on short-term behavioural effects. Avoidance of sonar (Dawson pers. comm.) and seismic surveys (Mate et al. 1994; but see Madsen et al. 2002) has been observed but no mortality has been documented.Whaling on sperm whales has at various times focussed almost exclusively on one sex or the other. Removals of large numbers of males may have had lingering effects on pregnancy rates in some subpopulations (Best 1979, Clarke et al. 1980, Whitehead et al. 1997) and large males are noticeably uncommon on some breeding grounds (see Whitehead 2003). The removal of large numbers of females from social groups, and of older females in particular, may have lingering, socially disruptive effects. Further, recovery might be inhibited via temporary or permanent loss of social cohesion and of socio-ecological knowledge such as is known to occur in other large-brained, long-lived social mammals (e.g. elephants, Poole and Thomsen 1989).  Maximum rates of increase for sperm whale populations are very low, possibly on the order of 1% per year (Whitehead 2002). Population recovery will be slow.The extraordinarily wide distribution of sperm whales buffers the species to some extent from competition with fisheries. However, it should be noted that in some areas, stocks of squid and fish species known to be used by sperm whales are heavily exploited.Sperm whales face other threats at a more regional level. These include collisions with ships (Laist et al. 2001), for instance off the Canary Islands (André and Potter 2000) and in the Mediterranean (Pesante et al. 2002), and ingestion of marine debris in the Mediterranean (e.g. Viale et al. 1992).","Management plans need both development and implementation. The International Whaling Commission manages sperm whale populations under the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, and lists sperm whale seasons, sperm whale size limits and sperm whale catch limits (0 at present), as well as sanctuaries for all species in the Indian and Southern Oceans. However, no scheme for managing sperm whale populations is in place. Moreover, many range states are not members of the International Whaling Commission.",,,Species account by IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist Group; regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,VESPERTILIONIDAE,Pipistrellus,kuhlii,,Pipistrellus kuhlii,,"Wilson and Reeder (2005) consider African and Canary Island populations to belong to a different species, C. hesperidus. The species in Yemen requires taxonomic clarification (D. Kock pers. comm. 2005).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The species is widespread and abundant, and there is evidence of ongoing population increase. Consequently it is classed as Least Concern.",,"Pipistrellus kuhlii has a large range extending from Iberia through southern Europe through the Near East and the Caucasus to Kazakhstan, Pakistan, and India. The northern limit of its range in Europe was formerly ca.45°N, but the species has been expanding northwards. It arrived 1994 in Vienna/Austria (48°N), and was more recently recorded to 50°N in France and 51°N in Ukraine. It has been expanding northwards in Russia for the last half century from 46°N to c.53°N, with the highest record made at almost  57°N (S. Kruskop pers. comm. 2006). It occurs from sea level to 2,000 m.","It is a relatively abundant species in the Mediterranean region and Middle East. Summer colonies typically number 30-100 individuals. In Iran and the Caucasus, the species' range is increasing and it is displacing P. pipistrellus (M. Sharifi and K. Tsytsulina pers. comm. 2005). The northern border of the species' range is also expanding.","It forages over variety of habitats, including agricultural and urban areas (including around street lights). It feeds on small insects, including Diptera, Psocoptera, and Coleoptera. Summer maternity colonies are located in crevices in buildings. Winter sites include rock crevices and cellars. Kuhl’s pipistrelle is probably a sedentary species (Hutterer et al. 2005).",No major threats are known.,"It is protected by national law in most European range states. It is also protected under international legislation in parts of its range through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention, and is included in Annex IV of EU Habitats & Species Directive. It is found in a number of protected areas. No specific conservation actions are known.",,,"Tony Hutson, Friederike Spitzenberger, Stéphane Aulagnier, Ioan Coroiu",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,VESPERTILIONIDAE,Pipistrellus,maderensis,,Pipistrellus maderensis,,"Unidentified Pipistrellus bats found in the Azores have recently been proposed to belong to this species, but this awaits confirmation.",Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)",No,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)",EU25,Unfavourable,"The species is restricted to few islands in the Canaries and the Madeira islands (and possibly the Azores). The extent of occurrence is <5,000 km2, and the population is severely fragmented. It is inferred that the population may be declining as a result of habitat loss, use of agricultural pesticides, and disturbance to roosts. Consequently it is assessed as Endangered.",,"This species is restricted to Madeira (Madeira, Porto Santo), and the western Canary Islands (La Palma, La Gomera, El Hierro, Tenerife). Pipistrelles found in the Azores (Santa Maria, Flores, Corvo, Graciosa, San Jorge) probably belong to this species. It is found from sea level to 2,150 m in the Canary Islands, although it prefers lowlands on Madeira (Fajardo and Benzal 1999).","On the islands of Madeira it is relatively abundant on Madeira and very rare on Porto Santo. The total population is estimated to number fewer than 1,000 individuals, and trends are unknown (Rainho et al. 2002). On the Canary Islands it is the most reported bat on all islands of occurrence, although no bat is abundant in the islands. Population size and trend have not been quantified (Palomo and Gisbert 2002), although declines are inferred as a result of threats including loss and degradation of habitats, pesticide use, and disturbance and destruction of roosts. On the Azores, Pipistrellus bats are rare or very rare on all islands of occurrence, and the total number of individuals is probably less than 300 (Rainho et al. 2002). The global population is naturally fragmented.","It forages over a wide range of habitats, including aquatic habitats, woodland and farmland (Palomo and Gisbert 2002). It feeds on flying insects, including small moths and flies. Breeding colonies have been found in crevices in sea-cliffs and underneath the roofs of houses, as well as in bird boxes (Palomo and Gisbert 2002). Roost sites include rock crevices, bird boxes, and crevices in (often disused) buildings. It is often associated with human settlements.","Loss of natural habitat may be a threat, although the species is apparently adapted to man-made habitats. The use of agricultural pesticides may be a problem, and disturbance to roosts in buildings may also be of concern.","The species is protected through Bern Convention, and included in Annex IV of EU Habitats and Species Directive. Rainho and Palmeirim (2002) proposed the following actions: identification, protection and monitoring of roosts; preservation and restoration of natural habitats, reduction of pesticide use; and, study of the species' biology, ecology, genetics, and systematics. Palomo and Gisbert (2002) additionally recommend a public awareness campaign aimed at reducing disturbance of breeding colonies in private houses.",,,"Juste, J., Palmeirim, J. & Alcaldé, J.T.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,VESPERTILIONIDAE,Pipistrellus,nathusii,,Pipistrellus nathusii,,,No,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The species is widespread and abundant, and there is no evidence of current significant population decline. Consequently the species is classed as Least Concern.",,"Pipistrellus nathusii is a western Palaearctic migratory species. It is restricted to Europe, Asia Minor and Transcaucasia where it is found at latitudes of up to ca. 37-63°N. In Europe, it is generally widespread although absent from most of Iberia and Fennoscandia. With few exceptions, maternity colonies are confined to northeastern Europe (eastern Germany, Baltic states, Belarus, Ukraine and Russia: Vierhaus 2004). The first observation of Pipistrellus nathusii breeding in Finland was made in 2006 (H. Henttonen pers. comm. 2006) when a colony of c.10 individuals, including lactating females, was found close to the southern coast some  50-60 km east of Helsinki. The species is typically associated with lowland areas but has been recorded up to 2,200 m in the Alps (Bogdanowicz 1999).","It is abundant in northern parts of its range, and less common but increasingly recorded in southern and western parts of its range. Summer maternity colonies of up to 200 individuals have been recorded, but large winter aggregations are not known.","It forages over a range of habitats including woodland edge, wetlands, and open parkland. Summer roosts are located in tree holes, buildings, and bat boxes, mainly in woodland areas. Winter roost sites include crevices in cliffs, buildings and around the entrance of caves, often in relatively cold, dry, and exposed sites. It is a migratory species, with movements of up to 1,905 km recorded (Petersons 2004). Migrations typically follow a NE-SW route (Bogdanowicz 1999).","Although not major threats, the species is affected by habitat fragmentation on migration routes, loss of and disturbance to roosts in buildings, loss of mature trees with cavities and/or loose bark etc., and water quality changes which may affect food supply.","It is protected under national law in most range states. It is also protected under international law through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention in parts of its range where these apply, and is included in Annex IV of the EU Habitats & Species Directive. It is regarded as a species of special concern by Eurobats. Proposals for the conservation of the species in Europe (including research requirements) were made by Limpens and Schulte (2000) following a workshop in Germany in 1998. They recommended a Europe-wide census involving assessment of the species' population status and trends, identification of its mating, hibernation and maternity areas, investigation of migration routes, and identification of preferred resting areas on migration routes.",,,"Tony Hutson, Friederike Spitzenberger, Stéphane Aulagnier, Ioan Coroiu",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,VESPERTILIONIDAE,Pipistrellus,pipistrellus,,Pipistrellus pipistrellus,,"The species has recently been separated into two species, P. pipistrellus and P. pygmaeus. Their respective distribution and status are not yet fully clarified (Wilson and Reeder 2005).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The species is widespread and abundant, and there is no evidence of current significant population decline. Consequently it is assessed as Least Concern at the European and EU 25 levels.",,"Pipistrellus pipistrellus is a widespread western Palaearctic species with a range extending from the British Isles through much of Europe (with the exception of northern Fennoscandia) to the Volga and Caucasus; and through parts of north-western Africa and south-west Asia to central Asia. Its detailed distribution, as distinct from that of the recently-differentiated P. pygmaeus, is still to be established. It occurs from sea level to 2,000 m.","A widespread and abundant species, one of the most common bats in many parts of its range. Summer maternity colonies generally number 25-50 individuals, although colonies of as many as 200 have been recorded. In winter, it tends to occur singly or in small groups, although some very large groups have been recorded (e.g., up to 45,000 in caves in Romania and Slovakia) (Nagy and Szanto 2003). Significant declines have been recorded in some European countries (e.g. Britain), although in Britain at least the trend may now have stabilised (Battersby 2005).","It forages in a variety of habitats including open woodland and woodland edges, farmland, rural gardens and urban areas. It feeds on small moths and flies. Summer roosts are mainly found in buildings and trees, and individuals frequently change roost site through the maternity period. Most winter roost sites are located in crevices in buildings, although cracks in cliffs and caves and possibly holes in trees may also be used. It is not especially migratory in most of its range, but movements of up to 1,123 km have been recorded (Buresh 1941 in Hutterer et al. 2005). In at least parts of its range it seems to benefit from urbanisation (M. Sharifi pers. comm. 2005).","As a high proportion of colonies are found in buildings, the species may be particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic factors, such as disturbance, timber treatment and building renovation (Battersby 2005). However this is not thought to be a major threat to the species at present.","It is protected under national law in most range states. It is also protected under international law through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention in parts of its range where these apply, and is included in Annex IV of the EU Habitats & Species Directive. It occurs in many protected areas. No specific conservation actions are known.",,,"Tony Hutson, Friederike Spitzenberger, Stéphane Aulagnier, Ioan Coroiu",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,VESPERTILIONIDAE,Pipistrellus,pygmaeus,,Pipistrellus pygmaeus,,"Includes mediterraneus, formerly regarded by some authorities as a subspecies of pipistrellus (Wilson and Reeder 2005). The genetically and morphologically distinct population of pipistrelle bats belonging to the pygmaeus genetic clade and occurring in the Cyrenaica/Libya was recently described (Benda et al. 2004) as a separate species: Pipistrellus hanaki.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The species is widespread and abundant, and there is no evidence of current significant population decline. Consequently it is assessed as Least Concern at the European and EU 25 levels.",,"Pipistrellus pygmaeus was only recently differentiated from P. pipistrellus, and some details of its distribution are still lacking. It is also a western Palaearctic species, occurring from the British Isles through much of Europe (including the islands of Corsica and Sardinina) east to Ukraine and western Russia. Its range may extend much further east, as well as into north Africa (Wilson and Reeder 2005), although it is also possible that the species does not occur outside Europe. It occurs further north in Scandinavia than P. pipistrellus.","It generally appears to be less abundant than P. pipistrellus sensu stricto, although it is nevertheless a widespread and abundant species. Summer colonies may be larger than P. pipistrellus, numbering up to 250 (or occasionally up to 3,000) individuals. It is not known if the species congregates in winter, or what size its winter colonies are.","It forages around woodland and wetlands, and is more closely associated with water than P. pipistrellus. It feeds mainly on small Diptera (especially aquatic midges). Maternity colonies are generally located in buildings. No specific data are available on P. pygmaeus winter roost sites, but presumably they are similar to those used by P. pipistrellus.","As maternity colonies tend to be found in buildings, the species may be vulnerable to anthropogenic factors, such as disturbance, timber treatment and building renovation (Battersby 2005). However, this is not thought to be a major threat.","Although this species was only recently described, it is apparently widespread and abundant. However, further clarification of its distribution, population size and trend, habitat preferences, and ecology is required.",,,"Tony Hutson, Friederike Spitzenberger, Stéphane Aulagnier, Ioan Coroiu",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,VESPERTILIONIDAE,Pipistrellus,savii,,Pipistrellus savii,,There are different lineages in south Iberian populations that may deserve recognition at subspecific level (Ibañez et al. 2006). The taxonomic status of the population of the Canary Islands needs to be revised (J. Juste pers. comm. 2006),No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The species is widespread and abundant and there is no evidence of population decline. Consequently it is classed as Least Concern.,,"This species has a wide range in the Palaearctic (and marginally in Indomalaya), extending from southern Europe and north Africa (France, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, the Balkan countries, Morocco, Algeria, the Canary Islands and Cape Verde Islands) through the Middle East and the Caucasus to Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, northern India and Burma (Horáček and Benda 2004, Wilson and Reeder 2005). It occurs from sea level to 2,600 m.","It generally occurs at low densities and is restricted by its habitat requirements, but it is abundant in some European areas bordering the Mediterranean. Summer maternity colonies usually number 20-70 females. Range expansion from northern Italy through Austria up to the Czech Republic and Slovakia has recently occurred.","It forages over open woodland, pasture and wetlands, and often feeds at lights in rural areas, towns and cities.It roosts in rock crevices, occasionally in fissures in buildings or under bark, rarely in underground habitats. Nothing is known about the migratory behaviour of this species (Hutterer et al. 2005).","There are probably few threats in its mainland distribution, except when roosting in buildings.",It is protected by national legislation in most range states. There are also international legal obligations for its protection through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention in parts of its range where these apply. It is included in Annex IV of EU Habitats & Species Directive.,,,"Tony Hutson, Friederike Spitzenberger, Stéphane Aulagnier",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,VESPERTILIONIDAE,Plecotus,auritus,,Plecotus auritus,,"According to new taxonomy this species is endemic to Europe, from Ireland to the Urals (Spitzenberger et al. 2006). The Asian populations have been identified as separate species, P. ognevi and P. sacrimontis. Some Spanish populations were described as subspecies P. auritus begognae (Juste et al. 2004).",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, where it is widespread and common, with no major threats.",,"Plecotus auritus is endemic to Europe, where it is widely distributed south of 65°N and west of the Urals and north of the Caucasus. In the south it is confined to higher elevations. It occurs on the British Isles and in Sardinia. Patchy distribution in Iberia, Italy and the Balkan Peninsula. In the Alps, maternity colonies are found up to 1,920 m asl, hibernacula up to 2,350 m asl (Horácek and Dulic 2004).","A common species in central Europe, but rare in the Mediterranean. Summer colonies usually number 10-50 females, sometimes up to 100. In winter it is generally solitary, although it may occasionally be found in very small clusters (2-3 animals). Nursery colonies of up to 10 (K. Tsytsulina pers. comm.). There have been no recorded population declines throughout most of its range, but it is decreasing in Turkey (A. Karatas pers. comm.).","It forages in the vicinity of the roost in deciduous and coniferous woodlands, along hedgerows, and in isolated trees in parks and gardens. It feeds mainly on moths and flies gleaned from foliage. In summer it roosts in colonies in buildings (attics, barns, churches, drainage channels), tree holes, and bat boxes. Solitary animals also roost in underground sites. In winter it hibernates in caves, mines, buildings and occasionally trees. A sedentary species, its longest recorded movement is 88 km (Gaisler et al. 2003).","Loss of broad-leaved forest and particularly of mature trees is a threat in parts of its Mediterranean range (Balkans, Portugal, Spain and Turkey). It is affected locally by remedial timber treatment and loss of roost sites.","It is protected by national legislation in most range states. There are also international legal obligations for its protection through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention. It is included in Annex IV of EU Habitats and Species Directive, and there is some habitat protection through Natura 2000.Maintenance of natural habitat, especially forests with mature trees is required.",,,"Hutson, A.M., Spitzenberger, F., Aulagnier, S., Coroiu, I., Karataş, A., Juste, J., Paunovic, M., Palmeirim, J. & Benda, P.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,VESPERTILIONIDAE,Plecotus,austriacus,,Plecotus austriacus,,According to new taxonomy it is endemic to Europe (Spitzenberger et al. 2006). The Asian and African populations belong to other species.,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"This species has a large range, within which it is widespread and generally common. Although there is evidence of population decline in parts of the range, the overall rate of decline is not believed to approach the threshold for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e., declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, it is evaluated as Least Concern. However, population trends should be monitored.",,"Plecotus austriacus is restricted to Europe, excluding northern countries. Widespread south of 52-53°N, from south England to Moldova and the Black Sea Coast southwards to the Mediterranean coast (Spitzenberger et al. 2006). One record in south Sweden. Found on Mediterranean and Atlantic islands: Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Corsica and Sicily and Madeira (Spitzenberger et al. 2006). Highest confirmed record in the Alps 1,390 m (hibernaculum) (Spitzenberger 2002).","It is a common species in the Mediterranean, but relatively rare in the European part of Turkey (A. Karatas pers. comm. 2007). Summer colonies usually consist of 10-30 females. Winter clusters are usually small (2-3 animals), and the species is often solitary in this season. Population declines have been documented in parts of central Europe (Horácek et al. 2004); in Austria this species is listed as Vulnerable (Spitzenberger 2005) and in Croatia it is listed as Endangered (Tvrtkovic 2006). In Portugal there is no evidence of decline. Elsewhere in the range data on population trend is lacking.","It forages in lowland valleys and open agricultural landscapes in central Europe, and in a great variety of open and semi-open habitats in southern Europe. It feeds mainly on moths. In summer it typically roosts in buildings (attics, fissures, cavities, old castles), although solitary animals may roost in underground sites. In winter it hibernates in buildings, mines, and caves. It is a sedentary species, and no individual has been recorded to move further than 62 km (Gaisler and Hanák 1969 in Hutterer et al. 2005).","Some populations are affected by remedial timber treatment (poisoning by wood preserving chemicals) and loss of roost sites. Intensification of agriculture seems to have a negative impact on the species in central Europe, and may be responsible for population declines reported in this region. Agricultural intensification may also affect the species in other parts of the range.","It is protected by national legislation in most range states. There are also international legal obligations for protection of this species through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention. It is included in Annex IV of EU Habitats and Species Directive, and there is some habitat protection through Natura 2000. Recommended actions include monitoring population trends, and improving agricultural habitats by protecting and restoring hedges and scrubby areas and reducing pesticide use.",,,"Juste, J., Karataş, A., Palmeirim, J., Paunović, M., Spitzenberger, F. & Hutson, A.M.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,VESPERTILIONIDAE,Plecotus,kolombatovici,,Plecotus kolombatovici,,"Originally described as a subspecies of austriacus, but clearly distinct; see Mayer and von Helversen (2001) for genetics, Tvrtković et al. (2005) for morphology.",No,NT,,No,NT,,EU25,Unfavourable,"European and EU 25: Near Threatened (close to qualifying for VU C1). The population size in Europe and the EU 25 is small and estimated as no more than 10,000 individuals, and the species is found mainly in coastal areas where it is suspected that pressure from tourism is causing population decline approaching 10% over 3 generations. It is not known whether there would be a significant rescue effect from outside Europe so the regional Red List assessment is not adjusted.",,"The distribution of Plecotus kolombatovici is fragmented into three main parts: southern regions of the Balkans and Asia Minor, Libya (Cyrenaika) and northwest Africa from Morocco to Tunisia; it has been found in Malta and Pantellaria (Spitzenberger et al. 2006). It occurs from sea level to higher altitudes in the Rif and Atlas mountains.","Little is known about population size and trends in this species, although it is regarded as relatively common in North Africa. In Europe, the total population is estimated at fewer than 10,000 mature individuals, and it is suspected that the population may be declining. Summer colonies usually number 10-30 females, although a breeding colony of 120 females was found in a building in Croatia (F. Spitzenberger pers. comm. 2006). Winter clusters are smaller (10 ind.), and the species is often solitary at this time of year (S. Aulagnier pers. comm. 2006). It is possible that European, African and south-west Asian populations are isolated from each other.","It forages in a variety of open and semi-closed habitats, mainly steppe but also agricultural landscapes in both lowland and mountain areas. It often forages over small water bodies. It feeds predominantly on moths, but also takes beetles and flies. Summer roosts are primarily rocky cavities, but also dark areas of old monuments, ruins, caverns and buildings. Winter roosts are located in buildings, mines, caves, wells, and trees.","Pesticides and roost disturbance have a negative impact on the species, but are not thought to be causing significant population declines at the global level. However, in Europe, where this species is largely restricted to coastal areas, disturbance of roost sites by tourists may be a major threat.","It is protected by national legislation in most range states. There are also international legal obligations for its protection through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention. It is included in Annex IV of EU Habitats & Species Directive, and there is some habitat protection through Natura 2000. Recommended actions include monitoring population trends and minimising or preventing disturbance to roost sites in Europe.",,,"Tony Hutson, Friederike Spitzenberger, Stéphane Aulagnier",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,VESPERTILIONIDAE,Plecotus,macrobullaris,,Plecotus macrobullaris,,"Described as subspecies of P. auritus from northern Ossetia, Russia. Its specific status was first recognized for populations of the Alps, which were described as new species: Plecotus alpinus by Kiefer and Veith (2002) and Plecotus microdontus by Spitzenberger et al. (2002). Later it transpired that these names were younger synonyms of P. macrobullaris (Spitzenberger et al. 2003).",No,NT,,No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU25,Unfavourable,"European: Near Threatened (close to qualifying for B2ab(iii)). Each colony uses around 10 km2 as foraging range. Only 15 colonies are known from the Alps, ten from Croatia, and two from the Pyrenees. This would sum to ca. 300 km2. Even if more colonies are discovered in the remaning part of the range the area of occupancy will not be much larger than 2,000 km2. Roosting habitat is declining because of tourism pressure on caves and transformation of buildings in human settlements in the Alps and Pyrenees. Genetic analysis suggests that there is little interchange between subpopulations, so it is not expected that there will be a rescue effect from outside the region.EU 25: VU B2ab(iii). Taking out Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro and Switzerland from the range, it is estimated that the species' AOO is smaller than 2,000 km2. Roosting habitat is declining because of tourism pressure on caves and transformation of buildings in human settlements in the Alps and Pyrenees. Genetic analysis suggests that there is little interchange between subpopulations, so it is not expected that there will be a rescue effect from outside the region.",,"Pyrenees; Alps from France to Slovenia, Dinaric Alps, Greece incl. Crete; Corsica; from Anatolia through Caucasus to south Iran; Syria (Spitzenberger et al. 2006). Altitudinal distribution from sea level to 2,800 m (Garin 2003, Pavlinić and Tvrtković 2004).","This species was only recognised in 2003, and remains quite poorly known. However, it seems to be generally uncommon, with a fragmented distribution. Individual colonies are composed of few (less that 50) individuals. Fewer than 50 colonies are known, but more are likely to be discovered in the future (Spitzenberger et al. 2003). Molecular analyses have confirmed that subpopulations from different mountain ranges are genetically isolated (Garin et al. 2003).","Is known from a wide array of habitats. In Croatia it was found in all altitudinal zones from sea level to mountain tops above the tree line. It occupies Mediterranean oak shrub as well as beech and pine forests (Pavlinić and Tvrtković 2004). The highest record is 2,800 m (Pyrenees: Garin et al. 2003). In the Eastern Alps maternity roosts are located in attics of churches, winter roosts are not known (Spitzenberger 2002), the highest record here is 1,720 m (Spitzenberger 2006).","In the European part of its range, restoration of old buildings and development of tourism infrastructure is causing habitat loss.","It is protected by national legislation in most range states. There are also international legal obligations for its protection through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention. It is included in Annex IV of EU Habitats & Species Directive, and there is some habitat protection through Natura 2000. It is present in several national parks. Recommended actions include surveys to better understand the species' distribution, molecular studies on distance between populations, and protection of roosting sites.",,,"Tony Hutson, Friederike Spitzenberger, Javier Juste, Stéphane Aulagnier, Juan Tomas Alcaldé",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,VESPERTILIONIDAE,Plecotus,sardus,,Plecotus sardus,,"Identified as a new species by genetic analyses, this species combines morphological features of both P. austriacus and P. auritus.",Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),EU25,Unfavourable,"This species is considered to be Vulnerable. It is restricted to forest fragments in Sardinia (Italy). Since this species was first identified in 2002, it has been captured in only three localities, two in the same National Park. The population is probably very small, although more localities will probably be discovered in the future. Forests in Sardinia sum up to less than 2,000 km2, and their quality is declining. Further surveys are required to obtain a more accurate understanding of the status of this species, as based just on the known information it could be listed as Endangered.",,Plecotus sardus is restricted to the island of Sardinia (Italy). The three known localities are situated near to the coast or at low elevations.,This species was first described in 2002 and is poorly known. It is considered to be rare (known only from five specimens).,"It occurs in the most wooded areas parts of Sardinia, and roosts in natural caves. Two of the three known localities are situated in karstic areas, one locality lies near the sea coast (Mucedda et al. 2002). Artificial habitats are not used. It is a sedentary species.",Roost disturbance (as a result of tourism) and habitat loss (caused by forestry management) are the main threats to the species.,"It is protected by national legislation in most range states. There are also international legal obligations for its protection through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention. It is included in Annex IV of EU Habitats and Species Directive. Two of the three known localities are in the National Park of Gennargentu and the Orosei Gulf. Recommended research actions include surveys and monitoring to determine distribution, status, and population trend. Protection of roosting and foraging habitat is also recommended.",,,"Hutson, A.M., Aulagnier, S., Juste, J., Karataş, A., Palmeirim, J. & Paunović, M.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,VESPERTILIONIDAE,Plecotus,teneriffae,,Plecotus teneriffae,,"The taxonomic status of the species has been confirmed by Spitzenberger et al. (2006). Here we refer to P. teneriffae as the population on the Canaries. Northwest African populations previously assigned to teneriffae are currently included in kolombatovici, and Balkan populations are assigned to austriacus. 

There are no significant genetic differences between populations on the different islands (Justeet al. 2004).",Yes,EN,B1ab(v),Yes,EN,"B1ab(iii,v)",EU25,Unfavourable,"This species has a small range (<3,000 km2) on three, and maybe four, of the Canary Islands (and it is severely fragmented). It is linked to forest habitats that are shrinking, and recent declines have been recorded in the largest known breeding colony. For these reasons, it is assessed as Endangered.",,"Plecotus teneriffae is endemic to the Canary Islands (Tenerife, La Palma, El Hierro and may also be on La Gomera, but presence there has not yet been confirmed although there is suitable habitat), where its extent of occurrence is less than 3,000 km2. It occurs at elevations between 100 and 2,300 m (Palomo and Gisbert 2002).","Summer colonies usually consist of 10-30 females (the maximum number recorded is 37). Winter clusters are usually small (c.10 animals), and the species often roosts solitarily at this time of year. There are only two known breeding colonies (on La Palma and Tenerife respectively). The larger of these two (the La Palma colony) has declined almost 80% in number in recent years (Palomo and Gisbert 2002; J. Juste pers. comm. 2007).The population is estimated to be between 500 and 2,000 individuals (J. Juste pers. comm. 2007, based on information in the Spanish Red Data Book).","It is highly associated with woodland habitats (coniferous and mixed), although it occasionally forages in more open and arid areas. Its diet consists primarily of moths. Recorded roost sites include volcanic tubes, caves, and crevices in abandoned buildings (Palomo and Gisbert 2002). Tree holes and bat or bird boxes are never used (Benzal and Fajardo 1999). The La Palma maternity colony is located in a natural cave. This species is considered to be sedentary (Fajardo and Benzal 2002 in Hutterer et al. 2005).","The population declined in the 1950s after aerial fumigation for pest control. Current threats include use of pesticides on agricultural land near to the forests, loss of woodland habitat, and restoration of buildings that results in the disturbance of colonies and the destruction of roost sites (Palomo and Gisbert 2002). The recent decline of the La Palma maternity colony has been attributed to disturbance, and it is known that at least one individual from this colony has been taken by private collectors (Palomo and Gisbert 2002). Shafts into the mountains to collect water are increasingly being fenced which is detrimental to the survival of the bats.",It is protected by national legislation in most range states. There are also international legal obligations for its protection through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention. It is included in Annex IV of the EU Habitats and Species Directive. A bat protection programme aimed at protecting caves used as roost sites from human disturbance was instigated in 1993 (Mitchell-Jones et al. 1999). Protection of the species' woodland foraging habitat is also recommended (Palomo and Gisbert 2002).,,,"Aulagnier, S., Juste, J., Palmeirim, J. & Alcaldé, J.T.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,LAGOMORPHA,PROLAGIDAE,Prolagus,sardus,,Prolagus sardus,,,Yes,EX,,Yes,EX,,EU25,-,"The last presumed sighting of Prolagus sardus was in 1774 (Smith 2008). This species was present in its historic distribution within the last 2,000 years (Smith 2008).  It is speculated that ""habitat loss, predation, and competition with alien invasive species"" were responsible for its extinction (Smith 2008).",,"Prolagus sardus once occupied Corsica, Sardinia, and small adjacent islands of the Mediterranean (Hoffmann and Smith 2005).",Extinct.,,,,,,"Smith, A.T. & Johnston, C.H.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,DELPHINIDAE,Pseudorca,crassidens,,Pseudorca crassidens,,,No,,,No,,,EU25,-,This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it is of marginal occurrence in the European Mammal Assessment region.,,"False killer whales are found in tropical to warm temperate zones, generally in relatively deep, offshore waters of all three major oceans. In addition to deep, oceanic areas, they do sometimes occur over the continental shelf and appear to move into very shallow waters on occasion. They do not generally range poleward of about 50° in either hemisphere. However, some animals occasionally move into higher latitude waters.  They are found in many semi-enclosed seas and bays (including the Sea of Japan, Bohai/Yellow Sea, Red Sea, and Persian Gulf), but they only occasionally occur in the Mediterranean Sea (Leatherwood et al. 1989).  There are a few records for the Baltic Sea, which are considered extralimital.","There are few estimates of abundance, and none for the global population size. Abundance estimates, even for large oceanic regions such as the eastern tropical Pacific, are only in the low tens of thousands (39,800, CV=64%: Wade and Gerrodette 1993). There is no information on population trends.","As is the case for most of the tropical oceanic delphinids, this species is rather poorly-known (see Baird 2002). This species is considered to be extremely social.  Groups of 10-60 are typical, though much larger groups are known.  Some groups are very tight-knit, while others may be spread over a kilometer or more of ocean. This is one of the most common species involved in cetacean mass strandings, and in one case, over 800 stranded together.  The false killer whale is a lively, fast-swimming cetacean, and occasionally rides bow waves of vessels.  False killer whales are known to behave aggressively toward other small cetaceans, and have even been seen chasing and attacking dolphins (in particular, dolphins just released from tuna purse seines) and some large whales.False killer whales occur in tropical and temperate waters worldwide (Stacey et al. 1994, Odell and McClune 1999), generally in relatively deep, offshore waters. However, some animals may move into shallow and  higher latitude waters, on occasion (including some semi-enclosed seas such as the Red Sea and the Mediterranean). It seems to prefer warmer water temperatures. Although false killer whales eat primarily fish and cephalopods, they also have been known to attack small cetaceans, humpback whales, and sperm whales.  They eat some large species of fish, such as mahi-mahi (also called dorado or dolphinfish), tunas (see Alonso et al. 1999) and sailfish.","Potential threats include decline in prey base, incidental mortality in fishing gear, and noise pollution.","This is a relatively poorly-known species which, although mostly observed over deep water, is known to strand from many coasts. Abundance estimates as well as by-catch data do not exist for most areas, nor are there detailed accounts on migratory behaviour. Clearly, more research is needed.",,,Species account by IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist Group; regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,SCIURIDAE,Pteromys,volans,,Pteromys volans,,,No,DD,,No,NT,,EU25,Unfavourable,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)EU 25 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)At the European level, there are insufficient data to estimate rate of population decline. The species is susceptible to habitat loss and fragmentation through forestry practices. Within the EU, the species occurs only in Finland, Estonia and Latvia, where it continues to decline in many parts of its range. Declines of 20-58% have been recorded in small-scale local studies in Finland over the last 10-20 years. There is not expected to be any rescue effect from outside the region (e.g. from Russian Karelia) as the species is facing similar threats in that area. Consequently the species is assessed at Data Deficient at the European level, and Near Threatened (A2bc) within the EU 25.",,"The Siberian flying squirrel has a wide range in the northern Palaearctic, extending from Finland, Estonia and Latvia eastwards through Russia to the Pacific coast (Panteleyev 1998, Sulkava 1999). It also occurs on the Pacific islands of Sakhalin (Russia) and Hokkaido (Japan). It occurs from sea level to the tree line (H. Henttonen pers. comm. 2006).","The species continues to decline in many parts of its range owing to loss of old-growth mixed forests. In Finland, it is still locally quite common but declining everywhere, with detailed local studies showing 20-58% declines over periods of 10-20 years (Hanski et al. 2001, Hanski 2006). Declines were noted in all parts of Finland; there were no areas where the population was stable or increasing, and declines are predicted to continue in the future (Hanski 2006) A three year census ending in 2005 estimated the Finnish population at 140,000 females (95% confidence limits 134,800-151,300: Hanski 2006). It has been found at c.50 sites in Estonia (T. Maran pers. comm. 2006). In Russia, it is considered widespread but rare in Karelia, and in the Karelian isthmus its status is similar to that of the Finnish population (A. Tikhonov in litt. 2006).","It prefers mature spruce-dominated forests with a significant proportion of deciduous trees, especially aspen Populus tremula, birch Betula sp. and alder Alnus sp. (Reunanen et al. 2000, 2002). Large deciduous trees are an important source of both food and nest-sites: the flying squirrel feeds primarily on alder and birch catkins in the winter and alder leaves in the summer, and nests in old woodpecker holes or natural cavities in decaying wood.","Modern intensive forestry and logging are the major threats to this species (Hanski et al. 2001). Fragmentation of forests is a particular problem for this species, as flying squirrels are reluctant to cross open areas on the ground. Managed forests also tend to have fewer deciduous trees (which are an essential winter food source), less decaying wood and fewer tree-holes (which are needed for nest-sites). In parts of Russia, it has been estimated that up to 50% of logging is illegal (Kotlobay and Ptichnikov 2002). Illegal logging is particularly destructive, as unsustainable practices such as high-grading or 'skimming' are used, meaning that for every ten trees felled only one or two high-quality logs will be used (Kotlobay and Ptichnikov 2002).","It is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention, and on Annex II* and Annex IV of the EU Habitats & Species Directive. It is considered Vulnerable at the national level in Finland (Rassi et al. 2001). The Finnish Ministry of Forestry and Agriculture and Ministry of the Environment have published detailed guidelines on how to deal with flying squirrels in forestry. Specific recommendations include protecting known feeding and nesting sites (usually this means that trees surrounding nesting tree will be protected within 30 m, and ""corridors"" will be saved so that nesting sites are not isolated) (Anon. 2002, 2003, H. Henttonen pers. comm. 2006). It occurs in a number of protected areas.",,,"Heikki Henttonen, Tiit Maran, Ilpo Hanski",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CARNIVORA,PHOCIDAE,Pusa,hispida,,Pusa hispida,,Five recognized subspecies: hispida; botnica; ladogensis; saimensis; and ochotensis.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"The only subspecies of ringed seal that occurs regularly in the marine area covered by the European Mammal Assessment is the Baltic ringed seal, P.h. botnica. Consequently the European regional assessment refers to this subspecies only. Although this subspecies was severely depleted by overharvesting in the past, it is now recovering. Whilst the number of mature individuals is still less than 10,000, the Bothnian Bay population, which constitutes c.75% of the total, is increasing at approximately 4.5% per year, and has done so consistently for more than ten years. As the regional population is expanding at a steady rate overall, it is classed as Least Concern, even though numbers remain low and there is serious concern for seals in some parts of the Baltic (e.g. the Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Riga). Ongoing conservation efforts are necessary to ensure that the population continues to recover. The Saimaa ringed seal P.h. saimensis qualifies as Endangered under Criterion D as it has a very small population (<250 mature individuals) but it is not declining at present.The Ladoga ringed seal P.h. ladogensis qualifies as Vulnerable under Criterion D2 owing to its very restricted range.",,"Ringed seals have a circumpolar distribution throughout the Arctic basin including near the North Pole (Rice 1998), and range widely into adjacent seas. They are found in the Bering Sea, Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Hudson Bay and Straits, Davis Strait, and Greenland, Barents, Kara, Laptev and East Siberian seas. Separate populations occur in the Baltic Sea, Lake Ladoga in the Russian Federation, Lake Saimaa in Finland, and the Sea of Okhotsk south to northern Japan (Frost and Lowry 1981, Reeves 1998). Vagrants have been recorded south to Portugal and the Azores in Europe, southern California and New Jersey in the United States, and Zhejiang in China (Rice 1998). Ringed seals are distributed in waters of nearly any depth, and their distribution is strongly correlated with seasonally and permanently ice-covered waters, and food availability (Frost and Lowry 1981, Reeves 1998). Shore-fast ice is considered to be the most important habitat for pupping, although the importance of pack ice is not well known (Reeves 1998).","The world-wide population of ringed seals is not known. Citing many factors such as vast geographic area occupied by the species, highly variable densities found within areas that have been surveyed, the unknown relationship between the numbers of seals observed versus those not seen, and other factors, Frost and Lowry (1981) state that it is “unwise to attempt an estimate of the world population of this subspecies” (P. h. hispida). Despite numerous surveys conducted since, Reeves (1998) believes that “this conclusion remains appropriate.” Nevertheless, published world-wide population estimates exist including 6-7 million (Stirling and Calvert 1979), and 2.5 million for the most widespread subspecies, P. h. hispida (Miyazaki 2002). The population of P. h. botnica is estimated at 5,000 to 8,000 (Reeves 1998), and in excess of 6,000 (Harkonen et al. 1998). P. h. ladogensis and P. h. saimensis have been estimated to number 10,500-12,500 (Reeves 1998) and about 5,000 (Sipila and Hyvarinen 1998) for the former, and <200 (Reeves 1998) or about 200 (Sipila and Hyvarinen 1998) for the latter.","Ringed seals are usually found singly or in small groups, and when inhabiting sea ice, can be difficult to find. They swim in leads among floes, and maintain breathing holes with their claws, excavate snow lairs, and utilize naturally occurring cracks and cavities within pressure ridges when seas freeze (Smith and Stirling 1975, Frost and Lowry 1981, Kelly 1988).Sexual maturity is usually attained between 4-7 years for females and 5-7 years for males.  Physical maturity is reached between 8 and 10 years old. Maximum ages of 43 years (McLaren 1958), and 46 years (Reijnders et al. 1993) have been reported.A single pup, rarely twins, is born from March to May, with most pups born in early April (Frost and Lowry 1981). Most births occur in lairs excavated under snow that accumulates upwind and downwind of ice ridges (Smith and Stirling 1975), or in cavities occurring between blocks of ice in pressure ridges (Mclaren 1958, Kelly 1988). Lairs are believed to provide protection from a variety of predators and periods of very cold air temperatures and high wind chill (Smith and Stirling 1975, Kelly 1988).  Ringed seals take a wide variety of fish and invertebrate prey and show variation in diet between seasons and in different geographic areas. The most important species and groups include Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) and saffron cod (Eleginus navaga), and a variety of crustaceans including amphipods, euphausiids, mysids, and shrimps (Lowry et al. 1980, Kelly 1988). Saimaa and Ladoga ringed seals are confined to freshwater lakes where they prey on a wide variety of fish and some invertebrates, especially smelt (Osmerus eperlanus), vendace (Coregonus albula), burbot (Lota lota), perch (Perca fluviatalis), roach (Rutilus rutilus), and whitefish (Coreogonus lavaretus) (Sipila and Hyvarinen 1998).","Ringed seals are very important to northern communities, and many thousands are taken annually in subsistence harvests. Reeves (1998) reports an annual quota for shore-based hunters in the Sea of Okhotsk of 7,500, and a combined estimate of 10,000 taken per year from the Bering, Chukchi, and Western Beaufort Sea by Russians and native Americans. Reeves et al. (1998) estimate that the annual removal of ringed seals in the Canadian Arctic is in the “high tens of thousands” at present, and that in 1980s, including animals killed and lost, the harvest was between 60,000 and 80,000, and may have exceeded 100,000 in some years. Another substantial annual harvest occurs in Greenland with nearly 100,000 taken per year in the 1970s, and approximately 70,000 taken annually in the early 1990s (Teilmann and Kapel 1998). The species is not currently harvested in the marine region covered by the European Mammal Assessment.Commercial harvests of ringed seals in the early to mid 20th century were sometimes large, and probably had significant local impacts on certain populations. Annual harvests of 72,000 from 1955 to 1965 in the Sea of Okhotsk, 20,000 in the Baltic Sea (Reeves 1998), and commercial and reduction harvests in Lakes Ladoga and Saimaa (Sipila and Hyvarinen 1998) are examples of the negative effect of localized overharvesting on ringed seal populations.Ringed seals carry loads of organochlorine and heavy metal contaminants from human industry and agriculture.  Chlorinated hydrocarbons have been implicated in uterine pathology in Baltic ringed seals (Bergman and Olsson 1986), and high concentrations of mercury in Saimaa ringed seals is thought to have reduced pup production in the 1960s and 1970s (Sipila and Hyvarinen 1998).Vessel traffic and noise, and the effect of noise from offshore oil and gas exploration or construction can affect ringed seals and cause mortality, abandonment of breathing holes and lairs, and a decrease in abundance near the activity (Smith 1987, Reeves 1998). Manipulation of water levels, recreational snow machine operation, net fishing, boating, tourism, and development of cottages on the shoreline at Lake Saimaa, and industrial pollution, net fishing and poaching on Lake Ladoga have been implicated in past or present mortalities, population impacts, or disturbance to their respective ringed seal populations (Reijnders et al. 1993, Sipila and Hyvarinen 1998).  Global warming may pose the greatest threat to ringed seals if it leads to large losses of stable shore-fast ice habitat used for pupping and foraging (Tynan and DeMaster 1997).  Also, changes in precipitation and weather patterns could negatively effect ringed seal populations if there is insufficient snow cover to protect pups in lairs in the spring (Stirling and Derocher 1993, Ferguson et al. 2005).  Climate change could be particularly acute for ringed seals living in restricted habitats such as the Ladoga and Saimaa Lake populations (Learmonth et al. 2006), and possibly in the Okhotsk and Baltic seas.  An increase in human created noise in the Arctic environment could cause marine mammals, including ringed seals, to abandon areas of habitat (Tynan and DeMaster 1997). Reductions in sea ice cover would likely lead to increased human activity in the Arctic in the form of shipping and extractive industries, and an associated greater threat of marine accidents and pollution discharge (Pagnan 2000). However, Moulton et al. (2005) found no more than slight effect on ringed seals from construction, drilling, and operation of the Northstar offshore island oil production facility in the Beaufort Sea.","Ringed seals are protected by numerous laws and quotas in different parts of their range. The population in Lake Saimaa has been protected since 1955, and additional protection has resulted from establishment of two national parks at the lake, and regulation of shoreline development. Similarly, the hunting of seals in Lake Ladoga was prohibited in 1980 (Sipila and Hyvarinen 1998). In the United States ringed seals can only be harvested for subsistence purposes by Alaskan Native Subsistence Hunters, and they have been protected by the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, the implementation of which reduced annual mortality by eliminating all hunting by non-native people (Angliss and Outlaw 2005). Quotas and licensing of hunting have been in place in various parts of the Russian Federation/former Soviet Union for decades and have led to protection of Sea of Okhotsk, Barents and White seas, and Lake Ladoga ringed seals (Belikov and Boltunov 1998, Reeves 1998). Baltic ringed seals were protected from all killing by the Soviet Union in 1980, by Sweden in 1986, and by Finland in 1988 (Harkonen et al. 1998). State Nature Reserves at Franz Josef Land and in the White and Kara seas protect large areas of ringed seal habitat in the western Russian Arctic (Belikov and Boltunov 1998).",,,European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,DIPODIDAE,Pygeretmus,pumilio,,Pygeretmus pumilio,,,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU25,-,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)This species has a wide range. Population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population size criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. less than 10,000 mature individuals in conjunction with appropriate decline rates and subpopulation qualifiers), as the species is described as relatively abundant in at least parts of its range. Although some declines have been reported, it is not believed to approach the threshold for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, it is evaluated as Least Concern. Nevertheless, this species depends on a very specific habitat type that is under threat from human activities and global warming. Its status should be monitored.",,"Distributed in southern part of steppe zone, semi-deserts and deserts from the Don River (Russia) through Kazakhstan to the Irtysh River, south to NE Iran; E to S Mongolia; China: W Nei Mongol, N Xinjiang Gansu, and Ningxia (Shenbrot et al. 1995, Wilson and Reeder 2005). The range is consists of two large isolated parts, western and eastern (China and Mongolia) and several small isolated populations between those two parts and along the southern border of the range.","In some parts of the range (including parts of the European range) the species is relatively abundant and population number is stable. However, the whole range is fragmented and all the isolated populations in the east and south of the range are slowly declining and potentially vulnerable owing to the species' highly specialised habitat requirements.","Pygeretmus pumilio is a stenobiont species. It inhabits clay semi-deserts with rare vegetation which includes succulents of the family Haenopodiaceae (Salsola, Suaeda, Nanopphyton, Anabasis etc.). The clay proportion in the soil and type of vegetation determine species distribution (Shenbrot et al. 1995).",Populations are quite fragmented and its habitat is shrinking in parts of the range due to land use changes and climate change.,No specific conservation measures are known for this species. In the European part of the range occurs in several protected areas.,,,"Katerina Tsytsulina, Nikolai Formozov, Boris Sheftel",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,CERVIDAE,Rangifer,tarandus,,Rangifer tarandus,,"There are three subspecies: Finnish forest reindeer (Rangifer tarandus fennicus), Mountain reindeer (R.t. tarandus) and Svalbard reindeer (R.t. platyrhynchus). 

Populations of Snohetta, Rondane, Knutsho and Solnketten in Southern Norway represent the original wild mountain reindeer in reasonably pure form (Bevanger and Jordhoy 2004, Bevanger pers. comm. to W. Frey) These populations have had little contact with domestic reindeer whilst mixing of both forms has occurred to a larger extend in the populations of the Hardangervidda and others. Genetic investigations did not indicate any inflow of domestic genes into the four populations in question (Roed 1997, Roed pers. comm. to W. Frey). There are also populations of free roaming reindeer in Southern Norway that have been founded with domestic individuals. Unfortunately three of these – Ottadalsomrädet, Forollhogna and Solnkletten – are adjacent to the pure populations, thus constituting a permanent danger to their genetic integrity.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The species is Least Concern at the European level. It is still fairly widespread and abundant in Norway, although there have been marked declines in the Russian, and parts of the Finnish, portions of the range. The only EU country that the reindeer occurs in is Finland. Although the Finnish population is small (c.2,200 individuals), and although there have been recent declines in the western subpopulation, overall numbers are increasing. Consequently the species is classed as Least Concern. Wild reindeer went extinct in Finland last century, and ongoing conservation action is required to ensure continuing recovery.The Novaya Zemlya subspecies pearsoni is Endangered under C2a(ii). The population is less than 1,000 mature individuals, found on a single subpopulation on an isolated island, which is undergoing continuing decline (the reason for which is currently unknown). The Svalbard subspecies platyrhynchus is Least Concern. Although it has a small population of c.10,000, it is not declining and there are no major threats.",,"The reindeer has a circumpolar distribution in the tundra and taiga zones of northern Europe, Siberia, and North America (Corbet 1978, Hall 1981, Koubek and Zima 1999, Wilson and Ruff 1999). In Europe, wild populations have a fragmented distribution in Norway (including the island of Svalbard, where there is a separate subspecies R. t. platyrhynchus), Finland, and Russia (including the island of Novaya Zemlya, which also has an endemic subpecies R. t. pearsoni) (Herre 1986, Koubek and Zima 1999). In Finland, wild reindeer occur in two isolated subpopulations, one in the west and one in the east. Semi-domesticated reindeer are widespread in Lappland, and a feral population has historically become established on Iceland (Koubek and Zima 1999); these populations are not shown on the distribution map. It occurs from sea level to at least 2,000 m in Norway (Herre 1986).","There are approximately 30,000 wild reindeer in southern Norway and 10,000 in Svalbard (Andersen and Hustad 2004). The population trend in Norway is believed to be stable, and hunting is controlled. In Finland, forest reindeer (subspecies R. t. fennicus) were driven extinct in the early 1900s, but are now starting to recover as a result of animals moving in from Karelia in Russia and from some captive bred stock that were released (Ruusila and Kojola in press). Forest Reindeer remain very rare in Finland (about 1,200 in the eastern subpopulation and 1,000 individuals in the western subpopulation). The Finnish population trend is difficult to determine, as the population in eastern Finland has expanded rapidly from c. 40 reintroduced individuals in 1980 to c.1,200 today, whereas the western subpopulation has declined from c.1,800 to c.1,000 during 2001-2006 (although in the last few years prior to 2001 it had been increasing) (H. Henttonen pers. comm. 2006, Ruusila and Kojola in press). Overall, the current Finnish population trend is one of growth rather than decline. Numbers in European Russia are very low with presumed ongoing declines, and the reindeer is now absent from large tracts of tundra and taiga. It is not known whether the small Kola Peninsula population in Russia is derived from autochthonous wild reindeer or from semidomesticated animals (A. Tikhonov pers. comm. 2006). The Novaya Zemlya subspecies pearsoni  has a small population (less than 1,000 mature individuals), which is undergoing continuing decline (A. Tikhonov pers. comm. 2006). The reindeer's status in Asia is poorly known, although it is significantly more abundant there than in Europe, with a population estimated at 400,000 in the 1950s (Koubek and Zima 1999). There are also large numbers of reindeer (locally known as caribou) in North America. The feral population in Iceland numbers c.1000, and there are approximately 0.5 million semi-domesticated reindeer in Lappland (H. Henttonen pers. comm. 2006).","It inhabits arctic and subarctic tundra, open montane habitats, and open woodland, where it feeds on lichens, mosses, grasses, and shoots and leaves of deciduous shrubs and trees (especially willow Salix spp. and birch Betula spp.). In North America it is a migratory species, making seasonal movements from the coast in summer to the interior in winter, but in Europe reindeer are more sedentary (Herre 1986).","Poaching is a major threat in the Russian Federation (A. Tikhonov pers. comm. 2006). The causes of decline of the Novaya Zemlya subspecies pearsoni are not known (A. Tikhonov pers. comm. 2006). Loss of habitat in Finland (through logging) may pose problems, and there is increased disturbance to the species in some areas due to winter sporting activities. Hybridization with semidomesticated reindeer is a potential problem for some subspecies and subpopulations (H. Henttonen pers. comm. 2006, Ruusila and Kojola in press).","It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention. Subspecies R. t. fennicus is strictly protected under Annex II of the EU Habitats and Species Directive. In eastern parts of Russia there are strict anti-hunting measures in place, but there is continued poaching (A. Tikhonov pers. comm. 2006). Hunting in Norway is also strictly controlled. In Finland, a large fence has been constructed between areas occupied by semidomesticated reindeer and forest reindeer, to prevent hybridisation (Koubek and Zima 1999, H. Henttonen pers. comm. 2006). Research is urgently required to determine the causes of population decline of R. t. pearsoni on Novaya Zemlya, and to identify appropriate conservation actions.",,,"Heikki Henttonen, Alexei Tikhonov",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,MURIDAE,Rattus,rattus,,Rattus rattus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)A widespread and abundant species, often regarded as a pest. Although there have been population declines in parts of the European range, these are not believed to approach the threshold for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (30% over 10 years or 3 generations, whichever is longer). Classed as Least Concern.",,"Originally an Indomalayan species; widely introduced across the globe as a result of human activities. In Europe, it has been present since ancient times, and is found in most countries, with the exception of Fennoscandia (where it has gone extinct, except for one site in Denmark). It has suffered declines and now has a very restricted range in the United Kingdom, appears to be confined to one island off the east coast of Ireland, and is probably extinct in Slovakia (Amori and Cristaldi 1999).","A widespread and abundant species. It is very common in the Mediterranean. However, in some parts of its northern European range (e.g. United Kingdom, Netherlands, Austria) large population declines and range contractions have occurred since c.1970 (Amori and Cristaldi 1999, Spitzenberger 2005). It has disappeared from Fennoscandia (with the exception of one site in Denmark) (Amori and Cristaldi 1999).","Highly commensal in northern and central parts of Europe, where is is found in a variety of man-made habitats. Also lives outdoors in natural and semi-natural habitats in the Mediterranean (especially on Mediterranean islands) (Amori and Cristaldi 1999).",No major threats.,Not protected under international legislation; commonly regarded as a pest. Present in many protected areas.,,,Giovanni Amori,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,RHINOLOPHIDAE,Rhinolophus,blasii,,Rhinolophus blasii,,,No,VU,A4c,No,DD,,EU25,Unknown,"European: This species has disappeared from a significant part of its European range during the last 50 years (generation time = 9 years). Some Mediterranean woodlands have disappeared in recent years, but the rate of habitat loss is unknown. Cave disturbance is a further threat to the species. For a closely related species, R. mehelyi, the rate of decline has been estimated as 10% in the last 10 years in Andalucia and is expected to reach 30% in a time window including 20 years in the future for entire range. Although R. blasii does not occur in the Iberian peninsula, it has very similar habitat requirements and may face the same threats. For these reasons, R. blasii is classed as Vulnerable because it is suspected that it will undergo population declines exceeding 30% over the next three generations. It is not anticipated that there would be a significant rescue effect from outside the European region, as populations are considered to be generally declining across the global range.EU 25: In the EU 25, this species is found only in Greece (and some associated islands) and Cyprus. Little information is available on the status of the species in this area. Consequently it is classed as Data Deficient.",,"Rhinolophus blasii has a large range in the Palaearctic and the Afrotropics, throughout which it is widely but patchily distributed. In Africa, it occurs from north-eastern South Africa and the Democratic Republic of Congo to Ethiopia and Somalia, and in North Africa. In Asia, it has a patchy distribution extending from Turkey in the west to Pakistan in the east, and from the Caucasus in the north to Yemen in the south (Wilson and Reeder 2005). It was confirmed in Georgia in 2006 (Z. Nagy pers. obs.). In Europe, it is extinct in northeastern Italy and has not been recorded in Slovenia during the last 50 years (Kryštufek and Dulic 2001). It is now restricted to the Balkan peninsula and to some Mediterranean islands including Crete and Cyprus. There are no recent records in Romania and northern Bulgaria despite intensive work by Christian Dietz (Z. Nagy pers. comm. 2006). Past records from this area are disputed: no specimen has been found in museums in Romania, and the presence of R. euryale in the same area might have caused confusion (Z. Nagy pers. comm. 2006). It occurs from sea level to 2,215 m in Yemen.","A rare or infrequent species, probably the rarest horseshoe bat in Europe (Kryštufek 1999). Summer colonies of ca. 20-30 are typical, although up to 300 females may be found in a single colony. In winter, it congregates in mixed-species clusters with other Rhinolophus species (up to 800 animals in Bulgaria). There are large colonies in Bulgaria and Greece. It is suspected to be declining because of loss of Mediterranean woodlands and cave disturbance, and is considered vulnerable in many range states.","In the Mediterranean region it typically forages in shrubland and woodland, although it may penetrate to desert habitat (Amr 2000). Summer roosts are situated in natural and artificial underground sites, with attics also being used in the northern part of the range. In winter, it hibernates in underground sites. This species is considered to be sedentary (Hutterer et al. 2005).","Threats to the species include loss of Mediterranean woodlands, disturbance and loss of underground habitats, and destruction of roost sites (Kryštufek 1999). In a number of range states the species is disturbed by tourist visits to caves.","It is protected by national legislation in some range states. There are international legal obligations for the protection of this species through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention. It is included in Annex II (and Annex IV) of the EU Habitats & Species Directive, and hence requires specific conservation measures, including the designation of Special Areas for Conservation. It receives some habitat protection through Natura 2000. Taxonomic research is needed to clarify the status of African populations. Monitoring and protection of caves is also required.",,,"Tony Hutson, Friederike Spitzenberger, Stéphane Aulagnier, Zoltan Nagy",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,RHINOLOPHIDAE,Rhinolophus,euryale,,Rhinolophus euryale,,,No,VU,A2c,No,VU,A2c,EU25,Unfavourable,"European and EU 25: Many European range states have reported that populations have declined and colonies have disappeared over the last 27 years (=3 generations). It is inferred that regional population decline has exceeded 30% over that period, so the species is assessed as Vulnerable (A2bc). It is not expected that there would be a rescue effect from populations outside the region, as these are suspected to be declining too.",,"Rhinolophus euryale is a western Palaearctic species, occurring in southern Europe, north-west Africa (Morocco to Tunisia), and the Near East. It is widely distributed over its range, and is found from sea level to 1,000 m.","An infrequent species. Summer colonies number ca. 50-500 individuals (formely up to 1,500 animals). Winter clusters typically number up to 2,000 animals. It occurs in large vulnerable colonies, and is considered threatened in many range states. Large population declines have been reported in a number of European countries, including Spain (Palomo and Gisbert 2002) and Slovakia (Ibáñez 1999). In France, the population declined by ca. 70% between 1940 and 1980, although subsequently the trend appears to have stabilised (Brosset et al. 1988, S. Aulagnier pers. comm. 2006). Apart from R. blasii, which may have gone extinct in the country, R. euryale is probably the rarest rhinolophid in Italy, and anecdotal evidence suggests that a number of colonies have declined in the past few decades (D. Russo pers. comm. 2006). From 1960-2000 the species disappeared from a number of sites in Romania, but the trend over the last five years appears to be stable (Z. Nagy pers. comm. 2006). The species has a very small and declining population in Portugal (Rodrigues et al. 2003, Cabral et al. 2005).There is little information on population trends outside Europe, although it is suspected that continuing declines have also occurred in at least parts of the non-European range. For example, in Iran the species is no longer found in caves which 30 years ago held 20,000 individuals of different species (M. Sharifi pers. comm. 2005). It is considered to be declining in North Africa (GMA Africa workshop 2004).","It forages in Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean shrubland and woodland, feeding on moths and other insects. In Italy, preferred foraging habitats are broadleaved woodland and riparian vegetation; coniferous woodland is avoided, and shrubland is rarely used (Russo et al. 2002). Summer roosts are located in natural and artificial underground sites, as well as attics in some part of the range. In winter it hibernates in underground sites (usually large caves with a constant microclimate). It is a sedentary species (the longest recorded distance travelled by an individual is 134 km) (Heymer 1964 in Hutterer et al. 2005).","Threats include loss of foraging habitat, and disturbance and loss of underground habitats. On a landscape scale, fragmentation and loss of linear elements such as hedgerows and riparian vegetation is a problem because such elements are used for commuting. The species' strong dependence upon caves for roosting makes it particularly sensitive to cave disturbance, such as that from caving or tourism. Tourist disturbance of caves affects the species in a number of range states, including Italy, Iran and Turkey (M. Sharifi and A. Karatash pers. comm. 2005, D. Russo pers. comm. 2006). The use of organochlorine pesticides is believed to have contributed to the earlier dramatic decline of the species in France (Brosset et al. 1988).","It is protected by national legislation in most range states. There are also international legal obligations for protection of this species through Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention. It is included in Annex II (and IV) of EU Habitats & Species Directive, and hence requires special measures for conservation including designation of Special Areas for Conservation. There is some habitat protection through Natura 2000, and some roosts are already protected by national legislation). The species is directly or indirectly benefiting from EU LIFE-funded projects in France, Spain, Italy, and Romania.",,,"Tony Hutson, Friederike Spitzenberger, Javier Juste, Stéphane Aulagnier, Margarida Fernandes, Juan Tomas Alcaldé",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,RHINOLOPHIDAE,Rhinolophus,ferrumequinum,,Rhinolophus ferrumequinum,,"Although Thomas (1997, unpublished thesis) found very high divergence in mitochondrial DNA sequences, Csorba et al. 2003 refrained from splitting Japanese greater horseshoe bats (“Rhinolophus nippon”) from Rh. ferrumequinum. Several subspecies are identified over the range, of which two occur in the western Palaearctic: Rh. f. creticus (Crete) and Rh. f. ferrumequinum (rest of western Palaearctic range).",No,NT,,No,NT,,EU25,Unfavourable,"European and EU 25: Near Threatened (approaching A2bc). Although population trends vary in different parts of the range, overall the species is suspected to be declining at a rate that approaches 30% over the last three generations. It needs continued conservation action to maintain its status.",,"Rhinolophus ferrumequinum has a wide range in the Palaearctic encompassing north-west Africa; southern and central Europe from Portugal to Greece and north to southern England, France, Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Bulgaria; Turkey, Cyprus, Israel, Jordan and Iraq and Iran; Ukraine, Crimea, and Caucacus regions; Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, southern Kazakhstan, Afganistan, Pakistan, northern India, Nepal, Sikkim, China (Wilson and Reeder 2005), Korea and Japan (Csorba et al. 2003). It usually occurs below 800m, but can be found up to 3,000m in the Caucasus depending on roost availability and humidity (K. Tsytsulina pers. comm. 2005).","The two most widespread Rhinolophus species in Europe, R. ferrumequinum and R. hipposideros, are of particular conservation concern and are the subject of considerable research and monitoring. R. ferrumequinum has shown marked declines in range in northwest Europe within the last 100 years (e.g. United Kingdom, Germany, Austria), and has gone extinct in some countries (e.g. Belgium, Netherlands). However there are signs of stabilisation and/or recovery in some northwest European countries (Hutson et al. 2001). For example, In the UK the species declined massively in the past but is now stable at low population level (around 5,000 individuals) (Ransome and Hutson 2000). However in Austria declines continue, with population reductions of 70% in the last 10 years (from 100 to 30 breeding individuals: Spitzenberger 2002, F. Spitzenberger pers. comm. 2006). In other parts of Europe, trends vary and are generally less well known: in Malta the species has gone extinct, in Portugal and Spain the trend is not known (although some colonies have disappeared in Spain) (Palomo and Gisbert 2002, Cabral et al. 2005), in Croatia the population is thought to be stable (N. Tvrtkovic pers. comm.), and in Romania the population has been slowly increasing since 1989 due to reduced use of pesticides and return to traditional agriculture. In Switzerland the species is very rare (3 maternity roosts with some 200 individuals), but the population trend appears stable (H. Kraettli pers. comm. 2006).It is an infrequent species in most parts of its range, although in at least parts of south-west Asia and the Caucasus it is abundant and widespread (it is the most frequently reported species in Turkey: A. Karatash pers. comm. 2005), with populations in Iran and Turkey considered to be stable (A. Karatash, M. Sharifi and K. Tsytsulina pers. comm. 2005), although it may be decreasing in Russian parts of the Caucasus (S. Kruskop pers. comm. 2005). Summer colonies of c.30-200 individuals (up to 400 animals), and winter clusters of up to 500 animals are typical.","It forages in pastures, deciduous temperate woodland, Mediterranean and sub-mediterranean shrubland and woodland. Feeds on beetles and moths at low level in pastures and in trees (by aerial hawking or perch feeding).Summer roosts are located in warm natural and artificial underground sites, and attics in the northern part of the range. Where the species occupies buildings, it requires particular features of the building itself, as well as proximity to good foraging areas and underground sites for torpor at various times of year and for winter hibernation (Hutson et al. 2001). In winter it hibernates in cold underground sites (usually large caves). A sedentary species, distances of 20-30 km between winter and summer roosts are typical (longest distance recorded 180km: de Paz et al. 1986).","The main threats are fragmentation and isolation of habitats, change of management regime of deciduous forests and agricultural areas, loss of insects due to pesticide use, and disturbance and loss of underground habitats and attics. In northwest Europe, habitat change is likely to have been amongst the major causes of declines, the conversion of woodland and small-field landscape to large-scale agricultural land being particularly damaging. While declines elsewhere, particularly in eastern Europe, may currently not be so marked, the loss of cultural landscapes in those countries as they move towards western-style economies may have significant effects in the near future. The use of pesticides has been a recognized threat to the insect food, particularly where these have been directed against the larvae of favoured food items, such as melolonthid beetles, larvae of noctuid moths or crane-flies. Favoured prey may be affected secondarily by pesticide use, such as the loss of dung fauna from the use of persistent anti-parasitic drugs (avermectins) on cattle. Populations in caves and other underground habitats have suffered from increased disturbance (e.g. by tourist visits), changes of use and the destruction of such sites. In buildings colonies may be affected by human intolerance, renovation work or the application of pesticides, such as some of those used for the remedial treatment of timbers (Hutson et al. 2001).","The greater horseshoe bat has been the subject of widespread conservation activity, especially in Europe. Until recently, this has concentrated on roosts in buildings and caves. Many buildings used as roosts have management agreements and many underground sites have been protected. Nevertheless, sites continue to be lost or damaged. More recently, attention has turned to identifying more precisely the food and foraging requirements. A European meeting (Germany, May 1995) discussed the status and conservation needs for the species on a pan-European scale. The Bern Convention has commissioned a Europe-wide Species Action Plan under the Pan-European Biological and Landscape Diversity Strategy (Ransome and Hutson 2000). It is protected by national legislation in most range states (not Russia: K. Tsytsulina pers. comm. 2005). There are international legal obligations for its protection through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention. It is included in Annex II (and IV) of the EU Habitats and Species Directive, and hence requires special measures for conservation including designation of Special Areas for Conservation. There is some habitat protection through Natura 2000 (and some roosts are already protected by national legislation).",,,"Tony Hutson, Friederike Spitzenberger, Javier Juste, Stéphane Aulagnier, Margarida Fernandes, Juan Tomas Alcaldé",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,RHINOLOPHIDAE,Rhinolophus,hipposideros,,Rhinolophus hipposideros,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU25,Unfavourable,"European and EU 25: Near Threatened (approaching A2bc). The species is widespread, but there have been substantial range reductions along the northern edge of the species' distribution in Europe over the past 50 years, and declines are ongoing, albeit perhaps at a reduced rate. The species has gone extinct in the Netherlands, most of Belgium, and western Germany. It relies on continuing conservation initiatives. There is little quantitative data on population trends outside Europe, so it cannot be assumed that there would be a rescue effect from outside the region.",,"Rhinolophus hipposideros is widely distributed in the western and central Palaearctic. It occurs from sea level to 2,000 m.","An infrequent species in the northern part of its range. In Europe the species forms summer colonies of 10-50 individuals (up to 1,500 animals). Solitary in winter or loose aggregations up to 500 animals per roost. Since the 1950s the northern border of the range in western and central Europe has moved to the south. In the Netherlands, northern Belgium and Germany with the exception of a few colonies in Bavaria, Thüringen, Sachsen and Sachsen-Anhalt the species went extinct (Fairon et al. 1982, Schofield 1999). It disappeared from northern and western parts of Bohemia, and much of Poland where 87% of the hibernating population was lost between 1950 and 1990 (Urbanczyk 1994, Ohlendorf 1997). In Switzerland and Austria the distribution became fragmented, as colonies remained only in higher elevations (>400m) (Stutz and Haffner 1984, Spitzenberger 2002), although in Switzerland at least the population has started to slowly recover over the last 10 years (increasing from 2,200 to 2,500 adults counted in maternity roosts: H. Kraettli pers. comm. 2006). In Spain some colonies have disappeared due to the restoration of buildings, but there are no data on population trend (J. Juste and T. Alcalde pers. comm. 2006), and in France there have been some declines in the north, although large populations in the south are thought to be more stable (EMA Workshop 2006). Overall in Europe there has been a substantial decline over the last 50 years, with a slow decline continuing at present.In the southwest Asian part of the range it gathers in wintering colonies of up to 40 animals, although it is mainly solitary (K. Tsytsulina pers. comm. 2005). In Turkey it is a commonly reported species, and the population is stable (A. Karatash pers. comm. 2005). It is common in Iran although encountered less frequently than R. ferrumequinum (M. Sharifi pers. comm. 2005). It is not known how abundant this species is in Jordan and Syria but it may be more common than the collection reports indicate (Amr 2000).","Forages close to ground within and along the edges of broadleaf deciduous woodland, riparian vegetation, Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean shrubland. Feeds mainly on midges, moths and craneflies. Summer roosts (breeding colonies): natural and artificial underground sites in the southern part of the range, attics and buildings in the northern part. Winter: hibernates in underground sites (including cellars, small caves and burrows). Sedentary, winter and summer roosts usually within 5-10km (longest distance recorded 153 km: Heymer 1964 in Hutterer et al. 2005).","Threats include disturbance and loss of underground habitats and attics (conversion of attics in human habitat), change of management regime of agricultural areas (loss of tree lines and hedgerows), and fragmentation and isolation of habitats.",Protected by national legislation in most range states (but not the Russian Federation: K. Tsytsulina pers. comm. 2005). There are international legal obligations for protection through Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention. Included in Annex II (and IV) of EU Habitats and Species Directive and hence requiring special measures for conservation including designation of Special Areas for Conservation. Some habitat protection through Natura 2000. Recommended conservation measures include protecting maternity roosting sites and hibernation caves and foraging habitats. One potential method is compensation schemes to give people incentives to keep colonies in their houses (this is happening in one region of Spain at the moment: J. Juste and T. Alcalde pers. comm. 2006).,,,"Tony Hutson, Friederike Spitzenberger, Javier Juste, Stéphane Aulagnier, Margarida Fernandes, Juan Tomas Alcaldé",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,RHINOLOPHIDAE,Rhinolophus,mehelyi,,Rhinolophus mehelyi,,,No,VU,A4c,No,VU,A4c,EU25,Unfavourable,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)EU 25 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)This species is declining significantly throughout its range, and is close to extinction in some areas. The rate of decline has been estimated as 10% in the last 10 years in Andalucia and is expected to reach 30% in a time window including 20 years in the future. This rate of decline is inferred to be occurring throughout its global range, so no significant rescue effect is expected. Consequently it is classed as Vulnerable.",,"Rhinolophus mehelyi is largely restricted to the Mediterranean. It has a discontinuous distribution from north Africa and southern Europe through Asia Minor to Transcaucasia and Iran. It is patchily distributed in some large and vulnerable colonies. It occurs up to 2,000 m in High and Saharan Atlas mountains, although it is typically found at lower altitudes in other parts of its range (e.g. in Spain it tends to occur below 700 m).","An infrequent species, which is reported to have declined in all parts of its range for which data are available. In Andalucia (Spain), the rate of decline has been estimated at 10% over the last ten years. The species is close to extinction in France (Rodrigues and Palmeirim 1999), Romania (Botnariuc and Tatole 2005), and north-east Spain (J. Juste and T. Alcalde pers. comm. 2006). In France, only one individual was recorded in 2004 (S. Aulagnier pers. comm. 2006), and in Romania the population was estimated at 5,000 in the 1950s, but now numbers approximately 100 (Dumitrescu et al. 1962-1963, Botnariuc and Tatole 2005). It is also declining in southern Spain (Franco and Rodrigues 2001), Portugal (Rodrigues et al. 2003), the Russian Federation (K. Tsytsulina pers. comm. 2005), Georgia, and Morocco (SW Asia Workshop 2005). In Iran mixed-species colonies including R. mehelyi, which in the 1970s were estimated to be over 10,000 individuals, now only number a few hundred individuals (M. Sharifi pers. obs. 2005). Summer nursery colonies typically number 30-500 individuals (although colonies of up to 3,000 individuals have been recorded, separated in smaller groups within the same cave). Winter clusters consist of up to 5,000 animals.","Forages in Mediterranean and dry sub-tropical shrubland and woodland, and in dry steppes. It feeds mainly on moths, but also preys on other insects. Summer roosts are in warm caves, often in karstic regions. Winter hibernacula are in colder underground sites (usually large caves with a constant microclimate). The species only roosts in caves and does not use artifical habitats. Sedentary (longest distance recorded 90km: Palmeirim and Rodrigues 1992).","The species is affected by disturbance and loss of underground habitats, changes in foraging habitats, and destruction of caves by tourism.","It is protected by national legislation in most range states. There are also international legal obligations for its protection through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention. It is included in Annex II (and IV) of EU Habitats and Species Directive, and hence requires special measures for conservation including designation of Special Areas for Conservation. There is some habitat protection through Natura 2000 (some roosts are already protected by national legislation). An EU-LIFE funded project aims to ensure the long-term conservation of the large populations of cave and forest-dwelling bats, including this species, in Spain.",,,"Tony Hutson, Friederike Spitzenberger, Javier Juste, Stéphane Aulagnier, Margarida Fernandes, Juan Tomas Alcaldé",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,PTEROPODIDAE,Rousettus,aegyptiacus,,Rousettus aegyptiacus,,,No,,,No,,,EU25,-,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Classed as Not Applicable as it is of marginal occurrence in Europe.,,"Found in ""Senegal and Egypt south to South Africa; Cyprus, Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, S Syria, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, S Iraq, S. Iran, Pakistan, NW India; islands in the Gulf of Guinea (São Tomé and Príncipe); adjacent small islands"" (Wilson and Reeder 2005). Less than 1% of its global range falls within the European Mammal Assessment region.",,,,,,,European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,BOVIDAE,Rupicapra,pyrenaica,,Rupicapra pyrenaica,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"This species is currently increasing in numbers and range. It is not believed to approach the thresholds for any of the criteria for the IUCN Red List. Consequently it is assessed as Least Concern. Subspecies R. p. pyrenaica and R. p. parva are also Least Concern. However, R. p. ornata is assessed here as Vulnerable (D1+2) as it has a very small population and restricted area of occupancy. It was previously assessed in 1996 as Endangered, but as a result of strict protection and a programme of captive breeding and reintroductions, its population has increased such that it no longer meets criterion D at this level. Ongoing conservation measures are required to ensure its future survival.",,"Rupicapra pyrenaica is endemic to south-west Europe, where it occurs as three subspecies: R. p. ornata, R. p. pyrenaïca and R. p. parva (Shackleton 1997, Pedrotti and Lovari 1999). The Apennine chamois R. p. ornata now survives only in three small populations in the Abruzzo, Majella, and Gran Sasso-Monti della Laga National Parks in Italy, although earlier in the Holocene it ranged from the Sibillini mountains (Marche Region, Italy) down to the Pollino massif (Calabria Region, Italy) (Masini 1985, Masini and Lovari 1988). The isard or Pyrenean chamois R. p. pyrenaica is found in the Pyrenean mountains, along France' s border with Spain (including Andorra: C. Berducou pers. comm. 2006). The Cantabrian chamois R. p. parva occurs in the Cantabrian mountains (Spain). The altitudinal range of the species is 400-2,800 m (Palomo and Gisbert 2002).","Overall, the status of this species has greatly improved since 1990. The population and range of the Pyrenean subspecies pyrenaica increased markedly from 1989 to 2003, although there have subsequently been some declines. The 1989 estimate for the total number of R. p. pyrenaica was around 15,500 animals (Shackleton 1997), but by 2003 there were estimated to be at least 53,000 (Herrero et al. 2004). This is now (2006) likely to be an overestimate of the population, as many chamois populations have locally declined since 2004 following severe mortality caused by viral disease, and French hunting bags have reduced although hunting effort has remained steady (C. Novoa pers. comm. 2006). Densities of R. p. pyrenaica tend to be lower outside protected areas. Not all subpopulations of subspecies parva have been censused, but the population was recently estimated at c.15,000 (Palomo and Gisbert 2002). However, the Italian subspecies ornata remains very rare. Numbers of ornata have probably been low for the last few centuries, only starting to increase in the 1920s as a result of increased protection. Numbers plummeted again to just several tens of individuals in a single population in the Abruzzo National Park during World War II (Lovari 1989). As a result of conservation action, including re-introductions and the establishment of two new populations, numbers have increased and the population is currently estimated at about 1,100 individuals in three subpopulations (Mari and Lovari 2006, S. Lovari pers. comm. 2006), up from a total of c.400 individuals in the late 1980s (Lovari 1989). Not all of these are mature individuals.","The species is found in alpine meadows, rocky areas, and the forested valleys and lower slopes in mountainous regions. This species generally stays above 1,800 meters in alpine meadows during the warmer months of the year (Nowak, 1983). These animals make altitudinal migrations from the forests in the valleys to the more open alpine meadows (Pedrotti and Lovari 1999). In late fall and winter they have been known to enter lands below 1,100 meters, while usually staying on steep slopes, and rarely if ever occur in forested areas (Nowak, 1983). In recent years some populations have started to permanently inhabit forest (Mitchell-Jones et al. 1999; Herrero pers. comm. 2006).","The threats to the species vary in different parts of its range. In Italy, subspecies ornata might be vulnerable to many factors because the total number is small, there are only three subpopulations, and genetic variability is very low (Shackleton 1997, S. Lovari pers. comm. 2006). Space and food competition with livestock, especially domestic caprins, seem to be the main limiting factors for ornata . Some poaching occurs, but does not seem to impair the viability of the chamois population in Abruzzo National Park. There are currently no problems with disease for the Italian subspecies (J. Herrero pers. comm. 2006). However, in France and Spain disease is currently the most important threat. Pestivirus appeared in the Pyrenean subspecies in c. 2004, and sarcoptic mange outbreaks periodically cause local declines in the Cantabrian subspecies (J. Herrero pers. comm. 2006). In Spain and the Pyrenees, chamois coexist with domestic livestock, but there do not appear to be problems with competition; indeed in the Pyrenees the presence of domestic livestock is considered to benefit the chamois, via maintenance of young and good quality forage, which increases the carrying capacity (J. Berducou pers. comm. 2006). Most Pyrenean and Cantabrian populations are hunted (with the exception of within National Parks). Chamois is a major game species in Spain and is important socially and economically as a source of rural livelihoods. Hunting is carefully managed and revenue from hunting is returned to the local community. In Spain, regional governments set quotas, and hunting is not at an unsustainable level (J. Herrero pers. comm. 2006). In France, hunting is essentially a recreational and non-profit leisure activity, and average annual quotas are under 10% of censused populations. This is sustainable, with only a few local exceptions (C. Berducou pers. comm. 2006).","The species is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention and Annex V of the EU Habitats and Species Directive (as part of R. rupicapra sensu lato). In Spain, the species occurs in three national parks, at least 10 natural parks, and a number of other reserves (J. Herrero pers. comm. 2006). Spanish protected areas include Montana de Covadogna and Ordesa National Parks; Reres Natural Park; Alta Pallars-Aran, Benasque, Cadi, Cerdana, Fresser y Setcasas, Los Circos, Los Valles, Vinamala, Mampodre, Picos de Europa, Saja, Somiedo and Sueve Hunting Reserves. Spanish hunting reserves are large hunting management units with strictly controlled culling (C. Berducou pers. comm. 2006). In France, it occurs in a number of protected areas (Pyrenees-Occidentales National Park, Roc-Blanc, Moudang and Mont-Vallier Mountain Reserves, Orlu Nature Reserve and other small reserves where hunting is banned: C. Berducou pers. comm. 2006). A study of population dynamics is ongoing in France, as well as a detailed survey of the population size and distribution (C. Berducou pers. comm. 2006). In France, there is a hunting plan that is designed to correct geographic imbalances in numbers and distribution, but might be difficult to achieve. A major restoration effort was carried out in the French Pyrenees between 1981 and 2000, involving the translocation of more than 600 individuals (Herrero et al. 2004, C. Novoa and C. Berducou pers. comm. 2006). In Andorra there are a few small reserves with hunting quotas (C. Berducou pers. comm. 2006). In Italy, the autochthonous population of subspecies ornata inhabits Abruzzo National Park, and all recent and planned re-introductions and introductions are into protected areas. A group of 22 chamois was released in the Majella massif between 1991 and 1994, and more recently, 26 were re-introduced into the Gran Sasso massif in cooperation with local villagers. A captive breeding population (numbering 18 individuals in 2006: S. Lovari in litt. 2006) is kept in four large enclosures in as many national parks. No studbook has been kept, which is a major shortcoming in the captive breeding program (Shackleton 1997). The subspecies ornata is strictly protected under national and international legislation - it is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention, Annex II* and Annex IV of the EU Habitats and Species Directive, Appendix I of CITES, and as a “specially protected species” under Italian hunting law. A slowly increasing number of alpine meadows in the species’ range have been forbidden to livestock grazing to reduce competition. This action may generate cautious optimism about the species’ future. Proposed conservation measures include the following: 1) Consider benign introductions for a number of areas in the central and southern Apennines, once their suitability has been adequately assessed. Some national parks (e.g. Pollino, Gran Sasso-Laga, Majella and Sibillini) could in the future also host populations of the Apennine chamois. 2) When selecting individuals for transplants and captive breeding, consider Nascetti et al.'s (1985) finding of an alarming lack of genetic variability in the surviving nucleus of the Abruzzo National Park. This was most likely a result of living at low density for a long time and of population bottlenecks occurring at World Wars I and II. 3) Keep detailed breeding records, genetic profiles, and develop a studbook, for each of the captive breeding populations. 4) Avoid releasing Alpine chamois into areas of potential (re)introduction of Apennine chamois, as if such an action was carried out, it would prevent the subsequent release of the latter species (Shackleton 1997).Future priorities for the species as a whole include extending monitoring to all populations, and to increasing knowledge of demography and the impact of hunting. It is particularly important for monitoring and research to take place outside National Parks, where chamois are hunted.",,,"Herrero, J., Lovari, S. & Berducou, C.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,BOVIDAE,Rupicapra,rupicapra,,Rupicapra rupicapra,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The Alpine chamois is widespread and has a large population of over 440,000 individuals. Although it is declining in some parts of its European and global range, the bulk of the population is found in the Alps and is relatively secure. Consequently it is classed as Least Concern. However, several chamois subspecies qualify as globally threatened, and require urgent conservation action.",,"The Alpine chamois is native to mountainous parts of central and southern Europe and Asia Minor, where it occurs as seven subspecies: balcanica, carpatica, cartusiana, rupicapra, tatrica, asiatica and caucasica(Shackleton 1997, Pedrotti and Lovari 1999). It has been introduced to Argentina and New Zealand. Subspecies balcanica inhabits most of the mountain regions of Albania, as well as Bulgaria's four main massifs. In Greece, it is currently restricted to 11 mountains, and comprising at least six distinct and widely scattered population groups from Mount Rodopi in the northeast and the Epirus mountains in the northwest, to Mount Giona in central Greece (Shackleton 1997). Subspecies carpatica occurs in many populations throughout the Transylvania alps and the Carpathian mountains. There have been a number of successful reintroductions (Shackleton 1997). Subspecies cartusiana is endemic to France, where it is restricted to a 350 km2 area of the Chartreuse limestone massif, centred around Grenoble, at the western edge of the French Alps. Subspecies rupicapra is found in the Alps of Austria, Germany, and eastern France, and subspecies tatrica occurs in the Tatra mountains of Poland and Slovakia. In Slovakia, it has also been introduced to the Low Tatras (Shackleton 1997). R. r. asiatica occurs in Asia Minor and R. r. caucasica has a restricted range in the Caucasus. It occurs from 500 m to 3,100 m in the Alps (Spitzenberger 2002).","The Alpine chamois is widespread and generally increasing. Excluding the Caucasus population, there are an estimated 440,000 individuals in Europe, and in some protected areas densities may exceed 20 individuals per hectare (Pedrotti and Lovari 1999, S. Lovari pers. comm. 2006). However, with the exception of the Alpine subspecies R. r. rupicapra, many subspecies are rare and/or declining: R. r. asiatica: There is very little data on the status of this subspecies, but it is believed to have undergone substantial declines (EMA Workshop 2006).R. r. balcanica: The total population numbers some thousands of individuals. Numbers are believed to be declining in all subpopulations (Shackleton 1997). R. r. carpatica: In 1990, the total population was estimated to be around 9,000 animals (Shackleton 1997).R. r. cartusiana: The population was estimated at 300 to 400 individuals in the 1970s, and 150 individuals in 1986-1987, but has since increased to c.2,000 individuals (S. Lovari pers. comm. 2006).R. r. caucasica: There is very little data on the status of this subspecies, but it is declining and has virtually disappeared outside protected areas (EMA Workshop 2006).R. r. rupicapra: This subspecies is widespread and abundant in the Alps. The number of individuals culled per year in the Swiss Alps and Jura mountains has increased steadily from c.4,000 individuals in 1950 to c.17,000 individuals in 2000 (Loison et al. 2003). R. r. tatrica: The population was estimated at 220 in 1999 (Jurdíková 2000), and had dropped below 200 by 2002 (S. Lovari pers. comm. 2006). Numbers have been declining steadily since the 1960s (Jurdíková 2000).","Alpine chamois inhabit steep, rocky areas in the mountains, utilising a variety of habitats including alpine meadows, open rocky areas, mixed broadleaf woodland, and coniferous woodland (Pedrotti and Lovari 1999). They feed on grasses and herbs, and on the leaves of trees (Sägesser and Krapp 1986).","Poaching and over-hunting may be a problem for the species in parts of its range, especially where it occurs outside protected areas and private hunting reserves (Shackleton 1997, Jurdíková 2000). Many of the less numerous subspecies (e.g. R. r. balcanica, R. r. cartusiana, and R. r. tatrica) are threatened by the deliberate introduction of subspecies from other geographic areas (especially R. r. rupicapra), leading to hybridisation and genetic swamping (Shackleton 1997). Human disturbance, particularly as a result of increased tourism and leisure activities in mountain areas, may also be a problem (Shackleton 1997, Jurdíková 2000). Competition with domestic livestock and introduced species such as the mouflon Ovis aries is a threat to the more vulnerable subspecies, although it is not considered to be a major problem for R. r. rupicapra. R. r. rupicapra does, however, suffer periodic outbreaks of sarcoptic mange, causing local population declines (Shackleton 1997). In 2006 a new disease, pestivirus, was first recorded in this subspecies (J. Herrero pers. comm. 2006). In general, habitat loss is not a major threat to the species, as much of its range falls within protected areas. However, habitat loss may be a problem in some areas (e.g. for subspecies balcanica in Albania) (Shackleton 1997). Because its population is very small indeed, subspecies cartusiana is susceptible to extinction as a result of stochastic demographic or environmental events (Shackleton 1997, S. Lovari pers. comm. 2006).","The species is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention. Subspecies balcanica is listed on Annexes II and IV of the EU Habitats & Species Directive, and subspecies tatrica is listed on Annexes II* and IV. Chamois occur in a number of protected areas. Subspecies cartusiana has been subject to intensive conservation management, including reintroductions. Detailed conservation recommendations are given in Shackleton (1997). In general, conservation recommendations that apply to all subspecies include ensuring that any harvest is sustainable (through research, legislation, and international cooperation), reducing poaching (through legislation, enforcement, education and awareness-raising, and provision of alternative livelihoods where necessary), reducing the impacts of human disturbance (by providing refugia in areas with intense tourism), and protecting the genetic integrity of populations (by avoiding translocations of 'foreign' subspecies that could hybridise with the local population) (Shackleton 1997). Monitoring of all subspecies is required, especially those that are rare and/or declining. To protect the High Tatras subspecies, Jurdíková (2000) recommends reducing illegal hunting (by closing and guarding parts of the western Tatra mountains). R. r. rupicapra introduced into Slovakia (e.g. the Lower Tatras National Park) should be removed as they pose a threat to the wild population of R. r. tatrica (Shackleton 1997).",,,"Stéphane Aulagnier, Giorgos Giannatos, Juan Herrero",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,BOVIDAE,Saiga,tatarica,,Saiga tatarica,,"Saiga tatarica is the only species in the genus Saiga. Although there is little geographical variation two subspecies are recognised: Saiga tatarica tatarica (the nominate subspecies, to which belongs the majority of the population) and Saiga tatarica mongolica (endemic to western Mongolia).",No,CR,A2a,No,NE,,EU25,-,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)Both the global and European regional populations have shown an observed decline of over 80% during the last 10 years. The decline is continuing, and severely skewed sex ratios are leading to reproductive collapse. Consequently the saiga is assessed as Critically Endangered.",,Saiga tatarica inhabits the steppes and semi-desert regions of southeastern Europe and Central Asia. Currently found at one location in Russia and three areas in Kazakhstan. A distinctive subspecies occurs in Mongolia.,"Historically, it was a common species in Eurasian steppes and semideserts. From information provided in recent references it appears that between 1991 and 1994, the global population of S. tatarica was relatively stable at just under one million animals, the majority of which were in Kazakhstan (approximately 810,00-825,000) (Bekenov et al. 1998, Lushchekina et al. 1999, Sokolov and Zhirnov 1998). Recent information from A.B. Bekenov and Iu. A. Grachev (in litt. to IUCN Species Survival Commission 1999) suggests that the population in Kazakhstan had fallen by spring 1998 to around 570,000 animals (a decline of ~30%). The global population is now c.50,000, down from 1,250,000 in the mid-1970s. Most are found in Kazakhstan.In European Russia (Kalmykia), the saiga population steeply declined after land reclamation of the Volga basin started, but the species remained numerous within the distribution area. In the 1970s the population recovered to c.700-800,000 as a result of hunting regulation. However, since then the population has drastically declined. In 1980 there were an estimated 380,000 individuals, in 1996 196,000, and by 2000 just 26,000 (see Milner-Gulland et al. 2001 for annual survey results for 1980-2000). At present there are no more than 18,000 animals. Sex ratio is severely skewed; the proportion of males varies from 1 to 10 % in different years.","Inhabits arid steppes and semi-deserts. Prefers clay soil open spaces covered with grass and avoids rugged terrain as well as sandy areas. A migratory species with widely separated summer (northern) and winter (southern) ranges. Lives in large herds, usually up to thousand individuals. Heat is at the beginning of winter when males defend harems of females. Gives birth in April-May to two, more seldom to one calf.","Uncontrolled illegal hunting for horns (male horns are exported for the traditional Chinese medicine trade) and meat since the break-up of the former USSR has led to the catastrophic fall in numbers. Selective hunting of young males and subsequent distortion of the sex ratio has affected reproduction: recent research shows that heavily skewed sex ratios are resulting in reproductive collapse (Milner-Gulland et al. 2003). A second significant threat is the destruction of key habitats and traditional migration routes. Agricultural abandonment is a problem in some areas; cattle grazing formerly maintained the grassy species but land abandonment allows another species (Stippa sp.) to encroach, which the saiga cannot eat. The recent increase in steppe fires is a further cause for concern. Severe winters can cause mass mortality.","Legislation protecting saiga exists at national level but increased enforcement, and especially external funding for anti-poaching measures and linked rural development are urgently needed. Some protected areas exist within saiga range but distance between summer/winter ranges of the various populations hinders full protected area coverage. Extension of already existing and new protected areas is under discussion by the Russian Federation government. Some research is being carried out on numbers, range and behaviour. Total prohibition of saiga meat and horn trade as well as temporary removal of saiga from the hunting animals list have been proposed as key conservation measures.",,,"Global assessment by D.P. Mallon (IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group), regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,SCIURIDAE,Sciurus,anomalus,,Sciurus anomalus,,,No,,,No,,,EU25,-,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Assessed as Not Applicable as it is of marginal occurrence in Europe.,,"In Europe it is restricted to the area around Istanbul (where it was introduced in 1964), and to the islands of Lesbos (Greece) and Gökçeada (Turkey) (Mitchell-Jones et al. 1999). Also occurs in ""Turkey, Transcaucasia (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia), N and W Iran, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, and Iraq"" (Wilson and Reeder 2005). Less than 1% of its global range lies within the European Mammal Assessment region.",,,,,,,European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,SCIURIDAE,Sciurus,vulgaris,,Sciurus vulgaris,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is widespread and common throughout much of its range. In Italy and the UK there are serious declines owing to competition with the grey squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis. In the UK the species is also threatened by parapox virus transmitted from the grey squirrel. Although the grey squirrel occurs only in the UK and Italy at present, it is predicted that it will reach France and Switzerland during the next few decades. Given its current range, population, and population trends, the red squirrel is assessed as Least Concern. However, in the future its status in Europe is likely to worsen.",,"The red squirrel has a large range in the Palaearctic, extending from Ireland, Spain and Portugal in the west, through continental Europe, Russia, Mongolia, and north-east China to the Pacific coast (Panteleyev 1998, Gurnell and Wauters 1999). It is also found on the Pacific islands of Sakhalin (Russia) and Hokkaido (Japan), and it has been introduced to the Caucasus. In Europe, it is widespread in most areas, with the exception of the Iberian peninsula (where it is absent from the south-west) and Britain (where it has almost completely disappeared from the south-east). It is absent from the majority of Mediterranean islands. In Portugal the range has expanded southwards. It occurs from sea level up to 3,100 m in the Alps (Spitzenberger 2002).","Although it is described as common throughout most of its range (Gurnell and Wauters 1999), there have been well-documented population declines and range contractions in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Italy (Gurnell and Pepper 1993, Wauters et al. 1997, O'Teangana et al. 2000). Typical densities range from less than 0.1 to 1.5 individuals per hectare (Gurnell and Wauters 1999).","It is most abundant in large tracts of coniferous forest and also occurs in deciduous woods, mixed forest, parks, gardens, and small stands of conifers. Its diet is mainly vegetarian, consisting of seeds, acorns, fungus, bark, and sapwood, although it occasionally takes animal prey (young birds and eggs).","The main threats to this species are habitat loss and fragmentation and, in Britain and Italy, out-competition by the introduced grey squirrel Sciurus carolinensis (Gurnell and Pepper 1993, Wauters et al. 1997, Bertolino and Genovesi 2003). Now that the grey squirrel has become established on the continent, it can be expected that it may ultimately spread throughout much of the red squirrel's range. Grey squirrels not only out-compete the smaller red squirrels, but also carry parapox virus, which is highly pathogenic to red squirrels. Grey squirrels can carry the virus without being affected, and recent (2006) UK studies have shown that 61% of apparently healthy grey squirrels have been exposed to the virus and may be carriers (C. McInnes in litt. 2006). When the virus is present, the grey squirrel can replace the red squirrel 20 times faster than normal replacement rate (Rushton et al. 2006). The virus has not yet been recorded in Italy.","It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention, and it occurs in many protected areas throughout its wide range.",,,"Sandro Bertolino, Heikki Henttonen, Boris Kryštufek, Holger Meinig",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,DIPODIDAE,Sicista,betulina,,Sicista betulina,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"European: This species has a large range. The population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population size criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. less than 10,000 mature individuals in conjunction with appropriate decline rates and subpopulation qualifiers), even though the species is rare in parts of its range. Population trends are poorly known, but it is not believed to approach the threshold for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, it is evaluated as Least Concern.EU 25: In the EU the species is apparently rare, but it may be more common than currently known because it is difficult to trap. In many parts of the range it is fragmented, with many isolated subpopulations. It is currently listed as Least Concern, as it is not considered to approach the thresholds for any of the IUCN Red List criteria, but population monitoring is required.",,"Sicista betulina has a large range extending from Denmark, Norway and Austria in the west to Lake Baikal (Russia) in the east, and from the Arctic Circle south to the Carpathian Mountains (Panteleyev 1998, Pucek 1999). Records from the Ussuri region of China are considered dubious (Pucek 1999). In Europe, isolated relict populations occur in the Scandinavian peninsula, Denmark and Schleswig-Holstein (Germany), the Alps (Austria and Allgäu, Germany) and the Carpathians, but the main range extends east from Baltic Countries, Poland and the Czech Republic into European Russia (Pucek 1999, Syvertsen 2003). In Austria and adjacent Czech Republic (Bavarian-Bohemian forest) there is an isolated population. It occurs from sea level to 2,200 m in the eastern Alps (Spitzenberger 2002).","In western parts of the range it is generally a rare species, although it may be locally quite frequent. In south-eastern and eastern parts of the range (e.g. Russia, Ukraine) the species is very common. In western parts of the range there are a number of very small and isolated subpopulations, some of which are considered to be evolutionarily significant units (Meinig 2004). No cyclic fluctuations have been recorded, and interannual variation in population density is less than tenfold (Pucek 1999). In Romania, the population is estimated at approximately 1,000 individuals, and Rodna National Park has a very stable population (Botnariuc and Tatole 2005). In Finland it is considerd to be increasing (H. Henttonen pers. comm. 2006). Population trends elsewhere are not known. The species may often go unrecorded, as it is cryptic and hard to trap (Pucek 1982, Spitzenberger 2002).","The range of this birch mouse covers a variety of habitats including boreal and montane forests, subalpine meadows and tundra (Pucek 1999). In Romania, the species occurs in birch forest and pine forest with dense ground vegetation (I. Coroiu pers. comm. 2006). In Germany it occurs in alpine regions and forest bogs (H. Meinig pers. comm. 2006). It has been suggested that the species spends summer months in wet meadow habitat and moves to forests in winter (Nowak 1999). It hibernates in underground burrows for at least six months each year, losing up to half its weight during this time (Nowak 1999).","Agriculture may be a problem in the northern part of the species' range in Germany. In Romania, deforestation is the main threat. Elsewhere threats are not known.","It is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and Annex IV of the EU Habitats & Species directive. It is legally protected under national legislation in a number of countries (e.g. Romania), and is included in national Red Lists of many range states (e.g. Germany, Denmark, Romania, Czech Republic, Lithuania). It occurs in a number of protected areas.  Monitoring of populations is needed, especially at the western edge of the species' range.",,,"Holger Meinig, Igor Zagorodnyuk, Heikki Henttonen, Jan Zima, Ioan Coroiu",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,DIPODIDAE,Sicista,severtzovi,,Sicista severtzovi,,"Formerly considered as a subspecies of Sicista subtilis, but now recognized as a separate species primarily on the basis of karyotype (Wilson and Reeder 2005 and references therein).",Yes,LC,,No,NE,,EU25,-,"This species is naturally scarce and has only a moderately large range, although its extent of occurrence does not approach the threshold for the range size criterion of the IUCN Red List. The population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population size criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. less than 10,000 mature individuals in conjunction with appropriate decline rates and subpopulation qualifiers). Population trends have not been quantified, but there is no evidence to suggest significant declines. For these reasons, it is assessed as Least Concern.",,"This species occurs in SW Russia and Ukraine (Shenbrot et al. 1995, Wilson and Reeder 2005).","There are no data on population size. The species is naturally not abundant, but there is no evidence of population decline.","The species is poorly studied, has a scattered distribution, and is solitary and naturally scarce across the whole range. Distributed in steppe and forest-steppe zones and associated with meadows with high grasses. Feeds on seeds and insects. Reproduces once a year, after hibernation.","The most significant threat to the species is habitat destruction, as the soil in its preferred habitats tends to be very good for cultivation.","No specific conservation measures apply to this species, however, it occurs in Tsentralno-Chernozemnyi State Reserve in Russia. Severtzov's birch mouse is listed in the Ukraine Red Data Book as a subspecies of Sicista subtilis under category III (rare but not threatened species).",,,"Tsytsulina, K., Formozov, N., Zagorodnyuk, I. & Sheftel, B.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,DIPODIDAE,Sicista,strandi,,Sicista strandi,,Sibling species of Sicista betulina.,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU25,-,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)The European population of Sicista strandi is stable and quite widespread. Classed as Least Concern.,,"Distributed in the area between Volga and Don Rivers, from Kursk District of S Russia to northern slopes of the Caucasus ridge (Shenbrot et al. 1995, Wilson and Reeder 2005). The western limit of the range is not clear, but probably lies along the Dnepr River (Shenbrot et al. 1995, I. Zagorodnyuk pers. comm. 2006).",There are no data on population size. Widespread but not especially common.,"Inhabits floodplain meadows in the southern part of forest zone, steppes, and forest-steppes in mountain zone. Solitary, feeds on seeds, berries and insects; reproduces once a year after hibernation.",Habitat destruction and fragmentation are occurring and reducing usable habitat.,"No special conservation measures apply to the species, although it occurs in several protected areas.",,,"Katerina Tsytsulina, Nikolai Formozov, Boris Sheftel, Igor Zagorodnyuk",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,DIPODIDAE,Sicista,subtilis,,Sicista subtilis,,,No,NT,,No,VU,B1ab(iii),EU25,Unfavourable,"European: This species is considered Near Threatened (approaching A2c) at the European regional level. Population declines have not been quantified, but are inferred to be taking place as a result of loss of steppe habitat, and are suspected to approach 30% over 10 years. Range contraction has been observed.EU 25: VU B1ab(iii) There are no direct data on recent population declines. However, densities are very low and the range is severely fragmented. Steppe habitat is continuing to decline, and population declines are inferred from this, but rate of decline over the last ten years is not known. There are serious concerns about the status of this very rare species within the EU countries. Extent of Occurrence (as calculated by the 50 km squares the species occurs in) is within the threshold for Vulnerable (17,500 km²). Area of Occupancy is much smaller, possibly less than 2,000 km². Populations outside the EU countries are not close enough to be able to naturally rescue the regional population, therefore the assessment remains VU B1ab(iii).",,"Sicista subtilis has a continuous range extending from the Ukraine and the southern parts of Russia to the north western parts of China (Panteleyev 1998, Pucek 1999). Isolated populations are found in Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria (a single locality only) and southeast Poland. It formerly occurred in Austria but is now regionally extinct (last recorded here in 1960: Spitzenberger 2002). In Serbia it is known from only one locality. Its altitude in Austria was recorded from <120 m (Spitzenberger 2002) to 1,680 m (Pucek 1982).","In Europe it tends to be rare, although it is locally common in at least parts of its global range, accounting for 25% of all rodents caught in north Kazakhstan (Pucek 1999). Little is known about population trends in this species, but its extinction in Austria suggests that in Europe at least its range may be contracting. The species has disappeared from large tracts of its former range in Hungary (F. Spitzenberger pers. comm. 2006). In Romania, the population is estimated at 2,000 individuals (Popescu and Murariu 2001, Botnariuc and Tatole 2005).","It occurs in steppe, rough grassland and pasture, open woodlands, and in field margins and shelter belts on cultivated land (Pucek 1982, 1999). It tends to prefer more open habitats than the northern birch mouse Sicistica betulina.","The species is susceptible loss of steppe habitat. In Romania, habitat loss due to agriculture and indirect mortality through pesticide use are the major threats (I. Coroiu pers. comm. 2006). In Austria, Sicista subtilis occupied a very small and relict range. It went extinct as a result of the conversion of natural meadows adjacent to the reedbeds of Lake Neusiedl into improved grassland (Spitzenberger 2002).","It is listed on the Romanian Red List, and protected by national legislation. It receives strict legal protection under the Bern Convention (Appendix II).",,,"Boris Kryštufek, Igor Zagorodnyuk, Giovanni Amori",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,SORICIDAE,Sorex,alpinus,,Sorex alpinus,,,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU25,Unfavourable,"The species has a fairly wide but very fragmented distribution. In the core of the range the population appears to be stable but declines are occurring in some isolated populations at the edges of the range. Overall, there is a slow population decline, but not at a rate high enough to trigger a threatened category. The extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are above the thresholds for Criterion B (>20,000 km² and >2,000 km² respectively), although the area of occupancy may not be much greater than 2,000 km² and there is ongoing habitat loss and degradation. Assessed as Near Threatened as it almost qualifies as threatened under criterion B2.",,"The Alpine shrew is endemic to Europe, where it has a disjunct range in the Alps, the Balkans, the Carpathians, and a number of isolated mountains in Germany, Czech Republic and Poland (Spitzenberger 1999, Meinig 2004). It previously occurred in the Pyrenees, where it is thought to have gone extinct in the early 20th century, and in the Harz (Spitzenberger 1999). Its vertical range is from 200 to 2,500 m (Spitzenberger 1999).","More data are needed to be able to determine population trends. It is widespread but local in the Alps, where populations are thought to be stable. Small, isolated populations at the edge of the species' range may be declining, and there have been subpopulation extinctions (for example in the Pyrenees). In the Harz, the northernmost population in Europe, it appears to have disappeared (last record was in 1954 despite intensive studies to find the species there). It is still present in Germany. Some of the other remaining populations are considered evolutionarily significant units because of their long period of isolation (Meinig 2004).","In the mountains, it tends to be found in open habitats (meadows, rocky areas with sparse vegetation, and banks of mountain streams), where it lives in cracks and crevices under rocks and in stone walls. At lower altitudes, it prefers cool, damp, shaded areas, such as densely-vegetated ravines and holes under mossy rocks, tree-roots and logs in forests (Spitzenberger 1990, 1999). It mainly feeds on arthropods and molluscs (Spitzenberger 1990).","Loss of alpine water courses due to water abstraction and hydroelectric power is also a threat, as is loss of habitat owing to intensification of winter tourism in the Alps. Human land use is a direct threat and climate change may be a future indirect threat as a result of range shifts in other species that may be direct competitors with S. alpinus when ranges overlap.","It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention. A major part of the alpine shrew's range in the Carpathians is covered by the Carpathians Reserve (about 45,000 ha) and National Park (about 70,000 ha). There is a need for monitoring, particularly of isolated subpopulations.",,,"Hutterer, R., Amori, G., Kryštufek, B., Meinig, H., Bertolino, S., Spitzenberger, F. & Zima, J.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,SORICIDAE,Sorex,antinorii,,Sorex antinorii,,"Formerly known as the Valais chromosome race of the Common Shrew S. araneus (2n = 24/25, FN = 40). Given species rank, diagnosed and reviewed by Brünner et al. (2002). Sorex arunchi may be related, if not conspecific (Hutterer in Wilson and Reeder 2005).",Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU25,Unknown,"S. antinorii is a poorly known species. Although it has a wide range in Italy, its population size, trend and ecological requirements are not known. It is not abundant. More data are required to be able to assess its status.",,"The main part of of this species' range occurs in Italy, but it crosses the border into France and Switzerland. It inhabits the southern part of the Alps, the Po lowlands, and the Appenine mountains south to Calabria (Brünner et al. 2002). Further research is required to determine the distribution limits of this species. The northern boundary of its distribution is poorly defined, and in southern parts of its range it is confined to higher altitudes and its distribution is patchy; in general it is more patchily and less extensively distributed than shown on the map.It occurs from the Po plain to at least 1,300 m (Brünner et al. 2002).",There are very poor population data for this species. Population trend is not known.,Occurs in areas with dense vegetation cover.,Pesticides and habitat loss (resulting from agricultural expansion and intensification) are the main threats.,"More research is required on the range, population, threats and habitat requirements of the species.",,,"Hutterer, R., Amori, G. & Kryštufek, B.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,SORICIDAE,Sorex,araneus,,Sorex araneus,,This species has huge chromosomal variation and includes many chromosomal races. Recently one of these races has been described as a separate species (S. antinorii)(Wilson and Reeder 2005).,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)S. araneus has a very wide range and is one of the commonest shrew species throughout its range. Although general habitat degradation may affect localised populations, this is not considered a serious threat to the global population.",,"The common shrew has a wide distribution in the Palaearctic, occurring from Britain through central, northern and eastern Europe and Asia as far east as Lake Baikal and as far north as the Arctic coast. It is widespread throughout, with the exception of arid steppe and desert areas. In Europe, it occurs in most continental areas, with the exception of large parts of Iberia and France, and some parts of Italy and the Balkans. There are isolated populations in the Pyrenees and the Massif Central (France). It is recorded from sea level to 2,500 m (Andĕra 1999).",It is one of the most abundant shrew species.,"It prefers cool, damp and shady habitats with dense vegetation, such as riparian forests and reed beds (Hausser et al. 1990). However, it tolerates a broad range of habitats, and it is present (albeit at lower densities) in drier areas such as woodland, scrub, road verges, hedges in farmland, and even sand dunes (Andĕra 1999). It is absent from very arid habitats. It feeds largely on invertebrates, especially arthropods, earthworms, and snails, but it also feeds on vegetative matter (Hausser et al. 1990).","Threats include general habitat degradation and an indirect threat from pesticides and pollutants (accumulation of toxins through their diet). In some countries, this is an indicator species for monitoring terrestrial pollution. However, the species is not considered seriously affected by these threats at a regional or global level.","It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention, and it occurs in many protected areas. No specific conservation actions are recommended at present.",,,"Holger Meinig, Boris Kryštufek, Boris Sheftel, Igor Zagorodnyuk, Giovanni Amori, Jan Zima, Heikki Henttonen",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,SORICIDAE,Sorex,arunchi,,Sorex arunchi,,"Possibly related to or conspecific with Sorex antinorii (Brünner et al. 2002), although its karyotype has not been studied yet. Genetically well distinguished from araneus, but morphological differences between both species are weak (Hutterer in Wilson and Reeder 2005). More taxonomic research is needed on this taxon.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU25,Unknown,"It is uncertain whether this is a valid species. More taxonomic investigation is required, as well as research on range, population, ecological requirements and threats. This taxon has a restricted extent of occurrence (<20,000 km2), so it may warrant listing in a threatened category when more data become available.",,"Sorex arunchi is endemic to Europe, where it is found in the Udine province of north-east Italy, and probably adjacent Slovenia (Lapini and Testone 1998).",There are no population data available for S. arunchi.,"It is a lowland taxon, and is found in forested areas.",Pesticides and habitat destruction (agriculture) are likely to be the main threats. Shrews tend to accumulate toxins from pesticides and pollutants through their invertebrate diet (Stone 1995). It may be particularly vulnerable to habitat loss because of its restricted range.,"No conservation measures are known to be in place. More research is needed, particularly taxonomic research.",,,"Hutterer, R., Amori, G. & Kryštufek, B.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,SORICIDAE,Sorex,caecutiens,,Sorex caecutiens,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Sorex caecutiens is a widespread and abundant species with a very large global range. Within the EU 25, its range is more restricted and logging activities may affect local populations. However, it is not considered threatened at present.",,"The masked shrew is found from Scandinavia in the west (including an isolated population in central Norway), through northern Europe and Asia to the Pacific coast and the islands of Sakhalin and the Kuril archipelago, as well as the Japanese island of Hokkaido (Corbet 1978, Pucek 1999, Frafjord 2002, Finch and van der Kooij 2005). It range extends to the north of the arctic circle, and the southern boundary of its distribution runs from easternmost Poland through Russia, northern Kazakhstan, northern Mongolia and north-east China to the Korean peninsula. In Europe, it is found in Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Poland, Belarus, and Russia. In northern Finland it occurs from sea level up to 1,000 m, and in central Norway it is found up to 1,600 m (J. van der Kooij in litt. 2006).","It is generally less common than its congener the common shrew, but it is nevertheless a widespread and abundant species (Sulkava 1990). Populations are thought to be stable, with interannual fluctuations that follow no particular cycle (Pucek 1999). In eastern Karelia, where population density has best been studied, tenfold fluctuations have been recorded (Sulkava 1990).","It occurs mainly in coniferous, deciduous and mixed forests in the taiga zone, although it is also found in a range of tundra habitats including birch and willow scrub in river valleys (Pucek 1999, Finch and van der Kooij 2005). In northern Fennoscandia, it tends to be found in shrub-rich mires, alpine birch forests, and open mires, and at the south-western edge of its range in Norway it occurs in alpine habitats (Finch and van der Kooij 2005). In general moist habitats are preferred, such as damp parts of forests with thick moss cover (Pucek 1999). Cultivated land is avoided (Sulkava 1990). The masked shrew feeds on a wide range of insects, spiders, and centipedes (Stone 1995). As it has a lower net food intake than larger shrews such as S. araneus, it can survive in less productive habitats (Finch and van der Kooij 2005).","Extensive logging is a general threat to habitat and may affect local populations. However, at the global scale the population is not considered under serious threat from this.",It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention. It occurs in many protected areas.,,,"Boris Sheftel, Heikki Henttonen",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,SORICIDAE,Sorex,coronatus,,Sorex coronatus,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,A widespread and abundant species with no serious threats affecting the global population at present. Assessed as Least Concern.,,"Sorex coronatus is endemic to Europe, where it occurs from northern Spain, through France and the Low Countries, to northern Switzerland, Germany, and the westernmost corner of Austria. It is also found on the island of Jersey (United Kingdom) (Hausser 1999). Its vertical range is from 0 to 2,200 m (Palomo and Gisbert 2002).","It is generally widespread and abundant. However, at the edge of its range in Switzerland intensive agriculture and pesticide use have caused the species to decline, such that now only relict populations remain in some areas (Palomo and Gisbert 2002).","It inhabits a variety of habitats with dense vegetation at ground level, including woods, hedges, abandoned or unmown meadows, and marshes. It is scarce in intensively cultivated areas, and tends not to occur near to human habitation. It competes with Sorex araneus, and the microhabitats used are different for each species where their ranges overlap (Hausser 1990, 1999).","Threats include general habitat degradation and the indirect effects of pesticides and pollutants (accumulation of toxins through the species' diet) (Stone 1995, Palomo and Gisbert 2002). However, the species is not considered seriously affected by these threats at the global level.","It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention, and occurs in protected areas within its range.",,,"Aulagnier, S., Hutterer, R., Amori, G. & Kryštufek, B.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,SORICIDAE,Sorex,granarius,,Sorex granarius,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"Population size in this species has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population size criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. less than 10,000 mature individuals in conjunction with appropriate decline rates and subpopulation qualifiers), as the species is commonly found in owl pellets in at least parts of its range. The extent of occurrence is fairly large, but the area of occupancy is not known, and it may not be safe to assume that it is much larger than 2,000 km2. In Spain the population is stable and it is likely to be stable also in Portugal. No serious threats at present. Least Concern.",,"It is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it is found in northern Portugal (north of the Tagus River) and central Spain (García-Perea et al. 1997). It occurs from the coast up to 2,000 m (Palomo and Gisbert 2002).","Population size and trends have not been quantified. However, the species is quite common in the diet of nocturnal raptor species (Cabral et al. 2005). In Spain the population is stable and it is likely to be stable also in Portugal (Muñoz, L.J.P. pers. comm. 2007).","It is found in Atlantic climate areas, where it inhabits a variety of woodland and scrub habitats, including native beech, oak, and pine forests, plantations of introduced Eucalyptus and Pinus pinaster, and damp areas with dense shrubby vegetation. It is also found in cultivated fields, stream- and river-banks, scree slopes, and rocky areas near to pastures. It prefers humid locations, and is restricted to areas where the annual rainfall exceeds 600 mm (García-Perea et al. 1997, Hausser 1999, Palomo and Gisbert 2002, Cabral et al. 2005).","It is not considered threatened in Spain, although its population status is not known (Palomo and Gisbert 2002). In Portugal, it may be locally threatened by habitat destruction and pesticide use, as well as reductions in the abundance of its invertebrate prey (Cabral et al. 2005).",It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention. It occurs in protected areas within its range. Research is needed to evaluate its population status and trends (Cabral et al. 2005).,,,"Palomo, L.J., Amori, G. & Hutterer, R.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,SORICIDAE,Sorex,isodon,,Sorex isodon,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Globally and within Europe as a whole this species has a wide range, but it is a habitat specialist and its distribution is patchy. Habitat loss and degradation is ongoing but is not a serious threat to the species at present. In the EU 25, it is largely restricted to Finland, with some isolated populations in Sweden. The range is fragmented and habitat loss is a concern for local populations. The species needs to be monitored in western Europe at least, but is currently not believed to approach the IUCN Red List thresholds. It is consequently classed as Least Concern at both the EU 25 and European regional level.",,"The taiga shrew's range extends from Fennoscandia in the west, through northern and central Russia, north Mongolia and northern China, and northern Kazakstan, to the Pacific coast and Sakhalin island. In Europe, it is more or less continuously distributed from Finland to northern Russia and northern Belarus (Corbet 1978, Sulkava 1999). Populations in Norway and Sweden may be isolated. It is a habitat specialist, and consequently has a patchy distribution. The species was not detected in Fennoscandia until as late as 1949 (Sulkava 1999).","It is rare and local. In north-west Europe and north-western Siberia, captures of this species generally form less than 1% of all Sorex captures with snap traps and pitfall traps (Sulkava 1999). It is a patchily distibuted species and little is known about population trends.","It is a habitat specialist, preferring small brook sides with dense vegetation (e.g. ferns) within mature spruce and mixed boreal forests. It is also sometimes found in scrub and fallow fields, so long as there is damp, dense vegetation at ground level and a deep soil layer (Sulkava 1999). It feeds mainly on invertebrates, particularly earthworms and dipteran larvae, although plant material is very occasionally taken (Sulkava 1990).",Preferred habitats are being altered by forestry and drainage (Sulkava 1999). Globally this is not considered to be a serious threat at present.,"It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention, and occurs in many protected areas. Population trends and habitat status require monitoring in the western European part of its range, and particular attention should be paid to isolated populations in Scandinavia.",,,"Boris Sheftel, Heikki Henttonen",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,SORICIDAE,Sorex,minutissimus,,Sorex minutissimus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species has a large range, within which it is widespread. It is rare and also very difficult to catch through normal trapping methods. The population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population size criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. less than 10,000 mature individuals in conjunction with appropriate decline rates and subpopulation qualifiers). Although the population trend is not known, there are no major threats, and it is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, it is evaluated as Least Concern.",,"The least shrew occurs from Fennoscandia through European Russia and Siberia to the Pacific coast and the islands of Hokkaido and Sakhalin (Corbet 1978, Sulkava 1999). In Europe, it occurs more or less continuously from northern Scandinavia through most of Finland to central and northern Russia. There are a small number of records from central Scandinavia (Grüner 1998, Sulkava 1999, Vaernesbranden and Larsen 2004), but this tiny and elusive shrew may be more widespread in central Scandinavia than the paucity of records would appear to suggest (Sulkava 1999). In Fennoscandia it occurs from sea level to above the tree line (0-1,600 m: J. van der Kooij in litt. 2006).","Trapping results suggest that it occurs at much lower densities than other sympatric Sorex species (although reliable population density estimates are hard to obtain because of difficulties in trapping this species)(Sulkava 1990, 1999). The long-term population trend appears to be stable (Sulkava 1999).","This is a very small species (possibly the smallest terrestrial mammal species, although the pygmy white-toothed shrew Suncus etruscus may be slightly smaller) and it is very difficult to catch, other than by pitfall traps. It occurs from the forest tundra zone in the north, through boreal coniferous forests to mixed forests and forest steppe at the southern limit of its range. Within these zones it prefers moist spruce-dominated woodland with thick moss, but it is also commonly found in bogs and mires, and even in dry pine forests and clear-felled areas (Sulkava 1990, 1999). It feeds on small insects, grubs, spiders and snails, consuming as much as 2-5 times its body weight over a 24 hour period (Sulkava 1990, Macdonald and Barrett 1993).",No major threats are known. Clear-cutting does not appear to have a negative impact on population densities (Sulkava 1999).,"It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention, and occurs in a number of protected areas.",,,"Heikki Henttonen, Boris Sheftel",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,SORICIDAE,Sorex,minutus,,Sorex minutus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is very widespread and common. Although habitat destruction is a general threat, it is not a serious threat to the species at present. Consequently, Sorex minutus qualifies as Least Concern.",,"It occurs from the British Isles and Iberia through much of continental Europe, European Russia and Siberia to Lake Baikal in the east. The northernmost limit of its range extends beyond the arctic circle. In Portugal the distribution is discontinuous in some regions north of the Tagus river (Cabral et al. 2005). It occurs from sea level to 2,000 m in the Pyrenees (Palomo and Gisbert 2002) and 2,260 m in the Alps (Spitzenberger 2002).","It is a common species in suitable habitats throughout its range, and it may even be the dominant shrew species in swampy areas (Hutterer 1999).","It tends to be found in relatively damp areas with dense vegetation at ground level, and it occurs in a wide variety of habitats including swamps, grasslands, heaths, sand dunes, woodland edge, rocky areas, shrubland, and montane forests. It feeds on invertebrates (Hutterer 1990, 1999).","It suffers from destruction of habitat, use of pesticides and declining invertebrates. However, these are not considered to be major threats to the global or European regional persistence of the species at present. The apparent geographic isolation of some Iberian populations may make local extinctions more likely (Palomo and Gisbert 2002).","It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention. It occurs in a number of protected areas throughout its wide range. Studies of its ecology and distibution are required in Portugal (Cabral et al. 2005), and isolated Iberian populations should be monitored.",,,"Holger Meinig, Boris Kryštufek, Margarida Fernandes",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,SORICIDAE,Sorex,samniticus,,Sorex samniticus,,"Formerly included in S. araneus, but now recognised as a distinct species (Hutterer in Wilson and Reeder 2005).",Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"This species has a relatively large range, within which it is widespread. Population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population size criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. less than 10,000 mature individuals in conjunction with appropriate decline rates and subpopulation qualifiers). Population trend has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the threshold for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations), as no major threats to the species are known. For these reasons, it is evaluated as Least Concern.",,"The Appenine shrew is endemic to the Italian peninsula. It is recorded from the Appenines to Calabria, at altitudes between 300 m and 1,160 m, but its exact distribution is poorly known (Hausser 1990, 1999, Amori and Aloise 2005).","It is not abundant, but it is quite widespread (G. Amori pers. comm. 2006). There are no data on population trend.","A poorly known species. It occurs in shrubland habitat within forested areas (G. Amori pers. comm. 2006), but avoids densely forested areas (Mortelliti et al. 2007). Hausser (1990) describes it as being found near streams, in bogs, and in hedgerows and stone walls in damp areas.",Pesticides and habitat destruction (through agriculture and urbanisation) are considered to be the main threats (G. Amori pers. comm. 2006).,"It is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention. It occurs in protected areas in parts of the range. Research is required on its distribution, population status, and trends.",,,"Amori, G.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,SORICIDAE,Sorex,tundrensis,,Sorex tundrensis,,,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU25,-,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)This species is widespread and abundant and abundant, with no major threats. Considered Least Concern.",,"Distributed in tundra and forest zones from west of the Urals (Russia) to Alaska (USA); Yukon, Northwest Territories (Canada); south to the Altai Mtns (Russia), Mongolia and NE China. Also occurs along water courses in steppe zones. In Europe found along the European slope of the Ural mountains and the valley of the Ural river and along the Pechora river.",A widespread and very abundant species. The most common species of small mammal found along Siberian rivers.,"Prefers river meadows with osier, settles in fire-sites and overgrown glades. Along rivers penetrates to semi-deserts. Solitary, the size of individual space is up to 1,500 m2. Feeds mainly on beetles. Reproduction is usually in summer, gives 3-4 litters per year; litter size is about 7-10 young.",There are no major threats to the species.,No special conservation measures known or required.,,,"Katerina Tsytsulina, Nikolai Formozov, Boris Sheftel",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,DELPHINIDAE,Sousa,chinensis,,Sousa chinensis,,"Currently, all Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins are considered to be part of a single widespread and highly-variable species, Sousa chinensis. Some biologists consider humpback dolphins in the Indo-Pacific to consist of two species: Sousa plumbea in the western Indian Ocean, from South Africa to at least the east coast of India, and Sousa chinensis from the east coast of India to China and Australia.  These two geographic forms differ strongly in morphology and apparently in many ecological characters (see Jefferson and Van Waerebeek 2004 for a partial summary).  Morphometric and genetic studies currently underway may resolve this controversy in the near future, but there is growing evidence that at least these two putative species, and possibly others, may be valid (see Rice 1998, Jefferson and Karczmarski 2001).",No,,,No,,,EU25,-,This species is assessed as Not Applicable as there is only a single record in the European Mammal Assessment region.,,"Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins of the chinensis-type are found in shallow, coastal waters from both east and west coasts of northern Australia and southern China in the east, through the Indo-Malay Archipelago, and westward around the coastal rim of the Bay of Bengal to at least the Orissa coast of west India (Ross et al. 1994, Jefferson and Karczmarski 2001, Sutaria and Jefferson 2004). The plumbea-type is found in narrow strip of coastal waters from southwest tip of South Africa eastward around the rim of the Indian Ocean to the southeast cost of India (Jefferson and Karczmarski 2001, Ross 2002, IWC 2003). It occurs off Madagascar, Mayotte and the Comoro Islands, in the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. There is an extralimital record for Israel, in the Mediterranean Sea (an apparent stray that moved through the Suez Canal from the Red Sea: Kerem et al. 2001).",There has only been a single sighting of this species in the European Mammal Assessment area (Kerem et al. 2001).,"Humpback dolphins occurs in tropical to warm temperate coastal waters, including open coasts and bays, coastal lagoons, rocky and/or coral reefs, mangrove swamp and estuarine areas (Ross et at. 1994, Jefferson and Karczmarski 2001, Ross 2002); rarely more than a few kilometers from shore. They sometimes enter rivers, but rarely move more than a few kilometers upstream and usually within the tidal range. Their distribution appears to be limited to waters of the continental shelf, and the only places where they range far offshore are those in which the water is shallow (<100m). They appear to be opportunistic feeders, feeding on a wide variety of nearshore, estuarine, and reef fish. They also eat cephalopods in some areas, but crustaceans are rare in the diet (Jefferson and Karczmarski 2001, Ross 2002).","The majority of humpback dolphins inhabit coastal or estuarine waters of developing nations, countries with limited resources and means for environmental protection. Habitat degradation and habitat loss, and incidental mortality in fishing gear represent the greatest threats to this species (Ross et al. 1994, Jefferson and Karczmarski 2001).","Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin is a vagrant in the European Mammal Assessment region, so there are no conservation measures for the species in this area.",,,Species account by IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist Group; regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,SPALACIDAE,Spalax,arenarius,,Spalax arenarius,,,No,EN,"B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)",No,NE,,EU25,-,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)This species is endemic to Ukraine, where it has a very small range. The population is stable only in Black Sea State Reserve; outside the reserve is declining due to habitat loss and degradation. The species occurs at a small number of locations (<5), and the outside the Black Sea State Reserve its range is severely fragmented. Consequently it qualifies as Endangered.",,"Endemic species of southern Ukraine, found only on the lower Dnepr sands. Its extent of occurrence is c. 2000 km2, and its area of accupancy is about 55 km2. The main part of the population lies within the Black Sea Biosphere Reserve. Outside the reserve it occurs in fragments of poor quality habitat near the Lower Dnepr River sands. Those parts of the range are very fragmented.",The population is stable only in Black Sea State Reserve. In other areas the population is declining because of afforestation of the sands (for stabilisation of the sands and wood production).,"Stenotopic, inhbits light, moderately wet sandy soils with low subterranean waters. Never occurs in moving sands, alkali soils and in dry feather-grass steppes. Preferres absinth-grass and absinth-spurge steppes with very sparse vegetation. Ecology is poorly studied. Solitary, individual range is more than 80 m2. Feeds on most plants that are abundant in its range (Eryngium campestre, Artemisia campestris, Tragopogon ucrainicum etc.). Reproduces once a year. Copulation occurs in March, birth in April-May. Lactation period is about a month.",Habitat loss due to afforestation of the sands.,"The species occurs within a protected area, but this does not cover all of the population. It is listed in Ukraine's Red Data Book as category II (abundant species with rapidly declining population), and therefore it has legal protection at the national level.",,,"Katerina Tsytsulina, Igor Zagorodnyuk",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,SPALACIDAE,Spalax,giganteus,,Spalax giganteus,,,Yes,VU,B2ab(iii),No,NE,,EU25,-,"This species has a restricted range (extent of occurrence ca. 50,000 km2), within which its distribution is sporadic and fragmented. It is estimated that its area of occupancy is less than 2,000 km2. It is almost extinct in Chechnya as a result of civil war, and it is threatened elsewhere in its range by habitat loss due to irrigation, soil salinization, overgrazing, and ploughing. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of this species' habitat. Therefore it is listed as Vulnerable.",,"It occurs in CIS-Caucasia and southernmost Kalmykia (Russia). Within the range it is distributed very patchily, as separate settlements that often occur in sandy areas.","It is declining in some parts of the range due to human impacts, although in other parts of the range populations are considered stable. Almost extinct in Chechen Republic (Russia) and parts of Dagestan (Russia). Does not undergo periodical fluctuations. Data on population size are limited and somewhat contradictory. According to data for the beginning of 1980s in Dagestan there were about 700-750 individuals (Red Data Book of Russian Federation 1983). However, a later aerial survey showed that the population was about 10,000 individuals.","Inhabits loamy and sandy semi-deserts in NE CIS-Caucasia. Prefers moderately moist areas with light soils in river valleys, lake basins and lowlands with luxuriant vegetation. Also occurs in semi-deserts with shrubs and reed, herb-grasses and herb-absinth steppes. Also found in anthropogenic landscapes such as orchards and fields, where it may be a pest. Obligatory subterranean, feeds on subterranean plant parts. Active throughout the year. Generally monogamous. Heat occurs in December-January, females give birth to 2-3 young.","Habitat loss due to irrigation and subsequent soil salinization, overgrazing, and ploughing. Low reproductive potential is a further limiting factor.",The species is listed in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation in Category 3 (rare species). It occurs in reserves in Chechen Republic and Dagestan (Russia). Limitation of irrigation and grazing have been proposed as conservation measures.,,,"Tsytsulina, K., Formozov, N. & Sheftel, B.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,SPALACIDAE,Spalax,graecus,,Spalax graecus,,"Subspecies S. graecus istricus Mehely, 1909, is considered by some authors to be an independent species (see Wilson and Reeder 2005 for discussion).",Yes,NT,,No,NE,,EU25,-,"This species is assessed as Near Threatened (approaching criterion B2) at the European level, as it occurs at not many more than five locations, and agricultural intensification might be expected to impact the whole population over a short time period in the near future. The area of occupancy (AOO) is suspected to be less than 500 km², although it has not been estimated. The population is fragmented, so if an estimate of AOO was available, the species might qualify as Endangered under Criterion B2. In Romania at least, the mole rat population appears to be stable at present, although agricultural intensification may potentially become a threat in the near future. Population decline and range reduction can be presumed to have occurred in the past in Ukraine, where the species has not been recorded in the last 20-40 years and may have gone extinct. In Moldova, there is no information about population size or trend. Population monitoring is urgently required, as is research to determine the extent to which agricultural intensification is a threat, and to determine the AOO.",,"The Balkan mole rat is a European endemic, known only from a small number of sites in Romania (Suceava, Craiova, Transylvania, and the lower Danube), south-eastern Ukraine (Cernovcy), and Moldova (Panteleyev 1998, Kryštufek 1999). Its range is very fragmented. It occurs in lowland and upland areas. In the Ukraine, the species has not been recorded over the last 20-40 years and it may be severely reduced, or already extinct there (I. Zagorodnyuk pers. comm. 2006).","It has a small and fragmented range, within which it occurs at densities of ca.1-3 individuals per hectare (although densities of up to 23 individuals per hectare have been recorded) (Nowak 1999, Kryštufek 1999). The current population trend is unknown, although declines can be assumed to have occurred in Ukraine in the relatively recent past.","It inhabits steppe grassland, pastures, small cultivated fields and orchards, often preferring northern exposures (Kryštufek 1999, B. Kryštufek pers. comm. 2006). Very arid areas are avoided (Nowak 1999). Individuals aggregate in winter but disperse in summer (Kryštufek 1999). The mole-rat is a fossorial species, digging extensive and elaborate tunnel systems with nesting chambers, storerooms and latrines (Nowak 1999). It feeds on bulbs, roots, tubers, and other underground parts of a range of plants (Nowak 1999). Mole-rats of the genus Spalax can be distinguished from all other rodents by the lack of any external openings for the eyes, although small eyes are present under the skin (Nowak 1999).","Its congener Spalax leucodon is threatened by agricultural intensification, as it cannot survive in intensively-farmed arable land. Spalax graecus may be similarly vulnerable to intensive agriculture. Subsistence agriculture continues in Transylvania, and the mole rat population appears to be stable there (I. Coroiu pers. comm. 2006), at least for the time being. However, accession of Romania to the EU might be expected to result in agricultural intensification in the near future.","It is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention, and on the Romanian and Ukrainian national Red Lists. A small reserve has been proposed in Transylvania to protect several species of plant and also, incidentally, Spalax (I. Coroiu pers. comm. 2006). Research is needed to determine population status and trends, ecological requirements, potential threats, and appropriate conservation measures for this little-known species.",,,"Zagorodnyuk, I. & Coroiu, I.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,SPALACIDAE,Spalax,leucodon,,Spalax leucodon,,Includes Nannospalax leucodon as a synonym.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Unfavourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The taxonomy of this species is currently crude and in need of revision. Under its current taxonomy it is considered Least Concern, because it has a large range and although it is declining, this is not at a rate that approaches the threshold for criterion A. However, if after taxonomic revision the taxon is split into several different species, some of these may warrant listing as threatened.",,"The lesser mole rat occurs from Hungary and the Balkan peninsula through Moldova and the Ukraine to just east of the Dnestr river in Russia. It may also occur outside Europe in north-west Anatolia (Wilson and Reeder 2005). It is found from sea level to 2,400 m (Kryštufek 1999).","It has undergone range contractions and population declines in Europe. However, there are still areas where it is locally quite abundant. Population densities typically fall in the range of 1-13 individuals per hectare, but values of up to 23 individuals per hectare have been reported (Kryštufek 1999). Spalax leucodon is regarded as a superspecies that contains a number of forms that are well-differentiated at both a genotypic and phenotypic level, although their taxonomy remains unresolved. Some of these forms have very restricted ranges, and presumably small populations (Kryštufek 1999, B. Kryštufek pers. comm. 2006).","The mole rat inhabits steppe grassland, meadows and pastures, in areas with a deep layer of loose, freely-draining soil in which it digs its extensive burrows. It is absent from ploughed land and arable monocultures, although it may be found in agricultural lanscapes where there is a mixture of pastures, small crop-fields and orchards. It has a slow reproductive rate, raising litters of only 2-4 young (Kryštufek 1999). Mole-rats of the genus Spalax can be distinguished from all other rodents by the lack of any external openings for the eyes, although small eyes are present under the skin (Nowak 1999).","The mole-rat is threatened by habitat loss and land-use changes related to agricultural intensification and increased urbanisation and infrastructure development. It disappears when natural grasslands or pastures are ploughed up. When it was more common, it was an agricultural pest, and it is still persecuted as such in some areas (Kryštufek 1999).",It occurs within protected areas within its range. Taxonomic research is required (B. Kryštufek pers. comm. 2006).,,,"Boris Kryštufek, Giovanni Amori",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,SPALACIDAE,Spalax,microphthalmus,,Spalax microphthalmus,,,Yes,LC,,No,NE,,EU25,-,"Across most of its range it is abundant and common, and there is no evidence that it is declining at a rate approaching the threshold for consideration as threatened under criterion A. However, small and isolated populations in the northern part of the range could be threatened by habitat loss through ploughing.",,"Distributed in steppes and forest-steppes in Ukraine and S Russia between Dnepr and Volga Rivers, north to Orel-Kursk line, and south to Ciscaucasia (Gromov and Erbaeva 1995). In Crimea most probably absent since the Pleistocene. During Holocene the northern border of the range has moved significantly southward, leaving behind isolated relict populations, for example in Samarskaya Luka (Samara District, Russia).","A common species. In historical times in some parts of the range it became rare or even extinct, but elsewhere extended its extent of occurrence. In the northern part of the range and the Volga Region is occurs in small isolated populations and is considered rare. These populations are threatened by habitat loss (ploughing of major habitats). In the southern part of the range (Stavropol Region) in the 1950s, population and range declines occurred because of ploughing. Population density differs significantly in different parts of the range. Maximum densities are found in Central Black Earth Region (Russia) adjacent Ukrainian territories. Population density there is on average 3-10 individuals per hectare, however, locally it could reach up to 20. In the southern part of the range the density may be lower, as the arid climate of the steppes is less favourable. Populations are stable and do not undergone periodical fluctuations.","Obligatory subterranean species. Inhabits steppes; prefers lowlands with black earth and avoids loamy and sandy soils. Inhabits crop fields, melon plantations, gardens, orchards and forest belts. Feeds on underground parts of dandelion, cow parsnip, chicory and tree seedlings (oak, mulberry, acacia). Makes hoards for winter, sometimes up to 10-14 kg. Breeds once a year, females give birth in March to 2-5 young. During dispersal juveniles emerge above ground and often fall prey to carnivorous mammals and birds. A significant pest in southern parts of the range.",Ploughing of major habitats and use of toxic chemicals for pest control.,Locally protected in a number of State Reserves and national parks.,,,"Tsytsulina, K., Formozov, N., Zagorodnyuk, I. & Sheftel, B.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,SPALACIDAE,Spalax,nehringi,,Spalax nehringi,,,No,,,No,,,EU25,-,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Assessed as Not Applicable as it is of marginal occurrence in Europe.,,"May occur on Lesbos (Greece) (Mitchell-Jones et al. 1999), also occurs on east Aegean islands of Gökçeada and Bozcaada (Turkey) (Wilson and Reeder 2005). Found throughout most of Anatolia, and in Armenia and Georgia. Less than 1% of its global range lies within the European Mammal Assessment region.",,,,,,,European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,SPALACIDAE,Spalax,zemni,,Spalax zemni,,,Yes,VU,"B2ab(ii,iii)",No,NE,,EU25,-,"Although the extent of occurrence of this species is relatively large (mapped as c.150,000 km2), it has an extremely patchy and severely fragmented distribution within that area, and its area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 2,000 km2. The area of occupancy and quality of habitat is declining continually. The species does not occur in protected areas, except perhaps Podolskiy Tovtry National Park. Assessed as Vulnerable.",,"The species occurs in Ukraine, where it is found from near the Polish border in the east to the Dnepr River in Central Ukraine and south to the Moldovan border. Populations are fragmented in Ukraine, so the area of occupancy could be much lower than the range indicated on the map..","There are no data on population size of the species. The range is highly fragmented and consists of isolated populations. Therefore although the species has relatively large extent of occurrence, the area of occupancy is low. Since the end of the 19th century the Podolsk mole rat has been considered a rare species across its whole range (Ognev 1947). Range contraction in historical time is probably due to shrinking of steppe habitats. Subfossil remains of the species were found on the left bank of Dnepr River in Kiev and Zhitomir regions. Therefore, losses of range in the south, north-west and north-east have a long history. Currently population density in optimal biotopes is about 1-8 individuals per hectare.","The major habitat of this species is virgin steppes. It also occurs in side roads, forest belts, and agricultural fields, and was recently found in former military firing ranges (I. Zagorodnyuk pers. comm. 2006). Does not avoid sandy soils. An obligate underground species. Its feeding habits are poorly studied, but according to data from southern and south-eastern part of the range it feeds on underground parts of lucerne, chicory, bindweed, mallows and tree seedlings (oak, mulberry, acacia etc.). There are no data on breeding or ecology.",Habitat degradation and loss due to cultivation and development is a major threat.,Not found in protected areas (except perhaps Podolskiy Tovtry National Park). Listed in Ukraine Red Data Book under category 3 (rare species with limited number of individuals and restricted range).,,,"Tsytsulina, K., Formozov, N., Zagorodnyuk, I. & Sheftel, B.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,SCIURIDAE,Spermophilus,citellus,,Spermophilus citellus,,"Eight subspecies have been described, but their validity was not confirmed in a comprehensive review of the species (Kryštufek 1996, 1999).",Yes,VU,A2bc,No,VU,A2bc,EU25,Unfavourable,"Declines across the species' range are occurring, particularly in the southern and northwestern and northern areas where declines are more serious. Overall, declines are suspected to be more than 30% over the last ten years. For this reason the species is assessed as Vulnerable.",,"The European souslik is endemic to central and south-eastern Europe, where it occurs at altitudes of 0-2,500 m. Its range is divided in two by the Carpathian mountains. The north-western portion extends through the Czech Republic, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, northern Serbia and Montenegro, and western Romania, whilst the south-eastern portion extends from southern Serbia, Macedonia and Greece through Bulgaria and southern Romania to Turkish Thrace, Moldova and Ukraine (Panteleyev 1998, Kryštufek 1999).","The European souslik is currently in serious decline. Its population has become fragmented, and extinctions have occurred in peripheral parts of its range in Germany (where it went extinct c.1985 because of forestry) and Poland (where the last definite autochthonous records date from the 1970s, although the species has recently been reintroduced (Kryštufek 1999, H. Meinig pers. comm. 2006, A. Gondek pers. comm. 2006). Although there are still some large and apparently stable subpopulations, there have been many reports of declines, especially in the north-western part of its range; it is also declining in the southern part of the range. In optimal habitat, densities of 18-48 individuals per hectare have been recorded, although lower figures of 5-14 individuals per hectare are also reported (Kryštufek 1999). In Romania, the population has been estimated at c.15,000 (Botnariuc and Tatole 2005). In parts of Dobrudja (Romania and Bulgaria) populations may have stabilised and started to increase since 1989, as a result of abandonment of intensive agriculture following the fall of the communist regime (I. Coroiu and D. Murariu pers. comm. 2006). In Greece, populations of two subspecies macedonicus and graolojenici) have been lost (B. Kryštufek pers. comm. 2006). In the Czech Republic there were 83 known localities in 1995, but by 2000-2001 only 26 of them still existed (Cepáková and Hulová 2002). Since 2001, there has been regular monitoring of S. citellus. Five new sites have been found, six colonies have disappeared, one was re-established due to reintroduction and one site has been naturally colonized following conservation management. Fluctuation or stagnation of abundance has been observed at eleven sites, numbers of sousliks have steadily decreased at seven sites, and only in five colonies have populations increased. In 2006 the total number of S. citellus living in the Czech Republic was estimated at 2,750 (J. Mateju unpublished data).","The European souslik has quite specific habitat requirements. It is restricted to short-grass steppe and similar artificial habitats (pastures, lawns, sports fields, golf courses) on light, well-drained soils, where it can excavate its burrows (Kryštufek 1999, Spitzenberger 2002). It avoids cultivated land, with the exception of vineyards in some parts of its range (Spitzenberger 2002). It has an omnivorous diet including seeds, roots, shoots, flowers, and arthropods (Nowak 1999, Kryštufek pers. comm. 2006).","The main threats to this species are the conversion of steppe-grassland and pasture to cultivated fields or forestry, and the abandonment of pasture and its subsequent reversion to tall-grass meadows or scrubby habitats which are not suitable for the souslik (Kryštufek 1999). In Austria it is therefore largely restricted to vineyards, airstrips, golflinks, sport- and camping grounds and other frequently mown lawns where it is completely dependent on the toleration of the owners (Spitzenberger 2002). Although not a major threat, some Gypsy communities in central and eastern Europe still catch sousliks for use as a traditional meal (J. Mateju pers. comm. 2006).","It is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and Annexes II and IV of the EU Habitats and Species Directive. Research is needed to determine population status and trends, ecological requirements, potential threats, and appropriate conservation measures. In 2005, the species was reintroduced to Poland by the NGO Salamandra, and animals survived the first winter hibernation (A. Gondek pers. comm. 2006). In 2006 a project was initiated to reintroduce the species to Germany (H. Meinig pers. comm. 2006).",,,"Coroiu, C., Kryštufek, B., Vohralík, V. & Zagorodnyuk, I.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,SCIURIDAE,Spermophilus,fulvus,,Spermophilus fulvus,,Five subspecies are recognised. Spermophilus fulvus hybridizes with S. major in areas where these two species overlap.,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU25,-,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)A widespread and abundant species with no major threats. Although population declines have been noted in some parts of the range, it is not believed to approach the threshold for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, it is evaluated as Least Concern.",,"Russia and Kazakhstan, from the Caspian Sea and the Volga River to Lake Balkash; south through Uzbekistan, W Tajikistan and Turkmenistan to NE Iran, and N Afghanistan; W Xinjiang (China). The southern part of the range is fragmented.","In some regions of Russia and Kazakhstan populations have declined as a result of commercial hunting, but the species remains common and abundant throughout most of its range.","Inhabits sand, clay and loess deserts and semi-deserts. In the forest zone it lives on black absinth and saltwort alkali soils. Usually digs a single burrows on a large territory. Sometimes burrows of the great gerbil Rhombomys opimus are used. Migrates seasonally from sites flooded with water from melted snow, or in search for fresh vegetation. Hibernation is extended; the species exits hibernation in mid-May and after 3-4 months enters hibernation again. Feeds on overground parts of cereals, absinths and saltworts.","Although it is hunted commercially, this is not considered to be a major threat to the species at present.",No special conservation measures apply to this species.,,,"Katerina Tsytsulina, Nikolai Formozov, Boris Sheftel",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,SCIURIDAE,Spermophilus,major,,Spermophilus major,,,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU25,-,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)A widespread and abundant species. Although population declines have been noted in some parts of the range, it is not believed to approach the threshold for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, it is evaluated as Least Concern.",,"Steppe between Volga and Irtysh rivers (Russia; N Kazakhstan). Formerly, steppe between Don and Volga rivers (Russia: Gromov et al. 1965). On the western bank of Volga River found in NW part of Volga Hills (Ermakov and Titov 2000). Reported from Xinjiang (Ma et al. 1987); but probably a misidentified S. brevicauda. Its range is increasing in the south and the west (N. Formozov pers. comm. 2006). Occurs from sea level to 600 m.","Populations undergo periodical fluctuations and consequently population size varies from year to year. Periods of mass reproduction give place to population depressions, during which only single individuals could be found in colonies that had formerly been large. The main factors that determine mortality include the soil freezing through during the species' hibernation period, late arrival of spring, human disturbance (including direct killing), predators and epizootics. The species has high reproductve capacity and ecological plasticity. However, a recent study found that populations in most parts of the range were declining, and some small populations had gone extinct (Ermakov and Titov 2000). At the same time, the species has been extending its range in some areas (N. Formozov pers. comm. 2006).","Inhabits mixed grassy plains, and grain and feather-grass steppes. In the northern part of the range penetrates into forest-steppe and the southern part of forest zones. In the south it occurs in river meadows in semi-desert zones. The species is spreading as roads and development increase the number of channels containing water and long grasses. The species is able to cross the Volga due to the construction of dams in four different places. The dams contain ponds which keep ice over winter for longer, allowing the species to move. Another possible reason for observed range expansion is the release of individuals (along with marmots) by hunters. Lives in single burrows scattered over wide territories. In southern parts of the range where appropriate habitats are limited forms colonies. Adult males enter hibernation in mid-June; mass hibernation starts in August. Feeds on green parts and seeds of grasses and cereals.",The most significant threats are ploughing and direct killing by humans.,No specific conservation measures for this species are known.,,,"Katerina Tsytsulina, Nikolai Formozov, Boris Sheftel",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,SCIURIDAE,Spermophilus,pygmaeus,,Spermophilus pygmaeus,,,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU25,-,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)A widespread and abundant species. Although population declines have been noted in some parts of the range, it is not believed to approach the threshold for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, it is evaluated as Least Concern.",,"Distributed in plains or foothills steppes and semi-deserts in the Dnepr Region (Ukraine), Lower Volga Region and cis-Caucasia (Dagestan, Russia). Most of the range is in Central Asia east to the Aral Sea (Kazakhstan). The range of the species has reduced over the last 20 years as a result of climate change (more wet weather and wet years in the region). The abandonment of agricultural practices (cattle grazing and arable farming), which is changing the habitat, may also have played a role. The species occurs at low altitudes (up to 400 or 500 m).","Populations undergo periodical fluctuations. In the European part of the range over last 30 years, numbers have declined and some local populations have gone extinct.","Inhabits absinth deserts and semi-deserts in virgin and long-fallow lands. Avoids sites with dense high grasses. Lives in colonies consisting mostly of non overlapping territories of adult females. Male territories covers several female territories. Each colony includes permanent (reproduction and hibernation) burrows and temporary shelter burrows. The little ground squirrel leaves hibernation in March-April; enters estivation in second part of June-July, sometimes, especially in dry years, goes straight from estivation to hibernation.","The main factors causing decline are natural climate dessication in the southern Volga Region, with a concurrent trend towards wetter weather at mid-latitudes. Neither of these changes in climate are favourable for the little ground squirrel. Additionally, human activities including pesticide use, irrigation, overgrazing and persecution have a negative impact on populations. Abandonment of agricultural practices (cattle grazing and arable farming) may be leading to unfavourable habitat change in some areas.","Despite recorded population decline in the European part of the range, the species remains widespread and abundant. No specific conservation measures are known.",,,"Katerina Tsytsulina, Nikolai Formozov, Boris Sheftel, Igor Zagorodnyuk",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,SCIURIDAE,Spermophilus,suslicus,,Spermophilus suslicus,,There are two chromosome races of this species: S. odessanus (36 chromosome) and S. suslicus sensu stricto (34 chromosomes). These are separated by the Dnieper River. The eastern Europe race is considered a separate species by many taxonomists. S. odessanus is declining more than S. suslicus sensu stricto.,Yes,NT,,No,,,EU25,-,"Globally, the population has shown serious declines over the last 50 years. However, over the last ten years the rate of decline has slowed (perhaps to ca. 20%, but no data are currently available to support this figure). Since the population is still declining, albeit at a slower rate, and habitat loss and fragmentation is continuing, the species is assessed as Near Threatened at the global level (approaching A2bc+3bc).",,"The spotted souslik is endemic to eastern Europe, where it is found in south-eastern Poland, small areas in Belarus, the Ukraine, Moldova, and Russia eastwards to the river Volga. In Poland, the souslik occurs on the western edge of its range and it is known from one relic enclave located between the Wieprz and Bug rivers in the region of Zamosc (Glowacinski et al. 2001, Piskorski 2005). A lowland species, it occurs up to no more than 500 m (I. Zagorodnyuk pers. comm. 2006).","The spotted souslik has suffered marked declines in both population and range. Its extent of occurrence has contracted in both Poland and southern Russia, and the number of colonies in Poland and the Ukraine (where no more than 10% of the former range described in mid-twentieth century is left) has decreased markedly (Glowacinski et al. 2001, Piskorski 2005, I. Zagorodnyuk pers. comm. 2006). Populations in the southern and eastern parts of the range are more stable. Over the last ten years some populations have shown increases in population size. However, across the global range, the total population is declining, although the rate of decline over the last ten years is likely to be less than 30% (I. Zagorodnyuk pers. comm. 2006). The Polish population of the spotted souslik has been estimated at c.20,000 individuals living in 7 compact and no more than 10 scattered colonies. The most numerous of these colonies, with 10,000-12,000 individuals, is found at Swidnik airport (near Lublin) and is the result of an unofficial introduction in the early 1980s. The present population of S. suslicus is one third of what it was in the 1960s, the number of localities has markedly decreased and the area occupied has shrunk by a half. If this trend continues the souslik will die out in Poland at the first decades of the 21th century (Glowacinski et al. 2001, Piskorski 2005, Z. Glowacinski pers. comm. 2006).","Like its congener the European souslik Spermophilus citellus, the spotted souslik prefers open areas with short grass (including steppes, pastures, and road verges). Unlike the European souslik, it can also sometimes be found on cultivated ground and can survive ploughing (Macdonald and Barrett 1993). It feeds chiefly on grasses and cereals, although arthropods and small vertebrates are also taken.","It is threatened by the loss and fragmentation of appropriate habitats. Causes of habitat loss include expansion of agriculture and forestry, urbanisation, reclamation of wasteland and industrial development (Glowacinski et al. 2001, Piskorski 2005, Z. Glowacinski pers. comm. 2006). More than 50% of the remaining Polish population is threatened by the expansion of Lublin airport (A. Gondek pers. comm. 2006). In some areas, it is persecuted as an agricultural pest. Hybridisation with S. pygmaeus and S. citellus has been recorded, but is not likely to be a major threat. Currently all populations are declining and becoming more fragmented, which makes hybridisation less of a problem.","It is legally protected under Appendix II of the Bern Convention. In Poland the souslik is strictly protected under national law, and five nature reserves have recently been created to protect the species. Development of the system of nature reserves and active protection (reintroduction and habitat management) are recommended (Glowacinski et al. 2001, Piskorski 2005, Z. Glowacinski pers. comm. 2006).",,,"Zagorodnyuk, I., Glowacinski, Z. & Gondek, A.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,DELPHINIDAE,Stenella,coeruleoalba,,Stenella coeruleoalba,,"Recent genetic work suggests that the genus Stenella is paraphyletic, and it is likely that it will be restructured in coming years. This species may move to a different genus (LeDuc et al. 1999).",No,DD,,No,DD,,EU25,Unknown,"This species has a varying status in different parts of its European range. In the Mediterranean there have been population declines, and the regional population was recently assessed as Vulnerable (A4de)(Reeves and Notarbartolo di Sciara 2006). However in the eastern North Atlantic there are large populations that show no evidence of significant decline, although population trends have not been quantified. Overall in the European Mammal Assessment region, it is not possible to quantify the population trend because the relative size of the different subpopulations is not known. Consequently the species is assessed as Data Deficient at the European regional level.",,"This is a widely-distributed species, found tropical and warm-temperate waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans, as well as many adjacent seas, including the Mediterranean. Northern and southern range limits are about 50°N and 40°S, although there are extra-limital records from the Kamchatka Peninsula, southern Greenland, the Faroe Islands, and the Prince Edward Islands. They are uncommon in the Sea of Japan, East China Sea, off eastern Taiwan and Ryukyuan waters, and a few extra-limital records are known from the Persian Gulf and Red Sea.","Striped dolphins are the most abundant cetacean species in the Mediterranean. The population in the western Mediterranean excluding the Tyrrhenian Sea was estimated in 1991 to be 117,880 dolphins (95%CI=68,379-214,800) (Forcada et al. 1994). There is no estimate for the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Goujon (1996) conducted a sighting survey in 1993 in the fishing grounds of the albacore tuna driftnet fishery in the Bay of Biscay and estimated the abundance of striped dolphins as 74,000 individuals. Morphological and genetic studies strongly suggest that the Mediterranean and eastern North Atlantic populations are isolated from each other, with little or no gene flow across the Strait of Gibraltar (Calzada and Aguilar 1995, García-Martínez et al. 1995, Archer 1997,  Gaspari 2004). Within the Mediterranean there is some evidence of population structure based on restriction in gene flow between areas and significant differences in tissue pollutant levels (Calzada and Aguilar 1995, Monaci et al. 1998, Gaspari 2004).","Striped dolphins are primarily found in warm temperate and tropical oceanic regions and are seen close to shore only where deep water approaches the coast (Van Waerebeek et al. 1999). In the Strait of Gibraltar, they are found in waters of 600 m or more depth (Hashmi 1990). In the Mediterranean, striped dolphins are associated with highly productive, oceanic waters beyond the continental shelf (Notarbartolo di Sciara et al. 1993, Forcada et al. 1994, Frantzis et al. 2003, Gannier 2005). The diet of striped dolphins consists primarily of a wide variety of small, midwater and pelagic or benthopelagic fish, especially lanternfish, cod, and squids (Wurtz and Marrale 1993, Hassani et al. 1997, Archer 2002). Striped dolphins apparently feed in pelagic to benthopelagic zones, to depths as deep as 200-700m, in continental slope or oceanic regions.","In the Mediterranean small numbers were taken in Spain, France and Italy for human consumption. They were also hunted for use as bait for shrimp traps and longlines. Despite being illegal, catches continue in southern Spain and probably in other areas (SGFEN 2001, Reeves and Notarbartolo di Sciara 2006). In the Northeast Atlantic, striped dolphins were harpooned to supply food for consumption on board or to scare them away from tuna trolling lines. It is difficult to ascertain the number of dolphins taken in this way, but it has been estimated in the thousands (Reyes 1991).Incidental catches occur throughout the range in various types of fishing gear, especially purse seines and gillnets. The high-seas drift gillnet fisheries, which operated throughout the central and western North Pacific between about  35˚N and 47˚N, increased during the 1970s, and peaked during the 1980s before a United Nations moratorium went into effect in January 1993.  Bycatch estimates are only available for 1990, when about 3,000 striped dolphins were estimated killed (Hobbs and Jones 1993).  During the 1970s and 1980s, the combined high-seas driftnet fisheries likely killed tens of thousands of striped dolphins, but this level would not have been high enough to cause population declines (Hobbs and Jones 1993).Incidental captures in pelagic driftnets have been a major source of mortality all over the western Mediterranean in the past. These nets are still being illegally used, e.g. by Moroccan, French, Italian and Turkish vessels, resulting in extensive dolphin mortality. The Spanish driftnet fishery in the Alborán Sea reportedly killed 145-183 striped dolphins per season in the early 1990s (Silvani et al. 1999); this fishery was halted in 1995 but the nets were transferred to Moroccan boats, which continue operating and are estimated to kill in the order of 1,555-2,092 striped dolphins per year (Tudela et al. 2005). The Italian driftnet fishery has been reported to kill 5,000-15,000 dolphins, mostly striped dolphins, per year (Di Natale 1992). The French thonaille driftnet fishery has been estimated to take about 180-472 striped dolphins per season (Imbert et al. 2001). Reports from other fishing activities are sparse and collected non-systematically, but they indicate that striped dolphin mortality in at least pelagic purse-seines, longlines and gillnets is widespread and likely significant (Di Natale and Notarbartolo di Sciara 1994). Large incidental kills in pelagic trawl and driftnet fisheries off western Europe are also a source of concern (IWC 1998, Tregenza and Collet 1998). Antoine et al. (2001) found that by-catch rates in the tuna drift-net fishery in the northeastern Atlantic were 90% composed of Delphinus delphis and Stenella coeruleoalba. Mean catch rate by trip in 1992-1993 years were 4.7 striped dolphins per km of net and per day. Such rates are similar to those estimated in other driftnet fisheries. Goujon (1996) estimated the annual additional mortality linked to driftnets in the Bay of Biscay albacore tuna fishery to 1.8% for the striped dolphin (this estimate must be increased by 30% in order to take into account the whole European albacore tuna driftnet fishery). Tissue levels of organochlorine compounds, some heavy metals and selenium in Mediterranean striped dolphins are high and exceed threshold levels above which detrimental effects commonly appear in mammals (Monaci et al. 1998, Aguilar 2000, Cardellicchio et al. 2000). Organochlorine pollutants, in particular, are found at levels that greatly exceed thresholds of reproductive impairment in bottlenose dolphins elsewhere (Aguilar 2006). Blubber concentrations of DDT (an agricultural pesticide) and PCB, the two main organochlorine pollutants, have been slowly declining in the last two decades (Aguilar and Borrell 2005) but are still high. High PCB levels have the potential to depress reproductive rates in striped dolphins (Munson et al. 1988).The 1990-92 epizootic devastated the whole Mediterranean population of striped dolphins, producing many thousands of deaths (Bortolotto et al. 1992, Aguilar and Raga 1993). Immediately after the event, the mean school size was found to be less than one third of prior levels, which may be interpreted as indicating a proportional reduction in overall population size (Forcada et al. 1994).  The primary cause of the die-off was a morbillivirus infection (Domingo et al. 1990) but PCBs and other organochlorine pollutants with potential for immunosuppressive effects may have triggered the event or enhanced its spread and lethality (Aguilar and Borrell 1994). Commercially exploited fish and cephalopod species are important components of striped dolphin diet in the Mediterranean (Blanco et al. 1995). As many stocks of important striped dolphin prey (e.g. the European anchovy) are known to have been depleted, reduced prey availability resulting from conflict with commercial fisheries is considered a potentially important threat (Reyes 1991, Reeves and Notarbartolo di Sciara 2006) and may have contributed to the 1990-1992 epizootic (Aguilar 2000).","The western Mediterranean subpopulation is included in Appendix II of the Convention on Migratory Species. Further research should be focused on stock identity and abundance, the effects of direct and incidental mortality, and the effects of pollutants and other sources of habitat disturbance on dolphin subpopulations, in particular in the western Mediterranean (Reyes 1991).",,,Species account by IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist Group; regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,DELPHINIDAE,Steno,bredanensis,,Steno bredanensis,,,No,,,No,,,EU25,-,This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it is of marginal occurrence in the European Mammal Assessment region.,,"The rough-toothed dolphin is a tropical to subtropical species, which generally inhabits deep, oceanic waters of all three major oceans, rarely ranging north of 40°N or south of 35°S (Jefferson 2002). However in some areas (such as off the coast of Brazil and West Africa), rough-toothed dolphins may occur in more shallow coastal waters.  They are found in many semi-enclosed bodies of water (such as the Gulf of Thailand, Red Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of California), but they are regarded as visitors in the Mediterranean Sea (Watkins et al. 1987, Miyazaki and Perrin 1994, Reeves and Notarbartolo di Sciara 2006).","This species is of marginal occurrence in the European Mammal Assessment region. Globally, there are few estimates of abundance for this species.","Most often, Steno bredanensis is found in deep water far offshore, usually beyond the continental shelf (Maigret 1994), but may be seen close inshore in areas of steep bottom relief (Ritter 2002). Rough-toothed dolphins appear to be widespread in warm temperate and tropical waters around the world. In the eastern tropical Pacific, they tend to associate with other cetaceans (especially pilot whales and Fraser’s dolphins) (Miyazaki and Perrin 1994). Rough-toothed dolphins feed on cephalopods and fish, including large fish such as Coryphaena hippurus (Pitman and Stinchcomb 2002).","No fisheries are known to specifically target this species, but small numbers are taken in drive fisheries in parts of the global range (outside Europe). Incidental mortality in gill nets, drift nets and pelagic long-lines has been recorded.","The biology, life history, population size, and separation into subpopulations, as well as migratory behaviour are insufficiently known. Research on this species should be encouraged.",,,Species account by IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist Group; regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,DIPODIDAE,Stylodipus,telum,,Stylodipus telum,,"Includes five subspecies, two of which are distributed in Europe: S.t. falz-feini Brauner, 1913 (lower reaches of left bank of Dnepr River) and S.t. turovi Heptner, 1934 (NE cis-Caucasia and lower Volga region).",No,LC,,No,NE,,EU25,-,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)This species has a fairly large range in Europe (well above the Extent of Occurrence threshold for Criterion B). The population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population size criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. less than 10,000 mature individuals in conjunction with appropriate decline rates and subpopulation qualifiers), as the species is described as abundant in at least parts of its range. Although there have been some population declines since the 1960s, it is not believed to approach the threshold for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, it is evaluated as Least Concern. However, population trends need to be monitored.Ukrainian subspecies S. t. falz-feini has a restricted range (Extent of Occurrence c.8,000 km2), and its Area of Occupancy is fragmented and declining as a result of habitat loss and degradation. Consequently it qualifies as Vulnerable B1ab(ii,iii).",,"Distributed in steppes and desertified steppes in E Ukraine, N Caucasus, W Turkmenistan, W Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan; E to N Xinjiang, China (Shenbrot et al. 1995, Wilson and Reeder 2005). The range is fragmented: besides the major part of the range from the Caspian Sea to China there are several isolated populations. The two isolated populations in the European part of the range are represented by two different subspecies, S. t. falz-feini and S. t. turovi.","Ukrainian subspecies S. t. falz-feini is naturally rare. It has a restricted range (Extent of Occurrence c.8,000 km2), and its Area of Occupancy is fragmented and declining as a result of habitat loss and degradation. The other European subspecies S. t. turovi is relatively common, and despite population decline since the 1960s it remains abundant in some parts of the area, e.g. Tsimlyansk.","Inhabits deserts and desertified steppes. In Europe it is usually distributed in hilly sands in river valleys, and arid areas, often with trees. Active at dusk and night. Enters hibernation with first frost. Lives in complex burrows, often occupies jird burrows. Feeds on seeds and partly on insects. Reproduction is once a year with litter size of 3-6 young.","Habitat loss due to ploughing and overgrazing, pesticides.",S. t. falz-feini is listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine under category II (abundant species with rapidly declining population). S. t. turovi is listed in the local Red Data Book in Russia (Rostov District) as Data Deficient. The species is found in several protected areas.,,,"Katerina Tsytsulina, Nikolai Formozov, Boris Sheftel, Igor Zagorodnyuk",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,SORICIDAE,Suncus,etruscus,,Suncus etruscus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is widespread within its range. No serious threats are known. Consequently it qualifies as Least Concern.,,"Suncus etruscus ocurs from southern Europe and North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt) through the Arabian Peninsula and Asia Minor to Iraq, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam and Yunnan (China). Records from southern India and Sri Lanka probably refer to another species (Libois and Fons 1999). West and East African records (Guinea, Nigeria, Ethiopia) are doubtful and need confirmation (Wilson and Reeder 2005). In Europe, it is confined to the Mediterranean climate zone, occurring on the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas as well as on a number of Mediterannean islands. There is an established introduced population in the Canary Islands (Tenerife). It occurs from sea level to altitudes of over 1,000 m (Libois and Fons 1999, Palomo and Gisbert 2002).","It tends to be less common than other shrews living in same area, as indicated by both trapping experiments and analyses of owl pellets (Libois and Fons 1999). Trapping is not so effective for catching this species because the shrew is too small (less than 2g); it is often more commonly seen in owl pellets (V. Vohralík pers. comm. 2006).","It prefers abandoned olive groves, vinyards, and other cultivated areas overrun by mediterranean shrubs, but occurs also in gardens, low maquis, scrub, and open forest of Mediterranean oaks and pines, provided that old dry stone walls are available as shelters. It avoids sand dunes, dense forests, and intensively cultivated land (Libois and Fons 1999, Palomo and Gisbert 2002). It is more active during night than day, with a peak at dawn.  It experiences daily variations of weight, hypothermy, and torpor, as regulatory mechanisms of the high energetic consumption associated with activity. Possibly the smallest terrestrial mammal, its head and body measures 35-50 mm in length (Stone 1995) .","It is sensitive to insecticides and pesticides, but these are not thought to pose a major threat to the survival of the species at present.","It is present in some protected areas (e.g. Donana and Nestos delta), and is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention.",,,"Vladimir Vohralík, Boris Kryštufek",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,SUIDAE,Sus,scrofa,,Sus scrofa,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"The species is widespread, extremely abundant and facing no major threats.",,"The wild boar has a large global distribution extending from western Europe and North Africa eastwards through the Middle East and central and south-east Asia, reaching its south-eastern limit at the Greater Sunda Islands. In Europe, it is widespread in most continental areas, with the exception of northern Fennoscandia and European Russia. It disappeared from the British Isles and Scandinavia in the 17th century, although it has now been reintroduced to Sweden and escaped animals have established themselves in the wild in Britain (Spitz 1999). It is native to Corsica and Sardinia, but the population in Sicily was introduced (Spitz 1999). Animals have escaped from captivity in the UK and have established themselves in the wild. There are at least three small wild populations in England, on the Kent/East Sussex border, in Dorset, and in Hereford (Battersby 2005). In Europe it is found from sea level to 2,400 in the Pyrenees (Palomo and Gisbert 2002).","Wild boar populations in Europe increased markedly during the latter part of the 20th century (Spitz 1999), but are now thought to be stable in most areas (EMA Workshop 2006). Populations in England, southern Sweden and Finland may still be increasing (Battersby 2005, EMA Workshop 2006).","It is found in a variety of temperate and tropical habitats. It prefers broadleaved forests and especially evergreen oak forests, but may also be found in more open habitats such as steppe, mediterranean shrubland, and farmland, so long as there is water and tree cover nearby (Spitz 1999). It has an omnivorous diet, consuming vegetable matter (e.g. beech mast, acorns, green plants, tubers), carrion, and live animal prey (earthworms, insect larvae, small vertebrates) (Herre 1986, Oliver 1993).","There are no major threats to the species. It is considered a pest in parts of its range (Oliver 1993, Battersby 2005). Tuberculosis may be an issue in some areas, especially in managed populations. The disease does not kill the animals, but it is becoming increasingly prevalent (EMA Workshop 2006). Occasionally there are outbreaks of swine fever and African swine fever which cause local mortality, but populations recover rapidly (Oliver 1993). Habitat destruction, hunting (for food and sport), and persecution (often in reprisal for crop damage) may cause local declines in parts of the range (Oliver 1993).","It occurs in a large number of protected areas across its range. No specific conservation actions are recommended in Europe, except perhaps measures to control the population in certain places (EMA Workshop 2006).",,,"Juan Herrero, Giorgos Giannatos, Andreas Kranz, Jim Conroy",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,MOLOSSIDAE,Tadarida,teniotis,,Tadarida teniotis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The species is widely distributed over a large extent of occurence. lt occurs in urban areas and forages in other modified habitats. Population trends are not known, but are not believed to approach the threshold for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List. Consequently it is classed as Least Concern.",,"It is mainly a western Palaearctic species, although the south-eastern edge of its range extends into the Indomalayan region. It is well known in the Mediterranean basin, occuring from Portugal, Spain, Morocco, and Algeria eastwards through north Africa and southern Europe to Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Bengal (India), and possibly Yunnan (China)(Wilson and Reeder 2005). It is also found on Madeira (Portugal), the Canary Islands (Spain), and a number of Mediterranean islands (Hutson 1999, Wilson and Reeder 2005). It occurs from sea level to 3,100 m.","It is a common species in suitable habitats. Summer and winter colonies typically number 5-100 individuals, although colonies of up to 300-400 animals have been recorded. It is probably sedentary, although seasonal in some areas, e.g. Malta. It is not abundant in the Caucasus, nor is it highly gregarious - large colonies are not known in this region (K. Tsytsulina pers. comm. 2005) There are only six records for Iran, however there have not been extensive survey efforts there (M. Sharifi pers. comm. 2005).","It usually forages at 10-50 m above the ground over temperate to sub-desert habitats, although it also occurs humid habitats in some areas (e.g. Turkey: A. Altiparmak pers. comm. 2005) It feeds on aerial drifts of insects including moths and neuropterans. Summer and winter roosts: fissures and hollows in rock outcrops, quarries and cliffs. Common in some urban areas, roosts also in artificial structures, including bridges and buildings, and sometimes in the roof of high caves. The species is probably sedentary (Hutterer et al. 2005).","It is negatively affected by disturbance and loss of roosts in buildings, and by use of pesticides. It is also potentially threatened by wind farms (European Mammal Assessment workshop 2006), and deforestation affects the species in some parts of its range (Z. Amr pers. comm. 2005). However, none of these are considered to be major threats at present.","It is protected by national legislation in most range states, and receives international legal protection through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention. It is included in Annex IV of EU Habitats and Species Directive, and there is some habitat protection for the species through Natura 2000.",,,"Tony Hutson, Friederike Spitzenberger, Javier Juste, Stéphane Aulagnier, Petr Benda",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,TALPIDAE,Talpa,caeca,,Talpa caeca,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"The species has a relatively wide range, is common in at least some areas, and is not believed to be facing any major threat. Hence it is listed as Least Concern.",,"Talpa caeca is endemic to Europe, where it is found in the western Alps, the Apennines, and the Balkan peninsula. It is likely to occur in Albania. Records from the Carpathians (Romania) require confirmation. Small blind moles recently found in Turkish Thrace and southern Bulgaria have been ascribed to T. levantis, but the possibility that they are in fact T. caeca merits further investigation. The species occurs from sea level to 2,000 m, although it is found more often above 1,000 m (Kryštufek 1999).","Its population status is unknown across the whole range, but it is common in the mountainous areas of Italy (G. Amori pers. comm.). It is possible that it is locally common across its whole range. Its distribution is sporadic in karst limestone areas (Kryštufek 1999).","It occurs in deciduous woodland, meadows and pastures in hilly or mountainous areas. It requires deep soil that is not too dry, which explains it sporadic distribution in karstic areas. Its diet is probably similar to that of the common mole T. europea, which feeds on soil-dwelling invertebrates, especially earthworms. It tends to be competitively displaced into marginal habitats by the larger T. europea in areas such as the Balkans (Kryštufek 1999). In Italy it is similarly displaced by Talpa romana where the two species occur in sympatry (G. Amori pers. comm. 2006).",No major threats are known.,It is not protected under international legislation. It occurs in protected areas across its range. In Italy it is not protected.,,,"Amori, G., Hutterer, R., Bertolino, S., Mitsain, G., Yigit, N., Kryštufek, B. & Palomo, L.J.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,TALPIDAE,Talpa,europaea,,Talpa europaea,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)This species is widespread and abundant, with no serious threats at present. Consequently it is classed as Least Concern.",,"The European mole occurs from Britain and Spain eastwards through much of continental Europe to the rivers Ob and Irtysh in Asian Russia (Corbet 1978, Kryštufek 1999, Wilson and Reeder 2005). In Europe, it is generally widespread, although absent from southern Iberia, southern Italy, the southern Balkans (where it is replaced by other Talpa species); and northern Fennoscandia and European Russia. It is found on many islands in the Baltic and around the British coast, but it is not found on Ireland, Iceland, the North Sea islands, and the Mediterranean islands (with the exception of Cres in the northern Adriatic). It is found from sea level to 2,400 m (Kryštufek 1999).","It is generally common in appropriate habitats, with densities of up to 16 individuals per hectare recorded (Kryštufek 1999). It is sufficiently common to be considered a pest of farmland and lawns in many parts of its range.","It is present in most habitats where there is sufficiently deep soil to permit the construction of its extensive burrows. It prefers meadows, pastures, arable land, gardens and parks, and is rarely found in coniferous forests, or habitats with sandy, stony or permanently waterlogged soils (Kryštufek 1999). It feeds mainly on earthworms, as well as other soil invertebrates (Niethammer 1990).","It is widely persecuted as a pest, but although this may cause local population declines it is not a serious threat to the species. In the past, it was hunted in great numbers for its fur, but this no longer occurs.",It occurs in protected areas within its range. No specific conservation measures are recommended.,,,"Vladimir Vohralík, Jan Zima, Boris Kryštufek, Boris Sheftel, Holger Meinig, Nikolai Formozov",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,TALPIDAE,Talpa,levantis,,Talpa levantis,,,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU25,-,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)The species has a relatively large global range, within which it is widespread and facing no major threats. Although its Extent of Occurrence within the European region is fairly small (approaching 20,000 km2), there is no evidence of population declines or range contractions, and no serious threats are known. Consequently it is classed as Least Concern.",,"Talpa levantis is found along the southern edge of the Black Sea, from southeastern Bulgaria through Turkey to the Caucasus region (Corbet 1978, Wilson and Reeder 2005). It is found from sea level to at least 2,000 m, possibly higher in the Caucasus (B. Kryštufek and V. Vohralík pers. comm. 2006).",No information is available.,It inhabits various biotopes from the lowland to the mountains. In its European range it is found in meadows and deciduous forests. Only a few specimens have been collected in the European part of the range through trapping. The majority of records are based on anlyses of raptor and owl pellets. In the eastern parts of its range (the Caucasus) it also occurs in alpine meadows (B. Kryštufek and V. Vohralík pers. comm. 2006).,No major threats.,It probably occurs in protected areas in the Caucasus.,,,"Vladimir Vohralík, Boris Kryštufek",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,TALPIDAE,Talpa,occidentalis,,Talpa occidentalis,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,A common species in the Iberian Peninsula and under no major threats. Hence listed as Least Concern.,,"The Iberian mole is endemic to Portugal and Spain (Foy 1999). It occurs from the coast to 2,300 m (Palomo and Gisbert 2002).","It is common in suitable habitats throughout its range (Loy 1999). However, in the southern part of its range it is confined to mountainous areas (Palomo and Gisbert 2002). In Portugal it may be considered a single subpopulation or three separate subpopulations if the rivers are shown to be major barriers to dispersal (M. Fernandes pers. comm. 2006).","It is a burrowing species, and like its congener the European mole T. europaea it is found in a variety of habitats so long as there is deep soil that is not excessively stony, sandy, or waterlogged. It is often found in meadows and pastures. In southern parts of its range it is restricted to upland areas (Loy 1999, Palomo and Gisbert 2002). It feeds on invertebrates, especially earthworms (Niethammer 1990).","It is a pest species causing damage to pastures, so it is persecuted by farmers. Loss of meadows to afforestation is probably the main threat to the species, but this is not thought to be a severe threat at present (Palomo and Gisbert 2002).",It occurs in a number of protected areas. No further actions are required.,,,"Fernandes, M. & Herrero, J.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,TALPIDAE,Talpa,romana,,Talpa romana,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,"T. romana is widespread in central and southern Italy. The population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population size criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. less than 10,000 mature individuals in conjunction with appropriate decline rates and subpopulation qualifiers). Although intensive arable farming may be a problem in some areas, the population trend is thought to be stable, and is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, it is evaluated as Least Concern.",,"The Roman mole is endemic to Italy. It is now confined to the mainland, having last been recorded on Sicily in 1885 (Loy 1999). Reports of an isolated subpopulation in the Var region of southern France (Saint Girons 1973 in Niethammer 1990) have not been confirmed (Niethammer 1990, Loy 1999, Wilson and Reeder 2005). It is found from sea level to about 2,000 m (Loy 1999).",It is widespread throughout its range (Loy 1999). No information is available on abundance although it is assumed to be stable (G. Amori pers. comm. 2006).,"Its ecology is similar to that of the European mole T. europaea. It is found in a variety of habitats including arable fields, pastures, and woods, and it feeds predominantly on earthworms (Niethammer 1990, Loy 1999).","Local population declines are suspected in areas where there is intensive arable farming (Loy 1999). The mole is widely persecuted as a pest. However, these are not thought to be major threats at present.",It is not protected under national or international law. No specific conservation measures are known. Occurs in protected areas within its range.,,,"Amori, G.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,EULIPOTYPHLA,TALPIDAE,Talpa,stankovici,,Talpa stankovici,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"Although this species is relatively localized and quite poorly known, no major threats are known, and it is listed as Least Concern. The population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population size criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. less than 10,000 mature individuals in conjunction with appropriate decline rates and subpopulation qualifiers). The population trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations).",,"The Balkan mole is endemic to the Balkans, where it is found in southern Montenegro, western Macedonia, north-eastern Greece, and the island of Corfu. It is likely to occur in Albania. Its vertical range is from sea level to 2,300 m (Kryštufek 1999).","Its population status is not known, but it may be locally abundant (Kryštufek 1999).","It occurs in a variety of open habitats including sandy beaches, pastures and arable land (Kryštufek 1999).",No major threats.,It receives no protection under European legislation. It occurs in some protected areas in northern Greece (for example the Pelister mountains). No further actions are required at present.,,,"Vohralík, V. & Kryštufek, B.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,RODENTIA,SCIURIDAE,Tamias,sibiricus,,Tamias sibiricus,,,No,LC,,No,NE,,EU25,-,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)A widely distributed and abundant species with no major threats. Its range is currently expanding westwards in Europe. Classed as Least Concern.,,"Most of the range is in Asia. N European and Siberian Russia to Sakhalin; S Kurile Isls (Russia); extreme E Kazakhstan to N Mongolia, China, Korea, and Hokkaido (Japan). Introduced into Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Italy (Amori 1999).","This species is relatively abundant alcross its range. It is expanding in Europe in the boreal forest zone, and has reached Vodlo Lake (Karelia) (H. Henttonnen pers. comm. 2006).","Typically inhabits coniferous and mixed forests with a rich undergrowth of berry-bearing shrubs. In mountains occurs up to the tree line. Climbs trees, but lives in simple shallow burrows. Summer nests are in stumps, fallen trees, sometimes in low hollows. Usually burrows consist of two big chambers, nest and larder, and small chambers used as a lavatory. Complex voice communication is characteristic to the species. Hibernates in winter. Short and long distance migrations have been registered during years with a poor harvest of Siberan pine nuts. Feeds on various seeds, mainly on Siberian pine, but diet also includes seeds of other coniferous and deciduous trees and herbs. In spring and summer consumes herb shoots; sometimes can eat insects and molluscs. From August onward stores up food for winter, storage mass usually 3-4 kg. Reproduces after leaving hibernation, in April-May.",There are no major threats to the species.,No special measures applied.,,,"Katerina Tsytsulina, Nikolai Formozov, Boris Sheftel",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,DELPHINIDAE,Tursiops,truncatus,,Tursiops truncatus,,"All bottlenose dolphins around the world were previously recognized as T. truncatus, but recently the genus has been split into two species: T. truncatus and T. aduncus (the smaller Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin: Wang et al. 1999, 2000a,b). However, the taxonomy of bottlenose dolphins is confused, due to geographical variation, and it is very possible that additional species will be recognized in the future. For example, two forms in the North Atlantic, an offshore and a coastal form, are distinguishable on the basis of morphology and ecological markers (e.g. Mead and Potter 1995), have fixed genetic differences and, therefore, eventually may be assigned to different species (Leduc and Curry 1997, Hoelzel et al. 1998, Reeves et al. 2003).

Bottlenose dolphins in the Black Sea are recognized as a subspecies possessing morphological differences from Atlantic and Pacific dolphins (Barabasch-Nikiforov 1960, Geptner et al. 1976). The Black Sea subpopulation is also differentiated genetically from other bottlenose dolphins in the eastern and western Mediterranean and the northeastern Atlantic (Natoli et al. 2005), and the available evidence (Birkun 2006) supports recognition of the subspecies T. t. ponticus.",No,DD,,No,DD,,EU25,Unknown,"This species has a varying status in different parts of its European range. In the Mediterranean and Black seas there have been substantial population declines; the Mediterranean population was recently assessed as Vulnerable (A2cde), and the Black Sea subspecies T. t. ponticus was classed as Endangered (A2cde)(Reeves and Notarbartolo di Sciara 2006). However, although there are no estimates of population size or trend from offshore waters of the North Atlantic, the population there is likely to be large and shows no evidence of significant decline. Overall in the European Mammal Assessment region, it is not possible to quantify the population trend because the relative size of the different subpopulations is not known. Consequently the species is assessed as Data Deficient at the European regional level.",,"Common bottlenose dolphins are distributed worldwide through tropical and temperate inshore, coastal, shelf, and oceanic waters (Leatherwood and Reeves 1990, Wells and Scott 1999, Reynolds et al. 2000). Bottlenose dolphins generally do not range pole-ward of 45° except in northern Europe (as far as the Faroe Islands 62°N 7°W:  Bloch and Mikkelsen 2000). The species is rare in the Baltic Sea (it may best be considered extralimital there), and is vagrant to  Norway (Wells and Scott 1999).","Abundance has been estimated for several parts of the species' range. Summing available estimates, a minimum world-wide estimate of common bottlenose dolphins is 600,000. Total abundance in the Mediterranean is unknown but thought to be in the low 10,000s based on observed densities in areas that have been surveyed (Reeves and Notarbartolo di Sciara 2006). Surveys in the northwestern Mediterranean estimated 7,654 (CV=45%) dolphins (Forcada et al. 2004). An estimated 584 (CV=28%) animals occur in the Alboran Sea (Cañadas and Hammond 2006). Mediterranean bottlenose dolphins exhibit population structure based on toxicology and diet (Borrell et al. 2005) and genetics (Natoli et al. 2005). The total population size in the Black Sea is unknown. However, there are recent abundance estimates for parts of the range suggesting that population size is at least several thousands (Reeves and Notarbartolo di Sciara 2006). Preliminary estimates from the late 1980s indicate about 1,000 dolphins occur around the Faroe Islands (Sigurjónsson et al. 1989, Bloch and Mikkelsen 2000). A wide scale survey in 2005 of western European continental shelf waters including the western Baltic, North Sea and Atlantic margin as far as southern Spain estimated that there were 12,600 bottlenose dolphins in this area (CV=27%, P. Hammond pers. comm.).Reeves and Notarbartolo di Sciara (2006) estimate generation time in the common bottlenose dolphin to be c.20 years.","Common bottlenose dolphins tend to be primarily coastal, but they can also be found in pelagic waters (Wells and Scott 1999). Where distinct ecotypes are known, the inshore form frequents estuaries, bays, lagoons and other shallow coastal regions, occasionally ranging far up into rivers. The offshore form is apparently less restricted in range and movement. Some offshore dolphins are residents around oceanic islands. In many inshore areas bottlenose dolphins maintain definable, long-term multi-generational home ranges, but in some locations near the extremes of the species range, coastal bottlenose dolphins are migratory. Black Sea bottlenose dolphins are common over the continental shelf; they sometimes occur far offshore (Reeves and Notarbartolo di Sciara 2006). Bottlenose dolphins are commonly associated with many other cetaceans, including both large whales and other dolphin species (Wells and Scott 1999). Mixed schools with Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins have been found, for instance off China and Taiwan (J. Wang, pers. comm.).  Spring and summer, spring and fall, or single summer calving peaks are known for most areas where this has been studied (Wilson 1995, Wells and Scott 1999). In general, bottlenose dolphins consume a wide variety of prey species, mostly fish  and squid (Barros and Odell 1990, Barros and Wells 1998, Santos et al. 2001).  They sometimes eat shrimps and other crustaceans.","Coastal and island-centered populations are especially vulnerable to hunting, incidental catch, and habitat degradation (see Curry and Smith 1997 for a review). Acute conservation problems are known in the Mediterranean and Black seas (IWC 1992, Reeves and Notarbartolo di Sciara 2006) as well as a number of other areas in the global range (outside Europe). Dolphin catches for bait, human consumption, or to remove competition with fisheries have been reported worldwide (see reviews in Wells and Scott 1999, 2002). The only Mediterranean area with quantitative historical information is the northern Adriatic Sea, where bottlenose dolphins likely have declined by at least 50% over the past 50 years, largely as a consequence of historical killing in extermination campaigns to reduce competition for fish, followed by habitat degradation and overfishing. The extermination campaigns were conducted until the early 1960s (Bearzi et al. 2004, Reeves and Notarbartolo di Sciara 2006).  For the north-western Mediterranean, the available information suggests similar trends (Reeves and Notarbartolo di Sciara 2006). Drive fisheries have been reported from the Faroe Islands and Japan. Up to 308 are taken annually in the Faroe Islands drive fishery (dating back to 1803), often with long finned pilot whales (Reyes 1991). The Black Sea subspecies has had extensive directed takes for commercial products (Kleinenberg 1956, Tomilin 1957, Buckland et al. 1992), including takes of at least 24,000-28,000 during 1946-1983 in the Black Sea off Turkey.  However, the total number of dolphins killed was certainly much greater (probably by tens of thousands) as figures do not include, or only partially include, catch statistics from other Black Sea countries (Reeves and Notarbartolo di Sciara 2006).Live-capture removal of Black Sea bottlenose dolphins, including mortality during capture operations, is estimated at 1,000-2,000 since the early 1960s. Live-captures continue in the Russian Federation, with 10-20 animals taken annually from a small area in the Kerch Strait, Russia (Reeves and Notarbartolo di Sciara 2006). According to CITES statistics, at least 92 individuals were removed from the Black Sea region during 1990-1999 (Reeves et al. 2003) and Russia reportedly has exported at least 66 for travelling shows since 1997 (Fisher and Reeves 2005).Incidental catches of common bottlenose dolphins are known from throughout the species’ range, in gillnets, driftnets, purse seines, trawls, long-lines, and on hook-and-line gear used in commercial and recreational fisheries, but numbers of mortalities are often poorly documented (Wells and Scott 1999). Annual Black Sea bottlenose dolphin incidental mortality in bottom-set gillnets from 1946 through the 1980s is roughly estimated in the hundreds. The scale of this mortality almost certainly increased in the 1990s-2000s owing to the rapid expansion of illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (Reeves and Notarbartolo di Sciara 2006). According to Öztürk (1999) at least 200-300 bottlenose dolphins per year may be taken incidentally in Turkish fisheries in a variety of fishing nets, especially bottom-set gill nets.Common bottlenose dolphins in coastal areas are exposed to a wide variety of threats in addition to direct and indirect takes. Threats that are cause for concern include: 1) the toxic effects of xenobiotic chemicals; 2) reduced prey availability caused by environmental degradation and overfishing (Pauly et al. 1998, Jackson et al. 2001); 3) direct and indirect disturbance and harassment (e.g. boat traffic and commercial dolphin watching and interactive programs); 4) marine construction and demolition and 5) other forms of habitat destruction and degradation (including anthropogenic noise). Although these and other threats are technically challenging to quantify by comparison with takes, their cumulative impact is likely to result in longitudinal population declines. Lack of historical data in many cases hampers understanding of long term trends, possibly resulting in shifting baselines. The contribution of anthropogenic factors to an increasing number of Unusual Mortality Events involving bottlenose dolphins remains to be determined (Spradlin et al. 2005).","The bottlenose dolphin has been afforded special protected status under Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive. Commercial hunting of Black Sea cetaceans including bottlenose dolphins was banned in 1966 in the former USSR, Bulgaria and Romania, and in 1983 in Turkey. Research on population structure, abundance and removals of common bottlenose dolphins is needed so that risks to regional populations can be assessed.",,,Species account by IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist Group; regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CARNIVORA,URSIDAE,Ursus,arctos,,Ursus arctos,,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU25,Unfavourable,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)The European bear population (including western Russia) is relatively large (c.55,000 individuals) and occupies a large range. Overall, the population trend is believed to be stable. Consequently it is classed as Least Concern.In the EU 25 there are fewer than 10,000 mature bears. The species was formerly widespread and abundant, but it was driven extinct in much of western and central Europe over the last few centuries. Many remnant populations are tiny and fragmented. If ongoing conservation action ceased, it is expected that the species would decline at such a rate that it would meet Criterion C1 in the near future. Consequently it is assessed as Near Threatened. Continued protection is required to ensure the continuing recovery of this species.1. CantabrianThe two Cantabrian nuclei are assessed separately as there is apparently very little or no interchange between them (there are major barriers to dispersal, and the two nuclei are genetically distict). In both cases the population may number less than 50 mature individuals. Consequently these two nuclei are assessed as Critically Endangered (D).2. PyreneesThe population in the Pyrenees is tiny and isolated. Although it has increased in number in the last decade as a result of translocations from Slovenia, it remains highly vulnerable. Classed as Critically Endangered (D).3. AlpsThe population is tiny and qualifies as Critically Endangered under Criterion D.4. Appenine MountainsThe population is tiny and qualifies as Critically Endangered under Criterion D.5. Dinara-PindosThis population is small (<2,500 mature individuals). It has a structure such that each subpopulation contains fewer than 1,000 individuals. Population trends are poorly known, and although the population seems more or less stable, it is possible that there is a slight continuing decline. Consequently it is classed as Vulnerable (C2a(i)). The assessment is not adjusted because there is little interchange with other populations, and adjacent populations are also threatened. If better information shows that the overall trend is stable or increasing, reassessment should be considered.6. CarpathianThe population is small (<10,000 mature individuals), and all individuals are part of the same subpopulation. The population has been stable in the recent past, although there are concerns that it may be declining slightly at present as a result of infrastructure developments and other threats. Classed as Vulnerable (C2a(ii)).7. BalkanThis population is very small (<1,000 mature individuals) and qualifies as Vulnerable under Criterion D1.8. ScandinaviaThis population is small (potentially less than 2,500 mature individuals). Although there is controlled harvesting, the population is nevertheless growing at a steady and relatively rapid rate. Consequently, as there is no ongoing decline, this population cannot qualify as threatened under Criterion C, even though its population size is small. It is classed as Least Concern.9. Northeastern EuropeThis population is relatively large (c.38,000 individuals) and occupies a large range. Overall, the population trend is believed to be stable. Consequently it is classed as Least Concern.",,"The brown bear is the most widely distributed ursid. It once ranged across a large portion of North America, including Mexico, throughout Europe, Asia, and even into several countries in north Africa. It presently ranges across parts of North America, Europe, and Asia, with the largest numbers in Russia, Alaska, and Canada.  Populations in Europe are highly fragmented, and some are extremely small and isolated. Details of the European populations are given below (following LCIE 2007):1. CantabrianPresently there are two bear nuclei in the Cantabrian Mountains in Spain. They are defined as the western and eastern portions.2. PyreneesWestern Pyrenees (9 bears): The Western Pyrenean brown bear subpopulation is found in a 1,000 km2 area located on both sides of the national border between France and Spain in the western portion of the Pyrenees Mountain Range. However, only about one half of this area is used regularly.Central Pyrenees (8 bears): The Central Pyrenean brown bear subpopulation is on both sides of the national border between France and Spain in the central portion of the Pyrenees Mountain Range including Andorra.3. AlpsPresently there are three bear nuclei in the Alps. In Central Austria there is a small nucleus originated from three bears released in 1989-1993, into an area with a naturally occurring male bear. Another nucleus is located in the Central Italian Alps, centered in the province of Trento. This nucleus (20-25 individuals, all originated from the animals translocated in the 1999-2003 period) occupies an area of about 1,500 km2, of which only 240 km2 is used regularly. A third nucleus of bears is present in the Eastern Alps, and originated from individuals that arrived naturally from the Slovenian population. Vagrants from the Dinara-Pindos population are frequently present in the Alps of Slovenia along the border with Austria.4. Appenine MountainsThe population is located in Abruzzo National Park and the surrounding area in the Apennine Mountains in Italy.5. Dinara-PindosThis population consists of brown bears in the forested areas extending from the Dinara range in Slovenia in the north through Pindos Mountains in Greece in the south. The countries involved are Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, FYR Macedonia, Albania, and Greece. The forested areas in these countries are less contiguous than in the Carpathian area, separating to some degree the functional habitat into more or less isolated sub areas, although there are corridors.6. CarpathianThe Carpathian population includes the brown bears in Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine, Serbia and Romania. The Carpathian Mountains population is the second largest in Europe. The bears are widely distributed within the entire Romanian Carpathian Mountains range, starting from hilly areas and extending to sub-alpine habitats. Bears in Romania occur permanently or sporadically across a total area of 62,000 square kilometers, of which about 44,000 square kilometers  are forested.7. BalkanThe Rila-Rhodope area is located in south-western Bulgaria and north-eastern Greece. It includes the three connected populations in the Bulgarian Rila Mountains and Pirin Mountains and the population in the western Rhodope Mountains on both sides of the national border. Of the total population of about 520 bears, only 25-30 are found in Greece. The connection between the bears in Greece and Bulgaria is likely to consist of dispersing males from Bulgaria, as well as of family groups seasonally dispersing from Greece into Bulgaria. The Stara Planina population is located from Kotlenska mountain in the east to Zlatitsa-Teteven in the west, along a 120 km stretch of the Stara Planina Mountains (Balkan Range). The western end extends into Serbia and a few bears are shared over the border. The Stara Planina population was believed to be isolated from the populations to the south and west but there is recent evidence of bears in the corridors to the south towards Rila-Rhodopean Mountains, including family groups.8. ScandinaviaThe population is shared between Sweden and Norway, but much more than 95% of the individuals are in Sweden. In Norway the bears are found mostly along the Swedish border and most individuals are dispersing young males from Sweden. The delineation is along the Swedish-Finnish border, and further north through Norway. Bears in Norway east of this line are in Northeastern Europe population. The area between the Scandinavian and Northeastern Europe populations is very sparsely inhabited by bears.9. Northeastern EuropeThe North-eastern European population is the largest continuous brown bear population in Europe. Its range stretches from the Ural Mountains in the east (continuous with the bears on the east side of the mountains making it the largest brown bear population in the world) to the west coast of Finland and the Baltic. It ranges from 53° N in the south to 69° N in the north. This population includes bears in north-easternmost Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Belarus.","Brown bears originally occurred throughout Europe (except from the largest islands such as Ireland, Iceland, Gotland, Corsica and Sardinia), but later disappeared from most areas as the human population grew, suitable habitat was lost due to deforestation and agriculture, and the species was persecuted by humans. Today the total number of brown bears in Europe is about 55,000 bears (c. 15,000-20,000 outside Russia) which occur within an area of more than 2.5 million km² (800,000 km² outside Russia). These bears are found in two large (>5,000), three medium (500-2,500), one small (100-500), and six very small (<100) populations. 1. Cantabrian. The two Cantabrian populations apparently have been separated since the beginning of the century and now show genetic differences. Today, they are separated by 30-50 km of mountainous terrain and interchange between the populations is thought to be unlikely, mainly due to unsuitable habitat and a high speed railway and motorway. In the Western Cantabrian Mountains the population seems to be stable or increasing in the last decade and is distributed over an area of 2,600 km2. The most recent estimate using genetic methods (García-Garitagoitia et al. 2004) calculated 85-143 bears for the western nucleus, with an average number of 107. In the Eastern Cantabrian Mountains (20 bears) the population shows less potential for recovery, unless the corridor with the western portion is reestablished. The total population for both Cantabrian nuclei may be approximately 100-150 bears; not all of these are mature individuals. 2. PyreneesThe autochthonous western population was estimated to be 3 individuals. The last documented reproductions occurred in 1995 and 1998. In 2006 the reintroduction action provided 5 (4F, 1M) bears from Slovenia mostly to central area. The autochthonous central population was gone before the last decade of 20th century. In 1996-1997 three bears were reintroduced from Slovenia. There was subsequent reproduction, including one male dispersal to Western Pyrenees. Until recently the Western and Central Pyrenees were treated as separate units. With the dispersal of one male bear from the central to the west portion the connectivity is now reastablished. The local bears have been totally isolated for over one century and had low genetic diversity. The recent reintroductions have resulted in the influx of new genes.3. AlpsThe Central Austrian subpopulation now consists of about <10 bears. After increases following reintroductions and local reproductions, in recent years numbers have declined again. No more than 4 autochthonous bears survived in north-eastern Italy until 10 were reintroduced from Slovenia in 1999-2003. With subsequent reproduction the population has exceeded 20 bears, and continues to grow; in 2006 a population of about 6-7 adults and 16-17 sub-adults and cubs was recorded. At least three individuals from the Trentino nuclei dispersed into Austria, Switzerland and  Germany. None of them became established, but this demonstrated the connectivity of the habitat within the Alps and the potential for recolonization. One bear was legally shot in Germany in July 2006 because of the potential threat it posed to human safety (the bear repeatedly entered villages and broke into barns), whereas the other two bears disappeared without leaving any tracks. Occasionally individuals dispersing from the Eastern Alpine nucleus have reached the Central Italian Alps, confirming a potential connectivity among all the alpine nuclei.4. Appenine MountainsAn estimate yielded a figure of 70-80 bears in 1985. However, since then there has probably been a population decrease and 40-50 bears may be a more realistic estimate. Some expect this population to increase as poaching has been reduced in recent years, and areas surrounding Abruzzo National Park have been protected to secure suitable habitats. However, this population exists within a densely human populated area and there are potential conflicts between bear conservation and development and recreation activities.5. Dinara-PindosThe population seems to be genetically very close to the remnant bears in the Alps. The population overall has been more or less stable in recent years. However, trends vary in different areas, with steady growth in Slovenia and Croatia, a marked drop in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s due to the war, and probably stable or slightly decreasing trends in the south of the Dinarids, whereas in Pindos range it is characterized as stable (150-200) with locally positive trends and recolonization of former range. The population size estimate of 2,800 is based on weak supporting evidence. Approximately half (1,400) of these individuals are mature. The population trend data is likewise based on little quantitative data and it is possible that the trend is declining rather than stable. In countries with bear hunting there might be a political tendency for overestimation to justify higher quotas. In Slovenia in the north this population is close to that of the Alps. There is not a continuous distribution of female bears in the Alps, but there is movement of male bears. In Greece in the south the nearest bears are those of the Rila-Rhodope portion of the Balkan population along the border of Greece and Bulgaria, but there is no evidence of connection.6. CarpathianThe Carpathian Mountains population is estimated at about 8,100 bears and is the second largest in Europe. The Slovakian and Polish bear population was recently reconnected with that of Ukraine. This range expansion occurred rapidly, about 200 km in less than 20 years. Recent estimates of the Romanian population indicate that in Romania about 6,000 bears occur, the population trend being stable. The highest bear densities are found in the areas of Brasov, Harghita, Covasna, Mures, Bistrita, Arges, Vrancea and Sibiu counties (central part of the Romanian Carpathians). During the last 50 years, the Romanian bear population recovered from less than 1,000 individuals to about 6,000 individuals. This recovery process was influenced by both habitat conditions and wildlife management. However, recent developments (e.g. infrastructure developments) have had negative impacts on bears. Problems include behavioral changes (habituated bears), habitat fragmentation and reproductive isolation. Several areas (corridor between Apuseni Mountains and the main ridge of Carpathians, Prahova Valley, southern part of Carpathians - close to Danube) have started to be affected by isolation processes, but there is still connectivity within the entire Romanian Carpathian population. Some dispersers from this population have entered the Czech Republic and Hungary. The next closest population is in northern Bulgaria and north-eastern Serbia, but the migration of individual bears may be very restricted, as the Danube is a major physical barrier.7. BalkanIt consists of two segments: Rila-Rhodope Mountains (520 bears) and Stara Planina Mountains (200 bears). Little is known about genetic structure. The connections between subpopulations were recently proven, and there may be signs of recolonisation. In the early eighties Carpathian bears were released in Rhodope and Stara Planina Mountains. The numbers are not known since there is restricted access to this data.  8. ScandinaviaAfter heavy persecution in both countries, the once numerous brown bear population in Scandinavia was reduced to about 130 individuals in four areas where they have survived since 1930. The population has increased to about 2,550 in Sweden, with approximately 50 bears in Norway. Male bears may disperse between neighbouring female core areas, but when considering demographic viability they should be considered separated. This population consists of three subpopulations. In Sweden, the distribution of bears now resembles that of 1800, with bears occurring in 67% or more of the country. The population is one of the most productive in the world and is increasing at a rate of about 5.5% annually.  This population is viable, both genetically and demographically, but low gene flow has been identified between the southernmost subpopulation and the other subpopulations. The population is connected with the North-eastern European population through dispersing males, but probably not by dispersing females. 9. Northeastern EuropeDensities are generally low, with the highest densities in the south-eastern part of the range and the lowest densities in the north and southwest. The total population size occurring west of 35 degrees east is estimated at c. 38,000 individuals. This population is connected with the Scandinavian one.","The original distribution of the brown bear in Europe illustrates its adaptability to different environmental conditions. With little or no human interference, brown bears occupied not only forests, but also steppes and tundra. Today, most of the bear' s former range is no longer suitable habitat due to human habitat alteration and human presence. Components of habitat can be grouped into three main categories: food, escape cover, and den sites. Bear movements and habitat use are strongly affected by availability of food. Furthermore, population density is positively associated with food availability. Areas with a high availability of preferred foods, such as berries, fruits, hard mast, colonial Hymenoptera, and ungulates, are of special importance to brown bears.1. CantabrianThe Cantabrian population inhabits the Cantabrian Mountains, which are partly covered with mixed deciduous forest.2. PyreneesMixed forests and pastures, depending on slope and elevation. 3. AlpsHabitat is predominately Alpine with steep slopes covered mostly by conifers. Human settlements and infrastructure in the valleys contribute to habitat fragmentation. 4. Appenine MountainsMountain habitat in the central Appenines; partly covered by deciduous forest (dominated by beech). 5. Dinara-PindosThe landscape is mountainous, dominated by mixed beech and spruce forest.6. CarpathianThe habitat is mainly the mixed forests in the Carpathian Mountain range. 7. BalkanMostly mountains with deciduous secondary forests.8. ScandinaviaThe habitat is dominated by intensively exploited boreal forest. 9. Northeastern EuropeThe habitat is dominated by intensively exploited boreal forest.","Bears have a low reproductive rate and are vulnerable to human-related mortality. They require large habitats that make them vulnerable to changes in land use. In Eastern Europe, land use once under centralised state administration has reverted to private ownership, often with no knowledge of wildlife management. Land use developments have tended to follow western examples with more intensive use of productive areas. The best bear habitat has already disappeared in Europe through logging and forest clearance. The planting of exotic conifers has seriously altered local ecosystems in some places. Habitat fragmentation, particularly as a result of road construction, presents serious problems for a species requiring such large areas. Mortality caused by high-speed road and rail networks through bear habitat is a major threat in some areas including Greece and Croatia. Poaching remains a threat to many, but not all populations, and takes place irrespective of population size. Females with cubs, as well as males, are liable to be killed. Poaching has probably worsened in countries such as Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Yugoslav Federation, and FYR Macedonia as a result of declining economic and social conditions. Poaching in Russia, to supply the lucrative market for bear parts in Asian countries, is a particular problem. Five very small, isolated bear populations in southern and western Europe (located in France, Spain and Italy), are highly threatened by their small population size. They could easily become extinct as a result of random fluctuations.1. CantabrianThe main pressure is the loss of adult individuals due to human induced mortality. 2. PyreneesThe main pressure is the loss of adult individuals due to killing by humans. 3. AlpsDamages done by bears have the potential to reduce the public acceptance of this species, and of trouble-making individuals in particular. Intensive management of all bear related problems is under way. Despite the constant increase of the Central Italian nucleus, the limited numbers of individuals characterizing all the alpine nuclei show that all these are Critically Endangered. The loss of more than 15 bears from the central Austrian bear population and 2 dispersers from Italy suggest an unnatural high mortality rate of bears in the Alps. Unfortunately, illegal removals seems to be the most likely explanation.4. Appenine MountainsThe main pressure is the loss of adult individuals due to human induced mortality. The population is critically endangered. The bear population has been totally isolated for over a century, thus there may be genetic problems.5. Dinara-PindosPolitical instability and the lack of financial instruments represent a pressure in the central part of the range. 6. CarpathianThe socio-economic developments in Romania have an influence on bear population on medium and long term and it is considered that the Romanian bear population is vulnerable. 7. BalkanPresently in Bulgaria there is liberal (poorly functioning) system of declaring the problem individuals assigned for removal, as well as poorly controlled poaching. 8. ScandinaviaThe major pressure in Norway is related to damages on unguarded free-ranging sheep. 9. Northeastern EuropeDue to a large total size and large area the population is in favorable conservation status.","Since 1992, all brown bear populations have been listed on either Appendix I or Appendix II of CITES. In the EU, all populations are listed in Annex A of the European Union Council Regulation (EC) No. 338/97, that implements CITES in the member states (Knapp 2006). The brown bear is included on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and Annex II* (except Finnish and Swedish populations) and Annex IV of the EU Habitats & Species Directive. Most European range states have national brown bear management plans. General conservation recommendations include the following: Key bear areas and corridors need to be sufficiently managed and protected. Farmers need to be encouraged to use traditional livestock guarding techniques to reduce conflict arising from livestock depredation. Public awareness and education is also needed to inform people in bear areas about bear behaviour and ecology. International and national legislation protecting bears from poaching should be enforced. More research into population dynamics, genetics and bear habitat is also required to carry out work in bear action plans.1. CantabrianThe Cantabrian population is strictly protected but occasional losses due to poaching or other human related accidents do occur (snares set by poachers for wild boars). 2. PyreneesIt is strictly protected but occasional losses due to poaching or other human related accidents do occur.3. AlpsThe Italian and Austrian bear nuclei are under strict protection; in Slovenia a regulated harvest policy is in place. The removal of the bear in Germany caused a great public outcry and quite a controversy between different national and international GOs and NGOs. Fortunately the case also raised awareness for the need of a bear management on the population level. Initiatives to coordinate and harmonize bear management between Italy, Switzerland, Austria and Germany are underway.4. Appenine MountainsIt is strictly protected but occasional losses due to poaching or other human related accidents do occur.5. Dinara-PindosIn the largest part of this population's range (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Macedonia) the bear is a game species. In Slovenia the brown bear is hunted under protected status. In Albania and Greece it is strictly protected. Additionally in Greece it is considered as a priority species under the EU Habitat Directive 92/43.6. CarpathianWhereas in Romania and Slovakia bears are a hunted species, in other countries they are harvested under various regimes, mostly related to the damage control system. Annually, in Romania up to 250 bears are hunted (about 4% of the estimated population). In 2005 a national bear management plan was approved by the authorities, its implementation being started by the Ministry of Environment and Water Management together with the Ministry of Agriculture, Forests and Rural Development. One of the first initiated actions was related to population surveys of larger areas (geographical criteria) and setting up hunting quotas based on the analysis at the national level. Compensation for damages caused by bears is paid by the game administrators, and it is foreseen that in areas where bears are not hunted these compensations will be paid by the Ministry of Environment and Water Management (the authority for protected species).7. BalkanBears in Bulgaria are under protected status that allows the removal of problem individuals. The Greek portion is strictly protected, as well as are the few specimens in Serbia.8. ScandinaviaThere is a quota hunting regime in Sweden. The harvest rate allows the further and steady population growth. In Norway only damage causing bears are removed, but such a reduction is technically sustainable only due to influx of individuals from Sweden.9. Northeastern EuropeBears are game animals in most of this population range under various quota systems.",,,Djuro Huber (Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe / Bear Specialist Group),,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CARNIVORA,URSIDAE,Ursus,maritimus,,Ursus maritimus,,"Phipps (1774) first described the polar bear as a distinct species and named it Ursus maritimus. Other names were suggested including Thalassarctos, Thalarctos and Thalatarctos ultimately settling on Ursus (Thalarctos) maritimus Erdbrink (1953) and Thenius (1953) based on interbreeding between brown bears (U. arctos) and polar bears in zoos. Based on the fossil record and evolution Kurtén (1964) recommended the Phipps (1774) name Ursus maritimus, which was promoted by Harrington (1966), Manning (1971) and Wilson (1976) and is used today (see DeMaster and Stirling 1988, Wilson and Reeder 2005, Amstrup 2003 for review and references).",No,VU,A3c,No,NE,,EU25,-,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)The polar bear qualifies as Vulnerable at the European regional level. This assessment is based on a suspected population reduction of >30% within three generations (45 years) due to decline in area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) and habitat quality. Polar bears rely almost entirely on the marine sea ice environment for their survival so that large scale changes in their habitat will impact the population (Derocher et al. 2004). Global climate change posses a substantial threat to the habitat of polar bears. Recent modeling of the trends for sea ice extent, thickness and timing of coverage predicts dramatic reductions in sea ice coverage over the next 50-100 years (Hassol 2004). Sea ice has declined considerably over the past half century. Additional declines of roughly 10-50% of annual sea ice are predicted by 2100. The summer sea ice is projected to decrease by 50-100% during the same period. In addition the quality of the remaining ice will decline. This change may also have a negative effect on the population size (Derocher et al. 2004). The effects of sea ice change are likely to show large differences and variability by geographic location and periods of time, although the long term trends clearly reveal substantial global reductions of the extent of ice coverage in the Arctic and the annual time frames when ice is present. The winter ice over the continental shelf in the European Arctic will probably disappear completely over the next 100 years (Furevik et al. 2002).While all bear species have shown adaptability in coping with their surroundings and environment, polar bears are highly specialized for life in the Arctic marine environment. Polar bears exhibit low reproductive rates with long generational spans. These factors make facultative adaptation by polar bears to significantly reduced ice coverage scenarios unlikely. Polar Bears did adapt to warmer climate periods of the past. Due to their long generation time and the current greater speed of global warming, it seems unlikely that polar bears will be able to adapt to the current warming trend in the Arctic. If climatic trends continue polar bears may become extirpated from most of their range within 100 years. There is little doubt that polar bears in the European Arctic will have a lesser AOO, EOO and habitat quality in the future. However, no direct relation exists between these measures and the abundance of Polar Bears. While some have speculated that polar bears might become extinct within 100 years from now, which would indicate a population decrease of >50% in 45 years based on a precautionary approach due to data uncertainty. A more realistic evaluation of the risk involved in the assessment makes it fair to suspect population reduction of >30%. Other population stress factors that may also operate to impact recruitment or survival include toxic contaminants, shipping, recreational viewing, and oil and gas exploration and development.",,"Polar bears live throughout the ice-covered waters of the circumpolar Arctic, in Canada (Manitoba, Newfoundland, Labrador, Nunavut, Northwest Territories, Quebec, Yukon Territory, Ontario), Greenland (to Denmark), Norway, Russian Federation (North European Russia, Siberia, Chukotka), and the United States (Alaska). Some vagrants occasionally reach Iceland. Their range is limited by the southern extent of sea ice. Although some occur in the permanent multi-year pack ice of the central Arctic basin, they are most common in the annual ice over the continental shelf and inter-island archipelagos that surround the polar basin. Polar bears that have continuous access to sea ice are able to hunt throughout the year. However, in those areas where the sea ice melts completely each summer, polar bears are forced to spend several months on land fasting on stored fat reserves until freeze-up. Use of land by polar bears during the ice-free season appears to be increasing in certain locations (Schliebe et al. 2006). Polar bears typically occur at low altitudes (on the sea ice and up to ca. 200 m in coastal areas), although exceptionally they may range far inland, and have been recorded at altitudes of 1,000 m above sea level in Svalbard (O. Wiig and A. Derocher pers. comm. 2006).","There are 19 hypothesized subpopulations or stocks which number in total 20,000 to 25,000 bears. Considerable overlap of putative subpopulations occurs and genetic differences among them are small (Schliebe et al. 2006). In Europe, the Barents sea subpopulation (Norway and the Russian Federation) is estimated at ca. 3,000 individuals (Aars et al. in press).","Polar bears occur at low densities throughout their range and are most abundant in shallow water areas near shore or where currents or upwellings increase biological productivity near ice areas associated with open water, polynyas or lead systems. Polar bears are not as abundant in the high central arctic over deeper waters of the polar basin. Seasonally, in the summer open water season in the Canadian arctic islands and Svalbard, and in recent years during the fall in northern Alaska and Russian Chukotka, polar bears may be found on land in higher densities. Breeding occurs in March to May, implantation is delayed until autumn, and birth is generally thought to occur from late November to mid-January. Although some cubs are born in earth dens, most births occur in snow dens that may be occupied between 5-6 months during the maternal event. In Alaska the maternal dens are located on the offshore sea ice. Only pregnant female polar bears den for this protracted period of time, during which time they rely on fat stores for energy and sustenance. The average litter size is less than two. Cubs are dependent upon mothers until after the start of their third year of life. Age of first reproduction is normally 5-6 years for females. These factors contribute to the low reproductive potential for the species (Schliebe et al. 2006).","The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment have both predicted that the Arctic is extremely vulnerable to projected climate change. Polar bears will likely be shifted pole-ward if the sea ice retreats. According to new scenarios presented by the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Centre and others, the polar ice cap will disappear almost entirely during summer in the next 100 years. The winter ice over the continental shelf in the European Arctic will probably also disappear (Furevik et al. 2002). The increasing changes in the sea ice that affect access to prey will have a negative effect on the bears. With less food, polar bears will fail to reproduce more often and give birth to smaller young that have higher mortality rates. Polar bears may be forced on shore for extended periods and rely on fat reserves deposited the previous spring for survival. In such a situation they will be increasingly vulnerable to unregulated hunting. If these periods become excessively long, mortality will increase. Sea ice is also used for access to den areas and if ice patterns change, existing den areas may be unreachable. Warmer temperatures and higher winds may reduce ice thickness and increase ice drift. Because polar bears must walk against the moving ice (like walking the wrong way on an escalator) increased ice movements will increase energy use and reduce growth and reproduction (Schliebe et al. 2006). Polar bears are the apex predator and are exposed to high levels of pollutants that are magnified with each step higher in the food web. A key characteristic of the pollutants is that they tend to persist in the environment and resist degradation. Many of the organochlorine pollutants are lipophilic or ""fat loving"" and bond tightly to fat molecules. Polar bears are particularly vulnerable to organochlorines because they eat a fat rich diet. Ringed, bearded, and harp seals comprise the main food of polar bears and the blubber layer is preferentially eaten by the bears and subsequently, the intake of pollutants is high (Schliebe et al. 2006). Certain areas of the Arctic, such as north-east Greenland, the Barents Sea and the Kara Sea, have higher levels of pollutants. Based on studies in other species, it is reasonable to believe that the pollutant load of polar bears in some areas are negatively affecting the immune system, hormone regulation, growth patterns, reproduction, and survival rates of polar bears (Derocher et al. 2002). Recent studies have suggested that the immune system is weaker in polar bears with higher levels of PCBs. A major concern with polar bears pertains to their reproductive system. There are suggestions that species with delayed implantation are more vulnerable to the effects of pollution through endocrine (hormone) disruption. Further, female polar bears are food deprived during gestation their pollution loads increase because as they use their fat stores, where pollutants are stored, for energy. Because the cubs are nursed on fat rich milk, the cubs are exposed to very high pollution loads from their mother (Schliebe et al. 2006). Recent studies have indicated that high loads of organochlorines may cause reduction in the size of sexual organs of polar bears in certain areas, thus theoretically impairing reproduction (Sonne et al. 2006).Oil development in the Arctic poses a wide range of threats to polar bears ranging from oil spills to increased human-bear interactions (Derocher et al. 2002). It is probable that an oil spill in sea ice habitat would result in oil being concentrated in leads and between ice floes resulting in both polar bears and their main prey (ringed and bearded seals) being directly exposed to oil. Another concern is that seals covered in oil may be a major source of oil to polar bears. Other studies suggest that Polar Bears are sensitive to disturbance at maternity den sites. Disturbance could occur both when a pregnant female is selecting a den site and during the winter-spring after the cubs are born. If exploration or development occurred sufficiently close to a den, the mother may abandon the den prematurely or abandon her offspring (Schliebe et al. 2006).","Conservation actions vary by jurisdiction. The International Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears provides guidance, and Article II of the Agreement states that each contracting party ""shall manage polar bear populations in accordance with sound conservation practices based on the best available scientific information,"" and according to Article VII, ""The Contracting Parties shall conduct national research programs on Polar Bears"" and ""..consult with each other on the management of migrating polar bear populations"". These articles have been important for stimulating governments to support applied research to answer management questions regarding polar bears throughout their range. This work is coordinated through the IUCN SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group (PBSG). Resolutions from the PBSG are developed and directed toward ensuring that the terms and intentions of the Agreement are being met. Coordinated research is ongoing, management actions are reviewed for consistency, and legislation to effect bilateral management for internationally shared populations such as between the US-Russia is being pursued. Additional cooperative management agreements between Canada and Greenland are desirable and currently being developed (Schliebe et al. 2006). Additional details of the Global Status and Management of Polar Bears are contained in the IUCN ""Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan: Bears"" (Servheen et al. 1999) and at the PBSG website (http://pbsg.npolar.no/). The polar bear is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention, and Appendix II of CITES.",,,"Wiig, Ø., Aars, J., Belikov, S.E. and Boltunov, A.",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CHIROPTERA,VESPERTILIONIDAE,Vespertilio,murinus,,Vespertilio murinus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Unknown,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The species is widespread and common, and there is no evidence of current significant population decline. Consequently it is classed as Least Concern.",,"Vespertilio murinus has a wide distribution in the northern Palaearctic, from France and the Netherlands in the west through central, northern, and eastern Europe and Siberia to the Pacific coast. The northern limit is above 60°N in Fennoscandia and ca. 63°N in Russia, and the southern limit of its range passes through the Balkan peninsula, northern Iran, central Asia, Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and China. The southern records refer to wintering individuals, and the most western records refer to vagrants. Breeding is restricted to the northern part of the range in this migratory species. It occurs from sea level to over 3,000 m.","An abundant species in northern parts of its European range. Summer maternity colonies number 30-50 (exceptionally 200) females; males may also form large colonies in summer. In winter it usually occurs singly or in small groups (although clusters of up to 30 have been recorded). Populations are expanding in some parts of the range, for example Denmark (H. J. Baagøe pers. comm.) and the Netherlands (H.J.G.A. Limpens pers. comm.)","It forages in open areas over various habitat types (forest, urban, steppe, agricultural land). It feeds on moths and beetles. Summer roosts tend to be situated in houses or other buildings; also rarely hollow trees, nest boxes, or rock crevices. Winter roost sites include rock fissures, often (as substitute) crevices in tall buildings (including, or especially, in cities), occasionally tree holes or cellars. Winter roosts are usually in colder sites that are exposed to temperature changes. Migrations of up to 1,780 km have been recorded (Markovets et al. 2004), although the species is sedentary in a large part of its range.","Although not a major threat, the species is affected by loss of or disturbance to roosts in buildings.","It is protected by national legislation in most range states. There are also international legal obligations for its protection through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention, in parts of its range where these apply. It is included in Annex IV of EU Habitats & Species Directive. No specific conservation actions are known.",,,"Tony Hutson, Friederike Spitzenberger, Stéphane Aulagnier, Ioan Coroiu, Michael Stubbe",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CARNIVORA,MUSTELIDAE,Vormela,peregusna,,Vormela peregusna,,The infra-specific taxonomy is not clear and further work on this is required (most of the work so far has been done on pelts). The nominate subspecies is found in Europe.,No,VU,A2c,No,,,EU25,-,"European: Listed as Vulnerable under criterion A2c. It seems reasonable to infer at least a 30% reduction in the population in the last ten years due to the loss of steppe habitat. This reduction may continue into the future but it is difficult to say if it would be at the same rate. The assessment was not adjusted as there is unlikely to be any rescue effect and the European population is unlikely to be a sink.  EU 25: Of the EU 25 countries, it occurs only in Greece, where there are few records. Less than 1% of the global population is estimated to occur in the EU 25, so the species is classed as Not Applicable in this region as it is of marginal occurrence.",,"The marbled polecat has a distribution extending from south-east Europe, through Asia Minor, the Middle East, the Caucasus, and Central Asia, to northern China and Mongolia. In Europe, it is found in Serbia and Montenegro, Macedonia, Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkish Thrace, and parts of Ukraine (the polecat has disappeared from most of this country and is now present only in the east) and the Russian Federation and the northern Caucasus (the steppe areas, not the mountains). It is also known to be widespread throughout the Middle East, having been recorded from just across the Sinai eastern border in Gaza (Harrison 1968), in Israel/Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and northern Iraq and northern Saudi Arabia (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott 1951, Harrison 1968, Nader 1991). Saleh and Basuony (1998) report the first records of this species from Egypt, as it was recorded from two localities on the northern part of the Sinai Peninsula (southeast of Bir El Abd and just north of Gabal El Maghara). It occurs from sea level up to 3,000 m in the Tien Shan mountains.","It is rare throughout much of its range, and is classed as 'Rare' in the Russian Federation. Its northerly range is receding in the Balkans and Ukraine (Rozhnov 1999), and in European Russia. It has declined substantially in Europe in line with the loss of steppe habitats. Declines are also suspected in central Asia. It is less rare in central Asia than elsewhere, but not common there. The species has always been naturally rare in most areas, although it appears to be common throughout northern Sinai, and well known to the local Bedouins there (Saleh and Basuony 1998). The largest population in the Middle East is reported to be in Israel (Michael Stubbe pers. comm. 2006).","It inhabits desert, semi-desert and steppe habitats. It is a specialized predator, feeding mainly on desert and steppe rodents such as gerbils, ground squirrels, and birds. It is the most fossorial of all weasels.","The major threat to this species is the loss of natural steppe and desert habitats. Steppe habitats are declining in Europe as they are converted to cultivated farmland. Secondary poisoning by rodenticides may also be a threat, as are population declines in key prey species (a number of steppe rodent species are declining in Europe). In China, desertification is the major threat to the species.","It is strictly protected under Appendix II of the Bern Convention and Annexes II and IV of the EU Habitats Directive. Hunting for this species is prohibited in most countries across its range. It occurs in a number of protected areas across its range, but there is a need to increase the size of these. There is an urgent need to protect the remaining steppe habitat of this species. It is a flagship species for the steppe. A number of animals are in captivity, but a breeding program is not necessary. Russia's and China's Red Lists note the species as Vulnerable.",,,"Alexei Tikhonov, Paulo Cavallini, Tiit Maran, Andreas Kranz, Juan Herrero, Giorgos Giannatos, Michael Stubbe, Jim Conroy, Boris Krystufek, Alexei Abramov, Chris Wozencraft",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CARNIVORA,CANIDAE,Vulpes,corsac,,Vulpes corsac,,"Canis corsac Linnaeus, 1768:223. Type locality: “in campismagi deserti ab Jaco fluvio verus Irtim”; restricted by Ognev (1935) as “USSR, N. Kazakhstan, steppes between Ural and Irtysh rivers, near Petropavlovsk” (in Honacki et al. 1982). It has been suggested that Canis eckloni described by Przhevalski (1883) from Northern Tibet is a subspecies of the corsac (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott 1951). However, Canis eckloni is in fact a junior synonym for Vulpes ferrilata (Geptner et al. 1967). This confusion probably originated from earlier work by Przhevalski referring to the latter as “corsac”. Chromosome number: 2n=36, FN=72 (Aristov and Baryshnikov 2001).",No,LC,,No,NE,,EU25,-,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Not Evaluated (NE)The corsac is found in central Asia, ranging into Mongolia and northeastern China. Populations fluctuate significantly. Population decreases are dramatic, caused by catastrophic climatic events, and numbers can drop tenfold within the space of a single year. Corsac foxes have the ability to forego water and food for extended periods of time. They are well adapted to a hot and dry climate. Current population status, and the nature of major threats, is unknown in most regions. However, the species is not considered threatened at present.",,"Narrower than the historical range and includes two parts. The first covers the Middle Asian republics of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan, as well as steppe and forest-steppe areas of Russia, including the southern region of Western Siberia. In Europe its range reaches the Samara Region, Tatarstan to the North and northern Caucasia to the South. The second, much smaller area lies in southern Transbaikalye representing the northern periphery of the Mongolian and Manchurian section of the species area. Outside Russia the species area includes the steppe part of north-eastern China, including Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, and the region between Argun and Big Khingan, the entire Mongolian republic except for its forested and mountain regions, Dgungaria, Kashgaria, Afghanistan (probably only northern) and north-eastern Iran. Southern limit of distribution is unknown, but possibly it reaches to the mountain ridges separating the Tibet Highland from the North. Thus, the two ranges (western and eastern) are connected by a relatively narrow neck in the Dgungar Gate and Zaisan Basin region. In recent years a westward area expansion has been recorded, particularly into the Voronezh region following active recovery of baibak (Marmota bobak) populations. Occasionally, the species is recorded from the Ukrainian steppe (as far as Pavlodar to the West), eastern Transcaucasia (Azerbaijan) and, probably, western Kyrgyzstan.","Corsac populations fluctuate significantly. Population decreases are dramatic, caused by catastrophic climatic events, and numbers can drop tenfold within the space of a single year. On the other hand, in favourable years numbers can increase by the same margin and more within a three to four year period. Corsac foxes have the ability to forego water and food for extended periods of time. They are well adapted to a hot and dry climate. Current population status is unknown in most regions. Dramatic population changes were reported during the last century in PredKavkazie, between Kuma and Terek rivers and in Kuma-Manich Channel region. A drastic population decline was reported at the beginning of the last century (Dinnik 1914). Numbers had recovered by 1924 to 1925; one hunter during that time could take up to 15–30 corsac foxes in one season (Ognev 1931). By 1931 numbers decreased again with a subsequent increase in 1951 (Verezhagin 1959). In the Ural region during particular years up to 5,500 animals were taken by trappers, and up to 1,700 in the Gurievskaya region. To the south, in Mangishlak and Ustyurt, the corsac is widespread and in some years abundant. In Russia the corsac is rare in most regions, but common in West Siberia and Transbaikalie. It sometimes occurs in northern parts of West Siberia's forested steppes, but in low numbers. The species is common everywhere between the Volga and Ural rivers. In Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and northern China, the corsac is common or abundant, although in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan the species is usually rare. Population status in Afghanistan and Iran is unknown.","The corsac typically inhabits steppes, semi-deserts and deserts, avoiding mountains, forested areas and dense bush. In the western part of the range they occur in low-grass steppe, avoiding dense and tall grass steppes. In Kaspyi Sea region the steppes and tarragon-cereal semi-deserts are favoured. It also occurs in fixed-sand habitats (Nogaiskaya Steppe). In Volgo-Ural watershed the corsac inhabits most usual habitats, but prefers semi-deserts. To the east of the Ural Mountains, the species inhabits steppes and in favourable years occurs even in forested steppes. In Kazakhstan typical habitats are low grass steppes and semi-deserts, often inhabiting low hills, but avoiding low mountains. In Middle-Asia it inhabits semi-deserts and ephemeral-deserts, avoiding drifting sands. One limiting factor is snow height in winter, and this species avoids areas where the depth of snow exceeds 150 mm, preferring areas where the snow is either shallower or highly compressed.Corsac foxes appear to depend on distribution of ground squirrels and marmots for food and shelter (the burrows being enlarged and used for refuge).","Development in Kazakhstan in the mid-1850s caused a significant reduction of corsac numbers in previously undisturbed habitats. In the 20th century several catastrophic population declines were recorded. During such crashes hunting on corsac foxes in the former Soviet Union was banned. For example, hunting of corsac foxes was stopped within the entire Kazakhstan territory from 1928 to 1938. Current population status, and the nature of major threats, is unknown in most regions. The western part of the range populations are recovering and their range expanding. In Kalmikiya large desert areas are changing into grass steppes, less suitable for corsac foxes. In Middle Asia and Kazakhstan a dramatic decrease of livestock during the last decade influenced many ecosystems and wildlife populations. However, the exact influence of this process on corsac populations remains unknown.Corsac pelts have been intensively traded. In general, over much of Russia during the 19th century, as many as 40,000–50,000 corsac pelts were traded in some years. For the time being, corsac pelts are not as highly appreciated as red fox pelts, and corsac foxes are usually trapped only incidentally.","Corsac foxes are protected in strict nature reserves (the highest protection status for the territory) and in national parks in China, Russia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Mongolia.Not listed on CITES Appendices.Listed in some regional Red books in Russia: Bashkir (Volga tribute) and Buryat (Transbaikalia region) with category III status (species with declining populations).Hunting of corsac foxes is regulated by special national legislation, in which the species is considered a fur-bearer species (Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia). Trapping/hunting is allowed only from November through March in Russia, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan. Certain methods of hunting are prohibited, such as digging or smoking animals out of dens, den flooding, and poisoning.No special conservation programmes have been carried out. Outside of protected areas, the corsac has the status of game species.Corsac foxes breed well in captivity, and there are some 29 animals currently listed in ISIS. In Moscow Zoo during 1960s one pair of corsac foxes produced six litters during the time that they remained together. Corsac foxes are easily habituated to humans.There are several aspects of this species' biology that require investigation, including social organization and behaviour, population structure, current distribution and population status in different regions, current levels of trapping/hunting impact, and other threats to the species.",,,"Global assessment by A. Poyarkov and N. Ovsyanikov, regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CARNIVORA,CANIDAE,Vulpes,vulpes,,Vulpes vulpes,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU25,Possibly Favourable,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)EU 25 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)A very widespread and extremely abundant species that is highly adaptable to man-made habitats. It faces no major threats. It thus qualifies as Least Concern.,,"The red fox has an extremely large range. It is distributed throughout the northern hemisphere, from the Arctic Circle to North Africa, Central America, and the Asiatic steppes. It is absent from Iceland, the Arctic islands, some parts of Siberia, and it avoids desert areas. It occurs throughout the whole of Europe, with the exception of Iceland, Svalbard, Crete, and some of the smaller Mediterranean and North Sea islands (Hall 1981, Ginsberg and Macdonald 1990, Abe 1994, Stubbe 1999, Wilson and Ruff 1999, Abe et al. 2005). European subspecies were introduced to the eastern states of the US (e.g. Virginia) in the 17th Century, mixed with local subspecies, and then moved southwards with forest clearance. The species was also introduced to Australia in 1800s. Elsewhere introduced to the Falkland Islands (Malvinas) and to the Isle of Man (UK), although it may subsequently have disappeared there (Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004).  It occurs from sea level to 3,000 m (Stubbe 1999).","It is the most widespread and abundant wild carnivore in the world (Larivière and Pasitschniak-Arts 1996) and there are stable populations throughout Europe. In central Europe, populations are increasing owing to the oral immunisation of foxes against rabies (Stubbe 1999). In Germany 500,000 are killed every year by hunting (M. Stubbe pers. comm. 2006). In the UK the population was recently estimated to number approximately a quarter of a million animals (Battersby 2005).","In Europe it is found in a very wide variety of habitats including all types of forest and open landscapes. It is well adapted to many anthropogenic habitats including farmland and suburban and urban areas (Larivière and Pasitschniak-Arts 1996, Stubbe 1999). Red foxes are adaptable and opportunistic omnivores, with a diet ranging from invertebrates (e.g. earthworms and beetles) to mammals and birds (including game birds), and fruit. They also scavenge in rural areas (e.g. in Europe and Canada on deer and sheep carcasses which may be the major food source in upland areas inwinter), and in urban areas (on bird tables, compost heaps and refuse) (Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004).","It is hunted for sport, and is persecuted as a pest (Stubbe 1999). However, this is not a threat to the survival of the species.","It is present in most protected areas in temperate and subarctic regions, with the exception of some inaccessible islands. It is widely regarded as a pest and is not protected, although most range states where trapping or hunting occurs have regulated closed versus open seasons and restrictions on methods of capture. In the European Union, trapping methods are regulated under an agreement on international trapping standards that was signed in 1997 (Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004). Controlling red foxes may be necessary where rare species, or threatened populations, are at risk from red fox predation (Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004). For example, nest predation by foxes has completely prevented recruitment to an internationally important sandwich tern colony in a number of consecutive years (Musgrave 1993).",,,"Andreas Kranz, Alexei Tikhonov, Jim Conroy, Paulo Cavallini, Juan Herrero, Michael Stubbe, Tiit Maran, Margarida Fernandes",,,
Mammals,2009_November,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MAMMALIA,CETARTIODACTYLA,ZIPHIIDAE,Ziphius,cavirostris,,Ziphius cavirostris,,Recent genetic analysis confirmed that this genus is monotypic (Dalebout et al. 2005).,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU25,Unknown,"The range of this species does not qualify as threatened under criterion B. It cannot be ruled out that the regional population of this species is small enough to warrant listing under criterion C. Population trend or abundance data for this species are unavailable. As with other beaked whales, threats that could cause widespread declines include high levels of anthropogenic sound, especially military sonar and seismic surveys, and bycatch. The combination of possible declines driven by vulnerability to high-level anthropogenic sound sources and bycatch is believed sufficient that a 30% reduction over three generations could not be ruled out. Therefore, the species is currently considered to be Data Deficient.",,"Cuvier's beaked whales may have the most extensive range of any beaked whale species (Heyning 1989, 2002).  They are widely distributed in offshore waters of all oceans, from the topics to the polar regions in both hemispheres.  Their range covers most marine waters of the world, with the exception of shallow water areas, and very high-latitude polar regions. They are found in many enclosed seas, such as the Gulf of California, Gulf of Mexico, Carribean Sea, Sea of Japan, and the Sea of Okhotsk (but not in the Baltic or Black seas). This is the only species of beaked whale regularly found in the Mediterranean Sea, where it is quite common (Podesta et al. 2006).","Global abundance has not been estimated for Cuvier’s beaked whales, but abundance has been estimated for several study areas (not in European waters). Abundance is often underestimated using visual survey methods because they dive for long periods and are often inconspicuous when they surface (Barlow et al. 2006). They are undoubtedly among the most common and abundant of all the beaked whales. However, it should be noted that there are no trend data, and the large uncertainty in abundance estimates makes the detection of population change extremely unlikely.This is the only widely-distributed beaked whale species for which a global assessment of genetic diversity has been conducted.  The results of this study suggest that there is probably little movement of Cuvier’s beaked whales among different ocean basins, and that there may even be a distinct subpopulation in the Mediterranean Sea (Dalebout et al. 2005).","Due to their widespread distribution and relatively frequent stranding, Cuvier's beaked whale may be one of the most familiar of the beaked whales (Heyning 1989, 2002). They are found mostly in small groups of 2-7, but are not uncommonly seen alone. Strandings are usually of singletons or cow-calf pairs. A typical mass strandings of larger numbers of animals have been strongly linked acoustic trauma resulting from navy sonar or seismic exploration activities in the vicinity (e.g. Frantzis 1998).  Their behavior tends to be rather elusive, and they can be difficult to approach.  However, they have been seen breaching on a number of occasions. Dives of up to 40 minutes have been documented.Although Cuvier’s beaked whales can be found nearly anywhere in deep (>200 m) waters, they seem to prefer waters near the continental slope, especially those with a steep sea bottom. The species is known around many oceanic islands, and in some enclosed seas. It is rarely found close to mainland shores, except in submarine canyons or in areas where the continental shelf is narrow and coastal waters are deep (Heyning 1989, 2002) and is mostly a pelagic species that appears to be confined by the 10° C isotherm and the 1000 m bathymetric contour (Houston 1991, Robineau and di Natale 1995).Cuvier's beaked whales, like all beaked whales, appear to prefer deep waters for feeding. Although few stomach contents have been examined, they appear to feed mostly on deep-sea squid, but also sometimes take fish and some crustaceans (MacLeod et al. 2003). They apparently feed both near the bottom and in the water column. As with other beaked whales, suction appears to be used to draw prey items into the mouth at close range (Heyning and Mead 1996). They may sometimes incidentally ingest non-food items.","Never the main target of commercial whalers, Cuvier’s beaked whales have sometimes been taken in other direct fisheries outside Europe (Heyning 1989, Jefferson et al. 1993). Bycatch of Cuvier’s beaked whales has been reported in several fisheries, including the Italian swordfish fishery (Notarbartolo di Sciara 1990). Mignucci et al. (1999) conducted an assessment of cetacean strandings in waters off Puerto Rico, the United States and the British Virgin Islands to identify the factors associated with reported mortality events between 1867 and 1995. Cuvier's beaked whale was the second most common species. An increase in the number of strandings is evident over the past 20 years, averaging 63.1% per year. Between 1990 and 1995, the average number of cases per year increased from 2.1 to 8.2. The seasonal pattern of strandings was not found to be uniform, with a high number of strandings occurring in the winter and spring. The most common human-related cause categories observed were entanglement and accidental captures, followed by animals being shot or speared. Evidence from stranded individuals of several similar species of beaked whales indicates that they have swallowed discarded plastic items. Sometimes this may happen when animals are already ill and incapable of finding/catching normal prey (e.g. Gomercic et al. 2006), or they may be healthy and eat it by accident and it then contributes to blockage of the digestive tract and eventual death (e.g. Scott et al. 2001). Therefore Ziphuis cavirostris may also be at risk.In recent years, there has been increasing concern that loud underwater sounds, such as active sonar and seismic operations, may be harmful to beaked whales (Malakoff 2002). The use of active sonar from military vessels has been implicated in a number of mass strandings of Cuvier’s beaked whales, including in the Mediterranean Sea during 1996 (Frantzis 1998), the Bahamas during 2000 (Balcomb and Claridge 2001), the Madeira Islands in 2000 (Freitas 2004) and the Canary Islands in 2002 (Jepson et al. 2003). The mechanistic cause of the strandings is not well understood, but gas bubble formation (Fernandez et al. 2005) from a behaviorally mediated response to sound has been proposed (Cox et al. 2006).","Very little is known about this species. However, mass strandings after military sonar tests are a matter of serious concern and should be further investigated. The global effects of bycatches in fisheries cannot be evaluated. Bycatch of Cuvier’s beaked whales may have been unsustainable in the California/Oregon drift gillnet fishery in the early 1990s (Barlow et al. 1995), however, the observed bycatch of Cuvier’s and other beaked whales dropped to zero after pingers were required to reduce cetacean mortality (Barlow and Gisiner 2006). Given this success, pingers might be useful in mitigating fishery bycatch in other locations.  Because they dive for such long periods and are so difficult to see at the surface, mitigation methods that depend on visually detecting them are not likely to reduce the impacts of acute sound impacts (such as military sonar or seismic surveys) (Barlow and Gisiner 2006). Areas of higher than average abundance can be identified (Ferguson et al. 2006, MacLeod and Mitchell 2006), and avoiding such areas may be a helpful mitigation method.",,,Species account by IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist Group; regional assessment by European Mammal Assessment team,,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,POMACENTRIDAE,Abudefduf,luridus,,Abudefduf luridus,"(Cuvier, 1830)","On-going genetic studies indicate that this species belongs to another genus, as of yet undetermined (L.A. Rocha pers. comm. 2010).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC   Genetic studies indicate that this species may belong to another genera. Until these studies are published, we provisionally accept this species as Abudefduf  luridus. It is found in the northeastern and central Atlantic. It is reportedly common throughout most of its range and can be locally abundant in some places. There are no known threats to this species, and it is found in marine protected areas in parts of its distribution. It is, therefore, assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Abudefduf luridus is found in the eastern central Atlantic Ocean, where it is known from the Azores south to Senegal (Allen 1991). In the northeastern Atlantic, Abudefduf luridus is known only from the Azores, Madeira, and Canary Islands. It is found at depths ranging from 0 ton 25 meters (Allen 1991).","Abudefduf luridus is reported as common throughout its range (Allen 1991). This species was frequently observed in the Cape Verde Archipelago; it occurred with 46.4% frequency at the Northwest Bank. In João Valente Bank, this species occurred with  91.1% frequency (Monteiro et al. 2008). In the Canary islands, it was among the 5 most abundant species (Hajagos and van Tassel 2001).","Abudefduf luridus is reef-associated and non-migratory species found at depths of 0 to 25 meters. It inhabits rocky inshore areas, often near sand. Juveniles of this species are found in tide pools (Allen 1991). Its diet consists mainly of algae with associated minute invertebrates (Quignard and Pras 1986). Abudefduf luridus is oviparous, with distinct pairing during breeding. Its eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate (Breder and Rosen 1966). Males protect the eggs which are deposited in nests. It spawns in late summer (Quignard and Pras 1986). Other ecological aspects of this species, such as fecundity, stages of maturation and early life history traits are poorly understood for this species.","This species is a minor component of the aquarium trade, but there have been no documented declines in abundance because of the harvesting for the aquarium trade.","There are not any specific conservation measures in place for this species, but there are numerous marine protected areas in parts of its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010).","This species is a minor component of the aquarium trade. There are no data to suggest that the harvest for aquarium trade is adversely effecting the population of A. luridus in the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean and Black Sea.","Strongin, K.","Herrera, J. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STEPHANOBERYCIFORMES,STEPHANOBERYCIDAE,Acanthochaenus,luetkenii,,Acanthochaenus luetkenii,"Gill, 1884",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Acanthochaenus luetkenii is found in subtropical and temperate waters worldwide, but within Europe is only recorded from the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"Acanthochaenus luetkenii is found in subtropical and temperate waters worldwide (Moore et al. 2003). Within the European region, it has been recorded from the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014, Santos et al. 1997). Larvae Specimens have been collected or seen from depths of 951 to 5,400 m (Moore in press).",Acanthochaenus luetkenii is a rare demersal species (Moore et al. 2003).,"Little is known about the habitats and ecology of A. luetkenii. Individuals of A. luetkenii are sexually mature by 8.0 cm, and the maximum recorded size is 14.1 cm (Moore in press).",There are no known major threats to this species.,There are no known conservation measures in place for A. levisquamosus.,There are no known uses of A. luetkenii.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Harold, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SCOMBRIDAE,Acanthocybium,solandri,,Acanthocybium solandri,"(Cuvier, 1832)","Genetic information suggests that this species is one highly connected population worldwide (Garber et al. 2005, Theisen et al. 2008).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Wahoo Acanthocybium solandri is found in tropical and subtropical waters worldwide. In european waters the fish is found in the northeastern Atlantic (off the Canary and Madeira Islands and the Azores) and occasionally in the Mediterranean Sea. Although there are few organized fisheries for A. solandri, there is a traditional fishery off the Canary Islands. The fish is fast growing and early maturing, and there is no current evidence of it being significantly impacted by current fishing effort in the region. Therefore, A. solandri is listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Acanthocybium solandri is found in tropical and subtropical waters of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, the fish is found off the Canary and Madeira islands and the Azores. It is very occasionally found in the Mediterranean (Romeo et al. 2005). It is found to at least 340 m depth (Nóbrega et al. 2009).","Genetic information suggests that this species is one highly connected population worldwide (Garber et al. 2005, Theisen et al. 2008). Few data are available on the population status of A. solandri, particularly in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. It occurs only sporadically in the Mediterranean, and catches are generally not reported. Acanthocybium solandri sustains a traditional fishery off the Canary Islands, and there is no evidence of substantial declines there. The population is estimated to be relatively stable, primarily due to their rapid growth rate and reproductive potential. FAO (2014) capture production data for the fish for the eastern central and northeast atlantic and the Mediterranean and Black sea fishery areas shows no clear trend over the period 1981 - 2012, with a record 2,309 tonnes reported in 1981, declining to 147 tonnes in 1985, but fluctuating above and below 1,000 tonnes per annum since 2006.","This is an oceanic, epipelagic species frequently found solitarily or forming small, loose aggregations rather than compact schools. It is found to at least 340 m (Nobrega et al. 2009). It feeds on fishes and squids. This species feeds on cephalopods around São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago (Andrade et al. 2007), where the flying fish Cypselurus cyanopterus is also an important food item, together with other fishes, such as Oxyporhamphus micropterus and Dactylopterus volitans (Vaske-Junior et al. 2003). Its spawning season in Gulf of Mexico, Bahamas and Bermuda is from at least May–October (Oxenford et al. 2003). In St. Peter and St. Paul's Rocks spawning occurs in April and May. Individuals caught in this region are primarily adults that are gathering to spawn (Melo et al. 2011). Females are multiple batch spawners and are highly fecund. An individual female might spawn every 2–6 days, a total of 20–62 times during a spawning season. The mean batch fecundity in the northern Gulf of Mexico is 1.1 million eggs resulting in a total annual fecundity of 30–92.8 million eggs (Brown-Peterson et al. 2000). Batch fecundity for Florida and the Bahamas ranged from 0.8–1.7 million eggs (Jenkins and McBride 2009). Fish in different maturity stages are frequently caught at the same time. This is a fast growing species with high mortality. This species exhibits early sexual maturity, usually within the first year. Generation length is estimated to be between 3–5 years (Collette et al. 2011). Average reproductive age is one year for females and two years for males. The species lives on average for 5–6 years (Oxenford et al. 2003), but can live as long as nine years (McBride et al. 2008, Melo et al. 2011). In the northern Gulf of Mexico, 50% sexual maturity in males is reached before 93.5 cm fork length (FL), probably at an age of one year. In females, size at 50% maturity is approximately 102 cm FL, at an estimated age of two years (Brown-Peterson et al. 2000). For the Bahamas and Florida, 50% female maturity at 92.5 cm (FL) at 0.6 years of age (Jenkins and McBride 2009). In St. Peter and St. Paul's the first sexual maturity for males was at 101 cm and at 110 cm for females, which corresponds to an age of approximately 3.8 years (Melo et al. 2011). The maximum recorded length is 200 cm from Cape Hatteras, US (Hogarth 1976) and the maximum all-tackle gamefish record an 83.5 kg fish from Cabo San Lucas, Mexico (IGFA 2014).","There do not appear to be any organized fisheries for this species in most areas (Collette and Nauen 1983). This species is typically caught by trolling, hook and line and as a bycatch in purse-seine and longline fisheries (Collette 1995). Increasing using of FADs, both fixed and those used in the tropical tuna purse seine fishery, has increased the directed and bycatch mortality of Wahoo throughout its range. However, there is a general lack of information on the mortality of these species as bycatch, exacerbated by the confusion regarding species identification (ICCAT 2009). As with other large pelagic species, A. solandri accumulates mercury in its flesh and there is a positive linear relationship between Hg and length and age, mean 0.50 mg/kg (Adams 2010).","This species' distribution includes a number of Marine Protected Areas. There are limited species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. In the US Atlantic, the harvest of this species is restricted to hook and line gear (SAFMC 2003). Area wide annual closures of 62 days exist for this species in the Eastern Pacific, and there is also a FAD closure in the western and central Pacific for two months a year (WCPFC 2009). The fish is frequently grouped with a number of other species as 'Small tunas' for management purposes (STECF 2014). No management recommendations have been presented by the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) due to the lack of proper data, historical series and analyses (STECF 2014). Improved knowledge of migration patterns, reproductive characteristics and critical habitat, validation of age, growth and mortality estimates, and a more comprehensive analysis of stock structure for the eastern Atlantic are needed for informed Wahoo stock assessment and management (Oxenford et al. 2003). Acanthocybium solandri was assessed as Least Concern globally (Collette et al. 2011, IUCN 2011) and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","This species is caught in commercial, artisanal, or recreational fisheries throughout its range. In the Atlantic, small scombrids are exploited mainly by coastal fisheries and often by artisanal fisheries, although substantial catches are also made, either as target species or as bycatch, by purse seiners, mid-water trawlers, handlines, troll lines, driftnets, surface drifting long-lines and small scale gillnets. Several recreational fisheries also target small scombrids. Although there are few organized fisheries for A. solandri, there is a traditional fishery off the Canary Islands.","Allen, D.J., Polidoro, B. & Kemp, J.R.","Collette, B. & Heessen, H.","Acero, A., Amorim, A.F., Boustany, A., Canales Ramirez, C., Cardenas, G., Carpenter, K.E., Di Natale, A., Die, D., Fox, W., Fredou, F.L., Graves, J., Guzman-Mora, A.G., Hinton, M., Juan Jorda, M., Kada, O., Minte Vera, C., Miyabe, N., Montano Cruz, R., Ne",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,LABRIDAE,Acantholabrus,palloni,,Acantholabrus palloni,"(Risso, 1810)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Although uncommon, this species is widespread in the European region and there are no known major threats to this species. Habitat alterations may prove to be detrimental to this species, however there are no data at present to quantify this or other unknown threats. The species is therefore listed as Least Concern. Further research into the species distribution in the Mediterranean is required.",Unknown,"In the European region this species is present in the eastern Atlantic from northern-central Norway southwards, excluding the Baltic Sea but including the southern coast of the United Kingdom, south to the Spanish coast and the Macaronesian islands (Azores and Madeira). In the Mediterranean Sea, the species is generally widespread, but it is very rare in the eastern Mediterranean, where it has been recorded from Lebanon but not from Israel in the Levant. It is not present in the Sea of Marmara nor in the Black Sea. This species probably also occurs around the main Mediterranean offshore islands, but additional information is needed (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2008). Outside the European region, the species' distribution extends southwards to Central Africa.","This species is considered to be relatively rare. However, this is likely to be an artefact of poor sampling by fisheries and/or fisheries independent methods.","This species usually lives in benthic, coralligenous habitats. It also inhabits rocky overhangs, rocky cliffs and the entrances to underwater caves (Sartoretto et al. 1997), and it can also occur over sandy substrates (Golani et al. 2006). It is generally a solitary species but can also occur in small groups. Its diet likely consists mainly of benthic invertebrates although few data exist to confirm this.",There are no known major threats. The minor threats may include habitat alteration however at present there are no data to quantify the effects of such alterations.,There are no known species specific conservation measures in place for this species. It is assumed to occur in marine protected areas within its distribution.,The species is not known to be utilised in fisheries.,"Allen, D.J. & Kemp, J.R.","Craig, M.T. & Pollard, D.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,OPHIDIIDAE,Acanthonus,armatus,,Acanthonus armatus,"Günther, 1878",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Within Europe, Acanthonus armatus is only recorded from the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"Worldwide, Acanthonus armatus is located in all tropical and subtropical oceans (Nielsen 1990, Nielsen et al. 1999). Within Europe it is found in the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014). It is associated with depths of between 1,500 and 4,400 m (Nielsen et al. 1999).","Although there have not been any quantitative studies on the population size and trends for Acanthonus armatus, it has been described as ""common"" (Nielsen et al. 1990). It is reportedly ""especially abundant"" in the tropical western Atlantic (Nielsen 1990).","Acanthonus armatus is benthopelagic at bathyal and abyssal depths (Yeh et al. 2005). The largest individual has been measures at 38 cm standard length (SL).  It is oviparous, with oval pelagic eggs floating in a gelatinous mass (Breeden and Rosen 1966). It is noted as having the smallest relative brain size among teleosts, and remarkably large semicircular canals (Nielsen 1994). The diet, fecundity, stages of maturation, and early life history traits for this species are poorly understood.","Currently, there are no known threats towards this species. However, it is a very deep-dwelling species where anthropogenic influences are thought to be at a minimum currently, but these deep sea ecosystems are at risk of deteriorating due mainly to dumping of solid wastes, biological harvesting and mineral extraction and by climate change (i.e. global and regional deep-sea circulation disruptions and nutrient stratification and isolation in the water column) all of which will significantly affect the biota of the deep seas (Ramirez-Llodra et al. 2011). ","There are not any specific conservation measures in place for this species. There are numerous marine protected areas (MPAs) in the tropical oceans of the world; however, it&#160;remains unknown how effective (MPAs) are for deep-sea fauna (Howell 2010).&#160;Research into all areas of population size and trends, the ecology and early life history traits, as well as potential threats is suggested for this species.",Acanthonus armatus is of no interest to commercial fisheries (Nielsen et al. 1999).,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Knudsen, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,TETRAODONTIFORMES,OSTRACIIDAE,Acanthostracion,notacanthus,,Acanthostracion notacanthus,"(Bleeker, 1863)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Within Europe, Acanthostracion notacanthus is known only from the Azores, and from a probable vagrant record from the western Mediterranean Sea. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"Acanthostracion notacanthus occurs in the eastern Atlantic Ocean from Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014, Santos et al. 1997), the St. Helena and Ascension islands, Ghana, Angola, and Sao Tome Island (Afonso et al. 1999) and the Mediterranean Sea (Quignard and Tomasini 2000). Within Europe, it is restricted to the Azores and a single record from the western Mediterranean Sea.",Acanthostracion notacanthus is uncommon in museum records (Fishbase 2011).,"Acanthostracion notacanthus is found over rocks, rubble and sand (Edwards 1990), mainly around islands (Duron and Quero 1990). It has also been recorded on shallow reef substrate (Santos et al. 1999).","Acanthostracion notacanthus is taken in Portuguese waters and considered to have high commercial value for the ornamental fish trade (Calado 2006), but the level of threat from this use in not known.","There are no known species specific conservation measures in place for Acanthostracion notacanthus, but its distribution overlaps with several marine protected areas.",The commercial value of Acanthostracion notacanthus specimens extracted from Portuguese waters has been estimated at 15-30 euros per individual for the marine ornamental fish trade (Calado 2006).,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,ACANTHURIDAE,Acanthurus,monroviae,,Acanthurus monroviae,"Steindachner, 1876",,No,,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Acanthurus monroviae is widely distributed in the Eastern Atlantic and is most abundant in warmer waters of the West African coast. This species appears to be expanding its range northwards in the northeast Atlantic and into the Mediterranean Sea. Only a minor portion of this species' range is within the assessment area. Therefore, A. monroviae is assessed as NA.",Increasing,"Acanthurus monroviae has been recorded from from the Portuguese western coast (38.43°N, 9.07°W) (Horta e Costa et al. 2013) south to Angola, including the offshore islands of the Canaries, Cape Verde and São Tomé and the Gulf of Guinea (Desoutter 1986). In the last two decades, it appears to have expanded its range into the Mediterranean. There are records from Algeria (Hemida et al. 2004) eastward to Israel (Golani and Sonin 1996), and it is likely that this species is patchily distributed along the North African Mediterranean Coast (Hemida et al. 2004). Vagrants have been recorded in the western Atlantic, off the coast of Brazil (Luiz‐Júnior et al. 2004). It has been recorded at depths ranging from 5–200 meters, however it is more commonly found at 5–40 meters (Desoutter 1986).","Acanthurus monroviae is found in the warmer waters of the eastern Atlantic, where it has been considered relatively common (Randall 1981). This species is expanding its range northwards into the northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean due to warming temperatures. Records from Portugal (Horte e Costa et al. 2013) represent a recent northern range expansion. Acanthurus monroviae has been considered generally common in warm waters of the eastern Atlantic (Randall 1981), particularly in association with rocky reefs and blue-green algal mats (Ateweberhan et al. 2012).","Acanthurus monroviae is restricted to areas of hard bottom, and is absent from long stretches of open sand. It is found in rocky and coral bottoms (Schneider 1990). Usually, this species found between 2–20 m. The record of 200 m is unconfirmed. As with A. achilles, large yellow area enclosing the caudal spine serves as warning coloration (Randall 2002). It feeds on zooplankton, phytoplankton and detritus (Diouf 1996). It is normally solitary; in south-east Brazil it was seen joining a school of A. chirurgus and feeding together with the members of this group (Luiz-Luiz-Júnior et al. 2004).         The sexes are separate among the acanthurids (Reeson 1983). Acanthurids do not display obvious sexual dimorphism, males assume courtship colours (J.H. Choat pers. comm. 2010). It reaches a maximum size of 45 cm total length (TL).","There have been no recorded population declines in A. monroviae. It is taken as bycatch in mixed-species demersal fisheries in parts of its range (Armah and Nunoo 2007). It is inferred that this species is taken as bycatch in mixed-species demersal fisheries in the assessment region of the northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean. Surgeon fishes show varying degrees of habitat preference and utilization of coral reef habitats, with some species spending the majority of their life stages on coral reef while others primarily utilize seagrass beds, mangroves, algal beds, and /or rocky reefs. The majority of surgeonfishes are exclusively found on coral reef habitat, and of these, approximately 80% are experiencing a greater than 30% loss of coral reef area and degradation of coral reef habitat quality across their distributions. However, more research is needed to understand the long-term effects of coral reef habitat loss and degradation on these species' populations. Widespread coral reef loss and declining habitat conditions are particularly worrying for species that recruit into areas with live coral cover. Studies have shown that protection of pristine habitats facilitate the persistence of adult populations in species that have spatially separated adult and juvenile habitats (Comeros-Raynal et al. 2012).",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with a few marine protected areas in parts of its range. Acanthurus monroviae was assessed as Least Concern globally in 2010 (IUCN 2012).,"Acanthurus monroviae is a component of the aquarium trade. It sells for US $200.00 to $300.00 depending on size. This species is collected most commonly from Southern Morocco down to Nigeria, including Cape Verde (http://www.bluezooaquatics.com, accessed 13 April 2010). Acanthurus monroviae is a commercially important species in Northwest Africa (N'Dao 1997,  Hemida et al. 2004, Armah and Nunoo 2007).","Ralph, G. & Harwell, H.","Herrera, J. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.","Stump, E.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,AGONIDAE,Agonus,cataphractus,,Agonus cataphractus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Agonus cataphractus is restricted to coastal regions of the northwest Atlantic and reaches as far as the Arctic region of the White Sea. Agonus cataphractus primarily occurs over soft bottom substrates such as sand, mud, and gravel to 270 m depth. This species has experienced decreases in population in areas of the North Sea due to anthropogenic impacts; however, increases in average abundance have been observed in the past few decades due to improvements to waste water facilities which have reduced the amount of organic pollution in the Thames estuary. Agonus cataphractus is relatively short lived and most individuals only reproduce once at the age of one year; populations of A. cataphractus are likely able to rebound quickly from disturbances. Therefore, Agonus cataphractus is assessed as Least Concern.",Increasing,"Agonus cataphractus occurs in coastal areas of the northeastern Atlantic Ocean (Wheeler 1969). It barely reaches the arctic region in the White Sea and occurs off Jan Mayen, in the Barents Seas, Norwegian Sea, Baltic Sea, and the English Channel (Wienerroither et al. 2010, Kanayama 1991). The depth range for A. cataphractus is 35 m to 270 m (Kanayama 1991).","Between a 1977 and 1992 sampling period, 3,074 individuals of A. cataphractus were captured in the Thames estuary. This species occurred in 55.4% of all samples and accounted for 0.52% of all the marine fishes sampled. The abundance of this species peaked in December and March to April with a marked decline in abundance in February of each year. Agonus cataphractus was found to be absent from the middle reaches of the estuary between early June and mid September (Power and Attrill 2002).  This species was reported to be one of three most common species found in trawls of the outer Thames estuary in the early 1960s. Agonus cataphractus was reported occasionally in samples by the late 1960s and by the 1970s this species was commonly observed in West Thurrock samples (Wheeler 1963, Andrews and Rickard 1980, Huddart and Arthur 1971, Wheeler 1979).  Biomass of this species based on catches from the English Groundfish Survery did not show any significant trends between 1977 and 1986 (Daan  et al. 1990). Sample abundances rose from 4.2 individuals per sample between 1977 and 1982, to 13.5 individuals per sample between 1983 and 1989 (Power and Attrill 2002). An exception to the overall increasing trend was observed in 1985 when abundances of this species fell significantly. This event is suspected to be due to abnormally low surface temperatures recorded during the winter of 1984 to 1985 (Power and Attril 2002). Agonus cataphractus was ranked at the ninth most abundant species and the fourth most frequently encountered species in the Forth estuary. This species was also found to be common in the lower Blyth estuary (Elliott and Taylor 1989, David and Dunn 1982). Agonus cataphractus was determined to be slightly more abundant in the middle Thames estuary than in the adjacent lower Medway estuary where this species was ranked as the 21st most abundant species sampled and comprised only 0.1% of all fish sampled (van den Broek 1979, 1980). Between 1901-1907 and 1993-1997 the catch rate appears to have sharply increased (Rijnsdorp et al. 1996).","Agonus cataphractus is a coastal species that is found over soft substrates including sand, mud and gravel. This species can grow up to about 15 cm and is short lived with a life span of three to four years. Common prey items of A. cataphractus include juvenile crabs (Carcinus maenus), shrimp (Crangon crangon) and amphipods (Grammarus spp.). Agonus cataphractus undertake a seasonal migration in the southern parts of its distribution to shallower waters and are commonly found in estuaries in winter months (Wheeler 1969). Agonus cataphractus is known to spawn in late autumn and early winter in shallow water but may occur as early as October in the French Atlantic coast (Wheeler 1969, Le Gall 1969). Agonus cataphractus usually only reproduce once at age one plus and it has been suggested that a reproductive advantage is gained when this species uses the warmer estuarine waters rather than cooler waters of the North Sea (Le Gall 1969, Power and Attrill 2002). Females deposit the demersal eggs in the alga which can range from 1.7 mm to 2.2 mm (Kanayama 1991, Washington et al. 1984) Peak occurrences of this species reported from November to January along the English east coast would coincide with an inshore spawning migration but could also be associated with seasonal use of preferred prey species such as age zero flat fish and decapod crustaceans known to peak in abundance between December and January (Attrill et al. 1999, Power  et al. 2000).   Agonus cataphractus can be found in a wide range of salinities which suggests that this species has a physiological tolerance more characteristic of a euryhaline species than that of a strictly stenohaline species. The additional metabolic costs of osmotic and ionic regulation required in varying salinities will reduce growth unless compensated by increased feeding opportunities (Power and Attril 2002, Wootton 1990). This species is commonly associated with dab and sole in flatfish nursery areas (Riley et al. 1981).","Agonus cataphractus is susceptible to anthropogenic impacts in the North Sea as it inhabits coastal and estuarine habitats. These threats may include eutrophication, coastal erosion, landfill, run-off from urban and industrial activities and waste water. The Seine, Rhine Meuse complex, Scheldt, Weser, Elbe, Humber and Thames basins are of the most heavily industrialized regions in the world (Power and Attril 2002, Ducrotoy et al. 2000).","Increased average annual abundances of A. cataphractus have been observed in the past few decades due to the reduction of organic pollution associated with the upgrade of major sewage technologies in the Thames estuary (Andrews 1984, Power and Attrill 2002).",Agonus cataphractus is a non-commercial species (Power and Attrill 2002).,"Ralph, G.","Florin, A., Keskin, Ç., Lorance, P. & Herrera, J.","Kemp, J.R.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,NOTOSUDIDAE,Ahliesaurus,berryi,,Ahliesaurus berryi,"Bertelsen, Krefft & Marshall, 1976",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Ahliesaurus berryi is a deepwater pelagic species that is circumglobally distributed in tropical and subtropical waters. Population information is limited, and it is not known to be used commercially. It has no known major threats. Therefore, Ahliesaurus berryi is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Ahliesaurus berryi is circumglobally distributed in subtropical and tropical waters. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it is known from the Azores (Santos et al. 1997, Carneiro et al. 2014), Madeira, and Portugal (Carneiro et al. 2014). It has also been reported from the Canary Islands (Bordes et al. 1999). It has a depth range of 0 to 1500 m. Tropical and subtropical Atlantic, southwestern Indian and central South Pacific oceans (Krefft 1990).",There are no population data available for this species.,"This is a deepwater, pelagic species found at 0 to 1500 m. &#160;It feeds on small crustaceans, primarily copepods. &#160;It is a hemaphroditic species, and grows as large as 27 cm (Krefft 1996).",There are no major threats known to affect this species.,There are no conservation measures in place for the protection of this species.&#160;This species may enter marine protected areas throughout its distribution (World Database on Protected Areas 2010).,This species is not known to be used commercially,"Ralph, G. & Strongin, K.","Russell, B.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,BLENNIIDAE,Aidablennius,sphynx,,Aidablennius sphynx,"(Valenciennes, 1836)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Aidablennius sphynx is widespread in the Mediterranean Sea and is found in eastern Atlantic Ocean and in warmer parts of the Black Sea. As it can live on artificial hard structures, large areas of habitats are available. This species might be impacted locally by pollution; however, it is common and widespread. It is, therefore, assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Aidablennius sphynx is primarily a Mediterranean species, extending slightly into the eastern Atlantic. In the east Atlantic, this species is present along the Moroccan coast, and it is also present throughout much of the Black Sea (Fischer et al. 2007). The species resides between 0 and 3 m, though it appears to be most common below 1.5 m (Zander 1986, Nieder 2000).",Aidablennius sphynx is common throughout parts of its range (J. Williams pers. comm. 2014).,"Aidablennius sphynx lives in very shallow waters, typically 0 to 3 m though mostly in 0 to 2 m (Zander 1986, Nieder 2000). It is typically found in rocky areas exposed to sunlight and surf on horizontal, algae-covered terraces, though it is able to live on artificial hard structures in shallow waters. Aidablennius sphynx feeds on benthic invertebrates and algae (Zander 1986). It is oviparous with demersal, adhesive eggs and distinct pairing (Breder and Rosen 1966). Males guard eggs in burrows (Zander 1986). It gets to about 8 cm (Zander 1986).","Threats to A. sphynx include habitat degradation due to pollution, but is likely to be localized.","No specific conservation measures are in place or required for this species. However, it may be found in Marine Protected Areas within its range. Aidablennius sphynx was listed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Aidablennius sphynx can be found in public aquaria, but is not utilized commercially.","Ahnelt, H. & Harvey, M.","Williams, J.T., Kovacic, M. & Herler, J.","Craig, M.T.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,NOTACANTHIFORMES,HALOSAURIDAE,Aldrovandia,affinis,,Aldrovandia affinis,"(Günther, 1877)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Within Europe, Aldrovandia affinis is known from off mainland Portugal, Madeira, the Azores, and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"This species is found circumglobally in deep waters. Within Europe, it has been recorded from off mainland Portugal, the Azores and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014) and from the Canaries (a single specimen from south of Gran Canaria: Bordes Caballero 2009). It is a deep dwelling species known from 730-2560 m depth.","This species, like many deep-dwelling species, is widespread but not locally abundant.","This species is benthopelagic and generally occurs on the middle and lower slope primarily above the 4°C isotherm. It hovers within a few meters of substrate, parallel to it or inclined at varying angles (Sulak 1986).  It feeds on polychaetes, pelecypods, amphipods and other benthic prey (Sulak 1986). It is a deep dwelling species known from 730-2560 m depth. It is not unique to particular substrate, being found over hard-bottom, rocky, and soft-bottom substrata.","There are no major threats known to this species, as its depths protects it from most anthropogenic disturbances.",There are no conservation measures in place for the protection of this species.,This species is not utilized.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Smith, D.G.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,NOTACANTHIFORMES,HALOSAURIDAE,Aldrovandia,phalacra,,Aldrovandia phalacra,"(Vaillant, 1888)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Aldrovandia phalacra is widespread and appears to be common in many of the deep-water habitats in its distribution. There are no species-specific threats, and this species is not utilized commercially. There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but there are numerous marine protected areas throughout its range. Therefore, A. phalacra is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Aldrovandia phalacra is found in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans (Sulak 1986). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, A. phalacra is found near the continental slope between 15° N and 45° N, northern Portugal to Guinea, as well as from the Azores and Canary Islands (Lloris et al. 1991). It is typically distributed from 500 to 2,300 m depth (Sulak 1996).","There are limited population data available for this species, as it has a depth range that is not often surveyed. Aldrovandia phalacra was relatively common in trawl surveys in the Galicia region off Spain (Bañón et al. 2010). Fourty-three total specimens were caught at by Bergstad et al. (2008) during a study analyzing the demersal fish on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge using bottom trawl data from the 2004 R.V. G.O. Sars expedition to the ridge segment north of the Azores (42°N) to south of Iceland (54°N). Fourty-one of the 43 specimens were from the hills and valleys just south and north of the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone which they refer to as Middle box South. In a study by Pakhorukov (2008), behavior and distribution of fish on seamounts of the Azores region up to a depth of 1,200 m were surveyed. Three individuals with a length of 25–30 cm were found from Josephine Seamount at a depth of 1,125 m; one individual with a size of about 40 cm was recorded on the Atlantis Seamount at a depth of 950 m.  Wittenberg et al. (1980) reported that this species has the greatest abundance on the lower continental slope at 1,700 m.","This is a benthopelagic species, found between 500 and 2,300 m, and is associated with islands, continental slopes, sea mounts and knolls over hard substrate. They are known to hover above the substrate at a distance of a few centimetres to a few metres (Mundy 2005). Aldrovandia phalacra occurs primarily above the 4° C isotherm (Sulak 1996).  The maximum length of this species is measured at 50 cm total length (TL) (Reiner 1996). Aldrovandia phalacra feeds on amphipods, mysids, copepods and polychaetes (Crabtree et al. 1985).  Females outnumber males 4:1 in the western North Atlantic (Sulak 1996). Sexually dimorphic males develop markedly enlarged olfactory organs at maturity, suggesting that they locate their mates through pheromones (McDowell 1973).  Breeding males of A. phalacra have the anterior nostril developed as a tube (Sulak 1996). Its apparent absence in some male specimens is attributable to regression of secondary sex characters during the non-spawning portion of the year. Thus, even very large males in early stages of annual gonad development lack the tubular anterior nostril and dark pigmentation (in light-colored species) of the head (Sulak 1977). Limited information is available for the fecundity, spawning season, recruitment or other early life history for this species.","There are no major threats to this species, as its depth makes it less likely to be affect by anthropogenic disturbances. Observations of its behavior indicate that it may be attracted to submersible lights and noise (Chave and Jones 1991).",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its circumglobal distribution overlaps with many marine protected areas.,This species is not utilized.,"Harwell, H.","Herrera, J. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.","Tighe, K., Harwell, H., Comeros-Raynal, M. & Hines, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,NOTACANTHIFORMES,HALOSAURIDAE,Aldrovandia,rostrata,,Aldrovandia rostrata,"(Günther, 1878)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Within Europe, Aldrovandia rostrata is only known from the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in the Atlantic. Within Europe, it is known only from the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014). It is a deep species found from 2600-3500 m depth.","There are no population data available for this species, as it is only found in deep waters and known from about 4 specimens.","This species is found in deep waters from 2600-3500 m depth, and is presumed to be benthopelagic.",There are no major threats to this species and it is less likely to be affected by anthropogenic disturbances given its depth range.,There are no conservation measures for this species.,This species is not utilized.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Tighe, K.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CARANGIDAE,Alectis,alexandrina,,Alectis alexandrina,(Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1817),,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Alectis alexandrina is found in the eastern Atlantic from Morocco south to Angola, including the southern parts of the Mediterranean. It is a solitary species which is found in coastal waters, in mid-water over sandy bottoms to depths of at least 70 m. It is a bycatch species of small pelagic fisherie throughout its range, however there are are no species-specific landing statistics available. Large individuals are considered gamefish. There is a paucity of basic biological information available. There have been no recorded population declines in this species. There are no species-specific conservation measures in place. Therefore, A. alexandrina is assessed as Least Concern. There is a need for more research concerning the basic biology of this species.",Unknown,"Alectis alexandrina is found in the eastern Atlantic from the Iberian peninsula south to Angola, including the southern parts of the Mediterranean (Smith-Vaniz in press). Within the Mediterranean, A. alexandrina is present in Adriatic Sea (Dulčić 2005), as well as off the coasts of Israel (Golani et al. 2002), Egypt, Lebanon and Syria (M. Bariche pers. comm. 2007). This species has been reported at depths ranging from 0–70 metres.","Regional population information: Northeastern Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean and Black Sea Although it is a species of minor commercial importance throughout its range, species-specific landings for A. alexandrina are not declared to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Aggregate landings of  ""Carangidae nei"" in the Northeast Atlantic Fishing Zone were first declared Spain and Portugal in the early 2000s, and increase throughout the time series (FAO 2011 FishStatJ accessed 2014 January). The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) does not collect species-specific data on carangids for mapping purposes. All carangid data are aggregated to the family level, indicating that these species are not likely to be commercially important in Northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Alectis alexandrina is present but not common in the Mediterranean Sea. Large specimens have been observed in Turkey (M. Bilecenoglu pers. comm. 2007). Although large specimens have been reported from the Mediterranean, it is worth noting that in several Mediterranean countries it appears that only small individuals, which may be juveniles, are landed. Off the Egyptian Mediterranean coast, individuals ranging in size from 5–16 cm total length (TL) are captured in daytime purse seine fisheries, which operate at a maximum depth of 40 m, during all seasons in Abu Qir Bay (El-Haweet 2001). In Lebanon, only juveniles of around 20 cm TL are caught (M. Bariche pers. comm. 2007).  A search of museum collection record databases revealed only 2 lots (Accessed through the Fishnet2 Portal 2014 January). Global population information This species closely resembles the congener Alectis ciliaris, which is a commercially important species fished in the Eastern Central Atlantic (ECA) fishing zone. It is likely that this species, like A. ciliaris, is used for local consumption in West Africa and is taken as bycatch in ECA waters by international vessels. There are no species-specific landing statistics available for either species in the ECA, however is is likely that it is included under the aggregate ""pompanoes nei"" or ""Carangidae nei"". Documents generated by the Fishery Committee for the Eastern Central Atlantic (CECAF) show some evidence of declines in landings of Carangidae spp. (FAO 2009).","Alectis alexandrina is a solitary species which is found in coastal waters, in mid-water over sandy bottoms to depths of at least 70 m. Juveniles are usually pelagic and drifting, sometimes occurring in brackish water (Daget and Smith-Vaniz 1986). Alectis alexandrina feeds on squid and other fishes (Smith-Vaniz 1986). Spawning occurs in the summer (Smith-Vaniz 1986). The maximum size is unknown, and it is reported to attain at least 70 cm FL (85 cm TL) (Smith-Vaniz, unpubl.).","Alectis alexandrina is a minor commercial species throughout its range. In the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean and Black Sea assessment zone, this species is landed as bycatch in purse seine fisheries targeting small pelagics. In several Mediterranean countries where this species is landed, only small individuals, which may be reproductively immature, are landed. There is a need for more species-specific research concerning the basic biology of this species.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for A. alexandrina. Although it is a species of minor commercial importance, there are no species-specific landing statistics reported to FAO for A. alexandrina from the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean and Black Sea. The range of A. alexandrina overlaps several marine protected areas within the assessment region. There is a need for species-specific biological research.  Alectis alexandrina was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Regional IUCN Red List workshop (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","In the Northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea, Alectis alexandrina is a species of minor commercial importance. In the Mediterranean it is regularly landed in purse seine fisheries in Egypt (El-Haweet 2001) and in Lebanon (M. Bariche pers. comm. 2007). Throughout its range, A. alexandrina is is a minor commercial species caught with various gears including bottom and pelagic trawls, various boat seines and lines. It is utilized fresh, dried-salted, smoked and for fish meal (Smith-Vaniz, unpubl.). It is also considered a gamefish (African Angler website accessed 2014 January).","Harwell, H.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,ALEPISAURIDAE,Alepisaurus,brevirostris,,Alepisaurus brevirostris,"Gibbs, 1960",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment : Not Applicable (NA) Within Europe, Alepisaurus brevirostris is only known from the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as the species has a marginal occurrence in Europe and the regional population is less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"This species has an almost circumglobal distribution, being found in warm and tropical waters in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. The species has a marginal distribution in European waters, being recorded from the Azores.","The population size and trend is unknown, but the species has only a marginal occurrence in Europe.","Found at depths from 40-1,000 m below the surface. This species tends to inhabit temperate and tropical regions, with some records in colder areas. Preys on a variety of crustaceans and fishes (Russell FAO ECA Guide in prep.). More common around seamounts (Morato et al. 2010). Members of family Alepisauridae are generally hermaphroditic (Mead et al. 1964). Can reach up to 1 m total length (Russell FAO ECA Guide in prep.).",This species has no known major threats; it is unlikely to be impacted by human activity due to the depths it inhabits.,"&#160;This species has no specific protections, but it may enter various protected areas due to its large distribution.","This species may be caught on long fishing lines, but not known to be utilized (Russell FAO ECA Guide in prep.).","Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Carpenter, K.E., Smith-Vaniz, W.F., de Bruyne, G. & de Morais, L.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,ALEPISAURIDAE,Alepisaurus,ferox,,Alepisaurus ferox,"Lowe, 1833",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Alepisaurus ferox is a widely distributed species, and is found from Greenland to the Mediterranean Sea and to the Azores in the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Little is known about its population structure. Despite being taken as by-catch by the tuna longline fisheries, it is not targeted directly by any fishery. Due to the deep-water nature of this species it is unlikely to be taken as by-catch by many other fisheries, and is unlikely to be impacted by any other human or climatic threats. Therefore, A. ferox is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Alepisaurus ferox is widely distributed in subtropical and tropical waters and has been found in the eastern Pacific from the Aleutian Islands to Chile and in the western Pacific, from Japan to Australia, New Zealand, and New Caledonia (C. Roberts pers. comm. 2009). It also occurs in the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean off Natal, South Africa, and possibly the Maldives. In the northeast Atlantic, A. ferox is known from Greenland, Iceland, Ireland, the British Isles, Spain, the Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands, and the Mediterranean Sea. This species can reach depths of 2,700 m (Minchin and Wheeler 1988, Møller et al. 2010). It is typically found at depths of 0 to 1,850 m (Fedorov et al. 2003).",There is no population information available for this species.,"Alepisaurus ferox can be found in the epipelagic zone, down to the bathypelagic. It is distributed through mostly tropical and subtropical waters, though adults migrate to the subarctic to feed. Alepisaurus ferox has a large, distendable stomach which allows it to feed on moderately large prey (Minchin and Wheeler 1988), including fish, cephalopods, tunicates and crustaceans (Post 1984), though diet can vary according to region. Cannibalism has also been seen within this species (Potier et al. 2007). Adolescents are synchronous hermaphrodites (Smith and Atz 1973), but there is no evidence that this species is a function hermaphrodite (Post 1984). Alepisaurus ferox can attain sizes approaching 2 m in length (Post 1984).","This species is frequently taken as bycatch by the long-line tuna fisheries. Although sometimes eaten, A. ferox is not a commercial species as it is not considered to be a favourable food fish. At present, the harvesting of this species is not considered a major threat as it is not targeted directly by the fishing industry, and lives at great depths.","There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place, or needed, for Alepisaurus ferox. This species was assessed as Data Deficient in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Alepisaurus ferox is of little commercial importance. The only country with reported landings is Spain which reported for two years (FAO 2011, FishStatJ accessed March 2014). This species is occasionally caught as long-line bycatch and is discarded in mainland Portugal (ICES WGDEEP 2009).","Ralph, G. & Harwell, H.","Russell, B.","Paxton, J.R., De Silva, R., Milligan, H.T., Lutz, M., Batchelor, A., Jopling, B., Kemp, K., Lewis, S., Lintott, P., Sears, J., Wilson, P., Smith, J. & Livingston, F.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,ALEPOCEPHALIDAE,Alepocephalus,agassizii,,Alepocephalus agassizii,"Goode & Bean, 1883",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Alepocephalus agassizii is widespread in the Atlantic Ocean where it is common but not usually abundant. However, it has been recorded among the 10 most abundant species collected from sites between Rockall Trough and Porcupine Seabight. It is of potential commercial interest to the fisheries industry but is not currently utilized. If this species becomes commercially important, which is unlikely, populations may quickly decline due to its low fecundity and slow maturation. There are no known widespread threats at this time. Therefore, Alepocephalus agassizii is listed as Least Concern",Stable,"Alepocephalus agassizii is a bentho-pelagic species, endemic to the northern Atlantic Ocean. In the western Atlantic, A. agassizii is found from Greenland and the Davis Strait to Honduras (Markle and Sazanov 1990, Møller et al. 2010). In the eastern Atlantic, it is found from Iceland, the west British Isles, France, Spain, the Azores, Maderia, the Canary Isles, Morocco, and south to Mauritania (Markle and Sazanov 1990). The species is found at depths from 600 to 3,100 metres (Markle and Sazanov 1990, Porteiro et al. unpublished data).","Alepocephalus agassizii is relatively abundant in the northeastern Atlantic and adjacent regional waters. In trawls from the Porcupine Seabight and Abyssal Plain (eastern North Atlantic), this species was one of the 20 top ranking species taken; the family, Alepocephalidae, was among the dominant families from the slope to the abyss (Merrett et al. 1991). Alepocephalus agassizii represented 0.4% of the 10 most abundant species (total number of fish = 2739) collected at Rockall Trough from six semi-balloon otter trawls at 1,750 m. This species also represented 2.2% of 10 most abundant species (total number of fish = 228) collected from the same site and method (1 haul) at 2,000 m. It represented 0.8% of the 10 most abundant species (total number of fish = 1,404) collected at Porcupine Seabight from six semi-balloon otter trawls at 2,500 m (Gordon et al. 1996). One-hundred thirty-three specimens of A. agassizii were caught via bottom trawls from four different sub-areas on the MAR between the Azores and Iceland as a part of the 2004 MAR-ECO expedition (Bergstad et al. 2008). Alepocephalus agassizii is reportedly common in the Greenland area and has a spawning population (Møller et al. 2010).","Alepocephalus agassizii is a marine, bentho-pelagic species that occurs between depths of 600 to 2,500 m. This is a gregarious species that is found over sand and clay bottoms (Markle and Quéro 1984b).  The maximum standard length is 7 cm male/unsexed (Markle and Sazanov 1990) and the common standard length is 70 cm male/unsexed (Markle and Quéro 1984a). It mainly feeds on ctenophores, but also consumes crustaceans, echinoderms, and polychaetes (Markle and Sazanov 1990).   There is little life history information available for this family (Alepocephalidae), but this family is regarded as being low in fecundity and a slowly maturing species (Durán Muñoz et al. 2012). A female specimen of 64 cm produced 9,150 eggs at up to 2.8 mm in diameter (Markle and Quéro 1984b). The closely related Alepocephalus rostratus has a maturity length of 27.7 cm and 23.6 cm for males and females, respectively (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014).","There are no major threats known for this species, although it is caught as bycatch in other bottom trawl industries throughout its range. Bycatch may constitute a significant threat to Alepocephalidae at the local or national level. Monitoring of bycatch amounts for this species is suggested.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution may overlap with marine reserves in parts of its range; however, it is not known if the marine protected areas in place encompass the depth range of this species (Davies et al. 2007). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and potential threats..","There is no recognized economic value for this species at present time; however, some potential exists at the family level for commercial fishery outside of Europe (Hartel in press, Cervigón and Fischer 1979).","Ralph, G. & Stump, E.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,ALEPOCEPHALIDAE,Alepocephalus,australis,,Alepocephalus australis,"Barnard, 1923",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Alepocephalus australis has a circumglobal distribution in sub-tropical, anti-tropical and temperate waters. It is common but is not usually abundant in European waters. It was recorded among the 10 most abundant species collected from Rockall Trough. This species is of potential interest to the fisheries industry which may pose a threat due to the low fecundity and slow maturation of this species, but it does not face any major threats at this time and is not commercially utilized. There are no known, species-specific conservation measures in place for this species but it may be protected by the marine protected areas that overlap with its distribution. Therefore, Alepocephalus australis is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Alepocephalus australis is circumglobally distributed, mostly in the southern hemisphere. In the southern Atlantic, it is found from Morocco to South Africa. It inhabits the waters of the western Atlantic Ocean from approximately 39°N to 10°N. This species is also found in the southwest Pacific Ocean (Markle and Quéro 1984). In the northeastern Atlantic, A. australis is distributed from Iceland southward to the British Isles, the Bay of Biscay, north-west Spain, the coast of Portugal, the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands (Lloris et al. 1991).  The species is found at depths of 1,000 to 3,000 m (Porteiro et al. unpublished data).","The species is common within European waters down to approximately 3,000 m. Only 17 specimens of A. australis were caught via bottom trawls from three different sub-areas on the MAR between the Azores and Iceland as a part of the 2004 MAR-ECO expedition (Bergstad et al. 2008). Alepocephalus australis represented 1.3% of the 10 most abundant species (total number of fish = 632) collected from Rockall Trough by four semi-balloon otter trawl hauls at 2,500 m (Gordon et al. 1996). A survey of the composition and distribution of deepwater ichthyofauna of the Lord Howe Rise and Norfolk Ridge indicate that the family Alepocephalidae was one of the two important families in depths sampled from 1,000 to 1,500 m. This species occurred commonly and was one of the 25 most abundant taxa (biomass) in the survey (Zintzen et al. 2011). In a survey of the ichthyofauna of the Mozambique Seamount, this species was among the ten species with the greatest numbers and commercial prospect (Parin et al. 2008).","Alepocephalus australis is a bentho-pelagic species that occurs at depths between 1,000 and 3,000 m.  This species feeds on a variety of food items including shrimp, squid, fish, salps and holothurians (Parin et al. 2008). There is little life history information available for this family (Alepocephalidae), but they are regarded as low-fecundity and slow-maturing species (Durán Muñoz et al. 2012) Species-specific reproductive traits, such as spawning season, fecundity and early life history, are poorly understood. The family of Alepocephalidae predominantly contains benthic-pelagic species, occurring in depths from 600 to 5,000 m, and are most numerous below 1,000 m. Species within the family prey on a variety of food items including ctenophores, echinoderms, polychaetes, decapods, tunicates, and fishes. . .The maximum size of the species is 70 cm (SL) (Hartel in press)","There are no major threats known for this species, although it is occasionally caught as bycatch in trawls throughout its range. Bycatch may constitute a significant threat to Alepocephalidae at the local or national level, although this is not known and monitoring could be utilised to determine this (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2014).","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. However, its distribution may overlap with marine reserves in parts of its range; although it is not known if the marine protected areas in place encompass the depth range of this species (Davies et al. 2007).  Trawling in Canarian waters is prohibited with few exceptions (Popescu and Ortega Gras 2013). Regulations constituted by the United Nations prohibit bottom trawling and bottom gillnetting below 200 meters in the waters surrounding the Azores, Canary and Madeira Islands (Regulation (EC) No 1568/2005), as well as the use of bottom gillnets in all European waters below 600 m depth (Regulation (EC) No 1288/2009) (www.savethehighseas.org/whatsbeendone/europeanunion.cfm).  This species was assessed as Data Deficient in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","There is no recognized economic value for this species at present time; however, some potential exists at the family level for commercial fishery outside of Europe (Hartel in press, Cervigón and Fischer 1979).","Stump, E.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,ALEPOCEPHALIDAE,Alepocephalus,bairdii,,Alepocephalus bairdii,"Goode & Bean, 1879",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) This species is widespread in the Atlantic Ocean from north to tropical areas where it is common and abundant in some areas; it has been reported as abundant from Hatton Bank, Rockall Trough, and Porcupine Bank. It is only of minor commercial importance to the fisheries industry,however it is of increasing interest and landings of this species have markedly increased in recent years. This species is also among the three most dominant discard fish recorded from the French deep-water trawl fisheries, and it has been recorded as bycatch from other fisheries in the region.  Though it is not currently facing any major threats outside of fishing exploitation, it may be potentially threatened by overfishing since landings  of this species have increased in recent years and it has a high estimated vulnerability index. There seems to be interest in the commercial fishing industry in increasing efforts to land A. bairdii. There are no estimates of biomass of A. bairdii, and the effect of increasing fishing pressure and landings is unknown. There are no known, species-specific conservation measures in place for this species and landing/catch records are likely to be unreliable. Several marine protected areas occur within its distribution, but they may not protect this fish due to its depth range. Therefore, A. bairdii is listed as Data Deficient, pending further research into the population status and stability of the stock.",Unknown,"Alepocephalus bairdii is endemic to the Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, A. bairdii is found from Greenland, Iceland and south of the Faroe Islands, to the British Isles and south towards the Bay of Biscay, north and north-west Spain, the coast of Portugal. Also, Alepocephalus bairdii is found in Madeira and the Canary Islands (Whitehead et al. 1984).  This species occurs at depths from 365 m to 2,200 m.","The species is common throughout its range.   Alepocephalus bairdii was a dominant component in the Spanish deep-sea fishery conducted in Hatton Bank (North East Atlantic) with this species comprising 41% of the catches (Munoz and Marcote 2001).  Alepocephalus bairdii inhabits a wide depth range with fish biomass increasing in the 1,000 m bathymetric zone in the northeastern Atlantic (Gordon 1986). This species is one of the principal components of the fish assemblages between 1,000 and 1,250 m, and forms a significant proportion of the discards of the fishery targeting Coryphaenoides rupestris (32% in weight of the catch) (Allain and Kergoat 1997). Alepocephalus bairdii was found in 94% of the trawls from a survey at the Hatton Bank study area during the second half of 2005 (Durán Muñoz et al. 2012). It was recorded during deep-sea and trawl surveys from 2005-2007 as one of the most abundant (in terms of biomass) species in the Hatton Bank area, especially in the <1,300 assemblage but also present in the >1,300 assemblage (Durán Muñoz et al. 2009).   A total of 1,638 specimens of A. bairdii were caught from 27 trawl hauls ranging from 750 to 1,500 m during a deepwater survey on the western continental slope and Porcupine Bank in 2006.  It was also among the top 20 most abundant species with 2,543 specimens (Hareide et al. 2006). This species is also the dominant species by weight (depending on trawl type) collected from Rockall Trough between 1,000 and 1,500 m (Gordon 2006).","Habitat and Ecology Alepocephalus bairdii is a benthopelagic species found above sandy bottoms (Markle and Quero 1984), in depths from 365 to 2,200 m within European and surrounding regional waters (Whitehead et al. 1984). The species seems to exhibit ontogenetic migration, with the larger individuals inhabiting all depth ranges but concentrated in the 1,000 m depths within its range and the smaller individuals (<50 cm) occur at around 800 m (Allain et al. 2003). It prefers to be over soft, ooze and sandy bottoms (Markle and Quero 1984). The maximum standard length for this species is 100 cm standard length (SL) male/unsexed (Markle and Sazonov 1990) and the maximum reported age is 38 years (Allain and Lorance 2000).  Diet This is a gregarious species that mainly feeds on coeleneterates, but also on decapods, tunicates, and fishes (Markle and Quero 1984). Smaller fish tend to feed more on polychaetes, copepods, and amphipods while larger fish feed primarily on pelagic organisms, including medusae, mysids, decapods, squid, and fish (Mauchline and Gordon 1983). Reproduction Females mature at 55 cm (SL) and at 15 years of age. The precise period of reproduction for this species was not determined in a study conducted by Allain (2001) in the northeast Atlantic although it has been suggested that spawning in the central eastern Atlantic takes place in winter (Golovan and Pakhorukov 1975). However, Valerie (2001) concludes that females spawn throughout the year with a maximum from January to April. In the Allain research (2001), mature fish were found throughout the year with a major spawning period from January to April. Oocyte development within the population was not synchronous. Annual fecundity was indeterminate, but batch fecundity was estimated at 458–7049 oocytes per female. There was a trend for an increase in the duration of the reproductive period and a decrease in synchronicity of maturation with increasing depth (12 month reproductive period). This species is a batch spawner. A long spawning period and asynchrony in maturation may be partially explained by the lack of marked cyclic environmental factors in the deep sea (Allain 2001). The smaller females (<73 cm Standard Length) undergo a reproductive resting period during their first sexual cycles, larger females do not undergo a resting period (Allain 2001).   Eggs have been reported to be 4.5 mm in diameter (Markle and Quero 1984)","Alepocephalus bairdii is of minor commercial importance to the fisheries industry, but it is increasingly becoming more attractive to commercial fisheries (Gubbay et al. 2003).    Alepocephalus bairdii is an important bycatch of the French deep-water fishery and is one of the most frequently discarded species (Allain 2001) with annual discards of the fishery amounting to 17,500 tonnes in 1996 and 1997; however, there is a level of uncertainty in these results (Allain et al. 2003). In the northeast Atlantic Ocean, this species was caught from depths >800 m.  Total length of this species in catches ranged from 24 to 51 cm and weight fluctuated from 66 to 730 g.  The majority (85%) of A. bairdii caught in this report were immature  ICES 2004). This species is one of the principal components of the fish assemblages between 1,000 and 1,250 m, and forms a significant proportion of the discards of the fishery targeting Coryphaenoides rupestris (32% in weight of the catch) (Allain and Kergoat 1997). This species was a dominant bycatch in a survey of Orange Roughy spawning aggregations in Porcupine Bank off of the Irish Coast (O'Donnell et al. 2007). Alepocephalus bairdii  had an estimated discard rate of 18% by weight during a survey of the Hatton Bank study area in 2005 (Durán Muñoz et al. 2012). This species was identified as one of the three dominant fish (along with Deania calceus and Coryphaenoides rupestris) in the discards from French deep-sea trawlers in 1996. It was estimated that for every ton of fish landed, approximately one ton of fish was discarded (Gubbay 2003). This species was reported to comprise  61% of total discards from the French deep-water trawl fishery in 2004 (ICES 2004). Norse et al. (2012) estimated the intrinsic vulnerability index (IVI) for A. bairdii to be 67, using its estimated maximum body length, maximum population growth, and maximum age (yr). Any species given an IVI of >60 was considered to be highly vulnerable to overfishing by deep-sea fisheries. Catches of Alepocephalus bairdii have increased markedly in recent years according to NEAFC Catch Statistics (Rogers and Gianni 2009).","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species (Rogers and Gianni 2009). However, its distribution overlaps with marine reserves in parts of its range; although it is not known if the marine protected areas in place encompass the depth range of this species.  Alepocephalus bairdii has been listed as a ""species for which data must be collected under deepwater fisheries management legislation"" by the European Union under Council Regulation 2347/2002. Council Regulation 2347/2002 also states that any vessel landing more than 10 tonnes of these deepwater species annually must carry a license, and vessels landing less than 100 kg per trip and less than 10 tonnes per year of these species are exempt from having a deepwater permit (Clarke and Patterson 2005).   In the eastern central Atlantic region, trawl fisheries are not allowed to trawl deeper than 200 m (COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 1811/2004). Research into the population size and trends, the habitats, ecology and early life histories, require further study. It is suggested that a more stringent policy of monitoring the harvest of this species is put into place.","Alepocephalus bairdii is of minor commercial importance to the fisheries industry.Alepocephalus bairdii is caught as bycatch in deep-sea trawling industries. Approximately 50% of the bycatch on Hatton Bank is A. bairdii, and it is discarded (Gubbay et al. 2003). The catch totals peaked in 2003 (9,664 tonnes) and declined dramatically until 2007 (215 tonnes). However, the catch totals have increased since 2007 (1,516 tonnes was catched in 2009) (FAO 2009).According to the FAO Guide, catch totals were listed as following: (FAO 2009) In 2003- 9,664 tonnes was fishedIn 2004- 7,492 tonnes was fishedIn 2005- 998 tonnes was fishedIn 2006- 1,034 tonnes was fishedIn 2007- 215 tonnes was fishedIn 2008- 1,879 tonnes was fishedIn 2009- 1,516 tonnes was fished. This species has recently been determined a target species on the Hatton Bank, but is infrequent in other deep-water trawl fisheries that operate to the west of the British Isles; Smoothhead are the main non-macrourid discard species west of the British Isles. CPUE for A. bairdii from the four sites surveyed around Hatton Bank ranged from 19.0 to 105.3 (Durán Muñoz et al. 2012). In recent years A. bairdii has been almost entirely landed by Spain (subareas XII and VIb). This fishery has recently maintained a high degree of retention (89%-96%) of Smoothheads (ICES 2004).","Stump, E.","Knudsen, S., Uiblein, F. & Nielsen, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,ALEPOCEPHALIDAE,Alepocephalus,productus,,Alepocephalus productus,"Gill, 1883",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Alepocephalus productus is widespread in the Atlantic Ocean and is speculated to have a circumglobal distribution. It is a common species is deep-water trawl surveys but is not usually abundant. This species is of no interest to the fisheries industry and does not face any major threats at this time. There are no known, species-specific conservation measures in place for this species but may occur in marine protected areas throughout its range. Therefore, Alepocephalus productus is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Alepocephalus productus is thought to have a circum-global distribution. In the western Atlantic Ocean, it is known from two localities (20° and 39°N). One specimen was recorded from the Patagonian region of Argentina (Nakamura et al.1986). This species is present in the western central Pacific as well (Sazonov and Markle 1999).  In the eastern Atlantic Ocean, Alepocephalus productus is found off south western Ireland, the Bay of Biscay, the Azores, the Canary Islands and Morocco (Markle and Quero 1984). Alepocephalus productus was recorded for the first time from the waters of Azores (Sedlo Seamount) during a trawl and longline survey conducted in April and June of 2001, December 2001, January 2002, October 2003, and September 2004 (Menezes et al. 2012). The species is found at depths from 2,000 m to 3,000 m (Nakamura et al. 1986).",Alepocephalus productus was recorded in trawl surveys at Porcupine Bank in 2006 with 21 specimens and in 2008 with 14 specimens (Johnston et al. 2010). A total of 40 A. productus specimens were collected by bottom trawling from two sampling areas on the MAR between the Azores and Iceland as part of the 2004 MAR-ECO expedition (Bergstad et al. 2008). There are no further population data available.,"Alepocephalus productus is a marine, benthopelagic species that occurs at depths from 2,000 to 3,000 m. This species is found over soft bottoms . The maximum standard length for this species is 41 cm standard length (SL), and this is based upon a single specimen from Patagonia (Nakamura et al. 1986). There is severely limited information regarding the diet, spawning season, spawning type, fecundity, or early life history of this species.  The family Alepocephalidaen feed on a wide range of food items, including ctenophores, crustaceans, echinoderms, polychaetes, decapods, tunicates and fishes (Carter and Hartel 2002).",Alepocephalus productus is of no interest to the fisheries industry (Cervigón and Fischer 1979). There are no known major threats to the species.,"There are no known, species-specific conservation measures in place for Alepocephalus productus. It is unknown whether the species occurs within any protected areas. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and potential threats to the species.","Alepocephalus productus is of no interest to the fisheries industry (Cervigón and Fischer 1979). However, some species of Alepocephalidae congregate in commercial-sized quantities in the North Atlantic, and although the flesh is mild tasting and somewhat poor texture, some potential still exists for a commercial fishery (Carter and Hartel 2002).","Stump, E.","Uiblein, F., Nielsen, J. & Knudsen, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,ALEPOCEPHALIDAE,Alepocephalus,rostratus,,Alepocephalus rostratus,"Risso, 1820",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is widespread in the Atlantic Ocean where it is fairly common throughout its range. It is not commercially utilized and is not known to face any major threats at this time. However if it were to become of commercial interest, it is estimated to have moderate vulnerability to overfishing.  There are no known, species-specific conservation measures in place for this species but it has gained attention of the European Union for further study. Therefore, Alepocephalus rostratus is listed as Least Concern, but it is suggested that close watch be kept on this species in the future if commercial fishing industries begin increasing landings of this species.",Increasing,"Alepocephalus rostratus is widely distributed in the Atlantic and is found from the Porcupine Sea Bight (southwest coast of Ireland) (Merrett et al. 1991) to the southwest coast of Africa (Markle and Quéro 1984, Lloris 1986, Markle and Sazanov 1990) via the Bay of Biscay, the Azores, the north west Mediterranean, south Sardinian waters and near the Canary Islands. This species has been recorded in the Rockall Trough area (northwest coast of Ireland), however, it is rare and most likely does not maintain a stable population in the area (Gordon and Duncan 1985, Morales-Nin et al. 1996). In the Catalan Sea (north west Mediterranean), it is a sub-dominant species from the upper to the lower slope, with maximum concentrations between 1,000 and 1,450 m depth (Stefanescu et al. 1992). This species is found at depths from 500 to 2,250 m. ","The species is fairly common throughout its range.  Trawl surveys in the Balearic basin of the western Mediterranean, show that this species is abundant in depths from 800 to 1,000 m (Tecchio et al. 2011). Alepocephalus rostratus was also reported to contribute to high biomass values in depths between 720 and 1,099 m in south Sardinian waters (Follesa et al. 2007). Alepocephalus rostratus was recorded as a rare species (5 specimens collected from three hauls over a two day period) in the British Seas from trawl surveys taken in 1968 (Wheeler and Blacker 1972). The abundance and biomass of this species was recorded from the Porcupine Seabight with 16 fish km-2 (standard deviation of 21) and 12.05 kg km-2 (standard deviation of 15), respectively (Cousins et al. 2013). Twenty-five specimens of A. rostratus were collected during deep-water trawl surveys on the continental shelf and Porcupine Bank in 2006, but none were collected in 2007 or 2008 (Johnston et al. 2010). According to post-workshop survey data, A. rostratus is increasing in both biomass and numerical abundance indexes from between 1994 and 2010 (J. Gil Herrera unpubl. data).","Alepocephalus rostratus is a benthopelagic species and is commonly found over soft bottoms (Markle and Quéro 1984). Alepocephalus rostratus is known to live for 23 years but a common lifespan is between 7 and 12 years (Morales-Nin et al. 1996). The maximum size of the species is 70 cm (SL) (Hartel in press). Juvenile specimens (less than 10 cm) of A. rostratus are found at depths less than 900 m, immature fish (less than 23 cm) are found at a maximum depth of 1,400 m and specimens greater than 38 cm are always found below 900 m (Morales-Nin et al. 1996). Mature specimens of A. rostratus are caught year round but a higher percentage of mature individuals are caught in autumn (Marales-Nin et al. 1996). This species feeds on crustaceans (Macpherson and Roel 1987).  The ovarian structure of A. rostratus was similar to that observed in other Alepocephalidae and showed 'group-synchronous' development. Reproductive activity is at its peak in autumn (September and November). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 45 cm TL with 50% maturity attained at 23.6 cm (males) and 27.7 cm (females) (Morales-Nin et al. 1996, Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014). The long period of spawning, the few, large, yolk-rich eggs, and the probable demersal spawning are typical characteristics of the species and common to the family Alepocephalidae; they are well suited to the oligotrophic and homeothermic environment of the Mediterranean deep-sea (Follesa et al. 2007). There is little life history information available for this family (Alepocephalidae), but they are regarded as low-fecundity and slow-maturing species (Durán Muñoz et al. 2012).The family of Alepocephalidae predominantly contains benthic-pelagic species, occurring in depths from 6,00 to 5,000 m, and are most numerous below 1,000 m. Species within the family prey on a variety of food items including ctenophores, echinoderms, polychaetes, decapods, tunicates, and fishes (Hartel in press). ","There are no major threats known for this species.  Alepocephalus rostratus was estimated to have an intrinsic vulnerability index (IVI) of 58 based on its maximum body length, maximum population growth rate, and maximum age (yr). All species given an IVI of >60 were considered to have high vulnerability to overfishing (Norse et al. 2012). However, this does not constitute as significant evidence that the species is threatened or will be threatened in the future.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. However, its distribution overlaps with marine reserves in parts of its range, although it is not known if the marine protected areas in place encompass the depth range of this species. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and potential threats to the species. Alepocephalus rostratus has been listed as a ""species for which data must be collected under deepwater fisheries management legislation"" by the European Union under Council Regulation 2347/2002.  The European Union consists of fifteen member states (MS): Italy, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, United Kingdom, Denmark, Ireland, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Finland and Austria and all must comply with this regulation. Council Regulation 2347/2002 also states that any vessel landing more than 10 t of these deepwater species annually must carry a license, and vessels landing less than 100 kg per trip and less than 10 t per year of these species are exempt from having a deepwater permit (Clarke and Patterson 2005).  This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Alepocephalus rostratus is currently not of interest for fisheries.,"Stump, E.","Knudsen, S., Uiblein, F. & Nielsen, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,LAMNIFORMES,ALOPIIDAE,Alopias,superciliosus,,Alopias superciliosus,"Lowe, 1841",,No,EN,A2bd,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) All thresher sharks (Alopias spp.) are inferred to be highly susceptible to overfishing on the basis of their life-history characteristics and low population productivity (two to four pups per litter; eight to 14 year generation period). Bigeye Thresher (Alopias superciliosus) is apparently a highly migratory, oceanic and coastal species found virtually circumglobally in tropical and temperate seas. It has low fecundity and an exceptionally low (0.002 year-1) potential annual rate of population increase compared with other thresher sharks. This species is especially susceptible to fisheries exploitation (target and bycatch) as its range overlaps with many largely unregulated gillnet and longline fisheries in which it is easily caught. Fishing pressure is unlikely to cease or decrease in the immediate future. There are insufficient data available on this species from the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea with which to estimate population trends because it is so rare in these waters. However, it can be inferred from (1) steep declines of Common Thresher (A. vulpinus) in the Mediterranean Sea over the last century, (2) the status in the Northwest Atlantic, (3) the slower rate of population increase of this species compared to other threshers, and (4) the regional Endangered status of Common Thresher, that Bigeye Thresher has undergone a decline of more than 50% over the last 42 years (three-generation span) in European waters, therefore qualifying as Endangered under Criterion A2bd.",Decreasing,"In the Northeast and Eastern Central Atlantic the species occurs from eastern Portugal and Spain, Madeira, near the Azores, Morocco and the Canary Islands, and it is also present in the Mediterranean Sea (Serena et al. 2014). In recent years there has been an increase in new records from the eastern Mediterranean Sea (sometimes multiple captures) to the east of Malta, off Israel (Levantine basin), the Ionian Sea, the Aegean Sea off Turkey and southern Greece, and off southern Crete (Golani 1996, Kabasakal and Karhan 2008, Clò et al. 2009).","Records of thresher sharks (Alopias spp.) from the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea are usually mixed, therefore insufficient for estimating species-specific subpopulation size or trends. Additionally, as Bigeye Thresher (Alopias superciliosus) is so rare, it is likely that the majority of catch and landings records from coastal waters of this region are Common Thresher (A. vulpinus) (ICES 2013). The fact that thresher sharks as a group are in decline however allows us to infer that Bigeye Thresher is very likely declining as well, particularly as it has the slowest life history and rate of population increase of all thresher sharks. Landings of thresher sharks from the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea are reported irregularly and vary between reporting entities. The overall estimated national landings, as reported to the Working Group for Elasmobranch Fishes (WGEF) of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), ranged from just three tonnes in 1984 to 143 tonnes in 2005 (ICES 2013). However, landings reported to the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) are far greater, with peak landings of 213 tonnes in 1998, and the lowest level of 60 tonnes in 2003. Better harmonisation between these data is required, but overall these data are considered unreliable and may not be indicative of population trends (Poisson and Séret 2009, ICES 2013).Thresher sharks are taken very occasionally in the North Sea, but the main Northeast Atlantic catches are from the Celtic Seas, Bay of Biscay, Iberian waters (ICES sub-areas VII, VIII and IX, respectively) and Mediterranean Sea. Small quantities (usually less than two tonnes) are reported occasionally by Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom, while the countries with more consistent estimated landings from the region are France, Portugal and Spain.The species has been poorly documented in the Mediterranean Sea and is considered scarce or rare (Barrull and Mate 2002, Mancusi et al. 2014, Serena et al. 2014). Evidence from offshore pelagic fisheries in southern Sicily and Malta indicate that it is caught in unknown numbers each year, but routinely discarded at sea (hence the vernacular name “False Thresher” because of a perceived low local value). Common Thresher has undergone steep declines over the last century in the Mediterranean Sea (Ferretti et al. 2008) and it is likely that similar declines have also occurred for the Bigeye Thresher. Considering the decline undergone by Alopias vulpinus, it is estimated that A. superciliosus has declined by more than 50% over the last 42 years (three-generation period) in European waters.It is believed that North and South Atlantic populations of this species are isolated from one another, in which case recruitment cannot alleviate population decline.","The species is found in coastal waters over the continental shelves, sometimes close inshore in shallow waters, and on the high seas in the epipelagic zone far from land; also caught near the bottom in deep water on the continental slopes (Compagno 2001). It ranges from the surface to at least 500 m deep and has been recorded to 723 m deep (Nakano et al. 2003), mostly below 100 m depth (Compagno 2001). Mediterranean Sea captures are typically from offshore continental shelf waters. Anecdotal reports from Maltese fishermen suggest a strong association between these sharks and highly mobile scombroids such as Bullet Tuna (Auxis rochei) in the Mediterranean Sea.Size at first maturity (L50) was estimated at 206.09 cm total length (TL) for females and 159.74 cm TL for males in the North Atlantic (Fernandez-Carvalho et al. 2011a). Fernandez-Carvalho et al. (2011b) provide von Bertalanffy growth parameters for this species in the tropical Northeast Atlantic (See ICES 2013, Table 11.4 for details). The generation length of this species can be inferred from A. vulpinus, which is currently estimated at 8-14 years. Because A. superciliosus has a slower life history, it can be estimated on around 14 years.The largest specimen on record is 461 cm TL (Compagno 2001). Size at birth ranges from 64-140 cm TL (Bauchot 1987, Golani 1996, Chen et al. 1997). The gestation period is 12 months with an average litter size of two to four pups per litter, usually two (Compagno 2001). In the eastern Atlantic a nursery area occurs off the Straits of Gibraltar (Compagno 2001). Of the thresher sharks, Bigeye Thresher has the lowest rate of population increase, estimated at 0.016 year-1 under sustainable exploitation (Smith et al. 2008), or 0.002-0.009 year-1 (Cortés 2008, Dulvy et al. 2008).A tagging study of two Bigeye Threshers (one from Hawaii and the other from the Gulf of Mexico) indicates strong diel vertical migration (Weng and Block 2004). These sharks spent most of the night in waters warmer than 20°C and commonly spent eight or more hours during the daytime in waters cooler than 10°C, requiring them to be eurythermal.","Thresher sharks are taken as retained, valued bycatch in longline and driftnet fisheries. Both species in European waters (Bigeye and Common Thresher) are caught mainly in longline fisheries for tuna and swordfish but may also be taken in driftnet and gillnet fisheries (ICES 2013). This species’ epipelagic habitat occurs within the range of commercial longline fisheries by which it is easily caught. It has been taken in considerable numbers by Spanish longliners in the eastern Atlantic (Compagno 2001). Similarly in the Mediterranean Sea, thresher sharks are taken as retained, valued bycatch in various fisheries, including the Moroccan driftnet fishery in the southwest. They are bycatch of industrial and semi-industrial longline fisheries and artisanal gillnet fisheries targeting swordfish and other pelagic teleosts (bony fish) off southern Spain, Morocco, Algeria, Sicily and Malta. Off southern France, they are caught incidentally mainly by trawlers operating in the Gulf of Lions targeting small pelagic teleosts. Further bycatch of these species occurs in the Straits of Gibraltar, which they are thought to use as a nursery ground (ICES 2013).Catch reporting of thresher sharks in the European region is unreliable for three reasons, (1) because both Bigeye and Common Thresher are mixed in the records, even when recorded under separate names (ICES 2013); (2) there are large discrepancies between national landings data presented to ICES and that reported to ICCAT: data presented to ICCAT are much higher than that given to ICES; and (3) landings of thresher shark in coastal waters are most likely to represent Common Thresher, but some of these landings may be reported as ‘sharks nei’ (ICES 2013).","Thresher sharks are listed on Annex I, Highly Migratory Species, of the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Law of the Sea, which urges States to cooperate over the management of these species. Precautionary adaptive collaborative management of target and bycatch fisheries is urgently needed for this biologically vulnerable shark. It is also essential to improve data collection and develop stock assessments for this species. Listing on international resource management agreements, such as the recent 2014 listing on Appendix II of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) could help to drive improvements in national and regional management and facilitate collaboration between states, for this species and other migratory sharks.Pursuant to decisions made by ICCAT and the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, European Union (EU) fishermen are prohibited from retaining, transshipping, or landing any part or whole carcass of Bigeye Thresher in any fishery, and from undertaking a directed fishery for any species of thresher shark. Fishing for thresher sharks is specifically banned in Spain.In 2013, the EU banned the removal of shark fins on board vessels through Regulation No. 605/2013, in line with advice from the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Shark Specialist Group and other shark fishery experts, in order to enhance enforcement of the 2003 EU ban on shark finning (Regulation No. 1185/2003) and facilitate improved shark fishery data collection. Further research is needed on the population size and trend of the species.",There is no information available on the use and trade of the species.,"Vacchi, M. & Dulvy, N.","Walls, R. & Soldo, A.","Fordham, S., Amorim, A.F., Baum, J.K., Cailliet, G.M., Clò, S., Clarke, S.C., Fergusson, I., Gonzalez, M., Macias, D., Mancini, P.L., Mancusi, C., Myers, R., Reardon, M.B., Trejo, T. & Valenti, S.V.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,LAMNIFORMES,ALOPIIDAE,Alopias,vulpinus,,Alopias vulpinus,"(Bonnaterre, 1788)","A study using allozymes as a genetic marker (Eitner 1995) indicated that an unrecognized fourth species of Alopias may exist, however this claim was based on data from a single shark specimen likely to have been A. vulpinus. Recent work investigating population structure of all three Alopias species using mitochondrial DNA control region sequences (Trejo 2004) has found no evidence indicating that a fourth species of thresher sharks exists.",No,EN,A2bd,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) All thresher sharks (Alopias spp.) are inferred to be highly sensitive to overfishing on the basis of their life-history characteristics and low population productivity (two to four pups per litter; eight to 14 year generation period). Common Thresher (Alopias vulpinus) has a circumglobal distribution, including temperate waters. This species is inferred to be particularly susceptible to fisheries exploitation (target and bycatch) because its shelf and oceanic habitats occur within the range of many high seas pelagic fisheries and shelf fisheries. It is highly valued, and hence is retained when caught in pelagic swordfish and tuna fisheries. Available landings data for the Northeast Atlantic are considered unreliable, and accurate time series of abundance are not available. In the Mediterranean Sea, declines in catches have been observed over the last century. It has been assumed that the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea comprise the same subpopulation. Based on the declines of thresher sharks estimated in the Northwest Atlantic resultant from overexploitation and the similarity of fisheries exploitation across the Atlantic Ocean, it is suspected that Common Thresher has declined by at least 60% over three generations in the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. Fisheries effort has not been reduced in this region, thus the species is assessed as Endangered in European waters under Criteria A2bd.",Decreasing,"This oceanic and coastal shark is virtually circumglobal in tropical to cold-temperate seas, but is most common in temperate waters, and widespread throughout the Atlantic (Castro 1983, Moreno et al. 1989, Compagno 2001). In the Northeast Atlantic it occurs from Norway southwards, including the Mediterranean and Black Seas, Madeira and the Azores (Moreno et al. 1989, Compagno 2001). Its depth range is zero to 366 m.","Common Thresher appears to exhibit little to no movement between ocean basins based on limited tagging data from the Northwest Atlantic (Kohler et al. 1998). Differences in length at maturity and fecundity of specimens examined from different regions of the world also suggest the existence of subpopulations (Gubanov 1972, Moreno et al. 1989, Bedford 1992). In the absence of records of transatlantic migrations, a single stock spanning the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea is assumed (ICES 2013), which is also believed to extend into the Eastern Central Atlantic.There are very few species-specific data, hence inference has been drawn from the general trends of thresher shark catches and populations. Landings of thresher sharks (Alopias spp.) from the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea are reported irregularly and vary between reporting entities. The overall estimated national landings, as reported to the Working Group for Elasmobranch Fishes (WGEF) of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), ranged from just three tonnes in 1984 to 143 tonnes in 2005 (ICES 2013). However, landings reported to the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) are far greater, with peak landings of 213 tonnes in 1998, and the lowest level of 60 tonnes in 2003. Better harmonisation between these data is required, but overall these data are considered unreliable and may not be indicative of population trends (Poisson and Seret 2009, ICES 2013).Thresher sharks are taken very occasionally in the North Sea, but the main catches are from the Celtic Seas, Bay of Biscay, Iberian waters (ICES sub-areas VII, VIII and IX, respectively) and Mediterranean Sea. Small quantities (usually < 2 tonnes) are reported occasionally by Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom, while the countries with more consistent estimated landings from the Northeast Atlantic are France, Portugal and Spain. Common Thresher was the third most frequently reported shark in eight out of nine Mediterranean Sea areas between 1998 and 2000 and accounted for 0.74% of the total shark catch (Megalofonou et al. 2005). This species was most frequently captured in the swordfish longline fishery with a mean catch per unit effort of 0.02 fish per 1,000 hooks and per area sampled in the Aegean Sea, reaching up to 0.05 fish per 1,000 hooks. Similar patterns were found in the western Mediterranean Sea in the Gibraltar Strait region, where one third of the specimens caught came from the Ionian driftnet fishery (Buencuerpo et al. 1998). In the eastern Mediterranean, half of the sharks caught were immature and 40% of females caught by commercial fisheries were < 315 cm while 50% of males were < 333 cm (Megalofonou et al. 2005). Hattour and Nakamura (2004) noted a few juvenile specimens were landed by Tunisian small-scale fisheries, and considered the species to have declined.Standardized catch rates from recreational fisheries, tuna traps and longline fisheries in the Mediterranean Sea suggest declines in abundance of > 99% in this thresher shark over 108 years (Ferretti et al. 2008). Rapid declines were observed in the Ionian Sea from catch per unit effort (CPUE) of the local longline fishery (99.19% in abundance and 96.96% in biomass over 21 years) and in Spanish waters by comparing historical and recent longline CPUEs (98.20% in biomass over 19 years). In the northern Adriatic Sea recreational catches of this species declined by about 80.82% over 11 years (Ferretti et al. 2008). Even though sharks are a secondary target or bycatch of the Moroccan swordfish driftnet fleet in the Alboran Sea, some boats deploy driftnets one to two miles from the coast where the chance of capturing pelagic sharks is higher. The catch rate for Common Thresher is higher in boats actively fishing for sharks (from 0.7 to 1.5 per fishing operation; 0.09 to 0.11 catch per km net). Both annual catches and mean weights of Common Thresher have fallen as a result of fishing mortality in the Moroccan driftnet fishery, illustrating the likely impact of this illegal fishery on stocks in the Alboran Sea and adjacent Atlantic (Tudela et al. 2005). Valeiras et al. (2003) also reported that pelagic sharks form an increasing proportion of the catch of Spanish swordfish sheets. Pelagic fishing pressure is high and ongoing throughout the Mediterranean Sea (Megalofonou et al. 2000, Tudela 2004).Off southern France this species is captured occasionally by pelagic trawlers that target small pelagic teleost (bony fish) species operating in the Gulf of Lions (ICES 2013). Fortuna et al. (2010) report a bycatch rate of 0.0045 individuals per haul in the pelagic trawl fishery operating in the Adriatic Sea. Sporadic catches of Common Thresher are reported from Turkish waters (Kabasakal 2007), Tunisia (Hattour and Nakamoura 2004), and in the Sardinian tuna trap fishery, where between 1990 and 2009, a catch of 11 individuals made Common Thresher the most commonly captured shark species (Storai et al. 2011). Although there is uncertainty in the catch rates and therefore in the status of Common Thresher in the Northeast Atlantic, the status of the European stock may be inferred from what has been reported of the Northwest Atlantic stock. Based on observer logbooks of the United States longline pelagic fishery, Baum et al. (2003) estimated an 80% decline (95% CI: 76 to 86%) in standardised catch rates of thresher sharks between 1986 and 2000. Following challenges to the methodology (Burgess et al. 2005), subsequent similar analyses on both logbook and observer data from the same fishery in the period 1992-2005 suggest the decline of threshers occurred from 1991-2 compared to the remainder of the time series to 2005 which remained fairly stable and possibly increased (Baum and Blanchard 2010). Babcock and Skomal (2008) reported an increasing trend in recreational fishery data in the Northwest Atlantic, despite catch trends for this species in commercial fisheries having declined in this region (Scott 1997, Baum et al. 2003, Cortés et al. 2007, Baum and Blanchard 2010). It is suspected that similar declines may have occurred in the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea.A recent Red List assessment of this shark in Italian waters listed it as Critically Endangered on the basis of past and ongoing declines, because it declined by over 80% in the last 50 years (Rondinini et al. 2013).Given these data, this species is suspected to have declined by at least 60% over three generations.","While found both in coastal and oceanic waters, it is most abundant up to 40 or 50 miles offshore (Strasburg 1958, Gubanov 1972, Moreno et al. 1989, Bedford 1992). It ranges between surface waters and 366 m depth (Compagno 1984). The maximum recorded size varies with sex and geographic location and ranges from 415 to 573 cm total length (TL) (Gubanov 1972, Cailliet et al. 1983, Compagno 1984, Moreno et al. 1989). Females are reported to mature between 260 and 465 cm TL (Bigelow and Schroeder 1948, Strasburg 1958, Gubanov 1978, Cailliet and Bedford 1983, Cailliet et al. 1983, Ebert 2003) and males between 260 and 426.7 cm TL (Cailliet and Bedford 1983, Cailliet et al. 1983). Estimated age at maturity ranges from three to nine years in females (Bigelow and Schroeder 1948, Strasburg 1958, Gubanov 1978, Cailliet and Bedford 1983, Cailliet et al. 1983, Hanan 1984) and three to seven years in males (Cailliet and Bedford 1983, Cailliet et al. 1983). The species reaches a maximum age of at least 24 years (Gervelis and Natanson 2013). The estimated generation time (assuming maturity of seven years and longevity of 24 years) is about 15 years.This shark is live bearing, with oophagy and a gestation period of nine months (Gubanov 1978, Cailliet et al. 1983, Moreno et al. 1989, Bedford 1992, Gilmore 1993). Mating occurs in middle to late summer and parturition occurs during the spring (Moreno et al. 1989, Bedford 1992). Pregnant females have also been noted in August and November indicating that birth of young can occur throughout the year (Gubanov 1978). Litter sizes range between three and seven in the Northeast Atlantic (Gubanov 1972, Gubanov 1978, Cailliet and Bedford 1983, Hanan 1984, Holts 1988, Moreno et al. 1989). Size at birth varies considerably, from 100 to 158 cm TL with slight variations among geographical locations (Cailliet et al. 1983, Compagno 1984, Hanan 1984, Moreno et al. 1989). In all locations, the young generally remain close to shore after parturition and during their first few years (Moreno et al. 1989). Small individuals, with the estimated length at birth, have been recorded in the southern North Sea during the summer (Ellis 2004). Moreno et al. (1989) noted a high degree of sexual and size segregation in the Northeast Atlantic during pupping season. This species is thought to have some important parturition and nursery areas in the Mediterranean Sea, specifically in the Adriatic and Alboran Seas (Notarbartolo di Sciara and Bianchi 1998, Soldo 2006).","Common Thresher is taken as retained, valued bycatch mainly by longline fisheries for tuna and swordfish, but also by driftnet and gillnet fisheries. Catch reporting of thresher shark in the European region is unreliable for three reasons, (1) because both species Bigeye Thresher (Alopias superciliosus) and Common Thresher are mixed in the records, even when recorded under separate names (ICES 2013), (2) there are large discrepancies between national landings data presented to the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) and that reported to the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT); data presented to ICCAT is much higher than that given to ICES, and (3) landings of thresher shark in coastal waters are most likely to represent Common Thresher, but some of these landings may be reported as ‘sharks nei’ (ICES 2013).Adult and juvenile Common Thresher are caught mainly in longline, purse seine and mid-water fisheries throughout the Mediterranean Sea, including in the present day disappearing Moroccan driftnet fishery in the southwest Mediterranean Sea, as well as in recreational fisheries (Lipej et al. 2004, Saidi and Bradaï 2008, ICES 2013). Even though driftnetting is banned in Mediterranean waters, this method may be used in Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fisheries (Tudela 2003). The Moroccan swordfish driftnet fleet in the Alboran Sea has been operating year round, resulting in high annual effort levels (Tudela et al. 2005). These sharks are incidentally caught by industrial and semi-industrial longliners, artisanal gillnet fisheries, and off southern France mainly by trawlers operating in the Gulf of Lions targeting small pelagic teleosts. Further bycatch of these sharks occurs in the Straits of Gibraltar. Although referred to as bycatch this species is normally retained, given its high commercial value. Thresher sharks have a slow life history, which combined with high levels of largely unmanaged and unreported mortality in fisheries makes them highly vulnerable to overexploitation. The meat and fins are both of high value. The largely unregulated shark fin trade therefore also represents a serious threat to thresher sharks, and Clarke et al. (2006) reported that thresher sharks comprised 2-6% of the trade in a market study using DNA-based species identification techniques. A recent review of the Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations about the status of highly migratory pelagic species states: “unless demonstrated otherwise, it is prudent to consider Alopias spp. as being fully exploited or overexploited globally” (Maguire et al. 2006).The species is also affected by the establishment of tourism and recreational areas, oil and gas drilling and the establishment of shipping lanes.","Thresher sharks are listed on Annex I, Highly Migratory Species, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which urges States to cooperate over the management of these species. No such management yet exists. Precautionary adaptive collaborative management of target and bycatch fisheries is urgently needed for this biologically vulnerable shark. It is also essential to improve data collection and develop stock assessments for this species. Listing on international resource management agreements, such as the recent 2014 listing on Appendix II of the Convention on Migratory Species could help drive improvements in national and regional management for this species and other migratory sharks, and facilitate collaboration between states.Article 23 of European Commission (EC) Regulation Number 43/2014 prohibits European vessels having a directed fishery for thresher sharks in the ICCAT convention area. Fishing for thresher sharks is specifically banned in Spain.In 2013, the European Union (EU) banned the removal of shark fins on board vessels through Regulation No. 605/2013, in line with advice from the IUCN Shark Specialist Group and other shark fishery experts, in order to enhance enforcement of the 2003 EU ban on shark finning (Regulation No. 1185/2003) and facilitate improved shark fishery data collection. Appendix III of the Barcelona Convention of the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) affords regulation of any exploitation of Common Thresher that takes place in the Mediterranean region (Recommendation GFCM/36/2012/1). All vessels encountering this species must record information on fishing activities, catch data, incidental taking, release and/or discarding events in a logbook or similar document, then all logged information must be reported to national authorities. Finally, additional measures should be taken to improve such data gathering in view of scientific monitoring of the species. These regulations are usually perceived - at least in several places along the Spanish Mediterranean coasts and in the Adriatic Sea - as a direct prohibition of catch and thus incidental catch in surface longlines may be regularly underreported. This species is protected from driftnetting under the amended EC Regulation 894/97 (Fortuna et al. 2010).","The meat is highly prized fresh for human consumption and is also eaten smoked and dried salted. The fins are valuable for shark-fin soup, the hide is usable for leather and the liver oil can be processed for vitamins (Compagno 2001). Thresher sharks are one of the most important and prized species in recreational fisheries.","Vacchi, M., Mancusi, C., Dulvy, N. & Mazzoldi, C.","Ellis, J., Ferretti, F., Soldo, A. & Walls, R.","Guallart, J. & Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,TETRAODONTIFORMES,MONACANTHIDAE,Aluterus,monoceros,,Aluterus monoceros,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Aluterus monoceros is not present in large numbers in the northeast Atlantic region and has probably not established a reproducing population yet throughout most of the region. It occurs from Portugal to the northwest coast of Africa, and has been sparsely reported in the Mediterranean. More research is required on its population size and trends. The species is not known to be commercially utilized in Europe, though it is in other parts of its range. There are no known species-specific threats or conservation measures in place for A. monoceros, although there are numerous marine protected areas throughout the region. Due to the lack of regional population information and of reproductive and early life-history elements, Aluterus monoceros is assessed as Data Deficient. However, it is suspected that, given the widespread distribution of A. monoceros, if more population information becomes available, A. monoceros would become Least Concern.",Unknown,"Aluterus monoceros occurs circumtropically, from 45∘N to 35∘S. In the eastern Atlantic, it is present from Portugal to the northwest coast of Africa (Harmelin-Vivien and Quero 1990). This species is associated with depths ranging from 1 to 50 meters (Harmelin-Vivien and Quero 1990).  Aluterus monoceros was unknown in waters off the coast of northern Portugal and northward before 1950 (Quero et al. 1997). This circumtropical species seems to be extending its geographical range in recent years, as indicated by occasional observations in the north-east Atlantic Ocean, including the Bay of Biscay (Quero et al. 1997), Iberian Peninsula (Galeote et al. 1996), Madeira Island (Freitas and Biscoito 2003), the Canary Islands (Brito et al. 2002) and the western basin of the Mediterranean Sea (Souissi et al. 2011). In 2000, Guallart and Vincent (2009) recorded an adult male specimen in Morocco, western Mediterranean, suggesting a possible expansion of the fish's range into Mediterranean waters.  It has also been found in Tunisian waters (Souissi et al. 2011).  Only a single, verifiable record of this species has been observed in the Mediterranean as of 2010, thus being given the acclimatization status of ""casual"", in this sense meaning ""those having been recorded only once (no more than twice for fish) in the scientific and grey literature and are presumed to be non-established in the area. In this sense ‘casual’ is used in the same sense as ‘alien’ in the Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Méditerranée (CIESM) Atlas series"" (Zenetos et al. 2010).","Limited population information is available as the northeastern Atlantic Ocean is the southern margin of Aluterus monoceros' range. Aluterus monoceros is a ""casual"" visitor to the Mediterranean, with only two confirmed sightings in the area. This makes it highly unlikely that is any established, reproducing populations of this species in the Mediterranean (Zenetos et al. 2010). Sightings around the Bay of Biscay and the Iberian Peninsula are infrequent (Zenetos et al. 2010), but sightings of A. monoceros around Madeira Island, and the Canary Islands have been increasing in frequency since 2002 (Afonso et al. 2013, Freitas and Biscoito 2002).","Aluterus monoceros is a reef-associated fish (Harmelin-Vivien and Quero 1990). Adult individuals of A. monoceros are benthopelagic (Mundy 2005). As juveniles, the species is pelagic and ,often found under floating objects (Bussing and Lavenberg 1995). Juveniles have large jellies attached to them which may help them recruit to corals (Bussing and Lavenberg 1995). Eggs are layed on the benthos (Harmelin-Vivian and Quero 1990). An average adult male is around 40 cm in length, with a recorded upper length limit of 76 cm (Claro 1994). Though adults of  the species are usually seen in solitary or in couples, they sometimes form aggregates of a few individuals, but no greater than five or six individuals. Adults are sometimes known to form large schools under weed-rafts or other large floating masses (Bussing and Lavenberg 1995). Adult individuals are reef-associated and are thought to nest on sand flats in deeper water than the adjacent reefs that the species is associated with (Kuiter and Tonozuka 2001). The diet of A. monoceros consists of benthic microalgae, sponges/seasquirts/bryozoa and soft corals/hydroids (Harmelin-Vivian and Quervo 1990). The spawning season, fecundity, stages of maturation and early life history information for this species is limited.","There are no known species-specific threats to A. monoceros. Aluterus monoceros is a reef-associated fish. Although no documented declined in population have been recorded, it may be experiencing population decline due to loss of habitat. As of 2008, fifteen percent of the world’s coral reefs were considered under imminent threat of being “Effectively Lost” (with 90% of the corals lost and unlikely to recover soon), with regions in East Africa, South and South-east Asia, and the wider Caribbean being the most highly threatened (Wilkinson 2008) ","There are no species-specific conservation methods in place for A. monoceros. There are numerous marine protected areas in the Azores, the Canary Islands, Madiera and the Mediterranean, although there are no documented cases where A. monoceros has been observed in any of the protected areas (Protectedplanet.net 2010 retrieved 27 March 2014). Research is needed into the population size and trends of this species in the region, as well as the life history, ecology and potential threats to the species.","Aluterus monoceros is commercially targeted and utilized as a food source in certain areas of its global distribution (specifically southeast Asia); however, because this species is essentially a visitor to the Mediterranean and sparsely identified in European waters, there is no commercial targeting of A. monoceros for use in the northeast Atlantic. Australia is the country with the largest reported landings of leatherjacket filefishes (note: not species-specific) at 667 tonnes in 2012 (FAO 2011, FishStatJ Accessed 2013 June). Research is being done on creating an eco-friendly packaging film using collagen extracted from the skin of A. monoceros which is becoming increasingly desirable to manufacturing companies in Europe (Ahmad et al. 2012).","Strongin, K.","Papakonstantinou, C. & Rijnsdorp, A.D.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,TETRAODONTIFORMES,MONACANTHIDAE,Aluterus,scriptus,,Aluterus scriptus,"(Osbeck, 1765)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Aluterus scriptus is predominantly a tropical species, occurring as far west as Madeira and as far north as the southernmost coast of Portugal. It is associated with reefs and coastal slopes. Almost no information is available about population size or trends for this species in the region. There are no known threats for A. scriptus and no specific conservation measures in place for this species; although there are numerous marine protected areas throughout its range. Because regional population information is non-definitive, A. scriptus is assessed as Data Deficient. However, it is suspected that, given the widespread distribution of A. scriptus, if more population information becomes available, A. scriptus would become Least Concern.",Unknown,"Aluterus scriptus is distributed circumtropically and subtropically in all oceans, including the eastern and western Pacific and both sides of the Atlantic (Hutchins 1986). In the eastern Atlantic, A. scriptus is known primarily from Madeira (Wirtz et al. 2008) and the Canary Islands (Dooley et al. 1985, Brito et al. 2002). It has been found as far north as Portugal (Gasparini and Floeter 2001) and may be present occasionally in the southern Bay of Biscay. It was very recently observed, captured and identified in the Azores, specifically from around Faial (Afonso et al. 2013). It is found at depths ranging from 3 to 120 m, though most commonly from 3 to 20 m (Gasparini and Floeter 2001).","More information is needed on population size and trends for A. scriptus in the northeastern Atlantic. The species is present in two museum lots containing specimens pulled from the European eastern Atlantic (Accessed through FishNet 2 Portal 2013 July). This circumtropical species is rare in the subtropical and temperate northeast Atlantic Ocean but more common in the northwest Atlantic Ocean. It is occasionally recorded from Madeira (Freitas and Biscoito 2003, Wirtz et al. 2008) but is frequent in the westernmost and warmer islands of the Canaries archipelago (Brito et al. 2002). It appears that this species is relatively new to the area (probably due to a range extension north due to climate change) and has probably not substantially established a reproducing population in Madeira.","The species is associated with lagoons and seaward reefs (Lieske and Meyers 2004) and seagrass beds (Nguyen and Nguyen 2006). Adults can be seen floating near deep coastal slopes and outer reef drop-offs around 20 meters deep. Juveniles can be found under floating objects, such as weed rafts, in the open ocean. This is true of adults as well, though is less common (Kuiter and Tonozuka 2001). The maximum recorded size of A. scriptus is 110 cm total length (TL) (Lieske and Myers 1994). It is sometimes as shallow as 3 m in depth but can also be found in waters up to 120 m deep (Gasparini and Floeter 2001). Aluterus Scriptus feeds on algae, seagrass, hydrozoans, gorgonians, colonial anemones, and tunicates (Weitkamp and Sullivan 2003).  Length at maturity seems to be poorly understood with A. scriptus. According to Bouhlel (1988) the common length of this species is 55.0 cm TL. In a journal article published in 2010, a female individual was captured at 55.5 cm (TL) and was determined to be a juvenile female (Izzo et al. 2010). Aluterus scriptus produces benthic eggs and pelagic larvae (Breder and Rosen 1966). Fecundity, spawning season, stages of maturation and early life history traits are almost completely unknown for this species.","There are no know species-specific threats to A. scriptus. Aluterus scriptus is a reef-associated and seagrass-associated species. Although no documented declines in the population have been observed, it may be undergoing population reduction due to habitat loss. As of 2008, fifteen percent of the world’s coral reefs were considered under imminent threat of being “Effectively Lost” (with 90% of the corals lost and unlikely to recover soon), with regions in East Africa, South and South-east Asia, and the wider Caribbean being the most highly threatened (Wilkinson et al. 2008). Of 704 zooxanthellate reef-building coral species which were assessed by using the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List Criteria, 32.8% are in categories with elevated risk of extinction (Carpenter et al. 2008). One-third of global seagrass species are currently experiencing population declines, and 21% of globally assessed seagrass species are in threatened or near-threatened categories primarily due to coastal development and pollution (Short et al. 2011).","There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for this species. There are a number of marine protected areas (MPAs) near and around the Canary Islands, Azores and Madiera (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). There do not seem to be any documented cases of A. scriptus being observed inside of the MPAs, but it is highly likey that at least some individuals are. Research is needed in the areas of population size and trends, life history and ecology, the harvest and use and potential threats to this species in the region.","Aluterus scriptus is not targeted by the commercial fishing industry in the northeastern Atlantic and adjacent regional waters. The species has been reported to cause ciguatera poisoning when ingested by humans (Halstead et al. 1990). This fish is utilized in the aquarium trade. In Brazil, 458 individuals were sold between 1995 and 2000, comprising 0.23% of the total fishes traded in that market (Monteiro-Neto et al. 2003). Limited information is available for the sale of A. scriptus in the aquarium trade in the Northeast Atlantic.","Strongin, K.","Papakonstantinou, C. & Rijnsdorp, A.D.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,RAJIDAE,Amblyraja,hyperborea,,Amblyraja hyperborea,(Collett 1879),"This species can be confused with other Amblyraja species with different distributions, such as Amblyraja georgiana (M. Stehmann pers. comm). In the northwest Atlantic, it is easily confused with Jensen' s skate (A. jenseni). Refer to Bigelow and Shroeder (1953), Jensen (1948) and Stehman and Burkel (1984).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Arctic Skate (Amblyraja hyperborea) is widely distributed in the continental slope waters of the Northeast Atlantic. Primarily found at depths greater than most fisheries operating in this region, it likely has limited interaction with human threats and is not of interest to fisheries. The life history parameters are poorly known, but it likely exhibits low productivity similar to other deepwater skates. This species is commonly encountered during research surveys as well as demersal trawl and longline fisheries on the slope of the eastern Norwegian Sea and more recently in bottom trawl surveys off the Spitsbergen/Svalbard and Franz Josef Land archipelagos. Given that this species is primarily distributed outside the range of current fishing activity in European waters, and has a wide geographic range beyond fished areas, it is assessed as Least Concern. Continued monitoring of catches and potential expanding deepwater fisheries, and the collection of life history data should be a priority.",Unknown,"Arctic Skate (Amblyraja hyperborea) is found in the Northeast Atlantic from the Kara Sea, the southeast Barents Sea (Franz Josef Land and northern Novaya Zemliya Archipelagos), and the Spitsbergen/Svalbard archipelago to the Greenland-Iceland-Faroe-Shetland Ridge and northern Norway (Paz 2003, Dolgov 2013). Any records of Arctic skate from the North Sea and eastern English Channel as reported by England, Wales and Northern Ireland are likely the result of misidentification or incorrect use of species codes (ICES 2013).","No data on population size are available, however survey data indicate that it is the dominant skate species in certain areas, such as Davis Strait and southern Baffin Bay (Jørgensen 2005, 2011). It was caught commonly during research cruises conducted on the slope of the eastern Norwegian Sea from 1984 to 1987 and in 1995 (Skjæraasen and Bergstad 2001). In the Spanish bottom trawl survey carried out on the Spitsbergen/Svalbard archipelago in 2003, it was also one of the main species caught (Paz 2003). Average annual catch rate between 1992 and 2005 was 0.6 individuals per km2 in the Barents Sea, which is considered ‘rare’ (Williams et al. 2008). Between 1996 and 2001 in the Barents Sea, the largest bycatch was 60 to 100 kilograms (kg) per hour haul, and more than 50 individuals per 1,000 hooks (Dolgov et al. 2005a). Average bycatch in the trawl fishery was six to 10 kilograms per hour haul and the maximum catch rate was 156 kg per hour. In the longline fishery, average bycatch rates were 10 to 25 individuals (or 35 to 75 kg) per 1,000 hooks, and catch rates reached 368 kg per 1,000 hooks (equivalent to a catch per vessel per day of approximately nine tonnes). These catch rates suggest that on average, this skate accounted for approximately 20% of longline catches, although they could comprise 99% of some catches. These catch rates suggest that it is a relatively common species in parts of the Northeast Atlantic.","The species is widespread on deep shelf waters and along continental slopes. Records range predominantly between 300 and 1,500 m, but it can reach depths of 2,500 m (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). This is an egg laying species, and size on hatching is 16 to 18 cm total length (TL; Bigelow and Schroeder 1953). Maximum size reported is 106 cm TL (Last and Stevens 1994); although the maximum recorded size in the Barents Sea is 74 cm TL (Dolgov 2011). In Norwegian waters the highest frequency of catches observed was at depths between 1,050 to 1,250 m. In the deepest areas sampled (2,000 to 2,050 m) no catches were made, suggesting a lower limit to its depth range (Skjæraasen and Bergstad 2001). This species appears to live almost exclusively at temperatures below 4ºC (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953). In the Barents Sea, it prefers bottom temperatures about 0°C (Dolgov et al. 2005a).","This skate is taken as bycatch in deepwater trawl and longline fisheries. In Davis Strait, it is taken as bycatch in the Greenland Halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) fishery. In the Barents Sea it is taken in trawl fisheries targeting Cod (Gadus morhua) and Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) at depths of 300 m, and longline fisheries targeting mainly Greenland Halibut, Blue Catfish (Anarhichas denticulatus) and Cod at depths around 300 m (Dolgov et al. 2005b). These longline fisheries operate at depths from 130 to 847 m. Average bycatch rates in the longline fishery were 10 to 25 fish (or 35 to 75 kg) per 1,000 hooks, and this species was estimated to constitute approximately 20% of total longline catches (Dolgov et al. 2005b). However, it should be noted that the uncertainty of the estimates from this method is high (approximately ±45%). Preliminary estimates indicate that total annual skate bycatch in these fisheries is 723 to 1,891 tonnes, and Thorny Skate (Amblyraja radiata) composes the great majority of catches (90 to 95% of the total skate catch). Skate catches are mainly discarded in the Barents Sea, although in 2000, about 200 tonnes of grouped Thorny and Arctic Skate were landed (Dolgov et al. 2005b), so future trends should be monitored.","In 1999, the European Union (EU) introduced a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for skates and rays of 6,060 tonnes (t) for fisheries operating in the Norwegian Sea (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea [ICES] Division IIa) and North Sea (ICES sub-area IV) based on landing statistics from the previous five years. This TAC has been progressively reduced by 8−25% annually to the current level of 1,256 t. As part of the TAC, the bycatch quota for vessels over 15 meters was set at 25% of live weight of catch retained on board per trip. For much of this period (1999−2014), the TAC was higher than reported landings and therefore not effectively constraining catches. Skate and ray TACs were established for other EU waters in 2009, including the Skagerrak and Kattegat (ICES Division IIIa) and from the northwest coast of Scotland and North Ireland to Portuguese waters (ICES sub-areas VI−IX). These TACs have also been gradually reduced since then. In 2013, the TAC for all skate and ray species grouped was 21,800 tonnes (regulations are available online at http://faolex.fao.org).Deepwater fisheries in the Northeast Atlantic have decreased in effort gradually over the past decade (Dransfeld et al. 2013, STECF 2014), but should still be monitored in case of future expansion, which could pose a threat to this skate.Research to collect information on the biology, ecology, use, and fishery data of this species should be a priority.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Kulka, D.W.","Stehmann, M.F.W., Dolgov, A., Farrell, E., Walls, R., Barker, A.S., Pasolini, P. & Orlov, A.","Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,RAJIDAE,Amblyraja,jenseni,,Amblyraja jenseni,"(Bigelow & Schroeder, 1950)","In the northwest Atlantic, this species is easily confused with Arctic skate (A. hyperborea) with overlapping distribution (Jensen 1948, Bigelow and Shroeder 1953, Stehman and Burkel 1984).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Jensen’s Skate (Amblyraja jenseni) is a little known deepwater skate, occurring in waters off Ireland in the Northeast Atlantic, including the Mid-Atlantic ridge. The species occurs at depths of 167−2,548 m. The full extent of this species’ range at greater depths is poorly understood. The occurrence of this species over the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and its presence at unfished depths in the Northeast Atlantic, offer it refuge from fishing pressure. Increasing density with depth suggests that the majority of the population likely occurs well beyond areas surveyed and fished. In the absence of major potential threats and data to suggest declines in abundance, it is assessed as Least Concern in the Northeast Atlantic region. If deepwater fisheries expand to greater depths within this species’ range in future, this assessment should be revisited.",Stable,"This skate is known to occur in most temperate North Atlantic slope waters and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Templeman 1965, Orlov et al. 2006). In the Northeast Atlantic it has been recorded in waters north of Ireland (Gordon and Duncan 1987, 1989; Quero et al. 2000), within the Rockall Trough west of Scotland, and in Porcupine Seabight west of Ireland (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). It has also been recorded in deep waters along west Greenland, in Denmark Strait, and around Iceland (Jónsson and Pálsson 2006). In the Northeast Atlantic, the species is present at depths between 1,800 and 2,190 m.","No information is currently available on population size or structure. A scientific survey expedition during the summer of 2004, using bottom trawls (to depths of 3,500 m) and bottom longlines (to depths of 4,500 m) off the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, from the Azores to the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone, collected only 14 individuals (Orlov et al. 2006). Although nothing is known of the population structure of this species, differences found in the external morphology in different parts of this skate’s range may indicate that separate populations exist. Given its limited interaction with deepwater fisheries and this species’ deep range, it is suspected that the population is stable in European waters.","This skate is a bathydemersal species, known to occur at depths of 167−2,548 m and likely deeper (at an average depth of 1,213 m) (Orlov et al. 2006). In the Northeast Atlantic this species is known to occur between 1,800 and 2,190 m, yet the maximum depth at which this species occurs is unknown. On the Mid-Atlantic Ridge this species’ average size on record is 92.61 cm total length (TL), while the average size on the European continental slope is 46.85 cm TL (Orlov et al. 2006). Mean size for a limited sample of female skates is 72.31 cm TL and for males, 80.3 cm TL (Orlov et al. 2006). Maximum recorded size is 112 cm TL (Orlov et al. 2006). This skate is oviparous, with egg capsules 12.3 by 7.6 cm long, similar to but larger than those of Arctic Skate (Amblyraja hyperborea; Ebert and Stehmann 2013).","This species is taken occasionally as bycatch by deepwater bottom trawls and longlines. It is usually discarded, although larger specimens may occasionally be landed (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Its occurrence over the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and at great depths in the Northeast Atlantic offer refuge from fishing pressure.","Although this species is taken infrequently as bycatch, there are management measures in place in the Northeast Atlantic for skates and rays, and such policies may affect it as well. In 1999, the European Union (EU) introduced a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for skates and rays of 6,060 tonnes (t) for fisheries operating in the Norwegian Sea (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea [ICES] Division IIa) and North Sea (ICES sub-area IV) based on landing statistics from the previous five years. This TAC has been progressively reduced by 8−25% annually to the current level of 1,256 t. As part of the TAC, the bycatch quota for vessels over 15 meters was set at 25% of live weight of catch retained on board per trip. For much of this period (1999−2014), the TAC was higher than reported landings and therefore not effectively constraining catches. Skate and ray TACs were established for other EU waters in 2009, including the Skagerrak and Kattegat (ICES Division IIIa) and from the northwest coast of Scotland and North Ireland to Portuguese waters (ICES sub-areas VI−IX). These TACs have also been gradually reduced since then. In 2013, the TAC for all skate and ray species grouped was 21,800 tonnes (regulations are available online at http://faolex.fao.org).Research is needed on the population size and trend of the species.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Fordham, S.","Farrell, E., Orlov, A., Walls, R., Stehmann, M.F.W. & Barker, A.S.","Kulka, D.W.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,RAJIDAE,Amblyraja,radiata,,Amblyraja radiata,"(Donovan, 1808)",McEachran and Dunne (1998) moved this species from genus Raja to Amblyraja.,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Thorny Skate (Amblyraja radiata) is found in the Northeast Atlantic at depths of 18–1,400 m, but is most common from 27–439 m. This species is common in the northern region of the Northeast Atlantic. It is the most abundant skate in the central and northern North Sea, and showed a marked increase in abundance between 1970 and 1983 in the central North Sea and from 1982–1991 in English groundfish surveys. More recent surveys, from 1991–2011, indicated a decline in the North Sea, but this is believed to be due to a change in survey gear, rather than an actual change in abundance. This species is only occasionally landed as bycatch in southern and southeast North Sea demersal fisheries, and its distribution lies outside the main beam trawling areas in this region. It is also the most abundant skate species in the Barents Sea, where it is a common bycatch species of demersal fisheries. It reaches first maturity at a relatively small size (44 cm total length) and demographic modelling suggests it is less susceptible to fishing mortality in this region than larger skate species. For these reasons Thorny Skate is assessed as Least Concern in European waters.",Stable,"In the Northeast Atlantic, this skate’s northern range extends to Svalbard, the Barents Sea, and off Greenland and Iceland (ICES 2013), and southwards to the Kattegat (Denmark), Ireland and the southern North Sea. It is found in abundance throughout the Norwegian Sea between latitudes of 62 and 72oN (Williams et al. 2008).Some reports of this species are likely to be inaccurate, owing to confusion with Thornback Skate (Raja clavata). In particular, nominal reports of this species from the Faeroe Islands, English Channel (Martin et al. 2010) and Celtic Seas (Silva et al. 2012) are believed to be inaccurate.Its depth range is 18-1,400 m.","Generally, this species is thought to be stable in European waters, although changes in trend are apparent. In the North Sea, which is the southern limit of this species’ range, long-term survey trends have shown an overall increase in abundance followed by a more recent decrease. The International Bottom Trawl Survey (IBTS, 1979–present) and survey data collected in Dutch coastal waters between 1951 and 1994 reported that this is the most abundant skate species over the wider North Sea, and has shown a marked increase in the central North Sea between 1970 and 1993 (Bergstad 1990, Heessen and Daan 1996, Walker and Heessen 1996). In research cruises carried out in the northeast North Sea and Skagerrak from 1984–1987 and 1995–1996 the species was caught in 269 of a total of 639 trawls (41%). More recent IBTS survey data from 1991–2011, showed a gradual decrease in the first quarter from almost eight individuals per hour effort in 2000, to approximately one individual per hour in 2011, representing a > 85% decrease, whereas the third quarter IBTS showed stable catch rates following a distinct peak of approximately 6.5 individuals per hour in 2001 (ICES 2012). This decline is believed to be a result of a change in survey gear (Ellis et al. 2005), rather than reflecting an actual change in abundance. Total biomass of this species in the North Sea has been estimated in the order of 100,000 tonnes (t) (Sparholt and Vinther 1991) but sampling effort was restricted by depth and area, omitting the deeper northeast part of the North Sea and the Skagerrak. While the overall North Sea stock is thought to be stable, there are concerns about confusing this species with Thornback Skate (ICES 2013). In the Norwegian Sea, annual mean abundance of Thorny Skate has been stable (mean catch rates of about 55 individuals per km2) between 1994 and 2005 (Williams et al. 2008), but decreased in the Barents Sea from 1999–2012. The Barents Sea population was originally considered stable at current fishing levels (Drevetnyak et al. 2005), comprising > 90% of skate biomass caught across the Barents Sea (Dolgov et al. 2005, Byrkjedal and Høines 2007). However, from 1999-2012 mean catches of this species decreased in a Russian demersal trawl survey from 5.0–6.2 individuals per hour in 2001–2002 to 3.2–3.3 individuals per hour in 2011–2012, which represents a 42% decline in abundance over this decade. In the Norwegian Sea, trawl catch rates for this species were higher than trawl catch rates in the Barents Sea (61 kg per 100 trawl hours for the Norwegian Sea and 43 kg per 100 trawl hours for the Barents Sea), but lower for longline catches (119 kg per 10,000 hooks and 135 kg per 10,000 hooks, respectively; ICES 2012). Scottish trawl surveys in the central and northern North Sea for the period 1929–1956 and 1981–1995 show that this species was caught throughout the two periods and increased in abundance between 1981 and 1995 with an unchanged length-frequency pattern over both periods (Greenstreet and Hall 1996, Walker and Hislop 1998). English groundfish surveys from 1982–1991 also showed a marked increase in catches (Ellis et al. 2005). In Iceland, this species has historically been discarded from a variety of fishing gears. A recent increase in landings, from nine tonnes in 1982 to 1,352 tonnes in 2011, suggests increased retention driven by local consumption (ICES 2012). It is estimated that the population is stable in European waters.","The depth range of Thorny Skate is approximately 18–1,400 m but it is most common at 27–439 m (McEachran and Musick 1975, McEachran 2002, Kulka and Miri 2003). It is found over a wide variety of bottom types from sand, gravel, broken shell and pebbles, to soft mud (McEachran 2002). Off the west coast of Norway, shallow areas are probably used as nurseries (Skjæraasen and Bergstad 2000) and the Barents Sea is a spawning ground (ICES 2006).This egg laying skate may reproduce throughout the year (del Río and Junquera 2001, del Río 2002, Sulikowski et al. 2005a, b) and produces between 10–45 eggs (Templeman 1987, Walker 1998). Size at birth is 8–12 cm total length (TL; Berestovskii 1994, Walker 1998, Kulka and Miri 2003). In the North Sea, Skjæraasen and Bergstad (2000) reported a size at maturity of 44 cm total length (TL) for both males and females. Also in the North Sea, McCully et al. (2012) reported length at 50% maturity as 36.2 cm TL for males and 38.2 cm TL for females. The largest specimen of Thorny Skate reported by McCully et al. (2012) was 49 cm TL. Again, this is markedly smaller than the maximum size reported from the Norwegian Sea of 90 cm TL, and from the central North Sea of at least 60 cm TL (Walker 1998).","This species is occasionally landed as bycatch in Northeast Atlantic demersal fisheries, but is likely less sensitive to exploitation in this region than other skates because of its small length at maturity. It is also distributed outside the major beam trawling areas in the southern and southeast North Sea (Walker and Heessen 1996). In the Barents Sea this skate was found to be the dominant skate species, comprising 90–95% of the total weight of skates caught in both survey and trawl fisheries bycatch data (Dolgov et al. 2005, ICES 2013). Relative catch per unit effort (CPUE) in this region indicates that biomass and abundance increased from 1997–2003  (Dolgov et al. 2005, ICES 2006), and remained almost unchanged from 1998–2001, suggesting stable stocks in this region (Dolgov et al. 2005, Drevetnyak et al. 2005, ICES 2006). In the Norwegian Sea, this species dominated catches (and presumably discards) from depth range of 60–400 m in 2008–2009 (Vollen 2010). These catches consisted of large individuals (36-55 cm TL) of both sexes, and were caught by Russian commercial bottom trawl and demersal longline fisheries (Vinnichenko et al. 2010). This species may be confused with Thornback Skate in some reports.","In 1999, the European Union (EU) introduced a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for skates and rays of 6,060 tonnes (t) for fisheries operating in the Norwegian Sea (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea [ICES] Division IIa) and North Sea (ICES sub-area IV) based on landing statistics from the previous five years. This TAC has been progressively reduced by 8−25% annually to the current level of 1,256 t. As part of the TAC, the bycatch quota for vessels over 15 meters was set at 25% of live weight of catch retained on board per trip. For much of this period (1999−2014), the TAC was higher than reported landings and therefore not effectively constraining catches. Skate and ray TACs were established for other EU waters in 2009, including the Skagerrak and Kattegat (ICES Division IIIa) and from the northwest coast of Scotland and North Ireland to Portuguese waters (ICES sub-areas VI−IX). These TACs have also been gradually reduced since then. In 2013, the TAC for all skate and ray species grouped was 21,800 tonnes (regulations are available online at http://faolex.fao.org)Since 2008, the European Commission has obliged member states to provide species-specific landings data for the major North Sea species, including this species, in order to improve understanding of skate stocks in the area (CEC 2008). In 2009, this obligation was extended to other ICES divisions, including the Celtic Seas (CEC 2009), and has been ongoing since 2008 (CEC 2013).Monitoring of the harvest trends is encouraged.","In the northwest Atlantic, the wings of this species are exported to Europe for human consumption. In the northeast Atlantic, Thorny Skates are taken as incidental bycatch in trawl fisheries, but there (North Sea, Irish Sea, Barents Sea), the species is not considered as desirable and thus it is not targeted.","Farrell, E.","Kulka, D.W., Sulikowski, J., Gedamke, J., Pasolini, P. & Endicott, M.","Ellis, J., Fordham, S., Walls, R. & Dolgov, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,AMMODYTIDAE,Ammodytes,marinus,,Ammodytes marinus,"Raitt, 1934",There are issues of taxonomic quality within the family Ammodytidae (Nizinski in press),No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Ammodytes marinus is distributed along the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean from western Russia to the British Isles. It is the major component of the Ammodytidae fishery, and there is no evidence that there have been significant declines in the population at this time. There are large fluctuations in abundance, in keeping with the characteristics of a short-lived, highly productive species. There has been a significant reduction of effort in the sandeel fishery in recent years, with a decrease in fishing mortality and a general rise in spawning stock biomass of Ammodytidae over three generation lengths (12 years). The sandeel fishery is a well managed stock, with a variety of considerations for ecosystem level impacts. Therefore, A. marinus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Ammodytes marinus is restricted to the North Atlantic and Arctic oceans. In the northeast Atlantic, A. marinus is found from 74°N (Novaya Zemlya and Bear Islands) to 49°N (Channel Islands, western English Channel), including Iceland, the Barents Sea (excluding the White Sea) and the Baltic Sea (excluding the Gulf of Bothnia and Finland). It has been recorded at depths ranging from 10 to 150 metres (Muus and Nielsen 1999).","The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) began treating A. marinus in the North Sea as seven distinct subpopulations in 2011, based on information about connectivity and regional differences in productivity (ICES 2010a). These distinct aggregations vary in their levels of vulnerability to exploitation, and there is limited movement between them (Proctor et al. 1998, Pedersen et al. 1999, Munk et al. 2002, Lynam et al. 2013). Stocks in the North Sea for which biomass data are available showed declines in biomass during the late 1990s and early 2000s corresponding to increasing landings, which peaked in 1999 (ICES 2013). The subsequent decreased fishing effort in the region, including fisheries closures, has resulted in increases in biomass of most sandeel management areas in the later 2000s (ICES Advice 2013, book 6). Low landings have been attributed to a combination of low recruitment and a decrease in fishing effort since 2002 (Lynam et al. 2013). There is evidence for a decrease in the mean size of A. marinus in the northwest part of the North Sea from 1973 to 2002. On average, age group 0 sandeels in July 2002 were 14.5% smaller than on the same date in 1973. Age 1 sandeels were 15.5% smaller between the same dates (Wanless 2004).In the Baltic Sea A. marinus reproduces in both the Kattegat and the Sound. The extent to which this species penetrates the Baltic Sea is unknown. Ammodytes marinus is not typically caught in regular fish monitoring surveys due to its small, elongate body shape, and survey data are only available from one area in the Kattegat, and show large inter-annual variations but no overall trend from 1981–2010. There is a fishery targeting all species of sandeel, which was unable to be fully assessed by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) in 2012 due to lack of data. ","Habitat and ecology Within the family Ammodytidae, the genus Ammodytes shows the widest distribution among the family, from temperate to boreal waters. However, none of the species is found in the southern hemisphere (Ida et al. 1994). Ammodytes marinus has a strong preference for coarse and medium sand substrates (Holland et al. 2005). It is a burrowing species which rarely emerges from the substrate except in order to feed (Winslade 1974). This species is an important component of the North Sea food web, forming a crucial mid-trophic link between zooplankton production (feeds primarily on the copepod Calanus finmarchicus) and top predators. In particular, it is the direct prey of whiting and haddock, as well as many seabirds. Fishing for sandeel has relatively strong indirect effects on cod, whiting, and haddock (ICES Advice June 2013). The maximum length is 25 cm total length (TL). Life cycle and reproduction Eggs are laid on sandy substrate between December and January, and the larvae hatch from February to April (Winslade 1971, Wright and Bailey 1997). There is variation in growth rate and age at maturity in this species, however the maturity-at-age used by ICES is 100% maturity at age 2 (Wanless et al. 2004). Size at maturity is 9.5 to 13.5 cm TL (Macer 1966, Gauld and Hutcheon 1990). A generation length of 3.8 years was used to assess this species in the 2013 HELCOM RedList Assessment (HELCOM 2013 RedList Assessment).","Ammodytes marinus is a commercially important species throughout its range. It is capable of rapid turnover, however this presents challenges for fisheries managers (ICES 2010). Stocks in Norway are managed using spatial management in order to prevent local depletion in the Norwegian Economic Zone (fisheries.no).","Ammodytes marinus is an important commercial species in the North Sea, and is recognized as a key component of the North Sea food web. As such, it is subject to a number of regulatory measures. ICES began treating A. marinus in the North Sea as seven distinct subpopulations in 2011, based on information about connectivity and regional differences in productivity (ICES 2010a). Of the seven subpopulations, four were able to be analytically assessed, and the remaining 3 are still considered data limited. Conservation zones encompassing the preferred habitats of A. marinus have been designated in Dogger Bank by various nations. Because sandeels are an important component of the diets of top predators, such as seabirds and marine mammals, fishing moratoria have been implemented at various times, which have resulted in initial increases in sandeel abundance (ICES 2010). This species was assessed as Least Concern in the Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (HELCOM) area (HELCOM 2013 RedList Assessment Project).","Sandeels are a component of industrial fisheries in the Northeastern Atlantic, of which A. marinus is by far the most abundant (Mitchell et al. 1998). Sandeels are lipid rich, and are utilized for fish oil and fish meal. Sandeels are taken by trawlers using small-meshed demersal gear in seasonal fisheries operating in the spring and summer (ICES Advice 2013, book 6). In the North Sea, the sandeel fishery was one of the largest in the area, with annual catches ranging from 0.54 to 1.1 million tonnes from 1982 to 2001 (ICES 2003).  ","Harwell, H.","Fernandes, P., Collette, B. & Heessen, H.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,AMMODYTIDAE,Ammodytes,tobianus,,Ammodytes tobianus,"Linnaeus, 1758",There are issues of taxonomic quality within the family Ammodytidae (Nizinski in press).,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Ammodytes tobianus is distributed along the northeastern Atlantic Ocean from western Russia to the Iberian Peninsula, including southern Iceland. It has been recorded at depths ranging from one to 96 metres. It is caught in the Sandeel (Ammodytidae fishery), but is thought to be a smaller component than A. marinus. It is unknown whether this presents a major threat at present. There has been a significant reduction of effort in the sandeel fishery in recent years, with a decrease in fishing mortality and a rise in spawning stock biomass of Ammodytidae in general. There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for A. tobianus. It is likely that A. tobianus receives some benefit from fisheries management efforts directed towards A. marinus, which include the establishment of conservation zones and fishing moratoria. Although it is a commercially-important species in parts of its range, there is a paucity of information available concerning life history, population trends and harvest levels, and the fishery is poorly characterized. Therefore, A. tobianus is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Ammodytes tobianus is restricted to the northeastern Atlantic, where it is found from Iceland and Norway south to Portugal, including the Baltic and North Seas. It sometimes strays into the western Mediterranean Sea (Whitehead et al. 1986). It has been recorded at depths ranging from one to 96 metres.","Prior to the year 2000, there was little separation of catch statistics between A. tobianus and A. marinus. However, this has improved (ICES 2007). Despite being recorded there, this species is not common in Norwegian waters and does not occur there regularly. If it is present in Norwegian waters, it is greatly outnumbered by Ammodytes marinus (Naevdal and Thorkildsen 2002).","Ammodytes tobianus has a primarily inshore, coastal distribution (Donaghy et al. 1995) and is primarily associated with sandy bays and beaches, including the inter-tidal zone and in estuaries. In the Mondego estuary, Portugal from January 2003 to December 2008 this species was more abundant in the autumn/winter (Primo et al. 2011). This species makes distinct vertical shifts between inactive stages, during which they stay in the sand, and active stages, during which they forage (van Deurs et al. 2011). Adults feed on zooplankton and some large diatoms (Bauchot 1987). They hibernate in winter buried in sand at depths of 20 to 50 cm (Muus and Nielsen 1999). Within the family Ammodytidae, the genus Ammodytes shows the widest distribution among the family, from temperate to boreal waters. However, none of the species are found in the southern hemisphere (Ida et al. 1994). The Ammodytidae are considered keystone species, which play a significant role in the marine ecosystem as prey items for a variety of predators including fishes, marine mammals and birds. Fluctuations in sandeel abundance have been shown to have direct effects on some seabird populations (Furness and Tasker 2000).","Ammodytes tobianus is a component of the industrial fishmeal and fish oil fishery. It is generally accepted that A. marinus accounts for the majority of landings in this fishery (ICES Advice 2013, book 6).","There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for A. tobianus. Although it is a commercially-important species in parts of its range, there is a paucity of information available concerning life history, population trends and harvest levels, and the fishery is poorly characterized. It is likely that A. tobianus receives some benefit from fisheries management efforts directed towards A. marinus, which include the establishment of conservation zones and fishing moratoria (ICES 2010a).","Sandeels are a component of industrial fisheries in the northeastern Atlantic, of which A. marinus is by far the most abundant (Mitchell et al. 1998). However, in catches from more coastal grounds, A. tobianus can be an important component of the catch (ICES 2006). Sandeels are lipid rich, and are utilized for fish oil and fish meal. Sandeel is taken by trawlers using small-meshed demersal gear in seasonal fisheries operating in the Spring and Summer (ICES Advice 2013, book 6). In the North Sea, the Sandeel fishery was one of the largest in the area: annual catches ranged from 0.54 to 1.1 million tonnes from 1982 to 2001 (ICES 2003).","Ralph, G.","Collette, B., Fernandes, P. & Heessen, H.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,MURAENIDAE,Anarchias,longicauda,,Anarchias longicauda,"(Peters, 1877)",This species is a synonym of Anarchias longicauda.,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Anarchias longicauda is listed as Data Deficient. It has very few records from the northeastern Atlantic and is not often caught, however, is not commercially exploited and has no specific threats. Further research is required to determine the status of the species in the northeastern Atlantic, including the Mediterranean. ",Unknown,"Anarchias longicauda is restricted to the eastern Atlantic, where it is distributed from Morocco south to the Gulf of Guinea, including the offshore islands (Smith 1984). In the northeastern Atlantic, A. longicauda is known from the the Azores (Santos et al. 1997, Carneiro et al. 2014), Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014), and the Canary Islands (Lloris 1991). This species has also been recorded once off Nice, France in the Mediterranean (Bauchot 1984). It is found from 10–100 m depth (Smith 1990).",There is no population data available for Anarchial longicauda.,Anarchias longicauda is a benthic species found on rough sand and rocks with a depth range of 10-100 m (Smith 1990).,Major threats to Anarchias longicauda have not been identified. ,No specific conservation measures are in place for Anarchias longicauda. This species may be present in marine protected areas that occur within its distribution (World Database on Protected Areas 2010).,Anarchias longicauda is not utilized in the region. ,"Strongin, K.","Karmovskaya, E. & Papaconstantinou, C.","Harwell, H. & Smith, D.G.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,ANARHICHADIDAE,Anarhichas,denticulatus,,Anarhichas denticulatus,"Krøyer, 1845",,No,EN,A2b,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Endangered (EN) Anarhichas denticulatus is found in the North Atlantic Ocean at depths ranging from 60 to 1700 m, but usually from 100 to 900 m. In the northeast Atlantic, it is found from Spitsbergen, Novaya Zemlya, Barents and Norwegian seas, the Shetlands, the Faroes, Iceland and south-eastern coasts of Greenland. There are a few records from the northern North Sea and Skaggerak. It is found over a variety of substrates, but prefers sand, shell hash, and coarse sand. It is a relatively sedentary species which does not form dense aggregations and undergoes limited migrations. Anarhichas denticulatus is a valuable bycatch species, and is also threatened by habitat degradation caused by trawling activity. Additionally, it is likely to be impacted by climate change. The age of first maturity, 5 years, and longevity, 14 years, were used to calculate a generation length of 9.5 years for this species. However, as the estimates were determined from a heavily exploited population in the northwestern Atlantic, we incorporated some uncertainty by calculating the population decline over 26 and 30 years. Surveys indicate the highest concentration of A. denticulatus appears to be in the Barents Sea, where the abundance of A. denticulatus is estimated to have declined by 50–73% over the 26–30 years. Although there are no long-term data from Iceland, it has been recorded from a decreasing number of stations from 1996 to 2007, presumably as a response to warming temperatures. It is inferred that the population in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean has declined by more than 50% over the past three generation lengths. Therefore, Anarchias denticulatus is assessed as Endangered under Criteria A2b.",Decreasing,"Anarhichas denticulatus is found in the North Atlantic Ocean. In the northwestern Atlantic, A. denticulatus is found from 72°N off Nunavut (O’Dea and Haedrich 2001a) to Sable Island off Nova Scotia and Grand Banks in Canada (Robins and Ray 1986) soen to off Pennsylvania, USA. It is found at depths ranging from 60 to 1700 m, usually 100 to 900 m (Coad and Reist 2004). In the northeast Atlantic, it is found from Spitsbergen, Novaya Zemlya, Barents and Norwegian seas, the Shetlands, the Faroes, Iceland and south-eastern coasts of Greenland. There are a few records from the northern North Sea and Skaggerak.","Population structure There is a relatively low level of genetic differentiation among Anarhichas spp. in the North Atlantic using microsatellite markers (Fst ranged from 0.35 to 0.47) indicating relatively recent divergence in these species (McCusker et al. 2008). These fishes may represent an extreme case of low genetic diversity which may be due to historical fluctuations in population size due to perturbations or glaciation. Risks of low genetic variation include inbreeding depression and reduced adaptive potential. Genetic diversity is low in A. denticulatus relative to A. lupus (McCusker and Bentzen 2010). Using micro-satellite markers, structure was detected between the Barents Sea and other Atlantic locations for this species (McCusker and Bentzen 2011). The percentages of the global populations of Wolffishes in Eastern Canadian waters are unknown, however it is likely to be significant (Kulka et al. 2007). Population trend calculations As the age at first reproduction and longevity were calculated from exploited populations in the western Atlantic, there is some uncertainty in the estimated generation length of about 9 years. To account for this uncertainty, the decline in the population of A. denticulatus was estimated over 26–30 years. The highest concentration of A. denticulatus in the northeastern Atlantic appears to be in the Barents Sea (Bakketeig 2013), where the biomass has declined by 50–73% over the past 26–30 years, based on survey data from the Polar Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography (Eriksen 2012, Bakketeig 2013). There are no long-term data currently available from Iceland, therefore, population declines from Iceland cannot be quantified. However, A. denticulatus has been recorded at a decreasing number of stations from 1996 to 2007, presumably as a response to warming temperatures. Therefore, the decline of A. denticulatus in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean is inferred to be at least 50% over the past three generation lengths. Regional population information In Iceland, A. denticulatus changed assemblages from 1996 to 2007, likely in response to warming temperatures. From 1996 to 1998 A. denticulatus was characteristic of the south shelf assemblage, while from 1999 to 2007 it was characteristic of the deep-southwest assemblage. From 1996 to 2008, it has been found at a decreasing number of sampling stations (Stefansdottir et al. 2010). Anarhichas denticulatus appears to be absent from the North Sea and Baltic Sea based on the North Sea International Bottom Trawl (IBTS) survey and Baltic Sea (BITS) survey. However, there have been occasional records in northern North Sea and Skaggerak.  Anarhichas denticulatus is the most abundant Anarhichas spp. found in the Barents Sea. It was characteristic of the deep assemblage and was found at 39% of sampling stations. Additionally it was present during each survey year (Aschan et al. 2013). Data from the 2009 and 2012 survey reports from the joint Norwegian/Russian ecosystem survey in the Barents Sea indicate that the distribution of A. denticulatus was similar to that observed in 2008, with small increasing in the west Spitsbergen area. Most concentrations were located in the central areas and along the continental slope to the west of Spitsbergen, with 70% of catches occurring in range of depths of 25 to 350 metres. The mean length was 85.5 cm, with sizes ranging from 5.7 to 131 cm. In 2012, catches were very low, so all Wolffish catches were lumped together at the genus level. The calculated mean density of wolffishes (Anarhichas) reached 2.4 thousand fish per square nautical miles, with an average of 49 fish per square nautical mile. This is lower than in 2008 to 2011. No index was calculated for this species. The mean length of this species in 2012 was 67.7 cm, with a range of 5 to 131 cm. This is a decrease in mean size, as well as a truncation in the size range of this species compared to 2009. Additionally, the size at first reproduction for this species in the Barents Sea is 80 cm and the mean size is below this. From 1979 to 1985 there was a marked decline in the abundance of Wolffish in the Barents Sea after a decade of intensive trawling by the Soviet Fleet. Global population information Anarhichas denticulatus has experienced declines in abundance which have been attributed to substantial habitat degradation by bottom trawlers, as well as the effects of bycatch (Collie et al. 2000, O'Dea and Haedrich 2000, 2001a, b). Of all Wolffish species, A. denticulatus has experienced the sharpest declines in abundance in the Western Atlantic. Estimated population declines off Newfoundland, where all Wolffish species reach their highest densities in Canadian waters, are 98% for A. denticulatus from 1974 to 1994 (O’Dea and Haedrich 2000). The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada re-assessed this species as ""Threatened"" in November 2012, which is the same status it was assessed as in 2001 (O'Dea and Haedrich 2001a). In Newfoundland waters the mean size (weight/individual) with CPUE (numbers/tow) declined over the years 1978 to 1993 (Haedich et al. 1997). This species underwent strong declines in both abundance and in range size during the 1980s, for the next decade, there was little change, however since about 2002 there have been small increases in both range size and abundance (O'Dea and Haedrich 2001a).","Anarhichas denticulatus is a deepwater fish of cold northern areas. In the western Atlantic, the densest concentrations of this species occur at depths between 500 and 1000 metres at temperatures ranging from 2 to 5°C. It is found over stony bottoms during the spawning season, which occurs from fall to winter. It is found over all bottom types, but the highest concentrations are observed over sand, shell hash, and coarse sand. It is a relatively sedentary species which does not form dense aggregations, and undergoes limited migrations (Kulka et al. 2007). The mean size at first reproduction for this species in the Barents Sea is in excess of 80 cm. Fecundity is low. The best catch rates for A. denticulatus off the coast of Canada occurred at depths of 70 to 300 metres. Anarhichas denticulatus undergoes ontogenetic shifts in diet. This species they are mostly planktivorous until 30 to 39 cm, mostly benthivorous from 40 cm to 69 cm, and mostly piscivorous at lengths greater than 70 cm. The primary components of the diet are: euphausiids (7.2%), Northern Shrimp (6.6%), and fish (American Plaice 17.5%, Redfish 14%) (Simpson et al. 2013). Wolffishes (family Anarhichadidae) are demersal, sedentary fishes on the continental shelves or continental slopes, and have atypical life histories for marine species. Atlantic wolffish produce large demersal eggs which are guarded by the male until hatching (Keats et al. 1985). The larvae are relatively large for marine species and emerge with near juvenile traits. Generation Length In Canadian waters, estimates of the age of 50% maturity are 5 years, with 14 year longevity (Baker et al. 2009). Using these estimates, an approximate generation length of 9.5 years is calculated using the formula: 0.5 (Amax+Am), where Am= age at first (50%) maturity and Amax = longevity. Three generation lengths = 28.5 years. Age of maturity and longevity may not be reflective of pre-exploitation population.","Fisheries-induced threats Although wolffishes are not of major commercial importance and are rarely explicitly targeted, they are landed incidentally in a number of fisheries and have been negatively impacted by fisheries targeting other species. Habitat degradation by bottom trawlers and by-catch have been implicated in the decline of all wolffish species in the Northwest Atlantic. Anarhichas denticulatus has undergone declines of approximately 98% in the Northwest Atlantic (Collie et al. 2000; O'Dea and Haedrich 2000, 2001a, b). Climate change Fishes of genus Anarhichas are considered ""temperature keepers"", adjusting their depth or geographic distribution in order to inhabit preferred temperature ranges. It is likely that these species will experience range shifts as a result of warming temperatures (Kulka et al. 2004, ICES 2009).","Anarhichas minor has undergone Extinction Risk Assessment in Canada, through the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC), which follows similar assessment procedures as the IUCN Red List. This species was assessed as ""Endangered"" in 2001 and has been placed under Schedule I of the Canadian Species at Risk Act (SARA) in 2003. Under this act, A. minor are illegal to land and must be released from gear with minimal harm. Additionally, a recovery plan for wolffishes now exists which describes each wolffish species and its biology. The plan identifies threats, provides examples of activities which are likely to result in habitat destruction, sets objectives and approaches for species recovery, and identifies knowledge gaps. There has been more dedicated wolffish research as a result. As of 2012, Wolffish are the only marine species which have been listed under SARA for which active steps towards delisting have been undertaken (Dawe and Neis 2012).","The flesh of Wolffishes (family Anarhichadidae) is considered to be of excellent quality (McCusker et al. 2008). This species is caught on line gear, with bottom trawls, and also with trammel nets (FAO 2001-2014). In general, there are few directed fisheries for wolfishes, because they do not occur in dense concentrations. However, there is a significant targeted fishery in the Northeast Atlantic, off Greenland (Möller and Rätz 1999), as well as by Russia and Norway (Shau et al. 2009, Institute of Marine Research Annual Report 2013). It is landed in bottom trawl fisheries on Greenland Halibut (489.0 kg/trip). The discard rate for this species for this fishery is 24.3% (Ulleweit et al. 2010). It is also taken incidentally in the Icelandic Lumpfish fishery, and is retained when caught as discards are illegal in Iceland (MSC 2013).","Ralph, G.","Collette, B., Heessen, H. & Fernandes, P.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,ANARHICHADIDAE,Anarhichas,lupus,,Anarhichas lupus,"Linnaeus, 1758",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Anarhichas lupus is distributed in the North Atlantic Ocean. In the northeast Atlantic Ocean, it is found from the Barents Sea to the British Isles, including Iceland and the North Sea. It is a relatively sedentary and long-lived species with a maximum age of at least 22 to 23 years and age at maturity of 5 to 7 years, with an estimated generation length of 15 years. This is a highly valued commercial species. It is directly targeted in some areas, but appears to be primarily landed as bycatch throughout its range. Additionally, A. lupus is also vulnerable to habitat destruction due to bottom trawling. Within the assessment zones the population of A. lupus appears to be concentrated in the Barents Sea. The only long-term survey data available suggest that biomass in the Barents Sea has been increasing over the past 35 years. Landing statistics available from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) show declines in declared landings of approximately 55%. The majority of these landings are declared from Iceland, which accounts for 88% of declared landings of this species. In Iceland, fishable biomass has declined by approximately 12% from 1985 to 2010, recruitment has been declining, and further decline is foreseen in the region, possibly due to warming temperatures. This species is managed in Iceland, where concerns over increases in trawling effort led to a closure of the main Icelandic spawning grounds, in the west of Iceland, during the spawning season. Elsewhere, remaining A. lupus populations outside the region, in the Western Atlantic, have faced severe declines which have been estimated at 91%. There have recently been some small increases in both range size and abundance in the Western Atlantic, however biomass is still low. Additional population declines have been noted in the Baltic Sea, where this species was assessed as Endangered due to an estimated 70% reduction in the population inferred from landing statistics, and in the North Sea, where there have been reductions of Area of Occupancy. In addition to population declines, the mean and maximum size of A. lupus appear to be decreasing. Although this species is commercially targeted throughout its range and there is some evidence that populations are declining, long-term data are not available to quantify population declines over three generation lengths (or 45 years). Therefore, A. lupus is assessed as Data Deficient. ",Unknown,"Anarhichas lupus is restricted to the North Atlantic Ocean. In the northwestern Atlantic, it is known from Greenland south to the Grand Banks and off Maine. In the northeastern Atlantic, A. lupus is distributed from Spitsbergen southward to the White Sea, Scandinavian coasts, North Sea, the British Isles, including Iceland. It is also found in the Baltic Sea, where it has been reported in the deeper parts of the Kattegat, regularly in the Sound (Øresund) and the Belt Sea, and occasionally as far as the eastern Gotland Basin. Scattered records south to Bay of Biscay and northwestern Mediterranean (Gulf of Genoa) (Barsukov 1979) likely represent wandering individuals. It is typically found at depths ranging from 1 to 500 m (Frimodt 1995) but has been recorded to depths of 2000 m (Hareide and Garnes 2001).","Population structure Wolffishes may represent an extreme case of low genetic diversity which may be due to historical fluctuations in population size due to perturbations or glaciation. Risks of low genetic variation include inbreeding depression and reduced adaptive potential (McCusker and Bentzen 2010). This species has been hybridized with A. minor in captivity (Gaudreau et al. 2006). The percentages of the global populations of wolfishes in Eastern Canadian waters are unknown, however it is likely to be significant (Kulka et al. 2007). Population trend calculations The generation length for A. lupus is approximately 15 years. The only long-term survey data available for A. lupus in the assessment zone is from Polar Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography (PINRO) in the Barents Sea, but only goes back to 1979 (35 years). During this time, the estimated biomass of A. minor has increased from approximately 5,000 tonnes in 1979 to 20,000 tonnes in 2013 (Eriksen 2012, Institute of Marine Research Annual Report 2013). Landing statistics available from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) show declines in declared landings of approximately 55%. The majority of these landings are declared from Iceland, which accounts for 88% of declared landings of this species. In Iceland, fishable biomass has declined by approximately 12% from 1985 to 2010 (Pampoulie et al. 2012). Fishable biomass has been decreasing since 2006, and further decline is foreseen in the region, possibly due to warming temperatures. Iceland is one of the main spawning grounds for this species, and there is concern surrounding the use of bottom trawls in this region may be causing the documented decrease in recruitment (Pampoulie et al. 2012). FAO landing statistics Landing statistics are available from the following FAO fishing regions: Northeast Atlantic, Northwest Atlantic. The overwhelming majority of landings declared to FAO originate in the Northeast Atlantic Fishing Zone. Landings peaked at 33400 tonnes in 1964, and declined with fluctuations to the most recent reported landings of 15044 tonnes, a decline of 55% (FAO 2011). Within the eastern Atlantic, the large majority of landings are declared from Iceland. From 1991 to 2001, landings declared from Iceland have accounted for an average of 88% of all landings originating in the Northeastern Atlantic Fishing Zone. The overall trend in landings in Iceland is one of continual increase, with fluctuations, from 1950 to 2002, to a peak of 17953 tonnes. From 2002 to 2011, landings drop to 10992 tonnes. From 1999 onwards, there has been concern that increased catch effort using bottom trawls in one of the main Atlantic Wolfish spawning locations west of Iceland (Pampoulie et al. 2012). Regional population information Within the assessment region A. lupus is the most widely distributed species within the genus (Bakketeig 2013). In Icelandic waters, landings of A. lupus were relatively stable from 1990 to 2010, hovering around 125,000 tonnes. Fishable biomass has decreased from about 40,000 in 1985 to 35,000 tonnes in 2010. Fishable biomass is close to the long-term average (based on time series from 1981), however the fishable biomass has been decreasing since 2006, and further decline is foreseen (MSC 2013). In Iceland, recruitment has been steadily decreasing since the 1997 recruitment index of about 35, to the 2010 recruitment index of 10 (Pampoulie et al. 2012). Western Iceland is a main spawning ground of A. lupus in Iceland, and fishing and habitat destruction in these areas has been implicated in stock decline. The A. lupus stock in Iceland has been constantly decreasing in numbers since 1999, which may be due to increased fishing effort using bottom trawls. Additionally, sea temperature west of Iceland may have risen above the optimum for growth of female A. lupus and thereby reduced the reproductive potential of this species (Gunnarsson 2014). Swedish commercial landings in the Kattegat have decreased continuously from more than 30 tonnes in 1999 to less than 2 tonnes in 2011. Tagging experiments revealed that A. lupus exhibits spawning-site fidelity and migration to feeding grounds of <100 miles in Icelandic waters (Jónsson 1982). In Norwegian waters in 1991, the length-age distribution of 716 fish showed that most fishes were between 50 and 70 cm (6-year old mean length was 46 cm, 10-year old was 58 cm, 15-year old was 70 cm) (Falk-Petersen and Hansen 1991). Anarhichas lupus was also rare in surveys of the Baltic Sea-the maximum number of individuals collected per haul was 2, and the mean CPUE/length/haul from 1991 to 2010 was 0.01 (Baltic International Trawl survey (BITS) data downloaded from DATRAS). There was a decreasing trend in abundance of this species in the North Sea from 1983 to 1985. In the North Sea, the mean catch rate/hour and number per hour and mean weight of A. lupus in 1983 was 1.569 kg, 0.49 individuals per hour, with a mean weight of 2.767 kg. In 1984 the mean catch rate/hour and number per hour and mean weight of A. lupus was 1.494 kg, 0.54 individuals per hour, with a mean weight of 3.207 kg. In 1985 the mean catch rate/hour and number per hour and mean weight of A. lupus was 0.784 kg, 0.20 individuals per hour, with a mean weight of 4.012 kg (Sparholt et al. 1990). An examination of the ICES ecosystem data maps shows that recent surveys report the highest densities of this species (78 to 98 individuals) in the northeastern North Sea (ICES Ecosystem Data Maps), and that this species is absent from waters outside of this area. A preliminary examination of North Sea International Bottom Trawl Survey (ITBS) data reveals that this species has occurred in low numbers in the area since at least 1966. The maximum CPUE/number/hr from 1966 to 2014 was 8, and the mean was 0.13 (IBTS North Sea data downloaded from DATRAS).  The main distribution of this species in the eastern Atlantic is the Barents Sea. It is the most widely distributed Anarhichas spp. in this region (Institute of Marine Research Annual Report 2013). Three to four-thousand tons of wolfish (common and spotted) are caught in Norwegian waters each year, either as bycatch in other fisheries or during a targeted line fishery which operates from April to August, when populations are located at feeding and mating grounds in the period preceding spawning (Falk-Petersen et al. 1999, Øiestad 1998). Data from the 2009 and 2012 survey reports from the joint Norwegian/Russian ecosystem survey indicate that the distribution of A. lupus in 2009 was more limited than that of 2008, and catches were lower. The greatest catches were to the northwest of Spitsbergen, near Bear Island, and on shallow sites in the southern part of the Barents Sea. In 2009 the CPUE of A. lupus was 0.058, 21 individuals were captured, and the mean length was 22.7 cm with a range of 3.5 to 73 cm. In 2012, catches were very low, so all wolffish catches were lumped together at the genus level. The mean length of A. lupus was 23.5 cm with a range of 2 to 118 cm in the 2012 surveys. The calculated mean density reached 2.4 thousand fish per square nautical mile, with an average of 49 fish (genus Anarhichas) per square nautical mile, which is lower than in 2008 to 2011 (Anon. 2009, Eriksen (Ed) 2012). Note that the mean lengths in both survey years are below the smallest reported lengths of first maturity, from Iceland, which is 25 cm. Lengths at first maturity range from 25 to 60 cm (see habitat/ecology). Global population information Estimated population declines off Newfoundland, where all wolffish species reach their highest densities in Canadian waters, are 91% for A. lupus from 1974 to 1994 (O’Dea and Haedrich 2000). All species of wolffish experienced similar declines in this region, however the declines seen in A. denticulatus and A. minor were more severe (Simpson et al. 2013). Declines have been attributed to substantial habitat degradation by bottom trawlers, recreational fishing and by-catch (Collie et al. 2000; O'Dea and Haedrich 2000, 2001a, b). This species was re-assessed as ""special concern"" by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIG) in November of 2012. There was no change in status from 2001 to 2012. Anarchichas lupus underwent steep declines in abundance and area of occupancy over much of its range from the 1980s until the mid 1990s, including its historical center of abundance in waters east and north of Newfoundland. Since then it has been increasing in abundance and area of occupancy, but it remains at low abundance. Population increases have been attributed to reductions in commercial fisheries, which take wolf fishes as bycatch. There have been continuing declines in abundance on the Scotian Shelf and in the Southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, where there were historically fewer individuals than in areas to the east and to the north (O'Dea and Haedrich 2000). It is worth noting that this species can still be captured without a permit in Canada, whereas it is illegal to possess spotted or northern wolf fishes without one (McCusker et al. 2008).","Habitat and ecology The Atlantic wolffish is a demersal species which inhabits rocky bottoms. It has also been recorded as one of the most common species associated with deep-water (600 or more metres) coral reefs (Costello et al. 2005). It can also be found foraging on sandy or muddy bottoms. It occurs normally in shallow coastal waters between 20 to 60 m in summer and it migrates to deeper waters offshore in winter. The wolf-fish has very strong jaws and it feeds on hard-shelled molluscs, crabs, lobsters, sea urchins and other echinoderms. The principal components of the diet are: brittlestars (7.6%), northern shrimp (4.9%), and sand dollars (8.8%). Fish are a relatively unimportant component of the diet. This species is mostly benthivorous throughout its life (Simpson et al. 2013). This species is mostly sedentary and does not generally undertake extensive migrations, with the exception of feeding and breeding migrations (Jónsson 1982, Nelson and Ross 1992).Life history and reproduction Anarhichas lupus is a solitary species and forms pairs for mating. Breeding occurs primarily at depths of 70 to 300 m.  The fertilization of eggs is internal (Pavlov and Mokness 1995) and eggs are deposited in a nest that the male guards until hatching for up to 8 or 9 months (Pavlov and Novikov 1993). The larvae will typically hatch at a size around 20 mm and almost exclusively stay around the nest area until juveniles become bottom dwelling (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953, Moksness and Pavlov 1996). In the White Sea, spawning occurs from late July until the second half of September. Eggs hatched from April to the Middle of May at depths of 15 to 40 metres. Males and females are mature at 5 to 7 years of age at about 35 cm long (Pavlov and Novikov 1993). Of the coast of Norway, A. lupus mainly spawns at 6 years of age at lengths of about 40 cm (Falk-Petersen and Hansen 1991). Age at first maturity varies. In the Northwest Atlantic it has been shown that sexual maturity occurs at smaller sizes in cooler waters. in Iceland, mature females as small as 25 cm have been reported. Maximum age is about 22 to 23 years (Falk-Petersen and Hansen 1991). The maximum length of this species in the Barents Sea is 115 cm (Pavlov and Novikov 1993).The Atlantic Wolffish differences in life-history traits between the east and west of Iceland; Fish collected in the west tend to grow faster and to mature at an earlier age, and at a smaller size, than fish collected in the cold waters of the east (Gunnarsson et al. 2006). Despite these differences there is a relative lack of genetic structure between eastern and western populations in Iceland, which has been attributed to the relatively recent isolation of populations there following the last glacial maximum (Pampoulie et al. 2012). Although occasional long-distance (100s of km) migrations have been reported for all 3 species of Wolf-fish in the Atlantic, Wolf-fishes are generally known for their sedentary behavior. Tagging experiments showed that most Atlantic Wolffish off Newfoundland were recaptured <10 km from the tagging site after 5 to 7 years (Templeman 1984). Migration  Generation length calculation In Norwegian waters, estimates of the age of 50% maturity are 6 years, with a longevity of at least 24 years (Falk-Petersen and Hansen 1991). Using these estimates, an approximate generation length of 15 years is calculated using the formula: 0.5 (Amax+Am), where Am= age at first (50%) maturity = 6 and Amax = longevity = 24. Three generation lengths = 45 years.","Fisheries-induced threats Although wolf fishes are not of major commercial importance and are rarely explicitly targeted, they are landed incidentally in a number of fisheries and have been negatively impacted by fisheries targeting other species. Habitat degradation by bottom trawlers and bycatch have been implicated in the decline of all wolffish species in the Northwest Atlantic. Anarhichas minor has undergone declines of approximately 96% in the Northwest Atlantic (Collie et al. 2000, O'Dea and Haedrich 2000, 2001a, b). In the Baltic Sea, the Atlantic wolffish is also threatened by fishery induced mortality, including effects of bycatch and accidental catches (HELCOM 2013 RedList Assessment). Climate change Fishes of genus Anarhichas are considered ""temperature keepers"", adjusting their depth or geographic distribution in order to inhabit preferred temperature ranges. It is likely that these species will experience range shifts as a result of warming temperatures (Kulka et al. 2004, ICES 2009).","In the eastern Atlantic, A. lupus stocks are monitored in the following regions: Iceland. Specific management initiatives aimed at conserving the population of A. lupus include the closing of 1000 km2 of spawning grounds in the west of Iceland during the spawning season, from 15 September to the end of April (Pampoulie et al. 2012). Anarhichas lupus has undergone Extinction Risk Assessment in the HELCOM Region/Baltic Sea. Based on criteria A2d, it was listed as Endangered (EN). The rate of population decline was calculated from landing statistics, which have declined by an estimated 70% in the last 40 years in the region, and based on the assumption of limited immigration from adjacent areas where population declines are also severe. The prerequisite for recovery for this species is an effectively reduced fishery and the identification and protection of spawning areas (HELCOM 2013). Anarhichas lupus has undergone Extinction Risk Assessment in Canada, through the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, which follows similar assessment procedures as the IUCN Red List. This species was assessed as ""special concern"" in 2000 and has been placed under Schedule I of the Canadian Species at Risk Act (SARA) in 2003. Under this act, up to 200 lbs or 10% of a harvester's daily catch may consist of A. lupus, however A. denticulatus and A. minor are illegal to land and must be released from gear with minimal harm. Additionally, a recovery plan for wolf fishes now exists which describes each wolf fish species and its biology. The plan identifies threats, provides examples of activities which are likely to result in habitat destruction, sets objectives and approaches for species recovery, and identifies knowledge gaps. There has been more dedicated wolf fish research as a result. As of 2012, wolf fish are the only marine species which have been listed under SARA for which active steps towards delisting have been undertaken (Dawe and Neis 2012).  ","Although it is rarely explicitly targeted, A. lupus is taken incidentally in fisheries targeting other species. This species is of considerable economic importance in the North Atlantic. Its flesh is considered excellent. Fresh and frozen flesh is salted, dried, and smoked. the liver is considered a delicacy. Eggs do not differ significantly from salmanoid eggs, and can be used as a caviar (Moksness et al. 1996). In the Northwest Atlantic, this species was the target of a directed fishery (Dawe and Neis 2012). This species is caught on line gear, with bottom trawls, and also with trammel nets (FAO 2001-2014). There does not appear to be a targeted fishery, however it is landed in the following fisheries: set net fisheries on cod (6.7 kg/trip) bottom trawl fisheries on saithe (34.3 kg/trip), bottom trawl fisheries on Greenland Halibut (35.7 kg/trip) and otter trawl fisheries on demersal fish (175.1 kg/trip). When landed, the average discard rate per trip for this species in the various fisheries ranges from 0.1-69.7%, with the highest rates seen in the Greenland Halibut trawl fishery (Ulleweit et al. 2010). It is also taken incidentally in the Icelandic Lumpfish fishery, and is retained when caught as discards are illegal in Iceland (MSC 2013). Wolffish eggs do not differ significantly from salmonid eggs, and are used as caviar. Wolffish skin is used to make leather (Mokness and Pavlov 1996). This species has been aquacultured.  It is landed in Norway (Shau et al. 2009).","Ralph, G.","Collette, B., Fernandes, P. & Heessen, H.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,ANARHICHADIDAE,Anarhichas,minor,,Anarhichas minor,"Olafsen, 1772",,No,NT,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Near Threatened (NT) Anarhichas minor is distributed along both coasts of the North Atlantic. In the northeast Atlantic Ocean, A. minor is found from Spitsbergen southward to Scandinavian coasts to about Bergen and around Iceland. It is found at depths ranging from 25 to 1,056 metres. Studies suggest that this species shows a relatively high degree of genetic differentiation across its range, with populations in the Barents Sea emerging as relatively isolated. Although wolffishes are not of major commercial importance and are rarely explicitly targeted, they are landed incidentally in a number of fisheries. As a relatively long-lived and slow-growing species, A. minor is inherently vulnerable to overexploitation, as is thought to be occurring in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean. Long-term survey data from the Polar Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography (PINRO) in the Barents Sea suggest that biomass has declined by about 45% over the past 35 years, but biomass appears to be increasing in recent years. Population trends from elsewhere in the northeast Atlantic Ocean are not available. Although these declines reach the threshold for a threatened category, the time series does not cover the full three generation lengths required, and biomass appears to be increasing in recent years. Therefore, we suspect that into the future 10 years landings will dip slightly below the threshold for Vulnerable and A. minor is assessed as Near Threatened under Criterion A4b.",Unknown,"Anarhichas minor is distributed along both coasts of the North Atlantic. In the Northeast Atlantic, A. minor is found from Spitsbergen southward to Scandinavian coasts to about Bergen and throughout the North Sea. It is also found in Iceland (Barsukov 1986). It can be found at depth ranges of 25 to 1,046 m, but is primarily found at depths of 200 to 750 m (Kulka 2007). In the northwestern Atlantic, this species is found from northern Baffin Bay southwards to Nova Scotia and the Gulf of Maine.","Population structure Wolffishes may represent an extreme case of low genetic diversity which may be due to historical fluctuations in population size due to perturbations or glaciation. Risks of low genetic variation include inbreeding depression and reduced adaptive potential (McCusker and Bentzen 2010). This species displays significant population structure across its range, with especially large differences occurring between the Barents Sea and other areas (Imsland et al. 2008). This species has been hybridized with A. lupus in captivity (Gaudreau et al. 2006). The percentages of the global populations of wolf fishes in Eastern Canadian waters are unknown; however it is likely to be significant (Kulka et al. 2007). Population trend calculations The generation length of A. minor is approximately 15 years. The only long-term survey data available for A. minor in the assessment zone are from the Polar Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography (PINRO) in the Barents Sea, but only goes back to 1979 (35 years). During this time, the estimated biomass of A. minor has declined by about 45%; however, current biomass is near the long-term average for the time series, and is showing recent signs of increase (Bakketeig 2013).  Regional population information The main distribution of this species in the eastern Atlantic is the Barents Sea. Three to four thousand tons of Wolffish (common and spotted) are caught in Norwegian waters each year, either as bycatch in other fisheries or during a targeted line fishery which operates from April to August, when populations are located at feeding and mating grounds in the period preceding spawning (Falk-Petersen et al. 1999, Øiestad 1998). Data from the 2009 and 2012 survey reports from the joint Norwegian/Russian ecosystem survey in the Barents Sea indicate that the distribution of A. minor was slightly broader in 2009 than in 2008. The mean length was 62.2 cm, with sizes ranging from 11 to 115 cm. In 2012, catches were very low, so all Wolffish catches were lumped together at the genus level. The calculated mean density of Wolffishes (Anarhichas) in 2012 reached 2.4 thousand fish-per-square nautical mile, with an average of 49 fish-per-square nautical mile. This is lower than in 2008 to 2011. No index was calculated for this species. The mean length of this species in 2012 was 65.8 cm, with a range of 4 to 121 cm. In 2013 the biomass of this species was estimated in the Barents Sea and is close to 84 thousand tonnes. Data from 2004 to 2013 show fluctuations in biomass between 31 and 92 thousand tonnes, with an increasing trend evident from 2011 to 2013 (Prozorkevich and Gjøsæter 2013).  In the North Sea, the mean catch rate/hour and number per hour and mean weight of A. minor  in 1983 was 0.002 kg, 0.01 individuals per hour, with a mean weight of 0.25. This species was absent from the same survey in 1984 and 1985. It was less abundant in the North Sea than A. lupus (Sparholt et al. 1990). Recent surveys show that this species occurs in very low densities in the North Sea (one to two individuals), and that it is largely absent from the region (ICES Ecosystem Data Maps). Data from the International Bottom Trawl Survey (IBTS) of the North Sea, from 1972 to 2007 show that this species is consistently rare in the survey, and the maximum CPUE/number/hour was four, while the mean was 0.01. Anarhichas minor is not included in surveys of the Baltic Sea (Baltic International Trawl Survey). In Iceland, this species was characteristic of the widespread-shelf assemblage. It was the second most abundant species of this genus in Iceland. From 2007 to 1996 this species has been found at a decreasing number of sampling stations (Stefansdottir et al. 2010). Global population information In Greenland, where this species is commercially important, catches declined from an average of about 6,000 metric tons annually to about 3,000 tonnes in 1980 to 1985. This species was found to be relatively sedentary, with most recaptures within 20 nautical miles of the tagging sites up to 10 years after they were tagged.  This species was uniformly distributed to depths of 600 m. Biomass and abundance decreased from 1982 to 1986, coincident with a change in length distribution. In 1982 the average length was 46.4 cm. In 1986, the average length was 35.5 cm (Riget and Messtorff 1988). Estimated population declines off Newfoundland, where all wolfish species reach their highest densities in Canadian waters, are 96% for A. minor from 1974 to 1994 (O’Dea and Haedrich 2000). These population declines have been attributed to substantial habitat degradation by bottom trawlers and bycatch (Collie et al. 2000, O'Dea and Haedrich 2000, 2001a, b). This species was reassessed as Threatened by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Its threat status has not changed since the initial assessment in 2001. Anarhichas minor has undergone strong declines from the late 1970s until the mid-1990s. Since then there has been some recovery. This is indicated by both increases in abundance in area of occupancy. These increases parallel a reduction in bottom fisheries that had a high incidental catch of this species, as well as the introduction of recovery measures, including mandatory release. This species is still at low levels compared with the beginning of the research surveys (O'dea and Haedrich 2001b).","Habitat and ecology Anarhichas minor is a primarily benthic species which can be found over a variety of substrates, including stony bottoms. It is found over all bottom types, however the highest concentrations have been observed over sand and shell hash, as well as coarse sand. This species feeds on invertebrates (77% of the diet) and fish (23% of the diet, mostly large individuals). This species preys primarily on northern shrimp (27.2%) and brittlestars (14.4%). Anarhichas minor are mostly planktivorous only until 9 cm, and mostly benthivorous thereafter. Shrimp began to dominate the diet of A. minor at lengths ranging from 20 to 29 cm, while echinoderms became important at 40 to 49 cm (Simpson et al. 2013). In the Northwest Atlantic the size of maturity for this species is 75 to 80 cm. Fecundity is low, and fertilization occurs internally. The spawning time occurs during or after July to August. This species undergoes limited migrations. It occurs at temperatures ranging from 1 to 7°C in the Northeast Atlantic, but is more common at temperatures of 1 to 2°C. It can be found at depth ranges of 56 to 1046 m, but is primarily found at depths of 200 to 750 m. In the Northeast Atlantic this species is found to depths of 600 m, but the best catch rates are at depths of 200 to 530 m (Kulka 2007). This species reaches a maximum length of 180 cm, but is more commonly seen to 120 cm (Barzukov 1986). Although occasional long-distance (100s of km) migrations have been reported for all three species of wolffish in the Atlantic, these fishes are generally known for their sedentary behavior. Tagging experiments off West Greenland showed that most spotted wolffish were recaptured <30 km from the tagging site (Riget and Messtorff 1988).  Life history and reproduction In Iceland this species has been determined to spawn from July to August. It is a determinate spawner and spawns all the eggs in a single batch. Eggs are demersal, 5 to 7 mm in diameter. The incubation period of the eggs is 800 to 1000 degree days, depending on the incubation temperature. The length and age at 50% maturity was 82.7 mm and 9.1 years, which is similar to the Barents Sea. The oldest individuals sampled in this study, from both commercial fisheries and from scientific surveys, (n=477) was 12 years old, and the average age was 7.1 years old (Gunnarsson et al. 2008). Estimated longevity for this species is 21 years, with a fecundity of 19,000 eggs (Gusey and Shevelev 1997, O'Dea and Haedrich 2001). Generation length calculation In Icelandic waters, estimates of the age of 50% maturity are nine years, with a longevity of at least 21 years (Falk-Petersen and Hansen 1991). Using these estimates, an approximate generation length of 15 years is calculated using the formula: 0.5 (Amax+Am), where Am= age at first (50%) maturity = 9 and Amax = longevity = 21. Three generation lengths = 45 years.","Fisheries-induced threats Although wolffishes are not of major commercial importance and are rarely explicitly targeted, they are landed incidentally in a number of fisheries and have been negatively impacted by fisheries targeting other species. Habitat degradation by bottom trawlers and bycatch have been implicated in the decline of all Wolffish species in the Northwest Atlantic. Anarhichas minor has undergone declines of approximately 96% in the Northwest Atlantic (Collie et al. 2000, O'Dea and Haedrich 2000, 2001a, b). Climate change Fishes of genus Anarhichas are considered ""temperature keepers"", adjusting their depth or geographic distribution in order to inhabit preferred temperature ranges. It is likely that these species will experience range shifts as a result of warming temperatures (Kulka et al. 2004, ICES 2009).","Anarhichas minor has undergone Extinction Risk Assessment in Canada, through the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC), which follows similar assessment procedures as the IUCN Red List. This species was assessed as ""Endangered"" in 2001 and has been placed under Schedule I of the Canadian Species at Risk Act (SARA) in 2003. Under this act, A. minor are illegal to land and must be released from gear with minimal harm. Additionally, a recovery plan for wolf fishes now exists which describes each wolf fish species and its biology. The plan identifies threats, provides examples of activities which are likely to result in habitat destruction, sets objectives and approaches for species recovery, and identifies knowledge gaps. There has been more dedicated wolf fish research as a result. As of 2012, wolffish are the only marine species which have been listed under SARA for which active steps towards delisting have been undertaken (Dawe and Neis 2012). There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for A. minor in the assessment zone. There is a need for more research concerning population and harvest trends.","The flesh of Wolffishes (family Anarhichadidae) is considered to be of excellent quality (McCusker et al. 2008). This species is caught on line gear, with bottom trawls, and also with trammel nets. There is no targeted commercial fishery for this species, however it is landed in bottom trawl fisheries on Greenland Halibut (278.4 kg/trip). The discard rate for this species for this fishery is 3.9% (Ulleweit et al. 2010). It is also taken incidentally in the Icelandic Lumpfish fishery, and is retained when caught as discards are illegal in Iceland (MSC 2013). It is landed in Norway (Shau et al. 2009). Due to the patterning of its skin, the spotted wolfish is used for making fish leather. There is increased interest in the aquaculture of this species (Sommer et al. 2004).","Ralph, G.","Collette, B., Fernandes, P. & Heessen, H.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,STICHAEIDAE,Anisarchus,medius,,Anisarchus medius,"(Reinhardt, 1837)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Anisarchus medius is known from the Arctic, North Atlantic, and North Pacific oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, Anisarchus medius occurs in the Barents Sea off the Murman coast and Spitsbergen, and in the White Sea. Little population information is available from the assessment region; however, it is not targeted and no major threats have been identified. Therefore, A. medius is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Anisarchus medius occurs in the North Atlantic, Arctic and North Pacific oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, it is known from the Murman coast (Motovsky Bay, 69° 30' N, 32° 30' E) eastward along the Siberian coast, through the White Sea and to Spitsbergen. The depth range for this species is 10–150 m (Makushok 1986).",Anisarchus medius is relatively uncommon in the Barents Sea (Dolgov 2009). Additional population information from the region is not available. ,"Anisarchus medius is found on muddy bottoms, generally preferring water below 0°C and salinities above 30 ppt. (Makushok 1986). It is a benthic species which feeds on small benthic invertebrates (Coad and Reist 2004). Anisarchus medius is one of three species of the family Stichaeidae are commonly found in arctic waters. These Stichaeids have evolved unique adaptations to survive sub-zero temperatures and prolonged periods of food shortage. Among these are the synthesis of antifreeze proteins and a unique lipid sac in post-larval fish (Ottesen et al. 2011). The maximum recorded size for this species is 30 cm TL (Novikov et al. 2002).",There are no major species-specific threats to A. medius.,"There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for A. medius. However, this species’ range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014).",This species is not commercially utilized in the region.,"Ralph, G.","Collette, B., Fernandes, P. & Heessen, H.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,BERYCIFORMES,ANOPLOGASTRIDAE,Anoplogaster,cornuta,,Anoplogaster cornuta,"(Valenciennes, 1833)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Anoplogaster cornuta is a rare but widespread deep-sea fish that occurs circumglobally between about 65°N and 46°S. Individuals are most often caught at depths of about 2,000 metres, and they are thought to migrate vertically to shallower depths at night. There is no population information available, and there are no known species-specific threats. Therefor this species is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Anoplogaster cornuta is distributed circumglobally in tropical and temperate regions. In the northeastern Atlantic, the species has been found off the coast of the British Isles, France, Spain, Portugal, the Azores, and the Canary Islands. It is found at depths ranging from 75–5000 m (Maurin and Quero 1982, Moore in press, Balanov and Kharin 2009).",Anoplogaster cornuta is a widespread deep-sea fish which is not uncommon (Moore in press).,"This deep-sea species inhabits the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones. It has a maximum size of 18 cm standard length (SL) (Scott and Scott 1988). Juveniles feed on crustaceans, while adults feed on fishes, crustaceans, and cephalopods (Fitch and Lavenberg 1968, Post 1986). This species may swim in small groups at times (Moore in press) Off Hawaii this species is found between 135–980 m depth at night and migrates to deeper water between 650–2,915 m during the day (Mundy 2005). It is reportedly a common prey item of the longnose lancetfish, Alepisaurus ferox (Fujita and Hattori 1976). Larval size has been reported as follows: 3.9 mm preflexion, 4.7-9.1 mm standard length (SL) postflexion, and a 15.7 mm SL juvenile (Konishi 1999).","There are no known species-specific threats to A. cornuta. This species occurs in deep waters and is not utilized by fisheries, although it can be caught with midwater trawls (Fitch and Lavenberg 1968).","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species, however it is likely to occur within marine protected areas that exist within its range. More research is needed into the population size, life history traits, and possible threats to the species.",This species is not utilized (Moore in press).,"Harwell, H.","Knudsen, S., Nielsen, J. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,ANOTOPTERIDAE,Anotopterus,pharao,,Anotopterus pharao,"Zugmayer, 1911",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Anotophterus pharao is a widely distributed, bathypelagic species. In the northeastern Atlantic, it is known from France to Madeira. Population information is relatively unknown, due to its rarity, although it appears to have a large distribution. It is not known to be used commercially, but it may be occasionally caught as bycatch. Therefore, A. pharao is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Anotopterus pharao is an antitropical species found in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans (Post 1984). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it is found from Iceland to the Azores and Madeira (Hubbs et al. 1953, Post 1984). It is typically found at depths from 500 to more than 2000 m (Post 1984); however, it can be found from 0-5100 m Bogutskaya 2007). .","Population information for this species is limited, though it appears to be widespread (FishNet2, Hubbs et al. 1953, Radchenko and Semenchenko 1996).","This marine species is bathypelagic, living at depths from 500 to 2000 m (Post 1984). It is a carnivore (Radchenko and Semenchenko 1996), and is a considered a key predator of Pacific salmon (Beamish et al. 1999, Radchenko and Semenchenko 1996). The average length is about 85 cm, with a reported maximum of 146 cm (Beamish et al. 1999). In waters off Madeira, sexual maturity, accompanied by tooth loss, may be reached after 8 to 9 years of age, and spawning probably occurs in deep water (Maul 1971).","There are no known major threats to this species. Although it may be caught as bycatch, this is not thought to be a major threat at present.",It is possible that this species occurs in a marine protected area throughout its range of distribution.,"Anotopterus pharao is not used commercially, due to its rarity. However, it may be caught as bycatch from deep water trawls (Iwami and Takahashi 1992).","Ralph, G. & Harwell, H.","Russell, B.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,ANTENNARIIDAE,Antennatus,nummifer,,Antennatus nummifer,"(Cuvier, 1817)","Based on a recent taxonomic study of the Antennariidae (Arnold and Pietsch 2012), both Antennarius and Antennatus are valid genera, but Antennarius nummifer is now valid as Antennatus nummifer. Specifically, it is stated that: ""Antennatus was recovered nested within the Antennarius nummifer group, requiring reallocation of all members of the later, resulting in a much expanded Antennatus.""",No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This is a widely-distributed species, which within Europe is restricted to the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"This fish occurs widely in the Indo-West Pacific, and eastern and central Atlantic. Within Europe, its distribution is limited to the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands (Cuvier 1817, Pietsch and Grobecker 1987, Dooley et al. 1985, Carneiro et al. 2014, Santos et al. 1997). This species is found to depths of 293 m.",Its population size and trend within Europe are unknown.,"The fish&#160;is a benthic, marine, reef-associated species that occurs in subtropical waters to a depth of 293 m (Pietsch and Grobecker 1987, Mundy 2005, Ocean Biogeographic Information System 2006), usually occurs at depths near 19 to 20 m (Allen and Erdmann 2012). It inhabits lagoon and seaward reefs in the intertidal zone (Myers 1999). This species has an oviparous life cycle and produces egg masses in ribbon-like sheaths of gelatinous mucus, called an 'egg raft' or 'veil'. Maximum total length for this species is 13 cm or 130 mm male/unsexed (Pietsch and Grobecker 1987).&#160;This species is&#160;strictly a piscivore (Halpern and Floeter 2008).","Of no commercial interest to the fisheries industry, but is utilized in the aquarium trade (Pietsch and Grobecker 1987).","There are no known, species-specific conservation measures in place. There are several marine protected areas within its distribution in Europe.","The fish is of no commercial interest to the fisheries industry, but is utilized in the aquarium trade (Pietsch and Grobecker 1987).","Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Knudsen, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SERRANIDAE,Anthias,anthias,,Anthias anthias,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Anthias anthias ranges from the Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic from Portugal and the Azores southward to northern Namibia, including off-lying islands. It can be found at depths ranging from 15 to 300 m, over rock and gravel areas as well as in submarine caves. Anthias anthias is common in some Mediterranean markets, particularly in Morocco. It is taken as bycatch from commercial fishing, shrimp fisheries, and sports fishing. There are slight declines in abundance in parts of its range (e.g., Spanish Mediterranean); however, this is not representative of the entire range and is of minor magnitude. Therefore, A. anthias is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Anthias anthias ranges from the Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic from Portugal and the Azores southward to northern Namibia, including off-lying islands. It has recently been recorded in the Çanakkale Straits, Turkey (Tuncer et al. 2011). It can be found between 15 to 300 m in depth (Heemstra and Anderson in press).","Anthias anthias is common and well represented in museum collections. It was among the five most abundant fish species sampled at Seine seamount at 160–180 m depth, accounting for 12% of the total catch. Individuals ranged in size from 10 to 22 cm (Christiansen et al. 2009). International bottom trawl survey in the Mediterranean (MEDITS) survey in the Spanish Mediterranean Sea from 1994 to 2010 shows a slight decreasing trend in the abundance of this species (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2014).","Anthias anthias lives over rock and gravel areas at depths of 15 to 300 m, as well as in submarine caves. It is a nocturnal and feeds on crustaceans and small fish. It can reach a maximum length of 27 cm total length (TL). Off the coast of Maghreb, this species is a protogynous hermaphrodite. Spawning takes place form July through September (Heemstra and Anderson in prep).",There are no known major threats at this time. This species is of minor commercial importance (Arrasate-López et al. 2012). MEDITS survey data show a slight decline in the abundance of this species from 1993 to 2010 in the Spanish Mediterranean waters and Balearic Islands.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures currently in place, however it is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range.Anthias anthias was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).","Anthias anthias is common in Morocco markets. It is also taken as bycatch from commercial and sports fishing (Heemstra and Anderson in prep). In particular, it is taken in shrimp fisheries (Arrasate-López et al. 2012).","Ralph, G.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F., Collette, B., Fernandes, P., Heessen, H. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CAPROIDAE,Antigonia,capros,,Antigonia capros,"Lowe, 1843","The higher taxonomy of this species is currently uncertain, though it is currently included in the family Caproidae (Perciformes). However, there is currently no evidence to suggest that the genera Antigonia and Capros belong in the same family (Heemstra in press). Some authors suggest that it should be placed in the Beryciformes due to otolith shape (Zehren 1987).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as, although there is little or no information available on the population size and trends, this species occurs in mainly deep waters and is widely distributed. Information on threats to the species is scarce but, except for a report of it being fished off Ireland, it does not appear to be targeted commercially or widely traded, and there do not appear to be any major threats to the species at present. However, monitoring of deepwater fisheries is needed in order to determine the ongoing status of this species. ",Unknown,"The species is found worldwide in subtropical and tropical oceans (Fishbase 2014). In Europe, A. capros is present through the east Atlantic Ocean, from the Canary Islands (Aguilar et al. 2010), the Azores and Madeira islands and Portugal (Fishbase 2011) to the Bay of Biscay (France and Spain). It has been observed in the Condor Seamount (Porteiro et al. 2013) and the Great Meteor Seamount (Zidowitz and Westernhagen 2004). Its depth lower limit is 900 metres, while its upper limit is 50 metres (Fricke et al. 2009), although the species is more commonly found among 100 and 300 metres depth (Fishbase 2011).","There is a lack of information on this species at the European level (Zidowitz and Westernhagen 2004). There have been fluctuations in the number of catches of individuals in the European area during the last decades. Recruitment irregularities can be a characteristic of the species, in that the total length has been very variable among catches along different years in the northeast Atlantic (Bay of Biscay and Great Meteor Seamount; Zidowitz and Westernhagen 2004). There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species.","In a trawl survey conducted off the northwestern African coast between the years 1962-1973, this species was caught over the continental shelf edge and slope between 60-390 m depth, with the most significant aggregation occurring at 130 m (Maurin and Quero 1982). Vakily et al. (2002) describes A. capros as demersal, with a maximum size of 31cm TL off of West Africa. In European waters, their larvae occur in the pelagic realm (Zidowitz and Westernhagen 2004), and while juveniles are present in mid-water, the adults are found near the bottom (Fricke et al. 2009). Since it is a near-bottom species, juveniles of the species were caught in the Bay of Biscay (Zidowitz and Westernhagen 2004), at 53 m depth. At the Condor Seamount (southwest of the Faial Island in the Azores), two specimens were caught at 221-230 m depth only in coral areas (Porteiro et al. 2013). At the Great Meteor Seamount, spawning may occur during September and October, based on available data of capture of larvae during those months in the area (Zidowitz and Westernhagen 2004). Antigonia capros was observed forming small to large schools (three to 60 individuals) during a survey in the Azorean Archipelago (Pakhorukov 2008). Antigonia capros feeds on gastropods, molluscs and crustaceans (Fock et al. 2002)","It is a by-catch species, and it has been captured abundantly in some places in and out of European waters.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books.&#160;There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any marine protected areas throughout its range, although it is likely that the species is found both close to fisheries and protected areas.&#160;Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends and threats to the species, and monitoring of fisheries is also recommended to understand the status of the species.","The species is not traded or exploited commercially, but the by-catch of the species has been reported to occur in USA (ICES 1999) and West African waters (Bravo de Laguna et al. 1976). In 2010, the species was the most important catch in weight in Ireland fisheries (European Parliament 2013), but no management measures have been implemented.","García, M., Russell, B. & Ralph, G.","Garcia, S.","Blanco, J.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MORIDAE,Antimora,rostrata,,Antimora rostrata,"(Günther, 1878)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Antimora rostrata is a globally distributed deepwater species that is occasionally caught in trawls as bycatch. It is common and abundant within the assessment region. It is taken as bycatch, however the extent to which this impacts the population is unknown. This species is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range. Antimora rostrata is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Antimora rostrata is a globally-distributed species. In the eastern Atlantic, this species is found around the coast of Greenland to the Denmark Strait to Iceland and southwards along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge to the Azores. The northerly distribution limits of A. rostrata in the northeast Atlantic north of the Denmark Strait, Iceland, Faroe Islands and the British Isles remains somewhat uncertain; it is worth noting that this species has not been observed along the eastern Norwegian Sea slope (Fossen and Bergstad 2006). It is common southwards to the Bay of Biscay, and there are single records from the slope off northern Morocco (Cohen 1986, Haedrich and Merrett 1988). This species is found at depths ranging 402 to 2904 metres.",Antimora rostrata is probably one of the most abundant fishes frequenting abyssal depths in the world's oceans (Iwamoto 1975). Females predominate in catches: large males are uncommon (Iwamoto 1975). In depths between 1000 and 1500 m at Greenland the proportion of females increased to 55.6% (n = 692). In trawl hauls from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge similar numbers were 70.5% at depths between 1000 and 2000 m (n = 342) and 98.8% at depths exceeding 2000 m (n = 181) (Fossen and Bergstad 2006). Within its peak depth range (1200–2700 m) A. rostrata is among the most numerically dominant species (Fossen and Bergstad 2006).,"Antimora rostrata is a benthopelagic species, feeding on free-living macrofauna. This species is most abundant at depths ranging from 1300 and 2500 metres (Iwamoto 1975, Fossen and Bergstad 2006). It is more abundant in the western north Atlantic than in the eastern North Atlantic. Males are smaller in average size than females – an examination of specimens showed that none of the males exceeded 322 mm in length (Iwamoto 1975). There is a skewed sex-depth relationship, with a larger percentage of the catch in shallower water being male. The middle Atlantic continental slope may serve as a feeding habitat for this species (Wenner and Musick 2011). This species forms aggregations. The absence of this species from semi-enclosed basins has been attributed to shallow sill depths and/or incompatible temperature. This species has a preference for waters of 1.5 to 4.5C (Iwamoto 1975). Counts of annuli indicate a maximum age of 25 years, with females appearing to live longer (Fossen and Bergstad 2006). This species is likely a generalist feeder, as suggested by the weak and unmodified dentition and large mouth. The flat, pointed, spadelike snout may aid in rooting out organisms, however rooting is not the primary mode of feeding. Length at first sexual maturity in A. rostrata is 41 to 43 cm (Fossen and Bergstad 2006). This species sizes of over 65 cm TL. At this size, it is likely to be near the top of the food chain. Individuals less than 50 to 60 mm TL are pelagic.The proportion of females differs by depth. Trawl data from Greenland indicated the overall proportion of females was 42.7% in stations shallower than 1000 m. At greater depths (1000-1500 meters) the proportion of females increased to 55.6%. In all other waters along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, proportions of 70.6% at depths of 1000 to 2000 m, and 98.9% at depths exceeding 2000 m.An overall increase in average size with depth occurs with A. rostrata (Fossen and Bergstad 2006). However, as it matures in size and age, it tends to move off the coast and spawn in the deeper parts of its range (Paulin 1995). This species is known to feed on benthic invertebrates (Paulin 1995). Maximum size recorded is 42.75 cm (SL).",Antimora rostrata is not utilized. There are no known threats to this species. Species in the family Moridae are often misidentified as Mora moro. This species can be caught as bycatch in trawls.,Landings of M. mora are often combined with other species of Moriidae (ICES WGDEEP 2011). There are no known conservation measures in place for this species. This species is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010).,"This species is abundant in certain areas, but supports no commercial fisheries (Iwamoto 1975).","Strongin, K.","Nielsen, J., Florin, A., Fernandes, P., Lorance, P. & Cook, R.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,TRICHIURIDAE,Aphanopus,carbo,,Aphanopus carbo,"Lowe, 1839",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Aphanopus carbo is generally distributed on both sides of the North Atlantic and on seamounts and ridges south to about 30°N. In the northeastern Atlantic, A. carbo is found over various seamounts as well as the offshore islands of Madeira and the Azores. Aphanopus carbo exists in sympatry with A. intermedius in the Azores. The southern portion of the range (Canary Islands, northwestern coast of Africa) of A. carbo is unclear due to the existence of the morphologically similar congener A. intermedius. This is notable because A. carbo undergoes large-scale migrations and reproductively mature individuals have only been found in the southern portion of the range. Aphanopus carbo is a commercial species; the fishery in the northern part of the range is based entirely on reproductively immature individuals, while that off the coast of Portugal is based individuals of adult size but these individuals do not achieve spawning off continental Portugal. Only individual caught around Madeira and the Canary Islands are fully mature and these areas are the only known spawning areas of the species. Aphanopus carbo is found at depths ranging from 180 to 1600 m. This species has traditionally been landed in long-line fisheries of offshore islands, and has more recently (early 1990s) been targeted by trawl fisheries operating on the continental slope in the northeast Atlantic. Large declines in CPUE (>80%) accompanied the onset of these northern slope trawl fisheries, which have recently shown signs of reversal. Aphanopus carbo is managed with TACs throughout European waters.  Landings since 2003 follow TACs set in the European Commission regulation which have been decreased from 2012 to 2013. As a result, trend of landings in the past decade reflect rather the regulation than the fish abundance. Global landings declared to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) show 41% declines in landings since the early 2000s in the northeast Atlantic fishing zone, and 71% decrease in landings in the neighboring Eastern Central Atlantic fishing zone since the 1990s, despite a generalized increase in fishing effort in that region. While fisheries in the northern parts of the range are well regulated, and TACs enforced, the spawning grounds of this species are in the southern portion of the range where illegal fishing practices, foreign fishing pressure, lack of control and surveillance, fish habitat loss and high rates of discards have led to the over-exploitation of demersal resources. This species is assessed as Least Concern owing to estimated trends in the Northeast Atlantic, where the abundance has been stable and the harvest rate declining over the past ten years. There is a lack of clarity regarding the southern boundary of this species' range where all known spawning activity occurs, the potential of two species being represented in catches from the southern portion of the range, the decline in landings in the Eastern Central Atlantic despite increased fishing pressure which may be indicative of a true population reduction, and the threat of unregulated exploitation from multiple fisheries operating in the southern portion of this species' range. However, the existence of one single stock that migrates around the NE Atlantic is considered consistent with all available studies so that the stable abundance in northern areas suggest that the whole population is stable.",Unknown,"Aphanopus carbo is generally distributed on both sides of the North Atlantic and on seamounts and ridges south to about 30°N (ICES 2012). Specific confirmed records within the assessment zone include the Atlantic, Plato, Irving and Great Meteor Seamounts (Stefanni et al. 2009) and Madeira (Parin in press) and the Azores (Stefanni and Knutsen 2007). The specific geographic distribution of this species is somewhat unclear due to confusion arising from the presence of a recently described sister species, A. intermedius, which largely replaces this species in the eastern central Atlantic. Records of A. carbo from Cape Verde are likely misidentifications of A. intermedius. Additionally, records from the Canary Islands are questionable, which is of significance because the Canary Islands have been identified as a spawning location (ICES 2012). This species is broadly distributed, occurring at depths ranging from 180 to 1600 m.","Population structure The results of micro-chemical otolith analysis, used for the purposes of stock delineation, were inconclusive (Swan et al. 2003), and the stock status/structure of this species is currently unknown (ICES 2012). Phylogeographic analysis using the mTcontrol region and cytochrome b markers revealed two distinct, strongly differentiated clades which lacked a clear geographic pattern. Possible hypotheses include vicariance, followed by secondary contact within the species A. carbo, or the unexpected presence of a second, recently described, sympatric tropical species A. intermedius. Sequences of A. intermedius from Angola were extremely similar to the A. carbo phylogroup corresponding with the southern coast of Pico Island, Azores, suggesting that the two species may exist in sympatry in the Azores (Stefanni and Knutsen 2007). Aphanopus carbo and A. intermedius differ by geographic distribution, maximum adult size, and vertebral count. External distinguishing characters are absent (Parin 1986, Stefanni and Knutsen 2007). A PCR-based method for the rapid identification of A. intermedius and A. carbo has recently been developed (Stefanni et al. 2009). Regional population information Aphanopus carbo is common off Madeira islands, where it supports a dedicated fishery (Morales-Nin and Sena-Carvalho 1996). Exploratory deep-water trawling surveys to the west of the British Isles in the 1970s and early 80s showed that this species was one of the dominant species at depths of 600 to 1000 m (Bridger 1978, Ehrich 1983). Catch of this species west of the British Isles is mainly supported by sexually immature individuals (Lorance and Dupouy 2001). Aphanopus carbo is a rare species in the Eastern Central Atlantic (Parin in press). With the decline in catches of traditional gadoid species on the continental shelf, increased effort from 1989 onwards has been directed at slope fisheries in the north east Atlantic. Aphanopus carbo was one of the five main species caught during deep-water voyages by French commercial trawlers in the early 1990s. It has been increasingly targeted by the Portuguese, French, and Irish fishing fleets (Gordon et al. 2003, Large et al. 2003, ICES 2006, Bordalo-Machado and Figueiredo 2009). Global aggregated landings data from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) over the past 10 years show a decline of 47%, from 18,088 tonnes in 2001 to 14,829 tonnes in 2011. Landings are declared from the following FAO fishing regions, in order of decreasing recent landings: Northeast Atlantic (NEA), Eastern Central Atlantic (ECA), Northwest Atlantic, Western Central Atlantic. Landings have declined steadily since the early 2000s in the NEA (approximately 46%). Despite a generalized increase in fishing effort in northwestern Africa (Anticamara et al. 2011), landings in the ECA fishing zone have declined by 71% since the 1990s.   Information from the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Prior to the 2014 benchmark meeting  A. carbo was arbitrarily managed in three management units: The Northern (ICES subareas Vb, VI, VII, and XIIb), Southern ( ICES Subareas VIII and IX), and Other (ICES subarea I, II, IIIa, IV, X, Va, and XIV) areas. Based upon linkage between Northern and Southern management units (the population is a single stock doing a clockwise migration in these areas), the status for all areas was considered as a whole as of 2014. Results from the 2014 benchmark meeting indicated that the abundance in the considered areas did not show a clear upward or downward trend. Mature individuals only occur in Madeira and the Canary Islands and Northwest Africa, though it is possible that two different species may occur in these areas (ICES 2014).  Within the southern Area, A. carbo, off Portugal and the Azores, the large majority of landings originating from subarea IX, the Azores. Annual LPUE estimates from subarea IXa show a reversal of a period of decline starting in 2000 and continuing onwards to 2012. CPUE from 1995 onwards in the southern area has been relatively stable. Average landings from subarea IX since 2000 are 3,110 tonnes per year and are relatively stable. Catches of A. carbo account for 49.3% of total landings from subarea IX and VII, off the coast of Portugal. Indications in this area is that stocks are stable, with recommendations to increase catches. Sex ratios are unbalanced, favoring females (ICES 2009, 2012).  In the northern parts of the range of A. carbo, sexually immature individuals dominate commercial landings. In the Northern Area, A. carbo is primarily taken in subarea VI, in mixed-trawl fisheries along with Roundnose grenadier and Blue Ling (ICES Advice 9.4.16.1 2012). In the Northern Area, indicators (declines in LPUE for French Trawlers) show a decline in abundance since 1990. In Subareas Vb and XIIb and Divisions VI and II, CPUE declined to about 20% of initial levels in the early 1990s, when the fishery was first created following the collapse of Orange Roughy fisheries. This represents a decline of approximately 80% in approximately 20 years. Advice for this region was that catches should be constrained to no more than 3700 tonnes (ICES 2014).    ICES advises on the basis of the approach to data-limited stocks that there should be annual catches of no more than 2802 t in Subareas VI, VII, and Divisions Vb, IXIIb, annual catches of no more than 2726 t in Subarea VIII and Division IXa, and annual catches of no more than 366 t in the adjacent areas (Subareas I, II, IV, X, and XIV, and Divisions IIIa and Va) (ICES Advice 2014 Book 9).","Aphanopus carbo is a benthoplagic species which occurs at 180 to 1,600 metres depth. In Madeira, this species occurs mainly at depth layers of 700 to 1,300 m, which is characterized by layers of low dissolved oxygen, small salinity gradients, high nutrient values, and a temperature range of 8.5 to 10.5°C. The juveniles are mesopelagic. This species migrates to mid-water at night, and feeds on crustaceans and fishes. It has an affinity for epi-pelagic and benthopelagic species. Aphanopus carbo reaches sexual maturity at 80 cm (Parin FAO guide in press 2012). Aphanopus carbo is a relatively fast-growing species living up to 15 years (ICES 2012). FAO reports the lifespan of this species as 12 to 14 years (Morales-Nin et al. 2002, Figueiredo et al. 2003). Vieria et al. (2009) estimated a maximum age of 15 years in Madeira. The von Bertalanffy growth curve describing species growth was TL = 138.6 {1 − exp[−0.251(t + 2.284)]}, where TL is total length and t age (years). Males grow at slightly lower rate than females (Morales-Nin and Sena-Carvalho 1996). Reproduction The life cycle of A. carbo is not fully understood. This species has a primary spawning area at the southern range of its distribution, in Madeira, the Canary Islands, and the northwest coast of Africa (ICES 2012, Figueiredo et al., 2003, Pajuelo et al., 2008). There is uncertainty as to whether the population in the Canary Islands consists of A. carbo or the congeneric A. intermedia. Sexually mature A. carbo are captured at Madeira, where spawning takes place from November to December. Only spent individuals have been captured off mainland Portugal (Morales-Nin and Sena-Carvalho 1996). Only sexually immature individuals have been captured in Rockall Trough, ranging in size from 80 to 110 cm TL, and immature individuals dominate landings from commercial deep-water fisheries in the northern parts of its range (Swan et al. 2003). In Madeira, 50% of the population is sexually mature at lengths of 103 cm (Figueiredo et al. 2003). In the Canary Islands, 2 to 3 year old females range in size from 1120 mm and 1220 mm TL, and this species reaches a maximum reported age of 12 years (Pajuelo et al. 2008). It is inferred from the above information that sexual maturity in A. carbo is reached between ages 2 and 3. Family Trichiuridae Trichiurids are benthopelagic on continental shelves and slopes, and underwater rises from surface to about 1600 meters depths. These fishes are voracious predators feeding on fishes, squids and crustaceans. The eggs and larvae are pelagic (Parin in press).","Exploitation Aphanopus carbo is a targeted and bycatch species within the assessment area. In the northern portion of its range, the relative abundance index for this stock has declined to about 20% of its initial level. As the start of the CPUE series may not correspond to the start of the fishery, the true decline is likely to be greater than this. However, in several areas a reversal of this declining trend has been seen since the early 2000s (ICES 2009). Heavy metals Aphanopus carbo, captured off the continental coast of Portugal or in the Azores and Madeira archipelagos is known to present considerable levels of heavy metal contamination, particularly of the highly toxic methyl-mercury. Limits on consumption have been advised, particularly for human populations in Madeira. (Cardoso et al. 2010). Intrinsic vulnerability Aphanopus carbo has been considered a low-productivity species which can only sustain low rates of exploitation (ICES 2012).  However the maximum longevity estimated to 12-15 years suggests a moderate generation time and population dynamics similar to that of numerous shelf fish species. The life history and population structure of A. carbo are poorly understood although the existence of one single population tht migrates around the NE Atlantic driven by feeding and reproduction is the most likely hypothesis consistent with available data (Farias et al. 2013) Global threats While fisheries in the northern parts of the range are relatively well regulated and regulations are relatively well enforced, the only known spawning grounds of this species are in the southern portion of the range. Off the coast of northwest Africa illegal fishing practices, foreign fishing pressure, lack of control and surveillance, fish habitat loss and high rates of discards have led to the over-exploitation of some resources (Belhabib et al. 2013).","Aphanopus carbo is considered a Data Deficient Stock by ICES, and there is increasing interest in collecting needed biological data for its assessment. It has been managed by European Union (EU) vessels fishing in EU and international waters since 2003, with the implementation of Total Allowable Catches. These have been systematically overshot (ICES 2012). In 2002, the European Union passed measure PSM55 - Restrictions on landing/transhipment, applying to EU vessels (Council Regulation (EC) No 2347/2002 of 16 December 2002 establishing specific access requirements and associated conditions applicable to fishing for deep-sea stocks, article 3(1).","In the Northeast Atlantic, this species is taken in mixed-trawl fisheries along with Roundnose Grenadier and Blue Ling (ICES Advice 9.4.16.1 2012). Madeira longline fishery Aphanopus carbo is commercially exploited in Madeira (Parin in press) and on the continental slope of Portugal (Martins et al. 1989) by long-line fishery. It is caught primarily by long-line, with squid as bait (McDuffie et al. 2005). The Madeira fishery captures fishes ranging in size from 54 to 151 cm TL, which includes immature individuals. It is a highly-valued species which commands a good price. The Madeira fishery was first documented in the early 19th century (Morales-Nin and Sena-Carvalho 1996). Effort and yields increased substantially with the introduction of engine propulsion in the 1950s, and again with changes in techniques for setting drifting long-line gears and the discovery of new fishing grounds in the early 1980s  Landings of this species increased substantially from about 1,500 tonnes in 1985 to nearly 3500 tonnes in 1992 (Martins and Ferreira 1995). Landings in Madeira reached a maximum value of around 4400 tonnes in 1998 and since have steadily decreased to just below 3000 tonnes in 2007 (Bordalo-Machado et al. 2009). The number of vessels active in this fishery has progressively decreased over time. However gear efficiency has increased mainly though an increase in the number of hooks per line set (FAO FIRMS 2012 to 2013). Commercial deep-water slope fishery With the decline in catches of traditional gadoid species on the continental shelf, increased effort from 1989 onwards has been directed at slope fisheries in the northeast Atlantic. Aphanopus carbo was one of the five main species caught during deep-water voyages by French commercial trawlers in the early 1990s. It has been increasingly targeted by the Portuguese, French, and Irish fishing fleets (Gordon et al. 2003, Large et al. 2003, ICES 2006, Bordalo-Machado and Figueiredo 2009). Landings by French commercial vessels operating in the north east Atlantic increased from 0 tonnes in 1988 to 12,219 tonnes in 1992 (Charuau et al. 1995). Aphanopus carbo is an important component of the mixed bottom trawl fisheries in Rockall Trough, N.E. Atlantic (Swan et al. 2003). Portuguese continental waters Exploitation of this species expanded to Portuguese continental waters in 1983 (Ribeiro Santos et al. 2013). It is taken primarily in long-line fisheries.","Stump, E.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F., Collette, B., Heessen, H. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,TRICHIURIDAE,Aphanopus,intermedius,,Aphanopus intermedius,"Parin, 1983","Aphanopus intermedius is easily confused with A. carbo the areas where both species occur, because there are no conspicuous external characteristics that differentiate the two species (Nakamura and Parin 1993, Parin 1995). Biscoito et al. (2011), analysed  both species in terms of genetic and morphological features and stated that they could not be correctly identified in a classical taxonomic way and a full separation of the two species could only be achieved through the use of a combination of morphometric and meristic characters in a numerical taxonomic approach. Sequences of two markers  (control region and cytochrome b) of A. intermedius from Angola were extremely similar to the A. carbo phylogroup corresponding with the southern coast of Pico Island, Azores, suggesting that the two species may exist in sympatry in the Azores (Stefanni and Knutsen 2007). Aphanopus carbo and A. intermedius differ by geographic distribution, maximum adult size, and vertebral count; and external distinguishing characters are absent (Parin 1983, Stefanni and Knutsen 2007). A PCR-based method for the rapid identification of A. intermedius and A. carbo has recently been developed (Stefanni et al. 2009).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as this benthopelagic species is widespread and fairly common. Due to its close resemblance to A. carbo and co-occurrence, the species is likely taken in commercial fisheries and not reported as such. Fisheries for A. carbo have seen significant catch declines in the North Atlantic, which includes the Canaries, where A. intermedius also occurs and is likely also taken in this fishery; and the species is also commercially exploited in Madeira and possibly in other parts of its range. Therefore, further research should be conducted on the geographic range and population trend of this species.",Unknown,"Aphanopus intermedius is found in moderately tropical and warm waters of the Atlantic Ocean. In the eastern Atlantic, it is known from off the western Sahara, Mauritania, Gabon, Namibia and well as from underwater rises in southwestern parts of the area. This species also occurs off Angola (Parin 1990, Stefanni and Knutsen 2007) and the Cape Verde Islands (Monteiro pers. comm. 2013).In European waters, A. intermedius occurs in the Canaries (Brito et al. 2002). Stefanni and Knutsen (2007) stated that this species exists in sympatry with A. carbo in the Azores. Biscoito et al. (2011) confirmed the presence of these sympatric species in the Azores, Madeira and the Canaries and elsewhere off the coasts of Morocco and Western Sahara. This study confirmed that A. carbo is the only species that reaches mainland Europe and that the northern distribution limit of the Intermediate Scabbardfish is the Azorean waters.The species is present at depths ranging from 800 to 1,300 m.","Aphanopus intermedius and A. carbo are easily confused and are likely to have a sympatric distribution, and catches are likely to report both species together, providing no separate catch statistics for the species.  Considering the distribution of A. intermedius in the Eastern Central Atlantic and assuming this species is not caught by the mainland Portugal Black Scabbard fishery (Biscoito et al. 2011), the Madeira fishery of Scabbardfishes is the only major exploitation targeting these two species indistinctly. There was a considerable decline in landings which originate in the Eastern Central Atlantic, reported by the Madeira fleet. They have declined by 52%, from 4,008 tonnes in 2001, to 1,913 tonnes in 2014. However, in the last five years the trend of the landings is stable, with around 1,840 tonnes in average.   However, in interpreting population trends based on the unloadings of this fishery, several factors need to be considered. The first is connected with the considerable reduction of the fleet from 2009 onwards, following two adjustment plans implemented to reduce fishing effort. The second is the considerable geographical expansion of the fishery from 2005 onwards, reaching fishing grounds located off the Canaries and south of Azores: Great Meteor, Hyères and Irving seamounts; and some changes in the fishing methodologies (namely the time of immersion of the longlines) that may have increased the capturability of the fishery and changed the proportion of A. intermedius in the catches.","Trichiurids are benthopelagic on continental shelves and slopes, and underwater rises from surface to about 1,600 m deep. These fishes are voracious predators feeding on fishes, squids and crustaceans. The eggs and larvae are pelagic (Parin in press 2012). In the European waters off the archipelagos of Madeira, Azores and the Canaries, this benthopelagic species is present in sympatry with A. carbo. Specimens of A. intermedius collected from the unloadings of the commercial fishery of Madeira using mid-water drifting longlines, corresponding to about 20% of total unloadings of Scabbardfishes, were compared with A. carbo respect to their population structure, age and growth and reproduction (Delgado et al. 2013). The study showed clear differences between both species in the length-frequency distribution and growth. Intermediate Scabbardfish individuals varied between 105.4 and 148.0 cm TL, and attained a mean size of 128.3cm TL; they were most common from 126 to 136 cm TL. It was estimated a maximum age for Intermediate Scabbardfish of 15 years, reaching a greater length (females attaining greater lengths and having a lower growth rate than males) and growing more slowly than the Black Scabbardfish. In both species, females in mature stages were encountered mostly from October to December.","Aphanopus intermedius is commercially exploited in parts of its range, notably off the Madeira and Canary archipelagos and in seamounts in international waters south of Azores (Great Meteor, Hyères and Irving).","There are measures in place regulating the fishing opportunities targeting A. carboin the north and central eastern Atlantic fishing areas, under Regulation (EU) 2347/2002, disposing, among others, the applicable fishing effort and also the TAC available for the 2015-2016 biennium: Regulation (EU) 1367/20014. The European Union has thus established for 2015 a Total Allowable Catches of 10,499 tonnes to be used in ICES and CECAF fishing areas, mainly by the French and Portuguese (Sesimbra and Madeira) fisheries. Deep-sea stocks, given its biological characteristics and vulnerability to fishery,are limited as to the fishing opportunities exercised by European fleets in differentAtlantic fisheries. The Regulation 2347/2002 established a framework for the maximum capacity and fishing effortlevel that can be applied in the fleet licensing to catch deep water species.Also,in each biennium, there is the establishment of an annual TAC for the species listed in Annex I of that Regulation (including the Black Scabbard fish). The limit for the catches of this species by the Portugal fleet (registered in Madeira) for 2015-2016 (Regulation (EU) 1367/2014) is set at 3,141 and 2,827 tonnes respectively; and this include both Aphanopus carbo and A. intermedius as these species are not separated in the landings.In certain areas (seamounts) off Madeira, Azores and the Canaries, where the species is present, there are some protection measures enforced, namely the prohibition to use certain types of more harmful fishing gears for example gill nets, trammel nets and bottom trawling under 200 m deep (Regulation 1685/2005).Further research should be conducted on the distribution and population trend of the species.","The Scabbard fishes (Aphanopus spp.) constitute an important bathyal fishery resource in the north and central eastern areas of the Atlantic Ocean (Gordo 2009). This is an important deep water resource exploited mainly by the French and Portuguese (mainland and Madeira) fleets. The European Union has established for 2015 a Total Allowable Catches (TCA) of 10,499 tonnes to be used in ICES and CECAF fishing areas, mainly by the French and Portuguese (Sesimbra and Madeira) fisheries. In the Macaronesian area, comprising the fishing grounds off Madeira, the seamounts inside Madeira EEZ, the Canaries and south of Azores (Great Meteor, Hyères and Irving seamounts), the Intermediate Scabbarfish represents around 20% of the unloadings of Scabbardfishes caught by the drift longline fisheries operated by the Madeiran fishing fleet operating in all these fishing grounds combined. In average, about 1,840 tonnes per year of Aphanopus intermedius and A. carbo were landed in Madeira in the last five years. Income from first auction sells of Aphanopus spp, landed by the Madeira fishing fleet, yielded around 6.2 million euros in 2014.","García, M.","Delgado, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Aphia,minuta,,Aphia minuta,"(Risso, 1810)","De Buen (1931) described two subspecies of Aphia minuta, Aphia minuta atlantica, the larger Atlantic subspecies, and the smaller Mediterranean Aphia minua mediterranea (Miller 1986). However, A. minuta mediterranea should be considered as a lesser synonym of A. minuta minuta (Risso 1826), on the basis of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (La Mesa et al. 2005).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Aphia minuta is widely distributed in the northeastern Atlantic, from Norway and the western Baltics to Morocco, including the Mediterranean and Black Seas. There is a small-scale, seasonal fishery in the Mediterranean Sea. This fishery resulted in localized population declines in the 1990's and the fishery was stopped in some areas (e.g., the Balearic Islands). Although A. minuta has a short generation length with a high reproductive capacity, ongoing monitoring of population and harvest trends is suggested. As threats are considered localized as present, A. minuta is assessed as Least Concern.",Decreasing,"Aphia minuta is distributed in the eastern Atlantic, from Morocco in the south to Trondheim in Norway and the western Baltic in the north. It is also present throughout the Mediterranean from Gibraltar to Israel and Egypt (Miller 1986, Ibrahim and Soliman 1996, La Mesa et al. 2005), but absent from parts of the north African coast. It is also present in the Black Sea and Azov Sea (Miller 1986, La Mesa et al. 2005). Aphia minuta is typically found to 100 m (Iglesias and Morales-Nin 2001).","No estimation of size and trend of the global population of this species has been published, however some data are available from the Mediterranean, where the species is subject to fishery exploitation.The sub-population in the Tyrrhenian Sea was estimated as fairly stable with an annual variation of 40-60 tonnes (Auteri et al. 2000). The sub-population in the Alboran Sea (western Mediterranean) was drastically reduced by fishery, and, as result of this population collapse, the species fishery is forbidden in this area (Iglesias and Morales-Nin 2001). The species is only fished in the Mediterranean (in Spanish and Italian waters), and here the populations have been reported to have declined (La Mesa et al. 2005) as a result of the fishery for the species. There is ongoing monitoring in Italian waters but these data are not available.It is not an abundant species off the coast of Portugal (Da Cunha and Antunes 2008).","Aphia minuta is a small transparent pelagic and neritic species, widely distributed in inshore and estuarine waters from the surface to 80–100 m depth over sand, mud or eelgrass (Zostera marina) and sea-grass (Posidonia oceanica) or large thalus algae (Cystoseira) (Miller 1986, La Mesa et al. 2005). It is an annual species that lives less than one year, with a maximum size of less than 60 mm.The breeding season is quite long and spawning takes place at least twice during its short lifespan. Just after spawning, all breeders quickly die probably as a consequence of the degeneration of the intestinal epithelium by apoptosis, marking the end of the entire cohort. Sexual maturity of A. minuta is reached at variable sizes, between 28–30 and 42–45 mm total length. The range of absolute fecundity is approximately between 900 and 7,000 oocytes per female. Spending most of its life in the water column, it is a planktotrophic feeder, relying mainly on small copepods. In turn the transparent goby is preyed on by several species of fish and larger cephalopods. During ontogenesis, three phases characterize the species: a ‘pelagic phase’, composed of larval stages hatched from demersal eggs that inhabit shallow coastal waters; an ‘aggregated phase’, composed of juveniles that gather in schools in shallow waters during winter; finally, a ‘demersal phase’, composed of adults that in spring migrate offshore with a more dispersed distribution in proximity of the bottom (La Mesa et al. 2005). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 4.4 cm TL and the length at maturity  for females is 3.8 cm TL  and for males is 3.4 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014).","The main threat to A. minuta is the fishery throughout parts of its range in the Mediterranean; however recent data are lacking, with catch data for the Italian and Spanish waters referring to the 1990's. In Spain, the total catches of A. minuta generally account for less than 100 tonnes per year, employing overall about 70 vessels. In Italy, total catches are about 160 tonnes per year, most of them in the southern Adriatic, and the fishing fleet is constituted of about 400 vessels (La Mesa et al. 2005). The trend of total landings per fishing season is annually highly variable, being strongly affected by the strength of recruitment (La Mesa et al. 2005). The overexploitation of the resource of A. minuta by the fishery or the environmental disturbances negatively affecting recruitment of A. minuta can cause, in the very short-term (i.e. in the next fishing season), the rapid collapse of the stock biomass available to the fishery.","Conservation measures for this species are mainly based on regulation of fisheries activities (e.g., Murcia Region Ministry of Agriculture and Water 2012). Further research is required to estimate the size and trends of various populations. Bearing in mind the biological characteristics of the species, fishing effort should be decided locally and seasonally, possibly on the basis of previous biomass estimates at sea made before the fishing season (La Mesa et al. 2005). Daily catches of the species are limited to 25 kg per day in Mallorca (Morales-Nin et al. 2010). The fishery is currently permitted in the Balearics with ongoing monitoring. Although the species has a short generation length with a high reproductive capacity, ongoing monitoring of population and harvest trends is suggested.","Despite its small size, this species is largely exploited by local smallscale fisheries developed mainly in the western and central Mediterranean. The fishing fleets, harboured in several sites in Spain and Italy, are generally composed of small vessels. Most of them use very selective gear such as purse-seine nets to catch schools of the transparent goby during winter (i.e. November to March).  For these artisanal fisheries, the transparent goby represents, although seasonally, a very important source of income, yielding locally up to more than 100 tonnes per fishing season and 75 kg/vessel/day (La Mesa et al. 2005). The main fishing areas are in the Alboran Sea, Mar Menor, Balearic Sea, Catalan Sea, Ligurian Sea, Tyrrhenian Sea and in the central and south Adriatic (Iglesias and Morales-Nin 2001). The data on the fishery were summarized in La Mesa et al. (2005). In the Alboran Sea fishing gear comprised both semi-pelagic and small bottom trawls, but the fishery collapsed in 1980 and is forbidden (La Mesa et al. 2005, anon. pers. comm. 2014). The gear in Mar Menor is a small mesh seine net. Fishing operations consist of a preliminary search of schools using an echosounder, which are then surrounded by the net and hauled onboard the vessel. The fishing fleet has 26 vessels and total annual landings of A. minuta ranged from 7.2 to 23.1 tonnes (1986-1991). In the Catalan Sea the species is captured by a local type of seine net used by 11 vessels and there were no published data on catches (in 2001). In the Balearic Sea the species is captured by a type of boat seine net hauled over the bottom. The fishing fleet was composed of 30–53 vessels and total landings of A. minuta ranged between 4.8 and 79 tons per season (1982-1994). In the Ligurian Sea the fleet is consisted of 80 vessels and the fishery is conducted by means of a purse-seine net with small mesh size (5 mm) set. Official statistics of total annual landings of A. minuta of 0.5–2.5 tons (1993-1997) were probably largely underestimated. In the Tyrrhenian Sea two types of fishery are present in this region. The bottom trawl fishery has the fleet was composed of 15 vessels and probably underestimated total landings of A. minuta reported by the official statistics between one and four tonnes per season. The other fishery is conducted by means of a special Danish purse-seine net with about 30 vessels involved and total landings quite variable during fishing season, ranging approximately between 5 and 29 tons (1980-1999). In the Southern Adriatic Sea two types of semi-pelagic trawls are used, the data for season 1990-1991 reported 299 vessels and total landings of 119 tonnes. In the Central Adriatic Sea the small-meshed semi-pelagic trawl is used with 8-10 vessels and total landings ranged 4.4 to 4.7 tons (1996-1997). Market prices can be high, from 20-40 Euros per kg (La Mesa et al. 2005).","Larson, H., Ahnelt, H. & Harvey, M.","Kovacic, M., Herler, J. & Williams, J.T.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,APHYONIDAE,Aphyonus,gelatinosus,,Aphyonus gelatinosus,"Günther, 1878",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Aphyonus gelatinosus is a widely distributed but rather rare deep-sea species. Little data are available about its population status or ecology. However, there are no known major threats for this species. Therefore, A. gelatinosus is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Aphyonus gelatinosus appears widely distributed in all oceans, except for the East Pacific, and is known from about 100 specimens (J. Nielsen pers. comm. 2014). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it is known from the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014) and Canary Islands. It is distributed from 900 to 2,500 m depth (Nielsen 1999).",There are little population data available for this species.,"Aphyonus gelatinosus is a deep-sea benthopelagic species typically found at 900 to 2,500 m (Nielsen 1999). Little is known about its ecology. However, it is known to be viviparous and the maximum size is about 25 cm (J. Nielsen pers. comm. 2014).",There are no known major threats to this species.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place.,This species is not utilized and is of no interest to fisheries (Nielsen 1999).,"Ralph, G. & Harwell, H.","Nielsen, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GOBIESOCIFORMES,GOBIESOCIDAE,Apletodon,bacescui,,Apletodon bacescui,"(Murgoci, 1940)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Apletodon bacescui is known from the southwestern Black Sea to the central Black Sea coast of Turkey. The species is cryptic and is likely to be under-represented in surveys. There are minimal data for this species and it occupies only a small area. However the species is not considered likely to be impacted by known threats in the Black Sea and it occurs in protected areas. Therefore, Apletodon bascescui is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Apletodon bacescui is restricted to the Black Sea, where it is distributed from the southwestern Black Sea, specifically in Bulgaria and Romania (Murgoci 1940, Briggs 1986) to the central Black Sea coast of Turkey (Bat et al. 2006, 2011). This species is found from one to five metres depth (Murgoci 1940, Briggs 1986).","Limited population data are available as this is a small, cryptic species.&#160;However, it has been described as very rare (Hofrichter and Patzner 2000).","Apletodon bacescui is a non-migratory, demersal fish endemic to the Black Sea. Historically this species has only been seen of the coasts of Bulgaria and Romania (Murgoci 1940, Briggs 1986), but it has recently been described from the coasts of Sinop (Bat et al. 2006). This habitat is characterized by stones, loose pebbles, sand and shells (Popov 1931). The maximum reported size is 3.9 cm (Briggs 1986).",There are no known major threats to this species.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place. However, this species' range is within marine protected areas. Research involving all aspects of the biology and ecology of this species is suggested.",The species is not utilized.,"Ralph, G.","Williams, J.T., Herler, J. & Kovacic, M.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GOBIESOCIFORMES,GOBIESOCIDAE,Apletodon,dentatus,,Apletodon dentatus,"(Facciolà, 1887)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Apletodon dentatus has a wide distribution in the eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Little information is available about the population status or trends of A. dentatus. There are no known widespread threats nor conservation measures in place, though the species overlaps with marine protected areas. Therefore, Apletodon dentatus is considered Least Concern.",Unknown,"Apletodon dentatus is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is known from the British Isles (west coast of Scotland, the southern coast of England and the Isles of Scilly), northern France (Briggs 1986) including Brittany, and northwestern Spain (Bañón et al. 2011). The species has been recorded recently from the Canary Islands (Fricke et al. 2010), as well as from the Azores, and its distribution extends to the Atlantic coast of Morocco (Brandl et al. 2011). In the northwest Mediterranean Sea, A. dentatus is known from France, Banyuls-sur-Mer (Fricke et al. 2010), southern Italy (Strait of Messina), and has been recorded in the Marmara Sea (Hofrichter and Patzner 2000), as well as from the Adriatic, Algeria and Cyprus (Brandl et al. 2011).  The species is found from 0 to 35 m below sea level (Fricke et al. 2010).","While there are numerous recent records of the species, limited population information is available as this is a small, cryptic species. It has been described as somewhat uncommon off the coast of Spain (Ibanez et al. 1989).","The species is thought to be associated with littoral and sublittoral zones, specifically with the seagrass Posidonia oceanica off France, large brown algae of the genus Cystoseira in Messina, and rocky areas with brown algae (Hofrichter and Patzner 2000, Brandl et al. 2011). It has also been found in algal turfs (Gelidium latifolium), sea urchins (Paracentrotus lividus and Sphaerechinus granularis), and boulders and displays an ontogenetic shift through these habitats in that order (Goncalves et al. 2002). Hofrichter and Pantzer (2000) found the species in the hollow bulbs of the seaweed Saccorhiza polyschides. The pelagic larvae of A. dentatus can persist for about 14 days in the water column (Beldade et al. 2007). The largest individual measures 4 cm standard length (SL) (Briggs 1986). The fecundity, spawning periodicity, stages of maturation and early life history of this species are poorly understood.",There are no known major threats to this species in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place. &#160;However, this species' range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean.Research into all aspects of the biology and ecology of this species is suggested.",This species is not utilized.,"Ralph, G.","Herler, J., Kovacic, M. & Williams, J.T.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GOBIESOCIFORMES,GOBIESOCIDAE,Apletodon,incognitus,,Apletodon incognitus,"Hofrichter & Patzner, 1997",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Apletodon incognitus is relatively widespread in the northern-central parts of the Mediterranean and the northern of Macaronesian Islands. Whilst there are no population data available, its population is considered to be stable and A. incognitus can be locally abundant. There are no known widespread threats, though local degradation of Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds may be negatively impacting the population locally. Therefore, Apletodon incognitus is assessed as Least Concern, with a suggestion to monitor the seagrass populations and conduct further research on the biology and ecology of this species.",Stable,"Apletodon incognitus is restricted to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is known from the northwestern Mediterranean Sea and the northern Macaronesian Islands (Hofrichter and Patzner 1997). In the Mediterranean Sea, A. incognitus is known from France (Banyuls-sur-Mer: Hofrichter and Patzner 1997, and elsewhere: Francour and Seytre 2006), Spain (the Balearic Sea at Ibiza; Fischer et al. 2007, Patzner 1999), Italy (the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian Seas at Elba), the northern Adriatic Sea (Rovinj and Premantura, Croatia) and the Mediterranean coast of Turkey (the Gulf of Antalya; Bilencenoglu and Kaya 2006). There are also records of A. incognitus in Madeira (Wirtz et al. 2008), the Azores (Bilecenoglu and Kaya 2006) and the Canary Islands (Fricke et al. 2010). Apletodon incognitus is found from 0.2 m to 25.0 m below sea level (Hofrichter and Patzner 1997).","Apletodon incognitus is an occasional species, which can be locally abundant (Louisy 2001).","Juveniles, about one to two centimetres (SL), are often observed in association with sea urchins (Paracentrotus lividus, Arbacia lixula and Sphaerenchinus granularis) and in beds of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica (Patzner 1999, Hofrichter and Patzner 1997). Adults are found hidden under stones covered with red calcareous algae and empty shells of mussels near Posidonia and Cymodocea nodosa seagrass beds (Hofrichter and Patzner 1997). Among Posidonia, this species is often sympatric with clingfish Opeatogenys gracilis (Hofrichter and Patzner 1997). Little else is known concerning the ecology and biology of this species.","The only known threat to Apletodon incognitus is the possible decline of Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds. It is thought that this habitat is in decline globally (Duarte 2002), but Gonzalez-Correa et al. (2007) found that Posidonia in marine protected areas of the Mediterranean Sea were not in decline, although the areas sampled were not largely affected by human impacts. In the Mediterranean, the decline in P. oceanica seagrass beds appears to be driven by local disturbances (Gonzalez-Correa et al. 2007). The extent of this threat and the existence of other threats is unknown.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place. However, the range overlaps with marine protected areas. Apletodon incognitus was previously assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011). Research into all aspects of the ecology and biology of this species is suggested.",Apletodon incognitus is not utilized.,"Ralph, G.","Herler, J., Williams, J.T. & Kovacic, M.","Francour, P., Bilecenoglu, M., Tunesi, L. & Goren, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GOBIESOCIFORMES,GOBIESOCIDAE,Apletodon,pellegrini,,Apletodon pellegrini,"(Chabanaud, 1925)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on the population size, trend, habitats, ecology and threats to the species. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species throughout the Macaronesian islands of the Azores, Madeira and the Canaries.",Unknown,"Apletodon pellegrini is present through the Eastern Central Atlantic, distributed in shallow nearshore waters off the African coast from Senegal south to Port Alfred, South Africa (Heemstra and Heemstra 2004). In European waters, A. pellegrini occurs only in the Macaronesian islands of Azores, Madeira and the Canaries (Santos et al. 1997, Brito et al. 2002, Wirtz et al. 2008). It appears at depths from zero to 10 m.","There is no information on the population size and trend of this species. It is considered rare in Madeira and the Azores (Santos et al. 1997, Wirtz et al. 2008) and occasional in the Canary islands (Brito et al. 2002).","This is a littoral species occurring mostly in the lower intertidal zone, reaching a maximum size of 5 cm (TL).",The threats to the species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not the target of any conservation action, and it is unknown whether it is found in protected areas. Further research is needed on the population size, trend, habitats, ecology and threats to the species.",The species is not utilized.,"García, M.","Conceicao Biscoito, M.J.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F., Carpenter, K.E., Strongin, K. & Polidoro, B.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,APOGONIDAE,Apogon,imberbis,,Apogon imberbis,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LCApogon imberbis has a vast range throughout the Mediterranean along the west coast of Africa, southward to Angola and includes many of the Atlantic Islands off the coast of Africa. This species is not reliant on any endangered habitats, and is known to take to artificial reefs, as well as any rocky structure. It is considered one of the most common species through most of its range and very abundant. There are no known widespread threats. Therefore, Apogon imberbis is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Apogon imberbis is found from Portugal to the Gulf of Guinea, including the Mediterranean (Tortonese 1986). It is also known from the Macaronesian Islands, including Madeira and the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014) and southward to the Gulf of Guinea. There are also reports from the Cape Verde and Canary Islands. This species is not present in the Black Sea. It is known from 2 m to more than 200 m of depth (Tortonese 1986).","The species is abundant in the Mediterranean. It inhabits artificial reefs and other hard structures. Overall the species is considered very common and abundant in the Mediterranean, however, this species may not be as abundant in the eastern Atlantic (O. Gon, pers. comm.).","Apogon imberbis often settles on rocky reefs as well as artificial structured reefs. In a study in southern Italy the species was found to prefer to inhabit rocky cliffs and caves (Bussotti and Guidetti 2009). They are most commonly found from 2 to 20 m depth, but have been found to 200 m (Tortonese 1986). They feed on small fishes and invertebrates, as well as plankton. They are mouthbrooders, and the maximum known size is 15 cm standard length (Tortonese 1986). It is also known to school in large numbers (Tortonese 1986). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 11.5 cm TL and the length at maturity is 5.5 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014).",No major threats are known for Apogon imberbis.,"The distribution of Apogon imberbis overlaps many marine protected areas throughout its range. Apogon imberbis was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",The species is sometimes used as bait for hook and line fishing. It is also caught in parts of its range for human consumption.,"Harwell, H.","Williams, J.T., Herler, J. & Kovacic, M.","Fraser, T. & Gilmore, G.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CARCHARHINIFORMES,SCYLIORHINIDAE,Apristurus,aphyodes,,Apristurus aphyodes,"Nakaya & Stehmann, 1998","The genus Apristurus contains at least 32 described species and a relatively large number of potentially undescribed ones. Morphological conservatism and, until recently, a lack of objectively defined characters makes this one of the most taxonomically confused shark genera (Compagno 1984, Nakaya and Sato 1999).  Nakaya and Sato (1999) defined three species-groups within Apristurus: the longicephalus-group (two species), brunneus-group (20 species), and spongiceps-group (10 species). A. aphyodes belongs to the spongiceps-group, characterized by: a short, wide snout (prenarial length < 6% total length(TL)); 7 to 12 valves in the spiral intestine; upper labial furrows subequal to, or shorter than the lower furrows; a continuous supraorbital sensory canal.",Yes,LC,,,,,,,"White Ghost Catshark (Apristurus aphyodes)is a deepwater catshark known only from a limited number of specimens taken from upper to mid continental and insular slopes in the Northeast Atlantic at depths of 1,0141,800 m. Most of this species’ range is outside the reach of deepwater fisheries. Its limited interaction with deepwater fisheries suggests that overexploitation risk is low; therefore it is assessed as Least Concern in European waters.",Unknown,"In the Northeast Atlantic, this species occurs from northern Bay of Biscay and Porcupine Seabight to Lousy Bank (49° 31.9’N to 60° 49.7’N). The depth range is 1,0141,800 m.",The population trend is unknown for this species. The zero Total Allowable Catch (TAC) and zero bycatch measures in place for certain deepwater sharks in European Commission (EC) waters may impede the collection of catch and landings data because of potential increased discarding (ICES 2013).,"This species is known from 30 specimens taken from the Northeast Atlantic slope at depths of 1,0141,800 m. It occurs on or near the bottom over upper to mid continental and insular slopes where the bottom temperature is 3.79.6°C and salinity is 35.134.9 ppm.This catshark is relatively small and sluggish. The maximum reported size for the species is 54 cm total length (TL). Males and females are adolescent at 40 cm and 46 cm TL, and mature at 47 cm and 50 cm TL, respectively. It is an egg-laying species, but nothing else is known about reproduction (Nakaya and Stehmann 1998, Ebert and Stehmann 2013).","Apristurusspecies are sometimes caught in large numbers since deepwater trawl fishing began along the Northeast Atlantic continental slopes in the 1990s (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). If these deepwater fisheries expand into this species’ depth range, bycatch should be monitored. At present there are no signs of deepwater fishery expansion in European waters.","Based on advice from the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea to end fishing for deepwater sharks, the European Union Fisheries Council established a TAC (total annual catch) covering this species in 2007 (CEC 2012). This TAC was gradually reduced until 2010 when it was set at zero. Since 2012, there has also been a zero bycatch limit (ICES 2007). The harvesting trends of the species should be monitored. ",The species is not utilised nor traded commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Duffy, C.A.J.","Walls, R.","Huveneers, C.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CARCHARHINIFORMES,SCYLIORHINIDAE,Apristurus,laurussonii,,Apristurus laurussonii,"(Saemundsson, 1922)","The genus Apristurus contains at least 32 described species and a relatively large number of potentially undescribed ones. Morphological conservatism and, until recently, a lack of objectively defined characters makes this one of the most taxonomically confused shark genera (Compagno 1984, Nakaya and Sato 1999).  Nakaya and Sato (1999) defined three species groups within Apristurus: the longicephalus-group (two species), brunneus-group (20 species), and spongiceps-group (10 species). Apristurus laurussonii belongs to the brunneus-group, characterized by: a short, wide snout (prenarial length <6% TL); 13 to 22 valves in the spiral intestine; upper labial furrows obviously longer than the lower furrows; and a discontinuous supraorbital sensory canal. Apristurus atlanticus was previously distinguished from A. laurussonii (Nakaya and Sato 1998), however Iglésias and Nakaya (2004) could not find any significant differences between the holotype of A. atlanticus and A. laurussonii, and therefore consider A. atlanticus to be a junior synonym of A. laurussonii. Note: the illustration of A. atlanticus in Compagno (1984) is actually A. aphyodes (Nakaya and Sato 1998).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Icelandic Catshark (Apristurus laurussonii) is a common deepwater species found on the continental slope in parts of the North Atlantic at depths of 5602,060 m. Although it is reported to be a relatively common bycatch in several deepwater trawl fisheries, these fisheries do not overlap with the majority of its habitat so it can be inferred that the risk of overexploitation is low. For this reason, it is assessed as Least Concern in European waters.",Unknown,"In the Northeast Atlantic, this species occurs off southeast Greenland, Iceland, the Faeroe Islands, west of Scotland and Ireland. In the Eastern Central Atlantic, it occurs off the Canary Islands and Madeira (Nakaya and Sato 1998, Compagno et al.2005, Ebert and Stehmann 2013) and possibly further south to equatorial Africa (Compagno et al.2005). It is also found in the North and Central Western Atlantic. Its depth range is 5602,060 m.",The population trend is unknown for this species. The lack of records may be partly due to the zero Total Allowable Catch (TAC) and zero bycatch allowance measures in place for certain deepwater sharks in European Commission (EC) waters if discarding has increased in line with these measures (ICES 2013).,"This species is apparently common on upper continental slopes at depths of 5602,060 m. It is a relatively small, sluggish shark that lives on or near the bottom (Compagno et al.2005, Ebert and Stehmann 2013).Little is known about this species’ reproduction and biology. It is an egg-laying species that produces one egg per oviduct. Egg cases are thick, and measure ~6 cm long and 2.5 cm wide. The smallest mature female reported was 59.2 cm total length (TL; Nakaya and Sato 1998, 1999). The maximum size recorded for this species is ~72 cm TL (Nakaya and Sato 1998, 1999). ","This species is a relatively common bycatch of deepwater bottom trawl fisheries, but it is often discarded as it has little commercial value (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Its deep depth range may offer some refuge from commercial fishing operations.","Based on advice from the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea to end fishing for deepwater sharks, the European Union Fisheries Council established a TAC for this species in 2007 (CEC 2012). This TAC was gradually reduced and in 2010, set at zero. In 2011, the bycatch limit was reduced from 10% to 3% of the 2009 TAC and in 2012 it was further reduced to zero (ICES 2013). The harvest trends of the species require monitoring.",This species is not utilised nor traded commercially.,"Duffy, C.A.J. & Kemp, J.R.","Walls, R.","Huveneers, C.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CARCHARHINIFORMES,SCYLIORHINIDAE,Apristurus,manis,,Apristurus manis,"(Springer, 1979)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least ConcernLittle is known about the Ghost Catshark (Apristurus manis). This deepwater shark is occasionally taken by research vessels surveying the north Atlantic continental slope at depths of 1,000–2,000 m. Much of its current range is below the depth of current fishing activities (> 1,500 m). Although future expansion of deepwater fisheries could pose a threat to this poorly known species, the low risk of overexploitation by fisheries justifies an assessment of Least Concern in the European region.",Unknown,"This species is found in the northeastern Atlantic. It has been reported at the Rockall Trough west of Scotland and Porcupine Bank west of Ireland. There are nominal reports of the Deepwater Catshark (Apristurus profundorum) off of Mauritania that are possibly of the same species instead (Golovan 1976, Ebert and Stehmann 2013). The species is also found off Cape Town, South Africa and Massachusetts, U.S.A. The depth range is 600-1,900 m. ",The population trend is unknown for this species. The European Union’s zero Total Allowable Catch (TAC) and zero bycatch allowance measures for certain deepwater sharks in the European Economic Zone may be contributing to the scarcity of reports for this species as discarding may have increased in line with these measures (ICES 2013).,"This catshark inhabits the north Atlantic continental slopes at depths between 600 –1,900 m, although it is most common at depths greater than 1,500 m (Ebert and Stehmann 2013).Very little is known of the species’ biology. The maximum length is at least 88 cm total length (TL). The size at maturity is 76 cm TL for females and 85 cm TL for males. The size at birth is unknown, but the smallest free-swimming individual was recorded at 20 cm TL.","It is possible that this species is taken as bycatch in deepwater trawl fisheries and discarded, but much of its known range is below that of current fishing activities (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). The expansion of deepwater fisheries may pose a threat in the future.","In 2007, the European Union (EU) Fisheries Council established TAC restrictions for deepwater sharks, including this species, based on advice from the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea to end fishing for deepwater sharks. In 2010, the EU Fisheries Council set the deepwater shark TAC at zero, effective in 2012. In 2011, the bycatch allowance was reduced by 10% from 2009 TACs to 3%. In 2012, the bycatch allowance was further reduced to zero (ICES 2013). The harvest trends of the species require monitoring. ",The species is not utilised or traded commercially in Europe.,"Duffy, C.A.J. & Kemp, J.R.","Walls, R.","Ebert, D.A. & Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CARCHARHINIFORMES,SCYLIORHINIDAE,Apristurus,melanoasper,,Apristurus melanoasper,"Iglésias, Nakaya & Stehmann, 2004",This species is most similar to A. laurussonii (Iglésias et al. 2004).,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Black Roughscale Catshark (Apristurus melanoasper) is a widespread deepwater species found on upper continental slopes and seamounts at depths of 5121,520 m, but generally greater than 1,000 m. It is an uncommon bycatch of commercial deepwater trawlers, indicating that the majority of its habitat is outside the reach of fisheries. Given the little overlap between the species’ range and fisheries, it can be inferred that the risk of fisheries exploitation affecting the population is low, therefore the species is assessed as Least Concern in the European region.",Unknown,"In the Northeast Atlantic, this catshark occurs off France, Ireland, the British Isles and the Faeroe Islands (Iglésias et al. 2004, Ebert and Stehmann 2013). It is also found in the Northwest Atlantic. Its depth range is 512–1,520 m.","Population trends are unknown. The lack of catch data may, in part, be due to the zero Total Allowable Catch (TAC) and zero bycatch allowance measures in place for certain deepwater sharks in European Commission waters, if discarding has increased in line with these measures (ICES 2013).","This species occurs on continental mid-slopes and seamounts at depths of 512–1,520 m, but generally greater than 1,000 m (Iglésias et al. 2004, Nakaya et al. 2008).There is little known about the biology of this species. The maximum recorded size is 76.1 cm total length (TL; Iglésias et al.2004). Males and females smaller than 47.3 cm TL are immature. Adolescent males are 54.857.7 cm TL and females are 57.659.9 cm TL. Mature males are > 61.5 cm TL and females are > 59.6 cm TL (Nakaya et al. 2008). This catshark lays egg capsules that are 58.8 mm long and 22.3 mm wide with two very long, coiled tendrils set closely together at the base (Nakaya et al. 2008).","This species is an uncommon bycatch of commercial deepwater trawlers. Areas of the Northeast Atlantic (e.g., Rockall Trough) were subject to a fairly rapid increase in deepwater fishing activities in the 1990s with overall concern for the sustainability of deepwater fish stocks (Gordon 2003). Since then the deepwater fishery effort in European waters has decreased and the potential for expansion into deeper waters is unlikely for now. This catshark is generally recorded deeper than 1,000 m and the depth range may extend deeper than currently known, offering some refuge from fishing pressure. It is still a poorly known species and may share the limiting life history characteristics of other deepwater sharks that make them vulnerable to depletion. Therefore any future expansion in deepwater fishing effort could negatively affect this species. Further information is required on deepwater fishing activities in the North Atlantic, including catch and bycatch levels, effort and trend monitoring. The threat status of this shark should be reassessed when such information is available.","Based on advice from the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea to end fishing for deepwater sharks, the European Union Fisheries Council established a TAC for this species in 2007 (CEC 2012). This TAC was gradually reduced and in 2010 it was set at zero. In 2011, the allowable bycatch was reduced from 10% to 3% of the 2009 TAC and in 2012 it was further reduced to zero (ICES 2013). The harvest trends of the species should be monitored.",The species is not utilised nor traded commercially.,"Duffy, C.A.J. & Kemp, J.R.","Walls, R.","McCormack, C. & Iglésias, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CARCHARHINIFORMES,SCYLIORHINIDAE,Apristurus,microps,,Apristurus microps,"(Gilchrist, 1922)","In the North Atlantic, this species is possibly caught as a bycatch in deepwater trawl fisheries but could be other Apristurus species. A careful examination of North Atlantic A. cf. microps should be compared to southern African forms. See Compagno (in prep. b) for further taxonomic notes.",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Smalleye Catshark (Apristurus microps) is known from occasional captures in deepwater exploratory trawls at depths of 700−2,200 m. In the Northeast Atlantic, this species may be caught as bycatch in deepwater trawl fisheries. Future expansion of deepwater fisheries could pose a threat to this poorly known species, however, at present much of its range is below the depth of fishing activities so it can be inferred that the species faces a low risk of exploitation. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern in European waters.",Unknown,"In the Northeast Atlantic, this catshark occurs between Scotland and Iceland (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). It is also found outside of Europe off South Africa and possibly in the Northwest Atlantic. Its depth range is 7002,200 m.",The population trend is unknown for this species. The zero Total Allowable Catch (TAC) and zero bycatch allowance measures in place for certain deepwater sharks in European Commission waters may have lead to an increase in discarding and therefore fewer reports of the species (ICES 2013).,"This benthic catshark occurs on or near the bottom over the continental slope at depths of 7002,200 m. It is an egg-laying species that appears to deposit egg cases year-round. Males mature at ~ 4951 cm total length (TL) and females mature at 4749 cm TL. The maximum reported size for this species is 61 cm TL (Ebert and Stehmann 2013).","This catshark may be caught as bycatch and discarded by deepwater trawl fisheries, particularly in the North Atlantic. At present most of its depth range is outside the reach of deepwater fisheries. Expansion of fisheries may pose a threat in the future, but there is currently no indication of fishery expansion in the Northeast Atlantic.","Based on advice from the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea to end fishing for deepwater sharks, the European Union Fisheries Council established a TAC for this species in 2007 (CEC 2012). This TAC was gradually reduced and in 2010 it was set at zero. In 2011, the allowable bycatch was reduced from 10% to 3% of the 2009 TAC and in 2012 it was further reduced to zero (ICES 2013).Research should be conducted to determine if the North Atlantic and southern African forms of A. cf. micropsare conspecific. The harvest trends of the species should also be monitored. ",The species is not utilised nor traded commercially.,"Duffy, C.A.J. & Kemp, J.R.","Walls, R.","Huveneers, C. & Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,OPHICHTHIDAE,Apterichtus,anguiformis,,Apterichtus anguiformis,"(Peters, 1877)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as Apterichtus anguiformis has a widespread range from Madeira to the eastern Mediterranean and no major threats have been identified. This is a deep waters species therefore, threats to this species are probably limited. This species is listed as Near Threatened in the Balearic Islands assessment and listed as Least Concern in the IUCN Mediterranean Assessment. However, further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends.",Unknown,"Apterochtus anguiformis is a subtropical species that occurs in the eastern Atlantic from the Mediterranean to Cape Verde. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, this species occurs in the north-west Mediterranean near Medes Island (Isbert et al. 2011) and Balearic Islands (Mayol et al. 2000) to the eastern Mediterranean (Golani 1996, Golani et al. 2006). Its range also includes Madeira, however this is based on a photograph taken at night in 20 m of water and no physical specimen has been taken from Madeira (Wirtz et al. 2008). The depth distribution of this species of 10 m to 250 m (McCosker et al. 1989, McCosker in press).",Apterichtus anguiformis is not commonly found as it is nocturnal and consequently under-reported. Population information for this species in European and Mediterranean waters is extremely limited.,Apterichtus anguiformis is a benthic species that burrows in sand or mud on the continental shelf (Leiby 1990). The depth range for this species in the Balearic Islands is 10–40 m and has a maximum length of 60 cm (Mayol et al. 2000). Apterichtus anguiformis has been found inside a Pagellus erythrinus body cavity and thought to be parasitic (Isbert et al. 2011).,"Major threats to Apterichtus anguiformis have no been identified in European waters. However, A. anguiformis was assessed as Near Threatened in the Balearic Islands (Mayol et al. 2000) but the justification for this is unclear.",Apterichtus anguiformis is listed as Near Threatened in the Balearic Islands (Mayol et al. 2000) and is listed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean. There are no species specific conservation measures in place for this species. Apterichtus anguiformis was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).,Apterichtus anguiformis is not utilized in European or Mediterranean waters. ,"Strongin, K.","Karmovskaya, E. & Papaconstantinou, C.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,OPHICHTHIDAE,Apterichtus,caecus,,Apterichtus caecus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,European Regional Assessment: LC Listed as Least Concern as Apterichtus caecus is a widely distributed benthic species from the Azores to the Turkish coast with no major threats identified.,Unknown,"Apterichtus caecus is widespread in the eastern Atlantic ranging from the Mediterranean to at least the Gulf of Guinea (Bauchot 1986), but perhaps to South Africa (Golani et al. 2006). This species is subtropical and it is found in the Azores (Porteiro et al. 2010), Madeira Islands (Wirtz et al. 2008), and the Mediterranean from the Balearic Islands (Mayol et al. 2000) to the coasts of Turkey (Fricke et al. 2007) and Israel (Golani et al. 2006). The depth distribution for this species is 1 m to 85 m (McCosker in press).",Apterichtus caecus is fairly common in the western Mediterranean Sea and is more common than its congener A. anguiformis. Carlier et al. (2007) mention that two specimens were collected in the Bay of Banyuls-sur-Mer during March 2004 between 5–35 m depth collected using a trawl. There are records down to 150 m on the Iberian coast (Lloris and Rucabado 1998). Additional population information is limited for this species. ,"Apterichtus caecus is a benthic species that burrows in sand or mud on the continental shelf. Generally, the species has a depth range of 1m to 85 m (Leiby 1990). The maximum size for this species is 60 cm (FAO ECA Guide in prep McCosker).","Major threats to Apterichtus caecus in European waters have no been identified. However, in the Balearic Islands beach nourishment may impact benthic species. Beach replenishment (dredging sand from moderate depths to supplement sand on beach) may be a local threat (e.g. in the Balearic islands) (Mayol et al. 2000).","Apterichtus caecus is listed as Near Threatened in the Balearic Islands, however the justification is unclear but may be due to beach nourishment practices in the area (Mayol et al. 2000). This species may be present in marine protected areas that occur within its distribution (World Database on Protected Areas, accessed April 2014). Apterichtus caecus was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).",Apterichtus caecus is not utilized in European or Mediterranean waters.,"Strongin, K.","Karmovskaya, E. & Papaconstantinou, C.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,PARALEPIDIDAE,Arctozenus,risso,,Arctozenus risso,"(Bonaparte, 1840)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Arctozenus risso is a widely distributed deepwater pelagic species. Population data are limited, although it has a widespread distribution. It is not known to be used commercially, and has no known threats. Therefore, A. risso is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Arctozenus risso is circumglobally distributed (Post 1984). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it has been found from Iceland to the Azores and Madeira (Melo and Menezes 2002, Carneiro et al. 2014). Larvae are reported from the epipelagic zone west of Ireland (Horstmann and Fives 1994, O’Brien and Fives 1995, Acevedo et al. 2002, Tiedemann et al. 2013). In the Mediterranean, adults have also been recorded from deep water in the southern Tyrrenian Sea (Busalacchi et al. 2010) and the Ionian Sea (Carlier et al. 2009), and larvae are reported from the northern Ionian (Granata et al. 2010) and northern Aegean seas (Somarakis et al. 2011). It is typically found from 200 to 1,000 m (Post 1984). Worldwide distribution from the Arctic to Antarctic (Post 1990).",Population information is very limited for Arctozenus risso.,"Arctozenus risso is an oceanic, meso- to bathypelagic species which feed on fishes and shrimps. Arctozenus risso occurs singly or in small schools (Post 1984). Arctozenus risso is hermaphroditic and oviparous with planktonic larvae (Richards 2006). Arctozenus risso spawn at continental slopes and oceanic banks. Arctozenus risso spawn at continental slopes and oceanic banks (Cherel and Duhamel 2003). The maximum total length (TL) is 31 cm (Thompson 2002). Larvae chiefly occur in the epipelagic zone 0–200 m (Horstmann and Fives 1994, O’Brien and Fives 1995, Tiedemann et al. 2013).","There are no known major threats to Arctozenus risso. Although it is caught as bycatch in some deep water fisheries (Melo and Menezes 2002), this is not thought to be a major threat at present.",There are no species specific conservation measures for Arctozenus risso. This species may occur in a marine protected area somewhere throughout its wide distribution.,"This species is not known to be used commercially.&#160;However, it is caught as bycatch in deep water fishery in some areas (Melo and Menezes 2002).","Kloppmann, M.","Russell, B.","Ralph, G. & Stump, E.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,ARGENTINIDAE,Argentina,silus,,Argentina silus,"(Ascanius, 1775)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Argentina silus is widespread in the western and eastern North Atlantic and into the arctic region where it is common throughout and abundant in some areas.  It is of minor commercial importance to the fisheries industry; in some areas it is considered to be underutilized, but is exploited in others. This species has moderate vulnerability to fisheries based on its life history characteristics, and may be experiencing habitat degradation in some areas.  It is also taken as bycatch (discards) in some fisheries within its distribution. Though it is only of minor commercial importance, interest for this species has increased and is likely to continue in the future. Landings reported to ICES fluctuate, but without long term trends. Therefore, Argentina silus is listed as Least Concern.",Increasing,"Argentina silus is widespread in the western and eastern North Atlantic and into the Arctic region (Page et al. 2013). In the western North Atlantic, A. silus is known from Greenland and the Davis Strait, south to George's Bank, Canada (Cohen 1984) and southward to South Carolina, USA (point data/occurrence records).  In the northeastern Atlantic, A. silus occurs from the eastern Barents Sea to Iceland, Ireland and the North Sea (Cohen 1984, Bergstad et al. 2008). More specifically, it is found from Svalbard to the west coasts of Scotland and Ireland; it is found in the deeper parts of the North Sea and across the Wyville Thomson Ridge to Denmark Strait (Cohen 1984) and southward into the Bay of Biscay (point/occurrence records). Argentina silus is associated with depths ranging from 140 m to 1,440 m; however, it is usually found between 150 and 550 m.","Argentina silus is a widespread and abundant species. It has been reported from 1989 through 1994 along the shelf west of the UK and Ireland to have a population size of 200 to 400 kt.  Higher numbers were estimated from recordings from 1990 to 1992 from mid-Norway (Monstad and Johannessen 2003). A series of deepwater surveys were conducted by the Marine Institute fisheries science services along the northeastern shelf edge from 1992 and 1999.  These survey areas (western continental slope and Porcupine Bank) were revisited during the 2006 FSS deepwater survey in order to investigate the impact of the high levels of exploitation on the abundance and biological parameters of the deepwater species. Argentina silus was the fourth most abundant species (by individual count) collected from 27 trawl tows, with 5582 specimens (Hareide et al. 2006). In ICES fishing areas, landings have increased from about 15,000 mt to over 50,000 mt from 1988—2010 (ICES 2013). Argentina silus is treated as two stocks for management purposes: Division Va (Iceland) and everywhere else. In Iceland, although exploitation may be in excess of the stock productivity, there have been no major changes in the last four to five years in the stock indices, length or age distributions. In all other areas, landings have fluctuated with no real trend, although survey data indicate recent declines (CIES 2013).","Habitat and Ecology: Argentina silus is an oceanodromous, demersal species associated with epipelagic and mesopelagic depths that occur between 140 and 1,440 m. It is usually found between 150 and 550 m (Cohen 1984, Riede 2004) and is most often associated with rocky reefs and rocky/muddy outcroppings on near the shelf edge (Kalas et al. 2006).  This species prefers depths between 180 and 260 m, temperatures between 7 and 10 °C, and a mean salinity of 34 ppt (Cohen 1984). Juveniles were found to occur at depths less than 300 m and adults were found at greater depths (Monstad and Johannessen 2003).  Maximum standard length for this species is 70.0 cm or 700 mm standard length male/unsexed an its maximum reported age is 35 years (Muus and Nielsen 1999). Diet: The diet of this species consists of planktonic invertebrates, including euphausiids, amphipods, chaetognaths, squids, ctenophores, and small fishes.   In mid-Norway, this species was found to be more congregated at the continental slope and in the deeper parts of the shelf during the spring, while it was more scattered during the fall.  It probably forms schools close to the bottom (Monstad and Johannessen 2003). Reproduction and Maturity: This species spawns from April to July (Cohen 1984, Scott and Scott 1988). Maturity parameters for A. silus were measured on the Faroe Bank via bottom surveys from 1994 to 1999.  The A50 (age at maturity) for this species was 8.2 years and the m-value (rate at which the population attains maturity) was 0.23.  Given the maturity parameters, L50 (total length at maturity) and M50 (ungutted mass at maturity) were estimated using the von Bertalanffy growth equation and their values were 38 cm and 376 g, respectively (Magnussen 2007). Clarke (2005) estimated the fecundity at L50 (size at 50% maturity) for A. silus to be 4,478 and its estimated Age50 (age at 50% maturity) was 4 years.  From these parameters, the potential rate of population increase for this species was estimated to be 2.10. Early Life History: Development of A. silus is slow. Eggs and juveniles are pelagic at depths between 400 and 500 m (Cohen 1964).","Argentina silus is of commercial interest to the fisheries industry (Bykov 1983). It is sold in markets as fresh or used in fish meal production (Muus and Nielsen 1999). It is considered to be underutilized (Stoknes et al. 2006). On a scale of one to five, five being the least vulnerable, A. silus was ranked with a vulnerability of 3.3 in the mixed species trawl fisheries of the northeast Atlantic ocean based on life history parameters (Gordon 2005). This species is considered to be exploited in a semi-pelagic fishery in the north-eastern Atlantic (Gordon 2003). Argentina silus represented and average of 29.5% of the total discarded bycatch per trip from 46 trips (1375 hauls) taken by German high seas fisheries (Ulleweit et al. 2010). This species is one of the eleven most discarded species in the Galician bottom otter trawl fleet (Antelo et al. 2011).","Argentina silus is listed in the Norwegian Red List of Marine Fish as Least Concern (Kalas et al. 2006). As the species is mainly caught as bycatch its population should be closely monitored, however it is an abundant and widespread species that is not not thought to be threatened to such an extent qualifies for threat category.Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends for the species, as well as the harvest levels and other potential threats.  It is one of eight species protected under the European Union (EU) deep-water fisheries management legislation - Council Regulation 2340/2002.  This regulation sets the total allowable catch (TAC) and quotas for member states' vessels in certain areas.  In addition, Council Regulation 2347/2002 listed this species as one for which data must be collected and required vessels to obtain a special deepwater permit if they land more than 10 t of the designated deepwater species (Council Regulation 2340/2002) in a calendar year. Vessels that land less than 100 kg per trip and less than 10t a year of these species are exempt from having the permit. Argentina silus was also listed as a species to be considered for management in the NEAFC regulatory area (Clarke and Patterson 2005).","Argentina silus is of commercial interest to the fisheries industry (Bykov 1983).  It is sold in markets as fresh or used in fish meal production (Muus and Nielsen 1999). It is considered to be underutilized (Stoknes et al. 2006). Argentina silus is one of the eleven targeted deep-sea fish species in Norwegian waters (Westberg 2005). The estimated landings (t) of A. silus in the ICES sub-areas I through XIV from 1988 to 2001 are listed in Gordon et al. (2003). All areas combined landed around 20,000 metric tonnes in 2001.","Kloppmann, M.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.","Stump, E.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,ARGENTINIDAE,Argentina,sphyraena,,Argentina sphyraena,"Linnaeus, 1758",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Argentina sphyraena has a wide distribution in the northeast Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, where it is common throughout and abundant in some areas. It is of minor commercial importance to the fisheries industry, but this is not known to pose a major threat at this time. However, this species is vulnerable to over-fishing because of its low population productivity and has been recorded as discarded bycatch at the Porcupine Bank. Fishing effort for this species has been proposed to be minimal until further research is done, but enforcement for this does not currently exist. It has also been collected and cryo-preserved in order to have tissue samples that may be utilized in the future.  It may be protected by several marine protected areas within its distribution. Therefore, Argentina sphyraena is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Argentina sphyraena is restricted to the eastern Atlantic, where it is known from Iceland and Norway south to Western Sahara. It is present in the Norwegian Sea, the North Sea (Skagerrak) the southern Baltic Sea, south of Iceland, Faeroe Islands and the Shetlands Isles. It is found further south off the coast of Ireland, the Bay of Biscay, the Iberian peninsula, Maderia (Shcherbachev 1985), and in much of the western and northern Mediterranean.   In the Mediterranean Sea, this species is widespread; records include the Catalan Sea (Bozzano et al. 2005), Gulf of Lion (Gaertner et al. 1998, Blanchard and Boucher 2001), east Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005), Aegean Sea (Papakonstantinou 1988, Tserpes et al. 1999, Bilecenoglu et al. 2002, Kallianiotis et al. 2004), Cretan sea (Kallianiotis et al. 2000), Thracian sea (Lamprakis et al. 2003), Tyrrhenian sea (Colloca et al. 2004, Carpentieri et al. 2005), Strait of Sicily (Gristina et al. 2006), Marmara Sea (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002), and east Mediterranean Sea (Golani et al. 2006).  The species has been found at depths of 50 to 700 m (Mytilineou et al. 2005).","This species is common and very abundant throughout most of its range. Northeastern Atlantic Region (including the Mediterranean and Black Seas) During a cruise in the International Council for the Exploration of the Seas area VIIg (off SE Ireland) from 11 June to 4 July 1980, A. sphyraena was considered a common species (6 to 50 individuals per station) and was present at 25 to 59% of stations sampled.  All species in this study were collected via Gundry prawn trawl fitted with a 70 mm cod end and a 150 mm ""lifter"" net (Briggs 1982). A survey in the Irish Sea conducted from February to June 1995 found the maximum concentration of A. sphyraena eggs to be 10.5 nos. m-2, taken from 12-21 April.  The minimum concentration of eggs for this species was collected from 5-14 June with 0.1 nos. m-2.  Larvae concentrations of this species were much lower, ranging from 0.2 nos. m-2 (30 March-6 April) to 1.0 nos. m-2 (18-25 April).  Frequency of occurrence (% positive stations) for the eggs ranged from 1.0 during 15-22 March to 6.6 during 12-21 April.  Frequency of occurrence (% positive stations) for the larvae of this species ranged from 0.9 during 30 March-06 April and 18-25 April to 1.1 during 14-20 May (Fox et al.1997).  This species was collected from the north-eastern Aegean Sea during four periods of bottoms trawls:  July 2006, October 2006, March 2006, and June 2007.  Fourteen  hauls between 65 and 100 m depth were carried out during these periods using bottom trawls with 16 mm cod-end mesh size.  The frequency of occurrence for A. sphyraena was 7% and it was collected at 89 m (Keskin et al. 2011).  Mediterranean According to Lamprakis et al. (2003), it was collected in the Thracian Sea during 1996 to 1998 using two commercial trawlers (diamond cod-end mesh size: 14 mm, nominal bar length) at depths ranging from 19 to 365 m. 327 specimens were caught in 1996 and 1997 with total length (TL) ranging from 5 to 15.6 cm and 766 specimens were caught in 1997 through 2008 with TL ranging from 4.8 to 18.2 cm. Mytilineou et al. (2005) mentioned that this species was collected in the north-east Ionian Sea during four experimental surveys (Sept. 1999, Apr. 2000, Jul. 2000, Sept. 2000), by means of trawls of 40 mm stretched mesh size in the cod-end, with density of 760.6 individuals per haul in the depth range of 300 to 500 m (44 hauls) and 2.9 individuals per haul in the depth range of 500 to 700 m (52 hauls). According to Carpentieri et al. (2005), this species was sampled during four seasonal 24h surveys conducted in July 2001, November 2001, March 2002 and May 2002 in the shelf break off the central Tyrrhenian Sea. In each survey, 8 hauls of 30 minutes each were performed every 3 hours throughout the 24h period with an otter trawl mounted into a 40 mm head rope, a 40 mm ground chain and 30-40 mm stretched mesh in the wing and cod-end respectively; 2,026 specimens per hour were caught in July, 1,610 in November, 708 in March and 2,910 in May. Gristina et al. (2006) reported that this species was sampled during two trawl surveys (Autumn 1997 and Autumn 1998) carried out in the Strait of Sicily using an otter trawl with a 28 mm cod-end mesh opening. Mean density values of 5,918±3,457, 20,371±11,672 and 237±166 were reported from the three fishing areas in 1997, while mean density values of 12,076±7,790, 17,2861±8,217 and 187±122 were reported for the same areas in 1998.","This demersal species is relatively common on the continental shelf and upper slope; it probably schools near the bottom. In oceanic environments, its depth ranges from 50 to 500 m (Muus and Nielsen 1999) and from 288 to 700 m in the east Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005). In the central Tyrrhenian Sea, this species typified a fish assemblage associated with shelf-break areas with Leptometra phalangium (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) (Colloca et al. 2004). Argentina sphyraena has a maximum reported age of 16 years.  Maximum standard length for this species is 35.0 cm or 350 mm male/unsexed (Muus and Nieslsen 1999); common standard length is 20 cm (Cohen 1990). It feeds on benthic polychaetes, molluscs, crustaceans and also pelagic invertebrates and fishes (Cohen 1990).  It spawns from winter to spring in the Mediterranean Sea and from March to July off the British coasts. Its eggs and larvae are pelagic (Cohen 1984). They become sexually mature at a length of 12 to 13 cm standard length (SL) (Muus and Nielsen 1999).","This species has only minor commercial importance. No other major threats are known. Argentina sphyraena was recorded as discarded bycatch collected at the Porcupine Bank (ICES VIIc) otter trawl fleet during 1994, and from 1996 to 1999 with 16% of total annual discards in weight and 21% of total annual discards in individual count (Borges et al. 2005). The population of this species often has low productivity even in populations with high concentrations of individuals.  This makes this species particularly vulnerable to overfishing (Medley 2011).","The species is listed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean Regional Redlist Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011). It has been recommended that Argentina sphyraena fisheries should keep their effort as low as possible until the fishing response of their populations are better understood. Enforcement for this recommendation does not exhist at this time (Medley 2011).   This species has also been collected and stored in a cryobank facility established at the LIRANS Institute of Research in the Applied Natural Sciences, as part of the University of Bedfordshire.  This cryobank has established procedures for the collection and cryo-preservation of the somatic cells and tissue samples for fish specimens. It has future plans to collect and cryo-preserve spermatozoa and testicular tissue samples.  The collection and cryo-preservation of these samples may allow for cell immortalization and stem-cell generation techniques to be used in the future for threatened species (Rawson et al. 2011). Research into the population size and trends, ecology and early life history, as well as the harvest levels of this species is needed.","This species has only minor commercial importance. Landings for Argentina sphyraena collected from ICES areas II, IV, VI, VII, and VIII were recorded during 46 trips (1,375 hauls) by the small pelagics fishery in Germany from 2002 to 2008.  The average landings (kg) of this species per trip was 2,889.1 with a maximum of 101,500 kg.  Average landings (n) of this species per trip was 5,961.  No individuals of this species were recorded as bycatch (Ulleweit et al. 2010).","Kloppmann, M.","Uiblein, F., Nielsen, J. & Knudsen, S.","Stump, E.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STERNOPTYCHIDAE,Argyripnus,atlanticus,,Argyripnus atlanticus,"Maul, 1952",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species occurs in the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs in the Azores, Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014) and the Canary Islands (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009). Globally, it also occurs in the Western Atlantic in the Bahamas and the Caribbean Sea, and in the Eastern Central Pacific in Hawaii (FishBase 2015).",There is no information on the population of this species.,"This is a pseudoceanic and benthopelagic species (Quéro et al. 1990). It is found off oceanic islands and banks at depths of 200-500 m (Badcock 1984, Quéro et al. 1990). The maximum length recorded is 7.7 cm SL male/unsexed (Quéro et al. 1990). It feeds on crustaceans and the spawning season is unknown (Badcock 1984).",Threats to this species are unknown.,There are no conservation actions in place for this species.,There is no information on the use or trade of this species.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STERNOPTYCHIDAE,Argyropelecus,aculeatus,,Argyropelecus aculeatus,"Valenciennes, 1850",,No,LC,,,,,,,European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Argyropelecus aculeatus occurs from about 25–35°N with a northern record to 45°N in the Northeastern Atlantic. It is a common species. This species is not utilized and there are no major threats. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.,Stable,"Argyropelecus aculeatus is a circumglobal species, occurring in tropical to temperate waters (Harold 2002). In the northeastern Atlantic, it is found from southern Iceland to the Canary Islands. Argyropelecus aculeatus is found from 50 m (Badcock 1970) to 842 m (Ross et al. 2010). Outside the region, A. aculeatus is found abundantly in the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. In the western North Atlantic Ocean, it is found to about 40°N and 35°W. In the northeastern Atlantic, it is found south of about 35°N along the North African coast and the associated islands. Argyropelecus aculeatus is essentially absent from the tropical Atlantic. Small to moderate catches of A. aculeatus have been recorded from the southwestern Atlantic. Argyropelecus aculeatus is present in the Indian Ocean from about 10°S to 40°S. It has been reported as being abundant off the South African coast. Argyropelecus aculeatus is present in the western Pacific from north of New Guinea to Japan. This species has also been caught off Chile and Sidney, Australia (Baird 1971).","Argyropelecus aculeatus has been reported as being abundant in numbers from some regions of its distribution range (Baird 1971). Argyropelecus aculeatus was found to be the fifth most abundant species at the Great Meteor Seamount to the west of the Canary Islands, but was found to be much less abundant at the Atlantis Seamount to the north (Pusch et al. 2004). It is a common species in the mid-Atlantic Ridge (Kobyliansky et al. 2010) and bottom trawl surveys off the Gulf of Cadiz captured 26 specimens over 20 years (ARSA) (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2013).","During the daytime hours, Argyropelecus aculeatus can be found from 200–550 m, with the greatest concentrations from 350–450 m. At night, A. aculeatus is found in the greatest concentrations from 80–200 m, indicating diurnal vertical migrations (Baird 1971). However, these migrations are less pronounced than many other midwater fish, and, as a result, A. aculeatus can live in shallower waters (Pusch et al. 2004). Argyropelecus aculeatus primarily feeds in the epipelagic zone early at night, with the primary food items being ostracods and copepods for smaller individuals, and pteropods, euphausiids and fish for larger individuals (Hopkins and Baird 1985).",Argyropelecus aculeatus faces no species-specific threats.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Argyropelecus aculeatus. However, this species’ range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas (IUCN and UNEP-WCMC 2010, accessed April 2014).",There is currently no information regarding the use and/or trade of Argyropelecus aculeatus.,"Ralph, G.","Kobyliansky, S. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STERNOPTYCHIDAE,Argyropelecus,affinis,,Argyropelecus affinis,"Garman, 1899",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Argyropelecus affinis is a widely-distributed species, which within Europe is restricted to the waters off the Azores, Madeira, and the Canaries. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"Argyropelecus affinis is a circumglobal species, occurring in tropical to temperate waters (Harold 2002). A. affinis occurs from 170 m (Baird 1971) to 627 m (Balanov et al. 2009). Within Europe, it has been reported from the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands (Carneiro et al. 2014, Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).",Argyropelecus affinis can be locally abundant in areas of its distribution range (Baird 1971). Baird (1971) reported this species in some abundance with more than 20 specimens per tow at two localities in the Eastern Central Atlantic. It is not known whether there is substantial immigration/emigration from outside the region that will significantly affect populations in the Eastern Central Atlantic.,"In the Eastern Central Atlantic, Argyropelecus affinis is concentrated from 350-600 m by day, with its greatest concentrations being around 400 m. Its major concentrations are from 170-400 m by night, indicating diurnal vertical migrations (Baird 1971).",There are currently no known species-specific threats faced by Argyropelecus affinis in the region.,There are currently no species-specific conservation measures in place for Argyropelecus affinis in the region.,There is currently no information regarding the use and/or trade of Argyropelecus affinis.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STERNOPTYCHIDAE,Argyropelecus,gigas,,Argyropelecus gigas,"Norman, 1930",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Argyropelecus gigas is recorded from Iceland, Portugal southward to the Canary Islands and Madeira. Although it can be common in some areas of its disribution, it is uncommon in the assessment zone. It is a mesopelagic species and can be found between depths 400 and 600 m. There are no major threats. Its distribution overlaps with marine reserves in parts of its range. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Argyropelecus gigas is a circumglobal species (Harold 2002). In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs from Iceland southward to Portugal, Madeira and the Canary Islands but is absent from the Mediterranean (Quéro et al. 1990). Argyropelecus gigas occurs primarily at depths of 400-600 m (Baird 1986).",Argyropelecus gigas can be found in abundance in some areas of its distribution (Baird 1971). There are two records in two bottom trawl surveys (total of six specimens) over 20 years (ARSA) (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2013). It is therefore inferred to be uncommon in the assessment zone.,"Argyropelecus gigas is a mesopelagic species with greatest concentrations of Argyropelecus gigas can be found between depths 400–600 m (Baird 1971). The diet of members of this family generally consists of small fishes and zooplankton, including crustaceans, annelids, chaetognaths, and molluscs (Harold 2002). The maximum recorded size of this species is 12 cm SL (Quéro et al. 1990).",There are no known species-specific threats faced by Argyropelecus gigas. It is taken as bycatch in parts of its range.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Argyropelecus gigas. More research is needed regarding its population size and trends, life history and ecology.",Argyropelecus gigas is not utilized commercially (Wayte et al. 2007).,"Ralph, G.","Kobyliansky, S. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STERNOPTYCHIDAE,Argyropelecus,hemigymnus,,Argyropelecus hemigymnus,"Cocco, 1829",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Argyropelecus hemigymnus occurs to about 60°N in the Northeastern Atlantic, including the Mediterranean Sea. More research is needed regarding its current population size and trends. It is a common and locally abundant species. There are no known threats and it is not utilized. Although taken as bycatch, this is not thought to be causing population declines at present. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Argyropelecus hemigymnus is broadly distributed species that occurs circumglobally in tropical and subtropical regions. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs from Iceland and the Faroe Islands south to the Canary Islands, including the Mediterranean (Baird 1971, Quéro et al. 1990, Papaconstatinou 1988). Adults are commonly found at depths of 200–600 m, and larvae are often found deeper than 100 m (Jumper and Baird 1991).","Large populations of Argyropelecus hemigymnus can be found in parts of its distribution, including the Mediterranean (Baird 1971). A study of deep sea fish in the Bay of Biscay found A. hemigymnus to be of considerable importance by number and weight in their catch of fish (Clarke and Maddock 1986). This species is common in pelagic trawl surveys in the mid-Atlantic Ridge and was caught in all trawls (Kobyliansky et al. 2010). This species is common in the Gulf of Cadiz and the Mediterranean in bottom trawl surveys (ARSA, MEDITS) (J. Gil Herrera and L. Gil de Sola pers comm. 2013). ","Argyropelecus hemigymnus is a mesopelagic species with greatest concentrations found between depths 400–600 m (Baird 1971). The diet of members of this family generally consists of small fishes and zooplankton, including crustaceans, annelids, chaetognaths, and molluscs (Harold 2002).",There are no known species-specific threats faced by Argyropelecus hemigymnus.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Argyropelecus hemigymnus. Argyropelecus hemigymnus was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011). More research is needed regarding its current population size and trends.","Argyropelecus hemigymnus is not utilized, and is usually discarded when caught during commercial fishing efforts (Machias et al. 2001).","Ralph, G.","Kobyliansky, S. & Herrera, J.","de Sola, L.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STERNOPTYCHIDAE,Argyropelecus,olfersii,,Argyropelecus olfersii,"(Cuvier, 1829)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Argyropelecus olfersii is widely distributed in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, it occurs between 35°N–65°N, and east of 35°W, and can be locally abundant. There are no major threats and it is not utilized. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Argyropelecus olfersii occurs in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In the northeast Atlantic, this species occurs from Iceland and Norway south to at least the Azores (Badcock 1984), though there are also records from the Canary Islands. There is a single record from Italy (Quignard and Tomasini 2000). The depth range for this species is 100–800 m (Badcock 1984).","Argyropelecus olfersii is present in 44 museum lots that contain specimen from European waters (Accessed through FishNet 2 Portal, www.fishnet2.net, 7-1-2013). The species was found to have a percent occurrence of 78.6% in waters west of, and in, the Bay of Biscay. It was the second most abundant species found in a pelagic trawl survey in the Bay of Biscay (Spitz et al. 2010). Three records over 20 years of bottom trawl surveys in the Gulf of Cadiz (total of 20 specimens) (ARSA) (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2013). A single specimen was recorded in pelagic trawl surveys in the mid-Atlantic Ridge (Kobyliansky et al. 2010).","Argyropelecus olfersii can be found at depths between 200–750 m during the day while at night, most records are between 180–300 m (Baird 1971). The species has been cited as a prey item of the common dolphin in the Bay of Biscay (Spitz et al. 2010). The maximum recorded size for this species is 9 cm TL (Reiner 1996).",There are no known species-specific threats faced by Argyropelecus olfersii.,There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for A. olfersii.,Argyropelecus olfersii is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Kobyliansky, S. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STERNOPTYCHIDAE,Argyropelecus,sladeni,,Argyropelecus sladeni,"Regan, 1908",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Argyropelecus sladeni is a widely-distributed species, which within Europe is restricted to the Azores and Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"Argyropelecus sladeni has a circumglobal distribution, occurring in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. Within Europe, it is known only from the Azores and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014). Its depth range is 100-600 m. During the day, it is found between 350-600 m. At night, it is concentrated between 100-375 m (Baird 1971).",Argyropelecus sladeni can be found in abundance in some areas of its distribution (Baird 1971).,"Argyropelecus sladeni is a mesopelagic species, found from 100-600 m. During the day, it is found between 350 and 600 m. At night, it is concentrated between 100 and 375 m (Baird 1971). It feeds on copepods (Watson 1996). The species is oviparous, with planktonic eggs and larvae (Watson 1996).",There are no known species-specific threats faced by Argyropelecus sladeni in the region.,There are currently no species-specific conservation measures in place for Argyropelecus sladeni. More research is needed regarding its current population size and trends.,There is currently no information regarding the use and/or trade of Argyropelecus sladeni.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SCIAENIDAE,Argyrosomus,regius,,Argyrosomus regius,"(Asso, 1801)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) In Europe the species is found from the northeastern Atlantic coast from Norway south into the Mediterranean Sea, and in the western Black Sea. Capture data for the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean/Black seas show no evidence of sustained decline over the period 2005-2011 (FAO 2011a) and large scale aquaculture of the species has been developed since 2004 (Monfort 2010, FAO 2011b), therefore this species is considered Least Concern.",Stable,"The species is found in the eastern Atlantic coast from Norway to Gibraltar and south to Central Africa (Democratic Republic of the Congo), including the Canary Islands and Sao Tome and Principe. It is found throughout the Mediterranean Sea, in the western Black Sea, and has expanded into the Red Sea through the Suez Canal. It has also been recorded from Iceland.","The species is rare to not uncommon throughout most of its range in the Mediterranean. Capture fishery data for the eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean/Black seas show stable but fluctuating landings (FAO 2011a) between 3,879 t in 2005 to 6,370 t in 2008 and 4,078 t in 2011, although landings in eastern Turkey have declined along with its size distribution. There has been a steady increase in aquaculture production in Mediterranean basin countries (primarily Spain, Italy, Egypt, France, Portugal) from 296 t reported in 2002 to 13,742 t in 2011 (FAO 2011b).","The largest fish are found along the coast of West Africa, and the species can grow up to two metres in length and reach >50 kg. Growth is mainly achieved during summer; feeding activity is substantially reduced when sea temperatures drop below 13-15 ºC. Adults congregate inshore to spawn during spring and summer. Juveniles and subadults enter estuaries and coastal lagoons, and recruitment success may be dependent on these habitats (Chao and Trewavas 1990). Both adults and juveniles are migratory, moving along shore or offshore-onshore in response to temperature change (FAO 2012). Adults are found in inshore and in shelf waters, close to bottom as well as in surface and mid-waters. During reproduction migration, adults approach the coast in mid-April. They penetrate estuaries at the end of May in order to spawn (anadromous migration). During the spawning season (June to mid-July), males produce aggregation and courtship grunts (Lagardere and Mariani 2006). A 1.2 m female produces about 800,000 eggs; spawning occurs at 17-22 ºC. Fertilized eggs measure 990 µm in diameter. The species feeds on fishes and swimming crustaceans and mostly occurs over sand, close to rocks, at 1-200 m max, but commonly found at 15-100 m (Louisy 2002).","Destruction of estuarine habitats is a particular threat because juveniles depend on these areas for nursery grounds.&#160;Threats also include pollution of rivers, the transfer of disease from cultivated animals to wild populations and overfishing.","The species occurs in protected areas in Europe (e.g., in Natura 2000 sites in Spain; EEA 2013). Due to its large size and insufficient information available, a targeted management programme is needed that includes size limitation based on size at maturity. It is also recommended that an inventory or register of large live specimens (> 2 m) held in aquaria within the region be collected to understand the biology of the species.","The species is a popular food fish and targeted by commercial and recreational fisheries. It is often found in public aquariums in Europe and elsewhere. In commercial fisheries, the species is mainly caught by trawls, long lines, and hand lines.This species is cultivated in land and sea cages, mostly in France and Italy (Cognetti et al. 2006, Aguado-Gimenez et al. 2007) and production from this source is expanding. Aquaculture production of the species increased rapidly in last decade, reaching over 14,000 tons in 2010 (FAO 2012); based on its aquaculture production, it has the potential to become a mass market species (Monfort 2010).FAO (2011) reported that the worldwide landing of the species amounts to 20,310 tonnes in 2011, the landings reported from 2000 to 2009 were between 2,386-9,095 with a steadily increasing trend. Aquaculture of the species is rapidly expanding (Monfort 2010).","Allen, D.J., Comeros-Raynal, M. & Nieto, A.","Chao, L.","Bizsel, K., Kara, M., Yokes, B., Quignard, J.P. & Pollard, D.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,CONGRIDAE,Ariosoma,balearicum,,Ariosoma balearicum,"(Delaroche, 1809)","There may be distinct sub-populations&#160; in the western Atlantic, indicating that this may represent a species complex (Smith pers. comm. 2011).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Ariosoma balearicum occurs in the western and eastern Atlantic Ocean, throughout the Mediterranean, the Iberian coast and the Azores. This species is common throughout its range and no major threats have been identified. There are no species specific conservation efforts in place but the range of A. balearicum overlaps with marine protected areas. It is therefore listed as Least Concern. However, research should be conducted to determine the species' population size and trends.",Unknown,"Ariosoma balearicum is widespread in the western and eastern Atlantic Ocean (Robins and Ray 1986) and has been reported from the Red Sea and Indian Ocean (Bauchot and Blache 1979). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, A. balearicum is found in the Azores (Porteiro et al. 2010), along the Iberian peninsula with a northern boundary of 48° N (Stenhlow et al. 1998), and into the Mediterranean Sea. In the Mediterranean Sea, this species occurs in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea (Busalacchi et al. 2010), Mediterranean Sea (Robins and Ray 1986), in the Adriatic Sea (Varezić et al. 2012), and in the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988). This species is widespread in the Mediterranean Sea (IREPA 2003), but is not found in the Marmara Sea. Ariosoma balearicum can occur to 732 m depth (Smith 1990) but usually occurs in less than 100 m (Smith 1989). ","Arisoma balearicum is very common and abundant throughout its range (Smith pers. comm. 2011). This species had a mean density of 14.9 N/km2, mean biomass index of 0.2 kg/km2 and a frequency of occurrence of 1.6% in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea (Busalacchi et al. 2010).","Ariosoma balearicum is found on sandy and muddy bottoms (Bauchot and Saldanha 1986, Varezić et al. 2012) and reefs (Riede 2004). It has a maximum length of 34 cm and has a depth range of 20–100 m in the Adriatic Sea (Varezić et al. 2012) and 112–391 m in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea (Busalacchi et al. 2010). Ariosoma balearicum is leptocephalic 20–22 months before metamorphosis, which takes place around 20 cm length (Bauchot 1987). This species reaches a maximum length of 50 cm (Bauchot 1987). Ariosoma balearicum is benthopelagic and occurs over the shelf and upper continental slope. Ariosoma balearicum is a burrowing species and prefers clear water. This species is usually found to 35 cm and spawns during the warm season. The diet of this species is primarily comprised of soft bodied invertebrates (Smith 1989, 1990; Bauchot and Saldanha 1986). ",Ariosoma balearicum is not a commercially fished species in the northeastern Atlantic and there are no major threats to this species. This species is caught as bycatch and may be threatened by pollution as it prefers to inhabit clear water (E. Karmovskaya pers. comm. 2013). ,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for A. balearicum. However, this species’ range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014). There is a need for additional research on the population size and trends for A. balearicum. This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Ariosoma balearicum is not a commercially fished species in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean or the Mediterranean Sea but is taken by artisanal fishing and bycatch using longlines and trawls (Bauchot 1987). ,"Harwell, H.","Papaconstantinou, C. & Karmovskaya, E.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Aristostomias,grimaldii,,Aristostomias grimaldii,"Zugmayer, 1913",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species occurs in the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs in the Azores, Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014) and the Canary Islands (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009). Globally, it has a circumglobal distribution. In the Western Atlantic it occurs between 35°and 6°N, including the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, and there is one record 34°S, 49°W (Gibbs 1984). In the Western Pacific it occurs north of western New Guinea. It the Eastern Central Pacific it is found around the Hawaiian Islands. It also occurs in the Indian Ocean.",There is no information on the population in Europe.,This is a marine mesopelagic and bathypelagic species which is found at depths of 25-800 m. The maximum length recorded is 18.2 cm SL male/unsexed (FishBase 2015).,There are no threats known to this species.,There are no conservation actions in place for this species.,There is no use or trade information for this species.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Aristostomias,lunifer,,Aristostomias lunifer,"Regan & Trewavas, 1930",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species occurs in the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs in the Azores, Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014) and the Canary Islands (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009). Globally, this species has a circumglobal distribution. In the Western Atlantic. this species occurs in the USA to the Caribbean Sea, and off Brazil. In the Northwest Atlantic, it is found in Canada (Scott and Scott 1988). It also occurs in the Indian Ocean. In the Western Pacific, it occurs from the South China Sea and north of western New Guinea. In the Eastern Pacific, there is a record at 8°N 160°W and near the Hawaiian Islands.",There is no information on the population in Europe.,"This is a marine mesopelagic and bathypelagic species that occurs at depths of 120-1,280 m (Scott and Scott 1988, Goodyear 1990). The maximum length recorded is 17.0 cm TL male/unsexed (Goodyear and Gibbs 1986).",The threats to this species are unknown.,There are no conservation actions in place for this species.,This species is not used and is of no interest to fisheries (FishBase 2015).,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Aristostomias,tittmanni,,Aristostomias tittmanni,"Welsh, 1923",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Aristostomias tittmanni is known primarily from the Atlantic and southeast Pacific; within Europe it is restricted to the Azores and Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"Aristostomias tittmanni is probably circumglobally distributed throughout tropical waters and warm temperate seas; it is known primarily from the Atlantic and southeastern Pacific. Within Europe, it is known from the Azores and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014). Species of the family Malacosteidae are meso-bathypelagic fish with depths that can reach up to 4,000 meters below sea level (Harold in press).",There is little to no information known about the population of Asristostomias tittmanni.,Species of the Malacosteidae family can have a maximum size of 24 cm. Species of this family generally feed on other fishes and crustaceans (Harold in press).,There are no species-specific threats known for Aristostomias tittmanni.,There are no known species-specific conservation efforts known for Aristostomias tittmanni.,There are no known uses for Aristostomias tittmanni.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Harold, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Aristostomias,xenostoma,,Aristostomias xenostoma,"Regan & Trewavas, 1930",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Aristostomias xenostoma is a widely-distributed species, which within Europe is restricted to the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"Aristostomias xenostoma is a circumglobal species (Sutton and Hopkins 1996) which inhabits tropical waters of the Atlantic, Indian, and western Pacific Oceans. Within Europe, it is known only from the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014). The species exhibits vertical migration patterns, with nighttime centers of abundance between 0-300 m and 700-800 m, and a daytime center of abundance between 300-700 m (Sutton and Hopkins 1996).",No information is available on the population within Europe.,"Aristostomias xenostoma is found in the mesopelagic regions of tropical waters (Moore et al. 2003). It feeds primarily on fishes and crustaceans (Harold 2002). The species exhibits vertical migration patterns, with nighttime centers of abundance between 0-300 m and 700-800 m, and a daytime center of abundance between 300-700 m (Sutton and Hopkins 1996). The maximum recorded total length is 15.0 cm (TL) for male/unsexed (Claro 1994).",There are no species-specific threats faced by Aristostomias xenostoma.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Aristostomias xenostoma. More research is needed regarding its population size and trends.,There is currently no information regarding the use and/or trade of Aristostomias xenostoma.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,BOTHIDAE,Arnoglossus,grohmanni,,Arnoglossus grohmanni,"(Bonaparte, 1837)",There has been considerable historical confusion regarding the taxonomic validity of this species. It has often been considered a synonym of Arnoglossus kessleri.,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Arnoglossus grohmanni is a little-known species which may be endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. There is considerable taxonomic uncertainty concerning this species, and there is little published information and few specimens. Therefore, this species is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Arnoglossus grohmanni is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, with records from Italy (Torchio 1963), Izmir, Turkey (Akyol et al. 2011), Sea of Marmara and Aegean Sea (Ererazi 1942, Economidids 1973). Questionable records from several older published works report A. grohmanni from the coast of England (Holt and Calderwood 1895 and Jeflresysii 1897). Specimens have been collected to depths of 10 m (Accessed through the Fishnet2 Portal 2014 January).",There is no current population information available for Arnoglossus grohmanni. D. S. Jordan stated that it is rather common in the Mediterranean and that numerous specimens were examined and collected off Venice (Jordan and Goss 1889).,"There is no published habitat and ecology information available. There is no maximum size information available. Specimens have been collected in shallow waters, over bottom sand and algae substrates (Accessed through the Fishnet2 Portal 2014 January).",There are no known species-specific threats.,There are no known species-specific conservation actions in place for A. grohmanni. Its distribution may overlap with marine protected areas. The taxonomic validity of this species is unclear.,Arnoglossus grohmanni is not utilized.,"Ralph, G.","Munroe, T., Costa, M., Nielsen, J., Herrera, J. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,BOTHIDAE,Arnoglossus,imperialis,,Arnoglossus imperialis,"(Rafinesque, 1810)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Arnoglossus imperialis ranges from Scotland south to Namibia including the Mediterranean and the Azores. It is found at depths ranging from 10 to 400 m and is found in a variety of habitats. There is little species-specific population information available. This species may occasionally be marketed; however, when taken as bycatch this species is generally discarded. This species has a widespread distribution and is likely to occur in marine protected areas.. Arnoglossus imperialis is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Arnoglossus imperialis ranges from Scotland south to Namibia (Bianchi et al. 1999). Arnoglossus imperialis is found from both coasts of Scotland (Gibson and Ezzi 1980) and the Celtic Sea (Ellis et al. 2013) to the Tagus estuary along the Atlantic coast of Portugal (Cabral et al. 2002) and the Azores (Santos et al. 1997). It is also found throughout the Mediterranean (Nielsen 1972), including the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988). It is found at depths ranging from 10 to 400 m (Sanches 1991, Munroe in press).",Arnoglossus imperialis is reported to be most common around the Angola/ Congo region (Munroe in press). Arnoglossus  imperialis has an average abundance of 0.72 specimens per 2 m beam trawl on the southern Celtic Sea assemblage and an average abundance of 0.82 specimens per 2 m bean trawl on the shelf edge assemblage (Ellis et al. 2013).,"Arnoglossus imperialis is a demersal flatfish which can be found in habitats ranging from estuarine systems to deeper benthic areas. It is found on sand, mud, shell and coral substrates (Bianchi et al. 1999). Its diet consists primarily of crustaceans, with Mysidacea being the most common prey item in the Tagus estuary on the Portuguese coast (Cabral et al. 2002). It reaches a maximum size 25 cm (standard length) SL (Munroe in press).","Arnoglossus imprerialis is taken as bycatch throughout its range, and is typically discarded. According to a survey of Portuguese fishing, A. imperialis is occasionally discarded as bycatch during crustacean trawling, demersal purse seine fishing, mid-water trawling (Borges et al. 2001). Arnoglossus imperialis is listed as a discard in Portuguese fisheries with 93.1 g per 10,000 m-1 with and average of 2.2 fish per 10,000 m-1 (Batistas et al. 2009).","There are no species-specific conservation measures for Arnoglossus imperialis. This species may be present in marine protected areas that occur within its distribution. This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",There is little species-specific use and trade information available for this species.When taken as bycatch it is generally discarded. Arnoglossus imperialis is listed as low to no commercial value in the Mediterranean fisheries (Matić-Skoko et al. 2011) and in Portugal.,"Harwell, H.","de Sola, L., Nielsen, J., Monroe, T., Costa, M. & Herrera, J.","De Silva, R., Milligan, H., Lutz, M., Batchelor, A., Jopling, B., Kemp, K., Lewis, S., Lintott, P., Sears, J., Wilson, P., Smith, J. and Livingston, F.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,BOTHIDAE,Arnoglossus,kessleri,,Arnoglossus kessleri,"Schmidt, 1915",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Arnoglossus kessleri is distributed throughout the east Mediterranean Sea. It is caught as bycatch although it is discarded and not sold commercially. For this reason, there is no population information available. The main threats are bycatch and possibly interactions with non-native species. Arnoglossus kessleri is uncommon, but it is unknown if it is naturally rare, or rare due to fishing activities. Therefore, A. kessleri is listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Mediterranean and Black seas. It is present all through the Mediterranean Sea coast, except for Morocco and Algeria (Nielsen 1986), including the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988). Recently it was found off the Iberian coast (Raventos et al. 2006), but it is unclear whether this record represents an established population. It is also found in the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea (Unsal and Oral 1993), including the Crimean Peninsula and the Sea of Azov (Nielsen 1986, Salekhova et al. 2007). It is not found in the Spanish Mediterranean Sea (L. Gil de Sola pers. obs. 2014).   ","This is an uncommon species in the Mediterranean Sea, but abundant populations were once recorded from Black Sea. It was commercially exploited in the northern Black Sea until the mid 1970s, but significant population decline was noted due to eutrophication and changes in benthic conditions (Shiganova 1998). Georgian coast population is also noted to be rare (Komakhidze et al. 2003). Artisanal and semi-industrial fisheries are recorded in Cyprus (trawls, trammel nets and beach seine (Bauchot 1987)). It is not a target fish in the rest of the Mediterranean Sea but it is sometimes captured as bycatch and is discarded. There is no fisheries information on this species. Adriatic Sea population is rare according to Jardas and Pallaoro (1987), and very rare according to Bello and Rizzi (1988). Unsal and Oral (1993) mention that only one specimen (8.2 cm total length) was captured from Sea of Marmara, during the period between August 1990 and April 1994. Collection depth was 38 m. According to Cakir et al. (2003) a total of 32 specimens were captured during bottom trawls conducted at Edremit Bay (north Aegean Sea), during September 1999 and September 2000. Specimens had total lengths ranging from 5.2 cm to 8.9 cm.","This is a benthic species that can be found on the upper part of the continental shelf, at depths ranging from 10 to 200 m. It lives on muddy and sandy substrata, migrating to deeper waters during the winter. The species feeds on small fishes and invertebrates. Its reproduction period is from May to August.",A possible major threat could be bycatch in trawlers. There could also be potential predation by non-native species from the Red Sea.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place. Arnoglossus kessleri was previously assessed as Data Deficient, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Arnoglossus kessleri is not commercially targeted and there are no data on bycatch.,"Ralph, G.","de Sola, L., Nielsen, J., Monroe, T., Costa, M. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,BOTHIDAE,Arnoglossus,laterna,,Arnoglossus laterna,"(Walbaum, 1792)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Arnoglossus laterna is a widespread demersal species found throughout the eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black seas. It is listed not a commercial species but is caught as bycatch in demersal fisheries throughout its range. Within the assessment region of the northeastern Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black seas it appears that this species is typically discarded, however in some parts of its range it is marketed at the local level. Within the assessment region of the northeastern Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black seas,  A. laterna may be becoming increasingly abundant due to warming temperatures. There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for A. laterna, however its distribution overlaps marine protected areas. It is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Arnoglossus laterna is present in the east Atlantic from southern Norway, including the Skagerrak and Kattegat, to Angola including the Mediterranean and Black seas. Arnoglossus laterna is widely distributed from the Rockall Trough (Neat and Campbell 2011) and the North Sea (van Hal et al. 2010) to the Bay of Biscay (Hermant et al. 2010) and Portuguese coast (Paulo-Martins et al. 2011). Arnoglossus laterna is not found in the Madeira Islands, it was erroneously recorded present by Froese and Pauly (2007) on the basis of another citation by Nielsen (1986) that did not include Madeira as its range (Wirtz et al. 2008). It is widely distributed throughout the Mediterranean and Black Sea (İlhan et al. 2010), including the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988). It is found at depths ranging from 10 to 400 metres.","Arnoglossus laterna is a common species in the along the eastern Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea (Nielsen 1986). The abundance of Arnoglossus laterna in the North Sea is increasing due to shifting temperatures (van Hal et al. 2010). It is one of the most dominant benthic species of the west coast of Portugal and is the most abundant flatfish in the Cascais Bay (Prista et al. 2003). This is a common species found throughout the Mediterranean Sea (Nielsen 1986). According to Gristina et al. (2006), this species was sampled during two trawl surveys (Autumn 1997 and Autumn 1998) carried out in the Strait of Sicily using an otter trawl with a 28 mm codend mesh opening. Mean density values varied from 4 to 39/km2, from 62 hauls. In the Aegean Sea it has a CPUE of 171.4 (N/h) from 342 bottom trawls with 37,062 individuals caught (Damalas et al. 2010). Letorureur et al. (2001) mention that this species was sampled during summer 1984, winter 1984 and summer 1985 in the Gulf of Fos (France), a shallow semi-enclosed soft-bottom zone located near the delta of the Rhone River. A small beam trawl with opening of 1=.5 x 0.5 m with 8 mm net mesh size was used.  Mean densities were 23.68 ± 8.24 individuals ha-1 from 31 hauls conducted in a first site, and 89.33 ± 30.29 from 26 hauls conducted in a second site, for a total surface area of 2,778 m2 at depth of 5–8 m. Karakulak et al. (2006) reported that eight specimens (7.6 to 18.3 cm TL) were collected from a survey conducted for selectivity by gill and trammel nets (inner mesh sizes 16, 18, 20, 22, 26, 28, 30 and 32 mm bar length) in the coastal waters of Turkey from March 2004 to February 2005. According to Bariche et al. (2007), three specimens were collected in the coastal waters of Lebanon, along the north side of Beirut, for 4 months starting from May 2001, with one sample taken each week. Fishing activities were conducted with a purse seine (5 mm mesh, 170 m long and 40 m deep). Romanelli et al. (2002) mention that 22 samples were collected in the east Ligurian Sea in the fishing season of 1997, with 15 hauls using a hand hauled commercial seine (wings: 70 m each, mouth width: 8 m). Ungaro et al. (1999) report that this species was sampled from trawl surveys carried out in the south Adriatic Sea (mean abundance value of 23 specimens in 224 hauls), during summer 1996 and 1997 inside 112 stations (1 haul/60 square nautical miles) with 72 hauls in the Italian area and 40 hauls in the Albanian area each year, using an otter trawl net (length 40 m, wing spread 8 m) with a 10 mm mesh size at the cod-end. According to Carpentieri et al. (2005), this species was sampled during four seasonal 24 h surveys conducted in July 2001 (6 ind/24 h), November 2001 (10 ind/24 h), March 2002 (2 ind/24 h) and May 2002 (34 ind/24 h) in the shelf break off the central Tyrrhenian sea. In each survey 8 hauls of 30 minutes each were performed every 3 hours throughout the 24 h period with an otter trawl mounted into a 40 mm head rope, a 40 mm ground chain and 30-40 mm stretched mesh in the wing and cod-end respectively. Gokce and Metin (2007) mention that 117 specimens were collected using three artisanal fishing boats (6.7 and 10 m long) comprising 39 fishing operations. The trials took place between May and October 2003 in Izmir Bay, Turkey. The fishing gear was combined trammel net to trammel net with one lower and one upper part. Each part is formed of three layers: the inner layer with a small mesh size (40 mm stretched mesh), the outer layers with a larger mesh size (220 mm stretched mesh). These nets, each 100 m long and 1.30 m deep, are hung to a common float line and lead line. Ozaydin et al. (2007) reported that 1,078 specimens (4.5 to 14.9 cm TL) were collected from Izmir Bay (central Aegean Sea) between February and December 2005 using bottom trawls (mesh size 24 mm at stretched cod-end), with TL ranging from 6.8 and 21.9 cm. In the Sea of Marmara in 1997, the species was collected 167 kg/km2 and in 2007 it was collected 15 kg/km2 (Keskin 2010). According to Darnaude et al. (2004), 741 specimens (2.0 to 13.2 cm TL) were collected in the Gulf of Lion, seawards of the Rhone River from March 2000 to November 2001.","Arnoglossus laterna is a benthic species found on sand or mud at depths ranging from 10 to 400 m. It is a diurnally active, visual, opportunistic predator which feeds primarily on Crustacea (Mysidacea), polychaetes and small fishes (Paulo-Martins et al. 2011, De Morais and Bodiou 1984). Arnoglossus laterna undergoes a metamorphosis when it is between 16 and 23 mm. The maximum length is 25 cm, but the usual length is between 8 and 15 cm. There is very little information on this species' biology. This species may live to about 8 years off the coast of Brittany (van Hal et al. 2010; İlhan et al. 2010).","Arnoglossus laterna is taken as bycatch of industrial and small-scale demersal fisheries throughout its range. It is typically discarded, however in some regions it is marketed locally.  In the Sea of Marmara (and perhaps elsewhere), depth of hypoxic events overlaps the depth distribution of this species, and these event could have potential impacts on populations of this species in these areas (Keskin et al. 2011).","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Arnoglossus laterna. This species may be present in marine protected areas that occur within its range. Arnoglossus laterna was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Arnoglossus laterna is not a targeted species. It is taken as bycatch of industrial and small-scale demersal fisheries throughout its range, although it is typically discarded (Machias et al. 2001). In the Mediterranean this species is not considered commercially important (Hermant et al. 2010, Machias et al. 2001). In some parts of its range, particularly off the coast of western Africa, this species is captured in artisanal and industrial fisheries and marketed in various forms in local markets and at the national level (Munroe in press).","Harwell, H.","de Sola, L., Nielsen, J., Monroe, T., Costa, M. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,BOTHIDAE,Arnoglossus,rueppelii,,Arnoglossus rueppelii,"(Cocco, 1844)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient Arnoglossus rueppelii is widely distributed from the Mediterranean and to the Canary Islands. Although it is a deep benthic fish that is not commercially targeted, it is taken as bycatch in the Alboran Sea. There is little species-specific population information available as this species occurs in low abundances and is rarely caught. Therefore, this species is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Arnoglossus rueppelii is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it occurs from the Iberian peninsula to Western Sahara. It has been recorded in the Azores (Santos et al. 1997) and Canary Islands. It is also known from the Mediterranean Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005, Moranta et al. 2008, D’Onghia et al. 2010, Golani 2006), including the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988). It has a depth range of 85 to 897 m (Mytilineou et al. 2005).",There is little species-specific information available for A. rueppelii. Adults are rarely caught and when captured they occur in low abundance (Munroe pers. comm. 2013).,Arnoglossus rueppelii is a demersal species lives on sand and mud substrates. Its diet consists of small fishes and invertebrates (Aldebert et al. 1990). Spawning occurs during the autumn in the Mediterranean Sea (Nielsen 1986). It reaches a maximum size 15 cm SL (Nielsen 1986). It is found at depths ranging from 85 to 897 m (Mytilineou et al. 2005).,"Arnoglossus rueppelii is not a targeted species; however, it is taken as bycatch by fisheries operating within the Alboran Sea in the western Mediterranean (Abad et al. 2007). In this study it formed a relatively small portion of the catch. Due to the deepwater nature of this species it is unlikely to be impacted by coastal development and pollution (Abad et al. 2007).","There are no species-specific conservation measures are in Arnoglossus rueppelii. This species may be present in marine protected areas that occur within its distribution.  This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Arnoglossus rueppelii is not a commercially fished species in Europe waters.,"Harwell, H.","de Sola, L., Nielsen, J., Monroe, T., Costa, M. & Herrera, J.","De Silva, R., Milligan, H., Lutz, M., Batchelor, A., Jopling, B., Kemp, K., Lewis, S., Lintott, P., Sears, J., Wilson, P., Smith, J. and Livingston, F.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,BOTHIDAE,Arnoglossus,thori,,Arnoglossus thori,"Kyle, 1913",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and there are no major threats to the species. However, research should be conducted on the population size and trend of the species, as it is a non-gregarian species that is caught as bycatch, sold locally and targeted by recreational fishermen in some areas.",Unknown,"This is a sub-tropical species that is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, from its northern distribution in Ireland (Nielsen 1986) to Sierra Leone and Cape Verde.  At the northeast Atlantic, the species is present from the British Islands to Gibraltar and Madeira (Fishbase 2011). It is also known from the Mediterranean and Black seas. In the Mediterranean Sea basin, this species occurred from the Alborán Sea, along the Iberian coast (Junta de Andalucía 2001, Valle et al. 2003, Oceana 2011), Palos Seamount (Marín et al. 2011a), Balearic Islands (Marín et al. 2011b), Gulf of Lion (Gaertner et al. 1998, Blanchard and Boucher 2001, Letourneur et al. 2001), south Adriatic Sea (Ungaro et al. 1999) and in the Aegean Sea (Lamprakis et al. 2003, Labropoulou and Papaconstantinou 2005, Karakulak et al. 2006, Ozaydin et al. 2007). It is also found on the Turkish coast and in Cyprus. In Spain, larvae of the species have been collected in Oiartzun, a estuary in the Biscay Bay (Uriarte et al. 2013), and it has also been recorded in the north coast of Spain in Galicia, Cantabria and Euskadi (Aguilar et al. 2009), and in Palos Seamount, in the southeastern coast of Spain (Marín et al. 2011b). Its depth limits range from 300 metres to 15 metres below sea level.","This species is widespread and occurs occasionally in the west Mediterranean Sea and is rare in the Levantine coasts. According to Valle et al. (2003), 37 specimens (5.2 to 9.5 cm TL) were collected in November 1995 at six locations along the east coast of Spain (Tabarca, Santa Pola, Postiguet, San Juan, Campello and Villajoyosa), with 108 samples at a 20–22 m depth range, using a beam trawl of 1.8 m width and 0.8 m height. Ungaro et al. (1999) report that this species was sampled from trawl surveys carried out in the south Adriatic Sea (mean abundance value of one specimen in 224 hauls), during summer 1996 and 1997 inside 112 stations (one haul/60 square nautical miles) with 72 hauls in the Italian area and 40 hauls in the Albanian area each year, using an otter trawl net (length 40 m, wing spread 8 m) with a 10 mm mesh size at the cod-end.  Ozaydin et al. (2007) mention that 20 specimens were collected from Izmir Bay (central Aegean Sea) between February and December 2005 using bottom trawls (mesh size 24 mm at stretched cod-end), with TL ranging from 6.1 and 7.9 cm. Eight specimens (8.5 to 11.2 cm TL) were collected from a survey conducted for selectivity by gill and trammel nets in the coastal waters of Turkey from March 2004 to February 2005 (Karakuilak et al. 2006). Letourneur et al. (2001) report that this species was sampled during summer 1984, winter 1984 and summer 1985 in the Gulf of Fos (France), a shallow semi-enclosed soft-bottom zone located near the delta of the Rhone River. A small beam trawl with opening of 1.5 x 0.5 m with 8 mm net mesh size. Mean density of 1.86 ± 1.35 individuals ha-1 was collected after 30 min of trawling (mean speed: two knots) in a surface area of 2,778 m2 at depth of 5-8 m. Lamprakis et al. (2003) mention that this species was collected in the Thracian sea during 1996-1998 using two commercial trawlers (diamond cod-end mesh size: 14 mm, nominal bar length) at depths ranging from 19 to 365m. 572 specimens were caught in 1996-1997 with TL ranging from 3.8 to 12.6 cm. The influence of warming in the Bay of Biscay was analyzed on 20 flatfish species. Being a non-commercial species, the population of A. thori showed no regression but increase during the period of time 1987-2006, so the species is determined to be not affected by climate change or fishing activities occurring in the Bay of Biscay (Hermant et al. 2010). In Ireland, the species was previously regarded as rare (Went and Kennedy 1976), but it is now known to be relatively common, especially off the west and southwest coasts where demersal adults, juveniles, pelagic eggs and larvae have also been recorded (Dunne 1972, Kennedy et al. 1973, Dunne and Koennecker 1976, Dransfeld et al. 2004).  The overall population size and trend of the species are unknown.","This is a benthic species that can be mostly found on the upper 100 m of the continental shelf on sandy and muddy substrata, and larvae of the species have also been collected in Oiartzun, a estuarine in the Biscay Bay (Uriarte et al. 2013). It shows preference for sandy bottoms and is more abundant in the upper slope (Damalas et al. 2010). It has also been found in relation with Posidonia meadows (Valle et al. 2001). Arnoglossus thori feeds on small fishes and invertebrates (Nielsen 1986). In the Douarnenez Bay (west coast of France), the species feeds on small crustaceans such as mysidaceans, amphipods and shrimps (Deniel 1975). In the Biscay Bay, the species has been recorded to feed on the mysid crustaceans (Schistomysis spp.; San Vicente and Sorbe 2013).   The reproduction period is from April to July, the longevity is 10 years, the size at maturity is 12 cm and the maximum size is 18 cm (SL).","This is a species with minor commercial importance. It is caught with trawls and it is sold locally (Nouar pers. comm. 2007), but it is totally discarded in the Aegean and Ionian Seas (Machias et al. 2001) as it is caught as bycatch. It is known that global warming is currently not affecting the species population in the Bay of Biscay (Hermant et al. 2010), but there is no information available on other specific threats affecting the species.","Arnoglossus thori is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. Although the protection of Posidonia meadows by international and regional legislation benefits the species, enforcement is necessary to make protection real and effective. There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends and threats to the species.","This is a species with minor commercial importance. It is sold locally (Nouar pers. comm. 2007), but totally discarded in the Aegean and Ionian Seas (Machias et al. 2001). However, the species is being sold locally in Spain (i.e. Andalucía (Pérez and Rodríguez, 2001), Comunidad Valenciana (Generalitat Valenciana 2014), Madrid), with increasing presence in fish markets. The species is targeted by Spanish recreational fisheries (FAPD undated). In Ireland, it is a non-commercial species, although it is occasionally taken as a by-catch and/or by incidentally by recreational anglers, but it is usually discarded (D. Quigley pers. comm. 2015).","García, M., Quigley, D. & Ralph, G.","Garcia, S.","Blanco, J., Cuttelod, A., Nouar, A., Golani, D., Kada, O. & Quignard, J.P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,COTTIDAE,Artediellus,atlanticus,,Artediellus atlanticus,"Jordan & Evermann, 1898",,No,LC,,,,,,,"Artediellus atlanticus is a demersal, Arctic boreal species that is distributed on both sides of the North Atlantic. In the Barents Sea, abundance of A. atlanticus increases in the northeast direction with increasing longitude and latitude and has been described as rare in the North Sea. Artediellus atlanticus is not targeted in commercial fisheries but may be susceptible to impacts from climate change. However, no major threats to this species have been identified. It is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Artediellus atlanticus is an Arctic boreal species that is distributed on both sides of the North Atlantic Ocean and has been recently recorded from Greenland and the Pacific side of the Arctic (Mecklenburg et al. 2011). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, A. atlanticus occurs from the Frans Josef Land, Svalbard and Scandinavia, south to Iceland and the northern British Isles (Fedorov 1986). The depth range for A. atlanticus is from shore to 792 m (Kells and Carpenter 2011).","The abundance of Artediellus atlanticus increases in the northeast direction in the Barents Sea and is positively correlated with increasing longitude and latitude (Fossheim et al. 2006). In the summer of 2000, 4,840 individuals of A. atlanticus were captured in a bottom fish trawl survey in the western Barents Sea. This species was one of the eight species that were distributed over almost the entire sampling area of the survey (Byrkjedal and Høines 2007). Artediellus atlanticus is rare in the North Sea (Jiming 1982).","Artediellus atlanticus spawns from late summer to fall. Northern populations spawn in November and southern populations from July to September (von Dorrien 1996). Eggs examined from 206 females ranged from 40 to 216 ova. This species usually ranges from 6.5 to 10 cm SL with a maximum length of 13 cm (von Dorrien 1993). Artediellus atlanticus exhibits sexual dimorphism with variations in size, colour, and height of dorsal fin (von Dorrien 1996). This is a demersal species that primarily feeds in invertebrates (Vinagre et al. 2011). Two year old individuals collected from the Barents Sea ranged from 5.4 to 6.5 cm in length and three to five year old individuals ranged from 5.9 to 9.7 cm (Eriksen et al. 2012).","Artediellus atlanticus may be affected by water temperature changes due to climate change which can alter migration, physiology, food availability, etc. (Roessig et al. 2004). However, major threats to this species have not been identified.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place. However, this species’ range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas in the northeast Atlantic (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014).",Artediellus atlanticus a non-commercial species (Vinagre et al. 2007).,"Harwell, H.","Lorance, P., Florin, A. & Keskin, Ç.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,ALEPOCEPHALIDAE,Asquamiceps,velaris,,Asquamiceps velaris,"Zugmayer, 1911",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) There is very little information on this species. It is speculated to have a circumglobal distribution. There are only two museum records for A. velaris, and they are not complete. It is not likely to be common or abundant. This species is not known to be commercially utilized or to face any major threats at this time.  There are no known, species-specific conservation measures in place for this species but it may have access to several marine protected areas. With limited population, reproduction and distribution information, Asquamiceps velaris is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Asquamiceps velaris is likely to have a circumglobal distribution (Markle and Quéro 1984). However, it is known from only scattered records, including two localities off South Africa, one locality at Bahia Magdalena, Mexico and one at Bikini Atoll, the Marshall Islands (Markle and Sanzanov 1990). In the northeast Atlantic Ocean, A. velaris has been found off the coast of southern Portugal and northwestern Spain.  This species is associated with depths to 3,500 m (Markle and Sanzanov 1990).",The species seems to be very rare in the region. There is no further information on the species' population size or trends.,"Asquamiceps velaris is a marine, benthopelagic species that occurs to a depth of 3,660 m.  It has a maximum standard length of 18 cm standard length (SL) (Markle and Sazanov 1990). The habitats, biology, ecology and early life history of this species are poorly understood.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no known, species-specific conservation measures in place for Asquamiceps velaris. Its distribution is undefined but likely widespread with many marine protected areas (MPAs) within; however, due to its depth range, it may not be protected by MPAs (Davies et al. 2007).  Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",Asquamiceps velaris is of no interest to the fisheries industry.,"Stump, E.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MACROURIDAE,Asthenomacrurus,victoris,,Asthenomacrurus victoris,"Sazonov & Shcherbachev, 1982",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Asthenomacrurus victoris is a widely-distributed species, which within Europe is restricted to the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"This species is known from very few specimens, collected from widely scattered localities. One of these records is European, being from just within the Azores EEZ (Carneiro et al. 2014).",There is a lack of information regarding this species' population. It is known from very few specimens.,"This is a&#160;marine, bathydemersal species, with a depth range of 2,320-3,530 m (Sazonov and Shcherbachev 1982).",There is a lack of information regarding threats to this species.,There is a lack of information regarding conservation actions for this species.,There is a lack on information regarding use and trade of this species.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Astronesthes,atlanticus,,Astronesthes atlanticus,"Parin & Borodulina, 1996",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species occurs only in Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs only in Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014). Globally, this species occurs in the tropical to subtropical Atlantic (G. Ralph pers. comm. 2015).",There is no information on the population in Europe.,"This is a marine bathypelagic species that occurs at depths of 300-1,200 m (Parin and Borodulina 1996).  The maximum length recorded is 16.3 cm SL male/unsexed (Parin and Borodulina 1996).",There is no information on threats to this species.,There are no conservation actions in place for this species.,There is no use or trade information for this species.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Astronesthes,gemmifer,,Astronesthes gemmifer,"Goode & Bean, 1896",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Astronesthes gemmifer is a circumglobal species. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species is known from 30°N to the Canary Islands. There is limited information available from trawl surveys (bottom and pelagic). There are no major threats (current or projected) that are known to impact this species. Although data for this species are extremely limited, given its broad distribution and deep water habitat, A. gemmifer is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Astronesthes gemmifer is a circumglobal species (Gibbs and McKinney 1988). In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs from Portugal south to the Canary Islands, Spain (Badcock 1970, Gibbs 1990, Bordes et al. 1999), including the waters around the Azores, Portugal (Santos et al. 1997, Carneiro et al. 2014). There are scattered records as far north as Iceland. This species occurs to at least 2,400 m depth (McEachran and Fechhelm 1998).",Population information is extremely limited for Astronesthes gemmifer. ,"Little is known about the habitats and ecology of Astronesthes gemmifer. It is a mesopelagic species and the maximum recorded length is 17 cm SL (Gibbs 1990). Harold (2002) notes that members of the family Astronesthidae typically feed on other fishes and crustaceans. More research is needed regarding the habitats, ecology and life history of A. gemmifer.",There are no major species-specific threats to Astronesthes gemmifer.,"There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for Astronesthes gemmifer. More research is needed regarding its population size and trend, distribution, life history, habitat, ecology, uses, and threats.",Astronesthes gemmifer is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Kobyliansky, S. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Astronesthes,indicus,,Astronesthes indicus,"Brauer, 1902",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Astronesthes indicus is a widely-distributed species, which within Europe is restricted to Madeira and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"Astronesthes indicus is a circumglobal species (Sutton and Hopkins 1996) except for having few records from the eastern Pacific. Within Europe, the species is known from the Canaries (Badcock 1970, Bordes et al. 1999, Bordes Caballero et al. 2009) and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014).",There is a lack of information on the population of this species within the region.,The maximum standard length is 18.0 cm (SL) (Schaefer et al. 1986).,"There are no known species-specific threats faced by Astronesthes indicus. More research is needed, though, to verify that there are no threats.","There are currently no known species-specific conservation measures in place for Astronesthes indicus. More research is needed regarding its population sizes and trends, life history, habitats, ecology, life history, use/trade, and threats.",There is currently no information regarding the use and/or trade of Astronesthes indicus. More research is needed in order to determine if it is of any use to humans.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Astronesthes,leucopogon,,Astronesthes leucopogon,"Regan & Trewavas, 1929",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Astronesthes leucopogon is widely distributed throughout the temperate Atlantic. In the Northeastern Atlantic, this species primarily occurs between 30 and 37°N to at least 500 m depth. Although data are extremely limited for this species, given its broad range and deep water habitat, it is listed as Least Concern. More research is needed regarding its population sizes and trends, biology, use/trade, and threats. ",Unknown,"Astronesthes leucopogon occurs throughout the Atlantic Ocean (Gibbs 1990). This species is found in the temperate North Atlantic (Harold 2002) and in the eastern Atlantic (Harold in press). In the northeastern Atlantic, this species primarily occurs south of about 35°N, but is known from off the coast of Portugal and north to the Bay of Biscay. Outside the region, this species occurs to about 10°N in the Atlantic and found in the southeastern Atlantic at 16 to 22°S (Gibbs 1984). It has also been recorded south of the Scotian Shelf between 40°N and 43°N (Moore et al. 2003). This species can occur to 500 m depth (Scott and Scott 1988). ",Population information is extremely limited for Astronesthes leucopogon. There are no records from trawl surveys (bottom and pelagic) in the Gulf of Cadiz and the mid-Atlantic Ridge (J. Gil Herrera and S. Kobyliansky pers comm. 2013).,"Little is known of the habitats and ecology of Astronesthes leucopogon, other than that it is a mesopelagic species (Moore et al. 2003) that inhabits temperate waters (Harold 2002). The family Astronesthidae is comprised of deepwater species that are moderately common in deep oceanic waters, usually deeper than 500 m during the day (Gibbs 1990). The maximum recorded size of this species is 12 cm SL (Gibbs 1990). More research is needed for this species regarding its habitats, ecology and life history.",There are no major species-specific threats faced by Astronesthes leucopogon.,"There are currently no known species-specific conservation measures in place for Astronesthes leucopogon. More research is needed regarding its population sizes and trends, habitats, ecology, life history, use/trade, and threats.",Astronesthes leucopogon is not utilized in Northeastern Atlantic waters.,"Ralph, G.","Kobyliansky, S. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Astronesthes,macropogon,,Astronesthes macropogon,"Goodyear & Gibbs, 1970",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Astronesthes macropogon is an Atlantic species, which within Europe is restricted to Madeira and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"Astronesthes macropogon is only found in the tropical to subtropical waters of the North and South Atlantic Ocean (Harold 2003). Within Europe, it is known from Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014) and the Canaries (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).",There is a lack of information regarding the population of this species in Europe.,It is a mesopelagic species with concentrations from 0-500 m (Moore et al. 2003).,There are no known species-specific threats faced by Astronesthes macropogon. More research is needed to verify that there are no threats.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Astronesthes macropogon. More research is needed regarding its population size and trends, habitats, ecology, life history, uses/trade, and threats.","There is currently no information regarding use and/or trade of Astronesthes macropogon. More research is needed, though, to verify that A. macropogon is of no commercial value to humans.","Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Astronesthes,micropogon,,Astronesthes micropogon,"Goodyear & Gibbs, 1970",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Astronesthes micropogon is an Atlantic species, which within Europe is restricted to the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"Astronesthes micropogon is a mesopelagic species that is found in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Atlantic Ocean. Within Europe, it has been recorded in the waters of the Canary Islands (Bordes et al. 1999, Lloris et al. 1991, Bordes Caballero et al. 2009), the Azores (Santos et al. 1997, Carneiro et al. 2014), and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014).",Astronesthes micropogon is only occasionally sampled in regions of its distribution (Sutton and Hopkins 1996).,"A. micropogon is mesopelagic, found in waters from 0-700 m (Moore et al. 2003), with nighttime concentrations from 0-200 m and daytime concentrations from 400-700 m (Sutton and Hopkins 1996).",There are currently no known species-specific threats faced by Astronesthes micropogon. More research is needed to verify that there are no threats.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Astronesthes micropogon. More research is needed regarding its population sizes and trends, habitats, ecology, life history, use/trade, and threats.",There is currently no information regarding the use and/or trade of Astronesthes micropogon. More research is needed to verify that A. micropogon is of no commercial interest to humans.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Astronesthes,neopogon,,Astronesthes neopogon,"Regan & Trewavas, 1929",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species occurs off mainland Portugal, the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs off mainland Portugal, the Azores, Madeira (Santos et al. 1997, Carneiro et al. 2014) and the Canary Islands (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009). Globally, it is restricted to the Atlantic. In the Eastern Atlantic, it occurs from Morocco south to Mauritania, and also between 35°N to 20°N (FishBase 2015).",This species is common in deep oceanic waters (FishBase 2015). The current population trend in Europe is unknown.,This is a marine bathypelagic species that occurs below 350 m (Bogutskaya 2007). This species is usually found deeper than 500 m during the day. At night smaller individuals migrate to near-surface or even surface waters.  This species feeds on midwater fishes and crustaceans (Gibbs 1984). The maximum length recorded is 19.2 cm SL male/unsexed (Gibbs 1990).,There is no information on threats to this species.,There are no conservation actions in place for this species.,There is no use or trade information for this species.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Astronesthes,niger,,Astronesthes niger,"Richardson, 1845",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Astronesthes niger is widely distributed in tropical and temperate waters of the Atlantic Ocean as well as the Indian and Pacific oceans. It is the most common astronesthid species and is not utilized in northeastern Atlantic waters. There are no major threats to this species. Although information about this species is limited, given its broad distribution and deep water habitat, it is listed as Least Concern. More research is needed regarding its population sizes and trends, habitats, ecology, life history, use/trade, and threats. ",Unknown,"Astronesthes niger is a widespread species found in tropical and temperate waters of the Atlantic Ocean (Harold in press) as well as the Indian and west Pacific oceans (Gibbs 1990). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, this species occurs in the Bay of Biscay, but mostly south of 40°N (Gibbs 1990), including the Azores, Portugal (Lloris et al. 1991, Santos et al. 1997). This species inhabits waters from 0–1,000 m (Moore et al. 2003, Harold in press).  Outside the region, A. niger is also found in the eastern Gulf of Mexico (Sutton and Hopkins 1996), in the waters above the Cariaco Trench, Venezuela (Mead 1963), and in the western North Atlantic throughout the Mid-Atlantic Bight (Moore et al. 2003).",Astronesthes niger is the most commonly caught astronesthid caught in the Mid-Atlantic Bight (Moore et al. 2003). Additional information on the population trends of this species is extremely limited. More research is needed to determine the population sizes and trends of A. niger.,"Astronesthes niger is a mesopelagic species that occurs to 1,000 m depth. The maximum recorded length for this species is 16 cm SL (Moore et al. 2003, Harold FAO ECA Guide in press). Little else is known about the habitats, ecology and life history of Astronesthes niger, and more research is needed regarding these aspects.","There are no major, species-specific threats faced by Astronesthes niger.","There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for Astronesthes niger. More research is needed regarding its population sizes and trends, habitats, ecology, life history, use/trade, and threats.",Astronesthes niger is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Kobyliansky, S. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Astronesthes,zharovi,,Astronesthes zharovi,"Parin & Borodulina, 1998",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species is known from off the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is known from off the Azores (52 NM SSW of the Konstantinov Ridge; Carneiro et al. 2014). Globally, it is also known from the eastern Gulf of Mexico and southern Angola (G. Ralph pers. comm. 2015).",There is no information on the population in Europe.,This is a marine mesopelagic and bathypelagic species that occurs between 580-600 m depth (Bogutskaya 2007).  The maximum recorded length is 11.0 cm SL (female; FishBase 2015).,There is no information on threats to this species.,There are no conservation actions in place for this species.,There is no information on the use or trade of this species.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ATHERINIFORMES,ATHERINIDAE,Atherina,hepsetus,,Atherina hepsetus,"Linnaeus, 1758",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Atherina hepsetus is widely distributed in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean and Black Seas. It is common and abundant throughout much of its range. Although it is of high commercial importance, fishing pressure appears to be relatively low and there is no evidence of significant declines in population. Therefore, A. hepsetus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Atherina hepsetus is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, off the coasts of Spain and Morocco, including Madeira and the Canary Islands. It is also found in the Mediterranean and Black seas (Mauge 1990). In the Mediterranean Sea, it is present from the Spanish coasts (Garcia-Charton and Perez-Ruzafa 1999, Dempster et al. 2002, Perez-Ruzafa et al. 2004), Balearic Islands (Riera et al. 1995), south of France (Dumay et al. 2004, Mouillot et al. 2007), Ligurian Sea (Tunesi et al. 2005, Tunesi and Molinari 2005), south Tyrrhenian Sea (Sinopoli et al. 2004), north Adriatic Sea (Lipej et al. 2003, Bonaca and Lipej 2005), central east Adriatic Sea (Pallaoro et al. 2007, Dulcic et al. 1997, Dulcic and Glamuzina 2006, Santic et al. 2003) and Aegean Sea (Papakonstantinou 1988, Koutrakis and Tsikliras 2003, Canli and Atli 2003, Karakulak et al. 2006). It is also present in the Black Sea (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002). This species is also found in northern Israel (M. Goren pers. comm. 2007).  It is usually associated with very shallow depths and mostly stays close to the surface, most often between the depths of 5 and 20 m (Pallaoro et al. 2007, Bariche 2012).","Atherina hepsetus is commonly found in many parts of its range. Off the coast of Croatia, mussel farmers determined that A. hepsetus is one of the most abundant of fishes in the shallow waters in the Aegean Seas coastal areas (Segvic-Bubic et al. 2011a). In a separate study concerning fish assemblages around and near an Atlantic Bluefin tuna farm indicated that A. hepsetus is amongst the most abundant of fishes near the tuna farm (Segvic-Bubic et al. 2011b). Also, A. hepsetus was among the most abundant and one of the most frequently occurring of fishes in a seine net survey conducted in the north-central part of the Mediterranean [avg. # of indiv. per haul = 168.2 and the the avg. weight in kg per haul was 1.2] (Cetinic et al. 2011). Combined catch statistics for Atherinidae in the Mediterranean and Black Seas show no evidence of population decline (Food and Agriculture Organization Fishstat). Atherina hepsetus has been recorded frequently in the Mediterranean. Pallaoro et al. (2007) reported that 1,547 females and 1,258 males with lengths ranging from 3.8 to 8.9 cm TL were caught in the middle east Adriatic Sea during reproductive period (Feb-Apr 2002) using small beach seines. According to Koutrakis and Tsikliras (2003), 54 specimens with length ranging from 4.3 to 11.0 cm TL, were sampled using various fishing gear (beach-seine, fyke-net, gill nets) in three north Aegean estuarine systems. Porto-Lagos (north-east Aegean), a shallow coastal lagoon was sampled between December 1988 and September 1990. Dulcic et al. (1997) mentioned that 18,435 specimens were collected using a 50 m long beach seine, from January to December 1992 from Kornati Archipelago. According to Karakulak et al. (2006), one sample (11.6 cm TL) was collected from a survey conducted for selectivity by gill and trammel nets in the coastal waters of Turkey from March 2004 to February 2005. Dulcic and Glamuzina (2006) reported that 396 specimens with lengths ranging from 4.0 and 9.4 cm TL, were collected from three east Adriatic estuarine systems (Tar cove, sampled between September 1999 and September 2000, Duce-Glava, sampled between October 1998 and October 1999, River Neretva estuary sampled between December 2002 and December 2003), using various fishing gears (beach seine, fyke-net, gill nets, fish traps).","This is a pelagic, littoral/nearshore species. It is a gregarious species, occurring in large schools. It sometimes occurs in marine lagoons (France) and estuaries (Portugal). It feeds on pelagic copepods and benthic crustaceans (Quignard and Pras 1986). It is a prey species for young Trachurus thynnus (Sinopoli et al. 2004) and T. trachurus (Santic et al. 2003). Atherina hepsetus is a gregarious species of fish, inhabiting the littoral zones of areas near the shore (Mauge 1990). It often occurs in large schools (Bariche 2012). It is often found in marine lagoons (France) and in estuaries (Portugal) in the central and western portions of the Mediterranean Sea (Mauge 1990). As a carnivorous species, it feeds on zooplankton (copepods, fish larvae) and small bottom-living animals (benthic crustaceans) (Mauge 1990).. There are generally more females than males [1.23:1] (Pallaoro et al. 2007).. Reproduction takes place during the winter and spring months: from January to April in Adriatic Sea (Grubisic 1988), from December to May in the Mediterranean Sea [France, Italy] (Mauge 1990) and from April to July in the Black Sea (Svetovidov, 1964). The length at first maturity is 9.7 cm. Atherina hepsetus has an average lifespan of 3 to 4 years (Pallaoro et al. 2007).","This is a species with high commercial importance. As a coastal species, it may be vulnerable to various anthropogenic activities that may affect its habitat. Atherina hepsetus is a greatly valued and sought after fish species. However, because it prefers brackish waters, such as lagoons and estuaries, landings of this species do not seem to be summarily reported. In a study published in 2011, large numbers of individuals were taken in seine nets and not a single individual was discarded, regardless of length. In fact, the average length of an A. hepsetus individual taken in the study was 5.5 to 13.5 cm, while the length at first maturity is 9.7 cm. The percentage of immature specimens taken was 17.3 (Cetinic et al. 2011).","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place. This species may be present in marine protected areas that occur within its distribution. This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Atherina hepsetus has high commercial importance because of its abundance and relative ease of catch. Nevertheless, the fishing mortality (0.50 year-1) estimate and exploitation rate (E=0.35) indicates that fishing pressure is not very high in the study area (Pallaoro et al. 2007). However, the only landing statistic reported to the FAO for A. hepsetus was from Croatia in 2011, at 13 tonnes (FishStatJ).  However, in a report recently compiled by the European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission, A. hepsetus is among the most sought after and landed fish in lagoons in Albania. An estimated 200 tonnes of fishes were harvested from Albania's lagoons, but the landings were not separated by species (Mitchell et al. 2010). In the Adriatic Sea, A. hepsetus annual catch can reach 160 tonnes (Jardas 1996).  Its average price on the Croatian (Split) fish market is approximately 6.5€ (50 HRK) per kilo. The major small-scale fishing gear for exploitation of this species in Croatian waters are coastal beach seines, small mesh size (10 and 12 mm) gillnets and liftnets (Pallaoro et al. 2007).","Harwell, H.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F., Carpenter, K.E., de Morais, L., Knudsen, S. & Harold, A.","Papaconstantinou, C., Pollard, D., Massuti, E., Palmeri, A. & Keskin, Ç.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ATHERINIFORMES,ATHERINIDAE,Atherina,presbyter,,Atherina presbyter,"Cuvier, 1829",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Atherina presbyter is a widely distributed coastal species in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. It appears to have a patchy distribution in European and adjacent waters, but catches of atherinid species are often not separated by species. There are local fisheries for this species in some regions (e.g., the Canary Islands), but this is not considered to be a major threat at this time. There are no other known major threats at this time. Therefore, A. presbyter is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Atherina presbyter is distributed in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. It is known from Kattegat (rare) and British Isles to Canary Islands, Madeira, Mauritania and Cape Verde (Quignard and Pras 1986, Mauge 1990, Lorenzo and Pajuelo 1999, Pajuelo and Lorenzo 2001). Atherina presbyter is rare in the western Mediterranean Sea (Pinnegar and Polunin 2004, Lloris et al. 1984) and is not known from the Baltic Sea.  This species is typically found in the littoral zone, but was collected to depths of at least 4.5 m in Portugal (Pombo et al. 2005).","Atherina presbyter is very common in some parts of its range (Turnpenny et al. 1981, Riley et al. 2011), and is considered rare in others. Atherina presbyter has a patchy distribution in the Mediterranean Sea where there are only occasional records. However, this species probably remains unidentified in mixed atherinid catches when it does occur, and thus may be more abundant in the Mediterranean Sea than records may indicate. Atherina presbyter shows a modest frequency of occurrence in the Berlenga Natural Reserve in Portugal between 2004 and 2005 with 7.7 and 8.3%, consecutively (Vasco-Rodrigues et al. 2011). In the Canary Islands, catches of this species have been declining and the fishing effort on it has been increasing in the Canary Islands (Pajuero and Lorenzo 2000).","Atherina presbyter is a small pelagic, oceanodromous species that can be found in coastal areas and estuaries. It is a schooling species and has seasonal migrations in the Atlantic. It feeds on carnivorous small crustaceans and fish larvae (Quignard and Pras 1986). It reproduces in spring and summer (Billard 1997). Spawning occurs in midsummer in English Channel and North Sea. Atherina presbyter is described as a marine juvenile migrant species, which uses estuaries and coastal lagoons primarily as a nursery ground. Much of its adult life is spent at sea, but it often returns seasonally to the estuary (Elliott and Dewailly 1995).  The information about this species is scarce and mainly focuses on biological aspects such as age, growth and mortality (Pombo et al. 2005). A. boyer, A. hepsetus and A. presbyter are sympatric species that might occur at the same space and in the same time so fisheries data might be mixed. In some regions this species is used as bait in tuna fisheries. Atherina presbyter is a small pelagic fish that inhabits coastal areas and estuaries. It is a gregarious species, commonly found in river mouths, harbours and saltings of estuarine marshes, apparently attracted by water of low salinity (Turnpenny et al. 1981).  It is a schooling fish with seasonal migrations in the Atlantic. It feeds on carnivorous small crustaceans and fish larvae (Quignard and Pras 1986). crustaceans found in stomachs of fish is a reflection of the preponderance of this  taxon in the plankton. The progression to natant macrofauna in the diet occurs as  the fish become large enough to prey actively upon larger animals moving in the water body, principally amphipodsm (Turnpenny et al. 1981).Its reproduction time is in spring and summer (Billard 1997), with the main spawning period in May and June and a secondary spawning period in September (Turnpenny et al. 1981). The majority of Atherina presbyter were mature at the end of their first year.  Amongst the I+ group females, 73% of those examined contained ripe eggs during  the spawning season. All fish were mature by the second year (i.e. II+ group and older) and continued to spawn thereafter. Age specific fecundities for I+, 11+ and III+ group fish were 1394 (s.D. & 43), 2807 (s.D. k 8 1) and 6872 (s.D. k 233) eggs per female respectively (Turnpenny et al. 1981).","This is a commercially exploited species in the Atlantic, but not a target species in the Mediterranean Sea. In the long term, climate change could be a problem for this temperate Atlantic species. In the Canary Islands, A. presbyter is of a great interest both as commercial target and as bait in the seasonal live-bait tuna fishery. This species is captured near surface in the littoral zone, mainly with beach seines and liftnets. It is caught consistently year-round without significant seasonal differences in landings (Pajuelo and Lorenzo 2000). FAO landings are not species specific for smelts, but the Russian Federation reported landing double the tonnage of smelts in 2011 (7709 t) from just 3935 tonnes in 2006 (FishStatJ). The United States reported a insignificant landing of 200 tonnes in 2011.","No specific conservation measures are known for this species. This species may be present in marine protected areas that occur within its distribution. Atherina presbyter has been assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","This is a commercially exploited species in the Atlantic, but not a target species in the Mediterranean Sea.","Harwell, H.","Heessen, H. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,AULOPIDAE,Aulopus,filamentosus,,Aulopus filamentosus,"(Bloch, 1792)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as it is a mainly deepwater species that is widespread through its distribution. It is relatively uncommon and it is not a targeted species, although it is caught mainly incidentally at several places in the Atlantic and not regarded as an important commercial species. However, research is needed to determine the ecology, population size and trends of the species, especially considering that it is poorly known and may be affected by potential threats such as trawling and pollution.",Unknown,"The species is found through the west central Atlantic Ocean, the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. In the west central Atlantic, it is present in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean (Robins et al. 1991) to Brazil (Carvalho-Filho et al. 2010).  As for the eastern Atlantic Ocean, this species is present from the Canary Islands (Sulak 1984, Lloris 1992, Rodriguez et al. 2001, Aguilar et al. 2010), Azores (Borges et al. 2010), Madeira (Sulak 1984), Josephine Seamount and Great Meteor Tablemount (Shcherbachev et al. 1985, Fock et al. 2002), Irving, Plato and Meteor Seamounts (Pakhorukov 2008) and the Seine Seamount (Hirch and Christiansen 2010), southwards to Cape Verde and Senegal.  Within the Mediterranean Sea, this species is present along the northwestern and northern African coasts (Bauchot 1987, Papakonstantinou et al. 2011), including Tunisia, Algeria, off Egypt, off Libya, Turkey and in the eastern Levantine Basin (Massutí et al. 2003, 2004, Souissi et al. 2010 and references therein, Romdhani et al. 2011), in Israel (Galil 2011), Syria (Saad 2005) and Cyprus (Food and Agriculture Organization 1987). One specimen was captured in Croatia (Fishbase 2014). The species is also present through the Alborán Sea (Aguilar et al. 2008a, unpublished data, Oceana pers. comm. 2014), Palos Seamount (Marín et al. 2011a), Mallorca Channel Seamounts and Cabrera Archipelago (Aguilar et al. 2007, 2008a, 2008b; Marín et al., 2011b), Emile Baudot Escarpment (Oceana pers. comm. 2014) and the Spanish, French and Italian Mediterranean coasts (Sulak 1984, Bo et al. 2011, D'Onghia et al. 2010, 2011), the Adriatic Sea (Dulcic 2006), the Ligurian Sea (Serracca et al. 2013), Greece (Food and Agriculture Organization 1987) and the Aegean Sea (Vassilopoulou et al. 1998, Bilecenoglu et al. 2002, Nurettin et al. 2007, Kalatzis 2013).  Its depth lower limit is 1,000 metres below sea level, while its upper limit is 50 metres below sea level.","Aulopus filamentosus is considered highly abundant and very common in the Great Meteor Tablemount (Fock et al. 2002). Nevertheless, in Italy this species is quite rare, except in the areas of Livorno and Messina where captures are more common (Costa 1991). Although it is generally scarce, it is known to fishermen. There is no information available for the population size and trends of this species, although at Great Meteor Tablemount, the species has shown a moderate increase in abundance, attributed to net effects (Fock et al. 2002).  Its resilience is estimated as medium, and minimum populations can double their size within 1.4 to 4.4 years (FishBase 2011).","It is a demersal fish that can be found on continental shelves and upper slopes (Sulak 1984). It occurs from 100 to 1,000 m, typically between 106 and 424 metres (D. Lloris pers. obs. 2014). The species can be found in all types of bottoms, from muddy to detritic, sandy and rocky bottoms or maërl and coral framework areas, although it presents preference for sedimentary bottoms (Romdhani et al. 2011). Their presence is common in seamounts and knolls (Stocks 2009, Oceana pers. obs. 2014). Aulopus filamentosus is considered a carnivorous species (Andaloro 2011) and feeds on cephalopods, fish and benthic crustaceans (Costa 1991). Its maximum size is 44 cm (SL).","Aulopus filamentosus may be affected by potential threats, such as pollution and bottom trawling. While it is not important to the fishing industry, it may be occasionally caught and discarded by bottom-trawlers. Specifically in the Eastern Central Atlantic Ocean, the species is caught by offshore trawlers, but there are no separate statistics to evaluate its status (Fisher et al. 1981).  The species is commonly caught in several fishing areas in the Atlantic Ocean (Souissi et al. 2010 and references therein), including the Canary Islands, Azores and Madeira.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but its distribution overlaps within marine protected areas throughout its range. Josephine Seamount is under the OSPAR network of marine protected areas, and other Portuguese Seamounts (Irving, Seine, Plato, Meteor) are to be protected by the Portuguese Government (in project). Likewise, Chella Bank (in the Alborán Sea) will be protected during 2014 and a management plan will be developed in the upcoming six years. Consequently, potential threats to the species such as bottom trawling and pollution will be addressed.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species, and statistics on by-catch, discards and market presence are also needed.","In Andalucía (southern coast of Spain), the species is not well known by fishermen, and it was recorded only in one fish market of many visited (17 ports in the Mediterranean side of the Andalucian coast and 18 in the Atlantic Ocean one) (ICTIOTERM 2013). Nevertheless, in Greece, A. filamentosus is a local commercial species, and while it is present in some fish markets (Serracca 2013), it is not of commercial importance in the Aegean Sea (Andaloro et al. 2011).  The species is commonly caught in several fishing areas in the Atlantic Ocean (Souissi et al. 2010 and references therein), including the Canary Islands, Azores and Madeira.","García, M., Russell, B. & Ralph, G.","Garcia, S.","Blanco, J., Papakonstantinou, C., Keskin, Ç., Massuti, E. & Palmeri, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SYNGNATHIFORMES,AULOSTOMIDAE,Aulostomus,strigosus,,Aulostomus strigosus,"Wheeler, 1955",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Aulostomus strigosus is assessed as Least Concern in Europe. It has only been recorded in the Macaronesian Islands in the region. The species is relatively rare, however no direct threats have been identified. Indirect threats include coral habitat loss due to ocean acidification and trawling, however the species is known to utilise rocky reefs that are not susceptible to such threats. Further research into the species' ontogenetic habitat use and population biology would be informative, and habitat monitoring should be implemented.",Unknown,"Aulostomus strigosus occurs in the East Atlantic from Madeira to at least the Gulf of Guinea (Bowen et al. 2001), and has been documented in the Canaries (Dooley et al. 1985) and Cape Verde. It has also been observed in the West Atlantic at St. Paul's Rocks and Espirito Santo, Brazil (Bowen et al. 2001, Vaske et al. 2005). Further research is needed to better delineate the species' range in the West Atlantic. Aulostomus strigosus is most often associated with depths between 5-25 m (Fritzsche 1990).","There is very little information regarding the population dynamics of A. strigosus. There are five specimens on record worldwide in two geocodes (FishNet2 2012). However, this fish is considered to be relatively uncommon (Dooley et al. 1985). Aulostomus strigosus has a very strong population structure, contrary to other trumpetfish (Bowen et al. 2001). No dedicated population surveys of this species have been undertaken over its entire range, nor within the Macaronesian Islands.","Aulostomus strigosus is a demersal, coastal species (Reiner 1996) that occurs over rocky or coral bottoms of inshore waters (Fritzsche 1990). It is mainly a piscivore (Fritzsche 1990) but is also thought to be a zoobenthivore (Sazima et al. 2006). This species of fish is also considered a ""follower"" fish in that it will swim with schools of other species of fish (especially large, herbivorous fishes) for both protection as well as for foraging opportunities (Sazima et al. 2006).  Aulostomus strigosus feeds on smaller fish such as wrasses and cardinal fish (Maul 1959). For smaller prey, trumpetfish will hang in the water column vertically, head pointed downwards, and await an opportunity to strike (Sazima et al. 2006).  Like many fish, trumpetfishes have an elaborate courtship ritual or ""dance"". Their colour-changing abilities, so often used for camouflage, are also employed here. As in their relatives, the seahorses, trumpetfishes place much of their reproductive burden on the males. After the dance, the female trumpetfish transfers her eggs to the male, who fertilizes and carries them in a pouch until they are born (Sazima et al. 2006). Aulostomus strigosus is nearly genetically identical to, and sometimes hybridises, with the Brazilian trumpetfish (A. maculatus). It is thought the species traversed the Atlantic to meet its congener at St. Paul's Rocks, Brazil (Bowen et al. 2001). The maximum length of this fish was measured at 75 cm (Fritzsche 1990).","As with all reef associated fishes, A. strigosus may be affected by the increasing acidification of the world's oceans, the subsequent bleaching and dying of coral (Wilkinson and Souter 2008) and the loss of coral habitat as a result of non-target trawl fisheries. However, they are of no direct interest to commercial fisheries, and there are no indicators that this species of fish is being otherwise threatened. They utilize habitats other than coral reefs, such as rocky reefs and slopes (Bowen et al. 2001).","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. However, its distribution overlaps with marine reserves in parts of its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010).&#160;Further research into the species' ontogenetic habitat use and population biology would be informative, and habitat monitoring should be implemented to determine any declines in the species or its habitat.",This species is not utilized nor traded commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Ralph, G. & Woodall, L.","Pollom, R.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SCOMBRIDAE,Auxis,rochei,,Auxis rochei,"(Risso, 1810)","Before 1960, many researchers thought that there was only one world-wide species in the genus Auxis, which was recorded as Auxis thazard (Collette and Aaland, 1996).  The species contains two subspecies;  A. rochei rochei (Risso, 1810) worldwide except for the eastern tropical Pacific where it is replaced by A. r. eudorax Collette and Aadland, 1996.",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Auxis rochei is widespread in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, A. rochei is one of the most common juvenile tunas. There are small-scale fisheries in the Mediterranean, and it is caught as bycatch in commercial fisheries. Landings of Auxis spp. are not reported separately, but it is currently thought that only A. rochei is present. There is no evidence that the populations are declining. Therefore, A. rochei is listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This species is cosmopolitan in warm waters and is present in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans, including the Mediterranean Sea. Recently Oray and Karakulak (2005) observed concentrations of A. rochei larvae in the eastern Mediterranean basin.","Juvenile Auxis are the most abundant juvenile tunas in the world and they are widely distributed in tropical and temperate waters. Auxis rochei is one of the most common juvenile tuna in the Mediterranean. The population is assumed to be stable. FAO does not report statistics for this species as Auxis spp. catches are generally not identified to species. Worldwide reported landings for Auxis spp. show a gradual increase from 22,278 tonnes in 1950 to 256,325 in 2006 (FAO 2009). In the Atlantic, the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) includes statistics for Frigate Tuna (Auxis thazard), which are suspected to include both A. rochei and A. thazard. In the total catch of Frigate Tunas, the proportion of each of the two species is not known. However, almost all catches from countries in the Mediterranean are thought to be Auxis rochei (Collette and Nauen 1983). ICCAT estimates for A. rochei range from 12,000 t in 1990, to 2,600 t in 1999 (ICCAT 2009), however no capture production is reported by FAO (2014) for the European region. In the Mediterranean, this is a common species in fisheries and abundance changes from place to place every year (A. Di Natale pers. comm. 2008). No assessment summary is given for this species from the Mediterranean. Auxis rochei (together with catches reported as A. thazard but are most likely A. rochei) accounts for 2 to 32.7% of the total catches reported from Mediterranean countries (Di Natale et al. 2009). However, it is important to note that A. rochei is caught in every country of the Mediterranean, so the reported catches are likely underestimated. In the 1980's there was a marked increase in reported landings of all small tuna species combined compared to previous years, reaching a peak of about 139,412 t in 1988. Reported landings for the 1989–1995 period decreased to approximately 92,637 t, and since then values have oscillated, with a minimum of 69,895 t in 1993 and a maximum of 123,600 t in 2005. Declared catches were 79,228 t in 2006 and 74,087 t in 2007. A preliminary estimate of the total nominal landings of small tunas in 2008 is 55,876 t. The 2008 preliminary catch of small tuna amounted to 55,876 t, of which 6,018 t was Bullet Tuna (STECF 2009). There are more than ten species of small tunas, but only five of these account for about 88% of the total reported catch by weight. These five species are: Atlantic Bonito (Sarda sarda), Frigate Tuna (Auxis thazard) which may include some catches of Bullet Tuna (Auxis rochei), Little Tunny (Euthynnus alletteratus), King Mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla), and Atlantic Spanish Mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus) (ICCAT 2009).","This is a pelagic, oceanodromous species that forms schools. It is an off-shore predator feeding on whatever abundant resource is available with a preference for planktonic crustaceans, small cephalopods, and fish larvae. Among crustaceans, hyperiidean amphipods are often the most important followed by a euphausiids (Mostarda et al. 2007). Because of their abundance, they are considered to be an important element of the food web, particularly as forage for other species of commercial interest. Longevity is five years, and males and females are of equal length. Adults can grow to 50 cm fork length (FL). The all-tackle gamefish record is of a 1.84 kg fish taken off L’Ampolla, Spain in 2004 (IGFA 2014). Bullet Tuna mature at around two years old, or about 35 cm FL, but this can vary by region. Length at first maturity in the Philippines 17 cm FL, generally before one year of age. Length at 50% maturity of both sexes off India 24 cm and 18.8 cm in the Philippines (Yesaki and Arce 1994, Niiya 2001a, Collette 2010). Age of first maturity in Japan is 1.25 years with a longevity of two years (Niiya 2001b). Length at first maturity for females is 23.8 cm FL  and 24 cm FL for males in India (Muthiah 1985). The length-weight relationship in Tunisian waters was W=0.00207 X L3.59345 for males and W = 0.00138 X L3.70218 for females (Allaya et al. 2013). It is a multiple spawner with fecundity ranging between 31,000 and 103,000 eggs per spawning (according to the size of the fish). Larval studies indicate that Bullet Tuna spawn throughout its range (IOTC 2007). The spawning season varies from region to region at sea surface temperatures of 24°C or higher. Gonosomatic index estimates from Tunisia indicate that spawning occurs from July to September (Allaya et al. 2013). Fecundity estimates range between 31,000 and 162,800 eggs per spawning correlated with the size of the female (Collette 2010).","This species is fished throughout its range, with high regional importance in some areas, but this is not thought to be a major threat at this time. There are no known widespread threats.","There are no known conservation measures for this species. It is a highly migratory species, Annex I of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea. No fishery management plan is currently in place except a prohibition on drift nets in EU member states. Auxis rochei was assessed as Least Concern globally (Collette et al. 2011, IUCN 2011) and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011). Data on catch composition, biology and trends are now available from the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, thanks to the ICCAT/GFCM joint expert group in 2008. More information, particularly on specific fishing effort, is needed from all areas. The small tuna fishery seems to be quite important for the coastal communities, both economically and as a source of proteins. The ICCAT Standing Committee on Research and Statistics (SCRS) suggests that countries be requested to submit all available data to ICCAT as soon as possible, in order to be used in future meetings. No management recommendations have been presented by ICCAT due to the lack of proper data, historical series and analyses. ICCAT (2014) reiterated its recommendation to carry out studies to determine the state of these stocks and the adoption of management solutions. ICCAT in 2009 noted that there is an improvement in the availability of catch and biological data for small tuna species particularly in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. However, biological information, catch and effort statistics for small tunas remain incomplete for many of the coastal and industrial fishing countries. Given that, many of these species are of high importance to coastal fishermen, especially in some developing countries, both economically and often as a primary source of proteins, therefore the SCRS recommends that further studies be conducted on small tuna species due to the limits of information available (STECF 2009).","This species is fished throughout its range, with high regional importance in some areas. It is caught by pole and line and as bycatch in a variety of gears including gill nets. It is also taken incidentally in artisanal purse seines. Since 1991, the use of fish aggregating devices (FADs) by tropical purse seiners may have led to an increase in fishing mortality of small tropical tuna species (STECF 2009). However here is a general lack of information on the mortality of these species as bycatch, exacerbated by the confusion regarding species identification (ICCAT 2009). In the Mediterranean Sea the price of this fish is low but quantity can be important in local markets. It is caught mostly by purse seine, set surface gill nets, and small drift nets (the latter was banned in EU countries in 2002), hand and troll lines, and traps.","Allen, D.J. & Polidoro, B.","Collette, B. & Heessen, H.","Acero, A., Amorim, A.F., Boustany, A., Canales Ramirez, C., Cardenas, G., Carpenter, K.E., Di Natale, A., Fox, W., Fredou, F.L., Graves, J., Guzman-Mora, A.G., Juan Jorda, M., Kada, O., Minte Vera, C., Miyabe, N., Montano Cruz, R., Nelson, R., Oxenford, H",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,NEMICHTHYIDAE,Avocettina,infans,,Avocettina infans,"(Günther, 1878)",,No,,,,,,,,European Regional Assessment: NA Avocettina infans is listed as Not Applicable as the species' presence in Europe does not constitute more than 1% of the species' global population.,Unknown,"Avocettina infans is a circumglobal species that occurs in the tropical to temperate zones of all oceans except the Mediterranean and the northeast Pacific. In the northeast Atlantic this species is distributed from about 40°N to 10°S (Nielsen and Smith 1978, Karmovskaya 1982, Smith 1989) and from Portugal (Davies and Merrett 1998) and the Azores (Lloris et al. 1991, Santos et al. 1997). This species was recorded off the coast of the British Isles (Edwards and Davis 1997) and Greenland (Møller et al. 2010). Avocetta infans has a depth range from the surface to 2,000 m (Larsen 1973) and is found to depths of 4,580 m globally (Mundy 2005).","There are no published population data on Avocettina infans, however, there are 674 specimens in museum records (Accessed through the Fishnet2 Portal, www.fishnet2.org, 2013-08-09).","Avocettina infans is a semelparous species that exhibits strong sexual dimorphism. The diet of this species is primarily comprised for crustaceans, especially sergestids and euphasids. The maximum length for this species is 74.5 cm (Nielsen and Smith 1978, Karmovskaya 1982, Smith 1989).","Avocettina infans is not a commercially fished species in the northeastern Atlantic and there are no major threats identified for this species; however, bycatch may be a potential threat (E. Karmovskaya pers. comm. 2013). ","There are no species specific conservation measures in place for Avocettina infans. This species may be present in marine protected areas that occur within its distribution (World Database on Protected Areas, accessed April 2014). ","Avocettina infans is not a commercially fished species in European waters but it is caught as bycatch (Nielsen and Smith 1978, Karmovskaya 1982, Smith 1989).","Strongin, K.","Karmovskaya, E. & Papaconstantinou, C.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,ALEPOCEPHALIDAE,Bajacalifornia,calcarata,,Bajacalifornia calcarata,"(Weber, 1913)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: DD Bajacalifornia calcarata is a rare but widely distributed deep sea species. There are no known major threats, but very little data are available on its population status, habitats, or ecology. Therefore, B. calcarata is listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Bajacalifornia calcarata is widely distributed is tropical to subtropical waters. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it is known only from off the southeastern coast of Ireland (Merrett et al. 1991) and the Canary Islands, but may be more broadly distributed than is currently known. It is found from 350 to 3100 m (Markle and Quero 1984).","Population data are limited for this species, though it appears to be widely distributed.",Bajacalifornia calcarata is a benthopelagic species found at depths of 350 to 3100 m (Markle and Quero 1984). It is known to at least least 38.0 cm SL (Markle and Quero 1984).,There are no known major threats to this species.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place.,This species is not utilized.,"Ralph, G.","Nielsen, J., Uiblein, F. & Knudsen, S.","Stump, E.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,ALEPOCEPHALIDAE,Bajacalifornia,megalops,,Bajacalifornia megalops,"(Lütken, 1898)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Bajacalifornia megalops is circumglobal in tropical to temperate waters and is known from Greenland to the Azores in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. It is the most wide ranging species in the genus. There are no major threats known and it is not utilized at present time, although there is potential for commercial fishery exploitation in the future. Therefore, B. megalops is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Bajacalifornia megalops is circumglobal in tropical to temperate waters (Markle and Quero 1984). In the northeastern Atlantic it is known from southern Greenland and Iceland to the Azores (Markle and Quero 1984). This species is the most wide ranging species in the genus (Markle and Krefft 1985). Its depth distribution is from 250 to 3,200 m (Markle and Quero 1984, Russian Academy of Sciences 2000).",Bajacalifornia megalops is common in museum collections (Markle and Krefft 1985),"Bajacalifornia megalops is commonly found at depths of 800 to 1400 m (Bianchi et al. 1999). Prey items include ctenophores, crustaceans, echinoderms, polychaetes, decapods, tunicates, and fishes (Carter and Hartel 2002). It attains sizes of up to 28 cm standard length (Markle and Quero 1984).",There are no major threats known for this species.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. However, its distribution overlaps with marine reserves in parts of its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010), although it is not known if the marine protected areas in place encompass the depth range of this species.","At present, this species is not utilized; however, some species are known to occur in commercial-sized aggregations in the North Atlantic. There may be potential for commercial fishery in the future (Carter and Hartel 2002).","Ralph, G. & Stump, E.","Nielsen, J. & Hulley, P.","Rodrigues, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,TETRAODONTIFORMES,BALISTIDAE,Balistes,capriscus,,Balistes capriscus,"Gmelin, 1789",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Balistes capriscus is widespread in the Atlantic Ocean. In the Eastern Atlantic, it occurs from Ireland southward, throughout the Mediterranean Sea, to the Azores, Canary Islands, and northwest coast of Africa. as well as the Black and Marmara Seas. It inhabits hard bottoms, reefs, and ledges. It is also associated with artificial reef structures. This species has a very wide bathymetric distribution (usually 15 – 55 m depth in coastal waters). Capture production for Gray Triggerfish in the Eastern Atlantic rose steadily throughout the 1990s until 2010, whereby a precipitous drop in landings of over 30% occurred between the years 2010 through 2012. Additionally, it has shown sharp declines in abundance in other areas of its range. This evidence suggests that the stock in the assessment zone is overfished and that catches should at least be held constant if not reduced to bring the population back to sustainable levels. Its importance to commercial fisheries puts it at risk for potential mismanagement; however, it is currently managed by the South Atlantic Fishery Management Council. It is suggested that fishing effort and landings be monitored closely in the region, as a 30% decline in landings has been reported in the region between 2010 and 2011, and continued harvesting of this species at current levels may put B. capriscus in an elevated risk of extinction in the region. Pending further research into the harvesting and population status of this species in the region, it is assessed as Data Deficient.",Decreasing,"Balistes capriscus is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is widely distributed from the United Kingdom south to Angola. In the northeastern Atlantic, B. capriscus is known from Ireland south to the Azores and Canary Islands. It is also found in the Mediterranean Sea, including the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstatninou 1988), Black Sea and Sea of Marmara (Yankova et al. 2014). Eastern Atlantic: Mediterranean to Moçamedes, Angola. In the western Atlantic, it is known from Nova Scotia (Canada), Bermuda, and northern Gulf of Mexico to Argentina (Robins and Ray 1986). This species is associated with depths of up to 100 m (Harmelin-Vivien and Quero 1990).","Northeastern Atlantic and Adjacent Regional Waters In Ireland, there was an increase in triggerfish abundance between 1989 through 1991, with at least 184 specimens recorded, representing 53.6% of the total number of specimens documented (343) since the first record in 1845. Large numbers of specimens were reportedly sighted by SCUBA divers and captured on rod and line by anglers. It is unknown if the increase in triggerfish numbers represent a real change in the species' overall abundance in Irish waters or an increase in recording effort (Quigley et al.1993). FAO capture production (2010) list annual landings of this species in Atlantic and Mediterranean waters by European countries, including the United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, France, Albania, Libya, Syrian Arab Republic and Tunisia.  The highest recorded catch in any one year by any one country is 420 tonnes by Libya in 2010. There appears to be a roughly upward trend in catch numbers by European countries starting in 1999 (FAO 2010). By 2005, the total landings of Gray Triggerfish by the above mentioned countries totaled 158 metric tonnes (mt). By 2010, the total landings combined by the same said countries tallied 1,072 mt, with Libya landing 420 mt, Portugal 332 mt and Tunisia 246 mt. Spain reported a mere 50 mt in 2010, and all other countries reported landings of 11 mt or less. Between 2010 and 2012, the total landings of these countries fell by over 30% (a net reduction of 321 mt in two years). Libya landed 290 mt in 2012 and Tunisia 239 mt. Portugal landed 182 mt and all other countries reported landings of 13 mt or less (FAO 2014, FishstatJ Accessed 2014 May). Although there is no quantitative analysis of effort, it may be inferred that catch effort did not and has not lessened over the past five years, nor is it expected to, mainly because commercial exploitation of this species increased as a direct result of the stock collapse of other highly desired and commercially exploited reef-fish, such as Red Snappers and Groupers (Valle et al. 2001).      According to DOCAPESCA, the Portuguese Governmental Agency dedicated to fisheries, nearly 154 tons of B. capriscus were captured during 2011 off the coast of Portugal (Simoes et al. 2013).  Population Data from Nearby Regions This species has a wide distribution, and population numbers have declined in other parts of its range.  In the Gulf of Guinea, data show population declines of 90% or more (see below). Tunisia has the highest catches from 1993 through 2009, with an average of 66 tonnes (1999 through 2009). Libya has the highest catch recorded in 2009 at 432 tonnes (FAO 2011, FishstatJ Accessed 2013 June).  Furthermore, declines in catches were also recorded for the Soviet Union from 1970 through 1989 in the divisions: Cape Verde, Sahara and Sherbro (FAO 2011, FishstatJ Accessed 2013 June).","Habitat Balistes capriscus inhabits hard bottoms, reefs, and ledges. It is also associated with artificial reef structures (Frazer and Lindberg 1994, Vose and Nelson 1994,Wilson et al. 1995, Kurz 1995, Simmons 2008). This species has a very wide bathymetric distribution (Ofori-Adu and Koranteng 1993). The species occurs near the bottom as well as near the surface of the sea (usually 15 – 55 m depth in coastal waters). The adults drift along the bottom either alone or in small groups, while the juveniles drift at the surface with sargassum (Casazza and Ross 2008).  Balistes capriscus is an eurybathic species and is an important component of the group of coastal species that exist within its distribution, mainly in the thermocline at an average depth of 47 m, with temperature and oxygen values below the values found in shallow waters in clay and silt substrate (Bianchi 1992a). The maximum total length of this species is recorded at 60 cm total length (TL) (Harmelin-Vivien and Quero 1990). Diet Balistes capriscus feed on algae, seagrass, hydrozoans, gorgonians, colonial anemones, and tunicates (Frazer and Linberg 1994). It has been identified as a keystone predator of sea urchins in the Canary Islands (Clemente et al. 2011). Reproduction Nesting During the months of May through July (Ismen et al. 2004), Balistidae have atypical spawning behavior compared to most marine fishes, such as forming harem groups, building demersal nests, and showing parental care of eggs (Fricke 1980, Blumer 1982, Gladstone 1994, Ishihara and Kuwamura 1996, Kuwamura 1997). Gray triggerfish collected along coastal Alabama were sexually dimorphic, with males being significantly larger than females (Simmon 2008, Ingram 2001); similar results were shown in the Atlantic (Moore 2001). Gray Triggerfish were observed to build smaller nests, both in diameter and depth than other species of Balistidae, including the yellowmargin triggerfish. Male and female were also observed circling in the nest and rapidly changing colors, this behavior has not been described for any other species of Balistidae. (Simmons 2008). Maturity and Fecundity The length at first maturity is 13 cm total length (TL), which is attained at age 1 (Ismen et al. 2004). Fecundity is estimated at 103,833 eggs per female individual at 12 to 13.3 cm total length (TL) (Ismen et al. 2004). Growth and Age Generation Length = 13 years (average maximum age of 11-16) - 1 (age at first maturity) / 2 = 6 years (see sources below).   A study conducted by Mendes et al. (2004) in Studies in Portugal found B. Capriscus to have a length range of 22.5 - 43.5 cm for mature adults, and a weight range of 250 - 1300 grams.  ---- Early Life History Eggs of Gulf gray trigger incubate in demersal nests between within 12 to 58 hours, after which they enter the plankton (Thresher 1984). It is associated with Sargassum from 10 to 80 mm (SL). Ingram (2001) reports that gray trigger settle between 40 and 160 mm (FL), based on settlement marks in the first dorsal spine of trawl-caught gray trigger. In the Gulf of Mexico, the Gray Trigger inhabit reef areas (natural and artificial reefs, low or high-relief reefs) in waters from 10 m (Smith 1976, Johnson and Saloman 1984, Ingram, 2001) to 106 m (Kevin Rademacher, pers. comm.) in depth as adults."," Balistes capriscus is a commercially valued fish throughout its range; although not as much so in the northeastern Atlantic and adjacent regional waters. However, B. capriscus is landed in Portugal (over 150 tonnes in 2011) and in regions near Europe and there have been declines in abundance in other areas of its distribution (FAO 2011, FishstatJ Accessed 2013; Bernardes and Dias 2000; Bernardes 2001). FAO capture production (2010) list annual landings of this species in Atlantic and Mediterranean waters by European countries, including the United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, France, Albania, Libya, Syrian Arab Republic and Tunisia.  The highest recorded catch in any one year by any one country is 420 tonnes by Libya in 2010.There appears to be a roughly upward trend in catch numbers by European countries starting in 1999 (FAO 2010). By 2005, the total landings of Gray Triggerfish by the above mentioned countries totaled 158 metric tonnes (mt). By 2010, the total landings combined by the same said countries tallied 1,072 mt, with Libya landing 420 mt, Portugal 332 mt and Tunisia 246 mt. Spain reported a mere 50 mt in 2010, and all other countries reported landings of 11 mt or less. Between 2010 and 2012, the total landings of these countries fell by over 30% (a net reduction of 321 mt in two years). Libya landed 290 mt in 2012 and Tunisia 239 mt. Portugal landed 182 mt and all other countries reported landings of 13 mt or less (FAO 2014, FishstatJ Accessed 2014 May). Although there is no quantitative analysis of effort, it may be inferred that catch effort did not and has not lessened over the past five years, nor is it expected to, mainly because commercial exploitation of this species increased as a direct result of the stock collapse of other highly desired and commercially exploited reef-fish, such as Red Snappers and Groupers (Valle et al. 2001).      There have been declines in abundance of this species in the Gulf of Guinea, Gulf of Mexico and Brazil (Aggrey-Fynn 2009, Ataliba et al. 2009). In Brazil, the fork length (FL) of 6,396 fish landed by the commercial fleet ranged from 111 mm to 410 mm.The catch was composed mainly of fish between 160 to 230 mm FL. About 46% of the catches were composed by immature fishes, a fork length at first maturity being 169 mm for females and 200 mm for males (Bernardes and Dias 2000, Bernardes 2002).","Balistes capriscus is managed by the South Atlantic Fishery Management Council. Balistes capriscus is found in marine reserves throughout most of its range in the northeastern and central Atlantic. There is a direct correlation between fish density in marine protected areas and unprotected areas in regards to B. capriscus in the Canary Islands. Fish density and abundance for Balistes capriscus are nearly 41% lower in unprotected regions as opposed to marine protected areas (Clemente et al. 2011). Balistes capriscus is managed by the South Atlantic Fishery Management Council and under the Gulf of Mexico 1981 Reef Fish Fishery Management Plan (FMP) and subsequent amendments, regulations include size limits (12"" TL), permits, catch limits (5 fish/person bag limit, 20 fish snapper-grouper aggregate), and gear restrictions. Due to stock assessment results, a rebuilding plan was created by the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council and implemented by the National Marine Fisheries Service in August 2008 (Simmons and Szedlmayer 2011). It is suggested that regulations on the fisheries that target B. capriscus be set in place in the northeastern Atlantic in order to put in place a management plan that will maintain a sustainable harvest of this fish in the region and reverse the population declines that this species is experiencing in the region. Research is also suggested into the population size and trends, ecology, early life history and harvest level trends for this species.","Balistes capriscus is important to both commercial and recreational fisheries. Until recently, Gray Triggerfish were not considered a desirable catch by most fishers; however, the decline in other reef fish stocks (e.g., red snapper and groupers) has probably caused an increased targeting of this and other ""under-utilized"" species (Valle et al. 2001). FAO landing statistics: FAO capture production (2010) list annual Mediterranean and northeast Atlantic landings for this species from 1992 through 2009 as ranging from 1 tonne to 432 tonnes. Tunisia and Portugal have the highest catches from 1993 through 2009, with an average of 77 tonnes (1993 through 2009) and 66 tonnes (1999 through 2009), respectively. Libya has the highest catch recorded in 2009 at 432 tonnes. Capture production for trigger fishes in the eastern central Atlantic show pronounced declines in catch in Ghana and Togo. Furthermore, declines in catches were also recorded for the Soviet Union from 1970-1989 in the divisions: Cape Verde, Sahara and Sherbro. (FAO 2010, FishstatJ Accessed 2013 June). In a recreational spearfishery in Spain, B. capriscus has never had a catch probability over 0.3 in any single year since 1970 (Pita and Freire 2010). Balistes capriscus is scarcely known by European consumers and, therefore, this fish is often discarded and its economic value is rather low. According to DOCAPESCA, the Portuguese Governmental Agency dedicated to fisheries, nearly 154 tons of B. capriscus were captured during 2011 and sold with an average price of 1.25 €/kg (Simoes et al. 2013).","Harwell, H.","Rijnsdorp, A.D. & Papakonstantinou, C.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,TETRAODONTIFORMES,BALISTIDAE,Balistes,vetula,,Balistes vetula,"Linnaeus, 1758",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as the only known record of the species in Europe was collected in the Azores in 1919 and it has not been recorded since. Further research is needed on the population size, trends and threats to the species, as its status in Europe needs further investigation.",Unknown,"Balistes vetula is widely distributed in the Atlantic. In the eastern Atlantic it is known from Ascension Island, the Cape Verde Islands, the Azores, and along West Africa from Morocco to southern Angola. In the western Atlantic it is known from Newfoundland (Canada) south along the U.S., Bermuda, the Bahamas, throughout the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, and along South America to Cabo Frio, Brazil, including Trinidade Island (Simon et al. 2013). Its depth range is two to 275 m.  In European waters, Balistes vetula has been recorded only from the Azores. ",The presence of this species in Europe (Azores) is based on a single specimen observed by Fowler (1919). According to Santos et al. (1997) there have been no new records since then.,"The species inhabits reefs, sandy and grassy areas, down to 275 m. It appears solitary or in schools, and feeds on sea-urchins and other invertebrates. There are no data available on reproduction. Its longevity is estimated in seven years and its maximum size (TL) is 60 cm (Tortonese 1986).",The threats to the species are unknown.,"The species is not included in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not the target of any conservations actions and it is not present in any protected areas throughout its range. Further research is needed on the population size, trends and threats to the species.",Balistes vetula is not traded in European waters.,"García, M.","Conceicao Biscoito, M.J.","Jing, L., Zapfe, G., Shao, K., Leis, J.L., Matsuura, K., Hardy, G., Liu, M., Cox, N.A., Carpenter, K.E., Comeros-Raynal, M., Harwell, H. & Sanciangco, J.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,OPHIDIIDAE,Barathrites,iris,,Barathrites iris,"Zugmayer, 1911",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: DD Barathrites iris is a rare deep sea species but appears to be widely distributed. There are no known major threats, but very little data are available on the population status, habitats, or ecology of this species. Therefore, B. iris is listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Barathrites iris may be circumglobally distributed in tropical to subtropical waters (Nielsen et al. 1999). In the northeastern Atlantic, it has been reported from the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014), off Madeira (Nielsen 1986), and south of Ireland (J. Nielsen pers. comm. 2014). It is known from 5,033 to 5,285 m (Nielsen 1986).",This is a rare species (Nielsen 1999). Little population data are available.,"Barathrites iris is benthopelagic at depths ranging from 5,033 to 5,285 m (Nielsen 1986). It grows to at least 62.5 cm (Nielsen 1999) and is oviparous (Nielsen 1986).",There are no known threats to this species.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place.,This species is not utilized and is of no interest to fisheries (Nielsen 1999).,"Strongin, K.","Nielsen, J.","Ralph, G.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,PLATYTROCTIDAE,Barbantus,curvifrons,,Barbantus curvifrons,"(Roule & Angel, 1931)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: : Least Concern (LC) Barbantus curvifrons is widespread but rare throughout the Atlantic Ocean, except for the polar waters. The species may have been overlooked and it is difficult to identify. This species can occur to depths of 1,000 m and is of no interest to fisheries. Habitat and ecology information are limited for this species, but its deep habitat limits threats. Therefore, this species has been assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Barbantus curvifrons is a wide ranging species that occurs in temperate to tropical waters of the Atlantic (Carter 2002) and tropical to subtropical waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans (Orrell in press). Barbantus curvifrons occurs from 15°S to 57°N in the eastern Atlantic and is absent from the western Atlantic (Matsui and Rosenblatt 1987). It was reported to occur in Icelandic waters during the warm period of 1996 through 2005 (Asttorsson and Palsson 2006). One specimen was caught at a depth of 320 m off the southeast coast of Greenland (Møller et al. 2010). It has been reported off of the Bay of Biscay, Portugal, the Azores, Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014) and the Canary Islands (Wienerroither et al. 2009). It can found at depths from 500 to 2,000 m.",The species is widespread but rare in the north eastern Atlantic (Sutton and Sigurosson 2008).,"Barbantus curvifrons is a meso- to bathypelagic species. It exhibits bioluminescence in its post-cleithral organ (Herring 1972). The diet, reproduction, spawning, and early life history of this species are poorly understood. The maximum length of this fish is 13.1 cm standard length (SL) (Quero et al. 1990).","This species usually occurs at depths below 1,000 m which probably limits threats to this species; however, any current threats that may exist are unknown.",There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for this species. This species may occur in marine protected areas throughout its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010).,Platytroctids are of no commercial importance to fisheries (Carter 2002).,"Strongin, K.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,OPHIDIIDAE,Bassozetus,compressus,,Bassozetus compressus,"(Günther, 1878)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Bassozetus compressus is a widely-distributed species, which within Europe is restricted to the waters of mainland Portugal and Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"Bassozetus compressus is found in the Atlantic and Indo-west Pacific Oceans (Nielsen et al. 1999) - there are 27 known localities. Within Europe, it has been recorded from the waters of mainland Portugal and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014). The depths of the 25 Atlantic localities vary between 3180 and 5456 m.","Although there have not been any quantitative studies to determine the population size and trends for this species, it has been described as ""uncommon"" (Nielsen et al. 1999).","Bassozetus compressus is a bathydemersal species, found on the continental slope (Hoese et al. 2006) to bathyal and abyssal depths (Yeh et al. 2005). The maximum length of this species is 62 cm standard length (SL) (Nielsen and Merrett 2000). It is oviparous, with oval pelagic eggs floating in a gelatinous mass (Breden and Rosen 1966). Of 18 female specimens collected, 5 (measuring 23.2-50.0 cm (SL)) were more or less ripe with eggs measuring up to 0.5 mm in diameter (Nielsen and Merrett 2000).","There are no known threats towards this species. However, it is a very deep-dwelling species where anthropogenic influences are thought to be at a minimum currently, but these deep sea ecosystems are at risk of deteriorating due mainly to dumping of solid wastes, biological harvesting and mineral extraction and by climate change (i.e. global and regional deep-sea circulation disruptions and nutrient stratification and isolation in the water column) all of which will significantly affect the biota of the deep seas (Ramirez-Llodra et al. 2011).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. There are numerous marine protected areas that intersect its range; however, it&#160;remains unknown how effective (MPAs) are for deep-sea fauna (Howell 2010).&#160;Research into all areas of population size and trends, the ecology and early life history traits, as well as potential threats is suggested for this species.",Bassozetus compressus is of no interest to commercial fisheries and is not utilized (Nielsen et al. 1999).,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Knudsen, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,OPHIDIIDAE,Bassozetus,levistomatus,,Bassozetus levistomatus,"Machida, 1989",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Bassozetus levistomatus is a circumtropically-distributed species, which within Europe is restricted to Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"Bassozetus levistomatus is a deep-sea dwelling, circumtropical species, inhabiting virtually all tropical marine waters around the world (Nielsen in press). Within Europe, it is known only from Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014). It is confined to abyssal depths, globally, between 4,000 and 5,200 m (Nielsen et al. 1999, Nielsen and Merrett 2000).","While there have not been any quantitative studies published on the population size and trends of Bassozetus levistomatus, it has been described as ""rare"" (Nielsen et al. 1999).","Bassozetus levistomatus is a deep-sea bathydemersal fish that is rarely encountered. It is found in deep, tropical waters in all major oceans around the world. The largest known individual measures 80.5 cm standard length (SL) (Nielsen and Merrett 2000). Nielsen and Merrett (2000) identified polycheate remains in the intestines of a fully mature individual. No other diet information is available for this species. It is thought that the reproductive strategy possibly similar to other members of this family featuring oviparity, with oval pelagic eggs floating in a gelatinous mass (Breden and Rosen 1966). Males are fully mature before they reach 73.5 cm (SL) and females reach sexual maturity before 80 cm (SL) (Nielsen and Merrett 2000). There are virtually no data concerning the full diet preference, stages of maturity, spawning periodicity or early life stages for this species.","There are no known threats towards Bassozetus levistomatus at present. However, it is a very deep-dwelling species where anthropogenic influences are thought to be at a minimum currently, but these deep sea ecosystems are at risk of deteriorating due mainly to dumping of solid wastes, biological harvesting and mineral extraction and by climate change (i.e. global and regional deep-sea circulation disruptions and nutrient stratification and isolation in the water column) all of which will significantly affect the biota of the deep seas (Ramirez-Llodra et al. 2011).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. There are numerous marine protected areas (MPAs) in tropical oceans around the world, but it&#160;remains unknown how effective (MPAs) are for deep-sea fauna (Howell 2010).&#160;Research into all areas of population size and trends, the ecology and early life history traits, as well as potential threats is suggested for this species",Bassozetus levistomatus is of no interest to commercial fisheries (Nielsen in press).,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Knudsen, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,OPHIDIIDAE,Bassozetus,taenia,,Bassozetus taenia,"(Günther, 1887)",,No,DD,,,,,,,European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) The species is listed as Data Deficient as only one specimen from European waters is known. The range of Bassozetus taenia may fall outside of Europe and needs to be confirmed.,Unknown,"Bassozetus taenia is found in the waters of the western and eastern Atlantic, with on record to the west of the Canary Islands, then south of Cape Verde and infrequently along the mid-Atlantic Ridge (Nielsen 1990). It possibly occurs within the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, although this area is at the edge of its range (Nielsen and Merrett 2000). It is most often associated with extremely deep waters, from 1,783 to 5,605 m (Nielsen and Merrett 2000).",Bassozetus taenia is considered a rare species (Nielsen et al. 1999).,"Bassozetus taenia is an oviparous fish, with oval, pelagic eggs that float in a gelatinous mass (Breder and Rosen 1966). Of the 7 female specimens caught, 1 had eggs of 0.6 mm. No identifiable stomach contents were found (Nielsen and Merrett 2000). The maximum recorded length for this species is 25.0 cm standard length (SL) (Nielsen 1990). There is little else known about the ecology and habitat of this species of fish.","There are no, known threats towards B. taenia. ","There are no species-specific conservation measures in effect for Bassozetus taenia. Research into the population size and trends, as well as the ecology and early life history of this species is needed.",Bassozetus taenia is not of any commercial importance to fisheries (Nielsen et al. 1999).,"Strongin, K.","Uiblein, F., Nielsen, J. & Knudsen, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Bathophilus,brevis,,Bathophilus brevis,"Regan & Trewavas, 1930",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Bathophilus brevis is a widely-distributed species, which within Europe is restricted to the Canary Islands, Madeira, and southwest of the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"Bathophilus brevis is found in the tropical to temperate North Atlantic. Within Europe, it has been recorded from the Canaries (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009), and from Madeira and southwest of the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014).",There is a lack of information on the population of this species within Europe.,More data is currently needed regarding the life history of this species. It is a meso- to bathypelagic species (Moore et al. 2003).,There are no known species-specific threats faced by Bathophilus brevis. More research is needed to verify that there are no threats.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Bathophilus brevis. More research is needed regarding the population sizes and trends, habitats, ecology, life history, uses/trade, and threats for B. brevis.",There is currently no information regarding the use and/or trade of Bathophilus brevis. More research is needed to determine its commercial value to humans.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Bathophilus,digitatus,,Bathophilus digitatus,"(Welsh, 1923)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Bathophilus digitatus is a circumglobal species, found in tropical to subtropical waters worldwide. In the northeastern Atlantic, B. digitatus has been reported from Gibraltar and Madeira. However, there is very little known on the population status of this species in the assessment zone and it has not been recorded by trawl surveys in the known sites of occurrence. Although not utilized and there are no major known threats, B. digitatus is listed as Data Deficient because of the lack of information about its population status within the assessment zone. More research is needed regarding its current population sizes and trends, biology, use/trade, and threats.",Unknown,"Bathophilus digitatus is a circumglobal species found in tropical to subtropical waters worldwide (Moore et al. 2003, Gibbs 1986) In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs off Gibraltar (Gibbs and Barnett 1990), the Azores, Madeira (Lloris et al. 1991) and Canary Islands. The depth range for this species is 75–500 m (Mundy 2005).",Population information for Bathophilus digitatus is extremely limited. The are no records of this species in trawl surveys in Europe and no indication of population status in the region (S. Kobyliansky and J. Gil Herrera pers. comm.),"Bathophilus digitatus is a mesopelagic species with a maximum recorded length of 17 cm TL (Gibbs 1986). Other members of the Melanostomiidae family feed primarily on other mesopelagic fish and crustaceans (Moore et al. 2003, Harold FAO ECA Guide in press). Little else is known about the habitats, ecology and life history of Bathophilus digitatus.","There are no known major, widespread threats faced by Bathophilus digitatus.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Bathophilus digitatus. More research is needed regarding its current population sizes and trends, habitats, ecology, life history, use/trade, and threats.",Bathophilus digitatus is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Kobyliansky, S. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Bathophilus,longipinnis,,Bathophilus longipinnis,"(Pappenheim, 1912)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Bathophilus longipinnis is a widely-distributed species, which within Europe is restricted to the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"Bathophilus longipinnis is a circumglobally distributed species, occurring in subtropical waters worldwide (Sutton and Hopkins 1996; Moore et al. 2003). Within Europe, it is known from the Canary Islands (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009), Madeira and the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014). Provisionally, it is thought to be found at depths between 20-1646 m (Mundy 2005).",There is a lack of information on the population of this species within Europe.,"Bathophilus longipinnis is a mesopelagic to bathypelagic species (Moore et al. 2003, Mundy 2005) that feeds primarily on other mesopelagic fish as well as crustaceans (Harold in press).",There are no known species-specific threats faced by Bathophilus longipinnis. More research is needed to determine if it faces any threats.,"There are currently no species-specific conservation measures in place for Bathophilus longipinnis. More research is needed regarding its current population sizes and trends, habitats, ecology, life history, use/trade, and threats.",There is currently no information regarding the use and/or trade of Bathophilus longipinnis. More research is needed to determine if it is of any commercial value to humans.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Bathophilus,nigerrimus,,Bathophilus nigerrimus,"Giglioli, 1882",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Bathophilus nigerrimus is a circumglobally distributed species. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species is distributed from about 45–46°N and 16–17°W, off Gibraltar and in the Mediterranean. There are not many trawl survey records in the region (e.g., three records from bottom trawl surveys in Spanish Mediterranean). Although information for this species is limited, given its broad range and deep waters habitat, it is listed as Least Concern. More research is needed regarding its current population sizes and trends, biology, use/trade, and threats.",Unknown,"Bathophilus nigerrimus is a circumglobally distributed species (Sutton and Hopkins 1996). In the northeastern Atlantic, this species is distributed from south of the British Isles to the Canary Islands, including off Gibraltar and in the Mediterranean (Gibbs 1984, Follesa et al. 2011, C. Papaconstantinou pers. comm. 2013). The recorded depth range for this species is 553–1,001 m (Busalacchi et al. 2010, Follesa et al. 2011).  Outside the region, this species has been reported off Cape Town, South Africa and from the Mozambique Channel to off of Port Elizabeth (Gibbs 1986), Azores, Portugal (Santos et al. 1997), and the eastern Gulf of Mexico (Hopkins et al. 1996).",There are three records of Bathophilis nigerrimus from bottom trawl surveys in the Spanish Mediterranean (L. Gil de Sola pers comm. 2013). Additional population information is not available for this species.,"Bathophilus nigerrimus is a mesopelagic species that feeds primarily on other mesopelagic fish as well as crustaceans. The maximum length for this species is about 10.5–11.0 cm TL (L. Gil de Sola pers. comm. 2013). Little else is known in regards to the habitats, ecology and life history of B. nigerrimus, and more research is needed regarding these characteristics.",There are no major species-specific threats to Bathophilus nigerrimus.,"There are currently no species-specific conservation measures in place for Bathophilus nigerrimus. More research is needed regarding its current population sizes and trends, habitats, ecology, life history, use/trade, and threats. Bathophilus nigerrimus was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).",This species is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Kobyliansky, S. & Herrera, J.","de Sola, L.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Bathophilus,pawneei,,Bathophilus pawneei,"Parr, 1927",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Bathophilus pawneei is a widely-distributed species, which within Europe is restricted to the Azores and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"Bathophilus pawneei is a circumglobally distributed species (Sutton and Hopkins 1996), which can be found in the tropical to subtropical waters in the northwestern Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans. Within Europe, it is only known from the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014) and Canaries (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).",Bathophilus pawneei can be moderately common (Sutton and Hopkins 1996).,"Bathophilus pawneei is a meso- to bathypelagic species, found at depths of 50-1,500 m (Moore et al. 2003). B. pawneei reaches 12 cm in length, and feeds on other mesopelagic fish and crustaceans (Harold in-press). B. pawneei displays nighttime centers of abundance at 0-200 m and 500-700 m, and daytime centers from 500-700 m (Sutton and Hopkins 1996).",There are currently no known species-specific threats faced by Bathophilus pawneei. More research is needed to verify that there are no threats.,"There are currently no species-specific conservation measures in place for Bathophilus pawneei. More research is needed regarding its current population sizes and trends, habitats, ecology, life history, use/trade, and threats.",There is currently no information regarding the use and/or trade of Bathophilus pawneei. More research is needed to determine if it is commercially valuable to humans.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Bathophilus,proximus,,Bathophilus proximus,"Regan & Trewavas, 1930",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) In Europe, this species has only been recorded from the Azores (37 NM southwest of the Konstantinov Ridge). There is no information on the population or threats to the species. Therefore, it is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species has been recorded from the Azores (37 NM southwest of the Konstantinov Ridge; Carneiro et al. 2014). Globally, it is also known from off Bermuda (Harold 2002).",There is no information on the population in Europe.,The is a marine bathypelagic species and occurs below 350 m (Eschmeyer 2003). The maximum length recorded is 5.0 cm male/unsexed (Sutton and Hopkins 1996).,The threats to this species are unknown.,There are no conservation actions in place for this species.,There is no information on the use or trade of this species.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Bathophilus,vaillanti,,Bathophilus vaillanti,"(Zugmayer, 1911)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Bathophilus vaillanti is found in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. It is known from the Canary Islands to about 45°N in the northeastern Atlantic. It is a meso-bathy pelagic species to depths from 0–3,500 m. Although data for this species are limited, given its broad range and deep waters habitat, it is listed as Least Concern. More research is needed regarding its population sizes and trends, habitats, ecology, life history, use/trade, and threats.",Unknown,"Bathophilus vaillanti occurs throughout the Atlantic and in the southwest Pacific oceans (Gibbs 1984, Scott and Scott 1988, Paulin et al. 1989). In the northeastern Atlantic, B. vaillanti is found off the Azores, Protugal (Santos et al. 1997) and the Canary Islands, Spain (Bordes et al. 1999) to about 45°N (Gibbs 1984). The depth range for this species is 0–3,500 m (Moore et al. 2003).",Population information for Bathophilus vaillanti is extremely limited.,"Bathophilus vaillanti is a meso- to bathypelagic species, found at depths from 0–3,500 m (Moore et al. 2003). B. vaillanti reaches lengths of 18 cm SL (Gibbs and Barnett 1990), and feeds primarily on other mesopelagic fish as well as crustaceans (Harold in press). Little else is known about the habitats, ecology and life history of B. vaillanti.","There are currently no major, species-specific threats faced by Bathophilus vaillanti.","There are currently no species-specific conservation measures in place for Bathophilus vaillanti. More research is needed regarding its population sizes and trends, habitats, ecology, life history, use/trade, and threats.",Bathophilus vaillanti is not utilized in the northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Kobyliansky, S. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MACROURIDAE,Bathygadus,melanobranchus,,Bathygadus melanobranchus,"Vaillant, 1888",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Bathygadus melanobranchus is found on both sides of the Atlantic. Within the assessment region it is found from the Irish continental slope and the west coast of the British Isles to the Azores, Canaries and Madeira. It is found at depths from 700 to 1400 m. There are no major species-specific threats, however it is occasionally taken as bycatch. This species is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Bathygadus melanobranchus is found on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, B. melanobranchus is found from the Irish continental slope (Marshall 1973) and the west coast of the British Isles (Allain et al. 2003) to the Azores (Melo and Menezes 2002, Menezes et al. 2012), Canaries and Madeira (Lloris et al. 1991). It has a depth range of 450 to 2560 m, but is centered at 700 to 1400 m (Marshall 1973). This species is mostly found in Azores, with some records from off the coast of France. It is more abundant off North Africa than off Europe (Merrett and Marshall 1981).","There is little species-specific population data for B. melanobranchus, however in one study it is represented with a 0.015351% of total catch weight (Melo and Menezes 2002). Also, in northwest Africa it was one of the most frequently collected species (407 specimens). However it was only caught in seven catches which may have been attributed to a narrow depth range (Merrett and Marshall 1980). This species is more abundant at depths deeper than 700 m. It is usually taken between 800 to 1400 m. Bathygadus melanobranchus is one of the more common grenadiers in the upper slope depths off northwestern Africa. It is not abundant in NANSEN survey data, but this may be an artifact of sampling depth. It is more common in the Western Atlantic (Tomio pers. comm. 2012).","Bathygadus melanobranchus is a pelagic feeder, with a diet primarily of mysid, Gnathophausia zoea, chaetognaths and copepods. G. zoea and copepods with the top two food items in the Bathygadus melanobranchus diet (Merrett and Marshall 1980).","Bathygadus melanobranchus is taken as bycatch, however the extent to which this has impacted the population is unknown. ",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Bathygadus melanobranchus. This species may be present in marine protected areas that occur within its distribution.,"Bathygadus melanobranchus is not a commercially fished species in the northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean or Black Sea. However, this species is taken as bycatch by the French fisheries in the western British Isles (Allain et al. 2003)","Strongin, K.","Fernandes, P., Cook, R., Florin, A., Lorance, P., Nielsen, J. & Nedreaas, K.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,ALEPOCEPHALIDAE,Bathylaco,nigricans,,Bathylaco nigricans,"Goode & Bean, 1896",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)Bathylaco nigricans has a circumglobal distribution in warm and temperate waters. The species is not uncommon in northeastern and European waters. It is not known to be commercially utilized or to face any major threats at this time. There are no known, species-specific conservation measures in place for this species, and while the distribution of this species may overlap with many marine protected areas, it may not be protected due to its depth range. However, due to the extreme depth of preference of this species, it may not face any serious threats. Therefore, Bathylaco nigricans is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Bathylaco nigricans is possibly a circumglobal species in temperate and tropical waters. In the eastern Pacific Ocean, it is known from the California Current (Ambrose 1996).  This species may also occur in the western central Pacific Ocean (Sazanov and Markle 1999). In the northeastern Atlantic, it is known from scattered records, primarily from the Azores to Canary Islands (Markle and Quéro 1984). The species can be found at depths from 1,750 to 2,400 m, but has possibly been found at depths down to 4,376 m (Markle and Quéro 1984).","The species is not uncommon in the northeastern Atlantic regional waters. From a 0.064 km2 swept area of Porcupine Seablight, the abundance and biomass of Bathylaco nigricans was recorded as 3 fish km-2 and 3.07 kg km-2 respectively, both with a standard deviation of 8 (Cousins et al. 2013). ","Bathylaco nigricans is a marine, bathypelagic species that occurs between depths of 450 and 4,370 m, but usually between 1,750 and 2,200 m It attains sizes of up to 39 cm standard length (SL) (Ambrose 1996).  Bathylaco nigricans is a carnivore, with prey items including ctenophores, crustaceans, echinoderms, polychaetes, decapods, tunicates, and fishes (Carter and Hartel 2002).  This species has an oviparous life cycle and produces pelagic larvae (Ambrose 1996). The species produces large eggs, at 2.7 mm (Markle and Quero 1984).  Spawning, fecundity and early life history traits are poorly understood for this species. The family Alepocephalidae is comprised of deep-sea fishes, with variable habitat from benthic to mid-water, bathydemersal (600 to 5,000 m), with species being most numerous below 1,000 m. ",There are no major threats known for this species. ,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. However, its distribution may overlap with marine protected areas (MPAs) in parts of its range, although it is not known if the marine protected areas in place encompass the depth range of this species.  Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and potential threats to the species.","At present, this species is not utilized.","Stump, E.","Knudsen, S., Nielsen, J. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,BATHYLAGIDAE,Bathylagichthys,greyae,,Bathylagichthys greyae,"(Cohen, 1958)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Bathylagichthys greyae is widespread in the Atlantic Ocean and is known from parts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans.  It is common throughout its range and abundant in some areas.  There is no information available regarding the biology, ecology, reproduction and the use and/or trade of this species. At this time, it is not known to face any major threats.  There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species, but there are several marine protected areas within its distribution. Therefore, Bathylagichthys greyae is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Bathylagichthysgreyae is found in the eastern and western Atlantic, as well as the southwest Pacific Ocean. From the western Atlantic, Bathylagichthys greyae is found south of the Flemish Cape towards to the coasts of Bermuda. It is found off of Chile in the western Pacific. It is also found in the south west Pacific from New Zealand (Paulin et al. 1989). Bathylagichthys greyae is found in the northeastern Atlantic off the coast of northern Scotland southwards towards the Azores and the Canary Islands. It also occurs further south towards Cape Verde (Cohen 1990).  The species has been recorded at depths from 25 to 1,000 m, although possibly it can be found down to 4,600 m.","Bathylagichthys greyae seems to be fairly common in the northeast Atlantic (including the Mediterranean and Black Seas).  Bathylagichthys greyae was recorded as a dominant species in the 0 to 750 m pelagic fish assemblage from the Azorean Zone over the north Mid-Atlantic Ridge during Leg 1 (5 June through 3 July) of the 2004 R/V G.O. Sars MAR-ECO expedition. It represented 15 ind.10-1 m-3 and 1.1 % of the total in abundance, as well as 69.1 g ww 10-6 m-3 and 2.8 % of the total in biomass (Sutton et al. 2008).","Bathylagichthys greyae is a marine, meso- and bathypelagic species that occurs between depths of 25 to 1,000 m (Kobylyanskiy 1985).  This species is usually caught in small aggregations, ~ 600 to 900 m during the day and a much broader range (25 to 500 m) at night. Maximum standard length for this species is 16 cm standard length (SL) (Cohen 1990). It feeds on plankton (Cohen 1984).   The spawning, fecundity, and early life history traits of this species are poorly understood.",Threats for this species are unknown.,"There are no known, species-specific conservation measures in place for Bathylagichthys greyae.  Though this species may have access to numerous marine protected areas (MPAs) due to its wide distribution, deep-water marine protected areas are likely to be of limited effectiveness (Bailey et al. 2009). Research into the population size and trends, ecology and early life history, as well as possible threats towards this species is needed.",Information regarding the use and/or trade of Bathylagichthys greyae is not available.,"Harwell, H.","Knudsen, S., Nielsen, J. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,BATHYLAGIDAE,Bathylagus,euryops,,Bathylagus euryops,Goode & Bean 1896,,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) The historical distribution of this species is in the western Atlantic Ocean as far north as Greenland, south to Bermuda. It has also been reported from the eastern North Atlantic and is probably present in non-tropical regions of other oceans. This species is common throughout its range and is abundant in some areas; it is listed at the biomass-dominant pelagic species in some areas.  There is no available information regarding the use and/or trade of this species and there is no evidence that this species faces any major threats at this time.  There are no known, species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Though this species may have access to several marine protected areas, deep-water marine protected areas are likely to be of limited effectiveness. Therefore, Bathylagus euryops is listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Bathylagus euryops is known from the Atlantic Ocean and from the Southern Ocean near Falkland Islands (Porteiro et al. unpublished data). It may be found in non-tropical regions of other oceans as well. Historically, B. euryops has been found as far north as northwestern Greenland; the main distribution in the western Atlantic is from Canada to Bermuda (Scott and Scott 1988, Møller et al. 2010, Sweetman et al. 2013). In the northeastern Atlantic, B. euryops is known from Iceland, east to the Faeroe Islands and Shetlands, south to Portugal, the Azores and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014, Cohen 1984).  Globally, the species can be found at depths from 500 and 3,237 m.","Bathylagus euryops is common and abundant in parts of its range. Bathylagus euryops was the biomass-dominant pelagic species sampled during the 2004 MAR-ECO R/V G.O. Sars expedition, and was ranked third in total abundance.  It represented < 2% (n=187) of the ""macrozooplankton"" trawl fish catch and ~ 12.7% (4687.5 g ww) of the total biomass sampled (Sutton et al. 2008).   This species was also collected during the 2009 (12 June through 17 July) NOAA FSV Henry B. Bigelow expedition, which sampled the fauna of the Sub-Polar Front (SPF) region.  It represented < 2% of the catch (n=243) and contributed ~ 20% of the total pelagic fish biomass (6,436 g ww). During this study, the maximum abundance of B. europs occurred at 750 to 1,500 m along the Reykjanes Bridge with 5.82 ind./100,000 m3 of water filtered +/- 2.08 individuals (Sweetman et al. 2013).","Bathylagus euryops is a marine, meso and bathypelagic species that occurs between depths of 500 and 3,237 m (Bogutskaya 2007). This species is sometimes caught in large aggregations and produces pelagic eggs and larvae (Cohen 1984). It feeds on small crustaceans and gelatinous zooplankton (Scott and Scott 1988, Sutton 2013). The maximum total length for this species is 13 cm total length (TL) (Smirnov et al. 2000). The reproduction, ecology, spawning and early life history traits are poorly understood for this species.",There are no known major threats to this species.,"There are no known, species-specific conservation measures in place for Bathylagus euryops.  Though this species may have access to several marine protected areas (MPAs), deep-water marine protected areas are likely to be of limited effectiveness (Bailey et al. 2009). Further research into the population size and trends, the ecology and early life history, as well as the possible threats towards this species is needed.",Information regarding the use and/or trade of Bathylagus euryops is not available.,"Harwell, H.","Knudsen, S., Nielsen, J. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,OPISTHOPROCTIDAE,Bathylychnops,brachyrhynchus,,Bathylychnops brachyrhynchus,"(Parr, 1937)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Bathylychnops brachyrhynchus is a widely-distributed species, which within Europe is restricted to Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"This species is known from the subtropical Atlantic and Indian oceans (Badcock 1988). Within Europe, it is known only from the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014).",There is no population information available for this species.,"There is little evidence that this species is known from beyond 1,000 m, and scarcity in collections may in fact be due to feeding associations rather than lack of sampling at depth (Badcock 1988).",It is unknown if this species is being impacted by any major threats.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.&#160;Further research is needed on its ecology and distribution.,This species is not utilized.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","De Silva, R., Hartel, K., Milligan, H.T., Lutz, M., Batchelor, A., Jopling, B., Kemp, K., Lewis, S., Lintott, P., Sears, J., Wilson, P., Smith, J. & Livingston, F.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,OPISTHOPROCTIDAE,Bathylychnops,exilis,,Bathylychnops exilis,"Cohen, 1958",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species occurs only in the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs only in the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014), where it is known from only record (G. Ralph pers. comm. 2015). Globally, it occurs in the North Pacific and North Atlantic (G. Ralph pers. comm. 2015). In the Northeast Pacific it occurs in British Columbia, Canada to central California. In the Northwest Pacific it occurs in the Kashimanada Sea of Japan (FishBase 2015).",There is only one record of this species in Europe (G. Ralph pers. comm. 2015).,This is a marine pelagic-oceanic species that is found at depths from zero to 640 m (Masuda et al. 1984). This is an oviparous species and the eggs and larvae are pelagic (FishBase 2015). The maximum length recorded is 50.0 cm SL male/unsexed (Masuda et al. 1984).,The threats to this species are unknown.,There are no known conservation actions in place for this species.,This species is not used and is of no interest to fisheries (FishBase 2015).,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,IPNOPIDAE,Bathymicrops,multispinis,,Bathymicrops multispinis,"Nielsen & Merrett, 1992",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Bathymicrops multispinis is a widely-distributed species, which within Europe is restricted to Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,This is an eastern Atlantic species. Within Europe it has only been recorded off Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014).,There is a lack of information regarding this species' population.,"This is a marine,&#160;bathydemersal, deep-water species.",There is a lack of information regarding threats to this species.,There is a lack of information regarding conservation actions for this species.,There is a lack of information regarding use or trade of this species.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,IPNOPIDAE,Bathymicrops,regis,,Bathymicrops regis,"Hjort & Koefoed, 1912",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Bathymicrops regis is a circumglobally-distributed species, which within Europe is restricted to Madeira and the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"This species is found in the Atlantic and Indo-West Pacific; off NW Africa and east of the mid-Atlantic Ridge between the equator and 30ºN and equator (ECA vol 3(11)). Within Europe, it is known from Madeira and the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014). Its depth range is reported as 3000-6000 m.",There are no population data available for this species.,Bathymicrops regis is thought to have low fecundity and batch spawning tendencies (Merrett and Fasham 1998). It feeds on small benthopelagic crustaceans (Sulak 1984).,"This is a deep-dwelling species, and is less-likely to be affected by anthropogenic disturbances because of this.","There are no conservation measures in place for the protection of this species, however, its depth range may provide it protection from anthropogenic disturbances.",This species is not utilized.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,OPHIDIIDAE,Bathyonus,laticeps,,Bathyonus laticeps,"(Günther, 1878)","Taxonomic revision of the genus Bathyonus is needed in order to verify species distributions (Nielsen 1999). This entire genus is in need of revision, apparently. Nielsen et al. (2008) collected an specimen from the Southern Ocean, but did not describe it past the genus level because of unresolved taxonomic issues within the genus.",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Bathyonus laticeps is a widely distributed, mainly Atlantic, deep sea species that can be locally abundant. Little species-specific information is available about its population, habitats, or ecology, and a taxonomic revision of the genus is necessary. There are no known major threats. Therefore, B. laticeps is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Bathyonus laticeps is thought to be circumtropical, but a taxonomic revision of the genus is necessary to verify the distribution. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it has been reported off the Azores and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014), and is likely found in the Canary Islands. It is distributed from 1785 to 4775 m depth (Nielsen 1990).",This species can be locally abundant (Nielsen et al. 1999).,Bathyonus laticeps is a benthopelagic species at bathyl to abyssal depths (Nielsen et al. 1999). It is known to 24 cm (Nielsen 1990) and is oviparous (Nielsen 1986).,There are no known major threats to this species.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place.,This species is not utilized and is of no interest to fisheries (Nielsen 1999).,"Ralph, G. & Strongin, K.","Nielsen, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,ALEPOCEPHALIDAE,Bathyprion,danae,,Bathyprion danae,"Marshall, 1966",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Bathyprion danae is widely distributed in the Atlantic and western and eastern Pacific Oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, B. danae is known only from the Azores and Madeira. This is a rare species and little information is available about its population status, habitats or ecology. There are no major threats known and this species is not utilized at the present time. However, given that records from the assessment region are isolated and scattered, B. danae is listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Bathyprion danae is widely distributed in the Atlantic and western and eastern Pacific Oceans (Parin and Shcherbachev 1973, Moore et al. 2003). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, this species is known from the Azores and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014) and there are isolated records at about 55° N (Markle and Quero 1986). It is known from about 1,100 to 3,100 m (Markle and Quero 1984).",Bathyprion danae is a rare species.,"Bathyprion danae is bathypelagic at about 1,100 to 3,100 m (Markle and Quero 1984); the record from 8,880 m (Parin and Shcherbachev 1973) is the sounding and not the fishing depth, as the gear never reached the bottom. Little species-specific information is available, but alepocephalid species typically feed on a variety of food items including ctenophores, crustaceans, echinoderms, polychaetes, decapods, tunicates, and fishes (Hartel in press). Bathyprion danae attains a maximum size of up to 38 cm standard length (Markle and Quero 1984).",There are no major threats known for this species.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution may overlap with marine reserves in parts of its range, however, it is not known if protection encompasses the depth range of the species.",Bathyprion danae is not known to be utilized at present time.,"Ralph, G.","Nielsen, J. & Hulley, P.","Rodrigues, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,IPNOPIDAE,Bathypterois,dubius,,Bathypterois dubius,"Vaillant, 1888","Within the Mediterranean, this species has also been reported as Bathypterois mediterraneus, a junior synonym of B. dubius (Quéro and Ribes 1999).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Bathypterois dubius is a deepwater benthic marine species species is found in warmer temperate to tropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean. There are no population data available for B. dubius. It is not utilized, and there are no major threats known to affect it, given its preferred depth distribution. Therefore, B. dubius is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Bathypterois dubius is primarily found in warmer temperate to tropical waters of the northeastern Atlantic Ocean in depths of 750 to 2,800 m (Sulak 1984, Merrett 1990). It has been recorded from the Azores (Santos et al. 1997) and the coast of Portugal (Carneiro et al. 2014). In the Mediterranean, B. dubius has been recorded as Bathypterois mediterraneus, now regarded as a junior synonym of B. dubius (Quéro and Ribes 1999). It is present in the Ligurian Sea (Tortonese 1971, Barletta and Torchio 1986), Balearic Islands (D'onghia et al. 2004), Ionian Sea (D'onghia et al. 2004), Catalan Sea (west Mediterranean; Sardà et al. 1994, Carrasson and Cartes 2002, Carrasson and Matallanas 2001), south Adriatic (Ungaro et al. 2002), Levantine basin, and east Mediterranean Sea basin (Klausewitz 1989, Goren and Galil 2006).","Population data is limited for this species, though it is known throughout the North Atlantic (Sulak 1984). It is considered the most abundant deep-water fish in the Mediterranean (Morales-nin et al. 1996).","Bathypterois dubius is a bathydemersal species, found on continental slope and rise at depths ranging from 260 to 2800 m and temperatures of 4 to 12°C (Merrett 1990). Within the northwestern sector of the Mediterranean Sea, this species appeared starting below 700 m, its relative abundance and biomass increased progressively going deeper. It reaches its maximum between 1,500-2,000 m (Morales-Nin et al. 1996). In the Ionian Sea, this species is found between 800-3,300 m (D'Onghia et al. 2004).Bathypterois dubius feeds on pelagic plankton, including mysid shrimp and benthopelagic copepods (Sulak 1984, Trenkel et al. 2001) . In the Catalan Sea, juveniles are found between 1,800 to 2,250 m, and are recorded to feed secondary on benthic tanaidaceans, whereas for the adults, mysids are secondary. At other depths, calanoid copepods are consumed almost exclusively. Adults ingest larger amounts and sizes of prey than juveniles (Carrasson and Matallanas 2001). It is usually solitary, but it probably forms occasional aggregates.  It is synchronously hermaphroditic (Sulak 1984). Maximum reported size is 19 cm, though it is usually around 13 cm (Sulak 1984).","There are no major threats known to affect this species, and given its depth range, it is less likely to be affected by anthropogenic disturbances.",There are no conservation measures in place for the protection of this species. This species may inhabit a marine protected area somewhere throughout its range. Bathypterois mediterraneus was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean in 2007 (IUCN 2011).,"This species is not known to be used commercially, and considering its depth preference, is likely below the depth at which trawlers will have an impact.","Ralph, G. & Harwell, H.","Russell, B.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,IPNOPIDAE,Bathypterois,grallator,,Bathypterois grallator,"(Goode & Bean, 1886)","This species belongs to the Chlorophthalmidae family (Fischer et al. 1987, Quignard and Tomasini 2000, Carrasson and Matallanas 2001).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC ) Bathypterois grallator is a widely distributed species thought to be circumglobal in tropical to temperate waters. It is known from the assessment zone from only a few scattered records. Little is known about its population status, but it is likely not used commercially due to the depth range it inhabits. Therefore this species is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Bathypterois grallator is thought to be circumglobal in tropical to temperate waters (Sulak 1984). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, B. grallator has scattered records off Portugal (Carneiro et al. 2014), in the Mediterranean Sea (Fischer et al. 1987, Quignard and Tomasini 2000, Carrasson and Matallanas 2001, Goren 2014) and the Azores (Santos et al. 1997, Borges et al. 2010, Carniero et al. 2014).  It has been found from 900 to 4,720 m depth (Mundy 2005), but is most common on the continental rise between 1,500 and 2,300 m (Sulak 1984).",Population data is limited for this species.,"This is a benthic species found from 900 to 4720 m depth (Mundy 2005), but is most common from 1,500 to 2,300 m (Sulak 1984).  It is a larger species of the genus Bathypterois, often exceeding 30 cm (Sulak 1984), and likely feeds on larger organisms.",There are no known major threats for this species.,"There are no known species-specific conservation actions in place for this species. However, trawling is banned below 1,000 m in European waters in the Mediterranean Sea, which will provide some protection for this species throughout part of its range. This species may occur in a marine protected area somewhere throughout its range. Bathypterois grallator was assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean in 2007 due to the limited records from the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","This species is not known to be used commercially, due to its depth preference.","Ralph, G. & Harwell, H.","Russell, B.","Papaconstantinou, C., Massuti, E., Palmeri, A. & Keskin, Ç.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,IPNOPIDAE,Bathypterois,longipes,,Bathypterois longipes,"Günther, 1878",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Bathypterois longipes is a benthic, abyssal species thought to be circumglobally distributed in tropical to temperate waters. It is considered one of the most common deep-sea species in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, but no specific population trend data are available. This species is not utilized, and there are no major threats known to affect it, given its preferred depth distribution. Therefore, B. longipes is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Bathypterois longipes is a widely distributed species that is thought to be circumglobally distributed in tropical to temperate waters, except where bottom temperatures are greater than 4oC (Sulak 1984). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it has been recorded from Ireland (Priede et al. 2009), Portugal (Carneiro et al. 2014), Madeira (Angel 1990, Carneiro et al. 2014), and the Azores (Santos et al. 1997, Carneiro et al. 2014), but is absent from the Mediterranean (Sulak 1984). It is found at depths of about 2,600 to 5,600 m (Sulak 1984).","Bathypterois longipes can be common in areas of its distribution. It is considered one of the most common deep benthic fish in the northeastern Atlantic (Sulak 1977, Merret 1992).","Bathypterois longipes is benthic abyssal species found at depths of about 2,600 to 5,600 m (Sulak 1984). It primarily feeds on planktonic crustaceans. It is synchronously hermaphroditic (Sulak 1984), with low fecundity and batch spawning tendencies (Merrett and Fasham 1998). Adults are typically 15 to 20 cm, with a maximum size of 25 cm (Sulak 1996).",There are no major threats known to affect this species.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Bathypterois longipes. This species may occur in a marine protected area somewhere throughout its range.,"This species is not known to be used commercially, considering its preferred depth.","Ralph, G. & Harwell, H.","Russell, B.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,IPNOPIDAE,Bathypterois,phenax,,Bathypterois phenax,"Parr, 1928",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Bathypterois phenax is widely distributed in the Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, it is known only from the Azores. A bathydemersal species, B. phenax can be common in parts of its range, especially at depths of 1,200 to 2,000 m. It is of no interest to fisheries, and there are no other known threats. Therefore, Bathypterois phenax is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Bathypterois phenax is widely distributed along both coasts of the Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, B. phenax is known only from the Azores (Rannou & Gaborit-Rezzouk 1976, Sulak 1977, Carneiro et al. 2014). Elsewhere in the eastern Atlantic, it has been reported of Sierra Leone and Liberia. There have also been verified records of this species in the Canary Islands, off Western Sahara and off the northwestern coast of Portugal, off Equitorial Guinea, Sao Tome, Principe, Angola and South Africa. It is also in the western Atlantic, at bathyal depths between latitude 40°N-5°N including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, and off southern Brazil (Merrett 1990). It is also found off South Africa (as Bathypterois ater) (Merrett 1990).  It has a depth distribution of 800 to 2800 m (Sulak 1984). .",Bathypterois phenax can be common in areas of its distribution (Sulak 1984).,"Bathypterois phenax is a demersal species typically found at depths of 800 to 2,800 m, though more commonly between 1,200 and 2,000 m (Sulak 1984). Crustaceans, primarily copepods, ostracods and gammarideans are the dominant prey (Crabtree et al. 1991).",There are no known threats affecting this species.,There are no conservation measures in place for the protection of this species.,This species is not utilized.,"Ralph, G.","Russell, B.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,ARHYNCHOBATIDAE,Bathyraja,pallida,,Bathyraja pallida,"(Forster, 1967)","Some similarity in external morphology may occur with congeneric Richardson's ray Bathyraja richardsoni, with which the distribution and bathymetric ranges overlap.",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessments: Least Concern (LC)Pallid Skate (Bathyraja pallida) is a poorly known, deepwater skate recorded from depths of 1,8792,952 m. This species’ depth range lies outside that of current deepwater fisheries. No ecological or biological data are available, but it is likely a large-bodied species with low reproductive rates that would make it vulnerable to overfishing. Since its depth range is beyond the reach of deepwater fisheries and very few records of its capture exist, the Pallid Skate is assessed as Least Concern in the European region. Life history research is required and incidental capture in deepwater fisheries should be monitored.",Unknown,"This species appears to have a wide distribution in the Northeast Atlantic, however there are very few recorded captures (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). The existing records suggest it occurs from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge to northern Bay of Biscay, Rockall Trough and Porcupine Seabight (Forster 1967, 1968; Gordon and Duncan 1989, Clarke 2000, Orlov et al. 2006, Johnston et al. 2010). The depth range is 1,879−2,950 m.",There is no information available on the population size and trend of the species.,"This bathydemersal species occurs in deep water along lower continental slopes and on adjacent deepwater abyssal plains at depths of 1,879−2,950 m (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Little is known about the reproductive cycle of this egg-laying species. The egg capsules measure 50 cm including horns, 30 cm excluding horns, and 12−15 cm wide (Stehmann and Merrett 2001). The maximum recorded total body length for this species is 162 cm (Clarke 2000). ","This species is not targeted by commercial fisheries and is very rarely caught as bycatch. Only the deepest longline and gillnet fisheries occasionally catch it. This species has been recorded in the Rockall Trough (Clarke 2000), where Spanish and United Kingdom longline fishing fleets target European Hake (Merluccius merluccius) and Norwegian fishing fleets target Common Ling (Molva molva), Blue Ling (Molva dyptergia) and Cusk (Brosme brosme; Gordon 2003). The lower depth limit of these fisheries in this area may reach up to 1,500 m. The depth range of this species is currently beyond the reach of deepwater fisheries, however it may be vulnerable to population depletion because the total population may not be very large, and recruitment and survival rate of young may be low (Ebert and Stehmann 2013).Further research on this species’ biology and monitoring of any catches in deepwater fisheries is required.","In 1999, the European Union (EU) introduced a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for skates and rays of 6,060 tonnes (t) for fisheries operating in the Norwegian Sea and North Sea (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea [ICES] Division IIa and Subarea IV) based on landing statistics from the previous five years. This TAC has been progressively reduced by 8−25% annually to the current level of 1,256 t. As part of the TAC, the bycatch quota for vessels over 15 meters was set at 25% of live weight of catch retained on board per trip. For much of this period (1999−2014), the TAC was higher than reported landings and therefore not effectively constraining catches.  Skate and ray TACs were established for other EU waters in 2009, including the Skagerrak and Kattegat (ICES Division IIIa) and from the northwest coast of Scotland and North Ireland to Portuguese waters (ICES sub-areas VI−IX) and have also been gradually reduced since then.Further research should be conducted on the life history details of the species.",The species is not used nor traded commercially.,"Dulvy, N. & Kemp, J.R.","Stehmann, M.F.W. & Farrell, E.","Orlov, A. & Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,ARHYNCHOBATIDAE,Bathyraja,richardsoni,,Bathyraja richardsoni,"(Garrick, 1961)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern Bathyraja richardsoni is likely to be cosmopolitan. Sporadic, deep records from various parts of its range indicate that this species is widespread and it is suspected that the distribution is much wider than records indicate. Their deep bathydemersal distribution (most records exceed 1,000 m) places them outside of the range of most human threats, including deepwater fishing. Given the species' wide depth and geographic range, the majority of the population is thought to exist outside the range of deepwater fisheries and this species is considered Least Concern. Deepwater fisheries should be monitored and managed.",Unknown,"There are sporadic records of this species from a large area across the North Atlantic and it is suspected to be even more widespread than records currently indicate. In the Northeast Atlantic, it has been recorded from northern Bay of Biscay, Rockall Trough, west of Scotland and Ireland, and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Stehmann and Merrett 2001, Orlov et al. 2006, Johnson et al. 2010, Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Recently, it was also found off the Azores and in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge area (Orlov et al. 2006). The depth range is 1,219 − 2,992 m.",There is no information is available on the population size or trends.,"This bathydemersal skate occurs on continental slopes, submarine rises and deepwater plains at depths of 1,219−2,992 m (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Its maximum body size is 174 cm total length (TL; Templeman 1973). The size at birth is 18.2−24.5 cm TL. It is an egg-laying species. The egg capsules measure 34.0−45.2 cm in length including egg horns, 20.0−20.8 cm excluding egg horns, and up to 11.2 −12.0 cm in width (Stehmann and Merrett 2001).","The incidental catch in deepwater longline and gillnet fisheries is the main potential threat to this species in the North Atlantic, but it is rarely caught. The majority of its range is considered to be outside the range of fishing pressure because it is rarely caught in the Northwest Atlantic where fishing nets are set at 1,500 m depths off Newfoundland (and more commonly at 700−1,200 m). Catches in deepwater fisheries should be monitored and managed, particularly if deepwater fisheries expand into this species’ depth range.","No regulations exist for this species, and it is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. To prevent this species from moving out of the Least Concern category, deepwater fisheries operating close to its range should be monitored.",The species is not utilised or traded commercially.,"Dulvy, N. & Kemp, J.R.","Stehmann, M.F.W. & Farrell, E.","Kulka, D.W., Orlov, A., Barker, A.S. & Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,ARHYNCHOBATIDAE,Bathyraja,spinicauda,,Bathyraja spinicauda,"(Jensen, 1914)","The quality of taxonomic identification of some skate species may be an issue particularly with historic data, however, B. spinicauda is a relatively easy species to identify.",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Spinytail Skate (Bathyraja spinicauda) is a large, benthic, deepwater skate found along the North Atlantic continental slope at depths of 140−1,650 m and possibly deeper. Its population density increases with depth, suggesting that it may extend into waters that exceed depths surveyed or commercially fished. Most life history parameters are unknown, but this is one of the largest species of skate recorded from the Atlantic so it is likely to have high catchability and low resilience to fisheries exploitation. In the Northeast Atlantic, Spinytail Skate records are relatively rare suggesting that fishing and survey effort rarely overlap with its depth range, though in the Barents Sea, it regularly occurs in research surveys and in commercial demersal trawl and longline fisheries. Spinytail Skate is assessed as Least Concern in European waters based on its deep range and limited interaction with fisheries. If fisheries expand deeper into this species’ depth range, they may pose a threat and should therefore be monitored. Catches should also continue to be monitored and life history information should be collected.",Stable,"This species mainly occurs along the continental slopes of the Arctic and boreal regions of the North Atlantic. In the Northeast Atlantic, it occurs from eastern Greenland, Iceland, along the Iceland-Faroe-Shetland Rise to the coasts of Norway, the northern North Sea, and the Barents Sea up to Spitsbergen (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953, Krefft 1956, Stehmann and Bürkel 1984, Dolgov et al. 2005). The depth range is 400–1,209 m.","This species is common in slope areas off Canada, but records are less common across the northern slope to the Northeast Atlantic and the Barents Sea. In the Barents Sea, this species appears to be increasing slightly. In a Russian demersal fish survey, mean catches increased more than two-fold from 0.02–0.04 individuals per hour per tow in 1999–2000 to 0.05–0.09 individuals per hour per tow in 2011–2012 (Dolgov et al. 2005, ICES 2013).In the Northwest Atlantic off Canada, Devine et al. (2006) reported that this species declined by more than 80% over a three generation period based on survey data. However, a large proportion of the population occurs at greater depths than the area sampled in this survey. Since evidence suggests that abundance increases with depth, this species may be more abundant below survey depths. It is therefore more likely that the inferred trend reflects a decline in local abundance at sampled depths than a decline in the whole population.  While there is insufficient information to determine accurate trends of the European subpopulation of the species, it is suspected to be stable based on the lack of overlap between the majority of its habitat and fisheries in operation.","This deepwater skate is known to occur along the upper and middle continental slope at depths of 140–1,650 m, but it probably occurs down to 2,000 m. Northeast Atlantic records are typically at 400–850 m (deepest locations fished), but a few specimens have been reported at greater depths. Icelandic deepwater fisheries operating at 400–1,830 m have caught this species at depths of 419–1,209 m (Magnússon et al. 2000). The species is typically recorded in salinities of 34.5–35.5‰ and temperatures of < 7.5°C, (Krefft 1956, Stehmann and Bürkel 1984, Haedrich and Merrett 1988, Dolgov et al. 2002). In the Barents and Norwegian Seas, this species is commonly found in water 0–2°C (Andriyashev 1954, Berestovskii 1994, Dolgov et al. 2005). In the Northeast Atlantic, juveniles are typically found in colder waters than adults; adults are believed to move into warmer waters before spawning (Krefft 1956). This is one of the largest and potentially least resilient species of skate known to occur in the North Atlantic. The largest confirmed specimen in the Northeast Atlantic was 182 cm total length (TL; Dolgov et al. 2005). There are no data on its age or size at maturation, but its estimated generation length is approximately 20 years. This egg-laying species produces very large eggs cases, up to around 21 cm long (Krefft 1956, Berestovskii 1994) and embryonic development is estimated to take around 12 months (Stehmann and Bürkel 1984). However, in the Barents Sea females spawn in mid- to late October (Krefft 1956) and a recent study showed that embryonic development takes an estimated 3.5–4 years in these waters where temperatures are 0–5°C (Berestovskii 1994).","Trawl fisheries catch more of this species than any other types of fishery, but they have appeared in bottom longlines as well (ICES 2013). In the Barents Sea, this skate is caught in low numbers by Russian trawl and bottom longline fisheries at depths of 60–400 m (ICES 2013). In the Norwegian Sea, it is also regularly caught in deepwater trawls (400–1,400 m) of Norwegian fishery-independent surveys. Small quantities of this species are also reported in landings from Iceland and eastern Greenland. While this indicates that this species’ range does overlap with fisheries operations in European waters, the occurrence is so low that it can be inferred that the majority of its range falls outside the reach of the main deepwater fisheries. Additionally, deepwater fisheries in these waters have contracted in recent years and show no signs of expansion for the time being.","There are no species-specific management or conservation measures in place, but there are limitations on the catch of all skates and rays grouped. In 1999, the European Union (EU) introduced a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for skates and rays of 6,060 tonnes (t) for fisheries operating in the Norwegian Sea (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea [ICES] Division IIa) and North Sea (ICES sub-area IV) based on landing statistics from the previous five years. This TAC has been progressively reduced by 825% annually to the current level of 1,256 t. As part of the TAC, the bycatch quota for vessels over 15 meters was set at 25% of live weight of catch retained on board per trip. For much of this period (19992014), the TAC was higher than reported landings and therefore not effectively constraining catches.Skate and ray TACs were established for other EU waters in 2009, including the Skagerrak and Kattegat (ICES Division IIIa) and from the northwest coast of Scotland and Northern Ireland to Portuguese waters (ICES sub-areas VIIX). These TACs have also been gradually reduced since then. In 2013, the TAC for all skate and ray species was 21,800 tonnes (regulations are available online at http://faolex.fao.org).Catches should continue to be monitored and life history information should be collected.","Where retained, the ‘wings’ are utilised for human consumption.","Farrell, E.","Dolgov, A. & Dulvy, N.","Kulka, D.W., Orlov, A., Devine, J., Baker, K. & Haedrich, R.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,BATHYSAURIDAE,Bathysaurus,ferox,,Bathysaurus ferox,"Günther, 1878",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Bathysaurus ferox is a deep water species found throughout the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Population and ecological information is limited for this species. However, it is not utilized and there are no other known major threats. Therefore, Bathysaurus ferox is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Bathysaurus ferox is found throughout the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it has been reported from Iceland (Jonsson 1992), Porcupine Seabight (SW of Ireland) (Merrett et al. 1991), northern Ireland (Sulak 1996), Bay of Biscay, France (Mahaut et al. 1990), the Azores (Lloris et al. 1991) and Madeira (Mormede and Davies 2003), but is not known from the Mediterranean (Sulak 1984). Bathysaurus ferox is a deep water fish found from 600—3000 m but is more commonly found at depths of 1000—2500 m (Scott and Scott 1988, Sulak 1990).  ",There are no population data available for this species.,"Bathysaurus ferox is a benthic species found at depths of 1,000—3,500 m, but commonly found above 2,000 m at less than 4°C (Sulak 1984). This species is carnivorous (Mahout et al. 1990). Bathysaurus ferox is known to be synchronously hermaphroditic. It also seems to have a long larval period (at least 8 months) before it transforms into its more benthic juvenile and adult forms. These larvae are pelagic and feed on zooplankton and phytoplankton. Bathysaurus ferox seems to be able to avoid bottom trawls, indicating an ability of short burst swimming. ",There are no known major threats to this species.,There are no conservation measures in place for the protection of this species.&#160;This species may occur in a marine protected area somewhere throughout its range.,This species is not known to be used commercially.,"Ralph, G.","Russell, B.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,BATHYSAURIDAE,Bathysaurus,mollis,,Bathysaurus mollis,"Günther, 1878",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Bathysaurus mollis is a deepwater benthic species known from throughout most of the ocean basins. Little is known about its population status in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean or Mediterranean. It is not known to be used commercially and it is typically found at depths below that which trawlers can effectively operate. There are no major threats known to affect B. mollis; therefore, it is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Bathysaurus mollis is circumglobal between 50°N and 20°S, except in the tropical eastern Pacific. In the northeastern Atlantic, it has been recorded from Ireland (Sulak 1984) and Portugal (Carneiro et al. 2014) to the Azores and Madeira (Santos et al. 1997, Carniero et al. 2014). There is one record from the Mediterranean Sea (Sulak 1984). It occurs at depths of 1,550 to 4,800 m and is commonly found below 2,000 m at temperatures less than 4 °C (Sulak 1984).",There is little population information available for this species. It is known from only a few records in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean.,"Bathysaurus mollis is a bathydemersal species. It is found on the continental rise and the abyss, commonly below 2,000 m, in water colder than 4°C. Larvae are probably pelagic in near-surface midwaters. It is a solitary, lurking bottom feeder, probably piscivorous (Sulak 1984). Contrary to Thresher (1984), this species is hermaphroditic (Nelson 1994).","There are currently no known threats to Bathysaurus mollis. Because of the depth distribution of this species, it is less likely to be threatened by anthropogenic disturbances.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Bathysaurus mollis. It may be present in marine protected areas that occur within its distribution. It was assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean, as it is known from only one record there (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",This species is not known to be used commercially and is likely too deep-dwelling to be directly or indirectly caught in bottom trawl fisheries.,"Ralph, G.","Russell, B.","Papacontantinou, C., Massuti, E., Palmeri, A. & Keskin, Ç.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,SOLEIDAE,Bathysolea,profundicola,,Bathysolea profundicola,"(Vaillant, 1888)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Bathysolea profundicola occurs in the eastern Atlantic, from south Ireland and the UK to Angola. This species is reported from the Canary Islands. It is a benthic species that occurs on muddy bottoms of the continental slope at depths ranging from 200 to 1,350 m depth. Bathysolea profundicola is relatively widespread and is found at great depths. This species grows to small sizes and therefore is not commercially targeted. It is taken as bycatch in demersal trawl fisheries; however, this is not thought to be a major threat at this time. Bathysolea profundicola is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Bathysolea profundicola occurs in the eastern Atlantic, from south Ireland and the United Kingdom to Angola. There are several records from the Mediterranean Sea, from Sicily and Corsica (Quéro et al. 1986), however this species is not widespread nor does it occur in abundance in the Mediterranean Sea. It only occurs regularly in the Alboran Sea in the Mediterranean (L. Gil de Sola pers. obsv. 2014). It is reported from the Canary Islands (Desoutter 1990). This is a benthic species that occurs on muddy bottoms of the continental slope at depths ranging from 200 to 1,350 m depth (Schneider 1990, Desoutter-Meniger and Munroe in press).","Hureau and Monod (1979) state that this species is rare in the western Mediterranean Sea. There is a gradient of abundance from west to east. According to Abad et al. (2007), a total of 28 hauls were carried out at depths ranging from 50 to 640 m in the Alboran sea (during the fishing season between August 2000 and June 2001). An otter trawl net was used for sampling purposes. Abundance was 0.03 kg/h (at 50 to 150 m depth), 0.26 kg/h (at 151 to 275 m depth), 0.03 kg/h (at 276 to 350 m depth), 0.05 kg/h (at 351 to 460 m depth).","Bathysolea profundicola is a benthic species that occurs on muddy bottoms on the outer continental shelf and upper continental slope (Schneider 1990) from 200 to 1350 m depth. It mainly feeds on polychaetes and some amphipods (Quéro et al. 1986). This species reaches a maximum length of 25 cm TL (Desoutter-Meniger and Munroe in press). Spawning occurs throughout the year but maximum spawning occurs at winter and at the beginning of Spring. In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 16.5 cm TL and the length at maturity  for females is 11.4 cm TL  and for males is 8.2 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014).",There are no major threats affecting this species. It is taken as bycatch in some deep-water trawl fisheries (Massutí and Reñones 2005).,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Bathysolea profundicola. Bathysolea profundicola was regionally assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).,Bathysolea profundicola is a non-commercial species.,"Ralph, G.","Herrera, J., de Sola, L., Monroe, T., Costa, M. & Nielsen, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,HOWELLIDAE,Bathysphyraenops,simplex,,Bathysphyraenops simplex,"Parr, 1933",There has been some uncertainty surrounding the family and genus placement of this species (Prokofiev 2007).,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Bathysphyraenops simplex is a widely-distributed species, which within Europe is restricted to the waters off mainland Portugal. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"Bathysphyraenops simplex is cosmopolitan in subtropical to tropical oceans. Within Europe, it is known from the waters of mainland Portugal. Its depth range is 100-500 m (Mundy 2005). It is commonly reported from much deeper depths according to museum records on Fishnet2.",There is little species-specific population information available for B. simplex. There are 95 occurrence records in the FishNet2 database.,Bathysphyraenops simplex is a deep-water species found at depths ranging from 100 to 500 m.,There are no known species-specific threats to B. simplex.,There are no known conservation actions for this species.,There is no use and trade information available for B. simplex. It is not likely to be utilized.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Carpenter, K.E., Smith-Vaniz, W.F., de Bruyne, G. & de Morais, L.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,ALEPOCEPHALIDAE,Bathytroctes,macrolepis,,Bathytroctes macrolepis,"Günther, 1887",It is in need of a taxonomic revision (Poulsen et al. 2009).,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Bathytroctes macrolepis is widespread in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. It may be common in parts of its range (not likely to be abundant) but it is not common in museum collections. There in no available information on the commercial use and/or trade of this species.  It is not known to face any major threats at this time and may be protected by the numerous marine protected areas within its distribution. Therefore, Bathytroctes macrolepis is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Bathytroctes macrolepis is a circumglobal species that occurs throughout the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans (Sazonov 1999). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it is found from Ireland to the Azores, and throughout the Mediterranean (Markle and Sazonov 1990). The species can be found at depths of 2,500 to 5,800 m.","Bathytroctes macrolepis is not common or abundant in museum collections (Accessed through the Fishnet 2 Portal  February 2014). In the northeastern Atlantic and surrounding regional waters, B. macrolepis is relatively common. A total of 50 specimens of B. macrolepis were caught from two sub-areas on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) between the Azores and Iceland as part of the 2004 MAR-ECO expedition (Bergstad et al. 2008). The abundance and biomass of Bathytroctes macrolepis was recorded from a designated south-east station (SE) on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge with 5 fish km-2 (standard deviation = 10) and 0.02 kg km-2 (standard deviation = 0.05) respectively.  The sweep area was 0.035 km2 with a mean depth of 2736 m.  Trawls at the SE station were conducted on 21 and 22 July 2007 and 10 through 11, 18 August 2009 (Cousins et al. 2013).","Bathytroctes macrolepis is a marine, bathypelagic species that occurs between depths of 1,800 and 5,850 m, but is most often associated with depths of between 2,800 and 3,300 m.   The maximum standard length (SL) for this species is 40 cm (Markle and Sazonov 1990, Sazonov 1999). The diet, fecundity, spawning patterns and early life history traits are poorly understood for this species.",There are no known major threats.,"There are no known, species-specific conservation measures in place for Bathytroctes macrolepis. Though this species may have access to numerous marine protected areas (MPAs) due to its wide distribution, deep-water marine protected areas are likely to be of limited effectiveness (Bailey et al. 2009). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",Information regarding the use and/or trade of this species is not available.,"Stump, E.","Uiblein, F., Nielsen, J. & Knudsen, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,ALEPOCEPHALIDAE,Bathytroctes,michaelsarsi,,Bathytroctes michaelsarsi,"Koefoed, 1927",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) This species has only been found from a few localities in the Atlantic Ocean. It is a rare species. This species is not known to be commercially utilized or to face any major threats at this time. No known, species-specific conservation measures are in place for this species.  Though it may have access to many marine protected areas within its wide distribution, the effectiveness of MPAs in deeper waters is questionable.  Therefore, Bathytroctes michaelsarsi is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Bathytroctes michaelsarsi occurs throughout the Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it is found from the western coast of Ireland to Portugal (Markle and Sazanov 1990), including the offshore islands (Bordes et al. 2009, Carneiro et al. 2014). It is found at depths from 2,600 to 4,000 m (Markle and Quero 1984).",Bathytroctes michaelsarsi is a rare species with only a handful present in museum records (Accessed through the Fishnet 2 Portal 2012 June).  Only 5 specimens of Bathytroctes michaelsarsi were collected via bottom trawl from two different sub-areas on the MAR between Azores and Iceland as a part of the 2009 MAR-ECO expedition (Bergstad et al. 2008).,"Bathytroctes michaelsarsi ranges from 2,600 to 4,000 m in depth (Sazonov 1999).  Bathytroctes michaelsarsi has been found to have a maximum length of 37 cm standard length (SL). This species feed on a wide variety of food which includes: ctenophores, crustaceans, echinoderms, polychaetes, decapods, tunicates, and fishes (Hartel in press). The, reproduction, spawning, fecundity and early life history traits of this species are poorly understood. The family Alepocephalidae are comprised of deep sea fishes which occupy depths of 600 to 5,000 m; however, they are found most numerous below 1,000 m (Hartel in press).","Bathytroctes michaelsars is not commercially utilized at this time. There are no known, species-specific threats posed towards B. michaelsarsi.","There are not species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.  However, its wide distribution range overlaps with several marine protected areas (MPAs), but it is not known if the marine protected areas in place encompass the depth range of this species. Further research into the population size and trends, ecology and early life history, as well as potential threats to this species is needed.",Bathytroctes michaelsarsi is not known to be utilized at this time.,"Stump, E.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,ALEPOCEPHALIDAE,Bathytroctes,microlepis,,Bathytroctes microlepis,"Günther, 1878",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Bathytroctes microlepis is widespread in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. This species is fairly common in parts of its range but not abundant. There are no known, species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.  Though several marine protected areas overlap with its distribution, they may be ineffective at its depth range. It is of potential interest for commercialization in the future, but is not currently exploited and faces no other known threats. Therefore, Bathytroctes microlepis is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Bathytroctes microlepis occurs throughout the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans (Markle and Quéro 1984). In the northeastern Atlantic, B. microlepis is found from Bay of Biscay to the Azores, Madeira (Bogutskaya 2007) and Canary Islands (Bordes et al. 2009). It can be found at depths ranging from 1,100 m to 4,900 m (Markle and Quéro 1984).","Bathytroctes microlepis is well represented in museum collections in parts of its range (Accessed through the Fishnet 2 Portal 2012 June) and is relatively abundant. The abundance and biomass of Bathytroctes microlepis collected from trawl samples at the Porcupine Seabight was recorded as 22 fish km-2 (standard deviation = 37) and 3.24 kg km-2 (standard deviation = 5), respectively over a sweep area of 0.064 km2.  Cruises at the Porcupine Seabight occurred from early June 1979 to late August 2001 (Cousins et al. 2013). A total of 18 specimens of B. microlepis was collected from two sub-areas via bottom trawl on the MAR between the Azores and Iceland as part of the 2004 MAR-ECO expedition (Bergstad et al. 2008).","Bathytroctes microlepis is a marine, benthopelagic species, inhabiting waters at depths ranging from 1,100 m to 4,900 m (Hartel in press), but it is not usually found deeper than 1,800 m (Markle and Sazanov 1990, Bogutskaya 2007). The maximum length of this species is 32.3 cm standard length (SL) (Hartel in press). This species feeds on a wide variety of food items including ctenophores, crustaceans, echnioderms, polycheates, decapods, tunicates, and fishes (Hartel in press).  Bathytroctes microlepis deliver pelagic, buoyant eggs (Breder and Rosen 1966). The spawning, fecundity, ecology and early life history traits are poorly understood for this species. The family Alepocephalidae are known to be benthic to midwater fishes with depths ranging from 600 to 5000 m, however, they are most numerous below 1000 m.",There are no known threats to the species.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.  Its distribution may overlap with marine protected areas (MPAs) in parts of its range, although it is not known if the marine protected areas in place encompass the depth range of this species.  Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.","This species is not known to be utilized, however, there may be potential for commercialization of this species in the future (Carter and Hartel 2002).","Stump, E.","Uiblein, F., Knudsen, S. & Nielsen, J.","Hulley, P. & Rodrigues, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,IPNOPIDAE,Bathytyphlops,sewelli,,Bathytyphlops sewelli,"(Norman, 1939)",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Bathytyphlops sewelli is a widely-distributed species which within Europe is confined to the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"Bathytyphlops sewelli is widespread in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Within Europe, it is known only from the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014). It has a depth distribution of 3000-4200 m.",Bathytyphlops sewelli is relatively uncommon globally.,Bathytyphlops sewelli is found in bathydemersal waters (Merrett 1990).,There are no known major threats to Bathytyphlops sewelli.  Given its depth distribution it is less likely to be impacted by anthropogenic disturbances.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Bathytyphlops sewelli.,This species is not utilized.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,BYTHITIDAE,Bellottia,apoda,,Bellottia apoda,"Giglioli, 1883",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Bellottia apoda inhabits the waters of the Mediterranean Sea and subtropical eastern Atlantic at depths ranging from 30 to 1,000 m. It feeds on benthic crustaceans and planktonic copepods. It seems to be extending its range northwards and the population in the Mediterranean seems to be increasing. There are no known threats towards this species and it is not being targeted commercially. Therefore, Bellottia apoda is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Bellottia apoda is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is known from Portugal to Morocco. In the Mediterranean Sea, it has been reported from around Greece, the Adriatic Sea, and the Tyrrhenian Sea (Nielsen 1986, Gramitto and Coen 1997). One specimen has been reported from south of the Azores (Great Meteor Bank) and recently off south western Ireland (52°06′3″ N, 14°46′3″ W), at a depth of 467 m (Fernandez-Zapico et al. 2013). The present specimen represents the first record of B. apoda from Irish waters and is a significant northward extension (≈1,700 km) of its previously known distribution limit in the north eastern Atlantic (Fernandez-Zapico et al. 2013), which was previously southern Portugal (Nielsen et al. 2009). Bellottia apoda has also been recentlyr eported from waters just off Turkey, which is the furthest east this species has been observed (Kaya and Bilecenoglu 2000, Erguden et al. 2010). Outside of northeastern Atlantic waters, it is found in the Galápagos Archipelago and the Phillipines (Nielsen 1986). Depth range for this species seems to vary by geographical location. It is found from 30 to 500 m in most of the Mediterranean Sea and Northeast Atlantic (Nielsen 1990, Mytilineou et al. 2005), and from 460 to 569 m in the eastern Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005). However, it has been taken at depths below 1000 m (Nielsen et al. 1999).","Bellottia apoda is widely distributed and common in the western Mediterranean and central Adriatic Sea (Erguden et al. 2010, Nielsen et al. 2009).  In the north eastern Atlantic, only five specimens have been recorded until 2009, one from the Meteor Bank (29°50.2′ N—28°29.8′ W) and four from southern Portugal (37°41.5′ N—9°11.9′ W; 37°21.5′ N—9°12.5′ W) (Nielsen et al. 2009).  In the Mediterranean, this fish was once considered uncommon (Nielsen et al. 1999). However, it has more recently been described as common in the Mediterranean, as 128 specimens were caught in the Central Adriatic Sea between 1970 and 1994 (Cohen et al. 2009).  In order to  determine whether the specimens from the East Atlantic Ocean differ from the Mediterranean ones, comparisons were made between the two sets of morphological characters between these areas. Overlap was observed in all but one character, viz. number of pectoral fin rays: 21–23 in the Atlantic and 23–26 in the Mediterranean specimens, suggesting that there is no difference between the two populations (Nielsen et al. 2009).","Habitat and Ecology Bellottia apoda is a benthic species with a maximum length of 7 cm standard length (SL) that is usually caught in bottom trawls over soft bottoms. Nielsen and Cohen (1968) and Nielsen et al. (1999) describes B. apoda as a cryptic species that hides in crevices within rocky and coral reef, which may be the reason that this species is not often caught, but Gramitto and Coen (1997) specifically disagrees with a hypothesis that it buries itself in soft sediment, perhaps even burrowing.  Diet  A mysid shrimp was found in the stomach of a specimen sampled from the Mediterranean (Nielsen and Cohen 1968). Stomach contents for 24 specimens sampled via deep trawl from the Adriatic consisted mainly of planktonic copepods, but also pelagic and benthic crustaceans. These results also showed that this species feeds mostly at night (Nielsen et al. 2009, Gramitto and Coen 1997). Reproduction Bellottia apoda is a viviparous, with internal fertilization and sexual dimorphism (Nielsen and Cohen 1968). Male fishes are characterized by the presence of an external reproductive organ anterior to the anal fin, which it uses to facilitate internal fertilization of females (Nielsen et al. 1999). A 3.8 cm SL female preserved specimen used in a description of B. apoda contains eggs 1 mm in diameter (Nielsen et al. 2009). The females of B. apoda are capable of storing packets of spermatophores until needed. Oocytes within the ovaries can number between 30 to 180 and tend to be in various developmental stages. Though a complete study of this species' reproduction is not yet available, it was observed for samples from the Adriatic that late summer is probably the main spawning season with full term embryos at 0.5 cm TL (Gramitto and Coen 1997).","There are no known, species-specific threats towards B. apoda. It is sometimes taken as bycatch in trawling fisheries, but this seems to occur relatively uncommonly (Erguden et al. 2010, Sartor et al. 2003).","Other than no-trawl-zones, net restrictions and fishing seasons, there are no conservation measures in place for B. apoda in the northeastern Atlantic (including the Mediterranean and Black Seas). There are numerous marine protected areas across its range, but it is not known for sure if this species inhabits any of them. In the 2008 regional IUCN Red List assessment of Mediterranean species, B. apoda was listed as Least Concern (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011). Research into the population size and trends, ecology and early life history, as well as potential threats is needed.","Bellottia apoda is not targeted by commercial fishing vessels (Nielsen et al. 1999). It is sometimes taken as bycatch in lobster and shrimp trawling efforts off of Turkey in the Mediterranean, but it apparently occurs rarely, with less than 1kg/hr of trawling recorded (Erguden et al. 2010, Sartor et al. 2003).","Harwell, H.","Knudsen, S., Nielsen, J. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,BELONIFORMES,BELONIDAE,Belone,belone,,Belone belone,"(Linnaeus, 1761)","Three subspecies are recognized (Collette and Parin 1970, Collette 2003): Belone belone belone (Linnaeus, 1761) from northeastern Atlantic Ocean, Belone belone euxini Günther, 1866 from the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, and Belone belone acus Risso, 1826 from the Mediterranean Sea and adjacent parts of the Atlantic, Madeira, Canary Islands, Azores, and south to the Cape Verde Islands.",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) In Europe, this species is widespread and common in most parts of its range. It is a minor commercial species, although overexploited in artisanal fisheries in parts of its range in Turkish waters, and there are no known major threats to the species. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"The species is&#160;restricted to the northeastern Atlantic from Trondheim, Norway (occasional strays have been taken farther north: the White Sea, the Murman coast, and south Iceland), south through the North Sea and the Baltic Sea along the coasts of Britain, France, and Spain to the Azores, Madeira and Canary Islands, and throughout most of the Mediterranean and Black seas (Collette and Parin 1970, 1990,&#160;Collette 2003).","The species is common in most parts of its range, and is seasonally common in the Mediterranean Sea. It appears to be common in commercial catches from the Swedish coast (Dorman 1991). Population trends in the Black Sea require monitoring as there are reports of overfishing there (Samsun et al. 2006).","This epipelagic species is found in surface waters. During the summer the shoals move northwards and are sometimes even found in the Barents Sea (Muus and Nielsen 1999). It feeds on small fishes, particularly in the families Clupeidae and Engraulidae. In the Aegean Sea (Sever et al. 2009), crustaceans (36.7% IRI, index of relative importance) were the most important prey, especially brachyurans (13.0%) and copepods (10.1%), followed by teleosts (26.1%) and other food categories, much of which was of terrestrial origin, including insects. Prey items include crustaceans, especially crab larvae, and juvenile fish, mostly clupeids in Ireland (Dorman 1988, 1991). Males and females reached sexual maturity at 28.0 and 31.5 cm TL in the Adriatic Sea (Zorica et al. 2011). Spawning began in January and peaked March to May. Batch fecundity in the Adriatic Sea was 1,242.46 ± 843.64 mature eggs per ovary. Mature oocytes ranged from 1.223-4.283 mm in diameter, mean 2.269 mm. Total fecundity was 10,196-48,903 eggs per female in the Black Sea. Maximum age in the Aegean Sea was five for females, four for males. The eggs may be found attached to objects in the water by tendrils. The von Bertalanffy growth equations for length and weight were: Lt = 62.71 (1-e-0.2379t+1.566) for both sexes. Embryonic and larval development were described by Munk and Nielsen (2005) and Dulčić et al. (2009). In the Black Sea, Belone belone euxini females reached sexual maturity at age two and at 38.8 cm (Samsun et al. 2006). The spawning period begins in May, peaks in July, then declines until it is over in September. The mean number of eggs produced by females during the spawning season was 24 088 ± 184 and ranged from 8460 to 51 694 eggs per female. The length–weight relationship and von Bertalanffy growth parameters were estimated as W = 0.00076 L3.137, L∞ =  74.64 cm, K = 0.13 year -1, t0 = -3.67, respectively. Artisanal fishery harvest mostly on females and juveniles males. Embryonic and larval development were described by Munk and Nielsen (2005) and Dulčić et al. (2009).","There are no major known major threats impacting populations in Europe, although surface pollution and local overexploitation (in the Black Sea) in Turkey may affect the distribution of the species in some parts of its European range. It is a mobile surface species so any major pollution event is likely to affect it. It is a minor commercial species and is caught mainly by beach and boat seines, pelagic trawls, purse seines, set nets, small driftnets, fish traps, handlines and trawl lines. It is sometimes a target species in sport and recreational fisheries.","In Bulgaria, the minimum legal landing size is set at 35 cm. No other national minimum landing sizes are in place. The species is mobile and occurs in many marine protected areas in the region. Fishing gear controls are in place for the fish in in Croatia (AdriaMed 2015).","It is a commercial species (fresh and frozen). This species is exported internationally for food. It is also captured in recreational fisheries (Dorman 1988). It is sometimes a target species in sport and recreational fisheries. There is a good market for the species in the Mediterranean Sea. Approximately 550 tonnes of garfish were caught nationally in Turkey in 2005, with most consumed fresh (Koral et al. 2009); this figure probably reflects the capture of both species of Belone in one category “garfish”, as both species occur on the Turkish coast and they are not easily distinguished. However, B. belone euxine overfishing was noticed in the Sinop artisanal fishery along the coast of the Black Sea, and has led to a declining catch with increasing catch effort and a reduction in age at first maturity from 5-6 years to two years (Samsun et al. 2006).","de Sant'Anna, V.B., Allen, D.J. & Polidoro, B.","Collette, B.","de Sant'Anna, V.B.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,BELONIFORMES,BELONIDAE,Belone,svetovidovi,,Belone svetovidovi,"Collette & Parin, 1970","Before its description by Collette and Parin (1970), the species was confused with Belone belone.",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) In Europe, this species is widespread and common in most parts of its range. It is a minor commercial species. There are no known major threats to the species and it is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"The species occurs in the eastern Atlantic, with a range including southern Ireland, southern United Kingdom (occasional), Spain and Portugal, and is also&#160;widespread throughout the Mediterranean Sea (Dorman 1984).","The population trend for this species in the Mediterranean Sea is not known. It is rarer than Belone belone, but fisheries statistics include this in landings figures for other species.","An epipelagic species is found in surface waters.&#160;The species is a southern European species that is a regular visitor to the south coast of Ireland (Dorman 1987). Maximum age is seven years (Dorman 1987).&#160;Prey items also include crab larvae, and juvenile clupeids (Dorman 1987).","There are no major known major threats impacting populations. In the Mediterranean Sea, surface pollution may affect the distribution of the garpike. It is a very mobile fish and as a surface species, any major pollution event is likely to affect it first. There do not appear to be any marked trends for this species in Mediterranean Sea fisheries. It is a minor commercial species and is caught mainly by beach and boat seines, pelagic trawls, purse seines, set nets, small driftnets, fish traps, handlines and trawl lines. It is sometimes a target species in sport and recreational fisheries. There is a good market for the species in the Mediterranean Sea. It does not appear to be under serious threat at present.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with marine protected areas in parts of its range. ,It is a minor commercial species and is frequently not distinguished from Belone belone. In Ireland (Dorman 1987) and elsewhere the fish is a minor component of recreational fisheries.,"de Sant'Anna, V.B., Allen, D.J. & Polidoro, B.","Collette, B.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,SCOPELARCHIDAE,Benthalbella,infans,,Benthalbella infans,"Zugmayer, 1911",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Benthalbella infans is a very widely distributed species, which within Europe is only known from the waters of mainland Portugal, the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"This species is found circumglobally in warmer temperate to tropical waters world-wide, although it is absent from the Mediterranean. In Europe, it is known from the waters of mainland Portugal, the Azores and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014, Santos et al. 1997) as well as the Canary Islands (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009). The depth distribution of this species is poorly documented, however records appear to be common in the range of 500-1,000 m.",There is a lack of&#160;information&#160;on this species' population in Europe.,"This is a deep-water pelagic species found at depths of 200-5,000 m. It is piscivorous.","There are no major threats known to affect this species, however it may be removed as bycatch in deep-water trawl fisheries.",There are no conservation measures in place for the protection of this species.,This species is not utilized.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,OPHIDIIDAE,Benthocometes,robustus,,Benthocometes robustus,"(Goode & Bean, 1886)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: : Least Concern (LC) Benthocometes robustus is found, regionally, around the Azores and Canary Islands, as well as off southern Portugal and in the Mediterranean Sea. It is thought to be a fairly common species (especially in the Mediterranean) and is not targeted nor utilized by the commercial fishing industry. There are no known threats towards this species, and due to its deep depth distribution, it is unlikely that human nor climate induced pressures will adversely effect this species. It is, therefore, listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Benthocometes robustus is restricted to the Atlantic Ocean, where it is widely distributed. In the western Atlantic, it has been found  from George's Bank south to Brazil (Nielsen 1986, Haimovici et al. 1994). In the eastern Atlantic, it is known from the Azores and Portugal (Porteiro et al. 2010, Carneiro et al. 2014) south to the Canary Islands (Brito et al. 2005), including the Mediterranean Sea. In the Mediterranean Sea, it is known from the Balearic Sea, southern Sardinia, the Adriatic and eastern Ionian seas, and off Cyprus (Nielsen 1979, Nielsen 1990). It is most often associated with depths of between 500 and 1,000 m (Nielsen et al. 1999), but has been recorded from 385 to 1,200 m (Nielsen 1999).","Benthocometes robustus is a fairly common species (Nielsen et al. 1999, Bilecenoglu et al. 2006, Tecchio et al. 2011).  The average biomass (in kg/h) of B. robustus in the central and eastern Mediterranean sea is 0.002 and the average density is 0.095 individuals per hour of trawling (D'Onghia et al. 2003). In the western Mediterranean, it has an average biomass of 11.6 individuals/km2 in the western Balearic Sea and is absent in the Ionian Sea (Tecchio et al. 2011).","Benthocometes robustus is a benthopelagic species mainly found between depths of 500 and 1,000 m. However, it can be found at a wider ranging depth profile of 385 to 1,200 m. Benthocometes robustus has a maximum length of 15 cm total length (TL) (Nielsen 1990). This is an oviparous species, with oval pelagic eggs floating in a gelatinous mass (Breder and Rosen 1966). The larvae are epipelagic (Nielsen et al. 1999).  There is little information on the diet, fecundity, reproductive processes or other ecological characteristics of B. robustus.","It is unlikely that any major threats are impacting Benthocometes robustus, due to the deep-water nature of this species.","There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for Benthocometes robustus. There are numerous marine protected areas across the range of B. robustus, but the depth preference of this species may exclude it from protection from threats (Bailey et al. 2009). Research into the population size and trends, ecology and early life history, as well as potential threats are needed for this species. Benthocometes robustus was regionally assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).",Benthocometes robustus is of no interest to commercial fishing companies.,"Strongin, K.","Uiblein, F., Knudsen, S. & Nielsen, J.","Nielsen, J.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,TRICHIURIDAE,Benthodesmus,simonyi,,Benthodesmus simonyi,"(Steindachner, 1891)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"Europe Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Benthodesmus simonyi is widely distributed along both coasts of the North Atlantic. In the northeastern Atlantic, B. simonyi is known from Iceland and Norway south to Portugal, Madeira, and Canary Islands. It is found at depths of up to 950 m. There is little species-specific population information available for B. simonyi. It does not appear to be commercially utilized, although it may be taken as bycatch. There are no known widespread threats. Therefore, B. simonyi is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Benthodesmus simonyi is found in the North Atlantic, from off Newfoundland (Canada), Bermuda, and New England (USA) southward to the Gulf of Mexico. To the east, it is found along the Mid Atlantic Ridge, Iceland, Norway, Portugal, Madeira, and Canary Islands (Nakamura and Parin 1993) as well as Cape Verde. It is found to depths of 950 metres.","There is no species-specific population information available for B. simonyi. International Bottom Trawl Survey data from Gulf of Cadiz, Spain, shows no trend in abundance (g/haul and n/haul) in the spring and autumn bottom trawl survey (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2014).","Benthodesmus simonyi is found on the continental slope and underwater rises. It is found over seamounts. The juveniles are meso-pelagic (Nakamura and Parin 1993). Benthodesmus simonyi ranged in size from 95 to 123 cm off the Madeira archipelago (Ferreira et al. 2008). It ranges is size from 72 to 103 cm at Sedo Seamount, Azores (Menezes et al. 2012). It reaches depths down to 950 metres (Gordo et al. 2009).","There are no confirmed species-specific threats to B. simonyi, however it is likely taken as bycatch in long-line fisheries.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for B. simonyi. Its distribution most likely overlaps with marine protected areas.,There is no use and trade information available for this species. It does not appear to be commercially utilized.,"Ralph, G.","Collette, B., Fernandes, P., Heessen, H., Herrera, J. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Benthosema,glaciale,,Benthosema glaciale,"(Reinhardt, 1837)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Benthosema glaciale is a very common, abundant and widespread species which is distributed within the region from Norway, southward to Morocco and from Mauritania to Guinea, especially abundant in the Mauritanian Upwelling Region. This species is not utilized commercially at this time; although it may sometimes be taken as bycatch in pelagic trawl fisheries. There are no specific conservation measures in place for B. glaciale, but there are numerous marine protected areas throughout its range. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern.    .",Stable,"Benthosema glaciale has an arcto-boreal distribution and ranges from 11° to 80°N (Becker 1983). In the western Atlantic, it is found from Baffin Bay and Greenland to the northern edge of Gulf Stream. In the eastern Atlantic, Benthosema glaciale  is found from Norway south to Morocco, and from Mauritania to Guinea (Mauritanian Upwelling Region). It is also seasonally present from Morocco to Mauritania along the edge of the continental shelf. (Hulley and Paxton in press). In the Mediterranean Sea, it has been recorded from Murcia (Vidal-Penas et al. 2001), Alboran Sea (Sabates et al. 2003, Vargas-Yanez and Sabates 2007), Greek seas (Papakonstantinou 1988, Mytilineou et al. 2005), north-west Africa (Badcock 1981), east Mediterranean Sea (Golani et al. 2006) and Marmara Sea (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002). It has also been reported as far north as Svalbard and Jan Mayen (Wienerroither et al. 2011). Benthosema glaciale is associated with depths of between 100 and 1,400 m (Coad and Reist 2004), often inhabiting 500 to 700 m during the day and 0 to 200 m at night (Goodyear et al. 1972). In the east Ionian Sea, this species occurs between 550 and 1,100 m depth (Mytilineou et al. 2005).","Benthosema glaciale is the most common and abundant North Atlantic mesopelagic species (Becker 1983).  Benthosema glaciale is the most abundant myctophid in the Atlantic North of 35o N latitude (Garcia-Seoane et al. 2013). This species is reported to be very abundant near the shelf break off northern Mauritania (Badcock 1981). In the Mediterranean, this is a common species. In Alboran sea, the abundance of fish larvae for this species is 3,000 to 180,000/m3 (Vargas-Yanez and Sabates 2007). Its frequency of occurrence in east Ionian Sea is 2.6 to 9.6 (abundance = 0.1-0.4/h) in 145 trawl hauls of 1 hour each one (Mytilineou et al. 2005).  Larvae are very common and very abundant in Greek Seas (C. Papaconstantinou pers. comm. 2013). MEDITS: There are 10 records of medium size 4.2 to 8 cm (TL) over 20 years survey period (L. Gil de Sola pers. comm. 2013) ARSA: 1 record (6 specimens) ranging from 2.0 to 4.0 cm (TL) (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2013) Separated populations of this species in the North Atlantic are absent. The Mediterranean Sea may be inhabited by the local form Benthosema glacial var. thori (Tanning 1918) (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013).","Benthosema glaciale is the most common and abundant North Atlantic mesopelagic species present in the sound scattering layers (Becker 1983). Benthosema glaciale is a mesopelagic, oceanadromous species that exibits diel migrations from deeper (275 to 850 m) to shallower (225 m to surface) water at night for feeding purposes in the North Atlantic (Hulley and Paxton in press). In the Mediterranean Sea, this species occurs between 550 and 1,100 m depth in the east Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005). The mean depth of the fish larvae is 44-97 m (Vargas-Yanez and Sabates 2007).Occasionally B. glaciale will form dense schools (9-10sp/m3) (Becker 1983). The maximum length for this species exceeds 10 cm and is more commonly found between 5 cm and 6 cm. According to Stas (pers. comm.) the maximum age for B. glaciale is between six and eight years. Hulley and Paxton ( in press) say that the average recorded life span for this species is 8 years.  Males tend to be more numerous than females (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013).  This species primarily feeds on calanoid, copepods, copepodites, and euphausiids (Stas pers. comm. via e-mail). Copepods constitute the most important part of the identifiable stomach contents. Euphausiids were found during all seasons except summer, and more commonly in big than in small fish. The fish feed all the year, but most intensively during spring and summer. They seem to feed more in the evening than during the light hours of the day. The seasonal and diurnal variation in feeding may be related to the availability of food (Gjosaeter 1973). The preflexion larvae mainly feed on copepod eggs and nauplii, while postflexion larvae consume calanoid copepodites (Sabates et al. 2003). Spawning in the North Atlantic is from November to February and late spring in the Mediterranean. Fecundity is around 2,000 eggs (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013). The size at maturity is ~3 cm, or 2-3 years (Gjosaeter and Kawaguchi 1980).","This species is not commercially exploited. There are no known major threats, although it sometimes is taken as bycatch in trawl fisheries (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013).","No specific conservation measures are in place for this species. However, this species may be found in marine protected areas within its distribution range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Legislative regulation of the pelagic fishery may be implemented (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013). This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","This species is not commercially exploited, although it is of potential interest for the fishing industry. It is also sometimes caught as bycatch by pelagic trawl (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013).","Strongin, K.","Munroe, T., Papakonstantinou, C., Costa, M. & Kobyliansky, S.","Hulley, P., Herrera, J. & de Sola, L.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Benthosema,suborbitale,,Benthosema suborbitale,"(Gilbert, 1913)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Benthosema suborbitale is a widespread species, which within Europe is confined to the waters of mainland Portugal, Madeira, the Azores, and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Stable,"This mesopelagic species has a circumglobal distribution, being found between 37°N and the southern Subtropical Convergence in the Atlantic, as well as between 36oN and 36oS in the Indian Ocean and 33oN to 34oS the Pacific Ocean with northern and southern extensions in western boundary currents. Within Europe, it is known primarily from Madeira and the Canaries, with isolates from Madeira and the waters of mainland Portugal (Carneiro et al. 2014, Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).","This species has a widespread distribution and is common throughout its range, as indicated by mesopelagic trawl surveys (Kobyliansky et al. 2010). It is also common in museum collections.","B. suborbitale is a mesopelagic, oceanadromous species that exibits diel migrations from deeper (375-750 m) to shallower (150 m) water at night for feeding purposes. The maximum recorded life span for this species is one year, and breeding is assumed to occur once (Hulley and Paxton in press, Gartner 1991).",There are no recorded threats to this species.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range.,This species is not currently utilized.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Hulley, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,BERYCIFORMES,BERYCIDAE,Beryx,decadactylus,,Beryx decadactylus,"Cuvier, 1829",,No,NT,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Near Threatened (NT) Beryx decadactylus is a globally-distributed species which forms dense aggregations over hard bottoms and seamounts. It is a long lived (at least 69 years), slow growing species. These intrinsic characteristics, combined with its aggregating behavior, make this species particularly vulnerable to sequential depletion of stocks by deep-water fishing, as has been documented in parts of this species’ global range. This species has exhibited some signs of over-exploitation in the northeastern Atlantic, including a truncated life history. The maximum age of B. decadactylus observed in fisheries ranged from 11 to 15 years, which is in contrast to the oldest currently known age of this species, 69 years. The age at which this species begins to mature is 3–4 years, but the age at which most specimens become sexual maturity is unknown. Additionally, declines in the relative proportion of B. decadactylus in the Beryx fisheries of the Azores suggest that declines in landings of this species may reflect declines in the population in this area. Within the assessment region, this species is subject to Total Allowable Catch (TAC) regulations, and fishing effort is generally regulated. However, landings have consistently overshot the TAC limits. The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) has advised that fisheries not be allowed to expand until they can be proven to be sustainable, and that catches should be reduced. Beryx decadactylus is assessed as Near Threatened under the Conservation Dependent clause based on the truncated life-history of this species within the assessment region which has been attributed to fishing, the decline in the relative proportion of B. decadactylus in the catch, and the dependence of this species on fisheries management to control deep-water trawling and to protect critical habitat.",Decreasing,"Beryx decadactylus is distributed circumglobally from 70°N to 45°S in tropical and temperate zones of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans, including the Gulf of Mexico and Mediterranean Sea. In the eastern Atlantic, B. decadactylus is known from Iceland and Norway to South Africa, including the Azores, Great Meteor Seamount, Madeira, Canary Islands (Moore in press, Mundy 2005), from between the Canary Islands (27°34'N) and Cape Garnet (25°07'N) (Maurin and Quéro 1982), and Cape Verde (Vakily et al. 2002). It is also known from the western Mediterranean Sea (Psomadakis et al. 2012). It is found at depths ranging from 7 to 1000 m, usually deeper than 200 m (Muus and Nielson 1999, Mundy 2005).","Beryx decadactylus is widespread throughout its range, but is generally uncommon. It can occur in localized aggregations (Moore in press). In a trawl survey conducted off the northwestern African coast between the years 1962 to 1973, a total of 72 specimens were captured between the Canary Islands and Cape Garnet with the largest catch occurring off of Western Sahara. This small catch size is indicative of the rare occurrence of this species in the region. It is speculated that high catch rates in 1962 (n=72) caused a serious decline in the local population as evidenced by comparatively low catch rates in subsequent survey years (n=3 in 1968, n=0 in 1971, n=6 in 1973) where the number of stations sampled was doubled (Maurin and Quéro 1982). This species is experiencing a probable population decline in the southwestern Indian Ocean off of La Reunion Island due to commercial fishery exploitation and bycatch (Fricke et al. 2009). A genetics study that compared samples from the Azores Archipelago and the Charleston Bump off the southeastern United States found evidence for transatlantic gene flow between the two locations (Friess and Sedberry 2011a). Due to the lack of genetic differentiation between eastern and western Atlantic, it has been hypothesized that recruits are supplied to the Azores from the Charleston Bump. The Azorean population may be a population sink (Friess 2008).  International Bottom Trawl Survey (IBTS) from the Gulf of Cadiz from 1997 to 2001 show declining trends in biomass (g/haul), but relatively stable trends in n/haul, indicative of a reduction in size of sampled individuals. The IBITS operates at maximum depth of 600 m (ICES WGDEEP 2012). This species is assessed as ""Beryx spp."" by the ICES WGDEEP working group. Most (50%) of the landings are taken by handline and longline in the EEZ of the Azores. Landings are roughly 25% of the landings of B. splendens in the Azores in the last 10 years. This species is also taken by deep-water trawl outside the EEZ. Although B. decadactylus and B. splendens are taken in the same long-line and hand-line fisheries in the Azores, the total landings of B. decadactylus have declined more than total landings of B. splendens. In addition, the relative proportion of B. decadactylus in the catches has declined: in 1988 B. decadactylus represented ~50% of the catch, while in 2012 it only represented ~17% of catch. Based on these declines, it is inferred that the population is declining.","Beryx decadactylus is benthopelagic species with a maximum size of 43 cm standard length, but commonly caught to 35 cm. This species forms aggregations over the continental shelf and slope, and commonly near seamounts where it vertically migrates to shallower water at night. It feeds on fish, crustaceans, and squid (Moore in press). It prefers sand and mud bottoms (Fricke et al. 2009). A greater amount of research has been carried out on the congener B. splendens, which is often applied to this species (Aboim 2005). In a diet study conducted in the Canary Islands, both species mainly fed on small fishes, crustaceans, and cephalopods (Dürr and González 2002). Similar results were found in a diet study conducted off the southeastern United States on the Charleston Bump (Goldman and Sedberry 2011). In a deep-sea submersible survey conducted on the Cape Fear coral mound off North Carolina, this species was strongly associated with high-profile hard coral habitat on the reef crest with moderate to high percentages of live coral cover (Quattrini et al. 2012).  Near the Azores archipelago, the maximum recorded size was 55 cm fork length (FL) (Rosa et al. 2006), with an age at first maturity of about 4 years and size at first maturity of 32.5 cm FL for females and 30.3 cm FL for males (Estácio et al. 2001). In a study conducted on larval samples of the two species from the Southeast Hancock Seamount in the central North Pacific Ocean, size at flexion was 3.7 to 6 mm standard length (SL) and juveniles were greater than 15 mm SL, spawning season was in the summer, and samples were collected from 0 to 50 m depth, but with the greatest amount less than 25 m deep (Mundy 1990). Off the southeastern coast of the United States, mature specimens of this species ranged from 41 to 63 cm fork length, females were ripe between June through September and males were reproductively active year-round (Friess and Sedberry 2011b). Ages, validated with radiometric dating, ranged from 8 to 69 years; the minimum lifespan was estimated at 49 years and natural mortality was estimated at 0.06 per year (Friess and Sedberry 2011b). Results from an age-and-growth study conducted on this species off the Azores, Madeira and Canary Islands showed that this species is slow-growing and capable of reaching an age of at least 11 years old (Krug et al. 2011). Additional maximum ages from the Azores are recorded as 15 years, with 3 to 4 years at age of first maturity (Isidro 1996).","Vulnerability to fishing and signs of over-exploitation Beryx spp. may experience increased threats from over-exploitation due to their aggregating behavior. Further study is needed on the connectivity of populations between seamounts in order to determine the rate of recolonization of a seamount following fishing activity (Norse et al. 2012). Deepsea corals are often damaged by trawling operations, which may result in habitat loss for Beryx spp. in part of their range (Reed and Ross 2005). As a result to their life history and distribution on seamounts and their aggregation behavior, these species are considered to be easily over-exploited and could only sustain low rates of exploitation. It is considered a Data Poor Stock by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). Beryx decadactylus is a highly regarded foodfish targeted by deep-water trawl and longline fisheries that are widespread throughout the eastern Atlantic and elsewhere (Moore in press). In a trawl survey conducted off the northwest African coast between 1962 and 1973, 72 specimens were captured. It is speculated that high catch rates in 1962 (n=72) caused a serious decline in the local population as evidenced by comparatively low catch rates in subsequent survey years (n=3 in 1968, n=0 in 1971, n=6 in 1973 where the number of stations sampled was doubled). This study serves as an example of the extreme consequences that even a small amount of fishing can have for this species. Despite a doubling of the number of sampling stations, the species did not experience a population recovery during the eleven years that elapsed between 1962 and 1973 (Maurin and Quéro 1982). This species is considered sensitive to human activities and is experiencing a probable population decline in the southwestern Indian Ocean off of La Reunion Island due to commercial fishery exploitation and bycatch (Fricke et al. 2009). Recent data collected from a study off the southeastern coast of the United States shows that this species is long-lived and vulnerable to overfishing (Friess and Sedberry 2011b). The North Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO) recognizes that demersal fisheries on the Corner Rising, Orphan Knoll, Newfoundland, and New England Seamounts, which target Beryx splendens but also include B. decadactylus as bycatch, have been experiencing significant declines in catch levels since the 1970s, likely due to the fishery being unsustainable (Kulka et al. 2007).","Beryx decadactylus is subject to Total Allowable Catch (TAC) regulations in the Northeast Atlantic Fishing Zone, set at roughly 0.33 kt. However, most years since 2003 to 2011 declared landings have overshot this target (ICES Advice 2013). This is considered a Data-Limited Stock in the Northeast Atlantic. ICES recommends a 20% reduction in catches from the last three year's average (ICES WGDEEP 2013). This species is likely found in protected areas throughout its range. This species was assessed as Data Deficient in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","This is a highly regarded foodfish targeted by deep-water trawl and longline fisheries that are widespread throughout the eastern Atlantic and elsewhere (Bertrand et al. 2012, Moore in press). It is often targeted by seamount fisheries (Morato et al. 2006). This species is described as commercially valuable in many areas throughout the world, including Madeira and the Indian Ocean where it is caught in longline and trawl fisheries (Paxton 2002). Both this species and its congener B. splendens were targeted by a deep-water longline fishery off of northwest Spain in the 1990s (Pinheiro et al. 1998). Both species occur as bycatch in the Spanish bottom-longline fleet that has been targeting hakes (Merluccius senegalensis and M. polli) since the 1990s off of Mauritania (Ramos et al. 2001). As reported in 1959, this species is/was targeted from the fall to spring seasons by hook and line in Sagami Bay, Japan (Abe 1959). Off the Canary Islands, both species are captured via handlines and bottom drop lines in a commercial artisanal fishery (Dürr and González 2002). Off the Atlantic coast of the southeastern United States this species occurs in small numbers as bycatch in the wreckfish (Polyprion americanus) fishery (Friess and Sedberry 2011a). This species is normally captured as bycatch in the demersal fishery for B. splendens in the Azores Archipelago, however, fisheries statistics lump these two species together. There is some concern that this species may be more susceptible to overfishing due to smaller populations and more conservative life history than B. splendens (Aboim 2005). The Azorean landings of Beryx spp. were relatively higher in 1993–2003 than in 2004–2009 (Menezes et al. 2013). Beryx spp. are described as being heavily exploited on seamounts in the Azorean Archipelago between 1992–2002 (ICES Report 2002). There is concern about sequential depletion and underreporting in commercial fisheries from international waters and data was considered insufficient to complete an assessment in 2003 (ICES Report 2004).","Ralph, G.","Fernandes, P., Collette, B., Heessen, H., Smith-Vaniz, W.F. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,BERYCIFORMES,BERYCIDAE,Beryx,splendens,,Beryx splendens,"Lowe, 1834",,No,NT,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Near Threatened (NT) Beryx splendens is a globally-distributed species which forms dense aggregations over hard bottoms and seamounts. It is a moderately fecund species which is long-lived and slow growing. These intrinsic characteristics, combined with its aggregating behavior make this species particularly vulnerable to sequential depletion of stocks by deep-water fishing, as has been documented throughout this species' global range. In the northeast Atlantic, this species has exhibited some signs of over-exploitation including a truncated life history. The maximum age of B. splendens observed in fisheries ranged from 9 to 12 years, which is in contrast to the oldest currently known age of this species, 23 years. The age at which this species begins to mature is 2 years, and the age at which most specimens have achieved sexual maturity is 5 to 6 years. Additionally, available genetic studies suggest that population connectivity within this species may be low. CPUE information from the Azores is available only from the early 1990s onwards. The available data show sharp decreasing trends in CPUE early in the time series, followed by stabilization and a period of increase towards the end of the series. Within the assessment region this species is subject to Total Allowable Catch (TAC) regulations, and fishing effort is generally regulated. The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) has consistently advised that fisheries not be allowed to expand until they can be proven to be sustainable, and that catches should be reduced. Beryx splendens is assessed as Near Threatened under the Conservation Dependent clause based on the truncated life-history of this species within the assessment region which has been attributed to fishing, observed declines in CPUE in the only available survey from the Azores, and the dependence of this species on fisheries management to control deep-water trawling and to protect critical habitat.",Unknown,"Beryx splendens is distributed circumglobally in tropical to cold-temperate waters, excluding the northeast Pacific (Paxton 1999). There are records from the western Mediterranean Sea exist (e.g., Orsi Relini et al. 1995, Psomadakis et al. 2006, Ligas et al. 2010), though there is some question about the validity of these records. In the northeastern Atlantic, B. splendens can be found from Iceland and the Atlantic slope of Ireland (Blacker 1962) to the Canary Islands and Madeira (Maul 1986), including over the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Hareide and Garnes 2001). Its depth range is between 25 to 1300 m (Paxton 1999), but is most commonly found between 400 to 600 m (Bianchi et al. 1999).","Based on the limited gene flow between the Canary Islands and Madeira, two distinct populations may be present (Schönhuth et al. 2005). Regional population information: Beryx splendens is a common fish within its natural habitat and it often forms dense aggregations (Moore in press). In exploratory surveys conducted on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, this species was one of the top two dominant and most abundant fish along the ridge south of 48°N (Hareide and Garnes 2001). In a study conducted on the Seine and Sedlo Seamounts, this species dominated the upper-slope assemblages at depths of less than 800 m and a large reproductive aggregation was recorded at the edge of the Sedlo Plateau (Menezes et al. 2009). The only available survey abundance index for B. splendens is from the Azores; there was a significant decline between 1995 and 1997, and the index has since remained at very low levels until 2007. An increasing trend on the abundance has been observed during the last three years (ICES WGDEEP 2013). Global population information: In an experimental fishing survey conducted in 2001 on the Sierra Leone Rise in the Gulf of Guinea, this species accounted for more than 90% of the total catch between 200 and 800 m depth (Ramos et al. 2001). In a trawl survey conducted off the northwestern African coast between the years 1962 and 1973, a total of 79 specimens were captured between 26°49'N and 17°09'N with the largest catch occurring off of Western Sahara. This small catch size is indicative of the rare occurrence of this species in the region (n=27 in 1962, n=23 in 1968, n=19 in 1971, n=10 in 1973, when the number of stations sampled was doubled) (Maurin and Quéro 1982). This species was described as frequently occurring in a trawl survey conducted off the coast of Namibia between the years 1992—1996 (Hamukuaya et al. 2001).  This species frequently occurred in a trawl survey off the Cape Verde Islands (Menezes et al. 2004).","Habitat and Ecology This is a benthopelagic fish that prefers hard ground and rocky reef areas of the outer continental shelf and slope, often over sea mounts, as well as underwater ridges (Paxton 1999). It forms dense schools (Pakhorukov and Parin 2012) and feeds mainly on fishes, crustaceans, and cephalopods (Galaktionov 1984, Dubochkin and Kotlyn 1989, Heemstra and Heemstra 2004, Moore in press). Individuals appear to be moderately selective feeders that forage primarily in the mesopelagic layers (Horn et al. 2010). It exhibits a vertical migration for feeding purposes proportional to the diurnal migration of its prey (Vinnichenko 199a7). Feeding periods for this species usually occurs during morning and evening twilight hours and increase with the intensity of the tidal flow as the availability of food decreases (Lehodey and Grandperrin 1996). Reproduction and Life History This species usually experiences its peak spawning period during the summer, in December and January in the southern hemisphere (Lehodey et al. 1997) and July through September in the northern hemisphere (Gonzalez et al. 2003). The length at which half of the population reaches sexual maturity is 33.2 cm for females and 34.5 cm for males. Females outnumber males by a ratio of about 1:1.35 (Gonzalez et al. 2003). The estimated fecundity of females between the lengths of 32–51 cm fork length is 270,000 to 2,500,000 eggs (Lehodey et al. 1997). The eggs are oviparous and are spawned in about 10–12 batches over a period of four days (Lehodey et al. 1997). The eggs and the larvae are both pelagic initially in vegetative zones but are brought to the breeding grounds as they reach maturity by ocean currents and eddies (Lehodey et al. 1997). A deep-sea fishery targeting this species has been operated by the Soviet fleet since 1976 on the Corner Rising seamounts (34–37°N, 47–53°W) in NAFO Subarea 6, and have since landed 19,000 tonnes (Moore 2002). Studies on these catches revealed size ranging from 20–59 cm FL (mainly 34–43 cm), weights from 1.2–1.7 kg, ages from 2 to 11 years, a relatively high growth rate in the first year (mean length at age 1 was 8 cm, age 2 was 15 cm, and age 3 was 22 cm), age at first maturity of 2 at a mean length of 18 cm, all specimens having reached sexual maturity by age 5 to 6 years at 25–30 cm, spawning occurring between July-August in bottom waters of 7–12 degrees Celsius and was intermittent with individual estimated spawning periods of two months in duration, and young (25–98 mm) captured between 0–600 m depth in autumn (Vinnichenko 1997a). This species can reach 23 years of age (Adachi et al. 2000) and most commonly reaches a length of 40 cm, but it has been measured up to 70 cm (Sommer et al. 1996). Females have a higher growth rate than males. Males reach maturity at the age of 7 to 8 years and females at 6 years. In the Atlantic ocean, individuals begin to mature in their second year of life, at 19 to 20 cm standard length, and most are mature by the fifth or sixth year (Kotlyar 1987). It has asynchronous gonadal development (Flores et al. 2012). During the early stages of life, growth is probably rapid. After hatching, larvae and juveniles are pelagic for a few months before the juveniles settle on the bottom of shallow seamounts. As individuals mature, they move to deeper water and enter the domain of the commercial fishery. Recent research shows that mature individuals may be capable of migrating to reproductive areas via currents and meso-scale eddies (Flores et al. 2012). This species may follow oceanic currents suggesting long distance dispersal (Levy-Hartmann et al. 2011). The growth rate of this species also depends upon temperature fluctuations and particularly on the El Nina/Nino Southern Oscillations (ENSO) (Lehodey and Grandperrin 1996). Variations in life history in the North Atlantic In a longline groundfish survey conducted off the Azores archipelago, this species ranged in size from 16 to 38 cm FL (Rosa et al. 2006). In a study conducted in the Azores Archipelago, individuals had a size at first maturity of 23 cm FL and age at first maturity of 2 years (Estácio et al. 2001). In another study on specimens caught off the Azores, specimens ranged in size from 15 to 43.5 cm FL. Females were aged from 1 to 12 years and males were from 1 to 9 years old (Anibal et al. 1998). In a study comparing specimens across the Macaronesian Archipelago, spawning seasons varied: September–March in the Azores, March–June in Madeira, and July–September in the Canary Islands. Size at maturity for Madeira was 32 cm FL, the Canary Islands 30 cm, and the Azores 23 cm. It was speculated that the differences in size at maturity between Madeira and the Canaries vs. the Azores may be explained by higher exploitation rates in the Azores (Gonzalez et al. 2003). In another study, fish from the Canary Islands were aged 1 to 9 years (18.2–38.9 cm FL), in Madeira 0 to 12 years (15.2–41.0 cm FL), and in the Azores 0 to 11 years (15.3–43.0 cm FL) where the growth rate was fast in the first year and slowed significantly after that (Rico et al. 2001). Studies on fisheries catches for the species on the Corner Rising Seamounts revealed sizes ranging from 20 to 59 cm FL (mainly 34 to 43 cm), weights from 1.2 to 1.7 kg, ages from 2 to 11 years, a relatively high growth rate in the first year (mean length at age 1 was 8 cm, age 2 was 15 cm, and age 3 was 22 cm), age at first maturity was 2 at a mean length of 18 cm, all specimens had reached sexual maturity by age 5 to 6 years at 25 to 30 cm, spawning occurred between July to August in bottom waters of 7 to 12°C and was intermittent with individual estimated spawning periods of two months in duration, and young (25 to 98 mm) were captured between 0 to 600 m depth in autumn (Vinnichenko 1997b). In a study conducted on the Seine and Sedlo Seamounts, this species dominated the upper-slope assemblages (less than 800 m) and a large reproductive aggregation was recorded at the edge of the Sedlo Plateau (Menezes et al. 2009).","Vulnerability to fishing and documented over-exploitation The North Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO) recognizes that demersal fisheries on the Corner Rising, Orphan Knoll, Newfoundland, and New England Seamounts which target this species have been experiencing significant declines in catch levels since the 1970s, likely due to the fishery being unsustainable (Kulka et al. 2007). Beryx spp. may experience increased threats from overexploitation by deepwater trawl due to their aggregating behavior. Further study is needed on the connectivity of populations between seamounts in order to determine the rate of recolonization of a seamount following fishing activity (Norse et al. 2012). High longevity, slow growth and moderate size of maturity makes B. splendens prone to overexploitation because of a rapid reduction in surplus production (Ricker 1963, Booth and Buxton 1997). Mature individuals also have medium-small ovaries, suggesting that they are moderately fecund and that a moderate number of eggs are released during the spawning (Lehodey et al. 1997). As a result this species may be more sensitive to heavy fishery impact than those species exhibiting a higher reproductive output (Smale 1988). Beryx splendens may be vulnerable to overfishing because it inhabits sea mounts which offer limited habitat and the slow growth rates for the species (Lehodey et al. 1994). This is a very commercially viable species of fish. It is marketed frozen and eaten steamed, fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved and baked (Frimodt 1995). Global catch statistics for Alfonsino fishes, in general, reflect a trend upwards between the years of 1980 and 2003. In 1982, about 200 tonnes were taken, in 1985, 2000 tonnes. In the years 1991, 1997, and 2003, 5,500, 9,100, and 157,000 tonnes were harvested each year, respectively. In 2009, the tonnage had decreased to abut 5,500 tonnes, but spiked back up to around 9,800 tonnes in 2010 (FAO 2011). It has been reported as overfished, or has shown signs of overfishing, in many parts of its range, including Hawaii (Moffitt et al. 2004), Japan (Adachi et al. 2000), possibly the Azores (Aboim 2005), Chile (Galvez et al. 2010) Habitat-Specific Exploitation and Destruction Gonzalez et al. (2003) stated that this species is more susceptible to growth overfishing and population depletion due to its specialized life history strategy. Deepsea corals are often damaged by trawling operations, which may result in habitat loss for Beryx spp. in part of their range (Reed and Ross 2005). In a study on the seamounts off New Zealand where fisheries for this species exist, the authors were able to demonstrate the deleterious effects from trawling on the habitat (Clark and Rowden 2009).","In the northeast Atlantic, Beryx spp. are managed by Total Allowable Catch (TAC) regulations. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) has consistently advised against allowing the fishery to expand, and has recommended reductions in catch (ICES 2013).  Globally, this species could be potentially overfished in some areas. This species often occurs in international waters, and there are no conservation measures in place. In 2006, the North Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO) closed areas of the Corner Rising, Orphan Knoll, Newfoundland, and New England Seamounts to demersal fishing where the main target species is B. splendens. This action was taken after concerns that significant declines in catch levels since the 1970s was likely due to the fishery being unsustainable (Kulka et al. 2007). The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) established a Preliminary Fishery Management Plan for foreign ground fish fishing in the Fishery Conservation Zone, especially for the Hancock Seamounts. Foreign fishing for seamount groundfishes has been exclusively conducted by trawling since that time (Seki and Tagami 1986). In 2001, New Zealand protected 19 seamounts (Clark and O'Driscoll 2003). The fishery off of Chile has been closed since 2010 due to collapse (Flores et al. 2012). The South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (SEAFO), established in 1997, manages this fishery in FAO area 47 (de Barros and Cochrane 2011) where the current total allowable catch is 200 tonnes for the SEAFO CA for 2013 and 2014 (SEAFO 2013). Additionally, there are NEAFC regulations of effort in the fisheries for deep-water species and closed areas to protect vulnerable habitats (ICES WGDEEP 2013). This species may also occur in other marine protected areas that exist throughout its range.","Beryx splendens is a popular food fish throughout the world. It is caught purposely by trawl or longline (Lehodey et al. 1994, Heemstra and Heemstra 2004, Moore in press) and is also caught as bycatch in the Spanish bottom trawl hake fishery and in midwater trawl fisheries (Bianchi et al. 1999). Off the Canary Islands, both Beryx species are captured via handlines and bottom drop lines in a commercial artisanal fishery (Dürr and Gonzalez 2002). The species is targeted off the islands of Gran Carania and El Hierro and is captured with handlines and bottom drop lines (Dürr and Gonzalez 2002). Catch data for this species was not published and/or collected from 1974-1975; however, from 1976 to 1981 there was an overall catch increased at all seamounts except for Hancock (Humphreys et al. 1984). The species are variably targeted by a deep-water longline fishery off of northwest Spain (Piñeiro et al. 2001). This species is targeted in the demersal fishery of the Azores Archipelago. Fishery statistics are not separated out from B. decadactylus, which occurs mainly as bycatch but is marketed as well (Aboim 2005). The Azorean landings of Beryx spp. were relatively higher in 1993–2003 than in 2004–2009 (Menezes et al. 2013). Beryx spp. are described as being heavily exploited on seamounts in the Azorean Archipelago between 1992–2002 (ICES Report 2002). There is concern about sequential depletion and under-reporting in commercial fisheries from international waters and data was considered insufficient to complete an assessment in 2003 (ICES Report 2004). A deep sea fishery targeting this species has been operated by the Soviet fleet since 1976 on the Corner Rising seamounts (34–37°N, 47–53°W) in NAFO Subarea 6, and have since landed 19,000 tonnes (Moore 2002). Studies on these catches revealed size ranging from 20–59 cm FL (mainly 34–43 cm), weights from 1.2–1.7 kg, ages from 2–11 years, a relatively high growth rate in the first year (mean length at age 1 was 8 cm, age 2 was 15 cm, and age 3 was 22 cm), age at first maturity of 2 at a mean length of 18 cm, all specimens having reached sexual maturity by age 5–6 years at 25–30 cm, spawning occurring between July-August in bottom waters of 7–12 degrees Celsius and was intermittent with individual estimated spawning periods of two months in duration, and young (25–98 mm) captured between 0–600 m depth in autumn (Vinnichenko 1997a). Global Use and Trade Beryx spp. occur as bycatch in the Spanish bottom-longline fleet that has been targeting hakes (Merluccius senegalensis and M. polli) since the 1990s off of Mauritania (Ramos et al. 2001). The deep water fisheries of the southeast Atlantic (FAO area 47) occur almost exclusively in Namibian waters, where landings of this species peaked at more than 4,000 tonnes in 1997 but declined thereafter to 300 tonnes in 2009 (de Barros and Cochrane 2011). This species is targeted by commercial fisheries on seamounts off of New Zealand (Clark and O'Driscoll 2003). The Soviet fishing fleet began targeting the species in the 1990s on Indian Ocean seamounts and continues today, however, reliable assessment data does not exist (Rogers 2012). The species has been fished off of Chile since 1989, gained importance in 1999, and experienced the peak in 2003 at 9,000 tons. In 2004, the fishery was declared ‘fully exploited’ and reduced fishing pressure by introducing an annual quota of 3,000 tons. However, in 2009 and 2010 less than half of this quota was reached (Galvez et al. 2010). It was declared overfished and subsequently closed after the spawning biomass was estimated at 12% of the unexploited biomass (Wiff et al. 2012).  Large-scale fisheries on the Hawaiian and Emperor Seamount chains in the north Pacific targeted this species in the 1960s to 1980s. Valuable fisheries for this species also exist in the southwest Pacific (Clark 2009). A 2004 report described the bottomfish fishery of the main Hawaiian Islands to be experiencing overfishing (Moffitt et al. 2004). In the south Atlantic, this species is exploited on the Vavilov Ridge with some daily landings capable of reaching up to 40–50 tons (Parin et al. 2010). Beryx splendens has been exploited off of Japan since 1870 with further development occurring since 1970, and total catch size and mean body size have been declining since 1987 (Adachi et al. 2000). Declines in CPUE are observed in the Southern Hemisphere during summer. This season is the breeding period for this species in New Caledonian waters and the decline may be due to breeding migrations (Lehodey et al. 1994, Chikuni 1971).","Ralph, G.","Fernandes, P., Collette, B., Heessen, H., Smith-Vaniz, W.F. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,BLENNIIDAE,Blennius,ocellaris,,Blennius ocellaris,"Linnaeus, 1758",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Blennius ocellaris is widespread from the English Channel to Morocco, including the Mediterranean Sea and parts of the Black Sea. Though little is known about the population status or trends of this species, it is considered common throughout parts of its range. There are no major threats to the species. Therefore, Blennius ocellaris is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Blennius ocellaris is found from Morocco to the English Channel, including the west and north-east Mediterranean Sea and the western Black Sea (Zander 1986). It is typically found from 10 to 100 m in the Atlantic and from 30 to 100 m in the Mediterranean (Zander 1986).","Collections for this species are common in museums with typically less than ten specimens per collection. It was collected in about 37% of experimental trawls conducted in the Aegean Sea, but was not abundant (Damalas et al. 2010).",This species lives on muddy bottoms. It was found in a Halophila stipulacea bed in a coastal zone of Sicily (Di Martino et al. 2007). This species is mainly nocturnal and feeds on small invertebrates. It spawns in April (Marseille) or July (England); eggs are laid under mussel-shells or stones and guarded by the male (Zander 1986).,"There are no known major threats. Blennius ocellaris is often caught by trawlers, but is discarded. It may be impacted locally by dredging in parts of the Mediterranean.","No specific conservation measures are in place or required for this species. However, it may be found in Marine Protected Areas within its range. Blennius ocellaris was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Found in public aquaria, but not utilized commercially.","Ahnelt, H. & Harvey, M.","Williams, J.T., Kovacic, M. & Herler, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,LABRIDAE,Bodianus,scrofa,,Bodianus scrofa,"(Valenciennes, 1839)",For taxonomic treatment see Gomon (2006).,No,VU,"B2ab(iv,v)",,,,,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) Listed as Vulnerable under Criteria B2ab(iv,v) as this Macaronesian species has a very restricted distribution in the eastern Atlantic, with an estimated area of occupancy of less than 2,000 km2 and presence in less than ten locations. There is a continuing decline of over 30% on the number of mature individuals as a result of fishing pressures over the past 17 years in the Azores, with similar suspected and confirmed declines for the rest of its European distribution; with significant localized population declines in many parts of its range and in the yields of local fisheries (such as in Madeira and the Canary Islands).",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to the Macaronesian archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira, Selvagens, Canary and Cape Verde (its southernmost distribution limit) (Gomon and Forsyth 1990).  In the European Macaronesian archipelagos, it inhabits rocky and mixed reefs down to 200 m depth (Gomon and Forsyth 1990, Franquet and Brito 1995, Brito et al. 2002, Menezes et al. 2006, Delgado 2007), but is commoner in shallower waters down to 100 m depth. In subtropical Cape Verde it apparently undergoes a shift in optimal depth, occurring down to 350 m and being commonest at 150-200 m (Menezes et al. 2004).  Based on the area of rocky sea bottom down to the 100 m isobath, the area of occupancy of this species is estimated to be less than 2,000 km2. The species is present at less than 10 locations: the Azores archipelago (three locations), Madeira, Savages, and the Canaries (two locations).","Bodianus scrofa has a limited distribution range, in parts of which it was previously abundant but, most possibly due to fishing pressure, is now locally rare. The population size of this species has been measured in several studies through distinct sampling methodologies and sampled habitats, obtaining different information regarding its relative abundance (subtidal underwater visual census: Falcón et al. 1996, Afonso 2002, Ribeiro 2005, 2006; unpublished data M. Schmiing and P. Afonso pers. comm. 2014; survey cruises: Menezes 2003, Menezes et al. 2006, Delgado 2007).Bodianus scrofa shows significant differences in abundance and biomass among and within archipelagos surveyed. In the subtidal, underwater visual census indicate average densities across sites of contrasting habitats and islands of 0.022 fish/100 km2 (0-3 individuals, n = 577 transects) in the Canary Islands (Falcón et al. 1996) to 0.32 ± 0.57 fish/250 m2 in the Azores (0-3 individuals, N=520 transects, unpublished data M. Schmiing and P. Afonso pers. comm. 2014). It is naturally low in abundance across its preferred habitats, which reflects its social organization (haremic protogynic hermafrotite). Based on fishing surveys with bottom longline, it is rare in deeper areas of the Azores (Menezes 2003), common in Madeira (Menezes 2003) and frequent in Porto Santo islands (Delgado 2007). It is indicated generally as common in the Canaries from empirical knowledge (Franquet and Brito 1995; Brito et al. 2002). Local declines of the populations are suspected where fishery or environmental deterioration of the habitats is severe. Some authors suggest local population declines due to the very low numbers in some areas. In Madeira (Ribeiro et al. 2005, 2006) and the Canaries (Falcón et al. 1996), the populations are less numerous or even locally absent in sites where fishing is more intense. In the Azores, numbers of mature individuals have been reduced for over 30% in the last 17 years recent years, particularly those of larger (male) individuals at sites where fishing is highest (unpublished data M. Schmiing and P. Afonso pers. comm. 2014), including the southernmost islands where the natural abundance is believed to be the highest (Afonso 2002).","The Barred Hogfish inhabits rocky reefs on island shores and offshore reefs, and shallow banks at depths from 20-100 m. It prefers areas of high bottom relief and strong hydrodynamic conditions. Bodianus scrofa is a large species with males reaching at least 70 cm TL in the Azores (P. Afonso pers. comm. 2008). A maximum length of 80 cm has also been recorded (Hanquet 2005). Ferreira et al. (2008) estimated the parameter a (0.002) of the weight-length relationship, setting b = 3. It feeds mainly on macro invertebrates (sea urchins, gastropods, etc.). It is a sequential protogynous hermaphrodite (all males result from sex-changing females at 45-65 cm TL). It shows marked haremic territorial system, typically one male to one to three females (P. Afonso pers. comm. 2008). Supposedly a pelagic spawner, it does not build a nest or provide any parental care. Juveniles occur isolated below 30 m, sheltering within reef crevices and holes.","This species may be locally threatened by excessive fishing throughout its restricted range.  In the Canary Islands (El Hierro), the species was considered commercially threatened due to overexploitation, mostly in the 1990s (Brito and Morales 1998). Franquet and Brito (1995) also refer to a general decrease on the catches in the Canaries. In Madeira, it is rare in the littoral waters of the southern coast of the island (Ribeiro et al. 2005), most probably due to excessive fishing and habitat degradation of the coastal communities in past decades. In the Azores, numbers of mature individuals have been reduced in fished areas in recent years, particularly those of larger (male) individuals (Afonso 2002, Afonso et al. 2006). It is particularly vulnerable to capture by spearfishing or fishing by jigging, which are increasing in the recreational fisheries throughout its range.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. However, the range of B. scrofa overlaps with multiple protected areas across its range and preferred habitat (e.g. Monte da Guia, Ilhéu da Vila and Formigas in the Azores; Garajau and South shore of Porto Santo in Madeira; the Savages; El Hierro, La Restinga or El Cabrón in the Canary Islands), including numerous EU Natura 2000 marine sites. However, most of these sites do not have management plans in place, do not have no-take regulations (i.e. only restrict specific fishing such as gillnetting), or are still frequently poached (e.g. Schmiing et al. 2014, Tuya et al. 2006). It is recommended that 1) MPAs include properly enforced and managed (including appropriate monitoring) no-take areas in exposed reefs, and 2) fishing of this species either cease or be greatly reduced, especially using techniques of greater catchability for this species. Research and monitoring should be conducted on the catches, population size and trend of the species.","Bodianus scrofa is a commercially valuable species throughout its range. Where it occurs, it is commercially taken almost exclusively on hook-and-line, fish traps and rarely in nets in a context of small scale multispecies fisheries (Franquet and Brito 1995, Westneat in press). It is caught mostly by hook and line from moderately deep waters with rocky bottom, or freediving on shallower reefs. It is sold fresh in markets reaching considerable value per kilogram. Yields have notably diminished in the Canaries (Franquet and Brito 1995) and also in Madeira, where it reaches an average value of around three to four Euros per kilogram.","García, M.","Delgado, J. & Afonso, P.","Russell, B. & Pollard, D.A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Bolinichthys,indicus,,Bolinichthys indicus,"(Nafpaktitis & Nafpaktitis, 1969)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)Bolinichthys indicus is a common and locally abundant mesopelagic species ranging in depths from 25 to 900 m. There are no known major threats to this species as it is not commercially exploited; although, it may sometimes be incidentally taken as bycatch in parts of its range. There are no specific conservation measures in place for B. indicus, but marine protected areas are found throughout its range. It is, therefore, assessed as Least Concern. ",Stable,"Bolinichthys indicus is found between 36°N and 23°S, but is absent in the extended southern Atlantic gyre (0°–21°S) and in the Benguela upwelling region. It can also be found in the Agulhas Current area off South Africa (Hulley and Duhamel 2009, Hulley and Paxton in press) and also in the southern Indian Ocean from 14oS to 44oS.  In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, Bolinichthys indicus is known from the Iberian peninsula, Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands. It can also be found along the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Sutton et al. 2008). It can be found at depths ranging from 25 to 900 m (Hulley and Paxton in press).","In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean and Black Sea, this species is common and locally abundant (T. Munroe, M.J. Costa, S. Kobyliansky and C. Papaconstantinou pers. comm. 2013). This species is common in the Atlantic, as indicated by midwater trawl surveys conducted around the Canary Islands (Wienerroither et al. 2009), near the Meteor and Atlantis seamounts (Pusch et al. 2004), and in other parts of its range in the western Atlantic (Gartner et al. 1989).  Bolinichthys indicus can be found in 1,172 museum collections with a maximum count of 370 individuals in a single lot (Accessed through Fishnet 2 Portal 2013 June).Bolinichthys indicus exists in two isolated populations in the northern and southern parts of the Atlantic Ocean (Becker 1983). ","Bolinichthys indicus is oceanic, mesopelagic and performs diel migrations from as deep as 425 to 900 m during the day, up to 25 to 300 m during the night for feeding purposes. Juveniles inhabit shallower waters than mature individuals (Becker 1983). The maximum length of this fish is 4.5 cm standard length (SL) (Hulley 1990).  The diet of B. indicus is not fully known, but like other Myctophids, it probably eats copepods and amphipods, depending upon season and depth at time of feeding (Hulley 1990). Length at maturity is 3.0 cm (Gartner et al. 1989). Spawning takes place in the spring and early summer (Hulley and Paxton, in press). Many aspects of the ecology of this species, including the fecundity and early life history traits remain unknown and require further study (Becker 1983).","There are no known threats for this species, and it is not under pressure from fisheries. May be caught as bycatch in parts of its range but is not marketed (Stas pers. comm. via e-mail).",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range.Legislative regulation of the pelagic fishery is implemented (Stas pers. comm. via e-mail). Further research into the biology and ecology of this species is suggested. ,"This species is not currently utilized in a commercial capacity. It may sometimes, however, be incidentally taken as bycatch in pelagic trawls (Stas pers. comm. via e-mail). ","Strongin, K.","Kobyliansky, S., Munroe, T., Costa, M. & Papakonstantinou, C.","Hulley, P. & Rodrigues, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Bolinichthys,photothorax,,Bolinichthys photothorax,"(Parr, 1928)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Bolinichthys photothorax is a circumglobally-distributed species, which within Europe is known only from Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Stable,"This is a circumglobal species, found in tropical and warm waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. Within Europe, it is known only from Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014).","This species has a widespread distribution and is common throughout its range, as indicated by midwater trawl surveys (Kobyliansky et al.  2010). It is also common in museum collections.","This species is oceanic, mesopelagic and performs diel migrations from  as deep as 425-750 m during the day, up to 40-500 m during the night for  feeding purposes. Spawning takes place in the late winter/spring.(Hulley and Paxton in press)","There are no known threats for this species, and it is not under pressure from fisheries.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range (World Database of Protected Areas 2010).,This species is not currently exploited.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Hulley, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Bolinichthys,supralateralis,,Bolinichthys supralateralis,"(Parr, 1928)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Bolinichthys supralateralis is a widespread species, which within Europe is known only from Madeira, the Azores, and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"This widely distributed species is widespread in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, as well as the Indian Ocean off Madagascar and South Africa. Within Europe, it is known from the Azores, Madeira, and the Canaries (Carneiro et al. 2014, Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).","There is little data about the population size or stability of this species in the eastern Atlantic. However, it appears to be common in other parts of its range, as indicated by museum collections. ","This species is oceanic, mesopelagic and performs diel migrations from as deep as 375-750 m during the day, up to 40-650 m during the night for feeding purposes. Larger specimens remain benthopelagic over continnetal and insular slopes and do not migrate (Hulley and Duhamel 2009, Hulley and Paxton in press).","There are no known threats for this species, and it is not under pressure from fisheries.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range (World Database of Protected Areas 2010).,This species is not currently exploited.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Hulley, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,GONOSTOMATIDAE,Bonapartia,pedaliota,,Bonapartia pedaliota,"Goode & Bean, 1896",,No,LC,,,,,,,"Bonapartia pedaliota is a circum-global species. In the European region, B. pedaliota has a strong presence in the southern most European waters and is rare north of Spain. Bonapartia pedaliota is an abundant species in the Atlantic and was the second-most abundant species associated with the Mid-Atlantic ridge. There is no use and trade information available for B. pedaliota, and it does not appear to be utilized. There are no species-specific threats to B. pedaliota, and its distribution overlaps with marine protected areas. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Bonapartia pedaliota is widely distributed in the Atlantic and Indian oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, B. pedaliota is known from Rockall Trough south to the Canary Islands; however, it is rare north of Gulf of Cadiz, Spain. It is found at depths ranging from 100–1,200 m (Bogutskaya 2007).","Bonapartia pedaliota was the second most abundant species, contributing 7.5% in numbers, of the total catch collected at depth interval of 200–1,500 m near the Mid-Atlantic ridge (Sutton et al. 2008). While its distribution favors southern North Atlantic waters, four of 26 trawls conducted between the coordinates 48–54°N, 25–32°W (ten degrees south of the Rockall Trough) contained B. pedaliota (Lipinski and Janusz 1985). Day time catches in the waters between the Azores and the Canary Islands, at depths of 100–300 m, yielded 23 post larval specimens. Night catches had similar results, though juveniles were caught at depths of 200–300 m and adults at depths of 200–500 m (Badcock and Merrett 1975). A taxonomic breakdown of fish larvae collected in 1991 from the Canary Islands shows B. pedaliota representing only 0.02% of the 8,699 collected specimens (Rodriguez 2000). This species was collected three times in bottom trawl surveys (total seven specimens) off the Gulf of Cadiz over 20 years. However, this is not representative of the species' abundance as there are issue with the identification and also the sampling methodology (bottom trawl) in Cadiz (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2013).","Bonapartia pedaliota is a midwater species which has been associated with deepwater coldseeps at depths exceeding 1,000 m. It was collected by trawl in this habitat in numbers ranging from 1–3 individuals (Ross et al. 2010). The maximum recorded length for this species is 7.2 cm SL (Quéro et al. 1990). ",There are no species-specific threats documented for B. pedaliota.,"There are no species-specific conservation efforts for B. pedaliota; however, its distribution overlaps with several marine protected areas (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014). There is a general rule mandated by the European Commission to avoid discards (Accessed through the European Commission portal, http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/reform, April 2014).",There is no use-and-trade information available for B. pedaliota from European waters.,"Harwell, H.","Kobyliansky, S., Herrera, J. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SPARIDAE,Boops,boops,,Boops boops,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This is a very common and ubiquitous species. Catch landings figures for the Mediterranean indicate a stable population, despite fairly heavy exploitation, and it is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"The species is common throughout the Mediterranean and Black seas, and is also&#160;found in the eastern Atlantic from southern Norway and the British Isles southwards to Angola, including the Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands and Sao Tome-Principe. This species can occur to 350 m depth (Sanches 1991).","This species is ubiquitous and common throughout the coastal waters of the Mediterranean Sea. FAO statistics (2012) list annual Mediterranean landings of this species between 1950 and 2005 as ranging from 8,300 to 33,491 mt. Recent landings figures show a relatively stable annual catch ranging from around 23,000 to 30,000 mt. FAO capture production in 2012 were: Morocco (Eastern Central Atlantic) -2,134 tonnes, (Mediterranean and Black Sea) - 1,517 tonnes, Portugal (Eastern Central Atlantic) - six tonnes, (NE Atlantic) - 830 tonnes,  Spain (Eastern Central Atlantic) - 14 tonnes, (NE Atlantic) - 13,219 tonnes, (Mediterranean & Black Sea) - 232 tonnes, France (NE Atlantic) 52 tonnes, (Mediterranean & Black Sea) - 122 tonnes, Albania - 129 tonnes, Algeria - 6,467 tonnes, Croatia - 145 tonnes, Cyprus - 111 tonnes, Egypt - 3,625 tonnes, Greece - 3,200 tonnes, Israel - 49 tonnes, Italy - 2,137 tonnes, Libya - 1,500 tonnes, Malta - 52 tonnes, Montenegro - 16 tonnes, Occupied Palestine Territory - 38 tonnes, Slovenia - 1 tonnes, Syrian Arab Republic - 50 tonnes, Tunisia - 3,279 tonnes and Turkey 1,422 tonnes.  Boops boops constitutes about 2.3% of the total Egyptian Mediterranean Sea fish catch (GAFRD 2003) and is a dominant catch in commercial landings on the Alexandria coast (Ezzat et al. 1993). It is the most abundant species in the local markets at Alexandria and is the most dominant landed sparid throughout the year, accounting for 17.5% of the catch in winter, 31% in spring, 31.8% in the summer and 25% in the autumn (Abdel-Rahman 2003, El-Agamy et al. 2004). In a study by Akyol and Ertosluk (2010), captures from the sea-cage farms along the coast of the Turkish Aegean Sea, were determined with the use of a special cage trap and trammel net. Hand or longlines and underwater harpoons, although rare, were also in use. This species was dominant and accounted for 48.9% of the total weight of one fish farm from 2004-2008. In Maltese fishing ports, Boops boops amounted to 88% of the trap total catch, 3.79% of the total trammel net catch from January to September 2003. It is one of the major small-pelagic species caught in Maltese waters by vessels under 10 m length (Muscat 2004).  In a study assessing the influence of two commercial fish farms on the local aggregation of coastal wild fishes at Gran Canaria Island (Canary Islands), Boops boops also was one of the most abundant species recorded (Boyra et al. 2004).  In the Mediterranean Sea off Alexandria, Allam (2003) calculated total mortality (Z), natural mortality (M) and fishing mortality (F) as 1.283, 0.458 and 0.824 year-1 respectively. The exploitation rate (E) was 0.464. A Beverton-Holt yield per-recruit model indicated that the maximum yield-per-recruit was 21.06 g when fishing mortality was 2.4 and the current fishery harvests approximately 95% of the potential yield. In Algerian waters, this fish often occurs with pelagic species, and it is not possible to separate the echo traces. According to the catches, it was more abundant in the western region. The best catch was made off Cape Oulassa, 188 kg (372 kg/hour) (Aglen and Sigmund Myklevoll 1982).","This is a gregarious, demersal, semi-pelagic species found as deep as 350 m over a variety of substrata (sand, mud, rocks and seaweeds), though it is more common at depths of less than 150 m and sometimes in coastal waters. It moves in aggregations, ascending to the surface mainly at night. In the northern part of the area, spawning takes place from March to May (Carpenter in press). There is some uncertainty concerning the reproduction and hermaphroditism of this species (Girardin 1981). The spawning season extends from January to May. The peak value of gonadosomatic index was attained in February for both males and females. Length at first sexual maturity is 12 cm for males and 13 cm for females. Relative fecundity ranges from 288 to 584 eggs per g (El-Agamy et al. 2004). Macroscopic analyses of the gonads and the gonad somatic index showed that off the south coast of Portugal, the species spawns mainly from late winter to spring, between February and May (Monteiro et al. 2006). The length at first maturity was similar for males and females and the value for both sexes combined was estimated to be 15.22 cm, corresponding to an age range of one to three. Age was determined by reading growth bands on otoliths. Age determination was validated by marginal increment analysis. The estimated parameters were L∞ = 28.06, K = 0.22 and t0 = −1.42. Mortality rates were calculated for fish captured with longlines, and the estimated parameters were M = 0.33, Z = 1.04 and F = 0.71. Relative yield per recruit analysis and sensitivity analysis showed that the resource is moderately exploited.  Growth from the central Adriatic was studied by Hernandez (1983). Mean length-at-age values were estimated from otoliths and analysis of polymodal length frequency distributions. Growth pattern was well described by Von Bertalanffy growth equation. Growth parameters L∞ = 338.89 mm, K =0.167 and to= -1.296 were calculated. Age and growth of Boops boops (L.) from the Mediterranean Sea off Alexandria were estimated from scales by (Allam 2003). Boops boops attain their maximum size slowly (K= 0.1531) longevity (five years). Boops boops grew quickly in length during the first year of life reaching 53.49 % of its final growth; this was followed by a reduced growth rate that coincided with sexual maturity (one year for both males and females). No significant difference in growth was found between male and female. Back-calculated lengths at annulus formation for combined sex were 10.97, 14.03, 16.39, 18.56 and 20.51 cm TL. The estimated von Bertalanffy growth parameters were L∞ = 31.68 cm, K = 0.1531 year-1 and to = -1.7838. The length-weight relationship was W = -2.1548L3.1031. Its longevity varied according to locality in Tunisia: 13 years in the east, nine years in the north and seven years in the Gulf of Tunis and in the south (Khemiri et al. 2005). Its maximum total length is 36 cm (Fischer et al. 1987). Generation length: 13-1/2 = six years. This species is often infected with parasitic isopods in Turkey (K. Bizsel pers. comm.).",There are no major threats known for this species. There may be localized declines from fishing.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. It occurs in several marine protected areas within its range (IUCN and WCMP 2014). It is recommended that more genetic research be done for the management of this species.,"A moderately abundant species, but not intensively fished in the European region. It is caught on line gear and with bottom trawls and purse seines; also with beach seines and trammel nets. It is marketed fresh, frozen, dried-salted or smoked; it is also used for fishmeal and oil and commonly as bait in tuna fisheries. This species is caught by many fish farmers and artisanal fishermen in the Turkish Aegean Sea beneath the floating sea-cages using trammel nets, handline or longlines and traps (Akyol and Ertosluk 2010).","Allen, D.J., Comeros-Raynal, M. & García, M.","Russell, B.","Carpenter, K.E. & Pollard, D.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,GADIDAE,Boreogadus,saida,,Boreogadus saida,"(Lepechin, 1774)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Boreogadus saida is an abundant circum-arctic species which is found at depths ranging from 40 to 400 metres. It is found in a variety of arctic habitats, such as sea-ice, coastal habitats, brackish lagoons and nearly freshwater. It sometimes occurs in large schools and has been described as one of the most abundant fishes or the arctic. It is an important component of the arctic food web. It reaches a maximum age of seven years, with females achieving sexual maturity at age three. Boreogadus saida is not a major commercial species, however it is the target of a small Russian fishery. The extent to which this species will be impacted by climate change in the arctic is unknown. Therefore, B. saida is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"The Polar Cod, Boreogadus saida, is a circumpolar species found throughout the entire north polar basin. In the north Pacific, B. saida is distributed from the Bering Sea to Cape Olyutorski, the Pribilof Islands, and Bristol Bay. In the North Atlantic, it is distributed around Greenland, into the Miramichi River, New Brunswick and Hudson Bay in Canada. In the northeast Atlantic, B. saida is found around northern Iceland and the Jan Mayen Islands, Svalbard and west to the Kara Sea. It is found at depths ranging from 40 to 400 meters (Cohen et al. 1990).","This species increased in biomass in the Barents Sea from 1994 to 2004 (Aschan et al. 2013). Boreogadus saida is difficult to distinguish from another arctic gadid, Arctogadus glacialis (Nelson and Bouchard 2013). Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA of this species around Greenland detected two mtDNA lineages, but no strong population differentiation (Pálsson et al. 2009). This species has been described as ""probably one of the most abundant fishes of the Arctic"" by numerous authors (Moskalenko 1964, Ponomarenko 1968, Falk-Petersen et al. 1986, Lønne and Gulliksen 1989).","Boreogadus saida is a circumpolar species, and is found in arctic waters with and without drifting sea-ice (Ponomarenko 1968). Although it is sometimes found in association with sea-ice (Moskalenko 1964), it appears in much higher densities in other, more open habitats (Renaud et al. 2012). Boreogadus saida undergoes diel vertical migrations which are synchronized with the light/dark cycle, and which changes with seasonal lengthening of the photoperiod (Benoît et al. 2010). It occurs in coastal habitats during summer and winter. It can be found in brackish lagoons, in nearly fresh waters in river mouths. It is tolerant of widely fluctuating temperatures, salinities, and turbidities. It feeds primarily on planktonic copepods and amphipods, ice-associated amphipods and epibenthic crustácea (Bradstreet et al. 1986; Lønne and Gulliksen 1989). Although usually dispersed, this species sometimes occurs in large schools, and is an extremely important component of arctic marine food webs. It is an important food component for Ringed Seals (Phoca hispida), Harp Seals (Phocagroen landicus), Narwhal (Monodon monoceros), Beluga (Delphinapterus leucas), Thick-billed Murres (Uria lomvia), Northern Fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) and Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) (Bradstreet et al., 1986; Welch et al. 1992). This species generally achieves sexual maturity at age 2 + (males) or 3+ (females) at lengths of 12 to 15 cm fork length (Lear 1979, Craig et al. 1982) and does not live beyond age 7 (Bradstreet et al. 1986). It spawns in winter beneath the ice in Russian waters (Moskalenko 1964, Barenkova et al. 1966, Rass 1968) and spawning and post-spawning B. saida have been observed congregating in regions deeper than 200 meters (Beniot et al. 2008). This species is not highly fecund, and its fecundity is only about 1% of the highly fecund G. morhua (Christiansen et al. 1998).","Climate change, and resulting changes to the Arctic environment, are likely to affect B. saida. Reductions in ice cover and the northward expansion of boreal Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) due to warming waters (Renaud et al. 2012) may impact the population of this species.",There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for B. saida. Its distribution likely overlaps with marine protected areas.,"Boreogadus saida is not a major commercial species. It was formally heavily fished in the USSR and by Norway, Danish and German vessels. In 1970, there were 348,000 tonnes reported to to FAO (combined catches for USSR, Norway, Denmark and Germany), and only there were 27,000 tonnes reported by USSR in 2010. It is targeted by a small Russian fishery (Bradstreet et al. 1986).","Harwell, H.","Fernandes, P., Cook, R., Florin, A., Lorance, P. & Nedreaas, K.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Borostomias,abyssorum,,Borostomias abyssorum,"(Köhler, 1896)",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Borostomias abyssorum is known only from the holotype specimen collected off the coast of France. No other information is available on the population or biology of this species. Therefore, B. abyssorum listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Borostomias abyssorum is only known to occur in the northeast Atlantic, off the coast of France (Bigelow et al. 1964) at a depth of about 800 m (Eschmeyer 2013).",Borostomias abyssorum is only known only from the holotype (Eschmeyer 2013).,"Information about the habitat and ecology of Borostomias abyssorum is extremely limited as this species is only known from the holotype. Other members of the family Astronesthinae primarily feed on mesopelagic fishes and crustaceans. This family consisted of meso- and bathypelagic species. However, juveniles of some species have been identified at or near the surface at night (Harold 2002). The maximum recorded size for this species is 7.5 cm TL (Bigelow et al. 1964).",Threats to this species are unknown.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for B. abyssorum. There is a need for additional information about the biology and life history of this species.,This species is not utilized in the region.,"Ralph, G.","Kobyliansky, S. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Borostomias,antarcticus,,Borostomias antarcticus,"(Lönnberg, 1905)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Borostomias antarcticus is a widely distributed, circumglobal species. This species occurs from about 40–66°N in the northeastern Atlantic. Population data are limited but it appears to be uncommon (e.g., two records from bottom trawl surveys in Spain). There are no known threats to B. antarcticus. Although data for this species are limited, given its broad range and deep water habitat, it is listed as Least Concern. More research is needed regarding its current population sizes and trends, habitats, ecology, life history, use/trade, and threats.",Unknown,"Borostomias antarcticus is circumgobal  that occurs from 350–2,500 m depth (Moore et al. 2003, Pakhomov et al. 2006). In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs from about 40°N to 66°N but not reaching the Norwegian Sea (Gibbs 1984, Moranta et al. 2004, Klimpel et al. 2006). Borostomias antarcticus also occurs in the western Mediterranean (Gibbs 1984). ",Population data for Borostomias antarcticus are extremely limited. Bottom trawl surveys in the Spanish Mediterranean recorded two specimens with lengths ranging from 5.5–6 cm TL and taken from depths between 350–400 m (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2013).,"Borostomias antarcticus is a meso- to bathypelagic species, occurring at depths of 350–2,500 m in temperate to polar waters (Moore et al. 2003, Pakhomov et al 2006). Borostomias antarcticus feeds almost exclusively on fish and copepods (Klimpel et al. 2006). The maximum recorded size for this spec ies is 30 cm SL (Gon 1990).",There are currently no known threats to Borostomias antarcticus.,"There are currently no species-specific conservation measures in place for Borostomias antarcticus. More research is needed regarding its current population sizes and trends, habitats, ecology, life history, use/trade, and threats. Borostomia antarcticus was regionally assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).",This species is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Kobyliansky, S. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Borostomias,elucens,,Borostomias elucens,"(Brauer, 1906)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Borostomias elucens is a widespread species, which within Europe is known only from Madeira, the Azores, and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"Borostomias elucens is a distributed circumglobally in tropical waters (Harold 2003; FAO ECA in press; Sutton and Hopkins 1996) and areas of the North Atlantic. Within Europe, it is known from the waters off Madeira (Lloris et al. 1991, Carnerio et al. 2014), near the Azores in the Plato Seamount area (Carneiro et al. 2014), and the Canaries (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).",There is a lack of information on the population of this species in Europe.,Borostomias elucens is a mesopelagic species that feeds on other mesopelagic fishes and crustaceans (Harold ECA FAO in-press).,There are currently no known species-specific threats to Borostomias elucens. More research is needed to verify that there are no threats.,"There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for Borostomias elucens. More research is needed regarding its current population sizes and trends, habitats, ecology, life history, use/trade, and threats.",There is currently no information regarding the use and/or trade of Borostomias elucens. More research is needed to determine if B. elucens is of any commercial interest to humans.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Borostomias,mononema,,Borostomias mononema,"(Regan & Trewavas, 1929)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Borostomias mononema is a widespread species, which within Europe is known only from Madeira and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"Borostomias mononema is a circumglobally distributed species (Sutton and Hopkins 1996), found in subtropical to temperate Atlantic, western Indian Oceans, western Pacific and western North Pacific (iobis.org). Within Europe, it has been recorded in the waters off Madeira and the Canary Islands (Lloris et al. 1991, Carneiro et al. 2014, Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).",There is a lack of information on the population of this species in Europe.,Borostomias mononema is a mesopelagic species that feeds on other mesopelagic fishes as well as crustaceans (Harold ECA FAO in press).,There are currently no known species-specific threats faced by Borostomias mononema. More research is needed to verify that there are no threats to B. mononema.,"There are currently no known species-specific conservation measures in place for Borostomias mononema. More research is needed regarding its current population sizes and trends, habitats, ecology, life history, use/trade, and threats.",There is currently no information regarding the use and/or trade of Borostomias mononema. More research is needed to determine if B. mononema is commercially valuable to humans.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,BOTHIDAE,Bothus,podas,,Bothus podas,"(Delaroche, 1809)","There are three subspecies B. p. podas, B. p. maderensis, and B. p. africanus, and there some question regarding the taxonomic status of these subspecies.",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern Bothus podas has a widespread distribution in the eastern central Atlantic Ocean and throughout the Mediterranean Sea. It is found over sandy and muddy substrates at depths ranging from very shallow waters to 400 m. It is not a targeted species within the Northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black sea assessment zone, however it is taken as bycatch in a number of fisheries and is typically discarded and is sometimes marketed in local markets. There are no species-specific landings available, and there is little species-specific population information available. Bothas podas is widespread and appears to be common, and there have been no documented population declines. Therefore, B. podas is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Bothus podas occurs in the eastern Atlantic, from the Portuguese coast (Palma et al. 2003, Ribeiro et al. 2006) south along the coast of Western Africa to Angola, including the Azores, Madeira, Cape Verde, São Tomé Islands, the Canary Islands (Aldebert et al. 1990, Nielsen 1973). In the Mediterranean Sea it occurs throughout the basin, including in the Alboran Sea (Molinari et al. 2004), Iberian coast (Moranta et al. 2006, Raventos et al. 2006), Balearic islands (Deudero et al. 2008, Moranta et al. 2006), Gulf of Lion (Letourneur et al. 2001, Carlier et al. 2007), Ligurian Sea (Romanelli et al. 2002, Molinari and Tunesi 2003, Tunesi and Molinari 2005, Tunesi et al. 2005), south Tyrrhenian Sea (La Mesa and Vacchi 1999), Aegean Sea (Moutopoulos and Stergiou 2002, Akin et al. 2005, Karakulak et al. 2006, Ozaydin et al. 200 7) and all Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988), Lebanese coasts (Harmelin-Vivien et al. 2005) and Egyptian waters (Abdallah 2002). It is found at depths ranging from 15 to 100 metres.","Bothus podas appears to be common. It is considered common throughout the coasts of Madeira and the Canary Islands and the Mediterranean Sea (Nielsen 1973).  According to Sangun et al. (2007) 90 specimens with lengths ranging from 6.2–15.7 cm were collected from off the coast of Turkey during 2001–2003, from depths of 5–100 m. Moutopoulos and Stergiou (2004) mention that 17 specimens were obtained seasonally during experimental fishing trials conducted with gill nets and long-lines during 1997–98 in the Aegean Sea (Cyclades, coastal waters off Naxos Island, Greece). Abdullah (2002) reports that 310 specimens (5.5–13.6 cm TL) were collected after eighteen cruises conducted in the Egyptian Mediterranean Sea waters using a commercial bottom trawler during the period January to December 1998 at depths of 30–200 m. According to Carlier et al. (2007), 17 specimens were collected with trawls during March 2004 between 5 and 35 m depth, in the Bay of Banyuls-sur-Mer (Gulf of Lion). Letourneur et al. (2001) mention that this species was sampled during summer 1984, winter 1984 and summer 1985 in the Gulf of Fos (France) a shallow semi-enclosed soft-bottom zone located near the delta of the Rhone River, using a small beam trawl with opening of 1.5 x 0.5 m with 8 mm net mesh size. A mean density of 7.01 ± 3.94 individuals ha-1 was collected after 30 min of trawling (mean speed: 2 knots) in a surface area of 2,778 m2 at depth of 5–8 m. Deudero et al. (2008) report that this species was sampled in July, September, October and December 2002, with mean abundance and standard error that ranged from 0.11±0.15 to 0.43±0.34. Lengths ranged from 5.5–13.5 cm TL. Individuals were caught over Posidonia oceanica beds at depths ranging from 11 to 38 m using a beam trawl (1.8 m wide and 0.8 m high, with a body of 8 m, 12 mm square mesh at its first half and 9 mm at the back, and a 2 m long cod end, 6 mm square mesh) during daytime (10:00-13:00 h). According to Karakulak et al. (2006), one specimen (11.9 cm TL) was collected from a survey conducted for selectivity by gill and trammel nets in the coastal waters of Turkey from March 2004 to February 2005. Romanelli et al. (2002) mention that one sample was collected in the east Ligurian Sea in the fishing season of 1997, with six hauls using a hand hauled commercial seine (wings: 70 m each, mouth width: 8 m).","Bothus podas is a benthic species which is found on sandy and muddy bottoms at depths ranging from very shallow waters to 400 m (Torchio 1962), however, it is most common between 5–18 m on sandy bottoms and sea grass beds (Schintu et al. 1994). It is also found in estuaries (Maigret and Ly 1986). It primarily feeds primarily on Crustacea, with Polychaeta, Gasteropoda and Bivalvia of lesser importance (Schintu et al. 1994). Bothus podas has a short life cycle of 3–4 years and has a fast initial growth rate (Schintu et al. 1994). It reaches a maximum length of 45 cm TL (Ly et al. 1996), however it is commonly seen to 18 cm (Munroe in press). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 24.2 cm TL and the length at maturity  for females is 20.4 cm TL  and for males is 21.0 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014).","Bothus podas is not a targeted species, however it is taken as bycatch in bivalve dredges (Palma et al. 2003) as well as trawl, seine, gill and trammel nets (Alves 2008).","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for B. podas, however it is likely to be found in marine protected areas throughout its range. This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Bothus podas is not a targeted species, however small quantities are sold in local markets (Maria Jose Costa pers. comm. 2013). There are no species-specific landing statistics available for B. podas from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and statistics for this species are likely aggregated under ""Left-eyed Flounders"" (FAO 2011 FishStatJ accessed 2014 January). Bothus podas is discarded from the bivalve dredge fishery (Palma et al. 2003) and Portuguese artisanal fisheries (Alves 2008).","Harwell, H.","de Sola, L., Nielsen, J., Monroe, T., Costa, M. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,BRAMIDAE,Brama,brama,,Brama brama,"(Bonnaterre, 1788)",The taxonomy and key characteristics of Brama spp. are in need of review (Haedrich in press).,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern Brama brama has a wide distribution in tropical to warm temperate waters. It is an oceanic species which is found in small schools over the continental slope. Longevity is thought to be at least 25 years. In northeastern Atlantic waters this species is concentrated to the west of Scotland, and is also occasionally found in the North Sea. Brama brama is a targeted commercial species in parts of Spain, Portugal and northwestern Africa and is considered economically important in Spain and Portugal. It is also taken as bycatch in a number of longline fisheries throughout its range. Species-specific landing statistics declared to FAO have increased from 2000-2011. The abundance of B. brama in the northeastern Atlantic may have increased, and there is no known management of this species within the assessment zone. It is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its broad range. Therefore, B. brama is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Brama brama is distributed worldwide in tropical to warm temperate waters (Thompson 2002). In the eastern Atlantic Ocean, B. brama occurs from central Norway to Algoa Bay, South Africa. In the Mediterranean, larval B. brama have been reported in the Adriatic Sea (Dulčíc 1999) and adult B. brama have been recorded from the Syrian coast (Saad 2005). In Northern waters, this species is mainly found to the west of Scotland, and also occasionally in the North Sea (H. Heessen pers. comm. 2014). Brama brama is found from shallow waters to 1000 m in depth (Kells and Carpenter 2011).","Regional population information: Northeastern Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean and Black Sea The official Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) name for B. brama is Atlantic Pomfret. The overall trend in landings reported to FAO is driven by the Northeast Atlantic, which accounted for 75% of global landings in 2011. Recent data show an increase in landings from the Northeast Atlantic fishing zone, from 82 thousand tonnes (kt) in 2003, to 13299 kt in 2011. Landings are also declared from the Mediterranean, although these comprise a minor portion of global landings (FAO 2011 FishStatJ accessed 2014 January).  Brama brama is particularly abundant in the eastern Atlantic portion of its global range. Off the south coast of Portugal, B. brama is the second most abundant commercial species in the hake (Merluccius merluccius) semi-pelagic longline fishery (Erzini et al. 2001). Length-frequency data from Portugal revealed that the most frequently captured length ranged from 38–42 cm, corresponding to age classes 5–7 (Lobo and Erzini 2001). In certain years, this species is caught in large number from the Strait of Gibraltar, where they are known to take bait from handlines. It is likely that this species undergoes irregular migrations up the coast from Africa  (J. Gil Hererra pers. comm. 2014). It is possible that species has become more abundant in the northern parts of its range from 2005 onwards (P. Fernandes pers. comm. 2014). Global population information: Atlantic Pomfret is reported from the following FAO fishing regions, in order of decreasing reported landings. Northeast Atlantic, Eastern Central Atlantic, Southeast Atlantic, Southwest Pacific, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean/Antarctic. Other regions where landings have increased include the Southeast Atlantic and the Eastern Central Atlantic (FAO 2011 FishStatJ accessed 2014 January).","Brama brama is an oceanic species which is found in small schools on the continental slope (Briggs 1960, Richards 2006). This species embarks on vertical migrations daily (Haedrich 1986, Dulčić 1999, Lobo and Erzini 2001). Seasonal migrations have been linked to water temperature (Kells and Carpenter 2011). Its diet consists of myctophids, other small bony fishes, and invertebrates (Bianchi et al. 1999, Kells and Carpenter 2011). Brama brama is a dominant component, by mass, of the diet of the Northeast Atlantic Swordfish (Xiaphias gladius) off the Bay of Biscay (Chancollon et al. 2006) In the Mediterranean, B. brama spawning season occurs in August and September (Haedrich 1986, Dulčić 1999). Brama brama is oviparous with planktonic eggs and larvae and spawns in the summer months (Richards 2006). Paul et al. (2004) estimated B. brama longevity to be at least 25 years. The maximum total length (TL) is 101 cm (Claro 1994, Vakily et al. 2002).  Bramids are epi- and mesopelagic fishes found throughout temperate and warm-temperate oceans that feed on small fishes and macroinvertebrates including squid. They are year-round batch spawners that undergo significant morphological changes with growth (Haedrich in press). Vakily et al. 2002 describes B. brama as benthopelagic with a maximum size of 100 cm TL off of West Africa. Species of the Bramidae family are important prey items of tunas, mackerels, marlin, and other large pelagic predators (Heemstra and Heemstra 2004).","Brama brama is a targeted commercial species in parts of its range. Additionally, this species is taken as bycatch in the Northeast Atlantic and in the Mediterranean in a number of fisheries including: the hake pelagic long-line fishery, legal and illegal drift-net fisheries targeting Blue-Fin Tuna (Bănaru et al. 2010).",There are no known species-specific management efforts for this commercially utilized species in the northeast Atlantic or Mediterranean.,"In the Northeast Atlantic, B. brama is targeted as a seasonally important fisheries resource in semi-pelagic longline fisheries in the northeast Atlantic and western Mediterranean (Lobo and Erzini 2001). Directed fisheries exists in Galicia, northwestern Spain, and it is also fished in Portugal and off northwest Africa. A commercial fishery for Brama spp. exists off of the northern Iberian Peninsula (Haedrich in press). It is also taken as bycatch in a number of fisheries. Off the south coast of Portugal, B. brama is the second most abundant commercial species in the hake (Merluccius merluccius) semi-pelagic longline fishery (Erzini et al. 2001). It is also taken as bycatch in legal and illegal tuna driftnet fisheries (Bănaru et al. 2010). Brama brama is of great economic importance in Spain, where it is usually marketed fresh (Pérez-Alonso et al. 2004). It has been used as a replacement for higher-cost species in the production of smoked fish products (Pérez-Alonso et al. 2003).","Harwell, H.","Collette, B., Fernandes, P., Herrera, J., Smith-Vaniz, W.F. & Heessen, H.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,BREGMACEROTIDAE,Bregmaceros,atlanticus,,Bregmaceros atlanticus,"Goode & Bean, 1886","There are multiple undescribed species in this group which may have been confused with this species (Moore, Polanco, Russell, McEachran pers. comm. 2013).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern Bregmaceros atlanticus is a circumglobal species that occurs in tropical and temperate waters. In the Eastern Atlantic, it has been reported from Madeira to South Africa, with several records extending the range of this species into the Mediterranean. It is found at depths ranging from 0 to 700 metres. It is considered rare, and there are no known species-specific threats. Therefore, B. atlanticus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Bregmaceros atlanticus is a circumtropical species that occurs in temperate and tropical waters (Bernardes et al. 2005) and is considered to have the largest geographical distribution among its congeners (Turan et al. 2011).  In the eastern Atlantic, it has been reported from the southern Iberian peninsula to South Africa. It is known from several records in the Mediterranean: Iskenderun Bay, Turkey (Turan et al. 2011), Antalya, Turkey (Yilmaz et al. 2004), Izmir Bay, Turkey (Aydin and Akyol 2013) and off Palmachin, Israel (Goren and Galil 2005). A single specimen has been found from the Straits of Sicily (D'Ancona and Cavinato 1965). It is found at depths ranging from 0 to 700 metres.","It has been hypothesized that recent records of B. atlanticus in the eastern Mediterranean stem from introductions from the Red Sea (although this species is not yet recorded from the Red Sea) or from ballast water (Goren and Galil 2008). This species is found at depths ranging from 0 to 700 metres, with the majority of individuals concentrating at depths of 50 to 100 meters (Clancy et al. 1956).","Bregmaceros atlanticus is a small, planktivorous fish living in the open water (neritic-pelagic) (Cohen 1984, Smith and Heemstra 1986). There are confirmed records of its capture at 35 m depth (Goren and Galil 2008). Since it was found in the stomach of the lizardfish, Saurida undosqamis which is rarely found deeper than 100 m, it may also inhabit shallow waters as well as deep. This species mainly feeds upon crustaceans, but also feeds on zooplankton and phytoplankton (FAO 2002).",There are no known species-specific threats to B. atlanticus. It is likely taken as bycatch in a number of fisheries.,There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for B. atlanticus. Its distribution likely overlaps with several marine protected areas.,There is no use and trade information available for this species.,"Harwell, H.","Nedreaas, K., Florin, A., Fernandes, P., Cook, R. & Lorance, P.","De Silva, R., Milligan, H., Lutz, M., Batchelor, A., Jopling, B., Kemp, K., Lewis, S., Lintott, P., Sears, J., Wilson, P., Smith, J. and Livingston, F.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,LOTIDAE,Brosme,brosme,,Brosme brosme,"(Ascanius, 1772)",DNA analysis showed a high probability for genetic subdivisions of stocks of Tusk in the North Atlantic due to spatial differentiation (Knutsen et al. 2009).,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Brosme brosme is relatively widespread in the northeast Atlantic. It is found in small shoals on rough, rock, gravel, or pebble bottoms, and occasionally found over mud generally far from the shore. It is fished  and managed throughout the region. Catches in the last 10 years have been stable, and CPUE from Norwegian Fleets have been stable and/or increasing. Longer time series are available over the past 30 years (3 generation lengths), that show the same trend. Brosme brosme is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Brosme brosme is restricted to the North Atlantic Ocean. In the northwest Atlantic, it is known from off the shore of New Jersey to the Strait of Belle Isle and on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. This species is rare at the southern tip of Greenland. In the northeast Atlantic, it is found from Ireland and the United Kingdom north to Iceland, the northern North Sea, and along the coast of Scandinavia to the Murmansk Coast and Spitzbergen (Cohen et al. 1990). This species can be found in waters at depths of 18 to 1000 m, but is most often found at depths between 150 to 450 m (Cohen et al. 1990).","Over the last 10 years (1999-2012), overall catches have been stable over the region. Both groundfish surveys and CPUE data from the Faroes reveal fluctuations over the past 30 years, but with no clear trend. Norwegian fleets in the west of Scotland, Faroes, and North Sea show a slight increase in CPUE over the past 10 years (ICES 2012). Longer time series are available over the past 30 years (3 generation lengths), that show the same trend (K. Nedreaas pers. comm. 2013). It is not known if these fluctuations are because of strengthened fishing restrictions or if populations are fluctuating.   The first report of B. brosme landings in 1950 reported a global harvest of 12,500 tonnes (FAO 2011, FishStatJ accessed 2013 September). Over the next 15 years, global Tusk landings increased to just over 40,000 tonnes. There was an overall decrease over the next decade to about 28,000 tonnes. After a record high of 55000 tonnes in 1980, B. brosme landings stayed relatively stable for about 12 years, averaging approximately 47000-48000 tonnes annually. A strong declining trend in tusk landing between 1992 and 1997 indicates a probable depletion of the stock(s) between those years (Lorance and Dupouy 1998). By 2004, B. brosme landings had dropped to just under 20,000 tonnes, and then fluctuated between 2000-2010 (FAO FishstatJ). Decreased landings of the North American fisheries in the late 1980s were likely due to the change from longlining to otter trawls, as B. brosme is not a good trawl fish since it frequents rough bottoms (Cohen et al. 1990). The aggregated catch statistics for B. brosme, globally, is 2,5611 tonnes (Northeast Atlantic Fisheries Commission 2011). In the northeast Atlantic in 2011, Norway and Iceland landed 14,835 and 5,847 tonnes, respectively, and the Faroe Islands landed 5121 tonnes (FAO 2011, FishStatJ accessed 2013 September).","Brosme brosme is found in small shoals on rough, rock, gravel, or pebble bottoms, occasionally found over mud. It generally keeps far from the shore, near the bottom, mostly between 150 and 450 m in the northeastern Atlantic, and between 18 and 550 m in the northwestern Atlantic (Cohen et al. 1990). It is generally restricted to the upper slope and deep continental waters (Cohen et al. 1990).This species spends the majority of its time solitary or in small groups (Frimodt 1995). Brosme brosme feeds on invertebrates including crustaceans and shellfishes as well as benthic fishes (such as flatfishes and gurnard) It is most often preyed upon by seals (Frimodt 1995).There does not appear to be any on- or offshore migrations with this species of fish, but it does undergo local migrations of greater and lesser depths (Cohen et al. 1990). Brosme brosme tolerates temperatures of between 0-10 degrees Celsius (Cohen et al. 1990). Brosme brosme may spawn throughout their range, but important spawning grounds are located between Scotland and Iceland. In the eastern Atlantic, they are located on the edge of the Shetland Islands, Faeroes and Iceland slopes, from 200 to 500 m depth, and in the northern part of the North Sea, along the 100-200 m isobaths (Cohen et al. 1990). Tusk spawn in the spring and early summer on both the western and eastern sides of the Atlantic (April-July). Tusk are amongst the most prolific of fishes, with an average sized female (50 cm) capable of producing up to 2 million eggs in one reproductive episode (Cohen et al. 1990).The larval and early juvenile stages of young tusk occur in the upper pelagic area until reaching approximately 5 cm in length before settling. However, growth rate is slow and the length at first maturity is reached at approximately 8 years, at 50 cm of length. At age 6 the fish is about 22 cm. At age 7 size ranges from 26 to 37 cm. At age 8 size ranges from 36 to 48 cm. At age 15 from 60 to 80 cm. It lives for a maximum of about 20 years and may reach lengths of up to 120 cm (Cohen et al. 1990).","This species is an important commerical species, and is targeted in Norwegian long-line fisheries.  Brosme brosme tolerates temperatures of between 0 and 10 degrees C (Cohen et al. 1990). The warming trend of the world's oceans certainly affects the range and area of occupay, restricting habitat accessibility and latitudinally restricting them to the more northerly areas of their range. Furthermore, although much has been done to curb the use of deep sea trawls in many fishing areas, they are still used in some areas legally and even in other areas illegally. Trawling destroys much of the benthic fauna and flora it is dragged across, including corals, sponges, seafans and hydroids (Koslow et al. 2001). Tusk depend on many of theses benthic creatures for suitable habitat (Roberts 2002). Deep sea fishing is very destructive to these fragile ecosystems (Roberts 2002).","ICES advice for the Iceland is to fish at MSY, and for almost all other areas there should be no expansion of any fisheries for this species (ICES Advice 2013).  For 2013, the ICES recommended the following assessment units and landings for Brosme brosme: (1) Subareas I and II -20% reduction in catches (last 3 years’ average to 9040 t). (2) Division Va Subarea XIV - Fishing at FMSY (6700t). (3) Mid-Atlantic Ridge - Fisheries should not be allowed to expand and measures should be considered to limit occasional high levels of bycatch. (4) Division VIb - 20% reduction in catches (350 t). (5) DivisionsIIIa, Vb, VIa, and XIIb and Subareas IV, VII, VIII, and IX - No more than a 20% increase in catches to 8500t (ICES Advice 2012). This species was assessed as Least Concern on the Norwegian National Redlist, using CPUE from long lining and generation length of 11 years.","Brosme brosme is a commercially fished species. It may be sold fresh, frozen as fillets or dried salted. It may be eaten steamed, fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved and baked (Frimodt 1995). Brosme brosme is caught with otter trawls and on hard bottoms, with longlines. Longline and handline fisheries off Iceland, Norway and the Faroe Islands harvesting ling (Molva molva) and B. brosme have a very long history, however contemporary fisheries use highly efficient, mechanized vessels fishing over a wide geographical area in the northern parts of the Northeast Atlantic. International landings of tusk from ICES Division Vb (Faroe Islands) more than tripled from the 1950s to the early-1980s but sharply declined thereafter. Since 1986, catch rates of B. brosme by large (>100 GRT) Faroese longline vessels have declined by more than 50% (Large et al. 2003). 		 	 	 		   ","Stump, E.","Fernandes, P., Cook, R., Florin, A., Lorance, P., Nielsen, J. & Nedreaas, K.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,OPHIDIIDAE,Brotulotaenia,brevicauda,,Brotulotaenia brevicauda,"Cohen, 1974",,No,,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Brotulotaenia brevicauda is a widespread species known from the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species has only been recorded from northwestern Spain. It is unlikely that greater than 1% of the global population of this species is found within the assessment region. Therefore, B. brevicauda is assessed as Not Applicable.",Unknown,"In the northeast Atlantic, Brotulotaenia brevicauda has only been caught off the northwestern coast of Spain (Neilsen et al. 1999).  Elsewhere, it is widely distributed throughout the Atlantic and Indian Oceans with occurrences on the Flemish Cap, east of Newfoundland, Grand Bank, Bermuda, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, and mid-Atlantic Ridge  (Garrido-Linares and Acero 2006, Nielsen et al. 1999). Brotulotaenia brevicauda is associated with depth ranging between zero and 2,650 m (Banon et al. 1999). The shallow occurrence of this species is larval, and adults are deep-living. ","Brotulotaenia brevicauda is listed as uncommon in most parts of its range (Nielsen et al. 1999), and in some cases, it is considered rare (Machida et al. 1997).  It is rare in museum collections, having only two occurrences worldwide (Accessed through the Fishnet 2 Portal 2014 February).","Brotulotaenia brevicauda is a deep-water, species with a maximum size of 35 cm standard length (SL) (Nielsen et al. 1999). It has pelagic larvae that transform to the juvenile stage at 6.2 and 7.8 cm SL (Nielsen et al. 1999, Carpenter 2002, Fahay and Nielsen 2003). It is probably a meso-to-bathypelagic carnavore (Nielsen et al. 1999). This species is a prey item for deep-living grenadiers (Macrourus berglax) and wolf-fish (Anarhichas minor) in the North Atlantic (Banon et al. 1999).  Brotulotaenia brevicauda may perhaps have a reproductive strategy similar to other members of this family, featuring oviparity, with oval pelagic eggs floating in a gelatinous mass (Breder and Rosen 1966). Brotulotaenia brevicauda larvae use high degrees of crypsis and camouflage until a relatively large size (62 and 78 mm), when they begin to undergo metamorphosis (Suntsov 2007). Little is known about the spawning, fecundity or other ecological characteristics for this species. Brotulotaenia brevicauda is the sole genus in the subfamily Brotulotaeniinae. The most prominent distinguishing characters of this taxon are the presence of scales modified into small prickles and the absence of pelvic fin rays in adults (Fahay and Nielsen 2003).",Due to the deep depth range of Brotulotaenia brevicauda it is likely not affected by any commonly known threats.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species. The distribution of Brotulotaenia brevicauda overlaps several marine protected areas (MPAs) throughout its range, but it is not known if it has specifically occurred within them or not. Research into the population size and trends, ecology and early life history stages, as well as potential threats to this species is needed.",Brotulotaenia brevicauda is of no interest to commercial fishing companies (Nielsen et al. 1999).,"Strongin, K.","Uiblein, F., Knudsen, S. & Nielsen, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,OPHIDIIDAE,Brotulotaenia,crassa,,Brotulotaenia crassa,"Parr, 1934",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) The species is listed as Data Deficient as it is only known from six specimens in European waters, although globally it would be considered Least Concern. Further research should be conducted to determine the wider distribution and population size and trends, as well as the ecology and early life history of this species.",Unknown,"Brotulotaenia crassa is found in the waters of the eastern Atlantic, off of Iceland and southward to Portugal, Morocco, Madeira, and the Azores (Porteiro et al. 2010, Carneiro et al. 2014). It is also found off of South Africa (Nielsen et al. 1999). In the western Atlantic, it is found  around the West Indies, and throughout the Indian Ocean to the southwestern Pacific (Nielsen et al. 1999). It is associated with depths of between 249 and 1,100 m (Bogutskaya 2007).",Brotulotaenia crassa is described as an uncommon species throughout most of its range (Nielsen et al. 1999).,"Brotulotaenia crassa is a mesopelagic species (Hoese et al. 2006). It is oviparous, with oval pelagic eggs floating in a gelatinous mass (Breder and Rosen 1966). The maximum recorded length of this fish is 86 cm standard length (SL) (Nielsen et al. 1999). There is limited information about the diet, spawning season, reproductive processes or other ecological information on B. crassa.",There are no known threats towards B. crassa.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for B. crassa. However, its range overlaps with numerous marine protected areas (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Research into the population size/trends, the ecology and early life history, as well as the potential threats towards this species is needed.",Brotulotaenia crassa is not commercially sought after by fisheries.,"Strongin, K.","Knudsen, S., Nielsen, J. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,OPHIDIIDAE,Brotulotaenia,nigra,,Brotulotaenia nigra,"Parr, 1933",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Brotulotaenia nigra is a widespread species, which within Europe is known only from Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"This species has a seemingly wide distribution in the Atlantic and west Pacific, although it is has been found at very few localities. Within Europe, it is only known from Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014).",There is a lack of information regarding this species' population.,"This is a marine, bathypelagic species, with a depth range of 1000-1100 m (Ocean Biogeographic Information System 2006).",There is a lack of information regarding threats to this species.,There is a lack of information regarding conservation actions for this species.,There is a lack of information regarding use or trade of this species.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Buenia,affinis,,Buenia affinis,"Iljin, 1930","The two juvenile specimens that are known for this species in the Mediterranean Sea, off Banyuls, France, may be juveniles of Buenia jeffreysii (Kovacic and La Mesa 2010).",Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Buenia affinis is present in the west-central Mediterranean Sea and apparently only known from three areas (southern France, southern Italy, and along the coast of Croatia). It is likely to have a much wider distribution within this range. It is abundant where known. There are no major threats, and it is considered Least Concern at present.",Unknown,"Buenia affinis is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, where it is found along the western and central shores. It is widespread in the Adriatic Sea with other confirmed records only from Banyuls-sur-Mer (France) and Naples (Italy) in the northwestern Mediterranean (Kovačić and Patzner 2009). Buenia affinis is typically found from five to 25 m (Kovačić 2002).","In the north Adriatic Sea, Buenia affinis is abundant in its typical habitat (Kovačić 2002). There were 240 specimens identified from one locality in the Adriatic Sea, which may imply that it could be locally common in some areas (Kovacic and La Mesa 2010). However, no other estimation of population has been published. Based on the present number of known records and until more data are available, B. affinis should be considered rare.","Buenia affinis is a small, epibenthic goby from inshore benthic habitats, at depths of 1.5 to 25 m; it occurs most frequently from five to 20 m. Buenia affinis inhabits sandy areas that were mostly clear, although at places scarcely covered with cobbles (six to 20 cm) and boulders (>20 cm) (Kovačić 2002, Kovačić et al., 2012b). Average sand particle sizes are coarse (0.7-0.8 mm) and medium (0.2-0.4 mm). Sediments are mostly coarse biogenous fragments (calcite skeleton remains) mixed with finer lithogenous material (Kovačić 2002). Specimens were present exclusively on the sandy sediments. In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 3.8 cm TL and the length at maturity  for females is 2.6 cm TL and for males is 2.7 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014). The spawning season extended from February to July. The absolute fecundity ranged from 457 to 714 eggs per individual (mean + SE, 556 + 25). Based on the length frequency distribution analysis throughout the year and seasonal growth bands on sagittal otoliths, B. affinis is assumed to be an annual species (Kovačić and La Mesa 2010).",There are no known major threats for this species.,"No conservation actions are required for this species. Buenia affinis was previously assessed as Least Concern, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011). It is not listed in the Red List of Marine Fishes of Croatia or the Red Book of Sea Fishes of Croatia. ",Buenia affinis is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Kovacic, M., Herler, J. & Williams, J.T.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Buenia,jeffreysii,,Buenia jeffreysii,"(Günther, 1867)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Buenia jeffreysii is a widely distributed, epibenthic goby found throughout much of the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Little is known about its habitat, ecology or population. There are no known major threats to this species. Therefore, B. jeffreysii is considered Least Concern.",Unknown,"Buenia jeffreysii is known only from the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, from Iceland and Norway to the Celtic Sea, excluding the southern North Sea, from five to 330 m depth (Miller 1996). The single record of Buenia jeffreysii in the Mediterranean Sea at Banyuls-sur-Mer, France was reidentified as Buenia affinis (Kovai and Patzner 2009).",No estimate of population size and trend of B. jeffreysii has been published. Miller (1979) noted that species is “fairly common”. ,"Buenia jeffreysii is a small epibenthic goby found usually offshore, typically five to 330 m on sand, mud, shell debris, gravel and corallines (Miller 1986). No data exist for lifespan, life cycle and growth pattern (Miller 1986). The maximum recorded size is 6.0 cm (Miller 1996).",There are no known major threats for this species.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place or needed for Buenia jeffreysii and it occurs in marine protected areas.,Buenia jeffreysii is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Kovacic, M., Herler, J. & Williams, J.T.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,DICERATIIDAE,Bufoceratias,wedli,,Bufoceratias wedli,"(Pietschmann, 1926)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment:  Bufoceratias wedli is distributed in the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones of the tropical and subtropical northern Atlantic. In the eastern Atlantic it ranges from Portugal south to Namibia (24 degrees South). Bufoceratias wedli is a solitary species that does not occur abundantly and can be found at depths ranging from 400 to 2,300 m. Metamorphosed female specimens range in size from 19-196 mm.  Larger individuals are believed to be, at least partly, associated with the bottom of continental shelves and slopes. It is not commercially utilized. No species-specific conservation measures are currently in place, but there are marine protected areas throughout its range. There are no other known threats towards this species. Because there is limited population and ecological information for this species, B. wedli is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Bufoceratias wedli is distributed in the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones of the tropical and subtropical northern Atlantic Ocean (Pietsch in press, Bianchi et al. 1999). In the western Atlantic, B. wedli is known from the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, southward off Suriname and southern Brazil. In the eastern Atlantic, it ranges from Portugal south to Namibia, around 24o S (Pietsch 2009). It occurred in a trawl survey in the southern mid-Atlantic and Walvis Ridges, specifically at 4°40′S, 12°16′W (Kobyliansky et al. 2010).  Bufoceratias wedli is known to occupy depths of between 300 and 1,750 m (Anderson and Leslie 2001).","Population information for B. wedli is very limited due to the extreme depth that this species prefers. Bufoceratias wedli is a solitary species that does not occur abundantly (Pietsch in press). It is known from at least 82 female specimens (Pietsch 2009). There are four collections off Mauritania: two collections of one specimen each at 17.716, -16.7 held at LACM, two collections of one specimen each at 16.73, -16.876 held at CAS (Accessed through the Fishnet2 Portal February 2014).","Bufoceratias wedli is a deep-sea fish that inhabits the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones and seems to be associated with the bottom substrate (Pietsch et al. 2004). Females have a maximum size of 19.6 cm SL, and males have not yet been recorded (Pietsch 2009).  Females attract prey with an elongate first dorsal spine that has been modified as a lure (Pietsch et al. 2004).   There are limited data concerning the diet, fecundity or early life history traits of this species.  The family Diceratiidae is unique in that the females have a second light bearing dorsal-fins spine directly behind the insertion point of the illicium. A single metamophosed male has been found, without the ability to identify its genus. The specimen is 14 mm with no evidence of sexual parsitism in the family. Metamorphosed female specimens range in size from 19-196 mm. Females of the genus Bufoceratias possess extremely large illicia, approximately 225% of the fish's standard length. Larger individuals are believed to be, at least partly, associated with the bottom of continental shelves and slopes (Pietsch 2009). Diceratids exhibit extreme sexual dimorphism in which males are dwarfs compared to females. Males have highly developed sensory organs that allow them to find females at which point they will attach themselves to the body as a parasite that eventually becomes incorporated into the female's tissues and blood vessels (Pietsch in press).",There are no known major threats to Bufoceratias wedli.,"There are no known conservation measures for Bufoceratias wedli. There are numerous marine protected areas throughout its range. Research into the population dynamics and trends, as well as into ecology and early life history is recommended for this species.",Bufoceratias wedli is not utilized (Pietsch in press). This species may sometimes be caught in trawls off of Namibia (Bianchi et al. 1999).,"Harwell, H.","Costa, M., Munroe, T. & Rijnsdorp, A.D.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,SOLEIDAE,Buglossidium,luteum,,Buglossidium luteum,"(Risso, 1810)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Buglossidium luteum is found in the eastern Atlantic from Iceland and Scotland to the Mediterranean. Its range includes the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. This species occurs throughout the Mediterranean Sea, including the Adriatic Sea, Gulf of Lion, Sea of Marmara and Bosphorus. It is found over shallow muddy to to muddy-sandy bottoms which are moderately influenced by estuaries. It appears to be common and abundant throughout its range. This species is taken as bycatch in demersal trawl fisheries. It is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range, and its abundance is monitored by surveys such as the International Bottom Trawl Survey (IBTS). Therefore, B. luteum is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Buglossidium luteum is found in the eastern Atlantic from the North Sea to Morocco. This species occurs throughout the Mediterranean Sea, including the Adriatic Sea, Gulf of Lion (De Morais and Bodiou 1984, De Morais 1985, Blanchard and Boucher 2001, Letourneur et al. 2001, Darnaude et al. 2004, Carlier et al. 2007), Sea of Marmara, the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988) and Bosphorus. It is found at depths ranging from 5 to 50 m.","Buglossidium luteum is considered locally abundant in coastal areas in Portugal (Carbral et al. 2002).  It is abundant throughout the waters around the British Islands (Rogers et al. 1998). Buglossidium luteum is abundant in the North Sea, Channel, Celtic Sea and Irish Sea (Rogers et al. 1998). Based on available trawl surveys carried out since 1969, the species increased in abundance and moved to the north since the late 1980s, coinciding with a series of mild winters (van Hal et al. 2010). The catches (both N/h and biomass/h) in the last three years (from 2008 to 2012) are much lower than those of the previous ten years in the Gulf of Cadiz, based on survey data (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2013).","Buglossidium luteum has a patchy distribution and prefers shallow muddy to muddy to sandy bottoms which are moderately influenced by estuarine waters, but is never found where salinity is below 20. Buglossidium luteum is a demersal species which occurs at depths ranging from less than 1 m to 450 m, adults generally occur from 10 to 40 m (Quéro et al. 1986). The preferred depth varies slightly with location; along the coast of England, 5 to 20 m, in the southern North Sea, 10 to 50 m, in the Eastern Channel, 5 to 15 m, the Bay of Biscay, 20 to 35 m. This species grows to a maximum size of 10 to 13 cm. Males have a larger growth coefficient than females (0.64 vs 0.49). Buglossidium luteum does not undergo any migrations. Its preferred diet includes, polychaetes, molluscs, and crustaceans (Amara et al 2004). Spawning may occur in May and June (Sabates 1990). It does not make any pronounced migrations (Cabral et al. 2002). The maximum size and age observed in the North Sea is 13 cm and 14 years, respectively (Balthus and van der Veer 1995, van Hal et al. 2010). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 14.5 cm TL and the length at maturity  for females is 8.1 cm TL  and for males is 7.9 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014). In the North Sea juveniles occur in the similar depth habitats as adults (Bathus and van der Veer 1995), off Portugal juveniles are found on coastal waters, including estuaries and lagoons (Cabral 2000, Cabral et al. 2002). In the English Channel region, juveniles live near river outflows, though it avoids the low salinity waters of large estuaries (Amara et al. 2004).","Buglossidium luteum is taken as bycatch in demersal trawl fisheries (Berghahn and Purps 1998). However, this is not considered to be a major threat to this species at this time as it is not affecting the entire population.",There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for Buglossidium luteum. It is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range. Surveys such as the International Bottom Trawl Survey (IBTS) monitor the abundance of this species. Buglossidium luteum was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).,"Buglossidium luteum is not a targeted species; however, it is taken as bycatch in demersal trawl fisheries (Heessen et al. 1996).","Ralph, G.","de Sola, L., Nielsen, J., Monroe, T., Costa, M. & Herrera, J.","De Silva, R., Milligan, H., Lutz, M., Batchelor, A., Jopling, B., Kemp, K., Lewis, S., Lintott, P., Sears, J., Wilson, P., Smith, J. & Livingston, F.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,BYTHITIDAE,Bythites,islandicus,,Bythites islandicus,"Nielsen & Cohen, 1973",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Bythites islandicus is a rare species known from only one locality (rocky bottom) off the southeastern coast of Iceland. Little data are available on the population status, habitats or ecology. There are no known major threats. Therefore, B. islandicus is listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Bythites islandicus is known from 15 specimens collected at one locality off the southeastern coast of Iceland at 223 to 285 m, but only four specimens were kept (Nielsen and Cohen 1973).","Bythites islandicus is a rare species, known only from one locality.",Little species-specific information is available. It is known from 200 to 300 m depth (Nielsen and Cohen 1973).,There are no known major threats to this species.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place.,This species is not utilized and is of no interest to fisheries.,"Ralph, G.","Nielsen, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CALLANTHIIDAE,Callanthias,ruber,,Callanthias ruber,"(Rafinesque, 1810)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern because it is a moderately deep water species that is widespread and appears to be common throughout its range, it appears only incidentally in fisheries and is not targeted. However, further research is needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range, as it is caught as bycatch and inhabits sensitive habitats such as gorgonian gardens and coralligenous assemblages which are directly threatened by fishing.",Unknown,"Callanthias ruber occurs in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and in the Mediterranean Sea. In the eastern Atlantic, it appears from the English Channel (occasional occurrences) to Mauritania, including Madeira, the Azores and the Canary Islands, while in the Mediterranean it is present from northern Africa to the Levant, through European riparian countries from Spain to Greece, including the Adriatic Sea (Fishbase 2011). Its depth lower limit is 500 metres, while its upper limit is 50 metres.","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species, since this is a small, deepwater species for which there are no fishery statistics available. However, the species seems to be widespread and occurs in a number of museum records, appearing to be common within its range.","This demersal species is found on rocks and muddy substrata at depths from 50 to 500 m. It is most frequently caught in trawls between 300 and 500 m in Turkey (C. Bizsel pers. comm. 2007). Callanthias ruber is present on seamounts and knolls (Stocks et al. 2009), with a preference for rocky substrate between 200 and 400 metres depth (Costa 1991). The species is known on Mediterranean and Atlantic deep-gorgonian gardens (Aguilar et al. 2010, Marín et al. 2011, Bo et al. 2012, Gomes-Pereira et al. 2013) and Mediterranean coralligenous assemblages (Cardinali et al. 2014). In the Condor Seamount summit (Azores Islands), the species also shows a preference for coralligenous habitats to non-coralligenous ones (Porteiro et al. 2013). Larvae of the species has been collected in the summer in the Aegean Sea and in the Azores Islands waters among February and March (Aguilar et al. 2009). Its maximum size is 60 cm (TL).","In the South Thyrrenian Sea (Italy), the species is potentially threatened by local fishing activities (Bo et al. 2012). Similarly, the species is caught by purse seine fisheries in Portugal (Feijó 2012). Since the species is related to sensitive habitats, such as a deep-sea gorgonian gardens and coralligenous assemblages, impacts such as abandoned gears or debris from fishing boats are potential threats.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books.&#160;There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. However, reefs are listed under the Habitats Directive as habitats of community interest, so they are to be protected under management measures. Gorgonian gardens on rocky areas, underwater caves, coralligenous assemblages, seamounts and knolls are considered reefs. Coralligenous assemblages are also protected under the Regulation CE 1967/2006, in which bottom trawling and similar fishing activities are prohibited over phanerogams, coralligenous and maërl beds. Although the species is present through these habitats, community legislation is poorly applied, resulting in poorly effective conservation measures for this species. It is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range.&#160;Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.","This is a non-targeted fishing species, but is caught incidentally in the Thyrraenian Sea and Portugal.","García, M., Russell, B. & Ralph, G.","Garcia, S.","Blanco, J.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CALLIONYMIDAE,Callionymus,fasciatus,,Callionymus fasciatus,"Valenciennes, 1837",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Callionymus fasciatus has a wide range in the Mediterranean and Black Sea. It is common in the Black Sea and is not commercially fished. Therefore, C. fasciatus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Callionymus fasciatus is endemic to the Mediterranean and Black seas. It has been recorded from the Gulf of Genoa (Ligurian Sea) to the western Aegean Sea and the Sea of Marmara, and from the southern and eastern Black Sea. The species is absent from the Levant (Golani et al. 2006), and apparently absent from the southern Mediterranean.","Nothing is known about the population in the Mediterranean. It is common in the Black Sea, the Bosphorus and the Sea of Marmara (B. Yokes pers. comm. 2007).","This is a demersal species, occurring on sandy substrata. In the Black Sea it prefers sandy substrata, but in the Sea of Marmara it prefers fragmented shells and sand. It feeds on small benthic invertebrates, mainly worms and crustaceans (Fricke 1986). It occurs in shallow inshore waters.",There are no known major threats for this species. It is not a commercial species.,"No conservation measures are in place for this species. It was previously assessed as Least Concern, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",This species is not utilized.,"Ralph, G.","Pollard, D.","Yokes, B., Bizsel, K. & Goren, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CALLIONYMIDAE,Callionymus,lyra,,Callionymus lyra,"Linnaeus, 1758",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Callionymus lyra is widely distributed in the northeastern Atlantic, from Iceland to Mauritania, including the Mediterranean and Black seas. It can be locally abundant. Although it is found in fisheries, this is not considered a major threat at this time. There are no other known threats, and no evidence of population declines. Therefore, C. lyra is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Callionymus lyra is restricted to the eastern Atlantic, where it is found from southern Iceland to Mauritania, including the Mediterranean and Black seas (Fricke 1986, Vakily et al. 2002). It is present throughout the Mediterranean except parts of the southern coasts (from Libya to southern Turkey), and found in western parts of the Black Sea. It is also known from all of Macaronesia except Cape Verde. The depth distribution of C. lyra is 5 to 400 m (Fricke 1986), though it is typically found at less than 50 m depth (King et al. 1994).","Callionymus lyra has been described as common in European waters (Chang 1951). In 1990, the population of the species in the North Sea mainly consisted of age 1, 2, and 3 individuals with mean lengths of 7.5, 15, and 19 cm. Although the species did not appear to be impacted by eutrophication which had occurred since 1948, a comparison of the 1990 specimens with specimens from 1948 indicated fewer large individuals, probably as a result of increased fishing in the area (Van der Veer et al. 1990). An analysis of International Bottom Trawl Survey Data show higher abundances of this species in the 1970s than in the 1990s (Heessen 1996). The species was present in moderate to high densities throughout the Tagus estuary in Portugal, and considered a dominant component (Prista et al. 2003). Populations are considered to be stable.","Callionymus lyra is a sexually dimorphic, benthic species with a maximum size of 30 cm TL that occurs over sand bottoms (Vakily et al. 2002, Fricke FAO ECA Guide in press). It is typically found in shallow waters less than 50 meters, is very common in waters of 10 meters or less, and becomes less abundant with depth (King et al. 1994).  The species is of interest because the males display markedly different secondary sex characteristics. Species of the Callionymidae family spawn in pairs. Males mature at different ages and die after spawning; eggs, larvae, and postlarvae are pelagic (Heemstra and Heemstra 2004). Longevity has been estimated at five years for males, and seven years for females (Chang 1951).","There are no indications of population decline in the species. Species of the Callionymidae family are taken as bycatch in bottom trawl fisheries and marketed locally. Some are also utilized in the aquarium trade (Fricke FAO ECA Guide in press). In the North Sea, the abundance of the species did not appear to be affected by eutrophication, however an observed reduction in larger size classes may be due to increased fishing pressure in the region (Van der Veer et al. 1990).","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place. It is found in marine protected areas throughout its range. Callionymus lyra was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",The species a component of small-scale demersal fisheries in Portugal (Gonçalves et al. 1997). This species and other dragonets are taken as bycatch in bottom trawls and marketed locally. Some species are commercially used in the aquarium trade (Fricke FAO ECA Guide in press).,"Harwell, H.","Herler, J., Kovacic, M. & Williams, J.T.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CALLIONYMIDAE,Callionymus,maculatus,,Callionymus maculatus,"Rafinesque, 1810",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Callionymus maculatus is widely distributed throughout the eastern Atlantic, including the Mediterranean. It can be locally abundant, and populations of C. maculatus are considered stable. There are no known widespread threats, though they are sometimes taken incidentally in trawl fisheries. Therefore, C. maculatus is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Calliionymus maculatus is found in the eastern Atlantic, from Iceland and Norway south to Senegal, including throughout the Mediterranean Sea (Fricke in press). It is not known to enter the Black Sea. Callionymus maculatus is typically found at depths ranging from 22 to 630 m (Fricke 1986).",An analysis of 40 years of International Bottom Trawl Survey Data show that the species was relatively more abundant in the 1990s than in the 1970s (Heessen 1996). Callionymus maculatus was the third most abundant species in the demersal fish assemblage over soft substrates off the west coast of Scotland (Gibson and Ezzi 1987).,"Callionymus maculatus is a sexually dimorphic, benthic fish with a maximum size of 16 cm TL that lives on sand bottoms (Fricke FAO ECA Guide in press). It is also found in estuaries (Cabral et al. 2001). Callionymus maculatus primarily feeds on polychaetes and amphipods, and is prey for a number of commercially important fishes, including Zues faber (Stergious et al. 1991). Species of the Callionymidae family spawn in pairs. Females reach sexual maturity earlier than males, and they are serial spawners. Males may reach first maturity at different ages, at 3, 4, or 5 years of age, and die after spawning. Males live 3 to 5 years, while females live up to five years (Gibson and Ezzi 1979). The eggs, larvae, and postlarvae are pelagic (Heemstra and Heemstra 2004).","The species is taken as by-catch and discarded in a number of fisheries, including the Norway Lobster Fishery (Sartor et al. 2003) and various trawl fisheries. This is not considered a threat to the species at this time.","There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for the species. It is found in marine protected areas throughout its range. Callionymus maculatus was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",There is no species-specific use and trade information available for the species. Dragonets are taken as by-catch in bottom trawls and marketed locally.,"Harwell, H.","Herler, J., Kovacic, M. & Williams, J.T.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CALLIONYMIDAE,Callionymus,pusillus,,Callionymus pusillus,"Delaroche, 1809",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Callionymus pusillus is widely distributed in the Mediterranean and Black seas, and its range extends to the eastern Atlantic to Portugal and Spain. Although specific population data are not available, the population is assumed to be stable. Callionymus pusillus is occasionally caught as bycatch in demersal fisheries, but this is not considered a major threat at this time. There are no other known widespread threats. Therefore, C. pusillus is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Callionymus pusillus is restricted to the northeastern Atlantic, where it is found from off the coasts of Portugal (Carneiro et al. 2014) and Spain, and throughout the Mediterranean. It occurs in the northern Mediterranean basin, including the Adriatic and Aegean Seas, as well as Lebanon and Israel, but has not been recorded from most parts of the southern Mediterranean coasts. It has been found to 100 m, but is typically very shallow, from one to five metres (Fricke 1986).","Callionymus pusillus appears to be the most common Callionymid in the Mediterranean Sea, as it is the only species noted in studies of marine protected areas in the region. It is recorded relatively infrequently in the northeastern Aegean Sea (Keskin et al. 2011). This species was irregularly observed off the coastal islands of Ibiza, Spain. When observed it was found over sandy bottoms (Fischer et al. 2007). It was observed at one of four sampling sites in the Gulf of Trieste and there is was observed infrequently (Lipej et al. 2003). The population trend is assumed to be stable.","Callionymus pusillus is a demersal species, inhabiting shallow waters with sandy substrata. It has been reported occasionally from depths of up to 100 m (Food and Agriculture Organization 1987), but generally found at much shallower depths (one to five metres; Fricke 1986). It feeds on small benthic invertebrates, mainly worms and crustaceans (Fricke 1986). Individuals ranging in size from 25 to 55 mm SL were recorded in the Mar Menor coastal lagoon in Spain (Verdiell-Cubedo et al. 2006).","There are no known major threats for this species. It is likely taken as bycatch in a number of demersal fisheries, but is not caught commercially.","No conservation measures are in place or required for this species and it is found in marine protected areas. Callionymus pusillus was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean Sea in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",The species is not used but may be found in fishery bycatch.,"Ralph, G.","Herler, J., Kovacic, M. & Williams, J.T.","Yokes, B., Pollard, D., Bizsel, K., Goren, M. & Kara, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CALLIONYMIDAE,Callionymus,reticulatus,,Callionymus reticulatus,"Valenciennes, 1837",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Callionymus reticulatus is widely distributed in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, from the North Sea to Portugal and the Azores. It is also found in the western Mediterranean Sea, though little information is available as to the distribution and population status in the Mediterranean. Populations are considered stable. Callionymus reticulatus is caught incidentally in demersal fisheries, but this is not considered a major threat at this time. There are no other known widespread threats. Therefore, C. reticulatus is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Callionymus reticulatus is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is known from Norway to the western Mediterranean Sea (Fricke 1986), including the Azores (Santos et al. 1997, Carneiro et al. 2014). While recorded on the west coast shelf of Ireland, it was not found in trawl surveys at Rockall Plateau (Neat and Campbell 2011). In the Mediterranean Sea, it is known from Spanish coast to at least Málaga, but possibly occurs further into the western basin of the Mediterranean. Callionymus reticulatus has a wide depth distribution, to 110 m (Fricke 1986).","There are no recent estimates of population trends available, but it is assumed to be stable.","Callionymus reticulatus is a demersal species that occurs in inshore waters, even inter-tidally, on sandy shores (Wheeler 1979). Its preferred habitat is shallow, soft substrata within estuaries, but it has been recorded to 110 m (Fricke 1986). In a survey comparing seagrass beds and unvegetated habitats, it was not found in seagrass beds and was present in low numbers in the unvegetated habitat (Ribeiro et al. 2012). The eggs and larvae of C. reticulatus are pelagic. The maximum recorded size is 11 cm (Fricke 1986).","There have been no confirmed population declines and there are no known threats across its range. It is taken as bycatch in a number of demersal fisheries, including the scallop dredge fishery (Craven et al. 2013).","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. It is found in marine protected areas throughout its range. Callionymus reticulatus was assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean in 2007 as little information was available regarding the population status and distribution in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",There is no species-specific use and trade information available for C. reticulatus. Dragonets are taken as by-catch in bottom trawls and sometimes marketed locally. Some species are commercially used in the aquarium trade (Fricke in press).,"Ralph, G.","Herler, J., Kovacic, M. & Williams, J.T.","Yokes, B., Bizsel, K., Kara, M., Goren, M. & Pollard, D.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CALLIONYMIDAE,Callionymus,risso,,Callionymus risso,"Lesueur, 1814",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Callionymus risso has a wide range in the Mediterranean and Black seas, and its range extends to the eastern Atlantic. Although specific population data are not available, populations are considered stable. Localized declines due to an invasive species from the Red Sea are possible in the eastern Mediterranean, but this is not considered a major threat at present. There are no other known widespread threats. Therefore, C. risso is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Callionymus risso is restricted to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. It is known from the the coast of Portugal and through most of the Mediterranean and Black seas. In the northern Mediterranean, C. risso has been recorded from Gibraltar to the coast of Israel, including the Adriatic and Aegean seas. In the southern Mediterranean, C. risso has been recorded from Tunisia, but not from Egypt or most of the Libyan coast. Callionymus risso is also found in the western and northern Black Sea. The depth distribution of C. risso is typically 10 to 150 m (Fricke 1986).","Callionymus risso may have undergone localized declines in the eastern Mediterranean, as a result of invasive species, but is considered stable across its range.","Callionymus risso is a little-known demersal species, found on sandy substrata in shallow coastal waters. It feeds on small bottom invertebrates, mainly worms and crustaceans. It is oviparous; the eggs and larvae are pelagic (Fricke in press). It has been recorded at depths ranging from 10 to 150 m (Fricke 1986). The maximum size is about eight centimetres, but typically individuals are only four to five centimetres (Fricke 1986).","The only potential threat known to this species in the Mediterranean region is from competition with Red Sea immigrant species in the eastern Mediterranean (M. Goren pers. comm. 2007), and this may have resulted in localized declines.","No conservation measures are in place or required for this species and it is found in marine protected areas. Callionymus risso was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",The species is not used.,"Ralph, G.","Herler, J., Williams, J.T. & Kovacic, M.","Yokes, B., Bizsel, K., Kara, M., Goren, M. & Pollard, D.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CARANGIDAE,Campogramma,glaycos,,Campogramma glaycos,"(Lacepède, 1801)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Campogramma glaycos is found in eastern Atlantic, from the British Isles south to Senegal including the Mediterranean, Madeira and the Canary Islands. It is found at depths ranging from 15–30 metres. Although it is sometimes found in local fish markets, it appears to be relatively rare in the Northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Black Sea assessment region. There is a paucity of basic biological information available for this species. It is of minor commercial importance in the Mediterranean, where it can be found in some local markets. This species appears to be associated with upwelling zones, and, like many carangids, is likely taken as bycatch in industrial, semi-industrial and/or artisanal fisheries in the Eastern Central Atlantic fishing zone. There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for C. glaycos. Campogramma glaycos is assessed as Least Concern in Northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Black Sea assessment region",Unknown,"Campogramma glaycos is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is found from the Bay of Biscay south to Senegal, including Madeira and the Canary Islands. Vagrants are reported as far north as the British Isles (Smith-Vaniz 1986). It is also found in the western Mediterranean Sea, with recent records extending the northern-most occurrence of this species in the Mediterranean to Piran Bay, Gulf of Trieste, Adriatic Sea (Duli et al. 2003). It has been recorded at depths ranging from 15–30 metres.","Regional Population Information: Northeastern Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean and Black Sea Landings for C. glaycos, under the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) common name ""Vadigo"" are reported from the following two FAO fishing areas: Eastern Central Atlantic (ECA), Mediterranean and Black Sea. Only about 1% of these landings originate in the Mediterranean and Black Sea fishing zone, and these are declared by Morocco. The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) does not collect species-specific data on carangiids for mapping purposes. All carangiid data are aggregated to the family level, indicating that these species are not likely to be commercially important in Northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Smith-Vaniz (Smith-Vaniz in press) states this species is rarely found north of the Bay of Biscay. Survey data from the International Bottom Trawl Survey (IBTS) in the Gulf of Cadiz suggest this species is rare in the region, however this could be an artifact of sampling. From 1993 to 2014, 17 specimens ranging in size from 12–25 cm total length (TL) were collected. All specimens were collected in the spring of 1999. This species is not commercially important in the Gulf of Cadiz (J. Herrera pers. comm. 2014). Global Population Information The majority (>99%) of C. glaycos landings declared to FAO originate in the ECA, and within the ECA, the large majority of landings are declared by Morocco. Campogramma glaycos, like many carangids, is taken as bycatch in the pelagic industrial and artisanal fisheries off the coast of West Africa (Palomares and Pauly 2004). There is evidence of declining commercial landings and declining biomass of many species taken in these fisheries, and pelagic stocks are considered overexploited in the CECAF North Assessment Area (Gascuel et al. 2010, CECAF 2009). In the ECA species appears to be associated with upwelling zones (Gushchin and Fall 2012).","Campogramma glaycos adults are pelagic or epibenthic and are mostly found in shallow waters ranging in depth from 15–30 m. The diet consists primarily of schooling fishes. The maximum size is unknown, however it attains at least 60 cm fork length (Smith-Vaniz in press).",There is little species-specific data available for C. glaycos in the NEA and Mediterranean portion of its range. This species is of minor commercial importance in the Mediterranean. It is taken as bycatch in fisheries targeting small pelagics.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for C. glaycos within the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean and Black Sea. This species was assessed as Data Deficient in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Campogramma glaycos is of minor commercial importance in the Mediterranean. It is marketed in the fish markets of Istanbul, although typically in small numbers (Tekinay et al. 2003). This species feeds on small fishes, and it is inferred that it is landed as bycatch in Mediterranean fisheries targeting small pelagics such as sardine and anchovies. Carangids are a commercially important bycatch of industrial small pelagic fisheries off the Atlantic coast of West Africa. This species is also considered a gamefish.","Harwell, H.","Herrera, J. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,TETRAODONTIFORMES,BALISTIDAE,Canthidermis,maculata,,Canthidermis maculata,"(Bloch, 1786)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Canthidermis maculata is a circumtropical species that is abundant in its pelagic environment. It is associated with floating object and drifting FADs, under and around which the species aggregates. This species is ranked as the 4th most important bycatch for tuna purse seine fishery. It very rarely occurs north of the 45th parallel. Canthidermis maculata is commercially fished in relatively small numbers, but species-specific landings reported by the FAO are not available. It is also reported to be sold on the commercial aquarium market, but the harvesting of this fish by the fisheries or the aquarium market does not seem to be causing population declines at the current levels. As it is frequently common in most parts of its range and does not seem to be experiencing population declines, it has been assessed as Least Concern.  ",Stable,"Canthidermis maculata has a circumtropical distribution, but is not present in the Mediterranean  (Lieske and Myers 1994).  In the northeastern Atlantic, it occurs in shallow coastal and shallow open waters around the Azores and Canary Islands. Its range is roughly from 46°N to 18°S (Lieske and Myers 1994). The species has been reported as far north as off the Swedish coast, but it is not known whether there are stable populations there (Kullander 2012).  It is associated with depths ranging from 1 to 110 m (Lieske and Myers 1994).","Canthidermis maculata is common in parts of its range of distribution (Atlas of Living Australia Accessed 24 May 2011). Canthidermis maculatus is a widely distributed species and a main bycatch species of tuna purse seiner fisheries. It is abundant in the pelagic environment where it is known to aggregate under floating objects (Romanov 2002, Taquet et al. 2007, Gaertner et al. 2008). Only one museum lot exists that contains a specimen pulled from European waters (Accessed through FishNet 2 Portal 2013 July). Globally, it is one of the most abundant and ubiquitous species in drifting FADs. In Seychelles and Reunion Island, it was observed to form massive schools of many thousands of individuals around the drifting FADs (Taquet et al. 2007).","Canthidermis maculata is epipelagic throughout nearly its entire life. It is a pelagic species as juveniles/young reaching shallow waters during spawning season as adults (Shao pers comm. 2011). The maximum recorded length of this species is 50 cm  (Bussing 1995). Adults as well as juveniles are most often associated with drifting objects. It may occasionally occur off current-swept points. Juveniles are occasionally found off piers (Myers 1989). This species forms schools and inhabits steep outer reef slopes from 15 to 55 m; it is often associated with large floating objects in open sea (Allen et al. 2003). There is limited information regarding the diet, spawning period, fecundity or early life history traits of this species.","The affinity of this species to form schools around aggregating devices and its importance as a by-catch species in the tuna purse seine fishery may be a potential threat. However, at this time is not considered a major threat to the species. Also, it may be threatened by the aquarium trade, although no population declines have been observed.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range.,"Canthidermis maculata is a component of the aquarium trade. Online prices range from $49.99 (thatpetplace.com accessed 3 May 2011) to $599.00 (reefhotspot.com accessed 3 May 2011). It is also harvested for food and taken by longlines (Matsuura 2001).  This species is targeted in the Coral Triangle and is sporadically observed in fish markets in the Philippines (B. Stockwell pers comm. 2011) and in southern China (Liu and Liu pers comm. 2011). There have been reports of ciguatera poisoning if this species is consumed (Dammann 1969). There are no FAO landing reports for this species, specifically. However, triggerfish, in general, are harvested globally, with decreasing reported tonnage over the last ten years from almost every country and area. In Europe and surrounding waters, Spain is the only country reporting landings of triggerfish in 2011 at 56 tonnes (FAO 2011 FishstatJ Accessed 2014 January).","Harwell, H.","Rijnsdorp, A.D. & Papaconstantinou, C.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,TETRAODONTIFORMES,BALISTIDAE,Canthidermis,sufflamen,,Canthidermis sufflamen,"(Mitchill, 1815)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Canthidermis sufflamen is a widespread species, which within Europe is known only from Madeira, the Azores, and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Stable,"Canthidermis sufflamen is restricted to the Atlantic Ocean, where it has a wide distribution. Within Europe it is known from Madeira and the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014) and has also been reported from the Canaries (Brito 1995). Its depth range is 5-60 m.","It is common in parts of the eastern Atlantic (NMNH Fish collections accessed 12 May 2011). It was recorded with 2% frequency at Bonaire Marine Park (Pattengill-Semmens 2002). It forms mass spawning aggregations seasonally in Alacranes Reef, off the northern Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico (Aguilar-Perera et al. 2007).","Canthidermis sufflamen is epipelagic throughout nearly its entire life. Adults and juveniles are most often associated with drifting objects, including Sargassum (Casazza and Ross 2008). It may occasionally occur off current-swept points. It forms loose groups of about 6 to 50 individuals (Aiken 1975). It preys on the sea urchin, Diadema aff. antillarum, in the Canary Islands, which has been deemed extremely useful for ecosystem management since a recent sea urchin population outbreak has altered benthic communities (Hernández et al. 2008, Clemente et al. 2010). Ripe fishes were taken in January, May, August, September and December with a maximum in September in Jamaica (Aiken 1975). It forms spawning aggregations during August-September off the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico (Aguilar-Perera et al. 2008),",There are no major threats known for this species. It appears to be taken in small-scale and/or recreational fisheries in parts of its range. It has been recorded in the diet of the invasive lionfish (Bejarano et al. 2014).,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.,"In the Caribbean, this species is commonly taken by hook-and-line in mid-water and just below the surface near drop-offs and over deep water (Randall 1967). In Madeira, it has regularly appeared in Funchal fish market since 2003 (if not earlier), and fishermen have stated that it has been caught in Madeira waters (Wirtz et al. 2008). It is not targeted by fisheries in the western Atlantic (Kellison et al. 2012).","Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Ralph, G.","Leis, J.L., Matsuura, K., Shao, K., Hardy, G., Zapfe, G., Liu, M. & Jing, L.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,TETRAODONTIFORMES,TETRAODONTIDAE,Canthigaster,capistrata,,Canthigaster capistrata,"(Lowe, 1839)",The genus Canthigaster is hypothesized to undergo fast morphological/colour differentiation and slow mtDNA evolution (Randall et al. 2008).,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment:  Least Concern (LC) Canthigaster capistrata is distributed in the eastern central Atlantic, where it is know from oceanic islands including the Canarian Archipelago, Madeira, and in the Straight of Gibraltar. The species can be locally abundant in some areas of its range and fairly common at these islands. It is associated with rocky reef habitats, as well as artificial structures, at depths ranging from 0 to 20 meters. Canthigaster capistrata has been noted as a possible species of exploitation for the aquarium trade, though no significant decline in population from such harvesting has been noted. There are no species-specific conservation measures for this species; however, there are also no known species-specific threats. Therefore, C. capistrata is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Canthigaster capistrata is found in the waters of the eastern central Atlantic, specifically from the oceanic islands including the Canarian Archipelago in Macaronesia (Clemente et al. 2010), Cape Verde (Brito et al. 2007), and Madiera (Ribeiro 2008). This species has been reported in the Straight of Gibraltar (Galeote 2001). Canthigaster capistrata may be extending its range northward due to warming ocean temperature (Wirtz 2005). It is associated with depths ranging from 0 to 20 m.","Canthigaster capistrata is an abundant echinoderm predator studied in the macroalgal beds of the subtropical Canarian Archipelago, as well as in other areas of Macaronesia (Clemente et al. 2010). In the waters off Madeira Island, this species was among the 10 most abundant species sampled over rocky reefs. It was recorded common and abundant in the locations studied along the south coast of Madeira Island (both protected and non-protected) and did not show significant differences in any size categories within locations in all types of bottom studied (Ribeiro 2008). In trawls of the Canarian Archipelago, C. capistrata was found to have a frequency of occurrence of 2.38% (Espino et al. 2011). ","Canthigaster capistrata is a bentho-demersal meso-carnivore, usually found as solitary individuals. It is associated with rocky reefs consisting of boulders, vertical walls, platform and outcroppings which are often colonized by various algae, and can also be found associated with artificial reefs. Canthigaster capistrata has been known to colonize sea-cage fish farms after the cessation of fish farming (Tuya et al. 2006). The largest individual on record measures 10 cm in total length (TL) (Moura and Castro 2002).  This species frequently preys on Diadema aff. antillarum and other echinoderms and is important in regulating the populations of herbivorous urchins in sublittoral rocky reefs (Clemente et al. 2010). There is limited information on the spawning or social structure of C. capistrata available. However, spawning, sexual dimorphism, and social structure have been observed in the field in other species of Canthigaster. In all species for which spawning has been described, males are larger than females and defend territories that include multiple females. Spawning occurs during the day and involves the preparation of an algal nest on the substratum by the females into which eggs are deposited and fertilized by the male, and spawning occurs in multiple bouts, with no parental care after the last bout. This is consistent with field observations of spawning, social organization, and sexual dimorphism in other Canthigaster species (Gladstone 1987, Sikkel 1990, Sikkel and Sikkel 2012).Canthigaster spp. are known for their general lack of characters, and are generally differentiated on the basis of color differences. Tetraodontids are characterized by a tough, scaleless skin often covered with small spicules, beak-like dental place divided by a median suture, a slit-like gill opening anterior to the base of the pectoral fin, no pelvic fins, no fin spines, a single short dorsal fin, a single shore anal fin, and no ribs. They are capable of inflating their abdomens with water when frightened or injured, are and are capable of producing and accumulating toxins in the skin, gonads, or liver. The degree of toxicity varies by species, and also according to geographic area and season (Allen and Randall 1977, Allen and Erdmann 2012).",There are no major threats known for C. capistrata.,"There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for C. capistrata; however, its distribution overlaps with several marine protected areas. Research into the population size and trends, as well as the ecology and early life history of this species is needed. ","This species has been identified as a potential aquarium species from Portuguese waters (Calado 2006), but it is not thought to greatly contribute to the aquarium trade in European waters, including the Mediterranean and Black Sea. It is not otherwise utilized.","Ralph, G.","Rijnsdorp, A.D. & Papaconstantinou, C.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CAPROIDAE,Capros,aper,,Capros aper,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and very common, occurs in moderately deep water and is not believed to be subject of any major threat. However, research should be undertaken on the population trends, as catches have been declining in the Atlantic for the last two years; this may be due to measures to reduce bycatch, or a reflection of a population decline. In addition, its status is completely unknown in the Mediterranean.",Unknown,"Capros aper is widely found in the Mediterranean Sea and in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean, including oceanic island waters from Norway to Senegal (Blanchard and Vandermeirsch 2005, Quéro 1986). In the Mediterranean Sea, records include the Catalan Sea, Gulf of Lion, Ligurian Sea, Tyrrhenian Sea, Strait of Sicily, Adriatic Sea, Aegean and Ionian Seas and around Crete (Papaconstantinou 1988). It is also present in the Sea of Marmara (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002) and in the east Mediterranean Sea (Golani et al. 1999). Its depth limits range from 40 to 600 m, although it has also been found a shallower (zero metres; ICES 2014) and deeper waters (700 metres; Mytilineou et al. 2005).","Capros aper is widespread and very common in the Mediterranean Sea, and it is locally abundant throughout its range. However, its population trend is completely unknown. The population status in the Atlantic is not well known, however available survey indices and exploratory assessments indicate that the stock is now declining after a decade of increasing, therefore further development and validation of assessment models are required (ICES 2014). ","Capros aper is a small, laterally compressed, well-armoured, gregarious, mesopelagic species, distributed mainly at depths of 40 – 600 m (Whitehead et al. 1986, Heemstra 1999) although it is also found in shallower (zero metres; ICES 2014) and deeper waters (700 m; Mytilineou et al. 2005). It is locally abundant throughout its range and is particularly associated with the shelf edge (Tidd and Warnes 2006) and zones of high offshore productivity (Lopes et al. 2006). The species occupies a wide range habitats including over rock or coral, and also over sandy bottoms. It feeds mainly on crustaceans, worms and molluscs (Quéro 1986).In the Northeast Atlantic, spawning aggregations form off the southwest coast of Ireland from June to August (Blanchard and Vandermeirsch 2005) and on the Celtic Sea shelf edge during June and July (ICES 2014). In the Atlantic Ocean, Farrell et al. (2012) claimed that Boarfish spawn between April and September. In the Mediterranean Sea, available studies point to reproduction occurring between April and August (Yapici and Filiz 2014). Boarfish are asynchronous batch spawners with indeterminate fecundity and thus, under optimal conditions, are capable of spawning over an extended period of time (ICES 2014).Boarfish exhibit size-related sexual dimorphism. Females are slightly larger than males (Maigret and Ly 1986), with the largest female caught to date in the Atlantic (140 mm total length; 91 g total weight; White et al. (2011) and in the Mediterranean (101 mm total length; 17 g total weight; Filiz and Bilge 2004). However, ICES (2014) states that the maximum size of this species is about 18 cm.In many cases age estimates are limited to those made from whole otoliths with an estimated maximum age of 30 years and mature age ranging two to five years.·         White et al. (2011) estimated maximum age of 26 years and mature age at five years (8.05 cm) in Atlantic waters.·          Kaya and Özaydin (1996) estimated maximum age of four years and mature age at two years (8.50 cm) in Mediterranean waters.·         Hüssy et al. (2012a, 2012b) stated that boarfish recruit to the fishery around three to four years of age (9.72 cm), although the maximum age of boarfish is about 30 years.·         Farrell et al. (2012) stated that maturation occurs at 3.5 years, corresponding to a total length of approximately 10 cm.·         Yapici and Filiz (2014) stated that individuals become sexually mature at around 6.69 cm total length (TL) (a size that can be reached on 1.84 years) for both sexes.","The exploitation rate in Atlantic waters in recent years has decreased, and the current exploitation rate is considered not detrimental to the stock if it is kept at this level or reduced (ICES 2014).","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Boarfish are managed since 2011 through catch limits in areas of the north and southwestern waters of the Northeast Atlantic. It is encouraging that measures introduced to reduce the potential Boarfish bycatch, such as including the establishment of a closed season or by-catch limits of other fisheries, have brought a reduction in catches; and this reduction appears to have reversed the biomass downtrend in the Northeast Atlantic. Nonetheless, ongoing research is needed into the population size and trends of the species.","Boarfish have no commercial value in the Mediterranean Sea (Yapici and Filiz 2014), while in the Atlantic Ocean, Boarfish catches are currently used as fish meal and oil. However, development of a human consumption market is underway (ICES 2014). The majority of landings to date in the Atlantic have come from the ICES Division VIIj Southwest of Ireland - East (69%) and the South of the Celtic Sea (18%). Catches in these regions increased from 100 t (2001) to 143,900 t (2010) but since then they have been reduced to 75,400 (2013) (ICES 2014). The recent development and expansion of the fishery was enabled by developments in the pumping technology for Boarfish catches. These changes made it easier to pump Boarfish aboard vessels. The fishery for Boarfish is conducted with pelagic trawls in the Atlantic.The estimated late age at maturity may be an important life-history feature of this species and, therefore, it may be more sensitive to fishing pressure, when compared with that of more typical pelagic species also converted to fish meal, which are all characterized by fast growth and early maturation.","García, M., Russell, B. & Ralph, G.","López, J. & Garcia, S.","Blanco, J.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CARANGIDAE,Caranx,crysos,,Caranx crysos,"(Mitchill, 1815)","In the tropical Eastern Pacific, Caranx crysos is replaced by Caranx caballus (Günther 1869)",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Caranx crysos is found in the eastern and western Atlantic. In the eastern Atlantic it is found from England south to Angola including the Mediterranean at depths ranging from 0–122 m. The northward extension of this species' range may be related to increasing sea temperatures in the North Atlantic. It is a non-targeted bycatch species in the Mediterranean. There is a paucity of basic biological information available, however there is interest in developing sustainable management practices for this species in the Mediterranean and relevant life-history information is becoming available. There are currently no species-specific conservation measures in place for C. crysos. In the Northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea assessment zone, C. crysos has been assessed as Least Concern.",Increasing,"Caranx crysos is found in the eastern and western Atlantic Ocean. In the western Atlantic, C. crysos is recorded from Newfoundland south to Brazil, including the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico (Devine and Fisher 2014). In the eastern Atlantic, it is found from Dorset and Cornwall in England (Swaby et al. 1996) south to Arcachon, Bay of Biscay (Quero et al. 1994), the Mediterranean, and along the African coast to Angola (Froese and Pauly 2006). The northward extension of this species' range may be related to increasing sea temperatures in the North Atlantic (Stebbing et al. 2002). It is found at depths ranging from 0–122 metres.","Regional Population Landings: Northeastern Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean and Black Sea Species-specific landings for C. crysos, under the common name ""Blue Runner"", are declared to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) from the following fishing regions, in order of decreasing landings: Western Central Atlantic, Southwest Atlantic, Northwest Atlantic. Species-specific landings are not reported to FAO from the assessment region. Caranx chrysos is expanding its range northward in the Eastern Atlantic (Stebbing et al. 2002). Recent records from the coast of Dorset and Cornwall in England (Swaby et al. 1996) brings the British records to 13 individuals (D. Herdson pers. comm. 2007), and it has recently been recorded from the Bay of Biscay (Quero et al. 1994). In a study of changes to Mediterranean fish diversity over time, this species, and carangids in general, were perceived by fishermen to have increased in abundance in the Mediterranean. Caranx crysos was numerically second among the six species which contributed most to the increase in numbers of fishes over time (Azzurro et al. 2011). It was the most abundant carangid collected at experimental Fish Aggregating Devices (FAD) off the coast of Sicily; it was the most abundant carangid at FADs placed at depths of 24–70 metres, and the second-most abundant carangid at depths of 122 meters (D'anna et al. 1999). The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) does not collect species-specific data on carangids for mapping purposes. All carangiid data are aggregated to the family level, indicating that these species are not likely to be commercially important in Northeastern Atlantic Ocean.Global Population Information The majority of landings declared to FAO originate from the Western Central Atlantic fishing zone. Since the late 1990s landings of C. crysos have continually increased, driven by increases in landings from Mexico and Brazil (FishStatJ queried January 2014). This species appears to be abundant in the western Atlantic (Rountree 1990, Swaby et al. 1996).","Caranx crysos is a pelagic species which forms schools, primarily inshore to depths of 120 m. It is not thought to be common around reefs (FAO 2002). Juveniles are found beneath floating Sargassum mats, which provide prey and protection from predators. It feeds on shrimps, fishes and other invertebrates (Wells and Rooker 2004). Spawning periodicity varies by region. In the western Atlantic, off Florida and the Mississippi Delta, two spawning peaks have been identified for this species: the main occurring in June, July and August, with a secondary peak in October (Swaby et al. 1996). However, due to the presence of larvae in plankton samples, it has also been suggested that spawning occurs throughout the year (McKenney et al. 1958, Goodwin and Finucane 1985). In the Eastern Mediterranean, off the coast of Tunisia, the age at 50% maturity for this species was 2.4 years for males (21 cm) and 2.8 years for females (22 cm). Spawning occurs at the end of August to beginning of September, which is concordant with the timing in the eastern Gulf of Mexico (Goodwin and Finucane 1985, Sley et al. 2012).    In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 42.4 cm TL and the length at maturity for females is 26.3 cm TL  and for males is 24.9 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014).","There is little species-specific data available for C. crysos in the northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean portion of its range. The population of C. crysos appears to be increasing in the Mediterranean and Northern Atlantic. Caranx crysos is not a targeted species, however it is taken as valuable bycatch. There is interest in developing sustainable management practices for this species in the Mediterranean and relevant life-history information is becoming available (Sley 2012).","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for C. crysos; however, its distribution may coincide with numerous marine protected areas. Catch statistics are not declared to FAO in the Mediterranean or NEA fishing zones, although it is a commercial species. Caranx crysos has undergone Red List assessment at the Global Level, and was assessed as Least Concern. This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Caranx crysos is captured commercially throughout its range using haul seines, lampara nets (a type of surrounding net), purse seines, gillnets and by hook and line, trammel net (Sley 2010). It is considered a marketable species in the Aegean and Ionian Seas (Tsagarakis et al. 2012).","Harwell, H.","Herrera, J. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CARANGIDAE,Caranx,fischeri,,Caranx fischeri,"Smith-Vaniz & Carpenter, 2007","Caranx hippos from the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean was recently split into two species. A new species, C. fischeri, was recently described by Smith-Vaniz and Carpenter (2007). Caranx hippos and C. fischeri are largely sympatric, however it is C.fischeri which is found in the Mediterranean. There have been no confirmed records of C. hippos in the Mediterranean.",No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: DD Caranx fischeri was recently described and is only known from a few records within the assessment region. Therefore, it is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Caranx fischeri is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where is it known from the Mediterranean Sea and along the coast of Africa from Mauritania to Angola. In the Mediterranean, C. fischeri has been recorded from several localities, including the Balearic Islands, Spain (DeBelius 1997), Tyrrhenian, Adriatic, and Ionian seas, as well as the Strait of Sicily (Smith-Vaniz and Carpenter 2007). It appears to be absent from the Eastern Mediterranean (Golani et al. 2006). Records of C. hippos from the Mediterranean are based on misidentifications of C. fischeri (Smith-Vaniz and Carpenter 2007, Smith-Vaniz pers. comm. 2014). It is assumed to be found at depths of 0 to 200 m, based on the depth range of C. hippos.","Given that it has been recently described, there is little species-specific population information for C. fischeri.","Caranx fischeri occurs in moderate to large schools in coastal areas. Estuaries and lagoons are essential habitat for juveniles and young. There are unconfirmed records of this species ascending far up coastal rivers to spawn. True freshwater occurrence is doubtful but there are verified collections of juveniles from three separate coastal river drainages. This species feeds primarily on fish, shrimp, and other invertebrates. This species size can be at least 100 cm fork length and approximately 26 kg (Smith-Vaniz in press).","Caranx fischeri is not confirmed to be a targeted species, however its is taken as bycatch and utilized throughout its range.",There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for C. fisheri. Its distribution likely overlaps marine protected areas throughout its range.,"There are no major threats known for this species. There are no indications at present time of regional declines from harvesting. Most commercial catches of C. fischeri are made by haul seines and gillnets. It is also caught with trawls and often caught by anglers. Species-specific catch statistics for this species are unavailable because of past confusion with C. hippos. This species is utilized fresh, frozen, smoked, dried-salted and for oil and fishmeal. Edibility reported as poor to good (Smith-Vaniz in press).","Harwell, H.","Herrera, J. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CARANGIDAE,Caranx,latus,,Caranx latus,"Agassiz, 1831",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Caranx latus is a widespread species, which within Europe is known only from Madeira and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,Caranx latus is widely distributed across the Atlantic Ocean. Within Europe it is known from Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014) and the Canaries (REF?). Its depth range is 1-57 m.,"Caranx latus is well represented throughout its range in museum collections and can be locally abundant, especially around offshore islands. There is a lack of information on its population within Europe.","Caranx latus is found mostly in small schools around islands, offshore, and along sandy beaches, but may enter brackish waters and rivers. A study on movement of reef fishes captured in Antillean fish traps in the Barbados Marine Reserve show lack of recapture of this species, suggesting that C. latus does not remain associated with particular reefs. In addition, a study by Randall (1962) in the U.S. Virgin Islands also showed zero recapture of this species (Chapman and Kramer 2000). It forms spawning aggregations in the Cayman Islands (Whaylen et al. 2004). In Belize, it spawns in April, July and August, with subgroups of 15-20 fish swimming away from a larger school of about 150-700 individuals and ascending in a vertical twisting rush to release gametes 1-2 m below the surface (Heyman and Kjerfve 2008, Colin 2012). Feeding habits in a subtropical reef in Brazil indicate C. latus foraged along or in small groups of up to three individuals during daytime and employed two main feeding styles: searching for prey while swimming in mid-water and following individuals of other fish species which disturbed the substrate while foraging among the rocks. The feeding strategy of this species allows flexibility and consumption of both crustaceans from the water column and benthic rocky dwelling fishes (Silvano 2001). Maximum size is at least 80 cm (TL); common to 50 cm (FL) (Smith-Vaniz 2002).","There are no known major threats for this species. Inherent biological traits such as aggregate spawning behaviour may predispose this species to a heightened risk of exploitation, however, there are no indications at present time of global population declines from harvesting. There may be some localized declines in parts of this species' range.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place.,"Caranx latus is caught mainly with hook-and-line by anglers, while commercial catches are made with purse seines and traps. In Cuba, Jack landings ranged from 300 to 560 tonnes from 1959 to 1997 (Claro et al. 2001). Aggregate catch data for carangids, jacks, crevalles in the Eastern Central Atlantic from 1950-2010 indicate an increasing trend in catch with a peak in 1978 at 42, 174 tonnes. Catch subsequently declined by 46% (at 22,821 tonnes) in 1980 and further decreased by 37% between 1980-1981. Catch landings fluctuated between 1981-1999. A second peak was recorded in 1999 at 30,938 tonnes, representing a 27% decrease from the first peak in 1978. Catch has since declined with a 67% decrease recorded in 2004, a period of five years from the last peak in 1999. Catch has since fluctuated since (2004-2010).","Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F., Williams, J.T., Pina Amargos, F., Curtis, M., Brown, J., Sagna, A., Sylla, M., Camara, K., Carpenter, K.E., Djiman, R. & Nunoo, F.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CARANGIDAE,Caranx,lugubris,,Caranx lugubris,"Poey, 1860",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Caranx lugubris is a widespread species, which within Europe is known only from Madeira and the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Stable,"Caranx lugubris is distributed in tropical waters worldwide. Within Europe, it is known from Madeira and the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014). The depth range for this species is 12-354 m (Lieske and Myers 1994).",This species is common and abundant in offshore habitat in most parts of its range (B. Smith-Vaniz pers. comm. 2012).,"Caranx lugubris is uncommon in shallow waters, and usually occurs in depths of 24-65 m or deeper, mostly in clear waters. This species is sometimes observed near drop-offs at outer edge reefs. It occasionally forms schools and primarily feeds on fishes (Fischer et al. 1990, Smith 1997). There is little information available on early life history characteristics. Prey items primarily consist of fish. The maximum recorded size of this species is 90 cm FL, but it is common to 70 cm FL (Smith-Vaniz 2002). No juveniles have been identified (B. Smith-Vaniz pers. comm. 2012). The all-tackle IGFA world angling record is 17.9 kg (Smith-Vaniz FAO ECA Guide in prep).",There are no major threats known for this species and there are no indications at present time of regional declines from harvesting.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place.,"Caranx lugubris is caught mainly by hook-and-line (Smith-Vaniz 2002). Separate statistics are not reported for this species. Its edibility is uncertain and has been linked to ciguatera poisoning in Cuba and in the Indo-Pacific (Smith-Vaniz FAO ECA Guide in prep). In the Eastern Central Atlantic, catches for this species are not reported separately, and Caranx spp. are mainly caught in the inshore fishery using purse-seines and in artisanal fisheries. It is rarely found in minor commercial fisheries in Jamaica (M. Curtis pers. comm. 2012). Based on the CECAF south working (2009) which covers Guinea Bissau to Angola, catch landings for Caranx spp. from 1990-2008 show and increase from 4,000 to more than 16,000 metric tonnes (Williams pers. comm. 2103). In most countries in the Eastern Central Atlantic, this species is reported within Caranx spp. which are generally caught in artisanal fisheries. There is indication that catch may be declining as effort increased. In Cape Verde, this species group is considered more or less stable. From the 1960s until the present, landings have fluctuated around 4,000 metric tonnes per year, with short spikes in production (based on Jacks, Crevally nei in FAO Statistics for the region).","Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F., Williams, J.T., Pina Amargos, F., Curtis, M. & Brown, J.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CARANGIDAE,Caranx,rhonchus,,Caranx rhonchus,"Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817",This species is likely to belong to a monotypic genus (B. Smith-Vaniz pers. comm. 2014).,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: DD Caranx rhonchus is found in the Eastern Atlantic, from the Mediterranean Sea south to Namibia at depths ranging from 30–200 metres. In the Northeast Atlantic, in the Gulf of Cadiz, IBTS survey data ranging from 1993–2013 indicates that this species appears to be declining in abundance. There is currently no available survey data from the Mediterranean, however sources indicate that this species has expanded its range in that basin, and is becoming more abundant. Caranx rhonchus exhibits behavior which is similar to Trachurus spp. and is likely to be taken in fisheries targeting small pelagics. There is little additional species-specific information available and is not currently possible to quantify population trends across the region. However, it is worth noting that the large majority of fish stocks assessed in the Mediterranean are considered overexploited, and throughout the basin there have been reductions in the mean abundance of piscivores in general. There is no age at maturity or size at maturity information currently available from the region. Pending additional survey information to clarify population trends in the region, C. rhonchus is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Caranx rhonchus is restricted to the eastern Atlantic, where it is known from the Mediterranean Sea south to Namibia (Bianchi et al. 1993). Within the Mediterranean Sea it has been reported throughout the basin (Ben Souissi et al. 2005). It is found at depths ranging from 30–200 meters.","Regional population information: Northeastern Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean and Black Sea Caranx rhonchus was reported for the first time in 1994 in the Balearic Islands and subsequently the abundance has increased (Grau and Riera 2001). The population appears to be stable in eastern Mediterranean (M. Bilecenoglu pers. comm. 2007), and it is relatively common at small sizes in Lebanon (M. Bariche pers. comm. 2007). It is caught in the Strait of Italy but is relatively rare there (A. Di Natale pers. comm. 2007). Caranx rhonchus varied between being the the third to the fourth most abundant carangid collected at experimental fish aggregating devices off the coast of Sicily. It was more likely to be found at FADs placed at depths of 24–70 m than at FADs placed at deeper waters from 91–122 m (D'anna et al. 1999). Caranx rhonchus is common off the Tunisian coast, where individuals ranging in size from 6.5 to 30.6 cm are fished (Sley et al. 2008). This size range is below the common reported size of 35 cm (Smith-Vaniz FAO ECA Guide in press). Caranx rhonchus may exhibit diurnal changes in depth range similar to those seen in Trachurus spp. During the day, it is found near the bottom, and at night it is epi-pelagic. International Bottom Trawl Survey (IBTS) data from in the Gulf of Cadiz (which was collected during the day when this species is likely to occur near the bottom and it thus appropriately sampled) show decreasing trends in biomass (g/hr and n/hr) from 1993 to 2013 (Spring) and 1997 to 2013 (Autumn) (J. Herrera IBTS unpublished data). It was absent from both spring and autumn surveys from 2008 onwards to 2013 (J. Herrera and W. Smith-Vaniz pers. comm. 2014). Data from the International Bottom Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean (MEDITS) showed low fluctuations in biomass below 0.1 ind/haul-1 from 1994–2009 but peaked in 2010 around 1.5 ind/haul-1. Landings for C. rhonchus, under the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) common name ""False Scad"" are reported from the following two FAO fishing areas: Eastern Central Atlantic (ECA), Southeastern Atlantic. Although it is commercially important in the Mediterranean (Sley et al. 2008), official landings for this species were not found for the Mediterranean and Black Sea Fishing Region (FAO 2011 FishStatJ accessed 2014 January).The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) does not collect species-specific data on carangids for mapping purposes. All carangiid data are aggregated to the family level, indicating that these species are not likely to be commercially important in Northeastern Atlantic Ocean. There are 45 available museum records from the Fishnet2 database (Accessed through the Fishnet2 Portal 2014 January). Global Information In the Eastern Central Atlantic (ECA), C. rhonchus is taken as marketable bycatch in industrial fisheries targeting large and small pelagics.","Caranx rhonchus is a schooling species which may exhibit diurnal changes in depth range similar to those seen in Trachurus spp. During the day it is found near the bottom to depths of 200 m, and at night it is epi-pelagic (W. Smith-Vaniz pers. comm. 2014). It is considered common over muddy and sandy bottoms (Sley et al. 2008). Caranx rhonchus feeds on small fish and invertebrates (Smith-Vaniz and Berry 1981). It is a primarily opportunistic piscivorous species. Fishes comprised 52.7% of the diet, with the anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus emerging as the most important prey item. Crustaceans were the second most-important food category consumed (47.1%) (Sley et al. 2008). The maximum size of C. rhonchus is at least 60 cm total length. It has been reported as common to 35 cm FL (Smith-Vaniz FAO ECA Guide in press), however in the Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia, individuals ranging in size from 6.5 to 30.6 cm TL were fished (Sley et al. 2008), indicating that the commonly observed size in this area is smaller than 35 cm TL (Smith-Vaniz FAO ECA Guide in press)","Caranx rhonchus appears to be undergoing populations declines in parts of its range, which may be due to fisheries exploitation. Anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) form a major component of the diet of C. rhonchus (Sley et al. 2008) and it is likely that C. rhonchus is taken as bycatch in fisheries targeting anchovy and other small pelagics. This species is an economically important pelagic species in Tunisia, and may be overfished in the small pelagic fishery this region (Sley et al. 2008). Additionally, data from IBTS from the Gulf of Cadiz suggest a trend of continuously declining abundance from 1997 to 2013, with the species failing to appear in surveys from 2008 to 2013 (J.G. Hererra pers. comm. 2014). Mediterranean fisheries are concentrated along coastal areas, where biodiversity is greatest. The majority (80%) of the Mediterranean fleet is comprised of vessels <12 m, and as such Mediterranean fisheries can be thought of as small-scale artisanal fisheries. Additionally, fisheries tend to be multi-species. As such it is difficult and expensive to obtain data for stock assessment purposes. There are several issues of concern which include the widespread targeting of small species or larger juvenile finfish prior to maturity, the observed reduction in the mean trophic level of Mediterranean catches, and high discard rates (40-56% of the catch taken in waters <150m) and the reduction in mean abundance of piscivorous species (Vassilopoulou 2010). According to a 2013 synthesis of the Status of Mediterranean and Black Sea resources in European Waters, while the state of knowledge on the Mediterranean and Black Sea stocks is improving rapidly, between 94% and 95% of stocks analyzed are overexploited. Recent observed reductions in nominal fishing effort have not resulted in declines in fishing mortality. Overall reductions between 45% and 51% are needed in order to reach maximum sustainable yields (Cardinale and Osio 2013).","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for C. rhonchus. Its distribution overlaps with marine protected areas. Efforts to collect basic biological information are underway in light of possible overexploitation of C. rhonchus in parts of its range, particularly the Mediterranean coast of Tunisia (Sley et al. 2008). This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Caranx rhonchus, like Trachurus spp., is taken as bycatch in small-pelagic fisheries using large purse seines. It is likely to be taken as bycatch in trawl fisheries. Fisheries targeting small pelagics are particularly important in the ECA fishing zone. In the Mediterranean this species is caught as purse seine bycatch seasonally. Small carangids are often utilized fresh, frozen, smoked, dried-salted and for fishmeal and oil (Smith-Vaniz FAO ECA Guide in press).","Harwell, H.","Herrera, J. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,CARAPIDAE,Carapus,acus,,Carapus acus,"(Brünnich, 1768)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Carapus acus is relatively common throughout most of its range in the northeastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. This species is totally dependent on its host, and the distribution and impact of trawling on the hosts  (Holothuria tubulosa and Stichopus regalis) are unknown. The species is common throughout its range and has a wide range of hosts (molluscs and Holothurians). As of now, there are not any threats against this species; therefore, C. acus is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Carapus acus is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is found from the Bay of Biscay south to Madeira, the Azores (Porteiro et al. 2010), and the Canary Islands (Dooley et al. 1985). It is also known from Ascensión and St. Helena islands. In the Mediterranean Sea, C. acus occurs throughout the basin and off north Africa (Markle and Olney 1990), including the Tyrrhenian sea (Carpentieri et al. 2005), in Corse waters (Parmentier et al. 2000) and in the Adriatic Sea (Ungaro et al. 1999, Louisy 2002). It is most often associated with depths of between 1 and 150 m (Nielsen et al. 1999).","Carapus acus  is a rather common species. According to Carpentieri et al. (2005), this species was sampled during four seasonal 24h surveys conducted in July 2001, November 2001, March 2002 and May 2002 in the shelf break off the central Tyrrhenian Sea. 18 specimens per hour were caught in July, 40 in November, 16 in March and 70 in May. Ungaro et al. (1999) mention that this species was sampled from trawl surveys carried out in the south Adriatic Sea, during summer 1996 and 1997 inside 112 stations (one haul/60 square nautical miles) with 72 hauls in the Italian area and 40 hauls in the Albanian area each year. Three specimens were caught in the Albanian area, one in the 51to 100, 101 to 200 and 201 to 500 bathymetric ranges, respectively. Nielsen et al. (1999) consider this a common species throughout it range.","Habitat Carapus acus is a benthic species (Nielsen et al. 1999). Prejuveniles (tenuis larvae) probably inhabit the same host species while the vexillifer and egg-rafts are planktonic.   The longest specimen on record measures 20.8 cm total length (TL) (Markle and Olney 1990). Ecology The adults of C. acus are inquilinists, which are animals that live commensally on, in or in the dwelling place of its host (A Dictionary of Biology 2004); this species lives inside the respiratory tree or body cavity of shallow-water sea cucumbers (Holothuria tubulosa and Stichopus regalis), although some deep-water records exist (Markle and Olney 1990) and use them as a shelter (Schwartz et al. 2012). Prejuveniles (tenuis larvae) probably inhabit the same host species while the vexillifer and egg-rafts are planktonic. The fish may partly protrude or entirely leave its host at night to feed on small fish and benthic invertebrates (Nielsen et al. 1999). Carapus acus species have retained an apparatus enabling them to grasp and retain hard and elusive prey: strong jaws, high coronoid processes, a considerable dentition, a slight protraction of the upper jaws, the capacity to open the mouth wide and the presence of well-developed adductor mandibulae (Parmentier and Lanterbecq 2010). All of these features enable C. acus to feed upon a variety of benthic prey. Carapus acus primarily feeds on small crustaceans and smaller carapids (presumably always the same species, thus exhibiting cannibalism) (Arnold 1956, Trott 1981). Reproduction The family is characterized by presence of a vexillifer larva, which is planktonic and hatches from elliptical planktonic eggs (Trott 1981). Spawning may occur within the host sea cucumber (Trott 1981), and spawning is thought to occur between July and September (Trott and Olney 1986). It is not yet established whether spawning is seasonal or sporadic in carapids (Trott 1981). The fecundity, length at maturity and early life history traits of Carapus acus are poorly understood.","This is a species with no commercial interest. It is caught as bycatch by trawls, where it is usually completely discarded (Machias et al. 2001) If the host is threatened, this would have damaging consequences for C. acus. However, at this time, there are no, known species-specific threats towards C. acus.","There are no specific conservation measures for this species. However, this species may be found in marine protected areas (MPAs) within its distribution. Research into the population size and trends, as well as the ecology and early life history of this species is needed. This species was assessed as Data Deficient in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Carapus acus is of no interest to commercial fisheries (Nielsen et al. 1999).,"Harwell, H.","Uiblein, F., Knudsen, S. & Nielsen, J.","Nielsen, J., Quignard, J.P., Kada, O., Golani, D., Nouar, A. & Cuttelod, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CARCHARHINIFORMES,CARCHARHINIDAE,Carcharhinus,altimus,,Carcharhinus altimus,"(Springer, 1950)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Bignose Shark (Carcharhinus altimus) is a deepwater, diurnally migrating (12–430 m) whaler shark, which likely has a circumglobal distribution on the continental shelf edge in tropical and warm seas, although records are patchy. There are no target fisheries for this species, although it is taken as bycatch in deep set pelagic longlines including tuna longline fisheries, and occasionally in bottom trawls. Reported catches are small, but shark bycatch in longline fisheries is not reported fully throughout the range of this species and therefore cannot be used to assess fishing mortality or population trends. Bignose Shark is assessed as Data Deficient in European waters due to a lack of data on distribution and population trends. However, given that this shark may have sensitive life history characteristics, and that there is evidence for declines in some regions and high fishing pressure in large parts of its range, its status is of concern and understanding its population and harvest trends should be a priority. ",Unknown,"This species is circumglobal and highly migratory, but is patchily recorded in tropical and warm seas (Kohler et al. 1998, Ebert and Stehmann 2013). It has been reported in the Eastern Central Atlantic off the coast of Senegal, Gambia, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast and Ghana (Serena 2005, Ebert and Stehmann 2013). It is also found in the Mediterranean Sea off the Moroccan coast in the Alboran Sea (Moreno and Hoyos 1983), and in Algerian, Libyan (Hemida and Labidi 2001, Hemida et al. 2002) and Levantine waters (Golani 1996, Moftah et al. 2011). Its presence in the Mediterranean Sea may be relatively recent as Hemida et al. (2002) and Bradai et al. (2012) consider it to be a recent immigrant or a Leassepsian migrant species. However, this is questionable given its wide geographic range. Its depth range is 12-430 m.","Little information is available on population size, trend or structure. This is partially because carcharhinids are usually lumped or misidentified in landings and catch data. In the Mediterranean Sea this species has been reported as rare (Serena 2005), however Hemida et al. (2002) found that it was relatively common in Algerian waters. They found it to be the most common carcharhinid recorded in catches, representing 39% of the specimens examined. This suggests that it is unlikely that this shark is a recent immigrant to the Mediterranean Sea.","This species occurs mainly on the edge of continental shelves in deepwater ranging from 12–430 m, but is more common between 80 and 220 m, with very occasional captures in shallow water (Tester 1969). It is thought to undertake diurnal vertical migrations (Anderson and Stevens 1996).This live bearing with yolk sac placenta shark produces between three and 15 pups per litter (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Size at birth is probably between 60 and 90 cm total length (TL; Compagno 1984, Kohler et al. 1995). Males reach maturity at about 190 cm TL with a maximum size of at least 267 cm, while females mature at 225 cm TL with a maximum length of at least 282 cm (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). ","This shark is occasionally taken as bycatch in bottom trawl nets, but more often it is retained in deepwater pelagic longline fisheries (Anderson and Stevens 1996). This includes tuna longline fisheries that are widespread across multiple management jurisdictions. In European waters this species is reportedly taken as bycatch in deepwater longline fisheries (Coelho et al. 2012), although no data on catch rates or landings are available. In the Mediterranean Sea it is taken as bycatch in the pelagic longline fishery operating from eastern Algerian ports (Hemida et al. 2002, Fowler et al. 2005).","Collection of data and assessment of catches is needed throughout the range of this species, together with its population size and trend. It is taken on the high seas, outside waters managed by coastal states. This species is listed as highly migratory under the 1995 United Nations (UN) Agreement on the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (UNFSA). The Agreement requires coastal states and fishing states to cooperate and adopt measures to ensure the conservation of these listed species. There has been little progress in this regard. Additionally, the Food and Agriculture Organisation’s (FAO) International Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks (IPOA-Sharks) recommends that Regional Fisheries Organisations (RFO) carry out regular shark population assessments and that member States cooperate on joint and regional shark management plans. This is of particular importance for this species, whose stocks are exploited by more than one State on the high seas. However, no RFO has limited shark catches or drafted a ‘Shark Plan’ as suggested in the IPOA-Shark guidelines.The 2004 ICCAT shark stock assessment workshop (ICCAT 2005) reported that the overall volume of catch reported to ICCAT does not represent the total removals. What data are available are very limited with respect to the size, age and sex composition of the catch. Improvements to the ICCAT shark database can only be achieved if the Contracting Parties increase infrastructure investment in monitoring catch composition. Increased monitoring and research investment directed at sharks in particular, and other bycatch species in general, need to be made by the ICCAT Parties.In 2013, the European Union (EU) banned the removal of shark fins on board vessels (CEC 2013), in line with advice from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature’s Shark Specialist Group and other shark fishery experts, in order to enhance enforcement of the 2003 EU ban on shark finning (CEC 2003) and facilitate improved shark fishery data collection. Collaborative management of target and bycatch fisheries are needed.",This species is commercially used.,"Duffy, C.A.J. & Chin, A.","Mancini, P.L., Pillans, R.D., Amorim, A.F., Gonzalez, M. & Anderson, C.","Soldo, A., Buscher, E. & Walls, R.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CARCHARHINIFORMES,CARCHARHINIDAE,Carcharhinus,brachyurus,,Carcharhinus brachyurus,"(Günther, 1870)","Synonyms = Galeolamna greyi [synonymy uncertain] Owen, 1853; Carcharias lamiella Jordan & Gilbert, 1882; Carcharias lamia: Lahille (1928), Marini (1929), Pozzi & Bordalé (1935); Eulamia ahenea Stead, 1938; Galeolamna brachyurus: Whitley (1940); Galeolamna ahenea: Whitley (1940); Galeolamna (Galeolamnoides) eblis: Whitley (1944); Carcharhinus improvisus Smith, 1952; Carcharhinus remotus: López (1963, 1965), López & Castello (1972), Menni et al. (1984), Menni (1986); Carcharhinus rochensis Abella, 1972; Carcharhinus greyi: Scott, Glover & Southcott (1974); Carcharhinus remotoides Deng, Xiong & Zhan, 1981; Carcharhinus acarenatus, Morenos & Hoyos, 1983. References: Whitley (1940), Garrick (1982), Compagno (1984), Cappo (1992), and Chiaramonte (1998).",No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Copper Shark (Carcharhinus brachyurus) is a large coastal shark with a slow life history and low natural abundance. Although its distribution is widespread, regional subpopulations appear to be discrete, and movement of individuals between them is thought to be infrequent or absent. This shark occurs in the southern Northeast Atlantic and western and central Mediterranean Sea. It is both targeted and retained as bycatch in commercial, artisanal and recreational fisheries throughout its range, but landings of this species are often grouped together with other carcharhinids or potentially misidentified, meaning population declines are likely to go unnoticed. In addition to fishing pressure, the coastal nursery areas used by this species are sensitive to anthropogenic pressures such as coastal development. While these threats should raise concern, the information currently available is only enough to justify an assessment of Data Deficient for the European region.",Unknown,"This species has a widespread range but is low in abundance throughout (Garrick 1982). In the Northeast Atlantic, it ranges from the Gulf of Cadiz to the Canary Islands (Moreno and Hoyos 1983, Muñoz-Chápuli 1984, Morey and Massutí 2003). It is also found in both the western and central Mediterranean Sea (Moreno and Hoyos 1983, Hemida et al. 2002, Morey and Massutí 2003, Zava et al. 2006, Storai et al. 2007, Psomadakis et al. 2009). It appears to be more abundant in the western Mediterranean Sea, and has been reported along the northern coastline of Algeria and in the Alboran Sea. This species is sometimes confused with other large Carcharhinus species, particularly Dusky Shark (C. obscurus) (Garrick 1982, Compagno 1984, Compagno et al. 1989), which can make records unreliable in some regions.","No information is currently available on population size or structure for any subpopulation of this species throughout its wide range. Despite being a widespread species with long distance movements, there is little genetic connectivity between subpopulations inhabiting distinct continental shelves (Benavides et al. 2011). In particular, Garrick (1982) used differences in vertebral numbers to show that the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea subpopulations are isolated from other Atlantic subpopulations. This was the least abundant of five pelagic shark species sampled in the Northeast Atlantic and western Mediterranean Sea, with only 20 specimens reported from Algerian waters between 1996 and 2002 compared to 41 Bignose Sharks (C. altimus; Muñoz-Chápuli 1984, Hemida et al. 2002). However, it might be more abundant in the Mediterranean Sea than records indicate due to confusion with other Carcharhinus species. ","This warm temperate and subtropical species (Garrick 1982, Compagno 1984, Muñoz-Chápuli 1984, Smale 1991, Cappo 1992, Cliff and Dudley 1992, Chiaramonte 1998b) has a maximum reported depth of 100 m, but is likely to range deeper (Compagno 1984, Smale 1991, Last and Stevens 1994). It is widespread but patchily distributed in coastal and shelf areas, and is occasionally reported in oceanic areas that are near to the continental shelf (Amorim et al. 1998, Marín et al. 1998, Bagley et al. 2000). It also occurs in brackish and freshwater in the lower reaches of large rivers and estuarine bays (Last 2002). It readily enters shallow water, and individuals and aggregations are often sighted in shallow bays, the surf zone and in harbour channels during summer (Ayling and Cox 1982, Cappo 1992, Last and Stevens 1994).These sharks segregate by size and sex with juveniles occurring year-round at depths < 30 m, and adults occurring around offshore islands, banks and shelf waters throughout the year and moving inshore during spring and summer (Muñoz-Chápuli 1984, Smale 1991, Cliff and Dudley 1992, Chiaramonte 1998b). Adult females move inshore in spring to breed, and although the movements of this species have not been studied in the Mediterranean Sea and Northeast Atlantic, it is thought that pregnant females migrate to breeding grounds off northern Morocco (Muñoz-Chápuli 1984). Nursery areas tend to be large and poorly defined but include shallow banks, large shallow bays, inlets and harbours as well as the open coast (Muñoz-Chápuli 1984, Smale 1991, Cappo 1992, Chiaramonte 1998b, Fergusson and Compagno 1995). Neonates and small juveniles have been recorded from: Rhodes, Nice and the banks off Al Hoceima (West Alboran Basin) in the Mediterranean Sea (Garrick 1982, Muñoz-Chápuli 1984, Fergusson and Compagno 1995). This is a live bearing with yolk sac placental species that produces seven to 24 pups per litter (Garrick 1982, Smale 199, Cliff and Dudley 1992, Chiaramonte 1998b). A female off Larache, Morocco was reported to have a litter of 13 embryos (Moreno and Hoyos 1983). Gestation period is estimated to be between 1215 months (Cliff and Dudley 1992). Reproductive periodicity is probably biennial like most other large Carcharhinids (Castro et al. 1999). Size at birth is about 60 cm total length (TL), with a range of 5567 cm TL (Garrick 1982, Smale 1991, Cliff and Dudley 1992). Size at maturity is between 206 and 235 cm TL and 227 and 244 cm TL for male and females, respectively. Based on biological data from South Africa, age at maturity is estimated to be 1319 years for males and 1920 years for females (Walter and Ebert 1991). Maximum size is at least 295 cm TL and it is reported to reach 350 cm TL (Ayling and Cox 1982, Compagno 1984, Last and Stevens 1994). Productivity is estimated to be low, with a minimum population doubling time of > 14 years (Froese and Pauly 2002).","The life history characteristics of this large carcharhinid make it sensitive to exploitation. This is concerning as this species is currently taken by directed fisheries and as bycatch in trawl, set net and longline fisheries (Muñoz-Chápuli 1984, Compagno et al. 1989, Cappo 1992, Rose 1996, Parry-Jones 1996, Amorim et al. 1998, Chiaramonte 1998a, b, Marín et al. 1998, Walker 1998, Castro et al. 1999, Bagley et al. 2000, Hemida et al. 2002, Vidthayanon 2002, Morey and Massutí 2003). The small volumes of this species that are landed may be consumed domestically and not reported, as this species was reportedly absent in trade sourced from the Mediterranean region (Rose 1996). If landed volumes are reported, they may be done so under a generic name or lumped with other carcharhinids such as Sandbar Shark (C. plumbeus; Fergusson and Compagno 1995, Hemida et al. 2002). In addition, coastal nursery areas used by this species are sensitive to anthropogenic pressures such as coastal development.","There are no species-specific management or conservation measures known to be in place. In 2003, the European Commission (EC) prohibited EC vessels and non-EC vessels in EC water from removing shark fins and subsequent discarding of the body, and landed sharks needed to have a fin-to-carcass ratio of 5% of the shark’s whole (theoretical) weight. Member States could issue Special Fishing Permits allowing the removal of shark fins on board, which lead to difficulties enforcing the fin-to-carcass ratio and potentially allowed finning to go undetected. In 2013, the EU banned removal of shark fins on board vessels (CEC 2013), in line with advice from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature’s Shark Specialist Group and other shark fishery experts, in order to enhance enforcement of the 2003 EU ban on shark finning (CEC 2003) and facilitate improved shark fishery data collection.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Duffy, C.A.J. & Chin, A.","Morey, G, Soldo, A. & Gordon, I.","Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CARCHARHINIFORMES,CARCHARHINIDAE,Carcharhinus,falciformis,,Carcharhinus falciformis,"(Müller & Henle, 1839)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Silky Shark (Carcharhinus falciformis) has a circumglobal oceanic and coastal-pelagic distribution in tropical waters, where it dominates as a target species or bycatch in certain pelagic fisheries, particularly purse seines on drifting FADs. It is taken in large numbers but there are no population estimates and most catches are unreported. It is highly associated with seamounts. This shark is one of the three most important in the global shark fin trade, with between half a million and one and a half million individuals traded annually. Estimates of trends in abundance from standardized catch rate indices for Carcharhinus species combined in the Northwest Atlantic range from non-significant trends, to a decline of 85% over 19 years. Species-specific trends for Silky Sharks are difficult to estimate because of difficulties distinguishing it from other carcharhinid sharks. There are insufficient data to estimate a population trend in European waters, hence this species is assessed as Data Deficient for this region.",Unknown,"Silky Shark (Carcharhinus falciformis) has a circumglobal distribution in tropical waters (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). In the Northeast Atlantic, it is found from Madeira and the Iberian Peninsula southwards across the coast of West Africa, though it may occasionally occur further north (Ebert and Stehmann 2013, ICES 2013). In the Mediterranean Sea, it was first recorded in the Alboran Sea (Moreno 1987), and has subsequently been caught in eastern Algerian waters (Hemida and Labidi 2001) and Tunisia (Bradaï et al. 2002, 2004). Its depth range is 18-500 m.","This shark dominates as a target species or bycatch in certain pelagic fisheries, particularly purse seines on drifting fish aggregating devices (FADs). Population dynamics and structure are poorly known, although life history parameters seem to vary geographically, perhaps reflecting the existence of distinct stocks for different ocean basins. The population trend of this species is unknown.","This shark is essentially pelagic and is most often found near the edge of continental and insular shelves at depths of 200 m or more in the epipelagic zone, although it occurs to at least 500 m depth offshore (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). It is often associated with islands, near insular slopes and over deepwater reefs. It has also been recorded inshore to as shallow as 18 m depth (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). It is an active species, preferring warmer waters (about 23°C). Smaller sharks are often found in coastal nurseries and adults further offshore over deeper water. The species is live bearing, usually having around two to 15 pups every one or two years (Last and Stevens 1994). The gestation period is 12 months (Bonfil et al. 1993). Life history parameters seem to vary geographically, perhaps reflecting the existence of distinct stocks for different ocean basins. In the Gulf of Mexico, it grows at a moderate rate and first attains maturity at about 215-225 cm total length (TL) for males and 232-246 cm TL for females, or around six to 10 years and seven to 12+ years respectively (Branstetter 1987, Bonfil et al. 1993). It can live to at least 22+ years (Bonfil 1990) and attain a length of up to 330 cm TL. In Mexico, young are born at about 76 cm TL during the summer, whereas in other oceans the species seems to have no seasonality in reproduction (Bonfil et al. 1993). Hoyos-Padilla (2003) provides information on the life-history parameters from Mexico in the Eastern Central Pacific and Ruíz-Alvarado and Ixquiac-Cabrera (2000), Morales-Lechuga (2002) and Villatoro-Vaquiz and Rivera-González (1994) from Guatemala and El Salvador. Both males and females reportedly mature at 180-182 cm TL off Mexico in the Eastern Central Pacific, with females reaching a maximum size of 316 TL and producing two to nine pups per litter (Hoyos-Padilla 2003). Oshitani et al. (2003) reported on the age and growth of silky sharks in the Pacific Ocean (using samples collected from Japanese tuna longline and purse seine fisheries). They found that males mature at >186 cm TL and at five to six years of age, and females at 193-200 cm TL and six to seven years of age. Size at birth ranged from 65-81 cm TL. In contrast to earlier studies in the Pacific Ocean, Oshitani et al. (2003) noted that their results were similar to those of studies in the Atlantic Ocean. This species has a moderate to low intrinsic rate of increase, estimated at 0.043-0.10 year-1 (Smith et al. 1998, Cortés 2002).Silky Sharks generally leave their coastal nursery grounds and move offshore to open oceans as sub-adults, frequently joining tuna schools on which they seem to feed (Branstetter 1987).","The species is oceanic and likely to have either north Atlantic or Atlantic stocks, although data are lacking (ICES 2013). In the Atlantic, this pelagic species is taken as bycatch in tuna and swordfish fisheries; mainly by longliners, but also by purse-seiners. It is a significant component of the bycatch of high seas fisheries. It constitutes 90% of the elasmobranch bycatch of tuna purse-seine fisheries using Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) in the Indian Ocean (Gilman 2011, Filmalter et al. 2013). The popularity of FADs in tuna purse-seine fisheries creates global concerns over the increased capture of under-sized tuna and bycatch such as this shark. The International Council for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT) reported Spanish (84 tonnes), Chinese (four tonnes) and Portuguese (30 tonnes) nominal catch in the Northeast Atlantic between 1999 and 2011, from which no particular trend can be deduced.Whether they are an incidental catch or not, Silky Sharks are often retained for their meat and fins. Catch statistics for this species are under-reported. Total catch reported to FAO has decreased steadily since 2000; 11,680 t were reported in 2000, 9,330 in 2001, 8,384 in 2002, 5,305 in 2003, to 4,358 in 2004 (Maguire et al. 2006). The number of pelagic sharks landed by fishing fleets in all oceans has become increasingly important in recent years (Mejuto et al. 2006)","Silky Shark is a member of the family Carcharhinidae, which is listed on Annex I, Highly Migratory Species, of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. States are urged to cooperate over the management of these species. No such management yet exists. Precautionary adaptive collaborative management of target and bycatch fisheries is urgently needed for this highly migratory species. It is also essential to improve and sustain data collection and develop stock assessments for this species. Listing on international resource management agreements, such as the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) could help to drive improvements in national and regional management and facilitate collaboration between states, for this species and other migratory sharks.In 2013, the European Union (EU) banned removal of shark fins on board vessels through Regulation No. 605/2013, in line with advice from the IUCN SSG and other shark fishery experts, in order to enhance enforcement of the 2003 EU ban on shark finning (Regulation No. 1185/2003) and facilitate improved shark fishery data collection. Research is needed on the population size and trend of the species at the European level.","The meat of this species is utilised for human consumption, the fins are taken for the shark fin trade to make soup, the skin has been processed for leather and the liver has been used for liver oil (for its high vitamin A content in this species) (Compagno in prep).","Chin, A.","Bonfil, R., Amorim, A., Anderson, C., Arauz, R., Baum, J., Clarke, S.C., Graham, R.T., Gonzalez, M., Jolón, M., Kyne, P.M., Mancini, P., Márquez, F., Ruíz, C. & Smith, W.","Soldo, A., Walls, R. & Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CARCHARHINIFORMES,CARCHARHINIDAE,Carcharhinus,limbatus,,Carcharhinus limbatus,"(Müller & Henle, 1839)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Blacktip Shark (Carcharhinus limbatus) is a medium-sized species that is frequently captured in commercial and recreational fisheries. Its meat is used for human consumption and its fins are highly marketable. This species is widespread in warm temperate, subtropical and tropical waters throughout the world. It frequents inshore waters as adults and has inshore nursery areas, making it susceptible to exploitation and anthropogenic habitat modification. There is insufficient information to assess Blacktip Shark beyond Data Deficient within the European region. Further research is needed on the population size and trend of the species.",Unknown,"This shark is widespread in warm temperate, subtropical and tropical waters. It is primarily a continental species, although it is found around some oceanic islands. It occurs in the Mediterranean Sea, south to the Madeira Islands, Canary Islands, and in the Eastern Central Atlantic from Senegal to Zaire (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). This species is absent from the northern Mediterranean Sea with most records coming from the southern Mediterranean in Tunisian waters, although it is reportedly rare. There is evidence to support that specimens captured in Algerian waters likely migrated from the Eastern Central Atlantic (Hemida et al. 2002). This species appears to be mostly absent from the Northeast Atlantic, but has been reported in the waters around Portugal (ICES 2013). ",Nothing is known of the population size and trend of the species in European waters.,"This species occurs in nearshore waters off beaches, in bays and estuaries, over coral reefs and off river mouths (Castro 1996). It is present in loose aggregations and in some areas of its range males and females generally remain in sexually segregated schools outside of the mating season (Dudley and Cliff 1993).This shark is a placental live bearing species that produces an average of four to six pups per litter, but can range up to 11 pups per litter, following a 1112 month gestation period (Killam 1987, Dudley and Cliff 1993, Castro 1996). Females have a one-year resting stage between pregnancies, thereby reproducing only every two years. Implantation usually occurs between the 10 and 11th week of gestation when embryos measure 17.819.4 cm total length (TL). Size at birth is reported to be 5365 cm TL, and the number and size of pups produced increases with female body size. Pups are born between late May and early June in shallow coastal nursery areas away from the adult population, which may reduce predatory mortality on the cohorts. The neonate stage lasts about a month and the juveniles continue to occupy nearshore nursery areas. Neonates increase in size by 2530 cm over the first six months following birth and have an annual growth of 20 cm during the second year of life. This is a very fast growing species compared to its congeners. After reaching maturity, growth slows to < 5 cm annually. The oldest fish aged have been nine to ten years of age. There are regional differences in many biological parameters of this species, but little is known about the biology of this species in the European waters. ","The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Working Group on Elasmobranch Fishes report (ICES 2013) acknowledges the presence of this species in the ICES region, but does not mention it in any catch or landings analyses, indicating an extremely rare encounter rate. It is occasionally caught in the Mediterranean Sea driftnet fishery (Walker et al. 2005).","There are no species-specific management or conservation measures known to be in place. In 2003, the European Commission (EC) prohibited EC vessels and non-EC vessels in EC water from removing shark fins and subsequent discarding of the body, and landed sharks needed to have a fin-to-carcass ratio of 5% of the shark’s whole (theoretical) weight. Member States could issue Special Fishing Permits allowing the removal of shark fins on board, which lead to difficulties enforcing the fin-to-carcass ratio and potentially allowed finning to go undetected.In 2013, the European Union (EU) banned the removal of shark fins on board vessels (CEC 2013), in line with advice from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature’s Shark Specialist Group and other shark fishery experts, in order to enhance enforcement of the 2003 EU ban on shark finning (CEC 2003) and facilitate improved shark fishery data collection.Further research is needed on the population size and trend of the species.",The meat of this species is used for human consumption and its fins are highly marketable.,"Chin, A.","Burgess, G.H. & Branstetter, S.","Soldo, A., Walls, R. & Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CARCHARHINIFORMES,CARCHARHINIDAE,Carcharhinus,longimanus,,Carcharhinus longimanus,"(Poey, 1861)",,No,EN,A2b,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) This formerly widespread and abundant, large oceanic shark is subject to fishing pressure throughout its range. It is caught in large numbers as a bycatch in pelagic fisheries, with pelagic longlines, probably pelagic gillnets, handlines and occasionally pelagic and even bottom trawls. Catches, particularly in international waters, are inadequately monitored. Its large fins are highly prized in international trade although the carcass is often discarded. Declines of 90% according to observer data from the Pacific are probably the most reliable available data on this species today, and with the same types of fishery in operation throughout its habitat worldwide, it is realistic to assume that it might be faring similarly in the Atlantic Ocean.  Estimates from the Northwest Atlantic are available and indicate a decline of 80-85% from 1950s-2000, but these are contended and may not reflect the status of the European subpopulations. Therefore, it is estimated that the species has declined by at least 50% for the three generation period (46 years) in European waters, therefore qualifying as Endangered under criterion A2b. It should be noted that this region only represents a portion of the Atlantic-wide subpopulation, which likely spans the entire Atlantic Ocean. For this reason, this information should be updated following further analyses of relevant Atlantic fisheries data.",Decreasing,"This is one of the most widespread shark species, ranging across entire oceans in tropical and subtropical waters, usually found far offshore between about 30°N and 35°S in all oceans. In the Northeast Atlantic it occurs from southern Portugal to Madeira. There are several unconfirmed records of this species from the Mediterranean Sea but all have been considered as invalid (Serena 2005, Bradaï et al. 2012). Its depth range is zero to 152 m.","Oceanic Whitetip Shark (Carcharhinus longimanus), together with Silky Shark (Carcharhinus falciformis) and Blue Shark (Prionace glauca), was once described as one of the three most abundant species of oceanic sharks and large marine animals (Compagno 1984, Taniuchi 1990, Bonfil 1994, Castro et al. 1999); it was formerly nearly ubiquitous in water deeper than 180 m and above 20°C (Castro et al. 1999). Recent observations however indicate that this species is now only occasionally recorded (e.g., Baum and Myers 2004, Domingo 2004).In the Gulf of Mexico, this pelagic shark allegedly declined by > 99% between the 1950s and 1990s (Baum and Myers 2004). This study however excluded a number of key considerations from the analysis, including the shift in average gear depth from 72 m in the 1950s to 110 m in the 1990s, which could have significantly affected the exploitation of this species given that it primarily inhabits waters < 100 m depth (Burgess et al. 2005). The large decline in Oceanic Whitetip Shark globally is undeniable, but it is as yet unclear what the extent really is, so an inference of the Northeast Atlantic subpopulation status from the Northwest Atlantic status in this case may not be entirely reliable.Clarke et al. (2006) calculated a simple ocean basin area proportion for the Atlantic relative to the world ocean (0.2506); this was considered a proxy for habitat area, and hence for the potential area of catch of pelagic sharks. Clarke (2008) then tried to estimate historical total removals of pelagic sharks from the Atlantic using this calculation and global shark fin trade data. The peak year for the area- and effort-proportioned series was 2003, during which an estimated 80-210,000 individuals, or 5-12,000 tonnes of the species were removed from the Atlantic Ocean solely for the finning trade. It should however be noted that the suitability of this basin area proportion calculation to this particular species is not certain; alternative measures of Oceanic Whitetip Shark habitat in the Atlantic (and globally) therefore need to be considered.In the western and central Pacific, annual longline catch rates decreased by 90% from 1996 to 2009; uncertainty in the estimates was low as this information comes from observers onboard commercial fishing vessels. This represents a significant 17% decline per year during this time. Declines in purse seine fisheries in this region resembled those in the longline fishery (Clarke et al. 2013). Other data sets from Japan and Hawaii over the same time period showed declines consistent with these (Clarke et al. 2011, Walsh and Clarke 2011) and the observed declining sizes of individuals also served to confirm the depleted state of the species’ stock in this region (Clarke et al. 2011, Clarke et al. 2013).It is highly likely that in the Northeast Atlantic region this nomadic species represents only a fraction of an Atlantic-wide stock, though population size and trends are unknown in European waters owing to a lack of reliable data from high seas fisheries. It can however be inferred that the Northeast and Eastern central Atlantic portion of the wider subpopulation is in decline, based on the global Vulnerable status of the species, the declines shown in observer data from the Pacific, the declines in the western Atlantic, and the unsustainable level of fishing that has occurred historically and still occurs in European waters relative to other parts of the world. When trends in abundance from the former analyses (1992-2000; Baum et al. 2003) are extrapolated back to the mid-1950s, they match the latter analysis (Baum and Myers 2004) of abundance declines (Baum et al. 2006). It is likely that the population of this low-productivity species is at least 15-20% of baseline (1950s) in the northwest Atlantic Ocean (CITES 2013). Considering a decline of 80-85% from the mid-1950s-2000 (~45-50 years), there has been an annual rate of decline of 0.96, and the species is estimated to have declined by 85% over the three generation period (46 years). However, these estimated declines in the Northwest Atlantic are contended (see Baum and Blanchard 2010) and may not reflect the status of the European populations. Therefore, it is estimated that the species has declined by at least 50% for the three generation period in European waters.","This is one of the most widespread oceanic-epipelagic sharks, ranging across entire oceans in tropical and subtropical waters. It is normally found in surface waters, although it has been recorded to 152 m. It has occasionally been recorded inshore, but is more typically found offshore or around oceanic islands and areas with narrow continental shelves (Fourmanoir 1961, Last and Stevens 1994). It regularly occurs in waters of 18 to 28°C, usually > 20°C. Development is viviparous and embryos have a yolk sac placenta that attaches to the uterine wall of the mother (Bigelow and Schroeder 1948). The average litter size is five to six (Ebert and Stehmann 2013), although 15 foetuses were recorded from a female of 245 cm total length (TL) from the Red Sea (Gohar and Mazhar 1964); larger females appear to carry more young, although there may be regional variation (Bass et al. 1975). Pups are born at ~ 55 to 77 cm TL after a gestation period of about nine to 12 months (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Males mature at about 168 to 198 cm TL and females at 170 to 200 cm TL (Seki et al. 1998, Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Oceanic Whitetip Shark usually grows to < 3 m TL, with some individuals reaching 350-395 cm TL (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Maturity occurs between four and seven years for both males and females, and the maximum age on record is 11 to 13 years with a maximum estimated age of 22 years (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Rapid growth and early maturation give this shark a moderate rebound potential (Smith et al. 1998). Camhi et al. (2009) reported an intrinsic rate of increase as 0.081 and population growth rate as 1.117 for this species. Its generation length is estimated to be 15.3 years (unpublished data, M.J. Juan Jorda pers. comm. 2015).","Oceanic Whitetip Shark is primarily taken as bycatch in large pelagic longline and purse seine fisheries targeting tuna and swordfish. It is also caught in pelagic gillnets, hand-lines and occasionally pelagic and even bottom trawls (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). The lack of reliably reported national landings of this species leads to significant underestimations of catches. Oceanic Whitetip Shark is more likely to be retained by longline fisheries than finned, which implies that recent finning regulations requiring the entire carcass to be landed with fins attached may not even benefit this species (Clarke et al. 2011). Tagging studies have determined that this species has a high chance of surviving capture on pelagic longline fishing gear if carefully released (CITES 2013), so retention bans could potentially benefit the species more than finning bans.Cortés et al. (2010) carried out an ecological risk assessment of pelagic sharks caught in Atlantic pelagic longline fisheries, concluding that Oceanic Whitetip Shark is among the species most sensitive to overexploitation. Calculations were based on the species’ productivity (intrinsic rate of increase) and ‘susceptibility’; ‘susceptibility’ was calculated based on availability of the species to the fleet, encounterability of the gear given the species vertical range, gear selectivity and post-capture mortality.","Fishing pressure on this species must be considerably decreased through reduction in fishing effort, catch limits, measures to enhance chances of survival after capture and possibly also through the implementation of large-scale oceanic non-fishing areas. Precautionary adaptive collaborative management of target and bycatch fisheries is urgently needed for this biologically vulnerable shark. It is also essential to improve data collection and develop stock assessments for this species. Listing on international resource management agreements, such as the recent 2014 listing on Appendix II of the Convention on Migratory Species could help drive improvements in national and regional management and facilitate collaboration between states, for this species and other migratory sharks. Oceanic Whitetip Shark is listed as a highly migratory species under the 1995 United Nations (UN) Agreement on the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (UNFSA). The Agreement specifically requires coastal States and fishing States to cooperate and adopt measures to ensure the conservation of listed species. Also of relevance is the Fisheries and Aquaculture Organisation’s (FAO) International Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks (IPOA-Sharks) which specifically recommends that Regional Fisheries Organisations (RFO) carry out regular shark population assessments and that member States cooperate on joint and regional shark management plans. Oceanic Whitetip Shark is currently the only shark species subject to protections under all the world’s tuna-focused Regional Fishery Management Organisations (RFMOs). Pursuant to these agreements, European Union (EU) fishermen are not allowed to retain, transship or land any part or whole carcass of the species taken in any fishery.Oceanic Whitetip Shark was listed under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species in 2013. This requires international trade (among Parties not taking a Reservation) to be monitored and derived from sustainably managed fisheries, beginning in September 2014.In 2013, the European Union (EU) banned removal of shark fins on board vessels through Regulation No. 605/2013, in line with advice from the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission’s Shark Specialist Group and other shark fishery experts, in order to enhance enforcement of the 2003 EU ban on shark finning (Regulation No. 1185/2003) and facilitate improved shark fishery data collection. ","This shark is used fresh, smoked and dried salted for human consumption, for hides, for fins (processed into the ingredients for shark-fin soup), and for liver oil (extracted for vitamins) and fishmeal (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Along with Blue Shark (Prionace glauca), thresher sharks (Alopias spp.) and hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna spp.), Oceanic Whitetip Shark makes up the bulk of fins sold in the global shark fin trade (Clarke et al. 2006).","Dulvy, N.","Walls, R., Soldo, A. & Buscher, E.","Fordham, S., Baum, J.K., Medina, E., Musick, J. & Smale, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CARCHARHINIFORMES,CARCHARHINIDAE,Carcharhinus,obscurus,,Carcharhinus obscurus,"(Lesueur, 1818)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Dusky Shark (Carcharhinus obscurus) is a large wide-ranging coastal and pelagic warm water species, which is among the slowest growing, latest maturing of known sharks, bearing small litters after a long gestation period. Its very low intrinsic rate of increase renders this species among the most vulnerable of vertebrates (including the great whales and sea turtles) to depletion by fisheries. Unfortunately it is difficult to manage or protect because it is taken with other more productive sharks in mixed species fisheries, and has a high mortality rate when taken as bycatch. Its fins are highly valued. In the European region it is reported sporadically but its distribution and abundance is possibly under-represented because of misidentification with similar species. It is caught sporadically in a variety of fishing gears and retained, principally off North Africa and in the Sicilian Channel. Significant population declines have been estimated in other large shark species in the Mediterranean Sea as a result of intensive coastal and pelagic fishing pressure reference. However, there is currently insufficient information on occurrences of this species in the Mediterranean Sea to make an assessment beyond Data Deficient in this region.",Unknown,"Dusky Shark has a global but patchy range in tropical and warm temperate seas (Last and Stevens 1994).Eastern AtlanticThe range is uncertain in the Northeast and Eastern Central Atlantic. It has been recorded from Canary and Cape Verde Islands, Senegal and Sierra Leone. Uncertain records exist from elsewhere, including Portugal, Spain, Morocco and Madeira (Last and Stevens 1994, Ebert and Compagno 2013).  Mediterranean Sea Most records are from the western and central-southern regions, along the north African coasts and Sicily Straits. It is likely that this species ranges further east in the Ionian Sea and Levantine Basin (Fergusson and Compagno 2000). Around 20 specimens have been recorded in the Mediterranean Sea to date: after Lozano Rey’s (1928) first record for the Mediterranean Sea, Moreno (1987) cites three specimens from the Alboran Sea and Hemida and Labidi (2002) reported another three from eastern Algeria. A single Tunisian report is from Capapé et al. (1979) and similarly, one from Malta (Fergusson and Compagno 2000). At Mazara del Vallo, Sicily, a further three specimens were recorded (Fergusson and Compagno 2000) and Vacchi and Serena (1997) reported one. A single specimen was caught at Capo Testa, Sardinia (Fergusson and Compagno 2000). Recent records include specimens from the Gulf of Gabès (Saïdi 2008), Syria (Saad et al. 2004) and Palestine (Golani 2005). Its depth range is zero to 400 m. ",There is no information available on the population size or trend of the species in European waters.,"This shark has a coastal and pelagic range, where it occurs from the surf zone to well offshore, and from the surface to depths of 400 m (Compagno 1984). It is not commonly found in estuaries (Compagno 1984, Musick et al. 1993). A study off Brazil by Motta et al. (1997) recorded the species at depths of 8-15 m off southern Sao Paulo State. Tagging studies show it is a highly migratory species (Davies and Joubert 1967, Bass et al. 1973, Kohler 1996). Major nursery areas have been identified off the KwaZulu-Natal coast of South Africa (Bass et al. 1973), the New Jersey to South Carolina coast of the United States (Musick and Colvocoresses 1988, Castro 1993), and the southwest coast of Australia (Last and Stevens 1994, Simpfendorfer 1999). The neonates occur in nearshore waters in all of these nursery areas, but do not enter lower salinity areas.It reaches over 360 cm in length (Castro 1983). Off KwaZulu-Natal a female of 383 cm precaudal length (PL) and 450 kg has been captured (Dudley et al. 2005). Maximum sizes recorded in the Mediterranean Sea were a male of 311 cm and a female of 349 cm (Fergusson and Compagno 2000). Size and age data are available from several areas. In the Northwest Atlantic, males mature at 231 cm fork length (FL) and at 19 years of age, and females at 235 cm FL and at 21 years of age (Natanson et al. 1995). In the southwest Indian Ocean, off South Africa, Dudley et al. (2005) report that males mature at 210 cm PL and 19.2 years of age and females at 214 cm PL and 20 years of age. The oldest individual reported from vertebral ageing studies is 37 years, although it is believed to live to a maximum of 40-50 years (Natanson et al. 1995, Sminkey 1996). This shark is live bearing with placenta, with litters normally ranging in size from three to 16 pups, of 70-100 cm in length at birth (Last and Stevens 1994, Dudley et al. 2005). Recent work has suggested that gestation may be as long as 22 months (Branstetter and Burgess 1996, Dudley et al. 2005, Romine 2004). The lack of large yolky ova in the ovary of late-term pregnant individual indicates that there is one year resting period between birth and mating, making the reproductive cycle at least three years long (Musick 1995, Branstetter and Burgess 1996, Romine 2004). Recent demographic analyses of the species in the western Atlantic have generated estimates of the annual rate of population increase of 2.8% (Cortés 1998) and 5.57% (Sminkey 1996). Both of these estimates are for the population without fishing mortality and assume a two-year reproductive cycle. Given that it is now thought that the reproductive cycle lasts three years these population increase rates are probably lower. Romine (2004) estimated the annual rate of population increase only to be around 1.9% and the population doubling time was estimated to be 36 years. Simpfendorfer (1999), using a three year reproductive cycle, estimated the annual rate of population increase for the Australian population was 4.3%. The low rates of population increase highlight the need for conservative management of fisheries that capture this shark (Cortés 1998).","The species is taken as both bycatch and target in commercial shark fisheries using, set nets, longlines, hook and line and trawls in many areas of its range (Cramer 1995, Ebert and Compagno 2013). The species has among the most sought after fins for shark fin soup because of their large size and high fin needle content (Rose 1996). Because of its high-value fin, they are caught incidentally in tuna and swordfish fisheries are now regularly landed rather than released. This shark was found to represent at least 1.2-1.7% of the fins auctioned in Hong Kong, the world’s largest shark fin trading center (Clarke et al. 2006a). It is estimated that between 144,000 and 767,000 individuals are represented in the shark fin trade each year or, in biomass, 6,000 to 30,000 mt (Clarke et al. 2006b). The very low intrinsic rate of increase renders this species among the most vulnerable of all vertebrates (including great whales and sea turtles) to man-induced mortality (Compagno et al. 2005). Furthermore, Compagno et al. (2005) report that the species is difficult to manage or protect because it is taken in mixed species fisheries, and has a high mortality rate when taken as bycatch. Commercial fisheries are likely to be the main threat in the Mediterranean Sea. This species is caught sporadically in longline, setline, gillnet and sometimes by tuna trap (“Tonnara”, “Tonnarella”) fisheries, principally off north African and rather less frequently by surface longlines, artisanal setlines and possibly trawlers in the Sicilian Channel. Carcharhinid sharks have been caught as target or bycatch in historical fisheries in this region, where fishing pressure is high. However, there are few species-specific records from which to elucidate population trends. Rarely observed in fish markets in the Mediterranean Sea, but is easily mistaken for other “grey” requiem shark carcasses, such as Sandbar Shark (C. plumbeus), further obscuring abundance estimates.","There are no species-specific management or conservation measures known to be in place within the European Union (EU). In 2003, the European Commission (EC) prohibited EC vessels and non-EC vessels in EC water from removing shark fins and subsequent discarding of the body, and landed sharks needed to have a fin-to-carcass ratio of 5% of the shark’s whole (theoretical) weight. Member States could issue Special Fishing Permits allowing the removal of shark fins on board, which lead to difficulties enforcing the fin-to-carcass ratio and potentially allowed finning to go undetected. In 2013, the EU banned removal of shark fins on board vessels (CEC 2013), in line with advice from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature’s Shark Specialist Group and other shark fishery experts, in order to enhance enforcement of the 2003 EU ban on shark finning (CEC 2003) and facilitate improved shark fishery data collection. Management of target and bycatch fisheries is needed for this biologically sensitive shark. It is also essential to improve data collection and develop stock assessments for this species. The Family Carcharhinidae is listed as highly migratory under the 1995 UN Agreement on the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (UNFSA). The Agreement specifically requires coastal and fishing States to cooperate and adopt measures to ensure the conservation of listed species. To date, there has been little progress (see United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea for further details). Also of relevance is the FAO International Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks (IPOA-Sharks) that recommends that Regional Fisheries Organisations (RFOs) carry out regular shark population assessments and that member States cooperate on joint and regional shark management plans. This is of particular importance for species such as Dusky Shark whose stocks are exploited by many States on the high seas. Steps are being taken by some RFOs, such as ICCAT, to collect species-specific data on pelagic sharks. To date two RFOs, ICCAT and IATTC, have adopted finning bans, as have several range states.","This species is utilised for human consumption in several areas of the Mediterranean Sea, including Sicily, Malta and Libya, although the meat is considered of low commercial value. Both the fins and meat are considered among the most valued in their respective categories. The flesh is utilized fresh, dried salted, frozen and smoked; hides are used for leather; fins for shark-fin soup base; and liver oil extracted for vitamins (Compagno in prep.).","Chin, A.","Musick, J., Grubbs, D., Baum, J.K. & Cortés, E.","Soldo, A., Buscher, E. & Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CARCHARHINIFORMES,CARCHARHINIDAE,Carcharhinus,plumbeus,,Carcharhinus plumbeus,"(Nardo, 1827)",,No,EN,A4d,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Sandbar Shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus) is long-lived, with low fecundity and is consequently highly sensitive to overfishing. This species is an important component of shark fisheries in most areas where it occurs and has been intensively overexploited in both coastal and pelagic waters of the Mediterranean Sea for centuries. Catches have declined significantly along the Levantine coasts. Historically, Sandbar Shark was regularly seen in fish markets of southern Sicily and was recorded in most coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea. However, it has not been observed in these markets in recent years. While the Gulf of Gabès, Tunisia, and the Gulf of Gokova in Turkey appear to be important nursery grounds for this species, recent records in the Mediterranean Sea outside these areas are sporadic and there are none of gravid females. Past and future declines are estimated and projected to be of >70% over the three-generation period (69 years). Therefore, the species is assessed as Endangered under Criterion A4d in European waters, as this shark continues to be intensively fished and it is highly sensitive to overexploitation.",Decreasing,"Sandbar Shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus) occurs worldwide in tropical and warm temperate waters. In the Eastern Central Atlantic, it occurs off Portugal, possibly Canary Islands and Madeira, Spain and Morocco (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). In the Mediterranean Sea, it occurs off Algeria, Corsica, Egypt, Greece, Israel, Italy, France, Croatia, Cyprus, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Slovenia, Spain, Syria, Tunisia and Turkey (Dieuzeide et al. 1953, Capapé et al. 2000, Hadjichristophorou 2005). Its depth range is zero to 280 m.","A bottom longline survey carried out south of Dubrovnik (Croatia) in 1950 in the Adriatic Sea caught only one specimen of this shark, and it was considered to be quite rare in the Adriatic (Kirini and Lepeti 1955). It was common along all the Levantine coasts until the 1980s (Saad et al. 2004), where it was the most dominant species in shark catches (> 85%) (Baranes and Ben Tuvia 1978). Scientific surveys were carried out in the southeast Mediterranean Sea in 1998–2001 and 2003–2005, consisting of 62 Greek and Cypriot commercial longlining boats targeting Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) and Albacore Tuna (Thunnus alalunga), with overall effort of almost a million set hooks; of 249 sharks caught in these surveys, 11 were identified as Sandbar Shark (Damalas and Megalofounou 2012). This survey highlighted a moderate but signicant decline in species richness during the five years between the two study periods, as well as the relatively low catch rates compared with those reported for each species in other areas.This shark is regularly landed and observed in fish markets in the Gulf of Gabès (Bradaï et al. 2006). Catch rate of this species in the Swordfish pelagic longline fishery of the Gulf of Gabès was 15.32 (+- 3.587 standard deviation) per 1,000 hooks. This species accounted for 94.14% of the elasmobranch catch in number, and the majority of the catches were juveniles (Bradaï et al. 2006). It is estimated that about 8,244.07 (+- 3775.84 sd) individuals were caught in the years 2007 and 2008 (Echwikhi et al. 2014). Sandbar Shark accounts for 4.5% of the elasmobranch catch in the gill net fishery of the Gulf of Gabès where an average of 0.4 individual per km2 of net per day are taken (Echwikhi et al. 2013). Here the estimated number of individuals caught per year is 332.7 and the portion of mature individuals is greater. Commercial landings in Tunisia increased between 1995 and 2004 from about 325 tonnes (t) per year in 1995 to about 450 t per year in 2004 (Bradaï et al. 2006).The species is a known bycatch of pelagic fisheries operating within Mediterranean waters (STECF 2003), but recent records appear to be very rare. In a study of incidental catch of pelagic sharks from the Swordfish and tuna fisheries operating throughout the Mediterranean Sea from 1998-2000, only two specimens were recorded in one area (the Straits of Sicily; Megalofonou et al. 2005). There is no information available for this species from the southern Northeast Atlantic or Eastern Central Atlantic regions.In the Mediterranean region, the species is estimated to have undergone a decline of 62.82% over seven years (1998-2005), inferred to have experienced a decline of 90.95% over 10 years (2005-2015) and projected to have a decline of 99.99% over 51 years (2015-2066), therefore experiencing a >70% decline over three generations (69 years) in European waters overall.","A coastal shark, also categorized as “coastal-pelagic”, which is common on the continental shelf and at depths up to 280 m (Compagno 1984). It is often found in shallow waters associated with sandy or muddy flats, bays, estuaries and harbours, commonly down to salinities of 20 ppt in some populations (Grubbs et al. 2007). Also found further offshore, particularly on banks, near islands, flat reefs and other topographic features in open waters. This species occurs from the surfline down to 280 m (Ebert and Stehmann 2013), but typically in waters less than 100 m where it frequently forages near the seabed. In the Mediterranean Sea, it is caught down to 200 m by trawlers close to the bottom in Sicilian waters. Juveniles tend to occur in offshore temperate waters, while larger sharks mainly occur in tropical waters (McAuley et al. 2005).Within the Mediterranean Sea, the smallest recorded mature females were 144 cm TL (Bauchot 1987), 147 cm total length (TL; Lipej et al. 2000) and 166 cm TL (Saïdi et al. 2005). Size at maturity for males was 154.5-160 cm TL, and for females 166-172 cm TL (Saïdi et al. 2005).This species is live bearing with a yolk sac placenta. In the Gulf of Gabès, Saïdi et al. (2005) observed pupping season in spring and early summer, with parturition in July. Gestation was estimated at twelve months, with females reproducing every two years. Observed litter sizes ranged between four and ten pups, although an exceptional case was reported from the Tunisian coast, where a 192 cm TL female was carrying 16 embryos (Saïdi et al. 2006). Reported size at birth is much smaller in the Mediterranean Sea than other regions, ranging from 45–65 cm TL (Saïdi et al. 2005).Neonates of 57 cm TL were captured at depths of 15-20 m off Yumurtalk coasts (Bausta and Erdem 2000). The Gulf of Gabès, Tunisia, and the Gokova Gulf in Turkey appear to be important nursery grounds for this species (Capapé 1984, Saïdi et al. 2005, Bradaï et al. 2006, STECF 2003). Constantini and Affronte (2003) reported that the northern Adriatic Sea might also be an important nursery area. The last record of a pregnant female of sandbar shark from this area was recorded in 1982 (Travaglini 1982, Constantini and Affronte 2003). Boncuk Bay is probably the best known nursery area for this shark in the Mediterranean  Sea (Öztürk 2006).The annual population increase rate of this shark is low, varying from 2.5% to 11.9% between regions (Sminkey 1994, Sminkey and Musick 1996). The estimated generation length is approximately 23 years (McAuley et al. 2005), so this species grows slowly and also matures late. Longevity is 35-41 years (Musick 1995).","Caught with trawls, surface and bottom longlines, gillnets, drift nets and tuna traps (“Tonnara”) in the Mediterranean Sea (Tudela et al. 2005, Bradaï et al. 2006, Echiwikhi et al. 2013, 2014). It is primarily threatened by bottom trawl fisheries and other artisanal and commercial fisheries throughout the Mediterranean Sea and Eastern Central Atlantic.Sandbar Shark is the most important shark species captured in the Gulf of Gabès (Bradaï et al. 2006). In this area, juveniles are caught with longlines and trawls and adult (and often gravid) females are targeted using specially-designed gillnets (locally known as “kallabia” from “kalb bhar”) during spring and early summer, when they move inshore to give birth (Saidi et al. 2005, Bradaï et al. 2006, Echwikhi et al. 2013).This is a long-lived species with low fecundity and is very vulnerable to overfishing (Springer 1960, Casey et al. 1985, Sminkey and Musick 1995, 1996; McAuley et al. 2005); it has been severely overfished in the Mediterranean Sea. Habitat degradation of this species’ coastal nursery areas through coastal development and pollution also pose an important threat.","Management of target and bycatch fisheries is needed for this biologically vulnerable shark. It is also essential to improve data collection and develop stock assessments for this species. Family Carcharhinidae is listed as highly migratory under the 1995 United Nations Agreement on the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (UNFSA). The Agreement specifically requires coastal and fishing States to cooperate and adopt measures to ensure the conservation of listed species. To date, there has been little progress (see United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seafor further details). Also of relevance is the FAO International Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks (IPOA-Sharks), which recommends that Regional Fisheries Organisations (RFOs) carry out regular shark population assessments and that member States cooperate on joint and regional shark management plans. This is of particular importance for species such as Sandbar Shark whose stocks are exploited by many States on the high seas. Steps are being taken by some RFOs, such as ICCAT, to collect species-specific data on pelagic sharks. In 2013, the European Union (EU) banned the removal of shark fins on board vessels (Regulation No. 605/2013; CEC 2013), in line with advice from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature’s Shark Specialist Group and other shark fishery experts, in order to enhance enforcement of the 2003 EU ban on shark finning (Regulation No. 1185/2003; CEC 2003) and facilitate improved shark fishery data collection.According to the fishery bulletin published by General Directorate of Protection and Control, Turkish Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (bulletin no. 2/1 and 2/2, valid through 01.09.2008 to 31.08.2012), Sandbar Shark fisheries are currently prohibited in Turkey. Moreover, in the easternmost part of Gökova Gulf, all kinds of trawl fishing and purse seining are forbidden. This fishing restriction are aimed at the conservation of sandbar sharks (Bilecenoglu 2008).Further research should be conducted on the population size and trend of the species.","Sandbar Shark represented at least 2-3% of the fins auctioned in Hong Kong, the world’s largest shark fin trading centre at that time (Clarke et al. 2006).","Dulvy, N.","Ferretti, F., Walls, R., Musick, J., Stevens, J.D., Baum, J.K., Bradai, M.N., Fergusson, I., Grubbs, D., Soldo, A., Vacchi, M. & Vooren, C.M.","Fordham, S., Clò, S. & Buscher, E.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,LAMNIFORMES,ODONTASPIDIDAE,Carcharias,taurus,,Carcharias taurus,"Rafinesque, 1810",,No,CR,C2a(ii),,,,,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)Sand Tiger Shark (Carcharias taurus) is a large, coastal shark with a patchy range. It has a particularly slow life history and produces only two large pups per litter. As a result, annual rates of population increase are very low, greatly reducing its ability to sustain fishing pressure. Populations in several locations have been severely depleted by commercial fishing, spearfishing, and protective beach meshing. While numbers appear to have always been low throughout the Mediterranean Sea, it seems the low but consistent reporting of the species has now ceased in this intensively fished region. It is difficult to confirm whether the latest sightings of the species were valid, or if they were misidentifications as Smalltooth Sand Tiger Shark (Odontaspis ferox). With this in mind the last known record from the Mediterranean Sea was a specimen caught in 2003. The 11-year period that has passed since this record is not long enough to confirm local extinction of the species, but assuming the subpopulation was historically reproducing in the Mediterranean Sea, it is suspected that there are less than 250 mature individuals in European waters, and Sand Tiger Shark is assessed as Critically Endangered – Possibly Extinct under Criterion C2a(ii), on the basis of suspected continuing population decline resulting from overfishing and the fact that 90-100% of the individuals are present in the Mediterranean subpopulation.",Decreasing,"This species has never been reported from the Northeast Atlantic, though it has been reported from the Mediterranean Sea and off the Canary Islands in the Eastern Central Atlantic (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Recent reports suggest that this shark may be locally extinct from the Mediterranean region (Fergusson et al. 2000, Soldo et al. 2014), and hence it is likely that this species is Possibly Extinct in the European region.","The following describes information collected from the Mediterranean Sea and is taken from Fergusson et al. (2000) unless indicated otherwise. This shark has historically always been rare in the Mediterranean Sea according to 19th century faunal lists of the region, for example, from Algerian waters (Guichenot 1850), Sicily (Doderlein 1881), the eastern Adriatic Sea (Marchesetti 1884), and Côte d’Azur (Moreau 1881). The only catch record known from that era was a specimen from Sardinian waters (Carruccio 1910). There were no new records of the species in the literature for the first 70 years of the 20th century.In the western Mediterranean Sea, single female specimens were caught in two different locations in Tunisian waters in the early 1970s, in the Gulf of Tunis and Cape Bon (Quignard and Capapé 1972, Capapé et al. 1976), though the species was highlighted as rare in these waters. Capapé et al. (1976) also noted that it had not been reported from Maltese waters since before 1970, which contributes to the suspicion of a complete absence from the Sicilian Channel since the late 1970s.In the eastern Mediterranean Sea, SCUBA divers have never observed the species, yet they have observed Smalltooth Sand Tiger Shark (Odontaspis ferox). Reports of this species from Greek (Papakonstantinou 1988) and Israeli (Ben-Tuvia 1971) waters have been considered unreliable. Discarded teeth found in Lebanese waters are indicative of sporadic presence in the past. The species is therefore considered either to have disappeared from eastern waters, or is exceptionally rare. The last known record from the Mediterranean Sea was a specimen caught in 2003 in waters off the Island of Molat (Croatia, eastern Adriatic Sea; Soldo et al. 2014). It is unclear as to whether specimens of this species from the Mediterranean Sea are a separate subpopulation, or represent vagrants from the Eastern Atlantic population. If the former scenario were the case, this species may be extinct from this region.","These sharks occur either alone or in small to medium-sized aggregations of 20-80 individuals (Silvester 1977, Aitken 1991). They are often observed hovering motionless just above the seabed in or near deep, sandy-bottomed gutters or rocky caves, usually in the vicinity of inshore rocky reefs and islands. They are generally coastal, usually found from the surf zone down to around 25 m depth. They may also occasionally be found in shallow bays, around coral reefs and, very rarely, to depths of around 200 m on the continental shelf. They usually live near the bottom, but may also move throughout the water column (Compagno 1984). This species appears to migrate in size- and sex-based segregations in most regions of occurrence (Bass et al. 1975, Gilmore 1993, Musick et al. 1993); therefore the same may be true in the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea, but there is currently no evidence to support this.This species is live-bearing with yolk-sac and usually bears only two pups per litter once every two years. It is therefore not only among the slowest growing of the larger-bodied shark species, but it must also have an extremely low rate of population increase given its low fecundity. The gestation period may last from nine to 12 months and size at birth is relatively large, at around 85 to 105 cm total length (TL; Gilmore et al. 1983, Gilmore 1993, Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Males mature at 190 to 195 cm TL, with a maximum length of at least 257 cm TL, while females mature at 220 to 230 cm TL, exceeding 300 cm TL maximum size. Maximum total length (TL) on record is about 320 cm, with unconfirmed reports to 430 cm. The maximum age in the Northwest Atlantic is estimated at 30-35 years (Branstetter and Musick 1994), so it is possibly the same for individuals in the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. Generation length is estimated to be 20.5 years.","The slow life history of this large-bodied shark, coupled with its shallow coastal range, classes it among the most highly threatened shark species in the world, primarily as a result of fisheries exploitation (Dulvy et al. 2014). Although this species is not targeted by commercial fishing activities in most of the Mediterranean Sea, it is taken as bycatch. The exception is the waters surrounding Lebanon and Syria, where all shark species are targeted.This shark may be sensitive to human interference, including coastal development and directed fisheries, particularly in inshore areas that are used by the species for reproduction. Tourism-based coastal development, pollution, uncontrolled spearfishing, unregulated coastal fisheries, and increased human aquatic leisure activities may account for the acute decline or even disappearance of this typically coastal species from its previous Mediterranean range (Fergusson et al. 2000).Confusion with Smalltooth Sand Tiger Shark (Odontaspis ferox) and consequent misreporting (probably owing to Sand Tiger Shark’s more extensive publicity and popularity; Fergusson et al. 2000) may have masked the potential disappearance of Sand Tiger Shark from the Mediterranean Sea for several decades. Moreover, fisheries records are sometimes confused by the widespread use of similar common names for different Mediterranean species; for example, 'Tiger' Shark in Malta may refer to this species, Smalltooth Sand Tiger Shark (Odontaspis ferox), or Shortfin Mako (Isurus oxyrinchus).","In 2012, parties to the Barcelona Convention agreed that this species (as listed in Annex II of the Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity Protocol for the Mediterranean) cannot be retained on board, transshipped, landed, transferred, stored, sold, displayed or offered for sale, and must be released unharmed and alive, to the extent possible, pursuant to Recommendation GFCM/36/2012/1 (FAO 2012).In 2013, the European Union (EU) banned the removal of shark fins on board vessels through Regulation No. 605/2013, in line with advice from IUCN SSC Shark Specialist Group and other shark fishery experts, in order to enhance enforcement of the 2003 EU ban on shark finning (Regulation No. 1185/2003) and facilitate improved shark fishery data collection. Within waters under Croatian jurisdiction this species is proclaimed as strictly protected.Further research should be conducted on the population size and trend of the species.","Although this species is not targeted by commercial fishing activities in most of the Mediterranean Sea, it is taken as bycatch. The exception is the waters surrounding Lebanon and Syria, where all shark species are targeted.","Dulvy, N.","Walls, R., Soldo, A., Fordham, S. & Buscher, E.","Musick, J.A. & Fowler, S.L.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,LAMNIFORMES,LAMNIDAE,Carcharodon,carcharias,,Carcharodon carcharias,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,CR,C2a(ii),,,,,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)Little is known about the biology of Great White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias), though it has a low intrinsic rebound potential and long generation length of 23 years. This shark is subject to both incidental and deliberate fishing mortality, not just because of human attacks but also as it has a reputation for damaging fishing gear and scavenging hooked fish. Great White Sharks in the Mediterranean Sea have recently been revealed as a separate subpopulation from the rest of the Atlantic. The apparent genetic isolation of the Mediterranean Sea subpopulation means it is at greater risk of local extinction than once thought. Records of the species show a declining trend since the 1970s, with a complete absence from several areas during the 1990s. There have since been a number of more recent records in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, mainly of juveniles. The genetic isolation of this subpopulation, its slow life history, past and ongoing population decline, its negative reputation, and the declining status of all large sharks in the Mediterranean Sea owing to a lack of effective management measures support an assessment of Critically Endangered for this species under Criterion C2a(ii). A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred, it is suspected that there are less than 250 mature individuals in European waters, and the percentage of mature individuals in one subpopulation is 90-100%, as the majority of the specimens of Great White Shark in European waters are present in the Mediterranean. A similar trend to the Mediterranean one is inferred to be true for the eastern Atlantic subpopulation, as similar threats exist for this subpopulation as well.",Decreasing,"Great White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) occupies a global range throughout most seas and oceans with concentrations in temperate coastal seas (Compagno 2001), possibly a result of subtropical submergence (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). In the eastern Atlantic it is found in the Bay of Biscay, and along the coastline from France to Gibraltar. It is also found in the waters surrounding the Azores, Madeira Islands, and the Canary Islands (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). A recent study revealed that the Mediterranean Sea subpopulation is genetically distinct from the Atlantic subpopulation (Gubili et al. 2011), therefore it would be useful to assess both subpopulations separately. Within the Mediterranean Sea this shark is found most frequently in the strait of Sicily and the Adriatic Sea (Fergusson 1996, Bradaï and Saïdi 2013) and more recently in the Aegean Sea (Kabasakal and Gedikoglu 2008, Kabasakal et al. 2009). Its depth range is zero to 250 m.","Given recent evidence that supports that the subpopulation in the Mediterranean Sea is separate from the subpopulation found in the eastern Atlantic, information on the subpopulations is presented separately. Northeast and Central AtlanticLittle information is currently available on population size or structure for this species in the eastern Atlantic, and landings data are too sparse to infer trends. From 1997-2011 only sporadic landings of this species were reported to the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna database from France (< 0.5 tonnes in 2011), Morocco (92 tonnes in 2011) and Senegal (18 tonnes in 2010; ICES 2013).Mediterranean SeaThe size of the Mediterranean Sea subpopulation is unknown. Incomplete and somewhat anecdotal records from longstanding Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus thynnus) trap fisheries (“tonnara”) in Sicily, southern Sardinia, Tunisia and the Balearic Islands (“almadraba”) suggest that incidental captures of adult Great White Sharks were not uncommon during the first six decades of the 20th century, with a general theme of declining records post-1970, often accompanied by the cessation of these fisheries themselves (Fergusson 2002, Morey et al. 2003).In Italian waters at the Favignana tonnara, a number of adult specimens were landed between 1950 and 1982 and others observed but not caught. The last specimen encountered inside the trap nets was in May 1987 (Fergusson 2002). Similarly in traps off the Balearic Islands, 27 sharks were recorded between the 1920s and 1970s (Morey et al. 2003). A similar picture of increasingly sporadic records is repeated in the tonnara at Sidi Daoud, Tunisia, where a number of captures were made from the 1950s up to 1979, followed by lengthy periods with no specimens caught or observed. A total of 59 reliable captures of the species were reported along the Tunisian coasts from 1953 to 2012; 57% of them were registered after 2000 (Bradaï and Saïdi 2013). More recently, based on the capture of a pregnant female in the Gulf of Gabès (Saïdi et al. 2005) and other subsequent records, Bradaï and Saïdi (2013) suggested that Tunisian waters are a nursery area for this species.In the Croatian Adriatic Sea, reports average at 0.0-0.4 sharks per year from the 1960s-1990s (De Maddalena 2000). Soldo and Jardas (2002a,b) reported a significant decline in Great White Shark records during the last decades of the 20th century compared to its occurrence since the mid-19th century. Hence, a disappearance of the species from Croatian Adriatic coastal waters was related to the disappearance of tuna due to new offshore tuna fishing practices that were introduced in the 1970s (Soldo and Jardas 2002a,b).In the Sicilian Channel between 1950 and 2000, landing rates averaged around two specimens per year, but there have been no records since the mid 1990s from this area. In the eastern Mediterranean Sea (Aegean Sea and Levant) only one specimen was reported since 1993 from waters eastwards of the Ionian Sea, until 2008 when two new-borns were captured off the coast of Altnoluk (Edremit Bay, north Aegean Sea), by a commercial gillnet and a bottom longline (Kabasakal and Gedikoglu 2008). Two juvenile females were also captured in coastal waters of the northeast Aegean Sea in 2009 (Kabasakal et al. 2009). These records support the presumption of a breeding ground for Great White Shark in the northeast Aegean Sea, extending from Edremit Bay to the north of Gokceada (Kabasakal et al. 2009). Small numbers of juvenile and neonatal specimens have been reported since the mid 1970s by demersal trawlers operating through the Sicilian Channel (Vacchi and Serena 1997) and small individuals have often been landed in parts of Tunisia by surface and demersal longliners (Fergusson 2002). However, confusion of young Great White Sharks with other mackerel sharks (lamnids) is common in Mediterranean fisheries (Fergusson 1996).More recent records include a newborn female that was caught by trawl net in waters surrounding the island of Lampedusa during 2009. Maliet et al. (2013) also reported the capture of a juvenile male off the Corsican coast in 2012, along with previous records from 1976 and 2011.Records of Great White Sharks in the Mediterranean Sea are declining despite an increase in monitoring effort (Soldo et al. 2014). The Mediterranean Sea subpopulation may be considered a consequence of historical accident and female philopatry, rather than contemporary immigration from the Atlantic subpopulation, revealing it to be at greater risk of local extinction than previously thought (Gubili et al. 2011).","Great White Shark is principally known as a pelagic dweller of temperate continental shelf waters, but also ranges into the open ocean far from land and near oceanic islands, and the coastal tropics. It is found from the surf-line and the intertidal zone to far offshore, and from the surface down to > 250 m depth. It does not occur in fresh water, but penetrates saline bays and estuaries and during high tide it may swim into bays that have no water at low tide.Maximum size is undetermined, but estimated at 600-640 cm total length (TL). Males mature between 360 and 400 cm TL with a maximum length of ~ 550 cm. Female size at maturity is uncertain, but thought to be between 450 and 500 cm TL, with a maximum length of 600 cm or more. Size at birth is ~ 120-150 cm TL (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). One specimen caught in the north Aegean Sea in 2008 is the smallest neonate from Mediterranean waters to date at 125.5 cm TL (Kabasakal and Gedikoglu 2008).Age at maturity is estimated at 10-12 years based on counts of annually deposited vertebral growth rings (Cailliet et al. 1985). A mature female of 500 cm TL is estimated to have reached ~ 14-16 years. The average reproductive age is estimated at 17 years. Longevity was suspected as ~ 30 years (Cailliet et al. 1985) until a recent study showed the species may reach > 70 years of age, based on testing the cartilage for radiocarbon residue from nuclear tests carried out by nations including the United States and Soviet Union during the 1950s and 1960s (Hamady et al. 2014). The species is known to have a relatively low intrinsic rebound potential (Smith et al. 1998) and the generation length has been calculated as 23 years (Mollet and Cailliet 2002).Litter size ranges from three to 14 embryos, and reproduction is viviparous with oophagy. The gestation period is as yet unknown, but suspected to be about two years based on females returning to specific areas every other year (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Parturition apparently occurs during the spring to late summer in warm-temperate neritic waters. To date, mating has not been reliably witnessed.","Offshore records of this species in the Mediterranean Sea have included captures across all size-classes made by pelagic longlines, bottom trawls, driftnets and purse seines (e.g., Fergusson 2002, Soldo and Jardas 2002 a,b, Soldo 2007). Although no directed Mediterranean Sea fishery has ever existed, there are attempts to capture, harpoon or otherwise kill these sharks following cases of shark attack and/or associated media attention. Great White Sharks readily approach boats, scavenge from fishing nets or longlines and devour hooked fish taken by rod-and-line or swordfish harpoon. This tendency increases their sensitivity to, and often results in, their accidental entrapment or deliberate killing by commercial fishermen. Many such cases have been recorded throughout the Mediterranean Sea for centuries. In certain regions such as Sicily, the species has traditionally been viewed negatively as manifesting a costly interference to fisheries. Presumption is that interactions with the growing number of Bluefin Tuna farms installed in the Mediterranean Sea, such as off Malta and parts of Spain and Libya, are inevitable and may result in new pressures being placed on these sharks and equally, a stern test of any local enforcement of conservation laws favouring Great White Shark.The effect of habitat degradation might be especially acute in the Mediterranean Sea, where traditional prey such as Monk Seals (Monachus monachus) and Bluefin Tuna have been significantly reduced in abundance, and where growing areas of intensive human inhabitation, especially for tourism, overlap with Great White Shark habitat.","Great White Shark was listed in Appendix III of the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in 2000, to regulate or ban international trade of teeth, jaws, fins and other parts. It was then added to Appendix II in 2005, in an attempt to ensure that trade be controlled to the extent that it is compatible with the species’ survival. A CITES listing might help slow trade in Great White Shark products, but will not eliminate low volume criminal trade. The species was added to both Appendices of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS) in 2002 with the objective of providing a framework for the coordination of measures adopted by range states to improve the conservation of the species (Environment Australia 2002).European Commission Regulation No 43/2009 prohibits Community vessels to fish for, to retain on board, to transship and to land Great White Shark in all Community and non-Community waters; and also prohibits third country fishing vessels to fish for, to retain on board, to transship and to land this species in all Community waters. In 2013, the European Union (EU) banned the removal of shark fins on board vessels through Regulation No. 605/2013, in line with advice from the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission’s Shark Specialist Group and other shark fishery experts, in order to enhance enforcement of the 2003 EU ban on shark finning (Regulation No. 1185/2003) and facilitate improved shark fishery data collection.Great White Shark is listed as an endangered species under Appendix II of the Convention for the Protection of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Mediterranean Sea (the Barcelona Convention: originally enacted in 1978 and amended in 1995). It has been signed and ratified by all coastal nations in the region. An implicit requirement of signatory nations is to preserve and manage vulnerable fauna, including this species, as detailed under one of the Convention's protocols, the Protocol for Special Protected Areas and Biological Diversity of the Mediterranean Sea (known as the 'SPA Protocol'). In May 1999, Italy ratified the 'SPA Protocol' which having entered into force in 2000, meant that Great White Shark now had protected status in Italian seas, including those around Sicily. Additionally, since October 1999 the species has been unilaterally protected in Maltese waters by specific legislation enacted under its Environment Protection Act No. 5 (1991) Flora and Fauna Protection (Amendment) Regulations 1999. All directed fisheries for elasmobranchs are prohibited in the coastal waters of Israel, though Great White Shark is an exceedingly rare species in those waters. Within waters under Croatian jurisdiction it is proclaimed as a strictly protected species.Great White Shark should be removed from international game fish record lists, and needs consistently rational and realistic treatment by entertainment and news media to counter its notoriety and inflated market value. Further research should also be conducted on the population size and trend of the species.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species in Europe.,"Dulvy, N.","Soldo, A., Bradai, M.N. & Walls, R.","Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,LIPARIDAE,Careproctus,aciculipunctatus,,Careproctus aciculipunctatus,"Andriashev & Chernova, 1997",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"This species is listed as Data Deficient as Careproctus aciculipunctatus is only known from the holotype collected from Porcupine Basin in the Northeast Atlantic (50°13.8'N, 14°36.1'W) at a depth of 4,100 m. There is a need for additional information about the biology of this species.",Unknown,"Careproctus aciculipunctatus is only known from the holoytype from Porcupine Basin in the Northeast Atlantic (50°13.8'N, 14°36.1'W) from a depth of 4,100 m (Andriashev and Chernova 1997).",Population information is extremely limited for this species as it is only known from the holotype.,Careproctus aciculipunctatus is a deep water species. The length of the holotype is 21 cm TL (Andriashev and Chernova 1997). Additional information about the habitat and ecology of C. aciculipunctatus is not available.,Current threats to this species are unknown.,There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for C. aciculipunctatus. There is a need for additional information about the biology of this species.,Use and trade information is not available for this species.,"Harwell, H. & Strongin, K.","Keskin, Ç., Herrera, J., Papaconstantinou, C. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,LIPARIDAE,Careproctus,merretti,,Careproctus merretti,"Andriashev & Chernova, 1988",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Listed as Data Deficient as Careproctus merretti is only known from its holotype collected from Porcupine Basin, Northeastern Atlantic. There is a need for more information about the biology of this species.",Unknown,"Careproctus merretti is known from the holotype collected from Porcupine Basin, Northeastern Atlantic (49°37'N, 13°49'W) between depths of 3,920–3,990 m (Andriashev and Chernova 1988).",Population information for Careproctus merretti is extremely limited as this species is only known from the holotype.,Careproctus merretti is a deep water species. The length of the holotype is 20.5 cm SL (Andriyashev and Chernova 1988). Additional information about this species is not available.,Current threats to this species are unknown.,There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for C. merretti. There is a need for additional information about the biology of this species.,Use and trade information is not available for this species.,"Strongin, K.","Keskin, Ç., Herrera, J., Papaconstantinou, C. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,LIPARIDAE,Careproctus,reinhardti,,Careproctus reinhardti,"(Krøyer, 1862)",,No,LC,,,,,,,European Regional Assessment: LC Listed as Least Concern as Careproctus reinhardti has a widespread distribution in the waters of the Northeastern Atlantic waters and is common in parts of its range. Threats to this species are currently unknown.,Unknown,"Careproctus reinhardti is widespread and has an arctic-boreal distribution, occurring from shallow waters to 1,750 m depth (Coad and Resit 2004). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, this species occurs from the Faroe-Shetland Channel to the Norwegian Sea, Spitsbergen, Murmansk, throughout the Barents Sea and to the Kara Sea (Pauly and Swartz 2007, Mecklenburg et al. 2011).","Careproctus reinhardti was found to be less common than Liparis gibbus off Spitsbergen but was collected in both Isfjorden, Kongsfijorden, Smeerenburgfjorden, and Woodfjorden with recorded temperatures to -0.6°C. It is still unclear whether C. reinhardti is more abundant in offshore waters (Falk-Petersen et al. 1988).  Outside the region, this species is listed as common comm on Greenland (Møller et al. 2010).","Careproctus reinhardti is known as a coastal fish species from Isfjorden (Hognestadt 1963). This is an epibenthic species that feeds primarily on pelagic and benthic crustaceans, decapod, amphipods and fishes. Careproctus reinhardti can reach 30 cm length and can live to at least seven years (Coad and Resit 2004, Falk-Petersen et al. 1988). This species prefers high salinity waters and has been found at temperatures from 0°C to 3 to 4°C (Falk-Petersen et al. 1988, Able and McAllister 1980).",Current threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place. However, this species’ range overlaps with marine protected areas (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014).",Use and trade information is not available for C. reinhardti.,"Harwell, H.","Keskin, Ç., Herrera, J., Papaconstantinou, C. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,BYTHITIDAE,Cataetyx,alleni,,Cataetyx alleni,"(Byrne, 1906)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Cataetyx alleni is a deep-water species associated with depths of between 480 and 1,000 m. It is relatively common in the western Mediterranean and locally abundant throughout its range in the northeastern Atlantic. It has an extremely diverse diet, grows rapidly, and probably has an extended reproductive season. There are no known major threats towards C. alleni. It is, therefore, assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Cataetyx alleni occurs in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, from the northern Bay of Biscay to the northern coast of Morocco, and into the Mediterranean (Nielsen et al. 1999).  In the Mediterranean Sea: it is found in the Adriatic Sea (Ungaro et al. 2001, 2002), in north-west Mediterranean Sea (Morales-Nin 1990; Carrasson and Matallanas 1990, 1994, 2002; Matallanas 1983, Cartes et al. 2004, Lombarte and Cruz 2007, Stefanescu et al. 1992, Carrasson and Cartes 2002). It is associated with depths of between 480 and 1,000 m (Nielsen 1986).","Cataetyx alleni is common to abundant in the northeastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean and Black Seas. In a trawling survey conducted on the slope of the Catalan Sea, at a mean depth of 604 m, two specimens were taken, but at a mean depth of 1,237 m, 44 specimens were taken, showing not only a preference for greater depths but also a greater concentration of the population (Stefanescu et al. 1994). At depths of below 1,000 m, C. alleni is considered abundant in the north western Mediterranean Sea (Stefanescu et al. 1992a). In the northeast Atlantic, this species is said to be locally abundant (Nielsen et al. 1999).","Habitat Cataetyx alleni is a bathydemersal, benthopelagic species (Nielsen et al. 1999). The maximum length of C. alleni is 12 cm total length (TL) (Nielsen 1986) and it grows relatively rapidly. At age zero, it is 3 cm in length. By the end of its second year, it is 9 cm  (Morales-Nin 1990).  Ecology Cataetyx alleni preys upon suprabenthic peracarid crustaceans (Carrasson and Cartes 2002). Cataetyx alleni has one of the highest dietary diversities of fishes below 1,000 m in the Catalan Sea. Specifically, C. alleni preys on small, epibenthic and endobenthic crustaceans, polychaetes and occasionally other benthic fishes. Isopods are the most frequent food item in the diet of C. alleni and the most targeted prey group is the gammaridean amphipods [which are actually consumed more frequently than isopods in the autumn but not as frequently year-round]. Polychaetes seem to be the major ""accidental"" prey of this species.(Carrasson and Matallanas 2002). Reproduction Cataetyx alleni is a viviparous species (Nielsen 1986). Males of C. alleni are characterized by a copulatory shield-shaped organ found after the anal opening, showing a flattened portion at rest on the ventral side whose posterior margin is invaginated like a glove finger. Females show no external sexual characteristics. The gonads are saccular and merge to the caudal tip and the connective tissue capsule surrounding them continues in a short and unequal oviduct (Folessa et al. 2011). The length at fist maturity for males and females is 8.3 cm and 7.7 cm TL, respectively. The ovaries of C. alleni show a ‘group-synchronous’ pattern, i.e. a mature female exhibits at least two contemporaneous yet distinct populations of oocytes: one at the mature stage and a more heterogeneous one consisting of small immature oocytes (Folessa et al. 2011). The occurrence of pregnant females only in November and January, in correspondence with the highest maturity of males, suggests a probable reproductive peak with copulation in autumn-winter. However, the occurrence of mature females in summer (June and September), autumn (November) and winter (January) could suggest a long reproductive period (Folessa et al. 2011).","Cataetyx alleni is sometimes taken as bycatch in deep-sea trawls, where it is usually discarded (Goffreso and Dubinsky 2014). However, there have not been any noticeable nor observed declines in C. alleni populations as of yet.","There are no specific conservation measures for this species. However, this species may be found in marine protected areas within its distribution range. Cataetyx alleni has been regionally assessed in the Mediterranean by the IUCN and was assigned to the status of Least Concern (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",There is no commercial interest in C. alleni (Nielsen et al. 1999).,"Harwell, H.","Uiblein, F., Knudsen, S. & Nielsen, J.","Nielsen, J., Nouar, A., Kada, O., Golani, D., Quignard, J.P. & Cuttelod, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,BYTHITIDAE,Cataetyx,laticeps,,Cataetyx laticeps,"Koefoed, 1927",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Cataetyx laticeps is an uncommon-to-rare deep-water species, that is not often caught, presumably because of the depth range it inhabits. However, it is widespread in the region, and there are no known threats. It is, therefore, assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Cataetyx laticeps is found in the eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico (McEachran and Fechhelm 1998).  In the northeast Atlantic, Cataetyx laticeps occurs in scattered localities around the British Isles, Azores and France (Porteiro et al. 2010) and the Canary Islands. It is also reported from Iceland (Jonsson 1992). This species occurs in the western Mediterranean Sea (Geistdoerfer and Rannou 1970, 1972, Stefanescu et al. 1990, Stefanescu et al. 1992, Goren and Galil 2002, D'Onghia et al. 2004, Lombarte and Cruz 2007), the Ionian and Balearic Seas (Moranta et al. 1998, D'Onghia et al. 2004), Liguirian sea (Relini-Orsi 1976), and the Levantine basin. There are two records from the deep-waters off the Israeli coasts (Fishelson et al. 2000, Goren and Galil 2002). It is also found along the coast of West Africa to the Cape of Good Hope and from the Gulf of Mexico (McEachran and Fechhelm 1998). It is most often associated with depths of between 500 and 3,650 m (Nielsen et al. 1999).","Cataetyx laticeps is thought to be an uncommon species (Nielsen et al. 1999). In a study published in 2013, a single specimen of C. laticeps was produced from trawl surveys that lasted a fiscal year and included 5 oceanographic cruises in the western Mediterranean (Tecchio et al. 2013). Also, a single specimen was photographed at nearly 3,000 m in depth off the coast of Israel (Danovaro et al. 2010). It has scant and patchy populations in the northeast Atlantic (Nielsen 1984).","Cataetyx laticeps is a relatively uncommon benthopelagic, viviparous species mostly associated with depths greater than 1,000 m (Follesa et al. 2011). The maximum length recorded for this species is 65 cm total length (TL) (McEachran and Fechhelm 1998). Cataetyx laticeps consumes mainly suprabenthic prey (crustaceans and other fishes).  Little is known about the fecundity, spawning period or reproductive processes associated with C. laticeps.  The length of full maturity for C. laticeps is between 30 and 40 cm (MATURITY chart: Fishbase retrieved 17 February 2014).","There are no known major threats. This species has very low commercial importance. It is, however, sometimes taken as bycatch in deep-sea trawls, where it is usually discarded (Goffreso and Dubinsky 2014).","There are no specific conservation measures for this species. This species may be found in marine protected areas within its distribution range.  There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for C. laticeps. However, a ban on trawling in certain areas and depths of the Mediterranean and Northeast Atlantic by the FAO-General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) and European Union Commission of Fisheries helps protect this species. Furthermore, its range intersects with several marine protected areas.   This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).   Research into the population size and trends, the ecology and early life history traits, as well as potential threats is needed.",Cataetyx laticeps is of no interest to commercial fisheries (Nielsen et al. 1999).,"Harwell, H.","Knudsen, S., Nielsen, J. & Uiblein, F.","Nielsen, J., Quignard, J.P., Kada, O., Golani, D., Nouar, A. & Cuttelod, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,CAULOPHRYNIDAE,Caulophryne,jordani,,Caulophryne jordani,"Goode & Bean, 1896",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Caulophryne jordani is a widespread species, which within Europe is known only from Iceland, the Azores, and possibly Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"Caulophryne jordani is a worldwide species found primarily in Eastern Atlantic, Indo-Pacific and Southern Oceans (Pietsch in press). Within Europe, it is known Iceland (Jónsson and Pálsson 1999) and the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014). It may also be found in the waters of Madeira - it was collected southwest of Madeira, but outside the EEZ and outside the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf (Carneiro et al. 2014, Bertelsen in Whitehead et al. 1986). It was collected from 600 to 1100 m in Icelandic waters (Jónsson and Pálsson 1999).",There are no species specific population data available.,Caulophrynidae spp. are meso- and bathypelagic anglerfishes. Males are smaller and parasitic on the females (Pietsch in press). The maximum recorded size of C. jordani is 21.5 cm (Jónsson and Pálsson 1999).,This is a deep sea species that has no known widespread threats. It is of no economic interest (Pietsch in press).,There are no species specific conservation efforts.,Species of the Caulophrynidae family are of no economic interest (Pietsch in press).,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Knudsen, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,CAULOPHRYNIDAE,Caulophryne,polynema,,Caulophryne polynema,Regan 1930,,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Caulophryne polynema is a widespread species, which within Europe is known only from Madeira and the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"Caulophyrne polynema is distributed in the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones of the eastern Atlantic and northeastern Pacific (FAO ECA guide in prep TW Pietsch). It is known from widely scattered localities. Within Europe, it is known from the Azores and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014, Santos et al. 1997). The holotype was captured off of Madeira by long line in deep water (Pietsch 2009).",Caulophyrne polynema is a solitary species that does not occur abundantly (FAO ECA guide in prep TW Pietsch). There are at least 14 known specimens of this species (Pietsch 2009).,"Caulophyrne polynema is a deepsea fish that inhabits the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones. It exhibits extreme sexual dimorphism. Females have a maximum size of 14.2 cm SL, while males are 1.6 cm SL. Females attract prey with an elongate first dorsal spine that has been modified as a lure. Males have highly developed sensory organs that allow them to find females at which point they will attach themselves to the body as a parasite that eventually becomes incorporated into the female's tissues and blood vessels (FAO ECA guide in prep TW Pietsch). Vakily et al. 2002 describes C. polynema as bathypelagic with a maximum size of 2 cm SL off of West Africa.",There are no known major threats to Caulophyrne polynema.,There are no known conservation measures for Caulophyrne polynema.,Caulophyrne polynema is not utilized (FAO ECA guide in prep TW Pietsch).,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CENTRACANTHIDAE,Centracanthus,cirrus,,Centracanthus cirrus,"Rafinesque, 1810","The family Centracanthidae will soon be subsumed under the family Sparidae, because the centracanthid fishes are highly polyphyletic with sparid fishes (Chiba et al. 2009, Hanel and Tsigenopoulos 2011, Santini et al. 2014).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) The species is relatively widespread and can be locally moderately abundant. It is of only minor commercial importance and its distribution overlaps with marine protected areas in parts of its range. There are no known widespread threats, and it is is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"In the Mediterranean basin the species has been reported from the southern and central Tyrrhenian Sea (respectively by La Mesa and Vacchi (1999) and Colloca et al. (2004)), in the Strait of Sicily (Gristina et al. 2006), in the eastern Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005), in the northern Adriatic Sea, and in the northern Aegean Sea (Cicek et al. 2006), but is more common in deeper water and around offshore islands, and is probably more widespread throughout the Mediterranean. The species also occurs in the Eastern Atlantic from Portugal to southern Morocco, including the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands. It has also been reported from Mauritania (Mohamed Fall 2005) and from Western Sahara (Arkhipov 2009). The depth range for this species is 30 to 464 m (Louisy 2002, Mytilineou et al. 2005).","The species is common to uncommon throughout various parts of its Mediterranean range; it is generally more common around offshore islands, and can be locally moderately abundant. Separate catch statistics are not reported for this species within the Eastern Central Atlantic Area (Carpenter in press). Cicek et al. (2006) carried out a study of length-weight relationships in the Babadillimani Bight at the western entrance of Mersin Bay (northeastern Mediterranean). Monthly sampling was carried out from May 1999 to April 2000, and 102 specimens, with lengths varying from 8.7 to 13.7 cm total length (TL), were caught from depths of 20 to 100 m. Gristina et al. (2006) sampled this species during two trawl surveys (in autumn 1997 and 1998) in the Strait of Sicily. Mean density values varied from 247 to 300 specimens over 62 hauls (trawls).","This is a demersal to midwater, neritic species. It is typically found over rocks or gravelly substrata (Heemstra 1990), especially around offshore islands. It must also occur over soft substrata since it is caught mostly by trawls. It occurs to a depth of 200 m (Heemstra 1990), and from 327 to 464 m in the eastern Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005). It is most common at 30 to 80 m depth (Louisy 2002).  Ozaydin et al. (2000) studied age and growth in northern Cyprus waters. Otoliths from 251 specimens were read for age determination. Total length ranged between 7.2 and 15.9 cm, while weight varied from 2.2 g to 31.2 g. The von Bertalanffy growth constants were calculated as W=32.3 (g), L=16.8 (cm), k=0.47 (year-1) and to= -1.14 (year). Weight increased allometrically and the length-weight relationship estimated for all fish was W=0.0052 L3.097 (r=0.946). This is a short-lived and fast growing species; the oldest specimen was estimated to be five years old. Growth in length is rapid, and it attains 61.2% of the asymptotic length during the first year of life. The maximum length for this species is 34 cm (Magnússon and Magnússon 1987).",There are no major threats known for this species.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. It occurs in several marine protected areas within its range.,"This species is of low commercial importance, but is locally moderately abundant in fisheries. It is caught with trammel nets and bottom trawls. It is probably marketed fresh or dried salted, but its flesh is not highly esteemed; it is also reduced to fishmeal and oil (Carpenter in press).","Allen, D.J., Comeros-Raynal, M. & García, M.","Russell, B.","Carpenter, K.E. & Pollard, D.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Centrobranchus,nigroocellatus,,Centrobranchus nigroocellatus,"(Günther, 1873)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Centrobranchus nigroocellatus is a widespread species, which within Europe is known only from Madeira, the Azores, and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Stable,"This species is widely distributed in the Atlantic Ocean. Within Europe, it is known only from Madeira, the Azores, and the Canaries (Carneiro et al. 2014, Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).","This species is fairly common in the Atlantic, as indicated by midwater trawl surveys conducted around the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Kobyliansky et al. 2010) Canary Islands (Wienerroither et al. 2009), and in other parts of its range in the western Atlantic (Gartner et al. 1989).","This species is oceanic, mesopelagic and performs diel migrations from as deep as 375-650 m during the day, up to the surface to 200 m during the night for feeding purposes but diel abundance data is not available for this species. Spawning takes place in the late winter/early spring.(Hulley and Paxton in press)","There are no known threats for this species, and it is not under pressure from fisheries.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range (World Database of Protected Areas 2010).,This species is not currently exploited.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Hulley, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,DRACONETTIDAE,Centrodraco,acanthopoma,,Centrodraco acanthopoma,"(Regan, 1904)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Centrodraco acanthopoma is widely distributed in the north Atlantic Ocean. In the eastern Atlantic it is known from Portugal to Madeira, and is not known to occur in the Mediterranean. Although specific population data are not available, the population is considered likely to be stable. There are no known threats to this deeper water species. Therefore, C. acanthopoma is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Centrodraco acanthopoma is found in the North Atlantic Ocean, along both the western and eastern coast. In the northeastern Atlantic, it is known from Portugal, Meteor Bank, Josephine Bank, Madeira and off Casablanca, Morocco, but it is not known to enter the Mediterranean Sea. The typical depth distribution of C. acanthopoma is 150 to 600 m (Fricke 1986).",Little species-specific population information is available for C. acanthopoma. Populations are considered likely to be stable as it is a deeper water species without impacts from any known threats.,"Centrodraco acanthopoma is found in deep water, 150-600 m, on muddy bottoms. It feeds on benthic invertebrates, mainly worms and crustaceans (Fricke 1986). Individuals of C. acanthopoma are typically no more than 9 cm total length (Fricke 1986).",There are no known species-specific threats to the species as it is found in deeper waters.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place or required.,The species is not utilized.,"Harwell, H.","Williams, J.T., Kovacic, M. & Herler, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,LABRIDAE,Centrolabrus,exoletus,,Centrolabrus exoletus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"The fish is found in the eastern Atlantic from central Norway southwards to central Portugal. It was introduced into the Mediterranean Sea in southern Spain, and outside the European region, the fish is possibly present in eastern Greenland waters, although unconfirmed, and it is considered endemic to the European region at present. Although there is very little information available on the populations of this cool temperate species within the European region, it not considered to be under any particular threat. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"The fish is found in the eastern Atlantic from central Norway southwards to central Portugal, including off the coastlines of southern Norway and around parts of Denmark (the Skagerrak, and maybe also the Kattegat), and possibly also western Sweden (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2014), the United Kingdom and Ireland. It was introduced into the Mediterranean Sea at Malaga, southern Spain, in 1979 (Golani et al. 2002). It is absent from the Baltic Sea (Louisy 2005). Outside the European region, the fish has in the past been reported present in Greenland waters, although unconfirmed, and it is excluded from a recent checklist of Greenland fishes (Møller et al. 2010). It is considered endemic to the European region at present.","This species is thought to be relatively abundant in shallow waters around the cool temperate coastlines of Western Europe, however there is no specific population information available. It was also introduced into the Mediterranean Sea, near Malaga, Spain, in 1979, though there is no current information on its survival in this area (Golani et al. 2002).","This species is mainly found in shallow inshore areas near seaweed-covered rocks and seagrass beds (Quignard and Pras 1986); although exact depth ranges are unknown, they are reported down to depths of around 35 m in UK waters (Picton and Morrow 2010). It feeds on small benthic invertebrates, and particularly crustaceans (Quignard and Pras 1986). It is used in salmon culture as a cleaner fish (Tully et al. 1996). It spawns in the summer, when the eggs are laid in a nest constructed of seaweed (Muus and Nielsen 1999).","There are no known major threats to this species. As with all coastal marine species, habitat alterations may prove to be a threat.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. However, its distribution overlaps several marine protected areas within its range.","This small species is unlikely to be considered as fish food, but it is kept as cleaner fish in salmon cages and may therefore be collected commercially for this purpose (Darwall et al. 1992, Tully et al. 1996).","Allen, D.J., Kemp, J.R. & Ralph, G.","Craig, M.T., Pollard, D. & Liu, M.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CENTROLOPHIDAE,Centrolophus,niger,,Centrolophus niger,"(Gmelin, 1789)",Preliminary molecular studies suggest that the genus Schedophilus is not monophyletic (Milana et al. 2011),No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) In the northeast Atlantic (including the Mediterranean and Black Seas), Centrolophus niger is not uncommon and is widespread throughout the region. It is predominantly a deep water fish, with adult and juvenile individuals often congregating in schools near the bottom. There are no known, major threats to this species, although there is an interest in commercializing Centrolophus niger. It is, therefore, assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Centrolophus niger is widely distributed with records from the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian and Southern oceans (Haedrich 1990, Pethon 2005). In the north west Atlantic, it is found from Nova Scotia and the Grand Banks (Canada) to Massachusetts, USA (Robbins and Ray 1986), and may also be found in the southeast Atlantic (Pethon 2005). In the northeastern Atlantic, C. niger occurs from northern Norway to southern Iceland, and along the European coast to the Iberian peninsula. It is also found off the Azores and Canary islands, assuming a continuous distribution from Mauritania to southern Norway (F. Uiblein pers. comm. 2014), and in the Mediterranean Sea (Pethon 2005, Akyol 2008, Golani et al. 2006, Haedrich 1986).  The depth distribution of C. niger seems to vary by geography. In the northeast Atlantic Ocean, it occurs from the epipelagic zone to at least 700 m. Elsewhere it has been recorded at depths of 40 to 1,050 m, but usually between 300 and 700 m (Piotrovsky 1994, Haedrich 1986).","Centrolophus niger is not uncommon. Onofri (1997) noted an increase in the frequency of occurrence of  Centrolophus niger in the Adriatic Sea which has been attributed to climate change (Dulčić and Grbec 2000). In the Mediterranean Sea, especially in the Tyrrhenian, Adriatic and Ionian Seas, it is occasionally taken over the continental shelf in bottom trawls (Sartor et al. 2001, Politou et al. 2003, D’Onghia et al. 2003). Recent records of this species in Izmir Bay represent the northeastern-most record of C. niger in the Mediterranean (Akyol 2008).  In Norway this species occurs irregularly and most likely it does not reproduce there (Artsdatabanken-Red List of Fishes). There is no additional information on the population size of the species in the remaining areas. The population trend is unknown.","Centrolophus niger is a pelagic, mesopelagic, and epibenthic deep-water fish that inhabits warm and temperate seas. It is often in deep water at the edge of the continental shelf, in submarine canyons or near oceanic islands .  The maximum recorded length for this fish is 150 cm (Haedrich 1986) but is most commonly found at 60 cm (Bauchot 1987, Haedrich 1986, Haedrich in press).   Juveniles occur in surface waters with plankton and are associated with pelagic jellyfish and salps. Juveniles and young adults commonly associate, often in loose but large schools, with pelagic jellyfish or floating objects such as boxes or barrels. They feed predominately on jellyfish, crustaceans, salps, and small fishes (Haedrich 1986). There are little data available on the spawning, fecundity and early life history traits for this species.","Centrolophus niger is discarded from swordfish long-line fisheries (Marín et al. 1998). It is also taken as by-catch in decapod crustacean fisheries in the north-western Mediterranean. It became more prevalent in the by-catch as depth increased from 300 to 616 meters (Moranta et al. 2000). Apart from potential fisheries pressure, there are no other known threats affecting this species.   Besides the known destructiveness of bottom trawlers to benthic habitats and ecosystems, Centrolophus niger also faces threats to its sustainability and well-being by solid-waste dumping into the Mediterranean (Maynou and Cartes 2011). The extraction of minerals from the bottom of the Mediterranean disturbs the substrate and introduces foreign and potentially noxious compounds into the deep-water environment (Maynou and Cartes 2011), of which the effects on fauna have not been measured or distinguished.","There are no conservation measures in place for this species. The species distribution probably overlaps with protected areas. Further research into the biology and ecology of this species is needed.   This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Although it is marketed in other parts of its range, there does not appear to be any  use-and-trade information available for C. niger in the Northeastern Atlantic or Mediterranean. It is taken as by-catch in a number of fisheries in the region, but it does not appear to be utilized.","Harwell, H.","Knudsen, S., Nielsen, J. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,SQUALIFORMES,CENTROPHORIDAE,Centrophorus,granulosus,,Centrophorus granulosus,"(Bloch & Schneider, 1801)","Taxonomy of the genus Centrophorus has been under debate, of which two species with sessile dermic denticles (thus different from C. squamosus) have been the focus. Their most conspicuous anatomical differences are maximum size and size at sexual maturity. The species assessed here, Centrophorus granulosus (Bloch and Schneider 1801), is to be considered the “larger” of the two species, and has been reported under the names C. granulosus, C. niaukang and C. acus. Although the taxonomic status is complex and still has not been fully resolved, the simplest classification is to describe the situation as C. uyato being newly split from the original C. granulosus assessment.Taxonomic confusion comes from both a long history of mistakes in the literature and problems with nomenclature. A recent review by White et al. (2013) included a re-description of the species and the settlement of a neotype. Genetic data also supported that this species is synonymous with a previously considered well-separated species, C. acus (Veríssimo et al. 2014).The present assessment follows the work of White et al. (2013) in the use of this name and uses only the relevant data provided in the original description by Bloch and Schneider (1801). The “large” specimen Bloch and Schneider (1801) studied was about 150 cm total length and is the originally described specimen named C. granulosus.",No,CR,A4b,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)The reproductive biology of this shark is characterized by low fecundity and late onset of maturity, making it sensitive to exploitation and population depletion. It was historically captured in Portuguese target fisheries and was also retained in bycatch. Targeted fisheries for, and reported landings of this species ceased with the introduction of a zero Total Allowable Catch for deepwater sharks in 2010. Nonetheless, this species is still likely caught incidentally and discarded, with low chance of survival following discard. The taxonomic issues associated with this species need to be resolved. In particular, the gulper shark genus (Centrophorus spp.) needs to be examined in order to determine the proper identification of this species in European waters. This species is regionally assessed in European waters as Critically Endangered under Criterion A4b based on both slow life history and steep declines in landings of 99% experienced and projected over the three-generation period (50-60 years).",Unknown,"Considerable taxonomic confusion of the genus Centrophorus still persists (see Taxonomic Notes), so particular care must be taken when describing the range of this species. It has been reported in the Northeast Atlantic as C. niaukang (Muñoz-Chapuli and Ramos 1989), C. forme granulosus (Cadenat and Blache 1981) and C. granulosus (Bañón et al. 2008). It is probably a widespread species, capable of large migrations within its depth range. In the Northeast Atlantic it occurs off the United Kingdom, France, Spain (including the Canary Islands) and Portugal, including Madeira (Muñoz-Chapuli and Ramos 1989, Bañón et al. 2008, White et al. 2013). ","Landings data from the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) from the Portuguese coast, which is the main distribution range of this species, show a steep decline in catch from about 1,000 tonnes (t) in 1990 to < 100 t in 2004 (ICES 2006). A Delury depletion model, which assumed constant effort over the time series, was used to make a crude estimate of index of abundance. The model estimated that the stock has declined by between 80 and 95% of its initial size from when fishing began, although accurate identification of this species is uncertain. Despite inaccurate identification, this is the larger of the gulper sharks found in European waters, so it can be assumed that this decline would have had a greater effect on it, given the slower life history attributed to larger species. In 2010 the directed Portuguese longline fishery for this species reported catches had been reduced to zero (ICES 2013). While annual Portuguese landings from this fishery hovered around 100 t until 2008, landings reduced to two tonnes in 2009. It appears to be more likely that this reduction resulted from restrictive quotas for deepwater sharks, or from misidentifications, rather than an actual reduction in catches. Since 2002 only very few landings have been reported from areas other than Portugal, but included Subareas VI (west of Scotland) and VII (west/south/southwest of England/Wales/Ireland). Reported landings of this species United Kingdom vessels in Subareas VI and VII are considered to be misidentifications. Determining the population size and structure of this species is partially hindered by unresolved taxonomic issues (see Taxonomic Notes).The species has declined by 98.36% from 1990-2015, and it is projected to continue declining by 99.97%-99.99% for the three generation period (1990-2040 and 1990-2050; 50 and 60 years respectively). ","This mid-sized, rare deepwater shark has a widespread global range, inhabiting the upper continental slopes and outer continental shelf area. This shark is likely demersal or benthopelagic and occurs at depths ranging from 100−1,490 m with most records between 300 and 800 m. It appears that pregnant females tend to segregate from the rest of the population (Cotton 2010).This species has a very low reproductive rate, producing litters between three and 12 pups (Compagno et al. 2005, Bañón et al. 2008, Cotton 2010, White et al. 2013). Size at birth is between 35 and 47 cm total length (TL; Bañón et al. 2008, Cotton 2010, White et al. 2013). Sexual maturity occurs for males at about 100−110 cm TL and for females about 137−148 cm TL (Yano and Tanaka 1986, Bañón et al. 2008, Cotton 2010, White et al. 2013). This mid-sized species can attain a maximum size of about 170 cm TL (Compagno et al. 2005, White et al. 2013). Age at maturity is estimated at 12 to 16 years in females and seven to eight years in males (Guallart 1998), with earlier estimates of four to five years for both males and females. The generation length of this is species is 17-20 years.","This is a widespread species that was historically targeted and is likely still caught as bycatch in the Northeast Atlantic with bottom trawls, long lines, fixed bottom nets, hook and line and pelagic trawls. In the Northeast Atlantic, deepwater fisheries have decreased in effort gradually over the past decade (Dransfeld et al. 2013, STECF 2014), but should still be monitored in case of future expansion, which could pose a threat to this shark.Due to ICES advice to end fishing for deepwater sharks, the European Union Fisheries Council in 2007 established and began gradual reductions of Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for this species and others. As a result, possible catches of this species began to be landed under the name of the non-regulated species Lowfin Gulper Shark (C. lusitanicus), taking advantage of the taxonomic ambiguity of this genus. When the TAC was reduced to zero in 2010, subsequent reported landings of this species have dropped to zero. Since this time, the deepwater shark TAC was amended to include all species of the genus Centrophorus to halt landings of this species under the non-regulated Lowfin Gulper Shark. It is likely that this species is still incidentally captured but is discarded as a result of the TAC, making it impossible to determine the level of or effects of exploitation occurring. This species likely has a low level of survival following discard, given the depth from which it is captured. ","Based on advice from the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea to end fishing for deepwater sharks, the European Union Fisheries Council established a TAC (Total Allowable Catch) for this species in 2007 (CEC 2012). This TAC was gradually reduced and in 2010 it was set at zero. In 2011, the allowable bycatch was reduced from 10% to 3% of the 2009 TAC and in 2012 it was further reduced to zero (ICES 2013). In 2013, the list of species covered by the deepwater shark TAC was amended to include all species of the genus Centrophorus, thereby closing a loophole for landing Lowfin Gulper Shark. Taxonomic clarification of the genus is a high priority for the future management, regulation and control of this species.",This is a widespread species that was historically targeted.,"Dureuil, M.","Guallart, J., Walls, R.H.L. & Bariche, M.","Fordham, S., Serena, F., Mancusi, C., Casper, B., Burgess, G.H., Ebert, D.A., Clarke, M. & Stenberg, C.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,SQUALIFORMES,CENTROPHORIDAE,Centrophorus,lusitanicus,,Centrophorus lusitanicus,"Barbosa du Bocage & de Brito Capello, 1864","Scarcity of data for Centrophorus lusitanicus comes mainly from the taxonomic controversy of the genus Centrophorus and its probable confusion in many cases with other species in the area such as C. granulosus and C. uyato. Although some authors considered C. lusitanicus as synonymous with the two former species, recent morphometric and genetic studies confirm the validity of this species (White et al. 2013). Data from general books about the species must therefore be taken with caution.",No,EN,A4b,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Lowfin Gulper Shark (Centrophorus lusitanicus) has a limited geographic range, extremely low fecundity, and is subject to deepwater fisheries in the Northeast and Eastern Central Atlantic. Lowfin Gulper Shark, Gulper Shark and Little Gulper Shark (C. uyato) are taken in deepwater fisheries operating off Portugal and in areas of their range in the Eastern Central Atlantic. Lowfin Gulper Shark (C. lusitanicus) is estimated and projected to experience declines of >70% decline over three generations (50-60 years) in European waters, therefore qualifying as Endangered under criterion A4b.Bycatch levels and fisheries should be monitored throughout this species’ range, and it may prove to warrant a higher category in future, dependent on fishery effort. Species-specific monitoring of catch and population trends is urgently required for this biologically sensitive shark.",Decreasing,"In the Northeast and Eastern Central Atlantic, Lowfin Gulper Shark (Centrophorus lusitanicus) is distributed from Portugal, southwards along the West African coasts, including the Canary Islands. Records from anywhere other than the eastern Atlantic may be misidentifications (Ebert et al. 2013). This shark has never been recorded in the Mediterranean Sea. Its depth range is 300-1,400 m.","Little specific information is available on the population of this species. However, information is available on population trends for the similar species, Gulper Shark (C. granulosus) and Little Gulper Shark (C. uyato), which occur within this species’ range. These sharks inhabit similar depth and geographic ranges and are exploited by the same fisheries, yet data for Lowfin Gulper Shark are scarce.  Identification problems commonly confuse this shark with its congener Gulper Shark, which is estimated to have undergone declines of 80-95% where it is fished in the Northeast Atlantic. ICES (2006) landings data from the Portuguese coast show a strong estimated decline in Little Gulper Shark catch from about 1,000 t in 1990 to less than 100 t in 2004. Estimated decline over 14 years (1990-2004) is of 80-95%. This rate of decline would be sufficient to meet CR A2 over three generations (inferred to be 50-60 years), however (a) these data are drawn from a decline in landings, which do not necessarily mean that a decline in abundance has occurred; (b) inference is drawn from C. granulosus and that species is likely to decline more steeply due to greater intrinsic sensitivity; and (c) C. lusitanicus is less common than C. granulosus and hence is/was less likely to be as targeted as C. granulosus. The estimated decline over 14 years (1990-2004) based on ICES landing data is of 80-95%; a decline of 98.36% has been inferred for the 10 year period of 2005-2015; and a decline of 99% is projected over the next 25-35 years (2015-2050). This supports a >70% decline over three generations (50-60 years) in European waters.","This shark is found over the outer continental shelves and upper slopes at depths between 300 and 1,400 m, mostly between 300 and 600 m (Compagno et al. 2005, Ebert et al. 2013). It has been taken at 370-610 m in the Northeast Atlantic (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Little information is available on the biology of this species. Maximum size is about 100 cm total length (TL) (Compagno et al. 2005, Ebert et al. 2013). Males mature at about 75 cm TL and females at 85-95 cm (Ebert et al. 2013). This is an aplacental, live bearing shark, with only one pup per litter (Compagno et al. 2005, Ebert et al. 2013). Size at birth is about 33-36 cm TL (Compagno et al. 2005, Ebert et al. 2013).Centrophorus species are very slow to mature, and have extremely low fecundity and reproductive output, making them intrinsically very vulnerable to population depletion (longevity > 30 years and one pup produced every two years). This species is middle-sized (hardly surpasses one metre in length) and may therefore be at least equally or even more biologically vulnerable to depletion than other Centrophorus species. Its generation length is estimated to be about 25-30 years.","This shark is of conservation concern because of its limited range, extremely low fecundity, and exposure to deepwater fisheries in the Northeast Atlantic (Compagno et al. 2005, Ebert et al. 2013). It is probably fished in the eastern Atlantic together with other species of the genus Centrophorus by bottom trawls, fixed bottom nets and line gear. It is potentially sensitive in any area where these types of fishery operate within its range.The Portuguese longline fishery, which targets Black Scabbard Fish (Aphanopus carbo) at depths of 800-1,200 m off the coast of Portugal, takes a bycatch of deepwater sharks, including Centrophorus species (ICES 2007). A Spanish longline fishery for Blackspot Seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo) and a bottom trawl fishery off southern Portugal, which targets some deepwater crustaceans, also take a bycatch of deepwater sharks (ICES 2007). In 2006, a new deepwater gillnet fishery was initiated in this area and in waters northwest of Spain (ICES 2007). Off Portugal, the target species of this fishery are deepwater crab (283 tonnes; t) and several deepwater sharks (135 t, plus 31 t of livers and oil; ICES 2007).In the Northeast Atlantic the threat of deepwater fisheries has subsided as effort has decreased over the past decade (Dransfeld et al. 2013, STECF 2014). However, these fisheries should still be monitored in case of future expansion. Other fleets from Spain and other countries are also fishing in this area with both fresh and freezer vessels focusing on other demersal and semipelagic stocks, but little information is available to assess their effect on demersal stocks (Fernández et al. 2005).","Based on advice from the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) to end fishing for deepwater sharks, the European Union (EU) Fisheries Council in 2007 established and began gradual reductions for a Total Allowable Catch (TAC), including Gulper Shark and Leafscale Gulper Shark, but not Lowfin Gulper Shark (C. lusitanicus) (CEC 2012). In 2010, the EU Council added four deepwater shark species to the measure, and set the deepwater shark TAC at zero, starting in 2012 (ICES 2013). In 2013, in response to advice from the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), the list of species covered by the deepwater shark TAC was amended to include all species of the genus Centrophorus in the region, thereby closing a loophole for landing Lowfin Gulper Shark. It is recommended that species-specific monitoring of bycatch levels and population trends are carried out, as well as monitoring of fisheries expansion within this species’ range.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species in Europe.,"Dureuil, M.","Guallart, J., Walls, R., Clarke, M., White, W.T. & Compagno, L.J.V.","Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,SQUALIFORMES,CENTROPHORIDAE,Centrophorus,squamosus,,Centrophorus squamosus,"(Bonnaterre, 1788)",,No,EN,A4b,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Leafscale Gulper Shark (Centrophorus squamosus) is frequently retained as bycatch in deepwater longline and trawl fisheries in the Northeast Atlantic off Ireland, Spain, Portugal and France. Quantitative catch per unit effort data available for autoline catches in three different areas of the Northeast Atlantic show an 80−90% decline in three years, a 67−77% decline in four years, and a 20−69% decline in a single year. These data represent catches for this species and Portuguese Dogfish (Centroscymnus coelolepis) lumped together. A decline of 73% is projected for the 2000-2099 period. Given the estimated severity of decline, together with the more sensitive life history of the Leafscale Gulper Shark compared to Portuguese Dogfish, and the acute sensitivity of Centrophorus species to exploitation in general, Leafscale Gulper Shark is assessed as Endangered under Criterion A4b in European waters.",Decreasing,"This is a widely distributed gulper shark that has a global range. Within the Northeast and Central Atlantic it occurs from Iceland and the Atlantic slope southwards to the Faroe Islands, Canary Islands, Madeira, the Azores and Senegal (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Although there are a handful of questionable and sporadic records, it is generally considered absent from the Mediterranean Sea. Its depth range is 230-4,000 m.","In the Northeast Atlantic there has been a decreasing trend in biomass for this species in Scottish and Irish deepwater surveys (ICES 2012). Additionally, relative abundance estimates from Scottish surveys suggest an ongoing and significant decline since 1998 (ICES 2013). This species congener, Gulper Shark (C. granulosus), has reportedly declined by 80−95% in the Northeast Atlantic, and so it can be assumed that this species has undergone population decline in the region as well, given the similar life history, range and exposure to fisheries.In the Northeast Atlantic, deepwater shark catches in the mixed trawl fishery off Rockall Trough and Porcupine Bank consisted predominantly of this species and Portuguese Dogfish (Centroscymnus coelolepis). Catches of these two species increased from 302 tonnes (t) in 1991 to 3,284 t in 1996, and then declined to 1,939 t in 1999 (ICES 2000). Although this may suggest population decline, changes in fishing effort were not specifically accounted for, therefore it is possible that fishing effort declined between 1996 and 1999. Landings of these two species in French bottom trawl fisheries increased rapidly from 322−2,939 tonnes between 1990 and 1996 (Girard and Du Buit 1999). Autoline catches in waters west of Scotland showed an 80−90% decline in catch per unit effort (CPUE) over three years from 1997−2000. Although these data are for both Leafscale Gulper Shark and Portuguese Dogfish combined, Centrophorus species have been shown to be acutely sensitive to exploitation in New South Wales fishery independent surveys (Graham et al. 2001). Biomass estimates for the period 2000-2011 (ICES 2012) show an annual proportion of change of 0.986994. This population decline is projected over 100 years, obtaining a 73% decline for the 2000-2099 period. It should also be noted that due to the apparent long lifespan of this species, the recovery of a heavily fished population would likely be very slow, but regional subpopulations of this species may be connected. A recent population genetic study of samples taken from different regions showed low genetic variability, which supports the idea that the species can make long-distance movements along continuous continental slope habitats as well as movements across ocean basins (Veríssimo et al. 2012). ","This shark is both demersal and pelagic. Its demersal habitat is on the continental slopes at depths between 230 and 2,400 m, while its pelagic habitat is in the upper 1,250 m of oceanic water column at depths to 4,000 m (Compagno and Niem 1998). It can migrate hundreds of kilometres in several weeks along slope waters (Yano and Tanaka 1986, Rodríguez-Cabello and Sánchez 2014), and there is some evidence that pregnant females segregate from the rest of the population (Severino et al. 2009)This live bearing with yolk sac species produces between two and 10 pups per litter. Size at birth is between 35 and 43 cm total length (TL; Last and Stevens 1994, Cox and Francis 1997, Severino et al. 2009). There is no apparent seasonal reproductive cycle (Girard et al. 2000). In waters off Ireland, sampled individuals of this species provided age estimates of 21−70 years (Clarke et al. 2002), although this study did not validate whether or not otolith rings were formed annually. This suggests that this species attains maturity at a relatively late age. Size at maturity is approximately 100 cm TL in males and around 125 cm TL in females (Girard and Du Buit 1999, Clarke et al. 2001, Severino et al. 2009), while maximum length for both sexes is estimated at 160 cm TL (Compagno and Niem 1998). The species has a maximum age of at least 70 years (Clarke et al. 2002), and its generation length is calculated to be around 50-52.5 years.","Like other deepwater shark species this shark is taken incidentally in mixed deepwater trawls, mixed longline and gillnet fisheries along continental slopes (Gordon 1999), and was historically exploited commercially. Deepwater longline and trawl fisheries off Ireland, Spain, Portugal and France historically captured large numbers of this species (Iglesias and Paz 1995, Girard and Du Buit 1999, Clarke et al. 2001, ICES 2008), and likely still retain this species as bycatch. As this species is common bycatch in deepwater fisheries, population recovery may be achieved by an overall reduction in demersal fishing effort (ICES 2012) but may take up to several decades to achieve even if all deepwater fishery mortality ceases (OSPAR Commission 2010).","Based on advice from the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) to end fishing for deepwater sharks, the European Union (EU) Fisheries Council in 2007 established and began gradual reductions of Total Allowable Catch (TAC), including Leafscale Gulper Shark. In 2010, the EU Council added four deepwater shark species to the measure, and set the deepwater shark TAC at zero, starting in 2012. In 2013, in response to ICES advice, the list of species covered by the deepwater shark TAC was amended to include all species of the genus Centrophorus (Centrophorus spp.), thereby closing a loophole for landing Lowfin Gulper Shark (Centrophorus lusitanicus). Detailed quantitative information on CPUE for Leafscale Gulper Shark throughout its range is required to assess whether CPUE is declining. Monitoring and management of harvest trends should be undertaken.",The species was historically exploited commercially.,"Dureuil, M.","Guallart, J., Walls, R.H.L. & White, W.T.","Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,SQUALIFORMES,CENTROPHORIDAE,Centrophorus,uyato,,Centrophorus uyato,"(Rafinesque, 1810)","Taxonomy of the genus Centrophorus has been much controverted during the last fifty years. Part of the confusion has been focused on two species with sessile dermic denticles (thus different from C. squamosus) whose most conspicuous anatomic differences are maximum size and size at sexual maturity. The species assessed here is to be considered the “smaller” species, and has been recently reported under the name of C. granulosus or C. uyato. Taxonomic confusion comes from a long history of mistakes in the literature but also from a problem of nomenclature. A recent review by White et al. (2013) included a re-description and the settlement of a neotype of the “larger species” as C. granulosus (Bloch and Schneider 1801). Nomenclature status of this species is pending a paper in preparation that is based on classic taxonomy, review of nomenclature and genetic data, and that will also include a re-description of the species (Guallart et al. 2013, Veríssimo et al. 2014).At present this assessment is presented under the name C. uyato (Rafinesque 1810) pending this review. It must be noted that this species is assumed not to fit the description made as Squalus uyato by Rafinesque (1810) but its first descriptions of reference are those made as Spinax uyatus by Bonaparte (1834) and Müller and Henle (1839) as C. granulosus.",No,VU,A2b,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)A relatively common, sometimes very abundant, deepwater dogfish with a widespread global range, although actual knowledge of its range still depends on definite resolution of taxonomy of the genus. It inhabits the upper continental slopes and outer continental shelf area. The “larger” species, Gulper Shark (Centrophorus granulosus) is believed to have the lowest reproductive potential of all elasmobranch species; its reproductive biology is characterized by a late onset of maturity (12 to 16 years in females), only one pup per litter, and a two-year gestation period with occasional resting periods. This makes it extremely sensitive to overexploitation and population depletion. It is expected that while the life history of the “smaller” species, assessed here as Little Gulper Shark (C. uyato), is likely to be similar, it is perhaps less slow given the smaller size and therefore faster expected rate of population increase.Based on the geographic range of Gulper Shark, it is suspected that this species is similarly relatively common in the Mediterranean Sea, but the combination of localized depletion subsequent to brief targeted fishing efforts (as inferred from Gulper Shark declines) and the species’ inherent sensitivity to exploitation even in moderate numbers through bycatch, leads to the suspicion of regional declines. In European waters, the species is suspected to have declined by at least 30% over the three-generation period. Therefore, Little Gulper Shark is assessed as Vulnerable under criterion A2b inferred from declines of its congener, and based on the declining status of the other similar-sized, Europe-based member of the genus Centrophorus, Lowfin Gulper Shark (C. lusitanicus), which is assessed for the region as Vulnerable as well.There is an urgent call for further data collection in European waters, and monitoring of the extent to which this species is affected by bycatch. The taxonomic issues relating to this species need to be resolved (see Taxonomic Notes) and the gulper sharks (Centrophorus spp.) examined to determine species-specific trends moving forward.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in the Northeast Atlantic off France, Spain (including the Canary Islands), and Portugal (including Madeira). In the Mediterranean Sea, it occurs in waters off Albania, Algeria, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Israel, Lebanon, Morocco, Spain, Syria, Tunisia and Turkey. It is also present in the Marmara Sea, although absent from the Black Sea (Boutan 1926, Maurin 1968, Jardas 1984, Fischer et al. 1987, Papakonstantinou 1988, Ungaro et al. 1994, Baino et al. 2001, Kabaskal 2002). The exact range of this species requires further investigation as these areas are inferred from the “large” species of the complex from which it has been split, Gulper Shark (Centrophorus granulosus). Its depth range is 100-1,400 m.","The determination of the range and population of this species is hindered by unresolved taxonomic issues (see Taxonomic Notes). No information is available on relationships between Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic subpopulations of Little Gulper Shark (Centrophorus uyato); however, like most Mediterranean Sea deepwater species, some degree of isolation is expected due to the barrier of the Straits of Gibraltar. Northeast AtlanticFor this region, landings data were obtained from ICES (2006) for its congener, Gulper Shark, for the Portuguese coast (main range). These show a strong decline in catch from about 1,000 t in 1990 to less than 100 t in 2004. As a crude index of abundance, a delury depletion model was implemented, assuming constant effort over the time series. The results of this suggest that the stock has declined by between 80 and 95% of its initial size when fishing began. This is based on two assumptions of effort. This assumes that recruitment does not occur. Though this is clearly not true, the extreme low fecundity and reproductive output suggests that effect of recruitment is very low indeed. Recruitment of Little Gulper Shark is expected to be higher than that of Gulper Shark, but with such steep declines it is precautionary to suspect a decline in this species in the Northeast Atlantic as well, albeit to a suspected lesser extent.Mediterranean SeaAnalysis of the International Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean (MEDITS) data from 1994 to 1999 show a low frequency of occurrence (only 2% of total hauls), for Gulper Shark (C. granulosus), which actually refers to Little Gulper Shark. Its overall biomass was estimated to be 2.9 kg per km2, with a presence throughout the Mediterranean Sea, though more abundant in the western central and western area (5.5 and 2.7 kg per km2 respectively). The depth range of the biomass index show values of less than 0.1 from 50 to 100 m of depth and between one and > 10 kg per km2 from 200 to 800 m. Baino et al. (2001) give a standing stock biomass estimate of only 1,528 tonnes (t) (3%) for the west, north and east Mediterranean Sea from zero to 800 m depth. These data have been used to argue that it is very rare in the Mediterranean Sea. The MEDITS program surveys waters up to 800 m in depth. However, there is evidence that the species tends to aggregate near rocky areas in submarine canyons of the slope, where trawling is hardly possible. Thus, data from trawling surveys are not representative of actual abundance.This species may have been locally very abundant in parts of the Mediterranean Sea. Catches of several tens or even hundreds of specimens in a journey from a single fishing vessel using bottom longlines or bottom gillnets have not been rare in the Balearic Sea (western Mediterranean Sea) (Guallart 1998). Population trends are not well known in Mediterranean and European waters, though rapid decreases in local abundance in areas where intensive fishing pressure has occurred have been estimated. A decrease in the area of occupancy is also suspected due to present fishing pressure in the depth range this species inhabits.Little Gulper Shark is suspected to have declined to at least 30% over the last three generations in European waters.","Little Gulper Shark is a medium-sized deepwater species inhabiting the upper continental slopes and outer continental shelves. It is usually demersal or benthopelagic, at depths from 100 to 1,490 m (Mediterranean Sea), with most records between 300 and 800 m (Compagno 1984, Gilat and Gelman 1984, Guallart 1998, Baino et al. 2001). This shark is thought to have schooling habits (Maurin 1962, Compagno 1984, Gilat and Gelman 1984) because of the abundance in some catches or by the simultaneous presence of several individuals in baited cameras set over the bottom. It may also aggregate in particular areas of the slope, particularly in the margins of submarine canyons (Guallart 1998). Some evidence suggests that individuals present in the lower half of the depth range are mainly juveniles (Gilat and Gelman 1984, Guallart 1998). For the “large” species, Gulper Shark, age at maturity is estimated at 12 to 16 years in females and seven to eight years in males (Guallart 1998), with earlier estimates of four to five years for both males and females (Rizzo et al. 1993). Estimates of female size at maturity are 89 to 102 cm total length (TL), 93 cm when half mature (Guallart 1998) and earlier estimates range between 70 and 95 cm TL (Capapé 1985, Fischer et al. 1987). Mature male size estimates are 79 to 85 cm TL (80 cm TL at half maturity) (Guallart 1998) and 70 to 80 cm TL (Capapé 1985, Fischer et al. 1987, Rizzo et al. 1995). Maximum recorded size is about 120 cm TL (Fischer et al. 1987, Guallart 1998). Size at birth ranges from 30 to 46 cm TL (Fischer et al. 1987, Guallart and Vicent 2001) and longevity is over 30 years (Guallart 1998). The average reproductive age of Gulper Shark is unknown. It can be assumed that these estimates are slightly lower for Little Gulper Shark.Gulper Shark is a lecithotrophic, aplacental viviparous species (Ranzi 1932, Guallart and Vicent 2001). It has an extremely low reproductive rate, with only one pup per litter (Tortonese 1956, Capapé 1985, Guallart 1998), a gestation period of about two years, and occasional resting periods between pregnancies (Guallart 1998, Guallart and Vicent 2007). Its generation length is estimated in 16-20 years, and therefore its three-generation period is estimated to be about 50 to 60 years. This probably makes it the elasmobranch species with the lowest reproductive potential. Again, these values are likely to be slightly lower for Little Gulper Shark.","This is a widespread species that is reportedly heavily fished as bycatch in the Northeast Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea. In the Northeast Atlantic it is caught with bottom trawls, long lines, fixed bottom nets, hook and line, and pelagic trawls (Ebert et al. 2013). Within the Mediterranean Sea, one of the main threats is development of target fisheries with longlines and gillnets in areas on the continental slope, where this species tends to aggregate. However, the global trend of fisheries expanding into deeper unexploited grounds may not occur in the Mediterranean Sea, due to the relatively low level of biomass found in deeper waters of this sea, and as the fishing fleets are composed mainly of artisanal vessels. Local factors such as the fleet characteristics, the distance from the coast to suitable substrates, and the perceived appreciation of the flesh and other byproducts of this species may, in many countries, limit the potential for a targeted fishery to develop. A number of authors have commented on the economic potential to develop a targeted fishery for gulper sharks (e.g., Boutan 1926 in Algeria, Rancurel 1983 in France, Gilat and Gelman 1984 in Israel), however there is no information regarding potential developments at present. Given the inferred low reproductive potential of this species, it is likely highly sensitive to overexploitation and population depletion under even moderate fishing pressure. Therefore extreme caution should be exercised before the development of any targeted fishery. Within the Mediterranean Sea this species is also caught as bycatch by bottom longlines, bottom gillnets, and bottom trawls targeting Red Shrimp (Aristeus antennatus) (Fischer et al. 1987). Further information on the catch rates of this species by this trawling fleet are required before the effect that this has on the population can truly be assessed. ","The General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM), the main intergovernmental decision-making body on fishery management in the Mediterranean Sea, banned bottom trawling below depths of 1,000 m in the Mediterranean Sea in February 2005 and this began in September 2005. The measure was adopted by consensus by all members of the GFCM, which include: Albania, Algeria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, EC, Egypt, France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Montenegro, Morocco, Romania, Slovenia, Serbia, Spain, Syria, Tunisia, and Turkey. This decision may protect part of this species’ population from fishing pressure, particularly juveniles that seem to occupy the deepest part of its depth range.Based on the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea’s (ICES) advice to end fishing for deepwater sharks, the European Union (EU) Fisheries Council in 2007 established and began gradual reductions for a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) of a group of deepwater sharks including Little Gulper Shark. In 2010, the EU Council added four additional deepwater shark species to the measure, and set the deepwater shark TAC at zero, starting in 2012. In 2013, in response to ICES advice, the list of species covered by the deepwater shark TAC was amended to include all species of the genus Centrophorus.There is an urgent call for further data collection in European waters, and monitoring of the extent to which this species is affected by bycatch. The taxonomic issues relating to this species need to be resolved (see Taxonomic Notes) and the gulper sharks (Centrophorus spp.) examined to determine species-specific trends moving forward.","Fisheries targeted this species towards the end of the 20th century in the Balaeric Sea, causing rapid, steep declines. One example of these target fisheries was an alternative artisanal bottom longline fishery that developed in periods when other target species had declined. Abundance (catches of about 50-80 specimens or 300-400 kg per ship and journey) and price of flesh was comparable to that of the original target species. However, catches of Little Gulper Shark decreased significantly within a matter of weeks. An increase in abundance within these depleted areas took place after several months, presumably by migration from other unexploited areas. In another example, a semi-industrial fishery was carried out for several years. One ship made trips of several days covering wide areas unexploited for this species. Catches reached up to 900 specimens (about 5,000 kg) (Guallart 1998). As well as this example, there are now still Lebanese and Syrian deepwater longline fisheries, and likely similar fisheries in other areas of the Mediterranean Sea, that target this (and other) sharks. Flesh, livers and tails (as lower quality shark fins) are marketed. The flesh is relatively highly valued and marketed, and less commonly, its large squalene-rich livers. ","Dureuil, M.","Guallart, J. & Walls, R.","Bariche, M. & Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,SQUALIFORMES,ETMOPTERIDAE,Centroscyllium,fabricii,,Centroscyllium fabricii,(Reinhardt 1825),A comparison of Southeastern to North Atlantic specimens should be carried out to determine if both populations are the same species.,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Black Dogfish (Centroscyllium fabricii) has a widespread but discontinuous distribution in the Northeast Atlantic, occurring from depths of 180 to 2,250 m. The deeper extent of its range affords it refuge from fishing pressure, although it is a bycatch of deepwater fisheries elsewhere. While this species is likely to have low productivity and recovery potential, the effort and expansion of deepwater fisheries in European waters has declined over the past decade, and zero Total Allowable Catch quotas have been introduced, reducing the likelihood of mortality for the species. This dogfish is therefore assessed as Least Concern in the Northeast Atlantic, although the activity and effect of deepwater fisheries in this region should be monitored, as the status of this species could change in the event of fishery expansion.",Stable,"In the Northeast Atlantic, Black Dogfish (Centroscyllium fabricii) occurs off Iceland, along the Atlantic Slope, including the Iceland-Faroe Ridge, Faroes, southern Norway, Rockall Trough, Porcupine Seabight and Morocco (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Its depth range is 180-2,250 m.","The size of the European subpopulation is unknown, but it is inferred to be stable because there has been no trend in abundance from 1998 until present in the Scottish deepwater surveys of the Northeast Atlantic (ICES 2014). No information is available for the period preceding this survey, although it is possible that there might have been some unquantifiable reduction in the population as there were deepwater fisheries in operation from 1989 onwards.","This is a deepwater schooling shark of the outer continental shelf and slope found at depths from 180 to 2,250 m but mostly below 275 m (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). In the Rockall Trough it has been recorded from the 1,250 to 1,500 m bathymetric zone (Mauchline and Gordon 1983). Off Iceland the species is most abundant between 800 and 1,200 m (range 436 to 1,653 m; Jakobsdottir 2001). Off Greenland it is present from 338 to 1,299 m but more common below 500 m (Yano 1995) and in the Northeast Atlantic it is found from 400 to 1,400 m depth, with high concentrations between 350 and 500 m (Kulka 2006).At high latitudes in the north Atlantic it may move near the surface, especially during the winter (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Most commonly caught at the bottom of the ocean where water temperatures usually range from 3.5-4.5°C, with a minimum of 1.0°C. In the Northeast Atlantic, the largest catches came from the warmest available locations (between 5 and 6.5°C), primarily in the Laurentian Channel (Kulka 2006).Size at maturity for the Northeast Atlantic is around 51-70 cm total length (TL) and around 46-63 cm TL in females and males respectively (Yano 1995, Jakobsdottir 2001). Maturity stages have been observed during two seasons indicating an undefined breeding season in Iceland waters (Jakobsdottir 2001). The species is live bearing with yolk sac only nutrition. Reports of litter size also vary but it has been reported at a mean of 16.4 (range 4-40; Yano 1995). Size at birth is from 15-20 cm TL and maximum size is 107 cm TL in the north Atlantic (Ebert and Stehmann 2013).","This species is taken as bycatch in deepwater mixed trawl, gillnet, mixed and directed longline fisheries, and is discarded at sea owing to the European Union’s zero Total Allowable Catch (TAC) quotas in place since 2010 for a select group of sensitive deepwater sharks. There is no information available on post-release survival rate, nor the condition in which individuals are discarded after capture.Given that the highest abundance occurs at around 1,300 m, with its core depth range from 800 to 1,800 m (ICES 2014), a large part of the local population is well below the maximum depth of the Northeast Atlantic deepwater fishery (about 1,000 m in recent years, although French vessels often fished down to 1,400 m in the past). This should offer some degree of refuge and may explain why no decline has been observed in recent years. Furthermore, deepwater fisheries effort has decreased over the past decade (Dransfeld et al. 2013, STECF 2014), but should still be monitored in case of future expansion, which could pose a threat to this shark. Off Iceland, the species is likely to be discarded by the commercial fishery for Greenland Halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) in considerable amounts. Records are rare and purely incidental, but Jakobsdottir (2001) estimated a bycatch of 98 and 109 tonnes (t) in 1996 and 1997 respectively based on trawl surveys in the area. Records of the catch proportions of the fleet in this area are needed for a full evaluation of the level of discarding of this species.French landings (mainly from the Faroes and waters northwest of Ireland) decreased from about 250 t in 2000 to nearly 30 t in 2004 (ICES 2005). Iceland reported few landings from their waters and the largest annual landings reported by Spain came from north of the Azores in 2000 (85 t) and 2001 (91 t; ICES 2005). In 2011, landings were reported by Norway (31 t), Iceland (45 t) and Spain (2 t), and from the northern North Sea, Faroes, Irish waters, the English Channel, and north Azores (ICES 2013).","Based on advice from the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea to end fishing for deepwater sharks, the European Union Fisheries Council established a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) limitation for a group of particularly sensitive deepwater sharks including this species in 2007 (CEC 2012). This TAC was gradually reduced and in 2010 it was set at zero. In 2011, the allowable bycatch was also reduced, from 10% to 3% of the 2009 TAC and in 2012 it was further reduced to zero (ICES 2013).More information on biology, ecology and bycatch levels is required to determine future conservation requirements.",The species is not commercially utilized.,"Dulvy, N.","Blasdale, T., Walls, R., Jung, A., Dureuil, M., Ebert, D.A., Crozier, P. & McCormack, C.","Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,SQUALIFORMES,SOMNIOSIDAE,Centroscymnus,coelolepis,,Centroscymnus coelolepis,"Barbosa du Bocage & de Brito Capello, 1864",,No,EN,A2bd,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) Centroscymnus coelolepis (Portuguese Dogfish) is a medium-sized deepwater species found in the Northeast Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea. Although life history information is limited, it is known to have low fecundity and likely has other characteristics similar to related species, such as very slow growth, late onset of sexual maturity and a long gestation period. This suggests a low intrinsic rate of population increase.In the Northeast Atlantic, the species is estimated to have undergone a decline of more than 80% over the past 100 year period (three-generation span), and current exploitation levels are likely unsustainable. Furthermore, one of the key causes of the decline, bycatch in multi-species fisheries, has not ceased. There are no management plans to reduce bycatch in these fisheries, which recently have shown an increase in effort. The species is of particular concern in this region because the mature part of the subpopulation is susceptible to exploitation throughout their range. Where survey catch data exist, catch rates were initially high and then tended to decline rapidly. In the Mediterranean Sea, this species occurs at depths that are outside of the scope of existing fisheries. Data on the status of this subpopulation are scarce, but there is no evidence of population decrease. Taking into account the global listing of Near Threatened, and the two very different scenarios in the Mediterranean Sea and Northeast Atlantic, this species is given an overall European assessment of Endangered under Criterion A2bd. This is based on the fact that the declines seen in the Northeast Atlantic are actual estimations, while the lack of data in the Mediterranean Sea is a less concrete form of evidence for population stability. Furthermore, the majority of European waters occupied by this species are in the Northeast and Eastern Central Atlantic.",Decreasing,"This species has a wide but patchy distribution in the Atlantic and Western Pacific (Yano and Tanaka 1983, Clark and King 1989). In the Northeast Atlantic it is found from Iceland to Portugal and westwards to the Azores. In the Eastern Central Atlantic it is found in the waters surrounding the Canary and Madeira Islands, and along the coast from Morocco to Sierra Leone. The International Council on the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) considers the Northeast Atlantic to be a single stock (ICES 2005), which has been supported by Veríssimo et al. (2012). It is also found in the western Mediterranean Sea (Compagno 1984), and is considered to be a separate subpopulation (Clò et al. 2002). Its depth range is 270−3,675 m.","In the Northeast Atlantic, a study that modelled population abundance concluded that a rapid decline of 83% occurred between 1993 and 1997, leading to an overall decline of 78% from 1993 to 2009 (Dobby et al. 2010). There is no evidence to suggest that this decline has been reversed since, and the species is estimated to have undergone a decline of more than 80% over the past 100 year period (three-generation span).Quotas for other, targeted species regulate the deepwater fisheries that catch this species. Recently these quotas have increased, meaning that fishing mortality for this species has likely increased. In 2005, ICES compiled all available catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) data from Scottish, Irish, French and Norwegian surveys over the period of 1993-2005. Declines in the range of 70-94% were recorded for all areas where more than three years of data were available. The Northeast Atlantic subpopulation of this species is estimated to be declining, given historical and recent declines in abundance and CPUE.In the absence of survey, catch or landings data from the Mediterranean Sea, it is suspected that this subpopulation is stable.","This is a medium-sized bentho-pelagic shark occurs at depths of 270−3,675 m (Compagno 1984). There is evidence of size segregation by depth, with smaller individuals at greater depths and pregnant females at shallower depths.This live bearing with yolk sac species produces eight to 21 pups, but the gestation period is currently unknown. Size at birth is ~ 23−30 cm total length (TL; Girard and DuBuit 1999, Clarke et al. 2001). Size at maturity occurs at 86 and 102 cm for males and females respectively. In the Northeast Atlantic this shark ranges in length from 68−109 cm for males and 71−121 cm for females (Girard and DuBuit 1999, Clarke et al. 2005) smaller sharks are rarely encountered (Clarke et al. 2001, Moura et al. 2014). Considering data available for Centroselachus crepidater, age at maturity is inferred to be around 15 years, longevity is 60 years and generation length is approximately 37.5 years.","Important fisheries for this species existed in the United Kingdom and Portugal where it was targeted by a deepwater longline fishery (Correia and Smith 2004, Correia 2009). Between 1986 and 2006 catches in Portugal varied between about 300-900 tonnes with an increasing trend (op. cit. 2004 and 2009). This increasing trend in catches was likely driven by demand, as prices of landed wet weight increased between 1986 and 2006.Landings data are unreliable for this species, as it has historically been lumped with other deepwater shark species, and as a zero Total Allowable Catch (TAC) introduced in 2010 (ICES 2013) has likely encouraged discarding. For example, the combined landings of Leafscale Gulper Shark (Centrophorus squamosus) and this species decreased from 10,000 in the early 2000s to 1 t in 2012. This sharp decline in landings hides continued fishing mortality, as discard survival is likely to be low (OSPAR Commission 2010).Currently, this dogfish is taken as bycatch in multi-species deepwater trawl, hook and gillnet fisheries that target other species with high TACs. These fisheries occur west and north of the British Isles and on Hatton Bank. It is also bycatch in directed longline fisheries for Black Scabbard in Portugal. This species is particularly vulnerable to exploitation in European waters because its entire reproductive cycle is susceptible to the deepwater fishery. For example, mature females give birth in shallower waters where their catchability may increase (Clarke et al. 2001).","Based on advice from the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea to end fishing for deepwater sharks, the European Union Fisheries Council established a TAC for this species in 2007 (CEC 2012). This TAC was gradually reduced, and in 2010 it was set at zero. In 2011, the allowable bycatch was reduced from 10% to 3% of the 2009 TAC and in 2012 it was also reduced to zero (ICES 2013). However, this legislation is ineffective at actually preventing catches, and post-release survival is unknown. The species is recommended for additional conservation measures by OSPAR.",This shark has historically been exploited commercially for its liver oil and flesh.,"Correia, M.","Dureuil, M. & Jung, A.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,SQUALIFORMES,SOMNIOSIDAE,Centroselachus,crepidater,,Centroselachus crepidater,(Barbosa du Bocage & de Brito Capello 1864),Transferred from Centroscymnus to Centroselachus,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Longnose Velvet Dogfish (Centroselachus crepidater) is common bycatch in various Northeast and Central Atlantic deepwater fisheries. It has low productivity and an estimated longevity of 54 years, making it highly sensitive to exploitation, according to other similar deepwater sharks. Despite this, the population trend in this region has been stable since 1998, and the species is now protected by European Union Total Allowable Catch restrictions. Longnose Velvet Dogfish is assessed as Least Concern on the basis of estimated stable population trends and effective management measures in European waters.",Stable,"This is a fairly common but poorly studied species with a wide but patchy range. It occurs in the Northeast and Eastern Central Atlantic from the Denmark Straits, Iceland, and Faroe Islands southwards along the Atlantic slope to Rockall Trough, Porcupine Seabight, Portugal, Morocco, Senegal, Madeira Islands, and the Azores (Ebert and Stehmann 2013).","The population appears to be stable or slightly increasing in European waters according to Scottish survey data from 19982013 (ICES 2014). Historically, this used to be one of the more abundant shark species discarded by the French deepwater fishery (Blasdale and Newton 1998), and post-release survival rates are unknown but presumably low.","This demersal species occurs on or near the bottom at depths of 200−1,500 m along the upper continental and insular slopes (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). On average this live bearing species produces six pups per litter, but this can range from one to nine pups (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Size at birth is around 15−16 cm total length (TL) and females appear capable of breeding throughout the year. Males mature at about nine years of age, with a length at 50% maturity (L50%) of 57.2 cm TL, while females mature at 20 years, with a L50% maturity of 75.4 cm TL (Moore et al. 2013). Maximum length is about 105 cm TL, with the oldest recorded male being 34 years and the oldest female 54 years (Daley et al. 2002).","This species is typically discarded when caught incidentally, and while historical reported landings are just over 500 tonnes, recent landings have been near zero between 2000 and 2009. This reduction in landings is most likely due to a ban on deepwater set gillnets and a reduced Total Allowable Catch (TAC) limit for deepwater sharks (Ebert and Stehmann 2013), rather than resulting from a total absence in catches. In the Northeast Atlantic, deepwater fisheries have decreased in effort gradually over the past decade (Dransfeld et al. 2013, STECF 2014), but should still be monitored in case of future expansion, which could pose a threat to this shark.","Based on advice from the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea to end fishing for deepwater sharks, the European Union Fisheries Council established a TAC for this and other deepwater species in 2007 (CEC 2012). This TAC was gradually reduced and in 2010 it was set at zero. In 2011, the allowable bycatch was reduced from 10% to 3% of the 2009 TAC and in 2012 it was further reduced to zero (ICES 2013).","Historically this species was targeted for its liver oil and flesh, and also retained as bycatch.","Dulvy, N.","Blasdale, T., Walls, R. & Jung, A.","Stevens, J.D. & Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CEPOLIDAE,Cepola,macrophthalma,,Cepola macrophthalma,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",There is confusion as to whether C. rubescens is the true valid species name.,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Cepola macrophthalma is widespread and locally common at times.  This midwater carnivore is of small-scale and minor commercial importance, but the harvesting levels are not thought to be causing population declines at this time. There are no other serious threats at present. It is, therefore, assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Cepola macrophthalma is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is found from the British Isles south to Mauritania or perhaps Senegal; the southern limit of C. macrophthalma is poorly known (Smith-Vaniz FAO ECA Guide in press). In the northeastern Atlantic, C. macrophthalma occurs from the British Isles (Orkney Islands) to Madeira and the Canary Islands, including the Mediterranean Sea (Quéro 1981, Tortonese 1986, Brito et al. 2002). In the Mediterranean, C. macrophthalma occurs in the Catalan Sea (Coll et al. 2006), the Gulf of Lions (Gaertner et al. 1998), the Ligurian Sea (Molinari and Tunesi 2003), the Tyrrhenian Sea (Colloca et al. 2004, Carpentieri et al. 2005), the Cretan Sea (Kallionitis et al. 2000) and the Aegean Sea (Stergiou 1999, Lamprakis et al. 2003, Kallionitis et al. 2004, Machias et al. 2004, Labropoulou and Papaconstantinou 2005, Karakulak et al. 2006, Gokce and Metin 2007, Ozaydin et al. 2007). It is most often associated with depths from 15 to 400 m (Quero 1990).","The species is common but the population trend is unknown. Population information by region: This species is apparently common in the Mediterranean, as 881 specimens were collected by Ozaydin et al. (2007) from Izmir Bay (Central Aegean Sea) between February and December 2005, with TL ranging from 16.2 and 50.9 cm. Lamprakis et al. (2003) caught 1,021 specimens in the Thracian Sea during 1996 to 1998 at depths ranging from 19 to 365 m. Total length (TL) ranged from 10.3 cm and 53.2 cm. Gokce and Metin (2007) caught only one specimen over 39 artisanal fishing operations between May and October 2003 in Izmir Bay, Turkey. Karakulak et al. (2006) collected one specimen from a survey conducted for selectivity by gill and trammel nets in the coastal waters of Turkey from March 2004 to February 2005.  Cepola macrophthalma is practically nonexistent where there is marine sea grass or submerged vegetation (McDowall 1982). FAO landing statistics summary: Landings are declared from the following FAO fishing regions: Mediterranean, Northeast Atlantic. The majority of landings are from the Mediterranean and Black Sea fishing region. The overall trend in landings, which were first declared in the late 1980s, is one of sharp increase to a peak of 341 tonnes in 2005, followed by a decline to 168 tonnes in 2010.","Cepola macropthalma is a demersal species that can be found on sand and mud substrata (Sanches 1991). It typically lives in vertical burrows but may be found swimming in mid-water. Occurs singly or in groups (McDowall 1982). The maximum length is 80 cm (TL) (Sanchez et al. 1995). Cepola macrophthalma is a benthic predator,  feeding mainly on small crustaceans and chaetognaths (Tortonese 1986) and residing on muddy and/or sandy bottoms, often inhabiting vertically oriented burrows as a lie-in-wait zooplaktivore (Sanches 1991). It can occur singly or in small, loose shoals (McDowall 1982). Its diet consists mainly of copepods and euphausids (combining for approximately 90% of its diet (McDowall 1982).  The remainder of its diet consists mainly of cladocerans, decapods, and mysids (McDowall 1982). It also feeds on chaetognaths (Smith-Vaniz FAO ECA Guide in press).  The eggs of C. macrophthalma are oviparous (Tortonese 1986). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 60 cm TL and the length at maturity  for females is 21.9 cm TL  and for males is 29.9 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014). Little else is known about the ecology and life history of this fish.","Cepola macropthalma is a species with minor commercial interest. It is mainly caught in trawls, seines and fixed nets (Quero 1990).  In the Mediterranean Sea, FAO figures are only available from recent years and are insufficient to show trends. No serious threats are known at present. Along the West African coast, they are often taken as by-catch in the trawl fisheries; they are consumed occasionally, and also utilized for fishmeal and oil (Smith-Vaniz FAO ECA Guide in press). FAO landing statistics for this species of fish were first reported in 1991, with France landing 3 tonnes. By 2006, Spain was landing nearly 300 tonnes annually from the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. By 2012, just over 90 tonnes was reported to the FAO globally, with Spain landing 74 of the 90 tonnes (FAO 2011, FishStatJ Accessed 2014 April).","There is no information available on specific conservation measures for Cepola macropthalma. Its range overlaps with protected areas. Research on biology and ecology, population size and trends, as well as harvest levels and potential threats is needed.   This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Cepola macropthalma is a species with minor commercial interest. It is mainly caught in trawls, seines and fixed nets. FAO landing statistics summary: Landings are declared from the following FAO fishing regions: Mediterranean, Northeast Atlantic. The majority of landings are from the Mediterranean and Black Sea fishing region. The overall trend in landings, which were first declared in the late 1980s, is one of sharp increase to a peak of 341 tonnes in 2005, followed by a decline to 168 tonnes in 2010.","Harwell, H.","Uiblein, F., Knudsen, S. & Nielsen, J.","Kara, M., Bizsel, K., Yokes, B., Pollard, D. & Goren, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,CERATIIDAE,Ceratias,holboelli,,Ceratias holboelli,"Krøyer, 1845",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Ceratias holboelli is broadly distributed in the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zone. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it ranges from Iceland and the Strait of Denmark to Madeira and the Canary Islands. Ceratias holboelli is a solitary species that does not occur abundantly. Although there are relatively few specimens known (less than about 200), there are no known widespread threats. Therefore, Ceratias holboelli is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Ceratias holboelli is broadly distributed in the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zone (Pietsch in press), though it appears to be absent from the Southern Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, C. holboelli ranges from Iceland (about 68o N) and the Strait of Denmark, south to Madeira and the Canary Islands (Pietsch 2009). The depth range can be between 150 and 3,400; however, it is most commonly captured between 400 and 2,000 m (Pietsch 2009).",Ceratias holboelli is a solitary species that does not occur abundantly (Pietsch in press). There are 161 female specimens and 19 male specimens currently known (Pietsch 2009).,"Ceratias holboelli is a deep-sea fish that inhabits the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones. It exhibits extreme sexual dimorphism. Females have a maximum size of 77 cm standard length (SL), while males are 14.5 cm SL. Females attract prey with an elongate first dorsal spine that has been modified as a lure. Males have highly developed sensory organs that allow them to find females at which point they will attach themselves to the body as a parasite that eventually becomes incorporated into the female's tissues and blood vessels (Pietsch in prep). Females do not reach sexual maturity until they are stimulated by the attachment of a male (Pietsch 2009). This species spawns in gelatinous rafts and float up to upper water, at 0 - 200 m (Pietsch 2009). Little else is known about the diet, early life history or other biological and ecological aspects of this species.",There are no known major threats to Ceratias holboelli.,There are no known species-specific conservation measures for Ceratias holboelli. Research into all aspects of the ecology and biology of this species is suggested.,Ceratias holboelli is not utilized (Pietsch in prep). This species may sometimes be caught in trawls off of Namibia as bycatch (Bianchi et al. 1999).,"Harwell, H.","Munroe, T., Costa, M. & Kobyliansky, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Ceratoscopelus,maderensis,,Ceratoscopelus maderensis,"(Lowe, 1839)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Ceratoscopelus maderensis is widely distributed in Europe. It is a common and locally abundant mesopelagic species. There are no known major threats, but it is sometimes taken incidentally as bycatch in parts of its range. There are not any specific conservation measures in place for this species, but there are numerous marine protected areas that intersect with its range. Therefore, Ceratoscopelus maderensis is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Ceratoscopelus maderensis is an endemic species of the North Atlantic that inhabits temperate waters and the Mediterranean Sea.  In the western Atlantic, it can be found from Canada south to the state of Georgia in the United States. This species is closely associated with the continental slope of the Northwest Atlantic.. In the west and central North Atlantic, the southern boundary of its distribution runs from 32° to 35°N. A few specimens (< 5) were caught in shrimp fisheries off of southwest Greenland, representing the first time this species has been recorded in Greenland (Moller et al. 2010). In the eastern Atlantic, Ceratoscopelus maderensis is present from 50°N to 28°N, and in the Mauritanian Upwelling region (Hulley and Paxton in press), with records as far north as southern Iceland (Jonsson 1992). It is also found in the Mediterranean Sea (Fischer et al. 1987, Quignard and Tomasini 2000), including the Catalan Sea (Sabates and Saiz 2000), the Tyrrhenian Sea (Sartor et al. 2001), the Alboran Sea (Vargas-Yanez and Sabates 2007), in north-west Africa (Zelck and Klein 1995) and in the Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005) and Aegean Sea (Papaconstantinou 1988). Ceratoscopelus maderensis can be found at depths ranging from 12 to 1,000 m (Fischer et al. 1987).","Ceratoscopelus maderensis can be found in 1,323 museum collections with a maximum count of 370 individuals in a single lot (Accessed through Fishnet 2 Portal 2013 June). In the eastern Atlantic, this species is fairly common, as indicated by midwater trawl surveys (Wienerroither et al 2009) (Pusch et al 2004).  Schools are found in depths of 600 m with 10 to 15 specimens/m3 (5.2 to 7.3 cm (SL)) (Backus et al. 1968).  Common in bottom trawl surveys (ARSA and MEDITS) (J. Gil Herrera and L. Gil de Sola pers. comm. 2013). This is a very common species in the Mediterranean. In Alboran sea; the abundance of the larvae of this species is 6,000 to 95,000/m3 (Vargas-Yanez and Sabates 2007). In the east Ionian Sea, its frequency of occurrence is 1.9 to 7.7 (abundance = 0.1 to 0.2/h) in 145 trawl hauls of 1 hour each (Mytilineou et al. 2005).","This is an oceanic, mesopelagic species. During daytime, it occurs between 100 and 1,000 m (mainly 700 to 800) and during the night between 12 and 300 m (mainly 10 to 150) and 600 and 800 m (mainly 700 to 800 m (Fischer et al. 1987). It occurs between 460 and 1,100 m in east Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005). The mean depth of fish larvae is 19 to 84 m (Vargas-Yanez and Sabates 2007). The maximum length is about 8 cm in the western Atlantic and 9 cm total length (TL) in the Alboran Sea (L. Gil de Sola pers comm. 2013). Ceratoscopelus maderensis is one of the most common and abundant north Atlantic mesopelagic species, present in the sound scattering layers. This species exhibits active daily vertical migrations with a depth of occurrence of 225 m to 1,000 m during the day and 0 m to 175 m at night. On occasion, this species will form dense schools (10 to 15 sp/m3) (Backus et al 1968).  | Ceratoscopelus maderensis feeds primarily on adult and larval forms of planktonic crustaceans (Hulley 1984 in Whitehead et al. 1984).  This species reaches sexual maturity at about 3.8 cm standard length (SL) and spawning occurs in the spring and summer. There is limited information regarding the fecundity and early life history traits of this species.","There are no known threats for this species, and it is not under pressure from fisheries. May be incidentally caught as bycatch in parts of its range. ","No specific conservation measures are in place for this species. However, this species may be found in marine protected areas within its distribution range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Legislative regulation of the pelagic fishery is implemented (Stas pers. comm. via e-mail). This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",This species is not commercially exploited. This species is not used by fisheries but it is sometimes caught as bycatch by pelagic trawl (Stas pers. comm. via e-mail).,"Strongin, K.","Papaconstantinou, C., Munroe, T., Kobyliansky, S. & Costa, M.","Keskin, Ç., Massuti, E., Papakonstantinou, C., Palmeri, A., de Sola, L. & Herrera, J.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Ceratoscopelus,warmingii,,Ceratoscopelus warmingii,"(Lütken, 1892)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Ceratoscopelus warmingii is a widespread species, which within Europe is known only from the waters of mainland Portugal, Madeira, the Azores, and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Stable,"This widely distributed species is found in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. Within Europe, it is known from the waters of mainland Portugal, Madeira, the Azores, and the Canaries (Carneiro et al. 2014, Bordes Caballero et al. 2009, Santos et al. 1997).","This species is very common throughout its range, as indicated by midwater trawl surveys around the Mid-Atlantic and Walvis Ridges (Kobyliansky et al. 2010), around the Canary Islands (Wienerroither et al. 2009), near the Meteor and Atlantis seamounts (Pusch et al. 2004), and in other parts of its range in the western Atlantic (Gartner 1989). It is also very common in museum collections.  Data on the global population structure is available (Badcock and Araujo 1988).","This species is oceanic, mesopelagic and performs diel migrations from as deep as 700-1000 m during the day, up to 20-200 m during the night for feeding purposes. Spawning takes place in the late spring/summer. (Hulley and Paxton in press).  The ecology of this species is comparatively well investigated (Kinzer and Schultz 1985, Applebaum 1982, Badcock and Araujo 1998, Duka 1986, Gorelova 1978, Moku and Kawaguchi 2003, Robison 1984, Takagi et al. 2006, Tsarin 1994, Yasuma et al. 2010)","There are no known threats for this species, and it is not under pressure from fisheries.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range (World Database of Protected Areas 2010).,This species is not commercially exploited.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Hulley, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CETOMIMIFORMES,CETOMIMIDAE,Cetichthys,indagator,,Cetichthys indagator,"(Rofen, 1959)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Cetichthys indagator is a widely-distributed species, which within Europe is only known from Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"This species is known primarily from the southern hemisphere, in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans. Within Europe, there is only one record of its occurrence, from off Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014, Vieira et al. 2012).",There is a lack of information regarding this species' population. The specimen captured off Madeira in 2012 was only the fifth specimen of this species captured worldwide (Vieira et al. 2012).,"This is a&#160;marine bathypelagic species. Its depth range is 1,500-3,620 m.",There is a lack of information regarding threats to this species.,There is a lack of information regarding conservation actions for this species.,There is a lack of information regarding use or trade of this species.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CETOMIMIFORMES,CETOMIMIDAE,Cetomimus,hempeli,,Cetomimus hempeli,"Maul, 1969",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Cetomimus hempeli has been found between 500 and 1,500 metres depth in the eastern Atlantic Ocean off the Macaronesian Islands, with records outside the European region from the Gulf of Mexico. Little can be said about its population since the only specimens that have been found were 11 females. There have been no males found. There are no species specific threats. This species has been assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Cetomimus hempeli have been found between 500 and 1,500 metres deep in the Atlantic Ocean, from the eastern central Atlantic and the west central Atlantic (northeastern Gulf of Mexico; McEachran and Fechhelm 1998). It is known only from the Canary Islands (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009) and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014) in the European assessment region.",The only specimens that have been found were 11 females. There have been no males found (Paxton and Johnston&#160;in press).,The largest C. hempeli recorded was 15 cm but they are more commonly found to 8 cm. The smallest recorded specimen was 5.7 cm (Paxton and Johnston in press). Females of species in the Cetomimidae family have been found to eat crustaceans while the males do not feed after transformation. The larvae eat copepods (Paxton and Johnston in press).,There are no species specific threats.,There are no species specific conservation actions.,This species is not utilized.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Harold, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,LAMNIFORMES,CETORHINIDAE,Cetorhinus,maximus,,Cetorhinus maximus,"(Gunnerus, 1765)",,No,EN,A2abd,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) Basking Shark (Cetorhinus maximus) is a large pelagic migratory species that filter-feeds in cold waters and is widely distributed. It is only repeatedly seen in a few coastal locations and is probably never abundant. Most documented fisheries have reported marked and sustained declines in landings due to the targeted removal of hundreds to low thousands of individuals over significantly less than one generation span. This species is now legally protected throughout the European Union, Norway and the Mediterranean Sea. It is still found in bycatch, although levels are uncertain because landings are prohibited, yet its fins are among the most valuable in international trade. Mortality from bycatch is, however, probably not significant enough to prevent population recovery. There are some indications of increasing trends in sightings, at least in some areas, although there remains debate whether this is due to increased sightings effort, or increasing population size. Furthermore, average shark sizes reported in public sightings schemes in the United Kingdom are increasing, which may indicate a recovering population. There were no known target fisheries in the Mediterranean Sea, where records of this species appear far less common than in Atlantic waters, but incidental catches continue despite prohibition, although release rates are increasing. There are very few trend data in the Mediterranean Sea, with sightings showing variation between areas and years. Compared to trends for other large sharks, sightings have been increasing in the Adriatic Sea since a historic baseline in the mid 19th century. Following the closure of former Northeast Atlantic target fisheries and broad prohibitions on landing and using bycatch, as well as research cruise encounter rates compared with historical target fisheries catch rates, it is suspected that Basking Shark has declined by greater than 50% over the past three generation spans (> 100 years), classifying the species as Endangered under Criterion A2abd.",Stable,"This shark species occurs in temperate and boreal oceans. In the Northeast Atlantic, it is found from the transition between Atlantic and Arctic waters, including south and west of Iceland and off the North Cape of Norway and the Russian White Sea (southern Barents Sea) to the Mediterranean Sea, and occasionally as far south as Senegal (Konstantinov and Nizovtsev 1980, Compagno 1984). Most records occur between 8°–17° Celsius (C) in the United Kingdom, but this species has been recorded in water temperatures up to 24°C in the Mediterranean Sea. Trans-equatorial migrations, trans-Atlantic migrations and migrations into tropical areas and mesopelagic depths have been reported in the North Atlantic, including southward movements to areas off North Africa (Madeira) for overwintering (Sims et al. 2003, Gore et al. 2008, Witt et al. 2013). While most sightings and incidental catch records are from surface waters during spring and summer, some records suggest that during the winter these sharks occur mainly in deep shelf waters (Sims et al. 2003). Surface sightings in western Scotland, Isle of Man and southwest England occur in the spring and summer (Southall et al. 2005, Witt et al. 2012). In the Mediterranean Sea, surface sightings occur in late winter and early spring, in such areas as the Balearic Islands, off the north and east coasts of Sardinia (de Sabata et al. 2013), and the Ionian coast of Italy (Sperone et al. 2012, de Sabata et al. 2014). Most reported captures are from the western and central regions of the Mediterranean Sea (Mancusi et al. 2005), particularly off the Maghreb coast (Capapé et al. 2005), Sardinia (de Sabata et al. 2013), on the Ionian coast of Italy (de Sabata et al. 2014) and in the Adriatic Sea (Lipej et al. 2000, Soldo et al. 2008). This species is less frequently captured in the eastern Mediterranean Sea from the Turkish coast (Kabasakal 2002, Kabasakal and Kabasakal 2004, Golani et al. 2006) to Levant Basin (Golani 2005). One or two incidental catches have been reported annually from both Lebanon and Syria (Ali et al. 2012).","Northeast Atlantic fisheries that targeted this species in Norway, Ireland, and Scotland suggest that annual caught numbers declined by 90% in some areas over approximately half a generation. These declines occurred in known feeding and breeding aggregation sites, resulting in long-term reductions in catches by the removal of large numbers of mature individuals. Sims and Reid (2002) estimate that between 1946 and 1986, the three main Northeast Atlantic fisheries for this species in Norway, Scotland and Ireland took an average of 77,204 individuals per year. In more recent years, from 1989–1997, Norway landed an average of ~ 3,565 individuals per year. Some evidence exists for unpredictable cycles in coastal areas, with certain years reported large influxes of sharks to some United Kingdom areas, while in other years the numbers recorded are low (Fairfax 1998, Kunzlik 1988, Speedie 1998, Southall et al. 2005). The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Working Group on Elasmobranch Fishes considers the Northeast Atlantic as a single management unit (ICES 2012).Targeted fisheries for this species along the west coast of Ireland and in Norwegian waters reported catch decline of > 50%. Along the Irish west coast, the Century Sunfish Bank and Century Achill Island fishery targeted this species for oil during the late 18th and early 19th century (Parker and Stott 1965). Between 1770 and 1830 at least 1,000 sharks seem likely to have been taken each year at the height of the fishery, despite the fishing season only lasting a few weeks. Catches began to dwindle in the early 1830s, and the fishery collapsed in the second half of the 19th century. This scarcity of sharks lasted for several decades until the 1950s, when the fisheries re-opened. From 1951–1955 an average of 1,475 sharks were taken annually, but a significant decline in catch records occurred from 1956 onwards. Average annual catches were 489 from 1956–1960, 107 from 1961–65, and then about 50–60 in the remaining years of the fishery until it closed in the early 1970s (Kunzlik 1988, Sims and Reid 2002). The Achill Island fishery in particular caused a local reduction in catch > 80% in less than ten years, which has still not recovered 40 years later, indicating a fishery collapse. These declines occurred despite an increase in fishing effort in the early 1970s. A total of 12,360 fish had been taken in 29 years in this region, with 10,676 of these caught from 1949–58. Parker and Stott (1965) and Horsman (1987) attributed the decline and collapse of this fishery to overfishing. Also in the Northeast Atlantic, a Norwegian fleet targeted this species from the Barents Sea to the Kattegat, across the North Sea to the south and west of Ireland, west coast of Scotland, Iceland and Faeroe (Pawson and Vince 1998). Catches were at their highest (> 1,000 to > 4,000 individuals) between 1959 and 1980 (ICES 1995). Landings data shows a persistent decline from the early 1970s to the early 1990s, despite an increased demand for shark oil and an expansion of the fishery. Nominal value of fins also increased dramatically between 1979 and 1992, but decreased after 2005. Since the closure of this directed fishery in 2006–2007, yearly landings have been < 40 tonnes in Norway. This species is found as bycatch in demersal trawls, and is entangled in nets and lines despite closures and legal protection measures. Bycatch mostly occurs during the summer months when basking sharks are inshore. In the Celtic Sea, Berrow (1994) estimated 77–120 sharks were caught annually in the gillnet fishery, while 28 entanglement reports were recorded around the Irish coast in 1993 (Berrow and Heardman 1994). In the Isle of Man, bycatch in herring fisheries and entanglement in fish pot ropes amounts to 14–20 sharks annually. Near the Scottish coast, this species is sometimes brought up from deepwater trawls in winter (Fairfax 1998), and in Spain 12 individuals were caught in fixed entanglement nets from 1988–1998 (Valeiras et al. 2001). Annual reported landings have been < 40 tonnes in Norway, and between 0.3–2.0 tonnes in Portugal and France. Similar to landings, incidental capture data have also decreased markedly. Since 2006, Scotland and Norway have reported fewer than ten individuals annually in incidental catches. A French fleet operating in the Irish Sea, Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea reported incidental captures of only 15 sharks. There has been a reported increase in the proportion of medium-sized sharks and decrease in small sharks between 1988 and 2008 in the United Kingdom (Witt et al. 2012). This may suggest population recovery following systematic harvesting in the 20th century, but when current research survey encounter rates are compared with historical target fishery catch rates, the population is estimated to be well below 30% of historical abundance. Given that directed fisheries for this species have ceased, and current bycatch levels are likely not significant enough to prevent recovery, this population is suspected to be stable, possibly increasing, in European waters.Population trends from the Mediterranean Sea are unknown, in part due to relatively low levels of sightings and few observations of aggregations. A breeding population is also believed to be present in the Mediterranean Sea, with juveniles and young of the year reported from Corsica and Italy, synchronous spring/summer surface sightings throughout the Mediterranean, and sporadic records at other times of the year. It is suspected that, in European waters, Basking Shark has declined by greater than 50% over the past three generation time span (>100 years).","This shark is named from its habit of ""basking"" on the surface in good weather conditions, usually alone or in small groups, although it also carries out extensive vertical migrations between the surface and deep water on the continental shelf and shelf edge (Sims et al. 2003). Different satellite tagging studies conducted in the Northeast Atlantic confirm the presence of basking shark on the continental shelf of Europe all through the year, undertaking active vertical daily movements (Shepard et al. 2006; Sims and Quayle 1998; Sims et al. 2003, 2005). Seasonal migrations have been reported in the Northeast Atlantic, are often associated with high levels of chlorophyll and surface aggregations of zooplankton (Kunzlik 1988). Northern movements towards western Scotland begin in spring to early summer from Biscay, the English Channel and the Celtic Sea. Southward movements have been recorded in autumn and winter periods (Sims et al. 2003, Priede and Miller 2009, Berrow and Johnson 2010). Some long distance migrations have been recorded: a 3,000 km seasonal movement from the Inner Hebrides (West Scotland) to the West African coast near the Canary Islands in 135 days in November (Witt et al. 2013) and one trans-Atlantic migration from the Isle of Man to west Newfoundland, a 9,895 km horizontal distance with a maximum depth record of 1,264 m (Gore et al. 2008).Assuming that this species shares the reproductive strategy of other lamnoid sharks, this species is live bearing with embryonic ovophagy (Kunzlik 1988) where a single functional ovary contains a very large number of small eggs. Pairing takes place in early summer following courtship and breeding (Matthews 1950, Sims et al. 2000) and pregnant females probably migrate to deep water. Gestation period is estimated to range from 12–36 months (Parker and Stott 1965; Pauly 1978, 2002; Compagno 1984), and it is likely that a two year resting interval occurs between litters (Parker and Stott 1965; Pauly 1978, 2002; Compagno 1984). Based on observations from a single specimen size at birth was reported to be between 1.5 and 2 m TL (total length; Sund 1943), with the smallest recorded free swimming individuals ranging from 1.7–1.8 m TL (Parker and Stott 1965, Sims et al. 1997). Size at maturity is between 5–7 m TL at an estimated age of 12–16 years, and between 8.1–9.8 m TL at an estimated age of 16–20 years, in males and females respectively (Pauly 1978, Compagno 1984). Theoretical maximum length is estimated at 12.76 m TL (Parker and Stott 1965) and 13.72 m TL (Holden 1974), with an estimated longevity of 40–50 years (Garcia et al. 2008). The generation length of this species is estimated in 34 years.","The most recent estimates of population resilience or productivity are among the lowest calculated for a commercially fished marine species (Smith et al. 1998). Estimates of natural and fishing mortality strongly suggest this species is unable to withstand targeted exploitation, and confirm that stock depletion is likely to be the major factor affecting fisheries yields (Pauly 1978, 2002). The species has been exploited for several centuries to supply liver oil for lighting and industrial use, skin for leather and flesh for food or fishmeal. Modern fisheries yielded liver oil, fins, meat and cartilage (Rose 1996). The large fins of this shark fetch extremely high prices in international trade to East Asia (Fleming and Papageorgiou 1996, Fairfax 1998). Targeted fisheries have all ceased in Norwegian and European waters and are prohibited throughout the Mediterranean Sea by the General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean, and in the NEAFC Convention Area. These sharks are still taken as bycatch, and may be landed and sold illegally when there is a market for the products and prohibitions on landings are not enforced. However, some areas of the Mediterranean Sea are reporting increased live releases of incidental catches, due to greater public awareness.The Norwegian quota for this species in European Community waters was 800 tonnes (liver weight) in 1982 and was reduced to 400 tonnes (approximately 800–1,000 sharks) in 1985. In the early 1990s landings rose when the fishery was being sustained by high fin prices (ICES 1995), but landings subsequently declined to very low levels, despite steeply increasing fin values. In 2001, the Norwegian quota was reduced to zero tonnes. In 2006 ICES issued a ban on targeted fishing this species in all European Union (EU) and non-EU waters. A Total Allowable Catch covering all areas of the Northeast Atlantic was set to zero in 2007. Because Norway prohibits discards, bycatch is landed, but market value is not paid and fishermen will avoid catching this species wherever possible.","Several national, regional and international biodiversity conservation and fisheries management measures protect the Basking Shark throughout the territorial waters of European Union Member States (since 2007), in Norwegian waters (since 2006), in the United Kingdom (since 1998) and on the high seas of the Northeast Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea (2012). In 2003, the European Commission (EC) prohibited EC vessels and non-EC vessels in EC water from removing shark fins and subsequent discarding of the body, and landed sharks needed to have a fin-to-carcass ratio of 5% of the shark’s whole (theoretical) weight. Member States could issue Special Fishing Permits allowing the removal of shark fins on board, which lead to difficulties enforcing the fin-to-carcass ratio and potentially allowed finning to go undetected. In 2013, the EU banned the removal of shark fins on board vessels (CEC 2013), in line with advice from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature’s Shark Specialist Group and other shark fishery experts, in order to enhance enforcement of the 2003 EU ban on shark finning (CEC 2003) and facilitate improved shark fishery data collection.On the high seas, this species is protected under the North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC) Recommendation 4: 2012 under which Contracting Parties have agreed that no directed fishery for basking shark shall be undertaken in the Convention Area from 2012 to 2014. It is also protected under GFCM Recommendation GFCM/36/2012/1, which implements the listing in Annex II of the Protocol concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean of the Barcelona Convention from 2012. This listing requires that all individuals caught in the Mediterranean Sea to be released unharmed and alive to the extent possible, therefore catches cannot be retained on board, transshipped, landed, transferred, stored, sold, displayed or offered for sale. Since 2007, the EU has followed ICES advice by prohibiting fishing for, retaining on board, transshipping or landing basking sharks by any vessel in EU waters or EU vessels fishing anywhere (Council regulation (EC) No 41/2006). Norway also adopted this advice in 2006.This species is listed on numerous international agreements, including Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). This requires international trade to be monitored and sourced only from sustainably managed fisheries. This species is also listed on Appendices I and II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS) and the CMS Migratory Sharks Memorandum of Understanding (MoU). The CMS Appendix I listing requires Parties to protect the Basking Shark within their territorial waters, while the CMS Appendix II listing and the MoU require Parties and Signatories to undertake collaborative actions for its conservation and management. Nonetheless, there are still reports every year of illegal landings and sale of this species in EU small-scale fisheries. The OSPAR Convention on the protection of the marine environment of the Northeast Atlantic includes this species on the OSPAR list of threatened and/or declining species. Lastly, the Mediterranean Sea population only is listed on Appendix I of the Bern Convention for the Conservation of European Wildlife and Habitats.National measures have also been put into place in multiple countries within the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. In waters surrounding the Isle of Man and Guernsey (United Kingdom dependent territories), and in British waters, this species has been strictly protected since 1998 within 12 nautical miles of the coastline, prohibiting killing, taking, disturbance, possession and sale. In 2006, all directed fisheries and landings were banned in the Norwegian Economical Zone and in ICES Areas I–XIV. Sweden has prohibited catches since 2004.The ICES Working Group on Elasmobranch Fishes considers that no directed fishery should be permitted unless a reliable estimate of a sustainable exploitation rate is available. Proper quantification of bycatch and discarding both in weight and numbers of this species in the entire ICES area is required. Where national legislation prohibits landing of incidentally caught basking sharks, measures should be put in place to ensure that incidental catches are recorded in weight and numbers, and carcasses or biological material made available for research.Further research is needed on the population size and trend of the species.","This shark has been exploited for several centuries to supply liver oil for lighting and industrial use, skin for leather and flesh for food or fishmeal. Modern fisheries yielded liver oil, fins, meat and cartilage (Rose 1996). The large fins of this shark fetch extremely high prices in international trade to East Asia (Fleming and Papageorgiou 1996, Fairfax 1998).","Simpfendorfer, C.","Sims, D., Fowler, S.L., Clò, S., Jung, A., Soldo, A. & Bariche, M.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CETOMIMIFORMES,CETOMIMIDAE,Cetostoma,regani,,Cetostoma regani,"Zugmayer, 1914",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Cetostoma regani is a widespread species, which within Europe is known only from the waters of mainland Portugal, Madeira, the Azores, and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"This species can be found circumglobally (50°N to 40°S apart from the South Pacific Ocean, where it is found to 15ºS; Moore in press). Within Europe, it is known from the waters of mainland Portugal, madeira, the Azores, and the Canaries (Carneiro et al. 2014, Bordes Caballero et al. 2009). Cetostoma regani has been found between 0 and 3,700 metres deep. The shallower depths were found at night, often with smaller specimens.","Globally, there have been 150 females found and 7 males (Moore in press).","The largest female was 25 cm standard length but is most commonly found to be 19 cm long. The smallest found was 4 cm long. Males were found to range between 3.4 and 4.1 cm (Moore in press). Females from species from the cetomimdae have been found to eat crustaceans, while males do not eat after transformation (Moore in press).",There are no species specific threats.,There are no species specific conservation efforts.,This is not a commercially important species.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Harold, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,ONEIRODIDAE,Chaenophryne,draco,,Chaenophryne draco,"Beebe, 1932",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Chaenophryne draco is a widespread species, which within Europe is known from the waters of mainland Portugal, Madeira, and the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"Chaenophryne draco has a worldwide distribution and has been recorded at depths ranging from 350 to 1750 m (Mundy 2005). Within Europe, it is known from the waters of mainland Portugal, Madeira, and the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014, Santos et al. 1997).","There is little species-specific population information available for C. draco. This species is abundant in museum collections, where it is represented by 170 lots (FishNet2 database searched June 2014).","Chaenophryne draco is a meso- and bathypelagic species, and is known from only female specimens with the largest known female is 12.3 cm SL (Pietsch in press 2014).",There are no known species-specific threats to C. draco.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for C. draco.,"There is no use and trade information available for C. draco, although it is unlikely to be utilized.","Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Knudsen, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,ONEIRODIDAE,Chaenophryne,longiceps,,Chaenophryne longiceps,"Regan, 1925",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Chaenophryne longiceps is a circumglobal, tropical species. Due to the deep-water nature of this species it is unlikely that it is being impacted by any major human-induced or climatic threats. While this species is occasionally taken as by-catch, this threat is not known throughout this species wide range and is unlikely to be harvesting significant numbers. There are no known uses or threats to C. longiceps. No species specific conservation measure are currently in place, but there are numerous marine protected areas throughout it range. It has, therefore, been assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Chaenophryne longiceps is found in the tropical to temperate parts of all oceans. The most southerly specimen recorded was found off the coast of New Zealand (Stewart and Pietsch 1998). Chaenophryne longiceps is found in the Atlantic Ocean, from the Caribbean to West Greenland and as far north as 70o N. Chaenophryne longiceps has never been found farther south than the equator in the Atlantic Ocean (Pietsch 2009). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, Chaenophryne longiceps can be found off the northern coast of Iceland, and south throughout temperate and tropical waters to 1oN (Pietsch 2009). It has been found at depths ranging from 500 to 950 m, but may inhabit deeper waters as well (Pietsch 2009).","Population data for Chaenophryne longiceps are very limited for European waters, including the Mediterranean and Black Seas. It appears to be relatively uncommon. During the period 1973 to 1999, only 32 individuals were reported by commercial fishermen to Iceland's Marine Research Institute (Jónsson and Pálsson 1999). There are only 147 museum collections of Chaenophyrne longiceps with a maximum count of 13 individuals in a single lot (Accessed through Fishnet 2 Portal 2013 June).","The Can-opener Smoothdream is a bathypelagic and meso-pelagic species (Bertelsen 1990). While the males are dwarfed, they are not parasitic. Chaenophryne longiceps feeds on fishes, cephalopods and crustaceans (Coad and Reist 2004). Males of the family Oneirodidae are fee-living and not sexually parasitic. Specimens of the genus Chaenophryne have thick leathery skin. Metamorphosed females range in size from 10 to 245 mm; metamorphosed males range in size from 12 to 12.5 mm. Larvae range in size from 3.2 to 19 mm. Female C. longiceps have been captured in water 500 m and deeper. The majority of specimens captured (90%) have been caught in waters below 850 m. The largest specimens have been captured in waters 950 m. This species maximum depth is currently unknown (Pietsch 2009). The ecology, including the spawning periodicity, fecundity, stages of maturation and early life history traits need further research.","The Can-opener Smoothdream has been taken as by-catch in deep water trawls however due to the depth range this species occupies, this is not thought to be a major threat at present . There are no other known threats that exist towards C. longiceps.","There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place, for the Can-opener Smoothdream. Some parts of its range overlap with marine protected areas (World Database on Protected Areas 2010).&#160;Further research into all aspects of the biology and ecology of this species is suggested.",There are no known uses of Chaenophryne longiceps.,"Strongin, K.","Costa, M., Rijnsdorp, A.D. & Munroe, T.","Collen, B. & Richman, N.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,ONEIRODIDAE,Chaenophryne,ramifera,,Chaenophryne ramifera,"Regan & Trewavas, 1932",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Chaenophryne ramifera is a widespread species, which within Europe is known only from the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"Chaenophryne ramifera is widely distributed in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans (Pietsch 2009). Within Europe it is only known from the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014). Depth range values are not clear, but most of the specimens were caught with gear fishing deeper than 550 m with a total range of 200-1,000+ m (Pietsch 2009).",Chaenophryne ramifera is known from at least 23 female specimens in the eastern central Atlantic (Pietsch 2009).,"Females of Chaenophryne ramifera have a maximum length of 8.7 cm SL and males are unknown (Pietsch 2009).  Oneirodids are solitary, meso- and bathypelagic anglerfishes. Females passively attract prey with a luring device. Males actively seek mates with their highly developed sense organs and temporarily attach themselves to the female (not parasitic) (Pietsch in prep FAO ECA guide).",There are no known major threats to Chaenophryne ramifera.,There are no known conservation measures for Chaenophryne ramifera.,Chaenophryne ramifera is not utilized. Oneirodids are not utilized (FAO ECA guide in prep TW Pietsch).,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Chauliodus,danae,,Chauliodus danae,"Regan & Trewavas, 1929",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Chauliodus danae is a circumgobally distributed species that inhabits deep, oceanic waters. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs from about 60–40°N and is common in the main part of its range. However, there are no trawl survey (bottom or pelagic) records for this species in the assessment zone. It is not utilized in the region and there are no known threats. Although data for this species are limited, given its broad distributional range and deep water habitat, it is listed as Least Concern. More research is needed regarding its current population sizes and trends, habitats, ecology, life history, use/trade, and threats.",Unknown,"Chauliodus danae is a circumgobally distributed species (Sutton and Hopkins 1996) that inhabits tropical to temperate waters (Harold in press). In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs from south of the British Isles to the Canary Islands (Badcock 1970) and the Azores (Santos et al. 1997). There are scattered records north to 60oN. This species occurs to over 1,000 m depth and is most abundant from 20–40°N (Gibbs 1984). Outside the region, this species has been recorded to 3,500 m depth (Moore et al. 2003).","Chauliodus danae is taken frequently in some areas of its distribution (Moore et al. 2003) and is common in its main range (Gibbs 1984); however, there are no records of this species from trawl surveys in the region (S. Kobyliansky and J. Gil Herrerra pers. comm. 2013)","Chauliodus danae is a meso- to bathypelagic species, found in tropical to temperate waters (Harold 2002, in press). Chauliodus danae occurs to over 1,000 m in the region (Gibbs 1984) and has been recorded between 500–3,500 m during the day and 0-500 m at night outside the Northeastern Atlantic (Moore et al. 2003). This species may migrate to near-surface waters at night and feeds on other fishes and crustaceans. Chauliodus danae is an oviparous species that spawns year round, peaking in spring (Gibbs 1984).",There are currently no known species-specific threats to Chauliodus danae.,"There are currently no species-specific conservation measures in place for Chauliodus danae. More research is needed regarding its current population sizes and trends, habitats, ecology, life history, use/trade, and threats.",Chauliodus danae is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Kobyliansky, S. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Chauliodus,sloani,,Chauliodus sloani,"Bloch & Schneider, 1801",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Chauliodus sloani is a bathypelagic fish which occurs circumglobally in tropical and subtropical waters. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs from 55°N with records as far north as Iceland, including the Mediterranean and the Azores. This species is very common and abundant. There are no major threats to this species. It is listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Chauliodus sloani is a circumglobal species that occurs in warm and temperate waters. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs to about 55°N with records as far north as Iceland, including the Mediterranean and all of the Hellenic Seas (Gibbs 1984, Papaconstantinou 1988) and the Azores (Santos et al. 1997). This species occurs to over 1,000 m and has been recorded outside the region from 200–4,700 m in the South China Sea (Yang et al. 1996). In the Ionian Sea, the species occurs at depths of 473–1,192 m (Mytilineou et al. 2005).",Chauliodus sloani is very common and abundant (C. Kobyliansky and J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2013).,"Chauliodus sloani occupies deep oceanic waters but may migrate nearer to surface waters at night and mostly feeds on mid water crustaceans and fish (Gibbs 1984). This species feeds mainly on myctophids and is oviparous (Scott and Scott 1988). The diet of Chauliodus sloani consists primarily of fishes (Appelbaum 1982). Species in the genus Chauliodus are believed to eat approximately once every 12 days (Butler et al. 2001). It is a prey item of the commercially important Orange Roughy (Williams et al. 2001). While this species inhabits a large range of water types, it does not seem to tolerate areas with low oxygen concentration (Gibbs and Hurwitz 1967). The maximum recorded size for this species is 15.1 SL from Greek waters (Papaconstantinou and Tortonese 1980), 22 cm TL from the Gulf of Cadiz (ARSA surveys) (J. Gil Herrera pers comm. 2013) and 21 cm TL from the Alboran Sea (MEDITS survey) (L. Gil de Sola pers. comm. 2013).","In the Balaeric Islands in the western Mediterranean, C. sloani is caught as bycatch and discarded from deep sea crustacean fisheries (Moranta et al. 2000). However, this is not currently a major threat.","There are no species-specific conservation efforts in place for this species. Chauliodus sloani was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011). Chauliodus sloani was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).",Chauliodus sloani is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Kobyliansky, S. & Herrera, J.","de Sola, L.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,CHAUNACIDAE,Chaunax,pictus,,Chaunax pictus,"Lowe, 1846",This species may be a misidentification of C. suttkus.,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Chaunax pictus is found in the eastern Atlantic form southwestern France, southern Spain and Portugal (Bay of Biscay), Northwest Iberian Peninsula, Azores, Madeira, and western Sahara to Senegal. Chaunax pictus has a maximum size of 40 cm, and has been described as bathydemersal off of West Africa. Chaunax pictus is a predator species that inhabits the transitional deep-sea coral reef habitat off of Angola.There is limited population data for C. pictus, but in the northeastern Atlantic and adjacent regional waters, C. pictus seems to be relatively uncommon. There are no commercial uses or threats to C. pictus. But, this species is commonly discarded as bycatch in the crustacean trawl fishery off southern Portugal and occurs in the same fishery off South Africa, but no population declines have been reported due to bycatch incidences. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Chaunax pictus is widely distributed in the North Atlantic and South Pacific oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, C. pictus is known from offshore of the British Isles to Madeira and the Canary Islands (Diaz et al. 1997), including the Azores (Azevedo and Heemstra 1995). In the Mediterranean Sea, C. pictus has been identified from two locations: the Tyrrhenian Sea and Gulf of Lion (Ragonese and Guisto 1997, Muammer 2010). It is associated with depths of between 200 and 1,000 m (Duhamel 1997).","There are limited population data for Chaunax pictus. There are only 284 museum collections containing C. pictus. A maximum of 37 individuals may be found in a single lot (Accessed through Fishnet 2 Portal 2013 June).  Trawl data from an experiment carried out at the Great Meteor Seamount show that C. pictus is relatively uncommon (Fock et al. 2002), having a CPUE of 0.064. One individual of this species of 18.3 cm (TL) (170 g) was collected on deep-sea red shrimp grounds near the Sentinelle Bank (central Mediterranean Sea) (Ragonese and Giusto 1997).","Chaunax pictus has a maximum size of 40 cm total length (TL) (more commonly from 15 to 18 cm) (Smith 1986). Chaunacids are benthic anglerfishes that occur over hard to soft substrates on the continental slope at depths ranging from 275 to 625 m (Caruso in press). Vakily et al. (2002) describes C. pictus as bathydemersal with a maximum size of 40 cm TL off of West Africa. Chaunax pictus is a predator species that inhabits the transitional deep-sea coral reef habitat off of Angola (Le Guilloux et al. 2009). In a study in the Arabian Sea, Chaunax pictus exclusively fed on shrimps (Karuppasamy et al. 2008). Virtually no information is available concerning the stages of maturation, fecundity, spawning periodicity or early life history traits is available for C. pictus.","Chaunax pictus is found over hard coral and substrate, which can be a vulnerable habitat to trawl damage. There was no observation of trawl damage in a study on deep-sea coral habitat off Angola where Chaunax pictus was observed; however, further research should be conducted before allowing a deep-sea trawl fishery to begin (Le Guilloux et al. 2009). There are no known major threats. Chaunax pictus may be caught in trawls off of Namibia (Bianchi et al. 1999). This species is commonly discarded as bycatch in the crustacean trawl fishery off of South Africa (Fennessy and Groeneveld 1997) and occurs in the same fishery off of southern Portugal (Monteiro et al. 2001). Bycatch individuals are routinely discarded, as there is not a great commercial interest in Chaunax pictus.","There are no known conservation measures for Chaunax pictus; marine protected areas are located in many areas of its distribution. Research into all aspects of this species' ecology and biology is suggested.  This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Chaunax pictus may be caught in trawls off of Namibia (Bianchi et al. 1999). This species is commonly discarded as bycatch in the crustacean trawl fishery off of South Africa (Fennessy and Groeneveld 1997) and occurs in the same fishery off of southern Portugal (Monteiro et al. 2001). Bycatch individuals are routinely discarded, as there is not a great commercial interest in Chaunax pictus.","Harwell, H.","Rijnsdorp, A.D., Costa, M. & Munroe, T.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,CHAUNACIDAE,Chaunax,suttkusi,,Chaunax suttkusi,"Caruso, 1989",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment (LC): Chaunax suttkusi is found in the eastern Atlantic, from Ireland south to Angola, including the Azores and in the western Atlantic from South Carolina south to the Rio Grande Plateau. This species also occurs in the Mediterranean Sea. It is considered common and widespread on continental slopes of the tropical and warm temperate Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean Sea. It is suspected that the range of this species is extending northward due to effects of sea temperature change.  Chaunax suttkusi has a maximum size of 30 cm (commonly 15 to 18 cm). Chaunacids are benthic Anglerfishes that occur over hard to soft substrates on the continental slope. In a study off the southeastern United States, C. suttkusi was found on soft bottoms. There are no known uses or threats to C. suttkusi and no species-specific conservation measures are currently in place. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Chaunax suttkusi is restricted to the Atlantic Ocean, where it is distributed along both coasts. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, C. suttkusi is known from Ireland south to Madeira and the Canary Islands, including the Azores (Caruso in press), and down to Angola (Caruso 1989). Recently, single individuals have been caught in Icelandic waters; it is suspected that the range of C. suttkusi is extending northward due to effects of sea temperature change (Valdimarsson et al. 2012). Chaunax suttkusi can be found at depths ranging from 220 to 1,060 m (Caruso 1989). ","There are limited data concerning the population structure and dynamics of this species. Chaunax suttkusi is considered common and widespread on the continental slopes of the tropical and warm temperate Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean Sea (Caruso et al. 2007).  In a deep sea trawl survey off of Caribbean Colombia, Chaunax suttkusi was observed frequently (in 68% of tows) (Paramo et al. 2012).","Chaunax suttkusi has a maximum size of 30 cm standard length (SL) (commonly 15 to 18 cm). Chaunacids are benthic anglerfishes that occur over hard to soft substrates on the continental slope (Caruso in press). Chaunax suttkusi was found on soft bottoms in a study off the southeastern United States (Caruso et al. 2007). This species can be found at depths ranging from 220 to 1,060 m (Caruso 1989). Very little information is known about the diet and reproductive/spawning processes, fecundity, ecology or early life history traits for this species.",There are no known major threats to Chaunax suttkusi.,"There are no known conservation measures in place for Chaunax suttkusi. There are several marine protected areas encompassed within its range. Research into the taxonomy, population size and trends, and the early life history of this species is suggested.",Chaunax suttkusi is not utilized in a commercial capacity.,"Harwell, H.","Rijnsdorp, A.D., Costa, M. & Munroe, T.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,BELONIFORMES,EXOCOETIDAE,Cheilopogon,cyanopterus,,Cheilopogon cyanopterus,"(Valenciennes, 1847)","Gibbs and Staiger (1970) found some minor difference between the western and eastern Atlantic populations of C. cyanopterus (considered at that time as disjunct) in two meristic characters, visible number of vertebrae and number of predorsal scales. Atlantic and Indo-West Pacific populations of C. cyanopterus have been never compared.This species has been historically known as Cypselurus cyanopterus.",No,,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: NA Cheilopogon cyanopterus is widely distributed in tropical, oceanic waters. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it is known only from the coast of Portugal and the Canary Islands. Only a minor portion of this species' range is within the assessment area. Therefore, C. cyanopterus is assessed as Not Applicable.",Unknown,"Cheilopogon cyanopterus is widely distributed in tropical, oceanic waters (Parin 1999). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it is known from the coast of Portugal (Carneiro et al. 2014) and the Canary Islands. It is typically found from zero to 20 m depth.",There is little population information available for this species. ,"This is a predominantly neritic species, found to a depth of about 20 m. This species does not school to the extent that Hirundichthys affinis does (H. Oxenford pers. comm. 2013). It feeds on zooplankton and small fishes, and is eaten  by a wide variety of fishes, including the Rainbow Runner, Elagatis bipinnulata (Vaske et al. 2006). This species matures at about 27 cm standard length and the maximum length is about 33 cm (Parin FAO ECA Guide in prep). Spawning occurs in schools o several hundred individuals (Bane 1965). The largest ovarian eggs taken from not fully ripe female did not exceed 1.2 mm in diameter (Gibbs and Staiger 1970). Eggs have very long filaments about 4.5 mm in length covering their entire surface (Parin and Gorbunova 1964).",There are no major threats known for this species.,There are no species-specific conservation efforts in place for Cheilopogon cyanopterus.,This species is generally not fished.,"Ralph, G. & Harwell, H.","Collette, B.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,BELONIFORMES,EXOCOETIDAE,Cheilopogon,exsiliens,,Cheilopogon exsiliens,"(Linnaeus, 1771)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Cheilopogon exsiliens is a widespread oceanic species. It may be common in parts of the Mediterranean. This species is not of importance to fisheries and there are no known major threats. Therefore, Cheilopogon exsiliens is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Cheilopogon exsiliens is a widely distributed oceanic species, found warm waters of the Atlantic Ocean but never entering inlets or bays. It has been recorded from the coast of Portugal, the Azores, and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014). This species is commonly reported along the Mediterranean coasts, but these records require verification (Parin 1986). Most eastern Atlantic records have been reported from around the Cape Verde islands; the most southern record is 25o50' S, 26o45' W (Parin and Belyanina 1996).",Little population data are available for C. exsiliens.,"Cheilopogon exsiliens is an oceanic species and may enter clear, coastal waters. It has been reported in warm waters from 23—25oC and in depths from 0—30 m (Avrova 1984). This species feeds on zooplankton and has pelagic eggs. Cheilopogon exsiliens matures at 18.5-20 cm SL; the maximum size recorded is 23.8 cm SL in the north-western Atlantic but 27.3 cm SL elsewhere (Parin in press). The largest ovarian eggs reported were 1.6 mm in diameter found in a specimen of 201 mm SL. Eggs have short filaments over the entire surface.",There are no known threats to Cheilopogon exsiliens.,"There are no species-specific conservation efforts in place for Cheilopogon exsiliens.  This species was assessed as Data Deficient in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Cheilopogon exsiliens is of no importance to fisheries.,"Ralph, G. & Harwell, H.","Collette, B.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,BELONIFORMES,EXOCOETIDAE,Cheilopogon,furcatus,,Cheilopogon furcatus,"(Mitchill, 1815)",Parin and Belyanina (1998) separated the subspecies Cheilopogon furcatus furcatus from two new subspecies in the Indian and Pacific oceans.,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Cheilopogon furcatus is circumglobally distributed in tropical oceanic waters. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species is known only from the Azores and Madeira, though it has recently been reported from the Mediterranean. It is not utilized and there are no known threats. Therefore, it is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Cheilopogon furcatus is widely distributed in all tropical oceanic waters. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it has been reported from the Azores and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014). It was recorded for the first time in the Mediterranean Sea, near Zarzis, in the Gulf of Gabès, southern Tunisia, which may be due to migration from the eastern Atlantic through the Strait of Gibraltar (Ben Souissi et al. 2005). Eastern and southern boundaries for the species need to be clarified (Parin and Belyanina 1998).","There is little population information for this offshore species, but it appears to be rare in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean (Parin FAO ECA Guide in prep).","This is a true oceanic species not connected with inshore waters during any period of life. It feeds on zooplankton (Parin FAO ECA Guide in prep) and small fishes (Parin 1999). The maximum size for Cheilopogon furcatus is 27 cm standard length in the western Atlantic, up to 29 cm standard length in other oceans (Parin and Gibbs 1990, Parin and Belyanina 1998). The smallest recorded ripe male was 19.3 cm standard length (Bruun 1935). Eggs are demersal, laid on drifting algae or other floating objects, 1.5-1.7mm in diameter, with two bunches of filaments on opposite poles, one consisting of 10-12 tiny threads, the other with 18-20 long filaments, about twice the egg diameter in length (Cotten and Comyns 2005). Breeding occurs throughout the year in tropical waters; embryonic development is 5-7 days (Gorbunova and Parin 1963).",There are no known threats. It is not of importance to fisheries.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place.,It is of no importance to fisheries.,"Ralph, G. & Harwell, H.","Collette, B.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,BELONIFORMES,EXOCOETIDAE,Cheilopogon,heterurus,,Cheilopogon heterurus,"(Rafinesque, 1810)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Cheilopogon heterurus is widely distributed in subtropical waters. In the northeastern Atlantic, C. heterurus is known from the coast of Portugal to Madeira, including the western Mediterranean. There are no population data available for this species. It is not currently targeted in the region, though it is occasionally caught in the Mediterranean Sea. This is not thought to be a major threat at this time, and there are no other known threats. Therefore, Cheilopogon heterurus is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Cheilopogon heterurus is found in subtropical, nearshore waters (Parin 1986). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it inhabits the western Mediterranean Sea (Quignard and Tomasini 2000, Moravec and Garibaldi 2003), and has been recorded from the coast of Portugal and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014), as well as off the Azores (Parin and Belyanina 2000). Individual stragglers are known from as far north as Denmark and southern Norway (Bruun 1935, Nielsen 1963). It is found at depths of 0 to 20 m. ",There is no population information available for this species.,"This is an epipelagic, neritic species, very rarely found offshore (Parin in press).  Cheilopogon heterurus matures by about 28-30 cm standard length and the maximum size recorded is 35 cm standard length (about 45 cm total length). This species feeds on zooplankton (Parin in press). This species is host to a parasite of trichinelloid Huffmanela schouteni (Moravec and Garibaldi 2003). It spawns in inshore waters, during the summer months (May to August) in the southwestern Mediterranean Sea (Bruun 1935).  Eggs are demersal, laid on aquatic vegetation, with thin filaments (1.3—1.4 mm) over the entire surface area (Parin 1986).  ","Cheilopogon heterurus is not commercially exploited (Maigret and Ly 1986), though it is sometimes caught incidentally in the Mediterranean. As an epipelagic species, any surface pollution event is likely to affect it first.","There is no information available on specific conservation measures for this species. It may be present in marine protected areas that occur within its distribution. Cheilopogon heterurus was assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","This flying fish is not commercially exploited (Maigret and Ly 1986). Sometimes this fish is caught in the Mediterranean Sea, but it is not targeted by any fisheries in the region.","Ralph, G. & Harwell, H.","Collette, B.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,BELONIFORMES,EXOCOETIDAE,Cheilopogon,pinnatibarbatus,,Cheilopogon pinnatibarbatus,"(Bennett, 1831)","This species has been divided into several subspecies (Shakhovskoy 2007): Cheilopogon pinnatibarbatus pinnatibarbus (Bennett 1831), Cheilopogon pinnatibarbatus altipennis (Valenciennes 1847), Cheilopogon pinnatibarbatus californicus (Cooper 1863), Cheilopogon pinnatibarbatus japonicus (Franz 1910), Cheilopogon pinnatibarbatus melanocercus (Ogilby 1885).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Cheilopogon pinnatibarbatus is widely distributed in temperate to subtropical waters. It may be taken as by-catch in heavily exploited regions, and monitoring of the extent and levels of by-catch is needed to ensure this threat does not become more widespread. There are no other known major threats. Therefore, Cheilopogon pinnatibarbatus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Cheilopogon pinnatibarbatus is a coastal species found in most temperate and tropical waters. In the eastern Atlantic Ocean, it has been reported from Cape Fisterra, Spain to the Canary Islands, including the Azores and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014), to Senegal, one record from Liberia, also Cape Verde, Ascension and St. Helena Islands, and São Tomé Island (Afonso et al. 1999). In the western Atlantic, it has been reported off Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and from Madagascar in the western Indian Ocean (Collette and Parin 1991).",Population data for this species are limited.,"Cheilopogon pinnatibarbatus is distributed circumglobally in waters between 15-25°C, generally avoiding tropical latitudes (Andrew et al. 1995). It is able to leap out of the water, and glide over the water surface for long distances and has been reported as injuring a man wading on a Mediterranean beach (Goldenberg et al. 1998). It feeds on zooplankton and small fishes. From five specimens taken from southern Portugal during March 1996-June 1997, the average length was 44.3 cm and the average weight was 449.7 g (Borges et al. 2003). This species is a prey item for sharks (Galván-Magaña et al. 2013), including the hammerhead shark, Sphyrna mokarran. ",There are no major threats to this species.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Cheilopogon pinnatibarbatus, however it may occur in a number of marine protected areas. It was globally assessed as Least Concern in 2009 as there are no known major threats (IUCN 2010).","There is no known commercial fishery for this species, although it is likely to be taken as by-catch in some areas of its broad range.","Ralph, G. & Harwell, H.","Collette, B.","Carpenter, K.E., Livingstone, S., Polidoro, B., De Silva, R., Milligan, H.T., Lutz, M., Batchelor, A., Jopling, B., Kemp, K., Lewis, S., Lintott, P., Wilson, P., Smith, J. & Livingston, F.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,TRIGLIDAE,Chelidonichthys,cuculus,,Chelidonichthys cuculus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Chelidonichthys cuculus is restricted to the eastern Atlantic, where it is known from the British Isles south to Mauritania, including Madeira and Azores and the Mediterranean Sea. It has a depth distribution ranging from 15 to 400 m. Chelidonichthys cuculus has a wide distribution and appears to be generally common throughout its range, although not particularly abundant. This species is taken in commercial fisheries throughout its range, however species-specific landings statistics are generally not considered reliable. There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for C. cuculus, however it is found in marine protected areas throughout its range. Chelidonichthys cuculus is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"In the eastern Atlantic, this species is present from Norway and the British Isles to Mauritania, including Madeira and Azores. In the Mediterranean Sea, it is found throughout the basin. Specific records include Spain (Coll et al. 2006), France (Gaertner et al. 1998), Italy (Ungaro et al. 1999; Colloca et al. 2003, 2004; Carpentieri et al. 2005; Gristina et al. 2006), Greece (Kallianiotis et al. 2000, Machias et al. 2004, Labropoulou and Papaconstantinou 2005). It is also present in the Black Sea (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002). It has a depth distribution ranging from 15 to 400 m.","Chelidonichthys cuculus is widespread, but has a patchy distribution. It is common and more abundant in the eastern Mediterranean Sea but less common in the western Mediterranean Sea. In the Mediterranean, this species appears to be common, but not abundant, in the International Bottom Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean (MEDITS) surveys over the last 20 years. Individuals ranged in size from 4 to 24 cm (TL), with an average size of 15.8 cm (TL). Larvae are rare in Greek Sea (C. Papaconstantinou pers. comm. 2013). According to Gristina et al. (2006), this species was sampled during two trawl surveys carried out in the Strait of Sicily using an otter trawl with a 28 mm codend mesh opening. Mean density values varied from 1 to 3 specimens/km2, from 62 hauls (trawls). Carpentieri et al. (2005) reported that this species was sampled during four seasonal 24h surveys conducted in July 2001 (4 ind/24 h), November 2001 (12 ind/24 h), March 2002 (4 ind/24 h) and May 2002 (0) in the shelf break off the central Tyrrhenian Sea.","Chelidonichthys cuculus is a demersal species which occasionally forms schools. It is found over sand, gravel, crag and rocks on the continental shelf to depths of 400 m (Blanc and Hureau 1979). This species feeds on benthic crustaceans and other invertebrates and bottom-dwelling fishes (Hureau 1986). The maximum age of this species in Greek Seas is 5 years. The maximum size is 22 cm (FL), while the common length is 16.4 cm (FL) (Papaconstantinou 1983). In Greek waters, this species reaches a common length of 16.4 cm (FL), and a maximum size of 22 cm (FL) (Papaconstantinou 1983). In the Gulf of Cadiz, maximum sizes of 32 cm (TL) have been recorded (J. Gil Hererra pers. comm. 2013). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 27.0 cm TL and the length at maturity for females ranges from 15.1 cm to 16.7 cm TL and for males ranges from 15.0 cm to 15.4 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014).","Chelidonichthys cuculus is listed as a minor commercially fished species (Crec'hriou et al. 2012). There are no other specific threats to Chelidonichthys cuculus in the eastern Atlantic or Mediterranean. Smaller-sized individuals may be caught as bycatch in trawl fisheries (L. de Sola pers. comm. 2013). This is a species with minor commercial interest. It is typically caught with trawls and trammel nets. This species regularly present in the markets of Spain, Morocco, Tyrrhenian, Adriatic, Sicily, Cyprus and Egypt, occasionally in France, Greece and Turkey, rarely in Tunisia (Fischer et al. 1987). Semi-industrial fishing (Sicily, Adriatic Sea, Cyprus and Egypt) and craft  with trawls, gillnets and longlines, handlines and sometimes beach seines.",Chelidonichthys cuculus is considered a data-limited stock in the northeast Atlantic by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). Catch data for this species are considered highly unreliable. ICES advises a 20% reduction in catch (ICES 2013). Its distribution likely overlaps with marine protected areas in parts of its range. This species was assessed as Least Concern in the Regional Mediterranean Red List Assessments (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).,"Chelidonichthys cuculus is a species with minor commercial interest (Crec'hriou et al. 2012). In the Mediterranean this species is regularly present in the markets of Spain, Morocco, Tyrrhenian, Adriatic, Sicily, Cyprus and Egypt, occasionally in France, Greece and Turkey, rarely in Tunisia. It is marketed fresh, chilled and frozen (Fischer et al. 1987). Catch statistics are mixed with other species of Triglidae. The largest sizes are caught by the artisanal fleet throughout the Mediterranean (L. Gil de Sola pers comm. 2013). ","Ralph, G.","Lorance, P., Cook, R., Herrera, J., de Sola, L., Papaconstantinou, C., Florin, A. & Keskin, Ç.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,TRIGLIDAE,Chelidonichthys,lucerna,,Chelidonichthys lucerna,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Chelidonichthys lucerna is widely distributed from Norway to Mauritania, and is found throughout the Mediterranean and Black Sea at depths ranging from 20 m to 300 m. This species is migratory and inhabits estuaries during parts of its life cycle. This species is commercially exploited and, although some regulations have been suggested by researchers, there are no species-specific regulations in place. It is an important commercial species and is the most valuable and frequently landed species of gurnard. This species is common in mixed fisheries of Triglidae. Population trends in the Gulf of Cadiz show stable and increasing trends. In the French Mediterranean, landings show a 10% decline in the past 11 years. Trends in CPUE in the Atlantic show that this species, which is generally associated with southern biogeographic areas, has been increasing in abundance the last 10 years. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) aggregate statistics show indicate that landings are driven primarily by France and the Netherlands fisheries. At this time, population declines have not reached the thresholds for a threatened category. Therefore, C. lucerna is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"In the eastern Atlantic, this species is present from Norway south to Ghana, including the Mediterranean and Black Sea. It has not been recorded in Madeira or the Azores (FAO 2013). This species is found at depths ranging from 20 m to 300 m. In the Mediterranean Sea, it is found throughout the basin in suitable habitats. Specific records include Spain (Raventos et al. 2006), France (Letourneur et al. 2001), Italy (Colloca et al. 2004, Malavasi et al. 2004, Carpentieri et al. 2005), Greek Seas (Labropoulous and Papaconstantinou 2005), Turkey (Ayaz et al. 2006, Deval et al. 2007) and Egypt (Abdallah 2002). This species is found at depths ranging from 20 to 320 m. ","The biomass by trophic group was studied in the Cantabrian Sea, off the Atlantic coast of northern Spain, in 2004. The biomass for C. lucerna was 0.28 (Sánchez and Olaso 2004). Mondego estuary of Portugal under went long term monitoring and documentation of changes in the fish assemblage between June 2003 and March 2010. Chelidonichthys lucerna was a dominant species in some years of the study (Nyitrai et al. 2012). Two-hundred and two individuals of C. lucerna were collected from the French Catalan coast, from February 2007 to July 2010 with a minimum length and weight of 14 cm and 35 g, respectively, and a maximum length and weight of 67 cm and 3,460 g (Crec'hriou et al. 2012). The International Bottom Trawl Survey of the Mediterranean Sea (MEDITS) suggests that this species is rare in the Spanish Mediterranean and the Greek Seas. There were only three records in the Alboran Sea (L. Gil de Sola and C. Papaconstantinou pers. comm. 2013).  In contrast, the International Bottom Trawl Survey (IBTS) in the Gulf of Cadiz found this species to be common, with population trends over the last 20 years appearing to be are stable and increasing (J. Gill Herrera pers. comm. 2013).  Chelidonichthys lucerna is a species with southern biogeographic affinities. An analysis of a long series of CPUE from survey data bases has suggested that in Division IVb, the abundance of this species has tended to rise in the last decade. An analysis of LPUE from French otter trawlers in the eastern Channel from 2000-2008 have shown that LPUEs generally increased with fluctuations throughout the series (ICES WGNEW 2010). In Atlantic waters off the southern European coast (ICES divisions VIII and IX), official landings have fluctuated at low levels and were on average 63 tonnes since 2000 (ICES 2012). In northern Portugal, Rocha (2007, 2008) determined the composition and proportion of Triglidae landings in artisanal fleet and Feijó et al. (2008) studied the mixture of Triglidae species in the trawl fleet. This work revealed that Eutrigla gurnardus may represent as little as 0.5% of all Gurnard landings, and it is the tub gurnard (Chelidonichthys lucerna) that is the most valuable and frequently landed species of gurnard (ICES WGHMM Report 2013). Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Aggregate catch statistics show fluctuating trends in landings. It is worth noting that landings in the French Mediterranean, landings show a 10% decline over the last 11 years. ","Chelidonichthys lucerna is a demersal species which occurs at temperatures ranging from 8.0 to 24.0°C (Moreira et al. 1992). This species inhabits sand, muddy sand, or gravel substrata. It is found to a depth of 320 m in the east Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005). It feeds on fish, crustaceans, and mollusks. It has three isolated rays on the pectoral fin which function as legs on which the fish rests (Frimodt 1995). This species is benthic and inhabits mud, sand, and gravel substrates on the continental shelf. Chelidonichthys lucerna occurs at temperature between 8.0°C to 24.0°C. Fish, crustaceans, and mollusks primarily comprise this species diet. This species has been reported to reach 14 years of age, and a maximum size of 75 cm and 6 kg but is more commonly found to 35 cm (FAO 2013). Results from a study on the growth and reproduction of C. lucerna in the Gulf of Gabès, Tunisia, revealed that the length and age at which 50% of specimens were mature was 21.6 cm and 3 years for females and 19.2 cm and 1.5 years for males. Females in the Gulf of Gabès attain longer lengths than males (Boudaya et al. 2008). Ismen et al. (2004) reported that in the eastern Mediterranean, males of this species were mature at a length of 18 cm and females at a length of 20 cm. Chelidonichthys lucerna is a migratory species and its overall depth ranges throughout the year. This species tends to be highly concentrated in shallow waters during the spring and summer and moves to deeper waters in the winter (Ismen et al. 2004). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 41.5 cm TL and the length at maturity for females ranges from 17.0 cm to 25.5 cm TL and for males ranges from 15.6 cm to 23.8 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014). Feeding habits of C. lucerna change as the fish grows. Chelidonichthys lucerna is an opportunistic predator, feeding on a variety of prey items and does not have a species specific diet. Smaller individuals feed on benthic crustaceans, amphipods, and decapods while larger individuals feed increasingly on decapods and teleosts (Stagioni et al. 2012). Chelidonichthys lucerna is a marine migrant of European tidal estuaries (Nicolas et al. 2010). In Portuguese waters, mysids were found to be the most important prey for C. lucerna while natantids contributed to a large portion of the diet as well. This species consumed the highest proportion of teleosts (Castro et al. 2013). The largest individual of this species seen in IBTS trawl data from the Gulf of Cadiz was 80 cm (TL) (J. Gil Hererra pers. comm. 2013).","Chelidonichthys lucerna is a commercial species. It is a component of semi-industrial fishing in Spain, Sicily, Egypt, Cyprus, and is also taken in artisanal fisheries. This species is typically caught with trawls, gillnets and longlines, handlines and beach seines (Fischer et al. 1987). This species has been reported with skeletal deformities most likely attributed to chemical water pollution in the southern North Sea (Dethlefsen 1988).",The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) does not generate species-specific advice fro C. lucerna. There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. It has been listed as Vulnerable in Turkish waters by Fricke et al. (2007). Ismen et al. (2004) suggests that the fishing season be close from May to December.,"<span id=""result_box"" class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span><span id=""result_box"" class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""""><span class=""hps""><span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span 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class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""""><span class=""hps""><span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""""><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""""><span class=""hps""><span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""""><span class=""hps""><span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""""><span class=""hps""><span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""""><span class=""hps""><span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""""><span class=""hps""><span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""""><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""""><span class=""hps""><span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""""><span class=""hps""><span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""><em>Chelidonichthys lucerna</em> is primarily caught with bottom trawls (FAO 2013). The main fishery operates&#160;in the Northeast Atlantic fishing zone, with some catches from the Mediterranean and Black sea fishing zones. In the Northeast Atlantic fishing zone the catch trend is driven by France and the&#160;Netherlands&#160;fisheries (FAO 2011). This species is used for human consumption and is also reduced to fishmeal and oil by offshore fleets (FAO 2013).<br/><em></em><br/><span class=""hps"">In the Mediterranean,&#160;<em>Chelidonichthys lucerna</em><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""""></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""""></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps"">&#160;is caught mainly by trawl and trammel nets. The price is dependent on sizes (L. Gil de Sola pers. comm. 2013).&#160;</span><span class=""hps"">In the Mediterranean, about 360 t of gurnards are landed along the coast of Tunisia and about 32% of those catches are caught in the Gulf of Gabés (Boudaya&#160;<em>et al.&#160;</em><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""""><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""""><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps"">2008).</span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class="""" lang=""en""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""""><span class=""hps""></span><span><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span class=""hps""><span class=""hps""></span><span class="""" lang=""en""><span class=""hps""></span><span class=""hps""><span></span><span cla","Ralph, G.","Lorance, P., Cook, R., Herrera, J., de Sola, L., Papaconstantinou, C., Florin, A. & Keskin, Ç.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,TRIGLIDAE,Chelidonichthys,obscurus,,Chelidonichthys obscurus,"(Bloch & Schneider, 1801)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Chelidonichthys obscurus is present in the eastern Atlantic from south coasts of the British Isles to to Mauritania, including the Azores and Madeira and in the Mediterranean. It is found at depths ranging from 40 to 400 m. This species is common in parts of its range and in the Gulf of Cadiz populations appear to be increasing over the last 20 years. Chelidonichthys obscurus is a commercial species; however, catches are aggregated with other species of Triglidae. There are no significant population declines recorded from exploitation in commercial fisheries. Additionally, this species is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range. Therefore, C. obscurus is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Chelidonichthys obscurus is restricted to the eastern Altantic, where it is known primarily from south of the Iberian peninsula to Mauritania (Richards in press), though there are occasional records north to the southern British Isles. In the Mediterranean Sea, this is a very common gurnard species in the Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia (Boudaya et al. 2007). It is also found in the upper part of the Cretan Shelf (Kallianiotis at al. 2000), Tyrrhenian Sea (Colloca et al. 2004), Catalan Sea (Colloca et al. 2006), Gulf of Lion (Gaertner et al. 1998, Letourneur et al. 2001), and Aegean Sea [including all Hellenic Seas] (Labropoulou and Papaconstantinou 2005). It is absent from the Black Sea and the Levant Sea (Golani 2005, Golani et al. 2006). It is found at depths ranging from 40 to 400 m.","Chelidonichthys obscurus appears to be common in the northeast Atlantic. It is considered to be common in the Galician, Cantabrian, Biscay Bay, and Gulf of Cadiz (L. de Sola and J. Herrera pers. comm. 2013). Data from the International Bottom Trawl Survey (IBTS) the Gulf of Cadiz show that the biomass (gms/hr) of C. obscurus has been increasing over the last 20 years. In the eastern north Atlantic, this species was collected with an abundance of 2.8 n/1000 m of trammel net in Basque Country, Spain and up to 3.8 n/1,000 m of trammel net in Algarve, Portugal (Stergiou et al. 2006). Between 2007 and 2010 along the southern coast of Portugal C. obscurus was found with a CPUE of 8.14 n/1000 m of trammel net (Sousa 2011). This species is considered rare in the eastern Mediterranean (C. Papaconstantinou and C. Keskin pers. comm. 2013). Data from the International Bottom Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean (MEDITS) confirm the rarity of this species. There are only 17 records, with individuals ranging in size from 8 to 24 cm (TL). The average length of this species is 16.2 cm (TL) (J. de Sola pers. comm. 2013). According to Letorureur et al. (2001), it was collected during summer 1984, winter 1984 and summer 1985 in the Gulf of Fos (France), a shallow semi-enclosed, soft-substrate zone located near the delta of the Rhone River. A small beam trawl was used with an opening of 1.5 x 0.5 m with 8 mm net mesh size. A mean density of 5.88 ± 4.98 individuals ha-1 was collected after 30 min of trawling (mean speed: 2 knots) in a surface area of 2,778 m2 at depth of 5 to 8 m. Boudaya et al. (2007) reported that 555 specimens (265 males and 290 females), with lengths ranging from 2.4 to 29.8 cm SL, were taken by commercial catches landed at the port of Sfax, the most important port in the Gulf of Gabes (Tunisia). Specimens were caught in the period between February 2000 and July 2002 at depths ranging from 80 to 150 metres in the Gulf of Gabes using trawls equipped with a cod-end bag liner of 40 mm stretched mesh size.","Chelidonichthys obscurus is a demersal species which can be found on the continental shelf and inhabits mud, gravel, crag and rocky bottoms down to 400 m (Hureau 1986). It feeds primarily on crustacea (Serrano et al. 2003). This is a demersal, benthic species which is present on the continental shelf and inhabits soft substrata and fallen rocks (Hureau 1986). This species mainly feeds on crustaceans. It can be found in the shelf-break associated with Lepotmetra crinoid habitat (Colloca et al. 2004).","Chelidonichthys obscurus has only minor commercial importance. There are no other major threats known. Fricke et al. (2007) list habitat degradation, eutrophication and fishing as threats in Turkish waters. This species is taken in semi-industrial fisheries off Sicily and Cyprus. It is taken by beach seines, trawls, gill nets, longlines and handlines. This species is regularly present in the markets of the Tyrrhenian Sea, Sicily and Morocco occasionally in France, Adriatic, Greece, Turkey and Cyprus, rarely in Tunisia (Fischer et al. 1987).","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for C. obscurus, however, it has a range that may extend through several marine protected areas. There are no conservation measures in place for this species in the Mediterranean Sea. It is considered as Vulnerable in Turkey by Fricke et al. (2007). This species was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean Regional Red List Assessments (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).","Chelidonichthys obscurus is commercially fished off the French Catalan coast (Crec'hriou et al. 2012). It is caught in mixed fisheries with other species of Triglidae. In the Mediterranean, this species has only minor commercial importance. In the Mediterranean, this species is regularly present in the markets of the Tyrrhenian Sea, Sicily and Morocco occasionally in France, Adriatic, Greece, Turkey and Cyprus, rarely in Tunisia. It  is marketed fresh and chilled (Fischer et al. 1987).","Ralph, G.","Lorance, P., Cook, R., Herrera, J., de Sola, L., Papaconstantinou, C., Florin, A. & Keskin, Ç.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CHIASMODONTIDAE,Chiasmodon,niger,,Chiasmodon niger,"Johnson, 1864","The taxonomy of C. niger does not appear to be resolved; while Melo (2009) recognizes 7 species in the genus, Prokofiev and Kukuev (2009) placed many of these species in synonymy with C. niger, only recognizing 2 species in genus.",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Chiasmodon niger is a widely distributed, deep water species. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it appears to be expanding its range northward into subarctic waters. It can be fairly common throughout parts of its range. It may be taken as bycatch in trawl fisheries over seamounts, but not at high frequency. There are no other known widespread threats. Therefore, C. niger is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Chiasmodon niger is nearly circumglobal, inhabiting the meso and benthypelagic waters of both tropical and temperate waters in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans (Melo 2009). In the northeastern Atlantic, C. niger is known from the Bay of Biscay south to Madeira and the Canary Islands. It appears that C. niger is extending its northern range, into subarctic waters near Norway (Mauchline and Gordon 1984), but it is not certain if these records represent stable populations. This species is most associated with deep depths, between 700 and 2745 m (Coad and Reist 2004).","The taxonomy of C. niger does not appear to be fully resolved; while Melo (2009) recognizes 7 species in the genus, Prokofiev and Kukuev (2009) placed many of these species in synonymy with C. niger, only recognizing 2 species in genus. Eschmeyer follows the treatment of Prokofiev and Kukuev (2009). Chiasmodon niger seems to be relatively common in its natural habitat (Melo 2009). Chiasmodon niger appears to tend towards the outer and inner periphery of subtropical gyres and to frontal zones in regions of large boundary currents (Prokofiev and Kukuev 2009).","Chiasmodon niger is a mesopelagic to bathypelagic species, with juveniles most frequently being found in the shallower portion of its depth range, from around 0-1050 m. Fish > 10 mm are most frequently found at greater depths (Melo 2009). It is a piscivorous species, sometimes ingesting fish with greater lengths than themselves (Mooi and Paxton 2001). The maximum recorded length of C. niger is 25 cm (Johnson and Keen 1990).",Chiasmodon niger was taken as low-frequency by-catch in an experimental orange roughy fishery over seamounts in the Azores (Melo and Menezes 2002).,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for C. niger.,This species is not utilized.,"Harwell, H.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F., Carpenter, K.E., de Morais, L., Knudsen, S. & Harold, A.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,TETRAODONTIFORMES,DIODONTIDAE,Chilomycterus,reticulatus,,Chilomycterus reticulatus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","Tyler (1980) tentatively recognized four species in this complex that have, based on his material examined and text, different distributions: C. atringa (western Atlantic); C. reticulatus (eastern Atlantic and Indo-Pacific); C. tigrinus (western Indian Ocean); and C. affinis (Eastern Pacific). However, Tyler (1980) said that C. tigrinus may be the young of C. reticulatus.",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Chilomycterus reticulatus is present in the waters of the southeastern North Atlantic, and it is also a frequent visitor to the western Mediterranean and occasionally in the eastern Mediterranean. It is found around coral or rocky reefs, but some frequent sea grass beds and sand. There are no known threats to this species. Moreover, its distribution overlaps with marine protected areas in parts of its range. Although, it has previously been listed as one of three ""vulnerable"" species in the Canary Islands, but it has since been restored to acceptable levels. This species may be susceptible to overfishing in parts of its range; however, there is no evidence of significant population declines. It is, therefore, assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Chilomycterus reticulatus has a circumglobal distribution in warm to temperate seas (Leis 2001). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, C. reticulatus is distributed from Portugal to the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands, including the Mediterranean (Leis 2006). In the Mediterranean Sea, C. reticulatus has been reported in the south Sardinian Sea (Follesa et al. 2009) and occasionally in the eastern Mediterranean, on the south Turkish and Israeli coast (Erguden et al. 2012). It is associated with depths of between 20 and 100 m (Leis 2001).","Chilomycterus reticulatus has a naturally patchy distribution, based on pelagic juveniles (Leis 2006). It was said to be one of the main marine species in La Restringa, Canary Island (Planes et al. 2006); however, a more recent study asserted that it was rare at the Canarian Archipelago (Clemente et al. 2010). In other parts of its range, this species is considered rare (Heemstra et al. 2006).","Pelagic juveniles are frequently found poleward of the distribution of adults in areas of strong, poleward currents (Leis 2006). Adult specimens are generally associated with reefs or soft bottoms at depths between 20 and 100 m (including sea grass beds) and feed on hard-shelled invertebrates (Follesa et al. 2009). They may occur deeper in tropics (Sommer et al. 1996). The largest individual on record measures 70 cm standard length (SL). This species is a relevant predator of large sea urchins (Brito and Falcón 1990, Clemente et al. 2010). Young are pelagic to about 20 cm standard length (SL); adults are most often found on reefs and soft bottoms to depths of 100 m; may occur deeper in tropics. This is a solitary fish, feeding on hard-shelled invertebrates (Leis 2002). Although few predators are able to swallow adult diodontids, small juveniles of this species are known prey for coelacanth (Heemstra et al. 2006). There is limited information regarding the spawning season, fecundity and early life history of this species.",This species may be susceptible to overfishing as it was assessed as Vulnerable in the Spanish National Red List (Calado 2006).,"The distribution of C. reticulatus overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range. In the Canary Islands, this species has been previously listed as in danger of extinction in 2001 but has recovered through rehabilitation (Marine Environment Protection Committee 2003, Canary Island Catalogue of Protected Species [2001] 1107 - DECRETO 151/2001, de 23 de julio, por el que se crea el Catálogo de Especies Amenazadas de Canarias).   .  In Spain, this species (listed as C. atringa) is listed as Vulnerable in the National Catalogue of Threatened Species, and protected according to Law 4/1989 (Calado 2006). Further research into this species' taxonomy, population size and structure, and early life history traits is needed.",This species is a valuable ornamental species (Calado 2006).,"Harwell, H.","Costa, M. & Rijnsdorp, A.D.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,TETRAODONTIFORMES,DIODONTIDAE,Chilomycterus,spinosus,,Chilomycterus spinosus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","Chilomycterus spinosus subsp. mauretanicus from the eastern Atlantic, from central Angola to Canary Islands, and Portugal, and the western Mediterranean Sea.",No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Chilomycterus spinosus is a widely-distributed species, which within Europe is restricted to the waters of the Canary Islands, mainland Portugal, and one record from the Mediterranean Sea. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"This species is widely distributed in the Atlantic ocean. It comprises two subspecies: Chilomycterus spinosus spinosus is known only from the western Atlantic, whilst Chilomycterus spinosus mauretanicus is known from the eastern Atlantic. Within Europe, it is known from the waters of the Canaries (Leis 2006) and mainland Portugal (Carneiro et al. 2014), along with one recent record from the Mediterranean Sea off the Andalusian coast (Spain) (Garrido et al. 2014).",There is a lack of information regarding this species' population.,"This species a marine demersal species which occurs mostly over sand and mud bottoms, and feeds on hard-shelled invertebrates such as molluscs (Leis 1981).",There is a lack of information regarding threats to this species.,There is a lack of information regarding conservation actions for this species.,"Sale of this species is banned in some countries due to belief that this species is poisonous, although documented proof is lacking (Fishbase 2014).","Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CHIMAERIFORMES,CHIMAERIDAE,Chimaera,monstrosa,,Chimaera monstrosa,"Linnaeus,1758","Chimaera monstrosa is a long established and well-recognized species. Reports of this species from other parts of the world (e.g., South Africa) are misidentifications. A long history of study indicates this species is restricted to the northeast Atlantic, northern part of the Eastern Central Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea, and the occurrence of populations of C. monstrosa outside this range is highly unlikely.",No,NT,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) Rabbitfish (Chimaera monstrosa) is widespread throughout the Northeast Atlantic and fairly abundant throughout its range. Even though this is one of the better known and most studied chimaeroid species, data on population structure, biology and ecology is still limited. Like many deepwater chondrichthyans this species' low biological productivity makes it vulnerable to exploitation and population depletion. It is taken in deepwater trawl fisheries in the Northeast Atlantic, and it is either landed as or discarded. There is a continuing trend of increasing deepwater fishing activities in the North Atlantic, while regulation is often lagging. Rabbitfish had the largest discard biomass of all chondrichthyans in a study of the discards of the French bottom trawl fleet from the South Rockall Bank to the northerly slopes of the Wyville-Thomson Ridge and constitutes 13 to 15% of the discards in deepwater trawlers operating off the West Coast of Ireland. Survival rates of discards are likely low given the depths of capture and the fact that many discards are undersized or unmarketable individuals (suggesting damage). Increasing interest in the production of dietary supplements for human consumption derived from the liver oil of this species suggests that exploitation is likely to increase. Given that this species' preferred depth range is entirely within the range of current fishing activity, its slow life history, and the suspected high rate of mortality of discards, it is assessed as Near Threatened on the basis of a future suspected decline of > 20% in three generations (around 64 years), being close to qualify as threatened under Criterion A3bd, and leading to concern that it may soon qualify as threatened.",Unknown,"Rabbitfish (Chimaera monstrosa) is widespread throughout the Northeast Atlantic from the southern Arctic to Morocco (about 80°N to 30°N latitude) including the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Mediterranean Sea. It is common in the western and central Mediterranean Sea, rare in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, and absent from the north and central Adriatic Sea. A single individual has been caught off Greenland (Moller et al. 2004). Its depth range is 300-1,663 m.","Nothing is known of population structure but there may be two or more separate subpopulations (e.g., the Mediterranean Sea population may be separate from that found in the North Sea). The species is widespread throughout the Northeast Atlantic and fairly abundant throughout its range.","Rabbitfish is a benthopelagic species that prefers upper to middle continental slope habitats from 300 to 500 m depth with a reported maximum depth of 1,663 m. Whitehead et al. (1984) reported this species occurs from 50 m to 1,000 m depth being most abundant between 300 and 500 m. Ehrich (1983) reported occurrence from 173 m to 1,663 m depth off the west of the British Isles, with highest densities found between 500 m and 700 m. Hareide et al. (1997) reported Rabbitfish from 630 m and 825 m depth on the western slope of Porcupine Bank, with none found between 825 m and 1,400 m. In the Mediterranean Sea this species is abundant in all areas from 100 m depth but is most abundant between 500 m and 800 m (Baino et al. 2001, MEDITS Program). Sion et al. (2004) reported several specimens from Balearic Sea at 650 m depth and from eastern Ionian Sea at 800 m depth. Off southern Sicily this species is widely distributed between 289 m and 799 m depth (Ragonese et al. 2013).Norwegian exploratory surveys of Hatton Bank conducted between 1998 and 2000 show a depth distribution of 590 m to 1,230 m, at temperatures of 4.7 to 8°C. Additional information on distribution by depth and area, length distributions and catch per unit effort (CPUE) data can be found from Irish and Norwegian trawl and longline survey data to the west of the British Isles and Hatton Bank. Summer inshore migrations to 40-100 m have been observed in some areas. Provisional age and growth characteristics determined by Calis et al. (2005) suggest that the maximum age estimates observed were 30 years for males and 26 years for females. However, these ages probably underestimate the true maximum age of this species, owing to the limited sample size examined. Estimated age at first maturity was 13.4 years for males and 11.2 years for females. The generation length of this species is calculated at 21.7 years.The species is egg laying, with an apparent spawning season in spring and summer. Nothing is known of early development. Appears to aggregate in groups like other chimaeroids and may segregate by age and sex.","Rabbitfish is taken incidentally in deepwater trawl fisheries throughout its range (Crozier 2006). In a study of discards of the French bottom trawl fleet from the South Rockall Bank to the northerly slopes of the Wyville-Thomson Ridge, Rabbitfish had the largest discard biomass of all chondrichthyans (Crozier 2006). It constitutes 13 to 15% of the discards in deepwater trawlers operating off the west coast of Ireland (Calis et al. 2005). Survival rates of discards are likely low given capture depths, and the fact that many discards are undersized or unmarketable individuals (suggesting damage). There is increasing interest in the production of dietary supplements for human consumption derived from the liver oil of this species, and a directed fishery has the potential to develop in areas of occurrence (Calis et al. 2005). In the Mediterranean Sea it is usually caught by offshore trawlers mostly between 500 and 800 m and immediately discarded. Commonly caught by trawlers off southern Sicily between 400 and 500 m depth (Ragonese et al. 2013).Rihan et al. (2005) have also reported this species as a bycatch from bottom gillnets retrieved from 648 nets recovered during a gill net retrieval survey of Rockall and Porcupine Bank at depths of 400 to 1,300 m during August-September 2005. Evidence of significant quantities of lost and abandoned gear in these areas and of excessive discarding in these fisheries due to long soak times lead to serious concerns about the impact of ghost fishing. There is a need for the immediate introduction of effective management measures in these fisheries to control the quantities of gear being fished and soak time (Rihan et al. 2005).Even though deepwater fisheries have decreased in effort gradually over the past decade (Dransfeld et al. 2013, STECF 2014), some areas of the Northeast Atlantic, for example the Rockall Trough, have been subject to a fairly rapid increase in deepwater fishing activities since the 1990s, raising concerns for the sustainability of local deepwater fish stocks (Gordon 2003). High catches of Rabbitfish occur between Rockall Bank, Faroe Bank, and Wyville-Thomson Ridge (Magnussen 2002, Crozier 2006), and this likely mirrors catches elsewhere.","The General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) banned bottom trawling below depths of 1,000 m in the Mediterranean Sea. This measure was adopted by all members of the GFCM and came into force in September 2005. The development and implementation of management plans (national and/or regional e.g., under the FAO International Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks: IPOA-Sharks) are required to facilitate the conservation and sustainable management of all chondrichthyan species in the region.Further information is required on deepwater fishing activities (including catch and bycatch levels, effort and trend monitoring) in the north Atlantic and the conservation status of this species should be reassessed without delay when such information is available. Both present and future fishing pressure may be shown to be unsustainable for this species, particularly given its preferred depth range. Deepwater fisheries should be monitored in case of future expansion, which could pose a threat to this chimaera. Continued monitoring of capture and collection of this species is recommended as well as data collection on locality, size, sex, reproductive condition and depth in order to better understand population structure and trends.","There is increasing interest in the production of dietary supplements for human consumption derived from the liver oil of this species, and a directed fishery has the potential to develop in areas of occurrence (Calis et al. 2005).","Duffy, C.A.J.","Dagit, D.D. & Hareide, N.-R.","Walls, R. & Clò, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CHIMAERIFORMES,CHIMAERIDAE,Chimaera,opalescens,,Chimaera opalescens,"Luchetti, Iglesias & Sellos, 2011","The Opal Chimaera (Chimaera opalescens Luchetti, Iglesias and Sellos 2011) and Cape Chimaera (Chimaera notafricana Kemper, Ebert, Compagno and Didier 2010) are both recently described species. Chimaera notafricana was recently described off Namibia and South Africa at depths of 680–1,000 m and C. opalescens occurs in the north eastern Atlantic at depths of 900 – 1,400 m. It is suspected that C. opalescens may become a junior synonym of C. notafricana.",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least ConcernOpal Chimaera (Chimaera opalescens) is a deepwater ratfish reported from the Northeast Atlantic at depths of 900–1,400 m. The species is not targeted commercially, but is taken as bycatch by bottom trawlers. This species is assessed as Least Concern in the European region because the majority of its depth range is deeper (> 800 m) than the reach of most deepwater fisheries. ",Unknown,"Opal Chimaera (Chimaera opalescens) has been reported in the Northeast Atlantic between 48° and 57°N latitude (Luchetti et al. 2011). The latitudinal segregation of trawls indicated the highest species concentration between 57° and 59°N (Holt et al. 2013). It is known to occur off the coasts of Ireland, the United Kingdom, France, Morocco, and Greenland. This species has been recorded off Greenland by Møller et al. (2004) under the name Rabbitfish (Chimaera monstrosa; Luchetti et al. 2010). Currently, its presence off of Spain, Portugal and Iceland is uncertain. Cape Chimaera (Chimaera notafricana) was recently described off Namibia and South Africa at depths of 680–1,000 m. If Opal Chimaera and Cape Chimaera are discovered to be synonymous, this species will be viewed as a species with a wide geographical range from the north eastern to south eastern Atlantic. The depth range is 900-1,400 m.",There is no information available on the population size and trends.,"It is suspected that the maximum depth reported for the Rabbitfish (1,663 m; Dagit et al. 2007) should be attributed to the Opal Chimaera, which is known to occur at greater depths in the northeastern Atlantic. There appears to be sexual segregation between males and females; sub-adult and adult females occupy lower depths (1,400–1,480 m) than sub-adult and adult males (1,230–1,420 m). All sub-adults and adults were found to occupy deeper waters than juveniles (1,040–1,060 m; Holt et al. 2013).This species is thought to reach sexual maturity at > 50 cm total length (TL), sub-adults range between 42 and 50 cm TL and juveniles are considered to be smaller than 42 cm TL (Holt et al. 2013). The maximum described TL for males is 96.8 cm and 109.8 cm for females (Luchetti et al. 2011).","This species is not targeted commercially, nor is it commercially valuable, but it is taken as bycatch by bottom trawlers (Luchetti et al. 2011). Prior to the description of Opal Chimaera, this species was identified as Rabbitfish in fisheries bycatch (Lucchetti et al. 2011), therefore the number of Opal Chimaera specimens caught as by-catch may be underestimated as fishermen might misidentify them as Rabbitfish. Opal Chimaera represent ~20% of the specimens and 30% of the biomass landed under the name ""Chimaera monstrosa"" or ""Chimaeidae/Rhinochimaeridae"" in the French fish markets. In addition, there appear to be deepwater fisheries in the northeast Atlantic that reach the depth of 1,600 m. This could make Opal Chimaera potentially vulnerable to exploitation at all depths of the species’ range, and hence the effort and expansion of these deep fisheries should be monitored closely (Holt et al. 2013). ","There are no conservation or fisheries management measures in place. The continued monitoring of commercial capture and collection of this species is recommended, as well as data collection on geographic range, size, sex, reproductive condition and depth in order to better understand population structure and trends. The correct recording of catches at a species-specific level is also needed to achieve a more accurate estimation of landings. The species requires further taxonomic research and the trends of harvesting require monitoring. ",The species is not utilised or traded commercially.,"Walls, R., Dulvy, N. & Kemp, J.R.","Buscher, E., Iglésias, S. & Luchetti, E.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,STICHAEIDAE,Chirolophis,ascanii,,Chirolophis ascanii,"(Walbaum, 1792)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC ) Chirolophis ascanii is widespread in the North Atlantic Ocean. In the Northeastern Atlantic, C. ascanii is known from the Norwegian coast to Kattegat, including the Faroes and British Isles. Although widespread within the region, it appears to be relatively uncommon. This species does not appear to be targeted and no major threats have been identified. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Chirolophis ascanii occurs on both sides of the North Atlantic Ocean. In the northeast Atlantic, C. ascanii is found from the Norwegian coast to Finmarken and Waranger Fjord, occasionally Murman coast, rare in Skagerrak, Kattegat and Öresund, around Helgoland, the British Isles and off the Orkneys, Faroes, Shetlands and Iceland (Robins and Ray 1986, Makushok 1986, Scott and Scott 1988). This species occurs at depths of 100–280 m (Makushok 1986).","Chirolophis ascanii is rarely recorded in the North Sea (Jiming 1982). There was no trend in abundance of C. ascanii  in a rocky sub-tidal site on the West Coast of Scotland from 1995–1999 (Magill and Sayer 2002). It was among the least abundant species recorded in a demersal trawl survey undertaken at depths of less than 70 m in the Eastern English Channel and Southern North Sea from 1993–2001 (Parker-Humphreys 2005). This species is widely distributed along the European coast, but is not abundant, based on a trawl survey of 60,000 hauls (Dunne and Cooper 1980).","Chirolophis ascanii is a benthic species, usually found over rocks and among seaweeds. It is never found in the inter-tidal zone and may occur at 20 m depth but descends from 100–280 m (Makushok 1986). This species feeds on bottom invertebrates (small mollusks, polychaetes, hydroids, sponges) as well as algae (Makushok 1986). Chirolophis ascanii spawns from October to December (Muus and Nielson 1998). It is a part of the diet of a number of organisms, including black guillemots, black Cormorants (Steven 1933, Ewins et al. 1990) and mammals, such as otters (McMahon and McCafferty 2006). The maximum recorded size for this species is 25 cm SL (Makushok 1986).",There are no confirmed species-specific threats to C. ascanii.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for C. ascanii.,Chirolophis ascanii does not appear to be utilized.,"Ralph, G.","Collette, B., Fernandes, P. & Heessen, H.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Chirostomias,pliopterus,,Chirostomias pliopterus,"Regan & Trewavas, 1930",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Chirstomias pliopterus is widely distributed in the Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, it occurs from the Canary Islands to about 45°N, to depths of 1,300 m. There are no major threats to this species. Although data for this species are limited, given its broad distribution and deep water habitats, it is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Chirostomias pliopterus is distributed throughout the North Atlantic Ocean (Gibbs and Barnett 1990). In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs from the United Kingdom south to the Azores and the Canary Islands but does not occurs in the Mediterranean (Gibbs 1984, Santos et al. 1997, Bordes et al. 1999). The depth range for this species is 0–1,300 m (Gibbs and Barnett 1990).",This species was not recorded in trawl (bottom and pelagic) surveys in the region (S. Kobyliansky and J. Gil Herrera pers comm. 2013).,"Members of the family Stomiidae generally belong to the ""non guarders"" reproductive guild and commonly have photophores and a barbel (Nelson 1994). Melanostomiidae have a diet consisting of other mesopelagic fishes and small crustaceans (Harold 1998). Stomiidae remnants have been recorded in the stomachs of Orange Roughy suggesting that Chirostomias pliopterus may possibly be a prey item of the Orange Roughy (Rosecchi et al. 1988). The maximum recorded length for this species is 20.5 cm SL (Gibbs and Barnett 1990).",There are no known threats to this species.,There are no specie specific conservation measures in place for this species.,This species is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Kobyliansky, S. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,HEXANCHIFORMES,CHLAMYDOSELACHIDAE,Chlamydoselachus,anguineus,,Chlamydoselachus anguineus,"Garman, 1884",There is a possible subspecies or distinct but undescribed species off the Namibian and the southeast African coast (L. Compagno pers. comm.),No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Frilled Shark (Chlamydoselachus anguineus) is a rare deepwater species. Although it is not targeted by any commercial fisheries, this deepwater species is likely to have little resilience to depletion as a result of non-targeted exploitation. In European waters, it may occur within reach of deepwater trawl and longline fisheries, but these fisheries have a zero bycatch allowance for deepwater sharks and therefore mortality is likely to be low. Despite the likelihood that it is biologically vulnerable to depletion, the paucity of records for this species since it was last assessed suggests the capture rate is very low and therefore it is assessed as Least Concern in the European region. ",Unknown,"This widespread species has a patchy distribution, mostly found in the North Atlantic and the Pacific (Compagno et al. 2004). In the Northeast Atlantic, this species is known from northern Norway (Varanger Fjord), the Atlantic continental slope off northern Scotland and western Ireland, France, Spain, and Portugal, the Canary Islands, Madeira and along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge north of the Azores (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). The species is found globally but sporadically. The depth range is 100-1,500 m","There is no information available on the population size or trends. It is generally rare, but there are a few localities where it is more common. ","This benthopelagic species can be found on the upper and middle continental slope at depths of 100-1,500 m, but usually between 500-1,000 m. The maximum reported size for this species was a ~196 cm total length (TL) female. The males mature at 97−117 cm TL, and females mature at 135−150 cm TL. They are born at 40−60 cm TL. The reproductive mode is live-bearing with a yolk-sac and litters are six to 12 pups. It may have a long gestation period, but its life cycle is mostly unknown (Compagno et al. 2004).","Although fisheries do not target this species, it exists within the range of some deepwater trawl, longline and gillnet fisheries so it can be caught incidentally. In the Northeast Atlantic, European Union (EU) zero bycatch limitations were put in place in 2012.","Based on advice from the International Council on the Exploration of the Sea to end fishing for deepwater sharks, the European Union (EU) Fisheries Council established a zero Total Allowable Catch (TAC) limitation for the sharks most vulnerable to overexploitation in 2007. In 2010, the EU Fisheries Council added Frilled Shark to this measure and set the deepwater shark TAC at zero, starting in 2012 (CECAF 2012). The EU also introduced a zero bycatch allowance on the same deepwater shark species in 2012. The harvest trends of this species require further monitoring.",The species is not utilised nor traded commercially.,"Blasdale, T., Dulvy, N. & Kemp, J.R.","Walls, R.","Fowler, S.L. & Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,CHLOPSIDAE,Chlopsis,bicolor,,Chlopsis bicolor,"Rafinesque, 1810",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Chlopsis bicolor is widely distributed in the western and eastern Atlantic. In the region, this species occurs across the Mediterranean and has also been reported from the Azores. This species is rarely caught and population information is limited. There are no known major threats and it is not commercially utilized in the northeast Atlantic or in the Mediterranean. It is therefore listed as Least Concern. ",Unknown,"Chlopsis bicolor is widely distributed in the Atlantic Ocean, where it is found along both coasts. In the northeastern Atlantic, C. bicolor is known primarily from the Mediterranean Sea, including from the Iberian coast (Lloris et al. 1984, Lloris and Rucabado 1998), Tyrrhenian Sea (Carpentieri et al. 2005), Adriatic Sea (Jukic-Peladic et al. 2001), Turkish coast (Bilecenoglu 2002), Balearic Islands, Algerian coast (E. Massuti pers. comm. 2007) and in the Greek seas (Papaconstantinou 1988). Two specimens have been reported from the Azores (Santos et al. 1997). It has a depth range of 140–400 m (Carpentieri 2007, Jukic-Peladic et al. 2001).","There are very few Chlopsis bicolor and adults are very rare, while the larvae are common (in museum collections) (K. Tighe pers comm. 2011). Chlopsis bicolor has been found in limited numbers comprising 2.8% (96 specimens) of the catch during a nocturnal trawl survey (eight thirty-minute hauls for each survey in July, November, March and May) in the Tyrrhenian Sea (Carpentieri et al. 2005). This species was also taken near the Great Meteor Seamount, during a survey trawl, with a CPUE of 0.046 ind. m–1 h–1 (Fock et al. 2002).","Chlopsis bicolor is a sub-tropical, demersal species, that is found on shelf break and muddy bottom areas in depths from 140–400 m (Jukic-Peladic 2001, Carpentieri et al. 2007). This is a cryptic, burrowing species with a maximum recorded length of 42 cm (Saldanha 1986). The size at maturity for C. bicolor is about 25.2 cm in the Mediterranean and is positively correlated to a shift in diet to larger prey items (Carpentieri et al. 2007).","Chlopsis bicolor is not a commercially fished species in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean or the Mediterranean, and there are no specific threats to this species. Chlopsis bicolor may be generally threatened by pollution and anthropogenic activities in the Mediterranean as it is a coastal species (Goren 2014). ","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Chlopsis bicolor. This species occurs in some marine protected areas within its range (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014). Some research is needed on population status and threats. This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Chlopsis bicolor is not utilized in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean or the Mediterranean. ,"Harwell, H.","Karmovskaya, E. & Papaconstantinou, C.","Tighe, K. & Comeros-Raynal, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,CHLOROPHTHALMIDAE,Chlorophthalmus,agassizi,,Chlorophthalmus agassizi,"Bonaparte, 1840",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and common throughout its range, and occurs mainly in deep waters. Although it is an important by-catch species and it is not targeted at present, this may change in the future, and it could be threatened by fisheries. Currently it is considered as Least Concern, but there are no data available on its population size and trend, and further research is needed to establish the status of this species and to monitor catches throughout its range.",Unknown,"Chlorophthalmus agassizi was previously considered circumglobal in tropical seas, but it is now regarded as being restricted to the eastern and western Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea (M. Gomon pers. comm. 2014). In the eastern Atlantic Ocean, the species is present from the UK to the Canary Islands (Aguilar et al. 2010), including seamounts such as Gorringe Bank (Oceana 2014).  It is a widespread species in the Mediterranean Sea. In Spain, it occurs in Alborán Sea Spanish seamounts such as Djibouti (Aguilar 2010), Avempace and Chella Banks (Aguilar pers. obs. 2010, 2011), and the Balearic Islands (Guijarro and Massuti 2006, Massutì and Reñones 2005, Marín et al. 2011). In Italy, it is present in Sardinia, Messina strait, Ionian Sea, central and south Tyrrhenian Sea and the Adriatic Sea (Costa 1991, Campagnuolo et al. 2001, Gristina et al. 2006, Madurell and Cartes 2001, D'Onghia et al. 2006, Specchi et al. 1995). In Turkey, this species is present in the northeast Aegean Sea (Kabasakal 1999, Filiz and Bilge 2004). In Greece, it is present in the Ionian Sea (Petrakis 1998, Anastasopoulou et al. 2006). In Tunisia, one specimen was found in the stomach of a spotted ray captured in 2009, confirming the presence of the species in Tunisian waters (Mnasri et al. 2010).  The species occurs at depths between 50 and 1,000 metres, but most commonly between 350 and 450 metres (Fisher et al. 1987).","There is no information on the population size and trend of this species, although it is known to be quite common.","Chlorophthalmus agassizi is a bathydemersal species that can be found on the continental shelf and the upper slope over mud and clay bottoms. The species has been described as occurring on seamounts and hard-bottom fauna, including coralliferous stones (Abad et al. 2007). It is a hermaphroditic species. The maximum reproductive activity for the species has been registered at Mediterranean waters from May to September, and specimens at sexual maturity where sized in the study by D’Onghia et al. (2006) at a range between 4.7 to 20.4 cm TL. The species has a longevity of more than 10 years (D’Onghia et al. 2006) and late maturation, therefore some authors consider fishing as a threat to the species due to possible overexploitation. While the young are pelagic, living near the surface, the adults are demersal, living between 50 and 1,000 metres depth, typically from 300 to 600 metres (Figueiredo et al. 2002). It mainly feeds on bottom or pelagic-living invertebrates, including pelagic crustaceans like euphausiids, decapods and mysids (Macpherson and Roel 1987). Larvae of the species have been captured during summer months around Malta and in the Aegean Sea (Aguilar et al. 2009). Ecological information is scarce, but it is considered a relevant species for deep-sea fish aggregations (Anastasopoulou and Kapiris 2008), and catch data indicate a schooling habit. Its maximum size is 40 cm (TL).","The species is caught by open sea trawlers from the north of the Alborán Sea (Abad et al. 2007). In the eastern Mediterranean Sea, C. agassizi is one of the main by-catch species, and there are existing plans to commercialize the species (GFCM 2012).A decrease in captures is being registered in Sardinian waters, where the species is locally consumed. Moreover, it is considered as vulnerable to fishing, due to its longevity and late maturation. Therefore, the species could be threatened by overfishing at some areas.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and there are no conservation actions in place for this species.It is present in Chella Bank, a seamount in the Alborán Sea that has been proposed as a Natura 2000 site by the Spanish Government in December 2014 (BOE 2014). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species, and monitoring should be undertaken on its catches.","Chlorophthalmus agassizi is a non-targeted (ICES 1996) and non-commercial species (Fishbase 2014). However, the species is caught by open sea trawlers from the north of Alborán Sea (Abad et al. 2007). In the eastern Mediterranean Sea, it is one of the main by-catch species and there are existing plans to commercialize the species (GFCM 2012). In Sardinia, the species is locally consumed, but a recent decrease of catches is occurring (Cabiddu et al. 2010).","García, M., Russell, B. & Ralph, G.","Garcia, S.","Blanco, J.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,POMACENTRIDAE,Chromis,chromis,,Chromis chromis,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",C. chromis split into C. limbata [ get reference from Luiz],No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)   Chromis chromis is widespread northeastern Atlantic and adjacent regional waters and is one of the most common fish in the Mediterranean. There are no documented threats, and the small-scale, artisinal fisheries that harvest it do not seem to be adversely affecting the population. It is therefore assessed 	as Least Concern.",Stable,"Chromis chromis is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, from Portugal to Western Sahara, including the Mediterranean and Black seas (Loris and Rucabado 1990, Dulčić and Kraljevic 1995). The highest concentration of C. chromis individuals in the northeastern Atlantic region is centralized around the Canary Islands, the Azores and Madeira Islands versus the continents (Loris and Rucabado 1990). It is found at depths ranging from 2 to 40 meters.","Chromis chromis is an abundant species in the Mediterranean. It is uncommon in the Black Sea and Sea of Marmara, but very common in the 	Aegean. Within the Mediterranean, the population structure of C. chromis was investigated using mitochondrial and nuclear markers, revealing a genetic break at the Peloponnese, Greece, with directional and eastbound gene flow between western and eastern groups (Domingues et al. 2005). This species was found to be more abundant in marine protected areas than it was outside of these areas (Bell 1983).","This species forms small shoals in mid water above or near rocky reefs or above seagrass meadows (Posidonia) (Quignard and Pras 1986). It feeds on small planktonic or benthic animals. Spawning occurs mainly in the summer with distinct pairing during breeding. Eggs, characterized by adhesive filaments, are nested on rocky or sandy bottoms. Males guard the eggs (Quignard and Pras 1986). There is virtually no other information regarding the ecology and biology of this species.","There are no known threats to this species. The small-scale, subsistance fishing has not yielded any measurable population declines as of yet.","This species is present in a number of marine protected areas in parts of its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). This species was found to be more abundant in marine protected areas than it was outside of these areas (Bell 1983). Research is needed into the population size and trends, as well as ecology and early life history of this species. Chromis chromis was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).",Chromis chromis is a minor component of subsistence fisheries. In coastal fishery of Dalmatia (especially on islands in the eastern middle Adriatic) damselfish form a small but significant component of the coastal beach seine and gill net catch that is used as delicious food and as bait for lobsters (Dulčić and Kraljević 1995).,"Strongin, K.","Herrera, J. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.","Myers, R. & Rocha, L.A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,POMACENTRIDAE,Chromis,limbata,,Chromis limbata,"(Valenciennes, 1833)",The Azores Chromis (Chromis limbata) was long considered the same species as the Mediterranean Damselfish (Chromis chromis) (Wirtz 1994).,No,LC,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and very common through its European range. Further research should be conducted on the population trend and threats to the species,Unknown,"Chromis limbata is a subtropical species. In European waters, it is restricted to the Macaronesian islands of Azores, Madeira, and the Canaries. In the Eastern Atlantic this species has also been reported from west Africa between Senegal and Pointe-Noire, Congo. This species was recently recorded from Santa Catarina possibly from ballast water (Domingues et al. 2006, L.A. Rocha pers. comm. 2010). The species is more abundant within a depth range from five to 50 m, but its presence extends until 140 m of depth (Brito et al. 2002).","In European waters of the Eastern Central Atlantic, this species is very common in the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands (Franquet and Brito 1995, Santos et al. 1997, Brito et al. 2002, Ribeiro et al. 2005, Araújo et al. 2008). Although populations are subject to small scale fisheries, information on its population trend is unknown.","The Azores Chromis is a reef-associated benthopelagic species, with adults inhabiting rocky reefs and sand-weed areas (Allen 1991) from the subtidal to around 140 m deep (Brito et al 2002), although it is more abundant within a depth range from five to 50 m. It is present in the bottom floor or it forms pelagic schools, feeding on small benthic or planktonic invertebrates.  It is oviparous, presenting distinct pairing during breeding, reproducing on the summer, males acquiring a conspicuous blue tonality during the reproductive period. Eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate whilst males aerate the eggs and protect the breed after eclosion (Breder and Rosen 1966, Brito et al. 2002, Araújo et al. 2008). It reaches a maximum size of 12 cm (TL).","Although the species is subject to artisanal fishery in the area, other threats to the species are unknown.","Chromis limbata is found in marine protected areas (MPAs) in parts of its range. In Madeira, where the species is commercially valued, it benefits from the non-licensing of gillnets. This progressive process was implemented by the Regional Fisheries Directorate of Madeira in the 1980s to protect coastal species and still continues today. Further research should be conducted on the population size and trend and threats to the species.","Chromis limbata is subject to local exploitation in areas where other species are overexploited in the Canaries with fish traps, hook-and-line and nets (Franquet and Brito 2002).  In Madeira, a small-scale artisanal fishery targets this species (mostly in the east of the southern coast of the island, where this species is highly valuated) using bait and a hand net (peneiro) (Nunes 1953). In the landings from commercial fisheries in Madeira, C. chromis in average represents less than one tonne per year. Most of the catches in Madeira are referred to C. limbata, but as C. chromis is also present in the area, the annual landings and economic value refer to both species combined. The species is highly valued, reaching about eight euros per kg.","García, M.","Delgado, J.","Myers, R. & Rocha, L.A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Chromogobius,britoi,,Chromogobius britoi,"Van Tassell, 2001",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Chromogobius britoi is known from the eastern Atlantic, where it has only been recorded from Macaronesia (Madeira and the Canary Islands), and from a single coastal site on the Atlantic coast of Portugal. There are no known widespread threats and C. britoi occurs in marine protected areas. Chromogobius britoi has been recorded from widely separated sites, though only rarely, and is assumed to be under represented in surveys. Although further information is needed to quantify the population size and distribution, C. britoi is considered Least Concern.",Unknown,"Chromogobius britoi is known from the eastern Atlantic, where it is recorded from Macaronesia (Madeira and the Canary Islands) and from Portugal (Arrabida Marine Park, south of Lisbon) (Beldade et al. 2006). Chromogobius britoi has been found at depths of six to 65 m (Van Tassell 2001).",No information available on population status of C. britoi.,"The species is usually found in small crevices in rock outcrops, but also found in small tidepools; always associated with rocky bottoms (Van Tassell 2001). The known depth range for C. britoi is six to 65 m (Van Tassell 2001).",The species is not thought to have any threats.,"No conservation measures are in place or needed for this species and it occurs in marine protected areas. Additional research on the distribution, population size and threats to C. britoi is needed.",The species is not used.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Herler, J., Kovacic, M. & Williams, J.T.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Chromogobius,quadrivittatus,,Chromogobius quadrivittatus,"(Steindachner, 1863)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Chromogobius quadrivittatus is distributed throughout the northern and eastern Mediterranean Sea and from parts of the western and northern Black Sea. Little data are available on the population size, but there are no known major threats to C. quadrivittatus. Therefore, C. quadrivittatus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Chromogobius quadrivittatus is known from the northern and eastern Mediterranean and from the Black Sea. It has not been recorded from the south-central and southwestern Mediterranean (Miller 1986). The most western record is from Barcelona, Spain, and the most eastern from Sochi (Russian Federation) in the Black Sea. The most southern record is from Caeserea (Israel; Miller 1971). Chromogobius quadrivittatus is typically found only in shallow intertidal areas, less than about two metres (Van Tassell 2001).","No estimation of population size and trend of C. quadrivittatus has been published. Ahnelt (1991) noted that “records of this species are still scattered and infrequent” and that “the species is only rarely found”. The largest collected sample of this species was of 34 specimens (Pampoulie and Bouchereau 1996). Based on the present number of known records and the number of collected specimens in these records, and until more data are available, the species should be considered uncommon.","Chromogobius quadrivittatus is a small cryptobenthic goby observed at inshore bottom, under stones or between weed tufts, and into mid-tide pools, occurred most frequently from zero to two metres (Miller 1971, 1986; Ahnelt, 1991). Chromogobius quadrivittatus has tolerance for brackish water and in the Black Sea was recorded also in the small coastal lagoon (Miller 1971). No data exist for lifespan, life cycle and growth pattern (Miller 1986). The studied population from Corsica was composed of one year class adult female and juveniles (Pampoulie and Bouchereau 1996), suggesting that the generation length is one year or longer.","Chromogobius quadrivittatus may be impacted locally, but is not considered threatened across its range.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place or needed, however it does occur in marine protected areas. Chromogobius quadrivittatus was previously assessed as Least Concern, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Chromogobius quadrivittatus is not known to be utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Kovacic, M., Herler, J. & Williams, J.T.","De Silva, R., Milligan, H.T., Lutz, M., Batchelor, A., Jopling, B., Kemp, K., Lewis, S., Lintott, P., Sears, J., Livingston, F., Acero, A., Murdy, E. & van Tassell, J.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Chromogobius,zebratus,,Chromogobius zebratus,"(Kolombatovic, 1891)","Miller (1971) described two subspecies of Chromogobius zebratus, Chromogobius zebratus zebratus (Kolombatović, 1891) and Chromogobius zebratus levanticus Miller, 1971. Ahnelt and Patzner (1996) showed that there is no real morphological differences in supposed subspecies populations of C. zebratus, and that separation into two subspecies is not justified.",Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Chromogobius zebratus is present throughout the northern and eastern Mediterranean Sea and off the coast of Spain in the Atlantic. There is no specific population information for C. zebratus, but it appears to be common in parts of its range. There are no major threats towards this species at this time. Therefore, C. zebratus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Chromogobius zebratus was previously considered a Mediterranean endemic, but is now known from Cádiz Bay on the Atlantic coast near the strait of Gibraltar (Alberto and Nieto 1993). Records of C. zebratus are scattered across the northern Mediterranean Sea, including Catalonia (Mercader 1994), Lavezzi Island, France (Bouchereau and Tomasini 1989), Gulluk Bay in Turkey (Fricke et al. 2007) and Arsuz in Turkey (Engin and Dalgiç 2008). There are no records from the Ionian Sea and west Aegean Sea (Kovačić et al. 2011). Chromogobius zebratus has been collected to 12 m depth (Patzner 1999).","There is no specific population information for C. zebratus. However, a recent study of cryptobenthic fishes suggested that this species is relatively common in the northern Adriatic Sea and may be underestimated during typical visual surveys (Kovacic et al. 2012).","Chromogobius zebratus is a small cryptobenthic goby that lives on inshore rocky or rocky sandy bottoms, including intertidal pools, at depths of less than one to 12 m depth (Patzner 1999). It mostly lives hidden among cobbles and boulders, also in small cavities in rock or in interstices of coralline nodules (Alberto and Nieto 1993, Ahnelt and Patzner 1996, Patzner 1999, Kovačić et al. 2011, Miller 1986). No data exist for lifespan, life cycle and growth pattern (Miller 1986). The studied population from Corsica was composed of one year class adult female and juveniles (Pampoulie and Bouchereau 1996).",There are no major threats for this species.,"No conservation measures are in place or needed for C. zebratus. It occurs in marine protected areas throughout its range. Chromogobius zebratus was previously assessed as Least Concern, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Chromogobius zebratus is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Kovacic, M., Herler, J. & Williams, J.T.","Francour, P., Bilecenoglu, M., Bariche, M., Tunesi, L. & Goren, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,LOTIDAE,Ciliata,mustela,,Ciliata mustela,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Ciliata mustela is found in the northeast Atlantic, from Lisbon north to Finnmark, around the British Isles, in the Skagerrak and Kattegat and Iceland. It is found in shallow depths of intertidal areas to depths of between 17 to 22 m. There are no known major species-specific threats to C. mustela, although it may be impacted by coastal development. It is found in marine protected areas throughout its range. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Ciliata mustela is restricted to the northeast Atlantic Ocean, where it is distributed from Lisbon (Portugal) north to Finnmark (Norway), around the British Isles, in the Skagerrak and Kattegat and Iceland (Cohen et al. 1990). This species of fish is found in shallow depths of intertidal areas near the coastline within its geographical distribution. It rarely exceeds depths greater than depths that green algae grows, usually between 17 to 22 m (Cohen 1990).","Ciliata mustela is a common inshore species. There has been no change in catch rates for this species in the Swedish Scientific Survey data over the past 10 years (1988 to 2009) (Florin pers. comm. 2013). It is reported to be a common fish in the rocky intertidal zone of Europe's coasts (Cohen et al. 1990). However, according to a study conducted in 1996, the northeast Atlantic population of C. mustela has experienced a marked decline since the early 20th century. In 1906, the standardized mean scientific survey catch rate for C. mustela was 11.2, whereas in the 1990s it was 0.2 in Area 6 (Rijnsdorp et al. 1996). In a study published in 1996, that measured the relative densities of fishes on the southern and eastern coasts of England, the mean catch rate for the five-beard rockling was 0.106, 0.146 and 0.129 along the northeast, eastern and southern coasts, respectively (Rogers and Millner 1996).","Ciliata mustela is an intertidal species, almost always keeping close to the shore and not known to frequent depths greater than the distribution of green algae (Cohen et al. 1990). Although this species prefers rocky bottoms, it is also known to frequent sandy, muddy or shell/gravel bottoms. The diet consists of crustaceans, amphipods, crabs, shrimp, copepods, ostracods and isopods, and it may also sometimes eat algae, polychaetes, gastropods and sometimes even other small fish (Cohen et al. 1990). Both males and females reach maturity at about one year. Females may lay from 9,000 to 30,000 eggs in one reproductive cycle, depending on the size of the female fish. Spawning occurs in deeper waters off the West Irish coast from about February to May. Both eggs and larvae are pelagic (Cohen et al. 1990). Males and females grow at different rates. At one year, females measure approximately 14 cm long while males measure 11 to 13 cm long. At two years, females measure 20 cm and males 17 cm. The average lifespan for C. mustela is about three years and it can grow in length of up to 25 cm (Cohen et al. 1990). This fish tolerates temperature ranges of eight to 24 degrees Celsius (Moreira et al. 1992).","This species is not commercially important (Cohen 1990). Ciliata mustela live in a very narrowly defined area of the water column, mostly encompassing the rocky intertidal areas of shores and beaches (Cohen et al. 1990). Coastal development and eutrophication could threaten the habitat of this species. Additionally, the use of electrical frequencies used by brown shrimp trawlers causes this fish to swim and behave abnormally, swimming vigorously and in jerky motions across the bottoms, possibly increasing its risk of being caught as bycatch by the shrimping boats (ICES SGELECTRA Report 2011). This species may be undergoing range retraction due to climate change (Costa et al. 2002).",This species is listed as Least Concern in the Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (HELCOM) Regional Red List Assessment for the Baltic Sea. There are currently no known conservation measures in place for this species.,This species not commercially important (Cohen et al. 1990).,"Strongin, K.","Fernandes, P., Cook, R., Florin, A., Lorance, P., Nielsen, J. & Nedreaas, K.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,LOTIDAE,Ciliata,septentrionalis,,Ciliata septentrionalis,"(Collett, 1875)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Ciliata septentrionalis inhabits the waters of the northeast Atlantic and is found mostly around the British Isles and northward along the European coasts to northern Norway. This species is also found at the Faeroe Islands and Iceland and is found at depths ranging from 10 to 90 m. It is found in the sublittoral zone around European coastlines, on sand or mud bottoms. There is little species-specific population information available, however this species is considered common and there are no known major threats. It is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range. Therefore, C. septentrionalis is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,Ciliata septentrionalis inhabits the waters of the northeast Atlantic and is found mostly around the British Isles and northward along the European coasts to northern Norway. This species is also found at the Faeroe Islands and Iceland (Cohen et al. 1990). The depth range for this species is 10 to 90 m (Cohen et al. 1990).,There is little species-specific population information available for C. septentrionalis.,"Ciliata septentrionalis is found in the sublittoral zone around European coastlines, on sand or mud bottoms (Cohen et al. 1990). This fish spawns in late March to early May (Dando 1975) and may occur in deep waters (Claridge and Gardner 1977). It is known to be oviparous (Breder and Rosen 1966) producing pelagic eggs (Elliot and Dewailly 1995). This species reaches first maturity at approximately 6.2 cm long (Cohen et al. 1990). It feeds mostly on decapod crustaceans, lobsters, crabs, mysids and polychaetes (Svetovidov 1986). In a laboratory environment, C. septentrionalis has been observed hiding under rocks and shells during the day (Dando 1975), indicating a possible crepuscular or nocturnal feeding habit. At one year, individuals measure between five and seven centimetres. At year two, individuals measure seven to nine centimetres, and after three years, at least 10 cm (Dando 1975). The age at first maturity is different for males and females, with females reaching first maturity at 6.2 cm SL and males at 7.2 cm SL (Breeder and Rosen 1966). This fish has been measured at 20 cm (Cohen et al. 1990). This fish is a favourite food of Atlantic Cod, Gadus morhua (Cohen et al. 1990).",Ciliata septentrionalis is not commercially important. There are no known major threats to C. septentrionalis.,This species is listed as Least Concern on the Norwegian Red List. It is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010).,"This species is not commercially important in general. However, it is occasionally taken as bycatch in trawlers targeting the Cod, Gadus morhua (Cohen et al. 1990) and there is a fishery for rocklings in general in France. More research is needed to determine which rockling species are being harvested and how harvest effects the population dynamics of the exploited species.","Strongin, K.","Fernandes, P., Cook, R., Florin, A., Lorance, P., Nielsen, J. & Nedreaas, K.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,CITHARIDAE,Citharus,linguatula,,Citharus linguatula,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Citharus linguatula is distributed throughout the Mediterranean Sea and is also found in the eastern Atlantic off Portugal to 200 m depth. It is found over sandy and muddy substrates. This species is abundant in the Mediterranean Sea and, although it is not explicitly targeted, is an important bycatch species which is commonly found in markets. There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for C. linguatula. It is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range. Therefor, this species is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Citharus linguatula is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is known from Portugal to Angola, including the Mediterranean Sea and the offshore islands of the Canaries and Cape Verde (Munroe in press). In the Mediterranean Sea this species occurs along the entire Mediterranean Sea coast (Nielsen 1986), from the Gulf of Valencia (Redon et al. 1994), in the Catalan Sea (Bahamon et al. 2006), in the Gulf of Lion (Darnaude et al. 2004), in Corsica (Miniconi 1994), in the north Tyrrhenian Sea (Bargagli et al. 1986), in the Strait of Sicily (Gristina et al. 2006), in the Aegean Sea (Moutopoulos and Stergiou 2002, Machias et al. 2004, Karakulak et al. 2006), all Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988) and the Sea of Marmara (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002). The maximum reported depth range is 20 to 450 metres; however, it is more commonly observed at depths of 40 to 200 metres.","Citharus linguatula is one of the most abundant demersal species in fish assemblages next to the continental shelf up to 200 m depth of the Mediterranean Sea (Carpentieri et al. 2010). Results from a distribution and abundance survey carried out in the Mediterranean over a six year period, revealed that this species was most abundant over muddy bottoms between 50 m and 100 m depth (Sartor et al. 2002). In the Aegean Sea, males are more numerous than females but females eventually dominate the population after five years of age (Vassilopoulou and Papaconstantinou 1994). Labropoulou and Papaconstantinou (2004) mention that a total of 501 hauls were taken during 16 experimental bottom trawl survey cruises on a seasonal basis from standard depth stations between 16 and 500 m, at the north Aegean Sea (1990–1993). An otter trawl with 16 mm mesh size was used. Density of the species was 0.11% of all fish specimens captured at depths ranging 25–32 m. At depths of 100–195 m, its density was 1.89%. According to Cakir et al. (2005), 1,096 specimens (6.9 mm to 22.2 cm) were caught in Edremit Bay (north Aegean Sea) from September 1998 to September 2000. Sartor et al. (2002) mention that 6,336 bottom trawling hauls were carried out during 1994–1999, at depths ranging from 10 to 800 m, using an experimental trawl with a mesh size of 10 mm at the cod-end. Mean biomass of C. linguatula was 3.651 kg/km2 for Spain and France, 0.947 kg/km2 for Sardinian and Tyrrhenian seas, 0.821 kg/km2 for Adriatic Sea, 0.451 kg/km2 for Ionian Sea and 8.622 kg/km2 for Aegean Sea. Mean abundance according to depth are as follows: 10–50 m (2.107 kg/km2), 50–100 m (4.829 kg/km2), 100–200 m (1.760 kg/km2).","Citharus linguatula is a benthic species that inhabits soft bottoms from the coastline to about 300 m depth, however it is rarely caught at depths greater than 200 m (Nielsen 1981). This species feeds on small fishes and crustaceans (Fischer et al. 1987, Redon et al. 1984). It occurs on soft bottoms such as sands, clay, and mud from the coastline to about 450 m depth on the continental shelf, however it is more common at depths of 10 to 100 m (Sartor et al. 2002). Citharus linguatula primarily feeds on teleosts, decapods, mysids, polycheates, mollusks (Carpentieri et al. 2010). In the Aegean Sea, the growth rate of females is faster than that of males older than one year of age and the differences in growth rates occur at the onset of maturity. Males spawn earlier than females (Vassilopoulou and Papaconstantinou 1994). Breeding season probably beings in August in the western Mediterranean with the most preferable temperature between 21°C and 25°C (Sabatés 1988). This species reaches a maximum length 30 cm TL, but is common to 10 to 20 cm (Munroe in press). In the western Mediterranean Sea, spawning occurs during August and September (Munroe in press, Teixeira et al. 2010). Males at mature by age 2, females by age 3 at sizes of 10 to 11 cm. Age estimates for Mediterranean population indicate males live to be 5 years of age, females to age 7.","Citharus linguatula a species with minor commercial importance. It is caught with trawls, gill and trammel nets. On the Moroccan Mediterranean Sea coast, C. linguatula is the second most important commercial flatfish species after S. solea (O. Kada pers. comm. 2007).","There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for C. linguatula. This species is the most important flatfish in Mediterranean demersal trawl fisheries. This species is likely found in marine protected areas. This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Citharus linguatula is a species with minor commercial importance. It is consumed as food. On the Moroccan Mediterranean Sea coast, C. linguatula is the second most important commercial flatfish species after S. solea (Kada pers. comm. 2007). Citharus linguatula is commonly found in fish markets and is an important bycatch species for the trawling fleet. This species is one of the most important and abundant flatfishes in the Mediterranean Sea (Carpentieri et al. 2010, Sartor et al. 2002). In the Edremit Bay, this species is being exploited at a lower than optimal level (Cakir et al. 2005). Off the coast of Portugal, C. linguatula is primarily landed in autumn and winter. Landings from 1992 to 2005 show a decreasing trend with the highest landings per unit effort in 1992 from a 0.51 tonnes vessel-1. The month and amount of rainfall are important predictors for this species (Teixeira and Cabral 2009).","Harwell, H.","de Sola, L., Nielsen, J., Monroe, T., Costa, M. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CLINIDAE,Clinitrachus,argentatus,,Clinitrachus argentatus,"(Risso, 1810)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"Clinitrachus argentatus is widely distributed throughout shallow inshore waters in the Mediterranean and adjacent eastern Atlantic coast (Portugal and Morocco). Although specific population data are not available, C. argentatus is common and the population is considered stable. There are no known widespread threats. Therefore, C. argentatus is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"A near Mediterranean endemic, Clinitrachus argentatus occurs in adjacent eastern Atlantic waters from southern Portugal to northern Morocco. It is present throughout the Mediterranean Sea (Wirtz and Zander 1986, Relini and Lanteri 2010). Clinitrachus argentatus is a shallow water species, typically inhabiting waters less than 1 m (Wirtz and Zander 1986).",This species is common throughout the Mediterranean and populations are considered stable.,Clinitrachus argentatus is a demersal species which inhabits shallow inshore waters amongst dense algal growth. It feeds on benthic invertebrates. Individuals of C. argentatus are typically less than 10 cm (Wirtz and Zander 1986).,"There are no known major threats for this species, as it does not have any commercial interest and is not caught by any fishing techniques.","No conservation measures are in place or required for this species. It is found in marine protected areas throughout its range. Clinitrachus argentatus was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",The species is not used.,"Harwell, H.","Herler, J., Williams, J.T. & Kovacic, M.","Yokes, B., Bizsel, K., Kara, M., Craig, M.T., Williams, J.T., Goren, M. & Pollard, D.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CLUPEIFORMES,CLUPEIDAE,Clupea,harengus,,Clupea harengus,"Linnaeus, 1758","The temporal and spatial genetic structure of this species, or species complex, is still under debate, and presents challenges for fisheries management. Clupea harengus stocks have traditionally been delineated on the basis of differences in spawning behavior and meristic or morphological characters. However, there is little concordance between these characters and genetic differentiation (André et al. 2011, Ruzzante et al. 2006, Ryman et al. 1984, Clausen et al. 2007). Morphological differences may be expressions of phenotypic plasticity resulting from early ontogentic exposure to differing environmental regimes (Anokina 1971, Aneer 1985, Rajasilta 1992). The extent to which there is genetic differentiation between NW and NE Atlantic is unresolved. In the NE Atlantic, there is some structuring between the population in the English Channel and that found in the remainder of the North Sea (Mariani et al. 2005). Concordant structuring has been found between the North Sea and Baltic spawning populations, and it is hypothesized that the relatively low salinity in the Baltic Sea is driving this divergence (Ruzzante et al. 2006; Bekkevold et al. 2005; Mariani et al. 2005; Larsson et al. 2007, 2010). Spring-spawning populations and autumn spawning populations within the Baltic Sea appear to differ from each other morphologically (Heincke 1898) and genetically (Jøgensen et al. 2005); however, genetic variation within the Baltic Sea is generally low (Johannesson and André 2006). Additionally, there is structuring between the northern and southern populations within the largest, most commercially important stock, the Norwegian Spring spawning stock, which is found in the Barents and Norwegian Sea (Shaw et al. 1999, Reiss et al. 2009). The Baltic herring Clupea harengus membras is widely regarded as subspecies of the Atlantic herring Clupea harengus. Baltic herring as a subspecies includes populations of autumn-spawning herrings mainly in the western and southern Baltic Sea and spring-spawning herring mainly in the eastern and northern parts of the sea basin. There is wide overlap in the distribution of the different forms (HELCOM Red List Project). Differences between the two forms (spatial distribution, meristic and morphometric, temporal spawning) are not supported by genetic differentiation when using either allozyme or microsatellite markers. However, some studies employing high-throughput sequencing revealed high levels of genetic differentiation at loci which may under selection, which may suggest the existence of locally adapted populations within the Baltic Sea which are connected by some gene flow (Corander et al. 2013). ",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC In the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean Clupea harengus, the Atlantic Herring, is distributed from northern Bay of Biscay to Iceland and southern Greenland, eastward to Spitsbergen and Novaya Zemlya, including the Baltic. It is also found in the Western Atlantic. This species is managed across 12 stocks in the European Regional Assessment. It is a pelagic, schooling species which can be found to depths of 200 meters. The temporal and spatial genetic structure of this species, or species complex, is still under debate, and presents challenges for fisheries management. Over the past 15 years (1995-2012) summed SSB across all stocks shows an increasing trend from 8 million to 9 million tonnes. Clupea harengus has been assessed as Least Concern.",Increasing,"Clupea harengus is restricted to the North Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, C. harengus is distributed from northern Bay of Biscay to Iceland and southern Greenland, eastward to Spitsbergen and Novaya Zemlya, including the Baltic Sea. It is also seen along southwestern Greenland and Labrador down to South Carolina in the Western Atlantic. It is found at depths of 0—200 meters (Whitehead 1985).","This species is managed across 12 stocks in the European Regional Assessment. Over the past 15 years (1995-2012) summed SSB across all stocks shows an increasing trend from 8 million to 9 million tonnes (ICES Advice 2013, Fernandez pers comm. 2013). However, fluctuations in biomass of C. harengus stocks are influenced by variations in climate, which influences the long-term survival of recruits (Toresen and Østvedt 2000).Since a severe population crash in the stock in the 1970s, limits were imposed on the harvest levels of this species in an attempt to rebuild the stock. Since then the biomass has shown in an increase. Current estimates suggest that only 10% of the stock is being exploited and there are no reports of over-fishing occurring. Continued monitoring of the harvest levels and stock biomass is needed to ensure limits can be revised should there be changes to the levels of recruitment. (Dickey-Collas 2010).In the Northeastern Atlantic, the majority of stocks, including the largest stock (Norwegian Spring Spawning Herring) appear to be well managed and, in most cases, SSB is increasing. There are several stock/subpopulations for which this is an exception, notably the Western Baltic Spring spawning stock, and stocks off Porcupine Bank/West of Ireland/West of Scotland. Stock-specific information The Norwegian spring-spawning  herring stock represents more than 50% of the biomass in the Northeastern Atlantic, and has undergone large-scale fluctuations in biomass throughout the 20th century. Following a decline in biomass to roughly 50,000 tonnes in the late 1960s due to overfishing (Dragesund et al. 1980), and recovery throughout the 1970s and 1980s, this stock has recovered to biomass levels seen in the 1940s, averaging about 10 million tonnes from 1991-2011. The current trend in biomass for this stock is one of gradual increase (Toresen and Østvedt 2000). SSB is estimated at 6,136,000 tonnes in 2012. Although SSB is predicted to decline in 2014 by 5-18% depending on the management scenario. This stock appears to be well managed (Fcurrent<Fmsy. Bcurrent>Blim) (ICES Advice 2012). The North Sea autumn-spawning herring stock  collapsed in the late 1970s due to recruitment over-fishing, which resulted in a 5-year closure of the fishery. Estimated biomass prior to the collapse was roughly greater than 2000000  in the 1960s, and declined to less than 50000 by the mid-1970s, accompanied by a change the maximum age of fish from 14 to 5 years old. The stock has since recovered, and SSB is estimated to have fluctuated near 1000000 metric tonnes in the last 20 years. There has been no change in the spatial distribution of the population before and after the collapse. Based on the latest (2013) ICES advice, Herring in Subarea IV and Divisions IIIa and VIId (North Sea autumn spawners) appears to be well managed (Fcurrent<Fmsy. Bcurrent>Blim). Current SSB is estimated at 1,996,101 tonnes. This stock is considered to be at full reproductive capacity, and spawning stock biomass has been increasing since 2005. However, year classes from 2002 onwards are estimated to be the weakest since the 1970s, and recruits-per-spawner in the last decade are the lowest observed since the 1970s. Thus, this stock is considered to be a in a low-productivity phase. SSB is estimated at 199610 tonnes in 2013. SSB is expected to decrease in 2014 under all proposed management scenarios scenarios except zero fishing (ICES Advice 2013 book 9). Herring in Division VIa (North) Celtic Seas West of Scotland is considered to be well-managed (Fcurrent<Fmsy; Bcurrent>Blim. Since 1977, this stock has been fluctuating at a lower biomass than in the previous 20 years. Fishing mortality has fluctuated around Fmsy in recent years. Recruitment is lower than in the historical period. Temperatures and salinity have been increasing over recent decades, and coincide to reduced productivity observed since the 1980s. SSB in 2013 is estimated at 101920 tonnes, and is expected to decrease by up to 7%  in 2014 depending on the management scenario (ICES Advice 2013 book 5). Herring in Divisions VIa (South) and VIIbc: West of Scotland, West of Ireland, Porcupine Bank is suffering from reduced reproductive capacity (Bcurrent<Blim since the mid-1990s). Stock identity is complex due to mixing with juveniles from west of Scotland and of adults from the Irish Sea and VIa North Herring. ICES advises that there should be no catches of this stock unless a rebuilding plan is implemented, and that all activities that have a negative impact on the spawning habitat of herring, such as extraction of marine aggregates and marine construction on spawning grounds, should not occur. F has declined since 1989, however depending on the model used, it may or may not be above Fmsy. SSB was estimated at 11588 tonnes in 2012, well below the mean of 93295 tonnes from 1957-2012. Projections are unavailable due to uncertainties in F.  Herring in Division VIIa north of 52°30'N (Irish Sea) is currently considered to be well-managed. Fishing  Fcurrent is at or slightly above Fmsy, depending on confidence interval. Spawning Stock Biomass has been above MSY since 2006, and has increased from 5000t in 2002 to above 20,000 in 2012. Mean SSB is estimated at 22,114 tonnes (ICES advice June 2013). Herring in Divisions VIIa (South of 52°30'N) and VIIg,h,j,k (Celtic Sea and South of Ireland) is currently considered to be well-managed ( Fcurrent<Fmsy; SSBcurrent>SSBmsy). Current Biomass is the highest since the 1960s, and SSB in 2013 is estimated at 156355 tonnes. SSB is expected to decrease by up to 15% depending on the management scenario proposed, with the exception of zero-catch scenarios. Herring in Division Va (Icelandic summer-spawning herring) is currently considered to be well-managed (Fcurrent<Fmsy; Bcurrent > Blim.  Age groups 4-6 are most abundant in catches. SSB is expected to increase in 2013. SSB is estimated at 444,000 tonnes. Baltic Sea FisheryThe Baltic Sea herring fishery is a single unit, and its harvest is considered to be unsustainable in relation to precautionary limits set by ICES (2011). The autumn-spawning Baltic herring in the western and southern Baltic Sea was assessed as Endangered in HELCOM (2007). The assessment was based on declines in estimated spawning stock biomass, driven by declines in individual biomass not in individuals, in excess of 50%, which have been attributed both to exploitation and to oceanographic influences (Anokin 1971, Sjöblom 1978, Ojaveer et al. 2003). However, there was no significant trend in biomass when considering the Baltic Sea as a whole, and the Baltic Sea population/subspecies. Clupea harengus membras was assessed as Least Concern by the HELCOM Red List in Project in 2013. Populations/Stocks in the Baltic: Herring in Division IIIa and Subdivisions 22-24 (western Baltic spring spawners) are currently not considered to be well-managed (Fcurrent>Fmsy; Bcurrent at/above Blim). The lowest SSB in the time series was in 2011, following a steady decrease since 1991; Recruitment has been steadily decreasing since the early 1990s for reasons which are unknown. There are no management plans known, and ICES encourages the development of one. Due to its proximity to North Sea stocks and the possibility of mixing, ICES advises that TACs for the North Sea be based on reference points calculated for the Western Baltic Spring Spawners. Estimated biomass for 2013 is 106053 tonnes; SSB is projected to increase if catch is bellow 57,632 tonnes in 2014 (ICES advice 2013). Populations/Stocks in the Baltic: Baltic Sea Herring in Subdivisions 25-29 and 32 (excluding Gulf of Riga): Stock is at full reproductive capacity and is considered to be harvested sustainably. It is well managed (Fcurrent< Fmsy. Bcurrent>Blim). F has decreased since 2000, and SSB, which had decreased continuously from 1975 until 2000, began to increase in the early 2000s. Increase in Spratt stock size has exacerbated the interspecific competition, leading to decreases in herring weight-at-age. SSB is estimated at 716586 tonnes in 2013; all projections except a zero-catch scenario will lead to decreases in SSB in 2014 (ICES advice May 2013). Herring in Subdivision 31 - Bothnian Bay: This is a data-limited stock, therefor reference points are unavailable; However, relative SSB is higher in the past two years than the average of the previous 3 years; Fishing mortality decreased until 2009, and is thought to have increased recently. Stock structure is uncertain. CPUE by trawl and trapnet have both increased from 2011-2012. Herring in Subdivision 30 - Bothnian Sea:  SSBcurrent>SSBmsy;Fcurrent<Fmsy (well managed) Stock structure uncertain.  SSB remained stable until 2003, but has since more than doubled to record-high estimates. SSB in 2013 is estimated at 940567 tonnes. SSB is expected to decrease in 2014 under all management scenarios with the exception of a zero-catch scenario.  Herring in Subdivision 28.1 Gulf of Riga: Fcurrent< Fmsy; Bcurrent>Bmsy (well managed). SSB in 2013 is estimated at 77088 tonnes. Recruitment is high. This stock is considered sustainably harvested, and SSB has been above MSYBtrigger since 1992. Decreases in mean weight-at-age were first noted in the 1980s and reached their lowest levels in 1997 - they have since stabilized but remain much lower than in the 1980s.","This is a coastal, pelagic, shoaling/schooling species which is found to depths of 200 meters. It spends the day close to the bottom, but at night can be found near the surface. Light is an important factor controlling its vertical distribution. It schools in coastal waters, with complex feeding and spawning migrations. Spawning occurs from spring to late autumn.. The eggs are deposited on the substrate. The species is a facultative zooplanktivorous-filter feeder, i.e. it can switch to filter-feeding if the food density and particle size is appropriate. Other characteristics are schooling, silvery sides, excellent hearing, and very fast escape response act as anti-predator devices. It is an important prey species for many predators including cod and seals (c.f. Gårdmark et al. 2012).This species feeds on small planktonic copepods in the first year, and thereafter mainly copepods (especially Calanus finmarchicus and Temora longicornis), but also hyperid amphipods, euphausids, mysid shrimps, small fishes, arrow-worms, ctenophores and pteropods) (Whitehead 1985).  At least one population is spawning in any one month of the year, each race having a different spawning time and place (spring, summer, autumn and winter herrings; in 0 to 5 m off Greenland down to 200 m in autumn (bank) herrings of the North Sea; eggs laid on the sea bed, on rock, stones, gravel, sand or beds of algae or phanerogams. There are a wide range of spawning strategies in C. harengus which include complex feeding and spawning migrations occuring in a spatially and temporally distinct manor. Races/populations differ on morphological grounds, mainly variations in the numbers of vertebrae, finrays, scales and gillrakers.  Mixed-stock genetic analysis indicates that coastal Skegerrak is used as a nursery for both the Baltic and North Sea spawning populations (Ruzzante et al. 2006). The distribution of feeding shoals of herring is correlated with the abundance of zooplankton, which is influenced by the Atlantic inflow. When Calanus spp. copepod peak abundance is further North, Herring tend to be distributed further north. Variations in the distribution of North Sea herring are driven by changes in stock size, zooplankton production, and variability in the Atlantic Inflow by the Far Isle current, and temperature also influences recruitment (ICES advice 2008 book 1).Female C. harengus are generally sexually mature between ages 2 and 3 at lengths of 25 cm, although the proportion of mature at age varies by year and by cohort (Davidson 2009), and many studies show decreased fecundity with increased age. The generation length used by the HELCOM Red List project to assess this species was 6.7 years in the Baltic Sea. However, the average age of mature individuals (one generation length) is currently estimated to be 4-5 years across its the range in the Northeastern Atlantic.Stock-specific information:Norwegian Spring Spawning Herring: The oldest herring recorded was 25 years old. Age at 50% maturity varies from 4 to 7 years at lengths of 28 to 31 cm. Norwegian spring-spawning herring is a determinate one-batch spawner. Wintering occurs in the open ocean east of Iceland, off northern Norway, and in fjords along the west and north coasts of Norway. This species occurs in enormous schools or layers which are distributed deeper during the day than at night. Spawning occurs during February-April in two major spawning waves. Eggs are deposited on hard bottom, coarse sand, gravel, and rocks at depths of 30 to 250 meters. Spawning grounds are located off the Norwegian coast from 58oN to 70oN. Schooling behavior changes from large, dense and deep-swimming schools during the spawning migration to small, loose schools when feeding is resumed after spawning.North Sea Herring: Lifespan is 17-20 years, with maximum lengths of 38-39 cm. Age of maturity is currently 2 to 3 years, at mean lengths of 25-27 cm at age 2, 26-28 cm at age 3. The Atlantic herring is a synchronous determinate batch spawner. Spawning for the main part of the North Sea population begins in the Northern Part of the North Sea in September, then progresses southwards with time. Eggs are benthic, and adhere to each other and to the substratum, which is gravel beds found at depths of 20-40 meters. North Sea herring exhibits natal homing, returning to the ""home"" spawning bed. The main feeding period is April-June, mostly by foraging and targeting prey items. Adults feed on Calanus, Temora, Oikopleura, Schizopoda, Amphipoda, and juveniles Ammodytes spp., and the distribution of plankton shoals corresponds to plankton abundance. Variability in recruitment is less than that in the Baltic Sea. Mixed-stock genetic analysis indicates that coastal Skegerrak is used as a nursery for both the Baltic and North Sea spawning populations (Ruzzante et al. 2006).Northwest Irish Herring: The oldest reported age is 16 years. 100% maturity is reached at 3 years. Determinate one-batch spawner. Northwest Irish stock is composed of autumn-, winter- and spring-spawning components. Spawning occurs on inshore spawning grounds between September and October. Celtic Sea Herring: Lifespan is up to 12 years, however in recent years fish older than 8 years have rarely been caught. Age of 50% maturity is 2 years. Celtic Sea herring consist of a mixture of autumn and winter/spring spawners, which spawn inshore along the coast and then move to deeper waters after spawning. Calanus spp. copepods are an important component of the diet. Mean size and weight-at-age peaked in the mid-1970s and have since declined. Condition factor has also declined during this period.  Low recruitment and high fishing mortality led to a collapse of the fishery in the 1970s and again in the 1990s.Baltic Herring - Spring Spawning stock: Average lifespan 9-10 years, with a maximum of 20 years. Maturity occurs at 2-3 years with maximum length of 25-30 cm. One-batch determinate spawner. Spawning occurs as successive schools enter inshore areas. Eggs are deposited in a range of depths, from 0.5m to deeper areas.  Growth occurs in late summer-autumn. Prey items include large copepods (Pseudocalanus spp. and Temora longicornis) as well as nektobenthos (mysids, amphipods, and polychaetes). Mixed-stock genetic analysis indicates that coastal Skegerrak is used as a nursery for both the Baltic and North Sea spawning populations (Ruzzante et al. 2006).","This species is susceptible to threats from overfishing and habitat loss. In the mid 20th century, the Atlantic Herring was considered to be one of the most commercially valuable food fish species. In recent years it has been the 3rd to 5th most commercially important species. While stocks hit critically low levels in the 1970s and showed signs of commercial extinction, they have since recovered (Melvin and Stephenson 2007). In some areas, such as off the coast of NW Ireland, spawning aggregations are targeted (ICES Cooperative Research Report 306). Historical stock collapses, such as the collapse of the 1960s, have been ascribed to a combination of over-fishing and changes in environmental variables.  Herring spawning and nursery areas are vulnerable to anthropogenic disturbances, especially as gravel substrate is important fish habitat for herring spawning, and can be impacted by activities such as the extraction of marine aggregates (ICES advice May 2013).","The HELCOM (2013) Red List project assessed this species as Least Concern under the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, using the following rationale: ""Autumn spawning herring is listed as EN in HELCOM (2007), however assessing all herring as one species results in Least Concern status. ICES estimates of spawning stock biomass (ICES 2011) show more than 50% decrease last 20 years in the Western Baltic spring spawning stock. The decrease in biomass is mainly a decline in individual biomass, not in numbers. In the rest of Baltic Sea there is a 25% decrease in Baltic proper (ICES SD25-29+32) but an increase in Bothnian Sea (SD30) and in Riga Bay (SD29:2). Furthermore, according to catch per unit effort in trapnet fishery there is a stable population in Bothnian Bay. Summing total spawning stock biomass for whole Baltic show no significant trend the last 20 years.""In summary, this is a widely distributed species with high population size and according to estimation of total spawning stock biomass in the HELCOM area no significant decline the last three generations can be detected. No protection actions are currently needed in HELCOM area, however, fishery statistics should continue to be monitored to prevent overfishing.",This is one of the most commercially important species within the northern Atlantic Ocean.,"Harwell, H.","Lorance, P., Nedreaas, K., Fernandes, P., Kjellén, N. & Florin, A.","Dickey-Collas, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,EVERMANNELLIDAE,Coccorella,atlantica,,Coccorella atlantica,"(Parr, 1928)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Coccorella atlantica is a widely-distributed species, which within Europe is restricted to the Azores and Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"This species has a circumglobal distribution. Within Europe it is known only from Madeira and the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014, Santos et al. 1997).",There is a lack of information regarding this species' population.,"This is a marine, bathypelagic, oceanodromous species, with a depth range of 50-1,000 m (Riede 2004, Mundy 2005).",There is a lack of information regarding threats to this species.,There is a lack of information regarding conservation actions for this species.,There is a lack of information regarding use or trade of this species.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MACROURIDAE,Coelorinchus,caelorhincus,,Coelorinchus caelorhincus,"(Risso, 1810)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size and trend of the species. However, the species is present in trawling depths and bottoms, and it is commonly caught by Mediterranean trawlers and discarded, where it is threatened by these fishing activities. There is also evidence of longliners in the Azores catching the species, but it is unknown if the species has been caught or discarded in other Atlantic fisheries.",Unknown,"The species is present in the northeast Atlantic Ocean, from Iceland and Norway to the Azores and the Canary Islands (Fishbase 2014). It is found in several seamounts such as Plateau, Le Danois and Josephine in the Atlantic Ocean (Fishbase 2014). It is also widely distributed across the Mediterranean Sea, where it is known from several seamounts in the Alborán Sea, in Morrot de Formentera and Nao Seamounts in the Ibiza Channel (R. Aguilar pers. obs. 2014), and in the Palos and Mallorca Channel Seamounts (Marín et al. 2011a,b). Its depth limits range from 90 to 1,250 metres depth.","Long line surveys analyzed by Borges et al. (2010) in the Azores show an increase of abundance of the species in 2004 to 2007. However, the overall population trend of the species remains unknown. In Irish offshore waters, it is considered a common species. In the Atlantic African coast, it seems to be quite abundant (Sobrino et al. 2012), but there is a lack of data for European Atlantic waters.","The species is present mainly in soft bottoms. In the Adriatic, the species was caught by experimental trawls on muddy bottoms of the upper slope, from 100 to 800 metres depth (Isajlović et al. 2009). It is estimated to live for eight years, and it has a maximum size of 40 cm (TL). The species is considered a high vulnerable species and its resilience is calculated as low, with four to 14 years to double the population (Fishbase 2014). In the Straits of Messina, it spawns from December to March (Cohen et al. 1990).","The species is considered a high vulnerable species and its resilience is calculated as low, with four to 14 years to double the population size (Fishbase 2014). It is commonly caught by Mediterranean trawlers, although in Israel 100% of the catches are discarded (Edelist et al. 2011), as it inhabits trawling bottoms and depths. In Atlantic fisheries, the species is also captured by longliners in the Azores. Being a deep-sea species, it is threatened by increasing fishing pressure and other human activities (Isajlović et al. 2010).","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is present and common (1.74% of relative abundance) in the GFCM Fisheries Restricted Area of the Gulf of Lion. Its distribution overlaps with protected areas throughout its range, such as the Natura 2000 site El Cachucho (Spain), and the proposed Site of Community Importance by the Spanish Government of Chella Bank seamount. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.","The species is caught by longlines in the Azores (Borges et al. 2011). In Ireland, the species was previously taken but generally discarded (due to its relatively small size), by deep-water trawlers as a non TAC/Quota by-catch species, along with other Macrouridae (e.g. Coryphaenoides rupestris). However, it has rarely been reported to species level (Gordon et al. 1994). It is commonly caught by Mediterranean trawlers.","García, M., Quigley, D. & Ralph, G.","Garcia, S.","Blanco, J.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MACROURIDAE,Coelorinchus,labiatus,,Coelorinchus labiatus,"(Köhler, 1896)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Coelorinchus labiatus is found in the eastern Atlantic, from 61oN south to Mauritania. It is widely distributed within the assessment region comprising the northeastern Europe, Mediterranean and Black Sea. This species is found at depths ranging 460 to 2220 m. This species is taken as bycatch in deepwater trawl fisheries. There is little species-specific population information available. It is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Coelorinchus labiatus is found in the eastern Atlantic, from 61oN south to Mauritania. In the northeastern Atlantic, Coelorinchus labiatus is widely distributed from the Rockall Trough (Narayanaswamy et al. 2013) and the Porcupine Seabight (Merrett et al. 1991) to the Azores (Menezes et al. 2012) and from the Mid-Atlantic ridge (Bergstad et al. 2008) to the Galacian waters in northwest Spain (Banõn et al. 2010). Seventeen specimens have been collected of the Israeli Mediterranean coast between 1988-1999 (Goren and Galil 2002), but it is not known whether there is a stable population there. This species is found at depths ranging 460–2220 m (Cohen et al. 1990).",This is little species-population data on C. labiatus available with the exception of the Porcupine Seabight in which 799 specimens were caught with a 0.07 to 0.23 specimens per 1000 m2 depending on gear used (Merrett et al. 1991) and the Mid-Atlantic ridge in which Coelorinchus labiatus was found and recorded clustered with other species at an abundance of 50% at 1000 m (Bergstad et al. 2008).,Coelorinchus labiatus is a benthopelagic species found at depths ranging from 460 to 2220 m. It feeds primarily on small fish and bottom-living crustaceans. This species reaches a maximum size of 50 cm (Cohen et al. 1990).,"Coelorinchus labiatus is not a commercially fished species in Europe. However, this small species is caught as bycatch and discarded in the bottom-trawl fisheries along the slope In France, this species is present as bycatch in less than 1% of commercial catches. This species may be taken as bycatch in deep water trawls the northeastern Atlantic (Priede et al. 2010, Tomio pers. comm. 2012).",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Coelorinchus labiatus. This species may be present in marine protected areas that occur within its distribution.,"Coelorinchus labiatus is not a commercially fished species within the assessment zone waters, however, is listed as the main macrourid species discarded by the French trawl fisheries. The effects of bycatch and discards on these stocks are unknown (Lorance et al. 2008). This species may be taken as bycatch in deep water trawls the northeastern Atlantic (Tomio pers. comm. 2012).","Strongin, K.","Fernandes, P., Cook, R., Florin, A., Lorance, P., Nielsen, J. & Nedreaas, K.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MACROURIDAE,Coelorinchus,mediterraneus,,Coelorinchus mediterraneus,"Iwamoto & Ungaro, 2002",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Coelorinchus mediterraneus is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. It occurs in deep waters and is not commercially fished at present. There are no known widespread threats. It may occur in marine protected areas that exist within its range. There is a GFCM recommendation forbidding fishing below 1,000 m in the Mediterranean Sea, which includes the depth range of this species. Therefore, C. mediterraneus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Coelorinchus mediterraneus is endemic to the bathydemersal lower continental slope of the Mediterranean Sea, present in the Catalan Sea, Ligurian Sea, Adriatic Sea (Iwamoto and Ungaro 2002) and east Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005). It is found at depths ranging from 800 to 1,500 m.","Coelorinchus mediterraneus one of the more abundant species in areas deeper than 1,000 m in the southern Adriatic and Catalan Seas (Iwamoto and Ungaro 2002). According to Mytilineou et al. (2005), this species was collected in the northeast Ionian Sea during four experimental surveys (Sept. 1999, Apr. 2000, Jul. 2000, Sept. 2000), by means of trawls of 40 mm stretched mesh size in the cod-end, with mean of 0.1 individuals per haul in the depth range of 800-1,200 m (13 hauls).","Coelorinchus mediterraneus is a bathydemersal species, preferring deep-water of 1,200-1,500 m (Mytilineou et al. 2005, Iwamoto and Ungaro 2002). The species displays a sex ratio of 1:1.9 (males vs. females) and mature females can be found year round, although the peak reproductive time is fall and winter followed by spring, during which <5% of females are in the spawning stage (Fernandez-Arcaya et al. 2013a, Fernandez-Arcaya et al. 2013b).",There are no known species-specific threats to C. mediterraneus.,"There is no information available on specific conservation measures for this species. Currently there is a GFCM recommendation (GFCM/2005/1) forbidding trawl and dredge fishing below 1,000 m. This species may be present in marine protected areas found within its distribution (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Coelorinchus mediterraneus was prevsiously assessed as Least Concern, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011). Research is needed into any possible threats to the species.",This species is not utilized by humans.,"Strongin, K.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F., Carpenter, K.E., de Morais, L., Knudsen, S. & Harold, A.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,CONGRIDAE,Conger,conger,,Conger conger,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as it is a common and widespread species throughout its range. However, the species could be threatened by fisheries, as it is a highly appreciated targeted species by both commercial and recreational fisheries, with high vulnerability and very low resilience. Immature individuals are being fished in many countries, and decrease of landings are happening in some areas. These declines appear localized at this time, and there is no evidence that the population is declining at the regional level. Further research on the population trend of the species is encouraged.",Unknown,"In the eastern Atlantic, this species is present from Norway, Finland and Iceland southwards to Senegal. It is widespread in the whole Mediterranean Sea, including the Aegean Sea (Whitehead et al. 1984, Golani et al. 2006), the Marmara Sea and the western part of the Black Sea (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002). It is present at depths ranging from zero to 1,171 metres.","Conger conger is a common species, but its current population trend remains unknown. Ozaydin et al. (2007) mention that ten specimens were collected from Izmir Bay (central Aegean Sea) between February and December of 2005 using bottom trawls (mesh size 24 mm at stretched cod-end), ranging from 37.2 cm to 49.5 cm TL. Karakulak et al. (2006) mention that eight specimens, with lengths ranging from 20.9 to 62.5 cm TL, were collected from a survey conducted for selectivity by gill and trammel nets (inner mesh sizes 16, 18, 20, 22, 26, 28, 30 and 32 mm bar length) in the coastal waters of Turkey from March of 2004 to February of 2005. Moutopoulos and Stergiou (2002) mention that 106 specimens were seasonally obtained during experimental fishing trials conducted with gill nets and long-lines during 1997–98 in the Aegean Sea (Cyclades, coastal waters off Naxos Island, Greece). According to FAO-GFCM, 8,210 kg were fished from Barcelona fleet in 2005. Filiz and Bilge (2004) mention that 22 specimens, with lengths ranging from 32.2 and 65.4 cm TL, were collected during March and July 2003 by commercial fisherman from the Sıgacik trawl area (north Aegean Sea) at depths between 70 and 378 m. Data on captures are available in Fishstat, for the period 1950 to 2011. The species is being fished both in Mediterranean and Atlantic waters, with a maximum of 16,729 tons registered in 1994, and an average of 15,055 tons during the 1990s and 14,346 tons during the period 2000 to 2011.","Conger conger is a demersal species with a wide bathymetric range (zero to 1,200 m). Its depth ranges from zero to 800 m at European waters (Correia et al. 2011), but the species was collected during experimental hauls at deeper bottoms in the eastern Mediterranean Sea (Ionian Sea), at depth ranges of  500-700, 700-900 and 900-1,171 m (Mytilineou et al. 2005). It is found on rocky and sandy bottoms (Göthel 1992). Young individuals stay near the coast and move toward deeper waters upon reaching adulthood (Maigret and Ly 1986). It is a nocturnal predator (Göthel 1992) and it feeds on fishes, crustaceans and cephalopods (Bauchot and Saldanha 1986). Its maximum size is 300 cm (TL). Like other species of this taxonomic group, it reproduces only once in its life (Maigret and Ly 1986). Individuals are sexually mature at an age from five to 15 years. They spawn during the summer in the Atlantic off Portugal and in the Mediterranean Sea. Females produce between three to eight million eggs (Muus and Nielsen 1999). Eggs are deposited in the open sea, at depths between 2,000-3,000 m (Göthel 1992).","This species is commercially fished. According to landing data from Europe (FAO Area 37 Mediterranean and Black Seas), Conger conger were caught mainly by hooks and lines, but also by trawls, trammel-nets and traps. This species can also be used in public aquariums. The following Conger conger annual landings in the Mediterranean Sea (between 1996 and 2005, in tons) were obtained from the FAO FISHSTAT Fisheries Statistical Database (2007): 2,610 (1996), 1,669 (1997), 1,572 (1998), 2,423 (1999), 2,303 (2000), 2,387 (2001), 21,136 (2002), 1,642 (2003), 1,755 (2004), 2,448 (2005). The species is considered by Fishbase (2014) as a high vulnerable species with a very low resilience (more than 14 years as minimum population doubling time). It is a targeted species by industrial and recreational fisheries, and it is caught by bottom trawl, long-line and hooks (Correia et al. 2012). Correia et al. (2012) also concluded that, despite being a targeted species, there is a lack of information on its biology and population trends (i.e spawning areas remains unknown).  Spanish and French fisheries in the Bay of Biscay (ICES 2008) strongly fished both in the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean and also highly appreciated by recreational fisheries. In Britain and Ireland the species landings have been decreasing since the 1960s (Molfese et al. 2014), so the species could be threatened in these areas, possibly by overfishing.","The species is not included in any National Red List or Red Data Books of any European countries. It is present in protected areas throughout its range, such as the Natura 2000 sites El Cachucho (Spain), where it is common, and the four other sites in Italy, including Relitti di Posidonia presso  Grado (present), Trezze San Pietro e  Bardelli (common), Fondali Isola di Dino-Capo  Scalea (present) and Tegnue di Porto  Falconera (present). Future protected areas where the species is present include Chella Bank among many more others. Seamounts conservation and management are needed to preserve some of the habitats preferred by the species, such as rocky bottoms. Besides, due to the large size at first maturity, the small mesh size in many countries is a problem for the species, causing the capture of immature individuals. Further measures are to be taken in order to avoid this (FAO 1994). Research should also be conducted on the population trend of the species.","It is a targeted species by Spanish and French fisheries in the Bay of Biscay (ICES 2008), and it is also highly appreciated by recreational fisheries. The species is exploited by the Hake trawl fishery in the Mediterranean (GFCM 2011). Eurostat data on catches from 1993 to 2009 show a decrease of catches among 2001 and 2005. These catches vary from an average of 15,000 tons per year (1993-2000) to 7,000 tons per year (2001-2005) and back to 14,000 tons per year (2006-2009), so it may respond to natural fluctuations and not to over-exploitation, but more detailed data are needed. Data on captures are available in Fishstat, covering the period from 1950 to 2011. The species is being fished both in Mediterranean and Atlantic waters, with a maximum of 16,729 tons registered in 1994, an average of 15,055 tons during the 90s and 14,346 tons during the period 2000 to 2011. These data do not show general decline of the captures from NE Atlantic and Mediterranean waters, but it is happening in specific areas such as Britain and Ireland, where landings have declined since the 1960s (Molfese et al. 2014). In the Adriatic Sea, bottom longline fishery catches in 1992 were composed by an 11% of Conger conger (Ungaro et al. 2003).","García, M., Smith, D.G. & Ralph, G.","Garcia, S.","Blanco, J., Papakonstantinou, C., Massuti, E., Palmeri, A. & Keskin, Ç.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,ALEPOCEPHALIDAE,Conocara,fiolenti,,Conocara fiolenti,"Sazonov & Ivanov, 1979",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Conocara fiolenti is a widely distributed but rare deep-sea species. In the northeastern Atlantic, C. fiolenti is known only from north of the Azores. Little data are available on its population status, habitats, or ecology. There are no known major threats. However, given that records from the assessment region are isolated and scattered, C. fiolenti is listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Conocara fiolenti appears to be a cosmopolitan species, with scattered records from all oceans (Markle and Quéro 1984). In the northeastern Atlantic, it is known only from north of the Azores (Markle and Quéro 1984, Carneiro et al. 2014). It is found from 1,370 to 1,900 m (Markle and Quéro 1984).",Conocara fiolenti is a rare demersal species.,"Conocara fiolenti is a deep-sea demersal species found at 1,370 to 1,900 m (Markle and Quéro 1984). It is known to 37 cm, but little else is known about its ecology (Markle and Quéro 1984).",There are no known threats to this species.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place.,This species is not utilized.,"Ralph, G. & Stump, E.","Nielsen, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,ALEPOCEPHALIDAE,Conocara,macropterum,,Conocara macropterum,"(Vaillant, 1888)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Conocara macropterum is widespread in the western and eastern Atlantic Ocean, and although it is rare and uncommon it has been recorded from a number of localities. It is not known to be commercially utilized or to face any major threats at this time.  No known, species-specific conservation measures are in place for this species.  There are numerous marine protected areas that overlap with the distribution of this species, but they may be ineffective at its depth range.  Therefore, Conocara macropterum is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Conocara macropterum is distributed in the temperate and tropical western and eastern Atlantic. It is known in the western Atlantic in the Bahamas, Gulf of Mexico, and off of Brazil. In the eastern Atlantic, C. macropterum is found in the Irish Atlantic slope and southern Bay of Biscay to the Azores (Markle and Quéro 1984) and southward to South Africa. Conocara macropterum has a depth range of 800 to 2,200 m, but is usually found at depths from 1,200 to 1,800 m (Markle and Quéro 1984).","Conocara macropterum is rare and uncommon. It was recorded in low abundances during deepwater trawl surveys on the continental shelf and the Porcupine Bank from 2006 to 2008; 8 specimens in 2006, 4 specimens in 2007, and 3 specimens in 2008 (Johnston et al. 2010). The abundance and biomass of this species was recorded from the Porcupine Seabight as 1 fish km-2 (standard deviation = 4) and 0.30 kg km-2 (standard deviation = 0.79) respectively from a sweep area of 0.064 km2. Trawl samples were taken in this area from early June 1979 and late August 2001 (Cousins et al. 2013). Conocara macropterum is common in museum collections, with the most numerous of the species recorded being found in the Caribbean (Accessed through Fish net 2 Portal 2012 June).","Conocara macropterum is a bathypelagic fish. The standard length in males is 225 mm and in females in 268 mm. The maximum length for females is 368 mm while the maximum length for males is 347 mm.    The smaller species consume mostly polycheates, copepods, and ostracods, and the larger fish feed heavily on decapods, crustaceans, and teleosts (Crabtree R.E. and Sulak K.J. 1986). In the western Atlantic, female C. macropterum attains a larger size than males do. Conocara macropterum was recorded from 1972 through 1981 in the Bahamas (Exuma Sound and adjacent regions) to have an aseasonal reproduction period.  Mature ova were large (6 mm diameter) and fecundity was low with 57 to 490 ova. Abundance patterns suggested high juvenile mortality and rapid growth to full adult size.  The lengths for both sexes given above are the standard lengths at first maturity (Crabtree and Sulak 1986).","There are no known, species-specific threats at this time.","At this time there are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. However, its distribution overlaps with marine reserves in parts of its range, although it is not known if the marine protected areas in place encompass the depth range of this species. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.","At present, this species is not utilized.","Stump, E.","Uiblein, F., Knudsen, S. & Nielsen, J.","Hulley, P. & Rodrigues, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,ALEPOCEPHALIDAE,Conocara,microlepis,,Conocara microlepis,"(Lloyd, 1909)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) There is very little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. Because virtually nothing is known about C. microlepis, it is assessed as Data Deficient. ",Unknown,"Conocara microlepis occurs in the eastern Atlantic Ocean off the Irish-Atlantic slope and off the coast of Morocco. It is also known from the Indian Ocean (Markle and Quéro 1984). It is associated with depths of between 1,000 and 2,200 m (Markle and Sanzanov 1990).",There is virtually no information available for the population size and trend of this species.,"Conocara microlepis is a marine, benthopelagic species that occurs at depths from 1,000 to 2,200 m. The maximum standard length for this species is 27 cm standard length (SL) (Markle and Sazanov 1990). There is virtually no information about the ecology, population size and trends, early life history traits or stages of maturation for this species.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no known, species-specific conservation measures in place for Conocara microlepis. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",Conocara microlepis is of no interest to the fisheries industry (Markle 1984).,"Stump, E.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,ALEPOCEPHALIDAE,Conocara,murrayi,,Conocara murrayi,"(Koefoed, 1927)", The genus Conocara is in need of a taxonomic revision (Poulsen et al. 2009).,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) The species is relatively common throughout its range. It is of no interest to the fisheries industry, and it is not known to face any major threats at this time. There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it may be protected by several marine protected areas within its distribution.  Therefore, Conocara murrayi is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"In the eastern Atlantic, Conocara murrayi is known off of southwestern Ireland, the Bay of Biscay, the Azores, and south to the coast of Western Sahara (Markle and Quéro 1984, Markle and Sazonov 1990, Portiero et al. 2010). This species may occur in the western central Pacific Ocean and is known from one specimen from the southwestern Pacific, off Australia (Sazonov and Markle 1999, Sazonov et al. 2009). The species can be found at depths from 1,200 to 3,000 m (Bogustskaya 2007, Porteiro et al. unpublished data).","Conocara murrayi is relatively common throughout its range. Fourty-one specimens were collected (via bottom trawl) from the southernmost sub-area on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) between the Azores and Iceland as part of the 2004 MAR-ECO expedition.  Trawls were deployed at this station from 07 July 2004 to 13 July 2004 (Bergstad et al. 2008). This species was recorded from deepwater trawl surveys on the continental shelf and Porcupine Bank during each September from 2006 through 2008.  No specimens of C. murrayi were caught in 2006, but 23 were caught in 2007 followed by 5 specimens in 2008 (Johnston et al. 2010). Conocara murrayi had an average abundance of 143.33 and represented 4.11% contribution (dissimilarity/SD > 1.5) in trawls sampled at the Porcupine Seabight from 2000 through 2001 (Cousins et al. 2013).","Conocara murrayi is a marine, benthopelagic species that occurs between depths of 1,200 and 3,000 m, but it is usually found between 2,000 and 2,600 m (Markle and Quéro 1984, Bogutskaya 2007).  The maximum standard length for this species is 34 cm (Markle and Sazonov 1990). The diet, spawning season, fecundity and early life history traits are poorly understood for this species.",Conocara murrayi is of no interest to the fisheries industry (Markle 1984).  No major threats are known for this species.,"There are no known, species-specific conservation measures in place for Conocara murrayi.  There are several marine protected areas within its distribution, but the effectiveness of such areas to the depth of this species is questionable (Davies et al. 2007). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",Conocara murrayi is of no interest to the fisheries industry (Markle 1984).,"Stump, E.","Knudsen, S., Nielsen, J. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,ALEPOCEPHALIDAE,Conocara,salmoneum,,Conocara salmoneum,"(Gill & Townsend, 1897)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) This species is known in the eastern Atlantic near southwestern Ireland and southwards to Cape Verde. Conocara salmoneum is considered to be rare throughout its distribution. This species is not known to be commercially utilized or to face any major threats at this time. There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species but there are several marine protected areas within its range. There is very little species-specific information available for C. salmoneum regarding its population status,  habitat and ecology. Therefore, Conocara salmoneum is listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Conocara salmoneum is known from scattered locations throughout the temperate Atlantic and eastern Pacific (Markle and Quéro 1984). In the eastern Atlantic, C. salmoneum is known from scattered records off southwestern Ireland and near Cape Verde (Markle and Quero 1984). It is also known from the eastern Pacific.  Conocara salmoneum can be found at depths ranging from 2,400 to 5,000 m (Haedrich and Merrett 1988).","Conocara salmoneum is a rare species (Markle and Quero 1984), with only a handful of specimens present in museum collections.","Conocara salmoneum is a bathypelagic species found in depths ranging from 2,400 to 5,000 m, usually found near 3,000 m (Haedrich and Merret 1988, Markle and Sazonov 1990). The maximum standard length for this species is 73 cm (Reiner 1996). Species-specific information regarding the dietary aspects of C. salmoneum is very limited. Prey items for the family Alepocephalidea includes ctenophores, echinoderms, polycheates, decapods, tunicates, and fishes (Hartel in press). Spent females of this species have been found in May with large ovarian eggs (Markle and Quéro 1984) which are buoyant and pelagic (Breeder and Rosen 1966). The fecundity, spawning periodicity, stages of maturation and early life history traits of this species are poorly understood.",There are no known threats at this time.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures for this species at this time for C. salmoneum; however, its distribution overlaps with marine reserves in parts of its range.  It is unknown if the marine protected areas in place encompass the depth range of this species. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.","At this time this, species is not utilized and is of no interest to commercial fisheries.","Stump, E.","Uiblein, F., Knudsen, S. & Nielsen, J.","Hulley, P. & Rodrigues, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,PRIACANTHIDAE,Cookeolus,japonicus,,Cookeolus japonicus,"(Cuvier, 1829)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Cookeolus japonicus is a widespread species, which within Europe is known only from Madeira and the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"Cookeolus japonicus is circumglobally distributed in tropical and tropically influenced seas. Within Europe, it is known from Madeira and the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014, Santos et al. 1997). The depth range for this species is 40-400 m, usually 165-200 m (Starnes 1995, FAO).","Cookeolus japonicus has 128 records found in museum collections (Accessed through Fishnet 2 Portal, www.fishnet2.net, 1 November 2012).","Cookeolus japonicas is an epibenthic, predatory fish that occurs near coral reefs or rock formations, and is occasionally found in more open areas (Starnes 2002). It tends to lurk in or near crevices or beneath ledges of the rock formations or coral reefs with which it is associated (Starnes 1988). It feeds primarily on crustaceans, small cephalopods, polychaetes, and small fishes (Starnes 1988). The early juveniles are pelagic, but as growth occurs, they start settling into more suitable habitats (Starnes 2002). Cookeolus japonicus is medium sized, with maximum total length given as 25 cm to 65 cm (Starnes 2002) or 69 cm (Randall and Cea 2011). Disalvo (2007) gives the standard length as 42 cm. This species is the largest member of the family Priacanthidae. The lifespan of larger specimens of this species is believed to be 9 or more years (Starnes 1988). This species is solitary or can be found in small schools (Starnes 2002). Juveniles occasionally occur in temperate waters as a result of postlarval transport (Starnes 2002).",There are no known threats to this species.,There are no species-specific measures in place for this species.,"This species is utilized in aquariums and commerical fisheries (Accessed through Fishbase, www.fishbase.org, 1 November 2012). Cookeolus japonicus is caught occasionally on deep hand lines or other rigs but is probably rare in markets (Starnes 2002).","Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Corcyrogobius,liechtensteini,,Corcyrogobius liechtensteini,"(Kolombatovic, 1891)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Corcyrogobius liechtensteini is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, where it is known widely from the Adriatic Sea and with scattered records from the northwestern and central Mediterranean. It appears to have a patchy distribution, although it is likely to have been under recorded in typical surveys. The full distribution of C. liechtensteini is not well understood and further research is needed. There are no known widespread threats to C. liechtensteini. Therefore, C. liechtensteini is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Corcyrogobius liechtensteini is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, with records from the northwestern and central Mediterranean (Balearic Islands, Spain; Marseille and the Golfe-Juan marine protected area (Alpes-Maritimes coast), France (Pascaline et al. 2011); Isola del Giglio, Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy, the eastern Adriatic Sea, and a recent finding at Crete (Miller 1972, Ahnelt et al. 1994, 1998, Scsepka and Ahnelt 1999, Ahnelt and Dorda 2004, Kovačić et al. 2011). The full range of the species is not well understood. Corcyrogobius liechtensteini is typically found from three to 25 m, but has been collected from 0.5 to 40.5 m (Patzner 1999).","No estimations of population size and population trends of C. liechtensteini have been published. The largest collected sample of this species included 101 specimens collected at Ibiza, where it was frequent at depth five to 25 m and attained abundances of 14.2 individuals/m2 (Herler et al. 1999). Corcyrogobius liechtensteini was the seventh most frequently collected species in the cryptobenthic fish community in the northeastern Adriatic Sea (Kovačić et al. 2012). Corcyrogobius liechtensteini can be locally abundant and may be underestimated during typical visual surveys (Kovacic et al. 2012).","Corcyrogobius liechtensteini is found at depths of 0.5 to 40.5 m as a microcave inhabitant, (i.e., in cavities, hollows and crevices in the bedrock), either in open bedrock microcaves, or in microcaves on the walls and ceilings of large sea caves (Ahnelt et al. 1994, Herler et al. 1999, Patzner 1999). It also occurs among particles in multilayered bottom consisting of boulders and cobbles (Kovačić et al. 2012). No data exist for lifespan, life cycle and growth pattern (Miller 1986).",There are no known major threats to C. liechtensteini. Disturbance and accumulation of air produced by scuba divers may affect the population presence and abundance. There is not enough information to estimate other threats.,"No conservation measures are in place or needed for this species and it occurs in marine protected areas. Corcyrogobius liechtensteini was previously assessed as Data Deficient, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011). Additional research on the distribution and population size of C. liechtensteini is needed.",Corcyrogobius liechtensteini is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Kovacic, M., Williams, J.T. & Herler, J.","Francour, P., Bariche, M., Goren, M., Tunesi, L. & Bilecenoglu, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,LABRIDAE,Coris,julis,,Coris julis,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","Coris julis has sometimes been confused with C. atlantica, which occurs further south along the West African coastline (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2009).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is widespread and common in the Mediterranean Sea, where its population is showing signs of increasing in the Gulf of Lion (France). It is also present off the eastern Atlantic coastlines of Europe, and there are few major threats to its population. Therefore, this species is listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"In the Eastern Atlantic, this species has an apparent disjunct northern European distribution from central Norway to northwestern Spain and Portugal, southwards along the West African coastline to around Senegal. It is not present around the United Kingdom or Ireland. It is also reported from the Azores, Selvagens, Madeira and the Canary Islands. Specimens from the Cape Verde Islands and Sao Tome Principe, and along the mainland coastline from around Senegal southwards to Gabon, belong to the closely related species Coris atlantica (Randall 1999, Guillemaud et al. 2000).  The species is present along most of the Mediterranean coastline, including around most of the main Mediterranean islands. In the eastern Mediterranean basin, however, this species is rare, being absent from Cyprus and Israel, though one locality is known from Lebanon. It is present in the Sea of Marmara and the extreme western part of the Black Sea (in Turkey and Bulgaria).","The populations of this species are apparently increasing in the Gulf of Lion (France, north western Mediterranean Sea). This may be explained by water temperatures having increased there due to the construction of numerous dams on the Rhone River, which have reduced cold water inflow, though climate change may also be playing a part. Another hypothesis which has been offered to help explain these population increases could possibly be the installation of artificial reefs, providing an increase in suitable reef habitat.","This common species generally occurs in littoral and inshore coastal waters around rocks and over seagrass beds. During the winter it can be found in deeper waters. It is typically found in aggregations but can also be found as solitary individuals, especially in rocky habitats. During the night, or when disturbed, it can bury itself in the sand. The eggs and larvae are planktonic (Golani et al. 2006).  It feeds on small gastropods, sea urchins, worms, shrimps, isopods and amphipods. The small individuals are known to clean other fishes.  It reaches sexual maturity at one year and is a protogynous hermaphrodite with pronounced sexual dimorphism (Golani et al. 2006). The females change to males before reaching 18 cm in length. All individuals above 18 cm in length are males (Muus and Nielsen 1999). Sex change can take from several weeks up to 5.5 months (Sadovy and Shapiro 1987, Reinboth 1962, Muus and Nielsen 1999).  It reproduces from May to August. The larger terminal phase males hold territories and spawn sequentially with haremic females, while smaller terminal phase males can live in groups up to several tens of individuals. The initial phase males live and spawn in large groups in pelagic waters (P. Afonso pers. comm. 2008). The Mediterranean and Atlantic populations show strong morphological and genetic differentiation (Aurelle et al. 2003).","It is taken in local fisheries off the African coast, mainly by hook and  line but occasionally also in trawls and by spearfishing, and found in commercial catches in the Mediterranean.","There are no species specific conservation measures in place for this species. However, it can be found within marine protected areas within its distribution, including six within Spanish and Portuguese waters (EUNIS 2014). Further research could be conducted to determine the populations trends, harvest, use and the livelihoods related to the species.","In some areas of the Mediterranean this species is caught in commercial  fisheries. Many specimens are also captured for the local aquarium  trade. In the Macaronesian islands it is caught in the small-scale,  artisanal fishery (P. Afonso pers. comm. 2008). It is taken in local fisheries off the African coast, mainly by hook and  line but occasionally also in trawls and by spearfishing.","Allen, D.J. & Kemp, J.R.","Afonso, P., Craig, M.T. & Pollard, D.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CORYPHAENIDAE,Coryphaena,equiselis,,Coryphaena equiselis,"Linnaeus, 1758",This species is frequently misidentified as juvenile or female of Coryphaena hippurus.  The specific name is sometimes misspelled as equisetis instead of equiselis (Gibbs and Collette 1959).,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Globally, this species is widespread and is very prolific. In the European region the species is known from the eastern Atlantic, including Macaronesia; in the Mediterranean the species is probably a vagrant and it is only known from four records from here. Given its small size, it is of less commercial importance than Coryphaena hippurus, although no catch statistics are available for this species. There are no major threats. It is listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This species is found worldwide in tropical and subtropical seas. In Europe the species is found in the eastern Atlantic, including Macaronesia. There are four unverified records of Coryphaena equiselis from the Mediterranean: one from the Algerian coast (Djabali et al. 1993), one from the Ligurian Sea north of Corsica, one from the Tyrrhenian Sea north of Sicily, and one from the southern Aegean Sea, east of Peloponisos. There are large catches of Coryphaena species in the Mediterranean, but the vast majority comprise C. hippurus. If present, C. equiselis is likely a vagrant in the Mediterranean Sea. It has been found to depths of 119 m (Nóbrega et al. 2009).",This species is smaller and less important to commercial fisheries than C. hippurus. There are no catch statistics for this species. In the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC 2010) catch statistics this species is grouped with C. hippurus. The juveniles of C. equiselis are more common than C. hippurus (Gibbs and Collette 1959).,"This pelagic, oceanodromous species is primarily oceanic but may enter coastal waters. It usually forms schools. It follows boats and may be found under floating objects. It feeds on small fishes and squid. This species is fast-growing and short-lived. Maximum size is 75 cm, but more commonly is found to 50 cm. The all-tackle gamefish record is of a 3.86 kg fish taken in Baltimore Canyon, Maryland in 2008 (IGFA 2014). This species is much smaller and less important to fisheries than C. hippurus. Age at first maturity is 3–4 months. Spawning is probably year-round at water temperatures greater than 21°C (Gibbs and Collette 1959, Ditty 2005, Collette 2010).","Although there is no directed commercial fishery, it is taken incidentally and found in markets. There are no major threats to this species. It is widespread and very prolific.","This highly migratory species is listed in Annex I of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea. Anywhere that there are minimum catch size or limits for C. hippurus, this species would also receive protection as it is smaller.",This is a minor commercial species that is marketed fresh and considered an excellent food fish.,"Allen, D.J. & Polidoro, B.","Collette, B., Acero, A., Amorim, A.F., Boustany, A., Canales Ramirez, C., Cardenas, G., Carpenter, K.E., de Oliveira Leite Jr., N., Di Natale, A., Fox, W., Fredou, F.L., Graves, J., Viera Hazin, F.H., Juan Jorda, M., Minte Vera, C., Miyabe, N., Montano Cr",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CORYPHAENIDAE,Coryphaena,hippurus,,Coryphaena hippurus,"Linnaeus, 1758",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Coryphaena hippurus is harvested throughout its circumglobal range, and is present in the European region throughout most of the Mediterranean. It can be locally abundant, is fast-growing, early maturing and short-lived. There are some localized declines in catch that may be related to overfishing. However, there is no indication that this species is undergoing significant population declines. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This species is widespread in tropical and temperate waters and occurs in the Atlantic, Indian, Pacific Oceans and the Mediterranean, though it is most common in waters between 21–30°C.&#160;In the eastern Atlantic Ocean, it has been recorded north into Irish waters (c.600 km southwest of Ireland, and off the coast of France (Bay of Biscay and the Gulf of Gascony) (Quigley and Flannery 1996).","From 1961 to 2006, the reported worldwide landings for this species from FAO have gradually increased from 17,000 metric t, to a peak of 59,000 metric t (in 2005). In 2005, Japan reported 10,000 tonnes and Taiwan Province of China approximately 15,000 t. In the Eastern Pacific, this species can be locally abundant. Data from the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC 2008) from 1976–2005 widely varies from 200 to 22,000 metric t, with a maximum of 22,000 metric t in 2001. Although there are no data on fishing effort, demand has not decreased. However, there have been many regional fishermen reporting that catches are decreasing, especially in Costa Rica and Ecuador where there are possibly localized declines in catch rates. In Peru, catch of this species is highly fluctuating; there was a catch in 2005–2006 of 2,000 and 4,000 mt by the artisanal fleet, but in 1998 21,000 t were caught after an El Niño event. There is some evidence of multiple populations based on biological and morphological characteristics (Oxenford and Hunte 1986, Lessa et al. 2008, Duarte-Neto et al. 2008), however there is genetic connectivity between migratory groups in the Atlantic, Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. The Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism (CRFM 2006) stock assessment recognized the uncertainty about stock structure and conducted separate analyses (one that recognizes separate north and southern stocks and one combining both). The conclusion from all of the assessments was that there was no decline in catch per unit effort (CPUE) indices and therefore the fishery appears sustainable at current levels. They did note the uncertainty and the need for more data from other countries within the stock area. The Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism 2010 stock assessment (CRFM 2010) analysed data from the Caribbean, Venezuela, Brazil and the U.S. that corroborates that this species migrates from northern Brazil to the eastern Caribbean and may also enter the southeastern Caribbean Sea. The standardized CPUE indices for the eastern Caribbean corroborates that the stock is not declining. In Brazil there is evidence of at least two stocks, one in northern Brazil (shared with the Caribbean) and one in the northeastern Brazilian coast (Lessa et al. 2008). Although there is uncertainty in the data, the stock assessment in the northeast indicated that the stock is fully exploited (Lessa et al. 2009). This species is widespread and is very common in the Mediterranean, and catches are increasing. The average catch from 2000 to 2009 was about 8,000–10,000 t per year (FAO 2009). Off the coast of Turkey it is seasonally common. FAO landing figures are available from Tunisia, Malta and Spain. Most of the current catch figures are from Tunisia and Spain and are currently increasing. Catches from Malta have remained relatively stable since 1950. The distribution of this species is expanding to the northern part of the western Mediterranean. Catches are much higher in late summer and early autumn.","Schools of Coryphaena hippurus can be found in open waters and near coastal areas. This species is found to a depth of 85 m. Diet consists of smaller fishes, zooplankton, crustaceans, and squid. Juvenile teleosts were the dominant prey item by frequency of occurrence in the Ionian and southern Tyrrhenian seas (Castriota et al. 2007). Epipelagic fishes, particularly flying fishes, were the predominant prey in the Arabian Sea followed by cephalopods and crustaceans (Varghese et al. 2013). This species is fast-growing, and matures relatively early. Maximum size is 200 cm, but more commonly is found to 100 cm.The all-tackle game fish record is of a 39.46 kg fish caught in Papagayo Gulf, Costa Rica in 1976 (IGFA 2014). Longevity can reach four years but is usually less than two years (Oxenford and Hunte 1983, Oxenford 1999, Lessa et al. 2008). Age at first maturity is three to four months in the Gulf of Mexico, four months in the Caribbean (Oxenford 1999), six to seven months in the northeastern North Atlantic, and four months in northeast Brazil (Lessa et al. 2008). Off North Carolina, males reach 50% maturity at 476 mm, 100% at 645 mm; females reach 50% maturity at 458 mm, 100% at 560 mm (Gibbs and Collette 1959, Oxenford 1999, Ditty 2005, Schwenke and Buckel 2008). In the eastern Caribbean, males reach 50% maturity at 91 cm fork length (FL) (four to five months old) and females at 83.5 cm FL (four to five months old) (Oxenford 1999). In Puerto Rico, 50% maturity is reached at 45 cm FL (greater than seven months old) (Perez and Sadovy 1991). Spawning early and often should make C. hippurus resilient to overfishing (McBride et al. 2012). Spawning is probably year-round at water temperatures greater than 21°C, and spawning occurs in the open water when water temperature rises. In temperate areas such as North Carolina, peak spawning occurs from April through July. In East African waters, spawning season may last from March to early June and spawning occurs inshore. In tropical regions spawning likely occurs year round. Batch spawning occurs at least two or three times per spawning period. Batch fecundity estimates in the west central Atlantic range from 58,000 to 1.5 million eggs and are strongly influenced by size (Gibbs and Collette 1959, Ditty 2005, Schwenke and Buckel 2008, Oxenford 1999). In southern Brazil, spawning occurs from November to February, at least between 20–28°S (A.F. Amorim pers. comm. 2010).","There are no major threats known to this species. However, it is of high commercial value, with a global catch of 58,076 t in 2005, and is extensively harvested throughout its range. There have been observed declines in catch in the Eastern Pacific, but this is thought to be a consequence of higher catches during El Niño events. This species is caught in various types of fishing gear, including longlines, purse seine vessels, and recreational fishing vessels (Palko et al. 1982). It is one of the most important species in artisanal fisheries around the world. In the Mediterranean, this species is caught in association with fish attracting devices (FADS), trolling line and sport fisheries. These attracting devices such as floating bundles of bamboo reeds or cork planks are used to concentrate Dolphinfish before nets are set. The use of FADS are increasing the bycatch of this species (Nelson pers. comm. 2010). Small quantities are taken as bycatch in longline and driftnet fisheries. They are taken as by-catch in the swordfish fishery from spring to summer in the western Mediterranean  (Massutí et al. 1998). The Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism (CRFM) recognizes that the lack of any institutional framework or regional body for collaborative or shared management of this resource is a concern given the increasing catches of this species in the region (CRFM 2006).","It is considered a highly migratory species under Annex I of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea. In the past, there have been conservation measures implemented by the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC 2008) for no purse-seine fishing. In the U.S., there are bag limits and size limits in the recreational fishery and size and trip limits in the commercial fishery (SAFMC 2003). This species' distribution overlaps with a number of marine protected areas. Monitoring of populations trends is recommended.","A very highly appreciated sportsfish and foodfish, frequently marketed under the Hawaiian name 'Mahi-mahi'. It is marketed frozen and fresh and is of high value. There have been a number of attempts to rear the fish in pens.","Allen, D.J. & Polidoro, B.","Collette, B., Acero, A., Amorim, A.F., Boustany, A., Canales Ramirez, C., Cardenas, G., Carpenter, K.E., de Oliveira Leite Jr., N., Di Natale, A., Fox, W., Fredou, F.L., Graves, J., Viera Hazin, F.H., Juan Jorda, M., Minte Vera, C., Miyabe, N., Montano Cr","Milligan, H.T., Lutz, M.L., Batchelor, A., Jopling, B., Kemp, K., Lewis, S., Lintott, P., Sears, J., Wilson, P., Smith, J. & Livingston, F.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MACROURIDAE,Coryphaenoides,armatus,,Coryphaenoides armatus,"(Hector, 1875)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Coryphaenoides armatus is a common species in the bathypelagic of the most ocean basins on the abyssal plain. It lives at depths too great to be of commercial interest, and there are no known major known threats. Therefore, C. armatus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Coryphaenoides armatus is common to the deep waters of most oceans, between 2000 and 4700 m (Cohen et al. 1990). In the northeastern Atlantic, C. armatus is found from southern Iceland and Ireland to Madeira and the Canary Islands. It is likely more widely distributed than what is known. It is found at depths ranging from 2000 to 4700 m.","The estimated combined abundance of Coryphaenoides armatus and C. yaquinae increased by 275% (from an annual average abundance of 7.5 ind/ha in 1989 to 28.1 ind/ha in 2004) via towed cameras between 1989 and 2004 at approximately 4100 m depth at Station M (Bailey et al. 2006). Station M is located in the abyssal northeast Pacific about 220 km west of Point Conception, California. The abundance was not reported by species, so it is unclear whether the increase is attributable to C. armatus. Coryphaenoides armatus was the most abundant macrourid sampled by long-line in the Mid-Atlantic ridge (Fossen et al. 2008).","Coryphaenoides armatus is a deep-slope, upper continental rise species found between 2000 and 4700 m. The diet of C. armatus changes ontogenetically, from benthic invertebrates (especially crustaceans and holothuroids) when young to mesopelagic and bathypelagic fish, sea urchins and cephalopods as adults (Cohen et al. 1990). Examination of the stomach contents of C. armatus collected by trawling at depths below 2600 m in Hudson Canyon provided evidence that a major portion of the diet comes from the deep mesopelagic and bathypelagic regions (Haedrich and Henderson 1974). The largest C. armatus collected by trawling at depths below 2600 m in Hudson Canyon in 1973 was 102 cm total length (Haedrich and Henderson 1974). It has been suggested that C. armatus is semelparous, as few ripe females and no spent individuals have been collected (Stein and Pearcy 1982, Drazen 2001).","Coryphaenoides carapinus is not a commercially targeted species, however it is taken as bycatch in deepwater fisheries (Priede et al. 2010)",There are no known species-specific conservation initiatives.,"Coryphaenoides armatus is large and taken in moderate numbers by oceanographic research vessels, but lives at depths too great to be of commercial potential (Cohen et al. 1990).","Strongin, K.","Fernandes, P., Cook, R., Florin, A., Lorance, P., Nielsen, J. & Nedreaas, K.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MACROURIDAE,Coryphaenoides,brevibarbis,,Coryphaenoides brevibarbis,"(Goode & Bean, 1896)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Coryphaenoides brevibarbis is a rare, deep-water species in the bathypelagic zone of the Atlantic Ocean. However, it is not utilized and there are no major threats. Therefore, it is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Coryphaenoides brevibarbis is distributed throughout the bathypelagic North Atlantic, to depths of 4700 m (Coad and Reist 2004). In the northeastern Atlantic, C. brevibarbis is found from Iceland south to Madeira and the Canary Islands.","There is little information about the population trends of C. brevibarbis. During trawl sampling along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in 2004, C. brevibarbis was collected from 1500 to 3000 m depth, although the majority of the catch occurred between 2000 and 2500 m (Bergstad et al. 2008).","This species is a benthopelagic found on the abyssal plain. Stomach contents from 54 individuals collected suggested that Coryphaneoides brevibarbis prey upon chaetognaths and pelagic crustaceans. The majority of the stomach contents was unidentifiable, heavily digested material that may have been either gelatinous organisms or cephalopods. The larger individuals had fish remains as well (Hunter et al. 2012).","Coryphaenoides brevibarbis is not a commercially targeted species, however it is taken as bycatch in deepwater fisheries (Priede et al. 2010)",There are no species-specific conservation initiatives in place.,"While this species is not commercially important itself, it is a common bycatch in deep-water fisheries (White et al. 2011).","Strongin, K.","Fernandes, P., Cook, R., Florin, A., Lorance, P., Nielsen, J. & Nedreaas, K.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MACROURIDAE,Coryphaenoides,carapinus,,Coryphaenoides carapinus,"Goode & Bean, 1883",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Coryphaenoides carapinus is a very rare, deep water species in the bathypelagic of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Although little is known about its ecology or population status, it is not utilized and there are no known major threats. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Coryphaenoides carapinus is a very rare species in the abyssal North Atlantic, the southeastern Atlantic and Indian oceans (Coad and Reist 2004, Iwamoto et al. 2004). In the northeastern Atlantic, C. carapinus is known from the Irish continental slope (Geistdoerfer 1986) southwards to off Sierra Lione. It has been collected at depths ranging from 1600 to 5610 m (Iwamoto et al. 2004, Coad and Reist 2004).",There is little information about the population status of Coryphaenoides carapinus.,"Coryphaenoides carapnus has a maximum age of 13 to 14 years (Bergstad 2013). It inhabits the abyssal North Atlantic and Indian Oceans (Coad and Reist 2004, Iwamoto et al. 2004).","Coryphaenoides carapinus is not a commercially targeted species, however it is taken as bycatch in deepwater fisheries (Priede et al. 2010)",There are no species-specific conservation initiatives in place.,The deep distribution and rarity of Coryphaenoides carapinus limit fisheries interest.,"Strongin, K.","Fernandes, P., Cook, R., Florin, A., Lorance, P., Nielsen, J. & Nedreaas, K.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MACROURIDAE,Coryphaenoides,guentheri,,Coryphaenoides guentheri,"(Vaillant, 1888)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Coryphaenoides guentheri is a deep water species found at depths of  831 to 2830 m. It is not a targeted species, but may be taken as bycatch in deep water trawls. Although deep water fisheries have been impacting population structure in C. guentheri, based on reductions in the mean size per individual, since the 1970s, there is no evidence that it is impacting the abundance of C. guentheri at this time. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Coryphaenoides guentheri is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Coryphaenoides guentheri is widely distributed from the Denmark Straight (Marshall 1973), Rockall Trough and Porcupine Seabight (Gordon et al. 1996) to the Azores and Canary Islands (Marshall 1973, Bergstad et al. 2008 and Menezes et al. 2012), including the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Hunter et al. 2012). Coryphaenoides guentheri is found throughout the Mediterranean Sea (Geistdoerfer 1990, Moranta et al. 2003, Cartes and Carrasson 2004, Stefanescu et al. 1994 and Goren and Galil 2002), including the Spanish Mediterranean Sea, but not the Alborian Sea (L. Gil de Sola pers. obs. 2014) and the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988). It is a benthopelagic species that has a depth range of 831 to 2830 m (Marshall 1973), but may occur in shallower waters.","In the Rockall Trough, C. guentheri has been found to have the following abundance percentages in scientific surveys according to depth: 3% abundance at 1250 m, 13% abundance at 1500 m, 23.9% abundance at  1750 m, 39.7% abundance at 2000 m, 62.8% abundance at 2250 m and 37.7% abundance at 2500 m (Gordon and Bergstad 1992), It has been found with 1.1% of total catch in monitoring studies in the Levant Sea between 1988 and 1999 (Goren and Galil 2002) and in the following areas (with species densities n/km2); western Balearic Islands 295 n/km2, western Ionian Sea 85.1 n/km2 and the eastern Ionian Sea 54.6 n/km2 (Tecchio et al. 2011). Cartes and Carrasson (2004) mentioned that 418 specimens were collected with a bottom trawl, during a series of cruises performed in June, July and October 1987-1989 in the Catalano-Balearic basin between 1,308 and 2,251 m depth.","Coryphaenoides guentheri is a benthopelagic species with a depth range of 800 to 2800 m (Cohen et al. 1990). It feeds primarily on Gammarid amphipods and Cumaceans with polychaetes being listed as accidental prey (Carrassón and Matallanas 2002, Geistdoerfer 1986).","Coryphaenoides guentheri is not a commercially fished species in the assessment zone and there are no specific threats to Coryphaenoides guentheri. This species may be taken as bycatch in deep water trawls in the northern part of its range (Priede et al. 2010, Tomio pers. comm. 2012).","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Coryphaenoides guentheri. This species may be present in marine protected areas that occur within its distribution. This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Coryphaenoides guentheri is not a commercially targeted species within the northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea assessment zone, however it is taken as bycatch in deep water trawls (Tomio pers. comm. 2012). Deep-water fisheries have had a substantial impact on this species since the 1970s, causing populations to shift towards smaller individuals (Carrassón and Matallanas 2002).","Strongin, K.","Nedreaas, K., Lorance, P., Cook, R., Fernandes, P., Florin, A. & Nielsen, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MACROURIDAE,Coryphaenoides,leptolepis,,Coryphaenoides leptolepis,"Günther, 1877",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Coryphaenoides leptolepis is a deep-dwelling species which is restricted to the eastern Atlantic, and is found to depths exceeding 4000 m. It is not commercially targeted, however it is taken as bycatch in deepwater trawl fisheries. There is little species-specific population information available, and this species likely benefits from protection measures in place for the commercially important C. rupestis. Coryphaenoides leptolepis is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Coryphaenoides leptolepis is distributed found in the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans. In the eastern Atlantic, C. leptolepis is found from the Porcupine Seabight (Priede et al. 2011) and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Marshall 1973, Bergstad et al. 2008) to the Azores Islands (Bergstad et al. 2008). It has a depth range of 610 to 4000 m according to (Marshall 1973) and a depth range of 1993 to 4865 m (Priede et al. 2011). ",There is little species-specific population information available for C. leptolepis. In 2004 the MAR-ECO expedition along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge found Coryphaenoides leptolepis to have a 0.2 CPUE in the northern Azores (Fossen et al. 2008). In the Porcupine Seabight Coryphaenoides leptolepis showed an overall mean abundances of 110 and 83 km-2 between two survey periods 1977 to 1989 (95 trawls) and 1997 to 2002 (59 trawls) respectively (Priede et al. 2011).,"Coryphaenoides leptolepis is a benthopelagic species which can be found to depths exceeding 4000 m (Marshall 1973). This species feeds primarily on benthopelagic prey. It has has a smaller swimbladder than other macrourids found at similar depths, indicating it may be more restricted to the bottom (McLellan 1977). The maximum recorded length for this species is 62 cm (TL).","Coryphaenoides leptolepis is not a targeted species within the assessment zone, however it is taken as bycatch in deep-water fisheries (Priede et al. 2010).",There are no species-specific conservation measures are in Coryphaenoides leptolepis. This species may be present in marine protected areas that occur within its distribution.,Coryphaenoides leptolepis does not appear to be utilized.,"Strongin, K.","Fernandes, P., Cook, R., Florin, A., Lorance, P., Nielsen, J. & Nedreaas, K.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MACROURIDAE,Coryphaenoides,mediterraneus,,Coryphaenoides mediterraneus,"(Giglioli, 1893)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Coryphaenoides mediterraneus has a wide range both in the eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. It is found to depths of 4246 m. It is not a commercially important species, however it is taken as bycatch in deepwater trawls and there have been documented localized population declines in parts of this species' range. There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for C. mediterraneus, however protection measures in place for the commercially important congener, C. rupestris, are likely to benefit this species. Coryphaenoides mediterraneus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Coryphaenoides mediterraneus, also known as Chalinura mediterranea in the Mediterranean Sea, is found from Greenland (Møller et al. 2010) and Iceland (Bergstad et al. 2008), the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Porcupine Seabight (Priede et al. 2011) to the Azores (Priede et al. 2011). It is found throughout the Mediterranean from the Balearic basin (Massutí et al. 2004) to the Levant Sea (Jones et al. 2003). It has a depth range from 1,200 (Bergstad et al. 2008) to 4,264 m (Jones et al. 2003).","In the Mid-Atlantic Ridge C. mediterraneaus has an abundance of 100 individuals/n.m. and it described as somewhat common (Bergstad et al. 2008), with a CPUE of 0.3 along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Fossen et al. 2011). In the Porcupine Seabight, there has been a significant reduction in abundance (p < 0.001) with an overall mean that has decreased from 196 to 39 individuals km-2 from two sampling periods 1977 to 1989 and 1997 to 2002 respectively (Priede et al. 2011).","Coryphaenoides mediterraneus is a bathypelagic species. This species feeds on small benthic invertebrates (Geistdoerfer 1986). This is a bathypelagic species. Its depth range is reported at 1,000 to 3,000 m. This species feeds on small benthic invertebrates (Geistdoerfer 1986).","Coryphaenoides mediterraneus is not a commercially targeted species, however it is taken as bycatch in deepwater fisheries (Priede et al. 2010). There have been localized population declines of this species which have been attributed to fishing activity (Priede et al. 2010).","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Coryphaenoides mediterraneus. It may be present in marine protected areas that occur within its distribution. It is likely to benefit from protection measures in place for the commercially important C. rupestris, and from area closures. This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Coryphaenoides mediterraneus is not a commercially targeted species. It does not appear to be utilized when taken as bycatch.,"Strongin, K.","Nedreaas, K., Lorance, P., Cook, R., Fernandes, P., Florin, A. & Nielsen, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MACROURIDAE,Coryphaenoides,profundicolus,,Coryphaenoides profundicolus,"(Nybelin, 1957)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Coryphaenoides profundicolus is a widely distributed, deep water (>5,000 m) benthopelagic species in the Atlantic Ocean. It is little known member of the genus Coryphaenoides. There are no known species-specific threats, however this species is likely taken as bycatch. It is a wide-ranging species which is found at great depths. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Coryphaenoides profundicolus was collected at depths ranging from 3,639 to 4,865 m in the Porcupine Seabight and Porcupine Abyssal Plain between 1977 and 2002 (Merrett et al. 1991, Priede et al. 2010). It was also collected at one location on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge during the 2004 MAR-ECO expedition at about 51o N, 29o W (Bergstad et al. 2008). Its depth range may extend beyond 5,440 m (Merrett 1987).","Coryphaenoides profundicolus is a rare and poorly-known species. Along the mid-Atlantic ridge, Coryphaenoides profundicolus was the rarest species of Coryphaenoides (Bergstad et al. 2011).","Coryphaenoides profundicolus is a deep dwelling, benthopelagic species (Merrett et al. 1991).","Coryphaenoides profundicolus is not a commercially targeted species, however it is taken as bycatch in deepwater fisheries (Priede et al. 2010)",There are no species-specific conservation actions in place.,This species is not utilized.,"Strongin, K.","Fernandes, P., Cook, R., Florin, A., Lorance, P., Nielsen, J. & Nedreaas, K.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MACROURIDAE,Coryphaenoides,rupestris,,Coryphaenoides rupestris,"Gunnerus, 1765",,No,EN,A1bd,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Endangered (EN) Coryphaenoides rupestris is known from the North Atlantic Ocean from Baffin Island and Greenland in the northwestern Atlantic, and off Iceland and Norway south to north Africa in the northeastern Atlantic. It is long-lived and slow-growing, with a generation length of at least 30 years. It is one of the main target species of deepwater fisheries in the northeast Atlantic. In the northeast Atlantic it was overexploited along the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the 1970s, to the west of the British Isles from the 1990s and in the Skagerrak in the mid-2000s. Fisheries have been regulated from 2003 and current catches are expected to be low enough to allow stock rebuilding. Data are not available for the entire three generation lengths (more than 90 years), but it is assumed that the stock was at virgin biomass prior to exploitation. In the northeastern Atlantic, fisheries-independent data are only available from west of Scotland, where there has been a 70% decline in spawning stock biomass (SSB) over the past 25 years. Over about the same time, simulated mean exploitable biomass from the Faroes south to the English Channel declined by 50%. Other indications of overexploitation in this species included truncated life history characteristics (e.g., reduced average size) and reduced CPUE (e.g., near the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge). As C. rupestris was exploited throughout the entire assessment zone, it is inferred that the population has declined by at least 50% over the past three generation lengths. The cause of population decline, overexploitation, is understood to have largely ceased. Only small catches have been permitted in recent years for 2 of the 3 main populations (Skagerrak and mid-Atantic Ridge) and a low harvest rate for the third one (West of the British Isles). Surveys indicate some increase in abundance and biomass since 1998 along the West of Scotland Slope. Therefore, Coryphaenoides rupestris is listed as Endangered under Criterion A1bd.     ",Decreasing,"Coryphaenoides rupestris, the Roundnose Grenadier, is distributed in the North Atlantic, from about 37°N to Baffin Island and Greenland in the northwestern Atlantic, and off Iceland and Norway south to north Africa in the northeastern Atlantic. It may occur east of Andros Islands (about 24°N, 77°W) in the Bahamas. It occurs at depths of 180-2,600 metres.","Based on the 2012 ICES Assessment (ICES 2012), spawning stock biomass (SSB) for this species has declined by at least 70% from 140,000 tonnes in 1988 to about 40,000 tonnes in 2010 in the west of Scotland. SSB has increased slightly over the past 5 to 7 years after management measures were implemented. Current harvest rates in this area are half of recommended MSY. ICES advice for this region, recommends catches to be no more than 6000 tonnes per year. The current fishing mortality is below Fmsy and biomass is estimated to below Bmsy (ICES 2012). Scientific survey data from west of Scotland and west of the British Isles show stable catch rates from 1998 to 2010 (Neat and Burns 2010, ICES 2012). Globally reported FAO landings of C. rupestris are declared from the following FAO fishing regions: Arctic, Antarctic, Northeast Atlantic, and Northwest Atlantic. From 1965 onwards, landings from the Northwest Atlantic accounted for the majority (>90%) of declared landings in the early 1970s. After peaking at 83,764 tonnes in the early 1970s, landings in this region declined continuously to 518 tonnes in 2010, representing a decline of 99.3%. From the late 1980s onwards, the overall trend in landings has been driven by landings in the Northeast Atlantic. Landings in the Northeastern Atlantic increase to a maximum of 48,163 tonnes in 2001, and since 2001 have decreased by 85% to 7,093 tonnes in 2010 (FAO 2011, FishStatJ accessed 2013 September). However, overall catches reported from the assessment zone from the 1950's for this species show an increase until the late 1990's and then a decrease from 2000—2006.  Population and Stock Structure: In the Northeast Atlantic, this species has been divided into four management units: Skagerrak (IIIa); the Faroe Hatton area and Celtic Sea (Divisions Vb and XIIb, Subareas VI, VII); Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Divisions Xb, XIIc, Subdivisions Va1, XIIa1,XIVb1), and all other areas (Subareas I,II, IV, VIII, IX, Division XIVa, Subdivisions Va2, XIVb2). No genetic results are available to validate this stock structure. Samples of 800 individuals from across the species' range suggest a pattern of increasing genetic structure with distance among samples at very small spatial scales (Knutsen et al. 2009). All these areas are covered by European Union Total Allowed Catches (TACs), although the TAC areas do no match the stock structure. The main current catch are in line with ICES recommended catch levels. Stock Specific Information Division III (Skagerrak): There was a mostly bycatch  fishery  of 1000-2000 tonnes per yearin this region in the 1990s and early 2000s. A directed fishery then developed and peaked at 11,000 tonnes in 2005. This fishery was considered unsustainable and was stopped in 2006 (ICES 2014). Stock status is unclear, and ICES advises that expansion of the fisheries should not be allowed until reliable assessments are available and only a few tonnes per year have been caught since 2007 owing to the end of the targeted fishery and increased selectivity in other fisheries. Bergstad (1990) based on data for 1987 in this region suggests that age distributions could span over 20—30 years. Northeast Atlantic Division Vb and XIIb, Subareas VI and VII (North of Azores, Rockall, W of Scotland,  West of Ireland, Porcupine Bank, Bristol Channel, Celtic Sea, SW of Ireland, Faroes): The targeted fishery for this species in Division Vb and XIIb, Subareas VI and VII became established in the early 1990s. There are a great deal of uncertainties concerning the exploitable biomass of this species, and simulations present a decline of around 50% in median exploitable biomass from 1988 to 2003, followed by relative stabilization (ICES 2010). This has been accompanied by a reduction in the average size and proportion of large individuals in landings over time (ICES Cooperative Research Report 255, ICES 2010). A deep-water survey carried out along the West of Scotland slope, covering the main area were the species has been fished since 1988 shows a increase in abundance and biomass sincThis species reaches a maximum size of 100 cm (Cohen et al. 1990). The average pre-anal length of individuals landed by France decreased from 20.8 cm in 1990, to 16.0 cm in 2009; the average size of landed individuals reported by Spain decreased from 15.5 cm to 14 cm (females) from 2002 to 2009 (ICES 2010).  Since 2010, the stock has been assessed quantitatively providing estimates of biomass and harvest rates. Although uncertain harvest rates have been strongly reduced in recent years and are below the level corresponding to MSY. Recommended catch are below the catch corresponding to Fmsy. These levels are considered appropriate to allow stock rebuilding, which can only be slow owing to the low productivity of this species. The Total Allowable Catch (TAC) implemented by the European Union are in line with the ICES recommendations.. Northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge (divisions Xb, XIIc, and Subareas Va1, XIIa1, XIVb1): Dense concentrations of this species were exploited over seamount peaks by the USSR in the 1970s. Recent trawl acoustic surveys indicate that biomass of the pelagic component of the grenadier only amounted to about 130,000 t, and that the distribution and structure of aggregations on the mid-Atlantic ridge may have changed considerably as compared to the 1970s to the 1980s. CPUE trends show a decline beginning in 1978, followed by a period of relative stability until the early 1990s. Further declines took place in the 1990s, and current CPUE from the MAR is almost half of what it was in the early 1970s. . Biomass estimated from Russian acoustics surveys, on part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge from 2003 to 2010 were higher in 2010 comparatively 2003 at most of the seamounts. The average biomass per seamount increased from 3900 t in 2003 to 4600 t in 2010. Some increasing of biomass, stable length composition and limited fishery scale of grenadier give grounds to make a preliminary conclusion on the stable state of its stock during several last years (ICES, 2014). Catch has been small from the early 2000s, although some increasing landings have been reported since 2011. Other areas (I, II, IV, Va2, VIII, IX, XIVa, XIVb2): Catches in these regions are insignificant, either as by-catch or as targeted fisheries. Catch data for each of the above fishing regions from 1989—2009 shows fluctuations, with declines in more recent years (ICES 2010).","Coryphaenoides rupestris is a benthopelagic to bathypelagic species that has a depth range of 180 to 2600 m (Coad and Riest 2004).  They form large schools in depths of 600 to 900 m. It is a slow-moving species, which prefers substrates with slow currents. It undergoes vertical diurnal migrations. This species is a poor swimmer, and there is no evidence of long-distance migration in this species. Juveniles ranging in size from 2—8 cm in length were caught in mid-water 120—840 m over bottoms of 1200—3200 meters (Vinnichenko and Khlivnoy 2007). They feed on a variety of fish and invertebrates, but primarily on pelagic crustaceans such as shrimps, amphipods and cumaceans; cephalopods and lantern fishes constitute a lesser portion of their diet.  Maximum length recorded is 110 cm total length (Muus and Nielsen 1999), and maximum weight recorded is 1690 g (IGFA 2013).  This species is a batch spawner, with a fecundity of 4000—70 000 oocytes per batch (Allain 2001, Murua and Saborido-Rey 2003).  This species is slow-growing and long-lived. Maximum reported age is 54 years (Allain and Lorance 2000), and length at first maturity is 50.5cm.  Maximum age attained from survey samples in the Northeast Atlantic is 60 years for females and 50 years for males (Clarke et al. 2003), with age of first maturation at approximately 11 years, and <57,000, of large eggs  produced (Alekseyev et al. 1992; Kelly et al. 1997). T In other estimates in the Northeastern Atlantic, length-at-first-maturity is reached at 11.5—12.5 cm and age-at-first-maturity at 9—14 years (ICES 2010). Given that age of first maturity is between 9—14 years, and maximum longevity is 50 to 60 years, generation length is likely to be between 30—37 years. .  ","Coryphaenoides rupestris was one of the main target species of deepwater fisheries in the Northeast Atlantic (Lorance et al. 2008), as it forms dense concentrations in waters of 600 to 900 meters.  It was over-exploitated in the North Atlantic from the late 1980s to the mid-2000s. The primary fishing method for this species is factory stern trawlers, which may fish as deep as 1300 m (Cohen et al. 1990). Fisheries on deep-water species, which may be intrinsically vulnerable to exploitation, have developed rapidly and many have been depleted before appropriate management measures were designed/implemented. Additionally, landing statistics that are available may not reflect the scale of recent fishing activity, particularly in waters outside national exclusive economic zones (ICES 2010). This species is reported to reach a maximum size of 100 cm; however, where data are available, reductions in the sizes of landed individuals have been reported from many parts of this species' range (ICES 2010). In the Northwestern Atlantic, as with many new fisheries, the initial quota was set quite high but was never achieved. As catches declined, subsequent quota revisions and reductions were not based on any particular biological or assessment information, primarily because that information was severely lacking (Atkinson 1995). Most basic biological information was not gathered until 15–25 years after the fishery began (Haedrich et al. 2001). By the early 1990s, the fishery in the Northwest Atlantic was no longer commercially viable and came to a halt. However, in the eastern central Atlantic portion of its range it is not fished as heavily.  Therefore, this species may be afforded some refuge from over-exploitation in this part of its range. The depth distribution also extends deeper than depth fished by fisheries.","Total allowable catches (TACs) for EU vessels for deep-water species have been set since 2003. Additional measurement measures applicable to EU fleets are a licensing system, fishing effort limits, minimum size regulations, and the obligation to land the fish in designated harbours (ICES WGDEEP 2010). In the North Sea, ICES recommends that fishery should not be allowed to expand until it is proven sustainable. Historically, this species was fished on the mid-Atlantic Ridge with landings up to 30,000 tonnes in the 1970s (USSR), however, for the last 8 years, there has been no additional fishing for this species on the mid-Atlantic Ridge. There are no reported catches from Iceland. Given the dramatic declines in global catch over three generation lengths, future monitoring and reduction in catch is recommended.  It has been suggested that increasing mesh sizes would be an efficient management strategy to avoid the discards of smaller individuals (Lorance et al. 2001).This species was categorized as Vulnerable in the 2007 HELCOM Red List Assessment, likely as a result of its overexloitation in the Skagerrak in the mid-2000s. It is considered Endangered in Sweden. In Norway, this species was estimated to have a generation length of 17.5 years, and has been listed as Least Concern. Landings in Norway greatly fluctuated since 1989 and then have remained low over the past 10 years. However, landings in Norway represent only a small portion of the overall fishery for this species. Since 2006, the fishery for this species has been closed in Skagerrak (ICES WGDEEP 2012).This is a UK priority species in the Joint Nature Conservation Committee, which states that if conservation measures are not taken, this species may be extinct in as little as 10 years (JNC 2010).In the Western Atlantic, this species has declined 99.6% from 1978 to 2003 (Baker et al. 2012).This species has been listed as Endangered in Canada (Devine et al. 2006).","Coryphaenoides rupestris is targeted in deep-water fisheries which operate below 400 meters, and is also taken as by-catch. Although it had previously been taken exclusively as by-catch, the fishery for C. rupestris developed in the 1980s, when it began to be explicitly targeted within the Northeastern Atlantic fishing zone (ICES 2010).","Ralph, G.","Cook, R., Fernandes, P., Florin, A., Lorance, P. & Nedreaas, K.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MACROURIDAE,Coryphaenoides,thelestomus,,Coryphaenoides thelestomus,"Maul, 1951",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the&#160;distribution,&#160;population size, trends, life history and ecology. It inhabits deep waters and it can be accidentally caught in Madeira, but it is not commercially traded and there are no major threats to this species. Research should be conducted to establish the status of the species throughout its range.",Unknown,"Coryphaenoides thelestomus is a deep benthopelagic species inhabiting the waters off Madeira and the Canaries, in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Up to the present it has not been recorded elsewhere. Its depth range is from 1,000 to 1,400 m (Maul 1951, Geistdoerfer 1986, Geistdoerfer 1990, Brito et al. 2002).",There is no information available on the population size and trends of the species.,"This species inhabits the deep waters of the islands' rocky slopes, below 1,000 m depth, and it is probably carnivorous (Maul 1951, Geistdoerfer 1986). There is no information available on its reproduction.","There are no major threats to this species, although in Madeira it can be accidentally caught on the Black Scabbard fish longlines, which are set at 800-1,200 m depth.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not the target of any specific conservation measures, and it is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed on the population size, distribution, trends, life history and ecology.","Although it is edible, this species is not utilized.","García, M.","Conceicao Biscoito, M.J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MACROURIDAE,Coryphaenoides,zaniophorus,,Coryphaenoides zaniophorus,"(Vaillant, 1888)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as this deepwater species is not utilized and there are no major threats to the species. However, research should be conducted on its population size and trend.",Unknown,"Coryphaenoides zaniophorus is distributed throughout the warm waters of the North Atlantic, Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, to off Chesapeake Bay in the west, and from Morocco to Angola in the east (Cohen et al. 1990). In Europe, it occurs off Madeira and the Canary Islands (Geistdoerfer 1986, Cohen et al. 1990, Brito et al. 2002). It is present at depths ranging from 400 to 2,375 m.",There is no information available regarding the population size and trends of this species.,"Coryphaenoides zaniophorus is a benthopelagic species that has a depth range of 400-2,375 m (Cohen et al. 1990). Specimens off the Canary Islands were caught at around 1,350-1,400 m (Brito et al. 2002), and its maximum recorded length is 40 cm (TL). It feeds primarily on benthic organisms, especially gammarian amphipods and, to a lesser extent, lamellibranchs, copepods, polychaetes, ostracods, isopods, mysids, Natantia and echinoderms (Cohen et al. 1990).",There are no major threats to the species.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation measures in place for this species, and it is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas. Further research should be conducted on the population size and trend.",This species is not utilized.,"García, M.","Conceicao Biscoito, M.J.","Carpenter, K.E., Strongin, K. & Polidoro, B.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,BLENNIIDAE,Coryphoblennius,galerita,,Coryphoblennius galerita,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",Further taxonomic study is required to determine the status of the eastern Atlantic populations (J.T. Williams pers. comm. 2014).,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Coryphoblennius galertia is widespread from Ireland to Morocco and the Canary Islands, as well as throughout the Mediterranean and Black Seas. It lives in shallow, rocky areas and is considered a common species. This species may be locally impacted by pollution; however, this is not considered a major threat at this time. Therefore, C. galerita is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Coryphoblennius galerita ranges from the southwestern coast of England and southern Ireland to Morocco, including the Macaronesian archipelagos (Azores, Madeira and Canaries), the Mediterranean and the Black Sea (Zander 1986; Quéro et al. 1990; Carneiro et al. 2014) and the Canary Islands (Dooley et al. 1985). It is also present in throughout the Mediterranean Sea (except north of Libya and Egypt), the Sea of Marmara, and the Black Sea (Dooley et al. 1985). It was recently recorded from the central Turkey coast of the Black Sea (Bat et al. 2006), and its occurrence the eastern Black Sea is uncertain but is possible. Coryphoblennius galerita is found primarily in the intertidal or surf zone (Zander 1986), typically to about 0.5 m (Orlando-Bonaca and Lipej 2007).",This is a common species (Dooley et al. 1985).,"This species lives in shallow waters with rocky shores (Bath 1990). It also may remain out of the water under rocks and seaweeds (Martin and Bridges 1999), where it can breathe air. This species is at least sometimes found in vacant barnacle tests (M. Craig pers.comm. 2011).&#160;Juveniles of this species are found in small tide pools (Nieder 1993). The territories are protected by males and include depressions, crevices or piddock holes (Zander 1986). There is distinct pairing (Breder and Rosen 1966).  During mating, the male fans the nest as if it was cleaning and ventilating the area. Males release sperm during periodic quivers to fertilize eggs in the nest much like other blennies (Gibran et al. 2004).  Males guard the egg-masses of various females (Zander 1986).","It is a shallow water species and therefore could be impacted by pollution. However, there is no current evidence that this constitutes a major threat.","No specific conservation measures are in place or required for this species. However, it may be found in Marine Protected Areas within its range. This species was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011). The eastern Atlantic populations may differ from those in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea (Domingues et al. 2007), and further research is needed.","Found in public aquaria, but not utilized commercially.","Ahnelt, H. & Harvey, M.","Williams, J.T., Kovacic, M. & Herler, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,PSYCHROLUTIDAE,Cottunculus,konstantinovi,,Cottunculus konstantinovi,"Myagkov, 1991",Cottunculus konstantinovi is not clearly distinguished from C. microps (Parin et al. 2002).,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Cottunculus konstantinovi is only known from the holotype collected from 80°26'N, 13°03'E, north Spitzbergen at 300 m depth. Additional information about this species is extremely limited. Cottunculus microps, C. sadko, and C. konstantinovi have yet to be clearly distinguished from each other. Further taxonomic work is needed for this species. It is listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Cottunculus konstantinovi is only known the holotype from north Spitzbergen from 80°26'N, 13°03'E at 300 m depth (Myagkov 1991).", Population information about C. konstantinovi is not available., Cottunculus konstantinovi is known from 300 m depth. Additional information about the habitat and ecology of this species is not available.,There are no known major threats to this species.,There are no species-specific conservation efforts in place for this species. Additional information about the biology of this species is needed.,Use and trade information is not available for this species.,"Strongin, K.","Florin, A., Lorance, P., Keskin, Ç. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,PSYCHROLUTIDAE,Cottunculus,microps,,Cottunculus microps,"Collett, 1875",Cottunculus sadko is likely the same as C. microps (Møller et al. 2010). Further taxonomic work is needed for this complex.,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: DD Data Deficient as the species has yet to be clearly distinguished C. sadko, and C. konstantinovi. Additional information about the habitat, ecology, and population size and trends of this species are limited. Cottunculus microps is a primarily Arctic species that can withstand temporary temperature increases to its habitat. Additional information about taxonomy of this species is needed.",Unknown,"Cottunculus microps is primarily distributed in the Arctic region (Mecklenburg et al. 2011) and in the North Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, C. microps occurs on the English Channel, North Sea, Norwegian coastline, Svalbard, southwestern Barents Sea, Bear Island, the Faroes, and Iceland (Fedorov and Nelson 1986). The depth range for this species is 165–1,342 m (Coad and Reist 2004) and has a maximum depth 1,458 m (Jorgensen et al. 2005).It has also been described from  New Jersey, USA to Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada and Greenland (Federov and Nelson 1986).",A Norwegian longline survey of Hatton bank recorded 3.9 kg of this species (ICES 2000). Additional population information for this species is not available.   ,"Cottunculus microps is bathydemersal and able to withstand high temperatures for a period long enough to at least survive a temporary warming of their environment (Kotthaus and Krefft 1967). This species feeds on polychaetes, mysids, amphipods, pycnogonids and spawns from June to July (Fedorov and Nelson 1986). The maximum recorded length for this species is 30 cm SL (Muus and Nielsen 1999) but is common to 14 cm SL (Fedorov and Nelson 1986).",The major threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place. However, this species’ range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas (World Database on Protected Areas, accessed April 2014). There is a need for additional information about the biology and taxonomy of this species.",Cottunculus microps is not a commercially fished species (Haedrich and Barnes 1997). This species is not utilized.,"Strongin, K.","Florin, A., Lorance, P., Keskin, Ç. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,PSYCHROLUTIDAE,Cottunculus,thomsonii,,Cottunculus thomsonii,"(Günther, 1882)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC There is little population data available for Cottunculus thomsonii, however it is fairly frequent off the coast of Ireland and widely distributed in the north-eastern Atlantic. It is not utilized, and not believed to have any major threats affecting it. It is listed as Least Concern with a need for more information about its population and habitat/ecology.",Unknown,"Cottunculus thomsonii is widely distributed throughout the Atlantic Ocean. In the western Atlantic, it is found from Greenland to South Carolina (Nelson 1990). In the eastern Atlantic Ocean, C. thomsonii ranges from the Faroe-Iceland Ridge to Guinea-Bissau and has been found to greater than 1,500 m depth (Møller et al. 2010, Byrkjedal and Orlov 2007, Priede et al. 2009, Bañón et al. 2010). It has a depth range of 100–1600 m (Nielsen and Bertelsen 1992).","This species was collected from Rockall Basin and Porcupine Seabight at frequencies of 39% (962–1,545 m) and 45% respectively (1,016–1,446 m) (Massuti et al. 2004). Additional population information is not available.",Cottunculus thomsonii is a deep-water demersal species found at 100–1600 m and feeds on small benthic invertebrates (Fedorov and Nelson 1986). The maximum recorded size for this species is 43 cm TL (Deep Sea Creatures of the North Atlantic 2013).,There are no major threats known to affect this species.,There are no species-specific conservation efforts in place for this species.,This species is not utilized.,"Strongin, K.","Florin, A., Lorance, P., Keskin, Ç. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,CERATIIDAE,Cryptopsaras,couesii,,Cryptopsaras couesii,"Gill, 1883",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) In the eastern Atlantic and surrounding waters, Cryptopsaras couesii ranges from Iceland and southern Greenland to the African coast, including the Central Atlantic Water Mass as far south as the tip of South Africa (40 degrees South). Cryptopsaras couesii is a solitary species that does not occur abundantly. There are 983 female specimens and 74 parasitic and 100 free-living male specimens currently known. This species is a deep-sea fish that inhabits the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones. Females have a maximum size of 35.8 cm SL, while males are 7.3 cm SL. Larvae range in size from 2.5 to 15 mm TL. It exhibits extreme sexual dimorphism. There are no known commercial uses nor major threats to C. couesii; however, this species is occasionally taken as by catch. No species-specific conservation measures are in place. Due to its wide distribution and apparent lack of threats towards it, it is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Cryptopsaras couesii is distributed circumglobally in the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones (Pietsch in press). In the northeastern Atlantic and surrounding waters, C. couesii is found from Iceland, southern Greenland and the western coast of Scandinavia, southward to Portugal, and the central Atlantic islands, including the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Madeira (Pietsch 1986).  Cryptopsaras couesii is associated with depths of between 75 and 4,000 m; however, it is most often found at depths between 500 and 1,250 m (Pietsch 2009).",Cryptopsaras couesii is a solitary species that does not occur abundantly (Pietsch in press).  There are 983 female specimens and 74 parasitic and 100 free-living male specimens currently known (Pietsch 2009). The population abundance and trends for C. couesii are very poorly understood.,"Cryptopsaras couesii is a deep-sea fish that inhabits the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones. It exhibits extreme sexual dimorphism. Females have a maximum size of 35.8 cm Standard Length (SL), while the maximum length of a male is 7.3 cm (SL). The maximum length of a free living male is 1.03 cm (Bertelsen 1990).  Females attract prey with an elongate first dorsal spine that has been modified as a lure. Males have highly developed sensory organs that allow them to find females at which point they will attach themselves to the body as a parasite that eventually becomes incorporated into the female's tissues and blood vessels (Pietsch in press). Larvae range in size from 2.5 to 15 mm Total Length (TL) (Pietsch 2009). Females of the Ceratiidae family do not reach sexual maturity until stimulated by the attachment of a male. The genus Cryptopsaras is distinguished by a tiny illicium. Also, larvae, males, and juvenile females have subdermal pigment on their gill covers, dorsal surface of the trunk, and caudal peduncle (Pietsch 2009). The fecundity, spawning periodicity, stages of maturation and early life history traits need further research.","There are no known major threats to Cryptopsaras couesii; however, this species is occasionally taken as by catch (Bianchi et al. 1999).","There are no known conservation measures for Cryptopsaras couesii. However, its cosmopolitan distribution suggests that it most likely does reside within marine protected areas around the world. Research into all aspects of the ecology and biology of this species is suggested.","Cryptopsaras couesii is not utilized (Pietsch in press). This species may be occasionally caught in trawls as bycatch, though not often (Bianchi et al. 1999).","Harwell, H.","Kobyliansky, S., Costa, M. & Munroe, T.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Crystallogobius,linearis,,Crystallogobius linearis,"(Düben, 1845)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Crystallogobius linearis is found in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and the northern Mediterranean Sea as far East as the Aegean Sea, where it can be locally common. The traditional targeted fisheries are considered well managed, with no evidence for declines in the population. There are no other known major threats. Therefore, C. linearis is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Crystallogobius linearis is known in the eastern Atlantic from Gibraltar in the south to Lofoten in Norway in the north. In the Mediterranean, C. linearis ranges from Gibraltar along the coasts of the northern and eastern Mediterranean to the Aegean Sea (Miller 1986, Bilecenoglu et al. 2002). It has been recorded from Madeira Island (Wirtz et al. 2008). Crystallogobius linearis has been collected from one to 400 m (Miller 1986).","No estimation of population size and population trend of C. linearis has been published. It is a widely distributed species, but without data on abundance for any of the areas within its distribution. Considering that it is the target species of some fisheries in northeastern Spain off the coast of Catalonia and in Italy in the Ligurian Sea, at least for these areas the species could be considered common (La Mesa 2001). In Italy, this species is fished by beach-seine (artisanal fishery) and locally sold (as “bianchetto di fondo”) only in the Ligurian Sea and specifically by the fishing fleet of Camogli and Sestri Levante. Data are available for two periods (1993-1994 and 1994-1995), showing a total catch of about 115 kg during January (Relini et al. 1999). Data for this species are too poor and incomplete for any reliable analysis. It seems that this species is also sold in Barcelona (General Fisheries for the Mediterranean, GFCM 2007). There are no declines in the population.","Crystallogobius linearis is a nektonic species, found in coastal to offshore waters up to 400 m depth on sand-mud bottoms (Miller 1986). In the central Adriatic Sea, C. linearis is found between 30 and 40 m depth (La Mesa 2001). This is an annual fish that probably dies after its first breeding season. The data on age at maturity confirm the early maturation of this species, whose females are already mature at four months. The long breeding season, along with the early maturation of gonads, seems to indicate that a fish could be born and reproduce in the same spawning season, supporting the presence of more than one cohort per year. The range of absolute fecundity is up to 340 oocytes per female (Miller 1986, La Mesa 2001). Spawning takes place at one year of age and adults die after spawning. Eggs are laid in the empty worm tubes and are guarded by the male (Muus and Nielsen 1999). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 3.3 cm TL and the length at maturity is 2.7 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014).",There are some traditional fisheries targeting this species in the Mediterranean Sea. The fisheries are thought to be well managed (L. Tunesi pers. comm. 2007).,"The fisheries are well regulated. The species occurs in marine protected areas. This species was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011) and Data Deficient in the Baltic (HELCOM 2013).","In the Mediterranean, C. linearis is the target species of small scale fisheries both in northeastern Spain (off Catalonia) and in the Ligurian Sea (Camogli), whereas it represents a by-catch species in the Aphia minuta fishery carried out in southeast Spain, off the Balearic Islands and in the central Adriatic Sea (La Mesa 2001).","Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Kovacic, M., Williams, J.T. & Herler, J.","Francour, P., Bilecenoglu, M., Bariche, M., Tunesi, L. & Goren, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,ONEIRODIDAE,Ctenochirichthys,longimanus,,Ctenochirichthys longimanus,"Regan & Trewavas, 1932",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Ctenochirichthys longimanus is a widespread species, which within Europe is known only from Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"Ctenochirichthys longimanus is known from the Eastern Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Oceans. Within Europe, it is only known from Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014). It is known from depths ranging from 800 to 1000 m (Pietsch 2009, Pietsch in press 2014).","There is little species-specific population information available for C. longimanus, it is represented by 3 lots in museum collections (FishNet2 Database searched June 2014).","Ctenochirichthys longimanus is a deep-water species. Females reach a maximum size of 3.7 cm SL, and males reach a maximum size of 1.2 cm SL.",There are no known species-specific threats to C. longimanus.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for C. longimanus.,There is no use and trade information available for this species.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,LABRIDAE,Ctenolabrus,rupestris,,Ctenolabrus rupestris,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Although not common, this species is relatively widespread in the Mediterranean Sea and in the Eastern Atlantic (primarily Western European) coastal waters, and there are no major known threats to its populations. It is listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"In the European region, this species is found in the Eastern Atlantic from central Norway southwards to southern Spain, including the United Kingdom, Ireland and the southern Baltic Sea. This species is present, though rare, throughout most of the Mediterranean Sea, including up to Antalya in Turkey in the eastern basin, though it is absent from the Eastern Levantine Sea (Golani et al. 2006). This species is also found in the Marmara Sea, the Black Sea and the southern Sea of Azov (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2008). Outside the European region the fish is known from a small part of the Atlantic coast of Morocco.",There is no population information available for this species. It is relatively uncommon in the Mediterranean Sea (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2008).,"This species is most commonly present on rocky, weed-covered substrates down to depths of around 50 m. Larger, older individuals may be found in deeper waters. It feeds on bryozoans, crustaceans and gastropods (Bauchot 1987).  It reaches maturity at two years, displays no sexual dimorphism, spawns from winter to summer, and has a lifespan of up to eight years (Golani et al. 2006). During the spawning season the male defends a territory (Muus and Nielsen 1999). Spawning takes place in mid water, and the pelagic eggs hatch to become planktonic larvae (Golani et al. 2006).",There are no major threats known for this species.,There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps several marine protected areas within its range.,"This species is mainly caught as a bycatch species in artisanal fisheries, including in the Mediterranean Sea. It has been used in salmon culture as a cleaner fish (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2008).","Allen, D.J. & Kemp, J.R.","Pollard, D.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,NOMEIDAE,Cubiceps,capensis,,Cubiceps capensis,"(Smith, 1845)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Cubiceps capensis is widely distributed. It appears to be rare, however this is likely an artifact of collecting (Bill Smith-Vaniz pers. comm. 2014) and there is no species-specific population information available. It is taken as by-catch in some fisheries, and is esteemed for food.  Although it is not often encountered, it is distributed circumglobally and is, therefore, listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Cubiceps capensis is circumglobal in tropical and temperate seas from 40oN to 35oS (Haedrich 2002, Haedrich in press). In the South Pacific, C. capensis is a temperate water species (Ahlstrom et al. 1976). In the eastern Atlantic this species occurs off South Africa (Butler 1979). There are a few records from the Mediterranean Sea (Heemstra 1995).  It is generally a pelagic-oceanic species (Reide 2004) but has been found as deep as 140 m (Parin and Piotrovsky 2004).","Cubiceps capensis is rarely seen (Haedrich 2002). This species is known to be rare (Ahlstrom et al. 1979). There are 52 occurrence records and 14 museum records (lots typically contain single specimens, although some have up to 4)  for C. capensis (Accessed through Fishnet2 Portal 2012 November).  There are limited data on the population structure and dynamics of this fish.  Although it is circumglobal in all tropical and subtropical waters of all oceans, it is rarely seen (Haedrich 2002).","Cubiceps capensis can reach 100 cm in length and  (Haedrich 2002). Cubiceps capensis is thought to be pelagic, mesopelagic, and epibenthic deep-water fish of warm and temperate seas. Often this fish is known to frequent submarine canyons by day, but are thought to come towards the surface at night (Haedrich 1990). Juveniles tend to occur in uppers surface waters while adults occur in deep water (Haedrich 2002). The largest individual on record measures 101 cm total length (TL) (Scott and Scott 1988).Larvae occur in the plankton. Juveniles and mature fish often associate with loose but usually very large schools, frequently associating with a pelagic medusa or floating object like boxes or barrels (Haedrich 2002). Cubiceps capensis feeds primarily on salps, jelly fish, crustaceans, and small fishes (Haedrich 2002, Gorelova et al. 1994). The spawning period, fecundity and early life history traits of this species are poorly understood. ","Cubiceps capensis is taken as by-catch in a number of fisheries, including the European purse seine tuna fishery (Amande et al. 2008). There is no directed fishery for C. capensis in Area 31, but specimens are caught occasionally by sports fishermen and are highly esteemed for food in some places (Haedrich 2002). However, there are only minor fisheries that actively fish for this species, and separate catch rate statistics for this species are not available. There are no other known threats towards this species.","There are no species-specific conservation efforts in place for Cubiceps capensis. Its range intersects with a number of marine protected areas but, because of its depth preference, it is unknown if C. capensis is actually afforded any protection by these designated areas.  Research into the population size and trends, ecology and early life history, as well as the possible threats is needed for this species. Cubiceps capensis was regionally assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).",There is no fishery for Nomeidae species in the western central Atlantic (Haedrich 2002). Cubiceps capensis is used in minor commercial fishing and is an excellent food fish (Haedrich 1990).,"Strongin, K.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,NOMEIDAE,Cubiceps,gracilis,,Cubiceps gracilis,"(Lowe, 1843)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Cubiceps gracilis is widely distributed in tropical and temperate seas. It has a relatively diverse diet. Although it is sometimes taken as coincidental bycatch, there are no indications that the population is being depleted or decreasing. There are no species-specific threats. It is, therefore, assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Cubiceps gracilis is a northern, peripheral species. It is widespread in warm and temperate waters north of 30oN in the western Atlantic, and 12oN (Canary Current) in the eastern North Atlantic. It has recently been reported from the eastern Mediterranean and Aegean Sea (Filiz 2007, Golani et al. 2006).  Cubiceps gracilis is found to depths 75 meters (Butler 1979, Haedrich in press).","Cubiceps gracilis is abundant in museum collections (52 lots), and lots typically contain one to two individuals, although several lots contain up to 5 individuals (Accessed through FishNet2 Portal 2013 February). IBTS trawl survey in the Gulf of Cadiz: it appears in 3 surveys, with 10 individuals ranging in length from 3 to 11 cm total length (TL) were captured. The survey was undertaken from 1993 through 2013 (Battaglia et al. 2013).","Cubiceps gracilis is an oceanic, epipelagic species which is found in warm and temperate waters. The maximum recorded size of this species is 107 cm total length (TL) , but it is common up to 18 cm (Bauchot 1987).  It likely feeds mainly on salps (Gorelova 1994). Cubiceps gracilis is an important prey item for many commercial species and top predators, including bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) and common dolphin (Battaglia et al. 2013, Spitz et al. 2010). Cubiceps gracilis reaches first maturity of 7.5 cm (Haedrich 1967). The spawning, fecundity and early life history traits of this species are poorly understood.","Cubiceps gracilis is sometimes taken as by-catch (Haedrich 1990), but it does not appear that it is adversely affecting the population at current levels.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for C. gracilis. There are numerous marine protected areas within its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Cubiceps gracilis was regionally assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).,This species is not utilized. It is sometimes taken coincidentally as bycatch.,"Strongin, K.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,CYCLOPTERIDAE,Cyclopteropsis,mcalpini,,Cyclopteropsis mcalpini,"(Fowler, 1914)",,No,DD,,,,,,,Cyclopteropsis mcalpini is known from the Barents Sea in European waters and from Greenland elsewhere. Information about the habitat and ecology of this species is limited and museum specimens are very limited. This species is therefore listed as Data Deficient with a need for additional information about its population trends and biology.,Unknown,"Cyclopteropsis mcalpini is restricted to the North Atlantic and adjacent waters of the Arctic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, C. mcalpini is known only from the Barents Sea and has a depth range of 50 to 150 m (Coad and Reist 2004, Møller et al. 2010).","Population information from the European region is not available but Cyclopteropsis mcalpini is rare in Greenland waters (Mecklenburg et al. 2011). There are few museum specimens for this species (Eschmeyer 2014; FishNet2 Portal, www.fishnet2, August 2014).",Cyclopteropsis mcalpini occurs near mud bottoms and is a plankton feeder (Karamushko 2008). The maximum recorded size for this species is 7.5 cm TL (Robins and Ray 1986).,"This species may be affected by water temperature changes due to climate change which can alter migration, physiology, food availability etc. (Roessig et al. 2004). However, major threats to this species have not been identified.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place. However, this species’ range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014). There is a need for additional information about the population trends, biology and potential threats to this species.",Cyclopteropsis mcalpini is not a commercial species (Karamushko 2008).,"Harwell, H.","Lorance, P., Florin, A. & Keskin, Ç.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,CYCLOPTERIDAE,Cyclopterus,lumpus,,Cyclopterus lumpus,"Linnaeus, 1758",,No,NT,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Near Threatened (NT) Cyclopterus lumpus is widely distributed in the boreal region of both sides of the North Atlantic. Adults of this species occur in the upper 50 m to 60 m of oceanic waters. Spawning takes place in the spring, after which males protect eggs in shallow inshore waters for six to ten weeks. Females of this species can reach 13 years of age and most begin spawning at four to five years of age. Females of C. lumpus are directly targeted, primarily using gillnets; both sexes are taken as bycatch from other major fisheries. The roe of C. lumpus was previously used as an alternative to sturgeon roe, but is now sold as luxury caviar in the European Union and is also exported to Asian markets. The major fishery within the assessment zone is in Iceland, where the fishery is managed using Total Allowable Catch (TAC) quotas. There are also large areas where this species is not harvested. In the northeastern Atlantic, landings reported to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) have declined by 69% over the past 20–25 years (3 generation lengths). Over the same time period, population reduction estimates have ranged from 40% declines in Norway and Iceland to 75–90% in the Kattegat. Areas where this species is exploited show an average reduction of 35–50% decline. In other locations, there are no clear declines (e.g., North Sea and Baltic Sea). Throughout the assessment zone, it is inferred that population declines are 25–35%, and thus approaching the threshold for a listing as Vulnerable under A2bd. However, as Cyclopterus lumpus is widely distributed and not harvested throughout its entire range, and the largest fishery in the region is managed, C. lumpus is assessed as Near Threatened.",Unknown,"Cyclopterus lumpus is restricted to the North Atlantic Ocean, where it is distributed along both coasts. In the northeastern Atlantic, Cyclopterus lumpus occurs from the Kara and Barents seas south to Portugal, including Iceland, Faroe Islands, and the British Isles (Stein 1986, Dulcic and Golani 2006). It is found throughout the Baltic Sea (HELCOM 2013). Scattered records exists from the Mediterranean, but these are probably vagrants (Banon et al. 2008). Cyclopterus lumpus has a depth range of 77 to 365 m, but adults usually occur in the top 50 m to 60 m of oceanic water (Davenport 1985, Kells and Carpenter 2011).","Cyclopterus lumpus is very common around Iceland (Günther 19861). This species is common off all coasts of the United Kingdom and Ireland, and is especially abundant in the north and in the Orkneys and Shetlands (Davenport 1985). A population of small individuals of C. lumpus lives in the Baltic Sea and penetrates the Gulf of Bothnia (Reuter 1883, Andersson 1942, Bruun and Pfaff 1950, Halme 1954). Cyclopterus lumpus is regarded as an abundant fish but this is not so obvious due to its solitary and territorial behaviors (Davenport 1985).  Within the assessment zone, the majority of landings are reported to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) from Denamrk, Iceland, and Norway. Minor landings (<500 mt per year) are also report from the Faroe Islands, Germany, the Russian Federation, and the United Kingdom. Aggregated landings in the assessment zone have declined by approximately 69%, from about 11,000 mt in 1988 to 3,400 mt in 2011 (FAO 2011, FishStatJ accessed 2014 July). Fisheries-independent surveys from the region provide conflicting data on the status of the population. There is no clear trend in average catch per unit effort (CPUE) in the North Sea based on the International Bottom Trawl Survey (IBTS) between 1970 and 1993 (Heessen 1996). In the Baltic Sea proper, there is no decline in CPUE of C. lumpus based on the IBTS between 1988 and 2010; however, in the Arkona Sea, a small basin just west of the Baltic Sea, the IBTS indicated a 60 to 70% decline the last 20 years. In the Kattegat, IBTS indicated a 90% decline in CPUE from the late 1980s to 2013, potentially the result of some very good years in the late 1980s. Over a slightly longer timeframe (1979 to 2010), IBTS indicated a 75% decline in CPUE (HELCOM 2013). The biomass index of female C. lumpus from the annual groundfish survey in Iceland declined from 10 to about 3.5 between 1988 and 2012, representing a decline of 65% over three generation lengths (Marine Research Institute 2014). Over the same time period, the biomass index for males declined by about 50%, from about 0.6 to about 0.3 (Marine Research Institute 2014). In Norway, the weighted population decline of C. lumpus is approximately 40%, based in part on Institute of Marine Research data (Agnalt et al. 2011). Across the assessment zone, it is inferred that the population of C. lumpus has declined by 25—35%.","Habitat and Ecology Cyclopterus lumpus adults are pelagic and usually occur in the top 50 m to 60 m of oceanic waters often over abyssal depths (Davenport 1985). Adults remain pelagic until the winter before spring spawning when they gradually develop demersal habits (Bagge 1964, Schopka 1974). Cases of C. lumpus entering low salinity environments have been observed - development is normal between 20.4‰ and 34‰ and death occurs at lower or higher salinities. Baltic Sea and Hudson Bay populations probably posses different physiological characteristics since salinities in these areas drop below 20.4‰ (Kjørsvik et al. 1984). Growth of C. lumpus is most rapid before maturity and slow after age of maturity is reached (Bagge 1964). Juveniles and larvae occur in intertidal pools throughout the summer but there is also evidence that some larvae are recruited to the open sea neustonic community (Daborn and Gregory 1983). The neustonic phase involves an association with floating weed where juveniles feed upon copepods (Harpacticus chelifer) which is typical of shoreline algae (Davenport 1985).   Life History and Reproduction Specimens of Cyclopterus lumpus in the North Sea had a mean length of 45 cm (Bagge 1964) while five year old females from Icelandic waters were only reported to have a mean length of 39 cm. Females from a low salinity population the Baltic Sea only averaged 17 cm in length at five years of age. Females of this species can reach 13 years of age (Davenport 1985). The maximum length for males of this species is 50 cm and 61 cm for females (Accessed through www.fao.org 2013 August 12). A generation length of 7 years was used in the 2013 HELCOM RedList Asssessment of this species. This species exhibits sexual dimorphism where females are much larger than the males and during breeding season males develop pink or red coloration but gender becomes more challenging to determine outside of the season (Davenport 1985). It spawns between the ages of four to seven years (Schopka 1974, Cox 1920). Males in the in the North Sea mature one to two years earlier than females (Davenport 1985). Adults lay their eggs in masses in near shore shallow waters, usually sub-tidally but in some cases at or just above low water spring tide tide level (Yesipov 1937). Spawning typically takes place in the spring and males of this species guard the eggs for six to ten weeks. After hatching, the larvae are then dispersed  by currents. Males will mould the egg mass to create a funnel shaped depression which is suggested to aid mass ventilation (Zhitenev 1970). A single male will guard eggs masses from several females; however, the different egg masses do not adhere to each other because inter-egg adhesion is only possible for a few hours after spawning (Davenport et al. 1983). While guarding the eggs, males will fan the eggs vigorously during the first few hours and afterwards will intermittently blow water through the mouth and use pectoral fin action to fan the egg masses - this can last for a few seconds to up to an hour (Mochek 1973). During the brooding period, males of these species are extremely aggressive, not only to conspecifics but to other predatory species as well (Fabricius 1780, Jensen 1944). Males of this species have also been reported to spout water to keep the egg masses wet when exposed during low tide (Yesipov 1937). An individual has also been observed lying on its side with a single operculum exposed in order to guard its eggs in extremely shallow water (McIntosh 1886).  Mating occurs in shallow water on rocky shores in areas of kelp and male individuals arrive before females to establish territories (Cox 1920). Courting behavior is exhibited by males and females including tail fanning, showing flanks to one another, and long periods of sucker attachment close to each other (Davenport unpublished data). This species will lay eggs on stones and among Laminaria beds but not on exposed rock (Mochek 1973). Females lay eggs in two or three masses at intervals of 8 to 14 days (Ehrenbaum 1904). Cylopterus lumpus exhibit external fertilization where sperm and ova are released freely into the water column. When eggs come into contact with sea water they adhere to one another and form masses up to 26 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm (Davenport 1985, Zhitenev 1970). Eggs of C. lumpus are ~ 2.3 mm diameter and the number of eggs can be up to 400,000 in large females but 100,000 ova is more common (Daveport 1985). There are significant differences between the fecundity of populations from West Greenland, Iceland, Hordaland, and Troms - Icelandic and Greenland individuals had more eggs than the Norwegian populations (Myrseth 1971). Various development times and temperatures have been reported for different regions of the northeast Atlantic - Ehrenbaum (1904) reported development to hatching in the North Sea took 70 days at the beginning of the breeding season and decreased to 14 days later in the season. In the White Sea, Andriyashev (1954) reported a development time of two months. Collins (1978) reported that eggs did not hatch at 3.8°C but hatched at 6.4°C after 31 days and 9.8°C after 25 days. Davenport (1983) reported a 40 day development time at 5°C and noted that the earliest stages of development were particularly lengthy. Davenport (1983) also observed that early stage eggs of C. lumpus could withstand a completely anoxic environment for at least 30 minutes but sensitivity to lack of oxygen increased during development.","Cyclopterus lumpus is a commercially important species. Current fishery practices target females of this species and gillnets tend to capture more ripe females due to their large size. The peak selection of commercial nets occurs at ~42 cm to 44 cm for C. lumpus (Davenport 1985). The mortality in adult C. lumpus is size dependent where the mean length increases with age until a certain length is reached (~42 cm to 44 cm in Icelandic females) and after which mean length decreases with age (Thorsteinsson 1983). In 2003, King Crabs in Varanger Fjord consumed lumpsucker roe equivalent to approximately one-third of commercial catches during the same period. Red King Crab predation on lumpsucker eggs may hamper recruitment in northern Norwegian waters (Mikkelsen and Pedersen 2012).","The Marine Stewardship Council is currently reviewing the Icelandic gillnet lumpfish fishery for eligibility and is scheduled for completion in November 2014. Cyclopterus lumpus was assessed as Near Threatened under Criteria A2b in the Baltic Sea, based on an estimated population decline of 15—30% (HELCOM 2013).","Cylopterus lumpus  has been exploited for centuries with majority of the catch being incidental to the herring and salmon fisheries. The vulnerability of brooding males encouraged shore based exploitation which is still currently practiced (Davenport 1985). Males are taken by iron hooks attached to poles at low tide. From 1905 to 1908, ~14,000 kg of C. lumpus were taken using this method and exported from Helgoland to the West German mainland (Cox 1920). Females are targeted in inshore shallow waters during breeding season for roe (Davenport 1985). Between 1903 and 1907 an average of 491,851 kg fresh weight C. lumpus were caught per year by Danish fisherman primarily from the North Sea and Kattegat and ~9% from the Baltic proper (Cox 1920). The Norwegian gillnet catch from 1978 contributed 2,489 t (79.3%) of the total catch (Norges offisielle statistikk B162, Davenport 1985). Swedish and Norwegian statistics immediately before and after WWII are extremely difficult to obtain; however, Cox (1920) estimated that several million kilos of C. lumpus were taken by the Swedish fishery each year.  Currently, this species is fished primarily for roe and the major fisheries are limited to Norway, Iceland, Greenland, Denmark, Russia, and Newfoundland with exports to Asian markets including Japan and Korea (Collins 1976, Davenport 1985, Accessed through www.msc.org 2013 August 12). The roe was marketed as an alternative to sturgeon caviar and the general public has been virtually unaware of the roe's source, however, ""lumpfish caviar"" has since become a recognized product and is sold as a luxury caviar primarily to European Unions (Davenport 1985, Accessed through www.msc.org 2013 August 12). Cylcopterus lumpus is still sold fresh through the retail trade in Denmark and was recognized as a staple food fish in the earlier part of the century (Davenport 1985). Cylopterus lumpus has been increasingly used for freezing and export, primarily to China (Accessed through www.msc.org 2013 August 12). Current fishery practices are primarily conducted by gillnet but also include trawling, and longlining as incidental catches. Females are targeted in the fishery as they are much larger than males - the mesh size of the majority of gillnets is 27 cm to 29 cm and males are caught in nets with mesh sizes of 17 cm to 19 cm (Davenport 1985, Thorsteinsson 1981).","Ralph, G.","Lorance, P., Cook, R., Herrera, J., de Sola, L., Florin, A. & Papaconstantinou, C.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,GONOSTOMATIDAE,Cyclothone,acclinidens,,Cyclothone acclinidens,"Garman, 1899",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Assessment: LC Cyclothone acclinidens, a circumglobal meso-bathypelagic fish, is found throughout Atlantic waters in depths ranging from 300–1,200 meters. Its population favors southern European waters around the Canary Islands. Species of the Gonostomatid genus Cyclothone, are very abundant and wide spread and are numerically dominant in the meso-and bathypelagic zones in all major oceans. In midwater trawls at depths greater than 300 meters, adults are frequently collected. This species is not utilized and has a widespread range. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Cyclothone acclinidens is a circumglobal meso-bathypelagic species. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, C. acclinidens is known from south of Iceland to the Canary Islands (Badcock 1984) and the Azores (Santos et al. 1997). It is typically found at depths ranging from 300–1,200 m (Moore et al. 2003). It is most prevalent in tropical to temperate waters (Badcock 1984).","Species of the Gonostomatid genus Cyclothone, of which C. acclinidens is one of the most abundant and wide spread, are numerically dominant in the meso-and bathypelagic zones in all major oceans. In midwater trawls at depths greater than 300 meters, adults are routinely collected (Smith and Laver 1981). Over the course of eight months, samples collected weekly from six sampling stations off the Canary Islands showed C. acclinidens as representing 0.16% of all collected larvae (Moyano et al. 2009). Cyclothone species are very common in the open ocean (S. Kobylianski pers comm. 2013).",Cyclothone acclinidens is a midwater fish that feeds on herbivorous species such as copepods (DeWitt and Cailliet 1972). The maximum recorded length for this species is 6.5 cm SL. This species is often observed floating motionless and nearly vertical (Smith and Laver 1981).,"There are no major, species-specific threats documented for C. acclinidens.  It is caught as bycatch in parts of its range and competes for resources with various species of shrimp, showing no niche differentiation within their shared midwater habitat (Hopkins and Sutton 1998).","There are no species-specific conservation efforts in place for C. acclinidens. However, this species has a circumglobal range that overlaps with numerous Marine Protected Areas (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014).",Cyclothone acclinidens is not utilized (Nevenzel and Menon 1980).,"Harwell, H.","Kobyliansky, S., Herrera, J. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,GONOSTOMATIDAE,Cyclothone,alba,,Cyclothone alba,"Brauer, 1906",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Assessment: LC In Europe, Cyclothone alba is widely distributed and occurs to over 4,000 m depth. This species is semelparous, releasing approximately 200 to 650 eggs at the end of its life and staying in the egg and larval stages for two to three months and feeds on copepods and ostracopods. Cyclothone alba is abundant throughout its range. This species is not utilized and there are no major threats. It is therefore listed as Least Concern. ",Stable,"Cyclothone alba is a circumglobal species that is primarily distributed in tropical to temperate waters, occurring most frequently between 40o N and 40o S (Miya and Nemoto 1986, Harold in press). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, C. alba has been observed as far north as just below the Arctic circle, off the Norwegian coast, but is primarily known from south of Iceland (Pethon 1981, Gislason and Astthorsson 1992) to Madeira and the Canary Islands (Miya and Nemoto 1986). This species has been recorded at depths ranging from 25–4,938 m (Mundy 2005). This species appears to concentrate at depths between temperatures of about 5–8°C (Miya and Nemoto 1986).","Cyclothone alba is common and abundant in most parts of its range (S. Kobylianski pers comm. 2013). The genus Cyclothone is one of the most abundant groups of fishes in the ocean, and is the most speciose genus of the family Gonostomatidae. These fishes are dominant components of the midwater deep-sea fish assemblage, comprising 50-70% of the midwater fish catches across various parts of the world's oceans (Miya and Nishida 1996, Berry and Perkins 1966, Goodyear et al. 1972, Maynard et al. 1975, Badcock and Merret 1976, Miya et al. 1995).","Cyclothone alba is a mesopelagic species, usually concentrated between 300 and 500 meters, with a peak abundances occurring at 350 m both day and night. This species does not undergo diurnal migrations. Relative to other Cyclothone species, C. alba is a more shallow-water species (Miya and Nishida 1996). This species exhibits sexual dimorphism. The size over which 90% of males are mature is 15.6 mm, and for females, 19.7 mm. All males and females are mature by two years of age, at lengths of 21 mm for males and 26 mm for females. This species is semelparous, releasing approximately 200 to 650 eggs at the end of its life. Egg and larval stages last approximately 2 to 3 months (Miya and Nemoto 1986). This species feeds on copepods and ostracopods (Gordon et al. 1985). The maximum recorded size for this species is 3 cm (Badcock 1984). Sexual dimorphism and/or hermaphroditism is present in many species of this family (Harold FAO ECA Guide in prep).","There are no major, species-specific threats to C. alba. However, this species is caught as bycatch in parts of its range but does not appear to be a major threat.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for C. alba; however, this species’ broad range overlaps with numerous Marine Protected Areas (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014).",This species is not utilized on European waters.,"Harwell, H.","Kobyliansky, S., Herrera, J. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,GONOSTOMATIDAE,Cyclothone,braueri,,Cyclothone braueri,"Jespersen & Tåning, 1926",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Assessment: LC Cyclothone braueri is a circumglobal species which is found in subtropical to temperate waters. In European waters, this species occur to about 66°N, including the Mediterranean Sea. It is one of the most commonly captured midwater species in the northeastern Atlantic ocean and is also very abundant in museum collections. This species is not utilized in European waters and there are no major threats. It is therefore listed as Least Concern. ",Stable,"Cyclothone braueri is a circumglobal species which is found in subtropical to Antarctic and Arctic waters (Harold in press). In the northeastern Atlantic, C. braueri is widely distributed, occurring to about 66°N (Badcock 1984). It is known from the Mediterranean Sea (Goodyear et al. 1972), including the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988). This species has a recorded depth range of 10–2,000 meters (Reiner 1996) although it is more typically found at depths between 200– 900 m (Fricke 1999).","Cyclothone braueri is one of the most commonly caught species in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean (Mauchline and Gordon 1985). The population of C. braueri has two peaks in length-frequency distribution in the northeastern Atlantic, one corresponding to males and immature females of smaller standard length and the other to larger, mature females. In autumn a third peak, representing a large influx of juveniles, was evident. Although the overall trend of the length-frequency distribution did not vary with latitude (conducted from 20-60–N) (McKelvie 1989), the size distribution was found to be latitudinally-dependent, with peak abundances occurring at lower standard lengths for both males and females, and maximum size at maturity tending to decrease with decreasing latitude (McKelvie 1989). Throughout the Mediterranean, C. braueri was reported to have a catch rate from trawling of anywhere from 120–564 specimen per hour at its depth of maximum abundance (500–600 m) (Goodyear et al. 1972). The genus Cyclothone is one of the most abundant groups of fishes in the ocean, and is the most speciose genus of the family Gonostomatidae. These fishes are dominant components of the midwater deep-sea fish assemblage, comprising 50-70% of the midwater fish catches across various parts of the world's oceans (Berry and Perkins 1966, Goodyear et al. 1972, Maynard et al. 1975, Miya et al. 1995, Miya and Nishida 1996).  Population structure The population of C. braueri has two peaks in the length-frequency distribution in the eastern North Atlantic, one corresponding to males and immature females of smaller standard length, and the other to larger, mature females. In the autumn, a third peak which represented a large influx of juveniles was evident. Although the general shape of the length-frequency distribution did not vary with latitude (study performed from 20-60N), the (McKelvie 1989), the size distribution was found to be latitudonally-dependent, with peak abundances occuring at lower standard lengths for both males and females, and maximum size at maturity tending to decrease with decreasing latitude  (McKelvie 1989). Partial sequences taken from widely separated localities in the western South Pacific, the western North Atlantic, and the Mediterranean Sea showed virtually no intraspecific variation for the 12S and 16S rRNA genes (Miya and Nishida 1996).  Centers of abundance In the eastern North Atlantic, Cyclothone braueri was present at greatest densities at 30N in both the Spring and the Autumn (McKelvie 1989).Cyclothone alba is abundant in museum collections (1117 lots), and the majority of collections contain many individuals (>15 specimens per lot)(FishNet2 Database searched February 2013).","The diet of C. braueri is characterized by low diversity of prey items, feeding primarily on copepods (Palma 1990). Cyclothone braueri is a short-lived, semelparous species; females mature and spawn for the first time in their second year. Maximum size and size at maturity tend to decrease with decreasing latitude and size at maturity has been reported from 20–22 mm SL. Spawning occurs seasonally at high latitudes and tends to be more protracted at lower latitudes. Observations from 30–N indicated that spawning was almost continuous at this latitude. Juveniles occurred in the greatest numbers in Autumn in higher-latitude areas where spawning occurred seasonally (McKelvie 1989). In the Mediterranean, this species is associated with deep water canyons (600–800 m) (Gil de Sola pers comm. 2013).","There are no major, species-specific threats to C. braueri. However, it is caught as bycatch in parts of its range but this does not appear to pose a major threat.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Cyclothone braueri. However, this species’ broad range overlaps with a number of Marine Protected Areas (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014).  This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",This species is not utilized in European waters. ,"Harwell, H.","Kobyliansky, S., Herrera, J. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,GONOSTOMATIDAE,Cyclothone,livida,,Cyclothone livida,"Brauer, 1902",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Assessment: LC Cyclothone livida is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean. In European waters, this species occurs from the Azoresto about 60°N. This species occurs to 2,000 m depth but is more concentrated at or just below 800 m during the day. Cyclothone livida appears to be an uncommon member of the genus Cyclothone, and there is little information available concerning its biology. This species is not utilized in Europe and there are no major threats. It is therefore listed as Least Concern. ",Stable,"Cyclothone livida is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical eastern Atlantic (Harold in press). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, C. livida occurs from south of Iceland and Faroe Islands (Badcock 1984) to the Azores (Santos 1997), Madeira and the Canary Islands (Badcock 1984). It is found at depths ranging from 300–2,000 m, though it is usually taken from between 500–800 m (Quéro et al. 1990).","Cyclothone livida appears to be an uncommon member of the genus Cyclothone. Cyclothone livida is not often seen in European waters, as suggested by a French study conducted in 1966 concerned with identifying rarely encountered species off the French Atlantic coasts. Only three specimens were found (Quero and Vayne 1966). Data obtained from vertical tows indicated that the population tended to be centered below 800 m depth during the day (Badcock 1970). However, this species was commonly found in pelagic trawl surveys in 2009 off Eastern Central Atlantic near the mid-Atlantic Ridge (Kobyliansky et al. 2010).  The genus Cyclothone is one of the most abundant groups of fishes in the ocean, and is the most speciose genus of the family Gonostomatidae. These fishes are dominant components of the midwater deep-sea fish assemblage, comprising 50-70% of the midwater fish catches across various parts of the world's oceans (Berry and Perkins 1966, Goodyear et al. 1972, Maynard et al. 1975, Miya et al. 1995, Miya and Nishida 1996).","The family Gonostomatidae consists of primarily mesopelagic and bathypelagic oceanic species. Sexual dimorphism and/or hermaphroditism is present in many species (Harold in prep 2013). Life history variables, such as size at maturity, age at first reproduction, number of spawnings during lifespan, and fecundity, were found to increase with increasing depth range in three species of Cyclothone (Miya and Nemoto 1991). Species of this genus do not exhibit diurnal migratory behavior (Miya and Nishida 1996). The family Gonostomatidae consists of primarily mesopelagic and bathypelagic oceanic species. Sexual dimorphism and/or hermaphroditism is present in many species (Harold FAO ECA Guide in prep). The maximum recorded size for C. livida is 5 cm SL (Badcock 1984). ","There are no major, species-specific threats to C. livida. However, it is caught as bycatch in parts of its range but this does not appear to pose a major threat.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for C. livida. However, this species’ range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014).",This species is not utilized in European waters.,"Harwell, H.","Kobyliansky, S., Herrera, J. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,GONOSTOMATIDAE,Cyclothone,microdon,,Cyclothone microdon,"(Günther, 1878)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Cyclothone microdon is a common species, occurring throughout the eastern North Atlantic Ocean to over 5,000 depth. Cyclothone microdon undergoes protandrous sex reversal, and is known to have a long spawning period. Juveniles and adults do not tend to co-occur, and are either spatially or temporally separated. This species is not utilized in European waters and there are no major threats. It is therefore listed as Least Concern. ",Stable,"Cyclothone microdon is a circumglobal species, found from subtropical to polar waters (Harold in press). This species is widespread in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, where it has been found from Norway and the Faroe Islands south to Madeira and the Canary Islands (Badcock 1984). This species has a broad depth distribution of 0–5,301 m (Coad and Reist 2004, Cook et al. 2012). Spanish trawl surveys have not recorded this species in 20 years (L. Gil de Sola pers. comm. 2013).","Cyclothone microdon is a common species (Kobylianski et al. 2010). Cyclothone microdon is an abundant species in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean and over the mid-Atlantic ridge (Sutton et al. 2008). It was found to be a component of a large, northern (65–45°N) low-diversity, high abundance assemblage. It was also characteristic of two discreet deep-meso/upper bathypelagic asssemblages which were found near the Azores (Sutton et al. 2008) and was the single most dominant species collected over the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the area of the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone, accounting for 30% of the total. At depths of 1,900–2,900 m, C. microdon represented 96% of the total. At northern latitudes, the population generally consisted of a unimodal peak of adult females. Cyclothone microdon was found to be most abundant at higher latitudes of 60 and 50°N, and decreased in abundance until around 20°N, where none were captured. At 60 and 50°N, large adult females dominated the population, with males occurring in small numbers. There is little change in the mean size of females with decreasing latitude in the eastern North Atlantic (McKelvie 1989). Males did not make up more than 10% of the total catch at any latitude, and the number of males per female decreased with latitude and by season. Small individuals accounted for only a very small proportion of the catch at 60°N and 50°N, but were very abundant at 40°N in the autumn. Adults and juveniles do not appear to co-occur, and are partitioned either spatially or, if they occur in roughly the same geographic location, temporally. A greater number of individuals at advanced stages of maturity occurred at lower latitudes, and spawning appears to be somewhat protracted and not entirely seasonal (Sutton et al. 2008). Cyclothone microdon is also very abundant in the Rockall Trough (Mauchline and Gordon 1984). However, Spanish trawl surveys have not recorded this species in 20 years (G. de Sola pers. comm. 2013)","Cyclothone microdon possesses a degree of plasticity in life history traits which is dependent on location. In the eastern North Atlantic, this species is thought to have a prolonged spawning period from spring to autumn. Females are sexually mature at 3.0 cm SL, and live through at least two spawnings. Spawning occurs later in life due to protandrous sex change (McKelvie 1989). Females in the more advanced stages of maturity occur in deeper waters than males and less advanced females (Merrett 1994). Life history variables, such as size at maturity, age at first reproduction, number of spawnings during lifespan, and fecundity, were found to increase with increasing depth range in three species of Cyclothone (Miya and Nemoto 1991). Average fecundity ranged from 2,000 to 10,000 eggs/ovary pair, increasing in higher latitudes (Badcock 1984). The maximum recorded size for this species is 6.6 cm SL (Badcock 1984).","There are no major, species-specific threats to C. microdon.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for C. microdon. However, this species’ range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014).  This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",This species is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Harwell, H.","Kobyliansky, S., Herrera, J. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,GONOSTOMATIDAE,Cyclothone,obscura,,Cyclothone obscura,"Brauer, 1902",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Cyclothone obscura is a widespread species, which within Europe is known only from Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"Cyclothone obscura is circumtropically distributed. Its northern-most occurrences in the Pacific are from Hawaii (23oN) and Japan (18oN) (Miya and Nemoto 1987). In Europe, it is known only from Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014). This species is the deepest-dwelling member of the genus Cyclothone, occurring at depths ranging from 900-3500 m (Mundy 2005).","In Japan, tows in shallow (200-600 m) and deep (600-1000 m) waters collected 20,840 individual Cyclothone specimens, only one of which was C. obscura (Miya and Nemoto 1991). However, in the Gulf of Mexico, C. obscura was one of them most abundant species collected at 1149 m depths (Ross et al. 2010). Cyclothone obscura is moderately abundant in museum collections (100 lots), and many of  the collections contain many individuals (>15 specimens per lot) (FishNet2 Database searched February 2013).",Cyclothone obscura is bathypelagic and reaches a maximum size of 6.6 cm SL (Quero et al. 1990).,There are no species-specific threats to C. obscura.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for C. obscura, however its distribution overlaps with marine protected areas (World Database of Protected Areas 2010).",There is no use and trade information available for C. obscura.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,GONOSTOMATIDAE,Cyclothone,pallida,,Cyclothone pallida,"Brauer, 1902",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Cyclothone pallida is distributed throughout the eastern North Atlantic Ocean and can occur to over 4,000 m depth. This species is sexually dimorphic and has not been confirmed as protandric. It feeds primarily on copepods. This species is not utilized in European waters and there are no major threats. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Cyclothone pallida is circumglobal, and is found in tropical, subtropical waters and sub-arctic waters (Beamish et al. 1999). Cyclothone pallida is widespread throughout the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, where it has been found from Iceland south to Madeira and the Canary Islands. It typically occurs at depths of 16–4,663 m (Mundy 2005).","Cyclothone pallida is a common species (Kobylianski et al. 2010). Additional species-specific information about the population trends of this species in the region is unavailable. The genus Cyclothone is one of the most abundant groups of fishes in the ocean, and is the most speciose genus of the family Gonostomatidae. These fishes are dominant components of the midwater deep-sea fish assemblage, comprising 50-70% of the midwater fish catches across various parts of the world's oceans (Berry and Perkins 1966, Goodyear et al. 1972, Maynard et al. 1975, Badcock and Merret 1976,  Miya et al. 1995, Miya and Nishida 1996).","Cyclothone pallida is sexually dimorphic and has not been confirmed as protandric (Miya and Nemoto 1986). It feeds primarily on copepods (Maynard 1982). Species in the genus do not exhibit diurnal migratory behavior (Miya and Nishida 1996). The maximum recorded size of this species is 7.5 cm SL (Gon 1990). Outside of the region in Sagami Bay Japan, male of this species attain maturity at about three to four years of age and length of 3–3.5 cm SL while females reach maturity at five to six years of age and between 4–4.5 cm SL (Miya and Nemoto 1986). ","There are no major, species-specific threats to C. pallida.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for C. pallida. However, this species’ range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014).",This species is not utilized in European waters.,"Harwell, H.","Kobyliansky, S., Herrera, J. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,GONOSTOMATIDAE,Cyclothone,parapallida,,Cyclothone parapallida,"Badcock, 1982",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Cyclothone parapallida is a widespread species, which within Europe is known only from Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"Cyclothone parapallida is a circumglobal meso-bathypelagic fish that is distributed throughout tropical areas in the Pacific and Atlantic ocean with greatest abundance in the equatorial regions. Its Northern limit in the Atlantic ocean appears to be around 25°N (Badcock 1982). Within Europe, it is known only from Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014).  Located at depths within 800 to 1500 meters below sea level (Badcock 1982).",There is little to no information on the population of Cyclothone parapallida.,Cyclothone parapallida has a maximum size of 8.4 cm. &#160;Females of this particularly species are usually larger than males (Badcock 1982).,There are no known species-specific threats for Cylothone parapallida.,There are currently no species-specific conservation efforts in place for Cylclothone parapallida.,There are no known uses for Cylothone parapallida.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Harold, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,GONOSTOMATIDAE,Cyclothone,pseudopallida,,Cyclothone pseudopallida,"Mukhacheva, 1964",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Cyclothone pseudopallida is circumglobally distributed in tropical, temperate and sub-arctic waters. In the region, this species occur off the Canary Islands but rarely north of them. This species can occur to over 4,000 m depth. Cyclothone pseudopallida is a common and abundant species in many parts of its range. Cyclothone pseudopallida is sexually dimorphic, with smaller males and larger females. This species is not utilized in European waters and there are no major threats. It is therefore listed as Least Concern. ",Stable,"Cyclothone pseudopallida is circum-globally distributed in tropical, temperate waters, and sub-arctic waters (Harold in press). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, C. pseudopallida occurs off the Canary Islands and is rare farther north (Badcock 1984). It is found at depths ranging from 0–4,938 m, but is more typically found at depths of up to 1,000 m (Chernova 2011).","Cyclothone pseudopallida is a common spcies (Kobyliansky et al. 2010). The genus Cyclothone is one of the most abundant groups of fishes in the ocean, and is the most speciose genus of the family Gonostomatidae. These fishes are dominant components of the midwater deep-sea fish assemblage, comprising 50 to 70% of the midwater fish catches across various parts of the world's oceans (Berry and Perkins 1966, Goodyear et al. 1972, Maynard et al. 1975,  Miya et al. 1995, Miya and Nishida 1996). About 92% of collected C. pseudopallida were pulled from depths of 900–1,500 meters, notably deeper than the sympatric C. pallida (Badcock 1982).","Cyclothone pseudopallida is sexually dimorphic, with smaller males and larger females (Miya and Nemoto 1986). Cyclothone pseudopallida is sexually mature (over 90% of males and females mature) at 19.8 mm for males, and 30.5 mm. for females. Males mature at two years of age, while females mature at three. This species is iteroparous, and egg counts ranged from 313 to 1,542 eggs. There is also evidence that the species is associated with cold seep habitats (McClain-Counts 2011). Larger individuals of this species tend to occur at greater depths (Ross et al. 2010). The maximum recorded size for this species is 5.8 cm (Gon 1990).  Outside the region in Sagami Bay, Japan; recruitment occurs between August and February (Miya and Nemoto 1991) and C. pseudopallida always occurs in the second layer within the genus's depth distribution, regardless of species composition (Miya and Nemoto 1987).  ","There are no major, species-specific threats to C. pseudopallida.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for C. pseudopallida. However, this species’ range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014).",This species is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Harwell, H.","Kobyliansky, S., Herrera, J. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,GONOSTOMATIDAE,Cyclothone,pygmaea,,Cyclothone pygmaea,"Jespersen & Tåning, 1926",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Cyclothone pygmaea is endemic and widespread in the Mediterranean Sea. Little is known about the population status or trends, but there are no known threats to the deepwater habitat of this species. It is not commercially exploited owing to its very small size. Therefore, C. pygmaea is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Cyclothone pygmaea is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea (Quignard and Tomasini 2000). It is widespread and records include the Strait of Sicily (Cuttitta et al. 2004), the Balearic Islands (Morales-Nin et al. 2003, Rodriguez et al. 2013) and the Algerian basin (Moranta et al. 1998, Golani et al. 2006).","This is a very small, deepwater species. No general information is available on population size or trends. However, it is abundant and common near the Balearic Islands (Torres et al. 2011, Rodriguez et al. 2013).","This species lives between 200 and 1,800 m in the Balearic Islands (Morales-Nin et al. 2003) and between 200 and 800 m in the Algerian basin (Moranta et al. 1998). Its planktonic stage occurs at 100 m depth (Cuttitta et al. 2004).",This species is not commercially exploited. No major threats are known.,"No specific conservation measures are in place for this species. Cyclothone pygmaea was previously assessed as Least Concern, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",This species is not utilized.,"Ralph, G.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F., Carpenter, K.E., de Morais, L., Knudsen, S. & Harold, A.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SACCOPHARYNGIFORMES,CYEMATIDAE,Cyema,atrum,,Cyema atrum,"Günther, 1878","Cyema spp. has taxonomic problems -- it likely comprises multiple species (see Mundy 2005). However, because of the taxonomic issues associated with the genus Cyema, it is listed as Data Deficient pending taxonomic validation.",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Cyema atrum is widely distributed in all oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it is known from the coast of Portugal to the Azores and Madeira, and appears to be rare. There are no known major threats and it is not targeted. Therefore, C. atrum is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Cyema atrum is widely distributed in all oceans (Smith 1989). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, C. atrum is known only from the coast of Portugal to the Azores and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014), but has not been recorded from the Mediterranean (Saldanha and Bauchot 1996). It is typically found at depths of 330 to 5100 m (Saldanha 1990, Saldanha and Bauchot 1996).","Cyema atrum is more common than the other species in the family Cyematidae (Smith 1989). However, it appears to be rare in the north Atlantic Ocean (e.g., it is very rare off the southeastern coast of Greenland (Moller et al. 2010) and known from only one specimen off the Azores (Santos et al. 1997).","Cyema atrum is a marine bathypelagic and abyssal species with a depth range from 330 - 5100 m (Saldanha 1990). Little is known about its ecology, but it is carnivorous and has a distinct leptocephalus larva (Saldanha and Bauchot 1996). The largest individual on record measures 15.0 cm total length (TL) (Saldanha 1990).",There are no known species-specific threats. It is found below the depths at which most trawling occurs.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place. Research into all areas of the ecology and biology of this species is suggested.,This species is of no interest to fisheries.,"Ralph, G. & Harwell, H.","Smith, D.G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,MURAENESOCIDAE,Cynoponticus,ferox,,Cynoponticus ferox,"Costa, 1846",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Cynoponticus ferox is listed as Data Deficient as it is a rarely captured in the northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean and has only been recorded from Italy and Gibraltar. Research needs to be conducted to determine the species' occurrence, population size and trends in the northeastern Atlantic.",Unknown,"Cynoponticus ferox is widely distributed  in the eastern Atlantic Ocean from Gibraltar to Angola. This species is rarely found in the western Mediterranean Sea and has only been recorded from Italy (Elba, Ischia, and Portoferraio) (Maurin et al. 1982, Blache et al. 1968). The depth range for this species is 10–100 m (Blache et al. 1968). ",There are limited population data for Cynoponticus ferox.,"Cynoponticus ferox is a demersal species, inhabiting sandy to muddy bottoms near the continental shelf (Maurin et al. 1982, Blache et al. 1968). The maximum size recorded for this species is 20 cm TL (Smith 1990). Cynoponticus ferox  is a carnivorous species.",There are no known major threats to Cynoponticus ferox.,"There are no species specific conservation measures in place for Cynoponticus ferox. There is a need for additional information about the biology and population of this species.  This species was assessed as Data Deficient in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Cynoponticus ferox is not utilized.,"Strongin, K.","Karmovskaya, E. & Papaconstantinou, C.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ZEIFORMES,PARAZENIDAE,Cyttopsis,rosea,,Cyttopsis rosea,"(Lowe, 1843)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends and threats and very few records are known for European waters. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species, as it inhabits bottoms which may be affected by trawling activities in the northwest Atlantic Ocean.",Unknown,"The species is widely distributed throughout the tropical waters of the world. In the eastern Atlantic, the species is present from the Ireland to the South African coast (Quigley and Flannery 1995). Prior to 1968, when the species was recorded for the first time off northwest Spain (Quéro 1970), the species was unknown from northwest European waters. However, since then the species appears to have been gradually extending its range northwards via northwest Spain (1968–76), into northwest French, southwest Irish and southwest UK waters (1987–95) (Quigley and Flannery 1995, Quéro et al. 1996, Quigley 2004). It is also known from seamounts and knolls (Stocks 2009), such as the Great Meteor Tablemount and Plateau Seamount (Fishbase 2011), Echo Seamount (Aguilar et al. 2010) and Gorringe Seamount (unpublished data, Oceana pers. comm. 2014). The species is present in some locations in the Canary Islands bottoms, at depths between 300 and 600 metres (Aguilar et al. 2010). One individual has been recorded in the Portuguese shelf at -361 m (unpublished data, Oceana pers. comm. 2014), and the species has also been recorded in Galician waters since 1968, including five individuals captured in the Galician shelf at a depth between 635 and 962 metres (Bañón et al. 1997) and one specimen in the Bay of Biscay (Quéro et al. 2005). Overall, the species can be found between 150 and 730 metres depth (Fishbase 2011).  ICES records the species at South Portuguese shelf, Bay of Biscay and SW British Islands shelf.","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species, and while it is widespread throughout tropical waters, there is a lack of knowledge about its status in European waters.","This is a bathypelagic species which occurs on the continental slope, whose depth range is from 150 to 730 metres, although it is usually found between 330 and 690 metres depth (Fishbase 2011) and a few specimens were captured in Portuguese waters in a range of 635 to 962 m depth (Bañón et al. 1997). It forms schools and it feeds on other fishes and swimming decapod crustaceans (Fishbase 2011). Cyttopsis rosea is considered a tropical character species (Bañón et al. 1997).","Cyttopsis rosea may potentially be caught by trawlers. The species is being affected by climate change, as a shift to northern waters has been demonstrated and is consistent (ICES 2008).","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. However, it is very likely that its distribution overlaps with protected areas throughout its range. Besides, the species is present in Gorringe Seamount, an area to be protected by the Portuguese Government under the OSPAR Convention. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends and threats to the species, since it could be present in trawling areas. There is a need to determine if the species is being caught by trawlers, and if this activity is affecting its population.","In European waters, the species may be caught by trawlers, but there are no data are available to support this.","García, M., Bañón Díaz, R. & Ralph, G.","Garcia, S.","Blanco, J.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,DACTYLOPTERIDAE,Dactylopterus,volitans,,Dactylopterus volitans,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Assessment: LC Dactylopterus volitans is a widely distributed species occurring from Irish waters to Portugal, including the Azores and Madeira, in European waters. This species is not of major commercial value but is captured incidentally and may have value as an ornamental species. It is listed as Least Concern. ",Unknown,"Dactylopterus volitans is restricted to the North Atlantic Ocean, where it is widely distributed on both coasts. In the northeastern Atlantic, D. volitans is known from Ireland, the United Kingdom, to the Iberian peninsula, including the offshore islands (Quéro and Guéguen 1981, Quigley et al. 2004, Calado 2006). It is also found throughout the Mediterranean Sea (Deudero et al. 2007), including the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988). This species occurs to 100 m depth (Sanches 1991).","In a multi-species assessment of fishes in the Lesser Antilles, D. volitans comprised 8.6%, 4.4%, and 13.1% of the total catch weight in Dominica East (59 species), Dominica West (62 species), and Guadeloupe East (90 species), respectively (Gobert 2000).","Dactylopterus volitans is associated with a variety of habitats and can be found at depths ranging from 1–100 m (Roux 1986). Dactylopterus volitans has sharp cephalic spines which are covered in venomous/poisonous glands (Begossi and Ramires 2012). Fishes are usually observed foraging in sand channels as opposed to directly on reefs (Kaufman 1983), and mainly feeds on benthic crustaceans, especially crabs, clams, and small fishes. D. volitans is a pelagic spawner. The maximum recorded length for this species is 50 cm SL (Roux 1986).  Outside the region, D. volitans is associated with a variety of habitats, including the estuarine zones of mangrove-reef systems (de Amorim Xavier et al. 2012), in association with rocky reefs (Daros et al. 2012), seagrass beds (Willette and Ambrose 2012), sandy beaches (Gaelzer and Zalmon 2008), outer shelf-edge reefs (Olavo et al. 2011).","Populations may be undergoing reduction from capture by trawls and seines, and average size of individuals has seen reduction as well (Bannerman pers. comm. 2012). Dactylopterus volitans is incidentally captured by recreational fishing methods due to its size in the Balreaic Islands (Coll et al. 2004).","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place. However, this species’ range overlaps with a number of Marine Protected Areas throughout its large range (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014). Outside the region, D. volitans benefits from the use of bycatch reduction devices, such as those implemented in the roller-frame trawl fishery used in the Florida shrimp fishery (Crawford et al. 2011). This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Dactylopterus volitans may have value as an ornamental species in European waters (Calado 2006). This species is caught by boat, shore, and spear by recreational fishing off Majorca (Morales-Nin et al. 2005).","Harwell, H.","Lorance, P., Florin, A. & Keskin, Ç.","Carpenter, K.E., Robertson, R., Munroe, T. & Buchanan, J.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,SOLEIDAE,Dagetichthys,lusitanica,,Dagetichthys lusitanica,"(de Brito Capello, 1868)","Vachon et al. (2008) state that Synaptura has never been a valid genus name, and re-assigned all Synaptura spp. to Dagetichthys. Synaptura cadenati is a junior synonym of Dagetichthys lusitanica (Desoutter et al. 2001). However, in the Eastern Central Atlantic, many studies and many scientists still consider two nominal species to occur. More detailed information is available under S. cadenati than D. lusitanica.",No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Dagetichthys lusitanica is widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic, from Portugal to Angola, including the Mediterranean Sea. However, the precise distribution in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean is uncertain, and specific population and abundance data are unavailable. Dagetichthys lusitanica is caught in artisanal fisheries in many parts of its range, and may be captured as bycatch in commercial trawling throughout its range. It is not known how these threats are impacting the population in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Therefore, D. lusitanica is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Dagetichthys lusitanica is found in the eastern Atlantic, from Portugal and Gibraltar to Angola, including Cape Verde and the western Mediterranean Sea (Cabral 2000, Cabral et al. 2003, Matallanas 1984). It is not known from the Canary Islands (Dooley et al. 1985) It is typically found at depths ranging from the shore to 60 m (Desoutter-Meniger and Munroe in press). In Mauritania, D. lusitanica has been found in scientific surveys from 5 to 159 m (Camara pers. comm. 2012).","There is no population information for D. lusitanica. It does not occur in abundance in the Mediterranean Sea. In Portugal, it is not common, except for two areas where it is more abundant (Setubal and along south-eastern coast) (Cabral et al. 2003).","Dagetichthys lusitanica is found over sandy and muddy substrata (Desoutter-Meniger and Munroe in press). Dagetichthys lusitanica feeds on polychaetes, bivalves, and cephalochordates (Cabral et al. 2003). Spawning occurs from May to September. The current maximum length is 480 mm TL. No information is currently available on length at first maturity (Cabral 2000, Cabral et al 2003). The species can live up to 8 years (Cabral et al. 2003).","Dagetichthys lusitanica is caught in artisanal fisheries in many parts of its range. In the northeastern Atlantic, the average commercial trawling depth is from 35 to 200 m, which means that this species is also likely significantly caught as bycatch by commercial trawling within its range. It is not known how targeted artisanal capture or bycatch is affecting this species or its habitat.",There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. ,"Dagetichthys lusitanica is caught in artisanal fisheries in many parts of its range, and may be caught as bycatch by commercial trawling. In Portugal this species is caught as bycatch. It is marketed fresh, sometimes frozen.","Ralph, G.","Costa, M., Monroe, T., Rijnsdorp, A.D. & Keskin, Ç.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,SQUALIFORMES,DALATIIDAE,Dalatias,licha,,Dalatias licha,"(Bonnaterre, 1788)",,No,EN,A3d+4d,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Kitefin Shark (Dalatias licha) is a medium-sized, patchily distributed, deepwater species, usually found at depths of 37−1,800 m. It is taken as bycatch in deepwater longline, bottom trawl and gillnet fisheries in the Northeast Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea. In the Northeast Atlantic, a 94% decline in catches was observed when historical data collected by the United Kingdom Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food was compared to more recent Scottish trawl surveys. However, the potential for misidentification and the location of recent Scottish trawl surveys suggest that these data should be interpreted with caution. In addition to being obtained as bycatch, target handline and gillnet fisheries existed for this species in the Azores in the 1970s. Landings in this fishery increased rapidly to 896 tonnes in 1991 and then decreased steadily to < 46 tonnes from 1998 onwards. The life history characteristics of this species, such as slow growth and relatively large size at maturity, make it sensitive to rapid depletion, as evidenced by the catch declines in the targeted fishery. The species has experienced a decline of 62% is European waters for the 1972-2059 period (87 years, three generations), and a reduction of 52% is projected for the 2015-2102 period (87 years, three generations) into the future. Therefore, it qualifies as Endangered under Criteria A3d+4d.",Decreasing,"Within the Northeast Atlantic this species occurs on the Atlantic slope of the British Isles (with occasional records from the continental shelf, including the North Sea and Celtic Sea), to Spain and Portugal, including the Azores and Madeira Islands, and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (McEachran and Branstetter 1984, Ebert and Stehmann 2013). It also occurs in the western Mediterranean Sea (Tortonese 1956, Barrull and Mate 2002, Serena 2005) and there have been some isolated observations in the eastern Mediterranean Sea (Gilat and Gelman 1984). Its depth limit is 37 - 1,800 m.","No information is currently available on population size or structure, however this species is thought to exhibit patchy distribution. There is probably little or no exchange between subpopulations separated by depth or occurring in different water bodies, which are considered to form distinct regional subpopulations (Compagno and Cook 2005). The overall trend in European waters for this species seems to be of a general decrease.Northeast AtlanticThis subpopulation size or structure is unknown in the Northeast Atlantic, however, for the purposes of stock assessment and management, the Azores/Mid-Atlantic Ridge subpopulation is considered to be separate from the Northeast Atlantic Slope subpopulation (ICES 2006, 2013). However, the species seems to be more abundant in the south area of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES; Area X), and is less frequently recorded elsewhere in the Northeast Atlantic. Beginning in the early 1970s this species was targeted by handline and gillnet fisheries in the Azores, and landings increased rapidly to over 947 tonnes (t) in 1981. From 1981 to 1991 landings fluctuated considerably, following market fluctuations, and peaked at 937 t in 1984 and 896 t in 1991 (ICES 2006, 2013). After 1991, reported landings declined linearly until the fishery was closed at the end of the 1990s due to stock collapse. The stock has remained collapsed in the Azores region with landings ranging from zero to two tonnes between 2010 and 2012 (ICES 2006, 2013). Stock assessments of the targeted Azores fishery for this species were made during the 1980s (da Silva 1987). The stock was considered intensively exploited with the average observed total catches (809 t) close to the estimated maximum sustainable yield (MSY=933 t). During the Development of Elasmobranch Assessments (DELASS) project, the stock was considered depleted based on the probability of the biomass in 2001 being less than the biomass that could sustain maximum sustainable yield (BMSY; Heessen 2003). Preliminary assessment results suggest that the stock may be depleted to about 50% of virgin biomass. However, further analysis is required, particularly analysing the effect of liver oil prices on the fishery. Although targeted fisheries have ceased, this species is still bycatch in various deepwater fisheries, with total bycatch landings of around 47 t reported across the Northeast Atlantic ICES area in 2005 (ICES 2006). In mainland Portugal, bycatch landings have been recorded since 1988, with 282 t in 2000 and 119 t in 2003 (ICES 2006, 2013). These landings reached zero tonnes in 2010 and have not increased since. In the Azores, landings of < 15 t were reported from 2004–2005 (Pinho 2006). For the Northeast Atlantic slope subpopulation, a comparison between recent Scottish trawl surveys and United Kingdom Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF) surveys in the 1970s showed a 94% observed decline in catch rate. However, this value must be treated with caution as it is likely that other species were mistakenly identified as this species in the initial 1970s survey (Jones et al. 2005). Furthermore, the Scottish trawl surveys took place at the limit of this species’ geographical range, which may explain the observed low catch rates. Considering a 50% decline for the 1972-2001 period based on the above DELASS data, and if an exponential decline is assumed, the annual proportional change would be 0.9764. Therefore, the reduction for the time period 1972-2059 (87 years, three generations) is 87%. When projecting this decline into the future (2015-2102, three generations), a 64% decline is estimated. MediterraneanIn the Mediterranean, the range of this species appears to be confined to the western and central basins and biomass seems to be very low (Baino et al. 2001). The “Gruppo Nazionale Dermersali” (GRUND) experimental trawl surveys carried out on the continental and upper slopes of the central Mediterranean Sea suggest a positive trend in catches of this species between 1985 and 1998 although the dataset was small; only 1.9 specimens were obtained on average per hour over 12 years of surveys (Relini et al. 2000). This species was present in < 2% of bottom trawls across the Mediterranean Sea (Relini et al. 2000). A bottom trawl fishery for Red Shrimp (Aristeus antennatus) operating in the Gulf of Valencia collected data between 1988 and 1989 on the frequency of catches for this species. It was found to be present in 28.6% of trawls carried out at 450–675 m depth, with a mean abundance of 0.06 specimens per hour of trawling (Guallart 1990). During exploratory surveys to collect data of the exploited and virgin stocks of deep-sea Red Shrimp (DESEAS project), this shark species was caught in all three areas of the study (the Balearic area, the western Ionian and the eastern Ionian). Abundance decreased with depth in the Balearic area and the species was found to be more abundant between 1,000 and 1,499 m in the western Ionian and was present at shallower depths in the eastern Ionian (Sion et al. 2004).In the Mediterranean, considering a 15% decline for the 1972-2004 GRUND data, and if an exponential decline is assumed, the annual proportional change would be 0.9949. Therefore, the reduction for the time period 1972-2059 (87 years, three generations) is 36%. When projecting this decline into the future (2015, 2102, three generation), a decline of 36% is also estimated.Assuming that the proportion of the population present in the Mediterranean and in the Northeast Atlantic is roughly equal, an overall reduction of 62% is calculated for European waters for the 1972-2059 period (87 years, three generations). A reduction of 52% is projected for the 2015-2102 period (87 years, three generations) into the future.","This benthic to mesopelagic deepwater shark species is found on continental and insular shelves and slopes in temperate to tropical waters from 37 m down to 1,800 m depth, but primarily from 300–600 m (Compagno 1984, McEachran and Branstetter 1984, Compagno et al. 2005, Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Within the western Mediterranean it occurs at depths of up to 1,800 m (Stefanescu et al. 1992), in the Tyrrhenian Sea it is present between 200-800 m (Baino et al. 2001) and in the Adriatic Sea it was found at depths down to 900 m (Ungaro et al. 2001).This species is live bearing with yolk sac and reproduction is known to occur throughout the year, with greater activity during the summer and autumnal months (Bini 1976, Tortonese 1956). This species can produce three to 16 pups per litter (Lo Bianco 1909, Bauchot 1987, Notarbartolo di Sciara and Bianchi 1998, Ebert and Stehmann 2013), but typically produces six to eight pups per litter (Bini 1976, Tortonese 1956). Size at birth is reported to be ~ 30 cm total length (TL; Lo Bianco 1909, McEachran and Branstetter 1984, Bauchot 1987). Size at maturity is between 77–121 cm TL and 117–159 cm TL for males and females, respectively (Bauchot 1987). This species reaches a reported maximum size of 180 cm TL, although most individuals are 120 cm TL (Bauchot 1987).The species has a maximum age of 32-36 years, and its age at maturity is 15.5-21.5 years (Irvine et al. 2012). Its generation length is estimated to be 28.75 years.","Northeast AtlanticThis species has been reported in longline and gillnet fisheries targeting mixed deep-water sharks west of the British Isles and off the Portuguese mainland (ICES 2006). Recent emergency measures by the European Commission and Northeast Atlantic Fisheries Commission have closed these deepwater gillnet fisheries. This species is apparently also caught west of the British Isles by mixed deepwater trawl fisheries, volumes are unknown as landings statistics are not species-specific, but they are likely to be low. In addition, while the United Kingdom and Ireland have officially reported landings of this species, these individuals have likely been misidentified, and are more likely to be either Portuguese Dogfish (Centroscymnus coelolepis) or Leafscale Gulper Shark (Centrophorus squamosus; ICES 2006). This species is one of the most commonly discarded species of deepwater shark in longline fisheries off mainland Portugal and the Azores operating in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge area, and in Spanish fleets in the Celtic Sea and Iberian waters. While it is caught in relatively low quantities, mortality is likely extremely high following discarding. MediterraneanThis shark is caught across the Mediterranean Sea mainly as bycatch in bottom trawl and gillnet fisheries, although until the 1930s a targeted traditional longline fishery for this species operated in the Ligurian Sea. In the Balearic Sea, individuals ranging from small juveniles to adults are caught as bycatch by fisheries operating on the continental slope targeting Red Shrimp (Aristeus antennatus) or Norway Lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) at depths between 300 and 675 m (Guallart 1990, Barrull and Mate 2002). These individuals are typically discarded live, but likely have low survival rates following release (Guallart 1990). This shark’s depth range overlaps with that of a number of deepwater fisheries. The life history characteristics, such as a slow individual growth rate and a relatively large size at maturity, make it sensitive to exploitation.","Based on advice from the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea to end fishing for deepwater sharks, the European Union Fisheries Council established a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for this species in 2007 (CEC 2012). This TAC was gradually reduced and in 2010 it was set at zero. In 2011, the allowable bycatch was reduced from 10% to 3% of the 2009 TAC and in 2012 it was further reduced to zero (ICES 2013). However, unreported catches of this species likely make this management measure ineffective.National management plans aimed at enhancing conservation and sustainable management for all chondrichthyan species are being developed under the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations International Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks (IPOA-Sharks). In 2009 the European Commission Action plan for the Conservation and Management of Sharks was approved, which encourages research programs aimed at the assessment of the conservation status of sharks in the Mediterranean Sea (Serena et al. 2002).Further research should be conducted on the population size and trend of the species.",There is no use and trade information for this species in Europe.,"Dulvy, N.","Walls, R. & Guallart, J.","Blasdale, T., Serena, F., Mancusi, C., Ungaro, N. & Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,OPHICHTHIDAE,Dalophis,imberbis,,Dalophis imberbis,"(Delaroche, 1809)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC   Listed as Least Concern as Dalophis imberbis is a benthic, burrowing species that has a wide distribution. Major threats to this species have not been identified. ",Unknown,"Dalophis imberbis occurs in the eastern Atlantic  from Spain to the west coast of Africa including the Mediterranean Sea (Blache et al. 1973). Dalophis imberbis occurs in the Mediterranean from the Balearic Islands (Lloris et al. 1984), Catalan coast (Sanchez et al. 2000), Ligurian and Tyrrhenian seas (Biagi et al. 2002, Busalacchi et al. 2010) and to the eastern Levant Sea (Golani  et al. 1996). The depth range for this species is 55–115 m (Busalacchi et al. 2010).","Dalophis imberbis occurred with 1.6% frequency of occurrence in the Balearic region of the western Mediterranean (Rodriguez et al. 2013) and 0.8% frequency of occurrence in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea (Busalacchi et al. 2010). This species is uncommon (Blache et al. 1973, Busalacchi et al. 2010, Rodriguez et al. 2013).","Dalophis imberbis is a benthic species that occurs on the shelf, burrowing in sand and mud (Blache et al. 1973). The species spawns in the Bay of Algiers in August/September (Bauchot et al. 1986) and is sometimes found in brackish lakes (Toews 1988). The maximum length is 150 cm TL (Bauchot 1987).",No major threats have been identified for Dalophis imberbis. ,"No specific conservation measures are in place for Dalophis imberbis. This species may be present in marine protected areas that occur within its distribution (World Database on Protected Areas, accessed April 2014). Dalophis imberbis was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).",Dalophis imberbis is not utilized in European or Mediterranean waters. ,"Strongin, K.","Karmovskaya, E. & Papaconstantinou, C.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,DASYATIDAE,Dasyatis,centroura,,Dasyatis centroura,"(Mitchill, 1815)","The ""thorny tail stingray complex"" needs additional study. The populations in the eastern Atlantic and Uruguay may represent different species (Struhsaker 1969, McEachran and Fechhelm 1998). The status of the single record from India is unknown.",No,VU,A2d,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)This is one of the largest marine and brackish water stingrays distributed widely throughout the Atlantic. Subpopulations in the Northwest Atlantic, Southwest Atlantic and eastern Atlantic are considered separate. Although limited data are available on the biology of this species, its large size (maximum size 260 cm disc width) and low fecundity (two to six pups per litter) make it intrinsically vulnerable to depletion. In the Mediterranean Sea it is taken as bycatch in trawl and artisanal fisheries operating throughout much of its depth range. It has only been rarely reported from the Mediterranean Sea, where intense trawl fisheries operate at depths of 50 to 800 m. This stingray is suspected to have declined in the Mediterranean Sea based on i) the complete overlap between its depth range and the reach of demersal fisheries; ii) its apparent rarity in these waters; iii) its intrinsic sensitivity to overexploitation; and iv) the decline in comparable elasmobranch species in this region. This region also comprises the bulk of its distribution in European Union waters. The species is inferred to have experienced a decline of 30% over the three-generation period (51 years), in European waters, therefore qualifying as Vulnerable under Criterion A2d. There are no new management efforts in place, and monitoring of harvest levels should be undertaken to identify the trends of the species.",Decreasing,"In the Northeast Atlantic this stingray occurs from the southern Bay of Biscay, southwards beyond the Eastern Central Atlantic, where it has been reported from Madeira and the Canary Islands. It is also present throughout the Mediterranean Sea, but not the Black Sea (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Its depth limit is zero to 200 m.","In the Mediterranean Sea, this species was reported as most common off Algeria, Sicily and Tunisia (Whitehead et al. 1984). In 6,336 scientific trawls conducted during the International Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean (MEDITS) from 1994 to 1999 at depths of 10 to 800 m, only one record of this species was reported throughout the northern Mediterranean Sea (Baino et al. 2001). From the 22 Italian “Gruppo Nazionale Dermersali” (GRUND) surveys between 1985 and 1998, the percentage presence for this species was one of the lowest registered (0.83%) and it was caught only in the South Ligurian Seas and Sardinian waters (Relini et al. 2000). This stingray is suspected to have declined in the Mediterranean Sea based on i) the complete overlap between its depth range and operating demersal fisheries (see “Threats” section); ii) its apparent rarity in these waters; iii) its intrinsic sensitivity to overexploitation (see “Habitat and Ecology” section); and iv) the decline in comparable elasmobranch species in this region. Considering the available data of decline of its congener D. pastinaca, and the fact that D. centroura has a much larger size than D. pastinaca but the same depth range, the species is estimated to have declined throughout the Mediterranean sea by 30% over the three-generation period (51 years). The majority of the population of the species in European waters is found in the Mediterranean, therefore it is inferred that this decline has been the same for the Northeast Atlantic, having declined by 30% in Europe.","This stingray is found over sandy and muddy bottoms, occasionally in brackish water; usually in waters less than 100 m deep, but recorded to 274 m in the Bahamas (McEachran and Fechhem 1998) and usually to 200 m deep in the Mediterranean Sea (Whitehead et al. 1984, Notarbartolo and Bianchi 1998). This is one of the largest known stingrays; the largest maximum size recorded is 260 cm disc width (DW) and 290 kg from the southern Adriatic Sea (Dulcic et al. 2003). Estimated size at maturity is 80 and 66-100 cm DW for males and females respectively in the Mediterranean Sea (Capapé 1993). Its generation length is estimated to be 17 years.This species is live bearing with yolk-sac. Size at birth is eight to 13 cm DW (Bini 1967, Notarbartolo and Bianchi 1998). Capapé (1993) reported that gestation lasts for a minimum of four months and fecundity ranges from two to six pups per litter.","In the Mediterranean Sea, this stingray is taken as bycatch of artisanal fisheries, bottom set longline, gillnet and handline (Fischer et al. 1987). Benthic trawlers have increased both effort and efficiency in the shelf and slope areas of the Mediterranean Sea over the last 60 years. The continental shelf and upper slope are highly exploited, with intensive commercial trawling occurring at depths ranging from 50 to 800 m (Colloca et al. 2003, Massuti and Moranta 2003). As a result there has been increasing concern about changes in the abundance and diversity of elasmobranchs in this region, and decreases in the abundance and biomass of some species throughout the last decade have been reported in highly exploited areas such as the Gulf of Lions (Aldebert 1997, Massuti and Moranta 2003). Although no species-specific data are available, the very large size of this stingray makes it intrinsically sensitive to population depletion.",There are no measures in place to protect this species in European waters. Monitoring should prioritise harvest levels in order to infer population trends in the region.,The species is not commercially utilized.,"Dulvy, N.","Rosa, R.S., Furtado, M., Snelson, F., Piercy, A., Grubbs, R.D., Serena, F. & Mancusi, C.","Walls, R., Morey, G & Buscher, E.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,DASYATIDAE,Dasyatis,marmorata,,Dasyatis marmorata,"(Steindachner, 1892)","Dasyatis marmorata is a species of western Africa and the Mediterranean Sea (Séret in press). This species has often been confused with Dasyatis chrysonota, which is a South African species. There are several distinctive features (colour and morphology), although a genetic study should formally reaffirm the validity of D. marmorata and redefine the two species. In this document, we consider only D. marmorata and all records of D. chrysonata in the Mediterranean Sea as D. marmorata.",No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This species has been previously confused with D. chrysonota and hence there are no species-specific data. The taxonomic status of this relatively small stingray is unclear. Further study is required to critically compare specimens from the Mediterranean Sea and eastern Atlantic. Marbled Stingray (Dasyatis marmorata) is recorded only from Tunisian, Israeli and Turkish waters, at depths of 12-65 m in the Mediterranean Sea. It is occasionally caught as bycatch of trawl fisheries, but no data are available to determine catch levels or trends. Insufficient information is currently available to assess this species beyond Data Deficient and further investigation into the effect of fisheries, and resolution of the species’ taxonomy and distribution is a priority.",Unknown,"In European waters, this stingray is reported from the Mediterranean Sea and the eastern Atlantic, although further study is required to critically compare specimens from the two regions. In the Mediterranean Sea, it has been recorded from the Gulf of Gabes and El Biban lagoon in Tunisian waters, off Israel (Capapé et al. 1995, 1996; Zaouali 1992, Golani and Capapé 2004), and more recently in Turkish waters (Erguden et al. 2014). Records from the Atlantic include Senegal (Capapéet al. 1995) and Mauritania (Valadouet al.2006).Its depth range is 12-65 m.",There is currently no information available pertaining to the population size and trend of this species.,"The species is found on continental shelves on various types of sandy and muddy substrates from 12-65 m depth (Serena 2005). Males mature at around 30 cm total length (TL) and females at 32-34 cm TL (Capapé 1990, Capapé et al. 1996, Serena 2005). The species reaches a maximum size of 60 cm TL (Serena 2005). It apparently produces four litters per year (after a gestation period of three months), with up to nine pups per litter (Capapé 1990, Capapé and Zaouali 1993, Serena 2005). The length at 50% maturity for females and males is 40.2 and 32.9 cm TL respectively off the Tunisian coast. It is also estimated that fecundity is two to four pups greater than previous reports had indicated (Valadou 2006).","This stingray is occasionally caught as bycatch in bottom trawl fisheries (Bradaï 2000, Serena 2005). Trawl fisheries and coastal artisanal fisheries operate off Tunisia and elsewhere throughout the species’ depth and geographic range, which may take it as bycatch. In 2003, about 404 trawl vessels were operating off Tunisia, with more than 46% of the fleet concentrated in southern Tunisia, where this species occurs (FAO 2007).","There are no species-specific measures in place. Research should be conducted on the taxonomic status of the species and on its geographic range. Moreover, catches should be assessed and monitored.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Dulvy, N. & Walls, R.","Bradai, M.N., Notarbartolo di Sciara, G., Serena, F. & Mancusi, C.","Morey, G & Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,DASYATIDAE,Dasyatis,pastinaca,,Dasyatis pastinaca,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","The abundance and distribution of this species may have been overestimated because of confusion between two distinct species (D. tortonesei and D. pastinaca). It is likely that a distinct Dasyatis species lives in the Mediterranean Sea, but there are still nomenclature issues that are currently under investigation (Serena 2005). While these issues are still ongoing, D. tortonesei appears to be a distinct species from D. pastinaca.",No,VU,A2d,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) This stingray occurs in the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea from the shore to about 200 m depth, but is more commonly found in shallow waters (< 50 m). This depth distribution makes it more vulnerable to small-scale inshore fisheries than to offshore trawling. For example, Common Stingray (Dasyatis pastinaca) made up more than 40% of the elasmobranch biomass captured in the trammel net fishery off the Balearic Islands. In the Northeast Atlantic, it is a less common species, generally showing a low abundance index in comparison to the Mediterranean Sea. The species is suspected to have declined by at least 30% through European waters over the three generation period (22.5 years), therefore qualifying as Vulnerable under Criterion A2d.",Decreasing,"In the eastern Atlantic this stingray occurs from southern Norway and the United Kingdom to South Africa, including the Canary Islands, Madeira, western Baltic Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea and Sea of Marmara (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002, Serena 2005). In the Celtic Seas, it is regarded as a vagrant from more southern waters (ICES 2005a), except in the southern Celtic Sea and throughout the English Channel, which it is considered to inhabit (ICES 2013). The few observations of this species in the North Sea are restricted to Shetland waters and the southern North Sea, where they are occasionally caught in inshore surveys (ICES 2005b). This ray is probably the most common batoid fish in Lebanon and Syria (Bariche 2012), and has a higher presence in the western-central Mediterranean area (coasts of Morocco, Spain, France, Tyrrhenian, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily) than elsewhere in the Mediterranean region (Baino et al. 2001).Its depth limit is one to 200 m.","There is no information on the size of the population of this species within the Mediterranean Sea, however the International Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean (MEDITS) program from 1994-1999 revealed a low frequency of occurrence. It appeared in 49 hauls, which was only 0.5% of the total number of hauls, but these surveys only sampled depths from 50-800 m and this species is more common in shallow waters < 50 m depth. Comparative trawl surveys conducted in 1948 (Hvar) and 1998 (MEDITS) in the Adriatic Sea (both up to 400 m depth) suggest that the abundance of Common Stingray may have decreased during this period. The frequency of occurrence (frequency log transformed data) of Common Stingray on the shelf according to the 1948 survey was ~ 0.5, whereas frequency of occurrence on the shelf in the 1998 survey was < 0.1 (Jukic-Peladic et al. 2001), indicating an 80% decline.Considering an estimate decline of around 80% from 1948-1998 and an annual rate of decline of 1.6, the species is estimated to have declined around 36% over the three generation span (22.5 years). Assuming an exponential decline, based on the annual decline rate, the decline over the period 1992-2015 (three generations) is modelled to be 52% in the Adriatic Sea. Therefore, the species is inferred to have declined by at least 30% through the Mediterranean Sea.In the Northeast Atlantic, this stingray is clearly less abundant than in the Mediterranean Sea. Quero (1998) reported it to have disappeared from the Bay of Biscay, though the species has appeared in very low quantities in French landings from this area and Iberian waters between 1999 and 2012, ranging from zero to three tonnes per year. The average catch rate for this stingray during the first quarter of the International Bottom Trawl Survey in the North Sea, Skagerrak and Kattegat was 0.0006 (number per hour, 1977-2004; ICES 2005b). In United Kingdom groundfish surveys, it was only recorded occasionally in the western English Channel at depths of 17-160 m (Ellis et al. 2005). Considering that the bulk of the population occurs in the Mediterranean Sea, the overall decline in European waters is suspected to be of at least 30% through the three-generation period (22.5 years).","This stingray is a demersal brackish to marine water species, found over sandy and muddy bottoms from shallow waters to a depth of approximately 200 m (Whitehead et al. 1984), although it seems to be most abundant in inshore waters. This species can sometimes inhabit areas close to estuaries and over rocky reefs; it is very commonly found on coralligenous bottoms and in caves in the Levant. Bottom trawl surveys in the Mediterranean Sea suggest that it is more common in waters < 50 m depth (Morey et al. 2006, Massuti and Moranta 2003, Relini et al. 2000), and Morey et al. (2009) showed that catch per unit effort values of Common Stingray from small-scale fisheries off the Balearic islands decreased with depth, being almost completely restricted to the first 50 m depth. Depth distribution of the biomass index shows values of 1-10 kg/km2 between depths of zero and 100 m, and 0.1-1 kg/km2 at depths of 100-200 m (Baino et al. 2001). This species reaches a maximum reported size of 140 cm disc width (DW) and 250 cm total length (TL) (Notarbartolo and Bianchi 1998). The size at maturity of females is estimated at about 38 cm DW (Capape et al. 1996), 60 cm TL/28 cm DW (Ismen 2003), and at about 45 cm TL/29 cm DW (Yeldan et al. 2009). Males mature at a smaller size, estimates ranging from 32 cm DW (Capape et al. 1996) and 50 cm TL/26 cm DW (Ismen 2003). Yigin and Ismen (2012) reported length at 50% maturity (L50) for both males and females at 62.5 cm TL/36 cm DW in the North Aegean Sea. The age at first maturity was estimated at six years for males and seven years for females (Yigin and Ismen 2012). Data on the longevity of this species are scarce, with reported females reaching 16 years and males reaching 10 years in the North Aegean Sea (Yigin and Ismen 2012). The generation length of this species is estimated to be 7.5 years.In the northern Adriatic Sea, reproduction takes place between September and May, during which pregnant females approach the coast. Bini (1967) reported that pupping occurred between July and August, and four to nine pups per litter are produced (Notarbartolo and Bianchi 1998). Several localities where the species aggregates during mid June and July are known in the Balearic Islands. These aggregations of mature stingrays are thought to be related to reproduction (Morey et al. 2006). Young specimens are common in shallow waters over sandy bottoms, and parturition was reported to occur in early July in the eastern Mediterranean Sea (Ismen 2003). Neonates are approximately 20 cm TL (8 cm DW) (Ismen 2003). This size largely exceeds the 8 cm DW size-at-birth provided by Ismen (2003).","This species is taken as bycatch and is sometimes targeted in semi-industrial, small-scale and commercial bottom trawl, gillnet, beach seine, bottom longline and trammel net fisheries. Commercial fishermen often cut off the tails of stingrays following capture and prior to discarding, although it is unclear as to how this affects discard survival (Notarbartolo and Bianchi 1998). Little data are available on catches due to discarding at sea. The species’ preference for shallow waters (< 50 m) makes it more vulnerable to small-scale inshore fisheries than to offshore trawling. For example, it made up more than 40% of the elasmobranch biomass captured in the trammel net fishery off the Balearic Islands (Morey et al. 2006), and was the second most important elasmobranch species when pooling artisanal fishing gears (Mallol et al. 2009). Small-scale fisheries operating within this species’ shallow-water range in the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic make up an important component of the European fishing fleet (Stergiou et al. 2006). This species was not recorded in recent (1999-2000) experimental fishing trials with trammel nets conducted within several parts of its known range in the Mediterranean Sea and Northeast Atlantic (Stergiou et al. 2006). There is a ban on trawling within three nautical miles of the coast for European Union (EU) countries, however there are some exceptions to this, and both legal and illegal trawling continues to occur in shallow waters in parts of the northern Mediterranean Sea.Important grounds for reproduction seem to be associated with shallow sandy bottoms, which may be negatively affected by human disturbance such as tourism activities on beaches, or fishing pressure such as trammel nets, gillnets and trawlers.","The first European Union (EU) total allowable catch (TAC) for skates and rays (all species falling within the order Rajiformes) was established for the North and Norwegian Sea for 1999 at 6,060 tonnes (t), cut to 4,848 t for 2001–2002, and since reduced annually in most years by 8–25% to 1,256 t (bycatch quota for up to 25% of live weight per trip for vessels over 15 meters fishing in International Council for the Exploration of the Sea [ICES] subareas IIa and IV) in 2014. For much of this period (1999-2014), the TAC was higher than reported landings.Skate and ray TACs were established for other EU waters (ICES Divisions IIIa, VI-IX) in 2009 and have also been gradually reduced since. Separate TACs are now in place for ICES subareas III (Skagerrak, entrance to the Baltic Sea), Via and b, VII a-c, VII c-k (West of Scotland, Irish and Celtic Seas), VIId (Eastern English Channel), and VIII and IX (Bay of Biscay and Iberian waters).  This species is protected within six of the seven existing Balearic Island marine reserves. Although artisanal fishing is allowed within these marine protected areas, these stingrays must be released alive if caught. Accurate monitoring of artisanal catch in those areas where the species is very commonly taken is needed to provide information on the size of the population.","The species is sometimes targeted in semi-industrial, small-scale and commercial bottom trawl, gillnet, beach seine, bottom longline and trammel net fisheries.","Dulvy, N.","Serena, F., Mancusi, C., Morey, G. & Ellis, J.R.","Bradai, M.N., Bariche, M. & Walls, R.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,SQUALIFORMES,CENTROPHORIDAE,Deania,calcea,,Deania calcea,"(Lowe, 1839)",,No,EN,A4d,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) Birdbeak Dogfish (Deania calcea) is taken as bycatch by deepwater trawl, longline and gillnet fisheries and is usually discarded. Prior to European Union catch limits in 2010, this species was one of the most common commercially captured deepwater sharks in European waters. This deepwater shark has very low productivity; females attain maturity at ~ 25 years, longevity is at least 35 years, and generation span is around 30 years. There has been an overall historical decline in abundance since the 1970s of around 89%, but catch rates in Scottish surveys increased between 1998 and 2004, and more recent survey data from Scotland suggests an increase in relative abundance, although these overall catch rates are much lower when compared to surveys conducted in the 1970s. Birdbeak Dogfish has therefore undergone a decline of 89% for the 1970-2012 period, and it is projected to increase its population at a rate of around 3% per year, therefore resulting in an overall 55% decline for the three-generation period (90 years). Thus, the species is assessed as Endangered European waters under Criterion A4d. Catches and landings should be monitored carefully to ensure this species does not become threatened. The efficacy of current management measures should also be evaluated.",Increasing,"In the Northeast Atlantic, this species occurs from Iceland along Atlantic slope to the Faroe Islands, Scotland, Ireland, France, Spain, Portugal, Morocco, Azores, Madeira and Mauritania, but it is absent from the Mediterranean Sea (Ebert and Stehmann 2013).","This is one of the most abundant mid-slope species of deepwater dogfish in the Northeast Atlantic. Bottom trawl surveys conducted in Porcupine Bank, off the coast of Ireland, have reported increasing biomass and numbers per haul from 2012−2013 (Ruiz-Pico et al. 2014). Estimates of relative abundance on the Scottish slope using a General Additive Model also showed a recent increase (ICES 2014). However, the catch of individuals smaller than 65 cm has declined since 2001 with no specimens recorded in the year 2013 (Ruiz-Pico et al. 2014). Additionally, while these recent surveys suggest a relative increase, overall catch rates in these surveys were only 11% of historical surveys conducted in the 1970s. While these surveys cannot be directly compared because they used different gear and vessels and fished different depth ranges, they do indicate an overall decline from historical levels, although the magnitude of the decline is uncertain.Birdbeak Dogfish has therefore undergone a decline of 89% from 1970 to 2012, and in the absence of direct fishing as a result of the EU ban, an increase of around 3% per year is suspected, resulting into a 55% reduction of the population of the species for the three-generation period (90 years).","This species occurs on or near the bottom over outer continental slopes and insular shelves at depths of 60–1,490 m, but is most common from 750–800 m (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). It may occur in large groups and appears to segregate by size, sex and maturity status, where immature specimens are distributed deeper and mature pregnant females occur in shallower waters (Moura et al. 2014). Their diet suggests that they feed at some height above the bottom (Mauchline and Gordon 1983, Yano 1991, Ebert et al. 1992, Daley et al. 2002), which may reduce their susceptibility to demersal trawl gear. In this live bearing species, embryos rely solely on yolk for nutrition. Gestation may take up to two years and litters range from one to 17 pups with an average of seven. Size at birth is 25-34 cm total length (TL). Length at maturity is 81−94 cm and 99−106 cm TL for males and females, respectively (Clarke 2000, Clarke et al. 2002, Paiva et al. 2011, Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Estimated age at maturity is 17 years for males and 25 years for females. The maximum recorded size is 122 cm TL (Ebert and Stehmann 2013) and estimated longevity is ~ 35 years (Clarke et al. 2002). Its generation length is ~ 30 years.","This species is caught by trawl, hook and gillnet fisheries in the Northeast Atlantic and has been directly targeted for its liver oil and flesh (Bakes et al.1995). Small catch volumes have been reported over the past decade, with an average of 119 tonnes reported between 2000 and 2009 by the Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations (FAO). During this period, most reported landings of this species were made by Portugal (averaging 74 tonnes), followed by Spain (averaging 26 tonnes) and the United Kingdom (average 17 tonnes). These numbers likely underestimate total landings, as this species is included in uncategorized landings with other mixed deepwater squaloid species. It has also been reported as bycatch in French deepwater fisheries and Spanish longlines and trawls, where it is generally discarded (Connolly and Kelly 1996, Pineiro et al. 1998, Allain et al. 2003). The larger females tend to be more susceptible to capture on longline hooks, rather than in trawl nets (Clarke et al. 2005).","In 2013, the EU banned removal of shark fins on board vessels (CEC 2013), in line with advice from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature’s Shark Specialist Group and other shark fishery experts, in order to enhance enforcement of the 2003 EU ban on shark finning (CEC 2003) and facilitate improved shark fishery data collection.Based on advice from the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea to end fishing for deepwater sharks, the European Union Fisheries Council established a TAC (Total Allowable Catch) for this species in 2007 (CEC 2012). This TAC was gradually reduced and in 2010 it was set at zero. In 2011, the allowable bycatch was reduced from 10% to 3% of the 2009 TAC and in 2012 it was further reduced to zero (ICES 2013). In the future, bycatch should be carefully monitored as this species is sensitive to exploitation like other deepwater sharks (Kyne and Simpfendorfer 2007). Research should be conducted on the population size and trend of the species.",This species is caught for its liver oil and flesh. The livers are high in squalene comprising about 70% by weight (Bakes et al. 1995). Catches in Australia have been increasing in the last few years with relaxation of mercury laws and fishers looking for non-quota species in the South East Trawl Fishery.,"Dulvy, N.","Dureuil, M.","Stevens, J.D. & Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,SQUALIFORMES,CENTROPHORIDAE,Deania,hystricosa,,Deania hystricosa,"(Garman, 1906)","Bigelow and Schroeder (1957) synonymized this species with Deania calcea (as its synonym D. eglantina). Cadenat and Blache (1981) named a new species D. mauli, from Madeira, however D. mauli was later recognized as D. hystricosa by Garman (1906, 1913) and was tentatively synonymized with D. hystricosa by Compagno (1984). Compagno (1984) recognizes this species as separate from D. calcea. The characters that distinguish D. hystricosa from D. calcea need to be examined in more detail.",No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data DeficientThe Rough Longnose Dogfish (Deania hystricosa) is a little known medium-sized (of at least 111 cm total length) benthic, and probably epibenthic, deepwater shark. It occurs at depths of 471–1,300 m on upper and middle continental and insular slopes. This dogfish is taken by deepwater longline fisheries off Madeira and the Canary Islands where it is used for its meat and liver oil. The lower portions of the species’ depth distribution may offer refuge from fishing pressure. At present, no data are available to infer population trends for this species so it cannot be assessed beyond Data Deficient. Furthermore, characters that distinguish the Rough Longnose Dogfish from Shovelnose Spiny Dogfish (Deania calcea) need to be examined in greater detail. Like other deepwater sharks, this species may be biologically vulnerable to population depletion. The bycatch levels in fisheries should be determined and monitored, especially as fisheries expand into deeper depths across the species’ range.",Unknown,"This species has a patchy distribution in the Northeast and Eastern Central Atlantic. Records show that it is found southwest of the British Isles, in the Bay of Biscay and Galician waters (northwest Spain), the Azores, Madeira, and Canary Islands (Bañón et al. 2010, Ebert and Stehmann 2013). The depth range is 471–1,300 m. It is also found in the Pacific Ocean and the southern Atlantic.","In Madeira the species is common and was captured with bottom long-lines during two research cruises in 2004 and 2005 (M. Freitas and M. Biscoito pers. comm. 2015).Nothing more is known of the population size or trends in the Northeast Atlantic region for this species, except that, as with Arrowhead Dogfish (Deania profundorum), it is rarely reported by deepwater fisheries operating within its range, and is therefore probably very rare.","This little-known benthic, and probably epibenthic, dogfish is found on the upper and middle continental and insular slopes at depths of 471–1,300 m (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Adults attain a maximum total length (TL) of 111 cm (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). The males are reported to reach sexual maturity at 81–84 cm TL while females mature at 92–106 cm TL. The size at birth is uncertain. This dogfish is live-bearing, in that the young are born alive rather via egg, with yolk-only nutrition. The litter size is not known, but a female found with 12 large ovarian eggs suggests moderate-sized litters (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). ","This species is caught minimally with deep-set vertical longlines off Madeira, Porto Santo, Seine and Unicorn seamounts and the Canary Islands, where it is used for liver oil and meat (Ebert and Stehmann 2013).The Azores deepwater fishery is a multi-species and multi-gear fishery (ICES 2007). It is predominantly small-scale (vessels <12 m; 90% of the total fleet) using traditional bottom longline and several types of hand lines operating down to 1,000 m depth, but mainly 200–600 m (ICES 2007). The Azorean longline fishery has expanded to more offshore seamounts over the last few years due to intensive fishing or overexploitation of important commercial demersal/deepwater stocks (ICES 2013). Landings of demersal/deepwater sharks were very low during these years as a result of quota restrictions (Pinho 2013). While target fisheries for elasmobranchs do not exist in this area, discards are expected to increase, particularly from longliners, because quota and local area restrictions on fishing are being introduced in International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Subdivision Xa2 (Azores Economic Exclusive Zone; ICES 2013).This species is reported as bycatch in ICES Subarea XII (North of Azores) along with other Deania species, but there is no way of confirming the percent composition Rough Longnose Dogfish makes up of the overall bycatch of this genus (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). In the North Atlantic, this species and the Arrowhead Dogfish appear to be far less abundant than the more common Shovelnose Spiny Dogfish (Deania calcea).","Prior to 2010, a combined Total Allowable Catch (TAC) was set for a group of deepwater sharks in European Commission waters. While the main group did not include Rough Longnose Dogfish, this species was included in this measure specifically for ICES Subarea XII (ICES 2013). In 2010, TACs in all areas were reduced to zero for this group, with an allowance for bycatch of 10% of the 2009 TAC. For 2011, the bycatch allowance was reduced to 3% of that in 2009, and in 2012 no allowance for bycatch was permitted. This remained the status quo in 2013 (ICES 2013). The use of fixed gillnets at depths of over 200 m has been banned in the archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands (ICES 2007). Further research is required to determine the population size and trends while harvesting trends also need to be monitored.","This species is caught minimally with deep-set vertical longlines off Madeira, Porto Santo, Seine and Unicorn seamounts and the Canary Islands, where it is used for liver oil and meat (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). ","Kyne, P.M. & Kemp, J.R.","Ebert, D.A., McCormack, C., Freitas, M., Conceicao Biscoito, M.J., Francis, M.P., Tanaka, S., Ishihara, H., Holtzhausen, H. & Stewart, A.","Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,SQUALIFORMES,CENTROPHORIDAE,Deania,profundorum,,Deania profundorum,"(Smith & Radcliffe, 1912)",There are at least two common birdbeaked dogfish known from Namibian waters with two less common species rarely taken in very deepwater. A taxonomic review of this group is required to properly identify the species of this genus.,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)The Arrowhead Dogfish (Deania profundorum) is a moderately sized (up to 97 cm total length) dogfish found on or near the bottom of the upper continental and insular slopes at depths of 275–1,785 m. It is often found in large aggregations, which possibly increases the threat of overfishing where fisheries occur. There is little information on the catch of this species, but deepwater fisheries operate over much of its range within Northeast and Eastern Central Atlantic regions (e.g., Canary Islands and the Azores). This species is taken on longlines off the Canary Islands and used for liver oil and meat. Incidental bycatch is likely discarded, particularly around the Azores where zero Total Allowable Catch (TAC) measures are in place. At this stage, there are insufficient reliable catch or landings data, or life history information, available for this species with which to deduce population trajectories, so an assessment of Data Deficient is given for the European region. ",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is found in the Eastern Central Atlantic. It has been recorded in the Canary Islands, Azores, and off the Western Sahara (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Coelho and Erzini (2006) reported one individual off southwest Portugal, though this is uncommon and the northernmost the species has ever been recorded. The depth range is 275–1,785 m.","Very little information is available on the population size or trend throughout this species’ range. Before 2009, Arrowhead Dogfish abundance was recorded together with Shovelnose Spiny Dogfish (Deania calcea) in International Council of the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) reporting. When the Arrowhead Dogfish was described within ICES Subdivision VIIIc (southern Bay of Biscay) and IXa (eastern Portuguese waters) in 2009, they began recording them separately (Sanjuan et al. 2012). Reports from 2009 to 2012 show an increase in the catch of Shovelnose Spiny Dogfish in 2012, after being absent in the two previous years, whereas Arrowhead Dogfish remained steady in the catches from 2010 in both divisions (ICES 2013).The population trends are unknown across the entire North Atlantic, but are apparently stable for ICES Subdivisions VIIIc and IXa (ICES 2013).","This deepwater dogfish is found on or near the bottom of continental and insular slopes at depths of 275–1,785 m. Observations suggest they may be more common at the deeper end of their bathymetric range.The maximum total length (TL) reported is about 97 cm, but most known individuals are smaller. Adult males are 43–67 cm TL and adult females are 62–80 cm TL. Size at birth is at least 31 cm TL (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). The reproductive mode is live-bearing with yolk-only nutrition. The probable litter size is five to seven pups judging from fertilised eggs in the uteri of females (Compagno et al. 1989). The species sometimes occurs in huge aggregations or schools (Ebert and Stehmann 2013).  ","This species is caught incidentally by deepwater fisheries operating over the majority of its European range. It is caught on longlines off the Canary Islands and used for liver oil and meat (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). The Azorean longline fishery has recently expanded to more offshore seamounts due to intensive fishing or overexploitation of important commercial demersal/deepwater stocks (ICES 2013). Landings of demersal/deepwater sharks were very low during these years as a result of quota restrictions (Pinho 2013). While target fisheries for elasmobranchs do not exist in this area, discards are expected to increase, particularly from longliners, because of quota and local area restrictions to fishing being introduced in ICES Subdivision Xa2 (Azores Exclusive Economic Zone; ICES 2013).This species is present in ICES Subarea XII (north of Azores) and reported as bycatch along with other Deania species; however, there is no way of confirming the percentage composition Arrowhead Dogfish makes up of the overall bycatch of this genus (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). This species and Rough Longnose Dogfish (Deania hystricosa) appear far less abundant than the more common Shovelnose Spiny Dogfish in the North Atlantic.It is likely that landings reported as Shovelnose Spiny Dogfish include other species in the same genus (Arrowhead Dogfish and Rough Longnose Dogfish), particularly in Portuguese landings from the Azores (Pinho 2010). Misidentification problems were detected in mainland Portuguese landing ports where two different Deania species are observed in catches: Shovelnose Spiny Dogfish and Arrowhead Dogfish. Similarly, reports of Lowfin Gulper Shark (Centrophorus lusitanicus) in Portuguese landings data from 2009-2012 are believed to refer to misidentified species, including Shovelnose Spiny Dogfish and Arrowhead Dogfish (ICES 2013).","Prior to 2010, a combined Total Allowable Catch (TAC) was set for a group of deepwater sharks in European Commission waters. While the main group did not include Arrowhead Dogfish, this species (along with Rough Longnose Dogfish) was included in this measure specifically for ICES Subarea XII (ICES 2013).In 2010, TACs in all areas were reduced to zero for this group, with an allowance for bycatch of 10% of TACs in 2009. For 2011, the bycatch allowance was reduced to 3% of that in 2009, and in 2012 no allowance for bycatch was permitted. This remained the status quo in 2013 (ICES 2013).The use of fixed gillnets at depths of over 200 m has been banned in the archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands (ICES 2007).Further research is required to determine the population size and trends of this species.",This species is caught incidentally by deepwater fisheries operating over the majority of its European range. It is caught on longlines off the Canary Islands and used for liver oil and meat (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). The Azorean longline fishery has recently expanded to more offshore seamounts due to intensive fishing or overexploitation of important commercial demersal/deepwater stocks (ICES 2013).,"Kyne, P.M. & Kemp, J.R.","Ebert, D.A., McCormack, C. & Samiengo, B.","Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CARANGIDAE,Decapterus,macarellus,,Decapterus macarellus,"(Cuvier, 1833)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Decapterus macarellus is a widespread species, which within Europe is known only from Madeira and the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"Decapterus macarellus has a circumtropical distribution. Within Europe it is known from Madeira and the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014, Santos et al. 1997). The depth range for this species is 1-400 m but it is common from 40-200 m (Smith-Vaniz 1986, Mundy 2005).","There is a shortage of information regarding the population of this species in the European region. South of the region, in Cape Verde, there is an important fishery that exists for this species, constituting almost 40% of total catches at the peak of the fishery in 1997 and 1998 (~3700 tonnes). Stock assessment using Bayesian approach to biomass dynamic modelling indicate that the current level of fishing for this species is sustainable even though catches have been stable at a much lower level of about 2100 tonnes in recent years. These results are, however, considered as preliminary and should be approached with caution (Stobberup and Erzini 2006).","Decapterus macarellus is found mainly in schools in open water, occasionally over outer reefs and frequently around islands. It feeds primarily on zooplankton (Cervigón et al. 1992, Smith-Vaniz 1995). The maximum size is 46 cm (TL) and is common to about 25 cm (FL) (Smith-Vaniz 2002, Jiménez and Béarez 2004). In Japan, the spawning period was observed from April to July. The length at 50% maturity of females was estimated at 25.8 cm and age at maturity at 2 years old (Shiraishi et al. 2010). In Cape Verde, length at first maturity is 22 cm (Monteiro pers. comm. 2012), and the reproductive period is from August to September.",There are no major threats known for this species. ,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place.,"Decapterus macarellus is an important component of fisheries in some parts of its distributional range (e.g. Cape Verde) and it is caught with haul seines, some purse seines, bottom trawls, gillnets and hook-and-line. It is an important subsistence food source in Bali and is harvested for use as bait for handline fishing and for the developing longline tuna fishery in neighboring East New Britain (Hair and Magea 1995, Smith-Vaniz 2002). It is sold locally for food at about US $0.08 for three fish (Hair and Magea 1995). It is a minor component of the fishery in Cuba (F. Pina-Amargos pers. comm. 2012). ","Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F., Williams, J.T., Pina Amargos, F., Curtis, M., Brown, J., de Morais, L., Sagna, A., Sylla, M., Camara, K., Carpenter, K.E., Djiman, R., Nunoo, F. & Sidibé, A",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CARANGIDAE,Decapterus,punctatus,,Decapterus punctatus,"(Cuvier, 1829)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on the population size, trend and threats to this rare species. Further research should be conducted to establish the status of the species throughout its range.",Unknown,"Decapterus punctatus is widely distributed across the Atlantic Ocean, although in European waters it is rarely found in the Canaries and Madeira (Brito et al. 2002, Wirtz et al. 2008). It is found at depths ranging from one to 110 m.","There are no data on the population size and trends of this species in European waters. There are only three specimens in the collection of the Funchal Natural History Museum, taken from a fish market in 1956. A few specimens were caught in the western islands of the Canaries, where it is considered rare (Brito et al. 2002).","Decapterus punctatus is primarily a schooling species in midwaters or near the bottom in shallower waters. It is also found in pelagic waters and near the surface, especially as juveniles. Prey items include planktonic invertebrates, mainly copepods (Smith-Vaniz 2002). Decapterus punctatus is a small, short-lived carangid that reaches a maximum size of 21.3 cm FL and maximum age of about four years (Houde et al. 1983).",The threats to the species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not the target of any conservation action, and it is unknown whether it is found in protected areas. Further research is needed on the population size, trend and threats to the species.",The species is not utilized.,"García, M.","Conceicao Biscoito, M.J.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F., Williams, J.T., Pina Amargos, F., Brown, J., Curtis, M., de Morais, L., Sidibé, A, Nunoo, F., Carpenter, K.E., Camara, K., Djiman, R., Sagna, A., Sylla, M., Polidoro, B., Comeros-Raynal, M. & Strongin, K.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Deltentosteus,collonianus,,Deltentosteus collonianus,"(Risso, 1820)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Deltentosteus collonianus is present throughout the northern Mediterranean Sea and along the southwest coast of Portugal in the Atlantic Ocean. There is no specific population information for this species, but it may be rare. There are no major threats, although is it rarely caught as bycatch. Therefore, D. collonianus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Deltentosteus collonianus is known from southwest Portugal on the Atlantic coast near the strait of Gibraltar to Israel in the southeastern Mediterranean. There are also records from Turkey, Israel and Cyprus. Except for Dieuzeide et al. (1955) where this species was listed in the catalogue of fishes for Algeria, its known distribution is restricted to the northern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea (Miller 1986, Kovačić and Golani 2007). The depth distribution of D. collonianus is about five to 120 m (Miller 1986).","There is no specific population information for D. collonianus. Miller (1973) noted that species was “probably common”, but Tortonese (1975) concluded that “questo Gobide sembra essere raro”.",Deltentosteus collonianus inhabits soft substrata and seagrass beds and gets down to about 120 m depth.,"There are no major threats for this species, although it is rarely caught as bycatch.","No conservation measures are in place or needed for this species and it is found in marine protected areas. This species was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Deltentosteus collonianus is not directly utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Kovacic, M., Herler, J. & Williams, J.T.","Francour, P., Bariche, M., Goren, M., Tunesi, L. & Bilecenoglu, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Deltentosteus,quadrimaculatus,,Deltentosteus quadrimaculatus,"(Valenciennes, 1837)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Deltentosteus quadrimaculatus is present in the eastern Atlantic, from Spain to Mauritania, including the entire Mediterranean Sea. There is no specific population information for D. quadrimaculatus, though is can be locally abundant. There are no known major threats towards it. Therefore, D. quadrimaculatus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Deltentosteus quadrimaculatus is found in the warm temperate eastern Atlantic, from Mauritania to Spain, including the Mediterranean (Miller 1986, Banon et al. 2010). In the Mediterranean, it ranges from Gibraltar along the northern and eastern Mediterranean to Israel (Miller 1986, Golani 2005). In the southern Mediterranean it has been recorded from Algeria and Tunisia (Dieuzeide et al. 1955, Bradai et al. 2004). Deltentosteus quadrimaculatus has been collected at depths of up to 333 m (Mytilineou et al. 2005).",Deltentosteus quadrimaculatus is locally abundant and is commonly found in bycatch. There is no specific population species for D. quadrimaculatus.,"Deltentosteus quadrimaculatus is a benthic species living over sand or muddy sand to depth of 90 m (Miller 1990) but it can be collected up to depth of 333 m in the east Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005). It is generally found at depths of 10 - 90 m (Metin et al. 2011). The maximum age is five years, and age at 50% maturity is two years (Metin et al. 2011).  In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 9.2 cm TL and the length at maturity  for females is 6.2 cm TL  and for males is 6.4 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014). Spawning period started in February and continued until May. The age of the fish ranged from 1 to 5 years (Metin et al. 2011). No data exist for fecundity (Miller 1986).","There are no known major threats for this species. This species does get captured as bycatch in trawlers, but is not a target species.","No conservation measures are in place  or needed for D. quadrimaculatus, and it occurs in marine protected areas. Deltentosteus quadrimaculatus was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Deltentosteus quadrimaculatus is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Kovacic, M., Herler, J. & Williams, J.T.","Francour, P., Bariche, M., Goren, M., Tunesi, L. & Bilecenoglu, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SPARIDAE,Dentex,dentex,,Dentex dentex,(Linnaeus 1758),Genetic analysis of the geographical partitioning revealed that this species showed an Atlantic-Mediterranean partitioning (Patarnello et al. 2007) indicating that exchanges between subpopulations are reduced and may limit rescue effects from migration and dispersal from other subpopulations to compensate for impacts of direct exploitation.,No,VU,A2bd,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) The species is widespread from the British Isles to Cape Blanc, Mauritania, and probably as far south as Senegal, and throughout the Mediterranean and the western Black Sea. This is a heavily exploited species in the Mediterranean Sea, and is a large top predator which is not likely to recover quickly. Fishing effort on this species in the Mediterranean apparently increased steadily through the 1980s and 1990s when peak landings were recorded. There has been a steady decline in landings from a peak of 10,329 mt in 1992 to around 2,000 mt between 1997 and 2012, with no reason to suspect that effort has declined. It is estimated that the population in the Mediterranean Sea has declined at least 50% over the past 25 years; fishing effort is not expected to decrease in the near future and habitat quality is suspected to have declined as a result of pollution in parts of the species' range. Therefore, we infer that the population has declined by at least 30% in the past three generation lengths (=36 years). It is listed as Vulnerable under criterion A2bd.",Decreasing,"The species is widely distributed in the Mediterranean and in the North Atlantic to the British Isles (where it is rare), including the Canary Islands (uncommon; Dooley et al. 1985) and Madeira (Wirtz et al. 2008). Globally present along the West African coast to north of Cape Blanc, Mauritania.","According to FAO Fisheries Statistics (FAO Fishstat 2011), this species reached a peak in global exploitation levels from 1984-1995, from around 3,000 mt to 10,329 mt in 1992. In 1997, landings were reduced to around 1,715 mt, and have fluctuated between 1,119 mt and 2,353 mt in the 15 years to 2012. There is considerable question about the accuracy of these data. Nonetheless, the overall trend from data collected from around 12 countries appears to show an increase in effort peaking in the 1980s and 1990s. There is no reason to assume that fishing effort has declined in recent years and therefore the catch trend over the last 10-20 years, that shows at least 50% decline overall, is probably a good estimate of current population trends over the past 25 years. The Mediterranean catch contributes ~45% of the global catch, while the West African and the Northeast Atlantic catches comprise 35% and 18%, respectively. Mediterranean catches also show an overall decline since 1975, peaking in 1990 at over 6,000 tonnes and subsequently declining to less than 1,000 tonnes by 1999, and then to 1,147 tonnes in 2011. In the Mediterranean, average catches declined by about 37% since 1990 (FAO 2014).  There has been a significant population decline in Turkey (Fricke et al. 2007). The recovery time in Mediterranean marine protected areas is slow, around ten years (P. Francour pers. comm.). FAO capture production data for 2012 were: Albania - 143 tonnes; Croatia - 18 tonnes; Cyprus - 10 tonnes; France - nine tonnes; Greece (Eastern Central Atlantic) - five tonnes, (Mediterranean and Black Sea) 210 tonnes; Italy (Mediterranean and Black Sea) 157 tonnes; Latvia - zero tonnes; Libya - 390 tonnes; Malta - seven tonnes; Montenegro - eight tonnes; Portugal (NE Atlantic) zero tonnes; Spain (Mediterranean and Black Sea) 93 tonnes; Tunisia - 193 tonnes; and Turkey - 81 tonnes.","The species is littoral and benthopelagic; it lives on rocky bottoms, and also over Posidonia beds, down to depths of 200 m, but mainly between 15-50 m (Fischer et al. 1987). It is common at depths of 60 m (Morales-Nin and Moranta 1997). Adults are solitary, while the young are gregarious. It is a gonochoristic species with spawning taking place between the end of March and May. Males and females older than one year mature almost simultaneously. Sexually mature females were detected at a minimum standard length of 21 cm (Loir et al. 2001) and sexual maturation and reproduction occurs at age two years (Riera et al. 1993, Abellán et al. 1997). This species can reach over one metre in length (Fischer et al. 1987) and weigh up to 13 kg, although sizes in catches average 35 cm to 40 cm long (Bauchot and Hureau 1986, Ramos-Esplá and Bayle-Sempere 1991). The maximum lifespan appears to be approximately 20 years (Morales-Nin and Moranta, 1997), although longevity has been reported up to 33 years (Chemmam-Abdelkader et al. 2004). No morphological or length/weight ratio differences are observed between males and females. However, females grow somewhat faster than males, reaching a slightly larger final size. Growth proceeds at a fast pace during the first two years, with animals reaching around 24 cm at one year, and slowing down during adulthood (Morales-Nin and Moranta 1997). The species' growth rates are not affected by the reproductive period (Morales-Nin and Moranta 1997). In all likelihood, the large adult size of the species reduces the number of potential predators. Due to the selective fishing techniques currently used for Dentex dentex and its social habits, the mortality rate due to predation is also low (Morales-Nin and Moranta 1997). This species is a carnivore feeding on fish, molluscs and cephalopods.  Generation length for D. dentex is estimated to be 12 years, using the following equation for a gonochoristic fish species: Generation length = Σxlxmx/Σlxmx",An important food fish. There have been some successful attempts to culture this species. Overexploitation and eutrophication are considered threats in parts of its range (Turkey). There has been an increase in demand for this species in Turkey in the 1980s and 1990s due to increases in coastal resorts and restaurants (K. Bizsel pers. comm.).,"The species occurs in marine protected areas in many parts of the Mediterranean Sea. It is recommended to restrict spear fishing and to establish minimum legal sizes (A. Di Natale pers. comm.), and to also enforce minimum catch sizes in those areas where they are already established (e.g. of 20 cm in Turkey, K. Bizsel pers. comm.). More genetic information would be useful for the management of this species.","The Common dentex is a highly valued table fish in the Mediterranean region. Some attempts to culture this species have been successful on a trial basis, in Greece, Italy and Spain (Rueda and Martínez 2001), and two countries (Bosnia and Herzegovina and Spain) have reported production to FAO for this species (Basurco et al. 2011). In culture conditions, this sparid fish has a high specific growth rate and spawns spontaneously. Its fishery is mainly commercial and artisanal. It is caught with beach seines, trawl nets, gill nets, trammel nets, bottom long-lines and hand lines. It is regularly present in the markets of Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Tunisia and Morocco, and also occasionally in France, but rarely in Israel. Greece, Turkey, Italy, Tunisia and Spain account for about 90% of landings (Basurco et al. 2011). It is sold fresh or frozen (Fischer et al. 1987). It is also used for fishmeal and oil (Carpenter in press).","Allen, D.J., Comeros-Raynal, M. & García, M.","Russell, B.","Carpenter, K.E., Pollard, D., Francour, P., Bizsel, K. & Di Natale, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SPARIDAE,Dentex,gibbosus,,Dentex gibbosus,"(Rafinesque, 1810)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) The species is widespread throughout most Mediterranean coasts, and also along the coasts of west Africa and Macaronesia. There is very little population information available for this species: it is not commonly caught and there is no evidence of population declines from fishing at present time. It is therefore listed as Least Concern. We recommend continued monitoring of its population status.",Unknown,"The species is common throughout most of the Mediterranean Sea, but not recorded from along the northwestern coast, and not in the northern Adriatic Sea. Also it is present off Portugal and around the Canary Islands (Dooley et al. 1985) and Madeira, where it has become common in the last 20 years and is now fished commercially (Wirtz et al. 2008). Elsewhere, it is widely distributed along the West African coast from the Strait of Gibraltar to Angola, and around the Sao Tome-Principe Islands.","This species is very rarely caught around the northern coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, but it has a high potential for commercial aquaculture (Fernandez-Palacios et al. 1994). Separate FAO capture statistics are not reported for this species. This species has become common in Madeira in the last 20 years and is now fished commercially there (Wirtz et al. 2008). About 2.8 tonnes of D. gibbosus were landed in 2010 in the Archipelago of Madeira, comprising 5.4% of the demersal landings by weight (Alves et al. 2011). Juveniles and youngs have been caught in Madeiran waters in growing numbers in the last 10–15 years. They have become common in landings in the last 10–15 years, and only during then were there separate statistics (from Pagrus pagrus) kept. Dentex gibbosus has become much more abundant and large than P. pagrus in Madeira (C. Andrade pers. comm).","This is a benthopelagic species. It occurs on the shelf on rocky and rubble substrata, on steep drop-offs, around wrecks, as well as on sand around rocks, from 20 to c. 300 m, but more commonly from 40 to 130 m. The young generally occur closer to shore while the adults occur further offshore in the vicinity of the continental slope (Fischer et al. 1987). It mainly feeds on crustaceans, fish and cephalopods (Fischer et al. 1987). The smallest mature males and females captured were 38.7 and 39.8 cm in total length (TL), respectively. Spawning takes place in the summer months around the Madeira archipelago, with a peak in May and June (Alves et al. 2011). In the Canary Islands, Pajuelo and Lorenzo (1995) classified this species as a protogynous hermaphrodite. Females dominated smaller size-classes and males the larger ones. The overall ratio of males to females was 1:1,45. The reproductive period extended from April to September, spawning peaking in June/July. The total lengths at 50% maturity were 34.7 cm for females and 38.6 cm for males. The length-mass relationship for the whole sample can be described by the parameters a = 0.01014 and b = 3.0812. Fish aged zero to 16 years were present in the samples. The parameters of the Von Bertalanffy growth equation were: L∞ = 101.2 cm, k = 0.149·year−1, and t0 = −0.111 years. The rates of total mortality Z and natural mortality M were 0.57 and 0.28·year−1 respectively. Rates of fishing mortality F and exploitation E were 0.29 and 0.51·year−1 respectively. The estimated length at first capture (LC50) was 17.8 cm total length. In the Adriatic Sea, Grubisic et al. (2007) classified this species as a rudimentary hermaphrodite. Von Berthalanffy growth parameters for it are: L∞ =107.24 cm, k=0.12, t0 =-0.90. It spawns in August, September and October. The mean value for its absolute fecundity is 1,672 x 106 eggs (Grubisic et al. 2007). The maximum length of this species is ~100 cm (Fischer et al. 1987).",There are no major threats known for this species. Potential localized declines from fishing are likely.,"The species occurs in marine protected areas. Size limits should take into consideration its protrandic hermaphrodotism (sex change occurs at around 50 cm total length). More genetic information would be useful for the management of stocks of this species, and monitoring of harvest and trade trends is recommended.","This species is caught with line gear (adults), bottom trawls and traps (young on the Canary Islands). It is regularly present in markets in Israel, and occasionally in Sicily, Greece and Morocco, but only rarely elsewhere in Italy, and in Turkey and Egypt. It is marketed fresh, frozen, or dried salted (flesh highly esteemed); also used for fishmeal and oil (Carpenter in press). It has a high potential for commercial aquaculture (Fernandez-Palacios et al. 1994).","Allen, D.J., Comeros-Raynal, M. & García, M.","Russell, B.","Carpenter, K.E. & Pollard, D.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SPARIDAE,Dentex,macrophthalmus,,Dentex macrophthalmus,"(Bloch, 1791)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) The species is widespread throughout the Mediterranean and from Portugal to northern Namibia. Little is known of the population status of this species in the Mediterranean and the northern part of its range along the west African coast, but it is one of the most most abundant demersal fishes along the Angolan coast. It is potentially of high commercial value in the Mediterranean, but occurs mainly in deeper water and at present is only a secondary catch species, and there is no evidence of population declines from fishing at present. Its distribution overlaps with marine reserves in parts of its range. It is therefore listed as Least Concern. However, we recommend further research and monitoring of its biology and population status.",Unknown,"The species is present&#160;throughout much of the Mediterranean Sea except for the northwestern coast (Louisy 2002) and the northern Adriatic, and is also absent from around some of the larger Mediterranean Islands. It is present in the Sea of Marmara but not the Black Sea. Also found in the Eastern Atlantic from northern Portugal to Namibia, including the Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands and Sao Tome-Principe.","In the northern part of the European range this is the most abundant among the species of Dentex. FAO capture production in 2012 were: Portugal (NE Atlantic) - zero tonnes; Greece - 480 t; Turkey - 55 t; Poland - 208 t; and Russian Federation - 255 t. Between 2002 and 2012, reported total Europe landings (FAO 2014) ranged between around 579 and 1,600 mt.","This is a demersal and benthopelagic species. It inhabits rocky, muddy, or sandy-muddy substrata, from 20 to 250 m, but is typically found deeper than 60 m, at least in Turkey (K. Bizsel pers. comm.), with individuals gradually descend to greater depths with age. The stocks migrate seasonally between the coast and deeper waters in accordance with local hydrographic conditions and their life cycle. Reproduction takes place from the second year onward, with intermittent spawning activity from October to April north of Cape Verde over the edge of the continental shelf and in the slopes of canyons (cold waters). Adults are carnivorous, feeding chiefly on fish and crustaceans; the young are plankton-feeders. In southern Angola, the life history of D. macrophthalmus was characterised by slow growth (females: Lt = 309[1 − e−0.06(t + 5.43)], males: Lt = 248[1 − e−0.16(t − 1.77)]), advanced age at maturity (females: 7.4 years, males: 6.0 years) and high longevity (females: 36 years, males: 38 years). The sex ratio was 1:1 male-female. The length- and age-frequency distributions and macroscopic observations suggested that the species is a late gonochorist. Males and females reached 50% maturity at 151 and 166 mm fork length respectively. Although individuals with ripe gonads were found during most of the year, the peak spawning period appeared to be in December and January. Despite a life history that renders the species vulnerable to overexploitation, only 38% of artisanal fishers in Angola noticed a decline in the catches of this species. Potential reasons for this include: technology creep; limited pressure on the juvenile portion of the stock as a result of late recruitment (above the length of 50% maturity); the ‘basin affect’, whereby depleted areas are reseeded by areas (e.g. deeper water) inaccessible to the line fishery, and a deep-water reserve of large individuals (Potts et al. 2010).",There are no major threats known for this species. Potential localized declines from fishing.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. It occurs in several marine protected areas within its range. It is recommended that more genetic research be done for the management of this species.,"The species is a secondary catch of semi-industrial fishing (in the Adriatic and around Cyprus), and of small-scale fishing elsewhere, as well as sport fishing. It is caught with trawl nets, bottom-set long lines, hand lines and bow nets. It is regularly present in many Mediterranean fish markets, but only occasionally in Tunisia and Israel, and rarely in Egypt. It is marketed fresh or frozen (its flesh is highly esteemed) and also used for fishmeal and oil. A seasonal fishery takes place at the time of spawning concentrations (Carpenter in press).","Allen, D.J., Comeros-Raynal, M. & García, M.","Russell, B.","Carpenter, K.E., Pollard, D. & Bizsel, K.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SPARIDAE,Dentex,maroccanus,,Dentex maroccanus,"Valenciennes, 1830",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) The species is widespread and common in parts of its range. It is utilized in semi-industrial and artisanal fisheries, and is taken commercially in Algeria and is regularly present in the markets of Sicily and Cyprus. It is also taken as a sport fish in the Mediterranean Sea, however there is no evidence of population declines due to fishing at present and its distribution overlaps several marine protected areas in its range. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"The species is found in the southern, eastern and northeastern Mediterranean Sea, including the Ionian and Aegean Seas, but not in the Sea of Marmara or the Black Sea, and absent from the northern Adriatic (Bauchot and Hureau 1986, Maravelias et al. 2007, Carpenter in press). Also present in the eastern Atlantic from the Bay of Biscay to Nigeria, but not around the eastern Atlantic islands.",There are few population data available. The species is common in the northern Aegean Sea and is usually caught there together with Pagellus erythrinus (B. Yokes pers. comm.). Dentex maroccanus was observed in 44% of hauls from a bottom trawl survey in the north Aegean Sea but was not taken in any hauls from the Sea of Marmara (Keskin et al. 2011).,"Demersal, inhabiting various types of bottom but preferring gravel or rubble, from a depth of 20 to about 500 m, its abundance varying with depth according to latitude. Carnivorous feeding chiefly on crustaceans, fish and secondarily on molluscs (Carpenter in press). Investigation of the seasonal distribution of the species in the NE Mediterranean Sea (Maravelias et al. 2007) found preferential seasonal aggregation of Morocco dentex in specific geographic and bathymetric regions of the study area. In all four seasons, these favourable regions were found to be relatively stable and distinct, had the highest catch-per-unit-effort index, and were located over shallower grounds (50–70 m) having a bottom salinity of around 39.1. Data also indicated that, throughout the year, the species was confined to below the thermocline and avoided the deeper waters (>80 m). Ecological preferences for certain sea-bottom salinities, water depth zones and hydrographic regimes may contribute to the processes governing differential settlement to preferred grounds. Seasonal spawning activities occur between depths of 50 and 100 m with a peak from May to August north of Cape Verde (Carpenter in press). In Tunisia, its reproduction occurs between July and October and its sexual maturity occurs at two years of age (at 15 cm) (Chemmam-Abdelkader et al. 2002). Its longevity is seven years in Tunisian waters and the parameters of the Von Bertalanffy growth model for it are: L.inf. =33.54 cm, K=0,191, to=-1.434 (Chemmam-Abdelkader et al. 2004). Generation length is estimated at 2.5 years.","There are no major threats known for this species, although potential localized declines from fishing are likely.","No species-specific measures are in place. This species occurs in MPAs over parts of its range. As a commercially utilized species, population monitoring is recommended.","This is a commercial species which is fished in semi-industrial and artisanal fisheries, and is also taken as a sport fish in the Mediterranean Sea. There are important catches made with trawl nets in eastern Algeria.&#160;It is regularly present in the markets of Sicily, Morocco and Cyprus, but only occasionally or rarely elsewhere.&#160;In the NE Atlantic, this species is fished south of Agadir in Morocco, and particularly south of Cape Blanc. It is caught with trawl nets, bottom long lines, gill and trammel nets and hand lines. It is marketed fresh or frozen (flesh highly esteemed), and it is also used for fishmeal and oil (Carpenter in press).","Allen, D.J., Comeros-Raynal, M. & García, M.","Russell, B.","Carpenter, K.E., Pollard, D. & Yokes, B.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,DERICHTHYIDAE,Derichthys,serpentinus,,Derichthys serpentinus,"Gill, 1884",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Derichthys serpentinus is circumglobal in tropical and temperate waters. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, D. serpentinus is known from west of Ireland and the Azores. Though at the edge of the assessment region, D. serpentinus is very populous in the Sargasso Sea. There are no known major threats. Therefore, D. serpentinus is listed as Least Concern. Further research needs to be conducted to determine population status and threats to this species. ",Unknown,"Derichthys serpentinus is circumglobal in tropical and temperate waters (Castle 1986, Smith 1990). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, D. serpentinus is known from the Rockall Basin to 52oN (E. Karmovskaya pers. comm. 2013) and near the Azores (Karmovskaya 1985, Sutton et al. 2008). There are no known records of Derichthys serpentinus in the Mediterranean Sea. Derichthys serpentinus is typically found from 200 m to 700 m but has been recorded to a maximum depth of 2,000 m (Smith 1989, 1990)","The species is pelagic and generally occurs outside of the European assessment zone; however, 16 individuals were caught near the Azores (Sutton et al. 2008) and one found in the Rockall Plateua off the coast of Ireland (Byrkjedal 2004).  Studies on the distribution of eel larvae in the western Sargasso Sea have reported the larvae D. serpentinus to be among the most abundant species (Castonguay and McCleave 1987).","Derichthys serpentinus is a mesopelagic species that has a depth range from 200 m to 700 m but has been recorded to a maximum depth of 2,000 m (Smith 1989, 1990). It has also been taken above 360 m at night (T. Clarke pers. comm. 2008). Maximum length is 40 cm (Castle 1986). The pre-metamorphic larvae prefer waters of 1,000–2,000 m (Castle 1970). Individuals feed on small planktonic shrimp, amongst other prey (Bauchot and Saldanha 1986). This species larvae and eggs are planktonic. In the North Atlantic, D. serpentinus spawns in the Sargasso Sea from April to August. This species feeds on crustaceans and small fish (Karmovskaya 1985, Smith 1989; 1990). The maximum length for this species is 40 cm (E. Karmovskaya pers. comm. 2013).","Derichthys serpentinus is not a commercially fished species in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean or the Mediterranean and there are no specific threats to Derichthys serpentinus. A potential threat to this species is that of the deepwater trawling industry. However, this is a wide ranging species and deepwater species of eels are rarely seen in the bycatch of these trawls and so this threat is not considered to have a major impact upon this species at present.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for Derichthys serpentinus. This species may be present in marine protected areas that occur within its distribution (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014).","Derichthys serpentinus is not a commercially fished species in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean or the Mediterranean. This species is caught as bycatch (Karmovskaya 1985; Smith 1989, 1990). ","Harwell, H.","Karmovskaya, E. & Papaconstantinou, C.","De Silva, R., Milligan, H., Lutz, M., Batchelor, A., Jopling, B., Kemp, K., Lewis, S., Lintott, P., Sears, J., Wilson, P., Smith, J. & Livingston, F.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Diaphus,adenomus,,Diaphus adenomus,"Gilbert, 1905",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Diaphus adenomus is a widely-distributed species, which within Europe is restricted to Madeira, and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,This species is known from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Within Europe it is reported from the Canaries (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009) and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014).,There is a lack of information regarding this species' population.,"This is a&#160;marine, bathypelagic species, with a depth range of 180-600 m (Hulley 1990).",There is a lack of information regarding threats to this species.,There is a lack of information regarding conservation actions for this species.,There is a lack of information regarding use and trade of this species.,"Nieto, A. & Scott, J.A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Diaphus,bertelseni,,Diaphus bertelseni,"Nafpaktitis, 1966",,No,LC,,,,,,,European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Diaphus bertelseni is a widespread mesopelagic species that is not facing any known threats. It is assessed as Least Concern. ,Unknown,"Diaphus bertelseni is known from the central equatorial Atlantic, where it is distributed between 20°S and 40°N (in the Gulf Stream zone). This species has also been collected near southern Portugal and Madeira up to 19°N as well as in the waters off Brazil between 28° and 39°S (Becker 1983). This species has also been caught in the central equatorial Pacific from the Hawaiian Islands (Clarke 1973). It is also found in the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, and western Atlantic (03°N–38°N); western Pacific off New Caledonia and New South Wales; and the central Pacific(0°–27°N).   This species can be found at depths ranging from 60 to 300 m (Hulley and Paxton in press). It undergoes vertical migrations within the water column and is typically found at 60 to 175 m at night and 200 to 300 m during the day (Nafpaktitis 1977, Mundy 2005).","Diaphus bertelseni does not appear common, nor abundant. It can be found in 55 museum collections. A single lot contains a maximum of 64 individuals, but the remaining lots each contain less than ten individuals (Fishnet 2 Portal Accessed 2013 June). It appears to be more common in the western Atlantic (Menezes 2011).No additional trawl surveys (bottom or pelagic) in the region (T. Munroe and M. Costa pers. comm. 2013). There is little data regarding the population size or stability of this species in the eastern Atlantic. ","This species is oceanic, mesopelagic and performs diel migrations from as deep as 200 to 300 m during the day, and from 60 to 175 m during the night for feeding purposes. (Hulley and Paxton in press). Like most Lanternfishes, D. bertelseni consumes zooplankton, specifically copepods (Hulley and Paxton in press).Diaphus bertelseni is a poorly studied species. The depth range for this species at night is from 60 m to 175 m and 200 m to 30 0m during the day. The maximum length reported for this species is 9.1 cm standard length (SL) (Stas pers. comm. via e-mail, Hulley 1990). ","There are no known threats for this species, and it is not under pressure from fisheries.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Research into the population size and structure and life history traits is needed. ,This species is not commercially exploited. This species is not exploited by fisheries but it is caught as bycatch in pelagic trawl fisheries (Stas pers. comm. via e-mail). ,"Strongin, K.","Costa, M., Papaconstantinou, C., Munroe, T. & Kobyliansky, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Diaphus,dumerilii,,Diaphus dumerilii,"(Bleeker, 1856)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Diaphus dumerilii is a widespread species, which within Europe is known only from the waters of mainland Portugal, Madeira, the Azores, and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"This species can be found in the Atlantic ocean from 30°N to 5°S (western sector) and to 23°S (eastern sector). It can also be found in the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and tropical waters of the western Atlantic to 52°N, with isolates off Ireland (52–57°N). This species is probably an Atlantic endemic, and records of this species from Indo-Pacific require verification. (Hulley and Paxton in press). Within Europe it is known from the waters of mainland Portugal, Madeira, the Azores, and the Canaries (Carneiro et al. 2014, Santos et al. 1997, Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).",No information available.,"This species is oceanic, mesopelagic and performs diel migrations from as deep as 225-750 m during the day, up to the surface to 125 m during the night for feeding purposes (Hulley and Paxton in press). This species has a maximum lifespan of two years (Gartner 1991). In the waters surrounding the Canary Islands, Diaphus dumerilii is present in highest abundance in rather shallow depths, indicating a certain degree of land association, and may be considered pseudoceanic (Wienerroither et al. 2009). ",Potential commercial fisheries for fishmeal for this species may develop (P.A. Hulley pers. comm.),There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range.,This species is not commercially exploited.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Hulley, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Diaphus,effulgens,,Diaphus effulgens,"(Goode & Bean, 1896)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Diaphus effulgens is a widespread species, which within Europe is known only from Madeira, the Azores, and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Stable,"This species is widely distributed in tropical and warm waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. Within Europe, it is known from Madeira, the Azores, and the Canaries (Carneiro et al. 2014, Santos et al. 1997, Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).","There is little information regarding the population size or stability of this species in the Atlantic, however, trawl surveys indicate that this species is very common in the Indian Ocean (Goswamy and Shrivastava 1996, Jayaprakash 1996). It is also fairly common in museum collections.","This species is oceanic, mesopelagic and performs diel migrations from as deep as 325-650 m during the day, up to 40-175 m during the night for feeding purposes. Individuals larger than 10 cm (SL) are nonmigratory. Spawning probably takes place in the spring in deep water.(Hulley and Paxton in press)","There are no known threats for this species, and it is not under pressure from fisheries.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range (World Database of Protected Areas 2010).,This species is not commercially exploited.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Hulley, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Diaphus,holti,,Diaphus holti,"Tåning, 1918",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) The Small Lantern Fish, Diaphus holti, is commonly found in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Although this broadly distributed species is taken as by-catch by commercial fishery operations, this species is not normally taken in bottom trawls perhaps as a result of its small size. Due to the depths at which this species can be found it is unlikely to be significantly impacted by any other major threats. It is, therefore, assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Diaphus holti is probably a peripheral bicentral species. In the eastern Atlantic Ocean, D. holti occurs from 9° to 50°N, with records north to the British Isles. It is not common between Morocco and Mauritania. A few specimens are known from the Indian and western Pacific oceans between 29° and 33°S (Hulley 1984, S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013). Diaphus holti has a depth range of 40 to 800 m.",Pelagic trawl surveys (ARSA) four records with 62 specimens over 20 years (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2013). Spanish (MEDITS) five records (20 specimens) medium sized 5.0 cm (TL) (L. Gil de Sola pers. comm. 2013). Pelagic trawl surveys in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge 5 specimens in four trawls (Kobyliansky et al. 2010). Larvae are common and abundant throughout Greek Seas (C. Papaconstantinou pers. comm. 2013). Myctophidae family are reported to be very common oceanic fishes (FAO 1999).,"The Small Lantern Fish, Diaphus holti, is a bathypelagic, oceanic species that has a depth range of 40 to 800 m. This species undergoes diurnal migrations; during the day it can be found at a depth range of 225 to 675 m and at night it rises to depths ranging from 40 to 275 m to feed (Hulley 1990).  The maximum length for this species is 9 cm (TL) bottom trawl surveys in the Gulf of Cadiz (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2013). This species is an opportunistic predator, feeding upon copepods, euphausiids, ostracods and fish (Kinzer 1982).  In the eastern North Atlantic, this species grows to a maximum of 55 mm and reaches sexual maturity at 38 mm. Specimens captured in the Indian Ocean have been ripe females, indicating sexual maturity in this location occurs at a slightly smaller size (Nafpaktitis 1978) Spawning takes place in spring and summer. Gravid females are typically found at depths of less than 450 m (Nafpaktitis 1978).","It is unlikely that any major widespread threat is impacting the Small Lantern Fish. However, this species has been observed within the by-catch of commercial trawls. A study on the Cretan continental shelf has shown that this species is not usually captured by bottom trawling equipment (Kallianiotis et al. 2000). Due to the depths at which this species can be found, it is unlikely to be significantly impacted by any other major threats.","There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for Diaphus holti. However, its range intersects with a number of marine protected areas (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Research into the population size and trends as well as early life history traits is suggested. This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",There are no known uses of Diaphus holti. This species is not known to be used by fisheries but it is caught as bycatch by pelagic trawls (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2014).,"Strongin, K.","Kobyliansky, S., Munroe, T., Costa, M. & Papaconstantinou, C.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Diaphus,lucidus,,Diaphus lucidus,"(Goode & Bean, 1896)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Diaphus lucidus is a widespread species, which within Europe is known only from Madeira, the Azores, and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"This species is widely distributed in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Within Europe, it is known from Madeira, the Azores, and the Canaries (Carneiro et al. 2014, Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).","There is little data regarding the population size this species in the eastern Atlantic. However, it is common in museum collections.","This species is oceanic, mesopelagic and performs diel migrations from as deep as 425-750 m during the day, up to 40-550 m during the night for feeding purposes (Hulley and Paxton in press).","There are no known threats for this species, and it is not under pressure from fisheries.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range (World Database of Protected Areas 2010).,This species is not commercially exploited.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Hulley, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Diaphus,metopoclampus,,Diaphus metopoclampus,"(Cocco, 1829)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Diaphus metopoclampus is a widespread and generally common species, without any major threats. It is not utilized in the commercial fishing industry. There are not any specific conservation measures in place for D. metopoclampus, but its range intersects with numerous marine protected areas. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Diaphus metopoclampus is distributed in the peripheral, bicentral regions in all oceans. In the western Indian ocean, it is found between 0° and 30°S. In the western Pacific Ocean, it is present between 6°N and 39°N, off New South Wales, Australia (Paxton et al. 1989) and New Zealand (Paulin et al. 1989). In the western Atlantic Ocean, it is present from Nova Scotia south to Cuba, and from Brazil to Argentina. In the eastern Atlantic Ocean, it is found from the British Isles to Mauritania, with only isolated specimens found from Liberia to South Africa. In the Mediterranean, it has been reported from the Adriatic Sea (Fabiano and Fabiano 1977, Dulcic 2001), Strait of Sicily (Tortonese 1970, Bauchot 1987, Ragonese et al. 2001), along Algerian coasts, Sicilian and Galician districts (Maurin 1962, Costa 1991), north Tyrrhenian Sea (Sartor et al. 2003, Biagi et al. 2002), east Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005), Aegean Sea (Sinis and Koukouras 1995, Papaconstantinou et al. 1997), Turkish Sea and the east Mediterranean Sea (Kaya and Bilecenoglu 2000).  Diaphus metopoclampus can be found at depths ranging from 60 to 1,100 m (Mytilineou et al 2005).",Diaphus metopoclampus is found in 447 museum collections with a maximum of 36 individuals in a single lot (Fishnet 2 Portal Accessed 2013 June). Three specimens in two trawls (pelagic trawls) in the mid-Atlantic Ridge (Kobyliansky et al. 2010).  It is also common in other areas of its range (Craddock et al. 1990). There are limited data concerning the population trends and dynamics of D. metopoclampus.,"Diaphus metopoclampus is a bethy-mesopalgic species. Adults perform diel, vertical migrations  and are encountered at depths between 90 m and 850 m at night and 300 m and 800 m during the day. The maximum length is 7.5 cm (SL)  (Hulley 1984 in Whitehead et al. 1984). Diaphus metopoclampus feeds on copepods and other planktonic organisms (Hulley and Paxton in press).  In the Mediterranean, its depth range is from 500 to 1,100 m in the east Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005). It reaches sexual maturity at a length of 4.8 cm (SL) (Figueiredo et al. 2002). Spawning takes place in the spring and summer (Hulley and Paxton in press). Other aspects of the ecology, fecundity and early life history are poorly understood for this species. ","This species is not commercially exploited. Although it is sometimes taken as bycatch in trawls, it does not seem to pose any significant threat to the stability of the species' population.","No specific conservation measures are in place for this species. However, Diaphus metopoclampus may be found in marine protected areas within its distribution range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Research is suggested into the population structure and ecology of this species.  This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",This species is not commercially exploited. This species is not known to be used by fisheries but may be caught as bycatch of deep-water trawls (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm.).,"Strongin, K.","Papaconstantinou, C., Munroe, T., Costa, M. & Kobyliansky, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Diaphus,mollis,,Diaphus mollis,"Tåning, 1928",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Diaphus mollis is a widespread species, which within Europe is known only from Madeira, the Azores, and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Stable,"This species is widespread in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. Within Europe it is known from Madeira, the Azores, and the Canaries (Carneiro et al. 2014, Santos et al. 1997, Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).","This species is common throughout its range, as indicated by mid-water trawl surveys conducted around the Meteor and Atlantis Seamounts (Kobyliansky et al. 2010), the Canary Islands (Wienerroither et al. 2009), and in the western Atlantic (Craddock et al. 1990). It is also common in museum collections.","This species is oceanic, mesopelagic and performs diel migrations from as deep as 300-600 m during the day, up to 50-300 m during the night for feeding purposes. Spawning takes place in the early spring and autumn (Hulley and Paxton in press).","There are no known threats for this species, and it is not under pressure from fisheries.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range (World Database of Protected Areas).,This species is not commercially exploited.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Hulley, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Diaphus,perspicillatus,,Diaphus perspicillatus,"(Ogilby, 1898)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Diaphus perspicillatus is a widespread species, which within Europe is known only from the Azores and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Stable,"This species is widely distributed in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Within Europe it is known from the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014) and the Canaries (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).","This species is fairly common within its range in the eastern Atlantic, as indicated by mid-water trawl surveys (Wienerroither et al. 2009), as well as in other parts of its range (Craddock et al. 1990).","This species is oceanic, mesopelagic and performs diel migrations from as deep as 375-750 m during the day, up to the surface to 125 m during the night for feeding purposes (Hulley and Paxton in press).","There are no known threats for this species, and it is not under pressure from fisheries.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range (World Database of Protected Areas 2010).,This species is not commercially exploited.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Hulley, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Diaphus,rafinesquii,,Diaphus rafinesquii,"(Cocco, 1838)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The White-spotted Lantern Fish (Diaphus rafinesquii)  is a widespread, bathypelagic, oceanodromous species that has a depth range of 40 to 1,080 m. It is common and relatively abundant in parts of its range. It may occasionally be taken as by-catch although due to its small size this is unlikely to pose a major threat to this species, and there are no other known threats to D. rafinesquii. It is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Diaphus rafinesquii is an endemic species of the North Atlantic and Mediterranean. This species occurs in temperate waters in the western Atlantic from 30° to 42°N, in the eastern Atlantic from 15° to 40°N, and in the central part of the ocean from 30° to 50°N (Becker 1983). Diaphus rafinesquii may be found as far north as Iceland (Jonsson 1992). This species is also present in the Mediterranean Sea (FAO 1997). Diaphus rafinesquii has a depth range of 40 to 1,080 m (Hulley 1990).","This species is common and relatively abundant  (T. Munroe, M. Costa, S. Kobyliansky and C. Papaconstantinou pers. comm. 2013). In the eastern Atlantic, it is fairly common, as indicated by mid-water trawl surveys around the Canary Islands (Wienerroither 2009). It is also common in museum collections. Gulf of Cadiz bottom trawl surveys recorded four specimens in two trawls ranging from 7.0 to 9.0 cm (TL) (ARSA) (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2013). In biodiversity studies using pelagic trawls, low numbers of this species were reported (Moore et al. 2003).","Diaphus rafinesquii a common bathy-mesopelagic species in the North Atlantic and Mediterranean.  The White-spotted Lantern Fish is a bathypelagic, oceanodromous species that has a depth range of 40 to 1,080 m. This species shows diurnal, vertical migration patterns (Hulley 1990). During the day it can be found at depths between 325 and 750 m, at night adults can be found at depths between 300 and 600 m and juveniles at a depth range of 40 to 200 m.  The maximum length for this species is 9 cm (SL) (Hulley 1990). Diaphus rafinesquii reaches maturity at about 5 to 6 cm (Hulley 1990). This species is known to spawn during the autumn and winter months, with a peak in late winter (Hulley 1984).","There is no commercial fishery for this species; however, it may be occasionally taken as a by-catch species (Stars pers. comm 2013).","There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for the White-spotted Lantern Fish. Its range overlaps with numerous marine protected areas in the western, northern and eastern Atlantic (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Research into the population size and dynamics, as well as early life history traits is needed. This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",This species is not known to be used by fisheries but may be caught as bycatch of deep-water trawls (Stas pers. comm. via e-mail).,"Strongin, K.","Papaconstantinou, C., Kobyliansky, S., Costa, M. & Munroe, T.","Herrera, J.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Diaphus,splendidus,,Diaphus splendidus,"(Brauer, 1904)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Diaphus splendidus is a widespread species, which within Europe is known only from the Azores, and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"This species has a circumglobal distribution in most tropical areas. In the eastern Atlantic, this species can be found in the area between 30°N and 23°S, but it is absent in the Mauritanian and Benguela upwelling regions, as well as the Gulf of Guinea. It can be found in the western Atlantic from 32°N–38°S, as well as the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean (Hulley and Paxton in press). Within Europe, it is known from the Canaries (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009) and is also reported from the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014).",There is little information about the population trends for this species in the eastern Atlantic but is fairly common in museum collections.,"This species is oceanic, mesopelagic and performs diel migrations from as deep as 375-750 m during the day, up to 40-225 m during the night for feeding purposes (Hulley and Paxton in press).","There are no known threats for this species, and it is not under pressure from fisheries.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range.,This species is not commercially exploited.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Hulley, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Diaphus,subtilis,,Diaphus subtilis,"Nafpaktitis, 1968",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Diaphus subtilis is widespread in the Atlantic, but within Europe is known only from the Azores and Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"This species is an Atlantic endemic. In the eastern Atlantic, it has a disjunct distribution between 27°N–16°N and 02°N–04°S, but the population west of 30°W is linked. In the western Atlantic, it is found  between 40°N–38°S, as well as the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean (Hulley and Paxton in press). Within Europe, it is known only from the Azores, in the PECS area (30 NM SSW of the Konstatinov Ridge and 110 NM south of the Marsala Seamount) and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014).",There is little data regarding the population size and stability of this species in the eastern Atlantic. Most museum specimens hail from the western Atlantic or other parts of its range and this species not well represented.,"This species is oceanic, mesopelagic and performs diel migrations from as deep as 375-750 m during the day, up to 40-550 m during the night for feeding purposes (Hulley and Paxton in press).","There are no known threats for this species, and it is not under pressure from fisheries.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range (World Database of Protected Areas 2010).,This species is not commercially exploited.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Hulley, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Diaphus,termophilus,,Diaphus termophilus,"Tåning, 1928",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Diaphus termophilus is a widespread species, which within Europe is known only from Madeira and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Stable,"This species is widely distributed in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Within Europe it is known from the Canaries (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009) and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014).","There is little data regarding the population size and stability of this species in the eastern Atlantic, however it appears to be fairly common, as indicated by mid-water trawl surveys (Kobyliansky et al. 2010). It is also fairly common in museum collections.","This species is oceanic, mesopelagic and performs diel migrations from as deep as 325-850 m during the day, up to 100 m during the night for feeding purposes (Hulley and Paxton in press).","There are no known threats for this species, and it is not under pressure from fisheries.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range (World Database of Protected Areas 2010).,This species is not commercially exploited.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Hulley, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,MORONIDAE,Dicentrarchus,punctatus,,Dicentrarchus punctatus,"(Bloch, 1792)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is widespread throughout the European region. Although it is fished commercially and recreationally, there is no indication of population declines. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"In the European region the species is known from the western English Channel south to the Straits of Gibraltar, including the Canaries and Madeira, and throughout much of the Mediterranean; not found in north-central parts, the northern Adriatic, and the northern Aegean. Outside the European region, the species' range extends down the coast of Africa to Senegal, including Cape Verde.","European landings for this species reported to FAO (2014) increased from 1985 to a peak in 2003/4 and have remained stable, though fluctuating, since. If used as a proxy for population size, it is assumed the population is stable. No independent&#160;fisheries&#160;data are currently available.","It is a pelagic, coastal species (Daget and Smith 1986) inhabiting inshore and brackish waters over sand and mixed sand and rocky substrata. Dicentrarchus punctatus occasionally found in rivers (Tortonese 1986). The species regularly visits estuaries to hunt, but mainly juveniles occur in these brackish-fresh waters. The maximum recorded total length (TL) is 70 cm. The diet consists of crustaceans (predominantly shrimps), squid, cuttlefish and fish (Tortonese 1986).","It is considered an excellent foodfish and is commercially harvested throughout its range, and it is also a popular game fish. The species is likely impacted by coastal development, pollution and destructive fishing practices due to its coastal, estuarine nature. However, these threats would be localized and none have been quantified.","There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for the species&#160;but it occurs within marine protected areas, with records from Natura 2000 sites in Spain (EUNIS 2014).","It is considered an excellent foodfish and is commercially harvested throughout its range by bottom trawls, beach seines, trammel nets and on hook-and-line.&#160;The species is also a popular game fish in the eastern Atlantic. It is often used in pond culture and is marketed fresh or frozen.","Pollard, D., Allen, D.J. & Kemp, J.R.","Craig, M.T.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,SOLEIDAE,Dicologlossa,cuneata,,Dicologlossa cuneata,"(Moreau, 1881)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Dicologlossa cuneata occurs from the Bay of Biscay and the western Mediterranean (along the Spanish coast from Gibraltar to Malaga and off Morocco and Algeria), to the Cape of Good Hope. It is found at depths ranging from 10 to 150 m, or to 115 m along the inner shelf of the Gulf of Cadiz. It is found over sandy or muddy bottoms. This is a commercially-targeted species off the coast of Spain; however, there are no indications of population decline, and in the northern parts of its range this species appears to be increasing in abundance. There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is found in marine protected areas throughout its range, and some spawning grounds are protected. Therefore, D. cuneata is assessed as Least Concern. There is a need for greater monitoring of harvest levels and trends in this species.",Unknown,"Dicologlossa cuneata occurs from the Bay of Biscay (Désaunay et al. 2006) to the Cape of Good Hope (J. Nelson pers. comm. 2009). In the Mediterranean, it has been reported along the Spanish coast from Gibraltar to Malaga and off Morocco and Algeria (L. Gil de Sola pers. obsv. 2014) as well as in Greece (Papaconstantinou 1998) and Turkey (Fricke et al. 2007). Dicologlossa cuneata is found at depths ranging from 10 to 450 m, but is more common between 10 and 100 m (Jimenez et al 1998, Desoutter-Meniger and Munroe in press).","The population of D. cuneata has been reported as increasing in the Bay of Biscay, possibly due to climate change-induced ocean warming, and subsequent greater juvenile survival (Désaunay et al. 2006). This species shows a decreasing trend from 1995 to 2005 (Teixeira et al. 2003). Dicologlossa cuneata is a targeted demersal species in parts of its range, which is captured primarily by bottom-trawl and gill net. Landings peaked in 1986 with approximately 800 tonnes captured. Since then, landings have been steadily declining to about 200 tonnes in 1994 (Jimenez et al. 1998). According to regional European Union catch data, a steady increase in landings is seen from 1950 to 1968 with a sharp increase to 3500 tonnes in 1969. Afterwards, a crash to zero landings is seen until 1976, when an increase with steady fluxes of 500 to 1000 tonnes between 1976 and 2000. Sharp increases began and continued until a peak in 2004 of 3,000 tonnes followed by steep and continuing declines (FAO 2011). These declines likely reflect a reduction in fishing effort throughout the region.","The preferred habitat of D. cuneata is sandy or sand-mud bottoms at depths ranging from 10 to 150 m, or to 115 m along the inner shelf of the Gulf of Cadiz (Jimenez et al. 2001). The diet of D. cuneata consists of crustaceans, polychaetes and bivalves.  The length of first maturity is estimated to be 17 cm (Dorel 1986). Spawning occurs in waters at temperatures between 12 to 16oC. Spawning begins earlier in lower latitudes (Garcia-Isarch et al. 2006). This species has a long spawning season, beginning in autumn and continuing through till early summer. This species is oviparous (Breder and Rosen 1966). The eggs are pelagic and non-adhesive (Breder and Rosen 1966). A minimum depth of 10 m was reported from Bianchi et al. (1993). Females reach sexual maturity at 18 cm TL while males reach maturity at 15 cm TL. Water temperatures below 9oC  are lethal (Jimenez et al 1998). The eggs of this species are found to depths of less than 20 m (Baldo et al 2006). Spawning occurs in waters between 12 to 16oC. It begins earlier in lower latitudes (Garcia-Isarch et al. 2006). Currently, it is unclear how rising ocean temperatures will affect the spawning of D. cuneata. This species reaches a maximum length of 30 cm standard length (S) but is more commonly seen at sizes between 10 and 22 cm SL (Desoutter-Meniger and Munroe in press).","Dicologlossa cuneata is a targeted demersal species off coast of Spain (Jiménez et al. 2001), and is of high commercial interest in the Gulf of Cádiz (Baldó et al. 2006). It is captured by bottom-trawl and gill net.","There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for D. cuneata, however this species' distribution overlaps marine protected areas. The main spawning and nursery area for the D. cuneata is the mouth of the Guadalquivir River. This areas has been designated as a fishing reserve (Garcia-Isarch et al 2006). Further research on the extent to which this species is harvested in this region is needed. Monitoring of the harvest levels is also needed in order to determine if there is a significant decline in the population. Dicologlossa cuneata was regionally assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).",Dicologlossa cuneata is among the main target species along the coast of Spain (Jiménez et al. 2001) and of high commercial interest in the Gulf of Cádiz (Baldó et al. 2006).,"Ralph, G.","Monroe, T., Costa, M., Nielsen, J., Herrera, J., de Sola, L., Rijnsdorp, A.D. & Keskin, Ç.","De Silva, R., Milligan, H., Lutz, M., Batchelor, A., Jopling, B., Kemp, K., Lewis, S., Lintott, P., Sears, J., Wilson, P., Smith, J. and Livingston, F.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Didogobius,bentuvii,,Didogobius bentuvii,"Miller, 1966",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Didogobius bentuvii is only known from the type specimen, so nothing can be said of its distribution, ecology or populations trends. Therefore, D. bentuvii is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,Didogobius bentuvii is only known from the holotype from Israel (Golani 2005) collected off the mouth of river Rubin on the Mediterranean coast of Israel at 37 m depth (Miller 1965).,"As D. bentuvii is only known from one specimen, nothing can be said of its population.",Didogobius bentuvii was found offshore on muddy sand substrate. The holotype was collected at 37 m depth (Miller 1965).,Nothing can be said of the threats to the species.,"Didogobius bentuvii was previously assessed as Data Deficient, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011). Further research is required to estimate the real status of the species throughout its range and size and trend of its populations, to identify the existing threats and to investigate the species life history, habitat preferences and ecological requirements.",Didogobius bentuvii is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Kovacic, M., Herler, J. & Williams, J.T.","Francour, P., Bariche, M., Goren, M., Tunesi, L. & Bilecenoglu, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Didogobius,kochi,,Didogobius kochi,"Van Tassell, 1988",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Didogobius kochi is known only from Macaronesia, specifically the Canary Islands and the Cape Verde Islands. Although D. kochi has an apparent restricted distribution, it occurs within marine protected areas, has no known widespread threats and is not utilized. Therefore, D. kochi is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Didogobius kochi is known only from Macaronesia, specifically the Canary Islands and the Cape Verde Islands (Van Tassell 1988, Miller 1990, Brito and Miller 2001). Didogobius kochi is found between 6 to 30 m in depth (Miller 1990, Brito 1991, Brito and Miller 2001).",Population information for D. kochi is limited.,"Didogobius kochi is a demersal species found in the sublittoral zone over or within rock outcroppings, at 6 to 30 m (Van Tassell 1988, Miller 1990, Brito 1991, Brito and Miller 2001). It has also been found on coralline algae, sand, and stone substratum (Van Tassell 1988, Miller 1990, Brito and Miller 2001). Van Tassell (1988) described the species typical habitat at the Canaries as consisting of rock outcroppings separated by large areas of sand substratum. The maximum recorded standard length (SL) is 5.8 cm (Miller 1990).  ",There are no known major threats to D. kochi.,"No conservation measures are in place for D. kochi, and it occurs in marine protected areas.",The species is not&#160;utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Herler, J., Kovacic, M. & Williams, J.T.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Didogobius,schlieweni,,Didogobius schlieweni,"Miller, 1993",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Didogobius schlieweni is endemic to the northwestern Mediterranean and the Adriatic Seas but is rarely seen or collected. It is known from fewer than ten specimens. The distribution of D. schlieweni is patchy, but it is probably more widespread than the records suggest because it is difficult to find and collect in its natural habitat. There are no known major threats to this species. Therefore, D. schlieweni is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Didogobius schlieweni is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. It is present in the Adriatic Sea and near Marseille and Banyul in France (Ballesta et al. 1998, Louisy 2002, Francour pers. comm. 2007). There are new records of this species in Liguria, Italy (Patzner 2007). It is recorded from a single photographed specimen in the western Mediterranean in Italy and France (Miller 1992, Ballesta et al. 1998, Patzner 2007, Francour 2008). Didogobius schlieweni has been found to 14 m depth (Francour 2008).","No estimation of population size and population trend of D. schlieweni has been published. The entire knowledge of the species is based on occasional samples of single individuals (Miller 1992, Ballesta et al. 1998, Patzner 2007, Francour 2008). It has been rarely collected as it lives deep in the mud and emerges at night, and is considered very rare (Francour 2008).","Didogobius schlieweni is a small cryptobenthic goby recorded at depths between 1.5 and 2.5 m in the Adriatic Sea, and at 10 to 14 m in the western Mediterranean. It was found in two habitat conditions; during the day it is hidden amongst pebbles in multilayered bottom and at night observed still or slowly swimming on pebbles or among Posidonia oceanica or Caulerpa racemosa (Miller 1992, Ballesta et al. 1998, Patzner 2007, Francour 2008). No data for lifespan, life cycle and growth pattern are known (Miller 1992).",There are no known major threats for this species.,"No conservation measures are in place or needed for this species, although further distribution data are required. Didogobius schlieweni was previously assessed as Data Deficient, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Didogobius schlieweni is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Kovacic, M., Williams, J.T. & Herler, J.","Francour, P., Bariche, M., Goren, M., Tunesi, L. & Bilecenoglu, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Didogobius,splechtnai,,Didogobius splechtnai,"Ahnelt & Patzner, 1995",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Didogobius splechtnai is endemic to Mediterranean Sea, where it is known from scattered localities across the northern coast. The full distribution of D. splechtnai is unknown, as it is a cryptic species and difficult to study. It can be locally abundant, based on specimens in collections, but there is little information on the species populations. There are no major known threats. Therefore, D. splechtnai is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Didogobius splechtnai is endemic to the Mediterranean, where it has an apparently patchy distribution. It has been recorded from the south of Spain, Ibiza, northeast Sardinia, Lampedusa (Ahnelt and Patzner 1995, Stefanni 1999), Bodrum (Turkey), Croatia and southeastern France (Ahnelt and Patzner 1995, Stefanni 1999, Herler and Patzner 2002, Francour et al. 2007, Francour 2008). The full range is unknown as it is a difficult fish to see due to its cryptic nature. Didogobius splechtnai has been collected at depths up to 56 m (Francour 2008).","No estimation of population size and population trend of D. splechtnai has been published. The largest collected sample of this species was of 21 specimens collected at Ibiza, where it was mainly present at depths from seven to 11 m and attained abundances of about two individuals/m2 (Herler et al. 1999). Didogobius splechtnai is probably under recorded due to its cryptic nature.","Didogobius splechtnai is a small cryptobenthic goby recorded at depths from 1.5 to 56 m. It is mostly frequently found in caves, but also closely associated with holes and cavities of the coralligenous formations, outside caves on mud in deep waters and among rhizomes of Posidonia oceanica (Ahnelt and Patzner 1995, Stefanni 1999, Herler and Patzner 2002, Ahnelt and Dorda 2004, Francour 2008). The studies of habitat selection and ecology of this species have found that it prefers the fine sediment bottom in the innermost parts of crevices and caves (Patzner 1999, Herler et al. 1999). No data exist for lifespan, life cycle and growth pattern (Ahnelt and Patzner 1995).",There are insufficient data to estimate threats.,"No conservation measures are in place or needed for this species and it occurs in marine protected areas. Further information on the species distribution is needed. Didogobius splechtnai was previously assessed as Data Deficient, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Didogobius splechtnai is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Kovacic, M., Williams, J.T. & Herler, J.","Francour, P., Bariche, M., Goren, M., Tunesi, L. & Bilecenoglu, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,TETRAODONTIFORMES,DIODONTIDAE,Diodon,eydouxii,,Diodon eydouxii,"Brisout de Barneville, 1846","This species has been confused with Diodon hystrix (Brito et al. 2002). This latter species is littoral, with a generally brown colouration and rounded anal and dorsal fins; D. eydouxii is, in contrast, a pelagic species, with back and sides blue and belly white, and pointed anal and dorsal fins (Leis 1978). Given its extremely wide distribution, genetic studies are warranted.",No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)Diodon eydouxii is an extremely widespread species, which within Europe is known only from the waters of mainland Spain and the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"This species is circumglobally distributed in tropical and subtropical waters except for the eastern Pacific (Leis 2006). In the eastern Atlantic it is known from 20 degrees North to the Equator; within Europe it is reported from the Azores (Azevedo et al. 2004, Carneiro et al. 2014) and Spain (Crespo et al. 1987).","This species appears to be common but not abundant in parts of its range, based on museum collections (NMNH). This species has low catch rate value (%), based on the assessment of fishes caught by gillnet in Vietnamese waters (Vinh 2001). Diodon eydouxii is relatively well represented in collections around the world, with 50 occurrences on record (FishNet2 retrieved 26 March 2014).","An epi-pelagic, oceanic, surface, schooling species. The maximum length of this species is 30 cm (Leis 2002).&#160;Their diet includes pelagic crustacea, zooplankton, pelagic fish larvae, bony fishes (Leis 2006).",There are no major threats known for this species.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place.,This species is not utilized.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Leis, J.L., Matsuura, K., Shao, K., Hardy, G., Zapfe, G., Liu, M. & Jing, L.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,TETRAODONTIFORMES,DIODONTIDAE,Diodon,hystrix,,Diodon hystrix,"Linnaeus, 1758",This species has a very wide distribution and a genetic analysis is warranted.,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Diodon hystrix occurs circumglobally in tropical and subtropical regions, but it only rarely visits the Mediterranean from the eastern Atlantic. It is associated with coral and rocky reef, though it has also been pulled from open water. Very little is known about its population in European waters. It is part of the aquarium trade. More understanding is needed about its population trends and stability in European waters, as well as how much (if at all) the subsistence fishing and aquarium fish trade impact the population stability of this species. It is, therefore, assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Diodon hystrix is circumglobal in tropical and subtropical seas, including the Mediterranean. In the eastern Atlantic Ocean, D. hystrix is found from approximately 30o N to 23o S (Duron and Quéro 1990), but it is has been reported as far north as the Iberian Peninsula (Ellis 2006). It was first recorded in the Mediterranean in the Gulf of Taranto (Torchio 1963, CIESM ATLAS). Diodon hystrix is associated with depths of between 2 and 50 m (Leis 2001).","Diodon hystrix is absent from museum collections containing specimens collected from European waters (FishNet 2 Portal Accessed July 2013). Very little information is available about its population in European waters, although it is thought to be rare in the Mediterranean.  Globally, this species appears to be common but not necessarily abundant in parts of its range, based on museum collections (Hulley 1984). In most parts of its range, D. hystrix is considered common (Lieske and Myers 1994).","Juveniles are pelagic to about 20 cm; larger fish on reefs to at least 50 m. This species is found in rocky and coral reefs (Tyler 1978) as well as lagoons and seaward reefs. It is commonly seen in caves and shallow reef-holes (Smith 1997). Juveniles up to about 20 cm are pelagic while adults are benthic (Sommer et al. 1996). The maximum length of this species is 91 cm total length (TL) (Eschmeyer et al. 1983) Usually solitary, Diodon hystrix is a nocturnal fish feeding on hard-shelled invertebrates (Leis 2002).  Very little is understood about the reproductive habits, spawning period, length at maturity, fecundity or early life history traits for this species.","There are no major threats for this species, though it could be susceptible to loss of habitat from reef degradation. It is utilized in small/subsistence fisheries, but it is not thought that this level of harvesting is adversely affecting the population. Diodon hystrix is also available for sale on the international aquarium trade, although no measurable decreases in population have occurred as a result.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range. Research into the taxonomy, population size and structure, as well as early life history traits is suggested.","Limited European-specific use-and-trade information is available for D. hystrix; however, this species is utilized as a food source in other parts of its range (see below). It is also part of the aquarium trade and was found on www.saltwaterfishshop.com for $32.00.  Diodon hystrix is dried and sold as curios in parts of its range. There are reports that this species is toxic to humans (Halstead et al. 1990); however, this needs to be substantiated. This species is eaten in Hawaii and Tahiti. It seems to be of minor commercial/subsistence importance in many parts of its range (Tyler 1978).   This species is traded at Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. From January 1995 to November 2000, this species has recorded 896 individuals traded, which constitutes about 0.45% of all the marine ornamental fish trade (Monteiro-Neto et al. 2003). A total of 2,050 individuals of this species has been caught in Hawaii from 1967 through 2003. The total estimated value for this catch is $5,794 in the aquarium fish trade (Friedlander 2004).  This species is regularly observed in fish markets in Samporna, Malaysia (B. Stockwell pers. comm. 2011).","Harwell, H.","Papaconstantinou, C. & Rijnsdorp, A.D.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Diogenichthys,atlanticus,,Diogenichthys atlanticus,"(Tåning, 1928)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Diogenichthys atlanticus is globally distributed in tropical and subtropical waters. It appears to be common and sometimes abundant in parts of its range, although the population status of this species needs verification in the Mediterranean Sea. There are no, known major threats, and there are numerous marine protected areas throughout its range. Diogenichthys atlanticus is, therefore, assessed as Least Concern. ",Stable,"Diogenichthys atlanticus occurs in peripheral and bicentral areas of all oceans. This species also penetrates into equatorial waters and is distributed in the Atlantic from 50°N to 48°S, 35°N to 35°S in the Pacific, and 22° and 45°S in the Indian Ocean (Hulley 1984). In the Atlantic, this species is widespread from 49°N–48°S, though it is absent in the southern gyre off Brazil (Hulley and Paxton in press). There is a single record in the Mediterranean Sea (Taning 1918, Hulley 1984, Quignard and Tomasini 2000), but it is not included in the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) guide in that region (FAO 1987). Diogenichthys atlanticus undergoes diel vertical migrations at depths ranging from 10 m to 650 m (Paxton 1967). The depth range for D. atlanticus is from surface waters to 1,050 m.","This species is abundant in the eastern Atlantic, as indicated by mid-water trawl surveys around the Canary Islands (Wienerroither et al. 2009), and near the Mid-Atlantic and Walvis Ridges (Kobyliansky et al. 2010, Pusch et al. 2004). It is also recorded to be abundant in the western Atlantic, from trawl survey data (Gartner et al 1989), and is very common in museum collections. However, this species is rare off the coast of Brazil and is restricted to small regions off the central coast (Castro et al 2010). There is only a single record for an adult of this species in the Mediterranean Sea, but larvae reportedly stray into the western Mediterranean regularly (Hulley 1984). A single population exists in the southern and northern parts of the Atlantic. The degree of isolation of populations in the Indian and Pacific oceans is unknown (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm.).","Diogenichthys atlanticus grows to a maximum length of 25 mm. Gravid females as small as 22 mm have been collected (McGinnis 1982). Larvae remain in the top 150 m of the water column (Sassa et al. 2002). Adults undergo diel vertical migrations remaining in the upper 10 m of the water column at night, while returning to depths of 650 m during the day (Paxton 1967). This is a common mesopelagic species in all oceans, present in the sound scattering layers. This species exhibits active daily vertical migrations. At night, D. atlanticus moves to the upper 100 m layer but does not reach the surface and during the day this species descends depths between 500 m and 700 m or more. The maximum length for this species is 2.9 cm (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm.). Diogenichthys atlanticus is a high-oceanic, mesopelagic species. Around the Canaries, it is found 400 to 700 m (maximum abundance at 500 to 600 m); at night, it is concentrated at 10 to 100 m and 500 to 700 m. Larvae and light-coloured juveniles (12 to 13 mm) are non-migratory (Hulley 1984). This species is oviparous, with planktonic eggs and larvae (Moser and Ahlstrom 1996), and it spawns in early spring (Hulley and Paxtion, in press). Caudal glands develop in both sexes from about 15 to 16 mm, and it becomes sexually mature from about 22 mm standard length (Hulley 1984).","There are no known threats for this species, and it is not under pressure from fisheries.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Research into the population and ecology of this species is suggested. This species was assessed as Data Deficient in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",This species is not commercially exploited. It is not known to be used by fisheries but may be caught as bycatch of deep-water trawls (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm.).,"Strongin, K.","Kobyliansky, S., Papaconstantinou, C., Munroe, T. & Costa, M.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GOBIESOCIFORMES,GOBIESOCIDAE,Diplecogaster,bimaculata,,Diplecogaster bimaculata,"(Bonnaterre, 1788)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Diplecogaster bimaculata is found in the Mediterranean Sea and the northeast Atlantic Ocean from Macaronesia to Scandinavia. Little information is available on its population sizes and trends, but it is not utilized and is not thought to experience any species-specific threats. Therefore, D. bimaculata is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Diplecogaster bimaculata is widely distributed eastern Atlantic Ocean, from Scandinavia to the Macaronesian Islands, including the Mediterranean Sea (Briggs 1955, Fricke 2007). In the Mediterranean Sea, D. bimaculata is present throughout coastal areas in the western parts of the basin and to the Greek and Turkish parts of the Aegean, with a record from the central Turkish coast of the Black Sea (Bat et al. 2005). It has been recorded from the Macaronesian islands of the Azores, the Canary Islands and the Cape Verde Islands (Lloris et al. 1991).  Diplecogaster bimaculata has been collected to 200 m depth (Hofrichter and Patzner 2000).","Diplecogaster bimaculata appears to be less common than Lepadogaster lepadogaster in the western Mediterranean and Adriatic seas (Hofrichter and Patzner 2000). The species shows signs of low abundance in areas of its distribution  according to Ramos et al. (2006), however the species is hard to find due to cryptic colouration. Populations are considered likely to be stable.","Members of the Gobiesocidae family have a modified adhesive disc that is used to attach itself to hard substrates or plants in areas of high wave or tidal action (Briggs and McEachran in press). This species in particular has been observed inhabiting a variety of habitats, including boulder fields, coralligene, sand, seagrass beds, and occasionally under rocks or bivalve shells (Hofrichter and Patzner 2000). In Messina, males were observed spawning on man-made pieces of flat marble during June (Hofrichter and Patzner 2000),. The body colouration also appeared to reflect habitat, varying from pale and whitish to red and purple. The species is believed to feed mainly on caridean decapod larvae and juveniles and epifaunal amphipods, although stomachs have contained polychaetes, copepods and isopods (Gibson and Ezzi 1987).",There are no known species-specific threats faced by this species.,"No conservation measures are in place or required for this species. It is found in marine protected areas. Diplecogaster bimaculata was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011) . Research into the life history and ecology, as well as biology, is suggested.",This species is not utilized.,"Ralph, G.","Herler, J., Kovacic, M. & Williams, J.T.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GOBIESOCIFORMES,GOBIESOCIDAE,Diplecogaster,ctenocrypta,,Diplecogaster ctenocrypta,"Briggs, 1955",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as this deep water species is only known from a few specimens in the Canary Islands. Further research is needed on the population size, trend and ecology of D. ctenocrypta.",Unknown,"Diplecogaster ctenocrypta is known from the Canary Islands (Briggs 1990, Brito et al. 2002), and was originally described from depths of 180 m. Additional specimens were collected at 28 m in N’Gor Island, Senegal (Wirtz 2012) and at 38 m at Fuerteventura, Canary Islands (Brito et al. 2002). There are records from El Hierro and Tenerife between 10 m and 30 m of depth (Brito et al. 2002).",This species is known only from a few specimens. Several individuals have been photographed and observed in the Canary islands (Brito et al. 2002). The population trend is unknown.,"Diplecogaster ctenocrypta has been recorded to be 1.7 cm SL (Briggs 1990). This species may only be found in rocky habitats (Wirtz 2012, Tito de Morais pers. comm. 2014), and has been observed cleaning Moray Eels and Groupers, between 10 and 30 m depth at El Hierro and Tenerife (Brito et al. 2002, Wirtz 2012).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"The species is not listed on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no specific conservation efforts in place, and it is unknown whether it is found in protected areas. Further research is needed on the distribution, population size, trends and ecology of the species.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"García, M.","Conceicao Biscoito, M.J.","Carpenter, K.E., Smith-Vaniz, W.F., de Bruyne, G., de Morais, L., Polidoro, B., Corley, B. & Stump, E.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SPARIDAE,Diplodus,annularis,,Diplodus annularis,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is widespread in the Atlantic coast from France to southern Spain, Madeira and Canary Islands. It is common throughout the Mediterranean Sea and locally abundant over appropriate habitats. There is some commercial fishing pressure, but no indication yet of any population declines, and it is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"The species is found throughout all of the Mediterranean and Black seas and the Sea of Azov, and is present in the eastern Atlantic from southwestern France (Bay of Biscay) to Portugal and southwestern Spain, including the Canary Islands where it is a very common inshore species (Dooley et al. 1985). A record of this species from Madeira is doubtful, as this species was not seen in more than 1,000 dives along the coasts of Madeira, and the specimen originally recorded as D. annularis from Madeira, was re-identified as D. vulgaris (Wirtz et al. 2008).","This species is very common everywhere in coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea and is especially abundant wherever Posidonia beds and photophilic algae are present. It is regularly fished for, being the most abundant species of Diplodus within its range (Carpenter in press). This species is often associated with sea-cage farms where it feeds on food from the fish cages (pellets). In a study by Akyol and Ertosluk (2010), captures from the sea-cage farms along the coast of the Turkish Aegean Sea were determined with the use of a special cage trap and trammel net. Hand or longlines and underwater harpoons, although rare, were also used. This species was dominant and accounted for 1.4% of the total weight around one fish farm from 2004-2008.  The exploitation rate for this species is E = 0.46 (Matic-Skoko et al. 2006).  It is generally not any more common in MPAs than outside MPAs, probably because it is primarily a prey fish rather than a predator (Francour 1994). Catch data for Turkey were: 1995 304 mt, 1996 456 mt, 1997 500 mt, 1998 315 mt, 1999 550 mt, 2001 280 mt, 2002 548 mt, and 2006 552 mt. These figures indicate that populations there are stable (Turkstat 2007). FAO (Fishstat 2014) capture production figure for 2012 were: Croatia 13 tonnes; Cyprus five tonnes; Egypt 1,439 tonnes; France five tonnes; Malta one tonne; and Portugal 57 tonnes.","The Annular Seabream (Diplodus annularis) is a demersal species found in groups above sandy bottoms and seagrass bed habitats, at depths down to 100 m. It inhabits chiefly Zostera seagrass beds but is also found on rocky bottoms from the coastline to about 20 m depth. The sexes are separate, although these fish are potential hermaphrodites; certain individuals are protandric hermaphrodites (first males, then becoming females) (Carpenter in press). In the Adriatic Sea, juveniles are omnivorous and prefer algae and plants, while adults are omnivorous and prefer animal foods. Its principal food items, by decreasing order of importance, are Chlorophyta (dominant taxa Cladophora sp. and Enteromorpha flexuosa), Decapoda (dominant species Upogebia pusilla), Gastropoda (important species are Risoa ventricosa and Alvania spp.), Bivalvia and Spermatophyta, as well as other food items (mostly unidentified Crustacea and fish eggs). Differences in diets among seasons are not significant (Matic-Skoko et al. 2004). In the Gulf of Annaba (Algeria), macrophytes and ascidians constitute the main diet. Eighteen other taxa were identified in stomach contents, including nine crustaceans, four molluscs, two tunicates, one annelid, one cnidarian and one echinoderm (Derbal et al. 2007). In the Adriatic Sea this species spawns from April through to the end of August, with a peak in May (Matic-Skoko et al. 2006). It is a rudimentary hermaphrodite. Overall male to female sex ratio was 1.00:1.05. Total lengths (TL) at 50% maturity were 9.0 cm for males and 10.0 cm for females. These estimated sizes were smaller than the minimum legal landing size (MLS = 15 cm) and greater than the actual minimum landing size (Lc = 7.1 cm) for the bottom trawl net. All specimens sampled were fully mature above 13 cm TL. The oldest individual was 13 years old. Length–weight relationship showed close to isometric growth (b = 3.073). Parameters of the von Bertalanffy growth equation were: L∞ = 23.95 cm; K = 0.126 per year; t0 = −1.664 year; r2 = 0.896. The low value of total mortality (Z = 0.72) was a consequence of the relatively low rate of natural mortality (M = 0.39) and fishing mortality (F = 0.33). The exploitation ratio was E = 0.46. Estimated parameters and the relative yield-per-recruit analysis did not indicate any overexploitation of the species in the study area. However, the estimates include uncertainties and require further confirmation, especially of the natural mortality (Matic-Skoko et al. 2006).  In the NW Mediterranean Sea parameters of the von Bertalanffy growth equation were: L∞ = 20.37 cm, K = 0.54 per year, t0 = -0.033 year (Gordoa and Moli 1997); and L∞ = 17.12 cm, K = 0.56 per year, t0 = -0.022 year (Girardin 1978). The maximum total length of this species is 25 cm. Its longevity is seven years (Gordoa and Moli 1997). Its mortality parameters are Z = 0.72, F = 0.33 (Matic-Skoko et al. 2007).  In the Gulf of Annaba, Algeria, this species is a rudimentary hermaphrodite. It spawns from April to July and its first sexual maturity occurs at 12.1 cm in the males and at 12.7 cm in the females. The allometric coefficient of the length-weight relationship is 3.096 (Nouacer and Kara 2001). Its longevity is five years and the parameters of the Von Bertalanffy growth model there are: L.inf. = 19.54 cm, K=0.46, t0=-0.56. The allometric coefficient of the length-weight relationship there is 3.137 (Nouacer and Kara 2003). The biology of the species was investigated in the Canaries (Pajuelo and Lorenzo 2001); the mean length showed an increase with increasing water depth, and males showed a negative allometric growth and females isometric growth. The species was characterized by protandric hermaphroditism. The overall sex ratio was unbalanced in favour of males (1 : 0.79). The reproductive season extended from January to May, with a peak in spawning activity in March–April. Males reached maturity at a smaller length (103 mm, one-year-old) than females (128 mm, two-year-old). Fish aged zero to six years were found. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters for all individuals were: L∞=247.9 mm, k=0.268 years–1, and t0=–0.879 years. In a study assessing the factors affecting mortality of Diplodus annularis, caught and released in a recreational fishery in the Balearic Islands, this species experienced moderate rates of mortality (15%), and only deep-hooking was a significant predictor of death. The incidence of undersized fish for this species there was 48% (Alos and Palmer 2009).","There are no major threats to this species, although there may be local declines as this species is caught commercially in the Mediterranean and generally artisanally elsewhere.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species and it occurs in several marine protected areas within its range. It is recommended that more genetic research be done for the management of this species. Strategies, such as promoting the use of more selective gears that reduce the capture of undersized fish and implementing gentler release techniques, should be considered in managing this species (Alos and Palmer 2009). For a sustainable fishery in İzmir Bay, Turkey, Özekinci (2005) suggested that monofilament gillnet with greater than 52 mm stretched mesh size should be used.","This is a commercial species. Fishing for it is semi-industrial (in Sicily and the Adriatic) and generally artisanal elsewhere, and it is also taken by sport fishers. It is caught with trawl nets, beach seines, hand lines, bottom long lines, and gill and trammel nets. It is regularly present in most of the markets around the Mediterranean; common in Israel, but rarely seen in Morocco. It is marketed fresh, frozen or dried salted (flesh not highly esteemed); it is also apparently used for fishmeal and oil (Carpenter in press).","Allen, D.J., Comeros-Raynal, M. & García, M.","Russell, B.","Carpenter, K.E. & Pollard, D.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SPARIDAE,Diplodus,bellottii,,Diplodus bellottii,"(Steindachner, 1882)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) The species has a relatively restricted European distribution, known from the northeastern Atlantic coast of southern Portugal and Spain, and extending into the Mediterranean in the Alboran Sea. It is fished over much of its range but there are no data indicating population declines, no major threats are known, and it is found in marine reserves in parts of its range. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"In the European region the species is found from southern Portugal, the Gulf of Cadiz and Straits of Gibraltar (to the north coast of Morocco outside of the European region), extending into the Mediterranean only in the Alboran Sea (Santos et al. 1998). It is absent from Madeira, the Canary Islands and Cape Verde Islands (Wirtz et al. 2013, Carpenter in prep). Elsewhere, the species occurs on the western coast of Africa to Senegal.","This species is common in the region from southern Portugal to the Straits of Gibraltar and in the Alboran Sea (SW Mediterranean). No population data are available and separate statistics are not reported for this species (Carpenter in press). The mean density of this species in the Bensafrim estuary was 0.22 individuals per 1,000 m2 (Guerreiro et al. 2011).","This species is found on the upper portions of the continental shelf, from the coastline to a depth of 100 m, but especially from 30 to 50 m. It occurs on various types of bottom and sometimes forms sizeable aggregations. Food items are mainly composed of algae, bivalves and crustaceans. Diplodus bellottii shows a generalist feeding behaviour and is omnivorous (Horta et al. 2004). It is associated with estuaries (e.g., the Tagus estuary in Portugal; Cabral et al. 2001).",Potential localized declines from fishing and habitat modification (estuaries) are likely for this species. Diplodus bellottii recently appeared in the Tejo (Tagus) estuary and this increase in abundance there has been related to climate warming (Cabral et al. 2001). Diplodus bellottii has a high dietary and spatial overlap with D. vulgaris in the Tejo estuary and there is thus a potential for competition among these two species (Horta et al. 2004).,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps several marine protected areas within its range. In Portugal, there have been artificial reefs deployed along the southern coast (Algarve) since 1990 to enhance artisanal fisheries (Leitao et al. 2009). The minimum landing size for this species off the Algarve coast, Portugal, is 15 cm TL, and it is suggested that a minimum landing size be implemented for sport fishing competitions, preventing undersized fish from being retained (Guerreiro et al. 2011). Monitoring of populations trends is recommended.","This species is not fished for intensively, but is taken incidentally throughout its range. It is caught on line gear and with trammel nets, trawls and beach seines.  It is marketed fresh, frozen or dried salted (its flesh is not esteemed), it is also used for fishmeal and oil (Carpenter in press). Species of Diplodus, including D. bellottii, are highly valuable resources in Portugal. In 2008, they were the thirteenth most important item in the landings, and eleventh in terms of commercialized value (INE 2009). Official catch data and management do not regard these species as individual units, and catch data are based on combined species of Diplodus genus in general, which is an important limitation for scientific studies and proper management (Vinagre et al. 2010).","Allen, D.J., Comeros-Raynal, M. & García, M.","Russell, B.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SPARIDAE,Diplodus,cervinus,,Diplodus cervinus,"Lowe, 1838","Diplodus cervinus was previously recognized as comprising three subspecies: Diplodus cervinus cervinus (NE Atlantic and Mediterranean), D. c. hottentotus (SE Atlantic: Angola, South Africa), and D. c. omanensis (Indian Ocean: Oman). Currently, three species are recognized: D. cervinus, D. hottentotus (Heemstra and Heemstra 2004) and D. omanensis (Bauchot and Bianchi 1984, Amir et al. 2013). However, the Diplodus cervinus complex is in need of taxonomic review (Y. Iwatsuki pers. comm. 2014).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) The species is widespread in warmer waters the Mediterranean, ranges northwards in the Atlantic to the Bay of Biscay, and is also present around Madeira and the Canary Islands. There is evidence that the species distribution in the western Mediterranean has expanded in recent years, possibly as a result of climate change. It is still locally abundant in many areas across its European range, and for this reason has been assessed as Least Concern. However some subpopulations, such as in the Canary Islands, appear to be in danger of recruitment over-fishing, and need to be closely monitored.",Decreasing,"This species comprises three sub-species: Diplodus cervinus ssp. cervinus (NE Atlantic and Mediterranean), D. c. hottentotus (SE Atlantic: Angola, South Africa) and D. c. omanensis (Indian Ocean: Oman). In the European region, Diplodus cervinus occurs throughout most of the warmer waters of the Mediterranean except for the Adriatic Sea (Bauchot and Hureau 1990, Louisy 2005) and ranges northwards in the Atlantic to the Bay of Biscay. Also present around Madeira and the Canary Islands. Elsewhere, in the Eastern Atlantic, the species ranges to the Cape Verde Islands, and from Angola to South Africa, and is present in the Indian Ocean (Oman). Diplodus cervinus can occur to 300 m depth but is more common to about 80 m depth (Pajuelo et al. 2003a).In the western Mediterranean, the species was unknown until 1980 but young and adult individuals are now fairly common, possibly due to global warming (Francour et al. 1994).","The species is slow growing and lives for up to 17 years (Pajuelo et al. 2003b). It is one of the most important commercial species in the Canary Islands (Pajuelo et al. 2003a). According to Pajuelo et al. (2003a), in the Canary Islands the exploitation rate indicates that the stock is in danger of over-fishing. The direct effects of fishing on the population result in changes in abundance, with a reduction to 85% of the unexploited equilibrium level. The length at first capture by the commercial fishery is less than the length at maturity. The mean rates of total, natural and fishing mortality are 0.551, 0.215 and 0.336 year−1, respectively. The length at first capture is 183 mm. (Pajuelo et al. 2003a). Length at age was described by the specialized von Bertalanffy growth model (L∞=594 mm, k=0.156 year−1, and t0=−0.188 year), the Schnute growth model (y1=98 mm; y2=565 mm; a=0.131; b=1.158) and the seasonalised von Bertalanffy growth model (L∞=594 mm; k=0.156 year−1; t0=−0.095 year; C=0.639; ts=0.818). A power relationship (a=45.82 and v=1.2414) was estimated between total length and the otolith radius. Back calculated length were similar to those predicted by the growth models. Growth parameters estimated from the back calculated sizes at age were L∞=612 mm; k=0.152 year−1; t0=−0.32 year (Pajuelo et al. 2003b). The exploitation rate indicates that the stock is overfished in the Canary Islands (Pajuelo et al. 2003a). With 58% of the total catch below this length, there is a danger of recruitment over-fishing. In the Gulf of Lyon, the western Mediterranean, the species was unknown until 1980 but young and adult individuals are now fairly common, possibly due to global warming (Francour et al. 1994).","A demersal species that is found in schools. It inhabits areas of rocky substrate, to depths of 300 m, although it is most abundant to depths of 80 m. The reproductive season extends from spring to summer, with a peak in spawning activity around May and June. It is a protogynous hermaphrodite (Pajuelo et al. 2003a). The males generally attain a greater size at maturity (327 mm TL, five years old) than the females (273 mm TL, four years old). Recruitment occurs from October to January, at depths of 0.5-8 m (M. Kara pers. comm. 2008). The generation length of this species has been estimated at around 13 years. In the Canary Islands, this species is a slow growing and a long-lived species, with ages of up to 17 years (Pajuelo et al. 2003a, 2003b). The male : female ratio is in favour of females (1 : 2.16). The recruits are located over rocky substrates with an important algae vegetation forming schools lower than two metres. During the spawning season, schools of adults from three to eight fish are observed. The schools are formed by one large individual and a few moderate size individuals. Mating takes place in small groups formed by one dominant male and a group of several females (polygamy). Moderate size individuals are often observed mixed in large schools (up to 30 individuals) of Diplodus sargus cadenati. Subadults form groups of a few fish (under five individuals) or more commonly mixed groups (>15 individuals) with individuals of species of similar size. Otolith age readings indicate that the population consists of 18 age groups, including a very high proportion of individuals between two and four years old. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters for the whole population are: L∞ = 603 mm, k = 0.149 year−1, and t0 = −0.22 year.","The species is reported to be over-fished in the Canarian archipelago (Pajuelo et al. 2003). Given that this species has a relatively slow life history and long generation time, these impacts are thought to pose a significant threat to local populations.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for the species, however its distribution may cover a number of marine protected areas, including some in the Canary Islands. In one marine reserve in the northwest Mediterranean Sea, there is evidence that this species is more common in the protected area with complete fishing prohibition, than in the surrounding area (Garcia-Rubies and Zabala 1990). This species is being reared in captivity and released in southern Portuguese waters as part of a restocking program (K. Erzini pers. comm. 2008). As there are three distinct disjunct subpopulations of this species, further taxonomic research is needed to determine their status. Monitoring of potentially over-exploited subpopulations, for example around the Canary Islands, is also needed.",The species is harvested throughout its range.,"Allen, D.J., Comeros-Raynal, M. & García, M.","Russell, B.","Kara, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SPARIDAE,Diplodus,puntazzo,,Diplodus puntazzo,"(Walbaum, 1792)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This is a widespread species that is locally abundant, with no evidence yet of any population declines in the European region. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"This is a common species throughout the Mediterranean Sea, but is rare in the Black Sea, not known from some northern waters, and not present in the Sea of Azov. It also occurs in the eastern Atlantic from northern Spain (Bay of Biscay) where it is rare (Vinagre et al. 2010), Portugal, Strait of Gibraltar, and the Canary Islands, but not off Madeira. Elsewhere in the Eastern Atlantic it is common south to Sierra Leone and Cape Verde Islands. Records of this species from South Africa are based on a misidentification (Smith and Smith 1986). There appears to be a continuing northward extension along the Atlantic coast of Europe due to increasing temperatures (Vinagre et al. 2010).","The species is very common in the Sea of Marmara and the Aegean Sea (B. Yokes and K. Bizsel pers. comm.). It is also common in Israel (M. Goren pers. comm.), Algeria, and the western Mediterranean Sea (H. Kara and P. Francour pers. comm.), and the Strait of Gibraltar. It is relatively common in the Canary Islands (Dooley et al. 1985). In the Gulf of Gabes (Tunisia) longevity is six years. The parameters of the Von Bertalanffy growth model are: L∞ =23.19 cm, K=0.472, t0=-0.248. The allometric coefficient of the length-weight relationship is 2.782 (Bradai 2000). The maximum total length of this species is 60 cm (Fischer et al. 1987). The yearly nature in growth increment formation in the otoliths of Diplodus puntazzo aged one to 10 years from the Canary Islands was validated by Domínguez-Seoane et al. (2006). Lengths at age were described by the specialized von Bertalanffy growth model (L∞ = 541 mm, k = 0.182 year−1, and t0 = −2.531 years), the Schnute growth model (y1 = 171 mm, y2 = 509 mm, a = 0.022, b = 2.59) and the seasonalized von Bertalanffy growth model (L∞ = 546 mm, k = 0.176 year−1, t0 = −2.21 years, C = 0.712, ts = 0.798). Individuals grow fast during the first year of life, attaining approximately 45% of their maximum length. The body proportional hypothesis and the power length–radius relationship used to backcalculate the growth trajectories showed that the growth backcalculation model could be used to provide reasonable estimates of growth in this species. A power relationship (a = 36.19 and v = 1.705) was estimated between the total length and the otolith radius. Backcalculated lengths were similar to those predicted by the growth models. Growth parameters estimated from the backcalculated lengths at age were: L∞ = 508 mm, k = 0.197 year−1,t0 = −1.731 years. Data on length and age used to estimate the parameters of the von Bertalanffy growth model showed that males and females have similar growth rates.","The species inhabits rocky bottoms down to a depth of about 150 m, but is more common to 60 m. It forms small aggregations, the young living in littoral pools, the adults often occurring in the surf zone. It is omnivorous, feeding on seaweeds, worms, molluscs and shrimps (Carpenter in press). It is one of the most important species for aquaculture in the Mediterranean (Greco et al. 1993, Favaloro et al. 2002, Pajuelo et al. 2008). In the Canary Islands, Pajuelo et al. (2008) classified Diplodus puntazzo as a rudimentary hermaphrodite, with a low level of protandry. They found that the overall sex ratio was one male to 2.03 females, diverging significantly from 1:1, and that there was a ratio of onw male to 0.11 transitional fish. The sex ratio varied with season; during the reproductive period the ratio was 1:1.86 (male:female), significantly lower than in the non-reproductive period in which the sex ratio was approximately 1:2.26. Both sexes had similar size distributions; however females were predominant in all size intervals, especially in the larger ones. No significant difference in mean total length (TL) between females (330 mm), males (319 mm) or transitionals (321 mm) was found. The smallest functional female and male analysed were 159 and 157 mm TL, and the largest were 520 and 510 mm TL, respectively. No significant difference in length at first level of maturity, attained at the second year of life, was found between males (281 mm) and females (292 mm), respectively. A protracted spawning season was identified for the species: from September to February, with a peak in November. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) values followed the same pattern for males and females, with values of females being similar to those of males; the highest values occurred between September and December, with a maximum in November. Occurrence of transitional fish was significantly higher during that month, with higher values of GSI than in the resting period. Vitellogenesis did not begin synchronously for all females, and the simultaneous presence of oocytes in all stages of development indicated an asynchronous mode of ovarian development. The presence of postovulatory, together with tertiary yolk vesicle oocytes, indicated that the species is a multiple spawner.",Potential localized declines from fishing and habitat modification (estuaries) are likely.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species, and it occurs in several marine protected areas within its range. It is recommended that more genetic research be done for the management of this species, and that harvest trends are monitored.","The fishing for this species is semi-industrial (in Sicily), and primarily artisanal elsewhere, and it is also a sport fish. It is fished the year round on the Canary Islands (Carpenter in press). It is caught with trawl and pelagic nets, traps (Canary Islands), beach seines, hand lines, bottom long lines, gill and trammel nets, and by spear fishing. It is present in most markets around the Mediterranean, but infrequent in France. It is marketed fresh or frozen (its flesh is not highly esteemed); and it is also used for fishmeal and oil (Carpenter in press). Between 200-400 metric tonnes have been reported per annum for aquaculture production of this species in Italy between 1997 and 2003 (FAO 2008) and EU statistics reported 159 mt in 2007 in Italy (Basurco et al. 2011). Species of Diplodus, including D. puntazzo, are highly valuable resources in Portugal. In 2008, together they were the thirteenth most important item in the landings, and eleventh in terms of commercialized value (INE 2009). Official data and management do not regard these species as individual units, and data are for the Diplodus genus in general, which is an important limitation for scientific studies and proper management (Vinagre et al. 2010).","Allen, D.J., Comeros-Raynal, M. & García, M.","Russell, B.","Carpenter, K.E., Pollard, D., Goren, M., Yokes, B., Francour, P. & Kara, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SPARIDAE,Diplodus,sargus,,Diplodus sargus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","Diplodus sargus as presently recognized is an assemblage of genetically closely related species whose current taxonomic assignments of species and subspecies are somewhat inconsistent and require further work (Summerer et al. 2001, Domingues et al. 2007). Pending more detailed population genetic work, the six subspecies of D. sargus, are retained in individual species accounts but are not separated in the parents species account.   Two geographic subspecies of Diplodus sargus have been recognised in the European region: Diplodus sargus subspecies sargus in the Mediterranean; and Diplodus sargus subspecies cadeneti in the northeastern Atlantic - from the Bay of Biscay to Senegal, including the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands (Summerer et al. 2001). Only weak genetic differentiation is found for the European subspecies of D. sargus (Bargelloni et al. 2005) that is not associated with the transition between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, contradicting the separation into distinct sub-species of the Mediterranean and Atlantic D. sargus populations, classified as D. s. sargus and D. s. cadenati, respectively (De la Paz et al. 1973, Bauchot and Hureau 1986). Diplodus sargus requires taxonomic revisions and there may also be two forms in the Persian Gulf (Y. Iwatsuki pers. comm. 2013).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is widespread, common and locally abundant, and despite its commercial importance, there is no evidence for population decline in either subspecies at present (although fishing apparently influences size structure of the populations). It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"In the European region, Diplodus sargus comprises two subspecies: Diplodus sargus sargus is a Mediterranean Sea endemic subspecies present throughout all of the Mediterranean and Black seas (but not the Sea of Azov); and Diplodus sargus cadeneti is widely distributed in the eastern and northern Atlantic from the Bay of Biscay to the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands, and along the West African coast from the Straits of Gibraltar to Mauritania, but absent from the Cape Verde Islands (Carpenter in press).","Diplodus sargus sargus is very common and abundant in appropriate habitats throughout the Mediterranean. FAO global catch statistics show a steady increase up to 3,822 mt landings per year from around 1980 to 2009 and remaining over 3,000 mt from 2009-2012, with most of this catch reported from the Mediterranean (FAO 2014). However, it is unclear if this increase in landings figures is due to increased effort, increased reporting or increasing populations.  Diplodus sargus cadeneti is common in the region from the southern Bay of Biscay to Gibraltar and around Madeira and the Canary Islands, as well as along the west African coast from the Strait of Gibraltar to about Cape Verde (Senegal). Separate statistics are not reported for this species (Carpenter in press). In southern Portugal, this species alone represents up to 29% of the total catch by weight (Erzini et al. 1996). Larger individuals are mainly observed within marine protected areas, which may indicate some overfishing even if populations do not show any declines (P. Francour pers. comm.).","Diplodus sargus ssp. sargus inhabits the littoral zone in shallow waters down to 50 m. The juveniles are present over shallow sandy bottoms and enter lagoons during spring and return to the sea in autumn, whereas adults prefer deeper rocky areas covered by seaweed. The juveniles are omnivores (eating mainly algae, worms, small molluscs and hydrozoans), and the adults are carnivores (eating worms, molluscs, crustaceans and echinoderms) (Fischer et al. 1987).  Longevity for Diplodus sargus sargus is ten years (Gordoa and Moli 1997). The parameters of the Von Bertalanffy growth model are: L∞= 41.7 cm, K=0.245, to=-0.76 (Gordoa and Moli 1997); L∞=21.01 cm, K=0.53, to=-0.138 (Girardin 1978); and L∞=46.7 cm, K=0.115, to=-1.63 (Man-Wai and Quignard 1984). D. s. sargus from the Gulf of Tunis is a rudimentary hermaphrodite with partial protandry (Mouine et al. 2007). In the Gulf of Tunis, spawning occurs in spring (March to May), as the water temperature rises from 15 to 18°C, just after the winter minimum. Size at sexual maturity (TL50) was 21 cm (four years old). The length-weight relationship for all individuals was described by the following parameters: a = 0.015 and b = 3.051. Quignard and Man-Wai (1983) indicated that reproduction for this species takes place only in the Mediterranean Sea. The spawning period increases as the latitude decreases. The maximum total length of this subspecies is 45 cm (Fischer et al. 1987). Mahmoud et al. (2010) studied the fisheries of D. sargus sargus in Abu Qir Bay (Alexandria, Egypt) and found no evidence of over-exploitation. Benchalel and Kara (2012) studied the basic population-specific parameters for D. s. sargus caught along the Algerian coast between December 2005 and December 2006. Total length ranged from 12.2 to 34.6 cm, representing age classes between zero and 10 years. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters for all fish were calculated as: TL = 36.3 cm, k = 0.154 year−1, t0 = −0.488 year. The growth performance index (φ) showed a relatively slow growth of the local population. The length-weight relationship showed an isometric growth (b = 2.98; r = 0.98). Overall ratio of males to females was 1:1.4, with males predominant in the smaller size intervals and females in the larger ones. The reproductive season off Alexandria extended from January to May, with a March–April peak in spawning activity. Fifty per cent maturity of the tested cohort was reached at a total length of 20.2 cm for males and 20.0 cm for females. Diplodus sargus ssp. cadeneti is a coastal, schooling species inhabiting rocky bottoms down to depths of 150 m, but especially abundant in the surf zone. The young occur in Zostera seagrass beds. It is a protandric hermaphrodite (first male and then becoming female) (Pajuelo and Lorenzo 2002). It is omnivorous, but prefers small crustaceans and molluscs; and it also feeds on seaweeds and may attack small corals. It is a relatively slow growing and long-lived subspecies with a life span in excess of 12 years (Pajuelo and Lorenzo 2002). The subspecies is characterized as being dygynous with partial protandry. Overall ratio of males to females was 1:2.9. The reproductive season extended from December to May, with a peak in spawning activity in January–February. Fifty per cent maturity was reached at 201 mm total length in males and 216 mm in females. The length–weight relationship for all individuals was described by the following parameters: a = 0.000023, and b = 2.96, when length is given in millimeters and weight in grams. Fish of zero to 12 years in age were found. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters for the entire population were: L∞= 467 mm, k = 0.143 year-1 and t0 =- 2.14 year. Growth parameters differed between males and females. For all fish, instantaneous rates of mortality were Z = 0.68 year-1, M = 0.31 ± 0.6 year-1 and F = 0.37 ± 0.6 year-1; the exploitation ratio was E = 0.54 ± 0.9. Length at first capture for all individuals was 173 mm. The stock exploited above is an assumed optimum (Pajuelo and Lorenzo 2004).","No major threats, although&#160;size reduction in some areas may be the result of overfishing&#160;(P. Francour pers. comm.).","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. It occurs in several marine protected areas within its range. It is recommended that more genetic research be done to better define the two European subspecies and their management. In addition, conservation measures should include spearfishing limitations, and population and harvest monitoring is recommended.","In the southwest European Atlantic and in the Mediterranean the species reaches a high market value (D’Anna et al. 2004, FAO 2004). Although the stocks do not support large scale industrial ﬁshing, this inshore species is an important source of income for local ﬁsherman in many countries (FAO 2004). In the Canary Islands, this species is one of the main target species of the demersal small-scale fishery, and is caught mainly with traps at depths ranging between 10 and 120 m. It is captured all year round with seasonal differences in landings. Catches of D. sargus cadeneti have been declining in the Canary Islands during the last decades. No bag limits are currently imposed on its fishery and only minimum size legislation of 220 mm has been implemented (Pajuelo and Lorenzo 2004). In Tunisia, D. sargus sargus represents nearly 7.4% by value of the total fish catch for this region. In Egypt, D. sargus sargus comprises about 62% of Diplodus catch which constitutes about 14.5% of the sparid landed catch in Abu Qir Bay during 2008 (Saleh 2010). Its fishery is semi-industrial (Sicily and Morocco), mainly artisanal elsewhere, and as a sport fish. The fishing gears used are trammel nets, seine nets, handlines, bottom long lines, gill nets and spear fishing. It is regularly present in the markets of Spain, Italy, Sicily, Greece, Cyprus, Turkey, France and Morocco, and occasionally elsewhere. It is generally marketed fresh. Several attempts have been made to introduce the species in aquaculture in the Mediterranean (Abellan and Garcia-Alcazar 1995, Bodington 2000, Kentouri et al. 1995). Many of these attempts to farm this species have been hindered by the slow growth of the species in captivity after the ﬁrst year of life. In many cases, this slow growth reduces the proﬁtability of commercial production (D’Anna et al. 2004).","Allen, D.J., Comeros-Raynal, M. & García, M.","Russell, B.","Francour, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SPARIDAE,Diplodus,vulgaris,,Diplodus vulgaris,"(Saint-Hilaire, 1817)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This is a widespread, common and abundant species. Its distribution overlaps several marine protected areas within its range. It is a highly valuable commercial species, but there is no evidence yet of over-exploitation. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"In the European region, the species occurs southwards from western France (Bay of Biscay) to Madeira and the Canary Islands, and present throughout the Mediterranean Sea and in the southern Black Sea. Recently recorded also from the Azores (Afonso et al. 2013). It is found elsewhere in the eastern Atlantic along the coast of North Africa to Senegal, but is absent from the Cape Verde Islands (Carpenter in press). This species occurs to 160 m depth (Sala and Ballesteros 1997). Records from Angola to South Africa are doubtful (Smith and Smith 1986).","The species is common and abundant throughout the Mediterranean Sea. It is common along the West African coast from the Strait of Gibraltar to Cape Verde, around Madeira and the Canary Islands (Carpenter in press). There is significant genetic variation between populations of Diplodus vulgaris in the Aegean and Adriatic Seas (Arculeo et al. 2003). The catch statistics for Turkey were: 1995 - 2,152 mt, 1996 - 1,889 mt, 1997 - 1,250 mt, 1998 - 1,500 mt, 1999 -1,560 mt, 2001- 375 mt, 2002 - 203 mt, and 2006 - 185 mt. An average of 16% of the Turkish catch comes from the Black Sea. FAO (2014) capture production figures for 2012 were: Croatia - 15 tonnes, Cyprus - five tonnes, Malta - one tonne, and Portugal - 367 tonnes.  This species is common outside sea-cage farms in the Turkish Aegean Sea feeding on the feed (pellets) (Akyol and Ertosluk 2010) and accounted for 2.7% of the total weight around one fish farm from 2004-2008.","This is a euryhaline species inhabiting particularly rocky and sometimes sandy bottoms to depths of 160 m, but more commonly in less than 50 m. The young are sometimes found in seagrass beds (Carpenter in press). Food items are composed mainly of algae, bivalves and crustaceans (Rosecchi 1987). Diplodus vulgaris is a generalist feeder and is omnivorous (Horta et al. 2004).  It is a hermaphrodite, its reproduction occurs in autumn in the western Mediterranean Sea, the young are present in December-January and the older fish in May-June. Sexual maturity occurs at two years of age (at 17 cm) (Fischer et al. 1987). The parameters of the Von Bertalanffy growth model for this species are: L =28.78 cm, K=0.389, t0=-0.657 (Gordoa and Moli 1997);  L=26.77 cm, K=0.255, t0=-0.607 (Man-Wai and Quignard 1984); and  L=23.47 cm, K=0.224, t0=-1.446 (Bradai 2000). The maximum total length of this species is 45 cm (Fischer et al. 1987) and its longevity is eight years (Bradai 2000). Diplodus vulgaris is a highly valuable commercial species in the eastern Adriatic Sea and age, growth and mortality of  this species were studied by Duli et al. (2011)  from commercial fishery catches by 'tramata' fishing (2005–2006). The oldest female was estimated to be age 11, the oldest male age 10 years. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters estimated by reading scales were: L = 48.60 cm (SE = 1.101), K = 0.112 (SE = 0.005) and t0= -2.366 (SE = 0.060) for all specimens; L = 51.96 cm (SE = 2.153), K = 0.095 (SE = 0.007) and t0 = -2.837 (SE = 0.120) for females and L= 56.25 cm (SE = 2.662), K = 0.084 (SE = 0.067) and t0= -2.920 (SE = 0.117) for males. The overall sex ratio was 1.22:1 in favour of males. Total mortality, corresponding to the slope of the descending limb of the catch curve, was Z = 0.81 per year for females and Z = 0.85 per year for males. Exploitation ratios were E = 0.68 for females and E = 0.73 for males.  The spawning season for D. vulgaris in southern Portugal extends from September to April ,with a length at 50% maturity of 17.27 cm for males and 17.65 cm for females (Gonçalves et al. 2003). The spawning season for this species off the southwest coast of Portugal was reported to extend from December to March, peaking in January and February. This species is characterized as a rudimentary hermaphrodite with possible protandry (Gonçalves and Erizini 2000). ",Potential localized declines from fishing and habitat modification are likely to affect this species.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. It occurs in several marine protected areas within its range. It is recommended that more genetic research be conducted for the management of this species.,"This is a highly valuable commercial species, and together with other species of Diplodus, constitute the main target family of small-scale demersal fisheries in many areas. In Portugal, in 2008, together they were the thirteenth most important item in the landings, and eleventh in terms of commercialized value (INE 2009), and this genus was the sixth most important fish species in the landings in 2000, averaging 57% of the national catches in weight from 1988 to 2000 (DGPA 2002, Gonclaves et al. 2003). Official data and management do not regard these species as individual units and data are on the Diplodus genus in general, which is an important limitation for scientific studies and proper management (Vinagre et al. 2010).  Fishing for this species is semi-industrial (in Sicily, the Adriatic and Egypt) and artisanal elsewhere, and it is also a sport fish. The main fishing gears are trammel nets, gill nets, hand lines, traps (Canary Islands), beach seines (young fish), bottom long lines and spear fishing. This species is usually present in the markets of Sicily, Italy, Spain, Turkey, Greece, Cyprus, Tunisia, Morocco, France and countries in the Adriatic Sea. This is a candidate species for aquaculture (Ozório et al. 2008). It is marketed fresh, frozen or dried salted (its flesh is not very highly esteemed); and it is also used for fishmeal and oil (Carpenter in press).","Allen, D.J., Comeros-Raynal, M. & García, M.","Russell, B.","Pollard, D. & Carpenter, K.E.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,GONOSTOMATIDAE,Diplophos,taenia,,Diplophos taenia,"Günther, 1873",,No,LC,,,,,,,European Assessment: LC Diplophos taenia occurs to about 40°N in the eastern North Atlantic but may be distributed farther north in Europe. This species can occur to 800m depth. This species is not utilized in European waters and there are no major threats. It is listed as Least Concern. ,Unknown,"Diplophos taenia is circum-globally distributed in tropical and subtropical waters (Harold in press). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, D. taenia occurs to about 40°N (Ozawa et al. 1990). However, its range may extend more northward in Europe (L. Gil de Sola pers. comm. 2013). Diplophos taenia can occur from 15–800 m depth (Yang 1996).","Diplophos taenia is relatively rare in Europe. In Spain, no records were found from 20 years of bottom trawl surveys (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2013). Five specimens found in 29 cruise vessels in the mid-Atlantic ridge (Kobylianski et al. 2010).","Diplophos taenia is a mid-water species that can occur to 800 m depth and is associated with seamounts (Vinnichenko 1997). Meristics of D. taenia are fewer in low latitudes and increase with higher latitudes. This species reaches a maximum length of 27.6 cm SL but is more typically seen to 20 cm (Quéro et al. 1990). Juvenile D. taenia juveniles are found in the surface mixed layer at 0–150 m, and occur in roughly equal numbers throughout the year (Johnson 1972). The species feeds primarily on euphausiids, comprising roughly 85% of their diet (Hopkins et al. 1996).","There are no major, species-specific threats to D. taenia.","There are no species-specific conservation efforts for D. taenia. However, this species’ range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014).",This species is not utilized in European waters.,"Harwell, H.","Kobyliansky, S., Herrera, J. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GEMPYLIDAE,Diplospinus,multistriatus,,Diplospinus multistriatus,"Maul, 1948",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Diplospinus multistriatus is a widespread species, which within Europe is known only from Madeira, the Azores, and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"Diplospinus multistriatus has a circumglobal distribution in tropical through warm temperate seas. This species is considered rather rare in the eastern Central Atlantic, but relatively abundant in the northwest and southeast Atlantic and southeast Pacific (Nakamura and Parin 1993). Within Europe, it is known from Madeira, the Azores, and the Canaries (Carneiro et al. 2014, Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).","Ghana Diplospinus multistriatus is very common in museum collections (709 lots with several lots containing over 30 specimens) (Accessed through the Fishnet 2 Portal, www.fishnet2.org, 2013-03-06). Parin (in press) considered D. multistriatus to be common in the northern and southern parts of the Eastern Central Atlantic, but absent in the equatorial waters east of 20°.Gulf of Mexico Diplospinus multistriatus is rather rare throughout most of its distribution, but relatively abundant in the northwest and southeast Atlantic and southeast Pacific (Nakamura and Parin 1993). Diplospinus multistriatus larvae were collected during a survey of the Florida Keys waters from 31 May to 5 June 1989.  Larvae of this species was collected at 12 of 29 stations and had a mean abundance of 6.7 no. per 100 m-2 (Limouzy-Paris et al. 1994). One specimen each of this species was collected via Tucker trawl from two sites (four sites total) in the Gulf of Mexico from 9 to 29 August 2007.  Site GC852 was located off the coast of Louisiana and was defined as a cold seep site.  This specimen was collected at 406 m and had a standard length of 95 mm.  The second site (VK826) was located off the coast of Alabama and was defined as a deep-sea coral site. The specimen collected here was taken at 232 m with a standard length of 66 mm (Ross et al. 2010). This species was considered a dominant species in monthly MOCNESS surveys of a 17-station, 80-km long transect crossing the straits of Florida from 2003-2004.  It represented and abundance of 6.96 individuals per 100 m-2, was collected from 199 positive stations, and had a total of 1002 specimens that were identified during the study.  The abundance of this species was considered to be an underestimate because it was likely to have occurred below the deepest sampled depth (Richardson et al. 2010).","Habitat and ecology Diplospinus multistriatus is oceanic, mesopelagic and likely forms schools during the daytime. Diplospinus multistriatus is found to depths of 1,000 m, but migrates upward from 100 to 200 m at night (Nakamura and Parin 1993). Diplospinus multistriatus diet consists of crustaceans and small fishes (Nakamura and Parin 1993). Life history and reproduction Female Diplospinus multistriatus mature at ~16 cm. Diplospinus multistriatus reproduce throughout the year with fecundity of ~1,200 eggs (Nakamura and Parin 1993). The maximum recorded standard length (SL) is 33 cm (Boltachev 1986). This species produces pelagic eggs and larvae (Parin 1986). Common standard length for this species is 20 cm male/unsexed (Nakamura and Parin 1993). Maximum weight for this species is 1 kg (Richardson et al. 2010).",There is a lack of information on potential threats to this species in Europe.,"There are no known species-specific conservation measures for Diplospinus multistriatus. Worldwide, there are numerous marine protected areas that this species may have access to due to its wide distribution, however the effectiveness of MPAs at its depth range is questionable (Bailey et al. 2009).",There is a lack of information regarding use and trade of this species in Europe. In some areas of its distribution worldwide it is of no importance to fisheries (e.g. Ghana;&#160;Parin in press) whilst in other it is of importance to local subsistence fisheries (e.g. Mexico;&#160;Froese and Pauly 2013).,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,RAJIDAE,Dipturus,batis,,Dipturus batis,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","Currently, this listing for Dipturus batis represents a species complex. A recent taxonomic review indicates that D. batis will soon be split into two separate species (Iglésias et al. 2010).",No,CR,A2bcd+4bcd,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR) This European regional assessment is based on the current global assessment for Dipturus batis, as a species complex. A recent taxonomic review indicates that soon this is likely to be split into two separate species (Iglésias et al. 2010), at which point a reassessment will be required. This skate, the largest European rajid, was once an abundant constituent of the demersal fish community of north-western Europe. It formerly occupied the shelf and slope areas of the Mediterranean excluding North Africa west of Morocco but now appears to be virtually absent from much of this range. Caught as bycatch of multispecies trawl fisheries, which cover much of its shelf and slope habitat. Fisheries data indicate that populations of D. batis have undergone an extremely high level of depletion in the central part of its range around the British Isles since the early 20th century (the three generation period). It has been extirpated from most inshore areas, but is still caught in Scottish waters, especially around the Shetlands and off North-west Scotland, and also along the shelf edge and in the Celtic Sea. Fishing capacity and effort in the Mediterranean have also increased substantially over the later half of the 20th century. Accurate international species-specific landings data are lacking, although Icelandic landings have declined. French landings appear stable, though this is likely to be attributed to a re-direction of fishing effort from shelf seas (where common skate are now very rare) into deeper water. The life history and demography of this species allow little capacity to withstand exploitation by fisheries, its large body size renders it catchable by fishing gears even from birth. As fishing pressure on this species is unlikely to be reduced in the future, it is assessed as Critically Endangered throughout its range.",Decreasing,"The historical geographical range of Dipturus batis covered much of the continental shelf of the northeast Atlantic Ocean, from Madeira and the coast of northern Morocco in the south, to Iceland and northern Norway in the north, including the Mediterranean Sea. In several parts of its range, including the Western Baltic, western Mediterranean and southern North Sea, it is considered scarce (Stehmann and Bürkel 1984). It is absent from the Black Sea and Levantine Mediterranean basin (Serena 2005). At the start of the twentieth century it was considered to have a wide distribution over the shallower waters of the continental shelf surrounding the British Isles, albeit more common in the northern and western regions (Walker and Heesen 1996). Though individual specimens are reported very occasionally from the Irish Sea, Bristol Channel and central North Sea, the current range tends to occupy the deeper waters off northwestern Scotland and in Celtic Sea, and along the edge of the continental shelf. Its depth range is zero to 600 m.","Northeast Atlantic Ocean: Common Skate, as the name implies, was historically one of the most abundant skates and rays in the northeast Atlantic Ocean. It was widely distributed in the seas surrounding the British Isles, though catch rates of this species in this area declined during the 20th century. By the 1970s common skate was considered extirpated from the Irish Sea (Brander 1981), and they have also disappeared from the English Channel and the southern and central North Sea (Walker 1999, Rogers and Ellis 2000). Though individual specimens are reported occasionally from these areas (e.g., Ellis et al. 2002, Ellis et al. 2005), common skate are now only regularly observed off northern and north-western Scotland, Celtic Sea and along the edge of the continental shelf (>150 m depth).  Mediterranean: A time series of comparative trawl surveys in the Gulf of Lions between 1957-1960 indicate that D. batis was historically present in both shelf and slope trawl surveys. It was captured in 10% of hauls (n=27) in shelf surveys (coast-150 m depth) and in approximately 17% of hauls (n=37) in slope surveys (150-800 m) (Aldebert 1997). In contrast, comparable surveys carried out from 1966-1995 in the Gulf of Lions (totaling 1,295 hauls) did not record this species (Aldebert 1997). In the Adriatic Sea, the ""Hvar"" 1948 trawl surveys (based on 138 valid hauls taken in the spring-summer of 1948) revealed D. batis present in 3.2% of hauls. In a comparable survey conducted in the spring-summer of 1998 (127 valid hauls) (MEDITS) it was not recaptured, suggesting D. batis may now be absent from this area (Jukic-Peladic et al. 2001). The MEDITS survey began in 1994 while another study of the Adriatic Sea had begun in 1985 (GRUND), with each project carrying out one survey per year. A single individual was captured in the first GRUND survey of 1985 and since then no specimens have appeared in the Adriatic in either of these surveys (Marano et al. in press). It is now regarded as locally extinct in the Adriatic Sea (Tinti et al. 2003). Although these surveys are exhaustive, it should be noted that the MEDITS net is thought to have a low sampling efficiency of truly benthic species (Jukic-Peladic 2001). Along the Algerian coast from 1996-1997, regular systematic surveys of elasmobranchs present in markets have been undertaken. Although eight species of skate have been recorded, D. batis has not been reported (Hemida 1998). Tunisian fisheries use prawn trawl and larger ""French"" trawls, which frequently capture skates and demersal sharks. While this species has been documented from Tunisian waters in the early part of the 20th century, it has not been recorded since 1971 and it is now presumed absent from this area (Bradaï 2000).  The former range of this skate included much of the west, north and eastern shelf and slope habitat of the Mediterranean. These results suggest that this species may only be found in the western area of the Mediterranean (Morocco, Spain and France) representing a substantial reduction in area of occurrence of this species.","This demersal species is found from shallow coastal waters down to depths of 600 m, although it is primarily within the 200 m depth range (Stehmann and Burkel 1984, Bouchot 1987, Serena 2005). This is the largest species of skate attaining a length of more than 250 cm. The age and growth of D. batis has been reported by Du Buit (1972 1976) and more recently by Fahy (1991) who examined the vertebrae of 75 individuals landed in Ireland. Du Buit (1976) gave the following growth parameters: Maximum length 253.73 cm; k = 0.057; t0 = -1.629. Males are thought to mature at a length of 125 cm (Du Buit 1972) and although the size at maturity has not been accurately determined for females, an estimate of 150 cm was presented in the 2000 Red List assessment (Ellis et al. 2000). Du Buit (1976) determined that maturity is reached at 11 years of age and that individuals may live for 50 years. The overall sex ratio has been reported to be approximately 1:1, although this may differ geographically and seasonally (Fulton 1903, Steven 1933). The fecundity has not been accurately determined but was estimated at 40 eggs/year over the spawning season (Brander 1981) and the rate of reproduction has been calculated at 0.38. Oviparous, with large egg-cases covered with close-felted fibres (150 to 250 mm long and 80 to 150 mm wide reported in the Mediterranean (Serena 2005) and 145 to 245 mm long in the UK (Clark 1922, Wheeler 1969). The egg-cases are deposited in spring and summer in both the Mediterranean and Northeast Atlantic (Clark 1922, Wheeler 1969, Serena 2005). The young hatch at a lengths of up to 21.2 to 22.3 cm (Clark 1926). There is no detailed information on the developmental time.  Dipturus batis preys mostly on crustaceans and teleost fish, although Steven (1947) reported several species of elasmobranch, including other species of rajid, in the stomach contents of fish landed in Devon and Cornwall. The skate hunts actively and envelops its prey prior to capture and ingestion. The dark ventral surface may facilitate hunting in the pelagic phase.  While there is almost no life history and ecological information specific to the Mediterranean it is likely that it is similar to that exhibited in more northerly waters.","Northeast Atlantic: Rajids are an important component of the demersal fisheries of northwest Europe (Holden 1977) and Dipturus batis has traditionally been landed due to its large size (see Ellis et al. 2000 for details). It has taken in targeted fisheries where/when abundant, and as a bycatch elsewhere within its range. Accurate species-specific landings data are not available, though species-specific data from Iceland indicate declining landings of this species. Though French data appear more stable, these landings include landings from fisheries operating towards the edge of the continental shelf, where the population now appears to be concentrated. Given that this species is likely to be taken in trawl and gillnet fisheries that target high-value telesosts (e.g., megrim, anglerfish and hake), it is unlikely that fishing effort will decrease. Common skate are targeted by recreational fisheries (e.g., off Scotland), most anglers release captured individuals.  Mediterranean The situation appears similar in the Mediterranean, where D. batis is probably captured as part of the bycatch of multispecies trawl fisheries. Benthic trawl effort has increased both numerically and in technological terms in the shelf and slope area of the Mediterranean over the last 50 years. For example, the Gulf of Lions area was initially exploited by small-scale benthic trawl fisheries comprising 27 small low powered boats (total nominal horse power of 2,700 hp), more recently effort has increased to a total nominal horse power of 19,940 hp (1974 to 1987). Since then half of the fishing effort has been displaced to targeting small pelagic fish (Aldebert 1997). The Adriatic Sea is subject to trawling mainly by Italian, Croatian, Slovenian and Albanian fleets, however, no landings data are available (Jukic-Peladic et al. 2001). The large body size, slow growth, low fecundity and large size of juveniles of this species makes it especially vulnerable to fishing exploitation when compared to other rajids (Brander 1981, Walker and Hislop 1998, Dulvy et al. 2000, Dulvy and Reynolds 2002). Moreover, although only large individuals may be landed for consumption, most size classes are taken in fishing nets, including the eggs (which are often found in the trawl cod-end; Ragonese et al. 2003), as the legal mesh size used in much of the Mediterranean is approximately 20 mm. Considering the large size at maturity (around 130 cm) this means that the exploitation of juveniles is likely to be high. Additionally D. batis has been found to have undergone declines and disappearance from other shelf seas, notably the Irish and North Sea (Brander 1981, Walker and Hislop 1998, Dulvy et al. 2000).","It is recommended that suitable non-trawling areas are defined to protect both adults and deposited eggs as these are both susceptible to capture by trawling gear.  Northeast Atlantic:  Though there are no species-specific management measures for this species, there is a TAC for skates and rays in the North Sea and adjacent waters, and they may benefit from more generic management measures for demersal fisheries (e.g. mesh size regulations, effort reduction). Diptutus batis has been identified by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Study Group on Elasmobranch Fish as one which ""requires information on either fisheries statistics, biology or status of exploitation"" or in the case of D. batis, all three (Anonymous 1995). Demographic information indicates that population recovery might be achieved by allowing increasing juvenile survival (Walker and Hislop 1998). Dipturus batis was proposed for strict protection under the UK Wildlife and Countryside Act in 2001; a decision is still (2006) awaited from government. Dipturus batis is also a Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) species in the UK, and was listed on the OSPAR Priority List of Threatened and Endangered Species.  Mediterranean: For the conservation of chondrichthyans within the Mediterranean region, the FAO SAC Subcommittee on the Environment and Ecosystem recommended that all fishing states implement a Mediterranean Action Plan for the Management and Conservation of chondrichthyans, in line with IPOA sharks (International Plan of Action on the management and conservation of chondrichthyans).  The MEDLEM project was adopted at the last SAC meeting (FAO, Rome 2005) for data collection within the Mediterranean basin on large elasmobranches. The Bern Convention encourages research programs aimed at the assessment of the conservation status of chondrichthyans in the Mediterranean Sea (Serena et al. 2002). In Italy a national action plan (PAN-SHARKS) was co-ordinated by ICCRAM (Central Institute for Marine Research) within the guidelines of the Bern Convention and FAO IPOA-Sharks (Serena et al. 2002, Vacchi and Notarbartolo 2000). The Barcelona Convention proposed this species for urgent legal protection under its Mediterranean Action Plan. A new European requirement is that common skates, when caught, should be returned to the sea. This applies only to the North Sea.","This species is taken in targeted fisheries where/when abundant, and as a bycatch elsewhere within its range.","Cavanagh, R.D., Valenti, S.V. & Heenan, A.","Dulvy, N., Notarbartolo di Sciara, G., Serena, F., Tinti, F., Ungaro, N., Mancusi, C. & Ellis, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,RAJIDAE,Dipturus,nidarosiensis,,Dipturus nidarosiensis,"(Storm, 1881)","Dipturus nidarosiensis may be a composite species with a small and large morphotype similar to that seen in Dipturus batis-complex (Iglesias et al. 2010) and Dipturus oxyrinchus-complex. Further genetic research is needed before a taxonomic revision is made, but Dipturus nidarosiensis refers to the larger morphotype and for now the smaller morphotype is referred to as Dipturus sp., as described in the Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) catalogue by Ebert and Stehmann (2013). ",Yes,NT,,,,,,,"Norwegian Skate (Dipturus nidarosiensis) is a deepwater species that occurs in the Northeast Atlantic. It is taken as bycatch in commercial fisheries, but little information is available on landings. This is one of the largest European skates (up to 230 cm total length), and as such, it has low productivity and high catchability, similar to other large skates that have been heavily affected by even moderate levels of bycatch. Skates with a similar range are known to sustain some level of bycatch. Given the status of other Dipturus species in European waters, the low catch levels in surveys and fisheries, and the slow life history of the species, it is suspected to have declined by nearly 30% over the past 30 years (three-generation period). Therefore, the Norwegian Skate is assessed as Near Threatened in the European region as it is close to meet the threshold for threatened under Criterion A2. Further research is required to understand the taxonomy and population status of this species. Fisheries catches and landings should also be monitored.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in the Northeast Atlantic in the fjords of central and southern Norway, along the slopes off southern Iceland, western Scotland (including Rockall Trough) and west of Ireland as well as along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Iceland-Faroe Ridge. It is present, but uncommon, in the Bay of Biscay (Stehmann and Bürkel 1984, ICES 2007). It has also been reported in the coastal region of the Norwegian Sea (ICES 2012) as far north as 68oN at depths of 140–590 m (Williams et al. 2008), but its known range is primarily south of 65oN (Pethon 2005). Nominal records come from the shelf edge of Celtic Sea, although these may be misidentified specimens of another Dipturus species.Fourteen specimens were caught off Sardinia in the western central Mediterranean Sea between 2005 and 2008 at depths of 6001,420 m (Cannas et al. 2010), but these records likely refer to the smaller morphotype, Dipturus sp. (Ebert and Stehmann 2013).Its depth range is 200-1,000 m.","This species is moderately rare where it occurs. There are historical records from Rockall and the Norwegian Deep, but its current status is uncertain (ICES 2007). In the Annual Autumn Bottom Trawl Surveys of the north Norwegian Coast, mean catch was 0.5 individuals per square kilometre between 1992 and 2005 (Williams et al. 2008). The status of the population west and southwest of England and Ireland is also uncertain (ICES 2012). There are however suspected declines in areas of the shelf margin that are heavily fished. Despite a lack of species-specific population information, it is possible to infer from the statuses of similar large-bodied skate species and suspicion of trends that the population is likely decreasing, especially because it is larger than its congeners and likely to have a low intrinsic rate of population increase. Considering this and the low catch levels in surveys and fisheries, Norwegian Skate is suspected to have declined by nearly 30% over the past 30 years (three generation period).","This benthic and benthopelagic species is found on slopes and submarine rises at 200 m to > 1,000 m depth (Stehmann and Bürkel 1984, Stehmann 1990), but little is known about its biology. This is one of the largest European skates with a maximum total length of at least 230 cm (Ebert and Stehman 2013). Like other skates, it is an egg-laying species. The species is inferred to have an estimated generation length of 10 years.","This skate is not targeted by commercial fisheries, but it is occasionally taken as bycatch in deepwater trawl and longline fisheries. It is usually discarded when caught incidentally, therefore landings data are limited and of variable quality (ICES 2012). It accounted for 1% of skates recorded in biological sampling in Irish ports between 2001 and 2007 (ICES 2007). This is a large skate with low productivity and high catchability, similar to other large skates that have been significantly affected by even moderate levels of bycatch (Dulvy and Reynolds 2002). Deepwater fisheries, including crustacean trawl fisheries, are known to operate within its range. Given this species’ high vulnerability and suspected declines from some areas of the shelf margin, it should be closely monitored","No species-specific management or conservation measures are currently in place. In 1999, the European Union (EU) introduced a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for all skates and rays of 6,060 tonnes (t) for fisheries operating in the Norwegian Sea (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea [ICES] Division IIa) and North Sea (ICES sub-area IV) based on landing statistics from the previous five years. This TAC has been progressively reduced by 825% annually to the current level of 1,256 t. As part of the TAC, the bycatch quota for vessels over 15 metres was set at 25% of live weight of catch retained on board per trip. For much of this period (19992014), the TAC was higher than reported landings and therefore not effectively constraining catches. Skate and ray TACs were established for other EU waters in 2009, including the Skagerrak and Kattegat (ICES Division IIIa) and from the northwest coast of Scotland and North Ireland to Portuguese waters (ICES sub-areas VIIX). These TACs have also been gradually reduced since then. In 2013, the TAC for all skate and ray species grouped was 21,800 tonnes (regulations are available online at http://faolex.fao.org).In future, the status of this species needs to be monitored appropriately. Efforts should be made to collect reliable species-specific catch data and fisheries-independent data for this species. Besides, further research should be conducted on the population size, trend, taxonomy and harvest of the species.","This skate is not targeted by commercial fisheries, although it is taken as bycatch.","Dulvy, N.","Stehmann, M.F.W., Ellis, J., Walls, R. & Lynghammar, A.","Duffy, C.A.J., Ebert, D.A. & Stenberg, C.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,RAJIDAE,Dipturus,oxyrinchus,,Dipturus oxyrinchus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","There is a possibility that this species is a complex, similar to the Dipturus batis-complex (Iglesias et al. 2010), but further taxonomic work is required.",Yes,NT,,,,,,,"Longnosed Skate (Dipturus oxyrinchus) is a demersal species found on sandy or muddy bottoms at depths of 90−900 m. The large body size and inferred low intrinsic rate of population increase suggests that this skate will be highly sensitive to exploitation. Two genetically distinct subpopulations exist in the Mediterranean Sea and Northeast Atlantic. In the Northeast Atlantic, the depth range of this species extends down the continental slope to 900 m, but it is rarely encountered on the outer continental shelves. There are limited data on occurrence in Norwegian waters, the Faroes Grounds and the French and Iberian Atlantic shelves but nothing is known of current population trends in the Northeast Atlantic region. Historically, this species may have been more widely distributed in shelf areas. In the Mediterranean Sea, this species is found at depths > 200 m and is most frequently captured at depths of 200−500 m in research surveys. It is moderately abundant in the central and eastern Mediterranean Sea, but is now absent from the west. While there has been no indication of a decline in abundance for the last 20 years in Italian waters, it has been absent from research surveys from the Gulf of Lions since 1984 and it is now rarely captured in the shelf areas of the Adriatic Sea. The species is assessed as Near Threatened as, considering the status of other Dipturus species in the European region, the low catch levels in surveys and fisheries and the slow life history of the species, D. oxyrinchus is suspected to have declined by nearly 30% over the past 30 years (three-generation span), therefore being close to qualify as threatened under criterion A2bd. Further research is required to understand the taxonomic and population status of this species in both areas and management and monitoring are required.",Decreasing,"In the Northeast Atlantic this skate occurs on the outer continental shelf and continental slope from central Norway southwards (Heintz 1962, Stehmann and Bürkel 1984). It is found in the Barents Sea, in the Norwegian Sea mainly along the coastline south of latitude 65°N, and in very low numbers in the North Sea (Williams et al. 2008, ICES 2012). The species was last encountered in trawl surveys around the Faroe Islands in 2001, and is only occasionally caught on the Rockall Survey in offshore waters west of Scotland (ICES 2012). In the Bay of Biscay, Iberian waters, and the Azores and mid-Atlantic ridge, it is still encountered by fisheries and trawl surveys in low numbers. This skate was historically found throughout the Mediterranean Sea in both shelf and slope areas (Stehmann and Bürkel 1984), with the greatest survey catches occurring around the Corsica, Sardinia and Malta Islands, and throughout the eastern part of the basin including Dodecanese waters. By contrast it is not present in the western Mediterranean Sea, along the French and Spanish coasts, and the Northern Adriatic Sea (Serena et al. 2011). Its depth range is 90-900 m.","Two genetically distinct subpopulations exist in the Mediterranean Sea and the Northeast Atlantic.Northeast AtlanticLittle is known of the subpopulation status or trends in abundance in the Northeast Atlantic, but it is suspected to have declined or contracted in range. Between the late 1960s and 2002 United Kingdom groundfish surveys occasionally reported this species in the northern North Sea and Celtic Sea at depths of 111159 m. Catch rates over this time period were very low ranging between 0.01 and 0.11 individuals captured per hour of trawling (Ellis et al. 2005). In the Annual Autumn Bottom Trawl Surveys of the northern Norwegian Coast, 54 individuals were reported in 1994, and only two individuals were reported in 2005 (Williams et al. 2008). Along the northern coast of Norway from 19922005, Williams et al. (2008) caught a mean of 7.7 individuals per square kilometre. The catches in this study were relatively high, indicating that although the species is somewhat rare, local aggregations may occur. In and around the Bay of Biscay catches showed large fluctuations, ranging from zero tonnes in 1999, to 16 tonnes in 2002, and decreasing again to zero tonnes in 2010 (ICES 2012). Although information is limited, the sensitive life history characteristics and available data suggest that this subpopulation is declining in Northeast Atlantic waters.Mediterranean SeaIn the Mediterranean, the International Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean (MEDITS) preformed 6,336 tows between 1994 and 1999 over the entire European Mediterranean area and Morocco at a depth of 10800 m. This species was the second most abundant skate in this survey and was recorded in 3% of hauls in this area. It was found at depths ranging from 50 to 800 m, but was caught most frequently between 200 and 500 m in the western central Mediterranean Sea and eastwards in the Aegean Sea (Baino et al. 2001, Serena 2005, Serena et al. 2010). A longline survey in 2004 confirmed the presence of this species in the southeast Aegean Sea, around Rhodes between 300 and 400 m depth (Corsini-Foka 2009). This species was historically present in the Gulf of Lions, northwest Mediterranean Sea, where it was captured in 10% (n=27) of hauls, occurring between 1959 and 1972 (coast to 150 m depth) and was also present in the catches of surveys performed between 19801984. It was subsequently absent from 628 scientific tows done in the same area in the period 19851995 (Aldebert 1997). Similarly, in the Adriatic Sea, historical trawl surveys from 1948 showed that this species was present in 3.2% of hauls carried out on the continental shelf, while in a comparable MEDITS survey in 1998 reported that this species was absent from all hauls on the continental shelf (Jukic-Peladic et al. 2001). In the south Ligurian and north Tyrrhenian Seas this species has been found at depths ranging from 164750 m, and was mostly concentrated on the outer margin of the slope from 300400 m. Over this survey period, biomass has reportedly decreased while abundance remained stable. This suggests a change in population structure, with an increasing presence of juveniles in catches. Given the sensitive life history characteristics, evidence of significant population declines and apparent disappearance in some localised areas (likely due to fisheries pressure), this subpopulation is considered to be decreasing throughout the Mediterranean Sea.Considering the status of other Dipturus species in the European region, D. oxyrinchus is also inferred to be in decline, although to a lesser extent due to its smaller size, and it is suspected that the species has declined by nearly 30% over the past 30 years (three-generation span).","This demersal skate is found on sandy or muddy bottoms at depths ranging from 90900 m, and appears to be most abundant from 200500 m (Stehmann and Bürkel 1984, Baino et al. 2001).This egg laying skate has a spawning period from February to May (Stehmann and Bürkel 1984, Bauchot 1987, Notarbartolo di Sciara and Bianchi 1998, Serena et al. 2010), and produces egg cases between 10 and 15 cm in length. Size at birth is 17 cm total length (TL; Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Estimated length at 50% maturity was 83.2 cm TL for males and 104.4 cm TL for females (Serena et al. 2011). Both sexes are estimated to reach sexual maturity between six and eight years. Stehmann and Bürkel (1984) reported a maximum size of 150 cm TL. The generation length of this species is inferred from that of Barndoor Skate (which is slightly larger) to be around 10 years.","This is one of the larger bodied species of skate and it is thought to have declined from shelf areas, although this would be the shallower fringe of the bathymetric distribution. The large body size (150 cm), and presumably slow growth and later maturation and likely low intrinsic rate of population increase of this species render it especially vulnerable to exploitation such as trawling and at risk of local extinction (Walker and Hislop 1998, Dulvy et al. 2000, Dulvy and Reynolds 2002).Northeast AtlanticThere are no specific data available on threats, however it is inferred that, similar to other large-bodied skates, this species may be retained as bycatch in demersal trawl and longline fisheries, particularly in deeper waters. Although only large individuals may be landed for consumption, most size classes are likely to be taken in fishing nets. This species is caught and landed from offshore fisheries as reported by the United Kingdom, but data are unreliable. These landings are likely the result of misidentification or incorrect use of species codes (ICES 2012). Given recent restrictions on landing other members of this genus, recent data indicating increasing catches of this skate are questionable due to possible reporting of other species as Longnosed Skate (Dipturus oxyrinchus; ICES 2013). Mediterranean SeaThis skate is captured as bycatch in bottom trawl fisheries targeting Norway Lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) or Red Shrimp (Aristeus antennatus) and by offshore bottom longlines. Over the last 50 years, trawl effort has increased numerically and technologically in the shelf and slope area of the Mediterranean Sea. For example, the Gulf of Lions area was historically exploited by small-scale benthic trawl fisheries composed of 27 small, low-powered boats with a total of 2,700 horse power (hp), between 1974 and 1987 effort has increased to a total of 19,940 hp. In particular, fishing effort targeting small pelagic fish has increased (Aldebert 1997). The Adriatic Sea is subject to trawling by Italian, Croatian, Slovenian, and Albanian fleets, however, no landings data are available (Jukic-Peladic et al. 2001). The General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM), the main intergovernmental decision-making body on fishery management in the Mediterranean Sea, has made the decision to refrain from expanding deepwater fishing operations beyond the limit of 1,000 m. However this species occurs mostly from 200-500 m, thus deepwater fisheries development within the depth range of this species remains a cause for concern.","In 1999, the European Union (EU) introduced a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for skates and rays of 6,060 tonnes (t) for fisheries operating in the Norwegian Sea (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea [ICES] Division IIa) and North Sea (ICES sub-area IV) based on landing statistics from the previous five years. This TAC has been progressively reduced by 8−25% annually to the current level of 1,256 t. As part of the TAC, the bycatch quota for vessels over 15 meters was set at 25% of live weight of catch retained on board per trip. For much of this period (1999−2014), the TAC was higher than reported landings and therefore not effectively constraining catches. Skate and ray TACs were established for other EU waters in 2009, including the Skagerrak and Kattegat (ICES Division IIIa) and from the northwest coast of Scotland and North Ireland to Portuguese waters (ICES sub-areas VI−IX). These TACs have also been gradually reduced since then. In 2013, the TAC for all skate and ray species grouped was 21,800 tonnes (regulations are available online at http://faolex.fao.org).Further research should be conducted on the population size and trend of the species.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Dulvy, N.","Ellis, J., Abella, A., Serena, F., Stehmann, M.F.W. & Walls, R.","Ungaro, N., Tinti, F., Bertozzi, M., Mancusi, C., Notarbartolo di Sciara, G. & Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,BERYCIFORMES,DIRETMIDAE,Diretmichthys,parini,,Diretmichthys parini,"(Post & Quéro, 1981)",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"This fish is distributed circumglobally in tropical and temperate regions between 60°N-40S° from 200-2,100 m depth in the Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic it has been reported from Iceland, Ireland, Faroes, Portugal, Bay of Biscay (north Spain), Morocco, Madeira, and Canary Islands (Arronte and Heredia 2006). It has also been reported from the Sedlo Seamount in the Azores Archipelago (Menezes et al. 2012).","An uncommonly occurring deepsea fish that is occasionally taken in trawl fisheries. This species may be locally abundant at times.&#160;In a trawl survey conducted off the northwest African coast between the years 1962-1973, this species was only captured in one sample that consisted of 118 specimens, specifically off of Western Sahara and is therefore considered rare in the Eastern Atlantic region (Maurin and Quero 1982).","A deepsea fish with a maximum size of 37cm SL that occurs in the mesopelagic, bathypelagic, and benthopelagic zones where it feeds on small planktonic crustaceans. Juveniles are found near the surface from 0-200 m depth (Schneider 1990, Mundy 2005). Vakily et al. (2002) describes D. parini as bathypelagic with a maximum size of 40 cm TL off of West Africa. The preflexion larvae of this species have been reported at 3.2-6.0 mm NL, postflexion at 8.8 mm SL (Konishi 1999).","Occasionally taken as bycatch in deepsea trawl fisheries, but is not considered commercially important. There are no known major threats.",There are no known conservation measures in place.,The fish is not utilized.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Iwamoto, T.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,BERYCIFORMES,DIRETMIDAE,Diretmus,argenteus,,Diretmus argenteus,"Johnson, 1864",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Diretmus argenteus is distributed circumglobally between 60°N–40°S in the tropical through cold-temperate Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans from 250–2,600 m depth in mesopelagic tropical/temperate zones. In the eastern Atlantic, it is found from Iceland to the Azores and the Canary Islands. It is not recorded from the Mediterranean. This species is widely distributed and there are no known major threats. Therefore, D. argenteus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Diretmus argenteus is distributed circumglobally between 60°N—40°S in the tropical through cold-temperate Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans from 250–2,600 m depth (Post 1990). In the northeastern Atlantic, D. argetneus is found from Iceland to the Azores and the Canary Islands. It is not recorded from the Mediterranean (Post 1986, Brito 2002, Poteiro et al. 2010, Bordes et al. 2009). It is found at depths between 250 and 2,600 metres (Bordes et al. 2009, Porteiro et al. unpublished data).","This is an uncommonly-occurring deepsea fish that is occasionally taken in trawl fisheries and may be locally abundant at times (Moore in press). In a deepwater trawl survey off the coast of Ireland and on the Porcupine bank, only 5 specimens were captured in 2 years (Johnston et al. 2012).","This is a deep-sea fish which reaches a maximum size of 12.5 cm SL (Post 1992) that occurs in the deep pelagic zone where it feeds on small planktonic crustaceans (FAO ECA guide in prep JA Moore). Larvae and juveniles are found near the surface to 250 m depth, while adults are normally distributed from 500–700 m depth (Schneider 1990, Mundy 2005). In a diet study on Bigeye Tuna in the western tropical Atlantic, this species was considered an important prey item (Vaske et al. 2012). It is also a dominant prey item for swordfish in the western Indian Ocean (Marsac and Potier 2001). This species occurred in the diets of Swordfish (Clarke et al. 1995), Sowerby’s Beaked Whales (Pereira et al. 2011), and Common Terns (Granadeiro et al. 2002) that were captured off the Azores.",There are no known major threats to this species. It may sometimes be taken as bycatch (Schneider 1990).,"There are no known conservation measures for this species, although it may occur within marine protected areas that exist throughout its range. Research is needed into possible threats to the species before conservation need can be assessed.",This species is not utilized (FAO ECA guide in prep JA Moore). Schneider (1990) reported this species occurs as bycatch in trawl fisheries in the Gulf of Guinea.,"Harwell, H.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,BATHYLAGIDAE,Dolicholagus,longirostris,,Dolicholagus longirostris,"(Maul, 1948)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Dolicholagus longirostris is widespread in subtropical and tropical regions of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It has been recorded at depths ranging from 200 to 900 m. It is of no commercial interest to the fisheries industry, and it does not face any major threats at this time.  There are no known, species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Therefore, Dolicholagus longirostris is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Dolicholagus longirostris has a wide distribution in tropical and subtropical seas. In the western Atlantic, it is known from the Gulf of Mexico (Rass 1971). It is also known in the northwest Atlantic Ocean off Canada (Scott and Scott 1988).  In the northwest Pacific Ocean it occurs off the coasts of Japan (Masuda et al. 1984). This species is found from New Zealand in south west Pacific and in the eastern Pacific in the California Current region (Paulin et al. 1989, Moser and Ahlstrom 1996). This species has also been recently recorded off the northern Brazilian coast at the mouth of the Amazon River in its pre-flexion larval stage (Campos et al. 2007). In the northeastern Atlantic, it occurs from south of Portugal, Madeira, the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014) and the Canary Islands (Borges et al. 2009). Occurrence records suggest that this species is found north to the British Isles. Dolicholagus longirostris is associated with depths of between 200 and 950 m, but it is mostly found between 200 and 400 m.","In the northeastern Atlantic and adjacent regional waters, this species seems to be rare. Dolicholagus longirostris was collected during Leg 1 (5 June through 3 July) of the 2004 R/V G.O. Sars MAR-ECO expedition at the northern MAR from Iceland to the Azores. Only 4 specimens of this species were caught during this expedition, with 40.0 total wet weight in grams (Sutton et al. 2008).","Dolicholagus longirostris is a marine, bathypelagic species that occurs at a depth range between 200 and 945 m, usually found between 200 and 400 m (Uyeno et al 1983, Kobylyanskiy 1985).  This species is usually caught in small aggregations and exhibits daily vertical migrations. The maximum standard length for this species is 17.5 cm or 175 mm male/unsexed (Cohen 1990). It feeds on plankton (Cohen 1984). This species also exhibits an oviparous life cycle (Moser and Ahlstrom 1996).",Threats for this species are unknown.,"There are no known, species-specific conservation measures in place for Dolicholagus longirostris.  Though this species may have access to numerous marine protected areas due to its wide distribution, deep-water marine protected areas are likely to be of limited effectiveness (Bailey et al. 2009). Research into the population size and trends, the ecology and early life history traits and potential threats is needed for this species.",Dolicholagus longirostris is of interest to the fisheries industry (Paxton and Cohen 1999).,"Harwell, H.","Knudsen, S., Nielsen, J. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,OPISTHOPROCTIDAE,Dolichopteryx,longipes,,Dolichopteryx longipes,"(Vaillant, 1888)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Dolichopteryx longipes is vastly distributed in tropical and temperate seas around the world. There is limited population information, but this species is not utilized, commercially, and there are no known threats towards it. Its range overlaps with numerous MPAs. Dolichopteryx longipes is, therefore, assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Dolichopteryx longipes is distributed in temperate and tropical waters around the world (Quéro 1990). In North Atlantic, it is found at Reykjanes Ridge, Flemish Cap and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at about 45ºN, extending from off Ireland to the Canary Islands, Madeira, Azores (Porteiro et al. 2010, Carneiro et al. 2014) and Morocco (Kukuev 1982, Vinnichenko 1997). It is associated with depths of between 850 and 1,260 m.   .",There are virtually no data concerning the population size and trends in the northeastern Atlantic and adjacent regional waters. Porteiro et al. unpublished: 1 specimen in one pelagic tow on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.  Depth (m): 850-1260; Sz (n): 100 mm SL;,"Dolichopteryx longipes is an oceanic and mesopelagic species (Cohen 1984). The maximum recorded length for this species is 18 cm (Quero 1990) but it is common to 10 cm (F. Uiblein pers. comm 2014 e-mail). Dolichopteryx longipes feeds mostly on small crustaceans, particularly on copepods (Fitch and Lavenberg 1968).  Dolichopteryx longipes is paedomorphic and oviparous (Moser 1996), having planktonic larvae and eggs (Moser 1996, Cohen 1984). The spawning, fecundity and early life history traits are poorly understood for this species.",There are no known threats towards this species.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures established for D. longipes. However, its relatively vast distribution intersects with numerous marine protected areas (MPAs), although it is uncertain if the MPAs encompass a depth comparable to the preference of this fish that would make them effective for this species. A ban on trawling in certain areas and depths of the Mediterranean and Northeast Atlantic by the FAO-General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) and European Union Commission of Fisheries helps protect this species. Research is needed in the areas of population size and trends, ecology and early life history, as well as potential threats for this species.",This species is not targeted by the commercial fishing industry.,"Strongin, K.","Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,OPISTHOPROCTIDAE,Dolichopteryx,rostrata,,Dolichopteryx rostrata,Fukui & Kitagawa 2006,,No,DD,,,,,,,"Europe Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Doliochopteryx rostrata is a mesopelagic species found in the Atlantic Ocean. It was only recently described, so little is known about its population but it appears widely distributed. There are no known major threats. Therefore, D. rostrata is assessed as Data Deficient, pending population and distribution information in the northeastern Atlantic and surrounding, adjacent waters.",Unknown,"Dolichopteryx rostrata was described in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean from a single specimen collected off Ireland in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean (Fukui and Kitagawa 2006). Additional specimens have been recorded from off West Africa (Parin et al. 2009). It is likely more widely distributed than is currently known. The depth range for D. rostrata is 350 to 1,000 m (Parin et al. 2009).","This species has only recently been described, so little is known about its population.","Dolichopteryx rostrata is mesopelagic species, found at depths of 350 to 1,000 m (Parin et al. 2009). Specimens have ranged from 44 to 58 cm standard length (SL) (Parin et al. 2009). The diet, reproductive processes and early life history traits are poorly understood for this species.",There are no known major threats to this species.,"There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place.&#160;Research into the population size and trends, ecology and early life history, as well as potential threats is needed for this species.",Dolichopteryx rostrata is not utilized commercially.,"Strongin, K.","Uiblein, F.","Knudsen, S., Nielsen, J. & Kemp, J.R.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,ONEIRODIDAE,Dolopichthys,allector,,Dolopichthys allector,"Garman, 1899",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Dolopichthys allector is a widespread species, which within Europe is known only from Madeira and the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"Dolopichthys allector is distributed throughout the Atlantic and eastern Pacific Oceans. In the Atlantic, records are clustered in the north between 45-53oN, and in the far south between 36-40oS, although one specimen was captured in a trawl survey in the southern mid-Atlantic and Walvis Ridge at 4°40′S, 12°16′W (Kobyliansky et al. 2010). Within Europe, it is known from Madeira and a single specimen to the northeast of the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014). Most specimens were captured by gear fishing between 1,050-2,000 m depth (Pietsch 2009).",Dolopichthys allector is known from at least 15 female specimens (Pietsch 2009).,"Females of Dolopichthys allector have a maximum length of 15.4 cm SL and males are unknown (Pietsch 2009).  Oneirodids are solitary, meso- and bathypelagic anglerfishes. Females passively attract prey with a luring device. Males actively seek mates with their highly developed sense organs and temporarily attach themselves to the female (not parasitic) (Pietsch in prep).",There are no known major threats to Dolopichthys allector.,There are no known conservation measures for Dolopichthys allector.,Dolopichthys allector is not utilized. Oneirodids are not utilized (Pietsch in prep).,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,ONEIRODIDAE,Dolopichthys,danae,,Dolopichthys danae,"Regan, 1926",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Dolopichthys danae is a widespread species, which within Europe is known only from Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"This species is known from the tropical eastern Atlantic and has been recorded to depths of 600 to 2000 m (Pietsch 2009, Pietsch in press 2014). There is a single record from the northeastern Pacific that belongs to Oregon State University, but there are no other records of this species in the Pacific Ocean. Known from both sides of the North Atlantic between 30 and 40° N and the type locality at 8°N 44° W. Within Europe, it is only known from Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014).","This species is somewhat rare, a search of museum collection databases revealed three lots (FishNet2 database searched June 2014).","Dolopichthys danae is known from only female specimens, the largest known female specimen is 11.5 cm (SL).",There are no known species-specific threats to D. danae.,There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for D. danae.,"There is no use and trade information available for this species, although it is unlikely to be utilized.","Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Knudsen, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,ONEIRODIDAE,Dolopichthys,jubatus,,Dolopichthys jubatus,"Regan & Trewavas, 1932",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Dolopichthys jubatus is a widely-distributed species, which within Europe is restricted to the Azores and Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"This species has a cosmopolitan distribution in warm waters. Within Europe, it is known from the Azores and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014, Santos et al. 1997).",There is a lack of information regarding this species' population.,"This is a marine, bathypelagic species with a depth range of 690-1,353 m (Pietsch 2009).",There is a lack of information regarding threats to this species.,There is a lack of information regarding conservation actions for this species.,There is a lack of information regarding use and trade of this species.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,ONEIRODIDAE,Dolopichthys,longicornis,,Dolopichthys longicornis,"Parr, 1927",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"This species has a circumglobal distribution in temperate to tropical waters. Within Europe, it is only known from the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014).",There is a lack of information regarding this species' population.,"This is a marine, bathypelagic species, with a depth range of 1,375-2,200 m (Pietsch 2009).",There is a lack of information regarding threats to this species.,There is a lack of information regarding conservation actions for this species.,There is a lack of information regarding use and trade of this species.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,ONEIRODIDAE,Dolopichthys,pullatus,,Dolopichthys pullatus,"Regan & Trewavas, 1932",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"The fish is found in the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Oceans, as well as the Indian and Indo-Pacific Oceans. This species is found at depths of 1,375 to 2,200 m (Pietsch 2009). In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (the Azores archipelago; Carneiro et al. 2014).",No information available; presumably rare.,"Females reach a maximum known size of 15.4 cm SL, males are unknown (Pietsch in press).",No known threats.,None in place.,Not utilised.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Knudsen, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,SYNAPHOBRANCHIDAE,Dysomma,brevirostre,,Dysomma brevirostre,"(Facciolà, 1887)","This taxon has a curious, disjunct global distribution, recorded from the Mediterranean Sea, Florida and Hawaii. Taxonomic research is needed.",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Dysomma brevirostre occurs off Portugal, Madeira and throughout the Mediterranean. This species occurs to 650 m depth and is not utilized in the region. There are no major threats to D. brevirostre, although it is a minor bycatch component of the Sicilian red shrimp fishery. Dysomma brevirostre is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Dysomma brevirostre occurs on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean and off the Hawaiian Islands. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs from the southern coast of Portugal (Marques and Saldanha 1998) to the Madeira Islands (Lloris et al. 1991) and the Mediterranean (Smith and Castle 1990). In the Mediterranean Sea, this species has been recorded from the Balearic Islands, Catalonian Sea, Ligurian Sea (Sion et al. 2008), Algerian Basin (Massutí et al. 2004), Messina coast, Strait of Sicily, western Ionian Sea (along the coast of Italy) (Sion et al. 2008), Aegean Sea (Izmir Bay) (Aydin et al. 2009) and the coast of Israel (Golani 1996). This species has a depth range of 200–650 m (Saldanha and Bauchot 1986), although it has been found at depths to 1,000 m outside the region (Mundy 2005).","Dysomma brevirostre does not appear to be abundant in the Mediterranean basin, based on low frequencies of occurrence (Massuti et al. 2004). The occasional records of this species may be due to the ability of this species to escape from the sampling gear such as trawl nets and dredges, as well as to its naturally low population density (Sion et al. 2008); however, globally, this species is common and widespread but rare in collections (i.e., in localities sampled, individual counts of species) (K. Tighe pers comm. 2011).",Dysomma brevirostre is a benthopelagic that inhabits the upper-continental shelf (Smith and Castle 1990) over soft substrate (Mundy 2005) and muddy bottoms (K. Tighe pers comm. 2011). The maximum size is 26.5 cm TL (Saldanha and Bauchot 1986).,"There are no major threats to Dysomma brevirostre; however, this species is caught as minor bycatch in the Sicilian red shrimp fishery (Ragonese et al. 2001).","No specific conservation measures are in place for Dysomma brevirostre. However, this species’ range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014). This species is listed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean and Global IUCN Red List assessments.Dysomma brevirostre was regionally assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).",Dysomma brevirostre is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Karmovskaya, E. & Papaconstantinou, C.","Tighe, K.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,SYNAPHOBRANCHIDAE,Dysommina,proboscideus,,Dysommina proboscideus,"(Lea, 1913)","The synonym Leptocephalus proboscideus is based on an original description of a larva collected from the north Atlantic Ocean (34 59 N, 33 01 W); however, the genus Leptocephalus has often been used to refer to larval eels, and its validity is uncertain. It represents either a highly variable species or a complex of several closely related species. The Ilyophinae is not well known, and the variety of leptocephali of the L. proboscideus type is greater than had been suspected. Leptocephalus proboscideus may be the leptocephalus of Dysommina or something similar to Dysommina (Smith 1989). We follow the former assumption here.",No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Little is known of the fish, and it is considered Data Deficient. The fish (as the larval synonym, Leptocephalus proboscideus) was described based on an original description of a larva collected from the North Atlantic Ocean and is currently known only from larval specimens. The validity of the genus Leptocephalus is uncertain, as it has been used to refer to larval eels in general; it is suspected that this species should be placed in the genus Dysommina or something similar to Dysommina. The variety of leptocephali of the L. proboscideus type is greater than had been suspected, suggesting that it represents either a highly variable species or a complex of several closely related species. The Ilyophinae is not well known in general, and data on the distribution, population status, habitats and ecology of this species are lacking. It is therefore listed as Data Deficient. We recommend further research on its taxonomic standing, life history and population status.",Unknown,"The species, or species complex, is known from the western north Atlantic Ocean from the Gulf Stream and various locations including the Straits of Florida, the West Indies, the central Caribbean Sea, and from the central Atlantic Ocean from Bermuda to the Azores (Fahay 2006, Carneiro et al. 2014) and the Canary Islands (Smith 1989).",No information available on population size or trends. The original description was based on a single larval specimen (Smith 1989).,Ilyophines exhibit burrowing characteristic or may inhabit surface of muddy bottoms (K. Tighe pers comm. 2011).         There is very limited information available on this species' life history characteristics and specific habitat requirements. Found at depths from 0 to 150 m in the EU Caribbean.,There are no known species-specific threats.,There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Research required.,The fish is not utilised.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,OPHICHTHIDAE,Echelus,myrus,,Echelus myrus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Listed as Least Concern as Echelus myrus is widespread in the Mediterranean and Northeastern Atlantic, occurring from the Bay of Biscay to the Canary Islands and the Mediterranean Sea. It is a benthic, burrowing species that can inhabit depths to over 1,000 m. It is also listed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean Red List of Marine Fish.",Unknown,"Echelus myrus is widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, from Spain to Congo, including the Mediterranean Sea (Leiby 1990). In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs in the Bay of Biscay southward to the Canary Islands (Dooley et al. 1985, Leiby 1990). In the Mediterranean, this species is found from the Balearic Islands (Massuti and Renones 2005) to the Turkish coast (Sangun et al. 2007, Keskin et al. 2011), Tyrrhenian Sea (Cillari et al. 2012, Busalacchi et al. 2010) and the coast of Israel (Edelist 2012). This species has been recorded from  5–1,490 m (Gilat and Gelman 1984, Lloris and Rucabado 1998).","Echelus myrus is common species (Cillari et al. 2012) and has been caught in the Baearic Islands at depths of 800 m with a frequency of occurrence of 2% (Massuti and Renones 2005). In the Tyrrhenian Sea it has a mean density of 36.9 kg/km2, biomass index of 4.2 N/km2 and a frequency of occurrence of 6.8% and found at depths of 33–121 m (Busalacchi et al. 2010).   Cicek et al. (2006) reported 310 specimens, with lengths ranging from 4.4–49.5 cm TL, that were collected in the Babadillimani Bight, located at the west entrance of Mersin Bay (Turkey, north-east Mediterranean Sea), from May 1999 to April 2000. Fish were caught at depths between 20–100 m, using a commercial bottom trawl net (6 mm cod-end mesh size - tow duration restricted to 1–36 hauls).","Echelus myrus is a benthic species found burrowing in sand and mud on the continental shelf found mainly in estuaries and coastal lagoons. It burrows in sand with only the head protruding (Blache 1973, Schneider 1990). This species displays negative allometric growth (Cicek 2006). In Haifa and Cyprus this species has been observed at depths of 280–1,490 m (Gilat and Gelman 1984). The maximum recorded length for this species is 100 cm TL (Bauchot 1987). ","Echelus myrus is not a commercially fished species in the Northeastern Atlantic or Mediterranean and there are no major threats to Echelus myrus, however, has been shown to be subject of minor bycatch (Gurbet et al. 2013)","No specific conservation measures are in place for Echelus myrus. However, this species’ range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas (World Database on Protected Areas, accessed April 2014). This species was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean Regional Assessment.  Echelus myrus was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).",Echelus myrus is not a commercially fished species in the Northeastern Atlantic or Mediterranean. ,"Strongin, K.","Karmovskaya, E. & Papaconstantinou, C.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,TRACHINIDAE,Echiichthys,vipera,,Echiichthys vipera,"(Cuvier, 1829)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"Europe Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Echiichthys vipera is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is found along the coast of Morocco, the Canary Islands, and Madeira, northward into the Mediterranean, and along the Atlantic coast of Europe to Norway. This species appears to be experiencing northward shifts in its distribution which may be related to climate change. It is generally found to 50 m depth. It appears to be relatively common and abundant throughout its range, and does not appear to be commercially important in the Northeast Atlantic fishing zone. Therefor, E. vipera is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Echiichthys vipera is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is known from Norway south to Morocco, including Madeira, the Canary Islands, and the Mediterranean Sea (Smith in press). This species appears to be experiencing northward shifts in its distribution which may be related to climate change (Perry et al. 2005). It is generally found to 50 m depth.","Echiichthys vipera was the most abundant Trachinid found over sandy substrates in a Portuguese estuary, and was among the five most abundant species of the fish assemblage from the coastal zones adjacent to the Tagus and Douro estuaries, Portugal (Vasconcelos et al. 2004). It was most abundant during winter, during low tide, and during the day. It was among the most numerically important fishes found only in sandy habitats (Ribeiro et al. 2006). Echiichthys vipera was among the species most frequently caught demersal fishes in English waters between 1974 and 1991. Population abundance indices for 54 selected demersal species in English inshore demersal fish populations decreased in all sampled areas from 1974 to 1991 (Rogers and Millner 1996). However, a different study shows that Echilichthys vipera, which is considered a southern species, increased in abundance during the late 1980s and early-mid 1990s in the North Sea (Heessen 1996). Echiichthys vipera was the 13th most abundant fish species taken in a beam trawl survey of set cover the southern and eastern North Sea (ICES Division IVb and IVc), the English Channel (ICES Division VIId and VIIe), the Bristol Channel (ICES Divisions VIIf and VIIg) and the Irish Sea (ICES Division VIIa) (Rogers et al. 1999). This species is very abundant in the Southern North Sea (Heessen in prep. 2014, International Bottom Trawl Survey Data 2014). A comparison of catch rates of demersal fishes during beam trawl and otter trawl surveys carried out in the period 1990–1995 and 1906–1909 in the North Sea revealed marked declines in this species. Catch rates from 1906 to 1909 were 808.8 (individuals per hour of fishing), whereas from 1990 to 1995 catch rates ranged from 9.4 to 47.5 individuals (Rijnsdorp et al. 1996).  This species is considered an abundant benthic species off sandy beaches in the Azores, where it may a year-around resident. There was some evidence of movement and changing abundances (Santos and Nash 1995). Off the central coast of Portugal, this species was found to be most abundant in August (Cabral et al. 2003).","Echiichthys vipera inhabits sandy bottoms in littoral and shallow coastal waters, often burrowing in the substrate, moving into somewhat deeper depths during the winter. This species is considered the most dangerous of the European weevers, due to its occurrence near beaches and the poisonous dorsal-fin and gill-cover spines (Vasconcelos et al. 2004). Echiichthys vipera feeds mainly on small crustaceans and fishes (Smith in prep 2012). Specifically, the most important prey items were small crustaceans, primarily Mysidacea, Amphipoda, and Isopoda. Larger individuals fed on more diverse prey items (Vasconcelos et al. 2004). Echiichthys vipera is considered a characteristic species in sandbank habitats (Kaiser et al. 2004). It is occasionally found in estuaries, but is considered to be a primarily marine species (Maes et al. 2005). In the Sea of Marmara individuals ranged in size from 1.7 to 14.3 cm (the maximum size of this species is 15 cm) (Ozen et al. 2009).  Trachinids are littoral or benthic fishes which inhabit sandy or muddy bottoms, typically on the continental shelf but also at deeper depths of 150 to 200 metres. These fishes are typically encountered buried in the sediment with their eyes and venomous dorsal spines exposed. Envenomation can cause serious injuries or death. These fishes feed primarily on small invertebrates and fishes. Reproduction occurs during spring and summer. Eggs are oviparous, larvae are pelagic. Weeverfishes are typically taken in trawls and with various forms of artisanal gear such as traps, tines, and beach seines. They are consumed in many localities and marketed fresh (Smith in prep 2012).","Echiichthys vipera is likely taken as bycatch in demersal trawl fisheries in parts of its range, however there is no species-specific data available.",There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for E. vipera. Its distribution overlaps with marine protected areas. Echiichthys was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).,"This species does not appear to be utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic. Echiichthys vipera is frequently found in markets in the Eastern Central Atlantic, but is not of great commercial importance. Separate statistics are not reported for this species. It is caught mainly with bottom trawls and various types of artisanal gear such as traps, lines and beach seines (Smith in press).","Ralph, G.","Collette, B., Smith-Vaniz, W.F., Herrera, J., Fernandes, P. & Heessen, H.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MACROURIDAE,Echinomacrurus,mollis,,Echinomacrurus mollis,"Roule, 1916",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on the population size, trends, ecology and threats to the species. Further research should be conducted to establish the status of the species throughout its range.",Unknown,"Echinomacrurus mollis occurs along the east part of the mid-Atlantic Ridge, up to southern Iceland (Geistdoerfer 1986). Outside of European waters, it may also be found in the Western Indian Ocean. It occurs at depths ranging from 5,000 to 5,500 m.",There is no information on the population size and trends of this species.,"This is a bentho- to bathypelagic species inhabiting abyssal depths, which feeds on bathybenthic small crustaceans and polychaetes. It attains over 40 cm TL, but there are no data available on its reproduction (Geistdoerfer 1986).",There are no major threats to this species.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation measures in place, and it is not known if it is found in any protected areas. Further research should be conducted on the population size, trends, ecology and threats to the species.",This species is not utilized.,"García, M.","Conceicao Biscoito, M.J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,SQUALIFORMES,ECHINORHINIDAE,Echinorhinus,brucus,,Echinorhinus brucus,"(Bonnaterre, 1788)","Synonym = Echinorhinus (Rubusqualus) mccoyi Whitley, 1931.",No,EN,A2bcd,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) Bramble Shark (Echinorhinus brucus) is apparently a rare deepwater shark, with individual specimens recorded sporadically at widely dispersed localities. This species may be present at greater depths than it is commercially fished. It reaches a large size and although very little is known of its life history, it is likely a slow growing, late-maturing species with low overall productivity. In the Northeast Atlantic, it appears to have been eliminated from the continental shelf habitat early in the development of industrialised fisheries. There is possibly a substantial portion of the population in waters deeper than those reached by trawl fishing. There is no information on trends in abundance for the last few decades, nor is there evidence of recent captures despite widespread, intense trawling activity throughout the species’ former range, but it is suspected that the European population of Bramble Shark has undergone a decline of more than 50% over a century (approximately three generations), therefore classifying the species as Endangered under criterion A2bcd.",Decreasing,"This species is present almost worldwide. In the Northeast Atlantic, it occurs in coastal waters from Norway to Africa (Ebert and Stehmann 2013), including Portugal and Spain. In the Mediterranean Sea, it occurs off Spain, France, Italy, Algeria, Croatia, Malta and Turkey. Its depth range is 18-1,214 m.","Most records of this shark are historical (Quero and Emmonnet 1993, Quero and Cendrero 1996, Quero 1998, Kabasacal and Delyan 2011). There is little information on current population trends, though it is apparent that this species is currently quite rare throughout most of its former European range. Historically, it was present throughout much of the Mediterranean Sea, from the Gulf of Lions (Capapé 2000) to the Aegean Sea and Levantine Basin (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002). This species was common in the coastal waters of the Bay of Biscay (Arcachon) in the 18th century (Quero and Cendrero 1996, and references therein). At that time, it was considered one of the five ""big fish"" caught by dredge fishing (pêche du peugne) in November and December, suggesting that it was a significant portion of the catch. This shark might have been captured with nets from the continental shelf at depths of 15−65 m. In the 19th century, reports indicated that this species was discarded in Arcachon, and by the end of the 19th century it was rarely caught in this area. In the 20th century, only six specimens were recorded from the Bay of Biscay. In the Mediterranean Sea, this species is reported sporadically from the western central and northeast areas (Boero and Carli 1979, Bilecenoglu et al. 2002, De Maddalena and Zuffa 2003, Storai 2004, Kabasakal and Delyan 2011). In the Gulf of Lion - another heavily exploited trawl-fishing ground - Bramble Shark was detected in the 1940s, but not in later decades (Aldebert 1997). In the Gulf of Naples, retired Italian bottom longline fishermen called this species ‘Fico d’india’, but the current generation of fishermen no longer do (Psomadakis et al. 2009). In Turkish waters, this species was caught in high numbers at the beginning of the 20th century (Kabasakal and Delyan 2011). Its meat was sold and consumed locally. Now, this shark is detected only sporadically in these waters. It is likely that similar patterns of decline occurred early in the development of European fisheries elsewhere in European Union (EU) waters (i.e., Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea), but equally detailed historical accounts of this shark in these areas do not exist. Hence, this species appears to have been eliminated from the shelf seas of EU waters almost unnoticed. It is suspected that the European populations of Bramble Shark have undergone a decline of more than 50% over a century (approximately three generations).","This bottom-dwelling shark occurs on upper and middle continental slopes, mainly at depths of 400−900 m (based on relatively few captures), but it has also been taken in water as shallow as 18 m (Boero and Carli 1979, Lipej et al. 2004, Ebert and Stehmann 2013) and as deep as 1,214 m (Kabasakal 2005). It is considered a fairly sedentary, slow moving shark, though it may be capable of short rushes to capture prey (e.g., fish and crustaceans). Little is known about the reproductive cycle of this shark. It is live bearing and embryos rely on the yolk sac for nutrition. Litters of 15−26 pups are born at a total length (TL) of 24−50 cm (Quero 1998, Ebert and Stehmann 2013). The maximum size for this species is around 310 cm TL. It has a long generation length of more than 30 years, similar to other large-bodied deepwater species.","This shark is likely the unreported bycatch of several deepwater trawl and longline fisheries. Given the long generation time of this species, it is sensitive even to very low levels of fishery exploitation. ","No species-specific management or conservation measures are currently in place. This species is not listed as one of the deepwater sharks protected by the EU zero Total Allowable Catch limitation on European Commission vessels (CEC 2012). In 2013, the EU banned the removal of shark fins on board vessels (CEC 2013), in line with advice from the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission’s Shark Specialist Group and other shark fishery experts, in order to enhance enforcement of the 2003 EU ban on shark finning (CEC 2003) and facilitate improved shark fishery data collection.Monitoring should be undertaken on the harvest of this species.","At the beginning of the 20th century, its meat was sold for consumption locally in the Mediterranean region (Kabasakal and Delyan 2011). Its meat has also been used for fishmeal and its liver oil for medicinal purposes in South Africa","Dulvy, N. & Walls, R.","Ferretti, F. & Buscher, E.","Paul, L.J.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,CARAPIDAE,Echiodon,dentatus,,Echiodon dentatus,"(Cuvier, 1829)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) This deep water species is known from the Mediterranean Sea and Madeira. It may be caught in by-catch, but it is a slender species that apparently escapes relatively easily from trawl nets. While it is considered uncommon, E. dentatus is assessed as Least Concern, as it does not seem threatened.",Unknown,"Echiodon dentatus is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it occurs from the Iberian peninsula southward to the equator. It is found throughout the Mediterranean Sea, including the Adriatic Sea (Trott and Olney 1986) and Aegean Sea (Filiz et al. 2007). It also occurs near Madeira and south of the Azores (Great Meteor Tablemount), although these records are listed as indeterminate (Porteiro et al. 2010). Echiodon dentatus is associated with depths of between 120 and 3,250 m (Nielsen et al. 1999); in the Mediterranean Sea, E. dentatus may be more frequently found at depths of 100 and 300 m (Golani et al. 2006).",Echiodon dentatus is listed as uncommon (Nielsen et al. 1999). There are 69 recorded occurrences in Fishbase. There is no further population information available.,"This is an uncommon benthic species (Nielsen et al. 1999). The adults are benthic and the juveniles are free-swimming (Wheeler 1979). The longest individual on record measures 25 cm total length (TL) (Olney and Markle 1979). Echiodon dentatus exhibits a marked preference for canyon and steep slope terrain (Stefanescu et al. 1994). The larvae for E. dentatus are vexillifers (Olney and Markle 1979).  Larval vexillifers of E. dentatus ingest calanoid copepods and small crustaceans (Olney and Markle 1979). In the closely related sister species, Echiodon exsilium, shrimp and crab make up the bulk of adult individual's diets (Parmentier and Vandewalle 2003). Spawning may be protracted in many areas of its range, and the larval period is most likely longer than other comparable fishes (Olney and Markle 1979).","This is a species with no commercial interest. It is caught as incidental bycatch by trawls, but not in large amounts.","There are no specific conservation measures for this species. However, this species may be found in Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) within its distribution range. Echiodon dentatus has recently been listed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Malak et al. 2011). Its range overlaps with several marine protected areas. More research into the population size and trends, ecology and early life history traits, as well as potential threats is needed for this species.",This species is not utilized commercially.,"Ralph, G.","Uiblein, F., Knudsen, S. & Nielsen, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,CARAPIDAE,Echiodon,drummondii,,Echiodon drummondii,"Thompson, 1837",,No,LC,,,,,,,European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) The species is widespread and common and there are no known threats. Therefore it is assessed as Least Concern.,Stable,"Echiodon drummondii is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is distributed from the coasts of southern Norway to western Denmark, the British Isles (Nielsen et al. 1999), and the northern Bay of Biscay. It has also been reported from Iceland (Jonsson 1992), Morocco, Portugal, and the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014), although these need to be confirmed.  It is associated with depths ranging from 52 to 403 m (Williams and Shipp 1982).",Echiodon drummondii is considered a relatively common species throughout most of its range (Nielsen et al. 1999).,"Echiodon drummondii is a free-living (or possibly facultative commensual), benthic species of fish, growing to over 41 cm (Nielsen et al. 1999). It is assumed to feed on small invertebrates and fish (Nielsen et al. 1999, Muus and Nielsen 1999). The eggs are ovid-shaped and are pelagic and buoyant; they are smooth and not sticky (Russell 1976).  Little is known about the spawning, fecundity or early life history of this species.",There are no known threats towards E. drummondii. It is of no interest to commercial fishing industries.,"There are no speices-specific conservation measures in place for E. drumondii. However, its range intersects with a number of marine protected areas. It is listed on the Norwegian Red List as LC. Further research into the population size and trends, ecology and early life history, as well as the potential threats is needed for this species.",Echiodon drummondii is of no interest to commercial fisheries (Nielsen et al. 1999).,"Harwell, H.","Knudsen, S., Nielsen, J. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Echiostoma,barbatum,,Echiostoma barbatum,"Lowe, 1843",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Echiostoma barbatum is a bathypelagic species that is found circumglobally. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs from Portugal to about 45°N.  There are no records from trawl surveys in the region (bottom or pelagic trawls) but there are no major threats to E. barbatum. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Echiostoma barbatum is a circumglobal species occurring 30–4,200 m depth (Gibbs 1984, Mundy 2005). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, E. barbatum ranges from Portugal to about 45°N (Gibbs 1984, Gibbs and Barnett 1990).",There are no records from trawl surveys in the region (bottom and pelagic) (S. Kobyliansky and J. Gil Herrera pers comm. 2013).,"Echiostoma barbatum is an important second level predator in the Gulf of Mexico (Krueger and Gibbs 1966). Female individuals are generally much larger than male individuals (Fisher 1983). Echiostoma barbatum is known to be prodantric, with the male gonads developing first and later developing female reproductive organs (Fisher 1983). There is a marked difference in the number of females than males in a population, the females outnumbering the males at approximately 2:1, possibly due to a higher mortality rate in males of  the species (Krueger and Gibbs 1966a). As a member of the Melanostomiinae family, it is likely that this species of fish migrates from bathypelagic to epipelagic waters during the nocturnal hours, but there is no definitive evidence that this particular species engages in this activity (Sutton and Hopkins 1996b). This species of fish is thought to be piscivorous, as well as consume myctiphids (Hopkins et al. 1996, Sutton and Hopkins 1996) The maximum recorded size for this species is 36.8 cm SL (Gibbs and Barnett 1990).",There are no major threats to this species in the region.,There are currently no conservation efforts in place to protect this species.,This species is not utilized in the northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Kobyliansky, S. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,ALEPOCEPHALIDAE,Einara,edentula,,Einara edentula,"(Alcock, 1892)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: DD Einara edentula is a rare but widely distributed deep sea species. In the northeastern Atlantic, E. edentula is known from scattered records between southern Iceland and the Canary Islands, including the Azores and Madeira. Little is known about its population status or ecology. There are no known major threats. However, given that records from the assessment region are isolated and scattered, E. edentula is listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Einara edentula is a known from scattered records in the Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it is known from the Azores and Madeira (Markle and Quéro 1984, Carneiro et al. 2014), as well as records from the mesopelagic waters between southern Iceland and the Canary Islands. It is mostly known from 700 to 2,000 (Markle and Quéro 1984, Markle and Sazonov 1990).","Einara edentula is a rare species, known only in the assessment region from isolated records near the Azores and Madeira.","Einara edentula is  mesopelagic, mostly known from nets fishing at 700 to 2,000 m (Markle and Sazonov 1990). The maximum recorded size is 20.3 cm (Markle and Sazonov 1990).",There are no known major threats for this species.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place.,This species is not utilized.,"Ralph, G. & Stump, E.","Nielsen, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,ALEPOCEPHALIDAE,Einara,macrolepis,,Einara macrolepis,"(Koefoed, 1927)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: DD Einara macrolepis is circumglobal, though it is only known from the Azores and Madeira in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. It is a rare, pelagic deep sea species, and little is known about its population status, habitats, or ecology. At this time this species is not utilized and there are no known threats to E. macrolepis. However, given that records from the assessment region are isolated and scattered, E. macrolepis is listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Einara macrolepis is a circumglobal deep sea species (Markle and Quéro 1984), though it is known mostly from the eastern Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it is known only from isolated records around Madeira, Azores (Markle and Quéro 1984, Carneiro et al. 2014, Porteiro et al. in press) and Canary Islands. This species is bathypelagic with a depth range of 1,300 to 2,000 m (Markle and Quéro 1984).",Einara macrolepis is a rare species.,"Einara macrolepis is found pelagically at depths of 1,300 to 2,000 m  (Markle and Quéro 1984).  There is little species-specific information available, but alepocephalid species typically prey on a variety of items including ctenophores, crustaceans, echinoderms, polycheates, decapods, tunicates, and fishes (Hartel in press). The maximum recorded size is about 22 cm (Markle and Quéro 1984)",There are no known threats to this species.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place, however, this species distribution overlaps with marine reserves in its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010).&#160; It is unknown if the marine protected areas cover the depth this species occupies.","At present, this species is not known to be utilized.","Ralph, G.","Nielsen, J. & Hulley, P.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CARANGIDAE,Elagatis,bipinnulata,,Elagatis bipinnulata,"(Quoy & Gaimard, 1825)",,No,,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: NA Elagatis bipinnulata is a widely distributed species which appears to be rare within the assessment region encompassing the northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea. It is known from the offshore Islands of the Canaries and the Azores, however there is little published information from these regions indicating that it is perhaps rare from those localities as well. Therefore, E, bipinnulata is assessed as Not Applicable.",Unknown,"Elagatis bipinulata is circumtropical in marine waters. In the eastern Atlantic Ocean, the distribution of this species not well known. Records have been confirmed from the Azores, Canary islands (very rare), Cape Verde, Ascension and St Helena islands, and the Côte d’Ivoire Coast to Angola (Smith-Vaniz in press). The only record from the Mediterranean is from 1846, when ten animals were caught near Genoa (Debelius 1997). Depth range 1 to at least 150 m.","In the eastern Atlantic this species is only known from tropical offshore islands. The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) does not collect species-specific data on carangids for mapping purposes. All carangid data are lumped to the family level, indicating that these species are not likely to be important in European waters. Aggregate catch data from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) for the Rainbow Runner from 1950 to 2010 indicate an increasing trend in catches with peaks in 1968 at 11,200 mt, fluctuations in landings followed this peak. The overall trend is increasing catches with the highest peak recorded in 2010 at 20,754 mt. Elagatis bipinnulata is well represented in museum collections (Accessed through the Fishnet2 Portal 2014 August).","Elagatis bipinnulata is a pelagic species which is found mainly near the surface, over reefs or sometimes offshore. It may form large schools. Prey items include invertebrates and fish. This species reaches a maximum size of 107 cm (FL), however it is common to 80 cm (FL) (Smith-Vaniz 2002). Spawning is thought to occur throughout the year in the Indo-Pacific and Western Atlantic, with a peak in larval/juvenile capture in March in the Indo-Pacific and in every month except May and December in the Western Atlantic (Okiyama 1970, Aprieto 1974, Yesaki 1979). Elagatis bipinnulata may form spawning aggregations; It has been observed to exhibit pair courtship in Belize, in schools of up to ~300 fish (Graham and Castellanos 2005). In São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago, length at first sexual maturity for females was estimated at 64.6 cm (FL). Spawning period in the area occurs during the first semester of the year (Pinheiro et al. 2011). Maximum size is up to 107 cm (possibly even 120 cm) fork length and 10.5 kg, however it is common to 80 cm fork length. All-tackle International Game Fish Associationg (IGFA) world angling record 17.05 kg (Smith-Vaniz in press).",Elagatis bipinnulata is taken as bycatch in the tuna purse seine fisheries (Rajruchithong et al. 2005). There are no indications at present time of regional and global declines from harvesting.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for E. bipinnulata. Its distribution likely overlaps with marine protected areas throughout its range.,"Elagatis bipinnulata is a commercially important species in parts of its range (Yesaki 1979). However it is poorly known from the northeastern Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea assessment zone and does not appear to be utilized.","Harwell, H.","Herrera, J. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Electrona,risso,,Electrona risso,"(Cocco, 1829)","This species is also known as Electrona rissoi (Fischer et al. 1987, Quignard and Tomasini 2000).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Electrona risso is widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic from the United Kingdom to Namibia. It is a common mesopelagic species found in depths from 90 to 750 m, with major spawning seasons peaking at the end of summer and early fall. It is not utilized commercially and there are no known major threats, although it may be caught as bycatch in parts of its range. It is, therefore, assessed as Least Concern. ",Stable,"Electrona risso occurs in the peripheral-bicentral areas of all oceans (Becker 1983). It is generally restricted to between 10°C and 15°C isotherms at 200 m, where primary productivity is greater than 50 g carbon m-2y-1.  It can be found in the area between 36°N and 23°S, but it is absent from 32°N to 20°N, in the southern gyre and in the Benguela upwelling region.  In the Atlantic, it is found east of 40°W between 60°N and 52°S, though it is absent from the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, and the Sargasso Sea (Hulley and Paxton in press). In the eastern Atlantic, this species is distributed from the United Kingdom to Namibia (Becker 1983, Hulley 1990). It is also found throughout the Mediterranean Sea (Hulley 1984, Quignard and Tomasini 2000). Electrona risso can be found at depths ranging from 90 to 750 m (Hulley and Paxton in press).","This species is fairly common. In the Atlantic, this species is fairly common, as indicated by mid-water trawl surveys (Fock et al 2004). In east Ionian Sea, the frequency of occurrence for this species is 1.9% (abundance = 0.1/h) in 145 trawl hauls of 1 hour each (Mytilineou et al. 2005). MEDITS (Spain): There are three records of this fish in 20 years. Length: 4.33 to 5.0 cm (TL) (L. Gil de Sola pers. comm. 2013). In the mid-Atlantic ridge, eight specimens were found in three trawls (pelagic trawl) that were recorded (Kobyliansky et al. 2010). Larvae are very common and very abundant in Greek Seas (C. Papaconstantinou pers. comm. 2013).","Electrona risso is a common mesopelagic species, present in the sound scattering layers. During the day, this species occurs from 225 m to 700 m, and at night it is distributed from 90 m to 375 m and 400 m to 600 m. In the Mediterranean, this species is oceanic and mesopelagic (Fischer et al. 1987). It occurs between 700 and 750 m in daytime and between 150 and 200 m and 400 to 700 m at night (Fischer et al. 1987). It has been recorded at 614 m in the east Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005).The maximum length for this species is 9 cm (TL) (Hulley and Paxton in press).In the eastern Atlantic, this species is oceanic, mesopelagic and performs diel migrations from as deep as 225 to 750 m during the day, up to 90 to 550 m during the night for feeding purposes (Hulley and Paxton in press). Electrona risso is mature around 5.9 cm (TL) (Hulley 1984). Spawning peaks during the summer and autumn (Hulley 1984). Individuals that are found in the Pacific Ocean spawn year-round (Moser and Ahlstrom 1996). In the Mediterranean Sea, individuals spawn mainly during the summer and autumn (Hulley 1984).",There are no known major threats.&#160;This species is not used by fisheries but it is caught as bycatch by pelagic trawls (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm.).,"No specific conservation measures are in place for this species. However, this species may be found in marine protected areas within its distribution range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Legislative regulation of the pelagic fishery is implemented (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm.). Research into the population dynamics and ecology of this species is needed. This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",This species is not commercially exploited.,"Strongin, K.","Papaconstantinou, C., Costa, M., Munroe, T. & Kobyliansky, S.","Massuti, E., Papaconstantinou, C., Keskin, Ç., Palmeri, A. & de Sola, L.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,MURAENIDAE,Enchelycore,anatina,,Enchelycore anatina,"(Lowe, 1838)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Enchelycore anatina is widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic including the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Madeira and is also found in Mediterranean Sea. Although it is widespread, it appears to be relatively uncommon. No major threats have been identified for Enchelycore anatina and its distribution overlaps with marine protected areas. Therefore, it is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Enchelycore anatina is widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. This species occurs from Portugal, Madeira and the Azores, and the Canary Islands, (Ben-Tuvia and Golani 1984, Lipej et al. 2011). Enchelycore anatina also occurs in the Mediterranean in the southern and eastern Adriatic Sea (Lipej et al. 2011), Hellenic Seas (Pancucci-Papadopoulou et al. 2005, Corsini-Foka 2010, Guidetti et al. 2012), the southern coast of Turkey, Syrian, Cyprus and the Levant Sea (Ben-Tuvia and Golani 1984). The depth range for this species is 0 to 60 m (Guidetti et al. 2012).","Enchelycore anatina is a rare species. Although records are becoming more frequent (Golani et al. 2002), it is highly probable that Enchelycore anatina has been overlooked in all previous studies. Underwater observations from Turkey suggest that E. anatina can be widespread and locally abundant (Bilecenoglu 2010). It is thought to be introduced to Greece and therefore possibly the rest of the Mediterranean Sea (Golani et al. 2002)","Enchelycore anatina is a demersal species found occasionally among rocks and rubble to about 60 m depth and feeds on other fish, molluscs and crustaceans (Maigret and Ly 1986, Guidetti et al. 2012). The maximum size for this species is 120 cm (Golani et al. 2002).","No major threats have been identified for Enchelycore anatina. However, coastal pollution is a potential threat.","There are no species specific conservation measures in place for Enchelycore anatina. This species is present in marine protected areas that occur within its distribution (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014).",Enchelycore anatine is not a commercially fished species in the region.,"Strongin, K.","Papaconstantinou, C. & Karmovskaya, E.","Smith, D.G. & Harwell, H.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,LOTIDAE,Enchelyopus,cimbrius,,Enchelyopus cimbrius,"(Linnaeus, 1766)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Enchelyopus cimbrius is found in the Atlantic Ocean. In the eastern Atlantic Ocean, this species is distributed in the eastern Atlantic from Norway and Iceland south to British Isles and northern Bay of Biscay (70oN to 20oN) including the Canary Islands and Madeira. It is found over a variety of substrates at depths typically ranging between 20 to 900 m,  however it is most common at depths between 20 and 50 m. This species is widespread and appears to be common. There have been documented localized population declines in parts of the Baltic Sea, which is reflected in the Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission, Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) regional assessment category of Near Threatened in the Baltic Sea. Elsewhere populations appear to be stable. Enchelyopus cimbrius is taken as bycatch in parts of its range. It is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range. Therefore, it is listed as Least Concern. There is a need to better understand the population trends in the Baltic Sea.",Unknown,"Enchelyopus cimbrius is found in the Atlantic Ocean. In the eastern Atlantic Ocean, this species is distributed from Norway and Iceland south to British Isles and northern Bay of Biscay (70oN to 20oN). Its range extends south to Cape Blanc, Mauritania. There are additional records from the Canary Islands and Madeira which remain to be verified (T. Iwamoto pers. comm. 2012). Enchelyopus cimbrius inhabits a depth range usually found between 20 to 900 m (Moore et al. 2003). However, it is most often found between the depths of 20 and 50 m (Cohen et al. 1990).","Enchelyopus cimbrius is considered common. In a study published in 1996, assessing the assemblages and distribution of inshore English fish, the mean catch rate for this species was 0.001, 0.010 and 0.005, respectively, in the three regions located around England (Rogers and Millner 1996). In 1979, E. cimbrius was thought to be fairly common in its native range (Cohen and Russo 1979). In a study published in 1999, it was determined that E. cimbrius has actually increased in occurrence (a function of the linear relationship between standard catch rate and time in years) within its natural range (Jennings et al. 1999). There have been some documented population declines in the Baltic Sea, and as a result this species was assessed as Near Threatened in the Baltic Sea by the Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (HELCOM) in 2013. This species is primarily distributed in marine waters, but can also be found in the brackish waters of the Baltic Sea. Bottom trawl surveys in the Kattegat show a 54% decrease in abundance during the assessment period, from 1995 to 2010. German trawl surveys from Arkona basin (ICES SD 24) and the Belt Seas (ICES SD 22) show no trend while Swedish trawl survey data show a tendency for decline since 2001 in the same area. It is possible that the decrease in Kattegat is due to a resume to more natural values CPUE in trawling catches during 1997 to 2000. However data from 1991 to 2010 still display a significant decrease of 54 % (HELCOM Baltic Sea Assessment). It is not known why this species has exhibited population declines in the Baltic Sea. scientific surveys in the Arkona basin showed no trend. It may be threatened by bycatch. Scientific surveys in the Bay of Biscay also show no trend in catch rates for this species over the past 15 years (1991 to 2009) (IFREMER 2013).","Enchelyopus cimbrius is a benthic fish as an adult. It is most often sedentary on mud or soft bottoms on the continental slope, and it often frequents shallow waters near shores. Juveniles are pelagic (Iwamoto and Cohen 2002). The depth range of this species is 20 m to 650 m (Cohen 1990). Enchelyopus cimbrius feeds primarily on flatfishes, amphipods, decapods, copepods, mysids, shrimps, isopods and other small crustaceans (Cohen et al. 1990). Enchelyopus cimbrius migrates inshore in autumn and winter and offshore during spring and summer. Enchelyopus cimbrius migrates to shallower waters in autumn and winter, then back to deeper waters in spring and summer. Spawning season is prolonged, from January through September, with the duration varying with area (Iwamoto and Cohen 2002). Spawning occurs primarily in the Baltic Sea (Muus and Nielsen 1999). Growth is relatively slow for this species, about 15 cm at 3 years, 20 cm at 5 years, 25 cm at 7 years, and 29 to 30 cm at 9 years. First maturity is at 3 years (Cohen et al. 1990). A generation length of 5 years was used in the 2013 assessment of this species in the HELCOM region, the Baltic Sea. Spawning is prolonged, occurring from January to August or even later. The larvae are silvery and pelagic. The maximum size recorded is 41 cm (TL), however this species is more common to lengths of 30 cm (TL). The maximum age recorded is 9 years (Cohen et al. 1990). The length at first maturity for this species is 25 cm.","Enchelyopus cimbrius is not a targeted species, however it is taken as bycatch in a number of fisheries, particularly demersal trawl fisheries targeting species such as cod. In the Baltic Sea, this species has been listed as Near Threatened (HELCOM 2013 Red List Assessment).","Enchelyopus cimbrius has undergone regional Red List assessment in the HELCOM Region/Baltic Sea in 2013. It was assessed as Near Threatened based on estimated declines of 27% in the region. Population declines were estimated using data showing declines in CPUE of 54% in the Kattegat over the past 15 years, pooled with data from surveys in the Arkona Sea and the Belt Sea (HELCOM 2013 Red List Assessment). It is not known why this species has declined in scientific surveys in the Kattegat. Additionally, this species has been assessed as Least Concern in the Norwegian Red List. It is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range.","This species may be utilized in some parts of its range (Cohen et al. 1990). The filet of this fish is sometimes mixed with soups and other hot-smoked food items (Cohen et al. 1990). There are conflicting opinions on the use and trade of E. cimbrius. This species may be utilized in some parts of its range, sometimes mixed with soups and other hot-smoked food items (Cohen et al. 1990). On the other hand, there are reports that this species is only incidentally caught as bycatch in trawl fisheries and is of no commercial value (Iwamoto and Cohen 2002).","Strongin, K.","Nedreaas, K., Lorance, P., Cook, R., Fernandes, P., Florin, A. & Nielsen, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CLUPEIFORMES,ENGRAULIDAE,Engraulis,albidus,,Engraulis albidus,"Borsa, Collet & Durand, 2004",The validity of this species is questionable (K. Carpenter pers. comm. 2013). There is controversy whether this species is a valid species or an ecomorph of E. encrasicolus (T. Munroe pers. comm. 2013).,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Engraulis albidus was described from the Mediterranean in 2004. However, the taxonomic status of this species is questioned by some scientists, specifically suggesting that this may be an ecomorph of E. encrasicolus. Further research is needed on its validity. As described, E. albidus inhabits inshore waters, brackish lagoons, and estuaries in the northwestern Mediterranean. Threats to this species are unknown but given its habitat preferences, it may be threatened by coastal development and estuarine degradation. If this is a valid species, it is probably exploited as with other anchovies in the area. In light of the unknown but potential threats from habitat modification and exploitation, lack of population data and uncertainties in the taxonomic standing of this species, Engraulis albidus is listed as Data Deficient.  ",Unknown,"Engraulis albidus is known from southern France and the northern Adriatic Sea (Borsa et al. 2004). However, E. albidus was only recently described based on positive identifications using genetic and morphologic markers (Borsa et al. 2004), and, if valid, it may be more widely distributed than is currently known. It is known from depths of less than 50 metres (Borsa et al. 2004).   ","This species is an inshore species, in contrast to the offshore species E. encrasicolus. It has only been described based on 29 specimens. There is no additional population information available (Borsa et al. 2004). ","Engraulis albidus is a pelagic species which is known from inshore waters, brackish lagoons and estuaries in the northwestern Mediterranean. It is frequently observed in brackish lagoons from the beginning of spring to the end of summer. In autumn, it leaves the lagoons for nearby coastal marine waters. Sexually mature individuals of standard lengths between eight and nine centimetres spawn in lagoons in the summer (Borsa et al. 2004).","Threats to this species are unknown but, given its habitat preferences, it may be threatened by coastal development and estuarine degradation. Given its distribution and the economic importance of the similar E. encrasicolus, it is likely that E. albidus is experiencing many of the same exploitation pressures as E. encrasicolus.","This species distribution overlaps with marine protected areas in parts of its range and fisheries regulations (EU regulations) in place in parts of its range (Adriatic). There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for E. albidus, however, E. encrasicolus is a closely managed species of high commercial importance and regulations protecting stocks of E. encrasicolus, such as seasonal closures, total allowable catches, minimum size regulations and spawning ground protections are likely to afford E. albidus some protection.","It is not known if this species is commercially exploited. If this is a valid species, it is probably exploited as with other anchovies in the area (T. Munroe pers comm. 2013).","Ralph, G.","Cook, R., Fernandes, P., Florin, A., Lorance, P. & Nedreaas, K.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CLUPEIFORMES,ENGRAULIDAE,Engraulis,encrasicolus,,Engraulis encrasicolus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC This species is found in Europe from along the eastern Atlantic, from Norway to South Africa, and in the entire Mediterranean and Black and Azov Seas. It has been recorded at depths ranging from 0 to 400 metres, but typically occurs in waters shallower than 50 metres. With an age at maturity is 1 year and longevity is 3 to 4 years, this species is capable of extremely fast reproductive turnover. This is a highly commercial, relatively high-value species which is targeted throughout its range. This species is considered overexploited in parts of its range, however it is subject to fisheries management efforts including Total Allowable Catches (TACs), minimum size restrictions, fisheries closures, and stock assessments and evaluations. Engraulis encrasicolus is listed as Least Concern.",Decreasing,"The European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) is widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic, from Norway to South Africa, including the offshore islands. It is also known from the western Indian Ocean, including Mauritius (Whitehead et al. 1988). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it is known from Norway to Madeira and the Canary Islands, and throughout the entire Mediterranean, Black and Azov seas (Whitehead et al. 1988). Further genetic studies are necessary to ascertain the presence of E. encrasicolus in other regions in the eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean (Borsa et al. 2004).  Small pelagic fish in all shelf areas surrounding Europe from the North African upwelling and the Black Sea north to the Baltic Sea and southern Norwegian coasts are shifting their distributions to the north. Anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus, E. albidus) and Sardine (Sardina pilchardus) species invaded the North Sea in the mid-1990s, and have since established spawning populations (ICES 2012).","Population structure Unusually strong geographic structure has been noted in this species, which does not correspond with management units. Northeastern Atlantic anchovy are genetically distinct from the Mediterranean E. encrasicolus. In the Northeast Atlantic biological data suggest the presence of two spawning groups, one along the eastern Cantabrian coast and a second off southwest France (Borja et al. 1998). Within the Mediterranean substantial structure was found between the Black Sea and Ionian Sea/Aegean Sea (Borsa et al. 2004). Additionally the sympatric species Engraulis albidus was recently described  in 2004 based on divergence in nuclear markers (Bouchenak-Khelladi et al. 2008). The current overfishing of most anchovy stocks in the Mediterranean and elsewhere could well lead not only to commercial collapse but also to the biological extinction of some populations. This species is primarily exploited in the Mediterranean, where low biomass has been noted since the 1990s due to a combination of factors whose interactions do not appear to be well understood (fishing mortality, parasites, climate change, and other environmental factors). It is worth noting that 2007 is a historical minimum in reported landings for this species (Sanzet al. 2008). The overall trend in landings reported from the Mediterranean and Black Seas, the Northeast Atlantic, and the Central Eastern Atlantic Fishing zone is of increase. There is no indication of decline in the Bay of Biscay, Gulf of Cadiz, and the Black Sea. In Northeastern Atlantic waters, biomass appears to be low and periodic closures are necessary to maintain biomass in the Bay of Biscay and Iberian waters. Further north, landings of this species have increased in the Celtic Sea and Western English Chanel, likely as a result of warming trends.   Stock-specific information in the Northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean: Northeast Atlantic north of the Bay of Biscay There has been an increase in commercial landings and catches in fishery-independent survey of E. encrasicolus and the sardine Sardina pilchardus in the Celtic Sea and Western Chanel (Beare et al. 2004) which may indicate a north-ward shift in the distribution of these species. Although anchovy are known to live in the English Chanel, they are not known to spawn in this area, and eggs and larvae have not been found in this region. Anchovy in the north of the distribution spawn in discreet locations and are associated with estuarine habitats.  Northeast Atlantic Portuguese waters/ Fishing area IXa Biomass is highly variable and without clear trends, however it is worth noting that the 2013 biomass index for division IXa is 49% below the median historical survey results. In the northern area, the biomass is 34% above the historical median. In 2010, a rise in biomass levels was detected in the Bay of Biscay, whereas in Algarve and Cadiz, a decrease in biomass was recorded for the third year in a row. The set Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for anchovy since 2002 is 8,000 tonnes, however it has not been met in recent years (3,013 t landed in 2009, 3,508 t landed in 2008). The Gulf of Cadiz fishery experienced a marked (43%) decrease in 2008 catches in relation to the year before (from 5,576 t in 2007 to 3,168 t in 2008), a decrease that still continues in 2009 (an 8% decrease which rendered 2,922 t). Mean length and weight at age has remained relatively stable over the last 10 years in this region. Periodic fisheries closures have been necessary to maintain biomass in this region (ICES2011a, ICES2011b). Bay of Biscay This stock is managed with periodic fishery closures. Acoustic surveys in the Bay of Biscay found this species to be the lowest in biomass of ten pelagic species. A decrease in anchovy stocks during the 2000's led to the closure of its fishery from 2005 to 2009. An increase in standing stock biomass, from under 50,000 to over 50,000 led to an end to the moratorium with accompanying catch quotas and continuous monitoring (ICES2011a, ICES2011b). Acoustic surveys (PELGAS09; PELGAS10) in the Bay of Biscay recorded a relatively high abundance of juveniles, individuals under 15.5 cm length, and individuals in the year 1 age class (ICES2011). Spawning-stock biomass has been above the limit reference point since 2006 and above the MSYbmanagement since 2010. The stock is currently considered to be at full reproductive capacity (ICES advice 2013 book 7). Estimates of  SSB in the Bay of Biscay over the past 10 years is fluctuating, with an increase in the last few years (ICES Advice 2013). Gulf of Cadiz Over the past 10 years there is no trend in indices from acoustic and egg surveys. Management efforts resulted in the sustainable exploitation of this stock (ICES Advice 2013). Mediterranean Anchovy is a targeted, high-value species in the Mediterranean and most stocks are considered fully exploited, while a few are over-exploited. Three-fourths of anchovy landings in the Mediterranean and Black Sea are reported by Turkey. Anchovy accounts for 77% of the total marine fish catch in that region (FAO 2011). The 2012 General Fisheries Commission of the Mediterranean (GFCM) Stock assessments, which include Northern Spain (GSA06), the Gulf of Lyons (GSA07), the Tunisian coast (GSA 12-13-14), South of Sicily (GSA 16), and the Adriatic Sea (GSA 17, 18) note the continuation of a decreasing trend in biomass since the 1990s. Since the 1990s landings have remained fairly constant for the region, with variable fluctuations from region to region. Due to the poorly-understood impact of environmental factors which influence recruitment success of this species the GFCM has recommended not to increase fishing effort, and in some cases, to decrease fishing effort. The parasite Peroderma cylindricum has been implicated in the decrease in Anchovy abundance off the coast of Tunisia. The following stocks were considered overfished by the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF 2013) Overfished: Northern Alboran Sea, Northern Spain, Legurian and North Tyrrenian Sea, Strait of Sicily,  Fully exploited: Northern and Central Adriatic, Aegean Sea Moderately exploited: eastern Ionian Sea No assessment: Southern Alboran Sea Black Sea Engraulis encrasicolus is the most abundant species in the Black Sea, and is experiencing heavy exploitation in the region (E=0.66 and 0.71 for each season, depending on the region) (Samsun et al. 2004). Historical estimates of SSB from 1972 to 1993, show a decline from 1.2 million metric tonnes to 360,000 tonnes (Bingel and GüCü 2010). A dramatic decrease in landings since 1988 has been attributed to the competing invader Mnemopsis leidyi (Ctenophora). Landings again increased and stabilized after a sudden decline of M. leidyi. Black Sea landings over the last 10 years have fluctuated around an average of 225,000 tonnes (Samsun et al. 2004). Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) landings by fishing region Landings are reported from the following FAO fishing regions: Mediterranean and Black Sea, Northeast Atlantic, and Eastern Central Atlantic. The overall trend in landings is one of continual increase to a peak of 858,792 tonnes in 1988, followed by a steep decline of nearly 50% in the early 1990s, then stabilization in reported landings around 500,000 tonnes. The trend is driven by landings in the Mediterranean and Black Sea, which have accounted for 60 to 70% of global landings in recent years. Landings have steadily increased in the Eastern Central Atlantic fishing zone, which has accounted for 25% to 30% of landings in recent years. Landings in the Northeastern Atlantic have declined continuously throughout the time series. Following a steep decline from a peak of 130000 tonnes in the 1960s, landings declined and stabilized around 20,000 tonnes until 2007-2009, which had the lowest recorded values of the time series.","Recent studies utilizing nuclear markers have indicated that there are two similar but distinct species of Engraulis in the Mediterranean, the offshore E. encrasicolus, and the nearshore E. albidus (Borsa et al. 2004). Given that there are two species, it is likely that the following habitat and ecology information applies to both E. encrasicolus and E. albidus. Further research is needed. Habitat and Ecology Engraulis encrasicolus is a pelagic and oceanodromous species which occurs mainly along coastal waters, forming large schools. In the Mediterranean Sea, it occupies nearly all the water column, with the core of the population occurring in less than 50 m depth. In winter months it moves deeper in the water column (to around 200 m). Depth range in Mediterranean Sea is from sea level to 285 m, and it is common over the continental shelf.  It tolerates salinities of 5 to 41 ppt and in some areas, enters lagoons, estuaries and lakes, especially during spawning. A study by Lloret et al. (2004) provided evidence of the influence of riverine inputs and wind mixing on the productivity of small pelagic fish such as Engraulis encrasicolus in the Mediterranean Sea. It tends to move further north and into surface waters in summer, retreating and descending in winter. Engraulis encrasicolus feeds on planktonic organisms, chiefly copepods, cirripede, and mollusc larvae, and fish eggs and larvae. (Nizinski in press 2014), (Plounevez and Champalbert 2000). Life History and Reproduction Spawning occurs from April to November in shallow water with peaks usually in the warmest months. In the central Adriatic Sea, the main reproductive activities occurs between April and September (Sinovcic and Zorica 2006). Size at maturity varies, but first spawning has been reported to occurs at sizes greater than 12 to 13 cm. In the Adriatic, size at maturity is reported as 8.2 cm (males and females) (Sinovcic and Zorica 2006), corresponding to the year 1 age class (ICES2011). Eggs are ellipsoidal to oval, floating in the upper 50 m and hatching during 24 to 65 hours. In the Ligurian sea, juveniles occur in shallow waters from September to January (Tunesi et al. 2005). The limits of the spawning season is dependent on temperature and is therefore more restricted in north areas. The sex ratio is 45% female (Koranteng 1993). Growth is rapid with fish reaching a length of 9 to 10 cm, and becoming sexually mature, after 1 year. Maximum age of individuals from southwestern Africa was 3 years (Nizinski in press 2014). Given that this species matures at 1 year of age, with a maximum age of about 3 years, generation length is estimated to be 2 years. In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 18 cm TL and the length at maturity for females ranges from 10.8 cm to 11.2 cm TL and males from 10.3 cm to 11.4 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014).","This is a species with high commercial importance. Populations are heavily impacted by exploitation throughout the range and particularly in the Mediterranean. Additionally, stocks are delineated arbitrarily and do not reflect the population structure of this species. Populations in the Mediterranean may be declining due to a combination of factors including exploitation, parasitism and disease, competition from invaders, and unknown environmental disturbances including climate change.","This species is subject to fisheries management in the Mediterranean, Black Sea, and Northeast Atlantic. Regulatory measures include Total Allowable Catches (TACs), stock assessments, and fisheries closures. In the Black Sea and Azov Sea, there are minimum catch sizes: 6.5 cm (Georgia and Ukraine), 7 cm (Romania), 8 cm (Bulgaria) and 9 cm (Turkey). In the Black Sea, minimum catch size is 10 cm (Unsal 1989). In the Mediterranean Sea, the minimum catch size set by the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM)  is 9 cm. In some cases there are national efforts to control the fisheries (e.g., time and area closures).  This species was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean Regional Assessment in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","This is a species with high commercial importance. It is marketed fresh, dried, smoked, canned and frozen, and can be used as fish meal (Frimodt 1995). Small pelagic fish, mostly European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus, 50% of total landings), European pilchard (Sardina pilchardus, 25% of total landings), and sprat (European sprat (Sprattus sprattus) and Black and Caspian sea sprat (Clupeonella cultriventris) make up 50–60 percent of total declared catch in the Mediterranean (FAO FI 2011).","Stump, E. & Pawlowski, L.","Nedreaas, K., Florin, A., Cook, R., Fernandes, P. & Lorance, P.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SYNGNATHIFORMES,SYNGNATHIDAE,Entelurus,aequoreus,,Entelurus aequoreus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,Entelurus aequoreus is assessed as Least Concern due to it being widespread and relatively common throughout its range with no evidence of significant declines.,Stable,"Entelurus aequoreus is distributed in the northeastern Atlantic, from Iceland and Norway to the Azores, Portugal and also into the Baltic Sea (Dawson 1986). More recently, this species has been found as far north as the western coast of Spitsbergen and the Barents Sea (Fleischer et al. 2007, Harris et al. 2007). It is found at depths between five and 100 m.","There are indications of an increase in abundance of the species in the northeast Atlantic. Trawl surveys, plankton surveys and bird diet surveys indicate the population size increased to exceptionally high abundance until 2003 (e.g., Harris et al. 2007), after which it decreased again to normal levels in 2008 (Kloppmann et al. in prep.). The direct causes of this population explosion are unknown. During the outbreak it has been suggested that surface sea temperatures may be contributing to an increase in reproductive success (van Damme and Couperus 2008, Fleischer et al. 2007) and an increase in available habitat due the invasive sea grass Sargassum muiticum which would have replaced disappearing eelgrass beds (Polte and Buschbaum 2008). These hypotheses, however, do not explain the following decrease of the population. Recently, Kloppmann et al. (in prep.) suggested that this event is probably related to unusually stable meteorological/hydrological conditions in waters west of the British isles, most likely in concurrence with a local increase of coastal populations off the Irish coast. ","This species generally inhabits coastal marine or brackish waters in temperate latitudes. It is usually found at depths of five to 10 m on the sea floor, but it can be found as deep as 100 m, and occasionally in pelagic waters (Dawson 1986). It has a generation length of 2.5 years. Entelurus aequoreus is generally associated with vegetation such as sea grass beds (Zostera marina) or brown algae (Chorda filum, Fucus spp.). In addition, beds of the invasive sea grass Sargassum muticum may provide additional habitat (Polte and Buschbaum 2008). This species consumes small crustaceans and larval fish. During the 2003-2008 mass occurrence, they were preyed upon by sea birds and mammals (Harris et al. 2007). Spawning takes place in June and July in areas with dense vegetation. The females lay more than 1,000 eggs at a time (Dawson 1986). The males keep the eggs attached on the ventral side of their body. ","This species is most often found in sea grass beds and is therefore probably negatively affected by the loss and fragmentation of this habitat in Sweden and other parts of the northeast Atlantic (Pihl et al. 2006, Borum et al. 2004). The main causes for this loss and fragmentation are due to nutrient loading, siltation as well as physical/mechanical removal of sea grasses (Pihl et al. 2006, Borum et al. 2004).","There are no direct conservation measures for this species, although there are efforts to conserve sea grass beds. It is unknown if this species occurs in any protected areas. Due to the recent boom and bust cycle of this species, it is important to closely monitor populations to help discover the cause of such cycles, if they were to happen again. Research should also be conducted to monitor the habitat trends and threats to the species habitat as seagrass beds are threatened and in decline.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Wiswedel, S., Couperus, B. & Nieto, A.","Schultz, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,TETRAODONTIFORMES,TETRAODONTIDAE,Ephippion,guttifer,,Ephippion guttifer,"(Bennett, 1831)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Ephippion guttifer is known from the eastern Atlantic, along the western fringes of the Mediterranean, southward along the coast of Africa, at depths ranging from 10 to 100 meters. Ephippion guttifer is a marine-estuarine species that inhabits a variety of habitats, including both hard and muddy bottoms, as well as estuaries, lagoons and coral reefs. Ephippion guttifer has been reported as being common in shallow coastal waters and estuaries in many parts of its range, but there is no available information on population size and trends in the assessment zone. It is taken coincidentally in hook-and-line fisheries, but there have been no confirmed population declines in E. guttifer to date. However, given the limited records from the assessment zone, E. guttifer is listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Ephippion guttifer is restricted to the eastern Atlantic, where it is known from the most western portion of the Mediterranean, in Gibraltar (Shipp 1990) and southward along the western coast of Africa to near Benguela (Shipp 1990). There is one record from the Bay of Biscay (Tortonese 1986). This species is associated with depths of between 10 and 100 m (Tortonese 1986).","Limited information is available on the population size and trends of E. guttifer in the northeastern Atlantic, as it is known from only limited records. Schneider (1990) lists this species as common throughout most of its range, especially in shallow, coastal waters and in estuaries.","Ephippion guttifer is a demersal, marine-estuarine species that is common in shallow coastal waters, also in estuaries (Schneider 1990), bays and lagoons, as well as in offshore trawling stations. It is associated with a variety of habitats including hard substrates (Maigret and Ly 1986). The largest individual measures at 80 cm total length (TL) (Cousseau 1993). Ephippion guttifer feeds on crabs, echinoids and mollusks (Tortonese 1986).  Ephippion guttifer is characterized by two periods of spawning: the first and most important one takes place during the hot and rainy season (July to October) while the second period occurs during the dry and cold season (December to January) after a slight recovery of maturation in November. Testicular activity also presents 2 periods of activities coinciding exactly with those 2 periods of female egg-laying. The sex ratio is favorable to males. First sexual maturity is reached at 24.5 cm for males and at 27.5 cm for the female (Fall et al. 2013).  Tetraodontids are capable of inflating their abdomens with water when frightened or injured, and are capable of producing toxins in the skin, gonads, or liver (Allen and Randall 1977). Fishes in the family Tetraodontidae have the smallest vertebrate genomes known to date (Neafsey and Palumbi 2003).","Ephippion guttifer is taken coincidentally by hook-and-line. There have not been any documented declines in the population of E. guttifer as a result of fishing pressure; however, given the limited records of E. guttifer in the assessment zone, the impact is unknown. There are no other known widespread threats.","There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for E. guttifer; however, its distribution overlaps with several marine protected areas. Ephippion guttifer was assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean (Adbul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011). Further research is needed in the population size and trends, as well as the early life history of this species.Ephippion guttifer was regionally assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).","Ephippion guttifer is sometimes incidentally caught on hook-and-line, however it is generally not consumed, due to its toxicity.","Ralph, G.","Rijnsdorp, A.D. & Papakonstantinou, C.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,EPIGONIDAE,Epigonus,constanciae,,Epigonus constanciae,"(Giglioli, 1880)",,No,LC,,,,,,,European Regional Assessment: LC Epigonus constanciae is widely distributed in the Eastern Atlantic including the Mediterranean. This species does not appear to be common or abundant throughout its range. There are no species-specific threats. It is assessed as Least Concern in the region.,Unknown,"Epigonus constanciae is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is found from the Azores and Mediterranean Sea to Namibia (Gon in press). In the Mediterranean, E. constanciae: has been recorded from southwestern Sardinia and southeastern Sicily; more recently, it has also been recorded in the eastern Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005) and the Turkish Aegean Sea (Özaydin et al. 2007). This species also occurs off Madeira, the Azores, Cape Verde Islands (Wirtz et al. 2013), and the Canary Islands (Özaydin et al. 2007, Gon in prep). The depth range for E. constanciae is 200 to 742 m (Maugé and Mayer 1990, Mytilineou et al. 2005).","Mytilineou et al. (2005) collected E. constanciae in the northeastern Ionian Sea during four experimental surveys (Sept. 1999, Apr. 2000, Jul. 2000, and Sept. 2000) by means of trawls, with densities of 0.1 individuals per haul in the depth range of 300 to 500 m, 0.3 individuals per haul in the depth range of 500 to 700 m, and 0.1 individuals per haul in the depth range 700 to 900 m. It was absent from survey data in Spanish waters (Northern Spain, Gulf of Cadiz, Mediterranean Spanish waters (Juan pers. comm. 2014). Additional information about the population size and trends of this species is limited.","Epigonus constanciae is a bathydemersal species that occurs chiefly on the upper portion of the continental slope (Maugé and Mayer 1990) occurring mainly above the bottom (Abramov 1992, Golani et al. 2006). Adults are strongly associated with the substrate (Tortonese 1986). In the Cape Verde Islands this species has been recorded in cave in shallow water to 20 m depth (Wirtz et al. 2013). The maximum length is 19.7 cm (Parin and Borodulina 1986).","There are no major threats known for Epigonus constanciae. This species may live outside the depth range of many trawl fisheries in the Mediterranean. However, the presence of juveniles in shallow, coastal waters around the Cape Verde Islands suggests that this species could be exposed to threats from human activities.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Epigonus constanciae. More research is needed regarding the population size and trends and threats for Epigonus constanciae.  This species was assessed as Data Deficient in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",There is currently no information regarding the use and/or trade of Epigonus constanciae.,"Harwell, H. & Gon, O.","Herrera, J. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.","Kara, M., Bizsel, K., Yokes, B., Pollard, D. & Goren, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,EPIGONIDAE,Epigonus,denticulatus,,Epigonus denticulatus,"Dieuzeide, 1950",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC In the Northeastern Atlantic, Epigonus denticulatus occurs throughout the Mediterranean and off the Straits of Gibraltar. Use and trade information is not available for this species and no major threats have been identified. More research is needed regarding its population size and trends. It is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Epigonus denticulatus is a circumglobal species. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, E. denticulatus occurs from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Mediterranean Sea (Tortonese 1973), including the Catalan Sea (Coll et al. 2006), the Adriatic Sea, eastern Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005), and there is also a record from the Aegean Sea (Fischer et al. 1987). It has also been recorded from the eastern Mediterranean (Golani et al. 2006). The depth range for this species is 130–830 m (Abramov 1992).","MEDITS trawl survey data from the Spanish Mediterranean coast shows fluctuations in the number of individuals/haul over time. Most years between 5–10 individuals/haul were landed. IBTS survey data from the Gulf of Cadiz reveal that this species occurs regularly in the region, and appears to be less regular during the fall. The size range was from 3–21cm TL in the Gulf of Cadiz, which shows no reduction from the reported maximum size of 20 cm (Golani et al. 2006). Mytilineou et al. (2005) collected this species in the northern eastern Ionian Sea during four experimental surveys (Sept. 1999, Apr. 2000, Jul. 2000, and Sept. 2000) by means of trawls, with a density of 0.1 individuals per haul in the depth range of 300 to 500 m, and 0.1 individuals per haul in the depth range of 500 to 700 m.","Epigonus denticulatus is a bathydemersal species. Adults are benthic, occurring on the continental slope (Maugé and Mayer 1990). Juveniles are pelagic in depths of 130–145 m and 350–425 m (May and Maxwell 1986). The maximum recorded length is 20 cm SL (Gon 1986). Epigonus denticulatus feeds on small fishes and planktonic invertebrates (Webb 1975), pelagic crustaceans, mainly euphausiids, hyperiid amphipods and mysids (Gon ECA FAO in prep).",There are no major threats to this species in the region.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures for Epigonus denticulatus. More research is needed regarding its population size.   This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",There is currently no information regarding the use and/or trade of Epigonus denticulatus.,"Harwell, H.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,EPIGONIDAE,Epigonus,telescopus,,Epigonus telescopus,"(Risso, 1810)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient as this is a highly vulnerable species which is one of the main deep-sea fisheries target. It is a long lived species, which is slow to recover and has a very low productivity. There has been a substantial decline in the Northeast Atlantic catches during the 2004-2009 period in several European countries including France, Ireland, Portugal, Spain and Denmark (Faeroe Islands). Research should be carried out to establish the current population size and trend of the species.",Decreasing,"The species is present in the southwest Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.  It is found in the Eastern Atlantic from Iceland, the British Isles and Portugal to western Sahara, the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands, and from the Gulf of Guinea to South Africa. In the north-east Atlantic, it is present in seamounts such as Le Danois Bank (Serrano et al. 2005), Seine and Sedlo seamounts (Menezes et al. 2009). Epigonus telescopus is also present in the Mediterranean Sea, where it occurs in the western basin, and in the eastern basin in the Ionian Sea (Madurell et al. 2004, Mytilineou et al. 2005) and the Aegean Sea (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002). Its depth limits range between 75 and 2,567 metres below sea level, being more commonly found between 300 and 800 m (Tortonese 1986).","Some data on captures are available for E. telescopus: Belhabib et al. (2013) estimated 2.7 kg/trawl/hour discarded in Algeria during demersal and  shrimp trawl for the period 1950-2010. In the Catalan Sea, 36  individuals were captured and preserved (Matallanas and Amich 1985). One hundred and fourteen specimens were caught during experimental trawl surveys in Algerian  coastal deep-sea areas during March 2003 (Massutí et al. 2003). French  landings for 1997 included 57,123 kg of E. telescopus, mainly from ICES  Sub-areas V, VI and VII (ICES 1999). Froese et al. (2004) listed E. telescopus as a seamount species of commercial interest, with global captures among 100 to 500 tons per year. In the Azores, the species is sporadically fished by longline fishing vessels (Pinho and Menezes 2005). Total captures of the species as registered for Eurostat have declined from 289 tonnes in 2004 (maximum registered in the available data time series 1993-2009) to 69 in 2009. The species has declined in several European countries (e.g., France, Ireland, Portugal, Spain and Denmark (Faeroe Islands)). However, it is not known whether this represents a decline in their population or is the result of changes in fishing effort.","The species is considered a mesobenthopelagic species, associated with seamounts (Morato et al. 2006) and it is present through Northeast Atlantic seamounts such as Le Danois Bank (Serrano et al. 2005) and Sedlo Seamount, where large reproductive aggregations were recorded (Menezes et al. 2009). In the Northern Hemisphere (Corner Rise Seamount area) (Pshenichny et al. 1986), spawning takes place in spring-summer. In Azorean waters, specimens in spawning conditions were found in September (Menezes et al. 2009). The species becomes sexually mature at 40–50 cm fork length (FL) (Field et al. 1997, Pshenichny et al. 1986, Tracey et al. 2000). Epigonus telescopus has a very low resilience with minimum population doubling time of more than 14 years and its vulnerability calculated as high to very high (70 of 100), according to Fishbase (2014). It is a long-lived species (39 years according to Vieira et al. (2013)) with slow growth rate, low productivity and high ages at maturity and recruitment (Tracey et al. 2000), also with an estimated full recruit age of 45 years. Its maximum size is 75 cm (TL). The species feeds on mesopelagic fish (lanternfishes, lightfishes, hatchetfishes), squid and shrimp (Pshenichny et al. 1986).","The species is one of the main by-catch and targeted species in the Northeast Atlantic, with increasing interest as a commercial species in some areas. It is a highly vulnerable species with a low productivity, and it takes 14 years to a minimum population to double in numbers. As a seamount-associated species, threats on these ecosystems could be affecting its population. Dunn (2009), in a review of New Zealand stocks, revised ICES data on E. telescopus captures and noticed a substantial decline in NE Atlantic catches during the 2003-2007 period.  Eurostat catch data from 1993-2009 show a slow declining trend since 2000.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. However, a proposal for a Regulation on Northeast Atlantic deep-sea fisheries list the species as one of the most vulnerable, amongst others (European Commission 2012). This proposed Regulation aims at the prohibition of targeting deep-sea vulnerable species.It is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted on the population size of the species.","This is a commercial species (Fishbase 2014) and a by-catch species in Northeast Atlantic deep-sea fisheries (Zeller et al. 2001, ICES 2001, 2008). In the Azores, the species is sporadically fished by longline fishing vessels (Pinho and Menezes 2005). Froese and Sampang (2004) list E. telescopus as a seamount species of commercial interest, with global captures between 100 to 500 tons per year. There is an increasing interest on the species for some deep-sea fisheries (Vieira et al. 2013).","García, M., Russell, B. & Ralph, G.","Garcia, S.","Blanco, J.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,EPINEPHELIDAE,Epinephelus,aeneus,,Epinephelus aeneus,"(Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817)","Perca robusta (Couch, 1832) was listed as a synonym of “Epinephelus guaza” (= E. marginatus) by Smith (1971), but Heemstra (1991) considered this species a synonym of E. aeneus.",No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) In the European region the species is found in the Mediterranean Sea and along the Atlantic coast of Portugal and Spain, with its presence in Macaronesia (the Canary Islands and Cape Verde) uncertain. While there is some evidence of decline in the population from FAO landings data, as well as a perceived threat from fishing pressure, more information on its abundance in the European region is necessary, and it is considered as Data Deficient at present. Estimates of fishing effort from European ports, specifically Greece, are urgently needed to assess the noted declines in FAO landings. Given the noted fishing pressure throughout the Mediterranean Sea, this species should be a priority for data acquisition with the European region.",Decreasing,"In European waters the species is found in the Mediterranean Sea and along the Atlantic coast of Portugal and Spain. It is found throughout much of the Mediterranean except north of 44°N in the Adriatic Sea and it is absent from central Mediterranean coast of Spain to central Italy. Its global range extends along the west coast of Africa to southern Angola, including the islands of the Gulf of Guinea. The records from the Canary Islands (Spain) and Cape Verde are unsubstantiated (Heemstra and Randall 1993). Glamuzina et al. (2000) suggested that the fish is in the process of colonisation of new areas in the northern Mediterranean and Adriatic.","In the European region, FAO (2014) reported landings of E. aeneus from 1958-2011 show peak landings in 1968 (2,100 mt). The landings were erratic with an overall precipitous decline until the early 1980s (1984 c. three generations = 593 tonnes), where they continued on a steady decline, until in 2011 just 23 mt were landed (FAO 2014; Fishstat J, global capture production, European countries only), a decline of 96%. However, capture data including west African countries show a significant increase in captures. Nearly all landings reported to FAO (2014) were from Israel (estimated), with smaller contributions from Portugal and Greece. With no estimate of fishing effort, it is difficult to pinpoint exact causes of the declines, however the large reduction in landings in indicative of overall population reduction. Bouain et al. (1983) stated that E. aeneus comprised 90% of the landings of fish in Sfax in Tunisia. These data do not appear in FAO landings so are either unreported or unreliable. Akyol et al. (2007) reported on the small-scale longline fishery of Gökova Bay (Turkey) based on landings from September 2002 to August 2003 (vessels six to nine metres in length). During this period, E. aeneus represented the highest landings by weight (41%) for a total landing of 106.1 kg from 187 individuals. The minimum length of a landed individual was 18.6 cm, and the maximum was 71 cm with a mean of 31.2 cm. The minimum weight for an individual landed was 0.07 kg and the maximum was 3.7 kg, with a mean of 0.37 kg. Akyol et al. (2007) also report that 50% of groupers caught (presumably by the longline fishery and discarded prior to landing) are under 30 cm, the stated size limit in Turkey. Nearly all information on the population status of E. aeneus has been gathered from African nations where they are highly exploited, with little information available for areas where this species occurs within the European region. Epinephelus aeneus was previously an abundant species, but has declined significantly in many parts of its range. In Tunisia, more than 90% of female E. aeneus collected from 1970-1973 were sized three to nine kilograms (Bruslé and Bruslé 1976). In the 1950s, E. aeneus was abundant along the Atlantic coast of Morocco (Furnestin et al. 1958). On the basis of the Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) and effort of maximization calculated from fishery data, Gascuel and Ménar (1997) classified E. aeneus in Senegal as an over-exploited species. Froese (2004) suggested that the stock of E. aeneus in Senegal is overfished based on three simple indicators (percentages of mature fish in catch, specimens with optimum length in catch and ‘mega-spawners’ in catch. Glamuzina and Skaramuca (1999) described E. aeneus as very frequently found in African-Mediterranean waters, but significantly rare in central areas, and not found in northern regions of the Mediterranean.","General The adults of E. aeneus occur on rocky or mud-sand bottom up to depths of 200 m, while juveniles have been taken in coastal lagoons and estuaries (Heemstra and Randall 1993). Length and growth Ezzat et al. (1981) revealed a linear relationship between total length (L) and scale radius (S): L = 0.1217+5.4420S. Based on 104 E. aeneus collected from Gulf of Gabès in Tunisia, the von Bertalanffy growth equation was SL (cm) = 204.34 (1-e(-0.039(Age+0.767)) (Bouain 1986).  Feeding In the west African waters, Longhurst (1960) found that its diet comprises of fishes (58%), stomatopods (21%), crabs (10%), and cephalopods (10%). The examination of commercially-caught specimens along the Senegalese shore, stomach contents of E. aeneus (400 to 900 mm TL; n=161) suggested that Sardinella aurita and Octopus vulgaris were the preferential and accessory prey during the cold season, respectively. During the warm season, teleosts were abundantly ingested while molluscs (esp. Sepia officinalis) as an accessory prey with the crustacean Callinectes amincola be an occasional prey in the stomach of E. aeneus (Diatta et al. 2003). Reproduction Epinephelus aeneus is a protogynous hermaphrodite with females maturing first at 50 to 60 cm TL and weighing about three kilograms for Tunisian fish. Most females change sex at about nine kilograms, but smaller males (three to five kilograms) are occasionally found (Bruslé 1985). Based on histological examination off the ovaries, Bouain and Siau (1983) suggested that E. aeneus spawns in June and July along southeast Tunisian seashores. The total potential fecundity was estimated to range from 789,436 ova in a 44 cm SL fish of 2.2 kg to 12,589,242 ova in a 87 cm SL fish of 12.6 kg (Bruslé 1985). Vadiya (1984) estimated “absolute fecundity” of a 93.5 cm, 8.6 kg E. aeneus in the southeastern Mediterranean at 3,873,271 ova. Bouain and Siau (1983) estimated the total potential fecundities of a 43.5 cm SL and 87 cm SL E. aeneus from southeastern Tunisian waters were 789,436 and 12,589,242 ripe oocytes, respectively. 750,000 to 1,200,000 eggs were produced by natural spawning in each of the five experiments (four to five females and three to four males) in captivity, with an average of 80.2% of fertilization rate (Gorshkova et al. 2002). Bouain et al. (1983) found that the largest fish of the Tunisian population was 115 cm TL, 25 kg, and was estimated to be 17 years old; females mature at five to seven years (1.5 to 3.0 kg, 50 to 60 cm TL) and sex change occurs at 10 to 13 years (six to 15 kg, 80 to 110 cm TL). Migration Cury and Worms (1982) suggested a seasonal migratory behaviour of E. aeneus from Mauritania to Senegal. Cury and Roy (1988) noted that E. aeneus migrate and colonize protective areas from Mauritania to Senegal because of the onset of Senegalese upwelling and relaxation of the upwelling off northern Mauritania. Glamuzina et al. (2000) suggested that E. aeneus is the process of colonization of new areas in the northern Mediterranean and Adriatic.","The major threat to E. aeneus is overfishing by various methods from artisanal to industrial. It is highly esteemed in the market of West Africa (Maigret and Ly 1986) and typically caught with hook-and-line and in trawls (Heemstra and Randall 1993). It is consumed as food with considerable economic importance in fisheries of the Mediterranean and the west coast of Africa (Heemstra and Randall 1993). Epinephelus aeneus played an important role on the fish market in Senegal, mainly supplies by artisanal fishing. Fresh E. aeneus was produced in industrial scale and for export (Cury and Worms 1982). Cury and Worms (1982) recorded that E. aeneus only comprised a small amount in weight (83,557 kg, 3.7% of the total landing in Saint-Louis and 439,803 kg, 4.3% of the total in Kayar) but a relatively high monetary value of 11% and 17.6% of the total, respectively in 1980.",There are currently no conservation or management initiatives for this species. It occurs in a few marine protected areas within its range. The species was assessed as Near Threatened in 2008 both globally and for the Mediterranean region (Thierry et al. 2008).,"It is an important species in fisheries in the region, with a high market value and its aquaculture potential is being investigated (Cnaani et al. 2012). It is also found in subsistence fisheries. Gorshkova et al. (2002) suggested that broodstock management and larval culture seem to be the main deterrents for successful domestication of E. aeneus. Glamuzina and Skaramuca (1999) noted that juvenile E. aeneus (about 200 g) were adapted to aquarium conditions in Dubrovnik. Particularly good results from the aquaculture of the species have been achieved in Israel (Hassin et al. 1997).","Allen, D.J., Kemp, J.R. & Pollard, D.","Craig, M.T.","Sadovy, Y., Smith, J. & Rhodes, K.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,EPINEPHELIDAE,Epinephelus,caninus,,Epinephelus caninus,"(Valenciennes, 1843)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) The species occurs in the European region throughout much of the Mediterranean Sea, and the Atlantic coast of Portugal and southern Spain. It is not known from the Macaronesian Islands. In the European region, Epinephelus caninus appears to be a naturally rare species. Whilst overfishing is a perceived threat in a major portion of its European range, the species is not targeted in commercial fisheries, but would be affected by incidental landings by these fisheries. There is very little population information available from fisheries-dependent or fisheries-independent surveys, nor on the impact of fishing pressure, and it is difficult to quantify the level of threat and its affect on population status for this species. At present the fish is considered Least Concern, however ongoing population monitoring is recommended.",Unknown,"The species occurs in the European region throughout the Mediterranean Sea (including the Adriatic Sea but absent from the central Mediterranean coast of Spain to central Italy), on the Atlantic coast of Portugal and southern Spain. It is unknown from the Macaronesian Islands. The fish has recently been recorded from the southwestern coast of the Crimean Peninsula in the Black Sea (Boltachev and Karpova 2013). In the eastern Atlantic the species is found from Portugal to Angola.","There is very little population information for Epinephelus caninus. The fish is not targeted in the European fisheries, although it is occasionally landed. This species is likely naturally rare as there is no indication that it has been abundant in any part of its range. Fishery-independent surveys at protected and unprotected areas in the Mediterranean indicated that it is now rare; the highest abundance observed was 0.2 individual per 250 m2 (Charton et al. 2000).","Epinephelus caninus is a demersal species that occurs on sandy mud bottoms from 30 to 400 m. A maximum weight of 78 kg was reported by Jose Manuel, Spain (05/05). The species feeds on fishes and invertebrates.  A single specimen from Majorca was aged at 75 years old, 164 cm TL and 67 kg (Morales-Nin et al. 2005).","While there is no directed fishery for the species, it is taken incidentally. In areas where overfishing for commercial trade is significant (e.g., in the Mediterranean), it is considered a minor threat to this species.",Epinephelus caninus occurs in protected areas in the Mediterranean.,"There is no commercial fishery for the species, although it is occasionally found in landings.","Allen, D.J. & Kemp, J.R.","Craig, M.T. & Pollard, D.","Heemstra, P., Rocha, L.A., Choat, J.H. & Padovani-Ferreira, B.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,EPINEPHELIDAE,Epinephelus,costae,,Epinephelus costae,"(Steindachner, 1878)","The name Epinephelus alexandrinus (Valenciennes 1828) was used for this species from 1895 to 1988, but this name is incorrect, as the holotype of Serranus alexandrinus Valenciennes is a specimen of Epinephelus fasciatus, a well-known species of the Red Sea and Indo-Pacific area.",No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Epinephelus costae appears to have a large range in the European region comprising the entire Mediterranean Sea, the Atlantic coast of Spain and Portugal, the Canary Islands and the Azores. However, whilst the species is apparently only found in small scale fisheries, there is a severe lack of population data available to form a conclusion as to its degree of exploitation or trends in population. It is therefore listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"In the European region, Epinephelus costae occurs throughout the Mediterranean Sea (including some of the larger islands), along the Atlantic coast of Portugal and southern Spain, and Macaronesia (the Canaries and the Azores). Elsewhere it occurs in the eastern Atlantic from Portugal south to central coastal Angola, including the Cape Verde Islands. The records of Epinephelus alexandrinus from Madeira (Portugal) are apparently based on misidentifications of Mycteroperca fusca.","The species was mentioned to be fairly common in the Mediterranean Sea in the 1970s (Seret 1981), however there are few data to substantiate this or from which to make a comparison to present day population status, and the population trend is considered unknown. Occasionally it is found in small scale longline fisheries (Akyol et al. 2007).","A demersal species found on sand, mud or rock bottoms from 20 to 80 m. The juveniles form small groups and may form spawning aggregations. It feeds on crustaceans, molluscs and fish.&#160;The total fecundity for a female of 47 cm standard length was estimated to be 879,000 eggs.","A potential threat to Epinephelus costae is from overfishing, although there are no data to quantify the level this threat poses.","There are no explicit conservation measures for this species in the European region although it occurs in managed or protected areas (e.g., five recorded Natura 2000 sites in Italy; EUNIS 2014).",It is infrequently landed in Gökova Bay (Turkey) by small scale longline fisheries (Akyol et al. 2007). It is does not adapt well to aquariums. The eggs and larvae have been reared in the laboratory in Croatia and there is an attempt to start large-scale aquaculture (Glamuzina et al. 2001).,"Allen, D.J. & Kemp, J.R.","Craig, M.T. & Pollard, D.","Choat, J.H., Padovani-Ferreira, B., Rocha, L.A. & Heemstra, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,EPINEPHELIDAE,Epinephelus,marginatus,,Epinephelus marginatus,"(Lowe, 1834)",,No,EN,A2d,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) In the European region, the species occurs throughout the Mediterranean Sea and in the eastern Atlantic Ocean from the eastern English Channel (exceptionally) to Portugal, Spain and the Macaronesian Islands. The species has undergone historical declines in population as a result of fishing pressures; the species is widely targeted across its European range as adults for food. The fish is long-lived (up to 52 years for females and 61 years for males; Reñones et al. 2007) and extremely slow to reach sexual maturity (around five years in females and 12 years in males). It also forms spawning aggregations that are particularly vulnerable to overfishing, and as such, the fish shows low resilience to fishing pressures. Furthermore, the observed sex ratio of sexually mature males to females in one spawning aggregation was approximately 1:7. The sex ratio is heavily skewed towards females, and may become more so if fishing is targeted towards the largest individuals (i.e., mainly males). The heavily skewed sex ratios may lead to reductions in the species' reproductive output. Landings data can be used as a crude proxy for changes in population size provided fishing effort, gear types, management regulations, etc., do not also change over time in a way that could cause landings to change accordingly. Although fisheries data are not ideal for quantitatively estimating population sizes, E. marginatus has many characteristics that make it vulnerable to fishing pressure, more so than many other marine fish species. The synergistic effects of these intrinsic biological threats coupled with the apparently high level of exploitation in the past demands a precautionary approach when assessing the global threat of extinction in this species. There has been a decline of nearly 89% in reported landings from the European region for 1993–2011; although these declines could possibly be partially explained by changes in fishing effort/management, the drastic reduction in landings prior to the establishment of regulations strongly suggests that a significant population reduction has occurred. It is inferred that population declines of well over 50% have occurred over the last three generation lengths; therefore, E. marginatus is assessed as Endangered under A2d.",Decreasing,"In the European region, the species occurs throughout the Mediterranean Sea and in the eastern Atlantic Ocean from the eastern English Channel (Mahé et al. 2012) to Portugal, Spain and the Macaronesian Islands. Outside the European region, the species is known from the eastern and western Atlantic Ocean and the western Indian Ocean: from the Mediterranean Sea southwards, and around the southern tip of Africa, except for Namibia (S. Fennessy pers. comm. 2004) to southern Mozambique. In the western Atlantic Ocean it is known from southern Brazil, and from Uruguay and Argentina. It is also reported from southern Oman (Randall 1995). The species was reported from the south of Madagascar (Randall and Heemstra 1991), with an underwater photograph taken by Pierre Laboute in 2010 (not seen by the assessors; M. Harmelin-Vivien pers. comm. 2014). For this species, which aggregates to spawn, the area of occupancy (AOO) is taken as the area of all aggregation sites. This area, which will occupy less than 10% of the extent of occurrence (EOO), is not however known. The known or suspected reproductive sites in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea include: Corsica (Revellata, Lavezzi Islands), Var (Les Embiez, National Park of Port-Cros), Pyrénées-Orientales coasts (Bodilis et al. 2003), Medes Islands (Zabala et al. 1997a) and Lampedusa Island (Marino et al. 2001). In the eastern Atlantic Ocean, spawning sites are known or suspected in the Macaronesian Islands and on the Portuguese coast.","FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations) capture production statistics show a marked decline in landings for Europe from the early 1990s when fishery production peaked at 7,699 metric tonnes in 1994, to 869 mt (estimated) in 2011 (FAO 2014; assessment region countries only), representing an approximately 89% decline. However, landings data are a poor proxy for population declines, particularly as changes in fishing effort or reporting can change through time, such that a 89% decline in landings does not necessarily mean that there has been a decline of more than 80% in the population, but an overall population decline of at least 50% is suspected within the region. The largest producers of Dusky Grouper were Italy, Spain and Portugal (in decreasing order of contributions to the European production). Numerous studies have documented increases in population trends over the past decade given an increase in the establishment of marine protected areas (e.g., Reñones et al. 1999, Hackradt et al. 2014), however these increases are small relative to the presumed abundance of the species prior to its exploitation in the European region. Reñones et al. (2010) claimed that the dusky grouper was considered to be overexploited over its entire [presumably European] distribution range. Therefore, the species is thought to be declining in Europe. The population of E. marginatus has never been very numerous along the French Mediterranean coast, but a dynamic population of groupers has been recorded in the northern Mediterranean for 20 years (Harmelin and Robert 2001, Harmelin 2013). Visual censuses conducted around Ustica Island off the northern coast of Sicily revealed a high abundance of the grouper in protected coastal areas (La Mesa and Vacchi 1999). A recovery in the Dusky Grouper population has been observed in France, first in MPAs and now even in unprotected areas. A more than five-fold increase was observed in the French National Park of Port-Cros over the last 18 years (1996-2014). The increase is believed to be related to several factors acting in synergy: increased number of MPAs, spearfishing bans, and warming of the Mediterranean Sea (Harmelin 2013). The presence of small groupers is constantly observed in the south of Spain, around the Balearic Islands, and along the North African coast. The presence of many small Dusky Groupers was also observed in Corsica in 1990, 1992, 1996 and 2001 (Bodilis et al. 2003), and at Porquerolles Island in 2008 (France, mainland) (Cottalorda et al. 2009). However, a decline in populations has been observed in Tunisia and southern Spain due to overfishing as reported by scientists of these countries at the Second International Symposium on the Mediterranean Groupers (Francour and Gratiot 1998).","The species inhabits rocky reefs and bottoms from one to c. 300 m (Reiner 1996, in the Cape Verde Islands), and to c. 250 m (Bruslé 1985, in European waters), but maximum densities are found more usually to 50 m (Heemstra and Randall 1993, Harmelin and Harmelin-Vivien 1999, Louisy 2005, Andrello et al. 2013). It is a monandric protogynous hermaphrodite, changing from female to male with increase in size. The females in Tunisian waters reached sexual maturity at age five, while sex reversal of females to males takes place between the ninth and sixteenth years with a maximum at the twelfth year (Chauvet 1988). In the Balearic Islands, females reached sexual maturity at 49 cm (TL) and six years, while the occurrence of some of them in the largest and oldest classes indicated that sex reversal can be notably delayed, inducing a greater oocyte production due to the increase of fecundity with size and age (Reñones et al. 2010). In Brazil, 50% of females reach sexual maturity at 49 cm while the largest female was 79 cm and the smallest male was 80 cm. The species matures in spring and spawns in summer with a peak in July and August in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (Hereu et al. 2006, Reñones et al. 2010) and December in Brazil (Andrade et al. 2003). The species can live for 52 years for females and 61 years for males, but exploited populations in Spain are dominated by four to eight year-old individuals (Reñones et al. 2007).  The species forms small spawning aggregations of a few tens of individuals (Zabala et al. 1997a,b). In European waters, aggregation sites are known in the Mediterranean Sea from the Medes Islands Marine Reserve, Spain (Zabala et al. 1997a, Hereu et al. 2006), off Lampedusa Island, Italy (Marino et al. 2001), and the National Park of Port-Cros, France (Chauvet and Francour 1990); and in the Atlantic Ocean from the Azores (Barreiros 1995). Spawning sites certainly exist around other Atlantic islands (Madeira, Canaries) and probably also in southern Portugal, but there are no formal records.  In the Medes Island Marine reserve in Spain, the density of Dusky Grouper was low in winter and maximal in summer, which took place from late June to late August (up to an eight-fold increase). The number continued to increase before spawning in mid-August, then dropped rapidly afterwards. During this period, dominant males developed territorial behaviour and displayed aggressively towards neighbouring males and smaller females. The observed sex ratio was approximately 1:7 (sexually active males versus adult females) (Zabala et al. 1997a).","The over-exploitation from commercial fishing and leisure (spearfishing) is the primary threat. The slow growth rate and the complex reproductive style of the species compounds its inability to withstand high fishing pressure (Fennessy 1998, 2000). In the past, spearfishing has been the main cause of mortality in France. Furthermore, the possible removal of legal protection of dusky groupers and a resumption of spearfishing will further impact the re-established juvenile population (Bodilis et al. 2003).","A spearfishing ban has been imposed on the species in France, Monaco, and the Azores. A number of marine protected areas (MPAs) have been established to protect the habitat of the fish throughout various parts of the Mediterranean Sea, and the species is recorded from 25 Natura 2000 sites in Italy, France and Spain (EUNIS 2014). Renones et al. (2010) recommended a “slot” size limit for capture of individuals between 50 and 80 cm TL, and suggested that sanctuary zoned MPAs may be the most effective management measure to facilitate its population recovery. The species was assessed globally in 2004 as Endangered (Cornish and Harmelin-Vivien 2004).",This is one of the most targeted groupers in fishery activities (including spearfishing).,"Pollard, D.A., Harmelin, J.-G., Kemp, J.R. & Allen, D.J.","Harmelin-Vivien, M. & Craig, M.T.","Cornish, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MORIDAE,Eretmophorus,kleinenbergi,,Eretmophorus kleinenbergi,"Giglioli, 1889","Although there have been concerns as to the taxonomic status of Eretmophorus kleinenbergi (Cohen 1986), it is currently considered a valid species (Eschmeyer 2014).",Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Eretmophorus kleinenbergi is thought to be endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, where is it widely distributed but rare. Although the taxonomic status of E. kleinenbergi is uncertain, it is considered a valid species. Little is known about population size, trends, range or ecology for this deep-water species. However, there are no known threats to this species, or its deep-water habitat; therefore, Eretmophorus kleinenbergi is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Within the Mediterranean Sea, Eretmophorus kleinenbergi occurs in the Ligurian Sea (Ariola 1904), Tyrrhenian Sea (Mazzarelli 1917) and the Strait of Messina (Giglioli 1889, reviewed in Battaglia et al. 2012). Most specimens have been captured in the central Mediterranean, but a few have been found in the western part of the sea, specifically the Catalan Sea of Gibraltar (Lloris et al. 1994). It possibly also occurs in the north subtropical Atlantic, as evident from one captured specimen (Howe 1991), but is generally considered an endemic species of the Mediterranean Sea.",Population size and trends are unknown for this species. It appears to be widespread throughout most of the Mediterranean Sea.,"This is a epipelagic species (Lloris et al. 1994) that feeds on zooplankton and other planktonic invertebrates. Lloris et al. (1994) captured this species at depths of 930 to 1,151 m.",This is a species with no commercial interest and is not thought to have any threats.,"There is no information available on specific conservation measures for this species. However, this species may be present in marine protected areas found within its distribution (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Research is needed into its taxonomy, life history traits and any possible threats. It was previously assessed as Data Deficient, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",This species is not utilized by humans.,"Strongin, K.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F., Carpenter, K.E., de Morais, L., Knudsen, S. & Harold, A.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,SQUALIFORMES,ETMOPTERIDAE,Etmopterus,princeps,,Etmopterus princeps,"Collett, 1904",In geographic regions other than North America sharks referred to as this species are Etmopterus baxteri or Etmopterus unicolor (Compagno and Niem 1998).,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Great Lanternshark (Etmopterus princeps) is a relatively small (up to 75 cm total length) and poorly known deepwater shark (350-4,500 m) that occurs in the Northeast and Eastern Central Atlantic. This species is not targeted by fisheries, but it is taken as bycatch in deepwater trawl and longline fisheries over much of its range. The population is inferred to be stable from catch per unit of fishing effort data estimated from Scottish research surveys between 2000 and 2012. In 2010, the European Union Fisheries Council banned catch of several deepwater shark species, including Great Lanternshark, but high levels of bycatch and discarding are still suspected. The productivity and recovery potential of this species is likely to be low based on life history traits of other deepwater sharks. Great Lanternshark is assessed as Least Concern on the basis of inferred population stability in the European region despite fisheries bycatch.",Stable,"In the Northeast Atlantic, this species occurs in the Denmark Strait between Greenland and Iceland, off southern Iceland along the Atlantic slope to the Faeroe Islands, Norway, Scotland (including Rockall Trough), Ireland, southwest England, Bay of Biscay, France, Spain, Portugal, Gibraltar, the Azores, and the Canary Islands (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). The species is also found in the Northwest Atlantic.  Generally, it occurs at depths of 3502,213 m, but also on the lower rise of the Northeast Atlantic at 3,7504,500 m.","Scottish research surveys’ catch per unit of fishing effort data found no trend in population between 2000 and 2012 (ICES 2013). Although the European Union (EU) banned the catch of this species in 2010, bycatch and discard levels are still suspected to be significant (Jakobsdóttir 2001, Clarke et al.2005, Pajuelo et al.2010).","This species occurs on continental slopes, on or near the bottom. Generally, it occurs at depths of 3502,213 m, but also on the lower rise of the Northeast Atlantic at 3,7504,500 m (Compagno 2001). Off the coast of western Iceland, this species was most abundant at depths of 8001,000 m, with more females than males at depths > 1,000 m (Jakobsdóttir 2001).The maximum recorded size for this species was a female at 89 cm total length (TL) (Jakobsdóttir 2001). Size at maturity is 62.2 cm TL for females and 57.3 cm TL for males. This species appears to have at least two peak spawning periods: June to July, and October (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). It is a live bearing species, with yolk-only nutrition. Litter size is 10 pups on average, and size at birth is ~1217 cm TL (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Its generation length is estimated in around 43.5 years.","This species is not targeted by commercial fisheries, but it is taken as bycatch and retained in groundfish fisheries in the Eastern Atlantic (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Species-specific catch data are rare, but total estimated landings were ~20 tonnes in 2008. Fishing mortality from discards is likely much higher (Ebert and Stehmann 2013).","Based on advice from the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea to end fishing for deepwater sharks, the EU Fisheries Council established a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for this species in 2007 (CEC 2012). This TAC was gradually reduced and in 2010 it was set at zero. In 2011, the allowable bycatch was reduced from 10% to 3% of the 2009 TAC and in 2012 it was further reduced to zero (ICES 2013).Like many deepwater shark species, more information on their biology, ecology and prevalence in fisheries is required. Better monitoring and reporting is needed for deepwater fishery bycatch.",The species is not exploited nor traded commercially.,"Walls, R. & Kemp, J.R.","Jung, A., Dureuil, M. & Buscher, E.","Herndon, A., Burgess, G.H. & Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,SQUALIFORMES,ETMOPTERIDAE,Etmopterus,pusillus,,Etmopterus pusillus,"(Lowe, 1839)","The similar, but larger, Etmopterus bigelowi was previously confused with this species until described as a distinct species by Shirai and Tachikawa (1993) (Compagno in prep.).",No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Smooth Lanternshark (Etmopterus pusillus) is a deepwater shark that occurs on continental and insular slopes at depths of 274−1,000 m. It is captured in large quantities off the Portuguese coast as bycatch of deepwater fisheries. Species-specific landings data are generally unavailable because this species is either discarded or retained in mixed deepwater shark catches that are not identified to species level. Post-discard survival is unknown. Little is known about the biology and distribution of this species, but we can infer that the productivity and recovery potential are probably low as for other deepwater species. Due to the lack of data available for inferring population trends, this species cannot be assessed beyond Data Deficient for the European region at this time.",Unknown,"The species is found globally, through the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. In the Northeast and Eastern Central Atlantic, this species occurs off Portugal, Madeira, the Azores and the Canary Islands. The depth range is 274−1,000 m or more, possibly to 1,998 m.","This shark is captured in several fisheries off the southern Portuguese coast. Catch per unit effort data for deepwater longlines set at 200−780 m depth have increased insignificantly from 2.23 specimens per 1,000 hooks (s.d.=2.72) in 1997−1998 (Erzini et al. 1999) to 2.27 specimens per 1,000 hooks (s.d.=2.72) in 2003 (Coelho et al. 2005), which suggests no detectable trend.","This lanternshark occurs on or near the bottom of continental and insular slopes at depths of 274−1,000 m or more, possibly to 1,998 m (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Its reproductive mode is live bearing with yolk-only nutrition. Litter size is one to six, with an average of 3.5 embryos; although fecundity may be slightly higher than reported given that the number of ovarian eggs in adult females tends to be slightly higher at two to 18, averaging 10−11. Size at birth is 15−16 cm total length (TL; Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Age at maturation is eight to 11 years for females and five to nine years for males (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). It likely varies with the region, but in Portuguese waters size at maturation is estimated to be 43.6 cm TL for females and 38.1 cm TL for males. Given the observed maximum body size, this species matures extremely late in its life cycle: 86.9% of 50.2 cm TL for females and 79.5% of 47.9 cm TL for males (Coelho and Erzini 2005). Maximum-age estimates range up to 17 years for females and 13 years for males (Ebert and Stehmann 2013).","This species is taken as bycatch in bottom trawl and longline fisheries operating in the eastern Atlantic. Bycatch from Portuguese longliners targeting European Hake (Merluccius merluccius), Wreck Fish (Polyprion americanus) and Conger Eels (Conger conger) is a significant threat to lanternsharks because their rocky-bottom habitat makes them more accessible to this type of fishery (Coelho and Erzini 2008). It is also captured in high quantities as bycatch of the bottom trawl fishery that targets Norway Lobster (Nephrops norvegicus), Red Shrimp (Aristeus antennatus) and Deepwater Pink Shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris; Erzini et al. 1999, Coelho and Erzini 2005). Species-specific landings data are difficult to come by as it is always discarded in Portuguese waters (Coelho et al. 2005), or retained in mixed deepwater shark catches and rarely identified to species level in other parts of the eastern Atlantic (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Post-release survival rate has not yet been estimated.","No species-specific management or conservation measures are in place. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species, and the levels of harvesting need to be monitored.",The species is not exploited nor traded commercially.,"Dulvy, N. & Kemp, J.R.","Walls, R.","Coelho, R.P., Tanaka, N., Compagno, L.J.V., Jung, A. & Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,SQUALIFORMES,ETMOPTERIDAE,Etmopterus,spinax,,Etmopterus spinax,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,NT,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Velvet Belly Lanternshark (Etmopterus spinax) is a species of no commercial value. All specimens captured as bycatch by commercial fishing vessels are generally discarded and only occasionally processed and sold together with some other common species from its depth range. Data from the Mediterranean Sea and Eastern Central Atlantic indicate that the species is still relatively common in scientific and commercial trawl surveys, although there is evidence that the population may have declined in some areas in recent decades. Management measures, such as a 2005 ban on bottom trawling below 1,000 m depth in the Mediterranean Sea, likely protect part of the population. In the Northeast Atlantic deepwater fisheries are more intense, and scientific trawl surveys indicate that catch rates declined by nearly 20% from the 1970s to 2004. In the Mediterranean Sea, population densities and structure show a stable population despite fishing pressure from bottom trawls in frequently exploited slope grounds. Given that fishing pressure in the pelagic zone of the Mediterranean Sea is rare, the partially mesopelagic habits of this species may have protected it from fishing pressure. Continued monitoring is required to ensure that this species is not detrimentally affected by expanding deepwater fisheries in the future, particularly in the Northeast and Eastern Central Atlantic, but also in the Mediterranean Sea.Assuming that the subpopulations in the Mediterranean and the Northeast Atlantic are roughly equally split, an overall reduction of 26% has occurred in European waters over the last 26 years (three generations), being close to meet the threshold for Vulnerable under Criterion A2. The species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened.",Stable,"This is a common lantern shark species occurring in the Mediterranean Sea, Northeast and Eastern Central Atlantic. Within the Mediterranean Sea, it is most common in the western part of the basin (Spain, France, Italy, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco; Baino et al. 2001) and less common in the central and mid-eastern areas (Albania, Malta, Libya, Greece; Serena 2005). It is also found in the easternmost areas of the Mediterranean Sea (Israel, Cyprus) (Gilat and Gelman 1984, Galil and Goren 1994, Jones et al. 2003), and is apparently absent from the Marmara and Black Seas (Serena 2005). In the Northeast Atlantic, it is found in Iceland and Norway, and westwards to the Canary Islands (Brito et al. 2002) and the Azores (Santos et al. 1997). Its range continues southward to the Eastern Central Atlantic, where it is found in Senegal, Sierra Leone, Côte d'Ivoire to Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon (Ebert and Stehmann 2013), and the Cape Verde Islands (Reiner 1996). Its depth limit is 70-2,000 m.","Mediterranean Sea Data collected from 1985–2002 by the Italian national “Gruppo Nazionale Risorse Demersali” (GRUND) project and from 1994–2002 by the International Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean (MEDITS) project (Relini 1998, Bertrand et al. 2000) provided information on the abundance and bathymetric distribution of this shark in the Mediterranean Sea. This species was present at both high frequencies (19% of the hauls) and high abundance (between one and 10 kg per km2), with a standing stock biomass of 4% (2,248 t). It had an especially high presence in the western-central part of the Mediterranean Sea (Morocco, Spain, France, Tyrrhenian, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily coasts) (Baino et al. 2001). This high presence may also be associated with stable subpopulations in some areas. For example, in the northern Tyrrhenian Sea, analysis of trends in Biomass Index (BI kg per km2) from 1985–2002 indicated stable subpopulations (Relini et al. 2000, Cecchi et al. 2004). Several authors have pointed out differences in abundance of this species in the Mediterranean Sea, and in some cases marked decreases in abundance during recent decades for several geographic areas. Data collected in the Gulf of Valencia (Spain) from a bottom trawl fishery sampled from 1988–1989 revealed a Frequency of Occurrence (FO) for this species of 87.5% in trawls carried out between 450 and 675 m depth, and a mean abundance of 4.93 specimens obtained per trip (Guallart 1990). In 2013, trawl surveys were conducted in the same area for comparison and showed that abundance has remained relatively stable, with a FO of 76.5%, and a mean abundance of 3.88 specimens obtained per trip (Guallart et al. 2013). In both cases juveniles and adults of both sexes were represented in the size-frequency distribution. However, differences in abundance within the Mediterranean Sea exist, and there is evidence for decline in some areas. In particular, Ordines et al. (2011) found marked differences in abundance between the Balearic Islands (FO: 75.0% hauls; mean 3.71 specimens per haul) and Algerian waters (FO: 89.9% hauls; mean 49.3 specimens/haul). Significant declines in catches for this species were noted in the Balearic Sea between 2000 and 2010, which may be linked to previous exploitation period in each area and this species’ sensitivity to exploitation. However, Cartes et al. (2013) analysed changes in the deepwater shark composition of catches in the Balearic Sea over a longer period of 60 years. Their results showed marked oscillations in abundance, but with a global balance of decrease from ~ 90% FO in the 1950s to ~ 30% FO in 2007. Unlike Ordines et al. (2011), they attributed these variations to environmental change, such as changes in temperature and salinity that have occurred in deep-water masses in this region since the 1950s. Further east, in the waters surrounding Sicily, abundance data showed a FO ranging from 28.2–67.1 %; and an abundance ranging from 37.9–114.7 specimens/km2 (Ragonese et al. 2013). The above results from the Balearic Sea would indicate a 33% estimated decline over the 57-year period from 1950-2007. This translates into a 0.993 annual proportional decline, and considering a stable population size from 2007-2015, a reduction of 12% is estimated to have occurred over the last 26 years (1989-2015, three generations).Northeast Atlantic Information for this species from the Northeast Atlantic is limited, but suggests declines in catches where data are available. Catch rates in Scottish surveys from 1998–2001 had declined by 81% when compared to surveys by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF) in the 1970s. While these surveys cannot be directly compared as they used different gear and vessels and fished at different depth ranges, they do appear to suggest that population levels have declined slightly from pre-fishery levels (Jones et al. 2005). French deepwater trawl vessels in International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Division VIa (West of Scotland) showed discard rates of this species to peak at a catch per unit effort (CPUE) of 18.3 kg per hour fished (kg/hr) at 500 m and then decline to 1.3 kg/hr at 700 m (Crozier 2003). Reports on catches of this species in the Eastern Central Atlantic have mostly come from southern Portugal and West Africa. In southern Portugal, Coelho and Erzini (2008b) described a mean abundance of 30.88 specimens obtained per haul, and found during scientific deepwater trawl surveys that CPUE was greatest at 500 m depth with a capture rate of 15.75 specimens per hour (Coelho et al. 2005b). This species was common off the coast of northwest Africa in the 1980s and was still very common in surveys conducted in 2005 (Gulyugin et al. 2006).Considering the 81% estimated decline over the 1970-2001 period, there is an annual proportional change of 0.9478, and considering a stable population size from 2007-2015, a reduction of 62% is estimated over the last 26 years (three generations).Assuming that the subpopulations in the Mediterranean and the Northeast Atlantic are roughly equally split, an overall reduction of 26% is calculated for European waters over the last 26 years (three generations). The population trend in the Northeast Atlantic is decreasing, while it remains stable in the Mediterranean Sea. At the European level, the population trend is stable.","This lantern shark is most often described as a benthic or semi-pelagic species (McEachran and Branstetter 1984, Compagno 1984, Compagno et al. 2005, Ebert and Stehmann 2013, Goujard et al. 2013), but can be found throughout the water column (Hickling 1963) and is considered by some to be a typical mesopelagic species (Claes et al. 2014).In the Mediterranean Sea, this shark has been recorded at depths ranging from 300–2,490 m. Cecchi et al. (2004) found the typical depth distribution to be 322–633 m in the Thyrrenian Sea. Similarly, in the Gulf of Valencia, this species was most commonly encountered by commercial bottom trawls between 300 and 800 m, and was slightly more abundant below 550 m (Guallart 1990, Guallart et al. 2013). In the Adriatic Sea it was reported down to 1,200 m depth (Ungaro et al. 2001), and a maximum depth of 2,490 m was recorded in the eastern Mediterranean through the use of baited cameras (Jones et al. 2003). In the Eastern Central Atlantic, this was a resident species at 400–500 m, dominated at 600 m and was sub-dominant at 600–900 m (Litvinov 1993). In the Northeast Atlantic it has been caught at depths of 400–1,000 m (Bridger 1978; Merrett et al. 1991a,b). In the Eastern Central Atlantic, this species can occasionally be found in waters as shallow as 200 m, but is a dominant species at depths greater than 400 m (Litvinov 1993).This species is live bearing with yolk sac (Compagno 1984, Coelho and Erzini 2008a), with a low fecundity of 9.94–16.5 oocytes (Hickling 1963, Coelho and Erzini 2008a, Porcu et al. 2014) and on average 7.59 embryos produced per reproductive cycle (Coelho and Erzini 2008a). A reproductive resting period as long as two to three years has been shown to occur between pregnancies (Hickling 1963, Coelho et al. 2008a), which could reduce the already quite low fecundity of the species (Coelho and Erzini 2008a). Pups are born between eight and 14 cm total length (TL; Ebert and Stehmann 2013, Marano et al. 2000). Estimated age at maturity is five to six years (Cecchi et al. 2004), although longevity is unknown for the species. Female size at maturity is estimated at 38–40 cm TL (Capapé et al. 2001, Cecchi et al. 2004) or 31 cm TL specifically in southern Portugal (Coelho and Erzini 2005). Male size at maturity is estimated to be 35 cm TL (Capapé et al. 2001) and 25 cm TL, specifically in southern Portugal (Coelho and Erzini 2005). The maximum size reported for this species is 60 cm TL (Compagno 1984) although most authors report maximum sizes below 45 cm (Coelho and Erzini 2008a, Porcu et al. 2014). Its generation length is estimated to be 8.5 years.","Mediterranean This species is caught as a bycatch in Italian (Abella and Serena 2002) and Spanish (Guallart 1990, Guallart et al. 2013) bottom trawl fisheries. In both fleets, it is most often discarded either dead or in very poor condition (Coelho and Erzini 2008b). The main depth range (70-2,490 m) is within the range of Mediterranean fisheries. However, the ban on bottom trawling below depths of 1,000 m in the Mediterranean Sea, adopted by all members of The General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) (that came into force in September 2005), will allow refuge in the deeper part of its bathymetric range. In addition, this species is partially mesopelagic and at present no fishing pressure exists in the mid-depth water column in its area of distribution. This may help to preserve a part of its population from fishing pressure.Northeast Atlantic In the Northeast Atlantic this species may be susceptible to heavy commercial fishing pressure as bycatch (Coelho 2007), as it is most abundant between 400 and 800 m. Of particular concern are the mature individuals that have been found within this depth range. In the Skagerrak and Kattegat waters surrounding Sweden, this species is caught as bycatch and most likely discarded in bottom trawl fisheries targeting Norway Lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) and Northern Prawn (Pandalus borealis). Off the south coast of Portugal (Algarve), this species is captured in high quantities as bycatch of the deepwater bottom trawl fisheries that target Norway Lobster, Red Shrimp (Aristeus antennatus) and Deepwater Pink Shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris); and the near bottom longline fishery that targets European Hake (Merluccius merluccius), Conger Eels (Conger conger) and Wreck Fish (Polyprion americanus). In all fisheries catches of this species are discarded (Coelho et al. 2005a, Coelho and Erzini 2008b). Some discards may still be alive when returned to sea, but they usually have severe injuries that are likely to lead to mortality or a significant reduction in fitness.","There are no species-specific management measures in place for this shark, but regulations on bottom trawling and deepwater shark bycatch may benefit the species. The GFCM banned bottom trawling below depths of 1,000 m in the Mediterranean Sea in February 2005, and this came into force in September 2005. In Swedish waters (e.g., Skagerrak and Kattegat), bottom-trawls are required to have a selective grid that should help to reduce bycatch of this species.Based on advice from ICES to end fishing for deepwater sharks, the European Union Fisheries Council established a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for this species in 2007 (CEC 2012). This TAC was gradually reduced, and in 2010 it was set at zero. In 2011, the allowable bycatch was reduced from 10% to 3% of the 2009 TAC and in 2012 it was further reduced to zero (ICES 2013). However, as most of the bycatch of this species is discarded at sea either dead or damaged, it is difficult to trust that this measure will be effective in reducing fishing mortality. Coelho et al. (2003) proposed restrictions on the depth of hooks relative to the bottom in order to reduce bycatch levels for this and other semi-pelagic shark species. Harvest trends should be managed and researched.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Dulvy, N.","Guallart, J., Coelho, R.P., Blasdale, T., Mancusi, C., Serena, F., Ungaro, N., Litvinov, F., Crozier, P. & Stenberg, C.","Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,CYCLOPTERIDAE,Eumicrotremus,spinosus,,Eumicrotremus spinosus,"(Fabricius, 1776)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Eumicrotremus spinosus occurs from the Barents Sea to the Kara Sea in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. It is not common for E. spinosus to occur in large groups but when a  number of individuals are collected, the sex ratio tends to be biased towards females. Eumicrotremus spinosus is not commercially harvested and species-specific threats are unknown. It is listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Eumicrotremus spinosus is widespread in the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, E. spinosus occurs from the Barents Sea to Frans Josef Land, Spitsbergen and the Kara Sea (Mecklenburg and Sheiko 2003, Mecklenburg et al. 2011) and south to Iceland and Scandinavia. This species primarily occurs from the Polar Front northwards (Byrkjedal and Høines 2007). In the Barents Sea, this species occurs from 150 to 260 m (Dolgov 1995).","Eumicrotremus spinosus does not usually occur in high numbers but is regularly captured in trawl hauls (Wienerroither et al. 2011, pers. obs.; Berg and Nahrgang 2013). The sex ratio of E. spinosus specimens collected from Svalbard was strongly biased towards females, which made up 78% of the 140 individuals examined (Berge and Nahrgang 2013). The species was collected 117 times from 22 trawl stations (Byrkjedal and Høines 2007).","Eumicrotermus spinosus feeds on pelagic and hyperbenthic prey including pink shrimp, large crustaceans, krill, polcheates, and larval stages of fishes; however, individuals collected from Hinlopen Strait, had an exclusively pelagic diet of Themisto libellula (Roshchin 2006, Berge and Nahrgang 2013). The maximum size for this species is 13 cm at which they are a maximum of three years old (Wienerroither et al. 2011). This species has a flexible reproductive period as spawning  is thought to take place in August to September, but there are findings that may suggest that this period be extended to January /February (Andriashev 1954, Wienerroither et al. 2011). Eumicrotremus spinosus females exhibit an iteroparous lifecycle and become sexually mature at an early age. This species is demersal and occurs over rocky habitats (Wienerroither et al. 2011, Berge and Nahrgang 2013).",Current threats to Eumicrotremus spinosus are unknown.,"There are no species-specific conservation efforts in place for E. spinosus; however, the range for this species overlaps with marine protected areas (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014).",Eumicrotremus spinosus is not a commercially fished species (Haedrich and Barnes 1997).,"Harwell, H.","Lorance, P., Florin, A. & Keskin, Ç.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SACCOPHARYNGIFORMES,EURYPHARYNGIDAE,Eurypharynx,pelecanoides,,Eurypharynx pelecanoides,"Vaillant, 1882",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Eurypharynx pelecanoides is circumglobally distributed in tropical and temperate waters. It is found at depths ranging from 500 to 7,625 meters, although it is more typically found in waters ranging from 1,200 to 1,400 meters. It is abundant in museum collections. This species is an opportunistic feeder which feeds on a variety of prey items including crustaceans, fish, and squid. There are no species-specific threats to E. pelecanoides, and its distribution overlaps with several marine protected areas. Therefore, E. pelecanoides is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Eurypharynx pelecanoides is circumglobally distributed in tropical and temperate waters (Nielsen et al. 1986). Recent records include the Gulf of Mexico and off Louisiana (McEachran and Fechhelm 1998). In the northeastern Atlantic, E. pelecanoides is distributed from Iceland south to Madeira and the Canary Islands, but is not known from the Mediterranean (Nielsen et al. 1986). It is found at depths ranging from 500 to 1625 meters, although it is more typically found in waters ranging from 1,200 to 1,400 meters (Masuda et al. 1984).","Sampling undertaken as part of the Census of Marine Life project, using double-warp midwater trawls, revealed that Eurypharynx pelecanoides is a dominant component of the fish assemblage, contributing 4.6% of the total biomass collected at depths ranging from 750 to >2,300 meters. This species was also found to be a dominant component of the near bottom assemblage between 1,500 and 2,300 meters, accounting for 42% of the total biomass (Sutton et al. 2008). Eurypharynx pelecanoides is abundant in museum collections (542 lots). It is most frequently seen in single-specimen lots. Lots typically contain 1 to 2 individuals, however there are a few lots which contain many individuals (FishNet2 database searched March 2013).","Eurypharynx pelecanoides is an indiscriminate feeder which feeds on a variety of prey items including crustaceans, fish, and squid (Nielsen et al. 1989). This species is thought to be semelparous, breeding only once (Nielsen et al. 1989). This species is sexually dimorphic, with males developing a large, knob-like nasal rosette (Gartner 1983). The largest individual on record measures 100 cm total length (TL) (Reiner 1996).",There are no species-specific threats to E. pelecanoides.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for E. pelecanoides; however, its distribution overlaps several marine protected areas. Research into all aspects of the ecology and biology of this species is suggested.",There is no use and trade information available for this species. It is not utilized commercially (Nielsen and Bertelsen 1990).,"Ralph, G. & Harwell, H.","Smith, D.G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Eustomias,braueri,,Eustomias braueri,"Zugmayer, 1911",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Eustomias braueri is a widely distributed, circumglobal species inhabiting depths to 1,400 m. In the northeastern Atlantic, it is only known off of Gibraltar and Madeira. Information about the biology and population trends of this species is limited. Given the limited range in the assessment zone and lack of population information, E. braueri is listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Eustomias braueri is a circumglobal species that occurs between 0–1,400 m depth (Gibbs 1984, Bogutskaya 2007). In the northeastern Atlantic, this species is known from scattered localities off Gibraltar (Gibbs 1984), Portugal, Madeira (Swinney 1990) and the Azores.",There are no records from trawl (bottom or pelagic) surveys in the area (C. Papaconstantinou and S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013).,"Species of the Melanostomiidae are mainly mesopelagic, usually occupying the waters above 1,000 m as an adult. Some species in this family, undergo vertical migrations to near the surface as adults; however, there are no data indicating that E. braueri undergoes such a migration (Haroldin press). This species mainly consumes other fish and sometimes crustaceans (Harold in press). The maximum recorded size for this species is 13.5 cm SL (Gibbs 1984).",Current threats to this species are unknown.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. There is a need for additional information about the biology and population status of this species.,This species is not utilized in the region.,"Ralph, G.","Papaconstantinou, C. & Kobyliansky, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Eustomias,contiguus,,Eustomias contiguus,"Gomon & Gibbs, 1985",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"The fish occurs in the subtropical waters of the North Atlantic Ocean (Harold in prep). The depth range for this species is 0–1,835 m (Hartel et al. 2008). In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (the Azores archipelago and Madeira; Carneiro et al. 2014), and from Spain (the area around the Canaries; Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).",Rarely recorded in the European region.,A mesopelagic species and&#160;can attain 18 cm in length (Harold in prep).,Major threats to this species are unknown.,There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for this species. There is a need for additional information about the biology and population size of this species.,Use and trade information is not available for this species.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Eustomias,dubius,,Eustomias dubius,"Parr, 1927",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species is reported to occur off the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is reported to occur off the Azores (30 NM SSW of the Konstantinov Risge; Carneiro et al. 2014). Globally, it also occurs in the Western Atlantic in Bermuda, the Bahamas and off St. Croix (FishBase 2015).",There is no information on the population in Europe.,This is a tropical marine pelagic-oceanic fish. The maximum length recorded is 13.1 cm SL male/unsexed (Bigelow et al. 1964).,There is no information on threats to this species.,There are no conservation actions in place for this species.,There is no information on the use or trade of this species.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Eustomias,enbarbatus,,Eustomias enbarbatus,"Welsh, 1923",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"This is a mesopelagic fish, occurring between 0-800 m depth (Mundy 2005). It is found in temperate to tropical areas of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans, and in the Western North Atlantic from the Caribbean to 40oN (Gibbs and Barnett 1990). In the Eastern Central Atlantic the species is poorly sampled, with one small area of occurrence off Mauritania near the Cape Verde Islands. In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (the Azores archipelago; Carneiro et al. 2014), and from the area of the Canaries; Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).",It is not known whether there is substantial immigration/emigration from outside the region that will significantly affect populations in the Eastern Central Atlantic.,"There are no direct observations of this species, but Eustomias species typically migrate vertically at night (Harold 1998). The maximum standard length is 21.0 cm (SL) (Harold in press).",There is currently no information available about possible threats to this species.,There are currently no efforts to protect or conserve this species.,There is currently no information available about the commercial utilization of this species.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Eustomias,filifer,,Eustomias filifer,"(Gilchrist, 1906)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Eustomias filifer is a circumglobal, mesopelagic species. In the northeastern Atlantic, it is known from off Gibraltar and Madeira. Although there is limited information on status of its population in the region, there are no major threats threats to this species. Therefore, it is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Eustomias filifer is a circumglobal, mesopelagic species. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species is known from off Gibraltar (Gibbs 1984), Madeira (Swinney 1990) and the Canary Islands. It has been collected from at least 1,000 m depth, but its complete depth distribution is uncertain.",This species was not recorded in trawl (bottom or pelagic) surveys in the region (C. Papaconstantinou and S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013).,"Eustomias filifer is a mesopelagic fish of the family Melanostomiidae, many members of which undergo a vertical migration at night to shallower waters, where they feed on midwater fish and crustaceans (Harold 1998). Eustomias filifer is probably piscivorous and occasionally crustaceans (Harold in press). The maximum recorded length for this species is 23.2 cm SL (Gibbs and Barnett 1990).","Currently, there are no major threats to this species.",There are currently no efforts to conserve or protect this species.,This species is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Papaconstantinou, C. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Eustomias,fissibarbis,,Eustomias fissibarbis,"(Pappenheim, 1912)",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"Circumglobal in tropical and subtropical seas, including Hawaiian Islands (Eschmeyer 2015, Harold in press). This species is found in the Sargasso Sea, collected at greater than 1,000 m depth (Sutton et al. 2010). This species occurs in most of the Atlantic from 35oN to 27oS, in the eastern Pacific just south of the equator near Hawaii, areas in the western Pacific north of the equator, and in the southwestern Indian ocean (Clarke 2000).  Absent from the eastern boundary currents, but occurs in the subtropical and western tropical areas of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans (Clarke 2000). This species occurs in the Gulf of Mexico (Sutton and Hopkins 1996). In the Eastern Central Atlantic, this species has been recorded off Liberia (Fishnet2 Portal 2013). In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (the Azores archipelago; Carneiro et al. 2014), and from Spain (the region of the Canaries; Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).",It is not known whether there is substantial immigration/emigration from outside the region that will significantly affect populations in the Eastern Central Atlantic.,"There are no direct observations of this species, but Eustomias species typically migrate vertically at night (Harold 1998). The maximum standard length is 19.0 cm (SL) (Harold in prep).",There are currently no known threats to this species.,There are currently no know conservation measures in place for this species.,This species is currently not utilized.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Eustomias,lipochirus,,Eustomias lipochirus,"Regan & Trewavas, 1930",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In the European region the fish is known from the Azores archipelago and from Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014), and from the Canaries (Bordes et al. 2009). This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"This species is restricted to the Atlantic Ocean, but may also occur in the western Indian Ocean (Clarke 2001), and also occurs in the Gulf of Mexico (Sutton and Hopkins 1996). In the European region the fish is known from the Azores archipelago and from Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014), and from the Canaries (Bordes et al. 2009). Reported at depths of over 1,000 m around the Canaries (Bordes et al. 2009).",No information available.,"Members of the family Melanostomiidae are generally mesopelagic and occur in the upper 1,000 m but can occur as deep as 4,500 m (Harold 1998). This family also commonly migrates to shallower waters at night in order to feed on midwater fish and crustaceans (Harold 1998).",There is no information available as to possible threats to this species.,There are currently no conservation measures in place to protect this species.,This species is not currently utilized commercially.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Eustomias,longibarba,,Eustomias longibarba,"Parr, 1927",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In the European region the fish is known from the Azores archipelago, Madeira and from the Canaries (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009). This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"The fish is a circumglobally distributed species that occurs in subtropical to tropical waters (Harold in press). This species is almost certainly located only in the Atlantic Ocean (Eschmeyer 2014). It can be found from Morocco south to St. Helena and from about 35°N to off eastern Brazil in the western Atlantic Ocean. In the European region the fish is known from the Azores archipelago and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014), and from the Canaries (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).","Very rare and very scanty in European waters (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009), has been caught in midwater trawls, between 434 and 606 m.","The fish can attain 19 cm in length (Harold in press). This species is likely mesopelagic and vertically migrates to above 50 m at night. Maximum daytime depth is unknown but is probably around 1,000 m (Gibbs et al. 1983, Harold pers comm. 2014).",Major threats to this species are unknown.,There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for this species. Additional information about the population size and biology of this species is needed.,Use and trade information is not available for this species. Occasionally taken in trawls but unlikely to be targeted.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Harold, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Eustomias,macronema,,Eustomias macronema,Regan & Trewavas 1930,,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In the European region the fish is known from Madeira, and reported from the Canaries (Gibbs 1984), although not listed by Carneiro et al. (2014). Not listed for the Canaries. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"This species occurs 20-32o N in the North Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, in the South Atlantic, throughout the Pacific, west of Australia, and near the equator in the Indian Ocean south of India (Clarke 2000). In the European region the fish is known from Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014), and reported from the Canaries (Gibbs 1984), although not listed by Carneiro et al. (2014). Not listed for the Azores (Santos et al. 1997).",It is not known whether there is substantial immigration/emigration from outside the European region that will significantly affect populations in the Eastern Central Atlantic.,A mesopelagic species (Paxton et al. 1989).,"There is currently no information available on possible threats to this species, however it is not a targeted species in fisheries.",There are currently no conservation efforts in effect for this species.,This species is currently not utilized commercially.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Eustomias,macrurus,,Eustomias macrurus,"Regan & Trewavas, 1930",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In the European region, the fish is recorded from the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014) and the Canaries (Bordes 2009). This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"Eustomias macrurus is a circumglobal species that occurs in equatorial to temperate waters (Harold in press). In the European region, the fish is recorded from the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014) and the Canaries (Bordes 2009).",Population information is not available for this species.,"Eustomias macrurus has been recorded to 28 cm (Harold in press). This species is mesopelagic, and is likely a vertical migratory, and can be found above 100 m during the night, and from approximately 300 to 700 m during the day.",Major threats to this species are unknown.,There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for this species. Additional information about the population size and biology of this species is needed.,Use and trade information is not available for this species.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Harold, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Eustomias,monodactylus,,Eustomias monodactylus,"Regan & Trewavas, 1930",The species status of Eustomias monodactylus has recently been restored and it should no longer be considered a synonym of Eustomias filifer (Sutton and Hartel 2004).,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In the European region, it is known from the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014). This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population",Unknown,"In the European region, it is known from the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014).",There is no population information available.,"A bathypelagic species, it is thought to have a depth range of 0-1,820 m. This species has for some time been considered a synonym of Eustomias filifer and its species status has only been recently resurrected (Sutton and Hartel 2004). As such, there is little information on its ecology or range. Related species undertake vertical migrations, ascending at night to shallower waters to feed.","There is no directed fishery for this species and it is not reported to be taken as by-catch within its range. Due to the deepwater nature of this species it is unlikely to be impacted by coastal pollution and development, and climatic threats.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place. Further research is needed on the distribution of this species.,Not utilised.,"Nieto, A. & Allen, D.J.","Ralph, G.","De Silva, R., Milligan, H., Lutz, M., Batchelor, A., Jopling, B., Kemp, K., Lewis, S., Lintott, P., Sears, J., Wilson, P., Smith, J. and Livingston, F.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Eustomias,obscurus,,Eustomias obscurus,"Vaillant, 1884",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Eustomias obscurus ranges from subtropical to temperate Atlantic waters. It is known to occur from Madeira and the Azores. It is a mesopelagic species known from depths to 1,900 m. There is limited information on status of its population in the region. There are no major threats to this species. It is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Eustomias obscurus occurs throughout the Atlantic Ocean from subtropical to temperate waters to depths of 20–1,900 m (Gibbs and Barnett 1990, Bogutskaya 2007). In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs northeast of the Azores, Madeira and off Gibraltar (Gibbs 1984).  Outside the region, this species occurs from the Democratic Republic of the Congo to Namibia. In the western Atlantic, E. obscurus is found off the coast of the USA south to Cuba, as well as off Puerto Rico and off Brazil (Gibbs and Barnett 1990).",Eustomias obscurus was not recorded in trawl surveys (bottom or pelagic) in the region (C. Papaconstantinou and S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013).,The maximum size for this species is 23 cm SL (Gibbs and Barnett 1990). The diet of members of this family primarily consists of other mesopelagic fishes and some crustaceans (Harold FAO ECA Guide in prep).,Current threats to Eustomias obscurus are unknown.,There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for Eustomias obscurus. ,This species is not utilized in the region.,"Ralph, G.","Kobyliansky, S. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Eustomias,parri,,Eustomias parri,"Regan & Trewavas, 1930",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species occurs in the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs in the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014). Globally, this species occurs in the subtropical and temperate Atlantic (G. Ralph pers. comm. 2015).",There is no information on the population in Europe.,This is a marine bathylpelagic species.,There is no information on threats to this species.,There are no conservation actions in place for this species.,There is no information on the use or trade of this species.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Eustomias,radicifilis,,Eustomias radicifilis,"Borodin, 1930",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) In Europe, this species is reported from off the Azores (108 NM SSW of the Marsala Seamount). Outside of Europe, it is known from the Western Central Atlantic. There is no information on the population or threats in Europe. Therefore, it is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is reported from off the Azores (108 NM SSW of the Marsala Seamount; Carneiro et al. 2014). Outside of Europe, it is only known from the Western Central Atlantic near Bermuda and south towards the Turks and Caicos.",There is no information on the population in Europe.,"This is a marine bathypelagic species known from depths around 1,200 m (Eschmeyer 2003).",There is no information on the threats to this species.,There are no conservation actions in place for this species.,There is no information on the use or trade of this species.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Eustomias,satterleei,,Eustomias satterleei,"Beebe, 1933",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In the European region the fish is known from the Azores archipelago (Carneiro et al. 2014). This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"The fish inhabits subtropical to temperate waters of the Atlantic, Pacific and South Indian oceans (Harold in press). In the European region the fish is known from the Azores archipelago (Carneiro et al. 2014).",Population information is not available for this species.,"Eustomias satterleei has been recorded to 18 cm in length (Harold in press). This species is a vertical migratory, and is found above 100 m during the night, and adults to at least 800-1,000 m during the day. It is mesopelagic, and maybe upper bathypelagic.",Major threats to this species are unknown.,There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for this species. Additional information about the population size and biology of this species is needed.,Use and trade information is not available for this species.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Harold, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Eustomias,schmidti,,Eustomias schmidti,"Regan & Trewavas, 1930",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In the European region the fish is known from the Azores archipelago and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014), and from the Canaries (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009). This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"The fish is a circumglobal species that ranges from subtropical to temperate (Harold in press). This species is absent or rare in central water masses at latitudes between approximately 20° - 30°N or S (Clarke 2000). Occurs in the northwest, northeast, and southwest eastern central Atlantic (Harold in press). In the European region the fish is known from the Azores archipelago and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014), and from the Canaries (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).",There are 100 museum records for Eustomias schmidti including a single record of 18 individuals (Fishnet2 Portal 2012). It is not known whether there is substantial immigration/emigration from outside the region that will significantly affect populations in the Eastern Central Atlantic.,"The fish exhibits vertical movements, with nighttime centers of abundance between 0 to 200 m, and 500 to 700 m, and a daytime center of abundance between 500 to 700 m (Sutton and Hopkins 1996). The maximum size recorded for this&#160;species&#160;is 21 cm. The diet of members of this family primarily consists of other mesopelagic fishes and some crustaceans (Harold in press).",Current threats to Eustomias schmidti are unknown.,There are no species specific conservation efforts in&#160;place. The distribution for this species overlaps with a few marine protected areas (IUCN and UNEP 2013).,Use and trade information is not&#160;available&#160;for this species.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Eustomias,simplex,,Eustomias simplex,"Regan & Trewavas, 1930",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)   In the European region the fish is known from the Azores  and Madeira archipelagos (Carneiro et al. 2014), and from the Canaries (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009). This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"The fish occurs in tropical to temperate waters of the Atlantic Ocean (Harold in press). Significant evidence suggests that this species is cosmopolitan (Gibbs and Barnett 1990) from between 37°N to 34°S. In the European region the fish is known from the Azores  and Madeira archipelagos (Carneiro et al. 2014), and from the Canaries (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).",Population information is not available for this species.,"The fish has been recorded to 22 cm (Harold in press). This species is a vertical migratory, and can be found above 100 m during the night, and from 500-1,200 m during the day. This species is meso and upper bathypelagic.",Major threats to this species are unknown.,There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for this species. Additional information about the population size and biology is needed for this species.,Use and trade information is not available for this species.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Harold, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Eustomias,tetranema,,Eustomias tetranema,"Zugmayer, 1913",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)   This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"The fish occurs in the temperate Atlantic Ocean (Harold in press) east of 45°W between 32° and 38°N as well as off eastern Brazil in the South Atlantic 18°S 29°W (Gibbs and Barnett 1990). In the European region the fish is known from the Azores and Madeira archipelagos (Carneiro et al. 2014), and from the Canaries (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).",Very rare and very rarely found in European waters (Bordes Caballero et al. 2014).,"A mesopelagic species that has been recorded to 15 cm (Gibbs and Barnett 1990). In European waters, captured in the great depths of the abyssal plain in a mesopelagic drag at 622-813 m during the day, and in an epipelagic drag (48-66 m) at night, indicating that the fish undertakes nocturnal vertical migration to surface waters (Bordes Caballero et al. 2014).",Major threats to this species are unknown.,There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for this species. Additional information about the population size and biology of this species is needed.,Use and trade information is not available for this species.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,LIPARIDAE,Eutelichthys,leptochirus,,Eutelichthys leptochirus,"Tortonese, 1959",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Although there is not a lot of information available on this species, the species has been recorded relatively frequently along the Spanish coast, and there appears to be no major threats towards it. However further research is needed into the distribution, biology and threats. It is, therefore, assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Eutelichthys leptochirus is endemic to the western Mediterranean Sea, where it has been recorded off of Algeria (locality unknown), France (locality unknown), Italy (locality unknown) and Spain (Tortonese 1959, Chernova et al. 2004).  It is found at depths of 500 to 750 metres (Relini et al. 1986).","This is a small, deep-water species that is uncommon and it has been relatively frequently recorded along the Spanish coast (Stein and Able 1986). The population trend is unknown.","Eutelichthys leptochirus is a benthopelagic, demersal species (Stein and Able 1986). It apparently occurs peripherally at bathyal depths around the west basin of the Mediterranean Sea (Stein and Able 1986). In the Ligurian Sea this species was caught until 750 m depth (Relini et al. 1986). This species reproductive periodicity is unknown. Fecundity may be 35 to 40 eggs of about two millimetres diameter (Stein and Able 1986). Maximum size for this species is 5.1 cm SL (Stein and Able 1996). The diet and early life history traits of this species are poorly understood.","This species is not commercially exploited. There are no known, species-specific threats to Eutelichthys leptochirus.","No specific conservation measures are in place for this species. Its range may overlap with marine protected areas (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Eutelichthys leptochirus was previously assessed as Data Deficient, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011). Research on the distribution, biology and ecology is needed.",This species is not utilized.,"Strongin, K.","Uiblein, F., Knudsen, S. & Nielsen, J.","Keskin, Ç., Golani, D., Papakonstantinou, C., Quignard, J.P. & Palmeri, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SCOMBRIDAE,Euthynnus,alletteratus,,Euthynnus alletteratus,"(Rafinesque, 1810)","Auxis rochei rochei (Risso, 1810) is worldwide except for the eastern tropical Pacific where it is replaced by A. r. eudorax Collette and Aadland, 1996.",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Euthynnus alletteratus is widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean and in the Mediterranean Sea. It is routinely taken by a variety of gears including seines and gill nets in commercial, artisanal and recreational fisheries, however whilst landings have increased, they appear to be stable in recent years. As the catch in the Mediterranean is the bulk of the fishery for this species in European waters, there do not appear to be any population declines. Therefore, E. alletteratus is assessed as Least Concern at present.",Stable,"Euthynnus alletteratus is widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical of the Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, the fish is known from the southern North Sea and the English Channel to Madeira and the Canary Islands, including the Mediterranean Sea and the western Black Sea (Collette and Nauen 1983). Oray and Karakulak (2005) observed high concentrations of E. alletteratus larvae in the eastern Mediterranean basin zone. It is typically found to 150 m.","This species is caught in relatively small quantities throughout its range. Landings reported from the northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea fishing regions have increased from less than 1,000 t in the 1950's to about 6,900 t in 2009 (FAO 2014). In the 1980s there was a marked increase in reported landings of all small tuna species combined compared to previous years, reaching a peak of about 139,412 t in 1988. Reported landings for the 1989–1995 period decreased to approximately 92,637 t, and since then values have oscillated, with a minimum of 69,895 t in 1993 and a maximum of 123,600 t in 2005. Declared catches were 79,228 t in 2006 and 74,087 t in 2007. A preliminary estimate of the total nominal landings of small tunas in 2008 is 55,876 t. The 2008 preliminary catch of small tuna amounted to 55,876 t, of which 11,552 t was Euthynnus alletteratus (STECF 2009). There are more than 10 species of small tunas, but only five of these account for about 88% of the total reported catch by weight. These five species are: Atlantic Bonito (Sarda sarda); Frigate Tuna (Auxis thazard), which may include some catches of Bullet Tuna (Auxis rochei); Little Tunny (Euthynnus alletteratus); King Mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla); and Atlantic Spanish Mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus) (ICCAT 2009). In the Mediterranean, the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) statistics are very weak for this species with many countries not reporting catches for many years. Landings reported for the period of 1997–2002 fluctuated around 2,500 t. This species is sporadically caught and larger specimens are becoming more available in recent years (A. Di Natale pers. comm. 2008). Euthynnus alletteratus accounts for 0.5 to about 17% of the total landings of small tunas reported to the FAO (Di Natale et al. 2009).","This is a reef-associated and oceanodromous species found in neritic waters close inshore (Cervigón 1994). It is found in surface waters, mainly on the continental shelf. Less migratory than Katsuwonus pelamis or other tunas, it is usually found in coastal areas with swift currents, near shoals and offshore islands. In the Mediterranean it is also found far offshore. This schooling species is an opportunistic predator which feeds on primarily on fishes (mainly clupeoid), but also on crustaceans, squids, hyperiid amphipods, heteropods and tunicates (Bahou et al. 2007, Falautano et al. 2007). Eggs are shed in several batches when the water is warmest. The fish spawns extensively, both geographically and temporally, throughout its respective range (Schaefer 2001). Eggs are shed in several batches when the water is warmest. Spawning distributions of all three Euthynnus species appear primarily restricted to peripheral areas and around islands within their respective ocean basins (Yoshida 1979, Nishikawa et al. 1985). In Tunisia, the sex ratio is 57.77% females (Hajjej et al. 2011). Gonadal-somatic index (GSI) indicated spawning June–Sept. Size at first maturity 43.13 cm fork length (FL) for females and 42.12 cm for males. The length-weight regression was estimated at Wt = 0.0329.*FL2.8101 for females, 0.0368*FL2.7832 for males. This species has an estimated longevity of between eight and ten years (Cayre and Diouf 1983, Landau 1965), with an estimated age of first maturity of two or three years (Landau 1965, Hattour 2000, Kahraman et al. 2008). Generation length is therefore estimated to be approximately four years. Maximum size is 100 cm FL. The all-tackle gamefish record is a 16.32 kg fish taken in Washington Canyon, New Jersey, USA in 2006 (IGFA 2014).","This is a commercial species that is part of a multispecies fishery. Overall trends in the small tuna catch may mask declining trends for individual species because annual landings are often dominated by the landings of a single species. These fluctuations seem to be partly related to unreported catches, as these species generally comprise part of the bycatch and are often discarded, and therefore do not reflect the real catch. The ICCAT Standing Committee on Research and Statistics (SCRS) pointed out the relative importance of small tuna fisheries in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, which account for 28% of the total reported catch from 1980–2007. Several countries from the Mediterranean and Black Sea are not reporting catches to the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT). It is commonly believed that catches of small tunas are strongly affected by unreported or underreported data in all areas. Small tunas are exploited mainly by coastal fisheries and often by artisanal fisheries, although substantial catches are also made, either as target species or as bycatch, by purse seiners, mid-water trawlers, handlines, troll lines, driftnets, surface drifting long-lines and small scale gillnets. Several recreational fisheries also target small tunas. Since 1991, the use of fish aggregating devices (FADs) by tropical purse-seiners may have led to an increase in fishing mortality of small tropical tuna species (STECF 2009). There is a general lack of information on the mortality of these species as bycatch, exacerbated by the confusion regarding species identification (ICCAT 2009).","It is a highly migratory species listed under Annex I of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea. Euthynnus alletteratus was assessed as Least Concern globally (Collette et al. 2011, IUCN 2011) and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011). It probably occurs in marine protected areas in parts of its European range, and is reported from the Fondali delle Isole Pelagie Natura 2000 site in Italian waters. Data on the catch composition, biology and trends for small tunas are now available from the Mediterranean and the Black Sea (Di Natale et al. 2008). More information, particularly on specific fishing effort, is needed from all areas. The small tuna fishery seems to be quite important for the coastal communities, both economically and as a source of proteins. No management recommendations have been presented by ICCAT due to the lack of proper data, historical series and analyses. In 2008, the ICCAT Standing Committee on Research and Statistics (SCRS) reiterated its recommendation to carry out studies to determine the state of these stocks and the adoption of management solutions. ICCAT/SCRS in 2009 (ICCAT 2009) noted that there is an improvement in the availability of catch and biological data for small tuna species particularly in the Mediterranean and Black Sea. However, biological information, catch and effort statistics for small tunas remain incomplete for many of the coastal and industrial fishing countries. Given that, many of these species are of high importance to coastal fishermen, especially in some developing countries, both economically and often as a primary source of proteins, therefore the SCRS recommends that further studies be conducted on small tuna species due to the limits of information available (STECF 2009). In Turkey there is a minimum landing size of 45 cm. Research is needed, including into population trends.","This is a commercial fish species. Almost all the commercial catches (99%) are taken by purse-seiners (2,067 t retained and 1,434 t discarded) (STECF 2009). Specialized traps (madragues) are used in Tunisia and Morocco. Because of its abundance in inshore waters it is a popular sportfish on light tackle, commonly taken by trolling feather jigs, spoons, or strip bait. It is also popular and very effective as live bait for sailfish. Catches in the Mediterranean and Black Sea occur primarily in the late spring and early summer as bycatch of the offshore swordfish fishery (Di Natale et al. 2009).","Allen, D.J. & Polidoro, B.","Collette, B. & Heessen, H.","Amorim, A.F., Boustany, A., Carpenter, K.E., Di Natale, A., Fox, W., Fredou, F.L., Graves, J., Juan Jorda, M., Kada, O., Minte Vera, C., Miyabe, N., Nelson, R., Oxenford, H., Pires Ferreira Travassos, P.E., Teixeira Lessa, R.P., Viera Hazin, F.H. & de Oli",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,TRIGLIDAE,Eutrigla,gurnardus,,Eutrigla gurnardus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Eutrigla gurnardus is a widespread and common species in the northeast Atlantic and is one of the most abundant gurnard species in the North Sea. This species is benthic and is common over sand, mud, and rock bottoms to 191 m depth. It is is taken as bycatch, and is of minor commercial importance in parts of its range. Significant quantities of E. gurnardus have been landed by industrial fleets; however, this species is of low value and is generally discarded when landed. While decreases in abundance have been noted in some areas, such as the Bay of Biscay, in other areas such as the North Sea this species has greatly increased in abundance, and there is no overall trend. The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) has made management recommendations for this species for three regions in the northeast Atlantic, icnluding the reduction of catches throughout the region. Additionally, E. gurnardus is likely to be found in marine protected areas throughout its range. Therefore, E. gurnardus is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Eutrigla gurnardus is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is known from Iceland, Norway, the southern Baltic Sea, and the North Sea to Morocco, including Madeira and the Mediterranean (FAO 2013). In the Mediterranean Sea, it occurs from Catalan Sea (Bahamon et al. 2006), Tyrrhenian Sea (Colloca et al. 2004, Carpentieri et al. 2005), Adriatic Sea (D. Golani pers. obs. 2007), Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005), Aegean Sea (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002, the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988), Ozaydin et al. 2007), Mediterranean Sea coast of Turkey (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002). It is also known from the Black Sea (Hureau 1986). It is found at depths ranging from 0 to 340 m.","Eutrigla gurnardus is by far the most abundant gurnard species in the North Sea (Heessen and Daan 1996). This species ranks among the 10 dominant species of the North Sea (Daan et al. 1990). Eutrigla gurnardus in the North Sea, has made a notable increase in International Bottom Trawl Surveys (IBTS) since the 1980s (ICES 2002). IBTS data in the North Sea revealed that larger size individuals occur in high abundances along the 50 m depth contour as well as the Doggerbank, Fisher Banks, Jutland, and the German Bight (Heessen and Daan 1994). This species has undergone large reductions in abundance in the Bay of Biscay due to excessive groundtrawling in that region. In 1924 this species accounted for 35.4% of landings, while in 1994 this species accounted for 1.2% of landings (Quero 1998).  In the Greek Seas this species is common and abundant in some areas (Papakonstantinou pers. comm. 2013). Papakonstantinou (1982) stated that this species was abundant in shallow area of the Mediterranean. In the Gulf of Cadiz there was one record, in 2012, of a 13 cm individual from bottom trawl surveys over the last 20 years (J. Hererra pers. comm. 2013). The International Bottom Trawl Survey of the Mediterranean (MEDITS) in the Spanish Mediterranean found that this species was relatively rare, represented by 15 records over 20 years. Individuals ranged in size from between 13 and 18 cm (TL) for males, and 15 to 27 cm (TL) for females, and 4 to 12 cm (TL), and 4 to 12 cm (TL)  for indeterminate individuals. The average size was 13.7 cm (TL). In the Sea of Marmara and the north Aegean Sea this species is abundant and frequent on the shelf (C. Keskin pers. comm. 2013). Significant quantities of E. gurnardus have been landed by industrial fleets (Heessen and Daan 1996). The overall trend in landings declared to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is a series of large peaks in landings followed by stabilization at relatively low numbers. Landings are are declared by the following fishing regions: Northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean. The overall trend in landings is one of increase to a large peak in landings of 47,580 tonnes declared in the early 1990s, a second peak in the early 2000s of 26909 tonnes. Landings have since stabilized to between 1500 to 5000 tonnes. Historically, the trend of this fishery is primarily driven by northeast Atlantic countries. However, in the mid to late 2000s Mediterranean landings accounted for the majority of declared landings (FAO 2011). According to the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) 2013 Report of the Working Group on the Assessment of Southern Shelf Stocks adn Hake, Monk and Melgrim, in the past, gurnards were often not sorted by species when landed and reported into one generic category of “gurnards”. In recent years the official statistics seem to improve gradually, however, catch statistics are incomplete for several years. This species is mainly taken as a bycatch in mixed demersal fisheries for flatfish and groundfish. However, the market is limited and the larger part of the catch appears to be discarded. Owing to the low commercial value of this species, landings data will usually not reflect the actual catches very well.In the South European Atlantic (VIII and IX), official landings have fluctuated at low level and were on average 63 tonnes since 2000 (ICES 2012). In North Portugal, Rocha (2007, 2008) determined the composition and proportion of Triglidae landings in artisanal fleet and Feijó et al. (2008) studied the mixture of Triglidae species in the trawl fleet. This work revealed that grey gurnard may represent as little as 0.5% of all gurnard landings and it is the tub gurnard (Chelidonichthys lucerna) that is the most valuable and frequently landed species of gurnard.","Eutrigla gurnardus is a common demersal species on sandy, muddy, sometimes rocky, substrata. It can be found up to depth of 340 m in the east Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005). This species feeds on crustaceans (mostly shrimps and shore crabs) and fishes (mostly gobies, flatfish, young herring and sand eels). The young are pelagic until reaching a length of 3 cm. The presence of juveniles in the coastal waters of the northwest Mediterranean Sea coastal waters occurs between November and January (Tunesi et al. 2005). It makes croaking sounds (Frimodt 1995), and the acoustic behavior of E. gurnardus changes with fish size. Larger individuals tend to be less vocal and exhibit a scrambling behavior when competing for food while smaller individuals are active sound producers. Agnostic behavior also decreased in frequency with increased fish size (Amorim and Hawkins 2005). This species demonstrates a shift in seasonal distribution where in the winter it is primarily concentrated in the western part of the central North Sea and disperse during the spring and summer (Knijn et al. 1993). This species is benthic and is common over sand, mud, and rock bottoms to 191 m depth. During the summer E. gurnardus migrates towards shore and enters estuaries. The spawning period takes place from January to June from depth of 25 m to 50 m. Eutrigla gurnardus eggs are pelagic and larvae remain pelagic until they reach 3 cm in length. Individuals of this species attain sexual maturity at three to four years of age. The maximum length for E. gurnardus is 50 cm but it is more commonly found around 30 cm.  In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 25.3 cm TL and the length at maturity  for females is 15.0 cm TL  and for males is 12.2 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014)This species primarily feeds on shrimps, shore crabs as well as gobies, flatfishes, young herring, and sand eels. This species reaches a maximum age 8 years (FAO 2013). This species reaches maximum lengths of up to ~20 cm and feeds primarily on invertebrates. Once it exceeds this length, it is able to feed more a greater variety of prey items (Floeter and Temming 2005). Weinert et al. (2010) found three different diet categories for E. gurnardus which were favorable to for one of the three condition factors (Fulton condition). Eutrigla gurnardus fish predators have the highest Fulton condition, the mixed diet predators had the highest hepatosomatic indices, and invertebrate predators have the highest gonadosomatic indices (Weinert et al. 2010).","This is a minor commercial species in the Mediterranean. It is taken in semi-industrial fishing operations in Spain, Cyprus and the Adriatic Sea and crafts (12 tonnes annually in Cyprus). The species is mainly caught with trawls gillnets and longlines, handlines. It is also taken in industrial trawl fisheries. It is regularly present on markets in the western Mediterranean and Turkey, and occasionally elsewhere. This species is marketed fresh (Fischer et al. 1987). The Portuguese discard observer program in the period 2004 to 2011, recorded E. gurnardus in less than 3% of the hauls sampled in the demersal fish bottom trawl fleet. For the crustacean bottom trawl fleet there was no occurrence of E. gurnardus in this period. Discarding of this species by Spanish trawl fleet has declined from 500 tonnes to 80 tonnes in recent years (ICES WGHMM Report 2013).","The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) has proposed the following recommendations. In the North Sea, catches of this species should not increase from the average catches of the past three years. Due to the unreliability of catch data for E. gurnardus, ICES is not able to quantify the results (ICES 2013). In the Celtic Sea and to the West of Scotland, ICES advises that catches of E. gurnardus for 2013 and 2014 should be reduced by 20% (ICES 2013). ICES advises that catches of E. gurnardus for 2013 and 2014 should be reduced by 20% (ICES 2013). This species was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean Red List Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).","Eutrigla gurnardus is a minor commercial species. It is regularly present on markets in the western Mediterranean and Turkey, and occasionally elsewhere. It is marketed fresh (Fischer et al. 1987). Eutrigla gurnardus is a largely discarded species and landings data do not reflect the actual catches. Only data collected at sea supported by the European Union (EU) Data Collection Framework can provide an accurate estimates of catches (ICES 2013). This species is caught with bottom trawls, trammel nets, and line gear (FAO 2013). ","Ralph, G.","Keskin, Ç., Herrera, J. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,EVERMANNELLIDAE,Evermannella,balbo,,Evermannella balbo,"(Risso, 1820)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Evermannella balbo is a widely distributed, deep sea species. In the northeastern Atlantic, it is found at depths of 400 to 1000 m. While it is rare, it is not utilized, and occurs deep where it is not as disturbed by human activity.  Therefore, E. balbo is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Evermannella balbo is widely distributed in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and is presumed to be circumglobal in the transition zone of the southern oceans (Johnson 1984). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, E. balbo is known from Iceland (Astthorsson and Palsson 2006), the Rockall Trough off the coast of Ireland (Byrkjedal et al. 2004), south to Portugal, Azores, and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014). Evermannella balbo is also widely distributed in the Mediterranean Sea. In Italy, it is present in the Ligurian sea, Messina strait (Berdar et al. 1975), and in 1948 it was also found into the Adriatic Sea (Costa 1991, 1999). It was also present Anzio harbour, Latium, Central Tyrrhenian Sea (Psomadakis et al. 2006). In Greece, it is found in Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea and around Crete (Papakonstantinou 1988), and has also been recorded from  Antalya Bay Turkey (Deval 2013). It is present on the Iberian coast and around Balearic Islands (Lloris and Rucabado 1998). It is typically found at depths of 400 to 1000 m (Johnson 1984).",Evermannella balbo is widespread but it is rare and infrequently caught (Johnson 1984). Population information is limited.,"Evermannella balbo is a meso- and bathypelagic and oceanodromous species. Most adults are found between 400 to 1,000 m (Johnson 1990). It feeds on midwater fishes (Johnson 1984).",There are no major threats known to affect this species.,"There are no conservation measures in place for the protection of this species. This species may occur in a marine protected area somewhere throughout its range.  This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Evermannella balbo is not utilized.,"Ralph, G. & Harwell, H.","Russell, B.","Bannerman, P., Nunoo, F., Poss, S., Papaconstantinou, C., Palmeri, A., Massuti, E. & Keskin, Ç.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,EVERMANNELLIDAE,Evermannella,melanoderma,,Evermannella melanoderma,"Parr, 1928","This species has been sometimes been recorded as E. indica, but all records of this species from the Atlantic are now known to be E. melanoderma (Swinney 1994).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) The fish is commonly found in the eastern Atlantic and is widespread between 30°N and 5°S. In the European region, the fish is known from off the coast of the Portuguese mainland, the Madeira archipelago (Carneiro et al. 2014), and from the Canaries, and there are numerous records of this species in its Eastern Central Atlantic distribution. Furthermore it is not utilized nor does it have any major threats affecting it. Therefore this species is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"The fish is commonly found in the Eastern Atlantic and is widespread between 30°N and 5°S, although not found in the Mediterranean Sea (Johnson 1990).  In the European region, the fish is known from off the coast of the Portuguese mainland and the Madeira archipelago (Carneiro et al. 2014), and from the Canaries (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).",Rare and uncommonly recorded in European waters (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).,"A meso- and bathypelagic and oceanodromous species, found between 215 and 924 m, both day and night (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).",There are no known threats.,There are no conservation measures in place or needed for this species.,This species is not utilized.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Bannerman, P., Nunoo, F., Poss, S. & Russell, B.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,BELONIFORMES,EXOCOETIDAE,Exocoetus,obtusirostris,,Exocoetus obtusirostris,"Günther, 1866",Exocoetus obtusirostris is endemic to the Atlantic Ocean and showed no significant differences from different parts of this ocean. It was thought to occur circumglobally before it was split into three other closely related species (Parin and Shakhovskoy 2000). ,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Exocoetus obtusirostris is a widely distributed coastal species found in tropical and subtropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean. Little is known about its population status, but there are no known major threats. Therefore, Exocoetus obtusirostris is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Exocoetus obtusirostris is widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic (Parin and Shakhovskoy 2000). In the northeastern Atlantic, it has been recorded south of Azores and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014), with stragglers off the coast of Portugal (Parin 1986). In the Mediterranean Sea, this species is only known from one record from the Ligurian Sea.",Population data for this species are limited.,"Habitats: This is a pelagic, oceanic species. It occurs in surface waters both near and far from the coast (Cervigón et al. 1992). It is typically found at depths of 0 to 20 m. It lives in a very wide temperature range, 18 to 29o C commonly 20-27o C (Grudtsev et al. 1986). Ecology: Exocoetus obtusirostris is consumed by a large variety of predatory fishes, such as dolphinfishes, tunas, snake mackerels and also by omastrephid squids, seabirds and dolphins (Parin in press). It feeds on small zooplankton, predominantly copepods and chaetognaths (Gorelova and Grudtsev 1967). This species is host to the trematode Gonapodasmius cypseluri, with 29% of inspected specimens having these trematodes in the orbits of their eyes and gills (Nikolaeva and Mordinova 1988).    Reproduction and Life History: Females and males attain sexual maturity at about 14‑15 cm standard length and all females larger than 17 cm standard length are in spawning condition during the year (Alekseev et al. 1989). Maximum size recorded is 24.5 cm total length, 19.5 cm standard length (Parin in press). Otoliths of mature fishes constantly show one opaque and one hyaline zone, thus longevity is about 1 year, and all fishes die during the first reproductive season. Spawning is intermittent with up to 20 portions laid in 5 or more days; each portion consists of 420‑890 (mean 630) eggs. Their eggs are pelagic without any filaments, and estimated total fecundity averages 10,300 eggs (Alekseev et al. 1989).",There are no known major threats to this species.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures for this species. Exocoetus obtusirostris was assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean in 2007, as it is known from only one record from the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",This species has no commercial interest.,"Ralph, G. & Harwell, H.","Collette, B.","Di Natale, A., Molinari, A., Oral, M. & Golani, D.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,BELONIFORMES,EXOCOETIDAE,Exocoetus,volitans,,Exocoetus volitans,"Linnaeus, 1758",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: NA Exocoetus volitans is a widely distributed species in the tropical and subtropical waters of all oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, E. volitans is known only from the Canary Islands. Wandering individuals have been recorded off the Azores, Madeira, and the eastern Mediterranean Sea, but all or some of these records may be based on misidentifications. Only a minor portion of this species' range is within the assessment area. Therefore, E. volitans is assessed as Not Applicable.",Unknown,"Exocoetus volitans is widespread in offshore tropical and subtropical waters of all oceans, including the Mediterranean and Caribbean seas (Parin and Shakhovskoy 2000). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, E. volitans is reported from the Canary Islands (Parin and Shakhovskoy 2000). Wandering individuals have been recorded off the Azores, Madeira, and the eastern Mediterranean Sea, but some or all of these records may be based on misidentifications (Parin and Shakhovskoy 2000). It is typically found at 0 to 20 m depth.","This species is considered the most abundant flying fish species in offshore tropical waters (Parin and Shakhovskoy 2000). However, specific population data are unavailable.","This is an epipelagic, oceanic species that stays near the surface (Parin and Shakhovskoy 2000). Adults occur in surface waters both near and far from the coast (Cervigón et al. 1992). It feeds mostly on crustaceans (copepods) and other planktonic animals (Gorelova and Grudtsev 1987).  It is consumed by a large variety of predatory fishes, such as dolphinfishes, tunas, snake mackerel, and the rainbow runner, Elagatis bipinnulata (Vaske et al. 2006). Exocoetus volitans has pelagic eggs without any filaments and exhibits intermittent spawning with each batch numbering 327—418 (mean 370) eggs (Alekseev et al. 1989). Individuals under 14 cm standard length are immature and all above 17 cm standard length are ripe. The maximum age for E. volitans is at least one year, while the maximum known size in the Atlantic Ocean is 19 cm standard length (Parin 2003).",There are no known major threats to this species.,"There is no information available on specific conservation measures for this species. However, this species may be present in marine protected areas that fall within its distribution. It was assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Exocoetus volitans is of no importance to fisheries (Parin 2003).,"Ralph, G. & Harwell, H.","Collette, B.","Di Natale, A., Molinari, A., Oral, M. & Golani, D.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,NETTASTOMATIDAE,Facciolella,oxyrhyncha,,Facciolella oxyrhyncha,"(Bellotti, 1883)",This species is very similar to Nettastoma melanurum (Golani et al. 2006),No,DD,,,,,,,European Regional Assessment: DD Facciolella oxyrhyncha is widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic Ocean to depths in excess of 700 m. Major threats to this species have not been identified. Additional information about the population trends and biology of this species is limited. It is therefore listed as Data Deficient.,Unknown,"Facciolella oxyrhyncha is found in the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea from Portugal to Angola (Blache et al. 1973, Edelist et al. 2010). In the Northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs off the coast of Portugal north to the Bay of Biscay in northern Spain (Serrano et al. 2011). It is also occurs off the Azores (Lloris et al. 1991), Madeira and Canary Islands (Golani et al. 2006, Wirtz et al. 2008). In the Mediterranean, it is found in the Aegean Sea (Leblebici et al. 2010), Antalya Bay, off the Turkish coast (Golani et al. 2006), off southern Spain [rare but present] (L. Gil de Sola unpublished data), the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988, 1990; Kaspiris 1984; Kallianiotis et al. 2000), and off of the coast of Israel between Haifa and Hadera (Edelist et al. 2010). Facciolella oxyrhyncha has a depth range from 30 to 731 m (Smith 1990).","There is no information on the population trend for this species although it is increasingly found in deep sea trawls across the Mediterranean Sea (Serrano et al. 2011). This species has been recorded in an increasing number of locations; however, this may be due to its superficial similarities with Nettastoma melanurum (Golani et al. 2008). This species is rarely caught in Portuguese crustacean trawls on the Algarve coast (Monteiro et al. 2001).","Facciolella oxyrhyncha is a bathybenthic species found in depths ranging from 30–731 m (Smith 1990). The young are sometimes found in caves, larger specimens are caught in deeper water. Facciolella oxyrhyncha larvae are found around sea mount and the species is known to spawn near the Azores (Sobrinho-Gonçalves and Isidro 2001). The species feeds mainly on decapods (Saldanha 1986).",No major threats have been identified for Facciolella oxyrhyncha.,"There are no species specific conservation measures in place for Facciolella oxyrhyncha. This species may be present in marine protected areas that occur within its distribution (World Database on Protected Areas, accessed April 2014). There is a need for additional information about the biology and population trends of this species. Facciolella oxyrhyncha was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).",Facciolella oxyrhyncha is not a commercially exploited species in European waters or the Mediterranean. ,"Strongin, K.","Karmovskaya, E. & Papaconstantinou, C.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SYNGNATHIFORMES,FISTULARIIDAE,Fistularia,petimba,,Fistularia petimba,"Lacepède, 1803",Fistularia petimbahas often wrongly been cited as the more common Fistularia commersonii (Randall et al. 1990).,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Fistularia petimba is listed as Not Applicable as it is only known from three specimens in Europe and the population in this region is expected to be much less than 1% of its global population. Therefore it is not applicable for assessment in the European Red List.,Unknown,"In the eastern Atlantic, it has been found in Cadiz, Spain near the Strait of Gibraltar (Cardenas et al. 1997), and also more recently in Galicia, northwestern Spain (Banon and Sande 2008). It is suspected that this species is undergoing a northward range expansion due to oceanic warming. Fistularia petimba is widespread throughout the tropical Atlantic, in the Indo-West Pacific, and in the waters of Australia and Hawaii along coastal areas (Fritzsche 1976). The species has also been recorded in the Azores (Azevedo et al. 2004).  It occurs between 10-200 m depth (May and Maxwell 1986), but most often between 18-57 m (Figueiredo et al. 2002). Adults from this species are usually found at depths of 30 m or deeper. While they are mainly sub-tropical, this species is only found deep when there are cold upwellings in tropical regions (Kuiter 2009). This species is commonly found at depths over 10 m along coastal areas with soft bottoms (Fritzsche and Vincent 2002).","Fistularia petimba has only been recorded in the European portion of the eastern Atlantic three times (in Galicia, Cadiz and the Azores). Although it is thought that the species is expanding its range into the area, other occurrences have not been noted since these. Very little is known about the population sizes or trends in Europe, however it appears the species is rare at this point.","Fistularia petimba is a continental, benthopelagic species that is found over soft bottoms in the sublittoral zone and feeds mainly on small fishes and shrimps (Fritzsche 1984, Sommer et al. 1996, Yamada et al. 1995, Fritzsche and Vincent 2002). Juveniles enter estuaries. It is almost always found at depths of below 10 m (Fritzsche 2002). Fistularia petimba is a crepuscular species (Robblee and Zieman 1984). There is little else known about the ecology, fecundity or reproductive strategies of this fish. This species is a coastal marine fish found at depths greater than 10 m. It feeds on small fish and crustaceans using its tubular mouth for suction. Typically it is one metre in length and the maximum reported size is two metres (Fritzsche and Thiesfield 1999, Carpenter et al. 1997).",There are no major threats known at the present time for this species.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place, however, much of the Spanish and Portuguese coasts are designated as marine protected areas (WDPA 2014). Further research should be conducted to determine if the species is spreading further into European waters and if the population is stable or not.","Fistularia petimba has been noted as a component of artisanal fisheries caught in seine lines and traps elsewhere within its range (Cardenas et al. 1997). There are no commercial fisheries that actively pursue Fistularia petimba. However, it is often caught in seine lines and traps. It sometimes appears in small fish markets, dried, salted or smoked, as well as reduced to fish meal (Frizsche 2002).","Kemp, J.R. & Ralph, G.","Pollom, R.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Flagellostomias,boureei,,Flagellostomias boureei,"(Zugmayer, 1913)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Flagellostomias boureei is distributed from about 58°N to Spain in the northeastern Atlantic. This species is mesopelagic and known to occur to depths of 3,000 m. Although data for this species are extremely limited, given its broad distribution and deep waters habitat, it is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Flagellostomias boureei is a circumglobal species and is distributed in the tropical to temperate North Atlantic (Gibbs 1990, Harold in press). In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs from Spain to about 58°N but is not recorded from the Norwegian or North seas (Gibbs 1984). This species is most commonly found to depths of 0–3,000 m (Bogutskaya 2007). Outside the region, F. boureei occurs to South Africa. In the western Atlantic, it is found off the coast of USA to the Gulf of Mexico (no records between 10°N to 20°S), and from southern Brazil to Argentina. It is also found throughout the Indian and Pacific oceans (Gibbs and Barnett 1990).",Flagellostomias boureei was not recorded in trawl surveys (bottom or pelagic) in the region (C. Papaconstantinou and S. Kobyliansky pers comm. 2013).,"The maximum size for this species is 32 cm SL.&#160;The diet of members of this family primarily consists of other mesopelagic fishes and some crustacean. Some species of the subfamily&#160;Melanostomiinae, undertake vertical migrations at night to near surface depths (Harold FAO ECA Guide in press).",Current threats to Flagellostomias boureei are unknown.,"There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for Flagellostomias boureei; however, this species’ range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014).",This species is not utilized on the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Papaconstantinou, C. & Kobyliansky, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,ANTENNARIIDAE,Fowlerichthys,senegalensis,,Fowlerichthys senegalensis,"(Cadenat, 1959)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)   This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population. It is a demersal, shallow-water species with no major threats. In the European region, the fish is only recorded from the Azores (Santos et al. 1997, Carneiro et al. 2014).",Unknown,"The fish is distributed in shallow waters of the tropical eastern Atlantic (Pietsch in prep) where it has been found from Morocco south to Cape Morro, Angola from 45-115 m depth (average 64 m) (Pietsch and Grobecker 1987). Vakily et al. 2002 reports the fish (as Antennarius senegalensis) as distributed off the Cape Verde Islands, Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, and Sierra Leone.In the European region, the fish is only recorded from the Azores (Santos et al. 1997, Carneiro et al. 2014).",There is limited population data for the species.,"A benthic fish with a maximum size of 28.5 cm SL that sits on the bottom in shallow water habitats where it lies-in-wait using a lure to attract small prey fish near its large mouth. Eggs are laid in a large, buoyant, gelatinous mass (Pietsch in prep). Vakily et al. (2002) describes the fish as demersal with a maximum size of 29 cm SL off of West Africa. Habitat types: rocky reef, subtidal sandy, sandy-mud.",There are no known major threats.,There are no known conservation measures in place. Its distribution overlaps with marine protected areas in parts of its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010).,The fish has limited value in the aquarium trade. It is not otherwise utilized (Pietsch in prep). Possibly a component of small-scale fisheries.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MORIDAE,Gadella,maraldi,,Gadella maraldi,"(Risso, 1810)",Gadella maraldi is quite often misidentified as G. imberbis in tropical waters where G. maraldi probably does not occur (Iwamoto in press).,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is widespread the eastern Atlantic, and is found at depths ranging from 150 to 748 m. It is not commercially targeted, and when taken as bycatch in demersal trawlers it appears to be principally discarded. There are no species-specific protection measures in place for G. maraldi, however it is likely to be found in marine protected areas throughout its range. It is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Gadella maraldi is found in the eastern Atlantic from off Portugal, Madeira, the Azores, off western Ireland and the Great Meteor Bank. It is also found throughout much of the Mediterranean Sea, including the central Tyrrhenian Sea (IREPA 2003), east Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005), Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantiou 1988). Its southern distribution along the west coast of Africa is not clear. It is found at depths ranging from 150 to 748 metres.","Gadella maraldi was taken in groundfish surveys in the North of Spain and Portugal, but not in the Celtic Sea/ Bay of Biscay or in the Gulf of Cadiz (ICES 2005). In the Mediterranean Sea, this species is not commonly caught. Mytilineou et al. (2005) mentioned that this species was collected in the northeast Ionian Sea during four experimental survey (Sept. 1999, Apr. 2000, Jul. 2000, Sept. 2000), by means of trawls of 40 mm stretched mesh size in the cod-end, with density of 0.1 individuals per hauls in the depth range of 300 to 500 m (44 hauls), 0.1 individuals per hauls in the depth range of 500 to 700 m (52 hauls) and 0.1 individuals per hauls in the depth range of 700 to 900 m (36 hauls).","Gadella maraldi is a benthopelagic species that occurs on the upper slope, over hard bottoms (Cohen 1986, 1990). Depth range from 150 to 700 m (Cohen et al. 1990) and from 368 to 748 m in the east Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005). It is possibly a spring spawner with pelagic larvae (Cohen 1986). The fish reach sexual maturity at about 15 cm and spawning takes place in the spring (Iwamoto in press). Maximum length recorded is 30 cm TL (Cohen et al. 1990).",Gadella maraldi is not a targeted species. When taken as bycatch of demersal trawl fisheries is it discarded (Borges et al. 2003). Species in the family Moridae are often misidentified as Mora moro.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures for this species. The southern distribution of this species along the west coast of Africa is unclear and warrants investigation. Landings of M. mora are often combined with other species of Moriidae (ICES WGDEEP 2011). This species is likely found in marine protected areas (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",This species is not utilized.,"Strongin, K.","Nielsen, J., Cook, R., Florin, A., Lorance, P. & Fernandes, P.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,GADIDAE,Gadiculus,argenteus,,Gadiculus argenteus,"Guichenot, 1850","Gadiculus argenteus is considered a single species, however the sub-species G. a. argentueus is also currently considered valid (Eschmeyer 2012).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Gadiculus argenteus is found in the northeast Atlantic from the Barents Sea to the Straits of Gibraltar and to the south along the Moroccan coast including the Mediterranean Sea. It is found at depths ranging from 100 to 1000 metres. It appears to be abundant in parts of its range. It is a non-targeted species of minor commercial importance which is taken as bycatch in a number of mixed-species trawl fisheries, however there is little species-specific use and trade/fisheries information available. It is primarily sold in local markets or processed into fishmeal. Therefore, G. argenteus is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Gadiculus argenteus is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is known from the Barents Sea south to Western Sahara. In the northeastern Atlantic, G. argenteus is known from the Barents Sea south along the European coast to the Canary Islands. In the Mediterranean Sea, G. argenteus is known from the Catalan Sea (Cartes et al. 1994, Bozzano et al. 2005, Coll et al. 2006), the whole Spanish Mediterranean Sea (L. Gil de Sola pers. obs. 2014), Tyrrhenian Sea (Colloca et al. 2003, 2004, Carpentieri et al. 2005), Strait of Sicily (Gristina et al. 2006), and the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988), including the east Ionian (Mytilineou et al. 2005), Cretan (Tsimenides et al. 1991), and north Aegean seas (Kallianiotis et al. 2004, Filiz and Bilge 2004, Labropoulou and Papaconstantinou 2005). It is found at depths ranging from 100 to 1000 metres.","Gadiculus argenteus is abundant along the upper continental slope of the Norwegian Sea and in the deeper parts of the Barents Sea (Bergstad et al. 1987). At Rockall Trough, in the the North Atlantic, Gordon and Bergstad (1992) found this species to be a dominant component of the 250-metre bathymetric zone, accounting for 47.7% of catches by trawl. In the 500 m bathymetric zone, this species accounted for 6.1% of catches by trawl (Gordon and Bergstad 1992). Norway is which is the only country that reports landings of  G. argenteus, where it is taken as bycatch in the fishery for fishmeal and oil (Nedreaas pers. comm. 2013). The following quantities were reported: 2006: 625t; 2007:4153t; 2008: 1055 t., 2009: 1927t; 2010: 567t; 2011: 366t, 2012: 522 t. Gadiculus argenteus was also found to be a relatively abundant species on the continental margin of the NW Mediterranean, accounting for 5.27% of the biomass composition. According to Gristina et al. (2006), the Mediterranean population was sampled during two trawl surveys (Autumn 1997 and 1998) carried out in the Strait of Sicily using an otter trawl with a 28 mm codend mesh opening (62 hauls). Mean density values from unexploited site were 1,536 in 1997 and 1,966 in 1998, from moderately exploited site were 9,050 in 1997 and 6,093 in 1998 and from heavily exploited site were 3,496 in 1997 and 3,201 in 1998. Mytilineou et al. (2005) mentioned that specimens were collected in the north-east Ionian Sea during four experimental surveys (Sept. 1999, Apr. 2000, Jul. 2000, Sept. 2000), with of trawls of 40 mm stretched mesh size in the cod-end, with density of 647 individuals per hauls in the depth range of 300 to 500 m (44 hauls) and 0.4 individuals per hauls in the depth range of 500 to 700 m (52 hauls). Carpentieri et al. (2005) mentioned that this subspecies was sampled during 24 h surveys conducted in May 2002 in the shelf break off the central Tyrrhenian sea. Eight hauls of 30 minutes each were performed every three hours throughout the 24 h period with an otter trawl mounted into a 40 mm head rope, a 40 mm ground chain and 30 to 40 mm stretched mesh in the wing and cod-end respectively. Eighteen specimens per hour were caught. Filiz and Bilge (2004) mentioned that 110 specimens with lengths ranging from 6.4 to 10.5 cm TL were collected during March and July 2003 in Sigacik Bay (North Aegean Sea), using a bottom trawl.","Gadiculus argenteus is a bentho-pelagic species (López-López et al. 2012). It occurs over mud, muddy sand, gravel, and rock bottoms. It feeds on small crustaceans and worms and is preyed upon by other fish (Cohen et al. 1990). It is a component of the upper slope assemblage, and characterized a relatively narrow bathymetric range of 300 to 800 metres (Fernandez-Arcaya et al. 2013). This species has been observed living up to age 3. It is a minor prey species of European hake (Merluccius merluccius) (Guichet 1995). Gadiculatus argenteus spawns during the winter in the west Mediterranean Sea and in the spring further north (Muus and Nielsen 1999). Some major spawning grounds have been found in the west part of the Mediterranean Sea, on both sides of the Straits of Gibraltar, in deep water. This species was excluded from a 2013 study by Fernandez-Arcaya et al. of the reproductive biology and recruitment of the deep-sea fish community of the NW continental margin of the Mediterranean because there was no available information concerning sexing of the species. ","Gadiculus argenteus a species with minor commercial importance. It is mainly and commonly caught through trawls as bycatch in commercial fisheries (A. Srour pers. comm. 2007). When landed in the Atlantic, it is utilized as fish meal. In the Mediterranean Sea it is either discarded or sold in local food trade.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for G. argenteus. Its distribution likely overlaps marine protected areas.  This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Gadiculus argenteus is not targeted and is of minor commercial importance. In the northeast Atlantic, it is taken as bycatch and utilized as fish meal. In the Mediterranean Sea it is also taken as bycatch in a number of mixed-species fisheries, particularly trawl fisheries. It is either discarded or sold in local food trade only, where it does not have a high market value. Additionally, off Spain and Sicily, this species is caught in artisanal fisheries (Nedreaas pers. comm. 2013).","Harwell, H.","Nedreaas, K., Florin, A., Fernandes, P., Cook, R. & Lorance, P.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MACROURIDAE,Gadomus,arcuatus,,Gadomus arcuatus,"(Goode & Bean, 1886)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on the population size and trends of this benthopelagic species, and further research is needed on its ecology and life history in order to establish its status throughout its range.",Unknown,"The species is present in the Eastern Atlantic off Morocco and western Sahara (Cohen et al. 1990), and in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean in the Western Atlantic Ocean. In European waters, Gadomus arcuatus is found in the Cantabrian Sea, off the Azores and off the Canary Islands (Brito et al. 2002, Menezes et al. 2012, Bañon et al. 2013). It is found at depths ranging from 610 to 1,450 m.",There is no information on the population size and trend of the species.,"Gadomus arcuatus is a benthopelagic species, inhabiting continental slopes between 610 m and 1,450 m depth (Cohen et al. 1990, Bañon et al. 2013). Off the eastern islands of the Canaries, it was caught between 906 m and 1,365 m (Brito et al. 2002) and in the Aviléz Canyon (Cantabrian Sea) it was caught at 1,450 m (Bañon et al 2013). This is a medium-size species, reaching at least 60 cm TL (Geistdoerfer 1986). There is no information on its feeding habits and reproduction.",There are no major threats to this species.,"It is not included on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation measures in place for this species, and it is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas. Research is needed on the life history, ecology, population size, trends and distribution of the species.",The species is not utilized.,"García, M.","Conceicao Biscoito, M.J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MACROURIDAE,Gadomus,dispar,,Gadomus dispar,"(Vaillant, 1888)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size and trend of this benthopelagic species, and further research should also be conducted on its ecology and life history.",Unknown,"In European waters, Gadomus dispar is known from the Cantabrian Sea, off Portugal and the Canary Islands (Marques and Saldanha 1998, Brito et al. 2002, Sánchez et al. 2013). Elsewhere, it is found off Morocco and the Caribbean (Geistdoerfer 1986). It is found at depths ranging from 550 and 1,543 m.",There is no information on the population size and trends of this species.,"Gadomus dispar is a benthopelagic species that inhabits the slopes of continents and islands. It can attain at least 36 cm TL. It feeds on small planktonic crustaceans, but there is no information available on the reproduction of the species (Geistdoerfer 1986).",There are no known threats to this species.,"The species is not listed on any national Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not the target of any conservation measures, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with protected areas. Research should be conducted on the population size, trends, ecology and life history.",The species is not exploited commercially.,"García, M.","Conceicao Biscoito, M.J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MACROURIDAE,Gadomus,longifilis,,Gadomus longifilis,"(Goode & Bean, 1885)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)Gadomus longifilis is a wide-spread species in the bathypelagic of the Atlantic Ocean. Although very little is known about the population status of this species, it is not utilized and there are no major threats. Therefore, G. longifilis it is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Gadomus longifilis is widely distributed throughout the Atlantic Ocean. In the eastern Atlantic, G. longifilis is distributed from Portugal and Spain south to Mauritania, with additional records from Gabon (Sobrino et al. 2012). In the Western Atlantic, G. longifilis is found off the east coast of Florida, Straits of Florida, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea.  It is also reported off the Guianas.   This species is benthopelagic, most commonly living in depths between 400 and 1100 m (Cohen et al. 1990).",There is very little information regarding the population status of this species.,"Gadomus longifilis is a marine, benthopelagic species that has a depth range of 630 to 2165m.  Maximum length is 30cm TL.  It feeds on small crustaceans.",This species is not utilized.&#160; There are no known threats.,There are no conservation measures in place for this species.,This species is not utilized.,"Strongin, K.","Fernandes, P., Cook, R., Lorance, P., Florin, A., Nedreaas, K. & Nielsen, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,GADIDAE,Gadus,chalcogrammus,,Gadus chalcogrammus,"Pallas, 1814",There is still uncertainty over whether Theragra finnmarchica is indeed a synonym of this species in the European portion of its range.,No,NT,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Near Threatened (NT) Gadus chalcogrammus has a small range in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, and is only known from off the Norwegian coast and southern Barents Sea. It is rarely caught. It is listed as Near Threatened in the Norwegian National Red List, based on estimates of very small population size (less than 2000 individuals), and that it may be threatened by catch in mixed-catch fisheries. However, no data are available, as it is difficult to identify and would likely be confused with Cod or Whiting. Given the Norwegian listing and the small range in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, Gadus chalcogrammus is also listed as Near Threatened here. More research is needed to confirm this species taxonomic status (i.e., Theragra finnmarchica), and to determine whether or not it has been introduced to this region.",Unknown,"Gadus chalcogrammus is broadly distributed in the Pacific Ocean along the continental margins from the Yellow Sea in the Northwest Pacific to Puget Sound in the Northeast Pacific (Bailey et al. 1999a). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, G. chalcogrammus is known only from 57 confirmed individuals found off the coast of Norway and in the Barents Sea; these were once considered to be a separate species, Theragra finnmarchica, which is now considered a synonym of G. chalcogrammus (Privalikhin and Norvillo 2010). It is found from 50 to 250 m depth.","This species is very rarely caught in the fishery in Norwegian waters. In 2010 only 57 specimens were collected outside the coast of Norway in the southern Berants Sea. Only adult specimens have been observed. In Norway, this species was estimated to have a population of between 1000—2000 individuals, and was therefore listed as Near Threatened under D1 on the Norwegian National Red List. It is difficult to observe this species, it may also be fished in mixed-catch fisheries. It has also been suggested that species may have been introduced to the region (Ursvik et al. 2007 in Mecklenburg et al. 2011). Theragra finnmarchica is considered a junior synonym of  Gadus chalcogramma based on genetic and morphological similarities (Byrkjedal et al. 2008). The populations of G. chalcogrammus representing the Norwegian Pollock (formerly called Theragra finnmarchica) are relatively rare, and appear to be restricted to coastal regions of Norway. Populations in the Atlantic appear to have been introduced via the Northern Pacific and, based on similarities of the mitochondrial genome, should be considered one species, Gadus chalcogrammus (Ursvik et al. 2007). In general, surveys of genetic markers including allozymes, mtDNA RFLPs, microsatellites, and the pantophysin (PAN I) gene show only weak population structure (summarized in Grant et al. 2010). However, the FAO refers to this species as Theragra chalcogramma, and treats Theragra finnmarchica as a distinct species.","This is a generally demersal species which can be found at depths ranging from 30 to over 400 meters. The age of first maturity is around 3-4 years. This species forms spawning aggregations at depths of 50 to 250 m and there are currently about 24 known spawning areas (Grant et al. 2010). This species grows rapidly, and lives to 14–15 years. The young feed mainly on copepods and their eggs.","This is a major commercial species in many parts of its range, however it is rarely caught in the Northeastern Atlantic.","Pollock are divided into several management regions: In the Northeast Pacific and Bering Sea, the North Pacific Fishery Management Council assesses populations separately in three areas: The Aleutian Islands, the eastern Bering Sea, and the Gulf of Alaska. Finer spatial resolution of stocks is recognized in the Gulf of Alaska (Dom et al. 2008). Two fishery regions are defined in the Russian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the Bering Sea (a western Bering Sea stock in the Gulf of Olyutorski and a northern Bering Sea stock on the Navarin shelf from 171E to the US-Russia convention line). This species is listed as Near Threatened in the Norwegian National Red List.","Gadus chalcogrammus is the largest of all commercial demersal fish resources. It is caught primarily by pair trawl and stern trawl, Danish seines and longlines, and gillnets and dragnets (Cohen et al. 1990). However, it is rarely caught in the northeastern Atlantic.","Ralph, G.","Cook, R., Fernandes, P., Florin, A., Lorance, P. & Nedreaas, K.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,GADIDAE,Gadus,morhua,,Gadus morhua,"Linnaeus, 1758",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Gadus morhua is restricted to the northern Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters of the Arctic Ocean. It is found to depths of 600 m. Within the European Regional Assessment Zone this species is managed across 13 stocks. Age of first maturity, longevity and estimates of generation length are variable across the region and have generally decreased over time. This decrease has been attributed to high fishing pressure. Recent estimates of the age at first maturity range from 2 to 7 years, while longevity ranges from 10 to 20 years or more. In 2010, weighted average generation length for the Arctic, Norwegian coastal and North Sea stocks was 6.9 years was used by the Norwegian National Redlist project to assess this species. This value was used to assess this species against Criterion A at the European Regional Level. Population trends for G. morhua were examined over a period of 3 generation lengths or roughly 21 years. Although this species has undergone significant historical population declines, over the last 10 to 20 years available estimates for SSB summed across 8 stocks in the region show relatively stable trends with a recent increase in SSB. This recent increase in SSB as been attributed to the increase in abundance of the largest stock, the Arcto-Norwegian cod. SSB estimates are not available for all G. morhua stocks in the region. The North Sea stock has shown recent signs of recovery from historically low biomass levels.Some stocks, such as Faroe Plateau, Faroe Bank (closed due to low biomass), West of Scotland, Irish Sea (closed due to low biomass), Norwegian Coastal Cod and Kattegat have failed to recover from historical population declines. Overall, G. morhua is well researched and managed throughout its range in the northeast Atlantic. Therefore, Gadus morhua is listed as Least Concern.",Increasing,"Gadus morhua is restricted to the North Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters of the Arctic Ocean. Gadus morhua is found from Greenland south to Cape Hatteras in the western Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, G. morhua is known from Svalbard and the Barents Sea south to the British Isles and the northern Bay of Biscay, including the region around Bear Island (Cohen et al. 1990). The distribution extends for variable distances to the north, depending upon climate trends. It is found to depths of 600 m.","All of the Northeastern Atlantic stocks, with the exception of the Celtic Sea stock have suffered prolonged periods of decline since 1970 extending into the mid-2000s (ICES 2006). Simplified estimates of the proportion of cod biomass remaining in the North Atlantic range from 0.1 to 1% of virgin biomass across 21 cod stocks (Myers and Worm 2005), however these estimates of virgin biomass are simplistic and may not have taken account of environmental and foodweb constraints ( pers. comm. 2014). However, in the mid 2000s and early 2010s, some Eastern Atlantic stocks have exhibited reversals in this declining trend. The following 13 stocks are recognized in European marine assessment region: Northeastern Arctic Cod, Norwegian Coastal Cod, Iceland, Eastern Baltic, Western Baltic, Kattegat, North Sea (including Eastern Channel and Skagerrak), Irish Sea, Rockall, West of Scotland, Celtic Sea, Faroe Bank, Faroe plateau.Cod stocks in the region range from fully exploited to depleted. Total Biomass estimates for cod stocks (cod-arct; cod-farp; cod-iceg; cod2532; cod7e-k; cod-scrow; cod-347d)  over the last 30 years (1981 to 2011, a time interval where data for all stocks is available) show an overall trend of gradual decrease from 4366872 tonnes in 1981 to a low of 236711 tonnes in 1999.  In the subsequent 12 years, estimates of Total Biomass increased to 5222031 tonnes in 2011. The increase in the total and standing stock biomass of North East Arctic Cod, a single management unit which is distributed along the Norwegian coast and in the oceanic regions of the Barents Sea – Spitsbergen area, drives the recent increase in total biomass in the Northeastern Atlantic. Overall, over the past 10 to 20 years, total SSB summed across all stocks in the region are relatively stable, and recently increasing (ICES Database, ICES Advice 2013).However, it is important to note that in the Northeastern Atlantic, stocks which are outside safe biological limits are Faroe Plateau, Faroe Bank (closed due to low biomass), West of Scotland, Irish Sea (closed due to low biomass), North Sea, Norwegian Coastal Cod and Kattegat.In the Eastern Baltic, the level of recruitment has been stable, but at lower levels over the past 20 years (1990-2010) compared to prior years. In the Eastern Baltic, this species has lost two-thirds of its spawning area due to eutrophication and lack of saline water. However, the SSB has been rising over the past 10 years, and current mortality is below Fmsy.Declines in age and size at maturity in many stocks (in particular: Arcto-Norwegian Cod, S. Labrador, S. Gulf of St Lawrence) have been attributed to genetic responses to the selective pressures of high fishing mortality. Declines in recruitment rates in some stocks have been attributed to declines in age and size at maturity in some stocks.Global/species-level information Global landings are declared from the following FAO fishing regions: NE Atlantic, NW Atlantic, Arctic Sea. The overall trend in declared landings is one of continual increase to a peak of 3,939,642 tonnes in 1970 followed by a continual decrease in global declared landings to minimum of 769,317 - a decline of 63% - in 2008. Since 2008, landings have increased slightly, to 1,049,666 tonnes, the majority of which (96%) originate in the Northeast Atlantic Fishing Zone. Global landings of G. morhua peaked in 1970 at 3,939,642 tonnes; since then, landings have declined by 73%, to 1,049,666 tonnes in 2011. Over the last 30 years (1981-2011), landings have declined by 51%; over the last 20 years, global landings declined by 46% (FishStatJ - accessed July 2013). Landing statistics do not take into account decreasing in fishing effort. FAO also recognizes several sub-species: G. morhua callarias (Baltic Sea), G. morhua kildinensis (restricted to a small lake on an island near the entrance to Kola Bay) and G. morhua morhua natio hiemalis (Kandalaksha Bay) (Cohen 2009).Population and stock structure The Atlantic Cod, G. morhua, is recognized as a single, valid taxonomic unit. However, there is substantial population structure and variability in morphology, ecology and behavior within this species. Additionally, this species have undergone a recent and rapid evolution in response to the fisheries-induced depletion of 99 percent of Canadian populations. This fisheries-induced evolution has been hypthesized to negatively affect the persistence and recovery potential of depleted populations (Kuparinen and Hutchings 2012).There is a significant relationship between gene flow and geographic distance in G. morhua, both across its entire range and at smaller geographic scales. It is proposed that, after an initial colonization period gene flow has slowed considerably among extant populations (Pogson et al. 2001).  On a North-Atlantic wide scale, genetic studies utilizing RFLP, mini- and microsatellite markers support the genetic distinctness of Eastern and Western Atlantic populations of G. morhua. These markers also support the distinctness of populations in the Barents Sea from other populations in the Northeastern Atlantic (Bradbury et al. 2012). In the Northeastern Atlantic, genetic differentiation has been found at various spatial scales. Major populations include the NE Arctic, Norwegian coastal, North Sea, and Baltic cod stocks. Cod in Iceland may be sub-divided into at least two populations, but are managed as a single unit (Jónsdóttir et al. 2007, Reiss et al. 2009). Sub-population structure is evident in the North Sea stock, and additional fine-scale microgeographic structure among fjords throughout the region has also been suggested, however the temporal stability of this structure is poorly understood (Reiss et al. 2009). In contrast to cod stocks in the western Atlantic, Northeastern Atlantic stocks do not share patterns in increase and decline in biomass, and all stocks are in areas where the average annual bottom temperature exceeds 4C (ICES WKDRCS Report 2006).Stock-specific information in the Northeastern Atlantic Arcto-Norwegian Cod There are several similarities between stocks in the Western Atlantic and the Arcto-Norwegian Cod Stock. Of all eastern Atlantic Cod stocks, the Arcto-Norwegian Cod occupies the coldest bottom average temperature, which hovers around 4C (ICES 2005). The effects of temperature variability are generally greater at low than at high temperatures, and changes in mean weight-at-age are generally smaller in stocks found in warmer waters (ICES WKDRC5 Report 2006). There is evidence for a prolonged decrease in the mean age of this stock which has accompanied the intensification of this fishery (Ottersen 2008), and a sharp drop in the proportion of repeat spawners (Ottersen et al. 2006 references in ICES WKDRCS Report 2006). An investigation by Brander found that for 10 of 15 stocks investigated, prolonged periods of decline in biomass were preceded or coincided with declines in mean weight-at-age (in ICES WKDRCS Report 2006).Total biomass estimates for Arcto-Norwegian Cod are available from 1946 onwards; it is worth noting that the current total biomass is the third-highest estimate in this time series and is 88% of the 1946 biomass; Spawning Stock Biomass has increased throughout the time series, with the highest levels recorded in 2011. The age of 50% maturity for this stock is between 6 to 7 years old; spawning stock biomass for this species as a proportion of total biomass has increased over time to a high of 50% in 2011. Fcurrent is below Fmsy, Bcurrent is above Blim. It is worth noting that there is evidence of genetic structure between Norwegian Coastal Cod and the more migratory Arctic Cod stock (summarized in Bradbury et al. 2012) although biomass data may be aggregated in the ICES Stock Assessment Database. Iceland/Greenland Stocks in Iceland/Greenland have contributed an average of 24% to the total biomass, has exhibited a steady decline from 1241870 tonnes in 1981 to a low of 550369 tonnes with fluctuations and some sign of biomass increase from 1995 on-wards, to 944459 tonnes in 2011. In 2013, the Icelandic stock was considered to be at full reproductive capacity; Fcurrent<Fmsy, and fishing mortality has been steadily decreasing since the early 2000s. SSB is increasing, and the stock is considered to be at full reproductive capacity, although productivity is relatively low. Standing Stock Biomass is expected to increase by 14% in 2014 under the current management regime. (ICES Advice 2013).The Inshore Greenland Cod is a data-limited stock, however qualitative evaluations are that Biomass is increasing, and recruitment is good. Cod in Greenland live close to the distributional limit, which renders the population vulnerable to environmental fluctuations. Catches are increasing (ICES Advice 2013). ICES advises that no offshore fishery should take place in order to improve the likelihood of establishing offshore spawning stocks in West and East Greenland (ICES Advice 2013).Baltic Sea/Kattegat It has been hypothesized that for cod in the Baltic Sea, low stock biomass has increased the relative importance of factors governing dynamics and productivity. Predation via pelagic fish on eggs and larvae of cod may be may be sources of high predation mortality. Without changes in environmental conditions favoring better recruitment, it is unlikely that cod in the Baltic Sea will experience any substantial increases in biomass (WKDRCS Report 2006). Cod in Subdivisions 22-24 (Western Baltic Sea) - Fcurrent>Fmsy; Bcurrent>Blim After dropping precipitously in the early 1990s, SSB increased and has undergone fluctuations (in the early 1980s, SSB fluctuates around 50t tonnes; 2012 estimates fluctuate around 40t tonnes, the overall trend is an increase in biomass over the last 21 years. A management plan for this stock was agreed upon by the EU which aims for a reduction in fishing mortality by 10% each year until target mortality is reached; however, current F is still above management goals.Cod in subdivisions 25-32 (Eastern Baltic Sea - Cod2532 in database) - This stock has exhibited precipitous declines in SSB since peaking in the mid 1980s.  slope of linear trend line: -23485; 69% decline from 1981 to 2011: total biomass in 1981: 948216 t; 2011: 657693). Fcurrent<Fmsy; Bcurrent>Blim since 2008 (ICES Advice 2013). Cod in Division IIIa East (Kattegat) - This is a genetically-distinct stock, separate from the North Sea (André et al. in prep.). ICES advises that there should be no directed fisheries and by-catch and discards should be minimized.Cod in Subarea IV (North Sea) and Divisions (VIId) (Eastern Channel) and IIIa West (Skagerrak) - A continuing reduction in Fishing mortality, which began in the late 1990s and has continued until 2013, has led to a slight improvement in the status of this stock over the last few years; The stock SSB has increased from the historical low in 2006 and is predicted to further increase. However, recruitment is still poor. FMSYcurrent> FMSY; Bcurrent>Blim (ICES Advice 2013).Celtic Sea Cod (Cod in Divisions VIIe-k) - Fmsy is at target (0.4), but was well above target in recent years; Bcurrent> Blim in 2012. This cod stock lives at the highest average temperature, with the highest growth rate, condition and surplus production. From 1970-2002, this was the only NE Atlantic stock showing a rising trend in biomass (1.6% annually) despite increases in fishing period over the same period (1.8 annually)(ICES WKDRCS Report 2006).Cod in Division VIIa (Irish Sea) - ICES advises no directed fisheries. Fisheries for this species have been closed since 2003 in response to declines in SSB (ICES Advice 2013).Cod in Division VIb - Rockall - ICES considers this to be a data-limited stock.Cod in Division VIa (West of Scotland) -  This stock is suffering from reduced reproductive capacity and the harvest of this stock is considered unsustainable; Bcurrent is well below Blim, and SSB had steadily declined from about 40t tonnes in  1981 to less than 3t tonnes in 2012. Management measures taken thus far have not recovered the stock and have not constrained catches (ICES Advice 2013).Cod in Subdivision Vb2 (Faroe Bank) - Because of very low stock size, ICES advises that the fishery should be closed. Fishery reopening should not be reconsidered until both survey indices indicate a biomass at or above the period 1996 - 2002.Cod in subdivision Vb1 Faroe Plateau- Bcurrent is slightly above Blim,and has been hovering around Blim since 2005. Fcurrent>Fmsy  ICES recommends a 69% reduction in present fishing mortality. The overall trend in SSB is one of increase to peak of roughly 120t tonnes in the mid 1970s, followed by a decline to the series low of 20t tonnes in 1991; The stock has fluctuated, and is currently near the series low=Blim=20t tonnes (ICES Advice 2013).     ","Gadus morhua larvae and postlarvae feed on phytoplankton, while juveniles feed predominantly on small crustaceans. An upsurge of cod-like fishes in the North Sea from 1962 onwards has been attributed to a one-month delay in copepod production (Cushing 1984). Older juveniles and adults feed on fishes and benthic organisms such as polychaetes and echinoderms (Cohen et al. 1990) Cod is a top-predator in the ecosystem. There are varying degrees of migratory and sedentary behavior observed in this species. Based on populations studied in the North Atlantic, there is a proportion of G. morhua which did not migrate a significant distance from their release location (Robichaud and Rose 2004).Gadus morhua aggregates to particular geographic localities annually to spawn annually (Brander 1975), many of which are well-known in the Northeastern Atlantic. In the North Atlantic, reproduction generally occurs once per year from December to June, with some temporal variation by sub-population. Reproduction in the western Atlantic occurs near the substrate, and occurs at temperatures near 0-1°C, however temperature varies, and in the North Sea reproduction occurs at higher temperatures. Reproduction is localized, by sub-population. Longevity is reported to be as high as 20 to 25 years. There are occasional reports of hermaphroditism, and average fecundity is 1 million eggs/female (Cohen 1990).An analysis of 22 North Atlantic Cod stocks (Gadus morhua) identified 4 patterns of sexual maturation: maturation early in life and at small size, early in life at large size, late in life at small size, and late in life at large size. These patterns clustered geographically. Recruit production of northernmost stocks was lowest and variability highest, mid-latitude stocks exhibited highest productivity and least variability, while stocks at the southern distribution range also showed low productivity (Köster et al. 2013).In general, Northeastern Atlantic stocks have higher growth rates, mature at younger ages, and have higher surplus production than  Northwestern Atlantic stocks inhabiting colder waters (Dutil and Brander 2003), as temperature ranges in the North western Atlantic are generally less extreme, and have less of an effect on growth and recruitment. In the Western Atlantic there are variations in age of first maturity. Estimates of at 50% maturity range from 2-8 years (Lilly et al. 2003, Olsen et al. 2005, Olsen et al. 2004). In the Western Atlantic, age at 50% maturity for females has decreased over time from 6 years in 1980s to 4.5 to 5 years in the mid-1990s, and age-specific body lengths declined by about 15-25 cm through the 1980s and early 1990s as maturation has shifted towards early ages and smaller body lengths (Olsen et al. 2005).In the Northeastern Atlantic, there is great variability in the age of first maturity (from 2 to 7 years) and age at 50% maturity (from 3 to 7 years), and longevity may be as high as 20 years (ICES 2005).  Average generation length across the region is therefore variable, ranging from 2-7 years, and possibly increasing in the Arctic stock of this species. However, age of first maturity and longevity also appear to have decreased over time. For example, in the Baltic Sea in the 1930s, cod typically matured at 8-11 years, while now they typically mature at 6 (46% mature), and 8 (89% mature) years. In 1987, average age of reproducing adults was 15 years (HELCOM Fact sheet), however, ICES calculates current generation times for the Baltic Sea stocks at 2-5 years (ICES Advice 2013). In 2010, weighted average generation length for the Arctic, Norwegian coastal and North Sea stocks was 6.9 years (Norwegian Red List Assessment). In the Flemish Cap, age at 50% maturity varied from 5-7 during the 1980s, but declined to 4 during the 1990s (ICES 2005).","By far, the greatest threat to G. morhua is over-exploitation (Rose et al. 2000, Froese and Pauly 2003, Handegard et al.2003, Harvey et al. 2003, Sellers 2003, Cardinale and Svedäng 2004, Suuronen et al. 2007, Urbach and Cotton 2008). Additionally, variability in climate has contributed to variability in recruitment, growth, and natural mortality. Cooling events during the last 3 decades of the 20th century contributed to the rapid decline of Northwest Atlantic stocks, and changes in life-history traits and in the biotic environment are contributing to an unexpectedly slow recovery (Lilly et al. 2008). The ability to “rebuild” cod stocks that have declined to very low levels may be limited, and turning off directed fishing pressure may be insufficient to promote recovery in stocks which have already declined to low levels (WKDRCS 2006). For example, the warming of the North Atlantic during the 1920s and 1930s led to a rapid increase in abundance of G. morhua off West Greenland and northward range expansions. Subsequent cooling events in West Greenland in the 1960s, as well as increases in fishing pressure led to substantial declines in stock biomass and collapse of the stock. Cod have been subjected to changes in climate and fishing intensity for centuries, however detailed information on declines and recoveries comes primarily from the last 30 to 40 years.  The Atlantic Cod has also lost spawning grounds in parts of its range (Baltic Sea) due to oxygen deficiency (ICES Advice 2012).","All stocks for this species are currently under management plans with annual total allowable catches, temporal and spatial closures, protected areas, and various gear restrictions and rebuilding plans. Reductions in exploitation rate led to the improvement of some cod stocks in the Eastern Atlantic, however it is notable that despite stringent management measures, some cod stocks in the eastern Atlantic remain in poor condition (Fernandes and Cook 2013) Gadus morhua was assessed as Vulnerable (VUA2b + A2c) in the HELCOM 2013 assessment. This assessment resulted from the combined assessments of several sub-populations of the Baltic Sea Cod: Western Baltic Cod (NTA2b), Eastern Baltic Cod (VUA2b +A2c), and Kattegat Cod (CR A2b and A2c). ","This is a highly commercial species. It is one of the most important commercial fish species. Thirty-five percent of the 2.23 million tonnes of demersal fishes landed in the NE Atlantic were cod. Norway and Iceland are the primary fishing fleets targeting cod in the NE Atlantic, however it is taken as a bycatch species in almost all demersal and some pelagic fisheries (Reiss et al. 2009). Gadus morhua is caught primarily with bottom otter trawls and pelagic trawls. It is also taken by gillnets, which have replaced handlines and cod traps in parts of its range. Other types of gear used include longlines, Danish Seines, purse seines, twin beam trawls, light trawls, shrimp trawls, and pound nets. Major fishing grounds are Boreo-arctic, mainly around Iceland, in the Barents Sea, off Newfoundland, and West Greenland, in the Norwegian Sea, Off Sptzbergen, and around Bear Island. It is marketed fresh, frozen, and chilled as fillets or whole, salted or sugar-salted, dried and salted, dried and unsalted, in brine, or smoked. It is processed into liver oil, and eggs are marketed as smoked or as frozen roes (FAO)","Kempf, A.","Cook, R., Fernandes, P., Florin, A., Lorance, P. & Nedreaas, K.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,LOTIDAE,Gaidropsarus,argentatus,,Gaidropsarus argentatus,"(Reinhardt, 1837)",The taxonomy of this genus may need revision.,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Gaidropsarus argentatus is relatively widespread in the North Atlantic, from Nunavut, off southeastern coasts of Greenland, all along the coastline of Iceland except the southernmost coast, and the Faroe-Shetland ridge to Norwegian coasts north from Bergen. It is most often found offshore in deep water, always on soft bottoms of gravel, sand, mud, shells, and stones. It is found at depths ranging from 150 and 2260 m.",Unknown,"Gaidropsarus argentatus is restricted to the North Atlantic Ocean. In the western Atlantic, it is known from Nunavut, off southeastern coasts of Greenland, and south to southern Labrador. In the northeastern Atlantic, G. argentatus is found from Svaldbard south to Norway, the Faroe Islands, Iceland (Svetovidov 1986) and Porcupine Bank (Johnston et al. 2010). This species is most often found at depths of between 150 and 2260 m (Coad and Reist 2004).","There is little species-specific population information available for G. argentatus. Preliminary research indicates that the population of G. argentatus in the northeast Atlantic is the source for the ""stepping stone"" dispersal of this species into the New England waters of the northwest Atlantic (Moore et al. 2004).","Gaidropsarus argentatus is considered to be an epibenthic species (Coad and Reist 2004). It is most often found offshore in deep water over soft bottoms of gravel, sand, mud, shells, and stones. It occurs in water temperatures close to or below 0°C. This fish feeds on decapod, amphipod, and euphausiid crustaceans, sometimes fishes are included in the diet (Svetovidov 1986). The maximum length of this fish is 35 cm (Muus and Nielsen 1999). Little is known about the reproduction, fecundity, or length at first maturity of this species.","This species may be a component of commercial rockling fisheries, however there are no species-specific landings available. This species is taken as bycatch, although it is&#160;not listed among the top twenty species reported as bycatch of other larger commercial fisheries fishing for other species of fish (Chambers and Dick 2007).",This species is listed as Least Concern in the Norwegian Red List. It is likely to be found in marine protected areas throughout its range.,"Gaidropsarus argentatus is considered to be a commercial species by (Svetovidov 1986), and it may be a component of the French Rockling fishery. However there is no species-specific information available.","Strongin, K.","Fernandes, P., Cook, R., Florin, A., Lorance, P., Nielsen, J. & Nedreaas, K.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,LOTIDAE,Gaidropsarus,biscayensis,,Gaidropsarus biscayensis,"(Collett, 1890)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Gaidropsarus biscayensis is endemic to the European Assessment Region. It is found in the eastern Atlantic, from from Spain and Portugal south to Morocco, including the offshore island of Madeira into the western Mediterranean and the northern part of central Mediterranean. This species of fish is most often found between 80 to 600 m over soft substrates. There is little population information available. The extent to which this species is impacted by bycatch is unknown. It is very likely that in deeper waters the species is more widespread and common than is currently known. There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for G. biscayensis, however its distribution likely overlaps with marine protected areas. Therefore, G. biscayensis is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Gaidropsarus biscayensis is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean. It is known primarily from the western and northern central Mediterranean Sea (Papaconstantinou 1988, Mytilineou 2005) as well as the adjacent Atlantic Ocean from Portugal to Morocco and Madeira (Svetovidov 1986). It is also known from the northern Bay of Biscay to Ireland. This species is most often found between 80 to 600 m (Svetovidov 1986).","In the Mediterranean Sea, this species is considered common. But it is rare in fisheries catches throughout its range, it may occur in deeper areas out of the range of fisheries. In the past, this species was confused with Antonogadus megalokinodon. According to Mytilineou et al. (2005), this species was collected in the north-east Ionian Sea during four experimental survey (Sept. 1999, Apr. 2000, Jul. 2000, Sept. 2000), by means of trawls of 40 mm stretched mesh size in the cod-end, with mean of 0.1 individuals per haul in the depth range between 500-700 m (52 hauls). European Assessment Interestingly, there are only 7 occurrence records of this species worldwide, all of which have 3 or fewer individuals included in them (Accessed through the Fishnet2 Portal, www.fishnet2.org, 2013-09-22). There seems to be a very little information on the population dynamics of this species in the northeastern Atlantic, indicating that it may be very much less common in the northeast Atlantic than in the Mediterranean Sea.  However, in a study published in 2013, G. biscayensis was ranked third out of the top 11 most dominant spp. on the upper slope of the western Mediterranean Sea, with the 11 spp. contributing a combined 60% to the average similarity within depth ranges. Gaidropsarus biscayensis independently contributes 5.89% to the cummulative 60%. Also, G. biscayensis ranked third in mean abundance of fishes in the upper slope assemblage in the Catalan Sea (Fanelli et al. 2013). Furthermore, another study also conducted in the Baleric basin that is still in press reports that of the 13 most common species on the upper slope, G. biscayensis ranked 11th with 2.23% biomass composition (Fernandez-Arcaya et al. 2013) ","Gaidropsarus biscayensis is a demersal and bathypelagic species, usually found in offshore waters on mud, shell and coral bottoms. Spawning for this species occurs relatively early in February (Svetovidov 1986). Juveniles and larvae are silvery sided and pelagic (Cohen et al. 1990).This fish feeds almost exclusively on crustaceans (Cohen et al. 1990).","There is no available population information for this species, and there are no known species-specific threats. However, research is needed to find out how often at to what degree this fish is taken as bycatch and how that bycatch affects the population and species density of this fish.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. It is likely found in marine protected areas that fall within its distribution.,"Gaidropsarus biscayensis is of minor importance to commercial fisheries, especially in view of its small size. No statistics are reported for this species. It is mostly taken as bycatch with bottom trawls, as well as by hook-and-line. Occasionally, this fish is present in markets in the Mediterranean (Cohen et al. 1990).","Strongin, K.","Nedreaas, K., Lorance, P., Cook, R., Fernandes, P., Florin, A. & Nielsen, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,LOTIDAE,Gaidropsarus,granti,,Gaidropsarus granti,"(Regan, 1903)",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Listed as Data Deficient as this is a rare species for which there is no information available on the population size and trends. Research should be conducted in order to determine its status throughout its range, as it may be threatened by pollution and fishing activities.",Unknown,"In the east Atlantic, this species is present in the Canary Islands, having been recorded in Lanzarote (Brito et al. 2002, Cohen 1990), the Azores Islands (Fishbase 2014, Orsi 2013), Seine Seamount (Menezes 2009), and Galicia Bank (Bañon 2002, Bañón 2010).  In the Mediterranean Sea, it has been recorded in Chella Bank (unpublished data, Oceana pers. comm. 2014) in the Alboran Sea, Ulysses Seamount (Orsi 2013) in the Ligurian Sea (Di Natale et al. 2011), Sardinian waters (Mura and Cau 2003, Pais et al. 2008) and Sardinia Channel (Mura and Cau 2003) in the Thyrrenian Sea, Bari Canyon (Bo 2011) in the Adriatic Sea (Di Natale et al. 2011) and Rhodes (Zachariou-Mamalinga 1999, Corsini-Foka 2007) in the Aegean Sea. There is no information about the presence of this species in Sicily (Di Natale et al. 2011). Its depth lower limit is 823 metres, while its upper limit is 120 metres.","There is no information available on the population size and trends of this rare species. Orsi (2013) suggested the existence of separated Mediterranean and Atlantic populations, because of remarkable differences in sizes of the specimens collected, which are smaller in the Mediterranean Sea. Nevertheless, R. Bañón (pers. comm. 2014) states that this proves the existence of different oceanographic conditions and not of different populations. Based on the scattered records of this species, which are mainly in seamounts and islands, the species' populations seem to be fragmented (R. Bañón pers. comm. 2014).","This is a rare demersal species. It feeds on Decapoda, among them, palaemonid prawns (Pais et al. 2008). It is found in several types of substrate, such as sandy-bottoms (Zachariou-Mamalinga 1999) at 360-400 m depth, subtidal sandy-mud bottoms (Di Natale et al. 2011) and hard-bottoms (Orsi 2013) covered by sediments (S. Garcia pers. obs. 2014).","This is a commercial species (Di Natale et al. 2011).  The species can be impacted by fishing and pollution in some areas where it is present, such as the Chella Bank.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species. However, it is very likely that its distribution overlaps with marine protected areas throughout its range. Furthermore, Chella and Galicia Banks have been proposed by Spain as Sites of Community Importance, as a result of the LIFE+INDEMARES project. Thus, the species could potentially benefit from these conservation measures .Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.",This is a commercial species and it seems not to be&#160;uncommon in the fish market at Ponta Delgada (Azores).,"García, M., Bañón Díaz, R. & Ralph, G.","Garcia, S.","Blanco, J.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,LOTIDAE,Gaidropsarus,guttatus,,Gaidropsarus guttatus,"(Collett, 1890)",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Listed as as Data Deficient as there is no information on the population size and trend of this littoral species, and some records need confirmation. Research is further needed on the threats to the species, as it could be impacted by urban development on the islands.",Unknown,"Gaidropsarus guttatus is a littoral species that is confirmed to be present in the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands (Santos et al. 1997, Brito et al. 2002, Wirtz et al. 2008). Bañon et al. (2010) mention its presence in Galicia with no further details, as well as Quero et al. (2003), who state its presence in NW Spain. However, these records need confirmation. Its depth range is from 0.2 to 20 m.",There is no information available on the population size and trend of the species.,"Gaidropsarus guttatus is commonly found in tide pools, and it can also be present on rocky reefs down to 20 m of depth (Brito et al. 2002). During the day, the species hides under rocks and crevices and is active at night, feeding mainly on invertebrates (Avila et al. 2014).","Due to the preference of this species for tide pools, loss of habitat due to alterations and building on littoral areas of the islands may pose a significant threat, but this has not been quantified yet.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not the target of any conservation action, and it is unknown whether it is found in protected areas. Further research is needed on the population size, trend and threats to the species.","The species is not exploited commercially, although it could eventually be used in aquariophyly.","García, M.","Conceicao Biscoito, M.J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,LOTIDAE,Gaidropsarus,macrophthalmus,,Gaidropsarus macrophthalmus,"(Günther, 1867)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Bigeye Rockling, Gaidropsarus macrophthalmus, has been assessed as Least Concern. There is no directed fishery for this species, however it is occasionally taken as by-catch in some parts of its range.",Unknown,"Gaidropsarus macrophthalmus is found in the northeast Atlantic, from the Bay of Biscay and northwards along the west coast of the British Isles to the Faeroe Islands (Cohen et al. 1990). This species of fish is most often found between 15 to 530 m (Cohen et al. 1990).","There is little species-specific population information available for G. macrophthalmus. In a study published in 2011 conducted from the Cantabrian Sea, G. macrophthalmus had a density of 2.3 (indv./ha) on the slope-shelf transition zone and a density of 2.0 (indv./ha) on the western upper slope (Serrano et al. 2011)",Gaidropsarus macrophthalmus is a non-migratory demersal species with a depth range of 150 to 530 m. It is often seen near the benthos where it feeds on crustaceans (Cohen et al. 1990). It may reach a maximum of 25 cm (Cohen et al. 1990). Larvae and juveniles are most probably pelagic (Cohen et al. 1990).,"Gaidropsarus macrophthalmus is not a target species for large commercial fisheries. However, it is sometimes taken as bycatch during bottom trawling ventures for other targeted species (Cohen et al. 1990).",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.&#160;Monitoring of the by-catch levels of this species is needed.,"Gaidropsarus macrophthalmus is harvested by a few subsistence fisheries, but is not thought to be fished at heavy levels (Cohen et al. 1990).","Strongin, K.","Nedreaas, K., Florin, A., Fernandes, P., Cook, R. & Lorance, P.","De Silva, R., Milligan, H., Lutz, M., Batchelor, A., Jopling, B., Kemp, K., Lewis, S., Lintott, P., Sears, J., Wilson, P., Smith, J. & Livingston, F.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,LOTIDAE,Gaidropsarus,mediterraneus,,Gaidropsarus mediterraneus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is widespread in the European region, is not commonly observed. It is a demersal and oceanodromous species which is generally found at shallow depths near the shores on rocky bottoms to depths of 450 m. Gaidropsarus mediterraneus is a very common bycatch species, particularly in the Mediterranean. There is little species-specific population information available and there are no indications of population decline. This species is likely found in marine protected areas. Therefore, G. mediterraneus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Gaidropsarus mediterraneus is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is found from Norway to Morocco. It is widely distributed in the Mediterranean and Black seas (Papaconstantinou 1988, Cohen et al. 1990). This fish is found at very shallow depths and in deeper water of up to 450 m (Cohen et al. 1990), although generally found to 60 m.","There is no population data available on G. mediterraneus. In a study conducted in the North Sea and published in 2006, Gaidropsarus mediterraneus was only caught in German waters and caught very infrequently (ICES IBTSWG Report 2006). Catches of G. mediterraneus in European waters outside of the Mediterranean Sea are considered ""very rare"" (ICES IBTSWG Report 2006).","This is a demersal and oceanodromous species that lives generally at shallow depths near the shores on rocky bottom with aquatic vegetation to 450 m depth. It feeds on fishes, crustaceans, worms, and algae. Gaidropsarus mediterraneus lives generally at shallow depths near the shores on rocky bottom with aquatic vegetation (Cohen et al. 1990) in sublittoral zones (Gibson 1972). It prefers exposed shorelines with lower sublittoral pools (Gibson 1972). In a controlled experiment published in 1996, several G. mediterraneus were placed in large aquariums and observed. Individuals rested on the soft bottoms, usually in crevices for 80.4% of the time (Almada et al. 1996). Some individuals were observed evacuating spaces beneath rocks by excavating the sand from beneath them and using the cleaned out spaces for a hiding place. Dominant individuals visited numerous hiding sites and pushed out smaller individuals from the best hiding spots to have for themselves (Almada et al. 1996). Gaidropsarus mediterraneus feeds on fish, crustaceans, worms and algae (Cohen et al. 1990).","Gaidropsarus mediterraneus is often taken as bycatch, and is either discarded or kept to be sold fresh in small markets or used as an ingredient in fishmeal (Muus and Nielsen 1999, Cohen et al. 1990). In a study conducted in the northeast Mediterranean and published in 1997, G. mediterraneus comprised 5.1% of the total catch in October and 1.7% of the total catch in March. It appeared in greater numbers than the targeted Merluccius merluccius, which comprised 3.7% of the total catch, and Nephrops norvegicus, which comprised 3.0% of the total catch (Stergiou et al. 1997). In March of 1994, Gaidropsarus mediterraneus was landed in higher numbers than species which were explicitly targeted by the fishery (Stergiou et al. 1997). The effect on the population and ecology of Gaidropsarus mediterraneus as a product of bycatch needs investigation. Gaidropsarus mediterraneus is also a component of the Rockling fishery. Modest landings are reported to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) by France (FAO 2011). This is a species with minor commercial importance. It can be sold fresh in markets, and is also used for fish meal (Yunokawa 1951). In the Mediterranean Sea, it is not extensively exploited. It is mainly caught as bycatch by various fishing gears (Muus and Nielsen 1999).","There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for G. mediterraneus. However, this species may be present in marine protected areas that fall within its distribution.  This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Gaidropsarus mediterraneus is taken as bycatch by various fishing gears (Muus and Neilsen 1999). It can be occasionally sold fresh in markets and also made into fish meal (Cohen et al. 1990, Yunokawa 1951).","Strongin, K.","Nedreaas, K., Lorance, P., Cook, R., Fernandes, P., Florin, A. & Nielsen, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,LOTIDAE,Gaidropsarus,vulgaris,,Gaidropsarus vulgaris,"(Cloquet, 1824)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Gaidropsarus vulgaris is found in the waters of northeast Atlantic, from the central Norwegian coast and the Faeroe Islands southwards through the North Sea and around the British Isles to the region around the Straits of Gibraltar including the Mediterranean Sea. This species is found at depths ranging from 20 to 120 m over a variety of substrates, favoring rocky bottoms. This species is widespread in the European region. It is taken as bycatch and may also be taken in the targeted Rockling fishery. There are no known threats to this species. Therefore, it is listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Gaidropsarus vulgaris is restricted to the northeast Atlantic Ocean, where it is distributed from the central Norwegian coast and the Faeroe Islands southwards through the North Sea and around the British Isles to the region around the Straits of Gibraltar (Cohen et al. 1990). It has also been reported from Iceland (Jonsson 1992). Gaidropsarus vulgaris is also found in the western and northern coasts of the Mediterranean Sea (Cohen et al. 1990), including the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstaninou 1988). Most commonly, G. vulgaris is found at depths ranging from 20 to 120 m (Muus and Nielsen 1999).","Gaidropsarus vulgaris is generally considered a common species (Cohen et al. 1990). In a study published in 2011 by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), Gaidropsarus vulgaris is listed as an ""infrequent species in the North Sea demersal fish community"" (ICES WGBIODIV REPORT 2011). After 24 years of observation, it was determined that the average population of Gaidropsarus vulgaris experienced relatively little flux, statistically, deviating just 0.104 standard deviation units for the period 2005 to 2008 relative to the mean population abundance between 1983 and 2008 (ICES WGBIODIV REPORT 2011). In a study conducted in the northwest European Continental slope, the mean catch rate of G. vulgaris was very low for the three regions studied, 0.002, 0.000 and 0.001, respectively (Rogers and Millner 1996). In a separate study, the frequency of occurrence for this fish was relatively low at 4.6% (Bergstad 1990). In a separate ICES report published in 2000, G. vulgaris experienced a decrease in trends of abundance in recent years (ACME Report 2000). No specific data are available to determine population trends or size. It is reported as rarely present in markets (Food and Agriculture Organization 1987). This species may be more abundant in Bay of Biscay and Celtic Sea, according to scientific surveys (IFREMER 2013).","Gaidropsarus vulgaris is a demersal, non-migratory species. It is found on rocky bottoms at depths ranging from 10 to 120 m but is also found on mud, sand and gravel (Cohen et al. 1990). This species feeds on shrimps, crabs, isopods, small fishes, molluscs and polychaetes (Cohen et al. 1990). It spawns during spring and summer in the Mediterranean Sea. Spawning occurs from May to August in western Ireland and in the spring and summer in the Mediterranean. The eggs and larvae of this species are pelagic. Growth of G. vulgaris is rapid. At one year, it measures approximately 18 cm and at two years, 23 cm. At three years of age, it measures 27 cm, at four years, 31 cm, at five years, 34 cm, and at six years, 36 cm. It may reach a total of 60 cm maximum (Cohen et al. 1990). Gaidropsarus vulgaris feeds on shrimps, crabs, isopods, small fish, molluscs and polychaetes (Cohen et al. 1990).",This is species may be taken as by-catch in trawlers and bottom longline fishery.&#160;There are no known threats towards this species.,"There is no information available on specific conservation measures for this species. However, this species may be present in marine protected areas that fall within its distribution (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Gaidropsarus vulgaris was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Gaidropsarus vulgaris is taken in trawls, bottom longlines and handlines (Cohen et al. 1990). This fish is of small commercial importance because the flesh is difficult to preserve, making it only occasionally available on some small fish markets (Cohen et al. 1990). Modest aggregated catch statistics for ""rocklings"" have recently become available through the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and are declared by France (FAO 2011).","Strongin, K. & Ralph, G.","Nielsen, J., Florin, A., Fernandes, P., Cook, R. & Lorance, P.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CARCHARHINIFORMES,CARCHARHINIDAE,Galeocerdo,cuvier,,Galeocerdo cuvier,"(Péron & Lesueur, 1822)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This large (up to more than 550 cm total length), omnivorous shark is common worldwide in tropical and warm-temperate coastal waters, though rarely encountered in the Northeast Atlantic or Mediterranean Sea. The widespread range of this species increases the likelihood of survival in the face of locally increased levels of exploitation. Its growth and reproductive rates are high compared with other sharks, suggesting higher resilience to overfishing. Despite the available information on Tiger Shark (Galeocerdo cuvier), there is very little information available specific to the European region and hence it can be assessed no further than Data Deficient. Further research should be conducted on the distribution, population size and trend of the species, together with harvest management.",Unknown,"In the Northeast Atlantic, this shark normally occurs in the south, including the Azores, Morocco and the Canary Islands. A vagrant from Iceland and an unconfirmed sighting from the English Channel have also been reported (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). The species’ occurrence in the Mediterranean Sea is doubtful, as only two records have been reported: the first off Malaga, Spain (Pinto de la Rosa 1994), and the second in Messina, Italy (Celona 2000), but both were based on the description of jaws. Its depth range is zero to 350 m.","No information is available from the Northeast and Eastern Central Atlantic, nor the Mediterranean Sea for this shark; and it is unclear whether these areas of occurrence can be considered one continuous subpopulation. The only significant catch of this species reported to the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT) from the Northeast Atlantic in recent years was 37 tonnes (t) by Dutch trawlers in 2007. The same fleet reported a 30 t catch of the species in the Eastern Central Atlantic in 2008 (ICCAT Task-I). No trend can be deduced from this information, nor can it be considered a reliable representation of the catch.","A Tiger Shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) with a precaudal length of 200 cm is about five years old and one of 300 cm is about 15 years old (De Crosta et al. 1984). For very large animals, the initial growth is very fast, and then the rate of growth is 5-10 cm per year; thus, individuals of 400-450 cm total length (TL) would be 20-25 years of age (Branstetter et al. 1987). The estimated maximum age is 45-50 years (Branstetter et al. 1987). Smith et al. (1998) estimated the intrinsic rate of increase of a Tiger Shark population at maximum sustainable yield to be 0.043 per year. Size at maturity of males is 226-290 cm TL and in females 250-350 cm TL (Randall 1992).Tiger Shark is the only species of the family Carcharhinidae that is live bearing with yolk sac-only nutrition. Litter sizes are large, with between 10 and 82 embryos reported from a single female, and an estimated mean of 30-35 pups (Tester 1969, Bass et al. 1975, Simpfendorfer 1992). The size at birth is 51-90 cm TL (Randall 1992, Simpfendorfer 1992). The estimated gestation period is 13-16 months (Clark and von Schmidt 1965). ","Tiger Shark is taken as bycatch in a variety of fisheries including tuna and swordfish longline fisheries (Anderson 1985, Berkeley and Campos 1988), particularly those operating on, or close to, the continental and insular shelves. It is also taken in trawl fisheries (e.g., squid, fish, and crustacean trawl fisheries), although normally in small numbers. There are few records of Tiger Shark catches for any of these fisheries. Tiger Sharks are undoubtedly caught in tropical and subtropical artisanal fisheries, though gear limitations in these fisheries probably preclude the capture of large numbers, especially of larger individuals. There are few published data on artisanal fishery captures and it is not possible to quantify catches or the effect that these may have on Tiger Shark populations. The species is fished recreationally and has International Game Fish Association (IGFA) status, the current record being 596 kg. More recently recreational catches have declined, and tagging and release has become more common. Recreational fishing is likely to account for significant mortality in Tiger Shark populations in coastal waters of some countries.","In 2013, the European Union (EU) banned the removal of shark fins on board vessels through Regulation No. 605/2013, in line with advice from the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission’s Shark Specialist Group and other shark fishery experts, in order to enhance enforcement of the 2003 EU ban on shark finning (Regulation No. 1185/2003) and facilitate improved shark fishery data collection. There are no species-specific conservation or management measures in place for Tiger Shark in European waters. Further research should be conducted on the distribution, population size and trend of the species, and harvest management should also be undertaken.","Parts of this shark are retained and used, including the flesh, fins, skin, liver oil and cartilage. The fins, skin and liver oil from Tiger Shark are all considered to be of high quality and can fetch good prices. The high value of products has increased commercial fishing pressure on this species worldwide, especially since demand for high quality shark fins has increased.","Dulvy, N.","Simpfendorfer, C., Walls, R. & Soldo, A.","Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CARCHARHINIFORMES,TRIAKIDAE,Galeorhinus,galeus,,Galeorhinus galeus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,VU,A2bd,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)Tope (Galeorhinus galeus) is a widespread, mainly coastal, temperate demersal shark that is fished throughout its range. It is caught as bycatch in mixed demersal and pelagic fisheries especially by French vessels fishing in the English Channel, Western Approaches and northern Bay of Biscay. In Europe, this species is important in recreational fisheries. Trends from 19 years of survey data of various parts from the Northeast Atlantic suggest this species is declining at a rate that would be consistent with a 38% decline over three generation spans (90 years), and even though little is known of this species in Mediterranean waters, the same decline is inferred to have occurred throughout its whole European distribution. Therefore, based on the estimated decline and the low productivity of this shark, it is assessed as Vulnerable in European waters under criterion A2bd.",Decreasing,"There is believed to be a single stock of Tope (Galeorhinus galeus) in the Northeast Atlantic, extending from southern Norway and Scotland, southwards to the coast of northwest Africa and the Mediterranean Sea (ICES 2012). Within this range, the North Sea, waters west of Scotland, the Celtic Sea, English Channel, Bay of Biscay region, Iberian waters and the Azores are believed to be important habitat for the species; whereas the Norwegian Sea, Baltic waters, Iceland and the Faroe Islands are considered areas where it is only an occasional vagrant. It is suggested that the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean stock is isolated from other stocks around the world, with little to no gene flow between them (Chabot and Allen 2009).Tagging studies (Central Fisheries Board, Ireland) have shown movements between the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea, also with wide ranging movements tagged off southwest Ireland to the Azores and Canary Islands (ICES 2007). Therefore this species is considered as one stock.","Northeast AtlanticIn the Northeast Atlantic, research vessel survey data reveal a decline in abundance indices by 38% since 1993 (Dureuil 2013), which is also suspected to have occurred over three generation spans (90 years). The relative exploitation rates are at levels that, on average, have been greater than that which is sustainable since 1997. In accordance, the fishing mortality from 1992 to 2012 for the central North Sea may have been two to four times greater than sustainable levels. Therefore, the spawning stock size of a cohort would have been reduced to approximately 15% of its exploited spawning stock biomass (Dureuil 2013). Within the English Channel there has been a decline in survey catch per unit effort (CPUE) of approximately 66.6% over the period 1988 to 2008 (Martin et al. 2010). Tope landings throughout the Northeast Atlantic region have decreased by 83% in the past twenty years from a peak of 1,754 tonnes (t) in 1983 to the lowest record in the time series of 301 t in 2011 (ICES 2011). In the Baltic and North Sea region, landings steadily decreased between 1978 and 2011 (ICES 2012). Landings from waters off west Scotland, the Celtic Seas and the English Channel are relatively high, but also highly variable, with an overall decreasing trend since 1978 (ICES 2012).   MediterraneanThis species is now rare in the Mediterranean Sea, and while formerly common in the Adriatic Sea, it has not been captured there in the past half century. The analysis of the MEDITS program data from 1994-1999 shows a very low frequency of occurrence for this shark in the Mediterranean Sea (only five positive hauls or 0.05 %). Its overall biomass was estimated to be 0.2 kg/km2 for the Mediterranean Sea. The standing stock biomass was estimated at 126 t (0.23%) (Baino et al. 2001). Off Italy, Relini et al. (2000) reported catch in only one of the 11 zones studied as part of the Italian national project (9,281 hauls in total, around the Italian coast, from 1985-1998), although data on biomass for this species were not provided. Tuna trap data from the Northern Tyrrhenian Sea from 1898 to 1992 shows a steep decrease in abundance of catches (80 individuals between 1898 and 1905; only eight for the 1906 to 1913 period and zero from 1914 to 1922) (Vacchi et al. 2002). Data from the MEDITS program for the Adriatic Sea were compared with those from the survey Hvar, carried out in 1948 (Jukic-Peladic 2001). Although no data on individual species captured biomass are reported, Tope appeared in the 1948 survey, but not in the MEDITS program. In Tunisian waters, where there exists a lower fishing pressure than off the northern Mediterranean coasts, the species is considered to be very rare (Bradai 2000).Ferretti et al. (2013) noted that although offshore grounds of the Adriatic Sea remained almost unexploited until the end of World War II, the elasmobranch community surveyed was characterized by small, productive elasmobranchs. Larger, less resilient meso-predatory species such as Tope, which used to be common or seasonally abundant throughout the basin in the 19th and early 20th century (Marchesetti 1882, Ninni 1912, Paolucci 1901, Fortibuoni et al. 2010), were already scarce or under detectable levels (present in less than 5% of tows) likely due to decades of directed and incidental coastal fishing (Marchesetti 1882, Fortibuoni 2010). The Hvar and Zupanovic surveys operating in the Mediterranean Sea between 1948 and 1957 caught 18 Tope specimens in the Adriatic Sea, while the corresponding surveys since 1957 have never encountered the species again (Ferretti et al. 2013).No species-specific catch data for the Mediterranean Sea and off northwest Africa were available in 2012 (ICES 2012). Overall, available landings appear relatively stable between 1982 and 2003 at around 500 t per year and at 400 t per year since 2004, with a drop to 300 t in 2011. However, the absence of some recent national data restricts the interpretation of recent trends. These older survey data suggest early depletion of Tope at least in shallow waters in this area, which could also have occurred in other Mediterranean areas where similar practices historically operated. Considering that the stock of Tope is continuous throughout European waters, it is inferred that a similar decline to that of Northeast Atlantic waters is true for the Mediterranean Sea, therefore the species is inferred to have undergone a decline of 38% over the three-generation period through its European distribution.","Tope is most abundant in cold to warm temperate continental seas, from very shallow water to well offshore (Ebert and Stehmann 2013), being primarily found near the bottom but ranges through the water column even into the pelagic zone. In the English Channel, Tope were most abundant in the west, particularly in the deeper waters of the ‘narrows’, between the Cherbourg Peninsula and Isle of Wight, where the seabed is pebbly and tidal currents strong (Martin et al. 2010). These species also showed patches of lower density in some shallower coastal waters in the eastern part of the English Channel. The maximum size varies considerably: the maximum size recorded is ~ 200 cm total length (TL) for females in the Mediterranean Sea (Capape and Mellinger 1988) and 169 cm TL for a female in the North Sea (McCully et al. 2013) but can be somewhat smaller in other areas (e.g., the Southwest Atlantic with a maximum size of 155 cm for females and 148 cm for males (Peres and Vooren 1991)). Differences are also apparent in the size at maturity in different regions. Size at sexual maturity ranges between 120 and 135 cm TL for males and 134 to 140 cm TL for females (Olsen 1954, Capape and Mellinger 1988, Peres and Vooren 1991, Freer 1992), although Ripley (1946) noted the onset of maturity at 150 cm TL for females and McCord (2005) reports that 50% of males are mature at 101 cm TL. The size at maturity of females in the Northeast Atlantic was suggested to be 155 cm TL for females and 121 cm TL for males (Dureuil 2013), based on data from the Azores, Madeira (Couto 2013) and the Mediterranean Sea (Capape and Mellinger 1988).This shark is live bearing without placenta, with average litters of 20 to 35 pups; as few as six and as many as 52 observed with an average of 35 in the Northeast Pacific (Ripley 1946, Ebert 2003). Parturition occurs in spring or early summer after a gestation period of ~ 12 months; the young vary in length at birth between 26 and 40 cm TL, depending on the region. The litter size increases in larger females. These may reflect real differences or may be due to the difficulties of sampling a species, which shows marked temporal and spatial sexual and size segregation, and which makes extensive movements. The generation length of this species is estimated to be around 30 years.The annual rate of population increase () has been estimated by Cortes (2002) at 1.077 (95% C.I. 1.037 to 1.128) and the natural mortality by Smith et al. (1998) at 0.113 year-1. The intrinsic rate of population increase for the Northeast Atlantic population was estimated at 0.062 year-1 and the natural mortality at 0.094 year-1 (Dureuil 2013).This species makes extensive migrations, for example, animals tagged in the United Kingdom and Ireland showing mixing throughout their Northeast Atlantic distribution and being recaptured as far away as to the north of Iceland (2,461 km), the Canary Islands (2,526 km) and the Azores (1,610 km off the coast of Portugal) (Fitzmaurice 1979, Holden and Horrod 1979, Stevens 1990).Little is known regarding critical habitats but nursery areas may occur off Portugal and around the Canary Islands (Muñoz-Chápuli 1984), in the southern North Sea, especially along the Frisian Islands (Dureuil 2013) and possibly in the Bristol Channel, United Kingdom (see Walker 1999 for further details). Greater abundances of mature individuals have been found off the northern Irish coast, the southern Irish Sea and the east coast of England (Dureuil 2013).","There is accidental capture of pups on nursery grounds in gillnets of small mesh size and recreational fishers operating in inshore shallow areas. Habitat degradation in potential nursery areas due to development and siltation may also negatively affect recruitment to populations of this species. Other threats are habitat degradation by the effects of trawling through disturbance of substrates (Walker 1998).Northeast AtlanticCurrently, Tope is typically a bycatch of mixed demersal and pelagic fisheries, especially French vessels fishing in the English Channel, Western Approaches and northern Bay of Biscay. Landings data are unreliable as many nations that land tope will report an unknown proportion of landings in aggregated landings categories, for example, ‘Dogfish and Hounds’ (ICES 2012). However, species-specific landings of Tope are available from 1975, with regularly reported catches from France, Portugal and the UK. Overall, reported Tope landings have varied around 500 t through 1990-2000s, but have slowly decreased from 713 t in 2000 to 333 t in 2012. The main proportion of Tope landings are made by France and the UK from the north and along the west coast of the British Isles, with landings ranging from 155-394 t from France and from 98 t to 15 t (2000-2012). In the late 1980s, Tope was among the most important species in commercial shark catches of France and catches were declining (Bonfil 1994). Similar declines in landings have been seen from Iberian waters with Portuguese landings decreasing from 142 t to 47 t (2000-2012).In demersal trawl fisheries, Tope of 50 to 94 centimetres TL are generally discarded, while those over 94 centimetres are often retained. In drift and fixed net fisheries, Tope are mostly retained and ranged mainly from 70 to 124 centimetres (ICES 2012). Tope is also an important target species in recreational sea angling and charter boat in several areas, with most anglers and angling clubs following catch and release protocols.MediterraneanAlthough no direct fisheries for Tope exist in the Mediterranean Sea, it was traditionally caught as bycatch in gillnets and trammel nets in the northern Adriatic Sea, also as bycatch of semi-industrial (Adriatic Sea and Sicily) and artisanal fisheries in pelagic and demersal nets, deep longlines, drift lines and troll lines (Fischer et al. 1987). A small directed gillnet fishery targeting Mustelus spp. and Squalus spp. operated off the Balearic Islands in the past which reported catches of Tope. In recent times, only bottom trawl and longline fisheries have reported continuous bycatch of Tope, and such reports are very rare nowadays. The development of the bottom trawl fisheries in the Mediterranean Sea over the first half of the 20th century in the northern range, and during the latter half in the southern range, is considered as one of the principal factors responsible of the decline of many demersal elasmobranch species. In this sense, both overfishing and habitat degradation must be considered as factors potentially responsible for declines.In Italian fish markets, the product labeled “palombo” is an umbrella term for numerous shark species, one of which has been identified as Tope by Barbuto et al. (2010). Out of the Triakidae species, only Common Smoothhound (Mustelus mustelus) is distinguishable from the others, raising concern as to how much Tope is being sold under the label “palombo”. The grouping of species under one name in this manner makes it impossible to deduce landings trends, as individual species trends are masked by those they are grouped with.","In 2013, the EU banned removal of shark fins on board vessels (CEC 2013), in line with advice from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature’s Shark Specialist Group and other shark fishery experts, in order to enhance enforcement of the 2003 EU ban on shark finning (CEC 2003) and facilitate improved shark fishery data collection. In terms of UK fisheries Tope is prohibited other than using rod and line (with anglers fishing using rod and line from boats not allowed to land their catch) and a Tope bycatch limit of 45 kilograms per day for commercial fisheries targeting other species was established (Statutory Instrument Number 2008/691, ICES 2012).Tope is listed in Appendix II of the Barcelona Convention, affording it protection from fishing activities taking place in the Mediterranean region. Contracting Parties and Cooperating non-contracting Parties shall ensure that catches of Tope taken with bottom-set nets, longlines and in tuna traps shall be promptly released unharmed and alive to the extent possible, therefore cannot be retained on board, transshipped, landed, transferred, stored, sold, displayed or offered for sale (Recommendation GFCM/36/2012/1). All vessels encountering these species must record information on fishing activities, catch data, incidental taking, release and/or discarding events in a logbook or similar document, then all logged information must be reported to national authorities. Finally, additional measures should be taken to improve such data gathering in view of scientific monitoring of the species.","Tope has a long history of exploitation in target fisheries in most parts of its range where the species has been in demand for liver oil, meat and fins.","Simpfendorfer, C. & Dulvy, N.","McCully, S., Dureuil, M. & Farrell, E.","Walker, T.I., Cavanagh, R.D., Stevens, J., Carlisle, A.B., Chiaramonte, G.E., Domingo, A., Ebert, D.A., Mancusi, C., Massa, A., McCord, M., Morey, G, Lawrence, J., Serena, F. & Vooren, C.M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CARCHARHINIFORMES,SCYLIORHINIDAE,Galeus,atlanticus,,Galeus atlanticus,"(Vaillant, 1888)","Previously this species was synonymized with Galeus melastomus, but it is now considered a valid species supported by both morphometric external field marks and genetic evidence (Muñoz-Chapuli and Perez-Ortega 1985; Rey et al. 2005, 2006, 2010; Castilho et al. 2007).",No,NT,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Atlantic Sawtail Catshark (Galeus atlanticus) is a little known and rare demersal catshark reported at depths ranging from 330−790 m, with a narrow extent of occurrence (approximately 50,000 km2). It is still probably misidentified as Blackmouth Catshark (Galeus melastomus) and African Sawtail Catshark (G. polli). It is taken as bycatch throughout its entire depth and geographic range by deepwater fisheries. It is usually discarded but post-release survival rates are unknown and assumed to be low, and larger individuals are retained for sale. The species is suspected to have undergone a decline of nearly 30% over the three-generation period (36-45 years), being close to qualifying as threatened under Criterion A2, and it is therefore assessed as Near Threatened due to the heavy fishing pressure it suffers throughout this small range. Catches of this species should be correctly identified and carefully monitored.",Decreasing,"This catshark has a very narrow range in all the regions in which it occurs. Some identification problems and possible confusion with Blackmouth Catshark (Galeus melastomus) and African Sawtail Catshark (G. polli) indicate that the range may be larger than currently known. The total extent of occurrence (EOO) is around 50,000 km2, from which approximately 25,000 km2 is in the Northeast Atlantic and 25,000 km2 is in the Mediterranean Sea. In the Northeast Atlantic this species has been reported off the southwest coast of Portugal (Coelho and Erzini 2008), where it is captured regularly. In the Eastern Central Atlantic, this shark has been reported off West Africa, but only from a single type specimen captured off Cape Spartel on northwest coast of Morocco, and from one specimen captured off Mauritania (Castilho et al. 2007). In the Mediterranean Sea it has been reported in Spanish waters, from the Gibraltar Strait in the west to Cape Gata to the east.Its depth range is 330-710 m.","The International Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean (MEDITS) program covers the north Mediterranean coast almost continuously from western Morocco and Spain in the west to the Aegean Sea in the east. Six trawl surveys were carried out in the coastal areas of four arbitrary geographically defined areas: Western (Morocco, Spain, France), Western Central (Tyrrhenian, Corsican, Sardinia and Sicily coasts), Eastern Central (Adriatic, Ionian and Albanian coasts) and the Eastern (Aegean Sea). This catshark was only captured in one (0.01%) out of 6,336 tows performed between 1994 and 1999 at depths ranging from 10 to 800 m (Baino et al. 2001). However, it is likely that it was still being confused for Blackmouth Catshark at this time. Spanish MEDITS data indicate that it only occurs in the western Mediterranean Sea, from the Straits of Gibraltar to Cape Gata. High numbers of juveniles have only been reported from the Alboran Sea (Rey et al. 2005, 2010), and abundance decreases gradually towards Cape Gata (Rey et al. 2005, 2010). In the Eastern Central Atlantic this species has only been confirmed from West African waters from the holotype specimen that was captured off cape Spartel of northwest Morocco (Vaillant 1888), and from a specimen caught off Mauritania (Castilho et al. 2007). It is unknown if it is very rare in this area or is just misidentified as Blackmouth Catshark and African Sawtail Catshark. Based on the rarity of this catshark and the fact that it exists within a very narrow depth and geographic range that entirely overlaps with fisheries, the population is suspected to have undergone a decline of nearly 30% for the three generation period (36-45 years). While there have been no estimates of post-release survival rates after incidental capture and discarding, a precautionary assumption should be made that survival might be low.","This catshark is a demersal species occurring at depths of 330−710 m (Compagno et al. 2005, Rey et al. 2005).This egg laying species produces egg cases that are 11−13 mm by 38−40 mm in size (Bauchot 1987) with up to nine egg cases in one female, suggesting a short hatching period outside the mother (Compagno et al. 2005). Bauchot (1987) measured a mature female of 39.8 cm total length (TL) and a male of 38.4 cm TL, while Compagno et al. (2005) estimated that females mature at sizes between 40 and 45 cm TL males mature between ~ 38 and 42 cm TL. Maximum size is ~ 45 cm TL (Compagno et al. 2005). Other similar-sized temperature Galeus species mature at 9.14 and 7.57 years for females and males respectively, and have a longevity of 20.9 and 12.4 years, which suggest generation spans of 9.98 and 15.02 years (Liu et al. 2011) Therefore the generation length of Galeus atlanticus is suspected to be between 12-15 years. ","This species apparently is commonly misidentified in fisheries data as Blackmouth Catshark as they are externally very similar. It is caught as bycatch by commercial trawl nets and bottom longlines on slope bottoms and it is a bycatch in the semi-industrial and artisanal trawl, gillnet and longline fisheries (Bauchot 1987, Serena 2005). Deepwater trawlers targeting crustaceans such as Norway Lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) and Red Shrimp (Aristeus antennatus) operate intensively throughout the Alboran Sea. This catshark is most abundant in the Alboran Sea and these trawlers operate throughout the entire depth range and area of occupancy of this species in this region, making it susceptible to capture throughout its entire AOO.  Off the south coast of Portugal (Algarve), this catshark is a bycatch of the deepwater longline fishery that targets Wreck Fish (Polyprion americanus) and Conger Eels (Conger conger), and of deepwater trawlers targeting crustaceans such as Norway Lobster, Red Shrimp and Pink Shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris; Coelho and Erzini 2008). Most specimens are discarded, although the larger specimens have some commercial value and may be sold for human consumption. Most of the discarded specimens are still alive when returned to sea, but usually have severe injuries that are likely to impair their survival. In Portuguese fisheries statistics from these fisheries, marketed specimens are mixed with and recorded as Blackmouth Catshark, making it impossible to discern trends of commercial captures through time. Currently, the entire AOO in the Northeast Atlantic is being heavily fished either by deepwater trawlers or deepwater longliners, so the entire population in this region is likely undergoing fishing mortality. Off cape Spartel, where the type specimen was recorded, there has been a deepwater longline fishery operating throughout this species’ depth range since 2001, targeting Black Scabbardfish (Aphanopus carbo). In the same area and depth range there is a deepwater trawl fishery targeting crustaceans. It is likely that both fisheries are taking this species as bycatch but data are unavailable.","Based on advice from the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) to end fishing for deepwater sharks, the European Union (EU) Fisheries Council in 2007 established and began gradual reductions for a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) quota covering several shark species, not including Atlantic Sawtail Shark. In 2010, the EU Council added four deepwater shark species to the measure, and set the deepwater shark TAC at zero, starting in 2012.  In 2013, in response to ICES advice, the list of species covered by the deepwater shark TAC was amended to exclude Blackmouth Catshark. Owing to the lack of differentiation between Atlantic Sawtail Catshark and Blackmouth Catshark in commercial fisheries catch, strong fishing pressure is expected for this species within its restricted range. In this area (mainly Alboran Sea and south Portugal) mid- or long-term surveillance of abundance in fisheries (longline and bottom trawl) is necessary. Fishery observers should start separating this species from Blackmouth Catshark and African Sawtail Catshark. Further research should be conducted on the population size and trend of the species.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Séret, B. & Walls, R.","Coelho, R.P., Rey, J., Serena, F., Mancusi, C. & Guallart, J.","Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CARCHARHINIFORMES,SCYLIORHINIDAE,Galeus,melastomus,,Galeus melastomus,"Rafinesque, 1810",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Blackmouth Catshark (Galeus melastomus) is a small, common catshark that is wide ranging in the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. This species occurs on continental shelves and upper slopes, mainly at depths of 200–500 m, although it has been recorded between 55 and 2,000 m. It is taken as bycatch in demersal trawl and longline fisheries and is generally discarded, although it is retained and used in some areas. Research surveys indicate that this species is relatively abundant in some areas, notably the area southwest of Iceland, on the Hatton Bank, northwest of Ireland and in the Alboran Sea in the western Mediterranean Sea. Various research survey and landings data show no evidence of any significant decline, and populations appear stable overall. The recently introduced ban on bottom trawling below 1,000 m depth in the Mediterranean Sea should also offer this species some refuge from fishing pressure at greater depths. Blackmouth Catshark is assessed as Least Concern on the basis of inferred population stability in the European region, but population trends should continue to be monitored.",Stable,"In the Northeast Atlantic, this species is found from the Faeroe Islands and off the coast of Trondheim, Norway, ranging westward to the northern area of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Reykjanes Ridge, southwest Iceland and the Azores (Compagno 1984, Hareide and Garnes 2001). The range of this species extends southwards to the Eastern Central Atlantic, where it has been found off the coast of Senegal (Compagno 1984). This species is found throughout the Mediterranean Sea, excluding the northern Adriatic Sea, the northern Aegean Sea and the Black Sea (Bauchot 1987, Serena 2005). Its depth range is 55-2,000 m.","Northeast Atlantic OceanGenerally this catshark is reported as common in the Northeast Atlantic, based on data observed during research surveys and inferred from landings. This species was one of the most abundant elasmobranchs recorded in the Norwegian Sea according to a series of Annual Autumn Bottom Trawl Surveys along the northern Norwegian Coast from 1992–2005 (ICES 2007). The total catch during these years was 8,376 individuals, with an average annual catch rate of 644.3 individuals, but fluctuating widely between 26 and 1,883 individuals caught per year (ICES 2007). This species is also abundant in the northern area of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, especially along the Reykjanes Ridge (southwest of Iceland) where the catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) can be as high as 58.5 kg/1,000 hooks (Hareide and Garnes 2001). Commercial longline vessels operating off southern Portugal (Algarve) from 1997 and 1998 (Erzini et al. 1999) compared to 2003 (Coelho et al. 2005) showed an increase of 151% in CPUE. This increase is somewhat supported by official fisheries landing statistics for this species in Algarve, which showed an increase of 48% from 1988–2001 (DGPA 2001), however this increase in landings is not necessarily reflective of an increase in captures. A decline in stocks of traditional target species has resulted in increased retention of this species. Despite this, off southern Portugal the population appears to be stable. Mediterranean SeaThis species is apparently relatively common in the Mediterranean Sea over a wide depth range. It occurred in ~ 27% of hauls during the International Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean (MEDITS) research surveys conducted throughout the northern Mediterranean Sea (Alboran to the Aegean Sea) from 1994–1999 at depths of 10–800 m (Baino et al. 2001). The abundance index for this species was > 100 kg/km2 in the Gulf of Lions and in Sardinian waters, and reached a maximum of 1,040 kg/km2 in the Alboran Sea. These maximum indices in the Alboran Sea were obtained both in 1997 and 2002, but no trend was observed (Rey et al. 2004). Similarly, trawl surveys conducted in the Adriatic Sea in both 1948 and 1998 showed no significant difference in the abundance indexes for this species on the continental slope (Jukić-Peladić et al. 2001). Additionally, MEDITS survey data showed no significant trend in density indices along the years (Bertrand et al. 2000), although in some parts of the Mediterranean Sea (Tyrrhenian Sea) this species showed a slight increasing trend with seasonal fluctuations in biomass, reaching a maximum in winter and a minimum in summer (Baino and Serena 2000). Data from surveys suggests that juveniles occur in shallower waters, and adults at greater depths. For example, in the Alboran Sea specimens captured at depths of 201–500 m were generally < 20 cm whereas specimens captured at depths of 501–800 m were generally > 20 cm (Rey et al. 2004). Specimens captured by deep bottom trawl nets (> 800 m) and bottom longline catches also tend to be of a larger mean size (Carrasson et al. 1992, Ungaro et al. 1999, Ungaro et al. 2001, Massutì and Moranta 2002). In addition, high concentrations of juveniles were found consistently found the same depth interval in Sardinian waters, the Alboran Sea and the southeast Tyrrhenian Sea (Serena et al. 2005).","This catshark occurs mainly at depths of 200–500 m, although it has been recorded at depths from 55–2,000 m (Stefanescu et al. 1992, Moranta et al. 1998, Relini et al. 1996, Compagno et al. 2005). It is found on both the continental shelf and upper part of the continental slope, but predominantly occupies continental slope bottoms (Carrasson et al. 1992, Stefanescu et al. 1992, Tursi et al. 1993, Ungaro et al. 1994, Ungaro et al. 2001, Abella and Serena 2005). This is an egg laying species with yolk formation (vitellogenesis) occurring at any time of the year (Tursi et al. 1990). Eggs hatch mainly in the spring and summer with two to eight eggs produced per litter (Tortonese 1956, Bini 1967), and between 40 and 93 egg cases produced per year as a maximum (Capapé et al. 1984). Size at maturity in females is ranges between 38 and 51 cm total length (TL) and between 34 and 45 cm TL for males in the Mediterranean Sea (Bauchot 1987, Tursi et al. 1993, Ungaro et al. 1994, Rey et al. 2002). However, Capapé et al. (1984) reported slightly larger estimates of length at maturity in the northwest Mediterranean Sea, with females maturing between 52 and 61 cm TL and males maturing between 51 and 55 cm TL. The species reaches a maximum size of about 62–67 cm TL (Rey et al. 2002, Costa et al. 2005), although Compagno et al. (2005) reports a maximum size of 90 cm TL. This species is relatively productive with an estimated generation time of 5.7 year, and an intrinsic rate of population increase of 0.176 (17% per year), based on an age-structured matrix model assuming age at maturity of four years (Abella et al. 2011).","This catshark is both targeted and found as bycatch in demersal trawl and longline fisheries throughout large areas of its geographic range. Individuals taken as bycatch are generally discarded, with low survival rates, but in some areas large individuals are retained and their flesh is used for human consumption.Northeast AtlanticCommercial deepwater trawl fisheries that target this species catch mature individuals at the fishery’s shallowest depth range. In addition to target fisheries, this species is taken as bycatch where it is most often discarded live (Coelho et al. 2005) but with low probability of survival. However, declines in traditional target species during the last few years mean that fishermen are now landing larger quantities of “alternative” species, such as this catshark, so it may be increasingly retained and sold. Off the south coast of Portugal (Algarve), this species is captured in high quantities as bycatch of the bottom trawl fishery that targets the Norway Lobster (Nephrops norvegicus), Red Shrimp (Aristeus antennatus) and Deepwater Pink Shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris), and by the near bottom longline fishery that targets European Hake (Merluccius merluccius), Conger Eels (Conger conger) and Wreck Fish (Polyprion americanus).MediterraneanThe species is caught as bycatch by trawl and bottom longline fisheries on slope bottoms. It appears to suffer greater fishing pressure in the Ionian, south Adriatic and Aegean Seas, compared to along the coasts of Morocco, Spain, France and around Crete. Length Frequency Distributions show that along the coasts of Morocco, Spain, France and around Crete specimens were mostly larger than 30 cm (78% of the total), while only 23% of the specimens caught around the coasts of Corsica, Sicily and in the Ionian, South Adriatic and Aegean Seas were over 30 cm (Serena et al. 2005).In the Alboran Sea, where this catshark is abundant, it is a common bycatch species in the bottom trawl fishery targeting deepwater Red shrimp (Aristeus antennatus; Torres et al. 2001). It also makes up a large portion of the bycatch in the main fishery of the Northern Tyrrhenian and Ligurian Seas (data from 1990–2001). Landings were about 700 kg in 2002 and were dominated by larger individuals (TL > 40 cm), meaning that only a selected fraction of the bycatch was landed (Abella and Serena 2005). Most individuals were discarded due to limited market demand and low commercial value. Considering the depths at which this species was caught (250–800 m) and the poor condition of the individuals immediately after their capture, it is likely that survival following release is low. However, it should be noted that the fishing grounds of this fleet overlap only partially with this species’ range, and higher densities of mature adults can be found in deeper waters off northern Corsica, where fishing pressure is moderate. These deeper waters may act as a refuge for this species (Abella and Serena 2005). ","Based on advice from the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea to end fishing for deepwater sharks, the European Union Fisheries Council established a TAC (Total Allowable Catch) for this species in 2007 (CEC 2012). This TAC was gradually reduced and in 2010 it was set at zero. In 2011, the allowable bycatch was reduced from 10% to 3% of the 2009 TAC and in 2012 it was further reduced to zero (ICES 2013). Additionally, the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) banned bottom trawling below depths of 1,000 m in the Mediterranean Sea in February 2005 (Recommendation GFCM/2005/1). However this ban would only affect a small portion of this species’ range, as it is more commonly found at shallower depths. Monitoring should be undertaken on the harvest trends of this species. ","The species is utilized fresh or salt-dried for human consumption and for leather. In some locations in the Algarve, this species is traditionally eaten during the Christmas period after being salt-dried. During this period, this species can reach very high prices in the local fish markets (R. Coelho unpublished data). Only the largest specimens (about more than 40 cm TL) are regularly present on the fish markets of Tyrrhenian sea and Morocco. It is utilised as fresh meat, frozen, salted or dried (Bauchot 1987). It does not have a high commercial importance but in some Italian ports it is landed and sold fresh after the removal of the head and skin (Serena and Abella 1999).","Dulvy, N.","Abella, A., Serena, F., Mancusi, C., Ungaro, N., Hareide, N.-R., Guallart, J., Coelho, R.P. & Crozier, P.","Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CARCHARHINIFORMES,SCYLIORHINIDAE,Galeus,murinus,,Galeus murinus,"(Collett, 1904)","This species may have been confused with one other, and possibly two other species, causing uncertainty in some of the literature. Pristiurus jenseni Saemundsson, 1922, is considered a junior synonym of this species. Recent analyses indicate that life-history data collected from specimens of Galeus murinus are incompatible with Saemundsson’s (1922) description of Pristiurus jenseni and data on Galeus murinus, provided in Magnússon’s (2000) fishery survey. Consequently, two possibilities require investigation: (1) The synonym P. jenseni is a valid species from Iceland, larger than G. murinus, and commonly confused with it and/or (2) G. murinus is in part confused in Magnússon et al. (2000) with a larger species of Apristurus present in Iceland. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of G. murinus was conducted by Iglésias et al. (2005) and Pristiurus jenseni requires critical taxonomic examination.",Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Mouse Catshark (Galeus murinus) is a relatively small (about 50 cm total length) deepwater catshark reported on the continental slope at depths of 380–1,250 m. This species may have been confused with one or two others, causing uncertainty in some of the literature and further investigation is required into its taxonomy. It is taken as bycatch by commercial deepwater trawlers operating on the Northeast Atlantic slope and by Spanish and Moroccan experimental fisheries off western Africa. However, this species is small and may be able to escape through the mesh of trawl nets used in the Northeast Atlantic. Like some other small catsharks, this species may be relatively fecund and therefore resilient to depletion in fisheries. Furthermore, its relatively wide depth and geographic range probably afford it refuge from fishing pressure in parts of its range. Given these factors there is no reason to suspect that it has declined and it is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"In the Northeast Atlantic this species is found off the west coast of Iceland to the Faroe Islands (Compagno et al. 2005), and more recently it has been found off Scotland, the Hebrides Islands, Ireland, France, and Spain (Rodríguez-Cabello et al. 2013). In the Eastern Central Atlantic, it is found off Morocco and the Western Sahara (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Its depth range is 380-1,250 m.","All available information on population relative abundance for this species is from the Northeast Atlantic. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea’s (ICES) surveys of Subarea VII (Irish Sea, West of Ireland, Porcupine Bank, Eastern and Western English Channel, Bristol Channel, Celtic Sea North and South, and Southwest of Ireland - East and West) have reported this catshark in very low abundance (Velasco et al. 2010, Ruiz-Pico et al. 2012, Fernández-Zapico et al. 2013). Surveys from the 1970s to the 1990s obtained this species in the Rockall Trough and Porcupine Seabight during Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS) trawl surveys (Gordon 1999). In the Rockall Trough catches of this species were minimal, and at 1,250 m, 0.0003 individuals were caught per 1,000 m2.Over the past 14 years, the relative abundance of this species between depths of 500 and1,500 m from the Scottish deepwater survey was, on average, one individual per hour in ICES Subarea VI (Rockall, Northwest Coast of Scotland and North Ireland). In 2012, there were no catches of this species during surveys in Subarea VII (ICES 2013), nonetheless it is considered to be relatively common throughout its range (Rodríguez-Cabello et al. 2013). Preliminary analyses using negative binomial General Linear Modeling suggest no trend in relative abundance over time (ICES 2013).It can be inferred that this species’ population is stable in the Northeast Atlantic, as it is caught in such low numbers even in the deepest surveys and the rate of capture has remained stable since the 1970s.","This small catshark is a bathydemersal, deepwater species known from the continental slopes and reported at depths of 3801,250 m (Compagno et al. 2005). Magnússon et al. (2000) reported it at depths of 6561,731 m, but the data most probably included another species that was confused with this species (see “Taxonomic Notes” section). In the Porcupine Seabight west of the British Isles, it has been caught between 1,000 and 1,250 m, but no deeper than this (Gordon 1999).This species is egg laying with a single egg case produced per oviduct and carried simultaneously (Iglésias et al. 2002). Size at birth is unknown but may be approximately 89 cm total length (TL), based on egg case sizes (Iglésias et al. 2002). Males mature between 50 and 63 cm TL while female size at maturity is unknown (Ebert and Stehmann 2013), and maximum size reported is at least 63 cm TL for males and 50 cm TL for females. However, taxonomic confusion has warranted previously published life history data for this species to be used with caution.","The species is a common bycatch of commercial deepwater trawlers operating on the Northeast Atlantic slope, with little economic value to fishers. While France and Spain have reported small quantities of bycatch, its small size means that it could potentially escape from the mesh of trawls and its deepwater habitat likely precludes it from being taken in large numbers in Northeast Atlantic waters. However, its range overlaps that of Blackmouth Catshark (Galeus melastomus) and it is likely that this species is a common component of mixed catshark catches that possibly also include Atlantic Sawtail Catshark (Galeus atlanticus) (ICES 2013).","Based on advice from the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea to end fishing for deepwater sharks, the European Union Fisheries Council established a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for this species in 2007 (CEC 2012). This TAC was gradually reduced and in 2010 set at zero. In 2011, the allowable bycatch was also reduced from 10% to 3% of the 2009 TAC and in 2012 it was further reduced to zero (ICES 2013). Additionally, the Northeast Atlantic Fisheries Commission Recommendation 7 (2013) requires member Parties to prohibit vessels in the Regulatory Area from directed fishing for deepwater sharks. Further research should be conducted to clarify its taxonomic status.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Dulvy, N.","Iglésias, S.","Walls, R. & Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Gammogobius,steinitzi,,Gammogobius steinitzi,"Bath, 1971",This species was redescribed by Scsepka and Ahnelt (1999).,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Gammogobius steinitzi is known from scattered records from the northern Mediterranean Sea and from a single site in the northern Black Sea. The full distribution of this species is unknown as it is a cryptic species and difficult to study in its restricted habitat of marine, limestone caves. However, G. steinitzi can be locally abundant and is likely under recorded. Although threats to G. steinitzi and its habitat are not well understood, it may be vulnerable to anthropogenic impacts. These are not considered a major threats at this time. Therefore, G. steinitzi is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Gammogobius steinitzi is a small cryptobenthic gobiid species known from scattered records in the northern Mediterranean (Baleares Islands; Spain, Patzner 1999); Marseille, Port-Cros (Îles d'Hyères), and Corsica (Dufour et al. 2007), France; Isola del Giglio (Tyrrhenian Sea), Sassoscritto cliff (Livorno), Tuscany, and from Sardinia and southern Italy), the Adriatic Sea (Kovačić et al. 2011) and a recent finding from Crete (Bath 1971, Ahnelt and Patzner 1996, Ahnelt et al. 1998, Kovačić 1999). Recently, five specimens have been identified from the northern Black Sea (Cape Tarkhankut, Chernomorsky district, Crimea, Ukraine; Kovtun and Manilo 2013). Gammogobius steinitzi is typically found from three to 43 m depth (Colombo and Langeneck 2013).","This is an apparently rare species. It may be locally common in caves, and is most likely under recorded. No estimations of population size or trend of G. steinitzi have been published. No estimation of abundance in suitable habitat is known except that Kovačić (1999) noted that “During a half hour check of the open rocky surface of walls and roof nearly a dozen specimens were seen, but it may be expected that many more specimens were hidden in holes and cavities”.","Gammogobius steinitzi is a small cryptobenthic goby that lives at depths of two to 43 m, mostly found at depths between seven and 25 m. It is found only in caves, where they settle on the walls and the ceilings of deep regions of the caves (Bath 1971, Ahnelt and Patzner 1996, Ahnelt et al. 1998, Kovačić 1999, Patzner 1999). No data exist for lifespan, life cycle and growth pattern (Miller 1986, Kovačić et al. 2011).","The population is present mostly on surfaces of large and small sea caves, where disturbance and accumulation of air produced by scuba divers might impact the population presence and abundance, but not considered a major threat.","No conservation measures are in place or required for this species and it occurs in marine protected areas. Gammogobius steinitzi was previously assessed as Data Deficient, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011), but is not listed in the Red List of Marine Fishes of Croatia or the Red Book of Sea Fishes of Croatia. Further research is required to estimate the real status of the species throughout its range and the size and trend of its populations.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Kovacic, M., Williams, J.T. & Herler, J.","Francour, P., Bariche, M., Goren, M., Tunesi, L. & Bilecenoglu, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GEMPYLIDAE,Gempylus,serpens,,Gempylus serpens,"Cuvier, 1829",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)   In the European region the fish is known from the Azores and Madeira archipelago, and from the Canaries. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Stable,"The fish occurs worldwide in the tropical and subtropical seas. In the eastern Atlantic it is known from the Iberian Peninsula south to South Africa. In the western Atlantic it is known from Canada south to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil including throughout the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. In the Indo-Pacific it is known from along East Africa to India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and the Hawaiian Islands. In the eastern Pacific it is known from California south along Central and South America to Chile. Its depth range is 0-950 m, but is usually recorded shallower than 200 m (Cervigon 1994, Parin and Nakamura 2002, McMillan et al. 2011).  In the European region the fish is known from the Azores and Madeira archipelagos (Santos et al. 1997, Carneiro et al. 2014), and from the Canaries (Rodríguez et al. 2004).","No information for the European region, but assumed to be stable.","The fish is an oceanic, epi- and mesopelagic species and occurs from surface to depths of at least 950 m (Cervigon 1994, Parin and Nakamura 2002). It is usually solitary.  Adult Gempylus serpens occur close to the surface at night (nyctoepipelagic), while larvae and juveniles remain at the surface during the day (Nakamura and Parin 1993). Maximum size to 100 cm (SL), common to 60 cm (SL) (Parin and Nakamura 2002). Prey items include fishes (myctophids, exocoetids, sauries, scombrids), squid, and crustaceans (Nakamura and Parin 1993). Males mature at 43 cm (SL), females at 50 cm. Spawns in tropical waters throughout the year. Fecundity of about 300, 000 to 1,000,000 eggs (Nakamura and Parin 1993). Maximum recorded weight for this species is 3 kg (Richardson et al. 2010).","Gempylus serpens occasionally appears as bycatch in the tuna longline fishery, however, there are no major threats known for this species. Gempylus serpens was recorded as one of the top ten most common fishes caught by the U.S. Atlantic coastal pelagic longline fishery that targets swordfish in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, during a study conducted from January to April 2004.  Equivalent bycatch data for the European region are not available.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place or required.,"The fish has a minor commercial uses in fisheries and it is used as bait, occasionally. It can be found in markets sold frozen, as sausages or fish cake (Nakamura 1995), although trade within the European region is uncertain.  It is not eaten raw, but cooked in any way, also can be found in dried form (Titcomb 1972).","Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Grijalba Bendeck, L., Curtis, M., Pina Amargos, F., Williams, J.T., Smith-Vaniz, W.F. & Collette, B.B.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,BERYCIFORMES,TRACHICHTHYIDAE,Gephyroberyx,darwinii,,Gephyroberyx darwinii,"(Johnson, 1866)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)   In the European region, the fish has been reported from the Azores and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014), and is also known from two records from the Mediterranean Sea (Algerian and Sicilian waters (Tyrrhenian Sea), where it is assumed to be vagrant and not established. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In the Eastern Central Atlantic the fish is distributed throughout from 75-1,250 m depth. Bunkley-Williams and Williams (2004) record that the depth range for adults is 60-1,000 m and juveniles is 9-536 m. Vakily et al. (2002) reports G. darwinii as distributed off of the Cape Verde Islands, Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, and Sierra Leone. G. darwinii inhabits the transitional deep-sea coral reef habitat off of Angola (Le Guilloux et al. 2009). In the Eastern Atlantic it has been reported from the Azores and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014) to Cape Verde from 160-600 m depth. It is also known from two records from the Mediterranean (Algerian and Sicilian waters (Tyrrhenian Sea); Andaloro et al. 2012), the Indian Ocean off of Natal in the Bay of Bengal and off of southern Australia in the Pacific (Maurin and Quero 1982). In the southwestern Pacific this species has been recorded from 200-1,000m depth off of New Caledonia and New Zealand (Fricke et al. 2011).","Considered rare in Atlantic European waters, and a very occasional vagrant in the Mediterranean Sea.","A demersal species with a maximum size of 48 cm SL, but is commonly caught at 25 cm. It is found in deep water over hard bottoms on continental slopes and off of islands. This species may be found locally abundant during spawning or feeding aggregations. G. darwinii feeds on mesopelagic shrimp, small fishes, and squid. Data on reproduction, age, and growth for fishes of the Trachichthyidae family are limited, however, it may have a lengthy generation length if similar to Hoplostethus atlanticus (Orange Roughy), which has a maximum age of at least 125 years.",No information for the European region.,There are no known conservation measures in place.,"Occasionally as bycatch in deep-water trawl fisheries between 200-500 m depth in the Gulf of Guinea and off Namibia (Bianchi et al. 1999, Schneider 1990). This species is reportedly commercially exploited both for food and oil, in the east central Atlantic (Andrade et al. 2004). This species is not commercially exploited in the Cape Verde Islands (Monteiro pers comm 2013) or off Mauritania (Camara pers comm 2013).G. darwinii is utilized as fishmeal and a source of oil in eastern central Atlantic (Maul 1981).","Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","McEachran, J.D., Moore, J., Polanco Fernandez, A. & Russell, B.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,GIGANTACTINIDAE,Gigantactis,ios,,Gigantactis ios,"Bertelsen, Pietsch & Lavenberg, 1981",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) There is limited distribution information for this fish. In European waters, it is known from the northeastern Atlantic ocean off the coast of Iceland and from Portugal (Madeira). It is a meso-bathypelagic species, residing between 1,000 m and 1,360 m. Whilst little is known of its population or ecology, the fish is not utilised in fisheries and there are no known major threats. Therefore the fish is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,Gigantactis ios is a meso-bathypelagic anglerfish (Pietsch in press). Distribution information is limited; however there are records from northwestern Atlantic ocean off New England (Hartel et al. 2008) and northeastern Atlantic ocean off Iceland (Jónsson and Pálsson 1999) and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014).,Little to no population information is available for Gigantactis ios due to its rarity.,"The Gigantactinidae is known for their extreme sexual dimorphism. Males of the Gigantactinidae family are characterized by their small size. They are considered a dwarf male family with a maximum size of 2.2 cm, while the women are significantly larger than the men with the ability to reach 43.5 cm in size (Pietsch in press). In the Gigantactinidae family males are known to attach to the females by using pincer-like denticles. In this particular family males do not permanently attach and are only attached for a small period of time (Pietsch 2005). Residing at depths of between 1,000 m and 1,360 m (Pietsch in press).",There are no known species-specific threats.,There are no species-specific conservation efforts in place or required. further information on the species distribution and population trends is required.,The fish is not utilised.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Knudsen, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,GIGANTACTINIDAE,Gigantactis,vanhoeffeni,,Gigantactis vanhoeffeni,"Brauer, 1902",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Stable,"Gigantactis vanhoeffeni is a meso-bathypelagic anglerfish (Pietsch in press). Distributed circumglobally in temperate and tropical seas, recorded off Cape Verde, a single record off southern Greenland (Anderson and Leslie 2001), and from the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014).","No population information available, but assumed to be stable.","The Gigantactinidae is known for their extreme sexual dimorphism. Males of the Gigantactinidae family are characterized by their small size. They are considered a dwarf male family with a maximum size of 2.2 cm, while the women are significantly larger than the men with the ability to reach 43.5 cm in size (Pietsch in press). In the Gigantactinidae family males are known to attach to the females by using pincer-like denticles. In this particular family males do not permanently attach and are only attached for a small period of time (Pietsch 2005). Gigantactis vanhoeffeni resides at depths of between 300 m and 5,300 m.",No known species-specific threats.,No species-specific conservation efforts in place or required for this fish.,There are no known uses.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Knudsen, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,RHINOBATIDAE,Glaucostegus,cemiculus,,Glaucostegus cemiculus,"(Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817)",,No,EN,A3bd,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) Blackchin Guitarfish (Glaucostegus cemiculus) is a demersal, shallow water species. It is large with low fecundity and therefore likely to have a slow, vulnerable life history. Most information comes from West Africa, but similar patterns of exploitation and retention are expected in the Mediterranean Sea, so we can infer a regional status from this information. It is taken as bycatch by international trawling fleets, artisanal gillnet fisheries and bottom trawl cephalopod fisheries operating within its range. A decrease in overall landings and reduction in the size of specimens landed have been observed since the 1990s. A projected decline of ≥ 50% within three generations (15−30 years) is suspected based on severe declines in other guitarfishes and wedgefishes, the continuation of fishing pressure in shallow coastal habitats, and the potential for fishing effort to further target guitarfish for their highly valued fins, particularly in the absence of other sharks. For these reasons, Blackchin Guitarfish is assessed as Endangered in the European region under Criteria A3bd.",Decreasing,"In the Northeast Atlantic, this species occurs off the northern coast of Portugal and southwards to the west coast of Africa (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). In the Mediterranean Sea it appears more prevalent in the southern and eastern regions (Capapé 1989). The depth range spans from shallow waters to ~100 m.","Based on anecdotal evidence, this species was historically common throughout the northern Mediterranean Sea. In the late 19th century, Doderlein (1884) commented on the daily presence of this species on the Palermo fish market. In the early 20th century, it was considered a typical inhabitant of sandy habitats around the Balearic Islands (De Buen 1935). It has disappeared from bottom trawl surveys conducted from the Alboran to Aegean Sea by the Mediterranean International Trawl Survey programme, which suggests it may have been driven to local extinction in this area (Relini and Piccinetti 1991). Trawl surveys in the Adriatic Sea similarly did not detect this species between 1948 and 2005, indicating further local extinction (Ferretti et al. 2013). This guitarfish appears to be present only in parts of the southern Mediterranean basin (e.g., Gulf of Gabès and perhaps elsewhere along the more lightly-fished African Mediterranean coast) where it is still caught as bycatch, but with a large fraction of immature individuals (Enajjar et al. 2008, Bradaï et al. 2012, Echwikhi et al.2014). This species was once considered common in the southern Mediterranean Sea (Whitehead et al. 1984), particularly around the Gulf of Gabès (Bradaï et al. 2006) and east coast of Tunisia (Quignard and Capapé 1971). Recent reports show that this is still a common species off Turkey, particularly in the Iskenderun Bay area (Soldo et al. 2014).","This guitarfish occurs in marine and brackish waters in subtropical areas. It is a demersal species, living over sandy or muddy substrates, with a depth range that spans from shallow water to ~100 m. The presence of all size classes in the southeast region of the Gulf of Gabès (Zarzis, Djerba) suggests that conditions for reproduction and development are favourable in this area and may be used as nursery habitat (Bradaï et al. 2006). This species is live bearing with yolk-only nutrition. The gestation period takes eight to ten months, and it reproduces once per year (Enajjar 2009); each female carries four to 12 embryos. Size at birth is ~365−380 mm total length (TL). Recent reports show that specimens fished from Tunisian waters do not exceed 202 cm TL and the development of the ovaries and uterus indicate that females begin to mature at 131 cm TL, while males reach sexual maturity at 118 cm TL (Enajjar et al. 2012). Whitehead et al. (1984) reported the maximum TL as 180 cm, however within the Gulf of Gabès in the southern Mediterranean Sea the maximum reported TL is 192 cm for males and 230 cm for females. The size at maturity is 110 and 100 cm TL for females and males, respectively. The generation length of the species is between five to ten years.","This species is taken as bycatch by international trawling fleets, artisanal gillnet fisheries and bottom trawl cephalopod fisheries operating within its range. Generally, it is threatened by capture in inshore trawls and static nets. In the Gulf of Gabès, it supports targeted demersal artisanal fishing by gillnets from April to August (Bradaï et al. 2006); neonates and females with encapsulated eggs are also caught in shallow water fisheries in these waters, and bottom trawlers catch juveniles throughout the year (Bradaï et al. 2006).","In 2013, the European Union (EU) banned the removal of shark fins on board vessels (CEC 2013), in line with advice from the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission’s Shark Specialist Group and other shark fishery experts, in order to enhance enforcement of the 2003 EU ban on shark finning (CEC 2003) and facilitate improved shark fishery data collection. In 2011, the European Union (EU) put in place a regulation (CEC 2011) prohibiting EU vessels from fishing for guitarfishes (Rhinobatidae) in EU waters of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) sub-areas I (Barents Sea), II (Norwegian Sea, Spitsbergen and Bear Island), III (Skagerrak, Kattegat, Sound, Belt Sea, and Baltic Sea), IV (North Sea), V (Iceland and Faroe Islands), VI (Rockall, northwest coast of Scotland and North Ireland), VII (Irish Sea, West of Ireland, Porcupine Bank, English Channel, Bristol Channel, Celtic Sea, and Southwest of Ireland), VIII (Bay of Biscay), IX (Portuguese waters), X (Azores grounds) and XII (north of the Azores), but not in the Mediterranean Sea.In 2012, parties to the Barcelona Convention agreed that this species (as listed in Annex II of the Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity Protocol for the Mediterranean) cannot be retained on board, transshipped, landed, transferred, stored, sold, displayed or offered for sale, and must be released unharmed and alive, to the extent possible, pursuant to Recommendation GFCM/36/2012/1 (FAO 2012).The harvesting trends of the species should be monitored. ",The species is not exploited nor traded commercially.,"Dulvy, N., Walls, R. & Kemp, J.R.","Soldo, A. & Bradai, M.N.","Notarbartolo di Sciara, G., Morey, G, Brahim, K., Camara, L., Litvinov, F., Dulvy, N., Doumbouya, F., Ducrocq, M., Heenan, A., Sidi, N. & Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,ARGENTINIDAE,Glossanodon,leioglossus,,Glossanodon leioglossus,"(Valenciennes, 1848)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is widespread in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean and adjacent regional waters, where it is common throughout and abundant in some areas. Glossanodon leioglossus is known from south Spain to Cape Blanc in Mauritania, including the Mediterranean Sea but is not found in the Black Sea. It is a demersal species found on the outer continental shelf and upper slope, probably near the bottom. Glossanodon leioglossus has recently become of commercial interest to the fisheries industry and has been confirmed to be a target species of deep-water fisheries in the northeast Atlantic Ocean. Though its recent utilization by commercial fisheries does not pose a major threat at this time, this species is very vulnerable to over-fishing due to its low population productivity. This species has also been recorded as discarded bycatch from fisheries in the Balearic and Tyrrhenian Seas. The ICES has recommended that fisheries that land this species should do so with limited effort until further research is conducted, but there is no enforcement for proposal. This species may be protected by the numerous marine protected areas within its distribution. Therefore, Glossandon leioglossus is assessed as Least Concern, but close monitoring of the newly developing commercial fishing industry for this species is needed and more research into the ecology and harvesting of this species is needed.",Stable,"Glossanodon leioglossus is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is present from the southern Iberian peninsula south to Mauritania, including the Mediterranean Sea, Madeira, and Canary Islands.  In the Mediterranean Sea, this species is fairly widespread. Records include the Catalan Sea (Bozzano et al. 2005), Balearic islands (Mayol et al. 2000), Tyrrhenian sea (Colloca et al. 2004, Carpentieri et al. 2005), Strait of Sicily (Gristina et al. 2006), Adriatic Sea (Ungaro et al. 1999, Jukic-Peladic et al. 2001), Aegean Sea (Papaconstantinou 1988, Fricke et al. 2007), Turkish Anatolian coast (Fricke et al. 2007) and east Mediterranean Sea (Golani et al. 2006). The species is found at depths ranging from 95 to 450 m.","This species is common and abundant. In the western Mediterranean, G. leioglossus is relatively common at 300, with 10.14 specimens (N) and 0.10 kg, resulting from cluster analysis.  It was also collected at 489 m with 0.58 specimens (N) and 0.01 kg.  Glossanodon leioglossus was also landed in small amounts from these trawl samples.  At 300 m, this species represented 1.91% biomass (1 specimen).  It represented 5.29 % biomass (4 specimens) and 1.18 % biomass (1 specimen) at 489 m and 616 m, respectively (Moranta et al. 2000).  Glossanodon leioglossus was collected during four experimental trawl surveys on the shelf-edge of the central Mediterranean Sea in July and November of 2001, March and May of 2002.  For materials and methods, see Carpentieri et al. (2005) above. In July 498 specimens (n X h-1) of G. leioglossus were collected, and the November survey yielded 412 specimens (n X h-1).  The trawl survey in March yielded 870 specimens (n X h-1), and 836 specimens (n X h-1) were collected in May (Carpentieri et al. 2006). This species was collected during six research surveys (72 bottom trawls) at two locations (Cabrera and Sóller) on Mallorca Island in the Western Mediterranean Sea during August, September, and Decomber 2003 and February, April, and June 2004.  G. leioglossus had the highest abundance and biomass (relative contribution) at Cabrera and Sóller when taken at 138-356 m (Stratum A).  It's abundance (number of individuals) at Cabrera was estimated using cluster analysis to be 40.48, and 55.89 at Sóller.  Biomass (g) was also determined using cluster analysis and was estimated to be 24.47 and 24.97 at Cabrera and Sóller, respectively.  This species was not caught from Stratum B at 581-753 m (Moranta et al. 2008). According to Ungaro et al. (1999), this species was sampled from trawl surveys carried out in the south Adriatic Sea, during summer 1996 and 1997. There were 112 stations (1 haul/60 square nautical miles) with 72 hauls in the Italian area and 40 hauls in the Albanian area each year, using an otter trawl net (length 40 m, wing spread 8 m) with a 10 mm mesh size at the cod-end. Two specimens were caught in the Albanian area at depths of 101-200 m and 201-500 m respectively, and one specimen was caught in the Italian area at the 201-500 m depth range. Carpentieri et al. (2005) reported that this species was sampled during four seasonal 24h surveys conducted in July 2001, November 2001, March 2002 and May 2002 in the shelf break off the central Tyrrhenian Sea. In each survey, 8 hauls of 30 minutes each were performed every 3 hours throughout the 24h period with an otter trawl mounted into a 40 mm head rope, a 40 mm ground chain and 30-40 mm stretched mesh in the wing and cod-end, respectively. 288 specimens per hour were caught in July, 412 in November, 870 in March and 836 in May. Gristina et al. (2006) mentioned that this species was sampled during two trawl surveys (Autumn 1997 and Autumn 1998) carried out in the Strait of Sicily using an otter trawl with a 28mm cod-end mesh opening. Mean densities of 3,113±1,297 and 1,515±833 were recorded from the south fishing area in 1997 and 1998, respectively.","Glossanodon leioglossus is a demersal species, found on the outer continental shelf and upper slope, probably near the bottom. In the central Tyrrhenian Sea, this species typifies a fish assemblage associated with shelf-break areas with Leptometra phalangium (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) (Colloca et al. 2004). The maximum total length for Glossanodon leioglossus is 20 cm; common total length is 10.0 cm or 100 mm male/unsexed (Bauchot 1987). Glossanodon leioglossus feeds on pelagic crustaceans.  During four experimental trawl surveys conducted in July 2001, October 2001, March 2002, and May 2002 on the shelf-edge of the central Mediterranean Sea, this species showed a correlation between abundance (CPUE) and night hauls. The most intensive feeding period for G. leioglossus was observed to be from 1:00 PM to 6:00 PM. This species displayed nocturnal shoaling behavior and individual feeding migrations during the day. It spawns from winter to spring in the Mediterranean Sea (Cohen 1984). A peak of mature individuals (around 90%) of this species occurred in March, as did higher levels of daily consumption (Carpentieri et al. 2006). There is very limited data concerning the fecundity, stages of maturation and early life history traits for G. leioglossus.",This species has just recently become of commercial interest. Glossanodon leioglossus is caught by deep-water fisheries in the northeast Atlantic Ocean.  The population of this species often has low productivity even in populations with high concentrations of individuals.  This makes this species particularly vulnerable to overfishing (Medley 2011). This species has been recorded as discarded bycatch off the west Coast of Mallorca Island (eastern-central coast of Spain) from trawl samples taken between October 1996 and December 1997.  Glossanodon leioglossus represented a small amount (<0.1 kg/h) of bycatch in the Norway lobster fishing grounds at Porto Santo Stefano during the period of 1995 through 1999.  It was not considered a commercial species in this area at that time (Sartor et al. 2003). It has only recently been regarded as a commercially viable population.,"It has been recommended that Glossanodon leioglossus fisheries should keep their effort as low as possible until the fishing response of their populations are better understood. Enforcement for this recommendation does not exist at this time (Medley 2011).  Research into the ecology and harvesting of this species is needed. This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",This species was of no commercial interest until recently. Glossanodon leioglossus is caught by deepwater fisheries in the northeast Atlantic Ocean.  The population of this species often has low productivity even in populations with high concentrations of individuals.  This makes this species particularly vulnerable to overfishing (Medley 2011). This species has been recorded as discarded bycatch off the west Coast of Mallorca (eastern-central coast of Spain) from trawl samples taken between October 1996 and December 1997.  Glossanodon leioglossus represented a small amount (<0.1 kg/h) of bycatch from the Norway lobster fishing grounds at Porto Santo Stefano during the period of 1995 through 1999.  It was not considered a commercial species in this area at that time (Sartor et al. 2003). It has only recently been regarded as a commercially viable population.,"Kloppmann, M.","Uiblein, F., Knudsen, S. & Nielsen, J.","Keskin, Ç., Palmeri, A., Papakonstantinou, C., Molinari, A. & Stump, E.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,PLEURONECTIDAE,Glyptocephalus,cynoglossus,,Glyptocephalus cynoglossus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Glyptocephalus cynoglossus is widely distributed on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. It is a demersal flatfish which reaches maximum sizes of 60 cm. It is a common species and abundance indices show an increasing trend in some areas in recent years. As a commercial species, G. cynoglossus is principally taken as valuable bycatch, but is also the target of small directed fisheries in some areas. Specific management measures in place include Total Allowable Catches (TAC) and Minimum Landing Sizes (MLS) of 28 cm. It is also likely found in protected areas in parts of its range. Glyptocephalus cynoglossus is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Glyptocephalus cynoglossus is found on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, G. cynoglossus ranges from the northern part of the Bay of Biscay to Kattegat and the adjacent part of the Baltic Sea (Stuxberg 1895, Otterstrom 1914, Muus and Nielsen 1999), along the entire Norwegian coast to as far as the Murman coast, Russia (Andriyashev 1964), and the southern and western coasts of Iceland. The species occurs over a depth range of 18 to 1,600 m (Møller et al. 2010, Scott and Scott 1988). Adults are mostly found at depths of 45 to 400 m (Bowering and Brodie 1991).","Glyptocephalus cynoglossus is common in the northern North Sea, west of the British Isles and in Icelandic waters (ICES 2013). Based on a survey time series from the North Sea since 1968, abundance indices peaked in 2000, then showed a declining trend until 2006. Since 2006 stock abundance has shown an increase. The stock size indicator for 2011 to 2013 is 20% greater than the average for 2006 to 2010. Exploratory estimates suggest that fishing mortality is above potential FMSY proxies (ICES 2013). Glyptocephalus cynoglossus is one of the most common flatfish species caught in prawn trawl fisheries along the Norwegian coast; however, few are landed despite commercial interest in other areas. The sex ratio of this species from northern Norway was revealed to be 1:1 for individuals of up to nine years of age and females dominated among older fish. Annual rates of instantaneous total mortality (Z) were determined to vary from 0.24 to 0.76 depending on sex, locality and age (Nilsen et al. 1991).","Adult G. cynoglossus occur on the continental shelf and upper continental slope. This species prefers fine sediments including clay, muddy sand, and pure mud (McKenzie 1955). Juveniles recruit to the benthos at sizes 5 to 6 cm (ICES Cooperative Report Atlas of North Sea fishes) at depths shallower than those of the adult population (Monroe pers. comm. 2013). The diet of G. cynoglossus is primarily comprised of crustaceans, worms, brittle stars, and fishes (ICES 2013). Sexual maturity is attained in 3 to 4 years and spawns between May and September (Nielsen 1986). Glyptocephalus cynoglossus is a medium-sized species attaining maximum sizes to 60 cm SL (Nielsen 1986). The maximum age reported for this species in the Western North Atlantic is 25 years (Bowering and Brodie 1991). Individuals of up to 14 years in age have been reported from Skagerrak, Kattegat and Iceland and from Scottish waters, specimens have been reported to 12 years of age (Molander 1925, Bowers 1960). In the Irish Sea, this species spawns in late March to May with both males and females reaching about ten years in age. Females grow to a larger size than males. In Icelandic waters, females reach 36 to 40 cm in ten years, while males were reported to reach 33 cm in ten years (Bowers 1960).",This species appears as bycatch in commercial fisheries. Unknown quantities are also discarded at sea (ICES 2013).,"There are several species-specific measures in place for G. cynoglossus. Advice on management is provided by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), which advises that landings should not exceed 1,574 tonnes within the ICES management area, in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Species-specific issues highlighted by ICES include the difficulties in calculating total catches of G. cynoglossus due to insufficient data regarding discard rates. Overall, landings have declined in the past ten years with the exception of the Skagerrak and Kattegat area where landings increased in 2012 (ICES 2013). There is no Minimum Landing Size (MLS) implemented for European Union (EU) waters, however, a MLS of 28 cm is enforced at a local level in Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands, Scotland, and Sweden as well as come coastal areas of England. An EU total allowable catch is set for the Norwegian Sea and North Sea areas for this species and another pleuronectid, Microstomus kitt (ICES 2013).","Glyptocephalus cynoglossus is a commercially important bycatch species. There are no directed fisheries for this species except for an occasional directed fishery in Skagerrak (ICES 2013). Glyptocephlaus cynoglossus is an important bycatch species in some Nephrops fisheries. Landings of G. cynoglossus had a notable increase in the 1980s primarily due to increasing efforts by countries including Iceland, Spain, and Norway (Nilsen et al. 1991). Commercial landings from the northeast Atlantic primarily come from the North Sea. G. cynoglossus is rarely landed in Norway (Nilsen et al. 1991).","Strongin, K.","Monroe, T., Costa, M., Nielsen, J., Herrera, J. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Gnatholepis,thompsoni,,Gnatholepis thompsoni,"Jordan, 1904","There remains some uncertainty as to the taxonomic status of Gnatholepis thompsoni. It has previously been considered a synonym of Gnatholepis cauerensis.  The taxonomic concept of Gnatholepis cauerensis is undergoing revision. Gnatholepis has often been misidentified and confused for many years. Previously, there were four proposed sub-species (G. c. cauerensis, G. c. australis, G. c. hawaiiensis, and G. c. pascuensis), and G. thompsoni was considered a synonym (Randall and Greenfield 2001). Thacker (2004) shows G. thompsoni to be a separate species and also concludes that G. cauerensis should be synonymised with G. anjerensis. Variation in mitochondrial DNA suggested that G. thompsoni is a valid species that is widespread in the Atlantic Ocean and separate from G. cauerensis (Rocha et al. 2005). However, Randall and Greenfield (2007) consider G. thompsoni a synonym of G. cauerensis. Randall (2009) elevated three sub-species to the species level (resulting in four species: G. cauerensis, G. australis, G. hawaiiensis, and G. pascuensis). During a recent revision of Gnatholepis, the classification presented by Rocha et al. was discussed and validated with meristic and other morphological characters by Larson and Buckle (2012). Larson and Buckle (2012) concluded that G. cauerensis includes sub-species G. c. cauerensis, G. c. australis, and G. c. hawaiiensis, and G. inconsequens is considered a synonym. They elevated G. thompsoni and G. pascuensis to valid species. Gnatholepis thompsoni, as valid in Larson and Buckle (2012), is restricted to the Atlantic Ocean. Rocha et al. (2005) examined genetic differences between the Atlantic G. thompsoni and the Indo-Pacific G. cauerensis, concluding that G. thompsoni is the result of a relatively recent (~ 145,000 years ago) invasion of the Atlantic by G. cauerensis. However, Smith-Vaniz and Collette (2013) recorded G. cauerensis, not G. thompsoni, in Bermuda, as ""the meristic and other morphological characters purported to separate these two 'species' have broadly over-lapping values"". Despite the issues with the characters used by Larson and Buckle (2012), G. thompsoni likely forms its own monophyletic group in an isolated ocean basin, and with threats and evolutionary trajectory separate from that of G. cauerensis. Therefore, G. thompsoni is retained as a valid species.",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Gnatholepis thompsoni is widely distributed in the Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, G. thompsoni is only known from the Macaronesian Islands (the Canaries, Azores, and Madeira), where it is common and without widespread threats. Although there remains some taxonomic uncertainty within the Gnatholepis cauerensis species complex, all members are widely distributed and relatively common. Therefore, Gnatholepis thompsoni is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Gnatholepis thompsoni has recently been separated from the widely distributed G. cauerensis (Larson and Buckle 2012). Gnatholepis thompsoni is known in the western Atlantic from North Carolina through the Lesser Antilles and south to Brazil (Thacker 2004), including Bermuda (reported as G. cauerensis: Smith-Vaniz and Collette 2013). In the eastern Atlantic, it has been reported from Ascension, Madeira, St. Helena, Sao Tome Island, Cape Verde Islands, and the Canary Islands (Larson and Buckle 2012). In the northeastern Atlantic, G. cauerensis is only known from the Macaronesian Islands: Canaries (Brito and Miller 2001), Azores (Araújo and Freitas 2002), and Madeira (Wirtz et al. 2008).","There is no population information available for this species,&#160;but it is widespread and populations are assumed to be stable.","A demersal species with a depth range of 0.5 to 48 m (Larson and Buckle 2012), that occurs on sandy bottoms often near coral reef or coral rubble. It appears to prefer deeper water than its close relative, Gnatholepis anjerensis (Randall and Greenfield 2001).","There are no known major threats to&#160;the species.&#160;Due to its coastal nature, it is likely to be affected by coastal development, water pollution and destructive fishing practices in parts of its range; however these would only be&#160;localized&#160;threats.",No conservation measures are in place or required for this species and it is found in marine protected areas. Further taxonomic study is required to resolve remaining taxonomic issues in the genus Gnatholepis.,The species is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Herler, J., Kovacic, M. & Williams, J.T.","Acero, A., Dominici-Arosemena, A., Murdy, E., De Silva, R., Milligan, H.T., Lutz, M., Batchelor, A., Jopling, B., Kemp, K., Lewis, S., Lintott, P., Sears, J., Wilson, P.J., Smith, J. & Livingston, F.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,CONGRIDAE,Gnathophis,codoniphorus,,Gnathophis codoniphorus,"Maul, 1972",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Listed as Data Deficient as the species is only known from a handful of specimens on its type locality in the Meteor Seamount. Further research is needed on its distribution, population size and trend.",Unknown,"This species is currently known only from the type locality on the Azorean slope (Meteor Seamount, 29°50.2'N, 28°23.8'W), in the northwestern Atlantic. Specimens were collected at depths of 300-304 m.","There is no information available on the population size and trend of the species, as it is known only from a handful of specimens.","This is a demersal species only known from the Meteor Seamount at 300 m depth. It is thought to prefer rocky structured habitats, and probably feeds on crustaceans and small fishes.",The threats to the species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not the target of any conservation action, and it is unknown whether it is found in protected areas. Further research is needed on the population size, trend and threats to the species.",This species is not utilized.,"García, M.","Conceicao Biscoito, M.J.","Smith, D.G. & Harwell, H.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,CONGRIDAE,Gnathophis,mystax,,Gnathophis mystax,"(Delaroche, 1809)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Gnathophis mystax is widespread in the eastern Atlantic. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean and Black Sea, the Canary Islands and the Azores. Gnathophis mystax is common throughout its range and is not commercially targeted. No major threats to this species have been identified. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Gnathophis mystax is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is distributed from southern Portugal, the Canary Islands (Bauchot 1987), and the Azores (Menezes et al. 2006) to Morocco (Bauchot 1987). This species also occurs in the Mediterranean Sea, including the Gulf of Cadiz (Torres et al. 2012), Balearic Islands (E. Massuti pers. obs. 2007), Ionian Sea (Granata et al. 2012), the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988) and Tyrrhenian Sea (Busalacci et al. 2010). The depth range for G. mystax is 80–800 m (Bauchot and Saldanha 1986).","Gnathophis mystax is commonly found in the northeastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean with 115 specimens being caught in a trawl survey in the Gulf of Cadiz (Torres et al. 2012), 306 specimens caught by trawl off the coast of western Italy with a catch per unit effort (CPUE) of 116 (n∙h-1) (Carpentieri et al. 2007), 0.3% relative abundance and 0.02 mean abundance (n/100 m^3) in the north Ionian Sea (Granata et al. 2012) and in the Tyrrhenian Sea a mean biomass index of 3.3, mean density index of 124.5 and a 4.4% frequency of occurrence (Busalacchi et al. 2010). Mytilineou et al. (2005) mentions that this species was collected in the northeastern Ionian Sea during four experimental surveys (Sept. 1999, Apr. 2000, Jul. 2000, Sept. 2000), by means of trawls of 40 mm stretched mesh size in the cod-end, with density of 0.1 individuals per haul in the depth range of 700–900 m (36 total hauls). Carpentieri et al. (2005) mentions that this species was sampled during four seasonal 24h surveys conducted in July 2001 (230 individuals/h), November 2001 (36 individuals/h), March 2002 (14 individuals/h) and May 2002 (26 individuals/h) in the shelf break off the central Tyrrhenian Sea. In each survey eight hauls of 30 minutes each were performed every 3 hours throughout the 24 hours period with an otter trawl mounted into a 40 mm head rope, a 40 mm ground chain and 30–40 mm stretched mesh in the wing and cod-end, respectively.","Gnathophis mystax is a benthopelagic species found on sandy and muddy substrates on the continental slope in the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea (Blache et al. 1979) and is probably most common between 80–400 m depth (Casadevall and Matallanas 1990). Gnathophis mystax spawns during the warm season throughout its range and has a larval period of 12 months. It is a burrowing species that feeds on benthic invertebrates and probably small fishes (Bauchot and Saldanha 1986). The maximum recorded length for G. mystax is 60 cm TL (Bauchot 1987). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 50 cm TL and the length at maturity is 24.5 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014).","There are no major threats identified for Gnathophis mystax. However, this species is caught as bycatch and may also be impacted by eutrophication or other types of pollution (E. Karmovskaya pers. comm. 2013). Globally, it is a minor commercial species.","There are no species specific conservation measures in place for Gnathophis mystax. This species may be present in marine protected areas that occur within its distribution (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014). Additional research is needed on the species' population size and trends.  This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Gnathophis mystax is not a commercially fished species in the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean; however, this species may be fished locally or caught as bycatch and could become a minor commercial species (Bauchot and Saldanha 1986, Busalacchi et al. 2010, Carpentieri et al. 2007, Granata et al. 2012).","Harwell, H.","Karmovskaya, E. & Papaconstantinou, C.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Gobius,ater,,Gobius ater,"Bellotti, 1888",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Gobius ater is endemic to the northern Mediterranean Sea, where it is known from scattered localities from the Isles Baleares eastwards to the Peloponnese in Greece. However, as a cryptic and benthic species, it is likely under recorded. There are no known, widespread threats to G. ater, although it may locally impacted by anthropogenic habitat loss and degradation. Therefore, G. ater is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Gobius ater is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, known from the Isles Baleares (Spain) and the Gulf of Lion eastwards to the Peloponnese, Greece (Miller 1986), and the Adriatic Sea (Miller 1986, Gramitto 1993, Ahnelt 2001). There are few recent records of the species. Gobius ater has been collected from 2.5 to 10 m (Tortonese and Chessa 1982).","No estimation of population size and population trend of G. ater has been published, and it is known from occasional samples of one or a few individuals (Tortonese and Chessa 1982, Miller 1986, Gramitto 1993). This is an apparently rare species (Louisy 2002) and is only known from a few records.","Gobius ater is a small cryptobenthic goby recorded from the inshore bottom at depths from two to 10 m. It was collected in lagoons and among Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows (Tortonese and Chessa 1982, Miller 1986, Gramitto 1993). It is unclear as to whether G. ater is dependent upon seagrasses for survival, or if it is a heavily preferred habitat for this species. Seagrasses are in decline, globally, including the Mediterranean Sea (Orth et al. 2006, Marbà et al. 2014).","The species is only found in shallow coastal lagoons and from Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows. Both habitats are subject to anthropogenic impacts, resulting in habitat degradation and loss, although it is not possible to infer the scale of impact on the species. This species in not entirely dependent upon seagrass meadows, as it is also found in shallow coastal lagoon. It is unknown how large a role seagrasses play in this goby's habitat preferences. More research is needed to determine how dependent G. ater is to seagrasses and how the global and Mediterranean declines in seagrasses (Orth et al. 2006, Marbà et al. 2014) may affect the survival of this species.","No conservation measures are in place or needed for this species and it occurs in marine protected areas. Gobius ater was previously assessed as Data Deficient, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011), but it is not listed in the Red Book of Sea Fishes of Croatia (Jardas et al. 2007).",Gobius ater is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Kovacic, M., Herler, J. & Williams, J.T.","Francour, P., Bilecenoglu, M., Bariche, M. & Molinari, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Gobius,auratus,,Gobius auratus,"Risso, 1810","Heymer and Zander (1992) concluded that the Yellow Mediterranean Goby, called Gobius luteus by Miller and El-Tawil (1974), is the ‘true’ G. auratus Risso, 1810 and designated a neotype. The species supposed to be G. auratus by Miller and El-Tawil (1974) was designated as an undescribed species and the new name G. xanthocephalus was applied after the investigation of abundant populations of both forms at Banyuls-sur-Mer, France (Heymer and Zander 1992). Herler et al. (2005) redescribed G. auratus Risso, 1810 to extend the morphological characteristics of the species to cover also the northern Adriatic population. Two colour morphs are described: pure yellow colour morph 1 from the Mediterranean and south and central Adriatic and yellow dotted colour morph 2 from the northern Adriatic.",Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Gobius auratus is endemic to the Mediterranean, where it is most likely widespread and abundant throughout. Gobius auratus lives in a variety of habitats, and there are no known widespread threats towards it. Therefore, G. auratus is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Gobius auratus is a Mediterranean endemic species, known from the northern and eastern Mediterranean, including the Adriatic Sea and with a recent finding from Crete (Heymer and Zander 1992, 1994; Bilecenoglu 2002, Papakonstantinou 1988, Relini 2010, Kovačić et al. 2011). The most western record is from La Fourmigue, France, and the most eastern record is from Mediterranean coast of Turkey (Heymer and Zander 1992, Bilecenoglu 2002). Gobius auratus is found from five to 35 m depth (Herler et al. 2005). Previous records of G. auratus from the Atlantic Ocean, from northern Spain to Madeira, Portugal and the Canary Islands, pertain to another species.","No estimation of population size and population trend of G. auratus has been published. However, two studies on the abundance of the species have been performed for the north and south Adriatic Sea. Herler and Patzner (2005) studied its frequency and abundance of using visual counts in the northern Adriatic Sea, where it attained its highest abundance at depths below eight metres and at substrate inclinations between 30 and 90°. The species attained its highest values at the western coast of Cres, where it reached a maximum of 1.5 individuals per m2 over entire transects but up to 3.0 individuals per m2 in certain transect sections. At Krk, the maximum abundance over entire transects was only 0.3 individuals per m2. Bussoti and Guidetti (2005) found much lower values of average density for this species, at 25-30 m depth three to six individuals per 100 m2, and at 12-15 m depth, one individual per 100 m2. The largest collected sample of this species included 54 specimens collected in the Kvarner area, the north Adriatic Sea, Croatia (Herler et al. 2005). Despite the low total number of known records of the species, and the low number of collected specimens in these records, from the studies on abundance in the Adriatic Sea, it could be concluded that the species is probably abundant and common in its typical habitat (Bilecenoglu 2002).","The specimens of the colour morph 1 were observed to occur in deeper regions with depths of about 15 to 32 m, while population in the northern parts of the Adriatic (colour morph 2) also occurred in more shallower water of about five to 35 m depth (Heymer and Zander 1992, Herler et al. 2005). Specimens of G. auratus typically hover up to 30 cm above the substratum, mostly over steep bedrock bottom (Herler et al. 2005). No data exist for lifespan, life cycle and growth pattern (Miller 1986).",There are no known major threats for this species.,"No conservation measures are in place or needed for this species and it occurs in marine protected areas. Gobius auratus was previously assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Gobius auratus is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Kovacic, M., Herler, J. & Williams, J.T.","Francour, P., Bariche, M., Molinari, A. & Bilecenoglu, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Gobius,bucchichi,,Gobius bucchichi,"Steindachner, 1870",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Gobius bucchichi is widespread and common throughout the Mediterranean Sea. It is also found in the Black Sea and off the southern coast of Portugal. Although it is sometimes caught as bycatch in shrimp beam trawl fishery, this is not considered a major threat at this time. There are no other known widespread threats. Therefore, G. bucchichi is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Gobius bucchichi is known from southwest Portugal and Morocco on Atlantic coast near the Strait of Gibraltar, and widespread in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea (Miller 1986). In the Mediterranean it has a continuous distribution from Gibraltar along the coasts of northern and eastern Mediterranean (Miller 1986, Bilecenoglu et al. 2002). In the southern and eastern Mediterranean it has been recorded from Egypt, Israel, Libya and Tunisia (Ibrahim and Soliman 1996, Al-Hassan and El-Silini 1999, Bradai et al. 2004, Golani 2005). In the Black Sea it was recorded in Bulgaria, the Russian Federation, Turkey and Ukraine (Svetovidov 1964, Georghiev 1966, Bilecenoglu et al. 2002, Vasil’eva 2003). It is typically found inshore (Miller 1986), from 0 to 5 m.",Gobius bucchichi is a very common and abundant species.,"Gobius bucchichi occurs inshore from 0 to 5 m depth over sand and mud with seagrass, taking refuge among tentacles of snake locks sea anemone Anemonia sulcata. Also found in inshore pools (Miller 1986, Sasal et al. 1996). Sexually mature at one year, 3.4-3.8 cm (Miller 1986). Spawning period is June-August, fecundity 1,200 to 10,200 eggs (Miller 1986). The age of the fish ranged from 1 to 5 years (Sasal et al. 1996).",There are no known major threats for G. bucchichi. It can be a component of the bycatch of the shrimp beam trawl fishery; it was estimated that 11% of the discarded weight comprised G. bucchichi in Turkey (Zengin and Akyol 2009).,"No conservation measures are in place or required for this species, and it occurs in marine protected areas. Gobius bucchichi was assessed as Least Concern, globally and in the Mediterranean, in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Gobius bucchichi is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Kovacic, M., Williams, J.T. & Herler, J.","Francour, P., Bariche, M., Goren, M., Tunesi, L. & Bilecenoglu, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Gobius,cobitis,,Gobius cobitis,"Pallas, 1814",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Gobius cobitis is widespread and abundant in the eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea. It is found in a variety of habitats. Although G. cobitis is occasionally marketed, this is not considered a major threat at this time. There are no other known threats. Therefore, G. cobitis is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Gobius cobitis is found in the warm temperate eastern Atlantic (from Morocco in the south to southern England and Ireland; Miller 1986), and throughout the Mediterranean Sea and in the Black Sea. It is invasive to the Red Sea. Gobius cobitis is found to about 10 m (Miller 1986).","Gobius cobitis a common and locally abundant species, and the population is assumed stable. No estimation of population size and population trends of G. cobitis has been published. It is a widely distributed species. According to Faria and Almada (1996), it is one of the two most abundant fishes in Portuguese rocky shores. Gibson (1970) collected a large sample (260 individuals) near Roscoff (France) for his research, and Faria and Almada (2001, 2006) observed several hundreds specimens of in their studies.","Gobius cobitis occurs inshore in rocky and weedy pools and shallows from 0 to 10 m depth; under Atlantic tidal conditions, found in pools at upper levels of sheltered shores, sometimes in brackish water (Miller 1986). Faria and Almada (2006) found that the species, often viewed as an intertidal fish in the Atlantic, had a wide spectrum of vertical distribution at high tide, including presence in all levels of the intertidal, but also in the subtidal zone. Gobius cobitis attains an age of at least 10 years. Breeding occurs in spring and early summer and females spawn twice each season. Fecundity varies from approximately 2,000 to 12,000 eggs. No data exist on the length and age of first sexual maturity (Gibson 1970, Miller 1986).","There are no known widespread threats for this species. It is occasionally marketed in the Adriatic, but this is not considered a major threat at this time.","There are no known widespread threats and it occurs in marine protected areas. Gobius cobitis was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011), and as Near Threatened on the Croatian Red List (Jardas et al. 2007).","Gobius cobitis is of low commercial value. It is sometimes traded in Adriatic fish markets, and the annual catch for the eastern Adriatic Sea was estimated at 3 t (Jardas 1996).","Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Herler, J., Williams, J.T. & Kovacic, M.","Francour, P., Bariche, M., Molinari, A. & Bilecenoglu, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Gobius,couchi,,Gobius couchi,"Miller & El-Tawil, 1974",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Gobius couchi is known from the eastern Atlantic (around the southern coasts of England and Ireland) and the Mediterranean Sea. Although the full distribution of G. couchi is unknown, it is known from scattered records that are widely distributed. There are no known widespread threats. Therefore, G. couchi is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Gobius couchi is found in the warm temperate eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea. In the eastern Atlantic, G. couchi is known only from the south coasts of England and Ireland (south Cornwall (Helford) and Lough Ine, Co. Cork and Mulroy Bay, Co. Donegal, Ireland; Miller 1986). In the Mediterranean, G. couchi is known from scattered records along the mainland coasts of the northern and eastern Mediterranean (Gulf of Genova, Finale Ligure and Ischia Island near Naples (Italy), Corfu in the Ionian Sea (Greece), the Adriatic Sea, the eastern Aegean, and the Dardanelles Strait (Turkey). Recent Mediterranean records include Cyprus, Crete, and Malta (Kovačić and Golani 2007, Özen and Tuncay 2009, Kovačić et al. 2011, 2012, 2013). Gobius couchi is typically found in shallow waters (Miller 1986), to about 20 m (Kovačić and Golani 2007, Kovačić et al. 2011). ","No estimation of population size and population trend of G. couchi has been published. Costello (1992) studied the abundance of gobies in Lough Hyne, Ireland, and found this species too rarely to provide density estimations. The largest collected sample of this species included 29 specimens collected in the Kvarner area, the northern Adriatic Sea, Croatia (Kovačić 2001).","In the Atlantic, G. couchi is an inshore and intertidal species, found under flat stones on muddy shelly sand, with numerous small pebbles overgrown by Ulva and red seaweeds (Miller 1986). The species was found in the Kvarner area at depths between three and 20 m, most frequently from five to 10 m on gently sloping bedrock grooved with channels and pools filled with sand. Individual stones and boulders of different size (from less than 10 cm to more than 50 cm) were rarely present. The bedrock and the boulders were covered with photophilic algae (Kovačić 2001). It was also recorded in shallow waters from 0.6 to 5.0 m depth among Cymodocea nodosa and Zostera marina or on sandy bottoms (Stefanni and Mazzoldi 1999, Liu et al. 2009, Özen 2009) and deeper at the foot of step bedrock at 22 m depth (Kovačić et al. 2011). The lifespan is up to six years. Breeding occurs in the spring (in the western English Channel). The smallest specimens with ripening gonads had standard length of 42 and 42.5 mm and they were two years old (Miller and El-Tawil 1974, Miller 1986). No data exist on the fecundity and the growth pattern (Miller 1986).",There are no known major threats for this species.,"No conservation measures are in place or needed for this species and it is likely found in marine protected areas. Gobius couchi was previously assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Gobius couchi is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Herler, J., Williams, J.T. & Kovacic, M.","Francour, P., Bariche, M., Goren, M., Tunesi, L. & Bilecenoglu, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Gobius,cruentatus,,Gobius cruentatus,"Gmelin, 1789","Gobius strictus Fage, 1907 is considered a synonym of C. cruentatus according to Miller (1986) and Kovačić (2004).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Gobius cruentatus is found in the warm temperate eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea and in the Black Sea. It can be locally abundant. Little is known about its life history or population status, but there are no known major threats. Therefore, G. cruentatus is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Gobius cruentatus is found in the warm temperate eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea and in the Black Sea. In the eastern Atlantic, G. cruentatus is known from Senegal in the south to southern Ireland in the north (Miller 1986, 1990). Gobius cruentatus is found throughout the Mediterranean, although absent from Libya and Egypt (Miller 1986). Recently it was recorded in the eastern and northern (Crimea) Black Sea (Engin et al. 2007, Boltachev et al. 2009). Gobius cruentatus is typically found at depths of 15 to 40 m (Miller 1996).","Gobius cruentatus is common throughout its range (Sebastianutto et al. 2008) and can be locally abundant (Deudero et al. 2008). Costello (1992) estimated a density of 0.3 individuals m-2 in Lough Hyne, Ireland.","Gobius cruentatus occurs inshore on rocky ground, sand and sea grass from 15 to 40 m depth (Miller 1986). Engin et al. (2007) found the species at shallower depths (1.7 to 5.1 m) on rocky bottoms. Costello (1992) found the species to be positively associated with boulders, and Wilkins and Myers (1992) also confirmed its preference for microhabitats containing a high level of boulder cover, in relatively deep water, and with moderate current. No data exist for lifespan, life cycle and growth pattern (Miller 1986). Maximum size is 18.0 cm (Miller 1996).",There are no known major threats for this species.,"There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place or required, and it occurs in marine protected areas. Gobius cruentatus was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Gobius cruentatus is of low commercial value. It is sometimes traded in Adriatic fish markets; annual catch for the eastern Adriatic Sea is estimated at 2 t (Jardas 1996).,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Kovacic, M., Herler, J. & Williams, J.T.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Gobius,fallax,,Gobius fallax,"Sarato, 1889", Herler et al. (2005) clarified the status of G. fallax Sarato (1889). ,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Gobius fallax is known from several localities along the northern Mediterranean coast and from a single Atlantic record from the Canaries. It is reported to be common in parts of its range and is not known to have any major threats. Therefore, G. fallax is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Gobius fallax is known from several localities along the northern Mediterranean coast, including the Adriatic Sea, and from a single Atlantic location, the Canary Islands (Miller 1986). Recently it was also found in Israel (Kovačić and Golani 2007a), Cyprus (Kovačić and Golani 2007b) and Crete (Kovačić et al. 2011). Gobius fallax is typically found at less than 32 m depth (Miller 1990).","No estimation of population size and population trend of G. fallax has been published. A single study on abundance of the species in the northern Adriatic Sea was published by Herler and Patzner (2005) and found the species to be most frequent between two and eight metres depth and on substrates inclining less than 30°. Its highest abundance over entire transects was 0.3 individuals per m2 but within certain transect sections this increased to 1.25 individuals per m2. The largest collected sample of this species included 26 specimens collected in the Kvarner area, the north Adriatic Sea, Croatia (Herler et al. 2005). Despite the low total number of known records of G. fallax and the low number of collected specimens in these records, from the study on abundance of the species in the Adriatic Sea it could be concluded that it is probably abundant and common in its typical habit. This is a common species in parts of the Mediterranean Sea (Herler and Patzner 2005).","Gobius fallax is an inshore species, found at depths of less than one down to 32 m on sand near rock crevices and weed-covered stones, and in grottoes (Miller 1986). In the northern Adriatic, the species was found in shallow water, most frequently at two to eight metres depth on little-sloping bedrock coasts. It exhibits a strong benthic behaviour and prefers horizontal slits with sand bottom at the base of rocks as shelter (Herler et al. 2005). In Crete and in the south Adriatic the species was found at gently sloping mixed bottom (Kovačić et al. 2011, 2012). No data exist for lifespan, life cycle and growth pattern (Miller 1986).",The species habitat may be impacted locally but there are no widespread threats.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place or needed for the species and it is found in marine protected areas. Gobius fallax was previously assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011) and as Least Concern globally (IUCN 2010).",Gobius fallax is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Kovacic, M., Williams, J.T. & Herler, J.","van Tassell, J., Milligan, H.T., Batchelor, A., Kemp, K., Lintott, P., Livingston, F., Sears, J., Lewis, S., Jopling, B., Lutz, M. & De Silva, R.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Gobius,gasteveni,,Gobius gasteveni,"Miller, 1974",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Gobius gasteveni is found in the eastern Atlantic, from the southern Irish Sea (with records from the Isle of Man), southwards along the southern coasts of England and Ireland, to the coasts of Spain and Portugal, and from the Macaronesian Islands (Canary Islands and Madeira). There are recent records from the western Mediterranean, however it is not known if these records present a range expansion of the species or simply not previously found in surveys. Although G. gasteveni is considered rare, it is widely distributed and there are no known threats. Therefore, G. gasteveni is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Gobius gasteveni is found in the warm temperate eastern Atlantic and the western Mediterranean. In the eastern Atlantic, G. gasteveni is found from the southern Irish Sea (with records from the Isle of Man), southwards along the southern coasts of England (eastwards as far as Kent) and Ireland. Gobius gasteveni is found along the Atlantic coast of Spain and Portugal, as well as Macaronesia (Madeira and the Canary Islands) (Miller 1986, Alberto et al. 1999, Carneiro et al. 2014). In the Mediterranean it is known in only three western locations, two from near the Isla de Alborán and Balearic Islands (Ahnelt and Dorda 2004), and a more recent record from the Golfo di Genova (Ahnelt et al. 2011). It is a deeper living species, typically found at depths of 12 to 100 m (Miller 1986, Ahnelt et al. 2011), but down to 180 m in the Atlantic (Miller 1984).","The largest collected sample of G. gasteveni included 81 specimens collected in the Ría de Arousa, on the northwestern Spanish coast, with the species present 'in fairly good numbers'. It is considered 'rare' off the coast of Portugal (De Cuhna and Antunes 2008).","Gobius gasteveni is an offshore species, found on muddy sand and coarser deposits at depths from 12 to 120 m. Alberto et al. (1999) collected the species at depths between 12 and 30 m on sea beds covered with trays of mussels. In Mediterranean the samples were collected at depths between 55 and 120 m on partly sandy, partly muddy bottom (Ahnelt and Dorda 2004, Ahnelt et al. 2011). No data exist for lifespan, life cycle and growth pattern (Miller 1986).",There are no known major threats to this species.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place or required for this species and it occurs in marine protected areas.,The species is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Williams, J.T., Herler, J. & Kovacic, M.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Gobius,geniporus,,Gobius geniporus,"Valenciennes, 1837",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Gobius geniporus is present throughout the western and northeastern Mediterranean Sea and has been recorded from African coasts. There is no specific population information for this species, but it is common and abundant. There are no major threats known. Therefore, G. geniporus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"A Mediterranean endemic (Miller 1986), G. geniporus has a continuous distribution, including the Adriatic Sea, from the French Mediterranean coast and Balearic Islands in the west to the Turkish coasts in the east (Miller 1986, Bilecenoglu et al. 2002, Fischer et al. 2007). In the southeastern Mediterranean, G. geniporus was recently recorded from Cyprus and Crete (Kovačić and Golani 2007, Kovačić et al. 2011). In the southern Mediterranean it has been recorded in Algeria and Tunisia (Dieuzeide et al. 1955, Bradai et al. 2004). Gobius geniporus is found from seven to 22 m depth (Kovačić et al. 2011).","Gobius geniporus is abundant and common (Miller 1973, Jardas 1996).","Gobius geniporus occurs inshore, on rocky and pebbly areas and sand or mud near seagrass (Miller 1986). At Crete, specimens were observed on various bottoms: sand covered with Caulerpa prolifera, various combinations of mixed sandy and rocky bottoms, and on bottoms combined of gravel, cobbles and boulders. The depths varied from seven to 22 m (Kovačić et al. 2011). The spawning period is from April-May (Taranto) (Miller 1986). No data exist for lifespan, life cycle and growth pattern (Miller 1986).",There are no known major threats for this species.,"No conservation measures are in place or needed for this species and it occurs in marine protected areas. Gobius geniporus was previously assessed as Least Concern, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Gobius geniporus is of low commercial value. It is sometimes traded in Adriatic fish markets and the annual catch for eastern Adriatic Sea is estimated at two tonnes (Jardas 1996).,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Kovacic, M., Williams, J.T. & Herler, J.","Francour, P., Bilecenoglu, M., Bariche, M., Tunesi, L. & Goren, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Gobius,kolombatovici,,Gobius kolombatovici,"Kovačić & Miller, 2000",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Gobius kolombatovici is currently known from the north-central Mediterranean Sea. As a recently described species, and only known from a few specimens, the distribution of G. kolombatovici may be wider than is currently known. There are no known major threats. Therefore, G. kolombatovici is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, G. kolombatovici is found between Marseille, Monaco and Corsica (France). It is also present in north Adriatic Sea in Croatia (Francour and Mangialajo 2007). The distribution may be wider than reported here, as it was only described in 2000 (Kovačić and Miller 2000). It has been observed at depths of 15 to 60 m (Kovačić and Miller 2000, Francour and Mangialajo 2007).","There is no specific population information for G. kolombatovici. Only recently described, G. kolombatovici is only known from a small number of records (Kovačić and Miller 2000). G. kolombatovici has been found at densities of about one specimen per 20 m2, recorded by visual census transects, at depths between 37 and 42 m in Villefranche/Mer, France (Francour and Mangialajo 2007). In Croatia, Kovačić and Miller (2000) reported a higher density with one specimen every one or two metres along the base of a vertical rock face.","Gobius kolombatovici is a bottom-dwelling and secretive species. It inhabits localities with a combination of coarse sand and rock, close to coralligenous areas. In the Adriatic, G. kolombatovici was found to inhabit localities with a combination of soft sediment and rock, usually at the base of rock walls, and among nearby boulders and rocks, or on the moderately sloping bedrock with expanses of soft bottom. The soft sediment of these habitats usually consists of detritic coarse sand and fine gravel (shell-gravel), often slightly enriched with silt (Kovačić and Miller 2000). Gobius kolombatovici may be considered as a fish typical in the coralligenous biocoenosis, between 20 to 60 m depth (Francour and Mangialajo 2007), though it has been recorded as shallow as 15 m (Kovačić et al. 2011). No data exist for lifespan, life cycle and growth pattern (Miller 1992).",There are no known major threats for this species. It is found only in deeper waters where there are few anthropogenic activities.,"No conservation measures are in place or needed for this species and it occurs in marine protected areas. Gobius kolombatovici was previously assessed as Least Concern, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Gobius kolombatovici is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Kovacic, M., Williams, J.T. & Herler, J.","Francour, P., Bariche, M., Goren, M., Tunesi, L. & Bilecenoglu, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Gobius,niger,,Gobius niger,"Linnaeus, 1758",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Gobius niger occurs throughout the eastern Atlantic, from Senegal to Norway, including the Mediterranean and Black Seas. It is common and can be locally abundant throughout the northeastern Atlantic. There are no known major threats. Therefore, G. niger is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Gobius niger is found in the warm temperate eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean and the Black Sea. In the eastern Atlantic, G. niger is known from Senegal in the south to the Norway in north (Miller 1986, 1990), including the west coasts of Britain (from the Shetlands southwards) and Ireland. In the Mediterranean, G. niger has continuous distribution along its coasts (Miller, 1986), and throughout the Black and Baltic Seas (Miller and Murdy in prep). It has invaded the Red Sea through the Suez Canal and the Gulf of Suez. Gobius niger has been collected to 96 m depth (Ahnelt and Dorda 2004).","Gobius niger is abundant and common in its typical habitat: reported to be very common and actively exploited by bottom trawlers in the Adriatic Sea (Fabi and Giannetti 1985, Jardas 1996). It is the dominant gobioid species at Ria de Aveiro, Portugal (Arruda et al. 1993). It was the most common collected gobioid species by Vesey and Langford (1985) in southern England with an estimated abundance of 138 specimens/ha. Vaas et al. (1975) found large populations in the Veerse Meer, Netherlands. The species had dense and abundant population in Oslofjorden, Norway (0.016-0.032 fish/m²) (Nash 1984).","Gobius niger occurs in estuaries, lagoons and inshore waters to 96 m (Ahnelt and Dorda 2004), on sand or mud, in seagrass or algae, rarely intertidal (Miller 1986). Amongst European gobies, this species has the most numerous data on growth rates and longevity, but these data are also the most variable: lifespan of three (Arruda et al. 1993) to six years (Fabi and Gianetti 1985), L∞, 96.2 (Nash 1984) to 167 mm (Silva and Gordo 1997), and K, 0.34 (Silva and Gordo 1997) to 0.91 (Vesey and Langford 1985). The reproduction period is long, and variable depending on location and study, from four to seven months, earliest reproduction beginning in March, latest ending in September (Joyeux et al. 1991, Bouchereau and Guelorget 1998). Fecundity varies from approximately 700 to 37,600 eggs (Joyeux et al. 1991, Bouchereau and Guelorget 1998). The length at sexual maturity varies from 5 to 9 cm, and age of sexual maturity from two years in males to three years in females (Bouchereau and Guelorget 1998).",There are no known threats across its range.,"No conservation measures are in place or needed for this species, and it occurs in marine protected areas. Gobius niger was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean and Baltic in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","The species is of low commercial value. Sometimes traded on Adriatic fish markets, annual the catch for eastern Adriatic Sea was estimated at 5 t (Jardas 1996). In the Mediterranean and Black Seas, between 2000 and 2009, a total of 21 tonnes of the species&#160;were harvested. In 2000, one ton was harvested and a peak of 6 tonnes was reached in 2004 with a subsequent decline in catch tonnage to two tonnes in 2009 (FAO 2011 FishStatJ accessed 2014 March).","Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Kovacic, M., Herler, J. & Williams, J.T.","Francour, P., Bilecenoglu, M., Bariche, M. & Molinari, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Gobius,paganellus,,Gobius paganellus,"Linnaeus, 1758",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Gobius paganellus is very widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic, from Scotland to Senegal. In the northeastern Atlantic, G. paganellus is found from Scotland to Madeira and the Canary Islands, including the Mediterranean. It is common and can be locally abundant. There are no known widespread threats. Therefore, G. paganellus is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Gobius paganellus is found in the warm temperate eastern Atlantic, and throughout the Mediterranean and the Black seas. In the eastern Atlantic, G. paganellus is known from Senegal to Scotland and to the eastern English Channel (Miller 1986, 1990), and found in all the Macaronesian islands. In the Mediterranean and Black seas, G. paganellus has a more or less continuous distribution along all coasts (Miller 1986). It has been introduced to the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba. Gobius paganellus has been found to 15 m (Azevedo and Simas 2000).","Gobius paganellus is a widely distributed species, reported as common in its typical habitat (Hajji et al. 2012) and as very common in Italian waters (Tortonese 1975). Costello (1992), in Lough Hyne, Ireland, found the species too rarely to provide density estimations. The largest collected samples were used for the studies of species biology, from several hundreds specimens to 1,680 specimens from the Azores (Miller 1961, Dunne 1978, Azevedo and Simas 2000, Engin and Seyhan 2009; Hajji et al. 2012).","Gobius paganellus occurs in inshore and intertidal waters, under stones and in pool on sheltered rocky shores with much weed cover (Miller 1986). In the Azores, the species was found down to 15 m depth, in Europe it occurs in shallwer waters (Azevedo and Simas 2000). It attains an age of at least ten years (Miller 1961). The parameters of growth according to Azevedo and Simas (2000) were L∞= 13.8 cm, K=0.73, t0 -0.22 yr and according to Engin and Seyhan (2009) they were L∞= 13.1 cm, K=0.34, t0 -0.11 yr for males and L∞= 18.2 cm, K=0.18, t0 -0.07 yr for females. In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 14.1 cm TL(Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014). Breeding occurs from January to March on the Tunisian coast (Hajji et al. 2012), January to April at Azores (Azevedo and Simas 2000), February to April on the west coast of Ireland (Dunne 1978), from April to June at isle of Man (Miller 1986), and March to May in the Black Sea (Engin and Seyhan 2009). Fecundity varies from approximately 1,000 to 9,000 eggs at the Isle of Man (Miller 1986), 1,000 to 11,000 eggs on the west coast of Ireland (Dunne 1978), 1,550 to 5,839 eggs in the Black Sea (Engin and Seyhan 2009), and 5,280 to 14,320 eggs on the Tunisian coast (Hajji et al. 2012). Sexually mature at one year at Azores (Azevedo and Simas 2000), 2-3 years in Europe (Miller 1961, Dunne 1978, Engin and Seyhan 2009). Observed length at maturity was 5 to 6 cm at Isle of Man (Miller 1961), average length at maturity 5.2 for males and 5.5 cm for females in the Black Sea (Engin and Seyhan 2009), 6 to 7 cm at the Azores (Azevedo and Simas 2000). A much larger length at first maturity was estimated on the Tunisian coast: 11.5 cm for males and 10.4 cm for females (Hajji et al. 2012).  The diet adult G. paganellus consists of crustaceans such as larger amphipods, isopods, small crabs (Azevedo and Simas 2000, also found gastropods), as well as polychaetes, while juveniles feed upon harpacticoid copepods, amphipods, polychaetes, and mites (Miller 1986).",There are no known threats across its range.,"No conservation measures are in place or needed for this species, and it occurs in marine protected areas. Gobius paganellus was assessed as Least Concern in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Gobius paganellus is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Kovacic, M., Herler, J. & Williams, J.T.","Francour, P., Bilecenoglu, M., Bariche, M., Tunesi, L. & Goren, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Gobius,roulei,,Gobius roulei,"de Buen, 1928",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Gobius roulei is restricted to warm to temperate waters of the eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea. It can be locally abundant in its preferred habitats. Gobius roulei is not utilized and there are no known widespread threats. Therefore, G. roulei is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Gobius roulei is found in the warm temperate eastern Atlantic and in the Mediterranean Sea. It is a small epibenthic gobioid species known from a few records in the western Mediterranean (Balearic Islands (Spain); Sardinia and Ligurian Sea (Italy) (Miller 1986, Ahnelt and Dorda 2004, Liu et al. 2009), the Adriatic Sea (Kovačić 1995, Lipej et al. 2005) and a recent finding from Cyprus (Kovačić and Golani 2006). In the eastern Atlantic it is known only from Portugal (Miller 1986, Louisy 2002). Gobius roulei has been collected from three to 385 m (Miller 1986, Kovačić 1995).","No estimation of population size and population trend for G. roulei has been published. In the north Adriatic Sea, G. roulei is quite abundant in its typical habitat (Kovačić 1995). Lipej et al. (2003) found average densities in the northern Adriatic of 0.06 and 0.08 specimens per 100 m2. No other estimation of abundance has been published.","Gobius roulei is a small epibenthic goby observed at inshore bottom in the Mediterranean at depths of three to 30 m, but found in deeper waters off Portugal, at depths of 320 to 385 m (Miller 1986, Kovačić 1995). In the Adriatic Sea, G. roulei is most frequently found at depths of eight to 20 m on gently sloping sandy substrates and on a mixed bottoms of sand with bedrock and cobbles and boulders at five to 10 m depth. Gobius roulei attains an age of at least seven years. The parameters of growth according to Kovačić (2001) were L∞= 80 mm, K=0.218, t0 -1.19 yr for females and L∞= 90.6 mm, K=0.206, t0 -1.02 yr for males. The smallest length at sexual maturity was 34.1 and 35.4 mm for females and males, respectively. The spawning season extended from April to August. The absolute fecundity ranged from about 1,200 to 8,000 eggs per individual (Kovačić 2001). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 8.8 cm TL and the length at maturity for females is 4.2 cm TL and for males is 4.0 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014).",There are no known major threats for this species.,"No conservation measures are in place or needed for this species and it occurs in marine protected areas. Gobius roulei was assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Gobius roulei is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Kovacic, M., Herler, J. & Williams, J.T.","Francour, P., Bilecenoglu, M., Bariche, M., Tunesi, L. & Goren, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Gobius,vittatus,,Gobius vittatus,"Vinciguerra, 1883",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Gobius vittatus is widespread throughout the Mediterranean Sea and is found within a wide depth range. Gobius vittatus is common and can be locally abundant; the population is assumed to be stable. There are no known, widespread threats. Therefore, G. vittatus is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Gobius vittatus is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. It is known from the northern Mediterranean, including the Adriatic Sea, and from the eastern Mediterranean, including Israel (Golani et al. 2005), the Alboran Sea and Crete (Miller 1986; Bilecenoglu et al. 2002, Papakonstantinou 1988, Relini and Lanteri 2010, Kovačić et al. 2011). Gobius vittatus has been collected from 15 to 85 m (Heymer and Zander 1978, Miller 1986).","Gobius vittatus is one of the three most abundant epibenthic fishes in its preferred habitat in the northern Adriatic, attaining a mean abundance of 0.12 individuals per m2, with monthly variation across seasons from 0.05 to 0.15 individuals per m2 (Kovačić and Arko-Pijevac 2008). The largest collected sample of this species included 704 specimens collected in the Kvarner area, the north Adriatic Sea, Croatia (Kovačić 2006, 2007). The species is probably abundant and common in its typical habitat.","Gobius vittatus is a small benthic goby, found on coralline grounds from 15 to 85 m depth (Heymer and Zander 1978, Miller 1986), although more typically from 15 to 50 m. Gobius vittatus is also found on mixed bottoms of rock and sand, with a steep to medium slope at 5 to 34 m depth (Kovačić and Arko-Pijevac 2008). It attains an age of at least four years (Kovačić 2006). The parameters of growth according to Kovačić (2006) were L∞= 50.96 mm, K=1.02, t0=-0.47 yr for females and L∞= 50.13 mm, K=1.18, t0=-0.42 yr for males (Kovačić 2006). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 5.4 cm TL and the length at maturity  for females is 3.3 cm TL  and for males is 3.5 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014). The spawning season extended from April to July. The absolute fecundity ranged from about 560 to 3,045 eggs per individual (Kovačić 2007).",There are no known major threats for this species.,"No conservation measures are in place or needed for this species and it occurs in marine protected areas. Gobius vittatus was previously assessed as Least Concern, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Gobius vittatus is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Kovacic, M., Williams, J.T. & Herler, J.","Francour, P., Bilecenoglu, M., Bariche, M. & Molinari, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Gobius,xanthocephalus,,Gobius xanthocephalus,"Heymer & Zander, 1992","This species was previously (prior to 1992) identified as Gobius auratus (Risso 1810). This species is easily misidentified, especially with the yellow morph of G. auratus.",Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Gobius xanthocephalus is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, from northern Spain to Madeira and the Canary Islands and in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. It has been recorded from two sites in the Black Sea; however, these records may pertain to another species and require further taxonomic research. Gobius xanthocephalus is common and can be locally abundant. No major threats have been identified and G. xanthocephalus is unlikely to experience significant population declines in the immediate future. Therefore, G. xanthocephalus is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Gobius xanthocephalus occurs in the eastern Atlantic from northern Spain to Madeira and the Canary Islands (Wirtz and Herrera 1995), though it is not known from the Atlantic coast of north Africa. Gobius xanthocephalus has been recorded from the northwestern Mediterranean coasts, from Gibraltar to the Ligurian Sea (Relini and Lanteri 2010). It has also been recorded from the northern (Crimea; Boltachev et al. 2009) and northeastern (Vasil'eva and Bogorodsky 2004) Black Sea, but this population requires further study and may pertain to an undescribed species. Gobius xanthocephalus has been collected to 36 m depth (Villegas-Ríos and Bañón 2010).","In parts of its range, G. xanthocephalus is considered common. It is the most abundant species at depths of three to 20 m on the Portuguese coast (Almeida and Arruda 1998). It was also one of the most abundant Gobiidae species off the northwestern coast of Spain (Villegas-Ríos and Bañón 2010). However, it is considered rare in the Black Sea (Vasil'eva and Bogorodsky 2004). On the French Mediterranean coast between one and 10 m, the average abundance was between 0.2 and 0.3 individuals per m2, with the highest abundance found below 15 m on coralligenous substrates (Zander 1996). The population is assumed to be stable.","Gobius xanthocephalus is an inshore, benthic species that typically occurs at depths from one to 22 m, although it has been found to a depth of 36 m (Villegas-Ríos and Bañón 2010). It is typically seen sheltering in small, sandy caves, fissures and boulders (Heymer and Zander 1992, Almeida and Arruda 1998). Gobius xanthocephalus has a short generation time (Martin and Palumbi 1993).",It is possibly impacted locally but there are no widespread threats.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures for this species, however it occur in marine protected areas. Gobius xanthocephalus was previously assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011) and Least Concern globally (IUCN 2010).",Gobius xanthocephalus is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Herler, J., Williams, J.T. & Kovacic, M.","Livingston, F., Kemp, K., Batchelor, A., Milligan, H.T., Larson, H., van Tassell, J., De Silva, R., Lutz, M., Jopling, B. & Lintott, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Gobiusculus,flavescens,,Gobiusculus flavescens,"(Fabricius, 1779)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Gobiusculus flavescens is restricted to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, specifically from Norway to Spain. It can be locally common and abundant. There are no known widespread threats. Therefore, G. flavescens is assessed as considered Least Concern.",Stable,"Gobiusculus flavescens is known from the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, from the Faeroes (Norway), the Baltic Sea (HELCOM 2012) and to northwestern Spain, excluding the southeastern North Sea (Miller 1986). It is typically found in the intertidal to 20 m (Miller 1986). It is not known from the Mediterranean Sea (M. Kovačić pers. comm. 2014).","Gobiusculus flavescens is abundant along the coasts of Scotland, though there is considerable interannual and seasonal variation (Magill and Sayer 2002). It is also relatively common along the south coast of England (Rogers et al. 1998) and throughout its range in the Atlantic.","Gobiusculus flavescens is an epibenthic goby found from the intertidal to 20 m depth (Miller 1986). It is typically found in groups near biotic structures, such as Laminaria or Zostera beds (Miller 1986). The primary prey items include small crustaceans, chaetognaths and various larvae (Miller 1986). Gobiusculus flavescens grows to about six centimetres (Miller 1986).",There are no known major threats for the species.,No conservation measures are in place or needed for this species and it occurs in marine protected areas. Gobiusculus flavescens was previously assessed as Least Concern in the Baltic in 2012.,Gobiusculus flavescens is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Herler, J., Kovacic, M. & Williams, J.T.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Gonichthys,cocco,,Gonichthys cocco,"(Cocco, 1829)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Gonichthys cocco is a widespread, mesopelagic species in the eastern Atlantic found in depths from 0 to 675 m. Although it seems to rarely frequent some areas of the region, in the northeastern Atlantic, G. cocco is relatively widespread and common. There are no known threats although it may be taken as bycatch in parts of its range. It is, therefore, assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Gonichthys cocco is an endemic species of the Atlantic and Mediterranean, where it occurs in tropical waters between 50° and 38°S but is absent in the Gulf of Guinea. This species also occurs in the Caribbean Sea as well as a small region off Brasil (Hulley 1984). This species is widespread in the eastern Atlantic; however, it is absent, equatorially, in the southern gyre off Brazil and in the Benguela upwelling region. It can also be found in the Mediterranean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, northern Sargasso Sea, and the western Atlantic from 42°N, south to the southern Subtropical Convergence. It is absent or rare in the Caribbean and the southern Sargasso Sea (Hulley and Paxton in press). Gonichthys cocco is associated with depths of up to 675 m.","Gonichthys cocco seems to be very rare in the  Alboran Sea (MEDITS survey), with only one known record: size: 4 cm (TL); depth: 250 m (L. Gil de Sola pers comm. 2013). However, larvae are very common and very abundant in Greek Seas (C. Papaconstantinou pers. comm. 2013). In the Mid-Atlantic Rdige: 2 records from two trawls (Kobyliansky et al. 2010). No additional information from trawl surveys in the region.  In the greater Atlantic, this species is common, as indicated by mid-water trawl surveys (Gartner et al 1989). It is also common in museum collections.","Gonichthys cocco is a relatively rare mesopelagic species that makes daily vertical migrations; during the day this species occurs between 500 and 675 m depth and 0 to 135 m at night. Juveniles may be non-migratory (Hulley and Paxton in press, Hopkins et al 1981, Gartner et al 1989). Gonichthys cocco grows to a size of 23.5 to 47.7 mm SL (Battaglia et al 2010). The maximum length for G. cocco is 6 cm standard length (SL) and reaches maturity around 3.8 cm SL. Spawning peaks in the spring and summer (Hulley 1984). ",This species is not known to be used by fisheries but may be caught as bycatch by pelagic trawls (Stas pers. comm. via e-mail).,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Legislative regulation of the pelagic fishery is implemented (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm.). Further research into the population size and trends, as well as the early life history and ecology of this species is needed.",This species is not commercially exploited.,"Strongin, K.","Costa, M., Munroe, T., Kobyliansky, S. & Papaconstantinou, C.","Hulley, P., Rodrigues, A. & de Sola, L.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,GONOSTOMATIDAE,Gonostoma,atlanticum,,Gonostoma atlanticum,"Norman, 1930",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population. This species occurs throughout the Eastern Central Atlantic, however only recorded from the Madeira archipelago and from the Canaries.",Stable,"The fish is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical Atlantic and Pacific (Harold in prep. 2013). It is found at depths ranging from 50-600 m (Badcock 1984). Occurs throughout the Eastern Central Atlantic. In the European region the fish is known from the Madeira archipelago (Carneiro et al. 2014), and from the Canaries (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).",In the Eastern Central Atlantic it is not known whether there is substantial immigration/emigration from outside the region that will significantly affect populations in the region. It is found at relatively low abundances throughout its range. Population trend assumed to be stable.,"A mesopelagic species which exhibits diel vertical migrations. Juveniles and adults occur mainly at 300-600 m by day, and at 50-200 m by night (Badcock 1984, Schaefer 1990, Mundy 2005).This species feeds on copepods and euphausiids (Badcock 1984). Photophores develop in fishes over 12-20 mm SL. This species is oviparous, with planktonic eggs and larvae (Watson 1996). In the Sargasso Sea, this species was solely taken at depths of less than 1,000 m (Sutton et al. 2010).","The fish is collected by commercial midwater trawls (Balanov et al. 2009), but it is not known if it is targeted.",There are no know conservation measure in place for this species.,No information on the level of use.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,GONOSTOMATIDAE,Gonostoma,denudatum,,Gonostoma denudatum,"Rafinesque, 1810",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Gonostoma denudatum is distributed from the subtropical to temperate North Atlantic and the Mediterranean. This species has a low frequency of occurrence in the Mediterranean. Gonostoma denudatum exhibits diel vertical migrations and is found at depths of 400–700 m by day, and 100–200 m by night. While G. denudatum is a prey item of both the Sowerby's beaked whale and the Atlantic bluefin tuna, it appears to make up a negligible percentage of either species' diet. This species is not utilized in European waters. There are no major threats to this species although, it is taken as by-catch in deep-water bottom trawls targeting Red Shrimp. It is listed as Least Concern. ",Unknown,"Gonostoma denudatum is known primarily from the Atlantic Ocean, where it is widespread. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, G. denudatum is known from Portugal and the Azores south to Madeira and the Canary Islands (Badcock 1984, Carneiro et al. 2014). It is also known from the Mediterranean Sea (Badcock 1984), including the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988). The depth range for this species is 100–700 m (Badcock 1984).","In south Sardinian waters, this species was found to be an inconsequential component of the deep-sea fish assemblage with a frequency of occurrence of 1% reported at a depth range of 995 m (Follesa et al. 2011). A 2010 study conducted in the Mediterranean caught 65 specimens off the Strait of Messina in Italian waters; the specimen collection occurred before sunrise (Bataglia et al. 2010). In the Greek waters of the Eastern Ionian Sea, G. denudatum was reported to have a frequency of occurrence of 1.9% in depths between 500–700 m (Mytilineou et al. 2005). In addition, the species was reported to be uncommon in the Tyrrhenian Sea, and rare between the French island of Corsica and the Balearic Islands of Spain between 40–45°N and in the Ionian Sea (Goodyear et al. 1972). This species is relatively rare (one specimen) in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Kobylianski et al. 2010). There is a single record (16 specimens) in the Gulf of Cadiz bottom trawl surveys from one fishing operation over 20 years (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2013). In the Spanish Mediterranean, this species is uncommon (but this could be attributed to the sampling method) (L. Gil de Sola pers. comm. 2013). ","Gonostoma denudatum exhibits diel vertical migrations; juveniles and adults are found at depths of 400–700 m by day, and at 100–200 m by night (Badcock 1984). This species reaches a maximum size of 14 cm SL (Quéro 1990). The family Gonostomatidae consists of primarily mesopelagic and bathypelagic oceanic species. Sexual dimorphism and/or hermaphroditism is present in many species (Harold in Prep 2013). Gonostoma denudatum is a prey item of the Sowerby’s beaked whales (Mesoplodon bidens) stranded in the Azores islands from 2002–2009; though, its numerical frequency in the stomach of this whale species was found to be inconsequentially low (Pereira 2011). It is also a prey item of the commercially important Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) in the central Mediterranean; similarly, its numerical frequency in the stomach of this tuna was found to be inconsequentially low (Battaglia et al. 2012). In the Atlantic, this species favors waters affected by Mediterranean outflow currents, such as the Azores (Fock et al. 2002). The maximum recorded size of this species is 25 cm TL from bottom trawl surveys in the Gulf of Cadiz (ARSA) (J. Gil pers comm. 2013). Lengths of this species range from 18–22 cm TL in the Mediterranean (L. de Sola pers comm. 2013).","Gonostoma denudatum is taken as bycatch in deep-water bottom trawls targeting Red Shrimp (Ragonese et al. 2001). However, there are no major threats to this species.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for G. denudatum. However, this species’ range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014).  This species was assessed as Data Deficient in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",This species is not utilized in European waters.,"Harwell, H.","Kobyliansky, S., Herrera, J. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,GONOSTOMATIDAE,Gonostoma,elongatum,,Gonostoma elongatum,"Günther, 1878",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC In the region, Gonostoma elongatum is distributed from Iceland to the Canary Islands, including a few records from the Mediterranean, and is most abundant south of 40°N. The tropically abundant G. elongatum resides at depths of 100–1500 m, migrating diurnally, at night, to the top 100 m of the water column to feed. It is a short lived species that reproduces semelparously in its less than two year life span. This species is not utilized and other than exposure to pollution, there are no major threats to this species. It is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Gonostoma elongatum is a circumglobal species, distributed in tropical to subtropical waters (Harold in press). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, G. elongatum occurs from Iceland to the Canary Islands. It is found throughout the Mediterranean Sea (Bordes et al. 1998, Roman et al. 2000, Potoschi et al. 2009), including the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988). It is most abundant south of 40°N (Roman et al. 2000). Gonostoma elongatum is a deep mesopelagic species with a depth range of 500–1200 m (Roman et al. 2000).","Gonastoma elongatum is found throughout most of the world's oceans, reaching maximum abundances in tropical and circumtropical waters (Lancraft et al.1988). This species is rarely caught in trawl surveys and this could be attributed to its non-schooling behavior (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013). However, a single specimen was caught off the Sicilian coast by bottom trawl between 600–700 m (Potoschi et al. 2009) and five specimens were caught in pelagic trawl surveys (four trawls) in the mid-Atlantic Ridge (Kobyliansky et al. 2010). Bottom trawl surveys in the Gulf of Cadiz recorded four specimens in three surveys (ARSA) (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2013).","Gonostoma elongatum is an important mesopelagic species. It undergoes diel migrations and is found from 25–325 m depth at night, and from 425–725 m depth during the day (Fisher 1983). The species exhibits size stratification based on depth, with smaller individuals being found in shallower water (Roman et al. 2000). Gonostoma elongatum is a protandric hermaphrodite and breeds throughout the year, with females reproducing once in their lifetime. Breeding peaks occur in the spring and summer. This species lives less than two years and feeds on zooplankton, particularly zoocrustaceans such as ostracopods and copepods. Most feeding occurs in the 25–250 m zone at night (Lancraft et al. 1988). The maximum recorded length for this species is 27.5 cm TL (Quéro et al. 1990). ","Although, there are no major, species-specific threats to G. elongatum, gene expression of this species is impacted by exposure to pollutants such as Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) and Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons (HAH) (Stegeman et al. 2001).","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for G. elongatum. However, this species’ range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014).",This species is not utilized in European waters.,"Harwell, H.","Kobyliansky, S., Herrera, J. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GOBIESOCIFORMES,GOBIESOCIDAE,Gouania,willdenowi,,Gouania willdenowi,"(Risso, 1810)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Gouania willdenowi is known from shallow, coastal waters throughout most of the northern Mediterranean coast. There is no population information for this species, possibly because it is very difficult to observe in the field. Gouania willdenowi can be locally abundant and populations are considered likely to be stable. While G. willdenowi may be locally impacted, there are no known widespread threats to this species. Therefore, G. willdenowi is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Gouania willdenowi is restricted to the Mediterranean Sea. It is present from Syria along the north coast to Alicante, Spain, including Balearic islands, Cyprus, Lebanon and north of Israel (Hofrichter and Patzner 2000, Briggs 1979). It is a shallow water species, found to two metres depth (Hofrichter and Patzner 2000).",There is little population information for this species. It has been found throughout much of the Mediterranean Sea and can be locally abundant (e.g. up to 24 individuals/m2 in Messina) (Hofrichter and Patzner 2000). It is considered likely to have a stable population trend.,The species inhabits shallow waters (Briggs 1979). It can live out of water and lives exclusively on sand and intertidal pebbles (Hofrichter and Patzner 2000).&#160;Virtually nothing is known about the biology and ecology of this species. The largest known individual measures five centimetres total length (TL) (R.A. Patzner pers. comm. 1999).,Gouania willdenowi may be impacted locally but there are no known widespread threats.,"No conservation measures are in place or required for this species and it is found in marine protected areas. Gouania willdenowi was previously assessed as Data Deficient globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011). Research into all aspects of the biology and ecology of this species is suggested.",This species is not utilized by humans.,"Ralph, G.","Herler, J., Williams, J.T. & Kovacic, M.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Grammatostomias,circularis,,Grammatostomias circularis,"Morrow, 1959",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species is only known from north of Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is only known from north of Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014). Globally, this species is mainly found in the Western Atlantic.",There is no information on the population in Europe.,This is a marine pelagic-oceanic species that is found in tropical waters between depths of zero to 412 m (Bogutskaya 2007). The maximum recorded length is 13.6 cm SL male/unsexed (Gibbs 1984).,There is no information on threats to this species.,There are no conservation measures under way for this species.,There is no use or trade information for this species.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Grammatostomias,dentatus,,Grammatostomias dentatus,"Goode & Bean, 1896",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In the European region the fish is known from the Portuguese mainland, from the Azores and Madeira, and from Spain (the Canaries). This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"The fish is distributed from the subtropical to temperate Atlantic Ocean and equatorial East Indian Ocean, NW34 and SW34 FAO fishing areas (Harold in press).  In the European region the fish is known from the Portuguese mainland, from the Azores and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014), and from the Canaries (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).","There are 20 museum records for the fish from the Eastern Central Atlantic, all of which consist of single specimens (Fishnet2 Portal 2012).&#160;It is not known whether there is substantial immigration/emigration from outside the region that will significantly affect populations in the Eastern Central Atlantic.","The maximum recorded standard length for this species is 15.9 cm (SL) (Gibbs and Barnett 1990).&#160;The diet of members of this family primarily consists of other mesopelagic fishes and some crustaceans (Harold in press). Known from 2,577 m depth, the upper depth level is not known.",No known threats.,"There are no species specific conservation efforts in place or needed for this fish,&#160;however the distribution for this species overlaps with a number of marine&#160;protected&#160;areas (IUCN and UNEP 2013).",Use and trade information is not&#160;available&#160;for this species; presumed to not be targeted in fisheries.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Grammatostomias,flagellibarba,,Grammatostomias flagellibarba,"Holt & Byrne, 1910",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Grammatostomias flagellibarba is found from about 43°N to 50°N in the northeastern Atlantic. Although data for this species are limited, there are currently no major threats to this species and given its deep water habitat, future threats are unlikely. It is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Grammatostomias flagellibarba is distributed throughout the eastern Atlantic in temperate and tropical waters (Harold in press). In the northeastern Atlantic, it occurs from Ireland and the United Kingdom south to the Canary Islands. The recorded depth range for this species is from 0–1,281 m (Bogutskaya 2007).",Grammatostomias flagellibarba was not recorded in trawl surveys (bottom or pelagic) in the region (C. Papaconstantinou and S. Kobyliansky pers comm. 2013).,"Species of the subfamily Melanostomiinae are typically mesopelagic, usually inhabiting the top 1,000 m of the water column. This species may undertake vertical migrations at night to near surface depths. Its diet consists mainly of other fishes, but it may consume crustaceans as well (Harold in press). The maximum recorded size for this species is 20 cm SL (Gibbs 1984).","Currently, there are no major threats to this species.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.,This species is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Papaconstantinou, C. & Kobyliansky, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ZEIFORMES,GRAMMICOLEPIDIDAE,Grammicolepis,brachiusculus,,Grammicolepis brachiusculus,"Poey, 1873",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trends, habitats and threats to the species. Only a few specimens are known to be present at northeast Atlantic waters, and some of them have been captured by fishing gears. Captures are uncommon and the species is rare, so there is lack on information. Further research is needed in order to establish the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"In European waters, the species has been observed or captured from Iceland, off Ireland (only from one recently unpublished record) and Scotland, north and southwest Bay of Biscay, southern Portugal, Azores Islands, Gorringe Bank, Great Meteor Tablemount, Canary Islands and Sahara Seamounts (Astthorsson and Palsson 2006, Aguilar et al. 2010, Barreiros et al. 2011, Fishbase 2011, Carvalho-Filho et al. 2012, Oceana 2014). Being a tropical species, the finding of specimens in the northeastern Atlantic waters suggests that the species is expanding its distribution range in the context of climate change (Barreiros et al. 2011). The species' depth lower limit is 1,027 metres, and its depth upper limit is 205 metres below sea level. It is found through all of the world's oceans.",Grammicolepis brachiusculus can be considered a rare species (Karrer and Heemstra 1986). The trend of the species is unknown.,"Grammicolepis brachiusculus is a bathypelagic species, and it has been recorded or captured at depths between 205 to 1,026 metres, although it is usually found between 500 and 700 metres (Fishbase 2011). In the Canary Islands, the species has been recorded both in rocky bottoms (with more or less sedimentation) and soft bottoms (Aguilar et al. 2010). As the species has been mostly caught by fishing gears (commercial or experimental), there is a lack of information on the habitat preferences for this species. The expansion of its distribution to northeast Atlantic waters indicates that the species is more pelagic than it was previously believed and, in consequence, it is a good indicator of climate change (Barreiros et al. 2011)","Only a few specimens are known to be present at northeast Atlantic waters, and some of them have been captured by fishing gears. Captures are uncommon, but the species is uncommon too in northeast Atlantic waters, so there is not enough information to evaluate the status of the species. It is likely that the species can be threatened outside of the northeast Atlantic through by-catch, but no data are available.The species is caught by commercial and experimental fisheries.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books.&#160;There are no conservation actions in place for this species and, while its distribution does not overlap with any protected areas throughout its range, it is present into a projected Portuguese marine protected area, the Gorringe Bank.&#160;Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitats and threats to the species.","The species has been reported to be captured by different gears in northeast Atlantic waters, mainly by bottom trawl (Bay of Biscay, Great Meteor and West Scotland), but also through bottom line (Canary Islands) and drift gillnet (Southern Portugal) (Barreiros et al. 2011).","García, M., Quigley, D. & Ralph, G.","Garcia, S.","Blanco, J.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,BYTHITIDAE,Grammonus,ater,,Grammonus ater,"(Risso, 1810)","It was inventoried under the name Oligopus ater in Risso (1810), and was recorded in Algeria under the name Grammonus armatus Dodelein (Dieuziede and Roland 1958).",Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Grammonus ater is restricted to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, where very few specimens have been collected. However, it is suspected to be more common than the records suggest, as it is a cave-dwellling species. There is very little population or ecological information available for this species. There are no known major threats. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Grammonus ater is restricted to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is found in the Mediterranean Sea, from the Balearic Islands to the Adriatic (Nielsen et al. 1999). It has been reported as occurring at the Azores (Carniero et al. 2014), but this remains unverified. It is associated with depths of five to 30 m (Nielsen et al. 1999, Bussotti and Guidetti 2010).","Nielsen et al. (1999) lists this fish as uncommon. In a study conducted in the Ionian Sea, the mean density of G. ater in shallow cliffs was 0.4 and the frequency of occurrence was 13.3% (Bussotti and Guidetti 2009). It is rarely caught; however, it is suspected to be more common than records suggest.","This is a reef-associated species that inhabits shallow rocky areas (Nielsen 1986). It is likely to be a deep dweller that migrates to coastal areas in August (Göthel 1992). It is nocturnal and hides in caves during the day (Göthel 1992). The maximum recorded length of this fish is 12 cm (Nielsen 1986). Grammonus ater is strictly speleophilic, cave-dwelling, and is usually found only within the darkest interior portions of underwater caves (Bussotti and Guidetti 2010). The main component of the diet of G. ater is benthic crustaceans (Costa 1991).  Like other members of its family, G. ater is viviparous and the oval eggs are inside of a gelatinous mass (Breder and Rosen 1966).",There are no known threats towards this species.,"There are no specific conservation measures for this species. Its range overlaps with (and this species is confirmed to inhabit at least some) marine protected areas (Bussotti and Guidetti 2010). Grammonus ater was previously listed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean and globally (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).  Research is needed into the population size and trends, ecology and early life history, as well as potential threats of this species.",Grammonus ater is of no interest to commercial fisheries (Nielsen et al. 1999).,"Ralph, G.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ATELEOPODIFORMES,ATELEOPODIDAE,Guentherus,altivela,,Guentherus altivela,"Osório, 1917",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Guentherus altivela is a widespread but uncommon species that is found from Portugal to southern Africa. It occurs at depths ranging from 180 to 900 m. Its diet consists of mostly other fishes and benthic invertebrates. Although it may sometimes be included in deep-sea trawl bycatch, major threats to this species are unknown. Therefore G. altivela is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Guentherus altivelas inhabits upper continental slopes (Bianchi et al. 1999) in the eastern Atlantic from Portugal to South Africa, the eastern central Pacific at Cabo Blanco and Quepos, Costa Rica and near Punta Jaqué, Panama (Bussing 1995), and the Galápagos Islands (McCosker and  Humann 1996). The species can be found at depths from 180 to 915 m (Paxton 1986).","Guentherus altivela is widespread across the eastern Atlantic and the Pacific (Bussing 1995, McCosker and Humann 1996). There are very limited data concerning the population trends or trends for this species.","Guentherus altivela is a bathydemersal species (Costa and Quero 1990). The maximum recorded length of Guentherus altivela is 200 cm total length (TL) (Smith and Heemstra 1986). This species feeds on fishes and benthic invertebrates such as echinoderms and decapods, as well as other fishes (Moore in press, Bianchi et al. 1999a) and occupies deep benthic, muddy habitats. The spawning, fecundity, and early life history traits of this species are poorly understood.","There are no known major threats to this species, but it is sometimes caught in bottom trawls off of Namibia (Bianchi et al. 1999).","There are currently no conservation measures in place for this species, and none is likely needed due to its widespread range. This species may occur in marine protected areas that exist throughout its range. Research into the population size and trends, ecology and early life history traits, as well as potential threats is needed for this species.",This species is not utilized by humans. This species is sometimes caught as bycatch in bottom trawls off of Namibia (Bianchi et al. 1999).,"Harwell, H.","Knudsen, S., Nielsen, J. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MORIDAE,Guttigadus,latifrons,,Guttigadus latifrons,"(Holt & Byrne, 1908)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Guttigadus latifrons is a widespread deep-water species found to depths of at least 1900 m. It appears to be relatively rare within the assessment region consisting of the northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea. However, in areas with live deep-water coral cover, this species was the 5th most abundant species observed. It is inferred that this species may be dependent on live deep-water coral habitat for part or all of its lifecycle, and is likely to benefit from the protection of these areas. There are no known threats to this species. It is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Guttigadus latifrons is present in the eastern and western Atlantic and western Indian Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, G. latifrons is distributed from Iceland and the British Isles south to the Mediterranean, where it is known from the Tyrrhenian Sea (Meléndez and Markle 1997). It is also recorded from the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014). It is found on the continental slope at depths of 770 to 1900 m.","The abundance and behavior of fishes on and around coral reefs at Twin Mounds and Giant Mounds ( depth of 600 to 1100 metres) was studied off the Coast of Ireland. Stands of live coral provided the only habitat in which G. latifrons was observed. This species accounted for 1.87% of all observed fishes at Twin mounds, and ranked 5th in abundance (Söffker et al. 2011).","Guttigadus latifrons is a bathydemersal species which inhabits the continental slope. This species and G. globosus appear to be allopatric sister species, and are the deepest-living members of the genus Guttigadus. This species is found at depths ranging from 770 to 1875 metres. The largest examined specimens were 105 to 121 mm SL (Meléndez and Markle 1997). The abundance and behavior of fishes on and around coral reefs at Twin Mounds and Giant Mounds (600 to 1100 metres) was studied off the Coast of Ireland in 2011. Stands of live coral provided the only habitat in which Guttigadus latifrons was observed (Söffker et al. 2011).","Guttigadus latifrons may be dependent on life deep-water coral habitat (Söffker et al. 2011). There is no known fishery for this species, although it may occasionally be caught in mixed-catch fisheries.","There is no information about conservation measures in the Mediterranean Sea. However, this species may be present in marine protected areas found within its distribution (World Database on Protected Areas 2010).  This species was assessed as Data Deficient in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",There is no use and trade information available for this species.,"Strongin, K.","Nedreaas, K., Florin, A., Fernandes, P., Lorance, P. & Cook, R.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,AMMODYTIDAE,Gymnammodytes,cicerelus,,Gymnammodytes cicerelus,"(Rafinesque, 1810)","There are issues of taxonomic quality within the family Ammodytidae. Gymnammodytes capensis and G. cicerelus do not significantly differ morphologically and therefore, their status is uncertain. They were described as separate species due to differences in geographic distribution of regional populations, however a systematic revision is needed (Nizinski in press).",No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Gymnammodytes cicerelus is found in the eastern central Atlantic from Portugal south to Angola including the Mediterranean and Black Sea. It has recently been recorded from the Azores. It is a coastal species which is found over the continental shelf to depths of 35 m over sand, shell, and fine-gravel bottoms. It is also reported from offshore habitats. This species forms schools which emerge from the substrate during the day to feed in the water column. It is likely an important prey item for other fishes, birds and mammals. In addition to this important ecosystem service, G. cicerelus is a commercially important bycatch species in the sandeel fishery. There are no species-specific landing statistics available, there is little reliable population information available, there are issues of taxonomic quality and the fishery is poorly characterized throughout the range and within the Northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea Assessment Area. Therefore, G. cicerelus is assessed as Data Deficient. However, there has been a significant reduction of effort in the sandeel fishery in recent years, with a decrease in fishing mortality and a rise in spawning stock biomass of Ammodytidae.",Unknown,"Gymnammodytes cicerelus is restricted to the eastern Atlantic, where it is known from Portugal south to Angola. In the northeastern Atlantic, G. cicerelus is found from Portugal to the Mediterranean and Black seas (Sardà et al. 2005, Yuksek et al. 2006, Nizinski in press). It has recently been recorded from the Azores, at Pico Island (Afonso et al. 2013), but it is unclear whether there is a stable population there. It has been recorded at depths ranging from very shallow waters to 35 metres (Nizinski in press).","Gymnammodytes cicerelus has been described as generally abundant throughout its range (Nizinski in press). Around the rocky reefs surrounding the cape of Palos, Murcia, Spain, this species has been described as occasionally encountered (Garcia-Charton and Perez-Ruzafa 2000). In the Catalan Sea, 265.1 tons/year are landed (Sardà et al. 2005). Data on species composition within the family Ammodytidae available through the Database of Trawl Surveys (DATRAS), an international database of trawl surveys maintained by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) is highly inconsistent. Additionally, there are huge inconsistencies in reporting within countries among years, and it has been suggested that none of the records, with the exception of Hyperoplus sp. and Ammodytes sp. can be trusted (ICES 2007). There are issues of taxonomic quality within the family Ammodytidae. Gymnammodytes capensis and G. cicerelus do not significantly differ morphologically and therefore, their status is uncertain. They were described as separate species due to differences in geographic distribution of regional populations, however a systematic revision is needed (Nizinski in prep.).","Gymnammodytes cicerelus is a coastal species on the continental shelf over shallower sand, shell, and fine-gravel bottoms in offshore habitats. It is a schooling species that burrows head first into the sediment. Adults and juveniles feed in the water column on zooplankton during the day and burrow in the substrate at night. Gymnammodytes spp. are important prey items for other fishes, birds, and mammals  Species of the Ammodytidae family lay demersal eggs that adhere to sand grains. Their pelagic larvae have been known to dominate the ichthyoplankton during peak spawning season which occurs in the winter. (Nizinski in press). This species reaches a maximum size of 17 cm total length (TL) off the coast of West Africa (Vakily et al. 2002). The Ammodytidae are considered keystone species, which play a significant role in the marine ecosystem as prey items for a variety of predators including fishes, marine mammals, and birds. Fluctuations in sandeel abundance have been shown to have direct effects on some seabird populations (Furness and Tasker 2000).","Gymnammodytes cicerelus is a commercially important bycatch species There are no species-specific landing statistics available, there is little reliable population information available, there are issues of taxonomic quality and the fishery is poorly characterized throughout the range and within the Northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea Assessment Area.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for G. cicerelus. Although it is a commercially-important species in parts of its range, there is a paucity of information available concerning life history, population trends, and harvest levels, and the fishery is poorly characterized. It is likely that G. cicerelus receives some benefit from fisheries management efforts directed towards A. marinus, which include the establishment of conservation zones and fishing moratoria (ICES 2010a). This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Gymnammodytes cicerelus is a commercial species. It is utilized on a small-scale basis for bait and food in some areas, and on an industrial scale for fishmeal and fish oil (Nizinski in press). In the Mediterranean, it is taken as bycatch in beach seine and purse seine fisheries targeting small pelagics (Tsagarakis et al. 2012).","Harwell, H.","Heessen, H., Collette, B. & Fernandes, P.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,AMMODYTIDAE,Gymnammodytes,semisquamatus,,Gymnammodytes semisquamatus,"(Jourdain, 1879)","There are issues of taxonomic quality within the family Ammodytidae (Nizinski in press). Prior to the revision by Sabatés et al. (1990), the accepted description of G. cicerelus included two species: G. cicerelus and G. semisquamatus.",Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Gymnammodytes semisquamatus is distributed from the southern coast of Norway and the Shetlands to Spain, including all coasts of the British Isles and the North Sea, excluding the Baltic Sea, and into the Mediterranean. Gymnammodytes semisquamatus is a coastal species which is found over the continental shelf. This species co-occurs with G. cicerelus in the Mediterranean Sea, therefore the depth range of G. semisquamatus is assumed to be to roughly 35 m. This species is found over shell-gravel substrates, and also inshore where shell-gravel beaches occur. It is likely an important prey item for other fishes, birds and mammals. In addition to this important ecosystem service, G. semisquamatus is a commercially important bycatch species in the sandeel fishery. There are no species-specific landing statistics available, there is little reliable population information available, and the fishery is poorly characterized throughout the range. Gymnammodytes semisquamatus is assessed as Least Concern because it is widespread within the region, and because there has been a significant reduction of effort in the sandeel fishery in recent years, with a decrease in fishing mortality and a rise in spawning stock biomass of Ammodytidae in general.",Unknown,"Gymnammodytes semisquamatus is restricted to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is distributed from the southern coast of Norway and the Shetlands to Spain, including all coasts of the British Isles and the North Sea (Reay 1986). It is also known from the the Mediterranean (Sabatés et al. 1990), where it co-occurs with G. cicerelus. In the absence of species-specific depth information, the depth range for G. semisquamatus is assumed to be the same as G. cicerelus, which is a range from very shallow waters to 35 metres.","Gymnammodytes semisquamatus has been reported as uncommon in Norwegian waters, and does not occur there regularly (Naevdal and Thorkildsen 2002). Data on species composition within the family Ammodytidae available through the Database of Trawl Surveys (DATRAS), an international database of trawl surveys maintained by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), are inconsistent. Additionally, there are inconsistencies in reporting within countries among years, and it has been suggested that none of the records, with the exception of Hyperoplus spp. and Ammodytes spp., can be trusted (ICES 2007). There are issues of taxonomic quality within the family Ammodytidae (Nizinski in press).","Gymnammodytes semisquamatus typically occurs offshore over shell-gravel substrates, and also inshore where shell-gravel beaches occur. It feeds on plankton and is a summer batch spawner (Reay 1986). Spawning occurs from April until July (Lynam et al. 2013). The maximum length is 30.0 cm total length (TL), however it is more commonly seen at lengths of 15 cm TL. The genus Gymnammodytes is confined to the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean and its adjacent waters. Regarding latitudinal distribution, they range from 60°N to 40°S, showing the widest distribution in latitude among members of the family (Ida et al. 1994). The Ammodytidae are considered keystone species, which play a significant role in the marine ecosystem as prey items for a variety of predators including fishes, marine mammals and birds. Fluctuations in sandeel abundance have been shown to have direct effects on some seabird populations (Furness and Tasker 2000).","Gymnammodytes semisquamatus is suspected to be taken as bycatch in the commercially important sandeel fishery. There are no species-specific landing statistics or reliable population data available, and the fishery is poorly characterized throughout the range.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for G. semisquamatus. Although it is a commercially-important bycatch species in parts of its range, there is a paucity of information available concerning life history, population trends and harvest levels, and the fishery is poorly characterized. It is likely that G. semisquamatus receives some benefit from fisheries management efforts directed towards A. marinus which include the establishment of conservation zones and fishing moratoria (ICES 2010).","Gymnammodytes semisquamatus is taken as bycatch in the commercially-important Ammodytidae fishery (Muus and Nielsen 1999). Additionally, it is suspected that, like several congeners, G. semisquamatus forms an important component of the diet of fishes, mammals and seabirds.","Ralph, G.","Collette, B., Fernandes, P. & Heessen, H.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,COTTIDAE,Gymnocanthus,tricuspis,,Gymnocanthus tricuspis,"(Reinhardt, 1830)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC This species is listed as Least Concern, as Gymnocanthus tricuspis is common in the Arctic region and has a wide distribution. It may be susceptible to impacts from temperature changes caused by climate change, although major threats have not been identified.",Unknown,"Gymnocanthus tricuspis is present in the Arctic and along both coasts of the North Atlantic Ocean (Fedorov 1986). The range of G. tricuspis stretches as far north as 83°N, including the northern face of Spitzbergen, northern Norway, Murmansk, Novaya Zemlya, Barents Sea, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea. The depth range for G. tricuspis is 2 to 173 m (Wilson 1973, Moller et al. 2010, Kells and Carpenter 2011). This species is primarily distributed from the Polar Front northwards and was found to be confined to Bear Island Bank (Byrkjedal and Høines 2007).","Gymnocanthus tricuspis is circumpolar and is one of the most abundant benthic fish species in the Arctic region (Mecklenburg et al. 2011). It is listed as common in the Greenland Red List of Marine Fish (Moller et al. 2010). In a beam trawl survey conducted in the Chukchi Sea during the summer of 2004, 443 individuals of G. tricuspis were captured. Nine species constituted 91% of the total catch by number and was dominated by sculpins, specifically G. tricuspis which made up 34% of the catch (Norcross et al. 2010).","Gymnocanthus tricuspis is a benthic species that burrows into sand and sand-mud bottoms with salinities of 32-35 ppt, sometimes as low as 16-30 ppt (Fedorov 1986).  It feeds on small benthic amphipods and polychaetes (Coad and Reist 2004). Females grow more quickly than males, especially after two years. This species breeds during late summer and can live up to four years or more. Gymnocanthus tricupis has a wider salinity range and lower temperature tolerance than other species of the genus which allows this species to inhabit arctic waters (Wilson 1973). The maximum length for this species is 30 cm TL (Andriyashev 1964).","Gymnocanthus tricuspis may be affected by water temperature changes due to climate change which can alter migration, physiology, food availability etc. (Roessig et al. 2004). However, major threats to this species have not been identified.","There are no species-specific conservation efforts in place for G. tricuspis; however, the range for this species overlaps with marine protected areas (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014).",Use and trade information is not available for G. tricuspis.,"Harwell, H.","Lorance, P., Florin, A. & Keskin, Ç.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,MURAENIDAE,Gymnothorax,bacalladoi,,Gymnothorax bacalladoi,"Böhlke & Brito, 1987",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient as the species is only known from three specimens. Further research should be conducted on its population size, trend, ecology and threats to establish the status of the species throughout its range.",Unknown,"This is an Eastern-central Atlantic species known in European waters from the Canary Islands (Brito et al. 2002) and Madeira (Wirtz et al. 2008). It is also present in Cape Verde. It has a wide depth range, being present from 10 to 610 m.","There is no information available on the population size and trend of the species, as it is only known from three specimens.",This is a demersal species and all three specimens were taken over rocky bottom habitats between 10 and 610 metres. Its maximum size is 34.7 cm (TL).,"The threats to the species are unknown, as its known range is limited and little information is available on the potential threats to the area.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not the target of any conservation action, and it is unknown whether it is found in protected areas. Further research is needed on the population size, trend, ecology and threats to the species.",This species is not utilized.,"García, M.","Conceicao Biscoito, M.J.","Hines, A., Harwell, H. & Smith, D.G.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,MURAENIDAE,Gymnothorax,maderensis,,Gymnothorax maderensis,"(Johnson, 1862)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as this is a widespread and relatively common species in European waters. Although the species is commercially targeted, there are no separate statistics of its catches. Further research should be conducted on the population trends and threats to this demersal species.",Unknown,"Gymnothorax maderensis is distributed across the Atlantic Ocean. In the eastern Atlantic, it is known from Madeira, the Canary Islands and Benin (Smith and Böhlke 1990, Brito et al. 2002). The citation of this species from the Azores was not considered valid by Santos et al. (1997). The species was first recorded in Cape Verde islands by Menezes et al. (2004). In the western Atlantic, it has been recorded from Bermuda, North Carolina (USA), northwestern Cuba (Gulf of Mexico), and in the Caribbean from Puerto Rico to the Saba Bank and Curacao (R. Robertson pers. comm. 2014). The Sharktooth Moray is a demersal species with a depth range comprised between 80-200 m (Smith and Böhlke 1990), probably extending below this depth in Madeira (Delgado 2007) and the Canaries (Franquet and Brito 1985, Brito et al. 2002). Also, Menezes et al. (2004) recorded the capture in Cape Vert of a single individual below 200 m.","In European waters, G. maderensis is considered a common species, both in the Canaries (Franquet and Brito 1995, Brito et al. 2002) and Madeira (Delgado 2007). Elsewhere, it is also common in Cape Verde (Menezes et al. 2004). The population trend of this species is unknown.","This is a demersal species that occurs on shelf, rocks and deep coral zones in the neritic zone (Bauchot 1986). From samples collected off Madeira and Porto Santo in survey cruises, it was reported by Delgado (2007) to have a total length ranging between 84-92 cm, corresponding to a weight between 1.3-1.4 kg. Ferreira et al. (2008) estimated the parameter a (0.002) of the weight-length relationship, setting b = 3. Menezes et al (2004) reported the catch of specimens with sizes between 61-90 cm (TL) in Cape Verde. According to Smith and Böhlke (1990), the size of this species may reach to about 1 m TL.",The threats to the species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, and it is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted on the population trend and threats to this species.","There are no separate catch statistics for G. maderensis, but for multispecies fishery of demersal species off Madeira, therefore it is not possible to evaluate the yields and economic value of this species. Gymnothorax maderensis is caught off the Canaries with moray and fish traps, handlines and bottom longlines (Franquet and Brito 1995). In this archipelago, this species is valued but catches are scarce.","García, M.","Delgado, J.","Smith, D.G.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,MURAENIDAE,Gymnothorax,polygonius,,Gymnothorax polygonius,"Poey, 1875",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Gymnothorax polygonius is widespread, albeit uncommon. There is no information on the population size and trends of the species, therefore further research should be conducted to establish the status of the species through its range. It is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"This species has been recorded across the Atlantic Ocean. In the European Eastern Atlantic, it is known from Madeira Island and the Canary Islands (Bohlke et al. 1989). Its depth range is 10-600 m, but it is predominantly found around 100-300 m (Brito et al. 2002).","Gymnothorax polygonius is a widespread but uncommon species through the eastern and western Atlantic, on deep rocky outcrops to 600 m. There is no information on the population size and trends of the species.","This is a benthic species found in deep tropical water habitats, over rocky outcrops to 260 m. Its maximum size is 84 cm (TL).",There are no major threats to the species.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not the target of any conservation action, but it is found in protected areas throughout its range, such as Garajau Nature Reserve (Madeira). Further research is needed on the population size, trend and ecology to the species.",This species is not utilized.,"García, M.","Conceicao Biscoito, M.J.","McCosker, J., Smith, D.G., Harwell, H., Cox, N.A. & Hines, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,MURAENIDAE,Gymnothorax,unicolor,,Gymnothorax unicolor,"(Delaroche, 1809)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Gymnothorax unicolor is widely distributed from the Canary Islands to the Levant Sea. Outside the assessment zone, G. unicolor is known from the Cape Verde islands. It is considered common throughout its range. While it is a commercially targeted fish, the extent of its targeting is of minor significance and its range overlaps several marine protected areas. It is listed as Least Concern, but further research should be conducted to determine the extent of exploitation.  ",Unknown,"Gymnothorax unicolor is restricted to the eastern Atlantic (Smith 2012). This species occurs from the Azores (Santos et al. 1997), Madeira (Wirtz et al. 2008), the Canary Islands (Blache et al. 1973), the southern coast Portugal and Spain. This species is also found throughout Mediterranean Sea including the Balearic Islands (Smith 2012), Aegean and Levant Sea (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002, Edelist and Spanier 2009) and the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988). The depth range for this species is 0 to 20 m (Edwards 1990).","Gymnothorax unicolor is a common species (Blache et al. 1973) but is very rare in the Adriatic Sea (Matic-Skoko et al. 2010). It has a biomass of 645.2 g/m2 in the Levant Sea on artificial reefs (Edelist and Spanier 2009) and in the Azores there is a relative abundance of 0.04%, frequency of observation of 2.94% and a mean density of 0.001 n/m2 (Bertoncini et al. 2010).","Gymnothorax unicolor is a benthic, littoral species found along rocky coasts, rough sand, gravel, crevices, small caves and shadowed zones (Blache et al. 1973, Bauchot 1986). It is a carnivore, feeding on fish, small crabs and gastropods (Böhlke 1981, Edelist and Spanier 2009) and spawns in the warm season. The maximum length for this species is 100 cm (Reiner 1996). ","There are no major threats to Gymnothorax unicolor although it is of minor commercial importance (Çekiç et al. 2005, Matic-Skoko et al. 2010).","There are no species specific conservation measures in place for Gymnothorax unicolor. This species is present in marine protected areas that occur within its distribution (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014). Gymnothorax unicolor was assessed as Data Deficient in the Turkish checklist for marine fishes (Fricke et al. 2007). Research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of this species. This species was assessed as Data Deficient in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Gymnothorax unicolor is commercially fished in the Adriatic Sea, but is of minor commercial importance (Matic-Skoko et al. 2010). It is also a minor component of bycatch discards along the Turkish coast (Çekiç et al. 2005).","Strongin, K.","Papaconstantinou, C. & Karmovskaya, E.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,MURAENIDAE,Gymnothorax,vicinus,,Gymnothorax vicinus,"(Castelnau, 1855)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient as, in European waters, Gymnothorax vicinus is only known from six specimens that were collected at El Hierro (Canary Islands, Spain). There is no information on its population size, trend and ecology, therefore further research is needed to establish the status of the species throughout its range.",Unknown,"In European waters, Gymnothorax vicinus occurs only in the Canary Islands, where six specimens were collected at El Hierro Island. Previous records from Madeira (Wirtz et al. 2008) and the Azores are misidentifications of G. polygonius (Brito et al. 2014). Elsewhere, in the eastern Atlantic it is known from the Cape Verde Islands, Ascension Island, and the Sao Tome and Principe Islands (Smith and Bohlke 1990). Its depth range is zero to 150 m.",There is no information on its population size and trends.,"Gymnothorax vicinus has been caught on rocky sub-tidal shores down to 40 m of depth. Its maximum size is 122 cm (TL), but details of his ecology and life history are lacking.",Gymnothorax vicinus is rarely caught in its European range. There are no major threats to the species.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not the target of any conservation action and it is not present in protected areas throughout its range. Further research is needed on the population size, trend and ecology of the species, as well as the monitoring of its population trends.",This species is not utilized.,"García, M.","Conceicao Biscoito, M.J.","Smith, D.G., McCosker, J., Cox, N.A., Harwell, H. & Hines, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,GYMNURIDAE,Gymnura,altavela,,Gymnura altavela,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,CR,A2bd,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR) A wide-ranging, patchily distributed butterfly ray from tropical and warm temperate continental shelf waters, found in the eastern Atlantic from Portugal southwards including the Madeira and Canary Islands, and the Mediterranean Sea. This ray is large (up to 220 cm disc width) with a small litter size (one to three pups in the Mediterranean region), which suggests it is intrinsically vulnerable to population depletion.  The species was moderately abundant and catchable in the Mediterranean region historically. During the last century it was not uncommon in the catch of demersal trawl and set net fisheries throughout the Mediterranean Sea, the southern shores in particular, until the 1980s. In the Sicilian Channel it was previously quite frequently captured but is now very rare or absent from local catch records. It has also been absent from the International Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean records since 1994. Reports of its presence are based on the capture of occasional specimens in demersal fisheries. It is relatively abundant along the Levant coasts where it is regularly caught with bottom trawls, fixed nets and longlines. Given its current rarity throughout much of the Mediterranean Sea (despite comprehensive survey work carried out throughout its historical range), it is suspected that this species has declined significantly in the past 30 years and disappeared from much of its historical range. Its previously known habitat and distribution continues to face high levels of fishing pressure and habitat degradation from coastal development. The suspected three-generation span is about 20 years. Spiny Butterfly Ray (Gymnura altavela) is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered in the Mediterranean Sea on the basis of a suspected past decline of more than 80% for the past 30 years.",Decreasing,"The species is patchily distributed in tropical and warm temperate continental shelf waters of the eastern Atlantic (Portugal to Ambriz, Angola), including Madeira and the Canary Islands, and it is also present in the Mediterranean Sea (McEachran and Fechhelm 1998, Serena 2005). Its depth range is 10-100 m.","Historically, Spiny Butterfly ray (Gymnura altavela) was not uncommon in the catch of demersal trawl and set net fisheries throughout the Mediterranean Sea, the southern part in particular. It is still regularly present in some parts of the southern and eastern Mediterranean Sea (Bariche 2012). There have been no records of the species from the International Trawl Surveys in the Mediterranean (MEDITS) since 1994 (Baino et al. 2001), indicating that it is perhaps absent from most of the northern Mediterranean Sea. The cod-end mesh size of the MEDITS gear of 20 mm is sufficient to catch this species, and the surveys occur throughout its depth range and habitat-type, ruling out the possibility that it may not be susceptible to this survey equipment. Occasional specimens turn up in the catch of demersal fisheries; for example, one adult male was captured recently near Anzio, Italy (Psomadakis et al. 2005) and another specimen in the southern Adriatic Sea in 2000 (Dulcic et al. 2003), confirming that it is not yet locally extinct in the central Mediterranean Sea.Species abundance is suspected to have continuously decreased in recent decades because fisheries in the Mediterranean Sea have not contracted or reduced effort. The lack of data available on this species from both surveys and fisheries is an indication of its scarcity in the region. Perhaps in western and northern areas where fishing is most intensive, this could be an indication of disappearance from the region.It is suspected that a population decline of more than 80% has occurred for this species for the last 30 years, which includes three generation lengths (20 years).","This is a large batoid that was once locally abundant with a patchy distribution. It is found in shallow coastal waters over sandy, muddy and shelly detrital bottoms and sometimes on Posidonia beds (seagrass) from 10-100 m depth at a maximum (Capapé et al. 1992, McEachran and Fechhelm 1998, Serena 2005). Little is known of this species’ biology. Maximum size may reach 400 cm disc width (DW), but usually up to 200 cm DW (Stehmann 1981). Size at maturity is reported as 155 cm DW in males and 102 cm DW in females (Daiber and Booth 1960). Reproduction is aplacental yolk-sac viviparous, with one to three pups per litter in the Mediterranean Sea (Tortonese 1956). It reproduces annually and gestation time is reported as four to nine months (Capapé et al. 1992). Size at birth ranges from 38 to 44 cm DW (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953, McEachran and Carvalho 2002). Its generation length is around six to seven years.","This ray is a bycatch of coastal demersal fisheries but not targeted. Towards the end of the 20th century, benthic trawl effort in the Mediterranean Sea increased both numerically and technologically. For example, the Gulf of Lions area was initially exploited by small-scale benthic trawl fisheries comprising 27 small low-powered boats (total nominal horse power of 2,700 hp), but effort increased seven-fold to a total of 19,940 hp between 1974 and 1987. Following this, half of the benthic trawl fishing effort was displaced to target small pelagic fishes (Aldebert 1997). The Adriatic Sea is subject to trawling mainly by Italian, Croatian, Slovenian, and Albanian fleets but landings data are not available (Jukic-Peladic et al. 2001). Coastal development, pollution and anthropogenic disturbance through tourism activities are also a threat to its shallow coastal habitat in the Mediterranean Sea.","Spiny Butterfly Ray was listed in Appendix II of the Barcelona Convention. Parties to the Barcelona Convention agreed in 2012 that all elasmobranch species listed in Annex II of the Protocol concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean Sea -- which includes Recommendation GFCM/36/2012/1 -- cannot be retained on board, transshipped, landed, transferred, stored, sold or displayed or offered for sale, and must be released unharmed and alive, to the extent possible.Skate and ray total allowable catches (TACs) were established in 2009 for European Union waters from which Spiny Butterfly Ray has been reported (Bay of Biscay and Iberian waters) and have been gradually reduced each year since. Separate TACs are now in place for International Council for the Exploration of the Sea subareas and those for subareas VIII (Bay of Biscay) and IX (Iberian waters) combined are set at 3,800 tonnes per year of all skate and ray species grouped. Research should be conducted on the population size and trend of the species.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Bariche, M.","Walls, R., Vacchi, M., Notarbartolo di Sciara, G., Serena, F. & Dulvy, N.","Vooren, C.M., Piercy, A., Snelson, F.F. & Grubbs, D.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CETOMIMIFORMES,CETOMIMIDAE,Gyrinomimus,myersi,,Gyrinomimus myersi,"Parr, 1934",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"Gyrinomimus myersi has been found circumglobally, between 2,200 and 2,350 metres. Recorded in the Atlantic between 55°N to 20° S, tropically in central Indian Ocean and in the Pacific Ocean between 40° to 20° N. There are also museum specimens from off eastern Australia. In the European region the fish is known from the Azores archipelago (Carneiro et al. 2014).","Globally, there have been 20 females found and no males.","The largest female found was 30 cm standard length but they are more commonly found around 16.5 cm.&#160;Females from species from the cetomimdae have been found to eat crustaceans, while males do not eat after transformation.",There are no species specific threats.,There are no species specific conservation efforts in place or required.,This is not a commercially important species.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Harold, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MORIDAE,Halargyreus,johnsonii,,Halargyreus johnsonii,"Günther, 1862",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Halargyreus johnsonii is circumglobally distributed, with an anti-tropical distribution in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It is found at depths ranging from 450 to 3000 m over both hard and soft substrates, and has been associated with seamounts. There is little species-specific population information available. This species is taken as bycatch in mixed demersal trawl fisheries which operate within its depth distribution, however there are no indications that this is affecting the population. Halargyreus johnsonii is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Halargyreus johnsonii is circumglobally distributed, with an anti-tropical distribution in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (Cohen et al. 1990).  There are spotty records from the subarctic and subantarctic to temperate waters of the Atlantic Ocean.  In the northeastern Atlantic, this species is known only from continental slope along the west of the British Isles, France and Iberia, Iceland, and Madeira.  It is found at depths of about 450 to 3000 metres (Cohen et al. 1990, Smith et al. 2011).","Using the CO1 DNA barcoding gene, Smith et al. 2011 detected high levels of sequence divergence between specimens from New Zealand/Tasmania and elsewhere. Other studies comparing the North Atlantic and Australasian individuals found no divergence among five specimens of H. johnsonii from the Southern Ocean and North Atlantic Ocean (Ward et al. 2008). Harlagyreus johnsonii was a dominant species taken semi-balloon trawls operating at 500 mtres at Rockall Trough in 1983, accounting for 22.9% of the total catch (Gordon and Bergstad 1992). Although it occurred at depths ranging from 500 to 1250 metres, it was found to be most concentrated at depths of 750 to 1000 metres at Rockall Trough (Mauchline and Gordon 1984).","Halargyreus johnsonii is a benthopelagic species found on the continental slope at about 450 to 3000 m (Cohen et al. 1990). It feeds primarily on crustaceans, although a few fragments of chaetognaths and fish occur. Smaller individuals consume aetideid calanoid copepods, small mysids, and decapods. Larger individuals feed largely on Euchaeta norvegica. The largest observed individual during a 1983 study at Rockall Trough was 26.6 cm TL (Mauchline and Gordon 1984). This species is distributed on the upper and mid slope. Halargyreus johnsonii was relatively abundant in 750 m bathymetric zone between September and November, but was virtually absent from catches between January and April. Due to the relative absence of mature individuals sampled at Rockall Trough, it was hypothesized that that spawning stocks existed in areas other than Rockall Trough, or in the pelagic zone. This species may live to at least 7 years (Gordan and Duncan 1985).This species reaches a maximum size of 56 cm SL (Paulin 1983). It has been found in association with seamounts (Clark et al. 2010).",There are no known species-specific threats to H. johnsonii. It is taken as bycatch in deepwater demersal trawls. Landings of M. mora are often combined with other species of Moriidae (ICES WGDEEP 2011).,There are no known conservation measures for this species.,There is no use and trade information for this species.,"Strongin, K.","Fernandes, P., Florin, A., Lorance, P., Nielsen, J. & Cook, R.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,BATRACHOIDIFORMES,BATRACHOIDIDAE,Halobatrachus,didactylus,,Halobatrachus didactylus,"(Bloch & Schneider, 1801)","A second morphotype found in the Gulf of Guinea, with larger eyes and a narrower interorbital width, is currently considered, with some question, as part of this species but may represent another valid species, Halobatrachus conspicillum (Cuvier, 1829) according to Collette et al. (2006).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) The species is widespread in Europe. As a shallow-water species it could be vulnerable to anthropogenic impacts (for example shallow-water trawls), however it is common with no known major threats and is therefore assessed as Least Concern. There is no substantial immigration/emigration from outside the region that will significantly affect populations in Europe.",Stable,"This species has two forms which may represent different species (Collette et al. 2006). The small-eyed Halobatrachus didactylus form is known from an old northern record from the Kattegat in Norway south along the coast of the Iberian Peninsula into the Mediterranean and along the coast of northern West Africa. The large-eyed form is found from the Straits of Gibraltar south to at least Ghana and possibly Nigeria, with some old literature records from the Canary Islands (Collette et al. 2006). In the European region, the fish is found in the eastern Atlantic from southern Spain and Macaronesia (Canary Islands and Malaga) to southern France, with a single historical record from the Kattegat (Nilsson 1832). In the Mediterranean, it mainly occurs in the western part, but it is also recorded in the west Ionian Sea (Argyriou et al. 2006); it is known from from Libya to Morocco, and the Italian Peninsula (Roux 1971, Costa et al. 2003).","This species is common and taken in artisanal fisheries and as bycatch in trawl fisheries throughout its range in Europe (Collette and Greenfield, in press).","This is a benthic, sedentary species that occurs on soft sand or mud, often partly buried or concealed in rock crevices. It is solitary in shallow water. It feeds on crustaceans, molluscs and small fishes (Roux 1986). The female lays large eggs which are turned over to the males who guard them (Maigret and Ly 1986). A bottom-dwelling species inhabiting mainly shallow coastal waters to about 60 m depth, although it has been reported from deeper waters (to about 250 m). Feeds chiefly on molluscs and crustaceans. In the northern part of the range, spawning extends from March to April (Collette in press). Females produce between 227-1,233 eggs (Palazon-Fernandez et al. 2001).","There are no known current major threats for this species (B. Collette pers. comm. 2013); as a shallow-water species it could be vulnerable to anthropogenic impacts (for example shallow-water trawls), although the potential scale of this is unknown.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with marine protected areas in parts of its range.,This is a species with minor commercial importance and is caught with bottom trawls and artisanal fishing gear (Collette and Greenfield in press).,"Greenfield, D. & Allen, D.J.","Collette, B.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,NOTACANTHIFORMES,HALOSAURIDAE,Halosauropsis,macrochir,,Halosauropsis macrochir,"(Günther, 1878)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Halosauropsis macrochir is regionally found from Ireland to the Azores, Mediera and the Canary Islands. It is fairly widespread and is locally common in some areas. There are no known threats to this species, and it is not sought after commercially. It is, therefore, assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Halosauropsis macrochir is primarily found in the Atlantic and Indian oceans, where it is widely distributed. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, H. macrochir is found from Ireland to the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands (Brito 2002, Porteiro et al. 2010, Porteiro et al. unpublished data). It is a deep-dwelling species found from 1,100 to 3,500 m depth (Sulak 1986).","There are no population data available for this species, as it is found in very deep waters. The population trend is unknown. In New Zealand, this species is considered common (Doonan et al. 2009).","This is a benthopelagic species found on the lower slope and rise and upper abyss, primarily between 4° and 2°C isotherms. The maximum recorded length of this species is 90 cm total length (TL).&#160;It mainly feeds on polychaetes, crustaceans, and echinoderms (Sulak 1986).&#160;The spawning frequency, fecundity and early life history traits of this species are poorly understood.",There are currently no known threats towards this species.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its range overlaps with a number of marine protected areas. Research on distribution, biology and ecology is recommended.",This species is not commercially utilized.,"Harwell, H.","Uiblein, F., Knudsen, S. & Nielsen, J.","Tighe, K., Harwell, H., Hines, A. & Comeros-Raynal, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,NOTACANTHIFORMES,HALOSAURIDAE,Halosaurus,johnsonianus,,Halosaurus johnsonianus,"Vaillant, 1888",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Halosaurus johnsonianus is known in the eastern Atlantic from southern Spain and Portugal to the Azores and Canary Islands.  There are limited population data available for this species. It is benthopelgic with a depth of 800 to 2,200 m, and it seems to be restricted to the continental slope margin. There are no threats known to this species. Because of the lack of perceived threats, this species is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Halosaurus johnsonianus is known in the eastern Atlantic from southern Spain and Portugal to the Azores and Canary Islands (Sulak 1986). This species is apparently limited to slope areas fringing the European-Canaries-Cape Verde basins and Mauritania between latitudes 20° N and 40° N (Sulak 1996). It is associated with depths of between 680 and 2,200 m (Sulak 1986).",There are limited population data available for this species. The population trend is unknown.,"Halosaurus johnsonianus is a benthopelagic species that seems to be restricted to the continental slope margin (Sulak 1986). It has a maximum recorded length of 50 cm (TL) (Sulak 1986). It feeds on copepods and other small organisms (Sulak 1990).  The spawning period, fecundity and early life history traits of this species are poorly understood.",There are no threats known to this species.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its range overlaps with several protected areas. Research on distribution, biology and ecology is recommended.",This species is not utilized.,"Harwell, H.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.","McCosker, J., Harwell, H., Comeros-Raynal, M. & Hines, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,NOTACANTHIFORMES,HALOSAURIDAE,Halosaurus,ovenii,,Halosaurus ovenii,"Johnson, 1864",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Halosaurus ovenii is found in the eastern Atlantic from off Portugal, as well as the Azores, Canary Islands, and Madeira It is also from Morocco to central Angola, including western Mediterranean (off Algeria), and in the western Atlantic in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean. It is a deep-dwelling species found from 440 to 1,700 m depth. There are no major threats known to this species. It is, therefore, assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Halosaurus ovenii is restricted to the Atlantic Ocean, where it is distributed in tropical and subtropical waters along both coasts. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, H. ovenii is found from Portugal and the Azores south to Madeira and the Canary Islands (Costa and Reiner 1978, Sulak 1990, Carneiro et al. 2014). In the Mediterranean, H. ovenii is considered rare (Golani et al. 2002). The first record of this species was reported by Dieuzeide (1963) from the Habibas Islands near Algeria in the western Mediterranean from records in 1960 where a single specimen was captured at 550 m. It has been documented by Cau and Deiana (1979) of this species occurring off Capo Teulada (Sardinia, Italy) in the central western Mediterranean at 620 m. One specimen was collected from the Balearic Sea in the Western Mediterranean at a depth of 2800 m (D'Onghia 2004, Tecchio et al. 2011) which is the deepest record ever recorded of this species. This is not within the typical depth range of this species. It is suggested that more work be done to confirm this species distribution at deeper depths throughout its range. A single adult female specimen of this species was captured at a depth of 200 m off the coast of Arbatax (Sardinia, Italy) in April 2007 (Pais et al. 2009). This represents the north-easternmost and shallowest record of this species in this area ever recorded. Halosaurus ovenii is a deep dwelling species found from 440 and 1,700 m depth (Sulak 1986).","There are limited population data available for this species. In Galicia, 13 specimens of this species were recorded by Bañón et al. (2010) at between 769 and 1,139 m depth. Halosaurus ovenii has been referred to as an extremely rare and exotic species in the Mediterranean Sea (Golani et al. 2002). This species recorded in surveys of submarine canyon and seamount systems undertaken as part of the INDEMARES project, which surveys the Iberian Spanish coast to create marine protected areas (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2014).","This is a benthopelagic species found from 440 and 1,700 m depth (Sulak 1986).  Its size typically ranges from 45 to 50 cm (gnathoproctal length to 18 cm) (Sulak 1996), but the maximum recorded length is 60 cm total length (TL) (Sulak 1990a). It is the shallowest occurring Halosaur in the Atlantic (Sulak 1990). Halosaurus ovenii feeds on polychaetes, sipunculids, crustaceans and fish (Crabtree et al. 1985). Marshall and Merrett (1977) found mixed crustaceans and fish in the gut contents of this species. Halosaurus ovenii may form aggregations (Sulak 1996). Adults show sexual dimorphism where males have enlarged nostrils (Sulak 1996). The spawning periodicity, fecundity and early life history traits of this species are poorly understood.","There are no known, major threats to this species.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for the protection for this species. It is likely to be found in marine protected areas that intersect with parts of its range.,Halosaurus ovenii is not commercially utilized.,"Harwell, H.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F. & Herrera, J.","McCosker, J., Harwell, H., Hines, A. & Comeros-Raynal, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,LINOPHRYNIDAE,Haplophryne,mollis,,Haplophryne mollis,"(Brauer, 1902)",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"This species is found in tropical and subtropical parts of all ocean, In the European region, four specimens are known from off Madeira (Bertelsen 1990), from the Azores archipelago (Carneiro et al. 2014) and a single record west of Gran Canaria (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).",The species is known from few records in the European region.,"This is a small, mesopelagic deep-sea angler fish (Paxton et al. 1989). Males are dwarfed, and will become parasitic on females (Bertelsen 1990). An 8 cm female was found with three parasitic males of 18 mm length, attached to her ventral side. Adult parasitic males are colorless with reduced teeth, jaws, and eyes. This species has been found to depths of 2,250 m.",There are no known species-specific threats.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place or required.,There is no use and trade information available for this species and it is unlikely to be utilized.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Knudsen, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CHIMAERIFORMES,RHINOCHIMAERIDAE,Harriotta,haeckeli,,Harriotta haeckeli,"Karrer, 1972","Two very small juveniles were originally described by Bigelow and Schroeder as H. raleighana. However, it was recognised by Karrer in her 1972 description of H. haeckli, and by others, that some references to H. raleighana from the Canary Islands may actually be referred to H. haeckeli.",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Smallspine Spookfish (Harriotta haeckeli) is a benthic chimaera that occurs on deepwater slopes and troughs at depths of 1,114−2,603 m. Capture records of this species from the Atlantic are rare, but it may be more abundant and widespread in deeper water, particularly in regions where surveys and deepwater fishing efforts are currently limited. This species is not known to be commercially fished, but it may be taken as bycatch in deepwater fisheries. Limited overlap between its habitat and the current scope of deepwater fisheries suggests that the risk of fisheries exploitation is low in the European region. For this reason, this species is assessed as Least Concern, but future expansion of deepwater fisheries (particularly around Macaronesia) should be monitored.",Unknown,"In the Northeast Atlantic, this species has a patchy occurrence and has only been confirmed off southern Greenland. In the Eastern Central Atlantic, it occurs around the Canary Islands and possibly off northwest Africa (Didier 2006, Ebert and Stehmann 2013). The depth range is 1,114−2,603 m. It has also been found in the Southwest Pacific from New Zealand.","Nothing is known about population size or structure for this species, as catch records from the Northeast and Eastern Central Atlantic are rare. Harriotta haeckeli may occur more widely in the North Atlantic than presently known, particularly at depths greater than 2,000 m. It is likely that a single panmictic population exists across the North Atlantic.","This benthic chimaera occurs on deepwater slopes and troughs at depths of 1,114−2,603 m in the Northeast and Eastern Central Atlantic (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Little is known about the reproductive biology, but it is assumed to be similar to that of other chimaeras (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). It is an egg-laying species, although no egg capsules or embryos have been collected. The maximum recorded size for this species is ~72 cm total length (TL). Size at maturity is ~60 cm TL and ~25 cm body length (BDL) for females, and ~45 cm TL and ~20 cm BDL for males.","This species is not commercially fished, but may be caught in deepwater bottom trawls incidentally. Current evidence suggests that it is a rare species and populations may be threatened by deepwater fishing operations if they expand into its depth range. For this reason, the expansion of deepwater fisheries in the North Atlantic should be monitored, and this assessment reviewed if it occurs.","No species-specific management or conservation measures are in place. The development and implementation of national and/or regional management plans (e.g., under the Fisheries and Agriculture Organisation’s International Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks) are required to facilitate the conservation and sustainable management of all chondrichthyan species in the region.Additional information should also be collected for this species. Accurate reporting of all captures will enhance our understanding of its geographic range and deposition of specimens in museum collections will allow for further biological and molecular studies. ",The species is not utlised nor exploited commercially.,"Dulvy, N. & Kemp, J.R.","Walls, R.","Dagit, D.D.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CHIMAERIFORMES,RHINOCHIMAERIDAE,Harriotta,raleighana,,Harriotta raleighana,"Goode & Bean, 1895",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Narrownose Chimaera (Harriotta raleighana) is a widespread chimaera that is captured in deepwater research trawls and as bycatch in deepwater commercial trawl fisheries. In European waters, this species is assessed as Least Concern because it is considered common in the North Atlantic, it has a wide distribution within the region, and much of its habitat falls outside the reach of deepwater fisheries. However, bycatch data from other fisheries and the monitoring of expanding deepwater fisheries are required as increased deepwater trawl fisheries could pose a potential threat in the future.",Stable,"The species is found globally in the Northern Atlantic and Western Pacific Oceans. In the Northeast Atlantic, this species occurs off of southeast Greenland, Iceland, and the Rockall Trough to the United Kingdom, and possibly to the Bay of Biscay, but this is not confirmed (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). This species has been recorded near the Canary Islands by Bigelow and Schroeder (1953), however these records may in fact refer to Smallspine Spookfish (Harriotta haeckeli). The depth range is 3802,600 m.",This species appears to be fairly abundant where it is known to occur. Nothing is known about population structure.,"This oceanic species primarily occurs over continental slopes at depths of 380−2,600 m. It has been observed over soft mud and gravelly bottom substrates and sometimes in association with other deepwater chimaeras (Hydrolagus spp.) with remote operated vehicles. Similar to many other chimaeras, adults and juveniles may occupy different habitats. An ontogenetic shift occurs between 300 and 1,000 m depth with large individuals occurring deeper than smaller individuals (Ebert and Stehmann 2013).Females of this species grow larger than males. The maximum recorded size is 120 cm total length. Size at maturity is ~35 cm body length (BDL) for females and ~25−30 cm BDL for males. Size at birth is ~10−13 cm precaudal length (Ebert and Stehmann 2013).Little is known about the spawning and reproduction of this egg-laying species. Egg cases are small, ~16 cm in length (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). ","This species is not targeted by commercial fisheries, but it is caught as bycatch in commercial deepwater bottom trawls. It seems to be relatively common in deepwater survey trawls. Expansion of deepwater trawl fisheries could pose a potential threat to habitats and populations in the future, but this is unlikely to occur in the near future.","No management or conservation measures are known to be in place. Data from specimens collected incidentally would be helpful in understanding population structure and life history of this species. Monitoring of the harvest trends should be conducted. The development and implementation of national and/or regional management plans (e.g., under the Fisheries and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations’ International Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks) are required to facilitate the conservation and sustainable management of all chondrichthyan species in the region.",The species is not utilised or traded commercially.,"Dulvy, N. & Kemp, J.R.","Buscher, E. & Walls, R.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,SEBASTIDAE,Helicolenus,dactylopterus,,Helicolenus dactylopterus,"(Delaroche, 1809)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Heliocolenus dactylopterus is distributed in the eastern and western Atlantic. In the eastern Atlantic, it occurs from the British Isles and Norway south to the Mediterranean Sea, including the Azores, Las Canarias, and Madeira from depths ranging from 200 m to 1,000 m. Helicolenus dactylopterus is primarily found over soft substrates, but is also associated with seamounts. This species may live to be at least 30 years old. It is targeted in commercial deepwater trawl fisheries near the Azores and is also taken as bycatch from various other fisheries throughout its range. Large quantities are discarded in some parts of the range. There is no indication of population decline in H. dactylopterus. There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for H. dactylopterus, however its distribution overlaps with marine protected areas. Therefore, Helicolenus dactylopterus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Helicolenus dactylopterus is distributed in the eastern and western Atlantic. In the eastern Atlantic, it occurs from the British Isles and Norway south to the Mediterranean Sea, including the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstatninou 1988). It is also found in the Azores, Las Canarias, and Madeira from depths ranging from 200 m to 1,000 m (Wheeler 1978, Heessen et al. 1996). This species has been captured in the North Sea and was previously thought to be rare, however, it has recently spread throughout North Sea (Heessen et al. 1996).","There are two Atlantic sub-species of Helicolenus dactylopterus: H. dactylopterus dactylopterus and H. d. lahillei. H. dactylopterus dactylopterus is comprised of four separate populations: the northeast Atlantic and the Mediterranean, the Gulf Guinea, South Africa, and the northwest Atlantic; H. d. lahillei occurs off Uruguay and Argentina (Muñoz et al. 1999). Helicolenus dactylopterus is a widespread and moderately common species which may occur in high densities in certain parts of its range (reference?). It is an abundant species on the continental slope west of Ireland and Scotland (Kelly et al. 1999). As it occurs in rocky and sedimentary bottoms and reefs, it may be difficult to take this species in trawls. Abundance indices in ICES zone VII (Celtic Sea) and subarea VIII (Bay of Biscay) varied without a clear trend (Ifremer 2014, accessed 2014 May). Landings are reported from the following Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) fishing regions: Northeast Atlantic (NEA), Northwest Atlantic (NWA), Southwest Atlantic (SWA), Southeast Atlantic (SEA), Eastern Central Atlantic (ECA), Western Indian Ocean (WIO), and the Mediterranean and Black seas. From 1950 to 2011 landings have fluctuated with the SWA driving the trends since 1966, followed by the SEA and NEA. The Mediterranean Sea, WIO, and ECA do not exceed 200 t at any point in the times series. NEA catches peaked in 2007 at 3,224 t then dropped in 2008 to 2,129 t and subsequently increased again in 2011 peaking at 4,534 t (FAO 2011, FishStatJ accessed 2013 September).","Helicolenus dactylopterus is a bathydemersal species which can be found in soft bottom areas of the continental shelf and upper slope, usually at depths between 150 and 600 m. This species feeds on both benthic and pelagic organisms such as crustaceans, fishes, cephalopods and echinoderms. It is viviparous, larvae and juveniles are pelagic. In the western Mediterranean, Helicolenus dactylopterus spawns during January and February. This species can reach 30 years of age and has numerous age-classes in the population (Muñoz et al. 1999). In the North Sea Heessen et al. (1996) indicated that H. dactylopterus can reach 12 years of age and a length of 30 cm. In the Mediterranean, the maximum age observed was seven years for individuals between 2 cm and 26 cm in the Ionian Sea (D'Onghia et al. 1996). Romanelli et al. (1997) aged individuals at 10 years for fish between 5 cm and 34 cm in the lower Adriatic Sea and also aged a 41 cm fish and estimated an age of 25 to 30 years. Helicolenus dactylopterus is a slow growing species that has low fecundity and relatively large eggs (M.H. du Buit, pers. comm. from Massutí et al. 2000). In southern Portuguese waters this species is associated with seamounts and steep-sided canyons (Figueiredo et al. 1995). Helicolenus dactylopterus spawns on the northern slope of the Porcupine Bank in early summer (Kelly et al. 1999). Information about the fecundity and reproductive cycle of this species in the Northeast Atlantic is limited (Kelly et al. 1999). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 32 cm TL and the length at maturity for females ranges from 14.2 cm to 14.5 cm TL and for males ranges from 13.0 cm to 15.1 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014).","Helicolenus dactylopterus is targeted in some commercial fisheries and is also caught as bycatch in many fisheries, large quantities of which are discarded. This species inhabits seamounts and also has life history traits that may make it more vulnerable to exploitation including a slow growth rate and long life span.","There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place. Helicolenus dactylopterus was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean regional assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Helicolenus dactylopterus is not explicitly targeted, however it may be taken as bycatch and consumed in artisanal fisheries. Helicolenus dactylopterus is an important deep-water commercial species in the eastern Atlantic which is also commonly caught as bycatch by various other fisheries including the trawl fishery for Coryphaenoides rupestris in ICES subareas VI and VII Kelly et al. 1999). It is taken in longline fisheries of the Azores. Helicolenus dactylopterus is typically discarded when taken as bycatch in the Molva molva and Bromse bromse longline fisheries in ICES subareas II, IV, V, VI, VII and XIV (Kelly et al. 1999). This species is targeted by handline and longline fisheries near the Azores as well as artisanal fisheries in ICES Division IX (Kelly et al. 1999). Large quantities of this species have been discarded within the past seven years from the commercial deepwater trawl fishery on the eastern slope of the Rockall Trough; 413 tonnes were discarded in 1995 which is ~7.5 million individuals (Connolly and Kelly 1996).","Ralph, G.","Lorance, P., Cook, R., Herrera, J., de Sola, L., Papaconstantinou, C. & Florin, A.","Golani, D., Palmeri, A. & Keskin, Ç.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,BELONIFORMES,HEMIRAMPHIDAE,Hemiramphus,balao,,Hemiramphus balao,"Lesueur, 1821",Hemiramphus balao is frequently misidentified as Hemiramphus brasiliensis.,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"The fish is distributed in the eastern and western Atlantic. In the western Atlantic it is known from New York (USA) to Bermuda and south throughout the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, and off South America to São Paulo, Brazil (Dennis and Bright 1988, McEachran and Fechhelm 1998, Vasquez-Yeomans 2000, Collette 2002). In the eastern Atlantic it is known from the Canary Islands and along West Africa from the Ivory Coast and in the Gulf of Guinea from Victoria, Nigeria south to Luanda, Angola (Collette and Parin 1990). In the European region the fish is known from Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014) and the Canary Islands.",The fish is known from few records in the European region.,"This offshore, surface dwelling species forms large schools and can be associated with pelagic Sargassum in the North Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico (Coston-Clements et al. 1991, Collette 1999). It is also reef-associated in brackish and marine waters to a depth of 5 m within subtropical climates (Collette 1978, Collette and Parin 1990). It mainly feeds on zooplankton, particularly copepods, decapods, siphonophores, and polychaetes. Unlike H. brasilinensis, H. balao does not consume seagrasses. Sizes of H. brasiliensis and H. balao overlap greatly, but on average, H. brasiliensis is longer and heavier than H. balao (Mahmoudi and McBride 2002). It is oviparous and batch fecundity is about 3,700 hydrated eggs (McBride and Thurman 2003). These eggs have long filaments which attach to seagrasses and algae. Spawning occurs in waters less than 10 m deep and spawning is greatest during March-July. Early life history information is summarized by Collette (2005). The maximum length for H. balao is 40 cm TL (28 cm standard length) and is commonly found to 35 cm TL (Collette 1999). H. balao are short lived; maximum longevity is estimated at 2 years and sexual maturity is reached in the first year, at a fork length of 16 cm (Berkeley and Houde 1978, McBride and Thurman 2003). In Florida, the size structure changes rapidly with respect to season; initial recruitment into the fishery occurs in June as age-0 fish and at sizes as small as 10 cm FL. These young-of-the-year are fully recruited by October. Ages 0 and 1 dominate the commercial catches. Halfbeaks are not known to make extensive migrations, but they move seasonally.","There appears to have been some localized declines in populations (e.g. Florida), however the species generally remains widespread and common in many parts of its range.",None required in the European region.,Not a significant food fish in the European region.,"Allen, D.J. & Ralph, G.","Nieto, A.","Collette, B.B.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,HEXANCHIFORMES,HEXANCHIDAE,Heptranchias,perlo,,Heptranchias perlo,"(Bonnaterre, 1788)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Sharpnose Sevengill Shark (Heptranchias perlo) is a wide-ranging, deepwater demersal species. It occurs at the outer shelf, slope, and oceanic seamounts. It is likely to have a low rate of reproduction, and low resilience to depletion. Commercial fisheries do not target this species, but it is occasionally taken as bycatch in deepwater bottom trawl and longline fisheries, which may be causing population declines. Sharpnose Sevengill Shark is assessed as Data Deficient in European waters, based on the lack of catch and landings information available for inferring population trends. In the future, catches need to be monitored.",Unknown,"This species occurs in the Northeast Atlantic off Ireland, England, Wales, south to the Bay of Biscay and Strait of Gibraltar. It also occurs in the Mediterranean Sea and the Eastern Central Atlantic from Morocco and southward off the African coast. It does not occur in the Black Sea (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Its depth range is 300-1,000 m.","There are insufficient data on current or past catches for inferring population trends. This shark is relatively uncommon in most places where it occurs. In the Gulf of Gabès, it is sporadically reported by a variety of demersal fisheries south of Sicily. Indices of abundance were estimated to be low with 0.05 specimens caught per landing (Farrugio and Soldo 2014).","This demersal to semi-pelagic deepwater shark occurs over the upper continental slope. It is most often taken at depths of 300600 m, but sometimes in water as deep as 1,000 m (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). This species may aggregate near seamounts. Occasionally, it is reported in shallow water, but these may be misidentifications.This shark reaches a maximum body size of about 140 cm total length (TL). Males mature at 7585 cm TL and females mature at 90105 cm TL. In this live bearing species, embryos rely solely on yolk for nutrition. Pups are born at around 25 cm TL, in litters of 620 (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Nothing else is known about this species’ reproductive cycle in European waters.","This species is taken as bycatch in deepwater bottom trawl and longline fisheries. It is sporadically reported by a variety of demersal fisheries from the Gulf of Gabès (Farrugio and Soldo 2014). It is aggressive when captured, and even if not retained, it is likely to be killed.","There are no species-specific management or conservation measures in place, except in Croatian waters where this shark is strictly protected. In 2013, the European Commission banned the removal of shark fins on board vessels (CEC 2013), in line with advice from the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission’s Shark Specialist Group and other shark fishery experts, in order to enhance enforcement of the 2003 EU ban on shark finning (CEC 2003) and facilitate improved shark fishery data collection. Monitoring of the harvest trends should be conducted, together with further research on the population size and trend of the species.",The species is used for human consumption and presumably for fishmeal.,"Dulvy, N.","Soldo, A. & Bariche, M.","Paul, L. & Fowler, S.L.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,ALEPOCEPHALIDAE,Herwigia,kreffti,,Herwigia kreffti,"(Nielsen & Larsen, 1970)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: DD Herwigia kreffti is widely distributed in the temperate and tropical Atlantic and Pacific, and in the southwest Indian Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, H. kreffti is known from scattered records around the Azores north to southern Iceland. It is a rare species, and little is known about its population, habitats, or ecology. At present, this species is not utilized and there are no major threats known. However, given that records from the assessment region are isolated and scattered, H. kreffti is listed as Data Deficient",Unknown,"Herwigia kreffti is widely distributed in temperate and tropical Atlantic and Pacific, and in the southwest Indian Ocean (Smith and Heemstra 1995). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, H. kreffti is known only from scattered records around the Azores (Markle and Quéro 1984, Carnerio et al. 2014). Herwigia kreffti occupies depths ranging from 1,000 to 3,200 m (Markle and Sazonov 1990).This species is present in temperate and tropical Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In the eastern Atlantic, from 55ºN to 20ºS (ECA in press). Eastern Atlantic: scattered records from 53°N south to Azores, then from Morocco southward to Namibia. Eastern Pacific: off Hawaii. Indo-West Pacific: including Australia (Paxton et al. 1989) and New Zealand Paulin et al. 1989)). Elsewhere, Indian Ocean",Herwigia kreffti is an uncommon species.,"Herwigia kreffti is bathypelagic, from about 1,000 to 3,200 m (Markle and Sazanov 1990). Little species-specific data are available, but alepocephalid species typically feed on a variety of prey items including ctenophores, crustaceans, echinoderms, polycheates, decapods, tunicates, and fishes (Hartel in press). The maximum recorded size is about 40 cm (Markle and Sazanov 1990).",There are no major threats known at present time.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. However, its distribution overlaps with many marine reserves in parts of its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010), although it is unknown if the marine protected areas in place encompass the depth range of this species.","At present, this species is not utilized. However, there may be potential for commercial fishery in the future (Carter and Hartel 2002).","Ralph, G.","Nielsen, J. & Hulley, P.","Rodrigues, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,CONGRIDAE,Heteroconger,longissimus,,Heteroconger longissimus,"Günther, 1870",The eastern and western Atlantic populations may represent two separate species (D. Smith pers. comm. 2012).,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as the species has a wide range, there are not known major threats and it is likely found in marine protected areas in parts of its range. However, further research is needed on the distribution, population size and trend of the species, and to determine if the east and west populations in the Atlantic represent two different species.",Unknown,"This species is distributed across the Atlantic Ocean. In European waters, it is known from Madeira and the Canary Islands (Saldanha et al. 1986, Brito et al. 2002). Its depth range is 10-50 m.","There are no population data available for this species. In certain places in Madeira, density can be as high as six specimens per square metre (M. Biscoito pers. comm. 2015).","This marine-reef associated species is found on sandy bottom substrates forming colonies at 10-50 m depth. During the day, the animals are primarily found with just their heads and part of their bodies protruding from burrows in colonies, where they retreat when frightened and at night (Brito et al. 2002). This species feeds on zooplankton and small benthic fauna, and spawns during warm months. The leptocephalus larvae have been taken in the waters off Bermuda (Tyler and Luckhurst 1995) and in the Gulf of Guinea. Its larval life is of six to eight months, having fast growth (Bauchot and Saldanha 1986). Its maximum size is 51 cm (TL).",There are no major threats to the species.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not the target of any conservation action, but its distribution in Madeira overlaps with marine protected areas. Further research is needed on the taxonomy, population size and trend of the species.",This species is not utilized.,"García, M.","Conceicao Biscoito, M.J.","Smith, D.G., Cox, N.A. & Harwell, H.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,PRIACANTHIDAE,Heteropriacanthus,cruentatus,,Heteropriacanthus cruentatus,"(Lacepède, 1801)",This species was previously known as Priacanthus cruentatas and Cookeolus boops.,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"This species is distributed worldwide in tropical and tropically influenced seas and is much more common in waters surrounding islands than in continental waters (Starnes 2002). In the western Atlantic it is known from North Carolina south along the U.S., Bermuda, the Bahamas, in the Gulf of Mexico from the Florida Keys north along the Gulf coast to the Texas/Mexico border and from Campeche, Mexico along the northern Yucatan Peninsula to northwestern Cuba, throughout the Caribbean Sea, and along South America to Argentina including Trindade Island (R. Robertson pers. comm. 2012, Simon et al. 2013). Rare records north to New Jersey, USA are likely vagrants. In the Indo-Pacific it is known along East Africa eastward in island habitats through the central Pacific. In the eastern Pacific it is known from island habitats off Baja California (Mexico) to the Galapagos. In the eastern Atlantic it is known from the eastern and mid Atlantic islands of Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014) and the Canary Islands (Hajagos and van Tassell 2001, Martín-Sosa 2012) to St. Helena. Its depth range is 0-300 m (Reiner 1996, A. Acero pers. comm. 2013), but is usually found between 3-35 m (Gasparini and Floeter 2001).","Heteropriacanthus cruentatus is a common species with 780 records found in museum collections in parts of its range. Lots typically contain 1-2 individuals (Fishnet 2 Portal 2012). Young occasionally occur in temperate waters due to post larval transport and have been recorded to New Jersey, USA. Adults are less common in North American continental waters, Central America to Florida, USA. H. cruentatus is rare off Bermuda but is common in Caribbean islands. This species is not common in continental shelf areas (Starnes 2002). This species used to be common in Colombia and Jamaica but is now infrequent, presumably due to overfishing (Acero pers. comm. 2013, Aiken pers. comm. 2013).","Heteropriacanthus cruentatus is a reef-associated species (Reiner 1996) that is common in lagoon and seaward reefs, primarily around islands. This species is also commonly found in rock rubble (Harter, David, and Ribera 2008). It is a secretive species that hides in holes, crevices, and ledges during the day. This species occupies a depth range of 3 to 300 m (Reiner 1996) but is usually found at 3 to 35 m (Gasparini and Floeter 2001). It has also been found in waters less than 3 m (Acero pers. comm. 2013). H. cruentatus are nocturnal and feed mainly on octopi, pelagic shrimp, stomatopods, crabs, small fish, and polychaetes. At dusk this species may gather in large numbers but during the day they usually occurs singly or in small groups (Myers 1999). H. cruentatus. The maximum length for this species is about 50.8 cm (Fitch and Shultz 1978).","The fish is easily taken by spear guns, and is found in local fisheries, however the level of threat in the European region is not known.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place.,"This species is used in minor commercial fisheries and aquariums. Heteropriacanthus arenatus is captured by hook-and-line, by spearing and by traps and is usually marketed fresh (Randall 1978, Starnes 2002).","Nieto, A. & Allen, D.J.","Ralph, G.","Dooley, J., Aiken, K.A., Collette, B.B., Marechal, J., Pina Amargos, F. & Singh-Renton, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,HEXANCHIFORMES,HEXANCHIDAE,Hexanchus,griseus,,Hexanchus griseus,"(Bonnaterre, 1788)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Bluntnose Sixgill Shark (Hexanchus griseus) is a deepwater, benthic, littoral and semipelagic shark. It is commonly caught in scientific surveys at the Porcupine Bank, Rockall, West of Scotland, in the Cantabrian and Galician Seas and North of the Azores, generally with stable catch trends in recent decades. This species is also caught as bycatch, and since the implementation of a zero Total Allowable Catch for deepwater sharks in European Union waters, discarding of this species has increased in the Azorean longline fishery and likely other fisheries throughout European waters. It has life history characteristics that make it sensitive to exploitation, but because there is no strong evidence of a historical decline and catch rates are low and stable in surveys, Bluntnose Sixgill Shark is assessed as Least Concern in European waters. Nonetheless, it should be monitored carefully because of its slow life history and potential for capture in deepwater fisheries.",Stable,"This shark has a patchy range in boreal, temperate and tropical seas (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). In the Northeast Atlantic it is found as far north as Iceland, Faroe Islands, Norway, northern North Sea, Ireland, Scotland, England and Wales, and southwards towards France, Spain and Portugal, and the Mediterranean Sea (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). On the Calabrian coast it is commonly found in both Ionian and Tyrrhenian waters (Sperone et al. 2012), and appears to be relatively abundant in the Adriatic Sea (Soldo 2006), especially in waters off Pescara, Italy, in the western Adriatic Sea (Cugini and De Maddalena 2003). In the Eastern Central Atlantic it is found in the waters surrounding the Azores and along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Its depth range is 217-2,500 m.","This species represented a small percentage of relative abundance among all elasmobranchs caught during a Spanish survey at Porcupine Bank between 2001 and 2012 (ICES 2013). Biomass ranged between 0.5 and 1 kg per haul from 2001–2012 with an outlying peak in 2003 at 3 kg per haul. Estimates of relative abundance showed that between depths of 300-800 m less than one individual was encountered per hour on average (ICES 2013), suggesting no trend over the 14-year time series. Annual Spanish surveys of the Cantabrian Sea and Galician waters encountered this shark commonly in deeper hauls, but found this species was scarce or absent from the shallower catches. This survey showed that mean biomass has been stable from 1983–2012. Given the relatively deep range of this species, and the lack of trend in relative abundance and biomass in research surveys, it is estimated that the population is stable in European waters.","This species has a wide bathymetric and geographic range, suggesting that it may be capable of long distance migration in the open ocean (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). The depth range of this deepwater shark extends down to at least 2,500 m on the upper continental slope (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). There are occasional and scattered reports of this species at depths of 217–706 m in southern Sicily the area between Tunisia and Malta (Farrugio and Soldo 2013). Since this species preys on conspecifics opportunistically, size segregation occurs by depth (Ebert 1994). Young tend to be found in shallow waters often just offshore and move into successively deeper waters as they grow. For example, in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey, adult individuals have been mostly captured over the deeper parts of shelf and upper slope in the north, while young individuals have been captured in shallower waters (Kabasakal 2003). Adults and sub-adults tend to follow diurnal patterns of vertical range, sitting deep on the bottom by day and coming toward or to the surface at night to feed. Research suggests that this shark lives and reproduces off the Algerian and Tunisian coasts (Capapé et al. 2003). Pupping grounds apparently occur on the upper slopes and outer continental shelves.This live bearing with yolk sac shark produces large litters with 47–108 pups that range from 65–74 cm total length (TL) at birth. The reproductive cycle is possibly biannual with a 12 month resting period followed by 12 month gestation period (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). There is evidence of multiple paternities in this species with as many as nine males siring a single female’s litter (Larson et al. 2011). Males mature at about 315 cm TL and females at about 420 cm TL. ","This shark is taken as bycatch in handlines, longlines, gillnets, traps, trammel nets, and both mid-water and bottom trawls. It is retained for human consumption in parts of the world, although this has not been reported in European waters. Discarding rates are increasing, and are likely linked to recently introduced management measures, particularly the total allowable catch (TAC), minimum size, and fishing area restrictions. Such restrictions have changed the fleet behavior, and have resulted in an expansion to offshore seamounts and deeper strata. In particular, between 2004 and 2010 this species was frequently caught and discarded by the Azorean longline fishery, potentially having a significant effect on the population (Pinho and Canha 2011).","Based on advice from the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea to end fishing for deepwater sharks, the European Union Fisheries Council established a TAC (Total Allowable Catch) in 2007 (CEC 2012), but did not include this species. This TAC was gradually reduced and in 2010 it was set at zero. In 2010 this species was added to this TAC, which covered a group of deepwater shark species. In 2011, the allowable bycatch was reduced from 10% to 3% of the 2009 TAC and in 2012 it was further reduced to zero (ICES 2013). Additional protection has been offered by Croatia, which proclaims this species as strictly protected, and by the North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (Recommendation 7 in 2013) which required Parties to prohibit directed fishing for deepwater sharks, including this species. If deepwater commercial fisheries expand deeper in a species range they could pose a threat. Careful monitoring should be conducted for this species.","It is retained for human consumption in parts of the world, although this has not been reported in European waters.","Larson, S.","Walls, R., Soldo, A., Bariche, M., Buscher, E., Cook, S.F. & Compagno, L.J.V.","Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,HEXANCHIFORMES,HEXANCHIDAE,Hexanchus,nakamurai,,Hexanchus nakamurai,"Teng, 1962","The species has often been misidentified as the larger Bluntnose Sixgill Shark, H. griseus leading to confusion and poor knowledge of its distribution, and little to no knowledge of population trends.  Ebert (1990) conducted a detailed systematic review of this species and redescribed it. On comparison of the type specimen from the U.S. National Museum Natural History, Smithsonian with material from Taiwan, Ebert (1990) concluded they were the same species, and resurrected the name H. nakamurai, reducing H. vitulus to a junior synonym.",No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessments: Data Deficient (DD) Bigeyed Sixgill Shark (Hexanchus nakamurai) is a little known, moderately large (up to 180 cm total length), deepwater cow shark. This species is probably mesopelagic to benthic in shelf and slope waters at depths of 90-621 m. The species has often been misidentified as the larger Bluntnose Sixgill Shark (Hexanchus griseus), leading to confusion about its range. Nothing is known of population trends as it is of relatively low importance to fisheries and rarely taken by bottom trawl and longline fisheries. Due to insufficient information this species cannot be assessed beyond Data Deficient for the European region. Species-specific catch data are required to better define this species’ range, population trends and threats, if any.",Unknown,"This species has a globally patchy distribution in warm temperate and tropical waters in the Northeast Atlantic, Eastern Central Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. In the Northeast Atlantic, it occurs in the Gulf of Gascony, the Bay of Biscay, and off France, Spain and Gibraltar. It is rare in the Mediterranean Sea, and thought to be restricted to small areas in the western part (Ebert 1990). One specimen was reported from the eastern part of the Aegean Sea in 2001 (Megalofonou et al. 2005), and another three were since reported from the southern and western part (Andaloro et al. 2012, Mancusi et al. 2014, Serena et al. 2014). Misidentification of Bigeyed Sixgill Shark (Hexanchus nakamurai) as Bluntnose Sixgill Shark (Hexanchus griseus) has generated some confusion about this species' range. It may be more common than currently known (Ebert and Stehmann 2013).The depth range 90-621 m.","This species is relatively uncommon in the Northeast Atlantic (Ebert and Stehmann 2013) and rare in the Mediterranean Sea (Ebert 1990, Serena 2005). The number and size of subpopulations is unknown.  ","This is primarily a deepwater species, found on the continental and insular shelves and slopes at depths of 90−621 m, usually on or near the bottom, but occasionally closer to the surface or inshore in the tropics (Ebert 1990, Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Its habitat and range may be more restricted than the Bluntnose Sixgill Shark and less tolerant of conditions beyond offshore continental habitat in warmer seas. Reproductive mode is live-bearing with yolk-only nutrition. It produces 13−26 pups per litter, measuring 40−45 cm TL at birth (Whitehead et al. 1984, Ebert 1990, Compagno et al. 2005, Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Size at maturity is 142-178 cm total length (TL) in males and 123−157 cm TL in females, while maximum size on record is ~180 cm TL (Ebert 1990, Ebert and Stehmann 2013).","This species is probably a minor component of offshore demersal trawl and longline fisheries that operate within its range, but no catch data are available (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). ","No species-specific conservation measures are in place at this time. This species is not included in the list of deepwater sharks protected by European Union zero Total Allowable Catch limitations in place since 2007. Like many deepwater species, more information on its biology, ecology and importance in fisheries is required to assess the threat status and any future conservation needs. Where taken, catches should be monitored, particularly as deepwater fisheries expand. The development and implementation of national and/or regional management plans (e.g., under the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations’ International Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks) are required to facilitate the conservation and management of all chondrichthyan species in the region.",The species is not utilised nor traded commercially.,"Serena, F., Walls, R. & Kemp, J.R.","Soldo, A.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,HIMANTOLOPHIDAE,Himantolophus,albinares,,Himantolophus albinares,"Maul, 1961",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"Footballfish are found in meso- and bathypelagic waters in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Oceans (Pietsch in prep), extending as far north as Iceland. Found between the depths of 170 and 1,100 meters (Anderson and Leslie 2001). In the European region, the fish has been recorded from off the Azores and off Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014), from off the northwestern coast of Ireland (54°47'N - 10 0 35'W, 878-1,012 m; Quero et al. 2000), to Iceland (Jónsson and Pálsson 1999).",No information available.,"The largest female specimen that was found was 46.5 cm standard length and the males are often 3.9 cm (Pietsch in prep). Female football fish passively attract prey by using a luring device from its modified first dorsal-fin spine (Pietsch in prep). The males actively seek a mate by using their highly developed sense organs. Once they have found a mate, they attach themselves to the female but are not parasitic (Pietsch in prep).","There are no species-specific threats, however they can get caught in midwater trawls.",There are no species-specific conservation efforts.,Himantolophus albinares is of no economical interest.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Knudsen, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,HIMANTOLOPHIDAE,Himantolophus,brevirostris,,Himantolophus brevirostris,"(Regan, 1925)",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"Himantolophus brevirostris is a meso- and bathypelagic species with a worldwide distribution (Pietsch in press). This species has been found in the tropical and the eastern North Atlantic, as well as a few in the western Indian Ocean, South Pacific Ocean, and Indonesian waters (Hartel et al 2008). In the European region the fish is known from the Azores archipelago (Carneiro et al. 2014).",Only males have ever been found (Pietsch in prep.).,"Females passively attract prey by using a luring device located on their first dorsal-fin spine (Pietsch in prep.). Males actively seek a mate by using their highly developed sensory organs; once a mate is found, the male attaches themselves to it but they do not become parasitic (Pietsch in prep.).",There are no species-specific threats.,There are no species specific-conservation efforts in place or required.,Not found in fisheries.,"Nieto, A. & Allen, D.J.","Ralph, G.","Knudsen, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,HIMANTOLOPHIDAE,Himantolophus,compressus,,Himantolophus compressus,"(Osório, 1909)",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Himantolophus compressus is known from a single specimen that was taken off the coast of southern Portugal. Very little is known about H. compressus due to lack of collected specimens. The holotype had a length of 130 mm. As virtually nothing is known about the population or ecology of this species, Himantolophus compressus is assessed as Data Deficient. ",Unknown,"Himantolophus compressus is restricted to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is only known from the holotype collected off the coast of Portugal. The holotype has subsequently been destroyed in a fire at the Museu Bocage, Lisbon . Members of the H. cornifer-group have been caught over a wide depth range, from 170 to 2,150 m depth (Steward and Pietsch 2010). ","Himantolophus compressus is known only from the holotype, which was destroyed in a fire (Quigley and Flannery 1997). There is very limited population information for this species.","Very little is known about Himantolophus compressus due to lack of collected specimens. This species is characterized by its long illicium, 75% of the standard length. The holotype had a length of 130 mm (Pietsch 2009).  Depth ranges of this family vary according to developmental stage. Larvae are epipelagic, living at depths less than 50 m. At metamorphosis, young adults descend to depths of more than 800 m. Once metamorphosis is completed, males will remain at mesopelagic and bathypelagic depths of over 1,000 m while females will return to lesser depths of 200 to 800 m (Pietsch 2009). ",There are no known threats to Himantolophus compressus.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Himantolophus compressus. There are numerous marine protected areas (MPAs) within the distribution of H. compressus, but it is not known if the MPAs are able to accommodate the depth preference of this species (Davies et al. 2007). Further research is needed in the areas of ecology, early life history, population size and trends, as well as potential threats to this species.",Himantolophus compressus is not commercially utilized.,"Harwell, H.","Costa, M., Munroe, T. & Rijnsdorp, A.D.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,HIMANTOLOPHIDAE,Himantolophus,groenlandicus,,Himantolophus groenlandicus,"Reinhardt, 1837",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Himantolophus groenlandicus is widely distributed in the Atlantic and possibly Indian Oceans where it occurs in the meso-bathypelagic zones. In the Atlantic it ranges from West Greenland and Iceland to Norway, and southward down the coast of west Africa, including Ireland the Azores and off the Iberian peninsula. It is a deep-dwelling species that is usually solitary and does not occur in abundance. This species is known from ~140 individuals. Specimens were caught in nets fishing between 200 to 800 m with possibly shallower catches. It may sometimes be taken as bycatch in trawl fisheries but it is not thought to occur often enough to significantly impact the population. It is not utilized and has no major threats. It is not clear if this species has established a breeding population in European and regionally adjacent waters. It is assessed as Data Deficient, as it is not clear if it occurs in Europe.",Unknown,"Himantolophus groenlandicus is widely distributed in the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones of the Atlantic and possibly eastern Indian Oceans (Pietsch in press). In the Atlantic, it ranges from western Greenland and Iceland to Norway at 70oN, 17oE, and south to the Gulf of Mexico in the west and to Cape Town, South Africa in the east. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, H. groenlandicus is known from Iceland and Norway south to Madeira and the Canary Islands (Pietsch 1986, Carneiro et al. 2014), including Ireland (Quigley and Flannery 1997). Specimens were caught in nets fishing between 200 and 800 m with possibly shallower catches (Pietsch 2009). Depth ranges of this family vary according to developmental stage. Larvae are epipelagic, living at depths less than 50 m. At metamorphosis, young adults decent to depths of more than 800 m. Once metamorphosis is completed, males will remain at mesopelagic and bathypelagic depths of over 1,000 m while females will return to lesser depths of 200 to 800 m (Pietsch 2009).","Himantolophus groenlandicus is known from at least 143 female specimens (Pietsch 2009). Members of the Himantolophidae family are typically solitary and do not occur in abundance (Pietsch in press). There are a total of 257 museum collections containing H. groenlandicus, with a maximum count of 10 individuals in a single lot (Accessed through Fishnet 2 Portal 2013 June). There are no specific population data for this species in the northeastern Atlantic and adjacent regional waters.","Himantolophus groenlandicus is a deep-sea fish that inhabits the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones. Females have a maximum size of 46.5 cm standard length (SL) and dwarf males of 4 cm (SL) apparently do not become parasitically attached to females (Pietsch 1986).  Females attract prey with an elongate first dorsal spine that has been modified as a lure. It consumes benthic organisms, such as crustaceans, arthropods and other benthic fishes (Pietsch in press). Males have highly developed sensory organs that allow them to find females at which point they will temporarily attach themselves to the body (Pietsch in press). Living males have been captured with fully developed testes filling most of their body cavity. A fully mature female has yet to be found (Pietsch 2009).  Little is understood about the spawning periodicity, stages of maturation or early life history traits for this species.","There are no known major threats to Himantolophus groenlandicus. It is sometimes taken as bycatch in trawl fishing nets (Bianchi et al. 1999), but it is not thought to have had a measurable, adverse effect on the population of this species.","There are no known conservation measures for Himantolophus groenlandicus. Its range overlaps with numerous marine protected areas. Further research into the population size and trends, ecology and early life history, as well as potential threats to this species is needed.",Himantolophus groenlandicus is not utilized (Pietsch in press). This species may be incidentally taken as bycatch in trawls off of Namibia (Bianchi et al. 1999).,"Harwell, H.","Rijnsdorp, A.D., Munroe, T. & Costa, M.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,HIMANTOLOPHIDAE,Himantolophus,mauli,,Himantolophus mauli,"Bertelsen & Krefft, 1988",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) In European waters, the fish is only known from Madeiran (current southernmost record), Spanish, and Icelandic waters (current northernmost record), which suggests that this species has a continuous distribution. The fish is not targeted, is generally a deep-water fish, and is therefore considered Least Concern.",Unknown,"In European waters, this species is only known from the waters of Iceland (Jonsson 1992), Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014), and from off the coast of Asturias, northern Spain, from the central Cantabrian Sea (Arronte and Pietsch 2007). Outside the European region, the fish is known throughout much of the North Atlantic (Arronte and Pietsch 2007), including from the Flemish Gap bank, east of Newfoundland in the northwestern Atlantic (Rodríguez-Marín and De Cárdenas 1996).",There is a lack of information regarding this species' population.,"This is a marine, bathypelagic species, with a depth range of 200-800 m, occasionally to below 1,000 m (Pietsch 2009, Arronte and Pietsch 2007).",There is a lack of information regarding threats to this species. Found in fisheries by-catch but not targeted.,There is a lack of information regarding conservation actions for this species and further research is required.,"Most records are as by-catch from commercial fisheries vessels&#160;Arronte and Pietsch 2007), however it is not a targeted species.","Scott, J.A., Nieto, A. & Allen, D.J.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SYNGNATHIFORMES,SYNGNATHIDAE,Hippocampus,erectus,,Hippocampus erectus,"Perry, 1810",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Hippocampus erectus is listed as Not Applicable as only one specimen has been documented from the Azores so the European population represent less than 1% of the global population. However it is not clear whether that individual was a vagrant or a member of a recently established population (Woodall et al. 2009). The species is native to the eastern American coastline from Nova Scotia to Brazil and some authors have suggested a process of 'tropicalisation' of the fish fauna in the Azores which may include a newly established presence of this species (Afonso et al. 2013). No further records of presence have been documented to date.,Unknown,"The species is native to the eastern American coastline from Nova Scotia to Brazil. One occurrence has been documented in the Azores, however it's not clear whether that individual was a vagrant or a member of a recently established population (Woodall et al. 2009). Although some authors have suggested a process of 'tropicalisation' of the fish fauna in the area which may include a newly established presence of this species (Afonso et al. 2013).","There has only been one specimen recorded in the Azores, although it is not certain if this species is vagrant or established in the region.","Hippocampus erectus occurs in waters up to 73 m deep, and is associated with aquatic vegetation such as mangroves (mostly Rhizophora mangle and Avicennia sp.), Caulerpa spp., Carijoa sp., seagrass (Thalassia testudinum, Halophila sp.), floating Sargassum, and sponges usually relying on these substrates as holdfasts (Dias et al. 2002, Lieske and Myers 1994, McAllister 1990 in Lourie et al. 1999, Fish and Mowbray 1970). Hippocampus erectus can be found at the surface and bottom of both shallow water and deeper areas of channels in bays, along beaches, in or near salt marshes, and over oyster beds and weed-covered banks (Hardy 1978). In Brazil it has been found in salinity of 45% (Dias et al. 2002). Seahorses are not usually found in such a great variety of habitats, geographical range, and depth, making this a very unique species (Kuiter 2009).  This species may be particularly susceptible to decline. The limited information on habitat suggests they inhabit shallow sea-grass beds (Lourie et al. 1999) that are susceptible to human degradation, as well as making them susceptible to being caught as bycatch. All seahorse species have vital parental care, and many species studied to date have high site fidelity (Perante et al. 2002, Foster and Vincent 2004), highly structured social behaviour (Vincent and Sadler 1995), and relatively sparse distributions (Lourie et al. 1999). The importance of life history parameters in determining response to exploitation has been demonstrated for a number of species (Jennings et al. 1998).  The maximum size for Hippocampus erectus is 18.5 cm; the maximum reported height at onset of sexual maturity is 5.6 cm and males can brood up to 400 eggs. The average brood size for this species is 250 to 300 eggs (Fritzsche 2002, Baum et al. 2003). Hippocampus erectus matures during the rst reproductive season after birth, six to twelve months of age and has a gestation period of 20–21 days, varying with water temperature (Lourie et al. 1999). The egg diameter is 0.15 cm and the young approximately 0.9 cm long at birth (Vincent 1990). The reproductive period for this species is apparently from May to October. The number of eggs/embryos inside the brood pouch of males with a total length ranging from 8-12.6 cm, from 97 to 1,552; number of prehydrated oocytes in females with a total length ranging from 6-12.3 cm, from 90 to 1,313. Newborns are released by ejection from the brood pouch by body contortions and pumping action of the pouch (Teixeira and Musick 2001). This species is a resident of Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary, where its eggs occur in a non-pelagic region, larvae are found in both coastal and inner-shelf and in pelagic regions, juveniles are found in the inner-shelf, mid-shelf, outer-shelf, and on the slope, are found among benthic vegetation as well as pelagic vegetation and submerged sediment, and adults are located in the estuarine, coastal, inner-shelf, mid-shelf, and outer-shelf regions and are also found among pelagic vegetation and submerged vegetation as well as coral, rocky and oyster reef habitats (Hare et al. 2006). This species is known to develop elaborate skin fronds and males have proportionally longer tails than do females (Baum et al. 2003, Lourie et al. 2004).","As Hippocampus erectus has only been found once in Europe, no threats to the species are known.","The entire genus Hippocampus was listed in Appendix II of CITES in November 2002; implementation of this listing began in May 2004.  As the species has only been found once in Europe, further research should be conducted to determine if it will become more present in the future.","Hippocampus erectus is an important species in aquarium and medicinal trades (Zhang et al. 2010) although as the species has only been found once, it is not traded nor exploited commercially in Europe. It is one of more than ten seahorse species to have been successfully reared in captivity and is recognized as a good candidate for commercial aquaculture (Zhang et al. 2010, Lin et al. 2008).","Kemp, J.R. & Ralph, G.","Pollom, R.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SYNGNATHIFORMES,SYNGNATHIDAE,Hippocampus,guttulatus,,Hippocampus guttulatus,"Cuvier, 1829","All Black Sea specimens examined thus far have been genetically identified as Hippocampus guttulatus, with no evidence of a separate species (Woodall 2009). This supersedes previous suggestions that a new and different species or subspecies inhabits the Black Sea.",No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) There is some evidence for a large (94%) decrease in population census size from one locality (Ria Formosa, South Portugal) (Curtis and Vincent 2005, Caldwell and Vincent 2012), but no consistent trends have been observed and trends throughout the species' range are unknown; this is partly due to a scarcity of information. Thus, based on a lack of data, this species cannot be reliably categorised on a European or global level. Urgent population assessments and long term monitoring programs across its geographic range are required to assess the European and global extinction risk of this species.",Unknown,"Hippocampus guttulatus is present along the Atlantic coast from the UK, Ireland, Belgium, the Netherlands to the Mediterranean Sea. Its distribution continues into the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea (Lourie et al. 2004). The exact locations of populations are unknown, but it is expected that seahorses occur at low densities all along the coastline (L. Woodall pers. obs. 2012). The species is also found in west Africa. It is found at depths between 0.5 m and 30 m.","Generally, seahorse density is patchy (Foster and Vincent 2004) and at most locations they are rare, but they can be abundant locally (Curtis and Vincent 2005, Woodall 2009). Wherever data are available, seahorse populations appear to be declining (Foster and Vincent 2004, Vincent et al. 2011).  There is no global estimate of H. guttulatus population size and no global assessment of population trends. However there are two localities where long-term datasets are available and another where population dynamics have been assessed through interviews. In the Ria Formosa (southern Portugal), the H. guttulatus population decreased by 94% from 2002 to 2007 (Curtis and Vincent 2005, Caldwell and Vincent 2012). More recent surveys at this location revealed that the population size is possibly increasing again (M. Correia pers. comm. 2012). No cause for the population change has been confirmed, but benthic macrofauna habitat changes recorded in the area have been shown to result from anthropogenic stressors (Gamito 2008) and this may be related to the declines in seahorse numbers.  In the Thau Lagoon (southern France), H. guttulatus populations have fluctuated each year, however no long term trend has been observed (2005–2009) (Louisy 2011). In the Arcachon Basin (western France), interviews suggest that the population distribution is very patchy, but to date no trend has been established due to lack of consistent data collection (2005–2011) (Grima 2011). Anecdotal evidence is available in other localities, but without exhaustive surveys and systematic data collection. In the Mar Menor (southern Spain), Voiotias (Greece) and Varna (Bulgaria), the population size of H. guttulatus fluctuates greatly each year (2005–2011) (anecdotal evidence, L. Woodall pers. comm. 2012). In other coastal sites, populations have both decreased (Badalona, Spain- J. Ortiz, SASBA,  in. litt.; Malaga, Spain- P. Cabrera, in. litt.; Galicia, Spain- S. Valladares, in. litt) and increased (La Herradura, Spain- P. Cabrera, in. litt.). It is therefore difficult to generalize on population trends for this species throughout its range.","Hippocampus guttulatus is mostly found inhabiting small home ranges in shallow coastal waters, lagoon systems and estuaries (0.5–15 m; Curtis and Vincent 2005, Curtis and Vincent 2006, Garrick-Maidment and Jones 2004, Woodall 2009) but there may be seasonal migration to deeper waters (30 m+) (Boisseau 1967, Garrick-Maidment 2007, Garrick-Maidment and Jones 2004). Adult H. guttulatus use varied habitats, of all sediment types, macroalgae and seagrass and in addition are often observed on artificial structures using them as holdfasts (Curtis and Vincent 2005, Franco et al. 2006, Garrick-Maidment and Jones 2004, Louisy 2011, Woodall 2009).  In the Ria Formosa adult H. guttulatus are associated with complex habitats, including Zostera marina, Ulva spp., Codium spp. and artificial structures (Curtis and Vincent 2005). However this species is seen in different habitats such as rocky areas, sand/silt ripples, sessile invertebrates and sponges in other locations such as the UK, Bulgaria, Spain, France and Greece (Garrick-Maidment and Jones 2004, Louisy 2010, Woodall 2009). As an ambush predator, H. guttulatus has a wide dietary range that mainly comprises Amphipoda, Anmura, Decopoda and Mysidacae (Kitsos et al. 2008, Gurkan et al. 2011) and thus is associated with highly productive habitats. Hippocampus guttulatus are seasonal breeders (approx. March to October) with a temperature limited mating and gestation period of around 21 days (Boisseau 1967, Curtis 2007). Predicted annual fecundity is about 900 young and is correlated with fish size, but the size of the male brood pouch is inferred to be a limiting factor for both sexes (Curtis 2007). In the Ria Formosa, newborn H. guttulatus are about 12 mm and are seen in adult habitat at 96 mm. Males are mature at 109 mm, reproduce at 125 mm and live for approximately five years (Curtis and Vincent 2006). Juvenile H. guttulatus (<96 mm) are rarely observed during surveys (Curtis and Vincent 2006, Louisy 2010, Woodall 2009). They spend the first weeks of life as plankton, but nothing more is known about them until recruitment at 96 mm (Boisseau 1967). Juvenile development ex situ is determined by water temperature, food availability and condition at birth (J. Palma pers. comm. 2012). Hippocampus guttulatus adults have low dispersal and limited migration (Caldwell and Vincent 2012). This reduces their ability to colonize new areas, recolonize old ones and in addition reduces their ability to move when habitat becomes unfavourable. Hippocampus guttulatus, consistent with other seahorses, has a genetically monogamous mating system, at least within a breeding season (Woodall et al. 2011), and this may reduce their reproductive potential if their partner is removed from the population (e.g. is caught). However, H. guttulatus matures at an early age, has rapid growth rates and a short generation time. These traits suggest that it may recover rapidly when direct (e.g. exploitation) and indirect (e.g. by-catch and habitat damage) effects of disturbance cease, but it may be vulnerable to extended periods of poor recruitment (Curtis and Vincent 2006).","The major continuing threat to H. guttulatus is habitat degradation and disturbance through direct anthropogenic activities such as coastal developments and the effect of fishing gear (e.g., trawls and dredges) (Caldwell and Vincent 2012). As it is a shallow coastal species it is extremely susceptible to anthropogenic activities. Habitat degradation through climate change continues across H. guttulatus geographic range and H. guttulatus, like other small coastal fish, is also threatened by pollution from shore side run-off and ships (Islam and Tanaka 2004). Seahorses are caught both intentionally and incidentally in Portugal, and sold for curiosities or into the live aquarium fish trade (J. Curtis, in litt. to P. LaFrance). They are also caught incidentally in Italy, France, Spain and Croatia (J. Curtis pers. comm. to P. LaFrance 2012). The volume of this trade is unknown, but without appropriate management this trade might represent a threat to the species.","The entire genus Hippocampus was listed in Appendix II of CITES in November 2002 with implementation of the listing in 2004. Hippocampus guttulatus has been listed under OSPAR, European CITES, (Curd 2009) the Bern Convention and Barcelona Convention (Abdul Malak et al. 2011). Regionally, it is listed as Near Threatened in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011) and Endangered in Croatia (Jardas et al. 2007). In the Black Sea region, it is listed as Endangered in Turkey, Vulnerable in Georgia and the Ukraine, and Least Concern in Romania (Yankova 2012). The species is listed in National Red Data Books in Bulgaria, France, Portugal and Slovenia (Yankova 2012). Hippocampus guttulatus is protected by the UK Wildlife and Countryside Act of 2008 (DEFRA 2008) and is a UK Biodiversity Action Plan priority species (JNCC 2010). Habitat protection and management actions geared towards conservation goals are needed to ensure the survival of wild Hippocampus guttulatus populations in the region. Further research on the biology, ecology, habitat, abundance and distribution of the species is needed. Long-term monitoring is required for this species across its geographic range focusing on population trends, harvest level trends and habitat trends.","No specific targeted fisheries are known in Europe for H. guttulatus. There may be exploited populations in Africa but the extent of the species' range in this region is unconfirmed. International trade is required to be documented as sustainable, as H. guttulatus is listed on CITES Appendix II. There were just four records of international trade in H. guttulatus reported to CITES between 2004–2010 for the purpose of conservation research (UNEP-WCMC 2012a). Seahorse species are, however, often misidentified (L. Woodall pers. obs. 2012).  Hippocampus guttulatus are sold as curiosities and good-luck charms when obtained as by-catch, (France and Portugal; L. Woodall, pers. obs.) and are collected occasionally under permits for display in local public aquariums (Portugal and France; L. Woodall pers. obs.). It is unlikely that these activities threaten the species globally.","Kemp, J.R. & Ralph, G.","Pollom, R.","Woodall, L.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SYNGNATHIFORMES,SYNGNATHIDAE,Hippocampus,hippocampus,,Hippocampus hippocampus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Hippocampus hippocampus is assessed as Data Deficient. Although surveys in some localities have indicated substantial declines, population trends are not known elsewhere. There is some evidence for a large (73%) decrease in population census size from one locality (Ria Formosa, Portugal) (Curtis and Vincent 2005, Caldwell and Vincent 2012), but a lack of reliable survey data in many parts of this species' range means that no consistent trends have been observed across the species' range. Urgent population assessments and long term monitoring programs across its geographic range are required to better assess the extinction risk of this species.",Unknown,"Hippocampus hippocampus is present in shallow coastal waters from the North Sea, down the European coast and throughout the Mediterranean Sea. The geographic range extends down the Atlantic African coast as far as Senegal, including the Atlantic Ocean islands of the Azores, Madeira and the Canaries (Lourie et al. 2004). The exact locations of the populations are unknown, but it is expected that seahorses occur at low densities along the coastline (L. Woodall pers. obs. 2012). It is found at depths between 0.5 - 60 m.","Generally seahorse density is patchy (Foster and Vincent 2004) and at most locations they are rare, but can be abundant locally (Curtis and Vincent 2005, Woodall 2009). Where data are available, seahorse populations appear to be declining globally (Foster and Vincent 2004, Vincent et al. 2011).  There is no global estimate of Hippocampus hippocampus population size and no global assessment of population trends. However there are two localities where long-term datasets are available. In the Ria Formosa, Portugal, H. hippocampus exhibited a 73% decrease (I. Caldwell, Project Seahorse, pers. comm. 2012) between 2002 and 2008. More recent surveys at this locality reveal that the population size is possibly increasing again (M. Correia pers. comm. 2012). No cause for the population change has been confirmed, but benthic macrofauna changes recorded in the area have been shown as a result of anthropogenic stressors (Gamito 2008) and this could be related to the declines in seahorses.   In the Arcachon Basin (France), interviews suggest that the population distribution is very patchy, but to date no trend has been established due to lack of consistent data collection (Grima 2011). Anecdotal evidence is available in other localities, however exhaustive surveys and systematic data collection did not occur at these sites. In Mar Menor (Spain), Voiotias (Greece) and the Canary Islands, the population size of H. hippocampus has fluctuated greatly each year (anecdotal evidence compiled by L. Woodall. Project Seahorse 2012). In other coastal sites populations have both decreased (Badalona, Spain- J. Ortiz, in. litt. 2012; Malaga, Spain- P. Cabrera, in. litt. 2012) and increased (La Herradura, Spain- P. Cabrera in. litt. 2012).","Hippocampus hippocampus is mostly found inhabiting small home ranges in shallow coastal waters, lagoon systems and estuaries at depths of one to 55 m (Curtis and Vincent 2005, Garrick-Maidment and Jones 2004, Woodall 2009), but there may be seasonal migration to deeper waters (Boisseau 1967, Garrick-Maidment 2007, Garrick-Maidment and Jones 2004). Adult H. hippocampus use varied habitats of all sediment types, and in addition are often observed on artificial structures using them as holdfasts (Curtis and Vincent 2005, Franco et al. 2006, Garrick-Maidment and Jones 2004, Woodall 2009).  In the Ria Formosa, adult H. hippocampus are associated with habitats of low complexity, including sand and shell fragments (Curtis and Vincent 2005). However this species is seen in different habitats in other localities (Garrick-Maidment and Jones 2004, Woodall 2009). As an ambush predator H. hippocampus has a wide dietary range, which mainly comprises Amphipoda, Anmura, and Mysidacae and (Kitsos et al. 2008) and thus is associated with highly productive habitats. Hippocampus hippocampus is a seasonal breeder, breeding from April to October (Foster and Vincent 2004). Mating is temperature limited and gestation period is around a month (Boisseau 1967). Juvenile H. hippocampus (<87 mm) are rarely observed during surveys (Curtis and Vincent 2006, Woodall 2009). They spend the first weeks of life as plankton, but nothing more is known about them until recruitment at 62 mm (Curtis and Vincent 2005).  Hippocampus hippocampus adults have low dispersal and limited migration. This reduces their ability to colonize new areas, recolonize old ones, and in addition reduces their ability to move when habitats become unfavourable (J. Curtis pers. comm. 2012). Most seahorses are monogamous, at least within a breeding season (Foster and Vincent 2004). This may reduce their reproductive potential if their partner was removed from the population (e.g., is caught). However H. hippocampus matures at an early age, has rapid growth rates, and a short generation time, which suggests that it has reasonable potential to recover rapidly after direct (e.g., exploitation) and indirect (e.g., by-catch and habitat damage) effects of disturbance cease, but may be vulnerable to extended periods of poor recruitment (J. Curtis pers. comm. 2012).","The major continuing threat to Hippocampus hippocampus is assumed to be similar to that for Hippocampus guttulatus, which is habitat degradation and disturbance through direct anthropogenic activities such as coastal developments and the effect of fishing gear (e.g., trawls and dredges) (Caldwell and Vincent 2012). As it is a shallow coastal species it is extremely susceptible to anthropogenic activities. Habitat degradation through climate change continues across the geographic range of H. hippocampus, and like other small coastal fish, it is also threatened by pollution from shore side run-off and ships (Islam and Tanaka 2004). In addition, H. hippocampus is taken in parts of its range as accidental bycatch from fisheries and sold as curiosities or into the live aquarium fish trade (see 'Use and trade').","The entire genus Hippocampus was listed in Appendix II of CITES in November 2002 with implementation of the listing in 2004. This means that countries who are signatories to CITES are subject to regulations on the export of seahorses. Countries are required to provide permits for all exports of seahorses and are meant to provide evidence that these exports are not detrimental to wild populations. However a lack of basic information on distribution, habitat and abundance means many CITES Authorities cannot assess sustainability of their seahorse exploitation and meet their obligations to the Convention. This species is also listed under OSPAR, European CITES (Curd 2009), the Bern Convention and the Barcelona Convention (Abdul Malak et al. 2011). Regionally, it is listed as Near Threatened in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011) and Data Deficient in Croatia (Jardas et al. 2007). Hippocampus hippocampus is protected by the UK Wildlife and Countryside Act of 2008 (DEFRA 2008) and is a UK Biodiversity Action Plan priority species (JNCC 2010). Further research on the biology, ecology, habitat, abundance and distribution of this species is needed. Long-term monitoring is required for this species across its geographic range focusing on population trends, harvest level trend and habitat trends.","No specific targeted fishery is known in Europe for H. hippocampus. There are exploited populations in Africa but the intensity is unknown (Senegal; J. Lam pers. comm. 2012). In fishing, the whole animal is removed and all trade is in wild populations. The trend of exploitation is unknown. International trade should be recorded, as H. hippocampus is listed on CITES Appendix II, however this species is often misidentified and has been recorded as other species in at least one shipment (L. Woodall pers. obs. 2012). There are very few records of trade exports from the species native range in the CITES Trade Database (UNEP-WCMC 2012a). Other records are exports from the indo-pacific region and are thus either misidentifications or re-exports for which no initial export certificate was granted (UNEP-WCMC 2012a). Seahorses of other species are used for traditional medicines, aquarium display and curiosities. In Europe H. hippocampus are sold as curiosities and good-luck charms when caught as by-catch, (France, Portugal and Spain; L. Woodall, pers. obs. 2012) and are collected occasionally under permits for display in local public aquariums (Portugal and France; L. Woodall pers. obs. 2012). It is unlikely that these activities threaten the species in European waters.","Nieto, A., Kemp, J.R. & Ralph, G.","Pollom, R.","Woodall, L., Wiswedel, S., Foster, S. & Correia, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,PLEURONECTIDAE,Hippoglossoides,platessoides,,Hippoglossoides platessoides,"(Fabricius, 1780)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Hippoglossoides platessoides is distributed over the continental shelf from Greenland to Spitzbergen and the Murman coast south to the western Baltic Sea to depths of at least 700 m, although there are records of this species occurring at far greater depths. It is found over soft substrates. Life history attributes vary significantly between populations (longevity, growth rate, age/size at maturity etc.). This species has experienced marked reductions in the age and size of first maturity due to fishing pressure. This species is well researched within the assessment region, and stocks are monitored to varying degrees. The largest stock, in the North Sea, is increasing in biomass, and biomass is at record high levels. The majority of other monitored stocks are also increasing in biomass. This species is managed by Total Allowable Catch regulations throughout its range. Additionally, there is a two-stage management plan for North Sea Sole and Plaice (Council regulation (EC) No. 676/2007) in place, and precautionary approaches are taken throughout this species range. Therefor, H. platessoides is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Hippoglossoides platessoides is an Arctic-boreal species found in the North Atlantic and Arctic oceans. Hippoglossoides platessoides inhabits the continental shelf and occurs from Greenland, Iceland, off the coast of Britain, in the North Sea and the western Baltic Sea to Kiel Bay, along the entire Norwegian coast to Murmansk, and in the Barents Sea to Spitzbergen (50° to 70°N). This species occurs from depths of 10 m to 700 m (Bagenal 1955, Walsh 1994, Nielsen1986), however there are reports that this species occurs at depths of up to 3000 m (Bagenal 1955, Walsh 1994, Nielsen 1986, Coad and Reist 2004), but it is most commonly found on the continental shelf between 90 and 300 m (Coad and Reist 2004).","Hippoglossoides platessoides is the most common flatfish in the northern part of the North Sea (ICES Atlas).The largest stock biomass of H. platessoides is located north of Dogger Bank in the North Sea, and the smallest located on the East Greenland shelf (Walsh 1994). The overall trend in biomass throughout the region appears to be one of increase. Stocks in the North Sea are well within precautionary limits and have increased in the last 10 years, reaching record high levels in 2013 as recruitment has remained around the long-term average and fishing mortality has declined (ICES advice June 2013). Spawning Stock Biomass (SSB) is increasing in the following regions: Western Skagerrak, Irish Sea, Western Channel, Eastern Channel, Celtic Sea, Kattegat, Belts and Sound, Baltic Sea. SSB is decreasing in the Eastern Skaggerak. In Divisions VIIh-k (West of Ireland) and Divisions VIIb,c (West of Ireland) F is still above possible reference points and SSB is increasing, but still relatively low compared to previous SSB in the early 1990s. There is not enough data to assess stocks in the Bay of Biscay/Atlantic Iberian waters. This species has undergone shifts towards earlier maturation at smaller sizes due to selective fishing of large individuals (Grift et al. 2003).Recent data from the Icelandic Fisheries Information Centre indicates declining stock size in Icelandic waters (reference - http://www.fisheries.is/main-species/flatfishes/long-rough-dab/).","Hippoglossoides platessoides occurs at a temperature range of -1.5°C to 13.0°C. This is a benthic species that undertakes limited migrations for spawning, feeding, and in response to temperature. The diet of young individuals primarily consists of polycheates, crustaceans, and cumaceans while older individuals feed on echinoderms, molluscs, and other fishes.  Populations in the eastern North Atlantic tend to be less fecund than those in the western Atlantic (Walsh 1994). Fecundity can range from 25,000 ova to 250,000 ova. Fecundity in this species is not correlated to weight and the older and larger individuals spawn first (Bagenal 1957). Female H. platessoides in better condition are more likely to be mature than those who are in a lesser condition as the individual has more energy to allocate to reproduction. This allows for individuals to reach sexually maturity at a younger age and smaller size. Fecundity of this species is strongly correlated to body size and, to a lesser extent, to age (Morgan 2004, Walsh 1994). Spawning in the Northeast Atlantic takes place from January to July and usually peaks in the spring. The Barents Sea population does not undergo a spawning migration or aggregation and it is unknown whether the Svalbard population participates in the spawning migration or not (Walsh 1994). Hippoglossoides platessoides does not spawn every year once it has attained a certain age or size. Newly hatched larvae are 0.62 cm to 0.75 cm in size (Walsh 1994). Larvae begin metamorphosis at about 1.5 cm length and are fully metamorphosed at about 2.5 cm in length. Larvae remain planktonic for three to four weeks and for the first six months of development, individuals grow about 1 cm per month. The spawning season for H. platessoides is from the beginning of March to the middle of April usually between depths of 60 m to 90 m (Bagenal 1957). In the area, this species has been recorded to 19 years of age and a maximum size of 54 cm. The population in the North Sea has the shortest lifespan (11 years) and the smallest maximum size (30 cm) than any other population in the North Atlantic. Life span and size increase along a latitudinal gradient from the North Sea to Svalbard. The North Sea also has the youngest age and smallest size at maturity than any other population in the North Atlantic, 2.6 years and 14.4 cm respectively. The Barents Sea and Svalbard populations had a much older age at maturity and larger size at maturity, 11.7 years, 12.1 years and 35.2 cm, respectively. The North Sea population has one of the fastest growth rates in the North Atlantic. Growth rates decline from south to north on both sides of the north Atlantic (Walsh 1994).The maximum size of  H. platessoides is 82.6 cm TL (Coad and Reist 2004). The species can live up to 30 years (Bowering and Brodie 1991) and for populations in the eastern Atlantic maximum age estimates range between 11 (North Sea) and 19 (Barents Sea). The maximum size for eastern Atlantic populations is 54 cm SL (Walsh 1994). The age of maturity ranges from 2.6 years (North Sea) to 12 years (Barents Sea) (Walsh 1994). In the western Atlantic the age of maturity ranges from 3.8 years (Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank) to 10.6 years in northern Canada. ",Hippoglossoides platessoides is a commercial species. It is primarily taken as bycatch.,"Hippoglossoides platessoides is subject to Total Allowable Catch regulations in the northeast Atlantic. Biomass for the largest stocks, in the North Sea, is monitored. In the North Sea there is a two-stage management plan for North Sea sole and plaice (Council Regulation (EC) No. 676/2007).","Hippoglossoides platessoides is a species of relatively low economic value (Bagenal 1955). Plaice are taken as a bycatch in the beam trawl fishery that mainly targets sole and anglerfish, and as part of a mixed demersal fishery by otter trawlers (ICES advice 2013). Hippoglossoides platessoides is captured as bycatch and is usually discarded at sea, however, catches are unknown but are considered to be high due to the amount of fishing activity in the area (Walsh 1994).","Strongin, K.","Monroe, T., Costa, M., Nielsen, J., Herrera, J. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,PLEURONECTIDAE,Hippoglossus,hippoglossus,,Hippoglossus hippoglossus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,VU,A2ce,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Vulnerable (VU) Hippoglossus hippoglossus has a wide distribution in the North Atlantic and can reach depths of up to 700 m. It is a commercially-valued species with a high market price. Hippoglossus hippoglossus has been a targeted species in the western Atlantic since at least the early 1800s. We infer that it has also been a targeted species in the eastern Atlantic since at least the early 1800s. Longevity has been estimated at a minimum of 50 years. Age at first reproduction varies from 4 to 18 years. The Norwegian National Red List calculated a generation length of 15 years for this species. Although it is possible that the generation length for this species is longer than 15 years, prolonged exploitation of this species is likely to have resulted in some truncation of life history, e.g. early maturation at smaller sizes. The working group accepted the generation length of 15 years, and examined population trends over the last 3 generation lengths or 45 years. In Norwegian waters/the North Sea, landing trends have been similar over the 3 generation length time frame, and have been consistently increasing since the mid-2000s. In Icelandic waters there has been a >90% decrease in the biomass index of this species from 1985 to 2013 (28 years). It is inferred that this rate of decline reflects trends over a 45 year/3 generation length time period. Given that the size of the Icelandic stock is considered approximately the same size as the Norwegian stock, there has been an estimated 38 to 45% decline in this species' population in the assessment region. There are no stock assessments available from the region and this species is not managed by ICES. In recent years it has been landed in low numbers in parts of its ranges. Stock levels are so low that the species is nowhere abundant and is uncommonly seen in fish markets. The population is considered relatively stable at low biomass. This species has undergone population declines of approximately 38–45% over three generation lengths. Therefore, it is listed as Vulnerable under Criterion A2bd.",Stable,"Hippoglossus hippoglossus occurs from Greenland, Iceland, Barents Sea to Novaja Semlya, the Norwegian coast, Faroe Islands, Great Britain, and Ireland to the North Sea, the western Baltic Sea, and south to the Bay of Biscay (Haug 1990). This species lives at depths from 50 m to 2,000 m (Møller et al. 2010). Elsewhere it occurs from Cape Cod to middle part of western Greenland (Nielsen 1986). This species is found at depths ranging from 50 to 200 m.","Stock levels are so low that the species is nowhere abundant and is uncommonly seen in fish markets. Within the assessment zone, the population trend is considered stable at low biomass compared to historical levels. FAO landing statistics summary The overall trend in landings of H. hippoglossus declared from the Northeast Atlantic fishing zone from 1950 to 2011 is one of nearly continuous decline. Landings declined by approximately 80% from 1950 to 2011. Regional population information This species is still fished in the northeastern Atlantic, however it is landed in low numbers. Total landings north of 62°N have increased in the last year, and catches in Norway are still low (Høines et al. 2009). There has been a slight increase in landings and in the abundance of recruits in recent years. Over the past 3 generation lengths (45 years), the current catch in Norway is similar to that historically observed (e.g., no trend)(K. Nedreaas pers. comm. 2013). Hippoglossus hippoglossus biomass index in Icelandic waters has declined by >90% from 1985 to 2013 (28 years). It is assumed that over the past 3 generation lengths (1968–2012), biomass in Iceland has declined by at least the same, if not a greater, percentage (Marine Research Institute 2014). Given that the size of the Icelandic stock is considered approximately the same size as the Norwegian stock, there has been an estimated 38 to 45% decline in this species' regional European population. Baltic Sea/HELCOM Region: This species was assessed as Not Applicable in the HELCOM Region - less than 2% of the European population can be found in this region. It is rarely found in the Skagerrak. It is occasionally observed in the Belt Sea and the Sound. There was no evidence of regular reproduction within the HELCOM area from 1800-present (2013 HELCOM Red List Assessment). Western Atlantic This species was formerly an important commercial species in the western Atlantic, where directed fishing began in the early 1800s and continued into the early 20th century, when stocks reached the point of collapse. The fishery began to decline by the 1880s. Records are available from 1893 to 2005, with 29 mt recorded from 2001–2005. Record low landings were recorded in the late 1990s (Brodziak and Col 2006). Stocks in the western Atlantic were driven to severely low abundances due to overfishing. Biomass was driven to about 1% of Bmsy and remained there for about a century before rebuilding began. Estimated 50% recovery time is highly uncertain, and is likely around 25 years (Neubauer et al. 2013).","The maximum size for males is 470 cm TL and for females 300 cm TL. The species reaches a maximum weight of approximately 320 kg (Robins and Ray 1986). In Greenland waters this species could reach length of 250 cm (Møller et al. 2010). This species reaches sexual maturity between the ages of four and 18 years and at lengths of 55 cm to 110 cm for males and 110 cm to 135 cm for females (2013 HELCOM Red List Assessment).  Hippoglossus hippoglossus spawns in deep water from 300 m to 700 m over soft bottom in Norwegian waters (Devold 1938). In the Baltic Sea, this species spawns from December to April from 200 m to 300 m depth. The diet of H. hippoglossus primarily consists of other fish species including cod, haddock, sand-eels, capelin, and herring, but it also feeds on cephalopods, large crustaceans and other benthic species (2013 HELCOM Red List Assessment). Males and females have similar growth rates until they reach sexual maturity when the females have accelerated growth rates and attain a greater maximum size. Hippoglossus hippoglossus can reach at least 50 years of age, and longevity estimates may be underestimated (Muus and Dahstrom 1974, Armsworthy and Campana 2010, Karlson et al. 2013).  Hippoglossus hippoglossus is the largest flatfish occurring in the North Atlantic. It is a benthic species that occasionally is taken off bottom in the water column. As larvae, this species strongly avoid light and then change at the commencement of exogenous feeding as they become more attracted to light. Light plays a major role in the early life stages of this species (Mangor-Jensen and Naas 1993, Meeren et al. 2013). Newly hatches larvae range from 6 mm to 7 mm SL (Pittman et al. 1990). Generation Length A generation length of 15 years was used to assess this species for the Norwegian National Red List. Although the generation length of this species may be longer, because populations have been exploited for a long period of time it is likely that some truncation of the life history has occurred. The working group accepts the generation length estimate of 15 years used by the Norwegian National Red List.","Hippoglossus hippoglossus is threatened by overexploitation. It has slow growth rates and matures relatively late in life. It is vulnerable to over exploitation as individuals are harvested before ever reproducing (Sigourney et al. 2006, 2013 HELCOM Red List Assessment). This species aggregates to spawn making it more vulnerable to over exploitation (Høines et al 2009).","The range of this species overlaps with marine protected areas (IUCN and UNEP 2013). There are no fisheries management plans for this species on a region wide basis. In Swedish waters there is a ban on fishing for this species during the spawning season (December to March). Recent increases in stock size in Norwegian waters may result from two factors: In Norwegian waters and the Skagerrak there is a closed season during the spawning season. In Swedish and Norwegian waters, trawlers have been outfitted with selection grids and escape panels which have increased the survivorship of Halibut in taken as bycatch in other trawl fisheries.","Hippoglossus hippoglossus is a commercially valuable species. It has been considered to be an excellent candidate for fish farming (Bjornsson 1994, Bjornsson and Tryggvadottir 1995).","Ralph, G.","Munroe, T., Costa, M., Nielsen, J., Herrera, J., de Sola, L., Rijnsdorp, A.D. & Keskin, Ç.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,BELONIFORMES,EXOCOETIDAE,Hirundichthys,rondeletii,,Hirundichthys rondeletii,"(Valenciennes, 1847)","The H. rondeletii superspecies complex of the subgenus Danichthys is now recognized as containing four allopatric species: H. volador (western Atlantic), H. rondeletii (Mediterranean), H. gilberti (northern Pacific), and H. rufipinnis (Southern Hemisphere). The other two species, Hirundichthys marginatus (eastern tropical Pacific) and H. albimaculatus(west & central Pacific) are both distinct species in the subgenus, but are not part of the rondeletii superspecies complex (Parin and Belyanina 2002, B. Collette pers. comm. 2014).",No,LC,,,,,,,"Hirundichthys rondeletii is endemic to the Mediterranean, where it is widely distributed and common. Little data on population trends are available, but there are no known major threats. Therefore, Hirundichthys rondeletii is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Hirundichthys rondeletii is now considered to be a superspecies complex that includes four allopatric species (Parin and Belyanina 2002) found in subtropical waters of all oceans. The species that is endemic and common in the northeastern Atlantic is H. rondeletii, and is known only from the Mediterranean Sea and the adjacent coasts of the Iberian peninsula and Morocco (Parin and Belyanina 2002). It has been reported from the western Mediterranean (Akyol et al. 2011), off Tunisia (Ben Souissi et al. 2005), in the Aegean and Ionian Seas (Tsagarakis et al. 2012), and the Sea of Marmara (Fricke et al. 2007). The North Atlantic species, H. volador, has been reported from the tropical and warm temperate waters of the Atlantic Ocean (Fricke et al. 2007), including the Portuguese coast, the Azores, and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014), as individual strays.",No specific population data are available for this species.,This species is found in offshore tropical to subtropical waters to about 5 m.&#160;The species has a maximum size of about 30 cm total length (Parin 2003). Their eggs are about 1.5 mm in diameter (Hubbs and Kampa 1946).,There are no major threats known for this species.,"There are no known conservation measures for this species. However, this species' distribution includes a number of Marine Protected Areas. The superspecies Hirundichthys rondeletii was globally assessed as Least Concern in 2008 and the endemic Mediterranean species, H. rondeletii, was also assessed as Least Concern (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",,"Ralph, G. & Harwell, H.","Collette, B.","Carpenter, K.E.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,BELONIFORMES,EXOCOETIDAE,Hirundichthys,speculiger,,Hirundichthys speculiger,"(Valenciennes, 1847)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Hirundichthys speculiger is widely distributed in tropical, oceanic waters. Population information is limited for this species, but there are no known major threats. Therefore, Hirundichthys speculiger is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Hirundichthys speculiger occurs worldwide in offshore tropical waters (Shakhovskoy and Parin 2013). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it is found from Madeira to the Canary Islands (Parin 1986, Carneiro et al. 2014). It has been recorded at least once from the Mediterranean (Quignard and Tomasini 2000), but it is unclear whether there is a stable population there.",There is no population information available for this species.,"Habitats: This is an oceanic, epipelagic species found in oceanic surface waters (Parin 1999).  Ecology:Hirundichthys speculiger primarily consumes amphipods and larval fishes. In general, H. speculiger had a smaller fullness value and fewest occurrences of ingested plastic, suggesting that, in comparison to the other fish species being studied, it most likely has a low residence time in the gut or that it has a low ingestion rate (Van Noord et al. 2013). Hirundichthys speculiger is a prey item for breeding birds at Europa Island (Le Corre et al. 2003) as well as Lesser noddys, Brown noddys, Sooty terns, White-tailed tropicbirds (Catry et al. 2009) and the shark Carcharhinus brevipinna (Avendaño-Alvarez et al. 2013). This species is host to parasitic isopods from the family Cymothoidae, which live in H. speculiger's mouth (Shakhovskoy and Parin 2013) as well as parasites Pennelia biloba between the base of the skull and the beginning of the dorsal fin (Mathew and Antony 1994).  Reproduction and Life History: The maximum size of H. speculiger is 25 cm standard length, 31 cm total length (Parin 1986, Parin 2003). It spawns throughout the year in warm waters (Parin 1986). Eggs are demersal, laid on floating objects (Parin 2003) because they do not have much oil globule for buoyancy; this species' eggs have been seen on floating substrata such as Sargassum weeds, driftwood, fragments of algae, pieces of wood, bird feathers, coconuts, driftnets, empty bottles, and some pleustonic organisms (Lao et al. 2007). ",There are no known major threats.,"There are no species specific conservation measures in place. This species was assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean in 2007 (Abdul Malak 2011, IUCN 2011).",Hirundichthys speculiger is of no importance to fisheries (Parin 2003).,"Ralph, G. & Harwell, H.","Collette, B.","Di Natale, A., Molinari, A., Oral, M. & Golani, D.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,SYNAPHOBRANCHIDAE,Histiobranchus,bathybius,,Histiobranchus bathybius,"(Günther, 1877)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Histiobranchus bathybius is circumglobally distributed in the northern hemisphere. In the northeastern Atlantic, it ranges from about 54°N to 17°N. There are no major threats to H. bathybius and it is not utilized in the region. Histiobranchus bathybius is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Histiobranchus bathybius is a circumglobal species in the northern hemisphere (Sulak and Shcherbachev 1997). In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs to about 54°N from the Rockall Trough, south to the Madeira Islands at about 17°N and is not found within the Mediterranean Sea. It has a depth range of 730–5,440 m (Karmovskaya and Merrett 1998).","Histiobranchus bathybius in the Northeastern Atlantic is the ninth most abundant species (mean relative density 0·05 fish 1,000 m-2) in the Porcupine Seabight area at lower slope and abyssal soundings (Merrett et al. 1991). In the Porcupine Seabight it is found with a 20% frequency at depths of 1,790–1,975 m (Massutí et al. 2004). This species is more common at the deeper end of its depth range. Its population appears to be centered on the continental rise with a peak value of 0·3 fish 1,000 m-2 at 2,420 m (Karmovskaya and Merrett 1998). At Rockall Trough, this species is abundant at abyssal depths despite intensive commercial exploitation of many deep-water species using various gears (Gordon 2003).","Histiobranchus bathybius is a benthopelagic species that is most abundant at continental rise depths and it also occurs in the abyss at a very wide sounding range. the maximum recorded length for this species is 137 cm TL (Karmovskaya and Merrett 1998). Histiobranchus bathybius is an iteroparous species that breeds towards to end of the year feeding primarily on fish, squid and crustaceans (Karmovskaya and Merrett 1998).","There are no major threats to Histiobranchus bathybius; however, this species is caught as bycatch in some parts of its range (Karmovskaya and Merrett 1998).",There are no specific conservation measures in place for Histiobranchus bathybius.,Histiobranchus bathybius is not a utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Karmovskaya, E. & Rijnsdorp, A.D.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,ANTENNARIIDAE,Histrio,histrio,,Histrio histrio,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Histrio histrio is only known from the Azores in northeastern Atlantic (including the Mediterranean and Black Seas) region. There are no known, ongoing threats to this species. Spawning of H. histrio seems to occur regularly and frequently for periods of more than two weeks. Although this species is taken in subsistence fisheries and is also valuable on the aquarium market, no population declines have been observed as a result. Its range overlaps with several marine protected areas, and there seems to be no other major threats to Histrio histrio. It is, therefore, assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Histrio histrio inhabits the waters of the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, H. histrio is known only from the Azores (Pietsch and Grobecker 1987). The single record from Varda¸ northern Norway, is based on a straggler taken northward by the North Atlantic and Norwegian currents (Pietsch and Grobecker 1987). This species is associated with depths of up to 50 m.",Histrio histrio is an oceanodromous fish that is common throughout its geographical range (Riede 2004).  Histrio histrio is well represented in museum collections. A total of 1557 records are found with a maximum count of 170 individuals in a single lot (Accessed through Fishnet2 Portal 2013 May).  Histrio histrio is experiencing a probable population decline in the southwestern Indian Ocean off of La Reunion Island due to habitat loss and pollution (Fricke et al. 2009).,"Histrio histrio is an epipelagic fish (Mundy 2005), found near the surface, usually associated with floating objects (Claro 1994). It is often associated with floating Sargassum seaweed and is well camouflaged (Pietsch 2002). The maximum size for this species is 14.1 cm standard length (SL) (Pietsch 2002). Histrio histrio uses its fins to cling and crawl. It uses a lure to bait prey (Kells and Carpenter 2011).    It is solitary (Claro 1994), yet a voracious predator (Bohlke and Chaplin 1993), often feeding on fishes and shrimp that seek the refuge of the floating weeds (Kuiter and Tonozuka 1991).  Adults are almost exclusively found a few meters from the surface of the ocean, but young and juvenile individuals are found as deep as 500 m or more (Adams 1960). Juveniles feed on amphipods, euphausids, shrimp and other decapods, and fish eggs (Adams 1960).|     Spawning of H. histrio seems to occur regularly and frequently for periods of more than two weeks (Adams 1960).  The early life history, stages of maturation and ecology of this species are poorly understood.","No major threats to Histrio histrio are currently present and there are no indications of any at global or regional levels. However, H. histrio lives primarily among floating rafts of Sargassum macroalgae. Biomass of this algae has been declining steadily since the records were first kept in the 1930's (Stoner 1983). The IUCN has yet but evaluate the status of Sargassum algae.  Histrio histrio is described by Fricke et al. (2009) as being sensitive to human activities and is experiencing a probable population decline in the southwestern Indian Ocean off of La Reunion Island due to habitat loss and pollution.","There are not any species-specific conservation efforts in place for Histrio histrio; however, the range for this species overlaps with marine protected areas (IUCN and UNEP 2010). Research into the population trends and size, ecology and early life history, as well as potential threats is needed.","This species is taken in subsistence fisheries (Pietsch and Grobecker 1987), and is also has a relatively limited valuable on the aquarium market (Pietsch in press) Histrio histrio has limited value in the aquarium trade. It is not otherwise utilized (Pietsch in press). This species may be caught in trawls off of Namibia (Bianchi et al. 1999).","Harwell, H.","Kobyliansky, S., Munroe, T. & Costa, M.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,OPHIDIIDAE,Holcomycteronus,squamosus,,Holcomycteronus squamosus,"(Roule, 1916)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Holcomycteronus squamosus is a deep sea species found in the Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, H. squamosus is known only from the Azores and Madeira. It is rare, and little is known about its population status, habitats, or ecology. There are no known major threats. However, given that records from the assessment region are isolated and scattered, H. squamosus is listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Holcomycteronus squamosus is thought to be restricted to the Atlantic Ocean (Nielsen et al. 1999). In the northeastern Atlantic, it has been reported from the Azores, Madeira (Carnerio et al. 2014) and Canary Islands.  Its known depth range is from 2,605 to 5,055 m depth (Nielsen 1986, Nielsen et al. 1999).",This is a rare species (Nielsen et al. 1999). Little data are available about its population status.,"Little is known about the habitats and ecology of this rare, deep sea species. It is known from 2,605 to 5,055 m (Nielsen et al. 1999). The maximum known size is 27 cm SL and it is thought to be oviparous (Nielsen 1986).",There are no known threats to this species.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place.,This species is not utilized and is of no interest to fisheries (Nielsen 1999).,"Ralph, G. & Strongin, K.","Nielsen, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,PLATYTROCTIDAE,Holtbyrnia,anomala,,Holtbyrnia anomala,"Krefft, 1980",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) This bathypelagic species is fairly common from temperate to tropical Atlantic waters. Additional habitat and ecology information is limited for this species. It is of no interest to fisheries, and threats to this species are unknown. Due to the depth range that it inhabits, threats are probably limited. Therefore, this species has been assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Holtbyrnia anomala is a bathypelagic species that is found in Atlantic waters from the western coast of Iceland to the tip of Ireland (Quéro et al. 1984) and southward to the Canary Islands (Wienerroither et al. 2009) and the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014). The species was first reported in the Azores during an Orange Roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) experimental fishing experiment in 2001. It can found at latitudes up to 66oN in the Davis Strait (Melo and Menezes 2002), as well as off Mauritania, Senegal and Namibia (Quéro et al. 1984). The depth range for this species is 700 m to 3,500 m (Matsui and Rosenblatt 1987, Quéro et al. 1990, Porteiro et al. unpublished data).","Holtbyrnia anomala appears to be a fairly common species. Results of European Union (EU) surveys in July from 1988 to 2002 collected a single specimen in 1998 (Alpoim et al. 2002). However, 288 specimens were caught from MAR-ECO (Porteiro et al. unpublished data). Population size and trends are unknown for this species.","Holtbyrnia anomala is a meso- to bathypelagic species. It sometimes forms aggregates near sea mounts and ridges (Quero et al. 1984). This species exhibits bio luminescence in its post-cleithral organ (Herring 1972). The maximum recorded length for this species is 25 cm standard length (SL) (Quero et al. 1990). The diet, spawning periodicity, fecundity and early life history traits are poorly understood for this species.","This species is not taken for commercial fishing purposes, and other possible threats are unknown.",There are no species-specific conservation efforts in place for this species. Holtbyrnia anomala may occur within marine protected areas that exist throughout its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010).,Platytroctids are of no commercial importance to fisheries (Carter 2002).,"Strongin, K.","Knudsen, S., Nielsen, J. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,PLATYTROCTIDAE,Holtbyrnia,macrops,,Holtbyrnia macrops,Maul 1957,,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) The Bigeye Searsid occurs in the temperate and tropical Atlantic and may occur in the eastern central Pacific. This species typically occurs from 300 to 1,000 m during the day and has been reported to occur at a depth of 100 m at night. Habitat and ecology information are limited for this species. It is of no interest to fisheries and current threats are unknown. Due to the fact that it is not utilized commercially and that no known threats exist, Holtbyrnia macrops is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Holtbyrnia macrops occurs in the temperate and tropical Atlantic (Carter 2002). In the eastern Atlantic, H. macrops is distributed from the Denmark Strait to South Africa (Markle and Quéro 1984). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it is generally thought to inhabit waters  from 32°N to 64°N; the species has also been reported as far north as 72°N (Hartel in press), including the Bay of Biscay, the Azores, Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014), and the Canary Islands (Wienerroither et al. 2009). In the western north Atlantic, it is found at Flemish Cap (Vázquez et al. 2013). The species has also been reported in the eastern Pacific off of the coast of California (Childress and Nygaard 1973), although it is not clear if this is another species that was misidentified.  Holtbyrnia macrops exhibits a depth range of 100 to 1,800 m (Quéro et al. 1990, Porteiro et al. unpublished data).",There were 32 specimens taken in 13 trawls from the MAR ECO trawl survey (Porteiro et al. unpublished data). There is limited population information for this species.,"This species is meso to bathypelagic and benthopelagic in the northern parts of its range and occurs from 300 m to 1,000 m in the daytime, but as shallow as 100 m to 120 m at night (Quéro et al. 1990). The maximum recorded length of this fish is 20 cm standard length (SL) (Quero et al. 1990). This species exhibits bio luminescence in its post-cleithral organ (Herring 1972). The diet, fecundity, spawning periodicity, and early life history traits are poorly understood for this species.",This species is not utilized by humans. Other possible threats are unknown.,There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for this species.&#160;It may occur within marine protected areas that exist throughout its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010).,Platytroctids are of no commercial importance to fisheries (Carter 2002).,"Strongin, K.","Knudsen, S., Nielsen, J. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,BERYCIFORMES,TRACHICHTHYIDAE,Hoplostethus,atlanticus,,Hoplostethus atlanticus,"Collett, 1889",,No,VU,A1bd,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Vulnerable (VU) Hoplostethus atlantics is a globally distributed species which ranges from 500 to 1,844 m depth, however it is more commonly found at depths of less than 950 m. In the eastern Atlantic, H. atlantics is found from Iceland south to off the coast of Morocco including around pinnacles and seamounts along the mid-Atlantic Ridge. It is a slow-growing, long-lived, low productivity species which forms dense aggregations over seamounts. Due to its low productivity and aggregating behavior this species is intrinsically vulnerable to over-exploitation by fisheries. Fisheries for this species have been characterized as boom-and-bust. Globally, after being heavily fished over the last 30 years abundance is generally less than 20% of the estimated virgin biomass for most populations. Within the assessment region, targeted fisheries began in the late 1980s to early 1990s. Population declines in the area were estimated from ratios between virgin biomass and catch in each of three management units within the region (Subarea VI, Subarea VII, and Other). The resulting percent declines were then weighed by the relative contribution to the total catch of management unit, and then summed to give a percent decline across the region as a whole. Estimates of decline in biomass ranged from 59% to 69% over a time period of 12 to 15 years and we assume that this represents the total reduction over three generation lengths because of the recent onset of directed fisheries. Additionally, since there is no population information available prior to the onset of commercial fisheries, an assumption that virgin biomass has remained relatively constant prior to the onset of commercial fishing must be made in order to apply the IUCN Categories and Criteria over an appropriate timescale (three generation lengths, or about 265 years). This species is subject to management throughout the assessment region. Total Allowable Catches (TACs) were set at zero in 2010. The fishery is considered by regional fisheries management to be unsustainable. There is currently very little directed fishing in the region, and efforts are under way to understand the impact of mixed-species fisheries, though it does not appear to be a significant component of bycatch. This species is assessed as Vulnerable under Criteria A1bd. The cause of the population decline, directed fishing, has ceased, and efforts are under way to rebuild depleted stocks in the region using a combination of TAC regulations and area closures.",Unknown,"Hoplostethus atlanticus is a globally distributed species which ranges from 500 to 1,844 m depth; however, it is more commonly found at depths of less than 950 m. In the eastern Atlantic, it is found from Iceland south to off the coast of Morocco including around pinnacles and seamounts along the mid-Atlantic Ridge (Moore in press).","History of fisheries and characterization of knowledge gaps The development of Orange Roughy fisheries has been characterized as large-scale and sporadic. This species was first fished in 1978 in the Chatham Rise off New Zealand. In the ensuing 20 years, Orange Roughy stocks were discovered and fished in several regions around the temperate Southern Hemisphere (elsewhere around New Zealand, off Tasmania, Namibia and Chile) and in the North Atlantic as well. Orange Roughy and several associated species of oreosomatids are fished at depths of ca. 600 to 1400 m, making them among the world’s deepest fished species. Most Orange Roughy fisheries have been fished down within five to 10 years to < 20% of their original stock size. Where fisheries are unregulated, these stocks have been fished to commercial extinction (Thiel and Koslow 2001). Generation Length Calculation The age of  50% maturity for this species is approximately 28 years, with a longevity of 149 years. Using these estimates, an approximate generation length of 88 years is calculated using the formula: Am + 0.5 (Amax-Am), where Am= age at first (50%) maturity = 28 and Amax = longevity = 149. Three generation lengths = 265.5. Population structure There is no information available to determine the existence of separate populations of H. atlanticus in the North Atlantic. Current International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) practice is to assume three assessment units; subarea VI, Subarea VII, and other areas. Population decline Fisheries for this species in the northeastern Atlantic developed in the late 1980s to mid-1990s. Prior to this time period there is no available population information for this species. In order to estimate population decline over an appropriate timescale (3 generation lengths = 265 years), it is assumed that virgin biomass was relatively constant prior to the onset of commercial fisheries. Landing statistics from Subarea VI, Subarea VII, and Other Areas were compiled from the ICES WGDEEP Report (2012). Population decline in each region were calculated as follows: In Subarea VI a 90% population decline was calculated from the estimated ratio between virgin biomass and accumulated catch (0.9) over 15 years.  In Subarea VI a 50% population decline was calculated from the estimated ratio between virgin biomass and accumulated catch (0.5) over 12 years.  There is no information available concerning the relationship between virgin biomass and catch in all Other Subareas. Population declines were assumed to be between 50% and 90% based on the relationships seen in Subareas VI and VII.  Percent decline was weighed based on the percent contribution to the total declared landings for each of the three areas. Subarea VI, in which a total of 7,200 tonnes was landed since the onset of the fishery in 1991, accounted for 17% of total landings. Subarea VII, in which a total of 24,600 tonnes was landed since the onset of the fishery, accounted for 58% of total landings. In all Other Subareas, a total of 10,724 tonnes was landed since the onset of the fishery, and accounted for 25% of landings. The resulting percent weighed declines were summed in order to give a total percent decline for the region which ranged from 57% to 67%, depending on the assumed percent decline in the Other Subareas category.  These calculations do not take into account potential production in this species; however, available biological information suggests very low productivity. Although the assumptions about the ratio between virgin biomass and depleted biomass are highly uncertain, they currently represent the best available information. Ratio between virgin biomass and catch was used by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) in order to perform a Depletion-Corrected-Average-Catch (DCAC) analysis in ICES subareas VI and VII. The methodology for this analysis, which is to be made available as a stock annex document is not currently available (ICES WGDEEP 2012). ICES has advised that, due to its very low productivity, H. atlanticus can only sustain very low rate of exploitation. Currently, it is not possible to manage a sustainable fishery for this species.Area-Specific Population Information Subarea VI Landings are available from 1991 to 2012. The cumulative catch in Area VI until 2012 was 7185 tons. 3502 tonnes were landed in 1991 alone, afterwhich landings decline steeply throughout the 1990s prior to the establishment of  Total Allowable Catch (TAC) regulations in 2003. The stock in this area was depleted over a 15 year period. Assumptions about the ratio between virgin biomass and depleted biomass are highly uncertain. For modelling purposes, ICES assumed the ratio between biomass and catch for this region was 0.9. The fishery in this area has been depleted and is closed (ICES WGDEEP Report 2012). This is interpreted as a 90% population decline.Subarea VII After the collapse of the fishery in Subarea VI, the main fishery for H. atlanticus in the Northern Hemisphere moved to this area. Fishery peaked in 2002 and declined thereafter. Some targeted fishing was carried out from a few small trawlers until 2008, and subsequent landings were bycatch from mixed deep-water trawl fishery operating on the continental slopes. Total Allowable Catches (TAC) were first introduced in 2003, however landings declared by EC vessels were systematically below the TACs, and decreased steadily throughout the time series from 2003 to 2009. This appears to indicate that the fishery may have been depleted prior to the establishment of TACs in this region. Prior to the establishment of TACs, historical landings data (1988 to 2012) show that no landings were declared in 1988, 3 and 2 tonnes were declared in 1989 and 1990, 3101 tonnes were declared in 1992, 5465 tonnes were declared in 2002. There have been no landings reported in this area since 2010, corresponding to TAC. It is not currently possible to manage a sustainable fishery for this species. Assumptions about the ratio between virgin biomass and depleted biomass are highly uncertain. For modelling purposes, ICES the ratio between biomass and catch for this region was 0.5. This is interpreted as a 50% population decline. The fishery in this area has been depleted and is closed (ICES WGDEEP Report 2012).  Other areas: I, II, IIIa, IV, V, VIII, IX, X, XII, XIV Fisheries have been conducted in area Va, Vb, VIII, X, and XII. Most started in the early 1990s, the exception being Subarea X which started in 1996. In the last seven years, fisheries are mainly occurring in X and XII with sporadic catches in Va, Vb and IX. Time series of Orange Roughy landings are available in all areas except VI and VII. The ratio between biomass and landings in the remaining ICES areas is unknown (ICES WGDEEP 2012). Landings in Iceland (Va available from 1988 to 2012) peak in 1993, at 717 tonnes, and decline steadily to 16 tonnes in 2012. Landings in Division Vb, declared by Faroes and France, are available from 1988 to 2012, peak in 1995 at 419 tonnes and decline to 2012. In subarea VIII (1988 to 2012) in the early 1990s at 83 and 68 tonnes in 1992 and 1993 respectively, fluctuate to a second peak of 43 tonnes in 2006, and then decline to 0 in 2012. In subarea IX, 28 tonnes were declared by Portugal in 2012, no landings were declared prior. In subarea X, landings were first declared in 1993, peaked in 1996 at 470 tonnes, again at 2001 at 455 total tonnes, then again at 403 tonnes in 2004; landings subsequently decline to 45 tonnes to 2012. In Subarea XII, landings peak during the years 1995 to 1998 at around 700 tonnes, then decline throughout the time series to 94 tonnes.  Total international landings in ICES areas, excluding VI and VII, peak in the early 1990s at around 1400 tonnes, peak again at roughly 1300 tonnes in 2001, and then steadily decline, with most landings originating from  areas X and XII.","Habitat and Ecology Hoplostethus atlanticus is a benthopelagic species with a maximum size of 69 cm SL, but is commonly caught from 45 cm. It is found in deep water near the bottom on continental slopes, off of islands and near high-relief topographic features from 400 to 1,100 m depth but normally shallower than 800 m. This species is locally abundant during spawning or feeding aggregations. Hoplostethus atlanticus feeds on mesopelagic shrimp, small fishes, and squid. Life History and Reproduction In the Northeastern Atlantic, Area VI (Rockall, Northwest Coast of Scotland and North Ireland). Mature female fish were collected between 1,400 m and 1,650 m depth. Mature females were collected between 300 mm and 540 mm (SL). Total fecundity ranged between 20.352 to 244.578 oocytes per female. Fifty percent of females were not mature until they reached 27.5 years and 37 cm SL. Northeast Atlantic mature at a larger size and generally have a higher mean fecundity than those found in the southern Hemisphere (Minto and Nolan 2006). This species is a group synchronous spawner. It a slow-growing species, with a high age of first maturity and relatively low fecundity (Bell et al. 1992). Maximum age of this species has been estimated at 149 years (Fenton et al. 1991).","Hoplostethus atlanticus are a long-lived, late maturing species with relatively low fecundity. Longevity is in excess of 100 years and age of first maturity is not reached until 20+ years of age. After being heavily fished over the last 30 years, abundance is less than 30% of the estimated virgin biomass for most populations. Caught exclusively by deep-sea trawling, habitat damage is substantial in fished areas, including sensitive habitats on seamounts. Fishery management has closed some areas to bottom trawling; however, slow-growing species like coral will take decades to recover fully. Bycatch of finfish is low to moderate because fisheries target large aggregations of this species. This species has a high intrinsic vulnerability index. Productivity Susceptibility Analysis (PSA) resulted in an overall productivity score of 2, indicating a medium biological risk to fishing, comparable to that of the roundnose grenadier (Dransfeld et al. 2013). Hoplostethus atlanticus is threatened by commercial trawl fisheries throughout the world that quickly deplete local populations by targeting entire aggregations. This species has a low level of recruitment and lengthy longevity (up to 125 years), which causes slow population recovery rates. In Africa, there is an established commercial fishery off of Namibia and an experimental fishery that has started off of the Azores (Moore in press). Productivity of H. atlanticus stocks throughout the world are often low even where the population sizes are initially large, which makes them particularly vulnerable to overfishing (Medley 2011). Due to its slow growth, long life, and aggregating behavior, H. atlanticus is especially vulnerable to overfishing. It is difficult to manage due to uncertainty in stock assessments and the lack of knowledge of recruitment (Dunn 2007). Although many fisheries for H. atlanticus in the Mediterranean have closed and landing this species is illegal in EU waters, this species is still vulnerable to being discarded bycatch in deepwater mixed trawl fisheries which target other species (Dransfeld et al. 2013).","In the assessment region consisting of the northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea, H. atlanticus is managed via Total Allowable Catch (TAC) regulations and area closures. ICES recommends no directed fisheries, and bycatch in mixed fisheries should be as low as possible. A TAC was introduced in this area in 2003, which remained at 88 tons until 2006. Total Allowable Catch (TAC) was reduced annually between 2007 and 2009. TAC was set at 0 in 2010 (ICES WGDEEP Report 2013). Examination of French observer data suggests that bycatch and discarding  is currently not significant (<0.2%). Fisheries in areas VI and VII have ceased following periods of depletion. In order to allow stock recovery, monitoring of the spatial overlap of existing fisheries has been recommended. The EU TAC was set in 2005, after the fishery had shown some sign of decline, and applies to Community waters and EC vessels in International Waters.","Hoplostethus atlanticus is exploited in the following Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) areas: 27, 47, and 81. It is caught at depths over 800 m by trawl fisheries that often target spawning aggregations associated with seamounts. Recently, catches are mostly from the Pacific Ocean with only limited catches from the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Overall, catch has been in decline with 91,000 tonnes in 1990 to 13,000 tonnes in 2009 and many smaller fisheries have closed down as stocks become commercially nonviable (de Barros and Cochrane 2011).","Ralph, G.","Collette, B., Fernandes, P., Heessen, H., Herrera, J. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,BERYCIFORMES,TRACHICHTHYIDAE,Hoplostethus,cadenati,,Hoplostethus cadenati,"Quéro, 1974",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population, however its range in the European region may be increasing as its range increases at higher latitudes.",Unknown,"The fish is known from the Eastern Atlantic and western Indian Oceans. In the European region the species has been collected as far north as La Chapelle Bank, France (Bianchi et al 1999), and is recorded from mainland Portugal (Carneiro et al. 2014). In the Atlantic, it ranges from 27°30'N to 26°14'S including off of northwest Spain (Diaz et al. 1997).","The fish occurs on continental slopes where it can be locally abundant in feeding or spawning aggregations. In a trawl survey conducted off the west African coast between 1962 to 1973, more than 2,000 specimens of H. cadenati were caught between Cape Corveiro and Cape Verde (Maurin and Quero 1982). This species was described as frequently occurring in a trawl survey conducted off the coast of Namibia between the years 1992-1996 (Hamukuaya et al. 2001). Quero (1998) notes that the fish had not been recorded from Portugal prior to 1950.","A benthopelagic species with a maximum size of 30 cm SL that occurs on continental slopes. This species may be locally abundant during spawning or feeding aggregations. H. cadenati feeds on mesopelagic shrimp, small fishes, and squid. Data on reproduction, age, and growth for fishes of the Trachichthyidae family are limited, however, Hoplostethus atlanticus, has been aged up to 125 years. In a trawl survey conducted from 1962-1973 off of the northwestern African coast it ranged from just north of Cape Corveiro south to Cape Verde between 90-1,000 m depth (Maurin and Quero 1982).","The fish is not utilized, however, it is likely occasionally caught as bycatch in commercial trawl fisheries. This is not considered a significant threat.",There are no known conservation measures in place or needed.,The fish is not utilized in the European region.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Iwamoto, T.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,BERYCIFORMES,TRACHICHTHYIDAE,Hoplostethus,mediterraneus,,Hoplostethus mediterraneus,"Cuvier, 1829","A subspecies, Hoplostethus mediterraneus trunovi, has been reported off of Namibia (FAO ECA guide in prep by JA Moore).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the populations are quite common. Although it is facing some threats, it is not thought that these are currently of sufficient magnitude to be causing significant declines.",Stable,"This is a cosmopolitan demersal species, occurring in the Atlantic and in the Mediterranean, but also found in the Indian and South Pacific Oceans (Madurell and Cartes 2005). In the west Indian Ocean, it is present in the Red Sea (Klausewitz 1994) and South Africa (Heemstra 1986), although it is not present in the Black and Marmara seas. In the west Atlantic, it occurs from Georges Bank to north Gulf of Mexico, Great Antilles and from Venezuela to south Brazil (Moore pers. comm. 2007). In the east Atlantic, it is present from Ireland to Senegal, including the Canary Islands, the Gulf of Guinea, Namibia and South Africa (Heemstra 1986). It has also been reported from Iceland (Jonsson 1992). Within the Mediterranean Sea, it is widespread in deep waters, being present in the Balearic area (Polunin 2001, Moranta et al. 2004), the Strait of Sicily (Costa 1991, Vitale et al. 2006), the Ionian Sea (D'onghia et al. 1995, D'onghia et al. 1998, Petrakis 1998, Petrakis et al. 1998, Madurell and Labropoulou 2000, Terrats and Petrakis 2000, Madurell and Cartes 2001, Mytilineou et al. 2001, Mytilineou et al. 2003, Madurell et al. 2004, Madurell and Cartes 2005, Conisma 2007), the Adriatic Sea (Soljan 1975), the Aegean Sea (Kabasakal 2000, Bilecenoglu et al. 2002), the Levantine basin and the east Mediterranean Sea (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002, Golani et al. 2006). Its depth lower limit is 1,300 metres, while its upper limit is 100 metres below sea level.","This is a common and widespread species, and it is dominant&#160;on the middle slope in the east and southwestern Mediterranean, and in the northeast Atlantic. It is also relatively common in&#160;deep offshore waters (Gordon and Duncan 1987).&#160;Its overall trend in biomass is considered to be stable.","This is a benthopelagic species. While Maul (1990) states that it is pelagic, Schneider (1990) indicates that it is demersal. Its depth distribution varies according to size, but it occurs between 100 and 1,300 metres, with a maximum abundance around 400-600 m (D'Onghia et al. 1998, Massuti et al. 2004). The species can be found over muddy bottoms (Sanches 1991). It avoids areas with high influence of terrigeous-advective fluxes such as the Catalan Sea, being considered a rare species there. It is the dominant species on the middle slope in the east and southwestern Mediterranean, and in the northeast Atlantic. Its diet consists on pelagic and vagile epibenthic organisms (Madurell and Cartes 2005), preying mainly on decapod crustaceans, and its fecundity is high, with an age of 1.5 at maturity, a longevity of 11 years and a maximum size of 42 cm (SL), with a typical size range between 3-26 cm (TL). The sex ratio changes by size, with females being larger than males (D'Onghia et al. 1998). Its length-weigth ratio is 8.0–18.0 (Lmin–Lmax), 7.23–81.6 (Wmin–Wmax) (Filiz and Bilge 2004).","Although this species is not commercially important, it is frequently taken and discarded because of its small size by deepwater fisheries. It is caught with bottom trawls (Fischer et al. 1987) and as by-catch during bathial trawling in the Ionian sea (Madurell and Cartes 2005). It is one of the main discards (21%) in weight from the crustacean trawling off the Algarve coast (Monteiro et al. 2001). Since trawling is banned below 1,000 m in Mediterranean waters and this is a benthopelagic species, it may be less vulnerable than true benthic species to bottom-trawling (although increased midwater trawling would presumably impact this species).","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it is present in marine protected areas throughout its range, such as El Cachucho, in Spain. ","This species has low commercial value (Madurell and Cartes 2005). It is caught occasionally with bottom trawls, and it is rarely found in markets where it is sold fresh. It is used primarily to make flour and fish oil (Fischer et al. 1987). In Irish waters, it is not commercially exploited, and although it was previously taken as a by-catch by deep-water trawlers/gill-netters, it was usually discarded (most likely dead). Although there has been a significant increase in landings in recent years by both Spain and Portugal, it is important to note that the data does not indicate fishing effort and that the species is currently not subject to TAC/Quota. Nevertheless, it suggests that the species may be increasingly targeted in the future elsewhere throughout its range, possibly as a source of industrial fish meal (Sargent et al. 1983).","García, M., Quigley, D. & Ralph, G.","Álvarez, H.","Garcia, S., Blanco, J., Pollard, D.A., Massuti, E., Palmeri, A. & Keskin, Ç.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,HOWELLIDAE,Howella,atlantica,,Howella atlantica,"Post & Quéro, 1991","Howella atlantica is considered by some a subspecies of Howella brodiei Ogilby, 1899, although accepted by Eschmeyer (2015).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)The fish is widespread in the Atlantic Ocean. In the European region the fish is known from Iceland, France, Portugal (the mainland, the Azores archipelago and Madeira), and from Spain (the Canaries). The fish is not a target species in fisheries and there are no other known threats. It is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"The fish is found in the Atlantic Ocean. In the western Atlantic, it is found in the Caribbean south to off northeastern Brazil. In the eastern Atlantic, adults occur from Iceland to the Bay of Biscay (France), while juveniles have been recorded as far south as Mauritania. Juvenile records from the Guinea Gulf need verification. In the European region the fish is known from Iceland, France, Portugal (the mainland, the Azores archipelago and Madeira; Carneiro et al. 2014), and from Spain (the Canaries; Bordes Caballero et al. 2009). Adults are found between 275 to 2,200 m in depth, while juveniles occur from 26 to 300 m.","Howella atlantica is uncommon in museum collections (29 lots with a maximum of one specimen in one lot) (Fishnet 2 Portal 2012), but it has been reported to be abundant in some areas.","Howella atlantica occurs near the bottom and likely feeds on zooplankton, mainly copepods. Howella atlantica embark on migrations to the surface at night. The maximum recorded total length (TL) is 11 cm.",There are no known major threats to the fish.,There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place or required. Research is required into the taxonomic placement of the taxon.,"There is no use and trade information for Howella atlantica, however, it does appear in trawls.","Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Carpenter, K.E., Smith-Vaniz, W.F. & de Bruyne, G.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CHIMAERIFORMES,CHIMAERIDAE,Hydrolagus,affinis,,Hydrolagus affinis,"(de Brito Capello, 1868)",Appearance is very similar to Hydrolagus pallidus. Hydrolagus affinis is distinguished primarily by its darker body color compared to the much paler H. pallidus (Hardy and Stehmann 1990).,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Smalleyed Rabbitfish (Hydrolagus affinis) inhabits deepwater slopes, seamounts and sea-plains at depths of 300–2,410 m, although it is most commonly found below 1,000 m. It is not commonly captured, except in deepwater research trawls and occasionally as bycatch in deepwater commercial trawls. It is potentially threatened by deepwater commercial trawl fisheries in the North Atlantic, but this species occurs deeper than the main fisheries operating within its range and may occur at greater depths than currently reported. It is therefore assessed to be of Least Concern in the European region. Although it is considered unlikely that fisheries will ever target this species given its low abundance, further study of population size, age and growth is highly recommended as this may be a slow-growing species that could be affected by bycatch.",Unknown,"This species is widespread in the North Atlantic from west to east. In the Northeast Atlantic, it occurs off southwestern Greenland to Iceland and southwards to Portugal, the Azores and the Canary Islands (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). The depth range is 300–2,410 m.","Nothing is known of population size or structure. Almost all captures are large adults or sub-adult juveniles that are &gt;100 cm total length (TL). Very few small juveniles have ever been collected, indicating that juveniles and adults may aggregate separately and occupy different habitats.","This benthic species occurs on deepwater slopes, seamounts and sea-plains of the North Atlantic at depths of 300–2,410 m, generally in waters near or below 1,000 m (Stehmann and Bürkel 1984, Krefft 1990). Maximum TL with intact filamentous tail is ~147 cm and total body length (BDL) is ~96 cm. Maximum female TL is at least 125 cm (86 cm BDL). Maximum male TL is uncertain, but the largest BDL is 89 cm. Minimum size at maturity for a male is 66 cm BDL and 69 cm BDL for a female. Size at birth is uncertain, but the smallest free-swimming individual recorded was 32 cm TL (14 cm BDL). It is an egg-laying species with yolk-only nutrition, but nothing else is known of reproduction, spawning or growth. It is likely a slow-growing species with low fecundity (Ebert and Stehmann 2013).","This species is occasionally captured in deepwater research trawls and possibly as a bycatch in some deepwater trawls. At present, no known fisheries target this species and it is not likely to become a target in the future because of its low abundance. It could face a potential threat in the future if emerging deepwater commercial trawl fisheries capture this large species in large numbers; however, it is considered to occur deeper than the main fisheries in the Northeast Atlantic, offering a deep refuge from fishing pressure. As this species is thought to be slow growing with low fecundity, monitoring of deepwater fishing activities, including landings and discards, will be essential to ensure that it is not adversely affected. Areas of the Northeast Atlantic (e.g., the Rockall Trough) have been subject to a fairly rapid increase in deepwater fishing activities since the 1990s with overall concern for the sustainability of deepwater fish stocks (Gordon 2003). Since 1998, Norwegian trawlers and longliners have carried out trial and commercial fisheries in the Hatton Bank area (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Subdivision VIb and XII) at depths of 600–2,000 m (Kjerstad et al. 2003). However, the lower depth limit of the main fisheries in this region is ~1,500 m. This species is most commonly caught at depths >1,000 m, therefore, much of its range is beyond the reach of the main fisheries. ","No management or conservation measures are known to be in place. Study of population size, age and growth of this species is recommended prior to initiating any target fishery as this may be a slow-growing species that would be highly threatened by overfishing. Management and monitoring of captures of this species should be a priority.",The species is not utilised nor trade commercially.,"Blasdale, T. & Kemp, J.R.","Walls, R.","Dagit, D.D. & Clarke, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CHIMAERIFORMES,CHIMAERIDAE,Hydrolagus,lusitanicus,,Hydrolagus lusitanicus,"Moura, Figueiredo, Bordalo-Machado, Almeida & Gordo, 2005",This species is most closely related to Hydrolagus affinis (Moura et al. 2005).,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Hydrolagus lusitanicus is a recently described species from the continental slope of Portugal. It is an infrequent bycatch of the directed Portuguese longline fishery for Black Scabbard Fish (Aphanopus carbo) with a bycatch of deepwater sharks. This fishery generally operates at depths of 800-1,200 m and is thought to only occasionally operate within this species’ range (below 1,500 m). It can therefore be inferred that these fisheries at their current capacity is not a significant threat to this species, so it is assessed to be Least Concern in the European region. Population trends should be monitored if deepwater fisheries expand to exploit greater depths in the Northeast Atlantic, and this assessment should be revisited as soon as further data become available.",Unknown,"This species is found in the Northeast Atlantic on the Portuguese continental slope from the Figueira da Foz (northern Portugal, 40° 07’N, 9° 45’W) to the Algarve (southern Portugal 36° 35’N, 8° 35’W, Moura et al. 2005). The species is suspected to occur below depths of 1,600 m.","The only information available is from capture in fisheries which may not operate throughout the species’ full bathymetric range. The species may be more common at depths of more than 1,600 m, however there are currently no research surveys that sample to such depths. It is discarded at sea if captured and therefore no information is available on the numbers caught. Discard survivorship is most likely very low for such a deep-living species and it may share the limiting life-history characteristics of other deepwater elasmobranchs (ICES 2007a).","This egg-laying species is only known from 22 specimens, 13 of which were collected by commercial longline vessels at depths of c. 1,600 m on the Portuguese continental slope (Moura et al. 2005). Of these 13 specimens, females ranged from 98.6 to 117.7 cm pre-supra caudal fin length (PSCFL) and males ranged from 81.5 to 95.4 cm PSCFL (Moura et al. 2005). This species is most closely related to the Smalleyed Rabbitfish (Hydrolagus affinis), which most commonly occurs at depths between 1,000 and 2,410 m in the North Atlantic.","This species may be occasionally taken as bycatch by the directed Portuguese longline fishery for Black Scabbard Fish (Aphanopus carbo) with a bycatch of deepwater sharks, although the Portuguese monitoring program for Portuguese longline fleet discards has never reported it (ICES 2007b).The deepwater longline fishery generally operates at depths of 800–1,200 m and is thought to only occasionally fish within this species’ depth range (below 1,500 m) at present (Bordalo-Machado and Figueiredo 2007). This species occurs below the depths currently fished by the deepwater demersal trawl fishery that targets crustaceans off southern Portugal.Very little information is available on this recently described species, although it may have limiting life history characteristics (e.g., slow growth and late maturity) like other deepwater elasmobranchs, making it vulnerable to exploitation.",No species-specific conservation measures are known to be in place. The harvest trends of the species should be monitored. ,The species is not utilised nor exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R.","Walls, R.","Valenti, S.V.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CHIMAERIFORMES,CHIMAERIDAE,Hydrolagus,mirabilis,,Hydrolagus mirabilis,"(Collett, 1904)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Large-eyed Rabbitfish (Hydrolagus mirabilis) occurs over continental slopes at depths of 4501,933 m. Little is known about its population structure, ecology and reproduction, although its life history traits are probably similar to that of other Hydrolagus species, such as White-spotted Ratfish (H. colliei). Large-eyed Rabbitfish is not targeted by commercial fisheries. It may be caught as bycatch in deepwater fisheries, but no bycatch data currently exist and much of its depth range is likely outside the reach of deepwater fisheries. Based on the lack of catch records and its deep range, Large-eyed Rabbitfish is classified as Least Concern in European waters. Further research should be conducted and data collected from incidental captures to infer population trends for this species.",Stable,"Historical capture records suggest that this species is widespread; it is probably relatively common in the Northeast Atlantic and less common in the western and southern Atlantic (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). In the Northeast Atlantic, this species is known to occur from Iceland and the Irish Atlantic slope off Ireland, Scotland, the Hebrides (Whitehead et al. 1984), down to the north of Spain. In the Eastern Central Atlantic, it occurs off Morocco, Western Sahara, and further south (Quero et al. 1990). In 2013, a large female was recorded in the eastern Mediterranean Sea for the first time by Hassan (2013). Its depth rang is 4501,933 m. ","No information is available on population size or structure of this species. Given its limited interaction with fisheries and its deep range, the European subpopulation is inferred to be stable.","This deepwater ratfish occurs over deep slopes at 4501,933 m depth, but usually deeper than 800 m (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). It probably inhabits rock, rubble, or muddy bottoms and shares similar life history traits with other Hydrolagus species, such as White-spotted Ratfish (H. colliei). Juveniles are more common in deeper waters of the Northeast Atlantic, while sub-adults are more common in shallower waters (Holt et al. 2013). Adult males and females are segregated in relation to mean depth; adult males are more common in shallower waters, and adult females in deeper waters similar to that of juveniles (around 1,000 m) suggesting this depth may serve as a possible birthing ground for this egg-laying species. Nothing else is known about reproduction or spawning. Size at birth is unknown, but the smallest free-swimming neonate recorded was 18.2 cm total length (TL) and 6.7 cm body length (BDL). The maximum TL recorded is 80 cm and around 235 cm BDL. ","This species is taken as bycatch of deepwater fisheries, particularly bottom trawl fisheries in the Northeast Atlantic. It is probably often discarded. Deepwater chimaeras, like other deepwater chondrichthyans, likely have slow life history characteristics that make them vulnerable to depletion. If fisheries expand deeper into this species’ range, they may pose a threat (Gordon 2003), however there is no indication that deepwater fisheries are currently expanding. This species has also been caught in a bottom gillnet retrieval survey of Rockall and Porcupine Bank at depths of 4001,300 m during August and September of 2005 (Rihan et al. 2005). This suggests that it may be affected by the significant quantities of lost and abandoned gear in these areas. ","No species-specific management or conservation measures are currently in place. A record of all incidental captures, including basic data on sex, size and depth, is recommended in order to infer population size, structure and life history. Management measures should be introduced to control the quantities of fishing gear being used and soak time. Monitoring of deepwater fishing activities, including landings and discards, are needed in the future.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Blasdale, T.","Walls, R.","Dagit, D.D., Compagno, L.J.V. & Clarke, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CHIMAERIFORMES,CHIMAERIDAE,Hydrolagus,pallidus,,Hydrolagus pallidus,"Hardy & Stehmann, 1990","Very similar to H. affinis, and also overlapping with this species in range. The primary difference between these two species is the paler color of H. pallidus. There has been some question on whether or not H. pallidus may actually be a color variant of H. affinis. However, recent research indicates that these two species can be further distinguished by the proportion of eye length (EYL) to head length (HDL) (Didier in prep).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Pale Ghost Shark (Hydrolagus pallidus) is a large benthic species that occurs at depths of 1,188−2,075 m, and possibly deeper. It was recognised as a distinct species from Smalleyed Rabbitfish (Hydrolagus affinis) only in the last 15 years. Its life history characteristics are probably similar to Smalleyed Rabbitfish (i.e., slow growing with low fecundity). Pale Ghost Shark is not targeted by commercial fisheries and it is unlikely to become a target in the future due to its low abundance. Much of its range is beyond the reach of the main fisheries, but bycatch in deepwater longline and trawl fisheries may pose a threat, particularly if they were to expand deeper into its depth range. Given its limited interaction with current fisheries and its perceived abundance in the Northeast Atlantic region, this species is assessed as Least Concern in European waters.",Stable,"This chimaera is probably widespread throughout the North Atlantic. In the Northeast Atlantic, it occurs from the southern Bay of Biscay to west of Scotland within the Rockall Trough (44° to 59° N), off Iceland, Greenland and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, including the Azores (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). It has also been reported from the Canary Islands (Brito et al. 2003). It can be found at depths ranging from 1,188-2,500 m, and perhaps even deeper.","There is no information on population size or structure is currently available. This species appears to be rare in the Canary Islands and more common in the Northeast Atlantic, but this may be partly due to differences in fishery effort, including gear used and depth fished. The population is considered to be stable overall.","This benthic species inhabits deepwater slopes and troughs at depths of 1,188−2,075 m in the Northeast Atlantic and depths of 1,352−1,912 m near the Canary Islands. It may be more common below 2,000 m and even occur at depths of > 2,500 m.  It is suspected that this is a slow-growing species with low fecundity and likely shares similar habitat and ecology to Smalleyed Rabbitfish (Hydrolagus affinis). It is an egg-laying species, but no eggs, hatchlings, or small juveniles have been collected. Maximum total length (TL) is at least 137.6 cm for females and 136 cm for males (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Size at maturity is 73 cm and 77 cm body length (BDL) for males and females, respectively. Size at birth is unknown, but the smallest free-swimming individual recorded was a 68 cm TL male (42 cm BDL).","This species is not targeted by fisheries, and not considered a likely target in the future given its low abundance, but it is often taken as bycatch in commercial deepwater longline fisheries and sometimes trawl fisheries. An increase in deepwater longline fishing efforts could pose a threat, but this species occurs deeper than the main fisheries in the Northeast Atlantic, and it may occur at even greater depths than currently reported. In the 1990s, areas of the Northeast Atlantic were subject to a fairly rapid increase in deepwater fishing activities causing overall concern for the sustainability of deepwater fish stocks (Gordon 2003). Since this species is thought to be slow growing with low fecundity like its congener, Smalleyed Rabbitfish, even incidental catch could adversely effect the population if fisheries expand further into its depth range. However, since the 1990s, deepwater fisheries have decreased their range and there are fewer fisheries operating, so the potential for expansion into deeper waters is unlikely for now.","No species-specific management or conservation measures are in place. It is recommended that more specimens are collected for research, particularly for collecting life history data. The extent of deepwater fishing activities, bycatch and landings should also be monitored.",The species is not exploited nor traded commercially.,"Blasdale, T. & Kemp, J.R.","Walls, R.","Dagit, D.D. & Clarke, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Hygophum,benoiti,,Hygophum benoiti,"(Cocco, 1838)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Hygophum benoiti is widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic and in the Mediterranean. It is a common, mesopelagic species, found in depths of 10 to 1,500 m. There are no major threats, although it may be caught as bycatch in parts of its range. It may be found in marine protected areas that intersect with parts of its range. It is, therefore, assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Hygophum benoiti is found in the North Atlantic Ocean. In the Western Atlantic, it is found from Canada to the USA (Hulley 1990), including the northern Gulf of Mexico. In the eastern Atlantic, this species is found from south of Ireland and the United Kingdom to the Mauritanian upwelling region, including the Mediterranean (Hulley 1990). In the Mediterranean Sea, this species is present in the north-west part (Food and Agriculture Organization 1987, Olivar and Palomera 1994): along Spanish coasts (Sabates et al. 2001, D'Onghia et al. 2004), Ionian Sea (D'Onghia et al. 2004), Adriatic Sea (Stegnar 1978, Costa 1991), Sicily Strait (Berdar and Cavaliere 1979, Scotto di Carlo et al. 1982, Costa 1991, Berdar et al. 1998, Potoschi et al. 2003), in Sardinia (Costa 1991), Turkey (Deval 2002), Aegean Sea (Papaconstantinou 1988) and Marmara Sea (Bilecenoglu 2002). Its distribution may be related to the oceanographic boundaries of the north Atlantic gyral system (Hulley 1990). Hygophum benoiti is associated with depths of between 50 and 700 m (Hulley 1990). It is found below 700 m during the day and above 600 m during the night (Hulley 1990).","This species is common throughout its range in the eastern Atlantic, as indicated by mid-water trawl surveys that were conducted near the Canary Islands (Wienerroither et al. 2009) and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Fock et al 2004), as well as the western Atlantic (Gartner et al 1989). It is also common in museum collections. Hygophum benoiti can be found in 817 museum collections with a total of 1000 individuals in a single lot (Accessed through Fishnet 2 Portal 2013 June). Hygophum benoiti seems to be very abundant in the Alboran Sea (MEDITS Spanish Mediterranean) being caught in all trawl surveys in all the years research was conducted. The median size of each individual was 3.9 cm (TL) (L. Gil de Sola pers. comm. 2013). The larvae of H. benoiti are very common and very abundant in Greek Seas (C. Papaconstantinou pers. comm. 2013). There are three records (specimens) of this species from the Gulf of Cadiz over 20 years of bottom trawl surveys (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2013).","Hygophum benoiti is a deep-water, bathy-mesopelagic species that makes diel vertical migrations; during the day this species occurs from 700 m to 1,000 m, and at night, it migrates, vertically, from 40 m to 400 m and 700  to 1,000 m (Becker 1983) (maximum abundance between 50 and 100 m and 301 and 350 m at night, Hulley 1990). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 7.2 cm TL and the length at maturity is 4.5 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014). Hygophum benoiti feed on plankton, especially on copepods (Hulley 1990). Spawning peaks in the spring and summer (Hulley 1984 in Whitehead et al. 1984). Juveniles and post-larvae are partial and non-migrants (Hulley 1990). The size at first maturity is 4.0 cm (Gartner et al. 1989).",There are no known threats towards this species. Hygophum benoiti is not targeted by commercial fisheries but may be incidently caught as bycatch of deep-water trawls (Stas pes. comm. via e-mail).,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Hygophum benoiti. Its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010).Legislative regulation of the pelagic fishery is being implemented (Stas pers. comm. via e-mail). Further research into biology and ecology of this species is suggested.  Hygophum benoiti was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).,This species is not commercially exploited.,"Strongin, K.","Kobyliansky, S., Munroe, T. & Costa, M.","Keskin, Ç., Massuti, E., Papakonstantinou, C., Palmeri, A., Herrera, J. & de Sola, L.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Hygophum,hygomii,,Hygophum hygomii,"(Lütken, 1892)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Hygophum hygomii is a widely distributed, meso- and bathypelagic species found in depths ranging from 0 to 1,500 m. There are no major threats towards this species, although it may be caught as bycatch in parts of its range. There are no specific conservation measures in place for H. hygomii, but its range intersects with numerous marie protected areas. In 2007, H. hygomii was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern. ",Unknown,"Hygophum hygomii is present in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. In the west Atlantic, it is present in Canada to 20°N and from Brazil to Subtropical Convergence. It is also present in the Indian (between 24°S and 40°S) and Pacific (between 15°S and 20°S) oceans (Hulley 1986). In the eastern Atlantic, Hygophum hygomii is found from Angola to South Africa and from Portugal to Mauritania (Hulley 1986, Hulley 1990), including the Mediterranean Sea. In the Mediterranean Sea, this species can be found along the south Spanish coasts (Vidal Peñas et al. 2001), Adriatic Sea (Pallarolo and Jardas 1996), Sicily Strait (Berdar and Cavaliere 1979; Costa 1991, 1999), north-west Mediterranean Sea (Sabatés and Masò 1992, Olivar and Palomera 1994), Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988), Turkey (Deval 2002), Levantine basin, and east Mediterranean Sea (Golani et al. 2006) (Food and Agriculture Organization 1987). Hygophum hygomii is associated with depths of up to 800 m (Hulley 1990).","In the Alboran and Mediterranean MEDITS research surveys, H. hygomii was common in over 20 years of trawl surveys. The medium size of individuals taken was 4.6 cm (TL) (L. Gil de Sola pers. comm. 2013). It is also reported to be very common in the Canary Islands (Wienerroither et al. 2009). Eight specimens were recorded in five trawls over the mid-Atlantic Ridge (Kobyliansky et al. 2010). Larvae are very common and very abundant in Greek Seas (C. Papaconstantinou pers. comm. 2013).  In the eastern Atlantic, this species is very common near the Atlantis Seamount (Pusch et al. 2004) as well as around the Canary Islands (Wienerroither et al 2009). It is also common in museum collection records. Hygophum hygomii is found in 1,519 museum collections with a maximum count of 999 individual specimens in a single lot (Accessed through Fishnet 2 Portal 2013 June).","Hygophum hygomii is a deep-water, bathy-mesopelagic species that makes diel vertical migrations. This is a meso- and bathypelagic species (Hulley 1986), it is found between 600 and 1,000 m during the day and is nyctoepipelagic near surface and down to 300 m (Hulley 1990). The maximum length for this species is 6.8 cm (Hulley 1990, McGinnis 1982). Hygophum hygomii reaches its sexual maturity at 5.8 cm standard length (SL) (Figueiredo et al. 2002). Spawning peaks in the autumn and winter (Hulley 1984). The fecundity and early life history traits are poorly understood for this species.",There are no known major threats towards this species. Hygophum hygomii is not known to be used by fisheries but may be caught as bycatch of deep-water trawls (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013).,"No specific conservation measures are in place for this species. However, this species may be found in marine protected areas within its distribution range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Legislative regulation of the pelagic fishery is implemented (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013). Hygophum hygomii was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).",Hygophum hygomii is not utilized by commercial fisheries.,"Strongin, K.","Munroe, T., Costa, M. & Kobyliansky, S.","Papakonstantinou, C., Massuti, E., Palmeri, A. & Keskin, Ç.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Hygophum,macrochir,,Hygophum macrochir,"(Günther, 1864)",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"Widespread in the Atlantic, and recorded from Australia in the Pacific (Paxton et al. 1989). It can be found in the area between 20°N to the equator, and in the region of the Equatorial Countercurrent, with a southern extension to about 16°S in the eastern sector. In the western Atlantic, it can be found from 40°N–18°S, as well as the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean (Hulley and Paxton in press). In the European region, the fish is known from Portugal (the Azores archipelago and Madeira; Carneiro et al. 2014), and from the Canaries region (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).",Appears uncommon in the European region.,"This species is oceanic, mesopelagic and performs diel migrations from as deep as 250-275 m during the day, up to 0-125 m during the night for feeding purposes (Hulley and Paxton, in press).","There are no known threats for this species, and it is not under pressure from fisheries.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range (WDPA 2013). Research needed.,This species is not utilized.,"Nieto, A. & Allen, D.J.","Ralph, G.","Hulley, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Hygophum,reinhardtii,,Hygophum reinhardtii,"(Lütken, 1892)",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Stable,"Present in the western and eastern Atlantic, and also in the southern Indian Ocean, and the north and south Pacific. The fish is found throughout the eastern central Atlantic, but it is apparently less common equatorially and it is also absent in the Benguela upwelling region (Hulley and Paxton in press). Also found in the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean and Western Atlantic between 42°N-36°S,. northern Indian Ocean 7°N-4°S and Pacific 35°N-38°S including the Equatorial Divergence region, but absent in tropical waters. In the European region, the fish is known from Portugal (off the mainland, the Azores, and Madeira; Carneiro et al. 2014) and the Canaries (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).","In the eastern Atlantic, this species is fairly common, as indicated by mid-water trawl surveys near the Canary Islands (Wienerroither et al. 2009) and around various sea mounts (Kobyliansky et al. 2010). It is also fairly common in the western Atlantic, where its larval presence is the highest in the spring and autumn (Castro et al. 2010). It is also fairly common in museum collection records. Relatively frequent and abundant around the Canaries (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).","This species is oceanic, mesopelagic.Relatively frequent and abundant around the Canaries (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009), where caught over the deep seabed and slope in mesopelagic sets, between 215 and 1,035 m during the day and night, and in epipelagic nets between 22 and 139 m, from dusk until dawn; it shows a nocturnal vertical migration to surface water.","There are no known threats for this species, and it is not under pressure from fisheries.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range (WDPA 2013).,This species is not commercially exploited.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Hulley, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Hygophum,taaningi,,Hygophum taaningi,"Becker, 1965",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"This species is an Atlantic endemic, and can be found in the area south of 34°N to 22°S, but it is apparently absent in the Benguela upwelling region (Hulley and Paxton in press). In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (the Azores archipelago and Madeira; Santos et al. 1997, Carneiro et al. 2014), and from the Canaries (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).","There is little data regarding the population size of this species in the eastern Atlantic. It was recorded in moderate numbers from mid-water trawl surveys taken near the Canary Islands (Wienerroither et al. 2009), although considered 'infrequent and scanty' by Bordes Caballero et al. (2009).","This species is oceanic, mesopelagic and performs diel migrations from as deep as 475-1,000 m during the day, up to the surface to 250 m during the night for feeding purposes. Some juveniles are non-migratory (Hulley and Paxton in press).","There are no known threats for this species, and it is not under pressure from fisheries.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range (WDPA 2013).,This species is not commercially exploited.,"Nieto, A. & Allen, D.J.","Ralph, G.","Hulley, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MACROURIDAE,Hymenocephalus,italicus,,Hymenocephalus italicus,"Giglioli, 1884",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Hymenocephalus italicus is a common bathypelagic species in the Atlantic Ocean. Although it is taken as bycatch in trawl fisheries large numbers, it is not of significant interest to fisheries due to its small size. It is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Hymenocephalus italicus occurs throughout most of the tropical and temperate Atlantic Ocean, from Portugal to Angola, including the Mediterranean Sea, in the east and the Florida Straits to northern Brazil in the west, including the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea (Cohen et al. 1990). It is also found in the Indian Ocean, often under the synonym Hymenocephalus heterolepis, based on an examination by Marshall and Iwamoto (1973) as cited in Cohen et al. 1990. In south Sardinian waters, the depth range of H. italicus was 546-1202 m (Follesa et al. 2011). A similar depth distribution were found in the southern Ionian Sea, with abundances highest in the 300-500 m strata and lowest in the 700-900 m strata (Politou et al. 2008). In the Mediterranean Sea, this species occurs in the Catalan Sea (Massuti et al. 1995, Coll et al. 2006), Alboran sea and Algerian basin (Moranta et al. 2007), Tyrrhenian sea (Colloca et al. 2003), strait of Sicily (Gristina et al. 2006), Ionian Sea (D'Onghia et al. 2000, Madurell et al. 2004, Mytilineou et al. 2005, Madurell and Cartes 2006), Hellenic Seas (Papacontsantinou 1988),  Cretan sea (Kallianiotis et al. 2000) and Thracian sea and Thermaikos Gulf (Labropoulou and Papaconstantinou 2005).","Hymenocephalus italicus is abundant in many places. Hymenocephalus italicus was sampled off the Catalonian coasts during two study periods (1988-1992 and 2007-2008) using trawls (Cartes et al. 2009). The estimated abundance of H. italicus declined by about 31% between the two sampling periods in the depth stratum where it was most abundant (600 to 750 m) from an average of 7.995 ind/ha during 1988-1992 to an average of 5.475 ind/ha during 2007 to 2008 (Cartes et al. 2009). During that same period, it declined by about 60% in the 750 to 950 m depth stratum from an average of 0.748 ind/ha to an average of 0.299 ind/ha (Cartes et al. 2009). According to Moranta et al. (2007), 650 specimens were collected with a research bottom trawl (710 hauls at depths between 27 and 795 m) carried out along the Iberian coast covering a distance of approximately 1,200 km (Alboran sea, Algerian basin and Balearic basin), during spring and for seven consecutive years (i.e., between 1994 and 2000). The average towing speed was 2.8 knots. The average horizontal and vertical openings were estimated on 16.4 and 2.8 m respectively. Their lengths ranged from 1 to 5 cm (PAL, pre-anal length). It was the least abundant of four macrourid species collected off the Iberian Peninsula, and there was no clear trend in abundance. According to Massuti et al. (1995), 1,001 specimens were obtained from 76 bottom trawls in the Catalan Sea at depths between 147 and 1290 m, using two different semi-balloon otter-trawls.  Madurell et al. (2004) mentioned that a total of 29 hauls were taken during four experimental trawl survey cruises on a seasonal basis (April 1999, July-August 1999, November 1999, and February 2000) in the Ionian Sea at two stations between 473 and 603 m depth, using an otter trawl equipped with a cod-end bag liner of 14 mm stretched mesh size. Eighty-nine specimens-per-hour were caught during spring, 619 during summer and 633 during winter. According to Gristina et al. (2006), 88 specimens were sampled during two trawl surveys (Autumn 1997, Autumn 1998) carried out in the strait of Sicily using an otter trawl with a 28 mm codend mesh opening. According to Mytilineou et al. (2005), this species was collected in the north-east Ionian Sea during four experimental surveys (Sept. 1999, Apr. 2000, Jul. 2000, Sept. 2000), by means of trawls of 40 mm stretched mesh size in the cod-end, with density of 321.5 individuals per hauls in the depth range of 300-500 m (44 hauls), 70.1 individuals per hauls in the depth range of 500-700 m (52 hauls) and 2.1 individuals per hauls in the depth range of 700-900 m (36 hauls). D'Onghia et al. (2000) mentioned that 6,351 specimens were sampled during eight seasonal trawl surveys from April 1996 to March 1998 in the north-west Ionian Sea (Roccella Ionica Bank). The depth range examined was between 250 and 750m. The surface of the study area was around 754 km2. During each survey 12 hauls of 3 h duration were carried out from dawn to dusk. The locations of the tows were generally the same for each survey. The final data set comprised 96 hauls for a total of 288 h sampling. A professional 75t gross tonnage motor powered vessel, with 360 hp engine and equipped with nylon otter trawl net, with stretched mesh of 40 mm in the cod-end, was hired. A cover with stretched mesh of 20 mm was employed on the cod-end to sample small specimens.","This is a benthopelagic, non-migratory species. It is most common at depths less than 500 m (Cohen et al. 1990). In the Mediterranean Sea, it is usually found at depths between 100 to 800 m. This species exhibits diurnal changes in diet and feeding intensity, preying mainly on mobile suprabenthic prey (Madurell and Cartes 2006). It mainly feeds on pelagic copepods, to a lesser extent on euphausiids and gammarian amphipods, and to a minor extent on shrimps, ostracods, cumaceans and other small crustaceans and small fish (Cohen et al. 1990). This species reaches a maximum reported age of 9 years (Massuti, Morales-Nin and Stefanescu 1995).   In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 25 cm TL and the length at maturity is 8.1 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014).","Due to its small size, it is not of significant interest to fisheries (Cohen et al. 1990). There are no known species-specific threats.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for H. italicus. It is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range. This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Due to its small size, it is not of significant interest to fisheries (Cohen et al. 1990).","Strongin, K.","Nedreaas, K., Lorance, P., Cook, R., Fernandes, P., Florin, A. & Nielsen, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MACROURIDAE,Hymenogadus,gracilis,,Hymenogadus gracilis,"(Gilbert & Hubbs, 1920)",The taxonomy of this species is not currently well understood.,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"The distribution of this fish is the tropical Western Atlantic, off the coast of Morocco and Mauritania (Schwarzhans 2014). It is also found in the Indian and west Pacific Oceans. It is found at depths ranging from 160 to 345 m (Geistdoerfer 1986). In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (off the the Azores archipelago; off the Azores, in the Great Meteor Tablemount area (Pakhorukov 2008, Carneiro et al. 2014 and from the Canaries (Schwarzhans 2014).",There is little species-specific population information available.&#160;Apparently scarce in the European region.,A&#160;deep-water species found at depths ranging from&#160;160 to 450 m. This species reaches a maximum size of 13 cm. This species has been seen in the vicinity of seamounts (Pakhorukov 2008).,No known threats.,There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place of required.,"There is no species-specific use and trade information available. A small, deep water fish, and unlikely to be found in fisheries.","Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CENTROLOPHIDAE,Hyperoglyphe,perciformis,,Hyperoglyphe perciformis,"(Mitchill, 1818)","Preliminary molecular studies suggest that the genus Schedophilus is not monophyletic (Milana et al. 2011). In the Mediterranean, this species is frequently confused with the con-familial Schedophilus ovalis (Stefanescu and Massutí 1992).",No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Hyperoglyphe perciformis has a scattered distribution with rarely reported localities in the region. There is a lack of taxonomically verified identifications for this family. The species is of potential interest for fisheries but little population information is available. It grows and develops slowly, and very limited information is available on the ecology and reproductive aspects of Hyperoglyphe perciformis. It is, therefore, assessed in the region as Data Deficient. ",Unknown,"Hyperoglyphe perciformis is restricted to both coasts of the North Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, H. perciformis is known from scattered locations including the British Isles, Bay of Biscay, off Portugal (locality unknown), the Azores, Canary Islands (locality unknown), and the Mediterranean (Haedrich 1986, Brito 2002, Porteiro et al. 2010, Casamajor and Morandeau 2013, Carneiro et al. 2014).  In the Mediterranean, H. perciformis was recently recorded from the coast of Samandag in Iskenderun Bay (southern Turkey) (Ergüden et al. 2012). There are occasional occurrences from Norway and southern Iceland (Pethon 2005). The depth range for this species is 200 to 400 m (Filer and Sedberry 2008, Casamajor and Morandeau 2013). Western Atlantic: Nova Scotia in Canada to southern Florida in USA and eastern Gulf of Mexico (Robins and Ray 1986.)","Population information for Hyperoglyphe perciformis in the northeastern Atlantic region seems to be rare and indeterminate, with very scattered occurrence and often unknown localities. A few specimens have been caught west of the Azores and in the western Mediterranean Sea (Filer and Sedberry 2008). Adults are known to be found to depths of 400 meters, and have been reported as unusual and occurring at the edge of its range in the southern Bay of Biscay (Casamajor and Morandeau 2013). In the western Atlantic, Hyperoglyphe perciformis seems to be more common and abundant. It made up almost 8% of the total catch from 1999 to 2004 on commercial vessels operating off the coast of the Carolinas, USA. This species is often landed in the vicinity of deep-water topographic structures, such as the Charleston bump (375 to 700 meters), in fisheries targeting the Wreckfish, Polyprion americanus (Haedrich 1986).","Hyperoglyphe perciformis is a pelagic species that lives over the continental slope. Adults live in deepwater canyons while the juveniles prefer surface waters and may occasionally be found in coastal waters, usually during the summer/autumn months, sheltered in large groups under floating debris.  The maximum recorded length of this species is 91 cm (TL) (Robins and Ray 1986). This species diet consists of small fish and crustaceans. Adults are often seen schooling. (Bauchot 1987). Hyperoglyphe perciformis is a long-lived species with an extremely slow growth rate and a high age of maturity. Filer and Sedberry (2008) aged specimens caught from commercial fishermen off the coast of South Carolina and Georgia, USA, and found the specimens sampled ranged from 5 to 85 years, with a mean age of 12 years. Estimates of age at 50% maturity were 6 years for females, and 100% maturity was 16 years. The peak spawning time at the Charleston Bump, western Atlantic, was between September and April.","Due to its long life span, slow growth rate and high age at maturity, as well as uncertainty about the size of the population H. perciformis may be intrinsically vulnerable to over-fishing (Filer and Sedberry 2008).  The harvesting of Hyperoglyphe perciformis as a food source, has recently commenced off the coast of the United States (Filer and Sedberry 2006). The age-frequency distribution of individuals landed by commercial fishermen off the coast of the Carolinas and Georgia was skewed towards individuals ranging in age from 2-16 years. The age at 50% maturity is estimated at 16 years for females (Filer and Sedberry 2008).","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Hyperoglyphe perciformis. Its distribution probably overlaps with protected areas.  In the light of developing fisheries for this species (Casamajor and Morandeau 2013), research should be carried out to improve the taxonomic identification of the species in the area, biology, ecology, harvest levels, population size and trends as well as potential threats to the species. In light of recent findings confirming that H. perciformis is intrinsically vulnerable to overfishing, there has been recent interest in managing the fishery for H. perciformis off the eastern coast of the United States.","Hyperoglyphe perciformis is a species of possible commercial interest; however, in its northeastern regional distribution, there is very little species-specific information available. In the western Atlantic, there is interest in the management of this fishery. Hyperoglyphe perciformes are landed in small numbers by commercial vessels off the coast of the Carolinas and on both coasts of Florida, USA. They are landed as by-catch in fisheries for deepwater snappers (Lutjanidae), groupers (Serranidae) and other deep reef species (Filer and Sedberry 2008).","Harwell, H.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.","De Silva, R., Milligan, H., Lutz, M., Batchelor, A., Jopling, B., Kemp, K., Lewis, S., Lintott, P., Sears, J., Wilson, P., Smith, J. and Livingston, F.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,AMMODYTIDAE,Hyperoplus,immaculatus,,Hyperoplus immaculatus,"(Corbin, 1950)",There are issues of taxonomic quality within the family Ammodytidae (Nizinski in press),No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: DD Hyperoplus immaculatus is found in the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean, known only from the British Isles and Bay of Biscay, to depths of 60 m. It does not appear to be very common, but little information is available for the population. Hyperoplus immaculatus is the least known of all Ammodytidae spp. It is caught in the Ammodytidae fishery, and it is unknown if this presents a major threat to this species. There has been a significant reduction of effort in the sandeel fishery in recent years, with a decrease in fishing mortality and a rise in spawning stock biomass of Ammodytidae. Therefore, H. immaculatus is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Hyperoplus immaculatus is found on all coasts of the British Isles and English Channel to northern Biscay (Reay 1986). There is no species-specific depth information available, therefore it is inferred that the depth range occupied by H. immaculatus is similar to the congener H. lanceolatus, which is from shallow waters to 60 metres.","Hyperoplus immaculatus occurred in 2% of 48 surveys undertaken in tidal estuaries, with a density of 3.7 individuals per 1000 m2 (Nicolas et al. 2010). It accounted for 0.01% of the total weight of species recorded in surveys (Parker-Humphreys 2005). Data on species composition within the family Ammodytidae available through the Database of Trawl Surveys (DATRAS), an international database of trawl surveys maintained by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) is inconsistent. Additionally, there are inconsistencies in reporting within countries among years, and it has been suggested that none of the records, with the exception of Hyperoplus sp. and Ammodytes sp. can be trusted (ICES 2007). There are issues of taxonomic quality within the family Ammodytidae (Nizinski in press).","Hyperoplus immaculatus can be found both inshore and offshore, although only juveniles appear to occur close inshore. It is also found in estuaries (Nicolas et al. 2010) This species feeds initially on zooplankton, but however at lengths greater than 10 to 15 cm small fishes, such as clupeids and ammodytids dominate the diet (Reay 1986). This species spawns in winter and has a more southern distribution (Muus and Nielsen 1999). It reaches a maximum size of 40 cm TL (Ida 1994). This species is prey for the grey gurnard (Weinert et al. 2010). The genus Hyperoplus is restricted to the northeastern Atlantic. It is the largest species within the family Ammodytidae (Ida et al. 1994). The Ammodytidae are considered keystone species, which play a significant role in the marine ecosystem as prey items for a variety of predators including fishes, marine mammals, and birds. Fluctuations in sandeel abundance have been shown to have direct effects on some seabird populations (Furness and Tasker 2000).","Hyperoplus immaculatus is suspected to be taken as bycatch in the commercially important sandeel fishery. There are no species-specific landing statistics available, there is little reliable population information available, there are issues of taxonomic quality and the fishery is poorly characterized throughout the range and within the Northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea Assessment Area.","Hyperoplus immaculatus is a suspected bycatch of the commercially important sandeel fishery There are no species-specific landing statistics available, there is little reliable population information available, there are issues of taxonomic quality and the fishery is poorly characterized throughout the range and within the Northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea Assessment Area.","Hyperoplus immaculatus is likely taken as bycatch in the commercially-important Ammodytidae fishery (Muus and Nielsen 1999). Additionally, it is suspected that, like several congeners, H. immaculatus may form an important component of the diet of fishes, mammals and seabirds.","Harwell, H.","Collette, B., Heessen, H. & Fernandes, P.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,AMMODYTIDAE,Hyperoplus,lanceolatus,,Hyperoplus lanceolatus,"(Le Sauvage, 1824)",There are issues of taxonomic quality within the family Ammodytidae (Nizinski in press).,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Hyperoplus lanceolatus is found in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, from western Russia to the British Isles. It is frequently found in the same sandy habitats as Ammodytid species and is found to depths of 60 m. It is likely an important prey item for other fishes, birds and mammals. In addition to this important ecosystem service, H. lanceolatus is taken as a bycatch species in the sandeel fishery. There are no species-specific landing statistics available, there is little reliable population information available and the fishery is poorly characterized throughout the range. However, the taxonomy of this species appears to be relatively clear. It is worth noting that there has been a significant reduction of effort in the sandeel fishery in recent years, with a decrease in fishing mortality and a rise in spawning stock biomass of Ammodytidae. Therefore, Hyperoplus lanceolatus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"In the northeast Atlantic, Hyperloplus lanceolatus is found from Murmansk and Spitzbergen to Portugal, including Iceland and much of the Baltic. It is found to depths of 60 metres (Muus and Dahlström 1978).","This species occurs regularly on the Norwegian coast, however it is found in low numbers relative to the Lesser Sandeel, Ammodytes marinus (Naevdal and Thorkildsen 2002). Data on species composition within the family Ammodytidae available through the Database of Trawl Surveys (DATRAS), an international database of trawl surveys maintained by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), are inconsistent. Additionally, there are inconsistencies in reporting within countries among years, and it has been suggested that none of the records, with the exception of Hyperoplus spp. and Ammodytes spp., can be trusted (ICES 2007). There are issues of taxonomic quality within the family Ammodytidae (Nizinski in press).","Hyperoplus lanceolatus is an inshore species, which is also found in the intertidal zone and in estuaries, and offshore to about 60 m depth. It is associated with sandbanks (Kaiser et al. 2004), and is commonly associated with Ammodytes species. This species feeds initially on zooplankton, however at larger sizes small fishes, such as clupeids and ammodytids, dominate the diet (Reay 1986). It is a summer batch spawner which reaches a maximum size of 35 cm TL. The genus Hyperoplus is restricted to the northeastern Atlantic. The largest species within the family Ammodytidae, H. immaculatus, is the largest species within the genus (Ida et al. 1994). The Ammodytidae are considered keystone species, which play a significant role in the marine ecosystem as prey items for a variety of predators including fishes, marine mammals and birds. Fluctuations in sandeel abundance have been shown to have direct effects on some seabird populations (Furness and Tasker 2000).",Hyperoplus lanceolatus is taken as bycatch in the commercially important sandeel fishery (Engelhard et al. 2008).,"Hyperoplus lanceolatus is taken as bycatch in the commercially important sandeel fishery. There are no species-specific landing statistics available, there is little reliable population information available, and the fishery is poorly characterized throughout the range. Although there are taxonomic issues within the family Ammodytidae, the taxonomy of H. laceolatus appears to be relatively clear.","This species is of minor or no commercial importance (Engelhard et al. 2008). It is used mainly for fishmeal and oil, but also utilized fresh and pan-fried for human consumption (Frimodt 1995). Hyperoplus lanceolatus may be taken as bycatch in the commercially-important Ammodytidae fishery. Additionally, it is suspected that, like several congeners, Hyperoplus lanceolatus forms an important component of the diet of fishes, mammals and seabirds.","Ralph, G.","Fernandes, P., Collette, B. & Heessen, H.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,BLENNIIDAE,Hypleurochilus,bananensis,,Hypleurochilus bananensis,"(Poll, 1959)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Hypleurochilus bananensis is widely, but patchily, distributed from the southern Iberian peninsula to the Congo River. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, there are only scattered records from the southern Iberian peninsula and the Mediterranean, though H. bananensis is likely to be under-reported. It may be an introduced species to the Mediterranean, as most of the records from the Mediterranean are from around harbors. There are no known, widespread threats for this species. Therefore, H. bananensis is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Hypleurochilus bananensis is known from the eastern Atlantic (southern Atlantic coast of Spain) and from off Western Sahara south along the west coast of Africa to the Congo River (Almada et al. 2001). In the Mediterranean Sea, H. bananensis is known from scattered records: the north coast of Algeria, Lebanon, Tunisia, and it has recently been reported from the Ionian Sea (Langeneck 2013). Although the range of this species is large, its distribution is extremely patchy, especially within the Mediterranean. Hypleurochilus bananensis is known from 5 to 10 m depth (Langeneck 2013).","There is no population information available for this species, but it is thought to be rare (Langeneck 2013).","A&#160;near-shore species, strongly associated with hard substrate. This species is found in rocky areas of the intertidal zone, where it shelters in crevices and under rocks (Nieto and Alberto 1990) and in shallow waters near harbours (Zander 1986).  This species is oviparous. The maximum recorded size is about 10.5 cm (Bath 1990).",There are no known major threats.,"There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place or required for this species, however it may be found to occur in a number of marine protected areas. It was assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011), due to the small number of specimens collected there. However, globally it was listed as Least Concern in 2009.  Basic research on the population status, distribution, and trends, and ecology of H. bananensis is required, especially in the Mediterranean.",Hypleurochilus bananensis is not utilized commercially.,"Ahnelt, H. & Harvey, M.","Williams, J.T., Herler, J. & Kovacic, M.","De Silva, R., Milligan, H., Lutz, M., Batchelor, A., Jopling, B., Kemp, K., Lewis, S., Lintott, P., Sears, J., Wilson, P., Smith, J. & Livingston, F.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,BELONIFORMES,HEMIRAMPHIDAE,Hyporhamphus,picarti,,Hyporhamphus picarti,"(Valenciennes, 1847)",,No,LC,,,,,,,European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is abundant and it is not thought to be threatened at present in Europe. It present in at least one marine protected area and is therefore assessed as Least Concern in Europe.,Stable,"In the European region, this fish is found in the Mediterranean Sea (the southern part of the Mediterranean Sea; from Morocco to the Bardawil Lagoon in north Sinai, Israel, and Lebanon. It is recorded from the Levantine Sea, Turkey (Bilecenoğlu et al. 2014), possibly extending to the Turkish Aegean (Turan 2007). In the eastern Atlantic, the fish is recorded from southwestern Spain (to at least the Gulf of Cadiz; Drake and Arias 1991) and from the Canary Islands. Outside the European region, the species is found in the eastern Atlantic from Morocco south along the coast of the Gulf of Guinea to Luanda, Angola (Collette 1965).","Hyporhamphus picarti is common in the eastern Mediterranean, and populations in the European region are considered stable.","This is an epipelagic species, occurring in shallow coastal waters. It often enters estuaries (Collette 1981). Omnivorous, feeding on algae and small animals. It forms schools and is attracted to lights at night. Its eggs are attached to aquatic vegetation by sticky threads.",There are no known major threats.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with marine protected areas in parts of its range.,The species is incidentally caught in fisheries.,"Allen, D.J. & Polidoro, B.","Collette, B.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,EPINEPHELIDAE,Hyporthodus,haifensis,,Hyporthodus haifensis,"(Ben-Tuvia, 1953)",Likely to have been confused with Epinephelus marginatus under the names of E. guaza and E. gigas (Heemstra 1991). A recent publication changed the generic name of this species to Hyporthodus (Craig and Hastings 2007) and a change of family name to Epinephelidae (Smith and Craig 2007).,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Hyporthodus haifensis does not appear to be utilized to a large extent. However its known distribution (Mediterranean Sea) is known to have high fishing pressure, although fisheries data and hence population status and information on the species' utilization is minimal. The species is currently listed as Data Deficient, and further research and monitoring is required.",Unknown,"Hyporthodushaifensis is found in the southern Mediterranean and occurs south along the north and west African coast to southern Angola (Heemstra 1991). There is a recent report of the species from Lampedusa Island in Italy (Azzurro et al. 2000), which extends its range to the central Mediterranean, where it is also recorded from Palermo (Sicily), Syria and Lebanon (Heemstra and Randall 1993) and Turkey (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002).","There is very little population information available for this species, as it is a deep-water species, and there is no information on current population trends.","A large species, reaching a maximum total length of 110 cm and 25 kg (Poll 1954). It is found in depths from 80 to 220 m over mud, sand or rock bottoms (Poll 1954), rocky reefs with encrusting coraline algae, and most commonly found between the depths of 80 to 160 m (Azzurro et al. 2000).",The species is probably important in local fisheries in the Mediterranean but there is insufficient data to quantify its importance or impact on the species.,"Hyporthodus haifensis probably does not occur within many protected areas because it prefers deep waters, however it has been recorded from the Natura 2000 site Fondali delle Isole Pelagie (Isole Pelagie Natural Marine Reserve and Natural Protected Marine Area), the Pelagie Islands (Italy; EUNIS 2014). Further information is required on populations and fishery trends. The species was assessed as Data Deficient in 2008 (IUCN 2008) at both the global and Mediterranean regional scales.","The species is probably important in local fisheries in the Mediterranean but there are insufficient data to quantify its importance. It is frequently taken by long line fisheries, which target Epinephelus caninus around Lampedusa Island, Italy (Azzurro et al. 2000).","Allen, D.J., Kemp, J.R. & Pollard, D.","Craig, M.T.","Choat, J.H., Heemstra, P., Padovani-Ferreira, B. & Rocha, L.A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,COTTIDAE,Icelus,bicornis,,Icelus bicornis,"(Reinhardt, 1840)",,No,LC,,,,,,,European Regional Assessment: LC Listed as Least Concern as it is common and widespread in the Arctic region. Icelus bicornis is a circumarctic species that inhabits a variety of deep water habitats. Use and trade information is not available for this species and no major threats have been identified.,Unknown,"Icelus bicornis is a circumarctic species that occurs on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. This species is mainly found in the North Sea (Jiming 1982), Icelandic Sea (Jónsson and Pálsson 2006), Norwegian Sea (Pethon 2005), Barents Sea (Karamushko 2008) and Kara Sea (Byrkjedal and Høines 2007, Dolgov 2013). The depth range for this species is 10 to 930 m (Møller et al. 2010).","Globally, Iceclus bicornis was the third most prevalent species in a survey conducted in the Beaufort Sea in 1977 but did not occur in the 2008 trawl survey (Rand and Logerwell 2011). Icelus bicornis is rare in the North Sea (Jiming 1982). A trawl survey conducted in the Barents Sea captured 200 individuals of I. bicornis in the summer of the year 2000 (Byrkjedal and Høines 2007).","In the northeast Atlantic, I. bicornis occurs in the transitional zone between living coral and debris zone (Costello et al. 2005). It is a benthic species found on muddy, sandy or rocky bottoms or among algae. It feeds on benthic polychaetes, crustaceans (Hyppolyte, Boreophausia), and large hyperiids (Phascolosoma). The maximum recorded length is 15.7 cm (Fedorov 1986, Coad and Reist 2004). Males of this species are usually below 7 cm and females below 12 cm. Icelus bicornis lives at temperatures -1.7-10°C. Females may lay 150-1,000 eggs with a diameter of 3 mm (Muus and Nielsen 1999).","This species may be affected by water temperature changes due to climate change which can alter migration, physiology, food availability etc. (Roessig et al. 2004). However, major threats to this species have not been identified.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place. However, this species’ range overlaps with marine protected areas (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014).",Use and trade information is not available for Icelus bicornis. ,"Harwell, H.","Lorance, P., Florin, A. & Keskin, Ç.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,PHOSICHTHYIDAE,Ichthyococcus,ovatus,,Ichthyococcus ovatus,"(Cocco, 1838)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Ichthyococcus ovatus is an epi- to benthopelagic fish that occurs from Portugal, the Azores, the Canary Islands and the Mediterranean to at least 500 m depth. It is uncommon in trawl surveys conducted in the Gulf of Cadiz and mid-Altantic Ridge. There are no known major threats and it is not utilized. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Ichthyococcus ovatus is circumglobal in subtropical to temperate waters (Grey 1964, McEachran and Fechhelm 1998). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, I. ovatus is known from Portugal, Azores, the Canary Islands and the Mediterranean including southeast Crete, the Adriatic Sea (Grey 1964), and the Spanish Mediterranean (Garcia-Ruiz et al. in press). Larvae are present throughout the Hellenic Seas (C. Papaconstantinou pers. obsv. 2014). Ichthyococcus ovatus usually occurs from 200–500 m (Schaefer et al. 1986).","Ichthyococcus ovatus in the central Mediterranean, was found to have a frequency of occurrence of 0.4% between the years 1998–2007 (Busalacchi et al. 2010). In the western Mediterranean, larvae from the species was found to have a frequency of occurrence of 1.6% (Rodriguez et al. 2013). One specimen was collected from the Gulf of Cadiz over 20 years of bottom trawl surveys (ARSA) (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2013) and four specimens found in four trawls in the mid-Atlantic Ridge (Kobyliansky et al. 2010).","Ichthyococcus ovatus is an epi- to benthopelagic species that does not exhibit diel vertical migrations (Badcock 1984). The occurrence of spawning is probably year-round, peaking from late spring to early summer (Badcock 1984). Photophore complement is complete at about 15–17 mm standard length (Badcock 1984). The maximum recorded standard length SL is 5.5 cm (Quéro et al. 1990).",There are no known major threats to Ichthyococcus ovatus.,There are known species-specific conservation measures for Ichthyococcus ovatus. Ichthyococcus ovatus was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).,There is no available use/trade information for I. ovatus.,"Strongin, K.","Kobyliansky, S. & Herrera, J.","Papaconstantinou, C.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Idiacanthus,fasciola,,Idiacanthus fasciola,"Peters, 1877",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Idiacanthus fasciola is a circumglobal species, and occurs to about 43°N, near the Azores, and 39°N off Portugal in the northeastern Atlantic. Although data for this species are limited, there are currently no major threats to this species and given its deep water habitat, future threats are unlikely. It is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Idiacanthus fasciola is a circumglobal species. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs to about 43°N, near the Azores, and 39°N off Portugal (Gibbs 1984). This species inhabits waters between the depths of  500 m (Krueger 1990) and 2000 m (Mundy 2005). Outside the region, this species occurs in the waters of the north Atlantic, north of 10°N and into the south Atlantic, from the southern tip of Africa to the waters off the Patagonian region of Argentina (Nakamura et al. 1986). This species also occurs in the Indo-Pacific, across the Indian Ocean and north of about 23°S to west and central Pacific between 27°N and 23°S. This species is also found in the South China Sea and in waters near the Taiwan Province (Yang et al. 1996).","In a trawl survey conducted along the mid Atlantic Ridge between the years 1975 and 1978, the relative abundance of I. fasciola that was found was relatively low at 0.3% in comparison with other fish collected in the study (Gushchin and Kukuyev 1981). Two specimens recorded from pelagic trawl surveys (one trawl) in the mid-Atlantic ridge (Kobyliansky et al. 2010). There are no trawl records (bottom trawl) in the Gulf of Cadiz (J. Gil Herrera pers comm. 2013).","Idiacanthus fasciola is a mesopelagic/bathypelagic fish (Kreuger 1990) and its diet consists mainly of other fish (Harold 1999).There is marked sexual dimorphism within this species; the males reach about 15% of the female body size (Harold 1999). Females undergo diel, vertical migrations, while the males remain in the deeper stratum of the water (Harold 1999) (Sutton and Hopkins 1996). The maximum recorded length for this species is 48.9 cm SL (Nakamura et al. 1986).","Currently, there are no major threats to this species.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.,This species is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Papaconstantinou, C. & Kobyliansky, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,SYNAPHOBRANCHIDAE,Ilyophis,arx,,Ilyophis arx,"Robins, 1976",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Ilyophis arx is found in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, Ilyophis arx is known only from two specimens collected from the Porcupine Seabight. Although there are no known major threats to I. arx at this time, very little data about the population and biology are available in the assessment zone. Ilyophis arx is therefore listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Ilyophis arx occurs in Atlantic and Pacific waters (Robins and Robins 1989, Sulak and Shcherbachev 1997, Karmovskaya and Parin 1999). Two specimens of Ilyophis arx have been collected from the northeastern Atlantic, both from the Porcupine Seabight in depths between 1,785–2,000 m (Merrett and Saldanha 1985).","Ilyophis arx is known only from seven specimens, with three of which are from the Porcupine Seabight (Robins and Robins 1989). This species appears to be rare in museum collections (K. Tighe pers comm. 2011).","Ilyophis arx is a benthopelagic species that has a depth range from 1,785–2,000, with bottom temperatures ranging from 3.8°–4.5°C (Sulak and Shcherbachev 1997). The maximum length for this species is 44.7 cm (Sulak and Shcherbachev 1997, Karmovskaya and Parin 1999, Robins and Robins 1989).",There are no known major threats to Ilyophis arx.,No specific conservation measures are in place for Ilyophis arx.,Ilyophis arx is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic. ,"Ralph, G.","Karmovskaya, E. & Rijnsdorp, A.D.","Tighe, K.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,SYNAPHOBRANCHIDAE,Ilyophis,blachei,,Ilyophis blachei,"Saldanha & Merrett, 1982",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Ilyophis blachei is known from widely distributed localities in the Atlantic and Indian oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, it occurs from the Rockall Trough, Bay of Biscay and the Azores. Ilyophis blachei is a deep water, benthic species that is not utilized. Threats to this species have not been identified. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Ilyophis blachei is known from scattered localities in the Atlantic and Indian oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, it is found from Rockall Trough (Sulak and Shcherbachev 1997, Massutí 2007) south to the Bay of Biscay and the Azores (Saldanha and Bauchot 1986, Santos et al. 1997). It has a depth range of 580–2,023 m (Sulak and Shcherbachev 1997).","Ilyophis blachei has a mean percentage of occurrence from the slope of 0.21%  between 1,195–789 m in the Porcupine Sea Bight (Priede et al. 1994). This species occurred with 50% frequency within the depth range of 1,192–1,135 in the Rockall Trough region of the eastern North Atlantic (Massutí et al. 2004) so appears common in this region. Rarely, more than one individual of this species is captured at a time as it is found in a region of high biodiversity (Saldanha and Merrett 1982).  Globally, Ilyophis blachei is known from a few specimens and appears to be rare in museum collections (K. Tighe pers comm. 2011).","Ilyophis blachei is found on deep continental slopes and has been collected over a variety of bottom substrates. While few specimens have been collected, Ilyophis blachei has been found to feed on crustaceans. Spawning occurs in June/July. The maximum recorded length for this species is 79.2 cm TL (Saldanha and Merrett 1982).",There are no major threats to Ilyophis blachei. ,"No specific conservation measures are in place for Ilyophis blachei. However, this species’ range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014).",Ilyophis blachei is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic. ,"Ralph, G.","Karmovskaya, E. & Rijnsdorp, A.D.","Tighe, K.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,SYNAPHOBRANCHIDAE,Ilyophis,brunneus,,Ilyophis brunneus,"Gilbert, 1891",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Ilyophis brunneus is circumglobally distributed. In the northeastern Atlantic, it occurs from the Porcupine Seabight to the Canary Islands. This species is benthopelagic and can occur to over 3,000 m depth. This species that is not utilized in the region and there are no major threats. It is therefore listed as Least Concern. ",Unknown,"Ilyophis brunneus is distributed from about 51°N to 42°S occurring in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs from the Porcupine Seabight to the Canary Islands but is not found within the Mediterranean Sea. It has a depth range from 450–3,120 m (Sulak and Shcherbachev 1997).","Ilyophis brunneus has a frequency of occurrence of 0.08% at a depths of 1,533–2,785 m in Porcupine Seabight (Priede et al. 1994). Additional population information is not available for the region. Globally, I. brunneus is common and locally abundant (K. Tighe pers comm. 2011).","Ilyophic brunneus is a benthopelagic species that occurs from bathyal to abyssal depths. Females mature around 13 cm with smaller sizes occurring closer to 30°N (Merrett and Saldanha 1985). It feeds on annelids and galatheid crustaceans. It can be found at densities higher than those expected from the ordinary deep-sea floor at comparable depths near hydrothermal vents, due to the proximity of prey (Ohta and Kim 2001). The maximum size for this species is 58 cm (Sulak and Shcherbachev 1997).","There are no major threats to Ilyophis brunneus; however, this species  is caught a bycatch (Sulak and Shcherbachev 1997).",No specific conservation measures are in place for Ilyophic brunneus. ,Ilyophic brunneus is not utilized in the northeastern Atlantic. ,"Ralph, G.","Karmovskaya, E. & Rijnsdorp, A.D.","Tighe, K.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,SQUALIFORMES,DALATIIDAE,Isistius,brasiliensis,,Isistius brasiliensis,"(Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Cookie-cutter Shark (Isistius brasiliensis) is only known from one record in Madeira, therefore likely representing less than 1% of the total global population of the species and being assessed as Not Applicable in the European region.",Stable,"This oceanic species is widespread in temperate and tropical regions, although records are patchy. In European waters, only one specimen has been caught off Madeira in the Eastern Central Atlantic (Cadenat and Blache 1981). The species has been found at depths of 1,000 m.",Nothing is known about population size or structure. The population is inferred to be stable based on its limited interaction with fisheries.,"This oceanic shark occurs at depths beyond the main fisheries (1,000 m). It makes diurnal vertical migrations from below 1,000 m in the day to near the surface at night (Last and Stevens 1994). This species is small, having only been recorded up to 50 cm total length. Nothing else is known of its biology.","This species is rarely taken as bycatch in commercial fisheries owing to its small body size and deep depth range (>1,000 m). Thus, there are no significant threats in place.",There are currently no conservation measures in place for this species. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.,The species is not exploited nor traded commercially.,"Dulvy, N. & Kemp, J.R.","Stevens, J.D.","Stehmann, M.F.W. & Walls, R.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,SQUALIFORMES,DALATIIDAE,Isistius,plutodus,,Isistius plutodus,"Garrick & Springer, 1964",This species might be confused with the congener Isistius brasiliensis.,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Largetooth Cookiecutter Shark is a rare epibenthic and epipelagic shark that is known from less than ten specimens. Its geographic range is possibly circumglobal, but records are from scattered locations throughout the Pacific and Atlantic. All specimens have been collected close to land unlike its congener, Cookiecutter Shark (Isistius brasiliensis). The largest recorded specimen was just over 42 cm total length, but very little is known of the biology of this facultative ectoparasite. It is probably rare bycatch of pelagic and bottom trawl and longline fisheries (i.e., taken by hook or attached to its captured prey). It is likely that this shark occurs in European waters as it has been recorded in other similar regions of the world. The lack of records from the Northeast Atlantic suggests that this shark is very rarely caught by fisheries in this area. Given its extremely limited interaction with fisheries, it can be inferred that the population is stable. Largetooth Cookiecutter Shark is therefore assessed as Least Concern in the European region. Monitoring should be conducted on the harvest trend of this species.",Stable,"This species has been recorded sporadically from throughout the Pacific and Atlantic (Zidowitz et al. 2004, Ebert and Compagno 2013). The only Northeast Atlantic record is from north of the Azores (43° 58’N, 28° 32’W; Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Its depth range is 60-2,060 m.","This species is rarely encountered compared to Cookiecutter Shark (Isistius brasiliensis). This may be due to its more localised or limited geographic range, its occurrence in deeper water, or its lower abundance (Ebert and Compagno 2013). Given its limited interaction with fisheries, the population is suspected to be stable. ","This is an epibenthic and epipelagic species that occurs at depths of around 100 m over the continental shelf and at depths of 60−120 m over continental slopes with bottom depths of 815−2,060 m. All known specimens have been collected close to land, except one specimen caught north of the Azores at about 95 m deep over water 890−980 m deep (Zidowitz et al. 2004, Ebert and Compagno 2013, Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Its infrequency of capture compared with Cookiecutter Shark suggests that it may be localised or more limited in its geographic range and habitat, and it might occur in deeper water (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Little information is available on this species’ biology as it is known from fewer than ten specimens. It reaches a maximum size of at least 42 and 34 cm total length for females and males, respectively (Garrick and Springer 1964, Zidowitz et al. 2004, Ebert and Compagno 2013). This species is a facultative ectoparasite, like Cookiecutter Shark, but it likely uses a different biting/cutting action (Ebert and Compagno 2013). ","This shark is not targeted by commercial fisheries, but it is occasionally taken as bycatch in pelagic and bottom trawl fisheries and longline fisheries. Fishermen sometimes suspect it of being the cause of “crater wounds” and gouges on fishes, which lowers the quality of their catch (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). One specimen was retrieved attached to a hooked Blue Shark (Prionace glauca; Sadowsky et al. 1988, Amorin et al. 1998). This species may occur in areas less heavily fished than Cookiecutter Shark, therefore reducing the likelihood of it being captured by fishing gear.",No species-specific management or conservation measures are currently in place. Monitoring should be conducted on harvest trend of the species.,The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Dulvy, N.","Kyne, P.M., Gerber, L. & Sherrill-Mix, S.","Stehmann, M.F.W. & Walls, R.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,LAMNIFORMES,LAMNIDAE,Isurus,oxyrinchus,,Isurus oxyrinchus,"Rafinesque, 1810",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Shortfin Mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) is an offshore littoral and epipelagic species, found in tropical and warm-temperate seas from the surface down to at least 500 m. It is an important target species, a bycatch in tuna (Thunnus spp.) and billfish (Xiphiidae and Istiophoridae) longline and driftnet fisheries, particularly in the high-seas, and is an important coastal recreational species. Most catches are inadequately recorded and underestimated and landings data do not reflect numbers finned and discarded at sea. Various analyses suggest that this species may have undergone significant declines in abundance over various parts of its range.Several subpopulations of Shortfin Mako have been assessed separately for the IUCN Red List, however further data are required to determine whether individuals occurring in the Mediterranean constitute a subpopulation (based on the definition of ""subpopulation"" as given in the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria). Recent investigations in the Mediterranean Sea suggest that the western basin is a nursery area where bycatch of this species from the tuna and Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) fishery consists almost exclusively of juveniles. It is possible that this nursery area corresponds to the Eastern Central Atlantic subpopulation, which is affected by the Swordfish longline fishery off the western coast of Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. In other areas of the Mediterranean Sea, this shark is caught sporadically. Reports from the Ligurian Sea show a significant decline since the 1970s. In the Adriatic Sea, it was considered common at the end of 19th/beginning of the 20th centuries, but since 1972 there have been no records of this species reported despite a large increase in fishing pressure and introduction of new fishing gear to the area. Given the fact that nothing has changed in terms of management or fishing effort in the Mediterranean Sea since the previous assessment, the status will be carried over. Therefore, on the basis of inadequate management resulting in continuing (if not increasing) fishing pressure, the high value of its meat and fins, its sensitive life history characteristics, the absence of records from some localised areas in the Mediterranean Sea, evidence of large declines in other regions, and captures of juveniles in a probable nursery area, this species is threatened in these waters.In the Northeast Atlantic, data for this shark pertaining to population size and trends are scarce. It is believed that Shortfin Makos occurring in this region are just a small portion of a North Atlantic-wide stock, therefore this assessment should be revisited and analysed along with data from the Northwest Atlantic. The species is faring worse in the Mediterranean Sea than anywhere else in the world, and that the Mediterranean Sea and north Atlantic stocks may be connected. However, there is no information on the status of the Northeast Atlantic subpopulation, and it is unknown which region formerly held more individuals. Thus, this species is assessed as Data Deficient throughout European waters.",Unknown,"This pelagic shark is circumglobal in most tropical and temperate seas, from 50°N (up to 60°N in the Northeast Atlantic) to 50°S. In the Northeast Atlantic there have been occasional records from Norway (from about 60°N) and around the British Isles, though it is more common further south, including off the Bay of Biscay, Spain, Portugal, the Azores and northwest Africa (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). The southern limit of the Northeast Atlantic subpopulation is assumed to be 5°N as with Swordfish (Xiphias gladius), based on the oceanography of equatorial waters (ICES 2013). This species also occurs in the Mediterranean Sea, where the highest abundance has been reported in the west, while it has rarely been reported from the east (Aegean Sea and Sea of Marmara). Individuals several months old were reported from the western Ligurian Sea (Orsi Relini and Garibaldi 2002) and other regions including Campania, Sicily and Sardinia (MEDLEM Database). However, the species may be very close to local extinction from the Mediterranean Sea, having last been reported from Malta in 2005 (Soldo et al. 2014). It has never been reported from the Black Sea. Recent sightings data reveal its presence in the eastern Mediterranean Sea with a possible spawning and nursery area in the Aegean Sea (Kabasakal and Kabasakal 2013, Soldo et al. 2014). Its depth limit is zero to 500 m.","The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) considers a single stock of Shortfin Mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) throughout the North Atlantic (ICES 2012); the North and the South Atlantic subpopulations do however constitute genetically distinct groups (Heist et al. 1996). The relationship between the Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea subpopulations is still unclear, therefore the two areas are assessed separately. Major declines in this species’ abundance have occurred, notably in the eastern Mediterranean Sea where they are now rarely seen (ICES 2012). In the North Atlantic, population declines of up to 70% have also been documented (ICCAT 2005), but it is unclear to what extent this decline is applicable specifically to the northeast region.Northeast AtlanticIn 1989, Bonfil (1994) estimated that 5,932 individuals were caught by Korean longliners in the (mainly equatorial) Atlantic and that 763 tonnes of makos (Isurus spp.) were landed in the Spanish Swordfish fishery in the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. In the early 2000s, these sharks comprised about 7% (~2,500 tonnes) of the total catch of the large Spanish pelagic longline Swordfish fleet in the Atlantic Ocean (Mejuto et al. 2005). Muñoz-Chapuli et al. (1994) estimated that some 4,500 individuals per year were landed from a longline fishery based at Algeciras, southern Spain (given an average weight of 20 kg this would represent about 90 tonnes). The landings of this shark as bycatch from the Swordfish fishery of the Azorean fleet also showed a decrease (Castro et al. 1999). Landings reported to the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT) from Portuguese surface longline fisheries in the North Atlantic averaged about 698 tonnes during 1993-1996 and 340 tonnes for the period 1997-2002. Analyses of catch per unit effort (CPUE) from US pelagic longline fishery logbooks reported that makos might have declined by about 40% in the Northwest Atlantic between 1986 and 2000 (Baum et al. 2003). A more recent assessment of observer data for the same fishery found a similar instantaneous rate of decline of 38% between 1992 and 2005 (Baum and Blanchard 2010). A similar analysis of the same dataset and species grouping that restricted the areas of analysis to account for unbalanced observations, resulted in an overall decline of 48% from beginning to end of the time series (1992-2005; Cortés 2012). A 2004 ICCAT stock assessment workshop reported that stock depletions for North Atlantic Shortfin Mako are likely to have occurred based on CPUE declines of 50% or more. Demographic model results varied widely, with one approach suggesting that present stock size is about 80% of virgin level, and another approach suggesting reductions to about 30% of virgin biomass (1950s) (Cortés 2012).Uncertainties about demographic parameters and catches, and the uninformative nature of available catch data indicate that further analysis is necessary to properly delineate stock status. If historical catch is higher than the estimates in this report, the likelihood of the stock being below the biomass at maximum sustainable yield will surely increase (ICCAT 2005). A standardized catch rate index from the commercial large pelagic fishery off Canada suggested a decline in the 1970s and stable abundance since 1988 (Campana et al. 2005). However, the analysis did not have the statistical power to detect anything less than a severe decline and these sharks represent the margins of the population. The most heavily fished areas lie outside Canadian waters. The median size of makos in the commercial catch has declined since 1988, possibly indicating a loss of larger individuals (Campana et al. 2005).In 2010, 4,005 tonnes of landed Shortfin Mako were reported to ICCAT in the North Atlantic, 3,546 tonnes of which were from longline fleets and 459 tonnes from others (ICES 2012). This is the largest catch recorded since 1970 (the extent of the database), apart from 2004, which was > 1,000 tonnes larger. However, this figure is in the same region as seen in 2007 and 2009. The main countries reporting catches in the North Atlantic are Spain, Portugal, USA, and Japan, accounting for 52%, 36%, 5% and 3% of total reported landings in 2010, respectively. National landings reported to ICES for 2011 were 20.6 tonnes for the Northeast Atlantic, with the majority of this from the Azores waters by Portuguese fleets (15.6 tonnes), and smaller amounts reported by Spain (including Basque country) and France (ICES 2012). Previous ICCAT Shortfin Mako assessments used two other estimates of landings for this stock, the tuna (Thunnus spp.) ratio (logged observations of shark catches relative to tuna catches) and the fin trade index (shark fin trade observations from the Asian market used to calculate caught shark weights based on catch effort data; Clarke et al. 2006; ICCAT 2005 and 2008). These figures were much higher than actual reported landings. Similarly, discard data - where available - are considered a large underestimation (ICES 2012).CPUE data were compiled at the ICCAT assessment in 2004 (ICCAT 2005) and 2008, and these indicated a declining trend for this species in the North Atlantic between 1975 and 2004. The US pelagic longline logbook program (1986 to 2010) and the US pelagic longline observer program (1992 to 2010) indexes of abundance showed an initial decline until the late 1990s, followed by an upward trend to 2010 (Cortés 2012). The Marine Recreational Fisheries Statistics Survey data (1981 to 2010) showed high variability, with a peak in the mid 1990s, followed by a decline, then a stable trend over the last ten years (Babcock 2013). Standardized CPUE from logbook data of the Japanese tuna longline fishery in the North Atlantic (1994 and 2010) was low and stable between 1994 and 2005, and then showed a continuous increasing trend (Semba et al. 2012). However, a filtering method removed assumed unreliable data. In general the available catch per unit effort series showed increasing or stable trends for the final years of each series since the last stock assessment (ICES 2012). Despite this knowledge, it is unclear as to whether this information would directly apply in the Northeast Atlantic, and it is unrealistic to assign a trend or status to a partial stock. While it is likely this species is declining in European Atlantic waters, the data provided from these regions cannot be used to estimate trends. Mediterranean SeaTowards the end of the 19th century, this shark was considered common throughout the Mediterranean Sea. “Tonnarella” (tuna-trap) catches in the Ligurian Sea from 1950 to the 1970s showed a rapid decline and eventual disappearance of the species (Boero and Carli 1979). Landings from Maltese waters for 1979-2001 (data from the Maltese fishery department) showed a decline, although fishing pressure did not change. Since 1998, there have been few records from the central and eastern Mediterranean Sea.In the eastern Adriatic Sea, Shortfin Mako was considered common a century ago (Katuri 1893 and Kosi 1903), while publications from the 1990s considered it to be rare (Mili’I’ 1994, Jardas 1996). Soldo and Jardas (2002) report that there have been no records of the species in the eastern Adriatic Sea since 1972.Between 1998 and 2000, this shark was caught more often in the Swordfish fishery in the Mediterranean Sea than any other fishery, with a mean CPUE of 0.07 fish per 1,000 hooks in the “American type” longline and 0.05 fish per 1,000 hooks in the standard longline. It was more abundant in the Alboran Sea and the Levantine basin than other areas of the Mediterranean Sea surveyed by Megalofonou et al. (2005). The Azorean fleet mako landings decreased by almost 50% in numbers from 1987 to 1994 (Castro et al. 1999). This species may have been one of the most overfished pelagic sharks in the Mediterranean Sea (Megalofonou et al. 2005). More recently, across the Mediterranean Sea, total reported landings of this shark for 2011 were just two tonnes (ICES 2012). Since 1997, the Mediterranean Sea catches have always been low (less than nine tonnes), with peak reported catches of 17 and 10 tonnes in 2005 and 2006, respectively. Ferretti et al. (2008) grouped Shortfin Mako with Porbeagle (Lamna nasus) for an analysis of elasmobranch population declines in the Mediterranean Sea, finding the largest declines in the Camogli tuna trap of > 99.99% over 56 years, in both abundance and biomass. Similar rates of decline were observed in the northern Ionian Sea, where a large drop in mackerel sharks (family Lamnidae) caught by pelagic longlines was observed in the early 1980s. It should be noted that catch rates were very low even at the beginning of the data series, with an average of 0.2 sharks per 1,000 hooks. The meta-analytical estimate of the rate of decline was more than 99.99% for biomass (IRD: –0.15; CI 95%: –0.21, –0.10; time range: 106 years) and abundance (IRD: –0.12; CI 95%: –0.22, –0.03; time range: 135 years).It is thought that the area around the Strait of Gibraltar is possibly a nursery area for the North Atlantic subpopulation of this species. However, the status of this nursery is unclear following the severe declines seen throughout the Mediterranean Sea, and indeed the disappearance reported for most Mediterranean regions (Soldo et al. 2014).Specific data on population trends from the Northeast Atlantic are unknown. As there is no information on which region formerly held more individuals, it is not possible to infer the trend of the subpopulations in the Northeast Atlantic from the one of the Mediterranean Sea. ","This is an active, offshore littoral and epipelagic species, found in tropical and warm-temperate seas from the surface down to at least 500 m (Compagno 2002). In the Northwest Atlantic, a tagging study showed that this species makes extensive movements of up to 3,433 km, with 36% of recaptures caught at greater than 420 km from their tagging site (Casey and Kohler 1992). Only one tagged fish crossed the mid-Atlantic ridge, suggesting that trans-Atlantic migrations are not as common as for Blue Shark (Prionace glauca). In the Mediterranean Sea, it is presumed that the Strait of Gibraltar is a nursery area (Buencuerpo et al. 1998, Tudela et al. 2005). It is possible that this nursery area is from the Eastern Central Atlantic subpopulation, which is affected by the Swordfish longline fishery off the west coast of Africa and Iberian Peninsula (Soldo et al. 2014). Stevens (2008) suggested that nursery areas would likely be situated close to the coast in highly productive areas, based on the majority of reports, with nursery grounds off West Africa in the Eastern Central Atlantic.Maia et al. (2007) reported length at 50% maturity in the Northeast Atlantic as 1.80 m total length (TL) in males, but no estimate was obtained for females as no mature individuals were caught. Compagno (2001) reported that males mature between 203 and 215 cm TL, reaching a maximum size of 296 cm TL, and females mature between 275 and 293 cm TL, reaching a maximum of almost 400 cm TL. In the Northwest Atlantic, size at maturity is ~195 and 265-280 cm TL in males and females, respectively (Pratt and Casey 1983, Stevens 1983, Cliff et al. 1990). Age at maturity in the same region is eight years for males and 18 years for females (Natanson et al. 2006). Longevity has been estimated as 29-32 years (Bishop et al. 2006, Natanson et al. 2006). Its generation length is estimated to be 25 years.The species is live bearing with yolk sac and oophagous, and what little is known of its reproductive cycle indicates a gestation period of 15-18 months, with a three year reproductive cycle (Mollet et al. 2000). Litter size is four to 25 pups (possibly up to 30, mostly 10-18), which are about 60-70 cm TL at birth (Garrick 1967, Compagno 2001). Cortés (2002) calculated a finite rate of population increase (lambda) of 1.141 (1.098 to 1.181 95% CI, r = 0.13) and the average reproductive age as 10.1 years (9.2 to 11.1 95% CI). ","Atlantic OceanShortfin mako has a very low capacity to withstand fishing mortality, yet it is experiencing intense exploitation (Dulvy et al. 2008). For this species, regional variation in the intensity of fishing mortality is an important factor in determining their conservation status. They are sought for both their meat and fins; thus unlike many other oceanic pelagic sharks, they are frequently targeted by the large longline fleets in the Atlantic Ocean. The species comprises approximately 7% of total catch (weight) in the Atlantic Swordfish fishery and approximately 10% (weight) of all North Atlantic shark catch (Mejuto et al. 2006a,b; Hareide et al. 2007). It is also a highly prized recreational gamefish (Dulvy et al. 2008). This mako is not only an important species for pelagic longline, but also driftnet, set gillnet and hook-and-line fisheries wherever it occurs, particularly from nations with high seas fleets (Holts et al. 1998). It is taken as a bycatch from tuna (Thunnus spp.) and billfish (Xiphiidae and Istiophoridae) longline fisheries worldwide, with carcasses and high value fins retained. Big-game sports angling for makos is widespread, and the International Game Fish Association lists this species as a record game fish. Fisheries for Shortfin Mako exist or existed in the Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea (Compagno 2001).In the Northeast Atlantic, the data provided on this mako is incomplete and very limited, which is currently confounding trend analyses and hampering calculations of bycatch levels. Shortfin Mako is of high value to both the finning and meat trade, and many European fisheries land specimens gutted, with the head attached. The practice of finning is likely to result in undocumented catches and mortality of the species in some fleets (ICES 2012). Using a novel method of filtering fishery logbooks to obtain CPUE data, and to deduce the levels of underreporting of shark species, Nakano and Clarke (2006) found that this shark was underreported by an average of 33% across all logbooks analysed, with the worst example revealing an underreporting of 65%.The historical use of generic shark categories is problematic, although many European countries have begun to report more species-specific data in recent years (ICES 2012). There have been significant discrepancies between reported catch in databases from ICCAT, the Fisheries and Aquaculture Organisation (FAO) and the Statistical Office of the European Communities (EUROSTAT). The ICCAT Secretariat consolidated these three data-sources into a unique database, and currently progress is being made on its validation and the associated analysis of equivalent data series at various aggregation levels (Palma et al. 2012). FAO data have been revised in recent years, and historical catch figures have increased from those previously reported (ICES 2012).In the Hong Kong shark fin market, some traders mentioned infrequent mixing with the less abundant Longfin Mako (I. paucus) (Clarke et al. 2006). Combining results of the genetic analyses from this study with the stochastic modelling of trade records allowed the contribution of individual species to the trade to be determined. Shortfin Mako fins showed an 85% concordance with the market category ‘qing lian’, which equates to a trade proportion for this species of approximately 2.7% (probability interval 2.3–3.1%). The actual percentage is likely to be somewhat higher, as the species was also present in the ‘wu yang’ (Silky Shark Carcharhinus falciformis) trade category.This shark is highly susceptible to overexploitation by pelagic longline fisheries in the Atlantic Ocean, according to a productivity and susceptibility analysis carried out by Cortés et al. (2010), which revealed it to be amongst the most sensitive. The analysis also revealed that the species has a lower productivity than previously thought based on more recently acquired life history variables, and that post-capture mortality was 92%.This species has been caught in large numbers particularly on the high seas in pelagic longline fisheries, but also in other commercial pelagic fisheries and recreational fisheries. The first longline fisheries were prosecuted by Japan in western equatorial waters beginning in 1956 (Uozumi and Nakano 1996). The fleet expanded rapidly in the 1960s, and covered almost the entire Atlantic by the late 1960s (Bonfil 1994), including the areas currently fished by the American fleet. Throughout the Atlantic, the fleet landed mako sharks and fins (Nakano 1993). It has been estimated that in the early 1990s, the Spanish longline fleet caught approximately 750 tonnes per year of Shortfin Mako in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea (Bonfil 1994, Compagno 2001). No complete data are available specifically for the Northeast Atlantic, but the species is taken as a bycatch of the pelagic fishery. The area around the Strait of Gibraltar is considered a nursery area for Eastern Central Atlantic Shortfin Mako and most specimens caught are juveniles. This area is heavily fished by the Swordfish longline fishery off the west coast of Africa and Iberian Peninsula. Shortfin Mako became increasingly targeted in the western Mediterranean Sea at the end of the 20th century. European Union (EU) vessels fishing for small pelagic teleost (bony fish) species off the western coast of Africa are also known to take significant elasmobranch (shark and ray) bycatch, including Shortfin Mako in unknown numbers.In the US and Canadian pelagic longline fisheries, this shark is one of the most commonly caught species. The index of abundance in the commercial longline fishery off the Atlantic coast of US has shown a steady decline (Cramer 1996) and other reports on declines are now available (Baum et al. 2003, ICCAT 2005, Cortés 2012: see Population section for details). As for recreational fishing, Casey and Hoey (1985) stated that the recreational catch of this species along the US Atlantic coast and in the Gulf of Mexico in 1978 was 17,973 fish weighing some 1,223 tonnes.Mediterranean SeaEven though driftnetting is banned in Mediterranean waters, this practise has continued illegally (WWF 2005). The Moroccan Swordfish driftnet fleet in the Alboran Sea operates year round, resulting in high annual effort levels (Tudela et al. 2005). Even though sharks are a secondary target or bycatch of this fishery, some boats deploy driftnets one to two miles from the coast where the chance of capturing pelagic sharks is higher. The catch rate for Shortfin Mako is nearly three times higher in boats actively fishing for sharks (from 0.6 to 1.9 N/fishing operation and 0.06 to 0.14 catch per km net). Both annual catches and mean weights of Shortfin Mako have fallen as a result of fishing mortality in the Moroccan driftnet fishery, illustrating the likely effect of this illegal fishery on stocks in the Alboran Sea and adjacent Atlantic (Tudela et al. 2005).","In 2013, the EU banned the removal of shark fins on board vessels through Regulation No. 605/2013, in line with advice from the IUCN SSG and other shark fishery experts, in order to enhance enforcement of the 2003 EU ban on shark finning (Regulation No. 1185/2003) and facilitate improved shark fishery data collection. Shortfin Mako was listed in 2008 under Appendix II of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS), based on a proposal from Croatia. The species is thereby covered under the 2010 CMS Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for Migratory Sharks and an accompanying 2012 Conservation Action Plan for MoU listed sharks, but no species-specific, regional plans or measures have resulted from this listing to date. Although plans for implementation are not yet evident two years later, Parties to the Barcelona Convention agreed in 2012 that elasmobranch species listed in Annex II of the Protocol concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean Sea -- which includes Shortfin Mako -- cannot be retained on board, transshipped, landed, transferred, stored, sold or displayed, or offered for sale, and must be released unharmed and alive, to the extent possible.Despite their commercial importance, catches of Shortfin Mako are not limited by European fishery regulations. They are however a protected species in Croatian waters. Efforts by the EU and the United States to secure international Shortfin Mako fishing limits through ICCAT have been unsuccessful to date.Shortfin Mako is listed as a highly migratory species under the 1995 United Nations Agreement on the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (UNFSA). The Agreement specifically requires coastal and fishing States to cooperate and adopt measures to ensure the conservation of listed species. Also of relevance is the Fisheries and Aquaculture Organisation’s International Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks (IPOA-Sharks) that recommends that Regional Fisheries Organisations (RFOs) carry out regular shark population assessments and that member States cooperate on joint and regional shark management plans.A vast improvement in the collection of data is required and effective conservation of this species will require international agreements. Fishing pressure must be considerably decreased through reduction in effort, catch limits, measures to enhance chances of survival after capture, when released and possibly through the implementation of large-scale oceanic non-fishing areas. Closed areas can only be effective if overall fishing effort is reduced, rather than merely displacing effort outside of the closed area (Baum et al. 2003). ","This is one of the most valuable shark species for its high quality meat. The meat is utilized fresh, frozen, smoked and dried-salted for human consumption; the oil is extracted for vitamins; the fins used for shark-fin soup; the hides are  processed into leather and the jaws and teeth are used for ornaments (Compagno 2001).","Dulvy, N.","Walls, R., Soldo, A., Cailliet, G.M., Cavanagh, R.D., Kulka, D.W., Stevens, J.D., Clò, S., Macias, D., Baum, J.K., Kohin, S., Duarte, A., Holtzhausen, J., Acuna, E., Amorim, A.F. & Domingo, A.","Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,LAMNIFORMES,LAMNIDAE,Isurus,paucus,,Isurus paucus,"Guitart, 1966",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Longfin Mako (Isurus paucus) is a widely distributed but rarely encountered oceanic tropical shark. It is caught as bycatch in tropical pelagic longline fisheries for tuna, swordfish, sharks, and in other oceanic fisheries, which operate throughout its range, but at much lower ratios than the smaller, more fecund Shortfin Mako (Isurus oxyrinchus). Catches are inadequately monitored and underestimated due to common misidentification with Shortfin Mako and because landings do not reflect numbers of individuals finned and discarded at sea. Shortfin Mako may have undergone significant documented declines in the North Atlantic (50% or more) and faces high fishing pressures throughout its epipelagic habitat from commercial longline fleets. Since Longfin Mako is often caught in the same fishing gear, populations are considered also likely to have declined. Additionally, this is of conservation concern due to its apparent rarity, large maximum size (> 4 m total length), low fecundity (two to eight pups per litter) and continued bycatch in intensive oceanic fisheries. European waters are among the most heavily fished in the world, particularly the Mediterranean Sea. Data for this region are however lacking for this species as well as for Shortfin Mako, so it is not possible to either estimate or infer the true status in these waters. It is therefore regionally assessed presently as Data Deficient, with the suggestion that data from other regions such as the Western Central Atlantic be used to infer the status in these waters in the near future. Further research should be conducted on the population size and trend of the species.",Unknown,"This species appears to be widespread in tropical and warm temperate oceanic waters. However, at present records are sporadic and the complete range remains unclear. This is in part due to confusion with the more common Shortfin Mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) (Compagno 2001).Within the Northeast Atlantic, Longfin Mako (I. paucus) is found mostly to the south (e.g., off the Iberian Peninsula), though may occasionally occur further north (ICES 2013). Male and female specimens were caught off Algeria in 2001, but it remains unclear if this species is resident or an occasional vagrant in these waters (Hemida and Capapé 2008).One record at 44.88o N, 40.55o W is the northernmost reported record, representing a thermal niche expansion for this species (Mucientes et al. 2013). The range presented in the study is in agreement with earlier studies (Queiroz et al. 2008, Bustamante et al. 2009), and confirms the presence of this species in pelagic Atlantic waters. ","Spanish landings of this oceanic shark from the Northeast Atlantic as recorded by the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT) were low but variable between 1998 and 2010, starting off at 2,582 tonnes in 1998, then ranging between zero (1999, 2005, 2006, 2008) and 37 tonnes (2009) with no apparent trend (ICES 2012). Data for other countries for this period are not available, apart from < 1 tonne landed by Portugal in 2010. During this 13-year period, the species allegedly accounted for ~1% (172 tonnes) of the pelagic shark landings recorded by ICCAT from the Northeast Atlantic. It is frequently confused or mixed with Shortfin Mako though, so catch and landings data may be unreliable. Longfin Mako is truly oceanic and likely to have either a North Atlantic or Atlantic stock, although data are lacking with which to confirm this assumption (ICES 2012). If this is the case, a complete North Atlantic or Atlantic Ocean assessment should be completed.","This is a little-known, epipelagic, tropical and warm-temperate shark. The species is apparently a deep-dwelling shark, although both sightings on the ocean surface and the species’ diet suggest a much greater depth range (Compagno 2001, Castro 2011).Very little is known of the biology of this species. It is aplacental viviparous with oophagy and uterine cannibalism, and a pregnant female may have two to eight embryos at one time (Castro et al. 1999, Compagno 2001). Parturition size is recorded at 97 to 120 cm total length (TL) (Compagno 2001). Female size at maturity is > 245 cm TL (Compagno 2001), while the smallest mature male observed was 229 cm TL (Castro 2011). Maximum size is around 426.7 cm TL (Gilmore 1993, Castro et al. 1999, Compagno 2001, Castro 2011). It has been suggested that females may move inshore to pup (Compagno 2001). ","This species is of conservation concern due to its apparent rarity, large maximum size, low fecundity (shown to be two to eight pups per litter), and bycatch in intensive oceanic fisheries (Compagno 2001), including retention of fins for the international fin trade (Clarke et al. 2006). It is probably taken regularly as bycatch in tropical pelagic longline fisheries for tuna, swordfish and shark and in other oceanic fisheries that operate throughout its range. It is also known to be caught with hook and line and anchored gillnets (Amorim et al. 1998, Compagno 2001).Longfin Mako is often caught in the same fishing gear as Shortfin Mako, but in much lower quantities. Data from longline vessels have shown a ratio of 1:364 Longfin to Shortfin Mako in a total of about 24,800 caught specimens (Mucientes et al. 2013).Baum et al. (2003) reported a 40% decline of Shortfin Mako in the Northwest Atlantic over 15 years. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) declines of 50% or more indicate stock depletions of North Atlantic Shortfin Mako as reported by ICCAT. Model results varied widely suggesting, According to one model, stock size lies between the carrying capacity and the maximum sustainable yield (MSY), while another model indicates that Shortfin Mako biomass has declined by ~ 50% since the 1950s. The South Atlantic stock decline is smaller, and the stock size appears to lie above MSY. However, for both stocks, catch uncertainty and uninformative data indicate the need for improved analysis. If historical Shortfin Mako catch is higher than the estimates reported, the likelihood of the stock being below the biomass at MSY will surely increase (ICCAT 2005). Longfin Mako has not been identified correctly in the past and is probably a component of these trends. It is less abundant, less fecund and therefore more sensitive to fisheries and has thus likely been similarly depleted by longline fisheries.Sampling of Spanish fishing ports showed only 0.1% of makos (Isurus spp.) were Longfin Mako (Moreno and Morón 1992, Compagno 2001).Overall, the severity and extent of threats to this species need urgent appraisal because of the extent of current oceanic fishing practices, the rarity and biology of the species, and because the more resilient member of the genus is known to have undergone significant declines.When taken the species is usually finned and discarded at sea. Longfin Mako fins are not of the highest value (e.g., if compared with hammerheads [Sphyrna spp.], guitarfish [rhinobatoids], etc.), however, they are still of high relative value compared to the carcass, and are known to enter the international fin trade (Clarke et al. 2006).Given the northerly range expansion as revealed by Mucientes et al. (2013), Longfin Mako is likely more commonly bycatch of offshore longline vessels in the North Atlantic than was previously believed (Moreno and Morón 1992, Buencuerpo et al. 1998). Moreover, a wider range coupled with slower growth rate, low reproductive capability and later maturity than most shark species suggest that this shark is highly susceptible to overfishing (Levesque 2008). Cortés et al. (2010) used Shortfin Mako as a proxy due to lacking data for Longfin Mako, also deducing that the species’ combination of low productivity and high susceptibility to pelagic longline gears puts it at very high risk of overexploitation.","Fishing pressure on this species must be considerably decreased through reduction in fishing effort, catch limits, measures to enhance chances of survival after capture and possibly also through the implementation of large-scale oceanic non-fishing areas. Effective conservation of this species will require international cooperation.Longfin Mako is listed as a highly migratory species under the 1995 United Nations Agreement on the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (UNFSA). The Agreement specifically requires coastal States and fishing States to cooperate and adopt measures to ensure the conservation of these listed species. To date, there is little progress in this regard (see United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea for further details). Also of relevance is the FAO International Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks (IPOA-Sharks) which specifically recommends that Regional Fisheries Organisations (RFO) carry out regular shark population assessments and that member States cooperate on joint and regional shark management plans. This is of particular importance for pelagic sharks such as Longfin Mako whose stocks are exploited by more than one State on the high seas. To date, only three RFOs require their members and cooperating non-members to adopt National Plans Of Action (Fischer et al. 2012), but do not have their own specific shark plans. Shark measures adopted by RFOs so far vary from binding recommendations or resolutions to non-binding measures and include shark finning measures, catch and gear regulations, prohibited species, area closures, reporting requirements, and research programs (Fischer et al. 2012). In all but one area covered by regional fishery bodies there are internationally binding shark measures in place for high seas fisheries (Fischer et al. 2012) but none of the RFOs have taken steps to conserve Longfin Mako.In 2013, the European Union (EU) banned the removal of shark fins on board vessels through Regulation No. 605/2013, in line with advice from the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission’s Shark Specialist Group and other shark fishery experts, in order to enhance enforcement of the 2003 EU ban on shark finning (Regulation No. 1185/2003) and facilitate improved shark fishery data collection.Longfin Mako is listed in Appendix II of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS). Migratory species that need or would significantly benefit from international co-operation are listed in the Appendix. The convention requires countries to collaborate to conserve shared populations. The species has also been covered under the CMS Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for Migratory Sharks since 2010 and an accompanying Conservation Plan for MoU listed sharks was established in 2012; though no species-specific, regional plans or measures have resulted from this listing to date.Parties to the Barcelona Convention agreed in 2012 that Longfin Mako - listed in Annex II of the Protocol concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean Sea, which includes Recommendation GFCM/36/2012/1 - cannot be retained on board, trans-shipped, landed, transferred, stored, sold, displayed or offered for sale, and must be released unharmed and alive, to the extent possible.Further research should be conducted on the population size and trend of the species.","Longfin Mako presented a key nomenclatural issue in an assessment of species composition in the Hong Kong shark fin market by Clarke et al. (2006) that affected thresher shark (Alopias spp.; market categorisation ‘wu gu’) and Shortfin Mako (‘qing lian’) categories. Discussions with traders suggested that a minority of traders sort Longfin Mako fins into a separate category (‘qing hua’), while most others either combine them with Shortfin Mako or thresher shark fins due to similarity of appearance and market value.","Zidowitz, H.","Reardon, M., Gerber, L., Cavanagh, R.D., Soldo, A. & Walls, R.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CHIASMODONTIDAE,Kali,indica,,Kali indica,"Lloyd, 1909",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"The fish is found in equatorial, tropical, subtropical, temperate and subpolar regions of oceans worldwide. In the Atlantic Ocean, from about 40° N to 40° S, although some specimens have been reported from as far north as 51°. In the Indian Ocean, from the type locality, 16°56’ N, 92°33’ E, and in the Pacific Ocean, from 31° N to 43° S, although there have been specimens described from as far north as 37°. In the Southern Ocean, it can be found from approximately 50° S-60° S (Melo 2008). Kali indica is found between the depths of 1,000-3,300 m, but it is most commonly located between 1,400 and 2,500 m (Melo 2008).  In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (the Azores archipelago; Carneiro et al. 2014).",Relatively common in tropical to temperate waters of its range (Melo 2008) but is less common towards the northern reaches of its range (Moore et al. 2002).,"A bathypelagic fish, the adult spending almost their entire lives on the rocky and muddy bottoms. Adults are mostly piscivorous, sometimes consuming prey longer than themselves. Juveniles are often associated with shallower depths in the water column than adults, the larvae inhabiting deeper depths as they grow larger (Melo 2008). Kali indica has been measured at 26.1 cm (Johnson and Keene 1990). There is little else known about the fecundity, reproductive habits, life history or ecology of this species.",There are no known threats to the fish in European waters.,There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for this species.,"The meso- to bathypelagic species of the family Chiasmontidae are caught occasionally in deep midwater trawls (Smith in prep), but is not a targeted species.","Nieto, A. & Allen, D.J.","Ralph, G.","Carpenter, K.E., Smith-Vaniz, W.F., de Bruyne, G. & de Morais, L.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CHIASMODONTIDAE,Kali,kerberti,,Kali kerberti,"(Weber, 1913)",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"Circumglobal in tropical to warm temperate seas. The depth range for this species is 200–4,465 m (Melo 2008). In the European region the fish is only known from Portugal (the Azores archipelago; Carneiro et al. 2014).",No information available.,The maximum recorded size for this species is 19.3 cm SL (Melo 2008). Additional information about the habitats and ecology of this species is limited. Species of the family Chiasmontidae are meso- to bathypelagic fishes with most broadly distributed in multiple oceans (Smith in prep).,No known threats.,There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for this species. Additional information about the population size/trend and biology of this species is needed.,"Chiasmontids are occasionally collected in deep midwater trawls (Smith in prep), but not targeted.","Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Carpenter, K.E., Smith-Vaniz, W.F. & de Bruyne, G.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CHIASMODONTIDAE,Kali,macrodon,,Kali macrodon,"(Norman, 1929)",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"Specimens of Kali macrodon have been found at a number of patchy locations, including the Indian Ocean off Indonesia, eastern Pacific near Ecuador and California, the south Atlantic off South Africa, the west Atlantic in the Gulf of Mexico, and four individuals in the eastern Atlantic from 24°N to 19°S (Johnson 1969, Johnson and Keene 1986). It is likely that this species appears in the tropical and subtropical waters of all oceans (Johnson and Keene 1986). In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (the Azores archipelago and Madeira; Carneiro et al. 2014).",There is no population information available.,"A deepwater, bathypelagic species typically caught at depths ranging from 1,500-2,500 m (Johnson 1969).","Due to the deepwater nature of this species it is unlikely that it is being impacted by any major threats. There is no directed fishery for this species, or reports of it being taken as by-catch",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place or needed.,The fish is not utilised.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","De Silva, R., Milligan, H., Lutz, M., Batchelor, A., Jopling, B., Kemp, K., Lewis, S., Lintott, P., Sears, J., Wilson, P., Smith, J. and Livingston, F.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CHIASMODONTIDAE,Kali,macrura,,Kali macrura,"(Parr, 1933)",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"Occurs in tropical and subtropical waters of the three major oceans, except the eastern Pacific (Eschmeyer 2014) but is only known from a few scattered localities from Sargasso Sea to the Eastern Pacific of Baja, California. In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (the Azores archipelago and Madeira; Carneiro et al. 2014).",No information available.,"A bathypelagic species that can attain 27 cm TL (Smith in prep).&#160;The exact depth range for this species is not known but all adult specimens have been collected from depths exceeding 1,000 m (Johnson and Keene 1990).",No threats known.,There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for this species.&#160;Additional information about the population size/trend and biology of this species is needed.,"Chiasmontids are occasionally collected in deep midwater trawls (Smith in prep), but the fish is not targeted.","Nieto, A. & Allen, D.J.","Ralph, G.","Carpenter, K.E., Smith-Vaniz, W.F., de Bruyne, G. & de Morais, L.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SCOMBRIDAE,Katsuwonus,pelamis,,Katsuwonus pelamis,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Katsuwonus pelamis has a circumglobal distribution in tropical and subtropical waters. It is uncommon in the Mediterranean, and not abundant along the northeastern Atlantic coast. Most catches in the Eastern Central Atlantic, Northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean and Black Sea FAO fishery areas are in the Eastern Central Atlantic area off the coast of west Africa (ICCAT 2014). Landings in the Mediterranean Sea are between 0-1% of the total landings of small tunas and there is no evidence that there are declines in the population, although catches from the Mediterranean and Black Sea FAO fishery area have fluctuated greatly in recent years (FAO 2014). Therefore, the species is assessed as Least Concern for the European region.",Stable,Katsuwonus pelamis is circumglobal in seas warmer than 15°C. It occurs in the western Mediterranean basin but not in the eastern basin nor the Black Sea. It is found to 260 m depth.,"Katsuwonus pelamis is uncommon in the Mediterranean, and not abundant along the northeastern Atlantic coast. Landings in the Mediterranean Sea are between 0-1 % of the total landings of small tunas (Di Natale et al. 2009). There is no evidence that there are declines in the population.","This pelagic and oceanodromous species is found in offshore waters to depths of 260 m. The larvae are restricted to waters with surface temperatures of 15–30°C in Australia (Kailola et al. 1993). This species exhibits a strong tendency to school in surface waters with birds, drifting objects, sharks, and whales. This species feeds on fish, crustaceans, cephalopods, and molluscs. It is preyed upon by large pelagic fishes (Kailola et al. 1993). In the western Atlantic it is commonly found in mixed schools with Blackfin Tuna, Thunnus atlanticus. This species is very fast-growing, short-lived, and very fecund. Maximum size recorded is 111 cm fork length (FL) (Bayliff 1988) and 34.5 kg. The all-tackle angling record is of a 20.54 kg fish caught off Baja California, Mexico in 1996 (IGFA 2014). Longevity is estimated to be between 6–8 years (Collette 2010), and age of first maturity is estimated to be 1.5 years (Maunder and Harley 2005). Size at first maturity is 40–55 cm FL, depending on the area (Collette and Nauen 1983, Matsumoto et al. 1984, Wild and Hampton 1994, Schaefer 2001). Estimated length at 50% maturity for females is 42 cm (Cayre and Farrugio 1986, Stequert and Ramcharrun 1996). This species sex ratio is about 1:1 but fisheries that rely on young, immature fish are dominated by females, while those that capture older fish are mostly male. This species spawns several times per season in batches: at sea surface temperatures of 24–29°C throughout the year in the Caribbean and other equatorial waters, and from spring to early fall in subtropical waters, with the spawning season becoming shorter as distances from the equator increases (Erdman 1977, Collette 2010). In tropical waters, reproductively active female Skipjack Tuna spawn almost daily. Models of migration have been proposed, especially from the central Pacific into the eastern Pacific. Fecundity increases with size but is highly variable, the number of eggs per season in females 41–87 cm FL ranges from 80,000 to 2,000,000 (Collette 2010).","This species is important in highly commercial fisheries. Skipjack Tuna make up 60% of the commercial tuna catch worldwide and is mostly used for canning. They are taken at the surface mostly with purse seines and pole-and-line gear, but is also caught by trolling on light tackle using plugs, spoons, feathers, or strip bait (Collette 2003).","This is listed as a highly migratory species in Annex I of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea. There was a record catch of the fish in the Atlantic Ocean in 2012 of 258,300 tonnes (STECF 2014). For the Eastern Central Atlantic, Northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean and Black Sea FAO fishing areas, the 2012 reported capture production was also a record high (216,675 tonnes) and have shown a steady increase since 2006 (112,617 t), following a number of years when reported catches in these fishing areas ranged between approximately 100,000 and 150,000 t (FAO 2014), however it has to be recognised that numerous non-EU fishery fleets operate on these fishery areas. Mediterranean catches represented a small proportion of these reported catches (c.20 t in 2012). STECF (2014) ascribe the increased catches to the numerous changes that have occurred in the skipjack fishery since the early 1990s (e.g., the increased use of fish aggregating devices (FADs) and the latitudinal expansion and the westward extension of the fishing area) have brought about an increase in skipjack catchability and in the proportion of biomass exploited. Maximum sustainable yield is estimated to be around 143,000 t – 170,000 t (STECF 2014). A number of factors (e.g., the use of FADs and the subsequent difficulty in estimating fishing effort, changes in catchability) are constraints on the effective application of classic stock assessment methods, however there is no evidence of a fall in yield, nor in the average weight of individuals captured (STECF 2014). However, despite these constraints, STECF (2014) expressed the opinion that, although it is unlikely that the eastern skipjack stock is overexploited, current catches could be at, even above, the MSY. In the Atlantic, there are currently no specific regulations in effect for Skipjack Tuna; although restrictions on the use of FADs (ICCAT Rec. 98-01 and Rec. 99-01) or the complete closure to surface fleets (Rec. 04-01) have been implemented in the East Atlantic but with the intended aim of protecting yellowfin and bigeye tuna juveniles (ICCAT 2014). A new Recommendation (Rec. 11-01) concerned with the complete closure of the surface fishery replaced Rec. 04-01 came into force in 2013 and establishes a new moratorium on FAD fishing in the area that extends from the African coast to 10ºS and 5ºW latitude to 5ºE longitude during the months of January and February. Despite evidence that the Eastern Atlantic stock is overexploited, but as a result of data uncertainty and inadequacy in some areas, ICCAT (2014) recommends that catch and effort levels do not exceed the level of catch in recent years. There is ongoing concern that reported catches underestimate true levels of exploitation.","Skipjack Tuna make up 60% of the commercial tuna catch worldwide and is mostly used for canning. They are taken at the surface mostly with purse seines and pole-and-line gear, but is also caught by trolling on light tackle using plugs, spoons, feathers, or strip bait (Collette 2003). In the Atlantic Ocean, the numerous changes that have occurred in the Skipjack Tuna fishery since the early 1990s (such as the use of FADs and the expansion of the fishing area towards the west) that have brought about an increase in Skipjack Tuna catchability and in the proportion of the stock that is exploited. At present, the major fisheries are the purse seine fisheries, particularly those of Spain, France, Cape Verde, Guatemala and Ghana, followed by baitboat fisheries of Ghana, Spain and France. Increasing harvests and fishing effort could lead to involuntary consequences for other species that are harvested in combination with Skipjack Tuna. In the West Atlantic, the major fishery is the Brazilian baitboat fishery, followed by the Venezuelan purse seine fleet (STECF 2009). The Brazilian bait boat fleet of Santa Catarina State yields almost half of the Skipjack Tuna catches in the West Atlantic (Andrade and Kinas 2004).With respect to the West Atlantic, the fishing effort of the Brazilian baitboats seems to be stable over the last 20 years. There has been a recent increase in Skipjack Tuna catchability from 1–13% per year since the early 1980s. The change in the selectivity pattern observed for the purse seine fishery suggests that this fleet is mainly targeting juvenile tunas (ICCAT 2009). In the insular Caribbean, this species is important to the artisanal fishery (Mahon 1996). In the Mediterranean, this species may be caught with drift nets. The species is also found in recreational/sports fisheries.","Allen, D.J. & Polidoro, B.","Collette, B. & Heessen, H.","Acero, A., Amorim, A.F., Boustany, A., Canales Ramirez, C., Cardenas, G., Carpenter, K.E., Di Natale, A., Fox, W., Fredou, F.L., Graves, J., Guzman-Mora, A.G., Juan Jorda, M., Kada, O., Minte Vera, C., Miyabe, N., Montano Cruz, R., Nelson, R., Oxenford, H",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MACROURIDAE,Kumba,dentoni,,Kumba dentoni,"Marshall, 1973",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Kumba dentoni is a rare species which is only known from a single specimen taken in deep waters in the Bay of Biscay. It is listed as Data Deficient. More information is needed on this species distribution, population, habitat and impact of any major threats.",Unknown,"Kumba dentoni is known from a single specimen collected from the Bay of Biscay in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. This specimen was collected at 1,207 m depth. (Iwamoto and Sazonov 1994).",Nothing is known about the population trends of Kumba dentoni. This species is known from only one specimen collected in the Bay of Biscay (Iwamoto and Sazonov 1994).,Kumba dentoni is a deep demersal species found in the Bay of Biscay. The only known specimen was 22.0 cm TL (Iwatomo and Sazonov 1994). ,There are no known threats to Kumba dentoni.,There are no known species-specific conservation initiatives.,This species is not utilized.,"Strongin, K.","Fernandes, P., Cook, R., Florin, A., Lorance, P., Nielsen, J. & Nedreaas, K.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,KYPHOSIDAE,Kyphosus,bigibbus,,Kyphosus bigibbus,"Lacepède, 1801","Due to previous difficulties in the correct identification of the species, the records prior to 2013 are difficult to verify, and therefore the species' distribution in northeastern Atlantic waters is unknown for now. However, Sakai and Nakabo (2014) have a different view on the taxonomy of the Atlantic species of Kyphosus and do not consider K. bigibbus to occur in the Atlantic Ocean. Knudsen and Clements (2013) recently revised the family Kyphosidae. They determined that microcanthids, oplegnathids, kuhliids and terapontids are more closely related to Kyphosus than is Girella. Knudsen and Clements (2013) concluded that Girella, Scorpis, and Kyphosus should not be included within the same family and instead, be separated as individual families. Their study recognized 11 species in Kyphosidae, as well as one Neoscorpis, which is considered a distinct genus within Kyphosidae. Thus, there are 12 species total in the family Kyphosidae.  Kyphosus lutescens and K. pacificus are now treated as synonyms of K. sectatrix. Both K. incisor and K. analogus are now considered synonyms of K. vaigiensis. K. pacificus/sandwicensis is a synonym of K. elegans. Before Knudsen and Clements (2013) it was thought that only two Kyphosids occurred in the Atlantic, but there are in fact four species, K. sectatrix, K. vaigiensis/incisor, K. bigibbus, and K. cinerascens.",No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Kyphosus bigibbus is probably found in varying degrees throughout the region. Due to previous difficulties in the correct identification of the species, the records prior to 2013 are difficult to verify, and therefore the species' distribution in northeastern Atlantic waters is unknown for now. It inhabits coastal rocky reefs to depths of 20 m, and it feeds on algae and kelp. Juveniles are capable of long-distance dispersal. Kyphosus bigibbus is a valued food fish throughout its range, except Hawa'ii, where it is exploited to various degrees in a commercial capacity, as well as being taken for sale in the ornamental aquarium fish trade. Although this is a popular food fish, there does not seem to be a large commercial fishery for this species and it is unknown how the harvesting of this species is having an adverse effects on the species' population. There are no specific conservation measures in place for K. bigibbus, but its range intersects with numerous marine protected areas. Because the taxonomic verification of this species has been uncertain until recently, the status of this species in the region is unknown; therefore, Kyphosus bigibbus is assessed as Data Deficient pending further research.",Unknown,"Kyphosus bigibbus is broadly distributed in the Atlantic Ocean and in the Indo-West Pacific. It has been found at San Blas in Panama and at Saint Helena Island (Knudsen and Clements 2013). Kyphosus bigibbus is probably found in varying degrees throughout the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. It has been recorded at Madeira and it is possible that the records of K. sectatrix from the Canary Islands (Dooley et al. 1985), Portugal and the Azores (Santos et al. 1997, Carneiro et al. 2014) could have included the occasional K. bigibbus (Knudsen and Clements 2013). However, due to previous difficulties in the correct identification of the species, the records prior to 2013 are difficult to verify, and therefore the species' distribution in northeastern Atlantic waters is currently unknown. Kyphosus bigibbus is associated with shallow depths of the upper photic zone, in 2 to 20 m (Francis et al. 1999).","The species is common globally. Currently, the population in the northeastern Atlantic waters is unknown due to taxonomic uncertainties and misidentifications.",Kyphosus bigibbus inhabits coastal rocky reefs and surgey waters. They can be found down to 20 m from the surface. The maximum recorded size of this fish is 75 cm total length (TL) (Sommer et al. 1996). Kyphosus bigibbus feeds on algae and kelp (Myers 1991). Juveniles associate themselves with flotsam and can disperse across vast distances (Knudsen and Clements 2013). Males reach 50% maturity at 28.4 cm fork length (FL) and females reach 50% sexual maturity at 36 cm FL. Spawning occurs from June through October. It is a multiple batch spawner (Yamaguchi et al. 2011).,"Kyphosus bigibbus is fished for on a commercial level, but accurate landings reports are difficult to find for this species. It is a gamefish, and it is also sold on the aquarium trade (Myers 1991). It is also sometimes taken as bycatch in shallow water fishing gear.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for K. bigibbus. However, its range intersects with numerous marine protected areas. Also, because of the dependence on reefs, conservation measures set in place to preserve reef systems may inadvertently help protect this species as well (Roff et al. 2013). Research into the taxonomy of this species is needed to accurately identify the biomass of the population of K. bigibbus in the northeastern Atlantic and adjacent regional waters. Also, research into the ecology and early life history, as well as the harvest levels in the European and northeastern Atlantic regional fishing zones is needed.","This is a very valued food fish except in Hawaii (Randall 1985). There are no separate landing reports for Brown Chub, but it is commercially exploited in parts of its range (Myers 1991). However, this species does not seem to be heavily targeted in the northeast Atlantic region.","Harwell, H.","Knudsen, S., Nielsen, J. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,KYPHOSIDAE,Kyphosus,sectatrix,,Kyphosus sectatrix,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","Knudsen and Clements (2013) recently revised the family Kyphosidae. They determined that microcanthids, oplegnathids, kuhliids and terapontids are more closely related to Kyphosus than is Girella. Knudsen and Clements (2013) concluded that Girella, Scorpis, and Kyphosus should not be included within the same family and instead, be separated as individual families. Their study recognized 11 species of Kyphosus in Kyphosidae, and the monotypic Neoscorpis. Thus, there are 12 species total in the family Kyphosidae.  Kyphosus lutescens and K. pacificus are now treated as synonyms of K. sectatrix (Knudsen and Clements 2013). Both K. incisor and K. analogus are now considered synonyms of K. vaigiensis (Knudsen and Clements 2013). Kyphosus sandwicensis is a junior synonym of K. elegans (Knudsen and Clements 2013).  Before Knudsen and Clements (2013) it was thought that only two Kyphosids occurred in the Atlantic, but there may in fact be four species, K. sectatrix, K. vaigiensis, K. bigibbus, and K. cinerascens. However, Sakai and Nakbo (2014) have presented an alternative view on the kyphosids occurring in the Atlantic.",No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Due to the fact that all records prior to 2013 are before the taxonomic review of the family, it cannot be determined what the presence and status of this species is in the region. Therefore, K. sectatrix is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Kyphosus sectatrix is widespread in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans. In the eastern Atlantic, K. sectatrix is commonly found south of Morocco to Gulf of Guinea (Desoutter 1990), St. Paul's Rocks (Lubbock and Edwards 1981), Ascension and St. Helena. Although K. sectatrix was previously reported as rare in the Mediterranean and off Madeira (e.g. Tortonese 1986, Desoutter 1990, Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999), is likely much more widespread in the northeastern Atlantic as Kyphosus sectatrix was previously considered distinct from K. sandwicensis sensu Randall (2005) and K. pacificus (Knudsen and Clements 2013). However, the specific distribution is uncertain due to the recent taxonomic revision. This species is associated with depths of between one and 30 m (Cervigon 1993).",It is unknown in the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean as the previous records cannot be confirmed as they were recorded prior to the taxonomic revision (Knudsen and Clements 2013).,"Kyphosus sectatrix is typically found in shallow waters over sandy, rocky, or grassy bottoms around reefs. Juveniles are commonly found among floating algae or below flotsam (Froese and Pauly 2007). The max recorded length is 76 cm total length (TL).  They inhabit coastal rocky reefs and surgy waters. They can be found down to 30 m from the surface. They feed on algae and kelp, as well as small crabs and mollusks (Tortonese 1986). The juveniles associate themselves with flotsam and can disperse across vast distances (Knudsen and Clements 2013) The fecundity, spawning periodicity, stages of maturation and early life history traits are poorly understood for this species.",It is collected in subsistence fisheries and in local/national markets. Species-specific landings reports are not available for K. sectatrix. There have been no measurable declines in population numbers due to the harvesting. ,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Kyphosus sectatrix, but its distribution may overlap with marine protected areas in parts of its range. Research into the taxonomy of this species is needed in order to properly determine the population status of this species in the northeastern Atlantic and adjacent regional waters and to assess potential threats towards it.  This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011)."," Kyphosus sectatrix has a minor commercial use in fisheries, although species-specific statistics are not available. It is also used on gamefish and found in public aquariums. Marketed fresh.   ","Harwell, H.","Knudsen, S., Nielsen, J. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,KYPHOSIDAE,Kyphosus,vaigiensis,,Kyphosus vaigiensis,"(Quoy & Gaimard, 1825)","Knudsen and Clements (2013) recently revised the family Kyphosidae. They determined that microcanthids, oplegnathids, kuhliids and terapontids are more closely related to Kyphosus than is Girella. Knudsen and Clements (2013) concluded that Girella, Scorpis, and Kyphosus should not be included within the same family and instead, be separated as individual families. Their study recognized 11 species of Kyphosus in Kyphosidae, and the monotypic Neoscorpis. Thus, there are 12 species total in the family Kyphosidae.  Kyphosus lutescens and K. pacificus are now treated as synonyms of K. sectatrix (Knudsen and Clements 2013). Both K. incisor and K. analogus are now considered synonyms of K. vaigiensis (Knudsen and Clements 2013). Kyphosus sandwicensis is a junior synonym of K. elegans (Knudsen and Clements 2013).  Before Knudsen and Clements (2013) it was thought that only two Kyphosids occurred in the Atlantic, but there may in fact be four species, K. sectatrix, K. vaigiensis, K. bigibbus, and K. cinerascens. However, Sakai and Nakbo (2014) have presented an alternative view on the kyphosids occurring in the Atlantic.",No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Due to the fact that all records prior to 2013 are before the taxonomic review of the family, it cannot be determined what the presence and status of this species is in the region. Therefore, K. vaigiensis is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Kyphosus vaigiensis is found in the Red Sea and throughout the Indo-West Pacific. It is also found in East Africa, South Africa, Madagascar and Réunion (Mascarenes), east to Hawaiian Islands, Line Islands and Marquesas Islands. To the north, it is found to central Japan, south to Western Australia, New South Wales (Australia), northern New Zealand, New Caledonia, Tonga and Rapa. It is now also being reported in the Atlantic (Knudsen and Clements 2013). Ligas et al. (2010) reported K. saltatrix from  the west coast off Italy, and Knudsen and Clements (2013) reidentified this reported catch as a specimen of K. vaigiensis. Azzurro et al. (2013) reported the capture of K. incisor off Almuñécar in the Mediterranean Sea.  It is most often found between the depths of 1 and 25 meters (Allen and Erdmann 2012).","This species requires taxonomic clarification. There is little information on the population dynamics or trends for this fish in the northeast Atlantic due to the fact that the family recently underwent taxonomic revision (Knudsen and Clements 2013).  However, K. vaigiensis is very well represented in museum collections around the word, with 119 occurrence records found (FishNet2 retrived 24 January 2014). Along the Great Barrier Reef, K. vaigiensis accounted for over 20% of the total macroalgal biomass consumption (Hoey and Bellwood 2010) and is the second most consumer of macroalgae buy browsers (Verges et al. 2012). There are some discrepancies in the number of Kyphosus spp. found in the Atlantic (Sakai and Nakabo 2014)","Kyphosus vaigiensis forms aggregates over hard, algal coated bottoms of exposed surf-swept outer reef flats, lagoons, and seaward reefs to a depth of at least 24 m. It is most often found in exposed areas around rocky reefs (Masuda et al. 1984). This fish is usually found in groups (Allen and Erdmann 2012) and sometimes schools with other kyphosid fishes (Sakai 2001).  The maximum size is recorded at 70 cm (Masuda et al. 1984). Young (up to 5 cm) are found among floating seaweed (Masuda et al. 1984). Clements and Choat  (1997) report that K. vaigiensis is strictly an herbavore, feeding soley on macroalgae. Kyphosus vaigiensis is one of the few reef fishes that feeds on adult brown macroalgae (Clements and Choat 1997). Unlike other benthic herbivorous fish species, it also exhibits large-scale (>2 km) movements. Individual K. vaigiensis cover, on average, a 2.5 km length of reef (11 km maximum) each day. These large-scale movements suggest that this species may act as a mobile link, providing functional connectivity, should the need arise, and helping to support functional processes across habitats and spatial scales (Welsh and Bellwood 2014).  The length at first maturity for females is approximately 36 cm standard length (SL) (Longenecker et al. 2012). ","There are no known species-specific threats towards K. vaigiensis. Kyphosus vaigiensis the most targeted and prized catches (Houk et al. 2012). Kyphosus spp. are highly prized by commercial fishers in Micronesia. In fact, Kyphosus spp. account for nearly 20% of the top 70 % of landings of all fishes in Micronesia (Houk et al. 2012). Furthermore, many of the Kyphosus spp. landed in Micronesia (60 to 75%) were below the calculated length at half maturity (36 cm) (Houk et al. 2012). Kyphosus vaigiensis is occurs on coral reefs and in the southwestern Indian Ocean, which includes 5270 km2 of coral reef area, 9% of the reefs have been effectively lost (90% mortality), while 24% are at a critical stage with 50 to 90% loss of coral cover as of 2008 (Wilkinson 2008).","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species of fish. Although its range overlaps with some marine protected areas (MPAs), larger MPAs are needed to effectively protect this large-range, roaming herbivore (Houk et al. 2012). It is also a species that can gain little protection from small (<1 km) MPAs. For this critical species, gear restrictions or species-specific protection may be a more appropriate management option (Houk et al. 2012). Research is needed in the taxonomic area of this genus to determine the status of the northeastern Atlantic and regional adjacent waters, so as to determine any possible threats towards it. Regulation of landings and fishing seasons/gear are suggested.","Kyphosus vaigiensis is considered a ""good food fish"" (Masuda et al. 1984). It is targeted by small, commercial fisheries throughout its range and by local, subsistence fisheries, as well (Houk et al. 2012).  It is most often caught with gill nets, handlines and spears (Sakai 2001). In Micronesia, >75% of the total Kyphosus spp. captured were caught during night time spear fishing (Houk et al. 2012). ","Harwell, H.","Knudsen, S., Nielsen, J. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,LABRIDAE,Labrus,bergylta,,Labrus bergylta,"Ascanius, 1767",Some records of this species from the Mediterranean Sea may have been misidentifications of Labrus viridis (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2008).,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is widespread in the European region, although the small number of records from the Mediterranean Sea require confirmation. There appear to be no major threats to this species, and it is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"This fish is present in the eastern Atlantic from Norway to southern Spain, including the Azores, Madeira, Selvagens and the Canary Islands and the Atlantic coast of Morocco. In the Mediterranean Sea, there are some questionable records from the Adriatic and Marmara Seas and elsewhere (Quignard and Pras 1986) and the identification of these records require confirmation. It is absent from the Levant (Golani et al. 2006).",There are currently no species specific population data for this species.,"This species is found mainly in inshore waters (10-20 m depth) around rocks, offshore reefs and amongst seaweeds. Young individuals are often found in intertidal areas. It feeds on crustaceans and molluscs (Quignard and Pras 1986). The species is a protogynous hermaprohodite. All individuals are born females, and they change sex when they are between four and 14 years old (Muus and Nielsen 1999). One (or more) females spawn in a nest built of algae by the male in a rocky crevice. The male guards the nest for one to two weeks until the eggs hatch (Muus and Nielsen 1999). The larvae are pelagic.",There are no major threats known for this species.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but is assumed to occur in protected areas in parts of its range.","This species is found in subsistence fisheries, utilised as a gamefish, and found in commercial aquaria.","Allen, D.J. & Kemp, J.R.","Craig, M.T. & Pollard, D.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,LABRIDAE,Labrus,merula,,Labrus merula,"Linnaeus, 1758",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is widespread and common in the European region, particularly in the Mediterranean. There may be some threats from habitat degradation (i.e. seagrass bed destruction), however, the population has not shown any serious signs of decline. Therefore, this species is listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"In the European region, this species is found in the eastern Atlantic in Portugal, and in the Mediterranean Sea except for the eastern Levantine Sea. It is not present in the Black Sea (Golani et al. 2006).",This species is relatively widespread and common throughout most of the Mediterranean Sea (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2008) but no species specific data are currently available.,"This species is found around rocks, amongst seaweeds and in seagrass beds. It exhibits some schooling but are more solitary when older. It feeds on sea urchins, ophiuroids, molluscs, crabs and worms.  Maturity occurs after two years at lengths between 15 and 20 cm. This species spawns from February to May in the western Mediterranean Sea (Quignard and Pras 1986). Demersal eggs are laid amongst seagrasses and are protected by the males (Golani et al. 2006).","The threats to this species include habitat degradation, specifically the reduction of Posidonia seagrass beds. The larger individuals may be caught in the artisanal fisheries and used as food locally in the Mediterranean region (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2008).",There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps several marine protected areas within its range. Further research should be conducted to improve knowledge on the habitat and ecology of the species and the populations of the species should be monitored for declines or increases.,"This species is found in subsistence fisheries, utilised as a gamefish, and found in commercial aquaria.","Allen, D.J. & Kemp, J.R.","Craig, M.T. & Pollard, D.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,LABRIDAE,Labrus,mixtus,,Labrus mixtus,"Linnaeus, 1758","This species was previously known as Labrus bimaculatus, e.g. in Golani et al. 2006 (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2008).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is present throughout most of the Mediterranean and in the eastern Atlantic. In the shallower parts of its distribution, habitat degradation is a concern, but there are presently no data to indicate that this represents a major threat. There is no specific population information for this species, although its population is thought to be stable. This species is listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"In the European region, this species is known in the eastern Atlantic from central Norway southwards to the southern coast of Spain, including the United Kingdom, Ireland, the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2008). In the Mediterranean Sea, it is widespread in the northern and western Mediterranean and common in Cyprus, but absent from the southeastern Levant, including Israel (Golani et al. 2006), Lebanon and Syria (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2008), and from parts of the eastern North African coast. In the eastern Atlantic, this species is present from Norway southwards to Senegal.","This species is widespread in the Mediterranean Sea. There are very few data available to accurately assess population trends, however it is assumed to be stable.","This species is mainly associated with coralligenous habitats, and particularly gorgonians. In the Azores (and probably in other Macaronesian islands), adults live below 50 m depth, only juveniles being sporadically found in shallower waters (P. Afonso pers. comm. 2008). It is usually either solitary or found living in pairs in the case of younger individuals in the Mediterranean and also in the Azoreas (P. Afonso pers. comm. 2008).  It mainly feeds on crustaceans, but may also consume small fishes and molluscs (Quignard and Pras 1986).  It is a protogynous hermaphrodite, and sex reversal is completed in seven months (Sadovy and Shapiro 1987, Lönnberg and Gustafson 1937). It displays marked sexual colour dimorphism, and in the breeding season builds nests of seaweed (Golani et al. 2006).","There are no known major threats to this species, however with all coastal marine species habitat alterations may prove to be a threat. The larger individuals of this species may be caught and used as a food fish in the Mediterranean Sea (it is commonly caught in trammel nets in Cyprus; Golani et al. 2006). However at present there are insufficient data to quantify these minor threats.",There are no specific conservation measures in place or needed for this species. Its distribution overlaps with several marine protected areas within its range.,This species is occasionally utilised for human food (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2008).,"Allen, D.J. & Kemp, J.R.","Craig, M.T., Afonso, P. & Pollard, D.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,LABRIDAE,Labrus,viridis,,Labrus viridis,"Linnaeus, 1758",,No,VU,A4ad,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) This species is widespread in the Mediterranean, although it is now less common in some areas. Its population has suffered serious declines in the northwestern Mediterranean due to spearfishing for sport and food. There have also been severe declines in other parts of its range (e.g., in Tunisia). Habitat degradation may also be a major threat to this species. There have been local population declines of 50–80% in at least a third of its range in the western Mediterranean over the past 15 years. There is no information on current declines in the eastern portion of its range even though fishing is a threat throughout its range, however conservation measures are in place for the species in both Turkey and Croatia. Without further implementation of conservation measures, this trend in decline is predicted to continue into the future and throughout the eastern parts of the species range. Overall decline is therefore expected to be at least 30% over three generation lengths (26 years, based on an estimated generation length of 8.5 years). This species is therefore listed as Vulnerable (A4ad).",Decreasing,"In the European region, this species is present in the eastern Atlantic along the coast of Portugal, and in the Mediterranean Sea it is present throughout most of the area, including Cyprus (Golani et al. 2006), although it has not been recorded from Israel (Golani et al. 2006), Lebanon or Syria (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2008). This species is also found in the western Black Sea (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2008). In the eastern Atlantic, this species is present from Portugal to northern Morocco.","In the European region, this is a widespread but now relatively uncommon species. In the north western part of the Mediterranean Sea the population is continuing to decline, and the situation in the rest of the area is unknown (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2008). Declines in the numbers of large specimens have occurred over the past 10 to 20 years due to spearfishing in Italy (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2008), and most likely also in France and Spain. The population decline in France has been around 80%, and in Tunisia around 50% (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2008). However, although this species may now be less commonly found in the western Mediterranean Sea, it is not known whether similar declines may have also occurred in other parts of the Mediterranean Sea (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2008). Based on overall declines of 50-80% in at least a third of its range in the western Mediterranean, overall population declines since at least the 1990s are inferred to be more than 30% and are predicted to continue into the future and in the eastern portion of its range.","This species is found in seagrass beds and around rocky reefs, particularly algal-covered rocks. It is generally solitary or found living in pairs, but it may also be found living in small groups (Golani et al. 2006). It feeds mainly on crustaceans and small fishes. It displays very distinct sexual dimorphism, and is probably a protogynous hermaphrodite. The adhesive demersal eggs are laid in vegetated habitats (Golani et al. 2006). This species is similar in demography with Notolbarus fucicola which has a generation length of about 7.5 years based on age at fist maturity of 2.5 years in southern New Zealand (H. Choat and D. Pollard pers comm. 2009). The generation length for this species is estimated to be approximately 8.5 years based on a longevity of 20 years and age of first maturity of three years.","This species is caught in local artisanal fisheries in Italy and Tunisia, and probably elsewhere within its distribution. Spearfishing in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea is also a major threat, and there are some concerns about the spread of this sport throughout the whole Mediterranean Sea. Habitat degradation, and more specifically seagrass bed reduction, is also a threat to this species (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2008).","The conservation actions for this species are in place in parts of its range (e.g., Croatia and Turkey). Its distribution overlaps several marine protected areas within its range, including eleven Natura 2000 sites in Italy and Spain (EUNIS 2014). The regulation of spearfishing of this species is recommended. Further research should also be conducted to determine the population trends, harvest, use, livelihoods and threats of this species in the western Mediterranean Sea and elsewhere in its range. Monitoring of the populations and levels of harvest are required.",This species is found in artisanal fisheries and taken in recreational fisheries and is taken by hook and spear. It is unknown the extent to which artisinal fisheries impact this species.,"Allen, D.J. & Kemp, J.R.","Craig, M.T., Choat, J.H. & Pollard, D.","Afonso, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MORIDAE,Laemonema,robustum,,Laemonema robustum,"Johnson, 1862",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"The fish can be found between 336 and 1,200 metres deep in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans.  In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (the Azores archipelago and Madeira; Carneiro et al. 2014), and from Spain (the Canaries; González 2008).",There is little known about this species population.,"The largest recorded size was 35 cm standard length. This species can be found in bathypelagic waters around oceanic islands and seamounts. Reproductive activity has been witnessed during July (González et al. 2008). Species in this family eat bottom invertebrates, swimming crustaceans, small cephalopods, and small.",This fish is caught on longlines and as by-catch in deep sea crab traps. Not currently considered a threat.,There are no species specific conservation efforts.,This species is caught on longlines and sold fresh in fish markets. It is thought that this species will become more interesting for commercial fishermen due to its flesh quality and size. It is also caught as by-catch in deep-sea crab trap fisheries (González et al 2008).,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MORIDAE,Laemonema,yarrellii,,Laemonema yarrellii,"(Lowe, 1838)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) In the European region, the fish is known from the Azores archipelago and Madeira. It is not targeted in fisheries, is found in deep waters, and is considered Least Concern.",Unknown,"The fish is distributed in the East Atlantic, along the Great Meteor Bank and from Western Sahara to Senegal. It is a bathydemersal fish usually inhabiting the water depths between 220-550 m (Meléndez and Markle 1997). In the European region the fish is known from Portugal; specifically, it is known from the Great Meteor Tablemount, south of the Azores archipelago, and off Madeira (Cohen 1990, Carneiro et al. 2014).","In samples collected to calculate the bootstrap CPUE of various species in the water column, L. yarrellii was found to have a b-CPUE of 0.118 % of occurrence  in 1970. In 1998, its b-CPUE was found to be 0.108% and its frequency at 36 (Fock et al. 2002).",Maximum length recorded is 18 cm SL (Cohen 1990). Adult individuals are known to eat shrimp in the Great Meteor Bank Area (Cohen 1990). They usually reside on the outer shelf and upper slope (Cohen 1990).,This species of fish is of no commercial interest. It is occasionally caught as bycatch by bottom trawlers.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place or needed.,This species is not utilized.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Iwamoto, T.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,TETRAODONTIFORMES,TETRAODONTIDAE,Lagocephalus,lagocephalus,,Lagocephalus lagocephalus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","The western Pacific/Indo-Pacific populations of this species were previously considered a subspecies Lagocephalus lagocephalus oceanicus, while those in the Atlantic were previously considered the subspecies Lagocephalus lagocephalus lagocephalus.",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Lagocephalus lagocephalus is circumglobally distributed in tropical to subtropical waters. In the northeastern Atlantic, it is distributed from the the coast of Ireland south to the Canary Islands, including the Mediterranean Sea and the Azores. Almost no information is available regarding its population size and trends; however, it is known to be rare but widespread in the whole Mediterranean and common in some parts of its northeastern Atlantic range. There are no known species-specific threats to L. lagocephalus, but this species is of commercial importance to the fisheries industry as a gamefish. However, it is not to be consumed by humans due to its toxicity.  It is not known to face any major threats at this time and there are several marine protected areas within its distribution. Therefore, Lagocephalus lagocephalusis listed as Least Concern",Unknown,"Lagocephalus lagocephalus has a circumglobal distribution in tropical and subtropical waters in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans (Schneider 1990). It is found in the western Atlantic Ocean from Canada (Newfoundland) to Brazil (Figueiredo and Menezes 2000). In the eastern Atlantic it is found from Scotland to the northwestern coast of Africa, including off the coast of northwestern Spain (Banon et al. 2010), the Azores and the Canary Islands. It also occurs from Mariana (Myers and Donaldson 2003),  Orkney Island and the Azores (Wirtz et al. 2013) to South Africa, but it is rare in northern Africa. Lagocephalus lagocephalus is widespread in the Mediterranean Sea (Tortonese 1986), though rarer in the eastern region, with only one record from the Adriatic Sea and absent from Israel and Maramara and Black seas. . It has a wide range in the Mediterranean Sea, but it is rare in the east part of the basin. It has never been collected in Israel (D. Golani pers. comm. 2007). It is not present in the Marmara Sea. And there is only one report from the Adriatic Sea (Dulcic and Pallaoro 2006). Increased reports of the presence of Lagocephalus lagocephalus along the coast of Calabria from 2007 to 2012 shows it is expanding its known distribution to the Central Mediterranean Sea (Nicolaidou et al. 2012). It is associated with depths of 10 to 1,000 m (Shipp 2002). There is no information on the depth range at which this species is found in the Mediterranean Sea, but all current reported catches are from surface waters (A. Di Natale pers. comm. 2007).","The species is not abundant but present throughout the Mediterranean Sea, though there is no information on population trends throughout the Mediterranean and its greater European distribution (Dulcic and Pallaoro 2006). Lagocephalus lagocephalus is well represented in collections worldwide, having 133 occurrences (Accessed through the Fishnet2 portal 2014 March). In the Mediterranean, L. lagocephalus is relatively uncommon, but becomes more common towards the western portion of the Sea (Nicolaidou et al. 2012). Off the coast of southern Spain, mid-water scavenging of trawl discards revealed that L. lagocephalus is not uncommon in that portion of the northeastern Atlantic, but that it is not common or abundant, either (Erzini et al. 2003).","Lagocephalus lagocephalus is a benthopelagic, oceanodromous species that occurs in subtropical waters between depths of 10 and 476 m, but is usually found between 10 and 100 m (Palomares et al. 1989, Riede 2004).  It is primarily oceanic, but may occasionally enter estuaries (Eschmeyer et al. 1983, Smith and Heemstra 1986, Schneider 1990). The maximum total length for this species is 61.0 cm or 610 mm male/unsexed (Eschmeyer et al. 1983); the maximum published weight is 3.2 kg (IGFA 2001). Lagocephalus lagocephalus species feeds on crustaceans and squids (Tortonese 1986). The point of maturation, spawning periodicity, fecundity and early life history traits are poorly understood for this species. ","There are no known species-specific threats for this species. Lagocephalus lagocephalus is of commercial importance to the fisheries industry as a gamefish (Froese and Pauly 2011).  It is also often taken as bycatch in the shrimping industry. There is limited population information available for L. lagocephalus. However, the fishing efforts and gamefishing landings of this species do not seem to be adversely affecting the status of the population at this time.","There are no known, species-specific conservation measures in place for Lagocephalus lagocephalus.  There are several marine protected areas within its wide distribution.Lagocephalus lagocephalus was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).","There is no use and trade information available for this species in European waters. Lagocephalus lagocephalus is of commercial importance, as well as in the sporting and gamefish industry (Froese and Pauly 2011). Interestingly, there is an account for the Oceanic Puffer in the FAO 2011 FishstatJ landing reports, but there are no entries or data in the account. This species is suspected of numerous, fatal poisonings from ingestion (Smith and Heemstra 1986) and is encouraged to not be eaten. No information is available for landings of L. lagocephalus in the gamefishing industry, either.","Ralph, G.","Papakonstantinou, C. & Rijnsdorp, A.D.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,LAMNIFORMES,LAMNIDAE,Lamna,nasus,,Lamna nasus,"(Bonnaterre, 1788)",,No,CR,A2bd,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR) Porbeagle (Lamna nasus) is a wide-ranging coastal and oceanic shark. This species is highly vulnerable to overexploitation and population depletion due to low reproductive capacity and high commercial value (in target and incidental fisheries) of mature and immature age classes makes. The Northeast Atlantic subpopulation collapsed following serious overexploitation by directed longline fisheries; it was then subject to unrestricted fishing pressure following the crash. Data are lacking for the Northeast Atlantic subpopulation, but subpopulation reduction is considered to be much greater than in the Northwest Atlantic, for which more data are available. It is suspected that the Northeast Atlantic subpopulation declined by ≥ 80% given that the less exploited Northwest Atlantic population declined to between 11 and 17% of virgin biomass. Abundance levels of this species have historically been low throughout the Mediterranean Sea. The increase in fishing effort over the last 60 years has now driven the species to local extinction in most regions of the Mediterranean Sea, particularly in the west. There are no signs of decreasing fishing effort or improved fisheries regulation in the Mediterranean Sea. Therefore, the species is suspected to have undergone a decline of at least 80% over three generations (75 years) in European waters, and it is thus assessed as Critically Endangered under criteria A2bd.",Decreasing,"In the Northeast Atlantic Porbeagle (Lamna nasus) occurs off Greenland, Iceland, Norway, the British Isles, Sweden, Germany, France, south to Spain, Portugal (including the Azores) and Morocco. It was also present historically throughout in the Mediterranean Sea (Ebert and Stehmann 2013), but it is no longer clear what extent of the Mediterranean Sea this species inhabits; indeed, it is thought to have disappeared from the western region at the very least (Soldo et al. 2014). Its depth range is zero to 1,360 m.","In the north Atlantic, this shark is considered to comprise two distinct subpopulations: the Northwest Atlantic and Northeast Atlantic subpopulations. This subdivision was originally based on a relatively small number of tag returns from conventional tagging studies in the north Atlantic (Stevens 1990, DFO 1999, Kohler et al. 2002). Tagging studies from Norway, the USA and Canada resulted in 542, 1,034 and 256 individuals being tagged, respectively. A total of 197 recaptures were made (53 from Norwegian, 119 from USA and 25 from Canadian studies), and initial studies did not report transatlantic migrations (Campana et al. 2003). These tags only provide information on tag and re-capture location; movements in between these times are unknown. One transatlantic migration has since been reported (see Francis et al. 2008), implying at least limited connectivity between the two north Atlantic subpopulations.The potential for long-distance movement has been reported from pop-up satellite archival tag (PAT) and Smart Position and Temperature (SPOT) tag-based projects in Ireland, the UK and France, which have uncovered large-scale movements of Porbeagles along the Northeast Atlantic continental shelf from Norway to northwest Africa, and offshore halfway across the Atlantic (Pade et al. 2009, Saunders et al. 2011, Bendall et al. 2012). In the Northwest Atlantic, extensive PAT tagging has also shown many long-distance movements to the east and south, but none as far as the mid-Atlantic ridge (Campana et al. 2010). Two Porbeagles tagged in Ireland in 2012 and 2013 with PSAT and Argos-transmitter tags, respectively, spent a significant amount of time travelling along the mid-Atlantic ridge (Bendall et al. 2012).Within the Northeast Atlantic, individuals tagged off southern England with conventional tags have been recaptured off Spain, Denmark and Norway (2,370 km away), and an individual tagged in Ireland travelled 4,260 km (Kohler and Turner 2001), suggesting mixing throughout their range in the Northeast Atlantic (Stevens 1976, 1990).Genetic evidence indicates that gene flow must have occurred across the north Atlantic at some time in the past, although when it happened is unknown (Pade et al. 2009). There is no evidence of genetic exchange between the north Atlantic and southern hemisphere populations, and no evidence of mixing between the Mediterranean Sea and Northeast Atlantic stocks (ICES 2008).Northeast AtlanticReported landings decreased from 1,755 tonnes (t) in 1972 to around 800 t by the end of the decade. In the 1980s, landings slowly decreased further to around 400 t by the end of the decade. In the 1990s there was a slight increase in landings, reaching a peak in 1994 (1,047 t) before decreasing back to around 500 t by the turn of the century. Since the year 2000 landings have decreased to 98 t by 2010, as a result of reductions in quotas.It is unclear whether the very variable early landings data from the Spanish fleet (from zero to nearly 4,000 t per year) represent huge variations in catches, possibly the result of “boom and bust” fisheries removing different segments of the stock, or differences in catch reporting. Bonfil (1994) estimated that 50 t of Porbeagle were taken as a supplementary catch in the Spanish longline swordfish fishery in the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic during 1989. The longline fishery in the Bay of Biscay (ICES Area VIII), directed at the more abundant Blue Shark (Prionace glauca), also landed about 30 t of mainly Porbeagle and some Shortfin Mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) during 1998 to 2000.  Heessen (2003) indicates that annual landings from Area IXa (Portuguese coast) into mainland Portugal peaked at almost 3,000 t in 1987 to 1988 and have since declined (these records do not appear in the FAO statistics).The Northeast Atlantic stock has the longest history of commercial exploitation. The lack of catch per unit effort data for the peak of the fishery adds considerable uncertainty in identifying the current status relative to virgin biomass. Exploratory stock assessments carried out in 2009 by the joint International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT)/International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) meeting using a Bayesian Surplus Production (BSP) model and an age-structured production (ASP) model indicated that biomass was below biomass maximum sustainable yield (BMSY) and that recent fishing mortality was near or possibly above fishing mortality maximum sustainable yield (FMSY) (Babcock and Cortés 2009, ICCAT 2010). ICES considered the stock to be depleted, especially in the northern parts of the ICES area (ICCAT 2010). The BSP model projections indicate that sustained reductions in fishing mortality would be required if there is to be any stock recovery. Recovery of this stock to BMSY under zero fishing mortality would take ~15–34 years.Mediterranean SeaDeclines in abundance and distribution have been reported in the Mediterranean Sea (Ferretti et al. 2008). Historical abundance levels are unknown but suspected to have been low. This species has virtually disappeared from Mediterranean records, and is thought to be completely absent from the western region (Soldo et al. 2014). In the north Tyrrhenian and Ligurian Seas, only 15 specimens were reported during a few decades of observation (Serena and Vacchi 1997). Only nine individuals were caught by the small-scale multigear fleet in the eastern Adriatic Sea between the late 19th century until 2000, although occasional catches continue to be recorded (Soldo and Jardas 2002). During research on bycatch of the western Mediterranean Swordfish longline fishery, no Porbeagles were caught (De la Serna et al. 2002). Only 15 specimens were caught during research conducted in 1998-1999 on bycatch of sharks in large pelagic fisheries, and these catches were reported only in the southern Adriatic Sea and Ionian Sea, mainly by driftnets (Megalofonou et al. 2000). Official catch statistics for the Mediterranean Sea show that the only landings were reported in 1996 by Malta and amounted to one tonne (FAO 2002).The species is suspected to have undergone a decline of at least 80% over the three-generation period (75 years) in European waters.","Porbeagle is a wide-ranging coastal and oceanic species, more commonly found on continental shelves, in temperate and cold-temperate waters worldwide (one to 18°C, zero to 1360 m; Compagno 2001). In the Northwest Atlantic, this species reaches a maximum reported size of 253 and 302 cm fork length (FL) in males and females, respectively (Francis et al. 2008). Males in the north Atlantic mature at about 166 cm FL while females mature at 208 cm FL (Francis et al. 2008). Though data on the Northeast Atlantic population are sparse, it is estimated that males and females do not mature until they are 1.7 and 2.0 m FL, respectively. These lengths correspond to an estimated age-at-maturity of seven to eight years for males and approximately 20 years for females (Hennache and Jung 2010). Natanson et al. (2002) and Campana et al. (2002) reported a maximum age of 26 years for the Northwest Atlantic population. However, the estimated longevity might be as high as 46 years in an unfished population. Ages at 50% maturity for north Atlantic males and females are eight and 13 years respectively (Jensen et al. 2002). The generation length of this species is estimated to be around 25 years.This shark is live bearing with oophagy and litters between one and five pups (average four), which are 68 to 78 cm total length (TL) at birth (Compagno 1984, Gauld 1989, Francis and Stevens 2000, DFO 2001, Francis et al. 2008). Aasen (1963) estimated that the gestation period was about eight months in the north Atlantic and that individual females breed each year. However, Shann (1923) found two distinct size groups of embryos present in the December to February period and suggested that gestation may last 18 to 24 months. Gauld (1989) noted that a resting period might exist between parturition and fertilisation. Francis and Stevens (2000), Jensen et al. (2002) and Francis et al. (2008) estimate an eight to nine month gestation period. Birth occurs in spring off Europe (Aasen 1963). Recent records indicate a possible nursery area in the southern and central Adriatic Sea (Soldo 2007); newborns were caught in the central Adriatic Sea (Marconi and De Maddalena 2001, Orsi Relini and Garibaldi 2002) and the western Ligurian Sea (Orsi Relini and Garibaldi 2002).","Northeast AtlanticThe Northeast Atlantic fishery began when Norway started targeting Porbeagle in the 1930s using longlines. The collapse of this fishery in the 1960s led to the redirection of fishing effort by Norwegian and Danish longline shark fishing vessels into the Northwest Atlantic. French and Spanish longliners operated directed fisheries for Porbeagle from the 1970s through to the end of the 20th century, and these countries have reported the bulk of landings in the Northeast Atlantic since this time. Smaller amounts have also been landed by the UK, Faroes, Norway, Ireland, Denmark and Germany.The main countries catching this species since the early 2000s were France, Spain, the UK and Norway. The only regular, directed target fishery that has existed recently was the French fishery (although there have been occasional target fisheries in the UK). Furthermore, the species is taken as a bycatch in mixed fisheries, mainly in the UK, Ireland, France and Spain (ICES 2013).It is thought that the 2010 and 2011 data for the Northeast Atlantic are underestimates, due to misreporting. All data since 2010 must be considered as unrepresentative of removals, as dead discards are not quantified.Mediterranean SeaThis species has practically disappeared from the Mediterranean Sea as a result of intensive fishing effort over the past 60 or so years. In particular, this shark is vulnerable to exploitation by large pelagic fisheries such as driftnets and longlines. Even though driftnetting has been banned throughout the Mediterranean Sea, there are still illegal driftnet fisheries in operation. It is also a popular recreational species in big game fisheries in some areas of the Mediterranean Sea. ","The first European Union (EU) total allowable catch (TAC) for Northeast Atlantic Porbeagle was set at 581 t and took effect in 2008, two years after ICES advised ending fishing for this species. The EU Fisheries Council then reduced the 2008 TAC by 25% in 2009. In 2010, it was further reduced to zero and EU vessels were prohibited from taking the species from international waters. In 2011, Porbeagle measures were extended to all EU waters, including the Mediterranean Sea. The EU Porbeagle TAC remained at zero for 2011-2014. Porbeagle has specific, national legal protection in Sweden and Croatia where it is a prohibited species.In 2007 Norway banned all direct fisheries for Porbeagle, based on the ICES advice. From 2007–2011, specimens taken as bycatch could be landed and sold. Since 2011, live specimens must be released, whereas dead specimens can be landed (but this is not mandatory). The number of specimens landed must be reported in addition to weight. However, since 2012, landings of Porbeagle are not remunerated. From 2011, the regulations also include recreational fishing (ICES 2013).Efforts by the EU to secure prohibition of retention of this species through ICCAT have been unsuccessful to date. The North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission has banned targeted Porbeagle fisheries.Although plans for implementation are not yet evident two years later, Parties to the Barcelona Convention agreed in 2012 that elasmobranch species listed in Annex II of the Protocol concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean -- which includes Porbeagle -- cannot be retained on board, transshipped, landed, transferred, stored, sold or displayed, or offered for sale, and must be released unharmed and alive, to the extent possible.Porbeagle was listed in 2008 under Appendix II of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS), which directs countries to collaborate to conserve shared populations. The species is also covered under the 2010 CMS Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for Migratory Sharks since 2010, and an accompanying Conservation Plan for MoU listed sharks established in 2012, but no species-specific, regional plans or measures have resulted from this listing to date. Porbeagle was listed under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species in 2013. This requires international trade to be monitored and derived from sustainably managed fisheries, beginning in September 2014. In 2013, the EU banned the removal of shark fins on board vessels through Regulation No. 605/2013, in line with advice from the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission’s Shark Specialist Group and other shark fishery experts, in order to enhance enforcement of the EU ban on shark finning from 2003 (Regulation No. 1185/2003) and facilitate improved shark fishery data collection.The European Commission banned the deliberate use of bottom-set nets to catch certain teleost (bony fish) and shark species – including Porbeagle – that are particularly sensitive to overexploitation from this fishing method (EC Regulation No. 1967/2006). By way of derogation, accidental bycatch of no more than three specimens of the shark species protected by this measure may be retained on board or landed, provided that they are not a protected species under Community law. ",There is a targeted fishery for this species.,"Campana, S. & Zidowitz, H.","Ellis, J., Farrell, E., Jung, A., McCully, S., Sims, D. & Soldo, A.","Walls, R., Fordham, S., Stevens, J.D., Fowler, S.L., Soldo, A., McCord, M., Baum, J.K., Acuna, E., Domingo, A. & Francis, M.P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Lampadena,anomala,,Lampadena anomala,"Parr, 1928",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"This species is reported to be uncommon in the eastern Atlantic, and it can be found in the area between 38°N and 17°S, but it is apparently absent from the Gulf of Guinea (Hulley and Paxton in press). It is also found in the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, western Atlantic from 40°N to 16°S, Indian Ocean 18°N to 5°S, South China Sea, off New Guinea and the central Pacific 28 °N to 10°S. Specimens from the Indopacific may be a different species (Niass and Ozawa 2000; P.A. Hulley pers comm.). More research needs to be conducted to confirm identification. In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (the Azores archipelago and Madeira; Carneiro et al. 2014), and from the Canaries (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).",There are few data regarding the population size of this species in the eastern Atlantic.,"Adults of this species are oceanic, meso- and bathypelagic and perform diel migrations from as deep as 800-2,000 m during the day, up 1 000 m and below during the night for feeding purposes. Small specimens may be found in water as shallow as 350 m (Hulley and Paxton in press).","There are no known threats for this species, and it is not under pressure from fisheries.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range (WDPA 2013).,This species is not commercially exploited.,"Nieto, A. & Allen, D.J.","Ralph, G.","Hulley, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Lampadena,atlantica,,Lampadena atlantica,"Maul, 1969",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Lampadena atlantica is a widely-distributed species, which within Europe is restricted to the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"This species is restricted to the north Atlantic. Within Europe, it is known from the Canaries (Bordes Cabellero et al. 2009), Madeira and the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014).",There is a lack of information regarding this species' population.,"This is a&#160;marine, bathypelagic species with a depth range of 60-1000 m (Hulley 1990).",There is a lack of information regarding threats to this species.,There is a lack of information regarding conservation actions for this species.,There is a lack of information regarding use and trade of this species.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Lampadena,chavesi,,Lampadena chavesi,"Collett, 1905",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"Found in the Atlantic, southern Indian and southeastern Pacific oceans. In the Eastern Atlantic, this species can be found in area between 42°N–26°N and between 13°S–38°S, but it is apparently absent from the Benguela upwelling region (Hulley and Paxton in press). It can also be found in the western Atlantic from 27°N–42°N, the Indian Ocean from 20°S–33°S, and the eastern South Pacific between 30°S and 34°S. In the European region the fish is known from off the coasts of Portugal (mainland, the Azores archipelago and Madeira; Carneiro et al. 2014), and from the Canaries (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).",Very rare and very scanty (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).,"This species is oceanic, mesopelagic and performs diel migrations from as deep as 600-800 m during the day, up to 40-175 m during the night for feeding purposes (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009, Hulley and Paxton in press).","There are no known threats for this species, and it is not under pressure from fisheries.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range.,This species is not commercially exploited.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Hulley, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Lampadena,luminosa,,Lampadena luminosa,"(Garman, 1899)",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"In the eastern Atlantic, this species is found in the area between about 20°N-16°S, but it is apparently absent in the eastern South Atlantic, except in some Agulhas water pockets (Hulley and Paxton, in press).  Also from the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean and the western Atlantic 42°N-37°S, the Indian Ocean 10°N-23°S with southern extension to 33°S in Agulhas Current, and Pacific 40°N to 27°S with extension to 48°N in the Kuroshio Current and to 34°S in East Australian Current. In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (the Azores archipelago; Carneiro et al. 2014), and from Spain (the Canaries; Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).",There is little data regarding the population size of this species in the eastern Atlantic. This species is well represented in museum collections.,"This species is oceanic, mesopelagic and performs diel migrations from as deep as 425-850 m during the day, up to 100 m during the night for feeding purposes (Hulley and Paxton in press).","There are no known threats for this species, and it is not under pressure from fisheries.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range.,This species is not commercially exploited.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Hulley, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Lampadena,speculigera,,Lampadena speculigera,"Goode & Bean, 1896",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"The fish is distributed in North Atlantic mainly between 68°N and 30°N, but with isolated records to 17°N in the Mauritanian upwelling region. In South Atlantic mainly between 22°S and 50°S (some records at about 60°S). Also from southern Indian Ocean (33°S–43°S); and off Australia, New Zealand, and Peru. Found in depths ranging from 60-950 m. During the day they are found in depths ranging from 475-950 m, and during the evening the are found in depths ranging from 60-750 m (Hulley and Paxton in press). It has also been reported from the South China Sea. In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (the mainland, the Azores archipelago and Madeira; Carneiro et al. 2014), from Spain (the Canaries (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009) and off the coast of Galicia (Bañon et al. 2010), and from Iceland (Jonsson 1992).",Little is known about the population the fish. Rare and scarce in the waters off the Canaries (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).,"Lampadena speculigera has a maximum size of 15.3 cm. Size and age of sexual maturity is unknown (Hulley and Paxton in press). Species of this family are known to exhibit diel vertical migration (Vipin et al. 2012). Females of the Myctophidae family are oviparous, and both sexes are non-guarding pelagic spawners with low reproductive rates (Catul et al. 2011). Predators of the family Mycophidae include various species of fish, squid, notothenioids, seabirds and mammals. Mycophidae prey primarily on  these particular species of copepods; Calanus propinquus, Calanus simillimus, Calanvides acutus, Rhincalanus gigas and Metridia gerlachei. Mycophidae also feed on amphipods and euphausiids (Kozlov 1995).  Species of the family Myctophidae have photophores. They are thought to exhibit and detect blue/green color bioluminescence. Although species in this family do not produce longwave bioluminescence (red light), they are thought to be more sensitive in its detection due to the large amount of their red light producing predators. Compared to other mesopelagic teleosts, the Myctophidea family wavelengths of maximum absorption fall within a small range of 480-492 nm. Their could be multiple reasons for the evolutionary development of photophores from being able to see at deeper depths, attracting mates, or finding predators (Turner et al. 2009). Lanternfish from the Myctophidae family use counter-illumination to regulate the brightness of their photophores for camouflage. Photophores are arranged differently for every species, and for males and females indicating a potential role in communication and mating (Catul et al. 2011).",No known threats.,No species-specific conservation efforts in place or needed.,"In general, species of this family can be used for the production of seasoning, feed for cultured fish, surimi, cosmetic oil, fish meal and fish oil (Vipin et al. 2012).","Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Lampanyctus,alatus,,Lampanyctus alatus,"Goode & Bean, 1896",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Stable,"This species is found throughout the eastern Atlantic, but it is absent from the Benguela upwelling region. It is also found in the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, and slope water regions of the western sector of the North Atlantic (46°N -08°S), Indian Ocean (09°N - 42°S), southeast Asian seas (20°N-10°S) and western Pacific (35°N -42°S, west of 150°W) (Hulley and Paxton in press). In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (off the mainland, the Azores archipelago and Madeira; Carneiro et al. 2014), and from Spain (the Canaries; Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).","This species occurs in moderate numbers in trawl surveys conducted near the Canary Islands (Wienerroither et al. 2009) as well as other parts of its range, such as the Gulf of Mexico (Gartner 1987). Relatively frequent and abundant around the Canaries (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).","This species is oceanic, mesopelagic and performs diel migrations from as deep as 275-1,000 m during the day, up to 40-275 m during the night for feeding purposes (Hulley and Paxton in press).","There are no known threats for this species, and it is not under pressure from fisheries.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place or required for this species.,This species is not commercially exploited.,"Nieto, A. & Allen, D.J.","Ralph, G.","Hulley, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Lampanyctus,crocodilus,,Lampanyctus crocodilus,"(Risso, 1810)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)   Lampanyctus crocodilus is a widespread meso- to bathypelagic species known in depths from 45 to 1,000 m. It is common in most parts of its range. In most of the Mediterranean, it is very common to abundant. There are no major threats towards L. crocodilus; although it may be caught in trawl fisheries. There are not any specific conservation measures in place for this species, but its range intersects with a number of marine protected areas across its range. It is, therefore, assessed as Least Concern. More research is suggested into the population size and trends for L. crocodilus.",Stable,"Lampanyctus crocodilus is restricted to the North Atlantic Ocean, where it has a north temperate pattern (boreal subpattern) and is found between about 33° and 65° N, but with a marked decrease in abundance south of 54° N (Hulley 1984). It can be found as far north as Dohrn Bank, but is generally found off Iceland and from the British Isles to Mauritanian Upwelling Region, including the Mediterranean Sea (Fischer et al. 1987, Hulley 1990, Quignard and Tomasini 2000). In the Mediterranean Sea, it is found in Catalan Sea (Sabates and Maso 1992), in Balearic Islands (Morey et al. 2003), in the Gulf of Lion, Corsica, Gulf of Genova, Algerian coasts, Strait of Sicily, Island of Galite (Maurin 1962), in Greek Ionian Sea (Politou et al. 2001, Mytilineou et al. 2005), Aegean Sea (Papaconstantinou 1988), Levantine basin, and Marmara Sea (Bilecenoglu 2002). During daytime, it occurs at 100 to 200 m and 700 to 1,000 m (mainly 700 to 800 m). At night, it occurs at 45 to 150 m and 400 to 1,000 m (mainly 45 to 100 m) (Fischer et al. 1987).","MEDITS (Spanish Mediterranean): The average individual length: 11.4 cm (TL). This is a very common species in the Mediterranean (L. Gil de Sola pers comm. 2013)Gulf of Cadiz: common in bottom trawl surveys. Maximum length: 16.0 cm (TL) (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2013). This species is very common in the Mediterranean Sea. In the east Ionian Sea, the frequency of occurrence of this species is 4.4 to 100.1 (abundance = 0.1-14.4/h) in 145 trawl hauls of 1 hour each (Mytilineou et al. 2005). In Catalan Sea, the frequency of occurrence of this species is 20.3% (Sabates and Maso 1992) and the abundance is 0.03 to 0.29 kg/h (Politou et al. 2003). Lampanyctus crocodilus can be found in 841 museum collections with a maximum count of 175 individuals in a single lot (Accessed through Fishnet 2 Portal 2013 June). Larvae are very common and very abundant in Greek Seas (C. Papaconstantinou pers comm. 2013). There are little data regarding the population size and stability of this species in the eastern Atlantic; however, it is common in other parts of its range.","Juveniles are mesopelagic and adults are bathypelagic (Stefanescu and Cartes 1992). During daytime, it occurs at 100 to 200 m and 700 to 1,000 m (mainly 700 to 800 m). During night, it occurs at 45 to 150 m and 400 to 1,000 m (mainly 45 to 100 m) (Fischer et al. 1987).  In west Mediterranean Sea, its length is 8 to 14.8 cm, and the length-weight relationship has the following parameters: a = 0.003, b = 3.1562, SE(b) = 0.078, r2 = 0.967 (Morey et al. 2003). The maximum length for this species 30 cm total length (TL) (Hulley 1990), and in the Mediterranean, 22 cm (TL) maximum size in trawl surveys by MEDITS (L. Gil de Sola pers. comm. 2013).  Zooplankton, especially copepods, are the main element in the diet of Lampanyctus crocodilus (Coad and Reist 2004). It spawn in deep-water from spring to autumn (Hulley 1984 in Whitehead et al. 1984), and spawning apparently occurs in the summer and fall in the Atlantic and during spring and summer in the Mediterranean (Hulley 1986). The fecundity, stages of maturation and early life history traits are poorly understood for this species.",There are no known major threats.&#160;This species is not known to be used by fisheries but may be caught as bycatch pelagic trawls (S. Kobyliansky&#160;pers. comm. 2013).,"No specific conservation measures are in place for this species. However, this species may be found in marine protected areas within its distribution range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Legislative regulation for the pelagic fishery is being implemented (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013). Lampanyctus crocodilus was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).",This species is not commercially exploited.,"Strongin, K.","Munroe, T., Costa, M. & Kobyliansky, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Lampanyctus,festivus,,Lampanyctus festivus,"Tåning, 1928",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Stable,"In the eastern Atlantic, this species has a disjunct distribution between 42°N and 12°N and about 12°S to the southern Subtropical Convergence, but it is absent from the Gulf of Guinea and the northern Benguela upwelling region (Hulley and Paxton in press). Also from Gulf of Mexico and western North Atlantic 40°N-26°N and isolates to 50°N, southern Indian Ocean 28°S-42°S, disjunctly from the western Pacific 35°N-22°N and 16°S-38°S and from the eastern Pacific 40°N-35°S. In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (off the mainland coast, the Azores archipelago and Madeira; Carneiro et al. 2014), and from Spain (the Canaries; Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).",There is little data regarding the population size and stability of this species in the eastern Atlantic. It occurs in moderate numbers around the Canary Islands (Wienerroither et al. 2009).,"This species is oceanic, mesopelagic and performs diel migrations from as deep as 475-1,000 m during the day, up to 40-325 m during the night for feeding purposes. Spawning takes place throughout the year, with a peak in winter (Hulley and Paxton in press).","There are no known threats for this species, and it is not under pressure from fisheries.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place or required for this species.,This species is not commercially exploited.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Hulley, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Lampanyctus,intricarius,,Lampanyctus intricarius,"Tåning, 1928",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Lampanyctus intricarius is a widespread mesopelagic species known at depths of 40 to 750 m. This is a mesopelagic species that undergoes diel, vertical migrations for feeding purposes. There are no major threats posed towards this species; although, it may be caught in trawl fisheries. There are not any specific conservation strategies in place for this species, but there are numerous marine protected areas across its range. It is, therefore, assessed as Least Concern. More research is suggested into the population size and stability in the northeastern Atlantic and adjacent regional waters.",Unknown,"Lampanyctus intricarius is known from the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. In the southern hemisphere, it is circumglobal in the region of the Subtropical Convergence, but with northern extension to about 18°S in eastern boundary currents of the south Pacific, which occurs north to 30°S (Becker 1983, Hulley 1990). Lampanyctus intricarius isolates can be found north to 14°S in southeastern sector.In the northwest Atlantic, it is found between 65°—32°N, but it is rare west of 50°W (Hulley 1990). In the northeast Atlantic, it is found off Iceland and the British Isles southward to the Mauritanian Upwelling Region. It is also in the southern Benguela Upwelling Region (Hulley 1986).Specimens less than 40 mm can be found at depths less than 100 m, while those larger than 100 mm inhabit waters deeper than 400 m (McGinnis 1982).","There are little data regarding the population size and trends of this species in the eastern Atlantic; however, it appears to be fairly common in other parts of its range, such as off southern Tasmania (Williams and Koslow 1997).  It is very well represented in museum collections.There are 246 museum collections with a maximum of 46 individual specimens in a single lot (Accessed through Fishnet 2 Portal 2013 June). There were two specimens in one trawl recorded in the mid-Atlantic (Kobyliansky et al. 2010). There have been no additional trawl surveys conducted in the region (J. Gil Herrera, L. Gil de Sola, S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013). ","Lampanyctus intricarius grows to a maximum  length of 20 cm (Hulley 1984 in Whitehead et al. 1984). This species undergoes diel vertical migrations, staying at a depth of 600 m at night while moving up to 100 m during the day (Roe and Badcock 1984) for feeding purposes. It is an oceanic and mesopelagic species (Hulley in press).As with most lanternfish, L. intricarius feeds on zooplankton, specifically copepods (Coad and Reist 2004).Specimens less than 40 mm have been collected at depths less than 100 m, while those larger than 100 mm inhabit waters deeper than 400 m (McGinnis 1984). Length of firs maturity is > 4.0 cm (McGinnis 1982).",There are no known threats for this species. This species is not known to be used by fisheries but may be caught as bycatch pelagic trawls (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013).,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Further research into the biology and ecology of this species is suggested.Legislative regulation for the pelagic fishery is being implemented (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013).,This species is not commercially exploited.,"Strongin, K.","Costa, M., Munroe, T. & Kobyliansky, S.","Hulley, P. & Rodrigues, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Lampanyctus,macdonaldi,,Lampanyctus macdonaldi,"(Goode & Bean, 1896)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Lampanyctus macdonaldi is a widely distributed, but it is a relatively rare bathy-mesopalegic species. It is associated with depths ranging from 60 to 1,000 m. There are no major threats to this species; although, it is taken as bycatch in parts of its range. There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but there are several marine protected areas across its range. It is, therefore, assessed as Least Concern. ",Unknown,"Lampanyctus macdonaldi has a bitemperate distribution. In the southern Atlantic, Lampanyctus macdonaldi is collected mainly between the subtropical convergence zone and the Antarctic polar front (Hulley 1984). In the north Atlantic, it can be found between 65°N and 47°N (Hulley 1984); there are additional, scattered reports north to Jan Mayen (Pethon 2005, Wienerroither et al. 2011). There is an absence of any records of this species in the rest of the Atlantic as well as the Indian Ocean (McGinnis 1982). This species can be found at depths of 60 to 1,500 m (Bogutskaya 2007), but usually below 700 m.","Lampanyctus macdonaldi is well represented in museum collections. There are a total of 348 museum collections with a maximum of 55 individuals in a single lot (Accessed through Fishnet 2 Portal 2013 June). No additional trawl survey data is available from the region (assessors 2013: J. Gil Herrera, L. Gil de Sola, S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013).","Lampanyctus macdonaldi can be found at depths ranging from 450 to 600 m during both day and night (Roe and Badcock 1984). Juveniles may inhabit shallower waters like other members of the family Myctophidae, but it is currently unknown for sure (McGinnis 1982). Lampanyctus macdonaldi can reach sizes of 16.0 cm (Hulley 1990). As is the case with most lanternfish, L. macdonaldi consumes cruataceous zooplankton, specifically copepods (Coad and Reist 2004).   Two gravid females have been captured in July, but no reference was made to their sizes (McGinnis 1982). Virtually no data exist on the fecundity, spawning periodicity, stages of maturation or early life history traits for this species.",There are no species specific threats to Lampanyctus macdonaldi. This species is not known to be used by fisheries but may be caught as bycatch pelagic trawls (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013).,There are no species specific measure in place for Lampanycuts macdonaldi. Its range does overlap several marine protected areas (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Legislative regulation for the pelagic fishery is implemented (S. Kobylianski pers. comm. 2013).,There are no known uses of Lampanyctus macdonaldi.,"Strongin, K.","Munroe, T., Costa, M. & Kobyliansky, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Lampanyctus,photonotus,,Lampanyctus photonotus,"Parr, 1928",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"The fish is distributed throughout western sector of area, but absent in the Mauritanian and Benguela upwelling regions, Gulf of Guinea and in tropical waters of eastern sector between 0° and 15°S. Also throughout western sector of North Atlantic to 42°N (isolates to 52°N), absent in Gulf of Mexico; southeast Asian seas; off New Caledonia and north of New Zealand (32°S). Depths ranging from 40 meters to 1,000 meters.  During the day the range is from 550 to 1,000 m, and during the evening the range is from 40 m to 250 m (Hulley and Paxton in press). In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (off the mainland coast, the Azores archipelago and Madeira; Carneiro et al. 2014), and from Spain (the Canaries; Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).",Infrequent and scarce around the Canaries (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).,"Lampanyctus photonotus has a maximum size of 8.5 cm, and sexually matures at 5.5 cm, sex is unspecified. Spawn mostly in spring or early summer, and small juveniles are non-migrators (Hulley an Paxton in press). Species of this family are known to exhibit diel vertical migration (Vipin et al. 2012). Females of the Myctophidae family are oviparous, and both sexes are non-guarding pelagic spawners with low reproductive rates (Catul et al. 2011). Predators of the family Mycophidae include various species of fish, squid, notothenioids, seabirds and mammals. Mycophidae prey primarily on  these particular species of copepods; Calanus propinquus, Calanus simillimus, Calanvides acutus, Rhincalanus gigas and Metridia gerlachei.  Mycophidae also feed on amphipods and euphausiids (Kozlov 1995). Species of the family Myctophidae have photophores. They are thought to exhibit and detect blue/green color bioluminescence. Although species in this family do not produce longwave bioluminescence (red light), they are thought to be more sensitive in its detection due to the large amount of their red light producing predators. Compared to other mesopelagic teleosts, the Myctophidea family wavelengths of maximum absorption fall within a small range of 480-492 nm. Their could be multiple reasons for the evolutionary development of photophores from being able to see at deeper depths, attracting mates, or finding predators (Turner et al. 2009).  Lanternfish from the Myctophidae family use counter-illumination to regulate the brightness of their photophores for camouflage.  Photophores are arranged differently for every species, and for males and females indicating a potential role in communication and mating (Catul et al. 2011).",No known threats for Lampanyctus photonotus at this time.,No species-specific conservation efforts for Lampanyctus photonotus.,"In general, species of this family can be used for the production of seasoning, feed for cultured fish, surimi, cosmetic oil, fish meal and fish oil (Vipin et al. 2012), but there is no specific use information for this species.","Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Lampanyctus,pusillus,,Lampanyctus pusillus,"(Johnson, 1890)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Lampanyctus pusillus is a widespread mesoplagic species that is found  in depths from 0 to 1,000 m. It is common throughout most of its range, including the Mediterranean Sea. It has no major threats that are known; although it is taken as bycatch in parts of its range. There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but its range intersects with a number of marine protected areas. It is, therefore, assessed as Least Concern. ",Unknown,"Lampanyctus pusillus has a vast distribution in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. In the western Atlantic, this species is found from off the coast of the USA to 20°N, as well as from Brazil to Argentina (Hulley 1990). In the northwest Atlantic, it is found off Canada (Scott and Scott 1988). In the Indian Ocean, it can be found from 23°—45°S. In the southern Pacific, it is found off Australia and westward to the coast of South America in the region of Subtropical Convergence (northern extension to 24°S in the Peru Current) (Hulley 1990). Lampanyctus pusillus has a disjunct distribution in the eastern Atlantic between 55°N and 24°N, including the Mediterranean, and between about 14°S to the southern Subtropical Convergence, but it is absent in the Benguela upwelling region. This species occurs in the Mediterranean Sea (Hulley 1984, Fischer et al. 1987, Quignard and Tomasini 2000), where it is widespread (excluding Adriatic, Aegean and Marmara seas). According to Papaconstantinou (1988), this species is present and native to the Hellenic Seas. In the northeast Atlantic, L. pusillus can be found at depths of 100 to 250 m at night and 450 m during the day (Roe and Babcock 1984). In the Central Pacific, they are found at depths ranging from 0 to 1000 m at night and 400 to 1000 m during the day (Craddock et al 1992).","Lampanyctus pusillus is a fairly common species in the Mediterranean, but not as common as L. crocodilus. The frequency of ocurrence in ichtyoplankton in Cape Palos-Hormigas Islands marine reserve is 3.47% (Vidal-Penas et al. 2001). Lampanyctus pusillus represents 2 to 20% of the ichtyoplankton in Catalan Sea (Sabates 1990). Lampanyctus pusillus can be found in 1,901 museum collections with a maximum of 265 individuals in a single lot (Assessed through Fishnet 2 Portal 2013 June). One record (MEDITS), average size: 3.1 cm (TL) of three total specimens (L. Gil de Sola pers comm. 2013) 103 specimens in nine trawls in pelagic trawl surveys in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Kobyliansky et al. 2010). Larvae are very common and very abundant in Greek Seas (C. Papaconstantinou pers. comm. 2013). In the eastern Atlantic, this species is fairly common, as indicated by trawl surveys conducted around the Canary Islands (Wienerroither et al 2009) and various seamounts (Pusch et al. 2004), as well as off the southwestern coast of Africa (Rubies 1984). In the western Atlantic, this species is also considered common in the northern Sargasso Sea (Gartner et al. 1989). It is also very common in museum collection records.","Lampanyctus pusillus is an oceanic mesopelagic species. In the Northeast Atlantic, L. pusillus can be found at depths of 100 to 250 m at night and 450 m during the day (Roe and Badcock 1984). In the Central Pacific, they are found at depths ranging from 0 to 1000 m at night and 400 to 1000 m during the day (Craddock et al 1992). The maximum size for this species is 4.3 cm (Hulley 1990). This speices feeds on curstacous zooplankton (Hulley 1984). Lampanyctus pusillus matures around 3.6 cm (Hulley 1984).  The peak of spawning occurs from summer to autumn (Hulley 1984 in Whitehead et al. 1984). Gravid females of 32 mm have been collected in July, August, and December (McGinnis 1982). Spawning primarily occurs during winter/spring (Hulley and Paxton in press).",There are no known threats for this species. This species is not known to be used by fisheries but may be caught as bycatch pelagic trawls (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013).,Larvae of this species have been found in the Cape Palos-Hormigas Islands marine reserve (Vidal-Penas et al. 2001). No specific conservation measures are in place for this species. Legislative regulation for the pelagic fishery is implemented (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013).,Lampanyctus pusillus is not utilized in the commercial fishing industry.,"Strongin, K.","Munroe, T., Costa, M. & Kobyliansky, S.","Keskin, Ç., Massuti, E., Papakonstantinou, C. & Palmeri, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LAMPRIFORMES,LAMPRIDAE,Lampris,guttatus,,Lampris guttatus,"(Brünnich, 1788)",Earlier records may have been recorded as Lampris guttatus or Lampris regius (Hawn and Collette 2012). Southern Ocean records pertain to a second species L. immaculata (Parin and Kukuyev 1983). The species may consist of multiple cryptic species (Hawn and Collette 2012). The correct spelling for the family Lampridae is Lamprididae (Olney in press).,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Lampris guttatus is a circumglobally distributed species found in subtropical-temperate pelagic waters where it occurs commonly, but not abundantly. It is an epi- and meso pelagic species which may undergo vertical migrations at depths ranging from surface waters to 500 m. It is targeted by recreational fishers in parts of its range. It is also landed as bycatch in commercial fishery operations, particularly long-line fisheries targeting large pelagics, such as tuna. There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for L. guttatus, however its distribution likely overlaps marine protected areas in parts of its range. In Europe L. guttatus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Lampris guttatus is distributed circumglobally in subtropical and temperate (Carpenter 2002, Collette 1978) epipelagic to bathypelagic waters from 0 to 500 m depth and avoids equatorial waters (Heemstra and Heemstra 2004). In the northeastern Atlantic, L. guttatus is present from Norway and Greenland to Madeira and the Canary Islands (Dooley et al. 1985, Palmer 1986, Carneiro et al. 2014). It now occurs throughout the Mediterranean where it appears to be extending its range due to warming water temperatures (Francour et al. 2010). ","Lampris guttatus is considered a relatively uncommon species with scattered occurrences (Hawn and Collette 2012), including off the Canary Islands (Dooley et al. 1985). It occurs throughout the Mediterranean, where it appears to be extending its range due to warming water temperatures (Francour et al. 2010).  Landings are not reported to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) from the assessment region. Since 1994, global catch production gradually increased to a peak of 1,107 tonnes in 2009. Global catch production decreased slightly to 1004 tonnes in 2011 (FAO 2011).","Lampris guttatus is an epi- and mesopelagic (Mundy 2005), oceanodromous fish (Riede 2004). It is apparently solitary (Palmer 1986, Collette 2002), and mainly an inhabitant of warm water, but wanders far north in the summer months (Collette 2002) and likely spawns in the spring (Hart 1973). Lampris guttatus is a capable burst-swimming predator that feeds chiefly on small cuttlefishes, crustaceans, shellfishes, young fishes and squids (Palmer 1986, Heemstra and Heemstra 2004). It grows to a maximum size of 163 cm FL, however its common size is 120 cm SL (Collette 2002), and a maximum weight 89 kg (Hawn and Collette 2012). Vakily et al. 2002 describes the species as bathypelagic with a maximum size of 200 cm TL off West Africa. This species commonly occurs from the surface to depths of about 200 m (Collette 2002). In Hawaii, Lampris guttatus can be frequently found at depths ranging from 5 to 150 m at night and in greater depths (100 to 400 m) during the day, and is constantly moving vertically within this broad range (Polovina et al. 2008).","Lampris guttatus is taken incidentally in offshore waters, mostly as a bycatch of tuna longline fisheries (Hawn and Collette 2012). However, this does not appear to represent a major threat to the species.","There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for L. guttatus. Its distribution overlaps marine protected areas in parts of its range. This species was assessed as Data Deficient in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Lampris guttatus is targeted in minor commercial fisheries and it is also a popular gamefish (Collette 2002). It is taken incidentally in offshore waters where it is caught with longlines (Carpenter 2002), and it is occasionally taken as a bycatch of tuna fisheries, including in European tuna longline fisheries within the assessment zone (Oceanic Developpement et al. 2005). It is considered an excellent foodfish (Collette 2003). The flesh is red, tender, full of oil and of delicate flavor. It is marketed fresh and frozen and it is prepared as sashimi (Collette 2002).","Harwell, H.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,OPHIDIIDAE,Lamprogrammus,niger,,Lamprogrammus niger,"Alcock, 1891",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"Lamprogrammus niger is circumtropical (Nielsen in press) and sometimes in sub-tropical to temperate waters (Quero 1998, Nielsen et al. 1999). It is associated with depths of between 740 and 2,000 m (Nielsen 1990). In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (the Azores archipelago; Carneiro et al. 2014).","Said to be locally abundant to 1,500 m (Nielsen et al. 1999). There has not been a quantitative analysis of the population size or trends for this species.","Lamprogrammus niger is a bathypelagic fish that grows to a maximum size of 61 cm standard length (SL) (Nielsen et al. 1999). It is often found near the substrate in deep waters. Small specimens are ocassionally taken in mid water, pelagic trawls (Nielsen et al. 1999). The biology and ecology of this species are poorly understood.",There are no known threats towards Lamprogrammus niger.,There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species.,Of no interest to commercial fisheries (Nielsen et al. 1999).,"Nieto, A. & Allen, D.J.","Ralph, G.","Knudsen, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,LABRIDAE,Lappanella,fasciata,,Lappanella fasciata,"(Cocco, 1833)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"This species is widespread in the western part of the Mediterranean Sea and is also found around several of the Macaronesian islands. Although there is no species-specific population information available, the populations of this generally deepwater fish are thought to be currently stable. In addition, there are no known major threats affecting this species, thus this species is listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This species is mainly native to the western, and also parts of the northern and central parts of the Mediterranean Sea, including the Adriatic (Quignard and Pras 1986, Dulcic et al. 2006). It is found off Spain, France, Italy, in the Adriatic Sea, off the northern coasts of western north Africa, and also at the Macaronesian North Atlantic islands around the Azores (F. Tempera and P. Afonso pers. comm. 2008) and Madeira (Wirtz et al. 2008). The lower depth limit of this species is found at 200 metres below sea level, while the depth upper limit is 30 metres below sea level (Louisy 2005).","Although there is no species-specific population information available, this species may be naturally rare. However, few specimens are likely to be caught as the habitat where it lives in the Mediterranean Sea is not trawled. Therefore, the species can be presumed to have a stable population (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2008).","This species lives in benthic coralligenous (especially gorgonian-supporting) habitats, being mainly found in deeper rocky areas where it inhabits overhangs, the entrances to caves and rocky cliffs (Sartoretto et al. 1997). It feeds on crabs, gastropods and polychaete worms (Quignard and Pras 1986). The maximum size is 14 cm (SL) or 15 (TL) (Louisy 2005). There is not much information regarding its migratory patterns, but it appears to be relatively solitary and sedentary (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2014). Likewise, there is lack of information on longevity, age at maturity, breeding and seasonality, although it is presumed to inhabit the same habitats throughout the year (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2014).","There appear to be no major threats for this species. However, habitat degradation could be a threat in shallower areas of the western Mediterranean Sea, as a result of urban and agricultural development and waste disposal along the adjacent coastlines, causing siltation and eutrophication in this region. Moreover, boat anchoring can also cause habitat degradation (e.g., of coralligenous habitats) in shallower areas (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2008). Mortality of coralligenous communities (and especially of gorgonians) due to the increasing warming of waters in the Mediterranean Sea may also have serious habitat effects in the longer term (Garrabou et al. 2009). Threats could also result from the use of bottom fishing gear over coralligenous habitats in the Azores, but this is currently not assessed (P. Afonso pers. comm. 2008).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species although its distribution overlaps with several marine protected areas within its range (although it generally lives too deep to receive any direct conservation benefits from most of these). There is a need for conservation actions regarding land and water management, policies, regulations, compliance and enforcement, specifically for anchor damage to coralligenous habitats, which marine protected areas (MPAs) may reduce. It is necessary as well to undertake research on this species' population size, distribution and trends, life history and threats. Monitoring of population and habitat trends is recommended too.",The species is not commercially utilized.,"Craig, M.T., Nieto, A., García, M. & Allen, D.J.","Pollard, D.","Afonso, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,THAUMATICHTHYIDAE,Lasiognathus,amphirhamphus,,Lasiognathus amphirhamphus,"Pietsch, 2005",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"This species is known from one specimen, which was either collected in the Azores or Madeira. There is no information on the population or threats. Therefore, this species is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"This species is known from one specimen. It is said to be present on the Madeira Abyssal Plain (Pietsch 2005) found off the southwest coast of Madeira. However, the geographic coordinates for the occurrence indicate an area off the Azores (54 NM southwest of the Plato Seamount; Carneiro et al. 2014).",This species is known only from one specimen.,"This is a marine bathypelagic species known from depths of 1,200-1,305 m (Pietsch 2005).",There is no information on threats to this species.,There are no conservation actions in place for this species.,There is no information on the use or trade of this species.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,THAUMATICHTHYIDAE,Lasiognathus,beebei,,Lasiognathus beebei,"Regan & Trewavas, 1932",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species is known only from Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is known only from Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014). Globally, this species is known to occur in the Atlantic (Bermuda) and Pacific (Hawaii) oceans but may be more widespread (FishBase 2015, G. Ralph pers. comm. 2015).",There is no information on the population in Europe.,"This is a marine bathypelagic species that occurs at depths between zero and 1,100 m (FishBase 2015). It is a piscivore but it does feeds occasionally on invertebrates (Bertelsen and Pietsch 1996). The maximum length recorded is 11.5 cm TL (female; FishBase 2015).",There is no information on threats to this species.,There are on conservation actions in place for this species.,There is no information on use or trade of this species.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,THAUMATICHTHYIDAE,Lasiognathus,saccostoma,,Lasiognathus saccostoma,"Regan, 1925",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"The fish is found in the North Atlantic and northeast Pacific and has been collected in trawls at depths of 800 to 1,800 m (Pietsch in press). In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (the Azores archipelago and Madeira; Carneiro et al. 2014).",There is no species-specific population information available.,"Lasiognathus saccostoma is a solitary benthic anglerfish. Females passively attracting prey by means of a first dorsal-fin spine modified to serve as a luring device. Males actively seek mates by means of highly developed sense organs, apparently attaching themselves temporarily to females by means of specialized tooth-bearing denticles born on the tips of the jaws, but not becoming parasitic. Adults have been collected in midwater trawls at depths of about 800 to 1,800 m (Lasiognathus) or in bottom trawls at depths of 1,100 to 3,200 m (Thaumatichthys). Females attain a maximum standard length of 36.5 cm (more commonly to 11 cm in the Eastern Central Atlantic) while males reach 3.2 cm (Pietsch in press).",There are no species-specific threats.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place or required.,Lasiognathus saccostoma is of no economic interest.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Knudsen, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Lebetus,guilleti,,Lebetus guilleti,"(Le Danois, 1913)","This species might have been misidentified as Lebetus scorpioides (Collett, 1874), Herler and Kovacic (2002).",Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Lebetus guilleti has a wide distribution from the northeastern Atlantic (including Madeira and the Canary Islands) and the Mediterranean Sea, but L. guilleti is known from relatively few specimens. Lebetus guilleti may be locally abundant in suitable habitat and it is likely to have been under-sampled in surveys due to its small size. Population trends are unknown, but there are no known widespread threats. Therefore, L. guilleti is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Lebetus guilleti is found in the eastern Atlantic, but only from scattered records. Records include the Kattegat Sea (including the Great Belt, Denmark), Britain (from the Shetland Isles through the Irish Sea to the Channel: Miller 1986, Hope and Shucksmith 2010), the west coast of Ireland, from Brittany (France), coastal Portugal and Spain (Miller 1986), and Madeira and the Canaries (Miller 1990, Carneiro et al. 2014). In the Mediterranean Sea, L. guilleti is known from only two localities, from the Banyuls (France) in northwestern Mediterranean, and from the northern Adriatic (Herler and Kovačić 2002). The distribution may be wider than currently known, as it may be overlooked due to its small body size (under three centimetres). It occurs to depths of 30 m (Miller 1986).",There is no specific population information for L. guilleti. It is known from few and scattered records.,"Lebetus guilleti is found inshore on coarse sandy ground, including coralligenous habitat (Miller 1986, Herler and Kovačić 2002). It is a marine, demersal species found near-shore down to 30 m (Miller 1986). In the northern Adriatic (Herler and Kovačić 2002), the highest abundance was two specimens per m2.",There are no known major threats for this species.,"No conservation measures are in place or needed for this species and it occurs in marine protected areas. The species has previously been assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011) and in the Baltic (HELCOM 2013).",Lebetus guilleti is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Herler, J., Williams, J.T. & Kovacic, M.","Francour, P., Bilecenoglu, M., Bariche, M. & Molinari, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Lebetus,scorpioides,,Lebetus scorpioides,"(Collett, 1874)","This species has been confused with Lebetus guilleti, Le Danois, 1913 (Herler and Kovacic 2002).",Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Lebetus scorpioides is known from the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, from southern Iceland, the Faroes, coastal Norway and Sweden, Britain and Ireland, and western France. It is an epibenthic species that is typically found offshore in deeper waters. Whilst little is known of its population status or abundance, it is assumed that it has been under represented in surveys. It has no widespread threats across its range and is considered Least Concern globally. The species was considered Data Deficient for the HELCOM region.",Stable,"Lebetus scorpioides is known from the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, from southern Iceland, the Faroes and coastal Norway and Sweden (HELCOM 2012) to western Brittany, France (Miller 1986), including along the western coast of Britain and around Ireland. It is found at depths from two to 375 m (Miller 1963, 1986) but is typically found offshore in deeper waters.",Lebetus scorpioides is uncommon off the coast of the United Kingdom (Baldock and Kay 2012). It is a is a cryptic species and little is known of its population status and abundance. Lebetus scorpioides is rarely recorded in the Skagerrak and Kattegat (Denmark/Norway/Sweden) (HELCOM 2012). The population trend of L. scorpioides is assumed to be stable.,"Lebetus scorpioides is an epibenthic goby found from two to 375 m depth on shell and gravel bottoms. It feeds on small crustaceans (decapods and amphipods), polychaetes and bivalves (Miller 1986). Individuals mature at one to two years and the maximum size is 3.9 cm (Miller 1986).A generation length of 1.3 years was calculated for L. scorpioides (HELCOM 2013).",There are no known major threats to the species.,"No conservation measures are in place or needed for this species and it occurs in marine protected areas. Lebetus scorpioides was assessed as Data Deficient in 2013 for the Baltic Sea area, as virtually nothing is known about the biology or occurrence of it within the HELCOM area (HELCOM 2012).",The species is not utilised.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Herler, J., Kovacic, M. & Williams, J.T.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GOBIESOCIFORMES,GOBIESOCIDAE,Lepadogaster,candolii,,Lepadogaster candolii,"Risso, 1810",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Lepadogaster candolii is found in the northeastern Atlantic from the west coasts of Ireland and the British Isles to Macaronesia, including most of the Mediterranean Sea and the southern Black Sea. No population or threat data are known for this species, but it seems to be widespread although not typically abundant in faunal surveys. Therefore, L. candolii is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Lepadogaster candolii is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is distributed from Ireland south along the coast of Morocco to Madeira and the Canary Islands. It is also found throughout most of the Mediterranean Sea (except Egypt and Libya) and the southern Black Sea (Briggs 1986, Keskin 2010). It is found to 20 m depth (Hofrichter and Patzner 2000).","Little is known about the abundance of Lepadogaster candolii. In faunal surveys, it is not caught in large numbers, but appears to be widespread (Hofrichter and Patzner 2000, Borges et al. 2009). This species is known to be more mobile than other clingfishes and will swim between habitats (Hofrichter and Patzner 2000). Populations are considered likely to be stable.","Lepadogaster candolii is a cryptobenthic species (Kovačić et al. 2012) typically found to 20 m depth (Hofrichter and Patzner 2000). Adults have been collected from a variety of habitats, including tidepools, pebbles, boulders, cavities, under stones, under sea urchins, and in sea grass beds, and have also been observed actively swimming between habitats, making it the most mobile of the clingfishes (Hofrichter & Patzner 2000, Fischer et al. 2007). They are bottom-feeders, and have been observed feeding on copepods and nauplii in captivity (Lebour 1919) and on copepods, amphipods, fly larvae, crustaceans, and echinoderms in sutu (Velasco et al. 2010, Maze 2007). An individual of L. candolii was observed exhibiting cleaning behavior in the mouth of a dusky grouper, suggesting that it may be an occasional, non-specialized cleaning species (Weitzmann and Mercader 2012). The average pelagic larval duration is 14.6 days (Beldade et al. 2007).",There are no known widespread threats.,"No conservation measures are in place or required for this species, and it is found in marine protected areas. Research into all aspects of the biology and ecology of this species is suggested.",Lepadogaster candolii is not utilized.,"Ralph, G.","Herler, J., Kovacic, M. & Williams, J.T.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GOBIESOCIFORMES,GOBIESOCIDAE,Lepadogaster,lepadogaster,,Lepadogaster lepadogaster,"(Bonnaterre, 1788)","Lepadogaster lepadogaster was separated in two subspecies (Brigg 1986): L. l. lepadogaster in the Mediterranean region only, and L. l. purpurea in the western Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic. In 2002, Henriques et al. investigated the relationships between L. l. lepadogaster, L. l. purpurea and L. zebrina. They noted significant differences in microhabitat preferences and their breeding seasons between the two subspecies. They concluded that L. l. purpurea is a valid species, L. purpurea (Bonnaterre, 1788), different from L. l. lepadogaster, which is now designated L. lepadogaster (Bonnaterre, 1788). Lepadogaster zebrina was found to be a synonym of L. lepadogaster.",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Lepadogaster lepadogaster is found in the northeastern Atlantic ocean from Spain to Morocco, including much of the coastal Mediterranean. Although specific population data are not available, L. lepadogaster is the most common clingfish in the eastern Atlantic, and populations are considered likely to be stable. There are no widespread threats. Therefore, L. lepadogaster is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Lepadogaster lepadogaster is widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic from northwestern Spain (Galicia) to Morocco, including Macaronesia and the Mediterranean (Briggs 1986). It is present throughout the Mediterranean Sea, except for Egypt and Libya. The depth distribution of L. lepadogaster is typically 0.3 to 5 m (Patzner 1999).",Lepadogaster lepadogaster is the most common eastern Atlantic clingfish (Briggs 1957). Populations are considered to be stable.,"Lepadogaster lepadogaster has shown a preference for habitats that provide boulders and stones (Henriques et al. 2002). It has been found to about 7 m, but is most common above 3 m depth (Patzner 1999). Members of the Gobiesocidae family have a modified adhesive disc that is used to attach itself to hard substrates or plants in areas of high wave or tidal action (Briggs and McEachran in press).",There are no known widespread threats to this species.,"No conservation measures are in place or required for this species, and it is found in marine protected areas. Lepadogaster lepadogaster was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).  Research into all aspects of the biology and ecology of this species is suggested.",Lepadogaster lepadogaster is not utilized.,"Ralph, G.","Herler, J., Kovacic, M. & Williams, J.T.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GOBIESOCIFORMES,GOBIESOCIDAE,Lepadogaster,purpurea,,Lepadogaster purpurea,"(Bonnaterre, 1788)","Lepadogaster lepadogaster was separated in two subspecies (Brigg 1986): L. l. lepadogaster in the Mediterranean region only, and L. l. purpurea in the western Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic. In 2002, Henriques et al. investigated the relationships between L. l. lepadogaster, L. l. purpurea and L. zebrina. They noted significant differences in microhabitat preferences and their breeding seasons between the two subspecies. They concluded that L. l. purpurea is a valid species, L. purpurea (Bonnaterre, 1788), different from L. l. lepadogaster, which is now designated L. lepadogaster (Bonnaterre, 1788). Lepadogaster zebrina was found to be a synonym of L. lepadogaster.",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Lepadogaster purpurea is widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic and throughout the western Mediterranean basin. In the northeastern Atlantic, L. purpurea is found from Ireland to Madeira and the Canaries, including the Mediterranean Sea. Although limited, specific population information is available, the population is considered to be stable. There are no known widespread threats. Therefore, L. purpurea is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Lepadogaster purpurea is known from the eastern Atlantic and the western Mediterranean Sea. In the eastern Atlantic, L. purpurea is present from Ireland and the western coast of the British Isles to Senegal. Lepadogaster purpurea is present along the northern and southern coasts of the Mediterranean Sea from the Alboran Sea eastwards as far east as Genoa, Italy (Briggs 1990, Henriques et al. 2002). Lepadogaster purpurea is typically found to about 7 m (Tojeira et al. 2011).","There is limited population information for L. purpurea. Off Ireland, this species can be very common, locally, especially in the algae mats of Himanthalia and Laminaria (Briggs 1990).","Lepadogaster purpurea is a shallow-water fish found in rocky intertidal zones, especially on rocky, seaweed covered shores, particularly among small boulders. It is most common in the intertidal zone amongst the algae Himanthalia spp. and Laminaria spp. (Briggs 1990). It reaches a maximum length of 7.5 cm standard length (SL) (Briggs 1990). This is the only clingfish observed to have agonistic behaviors, with fights possibly erupting because of disputes over shelter sites (Goncalves et al. 1996). Adults feed on copepods, amphipods, isopods, and various gastropods and small benthic organisms (Velasco et al. 2010).  Egg masses are laid underneath stones and guarded and tended to by the male (Tojeira et al. 2011). Eggs hatch after 21 days and larvae spend much of their time in locomotory activities, including feeding, after 5 days. After about 30 days of larval development, they gradually settle to the bottom and adapt to a benthic lifestyle, including a decrease in their swimming speed (Faria & Goncalves 2010).",The species has no known widespread threats.,"No conservation measures are in place or required for this species, and it is found in marine protected areas. Lepadogaster purpurea was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011). Further research into the spawning and maturation of this species, as well as population size and trends, is suggested.",The species is not utilized in a commercial capacity.,"Ralph, G.","Herler, J., Williams, J.T. & Kovacic, M.","Francour, P., Bilecenoglu, M., Tunesi, L. & Goren, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MORIDAE,Lepidion,eques,,Lepidion eques,"(Günther, 1887)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) The distribution of Lepidion eques extends northwards from the Bay of Biscay (west of the British Isles), along the Iceland-Faroe Ridge to northern Labrador and the Grand Banks. It is found at depths ranging from 127 to 1180 m. It appears to be associated with deep-water coral reefs, but may also be found in other habitats. It is taken as bycatch throughout its range but appears to be typically discarded. There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for L. eques, however it is likely protected in parts of its range. This species is assessed as Least Concern",Unknown,"The distribution of Lepidion eques extends northwards from the Bay of Biscay, west of the British Isles, along the Iceland-Faroe Ridge to northern Labrador and the Grand Banks (Templeman 1970, Magnusson 2001). It is found at depths ranging from 127 to 1180 m.","There was little genetic divergence and there were few statistically significant morphological characters distinguishing this species and the Mediterranean congener Lepidion lepidion (Banon et al. 2013). This species is common in areas of cold water coral (Soffkler et al. 2001). Lepidion eques is rare in the western Atlantic (Cohen et al. 1990). A survey from the Rockall Trough found the greatest mean abundance at 750 m (0.8 individuals per 1,000 m2) and the greatest biomass was seen at 1,000 m (0.085 kg per 1000 m2). There were no differences in total biomass in ICES Sub-area VII (Porcupine Seabight and the adjacent abyssal plain of the NE Atlantic) between 1977 to 1989 and 2000 to 2002 despite the onset of the commercial deep-water fishery and its regulation (Godbold et al. 2013). This species was the most abundant species observed in the vicinity of deep-water coral reefs off the coast of Ireland (Söffker et al. 2011).","Lepidion eques is a benthopelagic species found in the greatest abundance at depths of 500–1,300 m. It prefers temperate waters with a temperature range of 4.5–9.5 oC (Magnusson 2001). The main food items for this species include crustaceans, copepods, amphipods and cephalopods, and it appears to target prey species which either swim directly above the sea-bed or actively move over it (Mauchline and Gordon 1980). Spawning takes place between April and May. This species displays congregatory behaviour, but may also be seen individually (Cohen et al. 1990). Observations of coral reefs off of Ireland, found at depths of 600 to 1100 m, revealed that this species was relatively more abundant and active over coral reef habitats as compared to sedimentary bottoms (Söffker et al. 2011).","Lepidion eques can be seen in the bycatch of trawl fisheries (less than 1% of biomass) operating within its range, and is discarded. It is caught singly or in aggregations numbering more than 100 individuals (Allain et al. 2003).","Landings of M. mora are often combined with other species of Moriidae (ICES WGDEEP 2011).There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for Lepidion eques. Fishing activity has been heavily regulated within the Grand Banks since the collapse of many commercially important fish stocks. Further research and monitoring is needed on the population size and harvest levels of this species to determine if the population is being over-exploited. This species is common in areas of cold water coral (Soffkler et al. 2001), which implies that is likely found in marine protected areas.",This species is taken as bycatch by a number of deep-water trawl fisheries operating within its range (Kelly et al. 1997). It does not appear to be utilized.,"Strongin, K.","Nielsen, J., Florin, A., Fernandes, P., Lorance, P. & Cook, R.","De Silva, R., Milligan, H., Lutz, M., Batchelor, A., Jopling, B., Kemp, K., Lewis, S., Lintott, P., Sears, J., Wilson, P., Smith, J. & Livingston, F.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MORIDAE,Lepidion,guentheri,,Lepidion guentheri,"(Giglioli, 1880)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"In the eastern Atlantic, Lepidion guentheri is present in the Azores, Madeira, Portugal and west coast of Spain. It is also found in the Mediterranean. It is a bathyal species which occurs at depths of roughly 1,000 to 3,000 metres. It is taken as bycatch in some deep-water trawl fisheries, however the extent to which this impacts the population is unknown. Lepidion guentheri is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Lepidion guentheri is restricted to the eastern north Atlantic. It is found in the Azores, Madeira, Portugal and the western coast of Spain; there are only a couple records from the Canary Islands (Gonzalez et al. 2008). There is one record of this species off the coast of Ireland (Laurant pers. comm. 2013). In the Mediterranean Sea, this species occurs in the Catalan Sea (Carrasson et al. 1997, Cartes and Carrasson 2004) and the entire Spanish Mediterranean Sea (L. Gil de Sola pers. obs. 2014). It occurs at depths ranging from 750 to 2,256 metres.",There is little species-specific information on population size or trends.,"This is a benthopelagic species. This species is an active predator of suprabenthic and epibenthic fauna (Carrasson et al. 1997). It has been found in association with seamounts, although it does not appear to be overly abundant in this particular habitat (Menezes et al. 2012). The largest recorded size is 81 cm standard length (Iwamoto in press).","Lepidion guentheri is taken as bycatch in some long-line fisheries, however it does not appear to be utilized and is typically discarded. There are no confirmed species-specific threats in the Mediterranean Sea. This species occurs at depths greater than the range of most fisheries in the area.","Currently there is a General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean recommendation (GFCM/2005/1) forbidding trawl and dredge fishing below 1,000 m. However, this species may be present in marine protected areas found within its distribution (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Lepidion guentheri was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",This species is discarded in long-line fisheries operating off the Portuguese mainland and Madeira Island which target Aphanopus carbo (Bordalo-Machado et al. 2009). It is also taken in deep-sea fisheries targeting demersal species (Melo et al. 2002).This species can be found sold fresh in markets in Madeira (Iwamoto in press).,"Strongin, K.","de Sola, L., Florin, A., Fernandes, P., Lorance, P. & Cook, R.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MORIDAE,Lepidion,lepidion,,Lepidion lepidion,"(Risso, 1810)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Lepidion lepidion is a deep water species endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. It is relatively widespread and abundant in parts of its range. It is protected from trawling at depths below 1,000 m in the Mediterranean, which may reduce the mortality rates for the deeper dwelling portion of its population. It is of minor commercial importance and there are no known widespread threats at present. Therefore, L. lepidion is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Lepidon lepidion is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea (Cohen et al. 1990). It is found in northwest areas in the Balearic Sea, including the Catalan Sea, where it is considered to be the most abundant morid species (Carrasson et al. 1997, Cartes and Carrasson 2004, Coll et al. 2006), and the Tyrrhenian Sea. It also occurs in the Ionian Sea (D'Onghia et al. 2004) and the southern Adriatic Sea (Ungaro et al. 2001).","Cartes and Carrasson (2004) mentioned that 323 specimens were collected in a series of bottom trawl cruises performed in June, July and October 1987-1989, between 984 and 2,251 m in the Catalano-Balearic basin (Catalan Sea, western Mediterranean Sea). According to Carrasson et al. (1997), 617 specimens were collected from the continental slope of the Catalan Sea during a cruise using a semi balloon otter trawl, headline length 13.7 m on a single warp, in depths from 970 and 2,256 m. At this time, no study has been conducted on the effective population size of this species, but they are found in great abundance on the Catalan Sea's middle and lower slopes (Stefanescu at al. 1993).","Lepidion lepidion is a bathypelagic species, mostly abundant in waters deeper than 750 m on soft bottoms. Its diet includes a broad range of benthic and pelagic prey, the planktonic prey being most abundant at 100-1,400 m and almost entirely absent at 1,800-2,200 m, while suprabenthos prey increases with depth (Carrasson et al. 1997). The species exhibits a direct correlation between depth and size (Stefanescu et al. 1992) and, like other bathypelagic species of the Mediterranean, it displays rapid growth (Morales-Nin 1990).","Lepidion lepidion is of minor commercial importance, caught mainly by trawls (Cartes and Carrasson 2004, Stefanescu at al. 1993). It rarely occurs in markets. There are no major threats known.","Currently there is a GFCM recommendation (GFCM/2005/1) forbidding trawl and dredge fishing below 1,000 m. This species may be present in marine protected areas found within its distribution (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Research is needed into the effects of small-scale harvesting on the species. Lepidion lepidion was previously assessed as Least Concern, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","This species is harvested for food, but is not an important food source.","Strongin, K.","Knudsen, S., Carpenter, K.E., de Morais, L., Harold, A. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MORIDAE,Lepidion,schmidti,,Lepidion schmidti,"Svetovidov, 1936",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Lepidion schmidti is a widely-distributed species, which within Europe is restricted to the Azores, and Ireland. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"This species is widely distributed, in the north Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Within Europe, it is known from the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014) and near Ireland.",There is a lack of information regarding this species' population.,"This is a&#160;marine, bathydemersal species, with a depth range of 375-1520 m (Russian Academy of Sciences 2000).",There is a lack of information regarding threats to this species.,There is a lack of information regarding conservation actions for this species.,There is a lack of information regarding use and trade of this species.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GEMPYLIDAE,Lepidocybium,flavobrunneum,,Lepidocybium flavobrunneum,"(Smith, 1843)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional workshop: DD   Lepidocybium flavobrunneum is widespread in  tropical and temperate seas of the world. The population within the Atlantic basin appears to have a degree of reproductive isolation from populations in the Indo-Pacific.Within the assessment zone comprising the northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea there is little species-specific population information available. Lepidocybium flavobrunneum is a secondary commercial species which is taken by long-line fisheries targeting tuna and other large pelagics throughout its range, as well as at offshore islands such as the Canary Islands, where it is taken as bycatch in fisheries targeting Black Scabbardfish (Aphanopus spp.). Many aspects of this species' biology are poorly understood. Lepidocybium flavobrunneum may undergo large migrations to specific feeding and reproductive grounds, similar to other large pelagic species; however, these movements are poorly understood. It is worth noting that there appears to be increasing interest in the management of this species in recent years in parts of its range. Localized population declines which have been attributed to commercial fishing have been recorded within the Atlantic Ocean. This species is therefore assessed as Data Deficient. ",Unknown,"Lepidocybium flavobrunneum is a cosmopolitan species which is distributed between 40°N and 40°S (Nakamura and Parin 1993). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, L. flavobrunneum is known from the Bay of Biscay south to Madeira and the Canary Islands. It is found at depths ranging from 1 to at least 2,000 m (Accessed through the Fishnet2 Portal 2014 January).","Regional population information: Population structure of Lepidocybium flavobrunneum was examined using mitochondrial control region, revealing two highly-divergent clades that were predominantly restricted to the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific basins. This information corroborates morphological differences between Atlantic and Indo-Pacific specimens (Brendtro et al. 2007). Landings are reported from the following Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) fishing regions, in order of decreasing current landings: Southwest Pacific, Western Central Atlantic, Northeast Atlantic, Western Indian Ocean, Eastern Central Atlantic, South West Atlantic, Eastern Indian Ocean, Southeast Atlantic, Northwest Atlantic. The overall trend in landings is one of continual increase from 1997 to 2011. In the Northeast Atlantic a total of 39 tonnes were declared by Spain and Portugal in 2011 (FAO 2011).  There is little species-specific information available from the northeast Atlantic. It is worth noting that seasonal pulses in landings suggest that this species may, like other large pelagics, be a highly-migratory species, and that fishing activity outside the region may impact the regional population (Milessi and Defeo 2002). This species appear to be at the limit of its distribution near the Gulf of Gascogne (Casamajor and Morandeau 2013). Global population information: Significant declines in mean weight of L. flavobrunneum in pelagic longline catches over a 16-year period in the western South Atlantic Ocean suggest that the population size is declining due to commercial fishing (Milessi and Defeo 2002, Levesque 2010). A similar study in the western Central Atlantic off the coast of Florida and in the Gulf of Mexico did not indicate that overfishing was occurring from 1993-1999 (Levesque 2010).","Lepidocybium flavobrunneum  is a mesopelagic species which is predominantly distributed over the continental slope, down to 2000 m and more. Lepidocybium flavobrunneum is uncommon offshore. Lepidocybium flavobrunneum often migrates from deep (200–885) to shallow waters (< 150 metres) at night to feed (Nakamura and Parin 1993, 2001). It is found in deep water, and its lifespan likely extends beyond 11 years (Froese and Kesner-Reyes 2002). Lepidocybium flavobrunneum diet consists of squid, fishes (bramids, coryphaenids, scombrids, etc.), and crustaceans. The maximum recorded standard length (SL) is 200 cm (Nakamura and Parin 1993). Lepidocybium flavobrunneum appear to have a habitat preference for nearshore waters that have bottom ridges, steep drop-offs, or ledge features (Nishikawa 1982).  Many aspects of this species' biology are poorly understood. Lepidocybium flavobrunneum exhibits seasonal oscillations in catch rates, suggesting migratory patterns similar to those of other large pelagic species (Milessi and Defeo 2002). Possible reasons for migrations include feeding and reproductive behavior. This species appears to migrate to frontal zones high in productivity for feeding during a portion of the year, then travel to lower latitudes to spawn (Milessi and Defeo 2002) This species is thought to reach maturity by 30–35 cm or earlier (Brendtro et al. 2008).","Lepidocybium flavobrunneum is an incidental species in tuna long-line fisheries. Although it is not directly targeted, it is a valuable secondary market species. This is cause for concern, as there has been little attempt to manage this species throughout its range, and there is a paucity of necessary biological information (Levesque 2010). Lepidocybium flavobrunneum is considered to be a low-resilience species. It is found in deep water, and its lifespan likely extends beyond 11 years (Froese and Kesner-Reyes 2002). An analysis of harvesting patterns of this species in the southwestern Atlantic ocean (data from 1981 to 1996) revealed a decrease in mean individual weight of 40%, suggesting over-exploitation risk in this species (Milessi and Defeo 2002). A similar investigation in the northwestern Atlantic ocean showed stable catch rates, however there was a shift towards smaller size-classes. Inherent biological characteristic such as inferred late maturity may render this species vulnerable to overexploitation (Rodger and von Zharen 2012).","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with marine reserves in parts of its range. Due to its increasing importance as a secondary-market species, L. flavobrunneum has recently received some research attention.","In the eastern Atlantic L. flavobrunneum is taken as bycatch on Madeiran long-lines fishing for Black Scabbardfish (Aphanopus spp.) off the Canary Islands. There are no targeted fisheries, however this species appears as bycatch in tuna longline fisheries (Parin and Nakamura 2002). Landings have recently began being reported from Spain and Portugal. Lepidocybium flavobrunneum is considered a secondary market species, and have thus received little research attention. It is not generally targeted by any fishery, and catches were extremely rare prior to the expansion of pelagic longline fisheries in the 1960s. In the mid-1970s, when many long-line vessels began to fish at depths exceeding 200 metres, bycatch of Escolar became more common (Levesque 2010). Lepidocybium flavobrunneum flesh is oily and has purgative properties (Bianchi et al. 1993).  ","Harwell, H.","Collette, B., Smith-Vaniz, W.F. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Lepidophanes,gaussi,,Lepidophanes gaussi,"(Brauer, 1906)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  This species is an Atlantic endemic. In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (off the mainland coast, the Azores archipelago and Madeira) and from Spain (the Canaries). Although its distribution in the European region is small, it is considered likely to be greater than 1% of the global population. It is listed as Least Concern as it is not fished commercially and has no known threats.",Stable,"This species is an Atlantic endemic. Its distribution in the eastern Atlantic is disjunct from 36°N and 13°N and between 13°S and 33°S, though it is apparently absent from the Benguela Upwelling region (Hulley and Paxton in press). In the western Atlantic, it can be found from 16°N–42°N and 10°S–38°S, as well as the Gulf of Mexico. In the European region, the fish is known from Portugal (off the mainland coast, the Azores archipelago and Madeira; Carneiro et al. 2014), and from Spain (the Canaries; Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).","In the eastern Atlantic, this species is common, as indicated by mid-water trawl surveys near seamounts (Kobyliansky et al. 2010), around the Canary Islands (Wienerroither et al. 2009), and around the southwest coast of Africa (Rubies 1985). In the western Atlantic, it is considered abundant in the Sargasso Sea (Gartner et al. 1989).","This species is oceanic, mesopelagic and performs diel migrations from as deep as 215-1,035 m during the day (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009), up to the surface to 175 m during the night for feeding purposes. Juveniles are non-migratory. Spawning takes place throughout the year, with a peak in the spring (Hulley and Paxton in press).","There are no known threats for this species, and it is not under pressure from fisheries.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place or required for this species.,This species is not commercially exploited.,"Nieto, A. & Allen, D.J.","Ralph, G.","Hulley, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Lepidophanes,guentheri,,Lepidophanes guentheri,"(Goode & Bean, 1896)",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"This species is an Atlantic endemic. In the eastern Atlantic it can generally be found in the area between Western Sahara and northern Namibia, as well as the Canary Islands and Madeira. In the western Atlantic, it can be found from 42°N–48°S, as well as the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean (Hulley and Paxton in press), and seasonally present off the coast of Brazil. In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (the Azores archipelago and Madeira; Carneiro et al. 2014), and from Spain (the Canaries; Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).","In the eastern Atlantic, this species is common, as indicated by mid-water trawl surveys (Kobylianksy et al. 2010). It is also common in the southwestern Atlantic (as larvae), especially in the winter (Castro et al. 2010). Considered rare around the Canaries (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).","This species is oceanic, mesopelagic and performs diel migrations from as deep as 425-750 m during the day, up to 40-125 m during the night for feeding purposes (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).","There are no known threats for this species, and it is not under pressure from fisheries.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.,This species is not commercially exploited.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Hulley, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,TRICHIURIDAE,Lepidopus,caudatus,,Lepidopus caudatus,"(Euphrasen, 1788)","This species may comprise at least two separate species (Ward et al. 2008), therefore taxonomic research is needed. Cryptic species Lepidopus caudatus shows very high levels of intra-specific divergence (2.75% using the CO1 barcode region) between northern (Atlantic and Mediterranean) and southern (Australasian) clades (Ward et al. 2008). Additionally, there are differences in pigmentation and meristic characters between these main population centers which require further study (FAO 2014).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread in the western Mediterranean basin and the East Atlantic basin, occurring mainly in deeper waters (100-620 m). It is fished commercially in the Mediterranean and there is some indication of a decline in catches from 1993-2009. However, these have not been quantified, and further research and monitoring are needed on the population trend of the species. Although the species is currently listed as Least Concern, it is strongly suggested that the status of stocks of this species in the Mediterranean is closely monitored.",Unknown,"The species is widely distributed through all the oceans. It is found in the eastern Atlantic, from France to Senegal (and possibly South Africa), including the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. It is also found in Iceland, Sweden, Denmark, UK and Ireland. This wide distribution may actually comprise more than one species (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2014). It is widespread in the western Mediterranean, and it occurs in Iberian waters (Bozzano et al. 2005, Coll et al. 2006), the Ligurian Sea (Minganti et al. 1996, Tunesi et al. 2005), the Tyrrhenian Sea (Colloca et al. 2004, Carpentieri et al. 2005, Reale and Sbrana 2007), the Strait of Sicily (Gristina et al. 2006), eastern Ionian Sea (Madurell et al. 2004), the Adriatic Sea (Santic et al. 2005), the Aegean Sea (Filiz and Bilge 2004) and Turkish waters. The species has also been reported at several places in the Levantine Basin (Fishbase 2014). Its depth lower limit is 620 metres, while its upper limit is 100 metres.","The species is apparently relatively uncommon in surface waters in the Mediterranean, and the population in deeper waters is unknown.  Filiz and Bilge (2004) caught 40 specimens (21.9 to 81.5 cm TL) with trawls in March and July of 2003, in the Sgacik trawl area (north Aegean Sea) at depths between 70 and 378 m. Carpentieri et al. (2005) sampled this species during four seasonal 24 hour surveys conducted in July 2001 (18 individuals per 24 hrs), November 2001 (four individuals per 24 hrs) and May 2002 (64 individuals per 24 hrs) in the shelf break off the central Tyrrhenian sea. Gristina et al. (2006) sampled this species during two trawl surveys (in autumn 1997 and 1998) carried out in the Strait of Sicily. Mean density values varied from four to 42 per km2.  The population trend is unknown, although catches as registered in Eurostat show a severe decline during the period 1993-2009. However, reports on its vulnerability and stock status are contradictory (Figueiredo et al. 2014).","It occurs along the shelf and slope down to 450 m in the Catalan Sea. Lepidopus caudatus exhibits fast growth and attains a maximum age of eight years. It feeds on small mesopelagic prey. It is a partial spawner (in that its spawning takes place over a protracted period and in which ripening eggs at very different stages of development can be found at any one time in the same ovary both before and during spawning); and its reproductive activity occurring from April to November. Males attain sexual maturity at 97 cm and females at 111 cm total length (Demestre et al. 1993), and its maximum size is 210 cm (TL).","This is a species with high commercial importance. It is affected by semi-industrial fishing in Spain and Sicily and craftsmanship. It is mainly caught with purse seines, nets, lamparos, trawls and longlines.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends and threats to the species, and the effects of fishing pressure on the species. Catch statistics should be carefully monitored to determine whether there is a decreasing trend for this fish.","This is a species with high commercial importance utilized as a food fish, and it is also utilized for game fishing (Fischer et al. 1987). In the Mediterranean, L. caudatus are landed in the northern and central Tyrrhenian Sea in large quantities, bringing in a high revenue (Reale and Sbrana 2007). In France there is not a high demand for this fish and its market price is low, in contrast to demand in some parts of Italy (P. Francour and L. Tunesi pers. comm. 2007). It is regularly present in the markets of Morocco, occasionally or rarely elsewhere. It is marketed fresh or chilled (Fischer et al. 1987).  Lepidopus caudatus is fished by two types of commercial method, trawl and long-line; catches by the latter method display a marked seasonality. The minimum size of fish caught is 26 cm total length by trawling and 71 cm by long-line. Maximum sizes are similar for both gears: 196 and 188 cm, respectively (Demestre et al. 1993). Catches as registered in Eurostat show a severe decline during the period 1993-2009.","García, M., Russell, B. & Ralph, G.","Álvarez, H.","Garcia, S., Blanco, J., Yokes, B., Pollard, D.A., Kara, M. & Francour, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,SCOPHTHALMIDAE,Lepidorhombus,boscii,,Lepidorhombus boscii,"(Risso, 1810)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and the populations are quite common. Even though the species is caught as bycatch and sold locally in some areas, this is not thought to be currently damaging to the population. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends to the species.",Unknown,"Lepidorphombus boscii is the most southerly distributed of the two Megrim species, and it occurs in both of the ICES Divisions VIIIc and IXa. It is present in the north-east Atlantic, from the British Isles and the Faroe Islands (63ºN) southwards to Cape Bojador (26ºN) and west Sahara. It occurs along all the Mediterranean Sea coast, from the Gulf of Lion (Gaertner et al. 1998), Ligurian Sea (Pietrapiana et al. 2002), Tyrrhenian sea (Pellegrini and Barghigani 1989, Colloca et al. 2004, Carpentieri et al. 2005), Ionian Sea (Madurell et al. 2004, Madurell and Cartes 2005), Aegean Sea (Kallionitis et al. 2004, Celik and Oehlenschlager 2005, Vassillopoulou 2006), Cretan Sea (Kallianiotis et al. 2000), and the Thracian Sea (Labropoulou and Papacostantinou 2005). It is not found in north Adriatic, Egypt or Cyprus (Nielsen 1986, Bauchot 1987). It is also known from the Sea of Marmara (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002). Its depth lower limit is 800 metres, while its upper limit is 60 metres below sea level, although it has a preferential depth range of 100 to 450 m.","According to Madurell and Cartes (2005), 155 specimens (12.9 to 37.7 cm TL) were caught in August 1999 in the east Ionian Sea. Samples were collected with an otter trawl equipped with a cod-end bag liner of 14 mm stretched mesh size. Carpentieri et al. (2005) mention that this species was sampled during four seasonal 24 hour surveys conducted in July 2001 (16 ind./24h), November 2001 (28 ind./24h), March 2002 (20 ind./24h) and May 2002 (36 ind./24h) in the shelf break off the central Tyrrhenian Sea. In each survey, eight hauls of 30 minutes each were performed every three hours throughout the 24 hour period with an otter trawl mounted into a 40 mm head rope, a 40 mm ground chain and 30-40 mm stretched mesh in the wing and cod-end respectively. D’Onghia et al. (2003) report that two trawl surveys (July and August 2000) were carried out in two areas of the Ionian Sea (one off the southeast Italian coast, the other off the west Greece), at depths ranging from 300 to 750 m. An Italian type bottom trawl was used (20 mm stretched mesh size at the cod-end). A total of 14 trawl hauls, each lasting one hour, were made. Abundance was 9.5 individuals/h and 0.877 kg/h (Greece), 2.5 individuals/h and 0.076 kg/h (Italy). According to Politou et al. (2003), samplings were made at the Greek Ionian Sea during spring, summer and autumn of 2000 at depths from 300 to 900 m. An Italian type bottom trawl was used (20 mm mesh size at the cod-end) and a total of 107 hauls were carried out. CPUE (kg/h) was 2.04 (spring), 3.40 (summer) and 6.75 (autumn), for depths of 300 to 500 m. At greater depths (500-700m), CPUE (kg/h) was 0.13 (spring), 1.01 (summer) and 1.20 (autumn). At 700-900 m, CPUE was 0.11 kg/h (autumn). Mytilineou et al. (2005) sampled deep waters of the north part of the east Ionian Sea during four experimental surveys (September 1999, April 2000, July 2000 and September 2000). Two hired commercial trawlers equipped with trawls of 40 mm (stretched) mesh size in the cod-end were used for sampling. In total, 148 hauls were carried out during the four surveys. Abundance was 18.0 individuals/h (at 300-500 m), 10.1 individuals/h (at 500-700 m) and 0.1 individuals/h (at 700-900 m). Labropoulou and Papaconstantinou (2004) mention that a total of 501 hauls were taken during 16 experimental bottom trawl survey cruises on a seasonal basis from standard depth stations between 16-500 m, at the north Aegean Sea (1990–1993). An otter trawl with 16mm mesh size was used. Lepidorhombus boscii comprised 2.38% of all fish specimens captured at depths ranging 100-195 m (north Aegean Sea). At 215-490 m, it comprised 5.71% of the total catch. According to Vassilopoulou (2000), 15,323 specimens of this species were collected during eight experimental seasonal fishing cruises, from June 1990 to March 1992. Samplings were carried out in a grid of 33 stations in the north Aegean Sea, at depths of 200 to 400 m. A bottom trawl with a mesh size of 14 mm at the cod-end was used. Mean abundance of the species was 60.3 specimens per hour of trawling.  Sartor et al. (2002) reported that 6,336 bottom trawling hauls were carried out during 1994-1999, at depths from 10 to 800 m, using an experimental trawl with a mesh size of 10 mm at the cod-end. Mean biomass was 4.000 kg/km2 for Spain-France, 1.685 kg/km2 for Sardinian-Tyrrhenian, 2.080 kg/km2 for Adriatic Sea, 0.930 kg/km2 for Ionian Sea and 3.969 kg/km2 for Aegean Sea. Mean abundance according to depth were as follows: 50-100 m (0.298 kg/km2), 100-200 m (2.528 kg/km2), 200-500 m (6.138 kg/km2), 500-800 m (1.169 kg/km2). Castilho et al. (1993) reported the number of individuals sampled to be of 250 females, 328 males and 28 individuals of indeterminate sex. Both mean total length and weight were greater for females (234 mm, 124 g) than for males (188 mm, 51 g). Lepidorhombus boscii is a common species, and it is the most abundant in Portuguese continental coastal waters, as well as in the Bay of Biscay (Castilho et al. 1993). It is also common off the west coast of Ireland, particularly in relatively deep offshore waters (293-730m) (Robson et al. 2000). However, although populations are presumed to be stable, available catch data comprises L. boscii and L. whiffiagonis, so there are no specific data available for L. boscii. Besides, although recent European FAO landing data for both species combined indicate an upward trend in landing volume, it is important to note that the data are not related to either annual TAC/Quota or effort.","Megrims are a common component of benthic fauna as evidenced by their abundance along the south European coasts. It inhabits muddy substrata (Nielsen 1990) and is is predominant on all soft bottoms of the continental shelf. It is a moderated long-lived species. The oldest female was estimated to be 13 years old, while the oldest male was 11 years old. (Castilho et al. 1993). It spawns from January to April, with spawning peak in March (ICES Advice 2014).  The growth of this species shows the same features as other flatfishes: females growing faster than males; adult females being heavier than males for the same length (Santos 1994). Its maximum size is 40 cm (SL), however information on age and growth of Megrim is limited (Castilho et al. 1993). The analysis of stomach contents of 347 L.boscii(Risso 1810) captured during five seasonal trawls, has revealed that their diet showed no significant seasonal variations, and highlighted the changes they undergo as a function of size. Macrobenthic crustaceans represent their main source of food, and among these, Decapoda and Mysidacea are the predominant ones, mainly represented by Alpheusglaber, and Lophogaster typicus, respectively. The Mysidacea are preferably consumed by individuals of less than 20 cm total length, while Decapods increase in importance as the size increases, to become the most important prey organisms for 20 cm individuals (Sartor and De Ranieri 1996).","There are not many statistics available for the species, since for example landings statistics in Portugal are very biased due to the mixture of various flatfish species under the same name, or as there is regional variation in Portuguese common names (Castilho et al. 1993).  Total mercury concentrations were measured in the muscle of L. boscii (0.05±0.92 mg/kg wet wt, 0.39±0.30). According to current regulations, 25% of samples of Megrim exceeded the peak value fixed at 0.5 mg/kg. Correlations between total mercury concentration and specimen weight were evident in all the species examined (Storelli and Marcotrigiano 2000). Therefore, the species is threatened by pollution.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it is present through protected areas throughout its range, such as El Cachucho in Spain. The southern Fourspotted Megrim stock is almost exclusively caught in mixed bottom-trawl fisheries targeting demersal fish, including L. whiffiagonis, Hake, Anglerfish, and Nephrops species. Management measures aimed at reducing fishing mortality on any of these stocks should also reduce fishing pressure on L. boscii. Furthermore, ICES advises on the basis of the MSY approach that catches in 2015 should be no more than 1,036 tonnes. If discard rates do not change from the average of the last 12 years (2000-2013), this implies landings of no more than 821 tonnes. Combined catches of Lepidorhombus boscii and Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis should be no more than 1,244 tonnes and landings should be no more than 1,013 tonnes in 2015 (ICES Advice 2014). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.","The southern Fourspotted Megrim stock is almost exclusively caught in  mixed bottom-trawl fisheries targeting demersal fish, including L. whiffiagonis, hake, anglerfish, and Nephrops species. Since 2000, the Spanish trawl fleet has changed its main target  species, focusing more often on species such as Horse Mackerel, Blue Whiting or Mackerel, and does not usually take Megrim in the catch. This way, Mergrim generally form part of a mixed trawl catch along with other flatfish and Norway Lobster. According to Castilho et al. (1993), this is an important by-catch species of the Portuguese trawl fishery from the Atlantic coast. They have little commercial value and there is no directed fishery for L. boscii, being of marginal but not negligible economic importance (Santos 1994).  However, according to Fuertes (1978), the species is one of the most important in terms of commercial interest of demersal fishers of the Galician shelf. It is fished in Gran Sol Bank, and is a commercially exploited quota species in Ireland, albeit as a by-catch (which is subject to high discarding), along with its close relative L. whiffiagonis. However, it is rarely separated from L. whiffiagonis in landing declarations (Fahy and Fannon 1991, Fahy and Gleeson 1992).","García, M., Quigley, D. & Ralph, G.","Álvarez, H.","Garcia, S., Blanco, J., Golani, D., Kada, O., Nouar, A., Quignard, J.P. & Cuttelod, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,SCOPHTHALMIDAE,Lepidorhombus,whiffiagonis,,Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis,"(Walbaum, 1792)","It seems that the Strait of Gibraltar is a barrier to gene flow for the Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis. At least two separate phylogeographic units, possibly subspecies, should be considered for this species: one Atlantic and one Mediterranean (Garcia-Vazquez et al. 2006). This study confirmed the existence of a strong genetic difference between Atlantic and Mediterranean Megrim species, which had been already described in the literature for L. whiffiagonis on the basis of variations atribosomal genes. There are, therefore, two different stocks within the Atlantic Ocean and one in the Mediterranean Sea that will clearly need to be managed separately. As the present results do not fully support the current Megrim stock boundaries, they will surely help to rethink Megrim management policies in the future (Danancher and Garcia-Vazquez 2009).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern because, even though it is caught by fisheries and sold locally and catches have shown a severe decline during the period 1993-2009, this is not thought to be currently damaging to enough to qualify for a threatened category, and the populations of this deep-water species are quite common. However, research should be conducted to clarify its taxonomy and genetic structure of the populations.",Stable,"The species occurs in the northeast Atlantic Ocean, from Iceland southwards to Azores, Cape Bojador (26°N) and the west Sahara (Fishbase 2014). It is also present throughout the Mediterranean Sea, except for Cyprus (Nielsen 1986, Bauchot 1987). It is also present in the Tyrrhenian Sea (Colloca et al. 2004) and the Ionian Sea (Madurell et al. 2004, Mytilineou et al. 2005). Its depth lower limit is 700 metres, while its depth upper limit is 100 metres below sea level.","This is not a rare species, being fairly common across its range. According to D’Onghia et al. (2003), two trawl surveys (July and August 2000) were carried out in two areas of the Ionian Sea (one off the southeast Italian coast, the other off the western Greece), at depths ranging from 300 to 750 m. An Italian type bottom trawl was used (20 mm stretched mesh size at the cod-end). A total of 14 trawl hauls, each lasting one hour, were made. Density was 1.202 individuals/h (Italy) and 0.315 kg/h (Greece). Politou et al. (2003) sampled the Greek Ionian Sea during spring, summer and autumn 2000 at depths from 300 to 900 m. An Italian type bottom trawl was used (20 mm mesh size at the cod-end) and a total of 107 hauls were carried out. CPUE (kg/h) was 1.24 (spring), 0.79 (summer) and 0.75 (autumn), for depths of 300 to 500 m. At larger depths (500-700 m), CPUE (kg/h) was 0.27 (summer) and 0.65 (autumn). At 700-900 m, CPUE was 0.11 kg/h (autumn). This species was collected in the northeast Ionian Sea during four experimental surveys (September 1999, April 2000, July 2000 and September 2000), by means of trawls of 40 mm stretched mesh size in the cod-end, with density of 3.7 individuals per haul in the depth range of 300-500 m (44 hauls), 1.2 individuals per haul in the depth range of 500-700 m (52 hauls) and 0.1 individuals per haul in the depth 700-900 m (35 hauls) (Mytilineou et al. 2005). Megrim are caught in large numbers on the groundfish surveys that are undertaken by the Marine Institute in waters around Ireland in the first and fourth quarter of each year. In recent years, the Marine Institute has also undertaken surveys that target Monkfish but which also commonly catch Megrim (Gerritsen et al. 2010). Their population trend is supposed to be stable, but little is known on the genetic structure of their populations. It is also common off the west coast of Ireland (Went and Kennedy 1976). However, although populations are presumed to be stable, available catch data comprises L. boscii and L. whiffiagonis, so there are no specific data available for L. whiffiagonis. Besides, although recent European FAO landing data for both species combined indicate an upward trend in landing volume, it is important to note that the data are not related to either annual TAC/Quota or effort.","This is a benthic species that occurs on soft mud or muddy sand substrata, and it usually lives at depth range of 100-400 m (Muus and Dahlstrøm 1989). It has also been found from 288-700 m in the east Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005). It feeds on small benthic fishes, such as sandeels, dragonets and gobies (Marine Life Encyclopedia), as well as on squids and crustaceans (Nielsen 1986). A total of 33 different prey species were identified from the stomach contents of L. whiffiagonis, with an average number of 3.0 prey per stomach. The diet consisted principally of mystids (Parapseudomma calloplura), natantids (Processa mediterranea and Alpheus glaber) and teleosts (Lesueurigobius friesii). Other taxa found in the stomach contents, but with less importance, were reptands, molluscs, copepods, stomatopods and polychaetes. According to the IRI, the most important prey was L. friesii, followed by P. mediterranea, Parapseudomma calloplura and Alpheus glaber (Morte et al. 1999).  Following the study by Sanchez et al. (1998), the predominant species, at depths from 50 to 225 m, was L. whiffiagonis, and from 250 m and below, it was clearly L. boscii, being therefore a certain bathymetric segregation between the two species, probably to minimize interspecific competition. In the final years of the study (1992 and 1993), the predominance of L. boscii on all types of bottoms was noted in the northern Spanish shelf. Its maximum size is 60 cm (TL).","This is a species of commercial interest and it is caught with trawls, being quite heavily exploited. Catches as registered in Eurostat show a severe decline during the period 1993-2009.","The species is listed in the HELCOM Red List (Rare; HELCOM 2007). There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range.&#160;Further research should be conducted to determine the taxonomy, genetic structure of the populations, size and trend. Once the population has been distinguished and established, with the current Megrim stock boundaries, this will help management policies to be redefined in the future (Danancher and Garcia-Vazquez 2009).","This is a species of commercial interest. In the ICES sub-areas VI, VII, VIII and IX, Megrim (L. boscii and L. whiffiagonis) are caught by various types of bottom-trawling gear in multispecific fisheries where, in most cases, they are the target species. In Divisions VIIIc and IXa, they are caught by the Portuguese and Spanish fleets, along with hake, Nephrops species and monkfish. In Division VIIIc, both species have a particularly important commercial value, despite representing a mere 5% of landings, while in Division IXa, only L. boscii shows significant landing levels (Trujillo et al. 1993). The importance of division Vlla as a producer of Megrim has declined, and the main fisheries for the species are in divisions VlIg-k (Fahy and Fannon 1992). Spain exerts most influence in this fishery, being the location of the main market for Megrim as well as having the greatest catching power. However, since 2000 the Spanish trawl fleet has changed its main target species, focusing more often on species such as Horse Mackerel, Blue Whiting or Mackerel, and does not usually take Megrim in the catch.  Two species of Megrim occur in Irish waters, but Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis constitutes the bulk of the catch by the Irish demersal fleet. Megrim is exploited as a bycatch of gadoid fisheries and is particularly associated with fisheries for Nephrops, angler and ray. Over the past 25 years, Megrim landings from the ICES divisions adjoining Ireland have fluctuated between 6,000 and 21,000 tonnes. However, there has been a gradual upward trend of which Ireland has taken an increasing share, rising to 1,800 tonnes in 1980. However, data in catches are rarely separated from L. boscii in landing declarations (Fahy and Fannon 1991, Fahy and Gleeson 1992).It is of minor importance to recreational anglers (Quigley 2012).","García, M., Quigley, D. & Ralph, G.","Álvarez, H.","Garcia, S., Blanco, J., Golani, D., Kada, O., Nouar, A., Quignard, J.P. & Cuttelod, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,TRIGLIDAE,Lepidotrigla,cavillone,,Lepidotrigla cavillone,"(Lacepède, 1801)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Lepidotrigla cavillone is widespread in the eastern Atlantic, where it is known from Portugal and the Mediterranean south to Mauritania. It is considered a common species in Portuguese and Mediterranean waters. This species is one of the most common gurnard species in the Mediterranean. Due to its small size, L. cavillone is of minor commercial value and is usually discarded at sea. There are no known widespread threats. Therefore, L. cavillone is listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Lepidotrigla cavillone is widespread in the eastern Atlantic. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs in Portuguese waters and into the Mediterranean (Colloca et al. 1997). Specific records from the Mediterranean Sea include the Cretan shelf (Labropoulou and Machias 1998), Tyrrhenian Sea (Colloca et al. 1997, Colloca et al. 2003, Carpentieri et al. 2005), Strait of Sicily (Gristina et al. 2006), Aegean Sea (Tserpes et al. 1999, Kallianiotis et al. 2000, Lamprakis et al. 2003, Kallianiotis et al. 2004, Machias et al. 2004, Ozaydin et al. 2007), the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988), Gulf of Lion (Gaertner et al. 1998, Letourneur et al. 2001). It is also found in the Marmara Sea (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002), but it is not found in the Black Sea. This species occurs from 30 to 400 m depth (Golani et al. 2006).  Outside of the region, this species occurs to Mauritania (Bauchot 1987). Lepidotrigla cavillone is not found along the southern coast of central and eastern Mediterranean Sea.","Lepidotrigla cavillone is common in the region. Biomass (kg km-2) for L. cavillone was 0.217 from the continental shelf off Galicia in the Cantabrian Sea (Sánchez et al. 2004). Lepidotrigla cavillone is the most common gurnard species in the Mediterranean Sea (Colloca et al. 1997). Two bottoms trawl surveys conducted off the Balearic Islands captured 1,067 individuals of L. cavillone between 44–167 m depth with a frequency of occurrence of 49% in the spring and 1,785 individuals between 41–146 m depth with a frequency of occurrence of 30% in autumn (Massutí and Reñones 2005). This species was very common in bottom trawl surveys over the last 20 years (International Bottom Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean (Spanish Mediterranean) at depths from 46–120 m. Individuals ranged in size from 5–15 cm TL with an average of 10.3 cm TL (L. Gil de Sola pers comm. 2013). The relative abundance of L. cavillone in the north Aegean Sea had a mean of 4,729 specimens/km2 on the shelf area by bottom trawl per seasonal survey (Keskin et al. 2011). In the Gulf of Cadiz the population trend is stable based on bottom trawl surveys over 20 years (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2013).  According to Ozaydin et al. (2007), 1,517 specimens were collected from Izmir Bay (central Aegean Sea) between February and December 2005 using bottom trawls (mesh size 24 mm at stretched cod-end), with FL ranging from 3.8 and 15.7 cm. Gristina et al. (2006) reported that this species was sampled during two trawl surveys carried out in the Strait of Sicily using an otter trawl with a 28 mm codend mesh opening. Mean density values ranged from 2–88 specimens/km2, from 62 hauls (trawls). Lamprakis et al. (2003) recorded 262 specimens (4.4 to 13.0 cm TL) collected in the Thracian Sea during 1996–1998 using two commercial trawlers (diamond cod-end mesh size: 14 mm, nominal bar length) at depths ranging from 19 to 365 m. According to Carpentieri et al. (2005), this species was sampled during four seasonal 24 hour surveys conducted in July 2001 (304 individuals/24 hours), November 2001 (1736 individuals/ 24 hours), March 2002 (484 individuals/ 24 hours) and May 2002 (1370 individuals/ 24 hours) in the shelf break off the central Tyrrhenian Sea. In each survey, 8 hauls of 30 minutes each were performed every 3 hours throughout a 24 hour period with an otter trawl mounted into a 40 mm head rope, a 40 mm ground chain and 30–40 mm stretched mesh in the wing and cod-end respectively.","This is a demersal species and mainly feeds on benthic invertebrates (Labropoulou and Machias 1998). In the Tyrrhenian Sea, juveniles migrate deeper from the coastal nursery in their first year of life, while adults migrate to shallow spawning grounds at 60–100 m depth. Individuals between 5–8 cm SL migrate offshore during growth and individuals over 9 cm SL migrate to spawning grounds. More than half of the growth in L. cavillone is complete during the first two years of life. Females are 7 cm in length at first maturity. Individuals in the Tyrrhenian Sea grow more slowly than those in the Gulf of Lions and in the Greek seas (Colloca et al. 1997, Campillo 1992, Papaconstantinou 1983). In Greek Seas, lengths raged from 4.5–16.5 cm FL (Papaconstantinou 1983). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 16.0 cm TL and the length at maturity  for females ranges from 8.2 to 10.6 cm TL  and for males is 10.6 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014). A large biomasses of benthopelagic fishes, such as Lepidotrigla cavillone, were found associated with shelf-break areas containing Leptometra phalangium (Colloca et al. 2004). It is found between 30–400 m, usually on soft substrata (Golani et al. 2006).","This species is caught with trawls but is usually discarded because of its small size. May be caught as bycatch in parts of its range (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2013). In Spain and Cyprus, this species is taken in semi-industrial fishing. It is caught with trawls and bottom gillnets, beach seines and hand lines (Fischer et al. 1987).","Although there are no species-specific conservation measures in place for L. cavillone, raising the cod-end mesh size normally used by the commercial fleet (22–24mm) to the legal size of 40 mm. this could reduce the number of L. cavillone individuals captured near age at first maturity (Colloca et al. 1997). This species was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean Red List Assessments (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).","Lepidotrigla cavillone is usually discarded at sea and is not of commercial value in the assessment zone; however, there are some inconsistencies between catch data reports as some countries do not or have not until recently specify gurnard species (Feijó et al. 2008). In Portugal, most individuals are discarded (Olim and Borges 2006).   This species is regularly in the markets of the western Mediterranean, Cyprus and Turkey, and occasionally elsewhere. It is marketed fresh (Fischer et al. 1987).","Ralph, G.","Keskin, Ç., Herrera, J. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,TRIGLIDAE,Lepidotrigla,dieuzeidei,,Lepidotrigla dieuzeidei,"Blanc & Hureau, 1973",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Lepidotrigla dieuzeidei is widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic. In the northeastern Atlantic, it is known primarily from Spain, Portugal and the Mediterranean Sea. It is common in parts of its range. Although it may be caught as bycatch, it is not of commercial importance. There are no known major threats; therefore, L. dieuzeidei is listed as Least Concern. ",Unknown,"Lepidotrigla dieuzeidei is distributed throughout the eastern Atlantic Ocean from Gibraltar south to Guinea Bissau, including the western Mediterranean Sea (Richards in press). This species has a depth range of 60–600 m (Mytillineou et al. 2005).  In the Mediterranean Sea, this species has been recorded from the Gulf of Lion (Gaertner et al. 1998), Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005), Tyrrhenian Sea (Colloca et al. 2004), the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988) and Strait of Sicily (Gristina et al. 2006). It is also present in the east Mediterranean Sea (Golani et al. 2006), Aegean Sea and all Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988), the Mediterranean coasts of Turkey (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002) and the Marmara Sea (Eryilmaz 2002), but this species is very difficult to separate from L. cavillone (Richards in press).","In the Greek Ionian Sea, CPUE (kg/hr) for L. dieuzeidei between 300–500 m was 0.81, 0.82, and 0.19 for spring, summer, and autumn, respectively and 0.01 between 500–700 m in the summer (Politou et al. 2003). This species is less common than L. cavillone and L. carolae but is often confused with these species, so its distribution and abundance may be underestimated. Lepidotrigla dieuzeidei is more common in deeper waters (about 300 m) (C. Papaconstantinou pers comm. 2013). In the Gulf of Cadiz the population is stable and increasing (both autumn and spring bottom trawl surveys) (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2013). This species was rare in the International Bottom Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean (MEDITS) (Spanish Mediterranean) with only nine records from 65–160 m depth (L. Gil de Sola pers comm. 2013).  According to Gristina et al. (2006) this species was sampled during two trawl surveys carried out in the Strait of Sicily using an otter trawl with a 28 mm cod end mesh opening. Mean density values varied from 6 to 628 specimens/km2 from 62 hauls (trawls).","Lepidotrigla dieuzeidei is a demersal species that inhabits sandy and muddy substrata (Richards 1981). Its depth ranges from 60–250 m (Hureau 1986) and from 300–600 m in the east Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005). It feeds on crustaceans, mainly amphipods (Hureau 1986). This species is found in the sublittoral sedimentary habitats with Spatangus purpureus (MEDITS Spanish) (L. Gil de Sola pers comm. 2013). The maximum recorded size for this species is 20 cm TL (Bauchot 1987).",This species may be caught as bycatch in parts of its range. ,There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for L. dieuzeidei. This species was assessed as Least Concern in the Red List regional Mediterranean Assessments (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).,"Lepidotrigla dieuzeudei is not a targted species but is indirectly caught in trawl fisheries and may be sold in limited markets (Ç. Keskin et al. pers. comm. 2013). In Portuguese records, L. dieuzeidei has only been separated from other Lepidotrigla spp. in trawl survey data since 2008 (ICES 2012).","Ralph, G.","Keskin, Ç., Herrera, J. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,ONEIRODIDAE,Leptacanthichthys,gracilispinis,,Leptacanthichthys gracilispinis,"(Regan, 1925)",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"The fish is found in the northern Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and is found to depths of 2,000 m (Scott and Scott 1988). In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (the Azores archipelago and Madeira; Carneiro et al. 2014).",There is little species-specific population information available for the species.,"The largest known female specimens are 10.3 cm SL, and the largest known male specimens are 0.8 cm (Pietsch in press).",There are no known species-specific threats.,There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.,"There is no use and trade information available for this species, and it is unlikely to be utilized.","Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Knudsen, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,AGONIDAE,Leptagonus,decagonus,,Leptagonus decagonus,"(Bloch & Schneider, 1801)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Leptagonus decagonus is widely distributed throughout the Arctic. In the northeastern Atlantic, L. decagonus is known from the Norwegian, Barents, and Kara seas. It is very populous in the Barents Sea. No major threats to this species have been identified. Therefore, Lepagonus decagonus is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Leptagonus decagonus is a widespread circumarctic species. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, L. decagonus occurs in the Norwegian, Barents, and Kara seas. This species has a depth range of 120 m to 930 m (Kanayama 1991, Busby 1998). Outside of the assessment region, this species occurs off Greenland and Canada, including the North-west Territories, Nunavut, Quebec, and Newfoundland (Kanayama 1991, Busby 1998).","Leptagonus decagonus has been collected as bycatch in shrimp trawl surveys conducted in the North Atlantic (Pedersen and Nygard 1991, Kingsley et al. 1999). Over 3,000 individuals of L. decagonus were collected in a trawl survey conducted over the south western part of the Barents Sea in the summer of the year 2000 (Byrkjedal and Hoines 2007). Leptagonus decagonus was determined to be a primary indicator species for an assemblage of Northwest Greenland and a single station in Canadian waters. Of the five species collected from this area, the relative abundance estimated for L. decagonus was 0.18 (Jorgensen et al. 2011).","Leptagonus decagonus is a benthic dweller and occur primarily over muddy or sandy bottoms to 930 m depth. This species feeds on pelagic and benthic crustaceans and polychaetes. Leptagonus decagonus usually spawns in June and July off the Murman coast and in May and June off the Iceland. The number of mature eggs has been recorded from 480 to 1,750 ranging from 1.5 to 1.9 mm in diameter (Kanamyama 1991). The maximum recorded length for this species is 21 cm TL (Andriashev 1986).",No major threats have been identified for this species.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place. However, this species’ range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas (IUCN and UNEP-WCMC 2014, World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014).","Leptagonus decagonus is captured as bycatch in shrimp trawls in the North Atlantic (Pedersen and Nygard 1991, Kingsley et al. 1999). However, additional use and trade information is not available for this species.","Ralph, G. & Harwell, H.","Lorance, P., Florin, A. & Keskin, Ç.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,LEPTOCHILICHTHYIDAE,Leptochilichthys,agassizii,,Leptochilichthys agassizii,"Garman, 1899",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC).  Leptochilichthys agassizii is a bathypelagic species with a small distribution in the eastern Atlantic and eastern Pacific.  This species is also thought to occur in the western central Pacific and has also been recorded from the Indian Ocean.  This species is rare in museum collections, probably due to it is depth distributional range. Leptochilichthys agassizii is rare in museum collections and is known to occur at depth ranges of 2,000 to 3,100 m.  At present, this species is not utilized and there are no known threats.  There are no species-specific conservation measures in place; however, the distribution of this species overlaps with marine reserves in parts of its range. Therefore, L. agassizii is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Leptochilichthys agassizii has a small distribution in the eastern Atlantic and eastern Pacific. This species is thought to occur in the western central Pacific and has also been recorded from the Indian Ocean.   It is known in the eastern Atlantic in several records between 14°11'N (off Senegal) and 50°08'N, and in the eastern Pacific from the equator to 38°24'N (Markle and Sazonov 1990, Sazanov 1995).  This species is found at the depth range of 2,000 to 3,100 m (Markle and Sazonov 1990).  ","This species is rare with only a handful records in museum collections, probably due to its depth range (Accessed through Fishnet 2 portal 2012 June). Regional population data are severely limited.","Leptochilichthys agassizii is a bathypelagic fish known from depth ranges of 2,000 to 3,100 m. This species is rare and there is not much known about it.",There are no known threats to this species.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures at this time. However, the distribution of this species overlaps with marine reserves in parts of its range, although it is unknown if the marine protected areas encompass the species'depth range.",This species is not utilized at this time.,"Harwell, H.","Uiblein, F., Knudsen, S. & Nielsen, J.","Hulley, P. & Rodrigues, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,STICHAEIDAE,Leptoclinus,maculatus,,Leptoclinus maculatus,"(Fries, 1838)","Two subspecies have been recognized: the Atlantic form, L. m. maculatus, and the Pacific form, which is sometimes treated as the subspecies Leptoclinus maculatus diaphanocarus (Mecklenburg and Sheiko 2004).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Leptoclinus maculatus is a circumglobal species. In the Northeastern Atlantic, L. maculatus occurs from Scandinavia, Spitsbergen, Jan Mayen, Bear Island, Murmansk, the White Sea and Iceland, where it can be locally abundant. This species does not appear to be utilized in the region and no major threats have been identified. It is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Leptoclinus maculatus is a circumglobal species found in arctic and temperate waters between latitudes 79°N and 43°N. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs along Scandinavia from Skagerrak to Finnmarken, Spitsbergen, Jan Mayen, Bear Island, Murmansk, the White Sea and Iceland (Makushok 1979), including the North Sea. The reported depth range for this species is 2–607 m (Coad and Reist 2004).","Leptoclinus maculatus is abundant  in the arctic waters of Norway, and is considered to be an ecologically significant species (Ottesen et al. 2011). It is rare in the North Sea (Yang 1982). In the Barents Sea, the range of this species has been reduced in the southwest, but extended from littoral areas (Byrkjedal and Høines  2007). It appeared infrequently in trawl surveys, and towards the later time series.","Leptoclinus maculatus is a benthic species which inhabits sandy bottoms, usually in waters less 170 m in depth (Eschmeyer 1983). As an adult, it feeds on polychaetes and crustaceans (Mecklenburg and Sheiko 2004). This species has a relatively low fecundity (<1,000 eggs) and produces large eggs that are 1.50 mm in diameter (Andriyashev 1954). It may exhibit parental care, as has been reported for several species within the family (Baylis 1981, Gross and Shine 1981). As a postlarva, it feeds on large amounts of Calanus spp. and store lipids from this high-energy diet in a unique lipid sack on the ventral side of its body. Due to its high abundance, it is considered to be an ecologically significant species in the arctic waters of Norway. Leptoclinus maculatus spends the first 2–3 years life as a pelagic postlarvae before transforming to a benthic mode of life. Transition occurs when the postlarva reach about 80 mm in length (Ottesen et al. 2011). Valuable food source for predatory fish, birds, and seals (Ottesen et al. 2011). This species enters shallow waters from October to December to spawn (Makushok 1979). The maximum recorded size for this species is 20 cm SL (Muus and Nielsen 1999).  Leptoclinus maculatus is one of three species of the family Stichaeidae are commonly found in arctic waters. These Stichaeids have evolved unique adaptations to survive sub-zero temperatures and prolonged periods of food shortage. Among these are the synthesis of antifreeze proteins and a unique lipid sac in postlarval fish (Ottesen et al. 2011).",There have been no confirmed population declines in this species. There are no known species-specific threats.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for L. maculatus. However, this species’ range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014).",This species does not appear to be commercially utilized in the region.,"Ralph, G.","Collette, B., Fernandes, P. & Heessen, H.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,ALEPOCEPHALIDAE,Leptoderma,macrophthalmum,,Leptoderma macrophthalmum,"Byrkjedal, Poulsen & Galbraith, 2011",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Leptoderma macrophthalmum is known only from its holotype, which was collected near the Azores. This species is assessed as Data Deficient as there is a lack of information regarding its distribution, population status, and threats.",Unknown,"This species is known only from the holotype collected north of the Azores, from the North Atlantic Ridge area (42o47’N, 29o38’W; Byrkjedal, Poulsen and Galbraith 2011, Carneiro et al. 2014).",There is a lack of information regarding this species' population.,"This is a&#160;bathydemersal species, caught at a probable depth of c.2,100 m (Byrkjedal, Poulsen and Galbraith 2011).",There is a lack of information regarding threats to this species.,There is a lack of information regarding conservation actions for this species.,"There is no use and trade information available for this species, and it apparently only known from the type specimen.","Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,ALEPOCEPHALIDAE,Leptoderma,macrops,,Leptoderma macrops,"Vaillant, 1886",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Leptoderma macrops is only known from one, possibly two, localities in northeastern Atlantic and surrounding waters. It is rare and population information in the region is unavailable. There are no known threats to the species at this time, but research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. It is, therefore, assessed as Data Deficient. ",Unknown,"Leptoderma macrops is found in the temperate and tropical Atlantic Ocean (Markle 1986). In the eastern Atlantic, L. macrops is known from the southern Bay of Biscay, Bilboa to Namibia and in the western Atlantic from the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, and off of Brazil (Markle and Quéro 1984). Generally, the species' depth ranges from 500 to 2,000 m (Markle and Sazonov 1990).","Leptoderma macrops is a rare species in northeastern Atlantic waters, with only a small amount being recorded in museum collections and only a handful being from the species' range of distribution. However, it may be common outside of European waters. Leptoderma macrops was recorded with a standardized biomass of 0.317 (g ha-1) and 0.086 (n ha-1) abundance during two surveys conducted in October 2003 and April 2004 off Le Danois Bank (northern Spain).  This species was collected using a baca otter trawl over a 57,461 m2 mean swept area (Sánchez et al. 2008).","The species Leptoderma macrops are benthopelagic fishes, generally, occupying depths of 500 to 2,000 m over soft substrate (Hureau and Monod 1979). The maximum standard length for this species is 24 cm (Markle and Sazonov 1990). This family feeds on a wide variety of food items including ctenophores, crustaceans, echinoderms, polycheates, decapods, tunicates, and fishes (Hartel in press ). The spawning periodicity, fecundity and early life history traits are poorly understood for this species.","At present, there are no known threats towards this species.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place at this time. However, its distribution overlaps with marine reserves in its range.  It is unknown if those marine protected areas encompass the depths that the species occupies. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not known to be utilized at this time.,"Stump, E.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.","Hulley, P. & Rodrigues, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Leptostomias,gladiator,,Leptostomias gladiator,"(Zugmayer, 1911)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) In the northeastern Atlantic, Leptostomias gladiator occurs to about 50°N. This species has been recorded to 5,000 m depth. Although data for this species are limited, there are currently no major threats to this species and given its deep water habitat, future threats are unlikely. It is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Leptostomias gladiator is a circumglobal species. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs from near Ireland south to the Canary Islands. This species is usually found at least 1,000 m deep (Harold 1999) and has been identified as deep as 5,000 m (Gibbs and Barnett 1990). Leptostomias gladiator is  found in the eastern Atlantic, from southern Ireland to Mauritania, Liberia, Angola and off South Africa. In the western Atlantic it is found off the coast of the USA south to Cuba including Gulf of Mexico, and from Brazil to Argentina. Leptostomias gladiator is also found in the Indian and Pacific Oceans (Gibbs and Barnett 1990).  ","There are no records from trawl surveys (pelagic or bottom) in the region (C. Papaconstantinou and S. Kobyliansky pers comm. 2013). Outside the region, studies in the Gulf of Mexico show that the estimated abundance (measured in (103km-2) of this species was 0.4 with only 7 specimens collected and examined (Hopkins et al. 1996, Sutton and Hopkins 1996).","Leptostomias gladiator is a mesopelagic to bathypelagic species occurring waters over 1,000 m deep. It is thought that this species may migrate to shallower depths at night, presumably to feed (Harold 1999). In trawl samples taken off the canary islands in 1970, the average depth of L. gladiator captured during daylight hours was 700 m, but the average depth of the specimens caught during night trawls was 200 m (Bradcock 1970). This species is a piscivorous fish, feeding occasionally on crustaceans (Harold 1999). The maximum recorded size for this species is 37.3 cm SL (Gibbs and Barnett 1990).","Currently, there are no major threats to this species.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.,This species is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Papaconstantinou, C. & Kobyliansky, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Leptostomias,haplocaulus,,Leptostomias haplocaulus,"Regan & Trewavas, 1930",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"The fish is found in the eastern Atlantic, from the Azores south to Mauritania. In the western Atlantic, it is found from about 30°N to 24°N between 70°W and 60°W (Gibbs 1984). Tentatively identified in the Indian and Pacific. Status of this species is not yet firmly established. As a mesopelagic species, the fish spends the majority of its time in the upper 1,000 m of the mesopelagic zone (Harold 1999). In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (off the mainland coast, the Azores archipelago and Madeira; Carneiro et al. 2014), and from Spain (the Canaries; Gibbs 1984).",No information found for the European region.,"The diet of L. haplocaulus consists mainly of other fishes and crustaceans (Harold 1999). This species may undergo vertical migrations at night. As adults, L. haplocaulus may become benthopelagic (Harold 1999).",There does not appear to be any threats towards this species.,No conservation actions in place or needed.,The fish is not known to be utilised.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Leptostomias,longibarba,,Leptostomias longibarba,"Regan & Trewavas, 1930","Leptostomias gracilis, Leptostomias macropogon,Leptostomias longibarba, Leptostomias bermudensis, Leptostomias analis and Leptostomias leptobolus are probably synonyms of a single species. The entire complex needs a thorough study (Gibbs and Barnett 1990).",No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"The fish is found in the eastern Atlantic between Ireland and the Azores, as well as from the Canary Islands to South Africa. However, it is not recorded in the Gulf of Guinea. In the western Atlantic, it is found off of Bermuda. It has also been reported from the northwest Pacific (Gibbs and Barnett 1990). In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (the Azores archipelago; Carneiro et al. 2014), from Spain (the Canaries) and from Irish waters (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).",Considered rare in waters around the Canaries (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009). It is not known whether there is substantial immigration/emigration from outside the region that will significantly affect populations in the Eastern Central Atlantic.,"Reports of the subfamily Melanostomiinae show some species, especially females, undergo diel vertical migrations and that their diets consist mainly of other mesopelagic fishes.","There does not appear to be any threats towards this species, although further study is needed to verify.",None required.,Not utilised.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,PARALEPIDIDAE,Lestidiops,affinis,,Lestidiops affinis,"(Ege, 1930)",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"An Atlantic species. Western Atlantic: Nova Scotia, Canada south to northern Brazil (Thompson 2002, Richards 2006), the Eastern Central Atlantic: Macaronesia, Morocco to Angola. In the Caribbean, occurs in the Gulf of Mexico, but its distribution throughout the Caribbean is uncertain (Richards 2006, Rofen 1966). Richards (2006) noted a depth of <2,000 m, usually <600 m. In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (the Azores archipelago and Madeira; Carneiro et al. 2014), and from Spain (the Canaries; Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).",Rare in waters around the Canaries (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).,"Mesopelagic to bathypelagic, hermaphroditic; oviparous with planktonic larva (Richards 2006). The maximum total length (TL) is 11 cm (Thompson 2002).",No major threats known.,There are no known species specific conservation measures in place or required.,Not utilised.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","McEachran, J.D., Moore, J. & Polanco Fernandez, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,PARALEPIDIDAE,Lestidiops,jayakari,,Lestidiops jayakari,"(Boulenger, 1889)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LCLestidiops jayakari is broadly distributed in tropical to temperate waters worldwide, including the northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean. Population information is limited. There are no known major threats to this species and it is not used commercially. Therefore, L. jayakari is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Lestidiops jayakari occurs in tropical and subtropical waters in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans, except for the eastern Pacific. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, L. jayakari is recorded from the southern British Isles, Portugal (Carneiro et al. 2014), the Mediterranean (Costa 1991, Siccardi and Montanari 1997, Jennings 2000, Golani et al. 2006), Azores (Borges et al. 2010, Carneiro et al. 2014), Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014), and larvae from off the Canary Islands (Rodriguez 2000). In the Mediterranean, this species has been reported from off the Catalonian coast (Sabatés and Masò 1992). Adult L. jayakari are found between 200 to 2000 m in depth, while juveniles are found between 50 to 200 m (Richards 2006).","Population information for L. jayakari is very limited, but it appears to be widely distributed.","Lestidiops jayakari is epipelagic to bathypelagic; typically found around 300 to 600 m, though it is known from 200 to 2000 m (Post 1984). Lestidiops jayakari is hermaphroditic and oviparous with planktonic larvae (Richards 2006). Little is known about the life history and ecology of L. jayakari. The maximum total length (TL) is 17cm.",There are no major threats to Lestidiops jayakari.,There are no species specific conservation measures for Lestidiops jayakari. This species may enter a marine conservation area somewhere throughout its  range. It was assessed in the Mediterranean as Least Concern in 2007 due to the relatively broad distribution in the Mediterranean. Lestidiops jayakari was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).,Lestidiops jayakari is not utilized.,"Ralph, G.","Russell, B.","Kloppmann, M. & Stump, E.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,PARALEPIDIDAE,Lestidiops,sphyrenoides,,Lestidiops sphyrenoides,"(Risso, 1820)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Lestidiops sphyrenoides is widely distributed in the Northern Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, L. sphyrenoides is known from the Celtic Sea to the Canary Islands, including the Mediterranean. It is somewhat rare, with low catch rates. It is not known to be used commercially, and it has no known major threats. Therefore, L. sphyrenoides is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Lestidiops sphyrenoides is widely distributed in the temperate eastern Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean (Post 1984). This is a widespread Mediterranean species (Fischer et al. 1987, Papaconstantinou 1988, Quignard and Tomasini 2000, Mytilineou et al. 2005, Mallol-Martinez 2005, Golani et al. 2006), and is known from the coast of Portugal, the Azores, and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014). Larvae have also been recorded from the Celtic Sea (Horstman and Fives 1994) and the Canary Islands (Rodriguez 2000). It is known from depths of 50 and 700 m (Mallol-Martinez 2005, Mytilineou et al. 2005).","Population data are limited for this species. It is thought to be relatively rare: in the Gulf of Lion, 0.09 ind./h (biomass = 0.0007kg/h, % occurrence = 1.47) were caught (Mallol-Martinez 2005). In the east Ionian Sea, 0.1 ind/h were caught in 145 trawl hauls of 1 hour each one (Mytilineou et al. 2005).","This species is epipelagic to mesopelagic (Post 1984), and is thought to occur between 50 and 700 m (Mallol-Martinez 2005, Mytilineou et al. 2005). Juveniles are generally collected in the upper 400 m (Post 1984). Little is known about its ecology, but it is presumed carnivorous (Post 1984).",This species is not commercially exploited. No major threats are known.,There are no conservation measures in place for the protection of this species. This species may enter a marine protected area in its range of habitat. It was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean in 2007 due to its broad distribution (IUCN 2011). Lestidiops sphyenoides was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).,This species is not known to be used commercially.,"Ralph, G. & Kloppmann, M.","Russell, B.","Papaconstantinou, C., Palmeri, A., Keskin, Ç., Massuti, E. & Stump, E.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Lesueurigobius,friesii,,Lesueurigobius friesii,"(Malm, 1874)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and there are no major threats to the species. However, it is being discarded in the Argelian and Tyrrhenian Sea trawl fisheries, and it inhabits trawling bottoms where targeted species of high commercial value are present, so the species could be potentially affected by this activity. Further research should be conducted on the population size and trend of the species.",Unknown,"In the Atlantic, the species is present from Norway and Sweden to Portugal, the Spanish Gulf of Cádiz (Marín et al. 2011, ICES 2005) and the Alborán Sea (Aguilar 2010). The species is also present in the northeast Mediterranean Sea including the Balearic Islands seamounts (Aguilar 2010), and it has also been recorded in Morocco, Argelia, Lebanon, Syria (Fishbase 2014, Paulomäki et al. 2011) and Israel (Galil et al. 2011). The species occurs between 210 and 10 metres of depth.",There is no information available on the population size and trend of the species.,"This species is cryptobenthic and inhabits muddy or sandy substrates, where it can burrow, in depths exceeding 10-12 m (Gibson and Ezzi 1978). It is often associated with the decapod crustaceans Nephrops norvegicus (Miller 1990, Sardà and Aguzzi 2012) and Goneplax rhomboides (R. Aguilar pers. obs. 2014). The species is also associated to sea-pens and soft corals, creating characteristic communities (Oceana 2011).  It feeds on polychaetes, small crustaceans and molluscs (Miller 1986). This species is one of the major prey items for the Mediterranean Horse Mackerel. No marked diurnal variation in the feeding pattern was noticed, although the amount of food in the stomachs was lowest in the early hours of the morning (Gibson and Ezzi 1978). It is considered a species with low vulnerability and a medium resilience (1.4-4.4 years of minimum population doubling time) (Fishbase 2014). The generation length of the species is 5.3 years (HELCOM 2013). The species can be aged based on its otoliths weight (İlkyaz et al., 2011). Maximum size of the species is 13 cm, as found by Muus and Nielsen (1999) for the North Sea and Baltic Sea, but 8.1 cm for Turkey, as reported by Filiz and Bilge (2004). In the Catalan Sea, the species peak recruitment is in late summer and autumn (Demestre et al. 2000).","The species has been reported as discard in Algerian trawl fisheries (Belhabib et al. 2013) and in the Tyrrhenian Sea (Sartor et al. 2003). It is also discarded in bottom otter trawl activity targeting Nephrops in the Adriatic Sea (EC 2011). The species inhabits trawling bottoms where targeted species of high commercial value, such as crustaceans, are present, so the species is discarded and could be threatened by this activity. In the Aegean Sea, the species represents ~0.14% of the total weight of trawl hauls (Gurbet et al. 2013). In the Sea of Marmara, it represents 1-1.5% of the catch by numbers (Bok et al. 2011). In the Clyde (Scotland), there is a high commercial fishing effort which may cause mortality due to the destructive nature of trawls (Nash and Gibson in press), especially the doors of otter trawls, which can damage fish, burrows or the general habitat (Nash 1982).","The species is listed in the Baltic Sea Red List as Data Deficient (HELCOM 2013) and in the Red List of Sweden as Least Concern (HELCOM 2013). There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but the species is present in protected areas throughout its range, such as the Natura 2000 site Gullmarsfjorden in Sweden.Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trend of the species.","The species is exposed at public aquariums (Fishbase 2014) and discarded by commercial fisheries targeting several crustacean species (Sartor et al. 2003, EC 2011).","García, M., Larson, H. & Ralph, G.","Garcia, S.","Blanco, J.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Lesueurigobius,heterofasciatus,,Lesueurigobius heterofasciatus,"Maul, 1971",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Lesueurigobius heterofasciatus is a small goby found in the eastern Atlantic from Morocco and the Macaronesian islands of Madeira and the Canaries. Although L. heterofasciatus appears to have a very restricted distribution, it is found at depths of 150 to 345 m and is considered to have no threats either directly or to its habitat. Hence, although very little is known of the species, L. heterofasciatus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Lesueurigobius heterofasciatus is found in the eastern Atlantic, off Morocco, and from Madeira and the Canary Islands (Floeter et al. 2008), at depths of between 150 and 345 m depth (Miller 1990).",Nothing is known of the species population or trends.,"Lesueurigobius heterofasciatus is a deep benthic species, found from 150 to 345 m depth, typically on offshore slope areas (Miller 1990). Lesueurigobius heterofasciatus gets to about 4.4 cm (Miller 1986).",It is assumed that there are no threats to L. heterofasciatus or its habitat given its known locations and the depth at which it is found.,"No conservation measures are in place or needed for L. heterofasciatus, and it occurs in marine protected areas. Further research is required into the species distribution.",Lesueurigobius heterosciatus is not used.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Herler, J., Kovacic, M. & Williams, J.T.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Lesueurigobius,sanzi,,Lesueurigobius sanzi,"(de Buen, 1918)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Lesueurigobius sanzi is widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic and western Mediterranean Sea. In the northeastern Atlantic, L. sanzi is known from the Iberian Peninsula and the western Mediterranean Sea. There is no information on the abundance or population trend of the species; however, the population trend is assumed to be stable. Lesueurigobius sanzi appears to be a relatively uncommon species, but it occurs in deeper waters, in habitats not typically sampled, so is assumed to be under-represented in surveys. There are no known, widespread threats, and it is not utilized. Therefore, L. sanzi is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Lesueurigobius sanzi is found in the eastern Atlantic and the western Mediterranean Sea. In the eastern Atlantic, L. sanzi occurs from Portugal to Mauritania (Miller 1986, 1990), and off northern Namibia (Miller 1990). It is also found in the Alboran Sea, in the western Mediterranean (Miller 1986). Lesueurigobius sanzi is typically found between 47 and 117 m depth (Miller 1990).","There is no information on the abundance or population trend of L. sanzi, however the population is assumed to be stable. It is uncommon in museum collections however it occurs in deep waters, in habitats not typically sampled.","Lesueurigobius sanzi is benthic (Miller 1990), found over muddy sand or mud bottoms at 47 to 117 m depth (Miller 1986, 1990). The maximum recorded total length (TL) is 11 cm (Miller 1990).",The species is not known to have any widespread threats.,"No conservation measures are in place or needed for L. sanzi, and it occurs in marine protected areas.",Lesueurigobius sanzi is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Herler, J., Kovacic, M. & Williams, J.T.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Lesueurigobius,suerii,,Lesueurigobius suerii,"(Risso, 1810)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Lesueurigobius suerii is widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic. In the northeastern Atlantic, L. suerii is known from the Iberian Peninsula, the Macaronesian Islands of Madeira and the Canaries, and the Mediterranean Sea. Population data are not available for L. suerii. There are no known widespread threats. Therefore, L. suerii is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Lesueurigobius suerii is distributed along the eastern Atlantic, from coastal Morocco, Portugal and southern Spain (Miller 1986), and throughout Macaronesia (Miller 1990, Carnero et al. 2014). In the Mediterranean Sea, L. suerii is present in western and northern coastal areas to the Levant coast (a single record from Israel; Ahnelt and Dorda 2004). Lesueurigobius suerii has not been recorded from Mediterranean coast of mainland France and Spain, and absent from north African coastal areas in the Mediterranean. Lesueurigobius suerii is typically found inshore (Miller 1986), but has been found to 445 m (Miller 1990) and from 322 to 337 in the eastern Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005).",There is no specific population information for L. suerii.,"Lesueurigobius suerii is found on sandy muddy substrata at depths to 445 m (Miller 1990), but down to 322 to 337 m in the east Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005). Adults tend to stay in shallower areas, whilst juveniles move to deeper waters. Lesueurigobius suerii is one of the major fish prey for gadiformes in the Aegean and Marmara Seas.",There are no known major threats to the species. It is a very small component of the shrimp trawl bycatch off Turkey (Gurbet et al. 2013).,"No conservation measures are in place or needed for this species, and it occurs in marine protected areas. Lesueurigobius suerii was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Lesueurigobius suerii is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Herler, J., Kovacic, M. & Williams, J.T.","Francour, P., Bilecenoglu, M., Bariche, M. & Molinari, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,PARABROTULIDAE,Leucobrotula,adipata,,Leucobrotula adipata,"Koefoed, 1952",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"All seven known specimens of this species are reported from Europe. This species is known to occur in the Azores and off mainland Portugal, north to off northwestern Ireland and to about 60° N off southwestern Iceland. However,  it is thought that the distribution of this species might extend out of  the European region and further research is required. Due to limited information on the population and distribution of this species, it is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"This species occurs in the Azores and off mainland Portugal (Santos et al. 1997, Carneiro et al. 2014), north to off northwestern Ireland and to about 60° N off southwestern Iceland. Based on known specimens, this species is endemic to Europe. However, it is thought that the distribution of this species might extend out of the European region and further research is required (G. Ralph pers. comm. 2015).",This species is only known from seven specimens (Nielsen 1986).,This is a marine bathypelagic cusk eel (FishBase 2015).&#160;The maximum length record was 4.5 cm NG male/unsexed (Nielsen 1986).,The threats to this deep-water species are unknown.,There are no conservation actions in place for this species.,This species is not utilised and is of no interest to fisheries.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,RAJIDAE,Leucoraja,circularis,,Leucoraja circularis,"(Couch, 1838)",Formerly called Raja circularis. Early papers often confused Leucoraja circularis and Leucoraja naevus.,Yes,EN,A2bcd,,,,,,"Sandy Skate (Leucoraja circularis) is a relatively large species found in the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. Historically it was found around 100 m depth on sandy and muddy bottoms, though it is now mainly found in slightly deeper waters along the edge of the continental shelf and upper slope. It is taken as bycatch in multi-species trawl fisheries and offshore bottom longlines. In the Northeast Atlantic, landings and catch rates for this skate have declined since the early 1990s. The species has completely disappeared from trawl surveys in the North Sea and Celtic Seas in 1996 and 1997, respectively. Scottish surveys still catch it around northwest Scotland and the Porcupine Bank, but at greater depths (180–500 m) than historically reported. This suggests a contraction of the species’ range as a result of trawl fisheries. Records from the outer shelf are scarce, and while survey catch rates have been stable for this species now in the areas it has been considered most abundant since 2001, these rates are very low, therefore do not imply population stability. Misidentification has also prevented reliable estimates of population decline, potentially masking the disappearance of this species from certain areas. For example, Belgium and France are still suspected to be misreporting the species in confusion with Smalleyed Skate (Raja microocellata). Given the paucity of records from the outer continental shelf, the large declines in landings in recent years, the contracted range to deeper waters, and the very low catch levels seen in the Porcupine Bank survey, Sandy Skate is suspected to have largely in the declined Northeast Atlantic. Fishery independent data for mature individuals are limited and careful monitoring of subpopulations across its range is required to determine accurate population trends for mature individuals.In the Mediterranean Sea, the occurrence of this species has decreased in the last 60 years. It is no longer encountered in the Gulf of Lions or the Adriatic Sea where it was once relatively common. Mediterranean-wide scientific trawl surveys from 1995–1999 recorded this species in only 12 of 6,336 trawls. Benthic trawl effort has increased significantly during the last 60 years and fishing pressure continues within this species’ depth range. Given the current rarity of Sandy Skate in the Mediterranean Sea, evidence of potential local extinction from two locations, and its likely low intrinsic rate of increase suggested by its large body size and large size at maturity, together with the declines suspected on the Northeast Atlantic, the species is suspected to have declined overall by more than 50% in the last three generations (29 years). Thus, the species is assessed as Endangered.",Decreasing,"Given the lack of authenticated records, the exact range of this species is uncertain. In the Northeast Atlantic, it is found in the Norwegian Sea and northern parts of the North Sea, but has not been encountered around the Faroe Islands since prior to 1996 (ICES 2012). It occurs throughout deeper waters west of Ireland and Britain, with the occasional vagrant found in the Celtic Sea. The species is also still landed from the Bay of Biscay and Iberian waters. This skate was once present throughout the western Mediterranean Sea and as far east as Libya. It is absent from the Black Sea (Stehmann and Bürkel 1984, Bauchot 1987, Notarbartolo di Sciara and Bianchi 1998, Relini et al. 2000, Ragonese et al. 2003, Sion et al. 2003, Serena 2005, Serena et al. 2011), and now considered absent from the Adriatic Sea (Ferretti et al. 2013). Its depth range is 50-800 m.","There are two subpopulations of this species, with different situations for the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. It is likely that there is low connectivity between these two deepwater zones. The overall trend in European waters is of a decline.Northeast AtlanticThis species is rare in the Northeast Atlantic. Accurate determination of abundance trends over the broader area are not possible, as most earlier surveys have focused on shelf fishing grounds, with no long-term, standardised surveys sampling off the edge of the continental shelf. In the southern Northeast Atlantic, French landings data for this species have shown a decline of 92% over about 20 years, from about 500 tonnes per year in the early 1990s to less than 40 tonnes in 2012. French and Portuguese landings data from the Bay of Biscay and Iberian waters across all gears combined have remained low but stable between 1999 and 2011, ranging from around 16–17 tonnes at the beginning and end of the time series, with a peak of 61 tonnes in 2005 (ICES 2012). Again, these data are potentially inaccurate owing to misidentification.In the northern area of the Northeast Atlantic, English surveys in the North and Celtic Seas have not recorded this species since 1996 and 1997 respectively, although Scottish and Norwegian surveys have recorded it in various surveys around Scotland and along the north coast of Norway since then. Given the low numbers caught in offshore shelf habitats, it is possible that the main part of the range is now in deeper water, such as along the edge of the continental shelf. Indeed, most of the recent captures of this species in Scottish surveys have been from waters of 180–500 m depth. In the Norwegian Sea, the Annual Autumn Bottom Trawl Survey on the north coast of Norway did not report any catches of this skate from 1992 to 2000. From 2000 to 2005 it was encountered in very low numbers (zero to nine individuals per survey), showing no particular trend in abundance (ICES 2012). Given the decline in French landings, and that the range has contracted to deeper waters in the Scottish surveys, it is assumed that the population has declined throughout the Northeast Atlantic. There is uncertainty over the magnitude of the decline in abundance for the population as a whole, owing to the lack of reliable data.Throughout waters west of Britain and Ireland, the Spanish Porcupine Bank survey (on the western Ireland continental shelf) is the only survey that covers the Northeast Atlantic continental shelf, an important part of this species’ range. This survey recorded peak catches in 2003 and 2007, yet this limited time series has low (e.g., about 0.6 kg per haul in 2011) and variable catch rates, with a stable trend in recent years (ICES 2012). Historically, this species may have been more widely distributed in shelf seas west of Britain and Ireland. It is now encountered rarely in surveys on the inner continental shelf, but still exists in deeper waters along the edge of the continental shelf. Given the reported decreases in survey and landings data, the Northeast Atlantic subpopulation is estimated to be declining.Mediterranean SeaThe occurrence of this species in the Mediterranean Sea has decreased significantly over the last 60 years. It was present in shelf and slope trawl surveys in the Gulf of Lions between 1957 and 1960 but was absent from more recent comparable surveys. Between 1957 and 1960, it was captured in more than 10% of hauls in shelf surveys and in approximately 17% of hauls in slope surveys, whereas between 1966 and 1995 it was not recorded at all from 1,295 hauls in eight trawl surveys (Aldebert 1997).The International Trawl Surveys in the Mediterranean (MEDITS) cover the northern Mediterranean coast almost continuously, from west Morocco and Spain in the west to the Aegean Sea in the east (Baino et al. 2001). Six trawl surveys were carried out each year in the coastal areas of four arbitrary geographically defined areas: Western (Morocco, Spain, France), Western Central (Tyrrhenian, Corsican, Sardinia and Sicily coasts), Eastern Central (Adriatic, Ionian and Albanian coasts) and Eastern (Aegean Sea). A total of 6,336 tows were completed between 1994 and 1999 at depths ranging from 10 to 800 m. This skate was recorded in only 12 hauls, all in the western area of the Mediterranean Sea (Baino et al. 2001). The evidence that this species may now be scarce in the western Mediterranean Sea points to a substantial reduction in area of occurrence. Its depth range also appears to have contracted, as it was previously found on shelf and slope bottoms between 70 and 275 m (mainly at around 100 m), but is now found only in deeper waters between 500 and 800 m (Baino et al. 2001). The overall biomass index assessed through MEDITS in the west, north and eastern Mediterranean Sea was 0.1 kg per km2 (Baino et al. 2001).Other records in the Mediterranean also show a decline in capture rates. In the south Ligurian Sea and north Tyrrhenian Sea this species is considered rare based on low capture rates. From 1985–2005 only 10 specimens were caught in the bathyal zone (352–566 m depth) (Serena et al. 2005). In 1948, it was recorded in 3.2% of trawl samples from the Adriatic Sea but has been absent from all trawl survey data in this area since then (Ferretti et al. 2013). It can be inferred that the Mediterranean subpopulation is decreasing given reported declines in capture rates from trawl survey data.In European waters, the species is suspected to have declined overall by more than 50% in the last three generations (29 years).","This benthic skate occurs in offshore shelf waters and on upper slopes from 50–800 m depth. Historically it was found around 100 m depth on sandy and muddy bottoms, although it now seems more abundant in deeper waters where habitat preferences are currently unknown.This species is oviparous with egg cases 88–90 by 50–60 mm (Stehmann and Bürkel 1984, Mnsari et al. 2009). The spawning period is unknown (Bauchot 1987, Notarbartolo di Sciara and Bianchi 1998). Maximum recorded size is 120 cm total length (TL), but most individuals caught are between 70 and 80 cm TL (Serena 2005, Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Age at maturity, longevity, size at birth, reproductive age, gestation time, reproductive periodicity, fecundity, rate of population increase and natural mortality are unknown. Its congener L. naevus has a generation lengh of 9.7 years based on a longevity of 12 years, and an estimated age at maturity of 6.8-7.4 years. Thus, the generation length of L. circularis is also 9.7 years.","Northeast AtlanticThis species is a bycatch in multi-species trawl fisheries operating in the outer parts and edge of the continental shelf. It may also be taken as bycatch in gillnet fisheries targeting anglerfish and longline fisheries targeting hake, though data on the catches in these fisheries are poor. If deepwater commercial fisheries expand into this species’ range they could pose a threat, although there is currently no indication of such expansion. European deepwater fisheries have decreased since 2008, but their effort and extent should be monitored. The relatively large body size would also indicate that it is vulnerable to overfishing. Due to its offshore habitat, it is of no importance to recreational fisheries.Belgium and France are thought to still record Smalleyed Skate (Raja microocellata) landings erroneously as landings of this species, owing to the shared common name, ‘Sandy Ray’, which hampers the interpretation of some data (ICES 2012).Mediterranean SeaThis skate is a bycatch in multi-species trawl fisheries and offshore bottom longlines. Demersal trawl effort has increased both numerically and technologically in the shelf and slope area of the Mediterranean Sea over the last 50 years. For example, the Gulf of Lions area was initially exploited by small-scale benthic trawl fisheries comprising 27 small low powered boats with a total nominal horsepower of 2,700 hp. More recently effort has increased to a total of 19,940 hp (1974–1987) and more than half of the fishing effort has been displaced to target small pelagic fish (Aldebert 1997). The Adriatic Sea is subject to trawling mainly by Italian, Croatian, Slovenian, and Albanian fleets, however, no landings data are available (Jukic-Peladic et al. 2001). Although little is known of the life history of this species, it is presumed from similar species that it is slow growing with low fecundity and large juveniles, making it especially vulnerable to fishing exploitation (Brander 1981, Walker and Hislop 1998, Dulvy et al. 2000, Dulvy and Reynolds 2002). Moreover, although only large individuals may be landed for consumption, most size classes including the egg cases are caught in fishing nets, as the legal mesh size used in much of the Mediterranean Sea is about 20 mm. Currently, the contents of the cod end are retained and the 20 mm mesh size commonly used in the Mediterranean Sea means that all life stages of this species are fished.The main intergovernmental decision-making body on fishery management in the Mediterranean Sea, the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM), has made the decision to refrain from expanding deepwater fishing operations beyond the limit of 1,000 m. This is still within the range of this species, as it is not known to occur below 800 m.","In 1999, the European Union (EU) introduced a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for skates and rays of 6,060 tonnes (t) for fisheries operating in the Norwegian Sea and North Sea (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea [ICES] Division IIa and Subarea IV) based on landing statistics from the previous five years. This TAC has been progressively reduced by 8−25% annually to the current level of 1,256 t. As part of the TAC, the bycatch quota for vessels over 15 metres was set at 25% of live weight of catch retained on board per trip. For much of this period (1999–2014), the TAC was higher than reported landings and therefore was not effectively managing catches. In 2009, skate and ray TACs were established for other EU waters, including the Skagerrak and Kattegat (ICES Division IIIa) and from the northwest coast of Scotland and Northern Ireland to Portuguese waters (ICES Subareas VI–IX) and have also been gradually reduced each year.In 2006, the European Commission (EC) imposed a permanent ban on all deepwater gillnet fisheries operating at depths greater than 600 m, and imposed maximum limits on the length of nets deployed and the soak time in the remaining fisheries at depths less than 600 m (EC Regulation No. 41/2006). These restrictions may have been of some benefit to this skate. Additionally, since 2008 the EC obligated member states to provide species-specific landings data for the major North Sea species, including this species, in order to improve understanding of skate populations in the area (CEC 2008). In 2009, this obligation was extended to other ICES divisions, including the Celtic Sea (CEC 2009), and has been ongoing since 2008 (CEC 2013).This skate was listed in Annex III of the Barcelona Convention in 2012, therefore any event of incidental catch and release should be recorded by masters of fishing vessels in the fishing logbook referred to in Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1224/2009, in Mediterranean waters.Moving forward, this species may benefit from more generic management measures for demersal fisheries, for example mesh size regulations and effort reduction. Appropriate non-trawling areas should be defined to protect a proportion of both the adult population and this skate’s eggs (which are often found in the trawl cod-end) (Ragonese et al. 2001). Further research should be conducted on the population size and trend of the species.",Large individuals may be landed for human consumption.,"Mancusi, C.","McCully, S., Ellis, J., Walls, R. & Fordham, S.","Ungaro, N., Serena, F., Dulvy, N., Tinti, F., Bertozzi, M. & Notarbartolo di Sciara, G.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,RAJIDAE,Leucoraja,fullonica,,Leucoraja fullonica,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,Yes,VU,A2bd,,,,,,"Shagreen Skate (Leucoraja fullonica) is an offshore species, usually occurring on the outer parts of the continental shelf, at depths of 30–550 m, and it has occasionally been recorded beyond 550 m in the Mediterranean Sea. In the Northeast Atlantic this skate is taken as bycatch in demersal trawl and longline fisheries throughout much of its range. Reported French landings were more than 370 tonnes in 1983, but since 1984 annual landings have been more stable and averaged about 75–150 tonnes. Recent captures of this species in Scottish surveys have been made in waters > 200 m deep, suggesting that its range has been constricted to deeper waters. However, accurate trends in abundance are hard to determine due to changes in survey techniques, as well as some uncertainty in the taxonomic identification in earlier surveys. It is suspected that there have been continuing population declines of 30-50% over three generations for the Northeast Atlantic subpopulation.   Few data are available on this skate in the Mediterranean Sea, where it was recorded in only seven of 6,336 tows between 1994 and 1999 at depths ranging from 10–800 m during the International Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean. More recent records from 2008–2009 identified ten specimens in the southern Adriatic Sea, an area that this species was previously suspected to be absent from, although these records could be misidentifications. This species is rare in Mediterranean trawl surveys. However, this skate likely has a low intrinsic rate of increase suggested by its large body size and large size at maturity. Therefore, further analyses of survey data and close monitoring are needed to elucidate the long-term distribution and relative abundance of this species.It is assumed that the rate of decline in the Mediterranean Sea is at least the same or worse than the NEA due to near absence of effective fisheries management there. Therefore it is inferred that this species meets the threshold for Vulnerable, given an estimated 30-50% overall decline in a three generation span from the NEA (from ICES 2012) and suspected 30-50% decline throughout European waters overall in a three generation span. This species potentially meets the threshold for Endangered and thus should be monitored, particularly in the Mediterranean.",Decreasing,"In the Northeast Atlantic this skate occurs in the offshore waters of the continental shelf from Madeira and northern Morocco. Northwards it is present but sparse in the Norwegian Sea including the Skagerrak, Icelandic waters, the Faroe Islands and east of Greenland (Stehmann and Bürkel 1984, ICES 2012). It occurs in low numbers west of Scotland at Rockall Bank, in the Bay of Biscay region, in Iberian waters and around the Azores and mid-Atlantic ridge (ICES 2012). In the Mediterranean Sea it is known from the western and eastern central areas to Tunisia and western coasts of Greece, including the southern Adriatic Sea (Stehmann and Bürkel 1984, Bauchot 1987, Bertrand et al. 2000, Relini et al. 2000, Marano et al. 2003, Tinti et al. 2003, Serena et al. 2011).","It is likely that there is poor connection between the two deepwater subpopulations of the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. The overall population trend of this species is of a decrease.Northeast AtlanticAccurate determination of abundance trends in the Northeast Atlantic is not possible, in the absence of long-term, standardised surveys sampling off the edge of the continental shelf. Historically, this species may have been more widely distributed in shelf areas in the Northeast Atlantic. Reported French landings for this species were more than 370 tonnes (t) in 1983, but since 1984 annual landings have been more stable and averaged about 75–150 t. English surveys in the North Sea have not recorded this species since 1998, though occasional specimens are taken in the Celtic Sea. It is now encountered only infrequently in surveys on the inner continental shelf, though is still present in deeper waters along the edge of the continental shelf, suggesting that the main part of the range has contracted to deeper water. Indeed, most recent catches in Scottish surveys have been made in waters deeper than 200 m.Catches of this skate around Iceland and eastern Greenland has been relatively stable overall, ranging from two tonnes in 1993 to 17 t in 2011, with the highest catch of 37 t recorded in 2001 (ICES 2012). While these catch volumes are low, confusion with Sailray (Rajella lintea) is believed to still occur, suggesting that true catch volumes may be even lower. The French Evaluation Halieutique Ouest Européen (EVHOE) Groundfish survey suggested an overall declining trend in abundance and biomass in waters west of Scotland and Ireland between 1997 and 2011, although this decline appeared to be stabilizing in 2010–2011 (ICES 2012). French landings from the Bay of Biscay and Iberian waters have increased from three tonnes in 2000 to 32 t in 2011 (ICES 2012). Spanish landings from this region have been consistently low and stable, ranging from four tonnes in 2000 to eight tonnes in 2008. Purported Scottish landings of White Skate (Rostroraja alba) from these waters may also refer to Shagreen Skate (Leucoraja fullonica) because White Skate is considered depleted in this area (ICES 2013). Although levels of exploitation are unknown for this subpopulation, it is inferred to be declining due to a decrease in survey catch rates and landings.Mediterranean SeaThis species was captured at depths ranging from 200–800 m in only seven of 6,336 tows during the International Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean (MEDITS) performed throughout the northern Mediterranean Sea from 1994–1999 in depths ranging from 10–800 m (Baino et al. 2001). It was absent from multiple trawl survey time series data that ran from 1957–1995 and consisted of eight separate surveys conducted by four different survey vessels in the Gulf of Lions in the eastern Mediterranean Sea (Aldebert 1997). Additionally, it was was absent from both recent and historical surveys in the Adriatic Sea (Jukic-Peladic et al. 2001). While further MEDITS surveys from 2008–2009 found ten specimens of the species in the southern Adriatic Sea (Zupa et al. 2010), an area it was previously thought to be absent from, it is possible that these specimens may have been incorrectly identified Sandy Skate (Leucoraja circularis). Trawl surveys in the south Ligurian Sea and north Tyrrhenian Sea suggest that the species is rare there, with few specimens captured between 1985 and 2004 at depths of 366–549 m (Serena et al. 2005). The trajectory of the Mediterranean Sea subpopulation is currently unknown.","This benthic skate is found in offshore shelf and upper slope waters on sandy and coarse bottoms, predominantly found around 200 m depth but ranging from 30–800 m (Stehmann and Bürkel 1984, Ellis et al. 2005). In the Mediterranean Sea, it occurs in relatively cold coastal waters and on upper parts of continental slopes in about 30–550 m, but has also been captured in deeper water down to 800 m (Stehmann and Bürkel 1987, Bertrand et al. 2000, Baino et al. 2001). Little is known about the biology and reproductive cycle of this relatively large-bodied skate. It is an egg laying species, producing egg cases that measure about 8 by 5 cm (Stehmann and Bürkel 1984). Specimens caught in the Celtic Seas and North Sea between 1992 and 2011 ranged from 21 to 96 cm and 24 to 70 cm total length (TL) in males and females, respectively (McCully et al. 2012). All female specimens were immature, while only two males at 75 and 96 cm TL were mature. The largest immature male caught was 82 cm TL. This species reaches a maximum size of 100–110 cm (Bauchot 1987). Based on the information available for its congener, L. naevus, the species has an estimated generation length of 9.7 years.","The relatively large body size of this skate suggests that it is sensitive to exploitation. It is taken as bycatch in mixed demersal fisheries through much of its range, including mixed trawl fisheries operating in the outer parts and edge of the continental shelf in both the Northeast Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea. In the Mediterranean Sea it is also caught as bycatch by both bottom trawl and longline fisheries (Stehmann and Bürkel 1984, Serena 2005). In the Northeast Atlantic it may also be taken as a bycatch in gillnet fisheries targeting anglerfish and longline fisheries targeting hake, though information on the catches in these fisheries are poor. ","In 1999, the European Union (EU) introduced a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for skates and rays of 6,060 t for fisheries operating in the Norwegian Sea (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea [ICES] Division IIa) and North Sea (ICES sub-area IV) based on landing statistics from the previous five years. This TAC has been progressively reduced by 8−25% annually to the current level of 1,256 t. As part of the TAC, the bycatch quota for vessels over 15 metres was set at 25% of live weight of catch retained on board per trip. For much of this period (1999−2014), the TAC was higher than reported landings and therefore not effectively constraining catches. Additional management measures, including a 2006 permanent ban on all deepwater gillnet fisheries at depths of > 600 m imposed by the European Commission (EC), may help to protect the deeper range of this species. The EC also imposed maximum limits on the length of nets deployed and the soak time in the remaining fisheries at depths of < 600 m (EC Regulation No. 41/2006). Skate and ray TACs were established for other EU waters in 2009, including the Skagerrak and Kattegat (ICES Division IIIa) and from the northwest coast of Scotland and Northern Ireland to Portuguese waters (ICES sub-areas VI−IX). These TACs have also been gradually reduced since then. In 2013, the TAC for all skate and ray species grouped was 21,800 t (regulations are available online at http://faolex.fao.org). Since 2008, the European Commission has obliged member states to provide species-specific landings data for the major North Sea species, including this species, in order to improve understanding of skate stocks in the area (CEC 2008). In 2009, this obligation was extended to other ICES divisions, including the Celtic Seas (CEC 2009), and has been ongoing since 2008 (CEC 2013). Additional management measures, including non-trawling areas in the Mediterranean Sea, could benefit this species as a fraction of the adult population and eggs are often found in trawl cod-ends (Ragonese et al. 2003).",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Ellis, J. & Mancusi, C.","McCully, S. & Walls, R.","Serena, F., Dulvy, N., Ungaro, N., Tinti, F., Bertozzi, M., Pasolini, P., Notarbartolo di Sciara, G. & Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,RAJIDAE,Leucoraja,melitensis,,Leucoraja melitensis,"(Clark, 1926)",The subgenus Leucoraja was elevated to genus rank by McEachran and Dunn (1998).,Yes,CR,A2bcd+3bcd,,,,,,"Maltese Skate (Leucoraja melitensis) is a demersal species that is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. Historically, this species was moderately common off Tunisia and Malta, and rare off France, Algeria and Italy. It now appears to be mostly restricted to one small part of the Mediterranean Sea, the Sicilian channel around Malta Island, which is subject to heavy trawling activity. In the 1990s, surveys no longer detected this skate in the Gulf of Lion. It was extremely rare in the western central Mediterranean Sea (the coasts of Tyrrhenia, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily) according to the International Trawl Surveys in the Mediterranean from 1994 to 1999 (i.e., recorded in 20 of 6,336 hauls). It is now more rare off Malta and rare or absent off Tunisia. Maltese Skate is assessed as Critically Endangered under criteria A2bcd+3bcd as a result of a suspected population size reduction of at least 80% over a three generation period (15 years), based upon its endemism to the region, inferred reduction in the area of occupancy, and inferred population reductions off the Maltese, Tunisian and French coasts. The population is also suspected to continue declining around 80% in the future over the period of three generations. More research is needed on its range, biology, ecology, exploitation, and abundance.",Decreasing,"The species is endemic to the Mediterranean. Its range now appears to be restricted to the Sicilian Channel around Malta (GFCM 2012). The depth range is 60800 m, but it is most commonly found between 400800 m.","This is one of only four skate species endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, and has undergone significant declines and a reduction in its geographical range. Historically, its range once extended over about one quarter of the total area of the Mediterranean Sea (at least within the depth range of the main trawl fisheries). It was moderately common off Tunisia, common around Malta, rare off Algeria and recorded once off Italy (Stehmann and Bürkel 1984). The range of this skate now appears to be restricted to the Sicilian Channel (Pipitone et al. 1992, Relini 1995, Cannavò et al. 1999), and it is considered rare off Malta (Schembri et al. 2003) and rare or absent off Tunisia (Bradaï 2000). In Italian waters, trawl surveys performed by Gruppo Nazionale risorse Demersali (GRUND) between 1985 and 2000 only recorded this species in the Sicilian Channel (20 of 23 hauls in this area; Relini et al. 2000, Ragonese et al. 2003).In surveys conducted in the northern Mediterranean Sea from the Alboran to Aegean Sea (including off Sicily), the International Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean (MEDITS) recorded this species in only 20 out of 6,336 hauls between 1994 and 1999 (Bertrand et al. 2000, Baino et al. 2001). In this area, the standing stock biomass of this species was estimated to be 705 tonnes. If the average weight of an individual is ~2 kg, the estimated population size in the MEDITS survey area was ~35,200 individuals at this time (note that this does not include any remaining population around Malta and North Africa).Records from surveys of the Gulf of Lion infer that this species was present on the continental shelf in 19571960 and slope in 19801984, but not in comparable surveys carried out in 19921995 (Aldebert 1997). However, caution should be taken with these findings because the species could be confused with Cuckoo Skate (Leucoraja naevus), which is widespread in the western part of the Mediterranean Sea.In a recent study, bottom trawl hauls of commercial vessels operating in the Aegean Sea were analysed three times per year from 1995 to 2000 and 2003 to 2006 (Damalas and Vassilopoulou 2011). A mean nominal catch per unit effort declined by 50% in the number of individuals (from 0.22 to 0.11 individuals per haul) and by 60% in weight (from 0.05 to 0.02 kilograms per haul) between the two time frames. The last encounter with this species in the Adriatic Sea was a single individual recorded during bottom trawl surveys in 2005 (Ferretti et al. 2013).A decline of at least 80% of the population is suspected in European waters based on the fact that it has disappeared from over 80% of its former range over a 15 year period.","This benthic skate occurs over sandy and sandy-muddy bottoms at depths of 60800 m, but most commonly 400800 m.Little is known about the reproductive cycle of this skate. Breeding occurs throughout the year, though ovulating females have mainly been observed in the spring and autumn (Stehmann and Bürkel 1984, Serena 2005). Females produce 1056 eggs per year (Bauchot 1987). Both males and females mature at ~40 cm total length (TL; Bauchot 1987, Notarbartolo and Bianchi 1998), and the maximum reported size is ~50 cm TL (Stehmann and Bürkel 1984). In Italian waters, the size range of this species was reported to be 942 cm TL between 1985 and 2001 (Ragonese et al. 2003). Its generation length is suspected to be 4-5 years.","The majority of this species’ geographic (i.e., in the Sicilian Strait around Malta) and depth (400800 m) range occurs where trawling activity is intensive. The Sicilian Channel is the most exploited region of the Italian coast with respect to the total number of fishing vessels of any kind compared to other parts of the basin. Most of the fleet is composed of multipurpose artisanal vessels using bottom longlines, gillnets and trammel nets, all gear types that are likely to catch this species. Trawl fishing vessels constitute 11% of the fleet (Relini et al. 2000). While this skate is not known to be targeted by commercial fisheries, it is taken as bycatch in bottom trawl, gillnet, and bottom longline fisheries and often discarded (Ragonese et al. 2003). Skates generally have low commercial value in the Mediterranean region, but occasionally this species is present in fish markets. Usually only the large individuals are landed for human consumption, however, there is full retention of all size classes in the cod-end of gears currently used, regardless of mesh size (Ragonese et al. 2001).Along the Tunisian coast, this species is occasionally caught as bycatch in bottom trawl, gillnet, and bottom longline fisheries, but it is now extremely rare in this area (Bauchot 1987). Maltese fisheries using bottom longline and trawl gear may take this species as bycatch (De Leiva et al. 1998), although Maltese fishing fleets are smaller to those of the Italians’. Tunisian fisheries are small, coastal and probably operate outside this species’ area of occurrence (Samira 2002).Benthic trawling effort over the continental shelf and slope in the Mediterranean Sea increased with respect to fishing effort and technological advances over a period of 60 years, although it is unclear if fishing effort will continue to increase within this species range. Fishing effort and catches should be monitored closely.","According to the Fisheries and Aquaculture Organisation’s (FAO) International Plan of Action on the management and conservation of sharks (IPOA-Sharks), all states that capture sharks, rays, skates or chimaeras, either as target species or as bycatch, shall implement national action plans to ensure suitable use, conservation and recovery of threatened species (Vacchi and Notarbartolo 2000).In 2012, parties to the Barcelona Convention agreed that this species (as listed in Annex II of the Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity (SPA/BD) Protocol for the Mediterranean Sea) cannot be retained on board, transshipped, landed, transferred, stored, sold, displayed or offered for sale, and must be released unharmed and alive, to the extent possible, in the Mediterranean Sea (FAO 2012). Furthermore, the Italian National Action Plan was drafted by the Central Institute for Marine Research (ICRAM) scientific advisory committee to provide Italy with tools needed to ratify the SPA/BD Protocol (Serena et al. 2002, Vacchi and Notarbartolo 2000). The European Commission also drafted a proposal for the European Community Plan of Action that encourages research programs aimed at the assessment of the conservation status of cartilaginous fishes in the Mediterranean Sea (Serena et al. 2002).Italy should act urgently to establish a plan of action for the conservation and management of chondrichthyans. To mitigate the decline of this species caused by fisheries bycatch, it is recommended that opportunities to ban trawling in specific areas of the Mediterranean Sea be explored. Mesh size restrictions are unlikely to be effective given that full retention in the cod-end of trawling gear is expected for mesh sizes ranging from 16 to >60 mm (Ragonese et al. 2001). The most appropriate management measure may be to define areas of suitable habitat for this species that are also unsuitable for bottom trawling and close them to trawl fisheries in order to protect part of the population and the eggs from exploitation (Ragonese et al. 2003).",The species is not exploited nor traded commercially.,"Mancusi, C. & Kemp, J.R.","Dulvy, N. & Walls, R.","Ungaro, N., Serena, F., Tinti, F., Bertozzi, M., Pasolini, P., Mancusi, C. & Notarbartolo di Sciara, G.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,RAJIDAE,Leucoraja,naevus,,Leucoraja naevus,"(Müller & Henle, 1841)",This species was previously referred to as Raja naevus. Early papers often confused Cuckoo Ray with Sandy Ray (Lecoraja (Raja) circularis).,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"This small-bodied skate is relatively widespread and endemic to the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. It occurs at depths between 20 and 500 m, and is more common at about 200 m in the Mediterranean Sea. It is taken as bycatch in mixed demersal fisheries through much of its range and used in some areas. It is apparently rare in the Mediterranean Sea and has disappeared in some areas, remaining in areas less intensively trawled. It may have some capacity to withstand moderate fishing pressure compared with larger skates that are highly sensitive to rapid depletion as a result of their limiting life-history characteristics.Abundance trends from the Northeast Atlantic are inconsistent as there is considerable spatial and temporal variability in catch. This species seems to have increased in some areas following previous declines, while in other areas the opposite pattern is seen.However the total Northeast Atlantic population is not considered to have declined significantly. However, there have been observed declines in heavily trawled areas of the Mediterranean Sea, although there are other areas where it is less heavily fished, and there is a lack of new information on trends. Based on the apparent ability of this skate to withstand higher levels of fishing than other larger elasmobranchs, and the lack of negative trend data throughout the majority of its European range, the species is assessed as Least Concern. More information on stock identity is required, and the status of stocks in those areas where it is exploited most in the Northeast Atlantic (e.g., Celtic Sea and Bay of Biscay) need to be better assessed and monitored.",Unknown,"From the Northeast and Eastern Central Atlantic, Cuckoo Skate (Leucoraja naevus) occurs off coasts northward from the Shetland Isles and southern Norway in the north, to Morocco in the south (Stehmann and Bürkel 1989). It is common in the North Sea ecoregion, especially in the northwest area and occurs in low numbers around the Faroe Islands. It occurs throughout the Celtic Seas, including the Irish Sea, outer Bristol Channel, and outer western English Channel. In the Spanish survey of Porcupine Bank, west of Ireland, it is found mainly around the central mound of the bank (ICES 2013). In the Mediterranean Sea this skate occurs in northern, western and central-eastern waters, excluding the Adriatic Sea. It has been recorded in waters off Algeria, France, Greece, Italy, Malta, Morocco, Spain (including the Balaeric Islands) and Tunisia (Bauchot 1987, Stehmann and Bürkel 1989, Bertrand et al. 2000, Relini et al. 2000, Baino et al. 2001, Jukic-Peladic et al. 2001, Tinti et al. 2003, Serena et al. 2011, Valls et al. 2011). Its depth range is 20-500 m.","Northeast and Eastern Central AtlanticThis is a relatively small-bodied species that is most abundant on offshore grounds and forms a relatively high proportion of skate landings in those areas where it is abundant. The catch rates below refer to all individuals (not just mature fish) and are typically nominal CPUE trends. Observed increases or declines tend to be of a moderate magnitude, but signals are inconsistent across surveys. The highest catch rates of this species are found off the east coast of Scotland and around Orkney and Shetland. It is abundant in the northern North Sea, off northwest Scotland, the Irish Sea, the Celtic Seas, and is also one of the dominant skates around the Iberian Peninsula (ICES 2006). It is only rarely observed in the inner parts of the Bristol Channel and in the eastern English Channel and southern North Sea. Preliminary stock assessments were made for the Celtic Sea stock during the Development of Elasmobranch DELASS project (Heessen 2003), though the results were inconclusive.Mean abundance of this skate in the North Sea ecoregion appears to have increased from the late seventies to early eighties, followed by a sharp decline (Daan et al. 2005), and then by stabilisation in recent years at very low levels (ICES 2012). Fishery-independent mean catch per unit effort (CPUE) of the species for quarter one of the international bottom trawl survey in the North Sea was ~0.5 individuals per hour from 2010 to 2011, falling above the mean for the period 2005 to 2009, having increased by ~60% in three to four years from a low of ~0.2 individuals per hour in 2007 (ICES 2012). The stock is concentrated in the northern and central parts of the North Sea. For quarter three of the survey, mean CPUE for 2010 and 2011 was also higher than the mean for the period 2005 to 2009, having increased by ~53% in three to four years from a low of approximately 0.38 individuals per hour in 2007, to approximately 0.8 individuals per hour in 2011 (ICES 2012). The exploitation level of the North Sea stock is still unknown. It should be noted that survey catch rates are based on all individuals, rather than adults alone.The stock structure of this skate in the Celtic Seas and waters west of Britain is insufficiently known, which makes the interpretation of catch rates in the various surveys more problematic (ICES 2012). As an offshore species that is also present in the Bay of Biscay (VIII) and northern North Sea (IVa), it is possible that the stock or stocks extend out of the Celtic Seas ecoregion. The French EVHOE survey of this ecoregion suggested peaks in relative abundance in 2001, 2002, 2007-2008 with the lowest catch in 2000 (ICES 2012). The Spanish survey on the Porcupine Bank indicated recent decreases in catch rates over a four year period both in terms of biomass (~50%) and abundance (~81%) (from ~0.5 kilograms or 0.75 individuals per haul in 2007 to ~0.25 kilograms or 0.25 individuals in 2011), although catch rates in the last few years are comparable to those observed at the start of the time-series (ICES 2012). Earlier analyses of Scottish survey data from waters west of Scotland suggested stable or increasing catch trends (ICES 2012), although more recent data were not available. The English and Welsh beam trawl survey in the Irish Sea indicated a decline in mean CPUE of ~42% over 19 years from ~2.4 individuals per hour in 1993 to ~1.4 in 2011, with the mean catch rates from 2010 and 2011 lower than those from 2005 to 2009 (ICES 2012). From the Irish Groundfish Survey of this area, trends in abundance are not apparent, with variable annual catches and a mean CPUE of approximately one individual per hour, falling within the lower margin of the mean CPUE for the period 2005 to 2009 (ICES 2012). The biomass indices reported by Spanish fishery-independent trawl surveys of Spanish Atlantic waters show annual variation of ~60% between 0.2 and 0.5 kilograms per haul, with an overall increase in catch rates (ICES 2012). Fishery-independent data for Portuguese waters are too limited to gauge longer-term trends.The landings per unit effort (LPUE) of this skate from the Bay of Biscay between 2002 and 2011 show constant values between 50 and 68 kilograms per day, excluding the lowest values of approximately 34 tonnes overall for 2004 and 48 tonnes in 2010  (ICES 2012). The relationship between Cuckoo Skate populations in the Celtic Seas and Bay of Biscay region is unknown.Mediterranean SeaThis skate appears to have always been relatively uncommon in the Mediterranean Sea; it was rarely caught in the International Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean (MEDITS) from 1994-1999. The MEDITS covers the northern Mediterranean coast almost continuously from west Morocco and Spain in the west, to the Aegean Sea in the east (Baino et al. 2001). Six trawl surveys are carried out each year in the coastal areas of four arbitrary geographically defined areas: western (Morocco, Spain, France), western central (Tyrrhenian, Corsican, Sardinia and Sicily coasts), eastern central (Adriatic, Ionian and Albanian coasts) and eastern (Aegean Sea). A total of 6,336 tows were performed between 1994 and 1999 at depths ranging from 10-800 m. This species was recorded in only 42 of 6,336 tows during this survey (frequency of occurrence of 1%) and was more frequently captured in the eastern area (Baino et al. 2001). A time series of comparative trawl surveys in the Gulf of Lions indicate that this skate was historically present in both shelf and slope trawl surveys in 1957-1960 and in 1980-1984 (150-800 m), but was not present on the shelf or slope in comparable surveys in 1992-1995 (Aldebert 1997), indicating local extinction from this area.This species does not appear to have been captured in historical and recent trawl surveys of the Adriatic Sea (Jukic-Peladic 2001). Massuti and Moranta (2003) reported it in relatively recent trawl surveys off the Balearic Islands. Little is known of its current distribution and abundance along northwest African coastlines, except that it now appears to be uncommon in Tunisian waters.The overall population trend of the species in European waters is unknown.","The species is found on the continental shelf and slope at depths of 20-500 m, and more commonly at about 200 m in the Mediterranean Sea (Serena 2005). It is typically an offshore species, occurring further offshore than, for example, Spotted Skate (Raja montagui) and Thornback Skate (Raja clavata). It is abundant on coarse sand and gravel substrates in the Irish Sea and western English Channel. The size at maturity is estimated at 55 cm total length (TL) for both males and females (Walker 1999) with a maximum size of about 72 cm TL (Stehmann and Bürkel 1984, Ellis et al. 2005). In the Mediterranean Sea, the maximum size recorded is about 70 cm TL and size at first maturity is 60 cm TL in females (Serena 2005). Age at maturity for females and males is estimated at 7.4 and 6.8 years, respectively, in the North Sea (Walker 1999), and age at 50% maturity is just over four years in the Irish Sea (Gallagher et al. 2005). Around the British Isles, males and females first mature at 48 and 45 cm TL, respectively (McCully et al. 2012). Additionally, length at 50% maturity (L­­50) is estimated as 56.3 cm (males) and 59.4 cm (females). There is a significant difference in the L­­50 for both sexes between the North Sea and Celtic Seas ecoregions, with females and males in the North Sea 6.2 to 6.5 cm smaller at this stage than in the Celtic Seas. The estimated L­­50 in Portuguese waters is 56.5 and 56 cm TL for females and males, respectively (Maia et al. 2012). Longevity is reported at 12 years (Du Buit 1976b), which in conjunction with an age at 50% maturity of four years would indicate a generation time of eight years for individuals in the Irish Sea. In Portuguese waters, actively spawning females and males can be found throughout the year, though the percentage of actively spawning individuals is higher between January and May (Maia et al. 2012). The maximum potential fecundity is estimated between 60 and 63 mature follicles for spawning-capable and actively spawning females, respectively. Batch fecundity was estimated as seven follicles per batch, with nine reproductive episodes per female. Other studies have indicated that females produce about 90 eggs per year after an eight month gestation period (Clark 1922, Du Buit 1976a, Bauchot 1987).","The species is taken as bycatch in mixed demersal fisheries through much of its range and usually retained. Due to occurring further offshore than other skates, this species is less important to recreational fisheries. Increasing fuel prices are thought to have resulted in some fisheries operating closer to port, which may benefit offshore skates.Northeast AtlanticSkates are an important component of the demersal fisheries of northwest Europe; when caught, this species is landed and sold (Holden 1977, Dulvy et al. 2000). Off the Bay of Biscay it is mainly landed by polyvalent trawlers and longliners operating further offshore (ICES 2013). It may be an important component in mixed demersal fisheries where abundant, and is landed as a bycatch in trawl fisheries throughout its Atlantic range, though smaller individuals tend to be discarded (Silva et al. 2012). This skate is one of the more frequent species landed by the commercial fisheries operating in the Celtic Sea and Iberian waters. Craven et al. (2013) found it to be the dominant bycatch species of scallop dredge fisheries in the northern Irish Sea around the Isle of Man, constituting around 27% of total bycatch.Mediterranean SeaThe situation in the Mediterranean Sea may be similar to that in the Northeast Atlantic: this species may be part of the bycatch of multispecies trawl fisheries typical in the shelf seas of the Mediterranean basin. Demersal trawl effort has increased both numerically and in technological terms in the shelf and slope areas of the Mediterranean Sea over the last 50 years. The continental shelf and upper slope are highly exploited, with intensive commercial trawling occurring at depths ranging from 50-800 m (Colloca et al. 2003, Massuti and Moranta 2003). Although only adult individuals may be landed for consumption, most size classes are likely to be taken in fishing nets as the legal mesh size used in much of the Mediterranean Sea is approximately 20 mm. The relatively small size of this skate suggests that its life history and demography may allow some capacity to withstand moderate fishing pressure (Dulvy et al. 2000, Stevens et al. 2000).","Though there are no species-specific management measures in place, there is a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for skates and rays in the Northeast Atlantic, and this species may benefit from more generic management measures for demersal fisheries (e.g., mesh size regulations and effort reduction). More information on stock status is required, and the status of stocks in those areas where this species is exploited most (e.g., Celtic Seas) need to be better assessed.In 1999, the European Union (EU) introduced a TAC for skates and rays of 6,060 tonnes (t) for fisheries operating in the Norwegian Sea and North Sea (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea [ICES] Division IIa and Subarea IV) based on landing statistics from the previous five years. This TAC has been progressively reduced by 8−25% annually to the current level of 1,256 t. As part of the TAC, the bycatch quota for vessels over 15 meters was set at 25% of live weight of catch retained on board per trip. For much of this period (1999-2014), the TAC was higher than reported landings and therefore not effectively constraining catches. Skate and ray TACs were established for other EU waters in 2009, including the Skagerrak and Kattegat (ICES Division IIIa) and from the northwest coast of Scotland and North Ireland to Portuguese waters (ICES Subareas VI-IX) and have also been gradually reduced since then. In 2013, the TAC for all skate and ray species grouped was 21,800 t (regulations are available online at http://faolex.fao.org).Since 2008, the European Commission has obliged member states to provide species-specific landings data for the major North Sea species, including Cuckoo Skate, in order to improve understanding of skate stocks in the area (CEC 2008). In 2009, this obligation was extended to other ICES divisions, including the Celtic Seas (CEC 2009), and has been ongoing since 2008 (CEC 2013). EC Council Regulation 43/2012 that established a TAC of 4,222 t in 2012 for skates (all species in the family Rajidae) in ICES Subareas VIII and IX (Bay of Biscay and Iberian waters) also indicated that catches of Cuckoo Skate and Thornback Skate should be reported separately (ICES 2013).Further research should be conducted on the population size and trend of the species.","In the Northeast Atlantic, when caught, this species is landed and sold (Holden 1977, Dulvy et al. 2000). ","Mancusi, C.","Ellis, J., Dulvy, N. & Walls, R.","Fordham, S., Ungaro, N., Serena, F., Tinti, F., Bertozzi, M., Pasolini, P., Mancusi, C. & Notarbartolo di Sciara, G.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CARANGIDAE,Lichia,amia,,Lichia amia,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) In the eastern Atlantic Ocean, Lichia amia occurs from southern Bay of Biscay to South Africa, including the Mediterranean. It has been recorded in the Canary Islands, however records from the Azores are unconfirmed. It previously occurred in the Black Sea, however there are no known recent records and it may have been extirpated from this part of its range. It is a pelagic, oceanadromous species which occurs to depths of 50 m. It is found in coastal waters and in estuaries. It is primarily piscivorous, feeding on small fishes. Commercially important small pelagics, such as Sardinella aurita, were found to form a major portion of the diet. Lichia amia appears to be a targeted commercial species in eastern Mediterranean driftnet fisheries. Additionally, it is taken as bycatch in various fisheries, including tuna driftnet fisheries and purse seine fisheries throughout the Mediterranean. It is inferred that L. amia is taken as commercially-important bycatch of industrial and artisanal fisheries targeting small pelagics throughout its range. Aggregated global landings of L. amia, declared to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), have declined roughly 80% since the 1980s, and this declining trend is reflected in varying degrees in every fishing region from which this landings are declared (Eastern Central Atlantic, Mediterranean/Black Sea, Northeast Atlantic, Southeast Atlantic). In the northeast Atlantic, landing statistics are driven primarily by the Mediterranean and Black Sea Fishing Region, where landing statistics may be unreliable due to misidentification issues. The only known minimum size restrictions in place are from Turkey, and are below the size at first maturity for this species. Additionally, this species may have been extirpated from the Black Sea since the 1960s. It is found in marine protected areas and has been shown to benefit from their creation. Although the reported landings have declined substantially since the 1980s, these are not thought to reflect true population declines. Therefore, L. amia is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Lichia amia is found in the western Indian Ocean and eastern Atlantic Ocean. In the eastern Atlantic, L. amia occurs from southern Bay of Biscay to South Africa, including the Mediterranean. It has been recorded in the Canary Islands (Dooley et al. 1985) and at the offshore islands of São Tomé and Príncipe islands, Gulf of Guinea (Wirtz et al. 2007). Records from the Azores may be mis-identifications of Seriola spp. (Santos et al. 1997).  In the Mediterranean, Lichia amia occurs in the Iberian waters (Dempster et al. 2002), in the southern Tunisia (Souissi et al. 2005), in the Tyrrhenian Sea (Romanelli et al. 2002), in the central Adriatic Sea (Dulčić and Glamuzina 2006), and in the Aegean waters (Akin et al. 2005). In 1959, this species occasionally occurred in the Black Sea (Slastenenko 1959); however, there are no recent confirmed records. This species has been recorded at depths of up to 50 meters.","Population Structure There is no information on the population structure of L. amia in the northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea assessment region. A study using mitochondrial control region found that L. amia in South Africa and Angola represent genetically structured, distinct stocks across the Benguela current (Henriques et al. 2012).  Regional population information: northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea Lichia amia was not recorded before 1950 to the north of Portugal, and is thought to be undergoing north-wards range expansion (Quero 1998). In the Mediterranean Sea, this fish is widespread but not common and abundant only seasonally in certain areas. In the Adriatic Sea, eastern Mediterranean, Lichia amia was described as being among the most commonly collected fishes in the early 1990s (Dulčić and Kraljević 1996).  Lichia amia accounted for 0.1% by numbers of the fishes collected in the central portion of the Libyan coast, and 0.02% of the fishes collected in the eastern portion of the range (Shakman and Kinzelbach 2007). It was the least abundant carangid collected at experimental fish aggregating devices placed at depths of 24–70 metres off the coast of Sicily, and was not collected at devices placed in deeper waters of 120 metres (d'Anna et al. 1999). Romanelli et al. (2002) states that 15 juvenile specimens were collected in the Gulf of Salerno in the fishing season of 1997, with 52 hauls using a hand hauled commercial seine (wings: 70 m each, mouth width: 8 m). According to Dulčić and Glamuzina (2006), 68 specimens ranging in size from 33.6 to 49.5 cm TL were collected from three eastern Adriatic estuarine systems, using various fishing gears (beach seine, fyke-net, gill nets, fish traps). Thirteen individuals ranging in size from 16.6 to 102 cm, with a mean of 35.60 cm, were collected in a study of the weight length relationships of fishes of the littoral to lower slope habitats of the Balearic Islands and the Iberian coast, western Mediterranean (Morey et al. 2003). The mean length is below the length at first maturity of 55 cm for this species (Smith-Vaniz in press). The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) landings for this species in the Mediterranean show dramatic declines, however the available landing statistics are an aggregation of at least two species. In Turkey, this species is sometimes reported under the FAO name Greater Amberjack. In 2000, the Leerfish and Greater Amberjack were separated by statistics in Turkey and therefore it appears as if the dramatic declines may be due to a statistical anomaly (Di Natale et al. 2011). Global Population Information Landings are declared from the following FAO fishing regions, in order of decreasing landings: Eastern Central Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea, North East Atlantic, South East Atlantic. The overall trend in landings is one of gradual decrease from peaks of 6000 to 8000 tonnes the mid-to-late 1980s to 1000–2000 tonnes from the year 2000 onwards - a decline of roughly 80%. The declining trend is reflected in the landings of each fishing region.","Lichia amia is a pelagic and oceanodromous species. It is found in coastal waters and occasionally enters the lower reaches of rivers (Okeyo 2003) and estuaries (Dulčić and Glamuzina 2006). As adults L. amia feed mainly on fishes while juveniles prefer crustaceans (Van der Elst et al. 1991). Dietary studies indicate that, in some areas, commercially-important small pelagics, such as Sardinella aurita, dominate the diet (Potts et al. 2010). Off the coast of Angola, females attain sexual maturity at 2.4 years (Potts et al. 2008). Lichia amia reproduces during the April to June in the Mediterranean (Lloret et al. 2000). This species is reported to attain 200 cm total length (TL). It is common to 100 cm total length. This species attains sexual maturity at about 55 cm total length (Smith-Vaniz in press). The All-tackle IGFA world angling record for this species 23.7 kg (IGFA 2014).","Lichia amia is poorly characterized in terms of use and trade. It appears to be a targeted commercial species in eastern Mediterranean driftnet fisheries. It is also taken as bycatch in various additional fisheries, including tuna driftnet fisheries and purse seine fisheries throughout the Mediterranean. This species feeds on small pelagics, and it is inferred that L. amia is taken as commercially-important bycatch of industrial and artisanal pelagic fisheries throughout its range. Lichia amia, described as a voracious piscivore feeding on schools of small fishes, appears to display similar habitat and ecology characteristics to the bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix, which is suspected to be undergoing population declines in the region and may face similar levels of fishing pressure. The only known a minimum-size limit in place for Lichia amia is 20 cm in Turkey, and is below the size at first maturity of  for this species. The aggregated global declared FAO landings for L. amia have declined roughly 80% since the 1980s, and this declining trend is reflected in varying degrees in every fishing region from which this landings are declared (Eastern Central Atlantic, Mediterranean/Black Sea, Northeast Atlantic, Southeast Atlantic). Misidentification issues have been highlighted from the FAO Mediterranean fishing zone, making landing statistics from the region unreliable. The mean size Additionally, this species may have been extirpated from the Black Sea, and there is concern about overfishing of stocks in South Africa (Potts et al. 2008). Mediterranean fisheries are concentrated along coastal areas, where biodiversity is greatest. The majority (80%) of the Mediterranean fleet is comprised of vessels <12 m, and, therefore, Mediterranean fisheries can be thought of as small-scale artisanal fisheries. Additionally, fisheries tend to be multi-species, making stock assessments difficult and expensive. There are several issues of concern which include the widespread targeting of small species or larger juvenile finfish prior to maturity, the observed reduction in the mean trophic level of Mediterranean catches, and high discard rates (40-56% of the catch taken in waters <150 m) and the generalized reduction in mean abundance of piscivorous species (Vassilopoulou 2010). According to a 2013 synthesis of the Status of Mediterranean and Black Sea resources in European Waters, while the state of knowledge on the Mediterranean and Black Sea stocks is improving rapidly, between 94% and 95% of stocks analyzed are overexploited. Recent observed reductions in nominal fishing effort have not resulted in declines in fishing mortality. Overall reductions in F between 45% and 51% are needed in order to reach maximum sustainable yields (Cardinale and Osio 2013).","There is a minimum size limit of 20 cm TL in Turkey. Additionally, because it is an important recreational species, there is interest in developing management plans in Angola and South Africa (Potts 2008). This species is found in marine protected areas, and its population has been observed to benefit from their creation (Gómez et al. 2006). Lichia amia was assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011). There is a need for more research to better characterize harvest and population levels within the Mediterranean. Monitoring of harvest levels is recommended.","Lichia amia is taken in low numbers in a number of Mediterranean fisheries utilizing various gears including, gillnets, and purse seines (Coll et al. 2004). Lichia amia ranging in weight from 6 to 13 kg are taken in small numbers as bycatch in tuna driftnet fisheries of the northwestern Mediterranean (Bӑnaru et al. 2010). They are also taken with specialized driftnets in the eastern Mediterranean (Akyol et al. 2003) Small numbers (0.4% of catches) are also taken in the purse seine fishery in Iskenderun Bay, Turkey (Zengin and Karakulak 2009). This species is targeted by recreational spearfishing in the northwestern Mediterranean, and there is concern that this may be in direct competition with artisanal fisheries operating in the region (Lloret et al. 2008).  It is an important recreational species off the coasts of Angola and South Africa (Potts et al. 2010), however whether or not this is the case in the northeastern Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea assessment region is unknown. Many carangids are utilized fresh, frozen, smoked, and/or dried-salted (Smith-Vaniz in press).","Harwell, H.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,PLEURONECTIDAE,Limanda,limanda,,Limanda limanda,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Limanda limanda is distributed from the Bay of Biscay to the North Sea, Baltic Sea, Iceland, Norway and to the Barents Sea. This species is most abundant in the southern North Sea. It occurs over sandy substrates to depths of 200 m, while juveniles can be found in shallower waters. Limanda limanda is taken as bycatch in a number of fisheries, particularly demersal trawl fisheries, and may also be impacted by eutrophication and pollution events occurring within its range. This is an abundant species which appears to be increasing in abundance in parts of its range, particularly in the southern North Sea where it appears to be most abundant. Limanda limanda is the subject of regulatory measures, including total allowable catches (TACs). It is also found in marine protected areas throughout its range. Limanda limanda is assessed as Least Concern (LC).",Increasing,"Limanda limanda is distributed from the Bay of Biscay to the North Sea, Baltic Sea, Iceland, Norway and to the Barents Sea. This species is most abundant in the southern North Sea. This species is primarily distributed in the western part of the Baltic Sea and the eastern front of its range is not clearly described (ICES 2013). Adults are more common between from 20 m to 40 m and can occur to 200 m depth (Htun-Han 1978, Lee 1972). Juveniles occur in shallower areas from less than one metre.",Limanda limanda is a common and abundant species which is captured as bycatch in demersal trawl fisheries. It is the most abundant demersal species in the southern North Sea (Daan et al. 1990). The relative impact of fishing mortality on the population is not clearly understood. Stocks in the North Sea are considered stable and the abundance in the Skagerrak–Kattegat area is increasing. The stock size indicator for 2010 to 2012 is 7% higher for the North Sea and 16% higher for Skagerrak–Kattegat than the average from the years of 2005 to 2009 (ICES 2013). There is some evidence for the existence of three populations structured by depth in the Baltic Sea (ICES 2013).,"Habitat and Ecology Juvenile Limanda limanda uses shallow, sandy sediments in coastal waters as nursery grounds. Older, larger individuals of Limanda limanda occur in neritic waters on sandy substrata. This species is generalized benthivore which feeds on a wide variety of prey including brittle stars, crustaceans, polychaetes, other echinoderms (sea urchins), bivalves and small fishes. Females of this species tend to consume a significantly greater amount of food than males (Lozán 1992). This species is sensitive to sounds with frequencies from 30 Hz to 250 Hz with the greatest sensitivity from 110 Hz to 160 Hz (Chapman and Sand 1974). Life History and Reproduction The spawning grounds of this species are offshore from 30 m to 50 m depth. The spawning season is from January to September with shorter seasons for each spawning ground. Older, larger individuals commence reproduction first. This species batch spawns with the ovaries maturing at two different rates (Hendersen 1998). Along the west coast of the British Isles, peak spawning takes place from February to April, as late as July in the Barents Sea, and in the North Sea spawning starts in the south in late January/February and progresses northwards and inwards towards deeper water where peak spawning occurs from May to June (Hendersen 1998). Larvae become benthic between 13 mm and 20 mm length (Russell 1976) and settle out at depths of two to five metres (Bolle et al. 1994). Growth rates vary between populations (Jonsson 1966, Lee 1972, Ortega Salas 1988). Maximum size for this species is 40 cm standard length (SL) (Nielsen 1986). In the North Sea, the species matures at lengths from 10 cm to 14 cm (Lee 1972, Htun 1978). In the North Sea, the age of first reproduction is two years for males and two to three years for females (Bohl 1957). Life expectancy in the Irish Sea is eight to nine years and 11 years in the North Sea (Ortega Salas 1981, Lee 1972).","Limanda limanda is a component of the bycatch of demersal trawl fisheries in nearshore and offshore waters. It is exposed to polyaromatic contaminants (Piechotta et al 1999, Sleiderink et al. 2005) in nearshore waters. Although L. limanda has demonstrated the ability to adapt to low oxygen levels, lethally low levels of oxygen induces stress which in turn can result in the outbreak of disease such as lymphocystis and epidermal papilloma (Weber 1993, Mellergaard and Nielsen 1995).  In the past, L. limanda experienced both inhibitory and stimulatory immune responses when exposed to diesel-based drilling mud which was common around drilling platforms in the North Sea (Tahir et al. 1993). Since this species is sensitive to sounds with frequencies from 30 Hz to 250  Hz with the greatest sensitivity from 110 Hz to 160 Hz (Chapman and Sand  1974), it may be impacted in areas with high sound production.","Limanda limanda is subject to several regulatory measures within the ICES area. In the North Sea, this species is subject to total allowable catches (TAC) which have been set at 7,795 tonnes in 2014. In the Baltic Sea TACs have been set at 1,437 tonnes in 2014 (ICES 2013). Limanda limanda is considered a monitoring organism for pollution levels in the North Sea and western Baltic (Piechotta et al. 1999).","Limanda limanda is captured as bycatch, primarily in the beam trawl but also in the shrimp, flatfish and demersal species fisheries. Catches of this species may be discarded depending on the availability of the target species and the market price. Landings of L. limanda have decreased since the year 2000 (ICES 2013). In the inner Danish waters, this species is included among a mix of flatfish species taken in a variety of inshore fisheries. In other areas it is a bycatch species in demersal trawl fisheries. Global landings of L. limanda peaked in 1998 at 22,134 t and declined to 10,698 t by 2008. Information on total catch is not available, but discards are considered to be substantial (ICES 2013). The total landings for L. limanda in the North Sea in 2012 were 6,673 t, 50% of which were landed by beam trawl and 45% from otter trawl. Landings for 2012 were 1,300 t primarily by the demersal trawl fishery. Total catches for 2012 are unknown as discards are high but not quantifiable (ICES 2013).","Strongin, K.","Monroe, T., Costa, M., Nielsen, J., Herrera, J. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,LINOPHRYNIDAE,Linophryne,arcturi,,Linophryne arcturi,"(Beebe, 1926)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Linophryne arcturi is a widely-distributed species, which within Europe is restricted to Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,This species is known from the eastern Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Within Europe it is only known from Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014).,There is a lack of information regarding this species' population.,"This is a marine bathypelagic species, with a depth range of 650-1,900 m (Pietsch 2009).",There is a lack of information regarding threats to this species.,There is a lack of information regarding conservation actions for this species.,There is a lack of information regarding use or trade of this species.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,LINOPHRYNIDAE,Linophryne,brevibarbata,,Linophryne brevibarbata,"Beebe, 1932",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is distributed in the northern Atlantic, where it is known from a relatively small number of specimens from Bermuda to Madeira. Within the European region, it is known from Madeira and the Azores, however it is considered Least Concern as it is a deep-water species with no known threats.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in the northern Atlantic, where it is known from a relatively small number of specimens from Bermuda to Madeira, between 32o and 45o N (Pietsch 2009). Within the European region, it is only known from Madeira and the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014).",There is a lack of information regarding this species' population.,"This is a marine,&#160;bathypelagic; non-migratory&#160;species, with a depth range of 600-2,000 m (Pietsch 2009).",Assumed to have no current threats.,There is a lack of information regarding conservation actions for this species.,There is a lack of information regarding use or trade of this species. It is not targeted in fisheries.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,LINOPHRYNIDAE,Linophryne,lucifer,,Linophryne lucifer,"Collett, 1886",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Linophryne lucifer has been assessed as Least Concern. A North Atlantic species, in the European region the fish is known from Portugal (Madeira) and Iceland. This species is described as relatively common in areas of its range and and is unlikely to be threatened by any major human-induced or climatic threats at present, because of its deep-water nature. Further research should be conducted on the distribution of this species to determine if it is more widespread than currently known.",Unknown,"Linophryne lucifer is a North Atlantic species. In the European region, the fish is known from Portugal (Madeira; Carneiro et al. 2014) and Iceland (Jónsson 1992).","Linophryne lucifer has been described as ""relatively common"" in Icelandic and adjacent waters (Jónsson and Pálsson 1999).","Linophryne lucifer is a deep water angler fish showing extreme morphological differences between males and females. The smaller males are obligatory sexual parasites and cannot survive long-term without latching on to a female. The female body is short, with a large head and wide mouth with long, slender asymmetrically arranged front teeth. An illicium and luminescent esca serve as a 'rod' and 'bait' to lure prey.  The reproductive organs of both sexes cannot mature without a parasitic association with a member of the opposite sex, though it should be noted that the female can have more than one male attached. Members of the genus Linophryne are benthopelagic and are taken in midwater and bottom trawls (Bertelsen 1982, Swinney 1995).  Bertelsen (1982) relates their benthopelagic nature to a greater abundance of food in this zone, compared to the mesopelagic. Records of Ceratioid fish are confined to the waters off the south and west of Iceland. Few specimens have been collected in the northern fishing grounds, indicating that the distribution of Ceratioid fish maybe limited to the warmer Atlantic waters (Jónsson and Pálsson 1999). In this study, specimens were taken at depths of 500-1,000 m. A single specimen was collected by Soviet research vessels at 1,220-1,275 m on the west Australian Ridge.","Specimens of Linophryne lucifer are taken as by-catch during commercial fishery trawling (Ejsymont 1970). However, it is unlikely that this poses a significant threat to the population, as it is also found to occur outside of commercial fishery zones.",There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for Linophryne lucifer. Further research is needed to confirm the distribution of this species.,The fish is not utilised.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Richman, N. & Collen, B.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,LINOPHRYNIDAE,Linophryne,maderensis,,Linophryne maderensis,"Maul, 1961",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"This fish is only known from the eastern Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Madeira. This species has been reported at depths of&#160;to 880 m. It appears to be rare and is known from only three specimens. Whilst it is assumed that the fish is not impacted by fishery activities and there are no known species-specific threats, the fish is known from such a small number of records that its true distribution can not be defined, and it is considered Data Deficient. Further research is required for this species.",Unknown,This fish is only known from the eastern Atlantic off the coast of Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014). This species has been reported at depths of zero to 880 m (Pietsch 2009).,"There is little species-species population information available for L. maderensis. This species is rare in museum collections and is apparently known from three specimens, with males being unknown (Bertelsen 1986).",This species occurs at depths of up to 880 m.,There are no known species-specific threats to the fish.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place or required for this fish, although further information on its distribution is needed.","There is no use and trade information available for the fish, however&#160;it is unlikely to be utilised.","Smith, S., Polidoro, B., Ralph, G., Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Knudsen, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,LINOPHRYNIDAE,Linophryne,polypogon,,Linophryne polypogon,"Regan, 1925",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) This fish is known from three records globally, two of which are from the European region (off Madeira and off the Azores) in the Eastern Atlantic. It is known from depths of 1,055 to 1,295 m. Whilst it is assumed that the fish is not impacted by fishery activities and there are no known species-specific threats, the fish is known from such a small number of records that its true distribution can not be defined, and it is considered Data Deficient. Further research is required for this species.",Unknown,"This fish is known from very few records. In the eastern Atlantic it is known from two records off Madeira (Portugal; 33°26'N, 16°59'W) and from off the Azores (Pietsch 2009). Pietsch (2009) reports a single specimen from the East China Sea. Known from depths of 1,055 to 1,295 m (Pietsch 2009).",No information available. Apparently known from only three specimens globally.,L. polypogon is a deep-water species.,"There is no species-specific threat information available, however as a deep-water species, it is assumed to not be threatened.",Further information on the species' distribution is needed.,There is no use and trade information although it is unlikely utilized.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Knudsen, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,LINOPHRYNIDAE,Linophryne,racemifera,,Linophryne racemifera,"Regan & Trewavas, 1932",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) This fish is known from a very small number of specimens globally, two of which are from the European region (off Madeira and off the Canaries) in the eastern Atlantic. It has been collected at depths ranging from 210 to at least 1,500 m. Whilst it is assumed that the fish is not impacted by fishery activities and there are no known species-specific threats, the fish is known from such a small number of records that its true distribution can not be defined, and it is considered Data Deficient. Further research is required for this species.",Unknown,"The fish is known from a very small number of specimens in the eastern Atlantic (Madeira, Portugal; Carneiro et al. 2014 and off the Canaries; Bordes Caballero et al. 2009), from a record off the northeast coast of South America, a record off California, and has also been recorded from off Hawaii. This species has been collected from depths 210 to 1,500 m, although one specimen was collected using a pelagic net with 4,000 m of cable (Pietsch 2009).",There is little species-specific population information available. Known from a very small number of specimens.,"A deepwater species collected at depths ranging from 210 to at least 1,500 m.",There are no known species-specific threats.,There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place. Further information in the species distribution is needed.,"There is no use and trade information available, but not known to be taken in fisheries.","Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Knudsen, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,LINOPHRYNIDAE,Linophryne,sexfilis,,Linophryne sexfilis,"Bertelsen, 1973",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"This fish is known from the Eastern Central Atlantic, from a very small number of records off Madeira and the Canary Islands, where it was collected at depths of between 1,000 to 1,250 m. Whilst it is assumed that the fish is not impacted by fishery activities and there are no known species-specific threats, the fish is known from such a small number of records that its true distribution can not be defined, and it is considered Data Deficient. Further research is required for this species.",Unknown,"This fish is apparently only known from off Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014) and from the seas around the Canary Islands (30°04'N, 23°00'W) at a depth of between 1,000 to 1,250 m (Pietsch 2009).",This fish is known from a very small number of specimens (Pietsch 2009).,This is a deepwater species with very little population information.,There are no known species-specific threats.,"There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place or needed, although further distribution data are required.",There is no use and trade information available although it is likely not utilized.,"Smith, S., Polidoro, B., Allen, D.J., Nieto, A. & Ralph, G.","Knudsen, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,PLEURONECTIDAE,Liopsetta,glacialis,,Liopsetta glacialis,"(Pallas, 1776)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Liopsetta glacialis is nearly circumpolar in distribution. It occurs off northern Europe in the White Sea and Barents Sea, including Spitzbergen and eastwards. It is found at depths ranging from 1 to 90 m and occurs in a variety of habitats. There is little species-specific population information available for L. glacialis. It is harvested to a minor extent by Russian fisheries in Arctic waters. This species may be more at risk to be impacted by climate change. There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for L. glacialis, however its distribution likely overlaps marine protected areas. Liopsetta glacialis is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"This species is nearly circumpolar in distribution and also occurs along the coast of Siberia, in Arctic Alaskan waters and the Bering Sea (Pruter and Alverson 1962). It also occurs in Arctic Canada. It occurs off northern Europe in the White Sea and Barents Sea, including Spitzbergen and eastwards. It is found at depths ranging from 1 to 90 m (Fedorov et al. 2003).",There is little information available on the abundance of this species.,"Liopsetta glacialis is found on mud and sand bottoms in shallow coastal waters and in estuaries and frequently enters freshwaters (Nielsen 1986, Kottelat and Freyhof 2007). Spawning takes place from December to May under ice. In the White Sea, spawning occurs in May. This species feeds on small fishes and benthic invertebrates.  The maximum length of this species is 35 cm TL (Berg 1965). There is no information available for age and size at maturity. Optimal salinity for Liopsetta glacialis egg fertilization is 28.9‰ (Doroshev and Aronovich 1974). The eggs of L. glacialis do not contain an oil globule, embryonic organs begin to function by day 18 or 19 of development, and the eggs hatch between the 22nd and 42nd day. Emergent larvae are 5.56±0.04 mm in length. Larval growth and yolk sac absorption in the White Sea are slow and temperature dependent (Aronovich et al. 1975). ","Since this is a shallow water Arctic species, global warming may have significant impacts on populations of this species. Climate change may lead to numerous extinctions to species occurring in subpolar regions (Cheung et al. 2009)","There are no species-specific conservation efforts in place for L. glacialis. However, the range of this species overlaps with a number of marine protected areas (IUCN and UNEP 2013).","Liopsetta glacialis is harvested to a limited extent by Russia in the Barents, White and Kara Seas (Christiansen et al. 2014).","Strongin, K.","de Sola, L., Nielsen, J., Monroe, T., Costa, M. & Herrera, J.","Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,LIPARIDAE,Liparis,liparis,,Liparis liparis,"(Linnaeus, 1766)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,Liparis liparis is widely distributed in the Northeastern Atlantic and utilizes a variety of habitats. There are no major threats impacting it across its full range. It is not utilized and overlaps with marine reserves in parts of its range. It is listed as Least Concern.,Unknown,"Liparis liparis is restricted to the northeast Atlantic Ocean. Liparis liparis is distributed from Norway and Iceland south to the Bay of Biscay (Wheeler 1969, Able 1990, D. Stein pers. comm. 2008, Wienerroither et al. 2011). This species can occur from the sublittoral zone to 300 m depth (Kullander et al. 2012, HELCOM 2013).","Liparis liparis is common in British waters and is the fourth most abundant fish species within the Severn Estuary (Henderson and Holmes 1990). In the Severn Estuary, the sex ratio determined in a study conducted between the years 1973 and 1976, was about 1:1.2 from October to December and in January, when males begin their migration to the spawning area, the ratio of males to females was ~1:4 and rose to 1:10 by mid February. Length-frequency distribution data collected for the Severn Estuary population indicates that a single age class is present between October and January with a minor change in January and February where curves suggest a low presence of older fish (Badsha and Sainsbury 1978). The abundance of this species at Hinkley Point is correlated with temperature but the data can be interpreted in two ways: the size of the population decreases with increasing temperature, or the fish are more inclined to move inshore the lower the temperature (Henderson and Holmes 1990). Henderson and Holmes (1990) observed great stability in the L. liparis population over a ten year period. In order for the population to stay below the carrying capacity of the Bristol Channel, tight, temporally constant constraints much be acting within the first five months of life prior to the juveniles entering the channel (Henderson and Holmes 1990). Towards the southern reaches of its range, this annual species appears to reduce extinction risk due to its low between-year recruitment variation (Henserson and Seaby 1999).  Population Structure: The Baltic Sea and Kattegat populations are sometimes considered separate subspecies (Kullander 2012). Liparis liparis barbatus is the name given to the Baltic Sea population/subspecies.  Population Information by Region: Baltic Sea: This species is rare in the Kattegat and the southern parts of the Baltic Sea. It becomes more common north of the Kattegat and in the Northern Baltic Proper and the Bothnian Sea (HELCOM RedList Assessment 2013). In the Kattegat (cooling water intake at Ringhals powerplant) there is no trend in population numbers (HELCOM FactSheet).","Liparis liparis is a small, benthic, inshore species with a short lifespan of one year in the most southerly reaches of its range, and to two and three years in more northerly waters. A mature adult can grow to 18 cm TL (Wienerroither et al. 2013). Spawning takes place in the winter, the eggs are benthic and are attached to hydroids, bryozoans and algae. The larvae are pelagic (Muus and Nielsen 1999, Wienerroither et al. 2013). This species feeds primarily on crustaceans and occasionally fishes and polychaetes. This species is found in the subtidal zone to the epipelagic zone, and is reported to have a broad depth range, from just beneath the surface down to 300 m (Stein and Able 1986, Kullander et al. 2012). A generation length of under three years was estimated by the HELCOM Red List Assessment Project (2013).","The near-shore habitat of Liparis liparis has been impacted by pollution discharges, such as sewage and industrial waste, over much of the last century or more. However, these impacts are thought to be localised and not impacting the species across the full extent of its range. It could be threatened by eutrophication (HELCOM Fact Sheet 2013).","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Liparis liparis. Further research is needed to determine the current extent and severity of threats to this species. It is not considered globally threatened (Stein 2010) and was assessed by the HELCOM RedList project as Least Concern, since it has a wide distribution, broad depth range, and a lack of confirmed species-specific threats (HELCOM Red List Assessment 2013). There are no species-specific conservation measures in place. However, this species’ range overlaps with marine protected areas (World Database on Protected Areas, accessed April 2014).",Liparis liparis is not of commercial interest (Henderson and Holmes 1990).,"Strongin, K.","Florin, A., Lorance, P., Keskin, Ç. & Herrera, J.","De Silva, R., Milligan, H., Lutz, M., Batchelor, A., Jopling, B., Kemp, K., Lewis, S., Lintott, P., Sears, J., Wilson, P., Smith, J. and Livingston, F.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,LIPARIDAE,Liparis,montagui,,Liparis montagui,"(Donovan, 1804)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Liparis montagui is restricted to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is common. Liparis montagui is not of commercial interest and current threats are unknown; however, it may be impacted by localized threats such as eutrophication. This is not considered a major threat at this time. Therefore, Liparis montagui is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Liparis montagui is restricted to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, where it occurs from Norway and Iceland south to Portugal (Lindeberg 1973, Matallanas 1983, Bañon et al. 2010). This species can occur from intertidal areas to depths of 30 m (Stein and Able 1986).","Liparis montagui is a common species off Irish coasts and other parts of its range; however, its occurrence is sporadic (Duune 1981). Occurrence was under nine percent in the Solent coastal region, of England (Pickett et al. 2002). This is a strictly marine species which is found in the Kattegat basin and in the Sound in the HELCOM area. Swedish monitoring by Isaac-Kidd trawl in Ringhals nuclear power plant in the Kattegat 1981–2011 shows low numbers with only a few individuals every other year, but no indication of decline. The HELCOM Red list project found that population data for this species were scarce but there were no indications of population trends (HELCOM 2013). This species is rare around the British Isles (Rogers and Millner 1996).","Liparis montagui inhabits the sublittoral fringe and clings to fronds and holdfasts of macroalgae. This species can live for a least three years and individuals become sexually mature at the age of two. Spawning takes place in the winter. Liparis montagui lays its eggs in clumps under rocks or in crevices (Wheeler 1969). The exact number of eggs depends upon the size of the individual but a few hundred eggs are usually produced. The larvae of L. montagui is planktonic until they attain 1.6 cm in length and have settled to a benthic habitat and are 2.3 cm in length (Dunne unpublished). This species is a carnivore and feeds on isopods, amphipods, ostracods, copepods and polychaetes (Dunne 1981). The maximum length of the species  is 12 cm TL (Muus and Dahlström 1978).","Eutrophication in the area may impact the population of this species as its needs clean water and sediments for spawning, egg deposition and larval habitats (HELCOM Red List Assessment&#160;2013). However, no species-specific threats have been identified for this species.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place. However, this species’ range overlaps with marine protected areas (World Database on Protected Areas, accessed April 2014).",Use and trade information is not available for this species.,"Strongin, K.","Florin, A., Lorance, P., Keskin, Ç. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,BLENNIIDAE,Lipophrys,pholis,,Lipophrys pholis,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Lipophrys pholis is found in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, including the western Mediterranean Sea. It is a widespread species that is locally abundant. There are no well-documented major threats across its entire range, and the population seems to be stable. Therefore, L. pholis is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Lipophrys pholis is found in the eastern Atlantic from southern Norway to Morocco, including Macaronesia (Almada et al. 2001). It is also found in the western Mediterranean to the Balearic Islands (Zander 1986). Lipophrys pholis has been recorded from 0 to 8 m (Zander 1986).","Lipophrys pholis is a common and locally abundant species in tide pools along the northeastern Atlantic coast (Nieder 1993, Faria and Almada 1999, Lima et al. 2008).","Lipophrys pholis is a resident intertidal species with homing behavior (Gibson 1999) found in shallow waters of rocky coasts. It may remain out of water under rocks or seaweeds (Martin and Bridges 1999), and is mostly active at daytime during high tide. This species feeds on small benthic invertebrates, especially gastropods, barnacles, amphipods, and algae. It breathes air when out of water (Martin and Bridges 1999). Spawning takes place in April - August (Muus and Nielsen 1999). Male guards eggs from several females (Zander 1986).","Lipophrys pholis is a shallow water species and therefore could be impacted by coastal development and pollution. It is particularly sensitive to organic pollution (Lima et al. 2008) and is likely to be impacted locally. However, there is no current evidence that this constitutes a major threat for this species across its range.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place or required for this species, but it is widespread and likely occurs in protected areas.",This species can thrive in marine aquariums.,"Ahnelt, H. & Harvey, M.","Williams, J.T., Kovacic, M. & Herler, J.","Craig, M.T.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,BLENNIIDAE,Lipophrys,trigloides,,Lipophrys trigloides,"(Valenciennes, 1836)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Paralipophrys triloides is widespread and common in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and in most of the Mediterranean Sea. The population appears stable and it has no widespread threats. Therefore, P. trigloides is considered Least Concern.",Stable,"In the eastern Atlantic, L. trigloides is present along the coasts of France (from the Bay of Biscay), the Iberian Peninsula, Morocco, southwards to Senegal, including the Canary Islands. It is known from the coast of Portugal, the Azores, and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014). This species is distributed throughout the Mediterranean Sea (although not known from Egypt and Libya), including the Levant Sea, the Sea of Marmara, and the Balearic Islands (Fischer et al. 2007). It is typically found in the surf zone, from about 0 to 1 m (Zander 1986).",Paralipophrys trigloides is a common species with a stable population.,"Paralipophrys trigloides is a shallow water species, inhabiting rocky shores (Bath 1990). It may remain out of water under rocks and seaweeds where it can breathe air (Martin and Bridges 1999). This species is very inactive except during spawning. It feeds on mussels, other benthic invertebrates and algae (Zander 1986). This is the only known nocturnally active combtooth blenny (Nieder and Zander 1993). The maximum known size is about 13 cm (Zander 1986).",There are no known widespread threats.,"No species specific conservation measures are in place or required for the species, and it occurs in marine protected areas. It was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Paralipophrys trigloides is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H. & Harvey, M.","Williams, J.T., Herler, J. & Kovacic, M.","Di Natale, A., Bariche, M., Massuti, E., Craig, M.T., Williams, J.T., Bizsel, K. & Bilecenoglu, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SPARIDAE,Lithognathus,mormyrus,,Lithognathus mormyrus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) The species is widespread and is common in some parts of its European range. Its distribution overlaps with several marine protected areas. While in the Canary Islands there is evidence of population decline and there is also some indication that the size structure of populations is being affected by fishing in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, catch statistics have remained fairly stable and for the present there is no indication of significant overfishing and this species is therefore listed as Least Concern. However, because of increasing fishing pressures, it is recommended that this species be closely monitored for possible future population declines.",Stable,"In the European region, the species is present in all of the Mediterranean Sea and the Sea of Marmara, but is not found in the Black Sea, and is widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic, from western France (Bay of Biscay) to Gibraltar and Macaronesia (Canary Islands and Madeira (Wirtz et al. 2008). Outside Europe, the species is present south from Gibraltar along the coasts of Africa (including the Cape Verde Islands and Sao Tome-Principe) to the southwestern Indian Ocean and Red Sea (Carpenter in press).","This species is common in the eastern and southern Mediterranean Sea, but less common in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Recent research in Israel indicates that current individuals are smaller than those known from historical museum specimens, and most specimens currently caught are one year old and mature (M. Goren pers. comm.). This same trend is observed in Turkey (K. Bizsel and B. Yokes pers. comm.). In a study by Akyol and Ertosluk (2010), captures from the sea-cage farms along the coast of the Turkish Aegean Sea were determined with the use of a special cage trap and trammel net. Hand or longlines and underwater harpoons, although rare, were also in use. This species was dominant and accounted for 0.7% of the total weight of one fish farm from 2004-2008.  FAO (2014) catch statistics from 1996 to 2006 for the Mediterranean ranged from 718 mt to 1,135 mt and were fairly stable over this period, with five countries reporting catch data. Elsewhere, in Angola, there was a very significant decline in catch from 3,353 tonnes in 2006 to 223 tonnes in 2007. FAO (2014) capture production for the European region in 2012 were: Croatia nine tonnes; Cyprus five tonnes; France (NE Atlantic) 101 tonnes; Italy 568 tonnes; Portugal (NE Atlantic) 34 tonnes; Slovenia six tonnes; and Spain 151 tonnes.","This species lives over sandy or mud-sandy bottoms, as well as on seagrass beds, to a depth of about 150 m; it sometimes enters brackish waters. It is gregarious, occasionally forming sizeable schools (Carpenter in press). It is carnivorous, searching the bottom for worms, molluscs and small crustaceans (Carpenter in press). Ontogenetic variation in the dietary composition shows that while growing the fish become more generalist feeders. In the summer season, they become more selective feeders (Kallianiotis et al. 2005). The overall percentage of empty stomachs (17.7%) evidenced variation with seasons, maximum during winter (30.0%) and minimum during summer (8.3%). The prey belong to eight major groups: Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Polychaeta, Decapoda, Amphipoda, Copepoda, Echinodermata and Teleostei. Striped Sea Bream is an active seeking bottom feeder whose diet consists of diverse benthic groups, with wide range of size and morphology (Santic et al. 2010).  The longevity of this species is 12 years (Kraljevic et al. 1996), and its maximum length is 55 cm (Fischer et al. 1987). The parameters for its mortality are: Z=0.79, M=0.61 (Kallianiotis et al. 2005); and Z=0.77, M=0.42 (Kraljevic et al. 1996). The parameters of the Von Bertalanffy growth model for this species are: L.inf.=30.9 cm, K=0.21, t0=-0.99 (Kallianiotis et al. 2005); L.inf.=40.05 cm, K=0.19, t0=-0.94 (Kraljevic et al. 1996); L.inf.=33.27 cm, K=0.27, t0=0.057 (Suau 1970); and L.inf.=26.55 cm, K=0.20, t0=-1.81 (males) and L.inf.=32.6 cm, K=0.13, t0=-2.12 (females) (Turkmen and Akyurt 2003). The allometric coefficient of the length-weight relationship is 3.242 (Kallianiotis et al. 2005), 3.063 (Kraljevic et al. 1996). In the Canary Islands, the oldest age estimated was eight years. It grows relatively fast during the first few years of life, attaining approximately 50% of its maximum length during the second year. After the second year, the annual growth rate drops rapidly, related to sexual maturity. The difference in growth between sexes, with females reaching a slightly larger size than males at the same age, is characteristic of the protandric species such as L. mormyrus (Besseau and Brusle-Sicard 1991, 1995; Pajuelo et al. 2002).  In a study assessing the factors affecting mortality of Lithognathus mormyrus caught and released in a recreational fishery in the Balearic Islands, this species exhibited higher mortality rates (33%) compared to Diplodus annularis, with over 90% of the catch under the minimum legal size. Deep-hooking was the strongest predictor of mortality (Alos et al. 2009).  This species is protandrous. Sex-inversion occurred between 21 and 30 cm (at four to nine years). Males reached sexual maturity at 16.2 cm (2.5 years) and females at 9.04 cm (3.6 years). The spawning period occurs from May to September, while gamete emission peaks in June-August (Kallianiotis et al. 2005). In the Adriatic Sea, sex inversion occurs mainly at lengths between 24.1-35.2 cm (at four to eight years) (Kraljevic et al. 1996). In Turkey, reproductive activity occurs between April and August and the length at first maturity is 13.4 cm for males and 13.9 cm for females (Turkmen and Akyurt 2003).","Catches of the species have been declining in the Canary Islands during the last few years (Pajuelo et al. 2002) and fishing effort in the Mediterranean also has increased (Vitale et al. 2011), especially in the eastern Mediterranean. In a study assessing the factors affecting mortality of the species caught and released in a recreational fishery in the Balearic Islands, this species exhibited higher mortality rates (33%) compared to Diplodus annularis, with over 90% of the catch under the minimum legal size. Deep-hooking was the strongest predictor of mortality (Alos and Palmer 2009).","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. It occurs in several marine protected areas within its range. It is recommended that more genetic research and population monitoring be undertaken for the management of this species, and harvest monitoring implemented. Strategies such as promoting the use of more selective gears that reduce the capture of undersized fish (Fabi et al. 2002) and use of circle hooks and implementing gentler release techniques (Alos and Palmer 2009), should be considered in managing these species.","The species is fished throughout its range, and is an increasingly targeted and highly prized species. In the Canary Islands, this species is one of the main target species of the demersal small-scale fishery (Pajuelo 1997). It is caught at depths of between 10-100 m with traps and is captured all year round with seasonal differences in landings (Pajuelo et al. 2002). In the Mediterranean (Strait of Sicily), it is one of the principal target species and mainly caught by both trammel and gill nets throughout the year, but fishing methods, areas and price vary according to season. The growth in tourism over the past decades has brought about a higher demand for this species and other sparids, mostly in the warm seasons. Consequently, the fishing effort of the commercial artisanal fleet has increased (Vitale et al. 2011). It is caught on line gear, with bottom trawls, beach seines, trammel nets and traps (Canary Islands).","Allen, D.J., Comeros-Raynal, M. & García, M.","Russell, B.","Carpenter, K.E., Pollard, D., Yokes, B., Bizsel, K. & Goren, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Lobianchia,dofleini,,Lobianchia dofleini,"(Zugmayer, 1911)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Lobianchia dofleini is a widespread mesoplagic species, associated with depths of between 25 and 500 m. It seems to be relatively common in many parts of its range. There are no known major threats, but  it is sometimes taken as bycatch in parts of its range. There are no specific conservation measures in place for L. dofleini, but marine protected areas are located throughout its range. It is, therefore, assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Lobianchia dofleini is widespread in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans.  In the southern Indian and Pacific Oceans, L. dofleini is found between 22°S and 46°S. There are some records in the Indian Ocean at 5°N, and it is reported in the Banda Sea and off Hawai'i (Paxton et al. 1989). Lobianchia dofleini is widespread in the equatorial and subtropical Atlantic. In the western Atlantic, it is found from  25°N to 42°N and 28°S to 53°S, with a northern extension to 53°N east of 42°W in the Gulf Stream, but absent in the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, southern Sargasso Sea and off Northeast Brazil (Hulley and Paxton in press). In the eastern Atlantic, L. dofleini is found from the southern British Isles and Bay of Biscay to South Africa. Lobianchia dofleini is also found in the Mediterranean, where it is widespread (Hulley 1984, Fischer et al. 1987, Quignard and Tomasini 2000, Golani et al. 2006), including the east Ionian Sea (Mytilineou 2005), Aegean Sea (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002, Papaconstantinou 1988) and Iberian coast (Lloris et al. 1984, Massuti et al. 1996).   This species is found at depths of 300 to 500 m during the day and migrates upwards to between 25 and 200 m at night (Pusch et al. 2004).","In trawl surveys conducted in the Gulf of Cadiz, a total of three records (850 specimens) over 20 years were taken. The average size of each was ~8 cm (TL) (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2013).  In the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 64 specimens collected in seven trawls (pelagic trawl survey) (Kobyliansky et al. 2010). In the eastern Atlantic, this species is common, as indicated by mid-water trawl surveys near the Atlantic Seamount (Pusch et al. 2004) and around the Canary Islands (Wienerroither et al 2009). It is also common in museum collection records. This species is common  in the Mediterranean Sea (MEDITS trawl survey) (Spanish Mediterranean). It was recorded in all years (20 year survey), with an average of  4.1 cm (TL) of each individual (L. Gil de Sola pers comm. 2013). Larvae are very common and very abundant in Greek Seas (C. Papaconstantinou pers. comm. 2013). The frequency of occurrence of this species in the east Ionian Sea was 2.2% (abundance = 0.2/h) in 145 trawl hauls of 1 hour each (Mytilineou et al. 2005). There are a total of 1,968 museum collections with a maximum count of 982 individuals in a single lot (Accessed through Fishnet 2 Portal 2013 June).","Lobianchia dofleini is an oceanic, mesopelagic species. During daytime, it occurs between 300 and 600 m (mainly between 375 and 500) and between 25 and 400 m (mainly between 40 and 150 m) at night (Fischer et al. 1987). It was recorded at 320 m in east Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005). Lobianchia dofleini has a usual size of 44 mm. Occasionally, sizes of up to 50 mm are found in the Atlantic Ocean (Nafpaktitis 1978).   Lobianchia dofleini feeds preferentially on copepods, specifically on the species Pleuromamma xiphias. The fish follows its prey with diel vertical migration, spending its days at depths of 300-500 m and nights at 25-200 m (Pusch et al 2004). Lobianchia dofleini species exhibits sexual dimorphism. Once males reach an approximate size of 19 mm, they develop supracaudal glands composed of 6-8 overlapping luminous scales. Females, upon reaching 22-23 mm, develop infracaudal glands consisting of 2-3 luminous scales bordered by 1-2 pairs of smaller ones. Sexual maturity for either sex occurs between 32-36 mm in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. In the Indian Ocean, sexual maturity occurs at 29-31 mm (Nafpaktitis 1978).  The fecundity, spawning periodicity and early life history of this species is poorly understood.",There are no known major threats. This species is not known to be used by fisheries but may be caught as bycatch pelagic trawls (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013).,"No specific conservation measures are in place for this species. However, this species may be found in marine protected areas within its distribution range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Research into all aspects of the biology and ecology of this species is suggested. Legislative regulation for the pelagic fishery is implemented (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013). Lobianchia dofleini was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).",Lobianchia dofleini is not targeted or utilized by the commercial fishing industry.,"Strongin, K.","Kobyliansky, S., Munroe, T. & Costa, M.","Keskin, Ç., Massuti, E., Papakonstantinou, C. & Palmeri, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Lobianchia,gemellarii,,Lobianchia gemellarii,"(Cocco, 1838)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)Lobianchia gemellarii is a widespread mesoplagic species in depths from 25 to 800 m. Although there are only spares accounts of this species in the Mediterranean Sea, it appears to be common in the Canary Islands and in other parts of its range, as well. Lobianchia gemellarii is not utilized by the fishing industy, and there are no other major threats that are known towards this species; although, it is sometimes taken incidentally, as bycatch in parts of its range. Lobianchia gemellarii is, therefore, assessed as Least Concern. ",Stable," Lobianchia gemellarii is found in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. In the Indian Ocean, it is found between 2o N and 25o S east of 75o E. In the western Pacific, it is found between Japan and Australia, as well as off New Zealand (Paulin et al. 1989). In the western Atlantic, this species is found from 43°N to 43°S, off the coast of USA to Antilles (Claro 1994), including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean (Hulley and Paxton in press). In the eastern Atlantic, L. gemellarii displays a broadly tropical pattern (holo-eurytropical subpattern). Breeding populations are found between about 40oN and 39oS, but are absent between 3 and 17oN east of 30oW. There are scattered records in the Mediterranean Sea (Fischer et al. 1987): in Adriatic Sea (Bombace and Froglia 1973), Catalan Sea (Lloris et al. 1984) and northern Aegean Sea (Papaconstantinou et al. 1997). Adult Lobianchia gemellarii can be found at depths ranging from 25 to 900 m (Sassa et al. 2007).","In the eastern Atlantic, this species appears to be fairly common, as indicated by mid-water trawl surveys conducted around the Canary Islands (Wienerroither et al 2009), as well as in other parts of its range, such as the Agulhas current off South Africa (Olivar et al 1999). It is also common in museum collection records.  This is a rare species in Mediterranean Sea (Fischer et al. 1987). There are a total of 1,146 museum collections with a maximum count of 83 individuals in a single lot (Accessed through Fishnet2 Portal 2013 Portal June). In the Gulf of Cadiz, a total of 2 records (8 specimens) over 20 years were taken, with an average size of  ~8 cm total length (TL) each individual (J. Gil Herrera pers comm. 2013) Larvae are very common and very abundant in Greek Seas (C. Papaconstantinou pers. comm. 2013).","Lobianchia gemellarii is high oceanic and mesopelagic (Hulley 1986) and performs diel migrations from as deep as 300 to 800 m during the day, and up to 25 to 100 m (juveniles) and 200 to 300 m (adults) during the night for feeding purposes (Hulley 1990). Lobianchia gemellarii feed almost exclusively on zooplankton, specifically crustaceous copepods (Hulley and Paxton in press). Male and female Lobianchia gemellarii are sexually dimorphic. Upon reaching a size of 26-27 mm, males develop  supracaudal glands consisting of a series of luminous scales. Females, upon reaching 30 to 32 mm, develop infracaudal glands consisting of 2 midventral luminous scales bordered by 1 to 2 pairs of smaller ones. Sexual maturity for both sexes occurs between 40 to 45 mm (Nafpaktitis 1978). Spawning peaks from autumn to winter for this species (Hulley 1984).  Lobianchia gemellarii display size stratification with depth both day and night (Hulley 1986). Larvae of L. gemellarii remain in the epipelagic zone until transformation. At transformation, they move to the lower mesopelagic zone between 500 and 900 m depth, where they remain night and day. Upon maturity, they begin diel vertical migration. At night, they raise to 150 m, returning to mesopelagic depths at day (Sassa et al 2007). This species typically grows up to 60 mm, but several captured off the Slope Waters of New England have reached sizes of 85 to 100 mm (Nafpaktitis 1978).",There are no known threats for this species. This species is not known to be used by fisheries but may be caught as bycatch in pelagic trawls (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013).,"No specific conservation measures are in place for this species. However, this species may be found in marine protected areas within its distribution range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Further research into the biology and ecology of this species is suggested.  Legislative regulation for the pelagic fishery is being implemented (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013). Lobianchia gemellarii was regionally assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).",Lobianchia gemellarii is not utilized by the commercial fishing industry. ,"Strongin, K.","Kobyliansky, S., Munroe, T. & Costa, M.","Keskin, Ç., Massuti, E., Papakonstantinou, C. & Palmeri, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,LOBOTIDAE,Lobotes,surinamensis,,Lobotes surinamensis,"(Bloch, 1790)",,No,LC,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)  The species is widespread in the European region and there are no identified threats to its population. There are no indications at present time of regional population declines from harvesting and habitat modification although these may pose future threats. Its distribution overlaps with marine reserves in parts of its range. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.,Stable,"Lobotes surinamensis is found in tropical and subtropical waters of the Atlantic, Indian, and Indo-West Pacific Oceans. In the European region this species is found in the eastern Atlantic from southern Portugal to Gibraltar, including the Macaronesian Islands, and throughout the Mediterranean Sea.","There are no data available on the population trend of this species, although it is thought to be common throughout its European range, and assumed to be stable.","A sluggish offshore fish that often floats on its side near the surface in the company of floating objects. It occasionally drifts over reefs. Adults of this species inhabit bays, muddy estuaries and lower reaches of large rivers and juveniles may occur in floating Sargassum and mimic a floating leaf. It feeds on benthic crustaceans and small fish. The maximum length is 110 cm (TL) male/unsexed (Robins and Ray 1986); the common length is 80.0 cm TL male/unsexed (Bouhlel 1988); and the maximum published weight is 19.2 kg (IGFA 2001).",There are no known major threats.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures for the species, but its distribution may overlap with marine protected areas.",The species is a popular gamefish in the Eastern Central Atlantic.,"Allen, D.J., Kemp, J.R. & Pollard, D.","Craig, M.T.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,LOPHIIDAE,Lophius,budegassa,,Lophius budegassa,"Spinola, 1807",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Lophius budegassa is widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic. In the northeastern Atlantic, L. budegassa is known from the British Isles to the Iberian Peninsula, including the Mediterranean. It is a demersal species that can occur from the shore to the continental slope, to 1000 m. It is a commercial species which began to be explicitly targeted in the 1980s. Lophius budegassa is long-lived, late-maturing, and slow-growing, which may make it more susceptible to overfishing. There are no comprehensive estimates of biomass of L. budegassa in the European Regional Assessment Zone. Although L. budegassa is considered overexploited in the Mediterranean and biomass estimates from the southern Southern Shelf stock are below Bmsy, available data from the northern shelf do not show any trends of decline. Therefore, L. budegassa is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Lophius budegassa is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean (Caruso in press). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, L. budegassa is known from the British Isles to the Iberian Peninsula, including the Mediterranean Basin (Caruso 1983, Crozier 1985, Caruso in press, Papaconstantinou 1988, Maravelias and Papaconstantinou 2003). It is typically found to 1,000 m depth (Caruso in press). ","In the northeastern Atlantic, L. budegassa is managed in three units, Northern Shelf stock (Divisions IIIa, IVa–c, and VIa,b), northern Southern Shelf stock (Divisions VIIb–k and VIIIa,b,d), and southern Southern Shelf stock (Divisions VIIIc and IXa). It is particularly difficult to manage these stocks due to the lack of ageing data, and further study on growth is needed. There are also indications that there is a need for a better understanding of the location of spawning grounds and related behavior. There is no clear indication of decline of the Northern Shelf stock over the past 20 years based on estimates of SSB from a length-based stock assessment (from 1993-2002) and scientific survey data (from 2005-2012) for combined L. piscatorius and L. budegassa (ICES 2013). There are no estimates of biomass for the northern Southern Shelf stock, but time trends in surveys from 1997 to 2012 show a slight increase in survey catch rates in the Bay of Biscay, and a 2-fold increase in survey catch rates in the Celtic Sea (ICES Advice 2013). The relative biomass (B/Bmsy) of the southern Southern Shelf stock decreased from 0.9 to 0.5 between 1980 and 2000, but has since risen again to 0.7 in 2012; fishing mortality is currently at Fmsy (ICES Advice 2013). The trigger for management action is about 0.5 for B/Bmsy. Lophius budegassa is more dominant than L. piscatorius in the Mediterranean Sea.  It is assessed in two units (Gulf of Lyons and the Malta Island-South of Sicily) in the Mediterranean, both of which consider this species to be overexploited (GFCM 2013). In the Gulf of Lyons, this species is considered to be unsustainably exploited, and catch reductions are recommended. In the Malta Island-South of Sicily, survey estimates do not show a trend (STECF 2013).","Lophius budegassa is a benthic fish with a maximum size of 100 cm (more common to 50 cm) that occurs from the shoreline to the continental slope (Vakily et al. 2002, Caruso in press). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 95 cm total length (TL) and the length at maturity is 66.2 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014). Lophius budegassa and L. piscatorius are long-lived species with slow growth and late maturation; maximum age for females is 25 years and for males is 21 years (Duarte et al. 2001, Landa et al. 2001, Farina et al. 2008). The spawning season is typically between October and March, but may vary annually or by latitude (Azevedo 1996, Duarte et al. 2001). Size at 50% maturity is around 53—66 cm for females and 37—37 cm for males (Azevedo 1996, Duarte et al. 2001, Ungaro et al. 2002); growth curves may vary by sex (Garcia-Rodriguez et al. 2005). They exhibit seasonal onshore–offshore movements in response to thermal conditions, prey availability, or for spawning (Landa et al. 2001). The larvae of this species are pelagic. Juveniles ranged from 79—204 days old, indicating that the pelagic phase is relatively short and that settlement occurs within the first 3 months of life (La Mesa and De Rossi 2008).  Off the northern coast Spain, L. budegassa frequently fed on Blue Whiting (Micromesistius poutassou), Greater Forkbeard (Phycis blennoides) and the European Hake (Merluccius merluccius), while juveniles fed mainly on small benthic fish; however, diet composition varied depending on season and depth (Preciado et al. 2006).","Lophius budgessa and L. piscatorus have occurred as bycatch in North Atlantic fisheries for at least the past century. In the 1980s this species began to be targeted by bottom trawl and gill net fisheries. Lophius budegassa and Lophius piscatorius catch statisticsare lumped together in the fishery off of Portugal and Spain where total allowable catch limits were set at very high levels from 1987 to 1999 (10,000 to 13,000 tonnes), and did not restrict the fishery. Since 2005, the TAC has been set at 2,000 tonnes, which goes against ICES recommendations for a full moratorium (Azevedo et al. 2008). In the eastern Mediterranean, L. budegassa may be experiencing growth overfishing, as the stock was mostly composed of 3-4 year old juveniles and spawners were scarce (Carlucci et al. 2009). In a study of the gill net fishery off the northern coast of Spain it was estimated that 18.1 tonnes of Lophius spp. are captured annually by abandoned nets (ghost fishing) which represents 1.46% of the total commercial landings of this fishery (Sancho et al. 2003). There are some concerns and need for further research into polychlorinated biphenyl and organochlorine pesticide residue concentrations in L. budegassa due to the fact it is closely associated with potentially contaminated sediments as well as its role as a piscivorous predator (Storelli et al. 2004, Yilmaz et al. 2010).","Trawl fisheries that targeted Lophius budegassa in the Gulf of Castellammare off Sicily have been banned since 1990, resulting in a subsequent eight-fold increase in biomass. Other nearby areas such as the Gulf of Termini Imerese remain heavily fished (Badalamenti et al. 2008). Lophius budegassa was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Lophius budegassa is targeted by bottom trawl fisheries is considered a highly desirable food fish in the market. Species-specific catch statistics are not available.L. budegassa and Lophius piscatorius are among the most valuable fish targeted in western and southern European waters. They have occurred as bycatch in North Atlantic fisheries for at least the past century until they began to be specifically targeted there and in Iberian waters in the 1980s (Hislop et al. 2001). ICES considers there to be a northern and southern stock, however, there is some doubt whether this is true (Blanco et al. 2008). L. budegassa and L. piscatorius are targeted in bottom trawl fisheries and gill net fisheries off Portugal and Spain where the landings peaked between 1980 and 1986/1987 and have generally decreased thereafter (Azevedo et al. 2008). After 2000, the number of juveniles of L. budegassa and L. piscatorius caught in the Spanish Northeast Atlantic trawl fisheries increased in most areas (Diaz et al. 2008). The North Atlantic trawl fishery for L. piscatorius and L. budegassa (composes a lesser percentage of the catch than L. piscatorius) in ICES Subarea VI (West of Scotland and Rockall) and Division IVa (the North Sea) expanded rapidly in the late 1980s and early 1990s, with landings peaking at almost 35,000 tonnes in 1996 and significant subsequent decline thereafter. Total allowable catch limits were set in 1999, however, misreporting by fishermen was suspected and probable. Stock assessment attempts lacked many valuable pieces of data (Dobby et al. 2008). There have also been declines of Lophius spp. catch in the ICES Divisions Vllb,c and j,k in Irish waters since the mid-1980s (Fahy and Gleeson 1992). In ICES Divisions VIIb-k and VIIIa,b,d the 2011 and 2012 TACs were 40,950 tonnes and 38,900 tonnes respectively, while the 2010 TAC for both species combined was 41,400 tonnes and estimated landings 28,880 tonnes. Spain and France together contributed about 80% of total stock landings. Since 2007 the assessment has been based on commercial LPUEs and data from four surveys that gather data on biomass, abundance indices and length distributions. For L. budegassa, survey data indicate that biomass and abundance have been continuously increasing from the mid to late 2000s due to strong recruitments during 2004-2008. Recruitment was low in 2009, but improved in 2010.In ICES Divisions VIIIc and IXa landings of both species combined were 2,331 tonnes in 2010, which was 58% above the set TAC of 1,496 tonnes. The TAC in 2011 and 2012 was 1,571 tonnes and 3,300 tonnes respectively. The two species are assessed separately (but managed together) using a surplus-production model (software ASPIC), tuned with commercial LPUE series for L. budegassa and a length based SS3 implementation for L. piscatorius. Fishing mortality of L. budegassa was around FMSY in the early 1980s, subsequently increasing to much higher levels. F has been decreasing strongly since year 2000 and has been below FMSY since 2009. Biomass was close to BMSY until the mid-late 1980s, then decreasing strongly during the period of higher fishing mortality. In parallel with the reduction in F in recent years, biomass shows a marked upwards trend since 2008, being below but close to BMSY in 2011. It is particularly difficult to manage these stocks due to the lack of ageing data and further study on growth is needed (ICES Report 2012). Farina et al. (2008) also indicates there is a need for a better understanding of the location of spawning grounds and related behavior.This species occurs as bycatch in the trawl fishery on the Mersin-Anamur fishing ground off Turkey (Atar and Malal 2010). ","Stump, E.","Fernandes, P., Cook, R., Florin, A., Lorance, P., Nielsen, J. & Dickey-Collas, M.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,LOPHIIDAE,Lophius,piscatorius,,Lophius piscatorius,"Linnaeus, 1758",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Lophius piscatorious is restricted to the eastern Atlantic, where its range may extend from Greenland to Namibia, though there remains uncertainty as to its southern limit. In the northeastern Atlantic, L. piscatorius is found from Greenland to the Straits of Gibraltar, including the Mediterranean Sea, though very little information exists for L. piscatorius in the Mediterranean. It is a demersal species that can occur from the shore to the continental slope, to 500 m. Lophius piscatorius is long-lived, late-maturing, and slow-growing, which may make it more susceptible to overfishing. Lophius piscatorius is managed in three units in the northeastern Atlantic, where it is heavily targeted by bottom trawl fisheries and considered a very valuable food fish. There is no indication of decline based on various estimates of biomass, SSB or scientific surveys across the three stocks. Therefore, L. piscatorius is listed as Least Concern. However, catches along the Norwegian coast are increasing to as much as 5,000 tonnes in recent years, and may be in need of appropriate management.",Unknown,"Lophius piscatorius is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is distributed from Greenland and Norway south to Mauritania. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, L. piscatorius is found from the southwest Barents Sea to the Straits of Gibraltar, including the Mediterranean and Black seas (Caruso 1986, Papaconstantinou 1988). This species is reportedly expanding its range northward due to increasing water temperatures, where it is now known from as far north as Greenland as well as Iceland and northwest Europe (Møller et al. 2010). Lophius piscatorius has been collected from shallow, inshore waters to 500 m (Caruso 1986).","In the northeastern Atlantic, L. piscatorius  is managed in three units, Northern Shelf stock (Divisions IIIa, IVa–c, and VIa,b), northern Southern Shelf Stock (Divisions VIIb–k and VIIIa,b,d), and southern Southern Shelf stock (Divisions VIIIc and IXa). It is particularly difficult to manage these stocks due to the lack of ageing data and further study on growth is needed. There are also indications that there is a need for a better understanding of the location of spawning grounds and related behavior. There is no clear indication of decline of the Northern Shelf stock over the past 20 years based on estimates of  spawning stock biomass (SSB) from a length-based stock assessment (from 1993—2002) and scientific survey data (from 2005—2012) for combined Lophius piscatorius and Lophius budegassa (ICES 2013a). There are no estimates of biomass for the northern Southern Shelf stock, but time trends in surveys from 1997 to 2012 show a three-fold increase in survey catch rates in the Bay of Biscay and a two-fold increase in the Celtic Sea (ICES Advice 2013). The SSB for the southern Southern shelf stock decreased from 10,000 tonnes in the early 1980's to 2000 tonnes in 1992,  but has since been increasing and was 7,000 tonnes in 2012 (ICES Advice 2013). This species can also be found north of these three stocks, off the coast of Iceland, where catches of approximately 3,000 tonnes were being reported. However, observations of poor recruitment have led to recommendations to reduce catches 1,500 tonnes per year. Catches along the Norwegian coast are increasing to as much as 5000 tonnes in recent year, but has decreased in the last year (2012), and together with decreasing CPUE may indicate a need for appropriate management (ICES 2013b). Lophius piscatorius was described as frequently occurring in a trawl survey conducted off the coast of Namibia between the years 1992—1996 (Hamukuaya et al. 2001). This species is reportedly expanding its range northward due to increasing water temperatures where it is now known from as far north as Greenland as well as Iceland and northwest Europe (Møller et al. 2010). This species frequently occurred in a trawl survey off the Cape Verde Islands where it was identified as the synonym L. vaillanti (Menezes et al. 2004).","Lophius piscatorius is a bathydemersal species which occurs from the shoreline to the continental slope, to depths of about 500 m (Caruso 1986). It exhibits seasonal onshore–offshore movements in response to thermal conditions, prey availability, or for spawning (Landa et al. 2001). Landa et al. 2001 also found evidence for L. piscatorius movements between the Le Danois Bank and the Cantabrian continental shelf which may indicate mixing of the northern and southern populations. In a study on this species off of northern Britain, spawning occurred in deep water, the larval transition from pelagic to demersal occurred in relatively shallow water, and most recruits entered the North Sea from the north and west which indicates that juveniles may settle hundreds of kilometers from the spawning grounds (Hislop et al. 2001). The larvae of L. piscatorius are pelagic (Caruso in press). Eggs are extruded in a buoyant, gelatinous ribbon that may measure more than 10 m, resulting in a highly clumped distribution of eggs and newly emerged larvae (Hislop et al. 2001), and therefore, ecosystem conditions tend to have significant impacts on recruitment success (ICES 2012). In a tag-recapture study in southern European waters, growth rate was estimated at 13.6 cm per year-1 (Landa et al. 2007). L. budegassa and L. piscatorius are long-lived species with slow growth and late maturation with females achieving older age and greater size than males (25 years vs. 21 years old) (Duarte et al. 2001, Landa et al. 2001, Farina et al. 2008). The maximum size is 200 cm (Vakily et al. 2002), though it is more common to 40 to 60 cm. Length at maturity varies depending on sex and season: female mean length at maturity was 73 cm and males were 49 cm (Afonso-Dias and Hislop 1996). Off the Portuguese and Spanish Atlantic coasts, lengths and ages at first maturity for females were 93.9 cm and 14 years and for males 50.3 cm and 6 years, and the number of mature females was low (Duarte et al. 2001). In the Mediterranean L. piscatorius had a mean size at sexual maturity for females of 68.5 cm TL (Ungaro et al. 2002, Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014) and maximum size of 100 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014).  Spawning off the Iberian Peninsula occurred between January and June (Duarte et al. 2001). Off the northwest coast of Scotland on this species, ripe males occurred year-round, ripe females were found between November and May (Afonso-Dias and Hislop 1996). In Norway, a generation length of 8 years was used, but it may be longer (perhaps as long as 15 to 20 years). Lophius piscatorius is a sit-and-wait predator that utilizes concealment and a lure to opportunistically feed on prey items (Laurenson et al. 2004). In a study off the Shetland Islands, UK this species preyed upon a wide variety of items (mostly fish) with the main prey being Norway Pout (Trisopterus esmarkii) and Lesser Sandeel (Ammodytes marinus), though diet composition varied seasonally (Laurenson and Priede 2005).","Lophius budgessa and L. piscatorus have occurred as bycatch in North Atlantic fisheries for at least the past century.  They began to be specifically targeted in the 1980s by bottom trawl and gill net fisheries. L. budegassa and Lophius piscatorius are lumped together in the fishery off of Portugal and Spain where total allowable catch limits were set at very high levels from 1987 to 1999 (10,000 to 13,000 tonnes), and did not restrict the fishery. Since 2005, the TAC has been set at 2,000 tonnes,  which goes against ICES recommendations for a full moratorium (Azevedo et al. 2008). In the eastern Mediterranean, L. budegassa may be experiencing growth overfishing, as the stock was mostly composed of 3-4 year old juveniles and spawners were scarce (Carlucci et al. 2009). In a study of the gill net fishery off the northern coast of Spain it was estimated that 18.1 tonnes of Lophius spp. are captured annually by abandoned nets (ghost fishing) which represents 1.46% of the total commercial landings of this fishery (Sancho et al. 2003).","Lophius piscatorius was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Lophius piscatorius is targeted by bottom trawl fisheries and is considered a highly desirable food fish in the market. Species-specific catch statistics are not available (Caruso in press).  L. budegassa and Lophius piscatorius are among the most valuable fish targeted in western and southern European waters. They have occurred as bycatch in North Atlantic fisheries for at least the past century until they began to be specifically targeted there and in Iberian waters in the 1980s (Hislop et al. 2001). ICES considers there to be a northern and southern stock, however, there is some doubt whether this is true (Blanco et al. 2008). L. budegassa and L. piscatorius are targeted in bottom trawl fisheries and gill net fisheries off Portugal and Spain where the landings peaked between 1980 and 1986/1987 and have generally decreased thereafter (Farina et al. 2008). After 2000, the number of juveniles of L. budegassa and L. piscatorius caught in the Spanish Northeast Atlantic trawl fisheries increased in most areas (Diaz et al. 2008). The North Atlantic trawl fishery for L. piscatorius and L. budegassa (composes a lesser percentage of the catch than L. piscatorius) in ICES Subarea VI (West of Scotland and Rockall) and Division IVa (the North Sea) expanded rapidly in the late 1980s and early 1990s, with landings peaking at almost 35,000 tonnes in 1996 and significant subsequent decline thereafter. Total allowable catch limits were set in 1999, however, misreporting by fishermen was suspected and probable. Stock assessment attempts lacked many valuable pieces of data (Dobby et al. 2008). There have also been declines of Lophius spp. catch in the ICES Divisions Vllb,c and j,k in Irish waters since the mid-1980s (Fahy and Gleeson 1992). In ICES Divisions VIIb-k and VIIIa,b,d the 2011 and 2012 TACs were 40,950 tonnes and 38,900 tonnes respectively, while the 2010 TAC for both species combined was 41,400 tonnes and estimated landings 28,880 tonnes. Spain and France together contributed about 80% of total stock landings. Since 2007 the assessment has been based on commercial LPUEs and data from four surveys that gather data on biomass, abundance indices and length distributions. For L. budegassa, survey data indicate that biomass and abundance have been continuously increasing from the mid to late 2000s due to strong recruitments during 2004-2008. Recruitment was low in 2009, but improved in 2010.In ICES Divisions VIIIc and IXa landings of both species combined were 2,331 tonnes in 2010, which was 58% above the set TAC of 1,496 tonnes. The TAC in 2011 and 2012 was 1,571 tonnes and 3,300 tonnes respectively. The two species are assessed separately (but managed together) using a surplus-production model (software ASPIC), tuned with commercial LPUE series for L. budegassa and a length based SS3 implementation for L. piscatorius. Fishing mortality of L. budegassa was around FMSY in the early 1980s, subsequently increasing to much higher levels. F has been decreasing strongly since year 2000 and has been below FMSY since 2009. Biomass was close to BMSY until the mid-late 1980s, then decreasing strongly during the period of higher fishing mortality. In parallel with the reduction in F in recent years, biomass shows a marked upwards trend since 2008, being below but close to BMSY in 2011. It is particularly difficult to manage these stocks due to the lack of ageing data and further study on growth is needed (ICES Report 2012). Farina et al. (2008) also indicates there is a need for a better understanding of the location of spawning grounds and related behavior.This species occurs as bycatch in the trawl fishery on the Mersin-Anamur fishing ground off Turkey (Atar and Malal 2010). ","Stump, E.","Fernandes, P., Cook, R., Florin, A., Lorance, P., Nielsen, J. & Dickey-Collas, M.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,ONEIRODIDAE,Lophodolos,acanthognathus,,Lophodolos acanthognathus,"Regan, 1925",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Lophodolos acanthognathus can be found in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. It lives in the bathypelagic zone at depths ranging from 650 m to over 1500 m. Lophodolos acanthognathus is one of the best represented anglerfish in global collections. Females range in size from 6 to 73 m; metamorphosed males are still unknown. Lophodolos acanthognathus is not commercially utilized. There are no known species specific conservation measures in place, but due to its deep depth preference, there are no known threats towards it. Therefore, Lophodolos acanthognathus is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Lophodolos acanthognathus can be found in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans (Bertelsen 1986).  Most specimens collected in the Atlantic Ocean were taken off the coasts of Cuba and Greenland. In the eastern Atlantic, L. acanthognathus ranges from southern Iceland to the continental slope off Africa at 2oS, 9oW.  Specimens have been captured at depths ranging from 650 m to over 1,500 m (Pietsch 2009).","Lophodolos acanthognathus is one of the best represented anglerfish in global collections (Pietsch 2009). There are 117 museum records with a maximum of 5 individuals in a single lot (Accessed through Fishnet2 Portal 2013 June).  In a bottom trawl survey conducted along the Mid-Atlantic ridge from Iceland to the Azores, L. acanthognathus proved to be more than twice as abundant than any other species or family in the Lophiiformes (Sutton et al. 2008).","Lophodolos acanthognathus lives in the bathypelagic zone at depths ranging from 650 m to over 1,500 m. Females range in size from 6 to 73 mm and are relatively long and slender. Their illicium length varies from 10% to 140% of the specimen's standard length. The esca is a pair of unpigmented , bilateral appendages appearing silvery white. The maximum recorded length of this fish is a female at 7.9 cm total length (TL) (Bertelsen 1986)Metamorphosed males are still unknown. Collected larvae range in size from 7 to 8 mm. They can be distinguished by a dark V-shaped patch of pigment on their gill covers (Pietsch 2009). Due to the depth preference of this species, little research had been conducted into its stages of maturation, fecundity, spawnal periodicity, and early life history traits",There are no know threats to Lophodolos acanthognathus.,"There are no known species specific conservation measures in place. The range of Lophodolos acanthognathus does overlap several marine protected areas (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Research into the life history, reproduction, population and possible threats towards this species is needed.",There are no known uses for Lophodolos acanthognathus.,"Strongin, K.","Rijnsdorp, A.D., Munroe, T. & Costa, M.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LAMPRIFORMES,LOPHOTIDAE,Lophotus,lacepede,,Lophotus lacepede,"Giorna, 1809",This species is also reported as Lophotus lacepedei (Quignard and Tomasini 2000).,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Lophotus lacepede is a globally distributed epi- and mesopelagic species which is found to depths of 1000 m.. It is occasionally taken as bycatch in longline fisheries, and is generally infrequently recorded. It is rarely seen in markets, but is kept and sold if caught. There are no known species-specific threats to L. lacepede, and its distribution likely overlaps marine protected areas throughout its range. Therefor, L. lacepede is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Lophiotus lacepede is a widespread tropical and subtropical species. In the northeastern Atlantic, L. lacepede is known from Madeira and the Canary Islands (Robins and Ray 1986). It is widespread in the Mediterranean Sea (Soljan 1948, Tortonese 1970, Bauchot 1987, Papaconstantinou 1988, Quignard and Tomasini 2000, Bilecenoğlu et al. 2001, Dulčić and Soldo 2007). It is absent from the Levant (Golani et al. 2006). It is found at depths range 100 to 1000 metres.",There is little species-specific population information available. This species is widespread but infrequently recorded.,"Lophotus lacepede is a mesopelagic species which occurs at depths ranging from 100 to 1000 m (Bilecenoglu et al. 2001). It is probable that juveniles prefer shallower waters. Their eggs and larvae are pelagic. They feeds on anchovies and squids (Bauchot 1987). In the Adriatic Sea, a male of 167 cm TL (10.1 kg) was caught (Dulcic and Soldo 2008), but it is thought to reach a maximum length of 200 cm TL (Heemstra 1986).","Lophotus lacepede is occasionally fished with trawls and drifting long-lines, however it is not a commercially targeted species.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for L. lacepede. Its distribution likely overlaps marine protected areas. This species was assessed as Data Deficient in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Lophotus lacepede is rarely present in Mediterranean markets. It is marketed fresh and its flesh is considered excellent (Fischer et al. 2007).,"Harwell, H.","Herrera, J. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Loweina,interrupta,,Loweina interrupta,"(Tåning, 1928)",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"This fish is found in the Atlantic (30°N–45°N), the north Pacific (31°N, 159°W); and all three oceans (30°S–45°S). Thought to be present elsewhere, but has yet to be recorded and considered rare. Nightly depths known to be from 60 meters to 175 meters, but has also been found at 800 m during the evening hours (Hulley and Paxton in press). Daytime depth distribution is not known. In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (off the mainland and the Azores archipelago; Carneiro et al. 2014).",Little is known about the population of the fish. Considered very rare in European waters.,"Loweina interrupta  have a maximum size of 3.9 cm. Due to their rarity, size at sexual maturity is unknown (Hulley and Paxton in press). Species of this family are known to exhibit diel vertical migration (Vipin et al. 2012). Females of the Myctophidae family are oviparous, and both sexes are non-guarding pelagic spawners with low reproductive rates (Catul et al. 2011).  Predators of the family Mycophidae include various species of fish, squid, notothenioids, seabirds and mammals. Mycophidae prey primarily on  these particular species of copepods; Calanus propinquus, Calanus simillimus, Calanvides acutus, Rhincalanus gigas and Metridia gerlachei. Mycophidae also feed on amphipods and euphausiids (Kozlov 1995). Species of the family Myctophidae have photophores. They are thought to exhibit and detect blue/green color bioluminescence. Although species in this family do not produce longwave bioluminescence (red light), they are thought to be more sensitive in its detection due to the large amount of their red light producing predators. Compared to other mesopelagic teleosts, the Myctophidea family wavelengths of maximum absorption fall within a small range of 480-492 nm. Their could be multiple reasons for the evolutionary development of photophores from being able to see at deeper depths, attracting mates, or finding predators (Turner et al. 2009). Lanternfish from the Myctophidae family use counter-illumination to regulate the brightness of their photophores for camouflage. Photophores are arranged differently for every species, and for males and females indicating a potential role in communication and mating (Catul et al. 2011).",No known threats.,No species-specific conservation efforts in place or required.,"In general, species of this family can be used for the production of seasoning, feed for cultured fish, surimi, cosmetic oil, fish meal and fish oil (Vipin et al. 2012), but not a targeted fish.","Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Loweina,rara,,Loweina rara,"(Lütken, 1892)",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"Circumglobal in tropical through temperate seas, including Hawaiian Islands (Eschmeyer 2015). Located in depths from just below the surface to as deep as 1,000 m. Daily depth range from 550 meters to 1,050 m, and nightly depths from just below the surface to 200 m(Hulley and Paxton in press). In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (the Azores archipelago and Madeira; Carneiro et al. 2014), and from Spain (the Canaries; Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).",Little is known about the population of this fish.,"Loweina rara sexually mature once they reach 2.8 cm in size, and can have a maximum size of 4.5 cm (Hulley and Paxton in press). Species of this family are known to exhibit diel vertical migration (Vipin et al. 2012). Females of the Myctophidae family are oviparous, and both sexes are non-guarding pelagic spawners with low reproductive rates (Catul et al. 2011). Predators of the family Mycophidae include various species of fish, squid, notothenioids, seabirds and mammals. Mycophidae prey primarily on  these particular species of copepods; Calanus propinquus, Calanus simillimus, Calanvides acutus, Rhincalanus gigas and Metridia gerlachei. Mycophidae also feed on amphipods and euphausiids (Kozlov 1995).Species of the family Myctophidae have photophores. They are thought to exhibit and detect blue/green color bioluminescence. Although species in this family do not produce longwave bioluminescence (red light), they are thought to be more sensitive in its detection due to the large amount of their red light producing predators. Compared to other mesopelagic teleosts, the Myctophidea family wavelengths of maximum absorption fall within a small range of 480-492 nm. Their could be multiple reasons for the evolutionary development of photophores from being able to see at deeper depths, attracting mates, or finding predators (Turner et al. 2009). Lanternfish from the Myctophidae family use counter-illumination to regulate the brightness of their photophores for camouflage. Photophores are arranged differently for every species, and for males and females indicating a potential role in communication and mating (Catul et al. 2011).",No known threats.,No species-specific conservation efforts in place.,"In general, species of this family can be used for the production of seasoning, feed for cultured fish, surimi, cosmetic oil, fish meal and fish oil (Vipin et al. 2012).","Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,STICHAEIDAE,Lumpenus,lampretaeformis,,Lumpenus lampretaeformis,"(Walbaum, 1792)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Lumpenus lumpretaeformis is restricted to the North Atlantic Ocean. In the Northeastern Atlantic, L. lumpretaeformis ranges from Spitsbergen southward to Scandinavian coasts, North Sea, southern part of the Baltic, the Faroes and Iceland. This species occurs to depths of 200 m. Lumpenus lumpretaeformis can be locally abundant, seasonally. It is not a targeted species but it is an important prey item for some commercially important species in the region, including cod. Major threats have not been identified for this species. It is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Lumpenus lampretaeformis occurs on both side of the North Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species is distributed from Spitsbergen southward to Scandinavian coasts, North Sea, southern part of the Baltic, the Faroes and Iceland (Makushok 1986). It is found at depths ranging from 50–200 meters (Mecklenburg and Sheiko 2004). This species has exhibited northward climate-related shifts in distribution (Perry et al. 2005).",Lumpenus lampretaeformis is seasonally abundant on the west coast of Scotland (Gordan and Duncan 1979) and is also fairly abundant in the Kattegat (Heessen in prep.).,"Lumpenus lampretaeformis is a benthic species (Coad and Reist 2004), living in Y-shaped tubes in the mud in 50–200 m depth (Muus and Nielsen 1999). The burrows are believed to be used for parental care of the eggs (Gordon and Duncan 1979). This species feeds on small crustaceans, mollusks, brittle stars and worms (Wheeler 1992). This species matures at three years with about 20 cm length. Spawning takes place in December-January, 1,000 eggs are laid on the sea floor, in deep water. Isolated population in the Baltic Sea is probably a relic from the last ice age that reached the Baltic Sea during the early saltwater stage of the sea (Segerstråle 1957, Muus and Nielsen 1999). In 1979, individuals ranging in age from 0–9 years were present on the West Coast of Scotland (Gordon and Duncan 1979). This species is prey for commercially important demersal species including Polar Cod Boreogadus saida, Cod Gadus morhua, White hake (Urophycis tenuis) (Nash and Gibson 1982). The maximum recorded size for this species is 50 cm SL (Muus and Nielsen 1999).   Stichaeids have evolved unique adaptations to survive sub-zero temperatures and prolonged periods of food shortage. Among these are the synthesis of antifreeze proteins and a unique lipid sac in post-larval fish (Ottesen et al. 2011).","There are no known population declines, or species-specific threats to L. lampretaeformis.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for L. lampretaeformis. ,"Lumpenus lumpretaeformis is not utilized; however, it appears to be an important prey item for several commercial species.","Ralph, G.","Collette, B., Fernandes, P. & Heessen, H.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,LUVARIDAE,Luvarus,imperialis,,Luvarus imperialis,"Rafinesque, 1810",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) The species is known from scattered records throughout the Mediterranean and the northern part of the eastern Atlantic. It is rare but is not thought to be threatened at present, and is only occasionally found as a marketed fish. Therefore this species is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"This is primarily an Indo-Pacific species, with scattered records from the eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea (including Sea of Marmara), where it is rare. In the European region, this species is known in the eastern Atlantic from Bergen, Norway south to the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands. There are scattered records of the species throughout much of the Mediterranean, including in the western basin (Fischer et al. 1987) and Greek waters (Kaspiris and Ondrias 1984). It is also present in the Aegean and Mediterranean coastal Turkey (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002).","The species is apparently naturally rare in the European region. It has a wide range in the Mediterranean but is only rarely encountered. The adults have been reported only from around the Azores, Madeira, and Canary Islands in the eastern Atlantic.","The species is oceanic, mesopelagic and sometimes epipelagic near the coasts. It is apparently solitary. Reproduction occurs at the end of spring and during summer. It feeds on plankton (Fischer et al. 1987). The species feeds on soft-bodied plankton, including jellyfish, ctenophores and salps, and has an extremely long gut, five to 11 times longer than its standard length (Collette in press). Juveniles go through a dramatic metamorphosis in the shape and sizes of the head and fins leading to the names hystricinella, astrodermella and luvarella for three stages of juveniles (Tyler et al. 1989).",The species is rarely found in markets (Fischer et al. 1987). There are no known major threats.,There is no information available on specific conservation measures for this species in its European range. It is thought to occur in protected areas.,"This species is rarely present in markets. It is sold fresh or frozen, but can be removed from sale because it is frequently parasitized (Fischer et al. 1987).","Allen, D.J., Kemp, J.R., Pollard, D. & Ralph, G.","Craig, M.T.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,ZOARCIDAE,Lycenchelys,alba,,Lycenchelys alba,"(Vaillant, 1888)","Lycenchelys labradorensis Geistdoerfer et al. 1970 is a junior synonym of L. alba (Andriashev 1986, Møller 1999, Møller et al. 2010)",No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Lycenchelys alba is a deep sea, demersal species found in the North Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, Lycenchelys alba occurs from the Azores and France, the Iberian basin, and Rockall off the coast of the British Isles. It is known only from a few records, and little is known about its habitat, ecology, or population. As major threats to L. alba are unknown and there are very limited records in the assessment zone, L. alba is listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Lycenchelys alba is found in the north Atlantic between the Azores and France, the Iberian basin, and Rockall trough off the coast of the British Isles (Andriashev 1986, Carniero et al. 2014). This species can be found at depths from 3,365–4,100 m (Andriashev 1986). Outside the region, this species has also been recorded from the Labrador Sea (Andriashev 1986). ","Lycenchelys alba has only rarely been collected; therefore, information about its population trends are extremely limited.","Lycenchelys alba is a deep sea, benthic species that may prefer muddy bottoms (Andriashev 1986). The maximum recorded length for this species is 26.7 cm SL (Anderson 1994).","There are no known species-specific threats to Lycenchelys alba. However, the deep sea is increasing impacted by human activities; in particular fishing pressure is increasing as the shallow water fisheries are depleted (Roberts 2002, Glover and Smith 2003). Direct exploitation or habitat destruction could have negative impacts on this species in the future.","There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.&#160;Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not utilized in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean.,"Ralph, G.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,ZOARCIDAE,Lycenchelys,muraena,,Lycenchelys muraena,"(Collett, 1878)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Lycenchelys muraena is a deep sea benthic species found from the Norwegian Sea, Spitsbergen and south to the Faroes. Little is known about its habitat, ecology, or population, but it may be naturally rare. Climate change and global warming may impact this Arctic species in the future as it is typically restricted to bottom temperatures of less than 0 oC. Therefore, L. muraena is listed as Data Deficient. ",Unknown,"Lycenchelys muraena is known from the North Atlantic Ocean. This species is found from the Norwegian Sea, Spitsbergen south to the Faroes (Møller et al. 2010). The species can be found at depths from 350–1,500 m (Nielsen and Bertelsen 1992, Møller et al. 2010).Elsewhere, it is found in the Greenland Sea (Møller et al. 2010) and the northern part of the Kara Sea (Andriashev 1986).   ","Lycenchelys muraena is rare in Icelandic waters (Stefansdotter et al. 2010). There are 30 specimens in the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen (ZMUC).  Additional population information from the region is not available. Elsewhere, this species is rare in Canadian waters (Coad and Reist 2004) but is common in the waters around Greenland (Møller et al. 2010).","Lycenchelys muraena is a deep sea, benthic species found in the north Atlantic Ocean. It is typically found on muddy bottoms with temperatures below 0oC (Andriashev 1986). It feeds on small crustaceans (Andriashev1986). The maximum recorded size for this species 22.6 cm SL (Anderson 1994).","There are no known species-specific threats to Lycenchelys muraena. However, the deep sea is increasing impacted by human activities; in particular fishing pressure is increasing as the shallow water fisheries are depleted (Roberts 2002, Glover and Smith 2003). Direct exploitation or habitat destruction could have negative impacts on this species in the future. Further, as this species inhabits cold, deep water, climate change may be reducing the available habitat (Stefansdotter et al. 2010).","There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species especially as with warming sea temperatures the species may become threatened in the future. ",This species is not utilized in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean,"Ralph, G.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,ZOARCIDAE,Lycenchelys,platyrhina,,Lycenchelys platyrhina,"(Jensen, 1902)",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Lycenchelys platyrhina is a deep sea benthic species endemic to Jan Mayen Island in the northeast Atlantic Ocean. It is known from only one or two specimens, so little is known about the habitat, ecology or population. Climate change and global warming may impact this Arctic species in the future; the type specimen was collected at -1 oC. Therefore, L. platyrhina is listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Lycenchelys platyrhina is only known from near the Jan Mayen Island, in the northeast Atlantic Ocean (Wienerroither et al. 2011). The type specimen was collected at 1,848 m (Andriashev 1986).","Lycenchelys platyrhina is only known from a single specimen, possibly two; therefore population information is not available. ","The type specimen of Lycenchelys platyrhina was collected at 1,848 m with a bottom temperature of -1oC (Andriashev and Fedorov 1986). It is a benthic species found above muddy bottoms (Andriashev 1986). The maximum recorded size of this species is 14.6 cm SL (Anderson 1994).","There are no known species-specific threats to Lycenchelys platyrhina. However, the deep sea is increasing impacted by human activities; in particular fishing pressure is increasing as the shallow water fisheries are depleted (Roberts 2002, Glover and Smith 2003). Direct exploitation or habitat destruction could have negative impacts on this species in the future. Further, as this species inhabits cold, deep water, climate change may be reducing the available habitat (Møller et al. 2010, Stefansdottir et al. 2010); as this species appears to be endemic to the Jan Mayen Island, it may be more vulnerable to future changes.",There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.,This species is not utilized in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean.,"Ralph, G.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,ZOARCIDAE,Lycenchelys,sarsii,,Lycenchelys sarsii,"(Collett, 1871)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)Lycenchelys sarsii is a widespread, benthic species found in the north Atlantic Ocean from 150 to 600 m depth. Little is known about the habitat, ecology, or population of any zoarcid species. However, it has no known major threats and is not uncommon. Therefore, L. sarsii is listed as Least Concern",Unknown,"Lycenchelys sarsii is known from the northeastern Atlantic Ocean from Scandinavian fjords to Skagerrak, Finmarken and Kola Bay. Additional records include Iceland south to the British Isles and Bay of Biscay. The species can be found at depths from 150 to 600 m (Andriashev 1986). Elsewhere, it is found on the Grand Banks off of Newfoundland (44°06' N, 49""05' W) (Leim and Scott 1966, Andriashev 1986) and in southwestern Greenland (Møller et al. 2010).","The species is not uncommon. There are 100 specimens at the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, 90 of which have been caught from 1991–2014. There is no further information available for the population size and trend of this species.","Lycenchelys sarsii is a benthic species, found primarily on muddy bottom in waters 0–6oC (Andriashev 1986). The maximum size of L. sarsii is 19 cm total length, and maturity is reached at about 11 cm or 3–5 years (Nash and Geffen 2005). It feeds primarily on small invertebrates and can attain 30 cm in length but is more commonly from 12–16 cm (Andriashev 1986).","There are no known species-specific threats to Lycenchelys sarsii. However, the deep sea is increasing impacted by human activities; in particular fishing pressure is increasing as the shallow water fisheries are depleted (Roberts 2002, Glover and Smith 2003). Direct exploitation or habitat destruction could have negative impacts on this species in the future.","There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not utilized in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean.,"Ralph, G.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,ZOARCIDAE,Lycodes,esmarkii,,Lycodes esmarkii,"Collett, 1875",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)Lycodes esmarkii s a deep sea benthic species found in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean to the Kara Sea, from the western Barents Sea to southern Norway, the Faroes-Shetland slope and northern Iceland. Little is known about the habitat, ecology, or population of this species, although it is well represented in the museum collection of Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen (ZMUC). It has no known major threats. Therefore, L. esmarkii is listed as Least Concern. ",Unknown,"Lycodes esmarkii is found in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean to the Kara Sea, from the western Barents Sea to southern Norway, the Faroes-Shetland slope and northern Iceland (Andriashev 1986, Møller et al. 2010). It can be found at depths from 200–550 m (Andriashev 1986).Elsewhere, it is found off of south-western Greenland and Newfoundland southward to Virginia (probably L. esmarki vachonii) (Andriashev 1986). This species has been recorded down to 1,090 m outside of European waters. . ","Lycodes esmarkii is not uncommon (Morosova 1982). There are approximately 80 specimens from the collection held at the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen. Additional regional population information is not available for this species.","Lycodes esmarkii is a deep sea, benthic species on soft bottoms at 275 to 550 m, with temperatures mostly above 0°C (usually 2–5°C) and salinities high (34.5–35.0) (Andriashev 1986). It primarily preys upon echinoderms (ophiurids, sea-urchins, starfishes, brittlestars) (Andriashev 1986). The maximum recorded size for L. esmarkii is 63 cm (Morosova 1982).","There are no known major species-specific threats to Lycenchelys alba. However, the deep sea is increasing impacted by human activities; in particular fishing pressure is increasing as the shallow water fisheries are depleted (Roberts 2002, Glover and Smith 2003). It is not found at high enough abundances to be commercially exploited, but it is often caught as bycatch (Morosova 1982). ","There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not utilized.,"Ralph, G.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,ZOARCIDAE,Lycodes,eudipleurostictus,,Lycodes eudipleurostictus,"Jensen, 1902",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)Lycodes eudipleurostictus is a deep sea demersal species found in the Norwegian Sea, northwestern Barents Sea and around Spitsbergen.. It is not uncommon and it is well represented in collections of the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen. It has no known major threats, though climate change and global warming may impact this Arctic species in the future. Therefore, L. eudipleurostictus is listed as Least Concern. ",Unknown,"Lycodes eudipleurostictus is known from the North Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs in the Norwegian Sea, northwestern Barents Sea and around Spitsbergen. It is primarily found at depths from 200–914 m (Andriashev 1986). Elsewhere, it is found in Severnaya Zemlya, Beaufort Sea, Greenland Sea, Davis Strait and Baffin Bay (Andriashev 1986) down to Maine, USA and has been found down to 2,200 m in Baffin Bay.",Lycodes eudipleurostictus is not an uncommon species (Bergstad 1990) and there are over 100 specimens in the ZMUC.,"Lycodes eudipleurostictus is a deep sea benthic species, found primarily on soft bottoms at depths of 200–914 m with bottom temperatures near or below 0oC. Lycodes eudipleurostictus primarily feeds upon small invertebrates (Andriashev 1986). It probably reproduces in autumn, the eggs are demersal, about 123–260 are produced at about 8 mm diameter (Andriashev 1986). This species can reach 45 cm in length but usually attain 25–35 cm  (Andriashev 1986).","There are no known species-specific threats to Lycodes eudipleurostictus. However, the deep sea is increasing impacted by human activities; in particular fishing pressure is increasing as the shallow water fisheries are depleted (Roberts 2002, Glover and Smith 2003). Direct exploitation or habitat destruction could have negative impacts on this species in the future. Further, as this species inhabits cold, deep water, climate change may be reducing the available habitat (e.g., Stefensdottir et al. 2010).","There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,ZOARCIDAE,Lycodes,frigidus,,Lycodes frigidus,"Collett, 1879",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Lycodes frigidus is a deep sea benthic species found in the Norwegian Sea, but not to south of the Faroes-Shetland Ridge. This species has rarely been caught. Climate change and global warming may impact this Arctic species in the future. Therefore, L. frigidus is listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Lycodes frigidus is known from the North Atlantic and Arctic oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs in the Norwegian Sea, but not to south of the Faroes-Shetland Ridge. Elsewhere, this species occurs in the Greenland Sea, to north of Spitsbergen, in northern part of the Laptev, East Siberian and Chukchi seas (absent from Baffin Bay) (Andriashev 1986). It has been recorded at depths from 1,000–3,000 m (Andriashev 1986).","Lycodes frigidus is an uncommon species. Outside the region, it is rare in Canadian waters (Coad and Reist 2004).","Lycodes frigidus is a deep sea, benthic species, primarily found on soft bottoms at 1,000-3,000 m (Andriashev 1986). It feeds on invertebrates, including bottom crustaceans, ophiurids, and cephalopods (Andriashev 1986). It probably reproduces in early autumn, the eggs are demersal and about 500 are produced at 7 mm in diameter (Andriashev 1986).","There are no known species-specific threats to Lycodes frigidus. However, the deep sea is increasing impacted by human activities; in particular fishing pressure is increasing as the shallow water fisheries are depleted (Roberts 2002, Glover and Smith 2003). Direct exploitation or habitat destruction could have negative impacts on this species in the future. Further, as this species inhabits cold, deep water, climate change may be reducing the available habitat (e.g., Stefansdottir et al. 2010).",There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.,This species is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,ZOARCIDAE,Lycodes,gracilis,,Lycodes gracilis,"Sars, 1867","This species was regarded a subspecies of L. vahlii Reinhardt, 1831, but Carl (2002) showed that it has specific rank. Illustrated in Saito and Okamura (1995: 201) as L. vahli. (Møller et al. 2010).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Lycodes gracilis is a demersal species found along the coasts of Iceland and Norway southwards to Kattegat. It is not uncommon and it is well represented in collections of the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen (ZMUC). Although it was assessed as Data Deficient in the Baltic Sea and eastern North Sea, there are no known major threats. Therefore, L. gracilis is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Lycodes gracilis is found in the North Atlantic and Arctic oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species is found along the coasts of Iceland and Norway southwards to Kattegat (Anderson and Fedorov 2004, Møller et al. 2010). The species can be found at depths from 100 –200 m (Anderson and Fedorov 2004).",The species is not uncommon and there approximately 250 specimens in the ZMUC.,Lycodes gracilis is found over soft bottoms at depths between 100–200 m. The maximum recorded size for this species is 28 cm TL(Anderson and Fedorov 2004).,There are no known species-specific threats to Lycenchelys gracilis.,There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. It was assessed as Data Deficient in the Baltic Sea and eastern North Sea (HELCOM 2012).,This species is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,ZOARCIDAE,Lycodes,paamiuti,,Lycodes paamiuti,"Møller, 2001","Lycodes paamiuti has been previously treated as L. pallidus, L. frigidus, and L. squamiventer in the literature (Møller 2001).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)Lycodes paamiuti is a deep sea, benthic species that  occurs from Baffin Bay to the Norwegian Sea, off Iceland and the Faroe Islands. It is not uncommon and it is well represented in collections of the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen (ZMUC). It has no known major threats. It was assessed globally as Least Concern, and there is no additional evidence that the population is undergoing any significant declines. Therefore, L. paamiuti is listed as Least Concern. ",Unknown,"Lycodes paamiuti occurs in the North Atlantic and Arctic waters. In the northeast Atlantic, this species occurs from Baffin Bay to the Norwegian Sea (Møller 2001) and is also found off Iceland and the Faroe Islands. It is found at depths from 200-1,520 m (Fricke and Eschmeyer 2013).","The species is not uncommon and there approximately 150 specimens in the ZMUC (Fricke and Eschmeyer 2013). Outside the region, it is uncommon in Canadian waters (Coad and Reist 2004).","Lycodes paamiuti is a benthic species found on continental slopes at a depth range of 350–1,520 m (Fricke and Eschmeyer 2013). It is possible this species has the same general habitat and diet as closely related species which occur on muddy bottoms and feed on polychaetes, ophiurids, amphipods and small bivalves (Andriashev 1986). The maximum recorded size is 24 cm (Møller 2001).","There are no known species-specific threats to Lycodes paamiuti. However, the deep sea is increasing impacted by human activities; in particular fishing pressure is increasing as the shallow water fisheries are depleted (Callum 2002, Glover and Smith 2003). Direct exploitation or habitat destruction could have negative impacts on this species in the future.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place, or needed, for Lycodes paamiuti. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",This species is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Uiblein, F., Nielsen, J. & Knudsen, S.","De Silva, R., Milligan, H., Lutz, M., Batchelor, A., Jopling, B., Kemp, K., Lewis, S., Lintott, P., Sears, J., Wilson, P., Smith, J. and Livingston, F.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,ZOARCIDAE,Lycodes,pallidus,,Lycodes pallidus,"Collett, 1879","This species has previously been confused with L. paamiuti, L. marisalbi (see Møller 2001), L. squamiventer and many other species in museum collections (Møller 2001) (Møller et al. 2010).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)Lycodes pallidus is a deep sea benthic species commonly found in the north Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. It has no known major threats, though climate change and global warming may impact this Arctic species in the future. Therefore, L. pallidusis listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Lycodes pallidus is found in north-eastern Greenland, Jan Mayen Island, the northern coasts of Iceland, the Faroes-Shetland slope, the northern part of the Barents Sea, around Spitsbergen, White Sea. Elsewhere, eastwards to Kara Sea and western part of Laptev Sea, Beaufort Sea; also, Arctic Canada to Labrador and Gulf of St Lawrence (Andriashev 1986). It is benthic, from 60 to 1,020 m depth with water temperatures below 0oC (Fricke and Eschmeyer 2013), and globally it ranges from 19 - 1,750 m (Coad and Reist 2004).","Lycodes pallidus is a common species in the northeastern Atlantic; however, it is uncommon in Canada (Coad and Reist 2004).","Lycodes pallidus is a benthic species, found primarily on soft bottoms with bottom temperatures below 0oC (Andriashev 1986). It preys upon small invertebrates, including polychaetes, bivalves, ophiurids and amphipods (Andriashev 1986). The maximum recorded size is 28.7 cm (Coad and Reist 2004).","There are no known species-specific threats to Lycodes pallidus. However, the deep sea is increasing impacted by human activities; in particular fishing pressure is increasing as the shallow water fisheries are depleted (Callum 2002, Glover and Smith 2003). Direct exploitation or habitat destruction could have negative impacts on this species in the future. Further, as this species inhabits cold, deep water, climate change may be reducing the available habitat (e.g., Stefansdottir et al. 2010).",There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.,This species is not utilized.,"Ralph, G.","Nielsen, J., Uiblein, F. & Knudsen, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,ZOARCIDAE,Lycodes,reticulatus,,Lycodes reticulatus,"Reinhardt, 1835",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)Lycodes reticulatus is widely distributed in the North Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, it ranges from Jan Mayen Island, to northern part of Barents Sea, and the northern parts of the Kara and Laptev seas. It is a common and locally abundant deep sea species. It has no known major threats, though climate change and global warming may impact this Arctic species in the future. Therefore, L. reticulatus is listed as Least Concern. ",Unknown,"Lycodes reticulatus occurs throughout the North Atlantic. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species ranges from Jan Mayen Island, the northern part of Barents Sea, and the northern parts of the Kara and Laptev seas. It is a benthic species at depths of 60–800 m (Andriashev 1986, Pethon 2005).  Elsewhere it is found off western Greenland, Hudson Bay, Labrador, Nova Scotia and occasionally south to Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts (Andriashev 1986, Møller et al. 2010). In Canadian waters, it has a depth range from 100–930 m (Coad and Reist 2004).","Lycodes reticulatus is a common and abundant species (Morosova 1982, Coad and Reist 2004).","Lycodes reticulatus is a deep sea benthic species, found at depths of 60–800 m and bottom temperatures typically below 0oC (Andriashev 1986, Coad and Reist 2004). It primarily preys upon invertebrates, particularly the ophiuroids (Rodríguez-Marín et al. 1994, Coad and Reist 2004). The maximum size of L. reticulatus is 76 cm (Coad and Reist 2004).","There are no known species-specific threats to Lycodes reticulatus. However, the deep sea is increasing impacted by human activities; in particular fishing pressure is increasing as the shallow water fisheries are depleted (Roberts 2002, Glover and Smith 2003). Direct exploitation or habitat destruction could have negative impacts on this species in the future. Further, as this species inhabits cold, deep water, climate change may be reducing the available habitat (e.g., Stefansdottir et al. 2010).",There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.,This species is not utilized in the northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,ZOARCIDAE,Lycodes,rossi,,Lycodes rossi,"Malmgren, 1865",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)Lycodes rossi is found in the North Atlantic and Arctic oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, it is found in just north of Iceland, northern Norway, the Barents (but not in southern parts), to the Kara and Beaufort Seas. It is a deep sea benthic species. It has no known major threats, though climate change and global warming may impact this Arctic species in the future. Therefore, L. rossi is listed as Least Concern. ",Unknown,"Lycodes rossi is found in the North Atlantic and Arctic oceans. In the northeast Atlantic, this species occurs just north of Iceland, northern Norway (Porsanger Fjord), the Barents (but not in southern parts), to the Kara and Beaufort Seas at depths of 45-365 m (Andriashev 1986, Pethon 2005).","Lycodes rossi is not uncommon in the northeastern Atlantic with 73 specimens in the ZMUC. Outside the region, it is uncommon in Canadian waters (Coad and Reist 2004).","Lycodes rossi is a deep sea, benthic species found primarily on soft bottoms with temperatures typically below 0oC (Andriashev 1986). It preys upon invertebrates, including amphipods, polychaetes, and bivalves (Andriashev 1986). The maximum recorded size is 38 cm (Coad and Reist 2004).","There are no known species-specific threats to Lycodes rossi. However, the deep sea is increasing impacted by human activities; in particular fishing pressure is increasing as the shallow water fisheries are depleted (Roberts 2002, Glover and Smith 2003). Direct exploitation or habitat destruction could have negative impacts on this species in the future. Further, as this species inhabits cold, deep water, climate change may be reducing the available habitat (e.g., Stefansdottir et al. 2010).",There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.,This species is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,ZOARCIDAE,Lycodes,seminudus,,Lycodes seminudus,"Reinhardt, 1837",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)Lycodes seminudus is widely distributed in the North Atlantic and Arctic oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, it occurs southeast to just north of the Faroes, Jan Mayen Island, around Spitsbergen and in northern parts of the Barents, Kara and Beaufort Sea. Lycodes seminudus is a common deep sea benthic species. It has no known major threats, though climate change and global warming may impact this Arctic species in the future. Therefore, L. seminudus is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Lycodes seminudus occurs in the North Atlantic and Arctic oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs southeast to just north of the Faroes, Jan Mayen Island, around Spitsbergen and in northern parts of the Barents, Kara and Beaufort Sea (McAllister 1981, Andriashev 1986, Møller et al. 2010). It is a benthic species, found  at depths of 200–600 m (Andriashev 1986). Outside the region, this species occurs in eastern central Greenland waters and has a depth range from 50–1,400 m (Møller et al. 2010). It is also found from the Beaufort Sea, East to Franklin Bay, Canada (McAllister et al. 1981).","Lycodes seminudus is common in northeastern Atlantic waters (Møller et al. 2010). Outside the region, this species is common in the west Greenlandic Sea (Møller et al. 2010) but is uncommon in Canadian waters (Coad and Reist 2004).","Lycodes seminudus is a deep sea, benthic species, found on muddy bottoms at depths of 200–600 m with bottom temperatures always below 0oC (Andriashev 1986). It primarily preys upon Pandulus spp. and fishes (Andriashev 1986). The maximum recorded size is 57.0 cm (Coad and Reist 2004). Ripe females have been recorded in June; eggs demersal, about 300, 8.2 mm diameter (Andriashev 1986).","There are no known species-specific threats to Lycodes seminudus. However, the deep sea is increasing impacted by human activities; in particular fishing pressure is increasing as the shallow water fisheries are depleted (Roberts 2002, Glover and Smith 2003). Direct exploitation or habitat destruction could have negative impacts on this species in the future. Further, as this species inhabits cold, deep water, climate change may be reducing the available habitat (e.g., Stefansdottir et al. 2010).",There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.,This species is not utilized in the northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,ZOARCIDAE,Lycodes,squamiventer,,Lycodes squamiventer,"Jensen, 1904","This species was once regarded a subspecies or deepwater form of L. pallidus (Jensen 1904b). Since then the two former subspecies and L. paamiuti have been confused, resulting in false records of L. squamiventer off West Greenland (Nielsen and Bertelsen 1992, Møller 1996). Møller (2001b) presented new characters supporting the specific status of L. squamiventer and showed that it is probably endemic to the Norwegian Sea. (Møller et al. 2010)",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)Lycodes squamiventer is widely distributed in the North Atlantic and Arctic oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, it is known from Iceland, the Norwegian Seato the north of the Faroe-Shetland slope, and the western Barents sea. Lycodes squamiventer is a relatively common deep sea benthic species. There are no known major threats, though climate change and global warming may impact this Arctic species in the future. Therefore, L. squamiventer is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Lycodes squamiventer is found in the North Atlantic and Arctic oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs from Iceland, the Norwegian Sea to the north of the Faroe-Shetland slope, and the western Barents sea (Andriashev 1986). However, records from the Barents, Kara and North sea are likely to be misidentifications (Møller 1995). It is found at depths from 1,350–1,500 m (Møller et al. 2010).  Outside the region, records reported from west of Greenland are likely to be misidentifications (Møller 1995).","Lycodes squamiventer is not an uncommon species. This species is common around the Hakon Mosby mud volcano in the Norwegian Sea (Gebruk et al. 2003).   Outside the region, it is present, but rare, in the western Greenland Sea (Møller et al. 2010).","Lycodes seminudus is a deep sea, benthic species, found at depths of 1,350–1,500 m (Møller et al. 2010) with bottom temperatures always below 0oC (Andriashev 1986). The maximum recorded size is 26 cm (McAllister et al. 1981), and maturity appears to be reached around 14 cm for females and 18 cm for males (Møller 2001). The maximum age was determined to be 21 years in the Greenland and Barents Seas (Hildebrandt et al. 2011).","There are no known species-specific threats to Lycodes squamiventer. However, the deep sea is increasing impacted by human activities; in particular fishing pressure is increasing as the shallow water fisheries are depleted (Robert 2002, Glover and Smith 2003). Direct exploitation or habitat destruction could have negative impacts on this species in the future. Further, as this species inhabits cold, deep water, climate change may be reducing the available habitat (e.g., Stefansdottir et al. 2010).",There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.,This species is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,ZOARCIDAE,Lycodes,terraenovae,,Lycodes terraenovae,"Collett, 1896","Lycodes atlanticus Jensen, 1902 is a junior synonym (Møller 1997, 2000; Møller et al. 2010).",No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Lycodes terraenovae is found in the North and eastern Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, it is known only from the Porcupine Sea Bight, off the southwest coast of Ireland. It is a deep sea benthic species. Little is known about the habitat, ecology, or population of any zoarcid species. As the distribution of L. terraenovae in the assessment zone is restricted and major threats are unknown, it is listed as Data Deficient. ",Unknown,"Lycodes terraenovae occurs throughout the north and eastern Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species is known from the southwest of Ireland, in the Porcupine Sea Bight (Anderson and Fedorov 2004) south to the Canary Islands. The depth range for this species is 630–2,604 (Bogutskaya 2007).","Population information is not available for the region; however, outside the region Lycodes terraenovae is rare in Canadian waters (Coad and Reist 2004) but common off the southern coast of Greenland (Møller et al. 2010).","Lyocodes terraenovae is a deep sea, benthic species (Andriashev 1986). This species can reach 54 cm SL (Andriashev and Fedoroc 2004). Zoarcids feed mainly on gammaridean amphipods, other small crustaceans, polychaetes and bivalves. They mature near their maximum sizes and females produce a few large eggs probably laid in shallow depressions in muddy bottoms (Anderson FAO in press).",Widespread threats to L. terraenovae are unknown.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for L. terraenovae.,There is no use and trade information available for L. terraenovae. It does not appear to be utilized.,"Ralph, G.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,ZOARCIDAE,Lycodonus,flagellicauda,,Lycodonus flagellicauda,"(Jensen, 1902)","Lycodonus flagellicauda has been confused with L. mirabilis by Muus (1981: 109) and Nielsen and Bertelsen (1992: 46, Fig. 7, is L. mirabilis) (Møller et al. 2010).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)Lycodonus flagellicauda is known from the North Atlantic and Arctic oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, it occurs in the Norwegian Sea, north of Iceland to Jan Mayen Island and south to the Faroe Channel, southwest of Spitsbergen, and the western Barents sea. Lycodonus flagellicauda is a common deep sea benthic species. It has no known major threats, though climate change and global warming may impact this Arctic species in the future. Therefore, L. flagellicauda is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Lycodonus flagellicauda is found in the North Atlantic and Arctic oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs east of Greenland in the Norwegian Sea, north of Iceland to Jan Mayen Island and south to the Faroe Channel, southwest of Spitsbergen, and the western Barents Sea (Andriashev 1986, Møller et al. 2010). It found at depths from 350–1,500 m (Møller et al. 2010).","Lycodonus flagellicauda is common in the northeastern Atlantic. It is also common off the north eastern coast of Greenland, outside the region (Moller et al. 2010).","Lycodonus flagellicauda is a deep sea, benthic species, found primarily at depths of 350–1,500 m with bottom temperatures below 0oC (Andriashev 1986). It primarily preys upon small crustaceans (Andriashev 1986). The maximum recorded size is 57 cm (Coad and Reist 2004).","There are no known species-specific threats to Lycodonus flagellicauda. However, the deep sea is increasing impacted by human activities; in particular fishing pressure is increasing as the shallow water fisheries are depleted (Roberts 2002, Glover and Smith 2003). Direct exploitation or habitat destruction could have negative impacts on this species in the future. Further, as this species inhabits cold, deep water, climate change may be reducing the available habitat (e.g., Stefansdottir et al. 2010).",There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.,This species is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MERLUCCIIDAE,Lyconus,brachycolus,,Lyconus brachycolus,"Holt & Byrne, 1906",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Lyconus brachycolus is a rare species in the bathydemersal of the Atlantic Ocean. After 20 years of surveys, this has never been caught in the Bay of Biscay and Celtic Sea. The distribution of this species appears to be disjunct, and the depth range is not well known. It is listed as Data Deficient",Unknown,"Lyconus brachycolus is rarely captured, with only isolated references from the northwestern Atlantic (Canada), northeastern Atlantic (to the east of Ireland, southeast of Madeira, and the coast of Morocco), and in the southeastern Atlantic (Lloris et al. 2005). Deep-water trawling to the west of Scotland collected adult L. brachycolus from 1000 m trawls, but they were not present in shallower (500 m) or deeper (1500 and 1800 m) trawls (Neat et al. 2008).",Lyconus brachycolus is considered rare. There is no species-specific information for population trends for L. brachycolus.,"Adults of Lyconus brachycolus are typically found over the continental shelf and sea mounts, while the juveniles are captured at a depth range from 150 to 700 m in the deep ocean (Lloris et al. 2005). The maximum known length is 52.5 cm (TL) (Lloris et al. 2005, Fock and Ehrich 2010). In 1982 to 83, the smallest L. brachycolus collected from the European continental shelf (250 to 3200 m deep) by trawling was 14.8 cm (Fock and Ehrich 2010).",There are no known threats to Lyconus brachycolus.,"There are no known species-specific conservation actions in place for Lyconus brachycolus, although its range may overlap with Marine Protected Areas (World Database on Protected Areas 2010).",There are no known fisheries for Lyconus brachycolus.,"Strongin, K.","Fernandes, P., Cook, R., Florin, A., Lorance, P., Nielsen, J. & Nedreaas, K.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,PARALEPIDIDAE,Macroparalepis,affinis,,Macroparalepis affinis,"Ege, 1933",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"This species is known from the northern and southern temperate Atlantic and in the southern Pacific. Off western Africa, it is found from Morocco south to Angola and the Cape Verde Islands. It is also found from St. Helena. It has a depth range of 50-2,000 m (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009). Additional collecting in the central part of its range is required to establish its presence there. In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (the Azores archipelago and Madeira; Carneiro et al. 2014), and from Spain (the Canaries; Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).",There are no population data available for this species.,"This is a temperate, pelagic species found from 50-2,000 m; it is primarily the larvae that occur in the shallower parts of this depth range. There is little information about its feeding habits, however, it likely feeds on pelagic fishes and crustaceans. It is also a food fish for other pelagic organisms.",There are no major threats known to affect this species.,There are no conservation measures in place for the protection of this species.,This species is not utilized.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,PARALEPIDIDAE,Macroparalepis,brevis,,Macroparalepis brevis,"Ege, 1933",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species occurs in the Azores and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs in the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014) and the Canary Islands (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009). Globally, this species has an antitropic bipolar distribution in the Atlantic ocean (FishBase 2015, G. Ralph pers. comm. 2015).",There is no information on the population of this species in Europe.,This is a pelagic-oceanic species that is found at depths of zero to 650 m (Post 1984). It is found in the temperate zone. The maximum length recorded is 13.5 cm SL male/unsexed (Post 1990). This species primarily feeds on planktonic organisms and rarely on small fishes (Post 1984).,There are no major threats known to affect the species.,There are no conservation measures in place for this species.,There is no use or trade information for this species.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SYNGNATHIFORMES,CENTRISCIDAE,Macroramphosus,scolopax,,Macroramphosus scolopax,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","This species also seems to be sympatric with Macroramphosus gracilis around the world (Dyer and Westneat 2010). However, there is still some debate about the taxonomic separation of the two species (Granadeiro and Silva 2000). The latest research suggests that M. gracilis represents a different ontological stage of M. scolopax rather than a separate species (Robalo et al. 2009), and this approach is followed here.",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Macroramphosus scolopax is listed as Least Concern as its life history and extrinsic traits confer to a lower risk of extinction. It is widespread in the assessment region, it has a wide depth range in comparison to other species within the family and the loss and degradation of its habitat is thought to be minimal.",Decreasing,"Macroramphosus scolopax is distributed globally in tropical and temperate coastal waters.  Macroramphosus scolopax occurs from the North Sea southwards to Morocco, and throughout the Mediterranean Basin. In the Mediterranean Sea basin, Macroamphosus scolopax occurs throughout the area where suitable habitat is present (with the exception of the Marmara Sea: Bilecenoglu et al. 2002). Some specific records include the Spanish coast (Coll et al. 2006), Gulf of Lion (Gaertner et al. 1998), the Tyrrhenian Sea (Colloca et al. 2004), the Cretan Sea (Kallianiotis et al. 2000), the Aegean Sea (Filiz and Bilge 2004) and the Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005). The presence of this species has been cited in the west of Algeria by Marinaro et al. (1979). In the western Atlantic, M. scolopax inhabits waters off the east coast of the USA and the Greater Antilles, northern South America and Argentina. It also occurs in the Atlantic, the Mediterranean and the Indo-West Pacific.   Macroramphosus scolopax is found at depths of between 25-600 m (May and Maxwell 1986), but it is most often associated with depths of between 50-350 m (Figueiredo et al. 2002).","The population estimates for Macroramphosusscolopax are restricted to the Atlantic coast off the Iberian Peninsula. The species is described as usually being very abundant off the coast of Portugal, on the outer continental shelf (Marques et al. 2005, Lopes et al. 2006). Surveys from the 1970s indicated a high abundance of this species, in the region of 360,000 t. During the 1980s, there was a decline in this abundance, followed by an increase again between 1990 and 2003.  More recent acoustic surveys from 1998 to 2003 indicate a decline in abundance from 500,000 t to 175,000 t (Marques et al. 2005). Although this decline represents a 65% decrease at this locality for the species, it is noted that patchy distributions can make acoustic estimates challenging.  In addition, the species is known to exhibit high levels of natural variation (Borges 1998). Further studies are needed to quantify natural population fluctuations for this species, and to determine whether anthropogenic pressures are also contributing to declines. One acoustic survey off the coast of Morocco in 1976 estimated a biomass of 1,300,000 t (Brêthes 1979). It is suspected that populations adjacent to Europe could have a rescue effect if European populations exhibit a decline.","Macroramphosus scolopax is a benthopelagic, subtropical species which is found mainly on the seabed and sometimes midway up in the water column on the lower portions of the continental shelf over sandy substrate. Juveniles are epipelagic (Schneider 1990). It is a gregarious species, often congregating in schools. Juveniles feed mainly on pelagic invertebrates, especially copepods. Adults feed on benthic invertebrates (Ehrich 1986). When searching for prey, these fish have been observed moving slowly through the water column in a head down position (Oliveira et al. 1993). While normally found at a depth range of 50–350 m, it has also been taken from depths of 600 m. This species also seems to be sympatric with Macroramphosus gracilis around the world (Dyer and Westneat 2010). There is still some debate about the taxonomic separation of the two species (Granadeiro and Silva 2000), but the most recent genetic evidence suggests that they are in fact two ontological morphotypes of the same species (Robalo et al. 2009). Macroramphosus scolopax generally spawns about two hours before dark, and sexual dimorphism is apparent, with some individuals changing colours just before courtship and intercourse. Individuals that do not change colours do not participate in the spawning occurrence (Oliveira et al. 1993). Most spawning occurs in May and June (Karaiskou et al. 2004). Macroramphosus scolopax is preyed upon by species such as Hake (Merluccius merluccius), Mackerel (Scombre scombrus), John Dory (Zeus faber), Conger Eel (Conger conger), Monkfish (Lophius piscatorius and L. budegassa), Catshark (Galeus melastomus), and Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis) (Lopes et al. 2006). Seabirds and sharks are also common predators of this species.",Macroramphosus scolopax is a benthopelagic species that tends to congregate over sandy substrates. Habitat loss and degradation are therefore thought to be minimal for this species relative to other species that depend on a more structured habitat. This species is often caught as bycatch in fisheries but they are discarded at sea. Studies to determine bycatch levels and subsequent bycatch-associated mortality are needed to determine whether either is a threat to wild populations.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Macroramphosus scolopax, however there are several protected areas within its European range.  Changes in net gear size used by the commercial fishing industry is not thought to be viable for avoiding bycatch, as it could potentially be accompanied by a significant loss in the catch of target species. The best solution as proposed by Fonseca et al. (2005) is to avoid dense schools of Macroramphosus scolopax. Further research is required to consolidate the outstanding taxonomic issues and to determine the population trends of the species across Europe. ","Macroramphosus scolopax is not utilized, and is usually only caught as by-catch and discarded at sea (Benmessaoud et al. 2013). It is not known whether bycatch mortality for M. scolopax is leading to conservation concerns.","Kemp, J.R. & Ralph, G.","Pollom, R.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MACROURIDAE,Macrourus,berglax,,Macrourus berglax,"Lacepède, 1801",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Macrourus berglax is a common benthopelagic species of the North Atlantic. As a relatively long-lived species (up to 25 years) with potentially low fecundity (between 8,000 and 61,000 eggs per female), M. berglax may be susceptible to overfishing. Although the population in Canadian waters of the northwest Atlantic was estimated to have declined by 99.7% between 1978-2003, but in the northeast Atlantic, landings appear to be increasing in at least some parts of its range, and this species may be increasingly targeted. However, landings may not have been reported correctly due to misidentifications. Macrourus berglax is therefore listed as Least Concern.   As this is a long-lived species, with a generation length of at least 15-16 years and is increasingly being targeted, there is a need for increased monitoring of this species population in the northeast Atlantic, especially given the drastic declines in the Northwest Atlantic. In particular, scientific survey data for the Greenland Halibut should be examined to determine the status of this species population in this area. Connectivity between populations in the northeast and northwestern portion of this species range is unknown.",Decreasing,"Macruorus berglax is distributed along the eastern and western North Atlantic in temperate to Arctic waters (Cohen et al. 1990). The highest abundances are typically found between 300-500 m, but it has been collected from about 100 to 1,000 m depth (Cohen et al. 1990). The distribution of this species extends southward to waters south of the Charlie–Gibbs Fracture Zone (52o N) on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Bergstad et al. 2013).","Catch statistics for this species are not generally separated from that of the roundnose (or rock) grenadier, Coryphaenoides rupestris. Landings of grenadiers in the North Atlantic have shown a steady decline since the high in 1972 of more than 83,000 metric tons to 3587 metric tons in 1983 (Cohen et al. 1990). It is not known whether the decline is attributable to reduced stocks of the Coryphaenoides rupestris, Macrourus berglax or Trachyrincus scrabras (Cohen 1990). Discrepancies in landing data in 2009 and 2010 raised concerns about misreporting/mis-identification of these three Grenadiers.Landings from the Barents Sea by commercial longliners show a slight declining trend from 2001 to 2005 (Dolgov et al. 2008). From 1997 to present, Spanish Fleets were reporting landings of 3000 to 4000 tonnes a year, with these landings coming from the Northwest Atlantic. Only in recent years, are the Spanish landings reported from the Northeast Atlantic (P. Lorance pers. comm. 2013).From 1982 to 1991, catch landings reported from Norway increased rapidly, to a peak of more than 800 tonnes in 1991, as bycatch in the increasing trawl fishery for Greenland halibut. Since then, it has significantly declined, but this is likely due to regulation of the of the Greenland halibut, which may have affected this species as it was a by-catch species of the Greenland Halibut. However, regulations have since been lifted, but there has not been a corresponding increase in landings for this species. The reported catches decreased from an average level of about 400 t during 1986 to 1991 to about 50t in recent years. Scientific survey data collected during the Greenland halibut surveys needs to be analyzed for M. berglax, as it may provide fishery-independent information on the status of this species (K. Nedreaas pers. comm. 2013). Bergstad et al. (2014) have done this for the survey period 1997-2013. Due to the lack of comparable data from years prior to the mid-1990s, it is unknown how present abundance levels compare with historical levels or whether trends in abundance occurred prior to the survey period. The time-series of abundance and biomass estimates vary extensively, but without any apparent temporal trend. Size distributions comprised the entire size range, and the proportion of small fish (PAFL<15cm) varied and was comparatively high in some years (e.g. 2008 and 2009), suggesting some temporal variation in recruitment.Beginning in 1986, global FAO landings for Marcourus berglax were reported separately from the Northeast and Northwest Atlantic. Landings from the Northeast Atlantic for this species are consistently low, with less than 1000 metric tonnes (FAO 2011, FishStatJ accessed 2013 September).  Landings from the Northwest Atlantic increased to about 4000 metric tonnes in 1991, decreased to 1000 metric tonnes by 1996, and then increased in 2000 to a maximum of almost 9000 metric tonnes; afterwhich landings declined in  2001 and remained around 2000 metric tonnes through 2012 (FAO 2011, FishStatJ accessed 2013 September).","Macrourus berglax is a benthopelagic species in the temperate to arctic North Atlantic (Cohen et al. 1990). It appears to be associated with the along-slope transition layer, where it is most abundant (Bergstad et al. 2013). This species was found to be most abundant in areas containing large gorgonians and/or antipatharians at shallow depths (200-400 meters), but in deeper waters (400-1000 meters) they were most abundant in areas containing soft corals (Edinger et al. 2007b.) Amphipods predominate in the diet, although polychaetes and various natant crustaceans are also important. Bivalves, isopods, echinoderms (notably ophiuroids), and ctenophores are important at times (Cohen et al. 1990). Age determination studies have shown a life span of at least 25 years (Cohen et al. 1990). Females mature at 42 cm, males at 53.7 cm, and the maximum size is likely greater than 100 cm (Cohen et al. 1990). The length and age at first maturity were estimated at 28.5 cm and 15.6 years, respectively, in females collected off of the Flemish cap between 1991 and 2001 (Murua 2003). Male M. berglax collected off of Greenland in October-December 1985 were up to 13 years old, while females were up to 20 years old (Savvatimsky 1994). A similar difference in age as a function of sex was found on the Flemish cap between 1991 and 2001, with males up to 16 years old and females up to 18 years old (Murua 2003). Spawning probably takes place between late winter and early summer, and may vary with regions. Some evidence suggests a prolonged reproductive period (Cohen et al. 1990). Yanulov (1962) counted 25,000 eggs in a female 70.5 cm long (cited in Cohen et al. 1990). Total fecundity ranged from 8,522 to 61,844 eggs for females collected off the Flemish cap between 1991 and 2001 (Murua 2003). In the Canadian waters of the Northwest Atlantic, generation length was estimated at 19 years (Devine et al. 2006).  In the Norwegian Red List, a generation length of 16 years was estimated.","This species was previously discarded in Norway, but is now considered a marketable species.  In 2010, the Spanish started a new target bottom fishery for this species in Division XIVb (ICES WGDEEP Report 2011). In other regions, this species is primarily taken as by-catch in fisheries targeting other species. It is not always distinguished from the commercially prized Coryphaenoides rupestris, which has experienced significant declines in biomass throughout its known range. M. berglax is also captured as bycatch in the deep-water Greenland halibut  fishery (Devine and Haedrich 2008), the redfish fishery (Devine et al. 2006) and the deep sea shrimp fishery. Fisheries on deep-water species, which are intrinsically vulnerable to exploitation, have developed rapidly and many have been depleted before appropriate management measures were designed/implemented. Additionally, landing statistics that are available may not reflect the scale of recent fishing activity, particularly in waters outside national exclusive economic zones (ICES 2010).","There are no known conservation initiatives for Macrourus berglax.  In Norway, this species was listed as Least Concern, with a generation length of 16 years. The extensive reported bycatch fishery during late 1980's and early 1990's may have caused the species to be listed in a threatened category, but since no survey data exist prior to mid-1990's that are comparable with a stable (but variable) abundance index series afterwards, and nothing is known about discarding of M. berglax in other fisheries in recent years, the expert group decided to assess the species as LC for the time being.  During an assessment of M. berglax in the Northwestern Atlantic, generation time was estimated at 19 years via the formula: age at maturity + 1/mortality (Devine et al. 2006). They further estimated a decline in abundance of 99.7% over 3 generations (from 1978-2003) in the Canadian waters of the Northwest Atlantic (Devine et al. 2006). This species was designated as Endangered in 2008 by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (Environment Canada 2011).","In the Northeast Atlantic Fishing Zone, Macrourus berglax is predominantly taken as bycatch in trawl and longline fisheries targeting Greenland halibut in Subareas I and II but substantial catches have been reported in recent years from mixed trawl fisheries on the Hatton Bank. Since 2010, Spanish trawlers have reported significant landings of this species in subarea XIV (ICES 2010). Catch statistics for this species are not always separated from that of the roundnose (or rock) grenadier, Coryphaenoides rupestris, but the ICES WGDEEP report presents estimates of landings of M. berglax for 1990-2013 (ICES 2014).","Strongin, K.","Fernandes, P., Cook, R., Florin, A., Lorance, P., Nielsen, J. & Nedreaas, K.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,PARALEPIDIDAE,Magnisudis,atlantica,,Magnisudis atlantica,"(Krøyer, 1868)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Magnisudis atlantica is a deep-water pelagic species found circumglobally except in the Mediterranean. Its population information is limited, but it can be locally common. This species is not known to be used commercially, and has no known threats. Therefore, M. atlantica is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Magnisudis atlantica is almost ubiquitously found throughout the Atlantic and Pacific oceans (Post 1984). It is known from throughout the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, including the Bay of Biscay (Casamajor and Morandeau 2013). It has not been recorded from the Mediterranean (Post 1984).  It has an estimated depth distribution of 50 to 2000 (Post 1990).","Abundance and population data are unavailable for this species. &#160;From other records, it appears to be common in many other parts of the world, except the Mediterranean.","Magnisudis atlantica is a meso- to bathypelagic species that dwells in waters at 50 to 2,000 m. Juveniles generally occupy shallower parts of its depth distribution while adults venture deeper. It is consumed by many other large pelagic species, and feeds on small pelagic fishes and shrimps. In the tropical and sub-tropical region of its distribution it is known to spawn all year round (Post and Nielsen 1984). The maximum known size is 50 cm (Post 1984).",There are no major threats known to affect this species.,There are no conservation measures in place for the protection of this species.&#160;This species may enter a marine protected area somewhere in its range.,This species is not known to be used commercially.,"Ralph, G. & Kloppmann, M.","Russell, B.","Stump, E.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MACROURIDAE,Malacocephalus,laevis,,Malacocephalus laevis,"(Lowe, 1843)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Malacocephalus laevis is a widely distributed species in the bathydemersal of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. Additional taxonomic work is required to determine if separate species in the Pacific and Indian Oceans are additional populations of M. laevis. However, little information is available regarding population status. Although it is regularly caught as bycatch, there are no known major threats to this species. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Malacocephalus laevis is widely distributed in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans (Cohen et al. 1990). In the western Atlantic. M. laevis is distributed from the Straits of Florida to Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. In the eastern Atlantic, M. laevis is distributed from Iceland (Jonsson 1992), the Faroe Islands to South Africa (Cohen et al. 1990). Malacocephalus laevis is a benthopelagic species typically found on continental slopes in depths of 200 to 1000 m, but most common in about 300 to 700 m (Cohen et al. 1990).",There is little information available regarding the population status of this species.,"Malacocephalus laevis is a marine, bathydemersal, non-migratory species that has a depth range of 200 to 1000 m, commonly 300 to 750 (Cohen et al. 1990, T. Iwamoto pers. comm. 2012).  Juveniles can attain sizes up to 20 cm prior to settlement (Tomio pers. comm. 2012).  Maximum length recorded is 60 cm (TL).","Malacocephalus laevis is of minor use to commercial fisheries. There are no known major threats. It appears to be a relatively minor component to the bycatch of roundnose grenadier (Coryphaenoides rupestris). An estimation by a French observer program from 2004 to 2006 found only 52 kg of Malacocephalus laevis discarded out of a total of more than 650,000 kg of discards (Lorance et al. 2008). There may be more bycatch and discard of this species in fisheries for demersal fisheries on the upper slope.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place. Further taxonomic research is needed (T. Iwamoto pers. comm. 2012).,"Malacocephalus laevis is of minor use to commercial fisheries but is commonly taken as bycatch of bottom trawlers in  many areas. It may utilized mainly for fishmeal for aquaculture and poultry in some parts of its range. In the past, fishers in the North Atlantic were reported to have used the luminescent excretion from the ventral light organ to enhance baits used for cod fishing (Cohen et al. 1990).","Strongin, K.","Fernandes, P., Cook, R., Florin, A., Lorance, P., Nielsen, J. & Nedreaas, K.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,RAJIDAE,Malacoraja,kreffti,,Malacoraja kreffti,"(Stehmann, 1978)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Krefft’s Skate (Malacoraja kreffti) is a relatively small deepwater skate. This demersal species occurs at depths of 1,0001,500 m, placing it outside of the current range of deepwater fisheries. Commercial fisheries do not target this species, but it is occasionally caught as bycatch. Krefft’s Skate is assessed as Least Concern in European waters based on its deep range and limited interaction with fisheries. If fisheries expand into deeper water within this species’ range, this assessment may need to be re-visited. Further research should be conducted on the life history of the species.",Stable,"This species occurs at the Rockall Trough west of Scotland and Ireland (Stehmann 1977, 1993), southwest of Iceland (Jónsson and Pálsson 2006) and the Porcupine Seabight (Dransfeld et al. 2007, Johnston et al. 2010). It is suspected to have a wider range than currently reported, extending south to the Bay of Biscay and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Its depth range is 1,000-1,500 m.","No data on population trends or structure are available. This species is suspected to be very rare, but given its limited interaction with fisheries, it is suspected to be stable.","This benthic skate occurs on deep inner and outer slopes and submarine rises at depths of 1,0001,500 m (Stehmann 1977, 1993). It is only known from a small number of individuals so limited information is available on its life history and reproduction. A female measuring 48.8 cm total length (TL) was probably mature (Stehmann 1993) and the smallest mature male measured 51.5 cm TL (Stehmann 1977). The largest recorded specimen measured 57 cm TL (Stehmann 1993), although the species probably grows to around 70 cm TL (Stehmann and Bürkel 1984). Like other skates, this is an egg-laying species (Ebert and Stehmann 2013).","This species is occasionally taken as bycatch of deepwater fisheries, but only seasonally and locally. It is thought to occur largely outside the range of current deepwater fisheries as all specimens have been taken at depths greater than 1,000 m. Deepwater trawling may become a threat if operations expand deeper into this species range, however there is no indication of fisheries expansion at this time. ","Currently, there are no species-specific management or conservation measures in place, although catches of skates and rays are restricted in European waters. In 1999, the European Union (EU) introduced a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for skates and rays of 6,060 tonnes (t) for fisheries operating in the Norwegian Sea (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea [ICES] Division IIa) and North Sea (ICES sub-area IV) based on landing statistics from the previous five years. This TAC has been progressively reduced by 825% annually to the current level of 1,256 t. As part of the TAC, the bycatch quota for vessels over 15 metres was set at 25% of live weight of catch retained on board per trip. For much of this period (19992014), the TAC was higher than reported landings and therefore not effectively constraining catches.Skate and ray TACs were established for other EU waters in 2009, including the Skagerrak and Kattegat (ICES Division IIIa) and from the northwest coast of Scotland and North Ireland to Portuguese waters (ICES sub-areas VIIX). These TACs have also been gradually reduced since then. In 2013, the TAC for all skate and ray species grouped was 21,800 tonnes (regulations are available online at http://faolex.fao.org).In the future, bycatch and the extent of deepwater fisheries should be monitored. Further research should be conducted on the life history of the species.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Farrell, E.","Stehmann, M.F.W. & Orlov, A.","Kyne, P.M., Gerber, L., Sherrill-Mix, S. & Walls, R.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,RAJIDAE,Malacoraja,spinacidermis,,Malacoraja spinacidermis,"(Barnard, 1923)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern Roughskin Skate (Malacoraja spinacidermis) is a little-known medium-sized (up to 71 cm) skate that occurs at depths of 4751,570 m, but usually greater than 1,000 m. It appears widespread, but there are few records, particularly in the Northeast Atlantic. This species is not targeted by fisheries, but it is occasionally taken as bycatch in deepwater fisheries. It may be more common in deeper waters that are not presently exploited by commercial trawlers. Given that most of its range is considered to be outside the reach of deepwater fisheries and it is only occasionally caught as bycatch, Roughskin Skate is assessed as Least Concern in the European region. Expansion of trawling operations to deeper waters could pose a threat in future and should be monitored. Collecting catch data and life history information should be a priority.",Stable,"In the Northeast Atlantic, this species is known to occur southwest off Iceland, the Rockall Trough, the Faeroe Ridge (Jónsson and Pálsson 2006), south of Greenland (Nakaya 1995) and across the Davis Strait to the Grand Banks. The depth range is 4751,570 m, but usually greater than 1,000 m, and adults may live deeper than 1,500 m, down to the abyssal plains. The species is also found off Canada, Namibia and South Africa.","This widespread species appears to be uncommon. No information on population trends or structure is currently available, but the population is inferred to be stable based on its limited interaction with fisheries.","This demersal deepwater skate occurs at depths of 4751,570 m, but usually greater than 1,000 m. Adults may live deeper than 1,500 m, down to the abyssal plains (Ebert and Stehmann 2013).Very little is known about this egg-laying species. It has small egg cases, but hatching size is uncertain (Ebert et al.2008). Most biological information is known from records off South Africa; the smallest free-swimming specimen ever recorded is 12.7 cm length, the maximum recorded body size is 70.5 cm TL, and the estimated length at maturity for males and females is 48 cm and 45.4 cm TL, respectively (Ebert et al.2008).","This species is not targeted by commercial fisheries, but it its taken as bycatch in deepwater fisheries. Given that most records are from greater than 800 m depth, this skate likely occurs at depths greater than those that are normally surveyed or fished. Fisheries bycatch may pose a greater threat in the future if deepwater trawling expands, but this is unlikely for the moment.","In 1999, the European Union (EU) introduced a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for skates and rays of 6,060 tonnes (t) for fisheries operating in the Norwegian Sea (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea [ICES] Division IIa) and North Sea (ICES sub-area IV) based on landing statistics from the previous five years. This TAC has been progressively reduced by 825% annually to the current level of 1,256 t. As part of the TAC, the bycatch quota for vessels over 15 meters was set at 25% of live weight of catch retained on board per trip. For much of this period (19992014), the TAC was higher than reported landings and therefore not effectively constraining catches.Skate and ray TACs were established for other EU waters in 2009, including the Skagerrak and Kattegat (ICES Division IIIa) and from the northwest coast of Scotland and North Ireland to Portuguese waters (ICES sub-areas VIIX). These TACs have also been gradually reduced since then. In 2013, the TAC for all skate and ray species grouped was 21,800 tonnes (regulations are available online at http://faolex.fao.org).The harvest trends of the species should be monitored.",This species is not exploited nor traded commercially.,"Farrell, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Stehmann, M.F.W. & Walls, R.","Smale, M. & Kulka, D.W.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Malacosteus,niger,,Malacosteus niger,"Ayres, 1848",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Malacosteus niger is a widespread meso- to bathypelagic species, and occurs to about 66°N in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. It is found in depths from 500–3,886 m. Currently, there are no major threats to this species. It is listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Malacosteus niger is a circumglobal species, inhabiting tropical to subarctic waters (Harold 1999). In the Northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs to about 66°N to the Greenland-Iceland Rise and between Iceland and Scotland but is not present in the Norwegian Sea (Gibbs 1984). It is not know to reside in the Mediterranean Sea (Kenaley 2007). Malacosteus niger inhabits waters between the depths of 500–3,886 m (Russian Academy of Sciences 2000). Outside the region, M. niger occurs to approximately 20°S in the southern hemisphere (Gibbs 1984). ","In a study conducted around the seamounts of the Azores archipelago in 2002, 0.000097% of the total haul was M. niger (Melo and Menezes 2002). This species is relatively common compared to other bathypelagic species (S. Kobyliansky pers comm. 2013). Trawl surveys in the mid-Atlantic ridge caught four specimens in four trawls (Kobyliansky et al. 2010).","Malacosteus niger is the only stomiid that does not undertake diel vertical migrations (DVM), and only occasionally moves up the water column into the lower epipelagic zone (Clarke 1974, Kenaley 2007). Copepods comprise a major component of this species' diet, with only a small amount of other micronekton. Copepods account for 83% of prey numbers and 47% of prey biomass (Sutton and Hopkins 1996). This data is singular in that Malacosteus niger represents an extreme departure in stomiid feeding. This species has the largest gape of any stomiid (Sutton, unpublished data), and lacks gill rakers as an adult, indicating that larger, micronekton would more probably be the preferred dietary choice for this species.The large gape and lack of gillrakers as an adult while feeding on copepods may indicate a secondary reversion to planktivory (Sutton and Hopkins 1996). This seeming discrepancy is explained in that the ingestion of copepods provides M. niger with the raw material needed for long-wave visual sensitivity, while at mesopelagic depths, eliminating the need to undergo DVM (Douglas et al. 1999). When the nutritional state of an individual deteriorates after prolonged ""snacking'' on copepods, it may be stimulated to revert to piscivory and utilize this stealthy visual mechanism in the epipelagic zone where high densities of teleost prey aggregate on a diel cycle (Kenaley and Sutton unpublished data). The maximum recorded size for this species is 25.6 cm TL (Scott and Scott 1988).   Although out side the region, a study conducted in 1970–1971 near the island of Oahu, Hawaii, revealed that M. niger shows no seasonality in reproduction. Possibly the larvae of M. niger, which exhibit no seasonality either hatch at a larger size or live at greater depths than those of the seasonal species and thus the former's spawning is not timed to any seasonal fluctuations in food concentration or size distribution in the upper layers (Clarke 1974).","Currently, there are no major threats to this species.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.,This species is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Papaconstantinou, C. & Kobyliansky, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,OSMERIDAE,Mallotus,villosus,,Mallotus villosus,"(Müller, 1776)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Mallotus villosus is widely distributed and managed throughout parts of its range. There are ecosystem considerations in the management schemes in some places. The most recent assessment for Barents Sea Capelin estimated total stock size of 3.8 million tonnes (based on acoustic survey) to 479,000 tonnes (spawning stock biomass from stock assessment). This species is highly recruitment driven, and it undergoes wide fluctuations. Mallotus villosus is assessed as Least Concern. Continuation of management on the stock of this species is greatly encouraged.",Stable,"Mallotus villosus is distributed in the North Atlantic and Arctic oceans (Eschmeyer et al. 1983). It is circumpolar in the Arctic Sea. In the North Atlantic, it is found in Barents Sea up to Bear Island, in the White and Norwegian seas, off the coast of Greenland up to 74°N and from Hudson Bay in Canada to Gulf of Maine, USA. In the north Pacific, it is found from Korea to Juan de Fuca Strait, Canada (Eschmeyer et al. 1983). It is associated with depths of up to 275 m (Coad and Reist 2004).",Mallotus villosus is common throughout its range and may be abundant in localized areas of its range (Ouellet et al. 2013).,"Mallotus villosus is neritic to epibenthic to 300 m depth (Dodson et al. 2007). It may form shoals and migrate to littoral spawning areas to lay eggs (Dodson et al. 2007). Maximum recorded size is 22 cm standard length (SL) (Dodson et al. 2007). Adults feed on planktonic crustaceans, copepods, euphausiids, amphipods, marine worms, and small fishes (Hart 1973, Muus and Nielsen 1999). Lifespan of 3-5 years. Aver age size at maturity for males and females is 13.5 cm (Beverton and Holt 1959, Naumento 2003). Mature individuals move inshore in large schools to spawn (Eschmeyer et al. 1983). In the spring large spawning shoals migrate toward the coasts, males usually arrive first. Often entering brackish and freshwater (Pietsch et al. 2000). Semelparous (Murua and Saborido-Rey 2003). Produces 6,000-12,000 adhesive egg (Eschmeyer et al. 1983).","Mallotus villosus is commercially exploited. In 2012, the Faroe Islands landed nearly 30,000 tonnes of this fish. Iceland landed nearly 60,000 tonnes, Norway 27,000 tonnes and the Russian Federation at nearly 70,000 tonnes (FAO 2011, FishStatJ Accessed 2014 April).","In parts of its range, there are fishing management measures in place for M. villosus. Its range intersects with a few marine protected areas (World Database on Protected Areas 2010).","Mallotus villosus is a commercially exploited species. In 2012, the Faroe Islands landed nearly 30,000 tonnes of this fish. Iceland landed nearly 60,000 tonnes, Norway 27,000 tonnes and the Russian Federation at nearly 70,000 tonnes (FAO 2011, FishStatJ Accessed 2014 April).","Strongin, K.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F., Fernandes, P., Heessen, H. & Collette, B.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,GONOSTOMATIDAE,Manducus,maderensis,,Manducus maderensis,"(Johnson, 1890)",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"This fish is found in the tropical to temperate Atlantic (Harold in prep.). It undergoes vertical migrations, and is found at depths of 400-800 m during the day, to near surface depths at night (Schaefer et al. 1986). In the Eastern Atlantic, it has been recorded in  Senegal, Madeira, and Cape Verde and off southern Africa, c.19°S, 5°W (Schaefer et al. 1986). In the western Atlantic, it has been recorded off the eastern coast of the United States, in the Bahamas, Straits of Florida, Gulf of Mexico, Suriname, and Brazil (McEachran and Fechhelm 1998). In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (off Madeira; Carneiro et al. 2014), and from Spain (the Canaries; Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).",Rare off the coast of the Canaries (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).,"This is an off-bottom pelagic fish which remains near the bottom during the day, and in the upper layers of the water&#160;column&#160;at night. It is found near seamounts (Pakhorukov 2008).",There are no known species-specific threats.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place.,The fish does not appear to be utilized.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,GONOSTOMATIDAE,Margrethia,obtusirostra,,Margrethia obtusirostra,"Jespersen & Tåning, 1919",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Overall, published work on M. obtusirostra is sparse. In the European waters of the north Atlantic, the species is restricted to temperate and tropical areas. It is not in any museum collections registered with Fishnet2, and was found to be the 6th most abundant fish in the meso-pelagic assemblage of the Mid-Atlantic ocean. Uncommon in trawl surveys Gulf of Cadiz and mid-Atlantic Ridge. There is no species-specific use and trade, conservation. or threat information available for Margrethia obtusirostra. It is listed as Least Concern. ",Unknown,"Margrethia obtusirostra is distributed throughout tropical and temperate waters of the North Atlantic Ocean (Harold in press). In the northeastern Atlantic, it has been recorded from off Portugal south to the Canary Islands, including the Azores and Madeira (Schaefer 1986, Carneiro et al. 2014). It occurs at depths of 100-300 metres by day, and 200 to 500 meters by night (Quéro et al. 1990).",Margrethia obtusirostra was not a very abundant component of the Atlantic mid-ocean ridge deep-pelagic fish assemblage but it was the 6th most abundant Gonostomatid (Sutton et al. 2008). Total number of six specimens were recorded in three bottom trawl surveys over 20 years in the Gulf of Cadiz (ARSA) (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2013). Two specimens in one pelagic trawl survey were recorded in the mid-Atlantic Ridge (Kobyliansky et al. 2010).,"Margrethia obtusirostra is a mesopelagic species. Metamorphosis in M .obtusirostra occurs gradually, between 5.8–19.0 mm (Ahlstrom 1976). The maximum recorded size of this species is 8.3 cm SL (Quéro et al. 1990). It feeds primarily on copepods and, at larger sizes, on euphausiids (Hopkins et al. 1996). This species is usually associated with continental and island slopes (Badcock 1984).  The family Gonostomatidae consists of primarily mesopelagic and bathypelagic oceanic species. Sexual dimorphism and/or hermaphroditism is present in many species (Harold in Prep 2013).","There are no major, species-specific threats to M. obtusirostra.","There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for M. obtusirostra. However, this species’ range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014).",This species is not utilized in European waters.,"Harwell, H.","Kobyliansky, S., Herrera, J. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,TETRAODONTIFORMES,MOLIDAE,Masturus,lanceolatus,,Masturus lanceolatus,"(Liénard, 1840)",This species has a very wide distribution and a genetic analysis is warranted.,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"This species is circumglobally distributed in all tropical through temperate seas. In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (Portugal mainland, the Azores archipelago and Madeira; Carneiro et al. 2014), and from Spain (the Canaries; Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).",No information for the European region.,"This species is rarely encountered, and so the biological data have been difficult to obtain for this species (Seitz et al. 2002). Schwartz and Lindquist (1987) surmised that the sharptail mola's basking behaviour is found only in sick and dying fish brought on by heavy parasite loads. The age estimates ranged between >2 and >23 years for females and >1 and >16 years for males (Liu et al. 2009).","The fish is found in fisheries in parts of its range, however there is no information for use in the European region.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range, however the efficacy of the marine protected areas for conservation of pelagic species remains unknown.","The fish is found in fisheries in parts of its range, however there is no information for use in the European region.","Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Leis, J.L., Matsuura, K., Shao, K., Hardy, G., Zapfe, G., Liu, M. & Jing, L.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Mauligobius,maderensis,,Mauligobius maderensis,"(Valenciennes, 1837)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Mauligobius maderensis is known from all parts of Macaronesia in the eastern Atlantic. In the northeastern Atlantic, it is known only from the Macaronesian Islands of the Azores, Canaries, and Madeira. Although no population data are available, M. maderensis occurs in marine protected areas and there are no known widespread threats. Therefore, M. maderensis is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Mauligobius maderensis is known only from Macaronesia in the eastern Atlantic (Cape Verde and the Azores: Santos et al. 1997, Carneiro et al. 2014, Madeira and Canary Islands: Wirtz et al. 2008, Carneiro et al. 2014). It typically occurs in intertidal pools, to about 2 m (Miller 1986).",No information available on the population status and trends of M. maderensis.,"Mauligobius maderensis is found in intertidal pools and in shallow nearshore littoral rocky areas, (Miller 1986) to about 2 m. Individuals of M. maderensis get to about 15 cm (Miller 1986).","The species' habitat is vulnerable to localised impacts from pollution and perhaps disturbance, but it occurs in marine protected areas and there are no known widespread threats.","No conservation measures are in place or needed for this species, and it occurs in marine protected areas.",Mauligobius maderensis is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Herler, J., Kovacic, M. & Williams, J.T.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,PLATYTROCTIDAE,Maulisia,argipalla,,Maulisia argipalla,"Matsui & Rosenblatt, 1979",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Maulisia argipalla is a rare but widely distributed deep sea species. In the northeastern Atlantic, M. argipalla is known only from the Azores and Madeira. Little data are available on its population status, habitat, or ecology. There are no known major threats, and this species is not utilized commercially. However, given that records from the assessment region are isolated and scattered, M. argipalla is listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Maulisia argipalla is distributed in the east Pacific and northeast Atlantic (Quéro et al. 1990). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, M. argipalla is known from the Azores and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014). This species might be more widespread as some of the records for M. mauli from all oceans may refer to M. argipalla. The depth distribution of M. argipalla is 850 to 1,000 m (Quéro et al. 1990).","Though widespread, M. argipalla appears to be rare.","Maulisia argipalla is a mesopelagic species, typically found at 850 to 1,000 m (Quéro et al. 1984). The maximum reported size is 19 cm (Quéro et al. 1984). Little else is known about its habitats or ecology.",There are no known major threats to this species.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place. There is a need for more information about the biology of this species.,This species is not utilized at present.,"Strongin, K.","Nielsen, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,PLATYTROCTIDAE,Maulisia,mauli,,Maulisia mauli,"Parr, 1960",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) The Maul's searsid is widespread but rare throughout the Atlantic Ocean, except for the polar waters. The species may have been overlooked and it is difficult to identify. This species can occur to depths of 1,800 m and is of little interest to fisheries. Habitat and ecology information are limited for this species. Therefore, M. mauli is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Maulisia mauli is known from the Atlantic Ocean and may also be found in the Pacific and Indian oceans (Orrell and Hartel in press). In the eastern Atlantic, it occurs from Iceland, the British Isles, Bay of Biscay, Spain, Portugal, the Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands south to Equatorial Guinea (Wienerroither et al. 2009, Bordes et al. 2009, Møller et al. 2010, Carneiro et al. 2014, Porteiro et al. unpublished).  The depth range reported for this species is 400 to 1,800 m (Shcherbachev 1987, Porteiro et al. unpublished).","Maulisia mauli appears to be relatively rare but widespread, as it appears in many Atlantic trawl surveys (Gushchin and Kukuyev 1981, Fock and Ehrich 2010, Vázquez et al. 2013, Porteiro et al. unpublished). The rare occurrences are probably due to the fact that it has been overlooked and it is difficult to identify.","Maulisia mauli is meso to bathypelagic. This species can reach a size of 20 cm standard length (Carter 2002). It has been reported in association with sea mount habitats in the North Atlantic (Kukuev 2004). This species exhibits bio luminescence in its post-cleithral organ (Herring 1972). The diet, spawning periodicity, fecundity and early life history traits are poorly understood for this species.",Current threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for this species. It may occur within marine protected areas within its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Research is needed into the possible threats to the species, as well as life history traits and population size.","Platytroctids, in general, are of no importance to fisheries (Quéro et al. 1990) but this species may be of commercial interest in the Indian Ocean (Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute 2007).","Strongin, K.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,PLATYTROCTIDAE,Maulisia,microlepis,,Maulisia microlepis,"Sazonov & Golovan, 1976",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Maulisia microlepis is a rare, deep-dwelling species that ranges in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"Cosmopolitan, in cold seas (Eschmeyer 2015). In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (the Azores archipelago; Carneiro et al. 2014), from the south and southwest of Iceland, and off the west coast of Ireland (Porcupine Bank; Johnston et al. 2010, Couperus et al. 2012).","Globally, there are 165 occurrence and 30 museum records for Maulisia microlepis (Froese and Pauly 2011; Fishnet2 Portal 2012).",The fish&#160;can reach 26 cm standard length (Carter 2002).&#160;Bathypelagic to benthopelagic.,Not thought to be any threats currently.,There are no species specific conservation efforts in place or required.,Platytroctids are of little importance to fisheries (Bianchi et al. 1999).,"Nieto, A. & Allen, D.J.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STERNOPTYCHIDAE,Maurolicus,amethystinopunctatus,,Maurolicus amethystinopunctatus,"Cocco, 1838",Sutton et al. (2013) report that recent molecular analyses suggest this species may be aheteromorphic synonym of Maurolicus muelleri.,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This fish is distributed in the eastern and northeastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. It is a mesopelagic species, residing from near the surface to 1,100 m. Little is known of its population or ecology, however there are no known major threats, and the fish is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Little is known of this species. They are mesopelagic fishes known to be distributed in the northeast Atlantic Ocean, Iceland to the Azores, and the Mediterranean Sea (Sutton et al. 2013), and also reported from the western Atlantic and off Chile (Eschmeyer 2015). Depths range from 0-1,100 m, although the largest numbers are found within the upper 500-600 m (Pakhorukov 2008). In the European region of the eastern Atlantic Ocean, the fish is known from Portugal (off the mainland, the Azores archipelago and Madeira; Carneiro et al. 2014), and from Spain (the Canaries; Bordes Caballero et al. 2009). Distribution in the Mediterranean Sea is not well documented, however MCZBase (2015) present records from throughout the Mediterranean Sea, except for the eastern parts. Specimens, possibly vagrant, are reported from the Orkneys (northern Scotland and Ireland) and Somerset, southern England (EDF Energy 2011).","There is little to no population information, although apaprently known from numerous records (MCZBase 2015).","Extremely rare and little ecological information is known. The average size spotted was from 3 to 5 cm in length, but nothing is known about maximum length or length at sexual maturity for either sex (Pakhorukov 2008).  Species of the Sternoptychidae family have a diet consisting of small fish, crustaceans, annelids, chaetognaths, and molluscs (Harold in press).",There are no species-specific threats known for this fish.,There are no species-specific conservation efforts currently in place this fish.,There are no known uses for this fish.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Harold, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STERNOPTYCHIDAE,Maurolicus,muelleri,,Maurolicus muelleri,"(Gmelin, 1789)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Maurolicus muelleri is found worldwide on continental slopes. In the northeastern Atlantic, it occurs in the North Sea and Norwegian waters south to the Mediterranean. Maurolicus muelleri can be abundant in parts of its range, including Norwegian waters and the Mediterranean. There are no major threats to this species. It is listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Maurolicus muelleri is found worldwide on continental slopes (Strand et al. 2002). In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs to about 70° N, off Norway and in fjords, Iceland, southward to the Gulf of Cadiz and the Mediterranean including the Alboran Sea and the Sea of Marmara (Quéro et al. 1990), as well as the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988). It is also found from the Democratic Republic of the Congo to Namibia (Wheeler 1992). The depth range for this species is 10–400 m (Quéro et al. 1990).",Maurolicus muelleri can be abundant in areas of its distribution (Strand et al. 2002). Maurolicus muelleri is abundant in Norwegian waters (Lopes 1979). Common in bottom trawl surveys conducted in the Gulf of Cadiz and abundant in Mediterranean (J. Gil Herrera and L. Gil de Sola pers. comm. 2013).,"Maurolicus muelleri is a planktivorous fish that feeds primarily on copepods and euphausiids (Rosland and Giske 1994). M. muelleri is typically found in waters over continental slopes (Strand et al. 2002). The species was also found to be a prey item of the striped dolphin in the Ligurian Sea, accounting for 23% in numbers of the stomach contents of studied dolphin (Wurtz and Marrale 1993). The maximum recorded size for this species is 8 cm TL (Muus and Nielsen 1999).","There are no major threats to Maurolicus muelleri; however, overfishing is a potential future threat to this species.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Maurolicus muelleri. More research is needed regarding its current population size and trends. Maurolicus muelleri was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).,"Maurolicus muelleri is of minor commercial importance (Weitzman 1986) and the development of its fishery is likely due to a collapse of other fisheries (Rihan et al. 2011). Landings of M. muelleri were reported to FAO only from the Faroe Islands (2008 and 2009) and Iceland (2009 to 2011), and varied from 1,482 mt to 46,203 mt (FAO 2011, FishStatJ accessed September 2013).","Ralph, G.","Kobyliansky, S. & Herrera, J.","de Sola, L.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STEPHANOBERYCIFORMES,MELAMPHAIDAE,Melamphaes,falsidicus,,Melamphaes falsidicus,"Kotlyar, 2011",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Melamphaes falsidicus is a widely-distributed species, which within Europe is restricted to the Azores, Madeira, and Ireland. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"This species is restricted to the Atlantic Ocean. Within Europe, it is known from Madeira and the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014), and Ireland.",There is a lack of information regarding this species' population.,"This is a marine,&#160;bathypelagic, deep-water species.",There is a lack of information regarding threats to this species.,There is a lack of information regarding conservation actions for this species.,There is a lack of information regarding use and trade of this species.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STEPHANOBERYCIFORMES,MELAMPHAIDAE,Melamphaes,longivelis,,Melamphaes longivelis,"Parr, 1933",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"Circumglobal in tropical through warm temperate seas, including Hawaiian islands, but except eastern Pacific (Eschmeyer 2015). In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (the Azores archipelago and Madeira; Carneiro et al. 2014), and from Spain (the Canaries; Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).",There is no information about the population of this fish.,Melamphaidae eat gelatinous organisms and small crustaceans (Moore in press).,There are no species specific threats but they can get caught in deepwater trawls.,There are no species specific conservation efforts.,There are no species specific fisheries.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Harold, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STEPHANOBERYCIFORMES,MELAMPHAIDAE,Melamphaes,polylepis,,Melamphaes polylepis,"Ebeling, 1962",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"This fish is found in tropical waters worldwide (Moore in press). This species is found between 55ºN and 11ºS in the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, young are taken in waters as shallow as 150m (Ebling 1962). Fish of the Melamphaidae family are found in depths between 200 and 2,000 m (Moore in press). Kotlyar (2011) sampled for M. polylepis by using open-mouth nets at depths to 4,228 m. Juveniles often are found deeper than 200-300 m. In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (the Azores archipelago; Carneiro et al. 2014), and from Spain (the Canaries; Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).",There is no information available.,"Species of the Melamphaidae family eat gelatinous organisms and small crustaceans (Moore in press). Kotlyar (2011) sampled for M. polylepis by using open-mouth nets at depths of 0-4,228 m. Juveniles often are found deeper than 200-300 m. The largest specimen found was 6.8 cm including previously sampled specimens.",There are no species specific threats but may be caught in deep-water trawls.,There are no species specific conservation efforts in place.,This species is not targeted by any fisheries but may get caught in deep-water trawls.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Harold, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STEPHANOBERYCIFORMES,MELAMPHAIDAE,Melamphaes,pumilus,,Melamphaes pumilus,"Ebeling, 1962",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"Can be found in tropical and subtropical waters in the north Atlantic Ocean (Moore in press) between 40° and 10°N. Fish of the Melamphaidae family can be found in depths of 200-2,000 metres (Moore in press). It was also found that a greater percent was found to be caught deeper during the day (Cradock et al. 1990). In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (the Azores archipelago; Carneiro et al. 2014).",There is no information available.,"Species in the family Melamphaidae eat gelatinous organisms and small crustaceans (Moore in press). Melamphaes pumilus has been caught at depth intervals between 0-200 m down to 800-1,000 m. It was also found that a greater percent was found to be caught deeper during the day. At night, it was equally dispersed between 0 and 600 metres. During the day M. Pumilus were found between 600 and 1,000 m.",There are no species specific threats but it can be caught in deep-water trawls.,There are no species specific conservation efforts.,This species is of no commercial importance.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Harold, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STEPHANOBERYCIFORMES,MELAMPHAIDAE,Melamphaes,simus,,Melamphaes simus,"Ebeling, 1962",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"Melamphaes simus is found in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans, including the eastern Pacific. Adults are found at depths below 150-200m and juveniles are found at depths of 35-40 m (Kotlyar 2004). M. simus is also found in the oceanic regions of the Brazilian coast between Bahia and Rio de Janeiro (Campos et al. 2008), in waters of the Azores (Santos et al. 1997), and in the eastern Gulf of Mexico within a 30 km radius of 27Â°N 86Â°W (Hopkins et al. 1996).  It likely occurs off of West Africa, however, it has not yet been captured there unless further information is found (Iwamoto pers comm 2013). In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (off the mainland coast, the Azores archipelago and Madeira; Carneiro et al. 2014), and from Spain (the Canaries; Bordes et al. 2009).","Eastern Central Atlatnic: Melamphaes simus can be common, but is not abundant (Hopkins et al. 1996). More research is needed regarding the population status and trends of Melamphaes simus.","M. simus is a dwarf species, maturing at less than 3 cm (Moore and Paxton 1999). In the Gulf of Mexico, M. simus primarily feeds on copepods, and has been shown to feed in deeper waters compared to other members of the Melamphaidae family (Hopkins et al. 1996). This is an epi-mesopelagic species (Iwamoto pers comm 2013).",There are no known threats faced by Melamphaes simus.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Melamphaes simus.,Not utilized.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STEPHANOBERYCIFORMES,MELAMPHAIDAE,Melamphaes,suborbitalis,,Melamphaes suborbitalis,"(Gill, 1883)",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"Found in subtropical and temperate waters of the Atlantic Ocean (Moore in press). Elsewhere, it is found off the southeastern coast of Australia. Species of the family Melamphaidae can be found between 500 and 2,000 m deep (Moore in press). This species stays between 150 and 200 m deep when young. In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (the Azores archipelago and Madeira; Carneiro et al. 2014), and from Spain (the Canaries; Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).",There is no information about this species population.,Species in the Melamphaidae family eat gelatinous organisms and small crustaceans (Moore in press).,There are no species specific threats but they can get caught in deep-water trawls.,There are no species specific conservation efforts.,This species is not commercially important.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Harold, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STEPHANOBERYCIFORMES,MELAMPHAIDAE,Melamphaes,typhlops,,Melamphaes typhlops,"(Lowe, 1843)",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"This fish can be found in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean (Moore in press) and in the north Atlantic Ocean between 10°N and 45°N; however, there have been two specimen caught further south (MCZ 20º S 9ºW). The adults are found at depths below 500–600 m and the juveniles below 50 m (Kotlyar 2004). Species in the Melamphaidae family can be found between 200 and 2000 metres (Moore in press). Likely migrators as vertically at night upper limit is between 500-1,000 m at night, taken by hooks to 1,600 m (Maul 1986). In the European region the fish is known from Portugal (off the mainland coast, the Azores archipelago and Madeira; Carneiro et al. 2014), and from Spain (the Canaries; Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).",There is no information about this species population.,Species in the Melamphaidae family eat gelatinous fish and small crustaceans (Moore in press).&#160;The adults are found at depths below 500–600 m and the juveniles below 50 m (Kotlyar 2004).,There are no species specific threats but they can be caught in deep-water trawls.,There are no species specific conservation efforts.,This species is not commercially important.,"Allen, D.J. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Harold, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,MELANOCETIDAE,Melanocetus,johnsonii,,Melanocetus johnsonii,"Günther, 1864",,No,LC,,,,,,,"Euroean Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Melanocetus johnsonii is circumglobally distributed in the meso-bathypelagic zones and is a relatively rare, deep-dwelling species. It has been found at depths of over 4,000 m, but it is normally found shallower than 1,500 m. Melanocetus johnsonii is known from at least 852 female specimens and 8 males. It may occur as bycatch in trawl fisheries, but it is not utilized and there are no major threats as it inhabits deep, bathypelagic waters. Therefore, M. johnsonii is assessed as Least Concern.  ",Unknown,"Melanocetus johnsonii is distributed in the tropical and temperate parts of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans between 66oN and 53oS. In the western Atlantic it is distributed from 175—2,700 m depth (mostly greater than 2,10 0m) from Greenland south to Argentina (Moore et al. 2003). Near Hawaii, it is known from Oahu and Johnson Atoll from 600—1,000 m depth (Mundy 2005). This species occurs off of Japan from the Pacific coast of Tohoku District and around Okinotorishima Island (Nakabo 2002). In the eastern Atlantic, M. johnsonii is known from scattered localities from Iceland south to Namibia (e.g., Jonsson and Palsson 1999, Hamukuaya et al. 2001, Vakily et al. 2002). Melanocetus johnsonii is found in depths of between 100 and 4,500 m (Yang et al. 1996), but it is most commonly found between 100 and 1,500 m (Pietsch 1986).","This species is widespread and may be common. Melanocetus johnsonii is known from at least 852 female specimens and 8 males (Pietsch 2009). Melanocetids are solitary species that do not occur abundantly (Pietsch in press).There are 557 museum collections containing M. johnsonni with a maximum count of 30 individuals in a single lot (Accessed through Fishnet 2 Portal, www.fishnet2.net, 11 June 2013)."," Melanocetids are deepsea fishes that inhabit the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones (Vakily et al. 2002). Larvae are found primarily in upper 100 m (Watson 1996). Melanocetus johnsonii females have a maximum size of 15.4 cm standard length (SL), while males are up to 2.8 cm (SL) (Pietsch 2009). Melanocetus johnsonii is carnivorous, preying on deep benthic crustaceans, gastropods and other benthic fishes (Pietsch in press). Melanocetus johnsonii is capable of catching and swallowing prey larger than itself, as witness the approximately 24.0 cm (SL) specimen of Chauliodus sp. in the stomach of a 6.6 cm (SL) individual (Stewart and Pietsch 1998). They exhibit extreme sexual dimorphism. Females attract prey with an elongate first dorsal spine that has been modified as a lure. Males have highly developed sensory organs that allow them to find females at which point they will temporarily attach themselves to the body (Pietsch in press). Melanocetus johnsonii is oviparous, with planktonic larvae. The eggs are presumably contained in floating gelatinous rafts (Watson 1996). The fecundity, spawning periodicity, stages of maturation and early life history traits of this species are poorly understood. .",There are no known major threats to Melanocetus johnsonii. This species may be taken as by-catch in trawls (Bianchi et al. 1999).,"There are no known species-specific conservation measures for Melanocetus johnsonii. Its range intersects with numerous marine protected areas, but the depth preference of this species may be too deep for these protected areas to be of significant value to M. johnsonii.","Melanocetus johnsonii is not utilized (Pietsch in press). This species may be caught, incidentally, in deep-water trawls off of Namibia (Bianchi et al. 1999).","Strongin, K.","Rijnsdorp, A.D., Munroe, T. & Costa, M.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,MELANOCETIDAE,Melanocetus,murrayi,,Melanocetus murrayi,"Günther, 1887",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, Melanocetus murrayi is found in the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, Melanocetus murrayi is found in the Azores, Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014)and the Canary Islands (Brito et al. 2002). Globally, Melanocetus murrayi is nearly cosmopolitan in its distribution with numerous records throughout the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans between 64oN and 43oS where it has occurred in nets fishing between zero to over 2,000 m depth, but mostly at greater than 1,500 m depth (Pietsch 2009).",Melanocetus murrayi is known from at least 310 female specimens and four males (Pietsch 2009). Melanocetids are solitary species that do not occur in abundance (Pietsch in prep.).,"Melanocetus murrayi females have a maximum size of 12.4cm SL, while males are up to 2.0cm. Melanocetids are deepsea fishes that inhabit the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones. They exhibit extreme sexual dimorphism. Females attract prey with an elongate first dorsal spine that has been modified as a lure. Males have highly developed sensory organs that allow them to find females at which point they will temporarily attach themselves to the body (Pietsch in prep.).",There are no known major threats to Melanocetus murrayi in the Eastern Central Atlantic.,There are no known conservation measures for Melanocetus murrayi in the Eastern Central Atlantic.,In the Eastern Central Atlantic Melanocetus murrayi is not utilized (Pietsch in prep.).,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Arnold, R.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,GADIDAE,Melanogrammus,aeglefinus,,Melanogrammus aeglefinus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Melanogrammus aeglefinus is restricted to the North Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters of the Arctic Ocean. Melanogrammus aeglefinus principally occurs at depths of up to 600 metres, but is more abundant at depths between 40 and 300 metres. It is a commercially important species which is harvested throughout its range. Trends in the population were evaluated against Criterion A over a 3-generation timeframe of 10-15 years using Spawning Stock Biomass (SSB) estimates, which were available for 7 stocks. Summed SSB fluctuates around a relatively stable mean over the last 10 to 15 years, a time period which likely approximates three generation lengths given the variability in age at first maturity in this species. Therefore, M. aeglefinus is listed as Least Concern. This species is managed to varying degrees throughout its range within the European Assessment Zone. This species is managed to varying degrees throughout its range within the European Assessment Zone.",Unknown,"Melanogrammus aeglefinus is restricted to the North Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters of the Arctic Ocean. In the western North Atlantic, this species is distributed from the Greenland south to Cape May, New Jersey. In the northeastern Atlantic, it is distributed from Svalbard and Barents Sea south to the Bay of Biscay. Melanogrammus aeglefinus principally occurs at depths of up to 600 metres, but is more abundant at depths between 40 and 300 metres (Hedger et al. 2004). Haddock is extending its range northward due to a recent period of increased influx of warm Atlantic seawater to the western coast of Svalbard (Renaud et al. 2011, Cardinale et al. 2012). MRN, ZMO and SRF records show this species as being found along western and northern Norway, east to Novaya Zemlya (Cohen et al. 1990).","Population structure  Despite its commercial importance, relatively limited information is available on the genetic population structure of this species, and it is likely that management units are misaligned with genetic partitions (Reisse et al. 2009). Studies from the Northwest Atlantic using micro-satellite markers have revealed population differentiation between banks (Nantucket Shoals, Grand Banks). The latest ICES benchmark meeting (ICES WKHAD 2014) concluded that the North Sea population and the west of Scotland population are closely linked. In the latest assessment both stocks were merged into a Northern shelf haddock stock (ICES WKHAD 2014). This species is shifting its range northwards due to warming temperatures (Renaud et al. 2012).  FAO landing statistics summary The overall trend in Global FAO landings, from 1950 to 2011, is one of continual increase with major fluctuations to a peak of 961958 tonnes in 1972. Following this peak, landings decrease to a series low of 190719 tonnes in 1994 (80% decrease) From 1994 to 2011, landings gradually increase to 429599 tonnes in 2011 (56% increase) - the highest since the early 1980s. Landings are reported from the following FAO fishing regions: Northeast Atlantic, Northwest Atlantic, and Arctic. The trend is largely driven by landings in the Northeast Atlantic, which account for 70 to 95% of declared landings throughout the time series. The trend in the Northeast Atlantic mirrors the overall trend in declared landings. Regional trends in Spawning Stock Biomass (SSB)  Spawning Stock Biomass (SSB) estimates were available for 7 stocks in the European region (North Sea, Western Scotland (as of 2014 these have been combined into a single North Shelf Stock), Celtic, Arctic, Faroe Plateau, Iceland, and Rockall). Additional stocks include the Irish Sea Haddock and Faroe Bank Haddock, however there are no catch-at-age based assessments for these stocks as of 2014. Estimates of Spawning Stock Biomass (SSB) across the stocks were variable. Overall, there was no evidence of decline in SSB for this species over the past 10-15 years (1999-2012 combined stock SSB estimates). Across the 7 stocks for which SSB estimates were available at the time of the Red List Assessment, the majority shows fluctuating or relatively stable SSB trends over the past 10-15 years. However there have been significant declines in SSB  from 2004-2014 in Faroe Plateau - West of Scotland and Division Vb due to reduced recruitment (ICES advice 2014). The North Shelf stock has also declined within the last 10 years. Stock-specific information: overall trends The dominant stocks in the Northeastern Atlantic are the North Shelf Stock and the Arctic Stock.  Trends in overall biomass have been driven by fluctuations in the North Shelf stock. Prior to 2007, the North Sea stock accounted for 40 to >80% of total biomass.  Biomass in the North Sea declined after 2007, with the lowest biomass in the time series (1963 to 2011) being recorded in 2011 (415673 tonnes), however SSB is driven to a large extent by sporadic large recruitment events. The last large recruitment was observed in 1999. Biomass of the Northeast Arctic stock has increased to 1210131 tonnes since 2007, accounting for over 50% of the total biomass (ICES DATRAS database accessed February 2014).Haddock in Subarea IV (North Sea) and Division IIIa West (Skagerrak) - In 2011, this stock accounted for approximately 40% of the total SSB for all stocks. Bcurrent>Blim; Fcurrent<Fmsy. Fishing mortality has declined since the mid-1980s, corresponding to an increase in SSB of this stock. Biomass information is available from 1963-2012. Biomass was at historical lows in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Haddock in Subareas I and II (Northeast Arctic) - In 2011, this stock accounted for approximately 40% of the total SSB for all stocks. This stock is considered to be harvested sustainability, and is at full reproductive capacity. Fishing mortality has fluctuated near Fmsy since 1995 (currently, Fcurrent>Fmsy). Bcurrent>Blim. (well managed) Recruitment has been at or above average since 2000. Current SSB (373646 tonnes) is above the average SSB for the time series (141026 tonnes). Haddock in Division Va (Icelandic Haddock): In 2011, this stock accounted for approximately 7% of the total SSB for all stocks. This stock is considered to be harvested unsustainably, however Fmsy is currently undefined. Bcurrent>Blim. This species is at the northern boundary of its distribution. Current SSB (82681 tonnes) is below the average of 101127 tonnes from 1979 to 2012. Haddock in Division VIa (West of Scotland): In 2011, this stock accounted for approximately 7% of the total SSB for all stocks. This stock is considered to be harvested sustainably, however Bcurrent is barely above Blim. Current SSB (18624 tonnes) is below the average of 40634 tonnes from 1978 - 2012. Haddock in Division VIIa (Irish Sea) -  This is considered a data-limited stock; MSY is undefined; landings have decreased from 1999 until 2012; Recruitment is variable; Relative SSB generally increased, with fluctuations until 2008, decreased in 2010, and increased again into 2012.  Haddock in Division VIb (Rockall) - In 2011, this stock accounted for approximately 1% of the total SSB for all stocks. Fcurrent<FMSY; Bcurrent near Blim - however, due to very weak recruitment the SSB of this stock is expected to decrease below Blim. Fishing mortality has declined since peaking in the late 1990s. Haddock in Divisions VIIb-k (Celtic Sea and West of Scotland) In 2011, this stock accounted for approximately 1% of the total SSB for all stocks. Fcurrent>FMSY(and has been throughout the time series of early 1990s - 2012); SSB increases continuously throughout the timeseries above MSYBtrigger, and is currently hovering around 60t tonnes. Landings have increased since 2008, however most of the increase in catch is being discarded because fish are under minimum landing size (ICES Advice 2012, book 5). Haddock in Division VIa (West of Scotland) - In 2011, this stock accounted for approximately 2% of the total SSB for all stocks.  Fcurrent<Fmsy; Bcurrent at or slightly below Blim. Recruitment is low, and this stock is at increased risk for reduced reproductive capacity. Long-term trends in SSB show declines throughout the time series and current SSB (24804 tonnes) is below the average for the time series (40634 tonnes). Faroe Plateau ecosystem: Division Vb - In 2011, this stock accounted for approximately 1% of the total SSB for all stocks. Fcurrent>Fmsy; Bcurrent<Blim. This stock is suffering from reduced reproductive capacity, recruitment is low. The outlook for 2013 is a continued decline in  SSB. SSB is currently near historical lows (15177 tonnes) and is below the average SSB of 56001 tonnes SSB from 1957-2012.","Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) is found on soft bottoms at depths ranging from 10 to 600 metres (Albert 1994), however it is typically found from 10 to 200 m at temperatures between 4°C and 10°C. In the North Sea, the greatest Haddock abundances were found between 75 and 125 metres, and abundances were positively related to temperature and salinity (Hedger et al. 2004). Melanogrammus aeglefinus is a migratory species, which undertakes extensive migrations in the Barents Sea and in Iceland, with more restricted movements occurring in the Northwestern Atlantic. Females are typically found in shallow waters, while males are found offshore. The haddock is an omnivorous fish, feeding mainly on small bottom-living organisms including crustaceans, mollusks, echinoderms, worms and fishes. Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) and saithe (Pollachius virens) are major predators of Haddock (ICES Advice 2012).   Maturation schedules differ between spawning cites east and west of the Greenwich meridian (Wright and Tobin 2013).   Maturation schedules also vary by stock (Wright and Tobin 2013). In the Barents Sea the age of 50% maturity for females is 4 (Devine and Heino 2011). In the North Sea age of 50% maturity is 3 (Morgan et al. 2013). Population trends were examined over a 10-15 year period, which approximates 3 generation lengths in this species.","Melanogrammus aeglefinus is an important commercial fisheries species. It is mainly caught by demersal, and demersal seining. In some areas, high discards are a considerable problem for this species (ICES Advice 2012). In addition to overexpoitation, M. aeglefinus may be impacted by environmental change/europhication and deterioration of nursing grounds in some areas (2013 HELCOM RedList Assessment).","Melanogrammus aeglefinus is managed by annual Total Allowable Catches (TACs) within specific management areas in the Northeastern Atlantic. However, it is worth noting that there are indications of mismatch between biological and fisheries management units for this species (Reiss et al. 2009). Several specific management plans are in place for Haddock: Haddock in Subarea IV (North Sea) and Division IIIa West (Skagerrak) is managed by the joint EU/Norway Management plan. Management plans are also in place for the East Arctic stock. In 1996, this species was evaluated at the Global Level, and was assessed as Vulnerable A1d+2d. At the National level, it was evaluated as Endangered on the Swedish IUCN Red List. This species was assessed as Near Threatened in the HELCOM Baltic Sea Assessments in 2013 using Criterion B. Spawning of M. aeglefinus is restricted to the Sound, and therefore this species has very restricted area of occupancy (10 to 500km2) and extent of occurrence (<5000 km2) in the HELCOM region. The Icelandic Haddock was evaluated as a moderate conservation concern, and is considered a ""Good Alternative"" by the Seafood Watch program.","This is an important fisheries species. It is marketed fresh, chilled as fillets, frozen, smoked and canned. It is also processed into fish-meal and used in animal feeds. It is taken with bottom trawls, seines, longlines, gillnets, and traps (Cohen et al. 1990).","Needle, C. & Kempf, A.","Cook, R., Fernandes, P., Florin, A., Lorance, P. & Nedreaas, K.","Stump, E.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,BATHYLAGIDAE,Melanolagus,bericoides,,Melanolagus bericoides,"(Borodin, 1929)","Until recently, Melanolagus bericoides was assigned to the genus Bathylagus, and it is often confused with Bathylagus euryops (Møller et al. 2010).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Melanolagus bericoides is widely distributed in the north eastern Atlantic Ocean. It is a bathypelagic species, typically found at depths > 1,000 m. There are no known major threats to this species. It appears to be rare in Greenland waters, but little else is known about its population in the European region. It is a wide-ranging species with no known threats. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Melanolagus bericoides is widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans (Cohen 1986).  In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it has been collected off of Portugal, Madeira, and the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014).    Melanolagus berioides is generally associated with depths of up to 1,130 m (Mundy 2005), but is often found deeper (to 1,700) in the northern portion of its range (Møller et al. 2010).",Melanolagus bericoides is rare off the southwestern coast of Greenland (Moller et al. 2010). The population status of the species elsewhere in European and surrounding regional waters is unknown.,"Melanolagus bericoides is a bathypelagic species, typically found singly or in small groups (Cohen 1984). The maximum size of this fish has been measured at 20.0 cm standard length (SL) (Cohen 1990). It is known to participate in diel migrations (Mundy 2005). It feeds on plankton (Cohen 1984).  This species is oviparous with planktonic eggs and pelagic larvae (Moser and Ahlstrom 1996). The spawning season, fecundity and early life history traits of this species are poorly understood.",There are no known major threats for this species.,"There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place. There are a few marine protected areas in its range, but it is not known if any M. bericoides are found within them. Research into the population trends and size, ecology and early life history traits and possible threats is needed for this species.",This species is of no interest to fisheries.,"Harwell, H.","Knudsen, S., Nielsen, J. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MELANONIDAE,Melanonus,zugmayeri,,Melanonus zugmayeri,"Norman, 1930",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Melanonus zugmayeri is a circumglobal species found at depths ranging from 350 to 1500 m. This species is occasionally taken as bycatch. This species is found in deep waters, is not commercially utilized and has no known threats. It is rarely observed in eastern Atlantic waters. It is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Melanonus zugmayeri is circumglobal in both tropical and subtropical seas. Melanonus zugmayeri is a meso-bathypelagic fish that is found from the Rockall Trough (Clarke et al. 1999) and the Porcupine Seabight (Gordon et al. 1996) down to the Azores Islands (Santos et al. 1997, Carneiro et al. 2014) and a few specimens have been collected off Portugal and northwest Spain (Serrano et al. 2011, Carneiro et al. 2014). It has a depth range of 350 to 1500 m (Henriques et al. 2001).",There is no population data on available on M. zugmayeri. There are 390 specimens of this species in museums around the world. There are no quantitative data available regarding the population of this species.,This is a meso (Cohen 1990) and bathypelagic (Mundy 2005) species. It  is known to gravitate to seamounts and knolls (Stocks 2009). Maximum size is 29.4 cm TL (Henriques et al. 2001). This species is common to 26.6 (SL) (Cohen 1990 CLOFETA) .,There are no known species-specific threats. It is taken as bycatch in some fisheries (Melo and Menezes 2002). This species does not have any commercial value.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species, it may be present in marine protected areas that occur within its distribution.",Coryphaenoides mediterraneus is not a commercially fished species in Europe waters. This species is not utilized.,"Strongin, K.","Fernandes, P., Cook, R., Florin, A., Lorance, P. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,ZOARCIDAE,Melanostigma,atlanticum,,Melanostigma atlanticum,"Koefoed, 1952",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Melanostigma atlanticum is widely distributed in the Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, M. atlanticum commonly occurs from Iceland to the Canary Islands. It is a benthopelagic species with no known major threats. Therefore, M. atlanticum is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Melanostigma atlanticum occurs throughout the Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs off the coast of Iceland, the Faroes, the western coast of Scotland, the Bay of Biscay, off of Portugal (Carniero et al. 2014), near the Azores (Porteiro et al. in press), the Mediterranean (Matallanas 1975, Andriashev 1986, Quignard and Tomasini 2000, Massuti et al. 2004), and the Canary Islands (Brito et al. 2002). The species occurs at depths from 400–1,000 m (Andriashev 1986). Elsewhere, it is found on the Atlantic coast of north-western Africa (Golovan 1978), western North Atlantic (Newfoundland to Cape Hatteras) (Andriashev 1986). It can be found down to 1,500 m in Greenlandic waters (Møller et al. 2010).","Melanostigma atlanticum is common throughout its range. Outside the region, it is a rare species off the southern coast of Greenland (Møller et al. 2010).","Melanostigma atlanticum is a benthopelagic species found primarily at depths of 400–1000 m (Andriashev 1986), though spawning occurs in the bottom sediment (Møller et al. 2010). It primarily eats small crustaceans, including euphausids, copepods, and ostracods (Andriashev 1986). The maximum recorded size is 16 cm (Coad and Reist 2004).","There are no known species-specific threats to Melanostigma atlanticum. However, the deep sea is increasing impacted by human activities; in particular fishing pressure is increasing as the shallow water fisheries are depleted (Roberts 2002, Glover and Smith 2003). Direct exploitation or habitat destruction could have negative impacts on this species in the future.","There are no known conservation measures in place for this species. Melanostigma atlanticum was assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean, as it is known from only two records there (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",This species is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Melanostomias,bartonbeani,,Melanostomias bartonbeani,"Parr, 1927",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Melanostomias bartonbeani is widely distributed in the mesopelagic zones of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, it occurs from about 56°N to 10°N. This species is found at depths from 25–2000 m. Although data for this species are limited, given its deep water habitat and broad distribution, it is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Melanostomias bartonbeani occurs in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs throughout the area from about 56°N to 10°N (Gibbs 1984). This species was recently recorded off the coast of Iceland, expanding its range northward (Byrkjedal et al. 2004). It is most often found between the depths of 25–2,000 m (Marrow	1979) Outside the region, this species is found south to Guinea Bissau and the waters from Namibia to South Africa. In the western Atlantic, it is found west of 40°W between 45–25°N, and from Brazil to Argentina. In the northwest Atlantic, it is found in the waters around Canada (Scott and Scott 1988). It is also found in the Indian and Pacific oceans (Gibbs and Barnett 1990).","There are no records from trawl surveys (bottom and pelagic) in the region (C. Papaconstantinou and S. Kobyliansky pers comm. 2013). Outside the region, in a study conducted in the warm waters of Gulf Stream meander 82-H between Cape Hatteras and the Grand Banks in 1985, M. bartonbeani ranked 9th in total mass per cubic meter of all of the fish collected during the haul (Craddock et al. 1992).","Species of the Melanostomiidae family, are mesopelagic, occurring in the upper 1,000 m as adults while some species become benthopelagic as adults.&#160;This species may undertake vertical migrations to near surface at night. Its diet&#160;consists mainly of other mesopelagic fishes and some crustaceans (Harold 2002). The maximum recorded length for this species is 26.2 cm SL (Gibbs and Barnett 1990).",There are no major threats to this species.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.,This species is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Papaconstantinou, C. & Kobyliansky, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Melanostomias,biseriatus,,Melanostomias biseriatus,"Regan & Trewavas, 1930",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, Melanostomias biseriatus occurs in the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, Melanostomias biseriatus occurs in the Azores, Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014) and the Canary Islands (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009). Globally, Melanostomias biseriatus occurs in tropical to temperate in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans (Harold 2002). In the eastern Atlantic, it is found from Morocco south to Western Sahara and Ghana and Nigeria. In the western Atlantic, it is found along the USA south to Bahamas and from Venezuela to Brazil (Gibbs and Barnett 1990). Its depth range is from 620-760 m (Uyeno et al. 1983).","There are 93 records of this species worldwide in 87 geocodes. There are four separate instances where three individuals were taken at a single collection, one was in the Sargasso Sea in 1979, another was in the Gulf of Mexico on the Mississippi Delta in 1961, a third was in the waters off the Bahamas in 1984, and the fourth was not specified&#160;(Accessed through www.fishnet2.net, 2013-02-22).&#160;It is not known whether there is substantial immigration/emigration from outside the region that will significantly affect the population in the Eastern Central Atlantic.","Based on general information on the subfamily Melanostomiinae diet, the diet probably consists mainly of other mesopelagic fishes and some crustaceans (Harold 2002).","There are no known threats towards this species. However, there is little species-specific research published on this species, and more research should be done in order to know for sure if any threats exist.",There are currently no species specific conservation measures in place.,This species is not utilized in the Eastern Central Atlantic.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Melanostomias,macrophotus,,Melanostomias macrophotus,"Regan & Trewavas, 1930",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Melanostomias macrophotus is known from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, M. macrophotus occurs off Portugal, Spain and the Azores. There is limited information available for this in the region. In a study conducted along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in 2004, only one individual of this species was collected and no additional trawl surveys in the region. However, given its broad distribution and deep water habitat, it is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Melanostomias macrophotus occurs throughout the Atlantic Ocean and also occurs in the Pacific. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs from Portugal, Spain and off of the Azores (Gibbs 1984). It is most often found at depths between 530–945 m (Uyeno et al. 1983). Outside the region, this species occurs south to the Western Sahara. In the western Central Atlantic, it can be found in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. It is also found in the Indo-West Pacific, in the waters Indonesia (Gloerfelt-Tarp and Kailola 1984).","In a study conducted along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in 2004, only one individual of this species was collected (Sutton et al. 2008). There are no additional trawl surveys in the region (C. Papaconstantinou and S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013).","Species of the melanostomiid family, are mainly mesopelagic, occurring in the upper 1,000 m of the water column as adults. It most probably undertakes vertical migration to near surface at night, and may become benthopelagic as an adult. Its diet&#160;consists of other mesopelagic fishes and some crustaceans (Harold 2002). Although recorded outside the region, the maximum recorded length for this species is 23 cm SL (McEachran and Fechhelm 1998).","Currently, there are no major threats to this species.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.,This species is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Papaconstantinou, C. & Kobyliansky, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Melanostomias,tentaculatus,,Melanostomias tentaculatus,"(Regan & Trewavas, 1930)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species occurs in Madeira, the Azores and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs in the Azores, Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014) and the Canary Islands (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009). Globally, this is a tropical to temperate species that is circumglobally distributed (Harold in press). In the eastern Atlantic, M. tentaculatus is found from Madeira to Angola, but has not been reported in the waters between Mauritania and Guinea. In the western Atlantic, it is found along the coast of USA to Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico. It is also known to inhabit the waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans (Gibbs and Barnett 1990). Melanostomias tentaculatus is most often associated with water depths of between 30 and 950 m (Marrow 1979).","There are 111 records of M. tentaculatus worldwide in 109 geocodes. Individual counts of specimens collected in one haul consist mostly of single individuals, however, there was one collection event in 1961 that occurred off the coast of Alabama in the Gulf of Mexico which yielded seven individuals (fishnet2). It is not known whether there is substantial immigration/emigration from outside the region that will significantly affect the Eureopean population.","The maximum recorded standard length (SL) is 24.0 cm (McEachran and Fechhelm 1998). The diet of M. tentaculatus consists mainly of mixed crustaceans, of which 40% are euphausiids (Hopkins et al. 1996).","There are no known threats towards this species. However, there is very little known about the habitats and ecology of this species, and to determine for sure if there are any threats towards this species.",There are no known conservation measures in place for this species in Europe.,This species is not utilized in Europe.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Melanostomias,valdiviae,,Melanostomias valdiviae,"Brauer, 1902",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Melanostomias valdiviae is a circumglobal species. In the northeastern Atlantic, it is known from Portugal south to Madeira and the Canary Islands. There are no records of M. valdiviae from trawl surveys in the region. It is a widespread mesopelagic species found to 1,600 m depth. There are no known widespread threats. It is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Melanostomias valdiviae is a circumglobal species. This species is found in the northeastern Atlantic from off Ireland and south to Madeira and the Canary Islands. Melanostomias valdiviae is most often found between the depths of 40–1,600 m (Marrow 1979). Outside the region, it is also found west of South Africa. In the western Atlantic, it is found between 41°N and 28°N, in the Gulf of Mexico, and south to 8°N and then then between 10°S and 18°S. In the northwest Atlantic, it is found off the coast of Canada (Scott and Scott 1988). It is also found throughout the Indian and Pacific oceans (Gibbs and Barnett 1990).",There are no records from trawl surveys (bottom and pelagic) in the region (C. Papaconstantinou and S. Kobyliansky pers comm. 2013).,"Species of the melanostomiid family, are mainly mesopelagic, occurring in the upper 1,000 m of the water column as adults. It most probably undertakes vertical migration to near surface at night, and may become benthopelagic as an adult. Its diet&#160;consists of other mesopelagic fishes and some crustaceans (Harold 2002). Although recorded outside the region, the maximum recorded length for this species is 24.1 cm TL (Scott and Scott 1988).",There are no major threats known for this species.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.,This species is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Papaconstantinou, C. & Kobyliansky, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,BYTHITIDAE,Melodichthys,hadrocephalus,,Melodichthys hadrocephalus,Nielsen & Cohen 1986,,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Melodichthys hadrocephalus is only known from one specimen that was taken off France. Research is needed into the distribution, population and habitats/ecology of this species. It is not of current interest to commercial fisheries. Therefore, Melodichthys hadrocephalus is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Melodichthys hadrocephalus is known only from one specimen, identified from the Celtic Sea. It was found at depths between 300 and 400 m (Nielsen 1986).",Melodichthys hadrocephalus is only known from one specimen.,"Melodichthys hadrocephalus is a rare, benthopelagic speices (Nielsen et al. 1999).",Melodichthys hadrocephalus is considered extremely rare and has only been sighted once off the coast of France. No threats towards this species are known at this time.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for M. hadrocephalus. Research is needed into the population size and structure, ecology and early life history traits, as well as potential threats to this species.",Melodichthys hadrocephalus is of no interest to commercial fisheries (Nielsen et al. 1999).,"Ralph, G.","Knudsen, S., Nielsen, J. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,GADIDAE,Merlangius,merlangus,,Merlangius merlangus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","In Georgia and Romania (Black Sea), the subspecies M. m. euxinus (Nordmann, 1840) is recorded.",Yes,LC,,,,,,,"This species is endemic to the northeastern Atlantic, including the Mediterranean and Black Seas. It is highly commercial throughout its range.The stocks for which data are available show variable trends in total biomass, spawning stock biomass and recruitment. In the northern portion of its range in the Northeastern Atlantic, summed biomass estimates across the North Sea, West of Scotland and Celtic Sea over the past 10 years (2002-2012) are fluctuating and relatively stable, and recent stock assessments in the Black Sea show increasing SSB over the past 10 years. The North Sea stock, which accounts for 90% of the total biomass of stocks for which data are available, decreased to a historical low in 2007 and has since shown some sign of recovery. Merlangius merlangus is therefore listed as Least Concern. However, additional biomass estimates are needed for stocks in Rockall, Irish Sea, Kattegat, Skagerrak and Bay of Biscay-West Iberia.",Unknown,"Merlangius merlangus is restricted to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is known from the southeast Barents Sea south to Portugal, including Iceland, the western Baltic, Belt Sea, Sound and the Kattegat. It also occurs in the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea as the subspecies Merlangius merlangus ssp. euxinus, and in a few areas in the northern Aegean Sea (Papaconstantinou 1988) and northern Adriatic Sea. It is present in the north Mediterranean Sea (L. Gil de Sola pers. obs. 2014); however, it is rare in the northwest Mediterranean Sea. Merlangius merlangus is a low-salinity species typically occurring above 50 m depth but it has been found from 10 to 200 m. This species appears to be shifting its distribution northward in response to climate change (ICES 2005).","In the northern portion of its range in the Northeastern Atlantic, biomass estimates are available for three stocks: the North Sea, West of Scotland and Celtic Sea. The North Sea is the largest stock in the region. Summed SSB across all three stocks over the past 10 years (2002-2012) is fluctuating and relatively stable (ICES DATRAS database accessed February 2014). There are no biomass estimated for stocks in Rockall, Irish Sea, Kattegat, Skagerrak and Bay of Biscay-West Iberia. Recent stock assessments in the Black Sea show increasing SSB over the past 10 years. The stocks for which data are available show variable trends in total biomass, spawning stock biomass and recruitment. The largest stock, the North Sea stock accounting for 90% of the total biomass of stocks for which data are available, decreased to a historical low in 2007 and has since shown some sign of recovery. Global FAO landings are declared by the following fishing regions: Northeastern Atlantic; Mediterranean and Black Sea, with the large majority of landings (>90%) originating in the Northeastern Atlantic. The overall trend in global landings for this species is one of sharp and continual increase with fluctuations from 1960 to a series high of 283,616 tonnes declared in 1978. From 1979 to 2004, landings decrease to a series low of 40,325 tonnes. From 2004 to 2010, landings increase slightly to 47,373 tonnes.The overall trend in global landings is driven the by declining trend in landings originating from the Northeastern Atlantic. Landings from the Mediterranean/Black Sea represent an increasing proportion of global landings as landings in the Northeastern Atlantic decline. In 2010, 33% of landings (15,754 tonnes) originated from this fishing region. The overall trend in Mediterranean/Black Sea landings is one of fluctuating increase until 1988 (33,720 tonnes), declining in 2004 (8,609 tonnes) and then from 2004 to 2001 landings increase to 15,754 tonnes (FishStatJ). Stock Specific Information: Biomass data are available from the ICES Fish Stock Summary Database for the following eastern Atlantic stocks, in order of decreasing relative size: North Sea and eastern Channel (whg-47d); Celtic Sea (whg 7e-k); West of Scotland (whg-scow). The largest stock, which has contributed an average of 90% of the total biomass of stocks for which data are available from 1990-2011, is the the North Sea and Eastern Channel stock. Total biomass shows some dramatic fluctuation, but an overall trend of a 36% decrease from 1990 to 2011 (972,777 tonnes in 1990; 621,591 tonnes in 2011; method: % decline from two endpoints). After reaching a historical low of 382,210 tonnes in 2007, total biomass increased by 47% to 621,591 tonnes in 2011. Fishing mortality (F) has declined throughout the time series to a series low of 0.17 in 2011.  Data for the Celtic Sea stock, which represents an average of 7% of the total biomass for available data from 1990 to 2011, are available from 1982 to 2011. This stock has increased in total biomass from 22,646 tonnes in 1982, the series historical low, to 73,218 tonnes in 2011. Fishing mortality (F) in 2011 directed at this stock is also at a historical low of approximately 0.25. Data for the West of Scotland are available from 1981 to 2011. From 1990 to 2011 this stock contributed an average of 3% to the total biomass for all stocks for which data are available. The total biomass of this stock has consistently decreased from 166,351 tonnes 1981 to the historical low of 6,341 tonnes in 2004. Biomass increased to 9,981 tonnes in 2011. The percent decline of this stock, taking the two endpoints in the time series, is 94%. Fishing mortality (F) on this stock reached a peak of nearly 0.9 from 2000-2002, and has since declined to less than 0.1. Celtic Sea and West of Scotland (Division VIa): Fcurrent<Flim; Bcurrent<Blim Spawning stock biomass for this stock is very low, and this stock is suffering from reduced reproductive capacity. SSB has greatly decreased throughout the time series from 1981 (132,288 tonnes) to 2012 (8,526). The status of the stock is predicted to improve slightly in 2013 with lowered fishing mortality, however landings are marginal. Celtic Sea and West of Scotland (Divisions VIIe-k): Fcurrent<Fmsy; Bcurrent>Blim; Spawning stock biomass has been increasing since 2008. Fishing mortality has decreased since 2007. Celtic Sea and West of Scotland, Rockall (Division VIb): This is a data-limited stock. ICES advises a 20% reduction in catches based on the last three year average. Landings in this region are marginal. North Sea and Eastern Chanel (Subarea IV and Division VIId): There are no defined reference points for this stock. SSB has declined continuously from 1990 (317,000 tonnes) to 2008 (60,000 tonnes). From 2008 to 2012, SSB despite a trend in decreasing fishing mortality. There is a change in distribution of the stock, which is now located mainly in the northwestern North Sea (ICES advice 2013, book 6). Baltic Sea, Skagerrak - Kattegat (Division IIIa: This is a data-limited stock. Available survey indices show a lack of internal consistency (ICES Advice 2013, book 6). Bay of Biscay and Atlantic Iberian waters (Subarea VII and Division IXa): This is a data-limited stock. ICES advises that catches should decrease by 20% in relation to the last three years average (ICES advice book 6). Catch could not be quantified due to uncertainties in landings. Mediterranean Sea: This species is only present in a few localities in the Eastern Mediterranean. Dulcic and Glamuzina (2006) mentioned that 1,134 specimens with TL ranging from 14.7 and 33.4 cm were collected from three east Adriatic estuarine systems (Tar cove, sampled between September 1999 and September 2000; Duce-Glava, sampled between October 1998 and October 1999; and River Neretva estuary sampled between December 2002 and December 2003), using various fishing gears (beach seine, fyke-net, gill nets, fish traps). Black Sea: Whiting is one of the most abundant species of demersal fishes in the Black Sea. This species is the main predator of the Black Sea sprat, and has been affected by the decline in sprat stocks (Lleonard 2008). In 2012, the estimated F (0.375) exceeded the Fmsy (0.352) and the stock was considered to be exploited unsustainably (GFCM 2012). However, a recent stock assessment (STECF 2011) shows increasing SSB since 1995. Individuals up to age class six are most frequently encountered in fisheries. Stock delineation in the Black Sea is unresolved and landings are reported separately for each country. Whiting is primarily taken as by-catch in mixed fisheries in the region and also by a targeted fishery operating in Turkey. However, catch statistics likely under-represent actual catches in this region and observed discards for this species are very high (GFCM 2012).","Merlangius merlangus is a benthopelagic, oceanodromous species that is more commonly found from 30 to 100 m, mainly on mud and gravel bottoms but also on sand and rock. The young are found in shallower waters from five to 30 m depth. This species reaches a maximum length of 70 cm, but is more commonly seen at less than 23.5 cm. This species feeds on shrimps, crabs, molluscs, small fish, polychaetes and cephalopods. Sprat is an important component of the diet of Black Sea Whiting, where it is also associated with spiny dogfish concentrations (GFCM 2012). This fish migrates to the open sea only after its first year of life. Spawning occurs at 20 to 150 meters depth between January and July in the HELCOM area, from January to September in the area between the British Isles and the Bay of Biscay; from January to spring in the Mediterranean, and throughout the year in the Black Sea. Eggs are pelagic and both eggs and juveniles are associated with jellyfish. Upon maturity, small chin barbel which are juveniles characteristics disappear (Prévost 2005). The age of first maturity for this species is reached at three to four years of age (Cohen et al. 1990), although alternate ages of first maturity have been provided at ages of one to four years. For example, in the Irish Sea most females (95%) were found to be sexually mature at age two regardless of length class. This species has maximum longevity of 20 years. Based on current age structure data, the average age of reproducing adults is conservatively estimated to be 2.2 years (ICES WGNSSK 2013), although historical generation length may have been higher (five to six years) based on estimates of age structure under zero fishing and conventional natural mortality of 0.2. In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 33.1 cm TL and the length at maturity for females is 25.0 cm TL and for males is 24.0 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014).","This is a species with high commercial importance. Commercial passive fishing (i.e. netting, long lining) and active fishing (i.e. demersal and pelagic trawling) are the major threats. Furthermore, climate change, with synergistic effects of eutrophication that may lead to oxygen depletion, is a potential threat (HELCOM Red List 2013). Additionally, this species is subject to high discard rates, particularly for individuals of age one and two, in parts of its range (ICES Advice 2013, book 5). Sometimes this species is used in public aquariums. Analysis of level of mercury concentrations in the muscle tissue of this species, caught in Izmir bay (east Aegean Sea) indicate higher concentration values that exceed the limit accepted by World Health Organization (Kontas 2006).","This species is managed by total allowable catches (TACs) in parts of its range, however there are various mismatches between population structure and current management units in this species, particularly in the North Sea (Reiss et al. 2009). In the HELCOM area, whiting was assessed as Vulnerable under criteria A2bd due to declines in abundance in excess of 30% over three generations, based on a generation time of 6.7 years (declines in abundance based on fishery-independent data from International Bottom Trawl Survey) and on indications of dramatic reductions in Swedish landing statistics (in excess of 99%) over the last 12 years in the Kattegat. Furthermore, IBTS data on whiting in the Kattegat for sizes above 300 mm in total length indicate that the occurrence of adult whiting has become very scarce. It was recommended that the threat category not be downgraded to NT due to immigration from the North Sea, because landings in ICES division IIIa as a whole have decreased drastically since the 1980s (HELCOM 2013). In the Mediterranean Sea, this species was listed as Least Concern (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011). In Turkey, management measures are in place limiting minimum size of individuals caught in the Mediterranean and Black Seas to 25 cm. There are also area limitations in place (maximum of three nautical miles from the coastline). In Bulgaria and Ukraine minimum size limits are also in place (12 cm).","This is a species with high commercial importance as it can be utilized fresh or cooked (steamed, broiled and baked) and is easily preserved (dried, salted, smoked and frozen) (Frimodt 1995). It is caught primarily with bottom trawls and long-lines, and also hand-lines and occasionally purse seines. In the Celtic Sea, this species is taken in mixed-species fisheries, primarily by otter-trawl (ICES Advice 2013). In the Irish Sea, important fishing grounds for this species consist of mud, hardgrounds and gravel/shingle bottoms (Bergmann et al. 2004). This species is also used as feed for the Black Sea trout.","Ralph, G.","Nedreaas, K., Florin, A., Cook, R., Fernandes, P. & Lorance, P.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MERLUCCIIDAE,Merluccius,merluccius,,Merluccius merluccius,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Merluccius merluccius is distributed in the eastern Atlantic from Norway and Iceland, south to Mauritania, and including the Mediterranean Sea. In the North east Atlantic, this species appears to be expanding its range, and is managed as two distinct stocks (northern and southern), trends in SSB are variable. Based on estimates of SSB for the Northern Stock, which is the larger of the two, over the last 5 years SSB has increased by a factor of 5. The southern stock is still slightly overfished, but SSB over the past 10 years has been increasing. Therefore, M. mercluccius is assessed as Least Concern.  Merluccius merluccius populations in the Mediterranean were previously assessed as Vulnerable due to declines in abundance which were attributed to high fishing pressure in the region. In the Med, there is no current evidence of reducing fishing or recovery of this species, and declines are likely greater than 30% over the past 20-40 years based on reported FAO landings in the Mediterranean. Fishing mortality is currently well above Fmsy for most stocks in the Mediterranean region, and this species is considered to be overfished throughout the Med region. No current estimates of biomass or SSB trends are available. Juveniles are also extensively fished in this region. Better data and management for this species is needed in the Mediterranean region.",Unknown,"Merluccius merluccius is distributed in the east Atlantic from Norway and Iceland, south to Mauritania, and including the Mediterranean Sea (Svetovidov 1986). The distributional limit of this species in the Baltic Sea is the Kattegat (HELCOM  2013). It has been found in depths ranging from 30 to 1075 m (Lloris et al. 2005) but is most often found between 70 and 400 m (Muus et al. 1999).  Genetic testing indicates that a subspecies of M. merluccius may be forming in the southern extremity of this species range (Roldan et al. 1998).","Population structure There are two stocks for this species, the northern and the southern. Based on estimates of SSB for the Northern Stock, which is the larger of the two, over the last 5 years, SSB has increased by a factor of 5. This species appears to be expanding its area (Paul Fernandes per comm., paper in review in 2013). The southern stock is still slightly overfished, but SSB over the past 10 years has been increasing (ICES Advice 2013).  There has recently been evidence of spawning in Kattegat, which may also indicate recolonization (HELCOM Fact Sheet). The Atlantic population structure appears to be more complex than previously suggested by the placement of stock boundaries by the International Council for the Exploration of the Seas (ICES). Analyses based on various models of microsatellite evolution all suggest that differentiation exists between Bay of Biscay and Portuguese samples, θ = 0.013 (P < 0.001), RST = 0.036 (P < 0.001) which are currently managed as one stock. By contrast, fixation indices indicated no differentiation between southern Bay of Biscay samples and Celtic Sea samples, θ = 0.003 (P = 0.02), φST = 0.007 (P = 0.10) which are managed as separate stocks. These results suggest that if the observed trends are stable through time, current management policy of European hake may need revision [Lundy et al. 1999]. This species shows certain genetic differences between the populations in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea.  Results of genetic testing identify the boundary between Atlantic and Mediterranean stocks more precisely in the Almeria- Oran front (AOF), instead of the Gibraltar Strait, as generally postulated by previous studies. This leads to the conclusion that the Alboran Sea is a zone of steep transition between Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea populations [Cimmaruta et al. 2005].  FAO landings statistics summary: Landings are reported from the following FAO fishing areas: Mediterranean, Eastern Central Atlantic, and Northeast Atlantic. The overall trend in landings is one of continuous, steady decline from the beginning of the time series (1950) to present (2011). Landings have declined approximately 30% over the this time series, from 131,600 (thousand?) tonnes in 1950 to 94,166 (thousand?) tonnes in 2011. In the past 10 years, global landings have increased from 57,194 tonnes in 2001 to 94166 in 2011. The global trend in landings is driven by landings in the Northeast Atlantic Fishing Area, which accounted for greater than 80% of total landings until the 1970s, and has accounted for 45-65% of total landings in the last 10 years. In the last 10 years, landings from this area have fluctuated, with a gradual increase from 33,731 tonnes reported in 2003 to 55407 tonnes reported in 2011. Spain and France reported the majority of landings originating from the Northeastern Atlantic. The Mediterranean Fishing Area accounts for the second largest proportion of total reported landings, and has accounted for between 40% and 20% of total landings in the last 10 years. The trend in Mediterranean landings is one of gradual increase to a peak of 48280 tonnes in 1995, followed by a gradual decrease of (38%) to 18425 tonnes in 2011. The trend in landings over the last 10 years is one of gradual decline (approximately 20% decline) with some fluctuation. Morocco accounts for the large majority of landings declared in the Mediterranean, followed by Spain. Population Information by region: NEA General Information- ICES assumes two different stock units, although there is no biological basis for this - a widely distributed northern stock, and a southern stock. There are two major nursery areas in the Bay of Biscay and off Southern Ireland. This species is widely distributed in the NEA; spawning stock biomass in the northern part of its range (from Kattegat down to the Bay of Biscay) has been increasing since 1998, and is estimated to be at a record high (ICES 2011). Baltic Sea: Hake has only recently been re-discovered in the Baltic Sea area. Spawning sites have been identified in the northern part of the Kattegat (Svensson 2010), and recruits and feeding adults are though to be found in deeper parts. The stock in the Kattegat is at the edge of the distributional limit in the Baltic Sea, and this species does not occur elsewhere in the Baltic Area. This species was assessed at Near Threatened in the HELCOM Region utilizing a criteria B1a+2a.  Hake in Division IIIa, Subareas IV, VI, and VI, and divisions VIIIa,b,d (Northern Stock) - Fcurrent < Fmsy; Spawning biomass has been increasing since 1998 and is estimated to be at a record high in 2013, the highest SSB since 1978 Although biomass reference points are undefined, qualitative evaluations indicate that biomass is well above possible reference points. Current Biomass is estimated at about 260k tonnes.  Hake in Bay of Biscay and Atlantic Iberian Waters (Divisions VIIIc and IXa) Southern stock Fcurrent > Fmsy; Fishing mortality has decreased in recent years, but is still well above Fmsy proxy. Most recruitment since 2005 have been above the mean of the time period from 1982-2011). Although SSB has been increasing since 1998, stock biomass has been below safe biological limits. Current biomass is estimated at 26.6k tonnes (SSB=35000 tonnes) since 1988. Hake in the Gulf of Cadiz: Hake in this region has been removed from the Southern Hake stock since 2003, due to differences in the length distribution of this area. LPUE has fluctuated from 1993 to 2006 (ICES WGHMM Report 2007). Summary: This species appears to be increasing in abundance in the NEA portion of its range. Other population information by region: Mediterranean This species is among the main target species of the demersal fisheries of the Mediterranean (Gucu and Bingel 2011). Stock Assessments: General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean All Assessed stocks are considered over-fished, growth over-fishing is a persistent issue, and recommendations for dramatic reductions in effort are unlikely to be met. In the 1970s, this species ranked 5th in relative abundance along the Catalonian coasts, accounting for roughly 1.1% of the cumulative composition of species. In the same region, from the 1980s to 2007, this species was not among the top 10 most abundant species (Cartes et al. 2013). Northern Alboran Sea: GSA01: 2012 Assessment: Observed increases in landings from 2003 to 2004, followed b y a stabilization in catches around 300t from 2005 - 2008, peaking in 2009 and gradually declining to 614t in 2011. Decreasing trend in the last year in recruits and spawning stock biomass, with stock estimated to be at about 3% of the maximum spawning stock biomass per recruit (to maintain stock at precautionary levels, must be at 39%) abundance is very low, and decreases over the entire time series. Stock is overfished.Balearic Islands: GSA05: 2012 Assessment: Targeted by commercial bottom trawlers on the deep shelf (80 - 250m) and upper slope (350-600 m). Stock is considered overfished [[go back and interpret the stats]]]]. Northern Spain: GSA06: 2012 Assessment: Landings are predominantly juveniles (age 0 and 1 individuals) living on the continental shelf. Decreasing trend in landings and total biomass, with SSB representing 13% of total biomass. Decline in recruitment from 1999 onwards; Stock expected to increase with decreases in Fishing Mortality (F). Stock is overfished. Fishery based on year 0-1 individuals.Gulf of Lions: GSA07: 2012 Assessment: In past 10 years, fishing capacity of trawlers has declined (30%) due to large decline of small pelagics in the area, remaining fleet targets demersals as a result. Average size at trawl capture: 21cm; Gillneters capture 39 cm individuals, while longliners capture individuals averaging 52cm. Heavy growth over exploitation due to exploiting of juvenile fishes by trawl fishery. Stock at very low level of abundance. Since 2007, recruitment has reached lowest level of the historical series (1998 - 2011). Stock overfished.Strait of Sicily/North of Tunisia: GSA12, 13, 14, 15, 16: Length of catches range between 8 and 66 cm TL, average 20 cm TL. Stock abundance is low, stock is overfished, and is characterized by growth overexploitation. To reach F0.1, a reduction in effort of 80% is recommended Southern Adriatic: GSA18: 2012 Assessment: Lm50%= 33.4 cm ± 0.15 cm. Catches and mortality dominated by trawl fishing system; Observed increase in recruitment. Stock overfished, attributed to overexploitation of juveniles.Ligurian and North Tyrrhenian Sea: GSA09: 2011 Assessment: Catch is primarily juveniles; current F 6X higher than the limit and target reference point F. Decrease in relative SSB, with lowest values in recent years (2009-2010). Low recruitment.Levant Sea extirpation In the Levant Sea, the first signs of over-exploitation of this species were detected during the 1950s (Aasen and Akyüz, 1956; Akyüz, 1957), before it became an explicitly targeted species in the region. During the mid-1980s, M. merluccius gained commercial importance. Due to augmentation of fishing effort and explicit targeting of M. merluccius, landings continued to increase in the Levant Sea until 1998 which marked a dramatic and un-reversed decline in landings. Total Biomass indices, estimated based on basin-wide survey, peaked at 45 tonnes per km-2 in 1984. In 2007-2010, BI-total for the Levant sea was estimated at 0.28. A combination of factors including over-exploitation, variability in penetration of Atlantic waters into the Mediterranean, and the impact of exotic species (the Erythrean lizardfish Saurita undosquamis) has been evoked to explain the disappearance of M. merluccius from the Levant Sea (Gucu and Bingel 2010).","Habitat and Ecology  This is a demersal species, that is found usually between 70 and 370 m depth. In the Mediterranean Sea, it has been found from 30 to 1,000 m. In the Ligurian Sea the species was caught starting from 18 m depth (Relini et al. 1986). It lives close to the bottom during the day, but moves off-bottom at night. Adults feed mainly on fishes (small hakes, anchovies, pilchard, herrings, cod fishes, sardines and gadoid species) and squids. The young feed on crustaceans (especially euphausiids and amphipods). Currents, such as the Poleward Current in the Gulf of Biscay (Sanchez and Gil 2000) and the East Corsica current in the Lingurian Sea (Abella et al. 2008) determine the major nursery grounds of M. merluccius by producing meso-scale eddies which retain larvae and favor the feeding behavior of recruits (Gucu and Bingel 2011). High-productivity areas are important nursery grounds for hake throughout its range (Gucu and Bingel 2011). Life History and Reproduction Maximum length recorded is 140 (TL) for males and 100 for females (Cohen et al. 1990).  Maximum age is 20 years (Muus and Nielsen 1999).  Size at maturity is between 26 and 27 cm for the males and 26 and 40 cm for the females (Golani et al. 2006). In the Tyrrhenian sea, size at maturity is 35 cm for the females (Sbrana et al. 2007). Bouaziz (2002) found the size at maturity to be females = 30.6 cm, males = 21.3 cm. Generation length is estimated at around 3 to 3.5 years, depending on the area (Bouaziz et al.1992). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 91 cm TL and the length at maturity for females ranges from 26.5 cm to 42.5 cm TL and for males ranges from 21.0 cm to 29.5 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014).  Adult fish of these species are mainly demersal, usually inhabiting depths between 70 and 370 m. Age of first maturity is reached during the seventh year for most females (57 cm) and during the fifth year for males (40 cm) for the Atlantic population. Their main spawning grounds are in the southern portion of their range in the Bay of Biscay, mainly in the canyons and rocky bottoms of the shelf break area [Casey and Pererio 1995]. Spawning generally occurs between April and December, with a peak between February and March [Sanchez and Gil 1999]. Maximum egg abundance occurs around 200m. [Valdes et al. 1996]. The fecundity is reported as 2 to 7 million eggs per female [FishBase].  Depending on the direction of the sea current, the larva are either deposited in the nursery areas of the Bay of Biscay or swept further out to sea [Sanchez and Gil 1999]. The deposition of larvae in nursery areas has a high correlation with successful recruitment of the species [Sanchez and Gil 1999].  In two month's time, the eggs metamorphose into juveniles. During their juvenile phase, these fish demonstrate vertical migration, preferring the muddy bottoms during the day and feeding at shallower depths at night. Adults also leave the bottom at night but do not migrate nearly as close to the surface as juveniles [Sanchez and Gil 1999].  Adults feed mainly on fish (small hakes, anchovies, pilchard, herrings, cod fishes, sardines and gadoid species) and squids. The young feed on crustaceans (especially euphausiids and amphipods) [FishBase].                                             The number of migrants between the Bay of Biscay and the Celtic Sea calculated with the IAM was 62 individuals and with the SMM was 34 individuals. In addition, at least one locus revealed significantly different genotype distributions (Lundy et al. 1999). These results suggest that migration between these fishing grounds is restricted and therefore relevant to fisheries management. However, until the temporal stability of this limited rate of migration between stocks from the southern Bay of Biscay and the Celtic Sea can be genetically demonstrated, caution should be taken in the management of these areas (Lundy et al. 1999).A generation length of 11.3 years was estimated for this species by the HELCOM Red listing Project.·      ","This is a species with high commercial importance in the Mediterranean. There is evidence to support that this species is over-exploited and that over-fishing is a major threat to the populations.  The main fishing methods used catch this fish are trawls, fixed nets and seines. Bottom longline and set-net fisheries are targeting adults of this species in some areas (not in Turkish waters at present). Details of this fishing effort are only rarely available.  The European hake is the most important demersal species in western European continental shelf fisheries [Casey & Pereiro 1995]. For this reason it has been extensively studied, but some uncertainty still remains concerning both the population structure and the state of the stocks. Indeed, recent molecular studies have shown that the spatial pattern of hake populations is more complex than previously thought, with possible roles for ecological and oceanographic factors in temporal variation of population genetic composition in the Bay of Biscay (Lundy et al. 1999). Moreover, hake stocks are generally considered over-exploited [Alheit & Pitcher 1995]. In 1955. over 160000 tonnes were harvested; more recently, in 2000, approximately 60000 tonnes were harvested, but in 2009 and 2010, nearly 100000 tonnes were hauled in each year and sold on the market [FAO Fishery Statistics]. According to the annual harvesting of this species, the species may seem to be relatively abundant. However, signs of overfishing could be dramatically reducing its numbers [FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department]. The number of migrants between the Bay of Biscay and the Celtic Sea calculated with the IAM was 62 individuals and with the SMM was 34 individuals. In addition, at least one locus revealed significantly different genotype distributions [Lundy et al. 1999]. These results suggest that migration between these fishing grounds is restricted and therefore relevant to fisheries management. However, until the temporal stability of this limited rate of migration between stocks from the southern Bay of Biscay and the Celtic Sea can be genetically demonstrated, caution should be taken in the management of these areas [Lundy et al. 1999]. Furthermore, high dispersive capabilities of a marine organism do not necessarily translate into high levels of realized gene flow. Population structure often does exist in such species [Palumbi 1994] and in these cases the evolutionary and ecological processes responsible nearly always have direct relevance to any management plans for exploited species involved [Avise 1998]. By identifying genetically meaningful units, the management of economically important marine species can be improved by targeting individual units, or stocks with definable levels of recruitment and mortality [Lundy et al. 1999].","This species has undergone regional Red List Assessment in the Mediterranean (VU) (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011), the Baltic Sea (NT), and the ECA (LC). This species is widely distributed in the Northeast Atlantic. The distributional limit in the Baltic Sea is the Kattegat - there is no specific management plan for this stock (HELCOM 2013 RedList Assessment). Merluccius merluccius is a priority species for the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM). It is regulated through fishing effort controls, selectivity, fishing closures, minimum landing size, etc. in the GSAs. There are also some national regulations regarding minimum landing size (e.g., in Turkey, minimum landing size is 25 cm, in Morocco minimum size is 20 cm) and an EC regulation for minimum landing size of 20 cm. It occurs in some marine protected areas. Recommendations for this species are: implementation of GFCM recommendations (fishing effort controls, selectivity, fishing closures, minimum landing size, etc.) and improved enforcement of fishing controls in the Mediterranean Sea.","This is a species with high commercial importance in the Mediterranean. It is used fresh, dried or salted and frozen (Frimodt 1995).","Strongin, K.","Fernandes, P., Cook, R., Florin, A., Lorance, P. & Nedreaas, K.","Di Natale, A., Molinari, A., Öztúrk, B., Srour, A. & Pollard, D.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,APHYONIDAE,Meteoria,erythrops,,Meteoria erythrops,"Nielsen, 1969",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Meteoria erythrops appears restricted to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, but is known from only three specimens. Little is known about its population status, habitats, or ecology. Therefore, M. erythrops is listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Meteoria erythrops is found in the northeast Atlantic Ocean. It is known from the Azores (40°32' N, 35°24' W, Nielsen 1969, Carneiro et al. 2014) and off the northwest coast of Spain (42°06.3' N, 14°42' W, and 42°54' N, 13°25.1' W, Nielsen 1972). It has been found from 4540 to 5320 m depth (Nielsen et al. 1999).","This is a rare species (Nielsen et al. 1999). It is known from only three specimens, so little is known about its population status.","Meteoria erthyrops is a benthopelagic species found at depths of 4540 to 5320 m (Nielsen et al. 1999). It is known from only three specimens, so little is known about its ecology. The maximum recorded size is 7.0 mm standard length (J. Nielsen pers. comm. 2014).",There are no known major threats to this species.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place.,"This species is not utilized, and is of no interest to fisheries (Nielsen 1999).","Ralph, G. & Harwell, H.","Nielsen, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,COTTIDAE,Micrenophrys,lilljeborgii,,Micrenophrys lilljeborgii,"(Collett, 1875)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Micrenophrys lilljeborgii is distributed in the northeast Atlantic Ocean from Iceland to Ireland and the British Isles to the southwestern Scandinavian coasts. It is widespread and there is no evidence of population decline. Although it is rare within its range, it may not be caught often as it resides on hard bottom seas that trawls cannot fish upon. Therefore, Micrenophrys lilljeborgii is listed as Least Concern",Unknown,"Micrenophrys lilljeborgii is restricted to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. It is known from the west and north coasts of Ireland, east and west Scotland, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, southwest Scandinavian coasts and was recently collected from the southeast North Sea in German waters; however, it is uncertain whether these new records are an indication of a range expansion (Sandercock and Wilimovsky 1968, Neudecker et al. 2006). Additionally, 48°N to 66°N and 13°E to 25°W is also a proposed range for this species (Fedorov 1986). It is suspected that records from more southern countries (e.g. The Netherlands, Belgium, France, the Channel Islands and southern England) may be included in records of some laboratories that have never been published (Neudecker et al. 2006). The depth range for M. illjeborgii is six to 100 m depth (Muus and Nielsen 1999).","Micrenophrys lilljeborgii comprised 0.07% of 1,498 larval fishes caught (51 species) off the Iberian Peninsula (Rodriguez et al. 2009). This small fish species is preyed upon by larger fish such as cod but in recent years cod stocks have decreased dramatically which may allow M. lilljeborgii to expand its distribution (Cook 2002, Ratz 2003, Neudecker and Damm 2004). Museum collection material for M. lilljeborgii is limited (Sandercock and Wilimovsky 1968) and it is considered to be a rare species (Daan 2001). In a survey conducted off the west coast of Ireland, this species comprised 0.0% larval abundance in 1980, 0.011% larval abundance in 1983 and 0.008% relative larval abundance of cottids (O'Brien and Fives 1995). The population in its range appears rare, although it occurs on hard bottom substrate, which is difficult for bottom trawls to fish upon, and it is likely that it has been well sampled in the routine trawl surveys of the region. It is also a small species which makes it harder to fish.","Micrenophrys lilljeborgii is a demersal benthivore that occurs over the inner shelf, primarily over sand, gravel and coral debris substrates (Jiming 1982, Costello et al. 2005, Neudecker et al. 2006, Englehard et al. 2008). Micrenophrys lilljeborgii has demersal eggs and newly hatched larvae of this species are two to three millimetres (Bruun 1925). The maximum recorded length for this species is 7.4 cm TL but is common to six centimetres TL (Fedorov 1986).","This species may be effected by water temperature changes due to climate change which can alter migration, physiology, food availability, etc. (Roessig et al. 2004). However, major threats to this species have no been identified.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place. However, this species’ range overlaps with marine protected areas (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014).",Use and trade information is not available for M. lilljeborgii.,"Ralph, G.","Lorance, P., Florin, A. & Keskin, Ç.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,SOLEIDAE,Microchirus,azevia,,Microchirus azevia,"(Brito Capello, 1867)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Microchirus azevia is distributed from Spain and Portugal south to Senegal. It is found over sandy and muddy substrates to depths of 250 m. It is a targeted commercial species in Spain and Portugal, and perhaps elsewhere within its range. It is also taken as bycatch. In most cases species-specific landings are not available, and are lumped under the aggregate ""Soleidae"". However, M. azevia may account for 20-30% of landings in this category (e.g., in Portugal). This species is subject to minimum size restrictions; however, these are not always followed. Additionally, it is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range. Available population information suggest a relatively stable population off the coasts of Spain and Portugal. Therefore, M. azevia is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Microchirus azevia occurs in the eastern Atlantic, from Portugal southward to Senegal (Desoutter-Meniger and Munroe in press). A single record is mentioned from south-west of the British Isles. This species is also present in the Canary Islands. In the Mediterranean Sea this species occurs in Spain, Morocco and Algeria. Turkish records may be erroneous (D. Golani pers. comm. 2007). Microchirus azevia can be found at depths from 40 up to 340 m (Afonso-Diaz et al. 2005, Desoutter-Meniger and Munroe in press).",Spanish Gulf of Cadiz Bottom Trawl Survey (SP-ARSA-DATRAS) data (biomass/h) are variable but suggest slightly higher biomass since 2005 (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2013). Landings from Portugal from 1992 to 2011 show a slight increase. Annual average landings were 571 t/year (Teixeira et al. 2013). Available population information suggest a relatively stable population off the coasts of Spain and Portugal.,"Microchirus azevia is a benthic species which is found on muddy and sandy substrata. Adults occur on the continental shelf at depths ranging from 40 to 340 m, juveniles occur in shallow waters and in estuaries (Quéro et al. 1986, Desoutter-Meniger and Munroe in press, Costa et al. 2002). This species feeds on small benthic invertebrates, mainly amphipods and polychaetes (Quéro et al. 1986). Females reach sexual maturity at 3 years and 23 cm. Spawning occurs from winter to spring (Afonso-Dias et al 2005). Microchirus azevia can live up to 8 years and reach a maximum size of 32.7 cm (Teixeira et a.l 2010). This species reaches a maximum size of 40 cm SL (Desoutter-Meniger and Munroe in press). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 37.6 cm TL and the length at maturity for females is 22.8 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014).","This species is harvested commercially in Spain and Portugal and perhaps elsewhere. It is also taken as bycatch of demersal trawl fisheries throughout its range. Microchirus azevia are captured with trammel and gill nets. In Portugal, 365 tonnes/yr were caught and recorded as M. azevia between 1993 and 2001 (Afonso-Dias et al. 2005). They also make up to 26% of the catch under the generic category ""Soleidae"" in Portugal (Afonso-Dias et al. 2005). Gonads of ripe females are quite visible, distending the abdomen. These specimens are valuable on the black market (Afonso-Dias et al. 2005). Despite minimum capture lengths in Portugal, 13% of specimens found in local fish markets were less than this length (Afonso-Dias et al. 2005).","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for M. azevia. It is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range. Currently, there is a minimum capture length of 18 cm in Portugal (Afonso-Dias et al 2005). Microchirus azevia was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).",Microchirus azevia is a commercial species.,"Ralph, G.","Keskin, Ç., Rijnsdorp, A.D., Nielsen, J., Monroe, T., Costa, M., Herrera, J. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,SOLEIDAE,Microchirus,boscanion,,Microchirus boscanion,"(Chabanaud, 1926)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Microchirus boscanion is distributed from the Gulf of Cadiz to Angola, and has recently been recorded in the Mediterranean. It is a demersal species which can be found to depths of at least 460 m, maybe to as deep as 800 m on the continental slope. There is little species-specific population information available, however this species is taken as bycatch in demersal trawl fisheries. Species-specific landing statistics are not available, and are lumped as Microchirus spp. This species is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range. Due to its small size and wide distribution in relatively deep water, M. boscanion is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Microchirus boscanion can be found in the eastern Atlantic, the Gulf of Cadiz to the Gulf of Guinea and moving into the western Mediterranean Sea (Massuti et al. 2002). This species has been found in trawls at depths ranging from 30 to 800 m along the Iberian coast (Massuti et al. 2002).","There is little region-specific population information available for M. boscanion. Catch statistics for Microchirus spp. are not separated in this region, except in a few scientific surveys. ","Microchirus boscanion occurs in mud and sand and outer continental shelf and upper continental slope. This species is found at depth ranges of 10 to 460 m, however it is more commonly found at depths ranging from 0 to 100 m. It has been recorded in trawls to depth of 800 m  (Massuti et al. 2002). It likely feeds on a variety of benthic invertebrates (Desoutter-Meniger and Munroe in press). This species reaches a maximum size about 20 cm TL (Desoutter-Meniger and Munroe in press, Massuti et al. 2002).",Microchirus boscanion is likely taken as bycatch in demersal trawl fisheries within its range.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. It is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range.,"Microchirus boscanion is likely taken as bycatch in demersal trawls, and small quantities may enter into small markets.","Ralph, G.","Monroe, T., Costa, M., Nielsen, J., Herrera, J. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,SOLEIDAE,Microchirus,ocellatus,,Microchirus ocellatus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Microchirus ocellatus is found in the eastern Atlantic from southwest of the Iberian peninsula and Mediterranean south to Sierra Leone, with one record extending the range to Gabon. This species also occurs in west Indian Ocean. It occurs all through the Mediterranean Sea. It is found at depths ranging from 30 to 300 m. There is little species-specific population information available for M. ocellatus, however it can regularly be found in the markets of countries bordering the Mediterranean. It is also regularly taken as bycatch throughout its range. Due to the lack of data concerning what appears to be a commercially important species which is captured in a number of fisheries, M. ocellatus is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Microchirus ocellatus occurs in the eastern Atlantic, from south-west of the Iberian peninsula  and Mediterranean south to Sierra Leone, with one record extending the range to Gabon (Del Gato de Molina and Santana 1985). It also occurs in west Indian Ocean (Heemstra and Gon 1986). It occurs all through the Mediterranean Sea (Bauchot 1987), including the Ligurian Sea (Tunesi et al. 2002, 2006; Molinari and Tunesi 2003), Adriatic Sea (Quéro and Desoutter 1990), Aegean Sea (Karakulak et al. 2006) and Egyptian Mediterranean Sea waters (Abdallah 2002). It also occurs in Madeira and the Canary Islands (Quéro and Desoutter 1990). It is found at depths ranging from 30 to 300 m.","This species has been described as not rare. International Bottom Trawl Survey (IBTS) data from the Gulf of Cadiz shows that catches of this species average less than one individual per trawl (IBTS-DATRAS). According to Abdallah (2002), 40 specimens (9.3 to 16.6 cm TL) were collected after 18 cruises at depths of 30 to 200 m were conducted in the Egyptian Mediterranean Sea waters using a commercial bottom trawler during the period January to December 1998. Karakulak et al. (2006) mention that five specimens (12.9 to 15.2 cm TL) were collected from a survey conducted for selectivity by gill and trammel nets in the coastal waters of Turkey from March 2004 to February 2005.","Microchirus ocellatus is a benthic species which inhabits sandy and muddy substrata at depths from 30 to 300 m. It also occurs around seagrass beds (Desoutter-Meniger and Munroe in press) and estuaries and lagoons (Gordo et al. 2001). This species reaches a maximum length of 20 cm SL, and is more commonly from 10 to 20 cm TL (Desoutter-Meniger and Munroe in press).","Microchirus ocellatus is a species of minor commercial interest. This species is caught with trawls, seines, gills and trammel nets. It is frequently discarded in parts of its range (Tsagarakis et al. 2003) but is common in markets of the Tyrrhenian Sea, and occasionally in Spain, Morocco, Greece, Turkey and Cyprus.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for M. ocellatus. This species is likely found in marine protected areas within its range. Given that this species appears to be a species of local commercial importance in many Mediterranean countries there is a need for further monitoring of harvest trends. Microchirus ocellatus was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).,"Microchirus ocellatus is a species of minor commercial interest. This species is regularly present on markets of the Tyrrhenian Sea, and occasionally in Spain, Morocco, Greece, Turkey and Cyprus. It is rarely found elsewhere. Microchirus ocellatus is sold fresh or refrigerated in Israel (Fischer et al. 1987).","Ralph, G.","Keskin, Ç., Costa, M., Monroe, T. & Rijnsdorp, A.D.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,SOLEIDAE,Microchirus,variegatus,,Microchirus variegatus,"(Donovan, 1808)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Microchirus variegatus occurs in the north-east Atlantic, from the British Isles south to Senegal (baie du Lévrier), including Madeira Island and the Mediterranean Sea. It is a common species which can be found over a variety of substrates at depths ranging from 20 to 400 m. It is species of minor commercial importance, is regularly present on markets of Morocco, the Tyrrhenian and Adriatic seas and considered highly esteemed. Species-specific landing statistics do not appear to be available for the assessment zone. There is little population information available, however available information suggests that this species is common and may be increasing in abundance in the region due to climate change. There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for M. variegatus; however, it is found in marine protected areas throughout its range. This species is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"This species occurs in the north-east Atlantic, from the British Isles south to Senegal (baie du Lévrier), including Madeira Island. In the Mediterranean Sea this species occurs throughout the basin, including in the Gulf of Lion (Gaertner et al. 1998), Ligurian Sea (Tunesi et al. 2002) and in the Aegean Sea (Yuksek et al. 2006, Gokce and Metin 2007), all Helenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988), Izmir Bay (Gokce and Metin 2007), except the Levant coasts (Golani 2005). Microchirus variegatus can be found at depths ranging from 20 to 400 m (Amara et al 1998, Muus and Nielsen 1999).","Microchirus variegatus is a common species. It was a moderately abundant component of the discarded taxa of experimental trammel net surveys in Izmir Bay, Turkey (Gokce and Metin 2007). This species was a dominant component of the demersal assemblage off the Galician coast of Spain in the Fall and the Spring, and increased in abundance over the Galician continental shelf from 1980 to 1991 (Fariña et al. 1997). According to regional European Union catch data, landings of M. variegatus have increased steadily from 1983 to 2000. For the next 2 to 3 years, a sharp increase from 75 tonnes to 650 tonnes occurred. This was followed by steady declines until a crash in 2009 to 200 tonnes. An increase is seen in the next year, with another decline the following (FAO 2011). It is unclear whether or not the decline in landings of this species reflects a decline in biomass or a decline in fishing effort throughout the region. ","This is a benthic species that inhabits a variety of bottom types, including mud and sandy substrata and eelgrass beds. This species reaches a maximum length of 35 cm SL, however it is more commonly seen between 18 to 20 cm SL (Desoutter-Meniger and Munroe in press). It can live up to 14 years (Deniel 1990). This species feeds on a wide range of small bottom-living organisms, mainly crustaceans (amphipods, shrimps) and also polychaete worms and bivalve mollusks (Quéro et al. 1986). Microchirus variegatus breeds in the Mediterranean in February and in March to April in the English Channel (Muus and Nielsen 1999). This species spawns during spring. In the Bay of Biscay, larvae have been found at depths below 40 m and in the Eastern Channel, non have been found above 30 m. Juveniles settle offshore (Amara et al 1998).","Microchirus variegatus is taken as bycatch in fisheries using trawls, gill and trammel nets (Gurbet et al. 2013).",There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. It is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range. Given that it is considered to be a highly-esteemed food fish there is a need for more research concerning harvest and population trends.Microchirus variegatus was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).,"Microchirus variegatus is a commercial species which is regularly present on markets of Spain, Morocco and the Tyrrhenian and Adriatic seas. This species is occasionally or rarely found elsewhere in the markets. It is marketed fresh. Its flesh is highly esteemed (Fischer et al. 1987).","Ralph, G.","Keskin, Ç., Rijnsdorp, A.D., Monroe, T. & Costa, M.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,SOLEIDAE,Microchirus,wittei,,Microchirus wittei,"Chabanaud, 1950",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe this species occurs only in Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs only in Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014). Globally, this species is found in the Eastern Atlantic (G. Ralph pers. comm. 2015) from Western Sahara to northern Angola.","There is no population information for this species. Catch information for Microchirus species are not separated in the Eastern Central Atlantic, except in a few scientific surveys.",This species is found over sandy and muddy substrata to depths of 145-460 m.,"The average commercial trawling depth in the Eastern Central Atlantic is from 35-200 m, which means that this species may be significantly caught as by-catch by commercial trawling in at least some part of its range, but it is mostly found at deeper depths.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. Each country in the Eastern Central Atlantic has protected areas or a specified distance from shore where trawling is prohibited. The distance from shore determines the depth of trawling (usually 6-12 nautical miles from shore), essentially to separate commercial trawling from artisanal fisheries.",This species is not utilized in Europe.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Adeofe, T.A., Camara, K., Camara, Y., Cissoko, K., Djiman, R., Mbye, E., Monroe, T., Sagna, A., Sidibé, A, Sylla, M., Tous, P. & de Morais, L.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,EPIGONIDAE,Microichthys,coccoi,,Microichthys coccoi,"Rüppell, 1852",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Microichthys coccoi is restricted to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is known only from the Mediterranean and Azores. It was previously thought to be endemic to the Mediterranean. Although nothing is known of population size or trends, it is a small species (to three centimetres) occurring in mid-water and is thus unlikely to be threatened by existing fishing methods. Therefore, M. coccoi is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Microichthys coccoi was previously thought to be endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, specifically from the Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005), south of the Strait of Messina, Sicily (Tortonese 1986) and the Aegean Sea. However, more recently there have been reports from the Azores as well (Carneiro et al. 2014, Gon in press). It is known from depths of 145 to 350 m (Gon in press).","Mytilineou et al. (2005) collected this species in the northeastern Ionian Sea during four experimental surveys (Sept. 1999, Apr. 2000, Jul. 2000 and Sept. 2000) by means of trawls, with a density of 0.1 individuals per haul in the depth range of 500 to 700 m. No other information about population density or trends is available.","This is a small, mid-water pelagic species found at depths of 145 to 350 m (Gon in press).",This is a species of no commercial interest. It is a very small fish (grows to three centimetres) and is unlikely to be caught even as bycatch.,"There is no information available on any specific conservation measures for this species in the Mediterranean Sea. Microichthys coccoi was assessed as Least Concern globally in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",This species is not utilized.,"Gon, O. & Ralph, G.","Pollard, D.","Yokes, B., Bizsel, K., Goren, M. & Kara, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,EPIGONIDAE,Microichthys,sanzoi,,Microichthys sanzoi,"Sparta, 1950",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Microichthys sanzoi is known from only one locality in the Mediterranean. Nothing is known of its populations, specific habitats, threats, etc. Therefore, M. sanzoi is listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Mediterranean. The only confirmed record is from the Strait of Messina, Sicily (Tortonese 1986). The depth distribution of its congener, M. coccoi, is 145 to 350 m (Gon in press).",Nothing is known of population size or trends for this species,"This is a pelagic species. It is thought to get to five to six centimetres standard length (Tortonese 1986). The depth distribution is unknown, but M. coccoi is known from 145 to 350 m depth (Gon in press).",This is a species of no commercial interest. There are no known threats.,"There is no information available on specific conservation measures for this species in the Mediterranean. Microichthys sanzoi was previously assessed as Data Deficient globally as it is only known from one locality in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",This species is not utilized.,"Gon, O. & Ralph, G.","Pollard, D.","Yokes, B., Bizsel, K., Goren, M. & Kara, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,BLENNIIDAE,Microlipophrys,adriaticus,,Microlipophrys adriaticus,"(Steindachner & Kolombatovic, 1883)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Microlipophrys adriaticus is restricted to the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Limited population information is available for M. adriaticus. The known range of M. adriaticus has increased since it was last evaluated as Data Deficient. Although it is likely impacted locally by pollution and habitat degradation, this does not impact its entire range. Therefore, M. adriaticus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Microlipophrys adriaticus is known from the Mediterranean and Black Sea (Almada et al. 2001). In the Mediterranean Sea, this species is present in the Adriatic and Aegean Seas (Zander 1986, Orlando-Bonaca and Lipej 2007), and has also been observed in the Gulf of Genoa (Molinari 2005) and in Turkey (Keskin 2010). Microlipophrys adriaticus is mainly found at 0.1 to 1.0 m (Orlando-Bonaca and Lipej 2007).",This species is probably widespread in the Mediterranean Sea but there is no known population information. It was infrequently recorded (as Lipophrys adriaticus) during a survey of the Gulf of Trieste (Orlando-Bonaco and Lipej 2007).,"Microlipophrys adriaticus lives in shallow rocky areas and occurs on filamentous algae-covered rocks in brackish water, in crevices, in mollusc and crustacean shells, and in holes. It is found from 0.1-1.0 m depth (Orlando-Bonaca and Lipej 2007). It is oviparous with distinct pairing and demersal, adhesive eggs (Breder and Rosen 1966). Several females spawn at hole guarded by a resident male (Zander 1986). The maximum recorded size is 5.2 cm (Zander 1986).","Microlipophrys adriaticus is likely to be impacted locally by pollution and habitat degradation, but not threatened across its range.","No specific conservation measures are in place or required for this species. However, this species may be found in marine protected areas within its distribution range. Microlipophrys adriaticus was listed as Data Deficient globally (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011) and in Turkey, and as Endangered in Georgia.",Microlipophrys adriaticus is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H. & Ralph, G.","Williams, J.T., Herler, J. & Kovacic, M.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,BLENNIIDAE,Microlipophrys,canevae,,Microlipophrys canevae,"(Vinciguerra, 1880)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Microlipophrys canevae is restricted to the northeast Atlantic and most of the Mediterranean Sea. It is locally abundant throughout its range. Although M. canevae is likely to be impacted locally by pollution, this not considered a major threat. Therefore, M. canevae is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Microlipophrys canevae is known from the eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea. In the northeast Atlantic, it is present off the coast of Portugal (Oliveira et al. 1992, Carneiro et al. 2014). Microlipophrys canevae is found throughout the Mediterranean basin, except for central and eastern African coasts, although known from eastern Libya and northwestern Egypt (Zander 1986). It is also present in Israel, Lebanon and Gaza (Goren and Galil 2001, Golani 2005), and off the Balearic Islands (Fischer et al. 2007). It is typically found at depths of 0.5 to 2.0 m (Zander 1986).",Microlipophrys canevae is locally common throughout its range. This species was recorded as the second most abundant species of blenny at one sampling site along the Tyrrhenian coast of Italy (Nieder et al. 2000).,Microlipophrys canevae lives on exposed steep rocky walls in holes made by molluscs and in crevices. It feeds on small invertebrates (especially crustaceans). It may also feed predominantly on algae (Zander 1986). Males guard the eggs in the hole spawned by several females (Zander 1986). The maximum recorded size is 7.5 cm (Zander 1986).,This species is not thought to face major threats across its range but may be locally threatened by pollution.,"No specific conservation measures are in place or required for this species. However, this species is found in marine protected areas within its distribution range. It was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Microlipophrys canevae is not utilized commercially.,"Ahnelt, H. & Harvey, M.","Williams, J.T., Herler, J. & Kovacic, M.","Bilecenoğlu, M., Di Natale, A., Barriche, M., Bizsel, K., Masuti, E. & Craig, M.T.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,BLENNIIDAE,Microlipophrys,dalmatinus,,Microlipophrys dalmatinus,"(Steindachner & Kolombatovic, 1883)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Microlipophrys dalmatinus is a very shallow-water species and is known primarily from the Mediterranean Sea, with a single record from southwest Portugal. The wide distribution of M. dalmatinus is fragmented, but this is likely a sampling artifact. Although there are no data on the population size or status of M. dalmatinus, there are no known major threats to this species. Therefore, M. dalmatinus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Microlipophrys dalmatinus is known from throughout the Mediterranean Sea, except for the southeast (Golani et al. 2006), and off Portugal (Zander 1986, Carneiro et al. 2014). It is widespread in Slovenian waters, in the northern Adriatic Sea (Orlando-Bonaca and Lipej 2007), and has recently been recorded from Malta (Bilecenoglu et al. 2013). The fragmented distribution of M. dalmatinus may be a sampling artifact, as it is not a commercial species and it is difficult to study. It is typically found at depths of less than 1.5 m (Zander 1986) but has been collected to 4.4 m depth (Orlando-Bonaca and Lipej 2007).",Microlipophrys dalmatinus is probably widespread in the Mediterranean Sea but there is no known population information. It is common throughout parts of its range (Bilecenoglu et al. 2013).,"Microlipophrys dalmatinus lives in shallow rocky areas, on filamentous algae-covered rocks in brackish water, in crevices, in mollusc and crustacean shells, and in holes. It appears to be relatively indiscriminate in its microhabitat utilization (Orlando-Bonaca and Lipej 2007). It is found to 4.4 m depth (Orlando-Bonaca and Lipej 2007). This species is predominantly active during sunlight, otherwise it can be found in piddock holes or barnacle shells (Zander 1986). It feeds on benthic meiofauna, especially harpacticoids, and also on algae (Zander 1986). The maximum recorded size of M. dalmatinus is 4.1 cm (Zander 1986).",No major threats are known throughout its range.,"No specific conservation measures are in place or required for this species. However, this species is found in marine protected areas within its distribution range. Microlipophrys dalmatinus was previously listed as Data Deficient, both globally and in the Mediterranean, as the extent of occurrence and population status were not known (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",It is not utilized commercially.,"Ahnelt, H. & Harvey, M.","Williams, J.T., Herler, J. & Kovacic, M.","Di Natale, A., Bariche, M., Massuti, E., Bizsel, K. & Bilecenoglu, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,BLENNIIDAE,Microlipophrys,nigriceps,,Microlipophrys nigriceps,"(Vinciguerra, 1883)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Microlipophrys nigriceps is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, where it is widespread. It is found in almost all coastal areas where there is suitable habitat, though not in high densities. Although there are no data on the population status or trends, it is widespread and there are no major threats. Therefore, M. nigriceps is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Microlipophrys nigriceps is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea (Golani 2005, Golani et al. 2006), where it is found in most coastal areas, including Syrian waters (Saad 2005), except for the extreme west, and apparently absent from parts of the north African coast (not known from Tunisia, Libya and Egypt). Southern records are based on a described subspecies (L. m. portmahonis Castanos, 1933; Zander 1986), but only present in suitable (rocky) habitat. Microlipophrys nigriceps is found to no deeper than six metres (Zander 1986).","Frequently found in surveys in suitable habitat, but not in high densities.","Microlipophrys nigriceps is a cryptic benthic species that occurs in rocky caves and crevices in shaded areas, and also in coralligenous habitats. It is not found in areas with sandy substrates. It is a tourist attraction in some areas. This fish is active during daytime. It mainly feeds on small sessile invertebrates and algae, and to a lesser extent on harpacticoids (Zander 1986).",There are no known major threats for this species.,"No specific conservation measures are in place or required for this species. However, this species is found in marine protected areas within its distribution range. Microlipophrys nigriceps was assessed globally and in the Mediterranean as Least Concern (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",It is not utilized commercially.,"Ahnelt, H. & Harvey, M.","Williams, J.T., Herler, J. & Kovacic, M.","Di Natale, A., Bariche, M., Massuti, E., Bizsel, K. & Bilecenoglu, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,ONEIRODIDAE,Microlophichthys,microlophus,,Microlophichthys microlophus,"(Regan, 1925)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species is found in the Azores and Portugal. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs in the Azores and Maderia (Carneiro et al. 2014). Globally, Microlophichthys microlophus is widely distributed throughout the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. In the western Atlantic it ranges from Florida, north to Bermuda and the central North Atlantic at 54oN, 30oW (Pietsch 2009) including the Caribbean and Newfoundland (Moore et al. 2003). In the eastern Atlantic it is known from West Africa at 22oNorth, 23oW to the Gulf of Guinea and farther south to 36oS, 5oE. In the Indian Ocean it is known from the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. In the Pacific it is known from numerous widely scattered records between Japan, the Philippines, and Banda Sea to the Hawaiian Islands and further east to the Gulf of Panama and Peru-Chile Trench as far south as 13oS. One specimen was captured in a trawl survey in the southern mid-Atlantic and Walvis Ridge at 4°06.16′S, 12°25.50′W (Kobyliansky et al. 2010). The depth range is between 800-2,200 m (Pietsch 2009).",Microlophichthys microlophus is known from at least 94 female specimens and five male specimens (Pietsch 2009).,"Females of Microlophichthys microlophus have a maximum length of 11.2cm SL and males 1.7cm SL (Pietsch 2009). Oneirodids are solitary, meso- and bathypelagic anglerfishes. Females passively attract prey with a luring device. Males actively seek mates with their highly developed sense organs and temporarily attach themselves to the female (not parasitic) (Pietsch in prep). The ovary of one 10.6cm specimen contains eggs 0.30-0.35 mm in diameter and another 11.2cm specimen has eggs with 0.40-0.45 mm (Pietsch 2009).",There are no known major threats to Microlophichthys microlophus.,There are no known conservation measures for Microlophichthys microlophus.,Microlophichthys microlophus and Oneirodids in general are not utilized (Pietsch in prep.).,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Arnold, R.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,GADIDAE,Micromesistius,poutassou,,Micromesistius poutassou,"(Risso, 1827)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as the species is widely distributed and there are no specific threats to the species. Commercial fisheries of M. poutassou are under ICES advice, with Atlantic stocks evaluated and in good status, but the Mediterranean stock status has not been assessed, even though the species is one of the Priority Species of the General Fisheries Commission of the Mediterranean. Research should be carried on the population size and trend of the species.",Unknown,"In the northeast Atlantic, this species is present from the Barents Sea south through the east Norwegian Sea, around Iceland and Azores and south along the African coast to Cape Bojador. In the northwest Atlantic, it is present in south Greenland and off southeast Canada and the northeast coast of the USA. In the Mediterranean Sea, it occurs in the Alicante Gulf (Garcia-Rodriguez et al. 2006), Catalan Sea (Calderon-Aguileira 1991, Bozzano et al. 2005, Bahamon et al. 2006, Coll et al. 2006, FAO-GFCM 2007), Gulf of Lion (Lloret et al. 2001), Ligurian Sea (Minganti et al. 1996), Tyrrhenian Sea (Dremiere et al. 1999, Sbrana et al. 2003, Colloca et al. 2004), Strait of Sicily (Gristina et al. 2006), Adriatic Sea (Dremiere et al. 1999, Perugini et al. 2007), east Ionian Sea (Madurell et al. 2004, Mytilineou et al. 2005), Cretan Sea (Kallianiotis et al. 2000) and the north Aegean Sea (Kallianiotis et al. 2004, Labropoulou and Papaconstantinou 2005), including Turkish waters. Its depth range is from 150 to 3,000 metres.","This species is reported as commonly caught, but is sometimes not landed in some areas because of its low economic value.  Calderon-Aguileira (1991) mentioned that 145,685 specimens were collected from landing ports of Catalan Sea (Barcelona and Blanes) in the period 1950 to 1987. A subsample of 4,767 specimens were used in order to study the growth of this species by means of otolith: a correlation between higher SST and growth was underline.  Mytilineou et al. (2005) mentioned that this species was collected in the northeast Ionian Sea during four experimental surveys (Sept. 1999, Apr. 2000, Jul. 2000, Sept. 2000), by means of trawls of 40 mm stretched mesh size in the cod-end, with density of 14.1 individuals per hauls in the depth range of 300 to 500 m (44 hauls) and 1.1 individuals per hauls in the depth range of 500 to 700 m (52 hauls).  According to FAO-General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (2007), 69,990 kg were landed in the Catalan Sea from Barcelona fleet in 2005. Although current stocks levels are reported to be healthy (Anonymous 2014), there has been a significant decline in European landing volumes over the last decade. However, it is important to note that FAO data are not directly related to available TAC/Quota or fishing effort. Its overall population trend is unknown. The Spawning Stock Biomass (SSB) estimates (ICES 2014) remained fairly stable from 1981 to 1996 and were followed by a substantial increase by 2002, when the species started declining again until 2011, to start increasing again by then. ICES has changed TAC substantially during this time frame.","This is a pelagic, oceanodromous species, that occurs over the continental slope and shelf to more than 1,000 m but is more common between 300 to 400 m. In the Mediterranean Sea, it is a mesopelagic and benthopelagic species occurring over muddy and sandy substrate extending out to the edge of the continental slope. It is possible that the Mediterranean holds a separate population from the Atlantic populations, Atlantic populations show different sizes (A. Di Natale pers. comm. 2007). There are no current genetic studies known to be in place for this. This species feeds mostly on small crustaceans, but large individuals also prey on small fish and cephalopods. It makes daily vertical migrations, preferring surface waters at night and the bottom during the day. The age at maturity is three years, its longevity 20 years and its maximum size 50 cm (TL). In northeast Atlantic waters, most spawning takes place along the shelf edge and on banks west of the British Isles. Juveniles are also widely distributed, including in the Bay of Biscay and Iberian waters, with the main nursery area believed to be in the Norwegian Sea (ICES 2013).","The species is exploited mainly by fleets from Norway, Russia, the Faeroe Islands and Iceland; but the Netherlands, Scotland, Denmark, Ireland, Sweden, Germany and Spain also take substantial catches. It is an important by-catch species in Mediterranean fisheries as a result of the French Merluccius merluccius and Spanish Nephrops norvegicus trawling activities (STECF 2014). Commercial fisheries of M. poutassou are under control and Atlantic stocks evaluated and in good status (ICES Advice 2014). Data on Mediterranean stocks are in progress but still not available (GFCM 2012).","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There is no minimum size in place on catches for this species in many areas, but some nations have minimum size restrictions in place (e.g., minimum size 15 cm for Spain). Likewise, ICES advises TAC for European countries. It is present in protected areas, such as the Natura 2000 site El Cachucho (Spain). Research should be conducted into the population size and trend of the species.","The species is targeted both by Atlantic and Mediterranean fisheries, being one of the largest fishery industries in the Northeast Atlantic. It is also a common highly exploited commercial pelagic TAC/Quota species in Irish offshore waters, being mainly utilised for fish meal but increasingly for human consumption. Besides, it is one of the priority species for management purposes at the General Fisheries Commission of the Mediterranean.  FAO Species Fact Sheet indicates countries with the largest catches were Norway (534,196 t) and Russian Federation (182,637 t). The species is caught mainly with trawls, longlines, trammel nets, gillnets, seines, lamparas and handlines, mostly beyond the edge of the continental shelf. The Atlantic stock is evaluated in good status (ICES Advice 2014). In the Mediterranean Sea, landings of the species in 2010 were the fourth most important in weight (2,344.54 t) after Sardina pilchardus (13,271.02 t), Engraulis encrasicolus (9,220.00 t), and Merluccius merluccius (3,758.40 t) (GFCM 2012).","García, M., Quigley, D. & Ralph, G.","Garcia, S.","Blanco, J., Di Natale, A., Molinari, A., Öztürk, B. & Srour, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,MICROSTOMATIDAE,Microstoma,microstoma,,Microstoma microstoma,"(Risso, 1810)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Microstoma microstoma is widely distributed in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean. It is a mesopelagic species, and little is known about its habitats and ecology. It is relatively uncommon in the region, but known to aggregate at the Azores. There are no known major threats for this species. Therefore, M. microstoma is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Microstoma microstoma is found in the temperate and tropical Atlantic Ocean (Hartel in press) and nearly worldwide in tropical and temperate seas (Eschmeyer 2014). In the northeastern Atlantic, M. microstoma occurs off Ireland, the Azores and Maderia (Cohen 1984). There are scattered records throughout the Mediterranean Sea (Quignard and Tomasini 2000) including the Greek seas (Papaconstantinou 1988), Turkish seas (Aegean and Anatolian) (Fricke et al. 2007) and east Mediterranean Sea (Golani et al. 2006), also Madeira Islands. In the western Atlantic, it is found in the Gulf of Mexico (Rass 1971), off southern Florida, the Caribbean and off Bermuda. And in the western Pacific, from Australia (Paxton et al. 1989) and New Zealand (Paulin et al. 1989).  It is most often associated with depths between 2,000 and 2,100 m on northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Porteiro et al. unpublished), but it has been found in depths of between 200 and 2,100 m depths (Carter and Hartel 2013).",This is a widely distributed but rarely captured species (Cohen 1984). It is probably more common than the paucity of records suggests.,"Microstoma microstoma is mesopelagic (Fischer et al. 1987), with a maximum size is about 20 cm (Cohen 1984). Microstoma microstoma feeds on zooplankton (Cohen 1984). It spawns throughout the year, but more so in the winter (Cohen 1984).",This species has no commercial interest. There are no known major threats.,"No specific conservation measures are in place for this species. However, this species may be found in marine protected areas within its distribution range. It was assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean in 2007 due to the paucity of records (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).  Research is needed into the population size and trends and the ecology and early life history traits of this species.",This species is of no commercial interest.,"Gon, O. & Strongin, K.","Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,PLEURONECTIDAE,Microstomus,kitt,,Microstomus kitt,"(Walbaum, 1792)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Microstomus kitt occurs in the Northeast Atlantic from the Bay of Biscay to the English Channel and Ireland to the White Sea, also Iceland (distribution of Iceland need to be checked) and southeastern Greenland. This species occurs at depths ranging from 10 to 200 m and is found over sandy and gravel substrates. Abundance trends indicate a stable population. This species not explicitly targeted, however it is taken as bycatch in demersal trawlers and is often discarded. This species is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range. It is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Microstomus kitt is restricted to the North Atlantic Ocean, where it occurs from southern Greenland and Norway to the Bay of Biscay. The presence of M. kitt along the northern coast of Iceland is uncertain. The species occurs at depths ranging from 10 to 200 m (Nielsen 1986, Jennings et al. 1993, Muus and Nielsen 1999, ICES 2013); however, off Greenland, the species has been taken at depths ranging 111 to 424 m (Ratz 1999).","Microstomus kitt is most abundant in the western central and northern North Sea. High concentrations of this species have also been found in the western English Channel (Rae 1965). Rae (1965) reported that between 13 m and 150 m is the area where adults are frequently captured. Additionally, juveniles under two years of age are also taken in the same depth habitat. Microstomus kitt are caught primarily in mixed fisheries by otter trawlers and beam trawlers, ~75% and ~25% respectively.  Total Stock Biomass (TSB) estimated from the International Bottom Trawl Survey (IBTS) since the mid-1980s has been relatively stable (ICES 2013). Landings of M. kitt as bycatch in the North Sea and Skagerrak have declined by 14% and 45% between 2004 and 2012 (ICES 2013). Catches of from the northeast Atlantic of M. kitt dropped in 2001 from 15,479 t to 10,390 t in 2002 (FAO 2011). Landing trends of M. kitt from Skagerrak, Kattegat, eastern English Channel, and the North Sea from 1975 to 2012 are driven by catches from the North Sea.  Decreases in landings likely result from decreases in fishing effort throughout the region. Results from King et al. (2006) suggest that the stock is not overexploited on the west coast of Ireland.","Microstomus kitt prefer sand and gravel substrates. Spawning takes place in the northwest of the North Sea during April and spreads north and east as the season progresses (ICES 2013). Off the west coast of Scotland, spawning ends around July and continues until August/September around Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles (Jennings et al. 1993). Off the west coast of Ireland, females spawn from January to May (King et al. 2006). In the western English Channel individuals being to recruit to the adult stock at 15 cm to 20 cm TL (Rae 1965). Off the west coast of Ireland, the age at full recruitment for females was found to be six years and five years for males (King et al. 2006) which differs from four years (both sexes) in 1978 to 1979 (King 1982). Microstomus kitt are pelagic until they attain 25 cm to 27.5 cm in length (Rae 1965).  In Scottish waters, M. kitt reach maturity around two years of age; 50% of males are mature in their third year, with a mean length of ~19 cm, and ~50% of females are mature between four and five years, with a mean length of ~26 cm (Jennings et al 1993). The smallest mature males from the west coast of Ireland were 17 cm TL and two years of age and the smallest mature females were 20 cm TL and two years of age as well (King et al. 2006). However, results from a previous study from 1978 to 1979 off the west coast of Ireland revealed 50% of males were mature at 14 cm TL and 2.6 years of age and 50% of females were mature at 15.5 cm TL and 2.5 years of age. Microstomus kitt  from the west coast of Ireland can reach 14 years of age (King et al. 2006). Microstomus kitt in the Celtic Sea, complete most of their growth in their first year which then continues at a slow and constant rate (Mahé et al. 2010). Ranges in length varied in two studies conducted off the west coast of Ireland. King (1982) found M. kitt ranging from 11.5 cm to 37.4 cm TL while King et al. (2006) found individuals sampled from 2000 to 2002 ranging in class sizes from 17 to 17.99 cm to 40 to 40.99 cm TL. Females attain greater lengths then males as well as greater weights at length (King et al. 2006). The maximum length for this species is 66 cm (Wheeler 1969). One study found a female with 295,136 eggs and 631.93 g in weight (467 eggs per gram) (King et al. 2006).","Microstomus kitt is taken as bycatch in demersal trawl fisheries. It is sometimes marketed in commercial markets and sometimes discarded at sea as bycatch. Although an EU landing size minimum has not been established, individuals < 25 cm are discarded in some fisheries. Because the juveniles occur in habitats that are difficult to access by trawl or have different behavior compared with that of adults, they are caught less frequently in trawls than adults (ICES 2013).","Microstomus kitt is subject to several management regulations within its range, including Total Allowable Catches (TACs). For 2014 and 2015, ICES advises that landings should not exceed 4,350t of M. kitt. The North Sea and Norwegian Sea have EU TAC limits established (ICES 2013).","Microstomus kitt has commercial importance. In addition, under-sized M. kitt are discarded as bycatch in demersal trawl fisheries. The annual mean of discard in the North Sea (England and Wales registered Beam, otter, and Nephrops trawlers combined) is 800,000 by number (Enever et al. 2009). ","Strongin, K.","Monroe, T., Costa, M., Nielsen, J., Herrera, J. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Millerigobius,macrocephalus,,Millerigobius macrocephalus,"(Kolombatovic, 1891)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Millerigobius macrocephalus was previously considered endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, but it has recently been reported from the Black Sea around the Crimean peninsula. Millerigobius macrocephalus appears to be widely distributed in northern parts of the Mediterranean, with new localities reported in recent years. There is no specific population information for M. macrocephalus, but the population trend is assumed stable. There are no known widespread threats. Therefore, M. macrocephalus is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Millerigobius macrocephalus is known only from the Mediterranean and Black Sea. In the Mediterranean, M. macrocephalus is found in northern areas, from east of the Alboran Sea eastwards along the northern coast to the Levant, with a single record from Israel. Records are from the Mar Minor and Ibiza (Spain; Ramos Espla and Perez-Ruzafa 1987), the Lavezzi Islands (Bouchereau and Tomasini 1989), Tremiti isles (Italy, Dufour et al. 2007), off Malta and Crete (Kovačić et al. 2013) and the Aegean Sea (Bogorodsky et al. 2010). It was recently identified from a nearly land-locked brackish water lake in Greece (Vanhove et al. 2011). Previously considered to be restricted to the Mediterranean, M. macrocephalus has recently been recorded from the Crimean peninsula in the northern Black Sea (Boltačëv et al. 2010), however the origin of the species here requires confirmation. Millerigobius macrocephalus has been collected to 10 m depth (Patzner 1999).","There is no specific population information for M. macrocephalus. Considered a rare species, M. macrocephalus has recently been found in additional locations and at relatively high abundances (Kovačić et al. 2012). The population trend is considered stable.","Millerigobius macrocephalus occurs in inshore sandy shallows and lagoons, among and under stones (Miller 1986). It has recently recorded from a nearly land-locked brackish water lake (Vanhove et al. 2011).",There are no known major threats for this species.,"No conservation measures are in place or needed for this species and it occurs in marine protected areas. It was previously assessed as Data Deficient, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Millerigobius macrocephalus is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Herler, J., Kovacic, M. & Williams, J.T.","Francour, P., Bilecenoglu, M., Bariche, M. & Molinari, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SYNGNATHIFORMES,SYNGNATHIDAE,Minyichthys,sentus,,Minyichthys sentus,"Dawson, 1982",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Minyichthys sentus is assessed as Data Deficient. The species is only known from four specimens, and therefore no reliable assessment of the species can be made. Further research is needed to properly assess the status of the species, including a concerted search effort to confirm it is not extinct.",Unknown,This species is known from three specimen collections from 1930: one from the western Mediterranean near Gibraltar and the others from the eastern Atlantic off of northern Morocco/southern Spain and the Canary Islands. The only record since then is an occurrence off the Canary Islands in 1970. No further records of this species exist. It has been found at depths down to 170 m.,"This species is known from three specimens collected in 1930 and an observation from 1970. No other records of the species exist, and therefore no population estimates can be made.","This species is known from depths to 170 m. It has also been recorded from trawls at depths of&#160;&#160;740 - 3,460&#160;m,&#160;but it is suspected that these specimens were caught at shallower depths as the net was brought to the surface.",The threats are unknown for this species.,"There are currently no conservation efforts in place for Minyichthys sentus, nor is there any information about what efforts may be needed. It is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas. Further research into the species' distribution, population size and trends, habitat, ecology and threats is required.",The species is not known to be traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Ralph, G.","Pollom, R.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CETOMIMIFORMES,CETOMIMIDAE,Mirapinna,esau,,Mirapinna esau,"Bertelsen & Marshall, 1956","Based on meristics, the unique hairy fish, Mirapinna esau, is the juvenile (but senior synonym) of the most generalised cetomimid Procetichthys kreffti (Paxton and Johnson 2008, Johnson et al. 2009).",No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) In the European region, Mirapinna esau is only known from the holotype, collected from off the Azores, Portugal. Little is known of the fish, but Mirapinna esau has been established as the postlarva, and senior name, of Procetichthys kreffti. The fish is considered Data Deficient.",Unknown,"In the European region, Mirapinna esau is known only known from midway between the Azores and southern Ireland (47°20'N, 22°30'W; Whitehead et al. 1986). Outside the region, the only record of the fish (as the synonym Procetichthys kreffti; Paxton and Johnson 2008, Johnson et al. 2009) is from the southeastern Atlantic. The taxon is still only represented by one postlarva and two adult females, with more than 100 years between the first and last collections (J. Paxton pers. comm. 2015).",Mirapinna esau is known in European waters only from the holotype collected from the Azores (Bertelsen 1986).,Little is known about the habitats and ecology of the fish.&#160;Prey items include copepods (Bertelsen 1986).,No information available.,There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for M. esau. Research is required into the taxonomic identity of the fish.,The fish is not utilised.,"Comeros-Raynal, M., Nieto, A. & Allen, D.J.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,ALEPOCEPHALIDAE,Mirognathus,normani,,Mirognathus normani,"Parr, 1951",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Mirognathus normani is widespread in the Atlantic and western-south Pacific Oceans, but there is very little information available for this species and it is considered rare. It is not known to be commercially utilized or to face any major threats at this time. No known, species-specific conservation measures are in place for this species, but it may be protected by several marine protected areas within its distribution. Therefore, Mirognathus normani is listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Mirognathus normani occurs in the Atlantic and western south Pacific oceans (Hoese et al. 2006). In the northeastern Atlantic, M. normani is found from southwest Iceland to northern Portugal, and in the western Atlantic from Uruguay to Argentina (Markle and Sazonov 1990). There is also a record off of Maine, USA.  The species is generally found at depths from 1,500 to 3,000 m.",The species is very rare and only known from two localities in the northeastern Atlantic and the surrounding regional waters. There is no further information on the species' population size and trends.,"Mirognathus normani is a marine, benthopelagic species that generally occurs at depths from 1,500 to 3,000 m (Markle and Sazonov 1990).  The maximum standard length for this species is 20 cm standard length SL (Markle and Quéro 1984). The diet, spawning periodicity, fecundity, and early life history traits are poorly understood for this species.",No threats are currently known for this species.,"There are no known, species-specific conservation measures in place for Mirognathus normani. Though this species may have access to numerous marine protected areas due to its wide distribution, deep-water marine protected areas are likely to be of limited effectiveness (Bailey et al. 2009). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",Use and/or trade information for this species is not avaiable.,"Stump, E.","Knudsen, S., Nielsen, J. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,LAMNIFORMES,MITSUKURINIDAE,Mitsukurina,owstoni,,Mitsukurina owstoni,"Jordan, 1898",There is a single extant species in the family Mitsukurinidae.,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Goblin Shark (Mitsukurina owstoni) is assessed as Least Concern in European waters because although apparently rare, it is widespread in the Atlantic and is taken infrequently in deepwater fisheries. It has a sporadic range on the upper continental slope and may also be mesopelagic. It is likely to be found in more locations than are currently known, as more information is gathered from deepwater surveys in new regions or as deepwater fisheries expand globally. It is occasionally taken in deep bottom-set gillnet, bottom longline and trawl fisheries; and rarely in surface drift nets. Recorded landings have been from depths of 30 m (occasional) to more than 1,000 m. The scarcity of reported landings of mature individuals suggests that most of the reproductively active population is inaccessible to existing deepwater fisheries. In the absence of potential threats and data to suggest declines in abundance, Goblin Shark is assessed as Least Concern in the European region.",Stable,"This species has a wide but patchy range in all major oceans; most records come from Japanese and Taiwanese waters. In the Northeast Atlantic it occurs from the Bay of Biscay, south to Portugal, the Madeira Islands, and further south beyond the Eastern Central Atlantic region (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Its depth range is 40-1,300 m.","While no trend data exist for this species, it is possible to infer from the limited interaction it has with deepwater fisheries that the European subpopulation is stable. This implies that its geographic range falls predominantly outside the current reach of deepwater fisheries in the region. It may also be rare where it occurs.","This is an apparently rare and consequently poorly known upper slope, possibly mesopelagic, species. Most records are from 100-960 m depth, but have ranged from 40-1,300 m (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Maximum size is estimated to be 540-617 cm total length (TL; Parsons et al. 2002). Males are mature at 264 cm TL, while female size at maturity is unknown. Like other lamniformes, the embryos are probably oophagous and litter size is likely to be small. The smallest known free-swimming individual was about 88 cm TL. ","This species is caught infrequently as bycatch in deepwater bottom-set gillnet, bottom longline, trawl, and surface drift net fisheries. Most reported bycatch has been juvenile individuals, suggesting that the bulk of the adult population occurs outside the depth range of most deepwater fisheries. If deepwater commercial fisheries expand into this shark’s depth range they could pose a threat; however, there is currently no sign of such expansion, and European fleets have actually decreased in effort since 2008.","No species-specific conservation measures are in place in European waters. Research should be conducted on the population size and trends, and the extent of deepwater commercial fisheries should be monitored.","This unusual species’ jaws are sought after by collectors; prices vary with the size and quality of the jaw, and range from US$1,500-$4,000.","Dulvy, N.K.","Stehmann, M.F.W., Buscher, E., Walls, R.H.L., Duffy, C.A.J., Ebert, D.A. & Stenberg, C.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,MOBULIDAE,Mobula,mobular,,Mobula mobular,(Bonnaterre 1788),"Since expert examination is needed to distinguish M. mobular from M. japanica (the spinetail devilray), a circumtropical species also known from the tropical Atlantic (Notarbartolo di Sciara 1987), past reports of giant devilrays from the Atlantic may have been due to incorrect identification of spinetail devilrays.",Yes,EN,A2d,,,,,,"Giant Devil Ray (Mobula mobular) is the largest species of the genus Mobula and has a very low reproductive capacity (i.e., giving birth to a single large pup at unknown intervals). Its geographic range is limited to the Mediterranean Sea and possibly adjoining North Atlantic waters. This species is taken as bycatch in many different fisheries (most notably in pelagic driftnets) in several locations within its range. Giant Devil Ray was previously assessed as Endangered in 2006, given its high bycatch mortality, limited reproductive capacity and restricted range. More recently, it was discovered that this species is the targeted catch of a massive purse seine fishery in the Levantine Sea that operates on a seasonal basis. Although the increased control and phasing out of illegal pelagic driftnets has greatly reduced fishing pressure over the last eight years, the significant threat imposed by this fishery in the eastern Mediterranean Sea suggests that this species is still at risk of overexploitation. A population reduction of at least 50% over three generations (60 years) is suspected based on the high mortality rate of this species, its low ability to recover from large population declines owing to its slow life history, and the lack of change in fishing pressure that the species is subject to. For this reason, Giant Devil Ray is assessed as Endangered in European waters under criteria.",Decreasing,"This species occurs throughout the Mediterranean Sea, and possibly in the nearby Northeast Atlantic, but is absent from the Black Sea. Outside the Mediterranean, it has been reported from the coast of northwest Africa (Morocco to Senegal), the Canary Islands, Madeira, the Azores, Portugal, and as a vagrant off southern Ireland (Notarbartolo di Sciara 1987, Serena 2005, Ebert and Stehmann 2013). However, close-up expert examination (e.g., morphometric comparison, tooth morphology) is needed to distinguish Giant Devil Ray (Mobula mobular) from Spinetail Devil Ray (Mobula japanica). Spinetail Devil Ray is a circumtropical species also known from the North Atlantic (Notarbartolo di Sciara 1987), hence, past reports of Giant Devil Ray from the Atlantic may have referred to incorrectly identified Spinetail Devil Ray. While the presence of Giant Devil Ray outside of the Mediterranean Sea must be considered uncertain for now, precise diagnoses based on morphological details (e.g., Adnet et al.2012) and genetic analyses will eventually clarify the extent of this species’ range.","The population trend is suspected to be decreasing. With the exception of recent results from an aerial survey in the south-central Adriatic Sea, where a population of 1,595 individuals (coefficient of variation 25%) was estimated (Fortuna et al.2014), there are no overall regional population estimates for this species. It appears to occur in low densities (with group sizes of one to four individuals) throughout its range, although a recent episode in which these rays were mass captured off Gaza (see Threats section) indicates that the species may occasionally occur in large aggregations. The generation length of this species is suspected to be around 20 years, based on the fact that Manta alfredi's is 25 years. A population reduction of at least 50% over three generations (60 years) is suspected for the population of this species.","This species occurs both in neritic (Notarbartolo di Sciara and Serena 1988, Bradaï and Capapé 2001, Scacco et al.2009, Holcer et al. 2012) and offshore (Canese et al.2011) waters ranging in depth from a few tens of metres to several thousand metres. Like all devil rays, this species is known as an epipelagic batoid, but it can dive up to 600700 m (Canese et al. 2011).Devil rays are aplacental, live-bearing matrotrophs (i.e., the neonate receives nourishment from uterine milk secretion; Wourms 1977). They give birth to a single large pup. A term embryo of this species was born from a specimen caught in the northern Tyrrhenian Sea in late spring of 1986 (Notarbartolo di Sciara and Serena 1988). The disc width was 166 cm and it weighed 35 kg, making it the largest devil ray embryo on record (Notarbartolo di Sciara 1987). Observations of Notarbartolo di Sciara and Serena (1988) suggest that this species gives birth during the summer in the northern Mediterranean Sea and that a pup could exceed 160 cm disc width at birth. The gestation period is unknown, but it could be one of the longest among Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish).","The only known directed fishery for this devil ray was recently discovered in the Levantine Sea. Purse seines are used by Palestinian fishermen in late winter (Couturier et al.2013), and are likely unsustainable.This species is taken incidentally in several fisheries (Baino et al. 2012), including: pelagic driftnets (Muñoz-Chàpuli et al. 1994, Celona 2004, Akyol et al.2005), purse seines (Notarbartolo di Sciara and Bianchi 1998, Hemida et al.2002), trammel nets (Bradaï and Capapé 2001, Holcer et al. 2012), longlines (Orsi Relini et al. 1999, Holcer et al. 2012), bottom trawls (Bauchot 1987, Bradaï and Capapé 2001, Hemida et al.2002), pelagic paired trawls (Scacco et al.2009), fixed tuna traps (Boero and Carli 1979), and hand harpoon (Celona 2004). Pelagic driftnets are banned in the Mediterranean Sea by a number of European, General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean, and International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna regulations; however, significant illegal activities still occur (e.g., in Southern Italy, Morocco and Turkey) and these are likely a continued source of mortality for the species, particularly if trade demand for their gill plates increases.The impacts of habitat degradation on this species are unknown. Given its low trophic position, high levels of contamination from organochlorine compounds or trace elements are unlikely. However, as an epipelagic species it is particularly vulnerable to oil spills, ingestion of microplastics, and disturbance from the high level of maritime traffic.This species is usually discarded when caught as bycatch but occasionally landed and marketed (e.g., in the southern Adriatic coast of Apulia; Relini et al.2010). In March 2013, the media provided evidence of massive catches of Giant Devil Rays off the Gaza Strip (Levantine Sea). In a single episode, over 500 Giant Devil Rays, including some sub-adults, were captured with a local type of purse seine, called “shinshula”, landed and butchered on the beach for local human consumption (Couturier at al.2013). Depending on the size of the total population and the frequency of such events, this pattern of exploitation is likely unsustainable.","Giant Devil Ray is included in Annex II 'List of endangered or threatened species' to the Protocol concerning Special Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean of the Barcelona Convention, which came into force in 2001, and in Annex II ‘Strictly protected fauna species’ to the Bern Convention. In 2012, parties to the Barcelona Convention agreed that this species cannot be retained on board, transshipped, landed, transferred, stored, sold, displayed or offered for sale, and must be released unharmed and alive, to the extent possible, pursuant to Recommendation GFCM/36/2012/1 (FAO 2012).The Pelagos Sanctuary for Mediterranean Marine Mammals, where the driftnet ban is now effective, affords umbrella protection to this species.Conservation actions recommended for the future include:incorporation of Giant Devil Ray into national legislation of all parties to the   Special Protected Areas and Biological Diversity Protocol to   the Barcelona Convention and the implementation of this   policy.raising awareness with   fishermen to maximise the live release of bycatch, after   disentanglement.formal requests to the governments of   Mediterranean coastal nations (with a special emphasis on   Italy, Morocco and Turkey) to enforce the ban on the use of   pelagic driftnets.inclusion of Giant   Devil Ray in Annex I of the Plan of Conservation of the   Elasmobranchs in the Memorandum of Understanding relating to   the Convention on Migratory Species.inclusion of Giant Devil Ray, alongside   other threatened Mobulaspecies, in the Convention on International Trade in   Endangered Species Appendix   II.urgent investigation, monitoring and sustainable   management of the recently discovered fishery of Giant Devil   Rays off Gaza.",The species is not utilised nor traded commercially.,"Stevens, G., Walls, R. & Kemp, J.R.","Notarbartolo di Sciara, G., Serena, F. & Mancusi, C.","Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,TETRAODONTIFORMES,MOLIDAE,Mola,mola,,Mola mola,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","Recent investigations of M. mola mitochondrial sequences showed evidence that the genus Mola contains two species: M. mola and the southern sunfish, M. ramsayi (Bass et al. 2005). Report from Yoshita et al. (2009) concluded that the genus Mola contained three species.",No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Mola mola is widely distributed throughout European waters from the English channel south to the Canary Islands, including the Mediterranean. it is associated with depths of at least 400 m and is most often found on the slopes adjacent to deep water. Mola mola is a relatively long-lived species and is slow to mature. In the English Channel, Ireland and Portugal, M. mola have undergone drastic reduction in abundance. In Ireland, there has been a decline in catch landings of about 100% (13 to 0 metric tonnes) in 2 years (2000 through 2002). There is also a decline in Portugal from 12 metric tonnes in 1999 to about 0 in 2009. In the Mediterranean, Mola mola comprises a significant fraction of the by-catch (upwards of 70+%) of Spanish drift gillnet fisheries, as well as long-lines, mid-water trawls and even harpoons. Currently, there are no specific regulations in place for the Giant Sunfish in the northeastern Atlantic, but Morocco has recently passed a law to phase out driftnet use in the areas where Mola mola are most likely to be taken. The numerical data suggest that there is, indeed, a steep decrease in the Giant Sunfish population in the northeastern Atlatic, but it has yet to be determined how responsible bycatch is for the decrease in population, as well as what stages of maturation the bycatch is and what the mean length of the landed Sunfish is. Therefore, for the European Regional Assessment, Mola mola is assessed as Data Deficient because of the lack of specific bycatch information and how it is affection the population of Giant Sunfish in the region. ",Decreasing,"Mola mola is distributed in warm and temperate zones of all oceans, including the eastern Pacific, the western Pacific, the western Atlantic and the eastern Atlantic (Tortonese 1990). In the eastern Atlantic, it is found from Scandinavia to South Africa, as well as the western Baltic Sea, North Sea and Mediterranean Sea, including the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988, C. Papaconstantinou pers. comm. 2013). It is associated with depths of up to 400 m (Cartamil and Lowe 2004).","Mola mola comprised between 70 and 93% of the total fish catch in Spanish drift gillnet fisheries within the Mediterranean between 1992 and 1994 (Silvani et al. 1999). In Irish and Celtic Seas, a total of 68 Mola mola were spotted from 2003 through 2005, or an overall density of 0.98 sunfish per 100 km2 (Houghton et al. 2006). Over the course of a six year period that consisted of 1,651 hours of observation, 15 individuals were observed in the Western English Channel (Sims and Southall 2002). In Ireland, there has been a decline in catch landings of about 100% (13 to 0 metric tonnes) in 2 years (2000 through 2002). There is also a decline in Portugal from 12 metric tonnes in 1999 to about 0 in 2009 (FAO 2011). In Morocco, a recent study suggests an annual by-catch of 36,450 ocean sunfish, however most are returned alive (Tudela et al. 2005). There are a very small number of discards in the Greek tuna fisheries (Peristeraki et al. 2008 ICCAT paper). Six ARSA surveys showed 49 specimens, with 39 from one survey.","Habitat and Ecology Habitat Adult Mola mola are found on slopes adjacent to deep water where they come in for shelter and for seeking cleaner fishes. They are usually shy. However, they may become familiar with divers in some locations (Kuiter and Tonozuka 2001). Individuals often drift at the surface while lying on its side but can swim actively and are capable of directional movements otherwise (Pope et al. 2010).  Ecology Mola mola is a relatively long-lived species. The lifespan or reproductive age of M. mola under natural conditions is unknown, although captive animals have been maintained for more than 8 years (Nakatsubo et al. 2007).  Using these measurements Mola mola longevity has been estimated at 22 years (based on the average of 20 and 23 years old). A growth curve derived from repeated measurements of captive specimens estimated an individual with a total length of 3 m would be about 20 years old (Nakatsubo 2008). Recent work used growth band pairs in vertebrae to age the closely related Sharptail Mola, M. lanceolatus, caught in the eastern Taiwan fishery (Liu et al. 2009). The age estimates ranged between >2 and >23 years for females and >1 and >16 years for males (Liu et al. 2009). Females are larger than males, with all animals larger than 250 cm TL being female (Nakatsubo 2008). Known to have parasites (Pope et al. 2010). Vertical Migrations Mola mola is an active swimmer, capable of highly directional movements and the horizontal movements were independent of the current (Cartamil and Lowe 2004). They swim upright and close to the surface. Mola mola uses its anal and dorsal fins as a pair of wings (Pope et al. 2010). Ocean sunfish stroke their dorsal and anal fins synchronously to generate a lift-based thrust that was likened to the symmetrical beats of penguins (Watanabe and Sato 2008). Cartamil and Lowe (2004) observed a diel pattern in depth utilization, with fish residing in the warmer mixed layer above or within the thermocline at night and repeatedly diving beneath the thermocline into cooler water during the day. Hays et al. (2009) also noted that although individual sunfish showed a range of preferred depth that altered over time, they were still moving up and down the water column and regularly returning to close to the surface. Although its exact function has yet to be resolved, Cartamil and Lowe (2004) proposed that periodic returns to the surface in M. mola may imply some form of behavioral thermo-regulation i.e. prolonged time in cold waters necessitates time spent at the surface to re-warm. This may explain the frequent observations of ocean sunfish observed swimming on their sides at the surface during the day (Cartamil and Lowe 2004). Conversely, Sims et al. (2009) argued that extensive vertical movements may simply reflect a crepuscular searching strategy when prey are descending or ascending, with sunfish attempting to locate maximum prey abundances at this time. It has been also been suggested, more generally, that large amplitude dives or ascents of large pelagic fish and other vertebrates during prey tracking may represent prey searching behaviour (Shepard et al. 2006) characterized by extensive movements to new locations (Sims et al. 2008). Diet Ocean sunfish are obligate or primary feeders on gelatinous zooplankton (Fraser-Brunner 1951, MacGinitie and MacGinitie 1968, Hooper et al. 1973, Bass et al. 2005).  Reproduction Very few studies have been conducted on the reproductive biology of ocean sunfish (Pope et al. 2010). In Japan, the spawning period of M. mola is estimated between August and October and the same study also identified asynchronous egg development, suggesting they are multiple spawners (Nakatsubo et al.2007). A more atypical captive growth rates have been found to be between 0.02 and 0.49 kg/day in weight (M. Howard and T. Nakatsubo pers. comm. in Pope et al. 2010) and on average 0.1 cm/day TL (Nakatsubo and Hirose 2007). Age at first maturity is unknown, but inferred to be between 5 and 7 years. Generation length = 22-6 = 18/2 = 9 years. 9 years *3 = 27 years 3 generation lengths.","Ocean sunfish populations may be vulnerable to fishing activity because of the high levels of bycatch observed in many fisheries (Silvani et al. 1999, Cartamil and Lowe 2004, Fulling et al. 2007, Petersen and McDonell 2007).","There are no known conservation efforts in the northeastern Atlantic and adjacent regional waters for M. mola. The Moroccan government passed a law in 2007 to phase out the use of driftnets wherein Mola mola are often caught as bycatch. Its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range; however, the efficacy of the MPAs for conservation of pelagic species remains unknown (Game et al. 2009). Research into all aspects of this species' population, biology, harvest levels and potential threats is needed for this species.  This species was assessed as Data Deficient in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Mola mola is not targeted by European fisheries, but is captured in large numbers as by-catch, mainly in tuna fisheries, in fisheries using long lines, drift gillnets, midwater trawls, and harpoons (in Sicily) in a number of widely distributed fisheries, including those of the Mediterranean (Pope et al. 2010).","Strongin, K.","Rijnsdorp, A.D. & Papakonstantinou, C.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,LOTIDAE,Molva,dypterygia,,Molva dypterygia,"(Pennant, 1784)",,No,VU,A1bd,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Vulnerable (VU) Molva dypterygia in found in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean from the southwest Barents Sea north to Spitsbergen, southeast Greenland,  the south coast of Iceland, around the British Isles and Ireland. It is also present in the northwest Atlantic around Newfoundland. It is a demersal, non-migratory species that is fished throughout its depth range to 1,200 m. This species has historically been overexploited. Based on a generation length of 11.3 years, there has been at least a 52-56% decline in SSB over the past 34 years (1978–2012) in at least three parts of its range (Iceland, West of Scotland-Faroes and Norway). However, since regulations have been put in place from 2003, there are indications that it is rebuilding at least in some areas of its range. In Norway, there are also signs that the decline has ceased. Molva dypterygia is therefore listed as Vulnerable under Criterion A1bd.",Unknown,"Molva dypterygia is restricted to the North Atlantic Ocean. In the northwestern Atlantic, M. dypterygia is known from Greenland and Newfoundland, where it is rare (Svetovidov 1986). In the northeastern Atlantic, this species is present from the southwestern Barents Sea, sometimes north to Spitsbergen, south coast of Iceland, around the British Isles and Ireland (Svetovidov 1986). It is found at depths ranging from 150 to 1,200 metres, however it is concentrated at depths of 350 to 500 metres (Svetovidov 1986). In the Mediterranean Sea, the subspecies Molva dypterygia macrophthalma (Rafinesque 1810) is now a separate valid species Molva macrophthalma, distributed throughout the Mediterranean and north to Spain and France in the Atlantic.","Scientific survey data in some areas within its range, such as off the coast of Scotland, show stable capture rates of this species over the past 10 years (2000–2012). However, these surveys may not adequately capture this species' population dynamics. This species has clearly been historically overexploited in Norway and other portions of its range, and catches have become very low. Based on one model for the West of the British Isles and Faroes, in 2013, current biomass is estimated to be 33% of historical biomass in 1960s. Abundance estimates declined from 16 million in 1995 to 12 million in 2003–2004, followed by an increase to 18–19 million in 2012–2013 (ICES 2014). In other words, the current abundance is higher than 20 years ago. However, based on a generation length of 12.4 (calculated from age class data from the previous 25 years in the West of Scotland), there has been a 56% decline in SSB over the past 37 years (1976–2013, from 207,000 tonnes to 92,000 tonnes) (ICES 2014). There are no reliable biomass or abundance trends for the stocks in 1) Iceland and East Greenland or 2) Norway. There has been almost no regulation for this species until 2003. ICES has recommended no directed fisheries and reduction of fisheries should be considered in most management areas within this species range. There is a recommendation to maintain catches in Subareas Vb, VI, and VII at no more than 5000 tonnes, corresponding to a fishing mortality expected to result in the long term in a stock biomass of 50% of the maximum spawning potential. In Iceland, according to trawl surveys, biomass has been increasing over the past 14 years (2000–2014); however, effort and catch are also increasing (ICES 2014). Global FAO reported landings from the Northeastern Atlantic show an overall trend of continual increase to a peak of 36,817 tonnes in 1981, followed by a fluctuating decline of 65% to 12,737 tonnes in 2010. The majority of landings are currently reported by Iceland, France, and the Faroe Islands. Landing statistics are available for ICES fishing areas I, II, III, IV, XII from 1988 to 2013. The overall trend in landings is one of decline, punctuated by peaks which have been attributed to the opportunistic exploitation of spawning aggregations. Taking as endpoints the three-year average at the beginning of the time series (1988–1990), and at the end of the time series (2010–2013), the percent decline over the time series is 88% (ICES 2014). However, there is an absence of abundance indices (based on biomass) for these areas, catches have been constrained by regulation since 2003, and there are no formal quantitative stock assessments. Although there is insufficient scientific information to establish stock boundaries, isolation of several fishing grounds is considered the basis of the following management units:Subdivisions Va and XIV (Iceland and Reykjanes ridge)Subdivisions Vb, VI, VII (Faroes Rockall and Celtic shelf)Subdivisions I, II, IIIa, IVa, VIII, IX, XII - a combination of isolated fishing grounds which have been grouped due to a lack of data.","Molva dypterygia is a demersal, non-migratory species. It is mostly found from 150 to 1,000 m depth on muddy bottoms. This species feeds on crustaceans and fish (flatfishes, gobies, rocklings) (Cohen et al. 1990). Reproduction occurs from February to March between 500 and 600 m (Cohen et al. 1990). This species forms spawning aggregations, which make it particularly vulnerable to exploitation (ICES 2008). Maximum size in the Mediterranean Sea is less than 130 cm, and males are smaller than females, reaching a maximum of 115 cm. There is variability in the reported age of first maturity. Males can reach sexual maturity at nine years and 75 cm, while females can reach maturity at 11 years and 88 cm (Cohen et al. 1990). Longevity of males is at least 17 years, and longevity of females is at least 20 years (Cohen et al. 1990). However, age of female first maturity may be a young as seven years old, with a possible longevity of 30 years (ICES 2011). This species may have a generation length of between 9-15 years based on estimates of mortality and longevity, and the Norwegian Red List Assessment. A generation length of 11.3 years was calculated based on age class data from the previous 25 years in the West of Scotland.","This species is fished throughout its depth range. In the Northeast Atlantic, in Subdivisions Va and XIV (Iceland and Reykjanes ridge) this species is primarily taken as bycatch in fisheries for cod, haddock and saithe. It forms spawning aggregations, and as a result is susceptible to sequential depletion.  Fisheries on deep-water species, including Blue Ling, which are intrinsically vulnerable to exploitation, have developed rapidly and many have been depleted before appropriate management measures were designed/implemented. Additionally, landing statistics that are available may not reflect the scale of recent fishing activity, particularly in waters outside national exclusive economic zones (ICES 2010).","This species is known to form spawning aggregations, some sites of which are protected. ICES has recommended that if new spawning grounds are discovered, that an immediate closure and area protections be set in place. The current regulation relies on catches limits and restrictions on fishing on spawning aggregations. To the West of Scotland and Faroe Island area, the recommended total allowable Catch (TAC) is based on a quantitative assessment, at Iceland its based on survey trends. This species was listed as Endangered under Criterion A1 on the Norwegian Red List. Based on a generation length of 15 years, declines over the past 45 years based on landings are about 80% (from 3000 tonnes in 1965 to between 300-400 tonnes in recent years). Catch rates in recent years indicate that the decline may have stopped. This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","The Blue Ling is a commercial species which is fished with bottom trawls and longlines, especially in the Northeastern Atlantic. It is primarily taken as by-catch in fisheries for cod, haddock and saithe. Spawning aggregations were targeted, but have been restricted by regulation in the 2000s. It is also taken as by-catch in fisheries targeting cod. Blue Ling is marketed frozen and as fresh fillets; past reports have also suggested it was reduced to fish meal (Cohen et al. 1990, ICES 2008).","Ralph, G.","Fernandes, P., Cook, R., Florin, A., Lorance, P. & Nedreaas, K.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,LOTIDAE,Molva,macrophthalma,,Molva macrophthalma,"(Rafinesque, 1810)",This species was classified as a subspecies (Molva dypterygia macrophthalma) but is now recognized as a species (Cohen 1990).,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Molva macrophthalma is found in the northeast Atlantic at depths ranging from between 30 and 754 m. It has only recently been described as separate from M. dypetrygia, therefore, there is little species-specific information available. Habitat, ecology, and population information is inferred from M. dypterygia. It is taken as bycatch in fisheries with M. dypterygia, however the extent to which this has impacted the population is unknown. There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for M. macrophthalma. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Molva macrophthalma is restricted to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. It is distributed from the Bay of Biscay south to the Mediterranean Sea. Molva macrophthalma is widespread throughout the Mediterranean, including the east Ionian Sea (Cohen 1990) and Hellenic Seas (Papacontsantinou 1988). It is most often found at depths of between 30 and 754 m (Mytilineou et al. 2005).","There is little species-specific population structure information for this species of fish, probably because it had just recently been identified as its own species, rather than as a member of the M. dypterygia species. This species is commonly present in scientific surveys along the slope in the Bay of Biscay and to the west of Ireland (IFREMER 2013). Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) landings statistics for M. macrophthalma are reported as ""Molva dypterygia"" as it has [1] been relatively recently that the two species have been considered separate (FAO Landing Statistics) and [2] is often misidentified as M. dypterygia (ICES Advice 2008). Therefore, it is important to look at the FAO landings of Blue Ling, as some of the reported landings of Blue Ling are misidentifications of actual Spanish Ling. From 1950-1975, the global capture for Blue Ling exceeded 10,000 tonnes only twice. By 1980, the global capture sky rocketed to about 37,000 tonnes. By 1984, the global capture plummeted to just over 20,000 tonnes. In 1986, the global capture production increased to 27,000 tonnes, but by 1994, that number had fallen to 8,000 tonnes. In 2001, the global capture reached 18,000 but then fell again to 7,000 tonnes in 2007 and 2008, with a final reported global landing in 2011 at 15,000 tonnes (FAO 2011). It is worth noting that landings of M. dypterygia reported from ICES Subareas VIII (Bay of Biscay), IX (Portuguese waters), and X (Azores) are likely to consist mainly of a closely-related species, M. macrophthalma (ICES advice 2008, ICES IBTSWG 2011). Mytilineou et al. (2005) mention that this species was collected in the northeast Ionian Sea during four experimental survey (Sept. 1999, Apr. 2000, Jul. 2000, Sept. 2000), by means of trawls of 40 mm stretched mesh size in the cod-end. The density of the catch was 0.3 individuals per hauls in the depth range between 300-500 m (44 hauls), 0.4 individuals per hauls in the depth range between 500–700 m (52 hauls) and 0.1 individuals per hauls in the depth range between 700–900 m (36 hauls). On the northern Iberian slope, the population density of this fish (in individuals/ha) in the shelf-slope transition zone was 1.2, in the Cape Penas area 0.2 and 1.2 in the middle slope (Serrano et al. 2011).","Molva macrophthalma is a demersal species that occurs on the upper slope (Cohen 1990). It occurs at depths ranging from 388 to 754 m in the east Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005). The bulk of the species-specific ecological information available for this species is the information listed for closely related M. dyptergia. The two species have relatively recently been considered separate, so the ecology and habitat may be very similar between the two species. Molva dypterygia is a bottom-dwelling species found on muddy flats. The males reach first maturity at nine years (75 cm) and the females at 11 years (88 cm). Spawning occurs at the end of winter. Females grow faster than males. At age three years this species reaches 40 cm, then grows three an additional five to six centimetres every year. Seventeen-year-old males usually reach 115 cm and 20 year-old females, 155 cm (Cohen et al. 1990). It feeds on crustaceans and fish (flatfishes, gobies, rocklings) (Cohen et al. 1990). Little else is known about the fecundity and other ecological aspects of this fish.","Species-specific landings have only recently become available, from Spain in the early 2000s (FAO 2011), as identification has improved. This is a species without any commercial interest, but is caught as bycatch in mixed-species fisheries. It is unlikely to be subjected to directed fisheries, as it is found in low abundance and does not aggregate like Blue Ling (Laurance pers. comm. 2013).","There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for M. macrophthalma. It is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Molva macrophthalma was assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Molva macrophthalma is taken in fisheries targeting Blue Ling, M. dypterygia. Landings of M. dypterygia have decreased by about 30% since the early 1980s (FAO 2011).","Strongin, K.","Nedreaas, K., Nielsen, J., Cook, R., Fernandes, P., Florin, A. & Lorance, P.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,LOTIDAE,Molva,molva,,Molva molva,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Molva molva is found in the northwest Atlantic, off south Greenland and Canada, and in the northeast Atlantic, from the Barents and Baltic seas and from Iceland to Morocco. Only 4 records are known from the Mediterranean Sea. Most stock management units exhibit stable or increasing trends in CPUE and biomass over the past 30 years (approximately 3 generation lengths, using an estimated generation length of 10 years). Drastic declines have been observed in catches in the Skaggerak and Kattegat regions, As well as in Norway, over the past 30 years,  however this represents is a small portion of the range of M. molva. Furthermore, if a shorter generation length is used assumed to be shorter (such as 8 years as used in Norway) population trends appear to be stable. Molva molva is therefore listed as Least Concern. However, although populations appear to have remained stable at very low levels without directed management for many years, it is likely that its ability to maintain and rebuild in areas where it has been reduced depends on continued indirect management and general reduction in fishing pressure.",Unknown,"Molva molva is restricted to the North Atlantic Ocean. In the northwestern Atlantic, M. molva is present off south Greenland and Canada. In the northeastern Atlantic, it is distributed from the Barents Sea and Iceland south to Morocco (Cohen et al. 1990). In the Baltic Sea, Ling is found mostly in the Kattegat and the northern part of the Sound. The stock in the Kattegat and the Sound are believed to belong to the North Sea population. This species only known from four official records in the Mediterranean Sea, from along the coasts of France and Italy. It occurs between 15 to 600 m depth.","This species was previously common in the North Sea 400 years ago, and was commonly eaten in the UK (Poulson et al. 2007). Although it is less common than in historical records, especially in the North Sea, this species population is considered to be relatively stable over the past 30 years. In several management stocks across its range, CPUE is increasing. Populations in the Faroes, Iceland and off of Norway are stable or increasing, with some concern over the North Sea population. In the Skaggerak and Kattegat, landings for this species have drastically decreased. In the North Sea, the Total Allowable Catch (TAC) was almost 4,000 tonnes in 2005, and decreased to 2,428 tonnes in 2012 (Laurant pers. comm. 2013, ICES Advice 2013). The overall trend in global FAO reported landings is one of increase to a plateau of 60,000 tonnes in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Following this period, landings decreased, and have been below 40,000 tonnes since 2004 (FAO FishStat J). Specific Stock Information: There is currently no evidence of genetically distinct populations within the ICES area; however, Molva molva at widely separate fishing grounds may still be sufficiently isolated to be considered management units (ICES 2012).   Division Vb (Faroe Bank): About 70 to 75% of M. molva  were landed by Faroese longliners in 2010-2011, and the rest by trawlers (25-30%). Total landings have been stable since the 1970s, varying between 4000 and 7000 tonnes without any obvious trend. Common ages in landings range from 5 to 9 years. Survey CPUE series indicate a stable situation since the 1990s and an increase in recent years. Length distributions indicate improved recruitment since the 1990s (ICES 2012). Subareas I and II: Mean length has varied with no clear trend from 1988 to 2011. Nominal CPUE series shows an increase from 2001 to 2011. Landings, which are principally declared from Subarea I, have increased from 2001 to 2011. Division Va (Iceland): This fishery has changed from a by-catch fishery to more of a mixed fishery from 2000-2005. This change has been attributed to an increase in Ling abundance during that time period. Commercial CPUE has been relatively stable since 1991, with the highest values observed in the last few years. In spring and autumn surveys in the deeper waters south and west off Iceland, the total biomass index, and the index of fishable biomass (>40cm) in the March survey gradually decreased until 1995. From 1995 to 2003, these indices were half the mean from 1985 to 1989. From 2003 to 2007, the indices increase sharply to the highest observed value in 2007. Models suggest a four-fold increase in biomass (10 kt to 40 kt) from 2005-2010 due to high recruitment and reduced fishing mortality (ICES 2012). Other Areas (IIIa, IV, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XII, XIV): There was a decline in landings from 1988 to 2003, after which the landings have been stable. The decline in landings has been simultaneous in the main Areas IV, VI, and VII, but area VII has had a greater reduction in landings than Areas IV and VI. ICES has recommended a constraint on catches to a recent average (2003 to 2008) and a reduction in catches to be considered. Length at 50% maturity was reported as 71 cm for females, and 62 cm for males (ICES 2012). Baltic Sea: Swedish landings have decreased from 30 tonnes in the beginning of the 1970s in the Kattegat to less than 1 tonne in 2008 (Fiskeriverket 2011).","Molva molva, the Ling, is a demersal and oceanodromous species. It mainly occurs on rocky bottoms in fairly deep water exceeding 600 meters (Frimodt 1995). It is more commonly found between 100 to 400 m. Juveniles are found in more littoral waters. Juveniles aged 1-2 are coastal (15-20 meters depth) and pelagic. Individuals greater than 3 years migrate to greater depths. This species reaches a maximum size of 200 cm. Molva molva feeds on fishes (cod, herring, flatfish), lobsters, cephalopods, and starfishes. Principal spawning areas are Biscay, slopes west of the British Isles and off the Faeroes and south Iceland (Muus and Nielsen 1999). Its major spawning grounds are located at 200 m depth from the Bay of Biscay to the Gulf of Norway between 100 to 300 m off south Iceland. Its fecundity may reach 20 to 60 million eggs per female (Cohen et al. 1990).  The age of first maturity is reached at 5 years for males (80 cm) and 5–6 years for females (90–00 cm). Maximum reported age for this species is 10 years for males and 14 years for females (Cohen et al. 1990).  A generation length of 12.7 years was used to assess this species in the Baltic Sea (HELCOM 2013), and one of 8 years was used in the Norwegian National Red List. Generation length is therefore estimated to be between 8 and 12 years.","In the northeastern Atlantic, M. molva is both a targeted and bycatch species in deep-water fisheries operating at depths of greater than 400 meters. Gears used include by demersal trawls and seines. Fisheries on deep-water species, which may be intrinsically vulnerable to exploitation, have developed rapidly and many have been depleted before appropriate management measures were designed/implemented. Additionally, landing statistics that are available may not reflect the scale of recent fishing activity, particularly in waters outside national exclusive economic zones (ICES 2010).","ICES has advised a 30% reduction in fishing effort, relative to the fishing effort in 1998, for Ling. Ling is primarily taken as by-catch in many fisheries, and the stock status is unknown, as there is not enough information available to perform an analytical assessment of the stock (ICES 2010). However, this species may be present in marine protected areas found within its distribution. Only four official records of the species are known from the Mediterranean Sea, and it was therefore assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean regional assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011). Based on an at least 50% decrease in landings (35 tonnes to less than 1 tonne) over the past 30 years (1980s to present), this species was listed as Endangered on both the Swedish and HELCOM Red List, although this area may represent the limit of this species range (calculated generation length was 12.7 years). This species is listed a Least Concern on the Norwegian Red List (generation length was 8 years).","Molva molva is a high-value commercial species which is primarily taken as by-catch in deep-water fisheries operating below the continental shelves (>400 meters), but also in shallow-water fisheries targeting other species. It is marketed fresh, dried or salted and frozen, it is eaten steamed, fried, broiled and baked (Frimodt 1995). It is also used as fishmeal.","Ralph, G.","Fernandes, P., Cook, R., Florin, A., Lorance, P., Nielsen, J. & Nedreaas, K.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,SOLEIDAE,Monochirus,atlanticus,,Monochirus atlanticus,Chabanaud 1940,Previously two subspecies were recognized; Monochirus hispidus with a distribution in the Mediterranean and M. atlanticus with a distribution from Portugal to the Gulf of Guinea. Hoenywell et al. (in review) elevated a subspecies to species status. They considered M. hispidus to be a Mediterranean endemic and M. atlanticus to have a distribution from Portugal to Guinea not including the Mediterranean (Hoenywell et al. in review).,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Monochirus atlanticus occurs in the eastern Atlantic, from the northern coast of Spain, Portugal to Gabon including Cape Verde, the Canary Islands and Madeira. Monochirus atlanticus can be found at depths ranging from 10 to 250 m. It is reported from the lower and middle estuaries and on the continental shelf. Monochirus atlanticus can be locally abundant. It is likely taken as bycatch in demersal trawl fisheries throughout its range. There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for M. atlanticus, however its distribution overlaps with marine protected areas. This species is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Monochirus atlanticus occurs in the eastern Atlantic, from the northern coast of Spain, Portugal to Gabon (Honeywell et al. in review). Monochirus atlanticus is not known from Cape Verde (Wirtz et al.2013), the Canary Islands (Dooley et al. 1985) or Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014). Monochirus atlanticus can be found at depths ranging from 10 to 250 m (Desoutter-Meniger and Munroe in press). It is reported from the lower and middle estuaries (Amaral and Cabral 2004), possibly to 20 m depth (M. J. Costa pers. comm. 2013).","There is no species-specific information on the population size or structure for this species with the exception of one study of the Sado estuary where it is reported as common and abundant with more than 100 individuals per 1,000 m2. It is low to absent in adjacent coastal areas (Amaral and Cabral 2004).","Monochirus atlanticus is reported as a species found on the continental shelf (Honeywell et al. in review), except that in southern Portugal this species is recorded in estuaries (Amaral and Cabral 2004). Amaral and Cabral (2004) report that this is an estuarine species with adults and juveniles recorded from the same habitat. It feeds on benthic invertebrates, including crustaceans, especially gammarid amphipods, and polychaetes (Amaral and Cabral 2004). This species reaches a maximum size of 20 cm SL. Size at maturity is estimated at 8.5 cm SL (T. Munroe pers. comm. 2013). The maximum age is 4 years (Amaral and Cabral 2004). In the Sado estuary this species spawns between March to June (Amaral and Cabral 2004).","Monochirus atlanticus is likely taken as bycatch in trawl fisheries throughout its range, but this is not thought to be having a major impact on populations of M. atlanticus at this time.",There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for M. atlanticus. This species is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range.,Monochirus atlanticus is a non-commercial species but is likely included in the demersal bycatch of trawl fisheries.,"Ralph, G.","Monroe, T., Costa, M., Nielsen, J. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,SOLEIDAE,Monochirus,hispidus,,Monochirus hispidus,"Rafinesque, 1814",Previously two subspecies were recognised; Monochirus hispidus with a distribution in the Mediterranean and M. atlanticus with a distribution from Portugal to the Gulf of Guinea. Hoenywell et al. (in review) elevated a subspecies to species status. They considered M. hispidus to be a Mediterranean endemic and M. atlanticus to have a distribution from Portugal to Guinea not including the Mediterranean (Hoenywell et al. in review).,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Monochirus hispidus is restricted to the Mediterranean Sea, where it is widespread. It has only recently been considered a distinct species. It is found at depths ranging from 10 to 250 m over a variety of substrates including sandy bottoms, muddy bottoms and algae. This species appears to be somewhat rare, and there is little species-specific population information available. It is a relatively small species which is likely to be short-lived and capable of rapid reproductive turnover. It is taken as bycatch in demersal trawl fisheries, and is marketed at the local level in some parts of its range. Although this species has only recently been recognized as a separate species and little species-specific population information is available, the reproductive characteristics of M. hispidus suggest that it may be inherently less susceptible to overexploitation. Therefore, M. hispidus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Monochirus hispidus is restricted to the Mediterranean Sea, where it has been recorded from off Toulon (France), Gulf of Lion (France), off Naples, Sardinia, the Adriatic Sea, Aegean Sea, Gulf Thermaikos, off the Tunisian coast (Honeywell et al. in review), as well as off Cyprus and Egypt. It is found at depths ranging from 10 to 250 m.  ","There is little species-specific population information available for M. hispidus. This species is known from at least 79 individuals from museum collections (Honeywell et al. in review). According to Karakulak et al. (2006), three specimens (9.9 and 14.5 cm TL) were collected from a survey conducted for selectivity by gill and trammel nets in the coastal waters of Turkey from March 2004 to February 2005. This species is considered to be a rare and little-known species along the coast of Izmir, Aegean Sea (Akyol et al. 2011).","Monochirus hispidus is a benthic species found on sand and mud substrata (Schneider 1990) at depths ranging from 10 to 250 m, and is frequently found near plant growth (Göthel 1992). Monochirus hispidus feeds at night on less mobile, sedentary prey such as amphipods and polychaetes. In the Mediterranean Sea spawning occurs between July and September (Cau and Deana 1980). This species attains a maximum size of 14.5 cm SL (Honeywell et al. in review). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 14.1 cm TL and the length at maturity  for females is 8.5 cm TL  and for males is 5.8 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014). The sister species, M. atlanticus, has a maximum age of four years; therefore, it is likely that M. hispidus is short-lived and capable of rapid reproductive turnover.",Monochirus hispidus is taken as bycatch in demersal trawl fisheries throughout its range (Machias et al. 2001). It is considered to be a local commercial species in parts of its range.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for M. hispidus. It is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range.Monochirus hispidus was regionally assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).,Monochirus hispidus is considered a local commercial species in the Aegean and Eastern Ionian Sea (Machias et al. 2001). It is likely taken as bycatch in demersal trawl fisheries.,"Ralph, G.","Rijnsdorp, A.D., Monroe, T., Keskin, Ç. & Costa, M.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SACCOPHARYNGIFORMES,MONOGNATHIDAE,Monognathus,boehlkei,,Monognathus boehlkei,"Bertelsen & Nielsen, 1987",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Monognathus boehlkei is known in the European region from west of Madeira. Outside the European region the fish is only known from near Bermuda, is known from very few specimens, and nothing is known of its population, threats and full distribution. It is considered Data Deficient and further research into the species is required.",Unknown,"Monognathus boehlkei is known from the Atlantic Ocean, from near Bermuda and from west of Madeira (Bertelsen and Nielsen 1987, Carneiro et al. 2014).",No information available.,"Monognathus boehlkei is a deep-water species occurring in depths between 2,500 and 5,000 m (Bertelsen and Nielsen 1987). There is limited information available on its life history characteristics.",Nothing is known of the threats to the species.,There are no species-specific conservation actions in place for this species. Further research is required.,Only known from a very few specimens and presumably not utilised.,"Comeros-Raynal, M. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SACCOPHARYNGIFORMES,MONOGNATHIDAE,Monognathus,herringi,,Monognathus herringi,"Bertelsen & Nielsen, 1987",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Monognathus herringi is known to occur in the northeast Atlantic from west of Madeira and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Data Deficient as little is known of its distribution, threats or population trend, and research is required to confirm if endemic to European waters.",Unknown,Monognathus herringi is known to occur in the northeast Atlantic Ocean from west of Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014) and the Canary Islands (Bertelsen and Nielsen 1987).,There is limited information available on its population status and trends.,"Monognathus herringi is a deep-water species occurring in depths between 2,960-5,400 m (Bertelsen and Nielsen 1987). There is limited information available on its life history characteristics.",Three is no information available on threats.,There are no species-specific conservation actions in place for this species.,It is not known to be utilised.,"Comeros-Raynal, M. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SACCOPHARYNGIFORMES,MONOGNATHIDAE,Monognathus,nigeli,,Monognathus nigeli,"Bertelsen & Nielsen, 1987",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species is only known from waters south of the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"There is almost nothing known about Monognathus nigeli.  In Europe, it is reported to occur in the south of the Azores (85 nautical miles northeast of the Marsala Seamount; Quéro et al. 2003). Globally, this species can be found in the Eastern North Atlantic.  This genus can be found in pelagic waters between 2,000 and 5,400 m depth.",There is no information on the population.,Monognathus nigeli most likely feed on shrimp and a venomous fang is used to immobilize larger prey. The maximum size is six centimetres.,There are no known species specific threats.,There are no species specific conservation efforts.,Monognathus nigeli is not targeted by fisheries.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Knudsen, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,OPHIDIIDAE,Monomitopus,metriostoma,,Monomitopus metriostoma,"(Vaillant, 1888)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Monomitopus metriostoma is a rather common species of fish within its range. Its a bathypelagic species that is often found along the continental slope. There are no known threats towards this species and it is not targeted for commercial exploitation. Therefore, Monomitopus metriostoma is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Monomitopus metriostoma is found in the waters of Portugal, southern Spain, the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014) and the Canary Islands down to Angola (Nielsen et al. 1999). It is associated with depths from 235 and 1,570 m (Nielsen 1990).","Nielsen et al. (1999) lists this fish as rather common, usually found along the continental slope.","Monomitopus metriostoma is often found along the continental slope (Nielsen 1990). The maximum length of this species has been measured at 23.5 cm standard length (SL) (Neilsen 1990). While there is limited, species-specific information on the diet of Monomitopus metriostoma, gut content analysis of the closely associated sister species, Monomitipus magmus reveals a diet consisting of  both benthic and benthopelagic crustaceans and fishes (Carter and Cohen 1985). Monomitopus metriostoma is an oviparous reproducing species (Nielsen 1990), with oval, pelagic eggs that often float in gelatinous masses (Breder and Rosen 1966). The spawning periodicity, fecundity, and early life history traits of this species are poorly understood.",There are no species-specific threats towards this species.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Monomitopus metriostoma. There are a few marine protected areas that intersect with the range of this species (World Database on Protected Areas 2010).,This species is not targeted nor utilized by the commercial fishing industry.,"Strongin, K.","Knudsen, S., Nielsen, J. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MORIDAE,Mora,moro,,Mora moro,"(Risso, 1810)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Mora moro is globally distributed, benthopelagic species which is found at depths ranging from 450 to 2500 metres. This species is widespread in the Atlantic basin. Within the northeast Atlantic, M. moro has historically been taken as bycatch in both long-line and trawl fisheries, and it appears that there is growing interest in its harvest. There is no information on stock identity, and there are no assessments. This species is relatively widespread, with part of its depth range occurring in deeper areas outside the range of fisheries in the region. However, more information is needed on the biology of this species, in addition to more information on the impact of fisheries on this species. It is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Mora moro is found in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, M. moro is present from Iceland and Faeroes to Madeira and the Canary Islands (Cohen 1986). It is also found throughout the Mediterranean Sea: the Catalan Sea (Carrasson et al. 1997, Cartes and Carrasson 2004), Gulf of Lion (Solé et al. 2001), Ligurian Sea (Relini et al. 1986), and the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988), including the Cretan Sea (Kallianiotis et al. 2000) and eastern Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005). It is also known from the Walvis and Vavilov ridges (Trunov 1991). It is found at depth ranging from 450 to 2500 metres. Iceland and Faeroes to Cape Bojador, West Africa, and including Azores, Madeira, and western Mediterranean. Also known from the Walvis and Vavilov ridges (Trunov 1991). Reported from Mauritania (Mohamed 2005). Indian Ocean: in the region south of Madagascar. Pacific Ocean: temperate Australia, New Zealand, and between Valparaiso, Chile and the Juan Fernandez Islands (Cohen et al. 1990).","The Common Mora is reported from the following FAO fishing regions: Northeast Atlantic (10 to 20%), Southwest Pacific (80% +). Landings began to be reported to FAO relatively recently, in 2001. The overall trend in landings is driven by landings originating in the SW Pacific fishing zone, primarily from New Zealand. Landings are reported by France, Iceland, and Portugal. It is not considered a rare species, but it is not particularly common. Recently reported landings in the Northeast Atlantic are around 220 metric tonnes per year. In the Northeast Atlantic Mora moro is taken as bycatch in mixed species demersal trawl fisheries in International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Subareas VI, VII, and XII, and to a lesser extent in II, IV, and V. It is also taken in targeted and mixed-species longline fisheries in Subareas VII, IX, and X. Reported landings of M. mora increase with some fluctuations to their highest values in the early 2000s. Landings decreased between 2002 and 2005, in both the trawl and longline fisheries. Data from 2006 indicate that this trend is not continuing, as landings approximate the levels seen in 2002. Landings of this species may be reported with those of the Greater Forkbeard (Phycis blennoides) in some landing statistics. The majority of individuals landed in longline fisheries of Faroes Island, June-August 2008 are between 47 and 62 cm (ICES WGDEEP Report 2009). This species was very common in longline surveys of seamounts off the Azores, and became increasingly at depths greater than 675 metres (Menezes and Giacomello 2013). Collections of fish at various levels in the water column were taken in order to determine species diversity and relative abundance in the East Atlantic near the Canary Islands. In the zone between 900 and 1100 m, M. moro were captured in large numbers (Uiblein et al. 1996). Mora moro was found in very high numbers between the depths of 700 and 900 m (Menezes et al. 2006).  In October 1995, an unusually high number of Mora moro with advanced gonadal maturity were collected off eastern Fuerteventura at 997 m depth. At lesser depths and during other seasons, only a few individuals of this species were caught in the same area. This discrepancy may show that there is seasonal variability in local abundances of this species that is most probably related to reproduction patterns (Uiblein et al. 1996). According to Mytilineou et al. (2005), this species was collected in the northeastern Ionian Sea during four experimental survey (Sept. 1999, Apr. 2000, Jul. 2000, Sept. 2000), by means of trawls of 40 mm stretched mesh size in the cod-end, with density of 3.5 individuals/haul in the depth range of 500 to 700 m (52 hauls), 9.3 individuals per haul in the depth range of 700 to 900 m (36 hauls) and 13.3 individuals per hauls in the depth range of 900 to 1,200 m (13 hauls). Cartes and Carrasson (2004) mentioned that 13 specimens were collected in a series of bottom trawl cruises performed in June, July and October 1987 to 1989, between 984 and 1,589 m in the Catalano-Balearic basin (Catalan Sea, west Mediterranean Sea). According to Carrasson et al. (1997), 93 specimens were collected from the continental slope of the Catalan Sea during a cruises using a semi balloon otter trawl, headline length 13.7 m on a single warp within depths varied from 970 and 1,357 m.","This benthopelagic species is mainly recorded from the upper continental slope (May and Maxwell 1986). This species is an active predator of suprabenthic and epibenthic fauna (Carrasson et al. 1997). It feeds on fishes, crustaceans, mollusks and other invertebrates as well as food of terrestrial origin, including garbage. It is probably a winter and early spring spawner (Cohen et al. 1990). Its maximum size reached 80 cm (TL) (May and Maxwell 1986).  Depth range is 450 to 2500 m (Cohen 1986).  It is occasionally found at depths 50 m. In the Mediterranean, its optimal depth range is 1000 to 1400 metres (Stefanescu et al. 1994). There was no ontogenetic partitioning by depth found in this species, and individuals of various sizes and ages occupied were distributed over the whole of this species' depth range (Stefanescu et al. 1992). Their spawning season is most probably in the early Fall (Uiblein et al. 1996). There is no information regarding the length at first maturity.     In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 52 cm TL and the length at maturity  for females is 34 cm TL  and for males is 32 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014).","Mora moro is a species with minor commercial importance. The main catching method is by trawl. In the Northeastern Atlantic, M. moro is taken, both targeted and as bycatch, in deep-water fisheries operating at depths of greater than 400 m. It is caught in both trawl and long-line fisheries as bycatch. Fisheries on deep-water species, which are intrinsically vulnerable to exploitation, have developed rapidly and many have been depleted before appropriate management measures were designed or implemented. Additionally, landing statistics that are available may not reflect the scale of recent fishing activity, particularly in waters outside national exclusive economic zones (ICES 2010). There are several relatively small fisheries that trawl for M. moro. However, there is interest in increasing the commercial viability of fishing for this species in the Mediterranean, in order to increase the variety of species commercially fished in the area and lessen the chances of over fishing more highly desirable species (Uiblein et al. 1996).","There are no quotas set for M. moro in European Union (EU) waters. Vessels are not required to hold a deep-water permit in order to land it. Landings of M. mora are often combined with other species of Moriidae (ICES WGDEEP 2011). Currently, there is a General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean recommendation (GFCM/2005/1) forbidding trawl and dredge fishing below 1000 m. Additionally, this species may be present in marine protected areas found within its distribution (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). There are no conservation measures in place for this species in the Eastern Central Atlantic.  This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Mora moro is a species with minor commercial importance. In the Northeastern Atlantic, it is taken in ICES subareas VII, IX, and X (ICES WGDEEP Report 2011). There is no information on stock identity, and there are no assessments. Knowledge of the biology of this species is insufficient for assessment purposes, and it is unclear how vulnerable to exploitation M. mora is (ICES Advice 2006, book 9).","Strongin, K.","Nielsen, J., Florin, A., Fernandes, P., Lorance, P. & Cook, R.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,MULLIDAE,Mullus,barbatus,,Mullus barbatus,"Linnaeus, 1758",This assessment includes M. b. barbatus and M. b. ponticus.,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) The species is found throughout large parts of European waters, from southern Scandinavia to Gibraltar, Macaronesia, and throughout the Mediterranean. It is heavily fished throughout its European range and this has resulted in the reduced size of individuals landed. However, catches seem to be increasing (although data on effort are not available), it occurs down to depths of over 300 metres, and is very widely distributed throughout Europe and the Mediterranean. The fish is considered Least Concern at present, however there are few quantitative data to determine the level to which the fishery is diminishing the overall population, and this species should be the focus of ongoing monitoring in the European region.",Stable,"In the European region, the species&#160;is distributed&#160;from the United Kingdom and occasionally Scandinavia (southern Norway) to Gibraltar in the eastern Atlantic, and throughout the entire Mediterranean and Black seas. It is also present around the Macaronesian archipelago (the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands).&#160;Outside the European region, the fish is found along the west African coast, probably south to Senegal. It is found at depths from 10 - 328 m.","Although the species experiences high fishing pressure in the Mediterranean, no decreasing trends in abundance were identified in data from a standardized international Mediterranean bottom-trawl survey from 1994 to 1999 (Tserpes et al. 2002). European landings reported to FAO have steadily increased from the 1980s through to 2007, with minor decreases through to the present with a maximum reported landing of 12,454 tonnes in 2007.","A demersal species that is typically found on sandy or muddy substrates to depths of 300 m (and down to 328 m; Mytilineou et al. 2005). It feeds on benthic and sub-benthic invertebrates. The spawning season is spring and in summer. This species is sympatric with M. surmuletus, however there is partial differentiation in habitat use between these two species, with M. barbatus being more abundant in waters between 51 and 200 metres on muddy bottoms, and between 51 and 100 metres on rough bottoms. Mullus barbatus has a clear preference for muddy bottoms, which is especially marked in young individuals (Lombarte et al. 2000). The chemoreceptor system of M. barbatus is well developed, a morphological feature which offers benefits to a species which inhabits waters with a reduced visual field (Lombarte and Aguirre 1997). The species reaches a maximum size of 30 cm (TL), but is more commonly seen from 10 to 22 cm.","The recent resource reviews by FAO indicate that, in the Mediterranean Sea, all stocks of the species are considered over-exploited. Recommendations have been made to reduce fishing mortality, and to reduce the percentage of small individuals in the catch (Garcia 2011). In the Mediterranean, catches mostly consist of animals less than 15 cm TL which have not yet completed their second year of life (Tserpes et al. 2002). High fishing pressure has been implicated as a cause for the dominance of young individuals in catches (Caddy 1993, Farrugio et al. 1993). The dominance of young individuals implies an extreme vulnerability to recruitment fluctuations in Mullus stocks, which are heavily fished (Farrugio et al. 1993). Protection of spawning and nursery areas seems to be crucial for the conservation of M. barbatus (Tserpes et al. 2002).  There is evidence of endocrine disruption in the species during its reproductive season in highly-polluted sites in the northwestern Mediterranean (Martin-Skilton et al. 2006). Due to high concentrations of Mercury found in this species, consumption of large quantities in parts of its range has been cited as a public health concern (Storelli et al. 2005).","There are stock assessments that are performed on the species in the Mediterranean. The species-specific catch statistics have not been collected for this species in the CECAF region/northwestern Africa. The species is thought to occur in protected areas. As there are few quantitative data to determine the level to which the fishery is diminishing the overall population, this species should be the focus of ongoing population, harvest, trade and habitat monitoring in the European region.","The species is a commercially important target species in the eastern Atlantic, with global catches increasing from 6,938 tonnes in 2003 to 15,671 tonnes by 2012 (FAO 2012). The fish is highly esteemed and is considered an important target species in the eastern Atlantic. They are captured primarily by trawling, but also by trammel nets, hook-and-line, and traps and spears (Golani in press). In the Mediterranean, this highly-desirable species is the main target of many demersal fisheries and is considered heavily fished (Tserpes et al. 2002). The species has been utilized in a number of studies to evaluate the biological effects of chemical pollutants in marine organisms in the Mediterranean, and was chosen as a pilot species for the MED POL II Pilot Program (Mathieu et al. 1991, Lionetto et al. 2003).","Allen, D.J., Kemp, J.R. & Ralph, G.","Craig, M.T. & Pollard, D.","Yokes, B., Goren, M. & Kara, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,MULLIDAE,Mullus,surmuletus,,Mullus surmuletus,"Linnaeus, 1758",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Mullus surmuletus is distributed from Norway and the English Chanel to Dakar, Senegal, including Madeira and the Canary Islands, and is found in the entire Mediterranean and in the Black Sea. It is found at depths ranging from 0 to 300 metres over sandy and muddy substrates. This species was considered a valuable bycatch species prior to the 1990s, afterwhich it became a major target for small scale and semi-industrial fisheries. It is one of the most valued demersal fishes in the Mediterranean Sea. It is heavily exploited in the Mediterranean and northeast Atlantic. In the Mediterranean most stocks are considered overfished with recommendations to reduce fishing effort by 40 to 60%. Spawning Stock biomass (SSB) has declined continuously since 2000 to the lowest levels in the time series in 2011. In the northeast Atlantic the population of M. surmuletus appears to be increasing due to warming temperatures. This increase in abundance has led to the development of fisheries which target this species, however these fisheries have developed without reference points, and there are frequent species-level misidentifications in catch statistics. Although it is possible that these declines could approach the thresholds needed to enter a threatened category, population trends could not be quantified across the region. Therefore, it is listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Mullus surmuletus is distributed from Norway and the English Chanel to Dakar, Senegal, including Madeira and the Canary Islands, and is found in the entire Mediterranean and in the Black Sea. It is found at depths ranging from 0 to 300 metres (D. Golani in press, Vasil'eva 2011).","Population Structure Otolith analysis suggests that the population of striped mullet in Northwest European waters can be divided in three geographical zones: The Bay of Biscay, a mixing zone composed of the Celtic Sea and the Western English Chanel, and finally a northern zone composed of the Eastern English Channel and the North Sea (Benzinou et al. 2013). Within the Mediterranean Basin, there is a genetic division between the eastern and western populations, separated by the siculo-Tunisian Strait (Galarza et al. 2009). There is geographic morphological variation between northern and southern M. surmuletus which may confound efforts to correctly identify this species in the North Sea bottom trawl surveys. Additional confusion may arise from the use of the same common name, ""Red Mullet"", for both species (Uiblein 2007). Regional Population Information Mediterranean Global landings reported to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) show landings of M. surmuletus have continuously increased from 1950 (1000 tonnes) to a peak in 2007 (18,331 tonnes), gradually decreasing to 14,096 tonnes in 2011. The largest landings are reported from Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and France.  The most recent review of scientific advice for 2014 of the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF) provides the following insight: In most regions for which information was available, SSB estimates are not available. The majority of stocks are considered overfished. In the Balaeric Islands this species is overfished. SSB has declined continuously since 2000 to the lowest value of the timeseries in 2009 and remaining low to 2011. Stocks in the Liguirian and north Tyrrhenian Sea are also overfished, with juveniles representing the majority of the catch. This species is among the most valuable demersal resources off the coast of Egypt, and is also overfished in this area. Throughout the Mediterranean basin recommendations are to reduce fishing mortality (F) by 40 to 60% (STECF 2014). Catch-per-unit-effort has steadily decreased from 1968 to 2008 in the Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean. Landings and CPUE remained relatively constant from the 1990s to 2008 (Quetglas et al. 2013). Recent stock assessments indicate that stocks of M. surmuletus are considered overfished, and in some cases over-exploited, in the following Mediterranean sub-regions: GSA06, GSA07, GSA09, GSA05, GSA25 (GFCM 2011). Although M. surmuletus undergoes high fishing pressure in the Mediterranean, there have been no decreasing trends in abundance were identified in data from a standardized international Mediterranean bottom-trawl survey from 1994 to 1999 (Tserpes et al. 2002). International Bottom Trawl Survey (ITBS) data show fluctuating trends from 1992 to 2012. Northeast Atlantic In a meeting addressing taxonomic problems for International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) bottom trawl surveys in the North Sea, several identifications of M. barbatus may have been based on identifications of M. surmuletus. In conclusion, there is need to improve onboard identification using keys and training of participating scientists. This species is thought to be an indicator of climate-related temperature increase in the northern Atlantic. Recent records from 50°N along the Norwegian coast, recorded just south Bergen, in Hardanger Fjord and off coastal Islands in the area. In the Eastern part of the North sea, some small-scale fisheries have been started due to the increased abundance. Also found in Kattegat area. It is still rare further north. The same trends have been reported from Scotland and the Shetland Islands. Temperature increases in the 1930s resulted in similar range expansions (Uiblein 2007). In the Northeast Atlantic there are no reference points/management/limited info/no assessments/no Total Allowable Catch (STECF 2014).","Habitat This species is sympatric with M. barbatus, however there is partial differentiation in habitat use between these two species (Lombarte et al. 2000). Off the island of Majorca, the highest concentration of species is found between 30 and 70 metres depth, replaced in deeper water by M. barbatus (Reñoneset al. 1995), a difference in bathymetrical distribution which has also been recorded along the Catalonian coast (Sfinchez et al. 1983) and in Israel (Golani and Galil 1991). It is found over sandy and muddy substrates (Gharbi and Ktari 1981). Life History Mullus surmuletus reaches a maximum size of 40 cm, however it is more commonly seen at 10 to 22 cm SL. Off the Island of Majorca, in the Northwestern Mediterranean, 50% of males and females mature at 15 and 16.8 cm, corresponding to an age of 1. In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 32.0 cm TL and the length at maturity for females ranges from 15.5 cm to 17.8 cm TL and for males ranges from 11.9 cm to 16.7 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014).All individuals are immature under 13 cm, and are mature after reaching 26 cm. Otolith age reading indicated that the population exploited in the trawl fishery off this island consisted of six age classes, including a very high proportion of individuals between 0 and 4 years old. Females grow relatively slowly, and attain greater asymptotic sizes, than males. The months of maximum reproductive activity are from March to May (Reñones et al. 1995). Migrations to shallow waters (from 10 to 40 meters in depth) by mature adults occur in the spring and summer, followed by a concentration of juveniles close to the coast in summer and autumn. Juveniles recruit in shallow waters and move to deeper waters as they grow (Gharbi and Ktari 1981). Off the Canary Islands, total length ranged from 12 to 33 cm, mainly between 15 and 21 cm. Males ranged from 14 to 26 cm and females from 14 to 33 cm. Females dominated the larger size-classes (>18 cm). The overall ratio of males to females was 1:2.3. The reproductive period extended from February to May, spawning peaking in March and April. The total length at 50% maturity was 16.6 cm for the whole population. The length-mass relationship for all individuals can be described by the parameters a = 0.0074 and b = 3.1826. Fish aged 0–8 years were present in the samples. The parameters of the Von Bertalanffy growth equation obtained for all individuals were: L∞ = 35.71 cm and k = 0.22·year−1. Significant differences were found in the growth parameters between males and females. The rates of total mortality Z, natural mortality M and fishing mortality F were 1.25, 0.55 and 0.70·year−1 respectively. The estimated total length at first capture was 15.74 cm (Pajuelo et al. 1997). In the eastern Mediterranean, in Egyptian waters, M. surmuletus has a longevity of 5 years, however over 70% of fishes captured were under 2 years old (Mehanna 2009). In the Northeast Atlantic, in the eastern English Channel, females grew significantly faster and reached a larger size at age than males. Length at 50% maturity was 16.9 and 16.2 cm, respectively, for males and females, corresponding to an estimated age of 1 year for both sexes. The spawning period was from May to July (Mahé et al. 2013).","Mullus surmuletus is a commercial species throughout its range. It is a major target for small scale and semi-industrial fisheries, and is heavily exploited in the Mediterranean and northeast Atlantic (Vogiatzi et al. 2012). Despite being taken as bycatch in the reason prior to the 1990s, and being directly targeted in the region since the 1990s, Mullus surmuletus is a non-quota species in the Northeast Atlantic (Benzinou et al. 2013). In the Mediterranean, 2 of the 3 managed stocks are considered to be over-exploited, and recommendations have been made to not increase fishing mortality, to reduce fishing mortality, and to reduce the percentage small individuals in the catch. In the Mediterranean, catches mostly consist of animals less than 15 cm TL which have not yet completed their second year of life (Tserpes et al. 2002). High fishing pressure has been implicated as a cause for the dominance of young individuals in catches (Caddy 1993, Farrugio et al. 1993). The dominance of young individuals implies an extreme vulnerability to recruitment fluctuations in Mullus stocks, which are heavily fished (Farrugio et al. 1993). Protection of spawning and nursery areas seems to be crucial for the conservation of M. surmuletus (Tserpes et al. 2002). Mediterranean fisheries are concentrated along coastal areas, where biodiversity is greatest. The majority (80%) of the Mediterranean fleet is comprised of vessels <12 m, and as such Mediterranean fisheries can be thought of as small-scale artisanal fisheries. Additionally, fisheries tend to be multi-species. As such it is difficult and expensive to obtain data for stock assessment purposes. There are several issues of concern which include the widespread targeting of small species or larger juvenile finfish prior to maturity, the observed reduction in the mean trophic level of Mediterranean catches, and high discard rates (40 to 56% of the catch taken in waters < 150 m) and the reduction in mean abundance of piscivorous species (Vassilopoulou 2010). According to a 2013 synthesis of the Status of Mediterranean and Black Sea resources in European Waters, while the state of knowledge on the Mediterranean and Black Sea stocks is improving rapidly, between 94% and 95% of stocks analyzed are overexploited. Recent observed reductions in nominal fishing effort have not resulted in declines in fishing mortality. Overall reductions between 45% and 51% are needed in order to reach maximum sustainable yields (Cardinale and Osio 2013). Invasive species: Upeneus moluccensis (eastern Aegean to Libya) and Upeneus pori (eastern Levant) are Lessepsian invaders in the Mediterranean. In the eastern Levant, U. moluccensis is commercially important, while U. pori is caught in large numbers but due to its small size, is not commercially important (Golani ).","Mullus surmuletus is a well-researched and managed species in the Mediterranean. Stock assessments are performed regularly by sub-region in the Mediterranean basin. It is well researched in the Northeast Atlantic as well, although relative to the Mediterranean it has received less research attention. It is found in Marine Protected Areas throughout its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). There is a need for more research and monitoring of population trends in this species. This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Mullus surmuletus was considered a valuable bycatch species prior to the 1990s, afterwhich it became a major target for small scale and semi-industrial fisheries. It is heavily exploited in the Mediterranean and North East Atlantic (Vogiatzi et al. 2012). The Bay of Biscay and Eastern English Channel are the two main areas where this species is caught in the Northeast Atlantic (Benzinou et al. 2012). The increase of catches in the Northeast Atlantic is primarily due to French trawlers, and supplemented by the Netherlands and United Kingdom Fleets (Mahé et al. 2005).In the Mediterranean, this highly-desirable species is the main target of many demersal fisheries and is considered heavily fished (Tserpes et al. 2002). Mullus surmuletus is caught primarily by trammel nets and by trawl (Golani in press). Mullus surmuletus is on of the main target species of the trawling fishery along the continental shelf off the Island of Majorca, in the North-western Mediterranean (Reñones et al. 1995).","Strongin, K.","Collette, B., Smith-Vaniz, W.F., Herrera, J., Fernandes, P. & Heessen, H.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,MURAENIDAE,Muraena,augusti,,Muraena augusti,"(Kaup, 1856)","The species was considered a synonym of M. helena (Wirtz and Biscoito 2008), but Jiménez et al. (2007) have confirmed the specific identity of M. augusti using morphological and genetic methods.",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as this Macaronesian species is common in European waters and its populations are presumed to be stable. It is captured at a very small scale, and there are no major threats to the species. Its distribution overlaps with marine protected areas throughout its range.",Stable,"Muraena augusti is known from the northeastern Atlantic Ocean from the Macaronesian Islands, being present in the Azores, Madeira, Selvagens, Canary Islands and Cape Verde (Nunes 1953, Franquet and Brito 1995, Santos et al. 1997, Brito et al. 2002). According to Brito et al. (2002), this benthonic species has a wide depth range (zero to 250 m), but it is more abundant above 50 m of depth.","There is scarce information about the abundance of this species throughout its distribution range. Although it has been recorded from commercial landings in the Azores, no information is available on its population size, abundance and trends as there are no species-specific landing statistics (Santos et al. 1997). In Madeira, where this species endures a small scale fishery, the trends in landings of M. augusti are stable in the last decade, with 100 to 250 kg reported per year, although there is a high probability of misidentification of the species. There are specimens of this species stored in the collection of the Museu de História Natural do Funchal (Carneiro et al. 2014). Araújo et al. (2008) found the species very frequent in rocky habitats in the Marine eco-park of Funchal. Likewise, Brito et al. (2002) indicated this species to be common in rocky bottoms in the Canaries, being more abundant above 50 m deep. Overall, the species is presumed to be common and its trend stable.","This is a nocturnal and territorial species. In Madeira and the Canaries, M. augusti  is captured specially in subtidal rocky bottoms to around 50 m of depth (Nunes 1953, Franquet and Brito 1995, Brito et al. 2002, Araújo et al. 2008).  In the Canary Islands, M. augusti inhabits rocky and stony bottoms, sometimes hiding under large rocks in tidal pools, from the shore to depths of 250 m, although it is more common at depths shallower than 50 m (Jiménez et al. 2007). Franquet and Brito (1995) indicate that the reproduction of this species occurs all year round in the Canaries, peaking in the months of June, August and December. In Madeira, Araújo et al. (2008) indicate that this species can be found under rocks in tide pools, although it is found more often in holes and crevices to a depth of 30 m. It feeds on fishes and crustaceans and presents ovoviviparous reproduction from May to October.",There are no major threats to the species.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for the protection of this species.&#160;Its range overlaps with marine protected areas throughout its range, such as the Marine Eco-Park of Funchal. Research should be conducted on the population size and trend of the species.","This species is used for human consumption in the Azores, Madeira and the Canaries. Muraena augusti is captured in a very small scale and reported on commercial landings, with less than 200 kg per year in Madeira and achieving around one euro per kg.","García, M.","Delgado, J.","Smith, D.G.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,MURAENIDAE,Muraena,helena,,Muraena helena,"Linnaeus, 1758",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Muraena helena is widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic from Spain to the Cape Verde islands. In the northeastern Atlantic, M. helena is known from Spain to Madeira, including the Mediterranean. It is very abundant throughout its range. However, it is component of commercial and recreational fisheries. Though listed as vulnerable in Turkey, no major population declines have been recorded. Muraena helena is listed as Least Concern, but we recommend continued monitoring of its population status.",Stable,"Muraena helena is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is found from France to Senegal. In the northeastern Atlantic, M. helena ranges from northwestern Spain (Bañón et al. 2010) to Madeira (Wirtz et al. 2008), Azores, and the Canary Islands (Bertoncini et al. 2010). It is found throughout the Mediterranean Sea (Blache et al. 1973), including the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988). It is also found as a vagrant species in the British Isles and North Sea (Jiming 1982). It has a depth range from 15 m (Göthel 1992) to 104 m (Busalacchi et al. 2010).","Muraena helena is a very common species (Dooley et al. 1985, Matick-Skoko et al. 2010). It has a biomass of 645.2g/m2 in the Levant Sea (Edelist and Spanier 2009). In the Azores Islands it has a relative abundance of 0.04, a frequency of observation of 2.94 and a mean density of 0.001 m-2 (Bertoncini et al. 2010). This species occurs in the Berlengas Marine Protected Area (MPA) with a frequency of occurrence at 7.7% and 8.3% 2004 and 2005, respectively (Vasco-Rodrigues et al. 2011).","Muraena helena is benthic on shelf and associated with rocky bottoms, and is commonly found in holes, and crevices among rock at depths of 15–104 m. It is a nocturnal and territorial species feeding on fish, crabs and squid (Göthel 1992).","No major threats have been identified for Muraena helena; however, potential threats to this species include commercial and recreational fishing in the Canary Islands and Majorca (Dooley et al. 1985, ICES 2009)","In Turkey Muraena helena is listed as Vulnerable with a significant decline and a low priority for conservation; however, there was no specific reason for VU status (Fricke et al. 2007). There are no species specific conservation measures in place. Its distribution overlaps with marine reserves in parts of its range (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014). We recommend continued monitoring of its population status. This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Muraena helena is a popular food fish (Dooley et al. 1985). This species is exploited by commercial fisheries and targeted by recreational fishermen; seldom by boat, but more commonly by shore fishing and is very commonly taken by spear fishermen in Majorca (ICES 2009). Globally, this species is of a minor commercial importance as food and is sometimes taken for public display aquariums. It may be utilized fresh, eaten broiled, boiled or baked while the skin can be used for leather (Frimodt 1995). This species is listed as bycatch in unspecified tuna fisheries in the Atlantic and Mediterranean (ICCAT 2007). In Turkey the species is discarded as bycatch (~15% of total) in longline fishing practices targeting Mustelus mustelus (Ceyhan et al. 2010).","Strongin, K.","Papaconstantinou, C. & Karmovskaya, E.","Smith, D.G. & Harwell, H.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CARCHARHINIFORMES,TRIAKIDAE,Mustelus,asterias,,Mustelus asterias,"Cloquet, 1819",,No,NT,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) Starry Smoothhound (Mustelus asterias) is widespread on the continental shelf to a depth of 200 m, ranging from northern Europe to northwest Africa, including the Mediterranean Sea. The species is vulnerable to capture in trawl, gillnet, trammel net and line gear. In the Mediterranean Sea, smoothhounds (Mustelus spp.) are valued for human consumption and are often retained and marketed, whereas in the northern parts of the Northeast Atlantic they have little market value and are often discarded. No reliable species-specific fisheries catch data are available because landings data often refer to all smoothhounds combined, or even smoothhounds combined with Tope (Galeorhinus galeus) or spurdogs (Squalus spp.). The Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea are considered different subpopulations, based on differences in reproductive biology.Abundance trends in fishery independent survey data from northwestern European waters suggest that the Northeast Atlantic subpopulation is estimated to be increasing. However, there has been a corresponding increase in reported landings from this region, and given the absence of effective species-specific management for this subpopulation, abundance trends and catch volumes must be carefully monitored.In the Mediterranean Sea, abundance trends in fishery independent trawl survey data show that this subpopulation has been declining in both the Gulf of Lions and the Adriatic Sea over the past 50 years. Landings of all smoothhounds in the Mediterranean Sea declined by about 85% between 1994 and 2006. No information is currently available on subpopulation trends in the southern Mediterranean Sea and northwestern coasts of Africa, although this species is also caught and landed there in relatively intensive coastal fisheries. It is suspected to have undergone a decline of around 30% through the three-generation period (53 years).Considering the decline of the species in the Mediterranean Sea and its increasing trend in the Northeast Atlantic, this species is assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to meet the threshold for a threatened category under criterion A2. It should however be noted that the situation in the Mediterranean Sea may be worse than estimated given the grouping of smoothhounds in landings data and consequent masking of species-specific population trajectories. This European status must therefore not undermine the situation in these waters that needs to be addressed.",Stable,"This species’ northernmost range in the Northeast Atlantic extends to Scottish and southern Norwegian waters. The range extends southwards into the waters of Sweden, Denmark, Germany, The Netherlands, Belgium, France, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Spain and Portugal (Compagno et al. 2005). The range extends beyond the Northeast Atlantic into northwestern Africa in the Eastern Central Atlantic. The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Working Group on Elasmobranch Fishes (WGEF) considers there to be one management unit of this species in the continental shelf waters of the Northeast Atlantic (ICES 2012). This unit spans the North Sea, English Channel, waters west of Scotland, the Celtic Seas, the Bay of Biscay and Iberian waters. It is unknown if this stock management unit corresponds to a single biological population; tagging studies are ongoing. This smoothhound is found throughout the entire Mediterranean Sea, including the Black Sea (Eryılmaz et al. 2011). Its depth limit is one to 200 m.","Northeast AtlanticWithin the coastal waters of the United Kingdom, this species can be found in the Outer Thames, Solent, Bristol Channel and Cardigan Bay (Ellis et al. 2005a). In Irish waters, it is most abundant in the western Irish Sea and the coastal waters of southeast Ireland (Farrell 2010). Martin et al. (2010) found that the mean density of this smoothhound more than doubled between 1988 and 2008 throughout the English Channel. Similar trends were reported from various trawl surveys in the Northeast Atlantic between 1992 and 2012, where the highest increase in abundance was observed in French surveys (Dureuil 2013).Although species-specific data are limited, data for all smoothhounds (Mustelus spp.) provides a good proxy for trends in landings and relative abundance. This is especially true for Starry Smoothhound (M. asterias), which is the most frequently encountered smoothhound species in the Northeast Atlantic (ICES 2013). In the Bay of Biscay landings have increased strongly from 151–499 tonnes (t) from 1996–2004, and have remained stable in Portuguese waters since an initial peak in 1999 (ICES 2007). Fishery independent surveys of the Celtic Seas, southern North Sea, English Channel and Irish Sea all suggest increasing trends in nominal catch per unit effort (CPUE; ICES 2010, 2013). For example, a fishery independent survey in the eastern English Channel and southern North Sea also found an increase in CPUE from about 0.1–0.3 individuals per hour in the early to mid-1990s to around 1.0–1.3 in 2009–2011.A relative abundance survey conducted by the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas) in the Celtic Sea recorded a peak in 2000 and again in 2004 over a 17-year time series, although the year 2000 peak was not found in a concurrent French survey (ICES 2007). Nonetheless, a United Kingdom beam trawl survey also found an increase in smoothhound relative abundance and frequency of occurrence (ICES 2011). The trend of the population in the Northeast Atlantic is therefore of an increase.Mediterranean SeaThis species is less common than Common Smoothhound (Mustelus mustelus) in the Mediterranean Sea, although the potential for misidentification should be noted. In the northern Mediterranean Sea, the International Bottom Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean (MEDITS) found that the frequency of occurrence was very low, with this smoothhound recorded in only five of 6,336 hauls conducted from 1994–1999 at 10–800 m depth (Baino et al. 2001). The occurrence of this species also decreased in trawl surveys conducted in 1948 and 1998 in the Adriatic Sea (Jukic-Peladic et al. 2001). Aldebert (1997) reports a clear decrease in abundance of smoothhounds in comparable surveys in the Gulf of Lions, southern France, from 1970–1995. In Hvar trawl surveys conducted in 1948 in the Adriatic Sea, occurrence of this smoothhound was about 1.0 (frequency log-transformed), compared to about 0.1 in comparable MEDITS surveys conducted in the same area in 1998, which shows a decline of 90% from 1948 to 1998. A decline of 91% is inferred for the three generation period of 53 years (1948-2001). Most recently, between 2006 and 2008, Fortuna et al. (2011) examined trawl fisheries in the Adriatic Sea, and found that this species was rarely caught as bycatch, with a catch rate of 0.0048 individuals per haul. In 2009 two specimens were caught in the southwestern Black Sea (Eryılmaz et al. 2011).Catch data should be examined with caution as the catches reported as smoothhounds often consist of an aggregation of small-sized demersal sharks. Data reported to the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations show that smoothhound landings steadily increased between 1950 and 1978 to 14,000 t, after which they fluctuated between about 6,500 and 14,000 t from 1978–1994 (FAO 2008). After 1994, landings dropped significantly to 2,980 t in 1997 and did not exceed 2,200 t from 2001–2006 (FAO 2008). It is likely that this species has never been very abundant in the Mediterranean Sea. However, the available information on landings (although not species-specific) combined with the more detailed information derived from fishery-independent trawl surveys, suggest that this particular species has declined in abundance in the Mediterranean Sea. In some cases, as in the northern Tyrrhenian Sea, this species can be considered locally extinct due to overfishing (Ferretti et al. 2005, 2008).Considering the outlined declines through the Mediterranean Sea, the species is inferred to have undergone a decline of at least 30% over three generations (around 53 years) throughout its Mediterranean range. While in the Northeast Atlantic the population trend is of an increase and in the Mediterranean Sea the species seems to be decreasing, the overall trend is considered to be stable.","This demersal smoothhound species is found at a maximum depth of about 200 m, on sandy and gravelly bottoms (Compagno 1984, Ellis et al. 2005a). In waters surrounding the United Kingdom, it seems to be most abundant in large bays, outer parts of large estuaries and in coastal areas (Ellis et al. 2005a). In Irish waters, this species is most abundant in the western Irish Sea particularly off the shallow sandy beaches (Farrell 2010). Recent tagging data suggest that it is seasonally migratory across its Northeast Atlantic range (Farrell et al. 2010b, Winter and van Oversee 2013).In the Northeast Atlantic, females give birth between April and July. No published information exists on the location of parturition and nursery areas, though neonates and juveniles are periodically abundant in shallow areas of the English Channel, southern North Sea/Thames Estuary and Bristol Channel (Ellis et al. 2005a,b; Dureuil 2013) and in shallow waters off sandy beaches on the southeast coast of Ireland (Farrell 2010). In the Irish Sea, large pregnant females are seasonally abundant in May off Holyhead, Wales (Farrell 2010). Mating may occur in the southern Celtic Sea in October (Dureuil 2013). The natural mortality rate of this species in the Northeast Atlantic was estimated at 0.219 per year and the intrinsic rate of population increase at 0.079 per year (Dureuil 2013). The reproductive biology of this live bearing with yolk sac species is variable between the Northeast Atlantic (Farrell et al. 2010b) and the Mediterranean Sea (Capapé, 1983). In the Northeast Atlantic, ovarian fecundity ranged from one to 28 oocytes and uterine fecundity from five to 20 embryos (ICES 2014). Average total length (TL) at birth is 30 cm (Compagno et al. 2005), though other estimates have ranged from 34.9–38.1 cm TL (Farrell et al. 2010a). Gestation period was about 12 months, followed by a resting period of about 12 months, resulting in a biennial reproductive cycle. Length and age at 50% maturity estimates for males and females were 78 cm TL and four to five years and 87 cm TL and six years, respectively (Ferrell et al. 2010b). Using sectioned vertebrate, asymptotic length and longevity estimates were 103.7 cm TL and 20.2 years in females and 123.5 cm TL and 11.8 years in males (Farrell et al. 2010a). In the Mediterranean Sea there are no published age or growth studies for this species, however there is some information on reproductive traits. Ovarian fecundity ranged from 10–45 oocytes and uterine fecundity from 10–35 embryos. Unlike the Northeast Atlantic subpopulation, females reportedly have an annual reproductive cycle in the Mediterranean Sea, and sexual maturity is attained at about 75 cm in males and about 96 cm TL in females (Capapé 1983). The species is inferred to have a generation length of 17.8 years, based on data from the closely related species Mustelus mustelus.","Northeast AtlanticThis smoothhound is caught seasonally as bycatch in trawl, gillnet and longline fisheries, some of which discard or land the species, depending on market demands (ICES 2012). There are areas of local abundance throughout its range. Preliminary analyses of bycatch data indicate that juveniles are typically discarded, but no evaluation of discard survival rate has been undertaken (ICES 2012). Fishing mortality was estimated from the catch ratio from surveys of the Northeast Atlantic across the sub-adult and adult age classes (5–13 years). Since 1992 the fishing mortality has been variable, but overall has declined from 0.25 to 0.15. Nonetheless, the current level may still be slightly above the fishing mortality that produces maximum sustainable yield (FMSY = 0.11; Dureuil 2013).In addition to being discarded as bycatch, this species may be landed for human consumption, and is used as bait for the inshore whelk fishery in England and Ireland. ICES landing statistics combine dogfish and smoothhounds together so there are little accurate data on Northeast Atlantic landings, and levels of bycatch are largely unknown. They are also an important sport angling fish in some areas, where most fish are returned to the sea, and often tagged. These areas include the Bristol and English Channels, the United Kingdom, the eastern and western Irish Sea, and off the coast of the Netherlands (ICES 2012).Mediterranean Sea There is a high level of exploitation on the continental shelf and upper slope to about 800 m depth in the Mediterranean Sea (Massuti and Moranta 2003, Ferretti et al. 2005). Smoothhounds are captured by demersal trawls, trammel nets, gillnets and longlines in this region (Bauchot 1987). Semi-industrial fisheries in the Adriatic Sea, off Sicily, Spain and Cyprus are known to take these species, and also artisanal fisheries elsewhere. Smoothhounds are retained and used in the Mediterranean Sea, where they are regularly sold for human consumption in many areas (Fischer et al. 1987).","Northeast AtlanticThere is currently no restriction on catch. Based on its approach to data-limited stocks, ICES advised in 2012 that 2013–2014 catches should be reduced by 4%. Despite this advice and commitments to manage commercial fisheries, there are currently no European Union limits on landings or proposals for management.The European Community Council Regulations 850/98 for the ‘conservation of fishery resources through technical measures for the protection of juveniles of marine organisms’ details the minimum mesh sizes that can be used to target fish. Smoothhounds would be classed under ‘all other marine organisms’ and so can only be targeted in fixed nets of more than 220 millimeters (ICES 2012).Mediterranean SeaThere is currently no restriction on catch. Species-specific management measures are necessary to prevent further declines in this region, including improved data collection to species level for commercial landings. This species (M. asterias) is listed in Appendix III of the Barcelona Convention, which suggests it should be afforded regulations regarding exploitation in the Mediterranean Sea (Recommendation GFCM/36/2012/1). The listing directs the recording and reporting to national authorities of all encounters with the species (including catch, bycatch, discard) and encourages improved data collection and scientific monitoring. However, compliance with this directive has been poor, and thus Mediterranean data on this species remains seriously lacking. The Balearic Island Marine Reserves offer minimal protection to smoothhounds, as they are protected within the waters of the reserve.Further research should be conducted on the population size and trend of the species.","The species is commercially valuable in the Mediterranean Sea, where it is utilized fresh, frozen, or salted and dried for human consumption. It is regularly present on the Adriatic, Tyrrhenian, Tunisian and Turkish markets; and sold fresh, frozen, refrigerated or salted-dried (Fisher et al. 1987). Often discarded by commercial fisheries in the Northeast Atlantic, but the species is important for recreational fisheries in some areas of this region.","Serena, F. & Abella, A.","Farrell, E., McCully, S., Dulvy, N., Mancusi, C. & Ellis, J.","Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CARCHARHINIFORMES,TRIAKIDAE,Mustelus,mustelus,,Mustelus mustelus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","Mustelus mustelus and M. asterias are morphologically similar and may be misidentified. Many early works may refer to either of the two species (Wheeler 1978). Mustelus asterias is distinguished from M. mustleus by a narrower inter-narial space and the presence of white spots on the dorsal and upper lateral sides of the former. There is a demonstrated high level of contemporary and historical misidentification of unspotted Mustelus asterias as M. mustelus in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean region (Farrell et al. 2009, Farrell 2010). There are no reliably confirmed records of M. mustelus occurring north of Portuguese waters (Farrell 2010). Quignard and Capapé (1972) described a M. mustelus specimen from Portuguese Atlantic Ocean waters based on dermal denticle morphology and this remains the most northerly reliably identified record of this species.",No,VU,A2bd,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) This species is widespread, from southern Europe to South Africa, including the Mediterranean Sea. It is most commonly found in shallow waters between five and 50 m depth, although it occurs to at least 350 m depth. The species is vulnerable to capture in trawl, gillnet, trammel net and line gear. No species-specific fisheries catch data are available for Common Smoothhound (Mustelus mustelus) because landings data often refer to all Smoothhounds (Mustelus spp.) combined. In the Mediterranean Sea, it is valued for human consumption and often retained and marketed. Landings of all Smoothhounds (Common Smoothhound, Starry Smoothhound and Blackspotted Smoothhound), of which Common Smoothhound is the most common, in the Mediterranean Sea declined by approximately 85% between 1994 and 2006 (less than one generation; generation length = 17.8 years). Time series catch data from comparable trawl surveys and landings in the Gulf of Lions, Ligurian Sea, showed a clear decrease in the abundance of smoothhounds from 1970 onwards, although data from the Adriatic Sea suggest that the abundance of Common Smoothhound did not change from 1948–1998. While probably present in Portuguese waters (known from a single confirmed record), this species is considered absent from the northeast Atlantic Ocean. Both catch and fishery-independent scientific survey data available from the Mediterranean Sea and west Africa suggest that significant declines have occurred in these regions. The species is considered to meet the criteria for Vulnerable in these waters, based on estimated and inferred continuing declines over three generations (more than 50 years) of at least 30% across the European region. Catches and population trends need to be carefully monitored throughout the species range and management intervention is required.",Decreasing,"Distributed in the eastern Atlantic Ocean from Portuguese waters to South Africa (Eastern Cape of South Africa and Kwa-Zulu Natal), including the Canary Islands and throughout the Mediterranean Sea, but absent from the Black Sea (Whitehead et al. 1984, Compagno et al. 2005, Serena 2005). The reported occurrence of this species in the northeast Atlantic Ocean north of Portuguese waters (UK, Republic of Ireland, France, and Spain) is unconfirmed and likely the result of misidentification (Farrell et al. 2009, Farrell 2010).","Mustelus mustelus is more common than M. asterias in the Mediterranean Sea. Surveys undertaken by the International Bottom Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean (MEDITS) in the northern Mediterranean Sea between 1994 and 1999 at 10-800 m depth recorded this species in 111 (2%) of 6,336 hauls, mostly between zero and 50 m depth (Baino et al. 2001). Aldebert (1997) reports a clear decrease in abundance of smoothhounds in comparable surveys in the Gulf of Lions, southern France, from 1970 onwards. The occurrence of Mustelus mustelus in comparable trawl surveys conducted on the shelf of the Adriatic Sea in 1948 and 1998 remained approximately the same (Jukic-Peladic et al. 2001). In Hvar trawl surveys conducted in 1948 on the shelf of the Adriatic Sea, occurrence (frequency log-transformed) was about 1.0, compared to about 0.1 in comparable MEDITS surveys conducted in the same area in 1998. In “Gruppo Nazionale Risorse Demersali” (GRUND) surveys conducted in Italian seas between 1985 and 1998, the percentage presence was 21.9%. Most of the population was concentrated in the Adriatic Sea and southern waters of Sicily, and the species was absent from the Ligurian Sea and from Sardinian waters (Relini et al. 2000). A fishery-independent survey in 2007 and 2008 in the Gulf of Gabès off Tunisia caught a mean of 2.2 individuals km-1 of gillnet per day (Echwikhi et al. 2013). Mustelus mustelus were more abundant in this study area compared to the northern coasts of the Mediterranean Sea (Echwikhi et al. 2013). Fortuna et al. (2011) observed trawl fisheries in the Adriatic Sea between 2006 and 2008 and noted that this species was rare, with a bycatch rate of 0.0256 individuals per haul within this time period. The annual bycatch estimate was 863 individuals (95% confidence intervals: 818 to 891 individuals). Tserpes et al. (2013) analysed data from the fishery-independent MEDITS surveys in the Aegean Sea between 1998 and 2008, finding very low levels of the species (zero to 14 individuals), with high variability in catch.","This demersal coastal species is found on the continental shelves and uppermost slopes, from the intertidal to at least 350 m depth, but usually in shallow waters from 5-50 m on sandy and muddy substrates (Bauchot 1987, Notarbartolo di Sciara and Bianchi 1998, Compagno et al. 2005, Serena 2005). Reproduction is viviparous with yolk-sac placenta. Biological information is available from Tunisia and other areas of the Mediterranean Sea. Males mature at 70-112 cm total length (TL) and females at 107.5-124 cm TL (Da Silva 2007, Saïdi et al. 2008) and 80 cm TL reported elsewhere in the Mediterranean Sea (Whitehead et al. 1984, Bauchot 1987, Serena 2005). The length at 50% maturity for males and females was 97.1 and 117.2 cm respectively (Saïdi et al. 2008). Off Senegal, the length at 50% maturity was reported as 82 cm TL for males, and 95 cm TL for females (Capapé et al. 2006). From this study, litters of four to 21 embryos were reported. Saïdi et al. (2008) report that reproduction is annual with parturition taking place during late April and early May and mating during May and early June off Tunisia. Costantini et al. (2000) also confirm the period of May-June for the Adriatic Sea. The gestation period is nine to 11 months (Smale and Compagno 1997, Notarbartolo and Bianchi 1998, Da Silva 2007, Saïdi et al. 2008). Females give birth to four to 18 pups per litter and larger females have significantly larger litters (Fischer et al. 1987, Smale and Compagno 1997, Saïdi et al. 2008). Size at birth is 34-42 cm TL (Bauchot 1987, Notarbartolo and Bianchi 1998, Serena 2005, Saïdi et al. 2008). Da Silva (2007) studied the age and growth of this smoothhound off South Africa, and it can be assumed these values will be similar to those in the Mediterranean Sea. Maximum observed age was 25 years. Age at 50% maturity was determined at 10.75 years for females and 9.1 years for males. Natural mortality was estimated at 0.05 per year. Generation length is estimated at 17.8 years.","There is a high level of exploitation on the continental shelf and upper slope to about 800 m depth in the Mediterranean Sea (Massuti and Moranta 2003). Smoothhounds are captured with demersal trawls, trammel nets, gillnets and longlines in this region (Bauchot 1987). Semi-industrial fisheries in the Adriatic Sea, off Sicily, Spain and Cyprus take these species, and also artisanal fisheries elsewhere. Smoothhounds are retained and used in the Mediterranean Sea, where they are regularly sold for human consumption in many areas (Fischer 1987). Landings data reported to the Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) show that landings of smoothhounds (probably including Common Smoothhound (M. mustelus), Starry Smoothhound (M. asterias) and Blackspotted Smoothhound (M. punctulatus), of which Common Smoothhound is the most common in this region) steadily increased between 1950 and 1978 to 14,000 tonnes (t), after which they fluctuated between approximately 6,500 t and 14,000 t from 1978-1994 (FAO 2008). After 1994, landings dropped significantly, decreasing to 2,980 t in 1997 and did not exceed 2,200 t from 2001-2006 (FAO 2008). Although these landings are not species-specific, combined with the results of fishery-independent trawl surveys described above, they also suggest that this species has declined in abundance in the Mediterranean Sea. There is taxonomic confusion between Common Smoothhound and Starry Smoothhound by fishermen and observers (Farrell 2010). Genetic analysis can be used to distinguish smoothhounds in landings, though this does not solve the issue of on-board misidentification in fisheries logbooks (Farrell et al. 2009, Moftah et al. 2011). In Italian fish markets, a product labelled “palombo” is an umbrella term for numerous shark species, one of which has been identified through DNA barcoding as Common Smoothhound (Barbuto et al. 2010). The grouping of species under one name in this manner makes it impossible to deduce landings trends, as individual species trends are masked by those they are grouped with.","There are no specific management measures in place for Common Smoothhound throughout the majority of its range. Smoothhounds are protected within Balearic Island (Spain) marine reserves. Few species-specific landings data exist and improved data collection on commercial landings are needed in all areas of its range. Current catch levels appear to be unsustainable throughout the majority of this species’ range and management intervention is required to reduce catches. Da Silva et al. (2013) reported that size and fishing effort control methods might be most effective for Common Smoothhound. The European Community Council Regulations 850/98 for the ‘conservation of fishery resources through technical measures for the protection of juveniles of marine organisms’ details the minimum mesh sizes than can be used to target fish. Smoothhounds would be classed under ‘all other marine organisms’ and so can only be targeted in fixed nets of more than 220 mm (ICES 2012). Common Smoothhound is listed in Appendix III of the Barcelona Convention, affording it regulation of any exploitation taking place in the Mediterranean region (Recommendation GFCM/36/2012/1). All vessels encountering this species must record information on fishing activities, catch data, incidental taking, release and/or discarding events in a logbook or similar document, then all logged information must be reported to national authorities. Finally, additional measures should be taken to improve such data gathering in view of scientific monitoring of the species.","Commonly marketed in the Mediterranean Sea (Bauchot 1987), Western Africa and South Africa. It is valued for its white meat and the meat of other species, such as blue shark and sand tiger shark, are sometimes sold as this species.","Serena, F. & Allen, D.J.","Farrell, E.D., Dulvy, N.K. & Walls, R.H.L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CARCHARHINIFORMES,TRIAKIDAE,Mustelus,punctulatus,,Mustelus punctulatus,"Risso, 1827",The distribution of the two other Mustelus species (M. asterias and M. mustelus) overlap with this species and misidentification is probably common.,No,VU,A4d,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)Blackspotted Smoothhound (Mustelus punctulatus) is a poorly known demersal shark found on the continental shelf (to 300 m depth) in the Mediterranean Sea and off Western Sahara in the Eastern Central Atlantic. This species is frequently mistaken with another, more abundant smoothhound (Mustelus) species, particularly Common Smoothhound (Mustelus mustelus). Blackspotted Smoothhound appears to be very rare in the northern Mediterranean Sea, but more common in the south and on the coasts of Tunisia and Libya. Like other smoothhound species in this region, it is taken as bycatch in trawls and other demersal fisheries. Landing data are often grouped and therefore species-specific information is not currently available. Smoothhounds are retained and used for human consumption in many areas. Since this species is apparently rare, it may be unknowingly fished throughout its range; and there is evidence that other smoothhound species have declined, making further investigation a priority. Considering that the fishing effort in the Mediterranean has either stayed the same or increased, and taking into account the population decline data available for the period 2008-2012, a decline of at least 30% is inferred for 2013-2014 and projected to continue up to three generations into the future (53 years in total considering the past and the future). Therefore, the species is assessed as Vulnerable under Criterion A4d.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in the Northeast Atlantic from the British Isles to South Africa, including the Mediterranean Sea, but it is absent from the Black Sea (Compagno et al. 2005, Serena 2005). The species can be found as deep as 300 m.","Very little information is available on populations of this species, partly due to confusion with the more common species of smoothhound within its range. It seems to be very rare in the northern Mediterranean Sea where surveys have been undertaken. It was recorded in only one of 6,336 hauls during the International Bottom Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean (MEDITS) programme (at depths of 50800 m) from 19941999 (Baino et al. 2001). Jukic-Peladic (2001) compared MEDITS catch data from the Adriatic Sea in 1998 with that from the Hvar survey in 1948. Blackspotted Smoothhound (Mustelus punctulatus) was not reported from either survey, although Common Smoothhound (Mustelus mustelus) and Starry Smoothhound (Mustelus asterias) were present in both. Blackspotted Smoothhound was also absent from bottom trawl surveys conducted off the Balearic Islands between 1998 and 2001, at depths of 401,800 m (Massutí and Moranta 2003).The Italian survey programme Gruppo Nazionale Risorse Dermerali (GRUND) carried out 22 surveys in Italian waters between 1985 and 1998. The percentage presence of this species was low (2.48%) and very few specimens were caught in the northern Tyrrhenian Sea, northern central Adriatic Sea and south of Sicily (Relini et al. 2000).This species is apparently more common in parts of the southern Mediterranean Sea. It is common along the Tunisian coasts and seems to be most abundant towards the south in the Gulf of Gabès and along the coast of Libya (Bradaï et al.2002).In Italian waters, scientific trawl surveys caught Blackspotted Smoothhound mostly in the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean Geographical Sub-areas 16 (Strait of Sicily) and 17 (northern Adriatic Sea) with the average catch rate per hour ranging between 0.6 and 1.7, respectively. From 2008 to 2012, the catch of this species progressively declined, especially in the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Division 37.1.3 (Sardinia) and 37.2.2 (Ionian Sea) areas where catches declined by 75% (from 1.43 to 0.36 tonnes per year) and 37% (from 33.32 to 20.87 tonnes per year), respectively. In FAO Division 37.2.1 (Adriatic Sea), the landings remained relatively consistent (between 172.0 and 311.0 tonnes per year; Serena et al. 2014).Considering the population decline data available for the period 2008-2012, a decline of at least 30% is projected to continue into the future, considering a total of three generations between the past and the future (53 years).","This species occurs over the continental shelf, on sandy and gravelly substrates and sea grass beds, as deep as 300 m (Serena et al. 2014).The reproductive biology and diet have recently been described by Saïdi et al. (2009). This species’ reproductive mode is placental live-bearing with an annual reproductive cycle. Mating occurs in late May to June. Ovulation occurs from early July to mid-August with parturition occurring from mid-May to early June, after a gestation period of 11 months. Size at birth is estimated to be 24.5−30.5 cm total length (TL). Ovarian fecundity ranged from 14 to 32 and uterine fecundity from 12 to 27. Positive linear relationships were detected between the TL of mature females and ovarian and uterine fecundities. The maximum reported TL for males and females are 111 cm and 122 cm, respectively. Males mature between 76.0 and 88.5 cm TL, with a size at 50% maturity of 81.4 cm TL. Females mature between 88.0 and 100.0 cm TL, with a size at 50% maturity of 95.6 cm TL. Its generation length is estimated to be around 17.88 years.","This species is caught by demersal trawl and coastal small-scale fisheries in the Mediterranean Sea (STECF 2003). Trammel nets, gillnets, bottom trawls and longliners operate in this area. Although Bradaï (2000) observed that this species is common in the Gulf of Gabès, it seems to be scarce at least in the northern Mediterranean Sea. Smoothhounds have shown signs of depletion in the Mediterranean Sea, although they may be locally abundant in some areas (STECF 2003). Landings of smoothhounds are often grouped as “smoothhounds nei” in landing statistics and therefore no species-specific data are available. Furthermore, at least for Italian catches, reported catches do not correspond with the taxonomic group, but an aggregation of small demersal sharks, including true smoothhounds (Mustelusspp.), spurdogs (Squalusspp.), gulper sharks (Centrophorus spp.), Kitefin Shark (Dalatias licha), catsharks (Scyliorhinusspp.) and Blackmouth Catshark (Galeus melastomus). This is because these species are usually marketed headless, skinned and eviscerated, and sold under the commercial name of “palombo”, the Italian name for smoothhounds. Direct observations by experts are required to collect species-specific data for catches of true smoothhounds, as these species can be difficult to identify for non-biologist observers.",No species-specific management or conservation measures are currently in place. The harvest trends of the species should monitored. ,Mustelus species are retained and marketed for human consumption in many parts of the Mediterranean Sea and probably on the western coasts of Africa.,"Serena, F., Walls, R. & Kemp, J.R.","Dulvy, N., Farrell, E. & Buscher, E.","Serena, F., Mancusi, C., Haka, F., Morey, G & Schembri, T.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,EPINEPHELIDAE,Mycteroperca,fusca,,Mycteroperca fusca,"(Lowe, 1838)",,No,VU,B2ab(v),,,,,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)Mycteroperca fusca is listed is endemic to the Macaronesian region, being present in the four European archipelagos. The species is assessed as Vulnerable under Criterion B2ab(v) because it has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of less than 2,000 km2, it is present in under ten locations, and it has been fished throughout most of its range such that there are suspected declines in the numbers of mature and larger individuals. Additionally, the species is a protogynous hermaphrodite that forms spawning aggregations, rendering it high vulnerability. Larger individuals (mostly males) and aggregations are targeted by fisheries, some of the latter apparently having now been extirpated.",Decreasing,"Mycteroperca fusca is endemic to the Macaronesian Region in the northeastern Atlantic. In the European region, it is known with certainty only from the Portuguese archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira and Savages, and from the Canary Islands (Spain). It also occurs in the Cape Verde Islands further to the south (Heemstra and Randall 1993). This species can be found at depths ranging from 10-100 m. Based on the area of rocky sea bottom down to the 100 m isobath, its area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 2,000 km2.","Mycteroperca fusca has a limited distribution range, in parts of which it was previously abundant but, most possibly due to fishing pressure, it is now locally rare. There seems to have been local extirpation from the most intensively fished areas in the Canary Islands Archipelago (Bas et al. 1995) The species has an heterogeneous and clumped distribution, with significant differences in abundance and biomass among and within archipelagos surveyed. In the Canary Islands (the southernmost European location), M. fusca had the greatest mean area biomass among all groupers surveyed (464.63 ± 1464.25 g/100 m2, mean ± SD; n=768 transects) and a mean abundance of 0.32 ± 0.76 ind/100 m2 (mean ± SD, n = 768 transects) (Tuya et al. 2006). In contrast, the Azorean subpopulation (the northernmost European distribution) presents much lower densities (0.10 ± 0.40, ind/250 m2, 7.5% avg presence in transects, 0-26.7% N=520 transects). These differences apparently reflect the species being naturally rarer in its northernmost distribution limit (unpublished data, M. Schmiing and P. Afonso pers. comm. 2014), given that the Canaries has a traditional targeted fishery to this species and the Azores does not. Overall, there seems to be a decline on the number of mature individuals of the European populations of M. fusca, based on spawning aggregation declines and Tuya et al. (2006).","Mycteroperca fusca is a demersal species that occurs near the bottom in rocky areas at depths from one to 200 m, but it usually occurs from 10 to 50 m. Two specimens collected from the Cape Verde by J. Cadenat were from a depth of 50 m. It recruits to rock pools and very shallow rocky reefs; and juveniles are present in shallow waters, including sheltered bays and harbours. Adults grow up to 80 cm TL and occur essentially at more exposed and deeper (20-40 m depth) reefs across its range, and specifically at reefs away from shore (known as ‘baixas’, or ‘bajas’). It is essentially piscivorous and feeds mostly on the water column. Adults (greater than 35 cm TL), which are protogynous hermaphrodites (Bustos et al. 2010), and subadults are known to aggregate at specific reefs in tens of individuals, notably at offshore reefs during the summer spawning season, and these are thought to constitute spawning aggregations as in many other studies of Epinephelinae.","Fishing is often targeted at its preferred habitats (offshore reefs) and summer spawning aggregations, which for other serranids of similar life history has resulted in population declines, altered sex ratio and extirpation of spawning aggregations. It is particularly vulnerable to capture by spearfishing or fishing with live bait and jigging. Mycteroperca fusca (along with Epinephelus marginatus) showed the strongest spatial responses to variations in fishing intensity and human population density across the Canary Islands, thus supporting the hypothesis that major human intervention has affected the abundance and biomass of both species across the archipelago (Tuya et al. 2006).Presently, individuals are rarely observed across its range and even more at lengths greater than 40 cm TL, approximately half of the known maximum size (e.g. Tuya et al. 2006, Ribeiro et al. 2005, Schmiing et al. 2013, unpublished data M. Schmiing and P. Afonso, pers. comm. 2014). In several historical aggregation sites, adults are now very rare although regularly seen at depths below 30 m. Some of these sites still show various tens of immature individuals or smaller adults aggregating during the short spawning season in the summer (e.g. sites in Santa Maria and Graciosa Islands in the Azores), but rarely or never larger adults (J.P. Barreiros pers. comm. 2014, unpublished data P. Afonso pers. comm. 2014). This trend is of major concern given that the species is hermaphroditic and hence the combination of fishing at aggregations and the selectivity for larger size individuals (e.g. spearfishing) should result in a disproportionate reduction of the most reproductively productive portion of the population.","The range of M. fusca includes multiple protected areas across its preferred habitat (e.g. Monte da Guia, Ilhéu da Vila and Formigas in the Azores; Garajau and South shore of Porto Santo in Madeira; Savages; El Hierro, La Restinga or El Cabrón in the Canary Islands), including numerous EU Natura 2000 marine sites. However, most of these sites do not have management plans in place, do not have no-take regulations (i.e., only restrict specific fishing such as gillnetting), or are still frequently poached (e.g. Tuya et al. 2006, Schmiing et al. 2014). It is recommended that 1) MPAs include properly enforced and managed (including appropriate monitoring) no-take areas in exposed reefs, 2) that such MPAs include spawning aggregation sites, or that these sites be protected by temporal closures, and 3) fishing of this species either cease or be greatly reduced, especially using techniques of greater catchability for this species. Further research should be conducted on the population size and trend of the species.","The species is commercially important in Madeira and the Canary islands, and highly appreciated throughout its range.","García, M.","Afonso, P.","Pollard, D.A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,EPINEPHELIDAE,Mycteroperca,rubra,,Mycteroperca rubra,"(Bloch, 1793)","This species has been erroneously recorded from Brazil, where it was misidentified as M. acutirostris, a species that occurs in the Western Atlantic. Records of the species from the Macaronesian Islands and Cape Verde refer to M. fusca (Heemstra 1991).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) In the European region, the species is considered to occur throughout the Mediterranean Sea (although records are absent from some parts of the northern Mediterranean coast), and also in the eastern Atlantic from far southern Portugal and Spain. Although population data are not available, the species is listed as Least Concern since it is very widespread, with a considerable depth range, and is not specifically targeted by any fishery because of its apparent natural rarity.",Unknown,"In the European region, the species occurs throughout the Mediterranean Sea and in the eastern Atlantic around the mouth of the Mediterranean Sea in far southern Portugal and far southern Spain. It has also been recorded in the Adriatic Sea (Glamuzina et al. 2002). The species likely exists in other areas of the Mediterranean Sea for which we have no specimens or good documentation; it is considered likely that the fish is also present in waters around Sicily, parts of the Adriatic, the coast of Italy, and the Mediterranean coasts of France and Spain. The fish is also present in the eastern Atlantic southwards to southern Angola. The specimens from Madeira and the Azores (Portugal), the Canary Islands (Spain), and Cape Verde were examined by Heemstra (1991) who identified them as Mycteroperca fusca. The species is replaced by Mycteroperca acutirostris in the western Atlantic (e.g., Brazil).","The species is a widespread, but a generally uncommon species. It appears commonly along the coast of Senegal (Séret and Opic 1981), but it is rare in Tunisia (Bou-Ain et al. 1983). Siau and Bou-Ain (1983) report that fewer than two specimens occur in the markets at Sfax (Tunisia) annually.","This is a demersal species that occurs over rocky reefs and adjacent sandy bottoms from 15 to 200 m depth (Heemstra and Randall 1993), although it is more generally found at shallower depths (i.e., from around 15 to 30 m depth). It feeds on molluscs (presumably cephalopods) and small fishes (Freitas 1982, Diatta et al. 2003). Sex reversal for the species occurs at nine years old, and 53 cm (TL) (Siau and Bou-Ain 1994). Siau and Bou-Ain (1994) indicated that the species began spawning at the end of spring in the southern Mediterranean, with sexual maturation occurring at a size and age of about 27 to 32 cm (TL) for females, and between four and five years. Maximum size 140 cm (TL), however usually seen and caught at much smaller lengths, especially where commercially exploited.","Fishing pressure may pose some threat to this species, however the species is not commonly captured due to its apparent natural rarity.","The species is likely to occur in several marine protected areas and is recorded from two Natura 2000 sites in Spain and Italy (EUNIS 2014). In Turkey, there is a 30 cm minimum legal size limit.",A minor commercial fish in the Mediterranean Sea.,"Pollard, D.A., Kemp, J.R. & Allen, D.J.","Craig, M.T.","Sadovy, Y., Choat, J.H., Heemstra, P., Padovani-Ferreira, B. & Rocha, L.A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Myctophum,affine,,Myctophum affine,"(Lütken, 1892)",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe this species is known from the Portuguese Continental Shelf (Azores) and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"In Europe this species is known from the Portuguese Continental Shelf (Azores) and the Canary Islands (Brito et al. 2002). Globally, this species is an Atlantic endemic and its range in the eastern Atlantic spans between 24°N-04°S, including the Gulf of Guinea. In the western Atlantic, it can be found from 42°N to the equator, as well as the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean, though it is absent in the Sargasso Sea and the Central Gyre (Hulley and Paxton in press).",There are little data regarding the population size of this species. It is fairly common in museum collection records.,"This species is oceanic and mesopelagic. It performs diel migrations from as deep as 300-600 m during the day, up to the surface to 275 m during the night for feeding purposes.","There are no known threats for this species, and it is not under pressure from fisheries.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.,This species is not commercially exploited.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Hulley, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Myctophum,nitidulum,,Myctophum nitidulum,"Garman, 1899",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species occurs in Madeira, the Azores and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Stable,"In Europe, this species is found in the Azores (Santos et al. 1997), Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014) and the Canary Islands (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009). Globally, this species is found throughout the eastern Atlantic, though it is absent north of 30°N, off the Moroccan coast, as well as the Benguela Upwelling region. In the western Atlantic, it can be found from 48°N–36°S, as well as the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean. In the Indian Ocean, it can be found between 17°N–34°S, and its range in the Pacific extends from 40°N–35°S (Hulley and Paxton in press).","There are little data regarding the population size of this species in the eastern Atlantic, though it appears in moderate numbers in mid-water trawl surveys taken around the Canary Islands (Wienerroither et al. 2009) as well as being fairly common in museum collection records.","This species is oceanic and mesopelagic. It performs diel migrations from as deep as 475-850 m during the day, up to the surface to five metres during the night for feeding purposes.","There are no known threats for this species, and it is not under pressure from fisheries.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.,This species is not commercially exploited.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Hulley, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Myctophum,punctatum,,Myctophum punctatum,"Rafinesque, 1810",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Myctophum punctatum is widely distributed mesoplagic species, ranging in depths from zero to 1,000 m. In the northeastern Atlantic and adjacent regional waters, M. punctatum is very common and sometimes locally abundant. It is not targeted nor utilized by the commercial fishing industry, and there are no other known threats towards it, other than occasionally being taken as bycatch in trawls. There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it is found in marine protected areas throughout its range. Therefore, Myctophum punctatum is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Myctophum punctatum is an endemic species of the northern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea.  In the west Atlantic, it is present from Greenland to the USA (Moser and Watson 2006). In the northeastern Atlantic, Myctophum punctatum occurs in boreal waters and ranges from 35° to 65°N and also occurs in the Mauritanian upwelling zone (15° to 20°N) (Becker 1983). In the Mediterranean, M. punctatum is found (FAO 1987): in the Strait of Sicily (Scotto di Carlo 1982, Costa 1991, Mallefet and Shimomura 1995, Berdar et al. 1998, Cuttitta et al. 2004), Catalan coasts (Moreno-Amich and Garcia-Berthou 1985, Sabates and Maso 1990), in the east Mediterranean Sea (Bello 1990, Deval 2002), north-west Mediterranean Sea (Torchio 1975, Lago de Lanzos 1981, Sabatés and Masò 1992, Sabatés and Saiz 2000, Cartes et al. 2002, Sabatés et al. 2003, Sabatés 2004, Mallol Martìnez 2005), Ionian Sea (Costa 1991, Mytilineou et al. 2005), Adriatic and Ligurian Gulf (Costa 1991), Catalan coast (Lloris et al. 1984), Marmara Sea and Aegean Sea (Bilecenoglu 2002). This species is a resident and native to the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988). Myctophum punctatum is found between zero and 1,000 m depths. At night, adult individuals are found at the surface and down to 125 m, and found between 225 and 750 m during the day (Hulley 1990).","In the eastern Atlantic, this species is known from a few areas near the Canary Islands, where it appears to be fairly common (Wienerroither et al 2009). This species is very common in the Mediterranean Sea throughout all seasons (Sabates and Maso 1990). Larvae are very common and very abundant in Greek Seas (Papaconstantinou pers comm. 2013). It is well represented in museums as well, with a total of 1,028 collections, with 57 individuals in a single lot (Accessed through Fishnet 2 Portal 2013 June). MEDITS (Spanish Mediterranean) Myctophum punctatum is common and was recorded in each trawl survey year with an average size 5.6 cm (TL) (L. Gil de Sola pers comm. 2013). Myctophum punctatum is also common in the Gulf of Cadiz and appears in each survey year. Mean lenght: 13 cm (TL) (J. Gil Herrera pers comm. 2013).","Myctophum punctatum is an oceanic and mesopelagic species (Hulley 1990). It is found at the surface and down to 125 m at night and found between 225 and 750 m depths during the day (Hulley 1990). It tends to move in large schools (Hulley 1990).  The maximum length for this species is 10.7 cm (Hulley 1984). Myctophum punctatum feeds on copepods, euphausiids, zoea stages of Brachyura and fish fry (Hulley 1984).  Myctophum punctatum is sexually mature when 5 cm long. Females produce 800 to 900 eggs (Muus and Nielsen 1999). In the Mediterranean area, this species does not present a well-defined spawning season (Sabates and Maso 1990).",There are no known major threats towards this species. Myctophum punctatum is not known to be used by fisheries but may be caught as bycatch in pelagic trawls (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013).,"There are no specific conservation measures are in place for Myctophum punctatum. However, this species may be found in marine protected areas within its distribution range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Legislative regulation for the pelagic fishery is implemented (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013). Myctophum punctatum was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).",Myctophum punctatum is not utilized in the commercial fishing industry.,"Strongin, K.","Kobyliansky, S., Munroe, T. & Costa, M.","Keskin, Ç., Massuti, E., Papakonstantinou, C. & Palmeri, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,MYLIOBATIDAE,Myliobatis,aquila,,Myliobatis aquila,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","It is unclear whether this, or a similar, species occurs along the east and west African coasts and Mediterranean Sea. A systematic review of this species is needed in these areas.",No,VU,A2b,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)Common Eagle Ray (Myliobatis aquila) is a semi-pelagic ray that occurs in eastern Atlantic inshore waters (< 50 m) from the North Sea to South Africa, including the Mediterranean Sea. In the northwest Mediterranean Sea, data from landings and trawl surveys showed that catches declined between 1970 and 1995, and the species became absent from catches and landings altogether in the late 1970s. In northern Mediterranean Sea trawl surveys from 1994–1999 it was recorded in very low numbers. Few data are currently available to assess trends in other areas of the Mediterranean Sea, but given that fishing pressure is high throughout its bathymetric range there, declines are also likely to have occurred elsewhere. No population data are available for the eastern Atlantic, but this species is taken in coastal artisanal fisheries along the coast of western Africa. Therefore, investigation of its status in West African waters is a priority. In European waters, the species is suspected to have declined by at least 30% over three generations (33 years), and it is therefore assessed as Vulnerable under Criterion A2b.",Decreasing,"This ray is found throughout the eastern Atlantic down to southern Africa. In the Northeast and Eastern Central Atlantic it is found as far north as Ireland and the North Sea, westwards to Madeira and the Azores, and south to Morocco. It ranges throughout the Mediterranean Sea, but is absent from the Black Sea (Serena 2005). Its depth range is one to 537 m.","This species is found throughout the eastern Atlantic, but commercial landings and trawl survey data are available from the Mediterranean Sea only. Landings data from the Gulf of Lions, France, and the northwest Mediterranean Sea from 1970–1995, and data from a bottom trawl survey from 1957–1995, showed a clear decrease in catches. This decrease, which was likely related to increased fishing effort, led to a total absence of this species in catches and landings after the late 1970s (Aldebert 1997). The International Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean (MEDITS) collected catch data from 1994–1999 at depths of 10–800 m. This species was captured in 37 of 6,336 scientific survey hauls conducted throughout the northern Mediterranean during this period (Baino et al. 2001). Given this information, it is estimated that the Mediterranean Sea subpopulation is declining, and suspected that these declines are occurring throughout this species’ range in European waters. Considering the evidence for local extinctions throughout its range, it is suspected that this species has declined by at least 30% over three generations (33 years).","This semi-pelagic ray is found in both inshore and offshore waters. It appears to primarily occur in inshore, coastal areas such as shallow lagoons and estuaries at depths < 50 m, although it has been reported from depths of up to 537 m (Whitehead et al. 1984). In the Mediterranean Sea it is reported to occur on sandy and muddy substrates to 200 m depth (Notarbartolo di Sciara and Bianchi 1998, Serena 2005). It can often be found in groups swimming close to the bottom, and abundances appear to vary by season. In the Adriatic Sea, significantly higher abundances occurred in the summer at a depth range of 10–50 m compared to 50–100 m, while in the autumn no significant difference in abundance by depth was found to occur (Manfredi et al. 2010). Seasonal changes in range were also observed, with a narrower range in the summer (limited to the northern Adriatic and Croatian waters) and a wider range in the autumn (extended to the central Adriatic Sea; Manfredi et al. 2010).This species is live bearing with yolk sac (Whitehead et al. 1984). In the Mediterranean Sea, females give birth to between three and seven pups per litter, after a gestation period of six to eight months (Whitehead et al. 1984, Fischer et al. 1987, Serena 2005). Females mature at 60 cm disc width (DW) and males at 40 cm DW (Fischer et al. 1987, Serena 2005). Reproduction takes place between September and February (Notarbartolo di Sciara and Bianchi 1998). It reaches a maximum size of 150 cm DW and 260 cm total length (Fischer et al. 1987; Notarbartolo di Sciara and Bianchi 1998). Its generation length is estimated to be 11 years.","This ray is taken as bycatch in various commercial and artisanal fishing gears, such as bottom trawls, purse seines, gillnets and line gear, throughout its range in the Mediterranean Sea and presumably in the tropical eastern Atlantic. The schooling behaviour of this species means that large numbers could be fished out in one haul, and fishermen off West Africa are known to target aggregations of rays (Ebert and Stehman 2013). Loss of habitat from coastal development and pollution may also impact this species. Fisheries have increased in both effort and capacity in the Mediterranean Sea in recent decades (Aldebert 1997). The continental shelf and upper slope of the Mediterranean Sea are exploited heavily to a depth of 800 m, much of which is within this species’ bathymetric range (Massuti and Moranta 2003). An experimental trawl fishery in the Aegean Sea revealed that this species was one of the more prevalent non-commercial species, representing up to 5.9% of the total catch weight during the summer months and 4.3% in the autumn (Gurbet et al. 2013).","There are no species-specific conservation or management actions in place, but there are general management measures for all skates and rays in European Union waters. In 1999, the European Union (EU) introduced a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for skates and rays of 6,060 tonnes (t) for fisheries operating in the Norwegian Sea (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea [ICES] Division IIa) and North Sea (ICES sub-area IV) based on landing statistics from the previous five years. This TAC has been progressively reduced by 8−25% annually to the current level of 1,256 t. As part of the TAC, the bycatch quota for vessels over 15 meters was set at 25% of live weight of catch retained on board per trip. For much of this period (1999−2014), the TAC was higher than reported landings and therefore not effectively constraining catches. Skate and ray TACs were established for other EU waters in 2009, including the Skagerrak and Kattegat (ICES Division IIIa) and from the northwest coast of Scotland and North Ireland to Portuguese waters (ICES sub-areas VI−IX). These TACs have also been gradually reduced since then. In 2013, the TAC for all skate and ray species grouped was 21,800 tonnes (regulations are available online at http://faolex.fao.org). Additionally, In 2013, the EU banned removal of shark fins on board vessels through Regulation No. 605/2013, in line with advice from the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission’s Shark Specialist Group and other shark fishery experts, in order to enhance enforcement of the 2003 EU ban on shark finning (Regulation No. 1185/2003) and facilitate improved shark fishery data collection. Monitoring of the species' harvest trends should be undertaken.","While there is no information on the catch of this species in targeted fisheries, it is almost certainly targeted in tropical Atlantic artisanal fisheries.","Jung, A.","Serena, F., Holtzhausen, J., Ebert, D.A. & Mancusi, C.","Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,COTTIDAE,Myoxocephalus,scorpius,,Myoxocephalus scorpius,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread throughout its range. However, localized declines have been reported from Iceland, the North Sea and Kattegat in the Baltic Sea, while positive trends appear in the western and northern Baltic Sea. Monitoring should be implemented for this species, as it appears to be threatened by chemical pollution in parts of its range and it is caught as a by-catch in some commercial fisheries.",Unknown,"The species is present in the Atlantic Ocean waters of Europe, from the Bay of Biscay to the Barents Sea, from Iceland to the British Islands and the Baltic Sea Fishbase (2011). It has been recorded in the Gulf of Cádiz during groundfish surveys (ICES 2005).  It is also present in the western Atlantic Ocean.","Roger and Ellis (2000) reported the increase of M. scorpius population in the North Sea, comparing 1901-1907 and 1989-1997 data. However Kasper (2010) reported a decreasing trend in population and abundance of the species in Iceland and the North Sea, after analyzing 25 years (1985-2009) of scientific trawl survey data. It is a common non-commercial species in Irish inshore waters (Went and Kennedy 1976, King et al. 1983).  HELCOM Group of Experts assessed the species in 2013 and, based on data from Swedish surveys, the species was listed as Least Concern (HELCOM 2013). The experts found a negative trend in Kattegat population, but a positive trend in the western and northern Baltic Sea, so the population for the entire HELCOM area is not suspected to be decreasing overall. The overall population trend of the species is unknown.","It is a marine and brackish species, found on rocky, sandy and muddy bottoms, from shallow waters to bathial bottoms (zero to 431 m) (Fishbase 2011). A bentho-piscivore species, it feeds on fishes, crustaceans, polychaetes and amphipods, and it has demersal eggs and larvae which hatch after five weeks (Fishbase 2011). Its generation length is five years (HELCOM 2013).  The species predation efficiency has been demonstrated to be the same both in sand and seagrass beds during a experiment in a artificial environment (Horinouchi 2007).","No changes in the distribution of the species have been observed due to climate change during the 20th century (ICES 2008), but effects during the last two decades are unknown. It is caught as by-catch in Iceland's scallop fisheries (Guijarro et al. 2006) and in Ireland, and no data on captures is available at Eurostat database. The species has been affected by chemical pollution from mining industry in west Greenland (Sonne et al. 2014), and PCBs have been demonstrated to have negative effects in the species (Khan 2011). The Baltic area is also affected by pollution and hazardous substances, reducing the amount of suitable habitat for the species (HELCOM 2007). It is considered as a bioindicator in polluted areas.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books.&#160;There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range.&#160;Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.","The species is exposed in public aquariums (Fishbase 2011), such as Nausicaá in France, but no information is available regarding the origin of the specimens.  This is a not commercial species, and no data on the species are available in Eurostat. However, it is an incidental by-catch species taken by both commercial fishing vessels and recreational anglers, but individuals are usually discarded alive.","García, M., Quigley, D. & Ralph, G.","Garcia, S.","Blanco, J.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,OPHICHTHIDAE,Myrichthys,pardalis,,Myrichthys pardalis,"(Valenciennes, 1839)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as this shallow species is widespread and presumed to be common. However, further research is needed on the population size and trend, ecology and threats to the species, as it can be impacted by several pressures and it could be in decline as a result of habitat loss and fishing.",Unknown,"This species is found in the eastern Atlantic from the Canary Islands and Western Sahara to Annobon Island and São Tomé Islands (Afonso et al. 1999), the Gulf of Guinea, Annobon Island (Leiby 1990, González et al. 2014) and Cape Verde (Franca and Vasconcelos 1962, Brito et al. 2002). Information on its bathymetric distribution is scarce, although in the Canary Islands it has been traditionally found between three and 15 m, and recently between one and 25 m in sea grass meadows (Espino et al. 2007).","Anecdotal observations in some places could suggest a decline in the species' population. However, there is no information available on the population size and trend of the species. It is not uncommon (McCosker pers. comm.) and it is a widespread species.","Myrichthys pardalis is a tropical demersal burrowing species found in coarse sands along the rocky coast line in shallow waters. It inhabits soft bottoms, and in the Canary Islands, the species is strongly associated with seagrass meadows and macroalgae fields (Leiby 1990, Espino et al. 2007). It feeds primarily on invertebrates, particularly crabs. Its maximum size is 64.8 (TL). Anecdotal observations of specimens actively swimming at surface at night have been recorded, probably due to the large number of small organisms concentrated around vessels, attracted by their bright lights (González et al. 2014).","The decline of their associated marine vegetation (seagrass meadows and macroalgae fields) as a result of anthropogenic perturbations may negatively affect the population. Also, the species could be impacted by fishing and the lack of public knowledge regarding the species, as it can be mistaken as a snake.","The species is not listed in any National Red List or Red Data Book, and it is not target of specific conservation measures. It is likely to be present in several marine protected areas in the Canary Islands.&#160;Further research is needed on the population size and trend, life history and ecology and impacts of the threats that the species is suffering. Spreading awareness of this species should also be encouraged.","This species is taken in small volumes and consumed locally, being rarely sold in the aquarium trade.","García, M.","González Pérez, J.A.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MYXINI,MYXINIFORMES,MYXINIDAE,Myxine,glutinosa,,Myxine glutinosa,"Linnaeus, 1758","According to Fernholm and Wheeler (1983), four specimens in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet (Swedish Museum of Natural History) are probably the original material examined by Linnaeus (1758) to describe the species and they should be accorded type status.  The western North Atlantic population was at one time assigned to a separate species, Myxine limosa Girard (1859), and Wisner and McMillan (1995) suggested a return to this practice based on differences in size at maturity (eastern North Atlantic are smaller) and colour differences in preserved specimens. In the absence of other supporting morphological data, these features seem insufficient to justify dividing the eastern and western Atlantic populations into separate species (Martini et al. 1998, Martini and Flescher 2002). More conclusive studies involving morphological and molecular data are necessary to resolve this taxonomic question.",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread and abundant, and it is not commercially targeted. However, further research and monitoring should be conducted on its population size and trend.",Unknown,"There are two populations from the North Atlantic Ocean of this species. In the eastern North Atlantic, it is present from Murmansk (Russia) to northern Morocco, and in the western Mediterranean Sea, through northern Morocco, Tunisia (Fishbase 2014), Algeria, and the northern Adriatic Sea, but probably occurs along all western Mediterranean coastal regions. In the western North Atlantic, it is present from Greenland to Florida, including a few records in the Gulf of Mexico (off Yucatán and Florida). It is present at depths from 40 to 1,200 m.","This species is known to be very abundant and has a large distribution, although it is rarely recorded from Irish waters (Went and Kennedy 1976). Its current population trend is unknown.","This species is found on shelves and slopes at depths from 40-1,100 m (eastern North Atlantic) and from 75-742 m depth (western North Atlantic). The maximum depth record (1,006 m) given by Wisner and McMillan (1995) for the western North Atlantic population was based on a single specimen (ISH 431-1986) recently reidentified as Myxine jespersenae, which was in fact collected off southeastern Iceland (Møller et al. 2005). The sex ratio of females and males in the samples analyzed by Martini et al. (1997) was highly skewed, at 9.8:1, which is typical for the species as a whole. The paucity of males in the population on both sides of the Atlantic has long been recognized, but it remains unexplained. This species is found on muddy bottoms where they hide in the mud. In Kattegat, the species is been found in circalittoral sandy bottoms with sea pens as Pennatula phosphorea or Virgularia mirabilis (Paulomäki and Aguilar 2011). Slime is utilized for defence and it feeds mainly on dead and dying fish of varying species by boring into the body and consuming the viscera and musculature. The species is chiefly nocturnal. Its eggs are few in number, about 19-30 mm and large (20-25 mm), and the horny shell has a cluster of anchor-tipped filaments at each end. The copulatory organ is absent in this species. The gonads of hagfishes are situated in the peritoneal cavity. The ovary is found in the anterior portion of the gonad, and the testis is found in the posterior part. The animal becomes female if the cranial part of the gonad develops or male if the caudal part undergoes differentiation. If nothing develops, then the animal becomes sterile. If both anterior and posterior parts develop, then the animal becomes a functional hermaphrodite. However, hermaphroditism being characterised as functional needs to be validated by more reproduction studies (Patzner 1998). Its maximum size is 95 cm (TL).  					The species has low resilience with a minimum population doubling time of 4.5-14 years and moderate to high vulnerability (Fishbase 2014).","Ellis et al. (2015) assessed fisheries of Hagfish around the world, concluding that it is not a sustainable fishery. The lack of knowledge on its biology and the lack of stock assessment and fishing regulations may have caused over-exploitation in some areas. The fishery is expanding, so the species could be threatened by fishing activities.","The species is not included on any National Red Lists or Red Data Books and it is not subject to any conservation actions. It is unknown whether it occurs in protected areas. Further research should be conducted on the population size, trends and trade of the species. Monitoring of the population trends is also encouraged.","Myxine glutinosa is known as a by-catch species in NAFO Regulatory Area (Rogers and Gianni 2010), and in Ireland, where it is most likely discarded. The Department of Fisheries and Oceans of Canada (Government of Canada 2009) has assessed if Hagfish populations (Myxine glutinosa among other Myxinidae species) can sustain fishing activities in non-exploited areas, such as Newfoundland and Labrador, concluding that current lack of knowledge on most of the ecological aspects of Atlantic Hagfish does not allow to ensure the sustainability of fisheries. The species is susceptible to overexploitation due to its low reproductive rate (Grant 2006) .  Hagfish fisheries around the world have not been very sustainable and are expanding, so stock assessments and fisheries measures are needed to avoid over-exploitation, as this has occurred in some areas around the world (Ellis et al. 2015). There are no available data on catches at European waters.","García, M., Quigley, D. & Ralph, G.","Garcia, S.","Blanco, J. & Mincarone, M.M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MYXINI,MYXINIFORMES,MYXINIDAE,Myxine,ios,,Myxine ios,"Fernholm, 1981","Myxine ios is known from two populations as defined by Fernholm (1981). The Irish population is mainly known from Porcupine Seabight, southwestern Ireland (Fernholm 1981, Merrett et al. 1991, Priede et al. 1994). The West African population is known off Western Sahara, from Cap Boujdour to Cap Blanc (Fernholm 1981). Two specimens were recently trawled off Angolan waters and they present very similar characters to those of the Western Sahara population (Tweddle and Anderson 2008). The populations differ slightly in coloration (Fernholm 1981), and it is unknown if they may represent separate species. According to Møller et al. (2005), some records of M. ios from the Denmark Strait (Fernholm and Vladykov 1984) and West Greenland (collected by Jørgensen in 2003) might belong to M. jespersenae.",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Myxine ios is only known from a few deep water specimens off the coast of Ireland, West Africa, and Angola. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species appears restricted to the deep waters off Ireland, which is thought to be a distinct population. There are no known major threats, but it may be caught in bottom trawling fisheries within its range. Therefore, M. ios is assessed as Least Concern. However, more research is needed on this species distribution, population, biology, life history, and potential threats, especially as this species has an unknown distribution and is potentially susceptible to deep-sea trawling along the continental slope.",Unknown,"Myxine ios is distributed from southwestern Ireland to Angola (Fernholm 1981, Merrett et al. 1991, Priede et al. 1994). It is separated into two populations: the West African population, known from Western Sahara to Angola and the Irish population, known mainly from  Porcupine Seabight, off southwestern Ireland (Fernholm 1981, Tweddle and Anderson 2008). Myxine ios has also been recorded from Hatton Bank, off northwestern Ireland (Durán Muñoz et al. 2012). It is found from about 600 to 1625 m (Fernholm 1990).","This population is only know from a few museum specimens collected from locations along the Eastern Atlantic from Ireland and the coast of Angola (Fernholm 1981, Tweddle amd Anderson 2008, Durán Muñoz et al. 2012).","Irish specimens were collected by semi-balloon otter trawls on the Porcupine Seabight at depths of 985-1,650 m (Fernholm 1981, Merrett et al. 1991, Massutí et al. 2004). The bottom water temperatures were 4.7°C and 6.2-6.4°C, and the bottom substrate was likely soft mud. Irish specimens included a recently spawned female captured in July and probably ripe males in June and July (Fernholm 1981). This species consists of scavengers which are found on muddy bottoms and feed largely on dead or disabled fish by boring into its skin. Its eggs are few and large (20 to 30 mm). The copulatory organ is absent in this species. The gonads of hagfishes are situated in the peritoneal cavity. The ovary is found in the anterior portion of the gonad, and the testis is found in the posterior part. The animal becomes female if the cranial part of the gonad develops or male if the caudal part undergoes differentiation. If none develops, then the animal becomes sterile. If both anterior and posterior parts develop, then the animal becomes a functional hermaphrodite. However, hermaphroditism being characterized as functional needs to be validated by more reproduction studies (Patzner 1998).",There are no known direct threats to this species (Knapp et al. 2011) but its currently known distribution range overlaps with areas where deep-sea trawling occurs (Ireland and West Africa).,"There are no conservation measures in place, but more research is needed on this species' biology, population size, distribution and impact of deep-sea trawling activities. This species may occur within marine protected areas present throughout its range. Myxine ios was assessed as Least Concern globally in 2009.",This species is not utilized by humans.,"Strongin, K.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F., Carpenter, K.E., de Morais, L., Knudsen, S. & Harold, A.","Mincarone, M.M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,MYXINI,MYXINIFORMES,MYXINIDAE,Myxine,jespersenae,,Myxine jespersenae,"Møller, Feld, Poulsen, Thomsen & Thormar, 2005",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Myxine jespersenae is only known from a few deep water specimens taken in the North Atlantic Ocean, specifically off the coasts of Iceland and Greenland. There are no known threats to this species, but it may be caught as bycatch in bottom trawling fisheries within its range. More research is needed on this species distribution, population, biology, life history, and potential threats, especially as there are few records to understand its distribution and the species was only described in 2005. It has likely been previously mistaken for Myxine glutinosa in bycatch and scientific survey records, and may accidentally be targeted in M. glutinosa fisheries. However, within the assessment zone, there are no confirmed major species-specific threats. Therefore, M. jespersenae is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Myxine jespersenae is known only from the coasts of Greenland and Iceland; specifically, M. jespersenae has been collected from the eastern Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, Reykjanes Ridge, and southeast of Iceland. The disjunctive distribution is likely a result of a very limited sampling effort in the waters around southern Greenland (Møller et al. 2005). It occurs sympatrically with Myxine glutinosa, with a limited area of overlap in vertical distribution (752—1556 vs. 64—782 m; Møller et al. 2005).",This population is only known from a few type specimens collected at 17 locations off coastal Greenland and Iceland (Møller et al. 2005).,"This species is usually taken from muddy bottoms and cold waters (3.7-4.7°C) on the lower slope at depths from 752 to 1,556 m. According to Møller et al. (2005), the ""eggs of a trawl-damaged female... were in various stages of maturation, elliptical, up to 23.6 x 8.5 mm. All eggs were in mesenteries and no anchor filaments were found"".",There are no known direct threats to this species (Knapp et al. 2012). There are deep water fisheries active within the currently known distribution range but no records are being reporting from bycatch incidences. This is likely due to this species being lumped with Myxine glutinosa as bycatch since the species was only recently described.,"There are no conservation measures in place, but more research is needed on this species' biology, population size, distribution and impact of deep-water trawling activities. This species may occur in marine protected areas present throughout its distribution (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Myxine jespersenae was assessed as Least Concern globally in 2009.",This species is not utilized by humans.,"Strongin, K.","Carpenter, K.E., Smith-Vaniz, W.F., de Morais, L., Knudsen, S. & Harold, A.","Mincarone, M.M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Nannobrachium,atrum,,Nannobrachium atrum,"(Tåning, 1928)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Nannobrachium atrum is a widely distributed, bathy-mesopelagic species that is found at depths from 50 to 1,200 m. It seems to be relatively common in the region, and is not utilized by the commercial fishing industry. There are no major threats that are known; although, it is sometimes taken, incidentally, as bycatch in the trawling industry in parts of its range. There are no specific conservation measures in place for N. atrum, but numerous marine protected areas intersect its range. Therefore, Nannobrachium atrum is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Nannobrachium atrum occurs in the peripheral-bicentral regions in all oceans. It is found from 0° to 45°S in the Indian Ocean, and in the Pacific Ocean this species is found in the north part of the Tasman Sea (Hulley 1984). In the eastern Atlantic Ocean, this species occurs from south of Iceland to Madeira and the Canary Islands (Hulley 1984). In the western Atlantic, this species can be found from 25°N–42°N, as well as the Gulf of Mexico. Nannobrachium atrum performs diel migrations from as deep as 550 and 850 m during the day, and from 60 to 850 m during the night (Hulley and Paxton in press). It has been taken in waters of up to 1,100 m (Zahuranec 2000).","Nannobrachium atrum is a bathy-mesopelagic species. There are little data regarding the population size and stability of Nannobrachium atrumin the eastern Atlantic. It appears to be not extremely common nor uncommon in trawl surveys conducted around the Mid-Atlantic and Walvis ridges (12 specimens in five trawls) (Kobylianksy et al. 2010), as well as the Canary Islands (Wienerroither et al. 2009). Nannobrachium atrum can be found in 665 museum collections with a maximum count of 51 individuals in a single lot (Accessed through Fishnet 2 Portal 2013 June).","Nannobrachium atrum is a bathy-mesopelagic species.  In the Canaries, this species occurs at depths of between 680 to 930 m during the day and between 110 and 925 m at night. Individual size stratification of depths has been recorded during the day (Hulley 1984 in Whitehead et al. 1984). The maximum length for this species is 14 cm standard length (Hulley 1990). It is known to frequent seamounts and knolls (Stocks 2009). Nannobrachium atrum feeds on zooplankton, specifically crustaceous copepods (Hulley and Paxton in press).Nannobrachium atrum spawns during the summer (Hulley 1990) and into the autumn (Hulley and Paxton in press). The fecundity, stages of maturation and early life history traits are poorly understood for this species. ","There are no known threats for this species, and it is not under pressure from fisheries.Nannobrachium atrum is sometimes taken as incidental bycatch in the trawling industry (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013).","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Research into the population size and trends, as well as all biological and ecological aspects of this species is suggested.Legislative regulation for the pelagic fishery is implemented (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013).",Nannobrachium atrum is not utilized by the commercial fishing industry.,"Strongin, K.","Kobyliansky, S., Munroe, T. & Costa, M.","Hulley, P. & Rodrigues, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Nannobrachium,cuprarium,,Nannobrachium cuprarium,"(Tåning, 1928)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species occurs in the Canary Islands, Portugal, the Azores and Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs in the Canary Islands (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009), Portugal, the Azores and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014). Globally, this species is an Atlantic endemic and has a disjunct distribution  in the eastern Atlantic between 36°N-15°N and between about 0°-30°S. It is also found in the western Atlantic from 12°N-42°N, as well as the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico.","There is little information regarding the population size. However, it appears fairly common in museum collection records.","This species is oceanic and mesopelagic. It performs diel migrations from as deep as 650-1,000 m during the day, up to 40-280 m during the night for feeding purposes. Spawning takes place primarily in the summer (Hulley and Paxton in press).","There are no known threats for this species, and it is not under pressure from fisheries.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.,This species is not commercially exploited.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Hulley, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Nannobrachium,lineatum,,Nannobrachium lineatum,"(Tåning, 1928)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species is found in the Canary Islands, Portugal, the Azores and Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is found in the Canary Islands (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009), Portugal, the Azores and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014). Globally, this species is found in the eastern Atlantic between 36°N-28°S, but it is absent from the Mauritanian and Benguela upwelling regions, and the Gulf of Guinea. It is also found in the western Atlantic from 10°S–42°N, the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean, as well as the Indian and Pacific oceans (Hulley and Paxton in press).",There are little data regarding the population size of this species in the eastern Atlantic. It was not common in a trawl survey around the Canary Islands conducted by Kobylianksy et al. in 2010.,"This species is oceanic and mesopelagic. It performs diel migrations from as deep as 650-100 m during the day, up to 60-225 m during the night for feeding purposes.","There are no known threats for this species, and it is not under pressure from fisheries.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.,This species is not commercially exploited.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Hulley, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,MICROSTOMATIDAE,Nansenia,atlantica,,Nansenia atlantica,"Blache & Rossignol, 1962","The taxonomy of the genus Nansenia needs revision, as there may be 1-2 hidden synonymies among the currently recognized species (O. Gon pers. comm. 2014). Further, the importance of vertebral counts to the correct identification of Nansenia species can be overlooked, resulting in misidentification of specimens in museum collections. These misidentifications have been perpetuated through checklists, and thus the true distribution of these species is often uncertain (O. Gon pers. comm. 2014).  ",No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Nansenia atlantica is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean at depths of up to 1800 m. In the northeastern Atlantic, N. atlantica is known from the Azores and the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge, though its complete distribution is unknown as specimens are easily misidentified. Nansenia atlantica is rarely collected, and little is known about its habitat and ecology. At present, it is not utilized but additional widespread threats are unknown. However, as the taxonomy of the genus Nansenia needs revision and the true distribution of Nansenia species is generally uncertain, N. atlantica is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Nansenia atlantica is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. It is known from scattered aggregations from the Azores, Cape Verde Islands, and Gabon, and has also been recently recorded from the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Porteiro et al. in prep) to about 50ºN. Nansenia atlantica is has been collected to depths of 1800 m (Porteiro et al. in prep).",Nansenia atlantica is a rarely collected species with only a couple recorded in museum collections.,"Nansenia atlantica is a pelagic-oceanic species. It has been collected at depths of up to 580 m (Kawaguchi and Butler 1984), though Porteiro et al. (in prep) report a depth range of 800 to 1800 m. The maximum size of this species is 16.7 cm standard length (Kawaguchi and Butler 1984).",There are no known threats to this species.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures at this time. However, the distribution of this species overlaps with marine reserves in parts of its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010), although, it is unknown if the marine protected areas encompass this species' depth range.",Nansenia atlantica is not utilized.,"Gon, O. & Strongin, K.","Uiblein, F.","Gon, O., Hulley, P. & Rodrigues, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,MICROSTOMATIDAE,Nansenia,groenlandica,,Nansenia groenlandica,"(Reinhardt, 1840)","The taxonomy of the genus Nansenia needs revision, as there may be 1-2 hidden synonymies among the currently recognized species (O. Gon pers. comm. 2014). Further, the importance of vertebral counts to the correct identification of Nansenia species can be overlooked, resulting in misidentification of specimens in museum collections. These misidentifications have been perpetuated through checklists, and thus the true distribution of these species is often uncertain (O. Gon pers. comm. 2014).  ",No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Nansenia groenlandica is widely distributed in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Nansenia groenlandica is a rare mesopelagic species, and little is known about its habitats or ecology. At present, it is not utilized and there are no known threats. However, as the taxonomy of the genus Nansenia needs revision and the true distribution of Nansenia species is generally uncertain, N. groenlandica is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Nansenia groenlandica is probably restricted to the North Atlantic Ocean (Porteiro et al. unpublished), where it is known from Greenland south to Cape Cod in the west. In the eastern Atlantic, it is known from southern Iceland south to Morocco (Cohen 1984). It has been found off Greenland (Moller et al. 2010), Iceland and Irminger Sea, and in the southern portion of the region, off mainland Portugal and the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014). It is found in depths of up to 1,500 m.","Nansenia groenlandica is found throughout the northeastern Atlantic. However, the exact status of the population within the region cannot be determined as of yet, as the taxonomic status of the genus Nansenia requires revision.","Nansenia groenlandica is a mesopelagic species found to about 1500 m (Porteiro et al. in prep). The maximum recorded size is 24.5 cm. It is thought to spawn mainly in the spring and summer (Cohen 1984). The diet, fecundity, stages of maturation and early life history traits are poorly understood for this species.",There are no known major threats to this species.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place. Its range likely intersects with numerous marine protected areas (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). More research is needed into the taxonomy of this species.,This species does not appear to be utilized in a commercial capacity.,"Gon, O. & Strongin, K.","Uiblein, F., Nielsen, J. & Knudsen, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,MICROSTOMATIDAE,Nansenia,iberica,,Nansenia iberica,"Matallanas, 1985","This species appears to have been newly described by Matallanas (1985) based on few specimens, although there are doubts about its validity (C. Papaconstantinou pers. comm. 2007). The taxonomy of the genus Nansenia needs revision, as there may be 1-2 hidden synonymies among the currently recognized species (O. Gon pers. comm. 2014). Further, the importance of vertebral counts to the correct identification of Nansenia species can be overlooked, resulting in misidentification of specimens in museum collections. These misidentifications have been perpetuated through checklists, and thus the true distribution of these species is often uncertain (O. Gon pers. comm. 2014).",Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Nansenia iberica is a bathypelagic species known only from the Mediterranean Sea. It is currently known from only four specimens, and there is some taxonomic uncertainty regarding the validity of the species. Therefore, N. iberica is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Nansenia iberica is endemic to the west Mediterranean Sea, specifically between the Balearic Islands and Spain (Matallanas et al. 1985, Merella et al. 1997, Quignard and Tomasini 2000). It is known from 500 to 800 m depth.","This species is only known from four specimens, so there are no data on population status or trends.","This species is mesopelagic. Only three specimens are known (two females, one damaged; Matallanas et al. 1985). A fourth specimen was reported from northwest Majorca from 780 to 800 m depth (Merella et al. 1997).",There is no information about threats concerning this species.,"There is no information about conservation measures for this species. However, this species may be found in marine protected areas within its distribution range. It was previously assessed as Data Deficient, as it was only known from a few specimens, in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Nansenia iberica is not utilized.,"Gon, O. & Ralph, G.","Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,MICROSTOMATIDAE,Nansenia,longicauda,,Nansenia longicauda,"Kawaguchi & Butler, 1984",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species is known from one record in Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, Nansenia longicauda is known from one record in Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014, G. Ralph pers. comm. 2015). Elsewhere it is found in the Pacific Ocean near Hawaii, as well as in the western Atlantic Ocean from off New York southwards to the Bahamas at depths ranging from 400 to 1,100 m (Mundy 2005).",There is little species-specific population information available for Nansenia longicauda. This species is represented by 13 lots in museum collection databases.,"This is a mesopelagic species which is found at depths ranging from&#160;400 to 1,100&#160;m (Mundy 2005).",There are no known species-specific threats to Nansenia longicauda.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Nansenia longicauda.,This species is not commercially utilized.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Knudsen, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,MICROSTOMATIDAE,Nansenia,oblita,,Nansenia oblita,"(Facciolà, 1887)","The taxonomy of the genus Nansenia needs revision, as there may be 1-2 hidden synonymies among the currently recognized species (O. Gon pers. comm. 2014). Further, the importance of vertebral counts to the correct identification of Nansenia species can be overlooked, resulting in misidentification of specimens in museum collections. These misidentifications have been perpetuated through checklists, and thus the true distribution of these species is often uncertain (O. Gon pers. comm. 2014).  ",No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Nansenia oblita is widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic Ocean at depths of 300 to 500 m. In the northeastern Atlantic, it is known only from Iceland, Ireland, and the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Nansenia oblita is an infrequently recorded mesopelagic species, and little is known about its habitats or ecology. At present, it is not utilized but additional widespread threats are unknown. However, as the taxonomy of the genus Nansenia needs revision and the true distribution of Nansenia species is generally uncertain, N. oblita is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Nansenia oblita is present in the eastern Atlantic from southern Ireland to Western Sahara. Nansenia oblita is widespread in the west Mediterranean Sea (Cohen 1984), where it has been recorded in the Aegean Sea, Libyan Sea (Papaconstantinou 1988), Aegean and Mediterranean Sea coasts of Turkey (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002, Fricke et al. 2007). It has been described from off southern Iceland.  It is also found in the western Atlantic, off Canada and northeastern USA (Scott and Scott 1998). It is found to depths between 300 and 500 m.",Nansenia oblita has been rarely recorded.,"This is a mesopelagic species (Fischer et al. 1987). The maximum recorded size is about 18 cm, but most specimens are less than 7 cm (Cohen 1984). In the Mediterranean, this species spawns during the winter (Cohen 1990). The diet, fecundity, stages of maturation and early life history traits are poorly understood for this species.",This species is not commercially utilized and there are no other known major threats.,"No specific conservation measures are in place for this species. However, this species may be found in marine protected areas within its distribution range.  This species was assessed as Data Deficient in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",This species is not commercially utilized.,"Gon, O. & Strongin, K.","Herrera, J. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.","Keskin, Ç., Palmeri, A., Papakonstantinou, C. & Molinari, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,MICROSTOMATIDAE,Nansenia,tenera,,Nansenia tenera,"Kawaguchi & Butler, 1984","The taxonomy of the genus Nansenia needs revision, as there may be 1-2 hidden synonymies among the currently recognized species (O. Gon pers. comm. 2014). Further, the importance of vertebral counts to the correct identification of Nansenia species can be overlooked, resulting in misidentification of specimens in museum collections. These misidentifications have been perpetuated through checklists, and thus the true distribution of these species is often uncertain (O. Gon pers. comm. 2014).  ",No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Nansenia tenera is widely distributed in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, typically at depths up to 800 m. In the northeastern Atlantic, N. tenera is known from only scattered records at about 55oN and the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Nansenia tenera is a rare species, and little is known about its habitats or ecology.At present, it is not utilized but additional widespread threats are unknown. However, as the taxonomy of the genus Nansenia needs revision and the true distribution of Nansenia species is generally uncertain, N. tenera is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Nansenia tenera is known from scattered records in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and southwest Indian Ocean, and is also known from the southwestern Atlantic off Brazil and Argentina (Porteiro et al. in prep). In the northeastern Atlantic, it is known from scattered records at 55oN and around the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Nansenia tenera is typically found to 800 m depth (Porteiro et al. in prep), but can be found as deep as 3000 m (Kawaguchi and Butler 1984). This seems to be in discrepancy with other distribution texts. CAS, fishbase, GBIF etc. say southeastern Atlantic only. In new eca in press, N. tenera is not in it.",Nansenia tenera is a rarely collected species with only scattered records (Porteiro et al. in prep).,"Nansenia tenera is a rare pelagic-oceanic fish, typically found to 800 m (Porteiro et al. in prep), though it has been collected as deep as 3000 m (Kawaguchi and Butler 1984). The maximum reported size is 13.0 cm standard length (Kawaguchi and Butler 1984).",There are no known threats to this species.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place. However, the distribution of this species overlaps with marine reserves in parts of its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010), although, it is unknown if the marine reserves encompass the depth range of this species.","At present, this species is not utilized.","Gon, O. & Strongin, K.","Uiblein, F.","Gon, O., Hulley, P. & Rodrigues, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,ALEPOCEPHALIDAE,Narcetes,erimelas,,Narcetes erimelas,"Alcock, 1890",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species occurs in the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs in the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014). Globally, Narcetes erimelas is found in the eastern central Atlantic, at 1°42'N, in the Indian Ocean (Markle and Sazanov 1990) and possibly in the Western Central Pacific (Sazanov and Markle 1999). It is also found around the Galapagos Islands (McCosker and Rosenblatt 2010). It is found north to approximately 29°N in the northeastern Atlantic south to Sao Tome Island and West to off eastern Brazil.  It is associated with depths of between 1,300 and 2,600 m (Markle and Sazanov 1990).",There have not been any quantitative studies on the population size and trends for this species. There are only two known records.,Narcetes erimelas is a bathypelagic species. The maximum recorded length for this species is 29.1 cm standard length (SL) (Markle and Sazanov 1990). The biology and ecology of this species is poorly understood therefore further research is needed.,"There are major threats to Narcetes erimelas known at this time as it is a very deep-dwelling species where anthropogenic influences are thought to be at a minimum. However, these deep sea ecosystems are at risk of deteriorating due mainly to dumping of solid wastes, biological harvesting, mineral extraction and climate change (i.e. global and regional deep-sea circulation disruptions and nutrient stratification and isolation in the water column) all of which will significantly affect the biota of the deep seas (Ramirez-Llodra et al. 2011). ","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. Research into population size and trends, ecology and early life history traits, and potential threats is suggested for this species.",There is no use and trade information for this species.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Knudsen, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,ALEPOCEPHALIDAE,Narcetes,stomias,,Narcetes stomias,"(Gilbert, 1890)","The genus Narcetes, and Rinoctes and Bathytroctes are in need of a taxonomic revision (Poulsen et al. 2009).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Narcetes stomias is widespread and is likely to have a circumglobal distribution.  It is common throughout and abundant in some parts of its range.  This species is not known to be commercially utilized or to face any major threats at this time.  No known, species-specific conservation measures are in place for this species, but it may be protected by several marine protected areas within its distribution.  Therefore, Narcetes stomias is listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Narcetes stomias is likely to have a circumglobal distribution (Sazonov 1998). In the northeastern Atlantic, it has been identified off the coast of Ireland at the Porcupine Seabight, France, Portugal, the Azores and close to the Canaries off the coast of Morocco (Markle and Quero 1984). The species generally has a depth range from 1,500 to 2,570 m (Markle and Quéro 1984, Markle and Sazonov 1990, Porteiro et al. unpublished data), usually at depths of 1,800 to 2,100 m (Markle and Quéro 1984).","This species is common but not abundant. Narcetes stomias was recorded from bottom trawls at three of four sub-areas on the MAR between Azores and Iceland as part of the 2004 MAR-ECO expedition, with a total of 47 specimens (Bergstad et al. 2008). It was ranked #9 of the top ten species (by weight) recorded from a single warp trawl at 2,000 m, north of Rockall Trough over a period from March 1975 to November 1978 (Gordon and Duncan 1985). Narcetes stomias was recorded with an abundance of 10 fish km-2 (standard deviation = 20) and a biomass of 9.59 kg km-2 (standard deviation = 19) at the northwestern station at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) during a trawl survey conducted from 28 August 2009 to 30 August 2009.  It was also recorded with an abundance and biomass of 18  fish km-2 (standard deviation = 24) and 20.16 kg km-2 (standard deviation = 27), respectively at the Porcupine Seabight during a trawl survey conducted from 04 June 1979 to 21 August 2001 (Cousins et al. 2013).","Narcetes stomias is a marine, benthopelagic species that occurs to depths between 1,500 and 2,300 m, usually found between 1,800 and 2,100 m.  Maximum standard length for this species is 57.5 cm SL or 575 mm male/unsexed (Markle and Sazonov 1990).  This species is found along the continental slope, sometimes benthic (Hoese et al. 2006). The diet, spawning periodicity, fecundity and early life history traits of this species are poorly understood.",The threats for this species are unknown.,"There are no known, species-specific conservation measures in place for Narcetes stomias.  Though this species may have access to numerous marine protected areas due to its wide distribution, deep-water marine protected areas are likely to be of limited effectiveness (Bailey et al. 2009). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.",Narcetes stomias is of no interest to the fisheries industry (Markle 1984).,"Stump, E.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CARANGIDAE,Naucrates,ductor,,Naucrates ductor,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Naucrates ductor is found in tropical and subtropical marine waters. In the eastern Atlantic it is found from the British Isles to Namibia, including the Mediterranean, at depths ranging from 5 to 30 m. This species is generally common in most of its range. It is pelagic and has a semi-obligate commensalism with large sharks, rays, other fishes, and turtles. It can also be found underneath ships, driftwood, and near Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs). Juveniles are often associated with Sargassum and jellyfishes. It is a fast-growing species which reaches a maximum age of at least three years. This species is exploited by different seasonal small-scale fisheries in the Mediterranean as bycatch in the dolphinfish fishery. There are no major threats known for this species and its distribution overlaps with marine reserves in many parts of its range. Therefore, N. ductor is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Naucrates ductor is found circumglobally in tropical and subtropical marine waters. In the eastern Atlantic Ocean, N. ductor is known from the British Isles, where it is rare (Smith-Vaniz 1986), to Angola. It is also found in the Mediterranean, and has occasionally been caught in the Black Sea (Bauchot 1987). It is found at depths ranging from 5 to at least 30 m.","Naucrates ductor is one of the most characteristic of the pelagic fish assemblage associated with Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs). In a study that compared the catch efficiency of an experimental purse seine and that of nets used in the Coryphaena hippurus fishery in Majorca, N. ductor was among the most abundant and frequently caught species from experimental net catches, and appeared in 32% of the hauls and  along with Trachurus picturatus and Seriola dumerili, represented 95% of the specimens caught and 67% of the biomass. Capture in commercial catch nets show that this species along with Coryphaena hippurus represented more than 85% of both abundance and biomass (Massuti et al. 1999). Catch trends from 1981 to 1996 show an increase to a peak of 30 metric tonnes in 1989, followed by a decrease to 5 metric tonnes in 1995. Since 1992, annual captured have been less than the mean value of the available historical time series, however, the fishery is not directly dependent on the abundance of the species, but rather on the migratory behavior of the dolphinfish (Reñones et al. 1999).","Naucrates ductor is pelagic in oceanic water. This species has a semi-obligate commensalism with large sharks, rays, other fishes, turtles, ships, and driftwood. Juveniles are often associated with seaweeds, jellyfishes and Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs). Larvae are epi-pelagic in ocean waters. Prey items include host's food scraps and small invertebrates. Age and growth studies in Majorca Island indicate that there are two peaks of recruitment during the year. The only available data on maximum age (3 years) is based on a few specimens kept in captivity. Individuals ranging in size from 15 to 31.2 cm fork length (FL) were captured from 1990 to 1997 in the seasonal dolphinfish fishery off Majorca (Reñones et al. 1999). This species reaches a maximum size of 63 FL, 70 cm total length (TL), and is common to 35 cm FL. At 33 cm FL this species weighs 5 kg (Smith-Vaniz in press).","Naucrates ductor is taken as by-catch of the dolphinfish fishery in the Mediterranean (Pipitone et al. 2000, Reñones et al. 1999). Worldwide reductions of large pelagic species may have some effect on the populations of this species. This species is potentially vulnerable to local overfishing in FADs (Reñones et al. 1999).","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. However, its distribution overlaps with marine reserves in parts of its range. This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","This species is exploited by different seasonal small-scale fisheries in the Mediterranean, the most important of which takes place in Malta, Sicily and Mollorca from the end of summer to the beginning of winter. It is taken as by-catch of the dolphinfish fishery using Fish Aggregating Devices (Reñones et al. 1999).","Harwell, H.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GEMPYLIDAE,Nealotus,tripes,,Nealotus tripes,"Johnson, 1865",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species occurs in the Azores and Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs in the Azores and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014).  Overall, it has a circumglobal distribution through tropical and temperate seas (G. Ralph pers. comm. 2015).",There is no information on the population.,"Nealotus tripes is an oceanic, epi- mesopelagic species (Nakamura and Parin 1993) found from surface to about 1,646 m depth (Scott and Scott 1988). Nealotus tripes migrates to surface at nights. The maximum size recorded standard length (SL) is to 25 cm and it matures at 15 cm (SL) (Nakamura and Parin 1993). The maximum recorded weight of this species is 1 kg (Richardson et al. 2010). The diet consists of myctophids and other small fishes, squids and crustaceans (Nakamura and Parin 1993). Nealotus tripes produces pelagic eggs and larvae (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute 2014).",There are no known threats.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Nealotus tripes.,This species is not utilised.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Collette, B.B., Smith-Vaniz, W.F., Williams, J.T., Curtis, M., Pina Amargos, F. & Grijalba Bendeck, L.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,NEMICHTHYIDAE,Nemichthys,curvirostris,,Nemichthys curvirostris,"(Strömman, 1896)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species occurs in Portugal, Madeira, the Azores and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is found in the Canary Islands (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009), the Azores, Madeira (Santos et al. 1997, Carneiro et al. 2014) and off mainland Portugal (G. Ralph pers. comm. 2015). Globally, this species is found in both the eastern and western Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico, however absent in the Caribbean Sea, and also found in the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific.  It has been collected at depths between zero and 4,400 m.",This species is common and moderately abundant throughout its range.,"This is a bathypelagic species occurring at depths of 0-4,400 m. The wide depth range is attributed to the diurnal migrations that this species goes through (Hureau and Monod 1974).  During its nightly migration to the surface N. curvirostris feeds on crustaceans. It is a strongly sexually dimorphic species.",There are no major threats known to affect this species.,There are no conservation actions in place for this species.,This species is not utilized.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,NEMICHTHYIDAE,Nemichthys,scolopaceus,,Nemichthys scolopaceus,"Richardson, 1848",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC ) Nemichthys scolopaceus is circumglobally distributed in tropical and temperate waters. It is widely distributed in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean. Although this species is uncommon, it is a deep-water species that is not targeted in commercial fisheries and is only rarely caught as bycatch. Due to its expansive range it is likely that several populations live within MPAs. It is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Nemichthys scolopaceus is a circumglobal species occurring in tropical and temperate seas. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species ranges from south of Iceland (Krefft 1976, Larsen 1979, Byrkjedal and Godø 2004), along the Iberian Coast (Monteiro et al. 2001, Serrano et al. 2011) to the Azores and Canary Islands (Menezes et al. 2012, Porteiro et al. 2010, Sutton et al. 2008). In the Mediterranean Sea (Quignard and Tomasini 2000), this species occurs in the southern Aegean Sea, particularly in Marmaris coast (Bilecenoglu et al. 2006). It is common in the Ligurian sea, off Algerian and north Sicilian coasts, in the Strait of Messina, in southern Sardinian waters and in the Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005) and the Antalya Bay in southern Turkey (Gökoglu et al. 2009, Filiz et al. 2007) Nemichthys scolopaceus is found at depths from the surface to depths of 2,000 m in the Mediterranean (Nielsen 1984) and 3,656 m in the Atlantic Ocean (Karmovskaya 1982, Smith 1989, Coad and Reist 2004).","Nemichthys scolopaceus is not a common species (Larsen 1979). In the eastern Ionian Sea Nemichthys scolopaceus has a frequency of occurrence of 7.7% out of 13 hauls and abundance of 0.1 (N/h) (Mytilineou et al. 2005), in south Sardinian waters it has a frequency of occurrence of 4% with an abundance of 0.02% (Follesa et al. 2011). This species is seldom collected in the Mediterranean, but as it is a deepwater species, it may be more common than the paucity of its records suggests.","Nemichthys scolopaceus is a pelagic (Larsen 1973) to bathypelagic species (Coad and Reist 2004) with a depth range from the surface to 2,000 m in the Mediterranean (Nielsen 1984) and down to 3,656 m in the Atlantic (Coad and Resit 2004). Leptocephali (6-15 mm) are abundant between February and April and spawning occurs on both sides of thermal fronts throughout the west subtropical convergence zone of Sargasso Sea (Wippelhauser et al. 1996, Castonguay and McCleave 1987). Larger specimens, up to 8 cm, exhibit diurnal migration (Castonguay and McCleave 1987). Nemichthys scolopaceus probably spawns around New Caledonia (Castle 1966). Nemichthys scolopaceus is semelparous species and exhibits sexual dimorphism. The diet of N. scolopaceus primarily consists of crustaceans, especially decapods and euphasids  (Karmovskaya 1982, Smith 1989). The maximum length for this species is 130 cm (Muus and Nielsen 1999).","Nemichthys scolopaceus is not a commercially fished species in Europe and no major threats have been identified for this species. However, bycatch is a potential threat (E. Karmovskaya pers. comm. 2013).","There are no species specific conservation measures in place for Nemichthys scolopaceus. In European waters, trawling is banned below 1,000 m which may afford some protection to N. scolopaceus. This species may be present in marine protected areas (MPAs) that occur within its distribution (World Database on Protected Areas, accessed April 2014). In the Turkish checklist for marine fish this species was assessed as Data Deficient (Fricke et al. 2007). There is a need for further research about the biology and population trends of this species. ","Nemichthys scolopaceus is not a commercially exploited species in Europe; however, it is caught as bycatch (Karmovskaya 1982, Smith 1989).","Strongin, K.","Karmovskaya, E. & Papaconstantinou, C.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,NEOCERATIIDAE,Neoceratias,spinifer,,Neoceratias spinifer,"Pappenheim, 1914",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species is found off the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, Neoceratias spinifer is known from a record off the Azores, 81 nautical miles northeast of the Marsala Seamount (Carneiro et al. 2014). It has a worldwide distribution in tropical and warm, temperate waters and is found at depths of 350 to 1,750 m (Mundy 2005).",There is little species-specific population information available for N. spinifer. It is represented by only eight lots in a search of museum collections (FishNet2 database search June 2014).,"The maximum known size of N. spinifer females is 10.9 cm (SL), while the smaller, parasitic males reach sizes of 1.9 cm (SL) (Pietsch in prep). This species is a marine demersal species which is found at depths of 350 to 1,750 m (Mundy 2005).",There are no known species-specific threats to N. spinifer.,There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for N. spinifer.,There is no use and trade information available for N. spinifer.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Knudsen, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ZEIFORMES,OREOSOMATIDAE,Neocyttus,helgae,,Neocyttus helgae,"(Holt & Byrne, 1908)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Neocyttus helgae is widely distributed in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, and can be common throughout parts of its range. Little is known about its habitats and ecology. There are no known major threats. Therefore, N. helgae is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Neocyttus helgae is distributed in the North Atlantic Ocean, from off of Ireland to Madeira (Karrer 1986), including Spain (Bañon et al. 2010). It has also been reported in Iceland (Jonsson 1992), and in the western North Atlantic Ocean (Moore et al. 2008). It is considered a benthopelagic species that occurs from 900 to 1700 m depth along the outer continental shelf and insular slope (Biscoito and Saldanha 1997, Moore et al. 2008).",Neocyttus helgae is relatively common around seamounts off Ireland (Soffker et al. 2011).,The maximum reported size of this species is 30.5 cm total length (Glukhov and Kuzmichev 1984). Neocyttus helgae were observed to use both Paragorgia sp. coral and depressions in the basalt pavements as shelter (Auster et al. 2005).,There are no known species-specific threats.,There are no known species-specific conservation actions in place.,This species is not utilized.,"Kloppmann, M.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F., Carpenter, K.E., de Morais, L., Harold, A. & Knudsen, S.","Ralph, G.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Neonesthes,capensis,,Neonesthes capensis,"(Gilchrist & von Bonde, 1924)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Neonesthes capensis is known from the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. It occurs in the Bay of Biscay in the northeastern Atlantic. Although data for this species are limited, there are no major threats to this species and given its deep waters habitat, threats in the near future are unlikely. It is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Neonesthes capensis occurs throughout the Atlantic as well as the Indian and Pacific oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species is known from the Iceland and the British Isles south to the Canary Islands. This species occurs at depths from 70–1,650 m (Mundy 2005).  Outside of the region N. capensis was recorded off the coast of Greenland, further to the north previously reported in the Atlantic. This northward shift is purportedly due to the warming of the Atlantic waters (Pedchenko and Dolgov 2007). This species is also found from Mauritania and Namibia to South Africa. In the western Atlantic, it is found in the waters off the USA southward to the Gulf of Mexico, including the western Caribbean, and from Brazil to Argentina. In the Indian Ocean, it is mostly found around 25°S, It has also been reported in the Arabian Sea. In the Pacific Ocean, it is mostly found south of 25°S. Neonesthes capensis is in the waters near Hawaii, as well as off the western USA (Gibbs 1990).",There are no additional trawl surveys in the region (C. Papaconstantinou and S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013).,"Neonesthes capensis is mainly mesopelagic as an adult. However, some adults are associated with benthic environments, as well. Juveniles have been caught at the surface at night. Its diet consists mainly of other mesopelagic fishes and crustaceans (Harold 2002). The maximum recorded length for this species is 17 cm SL (Gibbs 1990).",There are no major threats to this species.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.,This species is not utilized in the Northeaster Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Papaconstantinou, C. & Kobyliansky, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,RAJIDAE,Neoraja,caerulea,,Neoraja caerulea,"(Stehmann, 1976)",Originally described in the genus Breviraja.,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Blue Pygmy Skate (Neoraja caerulea) is a poorly known, small (up to 32 cm total length), deepwater skate that occurs at depths of 600–1,260 m. It is endemic to the Northeast Atlantic and appears to be relatively rare. It was only known from the type series until further records of this species were obtained with the development of deepwater fisheries on the continental slopes and scientific exploration cruises in the Northeast Atlantic. This species is occasionally taken as the bycatch of deepwater trawl fisheries, but most of its depth range lies beyond the reach of the main deepwater fisheries. Given its limited interaction with fisheries and deep range, it can be inferred that the risk of exploitation is low. For this reason, Blue Pygmy Skate is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"In the Northeast Atlantic, this skate is endemic to the continental slopes and adjacent banks along the Rockall Trough, west of Scotland and Ireland, and in the Bay of Biscay (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Rodriguez-Cabello et al. (2013) reported a southward range expansion into deeper waters of the southern Bay of Biscay, off Galicia. Its depth range is 600–1,260 m.","No information on population trends or structure is available, although this species appears to be rare where it occurs. The population is inferred to be stable based on its limited interaction with fisheries.","This species occurs on continental slopes at depths of 600–1,260 m and it prefers mud and sand substrates (Stehmann 1976, Stehmann et al. 2008). The hydrographic conditions where it has been found suggest that it prefers temperatures that are > 6°C and salinities that are > 35 practical salinity units. If this is the case, the maximum depth of this species is c. 1,300 m (Stehmann 1976, Stehmann and Bürkel 1984, Stehmann et al. 2008).Like other skates, this is likely an egg-laying species. Size at maturity for males is 20−25 cm total length (TL) and unknown for females. A 19.6 cm TL male found was immature while a 27 cm TL male was mature (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). The maximum reported size for this species is a 32 cm TL male (Stehmann and Bürkel 1984, Quéro et al. 2003).","This skate is not targeted by commercial fisheries, but it is occasionally taken as bycatch of deepwater bottom trawl fisheries operating in the Northeast Atlantic. It mainly occurs at depths beyond the reach of deepwater fisheries. If fisheries expand into deeper parts of its range, fishing pressure could pose a greater threat, but currently there is no indication that this could happen.","No species-specific management or conservation measures are currently in place. Monitoring of catches and further surveys are required to define this species’ full range, abundance and interaction with fisheries.",The species is not exploited nor traded commercially.,"Walls, R., Séret, B. & Kemp, J.R.","Stehmann, M.F.W.","Farrell, E.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,RAJIDAE,Neoraja,iberica,,Neoraja iberica,"Stehmann, Séret, Costa & Baro, 2008",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Iberian Pygmy Skate (Neoraja iberica) is a recently described species, known only from a few specimens caught off the northern coast of Spain and southern coasts of Spain and Portugal. It is found on the upper continental slope at depths of 270−784 m. It is rarely caught even though commercial fishing for groundfish and crustaceans have been operating within its range for a long time. No catch data are available to evaluate historical population trends and no information is available on the extent of bycatch or post-discard mortality. This species is assessed as Least Concern in the European region because there is no evidence of population decline in European waters, and most of its range is beyond the reach of most commercial fisheries.",Unknown,"In the Northeast Atlantic, this species is only known from a few specimens caught off northern Spain and southern Spain and Portugal, within the Bay of Cádiz (Stehmann et al. 2008, Rodriguez-Cabello et al. 2013, Ebert and Stehmann 2013). The occurrence of this species in intermediate regions is unknown, though its natural range is suspected to be continuous around the Iberian Peninsula. The depth range is 270-670 m.",This species is somewhat rare. No data on population size and trend are available.,"The species occurs on the upper slope at depths of 270-670 m, on fine sand and occasionally muddy sand substrates (Stehmann et al. 2008). It attains a maximum size of 32.7 cm total length (TL) (Stehmann et al. 2008). Reproduction is presumably oviparous, like other skates. Size at birth is unknown, but the smallest neonate measured is 5.5 cm TL, and so it is probably close to this (Stehmann et al. 2008).","This species is taken as bycatch in demersal crustacean trawl fisheries and discarded because it is considered too small to be commercially valuable (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Although it is not taken regularly, it occurs in an area that has been commercially fished for groundfish and crustaceans for a long period (Borges et al. 2001, Monteiro et al. 2001, Stehmann et al. 2008). Fisheries targeting Rose Shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris) and Norway Lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) operate off the south coast of Portugal at depths of 200−700 m, which overlaps with the known depth range of this species (ICES 2006). No data are currently available on the capture of this species and nothing is known about post-discard survival rates, so it should be studied in the future.","In 1999, the European Union (EU) introduced a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for skates and rays of 6,060 tonnes (t) for fisheries operating in the Norwegian and North Seas (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea [ICES] Division IIa and Subarea IV) based on landing statistics from the previous five years. This TAC has been progressively reduced by 8−25% annually to the current level of 1,256 t. As part of the TAC, the bycatch quota for vessels over 15 metres was set at 25% of live weight of catch retained on board per trip. For much of this period (1999−2014), the TAC was higher than reported landings and therefore not effectively constraining catches (ICES 2007). Skate and ray TACs were established for other EU waters in 2009, including the Skagerrak and Kattegat (ICES Division IIIa) and from the northwest coast of Scotland and North Ireland to Portuguese waters (ICES Subareas VI−IX) and have also been gradually reduced since then.Population and harvest trends need to be monitored through research surveys or the collection of species-specific catch data by onboard observers.",The species is not utilised nor traded commercially.,"Séret, B., Walls, R. & Kemp, J.R.","Farrell, E., Stehmann, M.F.W. & Valenti, S.V.","Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,NEOSCOPELIDAE,Neoscopelus,macrolepidotus,,Neoscopelus macrolepidotus,"Johnson, 1863",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species occurs in the Azores and Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, Neoscopelus macrolepidotus occurs in the Azores and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014). It is circumglobal in tropical and subtropical seas (Eschmeyer 2015), except in the Indian Ocean (G. Ralph pers. comm. 2015). In the Eastern Atlantic, it occurs from Morocco to Western Sahara and off Namibia (Hulley and Paxton in press).",The family Neoscopelidae is comprised of uncommon deep-sea fishes of no commercial importance (Hulley and Paxton in press).,eoscopelus macrolepidotus occurs in benthopelagic habitat over continental and island slopes at 300 to 800 m. There is no evidence of vertical migration (Hulley and Paxton in press). This species attains a maximum size to 25 cm (SL) and becomes sexually mature at 15 cm (SL) (Hulley and Paxton in press).,There are no major threats known for this species.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this  species.,This species is considered to hold no commercial importance (Hulley and Paxton in press).,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Hulley, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,NEOSCOPELIDAE,Neoscopelus,microchir,,Neoscopelus microchir,"Matsubara, 1943",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)   Neoscopelus microchir is a widely distributed benthopelagic species that is often found over continental and island slopes at 250 to 700 m depths. It is not a very common species, but it has a wide distribution and it appears to be not uncommon in the northeast Atlantic region of its distribution. Neoscopelus microchir is not utilized in a commercial capacity, and there are no major threats towards it that are known. There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but its range intersects with a number of marine protected areas. It is, therefore, assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Neoscopelus microchir can be found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans. In the western Atlantic, it is found from the Straits of Florida to off the Virgin Islands. In the western Indian Ocean, from the Arabian Sea to about 28°S; there is one record off Natal, South Africa (Hulley 1986). It is also found in the western Pacific, off southern Japan to northeastern New Zealand. Neoscopelus microchir is also found in the South China Sea and East China Sea (Yang et al. 1996). In the northeastern Atlantic and adjacent regional waters, Neoscopelus microchir is known the southern Iberian peninsula to the Azores, Madeira, and Canary Islands. It has recently been recorded off the northwestern coast of Spain (Banon et al. 2010). This species can be found at depths ranging from 250 to 700 m but is most commonly found between 300 and 400 m (Thomas et al. 2003).","Neoscopelus microchir appears to be rare. In a trawl study in Galacia, Spain, N. microchir had a CPUE of 0.2 (Pineiro et al. 2001).","Neoscopelus microchir is benthopelagic over continental and island slopes and can be found at depths from 250 to 700 m (Thomas et al. 2003). The longest individual on record measures at 30.5 cm standard length (SL) (Hulley 1990). It is not well known what N. microchir consumes in its diet, but as with other species in its family, it is assumed that it feeds on zooplankton. Neoscopelus microchir becomes sexually mature at about 12 cm (SL) (Figueiredo et al. 2002). The fecundity, spawning periodicity, and early life history traits are poorly understood for this species.",There are no known threats to Neoscopelus microchir. ,No species specific conservation measures are in place for Neoscopelus microchir. There are a number of marine protected areas that intersect with its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Research into all aspects of the biology and ecology of this species is suggested.,Neoscopelus microchir is not commercially utilized.,"Strongin, K.","Costa, M., Kobyliansky, S. & Munroe, T.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SYNGNATHIFORMES,SYNGNATHIDAE,Nerophis,lumbriciformis,,Nerophis lumbriciformis,"(Jenyns, 1835)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Nerophis lumbriciformes is listed as Least Concern. Although no population estimates have been attempted in any part of its range, the species is thought to be common, widespread and the rocky coastal habitat is one of the least threatened habitats in the region. Research would be needed to determine population sizes throughout this species' range.",Unknown,"Nerophis lumbriciformis inhabits the eastern Atlantic and the North Sea from the southern coast of the Scandinavian Peninsula to the British Isles, the northern coast of France, the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco. It can be found down to depths of 30 m.","Nerophis lumbriciformis is a common species and it is often the most abundant syngnathid in the region (Lyons and Dunne 2005, Monteiro et al. 2002). No population estimates have been made for this species and therefore, further research is needed to determine population trends.","Nerophis lumbriciformis inhabits rocky inter- and subtidal areas among macrophytes, such as Kelp, or under loose stones (Monteiro et al. 2003, 2005). It can also be found in estuaries, and ranges in depth from zero to 30 m. Extreme site fidelity and homing behaviour have been documented in this species (Monteiro et al. 2005, 2006).  The species feeds on harpacticoid  and cyclopoid copepods as well as other epiphytic crustacean meiofauna, with increased feeding in reproductively active individuals. They prey on these organisms near the substrate, often under macrophyte canopy (Lyons and Dunne 2004). This species is sexually dimorphic, with females being larger, more active and more colourful than males. The mating system for N. lumbriciformis is polygynandric, with both males and females mating with multiple partners. Females may be able to breed with more than one male per clutch of oocytes (Lyons and Dunne 2005). Breeding is correlated with seawater temperatures below 15.5°C. Gestation lasts from 25-30 days depending on water temperature. Males release free-swimming juveniles that swim up into the water column and drift where they feed on zooplankton near the surface. Juveniles settle at three to four months and four centimetres in size (Monteiro et al. 2003). Nerophis lumbriciformis often displays a female-biased sex ratio and thus male abundance is the reproductively-limiting factor (Lyons and Dunne 2005).","The threats to Nerophis lumbriciformis include habitat destruction and degradation. In its range, rocky inter- and sub-tidal areas are under threat directly from coastal development and indirectly through changes in water clarity that are detrimental to kelp and other canopy-forming macroalgae that this species depends upon (Airoldi and Beck 2007). This species is likely to be especially susceptible to anthropogenically-induced climatic warming, as migration and breeding are correlated with cooler water temperatures (<15.5°C). Subsequent oceanographic changes associated with upwelling could potentially reduce larval dispersal and recruitment (Monteiro et al. 2005).","There are no direct conservation actions in place for this species.&#160;Its range overlaps within many protected areas, with varying levels of efficacy.&#160;Further research should be conducted into the species' population size, trends and threats while monitoring should also be utilized to understand the population and habitat trends.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Ralph, G.","Pollom, R.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SYNGNATHIFORMES,SYNGNATHIDAE,Nerophis,maculatus,,Nerophis maculatus,"Rafinesque, 1810",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"The species is listed as Data Deficient as there are little data on the population size and trends of the species. The sea grass meadows of Posidonia oceanica that the species inhabits are threatened by coastal development, trawling and other anthropogenic impacts. Further research should be conducted to determine the status of this species as it may require listing in a threatened category due to its fragile and threatened coastal habitat. It is also endemic to the European region.",Unknown,"The Spotted Pipefish is found in the northeast Atlantic, and is most commonly found in the Adriatic Sea and western Mediterranean (Froese and Pauly 2011). Although there are few records for this species, it has been reported on the coasts of Italy (Franzoi et al. 2010), Israel (Golani et al. 2006), Spain (Lloris et al. 1984, Valle et al. 2001), Portugal and the Azores. It is also found in the Marmara Sea and the Balearic Islands. Further work is needed in order to determine whether these are disjunct populations. ","There are little to no data on the population or abundance trends of this species. As Nerophis maculatus is under-studied, the abundance of the species may be larger than is represented by the limited number of observations.","Nerophis maculatus is a demersal species down to 30 m and inhabits rocky coastal waters and sea grass meadows (Posidonia oceanica; Moranta et al. 2006). It is ovoviviparous and the males carry eggs in a brood pouch, which is located beneath the tail (Froese and Pauly 2011).","The Spotted Pipefish is likely to be threatened by habitat loss and degradation since sea grass meadows, containing species like Posidonia oceanica, are in decline throughout the Mediterranean. Posidonia oceanica is threatened by coastal development, trawling and other anthropogenic impacts. As a coastal species, the Spotted Pipefish may also be susceptible to marine pollution from waste water, nutrient inputs and chemical spills. ","This species is considered to be Near Threatened in the Balearic Islands (Mayol et al. 2000). Further research should be conducted on the population size and trends, while monitoring of the population and habitat trends will help in determining the conservation status of the species. Its range overlaps with many protected areas, with varying levels of efficacy.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R. & Pollom, R.","Wiswedel, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SYNGNATHIFORMES,SYNGNATHIDAE,Nerophis,ophidion,,Nerophis ophidion,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Nerophis ophidion is listed as Least Concern as it is widespread, common throughout its range and the threats are not yet significant enough to cause rapid declines in the populations of the species. The species is dependent, although not exclusively, upon a seagrass habitat which is undergoing a continuing decline in the region. Although this seagrass decline in Europe was estimated to be 29% measured over 127 years from 1879 until 2006, the decline should be measured over the last 10 years to be considered as relevant for the Red List assessment. The species also resides in algal habitats. It is expected that further declines in the remaining seagrass habitats in Europe could result in the species becoming threatened and ongoing monitoring of populations and habitat trends is recommended.",Unknown,"Nerophis ophidion is widespread from the Gulf of Bothnia in the Baltic Sea (Haahtela 1974) and the North Sea, the British Isles, along the Iberian Peninsula, and in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. It is not found outside of pan-Europe. It is found at depths down to 15 m.","Although much is known about the reproductive biology of Nerophis ophidion, no studies have yet focused directly on population sizes in the wild. The species is common throughout its range, however abundance estimates are rare. Repecka et al. (2003) determined that the species was present in only three percent of beach seines between 1989 and 2001 on Lithuanian shores.","Nerophis ophidion inhabits marine neritic areas with seagrasses to depths of about 15 metres. It preys on crustacean zooplankton from seagrass canopy leaves, including ostracods, amphipods, gastropods and decapods, as well as benthic cnidairians and copepods (Franzoi et al. 2004, Gurkan et al. 2011). It has a generation length of one year. A cryptic species, N. ophidion has a semi-prehensile tail that assists it in seagrass mimicry. The species is associated with the eelgrass Zostera marina and algae such as Fucus spp. and Laminaria spp. (Goncalves et al. 2011). One study also found that N. ophidion is associated specifically with the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa (Malavasi et al. 2007). The species exhibits strong sexual dimorphism with the females being substantially larger than males (Malavasi et al. 2007). Males have been shown to limit the reproductive rate of females and, as a result, the behavioural sex roles are reversed in that females compete for male mates (Berglund and Rosenqvist 1993). Unlike many of the pipefishes, males brood their young externally without the presence of a brood pouch (McCoy et al. 2001) and instead have the eggs attached via mucous (Carcupino et al. 2002). An extended courtship ritual occurs prior to egg transfer (Vincent et al. 1995) and males have been documented carrying eggs from April to October (Riccato et al. 2003).","The threats to Nerophis ophidion include habitat loss and degradation. Seagrasses have declined substantially across Europe (Airoldi and Beck 2007) and increases in filamentous algae that often accompany coastal degradation from development and pollution are detrimental to the species (Sundin et al. 2011). The species is dependent, although not exclusively, upon a seagrass habitat which is undergoing a continuing decline in the region. Although this decline was estimated to be 29% measured over 127 years from 1879 until 2006, the decline should be measured over 10 years to be considered as relevant for the Red List assessment (Waycott et al. 2009). Close monitoring of seagrass habitat is needed to determine regional-scale declines over shorter time frames. Nerophis ophidion is not an exploited species.","Further research should be conducted to determine the species' population size, trends and threats. Monitoring of the species' preferred seagrass habitat should be conducted to determine the extent of its decline.&#160;Its range overlaps with many protected areas, with varying levels of efficacy. The species is considered Least Concern in the Baltic Sea (HELCOM 2013).",The species is not known to be traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Ralph, G. & Allen, D.J.","Pollom, R.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GEMPYLIDAE,Nesiarchus,nasutus,,Nesiarchus nasutus,"Johnson, 1862",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Nesiarchus nasutus occurs worldwide in tropical and subtropical seas. In the eastern Atlantic is is distributed from Ireland to the Canaries (Parin and Bekker 1973).  There is little species-specific information for Nesiarchus nasutus within the assessment zone, and this species is considered naturally rare. It has been recorded at depths ranging from 200 to 1200 metres. There are no known species-specific threats. It is found in marine protected areas throughout its range. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Nesiarchus nasutus probably occurs worldwide in tropical and subtropical seas. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, N. nasutus is distributed from Iceland and Norway to the Canaries (Parin and Bekker 1973). Large-sized strays are found in temperate waters (Nakamura and Parin 2001). It is found at depths ranging from 200 to 1200 metres.",Nesiarchus nasutus is considered rare (Nakamura et al. 1983),"Adult Nesiarchus nasutus are bentho- to mesopelagic on the continental slope or underwater rises.  Nesiarchus nasutus migrate to mid-water at night. Nesiarchus nasutus reproduces year-round in warm waters. The maximum standard length (SL) is 130 cm. Nesiarchus nasutus migrate to mid-water at night. This species feeds on squid, fish and crustaceans. The maximum standard length (SL) is 130 cm (Nakamura and Parin 1993).",There are no known major threats to Nesiarchus nasutus.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures for Nesiarchus nasutus; however, its distribution may overlap marine protected areas.",There is no use and trade information available for N. nasutus.,"Harwell, H.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,DERICHTHYIDAE,Nessorhamphus,ingolfianus,,Nessorhamphus ingolfianus,"(Schmidt, 1912)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC  Nessorhamphus ingolfianus is listed as Least Concern, as the species is not directly threatened and although it is found at the edge of its range in European waters, it is very populous in the Sargasso Sea. Further research should be conducted to determine threats to the species in the Azores and to determine the population size and status. It is a relatively deep dwelling species, found down to 2,000 m and is very abundant in its larval form in the Sargasso Sea thus, threats to this species are probably limited. However, there is a decline in other anguilliform species that spawn in the Sargasso Sea due to a number of changing oceanic conditions, which may impact N. ingolfianus in the future.",Unknown,"Nessorhamphus ingolfianus is widely distributed throughout the world (Castle 1986) inhabiting tropical, temperate, and subtropical zones of all oceans (E. Karmovskaya pers. comm. 2013), to 60°N in the North Atlantic Ocean (Karmovskaya 1985). In the northeastern Atlantic, this species has been found from the Azores (Sutton et al. 2008) and as far north as the Rockall Trough area, west of Ireland (Byrkjedal et al. 2004) but there are no records of occurrence within the Mediterranean Sea. The depth range for this species is 0 to 1,800 m (E. Karmovskaya pers. comm. 2013) but it has been found at depths between 1,045 to 2,173 m (Merrett et al. 1985).","Nessorhamphus ingolfianus is common throughout its range (Blache et al. 1973) and is considered common in the North Atlantic Ocean (Blache et al. 1973). Although there are no records of large catch sizes of this species per trawl, leptocephali of N. ingolfianus are abundant in the Sargasso Sea (Castonguay 1987), However, the location of its spawning has not been determined (Castonguay 1987, Merrett et al. 1985).","Nessorhamphus ingolfianus is an epipelagic to mesopelagic eel (Blache 1973), found to depths of over 2,000 m with juveniles occurring in the upper 1,000 m. This species feeds on crustaceans (Merrett 1985) and the larvae and eggs are planktonic (Castonguay 1987). The maximum length for this species is 67.3 cm. Nessorhamphus ingolfianus spawns in the north Atlantic from April to December (Karmovskaya 1985; Smith 1989, 1990).","Nessorhamphus ingolfianus is not commercially targeted in the region and there are no specific threats to this species. However, there is a decline in other anguilliforms that spawn in the Sargasso Sea due to a number of changing ocean parameters and these conditions may also impact the recruitment of N. ingolfianus (Friedland 2007). This species is removed as bycatch in midwater trawls but the extent to which this affects N. ingolfianus is unknown.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Nessorhamphus ingolfianus. This species may be present in marine protected areas that occur within its distribution (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014). ","Nessorhamphus ingolfianus is not commercially fished in the northeastern Atlantic or in the Mediterranean. However, N. ingolfianus is caught a bycatch (Karmovskaya 1985; Smith 1989, 1990).","Harwell, H.","Papaconstantinou, C. & Karmovskaya, E.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,NETTASTOMATIDAE,Nettastoma,melanurum,,Nettastoma melanurum,"Rafinesque, 1810",This species presents a superficial ressemblance to Facciolella oxyrhyncha.,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Listed as Least Concern as Nettastoma melanurum is widely distributed across most of the European waters in abundance and is found in most benthic environments to depths of 1,647 m. It is not targeted commercially, yet is often caught as bycatch and has been know to accumulate toxins PCB and DDT.",Unknown,"Nettastoma melanurum is widespread in the eastern and western Atlantic Ocean (Basusta et al. 2002, de Figueiredo et al. 2002). It may also be found in the west Pacific Ocean (Smith, 1990, Smith et al. 1981, Saldanha 1986). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, N. melanurum occurs from Rockall Trough west of Ireland (Bañón  et al. 1997) and south to the Canary Islands (Moyoano et al. 2009). In the Mediterranean Sea, this species ranges from the Ionian coast (Bañon et al. 1997), the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988), throughout the Mediterranean Sea (Carpentieri et al. 2005, Merrett and Saldanha 1985, Ragonese et al. 2001, Stefanescu et al. 1994), and off of the Turkish coast (Başusta et al. 2001). Nettastoma melanurum has a depth range from 37–1647 m (Smith et al. 1981).","Nettastoma melanurum is common throughout its range and is collected relatively often in the eastern North Atlantic (Merrett and Saldanha 1985). It is caught in 71% of red shrimp trawls in the Sicilian fisheries (Ragonese et al. 2002), in surveys of the south Sardinian waters N. melanurum was caught with 90% frequency of occurrence (Follesa et al. 2011) and in the eastern Ionian Sea with collected with 84.6% frequency at 500–700 m, 89.5 % frequency at 700–900 m, and 76.9% frequency at 900–1200 m (Mytilineou et al. 2005).","Nettastoma melanurum is a benthic species found on muddy places on the continental shelf (Blache et al. 1973), primarily nocturnal, dwelling within caves during the day (Carpentieri et al. 2005). Found in depths ranging from 37–1647 m (Smith 1981) but is more commonly known from depths between 389 m and 860 m (Smith et al. 1981, Saldanha 1986, Smith 1990). This species exhibits a marked nycthemeral rhythm; it burrows in the sediment by day and emerges by night to become a dominant component of the nocturnal assemblage (Carpentieri et al. 2005). It feeds mainly on crustaceans (Saldanha 1986) and preys preferentially on decapods, siphonophores and pyrosomids (Carrassón and Cartes 2002). The maximum length for N. melanurum is 77.3 cm. In the Bay of Algeria, this species spawns from November to December. Egg diameter ranges from 2.4–3.0 mm and leptocephali lengths range from 1.7 cm to 12.1 cm (Smith et al. 1981, Saldanha 1986, Smith 1990).","Nemichthys scolopaceus is not a commercially fished species in Europe or the Mediterranean and major threats have not been identified. However, potential threats to this species include pollution and bycatch (E. Karmovskaya pers. comm 2013).",No specific conservation measures are in place for Nettastoma melanurum. This species may be present in marine protected areas that occur within its distribution (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Nettastoma melanurum was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).,"Nettastoma melanurum is not a commercially fished species in European waters or the Mediterranean Sea. However, this species is caught as bycatch (Smith et al. 1981, Saldanha 1986, Smith 1990). ","Strongin, K.","Karmovskaya, E. & Papaconstantinou, C.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MACROURIDAE,Nezumia,aequalis,,Nezumia aequalis,"(Günther, 1878)",Populations south of Mauritania may represent another species; further taxonomic research is warranted (T. Iwamoto pers. comm. 2012).,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Nezumia aequalis is a common species in the bathypelagic of the Atlantic Ocean. It is of only minor commercial importance throughout its range and there are no major threats. It is regularly caught as bycatch and discarded in deepwater trawl fisheries. There is some evidence of localized population declines in parts of this species range, particularly off the Catalonian coast. However, elsewhere there have been increases in abundance, and there is no clear trend for the region. Nezumia aequalis is assessed as Least Concern. ",Unknown,"Nezumia aequalis is widespread in the Atlantic Ocean. In the western Atlantic, it is present from the Davis straits to northern Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea (Cohen et al. 1990).  In the eastern Atlantic, this species is present from Faroe Bank to northern Angola, including the Mediterranean Sea. However, populations south of Mauritania may represent another species (T. Iwamoto pers. comm. 2012). In the Mediterranean Sea, this species occurs along the whole Spanish coast from Catalan Sea (Massuti et al. 1995, Cartes and Carrasson 2004) but also in the Alboran sea and in the Algerian basin (Moranta et al. 2007). It is not known from the Adriatic Sea. It is present in the Hellenic Seas, except for the Aegean Sea (Papaconstantinou 1988).","Nezumia aequalis is a common species in the Mediterranean Sea. Off the Catalonian coasts, estimated abundance of N. aequalis decreased in each of the three depth strata at which it was sampled by trawls between 1988 to 1992 and 2007 to 2008 (Cartes et al. 2009). In the 600 to 750 m and 750 to 950 m depth strata, abundance decreased by 86% and 80%, respectively, while in the 950 to 1100 m depth stratum, abundance decreased by 49% (Cartes et al. 2009). In a comparison between biomass estimated via trawl surveys of the Porcupine Seabight and adjacent abyssal plain during 1977 to 1989 and 2000 to 2002, N. aequalis showed a small decrease in biomass between 800 and 1400 m, but an increase in biomass between 1400 and 1650 m (Godbold et al. 2013).  According to Massuti et al. (1995), 995 specimens of Nezumia aequalis were obtained from 76 bottom trawls in the Catalan Sea at depths between 147 and 1290 m using two different semi-balloon otter-trawls.  Cartes and Carrasson (2004) mentioned that 22 specimens were collected with a bottom trawl, during a series of cruises performed in June, July and October 1987-1989 in the Catalano-Balearic basin between 862 and 2261 m depth.  According to Moranta et al. (2007), 14,353 specimens were collected with a research bottom trawl carried out down to 800 m depth along the Iberian coast covering a distance of approximately 1200 km (Alboran sea, Algerian basin and Balearic basin), during spring and for seven consecutive years (i.e., between 1994 and 2000), for a total of 710 hauls at depths between 27 and 795 m. The average towing speed was 2.8 knots. The average horizontal and vertical openings were estimated on 16.4 and 2.8 m. Lengths (PAL pre-anal length) varied from 0.5 to 8 cm. Nezumia aequalis showed a maximum of density and biomass on the upper slope (400 to 1050 m) in the northwest Mediterranean Sea (Fernandez-Arcaya et al. 2013).","This is a benthopelagic, non-migratory species. In the Mediterranean Sea, this species is demersal and lives on muddy bottoms between 200 to 2320 m, more commonly 200 to 1000 m. Maximum length recorded is 36 cm (Geistdoerfer 1990), common to 25 cm. Maximum recorded age is 9 years (Massuti et al. 1995). It feeds on benthic as well as pelagic animals like mysids, amphipods, small shrimps, copepods, isopods, ostracods, and polychaete worms (Geistdoerfer 1986). In the Catalan Sea this species preys on benthopelagic resources such as copepods and suprabenthic peracarid crustaceans (Cartes and Carrasson 2004). In the Catalan Sea ripe females were found all year round (Massuti et al. 1995, Fernandez-Arcaya et al. 2013), with the peak number of spawning females occurring in the winter months (Fernandez-Arcaya et al. 2013). In the Eastern Central Atlantic, individuals larger than 30 cm have not been observed south of Mauritania (Iwamoto pers. comm. 2012). This species appears to be associated with Nematocarcinus shrimp.","This is a species with minor commercial importance, it is mainly used as fish meal and oil source. Its main catching method is trawls. In the Mediterranean Sea, it is rarely marketed. This species is caught as by-catch, and is present as less than 1% of the discard biomass. It is not utilized in the Eastern Central Atlantic.  There are no known threats within the region.","Nezumia aequalis was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Regional Red List Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011). Currently there is a GFCM recommendation (GFCM/2005/1) forbidding trawl and dredge fishing below 1,000 m in the Mediterranean Sea. However, this species may be present in marine protected areas found within its distribution.","This is a species with minor commercial importance, it is mainly used as fish meal and oil source. In the Mediterranean Sea, it is rarely marketed. Estimated discards of N. aequalis via the French observer program suggested that 2.6 individuals per 4 hour haul were discarded (Allain et al. 2003).  It is not utilized in the Eastern Central Atlantic.","Strongin, K.","Nedreaas, K., Lorance, P., Cook, R., Fernandes, P., Florin, A. & Nielsen, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MACROURIDAE,Nezumia,longebarbata,,Nezumia longebarbata,"(Roule & Angel, 1933)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient as this deep water benthopelagic species is only known from one specimen in Europe, and there is no information available on the taxonomy, population size, trend, ecology and habitats of the species. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"Nezumia longebarbata is a rare deep sea Macrourid known from off Madeira, the Gulf of Mexico and the East coast of the US, up to 39ºN (Geistdoerfer 1986, Iwamoto 2002). It is present at depths ranging from 1,400 to 1,700 m.","There is no information on population size and trends of this species, as in Europe it is only known from one specimen.","Nezumia longebarbata is a deep water benthopelagic fish, known in European waters from only one specimen (26.5 cm TL). There is no information on the life history and ecology of the species.",There are no major threats to the species.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not the target of any conservation action, and it is unknown whether it is found in protected areas. Further research is needed on the taxonomy, population size, trend, habitats and ecology of the species.",The species is not traded or used commercially.,"García, M.","Conceicao Biscoito, M.J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MACROURIDAE,Nezumia,sclerorhynchus,,Nezumia sclerorhynchus,"(Valenciennes, 1838)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Nezumia sclerorhynchus is common and widespread in the northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean. It occupies a wide depth range of 500 to 3,200 m. Although it is taken as bycatch in some fisheries, it is generally discarded. There are no known species-specific threats. This species is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Nezumia sclerorhynchus is present in the North Atlantic from the British Isles south to Liberia in the east and from Nova Scotia to Florida in the west (Cohen et al. 1990). In the Mediterranean Sea, this species occurs in the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988), Alboran Sea (Rannou 1976), Tyrrhenian Sea (Colloca et al. 2003), Cretan Sea (Kallianiotis et al. 2000), Levantine basin, and Ionian Sea (D'Onghia et al. 2000, Labropoulou and Papaconstantinou 2000, Madurell et al. 2004, Mytilienou et al. 2005). It is found at depths ranging from 130 to 3200 m.","This species is widespread and common in the Mediterranean Sea, and can be easily confused with Nezumia aequalis. In south Sardinian waters, Nezumia sclerorhynchus was collected in trawl samples at depths of 591 to 1598 m between June 2003 and November 2006  (Follesa et al. 2011). It was present in 89% of the samples, and accounted for 1.88 and 0.32% of the abundance and biomass, respectively (Follesa et al. 2011). In trawls on the Rockall Trough during 1998 to 2004, N. sclerorhynchus was collected between 1000 and 1500 m (Neat et al. 2008). In the Ionian Sea, N. sclerorhynchus was collected between 300 and 900 m, with the highest abundances between 500 to 700 m (Politou et al. 2008). Labropoulou and Papaconstantinou (2000) mentioned that 3,948 individuals were collected during 12 experimental trawl surveys carried out monthly between December 1996 and November 1997 in Ionian Sea (Greece), with an otter trawl with a cod-end liner of 16 mm stretched mesh size, within a depth range from 350 to 1,000 m in a total of 76 stations. Higher mean abundances were gathered at 500 to 550 m depth (116 individuals/h). Size ranged from 0.8 to 6.0 cm. According to Madurell et al. (2004), a total of 29 hauls was taken during four experimental trawl survey cruises on a seasonal basis (April 1999, July-August 1999, November 1999 and February 2000) in the Ionian Sea at two stations between 473 and 603 m depth, using an otter trawl equipped with a cod-end bag liner of 14 mm stretched mesh size. During these cruises, 251 individuals/h were caught during spring, 696 during summer, 39 during autumn and 478 during winter. D'Onghia et al. (2000) mentioned that 9331 specimens were sampled during eight seasonal trawl surveys from April 1996 to March 1998 in the north-west Ionian Sea (Roccella Ionica Bank). The depth range examined was between 250 and 750 m. The surface of the study area was 754 km2. During each survey 12 hauls of 3 h duration were carried out from dawn to dusk. The locations of the tows were generally the same for each survey. The final data set comprised 96 hauls for a total of 288 h sampling. A professional 75 t gross tonnage motor powered vessel, with 360 hp engine and equipped with nylon otter trawl net, with stretched mesh of 40 mm in the cod-end, was hired. A cover with stretched mesh of 20 mm was employed on the cod-end to sample small specimens. The population was generally made up of small individuals the year round, and a maximum age was around nine years. According to Mytilineou et al. (2005), this species was collected in the north-east Ionian Sea during four experimental surveys (Sept. 1999, Apr. 2000, Jul. 2000, Sept. 2000), by means of trawls of 40 mm stretched mesh size in the cod-end, with density of 0.2 individuals per hauls in the depth range of 300 to 500 m (44 hauls), 46.5 individuals-per-haul in the depth range of 500 to 700 m (52 hauls), 35.1 individuals-per-hauls in the depth range of 700 to 900 m (36 hauls) and 18.5 individuals per hauls in the depth range of 900 to 1200 m (13 hauls).","Nezumia sclerorhynchus is a bathypelagic, non-migratory species. It occurs between 500 to 3,200 m, but it is more abundant between 450 to 730 m in the open Atlantic and between 500 to 800 m in the Mediterranean Sea. In the Ionian Sea its abundance increased with depth and a seasonal pattern was shown in the depth distribution of juveniles (D'Onghia et al. 2000). This opportunistic species has a day-night change in the diet and in feeding intensity, preying mainly on mobile suprabenthic preys (Madurell and Cartes 2006) such as small crustaceans (copepods, amphipods, decapods, mysids, etc.) and polychaetes (Cohen et al. 1990). This species reproduces serially as a multi batch spawner. It appears to have a delayed reproduction.  However, continuous, aseasonal spawning can be assumed (D'Onghia et al .1999). The maximum length recorded is 36 cm (TL) (Geistdofer 1990), although it may be larger (Iwamoto pers. comm. 2012) and the length at maturity is 15.9 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014)","Within the assessment zone consisting of the northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black sea this a bycatch species which is typically discarded (Monteiro et al. 2001).","Currently there is a GFCM recommendation (GFCM/2005/1) forbidding trawl and dredge fishing below 1,000 m. However, this species may be present in marine protected areas found within its distribution (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",This species is not utilized.,"Strongin, K.","Nielsen, J., Lorance, P., Fernandes, P., Cook, R., Florin, A. & Nedreaas, K.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,NOMEIDAE,Nomeus,gronovii,,Nomeus gronovii,"(Gmelin, 1789)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species is known only from the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, Nomeus gronovii is known from the Azores only. It has a circumglobal in temperate and tropical waters in all oceans (Haedrich 2002). In the western Atlantic it is known from Newfoundland (Canada) south along the U.S., Bermuda, the Bahamas, throughout the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, and along South America to southern Brazil. In the eastern Atlantic it has been recorded from Morocco to Senegal and Sao Tome Island. In the Indo-Pacific it is known from along East Africa, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and the Hawaiian Islands. In the eastern Pacific it is known from southern California (USA) to Peru. This is a typically surface-dwelling species found offshore to 1,000 m depth (May and Maxwell 1986, Mundy 2005).","There are 345 occurrence records and 402 museum records for this species (Froese and Pauly 2011, Accessed through Fishnet2 portal, www.fishnet2.net, 3 October 2012).","This species is oceanic and juveniles are associated with Portuguese man-of-war (Physalia physalis) (Kells and Carpenter 2011, Jenkins 1983). Juveniles are found in the surface of Sargassum weed. The maximum length for Nomeus gronovii is 40 cm (Haedrich 2002).",There are no known threats to this species.,There are no species-specific conservation measures.,This species is not utilized.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Dooley, J., Collette, B.B., Aiken, K.A., Marechal, J., Pina Amargos, F., Kishore, R. & Singh-Renton, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,PLATYTROCTIDAE,Normichthys,operosus,,Normichthys operosus,"Parr, 1951",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) The Multipore searsid occurs from temperate to tropical Atlantic waters and is most abundant in the eastern Atlantic.  Based on recent surveys, the species appears to be abundant throughout its range. Despite the fact that there are very little data on the ecology and life history traits of the species, Normichthys operosus is assessed as Least Concern due to its broad distribution and seeming abundance.",Unknown,"Normichthys operosus occurs in the Atlantic from temperate to tropical waters (Quéro et al. 1984); specifically, it is known from about 9°S to 57°N (Krefft 1976), occurring from Iceland and western part of British Isles to Portugal including the Azores and from the Canary Islands to Senegal, Gulf of Guinea and Angola (Quéro et al. 1990, Carneiro et al. 2014, Borges et al. 2009). It is a rare guest in south eastern and western Greenland (Møller et al. 2010). This species tends to be more common in the eastern Atlantic, but is known from both Grand Banks and Bear Seamount in the western Atlantic; however, it is rarely collected off Grand Banks (Moore et al. 2002, 2004).   The shallowest reported depth for this species is 780 and 785 m (Sazonov and Trunov 1978) and can usually found to 1,000 m.","Normichthys operosus appears to be abundant throughout its relatively limited range compared to others of the family. There were 280 specimens of  Normichthys operosus caught from MAR ECO (Porteiro et al. unpublished data). The species consisted of 18% of 570 fishes in a trawl 750 to 1,500 m near the mid-ocean ridge system and was observed in trawls of both the Azores and the Reykjanes Ridge (Sutton et al. 2008).","This species can reach a size of 16 cm standard length (Carter 2002). This species is bathypelagic and is known to occur off the Mid Atlantic ridge (Porteiro et al. unpublished data), the Bear Seamount (Moore et al. 2002) and the Reykjanes Ridge (Sutton et al. 2008). The diet, spawning periodicity, fecundity and early life history traits of this species are poorly understood. This species exhibits bio luminescence in its post-cleithral organ (Herring 1972).","Current threats to this species&#160;are unknown, although it is of no importance to fisheries.","There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for this species. The species may occur within marine protected areas that exist throughout its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). More research is needed on the population size, life history, and possible threats to the species.",Platytroctids are of no importance to fisheries (Quéro et al. 1990).,"Strongin, K.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,NOTACANTHIFORMES,NOTACANTHIDAE,Notacanthus,bonaparte,,Notacanthus bonaparte,"Risso, 1840",This species has also been reported as Nonacanthus bonapartei (Quignard and Tomasini 2000).,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Notacanthus bonaparte is widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. It is also reported from Iceland. This species is encountered relatively frequently in trawl surveys operating in deeper waters. The reproductive and ecological aspects for this species are poorly understood, as it is deep  dwelling and not often encountered. However,  because of its deeper habitat, it is not believed to have any major  threats that affect it. Therefore, N. bonaparte is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Notacanthus bonaparte is found in the eastern Atlantic from the Faeroes and Ireland to Cape Blanc, Mauritania, including the western Mediterranean and scattered records in Greece and the Leventine basin. It is also reported from Iceland (Johnsson 1992).  It is found from about 500 to 2,000 m depth (Mytilineou 2005).","There are limited population data available for this species; however, it was not uncommon in trawl samples in several locations surrounding Italy. In the Gulf of Cadiz and in Northern Spain/Atlantic coast, it occurs frequently in trawl surveys (Herrera pers. comm. 2014). MEDITs survey data from the Spanish Mediterranean show fluctuations with no increasing or decreasing trend in abundance form 1994 to 2010.","Notacanthus bonaparte is a bathypelagic species found at a depth range from 700 to 2,000 m over its broad range, but from 487 to 1,034 m in the eastern Ionian Sea (Mytilineou 2005). Often caught in large numbers and possibly gregarious (Sulak 1990). The largest specimen on record measures 26 cm total length (Silak 1990). Notacanthus bonaparte feeds on sessile and motile invertebrates such as bryozoans, ophiuroids, amphipods and sponges (Sulak 1990).   Sexually dimorphic, males generally smaller and with enlarged nasal rosettes. It spawns in June-July in the Mediterranean (Sulak 1990). The fecundity and early life history traits of this species of fish are poorly understood.","There are no major threats known to this species.  However, it is sometimes taken up as bycatch in deeper trawls.",There are many marine protected areas throughout the range of this species (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Notacanthus bonaparte was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).,This species is not utilized.,"Strongin, K.","Herrera, J. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,NOTACANTHIFORMES,NOTACANTHIDAE,Notacanthus,chemnitzii,,Notacanthus chemnitzii,"Bloch, 1788",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Notacanthus chemnitzii is a circum-temperate and sub-tropical species found at depths of 100 to 3,300 m. In the Eastern Atlantic it is found from Mauritania north to Greenland and Iceland. There are no population data available for this species as it is deep  dwelling; however, it is considered not uncommon in the northeastern Atlantic region. There are no known major threats at this time. Therefore, N. chemnitzii is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Notacanthus chemnitzii is a circum-temperate and sub-tropical species (Nakamura et al. 1986). In the north Atlantic Ocean, it is found from the Gulf of Mexico and Cape Blanc, Mauritania north to Davis Strait, Canada and Iceland. In the south Atlantic it is only known from South Africa. It is also known from the Pacific Ocean, including off Chile, Japan, Australia (Hoese et al. 2006) and New Zealand (Paulin et al. 1989). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, this species is known primarily from Iceland, Madeira and mainland Portugal (Porteiro et al. unpublished data, Carneiro et al. 2014). It has a wide depth distribution of 124 to 3,300 m in the western Atlantic (Coad and Reist 2004) but is only found in depths of up to 2,500 m in the northeastern Atlantic. In European and adjacent waters, it was collected at depths of 1,000 to 2,607 m (Porteiro et al. unpublished).","There are no population data available for this species. However, it appears to be relatively uncommon in parts of its range. However, around Iceland and Greenland, it has been described as ""not uncommon"" in depths of around 180 m, although it is thought that their density may increase with depth (Sulak 1990).","Notacanthus chemnitzii is benthopelagic (Mundy 2005) and epibenthic (Coad and Reist 2004). It is mostly found at depths well below 200 m, but enters slightly shallower water on Grand Banks in Canada (Robins and Ray 1986). The maximum recorded length of this species is 120 cm total length (TL) (Sulak 1990). They feed primarily on sea anemones (Sulak 1990). Individuals with nearly ripe eggs have been found in late autumn off Iceland. The length at maturity, fecundity and early life history traits of this species are poorly understood.","There are no major threats to this species. However, it is occasionally  taken up as bycatch in deeper trawls. Notacanthids are unlikely to be retained by commercial deep-water trawls due to their eel-like body shape but the component of the population which encounter trawling may suffer net damage and unquantified mortality (Coggan et al. 1998, Gordon et al. 1996).","This species' range overlaps several marine protected areas (World Database on Protected Areas 2010), but there are no specific conservation measures in place for N. chemnitzii.",This species is not utilized.,"Strongin, K.","Uiblein, F.","McCosker, J., Hines, A. & Harwell, H.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Notolychnus,valdiviae,,Notolychnus valdiviae,"(Brauer, 1904)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Notolychnus valdiviae is a widespread mesopelagic species that is found in depths from 25 to 600 m. It appears to be fairly common in the northeastern Atlantic and adjacent regional waters, and it is not utilized in the commercial fishing industry. There are no major threats known to this species; although, it is sometimes taken as bycatch in trawls in parts of its range. There are not any specific conservation measures in place for N. valdiviae, but there are a number of marine protected areas that are within its range. Therefore, Notolychnus valdiviae is assessed as Least Concern. ",Stable,"Notolychnus valdiviae has a wide distribution in tropical waters. It is found in the Atlantic Ocean from 56°N–52°S, in the Indian Ocean from 17°N–44°S, and in the Pacific Ocean from 45°N–40°S (Hulley and Paxton in press). Notolychnus valdiviae can be found at depths ranging from 25 to 700 m (Hulley 1986) but is more commonly found between 100 and 600 m (Roe and Badcock 1984).","Notolychnus valdiviae appears to be fairly common in the eastern Atlantic (Becker 1983), and it is also abundant in other parts of is range, such as the northern Sargasso Sea and the Gulf of Mexico (Gartner 1987, 1989). It is abundant in museum collection records. Notolychnus valdiviae is found in 2,982 museum collections with a total of 114 individuals in a single lot (Accessed through Fishnet 2 Portal 2013 June). Over the mid-Atlantic ridge, 1 specimen from one trawl was collected in pelagic trawl surveys (Kobyliansky et al. 2010).","This species is oceanic, mesopelagic and performs diel migrations from as deep as 400 to 700 m during the day, up to 25 to 700 m during the night for feeding purposes in the northeast Atlantic (Roe and Badcock 1984). The maximum size of this species is 6.3 cm standard length (SL) (Claro 1994).Notolychnus valdiviae feed on copepods, conchoecid ostracods and euphausiids (Hulley 1984). Both sexes of Notolychnus valdiviae reach sexual maturity at 22 mm SL in the Gulf of Mexico and 24 mm SL in the Pacific. In the Arabian Gulf, females mature at a length of 18 mm SL, while in the Pacific females mature at 20 mm SL and males at 19 mm SL (Gartner 1993, Clarke 1983). Spawning occurs year round with it being most intense during the spring and early summer (Hulley and Paxton in press). Spawning occurs at depths of 50 to 75 m (Gartner 1993). The overall sex ratio indicates males being slightly more abundant (1.15:1) with females dominating the smaller size classes and males dominating intermediate size classes (Hulley 1984). ","There are no known threats for this species, and it is not under pressure from fisheries. It may be incidentally taken as bycatch in parts of its range. ","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Research into the population size and trends, as well as all ecological and biological aspects of this fish is needed.",Notolychnus valdiviae is not utilized by the commercial fishing industry.,"Strongin, K.","Kobyliansky, S., Costa, M. & Munroe, T.","Hulley, P. & Rodrigues, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Notoscopelus,bolini,,Notoscopelus bolini,"Nafpaktitis, 1975",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Notoscopelus bolini is a fairly common, widespread mesopelagic species that inhabits depths of up to 1,000 m. Notoscopelus bolini does not face any major threats; although it is incidentally taken as bycatch in parts of its range. There are not any specific conservation measures in place for this species, but there are marine protected areas throughout much of its range. Therefore, N. bolini is assessed as Least Concern. ",Stable,"Notoscopelus bolini is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea and North Atlantic (Hulley 1984, Fischer et al. 1987). In the northeastern Atlantic, it is found  in a north temperate pattern (temperate-subtropical subpattern) from between about 50  and 38oN, east of 50oW and in Mauritanian upwelling region; it is also in both eastern and western Mediterranean basins (Hulley 1984), including the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988). It occurs from zero to 1,300 m depth (Hulley 1984), but is usually in 45 to 50 m depths  (Fischer et al. 1987, Hulley 1984).","Notoscopelus bolini is fairly common. In the Ionian Sea, it has a relative abundance of 1.2% and a frequency index of 13.5% (Granata et al. 2011). Notoscopelus bolini  can be found in 93 museum collections with a maximum count of 52 individuals in a single lot (Accessed through Fishnet 2 Portal 2013 June). Larvae are very common and very abundant in Greek Seas (Papaconstantinou pers comm. 2013).","This is a high-oceanic, mesopelagic species. It probably occurs deeper than 1,000 m in daytime and between 10 and 200 m at night (mainly 45 to 50 m). Its maximum length is 10.2 cm standard length (SL) (Hulley 1990). The lifespan of Notoscopelus bolini is approximately 5 years (Catul et al. 2011). Notoscopelus bolini feeds on a variety of zooplankton, including but not limited to copepods, hyperiids, euphausiids and decapods (Podrazhanskaya 1993). When first hatched, N. bolini are approximately 0.2 cm long (Catul et al. 2011). Spawning continues nearly year-round, but peaks in late winter and early spring. Fecundity is low, with females producing approximately 100 to 2,000 unfertilized eggs per spawning episode. Females are oviparous and both sexes are non-guarding pelagic spawners (Catul et al. 2011).",There are no known major threats towards this species. It may be incidentally caught as bycatch in parts of its range.,"No specific conservation measures are in place for this species. However, this species may be found in marine protected areas within its distribution range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Notoscopelus bolini was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).",Notoscopelus bolini is not utilized in a commercial capacity.,"Strongin, K.","Kobyliansky, S., Munroe, T. & Costa, M.","Keskin, Ç., Massuti, E., Papakonstantinou, C. & Palmeri, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Notoscopelus,caudispinosus,,Notoscopelus caudispinosus,"(Johnson, 1863)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species occurs in Portugal, the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is found in the Azores (Santos et al. 1997), Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014), off mainland Portugal (G. Ralph pers. comm. 2015) and the Canary Islands (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009). Elsewhere, this species is found in the eastern Atlantic between 35°N and 0°S, but it is absent in the Mauritanian upwelling region, Gulf of Guinea, and eastern South Atlantic. It can also be found in the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, and the western Atlantic between 41°N–39°S, as well at the Indian and Pacific Oceans, including Japan, East Australia, New Caledonia and Hawaii (Hulley and Paxton in press).",There are little data regarding the population size of this specie. It appears to be moderately common in museum collection records (around 400 records on Fishnet2).,"This species is oceanic and mesopelagic. It performs diel migrations from below 1,000 m during the day, up to the surface to 175 m during the night for feeding purposes. Spawning probably takes place in the autumn/winter (Hulley and Paxton in press).","There are no known threats for this species, and it is not under pressure from fisheries.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.,This species is not commercially exploited.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Hulley, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Notoscopelus,elongatus,,Notoscopelus elongatus,"(Costa, 1844)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Notoscopelus elongatus is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. It is widespread and common in at least parts of its range. It is not utilized and there are no known widespread threats. Therefore, N. elongatus is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Notoscopelus elongatus is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. It occurs in the west Mediterranean Sea (Fischer et al. 1987), Adriatic Sea (Bombace and Froglia 1973), Catalonian coasts (Sabatés and Masò 1990, 1992), Balearic Islands and Algerian basin (Moranta et al. 1998), Aegean Sea (Tuncer et al. 2009), Marmara Sea (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002) and Greek seas (Papaconstantinou 1990).","This species is fairly common in the western Mediterranean Sea, although scarce in the eastern region. On Catalonian coasts, Sabatésand Masò (1990) captured 6,330 juvenile individuals of this species per square meter in 18 tows of an ichthyoplankton survey during the peak spawning month (April). In a similar survey, the frequency of occurrence of the species among ichthyoplankton was one percent (Sabatés and Masò&#160;1992).","This is an oceanic and mesopelagic species that reaches a maximum length of 106 mm standard length (SL) (Bauchot 1987). It occurs between 375 and 1,000 m during daytime and between 45 and 150 m at night (Fischer et al. 1987). Spawning occurs from winter to spring with maximum spawning intensity occurring in April (Sabatés and Masò 1990). It is considered to be an important prey item of the pandalid shrimps Plesionika gigliolii and Plesionika edwardsii in the western Mediterranean (Fanelli and Cartes 2004). This species itself feeds mainly on krill and copepods, and more rarely polychaetes and crustaceans of the genus Parathemisto (Podrazhanskaya 1993).",This species is not commercially exploited. There are no known major threats.,"No specific conservation measures are in place for this species. However, this species may be found in marine protected areas within its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Notoscopelus elongatus was assessed as Least Concern in 2007, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011). Further research into the biology and ecology of this species is suggested.",This species is not utilized by humans.,"Strongin, K.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F., Carpenter, K.E., de Morais, L., Knudsen, S. & Harold, A.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Notoscopelus,resplendens,,Notoscopelus resplendens,"(Richardson, 1845)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)Notoscopelus resplendens is a widespread and common mesopelagic species that is found in depths of up 1,200 m. There are no major threats to this species; although, it is incidentally taken as bycatch in parts of its range. There are no specific conservation measures in place for N. resplendens, but marine protected areas are found throughout its range. Therefore, Notoscopelus resplendens is assessed as Least Concern. ",Stable,"Notoscopelus resplendens is widespread in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. In the assessment region, N. resplendens is known from Ireland and the United Kingdom south to Madeira and the Canary Islands. This species is associated with depths of between zero and 2,121 m (Chen 2002). Notoscopelus resplendnes performs diel migrations, sometimes from as deep as 650 to 1,000 m during the day and from the surface to 300 m during the night (Hulley and Paxton in press).","Notoscopelus resplendens appears to be common throughout its range, as indicated by mid-water trawl surveys around the Canary Islands (Wienerroither et al 2009), near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (11 specimens in six trawls) (Kobyliansky et al. 2010), and around the Atlantic Seamount (Pusch et al. 2004). It is also common in museum collection records. Notoscopelus resplendens can be found in 936 museum collections with a maximum count of 59 individuals in a single lot (Accessed through Fishnet 2 Portal 2013 June). The degree of isolation between populations in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans is unknown (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013).","Notoscopelus resplendens is oceanic, mesopelagic and performs diel migrations from as deep as 650 to 1,000 m during the day, up to the surface to 300 m during the night for feeding purposes, although larvae and transforming individuals are non-migratory (Hulley 1990). The maximum recorded length of this species is 9.5 cm standard length (SL) (Hulley 1990). As is the case with most lanternfish, N. resplendens consumes zooplankton for food, specifically copepods (Hulley and Paxton in press).   Spawning takes place in late autumn and winter (Hulley and Paxton in press). Notoscopelus resplendens reaches sexual maturity at 4.1 cm standard length (SL) (Hulley 1990). ",There are no known threats for this species. This species is not known to be used by fisheries but may be caught as bycatch pelagic trawls (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013).,There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range (World Database of Protected Areas 2010). Research is suggested into the population size and stability as well as all aspects of the biology and ecology of this species.Legislative regulation for the pelagic fishery is being implemented (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013).,Notoscopelus resplendens is not utilized in the commercial fishing industry.,"Strongin, K.","Kobyliansky, S., Munroe, T. & Costa, M.","Hulley, P. & Rodrigues, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,APHYONIDAE,Nybelinella,erikssoni,,Nybelinella erikssoni,"(Nybelin, 1957)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Nybelinella erikssoni is a rare benthopelagic species in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. It is known from only about 20 specimens, so little is known about its population status, habitats, or ecology. Widespread threats are unknown. Therefore, N. erikssoni is listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Nybelinella erikssoni is known from the Indian Ocean (north of Madagascar) and on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean (Nielsen et al. 1999). In the western Atlantic, N. erikssoni is known from the Caribbean Sea and Bahamas. In the eastern Atlantic, it is known from 31o to 42o N, with a single locality at 1o3' N, 18o40' W (Nielsen 1969, 1972, Nielsen et al. 1999, J. Nielsen pers. comm. 2014). The depth distribution is 4640 to 5440 m (Nielsen et al. 1999).",Nybelinella erikssoni is a rare species (Nielsen et al. 1999). Little data are available about its population status as it has rarely been collected.,Nybelinella erikssoni is a benthopelagic species known from 4640 to 5440 m depth (Nielsen et al. 1999). It gets to about 10 cm (Nielsen et al. 1999) and t is viviparous (Nielsen 1972).,Widespread threats to this species are unknown.,There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place.,This species is not utilized and is of no interest to fisheries (Nielsen 1999).,"Ralph, G.","Nielsen, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SPARIDAE,Oblada,melanura,,Oblada melanura,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) The species is widespread in the Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic, from Gulf of Biscay to Angola including the Canary Islands, Madeira and Cape Verde Islands and Sao Tome. In the Mediterranean it is commercially fished, with declines approaching 50% in the eastern part, but this could be partly due to competition with the Lessepsian migrants (Pempheris vanicolensis). In other parts of its range, there is no evidence of declines due to fishing. Its distribution overlaps with marine reserves in parts of its range. It is therefore listed as Least Concern. However, because of evidence of localized overfishing and indications of partial displacement in the eastern Mediterranean, this species warrants further monitoring and re-assessment in the medium term.",Unknown,"In the European region, the species occurs from northern Spain (Bay of Biscay) to the Strait of Gibraltar, Macaronesia (Madeira and the Canary Islands), and is present throughout the Mediterranean Sea and in the southwestern Black Sea. In the eastern Atlantic, the species distribution extends south to Angola, and includes Cape Verde, Sao Tome and Principe.","The species is overfished in the eastern Adriatic Sea, with an exploitation rate of E=0.56 (Pallaoro et al. 1998). In Turkey, landings ranged from around 100 to 300 mt from 1995 to 2006, with the peak occurring in 2006 (Turkish State Statistical Organization Annual Reports). It is common to very common and abundant in appropriate habitats around the Mediterranean Sea, especially around fish farms (Dempster et al. 2002). The FAO (2008) landings data from ten countries showed a steady increase in landings (presumably from increased fishing effort) and then a peak of around 2,000 mt between 1985-1994; thereafter up to 2005 it has been stable at around 1,000 mt. Most of this overall decline is due to decreasing landings in Greece. FAO (2014) capture production in 2012 were: Croatia 49 mt; Cyprus two mt; Egypt 46 mt; Portugal zero mt; France 15 mt; Spain 440 mt; Greece 240 mt; Italy 132 mt; Malta five mt; Montenegro zero mt; Tunisia 35 mt; Turkey 139 mt; and Yugoslavia SFR zero mt.","A coastal species forming aggregations over rocky bottoms or seagrass beds (zosteras and seaweeds) to depths of about 30 m. They are omnivorous, but mainly feed on small invertebrates (Fischer et al. 1987). In the east central Adriatic Sea, the main food for specimens of the one-year age group are copepods, while cladocerans are the second most important prey (Pallaoro et al. 2003, 2004). It is often abundant in light-penetrating caves (K. Bizsel pers. comm.), and is found close to the bottom during its mating season (Yokes pers. comm.). Juvenile settlement occurs in the Mediterranean from July to September in depths of less than two metres on rocky areas with various slopes, and is favoured by the presence of overhangs (Harmelin-Vivien et al. 1995). The transition from the pelagic to the benthic life occurs at a length of about eight to nine mm TL (Harmelin-Vivien et al. 1995). This species has a longevity of 11 years and a maximum total length of 30 cm. The coefficients of mortality are Z=1.08, M=0.47.  The coefficient of allometry of the total length-weight relationship differs significantly between sexes, which indicates positive allometric growth for females (3.123) and isometric growth for males (3.017). The parameters of the growth model of Von Bertalanffy are: L.inf. =34.13 cm, t0=-0.75, K=0.20 (females), and K=0.23 (males). The reproductive season is between April and June. This species is gonochoriistic, but some individuals are protogynous hermaphrodites. All individuals larger than 29.3 cm are female (Pallaoro et al. 1998).","There are localized population declines from fishing. Natural predation may also be a factor controlling populations in the East Adriatic Sea (Pallaoro et al. 1998), where high fishing pressure is also present. Shellfish harvesting of mussels through reduction of macroalgae habitats has also been shown to affect local populations (Guidetti et al. 2004). There is some anecdotal evidence of competition with the Lessepsian migrant Pempheris vanicolensis, potentially displacing Oblada melanura in the eastern Mediterranean (M. Goren pers. comm. 2014).",This species occurs in some marine protected areas. No specific conservation measures are in place for this species. More genetic information would be useful for the management of this species.,"This is an important food fish  in the Mediterranean Sea, with total landings of 862 tons in 2005. It is fished commercially and is also sometimes caught as a sport fish. It is fished throughout its range, but no special fishery. The fishing gears used are beach seines, trawl and deep nets, and hand lines. It is regularly present in the markets of Spain, Sicily, Greece, Turkey, Egypt, Cyprus and in countries of the Adriatic Sea, but is only occasionally found in north African markets and in Israel. It is rare in France. Marketed fresh or frozen (flesh not highly appreciated), it is also used for fishmeal and oil (Carpenter in press).","Allen, D.J., Comeros-Raynal, M. & García, M.","Russell, B.","Carpenter, K.E., Pollard, D., Goren, M. & Bizsel, K.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Odondebuenia,balearica,,Odondebuenia balearica,"(Pellegrin & Fage, 1907)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Odondebuenia balearica is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, recorded from eastern mainland Spain to Cyprus. Although O. balearica is known from scattered records within this range, it can be locally abundant and is likely under-represented in surveys. The population is assumed stable. There are no known widespread threats. Therefore, O. balearica is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Odondebuenia balearica is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, where it has been recorded from eastern mainland Spain to Cyprus (Kovačić and Gorani 2007). Odondebuenia balearica has been recorded from the Balearic Islands (Miller and Tortonese 1968), Gulf of Lyon (Escoubet et al. 1981), Naples (Ahnelt et al. 1994), Gulf of Taranto (Miller and Tortonese 1968), throughout the Adriatic Sea (Ahnelt et al. 1994, Kovačić et al. 2012b), Aegean Sea (Miller and Tortonese 1968, Koukouras et al. 1985) and Cyprus (Kovačić and Gorani 2007). It is likely distributed along the entire northern Mediterranean coast. Odondebuenia balearica occurs at depths of 11 to 70 m (Miller 1986, J. Herler pers. comm. 2014)","There is no specific population information for O. balearica. This was considered a rare species, but it has recently been found in additional locations and at relatively high abundances (Kovacic et al. 2012a). The population trend is considered stable.","The species occurs offshore at depths from 11 to 70 m over coralligenous substrates (Miller 1986, J. Herler pers. comm. 2014), and in crevices and small caves. It is restricted to this type of habitat.",There are no known major threats for this species.,"No conservation measures are in place or needed for this species and it occurs in marine protected areas. Odondebuenia balearic was previously assessed as Data Deficient, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Odontobuenia balearica is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Herler, J., Williams, J.T. & Kovacic, M.","Francour, P., Bariche, M., Molinari, A. & Bilecenoglu, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,LAMNIFORMES,ODONTASPIDIDAE,Odontaspis,ferox,,Odontaspis ferox,"(Risso, 1810)","The species was first described by Risso (1810) as Squalus ferox from the type locality at Nice and most early records were from the Mediterranean and eastern North Atlantic. Whitley (1950) described O. herbsti from south-eastern Australia, differentiating it from O. ferox mainly on differences in dental formulae, and the absence of pigment spots. Garrick's (1974) account of two specimens from New Zealand cast doubt on any differences in dentition between the species but retained O. herbsti for the plain-coloured Odontaspis. However, Compagno (1984) reviewed the two species and considered that O. herbsti was a junior synonym of O. ferox, noting (as did Robins et al. 1980) that the presence or absence of spots was highly variable, much as with Carcharias taurus. The existence of spotted specimens outside the Mediterranean Sea, including from California (Seigel and Compagno 1986), is supported by in-situ observations made off Lebanon, New Zealand and Malpelo Island (Columbia), where specimens exhibit considerable variability in the presence, density and size of spots. There may be some regionalised trends controlling the intensity of such pigmentation. In the absence of any further evidence to support the validity of an O. ferox / O. herbsti dichotomy, recognition of the single Odontaspis ferox of Risso, as previously argued by Compagno (1984, 2001), remains valid.",No,CR,A2bcd,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR) Smalltooth Sand Tiger (Odontaspis ferox) has a nearly global but patchy geographic range. It may be naturally rare. This species is similar to Sand Tiger (Carcharias taurus) with respect to its morphology and low reproductive capacity (producing only two pups every two years), although it is slightly larger and bulkier than Sand Tiger. Its low reproductive capacity makes it susceptible to local extinction, even at low capture rates. Although it is not commercially targeted, there are commercial landings reported by bottom trawl, set-net and longline fisheries in many areas including the Mediterranean Sea. This species occurs at depths of 10−883 m, but is generally found in water < 300 m where it is vulnerable to fishing pressure and possibly coastal habitat impacts (similar to Sand Tiger). This species is inferred to have disappeared from the majority of the Mediterranean Sea based on an absence of sightings or catches over the past decade. It is suspected that this species has declined by > 80% in European waters over the three generation period of ~60 years. Based on its low reproductive rate, intense fishing pressure throughout its range in the Mediterranean Sea, documented and suspected declines, and absence of management measures, Smalltooth Sand Tiger is assessed as Critically Endangered under criteria A2bcd in European waters.",Decreasing,"This is a wide-ranging shark found globally, mostly in warm-temperate and tropical seas. In the Northeast Atlantic, this species has been recorded from the Azores, the Bay of Biscay, northern Spain and France. The French specimen is the most northern verified record at approximately 46°N, 04°W. In 2012, a dead Odontaspis species, presumably this species, washed ashore on the coast of Normandy (western English Channel), but no living individuals have been reported this far north (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). This shark has been more common in the Mediterranean Sea than the Northeast Atlantic, where there are published records from Spain and the Balearic Islands (Lozano Rey 1928), off Algeria (Moreau 1881, Dieuzeide et al. 1953), northern Tunisia (Capapé et al. 1975), Italy (Giglioli 1880, Tortonese 1956, Vacchi and Serena 1997), Pelagic Islands (Zava and Montagna 1992), the Adriatic Sea (Soljan 1975, Morovic 1976, Soldo and Jardas 2002), Greece and the Aegean Sea (Economidis 1973), and Lebanon (George et al. 1964, Ben-Tuvia 1971, Mouneimne 1977). There is no contemporary data for this species in Libyan or Egyptian waters, but it occurs over the continental slope in the Levantine Basin. The depth range is from 12-850 m. ","The widespread but patchy and infrequent records of this species suggest that it may be naturally rare. The population structure is unknown. Analysis of capture records suggests there may be distinct populations on either side of the Strait of Gibraltar, but without supporting genetic evidence this cannot be confirmed.The status of this shark in North African waters of the Mediterranean Sea is patchily known. Literature and contemporary records from Tunisia are scant (Capapé et al. 1975). However, specimens are likely still landed at Tunisian ports, from fisheries operating throughout the Sicilian Channel.There have been no records of this species from the Adriatic Sea over the last several decades (Soldo 2006), and only one record from the southern Tyrrhenian Sea (north of Calabria) between 2000 and 2009 (Sperone et al. 2012). In most areas from which it was previously recorded, new records of this shark are absent. It is presently observed only by divers near Beirut, Lebanon (Soldo et al. 2014).This species is inferred to have disappeared from the majority of the Mediterranean Sea based on an absence of sightings or catches over the past decade. It is suspected that this species has declined by > 80% in European waters over the three generation period of ~60 years. ","Smalltooth Sand Tiger (Odontaspis ferox) occurs on or closely associated with the bottom along continental and insular shelves and upper slopes, and sometimes in the water column (Fergusson et al. 2008, Ebert and Stehmann 2013). It is usually associated with mud, sand or rocky reef bottom habitats. It occurs at depths ranging from 10-850 m, but is most commonly found at depths < 300 m. Sightings have recently been made at depths of ~30 m, on reefs adjacent to deep drop-offs off Lebanon (Fergusson et al. 2008). There is some size segregation, with juveniles and smaller individuals (< 350 cm total length; TL) at deeper depths (> 300 m) than larger individuals. Mediterranean sites apparently favoured by this species are typically located either along the coasts of islands lying adjacent to deep water, near offshore seamounts, or at mainland localities where continental shelves are narrow, e.g., within the Tyrrhenian Sea, around Sicily, off south-western Malta, off Lebanon, off the southern coast of Cyprus, and around the Dodecanese and Cyclades island groups of the Aegean Sea. Smalltooth Sand Tiger (Odontaspis ferox) is a rarely encountered species that is morphologically very similar to Sand Tiger (Carcharias taurus), but larger, bulkier and mostly found in deeper water. It is a sluggish offshore shark, caught and seen as individuals and in small groups (Compagno 2001). Little is known about the reproductive cycle, as few mature females have been observed. Reproduction may be similar to that of Sand Tiger. Compagno (2001) cites an observation that suggests the species practices uterine cannibalism in the form of oophagy, resulting in the birth of single embryos from each uterus. The smallest recorded individual was 107 cm TL, which suggests a birth size of 100−110 cm TL (Fergusson et al. 2008), a size proportionally consistent with the size at birth for the smaller Sand Tiger (95−105 cm TL, Compagno 2001). Smalltooth Sand Tiger probably has a non-continuous breeding cycle similar to, or possibly more extended than, Sand Tiger. The gestation period for Sand Tiger is nine to 12 months with a probable rest year between pregnancies (Compagno 2001). Males were estimated to mature at 200−250 cm TL and females at 300−350 cm TL (Fergusson et al. 2008), and its age at maturity is estimated from its congener Carcharias taurus to be six years for females and four to five for males (Branstetter and Musick 1994). Its maximum age in the Northwest Atlantic is estimated at 30-35 years (Branstetter and Musick 1994), and the maximum recorded sizes are 450 cm TL (female) and 344 cm TL (male). The generation length is estimated to be approximately 20.5 years.","Although this species is not targeted by commercial fishing activities in most of the Mediterranean Sea, it is taken as bycatch. It likely has a very low reproductive rate, making it susceptible to local extinction even at seemingly low capture rates (Fergusson et al. 2008). In Lebanon and Syria, all shark species are targeted.In the Mediterranean Sea, dedicated efforts to obtain detailed capture records and other indices of its abundance began in the 1990s, mostly since 1995. Regional literature and fisheries data concerning historical captures are patchy and lack detail, so longer-term trends in its abundance are unknown. Moreover, fisheries records are sometimes confused by the widespread use of similar common names for different Mediterranean species, for example, 'Tiger' Shark in Malta may refer to this species, Shortfin Mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) or Sand Tiger. Off Lebanon, reports of large aggregations were used to infer a potential spawning area for this species during summer months (Fergusson et al. 2008). However, it was later discovered that this was Bluntnose Sixgill Shark (Hexanchus griseus). The status of Smalltooth Sand Tiger in the Mediterranean Sea may be more severe and uncertain than initially thought.The species is uncommon in the Adriatic Sea, but its current status there is difficult to assess because of fishery misidentification with other sharks. Until the mid 1990s, occurrences off Croatia included relatively small (< 200 cm TL) specimens caught by trawls and deepwater bottom longlines, which were locally confused with and marketed as smoothhound (Mustelusspp.; Soldo and Jardas 2002). Since then there have been no more records of the species in the Adriatic Sea (Soldo 2006). In areas of steep terrain that cannot be trawled, characteristic of many locations in the Mediterranean Sea, gillnetting and longlining are likely to effect local populations; mature individuals are particularly vulnerable. Specimens are most often taken at night by bottom gillnets, bottom longlines and vertical set lines operating over, or closely adjacent to, rocky or boulder-strewn seafloors. Trawler captures are likely in various areas (e.g., Sicilian Channel and Adriatic Sea), and it is sometimes caught by longline and sold for human consumption off Lebanon.This shark may be sensitive to human interference, including coastal development and directed fisheries, particularly in inshore areas used for reproduction. Coastal development for tourism, pollution, uncontrolled spearfishing, unregulated coastal fisheries, and increased human aquatic leisure activities may all seriously affect these sharks, just as they may account for the acute decline or even disappearance of the routinely coastal Sand Tiger from its previous Mediterranean range (Fergusson et al. 2002).","In 2012, parties to the Barcelona Convention agreed that this species (as listed in Annex II of the Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity Protocol for the Mediterranean) cannot be retained on board, transshipped, landed, transferred, stored, sold, displayed or offered for sale, and must be released unharmed and alive, to the extent possible, pursuant to Recommendation GFCM/36/2012/1 (FAO 2012). In Croatian waters, Smalltooth Sand Tiger is proclaimed as a strictly protected species.In 2013, the European Union (EU) banned the removal of shark fins on board vessels (CEC 2013), in line with advice from the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission’s Shark Specialist Group and other shark fishery experts, in order to enhance enforcement of the 2003 EU ban on shark finning (CEC 2003) and facilitate improved shark fishery data collection.In the future, catch and landings should be closely monitored, effects of human disturbance should be evaluated, and genetic analyses are needed to determine if there are distinct populations in the Mediterranean Sea and Northeast Atlantic.",The species is sometimes caught by longline and sold for human consumption off Lebanon.,"Walls, R. & Kemp, J.R.","Pollard, D.A., Gordon, I., Williams, S., Flaherty, A.A., Fergusson, I., Dicken, M. & Graham, K.","Soldo, A., Bariche, M. & Buscher, E.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,LAMNIFORMES,ODONTASPIDIDAE,Odontaspis,noronhai,,Odontaspis noronhai,"(Maul, 1955)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Bigeye Sand Tiger (Odontaspis noronhai) is a pelagic, deepwater shark that is very rare but widely distributed in tropical and warm-temperate waters. It appears to inhabit continental and insular slopes. The biology and population status of this species is unknown because it has been rarely recorded. The life cycle and biology of this species are likely similar to that of Sand Tiger (Carcharias taurus), which is biologically vulnerable to fisheries. Nevertheless, Bigeye Sand Tiger matures at an even larger size and may have an even slower reproductive rate. The lack of information available for this species makes it impossible to assess beyond Data Deficient for the European region.The majority of this assessment is based on information published in the 2005 shark status survey (Fowler et al. 2005).",Unknown,"This species was described in 1941 from a single specimen caught off of Madeira Island in the Eastern Central Atlantic. Later, nine specimens were reported from Brazilian waters (24°S– 44°W) in 1981. Two more specimens were also caught off Brazil from the same area in 1982 and 1984 and Sadowsky et al. (1984) provided the second published record of this species and confirmed its existence.Further records of single fish have been reported from the Gulf of Mexico (1984) and Madeira (1952) (Branstetter and McEachran 1986), Hawaii (Humphreys et al. 1989) and southern Brazil (31°S–49°W, in 1991) (Araujo and Teixeira 1993). The species was also seen another nine times from November 1982 to April 1985 at 23° –26° S and again in 1989 (U.L. Gomes pers. comm.).It has not yet been recorded in the Northeast Atlantic or Mediterranean Sea (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). The depth range is 60–1,000 m.",Nothing is known of the population in European waters.,"This is a pelagic species with a depth range of 60–1,000 m (Springer 1990).Very little is known about this species’ biology. From the few specimens caught, the maximum reported male was 367 cm total length (TL). The largest female, at 321 cm TL, was still immature. Egg-laying is presumed to be the reproductive mode for this species, similar to that of the better-known laminids.","Fisheries rarely capture this species. Presumably, it is taken occasionally by deepwater fisheries, including pelagic gillnets, purse seines and deep-set longlines. It may live mostly below the depths normally fished by horizontal pelagic longlines and purse seines and it may be too large to be a regular bottom or pelagic trawl catch (Compagno 2001).","In 2013, the European Union (EU) banned the removal of shark fins on board vessels (Regulation No. 605/2013), in line with advice from the Shark Specialist Group of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and other shark fishery experts, in order to enhance enforcement of the 2003 EU ban on shark finning (Regulation No. 1185/2003) and facilitate the collection of better shark fishery data (CEC 2003, 2013). Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and habitat and ecology. ",There are no data on whether this fish is utilised or traded commercially.,"Walls, R. & Kemp, J.R.","Soldo, A.","Fordham, S., Amorim, A.F. & Arfelli, C.A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MACROURIDAE,Odontomacrurus,murrayi,,Odontomacrurus murrayi,"Norman, 1939",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species is found in the Azores and Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is found in the Azores and Madeira (Santos et al. 1997, Carneiro et al. 2014). Globally, Odontomacrurus murrayi is widespread in the mid-waters of the eastern Atlantic from north of the Azores to South Africa. It is also found in the Indian Ocean and the southwest Pacific (G. Ralph pers. comm. 2015). This species is found at depths ranging from 300 to more than 2,000 m (Parin et al. 1993)",There is little species-specific population information available. Odontomacrurus murrayi is represented by 41 lots in museum collections (FishNet2 database searched June 2014).,"This is a mesopelagic species which is found to depths of 3,000 m (Iwamoto et al. 2004).",There are no known species-specific threats to O. murrayi.,There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for O. murrayi.,There is no species-specific use and trade information available for O. murrayi.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MUGILIFORMES,MUGILIDAE,Oedalechilus,labeo,,Oedalechilus labeo,"(Cuvier, 1829)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Oedalechilus labeo is widespread in the Mediterranean and the adjacent Atlantic coast of Morocco. It is less common than other Mugilids in the Mediterranean.  This species is highly valued but does not appear to be explicitly targeted. It is taken in mixed Mediterranean fisheries. This species is subject to fishing regulations in Turkey, which prohibit landings of individuals of less than 20 cm total length (TL). It is somewhat long-lived compared to other Mullets (10 years) and appears to be locally abundant in parts of its range (e.g., Adriatic Sea), and rare in others (e.g., southern Mediterranean). However, this species appears to be resilient and is found in disturbed areas. Therefore, O. labeo is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Oedalechilus labeo is nearly a Mediterranean Sea endemic, but is also found in adjacent eastern Atlantic waters in Morocco (Ben-Tuvia 1986). It is found throughout most of the Mediterranean Sea but not in the southwestern basin or in the Black Sea (Ben-Tuvia 1986). It is usually found at the surface down to about 10 m (Bariche 2012).","Oedalechilus labeo is uncommon compared to other mugilids in the Mediterranean, and is listed as occasional to rare in the southern Mediterranean (Bariche 2012). This species is locally abundant in Croatia, and is considered locally abundant in the Adriatic Sea (Matic-Skoko et al. 2012).","Oedalechilus labeo is mainly pelagic and neritic over various bottoms. It is typically found inshore, but does not enter brackish or fresh water (Trewavas 1979). Found usually from the surface down to 10 m depth. It is gregarious and is usually found close to river and sewage but does not enter brackish waters. It feeds mainly on microscopic organisms (Bariche 2012). This species is found along rocky coasts. Compared to other mugilids, this species exhibits slower growth and a longer lifespan. This is a stenohaline species. The oldest males and females are estimated at 10 years of age This species is mature at 3 years old (Matic-Skoko et al. 2012). Oedalechilus labeo spawn in the Adriatic during warmer times of the year, with the highest spawning activity in September. A prolonged spawning season with one single and very distinct peak per year is common for family Mugilidae members in diﬀerent areas. Immatures (<4 cm) are found throughout the year, a consequence of the prolonged spawning period and possible multiple recruitment pulses. Immature grey mullets usually recruit approximately 40 days after hatching. Thus, the high abundance of immatures in August ⁄ September and March/April conﬁrmed the extended spawning activity of this species. However, this observed delay in spring appearance is a consequence of the slower growth rate during winter month (Matic-Skoko et al. 2012). Its length at first maturity is 12.9 cm with a range of 11-15 cm (Froese and Pauly 2006).","There are no known major threats for this species. Oedalechilus labeo is a commercial species, and may also occur as bycatch. This is not thought to be a major threat at this time; however, more investigation into the yearly landings of this species should be determined in order to know if targeted commercial fishing is having an adverse effect on the population.","No conservation measures are in place for this species in much of its range. In Turkey the minimum size limit is 20 cm for the commercial fishery, and for sports fishing it is 20 cm and a maximum of 5 kg per person per day. Oedalechilus labeo was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Oedalechilus labeo is of considerable interest to commercial fisheries. It is a target species which is caught occasionally with entangling nets, seines, traps, cast nets and by shore angling (Bariche 2012). There are no species-specific landing statistics for this fish.","Strongin, K.","Carpenter, K.E., Smith-Vaniz, W.F., de Morais, L., Knudsen, S. & Harold, A.","Yokes, B., Pollard, D., Bizsel, K., Goren, M. & Kara, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,OMOSUDIDAE,Omosudis,lowii,,Omosudis lowii,"Günther, 1887","The correct spelling for this species is Omosudis lowii (Günther 1887), though other spellings are in use (Eschmeyer 2014). This species is also referred to as Omosudis loweii by FAO.",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Omosudis lowii is a deepwater pelagic species that is circumglobally distributed in tropical to temperate waters. In the northeastern Atlantic, it is known from the waters of Portugal, including Madeira and the Azores. Population information on this species is limited. It is not known to be used commercially, and there are no known major threats. Therefore, O. lowii is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Omosudis lowii is circumglobal in tropical to temperate waters (Post 1984). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it is known from southern Portugal, Madeira and the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014), as well as from the Canary Islands (Bordes et al. 2009). This species has a wide depth distribution of 100 to 4000 m.",There are no population data available for this species.,"Omosudis lowii is a deepwater pelagic species. In a trawl sampling of the Sargasso Sea, this species was only collected below 1000 m (Sutton et al. 2010), but may be found as deep as 4000 m.  They are likely found individually or in small groups.  They primarily feed on squids and other fishes. Reproduction is continuous, but mostly occurs in the spring and summer (Post 1984), and they are synchronous hermaphrodites (Mitcheson and Liu 2008). Maximum length is around 20 to 25 cm (Post 1984).",There are no major threats known to affect this species.,There are no conservation measures in place for the protection of this species.&#160;This species may enter a marine conservation area in its range of habitat.,This species is not known to be used commercially.,"Ralph, G. & Strongin, K.","Russell, B.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,ONEIRODIDAE,Oneirodes,anisacanthus,,Oneirodes anisacanthus,"(Regan, 1925)",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Oneirodes anisacanthus is known to occur in the North Atlantic from Madeira, the Canary Islands, and from off Iceland; it is currently considered endemic to the European assessment region. Further research is required to confirm its distribution, threats, and population trends, and it it is considered Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Oneirodes anisacanthus is known to occur in the North Atlantic from Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014), the Canary Islands (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009), and from off Iceland (65°N, 29°W; Jónsson and Pálsson 1999).","Oneirodes anisacanthus is known from single records collected from Madeira, the Canary Islands and from Iceland. There is limited information available on its population status and trends.","Oneirodes anisacanthus is a deep-water anglerfish collected from a depth of about 1,500 m. There is limited information available on its life history characteristics.",There is no information available on threats but it is assumed to have no current threats given its deep-water habitat.,There are no species-specific conservation actions in place for this species. Research is required for this fish.,It is not known to be utilised.,"Comeros-Raynal, M., Nieto, A. & Allen, D.J.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,ONEIRODIDAE,Oneirodes,carlsbergi,,Oneirodes carlsbergi,"(Regan & Trewavas, 1932)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Oneirodes carlsbergi is a relatively rare species with a narrow, circumtropical distribution that lies between 18oN and 8oS where it has not yet been collected in the western Atlantic or Indian Ocean. In the eastern Atlantic it ranges from 36oW between 18oN and 5oS. One specimen has been taken off the Irish Atlantic Slope and one in Icelandic waters. Males specimen O. carlsbergi are unknown. Members of this species can be found at depths ranging from 360 to 1,000 m. There are no known threats towards this species, and no conservation measures have been put in place for this species. Oneirodes carlsbergi is only known from a few specimens in Europe and confirmation is needed that an established, reproducing population exists within the defined zonal area of the region in order for the European Assessment to assess this species. It is, therefore, assessed as Data Deficient until confirmation that it occurs in Europe.",Unknown,"Oneirodes carlsbergi has a relatively narrow circumtropical distribution between 18oN and 8oS, though it has not yet been collected in the western Atlantic or Indian Ocean.  In the western Pacific, it is known from single records in the Java and Banda Seas, and north of Luzon, Philippines. Several are known from the central equatorial Pacific, but many more in the eastern tropical Pacific between 8oN and 8oS. It has been captured by nets fishing between 360 to 1,000 m depth (Pietsch 2009). It also occurs off southern Taiwan in the northern South China Sea (Shao et al. 2008). In the northeastern Atlantic, Oneirodes carlsbergi is known from only a few specimens: in Icelandic waters (Jónsson and Palsson 1999), off the Irish Atlantic Slope (Pietsch 2009), northwest of Galacia, Spain and from the southern Canary Islands. This species can be found at depths ranging from 360 to 1,000 m (Pietsch 2009). ",This species is rare. Oneirodes carlsbergi is known from at least 30 female specimens (Pietsch 2009). Oneirodes carlsbergi  is rare with only 16 museum collections with each one containing a single specimen (Accessed through Fishnet 2 Portal 2013 June).,"Oneirodids are solitary, meso- and bathypelagic anglerfishes. Female Oneirodes carlsbergi have a maximum length of 22.2 cm standard length (SL) and males are unknown (Pietsch 2009).  Females passively attract prey with a luring device. They are lethargic, lie-and-wait predators, that are well adapted to the low energy conditions of deep-sea environments (Luck and Pietsch 2008). Males actively seek mates with their highly developed sense organs and temporarily attach themselves to the female (not parasitic) (Pietsch in press).  Little else is known about the diet, ecology, stages of maturation, fecundity or early life history traits of this species.",There are no known major threats to Oneirodes carlsbergi.,"There are no known conservation measures for Oneirodes carlsbergi. Marine protected areas are interspersed throughout its range, but it is undetermined if the deep depth preference of O. carlsbergi allows this species to benefit from them. Research into all aspects of this species' population size and trends, ecological and biological characteristics, as well as any potential threats is suggested.","Oneirodes carlsbergi is not utilized. Oneirodids are not utilized, in general, in the commercial fishing industry (Pietsch in press).","Strongin, K.","Rijnsdorp, A.D., Munroe, T. & Costa, M.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,ONEIRODIDAE,Oneirodes,clarkei,,Oneirodes clarkei,"Swinney & Pietsch, 1988",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, Oneirodes clarkei is known from Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, Oneirodes clarkei is known from Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014). Globally, it occurs in the northeast Atlantic and it is associated with depths of between zero and 1,500 m.",There is little species-specific population information available.,This species is known from female specimens. The maximum known size is 11.9 cm (Pietsch in press).,There are no known species-specific threats.,There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for O. clarkei.,This species is not utilized.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Knudsen, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,ONEIRODIDAE,Oneirodes,eschrichtii,,Oneirodes eschrichtii,"Lütken, 1871",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Oneirodes eschrichtii is nearly cosmopolitan in its distribution where it is widespread in occurrence in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. In the eastern Atlantic it is known from the Irish Atlantic Slope off Ireland and Iceland, southwards to Madeira and Portugal. Despite its widespread occurrence, Oneirodes eschrichtii is rare. Fifteen specimens have occurred in Icelandic waters. This species is found in deep waters, is not utilized commercially, and there are no known threats towards it. There are no specific conservation measures in place for O. eschrichtii, but there are marine protected areas throughout its range. Therefore, Oneirodes eschrichtii is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Oneirodes eschrichtii is nearly cosmopolitan in its distribution where it occurs in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. In the western Atlantic, it is known from Greenland (66o N) and south to Bermuda. In the western Indian Ocean, it is known from the Gulf of Aden and Arabian Sea. In the western Pacific it is known from the Philippines and South China Sea, north to Japan and the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench at 49o N, 158o  E, and south to New South Wales, Tasmania, and New Zealand. In the eastern Pacific it extends from central equatorial waters at 150o W to the west coast of the Americas from 33oN to 34o S, including the Gulf of Panama (Pietsch 2009). In the eastern Atlantic, it is known from the Irish Atlantic Slope as far south as 40o S and between 43 and 7o W, specifically off Ireland, Madeira, Portugal and Iceland (Bertelsen 1990). Fifteen specimens have occurred in Icelandic waters (Jónsson and Palsson 1999). Specimens have been collected from 750 to 2,500 m (Pietsch 2009).",Oneirodes eschrichtii is considered relatively rare. Oneirodes eschrichtii is known from at least 115 female specimens (Pietsch 2009). There are only 95 museum collections with a maximum count of 3 individuals in a single lot (Accessed through Fishnet 2 Portal June 2013).,"Female Oneirodes eschrichtii have a maximum length of 21.3 cm standard length (SL) and males are unknown (Pietsch 2009).  Oneirodids are solitary, meso- and bathypelagic anglerfishes. Females passively attract prey with a luring device. Males actively seek mates with their highly developed sense organs and temporarily attach themselves to the female (not parasitic) (Pietsch in press). They are lethargic, lie-and-wait predators, that are well adapted to the low energy conditions of deep-sea environments (Luck and Pietsch 2008). Several large specimens (12.1 to 21.3 cm (SL)) contain ripe ovaries with large and tightly packed eggs (Pietsch 2009). Oneirodes eschrichtii can be found at depths ranging from 300 and 2,600 m (Pietsch 2009). Oneirodes eschrichtii is a rare, deep-sea species, and the habitat, diet, spawning periodicity, stages of maturation and early life history traits are poorly understood.",There are no known major threats to Oneirodes eschrichtii.,"There are no known conservation measures for Oneirodes eschrichtii. There are numerous marine protected areas interspersed throughout its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Research into all aspects of this species' population, ecology, biology and potential threats is suggested.",Oneirodes eschrichtii is not utilized. Oneirodids are not utilized (Pietsch in press).,"Strongin, K.","Rijnsdorp, A.D., Munroe, T. & Costa, M.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,ONEIRODIDAE,Oneirodes,macronema,,Oneirodes macronema,"(Regan & Trewavas, 1932)",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Oneirodes macronema is recorded only from the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,"Oneirodes macronema is widely distributed in the Atlantic from the Caribbean and the Azores and the Pacific with records from Hawaii. It is probably more widespread than currently recognized. In the European region, it is recorded only from the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014). ",Oneirodes macronema is known from a few specimens (Bertelsen 1986). There is limited information available on its population status and trends. ,Oneirodes macronema is a a deep-water anglerfish collected from a depth of about 350 m. There is limited information available on its life history characteristics.,"A deep-water fish that is not utilised, it is assumed to have no current threats.",There are no species-specific conservation actions in place for this species. ,,"Comeros-Raynal, M. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,ONEIRODIDAE,Oneirodes,macrosteus,,Oneirodes macrosteus,"Pietsch, 1974",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species is known from the Azores. It is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is known from the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014). Globally, it is known from the North Atlantic Ocean with one record from the South Atlantic Ocean (G. Ralph pers. comm. 2015). It has been collected at depths ranging from 598 to 1,100 m (FishNet2 database searched June 2014).",There is little species-specific population information available for O. macrosteus. It is represented by 26 lots (FishNet2 database searched June 2014).,"This species has been collected in the vicinity of seamounts (FishNet2 database searched June 2014). Females reach 18.5 cm SL, males are unknown.",There are no known species-specific threats to O. macrosteus.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for O. macrosteus.,"There is no use and trade information available for this species, and it is likely not utilized.","Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Knudsen, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,ONEIRODIDAE,Oneirodes,myrionemus,,Oneirodes myrionemus,"Pietsch, 1974",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species is known from Madeira. It is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is known from Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014). Globally, this species is known from the tropical eastern Atlantic, it is associated with depths of between zero and 1,800 m (Bogutskaya 2007).",There is little species-specific population information available for O. myrionemus.,The maximum known female size is 18.5 cm SL. Males have not been collected (Pietsch in press).,There are no known species-specific threats to O. myrionemus.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for O. myrionemus.,This species is not utilized.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Knudsen, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,ONEIRODIDAE,Oneirodes,posti,,Oneirodes posti,"Bertelsen & Grobecker, 1980",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"This fish is known to occur in the northeast Atlantic Ocean and, from currently known specimens, is endemic to the European marine region. All three known specimens were caught between 30 and 40°W in the northern part of the warm-water region of the North Atlantic. Little is known of this fish and it is considered Data Deficient at present.",Unknown,"Oneirodes posti is known to occur in the northeast Atlantic Ocean; in the European region it is recorded from southwest of the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014). All three known specimens were caught between 30 and 40°W in the northern part of the warm-water region of the North Atlantic in pelagic nets fished open in depths of about 800 m (paratype) and 1,800 m (holotype) (Kenaley 2011).",Oneirodes posti is known from only three specimens (Kenaley 2011). There is limited information available on its population status and trends.,"Oneirodes posti is a a deep-water anglerfish occurring in depths from 800-1,800 m (Pietsch 2009). There is limited information available on its life history characteristics.",There is no information available on threats.,There are no species-specific conservation actions in place for this species. ,This fish is not known to be utilised.,"Comeros-Raynal, M., Nieto, A. & Allen, D.J.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GOBIESOCIFORMES,GOBIESOCIDAE,Opeatogenys,gracilis,,Opeatogenys gracilis,"(Canestrini, 1864)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Opeatogenys gracilis is only known from the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, from southwestern Portugal eastwards to the Levant (although absent from the eastern coast, Egypt and Libya). Previously, it was thought that O. gracilis was dependent on seagrasses; although globally declining in area, seagrasses are not currently considered to be threatened in the Mediterranean. Use of alternative habitats, including algae, has also been documented. Populations of O. gracilis are currently thought to be stable; however, monitoring is recommended to document potential habitat-related declines. In the absence of other known widespread threats, O. gracilis is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Opeatogenys gracilis is only known from the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, from southwestern Portugal eastwards to the Levant. It was thought to be a Mediterranean endemic until specimens were collected in southern Portugal (Gonçalves et al. 2005). In the Mediterranean Sea, O. gracilis is present off the coast of Malaga (Reina-Hervas and Nunez Vergara 1985), Spain (Cardona and Guerao 1992, Hofrichter and Patzner 2000), Algeria (Dieuzeide et al. 1955, Gonçalves et al. 2005), Portugal (Gonçalves et al. 2005, Beldade et al. 2007), Cyprus (Hofrichter and Patzner 2000, Gonçalves et al. 2005), France (Hofrichter and Patzner 2000, Gonçalves et al. 2005, Dufour et al. 2007), Sicily (Vizzini & Scilipoti 1999, Vizzini et al. 2001, Gonçalves et al. 2005) and Sfax, Tunisia (Bradai pers. comm. 2007). This species is associated with depths of up to 20 m (Hofrichter and Patzner 2000).","Opeatogenys gracilis is locally abundant (Vizzini et al. 2001) in shallow-water seagrass beds. Although its population size is unknown, populations are considered likely to be stable.","Opeatogenys gracilis lives on Posidonia oceanica and Cymodocea nodosa seagrasses and on algae (Gonçalves et al. 2005), attaching to leaves with its ventral sucker (Hofrichter and Patzner 2000). Although generation length is not known, given its small body size, it does not likely live beyond a few years. It reaches a maximum length of three centimetres total length (R.A. Patzner pers. comm. 1999). Adults feed on phytal organisms also living on seagrass leaves (Vizzini et al. 2001). The species has a pelagic larval duration of 14.6 days, on average (Beldade et al. 2007).","A major potential threat to Opeatogenys gracilis  is habitat reduction due to the destruction of Posidonia spp. seagrass areas. Globally, it is estimated that there has been at least a 30% decline in seagrass area between 1985 and 2006 (at least three percent per year) due to removal, sedimentation and pollution, and the rates of decline appear to be increasing (Short pers. comm. 2008, Waycott et al. 2009). The impact of this decline on O. gracilis is unknown, and alternative habitats, including macroalgae, have been documented (Gonçalves et al. 2005).","No conservation measures are in place for this species but it is found in marine protected areas. Opeatogenys gracilis was previously assessed as Vulnerable, globally and in the Mediterranean, based on the inferred dependence on Posidonia seagrass which has declined globally by 30% (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011, Francour et al. 2013).  Monitoring of habitat and population trends is required. Also, further research into the dynamics of population size and trends for this species is suggested.",Opeatogenys gracilis is not commercially utilized.,"Ralph, G.","Herler, J., Williams, J.T. & Kovacic, M.","Francour, P., Bilecenoglu, M., Tunesi, L. & Goren, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,OPHICHTHIDAE,Ophichthus,maculatus,,Ophichthus maculatus,"(Rafinesque, 1810)",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Listed as Data Deficient as this species is only known from Sicily, in the Mediterranean. This species was described in 1810 and there are no other records known. The taxonomic validity of this species is questionable.",Unknown,"Ophichthus maculatus is known only from Sicily, in the Mediterranean, where it was described in 1810; however, there are no current types known. The depth distribution of O. maculatus is unknown; however, congeners are found to depths of greater than 1,000 m, although most live shallower than 200 m (McCosker in press). It is inferred that this species could be found to depths of 200 m.","There are no population data available for this species as there are no known type specimens, nor are there any other collection records since its description in 1810.",There are no data available for this species concerning its habitats or ecology.,Threats to this species are unknown.,There are no conservation measures in place for this species.,This species is not utilized.,"Strongin, K.","Karmovskaya, E. & Papaconstantinou, C.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,OPHICHTHIDAE,Ophichthus,rufus,,Ophichthus rufus,"(Rafinesque, 1810)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Ophichthus rufus is a widespread, common species endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. Data on population size and trends are limited. There are no major threats, and although it has been caught as bycatch in trawl fisheries, the effect of this on the population is unknown. Therefore, Ophichthus rufus is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Ophichthus rufus is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, where it is widespread (including the Balearic Islands: Lloris et al. 1984).",This is a very common species in the Mediterranean Sea.&#160;It was the most commonly observed feeding on fishery discards in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (Bozzano and Sarda 2002).,"This is a demersal and nocturnal species. It can be found on the shelf, on mud bottoms (Bauchot 1987). Its eyes are well adapted to low-light conditions and it is the only deep-water benthic fish species with multiple specialized areas on its retinas, thought to be used for locating burrows in mud (Bozzano 2003). Juveniles and adult males feed on a variety of fishes and benthic creatures while adult females are more specialized ichthyophages (Casadevall et al. 1994). At small sizes, males dominate the sex ratio, but when considering all sizes, males only make up 15% of the population (Casadevall et al. 2001). Spawning takes place in August and fecundity is strongly correlated with body length and weight (Casadevall et al. 2001).","This species is not commercially exploited and no major threats are known. The species have been observed as one of the most abundant species attracted to fishing bait in a study on fishery discard consumption by scavengers (Bozzano and Sarda 2002), and 679 specimens were caught by professional trawlers in the Catalan Sea between 1985 and 1987 (Casadevall et al. 2001) . The effects of fishery bycatch on the species are unknown.","No specific conservation measures are in place for this species. Research is needed into the effects of fishery bycatch on the species before conservation efforts can be assigned. This species may be present in marine protected areas that occur within its distribution (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Ophichthus rufus was previously assessed as Least Concern, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",This species is not utilized by humans.,"Ralph, G. & Strongin, K.","Smith, D.G.","Papaconstantinou, C., Pollard, D., Massuti, E., Palmeri, A. & Keskin, Ç.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,OPHIDIIDAE,Ophidion,barbatum,,Ophidion barbatum,"Linnaeus, 1758",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Ophidion barbatum is a widespread and relatively common in the Mediterranean Sea, but it is widespread and relatively uncommon in the northeastern Atlantic. It is somoetimes caught as bycatch, but this is not thought to be damaging to the population at this time. Therefore, Ophidion barbatum is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Ophidion barbatum is found in the east Atlantic, from southern England to equatorial Guinea and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014), including the Mediterranean Sea (Nielsen et al. 1999). In the Mediterranean Sea, it occurs throughout the basin, including in the Catalan Sea (Coll et al. 2006), Gulf of Lion (Letourneur et al. 2001), Levantine basin, and in the Aegean Sea (Karakulak et al. 2006). An unusually deep record of Ophidion barbatum from Israel was from a depth down to 1,456 m (Goren and Galil 2002). There are no records form northern Algeria and eastern Tunisia. There is possibly one record in the Black Sea. It is mainly associated with depths of up to 150 m (Nielsen et al. 1999), but a minimum depth for this species has not been described.","This is a common species. There are 543 recorded occurrences globally (Accessed through Fishnet2 Portal 2014 April). However, Nielsen et al. (1999) describe this species as uncommon. According to Karakulak et al. (2006), nine specimens were collected from a survey in the coastal waters of Turkey from March 2004 to February 2005, with total lengths ranging from 19.7 to 25.4 cm. Letourneur et al. (2001) mention that this species was sampled during summer 1984, winter 1984 and summer 1985 in the Gulf of Fos (France), a shallow semi-enclosed, soft-bottom zone located near the delta of the Rhone River.","Ophidion barbatum is a sand dwelling species, which is also sometimes found in the Mediterranean seagrass, Posidonia oceanica, a seagrass known only from the Mediterranean (Casadevall et al. 1993). This is a demersal species (Nielsen et al. 1999), which can be found down to 150 m usually. The maximum recorded length of this species is 25 cm (Bauchot 1987). It probably eats benthic crustaceans and other benthic fishes (Matallanas and Riba 1980).  Ophidion barbatum is an oviprous species, producing pelagic eggs between July and October. Females are oogenic (Casadevall et al. 1993). The species has a rare type of spermatogenesis, called semicystic, in which the cyst ruptures in a stage prior to the spermatozoon stage. The most peculiar feature of the spermatozoon is its elongated shape, not typical of an oviparous species. Taking into account our results, the type of ovary and the spawning method, this species shows specialized characteristics which are fairly uncommon among oviparous species (Hernandez et al. 2005). The length at first maturity, fecundity and early life history traits of this species are poorly understood.","The species is caught by trawls and mostly discarded. There are no other, known threats towards Ophidion barbatum.","There are no specific conservation measures for this species. However, this species may be found in marine protected areas within its distribution range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Ophidion barbatum was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).",There is no interest in Ophidion barbatum in the commercial fishing industry at this time.,"Strongin, K.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.","Nielsen, J., Quignard, J.P., Golani, D., Nouar, A. & Cuttelod, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,OPHIDIIDAE,Ophidion,rochei,,Ophidion rochei,"Müller, 1845",Ophidion rochei is often confused with Ophidion barbatum.,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Ophidion rochei is often confused with Ophidion barbatum. There is limited information on the biology, the range and the population trends of the species. It is, therefore assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Ophidion rochei may be restricted to the Mediterranean Sea, where it occurs in the western and northern basins, and the Black Sea (Nielsen et al. 1999, Louisy 2002). This species is often confused with O. barbatum, which may explain records outside of the Mediterranean; taxonomic research in needed to clarify the distribution of this species. It is associated with depths of 0 to 150 m (Nielsen et al. 1999).","According to Letourneur et al. (2001), this species was sampled during summer 1984, winter 1984 and summer 1985 in the Gulf of Fos (France) a shallow semi-enclosed soft-bottom zone located near the delta of the Rhone River. Nielsen et al. (1999) ranks O. rochei as uncommon. According to Pallaoro and Jardas (1996), O. rochei is fairly rare, while Kovacic (1998) noted it is rare in the Adriatic Sea.","Ophidion rochei is a benthic, uncommon species that is found in the shallows to 150 m depth (Nielsen et al. 1999, Letourneur et al. 2001). It is most often is found on the sandy and muddy bottoms of the intertidal zone (Codina et al. 2012). The maximum recorded length of this species is 29.3 cm total length (TL) (Matallanas and Riba 1980). Ophidion rochei is a carnivore that consumes crustaceans and other small zoobenthic animals (Codina et al. 2012). It is a nocturnal predator. It often hides in the benthic sands at daytime but becomes very active during the night (Dulcic et al. 2002). Ophidion rochei may move into deeper water during colder months, possibly burrowing in the substratum (Dulcic et al. 2002). Ophidion rochei is oviparous (Dulcic et al. 2002). It appears to spawn in the spring (Dulcic et al. 1997). The fecundity, length at maturity and early life history traits of this species are poorly  understood.","This is a species with no large-scale commercial interest. It is sometimes caught as bycatch. Although there are no published documentations,  it appears to be utilized in some subsistence fisheries around the Mediterranean, but with little effect on the general population of the species. There are no other known threats towards O. rochei.","There are no specific conservation measures for this species. However, this species may be found in Marine Protected Areas within its distribution range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Research into the taxonomy, ecology, biology and potential threats is recommended for this species.","Ophidion rochei is not utilized in a commercial capacity. It is reportedly taken by some subsistence fisheries in the Mediterranean, but not in proportions large enough to negatively impact the population.","Strongin, K.","Knudsen, S., Nielsen, J. & Uiblein, F.","Kara, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,BLENNIIDAE,Ophioblennius,atlanticus,,Ophioblennius atlanticus,"(Valenciennes, 1836)",Western Atlantic subpopulations are now recognized as a separate species (Ophioblennius macclurei).,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)Ophioblennius atlanticus is widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic, but is only known from Azores, Madeira, and Canary Islands in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Although no population data are available, O. atlanticus is common and likely locally abundant. There are no known major threats to O. atlanticus, and it occurs in marine protected areas. Therefore, O. atlanticus is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Ophioblennius atlanticus is found in the eastern Atlantic from Senegal to Angola, including the offshore islands. In the northeastern Atlantic, O. atlanticus is restricted to the Canary Islands (Dooley et al. 1985), Madeira and the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014). It is typically found to 12 m depth (Dooley et al. 1985).",Ophioblennius atlanticus is likely to be locally abundant (J. Williams pers.comm. 2014) and can be considered stable.,"Ophioblennius atlanticus is likely to share habitat and ecology characteristics with its western Atlantic sister species O. macclurei (J. Williams and M. Craig pers. comm. 2011) for which the following is known: ""This species is common in shallow water reef habitats, in particular the forereefs, the rubble/algae zones and the offshore rocky areas (Labelle and Nursall 1992). Larvae are frequently taken in deep water column (Bath 1990). The adults are restricted to shallow waters and dwell among rocks and coral reefs where there is considerable wave action (Smith 1997). Feeds on algae (Randall 1996).""","It is a shallow water species and therefore could be impacted by coastal development and pollution.  However, there is no current evidence that this constitutes a major threat for this species.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place or required, and it occurs in protected areas. Further taxonomic study is required.",Not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H. & Harvey, M.","Williams, J.T., Kovacic, M. & Herler, J.","Craig, M.T.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,OPHICHTHIDAE,Ophisurus,serpens,,Ophisurus serpens,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","It was previously though that his taxon was likely to include two separate species with widely disjunct distributions - one in the Atlantic/Mediterranean Sea and the other in the west Pacific. However, it is now clear that this species is only present in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea (R.&#160;Bañón pers. comm. 2014).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as it is widespread and presumably fairly common, and there appear to be no major threats to the species. However, research should be conducted to establish the status of the species throughout its range, and to determine the population size, trends, ecology and threats to the species.",Unknown,"Ophisurus serpens is widespread through the Mediterranean Sea and the Eastern Atlantic Ocean, but it is not present in the eastern Pacific or the western Atlantic (Eschmeyer 2015).  In the Mediterranean Sea, this species is distributed mainly in western and central Mediterranean but is very rare in the eastern part, in the Aegean and Marmara Seas (Fricke et al. 2007), maybe due to changing conditions (Ulaand Akyol 2015). In the eastern Atlantic, this species is present from the Bay of Biscay to South Africa, including the north coast of Iberian peninsula, Madeira and the Canary Islands (Cappetta et al. 1985, Bañón et al. 2011). The species is also present in the Gulf of Cádiz and seamounts as Sabinar, Palos and Chella Banks (Aguilar et al. 2008, Aguilar 2010, Marín et al. 2011). Two specimens were also caught in 2010 during trawl activity at 191 m of depth off the Galician coast, and this confirmed the first record of the species in Galician waters, recorded in 1866 but with no data (Bañón et al. 2011). The species' depth range varies from 30 to 444 m.","Ophisurus serpens is a fairly common cryptic species. However, its population trend is unknown. Karakulak et al. (2006) mention that two specimens, with lengths of 15.8-16.9 cm TL, were collected from a survey conducted for selectivity by gill and trammel nets (inner mesh sizes 16, 18, 20, 22, 26, 28, 30 and 32 mm bar length) in the coastal waters of Turkey from March 2004 to February 2005. There is no further information on the population size of the species, as only occasional sightings have been recorded.","Ophisurus serpens is a burrowing species present in soft bottoms of the shelf and upper slope and estuaries (Ulas and Akyol 2014).  The species is presentin sandy, detritic and muddy bottoms of several seamounts, such as Sabinar, Palos and Chella Banks (Aguilar et al. 2008, Aguilar 2010, Marín et al. 2011). Its maximum size is 250 cm (TL).","While the species shares habitat with species of commercial value, it is poorly known if it is being caught as by-catch and/or discarded. However, it is known to be discarded in crustacean fisheries in the Algarve targeting Parapenaeus longirostris, Aristeus antennatus or Nephrops norvegicus (Monteiro et al. 2001). One of the few records available shows that 41 specimens were reported as by-catch in Turkish waters, among minor catches by other fishing gears (Ulas and Akyol 2015).","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books.&#160;There are no conservation actions in place for this species, but it is present in Chella Bank, a future Site of Community Importance in the Alborán Sea. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, ecology and threats to the species.",This species is rarely present in markets (Fischer et al. 1987).,"Garcia, S., Bañón Díaz, R. & Ralph, G.","Garcia, S.","Blanco, J., Papakonstantinou, C., Pollard, D.A., Massuti, E., Palmeri, A. & Keskin, Ç.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,OPISTHOPROCTIDAE,Opisthoproctus,grimaldii,,Opisthoproctus grimaldii,Zugmayer 1911,,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Opisthoproctus grimaldii is a mesopelagic species that occurs in tropical to subtropical Atlantic and Pacific waters and appears to be rare. Life history information for this species is extremely limited. Opisthoproctus grimaldii is of no interest to fisheries and there are no known major threats. Therefore, O. grimaldii is assessed as Least Concern. Research is suggested in the life history and reproductive traits of this species.",Unknown,"Opisthoproctus grimaldii occurs in tropical to subtropical waters in the Atlantic and Pacific ocean (Carter 2002). In the eastern Atlantic, this species is recorded from off the coast of Portugal (Carneiro et al. 2014), Azores Islands (Porteiro et al. 1999, Borgeset al. 2010), Canary Islands, and Cape Verde (Haygood et al. 1992). It has also been found in the northwest Atlantic, from off eastern Florida and the Gulf of Mexico south to Argentina, and in the western Pacific subtropical regions off eastern Australia. Opisthoproctus grimaldii is usually found from 300 to 400 m (Quéro 1990) but has been reported to depths of 4,750 m (Bogutskaya 2007).","There are 98 occurrence records and 51 museum records for Opisthoproctus grimaldii (Accessed through Fishnet2 Portal 2012 November). There is very limited population information for O. grimaldii in the northeastern Atlantic and adjacent regional waters, but it has been described as rare or rarely seen in other areas of its distribution (Craddock et al. 1992).","Opisthoproctus grimaldii is a mesopelagic fish (Mundy 2005). The maximum length for Opisthoproctus grimaldii is recorded at about 8 cm standard length (SL) (Quero 1990).  Opisthoproctus grimaldii feeds mainly on small crustaceans, mostly copepods (Carter 2002).  Species in the family Opisthoproctidae are oviparous and have pelagic eggs and larvae (Carter 2002). The spawning periodicity, fecundity and early life history of this species are poorly understood.","Current threats to Opisthoproctus grimaldii are unknown. Since this is a deep-water species, threats are probably limited.","There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for Opisthoproctus grimaldii. Its range overlaps with several marine protected areas (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Research into the population trends and size, the ecology and biology, as well as potential threats is needed for this species.",There is no fishery for Opisthoproctus grimaldii (Carter 2002).,"Strongin, K.","Herrera, J. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,OPISTHOPROCTIDAE,Opisthoproctus,soleatus,,Opisthoproctus soleatus,"Vaillant, 1888",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Opisthoproctus soleatus is circumglobal in temperate to tropical waters and is thought to be rare. However, it is described as more common in the northeastern Atlantic and adjacent regional waters than other areas of its range. Life history information is limited for this species. Opisthoproctus soleatus is not of interest to fisheries and there do not appear to be any major threats. Therefore, O. soleatus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Opisthoproctus soleatus is circumglobal in temperate to tropical waters (Carter 2002). In the northeastern Atlantic, O. soleatus occurs from western Ireland to Mauritania and from Sierra Leone to Angola (Quéro 1990), but may range as far north as southern Iceland.  The normal depth range for this species is 300 m to 800 m, but it can most often be found at depths ranging from 500 m to 700 m (Quéro 1990). However, this species has also been reported from the Gulf of Guinea at 4,000 meters (NOAA 2012).","There are 223 occurrence records and 143 museum records for Opisthoproctus soleatus (Accessed through Fishnet2 Portal 2012 November). It is rarely taken in IBTS Gulf of Cadiz (only one specimen taken in trawls from 1993 through 2013: J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2014); however, it likely occurs at depths greater than survey depth. Opisthoproctus soleatus is reported as most common between Ireland and Mauritania (Quéro 1990)."," Opisthoproctus soleatus is not often found in waters with temperatures below 8°C (Quéro 1990). The maximum length for O. soleatus is 11cm standard length (SL) (Carter 2002). Opisthoproctus soleatus feed mainly on small crustaceans, mostly copepods (Carter 2002).  Species in the family Opisthoproctidae are oviparous and have pelagic eggs and larvae (Carter 2002). The spawning periodicity, fecundity and early life history traits of this species are poorly understood.",Current threats to Opisthoproctus soleatus are unknown.,"There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for Opisthoproctus soleatus. Its range intersects with numerous marine protected areas across its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010).  Research into the population, ecology and biology, as well as the potential threats to this species is needed.",Opisthoproctus soleatus is of no interest to fisheries (Carter 2002).,"Strongin, K.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SCOMBRIDAE,Orcynopsis,unicolor,,Orcynopsis unicolor,"(Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817)",,No,VU,A2bde,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Vulnerable (VU) Orcynopsis unicolor is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, O. unicolor is found from Norway as an occasional vagrant, to the Straits of Gibraltar, including the Mediterranean. It is not found in the Black Sea. It is a neritic species which is found to depths not exceeding 200 m.  The estimated generation length of this species is five to seven years, and population trends were examined over a period of three generation lengths (15-21 years). The rate of decline in landing statistics over the last 15-21 years was used as a proxy for the rate of decline in the regional population. The use of decline in landing statistics as a proxy for decline in population is supported by evidence that within the Mediterranean basin, where the majority (>90%) of this species' regional population is located, fishing effort is too high and is not decreasing, and most fish stocks are over-exploited. The estimated overall trend in landings within the Mediterranean shows a maximum rate of decline of approximately 60% over the last three generation lengths. We infer that the increase in landings declared from the northeast Atlantic fishing zone, which accounts for less than 10% of the regional population, reflects an increase in the population of O. unicolor within the assessment region due to warming waters. It is estimated that the overall rate of decline within the European Assessment Region is likely less than 50%, but greater than 30%, over the past three generation lengths. Reported landings to the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) have declined by 41 to 48% over the past three generation lengths, and support the previous estimate of a regional decline between 30 and 60%. Therefore, O. unicolor is assessed as Vulnerable under A2bde.",Decreasing,"Orcynopsis unicolor is only found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is known from the Mediterranean Sea south to Dakar, Senegal. There is an historical vagrant record from Oslo (1879). It is not known from Madeira, the Azores or Cape Verde, but may be rarely found around the Canary Islands (Collette in press). It does not appear to be found in the Black Sea. Orcynopsis unicolor is a neritic species, found in the top 200 m of the water column (Collette in press).","Orcynopsis unicolor is taken incidentally in small tuna fisheries throughout its range (Collette and Nauen 1983). Landings reported to the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) from the assessment zone have declined by 41% over the past 15 years and 48% over the past 21 years (ICCAT 2012). In the Mediterranean Sea, landings reported to Eurostat and compiled from other sources remained fairly stable between 1975 and 2005 (Di Natale et al. 2009), however within the last approximately three generations lengths (1996 to 2012), reported catches within the EU27 member states have shown a fluctuating decline from 7,416,164 tonnes to 4,355,188 tonnes, an overall decline of 41.3% (Eurostat 2014; Catches - Total all fishing areas). It is commonly believed that catches of small scombrids are strongly affected by unreported or under-reported data in all areas (STECF 2009). Reported landings to the ICCAT have declined by between 41-48% over the past 15 to 21 years (three generation lengths), with no evidence that effort has been decreasing. Based on these data, it is inferred that there has been a population decline of at least 30% over the past three generation lengths. FAO landing statistics summary Within the European region, the fish appears in landings statistics from Morocco, Algeria, Ireland, Tunisia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, and Portugal (Di Nitale et al. 2009, FAO 2014). Landings of O. unicolor are declared from the following Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) fishing regions, in order of decreasing landings declared in 2011: Eastern Central Atlantic (ECA), Mediterranean and Black Sea, Northeast Atlantic (NEA). The ECA zone has accounted for 82-85% of landings in the last 15-21 years. The Mediterranean and Black Sea zone has accounted for 14-17% of landings. The Northeast Atlantic zone has accounted for between 0-1% of total landings in the last 15-21 years. Based on the distribution of global landings, it is estimated that 20% of the global population of O. unicolor is found within the assessment zone; the population is primarily distributed in the Gulf of Guinea but extends into the Mediterranean. Based on the % contribution of NEA vs. Mediterranean and Black Sea landings, it is estimated that 80 to >90% of the population within the assessment zone is found in the Mediterranean, and that no more than 20% of the population within the assessment region is found in the Northeast Atlantic fishing zone. The trend in landings in the Mediterranean and Black Sea fishing zone over the last three generation lengths (estimated at 15-21 years) was calculated using landing statistics provided by the FAO. The average landings from 1992-1998 was 167 tonnes. The average landings from 2006-2012 was 49 tonnes. The estimated rate of decline in landings in 15-21 years in the Mediterranean and Black Sea fishing zone was approximately 70%. The trend in landings in the Northeast Atlantic fishing zone were first declared in 2002, and have fluctuated from 2 to 10 tonnes, with no overall trend. There were no landings declared prior to 2002, and this species may be expanding its range northwards due to climate change. The estimated overall trend in landings within the assessment region is a maximum rate of decline of approximately 60% over the last three generation lengths. We infer that the increase in landings declared from the Northeast Atlantic fishing zone reflects an increase in the population of O. unicolor within the assessment region due to warming waters, and that the overall rate of decline is likely less than 60%, but greater than 30%. There is no evidence of reduced fishing effort in the region, but there is anecdotal evidence that O. unicolor is rarer in markets in the assessment region (B. Collette pers. comm. 2014).","This is a pelagic, oceanodromous and neritic species, confined primarily to temperate waters, but juveniles may be encountered in waters of up to 30°C. This species forms small schools at the surface and is also frequently associated with birds. It feeds on small fishes, especially sardines, anchovies, jacks, mackerel, bogue and others (Collette 1986). There is no information available about the migratory pattern of O. unicolor in the Mediterranean sea, or possible correlation with Atlantic populations (Di Natale et al. 2009). The main mode of the size-frequency distribution from Tunisian waters was the class 41-45 cm, which represented 25% of the total number of sampled fish. Length of maturity at 50% is 43.5 cm fork length (FL) for females and 45 cm FL for males, although other modes were in the classes 8-15 cm and 61-65 cm. Both sexes mature at two years in Tunisia. In Tunisia, spawning is from May to September. A female weighing five or six kilograms may carry some 500–600,000 eggs which are spawned in portions (Hattour 2000). We have assumed a generation length of five to seven years for the species, based on the known age at first maturity (two years; Hattour 2009) and expert opinion (B. Collette pers. comm. 2014).","Small tunas are exploited mainly by coastal fisheries and often by artisanal fisheries, although substantial catches are also made, either as target species or as bycatch, by purse seiners, mid-water trawlers, handlines, troll lines, driftnets, surface drifting long-lines and small scale gillnets. Several recreational fisheries also target small tunas. There is a general lack of information on the mortality of these species as bycatch, exacerbated by the confusion regarding species identification (ICCAT 2009). Within the European region, O. unicolor is primarily landed in the FAO Mediterranean and Black Sea fishing zone, which accounts for >90% of total landings declared within the European Assessment Zone. Mediterranean fisheries are concentrated along coastal areas, where biodiversity is greatest. The majority (80%) of the Mediterranean fleet is comprised of vessels <12 m, and as such Mediterranean fisheries can be thought of as small-scale artisanal fisheries. Additionally, fisheries tend to be multi-species. As such it is difficult and expensive to obtain data for stock assessment purposes. There are several Issues of concern which include the widespread targeting of small species or larger juvenile finfish prior to maturity, the observed reduction in the mean trophic level of Mediterranean catches, and high discard rates (40-56% of the catch taken in waters <150 m) and the reduction in mean abundance of piscivorous species (Vassilopoulou 2010). According to a 2013 synthesis of the Status of Mediterranean and Black Sea resources in European Waters, while the state of knowledge on the Mediterranean and Black Sea stocks is improving rapidly, between 94% and 95% of stocks analyzed are overexploited. Recent observed reductions in nominal fishing effort have not resulted in declines in fishing mortality. Overall reductions between 45% and 51% are needed in order to reach maximum sustainable yields (Cardinale and Osio 2013). Orcynopsis unicolor may be experiencing competition with the Lessepsian invader, Scomberomorus commerson, which has expanded along the coast of the Mediterranean as far as Tunisia (Ben-Souissi et al. 2006).","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species, although catches within the European Union are reportable to ICCAT. STECF (2014) states that the absence of management recommendations is due to the lack of proper data, historical series and analyses. Data on the catch composition, biology and trends for small tunas are now available from the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, thanks to the ICCAT/GFCM joint expert group in 2008. More information, particularly on specific fishing effort, is needed from all areas. The small tuna fishery seems to be quite important for the coastal communities, both economically and as a source of proteins. The ICCAT Standing Committee on Research and Statistics (SCRS) suggests that countries be requested to submit all available data to ICCAT as soon as possible, in order to be used in future meetings. No management recommendations have been presented by ICCAT due to the lack of proper data, historical series and analyses. ICCAT SCRS (2008) reiterated its recommendation to carry out studies to determine the state of these stocks and the adoption of management solutions. ICCAT SCRS (STECF 2009) noted that there is an improvement in the availability of catch and biological data for small tuna species particularly in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. However, biological information, catch and effort statistics for small tunas remain incomplete for many of the coastal and industrial fishing countries. Many of these species are of high importance to coastal fishermen, especially in some developing countries, both economically and often as a primary source of proteins. Therefore the SCRS recommends that further studies be conducted on small tuna species due to the limits of information available (STECF 2014).","This species is landed in small tuna fisheries throughout its range. Landing data from  Mauritania, Morocco, Portugal reach up to 1,000 tonnes/year. It is caught  mainly with hook and line. It is marketed canned or frozen.&#160;Small tunas are exploited mainly by coastal fisheries and often by artisanal fisheries, although substantial catches are also made, either as target species or as bycatch, by purse seiners, mid-water trawlers, handlines, troll lines, driftnets, surface drifting long-lines and small scale gillnets. Several recreational fisheries also target small tunas. Since 1991, the use of fish aggregating devices (FADs) by tropical purse seiners may have led to an increase in fishing mortality of small tropical tuna species (STECF 2009). There is a general lack of information on the mortality of these species as bycatch, exacerbated by the confusion regarding species identification (ICCAT 2009).","Allen, D.J., Ralph, G. & Polidoro, B.","Collette, B. & Heessen, H.","Boustany, A., Carpenter, K.E., Di Natale, A., Fox, W., Graves, J., Juan Jorda, M., Kada, O., Nelson, R. & Oxenford, H.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,SQUALIFORMES,OXYNOTIDAE,Oxynotus,centrina,,Oxynotus centrina,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","The Oxynotus recorded as O. centrina from Angola, Namibia, and South Africa may not be that species but an undescribed one, differing from O. centrina in having a much shorter interdorsal space. If this is correct, the records of O. centrina from tropical West Africa need to be reexamined, but until the problem is resolved the southern and southwestern African Oxynotus is retained in O. centrina (Bass et al. 1976).",No,VU,A2bd,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)Angular Rough Shark (Oxynotus centrina) is a medium-sized (up to 150 cm total length, but mostly less than 100 cm) neritic and deepwater, benthic shark. It is distributed throughout the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea, including the Adriatic and Marmara Seas, and possibly off Mozambique at depths of 60−800 m. This species is taken primarily as bycatch by offshore bottom trawlers in the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. Survey data from the Mediterranean Sea indicate that the species is now rare in the western (off Morocco and France) and eastern (Aegean Sea) parts and absent from the eastern central part (Adriatic, Ionian and Albanian Seas). However, records from Spanish-Mediterranean waters (Adriatic Sea and Ionian Sea), suggest that the species still exists there in unknown numbers. In another survey, the species was absent from the Gulf of Lions where it once occurred, indicating that it may be locally extinct in that region. This species’ depth range lies entirely within the depth of fishery operations throughout much of its range. In addition, the large spiny dorsal fins and relatively large body size make it particularly vulnerable to capture in nets. Mortality of discards is probably high, although some specimens caught at 100−300 m depth have later survived several months in aquaria. In the Mediterranean Sea, the extremely low level of abundance throughout much of this species range and there is evidence for localised population declines. In the Northeast Atlantic there are little data to infer population trends, but similarity to the Mediterranean Sea in terms of high fishing pressure throughout much of its Northeast Atlantic range, vulnerable life history characteristics, and susceptibility to capture, suggest that similar declines have occurred in the Northeast Atlantic. Based on documented and suspected declines and continuing fishing pressure throughout much of its range, this species is assessed as Vulnerable under Criterion A2bd, as it is suspected that it has undergone a decline of at least 30% over the three-generation period (60 years).",Decreasing,"In the Northeast Atlantic, this species occurs from as far north as Norway, southwards to Portugal, the Madeira Islands, the Canary Islands and further south beyond the Eastern Central Atlantic. It is present throughout the Mediterranean Sea, including the entire coast from the Strait of Gibraltar to Israel and the Marmara Sea, but not the Black Sea. Its depth range is 60-600 m.","Generally, this shark is reported as uncommon or rare (e.g., Tortonese 1956, Capapé et al. 1999, Baino et al. 2001), although earlier authors have referred to it as frequent (Lozano Rey 1928). Surveys indicated a wide, although scattered, occurrence irregularly distributed between shelf and bathyal hauls (52−741 m depth), but always in low numbers (Ragonese et al. 2013). In the Mediterranean Sea, the International Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean (MEDITS) collected catch data at depths of 10−800 m from 1994 to 1999. During this period, this shark was recorded in only 36 of 6,336 tows, with the majority of catches made at 100−200 m depth (Baino et al. 2001, STECF 2004). Regional survey indexes indicate that the species is more common in the western central Mediterranean Sea (Tyrrhenian Sea off Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily) with lower abundance in the western (off Morocco, Spain and France) and eastern (Aegean Sea) parts of the Mediterranean Sea. The MEDITS survey data collected between 1994 and 1999 indicate a lower abundance of this species in the western Mediterranean Sea than in the other areas (Baino et al. 2001, STECF 2004). In the Gulf of Lions, this species was captured in around 6% of hauls (n=27) in shelf surveys (zero to 150 m) and around 6% of hauls (n=37) in slope surveys (150−800 m) between 1957 and 1960 (Aldebert 1997). Although it persisted in French catches at low abundances up to 1992, it was subsequently absent in 139 hauls made during trawl surveys in 1994 and 1995, suggesting that it is locally extinct from this area (Dulvy et al. 2003). This species may now be very rare or absent from the eastern central Mediterranean Sea (Adriatic, Ionian and Albanian Seas; Baino et al. 2001, STECF 2004). DESEAS surveys (exploratory surveys of deepwater shrimp, Aristeus antennatus) conducted in the Balearic and Ionian Seas found one specimen in the western Ionian Sea at 800 m (Sion et al. 2004). Nearby in the Adriatic Sea, research trawl survey data from 1948 indicate that the species was formerly present, albeit rare (i.e., 0.21% of hauls, 0.25% of surveys, estimated density of 1.15 kg/km2). Recently, a new sightings programme has yielded records of newborns and juveniles in the central Adriatic Sea (Soldo 2006).  There are very little data on the occurrence of this species in the Northeast Atlantic. It was absent in a recent and intensive study of the deepwater longline fishery for sharks off the Canary Islands, where it was previously present (Hernandez-Perez et al. 1997). There is no information on the abundance of this species elsewhere in the region.The species is suspected to have declined by at least 30% over three generations (60 years) in European waters.","This benthic species occurs at depths of 60−660 m, mostly deeper than 100 m (Serena 2005). In the northern Mediterranean Sea, it is found on coralline algal and muddy bottoms, mostly at depths of 100−200 m. However, Kabasakal (2009) observed and video-recorded a specimen at 30 m depth in the Marmara Sea and Sion et al. (2004) reported specimens caught at 800 m.  This sharks is a live-bearing species that produces litters of 10−12 pups once a year (Capapé et al. 1999). Embryos feed solely on yolk. Size at birth is reported to be less than 25 cm total length (TL; Compagno et al. 2005) and 22.8 cm TL, with a range of 21−24 cm (Capapé et al. 1999). Size at maturity is between 50 and 70 cm TL (Serena 2005). Capapé et al. (1999) reported that females mature at a larger size (66 cm TL) than males (60 cm TL). This species reaches a maximum size of 150 cm TL (Compagno et al. 2005, Serena 2005) although most individuals are less than 100 cm TL (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Capapé et al. (1999) reported maximum lengths of 64 cm and 78 cm for males and females, respectively. The generation length is estimated to be 20 years.","Large, offshore bottom-trawl fisheries bycatch is the main threat to this benthic shark. According to Dulvy et al. (2003), the large spiny dorsal fins and relatively large body size likely make this species vulnerable to fishing exploitation. Its exploitation as bycatch has been well documented in the Mediterranean Sea (Fischer et al. 1987) and it is likely enduring similar bycatch pressure in the Northeast Atlantic given that its depth range (60−660 m) is entirely within the range of longline, trawl and gillnet fisheries operating throughout these areas. Discard mortality is probably high. Some discards have been observed alive (Ragonese et al. 2013) and some specimens caught in bottom trawls have survived for several months in aquaria (Barrull and Mate 2002, Roche et al. 2013), but there is no data on post-release survival rates. There is overall concern for the effect of indirect exploitation on population abundance if fishing effort increases within this species’ range. Over a period of 50 years, benthic trawling effort in the shelf and slope area of the Mediterranean Sea significantly increased in intensity and efficiency. For example, the Gulf of Lions area was initially exploited by small-scale benthic trawl fisheries, comprising 27 small low-powered boats (total nominal horse power of 2,700 hp), and in 1974−1987 effort had increased seven-fold to a total nominal horse power of 19,940 hp. Since then, half of the fishing effort has been displaced to targeting small pelagic fish (Aldebert 1997). The Adriatic Sea is subject to trawling mainly by Italian, Croatian, Slovenian, and Albanian fleets, however, no landings data are available (Jukic-Peladic et al. 2001). In the southern Mediterranean Sea and off the Tunisian coasts, this species is fished at depths of 60−100 m in areas where it reproduces (Bradaï et al. 2002). Most size classes are likely taken in fishing nets given that the legal mesh size in much of the Mediterranean Sea is around 20 mm. Considering the large size at maturity (about 60 cm total body length), the probability of capture before breeding is likely to be high.","This species is strictly protected in the Croatian-Adriatic part of the Mediterranean Sea. No other species-specific management or conservation measures are currently in place. The development and implementation of national and/or regional management plans under the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations’ International Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks are needed to facilitate the conservation and sustainable management of all chondrichthyan species in the region. There is an urgent need for the monitoring of landings and bycatch of this species and the collection of geographic range and life history data in order to better understand population structure and trends. Catches and the extent of fishing effort should be monitored closely, as indirect exploitation could cause population depletion. ","This species is of little economic value; in certain cultures fishermen often discard it immediately because they believe it brings bad luck, but it is sometimes retained and used for fishmeal, oil, and smoked or dried and salted for human consumption (Ebert and Stehmann 2013).","Serena, F.","Soldo, A. & Guallart, J.","Bradai, M.N., Bianchi, I. & Ebert, D.A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,SQUALIFORMES,OXYNOTIDAE,Oxynotus,paradoxus,,Oxynotus paradoxus,"Frade, 1929",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Sailfin Roughshark (Oxynotus paradoxus) is a medium-sized (up to 118 cm total length) uncommon deepwater bottom shark found at depths of 265−720 m. It is moderately abundant in deeper offshore waters off the British Isles. The species is probably taken as bycatch of offshore trawling fleets but no information is available on frequency. The known depth range is entirely within the range of deepwater fisheries operating in the Northeast Atlantic, although the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and southern part of its range probably offer some refuge from fishing pressure. Furthermore, it is possible that this species is continuously distributed along the Northeast and Eastern Central Atlantic floor, deeper than presently known. Alternatively, separate slope and ridge populations may exist. Owing to the overlap between this species’ geographic range and fisheries’ reach, it cannot be assumed that the lack of interaction with fisheries is a sign that this population is stable. Therefore, given the paucity of information available on this deepwater shark, it is assessed as Data Deficient in European waters. Research is needed to better define the range, population structure and the effect of fisheries on the population.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the eastern Atlantic. In the Northeast Atlantic, it is found along the Atlantic Slope from Scotland (including the northern North Sea), to Ireland, southern England, France, Spain, Portugal, and the Azores (Azevedo et al. 2003, Ebert and Stehmann 2013). It has also been reported from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Hareide and Garnes 2001). In the Eastern Central Atlantic it occurs off the Madeira Islands, the Canary Islands, Morocco, Mauritania, Western Sahara, Senegal, and possibly southwards to the Gulf of Guinea region. It is apparently absent from the Mediterranean Sea. Its depth range is 265-720 m.","This shark is moderately abundant off the British Isles. Catches in these waters indicate that it is rare in inshore waters (three individuals were reported from Irish inshore waters by Quigley and Flannery in 1994), but numerous individuals have been caught in deeper offshore waters (Ni Mhurachu and O’Connor 1987, Henderson 1996, Quigley and Flannery 1996). A zero Total Allowable Catch (TAC) has been in place for this deepwater shark throughout European Commission (EC) waters since 2010, and a bycatch allowance of zero since 2012. This may contribute to increased discarding at sea and fewer reports of this species in catches. The population trend of this species is currently unknown.","Sailfin Roughshark is an uncommon deepwater bottom shark found on the continental slope at depths from 265−720 m. This species is live bearing, and embryos rely on a yolk sac for nutrition. Size at birth is about 25 cm total length (TL). Size at maturity is unknown, but a mature male has been observed at 75 cm TL (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Its maximum size is about 118 cm TL.","This shark is uncommon bycatch for offshore trawling fleets (Compagno 1984). Trawl and gillnet fisheries operate throughout its known depth range in areas of the Northeast Atlantic (see ICES 2013 for further information on these fisheries), but no information is available on the bycatch of this species. Deepwater fisheries operating in the Northeast Atlantic have contracted in recent years, both in terms of distance from shore and effort. They show no signs of current or future expansion.The Mid-Atlantic Ridge and southern part of the species’ range, off the West African coast, may offer some refuge from fishing pressure. This is particularly true if the species is found at greater depths than what are presently known along the Northeast and Eastern Central Atlantic floor.","European Union (EU) total allowable catch (TAC) for a number of deepwater sharks including this species is currently set at zero, and has been since 2010. In 2011, the existing bycatch allowance from 2009 TACs of 10% was also reduced to 3%. In 2012, bycatch allowance was reduced to zero (ICES 2013). Further research should be conducted on the population size and trend of the species, and the effects of fisheries on it.",The species is not commercially utilized.,"Blasdale, T.","Soldo, A., Walls, R.H.L. & Freitas, M.","Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,ZOARCIDAE,Pachycara,bulbiceps,,Pachycara bulbiceps,"(Garman, 1899)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Pachycara bulbiceps is widely distributed in the Atlantic and eastern Pacific oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, it is only known from two localities: the Porcupine Sea Bight and Bay of Biscay. Little is known about its habitat, ecology, or population. As the distribution of P. bulbiceps in the assessment zone is restricted and major threats are unknown, P. bulbiceps is listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Pachycara bulbiceps is found on both sides of the Atlantic and in the eastern Pacific (Anderson in press). In the northeastern Atlantic, this species is known from the Porcupine Sea Bight and the Bay of Biscay (Anderson and Fedorov 2004). It is has been recorded at depths from 2,400–4,780 m (Andriashev 1986). Outside the region, this species occurs in the southeastern Atlantic it is found from West Africa (Merrett and Marshall 1981, Anderson and Peden 1988), northwestern Atlantic (Markle and Sedberry 1978) and Middle Atlantic Bight (Anderson and Peden 1988), northeastern Pacific from the Queen Charlotte Islands, Canada, to the Panama (Anderson and Peden, 1988, Anderson 1989)",Little is known about the population of Pachycara bulbiceps.,"Pachycara bulbiceps is a deep sea, benthic species typically found at depths of 2,400–4,780 m (Andriashev 1986). It has been observed in the vicinity of cetacean carcasses (Jones et al. 1998). It has been recorded in association with seamounts, although it appears to be rare here (Lundsten et al. 2009). Zoarcids feed mainly on gammaridean amphipods, other small crustaceans, polychaetes and bivalves. They mature near their maximum sizes and females produce a few large eggs probably laid in shallow depressions in muddy bottoms (Anderson in press). The maximum recorded length for this species is 51.5 cm TL (Anderson and Almeida 1990).","Widespread threats to P. bulbiceps are unknown. However, the deep sea is increasing impacted by human activities; in particular fishing pressure is increasing as the shallow water fisheries are depleted (Roberts 2002, Glover and Smith 2003). Direct exploitation or habitat destruction could have negative impacts on this species in the future.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for P. bulbiceps.,This species is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,ZOARCIDAE,Pachycara,crassiceps,,Pachycara crassiceps,"(Roule, 1916)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Pachycara crassiceps is restricted to the Atlantic Ocean, where it is known from only scattered records. In the northeastern Atlantic, it is only known from Ireland and the Bay of Biscay. It is known only from a few records, therefore little is known about its habitat, ecology, or population. As the distribution of P. crassiceps in the assessment zone is restricted and major threats are unknown, P. crassiceps is listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Pachycara crassiceps is known from the Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, specimens are known from southwest Ireland (Goburn Spur) and the Bay of Biscay (Anderson and Fedorov 2004). This species has a depth range of 900–2,191 m (Anderson and Almeida 1990).  Outside the region, it is known off Senegal, Mauritania as well as the north western Atlantic (Anderson and Almeida 1990).",It is only known from two localities in the region.,"Pachycara crassiceps is a deep sea, benthic species typically found over soft bottoms (Andriashev 1986). Zoarcids feed mainly on gammaridean amphipods, other small crustaceans, polychaetes and bivalves. They mature near their maximum sizes and females produce a few large eggs probably laid in shallow depressions in muddy bottoms (Anderson in press). The maximum recorded size for this species is 54 cm (Anderson and Almeida 1990).","Widespread threats to Pachycara crassiceps are unknown. However, the deep sea is increasing impacted by human activities; in particular fishing pressure is increasing as the shallow water fisheries are depleted (Roberts 2002, Glover and Smith 2003). Direct exploitation or habitat destruction could have negative impacts on this species in the future.",There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.,This species is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Pachystomias,microdon,,Pachystomias microdon,"(Günther, 1878)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Pachystomias microdon is a widely distributed species, known from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, it occurs from about 50°N and 20°W and off northwestern Portugal. No trawl surveys recorded this species in the region. It is a widespread mesopelagic species found to 4,000 m depth. There are no major threats to this species. It is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Pachystomias microdon occurs in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species ranges from about 50°N and 20°W and off northwestern Portugal. The depth range for this species is 660–4,000 m (Yang et al. 1996).  Outside of the region, this species occurs between 16°N–18°S and from 28°S–37°S, but it is not taken close to the continent south of the equator. It is also found in sporadic localities in the western Atlantic, with scattered records between 40°N–13°N. This species is also known from the Indian and Pacific oceans, as well as the South China Sea (Yang et al. 1996).",This species has sporadic records in the Northern Hemisphere (Yang et al. 1996) and is relatively rare in some European waters. There are no additional trawl surveys in the region (C. Papaconstantinou and S. Kobyliansky pers comm. 2013).,"This species may undertake diel migrations as adults, as other species in the family do. Its diet consists of other mesopelagic fishes and some crustaceans (Harold FAO ECA Guide in press). The maximum recorded size for this species is 22.1 cm SL (Gibbs and Barnett 1990).",There are no major threats to this species.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.,This species is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Papaconstantinou, C. & Kobyliansky, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SPARIDAE,Pagellus,acarne,,Pagellus acarne,"(Risso, 1827)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) In the European region, the species is found in the Eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean and the Macaronesia. This species is relatively widespread and common especially in the Mediterranean, where it is common in commercial and artisanal catches. It occurs in a number of marine protected areas within its range. In some areas (e.g., Canary Islands) the stock is overexploited. However, over most of its range, there is at present no evidence of over-exploitation and the species is therefore listed as Least Concern. Nonetheless, it is recommended that further intensification of the current fishing effort should be avoided, and changes in the exploitation pattern should be directed towards the artisanal component, which would lead to better yields without negatively affecting the state of the resource.",Unknown,"The species is widely distributed in the European region in the eastern Atlantic at the Straits of Gibraltar (where it is common) to the southern and eastern coasts of the British Isles (where it is rare), occasionally northwards as far as Denmark and Norway, as well as Macaronesia (Madeira, the Canary Islands and the Azores), and is present throughout the Mediterranean Sea and the Sea of Marmara, but not in the Black Sea. Outside the European region, the species distribution extends southwards to northern Senegal.","The species is common in most suitable habitats in the Mediterranean Sea. FAO (2007) catch statistics for the Mediterranean Sea are inconclusive, with fluctuations between 90 and 670 mt from 1996 to 2005. It is a very abundant species, especially in the northern part of its range (Carpenter in press). Pagellus acarne is an important component of commercial fisheries along the eastern Atlantic coasts and the Mediterranean Sea; it is a sought after coastal demersal resource in parts of its range. This species is common in most suitable habitats in parts of its range. Axillary Seabream is one of the main target species of small-scale commercial fisheries in the northern Atlantic: Algarve (Erzini et al. 2001), Azores (Morato et al. 2001) and the Canary Islands (Pajuelo and Lorenzo 1994, 2000). Pagellus acarne is also considered a highly valued resource in the Mediterranean (Spedicato et al. 2002). In the northern Alboran Sea, this species is targeted by multi-species fisheries (bottom-trawl and artisanal fleets) and is considered the most important demersal fish species in terms of volume of catch and economic importance (Baro 1996).  The average global capture from 1950-2011 of the Axillary Seabream reported to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) indicate that the Eastern Central Atlantic contributed the highest percentage of global landings, comprising 45% of global production over 61 years. The Eastern Central Atlantic landings are mainly driven by catches reported from Portugal (contributing 77% of the landings in the FAO fishing region). The Eastern Central Atlantic is then followed by the Mediterranean and Black Sea; this fishing area comprising 31% of the global production. The total global capture reported from all FAO fishing areas was 58,392 metric tons (1950-2011). Pagellus acarne is of high commercial importance and is targeted by demersal fleets operating along the eastern Atlantic coasts and the Mediterranean Sea. The total aggregated landings of seabreams, and of Pagellus acarne in particular, have declined in recent years in the Mediterranean. In the Gulf of Cadiz, the landings decreased from a combined total of ~238 mt per year in 1993 to less than 120 mt per year from 2004 to 2007, a decrease of up to 60% (data from the Spanish Institute of Oceanography database from Velasco et al. 2011). In the Alboran Sea, landings have decreased from over 1,500 mt per year in 1985 (Gil de Sola 1993) to less than 250 mt from 2004 to 2008, representing a decline of up to 80% (data from the Spanish Institute of Oceanography database from Velasco et al. 2011). Similar declining trends have also been recorded in other areas such as the Atlantic coast of Morocco (FAO Fishery Committee for the Eastern Central Atlantic, accessed 18 March 2014), the Canary Islands (Pajuelo and Lorenzo 2000), and the south of Portugal (Erzini et al. 2001, Coelho et al. 2005). These trends have prompted the necessary steps in establishing management measures in the region (Velasco et al. 2011).  In the Canary Islands, the stock of Axillary Seabream is considered heavily exploited with F > F opt = M; the exploitation ratio is higher than the optimum fishing mortality. The value of the length at first capture is lower than the value of the size at sexual maturity. Over 35% of the total catch recorded was less than this length, indicating endangerment of recruitment overfishing (Pajuelo and Lorenzo 2000). FAO (2014) capture production figures in 2012 were: Croatia 49 tonnes; France 15 tonnes; Cyprus two tonnes; Italy 132 tonnes; Spain 440 tonnes; Greece 240 tonnes; Turkey 139 tonnes and Malta four tonnes.","Pagellus acarne is a demersal species inhabiting various types of bottom, especially seagrass beds and sand down to a depth of 500 m, but it is more common between 40 and 100 m, being the young nearer to the shore. The species is mainly carnivorous, and the most important prey are fishes (Morato et al. 2003), Arthropoda, Mollusca and Echinodermata (Fehri-Bedoui et al. 2009). Reproduction occurs between June and September in the western Mediterranean Sea, and from September and November in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. It is a protandric hermaphrodite (most individuals are first males, then become females at a sizes of about 17 to 29 cm, at two to seven years). Sexual maturity occurs at two years of age (at 13 to 18 cm) (Fischer et al. 1987). It is typically a schooling species (Louisy 2002). The maximum total length of this species is 36 cm (Fischer et al. 1987). Axillary Seabream individuals caught off the Canary Islands from January 1991 to December 1994 were studied by Pajuelo and Lorenzo (2000). The length range of the catches was between 11 and 31 cm, with a modal distribution between 17 and 21 cm. The overall ratio of males to females was 1:1.74. Males were observed up to a length of 24 cm. Hermaphrodites were recorded at lengths between 15 and 23 cm. The species was characterized by protandric hermaphroditism. The reproductive season extended from October to March, with a peak in spawning activity in December–January. The size at sexual maturity was 15.8 cm total length (two years old) for males and 19.4 cm total length (3 years old) for females. The total length–total weight relationship for the entire population is described by the parameters a = 0.0068, and b = 3.2401. Otolith age readings showed that the population exploited consisted of 10 age groups (one to 10 years), including a very high proportion of individuals between one and four years old. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters for all individuals were L∞ = 32.98 cm, k = 0.22 years−1, and t0 = −0.87 years. Males grew comparatively slower than females. The instantaneous rates of mortality for all fish were Z = 0.96 years−1, M = 0.30 years−1, and F = 0.66 years−1. The exploitation ratio and the length at first capture were, respectively, E = 0.69 and LC50 = 16.1 cm.  Pagellus acarne from the Algarve coast (south Portugal) spawned from May to August, and length at first maturity was 20.95 cm. Males reached first maturity at smaller lengths than females. The relationships between length and weight were W = 0.0085TL3.153 for P. acarne . Gillnet selectivity curves correspond closely to the catch curves, but were narrower, with P. acarne caught in the following length ranges: 15–25 cm, 18–27 cm and 20–29 cm, respectively, by the 60 mm, 70 mm and 80 mm mesh sizes (Santos et al. 1995). Domínguez (2000) studied population dynamics of the Axillary Seabream in the northern sector of the Alborán Sea, off Spain. The population is concentrated in two well-defined areas: in the proximity of the Strait of Gibraltar and west of the Gulf of Almeria. There is a bathymetric segregation in relation to size of the specimens. The spawners prefer the depths below 90 m, while the juvenile fraction of the population is distributed in shallower depths. The sex ratio of the population is clearly skewed towards males. This species is a typical protandrous hermaphrodite, which undergoes a change in sex in sizes between 20.5-20.9 cm. The spawning season in the Alborán Sea is quite extended, from spring (May) to autumn (October). The size at first maturity is 19 cm total length. This species is also a serial spawner, with several spawnings during its reproductive cycle. The size-weight relationship was rather different in the two years of analysis (1990 and 1991); hence, a unique relationship cannot be defined for the area. The size-age relationship showed a good fit with the Von Bertalanffy equation, obtaining the following growth parameters: L∞ = 29.62; K = 027 Y to = - 1.36.  No evidence of over-exploitation was found. However, although it is difficult to establish a maximum sustainable yield, there is certainly an interaction between the fleets that exploit the resource, which is mainly influenced by the trawling fleet. The report concludes with two recommendations: further intensification of the current fishing effort should be avoided; and changes in the exploitation pattern should be directed towards the artisanal component, which would lead to better yields without negatively affecting the state of the resource.",Actual and potential localized declines from fishing threaten this species.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps several marine protected areas within its range. In the Canary Islands, the stock is overexploited, therefore measures such as closed seasons or changes in fishing patterns would be desirable to safeguard the spawning stock and recruits (Pajuelo and Lorenzo 2000). Although there is at present no evidence of over-exploitation in the southwestern Mediterranean, it is recommended that further intensification of the current fishing effort should be avoided, and changes in the exploitation pattern should be directed towards the artisanal component, which would lead to better yields without negatively affecting the state of the resource (Dominiguez 2000).","This species is fished commercially in the Mediterranean Sea and has also become increasingly important in the Azores (Morato et al. 2001) and Canary Islands (Pajuelo and Lorenzo 2000). Its fisheries are semi-industrial and artisanal, and it is also taken as a sport fish. It is caught mostly by trawl net (although not specifically targeted), and also by bottom long-line, beach seine, trammel net and purse seine. The major fraction of the catch in the south-western Mediterranean is taken by the trawl fleet, which intensely exploits a narrower size range (19-23 cm) than the artisanal fleet (20-25 cm) (Domínguez 2000). The species is regularly present in the markets of Spain, Morocco, France, Sicily, Turkey and Cyprus. It is also occasionally found in markets in Tunisia, Greece, Israel and Egypt. Marketed fresh, frozen, or dried salted (flesh not highly esteemed), it is also used for fishmeal and oil (Carpenter in press).","Allen, D.J., Comeros-Raynal, M. & García, M.","Russell, B.","Carpenter, K.E. & Pollard, D.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SPARIDAE,Pagellus,bellottii,,Pagellus bellottii,"Steindachner, 1882",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is widespread and is one of the most abundant sparid species on the west African coast. However, in the European region it is only fished in the Canary Islands where it is a non-targeted species; elsewhere in the European region (in the western Mediterranean) it is largely a vagrant. It is therefore listed as Least Concern. Monitoring of its population status, harvest levels and research on its biology in the European region is needed.",Unknown,"The species has a restricted distribution in the European region, found from the Strait of Gibraltar eastwards mainly along the southern coast of the Mediterranean to Algeria, and present around the Canary Islands. It appears to be a largely vagrant species in the southwestern Mediterranean, where it has been recorded along the coast of Spain, Algeria and Morocco. Outside the European region, the species range extends southwards to Angola.","Together with Dentex macrophthalmus, this is the most abundant sparid species on the West African coast. The main fishery is south of 26 N (Carpenter in press); its presence in the European region except for the Canary Islands is largely as a vagrant.","A demersal species inhabiting hard as well as sandy bottoms to depths of about 250 m; found in schools, especially in the upper 100 m. Intermittent spawning occurs from the second year onwards between May and November according to the latitude, the stock moving toward the coast for this purpose. It is a protogynic hermaphrodite (the majority of individuals are first females, then become males). It is omnivorous, with a predominantly carnivorous diet including crustaceans, cephalopods, small fish, amphioxus and worms.","There are potential declines from fishing especially along the west African coast, but impacts within the European region are not known.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. It occurs in several marine protected areas within its range.,"This species is caught with bottom trawls and also on line gear and in traps (in the Canary Islands). It is marketed fresh, smoked or frozen (as the flesh is esteemed) and it is also used for fishmeal and oil.","Allen, D.J., Comeros-Raynal, M. & García, M.","Russell, B.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SPARIDAE,Pagellus,bogaraveo,,Pagellus bogaraveo,"(Brünnich, 1768)",,No,NT,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) This species is relatively widespread from Norway to Saharan Africa including Madeira and the Canary Islands. It has a wide depth distribution and is common in parts of its range (in the Mediterranean Sea). Its fisheries are semi-industrial and artisanal, and it is also taken as a sport fish. It is also regularly landed as by-catch. There have been substantial declines in total catch and CPUE in the Strait of Gibraltar, Bay of Biscay, Aegean Sea and Ionian Sea which prompted management measures including: closed seasons, minimum size limits, gear restrictions, and an European Union wide Total Allowable Catch (TAC). Decrease in landings from the Strait of Gibraltar by ~67% in only four years has raised concerns about the fishery and prompted monitoring. This species occurs in a number of marine protected areas in parts of its range. However, because of its particular biology (large size, late maturing, long-lived, protandric hermaphrodite) the Blackspot Sea Bream is especially sensitive to overfishing. The historical evidence of over-exploitation and population collapse in at least one major fishery (the Bay of Biscay) as well as indications of over-exploitation in other parts of its range are a cause for concern in this species. Although the declines are limited in scope and scale, we infer that population declines approaching 30% in three generation lengths (=33 years) have occurred. It is therefore listed here as Near Threatened under A2bd. An increase in the commercial fishery for the species could lead to a rapid population collapse. It is recommended that fisheries for this species be closely monitored and steps be taken to reduce the fishing effort in order to decrease the fishing mortality where this is indicated.",Decreasing,"The species is widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic and is known from southern Norway and the western Baltic Sea and around all of the British Isles and Ireland to Western Sahara, including Madeira, the Azores and the Canary Islands. It is common in the western Mediterranean but is rarer east of Sicily, except for parts of the Adriatic, the Aegean and the Sea of Marmara, and absent from the eastern to southeastern Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea (Carpenter in press).","There is evidence of the existence of three Blackspot Seabream stocks in the northeast Atlantic: one in the Azores region (ICES Area X), one in continental Portuguese shelf/slope waters (ICES Area IXa), and one in the waters around Madeira (sub-area 1.2 of FAO 34, central-eastern Atlantic) (Hermida et al. 2013). In the Mediterranean Sea, it is locally abundant in some places in the Aegean Sea (K. Bizsel and B. Yokes pers. comm.), common along the Algerian coast (H. Kara pers. comm.) and common in southwestern France (P. Francour pers. comm.). This species is common outside sea-cage forms in the Turkish Aegean Sea feeding on the feed (pellets) (Akyol and Ertosluk 2010) and accounted for 10.9% of the total weight of one fish farm from 2004-2008. FAO (2014) annual catch data for this species show a steady increase from around 50 to 140 mt to 2005. This increase is likely to be due to improved recording for this species. The vast majority of Blackspot Seabream captures come from the northeast Atlantic (99%) and the rest of the Mediterranean Sea and central-eastern Atlantic. Portugal and Spain are the main producing countries (Basurco et al. 2011). FAO (2014) capture production figures in 2012 were: Croatia - two tonnes; Cyprus - two tonnes; Portugal - 740 tonnes; France - 90 tonnes; Netherlands - nine tonnes; Spain - 236 tonnes; and United Kingdom - three tonnes. The Blackspot Seabream has traditionally been the main target species of the bottom longline fishery in the Azores, but in recent years several other species have increased in economic importance, including the Axillary Seabream Pagellus acarne (Morato et al. 2001). From 1981 to 1994 Blackspot Seabream represented 26% of total landings and 38% of total income of the demersal fisheries in the Azores. During this period, landings of this species increased by about 240% while an overall decrease in relative abundance was observed in the Azores (Menezes and Silva 1999). The fishery of Blackspot Seabream in Greek waters since the beginning of the 1980s were carried out mainly by long lines. In recent years, gill nets and trammel nets have been used in the Aegean Sea and Ionian Sea. Catches were extremely high during the early years of exploitation, with subsequent declines. In 1998, field observations in the Ionian Sea showed catch at 46 kg/1,000 m of netting; this decline in catch prompted a decrease in mesh size which lead to a number of negative outcomes: increased discards, lower market prices, higher pressure on the population, and reduction of the spawning stock. Similar declines in the total catch and the catch per unit of effort has been observed in the Strait of Gibraltar, in the ICES divisions VI, VII, VIII the stock is near to collapse, whereas the Andalucia region (Spain) government since 1999 has adopted a recovery plan for the stock. Generally in the Mediterranean the stock is heavily exploited and the biomass is declining, however, no other regulations are currently imposed on the fishery except the minimum landing size, which is set at 12 cm and applies to all the Pagellus species (Chilari et al. 2006). From the 1950s to the 1970s, Blackspot Seabream was exploited mainly by French and Spanish bottom offshore trawlers, by artisanal pelagic trawlers in the eastern Bay of Biscay (ICES Divisions VIIIa,b) and by Spanish longliners in the Cantabrian Sea (ICES Division VIIIc), with smaller contributions from other fisheries (Sanchez 1983, Dardignac 1988). The stock in the Bay of Biscay collapsed during the period 1975–1985, and it has not been of significant fishery interest since (Lorance 2011). Since the 1980s, the species has been mainly a bycatch species in France, and only a few small-scale handliners have been targeting the species (Lorance 2011). In the late 1960s, trawlers from La Rochelle, the main French port for landings of Blackspot Seabream throughout the twentieth century, redirected more effort towards this species as a result of the declining catch rates for hake (Guichet et al. 1971). Guichet et al. (1971) noted no sign of overexploitation and reported a large proportion of individuals aged 10 and older in the catch. Seven years later, a severe drop in landings was reported (Njock 1978), and from the mid-1980s, it was clear that the stock had collapsed (Dardignac 1988). Based on FAO landings data for the Northeast Atlantic for 1972–2002, Blackspot Seabream was classified as a depleted species and it is one of the few species whose landings had already declined to low levels by the early 1980s (Caddy and Surette 2005). Populations in the Northeast Atlantic are structured regionally, with populations of P. bogaraveo in the Azores genetically distinct from those on the European continental shelf, off Portugal and Madeira. Although, Patarnello et al. (2007) showed very little or no population structure and no signs of Atlantic-Mediterranean division for this species. While this structure may be strongly influenced by historical factors (severe environmental effects of the last glacial maxima), current levels of gene flow have been insufficient to homogenize populations. This finding has implications for management of deep-water species at the regional level, in that migration between populations separated by major hydrographic features, such as ocean basins, is limited. The chance of a rescue effect from migration and dispersal from other populations to compensate for impacts of directed exploitation, in terms of both biomass and genetic variability, will therefore be diminished given this bottleneck (Stockley et al. 2005).","A benthopelagic fish that occurs mostly on the continental shelf break and slope, on various types of bottom (rock, sand, mud), on seamounts (Afonso et al. 2012) and around islands, at depths of up to 800 m (Spedicato et al. 2002, Menezes et al. 2006), but more usually 50 - 300 m (Muus and Nielsen 1999). The young are found nearer to the shore, the adults on the continental slope, especially over muddy bottoms. It is omnivorous, with a predominantly carnivorous diet (crustaceans, molluscs, worms, small fish) (Morato et al. 2001). Blackspot Seabream grow to at least 70 cm standard length (about 80 cm total length; Bauchot and Hureau 1986) and up to four kilograms (Frimodt 1995). In the Bay of Biscay, the biggest reported fish in the 1960s were 68 and 70 cm total length. Their scales, which were difficult to read, could have included 25–30 annual growth increments (Gueguen 1969). It is a protandric hermaphrodite, most individuals being first functional males and then develop into functional females, at 20-30 cm length. A fraction of the population never changes sex and is referred to as gonochoric (Lorance 2011). In fish farming conditions, up to 40% of individuals are gonochoric females (Micale et al. 2002), but the proportion of gonochoric females seems to be much lower in the wild (Krug 1989). In the wild, the proportion of females per size class and their state of maturity over time may depend on population abundance, with more females at lower abundances (Krug 1998). As a result, the proportion of females may increase as a result of fishing (ICES 1996). In captivity, male Blackspot Seabream first mature at a size of 28 cm total length and age three; both gonochoric and secondary females first spawn at 29.5 cm total length and age four (Micale et al. 2002). In the wild, the smallest observed mature female was 30 cm long and five to eight years old (Sanchez 1983, Krug 1998). In the Strait of Gibraltar, Gil and Sobrino (2001) estimated the mean size at maturation of females as 35.7 cm total length. Sexual maturity occurs at four to five years (22-25 cm). The spawning period (from GSI estimation) was during the first quarter of the year and lengths at maturity were estimated for males and females to be 30.14 and 35.72 cm, respectively (Gill and Sobrino 2001). It forms spawning aggregations; spawning occurs from January to June when the adults move towards the coast up to the edge of the continental shelf. In captivity, spawning occurred in March-April, at a size of 28.0 cm and an age of three years in males and at 29.5 cm and four years in females (Micale et al. 2002). Undifferentiated gonads were found in fish smaller than 22.0 cm. Adult fish showed four gonadal differentiations: ovotestes with functional testis and quiescent ovary (Mf), ovotestes with functional ovary and regressed testis (mF), ovotestes with both ovary and testis at a resting stage (mf), and ovaries with no male tissue (F). The overall incidence of gonochoric females F was 41%. Functional males Mf were more frequent in age classes one plus and two plus, whereas functional females mF predominated in the three plus age class, above 25.0 cm TL (Micale et al. 2002). In the Azores over the ten year period, there have been increases in fecundity and decreases in length of first maturity in females, apparently related to changes in growth, the fish maturing at an earlier age. In contrast first maturity in males was attained at a greater length than previously, though the age was the same. The sexual transition was also altered, with an increasing proportion of intersexual forms, contrasted with an obvious decrease in males (Krug 1998). In the Ionian Sea, the allometric coefficient of the length-weight relationship is 2.9339. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters based on data from otoliths are L∞ = 49.2 cm, k = 0.106, to =-1.81 for males, and L∞= 49.5 cm, k = 0.100, to =-2.29 for females; whereas based on scale reading these were L∞ = 46.1 cm, k = 0.082, to =-3.40 for males, and L∞ = 52.8 cm, k = 0.059, to =-4.73 for females (Chilari et al. 2006). In the northern Aegean Sea, L∞ = 25.12 cm, k=0.186, to=-2.72 (Mytilineou and Papaconstantinou 1995). In the Strait of Gibraltar, the growth parameters in both sexes obtained according to the von Bertalanffy equation were: L∞ = 58 cm, k = 0.169, to = -0.668 (Sobrino and Gil 2001). Generation length is estimated at 14.25 years.","Due to its particular biology, the Blackspot Seabream may be especially sensitive to overfishing and declines from fishing are the main threat to this species. There is historical evidence of over-exploitation and population collapse in at least one major fishery, in the Bay of Biscay (Lorance 2011).","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. It occurs in several marine protected areas within its range (Wood 2007). In the Azores, Silva et al. (1998) suggested the need to reduce the fishing effort in order to decrease the fishing mortality. Better monitoring of catches is recommended, and more genetic information would be useful for the management of this species.","This is an important food fish, marketed fresh and frozen in the Mediterranean region. The species is caught with trawls, trammel nets and bottom long lines. Its fisheries are semi-industrial and artisanal, and it is also taken as a sport fish. The main target species of the bottom longline fishery in the Azores (Krug 1998, Morato et al. 2001). It is present regularly in the markets of France, Spain, Morocco and Italy, but only occasionally in Sicily, Tunisia, Greece and Turkey, and rarely elsewhere (Fischer et al. 1987). It is marketed fresh and frozen (its flesh is esteemed), and it is also used for fishmeal and oil (Carpenter in press). A potential candidate for aquaculture in the Mediterranean, but at present only one commercial operation produces this fish in Galicia on the Atlantic coast of Spain, using floating net cages. Commercial production started in 2002 and has increased from two tonnes in 2002 to 195 tonnes in 2007 (Basurco et al. 2011).","Allen, D.J., Comeros-Raynal, M. & García, M.","Russell, B.","Carpenter, K.E., Pollard, D., Yokes, B., Bizsel, K., Kara, M. & Francour, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SPARIDAE,Pagellus,erythrinus,,Pagellus erythrinus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) The species has a wide range in Europe, from Norway to Gibraltar, Madeira and the Canary Islands, and present throughout the Mediterranean Sea and in the western Black Sea. The species is common and abundant in suitable habitats, and landing statistics indicate that the catch in the Mediterranean Sea has stabilized over the period 1996-2005. Elsewhere in its range, it is heavily exploited in the Canary Islands, but there are no data yet indicating population declines from fishing. Its distribution overlaps several marine protected areas within its range. It is therefore listed as Least Concern. However, continued monitoring of its population status and harvest levels is recommended.",Unknown,"The species&#160;is widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic and occurs from southern coasts of the British Isles, with records from the North Sea and Norway; southwards to Cape Verde and Senegal, including Madeira and the Canary Islands. It is present throughout the Mediterranean Sea and in the western Black Sea.","The species is very common and abundant in the habitats in which it occurs. FAO catch data show a steady increase in landings to a peak of around 11,000 mt in the mid 1980s, and then stabilizing at around 5,000 mt from 1996 to 2005. The species was predominant in the by-catch comprising 87.81% by number and 56.61% by weight of the trawl fisheries bycatch in the Mediterranean coast of Egypt (Alsayes et al. 2009). With the exception of Portugal and France, all EU region captures came from the Mediterranean Sea and southern Black Sea, with Algeria, Spain and Tunisia accounting for almost 94% of the volume landed and the balance coming from France, Cyprus, Malta, Portugal and Slovenia (Basurco et al. 2011). Small scale aquaculture production of this species has also commenced in Greece (Klaoudatos et al. 2004, Basurco et al. 2011). FAO (2014) capture production figures in 2012 were: Croatia 80 mt; Israel 40 mt; Libya 4,850 mt; Malta 22 mt; Morocco 11,036 mt; France 104 mt; Portugal 106 mt; Algeria 1,265 mt; Cyprus 31 mt; Slovenia 17 mt; Spain 583 mt and Tunisia 4,065 mt.","A demersal species inhabiting various types of bottom (rock, gravel, sand, mud) to depths of 220 m, but mainly in the upper 100 m, the young occurring nearer to the shore. During winter, the stocks move into deeper waters. It is a protogynic hermaphrodite (first females, becoming males in their third year at sizes of about 17 to 18 cm). The species is omnivorous, with a predominantly carnivorous diet. Off the western coast of Greece, polychaetes constituted the main food items in the Corinthiakos Gulf and the Ionian Sea, whilst brachyurans did so in the Patraikos Gulf. Other occasional items included fishes and cephalopods (Caragitsou and Papaconstantinou 1988). Reproduction occurs from spring to autumn depending on hydrological conditions. Spawning takes place in the summer months. In the Atlantic, spawning occurs in spring, extending sometimes until early summer (Lloris et al. 1977). In the Mediterranean, spawning takes place from May to September (Larrañeta 1964, Girardin and Quignard 1985, Papaconstantinou et al. 1988, Livadas 1989). In the Canary archipelago, reproduction occurs when the temperature of the sea reaches the highest values (Pajuelo and Lorenzo 1998). This species is a protogynous hermaphrodite (Andaloro and Giarritta 1985, Girardin and Quignard 1985, Papaconstantinou et al. 1988, Livadas 1989), the females becoming males first in their third year at sizes of about 17 cm (Pajuelo and Lorenzo 1998). Sexual maturity occurs at two to three years of age (Larrañeta 1967, Girardin and Quignard 1985, Mytilinéou 1989, Pajuelo and Lorenzo 1998). The sex ratio is unbalanced in favour of females (Vassilopoulou et al. 1986, Pajuelo and Lorenzo 1998). The absence of females in the largest size classes implies that sex conversion occurs in all fish. A comparison of available growth data from the Mediterranean and the Atlantic revealed higher lengths-at-age for fish in the northwestern Mediterranean and the Atlantic than in the central and eastern Mediterranean (Somarakis and Machias 2002). The maximum total length of this species is 60 cm (Fischer et al. 1987). In the Canary Islands the oldest fish found was ten years old (Pajuelo and Lorenzo 1998). In the Mediterranean, Larrañeta (1967) examined 15-year old specimens, Andaloro and Giarritta (1985) eight-year old specimens, and Livadas (1989) 12-year-old specimens.",There is potential for localized declines from fishing.,"The species occurs in some marine protected areas in the Mediterranean Sea. The minimum size limit is 15 cm in Turkey.&#160;In the Canary Islands, where conservation legislation on fisheries exists, a minimum size limit has been implemented for the species (220 mm TL), but is of limited benefit because the minimum length which may be legally kept is smaller than the length at first maturity of males (Pajuelo and Lorenzo 1998). This species is therefore susceptible to exploitation at a size when many other coexisting demersal species are mature or immature. Measures such as closed season or changes in fishing pattern would be desirable to safeguard the spawning stock and the recruits. It is recommended to implement fishing regulations to ensure that this species is not targeted during its short female reproductive period (Pajuelo and Lorenzo 1998). More genetic information would be useful for the management of this species.","This is an important commercial food fish in the Mediterranean region. The fishery there is semi-industrial and artisanal, and it is also taken as a sport fish. This species is caught with bottom trawls, beach seines, on line gear, traps (Canary Islands), trammel nets, gill nets, bottom long lines and hand lines. It is regularly present in markets in the Canary Islands and around the Mediterranean and is marketed fresh, frozen, smoked or dried salted (flesh esteemed). It is also used for fishmeal and oil.","Allen, D.J., Comeros-Raynal, M. & García, M.","Russell, B.","Carpenter, K.E. & Pollard, D.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SPARIDAE,Pagrus,auriga,,Pagrus auriga,"Valenciennes, 1843",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is relatively widespread along the east Atlantic coast from Portugal to Angola including Madeira, Canary Islands and Cape Verde islands. It is also distributed along the southern and eastern coasts of the Mediterranean and around Greece and Corsica. It is not commonly found in the Mediterranean and except for the Canary Islands, there is limited population information available in the rest of its distributional range. The life history characteristics of this species make the stock more prone to over exploitation, however whilst there is evidence of declines in the past 50 years in the Canary archipelago, there are no data from elsewhere indicating population declines from fishing or from habitat modification. It is therefore listed as Least Concern. We recommend further monitoring of the population status of this species and research on its biology. The introduction of measures in the Canary Islands such as closed seasons or changes in fishing patterns are desirable to safeguard the spawning stock and the recruits, especially if the stock continues to decline.",Unknown,"The species is present in the eastern Atlantic from northern Portugal to Angola, including Madeira, the Canary Islands and Sao Tome and Principe,&#160;and in the Mediterranean Sea&#160;(Bauchot and Hureau 1986, 1990).&#160;In the Mediterranean, it is mainly found in the southern and eastern regions and around Greece and Corsica, with single records from Sicily and the Adriatic. This species occurs to 170 m (Bauchot and Hureau 1990).","Separate FAO statistics are not reported for this species. The species is not common throughout its range in the Mediterranean Sea. In the Canary Islands, the total landings of this species have decreased in the last 50 years. It is subjected to a high fishing effort because it is caught together with other more abundant sparids such as Dentex gibbosus or P. pagrus (Pajuelo et al. 2006b).","A demersal marine fish inhabiting various types of sea bottom, especially rocky bottoms. It can be found to depths of about 170 m, but is more abundant in the surfzone (Pajuelo 2006a,b), the young near the coast. It is carnivorous, feeding chiefly on molluscs, including cephalopods, and sometimes, on crustaceans (Carpenter in press). In the Canary Islands, this is an important species in small-scale demersal fisheries and in aquaculture and is caught mainly with traps at depths ranging between 10 and 110 m. It is captured throughout the year but with significant seasonal differences in the landings (Pajuelo et al. 2006a). The species is characterized by protogynous hermaphroditism. The male: female ratio was in favour of females (1:8.2). The reproductive season extends from September to February, with maximal gonadal activity in November–December, and a peak in spawning activity in October–November. Fifty percent maturity was reached at 38.7 cm total length by females and at 53.3 cm by males. Age at maturity is five years for females and 11 years for males. Otolith age readings indicated that the population consists of 19 age groups, including a very high proportion of individuals between zero and seven years old. Growth analysis reveals that the species is slow-growing and relatively long lived (18-24 years) (Pajueolo et al. 2006a, 2006b). The von Bertalanffy growth parameters for the entire population were: L∞ = 803 mm, k = 0.081 year-1 and t0 =-2.17 year  (Pajuelo et al. 2006a); length at age was described by the specialized von Bertalanffy growth model,, L∞ = 793 mm; k = 0.081 year−1; and t0 = −1.497 year) (Pajuelo et al. 2006b); and the seasonalized von Bertalanffy growth model, L∞ =798 mm; k = 0.080 year−1; t0 =−1.502 year (Pajuelo et al. 2006b).",There are localized declines from fishing.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. It occurs in several marine protected areas within its range. In the Canary Islands, a minimum size limit (350 mm) has been implemented; however, this is of limited benefit because the minimum length of fish which may be legally kept is smaller than the length at first maturity. No bag limits are currently imposed on its fishery. Another protection strategy has been introduced with the building of artificial reefs. This protection appears to cover only the earlier stages of the life cycle and encompasses only limited areas. When immature individuals move out of artificial reefs, they are subject to a high exploitation level because fishermen deploy a large number of traps around the reef (Pajuelo et al. 2006a,b).","A prized food fish, but of only minor commercial importance in the Mediterranean. In the Canary Islands it is subjected to a high fishing effort because it is caught together with other more abundant sparids, such as Dentex gibbosus or P. pagrus. It is an important species in small-scale demersal fisheries and in aquaculture and is caught mainly with traps at depths ranging between 10 and 110 m (Pajuelo et al. 2006a,b). Its fishery is semi-industrial and artisanal, and it is also taken as a sport fish. This species is taken sporadically throughout its range. It is caught on line gear and with trammel nets and bottom trawls. It is marketed fresh or frozen (its flesh is highly esteemed), and it is also used for fishmeal and oil (Carpenter in press).","Allen, D.J., Comeros-Raynal, M. & García, M.","Russell, B.","Carpenter, K.E. & Pollard, D.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SPARIDAE,Pagrus,caeruleostictus,,Pagrus caeruleostictus,"(Valenciennes, 1830)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is relatively widespread in European waters, from Portugal in the eastern Atlantic and present throughout much of the Mediterranean Sea except for the northwestern coast, the central and northern Adriatic, and the northern Aegean Seas. It is not commonly found in the Mediterranean and there is limited population information available for the European part of its distributional range. However, there are no data indicating population declines from fishing or from habitat modification. It is therefore listed as Least Concern. Due to its fishery value, further monitoring of its population status and research on its biology is recommended.",Unknown,"The species is widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic from southern Portugal to Angola. It is not known from the Canary Islands (Dooley et al. 1985). It is present in most of the Mediterranean Sea except for some northern coasts (there is a single record from France), and the central and northern Adriatic and northern Aegean Seas (Bauchot and Hureau 1986, Fischer et al. 1987).","There are no landing statistics reported from the Mediterranean Sea in general for this species. It is common in the eastern Mediterranean Sea and relatively common in the central Aegean Sea. In Turkey, catch landings were: 1995 - 180 mt, 1996 - 159 mt, 1997 - 70 mt, 1998 - 70 mt, 1999 - 140 mt, 2001 - 35 mt, 2002 - 57 mt, and 2006 - 80 mt (Turkish Statistical Institute Annual Reports). Average fish sizes are becoming smaller in catches in Turkey (B. Yokes pers. comm.). FAO capture production in Romania was 109 tonnes in 1989. There are no subsequent catch data recorded.","A demersal species inhabiting hard bottoms (rocks and rubble) down to a depth of about 200 m, but most abundant in depths between 50 and 100 m (Fischer et al. 1987), the older individuals in the deeper part of this range, the young in inshore areas. Sexual maturity is attained at the age of two years (Bauchot and Hureau 1990); spawning migrations occur parallel to the coast, with intermittent spawning activity taking place over soft bottoms in shallow water to the north of Cape Verde, throughout the hot season (particularly at its beginning and end). It is carnivorous, feeding chiefly on bivalves, which it crushes with its powerful jaws, and also on crustaceans and fish (Dia et al. 2000, Hamida et al. 2010). The maximum recorded size is 72 cm (TL) but it is common to 50 cm (Carpenter in press).",There is potential for localized declines from fishing.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. It occurs in several marine protected areas within its range.  In the Mediterranean, it is recommended that more genetic research be done for the management of this species.","This is a commercial species. It is also taken as a sport fish. It is regularly present in the markets of Tunisia, occasionally elsewhere, and only rarely in Morocco and Turkey.  It is one of the most expensive fishes in Turkey (K. Bizsel pers. comm.). Caught on line gear, with bottom trawls and seines, and in traps. It is marketed fresh, frozen or smoked (its flesh is esteemed), and it is also used for fishmeal and oil (Carpenter in press).","Allen, D.J., Comeros-Raynal, M. & García, M.","Russell, B.","Carpenter, K.E., Pollard, D., Yokes, B. & Bizsel, K.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SPARIDAE,Pagrus,pagrus,,Pagrus pagrus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","Genetic studies of Pagrus pagrus have shown Western Atlantic samples to be more closely related to each other than to samples from the Eastern North Atlantic. Within the Western North Atlantic, no significant population differentiation was observed, and within the eastern North Atlantic, only the Azores sample showed detectable differences from those from Crete and Madeira. These data indicate general homogeneity within large areas, and deep divisions between these areas (Ball et al. 2007).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is widespread and is typically common and landing statistics suggest a robust and stable population in the Mediterranean Sea. This species' distribution overlaps several marine protected areas in its range. It is therefore listed as Least Concern. However, there may be some indications of localized serious declines there (e.g. on the Mediterranean Sea coast of Turkey) and therefore this species should be targeted for improved fisheries regulation.",Unknown,"The species is widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic from the English Channel (scattered records) to Western Sahara, including the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. It is present throughout the Mediterranean Sea and the Sea of Marmara, but not known in the Black Sea. The species also occurs in the western Atlantic from the United States to Argentina, including the Gulf of Mexico but not the eastern Caribbean Sea.","FAO catch statistics for the species in the Mediterranean Sea show a steady increase in landings over the past 50 years, with a fluctuation between 1,700 and 4,300 mt from 1996 to 2005 (FishStat 2007). It is unclear whether this steady increase is only due to increased effort or perhaps improvements in data collection. In the Azores, results of a 10-year bottom longline survey and a smaller scale hook-and-line survey indicate that the size and sex of fish caught responded to local factors rather than fishing or larger scale (geographic) factors. Young-of-the-year recruit to shallow, sandy habitats located inshore and apparently migrate toward deeper and progressively rockier bottoms. Significant large-scale differences among islands may be attributed to exploitation, lowest abundance were consistently found off islands subject to higher fishing efforts. Recruitment to the fishery varied twice by an order of magnitude during the 10-year longline monitoring period, reflecting high natural vulnerability (Afonso et al. 2008). Off the southwestern coast of Turkey this species was once very abundant, but has declined to around 1/15th of its original population size (B. Yokes pers. comm.). It is however common in Algeria (M. Kara pers. comm.), Turkey (K. Bizsel and Yokes pers. comm.) and France (P. Francour pers. comm.). FAO (2014) capture production in 2012 were: Algeria - 73 mt; Cyprus - four mt; Egypt - 2,884 mt; France - 61 mt; Greece - 580 mt; Malta - 25 mt; Palestine (occupied tr.) - one mt; Portugal 184 mt, Spain 128 mt; Tunisia - 343 mt; and Turkey - 1,091 mt. Genetic studies of Pagrus pagrus have shown western Atlantic samples to be more closely related to each other than to samples from the eastern North Atlantic. Within the western North Atlantic, no significant population differentiation was observed, and within the eastern North Atlantic, only the Azores sample showed detectable differences from Crete and Madeira. These data indicate general homogeneity within large areas, and deep divisions between these areas (Ball et al. 2007).","The species associates with reefs and is commonly found over irregular and low-profile hard bottoms at depths between about 20 and 200 m (Manooch and Hassler 1978). This demersal species is found over rock, rubble or sand substrata (the young are also frequently found over seagrass beds), over the continental shelf (Fischer et al. 1987) down to about 250 m depth, though more often above 100 m. This species is a carnivore and it feeds on crustaceans, fishes and molluscs. In juveniles, crustaceans are the dominant food group, followed by molluscs and teleosts (Castriota et al. 2006).  Reproduction occurs from April to June and sexual maturity at a length of 24 cm (Fischer et al. 1987). The Red Porgy exhibits protogynous hermaphroditism, with sex reversal occurring when the fish are four to six years old, while reproductive maturation begins at the age of three years (Vassilopoulou and Papaconstantinou 1992, Kokokiris et al. 1999). Females dominate the smaller size classes and males occur at all ages (Manooch 1976). Females generally reach maturity from age one to age two at approximately 300 mm TL, and the majority of Red Porgy age five and older are mature males (Hood and Johnson 2000).  In the Canary Islands, the reproductive period extends from December to May, with most gonadal activity between February and March. Fifty per cent maturity was reached at 22.6 cm total length by females and 26.7 cm by males. The length-weight relationship for all fish was described by the following parameters: a = 0.017947, b = 2.9583. Fish aged zero to 14 years old were present in the samples. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters for all fish were L∞ = 63.96 em, and k = 0.144 year-1. Mortality rates for all fish, estimated from a length-converted catch curve, were Z = 0.56 year -1, F = 0.24 year-1 with M = 0.32 year-1 derived from Pauly's empirical formula. The exploitation rate was E = 0.43 (Pajeulo and Lorenzo 1996).  Males follow two patterns of testicular development. Some individuals develop testicular tissue and their ovary degenerates before sexual maturation (primary males), while others mature and function as females for a few reproductive cycles and then change sex to males (secondary males) (Kokokiris et al. 1999). The females have an asynchronous ovarian pattern of oocyte maturation and ovulation (Kokokiris et al. 2000). This species spawns small batches of eggs from early winter to late spring. In the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea, the peak of the spawning activity is observed between March and April (Vassilopoulou and Papaconstantinou 1992, Kentouri et al. 1995).",This species is commercially very important in fisheries in most parts of its range. It is utilized in artisanal and recreational fisheries. There are some indications of localized serious declines in parts of its range (e.g. on the Mediterranean Sea coast of Turkey).,"In the Azores, the species occupies home ranges of variable residency. Marine reserves require large areas for permanent  protection of Red Porgy, but ontogenic and density-dependent dispersal  could promote considerable spillover of adults to benefit local  fisheries (Afonso 2007).&#160;Additional fishing regulations are recommended, since it is a late maturing protogynous hermaphrodite and more genetic research should be done for the management of this species.","The species is highly prized in many commercial and recreational fisheries across its full range in the eastern and western Atlantic and in the eastern Mediterranean (Labroupoulou et al. 1999). It is the second most important species for the coastal bottom fisheries conducted in the archipelago of the Azores (Afonso et al. 2008).  This species is commercially very important in fisheries in the Mediterranean Sea. Its fisheries are semi-industrial (in Spain, Sicily, Egypt and Cyprus) and artisanal elsewhere, and it is also taken as a sport fish. The main catching methods are beach seines, trawl nets, bottom long lines, spear fishing and hand lines. It is regularly (in Greece, Turkey and the Maghreb) or occasionally present in markets around the Mediterranean Sea, but only rarely in those of the Adriatic Sea (Fischer et al. 1987). It is also a species of great commercial importance for the Mediterranean Sea aquaculture industry, due to its high market demand, good growth rates and adaptability in culture conditions. The main drawbacks for the extensive commercial aquaculture production of this species are associated with its skin discolouration (Pavlidis et al. 2002) and with diseases including bacterial, viral and parasitic infections (Katharios et al. 2006). The species is a candidate for aquaculture diversification in the Mediterranean (Kalinowski et al. 2005).","Allen, D.J., Comeros-Raynal, M. & García, M.","Russell, B.","Carpenter, K.E., Pollard, D., Francour, P., Yokes, B., Bizsel, K. & Kara, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,HETERENCHELYIDAE,Panturichthys,fowleri,,Panturichthys fowleri,"(Ben-Tuvia, 1953)",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Panturichthys fowleri is known only from the Mediterranean Sea. There are very few records, but it may be widespread across the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Few data are available about the population status or trends. It is not harvested for any known purpose, but other threats are unknown. Therefore, Panturichthys fowleri is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, where it was originally known from a holotype taken from Israel at a depth of 25–55 metres (Ben-Tuvia 1953) and a record from the north Aegean Sea (Economidis & Bauchot 1976). More recently, specimens have been collected on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey (Smith et al. 2012) and in the Levantine Sea (Goren 2004, Goren and Galil 2007). The depth distribution of P. fowleri is not well known; it may range from 25–55 m (Ben-Tuvia 1953) to 1000–1,500 m (Goren 2004, Goren and Galil 2007).","There are only a few records of this species, but it may be under-reported as it would readily escape from nets because of its long, thin shape.","This is a demersal species that likely spends most of its time burrowing into the muddy sediment of its habitat (Smith et al. 2012). A holotype was taken between 25 and 55 m depth (Ben-Tuvia 1953), and more recently specimens have been captured in a deep-sea survey at 1000-1500 m (Galil 2004, Goren and Galil 2007). The specimen collected by Smith et al. (2012) had a fish vertebral column in its stomach and had wrapped its body around the hooked bait, suggesting that the species may feed using rapid rotations of the body to rip apart prey items, similarly to other eel species. However, it possesses only molariform teeth.",This species is not commercially exploited. No major threats are known.,"No specific conservation measures are in place for this species. Research is needed into possible threats that may exist to this species. This species may be present in marine protected areas that occur within its distribution. It was previously assessed as Data Deficient, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",This species is not taken for any known purpose and is rarely caught throughout its range.,"Ralph, G.","Smith, D.G.","Papaconstantinou, C., Golani, D., Massuti, E., Palmeri, A. & Keskin, Ç.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,BLENNIIDAE,Parablennius,gattorugine,,Parablennius gattorugine,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Parablennius gattorugine is a widely distributed species found from Ireland to Morocco, including the Mediterranean Sea and Canary Islands. It is common, and there are no known major threats towards it at this time. Therefore, P. gattorugine is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"In the northeast Atlantic, Parablennius gattorugine is present from Ireland to Morocco (Zander 1986). It is also present in the Mediterranean Sea, including the Balearic Islands (Fischer et al. 2007) and the Sea of Marmara (Wheeler 1992), though it is absent from large parts of the north African coast due to the absence of suitable habitat. Parablennius gattorugine is also reported from the Canary Islands (Almada et al. 2001). Some past papers reported this species present in the Azores and Madeira, however it has been concluded that the occurrences were misidentifications of Parablennius ruber (Oliveira et al. 1992). It can found to 32 m (Zander 1986).","Parablennius gattorugine is locally common in suitable habitat throughout its range. The average fish density was 0.18 and 0.08 fish per 100 m2 in sampling areas in the Gulf of Trieste, Northern Adriatic Sea (Lipej et al. 2003).","Parablennius gattorugine is found on rocky reefs and nearby areas. It spawns from March to May, and the spawning males will reside in holes where several females spawn. Males guards the eggs from several females, until larvae are about one month old (Muus and Nielsen 1999). It can be found to 32 m depth (Zander 1986), but is most common at depths of 5-6 m (Orlando-Bonaca and Lipej 2007).",There are no known major threats for this species.,"No specific conservation measures are in place or required for this species. It is widespread and occurs in protected areas. Parablennius gattorugine was assessed as Least Concern, globally and in the Mediterranean, in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011), but is considered Vulnerable in Turkey.",This species is not utilized commercially.,"Ahnelt, H. & Harvey, M.","Williams, J.T., Herler, J. & Kovacic, M.","Di Natale, A., Bariche, M., Massuti, E., Craig, M.T., Williams, J.T., Bizsel, K. & Bilecenoglu, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,BLENNIIDAE,Parablennius,incognitus,,Parablennius incognitus,"(Bath, 1968)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Parablennius incognitus is found in the eastern Atlantic from the Iberian peninsula to Morocco, including Macaronesia and the Mediterranean and Black Seas. It is locally common, though no specific population information is available. There are no known widespread threats. Therefore, P. incognitus is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Parablennius incognitus is found in the eastern Atlantic, from the Iberian Peninsula to Morocco, including the Mediterranean, the Sea of Marmara, and the northern and eastern Black Sea (Zander 1986, Bogorodsky 2006). It is apparently absent from large areas of north African coast, but has been recorded from Madeira and the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014), the Canary Islands (Dooley et al. 1985, Zander 1986), and Victoria, Cameroon (Bath 1990). It has been found at depths of 0 to 2 m (Bath 1990).","Parablennius incognitus is locally common, but there is no specific population information.","Parablennius incognitus is found on rocky shores of shallow coastal waters (Bath 1990) and feeds on benthic invertebrates, especially gammarids, and also feeds on algae (Zander 1986). This species is oviparous with distinct pairing and demersal, adhesive eggs (Breder and Rosen 1966). It appears to be relatively non-selective in terms of microhabitat utilization (Orlando-Bonaca and Lipej 2007).",There are no known major threats to this species.,"No specific conservation measures are in place or required for this species but it is widespread and it occurs in many protected areas. Parablennius incognitus was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Parablennius incognitus is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H. & Harvey, M.","Williams, J.T., Herler, J. & Kovacic, M.","Di Natale, A., Bariche, M., Massuti, E., Craig, M.T., Williams, J.T., Bizsel, K. & Bilecenoglu, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,BLENNIIDAE,Parablennius,parvicornis,,Parablennius parvicornis,"(Valenciennes, 1836)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Parablennius parvicornis is widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic from the Macaronesian Islands, and along the coast of Africa from Morocco to the Congo River. In the northeastern Atlantic, P. parvicornis is known only from the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands, where it is very common and locally abundant. Whilst possibly impacted, locally, by pollution, this is not considered a major threat at this time. Therefore, P. parvicornis is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Parablennius parvicornis has been recorded from Macaronesia (Canary Islands, Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde), and from the west African coast from Morocco to the Congo River (Almada et al. 2005). It is typically found in the shallow littoral zone, preferably at 0.5-1.0 m (Zander 1986).",Parablennius parvicornis has been described as one of the most abundant fish species in the intertidal zone of Gran Canaria (Brito 1991). It was described as numerically dominant in 41% of all the surveyed pools (Cody 1993).,"Parablennius parvicornis is found in areas of volcanic rock (R. Fricke pers. comm.) in tidepools to a depth of 2 m. It is a demersal species that feeds exclusively on algae and is found in areas exposed to sunlight. Breeding takes place in male-constructed pebble nests and after eggs are laid, males continue to guard the nest and provide care for the eggs (Santos and Nash 1996).","Due to the intertidal nature of this species, it is likely that in certain areas of its distribution it is undergoing localised declines due to coastal pollution and development; however, at present there is no indication that these pose a significant threat to this species.",There are no known species-specific conservation measures for Parablennius parvicornis. This species may be found to occur in a number of coastal marine protected areas. Further research and monitoring of the potential threats to this species should be carried out. Parablennius parvicornis was assessed as Least Concern globally in 2009.,Parablennius parvicornis is of value to the aquarium trade as a reef cleaner (Calado 2006).,"Ahnelt, H. & Harvey, M.","Williams, J.T., Herler, J. & Kovacic, M.","Fricke, R. & van Tassell, J.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,BLENNIIDAE,Parablennius,pilicornis,,Parablennius pilicornis,"(Cuvier, 1829)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Parablennius pilicornis is widely distributed in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it is present from Spain and Portugal to the western Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. It appears as though P. pilicornis may be expanding its range in the Mediterranean. There are no known major threats at this time. Therefore, P. pilicornis is assessed as Least Concern.",Increasing,"Parablennius pilicornis is widely distributed on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean and the western Indian Ocean. In the eastern Atlantic, the species is found from Spain to South Africa (Zander 1986), including the western part of Mediterranean Sea (Morocco, Algeria, Spain, Tunisia and in the Ligurian Sea (Balma et al. 1989) and the western Adriatic (Pastor and Francour (2010)). This species is also found in France: Port-Cros (Dufour et al. 2007), Saint-Raphael and Monaco (Francour and Seytre 2006, Francour 2007). There are also records now in Italy (L. Tunesi pers. comm. 2007), including Apulia, in the marine protected areas of Porto Cesareo (Ionian Sea), Tremiti Islands and Torre Guaceto (Southern Adriatic Sea) (Guidetti pers. comm. 2007). It is typically found from 0.3 to 6 m (Zander 1986), but has been recorded to 25 m.","The range of this species may be expanding in the eastern Atlantic and in the Mediterranean (Pastor and Francour 2010). Where present it is very common, but there is no specific population information for this species.","Parablennius pilicornis occurs in rocky shores, often at steep walls of surf-exposed sites (Zander 1986). It is oviparous with distinct pairing and demersal, adhesive eggs (Breder and Rosen 1966).  In Monaco, this species is very abundant between 2 and 10 m depth and recorded up to 25 m depth. All the records in Port-Cros and Saint-Raphael are from shallow waters (5-10 m) (Francour and Seytre 2006, Francour 2007).",There are no known major threats for this species.,"No specific conservation measures are in place or required for this species. The species was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011). It occurs in marine protected areas.",Not commercially utilized.,"Ahnelt, H. & Harvey, M.","Williams, J.T., Herler, J. & Kovacic, M.","Di Natale, A., Bizsel, K., Massuti, E. & Bariche, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,BLENNIIDAE,Parablennius,rouxi,,Parablennius rouxi,"(Cocco, 1833)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Parablennius rouxi is present throughout the northern and eastern Mediterranean Sea and along the southern coast of Portugal. It is a common species, although specific population data are not available. There are no major threats and the population is thought to be stable. Therefore, P. rouxi is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Parablennius rouxi is known from the northern Mediterranean coast, and from Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Palestine coastal waters (Golani et al. 2006, M. Bariche pers. comm. 2007). There are also records of P. rouxi from the eastern Atlantic along the south coast of Portugal (Carneiro et al. 2014). Parablennius rouxi can be found from zero to 42 m depth (Zander 1986).","This is a common species, but there is no specific population information available. The abundance below 10 m depth ranged from 0.5-1 individuals per m2 (Zander 1996).","Parablennius rouxi occurs in the littoral zone to 42 m (Zander 1986), over light rocks or pebbles without algal cover and on secondary hard bottoms of coralligenous origin. This species is relatively indiscriminate in its choice of microhabitats (Orlando-Bonaca and Lipej 2007). Parablennius rouxi feeds on periphyton, harpacticoids and algae. Males inhabit narrow piddock holes, they court by nodding, jumping out of hole and back again, and swimming in a vertical position. Rivals are threatened by yawning, lateral display and circling, and are attacked by ramming and biting. It is oviparous with distinct pairing and demersal, adhesive eggs (Breder and Rosen 1966). Reproduction takes place from May to July. Attracted females spawn in resident hole of a male which guards eggs from several families (Zander 1986).",There are no known major threats for this species.,"No specific conservation measures are in place or required for this species. It occurs in marine protected areas. Parablennius rouxi was assessed as Least Concern globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Parablennius rouxi is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H. & Harvey, M.","Williams, J.T., Herler, J. & Kovacic, M.","Di Natale, A., Bariche, M., Massuti, E., Bizsel, K. & Bilecenoglu, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,BLENNIIDAE,Parablennius,ruber,,Parablennius ruber,"(Valenciennes, 1836)","Based on molecular data, Parablennius ruber is a sister species of Parablennius gattorugine, with which it forms a very differentiated clade within the genus Parablennius (Almada et al. 2005). Its validity as a separate species has been confirmed by Almeida (1982) and Bath (1982).",Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Parablennius ruber is restricted to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is locally abundant and widespread. There are no known major threats towards this species at this time. Therefore, P. ruber is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Parablennius ruber is found in the eastern Atlantic. It was thought to be restricted to Portuguese waters (mainland Portugal, Azores, and Madeira). However, P. ruber has been recorded from western Britain and Ireland (Goodwin and Picton 2007) and is therefore likely distributed more widely along western Europe (Almada et al. 2007). It is found from two to 30 m, but preferably at five metres (Zander 1986, Harmelin-Vivien et al. 2001). As this species has previously been confused with Parablennius gattorugine, a revision of the distribution of Parablennius ruber is needed.","Parablennius ruber is commonly observed in rocky shores of the Azores, most frequently to 10 m depth, but down to 30 m. The number of individuals observed per census (350 to 450 m2) was 2.56 (0 to 10 m), 1.00 (11 to 17 m), and 0.87 (18 to 25 m) (Harmelin-Vivien et al. 2001).","Parablennius ruber inhabits rocky shores and is found solitary or in groups of five to 15 (Zander 1986). The size of first sexual maturation is estimated to be equal or greater than six centimetres for females and the maximum reported size is 14.1 cm total length (Azevedo and Homem 2002, Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014). The diet of P. ruber is dominated by red algae, sponges and amphipods, though it may also consume gastropods and isopods (Azevedo and Homem 2002).",There are no known major threats to this species.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place or needed for the species and&#160;it occurs in marine protected areas.,It is not commercially utilized.,"Ahnelt, H. & Harvey, M.","Williams, J.T., Herler, J. & Kovacic, M.","Craig, M.T.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,BLENNIIDAE,Parablennius,sanguinolentus,,Parablennius sanguinolentus,"(Pallas, 1814)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Parablennius sanguinolentus is widespread and common in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, and in the western Black Sea. There are no known widespread threats. Therefore, P. sanguinolentus is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Parablennius sanguinolentus is widespread and common in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean. In the east Atlantic, P. sanguinolentus is present from the Loire, France to Morocco. It is also present throughout the Mediterranean in appropriate habitat, and known to occur in the western part of the Black Sea (Zander 1996). It is typically found at depths of 0.5 to 1.0 m (Zander 1996), but can be found to 5 m.","This is a common species, although there is no known specific population information about this species.",Parablennius sanguinolentus inhabits coastal areas with pebbles and on photophilic algae-covered rocks at depths of 0.5 to 1 m (Zander 1996). It feeds almost exclusively on algae and spawns from May to July (Zander 1996).,There are no known major threats for this species.,"There are no species specific conservation measures in place or required for this species. Parablennius sanguinolentus was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Not utilized commercially.,"Ahnelt, H. & Harvey, M.","Williams, J.T., Herler, J. & Kovacic, M.","Di Natale, A., Bariche, M., Massuti, E., Craig, M.T., Williams, J.T., Bizsel, K. & Bilecenoglu, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,BLENNIIDAE,Parablennius,tentacularis,,Parablennius tentacularis,"(Brünnich, 1768)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Parablennius tentacularis is widespread and common in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean Sea and the western Black Sea. The population of P. tentacularis is considered to be stable, and it can be locally abundant. There are no known major threats to P. tentacularis at this time. Therefore, P. tentatcularis is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Parablennius tentacularis is widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic, from Portugal south to Guinea. In the northeastern Atlantic, P. tentacularis is found along the coasts of Portugal, Spain, and Morocco, including the Canary Islands. It is also present in all parts of the Mediterranean Sea except parts of the north African coast, the Sea of Marmara, and the western Black Sea (Zander 1986). The species is also found in the Balearic Islands - Ibiza (Fischer et al. 2007). It is typically found to 15 m depth (Zander 1986).",Populations are considered to be stable and locally abundant.,"Parablennius tentacularis occurs over rocky substrata with boulders and light vegetation. It hides in crevices (Zander 1986). Males are territorial, make nests in empty bivalve shells and provide solitary parental care for the eggs (Giacomello and Rasotto 2005). It is typically found at 3 to 15 m (Zander 1996).",There are no known major threats for this species.,"There are no species specific conservation measures in place or required, and it occurs in marine protected areas. The species was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Parablennius tentacularis is not utilized commercially.,"Ahnelt, H. & Harvey, M.","Williams, J.T., Herler, J. & Kovacic, M.","Di Natale, A., Bariche, M., Massuti, E., Craig, M.T., Williams, J.T., Bizsel, K. & Bilecenoglu, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,BLENNIIDAE,Parablennius,zvonimiri,,Parablennius zvonimiri,"(Kolombatovic, 1892)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Parablennius zvonimiri is a shallow-water species, endemic to the Mediterranean and Black Seas, where it is locally abundant. The population is considered stable. Although P. zvonimiri may be subject to localized impacts from coastal developments or pollution, there are no known major threats at this time. Therefore, P. zvonimiri is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Parablennius zvonimiri is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea (Golani et al. 2006). It is distributed throughout the northwest and eastern Mediterranean Sea, and known from the western and some northern parts of the Black Sea (though it has not been recorded from most of the Turkish Black Sea coast). It is found also in the Balearic Islands (Fischer et al. 2007). Parablennius zvonimiri is known to 12 m depth (Kovačić et al. 2007).",There is no specific population information available for Parablennius zvonimiri. The population is considered to be stable and it has been found at deeper depths than previously recorded.,"Parablennius zvonimiri inhabits rocky shores and dimly lit biotopes such as overhanging rocks or caves. It is common in rocky reefs along the Israeli coast. Parablennius zvonimiri is found in shallow water, primarily zero to two metres, among algae (M. Goren pers. comm. 2007, Goren and Galil 2001); recently it has been recorded to 12 m depth (Kovačić et al. 2007). Parablennius zvonimiri grazes on periphyton (Zander 1986). It is oviparous with distinct pairing and demersal, adhesive eggs (Breder and Rosen, 1966). The female deposits eggs inside an empty mussel and the male tends the clutch (Schönfelder 2002).","Parablennius zvonimiri may be locally impacted, but there are no known widespread threats.","No specific conservation measures are in place or needed for this species and it occurs in marine protected areas. Parablennius zvonimiri was previously assessed as Data Deficient, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",This species is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H. & Harvey, M.","Williams, J.T., Herler, J. & Kovacic, M.","Di Natale, A., Bariche, M., Massuti, E., Bizsel, K. & Bilecenoglu, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,PARABROTULIDAE,Parabrotula,plagiophthalma,,Parabrotula plagiophthalma,"Zugmayer, 1911",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species occurs in the Azores and Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs in the Azores and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014). It has a circumglobal distribution. The reported depth range of this species ranges from zero to 3,000 m.",There is little species-specific population information available for P. plagiophthalma. This species is represented by 27 lots (www.FishNet2.net Database searched June 2014).,This species is found on the continental slope (Hoese et al. 2006). This species is viviparous (Nielsen et al. 1990).,There are no known species-specific threats to P. plagiophthalma.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for P. plagiophthalma.,There is no use and trade information available for this species.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Carpenter, K.E., Smith-Vaniz, W.F., de Bruyne, G. & de Morais, L.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MACROURIDAE,Paracetonurus,flagellicauda,,Paracetonurus flagellicauda,"(Koefoed, 1927)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient as this deep water species species is only known from a few specimens taken from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and one specimen from the Indian Ocean. Further research is needed on the distribution, population size and trend, ecology and major threats to the species.",Unknown,"Paracetonurus flagellicauda is a little-known, deep water bathypelagic Macrourid found in the NE Atlantic Ocean at several locations along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge north of the Azores, off south Portugal, the Porcupine Seabight and Rockall Trough. One single specimen was caught at the Madagascar Plateau, Indian Ocean (Iwamoto and Orlov 2006). The fact that there is only one specimen from the Indian Ocean specimen suggests a considerable disjunction in population or may be evidence that the species ranges along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge into the South Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean (Iwamoto and Orlov 2006). The P. flagellicauda specimens from the MAR-ECO cruise in 2004 were collected from from 2,085-3,120 m depth (Iwamoto and Orlov 2006); the specimens taken previously from the Porcupine Seabight in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean were collected from 2,486-3,098 m depth (Merrett et al. 1991). According to Iwamoto and Orlov (2006) the depth distribution is likely approximately 2,000-3,000 m.","There is little species-specific information available about the population trend of P. flagellicauda. This species may be continuously distributed along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and into the Indian Ocean, or there may be a semi-isolated population in the Indian Ocean (Iwatomo and Orlov 2006). It is only known from a few specimens taken near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and one in the Indian Ocean.",Paracetonurus flagellicauda is a deep-demersal species which is primarily known from the North Atlantic Ocean. It is present on the lower slope.The maximum size of the specimens examined by Iwamoto and Orlov (2006) was 39.3 mm TL. That specimen and another of 33.5 mm (TL) were females with large gonads and well-developed oocytes (Iwamoto and Orlov 2006). There is no information available on its reproduction and feeding habits.,There are no major threats to this species.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not the target of any conservation action, and it is unknown whether it is found in protected areas. Further research is needed on the population size, trend, habitats and ecology of the species.",This species is not utilized.,"García, M.","Fernandes, P., Cook, R., Florin, A.-B., Lorance, P., Nielsen, J., Nedreaas, K. & Conceicao Biscoito, M.J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,CONGRIDAE,Paraconger,macrops,,Paraconger macrops,"(Günther, 1870)",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on the population size and trend of the species, which is only found in Madeira and the Azores Islands. Further research is needed to establish the status of the species throughout its range.",Unknown,"This species is found only in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, from Madeira and the Azores. It has a depth range of 30-100 m (Bauchot and Saldanha 1986, Santos et al. 1997, Wirtz et al. 2008).",There is no information on the population size and trend of the species.,"This is a demersal species that occurs on the shelf on sandy areas of rocky sublittoral zone. It burrows in the sediment during the day and swims actively at night in search of prey (fish and octopuses) (Bauchot and Saldanha 1986, Wirtz 1994). Its maximum size is 50 cm (TL).",There are no major threats to the species.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not the target of any conservation action, but it is present in protected areas throughout its range, such as Reserva Natural do Garajau in Madeira. Further research is needed on the population size and trend of the species.",This species is not utilized.,"García, M.","Conceicao Biscoito, M.J.","Smith, D.G. & Harwell, H.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,PARALEPIDIDAE,Paralepis,brevirostris,,Paralepis brevirostris,"(Parr, 1928)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable  Paralepis brevirostris is a cosmopolitan species. In the European region it is recorded from the Canary Islands, Madeira, and the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"Paralepis brevirostris is a cosmopolitan species. In the European region it is recorded from the Canary Islands, Madeira, and the Azores.","Paralepis brevirostris is a widely distributed and common species (www.fishnet2.org, Accessed on 2/03/2015).","The family, Paralepididae, is characterized by generally occurring in the meso- to bathypelagic, but can also be found from the surface to about 800 m. Feeds on small fishes. Paralepis brevirostris is known to occur from 100 -- 600 m. ",No information available.,There are no species-specific conservation actions in place for this species. ,,"Comeros-Raynal, M. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,PARALEPIDIDAE,Paralepis,coregonoides,,Paralepis coregonoides,"Risso, 1820",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Paralepis coregonoides is a deep-water pelagic species found in the northern Atlantic Ocean. Its population information is limited, as it is widely distributed but rare. It is not known to be used commercially, and there are no known major threats. Therefore, P. coregonoides is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Paralepis coregonoides is distributed throughout much of the North Atlantic Ocean (Post 1984). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it is known from Iceland and Norway south to the Canary Islands (Post 1984). In the Mediterranean Sea, it is present in the Strait of Sicily (Costa 1991), the central Mediterranean (Consoli et al. 2008), Gulf of Genoa, Corsica and coasts of Provence, France (Maurin 1962), Tuscany and Latium coasts (Biagi et al. 2002), Gulf of Lion (Mallol-Martìnez 2005) and east Mediterranean Sea (Papaconstantinou 1988, Golani et al. 2006). Larvae were found in the Celtic Sea (Acevedo et al. 2002), as well as in the Strait of Sicily (Cuttita et al. 2004). Its depth ranges from 50 to 600 m (Post 1990) and it may occur at even greater depths of more than 1000 m (Mytilineou et al. 2005).",This species is widespread but generally scarce and rarely caught.,"This species is meso- to bathypelagic, ranging in depth 50 to 600 m (Post 1990) while Mytilineou et al. 2005 report of a single specimen from a haul between 900 to 1200 m. It feeds on fishes, crustaceans and occasionally planktonic organisms (Post 1984). It spawns from March to September, and larvae are found near the surface (Muus and Nielsen 1999).",This species is not commercially exploited. No major threats are known.,No specific conservation measures are in place for this species. This species may be present in marine protected areas that occur within its distribution. Paralepis coregonoides was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).,This species is not used commercially.,"Ralph, G. & Kloppmann, M.","Russell, B.","Papaconstantinou, C., Massuti, E., Palmeri, A., Keskin, Ç. & Stump, E.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,PARALEPIDIDAE,Paralepis,speciosa,,Paralepis speciosa,"Bellotti, 1878",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Paralepis speciosa is widely distributed in the Mediterranean Sea, where it was thought to be endemic, though there are a few records from the Azores and Canary Islands. It is thought to be rare, and little is known about its population status, habitats or ecology. There are no known major threats for this species. Therefore, P. speciosa is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Paralepis speciosa was thought to be endemic to the Mediterranean (Quignard and Tomasini 2000). There are records from the west (D'Onghia et al. 2004), Levantine basin, and east Ionian Sea (Papaconstantinou 1988, D'Onghia et al. 2004, Mytilineou et al. 2005). It also present in the eastern Mediterranean Sea (Golani et al. 2006). However, it has been reported from the Azores (Santos et al. 1997, Carneiro et al. 2014), Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014) and the Canary Islands (Accessed through the Fishnet2 Portal 2014 March). Single specimens have been caught between 600 and 800 m depth (D'Onghia et al. 2004, Mytilineou et al. 2005).","This species is generally scarce. One specimen of nine grams was found in the western Ionian Sea (D'Onghia et al. 2004). One other specimen of four grams was found in east Ionian Sea (D'Onghia et al. 2004), where its frequency of occurrence was 1.9% (0.1 ind/h) in 145 trawl hauls of one hour each (Mytilineou et al. 2005).","This is a pelagic species (Post 1984, Fischer et al. 1987). The only known depth resolved findings were between 600 and 800 m depth (D'Onghia et al. 2004, Mytilineou et al. 2005).",This species is not commercially exploited. No major threats are known.,"No specific conservation measures are in place for this species. This species may be present in marine protected areas that occur within its distribution. Paralepis speciosa was previously assessed as Least Concern, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011); it is now known from outside of the Mediterranean Sea.",This species is not known to be utilized.,"Ralph, G. & Kloppmann, M.","Russell, B.","Papaconstantinou, C., Massuti, E., Palmeri, A., Keskin, Ç. & Stump, E.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,LIPARIDAE,Paraliparis,abyssorum,,Paraliparis abyssorum,"Andriashev & Chernova, 1997",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Paraliparis abyssorum is only known from the types collected off the coast of Ireland at 3,852 m depth. Information about the life history characteristics and ecology of this species are needed. Paraliparis abyssorum is listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Paraliparis abyssorum is known from 49°54'N, 13°56'W in the northeast Atlantic Ocean from a depth of 3,852 m (Andriashev and Chernvoa 1997).",Population information is not available for this species as it is only known from the types.,Paraliparis abyssorum is a deep water species. The maximum recorded length is 11.3 cm SL (Andriashev and Chernova 1997). Additional information about the habitat and ecology of this species is not available.,Current threats to this species are unknown.,There is are no species specific conservation efforts in place for P. abyssorum. There is a need for additional information about the biology of this species.,Use and trade information is not available for this species.,"Strongin, K.","Keskin, Ç., Herrera, J., Papaconstantinou, C. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,LIPARIDAE,Paraliparis,bathybius,,Paraliparis bathybius,"(Collett, 1879)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as Paraliparis bathybius is an epi-benthic species that occurs in deep, cold seas beyond the Polar Fronts. This species dominates the fish fauna on the deep cold slope waters of the eastern Norwegian Sea and is widespread in the European region. There are no major threats to this species.",Unknown,"Paraliparis bathybius is widely distributed on Arctic Ocean slopes and basins (Mecklenburg et al. 2011) but is restricted to the cold seas beyond the Polar Fronts (Krefft 1976). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, P. bathybius occurs in the Norwegian Sea, Barents Sea, north of the Faore Islands, and west of Bear Island. This species can occur to depths of 2,500 m (Mecklenburg et al. 2011) but its recorded depth range in the northeastern Atlantic is 1,000–1,850 m (Stein and Able 1986).",Paraliparis bathybius is a dominant fish species in the deep cold slope waters of the eastern Norwegian Sea (Bergstad et al. 1999).,"Paraliparis bathybius is a stenohaline deep-sea endemic species that permanently lives at negative temperatures (Chernova 2004). This species is epibenthic and hovers above the bottom, with the elongated rays of the lower lobe of the pectoral fin pointing to or touching the substrate (Lannoo et al. 2009). The maximum length for this species is 25 cm and the depth range recorded in Europe is 1,000–1,850 m (Stein and Able 1986). The maximum recorded depth for this species outside of the region was recorded at 4,009 m in Canadian waters (Coad and Reist 2004).",Current threats to this species are unknown.,There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for P. bathybius. ,Paraliparis bathybius is not of commercial importance (Karamushko 2008).,"Harwell, H.","Keskin, Ç., Herrera, J., Papaconstantinou, C. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,LIPARIDAE,Paraliparis,bipolaris,,Paraliparis bipolaris,"Andriashev, 1997",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,Paraliparis bipolaris is only known from the types collected off the coast of Ireland. Information about the life history characteristics and ecology of this species are needed. Paraliparis bipolaris is listed as Data Deficient.,Unknown,"Paraliparis bipolaris is known from 50°12'N, 13°40'W in the northeastern Atlantic (southwest of Ireland) between 3,000 to 3,040 m depth (Andriashev 1997).",Population information is not available for this species as it is only known from the type specimens.,The maximum length for this species is 9.2 cm (Andriashev 1997). Additional habitat and ecology information is not available.,Current threats to this species are unknown.,There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for P. bipolaris. Additional information about the biology of this species is needed.,Use and trade information is not available for this species.,"Strongin, K.","Keskin, Ç., Herrera, J., Papaconstantinou, C. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,LIPARIDAE,Paraliparis,copei,,Paraliparis copei,"Goode & Bean, 1896","Paraliparis copei consists of three subspecies: Paraliparis copei copei, P. c. wilsoni and P. c. kerguelensis.",No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species occurs in the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs in the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014). In terms of the global distribution, Paraliparis copei copei can be found in both the north and south Atlantic; from the Azores to the northwest Atlantic, and off Cape Point in South Africa. Paraliparis copei kerguelensis is distributed around the Kerguelen and Crozet Islands. Paraliparis copei wilsoni is only known from off the coast of Gabon, Namibia and South Africa.","There is no population information available for Paraliparis copei. However, species from the Liparidae family are thought to have low population densities (Stein 2006).","Paraliparis copei is an epibenthic species that feeds on comb jellies and cnidaria. Specimens have been collected at a depth range of 200 -1,976 m.","There is no commercial fishery for Paraliparis copei or any other Liparidae, although species within this family are often taken as bycatch. Due to their small size, they are easily damaged and overlooked among the masses of invertebrates and fishes with which they are collected (Stein 2006). It is therefore unknown whether Paraliparis copei is being significantly impacted by fisheries within its range.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Paraliparis copei. Further research is needed to determine the abundance of this species and the impact of threats such as incidental or accidental mortality (by-catch).,This species is not utilised.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Acero, A., Murdy, E. & Stein, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,LIPARIDAE,Paraliparis,hystrix,,Paraliparis hystrix,"Merrett, 1983",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"This species is listed as Data Deficient as Paraliparis hystrix is only known from latitudes 49'20 '-59'43.2 'N and longitudes 07'12.5'-18'00' W to a depth of 1,140 m. Additional information about the biology of this species is needed.",Unknown,"Paraliparis hystrix is known from the eastern north Atlantic bounded by latitudes 49°20'—59°43.2' N and longitudes 07°12.5'—18°00' W to a depth of 1,140 m (Merrett 1983).",Paraliparis hystrix is a common species and is represented by an imbalance of females while males only occur in samples taken north of 55°N in May and October (Merrett 1983).,Paraliparis hystrix occurs over the upper to mid slope and is a benthopelagic feeder. Females close to ovulation have been collected in all seasons and have an estimated mean fecundity of 83 eggs. Males of this species can reach 8.8 cm and females can reach 11.4 cm (Merrett 1983).,There are no known major threats to this species.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place. There is a need for additional information about the biology of this species.,Use and trade information is not available for this species.,"Strongin, K.","Keskin, Ç., Herrera, J., de Sola, L. & Papaconstantinou, C.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,LIPARIDAE,Paraliparis,murieli,,Paraliparis murieli,"Matallanas, 1984",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Paraliparis murieli is only known from one record in the Catalan Sea (Mediterranean Sea) and there is no information on the population size and trend, habitat, ecological requirements and threats. Further research is needed on this species. Therefore, this species is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"This species is known from one record from Blanes, in the Catalan Sea (west Mediterranean Sea) at a depth range of 500 to 600 m (Matallanas 1984, Chernova et al. 2004). Several additional, uncatalogued specimens from the western Mediterranean at depths of 500 to 700 m were provided for a morphological and meristic study of Liparidae (Matallanas 2000), but point localities were not available.",Paraliparis murieli a small deepwater species that has been only recorded once. The population trend is unknown.,"Paraliparis murieli a bathydemersal species. There is no information on the habitat, spawning pattern, fecundity, early life history traits or ecological requirements of this species.",Paraliparis murieli is not commercially exploited. The threats to this species are unknown.,"No specific conservation measures are in place for this species. Paraliparis murieli was previously assessed as Data Deficient, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011). Exploratory research in all aspects of its biology, ecology, population and threats is needed.",The species is not utilized.,"Strongin, K. & Ralph, G.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.","Keskin, Ç., Golani, D., Papakonstantinou, C., Quignard, J.P. & Palmeri, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,LIPARIDAE,Paraliparis,nigellus,,Paraliparis nigellus,"Chernova & Møller, 2008",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Listed as Data Deficient as the species is only known from three&#160;specimens  collected at two localities. Further research is needed on the distribution, population size, trend and ecology of the species.",Unknown,"Paraliparis nigellus is known only from three specimens collected at two localities (42ºN and 51ºN) on the northern part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, between the Azores and Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone, at depths of 1,950 and 2,107 m (Chernova and Moller 2008).","There is no information available on the population size and trend of the species, as it is only known from three specimens.","Paraliparis nigellus is a deep sea, most probably benthopelagic species, feeding on small invertebrates, as other close members of this genus.",There are no major threats to this species.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not the target of any conservation action, and it is unknown whether it is found in protected areas. Further research is needed on the population size and trend of the species.",This species is not utilized.,"García, M.","Conceicao Biscoito, M.J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,HAEMULIDAE,Parapristipoma,humile,,Parapristipoma humile,"(Bowdich, 1825)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) In the European region, the species is only known from the Straits of Gibraltar and from the Canaries. It is common and locally abundant in insular locations, but apparently rare in the European part of its range (Canary Islands). It is a minor component of artisanal fisheries and found in a number of marine protected areas in parts of its range. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,The species has been recorded in the eastern Atlantic from Gibraltar to the Canary Islands and along the coast of west Africa southward to Angola (Ben-Tuvia and McKay 1986). It is a mainly tropical-subtropical species and its distribution in the European region is largely extralimital.,"This species is uncommon in the European region, from Gibraltar to Canary Islands.",The species is found over sand and rock bottom (Roux 1990). It has also been observed under overhangs (Morri et al. 2000). It feeds on crustaceans and molluscs (Sidoumou et al. 2005).,This species is only occasionally caught and there are no major threats to this species in the EU region.,"There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for Parapristipoma humile, but its distribution overlaps with several marine protected areas.","This species&#160;is rarely caught in the Canary Islands, and is of no major commercial importance. Elsewhere, outside of the European region,&#160;in Sao Tome,&#160;it is a component of artisanal&#160;beach seine&#160;fisheries.","Allen, D.J., Comeros-Raynal, M. & García, M.","Russell, B.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,HAEMULIDAE,Parapristipoma,octolineatum,,Parapristipoma octolineatum,"(Valenciennes, 1833)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is widespread in tropical and sub-tropical coasts of eastern Atlantic and the southwestern Mediterranean and is common and locally abundant in insular locations. It is a sought after species and in some parts of its range, fishing is considered to be causing localized declines, but there are no data on landings at present. It is found in a number of marine protected areas in parts of its range. It is therefore listed as Least Concern. However, considering that it is large species and a potential commercial target, further monitoring of the harvest levels and population status of this species is recommended.",Unknown,"The species is known from the southwestern Mediterranean Sea and into the eastern Atlantic, where it is known from Portugal south to Angola, including Madeira (Wirtz et al. 2008) and the Canary Islands (Tenerife, Gomera, and Hierro islands) (Dooley et al. 1985).","The species is widely distributed in the tropical-subtropical eastern Atlantic, but is apparently rare in the European region (Charton and Ruzafa 1998, dos Santos et al. 2002). There is little population information available.",This is a demersal species that is found in sandy and rocky shorelines from two to 180 m. Prey items include crustaceans and molluscs (Ben-Tuvia and McKay 1986).,"This species is commercially sought after as a food fish and is caught on various gears, but is not a target species in European waters.&#160;Artisanal fishing may cause localized declines in parts of its range.","This species' range overlaps several marine protected areas. However, there are no other species specific conservation measures in place for this species. More research on the impacts of commercial fishing on this species' populations is required.","This species is sought after as a food fish, and is artisanally fished in many parts of its range, but is rarely caught in the European region.","Allen, D.J., Comeros-Raynal, M. & García, M.","Russell, B.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CETOMIMIFORMES,MIRAPINNIDAE,Parataeniophorus,gulosus,,Parataeniophorus gulosus,Bertelsen & Marshall 1956,Parataeniophorus gulosus is currently being reclassified after Johnson et al. (2009) concluded that the holotype is actually a larval form of the family Cetomimmidae.,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) The holotype for P. gulosus has been identified as a larval stage of the family Cetomimidae, and so is no longer considered to be a separate species of the family Mirapinnidae. The status of the species as a whole is thus unknown, and so Parataeniophorus gulosus has been assessed as Data Deficient.  The holotype was described from Seychelles, and it has a disjunct distribution. There might be a possibility that this be described as a new species or intermediate populations found. Systematically unsettled, and comparative material needs to be collected for further research, in particular phylogenetic studies.",Unknown,"Parataeniophorus gulosus is mostly found in the eastern Atlantic and in the western Indian Ocean from the equator to 21o S (Bertelsen 1986). A few collection records report specimens from Oahu, Hawaii (1 specimen) and the straits of Florida, U.S.A. (2 specimens), but occurrences at these locations has not been reported elsewhere (Accessed through the FishNet2 Portal 2013 October). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it is reported from Portugal, including the Azores and Madeira Islands (Bertelsen 1986). Parataeniophorus gulosus is associated with depths of between zero and 1,400 m.","There is limited population data, based on few collections and holotypes, for this species. Bertelsen (1990) describes Parataeniophorus gulosus as a rare species. Population information for the northeastern Atlantic is not readily available.","Parataeniophorus gulosus is a bathypelagic species, frequently occurring in the area of oceanic islands (Vakily et al. 2002, Bertelsen 1990), It spends its larval stage in depths of zero to 200 m and migrates to depths of up to 1,400 m as a mature individual (Bertelsen 1986). The maximum recorded length of any individual of this species is 3.5 cm total length (TL) (Bertelsen 1986). Metamorphosis is mainly correlated with changes in feeding mechanisms, with males transforming from copepod-consuming larvae to a non-feeding adult with an enlarged liver and lost stomach and esophagus. Females' mouths transform from small and upturned as larvae to large gapes that allow consumption of larger prey. Younger individuals are often in the upper 200 m of water depth and consume mostly copepods (Bertelsen 1986). Johnson et al. (2009) found that the family displays the most extreme sexual dimorphism and ontogenetic metamorphosis observed in any vertebrate.  The holotype for this species was found to be a larval example of the family Cetomimidae (the flabby whalefishes), rather than a separate species and is currently being reclassified.  Information regarding spawning periodicity, fecundity, and early life history are poorly understood for this species.",There are no known major threats to the species.,"There are no known conservation measures for the species. This species may occur in marine protected areas that exist throughout its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Research into the taxonomy, population, ecology and biology, as well as potential threats is needed for this species.",This species is not utilized by humans.,"Strongin, K.","Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,OPHIDIIDAE,Parophidion,vassali,,Parophidion vassali,"(Risso, 1810)",,No,DD,,,,,,,European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) There is very little data on the biology of Parophidion vassali and very little population information is available. It is therefore listed as Data Deficient. Further research should conducted to dertmine the status of this coastal and deep-water species as it may become threatened in the future.,Unknown,"Parophidion vassali is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is found from the Bay of Biscay south to Morocco (Nielsen et al. 1999), including the Azores and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014). In the Mediterranean Sea, P. vassali is known from the northern and western basins (Nielsen 1986, Somarakis et al. 2011).  Nielsen et al. (1999) associates Parophidion vassali with shallow coastal waters, but Nielsen (1986) postulates that this species is often found along the deeper parts of the continental shelf. There are no definitive depth data available. In the Aegean Sea, this species was taken at depths of less than 120 m (Somarakis et al. 2011).","This is a rare species, ccording to Deudero et al. (2008). Parophidion vassali is an uncommon-to-rare species (Nielsen et al. 1999).  In a study conduct from June of 1997 through May of 1998 off the coast of northern Greece, larvae of P. vassali were identified only in one month [Sep. 1997] in which they accounted for only 3% of the total fishes identified in that month. No other P. vassali were encountered or identified during the study (Koutrankis et al. 2004). In a trawl study conducted in the Aegean Sea, the frequency of occurrence for P. vassali was 8% and 22% in the years 1994 and 1995, respectively (Somarakis et al. 2011).","This is a benthic uncommon species (Nielsen et al. 1999) that is mainly found on the deeper parts of the continental shelf (Nielsen 1986), but also in shallower waters (Deudero et al. 2008). The longest individual measured is 25 cm standard length (SL) (Bauchot 1987). Parophidion vassali probably spawns in summer (Koutrakis et al. 2004) and is oviparous, with oval, pelagic eggs that float in a gelatinous mass (Breder and Rosen 1966). There is little other information about the diet, reproductive processes, spawning periods, fecundity or other ecological aspects of this fish.",This is a species with no commercial interest. It may sometimes be caught as bycatch. .,"There are no specific conservation measures for this species. However, this species may be found in Marine Protected Areas within its distribution range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Research into the population, ecology and biology, as well as potential threats is needed for this species. Parophidion vassali was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).",This species of fish is of no interest to commercial fishing industries.,"Strongin, K.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.","Kara, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,SOLEIDAE,Pegusa,impar,,Pegusa impar,"(Bennett, 1831)","There is a controversy concerning the validity of P. impar Some authors (Ben-Tuvia 1990, Tinti and Piccinetti 2000) claim that P. impar is a synonym of P. lascaris.  Further studies are needed to resolve the taxonomic status and the real distribution and population trends of P. impar and P. lascaris.",No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Pegusa impar occurs in the eastern Atlantic from Gibraltar southward to Senegal, including the Mediterranean Sea. There is controversy as concerning the taxonomic validity of P. impar, which is considered by some authors to be a synonym of P. lascaris. Pending resolution of this conflict, P. impar is assessed Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Pegusa impar occurs in the east Atlantic from Gibraltar southward to Senegal, including the Mediterranean Sea. In the Mediterranean Sea, it occurs throughout the western basin, including Adriatic Sea (Dulcic and Glamuzina 2006), the Ionian Sea and the east Levant, the Aegean Sea (Papaconstantinou 1988) and Turkish waters (Fricke et al. 2007).","Pegusa impar is often misidentified as P. lascaris. According to Dulcic and Glamuzina (2006), 12 specimens (25.1 to 30.3 cm TL) were collected using various fishing gears, in three estuaries systems in the central eastern Adriatic Sea.","Pegusa impar is a coastal benthic species which is generally found at depths ranging 5 to 100 m (Quéro et al. 1986, Bauchot 1987). This species is found in sandy and muddy substrata (FNAM). It feeds mainly on crustaceans and polychaetes as well as bivalves (FNAM). Spawning occurs from spring until the summer with a peak in May (FNAM). The maximum size of P. impar is 35 cm TL (Bauchot 1987). The species lives up to 10 years (Deniel 1990). This is a coastal benthic species which is generally found at depths ranging 5 to 100 m (Quéro et al. 1986, Bauchot 1987).","There are no confirmed species-specific threats to P. impar; however, the closely-related P. lascaris for which this species is often mistaken for is fished, sometimes heavily, in parts of its range (Mehanna 2007).",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Further studies are needed to resolve the taxonomic status and the real distribution and population trends of P. impar and P. lascaris. Pegusa impar was regionally assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).,Pegusa impar is used as a food fish in some regions (Robins et al. 1991). This species likely appears in the bycatch of demersal trawl fisheries.,"Ralph, G.","Rijnsdorp, A.D., Monroe, T., Keskin, Ç. & Costa, M.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,SOLEIDAE,Pegusa,lascaris,,Pegusa lascaris,"(Risso, 1810)",This species is often confused with P. impar.,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Pegusa lascaris is present in the eastern Atlantic, from the southern part of the North Sea and southward from Scotland to Gulf of Guinea and South Africa. This is a benthic species, found on gravel, sand or mud at depths of 5 to 350 m, usually at depths ranging from 20 to 50 m. This is an esteemed species which taken in mixed-species demersal trawls and faces high fishing pressure in some parts of its range, particularly off the coast of Egypt where it may be overexploited. There is controversy surrounding the taxonomy of P. lascaris, which is often misidentified as P. impar. However, this species is widespread, there are no indications of population decline, and it appears to be abundant in parts of its range. There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for P. lascaris; however, its distribution overlaps with marine protected areas. This species is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Pegusa lascaris is present in the eastern Atlantic, from southern part of the North Sea and southward from Scotland to Gulf of Guinea and South Africa. In the Mediterranean Sea, it occurs all through the coastline, including Adriatic Sea (Dulcic and Glamuzina 2006), Aegean Sea (Karakulak et al. 2006), Sea of Marmara, Black Sea (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002), Sea of Azov (Quéro et al. 1986), the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988), east Levant (Demetropoulous and Neocleous 1969, Golani 1996). Quéro et al. (1986) and Bauchot (1987) did not mention it from Egypt and Libyan coast but it is now reported from Egyptian waters (Mehanna 2007). It is also reported from Suez Canal (Ben-Tuvia 1990). Pegusa lascaris can be found at depths ranging from 5 to 350 m, but is most common at 20 to 50 m (Pajuelo and Lorenzo 2008, Afonso-Diaz et al. 2002).","In the Mediterranean, P. lascaris is often confused with P. impar. As a consequence, its distribution and population trends are difficult to estimate. In France, all the specimens were later identified as P. impar (Borsa et al. 2001). According to regional European Union catch data, landings since 1978 show a steady increase with several peaks until a maximum of 475 tonnes in 2006. Landings declined to 275 tonnes in 2009 with an increase in landings since then (FAO 2011). In the Levant coasts, it is not thought to be a rare species. It seems even to be the most common sole in shallow waters in the Levant coasts (mainly juveniles and sub-adults) (D. Golani pers. comm.). According to Karakulak et al. (2006), one sample was collected from a survey conducted for selectivity by gill and trammel nets in the coastal waters of Turkey from March 2004 to February 2005. Dulčić and Glamuzina (2006) report that 15 specimens (9.8 to 30.6 cm TL) were collected using various fishing gears, in three estuaries systems in the central east Adriatic Sea. Mehanna (2007) mention that 640 specimens (9.5 to 28.9 cm) were examined in Egyptian waters, during February 2005 and May 2005 (monthly intervals).","Pegusa lascaris is a benthic species which is found on gravel, sand or mud at depths ranging from 5 to 350 m, but more commonly at depths ranging from 20 to 50 m. It feeds on a wide range of small marine bivalves, mainly on crustaceans such as amphipods, mysids, shrimps and decapods, bivalves and polychaetes (Quéro et al.1986). This species reaches a maximum length 40 cm SL (Desoutter-Meniger and Munroe in press). Pegusa lascaris can live up to 15 years old (Deniel 1990). Juveniles are found in estuaries and shallow waters. Pegusa lascaris is a serial, synchronous spawner. Large individuals (>18 cm) will spawn throughout the year, while smaller specimens peak from April-May and October. Female maturity occurs at 12.5 cm while males mature at 13.6 cm. Both sexes mature at 3 years. Typically, females reach larger sizes than males. The sex ratio of male P. lascaris to female is 1:0.92 (Pajuelo and Lorenzo 2008).","In some areas, P. lascaris is a commercial species which is densely fished by bottom trawls. Off the coast of Egypt, the exploitation rate was found as 0.71, which is above the optimum fisheries exploitation rate of 0.50 (Mehanna 2007). Juveniles occurs in shallow waters and estuaries and would be subjected to environmental degradation occurring in these habitats.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for P. lascaris. Further studies are needed to resolve the taxonomic status and the real distribution and population trends of P. impar and P. lascaris. The average commercial trawling depth in the region is from 35 to 200 m, which means that most of the population of this species should not impacted by commercial trawling within its distribution. It is not known how capture as bycatch is affecting this species or its habitat. Pegusa lascaris was regionally assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).","Pegusa lascaris is taken in mixed demersal trawl fisheries, as well as artisanal fisheries. This species is densely fished by bottom trawls, especially along Egyptian coasts. It is an esteemed food fish at larger sizes (L. Gil de Sola pers. comm. 2013). Flesh of P. lascaris typically sells in European fish markets for 18 euro/kg (Pajuelo and Lorenzo 2008).","Ralph, G.","Keskin, Ç., Costa, M., Monroe, T. & Rijnsdorp, A.D.","de Sola, L. & Golani, D.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,OPHIDIIDAE,Penopus,microphthalmus,,Penopus microphthalmus,"(Vaillant, 1888)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, Penopus microphthalmus is found in the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, Penopus microphthalmus is found in the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014). Globally, Penopus microphthalmus is found in tropical and subtropical areas of the Atlantic Ocean. In the western Atlantic, it is found from 38°29'030''N, 70°57'W (holotype of P. macdonaldi), southwards through the Gulf of Mexico to 22°45.7'S, 40°19.6'W. In the eastern Atlantic, it is found from 34°28'N, 7°43'W, southwards through the Gulf of Guinea to 36°06'S, 19°33'E (Nielsen and Ohashi 2011), including the Azores. It has also been identified from off Cape Town, South Africa (Nielsen and Ohashi 2011).  This species is associated with depths of between 984 and 3,200 m (Nielsen and Ohashi 2011).","Although there have not been any quantitative studies performed on the population size and trends of Penopus microphthalmus, it has been described as ""rare"" (Nielsen et al. 1999).","Penopus microphthalmus is a benthopelagic, bathyal species that lives at great depths usually near the bottom but sometimes in the lower portions of the water column (Garrido-Linares and Arturo 2006). There seems to be some discrepancy as to the maximum length of this species. The maximum recorded length for this species by Nielsen (in press) is 25 cm standard length (SL). Nielsen and Cohen (1986) state the largest size for Penopus microphthalmus to be 35 cm total length (SL). There are limited data on the diet, reproductive processes and general biology and ecology of this species.","There are no known threats to Penopus microphthalmus at this time. However, it is a very deep-dwelling species where anthropogenic influences are thought to be at a minimum currently, but these deep sea ecosystems are at risk of deteriorating due mainly to dumping of solid wastes, biological harvesting and mineral extraction and by climate change (i.e. global and regional deep-sea circulation disruptions and nutrient stratification and isolation in the water column) all of which will significantly affect the biota of the deep seas) (Ramirez-Llodra et al. 2011). ","There are not any specific conservation measures in place for Penopus microphthalmus. Research into all areas of population size and trends, the ecology and early life history traits, as well as potential threats is suggested for this species.",Penopus microphthalmus is of no interest to commercial fisheries (Nielsen et al. 1999).,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Knudsen, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,ONEIRODIDAE,Pentherichthys,atratus,,Pentherichthys atratus,"(Regan & Trewavas, 1932)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species occurs in Madeira and in the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs in Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014; as Pentherichthys venustus) and in the Azores (G. Ralph pers. comm. 2015). Globally, Pentherichthys atratus is found in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. It has been collected at depths of less than 1,400 m (FishNet2 database searched June 2014).",Pentherichthys atratus is represented by 11 lots in museum collections (FishNet2 database searched June 2014).,Females reach a maximum known size of 11.9 cm and males reach a maximum of 1.4 cm.,There are no species-specific threats to P. atratus.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for P. atratus.,"There is no use and trade information available for this species, although it is not likely to be utilized.","Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Knudsen, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,PERISTEDIIDAE,Peristedion,cataphractum,,Peristedion cataphractum,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient as, even if the species is considered abundant in Mediterranean basins, its population trend is not known and there is also a lack of data on captures and landings both by Mediterranean and Atlantic fisheries. The species could be threatened by overfishing in some areas, such as the Sicily Channel, as it is a slow growing species. It is a by-catch species of bottom trawlers in many locations, suggesting that the species population could be affected by impact from bottom trawling activity.",Unknown,"In the Atlantic Ocean, the species is present from the British Isles and English Channel to Madeira (Fishbase 2014), including Galicia (NW Spain), Azores, Portugal and the Gulf of Cádiz (Bañon et al. 2010, Santos et al. 1997, ICES, 2005). However, all British records of the species seem to be from the early 19th century (Wheeler 1992, Wheeler et al. 2004). It was recently cited from waters in the Canary Islands for the first time (Aguilar et al. 2010).  In Turkey, the species is been collected in Marmara, Aegean and Levantines Seas (Bilecenoglu et al. 2014). It also occurs in the Mediterranean Sea (Fischer et al. 1987, Quignard and Tomasini 2000). It is found in all parts of the basin: records include northeast Mediterranean Sea (Machias et al. 2001), Italian and Greek coasts (D'Onghia et al. 2003), north Aegean Sea (Filiz and Bilge 2004), Balearic Islands (Moranta et al. 1998), Corsica, Sicily Strait, Algerian coasts and coasts of Morocco (Maurin 1962), Greek seas (Papaconstantinou 1988), east Mediterranean Sea (Golani et al. 2006), and Marmara Sea (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002). Its depth range is from 50 to 850 m.","The species was considered abundant in the Mediterranean basin and today it  is a by-catch species of bottom trawlers in counted locations (Bottari et al. 2010), suggesting the species population could be affected by impacts from bottom trawling activity. The current population trend is unknown.","This species is present between 300 and 850 m in the east Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005) and between 300 and 700 m in the Greek Ionian Sea (Politou et al. 2003). It is gregarious and it occurs on muddy or rocky bottoms of the shelf. It digs into the mud with its rostrum, searching for prey, and stands and walks on the bottom with its free pectoral rays. Juveniles live in coastal waters before migrating to deeper waters (Hureau 1986). It is found on various bottom surfaces, where it feeds on small benthic invertebrates, mainly gastropods and other molluscs, as well as crustaceans (Fischer et al. 1987). Fishbase (2014) estimates medium resilience, with a minimum population doubling time of 1.4-4.4 years, and moderate vulnerability (38 of 100) for this species. In Gristina et al. (2006), the species is given a vulnerability category II, as it is considered a medium teleost according to its body length (maximum total length ≥ 30 ≤ 49.9 cm).","The species is being fished as by-catch in the Sicily Channel and could be threatened by overfishing in this area (UNEP-MAP-RAC/SPA 2014), but there are a lack of data on its population in the area and all along its distribution at European waters. It is a by-catch species of bottom trawlers in many locations (Bottari et al. 2010), suggesting that the species population could be affected by impacts from bottom trawling activity.",The species is not listed in any National Red Lists and it is not the target of any conservation action. It is unknown whether it occurs in any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted on the population size and trends of the species.,"Peristedion cataphractum is regularly present in markets of Spain, the Tyrrhenian Sea and Sicily, and occasionally is sold fresh and chilled. Although is locally abundant in Morocco, it is not consumed there (Fischer et al. 1987). It is a by-catch species of bottom trawlers in many locations (Bottari et al. 2010), and it is caught through Maltese trawling activities and sold in Maltese markets (ICES 2008) and by the commercial trawl fleet in the Alboran Sea (Abad et al. 2007),It is a species of commercial interest in some ports int the South of Spain (Junta de Andalucía 2001).","García, M., Quigley, D. & Ralph, G.","Garcia, S.","Blanco, J., Papakonstantinou, C., Quignard, J.P., Golani, D., Palmeri, A. & Keskin, Ç.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,PHOLIDAE,Pholis,gunnellus,,Pholis gunnellus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Pholis gunnellus is widely distributed in the Northern Atlantic Ocean. It appears to be common in European and adjacent waters. There have been no confirmed population declines in P. gunnellus, and there are no known major threats. Therefore, P. gunnellus is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Pholis gunnellus is found along both coasts of the Northern Atlantic Ocean. In the western Atlantic, it is found from Labrador, Canada to Delaware Bay, USA (Robins and Ray 1986). In the northeastern Atlantic, P. gunnellus is known from the Kanin Peninsula southward to La Rochelle (including White Sea, North Sea and Baltic). It is also known from Iceland, but not eastern Greenland, Spitzbergen or Novaya Zemlya (Makushok 1986). Pholis gunnellus is associated with depths of up to 100 m.","Pholis gunnellus is considered common on either side of the Atlantic. Genetic data suggest that lineages on either side of the Atlantic are on separate evolutionary trajectories (Hickerson and Cunningham 2006). Pholis gunnellus is common in European and adjacent regional waters (H. Heessen pers. comm 2014). In the western Atlantic, there has been little change in the relative abundance of P. gunnellus from 1970 to 1990; it is still considered a common species in the Gulf of Maine (Steneck et al. 2004). In the western Atlantic, individuals ranging in age from 0-3 years old were most common; however, some as old as 6 years were found (Cheetham and Fives 1990).","Habitat Pholis gunnellus can be found to depths of 100 m or more in the winter (Makushok 1986); however, it is typically found at depths of 0 to 30 m shallow water, where it can be found along the seashore and in tide pools. It is sometimes found out of water under rocks or seaweeds (Martin and Bridges 1999). It breathes air when out of water (Martin and Bridges 1999). The maximum recorded length of this species is 25 cm standard length (SL) (Makushok 1986). Ecology Pholis gunnellus feeds on small crustaceans, polychaetes, mollusks and fish eggs (Flintegard 1987), as well as worms (Dippers 1987). The Rock Gunnel is an important food source for a variety of seabirds, piscivorous fishes, and mammals (Shorty and Gannon 2013).   Reproduction Spawning occurs from November-January. Females lay 80-200 eggs in a large ball under a stone or in an empty bivalve shell (Muus and Nielsen 1999), which is closely guarded until they hatch (Flintegard 1987). It establishes specific spawning areas under rocks and males defend the eggs against predation (Bombail et al. 2001).","There are no confirmed species-specific threats to P. gunnellus. It typically inhabits rocky and coarse substrates, and is fairly small, so there are no direct fisheries and it is rarely caught as bycatch.",There are no known species-specific conservation measures for P. gunnellus. It is found in marine protected areas throughout its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010).,"Due to its relative ease of capture, P. gunnellus is often used as a bioindicator. It is of no interest to commercial fishing industries, but it is found within the commercial aquarium trade.","Strongin, K.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F. & Heessen, H.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,LINOPHRYNIDAE,Photocorynus,spiniceps,,Photocorynus spiniceps,"Regan, 1925",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, Photocorynus spinicepsis found in Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, Photocorynus spinicepsis found in Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014). It is circumglobally distributed in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. In the Atlantic it is known from both sides between 32 degrees north and 13 degrees south. In the Pacific it is known from Japan (35 degrees north), Hawaii, and the Gulf of Panama off of Peru.  It has been captured in nets fishing between 990-1,420m depth (Pietsch 2009).","Photocorynus spiniceps is known from at least 31 female specimens, three free-living males, and four parasitic males (Pietsch 2009).",Females of Photocorynus spiniceps have a maximum size of 6.9cm SL and males are 8.6cm SL (Pietsch 2009). Linophrynids are deepsea anglerfishes that inhabit the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones. They exhibit extreme sexual dimorphism. Females attract prey with an elongate first dorsal spine that has been modified as a lure. Males have highly developed sensory organs that allow them to find females at which point they will attach themselves to the body as a parasite that eventually becomes incorporated into the female's tissues and blood vessels (Pietsch in prep.). The ovaries of a 5 cm SL specimen contain ripening eggs 0.4-0.5 mm in diameter (Pietsch 2009).,There are no known major threats to Photocorynus spiniceps.,There are no known conservation measures for Photocorynus spiniceps.,Photocorynus spiniceps is not utilized. Linophrynids are not utilized (Pietsch in prep.).,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Arnold, R.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Photonectes,braueri,,Photonectes braueri,"(Zugmayer, 1913)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, Photonectes braueri is found in the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, Photonectes braueri is found in the Azores, Madeira (Santos et al. 1997, Carneiro et al. 2014) and the Canary Islands (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).  Globally, Photonectes braueri is found in the eastern Atlantic, from Azores southward to Mauritania. It is also from Angola to South Africa. In the western Atlantic, it is found in the waters off the USA southward to the Bahamas, and then from Brazil to Argentina (Gibbs and Barnett 1990). In the western Pacific, it is found in the waters off Australia (Paxton et al. 1989) and New Zealand (Paulin et al. 1989). Photonectes braueri is also found in the western Indian Ocean.",There are 52 records of P. braueri worldwide (FishNet2 Portal).,"Based on general information on the subfamily Melanostomiinae diet, this species diet probably consists mainly of other mesopelagic fishes and some crustaceans (Harold 2002). The maximum standard length (SL) is 28.2 cm (Gibbs and Barnett 1990).","There are no specific threats known towards this species. However, more species-specific research needs to be conducted.",There are no conservation measures in place for this species.,This species is not utilized.,"Sayer, C. & Ralph, G.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Photonectes,dinema,,Photonectes dinema,"Regan & Trewavas, 1930",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Photonectes dinema occurs in the North Atlantic. In the European region it is recorded from the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands. This   species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in   Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of   the global population.",Unknown,"Photonectes dinema occurs in the North Atlantic. In the European region it is recorded from the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands.","Photonectes dinema is relatively common in parts of its wide distributional range (www.fishnet2.org, Accessed on 2/03/2015). ","The family, Stomiidae, is characterized by occurring mainly in the mesopelagic, occurring in the upper 1,000 m as adults, some species undergoing vertical migration to near surface at night. Some species apparently benthopelagic as adults. Diet consists of other mesopelagic fishes and some crustaceans (Harold 2002). Photonectes dinema is recorded to occur from 0 -- 2,000 m  (www.fishnet2.org, Accessed on 2/03/2015).",No information available.,There are no species-specific conservation actions in place for this species. ,,"Comeros-Raynal, M. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Photonectes,margarita,,Photonectes margarita,"(Goode & Bean, 1896)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, Photonectes margarita occurs in the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, Photonectes margarita occurs in the Azores, Madeira (Santos et al. 1997, Carneiro et al. 2014) and the Canary Islands (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009). Globally, Photonectes margarita is distributed in tropical to temperate North Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans.","There are 182 museum records in place for Photonectes margarita, all of which consist of three or less individuals (FishNet2 Portal). This species has been described as rare (Sutton and Hopkins 1996).","The maximum standard length for this species is 39.6 cm (Gibbs and Barnett 1990).&#160;Based on general information on the subfamily Melanostomiinae diet, this species diet probably consists mainly of other mesopelagic fishes and some crustaceans (Harold 2002).&#160;This species&#160;exhibits vertical migrations (Sutton and Hopkins 1996).",Current threats to Photonectes margarita are unknown.,There are not any species-specific conservation efforts in place for Photonectes margarita.,Use and trade information is not available for this species.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Photonectes,mirabilis,,Photonectes mirabilis,"Parr, 1927",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, Photonectes mirabilis occurs in the Azores and Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, Photonectes mirabilis occurs in the Azores and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014). Globally, Photonectes mirabilis ranges from subtropical to temperate Atlantic and Indo-west Pacific.","There are 45 museum records for Photonectes mirabilis, all of which consist of three or less individuals (FishNet2 Portal).","The maximum size for this species is 16.4 cm (SL) (Gibbs and Barnett 1990).&#160;Based on general information on the subfamily Melanostomiinae diet, this species diet probably consists mainly of other mesopelagic fishes and some crustaceans (Harold 2002).",Current threats to Photonectes mirabilis are unknown.,There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for Photonectes mirabilis.,Use and trade information is not available for this species.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Photonectes,parvimanus,,Photonectes parvimanus,"Regan & Trewavas, 1930",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, Photonectes parvimanus occurs off mainland Portugal, in the Azores, Madeira and in the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, Photonectes parvimanus occurs off mainland Portugal, in the Azores, Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014) and in the Canary Islands (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009). Globally, Photonectes parvimanus occurs in the subtropical to temperate waters of the Atlantic and Indo-west-central Pacific Oceans and is known northward to Madeira and 33°N, off Zaire and South Africa and across the North Atlantic between about 23°–33°N (Gibbs and Barnett 1990). MCZ records of this species are from as far north as 40°N in the western Atlantic. The depth range for this species is zero to 1,463 m (Mundy 2005).",Population information is not available for this species.,"Photonectes parvimanus is a meso- to bathypelagic species that has been recorded to 25 cm (Mundy 2005). This species is a vertical migratory, and is found above 70 m at night and to at least 800 m during the day.","Threats to this species are unknown; however, given its deep water habitat, it is unlikely that threats impact this species.",There are no species specific conservation&#160;efforts in place for this species.,Use and trade information is not available for this species.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Harold, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Photostomias,goodyeari,,Photostomias goodyeari,"Kenaley & Hartel, 2005",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species occurs in the Azores and Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs in the Azores and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014). Species of the genus Photostomias are meso-bathypelagic fishes that are circumglobally distributed in tropical, and warm temperate waters (Kenaley and Hartel 2005).",There is little to no information about the population.,"Species of the Malacosteidae family consume a diet of crustaceans and other meso-bathpelagic fishes (Harold in press). This species is mesopelagic and is found from 300-1,000 m. It may be a vertical migrator. The maximum size for males is known to be 17.5cm in length.  Females are generally smaller than males and become sexually mature when they reach 12.8 cm in length (Kenaley and Hartel 2005).",There are no species-specific threats known for Photostomias goodyeari.,There are no species-specific conservation efforts for Photostomias goodyeari.,There are no known uses of Photostomias goodyeari.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Harold, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Photostomias,guernei,,Photostomias guernei,"Collett, 1889",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Photostomias guernei is widely distributed in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, it occurs from Madeira and the Canary Islands northward to 45°N, 18°W. No trawl surveys recorded for this species in the region. It is a widespread mesopelagic species found in depths to over 4,000 m. Currently, there are no major threats to this species. It is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Photostomias guernei is widely distributed throughout the Atlantic Ocean as well as the Indian and Pacific oceans (Masuda 1984). In the northeastern Atlantic, this species is found from off the coast of Ireland south to the Canary Islands. This species has been reported from depths of 0–3,100 m (Moore et al. 2003).  Outside the region, this species occurs to Mauritania. In the northwest Atlantic, it is found off Canada (Scott and Scott 1988). It occurs in temperate and subtropical waters of the North Atlantic, including the Gulf of Mexico to south of the Grand Banks, 03°58`N in the eastern Atlantic and also occurs in subarctic waters (Kenaley and Hartel 2005, Harold 2002, Scott and Scott 1988). This species is found in the western Atlantic, from along the coast of the USA to the Gulf of Mexico (Stehmann 1990). It has also been reported from the Antilles (Claro 1994). This species of fish is found throughout the tropical and temperate regions of the Indian and Pacific Oceans (Masuda 1984). In the southeast Pacific, P. guernei is found off Chile (Pequeno 1989).",One specimen with a maximum size of 10 cm (TL) recorded from bottom trawl surveys over a period of 20 years in the Gulf of Cadiz (ARSA) (J. Gil de Sola pers. comm. 2013).,The diet of members of this family primarily consists of other mesopelagic fishes and some crustaceans (Harold FAO ECA Guide in prep). Photostomias guernei exhibits an asynchronous diel vertical migration pattern characterized by a residence in the lower mesopelagic zone (greater than 500 m) during the day and a segregated distribution at night (Kenaley 2008). The maximum size for this species is 16 cm TL (Claro 1994).,"Currently, there are no major threats to this species.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.,This species is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Papaconstantinou, C. & Kobyliansky, S.","de Sola, L.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,ALEPOCEPHALIDAE,Photostylus,pycnopterus,,Photostylus pycnopterus,"Beebe, 1933",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Photostylus pycnopterus has a circumglobal distribution. It may be common in some areas but is not likely to be abundant.  This species is of no interest to fisheries and is not known to face any major threats at this time.  There are no known, species-specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it may be protected by numerous marine protected areas due to its vast range.  Therefore, Photostylus pycnopterus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Photostylus pycnopterus is circumglobal in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it is known from scattered records from Iceland, off the coast of the British Isles and south to Madeira and the Azores (Markle and Quero 1984).  The depth of the species generally ranges from 850 to 3,100 m ","The species is not uncommon, although it is more common in southern areas. Only one specimen of Photostylus pycnopterus was caught from four sub-areas distributed along the Mid-Atlantic Ride (MAR) between the Azores and Iceland as part of the 2004 MAR-ECO expedition.  This specimen was caught from the southern-most sub-area during a period of trawling from 07 July 2004 and 13 July 2004 (Bergstad et al. 2008).","The species Photostylus pycnoterus is bathypelagic occupying depths of 850 to 3,100 m. It is often found in areas with steeply sloping inclines (Markle and Quero 1984). The maximum standard length for this species is 11cm standard length (SL) (Markle and Sazonov 1990). The family Alepocephalidae feeds on a wide variety of food items including ctenophores, crustaceans, echinoderms, polycheates, decapods, tunicates, and fishes (Hartel in pess). Photostylus pycnopterus is a meso- and benthopelagic species.  This species produces relatively large ovarian eggs (1.8 mm in diameter) and tends to have low fecundity; a 10 cm female reportedly produced 96 eggs (Mundy 2005).",There are no known threats to this species.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.&#160; However, its distribution overlaps with marine reserves in parts of its range, although it is unknown if the marine reserves encompass the species' depth.&#160;Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species",Photostylus pycnopterus is of no interest to the fisheries industry (Markle 1984).,"Stump, E.","Knudsen, S., Uiblein, F. & Nielsen, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,SCOPHTHALMIDAE,Phrynorhombus,norvegicus,,Phrynorhombus norvegicus,"(Günther, 1862)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Phrynorhombus norvegicus off the southern coast of Iceland and from the southwestern coast of England to the Murmansk coast. It is also found in the Bay of Biscay. This species is found at depths ranging from 10 to 200 m. It is a benthic species which is widely distributed and not commercially fished. While some authors have recorded declines in abundance in parts of its range, others have reported increases and there is no range-wide trend. It is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range. Phrynorhombus norvegicus is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Phrynorhombus norvegicus is found off the south coast of Iceland and from the southwestern coast of England to the Murmansk coast (Nielsen 1986, Chanet et al. 2003). It is also found in the Bay of Biscay (Chanet et al. 2003, Bañon et al. 2010, Hermant et al. 2010). The species occurs at depths ranging from 10 to 200 m (Muus and Nielsen 1999).","Phrynorhombus norvegicus is listed as rather common (Nielsen 1986). In the North Sea it has has a stable CPUE since the 1970s at 0.04 n/h with an increase in collection in the 1990s (Heessen 1996). In western European waters, Chanet et al. (2003) describes a sharp decline in Phrynorhombus norvegicus starting in 1993 and plateauing in 2000 possibly resulting from over fishing or warming waters (Chanet et al. 2003). Heessen (1996) reports an increase in abundance between 1970s and mid 1990s.","Phrynorhombus norvegicus is a benthic flatfish found on rocky bottoms at depths ranging from 11 to 85 m in the Celtic Sea and on soft, muddy bottoms at depths between 8 and 166 m in the Bay of Biscay (Chanet et al. 2003). This species reaches a maximum size of 12 cm SL (Nielsen 1986).",Phrynorhombus norvegicus is not a commercially targeted species. It is listed as bycatch in the scallop dredge fishery off of the Isle of Man (Craven et al. 2013) and is caught as a non-target species in the North Sea (Piet and Rijnsdorp 1998).,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Phrynorhombus norvegicus. This species may be present in marine protected areas that occur within its distribution (World Database on Protected Areas 2010).,"Phrynorhombus norvegicus is not a commercially targeted species in the northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea assessment zone. It is taken as bycatch in the North Sea (Piet and Rijnsdorp 1998).","Strongin, K. & Ralph, G.","Monroe, T., Costa, M., Nielsen, J., Herrera, J. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,ECHENEIDAE,Phtheirichthys,lineatus,,Phtheirichthys lineatus,"(Menzies, 1791)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species is found off mainland Portugal and in the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is found off mainland Portugal and in the Azores (Santos et al. 1997, Carneiro et al. 2014).  This species occurs worldwide in tropical and subtropical waters. In the western Atlantic it is known from Massachusetts south along the U.S. to southern Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea (Robins and Ray 1986). In the eastern Atlantic it is known from the Iberian Peninsula along West Africa to South Africa. In the Indo-Pacific it is known along East Africa, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Taiwan, north Australia, and the Hawaiian Islands. In the eastern Pacific it is known from Mexico south along Central and South America to Peru.  It has a depth range of one to 50 m. ",Phtheirichthys lineatus appears to be common in museum collection (Fishnet 2 Portal). This species is considered to be rare (Heemstra 1986).,"Phtheirichthys lineatus is a pelagic-oceanic species with a maximum size of at least 44 cm (SL) (Collette 2002) but reported to 76 cm (TL) (Eschmeyer et al. 1983). This species attaches to body or enters gill chambers of other fishes, most frequently barracuda (Collette 2002).",There are no major threats known for this species.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place.,There is no use of this species.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Collette, B.B., Smith-Vaniz, W.F., Williams, J.T., Pina Amargos, F. & Curtis, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,PHYCIDAE,Phycis,blennoides,,Phycis blennoides,"(Brünnich, 1768)",,No,DD,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on the status of the stock for most European waters. The species is targeted by some fisheries but it is also being captured as by-catch and mostly discarded.,Unknown,"In the east Atlantic, this species in present from Norway and Iceland to Cape Blanc in West Africa. In the Mediterranean Sea, it occurs in the Catalan Sea (Cartes and Carrasson 2004, Bahamon et al. 2006, Coll et al. 2006), in the Gulf of Valencia (Salomé Morte et al. 2002), Gulf of Lion (Gaertner et al. 1998), Tyrrhenian sea (Carpentieri et al. 2005, Colloca et al. 2004), Strait of Sicily (Fiorentino et al. 2003, Gristina et al. 2006), Adriatic Sea (Dremiere et al. 1999), east Ionian Sea (Madurell et al. 2004, Mytilineou et al. 2005), Levantine basin, Cretan sea (Kallianiotis et al. 2000) and the Aegean Sea (Filiz and Bilge 2004, Machias et al. 2004, Labropoulou and Papaconstantinou 2005). It is also known from the east Mediterranean Sea around northeast coast of Egypt, Israel, Lebanon and Syria (Fischer et al. 1987). It is present at depths ranging from 10 to 1,308 m.","This species is commonly caught, but is not abundant. According to Gristina et al. (2006), this species was sampled during two trawl surveys (Autumn 1997 and Autumn 1998) carried out in the strait of Sicily using an otter trawl with a 28 mm cod-end mesh opening. From a whole of 62 hauls, mean density value varied from three to 120 specimens per km2. Madurell et al. (2004) mentioned that a mean density of 53 and 135 individuals per hour were collected respectively during Autumn and Winter in the framework of four experimental trawl survey cruises on a seasonal basis (April 1999, July-August 1999, November 1999 and February 2000) in the Ionian Sea at two stations between 473 and 603 m depth, using an otter trawl equipped with a cod-end bag liner of 14 mm stretched mesh size. According to Fiorentino et al. (2003), 883, 1,561, 2,554, 776, 2,399 and 1,943 specimens were collected respectively from 1994 to 1999 within the framework of the MEDITS programme (six surveys carried out once a year): sampling was carried out in June, with the exception of 1998 and 1999 when the trawl surveys lasted from late May to early June. Surveys included trawlable areas from a depth of 10 to 800 m, covering about 44,500 km2. A total of 56 hauls were conducted on the same site during each survey: the sampling gear was a bottom trawl with stretched mesh size of 20 mm in the cod-end (GOC 73) and a vertical opening between 2.0 and 2.5 m. Salomé Morte et al. (2002) mentioned that a total of 3,514 specimens were taken from diurnal commercial catches landed at the port of Valencia (Spain) between October 1991 and October 1994. Monthly samples were caught at depths ranging from 50 to 175 m depth in the Gulf of Valencia. According to Mytilineou et al. (2005), this species was collected in the northeast Ionian Sea during four experimental surveys (Sept. 1999, Apr. 2000, Jul. 2000, Sept. 2000), by means of trawls of 40 mm stretched mesh size in the cod-end. Densities were 10.6 individuals per hauls in the depth range of 300-500 m (44 hauls), 29.0 individuals per hauls in the depth range of 500-700 m (52 hauls), 7.3 individuals per hauls in the depth range of 700-900 m (36 hauls) and 0.8 individuals per hauls in the depth range of 900-1200 m (13 hauls). Carpentieri et al. (2005) mentioned that this species was sampled during four seasonal 24 hour surveys conducted in July 2001, November 2001, March 2002 and May 2002 in the shelf break off the central Tyrrhenian sea, respectively with densities of 14, 30, 12 and 142 specimens per day. In each survey eight hauls of 30 minutes each were performed every three hours throughout the 24 hour period with an otter trawl mounted into a 40 mm head rope, a 40 mm ground chain and 30-40 mm stretched mesh in the wing and cod-end respectively. According to Filiz and Bilge (2004), 12 specimens (12.3 to 15.0 cm TL) were sampled from March and July 2003 by commercial fisherman from the Sigacik trawl area (north Aegean Sea) at depth between 70 and 378 m. The current status of the stock is unknown (Anonymous 2014) and most of the captures are not being reported, as the species is mainly discarded by many fleet and areas (STECF 2014). In 2013, 1,800 tonnes were landed (by-catch) and available data on discards indicate that 1,600 tonnes discarded. Tecchio et al. (2013) estimated that P. blennoides biomass ranged from 0.05 to 0.30 tonnes per square km from trawl surveys at the Catalan Sea (NW Mediterranean). The species was found as one of the most abundant species during a series of surveys at French Mediterranean submarine canyons (Fabri et al. 2013). Its overall population trend is unknown, although there has been a significant decline in European landing volumes of Phycis blennoides over the last decade (Anonymous 2014), but the FAO data are not directly related to available TAC/Quota or fishing effort. However, over the same period there has been a significant increase in European landing volumes of the closely related species Phycis phycis, which is not subject to TAC/Quota.","This is a benthopelagic, oceanodromous species. It is found over sand and mud bottoms (Cohen et al. 1990). Its depth range in the Mediterranean Sea is between 50 and 1,047 m. Juveniles are more coastal and found on the continental shelf while adults migrate along the slope (Cohen et al. 1990). It feeds mainly on crustaceans and fishes (Cohen et al. 1990). It is usually less than 45 cm TL (Cohen et al. 1990). Sizes at maturity are 18 cm for the males and 33 cm for the females, and its lifespan is 20 years. Its maximum size is 110 (TL), and 80 cm (TL) in the Mediterranean (Fischer et al. 1987), and it reproduces from January to May. High abundance of recruits and juveniles under length at maturity is observed at crinoids beds (Colloca et al. 2004). The species is also commonly found at Isidella elongata fields, with maximum abundance of the species at intermediate biomass of the coral and maximum fish size at relatively low biomass of the coral (Maynou and Cartes 2011). The species is related to cold water coral ecosystems at Lacaze-Duthiers canyon (Fabri et al. 2013), and also related to the gorgonian Callogorgia verticilata at Boutcart canyon. Fernandez-Arcaya et al. (2013) found, during a series of surveys in a NW Mediterranean canyon and its adjacent slope, among 300 to 1,750 metres depth, spawning females of the species concentrated in the lower part of its bathymetric distribution. In the Mediterranean, the spawning period occurs in the range from September to late November, as confirmed by Benghali et al. (2014). According to Dransfeld et al. (2013), the species shows high productivity to the west of Ireland and Britain, so its vulnerability to deep-water trawl fishery is estimated as low.","This is a commercial species. Landing data from Spain and France are between 1,000 to 10,000 tonnes. Its main catching method is trawls, trammel nets, set nets, bottom longlines and handlines.  Annual landings in tonnes in the Mediterranean Sea (1996–2005), obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization FISHSTAT Fisheries Statistical Database (2007): Total production (1950-2005) in the Mediterranean and Black Seas were: 226 (1996), 241 (1997), 346 (1998), 209 (1999), 129 (2000), 89 (2001), 406 (2002), 417 (2003), 418 (2004), 473 (2005). Total landings in NE Atlantic have been reduced in all ICES Subareas since the year 2000, from a peak of 5,831 tonnes to (preliminary) 1836 tonnes in 2013 (ICES 2014). Also, in this report it is mentioned that discards are high, including some fisheries discarding 100% of their P. blennoides captures, even some fleet and countries report more discards than landings. In the Thyrrenian Sea, captures of P. blennoides are mainly discarded by fisheries both targeting Norway lobster and red shrimp (Sartor et al. 2003). The state of the stock is unknown, although there has been an increase in stock abundance during recent years for two specific Subareas (VII and VIII) (Oceana 2014).  As a by-catch species, there is a lack of data on captures, so the species could be threatened by overfishing in those areas in which the status of stock is unknown. As juveniles and recruits are related to sensitive and vulnerable habitats, as crinoids or I. elongata beds, threats to these habitats, as bottom trawling, could be causing direct and indirect damage to the species. In the Mediterranean, the species would have suffered fishery pressure since the 1980s in its distribution over the middle slope, as mature individuals distribute at more than 1,000 metres depth, but recruits are found at fishing depths of 600-900 metres (Cartes et al. 2014)","Phycis blennoides is not included in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. In the deeper parts of the species' range, there is a General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean recommendation (GFCM/2005/1) forbidding trawl and dredge fishing below 1,000 m. The Commission has proposed a 10% increase in TACs for all stocks across all sub-areas, but due to a lack of data on the status of the stock in all sub-areas, Oceana recommends only the increase of catches for those sub-areas with increasing trend in the abundance (Oceana 2014). The species is present in marine protected areas throughout its distribution, such as the Natura 2000 site El Cachucho in Spain. Research should be conducted on the population size and trends of the species. Due to the lack of data on stocks and landings from different European countries, ICES is not able to present detailed management options for the species (STECF 2014).","Total landings in NE Atlantic have been reduced in all ICES sub-areas since the year 2000, from a peak of 5,831 tonnes to (preliminary) 1,836 tonnes in 2013 (ICES 2014). According to Rogers and Gianni (2010), P. blennoides is mainly a by-catch species captured by bottom trawl and longline fisheries. As a by-catch species, captures are not always recorded and there is a lack of data (quality and quantity) on catches. The species is mainly discarded by many fleet and areas (STECF 2014). In 2013, 1,800 tonnes were landed (by-catch) and available data on discards resulted on 1,600 tonnes discarded. According to Babouri et al. (2014), an average of 29.6 tonnes of the species was landed per year at national level in Algeria, during the period 1999-2010. It is a common heavily exploited demersal TAC/Quota species in Irish offshore waters (Anonymous 2014).","García, M., Quigley, D. & Ralph, G.","Garcia, S.","Blanco, J., Di Natale, A., Molinari, A., Oral, M. & Öztürk, B.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,PHYCIDAE,Phycis,phycis,,Phycis phycis,"(Linnaeus, 1766)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on the population stocks and landings, trend and biology of the species. It is captured as both commercial and by-catch species, and there has been a decline from 2011 to 2012 for both the Atlantic and the Mediterranean captures, so it could be potentially threatened. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species throughout is range.",Unknown,"In the northeast Atlantic, this species is present from the Bay of Biscay to Morocco, south to Cape Verde including off-lying islands (Fishbase 2014). In Portuguese waters, the species is present from coastal waters, to off-shore seamounts (i.e. Gorringe Bank (Oceana 2014, Vieira et al. 2014)) and the Azores and Madeira archipelagos (Vieira et al. 2014). Phycis phycis is present throughout the Mediterranean Sea, occurring in the Alboran Sea (Molinari et al. 2004), the Iberian coast and the Balearic islands (Macpherson et al. 2002, Coll et al. 2006, Moranta et al. 2006, FAO-GFCM 2007), Ligurian sea (Tunesi and Molinari 2005, Tunesi et al. 2006), Tyrrhenian sea (La Mesa and Vacchi 1999, Carpentieri et al. 2005), south Adriatic Sea (Bussotti et al. 2002) and Aegean Sea (Karakulak et al. 2006). Bilecenoglu et al. (2014) excluded the species of the list of Black Sea and Marmara Sea Turkish waters species, but it is present in the Aegean and Levantine Seas of Turkey. Important amounts of Phycis spp. and Phycis phycis species are reported every year in sub-area IX (ICES 2014). Its depth ranges from 13 to 614 m.","According to Karakulak et al. (2006), 59 specimens (13.7 and 44.5 cm TL) were collected from a survey by gill and trammel nets (inner mesh sizes 16, 18, 20, 22, 26, 28, 30 and 32 mm bar length) in the coastal waters of Turkey from March 2004 to February 2005. Following FAO-GFCM (2007), 13,344 kg were landed by the Barcelona fishing fleet in 2005. In Portugal, 800 t are landed per year (Vieira et al. 2014), being one of the most important gadiform species in this area. In the Gulf of Tunis, 272 specimens were captured by small-scale artisanal fisheries between September 2007 and June 2010 (Romdhani et al. 2012). No specific information is available for the population size or trends of this species. Likewise, fishery statistics are not specific to this species, as it appears to be included with other Forkbeard species. The species has not been assessed by the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean. Over the last decade, there has been a significant increase in landing volumes recorded from European waters, although FAO data are not directly related to available TAC/Quota or fishing effort. Nevertheless, over the same period, there has been a significant decline in landing volumes of the closely related species Phycis blennoides, which is subject to TAC/Quota (Anonymous 2014).","Forkbeard is a piscivorous feeder, consuming mainly nektonic animals (Papaconstantinou and Caragitsou 1989), being decapods and fish the predominant species by weight in its diet. In the Mediterranean, the highest spawning activity was registered during November and December (Glavić et al. 2014). Its maximum size is 65 cm (TL).There is a lack of information on its biology, but the species is known to be a long lived species with slow growing rate (Vieira et al. 2014), based on data from Azorean and Mediterranean waters. At Condor Seamount, the 100% of the records of this species are related to coral areas (Porteiro et al. 2013). According to data on Fishbase (2014), the species' resilience is calculated as medium, with a minimum population doubling time of 1.4-4.4 years, and moderate vulnerability (45 out of 100).","The species is being captured both as commercial and by-catch species, with important amounts of captures being reported for some areas, but the stock is not being assessed. The species could be threatened by commercial and recreational fisheries in some areas.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not the target to any specific conservation measure, but its distribution overlaps with protected areas throughout its range such as the Natura 2000 site Fondali Isola di Dino-Capo Scalea (Italy) and future protected areas, such as Chella Bank in the Alboran Sea. Further information should be conducted on its population size and trends, life history and ecology, as this current lack of data does not allow to assess the stock and to establish adequate management measures (Glavić et al. 2014).","The species is fished by semi-industrial and artisanal fishermen in Spain (Fischer et al. 1987), where it is considered as a species of high commercial interest (Ictioterm database).  It is also one of the most important gadiform species exploited in Portugal (Vieira et al. 2014), caught by longline, trawl, trammel net and trap fisheries. Eight hundred tonnes are landed per year, reaching 9€/kg at markets. In the Gulf of Tunis, 272 specimens were captured by small-scale artisanal fisheries between September 2007 and June 2010 (Romdhani et al. 2012). The only recorded data available at FishStat database for the species are from Spain, France and Portugal for the Atlantic and Italy for the Mediterranean. A total of 25,490 tonnes were registered from 1999 to 2012, with the peak of captures in 2011 (6,496 tonnes), reduced to half captures (3,917 tonnes) in 2012. Eurostat database presents a very few data on the species, with only three years with data for the Atlantic Ocean captures (453 t in 2003, 386 t in 2004 and 470 t in 2005) and only five years for Mediterranean captures (one tonne registered in 2005, zero tonnes in 2006, 295 t in 2007, 245 t in 2008 and 369 t in 2009). These data are not enough to allow the assessment of trends in captures. According to ICES (2014b), 3,009 tonnes of the species landed in the Celtic Sea sub-region during the period 2009-2011, but the stock is not assessed in this sub-area. It is a by-catch species at Argelian demersal and shrimp trawl fisheries (Belhabib et al. 2013), and also at ICES Subarea VIII at some trawl fisheries targeting Nephrops or hake among other species (ICES 2005). Important amounts of the species are reported every year in Subarea IX (ICES 2014).","García, M., Quigley, D. & Ralph, G.","Garcia, S.","Blanco, J., Di Natale, A., Molinari, A., Oral, M. & Öztürk, B.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,ONEIRODIDAE,Phyllorhinichthys,micractis,,Phyllorhinichthys micractis,"Pietsch, 1969",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, Phyllorhinchthys micractis s found in the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, Phyllorhinchthys micractis s found in the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014). Phyllorhinchthys micractis has a world-wide distribution (Pietsch in press).  It has been collected at depths ranging from 1,000 to 1,430 m (FishNet2 database searched June 2014).",There is little species-specific population information available for P. micractis. Phyllorhinichthys micractis is represented by 10 lots in a search of museum collection databases (FishNet2 database searched July 2014).,"This species is only known from females, with the largest observed females are 14.0 cm SL (Pietsch in press).",There are no known species-specific threats to P. micractis.,There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for P. micractis.,"There is no use and trade information available for this species, although it is unlikely to be utilized.","Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Knudsen, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MORIDAE,Physiculus,dalwigki,,Physiculus dalwigki,"Kaup, 1858",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Physiculus dalwigki occurs along the Iberian Peninsula, Azores, Madeira, and along the coast of Italy in the Mediterranean Sea at depths ranging from 100 to 723 m. There is little species-specific population information for P. dalwigki. It is not targeted, however it is taken as bycatch in long-line and trawl fisheries. There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for P. dalwigki however its distribution overlaps marine protected areas. It is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Physiculus dalwigki is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is found from the Strait of Gibraltar to Mauritania, including the Great Meteor Bank (Cohen et al. 1990), Madeira, and the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014). It is also found in the Mediterranean, in the Ligurian Sea, Tyrrhenian Sea and the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988). It is found between 100 and 738 m in the water column (Bañón et al. 2002). However, it is most commonly found between 100 and 300 m.  Physiculus dalwigki was recently reported from Galician waters to the northwest of Spain. This latitudinal elongation of this species' natural range was attributed to increasing mean water temperatures in the Atlantic Ocean (Bañón et al. 2002).","Bottom trawls collecting quantitative data along the Great Meteor Seamount in the Northeast Atlantic found reasonable indication that this species is relatively uncommon. Samples taken in 1970 found that for Physiculus dalwigki the b-CPUE was 0.003 and the percentage of occurrence for each haul was only 8%, indicating a relatively low population in that area (Fock et al. 2002). At depths between 500 and 700 m, relatively few fish of these fish were caught by bottom trawlers researching species density off the Azores Archipelago in the mid-Atlantic (Menezes et al. 2006).","Physiculus dalwigki is a benthopelagic species that occurs on the continental slope (Cohen 1990). In the Mediterranean Sea it occurs between 100 and 800 m (Fischer et al. 1987). The maximum length recorded is 30 cm (Cohen et al. 1990). In the Atlantic Ocean it is more commonly found between 100 and 300 m (Iwamoto in press). Physiculus dalwigki spawns in the spring in the Mediterranean, but may have a slightly delayed onset in the more tropical waters of the Southeast Atlantic (Iwamoto FAO ECA in press). The eggs and larvae are pelagic. This species was captured in long-line surveys of seamounts, although it was relatively uncommon - only one individual was taken (Pakhorukov and Parin 2012).",Physiculus dalwigki is taken as bycatch in trawl and longline fisheries.,"There is no information available on specific conservation measures for this species. It is unlikely to be any conservation measures in place. However, this species may be present in marine protected areas found within its distribution (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Physiculus dalwaki is taken as bycatch in long-line and deep-water trawl fisheries (Menezes et al. 2006). However, it does not appear to be utilized","Strongin, K.","Lorance, P., Fernandes, P., Florin, A., Nielsen, J. & Cook, R.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,OPHICHTHIDAE,Pisodonophis,semicinctus,,Pisodonophis semicinctus,"(Richardson, 1848)",This species will be referred to a new unique genus (McCosker and Anderson in press).,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC  Listed as Least Concern as Pisodonophis semicinctus is found in the region from the Bay of Biscay and the Mediterranean, although it is considered an invasive species in the Mediterranean. Major threats to this species have not been identified and it is not utilized in the region. ",Unknown,"Pisodonophis semicinctus is widespread in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean Sea (Leiby 1990). This species is found from the Bay of Biscay south to Angola (Quéro et al. 1996) including waters off of the western Spain (Bañón et al. 2002). It has also been found in Mediterranean waters with the first report being in 1957 (Dieuzeide et al. 1953) and has subsequently been reported in over ten locations spread across the Mediterranean (Bodilis et al. 2012). In the Mediterranean, this species is reported from the Strait of Sicily, off the northern coast of Tunisia (Ragonese and Giusto 2000) and Turkey (Bilencenoglu et al. 2009). Pisodonophis semicinctus has a depth range of 10–50 m (Quéro 2009).",Pisodonophis semicinctus is common in intertropical waters (Blache et al. 1973). Additional population information is not available. ,"Pisodonophis semicinctus is a benthic species and it can be found burrowing in sand and mud on the continental shelf (Blache et al. 1973, Leiby 1990). It feeds on crustaceans and molluscs (Bauchot 1986). This species can attain 80 cm TL in length (Lieby 1990).",Major threats to Pisodonophis semicinctus have not been identified. ,"No specific conservation measures are in Pisodonophis semicinctus. However, this species’ range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas (World Database on Protected Areas, accessed April 2014).",Pisodonophis semicinctus is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic. ,"Strongin, K.","Karmovskaya, E. & Papaconstantinou, C.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,BELONIFORMES,BELONIDAE,Platybelone,argalus,,Platybelone argalus,"(Lesueur, 1821)",Seven geographic subspecies were recognized by Collette and Parin (1970):  Platybelone argalus argalus from the western Atlantic;  P. a. lovii from the Cape Verde Islands;  P. a. annobonensis from Annobón and Fernando Po islands in the Gulf of Guinea;  P. a. trachura from Ascension and St. Helena;  P. a. platyura in most of the Indo-West Pacific;  P. a. platura in the Red Sea and Persian Gulf; and  P. a. pterura from the eastern Pacific. The Azores population is of taxonomic interest (B. Collette pers. comm. 2012).,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species occurs only in the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs only in the Azores (Santos et al. 1997, Carneiro et al. 2014). This circumglobal, pelagic, polytypic species has seven subspecies inhabiting tropical offshore surface waters within the 23.9oC isotherm (Cressey and Collette 1970). It is particularly abundant around islands. Platybelone argalus platura, a geographic subspecies of P. argalus, is known only from the Red Sea and Arabian Gulf (Collette in Heemstra and Heemstra in press). In the eastern Atlantic it is known only from the Azores, the Cape Verde Islands (P. argalus lovii), Fernando Póo, São Tomé and Annobón in the Gulf of Guinea (P. argalus annobonensis), and the Ascension and St. Helena Islands (P. argalus trachura). In the western Atlantic (P. argalus argalus) it is known from Virginia south along the U.S., Bermuda, the Bahamas, throughout the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, and along South America to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil including Trinidade Island (Simon et al. 2013).  The depth range is zero to two metres (Gasparini and Floeter 2001).",This species is abundant around islands (B. Collette pers. comm. 2009).,"Platybelone argalus is neritic and epipelagic. It inhabits offshore surface waters, particularly abundant around islands (Collette 1984). Early life history of this species is covered by Collette (2005). It is generally seen in small groups (Randall 1995). Its diet consists of fishes (Randall 1967, Collette 2003). The maximum recorded total length is 45 cm (Randall 1995).",There are no known major threats.,There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place.,"This species is collected with casting or trolling surface or near-surface lure, seines, trammel nets and often using lights (Collette 1984). It is harvested as a food source in parts of its range.","Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Collette, B.B.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CARISTIIDAE,Platyberyx,opalescens,,Platyberyx opalescens,"Zugmayer, 1911","The Caristiidae family is in urgent need of revision due to confusion of the number of genera, species, and distributions (Britz in prep FAO ECA guide). This issue has recently been remedied by Stevenson and Kenaley (2011) and Kukuev et al. (2012).",No,DD,,,,,,,"Europe Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Platyberyx opalescens is only known from a small number of specimens, and there is little known about the species' population size, trends and threats. Research should be conducted to determine the status of this species. Therefore, P. opalescens is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"The distribution of Platyberyx opalescens is uncertain, but it is may be restricted to the Atlantic Ocean. It has been found from Greenland and Iceland (Møller et al. 2010) to Portugal, the Azores, Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014) and the Canary Islands (Porteiro et al. unpublished). Reliable catches of P. opalescens are known from Portugal to northern Mauritania. There are few records from the eastern central Atlantic, off Cape Verde and south to near the equator (Britz in press). We suggest that the range of the species includes near-bottom waters of the continental slope (bathialpelagic ichtyocene) of the east Atlantic Ocean. According to Parin et al. (1976), the range of the species is wider than is specifically described. Platyberyx opalescens is found in the mesopelagic zone from 200 to 900 m. ",The species in the family Caristiidae are rare (Britz in press). There are very few specimens known of this species.,"Platyberyx opalescens is an oceanic fish found in the mesopelagic zone with a maximum size of 18.5 cm total length (TL) (R. Mouritsen pers. comm. 2003). The species of the Caristiidae family are known to feed on small fish and a variety of invertebrates including squids, salps, and crustaceans. Juveniles are found in the epi- and mesopelagic zones sometimes with siphonophores, while adults are found in the meso- and bathypelagic zones (Britz in press). This is a poorly understood species and family. The fecundity, spawning periodicity, and early life history are not well known.",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its range intersects with a number of marine protected areas across its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species.",Species of the Caristiidae family have no commercial importance (Britz in press).,"Harwell, H.","Williams, J.T., Herler, J. & Kovacic, M.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,PLATYTROCTIDAE,Platytroctes,apus,,Platytroctes apus,"Günther, 1878",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) The Legless Searsid is widespread but rare throughout the northeastern Atlantic. The species may have been overlooked during trawls as it is difficult to identify and not of any commercial importance. Current threats to this species are unknown and ecological information is limited. Therefore, this species has been assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Platytroctes apus is found circumglobally in temperate and tropical waters (Carter 2002), except the southern Atlantic (Matsui and Rosenblatt 1987). This species is also known to occur in the low-oxygen waters off Peru, in the Bay of Bengal, and the Arabian Sea (Matsui and Rosenblatt 1987). It is equatorial in the Indian Ocean. In the eastern Atlantic Ocean, it occurs from Iceland at about 66°N to south to the Portuguese mainland, the Azores and Madeira, to the equator at the Sierra Leone Rise (Matsui and Rosenblatt 1987, Quéro et al. 1990, Pakhorukov 1999).  The depth range for this species has been reported from 385 m to more than 5,000 m.","Platytroctes apus is globally widespread, but specific population information is unavailable. In the northeastern Atlantic and adjacent regional waters, this species has a patchy distribution and a scattered abundance (Quero et al. 1984).","Platytroctes apus is a meso and bathypelgaic species. It can reach a size of 18 cm standard length (Carter 2002). This species inhabits low-oxygen waters off Peru, the Bay of Bengal, and the Arabian Sea, and have poorly developed gill filaments (Matsui and Rosenblatt 1987). This species has the most reduced shoulder bioluminescent organ of all the Platytroctidae species (Matsui and Rosenblatt 1987). The diet, spawning periodicity, fecundity and early life history of this species are poorly understood.",Current threats to the species&#160;are unknown. The extreme lower depth stratification of this species probably shields it from most major threats. The species is also not likely subject to fishery-related threats as it is not harvested.,"There are no species-specific conservation efforts in place for&#160;this fish. It may occur within marine protected areas that exist throughout the species' range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). More research is needed on the life history, population size, and possible threats.",Platytroctids are of no importance to fisheries (Quéro et al. 1990).,"Strongin, K.","Knudsen, S., Nielsen, J. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,HAEMULIDAE,Plectorhinchus,mediterraneus,,Plectorhinchus mediterraneus,"(Guichenot, 1850)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is widespread in the tropical and sub-tropical eastern Atlantic. Annual landings from the Mediterranean and the Eastern Central Atlantic and Mediterranean and Black sea fishing areas from 2001 to 2011 show no clear trends, and there are no data indicating any population declines at present. It is therefore listed as Least Concern. However, because it is a sought after commercial species caught by trawls, continued monitoring of its population status and harvest levels is recommended.",Unknown,"In the Mediterranean, this species is known from the Alboran Sea and along the southwestern coast to Tunisia, and from the Adriatic Sea (Llpej et al. 1996, Dulcic and Grbec 2000). It is also present in the eastern Atlantic from Portugal to Angola, but records from the Canary Islands are doubtful (Dooley et al. 1985), and it is not recorded from Madeira (Wirtz et al. 2008). Doubtful records also exist from Greek waters (Papaconstantinou 1988) and from Egypt. These records may be misidentifications of the Lessepsian migrant Pomadasys stridens","Annual landings in the Mediterranean (2001 to 2005) (FAO 2007) for the Balearic Sea, Spain, range from two tonnes (2001), 13 t (2002), 13 t (2003), 19 t (2004) to 15 t (2005). Data (FAO 2014) for the Eastern Central Atlantic and Mediterranean and Black sea fishing areas show fluctuating landings, from 2,638 t (2001) and 5,462 (2006) to 4,655 t (2011).","This is a demersal species, inhabiting sandy and muddy substrata. It is found associated with artificial reefs in the north Adriatic Sea (Lipej et al. 1996) and in Portugal (Santos et al. 2005). It occurs at depths of one to 180 m (Ben-Tuvia and McKay 1986), although it is most common at five to 50 m, on rocky sand and seagrass (Louisy 2002).",Fishing may cause localized population declines.,"It is found in marine reserves in parts of its range. In Portugal, species regulations are in place.","This is a commercial species in the Balearic Sea, Spain, caught mainly with trawls.","Allen, D.J., Comeros-Raynal, M. & García, M.","Russell, B.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,GADIDAE,Pollachius,pollachius,,Pollachius pollachius,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Pollachius pollachius is found in the northeastern Atlantic, from Norway, the Faroes and Iceland to the Bay of Biscay. There is no consensus on stock identity within the northeastern Atlantic, and this species is considered a data-limited stock throughout its range (no defined reference points, no biomass info, genetic structure not aligned with management units). Aggregated landings for this species in the Northeastern Atlantic Fishing Region have declined by almost 30% over the past 20 years (or three generation lengths), which may be a reflection of reduced fishing mortality. This is an important recreational species and there have been recorded declines in maximum body size consistently with abundance over the last century. Trawl survey data throughout the region are variable, with no clear trends except for in the Skagerrak and Kattegat region, where there have been declines of 80% in catch rates over the past 30 years, although this is a very small portion of its distribution. However, in the North Sea, which is considered the majority of the range, data indicate stable but variable population trends. It is listed as Least Concern. However, there is concern over populations in Skagerrak and Kattegat, as trawl survey data and estimates of biomass show a drastic decline over the past 30 years.",Unknown,"Pollachius pollachius is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is found from Norway, the Faroe Islands and Iceland south to the Bay of Biscay. It is found at depths of up to 200 metres (Cohen et al. 1990).","This species is restricted to the northeast Atlantic with its primary distribution from Biscay northwards around the British Isles, in Skagerrak and along the Norwegian coast where it is fairly common up to the Lofoten Islands. It is rare at Faroe and Iceland and in the Baltic. Landings data suggest two distinct centres of distribution: one in the northern North Sea/Skagerrak extending into the Eastern Channel, the Celtic Sea, the Irish Sea and the northern part of the French west coast (ICES 2011). There is no consensus on stock identity within the northeastern Atlantic and this species is considered a data-limited stock throughout its range (no defined reference points, no biomass info, genetic structure not aligned with management units). Global FAO reported aggregated landings from the Northeastern Atlantic Fishing Region peaked in the mid 1970s at roughly 18,000 tonnes and have since gradually declined to current levels below 10,000 tonnes (FAO 2011 FishstatJ database searched February 2014). Reported landings to FAO have declined about 30% over the past 20 years from about 14,000 tonnes in 1992 to about 10,000 tonnes in 2011, which may be a reflection of reduced fishing mortality. This is an important recreational species but there is not directed fishery. Trawl survey data throughout the region are variable, with no clear trends except for in the Skagerrak and Kattegat region, where there are declines of 80% in catch rates over the past 30 years, although this is a very small portion of its distribution. However, in the North Sea, which is considered the majority of the range, it is thought to have stable but variable population trends. An investigation of the population genetic structure of this species along the European Coast found weak but significant genetic differentiation between samples originating from the western English Channel and the Bay of Biscay (Charrier et al. 2006). In a 2009 review of molecular population genetic studies, no mismatches were found between genetic structure and management units in this species (Reiss et al. 2009). However this is based on a review of one paper. Along the Norwegian Skagerrak coast, the abundance of this species exhibits periodic fluctuations of 2.0 to 2.5 years (Fromentin et al. 1997). ","Pollachius pollachius is a bentho-pelagic species which is mostly found close to the shore over hard bottoms. It usually occurs at 40 to 100 m. depth, but is found down to depths of 200 metres. The tendency of this species to remain close to rocky shores, hard bottoms or wrecks make it difficult to catch with trawls and poorly suited for monitoring by research surveys (Charrier et al. 2006, ICES 2013). It is a major predator of juvenile Atlantic Cod, Gadus morhua (Salvanes et al. 1995). This species has a maximum length of 130 cm and a maximum published weight of 18.1 kg. However, this species has shown declines of maximum body size consistently with abundance over the last century (Genner et al. 2010). Pollack tend to be solitary except during the spawning period, when they form aggregations which are sometimes targeted for fishing. Growth is rapid, approaching 10 cm per year. Age at first maturity is roughly three years and maximum age is roughly eight years (Cohen 1990). However, this species may be longer lived, similar to Pollachius virens, and have a maximum age of 15 years (ICES WGNEW 2012). A generation length of 4.3 years was used to assess this species by HELCOM (HELCOM 2013), and a generation length of seven years was used in the Swedish National Red List. Generation length is therefore estimated to range between four to seven years.","This species is mainly caught as bycatch in mixed species fisheries. There is no targeted fishery for this species, other than a recreational fishery. This species may experience recruitment failure in some regions due to eutrophication (Johannessen et al. 2012).","This is a managed species with Total Allowable Catch limits. However, all stocks are considered data-poor and lack reference points. It is listed as Least Concern in the Norwegian Red List, and Critically Endangered in the Swedish Red List (based on an 80% decline in individuals over the past 20 years, and a generation length of seven years).&#160;As there is no confirmed reproduction in the Baltic Sea, and it is estimated that less than 2% of the population occurs there, this species was Not Applicable for Assessment in the Baltic Sea (HELCOM 2013).","This is species is caught primarily in recreational fisheries. It is caught with bottom and pelagic trawls, longlines, and gillnets (Cohen et al. 1990). This species is aquacultured by Chile and Spain (Kjesbu et al. 2006).","Ralph, G.","Cook, R., Fernandes, P., Florin, A., Lorance, P. & Nedreaas, K.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,GADIDAE,Pollachius,virens,,Pollachius virens,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Pollachius virens is found in the Barents Sea and Spitsbergen to the Celtic Sea, and along southern Iceland. In the Western Atlantic, it is found along southwest Greenland and from Hudson Strait to North Carolina, although it is rare at the extremes of its range. It is a commercially important species which is managed in 4 stocks in the Northeast Atlantic. Longevity is at least 25 years old, and most individuals are sexually mature by age 7. Forms large aggregations. In the Norwegian National Red List a generation length of 7 years was used, and in the Swedish Red List a generation length of 13 years was used. Therefore generation length is estimated to be between 7 and 13 years. Trends in the population were evaluated against Criterion A over a 3-generation timeframe of 20 to 30 years. Biomass of stocks have recovered from historical series lows in the 1990s, and biomass is at similar levels to the 1980s. Pollachius virens is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Pollachius virens is restricted to the North Atlantic Ocean. It is found in the Barents Sea and Spitsbergen to the Celtic Sea, and along most of the coast of Iceland. In the Western Atlantic, it is found along southwest Greenland and from Hudson Strait to North Carolina, although it is rare at the extremes of its range (Cohen et al. 1990). It is found at depths of 1-200 m.","This species is managed in 4 stocks in the northeast Atlantic. Summed estimated Spawning Stock Biomass (SSB) across all stocks in the region show long-term periodic changes in abundance over the past 30 to 40 years (1970-2010), with no indication of decline (ICES 2013). Over a period of 3 generation lengths, which  roughly 20 to 30 years, stocks have either remained relatively constant or increased in biomass since historical lows in the 1990s (ICES 2013). FAO landings statistics summary Global FAO reported landings from the Northeast Atlantic and the Northwest Atlantic show a continual increase to a peak of 762521 tonnes in 1974, and since 1974, global landings have declined to a series low of 330,595 tonnes in 2001. Since 2001, global landings have increased to 400920 tonnes in 2010. The trend in global landings is driven by the Northeastern Atlantic, which, in 2010 accounted for 97% of all declared landings (FAO 2011).  Stock-specific information  Saithe in North Sea, Skagerrak, (West of Scotland and Rockall) Spawning stock biomass has been above Blim since 1992. Fcurrent<Fmsy. Recruitment has been below average since 2006, and shows a declining trend in recent years - Spawning stock biomass has declined since 2006, however not below historical lows seen in the early 1990s (this is not linked to low recruitment) (ICES advice 2013, book 6). There is a net migration of P. virens towards Icelandic waters and away from Norwegian continental waters (Homrum et al. 2013). Saithe in Iceland This stock is near the northern boundary of the species' distribution. Spawning stock biomass is relatively large (150t tonnes), nearing values seen in 1980. Fishing mortality has steadily declined since peak values in 1995 (ICES advice 2013, book 2). Saithe in Iceland have low emigration rates (<1%) (Jones and Jónsson 1971). Saithe in the Northeast Arctic Reference points are unknown. Spawning stock biomass has declined in recent years (2005-2012) from a peak of 550t tonnes to either 300t tonnes or 150t tonnes (depending on stock assessment scenarios). Since 2008, there has been a large reduction in the proportion of mature fish in age groups 5 to 8, corresponding with a decrease in SSB and TSB. This is the largest stock in the region, followed by the North Sea Shelf. Saithe in Faroe Plateau SSB has greatly decreased since 2005, and is estimated to be slightly above Blim. F has steadily increased from 1961 to 2012. F has been above Fmsy since 1998. There is substantial immigration/emigration to and from the Faroe Islands - 42% of Saithe tagged in Faroese waters were recaptured outside of Faroese waters (Homrum et al. 2013).","Pollachius virens is a pelagic fish which is found in both inshore and offshore waters to depths of up to 400 metres, although the majority of individuals are found in depths of less than 200 metres (ICES Journal of Marine Science 2012). It is an important predator species, feeding on young herring, haddock, whiting and Norway pout. This species undergoes both feeding and spawning migrations. Juveniles (age 0 to 2) occur in shallow coastal areas (ICES advice 2013). This species is long-lived (at least 25 years) and forms large aggregations. Saithe begin to mature at age 4 (15% mature) and by age 7, all fish can be regarded as mature (ICES Advice 2013). Pollachius virens has a maximum age of 25 years (Svetnovidov 1986). In the Norwegian Red List a generation length of 7 years was used, and in the Swedish Red List a generation length of 13 years was used. Therefore generation length is estimated to be between 7 and 13 years.","Pollachius virens is threatened by overexploitation. This is a commercially important species, and is among the most important commercial roundfish species. Since the early 2000s, fishing pressure has generally decreased in the Northeastern Atlantic Fishing Zone (Serchuk et al. 1996, Fernandes and Cook 2013). This species may also be affected by the loss of inshore estuaries, which are susceptible to anthropogenic disturbances, provide nurseries and feeding grounds for juveniles.","Total Allowable Catch (TAC) regulations are in place for many P. virens stocks. Additional regulations include the prohibition of discards, minimum mesh size, minimum fish size, bycatch regulations, area closures, and other area and seasonal restrictions (ICES advice 2013 book 3). In both the Norwegian Red List and the Swedish Red List, this species was listed as Least Concern.","Pollachius virens is an important commercial species which often replaces cod and haddock in some products. It is taken by purse seine, Danish seine, bottom and pelagic trawl, longline, and by trolling. It is marketed fresh, chilled, frozen, canned, dried-salted, and in brine (Cohen et al. 1990). In the North Sea eco-region, Saithe is primarily taken by directed bottom trawl fisheries, and also as by-catch in cod and haddock fisheries (ICES advice 2013, book 6). This species is often fraudulently sold as smoked Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) (Miller et al. 2012).","Stump, E.","Cook, R., Fernandes, P., Florin, A., Lorance, P. & Nedreaas, K.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,NOTACANTHIFORMES,NOTACANTHIDAE,Polyacanthonotus,challengeri,,Polyacanthonotus challengeri,"(Vaillant, 1888)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Polyacanthonotus challengeri is widely distributed in the northeastern Atlantic and adjacent regional waters. It has a depth range of 900 to 4,600 m. There are very limited population data available for this species, but it appears to be relatively common (or at least not uncommon). There is very  little information on habitat, population or  ecology.  However,  because of its deeper habitat , it is not  believed to have any major  threats that affect it at this time. It is listed as  Least Concern with the caveat  of a need for more research  concerning many aspects of this species.",Unknown,"Polyacanthonotus challengeri is found in the western Atlantic from Baffin Bay along eastern North America. In the eastern Atlantic, it is found from northern United Kingdom south to South Africa, including the Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands (Sulak 1986), and the western Mediterranean Sea. It is described as being found off Iceland and the Irminger Sea  (Jonsson and Palsoon 2006) and Scotland, as well as along the northern MAR and Flemish Cap (Porteiro et al. unpublished). Outside the region, this species is mainly antitropical (Sulak 1986). It has been reported from the North Pacific, from Japan, to the Bering Sea and British Columbia, Canada (Hart 1973), also south to Oregon, USA (Moser and Charter 1996). In the South Pacific, it is known from one specimen collected near New Zealand and in the Southern Ocean it is known from one specimen collected near the Kerguelen Islands. It has a depth range of 900 to 4,600 m.","There are very limited population data available for this species. It appears to be relatively common-to-uncommon in the northeastern Atlantic. In a study by Bergstad et al. (2008), analyses were conducted of the demersal fish on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge using bottom trawl data from the 2004 R.V. G.O. Sars expedition to the ridge segment north of the Azores (42oN) to the south of Iceland (54oN). In the four areas sampled (Faraday seamount, Middle box, North Middle box, and South Southern box), a total of 24 individuals of this species were caught. Of the 17 mapped locations that were trawled in this study, only 24 specimens of this species were collected.  In a trawl survey of demersal fish assemblages along the Porcupine Seabight, P. challengeri ranked 94th out of 108 identified fishes in species abundance (Priede et al. 2010).","This is a benthopelagic species, found between the depths of 1,300 and 3,700 m, but most commonly between 2,000 and 3,000 m. The maximum recorded length of this species is 60 cm total length (TL) (Gon 1990). This species feeds on benthic invertebrates, especially amphipods, polychaetes and mysids (Sulak1986). Submersible observations indicate that species of Polyacanthonotus hover over or move along the substrate, often in an inclined angle appropriate for browsing on small epibenthic prey (Crabtree et al. 1985). Size at first maturity is approximated between 15 and 18 cm LG for P. challengeri (Coggan et al. 1998). Reference to literature shows fecundity to increase with this species’ size, with mean fecunditiy of 30,000 in P. challengeri (Crabtree et al. 1985, Coggan et al. 1998). Their size varies regionally between 50 cm gnathoproctal length to about 18 cm (Sulak 1996). In a study by Coggan et al. (1998), small individuals with gnathoproctal length (LG) around 4 cm, were sampled successfully in all species except P. challengeri, suggesting that this species may have an unusual early life history and/or inhabit depths outside the range sampled which included 250 m depth increments from 500 to 3,000 m depth at Rockall Trough (RT) and about 250 m to abyssal depths (4,500 m+) at Porcupine Seabight (PSB) (Coggan et al. 1998). Available data indicate that females predominate in populations of P. challengeri to a greater extent than in populations of other Notacanthiform fishes (Crabtree et. al1985). The modifications of the olfactory regions in mature male Polyacanthonotus challengeri individuals suggest that olfaction is important in spawning. Efficient location of mates by male notacanths may in part explain the highly skewed sex ratios.",There are no major threats to this species. It is less likely that this species is affected by anthropogenic disturbances given its deeper depth distribution.,"There are no conservation measures in place for this species. Research into all aspects of this species' population dynamics, ecology and biology, as well as potential risks is needed for this species.",This species is not utilized.,"Strongin, K.","Uiblein, F.","McCosker, J., Hines, A. & Harwell, H.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,NOTACANTHIFORMES,NOTACANTHIDAE,Polyacanthonotus,rissoanus,,Polyacanthonotus rissoanus,"(De Filippi & Verany, 1857)","Because of differences in ecological preferences and some morphological features this species may be two different species, one in the Mediterranean and one in the Atlantic.&#160; Should two distinct species be recognized, the name P. rostratus would be available for the Atlantic species (Sulak et al. 1984).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Polyacanthonotus rissoanus is a widely distributed, benthopelagic species in the North Atlantic Ocean. There are very limited population data available for this species, but it appears to be reasonably common in the region.  There is limited information on its habitat, ecology and early life history. However,  because of its deeper habitat , it is not   believed to have any major  threats that affect it.  Therefore, P. rissoanus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Polyacanthonotus rissoanus is found in the North Atlantic Ocean. In the northwestern Atlantic, it is known from Canada and the USA. In the northeastern Atlantic, it is known from Ireland southward to South Africa, including the Mediterranean Sea and the Azores. It has also been reported from Iceland (Jonsson 1992). It is typically found at 500 to 2,800 m depths.",There are very limited population data available for this species. It occurs relatively frequently/occasionally in surveys undertaken in deeper waters in Northern Spain (Juan pers. comm. 2014 - follow up). It was not present in the MEDITS survey of Spanish Mediterranean waters (Juan pers. comm. 2014).,"This is a benthopelagic species known from depths of 500 to 2,800 m (Sulak 1996). The maximum size is about 36 cm total length (Sulak 1996). The predominant prey items of this species are amphipods and mysids predominantly, along with polychaetes (Coggan et al. 1998). Polyacanthonotus rissoanus female individuals reach sexual maturity between 8.4 and 11.9 cm, with fecundy of 23,000 to 30,000 ova. It appears to spawn over the summer months (Crabtree et al. 1985). Like many other notacanthid species, the females drastically outnumber the males.","There are no major threats to this species, as it is deep-dwelling and removed from most trawling activity as well as habitat destruction.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Polyacanthonotus rissoanus was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean in 2007. Polyacanthonotus rissoanus was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).,This species is not utilized.,"Strongin, K.","Herrera, J. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.","McCosker, J., Hines, A. & Harwell, H.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,PHOSICHTHYIDAE,Polymetme,corythaeola,,Polymetme corythaeola,"(Alcock, 1898)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Polymetme corythaeola is a widely distributed bentho-pelagic species in the eastern Atlantic and is recorded from off the coast of the United Kingdom to Portugal. It occurs in depths from 165-800 m. It is common in trawl surveys in the Gulf of Cadiz. It is not utilized and although it is identified as a common bycatch species in Portugal, declines attributed to this threat are not reaching thresholds of threatened listing. It is listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Polymetme corythaeola can be found in all three major oceans (Marques 2001). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, this species occurs from the Porcupine Seabight area south to the Canary Islands, including the Bay of Biscay. The northernmost record is 51°39.7' N, 14°16.5' W (Badcock 1984). Polymetme corythaeola is absent in the Mediterranean Sea (Quéro et al. 1990), except for rare individuals in the Alboran Sea (L. Gil de Sola pers. obsv. 2014). The species can be found between 165–800 m in depth (Badcock 1984, Quéro et al. 1990).",Polymetme corythaeola is common in bottom trawl surveys off the Gulf of Cadiz (ARSA) (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2013).,"Polymetme corythaeola is meso- and benthopelagic, occurring off continental and island slopes and sea-mounts in depths usually from 300–500 m (Badcock 1984). It is not known to undergo diel migrations (Badcock 1984). The maximum standard length SL is 26.0 cm (Quéro et al. 1990). Its diet is largely, if not entirely, comprised of crustaceans, namely the benthopelagic euphausid M. norvegica (Marques 2001).","Polymetme corythaeola has been noted as a bycatch species of commercial fisheries on the Portuguese slope (Marques 2001). However, major threats have not been identified for this species.",There are no known species-specific conservation measures for Polymetme corythaeola.,This species is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Strongin, K.","Kobyliansky, S. & Herrera, J.","de Sola, L.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,PHOSICHTHYIDAE,Polymetme,thaeocoryla,,Polymetme thaeocoryla,"Parin & Borodulina, 1990",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Polymetme thaeocoryla occurs from Ireland to the Canary Islands in the Northeastern Atlantic. This species occurs to over 1,000 m depth and is associated with continental and island slopes and seamounts. No major threats have been identified for this species. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Polymetme thaeocoryla occurs on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs from Ireland to the Canary Islands (Harold 2002). It is found from depths of 213–1,400 meters (Parin and Borodulina 1990).",Polymetme thaeocoryla is rare in European waters (L. Gil de Sola and S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013),"Polymetme thaeocoryla is a benthopelagic species and is very closely related to P. corythaeola, sharing its affinity for continental and island slopes and sea-mounts. The maximum recorded size for this species is 21.6 cm SL (Parin and Borodulina 1990).","No species-specific threat information is available for P. thaeocoryla. This species is caught as bycatch in parts of its range. Given its affinity to P. corythaeola, it may taken as bycatch in commercial fisheries in Portugal.",No species-specific conservation efforts are in place for P. thaeocoryla.,Polymetme thaeocoryla is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Strongin, K.","Kobyliansky, S. & Herrera, J.","de Sola, L.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,POLYMIXIIFORMES,POLYMIXIIDAE,Polymixia,nobilis,,Polymixia nobilis,"Lowe, 1838",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as populations are common through most of its European range, and although it is subject to small scale exploitation of multi-species fisheries in the Macaronesian area, there are no other species-specific threats to the species. Further research should be conducted on the population trend of the species.",Unknown,"Polymixia nobilis is distributed across the Atlantic Ocean in deep waters. In the Eastern Atlantic, it is known from the Corner Rise seamount, the Azores, Madeira, Greater Meteor seamount, Seine and Sedlo seamounts, the Canary Islands, Cape Verde and St. Helena Islands. It has a disjunct distribution in the ECA and is found around oceanic islands and seamounts. Elsewhere, in the western Atlantic it is known from Florida, Bermuda, the Bahamas, Cuba, and the eastern and northern Gulf of Mexico, Lesser Antilles, Cuba, and from Panama to the French Guiana. It is a benthic species, found from 70-800 m deep, but it is more common between 360-540 m (Hureau 1986, 1990; Moore 2002).","In European waters Polymixia nobilis occurs frequently in the Canary Islands (Franquet and Brito 1995, Brito et al. 2002, García-Mederos et al. 2010). Delgado (2007) indicates the species to occur frequently off Madeira, Porto Santo and the Desertas islands. In survey cruises off the Azores, Menezes (2003) found the species to be rare. Elsewhere in the Macaronesian area, the species is also common in seamounts, islets and islands off the Cape Verde archipelago (Menezes et al. 2004). The populations of P. nobilis in the area are subject to small scale exploitation, in a context of multispecies fisheries using hook-and-line and bottom longlines.Polymixia nobilis is abundant in museum collections (56 lots), lots typically containing one to two individuals, although several lots contain more than four individuals (Fishnet2 2013). However, the population trend of the species is unknown.","This bathydemersal species is found on semi-hard and soft bottoms on the continental shelves and slopes (Fock et al. 2002). It is found from 70-800 m depth (Moore 2002), but more commonly from 360-540 m. It is associated with a variety of deep-water structures, such as seamounts in the Azores (Pakhorukov 2008), and flat hard-bottom habitat off the coast of the eastern USA characterized by carbonate bedrock with little to no vertical relief, and patchy cover of small scleractinian and stylasterid corals (Wieber 2008) though it is not a dominant component of the species assemblage in terms of numbers or biomass in these habitats.This species is gonochoristic, but not sexually dimorphic. In the Canary Islands, males range in size from between 16.5-38.4 cm fork length (FL) and females from 14.2-46.5 cm FL. In size classes higher than 36 cm, the sex ratio is skewed in favour of females. Sexually mature individuals are present during all months, and a spawning peak was evident between April and June. The size at first maturity is estimated at 26 cm FL for males, and 39.8 cm for females. This is a slow growing and relatively long-lived species, the oldest recorded individuals reaching 14 years of age (46.5 cm FL). It can reach a maximum size of 48 cm (TL). Females attain higher asymptotic lengths and lower growth rates. Individuals of small and medium sizes prey primarily on crustaceans and fishes, while large specimens prey mainly on bathydemersal fishes (García-Mederos et al. 2010). Connectivity in the deep-sea is poorly understood, and seamounts are thought to have less potential for re-colonization.In Madeira, from samples taken in survey cruises with bottom longlines, P. nobilis was found to be frequent, although not dominant in an overall depth range comprised between 100-600 m, being more abundant 300-400 m deep. The furcal length range was comprised between 18-46 cm, corresponding to a weight range of 190-1,950 g (Delgado 2007).","The species is subject to small-scale exploitation in a context of multi-species fisheries, but there are no other specific threats to P. nobilis. In the Canary Islands, catches are relatively important within the local small-scale ﬁsheries. The species is ﬁshed year round with line-and-hook (mainly oﬀ El Hierro Island) and trammel nets (mainly in the eastern sector of Tenerife Island).","Relevant biological parameters (reproduction, growth and feeding habits) were recently collected for this species with the expressed aim of allowing the future implementation of regulatory measures for the sustainability of the fisheries and conservation of this species in the Canary Islands (Garci­a-Mederos et al. 2010). In certain areas (seamounts) off Madeira, Azores and the Canaries, where the species is present, there are some protection measures enforced, namely the prohibition to use certain types of more harmful fishing gears for example gill nets, trammel nets and bottom trawling under 200 m deep (Regulation 1685/2005). Further research should be conducted on the population trend of the species.","In European waters, Polymixia nobilis is taken in a small-scale demersal fishery off the islands of Gran Canaria and El Hierro (Canary Islands) by handline and bottom drop line which primarily target Beryx splendens. Separate statistics are not reported, however catches are aggregated with targeted Beryx spp. and range from 2.5 tonnes in 1991 to 17.5 tonnes in 1995 (Rico et al. 2001, Durr and Gonzalez 2002). This is a relatively important local, small-scale fishery, in the Canaries (Garci­a-Mederos et al. 2010).In Madeira, P. nobilis is subject to a small scale fishery, in a context of multi-species fishing of demersal species with bottom longlines. However landings of this species are scarce (less than one tonne per year). The species achieves a market value of 3.5 euros per kg.Besides, the species is also possibly impacted by purse seine fisheries targeting Blue Whiting. Given that P. nobilis co-occurs and is frequently captured incidentally in fisheries targeting Beryx spp., the species may be taken as by-catch (Garci­a-Mederos et al. 2010).","García, M.","Delgado, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,POLYPRIONIDAE,Polyprion,americanus,,Polyprion americanus,"(Bloch & Schneider, 1801)","The degree of genetic separation between Polyprion americanus populations in the Atlantic, and those occurring in the southern Pacific (Australia and New Zealand) is similar to the degree of separation seen between P. americanus and congener P. oxygenios. Given ongoing developments in genetic sequencing, further examination may re-define Polyprion systematics.",No,NT,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Near Threatened (NT) Polyprion americanus (Wreckfish) is widely distributed, but populations are relatively disjunct; populations in the North Atlantic appear to be isolated from those in the southern hemisphere. The majority of global landings (79%) are declared from the Food and Agriculture Organization's Northeast Atlantic fishing zone. Within the Northeast Atlantic, landings are declared from the following ICES regions, in order of decreasing landings in 2012: VIII (Bay of Biscay), X (Azores), VII (Irish Sea, West of Ireland, Porcupine Bank, Eastern and Western English Channel, Bristol Channel, Celtic Sea North and South, and Southwest of Ireland - East and West), IX (Portuguese waters), and VI (Rockall, Northwest Coast of Scotland, and the West of Scotland). Within the assessment zone, this species does not appear to be managed in any of the areas where it is landed, and it does not undergo stock assessment. There are no universal signs of population decline in the northeast Atlantic. Declines in landings and/or CPUE have been documented in some regions (particularly from off Portugal, some gear types in the Azores, Madeira), but stable in others (other types of gears in the Azores, Bay of Biscay). Data from the western Atlantic indicate that this species is long-lived (80+ years) and late-maturing (10+ years); the generation length is likely at least 45 years. It has recently been established that P. americanus forms spawning aggregations, which increases its intrinsic vulnerability to overexploitation; however, little data are available as to the location of spawning aggregations in the northeastern Atlantic and only two spawning aggregations have been reported from off the coast of Brazil. Polyprion americanus may be reproducing in the northeastern Atlantic, but further research on the reproduction and life history is recommended. There have been documented commercial extinctions of Wreckfish in Bermuda, suggesting that island stocks may be particularly vulnerable. In the Northeast Atlantic, a recent fishing moratorium at Condor Seamount, Azores Archipelago will provide an opportunity to study the responses of exploited species, including P. americanus (which was among the most important commercial species taken from the region), to reduced fishing mortality. It seems extremely likely, given the continued and recent increases in exploitation, that the population of Wreckfish will continue to decline in the near future, and that freshly discovered stocks will decline rapidly, if fishing is not controlled. Therefore, this species is assessed as Near Threatened Conservation Dependent, as the intrinsically vulnerable population in the northeastern Atlantic is likely to experience substantial declines in population if conservation measures are not enacted. ",Decreasing,"Polyprion americanus has a widespread but discontinuous range with an anti-tropical distribution (Ball et al. 2000). It is known primarily from the Atlantic Ocean, but also ranges into the Indian and Pacific Oceans. In the southern hemisphere, it is known from South America (Uruguay, Argentina and Brazil) to New Zealand, including the St. Paul and Amsterdam Islands in the western Indian Ocean (Peres 2000). In the western Atlantic, it is found in Newfoundland, Canada and the Gulf of Maine to Florida, USA. In the eastern Atlantic, it ranges from Norway to South Africa including the Mediterranean (Ball et al. 2000), Canary Islands, Madeira, Cape Verde, and Tristan da Cunh (Sedberry et al. 1996, Wirtz et al. 2013). This species is associated with depths of between 40 and 600 m (Robins and Ray 1986).","Population Structure Evidence from mtDNA indicates that the sub-population in the north Atlantic is probably isolated from that in the southern hemisphere (Sedberry et al. 1996). There may also be a sub-population within the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre (Sedberry et al. 1999). Subsequent genetic work using micro-satellites has revealed three genetically-distinct P. americanus stocks: The North Atlantic and Mediterranean, Brazil, and the South Pacific (Australia and New Zealand) (Ball et al. 2000). The degree of genetic separation between P. americanus populations in the Atlantic, and those occurring in the southern Pacific (Australia and New Zealand) is similar to the degree of separation seen between P. americanus and congener P. oxygenios. Given ongoing developments in genetic sequencing, further examination may re-define Polyprion systematics. Temperature profiles and current patterns are believed to prevent significant gene flow between these three sub-populations (Wakefield et al. 2013). FAO landing statistics summary Landings are declared from the following FAO regions, in order of decreasing landings declared in 2011: Northeast Atlantic (79% of total), eastern central Atlantic, Western Central Atlantic, Mediterranean/Black Sea, Northwest Atlantic, Southeast Atlantic, Indian Ocean. The overall trend in landings is one of increase with fluctuations throughout the time series, with a peak of 2,296 tonnes declared in 2008. Portugal and Spain have reported significant (i.e., 50 metric tons per year) catches of wreckfish in recent decades; France and the UK have reported lesser amounts. (FAO Fisheries Statistics, Capture Production 1998; ICES Historical catch Statistics 1950-2010).  Landings declared to ICES Wreckfish are declared from the following ICES subareas, in order of decreasing landings in 2012: VIII (Bay of Biscay), X (Azores), VII (Irish Sea, West of Ireland, Porcupine Bank, Eastern and Western English Channel, Bristol Channel, Celtic Sea North and South, and Southwest of Ireland - East and West), IX (Portuguese waters), and VI (Rockall, Northwest Coast of Scotland and North Ireland, (the Northwest Coast of Scotland and North Ireland also known as the West of Scotland). Over all ICES areas, landings have increased steadily from 39 mt in 1980 to a peak of 1,217 in 2007, followed by a decline to about 482 mt in 2012 (ICES 2013). However, as effort has likely a ICES subarea VIII (Bay of Biscay) Wreckfish is landed as a deep-water by-catch species in trawl fisheries targeting hake, megrim, anglerfish and Nephops. It is taken as by-catch along with Molva spp., Phycis phycis, Physcis blennoides, Pagellus bogaraveo, Conger conger, Helicolenus dactylopterus, and Beryx spp. ICES Subarea X (Azores)  Wreckfish is among the 8 commercially most important species landed in handline and longline fisheries (representing 8 to 10% of total catch), and is one of the main targets of relatively large vessels (12 to 31 meters length) that operate predominantly on offshore seamounts between 3 and 200 nautical miles away from the islands. Fishing depths in this region are up to 700 meters. The mean CPUE using handlines has increased from 1999 to 2009, while the CPUE in long-line fisheries has declined. Informal evidence indicates that the abundance of P. americanus is far lower now as compared to in 1962, when the Condor Seamount was first discovered and named. The abundance of P. americanus in the region is known to fluctuate from year to year, as reflected in good and bad years in catches. In 2007, 2008 and 2009 catches were the highest observed since 1980. An important component of the Azores population is thought to recruit from the western Atlantic coast. There is a regular annual recruitment of juvenile/pre-adults (50 to 90 cm length) of P. americanus from outside areas, which triggers regular, intense harvesting. Similar patterns have been observed at Madeira island. There is a fishing moratorium at Condor Seamount from 2010 to 2014 (Menezes et al. 2013). Unreported catches for this species were <20% of official statistics (Pham et al. 2013). Outside the Azorean EEZ, there are trawl fisheries targeting this species. The CPUE for Wreckfish in the Azores longline survey fluctuated greatly with no overall trend between 1995 and 2011. Mean length showed no trend between 1995 and 2011. No data other than landings are available to assess stocks of this species (ICES 2013). ICES subareas VI and VII Annual landings of Wreckfish from the Azores climbed slowly from around 50 to 100 metric tonnes (mt) in the 1970s and 1980s to a peak of 425 mt in 1994. In 1995, the catch dropped rapidly to 246 mt and was down to 139 mt by 1998. As the Wreckfish is an incidental catch for a mixed-species demersal fishery (which has continued to produce increased landings), it seems the decline is a reflection of decreasing Wreckfish stocks. The decline from 1994 to 1998 was 67% (data from Sedberry et al. 1999, ICES Marine Data Centre 2001). In Madeira, the Wreckfish fishery developed slowly with landings rising from 5 metric tonnes in 1988 to a peak 55 mt in 1994. Landings then dropped 51% to around 27 mt in 1996. This was at least partly due to a drop in the number of fishing trips (by around 45%) but as the catch per trip also dropped (by around 15%) there may have been an actual drop in Wreckfish stocks. For this fishing zone, the reduction in Wreckfish stocks is assumed to be 15%.  Annual landings data are also available for Northeast Portuguese waters (FAO Area 27). As Area 27 includes the Azores, ICES landings data from the Azores was subtracted from Area 27 landings data to give figures for Northeast Portuguese waters (except the Azores). Annual landings rose from 58 mt in 1986 to 283 mt in 1989, peaked at 406 and 373 mt in 1994 and 1995, respectively, and declined steadily to 165 mt in 1998 (FAO Fisheries Statistics, Capture Production 1998; ICES Marine Data Centre 2001). The decline between 1994 and 1998 was 59%. The western Atlantic subpopulation has shown similar declines in CPUE and total landings. It is not possible to estimate population size at present. A minimum figure could be derived by estimating numbers of fish from 1998 landings data for all countries for which is this data are available, but this would likely represent a vast underestimate; a reasonable maximum figure is not possible to estimate as good data on Wreckfish stocks is not available for many localities within the known range. It also seems likely, as the species inhabits deep water, that there are also stocks yet to be discovered. It may be possible to make a crude approximation by working out the area of potential habitat based on bathymetry and the known range of the animal and multiplying this by population estimates from the better studied fishing grounds. Data from the US fishery (1985—97), Brazilian fishery (1989 to 98 with some missing years), and Portuguese and Spanish fisheries (1984—1998) show no fluctuations above or approaching order of magnitude that cannot be explained by known fishing effort (data from FAO Fisheries Statistics, Capture Production 1998; Sedberry et al. 1999; Peres 2000). Large annual fluctuations would be unusual for an animal as long-lived and slow to reach sexual maturity as the Wreckfish.  It seems extremely likely, given the continued and recent increases in exploitation, that the population of Wreckfish will continue to decline in the near future, and that freshly discovered stocks will decline rapidly, if fishing is not controlled.","Habitat and Ecology In Brazil, wreckfish are found on irregular substrate, late juveniles are found from 60 to 250 m depth while adults are deeper at 150 to 500 m (Peres 2000). On the Charleston Bump off South Carolina, most wreckfish are taken over areas of extensive high relief but some are also taken over flat hard bottom (Sedberry et al. 1999). Wreckfish are also found in association with deep-water Lophelia coral reefs (Sulak et al. 2003). The extremes of depth range reported for demersal fish are 42 to 1,000 m (Sedberry et al. 1994). Large individuals are generally caught at depths exceeding 350 meters. Wreckfish inhabit demersal habitats where temperature ranges from 6.0 to 16.3 ºC (data from four localities, Sedberry et al. 1999). Longline investigations were carried out over the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at depths of 400 to 1,300 meters revealed that P. americanus was characteristic of the depth interval ranging from 400 to 900 meters (ICES 1998). The maximum recorded length of a Wreckfish is 210 cm (Robins and Ray 1986). More precise estimates of the extent of occurrence (EOO) could be estimated by calculating the area of potential habitat using the information in Sedberry et al. (1999). The area of occupancy (AOO) would probably be the spawning grounds as this species aggregates to spawn (Peres 2000). However, there seems to be no more information than this available by which to estimate the area of spawning grounds. The EOO and AOO are assumed to be stable as wreckfish inhabit deep rocky reefs, where are not thought to fluctuate in size or quality, or to be in decline (e.g., in Brazil: M. Peres pers. comm. 2001). Diet Juveniles are pelagic to a length of around 50 to 60 cm and associate with floating seaweeds and wreckage (Sedberry et al. 1999). In the Mediterranean, pelagic juveniles occur from June-August (Deudero and Morales-Nin 2000). Pelagic juveniles feed on teleost fishes, particularly Trachurus species and as well as other items (Deudero and Morales-Nin 2000). Adults feed on squids and mesopelagic fishes (Weaver and Sedberry 2001). Life History and Reproduction Polyprion americanus may form spawning aggregations. Spawning aggregations form in specific sites off the coast of Brazil (Peres 2000); however, as of 2003, no further sites have been identified (IUCN Redlist). Polyprion americanus males are first mature at 74.9 cm (9 years) and are all mature by 80 cm (10.9 years). Females are first mature at 77.9 cm (10.4 years) and all are mature by 90 cm TL (15.2 years). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 131 cm TL and the length at maturity is 90 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014).The reproductive season of P. americanus off the coast of Brazil was determined to be April-September. Wreckfish aggregate to spawn in deep waters (>300 meters) off southern Brazil, especially north of Rio Grande, although it is possible that some fish spawn in pairs or small groups along the entire continental slope. The relatively large testes of male P. americanus are another indication that this species is an aggregate spawner (Peres and Klippel 2003). Generation time was calculated from age population structure data obtained from research cruises off Southern Brazil (Peres 2000) and other data about the fishery (Peres and Haimovici 1998, Peres 2000). This generation time is calculated from an exploited fishery; however, this is consistent with stocks in the USA which were monitored shortly after exploitation began and where most fish harvested have been between 8 and 12 years old (Sedberry et al. 1999).  The maximum observed age of wreckfish (through otoliths) from a study in Brazil was 81 years for males and 64 years for females Peres (2000). However, the oldest fish of more than 500 sampled from the US fishing grounds (Blake Plateau off South Carolina) was just 39 years (Vaughan et al. 2001). In the US fishery, most fish >100 cm total length (TL) were female (Sedberry et al. 1994). Different fisheries may consistently land fishes of differing size ranges (Sedberry et al. 1999).","Intrinsic vulnerability Wreckfish is a long-lived (80+ years), late maturing (10+ years) species which is found in deepwater in restricted hard-bottom localities. It is vulnerable to sequential depletion. Fisheries The majority of declared landings (79%) originate in the Northeast Atlantic fishing zone. Wreckfish are declared from the following ICES subareas, in order of decreasing landings in 2012: VIII (Bay of Biscay), X (Azores), VII (Irish Sea, West of Ireland, Porcupine Bank, Eastern and Western English Channel, Bristol Channel, Celtic Sea North and South, and Southwest of Ireland - East and West), IX (Portuguese waters), and VI (Rockall, Northwest Coast of Scotland and North Ireland, (the Northwest Coast of Scotland and North Ireland also known as the West of Scotland) (ICES landings database). There is increasing interest in this species on both coasts of the Atlantic due to the quality of its flesh, large size, and and high market price; While it is managed in the Western Atlantic (USA and Brazil), there do not appear to be any species-specific regulations in the Eastern Atlantic. The US fishery for wreckfish only started commercially following the chance discovery of stocks large enough to support commercial fishing off South Carolina in 1987. The numbers of fishing boats involved rose rapidly and there was concern by both biologists and fishermen that the fishery might not be sustainable (Sedberry et al. 1999). In general, large fish species that are slow to grow and mature are often poorly equipped to withstand intensive fishing. Although there was no obvious decrease in the length-frequency distributions of Wreckfish caught off the US from 1989 to 1997 that would indicate stock declines, this may partly be due to the life-history of the animal. Juveniles are pelagic up to a large size (60 cm) before they descend and become demersal so it may be a number of years before fishing pressure would be reflected in decreasing fish sizes and by then it might be too late to initiate a management plan (Sedberry et al. 1999). Current management in the USA assumes that the Wreckfish stocks on the US fishing ground will not be affected by fishing elsewhere, but as the source of the pelagic juveniles is not known, this may not be true (Sedberry et al. 1999). European fish hooks are frequently found in fish caught from US waters. This would seem to indicate the migration of large Wreckfish across great distances (Sedberry et al. 1999). Finally, thousands of pelagic juveniles are being caught by pelagic tuna drift-net fisheries in the northern Atlantic (Sedberry et al. 1999) which may affect fisheries of adults in the future.  The case of Bermuda, where catches dropped rapidly after only being sustained for two years seems to show that high levels of fishing pressure (through use of bottom longlines in the case of Bermuda) can cause commercial extinctions of wreckfish, at least in island habitats (Sedberry et al. 1999).  The following data on Wreckfish fisheries exist in the literature. Declines in landings and CPUE are assumed to reflect declines in Wreckfish stocks unless it is known that fishing effort has decreased or other factors are involved.  1) The Wreckfish fishery has existed in Brazil since 1973. The number of vessels involved increased from 10 in the 1970s to more than 35 in 1997 and there were technological advances in the gears used. The only estimated annual landings data available are 2,772 t (1989), 2,150 mt (1990), 1,674 t (1991), 2,291 t (1994) and 1,080 t (1995). CPUE declined 90% (0.72 to 0.073 kg/day/hook) off Southern Brazil from 1989/91 to 1997/98 (Peres 2000). This fishery targets spawning aggregations thus increasing the susceptibility of the animal to overfishing.  2) Following a maximum Total Allowable Catch (TAC) of 2 million pounds annually, imposed by the South Atlantic Fishery Management Council in 1990/91, the estimated catch from the USA showed a relatively steady decline from 1,270,557 pounds (38,205 fish) in 1992 to 157,299 pounds (4,958 fish) in 2000 (Sedberry et al. 1999, Vaughan 2001). This is a drop of 87%. This is believed to be due to a decrease in fishing effort (G. Sedberry pers. comm. 2001) as the number of boats targeting wreckfish has declined (from 46 in 1992 to 3 in 2000, a drop of 93%) while the catch per hour has not (Hardy 2001) and the mean lengths of caught fish have not declined (Vaughan 2001). Fishing for wreckfish off the USA requires considerable skill and only the most dedicated fishers have remained. Wreckfish stocks seem large enough to maintain the current fishery (Sedberry et al. 1999).  3) A small wreckfish fishery off Bermuda developed rapidly from 1979 (25 fish) to 1981 (369 fish) and 1982 (311) fish. Catches declined sharply from 1982 (311 fish weighed roughly 4.7 mt) to 1983 (1.2 mt) and remained below 1.5 mt over the 13 years. In 1996 and 1997, just 6 and 9 fish were caught. The decline in landings from 1981 to 1996 (roughly 5.1 mt to 0.2 t) is a drop of 96% (Sedberry et al. 1999). Rapid declines were associated with the introduction of longlines into what had been a vertical line fishery.  4) Annual landings of wreckfish from the Azores (off Portugal) climbed slowly from around 50 to 100 mt in the 1970s and 1980s to a peak of 425 mt 1994. In 1995 the catch dropped rapidly to 246 mt and was down to 139 mt by 1998. As the Wreckfish is an incidental catch for a mixed-species demersal fishery which has continued to produce increased landings, it seems the decline is a reflection of decreasing Wreckfish stocks. The decline from 1994 to 1998 was 67% (data from Sedberry et al. 1999, ICES Marine Data Centre 2001).  5) In Madeira (off Portugal) the Wreckfish fishery developed slowly with landings rising from 5 metric tonnes in 1988 to a peak 55 mt in 1994. Landings then dropped 51% to around 27 mt in 1996. This was at least partly due to a drop in the number of fishing trips (by around 45%) but as the catch per trip also dropped (by around 15%) there may have been an actual drop in Wreckfish stocks. For this location the reduction in wreckfish stocks is assumed to be 15%.  6) Annual landings data are also available for Northeast Portuguese waters (FAO Area 27). As Area 27 includes the Azores, ICES landings data, which lists the Azores landings separately was subtracted from Area 27 landings data to give figures for Northeast Portuguese waters (except the Azores). Annual landings here rose from 58 mt in 1986 to 283 mt in 1989, peaked at 406 and 373 mt in 1994 and 1995, respectively, and declined steadily to 165 mt in 1998 (FAO Fisheries Statistics, Capture Production 1998; ICES Marine Data Centre, 2001). The decline between 1994 and 1998 was 59%. Polyprion americanus are also landed at Corner Rise Seamount, a system of 21 peaks which has been exploited by deep-water commercial fishing since the 1970s. 7) In Europe, only Portugal and Spain have reported significant (i.e., 50 metric tons per year) catches of wreckfish in recent decades. Annual landings for Spain in FAO Area 27 remained below 50 mt from 1984 to 1995, rising to 115 mt in 1996 and 265 and 250 mt in 1997 and 1998 respectively (FAO Fisheries Statistics, Capture Production 1998). No further information on this fishery could be located, including whether these levels of exploitation are sustainable.  8) Angola's annual landings of wreckfish stayed below 15 metric tons from 1984-1993. Landings rose sharply thereafter, from 66 mt in 1994 to 235 mt in 1995 and 1,002 and 1,326 mt in 1995 and 1997 respectively (FAO Fisheries Statistics, Capture Production 1998). No further information on this fishery could be located, including whether these levels of exploitation are sustainable. See note on systematics above regarding the taxonomic status of Polyprion americanus in southern Africa. Landings in South Africa include Polyprion oxegenios (some from South Atlantic seamounts and islands) and a species referred to as Polyprion americanus (P. Heemstra pers. comm.).  9) In New Zealand, catch data for Polyprion americanus and Polyprion oxygeneios (hapuku) are lumped together. Wreckfish have been caught in relatively small quantities by the early Maori, and then by European settlers from the mid 19th century. The first decades of the commercial fishery for both species of Polyprion are undocumented, but it was well developed with a combined catch of over 1,500 mt by the 1930s (Paul 2000). Management of both Polyprion species (together) is by Quota Management System, introduced in 1986, involving Total Allowable Catches (2,179-2,181 mt annually, 1996-2000). Landings of wreckfish alone for the 1990s are estimated to be in the region of 200-400 mt. (L. Paul pers. comm. 2001). Only a few fishers specifically target the two species although many fishers have small quotas to cover Wreckfish caught incidentally in many fisheries targeting other species (L. Paul pers. comm. 2001). Stocks are probably overfished, but there has been very little fisheries research carried out to verify the nature of this (C. Roberts pers. comm. 2000).  10) Both Wreckfish (known in Australia as Bass grouper) and Hapuku (Polyprion oxygeneios) are taken in the blue eye (Hyperoglyphe antartica) fishery off south east Australia. Records of commercial catches since the mid-1980s indicate that catches of Hapuku and Bass grouper in this fishery, which are recorded together, are low, between 10 and 40 t a year, Hapuku being by far the major species. There is no indication as to whether numbers of Wreckfish are stable or in decline although some research has recently been initiated which should provide some answers in the future (Pascale Baelde pers. comm. April 2001).  Caribbean:  Following a maximum Total Allowable Catch (TAC) of 2 million pounds annually, imposed by the South Atlantic Fishery Management Council in 1990/91, the estimated catch from the USA showed a relatively steady decline from 1,270,557 pounds (38,205 fish) in 1992 to 157,299 pounds (4,958 fish) in 2000 (Sedberry et al. 1999, Vaughan 2001). This is a drop of 87%. This is believed to be due to a decrease in fishing effort (Sedberry pers. comm. 2001) as the number of boats targeting wreckfish has declined (from 46 in 1992 to 3 in 2000, a drop of 93%) while the catch per hour has not (Hardy 2001) and the mean lengths of caught fish have not declined (Vaughan 2001). Fishing for wreckfish off the USA requires considerable skill and only the most dedicated fishers have remained. Wreckfish stocks seem large enough to maintain the current fishery (Sedberry et al. 1999).  In summary, fisheries specifically targeting Wreckfish have only developed since the 1970s, apparently because of the technological advances in fishing needed to target a large animal living in deep waters. Where fisheries have suddenly targeted wreckfish specifically (Brazil, Bermuda, Portugal), the fishery has reached a peak and then gone into decline within a few years.","In the northeastern Atlantic, a recent fishing moratorium at Condor Seamount, Azores Archipelago will provide an opportunity to study the responses of exploited species, including P. americanus (which was among the most important commercial species taken from the region), to reduced fishing mortality (Menezes and Giacomello 2013).  In the USA, the South Atlantic Fishery Management Council put fishing regulations into place in 1990 and 1991. These cover the area between 3-200 miles off the coasts of North and South Carolina, and East Florida (the area bounded by 30 and 33º N latitude). Commercial fishers must have a Wreckfish permit and Individual Transferable Quota (ITQ) shares to fish. There is no recreational fishery in the USA. The Total Allowable Catch (TAC) of Wreckfish by ITQ holders is 2 million pounds (907 metric tonnes) per year. There is a spawning season closure from Jan 15 to April 15. In addition, longlines may not be used (Sedberry et al. 1999).  There is a TAC limit for the commercial fishery in New Zealand of 2,181 metric tons for Polyprion americanus and Polyprion oxygeneios (hapuku) together. There are also some complex bag limits for the much smaller recreational fishery.  An individual transferable quota (ITQ) was establish in 1992 in the South Atlantic for wreckfish (Gauvin et al. 1994).  The Brazilian sub-population of P. americanus was assessed as Critically Endangered using the IUCN RedList Categories and Criteria. Global Assessment of P. americanus was Data Deficient using IUCN RedList Categories and Criteria. Polyprion americanus was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).","Polyprion americanus is an important commercial species in many parts of its range and is harvested mainly for human consumption. It is also a component of the recreational fishery in New Zealand and Australia (Wild Fisheries Research Program 2008/2009). There is increasing interest in this species on both coasts of the Atlantic due to the quality of its flesh, large size, and and high market price. This species has an exceptionally high growth rate during the pelagic phase of its life cycle (Machias et al. 2003).","Ralph, G.","Collette, B., Fernandes, P., Heessen, H. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.","Brick Peres, M. & Sedberry, G.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,HAEMULIDAE,Pomadasys,incisus,,Pomadasys incisus,"(Bowdich, 1825)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) The species is known from southern and eastern coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, with records from France and Greece, and the range extends to the Atlantic coast of Spain, and to Macaronesia. It is a fast growing species that is widespread and very abundant, at least in some parts of it range, particularly over rocky bottoms. It is therefore regarded as Least Concern. However, it is considered over-exploited, primarily as bycatch in the Canaries and Aegean, and possibly over-exploited elsewhere in trawl fisheries and therefore its population levels need to be closely monitored.",Unknown,"In the Mediterranean Sea this species is present along the whole southern and eastern coastlines and present around France, Corsica, Sicily and the Ionian and the southeastern Aegean Sea. Also it occurs in the eastern Atlantic from Portugal to Namibia, including Macaronesia (Madeira, the Azores and Canary Islands). It is a thermophilic species that apparently is expanding its range into the northern Mediterranean because of increasing temperatures (Chakroun-Marzouk and Ktari 2006, Bodilis et al. 2013).","The species has been observed in relatively high-density schools in the coastal waters of the Canary Islands, and is considered to be among the 20 most abundant demersal species in the area (Pajuelo et al. 2003a). It is listed as one of the five most abundant fish species in underwater surveys of mostly rocky areas across the Canaries with the highest count of any species on one of the transects (Hajagos and Van Tassell 2001). This is a fast-growing short-lived species (Pajuelo et al. 2003a).   A survey of the fisheries of the Canary Islands found that this species was in danger of recruitment-overfishing, as 45% of the individuals caught are below the breeding size (Pajuelo et al. 2003a). In the Canary Islands, an 80% reduction in non-exploited equilibrium rates are inferred from a growth-overfishing model. This rate of exploitation is difficult to interpret because exploited rates of decline are unknown in this type of soft-sediment trawling. Furthermore, this species is abundant over rocky bottoms in the Canary Islands at the same time as growth overfishing is reported. It is abundant in parts of its range in the Mediterranean. Anecdotal information from fishermen suggests that this species is heavily exploited as bycatch in the Aegean Sea.","Pomadasys incisus is a demersal species, found over sandy/muddy and rocky bottoms mostly at a depth range of 10 to 50 m, but recorded down to 100 m (Carpenter in press). It is found inshore in estuaries (Kapiris et al. 2008), harbours, to a couple of miles offshore. It feeds on near-bottom invertebrates. Pomadasys incisus is a non-seasonal spawner and breeding occurs year round; maturity is reached in approximately two years (Pajuelo et al. 2003). In the Gulf of Tunisia this species is abundant and its reproductive period is between July and August (Chakroun-Marzouk and Ktarj 1995). Reproduction and feeding habits in the Gulf of Tunis were investigated monthly from January to December 2003 by Fehri-Bedoui and Gharbi (2008). An examination of the gonads of 463 specimens showed that this species is a gonochoric species and the sex ratio was not significantly different from 1:1. The monthly variations of the gonadosomatic index and the percentage of the different gonadal development stages revealed that P. incisus spawning period occurred from August to October. This species uses its energetic reserves contained in the liver and the muscles to assure gonadal maturation. The size at first maturity (L50) was estimated at 15.33 cm for both sexes pooled. The stomachs examined showed a high vacuity index throughout the year (56.8%) and presented a significant difference between seasons. The stomach contents analysis revealed that the diet was composed of crustacean species as well as benthic and planktonic organisms that belong to 19 taxa. The percentage frequency of occurrence (F) computed for Crangon crangon, Hyperoche sp. and Geryon longipes (the most abundant prey in the diet) showed significant differences among seasons (χ ²obs= 31.228, 29.471 and 11.302 respectively, were superior to χ ²0.05). Age and growth were studied in the Canary Islands from samples collected between October 2000 and September 2001 (Pajuelo et al. 2003b). Growth analysis revealed that this species is a fast growing and moderately short-lived species (ages up to seven years recorded). Length-at-age was described by the von Bertalanffy growth model (L∞=309.58 mm; k=0.220/year; t0=-1.865 year), the Schnute growth model (y1=126.66 mm; y2=293.50 mm; a=-0.426; b= 5.963), and the seasonalized von Bertalanffy growth model (L∞=309.93 mm; k=0.218/ year; t0 = -1.896 year; C=0.555; ts=0.652). Individuals grow quickly in their first year, attaining approximately 60% of their maximum length; after the first year, their growth rate drops rapidly as energy is probably diverted to reproduction. The parameters of the von Bertalanffy weight growth curve were W∞ =788.22 mm; k=0.1567/year; t0= -1.984 year. Fish total length and otolith radius were closely correlated, r=0.912. A power relationship was estimated between the total length and the otolith radius (a=49.93; v=0.851). A year's growth was represented by an opaque and hyaline (translucent) zone--an annulus. Back calculated lengths were similar to those predicted by the growth models. Growth parameters estimated from the back calculated sizes at age were L∞=315.23 mm; k=0.217/year; and t0= -1.73 year. Chakroun-Marzouk and Ktari (2006) described the reproductive physiology of the Bastard Grunt and gave some characteristics on the reproduction and growth in weight. Pomadasys incisus were caught with small scale fishing fleet in the Tunis Gulf, and sampled several times a month, from October 1991 to September 1994. The whole sample consisted of 1,325 specimens with total length ranging from 11.3 to 25.2 cm and weight from 20 to 248.5 g. Sex ratio was always in favour of females. Sexual maturity is attained at the same time for males and females. Sizes related to 50% and 100% of matured fish were respectively 16.13 and 21 cm TL. Pomadasys incisus capture, by the artisanal fishery in the Tunis Gulf, occurs before sexual maturity. Therefore, biomass of spawners seems to be accessible to that fishing pattern. Sexual activity extended from June to November. Gonad maturation occurred between June and September, when mean sea water temperature raised from 15 to 22°C; spawning peaks occurred in October when temperature fell from 22 to 17°C. During winter time, when feeding activity was reduced, Bastard Grunt condition was the worst. Pomadasys incisus feeding is rather linked to seasonal variations of prey abundance than to physiological status. Female hepatic reserves are mobilized at the beginning of gonad maturation and are released during its terminal phase. Relative growth in weight was the same within males and females. Global length-weight relationship was Pb = 0.0107 LT3.078 and was isometric. Growths in length and weight seemed better in the Atlantic Ocean than in the Mediterranean Sea. This work also underlines the recent increase in abundance of the Bastard Grunt in Tunis Gulf; and that this fish, whose origin is tropical, finds favourable conditions for its reproduction in Tunis Bay. Due to its actual regional proliferation and its extension in the Mediterranean Sea, P. incisus may be considered as a biological indicator of the global warming of Mediterranean Sea.","Pomadasys incisus has no current commercial value over much of its range, but is taken as bycatch in trawl fisheries in the Aegean Sea and Canary Islands (Fehri-Bedoui and Gharbi 2008) and presumably also taken as bycatch in trawl fisheries elsewhere in its range. Landings data reported in FAO statistics for the 1980s and 1990s indicate some commercial utilization. Most reports suggest that it is discarded, although it is retained and consumed in parts of its range. In Tunisia, it is caught by artisanal gears such as trammel and gill nets, beach and purse seines, long lines and trawls and marketed fresh (Fehri-Bedoui and Gharbi 2008). It is locally overfished in some parts of its range. A survey of the fisheries of the Canary Islands found that this species was in danger of recruitment-overfishing, as 45% of the individuals caught are below the breeding size (Pajuelo et al. 2003). In the Canary Islands an 80% reduction in non-exploited equilibrium rates are inferred from a growth-overfishing model. According to fishermen operating in the Argolikos Gulf, Aegean Sea, Greece in the last few decades, the stock also is heavily over-exploited there, since it constitutes one of the discarded by-catch species in a fishery targeting mullets and hake. Moreover, the fact that 15% of individuals caught in a study by Kaspiris et al. (2008) had a smaller length than that of the smallest mature specimen, possibly suggests that part of the exploited stock comprises individuals that have not reached sexual maturity, which might also have a negative impact on the Bastard Grunt population status in the area.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. However, its distribution coincides with some marine protected areas. Monitoring of the population and harvest levels of this species should be carried out. Conservation measures need to focus on minimizing the by-catch of this species to prevent this species becoming threatened.","This is a significant bycatch species in the Canary Islands, but is targeted in the southern Mediterranean and marketed fresh in Tunisia (Fehri-Bedoui and Gharbi 2008).&#160;It is locally consumed in some locations in Turkey (B. Yokes pers. comm. 2007), and is caught frequently in experimental shallow collections in Israel (M. Goren pers. comm. 2007).","Allen, D.J., Comeros-Raynal, M. & García, M.","Russell, B.","Francour, P., Goren, M. & Yokes, B.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,POMATOMIDAE,Pomatomus,saltatrix,,Pomatomus saltatrix,"(Linnaeus, 1766)",This species is sometimes listed as Pomatomas saltator (Spain).,No,NT,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Near Threatened (NT) Pomatomus saltatrix is circum-global in tropical and subtropical waters (including the Mediterranean Sea) except the Eastern Pacific and most of  the Western Central Pacific. In the northeastern Atlantic, P. saltatrix is found from Portugal to S. Africa at depths of zero to 200 meters.Data using the cytochrome B marker reveal complete genetic isolation between Eastern and Western Atlantic populations of P. salatrix. Within the Mediterranean, there is partial genetic isolation between the Eastern and Western Mediterranean populations. Anectotal information and fisheries landings statistics indicate that populations in the western Mediterranean may be increasing due to warming surface and bottom temperatures. It is likely that this increase in abundance is due to established populations, not to immigration from other parts of the range. In contrast, populations in the eastern Mediterranean appear to be declining. Pomatomus saltatrix preys on a variety of species, Menhaden being one of the most important. Menhaden is very susceptible to overfishing and decreases in these populations which would in turn, have an impact on P. saltatrix populations as they rely on Menhaden as an important source of food.   Over-fishing has been recorded in Tunisia, where sexually immature individuals dominate the catch. Over-fishing has been recorded in Turkey, where landings have declined by 85% from 1982 to 2010. There has been a 44% decrease in the mean length of fish caught in Turkey from 1959 to 2004. Additionally, the maximum observed age in Turkey is 6 years (longevity in Eastern Atlantic recorded as 14 years). In the Black Sea, P. saltatrix, once commonly observed, is now rare, and stocks are depleted. In the Northeast Atlantic, Landings from the NEA fishing zone FAO 27, which are declared by Spain and Portugal, peak in 1998, at 1,914 tonnes. Landings decline by 98% from 1998 to 2011 to 39 tonnes. The trend in declines in landings is reflected in trends seen in fisheries-independent survey data from the IBTS in the Gulf of Cadiz. Although this is a regional assessment, it is worth noting that there have been large declines in landings from the nearest geographic region, the Eastern Central Atlantic, where this species is taken as by-catch in over-exploited small pelagic fisheries. Bag and minimum size limits as well as closed sessions have been shown to be effective in re-building stocks of this species in the Western Atlantic, in South Africa, and in Australia. Due to the likely intrinsic recovery ability of this species - it matures at relatively early ages, and has responded positively to management efforts -  this species does not meet the criteria for a Threatened Category. However, it is assessed as Near Threatened at the Regional Level in the European Assessment Zone.",Decreasing,"Pomatomus saltatrix is circumglobal in tropical and subtropical waters except the eastern Pacific and most of  the western central Pacific (Fricke 1999). In the Indian Ocean, it occurs along the coast of East Africa, Madagascar, southern Oman, southwest India, the Malay Peninsula, and Western Australia (Randall 1995). In the southwest Pacific, it occurs around Australia except the Northern Territory, and New Zealand (Randall 1995). It is absent from eastern Pacific and northwest Pacific. The species barely enters the western central Pacific region. Records from the Northern Territory (Australia) and from Indonesia appear to be erroneous (Collette 1999). Records from Taiwan (Shen 1993) and Hawaii (Hureau 1991) need verification. In the western Atlantic, Pomatomus saltatrix has been recorded from Canada and Bermuda. In the Caribbean, it occurs from North Carolina to Yucatan, including northern Cuba.  It is also found from Colombia south to Brazil (Robins and Ray 1986). It is absent from the Bahamas, West Indies (except the north coast of Cuba), and Caribbean Coast of Central America (Collette 2002, Goodbred and Graves 1996).  In the eastern Atlantic, P. saltatrix occurs from Portugal to South Africa, including the Mediterranean and Black seas, Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands. Pomatomus saltatrix is expanding its range northwards in response to recent (late 20th century) warming of the deep and upper layers of western Mediterranean (Sabatés et al. 2012). In the western Mediterranean Basin, the southern Catalan coast had been proposed as the northern boundary edge of the species distribution (Sabatés and Martin 1993). Pomatomus saltatrix is associated with depths of between 0 and 200 m (B. Collette pers. comm. 2012)Miralles et al. (2014) found three main units of bluefish populations; American (west Atlantic Ocean waters); Spanish (east Atlantic Ocean-western Mediterranean regions), and Turkish (eastern Mediterranean, Marmara and Black seas). This is important because, as some recent studies on Bluefin tuna (Carlsson et al. 2004, Riccioni et al. 2010) and albacore (Montes et al. 2012) found, the Mediterranean Sea is not homogeneous – there is a division of these pelagic fishes into eastern and western genetic components, which may impact on conservation management of the species.","European Assessment: Summary of population information Anecdotal information and fisheries landings statistics indicate that populations in the western Mediterranean may be increasing due to warming surface and bottom temperatures. It is likely that this increase in abundance is due to established populations, not to immigration from other parts of the range. In contrast, populations in the eastern Mediterranean appear to be declining. Over-fishing has been recorded in Tunisia, where sexually immature individuals dominate the catch. Over-fishing has been recorded in Turkey, where landings have declined by 85% from 1982 to 2010. There has been a 44% decrease in the mean length of fish caught in Turkey from 1959 to 2004. Additionally, the maximum observed age in Turkey is 6 (longevity in Eastern Atlantic recorded as 12). In the Black Sea, P. saltatrix, once commonly observed, are now rare, and stocks are depleted. In the Northeast Atlantic, Landings from the NEA fishing zone FAO 27, which are declared by Spain and Portugal, peak in 1998 at 1,914 tonnes. Landings decline by 98% from 1998 to 39 tonnes. The trend in declines in landings is reflected in trends seen in fisheries-independent survey data from the IBTS in the Gulf of Cadiz. Although this is a regional assessment, it is worth noting that there have been large declines in landings from the nearest geographic region, the Eastern Central Atlantic, where this species is taken as by-catch in over-exploited small pelagic fisheries. Bag and minimum size limits as well as closed sessions have been shown to be effective in re-building stocks of this species in the Western Atlantic and in South Africa. As a result of this regulation, as well as with regulation of hooks for anglers and an increase in minimal size for commercial fisheries, the current in-shore fishing pressure is considered at sustainable levels in Australia (Ayvazian et al. 2002) Population Structure Analysis of mitochondrial DNA indicated that bluefish from United States, Portugal and South Africa are most closely related (Goodbred and Graves 1996). Cytochrome B sequence data reveal a complete genetic isolation between the two sides of the North Atlantic Ocean, with regional population structuring between eastern and western Mediterranean (Pardiñas 2010). Patterns of morphological differentiation suggest the existence of three distinct groups in the Mediterranean and Black Seas: One population composed of the eastern Black Sea, one composed of the western Black Sea, Marmara Sea, and Aegean Sea, and one composed of Northeastern Mediterranean samples (Turan et al. 2006).  FAO landing statistics summary Landings are declared from the following FAO fishing regions, in order of decreasing landings in 2011: ECA, Mediterranean and Black Sea, SW Atlantic, NW Atlantic, Western Central Atlantic, Northeast Atlantic, Southeast Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Pacific, SW Pacific. The overall trend in landings is one of continuous increase to a peak of 60,000 tonnes in 1984; following this peak, landings decrease continuously until 2000, reaching the lowest values since the early 1960s, near 15,000 tonnes. Following this period of near continuous decline, landings increase to a second peak of 44,010 tonnes in 2003. Landings then decline again, to 15,000 tonnes. The overall trend in recent landings 2001 through 2010 is driven by landings in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. From 2001 to 2011, landings from this region decline approximately 65%, from to 15,907 tonnes to 4,410 tonnes. Mediterranean Pomatomus saltatrix is considered a by-catch species in the Northwestern part of its range in the Mediterranean, along the Catalan Coast. In this area, it is typically taken with other schooling pelagic species such as anchovy and sardine (Engraulis encrasicolus and Sardina pilchardus). The seasonal pattern of bluefish landings is the same as that of anchovy, with landings peaking in the summer and minimum in winter (Martín et al. 2008). Landings of P. saltatrix in the western Mediterranean have greatly increased from <50 tonnes prior to 1996 to a peak of 200 tonnes in 2010, possibly reflecting the increased abundance and northward expansion of this species in the western Mediterranean in response to warming sea temperatures in the region (Sabatés et al. 2012), as well as providing evidence that Pomatomus saltatrix has established spawning populations in the Mediterranean (Sabatés and Martin 1993). The largest Bluefish fishery in the Mediterranean is located in Turkey. In 1982, 32,184 tonnes were landed and in 2010 4,744 tonnes were landed (Cengiz et al. 2013): this is an 85% decrease. The primary gear used is purse seine, which exerts heavy fishing pressure on young, migrating individuals ranging in size from 11 to 23 cm standard length (SL),with a mean of 16 cm; in 1959, the mean length was 28.5 cm. There has been a 44% decrease in the mean length of fish caught in Turkey from 1959 to 2004 (Akyol and Ceyhan 2007). The maximum observed age was 6. Minimum catch size is 14 cm (Cengiz et al. 2013). Pomatomus saltatrix, which used to enter the Black Sea seasonally, now rarely penetrate into the waters North and West of the Black Sea. Stocks in this region can be considered depleted (Lleonart 2008). Off the coast of Tunisia this species is exploited by artisanal gears and trawlers all year around, and by purse seine nets from May to August. It has been over-fished in this region, and the stock has been characterized by individuals having a mean total length of 17.88 cm, a size which is much lower than the size at first maturity (23.5 cm)(Dhieb et al. 2007).  Atlantic IBTS data from 1997 to 2013 (fall) and 1993 to 2013 (spring) from the Gulf of Cadiz (see IBTS report working group for survey) lands this species irregularly. However, it is worth noting that a declining trend in biomass (g/haul) and (number/haul) is seen in the Fall surveys (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm.). Landings from the NEA fishing zone, which are declared by Spain and Portugal, peak in 1998, at 1,914 tonnes. Landings decline by 98% from 1998 to 39 tonnes. Landing statistics exclusively from the Gulf of Cadiz from 2001 to 2009 show fluctuations with a slight overall declining trend throughout the time series. Data from IDAPES shows that this species is primarily landed in the summertime in Andalucia. Andalucian information about marketing and fisheries products.    FAO capture data - Eastern Central Atlantic The overall trend in global landings declared to have originated in the ECA fishing zone is one of fluctuating decline; aggregate landings were highest in the 1970s in the ECA, and have been declining ever since. Recent trends are being driven by landings reported from Senegal and Mauritania. Disregarding landing peaks (see excel file), the overall the trend in reported landings over the last 10 years can be expressed as the line y = -259.71x + 3852.3, which represents a decline of roughly 74% in landings reported from the fishing area (see attached excel file for all figures and tables) Landings declared as originating from particular west African nations in the region show a similar trend. We infer, due to known dietary preferences and behavioral characteristics of this species, that juveniles of this species, which are known to move into estuaries and coastal zones, are being taken in fisheries targeting small pelagics in the region, which are known to have undergone significant declines in recent years. The most recent report of the Small Pelagics Working group - CECAF North, determined that the sardine Sardina pilchardus, the round sardine Sardinella aurita, the Atlantic horse mackerel Trachurus trachurus, are all considered over-exploited in the region. These are likely prey items of  P. saltatrix. Other small pelagics which may be prey items of P. saltatrix, such as the Scomber colias and Engraulis encrasicolus, are fully exploited in the north. The results of the small pelagics working group - CECAF south found that the stock of Sardinella aurita Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Togo and Benin was found to be over-exploited. Five other stocks including flat Sardinella (Sardinella maderensis) – Western stock, Sardinella (Sardinella spp.) – Northern stock, and the Northern and Southern stocks of Bonga (Ethmalosa fimbriata) – were considered fully exploited (results of: CECAF - Scientific Sub-Committee - 6th Session (RAF-710-6).It has been hypothesized that the success of the spring cohort controls the abundance of adult P. saltatrix (Shepard and Nieland 2010). Average fishing mortality peaked at 0.46 in 1987 and has since steadily declined to 0.15 in 2004. Stock abundance declined steadily between 1983 and 1993  from 175.6 million fish in 1982 to 58.4 million in 1993 and remained stable for the following five years. Since 1998, abundance has slowly increased and reached 105.4 million in 2003 but declined to 92.3 million in 2004. Biomass peaked in 1982 at 229,000 mt, declined to 64,700 mt in 1997 and have increased to 104,100 mt in 2004. The bluefish assessment was reviewed by a Stock Assessment Review Committee in June 2005 and it was concluded that the assessment results were uncertain and should be used with caution (NEFSC 2005).  Fishing mortality in 2009 was 0.10, below the biological reference point (FMSY) of 0.19. Fishing mortality steadily declined from 0.31 in 1987 to 0.12 in 2002 and has remained steady since 2000 with an average F=0.14. Recent mean biomass estimates peaked in 1982 at 425.0 thousand MT, then declined to 103.8 thousand MT by 1996 before increasing to the 2009 level of 156.0 thousand MT. Recruitment estimated in the ASAP model has remained relatively constant since 2000 at around 22.5 million age-0 bluefish, with the exception of a relatively large 2006 cohort estimated as 35.2 million fish. The 2009 recruitment estimate was well below average at 8.0 million fish (Shepard and Nieland 2010).","Habitat and Ecology Pomatomus saltatrix is typically found at temperatures ranging from 14 to 30°C and at depths ranging from 0 to 200 meters (B. Collette pers. comm.). It Occurs in oceanic and coastal waters (Claro 1994), most commonly along surf beaches and rock headlands in clean, high energy waters; sometimes adults individuals are found in estuaries and brackish water environments (Grant 1982). Juveniles generally move from the open sea to coastal areas and estuaries (Kendall and Walford 1979). The maximum length of this species is measured at 130 cm total length (TL) (Randall 1995) and is known to have lived for 14 years (Rodger and Zharen 2012). Pomatomus saltatrix is capable of undertaking long along-shore migrations (Hedger et al. 2010), seasonally migrating from north to south (Rodger and Zharen 2012).     In 2009 the length frequency distribution from commercial fisheries was strongly bimodal with one peak at 39 cm and a second around 65 cm. There were few fish below 25 cm. In comparison, the 2006 and 2008 distribution included a third mode around 55 cm. The 2007 distribution was bimodal, similar to 2009 except the first mode peaked around 25 cm (Shepard and Nieland 2010). Diet and Feeding Behavior Pomatomus saltatrix feeds on small pelagic fishes, such as Sardinella aurita, Engraulis encrasicolus, and Sardina pilchardus (anchovy and sardine), as well as squid and larger teleosts (Buckel et al. 1999). It is a powerful, swift fish, with the young hunting in schools and the adults in loose groups. This species is a voracious visual feeder and renowned for its appetite. Schools of actively feeding bluefish have attacked bathers (Cervigon 1993).  Reproduction  Spawning and Early-life Growth The spawning, seasonal migration, and life cycle of P. saltatrix are closely linked to temperature. Spawning occurs in surface waters with temperatures ranging from 20 to 26.8oC (Norcross et al. 1974, Kendall and Walford 1979, Ditty and Shaw 1995, Juanes et al. 1994).  In the Mediterranean, spawning is limited to the warmest months (between July and September) when the highest temperatures are reached (around 25°C) (Sabatés and Martin 2005).  Spring/summer spawned young of the year migrate from estuaries to continental shelf waters of the Mid-Atlantic Bight in early fall while adults are found over the continental shelf throughout summer and fall (Buckel et al. 1998). In the South Atlantic Bight, spawning occurs from March to May and September to November (Collins and Stender 1987, Hare and Cowen 1993).  This species is a fast grower as a juvenile and can grow nearly one-third of its maximum length in their first year (Richards 1976, Wilk 1977). Summer spawned larvae and juveniles grow faster than spring-spawned larvae and juveniles (McBride and Conover 1991), although size differences at annual age diminish greatly after three to four years (Lassiter 1962). A young, spring spawned P. saltatrix reaches ~260 mm fork length and a weight of ~300 g by age 1 (Chiarella and Conover 1990). Survival of P. saltatrix larvae is associated with size and growth rate; those that are larger at age 1 tend to be larger and faster growing throughout the larval stage (Hare and Cowen 1997). There are distinctive spring and summer cohorts and a fall-spawned cohort identified by Collins and Stender (1987) which indicates and possible extension of the P. saltatrix spawning season (Shepard and Nieland 2010).  Generation Length, Maturity and Fecundity Age at first maturity for females is ~1.9 years and 48 cm total length (TL) (Robillard et al. 2008). The mean batch fecundity for Pomatomus saltatrix is 402,247 eggs and ranged from 114,513 to 920,746 eggs, depending on age and weight of the female. Pomatomus saltatrix is a multiple spawner, spawning continuously during the spring migration, and has intermediate fecundity (Fahay et al. 1999). Larvae are 2.0 to 2.4 mm long when they hatch (Fahay et al. 1999). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 34.5 cm TL and the length at maturity  for females is 17.1 cm TL  and for males is 18.1 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014).         Hare, J. A., & Cowen, R. K. (1995). Effect of age, growth rate, and ontogeny on the otolith size-fish size relationship in bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix, and the implications for back-calculation of size in fish early life history stages. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 52(9), 1909-1922. (Not able to access but may be useful).","Mediterranean Sea Despite being landed in large numbers, there has not been a full stock assessment in the Mediterranean for P. saltatrix. In the Eastern Mediterranean this species appears to be heavily fished and sexually immature individuals are regularly landed. It is taken as incidental catch in artisanal and commercial fisheries targeting anchovies, sardines, and other small pelagics. In the Mediterranean, the seasonal pattern of P. saltatrix landings are the same as that of anchovy, with landings peaking in the summer and minimum in winter (Martín et al. 2008).The total catch of P. saltatrix (commercial landings plus recreational catches) peaked in the late 1970s and early 1980s and has declined since. Commercial landings decreased about 22% between 1994 and 1995. During the period from 1982 to 1996, age 1 fishing mortality increased approximately fourfold, recruitment declined from an estimated 75 million fish at age 0 to about 14 million fish, and estimates of the spawning stock biomass have decreased from about 300,000 mt to 100+ mt (Stock Assessment Review Committee, Coastal Pelagic Subcommittee 1996). New biological reference points based on the more recent 2005 Mediterranean stock assessment were recommended as Fmsy = 0.19 and Bmsy = 147,052 mt - Biomass below ½ Bmsy  (i.e. below 73,526 mt) defines an overfished stock under the current management plan (Shepard 2006).  Adjacent Regional Information The number of commercial fishing vessels operating  in the Mauritanian EEZ which target small pelagics has increased from 1994 to 2001. Almost all of these fishing vessels are of foreign origin. The catch-per-unit effort of sardines off the coast of Mauritania, as recorded by commercial fishing vessels originating from the Netherlands, decreased during the period of 1999 to 2002, with the catch of small pelagics per day in 2002 being about 30% of the value recorded in 1998. The FAO sub-committee on Pelagic Fishes has hypothesized that decreases in the number of small pelagics landed off the coast of Mauritania is a reflection of over-exploitation by foreign commercial fishing vessels. During this same period, the area within which these small pelagics have been fished also decreased.  Loss of Preferred PreyMenhaden is a major prey item for P. saltatrix and is vulnerable to over-exploitation. Peak landings of menhaden approached a million metric tons during the 1980s and peak fishing mortality rates (F) possibly exceeding 1.0 / y (Vaughn et al. 2000, Vaughn et al. 2007). During the 1990s, menhaden catches in the Gulf of Mexico declined, raising concerns that the stock may be overfished. Menhaden (and other clupeids) show the sort of schooling behavior that can produce strong density dependence in catchability coefficients and rapid, steep increases in F during stock size declines (Hilborn and Walters 1992). Sharks, tunas and billfishes prey on P. saltatrix and it is also a major prey item for the shortfin mako shark, composing 77.5% of the diet by volume. P. saltatrix also ranked fourth in number and occurrence and third in volume in swordfish diets, especially off the Carolinas (Stillwell and Kohler 1982, Stillwell and Kohler 1985).","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for P. saltatrix. There are numerous marine protected areas throughout its range in the region (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Other than the collection of catch data, this species is not managed in the Eastern Central Atlantic. It likely benefits from management protocols which benefit small pelagics. In Mauritania, efforts to control fishing effort are the principal tool of management, and are applied indirectly through licensing. The Fishing Code (need English Translation of this legislation - Le décret N° 2002-073 définit les règles d’application de la loi N° 2000-25 du 24 janvier portant sur le Code des pêches.). This legislation prohibits trawling within 12 miles (equivalent to 17.76 kilometers, and in some cases as many as 15 miles (22.2 kilometers)) from the coast in Mauritania. Additionally, pelagic trawlers and purse seines are prohibited from utilizing nets with a mesh-size less than 40 mm, and less than 20 mm for purse seines targeting anchovies.  In November, 1994, in Australia, acting on advice from the Recreational Fishing Advisory Committee, Fisheries Western Australia reduced the bag limit of 20 bluefish per person per day to eight in an effort to reduce fishing pressure. As a result of this regulation, as well as with regulation of hooks for anglers and an increase in minimal size for commercial fisheries, the current in-shore fishing pressure is considered at sustainable levels (Ayvazian et al. 2002).Pomatomus saltatrix was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).","Pomatomus saltatrix is an important recreational, commercial and artisanal species throughout its range, including the southwestern Atlantic in Brazil (Begossi 1996, Haimovici and Krug 1996, Lucena et al. 2002, Lucena and O’Brien 2005), the North Atlantic along the coast of the USA (Buckel and Conover 1997, Buckel et al. 1999, Juanes et al. 2002, Wilson and Degnbol 2002), the Mediterranean Sea in Africa (Dhieb et al. 2006), and the Pacific in Eastern Australia (Kailola et al. 1993, Zeller et al. 1996). See FishstatJ chart for P. saltatrix landings between 1950 and 2010. The commercial fishery for this species operates primarily in the Middle and South Atlantic regions. Gillnets are the principal gear used and account for approximately 40% of landings and other gear used include hook and line, pound nets, seines, and trawls. Commercial landings ranged from 1,000 to 2,000 mt during the 1950s and 1960s, increased during the 1970s and 1980s, peaking at 7,466 mt in 1981, and then declined throughout the 1990s reaching a low of 3,300 mt in 1999 and landings in 2005 were 3,500 mt (Shepard 2006).  Mediterranean Sea Pomatomus saltatrix is primarily a by-catch species in the Mediterranean. Pomatomus saltatrix is an important fisheries resource in Turkey; Catches in the seas adjacent to Turkey are highest in the Black Sea (56% of P. saltatrix catch), moderate in the Marmara Sea (34%), and low in the Aegean (8%) and northeastern Mediterranean (2%) (Turan et al. 2006). In Tunisia, this species is considered highly-valuable (Dhieb et al. 2007). Bluefish have been caught by encircling nets, bottom set nets, pond nets, purse seines and various types of hand-lines in the Bosphorus since late 1950s (Akyol and Ceynan 2007).  Pomatomus saltatrix recreational landings peaked in 1981 and 1985 at over 43,000 mt. Recreational landings have averaged over 19,000 mt since 1982, but have been under 8,000 mt since 1995, and were 6,900 mt in both 2004 and 2005. Total numbers of bluefish caught and released in the recreational fishery has increased steadily since 1981. During 1981 through 1983, fishermen released an average of 18% of the bluefish caught, whereas during 2002 through 2004 63% of P. saltatrix caught were released. The total catch of P. saltatrix (commercial landings plus recreational catches) peaked in the late 1970s and early 1980s and has declined since. Commercial landings decreased about 22% between 1994 and 1995. During 1982-1996, age 1 fishing mortality increased approximately fourfold, recruitment has declined from an estimated 75 million fish at age 0 to about 14 million fish, and estimates of the spawning stock biomass have decreased from about 300,000 mt to 100+ mt (Stock Assessment Review Committee, Coastal Pelagic Subcommittee 1996).Eastern Atlantic Due to drastically reduced catches in South African and Namibian recreational fisheries, anglers have sought alternative destinations in other southern African countries such as Angola, Gabon, Tanzania and Mozambique (currently considered overexploited by FAO in Mozambique). There is evidence that inshore marine fish stocks in these countries are facing increasing fishing pressure (van der Elst et al. 2005). In Angola, P. saltatrix is one of the three target species which form an important recreational fishery in Angola which is utilized primarily by visiting anglers from South Africa (Potts et al. 2009).","Strongin, K.","Pina Amargos, F. & Collette, B.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Pomatoschistus,bathi,,Pomatoschistus bathi,"Miller, 1982",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Previously considered endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, Pomatoschistus bathi has recently been recorded from the northern Black Sea. In the Mediterranean, P. bathi is known from scattered records from southwestern France to the Turkish Aegean coast. It is assumed to have a wider distribution within this range as it is likely to be under-represented in surveys. Population data are not available, but the population is assumed to be stable. There are no known widespread threats. Therefore, P. bathi is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Pomatoschistus bathi is present in the Mediterranean Sea, from southwestern France (Miller 1986) to the Turkish Aegean coast, and has recently been recorded from the Crimea in the Black Sea (Vasil'eva and Bogorodksy 2004, Boltachev and Karpova 2013). Scattered records of P. bathi are from the Gulf of Trieste (Bonaca and Lipej 2005), Ligurian Sea (Tunesi et al. 2005), the Lavezzi Islands (Dufour et al. 2007) and eastward into the Sea of Marmara. Kovačić et al. (2012) and  Lipej and Orlando Bonaca (2005) record the species from the eastern Adriatic. Pomatoschistus bathi is found to 14 m depth (Patzner et al. 2011).","There is no population information available for P. bathi. The population trend is assumed to be stable, as P. bathi is not utilized or widely impacted.",Pomatoschistus bathi is found on coarse sand and gravel (Miller 1986) and also near estuaries. It is frequently found on macroalgae beds (Lipej and Orlando Bonaca 2005).,"There are no known threats to this species. It may be a minor component of the shrimp trawl bycatch (e.g., in Turkey, Zengin and Akyol&#160;2009).","No conservation measures are in place or needed for this species and it occurs in marine protected areas. Pomatoschistus bathi was previously assessed as Data Deficient, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011). The origin of the species in the Black Sea requires confirmation, but it is considered likely that they are native there (M. Kovai pers. comm. 2014). Vasil’eva and Bogorodskii (2004) consider that the species was not found in the Black Sea earlier due to its small size.",Pomatoschistus bathi is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Herler, J., Williams, J.T. & Kovacic, M.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Pomatoschistus,knerii,,Pomatoschistus knerii,"(Steindachner, 1861)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Pomatoschistus knerii is known from the Mediterranean Sea, including the northern part of the basin and the Adriatic Sea. Although P. knerii was previously considered endemic to the Mediterranean, it has also been recorded from the Atlantic coast of Portugal. Whilst the species is currently known from very few records, it is thought to be under-represented in surveys and collections. It is locally abundant, observed in schools of up to 100 individuals, and occurs in marine protected areas. There are no widespread threats to the species or its habitat and it colonizes man-made structures. Therefore, P. knerii is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Pomatoschistus knerii is known from the Mediterranean Sea. Records include the north-central part of the basin (Isola Giglio, Italy) and the north and central Adriatic Sea (Kovačić et al. 2012). Previously considered endemic to the Mediterranean, there is also a record from the central Atlantic coast of Portugal (Leitão et al. 2007). Pomatoschistus knerii has been observed to 30 m depth (M. Kovačić pers. comm. 2014).",There is no population information available for P. knerii.,"Pomatoschistus knerii inhabits soft substrates close to rocky areas and seagrass beds (Miller 1986), and may enter brackish waters in estuaries (Miller 1996). Pomatoschistuc knerii has also been found on artificial marine structures. Although P. knerii is typically found to seven metres depth (Kovačić 2003), it has been observed to 30 m (M. Kovačić  pers. comm. 2014). Pomatoschistus knerii  has been observed in schools of six to 100 individuals in the Adriatic (Kovačić 2003).",There are no known major threats for this species.,"No conservation measures are in place or needed for this species and it occurs in marine protected areas. Pomatoschistus knerii was previously assessed as Data Deficient, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Pomatoschistus knerii is not targeted but has been found in trawl nets.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Herler, J., Williams, J.T. & Kovacic, M.","Francour, P., Bariche, M., Molinari, A. & Bilecenoglu, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Pomatoschistus,lozanoi,,Pomatoschistus lozanoi,"(de Buen, 1923)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Pomatoschistus lozanoi is restricted to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, from the North Sea to Portugal, although the distribution within this range is not continuous. Pomatoschistus lozanoi is abundant where it occurs and the population is assumed to be stable. There are no known, widespread threats. Therefore, P. lozanoi is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Pomatoschistus lozanoi is found in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, from the North Sea to Portugal (Miller 1986, Arruda and Azevedo1987, Eick 2012). The distribution within this range is not continuous; P. lozanoi is found in the English Channel, in the Irish Sea and from other scattered coastal localities within its range. Pomatoschistus lozanoi is typically inshore, to 70 or 80 m depth (Miller 1986).",Pomatoschistus lozanoi is abundant (Hamerlynck 1990) and the population is assumed to be stable.,"Pomatoschistus lozanoi is typically found inshore and off mouths of estuaries, associated with soft and sandy substrates (Miller 1986). It eats small crustaceans and nematodes (Miller 1986). Sexually maturity occurs at one year and the maximum age is about two years (Miller 1986). P. lozanoi grow to about eight centimetres (Miller 1986).",There are no known major threats for this species.,No conservation measures are in place or needed for this species and it occurs in marine protected areas.,Pomatoschistus lozanoi is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Herler, J., Kovacic, M. & Williams, J.T.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Pomatoschistus,marmoratus,,Pomatoschistus marmoratus,"(Risso, 1810)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Pomatoschistus marmoratus is present throughout the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, with a smaller distribution in the eastern Atlantic. Although possible local declines in parts of Turkey may be occurring due to habitat destruction and pollution, the population overall is assumed to be stable. There are no known widespread threats. Therefore, P. marmoratus is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Pomatoschistus marmoratus is present in the eastern Atlantic, from the southwestern Iberian Peninsula (from the Algarve in Portugal) eastwards. It is present throughout all coastal areas in the Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea and the Sea of Azov (Miller 1986, Fouda et al. 1993). Records in the southern Mediterranean are confirmed by Dieuzeide (1955), Mejri et al. (2009), and Al-Hassan and El-Silini (1999). It has also been reported from the Suez Canal (invasive). Pomatoschistus marmoratus is typically found inshore, to about 20 m, but has been collected to 70 m during the winter in the Black Sea (Miller 1986).","There is no population information available for P. marmoratus. Possible declines in parts of Turkey may be due to pollution and habitat destruction (M. Bilecenoglu pers. comm. 2007). However, the population is thought to be stable overall.","Pomatoschistus marmoratus is found in inshore waters, to 70 m in the winter in the Black Sea over fine sandy substrates (Miller 1986). It is capable of living in areas of high or low salinities and it often enters brackish and hyper-saline waters (Miller 1986). The species feeds on small crustaceans and chironomid larvae (Maugé 1986). Males clean the insides of bivalve shells and cover the outside with sand in preparation for the eggs that will be deposited by the female (Mazzoldi and Rasotto 2001). Nesting males exhibit breeding colouration with four dark bars along the side, a blue spot on the first dorsal fin and dark coloration on pelvic fins and edge of anal fin (Miller 1986). Males defend the nest, cleaning and fanning the eggs until hatching (Gandolfi et al. 1991). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 6.0 cm TL and the length at maturity for females ranges from 2.8 cm to 3.8 cm TL and for males ranges from 2.8 cm to 4.7 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014).",This species is impacted locally but there are no known widespread threats.,"No conservation measures are in place or needed for this species and it occurs in marine protected areas. Pomatoschistus marmoratus was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Pomatoschistus marmoratus is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Herler, J., Williams, J.T. & Kovacic, M.","Francour, P., Bariche, M., Molinari, A. & Bilecenoglu, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Pomatoschistus,minutus,,Pomatoschistus minutus,"(Pallas, 1770)",Stefanni et al. (2003) found that populations from the Atlantic and the western Mediterranean differs from those in the Adriatic (Venice).,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Pomatoschistus minutus is restricted to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and is present in coastal areas of the eastern Atlantic from Norway to Spain, including around the British Isles, Ireland and throughout the Baltic Sea. In the the northern Mediterranean Sea, it is known from more scattered records and is present in the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. Pomatoschistus minutus is not utilized and there are no known widespread threats. Therefore, P. minutus is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Pomatoschistus minutus is present in coastal areas of the eastern Atlantic from Norway to Spain (Rochard and Elie 1994) including around the British Isles and Ireland. It has been recorded from more scattered records through the northern Mediterranean (Rochard and Elie 1994), including Monaco and the Lavezzi Islands, the north Aegean Sea, Sea of Marmara, the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. Populations from the Adriatic eastwards require further study, with populations in the Adriatic isolated from populations in the western Mediterranean and possibly pertaining to a genetically distinct species (Steffani et al. 2003). Pomatoschistus minutus is present throughout the Baltic Sea (Florin and Haldin 2012).","Pomatoschistus minutus is common along the European Atlantic coast. There is no information on the populations in the Aegean Sea or Adriatic Sea, and it is not abundant in the Black Sea or Sea of Marmara. Populations in the Mediterranean and eastwards are possibly relict and have declined (IUCN 2011), but globally the population is assumed to be stable.","This occasionally schooling species is found in inshore sandy and muddy areas. Juveniles are found in lower estuaries and into brackish waters (found in waters with salinity as low as one ppm). The main depth range is two to 20 m although it has been found down to 200 m. Mainly diurnal, this species feeds on small polychaetes, amphipods (corophiids, caprellids), cumaceans and mysids (Miller 1986). It spawns in summer in shallow waters. The male lures the female into an empty bivalve shell where she lays a portion of eggs. The eggs are guarded by the male for ten days until larvae about three millimetres long. Larvae are pelagic at first. Young fish only start to live at the bottom when 17 to 18 mm (Muus and Nielsen 1999).",Pomatoschistus minutus is taken as bycatch.,"Pomatoschistus minutus is listed in Annex III of the Bern Convention and was assessed as Vulnerable in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011) and as Data Deficient for the Baltic Sea (HELCOM 2013).  Further taxonomic study is required to confirm the identity of populations in different parts of the species current range.",Pomatoschistus minutus is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Herler, J., Williams, J.T. & Kovacic, M.","Francour, P., Bilecenoglu, M., Bariche, M., Molinari, A. & Quignard, J.P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Pomatoschistus,norvegicus,,Pomatoschistus norvegicus,"(Collett, 1902)",Pomatoschistus norvegicus was previously considered a subspecies of P. minutus (P. minutus norvegicus) but has since been elevated to a valid species (Webb and Miller 1975).,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Pomatoschistus norvegicus has a wide but discontinuous distribution in the eastern Atlantic, from Norway to northwestern Spain, including scattered records through out the Mediterranean. Recently, P. norvegicus has been recorded from additional localities and the population is considered stable. There are no known widespread threats. Therefore, P. norvegicus is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Pomatoschistus norvegicus is present in the eastern Atlantic from northern Norway and southwestern Sweden to the west English Channel (Miller 1986). It is found in the Skagerrak and in the northern Kattegat. Although P. norvegicus is not known from the Bay of Biscay, it is recorded from northwestern Spain (Galicia; Banon et al. 2010). Pomatoschistus norvegicus is known from scattered records through the Mediterranean; specifically, P. norvegicus has been recorded from the Albaran Sea and the Greek Aegean (Stefanni 2000), northwestern Mediterranean (SW France; Ahnelt and Dorda 2004), from the central-west coast of Italy, and the northern and central Adriatic (Kovačić et al. 2012). Pomatoschistus norvegicus is found in deeper water (down to 325 m) in Atlantic areas, but at shallower depths in the Mediterranean, at six to 20 m in the Adriatic (Stefanni 2000, Kovačić et al. 2012).","Pomatoschistus norvegicus is known from numerous specimens throughout its range, with additional recent records form the Mediterranean part of its range. It is considered to have a stable population (J. Herler pers. comm. 2014).","Pomatoschistus norvegicus is found offshore on mud and coarse sand and shell deposits. Typically, P. norvegicus is found in deeper water (down to 325 m) in Atlantic areas, but at shallower depths in the Mediterranean, at six to 20 m in the Adriatic (Stefanni 2000, Kovačić et al. 2012). It feeds on amphipods and small crustaceans (Miller 1986). Spawning occurs between March and July. Maturity is reached after the first winter and 75% of the individuals survive their first spawning season but all die after their second spawning season (Miller 1986). This species has been known to hybridize with Pomatoschistus lozanoi (Muus and Nielsen 1999).",There are no known major threats for this species.,"No conservation measures are in place or needed for this species and it occurs in marine protected areas. Pomatoschistus norvegicus was assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011) and in the Baltic Sea (HELCOM 2013).",Pomatoschistus norvegicus is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Herler, J., Williams, J.T. & Kovacic, M.","Francour, P., Bariche, M., Molinari, A. & Bilecenoglu, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Pomatoschistus,pictus,,Pomatoschistus pictus,"(Malm, 1865)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Pomatoschistus pictus is widely distributed in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, from Norway to Madeira and the Canary Islands, with scattered records from the northern Mediterranean Sea. There is no population information available; however, it is assumed to be stable. Pomatoschistus pictus is not utilized and no widespread threats are known. Therefore, P. pictus is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Pomatoschistus pictus is present in the eastern Atlantic from Norway (Trondheim fjord) to northern Spain (Galicia; Banon et al. 2010), including Madeira and Canary Islands (Miller 1990, Wirtz et al. 2008) and around the British Isles and Ireland. In the Mediterranean Sea, P. pictus is known from scattered records from the Gulf of Lion (Bouchereau et al. 2003), the central Adriatic Sea and the Sea of Marmara. Pomatoschistus pictus is found inshore to c. 55 m depth (Miller 1986).",There is no population information available for this species; however it is assumed to be stable.,"Pomatoschistus pictus is a benthic species inhabiting areas of gravel, sand and mud. Juveniles may occur in shore pools and they can school. It feeds on crustaceans, mostly copepods and amphipods (Miller 1986). Individuals of P. pictus can reach about six centimetres (Miller 1986).",There are no known major threats for this species.,"No conservation measures are in place or needed for this species and it occurs in marine protected areas. Pomatoschistus pictus was assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011) and in the Baltic Sea (HELCOM 2013).",Pomatoschistus pictus is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Herler, J., Williams, J.T. & Kovacic, M.","Francour, P., Bariche, M., Molinari, A. & Bilecenoglu, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Pomatoschistus,quagga,,Pomatoschistus quagga,"(Heckel, 1837)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Pomatoschistus quagga is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. It is known from scattered records but can be locally abundant. Populations of P. quagga are assumed to be stable. There are no known widespread threats. Therefore, P. quagga is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Pomatoschistus quagga is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, where it is known from scattered records along northern coasts from Albaran Sea to the Turkish Aegean Sea, including the Adriatic Sea and the southern Aegean Sea coast (Fricke et al. 2007). Specific records include the Alboran Sea (Miller 1986), southwestern France, Italy (the central-west coast and western Sicily), the northern Adriatic (Kovačić et al. 2012) and the Turkish Aegean (Fricke et al. 2007). Pomatoschistus quagga has been collected at depths of three to 20 m (Kovačić 2003).","Pomatoschistus quagga is locally abundant, and has been seen to school (up to several hundred individual in all seasons; Kovačić et al. 2003). There is limited population information available for P. quagga, but it is assumed to be stable.",Pomatoschistus quagga is an hyperbenthic fish living above soft and pebbly substrata and seagrass beds (Miller 1986).,There are no known major threats for this species.,"No conservation measures are in place or needed for this species and it occurs in marine protected areas. Pomatoschistus quagga was assessed as Least Concern, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Pomatoschistus quagga is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Herler, J., Williams, J.T. & Kovacic, M.","Francour, P., Bariche, M., Molinari, A. & Bilecenoglu, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Pomatoschistus,tortonesei,,Pomatoschistus tortonesei,"Miller, 1969",Pomatoschistus tortonesei was redescribed and separated from P. bathi (Miller 1982).,Yes,EN,"B2ab(ii,iii)",,,,,,"Pomatoschistus tortonesei is only known from a few localities in the Mediterranean Sea (Sicily, and from a small number of clustered coastal lagoons in Tunisia and western Libya), where it is restricted to Zostera seagrass habitat in coastal lagoons. Based on a five metre maximum depth, the area of occupancy (AOO) was estimated to be about 550 km2, but the area of Zostera habitat within that bathymetric limit is likely much less. Further, Zostera is declining in the Mediterranean due to pollution, sedimentation and removal. Therefore, P. tortonesei is retained as Endangered under Criterion B2ab(iii), based on occurrence at two locations, restricted AOO and declining habitat quality and extent.",Unknown,"Pomatoschistus tortonesei is endemic to the south-central Mediterranean Sea. It only known from eight lagoon sites: Sicily (Marsala; Miller 1986), western Libya (abundant in the Farawah lagoon adjacent to the Tunisian border; Miller 1986), and recently recorded from six lagoons in Tunisia (Mejri et al. 2009). Its known distribution is fragmented. The area of occupancy (AOO), based on a maximum depth of five metres, was estimated to be 550 km2. However, given its specific Zostera seagrass habitat, the AOO is inferred to be less than 500 km2.","There are very few records of this species. There is no population information available for this species. Some research in the 1970s showed no change in population, but this information is too out of date to be included in this assessment. Genetic studies suggest that populations in Sicily and from North Africa have been isolated for at least 100,000 years and found no gene exchange between these populations (Mejri et al. 2009).","Pomatoschistus tortonesei is a demersal species that is restricted to lagoons, brackish to slightly hypersaline, in shallows on sand near seagrass meadows. This species is restricted to a particularly to Zostera seagrass beds. It feeds on small crustaceans and gastropods.","Pomatoschistus tortonesei is threatened by loss of seagrass habitat from removal, sedimentation and pollution throughout its fragmented and restricted range. Coastal development is an additional potential threat to the species' habitat.","The species occurs in a protected area in Marsala Lagoon and Lake Faro. It is listed in appendix II in the Barcelona Convention and Annex II of the Berne Convention for the Mediterranean Sea. Pomatoschistus tortonesei was assessed as Endangered, globally and in the Mediterranean, due to its restricted distribution and threats to its Zostera seagrass habitat (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).  Further taxonomic study is required and additional survey to determine the species current distribution and population trends.",The species is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Herler, J., Williams, J.T. & Kovacic, M.","Francour, P., Bilecenoglu, M., Bariche, M., Molinari, A. & Di Natale, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Ponticola,cephalargoides,,Ponticola cephalargoides,"(Pinchuk, 1976)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Ponticola cephalargoides is an epibenthic goby, restricted to brackish waters of the Black Sea and Sea of Azov. Although there is some evidence of historical population declines in the northwestern Black Sea in the 1950-60s, P. cephalargoides is now locally abundant and very common in Romanian waters. It is still present in fisheries, but this is not thought to constitute a major threat at this time. There are no other known widespread threats. Therefore, P. cephalargoides is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Ponticola cephalargoides is endemic to the Black Sea and Sea of Azov (Miller 1986, Pinchuk et al. 2003). Ponticola cephalargoides has been recorded from three to 20 m depth (Pinchuk et al. 2003).","There is some evidence of historical population declines in the northwestern Black Sea in the 1950-60s (Pinchuk et al. 2003); Ponticola cephalargoides was numerous in the 1950s but by the 1960s a large decline had been observed. However, these data were based on comparisons of single catches. There are no recent data available. Ponticola cephalargoides is very common in Romanian waters (Mihalcescu 2011b).","Ponticola cephalargoides is found over rocky and soft substrates in coastal and estuarine waters (Pinchuk et al. 2003). It is an omnivorous species that shows little preference for any particular food type (Mihalcescu 2011a). It has a low fecundity, from 300 to 1,000 eggs (Pinchuk et al. 2003).","Ponticola cephalargoides is caught in the rod and line fishery. In the 1950s, the population declined, as evidenced by declines in the fishery. It is unclear whether or not the fishery was the cause of the population declines. There is no information on current threats to P. cephalargoides but it is apparently still found in fisheries (Vassilev et al. 2011).",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.,"Unusual for a goby, P. cephalargoides is found in fisheries (rod and line, as well as siene fisheries) of local commercial value (Miller 1986). The fishery caused historical declines and it was (1950s data) an economically important species in Romania and Ukraine (Pinchuk et al. 2003). There are no data on the current size and impact of the fishery for this species.","Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Herler, J., Kovacic, M. & Williams, J.T.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Ponticola,platyrostris,,Ponticola platyrostris,"(Pallas, 1814)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Ponticola platyrostris is known only from the Black Sea. Ponticola platyrostris is one of the most abundant species in the inshore southeast coast of the Black Sea and populations are assumed to be stable. There are no known major threats. Therefore, P. platyrostris is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Ponticola platyrostris is endemic to the Black Sea (Engin and Bektaş 2010), where it is distributed from Crimea to Batum (Miller 1986), and along the northeastern Turkish coast (Kovačić et al. 2008). Ponticola platyrostris is typically found between 0.1 to 10 m depth, though adults have been recorded deeper than 10 m (Engin and Bektaş 2010).",Ponticola platyrostris is the most common inshore fish on the southeastern coast of the Black Sea (Engin and Bektaş 2010). It is considered likely that P. platyrostris has stable populations.,"Ponticola platyrostris is an epibenthic goby typically found over coarse substrates (Miller 1986). The maximum recorded size is 22.5 cm (Miller 1986). It is typically found between 0.1 to 10 m depth, though adults have been recorded deeper than 10 m (Engin and Bektaş 2010). Adults prefer two to eight metres depth but juveniles prefer less than two metres depth (Engin and Bektaş 2010). The maximum age was found to be five and six years for males and females, respectively. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters were estimated from the mean age-length data for males and females (males: L ∞=21.7 cm; females: L ∞=16.3 cm) and the growth performance indices were calculated for males (=4.21 and for females =4.03). The estimated length at first maturity was 9.29 and 7.50 cm for males and females, respectively. The spawning season was between March and June. Total fecundity ranged from 103 to 990, with an average of 553±82 ripe eggs/fish (Engin and Seyhan 2010).",There are no known species-specific threats to the species.,No conservation measures are in place or needed for this species and it occurs in marine protected areas.,Ponticola platyrostris is caught in some areas by amateur fishing and in the past was speared at night (Miller 1986).,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Herler, J., Kovacic, M. & Williams, J.T.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Ponticola,ratan,,Ponticola ratan,(Nordmann 1840),,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Ponticola ratan is found only in the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov and the Caspian Sea; however, in the Black Sea, it is known from all coastal areas except for the majority of the Turkish coast. The species has been recorded in many collections from numerous sites throughout much of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. It is found in coastal areas, in freshwater rivers, and in a variety of habitats. There are no known widespread major threats, and it is not used commercially, but little is known of its population trends.  Although P. ratan has been placed in threatened categories under national IUCN Red Lists in three countries surrounding the Black Sea (Georgia, Turkey, and Ukraine), and is considered Data Deficient in Romania, here it is assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution and lack of known widespread threats. Ponticola ratan should be reassessed if further data on threats or population trends are found.",Unknown,"Ponticola ratan is endemic to the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov and the Caspian Sea (Pinchuk et al. 2003). In the Black Sea, P. ratan is found in all coastal areas except along the southern coast. In the Caspian Sea, P. ratan is only known from central eastern and western coasts. Ponticola ratan is found inshore, to about 11 m (Pinchuk et al. 2003).","Little is known about the population status of P. ratan; however, it has been recorded in many collections from numerous sites throughout much of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov (Manilo and Didenko 2013).","Ponticola ratan is typically found in inshore waters over coarse sediments (Miller 1986). The species enters rivers and is found in both brackish and freshwater (Manilo and Didenko 2013). It feeds on crustaceans and other fish (Miller 1986). The maximum recorded size is 23.0 cm, and it is sexually mature at two years of age and about 7.0 cm (Miller 1986, Manilo and Didenko 2013). There appears to be a seasonal movement related to spawning, where mature individuals migrate to shallow coastal waters in the spring (Manilo and Didenko 2013).",There are no known species-specific threats.,"There are no known conservation measures in place for the species. Ponticola ratan is listed as VU in Georgia and the Ukraine, EN in Turkey, and DD in Romania.","Ponticola ratan is not utilized, but is found in fishery bycatch. Miller (1986) states that fishermen “dislike” this species.","Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Herler, J., Kovacic, M. & Williams, J.T.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,SCORPAENIDAE,Pontinus,kuhlii,,Pontinus kuhlii,"(Bowdich, 1825)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as it is an abundant predominantly Atlantic species, and exploitation rates are probably too low to significantly affect the size structure. However, research should be conducted on the Mediterranean population as its status is fairly unknown in the area.",Unknown,"The geographic range of the species extends from Portugal to São Tomé Island in the Gulf of Guinea (Afonso et al. 1999). In the east Atlantic, this species is present from in Portugal, Madeira, and the Azores south to 8°30'S including Canary Islands, Morocco to Mauritania (Menezes et al. 2004) and Cape Verde (Hureau and Litvineko 1986). There are no known records from northwestern European waters (Quigley 2011a,b). The presence of this species in the Mediterranean has been controversial. It has been sporadically reported in the Mediterranean Sea (Catarino et al. 2013), and it is present in Sicily and the Spanish coasts (Hureau and Litvinenko 1986). It has been recently caught in Sardinian waters (Pais et al. 2005). Its depth upper limit is 600 metres, while its lower limit is 100 metres below sea level.","This is a predominantly Atlantic species, where it is relatively abundant and therefore it is fished. It is seldom recorded in the Mediterranean Sea, where it has a patchy distribution, probably due its rarity in the region (Merella et al. 1998). The degree of geographical population differentiation across the three Atlantic archipelagos (Azores, Madeira and Cabo Verde) reveals no evident genetic structure, suggesting the existence of one panmictic population. Despite very different exploitation rates between archipelagos, the size structure of P. kuhlii is very similar and inter-annual variation is also low. Although the population trend is unknown, the offshore rockfish is abundant in Azorean waters and it is an important species landed in the harbours of the archipelago (Catarino et al. 2013).","Pontinus kuhlii inhabits hard bottoms at depths between 100 and 600 metres, and it appears to have a relatively sedentary behaviour. This, together with its restricted vertical distribution, result in a patchy distribution across islands and seamounts (Catarino et al. 2013). In the Azores region, this species is more abundant on seamounts. However, bigger fishes tend to occur on island slopes, rather than on seamounts (Catarino et al. 2013). It feeds on fishes and shrimps (Maigret and Ly 1986). Females appear to remain smaller, up to 38.4cm TL in the Canary Islands (López Abellán et al. 2001). Males are heavier and larger (Monteiro et al. 1991). In López Abellán et al. (2001), the growth parameters for males were: K= 0.132, L¿ = 46.7 and to= 1.74; for females: K= 0.094, L¿= 46.3 and to= 0.05; and for the total: K= 0.095, L¿= 52.2 and to= 1.01. Significant sex-related difference in mercury accumulations were found, since this rate is significantly faster in females than in males, and mean mercury levels were higher in females (mean:0.16µm/g ± 0.092 S.E.; range= 0.05-0.50 µg/g ) (Monteiro et al. 1991). Its maximum size (TL) is 52 cm. In the Azores, this species spawns between June and November, with a peak between July and October (Isidro 1996).","This is a commercial species in the Atlantic and it may occasionally be caught in the Mediterranean Sea, typically with trawls. It forms part of the bottom longline by-catch in the Canary Islands fisheries, within setting operations ranging from 200 to 400 metres depth (López Abellán et al. 2001). In the Azores, the overall stock structure for Pontinus kuhlii remains unclear, although based on the current knowledge it is considered to constitute a single resource pool (Borja and Sebastián 2012). Exploitation rates are probably too low to significantly affect the size structure, even in the Azores where the species is a secondary target of the commercial fishery (Catarino et al. 2013).","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books.&#160;There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range.&#160;Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends and conservation actions in order to facilitate management for the species.",The offshore rockfish is one of  the widespread and commercially exploited demersal fish in the  temperate eastern Atlantic archipelagos. It may&#160;occasionally be caught in the Mediterranean Sea.,"García, M., Quigley, D. & Ralph, G.","Álvarez, H.","Garcia, S. & Blanco, J.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,OPHIDIIDAE,Porogadus,miles,,Porogadus miles,"Goode & Bean, 1885",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, Porogadus miles occurs only in the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, Porogadus miles occurs only in the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014). It has a circumglobal distribution (Nielsen in press, Nielsen et al. 1999).  It is mostly concentrated in deep tropical and subtropical waters (Nielsen and Robins 2002). It is associated with depths of between 805 and 5,300 m (Nielsen et al. 1999).","While there have not been any studies conducted on the population size and trends for this species, it has been described as ""common"" (Nielsen et al. 1999, Nielsen in press) throughout its range.","Porogadus miles is benthopelagic at bathyal and abysall depths (Nielsen et al. 1999). The largest known individual measured 30 cm total length (SL) (Nielsen and Cohen 1986). The Pacific Ocean specimens differ from the Atlantic Ocean Porogadus miles in overall coloration. The latter are of apparently deeper coloration, being uniformly dark brown (Machida and Amaoka 1990). This species is oviparous, with oval pelagic eggs floating in a gelatinous mass (Breder and Rosen 1966). The biological and ecological aspects of this species are poorly understood.","There are no current threats to Porogadus miles. It is a very deep-dwelling species where anthropogenic influences are thought to be at a minimum currently, but these deep sea ecosystems are at risk of deteriorating due mainly to dumping of solid wastes, biological harvesting and mineral extraction and by climate change (i.e. global and regional deep-sea circulation disruptions and nutrient stratification and isolation in the water column) all of which will significantly affect the biota of the deep seas) (Ramirez-Llodra et al. 2011).","There are not any specific conservation measures in place for P. miles. Research into all areas of population size and trends, the ecology and early life history traits, as well as potential threats is suggested for this species.",Porogadus miles is of no interest to commercial fisheries (Nielsen et al. 1999).,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Knudsen, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STEPHANOBERYCIFORMES,MELAMPHAIDAE,Poromitra,capito,,Poromitra capito,"Goode & Bean, 1883",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, Poromitra capito occurs in the Azores, off mainland Portugal, Madeira and in the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, Poromitra capito occurs in the Azores, off mainland Portugal, Madeira (Santos et al. 1997, Carneiro et al. 2014) and in the Canary Islands (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009). Poromitra capito can be found in subtropical and temperate North Atlantic Ocean to off Greenland and South to about 10º N.  Species from the family Melamphaidae can be found between the depths of 200 and 2,000 metres. Adults are found most commonly from 800-1,000 metres and are bathypelagic (Maul 1986).",There is no information about the population.,Species from the Melamphaidae family eat gelatinous fish and small crustaceans.,There are no species specific threats but they can get caught by deep-water trawls.,There are no species specific conservation efforts.,This is not a commercially important species.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Harold, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STEPHANOBERYCIFORMES,MELAMPHAIDAE,Poromitra,crassiceps,,Poromitra crassiceps,"(Günther, 1878)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regaionl Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Poromitra crassiceps has an almost cosmopolitan distribution, though it is absent from the Mediterranean Sea and the Arctic Ocean. It can be abundant in areas of its distribution. There are no known threats. Therefore, P. crassiceps is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Poromitra crassiceps has an almost cosmopolitan distribution, excluded only in the Mediterranean Sea and the Arctic Ocean. However, the exact distribution needs to be defined, as it was formerly assigned as the senior synonym of eight nominal species: P. atlantica, P. coronata, P. cristiceps, P. frontosa, P. nigriceps, P. nigrofulva, P. rugosa, P. unicornis (Kotlyar 2008). Typically, P. crassiceps occurs at depths of 700 to 3300 m (Garcia and Morgan 2002).",Poromitra crassiceps is relatively abundant (Parin and Ebeling 1980).,"Poromitra crassiceps is a bathypelagic species that is typically found over slope areas (Garcia and Morgan 2002, Pusch et al. 2004). Poromitra crassiceps is found most abundantly at approximately 800 m depth, with lesser catches by day than by night, suggesting a vertical migration to the depth horizon at night (Willis and Pearcy 1982). The presence of P. crassiceps in some demersal trawls may indicate a benthopelagic feeding strategy, feeding primarily on copepods, amphipods and salps (Mauchline and Gordon 1984).",There are no known species-specific threats to Poromitra crassiceps.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Poromitra crassiceps.,"Members of the Melamphaidae family are often caught on deep-water trawls, but are of no commercial importance (Moore and Paxton 1999). There is currently no speices-specific information regarding the use and/or trade of Poromitra crassiceps.","Strongin, K.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F., Carpenter, K.E., de Morais, L., Knudsen, S. & Harold, A.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STEPHANOBERYCIFORMES,MELAMPHAIDAE,Poromitra,megalops,,Poromitra megalops,"(Lütken, 1878)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, Poromitra megalopscan be found in the Azores, off mainland Portugal and in the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, Poromitra megalopscan be found in the Azores, off mainland Portugal (Santos et al. 1997, Carneiro et al. 2014) and in the Canary Islands (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009). Globally, Poromitra megalops can be found in tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean. This species is considered a circumtropical species with two morphotypes (Kotlyar 2010).  Adults are often caught below 400 metres, while the fry can be found at depths of 150 to 2,000 metres (Kotlyar 2010). Fish from the family melamphaidae can be found between depths of 200 and 2,000 metres. This is a mesopelagic species.",There is no information about the population of P. megalops.,The largest specimen found was 6.2 cm long (Kotlyar 2010).&#160;Species in the family of Melamphaidae eat gelatinous organisms and small crustaceans.,There are no species specific threats to this species but it can be caught in deep-water trawls.,There are no species specific conservation threats.,This species is not commercially important.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Harold, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STEPHANOBERYCIFORMES,MELAMPHAIDAE,Poromitra,nigriceps,,Poromitra nigriceps,"(Zugmayer, 1911)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) The fish is a near-endemic to the European region, distributed in the northeastern Atlantic from Greenland to the Azores. It is a bathypelagic fish occurring from 0 - 3,000 m. There are no known major threats and is not utilized. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"The fish&#160;is distributed in the northeastern Atlantic, from northwestern Ireland south to the Azores (Kotlyar 2009). In the western Atlantic, it is found from off Nova Scotia south to New York, USA (Kotlyar 2009).",Poromitra nigriceps appears to be rare in museum collections (Kotlyar 2004).,"Poromitra nigriceps is seined with non-closing fishing gear in the range of depths 0 - 3,000 m and with bottom fishing gear is seined at 1,640– 2,000 m (Kotlyar 2009). There is limited information available on its life history characteristics.",No known threats.,There are no species-specific conservation actions in place for this species.,The fish is not utilised.,"Comeros-Raynal, M. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,PRIACANTHIDAE,Priacanthus,arenatus,,Priacanthus arenatus,"Cuvier, 1829",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Priacanthus arenatus is widely distributed and is associated with coral reefs and rocky bottoms. There is a lack of population information from the northeast Atlantic region, but trawl surveys in other regions of its distribution indicate that it is common and sometimes abundant in most of its range. This species is utilized in a minor commercial capacity, and it is fished as a gamefish and collected for the commercial aquarium trade. However, no available data indicate a measurable decrease in abundance because of these uses. There are no other species-specific threats that are known to exist for P. arenatus, and there are numerous marine protected areas that intersect with the distribution of this species. Therefore, P. arenatus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Priacanthus arenatus is restricted to the Atlantic Ocean, where it is widely distributed along both coasts. In the western Atlantic, P. arenatus is found from Canada (Scott and Scott 1988) to Bermuda and at least North Carolina, USA (Starnes 1988) and southward to northern Argentina (Randall 1978). Priacanthus arenatus is found in the eastern Atlantic from Madeira to northern Angola. It has recently been recorded from the Azores (Afonso et al. 2013). This species is also found in the Mediterranean (Quignard and Tomasini 2000).  Reports of the species from the Indo-Pacific are misidentifications (Starnes 1988). Juveniles have occasionally been taken northward of range to Nova Scotia as a results of post larval drift; however, they do not survive the winter (Starnes 2002). The depth range for this species is 10 m to about 200 m (Starnes 1988) but is probably most common from 15 to 100 m (Hureau 1990).","Priacanthus arenatus is a common species with 573 records found in museum collections in parts of its range. Lots typically contain 1 to 2 individuals; however, some lots contain >10 individuals (Accessed through Fishnet 2 Portal 2012 November). Abundance seems to be correlated with recruitment times (Tapia-Garcia et al. 1995). There is little available species-specific information on the population status of P. arenatus in the northeast Atlantic and adjacent regional waters. However, population information in other regions of its distribution indicate that P. arenatus is common, and in some cases abundant, in those areas. For instance, in the Caribbean, it is common throughout its range (A. Acero, Pina, B. Collette pers. comm. 2013).  It is now uncommon in Jamaica, presumably due to overfishing, especially from spearing (K. Aiken pers. comm. 2013). And in the Gulf of Guinea, this species seems to be a relatively abundant resident (Koranteng 2001).","Priacanthus arenatus is a secretive species and is difficult to find for observation or collection. It is a reef-associated species that is commonly found on coral reefs and rocky bottoms (Randall 1978).  It occupies a depth range of 10 to 200 m but is usually found in 15 to 100 m depths (Hureau 1990).  This species forms small aggregations near the bottom, usually of less than 100 individuals (Caldwell and Bullis 1971, Hureau 1990). Pracanthus arenatus prefers outer reef slopes to more sheltered environments and is moderately common near rock outcrops on continental shelf habitats of 30 m or more (Hureau 1990). The maximum length for this species is 50 cm TL (IGFA 2001). Priacanthus arenatus is a nocturnal feeder (Böhlke and Chaplin 1993) that feeds mainly on small fishes, crustaceans and polychaetes (Randall 1978). The size at first maturity for P. arenatus is 13.8 cm total length (TL), and the peak of reproduction occurs in March (the dry season) in the population that occurs in the Gulf of Mexico (Tapia-Garcia et al. 1995). Age at first maturity occurs between one and one and a half years (Tapia-Garcia et al. 1995). Recruitment occurs in the area of reproduction from March to June, the adults and juveniles migrate to the outer shelf. Greatest abundance is observed around 36 m depth and abundance is correlated with the recruitment period (Tapia-Garcia et al. 1995). Juveniles tend to be pelagic in the upper water layers and are abundant in the West Indies during February to April; gravid females have been taken in September (Caldwell 1962, Starnes 2002).","Priacanthus arenatus are used by minor commercial fisheries, as gamefish and in the commercial aquarium trade. Their flesh is considered excellent quality. Without clear population data, it cannot be determined if the fishing efforts and collection for aquaria are adversely affecting the population of this species.  ","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place. However, this species' range of distribution overlaps with marine protected areas in parts of its range (IUCN and UNEP 2014). Research into all aspects of the population size and trends, ecology, biology and potential threats of this species is suggested.Priacanthus arenatus was regionally assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).","This species is used in minor commercial fisheries and aquaria. It is also considered a good game fish (Starnes 1988). The flesh is considered excellent quality and is marketed fresh (Cervigon et al. 1992). Low numbers of Priacanthus arenatus are captured in trawls and they are also taken by hook-and-line as well as spearing. This species is usually marketed fresh (Starnes 2002). According to FAO landings reports, over 800 metric tonnes of Wreckfish were harvested in 2012, with Portugal and Spain landing the highest volumes, at over 400 tonnes combined and over 200 tonnes combined, respectively of total landing statistics given (FAO 2011 FishstatJ Accessed 2014 April). There are no clear landing trends for Wreckfish. All but one country declined in reported landings between 2005 and 2011 except for Greece and Spain; however, increased or decreased effort is not indicated.","Strongin, K.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F. & Herrera, J.","Collette, B., Acero, A., Aiken, K.A. & Pina Amargos, F.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CARCHARHINIFORMES,CARCHARHINIDAE,Prionace,glauca,,Prionace glauca,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,NT,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) Blue Shark (Prionace glauca) is found throughout the world’s oceans in temperate and tropical waters. It has been considered the most widespread and abundant chondrichthyan fish and is the most frequently caught shark species. It is relatively fast-growing and fecund, maturing in four to six years and producing average litters of 35 pups, one of the highest maximum annual rates of population increase of all commercially-fished oceanic pelagic shark species (at 29% per year, more than three times greater than the other species). Blue Shark is taken in large numbers by commercial fisheries (estimated at >10 million individuals annually; ca. 1.6 million in the North Atlantic), mainly as bycatch, but in more recent years in the Northeast Atlantic it is now targeted. Many catches are unreported and fishing effort is not declining; Blue Shark catch remains unregulated in the Northeast Atlantic. Declining catch rates over time in some northern regions of the Northeast Atlantic suggest a suspected range contraction. Although large data sets are available for this species, there are considerable difficulties reconciling the different spatial scales and relevance of the wide range of ecological and fisheries information to produce a coherent picture of fisheries or threat status. Most catch rates are available for the Northwest Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea, but few are available for the Atlantic European waters. In particular, standardisation of catch rates for this shark is a major problem, with the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT) stock assessment being driven by the longer but less informative time series. There is strong evidence for increased landings, particularly by Spain, in the past decade and a recent decline of Blue Shark catch rates from the Northwest Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea. Declines ranged from 53% (over 13 years, more than one generation) to 88% (over 19 years, about two generations) in the Northwest Atlantic and >78-90% in the Mediterranean Sea over three generations. Given that North Atlantic Blue Sharks comprise a single subpopulation, we suspect that declines in the Northwest Atlantic may be representative of the whole North Atlantic subpopulation. Further analysis and reconciliation of Northeast Atlantic data is required, to be able to confirm the full scale of declines across its European range. Its current regional assessment is Near Threatened, based on a decline of close to 30% over the last three generations (30 years). This status is assigned pending a more extensive, Atlantic-wide stock assessment, preferably in the near future. It is suspected that this status will be increased to Endangered based on the masking of greater declines than currently estimated. We consider the Mediterranean Sea to be a distinct subpopulation and on the basis of steep declines this subpopulation is inferred to have declined sufficiently to qualify as Critically Endangered in the Mediterranean Sea.",Decreasing,"Blue Shark is one of the most wide-ranging of all sharks, found throughout tropical and temperate seas from latitudes of about 60°N, 50°S. It is found throughout the Atlantic and in the Mediterranean Sea. In the Northeast Atlantic, adult females, many of which are pregnant, are found around the Canary Islands and North African coast in winter (Stevens 1990). Adult males are found further north, mainly off Portugal, along with juveniles and sub-adult females, the latter group undertaking a summer migration into the western English Channel and Irish waters (Stevens 1976, Fitzmaurice et al. 2005). Adult males and juveniles are also found in offshore regions, particularly off the Azores (Litvinov 2006). Blue Shark occurring in the North Atlantic is widely considered a distinct stock from Southern Atlantic Blue Shark. Blue Shark occurring in the Mediterranean Sea is inferred to be a distinct subpopulation from the North Atlantic subpopulation on the basis of very limited exchange historically using ordinary tags and zero exchange based on recent satellite tracking. Data from tag-recapture programs and satellite tags suggest there was very little exchange of individuals between the North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Kohler and Turner (2008) analysed 39 years of tag-recapture data from 1962 to 2000. Of 90,752 individuals tagged in the North Atlantic, only two were recaptured in the Mediterranean Sea: one coming from the Northwest, and one from the Northeast Atlantic. Additionally, of the 698 sharks tagged in the Mediterranean Sea, 25 were recaptured there and only one was recovered in the Northeast Atlantic. Hence, there was, on average, less than one migrant per generation, with only two individuals crossing into the Mediterranean Sea and one leaving in four generation spans. A similar synthesis of tag-recapture data was conducted by Fitzmaurice et al. (2005). Of 16,719 specimens tagged and released by the Irish rod and reel fishery between 1970 and 2001, only two individuals were recaptured in the Mediterranean Sea (Fitzmaurice et al. 2005). Again this is less than the one individual per generation threshold. Similarly, Stevens (1990) reported tag-recapture locations of 2,585 Blue Sharks tagged between 1970 and 1981. All sharks were tagged off the United Kingdom in cooperation with the Shark Angling group of Great Britain. None of the tagged sharks were recaptured in the Mediterranean Sea. Tag and recapture data need to be interpreted with caution because relocations depend on the range of fishing fleets and they do not provide information on the actual movements of the tagged sharks. Recent analyses of telemetry data obtained from satellite pop-off tags on Blue Sharks tagged off Portugal (47 individuals), and southeast England (six individuals) show larger clockwise movements throughout the Eastern Atlantic adjacent to the Gibraltar Straits, but no incursions into the Mediterranean Sea (Queroz et al. 2012, Vandeperre et al. 2014). Its depth range is zero to 1,160 m.","Northeast Atlantic Blue Sharks occurring in European waters are part of the wider North Atlantic stock that is exploited by fisheries from over 20 nations. Official Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) statistics underestimate the true magnitude of catches: landings estimated from Blue Shark fin exports from the Atlantic Ocean alone are known to greatly exceed the reported catches from this area (Campana et al. 2006, ICCAT 2009). In the past decade since 2003, there has been a rise in catch landings reported to the FAO, particularly taken by Spain in the Northeast Atlantic. Catches of this shark increased by 62,000 tonnes globally with a large fraction of this taken from the Eastern Central Atlantic by Spain (Davidson et al. in press). This rise is likely to reflect increasing fishing pressure over and above increased reporting. Demographic models, catch-rate analysis, age-structured models, food web and ecosystem models have been applied (or attempted) for this species, mainly in the North Atlantic and North and Central Pacific, and these yield a conflicting picture of Blue Shark status (West et al. 2004, ICCAT 2009). Increasing fin prices, further depletion of less productive sharks and lack of management (particularly on the high seas) will lead to greater pressure on Blue Shark stocks (Clarke et al. 2007) and for those population components occurring in European waters. In the North Atlantic, different catch rate analyses of this species consistently show that it is declining but there is uncertainty as to the most likely decline rate. Analysis of logbook data from the U.S. pelagic longline fishery indicated that Blue Sharks declined by 60% between 1986 and 2000 (1.5 generation spans) (Baum et al. 2003), and Canadian standardised catch rate indices suggest a 5-6% decline per year since 1995 in the North Atlantic (Campana et al. 2006). Similarly, fishery-independent survey data indicate an 80% decline in males from the mid-1980s to early 1990s (Hueter and Simpfendorfer 2008). Cortes (2007) reports an 88% decline since 1986. Blue Shark standardized catch rates have decreased by 53% (CI: 38–64%) between 1992 and 2005 (Baum and Blanchard 2010). An analysis over a longer observation window (1950–2000) using multiple sources of data suggested that CPUE of Blue Shark declined by 30% (Aires-da-Silva et al. 2008). This overall 30% of decline comprised of two periods: an initial stage of stable abundance or even increase at the end of the 70s, and a second period of rapid decline. From recent catch patterns and these Western Atlantic surveys that these most recent declines have been the steepest. Note that these trend estimates end in the early 2000s prior to the recent increase in catches of Blue Sharks, particularly in the Eastern Central Atlantic (Davidson et al. in press). In contrast, fisheries agency analyses for international waters of the North Atlantic suggest little change (ICCAT 2009), although it is acknowledged that catches vary considerably across fleets and that reported catches over time are known to represent only a portion of total removals of the species (ICCAT 2009). The ICCAT standardised catch per unit effort (CPUE) series showed that the relative catch rate of Blue Shark increased from 1994 to 1998, but declined from 1998 to 2006. The ICCAT assessments suggest the Blue Shark is neither overfished nor is overfishing occurring, however, these assessments are deeply at odds with independent population trajectory data, catch levels, and trade demand patterns.  In the Northeast Atlantic, there are no population trends specifically for Blue Shark in European waters that are inferred from effort-corrected catch rates of commercial fisheries. Blue Shark occurring in Irish and United Kingdom (UK) waters are near the northern extent of their range in the Northeast Atlantic and are summer migrants from core population areas further south, such as the Azores and Atlantic Iberian waters (Queiroz et al. 2012). Although not considered a population trend, the catch per unit effort index from the Irish recreational fishery based on data from >16,000 individual sharks caught shows a current decreasing trend. CPUE (Blue Shark per boat per day) varies annually, but generally increased between 1980 and 1997 with a steady decline in catches between 1998 and 2006 to about 50% of mean catch made prior to 1997 (Green et al. 2009). Declining trends in recreational fisheries that catch northerly migrating Blue Sharks in summer may signify range contractions. Mediterranean Sea In the Mediterranean Sea, the population trends have been inferred from an index appropriate for the species. Since the mid-20th century Blue Shark has declined in abundance by three to four orders of magnitude. It was regularly caught in the tuna trap of Camogli in small numbers, but none have been caught in the past six decades (Ferretti et al. 2008). Recent observations from the same gear confirm that no individuals were taken from 2006 to the present day (Cattaneo-Vietti et al. 2014). It was the most abundant of the large predatory sharks taken in pelagic fisheries, but catch rates in the Mediterranean Sea have declined considerably. In the northern Ionian Sea, there were significant declines in abundance and biomass over 21 years (1978–1999). In Spanish waters, catch rates in biomass declined steeply in 25 years (1979–2004) as well. Pelagic fishing pressure remains high and catches unregulated. Taking into consideration other local trend estimates in abundance and biomass, a meta-analytical estimate of these trend analyses suggested that the abundance of Blue Shark has declined around 78–90% over the last 30 years (i.e. three generation period).","Blue Shark is oceanic and pelagic, found from the surface to at least 1,160 m depth (Queiroz et al. 2012). Occasionally, it occurs inshore where the continental shelf is narrow. It prefers temperatures of 12-20°C and is found at greater depths in tropical waters (Last and Stevens 1994). The species reaches a maximum size of about 380 cm total length (TL). About 50% of males in the Atlantic are sexually mature at 218 cm TL, although some may reach maturity as small as 182 cm TL. Females are sub-adult from 173-221 cm TL and fully mature from 221 cm TL (Pratt 1979). This placental live-bearing shark produces litters averaging ~ 35 pups (maximum recorded 135 pups) after a gestation period of nine to 12 months. At birth, the pups are 35-50 cm TL. Reproduction has been reported as seasonal in most areas, with the young often born in spring or summer (Pratt 1979, Stevens 1984, Nakano 1994) although the periods of ovulation and parturition may be extended (Strasburg 1958, Hazin et al. 1994). Females can store sperm in their nidamental glands for extended periods, for later fertilisation (Pratt 1979). Ageing studies estimate longevity to be ~20 years, with males maturing at four to six and females at five to seven years (Stevens 1975, Cailliet et al. 1983, Nakano 1994). Smith et al. (1998) estimated the intrinsic rate of population increase at maximum sustainable yield (MSY) to be 0.061. The generation period (average age of mature females in an unfished population) is estimated as 10 years (Dulvy et al. 2008). Blue Sharks are highly migratory with complex movement patterns and spatial structure related to reproduction and the distribution of prey. There tends to be a seasonal shift in population abundance to higher latitudes associated with oceanic convergence or boundary zones, as these are areas of higher productivity. In the North Atlantic, mark-recapture studies indicate that different segments of the population (i.e., juveniles and adults, males and females) exhibit disparate movement patterns (Stevens 1976, 1990; Casey 1985). In the western Atlantic, the population mainly comprises juveniles of both sexes and adult males. As adults of both sexes are found in the Northeast Atlantic during spring and summer, it is thought that mating occurs at this time (Stevens 1990). Adult females, many of which are pregnant, are found around the Canary Islands and North Africa in winter, while mature males are found further north off Portugal, along with juveniles and sub-adult females. The presence of young-of-the-year Blue Shark indicates that parturition occurs in nurseries off the Iberian Peninsula, particularly off Portugal but also in the Bay of Biscay (Stevens 1990, Litvinov 2006). As juveniles are not known from the western Atlantic, it seems likely that the eastern Atlantic is an important breeding area for the North Atlantic Blue Shark population (Stevens 1990, Kohler et al. 2002). Some individuals have shown trans-Atlantic movements of up to 7,176 km (Casey 1985, Stevens 1990). In addition, seasonal north-south movements, such as the summer migration into the western English Channel and Irish waters (Stevens 1976, Fitzmaurice et al. 2005) from the Iberian Peninsula and Gulf of Cadiz (Queiroz et al. 2012), and the existence of trans-equatorial movements linking the northern and southern hemispheres of the Atlantic Ocean, have also been observed (Stevens 1990). Satellite tagging studies in the Northeast Atlantic confirm wide-ranging southward movements away from summer tagging areas (English Channel, southern Portugal and the Azores Islands) as waters cool seasonally, with sharks covering minimum distances of 268-2,789 km in 13-70 days (Queiroz et al. 2010). Vertical movements ranged from the surface to a maximum depth of 1,160 m, and water temperatures varied from 10.6 to 24.6°C. Tracked sharks exhibited pronounced site fidelity correlated with localised productive frontal areas, including tidal and upwelling fronts (Queiroz et al. 2012). Fishing-induced mortality of tagged sharks was approximately 10% up to 70 days post-tagging (Queiroz et al. 2010).","Northeast Atlantic Blue Shark is a commonly used bycatch of longline (and formerly driftnet) fisheries, particularly from nations with high-seas fleets, and in the North Atlantic longline fisheries. They are now regarded as targeted bycatch. Much of this bycatch is often unrecorded or under-reported (Camhi et al. 2008). In the North Atlantic, an estimated 61,845 tonnes (t) of Blue Shark were taken for the shark fin trade in 2006 (ICCAT 2009, Table 8b). Assuming a mean individual biomass of 38 kg, it is estimated that ~1.63 million individuals are taken from the North Atlantic every year. Fishing effort is not declining and so these trends are likely to continue. This species is taken in relatively small numbers by sport fishermen, particularly in the United States, Europe and Australia. The limited fishery assessments carried out to date have shown no evidence of a declining population trend in catch rates of Blue Shark in the Atlantic Ocean. However, the stock assessment results could not be evaluated for their sensitivity to a range of assumptions in the latest assessment. Nevertheless, ICCAT states that the weight of evidence does not indicate depletion (ICCAT 2009).  Mediterranean Sea Blue Shark is the bycatch of pelagic longline fisheries throughout the Mediterranean. This species was the target of big game tournaments in the Adriatic Sea and is an incidental catch of tuna traps.","There are currently no species-specific catch limits or other protections in place in international waters for this species. Furthermore, the trade in their meat and fins is not monitored, despite their prominence in international trade (Rose 1996, Clarke et al. 2006a, 2006b). The species’ trans-oceanic migrations strongly support arguments for regional and international management (Camhi et al. 2009). In 2013, the European Union (EU) banned removal of shark fins on board vessels (Regulation No. 605/2013), in line with advice from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature’s Shark Specialist Group and other shark fishery experts, in order to enhance enforcement of the 2003 EU ban on shark finning (Regulation No. 1185/2003) and facilitate improved shark fishery data collection. Since this species has been subject to high rates of finning in the past, well-enforced shark finning bans could help to reduce mortality. With evidence of declines in the Mediterranean and in the Northwest Atlantic, but very limited information on the status of the population in the Northeast Atlantic, there is an urgent need for resources to compile, fully analyse and discuss available data from the Northeast Atlantic in order to confirm the full scale of decline of this species across the European par of its range.","Blue Shark fins are the most prevalent on the Hong Kong shark fin market (Clarke et al. 2006a) and comprise at least 17% of the overall market, and an estimated 10.7 million individuals (0.36 million tonnes) are killed for the global fin trade each year (Clarke et al. 2006a, 2006b).","Dulvy, N.K.","Sims, D., Fowler, S.L., Ferretti, F. & Stevens, J.D.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,PRISTIDAE,Pristis,pectinata,,Pristis pectinata,"Latham, 1794","Faria et al. (2013) state that both morphology and genetics support the current specific status of the Smalltooth Sawfish (Pristis pectinata) and propose modification of the distribution of the species to an Atlantic only range. No geographical structure of Smalltooth Sawfish subpopulations is present, and Western and Eastern Atlantic subpopulations of Smalltooth Sawfish likely represent separate units for conservation purposes.",No,CR,A2b; D,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR) Smalltooth Sawfish (Pristis pectinata) is possibly extinct or its presence is uncertain in its former range in the Atlantic Ocean as a result of targeted fishing and bycatch in trawl and netting fisheries, compounded by habitat modification. Across the Atlantic Ocean, an absence of records from scientific surveys, anecdotal fisher observations, and fish landings data over its historic range infer a population reduction of ≥ 95% over a period of three generations (1984-2015, 30 years). The species can only be reliably encountered in the Bahamas, USA and parts of Central America, and in the Eastern Atlantic, in Sierra Leone, and possibly Guinea-Bissau and Mauritania. There is some uncertainty regarding the presence of sawfishes (Pristis spp.; referred to generically here due to a lack of species-specific information) in the Mediterranean Sea, with differing perspectives on whether sawfishes bred in the Mediterranean Sea, or whether they were regular visitors from elsewhere in the Eastern Atlantic. For the purposes of this assessment, the Mediterranean subpopulation is treated as a visitor from the Eastern Atlantic. The vast majority of accounts are historical, however a recent anecdotal record of a juvenile sawfish from a Tunisian fish market from ca. 1997 suggests that sawfish may still visit the Mediterranean Sea. Smalltooth Sawfish, as a visiting species, is assessed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) in the Mediterranean Sea under Criterion A2b+D based on the above-mentioned population reduction for the wider Atlantic Ocean and suspected small population size (< 50 mature individuals) in the Mediterranean Sea.",Decreasing,"The current range of Smalltooth Sawfish in the Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea is uncertain due to species misidentification, lack of reporting, and the general contraction of its range.There is some uncertainty regarding the presence of sawfishes in the Mediterranean Sea (Tortonese 1956, Whitehead et al. 1984, Bilecenolu et al. 2002, Ferretti et al. 2015). Smalltooth Sawfish was included in historic faunal lists (Serena 2005) and the examination of historical records indicates that there were at least 78 bibliographic accounts of both species of sawfish over the past 500 years (Ferretti et al. 2015). These records include fresh captures of juvenile and adult specimens, which have led to the suggestion that a breeding population was present. It has been alternatively hypothesized that sawfish were a visitor species from areas of West Africa. Its depth range is 0.1-88 m.","For the purposes of this assessment, Smalltooth Sawfish has been considered a visitor to the Mediterranean Sea from its core Eastern Atlantic range in tropical West Africa. Sawfishes have been described from the Mediterranean Sea since antiquity (< 2,000 years ago) and in medieval bestiaries, but these records lack taxonomic, geographic and quantitative detail (Ferretti 2014). There are few (n=82 bibliographic records, 21 museum specimens) records from the Mediterranean Sea over the past 500 years, and almost half of these records are duplications (Ferretti 2014, 2015). Many of these records are of rostra only and there is concern that they may have come from international trade rather than being caught locally (Ferretti 2014).There are historic records of freshly caught adults and juveniles, particularly from the Mediterranean coast of France. Possibly the most reliable records of Smalltooth Sawfish were taken from Provence, in the south of France. These were juveniles described by reputable ichthyologists in 1777 and 1810 (Ferretti 2014).There are two relatively recent 20th century records of Smalltooth Sawfish from the eastern Mediterranean Sea. However, these may represent records of Green Sawfish (Pristis zijsron) or Narrow Sawfish (Anoxypristis cuspidata). Unlike the Smalltooth Sawfish, these species occurred in the Red Sea, which has been connected to the Mediterranean Sea through the Suez Canal since 1867 (Ferretti 2014). Importantly, there is a recent record of a juvenile sawfish (Pristis spp.) from a Tunisian fish market from ca. 1997 (Ferretti et al. 2015), implying that they might still visit the Mediterranean region.Fish landings data over its historic range infer a population reduction of 95% over a period of three generations (1984-2015, 30 years) in the Eastern Atlantic, and this decline is inferred to have occurred through the whole of the European distribution. The species is considered a visitor in the Mediterranean Sea. ","Information pertaining to the life history and habitat use of this species has not been published specific to Mediterranean waters, although it is inferred to be similar to, if not the same as, other regions from which it is documented extensively, such as Australia and Lake Nicaragua.A key uncertainty in understanding whether sawfishes are residents in the Mediterranean Sea is the strong seasonality in temperature, which in the northernmost sectors cools to below 12°C, which is below the thermal ranges of marine regions where this species has been historically detected.Moreno Iturria (2012) estimated its generation length to be 10.1 years.","The principal threats to Smalltooth Sawfish are from fishing; it was formerly targeted, but is now mostly taken incidentally in broad-spectrum fisheries (CITES 2007). The long toothed rostrum of sawfish makes them extremely sensitive to entanglement in any sort of net gear, gillnetting and trawling in particular. Depleted subpopulations mean that commercial targeting of most stocks is no longer cost-effective and bycatch mortality is now the primary threat to Smalltooth Sawfish (CITES 2007). However, there are indications that sawfish are at times targeted opportunistically for the shark fin trade (CITES 2007).Habitat degradation and loss also threaten sawfishes throughout their range (CITES 2007). The Smalltooth Sawfish relies on a variety of specific habitat types including estuaries and mangroves; these are all affected by human development (CITES 2007). Agricultural and urban development, commercial activities, dredge-and-fill operations, boating, erosion, and diversions of freshwater runoff as a result of continued coastal and catchment development has caused substantial loss or modification of these habitats (CITES 2007).","All species of sawfish are listed on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES), which effectively bans commercial international trade in sawfish or their parts.Parties to the Barcelona Convention agreed in 2012 that sawfish as listed in Annex II of the Protocol concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean Sea -- which includes Recommendation GFCM/36/2012/1 -- cannot be retained on board, transshipped, landed, transferred, stored, sold or displayed or offered for sale, and must be released unharmed and alive, to the extent possible.","Sawfish rostra are culturally valued, economically valuable and hence are widely collected and frequently traded internationally (McDavitt and Charvet-Almeida 2004, McDavitt 2014).","Walls, R.H.L.","Kyne, P.M.","Dulvy, N.K., Ferretti, F., Carlson, J., Wiley, T. & Smith, K.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,PRISTIDAE,Pristis,pristis,,Pristis pristis,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","In a recent study, Faria et al. (2013) demonstrated that the existing taxonomy of the Pristidae required modification, recognising a total of five species in two genera. Pristis pristis had been recognised previously as consisting of up to three species (Pristis pristis, P. microdon and P. perotteti), but utilising a combination of mitochondrial DNA and morphological characters appears to be one species. While the P. pristis group is best considered a single species, it can be composed of a network of geographical units (subpopulations) that are not genetically distinct, but may be considered ecologically different.   Pristis pristis, has been referred to by many other names throughout its range. It was formerly known as P. perotteti in the Atlantic and sometimes in the Eastern Pacific, and P. microdon in the Indo-West Pacific.",No,CR,A2b; D,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)Largetooth Sawfish (Pristis pristis) is possibly extinct or its presence is uncertain throughout most of its former range in the Atlantic Ocean as a result of targeted fishing and bycatch in trawl and netting fisheries, compounded by habitat modification. It is a large (at least 6.5 m total length) euryhaline species, with juveniles occurring in freshwater systems and adults in marine and estuarine environments. It formerly had a widespread tropical range, consisting of four subpopulations (Eastern Atlantic, Western Atlantic, Eastern Pacific and Indo-West Pacific); all subpopulations have undergone significant population declines and the species is now apparently extinct in many former range states. Across the Atlantic Ocean, an absence of records from scientific surveys, anecdotal fisher observations, and fish landings data over its historic range infer a population reduction of ≥95% over a period of three generations (i.e., 1964 to present). In the Eastern Atlantic, there have been very few (< 10) records in the past decade. There is some uncertainty regarding the presence of sawfishes (Pristis spp.; referred to generically here due to a lack of species-specific information) in the Mediterranean Sea, with differing perspectives on whether sawfishes bred in the Mediterranean Sea, or whether they were regular visitors from elsewhere in the Eastern Atlantic. For the purposes of this assessment, the species is treated as a visitor in the Mediterranean Sea. The vast majority of accounts are historical, however a recent anecdotal record of a juvenile sawfish from a Tunisian fish market from ca. 1997 suggests that sawfish may still visit the Mediterranean Sea. Largetooth Sawfish, as a visiting species, can be considered Critically Endangered in the Mediterranean Sea based on the above-mentioned population reduction for the wider Atlantic Ocean and suspected small population size (< 50 mature individuals) in the Mediterranean Sea under Criteria A2b+D.",Decreasing,"Largetooth Sawfish (Pristis pristis) comprises four distinct subpopulations: Eastern Atlantic, Western Atlantic, Eastern Pacific and Indo-West Pacific. In West Africa, there have been only two countries with confirmed records for the region in the last 10 years (Guinea-Bissau in 2003, 2004 and 2005, and Sierra Leone in 2003) and unconfirmed records (Pristis spp.) from one other country (Mauritania in 2010) (Tamburello et al. 2014). There is some uncertainty regarding the presence of sawfishes in the Mediterranean Sea (Tortonese 1956, Whitehead et al. 1984, Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002). Largetooth Sawfish was included in historic faunal lists (Serena 2005), and the examination of historical records indicates that there were at least 78 bibliographic accounts of both species of sawfish over the past 500 years (Ferretti et al. 2015). These records include fresh captures of juvenile and adult specimens, which has led to the suggestion that a breeding population was present. It has been alternatively hypothesized that sawfish were visitor species from areas of West Africa (this seems more likely for Largetooth Sawfish given the generally tropical nature of this species).","For the purposes of this assessment, Largetooth Sawfish has been considered a visitor to the Mediterranean Sea from its core Eastern Atlantic range in tropical West Africa. Sawfishes have been described from the Mediterranean Sea since antiquity (< 2,000 years ago) and in medieval bestiaries, but these records lack taxonomic, geographic and quantitative detail (Ferretti 2014). There are few (n=82 bibliographic records, 21 museum specimens) records from the Mediterranean Sea over the past 500 years, and almost half of these records are duplications (Ferretti 2014, 2015). Many of these records are of rostra only and there is concern that they may have come from international trade rather than being caught locally (Ferretti 2014). The first record of Largetooth Sawfish in the Mediterranean Sea was in 1573 while the last one was caught in 1959 (Ferretti 2014). Records come mainly from western Mediterranean coasts (France, Italy and Spain). Catch records of sawfishes were reported from eastern Languedoc, Provence, the Gulf of Naples, and the Adriatic Sea. Importantly, there is a recent record of a juvenile sawfish (Pristis spp.) from a Tunisian fish market from ca. 1997 (Ferretti et al. 2015), which supports the notion that this species may still visit the Mediterranean region.Fish landings data over its historic range infer a population reduction of ≥ 95% over a period of three generations (i.e., 1964 to present) in the Eastern Atlantic, and this decline is inferred to have occurred through the whole of the European distribution, even when the species is treated as a visitor in the Mediterranean Sea. ","Information pertaining the life history and habitat use of this species has not been published specific to Mediterranean waters, although it is inferred to be similar to, if not the same as, other regions from which it is documented extensively, such as Australia and Lake Nicaragua.A key uncertainty in understanding whether sawfishes are residents in the Mediterranean Sea is the strong seasonality in temperature, which in the northernmost sectors cools to below 12°C, which is below the thermal ranges of marine regions where this species has been historically detected. The generation length of this species is estimated to be 17 years.","The principal threats to this species are from fishing; it was formerly targeted, but is now mostly taken incidentally in broad-spectrum fisheries (CITES 2007). The long toothed rostrums of sawfishes make them extraordinarily sensitive to entanglement in any sort of net gear, gillnetting and trawling in particular. The exploitation of elasmobranchs is high in many parts of the Largetooth Sawfish’s range, particularly in coastal areas and freshwater systems. Unregulated and unmanaged fisheries, and habitat loss and degradation all threaten sawfishes across large parts of its range.For at least part of its life cycle, Largetooth Sawfish relies on a variety of specific habitat types including freshwater systems, estuaries and mangroves; these are all affected by human development (CITES 2007). Agricultural and urban development, commercial activities, dredge-and-fill operations, boating, erosion, and diversions of freshwater runoff as a result of continued coastal and catchment development has caused substantial loss or modification of these habitats (CITES 2007). Mining activities pose a risk to Largetooth Sawfish through freshwater habitat alteration or potential pollution events. Alterations to river courses are a threat to Largetooth Sawfish, which migrate upstream in early life stages. ","All species of sawfish are listed on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES), which effectively bans commercial international trade in sawfish or their parts.Parties to the Barcelona Convention agreed in 2012 that sawfish as listed in Annex II of the Protocol concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean Sea -- which includes Recommendation GFCM/36/2012/1 -- cannot be retained on board, transshipped, landed, transferred, stored, sold or displayed or offered for sale, and must be released unharmed and alive, to the extent possible.","Sawfish rostra are culturally valued, economically valuable and hence are widely collected and frequently traded internationally (McDavitt and Charvet-Almeida 2004, McDavitt 2014).","Walls, R.H.L.","Kyne, P.M.","Dulvy, N.K., Ferretti, F., Carlson, J. & Smith, K.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GEMPYLIDAE,Promethichthys,prometheus,,Promethichthys prometheus,"(Cuvier, 1832)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: LC Promethichthys prometheus is widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical waters of all oceans. It is oceanodromous and widespread throughout the Eastern Atlantic. Within the assessment zone consisting of the northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea. It is described as locally common in parts of its range, and is frequently taken as bycatch in long-line and hook-and-line fisheries but there is no targeted fishery. There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Promethichthys prometheus. Its distribution overlaps with marine reserves in parts of its range. Therefore, P. prometheus is listed as assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Promethichthys prometheus is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical waters of all oceans, except the eastern Pacific. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, P. prometheus is known from the Bay of Biscay south to Azores, Madeira and the Canary islands (Nakamura and Parin 1993, Santos et al. 1997). Promethichthys prometheus is found between 100–800 m in depth (Schneider 1990) .","Promethichthys prometheus landings are declared from the following Fisheries and Agriculture Organization (FAO) fishing regions: Eastern Central Atlantic, Eastern Tropical Pacific. There are no declared landings from within the assessment region. This species is described as abundant in the Canary Islands (Lorenzo and Pajuelo 1995).","Promethichthys prometheus is an oceanodromous, benthopelagic species (Riede 2004) which is found over the continental slope, around islands and submarine rises (Nakamura and Parin 1993) at depths ranging from 100 to 800 m (Schneider 1990). It migrates into midwater at night (Nakamura and Parin 1993). Promethichthys prometheus' diet consists of fishes, cephalopods, and crustaceans (Nakamura and Parin 1993). The maximum recorded standard length (SL) for this species is 100 cm (Nakamura and Parin 1993). In the Canary Islands, P. prometheus ranged in size from between 42.1 and 78.9 cm. The overall ratio between males and females was 1:1.48. The spawning period extended from April to August, with a peak in July. Size at 50% maturity was reached at 51.1 cm total length (TL). Fish aged 3 to 10 years were present in the samples (Lorenzo and Pajuelo 1995). Promethichthys prometheus was most concentrated at depths of 300 to 700 metres (Lorenzo and Pajuelo 1995).","In the Canary Islands, P. prometheus is frequently taken as bycatch in hook-and-line and longline demersal artisanal fisheries (Lorenzo and Pajuelo 1995).",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Promethichthys prometheus. Its distribution may overlap with marine protected areas.,"This species does not appear to be targeted within the assessment region consisting of the northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea. There is no fishery for this species in the Canary Islands (Lorenzo and Pajuelo 1995).","Harwell, H.","Herrera, J. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Proterorhinus,marmoratus,,Proterorhinus marmoratus,"(Pallas, 1814)","All freshwater taxa of Proteorhinus were previously included under the name P. marmoratus, but morphological and molecular data show that the real P. marmorata does not enter pure freshwaters (Kottelat and Freyhof 2007). As a result, in 2007 the freshwater taxa P. nasalis, P. semilunaris and P. tataricus were split from P. marmoratus and raised to species level. Nielson and Stepien (2009) identified a further freshwater species of the genus, which may be P. semipellucidus, from the Caspian. Therefore any data on P. marmoratus may include data on these four taxa. Further work is required to clarify the taxonimic status of the Caspian Sea Proterorhinus.",Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Proterorhinus marmoratus is present in estuaries and coastal areas of the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov and the Sea of Marmara. It has also been reported from the northern Aegean Sea. It is locally abundant, but there is no specific information about the current population trend. There are no known widespread threats. Therefore, P. marmoratus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Proterorhinus marmoratus is present in estuaries and coastal areas of the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov and the Sea of Marmora, and known from the northern Aegean (Nielson and Stepien 2009). In the Mediterranean Sea, it occurs only in the Evros and Strymon systems of the north Aegean Sea. Previous records from the Caspian Sea pertain to another species. All freshwater records of this species now pertain to other species (Kottelat and Freyhof 2007) and as a result it is difficult to confirm the distribution of this marine species.","There is no population information available for P. marmoratus, but it is locally abundant.",Proterorhinus marmoratus occurs in coastal area and the lower parts of estuaries over a range of substrates (Miller 1986). It becomes sexually mature at one year (Miller 1986).,There are no threats to this marine species.,"No conservation measures are in place or needed for this species and it occurs in marine protected areas. Proterorhinus marmoratus was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Proterorhinus marmoratus is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Herler, J., Williams, J.T. & Kovacic, M.","Francour, P., Bariche, M., Molinari, A. & Bilecenoglu, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CALLIONYMIDAE,Protogrammus,sousai,,Protogrammus sousai,"(Maul, 1972)",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trend and ecology of the species. Further research should also be conducted on the potential threats to the species.",Unknown,"Protogrammus sousai is known only from the type material (the holotype and three paratypes) collected in 1967 on the Great Meteor Bank (29º50'-30º01'N, 28º24'-28º30'W), and a few more specimens collected in the same area. They were collected at depths between 310 and 320 m.","There is no information available on the population, as this species is only known from a few specimens.","It is a benthic species that is present on sandy and muddy bottoms. It may feed on bottom invertebrates and small fishes, although there is no specific information available.","As the species is endemic to the Great Meteor Bank, which is an intensively fished area, bottom trawling is a likely threat to this species, due to its benthic nature.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not the target of any conservation action, and it is unknown whether it is found in protected areas. Further research is needed on the population size, trend, ecology and threats to the species.",The species is not utilized.,"García, M.","Conceicao Biscoito, M.J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Protomyctophum,arcticum,,Protomyctophum arcticum,"(Lütken, 1892)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)   Protomyctophum arcticum is a widespread, locally abundant, mesopelagic species that prefers depths from of up to 1,600 m. There are no major threats to this species; although, it is incidentally taken as bycatch in parts of its range. There are not any specific conservation measures in place for P. arcticum, but there are numerous marine protected areas throughout its range. Therefore, Protomyctophum arcticum is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Protomyctophum arcticum is an endemic species of the North Atlantic that occurs in arcto-boreal waters from 40° to 70°N in the North Atlantic (Becker 1983). In the western Atlantic, it is found in the Gulf of Maine and throughout the northwestern Atlantic (Hulley 1984). In the northeastern Atlantic, Protomyctophum arcticum can be found from southern Iceland and the Faroe Islands south to Portugal (Hulley 1984).  Protomyctophum arcticum is associated with depths of between 90 and 1,600 m (Coad and Reist 2004), but is most often found between 250 and 850 m.","Protomyctophum arcticum appears to be sporadically abundant.  In a study of Myctophidae in the Rockall Trough, P. arcticum was among the three most abundant and dominant of the nine species sampled (Kawaguchi and Mauchline 1982). It is represented in only 108 museum collection, but with a maximum of 56 individuals in a single lot (Accessed through Fishnet 2 Portal 2013 June). No additional trawl survey information for the region (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013). ","Protomyctophum arcticum forms schools on occasion. There are up to 2 individuals/m3 at the depths of 200 to 600 m around Greenland (Becker 1983). This fish undergoes diel vertical migrations; ranging from 90 to 325 m at night, down to 250 to 850 m during the day (Accessed through World Register of Marine Species 2013 June). Protomyctophum arcticum grows to a maximum length of 6 cm standard length (SL) (Muus and Nielsen 1999). Protomyctophum arcticum feeds mainly on copepods (Podrazhanskaya 1993). Most individuals are mature at 3 cm SL (Hulley 1984).",There are no known threats to Protomyctophum acticum. It may be incidentally caught as bycatch in parts of its range. ,"No species specific conservation measure are in place for Protomyctophum arcticum, but its range does overlap several marine protected areas (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Legislative regulation for the pelagic fishery is implemented (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013).",Protomyctophum arcticum is not commercially utilized.,"Strongin, K.","Munroe, T., Kobyliansky, S. & Costa, M.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,LIPARIDAE,Psednos,spirohira,,Psednos spirohira,"Chernova & Stein, 2002",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Psednos spirohira is only known from the holotype collected from 41°56.2'N, 16°50.1'W in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Additional information about the habitats and ecology of this species are needed. Psednos spirohira is listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Psednos spirohira is only known from 41°56.2'N, 16°50.1'W, about 570 km off northern Spain, at depths of 985 to 1,010 m (Chernova and Stein 2002).",Population information is not available for this species as it is only known from the holotype.,"The maximum size for this species is 3.9 cm (Chernova and Stein 2002). It has been collected&#160;at depths of 985 to 1,010 m (Chernova and Stein 2002).&#160;Additional information about the habitat and ecology of this species is not available.",There are no known major threats to this species.,There are no species-specific conservation efforts in place for P. spirohira. There is a need for additional information about the biology of this species.,Use and trade information is not available for this species.,"Strongin, K. & Ralph, G.","Keskin, Ç., Herrera, J., Papaconstantinou, C. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,NOMEIDAE,Psenes,maculatus,,Psenes maculatus,"Lütken, 1880",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species occurs in the Azores only. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs in the Azores only (Santos et al. 1997, Carneiro et al. 2014). This species is circumglobally distributed throughout all subtropical to temperate oceans.  The depth range is zero to 1,281 m.",This species is rarely encountered.,"This is an epi- to mesopelagic, open-ocean dwelling species. Juveniles are known to live among jellyfish tentacles. Little is known on its life history.",There are no known major threats to this species.,There are no species-specific conservation measures for this species.,This species is not utilized.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Pseudaphya,ferreri,,Pseudaphya ferreri,"(de Buen & Fage, 1908)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Pseudaphya ferreri is only recorded from the central, northern and eastern Mediterranean Sea. There is no specific population information for this species, but it is locally abundant in areas of its distribution. For this reason, populations are considered likely to be stable. Pseudaphya ferreri is not utilized, and there are no known, widespread threats. Therefore, P. ferreri is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Pseudaphya ferreri is only recorded from the Mediterranean Sea, including the Balearic Islands and along the whole of the western coast of Italy and southeastern France (Miller 1986), northern Sicily (Relini and Lanteri 2010), the eastern Adriatic Sea (Kovačić et al. 2012) and from Egypt (Kovačić and Golani 2007). It is typically found between two and 15 m depth (Kovačić 2003).","There is no population information available for P. ferreri, but it is locally abundant and the population is assumed to be stable. Breeding occurs in June at least, and life span may not be greater than one year (Miller 1973).","Pseudaphya ferreri occurs inshore, nectonic or hyperbenthic, schooling over sand, muddy sand and bedrock (Miller 1979) typically between two and 15 m depth (Kovačić 2003).",There are no known major threats for this species.,"No conservation measures are in place or needed for this species and it occurs in marine protected areas. Pseudaphya ferreri was previously assessed as Least Concern, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Pseudaphya ferreri is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Kovacic, M., Herler, J. & Williams, J.T.","Francour, P., Bariche, M., Molinari, A. & Bilecenoglu, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CARANGIDAE,Pseudocaranx,dentex,,Pseudocaranx dentex,"(Bloch & Schneider, 1801)",Common names for non-Atlantic and non-South African localities probably are missapplied. The scientific names applied to non-Atlantic and non-South African localities are probably misapplied (B. Smith-Vaniz pers. comm. 2013).,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Pseudocaranx dentex is found on both sides of the Atlantic, and has also been recorded in upwelling areas off Somalia and Japan. In the eastern Atlantic, this species is found from the southern Mediterranean south along the African coast to South Africa including the Canaries, Azores and Madeira. The northern-most limit of viable populations of P. dentex is the Azores. It is a coastal species which is found at depths ranging from 10–238 metres. It is an inshore, schooling species which appears to be found over a variety of bottom types, and may form spawning aggregations over offshore reefs. There is little species-specific population information available for P. dentex within the assessment region. It appears to be a seasonally targeted species in parts of its range, particularly in the Azores where there is anectotal evidence of population decline, however there is little information from the remainder of its range within the assessment zone. It is expanding its range northwards and may be increasing in abundance within the assessment area. Therefore, P. dentex is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Pseudocaranx dentex is found along both coasts of the Atlantic Ocean, and has also been recorded in upwelling areas off Somalia and Japan. In the eastern Atlantic, this species is distributed from the Iberian peninsula south along the African coast to South Africa. It has been recorded in the Canary Islands, the Azores and Madiera (Dooley et al. 1985), as well as Cape Verde, Ascension and St. Helena Island. It is also found from Australia, Lord Howe and Norfolk islands, New Zealand, as well as New Caledonia.  The northern-most limit of viable populations of P. dentex is the Azores. Populations in the Mediterranean are found along the southern coast of the basin, with the northern-most confirmed occurrence of this species being the coast of Izmir, Aegean Sea, Turkey (Akyol et al. 2011). It is found at depths ranging from 10–238 metres.","Regional population information: northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea This species is common and can be locally abundant in the eastern Atlantic. It is described as common in the Canary Islands (Dooley et al. 1985). It is a commercially important shallow reef-fish in parts of its range. The Azores are the northern distribution limit for viable populations of P. dentex. In the Azores Islands, fishermen target spawning aggregations of P. dentex over offshore reefs during the summer months. This practice has been implicated localized population declines, as evidenced by the presence of fewer and smaller individuals in areas. Anecdotal information from local fishermen indicates that, prior to local increases in fishing intensity, catches of large schools and very large individuals occurred frequently (Afonso et al. 2008). Pseudocaranx dentex ranging in size from 2 to 20 cm were the most abundant species recorded at fish aggregating devices off the Grand Canary Islands (Castro et al. 1999). Pseudocaranx dentex may be extending its range northwards. It it is considered a non-native species in the Mediterranean. A re-examination of specimens confirmed the presence of this species in the southern Mediterranean, and more recent collections along the coasts of Izmir, Aegean Sea, Turkey suggest that it is expanding its range northwards (Akyol et al. 2011). Global population information Pseudocaranx dentex was the least abundant of three carangid species inhabiting nearshore rocky reefs of Western Ghana, comprising 18.64% of the total carangid abundance. During upwelling seasons in Ghana, when schools of large-bodied pelagic fishes, including P. dentex, migrate close to the shore and the water surface they are targeted by illegal dynamite fishing. Even non-fishers engage in this practice during times of upwelling (Ateweberhan et al. 2012).","Pseudocaranx dentex is found in inshore schools, feeding on the bottom. Younger White Trevally use suction feeding to prey on invertebrates and small fishes that live in sand and algae (Sazima 1998, Afonos et al. 2008). In a study of habitat preferences of this species in the Azores, small, immature individuals were observed to occur almost exclusively in sheltered inshore habitats, whereas large individuals (51–70 cm total length (TL)) occurred in offshore reefs. There were also seasonal differences observed with offshore reefs having the highest abundance of mature fish in the summer whereas in the winter, only one mature fish was observed in the inshore exposed reef. In the Eastern Mediterranean, sizes ranged from 20–35 cm (max 40 cm; elsewhere 80 cm). This species is typically found small groups or solitary depths of 5 to 40 metres (Golani et al. 2006). There is no age-and-growth information available for this species. However, the congener P. georgianus has been studied, and was found to have a fast growth rate for the first 5 years of life, followed by a long period of slow growth to a maximum of around 40 years (Rowling and Raines 2000). Reproduction In the Azores islands, central north Atlantic, the sex ratio was observed to be close to 1:1 and fish matured at about 30 cm (FL). There were no differences in the maturation or length-weight relationships between sexes. The spawning season lasts from June to September. Fish undergo the maturation process throughout late winter and spring, and become reproductively active in June. This species is an annual spawner that most probably releases gametes in multiple events during the summer. Pseudocaranx dentex form spawning aggregations around the summits of offshore reefs. Although there was no direct evidence of spawning in offshore reef aggregations (spawning behavior, presence of hydrated eggs or post-ovulatory folicules in the females from reef aggregations), intensive social interaction between schooling individuals in offshore reefs was observed on various occasions. Pseudocaranx dentex may also exhibit a surface spawning behavior (Afonso et al. 2008).","Pseudocaranx dentex is expanding its range northwards in the Atlantic and in the Mediterranean. It is likely taken as bycatch in a number of fisheries, however there is little information available. There is informal evidence of population declines in the Azores, which have been attributed to the targeting of offshore spawning aggregations that form around reef structures. Aggregate spawning behavior may render this species vulnerable to overexploitation (Afonso et al. 2008). Mediterranean fisheries are concentrated along coastal areas, where biodiversity is greatest. The majority (80%) of the Mediterranean fleet is comprised of vessels <12 m, and as such Mediterranean fisheries can be thought of as small-scale artisanal fisheries. Additionally, fisheries tend to be multi-species, making it difficult and expensive to obtain data for stock assessment purposes. There are several issues of concern which include the widespread targeting of small species or larger juvenile finfish prior to maturity, the observed reduction in the mean trophic level of Mediterranean catches, and high discard rates (40-56% of the catch taken in waters <150 m) and the reduction in mean abundance of piscivorous species (Vassilopoulou 2010). According to a 2013 synthesis of the Status of Mediterranean and Black Sea resources in European Waters, while the state of knowledge on the Mediterranean and Black Sea stocks is improving rapidly, between 94% and 95% of stocks analyzed are over-exploited. Recent observed reductions in nominal fishing effort have not resulted in declines in fishing mortality. Overall reductions between 45% and 51% are needed in order to reach maximum sustainable yields (Cardinale and Osio 2013).","There are few species-specific conservation measures in place for P. dentex in the northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea assessment zone. Offshore spawning aggregations of this species have been identified for protection in the Azores. It is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range. This species was assessed as Data Deficient in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Pseudocaranx dentex is a commercially important species in the eastern Atlantic, however fisheries are poorly characterized (Smith-Vaniz in press). Pseudocaranx dentex is an important component of both commercial and recreational fisheries in many areas (Rowling and Raines 2000).","Harwell, H.","Herrera, J. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,CONGRIDAE,Pseudophichthys,splendens,,Pseudophichthys splendens,"(Lea, 1913)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population size, trend, ecology and likely threats to this deep water benthic species. Research should be conducted to establish the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"This species is found in the eastern Atlantic off Morocco, the Azores, the Canary Islands and probably Madeira. Its depth limits are 123 m and 1,647 m, but it occurs mainly between 650 m and 800 m (Bauchot and Saldanha 1986, Santos et al. 1997, Brito et al. 2002).",There is no information available on the population size and trend of the species.,This is a deep water benthic species found over muddy bottoms mainly at 650 m to 800 m depth. Its maximum size is 38.7 cm (TL).,There are no major threats known to the species.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not the target of any conservation action, and it is unknown whether it is found in protected areas. Further research is needed on the population size, trend and ecology of the species.",This species is not utilized.,"García, M.","Conceicao Biscoito, M.J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CHIASMODONTIDAE,Pseudoscopelus,altipinnis,,Pseudoscopelus altipinnis,"Parr, 1933",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, Pseudoscopelus altipinnis occurs in the Canary Islands, off mainland Portugal, Madeira and in the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, Pseudoscopelus altipinnis occurs in the Canary Islands (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009), off mainland Portugal, Madeira and in the Azores (Santos et al. 1997, Carneiro et al. 2014). Pseudoscopelus altipinnis has a circumglobal distribution and occurs between 45°N and 45°S (Prokofiev and Kukuev 2006) although this species has been described as being found as far north as 56° in the Atlantic Ocean and may also occurs in the Western Pacific (Smith in prep).  This species has been recorded at depths ranging from 30 to 2,309 m (Prokofiev and Kukuev 2005).",This species is most common from equatorial waters of the Atlantic Ocean (Prokofiev 2011).,Pseudoscopelus altipinnis is a bathypelagic species that can attain 20 cm TL (Smith in prep).,Current threats to this species are unknown.,There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for this species.&#160;Additional information about the population size/trend and biology of this species is needed.,Chiasmontids are occasionally collected in deep midwater trawls (Smith in prep).,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Carpenter, K.E., Smith-Vaniz, W.F., de Bruyne, G. & de Morais, L.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CHIASMODONTIDAE,Pseudoscopelus,obtusifrons,,Pseudoscopelus obtusifrons,"(Fowler, 1934)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Pseudoscopelus obtusifrons is widely distributed in the tropical Atlantic and western Pacific and southeastern Indian Ocean. Pseudoscopelus pierbartus, considered a synonym (Prokofiev 2011), may represent this species' distribution in the European region. Its geographic range in the region will need to be verified as well as its taxonomic status. This   species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in   Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of   the global population.",Unknown,"Pseudoscopelus obtusifrons is widely distributed in the tropical Atlantic and western Pacific and southeastern Indian Ocean, and apparently only recorded in the4 european region from the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014). Pseudoscopelus pierbartus, considered a synonym (Prokofiev 2011), may represent this species' distribution in the European region. Its geographic range in the region will need to be verified as well as its taxonomic status.",There is no information available on its population status and trends.,"This deep-water species occurs in depths between&#160;124 - 2,250 m.&#160;There is limited information available on its biology, life history characteristics, and habitat preferences.",No known threats.,"There are no species-specific conservation actions in place for this species. Research, especially taxonomic, is required.",The fish is not utilised.,"Comeros-Raynal, M. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CHIASMODONTIDAE,Pseudoscopelus,scutatus,,Pseudoscopelus scutatus,"Krefft, 1971",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, Pseudoscopelus scutatus occurs only in the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, Pseudoscopelus scutatus occurs only in the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014). Globally, Pseudoscopelus scutatus occurs in the tropical to subtropical waters of the Atlantic, Indian and western Pacific oceans (Nakabo et al. 1992, Moore et al. 2003, Prokofiev and Kukuev 2006).  The depth ranges from zero to 100 m.",Population information is limited for this species.,"Pseudoscopelus scutatus is a epipelagic species that can attain at least 12 cm TL (Moore et al. 2003, Smith in prep).",Current threats to this species are unknown.,There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for this species. There is a need for additional information about the population size and biology of this species.,Use and trade information is not available for this species.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Carpenter, K.E., Smith-Vaniz, W.F., de Bruyne, G. & de Morais, L.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CARCHARHINIFORMES,PSEUDOTRIAKIDAE,Pseudotriakis,microdon,,Pseudotriakis microdon,"de Brito Capello, 1868","Yano and Musick (1992) showed that morphometric characters used to separate Pacific Pseudotriakis acrales Jordan & Snyder, 1904 from Atlantic P. microdon de Brito Capello, 1868 did not differ significantly, and these authors confirmed P. acrales as a junior synonym of P. microdon. Pseudotriakis is thus a mono-specific genus.",No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)There is no information pertaining to population size or trends, and no information available from fisheries in the Northeast Atlantic region that could help to infer such. It can be inferred from other geographic regions that Atlantic False Catshark in the European region occur at depths of 200–1,890 m and occasionally on the continental shelf. The species has a low reproductive output of possibly two to four pups per litter every one (or perhaps more than one) year, though there is a lack of knowledge on life history traits in general. This slow reproductive rate makes the species vulnerable to rapid local depletion if fisheries expand deeper into its habitat. Deepwater fisheries in European waters have been expanding for several decades, so this along with the capture of this species and others with similar distributional ranges should be monitored continuously. However, the information currently available is only enough to justify an assessment of Data Deficient for the European region.",Unknown,"The species is found globally in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. In the Northeast and Eastern Central Atlantic, this species has been reported along the Atlantic slope off Iceland, Ireland, and west of Scotland in the Rockall Trough area, France, Portugal, Madeira, Azores, and the Canary Islands (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). However, records of this species are sporadic so the full extent of its occurrence is uncertain. The depth range is 100–1,890 m.",This species is seemingly uncommon or rare wherever it occurs in its deepwater habitat.,"This large deepwater benthic shark has been recorded at depths of 100–1,890 m on the continental and insular slopes, including around seamounts, troughs and deepwater reefs (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Adults can reach 296 cm in total length (Ebert and Stehmann 2013) and females may produce as many as two to four pups annually (Yano 1992).","The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Working Group on Elasmobranch Fishes report (ICES 2013) acknowledges the presence of this species in the ICES region, but does not mention it in any catch or landings analyses, indicating an extremely rare encounter rate. This species is taken occasionally as incidental bycatch on deep-set longlines and deepwater bottom trawls that operate at depths below 600 m (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). If capture rates increase, localised subpopulations could become rapidly depleted. However, this species is of little interest to fisheries and its depth range offers some refuge from even the deepest fisheries (Ebert and Compagno 2013). ","No species-specific management or conservation measures are known to be in place. Further research should be conducted on the population size, trends and threats while the catch rates should be monitored.",The species is not exploited nor traded commercially.,"Dulvy, N. & Kemp, J.R.","Kyne, P.M., Yano , K. & White, W.T.","Walls, R., Stehmann, M.F.W. & Buscher, E.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,MYLIOBATIDAE,Pteromylaeus,bovinus,,Pteromylaeus bovinus,"(Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817)",See Smith (1991) and Wallace (1967). This species is often confused with Myliobatus aquila.,No,CR,A2c,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR) Bullray (Pteromylaeus bovinus) is considered widespread in the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea, but there are few records. It can be inferred from available knowledge of other myliobatid rays that this species is susceptible to a range of inshore fishing gears and has a sensitive life history with a low fecundity (three to four pups per litter). In some areas of the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea fishing pressure is intense and unregulated throughout its range. A population reduction of at least 80% over three generations (45 years) is suspected based on its shallow depth range, slow life history, high catchability and paucity of records. Bullray is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered in the European region under Criteria A2c.",Decreasing,"In the Northeast Atlantic, this species occurs along the Iberian Peninsula, northwards to the southern Bay of Biscay, and southwards to the Eastern Central Atlantic, off Morocco and Madeira, but not around the Azores, and south towards western Africa. It also occurs throughout the Mediterranean Sea, but not in the Black Sea (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). The depth range is between the surf zone and depths of 30 m.","This species was not caught in a trawl survey of the entire northern Mediterranean basin between 1994 and 1999 conducted as part of the International Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean (MEDITS) programme (Baino et al. 2001). Similarly, Damalas and Vassilopoulou (2011) found none during trawl surveys in the Aegean Sea from 1995 to 2006. Only one specimen in 1948 was caught in scientific trawl surveys conducted in the Adriatic Sea between 1948 and 2005 (Ferretti et al. 2013). However, in recent years others have reported small numbers of this species in the northern Mediterranean Sea, including Puerto de Mazarrón off southeastern Spain (Hernández-Orts et al. 2010), the southeast Aegean Sea (Corsini-Foka 2009), the eastern Ionian Sea (Zogaris and Dussling 2010), and Iskenderun Bay off Turkey (Bausta et al. 2012), which suggests it still occurs in this region. Furthermore, capture of pregnant females in the northern Adriatic Sea suggests this species is reproducing in the area (Dulcic et al. 2008).Nothing is known of population size or temporal trends in population abundance in the Northeast Atlantic or Mediterranean Sea, except that it appears to be extremely rare. It can however be inferred from the status of similar myliobatid rays that this species is likely decreasing as a result of overfishing throughout its European range, and a population reduction of at least 80% over three generations (45 years) is suspected.","This benthic and semi- to epipelagic species occurs in tropical to warm temperate coastal waters between the surf zone and depths of 30 m, and sometimes also farther offshore. It also occurs in shallow bays, lagoons and estuaries where salinity is low (Ebert and Stehmann 2013).In the northern Adriatic Sea, Dulcic et al. (2008) found pregnant females bearing near-term embryos, ranging between 37 and 45 cm disc width (DW) and weighing 740−1,080 g. Some of the mature specimens were among the largest recorded to date, at 154−222 cm DW and 68−116 kg total weight. Similarly, Lipej et al. (2008) reported maximum DWs of 113.5 cm (male) and 222 cm (female) from the northern Adriatic Sea. The maximum total length recorded was a 294 cm female.Its generation length is inferred to be around 15 years, based on the fact that the related species Rhinoptera marginata (another member of the Myliobatidae family that also occurs in Mediterranean waters) has a generation length of around 11 years (Neer and Thompson 2005).","Little information is available on catches outside of South Africa, but given the species’ inshore occurrence, it is likely taken in coastal artisanal fisheries across much of its range. Another threat likely affecting this species is habitat degradation from human activities in the coastal zone (e.g., land development and pollution). Activities in the coastal zone and adjacent waterfront may effect important nursery habitat.","Skate and ray Total Allowable Catches (TAC) were established for parts of the European region in 2009, including International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) sub-areas VIII (Bay of Biscay) and IX (Iberian waters) where this species is known to occur. At present, the TAC for these Divisions is 3,800 tonnes per year for all skates and rays combined (regulations available online at http://faolex.fao.org). Much research is required on the species' population, size, trends, habitat, ecology, and threats while the harvest and population of the species needs monitoring. In order to protect the species, its habitat needs to be protected, its harvest managed, and education and awareness programs need to be implemented. ",The species is not exploited nor traded commercially.,"Dulvy, N. & Kemp, J.R.","Walls, R. & Buscher, E.","Wintner, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,DASYATIDAE,Pteroplatytrygon,violacea,,Pteroplatytrygon violacea,"(Bonaparte, 1832)","Originally described and named Trygon violacea by Bonaparte in 1832. Subsequent workers on Dasyatidae phylogenetic relationships suggested other generic affinities for Bonaparte's species. These include Dasyatis violacea and most recently Pteroplatytrygon violacea, the current valid name.",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Pelagic Stingray (Pteroplatytryogon violacea) is widespread, with an almost circumglobal distribution throughout tropical and subtropical areas of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. It is perhaps the only species of stingray that occurs in pelagic oceanic waters. The species is taken as bycatch in pelagic longline fisheries around the world. It is caught frequently by tuna and swordfish longliners and mostly discarded, but is retained and used in some areas (for example Indonesia). Post-discard survival rates are thought to be low in some areas because the fish are often discarded with serious mouth and jaw damage. Analyses of research surveys conducted with pelagic longlines in the 1950s and recent (1990s) observer data from commercial pelagic longline fisheries suggest increases in catch per unit effort (CPUE) in the Northwest Atlantic. Although there is some debate as to consistency of reporting of Pelagic Stingray in fisheries statistics and data are lacking from several areas of the species’ range, there are no data to suggest that significant declines have occurred in this species. Increasing fishing effort in pelagic fisheries, owing to decreasing abundance of target species (swordfish and tunas) will result in an increase in catches of this species and associated high discard mortality in some areas. Careful monitoring is therefore required. Given increasing trends observed in some regions, this species’ widespread distribution, and the absence of evidence to suggest significant declines, it is currently assessed as Least Concern in European waters.",Unknown,"Pelagic Stingray (Pteroplatytryogon violacea) is widespread, with an almost circumglobal distribution throughout tropical and subtropical areas (Mollet 2002) of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. It is perhaps the only species of stingray that occurs in pelagic oceanic waters. Within the Northeast Atlantic, it is more common in warmer oceanic waters from the Bay of Biscay southwards beyond Eastern Central Atlantic waters. Vagrants have also been reported from around the British Isles, and it occurs throughout the Mediterranean Sea (Ebert Stehmann 2013). Its depth range is zero to 238 m.","The population structure, migratory patterns and reproduction cycles are not well known throughout most of this species’ range.","This is perhaps the only species of stingray that occurs in pelagic, oceanic waters (Last and Stevens 1994). It is usually found from the surface to 100 m depth over deep water (Mollet 2002) but has been reported down to 238 m (Bester et al. 2007). It is a relatively small ray, attaining a maximum size of 80 cm disc width (DW) (Mollet et al. 2002). Females reach maturity at 39-50 cm DW (Wilson and Beckett 1970, Mollet et al. 2002, Neer 2008, Forselledo et al. 2007), and males at 37-50 cm DW (Wilson and Beckett 1970, Mollet et al. 2002, Neer 2008). Females mature at three years, males mature at two years and longevity is about 10 years (Wilson and Beckett 1970, Mollet et al. 2002, Neer 2008).This stingray is live bearing with histotrophy and has a gestation period of less than two to four months (Ranzi and Zezza 1936, Tortonese 1956, Wilson and Beckett 1970, Forselledo et al. 2007). Copulation takes place in spring and females move inshore during summer to give birth (Whitehead et al. 1984, Tortonese 1956, Forselledo et al. 2007). Females give birth to four to 13 pups per litter (average six) (Tortonese 1956, Fisher et al. 1987, Ebert 2003, Neer 2008) and newborn stingrays measure between 14.3 and 24.1 cm DW (mean range) (Mollet 2002, Mollet et al. 2002).In the Mediterranean Sea females giving birth in the Bay of Naples before the rays migrate to warmer water (Lo Bianco 1909, Ranzi 1933, Mollet 2002). Stingrays in the Bay of Naples appeared to migrate as the water became colder.","The major threats to Pelagic Stingray populations are pelagic longline fisheries for tunas, billfishes, and other pelagic shark species (Neer 2008). It is caught frequently by tuna and swordfish longliners and mostly discarded, but is retained and used in some areas (for example Indonesia) (Vaske 2000, Mollet 2002, Domingo et al. 2005, White et al. 2006, Forselledo et al. 2007). The magnitude of regional and indeed global catch is currently unknown.There is evidence for skewed sex ratios in this species; whether these ratios are obtained in actual fisheries bycatch is unknown, however if so, an asymmetric take of this species could potentially impact the long-term stability of Pelagic Stingray populations (Neer 2008).In the Mediterranean Sea, this stingray is captured by pelagic longline fisheries as bycatch and is almost certainly mostly discarded, with a low discard survival rate due to damage to jaws and/or mouth as a result of treatment on board fishing vessels. The magnitude of Mediterranean-wide catches is unknown. Reports of Common Stingray (Dasyatis pastinaca) in pelagic fisheries catches in the Mediterranean Sea may refer to Pelagic Stingray. In Italian seas, Pelagic Stingray is the most commonly caught elasmobranch species in the Albacore long line fisheries and the second most common elasmobranch catch in swordfish long line fisheries (Filanti et al. 1986, Di Natale et al. 1995, Orsi Relini et al. 1999, Relini et al. 2010). Total bycatch of this stingray in the swordfish fishery in the Ligurian Sea was estimated at ~ 2,000 (up to 20 per boat) in 1995, although the catch was smaller and more variable in 1996) (Mollet 2002). Rey and Alot (1984) reported the results of a swordfish longline surveys in Mediterranean Spanish waters, and recorded only two individuals in 11 fishing operations (< 0.001). This stingray is also occasionally taken by recreational fisheries (Fischer et al. 1987), which presumably does not have a significant impact on population numbers.","No specific conservation measures are in place. Further efforts should be made to gather data from longline fishing vessels and other commercial fishing operations that may encounter this species. Continued research efforts aimed at careful monitoring of populations of this species is required.A recent study suggested that the use of large circle hooks by commercial and artisanal swordfish longline fisheries has the potential to reduce the negative impact that fishing has on this stingray (Kerstetter and Graves 2006, Piovano et al. 2009). In 1999, the European Union (EU) introduced a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for skates and rays of 6,060 tonnes (t) for fisheries operating in the Norwegian Sea (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea [ICES] Division IIa) and North Sea (ICES sub-area IV) based on landing statistics from the previous five years. This TAC has been progressively reduced by 8−25% annually to the current level of 1,256 t. As part of the TAC, the bycatch quota for vessels over 15 meters was set at 25% of live weight of catch retained on board per trip. For much of this period (1999−2014), the TAC was higher than reported landings and therefore not effectively constraining catches. Skate and ray TACs were established for other EU waters in 2009, including the Skagerrak and Kattegat (ICES Division IIIa) and from the northwest coast of Scotland and North Ireland to Portuguese waters (ICES sub-areas VI−IX). These TACs have also been gradually reduced since then. In 2013, the TAC for all skate and ray species grouped was 21,800 tonnes (regulations are available online at http://faolex.fao.org).Research should be conducted on the population size and trend of the species.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Mancusi, C.","Baum, J.K., Bianchi, I., Domingo, A., Ebert, D.A., Grubbs, D., Mancusi, C., Piercy, A., Serena, F. & Snelson, F.F.","Dulvy, N.K., Clò, S., Bariche, M., Buscher, E. & Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,BRAMIDAE,Pterycombus,brama,,Pterycombus brama,"Fries, 1837",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern Pterycombus brama is widely distributed in the Atlantic Ocean. Despite its wide distribution there is little population information available. It does not appear to be common in the Northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea assessment zone. Pterycombus brama isn't utilized and there are no reported threats. Further research is needed on population information and trend for P. brama. Therefore, P. brama is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Pterycombus brama is restricted to the Atlantic Ocean, where it is found along both the eastern and western coasts. In the northeastern Atlantic, P. brama is distributed from Iceland and Norway to the Canary Islands (Haedrich 1986, Gomes 1990). It is found at depths ranging from 25 to 300 meters.",Pterycombus brama is considered rare in British waters (Swaby and Potts 1990).,"Pterycombus brama is an offshore, highly migratory pelagic species that occurs at depths of 25–300 m over continental shelves (Richards 2006, Kells and Carpenter 2011). The maximum total length (TL) is 46 cm (Haedrich 1986). Kells and Carpenter (2011) noted that P. brama are reported to spawn year-round over continental shelves in Florida. Pterycombus brama migrate seasonally. Pterycombus brama is oviparous with planktonic eggs and larvae (Richards 2006). Fishes of the family Bramidae are epi- and mesopelagic and are found in temperate and warm temperate oceans. Bramids are predators on small fishes and macroinvertebrates such as squid. They appear to be nearly year-round batch spawners. Several genera are taken by longline and vertical line (Thompson 2002).",There are no reported threats to Pterycombus brama.,There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for P. brama. It is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range.,Pterycombus brama is not utilized.,"Harwell, H.","Collette, B. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,ONEIRODIDAE,Puck,pinnata,,Puck pinnata,"Pietsch, 1978",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)  Puck pinnata is known to occur in the north Pacific and north Atlantic. Its occurrence in the European region needs to be verified. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.,Unknown,Puck pinnata is known to occur in the north Pacific and north Atlantic. Its occurrence in the European region is restricted to the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014).,There is limited information available on its population status and trends.,"There is limited information available on the biology, habitat preferences, and life history characteristics of this species.",Not threatened.,There are no species-specific conservation actions in place for this species. ,The fish is not utilised.,"Comeros-Raynal, M. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LAMPRIFORMES,RADIICEPHALIDAE,Radiicephalus,elongatus,,Radiicephalus elongatus,"Osório, 1917",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, Radiicephalus elongatus is found in the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, Radiicephalus elongatus is found in the Azores, Madeira (Santos et al. 1997, Carneiro et al. 2014) and the Canary Islands (Brito et al. 2002). Globally, Radiicephalus elongatus is distributed circumglobally in the mesopelagic zone in most oceans. It is found from the eastern central Atlantic to the western, central, and eastern North Pacific oceans (Mundy 2005). Vakily et al. 2002 (a study by FishBase on West African fishes) reports R. elongatus as distributed off of Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea and Sierra Leone.","Radiicephalus elongatus is a very rarely occurring species. In the eastern Atlantic, it is known only from a few immature specimens caught in research nets (Olney in press).","Radiicephalus elongatus is a deep-sea species that occurs in the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones. The length is usually under 80 cm, between 60-75 cm. Data are limited on the reproduction and habits of R. elongatus. It is known to possess a gland that discharges an alarm response black substance (Olney in press). Vakily et al. 2002 describes R. elongatus as bathypelagic with a maximum size of 76cm TL off of West Africa.",There are no known major threats to Radiicephalus elongatus.,There are no known conservation measures for Radiicephalus elongatus.,Radiicephalus elongatus is not utilized (Olney in press).,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,RAJIDAE,Raja,asterias,,Raja asterias,"Delaroche, 1809",,Yes,NT,,,,,,,"Starry Skate (Raja asterias) is distributed primarily in the Mediterranean Sea. It is caught as bycatch by bottom trawl, trammel net, and gill net fisheries especially in the Italian, French and Spanish seas. This skate is relatively fast growing with an early age of maturity (the three generation span is ~ 19 years), high fecundity and a short life span, which indicates that it is relatively productive and resilient to fishing pressure. There have also been steep declines in landings over a 25 year period (1969-1994) in the Gulf of Lions. It is suspected that these trends are likely to be representative throughout its range. Starry Skate is inferred to have undergone a decline of 20% throughout its distribution, and it is therefore assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualify as threatened under Criterion A2. Further information on its status in the southern Mediterranean Sea is needed.",Decreasing,"Starry Skate (Raja asterias) can probably be considered endemic in the Mediterranean Sea, but may also occur in the Atlantic, near the southern coast of Portugal (Serena 2005). It has been reported for the northern and southern areas of the Balearic Islands of the western Mediterranean Sea (Massutì and Moranta 2003), in the Tyrrhenian Sea of the northern Mediterranean (Romanelli et al. 2007), as well as along the Tunisian coasts (Capapé 1977), and in the central Tyrrhenian Sea (Minervini et al. 1985).","Genetic analysis suggests at least two distinct clusters: Western and Eastern Mediterranean basin, and Sicilian coast and Algeria, and possibly other countries in North Africa (Gerotto 2013). This species was captured in both the GRUND (Italian waters) and MEDITS (northern Mediterranean basin) trawl surveys (Relini 1998, Bertrand et al. 2000), which began in 1985 and 1994 respectively. In the south Ligurian and north Tyrrhenian Sea it was captured over muddy bottoms, in restricted coastal areas from nine to 190 m depth, but mainly concentrated at 100 to 150 m depth. From 1999 to 2004 the difference between the Biomass Index and Density Index decreased, which may indicate a change in the population structure with a predominance of smaller specimens (Serena et al. 2005). The species has a higher relative abundance on the Italian and Corsican continental shelves (Baino and Serena 2000, Serena et al. 2005). Nursery areas are located very close to the coast at two to 15 m depth (Abella and Serena 2005).Landings of Starry Skate in the southwest North Sea and eastern English Channel, as reported by France, are likely the result of misidentification or incorrect use of species codes (ICES 2012).Catches in the Aegean Sea MEDITS bottom trawl surveys, from 1998 to 2008, ranged from 24 specimens (9.85kg) in 1998, to nine (2.01kg) in 2003, to 34 (13.91kg) in 2008. Inter-annual variability was high, but there was no overall trend for the time series (Tserpes et al. 2013).There have been estimated declines in the MEDITS program in the Adriatic Sea (Ferretti et al. 2013), and landings declined over 25 years (1969-1994) in the Gulf of Lions despite no apparent decrease in fishing effort, and in this region the species disappeared entirely from catches in waters >150 m between 1957 and 1995. In waters <150 m deep, it declined by approximately 20%. The same negative trend is reported for the Spanish Mediterranean area. It is suspected that these trends are likely to be representative throughout the species’ range, and thus the species is inferred to have undergone a decline of 20% throughout its distribution during the three-generation period (19 years).","Starry Skates are found predominantly on the Italian and Corsica continental shelves between shallow waters and 150 m depth (Baino and Serena 2000). In the eastern Ionian Sea, the species is found down to depths of 343 m (Mytilineou et al. 2005), although this is probably due to misidentifications. The species prefers muddy and sandy bottoms (Vannucci 2005). Maximum size is estimated at 72 cm total length (TL) for males and of 76 cm TL for females (Bono et al. 2005, Serena and Abella 1999). Barone et al. (2006) and Serena et al. (2005) estimate length at maturity at 51.7 cm TL for males and 56.1 cm TL for females, and Serena and Abella (1999) and Bauchot (1987) reported length at maturity at 45 to 54 cm TL for males and 60 cm TL for females. Age at maturity is reported at three to four years for both males and females (Serena and Abella 1999, Bono et al. 2005). The species is egg laying, with 34 to 112 egg cases laid depending on individual size, and egg cases can reach 45 mm in length and 30 mm width (Bauchot 1987). Juveniles are about 8 cm TL when they emerge from the egg cases in January. The sex ratio is about 1:1 (Minervini et al. 1985, Abella et al. 1997). Juveniles move quickly into shallow waters from 5-7 m depth soon after birth and then move into deeper waters progressively as they grow (Abella and Serena 2002, Catalano et al. 2003).Recent preliminary tagging experiments (Catalano et al. 2003) suggest a faster growth rate than described in previous literature (Serena and Abella 1999). As this species reaches maturity relatively early (~3 years) and has a short lifespan (~10 years) it is considered to be relatively productive, even though it is only moderately fecund. In the Central Tyrrhenian Sea, length at 50% maturity values estimated by Romanelli et al. (2007) were 56.5cm TL and 50.5cm TL for females and males, respectively. In the south Ligurian Sea, males mature by 45 cm TL and females may mature by 53 cm TL (Barone et al. 2007). Total length at 50% maturity was estimated to be 51.7 cm and 56.1 cm TL for males and females respectively. In the Catalan Sea, the size at first maturity for females was assessed to be around 48.1 cm TL, while males showed a maturing phase from 45 to 51 cm TL (Coll et al. 2013). These estimates are lower than the ones reported in the Gulf of Tunisia (Capapé 1977). The annual rate of population increase is 0.247 year-1, and estimated generation time is 4.36 years; the time taken to double the population is 2.81 years (Abella et al. 2011). The estimated generation length is around 6 years.","The species is mainly caught by beam trawls, bottom trawls, trammel, and gill nets. Near the Corsican coast in particular, fishing pressure is low because only a few Corsican trawlers, as well as a few Italian vessels, operate in this area (Abella and Serena 2002). A reduced number of trawlers belonging to the La Spezia fleet operate on the same grounds northwards to Viareggio harbour (the most important fishing port of the north Tyrrhenian- south Ligurian Sea). The Livorno fleet operating in the same area is also relatively small. Trawlers concentrate their effort mainly on the grounds at depths between 100 and 400 m and therefore there is a little overlap with areas in which the Viareggio fleet operate. Off Tuscany (Ligurian Sea), it is mainly landed as bycatch of beam trawlers, targeting common sole and turbots, however very few of these operate in this area (Abella and Serena 2002). Most small individuals caught near shore with trammel and gill nets by these artisanal fisheries are landed. However the ban on trawling within three miles of the coast in this area of the Mediterranean Sea affords protection for this species' shallow nursery areas. Moreover, a general reduction in fishing effort on the grounds traditionally exploited by the Viareggio fleet occurred during the last 15 years because the number of vessels in operation reduced from 107 in 1985, to 78 in 2000 (Abella and Serena 2002). Little information is available on the probability of survival of discarded juveniles. Preliminary experiments performed with individuals caught and successively put into marine water pools have demonstrated high rates of survival for released individuals caught with bottom trawl nets (Catalano et al. 2003). Although this skate is one of the more exploited species in the Ligurian Sea, it is apparently relatively resilient to fishing pressure as a result of its life history characteristics. It is relatively productive due to its early age of first maturity (about three years) and relatively short lifespan (about 10 years), even if it is only moderately fecund (Abella and Serena 2002).Data available for Starry Skate in the North Sea and eastern English Channel are thought to be unreliable owing to confusion between this species and Blonde Skate (R. brachyura) (ICES 2012). Fishing mortality calculated from the model in 1978 was assessed to be 74% of total mortality, much higher than the mortality of this group due to predation (Coll et al. 2013).In the northwest Mediterranean Sea, bottom-trawling operations capture large amounts of juvenile fish due to their low selectivity (Sardà et al. 2004) and Starry Skate is sensitive to the type of non-selective commercial trawling operating throughout the Mediterranean Sea from hatchling to adult sizes (Coll et al. 2013). Results from Coll et al. (2013) confirmed that the species has been and still is highly affected by fishing in the Catalan Sea, particularly trawling, and is very sensitive to increasing fishing effects. Under the current situation and under situations of increasing fishing effort in the future, this skate may disappear from the Catalan Sea, as it has already happened with other rays and skates in highly exploited areas of the North Atlantic (Brander 1981; Casey and Myers 1998, Dulvy et al. 2000). Fishing effects in the Mediterranean Sea are high, and it is likely populations are at low levels. Continental shelves and coastal areas of the whole Mediterranean Sea are currently subjected to a high fishing pressure from a highly diversified fishing fleet (Coll et al. 2010), therefore posing high threat to populations of Mediterranean endemic rays and skates (Aldebert 1997, Ferretti et al. 2010). Starry Skate primarily occupies these areas, and frequently occurs at smaller depths than the depth benchmark of 63 metres for White Skate (Rostroraja alba), which is now locally extinct in parts of the Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea owing to overfishing (Dulvy and Reynolds 2002). Additionally, Starry Skate has a smaller latitudinal range than White Skate and a restricted geographic range, thus making it perceivably more sensitive to fishing (Notarbartolo Di Sciara 1998; Dulvy and Reynolds 2002). Finally, strong declines have been documented in regions where immediate deeper refuges are not available, such as in the Gulf of Lions and the Adriatic Sea (Aldebert 1997, Jukić-Peladić et al. 2001). A recent regional analysis of human effects in the Mediterranean Sea illustrated that fishing intensity is currently high in most coastal and continental shelf systems where this skate is distributed (Coll et al. 2010), therefore fishing effects may be higher than previously evaluated. However, Coll et al. (2013) showed that Starry Skate may respond well under decreasing trawl fishing effort and could substantially recover in the Mediterranean Sea if this were to occur.","The development and implementation of management plans (national and/or regional e.g., under the FAO International Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks: IPOA-Sharks) are required to facilitate the conservation and sustainable management of all chondrichthyan species in the region. The Portuguese Administration adopted a national legislation in October 2011 (Portaria no 315/2011) that prohibits, along the whole continental Portuguese Exclusive Economic Zone, during the whole month of May, the catch, the maintenance on board and the landing of any skate species belonging to the genera Raja or Leucoraja (ICES 2012). Additionally, each fishing trip is allowed a maximum of 5% bycatch, in weight, of those species to be maintained on board or landed.Further research and monitoring of the population where it is fished is required to prevent declines in the future.",There is no information available on the use and trade of this species.,"Farrell, E.","Serena, F., Abella, A., Walls, R. & Dulvy, N.","Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,RAJIDAE,Raja,brachyura,,Raja brachyura,"LaFont, 1871",This species has been confused with Raja montagui and Raja polystigma in the Mediterranean Sea (Bertozzi et al. 2003).,No,NT,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) The Blonde Ray (Raja brachyura) is a relatively large-bodied skate, endemic to the northeast Atlantic Ocean and the western Mediterranean Sea. It occurs on soft substrates to depths of about 150 m in the northeast Atlantic and mainly from 10-300 m depth in the Mediterranean Sea. It is targeted in areas where it is locally abundant and taken as bycatch in mixed demersal fisheries using trawl, gill nets and longlines elsewhere in its range. It is apparently rare in the Mediterranean Sea, captured in only 21 of 6,336 tows in Mediterranean-wide trawl surveys conducted between 1994-1999 (at depths of 10-800 m). It is not certain whether the Blonde Ray has always been rare there; no data are currently available on historical abundance or trends for this region and there is no evidence to suggest it was ever common. The lack of data on this apparently rare species prevents an assessment beyond Data Deficient in the Mediterranean Sea at present, but given that demersal fishing pressure is relatively intense throughout large areas of its range there an assessment of catches is a priority. This species is more common in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean where it is taken as bycatch and is also targeted where sufficiently abundant. No formal stock assessments have been undertaken for this species. Although it is locally abundant in some areas, survey data indicate that declines have occurred. Medium sized skates showed marked declines in relative abundance, especially the Blonde Ray, in comparable research trawl surveys conducted in three localities around the British Isles in 1901-1907 and 1989-1997. Furthermore, the percentage composition of the Blonde Ray decreased by close to 30% between the two survey periods. Demersal fishing pressure is still high throughout large areas of the Northeast Atlantic and declines are inferred elsewhere, where specific data are not available. This species probably has limiting life-history characteristics, like other relatively large skates, making it vulnerable to depletion. Given observed and inferred declines, continued high levels of exploitation and this species' rarity in the Mediterranean Sea, it just fails to meet the criteria for Vulnerable A2bd globally and is assessed as Near Threatened. Improved monitoring of population trends and further assessment of the Atlantic and Mediterranean subpopulations are a priority.",Decreasing,"This species is widespread in the northeast and eastern central Atlantic Ocean. It occurs in shelf waters from Madeira and Morocco in the south to the Shetland Isles in the north, including the Irish Sea, the English Channel and the southwestern North Sea (Stehmann and Bürkel 1984, Ellis et al. 2005a, ICES 2006). In the Mediterranean Sea, this skate is known to occur off Spain, France, western Italy, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco (Bauchot 1987, Bertrand et al. 2000, Baino et al. 2001, Bertozzi et al. 2003). There is one questionable record from the northern Aegean Sea (Serena 2005).","Although Blonde Skate (Raja brachyura) has a relatively broad geographic range, this species is most abundant in the Atlantic Ocean from from the British Isles to Portugal. Areas where it is locally abundant include the inshore and shelf waters (down to about 150 m) in the English Channel and Irish Sea, Bristol Channel and St George’s Channel (Fahy 1989, 1990, 1991; Ellis et al. 2005a). It is less abundant in the more offshore parts of the North Sea and Celtic Sea (Ellis et al. 2005a). Hence, this species may have a fragmented population, possibly due to the discontinuous nature of its favoured habitat (e.g., sand banks). Occurrence throughout the North Sea is patchy as Blonde Skate is at the edge of its geographic range here (ICES 2012). As a result, catches are low and highly variable, with a slight overall increasing trend for the time series. While the sporadic catches and patchy distribution could be interpreted as natural rarity, these patterns could also be symptomatic of depletion, as can be inferred from Piet et al. (2009); this study suggests that the fishing mortality rate of the species in the southern North Sea, particularly due to beam trawlers, is the highest faced by any skate. This species may have declined during the 20th century (Rogers and Ellis 2000) based on a comparison of standardised catch rates of demersal fish from research surveys in three areas around the British Isles (northwestern Irish Sea, Devon, and southern North Sea) from 1901 to 1907 with survey catches in the same areas from 1989 to 1997. In this analysis, skates of intermediate body size showed marked declines in relative abundance, especially Blonde Skate. Furthermore, the percentage composition of the Blonde Skate decreased by nearly 30% between the two survey periods. Catch rates in beam trawl surveys in the English Channel and Irish Sea appear steady at a low level in recent times (Ellis et al. 2005b), and there is no consistent trend in the North Sea (ICES 2006). However, these catch rates refer to all individuals and not just mature fish. Blonde Skate is locally abundant off southeast Ireland and the Bristol Channel, though its range throughout the Celtic Sea is patchy (Ellis et al. 2011). Mean catch rates in these areas are low and variable, but with an overall increasing trend in fisheries surveys despite the survey gear having low selectivity for large mature individuals (ICES 2012, 2013). Patchy data from Dutch beam trawl landings from the North Sea alone showed a 72% increase from 17,700 individuals in 2000 to 63,500 individuals in 2007, followed by a 91% decrease to 5,800 individuals in 2008, coinciding with a more restrictive Total Allowable Catch (TAC; ICES 2012). Species misidentification probably affects species-specific landings data in this instance. Blonde Skate is probably frequently mistaken for Spotted Skate (Raja montagui) in European nations where these species co-exist. Historically, Blonde Skate was amongst the most frequently caught skate species in the Bay of Biscay and Iberian Waters (ICES 2012). The level of exploitation of the species is moderate in these waters despite its low estimated abundance in this region. The total landings in these waters was 386 tonnes in 2012, principally comprising Portuguese landings (379 tonnes) in Iberian waters, with remaining landings made by France from the Bay of Biscay (ICES 2013). ICES (2012) reported a slight increasing trend in landings per unit effort (LPUE) and catch per unit effort (CPUE) of Blonde Skate between 2009 and 2011 in Portuguese waters. The increase in LPUE since 2008, along with the decrease in landings, indicates that the fishing mortality rate has decreased (ICES 2012). There is no evidence for reductions in the area of occurrence, despite an overall low frequency of occurrence. The state of the population in Spanish and Portuguese waters is therefore regarded as increasing. The Blonde Skate is relatively rare in the Mediterranean Sea, but it is unclear if it has always been rare. Recent population trends cannot be inferred for this species in the Mediterranean Sea because insufficient data are available, although a long term decline is suspected (MiPAAF 2014). This species was recorded in a total of 21 of 6,336 tows performed at depths of 10−800 m in the International Bottom Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean (MEDITS) programme between 1994 and 1999 (Baino et al. 2001). This survey covers the northern Mediterranean coast almost continuously from west Morocco and Spain in the west to the Aegean Sea and Cyprus Island in the east. It appears to be relatively rare in Italian Seas, with a low frequency of occurrence in Italian scientific trawl surveys Gruppo Nazionale Risorse Demersali (GRUND), MEDITS trawl surveys, and other surveys in this area (Follesa et al. 2003, Ragonese et al. 2003, Spedicato et al. 2003, Serena et al. 2005). Blonde Skate does not appear to have been captured in either historical or recent comparative trawl surveys of the Adriatic Sea or the Gulf of Lions (Aldebert 1997, Jukic-Peladic et al. 2001). Little is known of this species’ current range and abundance along northwest African coastlines, however it appears to be uncommon off Tunisia (Bradaï 2000).","This species is most common on sandy sediments in waters down to about 150 m deep (Ellis et al. 2005a) in the Northeast Atlantic, though may occur deeper in the southern parts of its range. In the Mediterranean Sea, it is mainly found at depths of 10−150 m, to around 300 m (Baino et al. 2001). Like other skates, this is an egg-laying species. It reproduces between February and August, and has a gestation period of almost seven months. Females produce about 30 egg cases per year (Stehmann and Bürkel 1984). In the English Channel waters off Jersey, sexual maturity is reached at a length of 82 and 93 cm total length (TL) in males and females, respectively (Ellis et al. 2011). Similarly, length at first maturity for females in Portuguese waters was reported as 92 cm TL (Figueiredo et al. 2007). Trawl survey catches from the North Sea, English Channel, Irish Sea, Bristol Channel, and Celtic Sea, reported lengths at first maturity of 55 and 60 cm TL and length at 50% maturity of 78.2 and 85.6 cm TL for males and females, respectively (McCully et al. 2012). The largest immature specimens caught during this study were a 91 cm TL male and a 93 cm TL female. This species reaches a maximum size of approximately 120 cm TL (Stehmann and Bürkel 1984) and commonly reaches 40−80 cm TL.  Age data are limited (Gallagher et al. 2005), with age at maturity and maximum age suspected to be approximately 5 and 15 years, respectively. This would indicate a 10 year generation time.","This skate is an important component of demersal fisheries operating in areas where it is locally abundant in the Northeast Atlantic, and frequently landed and sold (Dulvy et al. 2000, Holden 1973). It is also taken in recreational fisheries and as bycatch of mixed demersal fisheries elsewhere in its Northeast Atlantic range. In the western English Channel, it was one of the main species retained and landed by all commercial fleets in 2010 and 2011 (Silva et al. 2012). Additionally, Blonde Skate comprised of 39−72% of Belgian and Irish landings from the Irish Sea and 32−39% of UK and French landings from the Bristol Channel during this time. This species is one of the most frequently landed skates by the commercial fleet on the Portuguese coast, accounting for 44% of the total individuals sampled in Peniche and 18% in Matosinhos (Machado et al. 2004). In the Mediterranean Sea, this skate is taken as bycatch of the semi-industrial (Spain) and artisanal (Morocco and Greece) fisheries using bottom trawls, gill nets and long lines (Bauchot 1987). Demersal trawl effort increased both numerically and in technological terms in the shelf and slope area of the Mediterranean Sea for a period of 50 years. For example, the Gulf of Lions area was historically exploited by small-scale trawl fisheries, comprising 27 small low powered boats (total nominal horsepower of 2,700 hp). Effort increased to a total nominal horsepower of 19,940 hp from 1974 to 1987. The continental shelf and upper slope of the Mediterranean Sea are highly exploited, with intensive commercial trawling occurring at depths of 50−800 m (Colloca et al. 2003, Massuti and Moranta 2003).","There are no species-specific management or conservation measures currently in place. There are Total Allowable Catch (TAC) measures in place for all rays and skates combined. In 1999, the European Union (EU) introduced a TAC for skates and rays of 6,060 tonnes (t) for fisheries operating in EU waters of the Norwegian Sea (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea [ICES] Division IIa) and North Sea (ICES sub-area IV) based on landing statistics from the previous five years. This TAC has been progressively reduced by 8−25% annually to the current level of 1,256 t. As part of the TAC, the bycatch quota for vessels over 15 meters was set at 25% of live weight of catch retained on board per trip. For much of this period (1999−2014), the TAC was higher than reported landings and therefore not effectively constraining catches, although this can be influenced by quota allocation. Skate and ray TACs were established for other EU waters in 2009, including the Skagerrak and Kattegat (ICES Division IIIa) and from the northwest coast of Scotland and North Ireland to Portuguese waters (ICES sub-areas VI−IX). These TACs have also been gradually reduced since then. In 2013, the TAC for all skate and ray species grouped was 21,800 tonnes (regulations are available online at http://faolex.fao.org).  To improve our understanding of skate populations in European waters, the European Commission obliged member states to provide species-specific landings data for the major North Sea species, including Blonde Skate, in 2008 (CEC 2008). In 2009, this obligation was extended to other ICES Divisions, including the Celtic Seas (CEC 2009), and has been ongoing (CEC 2013). Norway banned the discarding all skates caught in the Norwegian Economic Zone in 2009 (ICES 2012). Some of the regional Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authorities bylaws enforce a minimum landing size of 40 cm disc width for skates and rays caught in the inshore waters of England, and off Wales. In future, this species may benefit from generic management measures for demersal fisheries such as mesh size regulations or effort reduction. Research is required on population numbers and trends, range, biology, ecology, habitat status and threats.","This skate is an important component of demersal fisheries operating in areas where it is locally abundant in the Northeast Atlantic, and frequently landed and sold and is also taken as bycatch in fisheries targeting other demersal species (STECF 2014). The fish is also taken in recreational fisheries elsewhere in its Northeast Atlantic range. In the Mediterranean Sea, this skate is taken as bycatch of the semi-industrial (Spain) and artisanal (Morocco and Greece) fisheries using bottom trawls, gill nets and long lines (Bauchot 1987).","Dulvy, N.K., Kyne, P.M. & Allen, D.J.","McCully, S., Serena, F., Walls, R.H.L., Morey, G & Ellis, J.R.","Dulvy, N.K., Notarbartolo di Sciara, G., Bertozzi, M., Ungaro, N., Tinti, F. & Mancusi, C.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,RAJIDAE,Raja,clavata,,Raja clavata,"Linnaeus, 1758",,No,NT,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) Thornback Skate (Raja clavata) is widespread and one of the more abundant elasmobranchs in the inner continental shelf seas of Europe. In European waters, there are two distinct subpopulations. Within the Northeast Atlantic, the most consistent source of species-specific information is from scientific trawl surveys, which generally indicate either stable or increasing catch rates over the span of the most recent two generations. Historically, much steeper declines in catch rate and geographical extent were estimated in the English Channel, Irish Sea, and North Sea. Furthermore, the geographic range within the Northeast Atlantic has decreased on around 30% over the three-generation period (around 33 years). Moreover, the current status is reliant on on-going fisheries management of the skate complex. Within the Mediterranean Sea, the most consistent source of species-specific information is from scientific trawl surveys spanning the past two generations that indicate stable or slightly increasing catch rates in some areas. Earlier, longer survey time series in the Gulf of Lions (1969-1994) suggest longer-term declines in abundance. The species is therefore assessed as Near Threatened, as it is close to meet the thresholds for a threatened category under criterion A2. Ongoing monitoring and management of this skate is required in all areas. The status in areas with no or limited fisheries management may warrant a threatened listing in the future.",Stable,"Thornback Skate (Raja clavata) is widely distributed from Iceland and Norway to the North Sea (where it is now less abundant in the south-eastern fringe, Walker 1998), Atlantic shelf of western Europe, Mediterranean Sea, the western Black Sea, Madeira and the Azores. There are thought to be inherent differences between the Northeast Atlantic and the Mediterranean and Black Sea subpopulations (Chevolot et al. 2006, Naylor et al. 2012). Its depth range is 10-300 m.Northeast AtlanticThis species is probably the most significant ray for the commercial fisheries of the North Sea English Channel, Bristol Channel and Irish Sea (ICES 2013). A century ago, this skate occurred throughout much of the North Sea (ICES 2002). Nowadays it is concentrated in the southwest North Sea, from the Outer Thames Estuary to the Wash in East Anglia. It has largely disappeared from German waters in the southeast North Sea. Preliminary analyses of data from scientific trawl surveys indicated a large decrease in its range (ICES 2006), but further investigation of these data observed identification issues; some data were confounded with Starry Ray (Raja asterias), which is also named Thorny Skate in some areas. Subsequent analyses have confirmed that the area occupied by Thornback Skate is concentrated in the southern North Sea (Fock 2014). Now, the Greater Thames Estuary and The Wash are the only remaining parts of its North Sea range. It is however known to migrate from this area to the eastern English Channel, so the decline in range size might be less substantial (Hunter et al. 2005, 2006; Ellis et al. 2008). This skate is also relatively abundant in parts of the Irish Sea, especially Solway Firth, Liverpool Bay and Cardigan Bay. Highest concentrations across the Celtic Seas and Bay of Biscay region are found in two locations: in the western area of the British Isles, and the central part of the Bay of Biscay (Mahé and Poulard 2005). Results from the annual Spanish international bottom trawl survey suggest that it was caught in very low abundance in the Cantabrian Sea and Galician waters prior to 2000, but has only been found in low numbers since (ICES 2012). It also occurs in the landings at the important fishing harbours of Matosinhos and Peniche in western Portugal (Bordalo Machado et al. 2004).Mediterranean SeaThis species occurs throughout the Mediterranean Sea, including the Black Sea. It is one of the more abundant elasmobranch species in the bycatch of the trawl fishing grounds of the Gulf of Gabès (Kadri et al. 2014) and occurs along the coast of Languedoc (Capapé et al. 2007).","Northeast AtlanticSpecies-specific survey and catch data suitable for estimating population trends span only the most recent two generations, and the survey methods vary across regions within the Northeast Atlantic making it difficult to derive a synoptic subpopulation trend. These more recent surveys spanning only approximately the past two generations need to be viewed in the context of the earlier longer-term declines in catch rate and range. Scientific trawl surveys are coordinated under the auspices of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Working Group on Beam Trawl Surveys and the International Bottom Trawl Survey Working Group. These are the main data sources used by the ICES Working Group on Elasmobranch Fishes to evaluate stock trends in the absence of formal quantitative stock assessments. These surveys are summarized below. It is noted that most have been reported as nominal catch per unit effort and that data refer to all individuals (adults and juveniles) caught.Catch per unit effort (CPUE, all individuals) of this skate in the fishery-independent North Sea International Bottom Trawl Survey has been stable in recent years, with a mean CPUE for 2010 to 2011 of approximately 0.2 individuals per hour in winter, falling slightly below the 2005 to 2009 mean range (+/- standard deviation), and approximately 0.3 in summer, falling within the 2005 to 2009 mean range (ICES 2012).The trend in mean catch rate during fishery-independent surveys in the eastern English Channel (all individuals) increased between 1993 and 2011, from approximately three to nine individuals per hour (ICES 2012). Mean CPUE in 2011 (approximately nine individuals per hour) was almost double that for the period 2005 to 2009 (approximately five individuals per hour). Similarly in the western English Channel Carhelmar survey, the mean number of individuals caught per 30 minute tow, while highly variable, has increased from around 0.5 in the initial part of the time series to about 0.8 in recent years (Burt et al. 2013). This recent trajectory survey, however, should be viewed in the context of an historical longer-term population reduction (McHugh et al. 2011).In waters west of Scotland, CPUE of the fishery-independent Irish Groundfish survey increased to a mean of approximately 1.7 individuals per hour between 2010 and 2011, which is more than double that in 2003, of less than 0.7 individuals per hour (ICES 2012).The fishery-independent French IBTS (EVHOE) between 1997 and 2004 generally indicated stable catch rates of approximately five individuals per square kilometre in the Celtic Sea and Bay of Biscay (Mahé and Poulard 2005), but catch rates declined in 2009-2011 (ICES 2012). It should be noted, however, that catches of this magnitude were seen earlier in the time series and this survey generally operates further offshore than the main areas of abundance of this species.The mean fishery-independent CPUE of this skate in the Irish Sea and Bristol Channel in 1993 was more than three individuals per hour, compared with more than seven individuals per hour in 2011. Results from the fishery-independent annual Spanish international bottom trawl survey indicated no significant difference between annual mean biomass in the Cantabrian Sea in recent years (ICES 2012). Overall, scientific trawl surveys operating in northern European waters show that the relative abundance of Thornback Skate in research surveys has been stable or increasing in recent years. It should be noted that these CPUE data have been standardized in terms of locations fished and gear, but have not accounted for potential environmental influences on species range (process error) and that fully standardized CPUEs are preferable for estimating population trajectories to avoid issues such as hyperstability.A high frequency long-term trawl survey using standardized gear and vessel in the western English Channel revealed that steep declines in abundance of large fish including skates occurred in the western English Channel from the 1950s onwards, with catches between 1911 and the 1950s much higher (e.g., Genner et al. 2010). An inshore survey of two areas off Plymouth undertaken between 1913 and 1922 compared with 2008-2009 showed mean CPUE of Thornback Skate to be about two orders of magnitude lower in recent times than a century ago (McHugh et al. 2011). The number and mean size of this species caught by recreational anglers and reported to the Welsh national angler’s club, declined significantly between 1976 and 2002 (Richardson et al. 2006). No Welsh-caught specimen-sized individuals were reported to the club from 2000 to 2002. Correspondingly, the angling Landings Per Unit Effort (LPUE) rates for ray species declined significantly over the period and landing rates decreased by over one kilogram per hour every six years.Trammel, longline and trawl fisheries operating in the Bay of Biscay and Iberian waters all increased in average LPUE of this skate between 2009 and 2011 (ICES 2012). French and Spanish landings from the Bay of Biscay ranged from 93 tonnes (t) in 2002 to 143 t in 2011, showing variation through the years with an overall increase (ICES 2012). LPUE for the Basque Country (Spain) otter bottom trawl fleet has increased from approximately 13 kilograms per day in 2002, to approximately 21 kilograms per day in 2011 (ICES 2012). A notable increase was seen in reported Portuguese landings of the species from Iberian waters (351 t in 2003 to 814 t in 2011; ICES 2012). There are four synoptic modelling studies that seek to integrate the fragmented and uncertain observational and life history information to estimate fishing mortality rates of this species in the North Sea. All studies suggest that historic and recent fishing mortality far exceeds sustainable levels, and indeed the levels are high enough to explain the local absence of this skate from parts of the North Sea (e.g., the southeast area; Fock 2014). Based on catch curve analysis of catch taken from 2000 to 2006 in the North Sea, 38% of Thornback Skate that are approximately 64 cm in length (approximately five years of age) were fished each year (Wiegand et al. 2011). This study inferred that if current fishing patterns continued, it could result in a projected population decline of 90% within 30 years (comparable to three generations). The estimates of total mortality from a catch curve analysis, however, require the assumption of constant selection over the ages used. In the North Sea, there is a disconnect between the modelling studies estimating current and sustainable fishing mortality and the nominal research survey indices over the more recent two generation spans. It is recommended that standardized CPUE indices be developed and are reconciled against the various quantitative methods of estimating of fishing mortality and sustainability. Specifically, the CPUE indices currently used should account for environmental variation in the distribution and abundance of this species. Piet et al. (2009) used a swept area method that accounted for gear-, species- and size-dependent catch efficiency to estimate the mortality of target and non-target species. They estimated that the total mortality of this skate was 78% (60% due to beam trawls). Fock (2014) estimated fishing mortality using a cohort-based catch curve analysis for ages one to seven based on survey CPUE. Historically, fishing mortality was very high in the southeast North Sea from 1902-1932 (instantaneous fishing mortality = 1.03 which is a mortality rate of 35% per year). This mortality rate is similar to the subsequent decline rate of Thornback Skate inferred from a comparison of the replacement rate to the total mortality inferred from a catch curve (23% decline per year, 1992-1995) by Walker and Hislop (1998). In summary, the recent estimated trends in relative abundance from a range of research trawl surveys, including some of over 20 years duration, indicate that catch rates (all individuals) have increased in core parts of the geographic distribution. However, these data only cover a period of approximately two generations and it is inferred that the recent increase has followed a longer-term decline. It is also inferred that the geographic range may have declined overall, but by no more than 30% over the three-generation period.Mediterranean SeaSurveys conducted on the Italian and African sides of the Strait of Sicily between 1985 and 2002 revealed decreasing trends in Thornback Skate biomass on the African continental shelf, declining by 55.6% from approximately 45 kilograms per square kilometre to 20 kilograms per square kilometre (Garofalo et al. 2003). This decline is consistent with an increase in fishing pressure. Although no effort data are available prior to 1994, it may be assumed that intensive exploitation in this area started in the early 1990s, when the distant fishery was developed. On the Italian side of the Strait of Sicily, biomass decreased until 1990, though there were trends of increasing abundance from 1985-2002. These findings are in agreement with the decreasing trend of fishing effort that occurred in the same area. Following the structural changes in the Mazara del Vallo fleet in the early 1990s, fishing effort on the Italian side has declined gradually by approximately 63% overall, from over 30,000 fishing hours in autumn 1990 to approximately 11,000 fishing hours in autumn 2002 (Garofalo et al. 2003). Overall biomass levels were lower on the Italian side than the African side, owing to a history of higher Italian fishing effort.Starting at the beginning of the 1980s, increasing differences in abundance of populations of skates (Raja spp., the commercial category including Thornback Skate) between the Italian and African side of the Strait of Sicily have been reported, and were attributed mainly to the strong disparity of the exploitation level between the two fisheries (Andreoli et al. 1982): the Italian side was heavily fished for decades, whereas the exploitation on the African side was then just at the initial phase of development (Bottari et al. 2013). Specifically, the Italian-side versus African-side density indices (15 versus 98 individuals per km2), biomass indices (13.2 versus 49.2 kilograms per km2) and frequencies of occurrence (20% versus 71%), differed significantly. Present results tend to confirm the extreme rarefaction of the species on the Italian side and a more healthy status towards Africa. Presently, a minimum landing size for Raja spp. has not been determined by European Union (EU) regulations or national by-laws. In this area skates seem close to local extinction (Bottari et al. 2013).Trawl surveys of the Gulf of Lions (Aldebert 1997) observed a noticeable decline in landings of Thornback Skate at the Port of Sète from 1964 to 1996. Poisson (2011) reports further declines in landings for the same port in more recent years. The reduction in landings is estimated as greater than 75% over 32 years.On the Hvar expedition (1948-1949), Thornback Skate was very abundant in the Adriatic Sea, with an average abundance index of 65.25 kilograms per km2 (Krstulovic Sifner et al. 2009). In the same area, the average abundance index of the species in the MEDITS survey (1996-2006) was 1.96 kilograms per km2. During the Hvar expedition, the species was encountered at 80.8% of the stations sampled, while on the MEDITS survey it was found at only 6.1% of all sampling stations that overlapped accordingly. Although it must be noted that there were differences in the gears used, these figures indicated a reduction of 74.7% in the distributional range of the species in the Adriatic Sea, and a decline of 97% in the mean abundance index.In the Aegean Sea, the number of individuals per km2 declined alongside the probability of presence between 1998 and 2004 (Maravelias et al. 2012). Following this, both measures have recovered somewhat since 2005, though the levels of the late 1990s are as yet not recovered. The reported decline in abundance of the species in the Aegean Sea between 1998 and 2004 can be attributed, at least partially, to trawling fishing pressure, which is generally more intense at depths between 50 and 300 metres where this species typically occurs (Maravelias et al. 2012).In summary, research trawl surveys in the Mediterranean Sea from 1994 to 2006 suggest a stable index of abundance (kilograms per km2) for Thornback Skate in most of the Geographic Sub-Areas (GSAs), and it is inferred to have been stable from 2006 to 2015. However, other data sources suggest a historic decline and it is inferred that there has been a longer-term decline in geographical extent.","This skate is a demersal coastal species, which inhabits a variety of substrates, including mud, sand, shingle, gravel and rocky areas, in water down to 300 m, although it is most abundant in 10–60 m of water off coastal areas (Wheeler 1969, Stehmann and Bürkel 1984). In the Mediterranean Sea, the main depth range is 100-300 m.Ryland and Ajayi (1984) estimated maximum age and length at 12 years and 104.7 cm total length (TL), respectively. Studies of specimens from the southern North Sea have shown this species to have a maximum length of 118 cm for females and 98 cm for males (Holden and Vince 1973, Walker 1998), although specimens may attain 130 cm TL. The size at maturity for females and males have been estimated at 45–50 cm disc width (DW) and 38–44 cm DW (Fitzmaurice 1974); 85 cm TL (54 cm DW) and 75 cm TL (48 cm DW) (Capapé 1976); 45 cm DW and 42 cm DW (Nottage and Perkins 1983) and 59 cm TL and 60 cm TL (Ryland and Ajayi 1984), respectively. This skate first spawns in its fifth year (Ryland and Ajayi 1984). The fecundity in British waters has been estimated at 150 eggs per year (Holden et al. 1971), 140 eggs per year (Holden 1975) and 100 eggs per year (minimum of 62–74) (Ryland and Ajayi 1984) although it may be as low as 48 (Ellis and Shackley 1995). Eggs are laid during February to September (Holden 1975) with a peak in May and June. However, this is for the population as a whole and the egg-laying period for individual fish may be shorter. Development lasts 16–20.5 weeks depending on temperature (Ellis and Shackley 1995). The young hatch at 10–13 cm TL. The nursery areas used are coastal areas (e.g. the Wash and Thames estuary in the UK). Capapé (1976, 1977) estimated a fecundity of 70–167 eggs per year in Tunisian waters. It may not be a continuous spawner (Serra-Pereira et al. 2011). About 35 eggs are released per clutch. During the spawning season, a total of four batch episodes occur indicating that the total fecundity may be approximately 136 eggs per female. In Portuguese waters, between 2003 and 2008, Thornback Skate spawns year-round, though mainly between May and January (Serra-Pereira et al. 2011). Females attain length at 50% maturity (L50%) at 78.4 cm TL and males at 67.6 cm TL, at ages of 7.5 and 5.8 years, respectively. The smallest mature female was 69.9 cm TL, while the smallest mature male was 59.0 cm TL. There have been several estimates of the length at maturity (McCully et al. 2012 and references therein). Walker (1998) estimated length at 50% maturity to be 77 cm TL (eight years) for females and 68 cm TL (seven years) for males. More recent studies from British waters indicate that the length at first maturity for Thornback Skate is about 47 cm TL, with L50% attained at 66.6 cm TL (males), 74 cm TL (females, North Sea) and 78 cm TL (females, Celtic Sea) (McCully et al. 2012). In the Ligurian-North Tyrrhenian sea, L50% was estimated at about 78 cm TL, and 66 cm TL in males (Barone 2009). The L50% was 67 cm TL (six years) and 81 cm TL (eight years) for males and females, respectively in the Gulf of Gabès, Tunisia (Kadri et al. 2014). The oldest recorded Thornback Skates are typically about 15 years (Walker 1999, Kadri et al. 2014).Regional differences may exist in the reproductive strategy of the species, namely on the duration of the spawning season, length-at-first-maturity, and fecundity, which may be related to a more intense fishing pressure in northern European waters (Serra-Pereira et al. 2011). Nevertheless, differences in the length-at-maturity should be interpreted with care, as differences in maturing staging are apparent in some of these studies (McCully et al. 2012). Given that females appear to reach L50% at seven to eight years and live for at least 15 years, the generation time is estimated at 11.5 years.The migratory habits have been studied by Steven (1936) who found that very little movement occurred, especially in young fish, with 71% of tagged fish moving less than five miles. Fish tagged in the southern North Sea also showed a sedentary pattern, with 80% being recaptured within 40 nautical miles of their release position (Walker et al. 1997). The recapture percentage was nearly 30%.","Northeast AtlanticThornback Skate is a very important component of demersal fisheries in most European waters and is taken by trawl and gillnet, particularly as bycatch. There is also some directed longlining and netting for the species. Historical species-specific landings are not known, as landings of all skates were combined. It is also regularly caught by recreational anglers, although mortality from this source of fishing pressure is likely to be of little effect for the population as a whole, particularly in areas where catch and release is practised.This skate is of high value in the southwest North Sea, taken by target fisheries of the North Sea ecoregion and as bycatch by fisheries targeting sole (beam trawl and gillnet) and cod (trawl, gillnet and longline) (ICES 2012). There is a possibility of misidentifications in some of the recent International Bottom Trawl Surveys between Thornback Skate and Thorny Skate (Amblyraja radiata). There are localised, inshore fisheries targeting Thornback Skate, using longline and tangle nets, and trawl fisheries targeting various skate species in the southern Irish Sea and Bristol Channel. There are no specific regulations restricting fishing mortality for this species in this region.Mediterranean SeaIn the Mediterranean Sea this species is threatened by incidental capture in trawl fisheries targeting Rose Shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris), Curled Octopus (Eledone cirrhosa) and European Hake (Merluccius merluccius). There are no specific regulations restricting fishing mortality for this species in this region. In the Southern Ligurian Sea-Northern Tyrrhenian Sea, a recent assessment of stock status suggest that the current fishing mortality rate for this species is much higher than what is sustainable (Abella et al. 2011). Simple demographic analyses estimate a relatively high productivity compared to other shark species, and suggest that changes in juvenile survival are likely to produce the biggest changes in population growth rate. The low selectivity of bottom trawl nets in the area and fleets operating over all the depth range where the species inhabit produces a very small size of full recruitment to the fisheries (Serena 2014).Climate change has influenced the distributions of many European fish populations, including this skate, in a manner that may influence the assessment of population trends and the potential viability of subpopulations (Perry et al. 2003, Dulvy et al. 2008, Ben Rais Lasram et al. 2010, Genner et al. 2010, Simpson et al. 2011).","In 1999, the European Union (EU) introduced a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for skates and rays of 6,060 tonnes (t) for fisheries operating in the Norwegian Sea (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea [ICES] Division IIa) and North Sea (ICES sub-area IV) based on landing statistics from the previous five years. This TAC has been progressively reduced by 8−25% annually to the current level of 1,256 t. As part of the TAC, the bycatch quota for vessels over 15 metres was set at 25% of live weight of catch retained on board per trip. For much of this period (1999−2014), the TAC was higher than reported landings and therefore not effectively constraining catches. Skate and ray TACs were established for other EU waters in 2009, including the Skagerrak and Kattegat (ICES Division IIIa) and from the northwest coast of Scotland and North Ireland to Portuguese waters (ICES sub-areas VI−IX). These TACs have also been gradually reduced since then. In 2013, the TAC for all skate and ray species grouped was 21,800 tonnes (regulations are available online at http://faolex.fao.org).Northeast AtlanticSince 2008, the European Commission has obliged member states to provide species-specific landings data for the major North Sea species, including Thornback Skate, in order to improve understanding of skate stocks in the area (CEC 2008). In 2009, this obligation was extended to other ICES divisions, including the Celtic Seas (CEC 2009), and has been ongoing since 2008 (CEC 2013). There is no species-specific quote regulating fisheries of this species.The Portuguese Administration adopted a national legislation in October 2011 (Portaria no 315/2011) that prohibits the catch, the maintenance on board, and the landing of any skate species belonging to the genera Raja spp. or Leucoraja spp along the whole continental Portuguese Exclusive Economic Zone during the month of May (ICES 2012). Additionally, each fishing trip is allowed a maximum of 5% bycatch, in weight, of those species to be maintained on board or landed.Thornback Skate is listed as a threatened and declining species on the Oslo and Paris Conventions for the protection of the marine environment of the Northeast Atlantic (OSPAR 2008, ICES 2012).Several of the UK’s local Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authorities (IFCA) have by-laws for a minimum landing size (e.g. 40 cm DW in the Southern and the Kent and Essex Districts). Such localised management initiatives will not, however, be of significant effect in conserving regional populations. Due to European rajid fisheries being a component of multispecies fisheries, which also target several species of flatfish and gadoid, gear restrictions using mesh size is not a viable management measure. The use of larger, square mesh in trawls, however, may improve discard survival (Enever et al. 2010).Mediterranean SeaIn the Mediterranean Sea fisheries, stock management is based on controlling fishing capacity and fishing effort and on the enforcement of technical measures, such as mesh size, area closures, and seasonal bans, which takes place for 30 days between August and September (Dimech et al. 2008, Bottari et al. 2013).",There are localised and targeted fisheries for this species.,"Farrell, E. & Sims, D.","Ellis, J., Dulvy, N., Walls, R. & Serena, F.","Fordham, S. & Bradai, M.N.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,RAJIDAE,Raja,maderensis,,Raja maderensis,"Lowe, 1838","Raja maderensis, or a very similar species, is found in the Azores. The taxonomy and relationship of skates on these islands should be assessed. This species is now thought to be distinct from similar specimens from the Canary Islands and West Africa (Ebert and Stehmann 2013).",Yes,VU,D2,,,,,,"Madeira Skate (Raja maderensis) is endemic to Madeira (Portugal) and the Azores (Portugal) in the Eastern Central Atlantic. It is found on the upper shelf and slope down to at least 150 m depth. The species attains 70-80 cm total length but its biology is poorly known. The continental shelf and slope off Madeira and the Azores is too rough for trawling, but this species is taken as regular bycatch in bottom longline fisheries and is mostly discarded, survival from which is unknown. In the Azores, skate landings have increased recently. The species has a restricted number of locations (less than five), and discard survival after bycatch is unknown; it therefore qualifies as Vulnerable under criterion D2. Research is required on taxonomy, distribution, population size, life-history and fisheries related mortality.",Decreasing,"This skate is apparently only found on the shelf and upper slope of Madeira (Portugal) (Stehmann 1971, 1973, 1979; Stehmann and Bürkel 1984). Reports of this species elsewhere in the Eastern Central Atlantic are misidentifications, and the identity of a similar form in the Azores still needs to be clarified (see ‘Taxonomic Notes’ section). It may also occur on submarine banks, such as Great Meteor Bank (Ebert and Stehmann 2013).","This skate is relatively common in the Azores, although it has very restricted local populations (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). It is likely to have an extent of occurrence (EOO) of < 5,000 km² as the combined shelf area of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of Madeira (333 km²) and the Azores (1,955 km²) is 2,288 km² (EEZ estimate from the See Around Us Project website). The species is currently known to exist in only two locations, and is subject to unregulated fishing mortality in both, albeit a non-target species. The combination of a small EOO (< 5,000 km²) and presence in only two locations with largely unmonitored, unregulated fisheries in operation leads to suspicion of a decline in the number of mature individuals. While species with no commercial value can generally be considered less susceptible to fishing, and there are no catch or landings data available for this species, there is also no information to suggest its post-release survival rate. For this reason, it is necessary to assess the situation precautionarily under the assumption that it may not survive after being discarded. This skate is considered very rare, or perhaps absent from waters southwest of the Azores (Bloomfield et al. 2011). Additionally, the Azorean Spring Demersal Longline survey confirmed very low numbers of the species (Pinho 2006).","This species is found on the upper shelf and slope at depths down to 150 m on both soft and hard substrates (Stehmann 1971, Stehmann and Bürkel 1984). Like other skates, reproduction is oviparous. It attains a maximum size of 70-80 cm total length (TL) and probably matures at > 50 cm TL, but no other information is available on its biology (Ebert and Stehmann 2013).","The continental shelf and slope off Madeira is too rough for trawling and this species is caught as bycatch in line fisheries and mainly discarded (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). However, discard survival is unknown and skate catches are increasingly reported, particularly from the Azores Islands. No catches are reported from Madeira (SAUP 2014). ","There are no species-specific measures in place, and the European Union total allowable catch limitations for skates and rays do not extend to the Azores or Madeira. Further information is required on the taxonomy, population size and trends, life history and fisheries related mortality, including post-release survival. ",The species is very rarely marketed. There is no target fishery in Madeira (P. Wirtz pers. comm. 2008).,"Abella, A.","Dulvy, N.K., Walls, R.H.L., Buscher, E. & Stehmann, M.F.W.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,RAJIDAE,Raja,microocellata,,Raja microocellata,"Montagu, 1818","There is some potential for confusion with regards the common names of this species. In some areas, Smalleyed Ray may be called Painted Ray or Sandy Ray, though these common names are also used for undulate ray Raja undulata and Leucoraja circularis respectively.",No,NT,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) Smalleyed Skate (Raja microocellata) has a much smaller range than most other common European skates. It is found on the continental shelf, mostly at depths of less than 100 m. It favours sandy bays and is only recorded as abundant at a few sites (e.g., Bristol Channel and Bertheaume Bay). This species is taken as bycatch in trawl and set net fisheries, with most landings from the Bristol Channel and it is also commercially important in some parts of the English Channel. Given its restricted, patchy and fragmented geographic distribution, local subpopulations are potentially vulnerable to decline by overfishing, habitat degradation and other anthropogenic disturbance. Fishery-independent population trend data for mature individuals are limited and careful monitoring is required to accurately determine population trends. Catch rates in a scientific trawl survey (1993−2013) of the Bristol Channel have been stable over the longer time series, although catch rates (all individuals) have declined in the most recent years. The stability of this population is partly due to the conservation measures in place, such as the Total Allowable Catch management of skates and rays. Given the declining catch rates in more recent years, and the fact that the cessation of the conservation measures would result into the species meeting the threshold for a threatened category under Criterion A, this species is assessed as Near Threatened based on its dependence on ongoing conservation actions. Closer monitoring of this stock should be undertaken.",Stable,"This species’ range is smaller than many of the more common European skates. It is restricted primarily to the Atlantic coasts of northwest Europe, from the British Isles southwards to Gibraltar and northwest Africa from Morocco and Western Sahara. This species is mainly concentrated in the Bristol Channel (Ellis et al. 2005a), with some larger individuals occurring in slightly deeper waters of the Celtic Sea and specimens are occasionally caught in the Irish Sea (ICES 2012). There are also localised concentrations in parts of the western English Channel (e.g., around Jersey; Ellis et al. 2011), and in some inshore areas of Ireland (Fahy and O'Reilly 1990). It is unclear as to whether the subpopulation in the eastern English Channel overlaps with that of the western English Channel (Ellis et al. 2011). The species only occurs sporadically in the eastern English Channel, but is generally absent from the southern North Sea (Ellis et al. 2005b). It has also been reported in French landings from the Bay of Biscay (ICES 2012). Its depth range is one to 100 m.","Over much of its geographic range, this skate is relatively rare. Within United Kingdom (UK) waters, it is only reported occasionally in the Irish Sea and North Sea, and caught in low numbers in the English Channel. It is also locally abundant in certain areas; and one of the most abundant skates occurring in the Bristol Channel (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea [ICES] Division VIIf), Bertheaume Bay off Brittany, and off southeast Ireland (Fahy and O'Reilly 1990, Rousset 1990, Ellis et al. 2005a, 2005b). Hence, this species seems to have a fragmented population, possibly due to the fragmented nature of its favoured inshore habitat. No formal stock assessments have been undertaken for this skate. Catch rates in beam trawl surveys of the Bristol Channel (1993−2013) increased over the initial part of the time series (Ellis et al. 2005a), and although it has declined in recent years (ICES 2013), recent catches are similar to those observed at the start of the time series. It should be noted that these catch rates are calculated for all individuals and the survey equipment is likely to sample immature fish more effectively, therefore fishery-independent data for mature fish are limited.In the Great West Bay of the western English Channel, the mean number of individuals caught per 30 minute trawl tows was low and highly variable between 1989 and 2010. Two peaks of around 0.12 individuals were caught per tow in 1997 and 2010, while distinct troughs of between 0.015 and zero individuals were caught per tow in 1999 and 2008, respectively (Burt et al. 2013). It is unclear if the population in the western English Channel is part of the Bristol Channel subpopulation or a separate subpopulation. French landings from the Bay of Biscay region between 1999 and 2010 were very low at zero to three tonnes (t) each year (ICES 2012). Portuguese landings from Iberian waters went from 78 t in 2003, to 105 t in 2006, then 51 t in 2009. Landings per unit of fishing effort increased between 2008 and 2011 for the trammel net fisheries in the Bay of Biscay and Iberian waters. The population trend is estimated to be stable based on catch rates of all individuals in a scientific trawl survey over the period 1993−2013, which broadly equates to a three-generation period. Catches have declined in recent years, and continued monitoring is required.","Smalleyed Skate (Raja microocellata) is most abundant in sandy bays and other inshore sandy areas (Stehmann and Bürkel 1984), particularly along sandbanks (Kaiser et al. 2004). Juveniles tend to occur in shallow water, with larger individuals more abundant further from shore, though the species is uncommon at depths greater than 100 m (Ellis et al. 2005b). This is a small to medium size skate. It begins to mature at 57.5−58.0 cm total length (TL) and attains a maximum length of 91 cm TL (Ryland and Ajayi 1984). In the western English Channel off Jersey, UK, males reach first maturity at 64 cm TL and all males greater than or equal to 77 cm TL are mature (Ellis et al. 2011). The length at 50% maturity is 68 cm, which contrasts with previous estimates of 70 cm and 100 cm reported for males and females, respectively, by Dorel (1986). In the British Isles, the smallest mature male and female observed from trawl surveys were 66 and 73 cm TL, respectively, with a length at 50% maturity of 69 and 77 cm TL (McCully et al. 2012). The largest immature male and female individuals found during these surveys were 74 and 83 cm TL, respectively. Little is known about the reproduction of this species. Fecundity is estimated to be 54−61 eggs per year, with egg-laying activity peaking between June and September. Size at birth is approximately 10 cm TL. Maximum age is reported to be nine years (Ryland and Ajayi 1984), and the generation length of this species is estimated to be 6.8-8.5 years.","In the UK, this species is commercially important in ports of South Wales, Devon and Cornwall. It is also taken as bycatch in trawl and set net fisheries, with most landings from the Bristol Channel. Landings of this species from the North Sea, as reported by France, are likely the result of misidentification or incorrect use of species codes. Furthermore, landings of Sandy Skate (Leucoraja circularis) from the western English Channel and Bristol Channel, as reported by Belgium, likely refer to Smalleyed Skate (Raja microocellata), as both species are known as ‘Sandy Ray’ (ICES 2012, Silva et al. 2012). It is unclear as to whether current exploitation levels in the Celtic Seas are sustainable or not (ICES 2012). Exploitation levels in areas further south are not known. Some sand banks in the Bristol Channel are dredged to supply the aggregate industry and the potential consequences of this activity for this skate are unknown (Fowler et al. 2005). Due to its restricted distribution, inshore habitats and overall scarcity, albeit with areas of localised abundance, it may be at risk from overfishing and habitat disturbance. ","No species-specific management or conservation measures are currently in place for this skate. In 1999, the European Union (EU) introduced a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for skates and rays of 6,060 tonnes (t) for fisheries operating in the Norwegian Sea (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea [ICES] Division IIa) and North Sea (ICES sub-area IV) based on landing statistics from the previous five years. This TAC has been progressively reduced by 8−25% annually to the current level of 1,256 t. As part of the TAC, the bycatch quota for vessels over 15 meters was set at 25% of live weight of catch retained on board per trip. For much of this period (1999−2014), the TAC was higher than reported landings and therefore not effectively constraining catches. Skate and ray TACs were established for other EU waters in 2009, including the Skagerrak and Kattegat (ICES Division IIIa) and from the northwest coast of Scotland and North Ireland to Portuguese waters (ICES sub-areas VI−IX). These TACs have also been gradually reduced since then. In 2013, the TAC for all skate and ray species grouped was 21,800 tonnes (regulations are available online at http://faolex.fao.org).There is a minimum landing size of 40 cm for skates and rays taken from the inshore waters of South Wales. More generic management measures for demersal fisheries (e.g., mesh size regulations) may be beneficial. Since 2008, the European Commission has obliged member states to provide species-specific landings data for all major North Sea species, including Smalleyed Skate, in order to improve understanding of populations in the area (CEC 2008). In 2009, this obligation was extended to other ICES divisions, including the Celtic Seas (CEC 2009, 2013).","In the UK, this species is commercially important in ports of South Wales, Devon and Cornwall.","Farrell, E.D. & Dulvy, N.K.","Ellis, J.R. & Walls, R.H.L.","Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,RAJIDAE,Raja,miraletus,,Raja miraletus,"Linnaeus, 1758",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Brown Skate (Raja miraletus) is a wide-ranging, relatively small, fairly fecund species found predominantly on the continental shelf, but occurring down to 530 m in depth. Apparently the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean stocks are separate subpopulations. Although this species is exploited throughout much of its depth range, there appears to be no significant threat from current levels of exploitation. This is one of the most abundant skates in the Mediterranean Sea, and although surveys have shown temporal fluctuations of abundance, this species appears to be stable in most parts of the region, including over longer time scales from 1948-1999 in the Adriatic Sea. Its small body size and early maturation suggests its overall resilience to exploitation, and together with relatively stable catches, it is assessed as Least Concern in the region.",Stable,"In European waters, Brown Skate (Raja miraletus) is found in the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea, where it apparently forms two distinct subpopulations between these areas. In the Northeast Atlantic, it ranges from northern Portugal to Madeira (Stehmann and Bürkel 1984). It occurs in the Bay of Biscay region and Iberian waters (ICES 2012), including at fishing ports Matosinhos and Peniche, where the major landings of Rajidae in mainland Portugal occur (Bordalo Machado et al. 2004). Baeta et al. (2010) found the species only occurred in Setúbal and Sesimbra fishing harbours off the Portuguese west coast during the colder months, with highest abundance in winter.  A common small skate in the Mediterranean Sea (Hemida et al. 2007, Serena et al. 2010), it is one of the most frequently landed cartilaginous fish from bottom trawls in the Adriatic Sea (Jukic-Peladic et al. 2001). The species is also a regular component of discarded fish in the bottom trawling fishery in the Gulf of Gabès (Kadri et al. 2014). Brown Skate occurs also in waters north of the Balaeric Islands (Massutì and Moranta 2003). This skate exhibits a discrete distribution along the African shelf and Adventure Bank in the Strait of Sicily, as well as lower abundances at the Malta Bank, excluding the Maltese Exclusive Fishing Zone (Garofalo et al. 2003). It appears to be absent from the coastal waters of the central Sicilian shelf. Its depth range is 10-530 m.","This species is found predominantly on the shelf and appears to be one of the most abundant skates in the Mediterranean Sea. It was consistently caught in northern Mediterranean (MEDITS project) trawl surveys conducted since 1994 at depths between 50 and 800 m (Baino et al. 2001). This species was one of the most frequently recorded rays during these surveys, captured in 422 out of 6,336 survey tows from 1994-1999. It was found throughout the survey area with greatest catch rates in the western central area (Tyrrhenian, Corsican, Sardinia and Sicily coasts) (Baino et al. 2001). Although fluctuations of abundance occurred along the years, biomass of this species appears stable in most parts of the Mediterranean Sea (Relini et al. 2000). MEDITS surveys suggest a stable abundance index for almost all Italian Geographical Sub-Areas (GSAs; Serena 2014).Over longer time scales from 1948-1999 in the Adriatic Sea abundance appears to be stable, being more abundant in the north and central areas of the Adriatic Sea, where it is consistently captured in 4% of hauls (Jukic-Peladic et al. 2001, Marano et al. 2003). This species was not present in earlier GRUND surveys (1985-1992) in the southern Adriatic but since 1992, it is consistently captured in >2% of hauls (Marano et al. 2003).In general, abundance of skates off the Balearic Islands is higher than that reported from the Iberian Peninsula (Massutì and Moranta 2003). It is also similar to the maximum abundance reported from other western Mediterranean areas off Corsica and Sicily for Brown Skate.A decrease of approximately 30%, from 27 to 15 kg/km2, in Brown Skate biomass was reported on the African shelf off Libya between 1997 and 2000, followed by a slight increase in 2001 (Garofalo et al. 2003). In the Straits of Sicily, the same authors found Brown Skate biomass relatively stable, with an overall increasing trend between 1986 and 2002 of 55.6% from approximately five to nine kilograms per squared kilometer (Garofalo et al. 2003). However, overall levels of biomass in the northern part of the Straits were lower than that off Libya, likely due to intensive fishing activity since the 1970s. The overall increase in abundance of Brown Skate in this area is therefore in line with the decreasing trend in fishing effort in this area. There has been a reduction in fishing effort in the northern part of the Strait of Sicily, with values falling 63% from over 30,000 fishing hours in 1990, to approximately 11,000 fishing hours in 2002.","This small skate is found on the continental shelf, from the shallows to 530 m depth, but mainly at depths of 50-150 m (Relini et al. 1999, Serena 2005). It is common on a range of substrates, from sandy-muddy bottoms to Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds. Maximum size is reported at 60 cm total length (TL) in the Mediterranean. Data from the Mediterranean suggest that females mature at 39-44 cm TL and males at 36-40 cm TL (Jardas 1973, Relini et al. 1999, Ungaro 2004). Both males and females reach maturity at two to three years of age and live for a total of 10 years (Abdel-Aziz 1992). It is only found at depths greater than 50 m, and is most abundant at 100 m and in colder autumn (Baeta et al. 2010).A study carried out by Kadri et al. (2012) in the Gulf of Gabès, found that the smallest mature male Brown Skate was 28 cm TL and the largest immature male was 43 cm TL. The length at 50% maturity (L%50) for males was estimated at 41.8 cm TL (27.10 cm disc width DW). The smallest mature female was 33 cm and the largest immature one 48 cm TL, reaching L50% at 34.31 cm TL (21.91 cm DW). The youngest mature males and females were two and four years old, respectively. The age at 50% maturity was estimated to be three years for males and four years for females. Egg-bearing females occurred in all months, reaching a maximum during spring and summer. Females and males grew to approximately the same size, with maximum length slightly greater for males than for females.  The species is egg laying, with egg cases laid throughout the year with a peak in spring (Relini et al. 1999). Size at birth in the Mediterranean Sea is 10-11 cm TL (Serena 2005). Demographic modelling suggests the productivity of this skate is relatively high if compared to other species, and that the population growth rate is strongly dependent of the survival rates of juveniles (Serena 2014). Brown Skate has an intrinsic population growth rate of 0.176 year-1, a generation time of 5.69 years, and a time needed for doubling population size of 3.94 years (Serena 2014).","The small maximum size of this species suggest it is likely to have a relatively short generation time and a relatively high capacity to replace numbers lost to exploitation (Dulvy et al. 2000, Stevens et al. 2000). It is commonly caught as bycatch of bottom trawl fisheries in the Mediterranean Sea (Serena 2005), but there is no evidence to suggest that it has declined in this area. The species is occasionally caught by fixed gears also (nets, hooks). Most of the specimens are discarded at the sea while the bigger individuals are occasionally marketed.This species is part of the bycatch of the bottom trawl fishery off the Balearic Islands, with a high proportion of individuals discarded (Massutì and Moranta 2003).The size composition of scientific catches is mainly represented by age classes 1+, 2+, 3+. Higher density of catches corresponds to areas where continental shelf is more extensive, with a yield of 9.6 kg/km2 (Tuscan archipelago, Sardinia and Sicily).Trammel net bycatch samples taken between 2004 and 2005 from Setúbal and Sesimbra on the Portuguese west coast, caught 83 individuals weighing a total of 23.4 kilograms (4.08 individuals or 1,151.78 g per 10,000 m of net) (Baeta et al. 2010). Of this, 63.9% was retained, either for marketing or consumption by fishermen, and the remaining 36.1% was discarded.","Further research is needed to better evaluate population structure to improve stock assessment of this species. It is recommended that catches are monitored throughout its range to determine existence and status of the subpopulations.The Portuguese Administration adopted a national legislation in October 2011 (Portaria no 315/2011) that prohibits, along the whole continental Portuguese Exclusive Economic Zone, during the whole month of May, the catch, the maintenance on board and the landing of any skate species belonging to the genera Raja or Leucoraja (ICES 2012). Additionally, each fishing trip is allowed a maximum of 5% bycatch, in weight, of those species to be maintained on board or landed.",The species is occasionally marketed.,"Mancusi, C.","Dulvy, N.K., Walls, R.H.L., Abella, A., Serena, F. & Bradai, M.N.","Smale, M., Ungaro, N., Tinti, F., Bertozzi, M., Mancusi, C. & Notarbartolo di Sciara, G.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,RAJIDAE,Raja,montagui,,Raja montagui,"Fowler, 1910","There are no recent synonyms. In terms of identification, juvenile spotted rays can be confused with the morphologically similar blonde ray (Raja brachyura) and thornback ray (Raja clavata). Some spotted rays have fewer spots that are concentrated in the centres of the wings and can be misidentified as cuckoo rays (Leucoraja naevus).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Spotted Skate (Raja montagui) is widespread in the inshore waters and shallow shelf seas of the Northeast Atlantic and southern Mediterranean Sea. Their small body size is likely to mean this species has greater resilience to fishing impacts compared to larger-bodied skate species. Populations appear to be stable throughout its range despite being commonly landed in fisheries. It is common in landings from fisheries and trawl surveys throughout much of the Northeast Atlantic and although accurate species-specific landings data are not available, catch rates in fishery-independent surveys indicate that catches are stable, possibly increasing in certain areas, and some of these surveys encompass the estimated three-generation period. Furthermore, there is ongoing management of the skate complex in this area. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern. Given intense trawling pressure within its range, future trends and bycatch levels should be closely monitored.",Stable,"The species is widely distributed in the Northeast Atlantic, ranging from Morocco in the south to the Shetland Isles and Skagerrak and Kattegat in the north, including the Mediterranean Sea (Stehmann and Burkel 1984, Bauchot 1987). Spotted Skate (Raja montagui) is found in the coastal area of the Norwegian Sea, and stocks probably continue throughout the North Sea, into the waters west of Scotland and into the eastern English Channel (ICES 2012). Additionally, the species occurs off the Faroe Islands, throughout the Bay of Biscay and in Iberian waters. It is also present in the Mediterranean Sea along the Algerian coasts (Bertozzi et al. 2003, Hemida et al. 2000). Its depth range is eight to 283 m.","No formal stock assessments have been undertaken for this species. It is common in landings and trawl surveys throughout much of its range and although accurate species-specific landings data are not available, catch rates in fishery-independent surveys indicate that catches are stable, possibly increasing in certain areas. Northeastern AtlanticPreliminary studies of catch rates in beam trawl surveys in the English Channel and Irish Sea appeared stable when this species was last assessed (Ellis et al. 2005b), and International Bottom Trawl Survey (IBTS) data in the North Sea were also relatively stable (ICES 2006). These catch rates refer to all individuals caught and not just mature fish. The area of the North Sea occupied by this skate has varied in recent decades without a trend (ICES 2012). Catch by fishery-independent surveys in this ecoregion has increased since 2000, from a mean catch per unit effort of 0.25 individuals per hour to 1.1 in 2010. Martin et al. (2010) found a decreasing trend in mean density in the French Channel Groundfish Survey throughout the English Channel over the period 1988 to 2008. The mean density decreased by 93.3%, from 0.30 in 1988 to approximately 0.02 in 2008 during this survey (Martin et al. 2010). This skate may not be effectively sampled by the Grande Overture Verticale trawl used. Initial analyses of data from fishery-independent beam trawl surveys in the western English Channel (particularly in the Great West Bay area) suggest that recent fishery-independent catches have increased in relation to the preceding five years of decline, to 0.4 individuals per hour, although catch rates were greater at the start of the time-series (Burt et al. 2013, ICES 2013).The English and Welsh fishery-independent beam trawl surveys in the Celtic Sea and Bristol Channel catch reasonable numbers of Spotted Skate, reporting regular observations, with mature individuals taken on the offshore stations on coarse grounds. This survey indicates above average catches in the last two years. The French EVHOE survey generally indicated stable catch rates in the Celtic Sea (ICES 2013). Preliminary analyses of the Northern Irish fishery-independent survey of the Irish Sea also indicated stable or potentially increasing catches (ICES 2012), although this survey uses a rock-hopper trawl, for which the catchability may be low (ICES 2012). The Scottish fishery-independent survey off west Scotland also suggested stable or increasing catch trends (ICES 2012). Catches of this skate in the Irish Groundfish fishery-independent survey off west Scotland are increasing from low levels in 2008 (ICES 2012).Mediterranean SeaRetrieved in the Mediterranean Sea, exclusively in the westernmost area (Algerian basin). This species is always confused with the similar species Speckled Skate (R. polystigma) which is abundant in the whole western-central Mediterranean Sea (Cannas et al. 2008).","Spotted Skate is most common on sandy sediments in coastal and shelf seas (Ellis et al. 2005a), though it may occur deeper in the southern parts of its range. Within the Northeast Atlantic it tends to occur in inshore waters and shallow shelf seas, in depths of eight to 283 m (Ellis et al. 2005a), though it is most abundant in waters less than 100 m. Juveniles tend to occur closer inshore on sandy sediments, with adults also common further offshore on sand and coarse sand-gravel substrates. Adults have an average total length of 60 cm (Bauchot 1987), and the maximum recorded length is 80 cm (Ellis et al. 2005b). It is an egg laying species, with a maximum fecundity of approximately 60 to 70 eggs per year (Holden et al. 1971, Walker 1999).The smallest mature male and female observed during bottom trawl surveys in the North Sea, English Channel, Irish Sea, Bristol Channel, and Celtic Sea were 40 cm and 49 cm, respectively (McCully et al. 2012). The length at 50% maturity (L50) for males was 50.3 cm, while that for females was 64.0 cm. The largest immature male and female were 66 cm and 70 cm, respectively. No significant differences in length at maturity between different regions of UK waters appear to exist. Given that females appear to reach L50 at four to seven years and live for at least seven years, the generation time is estimated at six to seven years.","The species is commonly landed in fisheries (though not often targeted) and its small body size suggests that it may be less affected by fisheries than larger-bodied skate species (Dulvy et al. 2000). It is often landed and confused with Blonde Skate (R. brachyura), and some of the data for these two species are confounded, which could hamper accurate assessments of these species (ICES 2012). The exploitation status is still unknown.","In 1999, the European Union (EU) introduced a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for skates and rays of 6,060 tonnes (t) for fisheries operating in the Norwegian Sea (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea [ICES] Division IIa) and North Sea (ICES sub-area IV) based on landing statistics from the previous five years. This TAC has been progressively reduced by 8−25% annually to the current level of 1,256 t. As part of the TAC, the bycatch quota for vessels over 15 meters was set at 25% of live weight of catch retained on board per trip. For much of this period (1999−2014), the TAC was higher than reported landings and therefore not effectively constraining catches. Skate and ray TACs were established for other EU waters in 2009, including the Skagerrak and Kattegat (ICES Division IIIa) and from the northwest coast of Scotland and North Ireland to Portuguese waters (ICES sub-areas VI−IX). These TACs have also been gradually reduced since then. In 2013, the TAC for all skate and ray species grouped was 21,800 tonnes (regulations are available online at http://faolex.fao.org).There is a minimum landing size of 40 cm disc width for skates and rays caught in some of the inshore waters of England and Wales, through local bylaws.Since 2008, the European Commission has obliged member states to provide species-specific landings data for the major North Sea species, including Spotted Skate, in order to improve understanding of skate stocks in the area (CEC 2008). In 2009, this obligation was extended to other ICES divisions, including the Celtic Seas (CEC 2009), and has been ongoing since 2008 (CEC 2013).Since 2009, Norway has a discards ban that applies to skates and sharks, as well as other fish, in the Norwegian Economic Zone. However, discarding of skates is likely to have continued, although the precise quantity is unknown (ICES 2012).Spotted Skate is listed as a threatened and declining species in the North Sea on the Oslo and Paris (OSPAR) Conventions for the protection of the marine environment of the northeast Atlantic (OSPAR 2008), although the rationale for this has been questioned. Further research should be conducted on the population size and trend of the species, and monitoring should be undertaken on the harvest trends of the species.","Skates are an important component of demersal fisheries in the Northeast Atlantic and this species is landed and sold (Dulvy et al. 2000, Holden 1977).","Mancusi, C.","Ellis, J.R., Walls, R.H.L., Serena, F. & Dulvy, N.K.","Ungaro, N., Tinti, F., Bertozzi, M., Pasolini, P., Mancusi, C., Notarbartolo di Sciara, G. & Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,RAJIDAE,Raja,polystigma,,Raja polystigma,"Regan, 1923",In some areas of the Mediterranean Sea (particularly along the Italian coasts) this species is probably misidentified with Raja montagui. Further investigation is required into this and morphometric and genetic studies are still in progress (Mancusi et al. 2005).,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Speckled Skate (Raja polystigma) is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. This relatively small skate (up to 60 cm total length) mainly inhabits soft bottoms on the continental shelf at depths of 100-400 m. It shows a wide geographic range in the Mediterranean Sea (mostly western and western central areas) where it is moderately common. It is part of the bycatch in fisheries using bottom trawl nets, but is also fished with gillnets, longlines and handlines in artisanal fisheries. Although little is known of the effect of fisheries on population size, its entire range overlaps intensively trawled regions. Given its small-body size, it is likely to be able to withstand moderate levels of fishing pressure. Speckled Skate is therefore assessed as Least Concern, although the status of this endemic species should be monitored.",Unknown,"Speckled Skate (Raja polystigma) is moderately common, endemic species throughout the Mediterranean Sea (Serena 2005), particularly in the western (Morocco, Spain and France) and western central areas (Tyrrhenia, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily) (Baino et al. 2001, Ragonese et al. 2003, Florio et al. 2003, Follesa et al. 2003, Spedicato et al. 2003, Serena 2005, Mancusi et al. 2005), along northern African coasts (Stehmann and Bürkel 1984), and eastern Algerian coasts (Bertozzi et al. 2003). The species also exists in the southern Ligurian Sea (Vannucci et al. 2006) and around Asinara Island, northwest Sardinia (Catalano et al. 2007). It is rare in the Ionian Seas (Notarbartolo di Sciara and Bianchi 1998, Mytilineou et al. 2005). In the Adriatic Sea, it is rarely captured.","The species is found predominantly on the shelf and has been caught in the MEDITS program at depths up to 500 m (Baino et al. 2001). It is the third most abundant skate species captured in trawl surveys performed in the south Ligurian and north Tyrrhenian Sea from 1985-2004 after Thornback Skate (R. clavata) and Brown Skate (R. miraletus). In this area it occupies a very wide depth range (20-633 m) but is more concentrated between 300 and 400 m. Important catches of juveniles were recorded occasionally. Most of the collected specimens measured between 12 and 49 cm in length (Serena et al. 2005).A study of commercial bottom trawl catch from 1995 to 2006 in the Aegean Sea caught a total of 203 specimens, with a mean catch per unit effort (CPUE) of 2.07 kilograms per hour, or 6.33 individuals per hour (Damalas and Vassilopoulou 2011). Of this catch, the majority was discarded (77.72% in weight; 93.60% in number) and the remaining fraction marketed (22.28% in weight; 6.40% in number). The same authors reported that fishery-dependent mean nominal CPUE of Speckled Skate in the central Aegean Sea has increased by 98.69% from a mean value of 0.01 individuals per hour (< 0.01 kg/h) between 1995 and 2000 to 0.71 individuals per hour (0.23 kg/h) between 2003 and 2006. Due to the high degree of morphological similarity with Spotted Skate (Raja montagui), in the past many Speckled Skate captured in the scientific surveys have been incorrectly identified as Spotted Skate (Cannas et al. 2008).","The species is benthic, and it inhabits mainly soft bottoms from 100-400 m (Serena 2005), but with a wide depth range from 20-633 m. Both males and females are estimated to mature at 40-53 cm total length (TL) with a maximum recorded size of 60 cm TL (Tortonese 1956, Bini 1967, Bauchot 1987, Stehmann and Burkel 1984, Notarbartolo di Sciara and Bianchi 1998, Serena 2005). It is common at sizes of 30-40 cm TL (Bauchot 1987). Like other skates, this species is egg laying. Reproduction takes place in winter and 20-62 egg cases (depending on size) are laid per year (Bauchot 1987, Stehmann and Burkel 1984, Serena 2005). The egg-cases measure 46 by 35 mm excluding horns (Stehmann and Burkel 1984, Serena 2005).","The species is caught as bycatch in demersal trawl fisheries but is also fished with gillnets, longlines and handlines in artisanal fisheries (Bauchot 1987). There is a high level of exploitation over the continental shelf and upper slope, up to a depth of 800 m in the Mediterranean Sea (Massuti and Moranta 2003). Benthic trawl effort has increased both numerically and in technological terms in the shelf and slope area of the Mediterranean Sea over the past 50 years, even though a small decline occurred in recent years. For example, the Gulf of Lions area resources were initially exploited by small-scale benthic trawl fisheries comprising 27 small low powered boats (total nominal horse power of 2,700 hp), more recently effort has increased to a total nominal horse power of 19,940 hp (1974-1987) (Aldebert 1997). It is known to be retained and marketed along the African coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, where both trawl and artisanal fisheries operate (Bauchot 1987). This species is rarely landed separately from other rays in Italian Seas and it is not possible to monitor catches. An increase in CPUE and decrease in discards is reported in the central Aegean Sea (Damalas and Vassilopoulou 2011).","There are no specific measures for the management or conservation of this species in the Mediterranean Sea. Landings are allowed without any minimum legal landing size nor catch limits. Fisheries regulations in the Mediterranean Sea are based on effort control (some measures of effort reduction have been implemented) and technical adjustments, such as minimum mesh size for bottom trawl, which are too small to enable escapement of even the smallest Speckled Skate individuals. Further research should be conducted on the population size and trend of the species.",The species is known to be marketed along African coasts of the Mediterranean Sea (Bauchot 1987).,"Mancusi, C.","Ungaro, N., Dulvy, N.K., Tinti, F., Bertozzi, M., Notarbartolo di Sciara, G., Serena, F., Abella, A. & Walls, R.H.L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,RAJIDAE,Raja,radula,,Raja radula,"Delaroche, 1809",,Yes,EN,A4b,,,,,,"Rough Skate (Raja radula) is a medium-sized species (up to 70 cm total length) that may be endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. It appears rare in the northern Mediterranean Sea but is locally abundant in the Balearic Islands and Tunisia. It occurs from coastal waters to 300 m depth, but appears to be more common at < 40 m depth in some areas, such as the Balearic Islands. Records from off Portugal and the northern coasts of Morocco require verification and may be misidentifications of other Raja species. This skate is commonly taken as bycatch of demersal trawl, gillnet, trammel net, bottom longline, and purse seine fisheries, although no species-specific catch data are available. Given that it appears to be restricted to the Mediterranean Sea where it has recently declined in certain regions, and ongoing relatively intense fishing pressure overlaps with parts of its range, Rough Skate is assessed as Endangered under Criterion A4b as a decline of >50% is estimated for the three generation period in the European region. Further investigation is required to determine this species’ full range, abundance, interaction with fisheries, and population trends.",Decreasing,"This species occurs throughout the Mediterranean Sea, but mainly in the western region and around the Balearic Islands. It is absent from the Black Sea (Serena 2005). Reports from off Portugal and the northern coasts of Morocco suggest that its range may extend into the eastern Atlantic, but these records require verification as they may be misidentifications of other Raja species. The species is found roughly at depths to 350 m.","Trawl surveys have recorded this species in the Mediterranean Sea in low numbers, although it may be more common in shallow waters (< 40 m depth) that are not sampled by some surveys. The International Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean (MEDITS) programme in the northern Mediterranean Sea captured this species in 21 of 6,336 tows between 1994 and 1999 at 50–800 m depth (Baino et al. 2001). In the Gulf of Lion, trawl surveys conducted from the coast to 800 m depth in 1957–1960, 1980–1984, 1992–1995 only captured this species on the shelf and slope during the period 1980–1984 (Aldebert 1997). In surveys conducted in Italian waters, it occurred in 3.31% of 9,281 hauls performed between 1985 and 1998 at zero to 800 m depth, which were all from Sardinian and Sicilian waters (Relini et al. 2000). This skate was not caught by trawl surveys in the Adriatic Sea conducted in 1948 or 1998 (Jukic-Peladic et al. 2001).This species appears to be more common in shallow waters off the Balearic Islands (Morey et al. 2009). Ordines et al. (2011) found it in 37 of 104 bottom trawl hauls in a survey conducted at depths of 4574 m in this area. MIGJORN and MEDITS surveys performed around the Balearic Islands at depths of 36755 m in subsequent years (20012009) caught this species in 12% of 647 hauls (343 specimens) all at depths of 36–172 m (Gouraguine et al. 2011).In the western Mediterranean Sea, this species was not recorded in 131 hauls during trawl surveys from 1996–2001 at depths of 40–1,800 m (Massutí and Moranta 2003). This species seems to be uncommon in the Levantine basin, as reported by Golani (2006) and Keskin and Karakulak (2006), who listed it as rare off Israel and north Aegean Sea coasts, respectively. This species was not caught in 170 hauls off Algeria at depths of 45779 m (Echwikhi et al. 2012). In the Aegean Sea, a decline of 58% for the 1995-2000 and 2003-2006 periods was estimated, with an inferred decline of 79% for 2007-2015 and a projected decline of 89% into the future for the period 2016-2023, covering the three-generation period (27 years). However, it is unknown whether this trend is representative of the wider Mediterranean distribution, and the decline of Rough Ray in European waters is therefore estimated to be of >50% over 27 years.","This skate is found in coastal waters at depths of ~350 m (Stehmann and Bürkel 1984, Serena 2005). Around the Balearic Islands it is relatively common at < 40 m depth.Like all skates, this is an egg-laying species. Egg cases are 5.1–5.7 cm long and are laid throughout the year (Kadri et al. 2013), though mainly in spring and summer. Embryos develop in about four months (Stehman and Bürkel 1984, Serena 2005). Females mature at 34 cm disc width (DW) and males at 30 cm DW in the Mediterranean Sea (Fischer et al. 1987, Serena et al. 2010). Maximum body size is ~70 cm total length (TL) (Fischer et al. 1987, Serena et al. 2010). Most captured specimens off the Balearic Islands measure about 30–50 cm TL (Morey et al. 2009). From the Gabès Gulf, length at maturity is reportedly 47.05 cm TL for males and 56.48 cm TL for females (Kadri et al. 2013). The age at 50% maturity was estimated to be 4.47 and 5.89 years for males and females, respectively. Maximum age and length were 12 years and 80 cm TL for females, and nine years and 65 cm TL for males. The generation length of this species is estimated to be about nine years.","This species is taken as bycatch of demersal trawl, gillnet, trammel net, bottom longline and purse seine fisheries. There is a high level of exploitation over the continental shelf and upper slope in the Mediterranean Sea (Aldebert 1997, Massutí and Moranta 2003). In some areas such as the Balearic Islands, this species is more common in shallow waters, where it is taken in trammel net fisheries targeting Cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) and teleosts (bony fish), gillnet fisheries targeting Lobster (Palinurus elephas) and Red Mullet (Mullus surmuletus), and bottom longline fisheries targeting Grouper (Epinephelusspp.) and Sparidae (Morey et al. 2006). Trawl fisheries targeting Red Mullet, Picarel (Spicara smaris) and Small Hake (Merluccius merluccius) on the upper shelf also overlap with parts of its range. In Tunisian waters (mainly in the Gulf of Gabès), this species is taken as bycatch by trawlers at depths of 20−50 m and by gillnets at depths of < 20 m (Echwikhi et al. 2012, Kadri et al. 2013). Females outnumbered males in sampled catches in gillnets; 80% of the females and 57% of the males were mature (Echwikhi et al. 2012).In a multigear small-scale fishery (trammel net, gillnet and bottom longline, mainly), this species made up 12% in abundance of the elasmobranch capture at four to 160 m depth between 1998 and 2008 (Mallol et al. 2009). Trammel nets are the most likely to catch this species (Morey et al. 2006, 2009).Species-specific data are commonly not available because landings of skates are grouped as “rays” or “skates”. Despite this, a monitoring program conducted at the Palma de Mallorca landing site showed that this species was the sixth most marketed elasmobranch on the island, at an estimated biomass of 6.3 tonnes in 2009. With 66.5% of this biomass coming from bottom trawlers and only 33.5% coming from small-scale fisheries (Morey and Navarro 2010); commercial fisheries are a more significant threat.","No species-specific management or conservation measures are in place in the Mediterranean Sea. If this species occurs in Portuguese waters (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea sub-area IX), a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) measure is in place for all skate and ray species. In 2013, the TAC was 3,800 tonnes for this sub-area and the Bay of Biscay (sub-area VIII) combined (regulations are available online at http://faolex.fao.org).Research is required to determine this species’ full range, abundance, interaction with fisheries, and population trends.",The species is not exploited nor traded commercially.,"Farrell, E., Walls, R. & Kemp, J.R.","Mancusi, C., Morey, G & Serena, F.","Dulvy, N., Buscher, E. & Bradai, M.N.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,RAJIDAE,Raja,undulata,,Raja undulata,"Lacepède, 1802",,No,NT,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) Undulate Skate (Raja undulata) is a medium-sized (up to 114 cm total length), inshore skate or ray that has a very fragmented distribution in the northeast Atlantic Ocean, with a small number of discrete areas (stocks) where it may be locally common (e.g., southwest Ireland, the English Channel, and southern Portugal). It also occurs very sporadically in the Mediterranean Sea, where it appears to be uncommon. No reproducing populations are known in the Mediterranean, however they may be present. It occurs in shelf waters down to about 200 m depth, although much more commonly found in coastal waters <50 m deep. This is a medium-bodied skate and therefore considered of higher value in fisheries. The species is taken as retained bycatch by trawl, trammel net and other demersal fisheries. In 2009, regulations were introduced in European Atlantic waters that stipulated that bycatch had to be returned alive; these regulations have recently been amended to allow limited take (20 kg quota per trip) in the English Channel and the Bay of Biscay, although retained in Portuguese waters and in SW Ireland. Its fragmented distribution means that some populations are widely separated, possibly with little exchange between adjacent stocks. In some areas where it was locally common, data suggest declines, but some of these areas are at the fringes of its geographic range and time series of catches show considerable interannual variability. The stock off southwest Ireland appears to be the most isolated and, whilst commercial and recreational landings have decreased, it is suspected to be a bycatch in tangle net fisheries targeting commercially important crustaceans. This medium-bodied skate has limiting life-history characteristics that make it more vulnerable to exploitation than smaller skate species (three generation period of about 45 years). Given the fragmented distribution of this inshore species, we suspect the core habitat to be less than 20,000 km2, with discrete stocks occurring in ≤10 locations. Given that Undulate Skate inhabits outer estuaries and inshore habitats, and these habitats are subject to multiple anthropogenic stressors, it is suspected that these important habits are declining in both quality and extent. It has not been possible to calculate the Area of Occupancy (AOO) of the species as records from all data sources, including commercial and recreational angler sources, have not been compiled. However, the AOO is suspected to be restricted and may approach the 2,000 km2 threshold for listing under criteria B (restricted geographic range), and Undulate Skate is therefore assessed as Near Threatened. It should be noted that due to the fragmented nature of this species’ distribution and consequent localised abundances, the population is no longer thought to be undergoing as great a decline as initially thought in the earlier 2009 global Red List assessment (Coelho et al. 2009). The acquisition of this new information allows a non-genuine down-listing of the species from Endangered (global assessment) to Near Threatened (this European regional assessment). However, the level of genetic interchange between these potentially discrete, fragmented stocks is unknown; therefore, careful monitoring of this skate across its stock range is required to determine accurate population trends of mature individuals. Catch and bycatch controls should remain in place until further stock-specific population size and trend data are available. Furthermore, the species’ slow life history and patchy distribution create concern over the resultant uncertain stock status.",Unknown,"This species has a fragmented distribution in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and in the Mediterranean Sea, with discrete areas (stocks) where it may be locally common (southwest Ireland, eastern English Channel, southern Portugal). It is patchily distributed in the northeast Atlantic from the British Isles to northwest Africa. The southwest coast of Ireland, the Bristol Channel, the English Channel, and southwestern North Sea are the northern-most limits of its geographic range (Ellis et al. 2012). In the European region the fish is very much restricted to the following areas (Ellis et al. 2012);SW Ireland (small series of bays)English ChannelCoastal waters of Bay of BiscayCertain lagoons along the Cantabrian coastGalician ríasWestern PortugalSouthern Portugal to Gulf of CadizSouthwest of Ireland, this skate occurs off Doonbeg, Tralee Bay, Brandon Bay, off Ballydavid, Dingle Bay and off Mizen Head. Within the English Channel, it is most frequently encountered around the Channel Islands and the adjacent Normano-Breton Gulf and the eastern English Channel from Lyme Bay to Beachy Head and the Isle of Wight. In the Bay of Biscay region, it is caught outside the Gironde Estuary, northwards to La Rochelle, and further north from Concarneau to south of Nantes, including outside the Loire Estuary. Around the Iberian Peninsula, it occurs near the Tagus and Sado estuaries and in the Portuguese bays Setúbal and Sesimbra, and has also been found along the Algarve coast, including at Lagos and Ría Faro-Olhao, and in Galician waters, including in and outside the Ría de Muros e Noia, Ría de Arousa and Ría de Pontevedra. This skate may be locally abundant here in parts, and is one of the main species taken in artisanal fisheries in these inshore areas. In southern Spain, it is found in the Bahía de Cádiz (Ellis et al. 2012). Within the Mediterranean Sea, this skate is found mainly in the western basin, including waters off southern France and the Tyrrhenian Sea, and has been recorded from the eastern basin from the Adriatic Sea to Israeli waters (Serena 2005, Capapé et al. 2006, Psomadakis et al. 2006). However, bottom trawl surveys carried out in the Adriatic Sea since 1948 have not encountered any Undulate Skate specimens since 1983 (Ferretti et al. 2013). Most records of this species in Mediterranean waters are sporadic and refer to individual fish caught in various locations. Whilst a persistent, breeding population in the Mediterranean Sea has not been reported, it is possible. Undulate skate is often reported near sites of freshwater input and lagoons, and so the southern coast of France may provide suitable habitat for this species, which has been confirmed from Sète and the Languedoc coast (Ellis et al. 2012). Outside the European region, the fish also occurs off the Atlantic coast of northwestern Africa (Morocco).","There appears to be a discrete subpopulation in Tralee Bay, Ireland, from where angling records indicate a peak in catch in 1981-1982, with low but stable catches since then (ICES 2007). This skate has traditionally been observed in English beam trawl surveys in the eastern English Channel, but was absent during 2006 and 2007, subsequently returning to levels seen prior to 2006 from 2008 onwards (ICES 2008, 2012). It is locally common in parts of the Bay of Biscay (ICES 2007), but common off southern Portugal (Coelho and Erzini 2006), where it may form a separate population to that on the Portuguese west coast (Moura et al. 2007). It appears to be uncommon in the Mediterranean Sea, with only occasional records (Baino et al. 2001, Bertozzi et al. 2003). Determining accurate stock trends in surveys is problematic due to the fragmented distribution of the species, and some survey methods are not appropriate for this species. Where there are suitable inshore research trawl surveys, data indicate that this skate is generally rare across most of its range, but can be locally common. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) has ranged between one and eight individuals per year in the French Channel Groundfish Survey in the eastern English Channel in waters 13–82 m deep between 1993 and 2010 (Martin et al. 2010). The population trend was stable but highly variable, with no specimens caught in 1993 (Martin et al. 2010). For the years that this species was caught, the mean CPUE ranged from about 0.03–0.12 individuals per hour. Reported commercial landings in the Celtic Sea, western English Channel, southern North Sea and eastern English Channel by the English fleet decreased from 2007 to 2010, in line with the introduction of management measures in 2009. The French Evaluation des resources Halieutiques de l’Ouest Europe (EVHOE) survey in the Bay of Biscay (1997–2010) had six records of the species, with single specimens recorded in 1997 and 2007 and two specimens each in 2000 and 2009 (Ellis et al. 2012). The French beam-trawl survey of the Bay of Biscay, which has been ongoing since 2007, caught three to five individuals each year. Between 1992 and 2010 this species was rarely encountered (36 individuals in total) in surveys around the north coast of Spain in the Cantabrian Sea and off Galicia, and the Gulf of Cádiz, where 15 individuals were found in coastal areas just outside the Bahia de Cádiz (Ellis et al. 2012). However, it is potentially more locally abundant in Portugal where it was amongst the principal elasmobranch species caught in the trammel net fishery off the Algarve (Erzini et al. 2002). Commercial trammel net vessels in Portuguese bays near Setúbal and Sesimbra were sampled between October 2004 and August 2005, from which it was the predominant elasmobranch species in terms of catch weight (Baeta et al. 2010). In summary, this skate has an extremely fragmented distributed and is rarely encountered in many areas, although it can be locally common in specific areas and seasons. Historical accounts from the 1800s, however, do not indicate that the species was more wide ranging in the past (Ellis et al. 2012). There are few suitable research surveys in shallow coastal waters, and those available give low and variable indices over time (e.g., beam trawl surveys in the English Channel). Prior to the 2009 prohibition in landings, species-specific landings data were indicating a decline. It should be noted that due to the fragmented nature of this species’ distribution and consequent localised abundances, the population is no longer thought to be undergoing as great a decline as initially thought in the earlier 2009 global Red List assessment (Coelho et al. 2009).","This skate occurs in shelf waters to about 200 m depth, and appears to be more common in shallow waters, particularly less than 50 m deep (Stehmann and Bürkel 1984, Serena 2005, Coelho and Erzini 2006, Baeta et al. 2010). Smaller specimens have been reported in coastal lagoons, rías, and outside estuaries, which suggests that it may use these sheltered habitats as nursery areas (Coelho et al. 2002). The geographic range is not continuous, with isolated patches of presence due to strict habitat preferences. They seem to associate with coarse sediments possibly associated with biogenic habitats, which restricts the extent of their core habitat. We suspect the core habitat to be less than 20,000 km2, with ≤ 10 broad locations (from north to south including: southwest Ireland, central English Channel, Bay of Biscay, Cantabrian Shelf, Galicia, western central Portugal, Algarve, and an uncertain range within the Mediterranean Sea) with site-specific positions within these regions (see ‘Geographic Range’ text). Habitat quality is suspected to have declined in the species inshore and estuarine habitats as a result of impacts from a range of sources, including, contamination (urban and industrial pollution), shipping, dredging navigation channels, aquaculture, other habitat modification. Like other skates, reproduction is oviparous. Maximum size is at least 114 cm total length (TL; Ellis et al. 2012). Significant regional differences have been observed in size at first maturity of this species. In Portugal, length at 50% maturity (L50) for females is 76.2 cm TL in the Algarve (southern) region and 83.8 cm TL in the Peniche (western) region, while L50 for males is 73.6 cm TL in the Algarve and 78.1 cm TL in Peniche. In the English Channel male L50 is 82 cm TL (McCully et al. 2012). Age at first maturity for the Algarve population has been estimated to occur at 8.98 years in females and 7.66 years in males (Coelho and Erzini 2006). An annual reproductive cycle has been observed, but differences occur between the different populations; in Portuguese waters this species breeds mainly during late spring and early summer, with some spawning in December (Coelho and Erzini 2006, Moura et al. 2007). These differences seem to be related to water temperature, with reproduction restricted to periods of cooler water. The maximum observed age for this species is 13 years old (Coelho and Erzini 2002) but longevity has been estimated at 21-23 years (Coelho et al. 2002). The population off the south Portuguese coast has a very slow growth rate (k=0.11; Coelho and Erzini 2002). Natural mortality for this population has been estimated at 0.20-0.219 per year (Coelho et al. 2002). It is unclear as to how much genetic interchange there is between what could be a succession of discrete stocks (Ellis et al. 2012). Generation period for this species varies from 14.9-15.9 years in females and from 14.3-15.3 in males.","This species is a bycatch of beam and otter trawl, trammel net and other demersal fisheries operating within its range. It has a fragmented distribution and declines have been documented in some areas where it was formerly considered locally abundant. For example, the stock off southwest Ireland appears to be the most isolated and, whilst commercial and recreational landings have decreased, it is suspected to be a bycatch in tangle net fisheries targeting commercially important crustaceans. Catch records are available from two charter-angling vessels in Tralee Bay (southwest Ireland), where this species forms a discrete population (ICES 2007). These data show that catches declined from a high of 80-100 fish per year in 1981 to 20-30 fish per year in the mid-1990s (60-70%), before increasing to 40-60 per year in 2001-2003. Catches appeared to decline again, with less than 20 fish recorded in 2005, although they fluctuate each year (ICES 2007). ICES advice has been for no target fishing in the North Sea, English Channel and Celtic Seas, with measures taken to minimize bycatch (ICES 2012). This skate is captured in large quantities as bycatch in the mixed species trammel net fishery that operates off the southern coast of Portugal (Coelho et al. 2002). It was traditionally retained and marketed for human consumption. It is captured mainly in shallow waters, with CPUE values in this fishery decreasing from 1.91 specimens per 1,000 m net at 10-30 m depth to 0.03 specimens per 1,000 m net at more than 90 m depth (Coelho et al. 2005). Portuguese official fisheries statistics for landings of Raja spp. in the Algarve decreased by 29.1% between 1988 and 2004 (DGPA 2001). This is the most common skate species in this area and its size makes it more vulnerable to depletion than smaller sympatric skate species; these declines may mask changes in the species composition (Erzini et al. 2001, Coelho et al. 2005). The species is also a known bycatch of the Spanish demersal trawl fleet operating in the Cantabrian Sea, southern Bay of Biscay, which targets a mixture of gadoids and flatfish over the continental shelf (ICES 2007). Species-specific French landings data for the Celtic Seas report 12 tonnes (t) in 1995, six tonnes in 1996, and ten tonnes in 1997, after which landings fell to two tonnes in 1998, 1one tonne in 1999, to zero tonnes in 2000-2001, and have remained low at 0-3 tonnes per year since (ICES 2007, 2014). However, fisheries in the Normano-Breton Gulf may have reported landings using generic skate landings categories. This species’ preference for shallow waters places it within the range of intensive artisanal coastal fisheries operating along the western coast of Africa (Walker et al. 2005). Although no specific details are currently available on catches, this species is presumably a used bycatch of these, and demersal trawl fisheries operating in this area. Exploitation of the continental shelf is also high in the Mediterranean Sea (Massuti and Moranta 2003). Like many other larger skates, this species possesses life history characteristics that may increase vulnerability to exploitation, reduce rate of recovery and increase the risk of extinction: including delayed age at maturity, long generation time (14-15 years), low fecundity, and consequently slow population growth (Dulvy et al. 2000). Coupled with their fragmented distribution and coastal nature, this species is particularly sensitive to exploitation, so catch and landings need close monitoring. Historically, there has been some confusion between Undulate Skate and Small-eyed Skate (R. microocellata), both being referred to as ‘painted ray’ in some areas (Ellis et al. 2012), which could compromise the quality of some historical information. The site preferences of this species (shallow water, often lower salinity inshore bays and estuaries, and course ground) put this skate at higher potential risk of habitat decline or degradation than many other skate species. Declines are already suspected in both extent and quality of these habitats due to shipping, dredging, pollution, aquaculture, and possibly, aggregate extraction.","In Ireland, Tralee Bay is voluntarily closed to commercial fishing to protect regionally important elasmobranchs such as Undulate Skate and Angelshark (Squatina squatina), which are only found in localised populations on the Irish west coast (ICES 2007). Recreational fishing continues in this area. The most recent ICES advice (ICES 2014) is for no target fishing in the North Sea, English Channel and Celtic Seas, and for measures to be taken to minimize bycatch and bycatch mortality. Species-specific monitoring of catches and landings is required to determine the proportion of Undulate Skate taken. Due to the consequent localised abundances and absences of this patchily distributed species hindering accurate population size estimations, target fisheries for Undulate Skate were prohibited within European Union (EU) waters (ICES 2012). The EU’s Total Allowable Catch (TAC) and quota regulations listed this skate as a prohibited species in 2010, specifying that ‘it shall be prohibited for EU vessels to fish for, to retain on board, to tranship or to land Undulate Skate in EU waters west of Scotland and Ireland, the Celtic Seas, the English Channel, the Bay of Biscay, Iberian waters and Madeira’ (CEC 2011). The regulations also stated that ‘Undulate Skate shall be promptly released unharmed to the extent practicable’. Most recent fishery regulations allow for some limited landings of Undulate Skate from the Bay of Biscay and English Channel (CEC 2015). Given the high inter-annual variability in fisheries trawl surveys, the lack of species-specific landings data since 2009 and some declining landings trends prior to this time, better monitoring is required to determine population trends of mature individuals which can support assessments. Furthermore studies to determine the level of genetic interchange between these potentially discrete, patchy stocks would assist future assessments.","Flesh marketed for human consumption. In Portugal, larger specimens can reach relatively high market prices (R. Coelho pers. obs. 2014). This skate is not targeted (it occurs at too low population densities), however it is utilized when taken unless catch/bycatch controls are in place. The fish is also caught in recreational fisheries.","Farrell, E.D., Serena, F. & Allen, D.J.","Ellis, J.R., McCully, S. & Walls, R.H.L.","Coelho, R.P., Bertozzi, M. & Ungaro, N.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,RAJIDAE,Rajella,bathyphila,,Rajella bathyphila,"(Holt & Byrne, 1908)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least ConcernDeepwater Skate (Rajella bathyphila) occurs on deeper continental slopes and probably abyssal plains in the Northeast Atlantic, mainly at depths of greater than 1,400 m. It is occasionally landed as fisheries bycatch, but its deepwater range places the majority of the population outside the range of current fishing pressure. In the absence of potential threats, Deepwater Skate is assessed as Least Concern in the European region. If deepwater fisheries expand to greater depths within this species’ range in future, this assessment should be revisited. Monitoring of catches is important given that life history characteristics common to most deepwater skates make them vulnerable to rapid depletion when heavily fished.",Stable,"The species is found in the North Atlantic from west to east. In the Northeast Atlantic, this species occurs in the Strait of Denmark, southwest of Iceland, including Reykjanes Ridge, Rockall Trough, in the northern region of the Bay of Biscay and south to areas off Rio de Oro in Western Sahara (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). It also occurs around Greenland (Nakaya 1995) and on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Stehmann 1978, Stehmann 1995). The depth range is 600-2,300 m but is mainly found at depths greater than 1,400 m.","Little is known about population size or structure, but it is apparently rare at sampled depths. This species is mainly known from sporadic records from local deepwater fisheries, as it is rarely encountered by deepwater research trawl surveys (Ebert and Stehmann 2013).","This skate is found on deeper continental slopes and probably abyssal plains at depths of 600−2,300 m, but mainly greater than 1,400 m, within a temperature range of 2.5−4.0 °C (Stehmann and Bürkel 1984, Ebert and Stehmann 2013).The reproductive biology of this species is largely unknown. Like other skates, it is an egg-laying species with yolk-only nutrition. Females produce ~40 egg capsules per year. The young hatch after several months of embryonic development, although timing may vary with water temperature (i.e., slower development is likely in colder waters; Gordon and Duncan 1989). Size at birth is 11.5 cm total length (TL) (Stehmann 1978). Adults reach sexual maturity at ~65 cm TL in both males and females. The maximum recorded size is 93 cm TL (Stehmann 1978).","This species is occasionally caught as bycatch in local commercial deepwater bottom trawl fisheries at depths greater than 1,000 m, for example, from the Rockall Trough in the Northeast Atlantic (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Only larger specimens are kept and landed (e.g., in France smaller individuals are discarded). The presumed wide distribution mainly at lower slope depths likely protects the species from exploitation.","In 1999, the European Union (EU) introduced a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for skates and rays of 6,060 tonnes (t) for fisheries operating in the Norwegian Sea (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea [ICES] Division IIa) and North Sea (ICES sub-area IV) based on landing statistics from the previous five years. This TAC has been progressively reduced by 8−25% annually to the current level of 1,256 t. As part of the TAC, the bycatch quota for vessels over 15 meters was set at 25% of live weight of catch retained on board per trip. For much of this period (1999−2014), the TAC was higher than reported landings and therefore not effectively constraining catches. Skate and ray TACs were established for other EU waters in 2009, including Skagerrak and Kattegat (ICES Division IIIa) and from the northwest coast of Scotland and North Ireland to Portuguese waters (ICES sub-areas VI−IX), and have also been gradually reduced since then.The harvesting trends of the species should be monitored.",The species is not exploited nor traded commercially.,"Farrell, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Dulvy, N. & Walls, R.","Stehmann, M.F.W. & Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,RAJIDAE,Rajella,bigelowi,,Rajella bigelowi,"(Stehmann, 1978)",This species is difficult to distinguish from the deepwater skate (Rajella bathyphila) and these two species may be sympatric. It has also been misidentified as Rajella fyllae before.,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least ConcernBigelow’s Skate (Rajella bigelowi) is a little known, small (up to 53 cm total length) bathydemersal skate, recorded at depths from 367 m to 4,156 m, but most records exceed 1,000 m. Sporadic records from various parts of the North and Central Atlantic indicate that this species is widespread, and possibly much wider than records currently indicate. This suggests that the majority of the population likely lies outside the range of current deepwater fisheries. Given the limited overlap between its range and current fishing operations, and lack of data to suggest declines in abundance, Bigelow’s Skate is assessed as Least Concern in European waters. This assessment should be revisited if deepwater fisheries expand to greater depths within its range. Monitoring of catches will be important given that deepwater skates generally have life-history characteristics that can make them vulnerable to rapid depletion when heavily fished.",Unknown,"This species is widely distributed in the North Atlantic. In the Northeast and Eastern Central Atlantic, there have been sporadic records between 65°N and 10°N, from Greenland (Nakaya 1995), Iceland (Jónsson and Pálsson 2006), Rockall Trough, Porcupine Seabight, western Bay of Biscay, north of Morocco, the Azores, and off Rio del Oro in Western Sahara and Guinea, including the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Orlov et al. 2006). The depth range is 3674,156 m (mostly greater than 1,000 m).","Little is known about the population size or the species’ abundance, but it is apparently rare at sampled depths.","This bathydemersal skate occurs on continental slopes, abyssal plains and deepwater rises at depths of 3674,156 m (mostly greater than 1,000 m).  An unpublished record by the British RV ‘Challenger’ from the outer Porcupine Seabight at 4,156 m depth appears to be the deepest known record of the species. The mean depth of existing records is 1,669 m. Most of its range falls within a temperature range of 2.54.0°C.Little is known about this species’ life history (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Like other skates, it is an egg-laying species and embryos derive nutrition only from the yolk. Size at birth is estimated at < 8.9 cm total length (TL; Stehmann 1995). The maximum recorded size for this species is 53 cm TL (Orlov et al. 2006). ","This skate is occasionally taken as bycatch in deepwater bottom trawl fisheries at depths of greater than 1,400 m, but it is usually discarded because of its small size and thorniness (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Much of the range of this species occurs well beyond depths currently fished, most likely offering it significant refuge from fishing pressure. The presumably wide distribution in mainly lower slope depths has thus far protected the species from targeted exploitation.","In 1999, the European Union (EU) introduced a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for skates and rays (Rajidae) of 6,060 tonnes (t) for fisheries operating in the Norwegian Sea and North Sea (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea [ICES] Division IIa and Subarea IV) based on landing statistics from the previous five years. This TAC has been progressively reduced by 825% annually to the current level of 1,256 t. As part of the TAC, the bycatch quota for vessels over 15 meters was set at 25% of live weight of catch retained on board per trip. For much of this period (1999-2014), the TAC was higher than reported landings and therefore not effectively constraining catches.Skate and ray TACs were established for other EU waters in 2009, including the Skagerrak and Kattegat (ICES Division IIIa) and from the northwest coast of Scotland and North Ireland to Portuguese waters (ICES Subareas VIIX) and have also been gradually reduced since then.",The species is not exploited nor traded commercially.,"Farrell, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Dulvy, N. & Walls, R.","Orlov, A., Kulka, D.W., Barker, A.S., Stehmann, M.F.W. & Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,RAJIDAE,Rajella,fyllae,,Rajella fyllae,"(Lütken, 1887)","Breviraja marklei McEachran & Miyake, 1987 is a synonym of Rajella fyllae (J. McEachran pers. comm. 2008).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Round Skate (Rajella fyllae) is widely distributed in the deeper shelf and upper slope waters of the north Atlantic, at depths of 170–2,050 m. This is a small-bodied species that may have moderate to high population growth rates and thus be fairly resilient to low levels of exploitation. It is taken as bycatch by trawl and longline fisheries operating in the north Atlantic, and is discarded. Its wide depth range offers refuge beyond the deepest reach of trawl fisheries. Available data on trends in abundance suggest that the population is relatively stable at present, but these data are for a limited period only, and longer-term trends are not known. There has not been any indication of a decline in abundance or range, and so it is inferred to be of Least Concern. Given that fisheries are known to operate at depths at which the species is most abundant, bycatch levels should be monitored.",Stable,"In the Northeast Atlantic, Round Skate (Rajella fyllae) is found from the southeastern part of the Barents Sea (Kanin Peninsula) to southern Norway, southern Greenland, Iceland, Faeroe Islands to Shetlands, and the western coasts of British Isles and the Bay of Biscay (Stehmann and Bürkel 1984, Dolgov et al. 2005). Its depth range is 170-2,050 m.","Annual mean catch rates in scientific trawl surveys are in the range of 0.02–0.03 fish per hour with maximum catch rates of five fish per hour (Dolgov et al. 2005). Abundance in this area appears relatively stable in recent years. In Norwegian waters this species is abundant along northern coasts (Williams et al. 2008) and also in the Skagerrak and off southwestern Norway. During a scientific trawl survey in Norwegian waters between 1984 and 1987, this skate occurred in 107 of the 639 trawls and with a concentration of catches off southern and southwest Norway and at depths > 240 m (Skjæraasen and Bergstad 2001). Owing to the lack of evidence for population decline, population stability is inferred.","This skate is bathydemersal, occurring in deeper shelf and slope waters between 170 and 2,050 m. Average depth of capture is about 400–800 m in the Northeast Atlantic. In the Barents Sea, this skate was observed to prefer waters of 2-7°C (Dolgov et al. 2005).Very little is known of its biology. Maximum recorded size in the Barents Sea is 57 cm total length (TL, Dolgov et al. 2005). Size at birth is estimated at 7-11 cm TL. This is an egg laying species; due to its cold water habitat, embryonic development may take several months. ","Presently, there are no directed fisheries for this species. It is captured incidentally in deepwater fisheries that operate within its range. For example, it is one of three dominant skate species taken as bycatch in trawl and longline fisheries operating at depths of 800 m in the Barents Sea (Dolgov et al. 2005). It is usually discarded due to its small size and thorniness (Ebert and Stehmann 2013).Although fisheries operate in parts of its range, the species’ wide depth range offers it refuge beyond the reach of most trawl fisheries. Furthermore, deepwater effort in the Northeast Atlantic is regulated by quota and is presently much lower than it was during the 1960s and 1990s, having decreased in effort gradually over the past decade (Dransfeld et al. 2013, STECF 2014). These fisheries should still be monitored in case of future expansion, which could pose a threat to this skate.","There are no species-specific regulations related to this species. In 1999, the European Union (EU) introduced a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for skates and rays of 6,060 tonnes (t) for fisheries operating in the Norwegian Sea (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea [ICES] Division IIa) and North Sea (ICES sub-area IV) based on landing statistics from the previous five years. This TAC has been progressively reduced by 8−25% annually to the current level of 1,256 t. As part of the TAC, the bycatch quota for vessels over 15 meters was set at 25% of live weight of catch retained on board per trip. For much of this period (1999−2014), the TAC was higher than reported landings and therefore not effectively constraining catches.  Skate and ray TACs were established for other EU waters in 2009, including the Skagerrak and Kattegat (ICES Division IIIa) and from the northwest coast of Scotland and North Ireland to Portuguese waters (ICES sub-areas VI−IX). These TACs have also been gradually reduced since then. In 2013, the TAC for all skate and ray species grouped was 21,800 tonnes (regulations are available online at http://faolex.fao.org). Further research should be conducted on the population size and trend of the species.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"Farrell, E.","Kulka, D.W., Barker, A.S., Orlov, A., Pasolini, P., Ellis, J.R., Dolgov, A. & Walls, R.","Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,RAJIDAE,Rajella,kukujevi,,Rajella kukujevi,"(Dolganov, 1985)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Mid-Atlantic Skate (Rajella kukujevi) is a poorly known, deepwater species endemic to the Northeast Atlantic. It is found at depths of 775–1,500 m and is most common below 1,000 m. Relatively few individuals have been captured since it was originally described and very little data are available. Little is known of the species’ biology, though it is likely to have inherent limiting life history characteristics similar to other deepwater skates, making it potentially vulnerable to exploitation. It is rarely taken as bycatch by deepwater trawl fisheries targeting deepwater teleost fishes. This species’ deep depth range may afford it refuge from fishing pressure in some areas, though some fisheries operate throughout the shallow end of its bathymetric range. Mid-Atlantic Skate is assessed as Least Concern because of the suspected minimal overlap between its range and deepwater fisheries operations. Efforts should be made to assess catch and population trends, and this assessment should be revisited as soon as data are available.",Stable,"Mid-Atlantic Skate (Rajella kukujevi) is endemic to the Northeast Atlantic. It is found from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge to Iceland, Ireland and the Faeroe's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), west of Scotland and Ireland, with one record south to the Bay of Biscay (Rodríguez-Cabello et al. 2012). It is most frequently caught off the Rockall Trough, Bill-Baileys, Lausy and Hatton banks and southwestern corner of Faroes EEZ (Dolganov 1985, Clarke 2000, ICES 2006).The depth range is 775–1,500 m.","Nothing is known about the population size, but the trend is suspected to be stable owing to the minimal range overlap with deepwater fisheries.","This bathydemersal species is found at depths of 775–1,500 m, with the majority of individuals captured at depths below 1,000 m (ICES 2006). The average depth of all known records is 1,179 m. This species is presumably egg laying like other skates, but nothing else is known of its reproductive biology. It reaches a maximum body size of at least 83 cm total length (TL; Dolganov 1985). Iglésias (2012) reported a maximum size of 79–84 cm TL for mature males, while Rodriguez-Caballo (2012) reported maximum sizes of 56.8 and 72.9 cm TL for males and females, respectively.","This species is taken as bycatch in deepwater mixed bottom trawl and longline fisheries, particularly in the Rockall Trough area by French vessels that occasionally land large specimens (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Owing to the Total Allowable Catch (TAC) measures introduced in 2009 (see ‘Conservation Actions’ section), reported landings of most deepwater species in 2012 were very low or zero. As most species are taken as bycatch in mixed fisheries, it is likely that discarding has increased (ICES 2013).It is unlikely that deepwater fisheries in the Northeast Atlantic will be expanding in the foreseeable future, but there is still some overlap between the shallowest extent of this species’ range and deepwater fisheries operating in the region. It is therefore important to monitor the reach of deepwater fisheries because, like other deepwater skate species, this species is suspected to have a slow life history, making it particularly vulnerable to exploitation.","Skate and ray TACs were established for European Union waters in 2009, including this species’ range from the northwest coast of Scotland and North Ireland to Portuguese waters (ICES Subareas VI-IX). The TACs have been gradually reduced each year since 2009 to 21,800 tonnes in 2013 for all skate and ray species grouped (regulations are available online at http://faolex.fao.org). Further research is required on the population size, trends, harvest and use of the species, while any catches should be recorded and monitored. ",The species is not exploited nor traded commercially.,"Farrell, E., Walls, R. & Kemp, J.R.","Dulvy, N.","Buscher, E., Fordham, S. & Orlov, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,RAJIDAE,Rajella,lintea,,Rajella lintea,"(Fries, 1838)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least ConcernSailray (Rajella lintea) is a deepwater skate known from sporadic, deepwater records from the Northeast Atlantic at depths of 196–635 m. Potential overlap with fishing effort is greater in the Northeast Atlantic than other parts of the Atlantic, but catches are rare. Given the limited interaction between this species and fisheries, it is inferred that the majority of its range falls outside the reach of deepwater fisheries operating in this region, and therefore Sailray is assessed as Least Concern in European waters. Monitoring of population trends and capture in fisheries should be implemented.",Stable,"This deepwater skate is widely distributed in the Northwest Atlantic, but in the Northeast Atlantic it is only known sporadically from southern Iceland, north of the Faroes and Shetland Islands, the Skagerrak, Barents Sea and Spitsbergen (Stehmann and Bürkel 1984, Dolgov and Igashov 2001). In the Barents Sea, single specimens have been recorded in trawl and longline catches, mainly in areas influenced by warm Atlantic waters, including the Sørøya Bank, Fugløya Bank and Kopytov area (Dolgov et al. 2005b).","In the Barents Sea, this skate regularly occurs in research surveys, but in very low, consistent numbers (Dolgov et al. 2005a).","This skate occurs at shallower depths in the Northeast Atlantic (196–635 m) than in the Northwest Atlantic (316–1,455 m, the deepest where it has been fished; ICES 2006).  Like other skates, it is an egg-laying species that produces egg capsules 10.7 cm long and 7.7 cm wide and deposits them on sandy or muddy flats (Breder and Rosen 1966, Funicelli 1972). The maximum body size recorded for this species was a mature male at 125 cm total length (Ebert and Stehmann 2013).","The main threat to Sailray (Rajella lintea) is fishing. Catches are sporadically reported in the Northeast Atlantic. It is only occasionally taken as bycatch in trawl and longline fisheries targeting Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua), Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) and Blue Catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) above 300 m depth, and Greenland Halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) below 300 m in the Barents Sea (Dolgov et al. 2005b). This skate is also taken by trawl fisheries in the Norwegian Deep and the Skagerrak (Skjæraasen and Bergstad 2001), and elsewhere in the Northeast Atlantic. It is usually discarded, but larger individuals are sometimes retained. Given how infrequently catches are reported, it is suspected that the majority of this species’ depth range is below the reach of most deepwater fishing fleets (Ebert and Stehmann 2013).This species was thought to be less common in Swedish waters, but reports are now increasing from sports fishermen and commercial fisheries. It appears that logbooks started reporting landings of Sailray around the time Sweden banned landings of Blue Skate (Dipturus batis), in December 2004. These landings need to be further investigated to establish if these specimens are in fact Sailray, and not Blue Skate.","In 1999, the European Union (EU) introduced a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for skates and rays of 6,060 tonnes (t) for fisheries operating in the Norwegian Sea (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea [ICES] Division IIa) and North Sea (ICES sub-area IV) based on landing statistics from the previous five years. This TAC has been progressively reduced by 8−25% annually to the current level of 1,256 t. As part of the TAC, the bycatch quota for vessels over 15 meters was set at 25% of live weight of catch retained on board per trip. For much of this period (1999−2014), the TAC was higher than reported landings and therefore not effectively constraining catches. Skate and ray TACs were established for other EU waters in 2009, including the Skagerrak and Kattegat (ICES Division IIIa) and from the northwest coast of Scotland and North Ireland to Portuguese waters (ICES sub-areas VI−IX). These TACs have also been gradually reduced since then (regulations available online at http://faolex.fao.org). Any catches of the species should be recorded and monitored. ",The species is not exploited nor traded commercially.,"Farrell, E. & Kemp, J.R.","Ellis, J., Dolgov, A., Walls, R. & Dulvy, N.","Fordham, S., Kulka, D.W., Orlov, A. & Stenberg, C.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,GADIDAE,Raniceps,raninus,,Raniceps raninus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"In the northeast Atlantic, Raniceps raninus is distributed from Trondheim on the Norwegian coast to the Bay of Biscay, and is also found around the British Isles (Cohen et al. 1990). It is found at depths ranging from zero to 100 metres, but is more common between 10 to 20 metres. This species is relatively widespread in the northeastern Atlantic. It is not of commercial importance and there are no known threats. Therefore, R. raninus is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Raniceps raninus is restricted to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is distributed from Trondheim on the Norwegian coast to the Bay of Biscay, including around the British Isles (Cohen et al. 1990). It is found at depths ranging from zero to 100 metres, but is more common between 10 to 20 metres.","This species is found in scientific survey data for Groundfish in the Celtic Sea/ Bay of Biscay (ICES WGFE 2005), however there is a paucity of information available. Raniceps raninus is considered rare in the North Sea (Jiming 1982).","Raniceps raninus lives in coastal waters at shallow depths, generally from 10 to 20 metres, more seldom from 75 to 100 metres on rocky bottoms with seaweeds. It is a solitary and secretive species and undertakes only limited local movements. It spawns from May to September at 50 to 70 metres depth near the shore throughout its entire range. It feeds on sea stars, crustaceans, worms, molluscs and small fishes. This species reaches a maximum size of 27.5 cm total length (TL) (Cohen et al. 1990).",There are no confirmed species-specific threats to R. raninus.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for R. raninus, however its distribution is likely to overlap marine protected areas.",This species does not appear to be commercially important.,"Ralph, G.","Fernandes, P., Cook, R., Florin, A., Lorance, P., Nielsen, J. & Nedreaas, K.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,TETRAODONTIFORMES,MOLIDAE,Ranzania,laevis,,Ranzania laevis,"(Pennant, 1776)",This species has a very wide distribution and genetic analysis is warranted.,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Ranzania laevis is distributed along the entirety of the European coast, as well as around the Azores, Canary Islands, and Madeira. Little information is available about its reproductive traits or trends, and it is scarcely present in museum collections from European waters. Species-specific threats for R. laevis are unknown. There are virtually no data concerning the population size or trends of this species in European waters; therefore, Ranzania laevis is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Ranzania laevis is circumglobal in tropical through warm temperate seas (including Mediterranean Sea, Madagascar, Mascarenes, Hawaiian Islands, the Canarys, Azores and Madeira) (Tortonese 1990). In the eastern Atlantic, Ranzania laevis occurs from Scandinavia to Madeira (Whitehead et al. 1986). It is widespread in the Mediterranean, including Libya (Elbaraasi and Elsalini 2010) and Greece (Papaconstantinou 1988). Ranzania laevis is associated with depths of between 1 and 140 m (Mundy 2005).","In Adratic Sea, 35 records of Slender Sunfish were found from 1781 through 2006 (Dulcic et al. 2007).  The species can be found in three museum lots that contain specimen pulled from European waters (Accessed through FishNet 2 Portal 2013 July).","It lives either solitarily or in small groups and feeds upon planktonic crustaceans, jellyfish and small fishes (Elbaraasi and Elsalini 2010). The maximum recorded length of this species is 100 cm total length (TL) (Claro 1994). The fecundity, spawning periodicity, stages of maturation and early life history traits are poorly understood with this species.",There are no known threats for this species as the species is rarely encountered in the northeastern Atlantic and adjacent regional waters.,"There are no known species-specific conservation efforts for R. laevis. Its distribution overlaps with a number of marine reserves in parts of its range, however the effectiveness of the MPAs for the conservation of pelagic species remains unknown (Norse et al. 2005). Research into all aspects of this species' population size and trends, biology, ecology and potential threats is suggested.",There is no use-and-trade information available for this species.,"Strongin, K.","Rijnsdorp, A.D. & Costa, M.","Matsuura, K.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LAMPRIFORMES,REGALECIDAE,Regalecus,glesne,,Regalecus glesne,"Ascanius, 1772",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Regalecus glesne is a widespread, solitary, mesopelagic species which is circumglobally distributed which is infrequently recorded throughout its range. However, there are more sightings in the eastern Atlantic than in the Western Atlantic. There are no major species-specific threats within the assessment region. Therefore, R. glesne is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Regalecus glesne is cosmopolitan in all tropical and subtropical seas. In the Atlantic Ocean, it is widely distributed,from Scandinavia and southern Iceland to the Canary Islands. It is found throughout most of the Mediterranean Sea (Fischer et al. 1987), except the Levant (Golani et al. 2006), Marmara Sea (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002), and Israel. In the eastern Pacific, it is present from Topanga Beach in south California, USA to Chile (Eschmeyer et al. 1983). It is found at depths ranging from 20 to 1,000 metres.","Regalecus glesne is a widespread but infrequently reported mesopelagic species. From 1759 to 1991, a total of 31 occurrences have been recorded from Norway. Many were strandings. From 1979 to 2009 the British Isles have had 44 occurrences, 29 of which were standings. Pairing at a frequency approaching 100% occurred in strandings of large Regalecus in the waters of Asturias, Spain, and the Netherlands during the period 2002 to 2009. Pairs occur rarely in the Mediterranean. There are fewer records of this species in the Western Atlantic (Roberts 2012).","Regalecus glesne is an oceanic, pelagic, solitary species. It can live at great depths (Eschmeyer et al. 1983), but is occasionally cast up on beaches (May and Maxwell 1986). It feeds on euphausiid crustaceans, small fishes and squid (Palmer 1986) and is thought to suspend itself vertically so that it can spot the silhouette of its prey against the light from above (Moyle and Cech 2004). Spawning occurs between July and December and larvae are encountered near the surface (Bauchot 1995). It is present in the Guinness Book of Records as the longest bony fish (Foot 2000). Mating system and parental care are unknown. It does not reproduce in the Northern Atlantic as reproduction occurs in equatorial waters (Roberts 2012).",Regalecus glesne is a species with minor commercial importance. Its main catching method is trawls but can also caught with encircling nets (Bauchot 1995).,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for R. glesne. However, this species may be present in marine protected areas found within its distribution (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Further research is needed into its life history characteristics and possible effects of fishing on population sizes. Regalecus glesne was regionally assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).","Regalecus glesne is a species with minor commercial importance. The flesh is generally unpalatable, but it is occasionally caught with trawls and encircling nets and sold (Bauchot 1995).","Strongin, K.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,PLEURONECTIDAE,Reinhardtius,hippoglossoides,,Reinhardtius hippoglossoides,"(Walbaum, 1792)",,No,NT,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Near Threatened (NT) Reinhardtius hippoglossoides is distributed from Greenland, to Novaya Zemlya, along the Norwegian coast to England to depths of 2,000 m. Reinhardtius hippoglossoides is can be locally abundant, but it is commercially important and has been heavily exploited throughout parts of its range. Generation length was estimated at about 13 years. Population trends in R. hippoglossoides were evaluated over a period of 3 generation lengths in order to apply Criteria A. To account for variability in life history, population trends were examined over a 30 to 40 year time window. Historically low stock abundances were documented in the 1980s and 1990s, along with major declines in total biomass, spawning stock biomass, and a reduction in average fish size. As a long-lived and slow growing species, R. hippoglossoides may be inherently vulnerable to overexploitation. Based on historical estimates of biomass in the Barents and Norwegian seas, there has been approximately 25% increase in estimated biomass over the past 45 to 50 years (three generation lengths). However, there has been an approximately 75% decline in relative biomass from the mid-1970s and 1980s to present in the Iceland and east Greenland stock. Based on average landings in both stocks during the time period, it is estimated that the Barents Sea and Norwegian Sea stock accounts for roughly 40% of landings, while the Iceland and east Greenland stock accounts for roughly 60% of landings. The declines in the Iceland and Greenland stock are given slightly more weight in estimating the magnitude of population decline. It is estimated that there has been a 20 to 30% decline in the regional population over the past 30 to 40 years (3 generation lengths). Therefore, R. hippoglossoides is assessed as Near Threatened under Criterion A2bd.",Unknown,"Reinhardtius hippoglossoides is distributed from Newfoundland (Canada) to both sides of Greenland, and in the northern Pacific Ocean from Sagami Bay, Sea of Japan, the Okhotsk Sea, the Bering Sea, and the Pacific coast of North America to northern Mexico (FAO 2013). In the northeastern Atlantic, R. hippoglossoides occurs from south of Ireland and northward to the Faroe Islands, Iceland, and along the continental slope of Norway eastwards to Franz Joseph Land, also including Bear Island and along the submarine ridge to Spitsbergen.  The species occurs at depths of 200 m to 2,000 m (Milinsky 1944, Andriyashev 1954, Godø and Haug 1989, FAO 2013). This species is usually found only to depths of 1,400 m on the continental slope off Norway to 62°N to northern Spitzbergen (Gundersen et al. 1999).","Reinhardtius hippoglossoides was one of the most abundant groundfish species inhabiting the continental slope and shelf areas west, north, and east of Iceland (Solmundsson 2007). Stocks in the northeast Atlantic have been at historically low levels since the 1990s due to periods of high fishing pressure and reduced recruitment (Anonymous 1998, Bowering and Nedreaas 2001). Results from Albert et al. (2001) suggest that the recruitment failure reported from previous assessments may be due to the decreasing proportion of the year classes at younger ages being present in the survey area (ICES 1998). Catches from the northern North Sea (Division IVa) increased from ~200 t in 2011 to ~1,000 t in 2012. Barents Sea and Norwegian Sea Landings from the Barents and Norwegian Sea stock ranged from 12,996 to 21,461 tonnes from 2013 to 2014. Biomass estimates have shown a stable or increasing trend since 1992 (ICES 2013). Based on historical estimates of relative biomass in the Barents and Norwegian seas, averaging of endpoints from 1965-1969, and 2009-2012, there has been approximately 25% increase in estimated biomass (ICES 2013) over the last 30 to 40 years. Iceland Landings from fluctuated between 20,000 and 30,000 t. Relative total biomass estimates are available from 1960 to 2013. This stock reached a record low in 2005. There has been an approximately 75% decline in relative biomass (ICES Advice 2013) from the mid-1970s and 1980s to present. Therefore, it is estimated that there has been a 20 to 30% decline in the regional population over the past 30 to 40 years (3 generations).","Reinhardtius hippoglossoides ranges from depths of 200 to 2,000 m, but is more commonly found between 500 and 1,000 m. Reinhardtius hippoglossoides typically feeds on prawns, squids, and fishes including cod, eelpouts, capelin, and redfish. In Spitzbergen waters, juveniles feed primarily on polar cod and prawns (Haug and Gulliksen 1982). Feeding activity of R. hippoglossoides peaks in October between depths of 1,100 to 1,500 m (Huse et al. 1999). Spawning takes place in the spring/summer from April to July, which peaks in May/June, at 700 to 1,500 m depth. Reinhardtius hippoglossoides from the Northeast Arctic region spawn primarily from November to mid-January with the peak of season occurring in December (Albert et al. 1998). It is unknown whether R. hippoglossoides is a serial spawner or if all of the eggs are released in a single batch (Stene et al. 1999). There is evidence that indicates R. hippoglossoides as being both a spring and winter spawner (Hogsnestad 1969, Albert et al. 1998) as well as suggestions that this species spawns throughout the year (Fedorov 1971). Eggs, larvae, and post larvae remain pelagic for several months and metamorphosis is completed when 6 cm to 8.5 cm length is attained (Knutsen et al. 2007, FAO 2013). The maximum length and weight for this species is 120 cm and 45 kg, respectively but is more commonly found between 80 and 100 cm and 11 to 25 kg (FAO 2013).  Reinhardtius hippoglossoides is adapted to a variety of environmental conditions and can be found in water temperature from -1°C to 10.0°C. Reinhardtius hippoglossoides is most abundant at temperatures ranging from -0.5°C to 3.0°C (Templeman 1973). Proportions of small fish are higher north of 76° and larger fish are more abundant in deeper water (Godø and Haug 1989). Only a small proportion of R. hippoglossoides over 65 cm are males (Huse et al. 1999). The coastal northern areas west and north of Spitsbergen are used as nursery grounds for R. hippoglossoides and the mature stock is distributed more south along the continental slope where spawning takes place (Godø and Huag 1989). The Denmark Strait serves as the main spawning ground in Icelandic waters for this species with peak spawning taking place from January to April (Solmundsson 2007).  Fecundity can range from ~7,000 eggs to ~140,000 eggs which is primarily correlated to length and age, a lesser extent to the latter. The eggs are 3.8 to 4.3 mm in diameter and yolk-sac larvae range from 10 to 15 mm. Fecundity was determined for females from the Barents Sea which ranged from 6,800 eggs to 70,500 eggs per female between 48 and 80 cm in length (Gundersen  et al. 1999). Spawning grounds for R. hippoglossoides in the Barents and Norwegian seas are at 600  and 900 m depth between 70°N and 75°N along the continental slope (Godø and Huag 1989, Hognestad 1969). The growth rate of individuals from the Barents Sea were faster than those from Iceland but slower than those from Newfoundland (Godø and Haug 1989).Reinhardtius hippoglossoides grows on average ~6 to 8 cm a year. Individuals from the northeast Atlantic tend to be larger at age, up to about eight years, than those from the northwest Atlantic; however, the growth patterns seem to be more similar in recent years which suggests the convergence to a similar pattern between northeast and northwest R. hippoglossoides (Bowering and Nedreaas 2001). Reinhardtius hippoglossoides migrates from the east coast of Iceland to Norway (Sigurðsson 1981). After spawning, most individuals will begin a feeding migration to the north and northeast of Iceland. This migration ends in September and from then until December, the fish will migrate back to western Iceland for spawning (ICES 1997). Migration patterns of this species are influenced by size and growth characteristics. Males and females leave the nursery grounds at 40 cm length and females appear in spawning condition around 60 cm (Albert 2003).  Off Iceland, individuals of this species <60 cm in length tend to be pelagic or semi-pelagic feeders while individuals >80 cm feed mainly on the or close to the bottom (Solmundsson 2007). In the northeast Atlantic females can reach 16 years of age and males can reach 11 years of age (Bowering and Nedreaas 2001). The growth rate of females is slightly faster than that of males after five years of age and males reach sexual maturity before females (Godø and Haug 1989). Age at 50% ranges from 9.5 years to 15.0 years for females and 8.2 years and 11.6 years for males (Morgan and Bowering 1997). Other suggested ages for 50% maturity are 9-10 years of age and 7-8 years of age (sexes combined) (Anonymous 1996, ICES 1997). Additional data are included from the 1970's and the 1980's suggest that 50% of males were mature at about five years of age and females between nine and ten years of age; however, data from Russian surveys suggest that individuals from the Barents Sea reach maturity at about six years of age (sexes combined) (ICES 1997).  Generation length was calculated using the formula (Amax+Am/2), where Am = age at first maturity (10 years for females), Amax = longevity (16 years). This gives a generation length of 13 years.","Reinhardtius hippoglossoides has experienced major declines due to exploitation. During the 1970's, the total stock and the spawning stock decreased but have increased slightly since the 1980's. The trawl fishery expanded rapidly in 1969 which contributed to the decline as well. A trawl fishery that operates on the nursery grounds had led to a decrease in the average size of fish in the catch (Godø and Haug 1989). This species also experienced recruitment failure which was indicated by the abundance of juveniles and young fish which contributed to a sharp decrease in catches (Godø and Haug 1987). During the late 1980's the northeast Arctic stock experienced a drop in year-class indices, derived from regular 0-group and juvenile surveys and a historic low spawning stock biomass was also observed (Hylen and Nedreaas 1995, Smirnov 1995). The importance of this species as a commercial fish increased during this time and a decrease in the commercial catch per unit efforts was observed. This series of events led to strict regulation including a fishing ban north of 71°30'N from 1992 (Gundersen et al. 1999). Females of this species tend to live longer, reach sexual maturity at an older age, and reach a larger size than males. These traits may make females more susceptible to exploitation.  In some areas of the species distribution the depth of occurrence of oil exploitation overlaps with the species habitats.","The ban against a targeted fishery for R. hippoglossoides was lifted by Joint Russian–Norwegian Fisheries Commission (JRNFC) in 2010 which resulted in a directed fishery and capture as bycatch in fisheries for other demersal species. The 38th JRNFC session in 2009 cancelled the ban on the R. hippoglossoides fishery and implemented a TAC which was raised to 19,000 t for 2013. In the  Barents Sea, Norwegian Sea, Spitzbergen, and Bear Island, all targeted fishing by gillnet and long-line vessels longer than 28 m has been banned (Huse et al. 1999).  The fishery in the North Sea does not have Total Allowable Catch (TAC) restrictions but does have catch limits for non-EU countries (ICES 2013). ICES advises that catches should not exceed 15,000 t in 2014 in the Barents and Norwegian seas, and not exceed 20,000 t in 2014 for Iceland and East Greenland (ICES 2013). Coastal states recently began work on a common management plan for R. hippoglossoides in the area. This plan will include a gradual lowering of total catches until biological reference points have been evaluated by ICES and the implementation of a harvest control rule and continuous monitoring (ICES 2013). Reinhardtius hippoglossoides was assessed as Least Concern in Norway (including the Barents Sea) using a generation length of 50 years.","The increased use of bottom trawls in the 1960's and 1970's led to the substantial reduction of R. hippoglossides in the eastern Norwegian and Barents Sea (Anonymous 1978 from Godø and Haug 1989). Landing trends for R. hippoglossoides of the Northeastern Atlantic show regular fluctuations in the last decade with a notable decrease from 50,008 tonnes in 2004 to 36,001 tonnes in 2008 (FAO 2011 FishStatJ Accessed 2013 September).  Barents Sea and Norwegian Sea Biomass estimates indicate a stable or increase in trend since 1992 (ICES 2013). The total catch for this area in 2012 was 20,079 tonnes (ICES 2013). Iceland and East Greenland The stock has been below BMSY since the early 1990's and is presently at 56% of BMSY. Fishing mortality is estimated to be 1.5 times the Fmsy and the stock is currently at 56% Bmsy (ICES 2013). Since the record-low biomass observed in 2004 the stock has been stable with a low increase. The total catch for 2012 from this region was 29,309 t, and discarding is considered to be less than 1% by weight (ICES 2013). The total biomass for this species has declined by 75% over the past 50 years (1960-2012).","Ralph, G.","Munroe, T., Costa, M., Nielsen, J., Herrera, J. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,ECHENEIDAE,Remora,albescens,,Remora albescens,"(Temminck & Schlegel, 1850)","Previously in Remorina, but is currently placed in Remora (Gray et al. 2009).",No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, Remorina albescens is found in Madeira, the Azores and off mainland Portugal. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, Remorina albescens is found in Madeira, the Azores and off mainland Portugal (Carneiro et al. 2014). Globally, Remorina albescens is widely distributed in tropical waters. In the Eastern Pacific area it is found from San Francisco to Chile, but it is rare north of the state of Baja California in Mexico. It is found in the Indian Ocean including waters around Reunion and Mauritius. In the western Atlantic it is found from Florida to Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico. It is also found in the Western Pacific Ocean around Indonesia and China.",There is no population information available for Remorina albescens.,"Remorina albescens attaches itself to other species by a cephalic sucking disk on its head. Ninety percent of individuals are found on Manta Rays, but are also associated with four other hosts (O'Toole 2002). It is often found inside the gill chambers and mouth of its host. This species is found to a depth of 50 m.","This species is used within traditional Chinese medicine, however there is no indication that this is causing a decline in the population. It's association with Manta Rays may result in future population declines should Manta Rays continue to be impacted by anthropogenic pressures.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Remorina albescens. However, the distribution of this species may fall within a number of marine protected areas.",Remorina albescens is used in traditional Chinese medicines.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Collette, B.B. & Carpenter, K.E.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,ECHENEIDAE,Remora,australis,,Remora australis,"(Bennett, 1840)",,No,,,,,,,,"Europe regional assessment: NA Remora australis is a widely distributed species and is found worldwide in tropical and subtropical waters. Only a minor portion of this species' global range is found in the assessment zone. Therefore, R. australis is assessed as Not Applicable.",Unknown,"Remora australis is found worldwide in tropical and sub-tropical waters and is the most rarely collected member of the family (Collette 2003). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, R. australis is known primarily from the offshore islands. In the Mediterranean, R. australis has been recorded from Trieste (Perugia 1881 as Echeneis scutata), Rhodes (Tortonese 1946), Israel (Ben-Tuvia 1971) and Tyrrhenian Sea (Tortonese 1974). It has recently been recorded in the Saronikos Gulf (Thessalou-Legaki et al. 2012). It is found at depths ranging from one to at least 50 m, depending upon the depth that the host reaches. ","Remora australis is rarely collected because its hosts are whales and dolphins, but it is probably common (B. Collette and J. Williams pers. comm. 2012). This species is rare in the Mediterranean.","Remora australis, like all echeneids, attaches directly to larger hosts via modified dorsal fins (Gray et al. 2009). Remora australis is a pelagic and oceanodromous species. It typically reaches as maximum length of at least 40 cm (SL), however there are maximum size records of 76 cm (TL) (Eschmeyer 1983).This species attaches exclusively to whales and porpoises (O'Toole 2002). An adult couple was reported to attach to one spinner dolphin for three months (Silva and Sazima 2003). It has been recorded feeding on spinner dolphins’ feces and vomit (Sazima et al. 2003). Its habitat type is thus wherever host dolphin or whale goes (i.e., over coral reefs, etc.).",There are no major threats known for this species.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. However, its distribution overlaps with marine reserves in parts of its range (WDPA 2010).This species has undergone regional Red List Assessment in the Mediterranean, and was assessed as Data Deficient.",There is no species-specific use and trade information available for R. australis.,"Harwell, H.","Collette, B., Smith-Vaniz, W.F., Herrera, J., Fernandes, P. & Heessen, H.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,ECHENEIDAE,Remora,brachyptera,,Remora brachyptera,"(Lowe, 1839)",,No,,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: NA  Remora brachyptera is a widespread, globally-distributed species. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species has been recorded in the Western Mediterranean and Madeira. It is unlikely that greater than 1% of the global population of this species is found within the assessment region. There are no known species-specific threats to R. brachyptera in the assessment region. Therefore, R. brachyptera is assessed as Not Applicable.",Stable,"Remora brachyptera has a circumglobal distribution throughout all warm waters. Its most southerly limit reaches Otago in New Zealand. In the northeast Atlantic Ocean, R. brachyptera is known only from the offshore islands and the western Mediterranean (Lachner 1986, Wirtz et al. 2008). It has not been recorded in the eastern Mediterranean Sea (Golani 2006). Its depth range is host-dependent, and is provisionally accepted as 0 to 200 m.","Remora brachyptera is common, and is one of the most common species within the genus (B Collette pers. comm. 2014). It is considered to be the most derived of the subfamily Remorinae (Gray et al. 2009)","Remora brachyptera, like all echeneids, attaches directly to larger hosts via modified dorsal fins (Gray et al. 2009). Remora brachyptera is commonly found attached on to sharks, particularly Blue Sharks and in the gill chambers of Swordfish and billfishes (O'Toole 2002). This is an epipelagic species, like the host species. It is considered a pelagic generalist in its host selectivity (Gray et al. 2009). Remora brachyptera is found to a maximum depth of 200 m.",There are no major threats to Remora brachyptera. This species may be indirectly impacted due to the harvesting of its host species.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. However, this species distribution coincides with a number of marine protected areas. This species was previously assessed as Data Deficient within the Mediterranean basin (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",There is no species-specific use and trade information available for R. brachyptera.,"Harwell, H.","Herrera, J., Collette, B. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.","De Silva, R., Milligan, H., Lutz, M., Batchelor, A., Jopling, B., Kemp, K., Lewis, S., Lintott, P., Sears, J., Wilson, P., Smith, J. and Livingston, F.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,ECHENEIDAE,Remora,osteochir,,Remora osteochir,"(Cuvier, 1829)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Remora osteochir is found in warm and temperate parts of the northeast Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea. It is the most common species of the genus Remora. It is a pelagic-oceanic and oceanodromous species with a strong preference for marlins and sailfish as hosts, but may occasionally cling to other large fishes. There are no major threats to R. osteochir, but it may be indirectly impacted due to the harvesting of its host species and further research is needed on the threats and population trends to determine how it is being impacted by indirect threats. Therefore, R. osteochir is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"The species is found in warm and temperate seas of all oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species has been recorded in the northeast Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Specific records include the Straits of Messina (Fishnet2 Portal 2014), Gran Canaria, Spain (Fishnet2 Portal 2014), Madeira (Wirtz et al. 2008), and recently from the northeastern Aegean Sea, Turkey (Tuncer et al. 2012). It is found at depths ranging from 1 to 200 m.","This species is the most common species within the genus, followed by R. brachyptera (B. Collette pers. comm. 2014), and populations are considered to be stable. Investigations of the population structure utilizing mitochondrial control region revealed two distinct lineages for the species: one restricted to the Atlantic Ocean, and one composed of haplotypes from the Atlantic and Pacific. These results reflect patterns seen in hosts of R. osteochir (Gray et al. 2009).","Like all echeneids, the species attaches directly to larger hosts via modified dorsal fins (Gray et al. 2009). It is a pelagic-oceanic and oceanodromous species with a strong preference for marlins and sailfish as hosts, although it may occasionally cling to other large fishes (O'Toole 2002). It attaches to the body or the gill chamber of the host. Parasitic copepods form an important part of its diet, with 70% of stomachs with food containing parasitic copepods. This is an epipelagic species, like the host species. It is found to a maximum depth of 200 m. This species reaches a maximum size of 40 cm (Edwards 1990).","There are no major threats to Remora osteochir, but it may be indirectly impacted due to the harvesting of its host species.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for R. osteochir. However, its distribution overlaps with marine reserves in parts of its range (WDPA 2010). This species was previously assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean Regional Red List Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",There is no use and trade information available for this species.,"Allen, D.J., Ralph, G. & Polidoro, B.","Collette, B., Herrera, J. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,ECHENEIDAE,Remora,remora,,Remora remora,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Remora remora is a widespread and common pelagic, offshore species. It is usually associated with sharks but also attaches itself to other large fishes, sea turtles and ships, suggesting weaker host specificity than other Remora spp. There is no species-specific use and trade information available from the northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea waters, but it is often harvested for human consumption, especially in Ghana and Senegal. There are no known major threats nor conservation measures in place, and populations are thought to be stable. Therefore, R. remora is listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Remora remora has a cosmopolitan distribution in warm waters. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, R. remora occurs from Iceland and the North Sea to the Canary Islands (Lachner 1986, Appleby 1999). It is widespread throughout the Mediterranean, including the western basin, Aegean Sea, Sea of Marmara, and the Levantine Sea. It also has been recorded in Italy (Tortonese 1974). It is rare in the Eastern Mediterranean, but has been recorded off the coast of Israel (Golani et al. 2006). The depth range is 0 to 100 meters; however, the depth range of this species is dependent on the depth range of the host.",Remora remora is common worldwide (Heemstra 1986). Its occurrence is dependent on the occurrence of suitable host species. It is rare in British marine waters (Swaby and Potts 1990).,"Remora remora, like all echeneids, attaches directly to larger hosts via modified dorsal fins (Gray et al. 2009). This species is not as host-specific has other species within the family. Remora remora is a pelagic, offshore species which is usually associated with sharks but also attaches itself to other large fishes, sea turtles and even ships (O'Toole 2002). Sometimes it is free-swimming (Cressey and Lachner 1970). It typically reaches a maximum size of 62 cm (SL) but has been reported to 86 cm (TL) (Claro 1994). Younger Remora remora are more active as parasite pickers, feeding on parasitic copepods (Cressey and Lachner 1970).","There are no known major threats for Remora remora in the waters of the northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean or Black Sea. However, Remora remora is often harvested for food in the Eastern Central Atlantic, especially in Ghana and Senegal (Collette in press).","There are no known species-specific conservation measures for Remora remora. This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","There is no species-specific use and trade information available from the northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea waters. Remora remora is often harvested for food in the Eastern Central Atlantic, especially in Ghana and Senegal, where it is marketed dried-salted and smoked (Collette FAO ECA Guide in prep).","Harwell, H.","Herrera, J., Smith-Vaniz, W.F. & Collette, B.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Rhadinesthes,decimus,,Rhadinesthes decimus,"(Zugmayer, 1911)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Rhadinesthes decimus is known from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, R. decimus typically occurs from the Bay of Biscay southward to Madeira and the Canary Islands, but has also been reported as far north as Iceland. There are no trawl surveys records for this species in the region. There are no major threats to this species. It is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Rhadinesthes decimus occurs in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs from Iceland (Jonsson 1992), throughout the Bay of Biscay (about 37°N), and southward (Gibbs 1990). This species occurs from 0–4,900 m depth (Bogutskaya 2007).  Outside the region, this species occurs to Mauritania and off Namibia. Also, R. decimus is found in the tropical Indian Ocean, eastern and western South Pacific, and central North Pacific (Gibbs 1990).",There are no additional trawl survey records of this species in the region (C. Papaconstantinou and S. Kobyliansky pers comm. 2013).,"The diet of members of this family primarily consists of other mesopelagic fishes and some crustaceans (Harold&#160;FAO ECA Guide in prep).&#160;Members of the subfamily&#160;Astronesthinae, are mainly mesopelagic as an adult, while juveniles are sometimes observed near the surface at night. The maximum length for this species is 41 cm SL (Gibbs 1990).",There are no major threats to this species.,There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for Rhadinesthes decimus. ,This species is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Papaconstantinou, C. & Kobyliansky, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,RHINOBATIDAE,Rhinobatos,rhinobatos,,Rhinobatos rhinobatos,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,EN,A2b,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) Common Guitarfish (Rhinobatos rhinobatos) is a large-bodied benthic species that occurs at depths of zero to 180 m. It is widespread in the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea, but is subjected to fishing pressure throughout most of its range. This species is targeted in east African coastal waters, where its meat is exported within the region and its fins are exported to the Asian fin trade market. It is targeted in inshore coastal habitats by subsistence fisheries, and is also taken as bycatch in shrimp trawl fisheries, bottom trawl cephalopod fisheries and artisanal gill net fisheries. In the northern Mediterranean Sea, guitarfishes were historically quite common, but its absence during research trawl surveys conducted in 1994-1998 from the Alboran to Aegean Sea and absence from landings reported in Mazara del Vallo (Italy) suggest that it is now locally extinct. In areas of the southern Mediterranean Sea (e.g., Gulf of Gabès, and perhaps elsewhere along the still relatively lightly fished Mediterranean-African coast) guitarfishes are still present in catches, but with a large fraction of immature individuals.  The rarity and low rate of encounter for this species makes it impossible to assess changes in abundance over time. However, given evidence for local extinction in parts of the Mediterranean Sea and intense and continued fishing pressure in West Africa, this species is suspected to meet the threshold for Endangered, having declined by at least 50% in three generations.",Decreasing,"In the Northeast and Eastern Central Atlantic, this species occurs from the southern Bay of Biscay down to Morocco and further southwards (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). In the Mediterranean Sea, it occurs throughout, but it appears more prevalent in the southern and eastern regions (Capapé 1989, Whitehead et al. 1984), particularly in the Gulf of Gabès (Quignard and Capapé 1971, Enajjar et al. 2008), and may be locally extinct in the northern region of the Mediterranean Sea. Its depth range is zero to 180 m.","Little is known about population size, but fishermen's knowledge and trawl survey data suggest a marked decline driven by unregulated fishing throughout this species’ range. Anecdotal evidence suggests that this species was historically common throughout the northern Mediterranean Sea. In the late 19th century Doderlain (1884) commented on the daily presence of this species in the Palmero fish market. In the early 20th century, it was considered a typical resident over sandy substrates around the Balearic Islands (De Buen 1935). The International Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean (MEDITS) surveyed from the Alboran to the Aegean Sea between 1994 and 1999, and failed to catch this species (Baino et al. 2001), suggesting a marked decline in abundance. This lead Relini and Piccinetti (1991) to report this species as locally extinct in the northern regions of the Mediterranean Sea.In the southern and eastern basins of Mediterranean Sea, observations from the 1970s and 1980s indicate that this species was prevalent (Quignard and Capapé 1971, Whitehead et al. 1984, Echwikhi et al. 2012, 2013). This species is still caught in the Gulf of Gabès and potentially elsewhere along the southern coast of the Mediterranean Sea where fishing pressure has been less intensive. All sizes and sexes of this species are landed in the Gulf of Gabès and the proportion of mature and immature individuals varies with season and capture area (Enajjar 2009). Recent reports reveal that this species is still common in Turkish waters, particularly in the Iskenderun Bay area (Soldo et al. 2014) where it is landed as bycatch (Bausta et al. 2008). The demersal nature of this species and the localised decline within the northern Mediterranean Sea indicate that there are low levels of connectivity between geographical subpopulations. Given the susceptibility this species has to fisheries throughout its range, and marked declines in the Mediterranean Sea, it is suspected and inferred that this population is decreasing in European waters. Given evidence for local extinction in parts of the Mediterranean Sea and intense and continued fishing pressure in West Africa, this species is suspected to have declined in Europe by at least 50% in three generations.  ","This bottom-dwelling species can be found over sandy, muddy, shell and occasionally macroalgal covered substrates (Whitehead et al. 1984, De Buen 1935). It inhabits shallow areas of in the intertidal zone and waters < 180 m deep. It tends to swim slowly along the sea bottom or partially buries itself under the substrate, feeding on benthic invertebrates and fish (Patokina and Litvinov 2005). This is an aplacental live bearing species that gives birth in late summer to early autumn following a gestation period of 10−12 months. Mating and ovulation take place after parturition. The average uterine fecundity is 5.34 young per year with each pup measuring ~ 30 cm total length (TL) at birth. The size at maturity for females and males are 79 and 70 cm TL, respectively, and the smallest gravid female observed is 75 cm TL (Enajjar et al. 2008). Females reach larger sizes compared to males, with the largest male being ~ 140 cm TL and the largest female being 162 cm TL, both were caught in the Gulf of Gabès (Capapé et al. 1996). The age at maturity is two to three years (Ismen et al. 2007). The maximum age is at least 24 years (Başusta et al. 2008). The generation length is 13.5 years.","The biology and inshore habitat preferences of this species make it highly susceptible to population depletion. Although wide-ranging, this species likely sustains fishing pressure throughout most of its range. Its coastal habitat makes it an easy target for artisanal fisheries and it is likely to be caught as bycatch in many commercial fisheries operating along the majority of the Mediterranean coastline, including the Egyptian commercial trawl fishery off the coast of Alexandria. This species is likely discarded as bycatch, but may also be retained for its meat and fins, as has been observed in east African fisheries that regularly catch other species of guitarfish. Nursery grounds are also likely impacted by human activities in many areas. ","In 2011, the European Union  (EU) prohibited the retention of Atlantic (but not Mediterranean) guitarfishes (Rhinobatidae) in European Union waters of International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) sub-areas I (Barents Sea), II (Norweign Sea, Splitzbergen and Bear Island), III (Skagerrak, Kattegat Sound, Belt Sea, and Baltic Sea), IV (North Sea), V (Iceland and Faroes Grounds), VI (Rockall, northwest coast of Scotland and North Ireland), VII (Irish Sea, West of Ireland, Porcupine Bank, English Channel, Bristol Channel, Celtic Sea, and Southwest of Ireland), VIII (Bay of Biscay), IX (Portuguese waters), X (Azores Grounds), and XII (North of the Azores).In 2012, this species was added to Annex II of the Barcelona Convention. Parties to the Convention agreed that elasmobranch species listed in Annex II of the Protocol concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean, which includes Recommendation GFCM/36/2012/1, cannot be retained on board, transshipped, landed, transferred, stored, sold or displayed or offered for sale, and must be released unharmed and alive, to the extent possible. In 2013, the EU banned the removal of shark fins on board vessels (CEC 2013), in line with advice from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature’s Shark Specialist Group and other shark fishery experts, in order to enhance enforcement of the 2003 EU ban on shark finning (CEC 2003) and facilitate improved shark fishery data collection.","This species is caught in artisanal fisheries and it is likely to be caught as bycatch in many commercial fisheries.&#160;This species is likely discarded as bycatch, but may also be retained for its meat and fins.","Dulvy, N.","Bradai, M.N. & Soldo, A.","Notarbartolo di Sciara, G., Morey, G, Marshall, A., Compagno, L.J.V., Mouni, A., Hicham, M., Bucal, D., Dulvy, N., Heenan, A. & Coelho, R.P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CHIMAERIFORMES,RHINOCHIMAERIDAE,Rhinochimaera,atlantica,,Rhinochimaera atlantica,"Holt & Byrne, 1909","The distinction between R. atlantica and R. pacifica is problematic and based solely on the number of caudal tubercles, a highly variable and often overlapping characteristic (tends to be greater in R. atlantica). Resolution on the distinction of these two species will require examination of a larger series of specimens and potentially molecular data (Compagno et al. 1990).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least ConcernStraightnose Rabbitfish (Rhinochimaera atlantica) is a deepwater chimaera that appears to be widespread throughout the Atlantic at depths of ~5001,500 m and may be more widespread in deeper waters than is presently known. Nothing is known with regard to behaviour, feeding and reproduction, and no information is available on population structure. It is not commercially exploited, nor currently reported as bycatch. However, this species does occasionally occur in deepwater research trawls and therefore almost certainly occurs as bycatch in some deepwater fishing activities. At present, it is likely to be most abundant beyond the range of most deepwater commercial fisheries. Straightnose Rabbitfish is therefore assessed as Least Concern in the European region. Fisheries bycatch may pose a threat in the future if deepwater demersal fisheries expand. Bycatch should be monitored and data on size, sex and depth should be collected to improve our understanding of population size and structure, and life history.  ",Unknown,"This chimaera is probably widely distributed throughout the Atlantic. In the Northeast Atlantic, it is known to occur from off southeast Greenland and Iceland to the Atlantic slope off Ireland, Scotland, the Hebrides, and the Bay of Biscay. Its range is likely continuous along the northwest African coast since it is also known from off Mauritania, Senegal, and Gambia (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). The depth range is 4001,500 m.",Nothing is known of population size or structure.,"This benthic species occurs over deep slopes at recorded depths of 4001,500 m, likely on muddy or rubble/rock bottoms. It may be more abundant at even greater depths. Almost all specimens known are adults or sub-adult juveniles. Small juveniles are rarely captured. This may be due to fishing methods or more likely the aggregation of adults and juveniles in separate habitats and/or depths (Ebert and Stehmann 2013).This is an egg-laying chimaera, but nothing else is known about its reproductive cycle. Only a few egg capsules and at least one hatchling has been collected (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Size at birth is about 15 cm total length (TL). The maximum reported length for this species is ~140 cm TL and 90 cm precaudal length (PCL). Mature males measure ~107 cm TL (81.3 cm PCL, 47.3 cm body length [BDL]). Sub-adult males are ~105.5 cm in TL (80.3 cm PCL, 47.7 cm BDL), with a maximum TL of at least 112.7 cm (82.3 cm PCL, 46.6 cm BDL). Adult females measure ~127.4 cm TL (99.0 cm PCL, 59.0 cm BDL), and sub-adults are ~99.4 cm TL (75.0 cm PCL), with a maximum length of at least 140 cm TL.","No bycatch data currently exists for this species. It is occasionally caught in deepwater research trawls. The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) did not report any individuals caught or landed in the relevant ICES zones of the Northeast Atlantic in 2013 (ICES 2013). The majority of this species’ range occurs beyond the maximum depth of the main fisheries. Fisheries bycatch, and possible habitat destruction, may pose a threat in future if deepwater demersal trawlers expand into deeper waters. ","No management or conservation measures are in place. Increased data collection from any and all captures is recommended in order to obtain additional information on population size and structure and life history.  The development and implementation of management plans (national and/or regional e.g., under the FAO International Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks: IPOA-Sharks) are required to facilitate the conservation and sustainable management of all chondrichthyan species in the region.",The species is not exploited nor traded commercially.,"Blasdale, T. & Kemp, J.R.","Walls, R.","Dagit, D.D. & Compagno, L.J.V.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,RHINOPTERIDAE,Rhinoptera,marginata,,Rhinoptera marginata,"(Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Lusitanian Cownose Ray (Rhinoptera marginata) is a large bentho- and semi-pelagic ray, known from the western coast of Africa and Mediterranean Sea. It is apparently very rare in most of the Mediterranean Sea. This species is commonly caught with multiple gear types, and is particularly vulnerable to coastal purse seine, gillnet and trammel net fisheries. Coastal fishing pressure is generally intensive along the western African coast, and this ray is an important component of catches in areas for which data are available. It forms large schools, meaning that large numbers can be caught in a single haul. Heavy fishing pressure has caused declines in other Rhinopterids, for example Rhinoptera brasiliensis is thought to be in decline in southern Brazil as a result of intensive inshore fisheries. Although no species-specific age data are available, generation length is estimated at about 11 years, based on data for other Rhinopterids, as well as very low fecundity (possibly only one pup per litter). This species is assessed as Data Deficient given the lack of information on population size and decline.",Decreasing,"This ray is rare throughout the Mediterranean Sea and is absent from the Black Sea. It is relatively common in the Levantine basin and is sporadically found in the eastern Adriatic Sea. In the Northeast Atlantic it occurs along the coast of southern Portugal. Its range extends southwards into the Eastern Central Atlantic, where it is found along the western coast of Africa, off Morocco, Mauritania and Senegal. Its depth range is zero to 100 m.","No data are currently available to analyse population size or structure. In the Mediterranean Sea this species is apparently rare and was found in only two hauls (in the eastern Ionian Sea) of 6,336 total hauls during the International Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean (MEDITS) conducted between 1994 and 1999 at depths of 10–800 m (Baino et al. 2001, Ferretti et al. 2013). It was historically considered rare in the Adriatic Sea where it was infrequently encountered off the coast of Dalmatia (Marchesetti 1882, Faber 1883).Within the Mediterranean Sea this ray appears to be most abundant in the Levantine basin, although data are insufficient to estimate population trends. Even historically it was considered less rare in the Levantine Sea than in other parts of the Mediterranean Sea (Doderlein 1884). It is considered common off Israel (Golani 2006), reported off Syria (Saad 2006), Cyprus (Hadjichristophorou 2006), Egypt (Dieuzeide et al. 1953), and Turkey (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002, Basusta et al. 2012). For the rest of the Mediterranean Sea, available records are historical, such as observations in the fish markets of Mallorca (Barceló and Combis 1868).Based on the apparent rarity of this species and subpopulation decline of other Rhinopterids such as Rhinoptera brasiliensis, which is thought to be have declined in southern Brazil as a result of intensive inshore fisheries, it is inferred a subpopulation decline in European waters as well.","This is a bentho- and semi-pelagic species that occurs in tropical to warm temperate coastal waters mostly to only 30 m depth but occasionally to 60 m, and even 100 m in the Mediterranean Sea (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Preferred habitat includes shallow bays, lagoons and estuaries. Basusta et al. (2012) suggest that the Yumurtalik Bight in Iskenderun Bay, Turkey may be a nursery area for this species. This ray is live bearing with yolk sac and has a gestation period of up to one year; it possibly produces only one young per litter (Valadou et al. 2006). Further details on the reproductive biology, such as size at sexual maturity, are not known (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Data from Mauritania indicate size at sexual maturity is 77 and 80 cm DW (disc width) for males and females, respectively. Maximum recorded DW ranges from 150−200 cm, but most are found at smaller sizes of 65−75 cm DW. While no age data are available for this species, they are for its congener, Cownose Ray (Rhinoptera bonasus), and can be used as a proxy for generation length. Cownose Ray matures between four and five years and females live more than 18 years in the northern Gulf of Mexico (Neer and Thompson 2005). Generation length is estimated at 11.25 years. Although the generation length for Lusitanian Cownose Ray may differ from Cownose Ray, 11 years could be considered a rough proxy.","This species is taken by bottom trawl, trammel net, longline, and hook and line (Schneider 1990), and is of little commercial importance for human consumption in the Mediterranean region. Schooling behaviour in shallow water makes it particularly vulnerable to target fisheries (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Fishing pressure from commercial trawl fisheries is generally intensive on the continental shelf and upper slope of the Mediterranean Sea (at depths ranging from 50 to 700–800 m), which this species may be vulnerable to, although no data are available (Colloca et al. 2003, Massuti and Moranta 2003). Inshore fisheries in Brazilian waters have driven Cownose Ray to local extinction, indicating that similar fisheries operating in Mediterranean waters likely pose a similar threat to Lusitanian Cownose Ray. This ray has very low fecundity, a generation period inferred to exceed 11 years, and is relatively large in size. These sensitive life history characteristics, combined with high catchability in intensive coastal fisheries suggest that continued fishing pressure is likely to be unsustainable. Similar species such as Cownose Ray are destructive to commercial oyster and clam beds, so persecution from aquaculture operators may also be possible. ","Skate and ray Total Allowable Catch (TAC) limitations were established in 2009 for a number of International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Divisions including Division IX (Iberian waters) where Lusitanian Cownose Ray exists. The TAC for Division IX covering all skate and ray species has decreased annually since it was first introduced in 2009, currently set at 3,800 tonnes in 2013. Further research should be conducted on the population size and trends of the species.",The species is of little commercial importance for human consumption in the Mediterranean region.,"Vacchi, M. & Séret, B.","Ferretti, F., Notarbartolo di Sciara, G., Serena, F. & Ducrocq, M.","Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,LIPARIDAE,Rhodichthys,regina,,Rhodichthys regina,"Collett, 1879",,No,DD,,,,,,,"Listed as Least Concern as Rhodichthys regina is a circum-Arctic species that occurs at depths of 2,341 m and is one of the most abundant on Arctic basin. Further research should be conducted to estimate the population trends of this species.",Unknown,"Rhodichthys regina is a circum-Arctic species. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, R. regina occurs  north of the Iceland-Faroes Ridge (Stein et al. 2005), the Skandskoy Depression and the continental slope north of Svalbard. It is typically found from 1,080 to 2,341 m depth (Chernova 1991) and has a maximum recorded depth of 2,365 m (Chernova et al. 2004).It has also been described from Baffin Bay, Canada.",Rhodichthys regina is one of the most abundant snailfish species in the Arctic basins (Mecklenburg et al. 2011).,Rhodichthys regina is an epi-benthic species that hovers above the bottom and allows the elongated rays of the lower lobe of the pectoral fin point to or touch the substrate (Lannoo et al. 2009). The maximum recorded size for this species is 31 cm SL (Stein and Able 1986),There are no known major threats to this species.,There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for R. regina. There is a need for additional information about the biology of this species.,Use and trade information is not available for this species.,"Harwell, H.","Keskin, Ç., Herrera, J., Papaconstantinou, C. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MORIDAE,Rhynchogadus,hepaticus,,Rhynchogadus hepaticus,"(Facciolà, 1884)",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Rhynchogadus hepaticus was described from a single, small specimen. The whereabouts of the holotype is currently unknown and records of other specimens of this species are not listed in available databases. In the literature it is known from unconfirmed examination of only a few small specimens and its taxonomic status is questioned because the characters may be based on juveniles of another species. It is reported as endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, although there is speculation that it may be more widely distributed. It is reported as a deep, benthopelagic species, with nothing known of its population size, trends, ecology or threats. Therefore, R. hepaticus is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Rhynchogadus hepaticus is reported as endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. It has been recorded from the Gulf of Naples and the Strait of Messina (Cohen 1986), the Balearics (Massuti et al. 2004) and the Catalan shelf (Sabates 1987). Lloris et al. (1994) reported two small specimens of this “rare and taxonomically puzzling species” also from the Catalan Sea. It may have a wider range than currently known. It is found at depths ranging from 400 to 700 m.","This species is rarely caught. Nothing is known about population range, size or trends.&#160;A search of the FishNet2 database revealed no specimens (FishNet2 Portal accessed July 2014).","This is a rare, benthopelagic species (Massuti et al. 2004). Nothing is known of its ecology. Lloris et al. (1994) reported two small specimens (47 and 55 mm standard length) from depths between 427 and 652 m.","This is a species with no commercial interest. No other threats are known at present.&#160;It is likely taken as by catch in commercial deep-water trawls, however this is unconfirmed.","There is no information available on specific conservation measures for this species. However, this species may be present in marine protected areas found within its distribution (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Research is needed into the population, life history and possible threats to the species. Rhynchogadus hepaticus was previously assessed as Data Deficient as little is known about its population status, trends and ecology (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",This species is not utilized by humans.,"Strongin, K.","Carpenter, K.E., Ralph, G. & Stump, E.","Di Natale, A., Molinari, A., Oral, M. & Öztúrk, B.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,ALEPOCEPHALIDAE,Rinoctes,nasutus,,Rinoctes nasutus,"(Koefoed, 1927)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Rinoctes nasutus is speculated to have a cosmopolitan distribution, but it is mainly known from abyssal basins in the Atlantic Ocean. It is locally frequent but generally uncommon and is not known to face any major threats at this time.  There are no known, species-specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it may be protected by marine protected areas throughout its distribution.  Therefore, Rinoctes nasutus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Rinoctes nasutus is distributed throughout the eastern and western Atlantic. It is thought to also occur in the western central Pacific and has been reported in the Indian Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, R. nasutus is known from southwestern Ireland to the Azores (Markle and Quero 1984).  This species is found at the depth range of 1,900 to 4,200 m (Porteiro et al. unpublished data, Markle and Sazonov 1990).",Rinoctes nasutus is not uncommon. Seven specimens of Rinoctes nasutus were collected via abyssal trawl at one of four sampled stations in the eastern North Atlantic (20° to 49°N) from 13 hauls during the period 1987 through 1990 (Merrett 1992). A total of six R. nasutus specimens were collected from two of the four sub-areas sampled via bottom trawl on the MAR between the Azores and Iceland as part of the 2004 MAR-ECO expedition. Trawls were deployed at the two stations (Middle South and South) from 16 July 2004 to 28 July 2004 (Bergstad et al. 2008).,"Rinoctes nasutus is an abyssal fish, but can be benthopelagic, with a depth range from 1,900 to 4,156 m. This species is usually found below 3,650 m and is locally frequent.  Rinoctes nasutus is somewhat gregarious and feeds on engybenthic crustaceans, worms, and sponges (Markle and Quero 1984).   This species has a standard length of 121 to 181 mm (Merrett, N.R. and Marshall, N.B. 1981). The maximum standard length for Rinoctes nasutus is 19 cm (Markle and Sazonov 1990). The habitat, ecology and reproductive processes of R. nasutus are poorly understood.",There are no known threats to this species.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for R. nasutus.  However, the species distribution overlaps with marine reserves in parts of its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010); although, it is unknown if the marine protected areas encompass the species' depth. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species","At present, this species is not utilized.","Stump, E.","Knudsen, S., Uiblein, F. & Nielsen, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CETOMIMIFORMES,RONDELETIIDAE,Rondeletia,loricata,,Rondeletia loricata,"Abe & Hotta, 1963",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, Rondeletia loricata occurs in the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, Rondeletia loricata occurs in the Azores, Madeira (Santos et al. 1997, Carneiro et al. 2014) and the Canary Islands (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009). Rondeletia loricata is circumglobally distributed, except for the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, and far western Atlantic. It is known to 1,400 m depth, but larvae and juveniles are typically found in the upper 200 m.","Rondeletia loricata is a rare, meso- to bathy-pelagic species, with over 150 specimens known.","Rondeletia loricata is a mesopelagic to bathypelagic species. There is only limited evidence for diel vertical migrations, but larvae and small juveniles are typically found in the upper 200 m. The maximum reported size is 11.0 cm, but individuals are more common to 9.0 cm.",There are no known threats to R. loricata.,There are no known species specific conservation measures in place.,Rondeletia loricata is of no commercial importance and is not utilized.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Harold, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,SCOPELARCHIDAE,Rosenblattichthys,hubbsi,,Rosenblattichthys hubbsi,"Johnson, 1974",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, Rosenblattichthys hubbsi is found in the Azores and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, Rosenblattichthys hubbsi is found in the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014) and the Canary Islands (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009).  Globally, Rosenblattichthys hubbsi is intermittently distributed  in the waters of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, most often found in tropical and subtropical waters. It has not been reported to inhabit the central South Pacific nor the Mediterranean Sea. In the eastern Central Atlantic, it is known from only three stations, 24°N -2.5°S, and none from the Gulf of Guinea or Benguela (Johnson 1990).  It is found between the depths of 500-1,000 m (Thompson 2002).",Very little is known about the population density and dynamics of this species.,"Rosenblattichthys hubbsi is a meso- and bathypelagic species of fish. It is a piscivore that feeds mainly on a variety of other pelagic fishes (Thompson 2002). This family of fishes is presumed to be synchronous hermaphrodites (Thompson 2002). Little else is known about the fecundity, ecology or life history of this fish.",Not enough is known about this fish to determine if there are any significant threats towards it.,There are currently no conservation measures are in place.,This species is not utilized.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,RAJIDAE,Rostroraja,alba,,Rostroraja alba,"(Lacepède, 1803)",,No,CR,A2bd,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR) The large size (up to 200 cm total length) of White Skate (Rostroraja alba) renders it particularly catchable by various fishing gear, which in combination with its late age at maturity and long inferred generation time (25-30 years) makes this species vulnerable to fisheries exploitation. It is likely to be caught as bycatch in multi-species trawl fisheries which operate on much of the continental shelf and slope habitat. This skate has undergone significant declines in abundance and substantial reductions in geographic range within the Mediterranean Sea and the Northeast Atlantic. The subpopulation in the Northeast Atlantic represents the bulk of its range within European waters and data from this sub-region are more accurate than elsewhere. The species is considered to be locally near-extinct from the Celtic Sea, Irish Sea, English Channel, and around Ireland. It is suspected to be locally near-extinct from the Bay of Biscay and Atlantic Iberian waters, and is very rarely encountered in the Azores and mid-Atlantic ridge region. There is limited restriction of fishing effort on this species.  Within the Mediterranean Sea, available data indicate that this species formerly was captured frequently in the northwest region during the 1960s and off Tunisia and Morocco in the early- to mid-1970s. It is now considered rare and is suspected to have undergone a significant decline in both abundance and extent of occurrence (EOO). There is a continued unregulated fishing pressure in the Mediterranean Sea. The species is suspected to have declined by >80% over the past three generations (75-90 years) in European waters based on anecdotal evidence that suggests localized extinctions, therefore classifying the species as Critically Endangered under criterion A2bd.",Decreasing,"The overall geographic range of White Skate (Rostroraja alba) covers the eastern Atlantic coasts from the southwest British Isles south to South Africa, including the Mediterranean Sea, and extending into the southwest parts of the Indian Ocean (Stehman and Bürkel 1984). This species is listed as occurring in the northwest European seas (Stehman and Bürkel 1984), however few recent valid records exist in northern areas of the Northeast Atlantic, mostly from west of Ireland (ICES 2013). This species may have been vagrant in the North Sea ecoregion, but the reliability of recent data in this area has also been questioned (ICES 2012). It is considered to be locally near-extinct from the Celtic Seas ecoregion (Ellis et al. 2010) including the Irish Sea, English Channel and around Ireland. This species is thought to be locally near-extinct from the Bay of Biscay and Atlantic Iberian waters, and is very rarely encountered in the Azores and mid-Atlantic ridge region. Its depth range is 40-500 m.","Few data are available on the population size of this skate. The data do indicate that it has undergone a reduction in abundance and is now considered extremely rare in the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. Northeast Atlantic The absence of White Skate from contemporary surveys in the Northeast Atlantic, as noted by ICES (2006), is cause for concern. There are anecdotal and historical reports suggesting that local subpopulations were targeted in fisheries in the western English Channel, Baie de Douarnenez (Brittany) and off the Isle of Man, and it is now very rarely observed in the region (Dulvy et al. 2000, Rogers and Ellis 2000, Ellis et al. 2010, ICES 2012). The species is now considered locally near-extinct throughout waters west of Britain, the Celtic Sea, and the English Channel (ICES 2012), excluding waters west of Ireland, which is the only region where it has been found in recent years (ICES 2012). Similarly, it was not encountered between 1988 and 2008 during scientific (beam and small otter) trawl surveys of the eastern English Channel in July and October, in which a total of 30,500 individuals of 16 other species of skate and small elasmobranch were captured (Martin et al. 2012). Nevertheless, it has to be taken into account that this skate could be confused with Shagreen Skate (Leucoraja fullonica), and that landings of White Skate are also reported as Blue Skate (Dipturus batis) and Sharpnose Skate (D. oxyrinchus) in French ports (Iglésias et al. 2010). White Skate has declined in the Bay of Biscay (Quero and Cendrero 1996). In Iberian waters, Portuguese fisheries land very low numbers of the species, with reported landings ranging from five tonnes in 2004 to 11 tonnes in 2009 (ICES 2012). Mediterranean Sea Historically, within the Mediterranean Sea this species was captured frequently off northern coasts of Tunisia in the mid-1970s and the coast of Morocco in the early 1970s (Capapé 1976). It was described as being more or less frequent in the northwest Mediterranean Sea (1965) and the French coast (1950 to 1960s) and Italian Seas (1972) (Capapé 1976). However, a time series of comparative trawl surveys running from 1957 to 1995 in the Gulf of Lions, in the northwest Mediterranean basin failed to catch any specimens. This consisted of eight separate surveys, conducted by four survey vessels. A total of 1,359 tows were carried out on shelf and slope areas extending from the coast to 800 m depth (which includes the known depth range of this species) (Aldebert 1997). In the eastern Mediterranean basin, this skate was captured in the Adriatic Sea (1963) and the limit of its eastern distribution was Greece (Capapé 1976). It was regularly captured by fisheries in Tunisian waters and was common in all Tunisian coastal waters, but captures were more frequent in the northern part (Capapé 1976). This species is now rare along the Tunisian coast (Bradaï 2000), but Kadri et al. (2014) reported the collection of 320 specimens in 2007 in the Gulf of Gabès, which could provide an insight into its local abundance in comparison to the overall data derived from other surveys. In the Adriatic Sea, comparative trawl surveys indicate that this skate was present in 4% of hauls of the Hvar 1948 survey (based on 138 valid hauls in depths of up to 400 m). Since then, two time series of trawl surveys have occurred in the Adriatic Sea. The Italian national trawl survey National Group for Demersal Resource Evaluation (GRUND) covered the period of 1982-2008, whereas the Mediterranean International Trawl Survey (MEDITS) programme began in 1985 and is still ongoing. White Skate was captured sporadically and infrequently in both of these surveys, typically in <2.6% of hauls in any year. Of the GRUND surveys, it was captured in approximately 1.7% of hauls in the central, northern and southern Adriatic Sea (Marano et al. 2003). In addition to the Adriatic Sea, the MEDITS programme operates on the northern Mediterranean coast almost continuously from Spain to the Aegean Sea (Baino et al. 2001). Six trawl surveys are carried out each year in the coastal areas of four geographically defined areas: western (Morocco, Spain, France), western central (Tyrrhenian, Corsican, Sardinian and Sicilian coasts), eastern central (Adriatic, Ionian and Albanian coasts) and eastern (Aegean Sea). A total of 6,336 tows were performed between 1994 and 1999 in depths ranging from 10 to 800 m. This skate was captured in 1.4% of the hauls in the southern MEDITS survey in 1998 and 1999, and was recorded in only nine hauls in the western central area (Baino et al. 2001). Also, eight specimens were reported between 2006 and 2013 from the MEDITS surveys around the Balearic Islands (Guijarro et al. 2013). However, uncertainty exists as to the validity of the identification of this species. It is suspected that earlier surveys may have confused it with Sandy Skate (Leucoraja circularis) and/or Sharpnose Skate (Dipturus oxyrinchus).  White Skate is common but infrequently encountered off the Balearic Islands (northwest Mediterranean Sea). A monitoring program of the landings in Mallorca in 2009 reported 27 specimens in 65 days of sampling, both from artisanal and bottom trawl fisheries, comprising 0.44% of the landed elasmobranch biomass (Morey and Navarro 2010). Also, several monitoring programs on artisanal fisheries have reported the occurrence of the species around the archipelago (e.g., Morey et al. 2006). This identified an area of high abundance of the species, where a fishery targeting White Skate exists. From other regions within the Mediterranean Sea, only one specimen was caught with a bottom trawl net by a commercial vessel in Livorno (Ligurian Sea) in 2003 (Serena et al. 2005). Similarly, in the northwest Ionian Sea, only a single individual was caught in 1997 (Sion et al. 2003). This skate was present in surveys of the Aegean Sea between 1995 and 2000, albeit in very low numbers (catch per unit effort of 0.03 individuals or 0.11 kilograms per hour) amounting to 14 individuals out of a total of >50,000 sharks and rays captured (Damalas and Vassilopoulou 2011). When this survey was repeated between 2003 and 2006, no specimens were caught, indicating possible local extinction (Damalas and Vassilopoulou 2011). From the data presented it can be inferred that this species is now very rare in the Mediterranean region, and the MEDITS survey suggests a substantial reduction in geographic range. In fact, this species was only recorded from the western area of this survey (Morocco, Spain, France). Evidence from the Gulf of Lions survey suggests its presence along the French coast may be doubtful. As described above, Aldebert (1997) reported that the species was historically absent from the Gulf of Lions, and the MEDITS survey data also cast doubt over its occurrence along the French coast. The current distribution represents a small fraction of its former range. From the former frequency of capture in the western Mediterranean Sea it can be inferred that this species has undergone a substantial but currently unquantifiable decline in abundance and extent of occurrence. The species is suspected to have declined by >50% over the past three generations (75-90 years) in European waters based on anecdotal evidence that suggests localized extinctions.","This is a demersal species of sandy and detrital bottoms from coastal waters to the upper slope region between approximately 40 and 400 m and occasionally down to 500 m (Capapé 1976, Stehmann and Bürkel 1984, Serena 2005). Du Buit (1974) reports this species to be more prevalent in rocky habitats, though a local centre of abundance off the Balearic Islands is found over sandy and detrital bottoms at a depth range of 30-40 m, and some captures were reported at between 20 and 22 m (Morey et al. 2006). Little is known of this species’ life history and ecology. Estimates of size at maturity are 120-130 cm total length (TL) (Capapé 1976). Kadri et al. (2014) examined 320 specimens (39–160 cm TL) from Tunisian waters; the smallest mature fish were 110 cm TL (male) and 120 cm TL (female). They reported a length at 50% maturity (L50) of 119 cm TL (94 cm disc width; DW) for males, and 129 cm TL (95 cm DW) for females. The age at maturity was estimated at 19.7 and 23.5 years for males and females, respectively, with the youngest mature female reportedly 17 years old. The oldest male reported in the study was 32 years, and the oldest female was 35 years. Longevity was estimated at 51.3 and 76.8 years for males and females, respectively, and the natural mortality was estimated as 0.17 year-1. The Von Bertalanffy growth parameters were L∞= 177.6 cm, k= 0.06 year-1 and t0= -1.28 year for males, and L∞= 199.6 cm, k= 0.04 year-1 and t0= -1.28 year for females. Whilst improved studies to validate the ageing are needed, the results from Kadri et al. (2014) would infer a generation length in the range of 25-30 years. As the captive individuals at the Galway aquarium laid an egg at the age of seven, better data on age at maturity are required. Maximum recorded size is 200 cm TL, although it rarely exceeds 150 cm TL (Bauchot 1987). The gestation period is 15 months and females produce between 55 and 156 ova per year; egg cases are 160 to 200 mm in length and 130 to 150 mm in width (Stehmann and Bürkel 1984, Serena 2005). One to two egg capsules appear to be contained in each female’s oviducts at one time (Kadri et al. 2014).","Northeast Atlantic Skates are an important component of demersal fisheries in the Northeast Atlantic (Holden 1977, ICES 2013). Targeted fisheries that existed in certain areas ceased after localised depletion but this species may still be taken as bycatch in demersal fisheries. It has been listed as a prohibited species since 2009, and therefore it should be discarded, but neither discard levels nor survivorship after release are known. Landings of this skate as reported by France from the North Sea and eastern English Channel are likely the result of misidentification or incorrect use of species codes (ICES 2012). Similarly, landings reported by Scotland from the North Sea are also very unlikely, and probably refer to Shagreen Skate or Sandy Skate. Improved market sampling is required to fully ascertain the status of this species in fisheries. Mediterranean Sea This skate is a bycatch of the multi-species trawl fisheries operating within its Mediterranean range. Benthic trawl effort has increased both numerically and technologically in the shelf and slope area of the Mediterranean Sea over the last 50 years. The change in characteristics of fisheries operating in the Gulf of Lions provides an insight into the change in Mediterranean fishing effort over time. The area was initially exploited by small-scale benthic trawl fisheries, comprising 27 small, low-powered boats (total nominal horsepower of 2,700 hp). Since then, effort increased seven-fold to a total nominal horsepower of 19,940 hp between 1974 and 1987. Aldebert (1997) reported that half of the fishing effort within the Adriatic Sea was since redirected to target small pelagic fish; however, this sea is subject to trawling mainly by Italian, Croatian, Slovenian, and Albanian fleets, from which no landings data are available (Jukic-Peladic et al. 2001). The large body size, slow growth, low fecundity and large size of juveniles make this species especially vulnerable to fishing exploitation when compared to other skates (Brander 1981, Walker and Hislop 1998, Dulvy et al. 2000, Dulvy and Reynolds 2002). Moreover, although only large individuals may be landed for consumption, most size classes are likely to be taken in fishing nets, including the eggs (which are often found in the trawl cod-end, Ragonese et al. 2003), as the legal mesh size used in much of the Mediterranean Sea is ~ 20 mm.","Northeast Atlantic The European Community’s Total Allowable Catch (TACs) and quota regulations listed White Skate as a prohibited species in 2009, specifying that European Union (EU) vessels are prohibited to fish for, retain on board, transship or land this species in EU waters west of Scotland and Ireland, the Celtic Seas, the English Channel, the Bay of Biscay, Iberian waters and Madeira (CEC 2011). The regulations also state that this species must be promptly released unharmed to the extent practicable. White Skate is listed for protection under the United Kingdom’s Wildlife and Countryside Act. It is also listed on the Oslo and Paris Conventions for the protection of the marine environment of the Northeast Atlantic (ICES 2012). Mediterranean Sea This skate is listed in Annex II of the Barcelona Convention. Parties to the Convention agreed in 2012 that elasmobranch species listed in Annex II of the Protocol concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean—which includes Recommendation GFCM/36/2012/1—cannot be retained on board, transshipped, landed, transferred, stored, sold or displayed, or offered for sale, and must be released unharmed and alive, to the extent possible. This species is also listed in Appendix III of the Bern Convention, affording it protection in the Mediterranean Sea from: i) all forms of deliberate capture and retention and deliberate killing; ii) deliberate damage to or destruction of breeding or resting sites; iii) deliberate disturbance, particularly during the period of breeding, rearing and hibernation, insofar as disturbance would be significant in relation to the objectives of the Convention; and iv) deliberate destruction or taking of eggs from the wild or keeping these eggs even if empty (Bern, 19.IX.1979). Additionally, the possession of and internal trade of species listed, alive or dead, including stuffed animals and any readily recognisable part or derivative thereof, where this would contribute to the effectiveness of the provisions of the article. At a national level, Spain (only in the Mediterranean Sea), Italy and Greece, as contracting parties to the Bern and Barcelona conventions have protected White Skate. Malta listed the species as one of the 14 elasmobranchs of national interest whose exploitation may be subject to management measures. In Israel all chondrichthyans (sharks, rays, skates and chimaeras) are protected. In Tunisia, the Gulf of Gabès (where this species is relatively abundant; Kadri et al. 2014) is closed to trawling fisheries from July to September. The Mediterranean Large Elasmobranch Monitoring project MEDLEM was adopted at the Scientific Advisory Committee meeting (FAO 2005) for data collection within the Mediterranean basin on large elasmobranchs. It includes White Skate as one of the monitored species.",There is no use or trade information on this species in Europe.,"McCully, S. & Dulvy, N.","Ellis, J., Morey, G & Walls, R.","Fordham, S., Pasolini, P., Notarbartolo di Sciara, G., Serena, F., Tinti, F. & Ungaro, N.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,ALEPOCEPHALIDAE,Rouleina,attrita,,Rouleina attrita,"(Vaillant, 1888)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Rouleina attrita is circumglobal in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans where it is common and abundant in most areas. Information regarding the use and/or trade of this species indicates that it is not utilized in a commercial capacity, and it is not known to face any major threats at this time. There are no known, species-specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it may be protected by marine protected areas throughout its distribution. Therefore, Rouleina attrita is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Rouleina attrita is circumglobal and widely distributed in the Atlantic, Indian Ocean submarine ridges, the sub Antarctic, north Pacific, and tropical and western Pacific. In the northeastern Atlantic, it can be found from southern Iceland to the Azores and Canary Islands (Brito et al. 2005).  Rouleina attrita may be found between the depths of 450 and 2,300 m, but depth stratification seem to be contingent upon geographical location. In the Atlantic Ocean, R. attrita is found at depths ranging from 1,400 to 2,100 m (Sazonov and Markle 1990). This species is the deepest dwelling and most widely distributed member of the genus Rouleina (Kenaley and Orr 2006).","Rouleina attrita is an abundant species. It was collected from the Porcupine Seabight via bottom trawl at 1,080 m (date not given) and had a mean relative abundance of 0.19 individuals per 1000 m2 and was ranked six out of twenty for abundance, compared to other species caught using the same gear (Merrett et al. 1991). A total of 254 specimens of R. attrita were collected from three of four sub-areas (majority at Southern) via bottom trawl along the Mid-Atlantic Ride (MAR) as part of the 2004 MAR-ECO expedition.  Samples were taken at the Southern sub-area from 07 July 2004 to 13 July 2004, at the Middle South sub-area from 16 July 2004 to 23 July 2004, and at the Middle North sub-area from 24 July 2004 to 28 July 2004.  Due to its abundance, Rouleina attrita was one of the four indicator species identified for the southern lower slope (Cluster 1) at 1,770 to 2,290 m (Bergstad et al. 2008). Rouleina attrita was recorded during deepwater surveys on the continental shelf and the Porcupine Bank with 2 specimens in 2006, 939 specimens in 2007, and 1,241 specimens in 2008 (Johnston et al. 2010). This species was also identified as one of the four main species (in biomass) out of 44 species surveyed between 1,400 and 1,800 m off Galicia Bank during the summers of 2010 and 2011 (Punzon et al. n.d.).","Rouleina attrita are benthopelagic fishes with depths ranging from 1,400 to 2,100 m in the Atlantic Ocean. This species is almost exclusively found on the continental slope (Hoese et al. 2006). The maximum length attained of the male species is 48 cm standard length (SL) (Markle and Sazanov 1990). Maturation for Rouleina attrita (males) has been reported at about 250 to 300 mm SL(Markle 1978 in Kenaley and Orr 2006). The ecology, diet, and many facets of its reproduction processes are poorly understood.",There are no known threats to this species at this time.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures set in place.&#160; However, the species distribution overlaps with marine reserves in parts of its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010); although, it is unknown if the marine protected areas encompass the species' depth.&#160;Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species",There is no available information regarding the use and/or trade of Rouleina attrita. ,"Stump, E.","Knudsen, S., Uiblein, F. & Nielsen, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,ALEPOCEPHALIDAE,Rouleina,maderensis,,Rouleina maderensis,"Maul, 1948",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Rouleina maderensis is circumglobal, but it is more specifically found off of western Scotland and southwards to Madeira and the Azores, southward to Liberia. In the northeastern Atlantic and the adjacent regional waters, it is considered rare, but population information for this species is not available. It is of no interest to the fisheries industry and is not known to face any major threats at this time. There are no known, species-specific conservation measures in place for this species, but it may be protected by marine protected areas  throughout is wide distribution.  Therefore, Rouleina maderensis is listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Rouleina maderensis is widely distributed throughout the Atlantic, southern Pacific, the western and southern Indian oceans. It is known in the Indian Ocean off of South Africa and the Mascarene Plateau (Markle and Quero 1984). In the northeastern Atlantic, R. maderensis is known in the eastern Atlantic off of western Scotland, Madeira, the Azores and the Canary Islands (Brito et al. 2005, Wienerroither et al. 2009, Portiero et al. 2010) and southwards to Liberia (Markle and Quero 1984.  This species is found at depths ranging from 595 to 1,655 m (Markle 1986, Porteiro et al. unpublished data). Southeast Pacific: Chile (Pequeño 1989). Elsewhere, Northwest Atlantic and western tropical Pacific off eastern Australia (Markle and Quero 1984).",Rouleina maderensis is rare species (Niklitschek et al. 2010). Additional population information for this species is not available.,"Rouleina maderensis have been found on continental slopes in depths ranging from 595 to 1,500 m (Markle 1986). Rouleina maderensis is a benthopelagic, marine species with a maximum standard length of 32 cm (Markle 1986, Markle and Sazonov 1990). This species is mesopelagic at its juvenile stage and benthic at the adult stage (Hureau and Monod 1979).  Species-specific information on the diet of this fish is lacking. However, the family Alepocephalidae feeds on a wide range of food items including ctenophores, crustaceans, echinoderms, polychaetes, decapods, tunicates, and fishes (Hartel in press). At maturation, R. maderensis have a length of 200 to 250 mm standard length (SL) (Markle 1978). The ecology, fecundity, spawning periodicity and early life history of this species are poorly understood.",There are no known threats to this species.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place at this time for R. maderensis.  However, the species' distribution overlaps with marine reserves in parts of its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010); although, it is unknown if the marine protected areas encompass the species' depth. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species",Rouleina maderensis is of no interest to the fisheries industry (Markle 1984).,"Stump, E.","Knudsen, S., Uiblein, F. & Nielsen, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GEMPYLIDAE,Ruvettus,pretiosus,,Ruvettus pretiosus,"Cocco, 1833",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Ruvettus pretiosus is a widely-distributed species in tropical and warm-temperate seas of the world. In the northeast Atlantic, the northern-most extent of this species' range appears to be the western coast of Scotland. It is also found in the Mediterranean. This species is taken as bycatch in a number of fisheries, including the swordfish long-line fishery and various bottom trawls. Landings originating from the assessment region, which comprise 1 to 3% of global landings, have been declared to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) since 2000 and have increased continuously. This species is assessed as Least Concern within the assessment region.",Unknown,"Ruvettus pretiosus is widely distributed in the tropical and warm-temperate seas of the world. In the northeast Atlantic, R. pretiosus is known from the western coast of Scotland south to Madeira and the Canary Islands (Nakamura and Parin 1993). Ruvettus pretiosus is distributed throughout the Mediterranean Sea, where it has recently been recorded from the Northern Adriatic Sea (Bettoso and Duli 1999) and in Libyan waters (Elbaraasi et al. 2007). The depth range of this species is 18 to at least 1,100 m (Nakamura and Parin 1993).","There is little species-specific population information available for R. pretiosus. In the eastern Mediterranean it is the second most abundant species caught by drifting surface long-line fleets targeting swordfish in terms of weight and frequency, but is still not often caught (Vasilakopoulos et al. 2009). The majority of global landings of R. pretiosus declared to FAO originate from the Eastern Central Pacific Fishing Zone. The overall trend in landings is one of gradual increase until the early 2000s, when declared landings began to rise sharply to a peak of 42923 tonnes declared in 2006. Landings then drop by 75% to 10746 tonnes. Landings from the Mediterranean and Black Sea fishing zone and Northeast Atlantic fishing zone account for 1 to 3% of global landings. The overall trend in landings from the NEA and Med/Black Sea is one of increase from the late 1990s, when landings were first declared, to roughly 300 tonnes per region at the end of the data series 2011 (FAO 2011).","Ruvettus pretiosus is an oceanic and benthopelagic species on continental slope and sea rises (Nakamura and Parin 1993). Ruvettus pretiosus is usually solitary or found in pairs near the sea bottom (Nakamura and Parin 2001). The maximum recorded standard length (SL) is 300 cm (SL) (Scott and Scott 1988). In the eastern Mediterranean, spawning is expected to occur during mid and late summer (Vasilakopoulos et al. 2009). This species can reach sizes of 2 m in length and over 50 kg in weight. However, individuals under 150 cm and 30 kg in weight are more common (Pakhorukov and Boltachev 2001). This species is primarily found at depths of 100 to 700 meters. It undergoes vertical migrations to the epipelagic zone at night (Pakhorukov and Boltachev 2001).","In the eastern Mediterranean, R. pretiosus is the second most abundant species caught by drifting surface long-line fleets targeting swordfish in terms of weight and frequency, but is still not often caught (Vasilakopoulos et al. 2009). It is also taken as incidental bycatch of demersal longline and gillnet fisheries targeting hake in the northeastern Atlantic (Erzini et al. 2001, Santos et al. 2002) and is also occasionally caught by other gears such as demersal trawls (Elbaraasi et al. 2007) and purse seines (Romanov 2002). Although this species is taken in fisheries within the ICES region, catch statistics are not collected (Zeller et al. 2001).","There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for R. pretiosus. This species does not appear to be managed or regulated in any way within the northeast Atlantic or Mediterranean waters. This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Ruvettus pretiosus is an incidental bycatch of the drifting surface long-line fishery targeting swordfish and Thunnidae in the Mediterranean and elsewhere (Vasilakopoulos et al. 2009). It is the main bycatch species of Greek swordfish fisheries which use drifting surface longlines to exploit species in the eastern part of the Mediterranean basin (Tserpes et al. 2006). Its flesh is very oily, with purgative properties (Nakamura and Parin 1993).","Harwell, H.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SACCOPHARYNGIFORMES,SACCOPHARYNGIDAE,Saccopharynx,ampullaceus,,Saccopharynx ampullaceus,"(Harwood, 1827)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: DD Saccopharynx ampullaceus is found throughout the eastern Atlantic Ocean, but appears to be rare. This species lives at depths of 1,000 to 3,000 m. There are no known species-specific threats nor conservation measures in place. Therefore, S. ampullaceus is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Saccopharynx ampullaceus is found in the Atlantic Ocean. In the eastern Atlantic, there are scattered records of this species occurring from Greenland, Ireland, Madeira, Azores, Portugal (Bertelsen and Nielsen 1986), to Cape Verde (Bertelsen and Nielsen 1990). In the north Atlantic this species occurs from about 10° to 66° N with most records between 30° and 50° N (Bertelsen and Pietsch 1996). The minimum depth of occurrence of this species rose from 2,550 m over the Porcupine Abyssal Plain to 1,000 m over the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and is known to reach depths of up to at least 3,000 m.","In the North Atlantic, S. ampullaceus is most abundant at depths of 1,000 to 3,000 m (Bertelsen and Nielsen 1986). Saccopharynx ampullaceus is not very abundant in museum collections (18 lots - no more than one individual per lot) (FishNet2 database searched February 2013). It has been described as very rare in Canadian waters (Coad and Reist 2004), and rare off the southern coast of Greenland (Moller et al. 2010).","Saccopharynx ampullaceus is a bathy- to abyssopelagic species (Moore et al. 2003). Adult specimens of this species are most abundant between 1,000 and 3,000 m (Bertelsen and Pietsch 1996), reaching a maximum size of 161 cm total length (TL).  It feeds mainly on fish (Coad and Reist 2004), and their large mouth and dispensable abdomen enable them to swallow large prey. It has been speculated that the luminous caudal organ serves as a lure to attract prey, but this has not been confirmed by observation.  This species displays some sexual dimorphism at maturity; males show a reduction of the feeding apparatus and an enlargement of the eye and olfactory organ (Bertelsen and Nielsen 1986). In terms of reproduction, this species is oviparous and has epipelagic leptocephalus larva. A reduction of jaws and complete loss of teeth in sexually mature specimens occurs in both sexes (Bertelsen and Pietsch 1996).",There are no known species-specific threats to S. ampullaceus.,There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for S. ampullaceus. Its distribution overlaps with marine protected areas (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Research into all aspects of the biology and ecology of this species is suggested.,There is no use and trade information available for S. ampullaceus. This species is rare and of no importance to fisheries.,"Strongin, K.","Smith, D.G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,PLATYTROCTIDAE,Sagamichthys,schnakenbecki,,Sagamichthys schnakenbecki,"(Krefft, 1953)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) The Schnakenbeck's searsid is widespread but rare in the eastern Atlantic. Perhaps this is due to the fact that it is often overlooked and is diffucult to identify.This species is reported to reach depths of 2,350 m and is known to be associated with seamounts and underwater ridges. Additional habitat and ecology information is limited. However, Platytroctids are not of commercial importance and current threats to this species are unknown. Therefore, S. schnakenbecki is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Sagamichthys schnakenbecki occurs in temperate to tropical eastern Atlantic waters (Carter 2002), including the Denmark Strait (Matsui and Rosenblatt 1987). It also occurs off the western part of the British Isles to Portugal including Azores Island, Madeira, and off the Canary Islands and Cape Verde, Gulf of Guinea, Angola and Namibia (Quéro et al. 1990, Møller et al. 2010, Carneiro et al. 2014). The depth range for this species is 365 to 1,200 m but a museum record has a reported collection depth of 2,350 m (Quéro et al. 1990).",Sagamichthys schnakenbeckis is widespread but rare. The rare occurrences are probably due to the fact that it has been overlooked on fishing trawls and it is difficult to identify (Smith and Heemstra 1986).,"Sagamichthys schnakenbecki can reach 27 cm standard length (Carter 2002). This species is known to be associated with seamounts and was present at four sampled seamounts in a study by Kukuev (2004), and over the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in an earlier study (Kukuev 1982). This species exhibits bio luminescence in its post-cleithral organ (Herring 1972). The diet, ecology, habitat, fecundity, spawning periodicity, and maturity processes are very poorly or not at all understood.","Current threats to this species are unknown. It is not likely at risk from fishery-related threats, as it is not harvested.","There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for this species. It may occur within marine protected areas that exist throughout its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). More research is needed on the species' population size, life history, and possible threats.",Platytroctids are of no importance to fisheries (Quéro et al. 1990).,"Strongin, K.","Knudsen, S., Nielsen, J. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,BLENNIIDAE,Salaria,basilisca,,Salaria basilisca,"(Valenciennes, 1836)","Lipophrys basiliscus (Valenciennes, 1836) is a commonly used synonym in the literature.",Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Salaria basilisca is widely, but patchily, distributed in the Mediterranean Sea. It can be locally common, but no specific population data are available. There are no known major threats. Therefore, S. basilisca is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Salaria basilisca is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. It has a patchy known distribution in the Adriatic Sea, Tunisia (Gharred et al. 1998) and Turkey (M. Bilecenoglu pers. comm. 2007). It is absent from the Levant Sea (Golani et al. 2006) but known from Sardinia (Patzner 1985). It is typically found from two to 15 m depth (Zander 1986).","There is no population information for S. basilisca. It can be locally common, including off Tunisia (Messaoudi et al. 2009).","Salaria basilisca inhabits mainly soft bottoms and can be found in seagrass beds. Eggs produced by several females are guarded by the male. Individuals develop first into females then change to males (Zander 1986). This species is oviparous with distinct pairing and demersal, adhesive eggs (Breder and Rosen 1966). Paternal care is the usual behaviour (Zander 1986).",Salaria basilisca has no commercial value and there are no other known major threats.,"No specific conservation measures are in place or required for this species and it occurs in marine protected areas. Salaria basilisca was assessed as Least Concern, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Salaria basilisca is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H. & Harvey, M.","Williams, J.T., Herler, J. & Kovacic, M.","Di Natale, A., Bilecenoglu, M., Bariche, M., Bizsel, K. & Massuti, E.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,BLENNIIDAE,Salaria,pavo,,Salaria pavo,"(Risso, 1810)",This species was previously classified under the Blennius and Lipophrys genus.,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Salaria pavo is widespread in the eastern Atlantic from France to Morocco, including the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Although there is no specific population information for S. pavo, the population is thought to be stable. There are no known major threats towards it at this time. Therefore, S. pavo is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Salaria pavo is known from the eastern Atlantic, from France to Morocco (Zander 1986). It is also present in the Mediterranean and western Black Sea in suitable habitat, though it is not known from Libya. It has invaded Suez Canal and northern Red Sea. Salaria pavo is typically found in the intertidal zone and very shallow bottoms, from 0 to 2 m (Zander 1986).",This is a common species where found.,"Salaria pavo occurs in the intertidal zone and shallow bottoms, on rocks or sand between pebbles and vegetation (Zander 1986). This species is tolerant to different a range of salinity (euryhaline) and is often found in brackish waters down to 5 ppt (Zander 1986). It inhabits crevices or piddock holes; males remain in cavities above water-level during low tide (Zander 1986). Salaria pavo feeds on benthic invertebrates, mainly mollusks, and algae (Zander 1986). It is oviparous with distinct pairing and demersal, adhesive eggs (Breder and Rosen 1966). It has been reared in captivity (Patzner and Brandstaetter 1989). Males court by nodding and undulating movements and drive females to spawning place by biting and butting (Zander 1986). The male guards eggs from several females (Zander 1986).",There are no known major threats for this species.,"No species specific conservation measures are in place or needed, and found in marine protected areas. It was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Salaria pavo is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H. & Harvey, M.","Williams, J.T., Kovacic, M. & Herler, J.","Di Natale, A., Bilecenoglu, M., Bariche, M., Bizsel, K., Massuti, E. & Craig, M.T.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SALMONIFORMES,SALMONIDAE,Salmo,salar,,Salmo salar,"Linnaeus, 1758",European and North American salmons have long been considered as a single  species but they are distinguished by chromosome numbers and genetic  characteristics. Their status should be re-evaluated.,No,VU,A2ace,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) Atlantic Salmon is a keystone migratory species with a North Atlantic distribution, with presence in freshwaters across much of westernand northern Europe and a marine extent that ranges across the North Atlantic to at least the west coast of southern Greenland and north of the Faroe Islands. The species is an important component of subsistence, recreational and commercial fisheries throughout the European region, and provides a range of ecosystem services. The species has undergone historical extirpation from rivers in Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, and Switzerland, and individual subpopulations have been lost from the Iberian Peninsula, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Ireland, France, England, Wales, Scotland, and European Russia. These local extirpations and population declines have been attributed to a number of factors including, deliberate introductions and aquaculture escapement, overfishing (at sea and in freshwaters), pollution, damming and excessive sea lice (Lepiophtheirus salmoni) loads. The species has been the subject of widespread conservation actions (e.g., NASCO Action Plan; NASCO 1999), primarily focused on fisheries management, and on habitat conservation and restoration. Numbers of farmed salmon escaping to the wild are large relative to the abundance of their wild conspecifics (Thorstad et al. 2008), with negative effects on wild populations including both ecological interactions and genetic impacts of inter-breeding Thorstad (2008) show that inter-breeding of farm with wild salmon can result in reduced lifetime success, lowered individual fitness and decreases in production over at least two generations. Because of the high but uncertain level of stocking across the species range (although it is recognised that in some regions this is low in relation to natural smolt numbers; e.g., Ireland: a total of c.500,000 smolts released annually in relation to a conservative estimated natural smolt production of 25-50 million annually; anon. reviewer pers. comm. 2014) and escapes, the scale of impact of the threats to the wild population is difficult to determine exactly and this requires further research. There are most likely relatively few truly self-sustaining wild populations remaining in Europe (some river basins in Russia and Norway, parts of Ireland and the UK). The species is estimated to have an average generation length of six years. In the past 20 years (approximately three generations) salmon farming has increased substantially (introducing sea lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis and promoting the spread of the monogenetic trematode Gyrodactylus salaris), and many dams and other river obstructions have been built. Over a similar timeframe, salmon catches at sea (both reported and unreported catches) have undergone a continuing decline since 1987, with reported catches declining from more than 8,000 tonnes (fresh weight) in 1987 to less than 2,000 tonnes in 2012 (ICES 2013b). Well documented threats have led to an inferred population decline in wild self-sustaining populations of more than 30% over the last three generation lengths, based on suspected declines in pre-fishery abundance (PFA) across the European region, and corroborated by PFA data for the United Kingdom (JNCC 2013) that show a 27% decline over the same time period. This PFA figure is, most probably, increasingly composed of hatchery fish, and as for the above European PFA estimate, an overall decline over the last three generations exceeding 30% is inferred. The species is assessed as Vulnerable (VU A2ace) as a result of overfishing in the sea, declining habitat quality, reduced extent of occurrence (EOO), and the impact of pollution, climate change, and introduced taxa. Population abundance of Atlantic Salmon is at an historically unprecedented low level in some rivers in Europe (Hedger et al. 2013). Trend data have never been comprehensively reviewed in detail for all the European or global populations, however river basin status data have been compiled at the country scale (WWF 2001: see attached table); only Iceland was assessed as having virtually unimpacted natural populations (99% of river basins considered 'Healthy'), and only Ireland (38%), Norway (47%), Scotland (63%) and England and Wales (33%) having significant percentages of 'healthy' salmon rivers. 'Healthy' salmon populations might also occur in northern European parts of Russia and this region might be the largest stronghold of the species, however data are poorly available from that region. The study by Limburg and Waldman (2009) reported that European stocks have crashed again since the 1980s from the low levels after the massive crash in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This is not a local problem, as populations of wild S. salar are also at historic lows in North America (Limburg and Waldman 2009). None of these studies distinguish between fully wild and ranched populations, in which fry, parrs or even smolts are stocked, often in huge numbers to sustain the salmon runs. We believe that if there were a critical assessment of this phenomenon, it would reveal that the conservation situation of Atlantic Salmon is much worse, especially in the Baltic, UK, central and eastern Europe, than inferred from data available for this assessment. The bottom line of decline has not yet been reached as climate change is thought to have already had some impacts and is likely to have greater future effects upon Atlantic Salmon in terms of both sub-population size and health (condition) (Johnsson and Johnsson 2009, IUCN 2009). Climate change may be partly to blame already for their decreasing numbers and conservation/reintroduction problems, especially in the southern part of its range. It is more than obvious that a cold stenothermic species such as the Atlantic Salmon will be impacted by climate change, especially in southern Europe, where anyhow, only few self-recruiting populations are left. In the northern part of the range, it is possible that salmon might benefit from climate change (Hedger et al. 2013), but the amount of suitable habitat available in the north does not balance the amount of habitat lost in the south. However McGinnity et al. (2009) suggest that climate change will have as much of an impact, if not an even greater impact at northern latitudes (due to increased winter temperatures leading to increased energy utilisation, the greater phenological adaptations required, and the greater magnitude and rate of projected temperature changes) as in southern latitudes. In addition, there is evidence that the temperature of the sea's surface may affect smolt survival. It is also thought that climate change may affect salmon growth rates or make their food less available. This assessment does not take into account the clear differences in the status of individual stocks (sub-populations from individual river basins) where some are in serious decline or extirpated whereas others are doing much better, as evidenced by the river stock assessment presented by WWF (2001). It is therefore clear that each stock should be assessed independently in order to better reflect this variation, and to inform river basin population management and restoration actions. The COSEWIC (2010) report on the sub-population-level assessment of salmon in Canada is an example of such an approach that could be applied to inform the conservation of the species in European waters.",Decreasing,"The Atlantic Salmon has a North Atlantic distribution (Kottelat 1997, Kottelat and Freyhof 2007). In Europe the species is known from the Atlantic, North, White, Barents and Baltic sea basins, from the Minho/Miño (Portugal, Spain) to the Kara drainages (Kara Sea, western Siberia). Within this range the species is present in Portugal, Spain, France, Germany (reintroduced), Denmark, Iceland, Great Britain, Ireland, and in northernmost rivers of Scandinavia and northern European Russia. Landlocked populations are known from southern Finland, Lakes Vänern (Sweden), Ladoga, Onega, and from some small lakes in the Vyg and Kem drainages, White Sea basin (Russia) and from southern Norway. The main foraging areas of salmon of European origin are along the west coast of southern Greenland and north of the Faroe Islands, however it is unclear from the literature reviewed if there is exchange between the European and American populations. Baltic populations do not leave this sea (WWF 2001). The species has undergone historical extirpation from Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany (now reintroduced), Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, and Switzerland. Populations from the Duero, Tagus and Guadiana rivers in the Iberian Peninsula (based on historical records) are now extirpated, and populations have been lost or threatened with loss from numerous rivers in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and the other Baltic Sea countries, Ireland, France, United Kingdom (England Wales, and Scotland), and Russia (the Lavna, Niva, Teriberka, Voronya, and Kalga rivers) (NASCO 2013a). The fish was thought to be extinct in Belarus since the mid-20th century as a result of dams built on the Western Dvina and Neman rivers, however recent research has found very small numbers of the fish migrate annually upstream in the Neris/Vilia rivers to the upper part of the Neman River basin in Belarus to spawn in the Vilia River tributaries (in the Dudka River about 800 m upstream from the confluence with Vilia) (Polutskaya 2005, 2009). In both North America and in Europe the species has been widely stocked in river basins for fisheries, and farmed in coastal and estuarine aquaculture, from where feral populations have become locally established and hybridized with local populations, and the species has also been introduced in large numbers to the northeast Pacific (USA and Canada; anon. reviewer pers. comm. 2014). The species has also been introduced to New Zealand, Chile and southern Argentina, although salmon have not yet been able to establish self-reproducing stocks anywhere (H. Sparholt pers. comm. 2013). In eastern North America the species is known from New England (Connecticut and Housatonic rivers, and possibly formerly to Delaware), north to Ungava Bay (northern Quebec) and to the Nastapoka River in eastern Hudson Bay (Morin 1991, G. Hammerson pers. comm. 2012). The only remaining populations that are believed to consist, at least in part, of native fishes in rivers in the United States of America occur in Maine (Dennys, Machias, East Machias, Narraguagus, Pleasant, Ducktrap, and Sheepscot rivers; Colligan and Nickerson 1996, G. Hammerson pers. comm. 2012); a few populations have been partially restored through hatchery production (Federal Register 1994). In Canada, the species' range extends northward from the St. Croix River (at the border with Maine, U.S.A.) to the outer Ungava Bay of Quebec, with one population in the eastern Hudson Bay (COSEWIC 2010).","The species is regionally abundant in European waters, however this is mainly due to massive stocking across its range in Europe and pre-fishery abundance (PFA) has declined from around 10 million individuals in the 1970s to c.3.6 million in recent years; this represents a 64% decline over the 29 year period (1975 – 2004), this represents a 64% decline over the 40-odd year period (c.1970 – 2010), equivalent to a 28.8% decline over the last 18 years (three generation lengths). This decline in PFA has been greater in southern European stocks than in northern European stocks (Windsor et al. 2012). This PFA is, most probably, increasingly composed of hatchery fish, and although the exact contribution of captive-bred fish is unknown, it is inferred that the decline of PFA population has declined by more than 30%. This inferred level of decline is confirmed by data for United Kingdom waters. PFA estimates produced for the ICES Working Group (JNCC 2013) reports show a 44.5% decline in the 29 year period from the mid-1970s (average 1975-79 = 1,301,481 individuals) to the mid-2000s (average 2000-03/04 = 722,471), an average annual decline of 1.5%. Given that the period represents approximately five generations for the species, we can estimate a decline of 27% over the last three generation lengths. This PFA figure is, most probably, increasingly composed of hatchery fish, and as for the above PFA estimate, an overall decline over the last three generations exceeding 30% is inferred. The Atlantic Salmon Rivers Database (NASCO 2013a) records the stock status of the species in 1,399 European rivers; Not Threatened With Loss (1,028 rivers in which the natural salmon stocks are not considered to be threatened with loss)Threatened With Loss (161 rivers in which there is a threat to the natural stock of salmon which would lead to loss of the stock unless the factor(s) causing the threat is(are) removed)Lost (79 rivers in which there is no natural or maintained stock of salmon but which are known to have contained salmon in the past)Restored (45 rivers in which the natural stock of salmon is known to have been lost; but in which there is now a self-sustaining stock (restoration efforts or natural recolonization)Maintained (42 rivers in which there is no natural stock of salmon; contained salmon in the past, but in which a salmon stock is now only maintained through human intervention)Unknown (44 rivers in which there is no information available as to whether or not it contains a salmon stock)   This equates (excluding 'Unknown' rivers) to 24.1% of river stocks considered to be impacted (threatened, lost, restored or maintained). Populations from the Lima (WWF 2001), Duero, Tagus and Guadiana rivers in the Iberian Peninsula (based on historical records) are now extirpated, and populations have been lost or threatened with loss from numerous rivers in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Ireland, France, United Kingdom (England Wales, and Scotland), and Russia (the Lavna, Niva, Teriberka, Voronya, and Kalga rivers) (NASCO 2013b). Baltic Sea populations underwent dramatic declines in the 20th Century, when the annual production of smolt in the Baltic declined by about 95% (WWF 2001), and less than 10% of salmon fry are the offspring of wild salmon hatcheries (IBSFC 2000). In spite of these reductions in fishery pressures, many stocks of the species are not rebuilding. This is because, whilst there have been some recoveries based on habitat restoration and improvements (e.g., in England and Wales (NASCO 2007a), Denmark (NASCO 2007b) and Norway (e.g., Hesthagen et al. 2011), the natural mortality of juvenile salmon in the marine phase has increased. The causes for that remain largely unknown. The spawning stocks in the southern part of the distribution area are so low and habitat quality is so poor that the basin productivity of juveniles are reduced compared to the potential of the rivers. In the northern part there are generally enough spawners to fulfil the production potential of the rivers. The Baltic stocks are improving (HELCOM 2013a), but many other stocks are still under the production potential of the rivers. Also here, it is difficult to distinguish between rivers with fully or partly ranched stocks and those with fully natural stocks. Aquaculture production from North and South America and Europe has, on the other hand, massively increased over the same period from almost nil in the 1960s to over 2.07 million tonnes in 2012 (FAO 2013). This species is represented by a large number of subpopulations and locations. Many wild salmon rivers have their own genetically distinct stock. ICES (2012) reported that many wild populations around the North Atlantic remain at very low levels despite many years of severe reductions in commercial salmon fisheries and other conservation actions. Chaput (2012) reported a decline since mid- to late-1980s in marine survival, as measured by the return rates of smolts to adults from monitored rivers. A key element of concern has been the decline since the 1960s (Hendry and Cragg-Hine 2003) in the proportion of single winter fish to Multi-Sea-Winter (MSW) fish (fish that stay more than one year at sea) returning to spawn. MSW fish are larger in size and produce significantly greater numbers of eggs and egg deposition is reduced as a result of the decline in MSW fish.","Habitat Found in rivers where water temperature rises above 10°C for at least three months per year and does not exceed 20°C for more than a few weeks in summer. Juveniles and resident stream populations inhabit riffles of fast-flowing, moderately cold streams and rivers. In northern Europe, juveniles may live in cold lakes. Salmon spawn mostly in natal streams, in rivers and streams with swift flowing water and a succession of riffles and pools. Lacustrine populations migrate to tributaries. Usually spawns in depressions made by the female fish in the gravel. Pelagic at sea or in large lakes, mostly foraging in surface layers. In the ocean, the fish has been found to 210 m, but is usually present at depths of 2-5 m (anon. reviewer pers. comm. 2014). Biology Both anadromous and landlocked populations occur. Evidence suggests that spawning in 'couples' occurs the minority of times, with most spawnings involving multiple males (anadromous adults and parr; anon. reviewer. pers. comm. 2014). Spawning occurs during October-January (October in Norway and Russia, November in Germany, Denmark and southwestern Sweden; December in Ireland, France and Spain), although spawning time can also vary among populations in the same river (J. MacLean pers. comm. 2014). Translocated stocks are reported to retain their original spawning time. Females select spawning sites and create shallow spawning sites (redds; areas of disturbed gravel) which may contain one or more nests, each nest being the result of a separate spawning event. Males guard and defend females against other males. An individual female may dig up to fourteen nests (average of around six) depending on their size (anon. reviewer. pers. comm. 2014), and both sexes may mate with several partners. The female spawns into the nest depression and eggs are covered with gravel by the female. Most males die after reproduction, while 10-40% of females (kelts; post-spawning adult) may survive spawning and migrate back to sea in autumn or overwinter in rivers and migrate again in spring, although kelt survival can be as low as 1% (J. MacLean pers. comm. 2014). Eggs are covered with 10-30 cm of gravel and hatch in 70-160 days. Successful development of eggs and alevins (fry with egg sack attached) requires a water permeability through gravel above one meter per hour (1 mh-1). Alevins are negatively phototactic and move deep into gravel. Fry are positively phototactic and inhabit very shallow riffles, usually downstream of spawning site. Fry usually emerge from gravel between March (Spain) and July (north Finland) when temperature rises above 8°C. Young over one year old (parr) are territorial, feeding on drifting and benthic invertebrates. Some males may spawn for the first time when they are still parr and are then able to fertilise more than 20% of eggs by sneaking into redds of anadromous couples. Mature parr are also able to successfully fertilize eggs in the absence of anadromous males. Mature male parr usually migrate to sea but have a lower probability of returning to breed as adults than males that did not mature as parr. Some parr may remain in freshwater. Ripe female parr are very rare. A few landlocked stream populations maturing as parr are known from Norway, in streams where waterfalls prevent access to anadromous salmons. Parr feed for 1-7 (usually 2-3) years in freshwater depending on temperature and feeding conditions. Usually, parr smoltify at 100-150 mm SL; smoltification is triggered by increasing day length in winter. Neither sex feeds in freshwater during the spawning and post-spawning migrations. Usually, 0.3-6.0% of females reproduce a second time. Kelts may spawn in the year following the first reproduction or may remain at sea for 18 months before returning once more to the river. In short rivers, up to 34% of the individuals reproduce a second time and there are records of individuals spawning for up to six seasons. Smolt start to migrate downstream in April-June when temperature increases above 8-10°C from low winter levels. Migration peaks when rising water levels coincide with increased turbidity during spring floods or heavy rain. A small number may migrate to sea in autumn. Smolt are gregarious and migration is nocturnal with peaks at dusk and dawn. Learning the route during downstream migration seems to be the main factor determining successful homing. Smolt may spend some time in brackish estuaries or they may immediately move to the sea. At sea, the species is pelagic and feeds on small fish and large crustaceans such as amphipods and euphausids. After spending between one and four winters at sea, individuals migrate to their natal river. Patterns of upstream migration depend on the particular river and age of the fish. Individuals may enter rivers in any month of the year, with some fish entering more than a year before spawning. Individuals that have spent more than one winter at sea usually seem to enter rivers in spring while those that spent a single winter at sea dominate the autumn run. A number of individuals enter their non-natal river and either stay (and may breed successfully) or leave and enter another river (either natal or non-natal) (J. MacLean pers. comm. 2014). During upriver migration, the silvery colour of the marine phase is replaced by a dark breeding colour; the skull of males enlarges and they develop a kype on the lower jaw. The species sometimes hybridises with S. trutta. Generation length The generation length of the species in Europe is estimated at six years (H. Sparholt pers. comm. 2013), based on generation length for salmon with a smolt age of between two to five years, representing the case in southern parts of its European distribution. In the north, the smolt age is four years. However age-at-maturity varies from three years (one if you include mature male parr) to 10 years (Hutchings and Jones 1998), with an average of between four and five years.","The species is strongly affected by water pollution and sedimentation, primarily caused by logging and agricultural activities (especially in spawning habitats), damming and overfishing. Because of degraded environmental conditions, most populations depend largely or exclusively on stocking, especially in western and central Europe. Due to intensive farming and fishery controls, the fishing pressure on wild stocks has decreased but other problems have increased. The natural mortality of juvenile salmon in the marine phase has increased, however the causes of this are not well understood (H. Sparholt pers. comm. 2012). Depletion of forage species by commercial fisheries and freshwater exposure of juveniles to an endocrine disrupter (leads to mortality in marine phase) are suggested possible causes in the case of North American populations (G. Hammerson pers. comm. 2012). Farmed salmon are usually the result of hybridization of different stocks with selection favouring farm conditions. Large numbers of farmed salmon escape and - as they have no homing site - move to any river and hybridise with wild stocks. Usually egg and juvenile survival rates are much less than in wild salmon and thus farm escapees drain the reproductive success and pollute the genetic and adaptive identity of wild populations. Large scale releases have, for example, been cited as a potential threat to Baltic salmon genetic diversity (Palmé et al. 2012). Sea lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis, an ectoparasitic copepod, occur in large numbers on captive salmon and seriously infect wild smolts, as they migrate past salmon farms in estuaries (Whelan 2010). The primary concern relating to sea lice originating from aquaculture is the impact on outmigrating post-smolt salmon, which are susceptible to lice infections. Further comparison of sea lice burdens of inward and outward migrating salmon, and of salmon from areas with and without salmonid aquaculture is required (ICES 2013a). It has been well shown that wild salmon adjacent to salmon aquaculture have high infestations of sea lice (Bostick et al. 2005), however the mode of transmission to wild salmon from aquaculture is not well understood. ICES (2013a) reports a continuing lack of research into sea lice burdens on salmon, either studies comparing sea lice prevalence on 'wild' salmon pre- and post-development of aquaculture within a region, or comparison between stocks with and without aquaculture (ICES 2013a). Butler (2002) concluded that in Scottish waters less than 1% of the sea lice originated from wild salmonids. Whelan (2010) undertook a comprehensive review of the impact of sea lice on salmon and found extensive evidence linking localised epizootics of juvenile lice with increased lice levels on migratory salmonids (Bjørn et al. 2001, Gargan et al. 2003, Krkošek et al. 2005). Heuch and Mo (2001) concluded that total lice egg production annually in farming areas in Norway had increased by more than 50 times compared to pre-farming conditions. WWF (2001) report that diseases and sea lice transferred from caged salmon to wild salmon are a severe hazard to juveniles in countries where salmon farming is predominant. The introduction of the monogenetic trematode Gyrodactylus salaris from Baltic hatchery salmon to Baltic farmed and wild stocks has caused mass mortalities. Gyrodactylus is a freshwater ectoparasite on parrs; it is spread by salmon eggs or parrs (or trout) used for stocking. In some rivers, Norwegian fisheries authorities killed all fish (not only salmon but the whole population of all native non-anadromous species) with ichthyocides in an attempt to eradicate the parasite. Overfishing at sea, and in particular with drift nets, is a major threat to the species, although fisheries controls have been implemented. The species is also impacted as bycatch in the mackerel fishery in the North Norwegian Sea. Overfeeding in farms and the use of chemicals and/or antibiotics can result in localised pollution impacts in the marine environment, however evidence of impacts on wild salmon is required. The direct and indirect impacts of climate change on the species and its habitats are not well understood and require further research. Jonsson and Jonsson (2009) suggest that a northward movement of the thermal niche of anadromous salmon will result in decreased production and population extinctions in the southern part of the species distribution, earlier migrations, later spawning, younger age at smolting and sexual maturity and increased disease susceptibility and mortality. Northern populations are predicted to benefit from increased parr recruitment and smolt production as a result of climate change, whilst higher levels of parr mortality might occur due to decreased summer water availability (Hedger et al. 2013).","There are many conservation actions in place for the species, including scientific research and monitoring, habitat restoration and legal measures such as the Convention for the Conservation of Salmon in the North Atlantic Ocean (NASCO) which entered into force on 1 October 1983. Through the contracting parties (Canada, Denmark (in respect of the Faroe Islands and Greenland), the European Union, Norway, Russian Federation and the United States of America) the convention aims to promote the conservation, restoration, enhancement, and rational management of salmon stocks in the North Atlantic Ocean. Conservation actions include habitat protection and restoration (e.g., removing weirs and other obstructions to migrations and improved water quality through liming to reduce pH of acidified rivers in Norway (Hesthagen et al. 2011). There should be a presumption against stocking practices undertaken to enhance salmon and sea trout fisheries (McIntyre and Kettlewhite 2014), whilst ex situ conservation, reintroduction and support of natural populations should be undertaken with care. Ongoing research and monitoring is essential to fully understand the impacts of ongoing and novel threats on the species. The species has been assessed as Vulnerable (VU A4b) in the Baltic (HELCOM 2013b), and occurs on the national Red Lists of the following European countries: UK (Biodiversity Action Plan species), Ireland, Sweden, Denmark, Holland, Belgium, France, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Germany, Czech Republic, Finland, Poland, Russia, Estonia, and Lithuania (JNCC 2013). The freshwater populations (except those in Finland) have been listed in Annexes II, IV and V of the EU Habitats Directive (HELCOM 2013b). The species appears in the Bern Convention (Appendix 3), and has been listed on the OSPAR List of Threatened and/or Declining Species and Habitats (OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic; JNCC 2013). The species is recorded as occurring in 515 Natura 2000 protected areas throughout much of Europe (EUNIS 2014). The fish had been assessed at the global scale as Lower Risk/least concern for the IUCN Red List in 1996 (World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1996).","Salmon aquaculture includes farming, ranching and stocking activities. Production of farmed salmon in the North Atlantic in 2010 was approximately 600 times the harvest of wild fish (NASCO 2013c). Salmon is an iconic species in both historical and contemporary culture, found in many aspects of art, literature, jewellery, and architecture etc. The species is a focus for social activities (e.g., fishery clubs), and the driver of general river restoration activities. Salmon runs draw visitors throughout Europe where the species is present in numbers. Salmon are central to the cultures of the Sami and Kven northern indigenous peoples in Norway (WWF 2001). The species is an important food and recreational angling fish throughout its European range (Kulmala et al. 2013) with high commercial, social and cultural values, and it is an iconic species in both historical and contemporary culture. The species also provides important ecosystem services as a source of oceanic carbon and river organic enrichment, and as direct prey for large numbers of oceanic and river species including other fishes, many birds, mammals including some whales and seals (anon. reviewer pers. comm. 2014). Kulmala et al. (2013) estimate that the cultural value of the species may exceed the value of commercial landings in northern Europe. Further research to obtain information on the scale of these benefits across the European region is required.","Harrison, I.J., Hogan, Z., MacLean, J. & Mauroner, A.","Freyhof, J.","Kottelat, M., Hammerson, G.A., Comeros-Raynal, M., MacLean, J. & Allen, D.J.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SCOMBRIDAE,Sarda,sarda,,Sarda sarda,"(Bloch, 1793)","There is some genetic differentiation between samples from the Atlantic and those from the Mediterranean, but not at the species level (Vinas et al. 2010).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Sarda sarda is a widely distributed species on both coasts of the Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, it is known from the North Sea to the Strait of Gibraltar, including the Mediterranean and Black seas. It is fairly fast growing and abundant in many areas. The species it is caught in both commercial and recreational fisheries, there is no evident overall population declines in the assessment region, although there are concerns about the Turkish populations. The species is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"The species is found along both coasts of the Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, it is found from Norway to the Canary Islands, including the Mediterranean and Black seas (Collette and Nauen 1983).","Sarda sarda is considered to be abundant in many localities. Landings in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean and Black Sea FAO fishing regions are dominated by landings from the Mediterranean (FAO-FIGIS 2005, FAO 2014). Since 1950, landings have fluctuated with no apparent increasing or decreasing trends from about 6,000 tonnes to 76,000 tonnes (FAO 2014). There is some genetic differentiation between samples from the Atlantic and those from the Mediterranean, suggesting that they may be reproductively isolated (Vinas et al. 2010).","A small epipelagic, neritic species that occurs in schools. It sometimes enters estuaries and has a depth range of 0–200 m. It can adapt to gradual but not sudden changes in the environment and may occur in water temperatures between 12 and 27°C and salinities between 14 and 39 ppm. The species preys upon sardines, squid, anchovy, mackerel and other small fishes (Collette 2003). This species is migratory (Sabates and Recasens 2001) and spawning season and size of maturity varies between regional populations (Valeiras and Abad 2006). In most parts of the Mediterranean, it spawns between May and July but off Algeria spawning extends to July. The all-tackle game fish record is of an 8.3 kg fish caught off Faial Island in the Azores in 1953 (IGFA 2014).","Sarda sarda is harvested in various parts of its range, with the most important fishery being that in the Mediterranean and Black seas (FAO 2014). Turkey and Mexico landed the highest tonnage of this species: 17,900 t and 2,314 t respectively. Oray et al. (2004) have noted that the majority of fish landed in Turkey are below mature size, indicating that the stock will be unable to renew or sustain itself long-term.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place or required at present. Catches in the Mediterranean Sea of small tunas are considered inadequately or under reported (STECF 2014), and as a result data were considered inadequate to inform management recommendations. Further research and monitoring is required to inform stock assessments and management actions where required (STECF 2014). The fish was assessed as Least Concern globally (IUCN 2011) and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Marak et al. 2011).","This species is an important food fish, targeted by a number of fisheries throughout its range. It is particularly important in the Mediterranean and Black seas where it is taken by trap net, ring net, gillnet, trammel net, purse seine, beach seine, and hook and line (Demir 1963). The fish is amongst the five species that account for around 88% of the total reported catch of small tunas by weight (STECF 2014).","Allen, D.J. & Polidoro, B.","Collette, B. & Fernandes, P.","De Silva, R., Milligan, H., Lutz, M., Batchelor, A., Jopling, B., Kemp, K., Lewis, S., Lintott, P., Sears, J., Wilson, P., Smith, J. and Livingston, F.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CLUPEIFORMES,CLUPEIDAE,Sardina,pilchardus,,Sardina pilchardus,"(Walbaum, 1792)","Morphological studies based on gill raker counts and head length supported the designation of two sub-species within Sardina pilchardus. S.p. pilchardus (Eastern Atlantic from the North Sea to southern Portugal) and S. p. sardina (Mediterranean Sea and Northwest African coast)(Parrish et al. 1989). Genetic analysis using nuclear micro satellites supports S. pilchardus as a single evolutionary unit with present day gene flow among populations, with some weak but significant structuring best explained by an isolation-by-distance model (Gonzalez and Zardoya 2007). S. pilchardus is treated as a single evolutionary unit by fisheries managers, and the various stocks have been designated arbitrarily as magnitude of exchange between areas continues to be uncovered. This species does not appear to be as commercially important in the south-eastern Mediterranean. Long-term changes in the environment are related to productivity of S. pilchardus and other sardine and anchovy species in the Mediterranean (ICES 2010).",No,NT,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Sardina pilchardus is an important commercial species in the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean. It is found from Iceland and the North Sea south to Bay de Gorée, Senegal, including the Mediterranean basin as well as Madeira, the Canary Islands, and Cape Verde. The northern and southern limits of S. pilchardus distribution are related to average water temperature, and this species may be expanding its range northwards, towards Norway. It is found at depths ranging from 10 to 180 metres. Based on age of first maturity of about 1 year, and maximum longevity of 7 or 8 years the average generation length in the Northeastern Atlantic is estimated to be approximately 3.5 years. Based on the age of first maturity of approximately 1 year and maximum longevity of 4 years, the generation length in the Mediterranean is calculated as 2.5 years. The rate of population decline in the region is examined over a 10 to 12 year period.  Within the assessment region, S. pilchardus is landed in two FAO fishing zones: The Northeast Atlantic (NEA) Fishing Zone and the Mediterranean and Black Sea Fishing Zone; the NEA accounts for approximately 40% of landings declared to FAO while the Mediterranean and Black Sea fishing zone accounts for 60% of landings. In the absence of additional information concerning the relative distribution of S. pilchardus within the assessment zone, it is inferred that the large-scale spatial distribution of landings approximates the spatial distribution of this species. Therefore, population declines were weighted by fishing zone.  The only stock assessment available in the Northeast Atlantic originates from the Iberian Peninsula, where 80% of non-Mediterranean landings originate. In the absence of additional data clarifying the spatial distribution of the population of S. pilchardus in the Northeast Atlantic, it is inferred that the abundance of landings originating from the Iberian Peninsula is reflective of the spatial distribution of the population in the Northeast Atlantic. There has been a 50% decline in estimated SSB on the Iberian Shelf over the past 12 to 15 years (1998-2013). However, this species appears to be increasing in abundance in the northern parts of its range.  The status of stocks in the Mediterranean is uncertain, as no reliable Spawning Stock Biomass (SSB) evaluations are available. In addition at least 3 of the 9 reviewed stock management areas in the Mediterranean were reported to be overexploited and/or at risk of collapse in 2013. Therefore, this species is assessed under criterion A2 instead of A1 depsite an attempt at management. Another stock in the Southern Adriatic, which may be the largest in the Med, has experienced historical declines is estimated SSB of more than a 70% decline in estimated SSB based on an independent study conducted between 1984 and 1999. Additionally this species exhibits a truncated life history which is likely the result of prolonged exploitation. While S. pilchardus in the northeast Atlantic have a longevity of 8 years, those in the Mediterranean only live to 4 years.  Given the estimated 16% decline in the population within the assessment region, the truncation of life history in the Mediterranean, and the overexploited status and of several Mediterranean stocks, Sardina pilchardus is listed as Near Threatened under Criterion A2bd.",Unknown,"Sardina pilchardus is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is known from the Baltic and North seas south to Senegal (Munroe in press). In the northeastern Atlantic, S. pilchardus is distributed from the British Isles south to Madeira and the Canary Islands, including the Mediterranean and Black seas (Vasil'eva 2007). During the 1990s, S. pilchardus successfully invaded the entire North Sea and adjacent regions, such as the Irish Sea, Skagerrak, Kattegat and western and central Baltic Sea (Alheit et al. 2012). It is rare in Iceland, and it has been suggested that S. pilchardus is expanding its range northward in response to climate change (Brander et al. 2003). The northern and southern limits of the global distribution appears to be determined by temperature: to the north by the 10°C surface isotherm and to the south by the 20°C isotherm (Robles et al. 1992). Gaps in the distribution are likely due to a lack of data rather than evidence that the species is not present. This species is found at depths ranging from 10 to 180 metres.","Population information by regionNortheast Atlantic Sardina pilchardus is increasing in abundance in parts of its range. During the 1990s, S. pilchardus successfully invaded the entire North Sea and adjacent regions, such as the Irish Sea, Skagerrak, Kattegat and western and central Baltic Sea (Alheit et al. 2012). It is rare in Iceland, and it has been suggested that S. pilchardus is expanding its range northward in response to climate change (Brander et al. 2003).  A stock assessment is available from the Iberian Peninsula and the Bay of Biscay (Iberian Shelf - ICES subareas 8c and 9a), where more than 80% of non-Mediterranean landings originate. Estimates of Spawning Stock Biomass (SSB) from the Iberian Shelf over the past 12 to 15 years show a 50% decline from approximately 400,000 tonnes in 1998 to 200,000 tonnes in 2012 (ICES 2013). This decrease in biomass has corresponded to increasing landings and a doubling of the historical mean in fishing effort. Additionally, recruitment in recent years has been poor. Recruitment in 2010 was 76% below the historical geometric mean recruitment.   There is no stock assessment available from the Celtic Sea and English Channel. Advice provided by ICES indicate that fishing mortality is below reference points, and SSB is decreasing to just below long-term averages, with a cut in catch recommended (ICES Advice 2013).  There is no stock assessment available for the Northern component of the Bay of Biscay (8a,b and 8d), although there is evidence from surveys (PELGAS, BIOMAN) of strong recruitment of year-classes 2012 and 2013.  Mediterranean  The status of stocks in the Mediterranean is uncertain as no reliable estimates of SSB are available. Advice published in 2013 by the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF 2013) indicated that at least 3 of the 9 reviewed stock management areas in the Mediterranean were overexploited and/or at risk of collapse. These were the Gulf of Lyons stock, the eastern Ionian stock, and the Northern Spain Stock. In the eastern Ionian Sea landings were highly variable. The stock assessment estimated an increase from 2004 to 5600 tonnes in 2008, and the stock was considered overexploited. The Gulf of Lyons landings have fluctuated. In 2010 only 600 tonnes were landed. Biomass was considered very low and stock was at risk of collapse. The Northern Spain stock reached very low levels in 2009 (8000 metric tonnes) and was overexploited and at risk of stock collapse.  Elsewhere in the Mediterranean, stocks in the northern Alborian Sea were considered fully and sustainably exploited. Annual landings from the southern Alborian Sea have fluctuated, and no evaluation of the stock was made. In the Strait of Sicily an average of 1400 tonnes were landed annually. A decreasing trend in landings has been observed, and the stock is considered moderately exploited and at low to intermediate stock abundance. The stock in the Northern and Central Adriatic is considered sustainably exploited. Landings in 2008 exceeded 20,000 tonnes, with discards. Large historical declines in SSB (approximately 70%) of one of the largest Mediterranean stocks were recorded in an independent study conducted between 1984 and 1999 in the southern Adriatic Sea (Santogiani et al. 2005). Landings in the Aegean Sea have fluctuated decreasing between 2005 and 2008, with 9000 tonnes in 2008, with a slight recovery of SSB to 20,000 tonnes in 2008. This stock was considered to be harvested sustainable.  Regional StatusWithin the assessment region, S. pilchardus is landed in two FAO fishing zones: The Northeast Atlantic (NEA) Fishing Zone and the Mediterranean and Black Sea Fishing Zone; the NEA accounts for approximately 40% of landings declared to FAO while the Mediterranean and Black Sea fishing zone accounts for 60% of landings. In the absence of additional information concerning the relative distribution of S. pilchardus within the assessment zone, it is inferred that the large-scale spatial distribution of landings approximates the spatial distribution of this species. Therefore, population declines were weighted by fishing zone. In the Iberian Shelf area, SSB has declined by 50%; elsewhere in the assessment region, populations are inferred to be relatively stable. As the Iberian Shelf represents 80% of the NEA landings, the population in the NEA is inferred to have declined by approximately 40%. As the NEA represents approximately 40% of the landings from the assessment zone, it is inferred that S. pilchardus has declined by 16% in the assessment zone. Trends in global FAO landing statistics and global population information from outside the assessment region  Landings of S. pilchardus from the Northeast Atlantic Fishing Zone accounted for 40 to 50% of global FAO landings by fishing area until the early 1960s, when landings from this fishing area began to gradually and continually decrease, from a high of 270000 tonnes in 1961 to less than 12% of the global catch with the lowest recorded landings in 2011 of 114843 tonnes. The largest landings were declared from the Eastern Central Atlantic, followed by the Northeastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. The sardine stocks off Atlantic Morocco collapsed in 1997, when biomass decreased from 5660 to 1130 thousand tonnes despite no change in landings (Charouki et al 2004 cited in Charouki et al. 2011). Fluctuations in recruitment in some areas have been reported in recent years. Unfavorable environmental conditions combined with over exploitation may explain decreases in landings some areas (Martin et al. 2012).","Habitat and Ecology This is a pelagic, oceanodromous, littoral species (Brito 1991). This species forms schools, usually at depths between 25 to 55 or even 100 m by day, rising to 10 to 35 m at night. It mainly feeds on planktonic crustaceans and also on larger organisms.  Life History and Reproduction Sardina pilchardus is a batch spawner of indeterminate fecundity (Ganias et al. 2007) which is adapted to coastal upwelling ecosystems (Santos et al. 2004). Reproductive strategies of S. pilchardus are adapted to minimize Ekman offshore transport effects. In some areas, changes in the intensity and frequency of upwelling events during the spawning season have negatively impacted recruitment of this species (Santos et al. 2004). There is a latitudinal gradient in the duration and peak of the spawning season (longer duration and earlier peak in the south) (Stratoudakis et al. 2007, ICES 2013). In the Mediterranean Sea the species spawns in September-June, with a peak in autumn, in the Black Sea it spawns from June to August.  Reproduction occurs at depths between 20 to 25 m, near the shore or as much as 100 km out to sea (Munroe in prep 2014), producing 50,000-60,000 eggs with a diameter of 1.5 mm (Muus and Nielsen 1999). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 23 cm TL and the length at maturity for females ranges from 7.9 cm TL to 15.0 cm and for males ranges from 7.9 cm to 13.8 cm (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014). Most individuals are mature at age 0 or age 1 (80 %) at a length of 14 cm (Silva et al. 2006). In the eastern Mediterranean, length at which 50% of individuals are mature is 8 cm (GFCM 2004).  The last age class recorded in the Bay of Biscay was 7 to 8 years old. Fishing mortality was considered low relative to natural mortality in the Bay of Biscay fishing area (ICES WKPELA Report 2013). Maximum length is 23 cm (Silva et al. 2008), and individuals reach 90% of maximum length by age 4. Growth is seasonal, occurring outside the spawning period in late spring and summer, with body condition and fat content peaking in autumn. An increase in weights-at-age has been observed since 1991, which has been attributed in enhanced feeding rate induced by temperature noted since the early 1970s (Silva et al. 2010). Sardina pilchardus stocks in the eastern Mediterranean were dominated by age group 1 and 2 individuals, with individuals not exceeding age 4. This age range is very narrow compared to that found in the Atlantic, and also with other Mediterranean sardine stocks. In the Adriatic sea the age range exceeds age group 6, with a dominant age group 3 (Silva et al. 2008), and the western Mediterranean, the age range in sardine landings exceeds age group 5 ,with age group 0 and 1 dominating landings. The total length ranged from between 75 and 185 mm (Antonakakis et al. 2011). Using the formula Am + (Amax-Am/2), where Am = age at first maturity, and Amax=longevity. Based on age of first maturity of about 1 year, and maximum longevity of 7 or 8 years the average generation length in the Northeastern Atlantic is estimated to be approximately 3.5 years. Based on the age of first maturity of approximately 1 year and maximum longevity of 4 years, the generation length in the Mediterranean is calculated as 2.5 years","This is a highly-commercial species which is exploited throughout its range. It is dependent on regulatory control of fishing effort throughout its range. Its main catching methods are purse seines, set nets, lampara nets, and small drift nets. Off the Catalan coast, purse-seining is practiced 10 months/year and 5 days/week. Over the period 1994–2009, classes 0 and 1 represented more than 70% of the sardine landings off the Catalan coast, both in numbers and in weight. Class 1 was the major contributor to the annual landings (around 50%, both in numbers and weight) (Martín et al. 2012). As the principal commercial species in the basin, this species is fished throughout the Mediterranean, and has undergone population declines due to over-exploitation which have prompted reductions in effort and fisheries closures, particularly in northwest. In the south-western Mediterranean, stocks from Morocco, which account for the majority of Mediterranean landings, are considered over-exploited and continue to face high levels of exploitation. Data from the Eastern Mediterranean are scarce, however age 0–1 individuals comprise the majority of landings. In the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean off the coast of Egypt, S. pilchardus is the second-most abundant component (10–15%) of the commercially-important purse-seine small pelagic fishery after Sardinella aurita. Although S. pichardus is caught in large numbers in the purse seine fishery operating east of Alexandria, the catch is comprised of small sized fish of low value (Akel 2009). Recruitment fluctuations due to changes in local climactic and oceanographic regimes have been reported throughout the range of S. pilchardus. An increase in upwelling events in the winter, observed since the 1960s, has reduced the sardine spawning area in north-western Portugal by transporting larvae seaward rather than towards the coast (Stratoudakis et al. 2003, Santos et al. 2004). In the Mediterranean, connections have been found between low landings of S. pilchardus and Engraulis encrasicolus and the Western Mediterranean Oscillation index. The combination of over-exploitation and unfavorable environmental conditions for the species may explain the decreasing trend of sardine and anchovy landings in the western Mediterranean (Martín et al. 2012). ","This species undergoes varying degrees of stock evaluation and assessment throughout the European Assessment Zone. Regional Fisheries Management Organizations such as the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) and the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) which also set minimum landing sizes, area and seasonal closures, and gear/effort restrictions. The European Union has a minimum landing size adopted by countries in the Mediterranean Sea as 11 cm or 55 specimens per kg. There are no minimum landing sizes in the Black Sea. This species may be present in marine protected areas that fall within its distribution.  This species was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean Regional Assessment in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","This is a species with high commercial importance, though not necessarily high value, throughout its range. It is eaten and also used as bait or fish food. It is marketed fresh, frozen or canned, as well as dried or salted and smoked. It is the target of an important fishery on the Atlantic coast of the Iberian peninsula (Robles et al. 1992). This species dominates Mediterranean landings, accounting for 20% of Mediterranean annual landings (Lleonard and Maynou 2003) and 25% of the whole European sardine production (Freon and Misund 1999).","Ralph, G.","Cook, R., Fernandes, P., Florin, A., Lorance, P. & Nedreaas, K.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CLUPEIFORMES,CLUPEIDAE,Sardinella,aurita,,Sardinella aurita,"Valenciennes, 1847","Disjunct populations of S. aurita  in the Western and Eastern Atlantic are in need of further study to determine their taxonomic status (Whitehead 1985). Sardinella brasiliensis is a species which has been described from the southeast Brazilian Bight and is a valid species according to Eschmeyer (Figueiredo et al. 2010). There are reports of sympatric occurrence with S. aurita in the Gulf of Mexico, however these may be based on misidentifications (Kinsey et al. 1994). We accept the conclusions presented in Tringali and Wilson (1993) that S. brasiliensis is a junior subjective synonym of S. aurita.",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Sardinella aurita is a coastal neritic species found at depths ranging from 0 to 350 meters around the Canary Islands and in the Mediterranean and Black Sea. The populations of S. aurita appears to become more concentrated towards the equator. It is harvested at low levels in Northern Europe and in the Mediterranean Sea, as the large majority of harvests (>85%) originate from the Eastern Central Atlantic fishing zone, in waters regulated by CECAF. Stocks of S. aurita are considered over-exploited in the Eastern Central Atlantic and the Caribbean, however, the level of connectivity between S. aurita in the western Atlantic, and S. aurita in the eastern Atlantic is unclear; it is worth nothing that severe declines have  been observed. There are no stock assessments for this species in the area of the European Regional Assessment, and reported FAO landings are increasing. This species is more commercially important along the North African coast rather than the Mediterranean Coast of the Mediterranean Sea. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Sardinella aurita is restricted to the Atlantic Ocean, where it is widely distributed along both coasts. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, S. aurita is known from the Mediterranean and Black seas, as well as Madeira and the Canary Islands (Smith 1997). It is found to depths of 350 m.","In the European Regional Assessment region, this species is primarily found in the Mediterranean Sea. A stock assessment for Sardinella aurita in GSA3 (in 2003) indicated its population was stable (O. Kada. pers comm. 2007).  It is locally abundant in some areas, but never common in markets because of low demand for the species. A total of 38 tonnes of Sardinella aurita were reported to ICES from France, United Kingdom, and Portugal from FAO fishing area 27 from the years 2005 to 2011, indicating that it is not abundant in this area. In the eastern Mediterranean, off the coast of Egypt, S. aurita is a component of the commercially-important sardine fishery, which accounted for 40 to 90% of the catch by weight in purse seine fisheries, and included the species S. aurita, Sardina pilchardus, Dussumieria acuta and Sardinella mederensis. Sardinella aurita appears in the catch from early summer to late autumn, and is the dominant sardine taken in the Egypt sardine fishery, accounting for 80 - 90% in quantity (El-Haweet 2001).  Global landings for S. aurita are reported from the following fishing regions: Eastern Central Atlantic, Western Central Atlantic, South Eastern Atlantic, and Mediterranean and Black Sea. The Eastern Central Atlantic and Western Central Atlantic Fishing zones combined reported the substantial majority of landings, and, prior to the early 1970s, reported roughly equal landings hovering near 40,000 tonnes per anum. In the early 1970s, landings reported from the Eastern Central Atlantic began to to increase sharply, with an over 10-fold increase to a peak of 453410 tonnes in 1991, accounting for 85% of all landings. This peak was followed by a steep decline and stabilization in subsequent years to around 270,000 tonnes per anum, with landings roughly equally split between European and African nations. Despite this decrease in landings, S. aurita originating from the Eastern Central Atlantic still accounts for roughly 85% of global landings in this species. This is due to a sharp decrease in landings reported from the Western Central Atlantic. Utilizing mitochondrial DNA control region, a highly variable marker suitable for population-level studies, researchers found that there is virtually no gene flow between the Mediterranean and Eastern Central Atlantic (Chikhi et al. 1997). ","This is a marine coastal pelagic species forming schools in coastal waters from inshore to edge of shelf. It prefers clear saline water with a minimum temperature of 24°C. This species is strongly migratory, often rising to surface at night and dispersing. It mainly feeds on zooplankton, especially copepods. Juveniles take phytoplankton (Bianchi et al. 1993). It perhaps breeds throughout the year (from June to September for the Mediterranean Sea, the season starts earlier in the east areas), but with distinct peaks. In some areas there are two main spawning periods. The breeding pattern is extremely complex, with two principal spawning periods in some areas (linked with upwelling regimes off west Africa). Population size and structure of S. aurita is strongly tied to climatic events; recent hydrological changes in the Northern Gulf of Guinea have been implicated in observed increases in catches of S. aurita in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana, as well as changes in spatial and seasonal distributions (Binet and Servain 1993). Trematodes were found in intestinal tract (Bigelow et al. 1963). Its preferred climate and habitats are subtropical, neritic, marine environments. In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 30 cm TL and the length at maturity for females ranges from 11.5 cm to 16.6 cm TL and ranges for males from 14.0 cm to 16.8 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014). In the Mediterranean Sea, it is an epipelagic species mostly distributed along coastal areas. Juveniles tend to stay in nursery areas, but upon maturity they rejoin adult stocks offshore.","This is a species with relatively minor commercial importance in the European Regional Assessment area, and is primarily caught with seines. In the Mediterranean Sea, it had a commercial importance up to around the 1970s, but since then demand for this species has declined (A. Di Natale pers. comm. 2007).","There are no known conservation measures for this species, it is of minor commercial importance in the European Regional Assessment, and is harvested at low levels in Northern Europe and in the Mediterranean Sea. This species was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean Sea in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011). Stocks of S. aurita are considered over exploited in the Eastern Central Atlantic and the Caribbean; however, the level of connectivity between S. aurita in the western Atlantic, and S. aurita in the eastern Atlantic is unclear.","Sardinella aurita is of minor commercial importance in the European Regional Assessment, and is of more importance in the Eastern Central Atlantic and Caribbean. In addition to human consumption, this species is utilized as a bait fish and as food for tuna ranched in the Mediterranean.","Harwell, H.","Nedreaas, K., Florin, A., Cook, R., Fernandes, P. & Lorance, P.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CLUPEIFORMES,CLUPEIDAE,Sardinella,maderensis,,Sardinella maderensis,"(Lowe, 1838)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC  Sardinella maderensis is found from southeastern Spain and Gibraltar southward along coastal West Africa to Morocco to including Madeira and Canary Islands, where it is common. It is also found in parts of the Mediterranean Sea, where it may be expanding its range. The center of this species distribution is off of West Africa, where it is a highly valued commercial species which is taken in large quantities with S. aurita. Most stocks in the West African region are considered over-exploited or fully exploited, with effort is increasing in the region. However, any declines in European waters represent the northern-most extent of the range of S. maderensis. Although it is taken in small pelagic fisheries, it has naturally low abundance in this region, it is not the explicit target of commercial fisheries, and there are no management measure in place. It is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Sardinella maderensis is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is known from the Mediterranean Sea south to Namibia. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, S. maderensis is present in the Mediterranean Sea, where it may be expanding its range. In the northwestern Mediterranean, its presence has recently been confirmed in the Gulf of Valencia off the coast of Spain (Sanz-Brau and Mezquita 2009) and in the Balearic Islands (Mas et al. 2009); it is also known from the southern Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988). It is is more common along the southern and eastern coast, and also occurs in the Aegean Sea and on Turkish coast (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002) and penetrating the Suez Canal (Whitehead 1984) into the northern reaches of the Red Sea. It occurs from 0—80 m depth.","The center of distribution of Sardinella maderensis is in the Eastern Central Atlantic, rather than in the Northeastern Atlantic. In the eastern Mediterranean, off the coast of Egypt, S. maderensis is a component of the commercially-important sardine fishery,which included the species Sardinella aurita, Sardina pilchardus, Dussumiera acuta and Sardinella maderensis. Sardinella maderensis and Dussumieria acuta were relatively rare compared to the other sardine species which are taken in the sardine fishery operating off the coast of Egypt. The mean length and weight of S. maderensis were not taken due to its rarity (El-Haweet 2001). This species rarely appears in purse seines and trammel nets in the east Mediterranean Sea, where it does not appear to occur in large schools (D. Golani pers. comm 2007). The population density varies across the Mediterranean Sea, it is more abundant in the central and west areas. There are no specific data available to indicate population size or trend. This species is not managed by the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean.","This is a pelagic, oceanodromous species that forms schools in coastal waters, preferring waters of 24°C. It is found at depths of up to 80 meters, though it appears to be more common in shallow waters. The preferred climate and habitat are subtropical neritic, marine and estuarine waters. As compared to the similar S. aurita, S. maderensis has more prudent life history characteristics, undergoing relatively small migrations and tolerating, rather than adapting to, climactic variability (Cury and Fontana 1988). It is a relatively sedentary species which inhabits coastal, warm and often brackish waters (Binet et al. 2001). Although it is found in estuaries, it does not appear to reproduce in estuaries (Panfili et al. 2006). It is also found in hypersaline inverse estuaries, and represented nearly half the total biomass in the Sine Saloum estuary of Senegal (Simier et al. 2004). the Mediterranean Sea, it is inshore pelagic and semi-pelagic, it occurs along the coastlines and estuaries. In shallow waters it occurs near the bottom. This species feeds on a variety of small planktonic invertebrates, fish larvae and phytoplankton. It breeds once a year during the warm season (July-September).  The movements of S. aurita and S. maderensis are correlated with the seasonal up-welling. Sardinella maderensis is usually fished during the warm season in low-salinity waters.","Sardinella maderensis is of considerable commercial importance off West African coasts, where it is targeted by both foreign and domestic commercial fleets as well as domestic artisanal fisheries. However, in the European Regional Assessment, including the Mediterranean Sea, it has only low economic importance and appears to be relatively rare. It is also used as bait, particularly in tuna ranching operations. It is a coastal species that also occurs in estuarine areas, and river pollution may affect certain life stages of this species (A. Di Natale pers. comm. 2007).","Although this species occurs in the Mediterranean and is a component of small pelagic fisheries, particularly along the southern coast, it is not managed in this region. This species as assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean Regional Assessment in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","This species is of low economic important in the Mediterranean Sea, as it is relatively rare.","Harwell, H.","Nedreaas, K., Florin, A., Cook, R., Fernandes, P. & Lorance, P.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,BERYCIFORMES,HOLOCENTRIDAE,Sargocentron,hastatum,,Sargocentron hastatum,"(Cuvier, 1829)",,No,,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: NA Sargocentron hastatum is distributed on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean; however, within the assessment zone it is only known from one record off the coast of Portugal. Therefore, S. hastatum is assessed as Not Applicable.",Unknown,"Sargocentron hastatum is distributed on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, S. hastatum is only known from one record off the coast of Portugal (Ben-Tuvia 1986). This species is found at depths ranging from 50 m (Greenfield 1981) to 200 m (Schneider 1990).","Within the assessment region consisting of the northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea this species is only known from one record from Portugal so there is no information on the population size and trend for this species.","Sargocentron hastatum is a nocturnal (Ben-Tuvia 1990), reef-associated fish that occurs in reefs and rocky areas from the shoreline to 200 m depth (Schneider 1990). It feeds mainly on benthic invertebrates (Ben-Tuvia 1990). The maximum size is 46 cm (common to 25 cm total length) (Schneider 1990). Eggs and larvae of the Holocentridae family are pelagic (Heemstra and Heemstra 2004).",There are no known species-specific threats within the assessment region.,There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for S. hastatum.,This species is not utilized within the assessment region.,"Harwell, H.","Knudsen, S., Nielsen, J. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SPARIDAE,Sarpa,salpa,,Sarpa salpa,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is very common and locally abundant in suitable habitats throughout its European range, where it is found along the Atlantic coast from the Bay of Biscay, in Macaronesia, throughout the Mediterranean, and in parts of the Black Sea. Furthermore, the landings data indicate a stable population. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern. However, this species should be monitored closely since it is a protogynous hermaphrodite with late maturation. In addition, it may become threatened in the eastern Mediterranean by the continued success of Lessepsian siganid migrants from the Red Sea, and this should be studied closely.",Stable,"The species is widely distributed in the northeastern Atlantic from southwestern France (Bay of Biscay) to Sierra Leone, including Macaronesia (the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands). In the southeastern Atlantic it is known southwards from the Congo to South Africa and in the Indian Ocean to southern Mozambique (Heemstra and Heemstra 2004,&#160;Carpenter in press). It is present throughout the Mediterranean Sea, and in the southwestern and southeastern Black Sea. Occasional records from the North Sea (e.g., Swaby and Potts 1990) require verification, although the species may be an occasional vagrant.","FAO landing statistics for the Mediterranean Sea show a steady increase over the last 50 years, with a peak in the early 1990s at around 4,000 mt and stabilizing at around 2,000 mt during the period from 1996 to 2005. This species is very common and very abundant in suitable habitats throughout its range in the Mediterranean Sea. This species is common outside sea-cage forms in the Turkish Aegean Sea feeding on the feed (pellets) (Akyol and Ertosluk 2010), and accounted for 10.2% of the total weight of one fish farm from 2004-2008. In the eastern Mediterranean Sea, there is some circumstantial evidence that this species is being displaced by Siganus luridus and S. rivuluatus, both of which are herbivores and very successful Lessepsian migrants from the Red Sea. This species has since become very rare along the Lebanese coast despite the large numbers existing there in the 1930s (Bariche et al. 2004).","Sarpa salpa is an important grazer of Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows. It inhabits rocky or sandy bottoms covered with seaweeds, to depths of about 70 m. Gregarious, sometimes forming sizeable schools. Adults inhabit subtidal gullies and over shallow rocky reefs, largely confined to the surf zone. Juveniles are found in tidal rockpools, sandy littoral, shallow reefs and estuaries. It has an age related mixed diet; larvae are planktivorous, while young, subadults and adults are herbivorous (Havelange et al. 1997). Some individuals are toxic after ingestion of the alga Caulerpa (Fischer et al. 1987).  It is characterized by protandric hermaphroditism. In the Adriatic Sea, size at sexual maturity was 20.6 cm (two years old) for males (Pallaoro et al. 2008). Total length-total weight relationship for the entire population is described by the parameters a = 0.00893, and b = 3.1055. Otolith age readings showed that the population consisted of 15 age groups (one to 15 years), including a very high proportion of individuals of one to seven years old. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters were L = 33.11 cm, k = 0.514, and t0 =-0.392 years for males and L∞ = 40.85cm, k = 0.179, and t0 =-2.606 years for females. Survival rate of females (S = 0.870) was much greater than for males (S = 0.769) (Pallaoro et al. 2008). The maximum length of this species is 51 cm (Fischer et al. 1987). Along the Italian Mediterranean coast (central Italy), the sex change process occurs between 24 and 31 cm TL corresponding to a wide range of ages (three to seven years). Size at maturity (L50) was 19.5 cm, at which almost all the individuals were males. Two distinct spawning periods were observed: one in spring, from March to May, and the other in autumn, from the end of September to November (Criscolli et al. 2006). Maximum spawning occurs from mid-September to mid-October and the period of intensive settlement is at the end of November (Matic-Skoko et al. 2004). During the first year, compensatory growth occurred in the individuals born in the two periods. An annual regular pattern of ring deposition was identified in the otoliths: the translucent ring was laid down during the winter months, while the opaque ring was formed during the summer months. The parameters of the Von Bertalanffy growth equation which were: L∞ = 37.27 cm, K = 0.27 year-1 and t0 = -0.53 year. This species showed isometric growth (b = 3.04; P = 0.84; t = 0.19) (Criscolli et al. 2006). In the Canary Islands, the parameters of the von Bertalanffy growth equation for all individuals were: L∞ = 479 mm, k = 0.212 year-1, and t0 =-1.08 year. The overall sex ratio was unbalanced in favour of males (1:0.41). The reproductive season extends from September to March, with a peak in spawning activity in December-January. Males reached maturity at a smaller length (226 mm, two years old) than females (294 mm, three years old). Individuals aged zero to 11 years were found (Villamil et al. 2002).","This species is harvested throughout its distribution. It is a slow maturing species (nearly four years), which makes it vulnerable to overexploitation. It may become threatened in the eastern Mediterranean by the continued success of Lessepsian siganid migrants from the Red Sea, and this should be studied closely.",This species occurs in marine protected areas in parts of its range. Fishing regulations are recommended because of its relatively slow maturing reproductive strategy. More genetic information would be useful for the management of this species.,"An irregular and not very important fishery. Separate statistics are not reported for this species. It is caught on line gear, with bottom trawls, trammel nets, beach seines and in traps (in the Canary Islands). It is marketed fresh or frozen, sometimes dried salted (its flesh is not very highly esteemed) and it is also used for fishmeal and oil (Carpenter in press). Outside the European region, the species is the second most important species (by number) caught along the Kwazulu-Natal and South East Cape coast (Mann et al. 2000).","Allen, D.J., Comeros-Raynal, M. & García, M.","Russell, B.","Carpenter, K.E. & Pollard, D.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,NETTASTOMATIDAE,Saurenchelys,cancrivora,,Saurenchelys cancrivora,"Peters, 1864",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Saurenchelys cancrivora is known from scattered records in the Atlantic and Indian oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, it is known from one record in the Mediterranean, and larvae are thought to be present in the Aegean Sea. However, fua species with unconfirmed data in the Mediterranean and northeast Atlantic waters.",Unknown,"Saurenchelys cancrivora is a demersal species found from the continental slope to a depth of 700 m (Whitehead et al. 1984). It is known from scattered records in the Atlantic and Indian oceans. There is a single record in the Mediterranean Sea (Saldanha 1984, Quignard and Tomasini 2000), while it may have been a mistaken with Facciolella oxyrhyncha (Castle 1978, Saldanha 1984). Larvae have been observed in the southern Aegean Sea (C. Papaconstantinou pers. comm. 2014). The exact distribution of this species in the northeast Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean waters needs confirmation. ",There are no population data available for this species.,Saurenchelys cancrivora is a demersal species found on the continental shelf down to 700 m. The maximum recorded length for this species is 65 cm (Saldanha 1984).,Major threats to Saurenchelys cancrivora have not be identified.,No specific conservation measures are in place for this species.    Saurenchelys cancrivora was regionally assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).,Saurenchelys cancrivora is not a commercially fished species in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean.,"Strongin, K.","Papaconstantinou, C. & Karmovskaya, E.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,BLENNIIDAE,Scartella,cristata,,Scartella cristata,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",Scartella cristata is generally recognized to be a species complex. Currently it is under taxonomic review. The eastern Atlantic and Brazillian populations may represent separate species (Williams pers. comm. 2009).,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Scarrella cristata is widely distributed in the Atlantic Ocean. In the eastern Atlantic, it is known from the Bay of Biscay south to the Canary Islands, including the Mediterranean and Black Seas. It can be locally common, and the population is thought to be stable. There are no known widespread threats. Therefore, S. cristata is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Scartella cristata is found on both coasts of the Atlantic Ocean. In the eastern Atlantic, S. cristata is present from the Bay of Biscay to Möwe Bay, Namibia, including the Mediterranean Sea and Macronesia (but not Cape Verde). Scartella cristata ranges throughout much of the the Mediterranean Sea, including: Torremolinos and Taramay near Motril (Spain), Sicily, Kyra Island (Gulf of Aigina) and near Epidavros, Peloponnese (Greece) (Bath 1990). It is very common along the coast of Lebanon (M. Bariche pers. comm. 2007). It is also found along the Ligurian sea (Nieder et al. 2000). Scartella cristata is typically found in the surf zone (Zander 1986).Elsewhere, it is found from  Bermuda, Florida (USA), and northern Gulf of Mexico to Brazil (Robins and Ray 1986) and in the Northwest Pacific:, in Japan (Fukao 1985) and Taiwan.",There is no specific population information for this species. It is common throughout its range in the Mediterranean Sea.,"Scartella cristata inhabits shallow rocky areas and tide pools. It hides in empty Strombus gigas shells (Cervigón 1994), holes or between rocks or algae (Zander 1986). This species is herbivorous (Randall 1996). It has an unusual erectile nuchal crest (Nieder 1996). This species is oviparous with distinct pairing and demersal, adhesive eggs (Breder and Rosen 1966).",No known widespread threats.,"No specific conservation measures are in place for this species, and found in marine protected areas. Scartella cristata was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011). It is currently recognized that S. cristata is likely a species complex, and taxonomic study is required.",Scartella cristata is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H. & Harvey, M.","Williams, J.T., Kovacic, M. & Herler, J.","Di Natale, A., Bilecenoglu, M., Bariche, M., Bizsel, K. & Massuti, E.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CENTROLOPHIDAE,Schedophilus,maculatus,,Schedophilus maculatus,"Günther, 1860",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Schedophilus maculatus has a circumglobal distribution. In the European region, it is recorded from Madeira and the Azores. This   species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in   Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of   the global population.",Unknown,"Schedophilus maculatus has a circumglobal distribution. In the European region, it is recorded from Madeira and the Azores.","Schedophilus maculatus is relatively uncommon (www.fishnet2.org, Accessed on 2 March 2015) to rare (Parin and Piotrovsky 2004) in parts of its range.","Schedophilus maculatus is a pelagic species occurring in depths from 300 -- 1,110 m. There is limited information available on its life history characteristics. ",No information on threats available.,There are no species-specific conservation actions in place for this species. ,,"Comeros-Raynal, M. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CENTROLOPHIDAE,Schedophilus,medusophagus,,Schedophilus medusophagus,"(Cocco, 1839)",Preliminary molecular studies suggest that the genus Schedophilus is not monophyletic (Milana et al. 2011),No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Schedophilus medusophagus has a wide distribution in the northeastern Atlantic, and in the western Atlantic, as well. It is probably not uncommon. There is no commercial interest in S. medusophagus, and no other known threats exist for this species. There are no species-specific conservation measures in place, but the range of S. medusophagus intersects with several marine protected areas. Therefore, this species is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Schedophilus medusophagus is restricted to the North Atlantic, where it is found along both coasts. In the northeastern Atlantic, S. medusophagus has been recorded from northern Norway and Iceland to the Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands. It is found in the western Mediterranean, including the northern Adriatic Sea (Jonsson 1992, Dulčić et al. 1998, Haedrich 1986, Brito et al. 2002), but not the eastern basin (Ergüden et al. 2012). This species occurs at depths ranging from 200 to 360 m (Scott and Scott 1988) but has been recorded to 900 m (Bañón et al. 2012).",This is a relatively uncommon species and the population trend is unknown. Schedophilus medusophagus is considered a relatively rare mesopelagic species in the Northeast Atlantic. Adults are mainly found in medium-depth waters (300 to 900 m) (Bañón et al. 2012). There was an increase in the number of stations at which this species was sampled in warming Icelandic waters from 2004 to 2007 (Stefansdottir et al. 2010). The presence of S. medusophagus for the first time in 35 years in the Tyrrhenian Sea may be an indication of changing climatic conditions (Milana et al. 2011).,"This is a pelagic species that feeds on jellyfish and ctenophores (Macpherson and Roel 1987). The maximum length attained by this species is 51 cm total length (TL) (Robins and Ray 1986). The habitats, ecology, fecundity, spawning periodicity and early life history traits of this species are poorly understood.",Schedophilus medusophagus is sometimes taken as by-catch (Goujon et al. 1996) but it is not known if this is a threat to the species.,"There are not any species-specific conservation measures in place for S. medusophagus. Its range intersects with a number of marine protected areas. Further research on the biology and ecology of this species is recommended. This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",This is a species of no commercial interest.,"Harwell, H.","Uiblein, F., Knudsen, S. & Nielsen, J.","Kara, M., Bizsel, K., Yokes, B., Pollard, D. & Goren, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CENTROLOPHIDAE,Schedophilus,ovalis,,Schedophilus ovalis,"(Cuvier, 1833)",Preliminary molecular studies suggest that the genus Schedophilus is not monophyletic (Milana et al. 2011),No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Schedophilus ovalis has a wide distribution and is relatively common in occurrence throughout most of its range. It prefers deep water over the shelf and around oceanic islands. It is of local commercial interest, but harvesting does not seem to adversely affect the population status of this species (at least at current harvest rates). There are no known threats to this species outside of the fisheries, and its distribution overlaps with several marine protected areas. Therefore, S. ovalis is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Schedophilus ovalis is restricted to the eastern Atlantic, where it is distributed from north-western Spain and Portugal to the Azores, Madeira, and Canary Islands, including throughout most of the Mediterranean (Haedrich 1986, Brito et al. 2002, Porteiro et al. 2010, Carneiro et al. 2014). In the western Atlantic, S. ovalis is known from a single small specimen has been recorded from Bermuda (Haedrich 1990) and in the Southwest Pacific, S. ovalis has been recorded off New South Whales, Australia (Relini et al. 1994, Haedrich 1981, 2002, Corsini-Foka and Frantzis 2009). The species that reportedly occurs in southern Africa (Haedrich 1986, 1990) are thought not to be Schedophilus ovalis but rather S. velaini (Heemstra 1995).  The depth range for S. ovalis lies between 70 and 700 m (Piotrovsky 1994, Uiblein et al. 1996). However, it is most often associated with depths ranging between 80 and 240 m (Bianchi et al. 1999).","It is widely distributed and it is probably not uncommon. The population trend is unknown. FAO landing statistics summary FAO reports landings from the Northeast Atlantic. The first landings were first reported in 2002, peaked in 2008 at 9 tonnes, and declined to 2 tonnes in 2010. Landings are reported by Spain and Portugal (FAO 2011 FishstatJ Accessed 2014 April). Corsini-Folka and Frantzis (2009) considered S. ovalis to be rare in the Mediterranean. In a study published in 1999, S. ovalis was found to be relatively common, yet not overly abundant around the Canary Islands (Castro et al. 1999).","Schedophilus ovalis is benthopelagic and occurs at the edge of continental shelves, around oceanic islands, sea-mounts and submarine canyons (Haedrich 1996).  Juvenile S. ovalis associate with jellyfishes and floatsam (Relini et al. 1994, Massutí et al. 1999, Kells and Carpenter 2011). The maximum total length (TL) is 106 cm (Francour and Javel 2003). The diet of S. ovalis consists of Pyrosoma and other tunicates (Haedrich 1986). Juveniles and young S. ovalis are often epipelagic and associate with floating jellyfish, including Physalia (Haedrich 1986). The depth range for S. ovalis correlates with the size of the fish. Schedophilus ovalis between 25 and 45 cm (TL) are found from the surface to 40 m, while S. ovalis between 60 and 106 cm (TL) are at > 500 m (Francour and Javel 2003). Also, juvenile and young S. ovalis were found to be heavily associated with fish aggregating devices (Deudero et al. 1999). Juvenile growth is very rapid (Haedrich 1986). Schedophilus ovalis is probably a spring spawner (Haedrich 1986).  Little else is known about the ecology, fecundity, and maturation processes of this species.","The white flesh of S. ovalis is a highly esteemed food-fish in parts of its range (Haedrich	1986). Schedophilus ovalis is incidentally taken in artisanal and commercial deep-water long-line fisheries in the eastern Atlantic at Madeira (Haedrich 2002); however, it is not known if this is a threat to the species. Specimens are caught occasionally by sportsfishermen.","There are no known species-specific conservation measures for Schedophilus ovalis. Its distribution overlaps with protected areas. Research is recommended on biology and ecology.  This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Schedophilus ovalis is taken as incidental catch in deep-line fisheries in Madeira (Haedrich 2002). In the mid 1980s, the fishery for S. ovalis was the largest fishery in Madeira (Haedrich 1986). It is also taken in fisheries of the Canary Islands; there are no minimum size restrictions in the Canaries (García-Martín 2011). It is taken in Mediterranean fisheries (Vandeperre et al. 2008). Schedophilus ovalis does not appear to be utilized in the Western Central Atlantic.","Harwell, H.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,APHYONIDAE,Sciadonus,cryptophthalmus,,Sciadonus cryptophthalmus,"(Zugmayer, 1911)",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Sciadonus cryptophthalmus is known from a single specimen that was pulled from a depth of 5,000 metres off the coast of northwestern Spain. There is very limited information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. It is, therefore, assessed as Data Deficient. ",Unknown,"Sciadonus cryptophthalmus is known from only one specimen, which was taken from the waters off the coast of north western Spain where it was caught in deep, oceanic waters at a depth of 5,000 m (Nielsen 1969, Nielsen et al. 1999).","Sciadonus cryptophthalmus is known from a single specimen (Nielsen 1969, Nielsen et al. 1999). It is unknown if this is a very rare species or, because of extreme depth, this species is not encountered often.","Sciadonus cryptophthalmus is a poorly understood species. It is known from a single specimen that was taken off the coast of northwestern Spain. There is little species-specific information about the habitat and ecology of this fish. However, the family Aphyonidae mostly live on or near the bottom, at depths between 230 to 5,600 m. Males deliver spermatophytes to females which stay viable in the female's reproductive tract. Mature males can mate with non-ripe females and the sperm may fertilize the now mature female's eggs months after the spermatophytes were delivered. The larvae probably stay near the deep bottoms after hatching (Nielsen et al. 1999).",Threats to this species are unknown.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. The population status, life history and potential threats require further research for this species.",This species is not a commercially sought after fish.,"Ralph, G.","Uiblein, F., Nielsen, J. & Knudsen, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,APHYONIDAE,Sciadonus,galatheae,,Sciadonus galatheae,"(Nielsen, 1969)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"Sciadonus galatheae is known from eight specimens, worldwide; two are from the northeastern Atlantic and the other six from the Pacific Ocean. This is an extremely deep-water species that is not often encountered or observed. There is no or very little information available on the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and threats to the species. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species. Therefore, S. galatheae is assessed as Data Deficient. ",Unknown,"Sciadonus galatheae is found in the waters of the northeastern Atlantic, eastern Pacific and Indian oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, it is known from three localities: northwestern Bay of Biscay, southwest of Ireland and just north of the Azores.   It is associated with depths between 1,785 to 5,440 m (Nielsen et al. 1999, Nielsen unpublished data).","Nielsen et al. (1999) consider Sciadonus galatheae a rare species, and it is known from a total of eight specimens. In the northeastern Atlantic, it is known from two specimens found at 47°38'N, 8°56'W, and 49°30'N, 13°20'W (Merritt 1992).  It is also known in the Kermadec trench in the southwestern Pacific, as well as in at least one location in the eastern Pacific. (Nielsen unpublished data). Virtually no other data exist on the population size and trends of this species.","Sciadonus galatheae are viviparous, with relatively few, large eggs and consequently large larvae. Males deliver spermatophytes to females which stay viable in the female's reproductive tract. Mature males can mate with non-ripe female, and the sperm may fertilize the now mature female's eggs months after the spermatophytes were delivered. Aphyonid larvae probably remain near the bottom (Nielsen 1969). The maximum documented size of this species is 9.3 cm standard length (SL) (Nielsen 1986). The habitat, ecology, diet, and reproductive processes are poorly understood for this species.","There are no known threats towards this species, as it is a very deep-dwelling species where anthropogenic influences are thought to be at a minimum currently, but these deep sea ecosystems are at risk of deteriorating due mainly to dumping of solid wastes, biological harvesting, mineral extraction and by climate change [ie. global and regional deep-sea circulation disruptions, nutrient stratification and isolation in the water column] all of which will significantly affect the biota of the deep seas (Ramirez-Llodra et al. 2011).","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for S. galatheae. There are marine protected areas (MPAs) in the eastern Atlantic and Pacific oceans, but it remains unknown how effective MPAs are for deep-sea fauna (Howell 2010). Research into all areas of population size and trends, the ecology and early life history traits, as well as potential threats is suggested for this species.",This species is not of any interest to commercial fisheries.,"Harwell, H.","Uiblein, F., Nielsen, J. & Knudsen, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,APHYONIDAE,Sciadonus,pedicellaris,,Sciadonus pedicellaris,"Garman, 1899",,No,,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Sciadonus pedicellaris is distributed in the North Atlantic and Eastern Pacific. In the European region it is possibly only known from the Azores. This   species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in   Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of   the global population.  ,Unknown,Sciadonus pedicellaris is distributed in the North Atlantic and Eastern Pacific oceans. In the European region it is possibly only known from the Azores.,Sciadonus pedicellaris is a relatively rare species (Nielsen et al. 1999). There is limited information available on its population status and trends. ,"Sciadonus pedicellaris is a bathydemersal species known to occur between 1,847 - 4,880 m. There is limited information available on its life history characteristics.",No information available.,There are no species-specific conservation actions in place for this species. ,The fish is not utilised.,"Comeros-Raynal, M. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SCIAENIDAE,Sciaena,umbra,,Sciaena umbra,"Linnaeus, 1758",,No,NT,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) In European waters the species is found from the English Channel to the Mediterranean and to the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. The species is impacted across its European range by both commercial and recreational fishing and these threats are currently ongoing. The species is also impacted by the loss of important nursery estuarine habitat, as well as disturbance from divers and spear fisherman in some parts of its range. Based on FAO catch statistics available for part of its range in the Mediterranean Sea, the population showed declines of approximately 70% over a period of 25 years (1980-2005), assuming there was no decline in fishing effort over that time period, however more recent fisheries landing data (FAO 2011) show a fluctuating increase in landings from a low of c.25 tonnes in 2001 to a maximum of c.345 tonnes in 2010 (with a decline to c.140 tonnes (incomplete data) for 2011. There are also sporadic but unquantified reports of population reduction (e.g., Artüz 2006) from other parts of its Mediterranean range, and these declines may be representative of the population across the Mediterranean Sea, though it may be stable in northern parts of the Mediterranean Sea. There are no decline or catch statistics available for the eastern Atlantic or Black Sea. The species was assessed as VU for the Mediterranean regional assessment in 2007 based on FAO data on fishery declines for the period 1980-2005. More recent data show a fluctuating increase in reported landings figures. Whilst it is acknowledged that the species can attain moderately large sizes (up to 50-70 cm) and is highly targeted in artisanal, semi-commercial and recreational (sportfish) fisheries, the species has been shown to benefit from in-place conservation actions including no-take zone and marine protected areas (Di Franco et al. 2009, Forcada et al. 2009). The species is considered Near Threatened as although recent FAO data show substantial increase in landings for the Mediterranean region, suggesting that the species has undergone some degree of recovery since it was assessed at the Mediterranean scale in 2007, landing data has to be treated with caution as no fishery effort data are available. Population increases are inferred from the FAO landings data but require confirmation, and are likely to to be conservation dependent, and significant declines might result from any removal of conservation actions or management protection. Ongoing monitoring of population trends is recommended.",Decreasing,"The species’ main range within Europe is in the Mediterranean Sea, where it is found in all coastal areas. It is present but uncommon-rare in the eastern Atlantic, where it is found from the English Channel to Mauritania and occasionally southwards to Senegal. It is also present in the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, and recorded from the Macaronesian Islands (the Canary Islands). Within the Mediterranean Sea, the species is widely distributed and has been recorded from the Spanish coasts (Sala 1997, Garcia Charton and Perez-Ruzafa 1999, Macpherson et al. 2002, Cruz and Lombarte 2004), the Balearic Islands (Deudero et al. 2004, 2008), the Gulf of Lion (Ruitton et al. 2000), the Ligurian Sea (Tunesi and Molinari 2005, Tunesi et al. 2005, Tunesi et al. 2006), the southern Tyrrhenian Sea (La Mesa and Vacchi 1999), the northern Adriatic Sea (Lipej et al. 2003, Dulcic and Glamuzina 2006), the southern Adriatic Sea (Bussotti et al. 2002), the Aegean Sea (Koutrakis and Tsikliros 2003, Ayaz et al. 2006, Karakulak et al. 2006) and Lebanese coasts (Harmelin-Vivien et al. 2005), and some main islands (Sicily and Sardinia).","Population data are not available from across the species’ European range, with most detailed information available for the Mediterranean Sea. In the Mediterranean Sea, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) catch statistics are only reported from Turkey, Tunisia, and Cyprus. These statistics indicate a decrease in landings from a peak of 735 t in 1988, followed by fluctuating declines to 161 t in 2005, with an average of 148 t in the period 2001 to 2005. This indicates an approximate 70% decline in landings over 25 years (1980-2005), which can be used for a proxy for a decline in population size, assuming that there was no reduction in fishing effort during this time. These trends may be representative of the whole of the Mediterranean Sea, though it may be more stable in some parts of the northern Mediterranean Sea. The species used to be relatively common in many areas in the Mediterranean in the 1970s compared to the present (A. Di Natale pers. comm. 2007). However more recent fisheries landing data FAO (2011) show a fluctuating increase in landings from a low of c.25 tonnes in 2001 to a maximum of c.345 tonnes in 2010 (with a decline to c.140 tonnes (incomplete data) for 2011. Other records from the Mediterranean Sea include:Deudero et al. (2008) sampled this species in July, September, October and December 2002 (respectively with mean abundance from 0.1 to 0.5), with length varying from 9 to 13 cm, over Posidonia oceanica beds at depths ranging from 11 to 38 m using a beam trawl.Karakulak et al. (2006) sampled 24 specimens (13.9 to 29.8 cm TL) from a survey conducted for selectivity by gill and trammel nets in the coastal waters of Turkey from March 2004 to February 2005.Dulcic and Glamuzina (2006) collected 39 specimens (18.1 to 41.4 cm TL) using various fishing gear (beach seine, fyke net, gill nets, fish traps) in three estuarine area of the River Mirna, northern Adriatic Sea.Cruz and Lombarte (2004) collected 15 specimens (15 to 49 cm TL) during sampling cruises in the Catalonian Sea and around the Balearic Islands (north-west Mediterranean Sea) between 1995 and 2003.Deudero et al. (2004) collected 13 specimens, with length varying from 28.7 to 44.5 cm TL, from three islands, Mallorca, Formentera and Menorca (north-west Mediterranean) during May, June and July 2000 and 2001. The Mallorca samples were taken with a gill-net, the Formentera samples were collected with an experimental beam-trawl and the Menorca samples with a long-line and gill-net. Sampling depth ranged from 15 to 35 m.Artüz (2006) used angling and harpoon catch data to study the abundance and growth of the species from the northwest coast of the Marmara Sea. The species lives up to 20 years or 50 cm in the area, the population on east side of the Marmara Sea was reduced due to pollution. Fishery landings reduced from over 700 to 140 tonnes between 2001 and 2005 in Turkey and adjacent areas. There are sporadic but unquantified reports of population reduction (e.g., Artüz 2006).","This is a demersal species that occurs in shallow coastal waters mainly on rocky and adjacent sandy substrata; it may be found from 5-200 m deep. It is a sedentary species with strong site-fidelity and low levels of mobility (Alós and Cabanellas-Reboredo 2012). Di Franco et al. (2009) found that the species is an important component of Mediterranean rocky-reef fish assemblages. The species is heavily exposed to fisheries during spawning aggregations at the mouth of estuaries. The young often enter estuaries and become more active at night. It is a nocturnal fish but it can sometimes be encountered during the day among seagrass beds, on rocky bottoms close to caves or large crevices in which it can shelter. It lives in small groups. The maximum size for this species is 75 cm (Dieuzeide et al. 1955). Feeds on small fishes, crustaceans and algae (Engin and Seyhan 2009). SCUBA diving observations suggest this to be a very calm fish with remarkable buoyancy control and an ability to move without much apparent effort (Chauvet 1991). The reproductive period for this species is May-July; the spawning season in Balearic waters is from May to August. Size at first maturity was 25.4 cm of total length for males and 29.9 cm for females (Grau et al. 2009). The generation length is estimated at five years based on Mylonas et al. (2004) who used captive shi-drum (Umbrina cirrosa; 4-5 yr female and 2-4 yr male) for a reproductive biology study, and reported that shi-drum are ready to spawn at age 4-5. In the wild, the first age of spawning is probably a year or so earlier (most sciaenids). This species responds well to protection (marine protected areas and no-take zones) (Di Franco et al. 2009) in the Mediterranean Sea.","This is a commercial species across its European range (including in the eastern Atlantic, the Black Sea, and especially in the Mediterranean Sea). Over-exploitation by fisheries is a major threat to this species. It is fished mainly by spear fishing, trammel nets, and gill nets. The species is heavily exposed to fisheries during spawning aggregations at the mouth of estuaries. In addition to fishing pressure at its spawning grounds, degradation of estuaries from coastal development threatens the nursery grounds of this species. As well as direct fishery exploitation, the species may also have been disturbed by divers and spear fishermen, forcing the animals to be less concentrated and much more dispersed in small coastal caves and below rocks (A. Di Natale pers. comm. 2007). This species is currently being researched for potential use in aquaculture (Chatzifotis et al. 2006).","The Brown Meagre is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention and on Annex III of the Barcelona Convention. The Bern Convention Appendix III requires Parties to protect listed species, but a certain amount of exploitation is permitted if population levels allow. The Annex III listing on the Barcelona Convention also requires the exploitation of these species to be regulated (Abdul Malak et al. 2011). Marine protected areas (MPAs) potentially enhance the long-term sustainability of coastal fish resources, and have had a positive effect on the Brown Meagre spill-over fishery resource (Di Franco et al. 2009, Forcada et al. 2009). There was a moratorium of spear fishing in Corsica for this species. Since 2004, Montenegro included the species in the prohibited list for juvenile fishes, the limits was 30 cm total length (MAFWM 2004). The species was assessed as VU for the Mediterranean regional assessment in 2007.  More data are needed from the unaccounted populations and areas in the Mediterranean and Black Seas.","The species is caught by artisanal and sport fisheries throughout its range; it is an esteemed food fish and a candidate for aquaculture development in Mediterranean Sea. The species is often found in the community tank of public aquariums in Europe (L.N. Chao pers. obs. 2005). Experimental aquaculture in Greece has shown the species can reach 400 g in 12 months, but it suffers from marine cage adaptation problems (Triantaphyllidis 2012). In Turkey, otoliths are ground to a powder and used as remedy for urinary tract infections (Frimodt 1995). The fish is heavily targeted in its north African range where it is over-exploited by artisanal, semi-industrial and recreational fishing, and the fish is highly susceptible to spear fishing as it is slow moving and accessible (Grau et al. 2009).","Nieto, A., Comeros-Raynal, M. & Allen, D.J.","Chao, L.","Barriche, M., Bizsel, K., Kara, M., Quignard, J.P. & Yokes, B.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SCOMBRIDAE,Scomber,colias,,Scomber colias,"Gmelin, 1789","This species is now recognized as distinct from the Indo-Pacific Scomber japonicus (Collette 1999, Infante et al. 2007).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Scomber colias is restricted to the Atlantic Ocean, and is widespread and abundant in the northeastern Atlantic, including the Mediterranean and Black seas. It is fast-growing and matures at two to three years of age but is relatively long-lived, typically 8–10 years. Scomber colias is targeted throughout parts of its range, but there are no other known widespread threats. There is evidence that the sub-population in the Mediterranean has declined by up to 30% over the past 20 years, but the sub-population off the Iberian Peninsula has been increasing, likely due to improved recruitment. Thus, if the population in the assessment region is declining as a whole, the rate is less than the threshold for a threatened category. Therefore, S. colias is assessed as Least Concern, however ongoing monitoring is required.",Unknown,"Scomber colias is restricted to the Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea. It is replaced by Scomber japonicus in the Indo-Pacific region. In the Atlantic, the range of this species is not continuous between the east and west, and north and south, and these should be considered separate stocks or populations. It is typically found from the surface to 250 or 300 m (Collette and Nauen 1983). In European waters, occasionally found northwards as far as Lewis off the west coast of Scotland and in the English Channel.","There is significant gene flow between the Mediterranean Sea and the northeastern Atlantic Ocean populations of Scomber colias (Zardoya et al. 2004). This species is common throughout the Mediterranean and is abundant particularly in the southern part. The population in the Mediterranean is suspected of declining by up to 30% over the past 20 years (Di Natale et al. 2011). However, the population off the Iberian Peninsula appears to be increasing (Martins et al. 2013).","This species is a coastal pelagic species, and to a lesser extent epipelagic to mesopelagic over the continental slope (Collette and Nauen 1983). Schooling by size is well developed and initiates at approximately 3 cm (Collette and Nauen 1983). It may also form schools with Sarda species, bonitos, jacks, and clupeids (Collette 1995, 1999). This species feeds on small pelagic fishes such as anchovy, pilchard, sardinella, sprat, silversides, and pelagic invertebrates such as copepods, squids and other crustaceans (Collette and Nauen 1983). This species may live to 13 years (Carvalho 2002), and has a length at 50% maturity of approximately 18 cm corresponding to an age of about two years (Hattour 2000).","Scomber colias is an important commercial species throughout its range. This species is caught mostly with purse seines, often together with sardines, and sometimes using light trolling lines, gill nets, traps, beach seines and midwater trawls. In the Mediterranean the technology used to catch this species is becoming more sophisticated, which may be resulting in increased mortality.","There is a minimum size limit of 18 cm for all Scomber species in the European Union and Turkey. In the Mediterranean, a targeted management plan for this species is needed to reverse long term declining trends. Better data on fishing and fishing effort will help to further assess this species in the future. Scomber colias was assessed as Near Threatened in the Mediterranean (Abdul Marak et al. 2011) but as Least Concern globally (IUCN 2011).","This is an important commercial species throughout its range.&#160;This species is caught mostly with purse seines, often together with sardines, and sometimes using light trolling lines, gill nets, traps, beach seines and midwater trawls.","Allen, D.J. & Polidoro, B.","Collette, B. & Heessen, H.","Amorim, A.F., Boustany, A., Carpenter, K.E., Di Natale, A., Fox, W., Fredou, F.L., Graves, J., Juan Jorda, M., Kada, O., Minte Vera, C., Miyabe, N., Nelson, R., Oxenford, H., Pires Ferreira Travassos, P.E., Teixeira Lessa, R.P., Viera Hazin, F.H. & de Oli",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SCOMBRIDAE,Scomber,scombrus,,Scomber scombrus,"Linnaeus, 1758",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Scomber scombrus is a common and locally abundant species although with fluctuating fishery landings. The eastern stock is expanding its range westward. Further, based on a 2012 stock assessment, which is presumed to be an underestimate, the spawning stock biomass (SSB) of the eastern stock is at least three million mt, which represents an increase over the past 11 to 20 years. Therefore, S. scombrus is assessed as Least Concern.",Increasing,"The species&#160;is restricted to the North Atlantic Ocean,&#160;the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea.&#160;In the eastern Atlantic, the species&#160;is present from Iceland to Mauritania, including the southwestern Baltic Sea, the Mediterranean and Black seas.","There are two separate populations, eastern and western, with little or no interchange. Separate stock assessments are conducted for each (ICES 2006, 2009, NOAA 2006). Eastern Atlantic The east Atlantic Mackerel stock is currently considered to comprise three main unit stocks (southern, western and North Sea), with variable proportions of these three mixing in the northerly feeding grounds. The southern component spawns in Spanish and Portuguese waters, and the western component spawns in the Bay of Biscay and northwards around Ireland and the west and northwest of the U.K. The eastern Mediterranean populations (Greece, Italy) are separated genetically from the western Mediterranean stock (Barcelona) which forms a panmictic unit with eastern Atlantic populations (Zardoya et al. 2004). The third component spawns in the North Sea and Skagerrak. Although the North Sea spawners form to some extent a discrete unit from the other ones, commercial catches cannot be allocated to individual stocks, and therefore assessments are undertaken for the combined stock (ICES 2006). For the western Component, estimates of the spawning stock biomass (SSB), derived from egg surveys, indicate a decrease of 14% between 1998 and 2001 and a 6% decrease from 2001 to the 2004 survey. The results from 2007 indicate a 5% increase from 2004 to 2007 (STECF 2009). For the North Sea Component, the 2002 and 2005 triennial egg surveys in the North Sea both indicate similar egg production, but in 2008 it has decreased by about 40% (STECF 2009). For the southern Component, catches increased from about 20,000 t in the early 1990s to 44,000 t in 1998, and were close to 50,000 t in 2002. Estimates of SSB, derived from egg surveys, are highly variable, and give average estimates of around 16% of the combined northeastern Atlantic mackerel stock (1995–2007) (STECF 2009). The main catches are taken in the North Sea (ca. 50%), the Norwegian Sea (10%), west of UK and Ireland (15–20%), south of Ireland and in the Channel (ca. 15%) and the rest in the southern area. Based on the most recent ICES (2009) estimate of SSB in 2009, the eastern stock is classified as having full reproductive capacity. Fishing mortality in 2008 is estimated to be just above Fpa (precautionary fishing mortality). SSB has increased by 47% since 2002 and is currently estimated to be above Bpa (precautionary biomass). The 2002 year class is the highest on record. Subsequent year classes are estimated to be about average (STECF 2009). The SSB is expected to remain stable in 2011 for a catch in the range of 527,000–572,000 tons (STECF 2009). Since 2009, there has been an expansion of the stock into waters of nations that were not part of the traditional quota settlements. They subsequently took unilateral decisions to increase their quota by orders of magnitude, which has resulted in substantial increases in the total fishing mortality for this species, however, due to the uncertainties in the absolute stock size, it is unclear if the elevated level of fishing mortality is sustainable (ICES Advice May 2014; ICES 2014).","This is a pelagic, oceanodromous species. It is abundant in cold and temperate shelf areas, and forms large schools near the surface. They overwinter in deeper waters but move closer to shore in spring when water temperatures range between 11° and 14°C. Mainly diurnal, it feeds on zooplankton and small fish. Eggs and larvae are pelagic. Maximum size for this species is 66 cm, although fish greater than 50 cm are uncommon. The all-tackle game fish record is of a 1.2 kg fish caught in the Kraakvaag Fjord, Norway in 1992 (IGFA 2014). This species matures at approximately age two (O'Brien et al. 1993), with 100% maturity at age seven in some populations of the eastern stock (Skagen 1989). For the western stock, longevity is estimated to be about 12 years (Gregoire 1993), and for the eastern stock longevity is estimated to be 18 years (Villamor et al. 2001). Generation length is therefore conservatively estimated to be about 3.5 years in the western stock and 6.5 years in the eastern stock (Collette et al. 2011). Disparities in longevity between stocks may valid, or may be due to differences in methods of age determination, environmental factors, and/or response to fishing pressure over time.","This is a species with high commercial importance. It is caught with trawls, purse seines, gill and trammel nets. It is an important recreational species, fished with hook and line. Climate change may affect the distribution of this species, with possible movement towards the north, making it available for exploitation by additional nations. It is unknown whether this represents an expansion of habitat or if contraction will occur in the southern part of its range.","Several eastern Atlantic countries have minimum landing sizes for this species: EU (18 cm), Ukraine (15 cm), Turkey (20 cm), Bulgaria (22 cm), Romania (23 cm). ICES advises that any agreed total allowable catch (TAC) should cover all areas where northeast Atlantic Mackerel are fished. The agreed management plan (F between 0.2 and 0.22) would imply catches between 527,000 t and 572,000 t in 2010. The SSB is expected to remain stable in 2011 for a catch in this range. ICES further advises that the existing measures to protect the North Sea spawning component remain in place. These include: areas restricted to fishing, seasonal closures, and minimum landing size (30 cm in North Sea and 20 cm in Skagerrak). In June 2009, an agreement was concluded between contracting parties to the Coastal States on mackerel banning high grading, discarding, and slipping from pelagic fisheries targeting mackerel, horse mackerel, and herring beginning in January 2010 (STECF 2009). For the western Atlantic stock, there are no management measures in place. However, the most recent stock assessment recommends that annual total catches do not exceed the average total landings (80,000 mt tonnes) over the last three years (TRAC 2010). Sarda sarda was assessed as Least Concern globally (IUCN 2011) and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).","This species is commercially fished throughout its range. It is caught with trawls, purse seines, gill and trammel nets. It is an important recreational species, fished with hook and line.","Allen, D.J. & Polidoro, B.","Collette, B., Fernandes, P. & Heessen, H.","Boustany, A., Carpenter, K.E., Di Natale, A., Fox, W., Graves, J., Juan Jorda, M., Kada, O., Nelson, R. & Oxenford, H.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,BELONIFORMES,SCOMBERESOCIDAE,Scomberesox,saurus,,Scomberesox saurus,"(Walbaum, 1792)","Two subspecies are recognized, Scomberesox saurus saurus (Walbaum, 1792) from the Northern Hemisphere and S. saurus scombroides (Richardson, 1843) from the Southern Hemisphere (Hubbs and Wisner 1980, Collette 2004).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is widespread in western European marine areas, including in the Mediterranean Sea, but there are no data for population trends. Current fisheries are not thought to be causing major declines, and it is assessed as Least Concern in the region.",Unknown,"This species occurs in the east and west Atlantic. In the east Atlantic it has been recorded from Iceland, Norway and Denmark (rarely), along the British Isles and into the Baltic Sea. S. saurus saurus is widespread in the Mediterranean Sea region, including in the Adriatic and Aegean Seas to Israel, the coast of Tunisia and Morocco. Records from the eastern Mediterranean Sea for recent years need to be confirmed. The subspecies Scomberesox saurus scombroides occurs in the South Atlantic, and in the Indian and Pacific oceans (Hubbs and Wisner 1980). This subspecies is generally circumglobal in temperate waters of the southern hemisphere. It is more common between 30°S to 40°S, but it occurs more northerly to 15°S near Africa and to near the equator off Ecuador along the South American west coast (particularly the young and juveniles).",Population size and trends in European waters are unknown.,"The species is amongst the most abundant epipelagic planktivores inhabiting the open ocean. They feed mainly on siphonophores, copepods, euphausiids, and amphipods (Dudnik et al. 1981). This is a pelagic, oceanodromous species. It is highly migratory, forming schools and is gregarious. Occasionally schools can be found close to shore in large numbers. The species feeds on zooplankton and fish larvae, and it is preyed upon by dolphins, whales, sea birds, and many different fishes, including tunas, marlins, bluefish and cod (Collette 2002). Individuals often leap out of the water when chased by predators and may strand on beaches (Muus and Nielsen 1999). In the Mediterranean Sea, it is a pelagic, oceanodromous species. It is highly migratory, forming schools and is gregarious. Intra-Mediterranean migration occurs for spawning (Fischer et al. 1987). The species is more commonly present in late spring and summer in the north part of the Mediterranean Sea, and is more common in the south part in the winter. This is a short-lived species maturing at age two, at 25-30 cm, with a maximum age of five years (Sauskan and Semenov 1969).","Globally, there are no known major threats for this species. This is a minor commercial species in the Mediterranean Sea, except during several weeks in the spawning season when it commands a good price.","This species is listed in Annex I of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea. Driftnets have been banned in the Mediterranean Sea since 2002 for some species, including this one. This species may be present in marine protected areas that fall within its distribution.","This is a minor commercial species in Europe (Mediterranean Sea), except during several weeks in the spawning season when it commands a good price. The species is caught using lampara nets, surrounding nets, handlines, and small driftnets. It is also fished using fish aggregating devices (FADs). Catch statistics, where they exist, are extremely poor.","de Sant'Anna, V.B. & Allen, D.J.","Collette, B.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,BELONIFORMES,SCOMBERESOCIDAE,Scomberesox,simulans,,Scomberesox simulans,"(Hubbs & Wisner, 1980)","This species is sometimes placed in its own genus, Nanichthys (Collette 2004).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) In European waters, the species has a limited distribution in the Eastern Atlantic from Portugal (including the Azores and Madeira), southern Spain, and the Straits of Gibraltar. However it is a small species that is not commercially exploited, and it is considered Least Concern.",Unknown,"The species mainly inhabits tropical and subtropical waters in the southwestern and northeastern Atlantic, with a few records from the eastern Indian Ocean (Hubbs and Wisner 1980: fig. 12). They are antitropical, confined to warm-temperate or tropical waters 19.3-22.3°C (Dudnik 1976). In the eastern Atlantic, they are found from Portugal, the Azores and Madeira to Sierra Leone and westwards to 50°W, and from Angola to South Africa. They are not known from the Mediterranean Sea. In the western Atlantic, they are found from Brazil to Uruguay. The fish may be confused with juveniles of Scomberesox saurus. In European waters, the species is known from the eastern Atlantic: Portugal (including the Azores, Canaries and Madeira), southern Spain, and the Straits of Gibraltar.",There are no data on population trends.,The species is a pelagic-oceanic species that lives very near the surface of the water. It is an oceanodromous species that migrates extensively as ocean waters warm in the spring and summer (Collette 2004).&#160;This species eats mainly planktonic forms.,This species is prolific throughout its range and is too small to be of any commercial importance (Smith and Heemstra 1986). There are no known threats towards this species.,None required.,The species is too small (126 mm SL) to be of any commercial importance (Smith and Heemstra 1986) in Europe.,"de Sant'Anna, V.B. & Allen, D.J.","Collette, B.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SCOMBRIDAE,Scomberomorus,tritor,,Scomberomorus tritor,"(Cuvier, 1832)",This species has been erroneously considered as a synonym of Scomberomorus maculatus by many authors (Collette and Russo 1985).,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Scomberomorus tritor is known from the eastern central Atlantic. In the northeastern Atlantic, it is uncommon in the Canary Islands and rare in the Mediterranean. It is occasionally caught, incidentally and as gamefish, but this is not considered a major threat at this time. There are no other known threats. Therefore, S. tritor is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Scomberomorus tritor is mostly restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is present from the Canary Islands and Senegal south through the Gulf of Guinea to Baía dos Tigres, in southern Angola. It is rarely found in the northern Mediterranean Sea where it is probably vagrant, records are along the coasts of France and Italy.",The fish is very uncommon in the Mediterranean and uncommon off the Canary Islands (Collette and Russo 1979) and is rarely reported in catches of small tunas in the Mediterranean Sea (GFCM 2008).,"This is an epipelagic, neritic species penetrating into coastal lagoons (Collette and Nauen 1983, Collette and Russo 1985). It feeds on clupeids particularly Ethmalosa fimbriata (Fagade and Olaniyan 1973). It reproduces in July to August in Mauritania (Maigret and Ly 1986) and April to October in Senegal (Cayré et al. 1993); and February to September in Guinea-Bissau (Kromer et al. 1994). Length at maturity at 50% was estimated in Senegal for males to be 33.1 cm fork length (FL) and 34.1 cm FL for females (Diouf 1996). The all-tackle game fish record is of a 6 kg fish caught off Grand Bereby, Ivory Coast in 1998 (IGFA 2014). In Guinea-Bissau, length at 50% maturity was 33.5 cm FL for females and 32.2 cm FL for males (Kromer et al. 1994).",This species is caught with mostly in purse seines. In the Mediterranean it is only incidentally caught by pelagic long lines. Fishing is not at present considered a threat to the fish.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures. Better reporting, and more catch and effort information is needed for most species of small tunas in the Atlantic. Scomberomorus tritor was assessed as Least Concern globally (IUCN 2011) and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).",The fish is caught incidentally and can be a game fish.,"Allen, D.J. & Polidoro, B.","Collette, B., Fernandes, P. & Heessen, H.","Amorim, A.F., Boustany, A., Carpenter, K.E., Di Natale, A., Fox, W., Fredou, F.L., Juan Jorda, M., Kada, O., Minte Vera, C., Miyabe, N., Nelson, R., Oxenford, H., Pires Ferreira Travassos, P.E., Teixeira Lessa, R.P., Viera Hazin, F.H. & de Oliveira Leite",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SCOMBROLABRACIDAE,Scombrolabrax,heterolepis,,Scombrolabrax heterolepis,"Roule, 1921",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, Scombrolabrax heterolepis is found in the Azores, Madeira and off mainland Portugal. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, Scombrolabrax heterolepis is found in the Azores, Madeira and off mainland Portugal (Santos et al. 1997, Carneiro et al. 2014). Globally, Scombrolabrax heterolepis is found in the tropical and subtropical Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans, except for the Eastern Pacific and the South Eastern Atlantic (Nakamura and Parin in prep). It was originally described from south of Medeira (Nelson 2006).  It is found at depths ranging from 130-1,374 m (Higgins et al. 1970, Filho et al. 2010), and the center of abundance is below 1,000 m (Williams et al. 2001).","Scombrolabrax heterolepis is uncommon but widespread (Bineesh et al. 2012). The center of abundance is bellow 1,000 m (Williams et al. 2001). Scombrolabrax heterolepis is abundant in museum collections (186 lots with one to three individuals in most lots and a few lots with more than 10 individuals per lot; www.FishNet2.net 2013). This species is uncommonly captured (Iwamoto pers. comm. 2013).","Scombrolabrax heterolepis reaches a maximum size of 30 cm SL. It has been observed in the vicinity of seamounts, where it is part of the near-bottom fish assemblage, seen hovering about 0.5 m from the bottom (Pakhorukov 2006). Scombrolabracids are found inhabiting edge of continental shelf and slope at depth between 100-900 m. It as been found in the stomachs of tunas, billfishes, large gempylid fishes and so on, but details of the biology of this species are unknown (Nakamura and Parin in prep).",There are no known species-specific threats to S. heterolepis. It is captured incidentally in low numbers by trawler and by longliners.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for S. heterolepis.,"This species is not commercially fished at present, and is caught only very incidentally by trawls (Nakamura and Parin in prep). It is also captured incidentally by longliners, however, it is not likely utilized (Iwamoto pers. comm. 2013).","Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,SCOPELARCHIDAE,Scopelarchus,analis,,Scopelarchus analis,"(Brauer, 1902)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species is found in the Canary Islands, the Azores, Madeira and off mainland Portugal. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is found in the Canary Islands (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009), the Azores, Madeira and off mainland Portugal (Santos et al. 1997, Carneiro et al. 2014).  Globally, this species is circumglobal in all waters of warmer temperate to tropical. In Western Africa it is found from Morocco to Angola including the Azores, Cape Verde, and Canary Islands. In the eastern Pacific, it is found in the California Current region off southern California to the Baja California Peninsula. It is also found in the western Atlantic, it is found from Canada southward to the Bahamas, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Greater Antilles (Scott and Scott 1988).  It has a depth range of 200-1,500 m (Kells and Carpenter 2011).","&#160;There are no population data available for this species. It is presumed to be common, however, not abundant.","This is a mesopelagic to bathypelagic species, found at depths of 200-1,500 m. However, juveniles and larvae have been captured at shallower depths (Johnson 1990). They are oviparous and synchronous hemaphrodites (Watson and Sandknop 1996). They are piscivorous (Johnson 1990).",There are no major threats known to affect this species.,There are no conservation measures in place for the protection of this species.,This species is not utilized.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,SCOPELARCHIDAE,Scopelarchus,guentheri,,Scopelarchus guentheri,"Alcock, 1896",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species occurs only in the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs only in the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014). Globally, it is found in all subtropical and tropical waters worldwide. The depth distribution of this species is poorly documented.  It likely occurs at depth of about 500-1,000 m.",There are no population data available for this species.,"This is a mesopelagic/oceanic species, found at depths of 500-1,000 m.",There are no major threats known to affect this species.,There are no conservation measures in place for the protection of this species.,This species is not utilized.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,SCOPELARCHIDAE,Scopelarchus,michaelsarsi,,Scopelarchus michaelsarsi,"Koefoed, 1955",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Scopelarchus michaelsarsi has a circumglobal distribution in tropical through warm temperate seas. In the European region, it is known only from the Azores and the Canary Islands. This   species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in   Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of   the global population.",Unknown,"Scopelarchus michaelsarsi has a circumglobal distribution in tropical through warm temperate seas. In the European region, it is known only from the Azores and the Canary Islands.","Scopelarchus michaelsarsi is common in parts of its range (www.fishnet2.org, Accessed on 2 March 2015). ","Scopelarchus michaelsarsi is a mesopelagic species found in depths between 256 -- 500 m. Most adults are taken in hauls to depths exceeding 500 m, none in hauls to depths less than 250 m. Larvae are taken year-round throughout its range, chiefly in hauls to depths less than 200 and apparently not in hauls restricted to the upper 100 m (Johnson 1990). ",No information available.,There are no species-specific conservation actions in place for this species. ,,"Comeros-Raynal, M. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,NEOSCOPELIDAE,Scopelengys,tristis,,Scopelengys tristis,"Alcock, 1890",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, Scopelengys tristis is found in Madeira only. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, Scopelengys tristis is found in Madeira only (Carneiro et al. 2014). Globally, Scopelengys tristis is a cosmopolitan species found in the eastern, western and south Atlantic, western Indian Ocean, and in the western and eastern Pacific.",The family Neoscopelidae is comprised of uncommon deepsea fishes of no commercial importance (Hulley and Paxton in press). Scopelengys tristis is well represented in museum collections in many parts of its range (www.fishnet2.net).,"Scopelengys tristis inhabits the oceanic bathypelagic zone with adults found usually below 1,000 m and juveniles at 500 to 800 m depth. There is no evidence of vertical migration; size stratification with depth. This species attains a maximum size of 20 cm (SL) and achieves sexual maturity at 15 cm (SL) (Hulley and Paxton in press).",There are no major threats known for this species.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this  species.,This species is considered to hold no commercial importance (Hulley and Paxton in press).,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Hulley, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STEPHANOBERYCIFORMES,MELAMPHAIDAE,Scopeloberyx,opisthopterus,,Scopeloberyx opisthopterus,"(Parr, 1933)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, Scopeloberyx opisthopterus is found in the Canary Islands, the Azores, Madeira and off mainland Portugal. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, Scopeloberyx opisthopterus is found in the Canary Islands (Brito et al. 2002), the Azores, Madeira and off mainland Portugal (Santos et al. 1997, Carneiro et al. 2014). Globally, Scopeloberyx opisthopterus is widely distributed in the tropical waters of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans.",There is no population information available for Scopeloberyx opisthopterus.,"Scopeloberyx opisthopterus is a bathypelagic, oceanic species which generally occurs at depths of 500–600 m (Kotlyar 2004).  However, it can sometimes be found down to depths of 1,450 m. Species from the family Melamphaidae primarily feed on gelatinous organisms and small crustaceans (FAO 1999).","Due to the small size of this species, it is unlikely that it is being taken as by-catch in significant quantities. There are no known threats to Scopeloberyx opisthopterus.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Scopeloberyx opisthopterus.,This species is not utilised.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Paxton, J.R.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STEPHANOBERYCIFORMES,MELAMPHAIDAE,Scopeloberyx,robustus,,Scopeloberyx robustus,"(Günther, 1887)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, Scopeloberyx robustus occurs in the Canary Islands, the Azores, Madeira and off mainland Portugal. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, Scopeloberyx robustus occurs in the Canary Islands (Brito et al. 2002), the Azores, Madeira and off mainland Portugal (Santos et al. 1997, Carneiro et al. 2014). Globally, Scopeloberyx robustus can be found in tropical and subtropical (and temperate) waters of all oceans besides the Arctic and Mediterranean Sea (Moore in press).  Scopeloberyx robustus can be found at depths between 0 and 4,740 m and is bathypelagic. Adults are typically found below 500 metres. ",There is no information about the population. ,Species from Melamphaidae eat gelatinous organisms and small crustaceans (Moore in press).,This species is not commercially important but it can be caught in deep-water trawls. ,There are no species specific conservation efforts.,This is not a commercially important species.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Harold, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STEPHANOBERYCIFORMES,MELAMPHAIDAE,Scopelogadus,beanii,,Scopelogadus beanii,"(Günther, 1887)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Scopelogadus beanii is widely distributed globally. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it is known from Greenland to Madeira. Little is known about its ecology or population status, but there are no known major threats. Therefore, S. beanii is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Scopelogadus beanii is known from the Atlantic, southern Indian, and western South Pacific Oceans (Maul 1996). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it is found from Iceland to the northwestern coast of Spain (Gartner and Zwerner 1988), as well as off the Azores and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014).",Scopelogadus beanii is relatively abundant in the lower meso-bathypelagic in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean (Gartner and Musick 1989).,"Scopelogadus beanii is a deep-sea species, found typically at 800—1,000 m or deeper (Maul 1986). Primary prey items include gelatinous zooplankton (mainly salps) and associated amphipods, although calanoid copepods were important for mid-water individuals (Gartner and Musick 1989).",There are no known species-specific threats.,There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place.,This species is of no interest to fisheries.,"Strongin, K.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F., Carpenter, K.E., de Morais, L., Harold, A. & Knudsen, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,NOTOSUDIDAE,Scopelosaurus,argenteus,,Scopelosaurus argenteus,"(Maul, 1954)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Scopelosaurus argenteus is widely distributed in the North Atlantic Ocean. Population data are limited. It is not known to be used commercially and there are no known threats. Therefore, S. argenteus is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Scopelosaurus argenteus is found in the North Atlantic Ocean from the equator to about 46oN (Krefft 1984). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it is known from the Bay of Biscay south to the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014) and Canary Islands (Santos et al. 1997). It has a known depth distribution of 100 to 600 m (Krefft 1984).",There are no population data available.,"This is a demersal species that is known to feed on small invertebrates such as small crabs, shrimp and other benthos (Guenette and Morato 1997).&#160;Larvae are typically found at 50 to 100 m. The maximum length is around 21 cm (Krefft 1984).",This species is not believed to have any major threats affecting it.,There are no conservation measures in place for the protection of this species.&#160;This species may enter a marine protected area somewhere along its distribution (World Database on Protected Areas 2010).,This species is not known to be used commercially.,"Ralph, G. & Strongin, K.","Russell, B.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,NOTOSUDIDAE,Scopelosaurus,lepidus,,Scopelosaurus lepidus,"(Krefft & Maul, 1955)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Scopelosaurus lepidus is widely distributed in the Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, it is known from Iceland and the Bay of Biscay to the Azores and Madeira. Population information for this species is limited. It is not known to be used commercially and there are no known major threats. Therefore, S. lepidus is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Scopelosaurus lepidus is widespread throughout the North Atlantic (Krefft 1984). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, S. lepidus is found from Iceland (Krefft 1984, Stefansdottir et al. 2010) and the Bay of Biscay (Swinney et al. 1986) south to the Azores and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014). Adults are typically found at 500 to 800 m, while juveniles are found in shallower waters from 70 to 200 m (Krefft 1984).",There are no population data available for this species.,"This is a deep-water species found at depths of 500 to 800 m (Krefft 1984).&#160; They feed on copepods while the large ones on euphausiids, hyperiids and mesopelagic fishes. Adults undertake far-ranging feeding migrations (outside the spawning season) to the slope areas of Europe, North America and West Africa. Spawning probably occurs in midwater far offshore, with a concentration in the Sargasso Sea (Krefft 1984). The maximum size is 36.5 cm standard length (Krefft 1984).",There are no major threats known to affect this species.,There are no conservation measures in place for the protection of this species.&#160;This species may enter a marine protected area within its distribution (World Database on Protected Areas 2010).,This species is not known to be used commercially.,"Ralph, G. & Strongin, K.","Russell, B.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,NOTOSUDIDAE,Scopelosaurus,smithii,,Scopelosaurus smithii,"Bean, 1925",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Scopelosaurus smithii has a circumglobal distribution in tropical through temperate seas. In the European region, it is known only from Madeira and perhaps also the Azores. This   species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in   Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of   the global population.",Unknown,"Scopelosaurus smithii has a circumglobal distribution in tropical through temperate seas. In the European region, it is known only from Madeira and perhaps also the Azores.","Scopelosaurus smithii is common in parts of its range (www.fishnet2.org, Accessed on 2 March 2015). There is limited information available on its population status and trends. ","Scopelosaurus smithii occur in the mesopelagic and are found in depths greater than 500 m over continental and insular slopes (Kefft 1986, 1990).",No information.,There are no species-specific conservation actions in place for this species. ,,"Comeros-Raynal, M. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,SCOPHTHALMIDAE,Scophthalmus,maximus,,Scophthalmus maximus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","Previously Scophthalmus maeoticus was regarded as a separate species. Chanet (2003) in a detailed philogenetic study of the familiy Scopthalmidae concluded that S. maeoticus was conspecific with S. maximus. This taxonomic decision has not been accepted by all researches studying these fishes, however for the purpose of the IUCN Red List assessment, the decision proposed by Chanet (2003) will be followed.",No,VU,A2bd,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: VU Scophthalmus maximus occurs throughout the Northeast Atlantic from the Arctic circle, North Sea, Baltic Sea to the Aland Sea, Bay of Biscay, and throughout the Mediterranean to depths of 100 m. Scophthalmus maximus is a highly-valued bycatch species which is taken in a variety of gears including beam trawl, gillnet, otter trawl, and static gear. This is a common, widespread species which occurs in low abundance throughout its range. The highest biomasses are observed in the waters around Great Britain. The generation length of T. maximus was estimated using the mid-point of longevity (14 years) and the age of first maturity (4) years using the following formula: Generation length = age at first maturity + 0.5 (maximum age-age at first maturity). This gives a window of 3 generation lengths = 27 years, +/- 2 years due to uncertainties in aging this species and the effects of prolonged exploitation on age structure. Trends in relative Spawning Stock Biomass (SSB) and landing statistics were examined across the range over a time window of 25 to 29 years, and the relative contribution of trends in each region was weighed by average of landings contributed over the last 10 years for each region. This resulted in an 84% contribution by landings to the Northeast Atlantic Fishing Zone, where declines in SSB in the Baltic Sea and North Sea approximated 25%, and a 16% contribution by landings in the Mediterranean and Black Sea Fishing Zones, where declines in landing statistics approached 62%. Trends in landing statistics are used as a proxy for population trends in the absence of other data, and are supported by evidence of poor stock status in parts of the Mediterranean as reported by the European Commission Review of Scientific Advice, and by the poor state of stocks in the Black Sea where SSB is estimated to be <10% of levels seen in the 1970s. An overall decline of 31% in the population of S. maximus was estimated over a 27 to 29 year window. This is a conservative estimate, as this species may be intrinsically vulnerable to exploitation due to its narrow depth range and relatively sedentary nature. Therefore, S. maximus is assessed as Vulnerable A2bd. Scophthalmus maximus has gone through the ICES benchmark procedure in the North Sea, and it is not assessed in other parts of its range.",Decreasing,"Scophthalmus maximus is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is known from southern Iceland and Norway south to Western Sahara (Munroe in press). It is also found in most of the Baltic Sea except for the Bothnian Bay. In the Mediterranean Sea, this species is known primarily from the western and central basins, including the Adriatic Sea (Arneri et al. 2001), Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988), and in the Gulf of Lion (Carlier et al. 2007). The species also occurs in the Black Sea, Sea of Marmara, and Azov Sea. The species is found over a depth range from less than 1 m to 100 m (van der Hammen et al. 2013).","New European Assessment: A generation length of 9 years was estimated using the mid-point of longevity (14 years) and age of first maturity (4 years) using the following formula: Generation length = age at first maturity + 0.5 (maximum age-age at first maturity). This gives a window of 3 generation lengths = 27 years, +/- 2 years due to uncertainties in aging this species and the effects of prolonged exploitation. Trends will be examined over a 27 to 29 year window. Population decline estimated by using decline in landings in the Mediterranean and Black Sea as proxy for decline in biomass. A 62% decline was calculated based on % decline between average landings from 1984 to 1986 (1381 t) and landings in 2013 (assumed the same amount landed in 2011 for the region (524 t).  Decline in the Northeast Atlantic Fishing Zone: North Sea: Estimates of relative SSB have recently become available from the North Sea. Relative SSB is estimated to have declined by 20-25% from 1984-1986 (average relative SSB of 1.2) to 2012-2014 (average relative SSB of 0.7). It is worth noting that this species is slated to undergo assessment in the North Sea, and is likely to benefit from effort control in this region (ICES 2013). Declines in the Baltic Sea: The Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (HELCOM) estimated a 30% decline in the population of this species in the Baltic Sea over the last 20-25 years. Declines in the Skagerrak are estimated at 50% over the last 20 to 25 years. There is no effort information available from the Iberian Peninsula or Bay of Biscay for the latest years. Landings per unit effort (LPUE) show an increasing trend from 1992 to 2005 (Teixeira et al. 2009), and from 2005 to 2011 LPUE declined (C. Teixeira pers. comm 2013). The highest LPUE value obtained was in 2005. LPUE = 0.01 t/vessel. It is assumed that trends seen in the North Sea and Baltic Sea, where this species is relatively well managed, are also occurring in the Iberian Peninsula and Bay of Biscay, where management is scarce. Weighting: The Northeast Atlantic fishing zone has accounted for 84% of global landings in the last 10 years The Mediterranean and Black Sea have accounted for 16% of global landings in the last 10 yearsCombined percentage declines over the last 25-29 years in the NEA: 23% + 30% in Baltic Sea, with more weight given to NEA: estimate 25% decline Med and Black Sea: at least 62% decline, based on reported landings. Likely to be higher due to unreported catches in the region. 25% decline, 84% of weight 62% decline, 16% of weight This is an approximate decline of 31% throughout this species' range.Population structure: The stock structure of S. maximus has only recently received attention by fisheries management. Scophthalmus maximus displays low larval dispersal, strong spawning site fidelity, and limited adult migration. A 2012 report by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) recommends that S. maximus in the Skagerrak/Kattegat not be included in the Greater North Sea stock, but be treated separately or combined with the Baltic Stock. Additionally, there may be an additional genetic break between northern North Sea and southern North Sea; however, this break is not strongly supported enough to recommend management actions (ICES IBPNew Report 2012). Genetic data show no structure for the turbot within the Baltic Sea (Nielsen et al. 2004, Florin and Höglund 2007), although Nielsen detected population structure between the Baltic Sea and Kattegat, with a hybrid zone in the Belt Sea (from HELCOM 2013 Red List Assessments). Separate stock structures are indicated by historical data from the Skagerrak-Kattegat area (ICES 2013).FAO landing statistics summary: The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) common name for this species is Turbot. Landings are declared from the following FAO fishing regions, in order of decreasing landings: Northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea. The overall trend in landings is one of fluctuation until the late 1980s and early 1990s, followed by a period of decline from the early 1990s onward.  Black Sea There is no formal stock assessment but there is information available from surveys. Survey data indicates that the stock size is at a historical low and is < 10% of the stocks size of the late 1970s (Daskalov et al. 2012). Based on a time series of SSB from 1970 to 2010, SSB peaked in 1980 and followed by continuous decline to 2010. Landings peaked in the early to mid-1980s followed by a decrease after 1988 and stabilized from 1995 to 2010 (General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean 2012). The estimated total catch was about 2.44 times higher than the reported landings on average for 2002-2010 (General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean 2012). Recent management advice for the Black Sea is provided by Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF) and states that there should be no directed fisheries for this species in the Black Sea (STECF 2014). Portugal Landings per unit of effort (LPUE) show an increasing trend from 1992 to 2005 (Teixeira et al. 2009), and from 2005 to 2011 LPUE declined (C. Teixeira pers. comm 2013). The highest LPUE value obtained was in 2005. LPUE = 0.01 t/vessel.North Sea Scophthalmus maximus has a low abundance compared to other flatfish species (Daan et al. 1990, van Hammen 2013). This species was formerly widely distributed throughout the North Sea, but since the 1960s has almost disappeared from the northern North Sea, and particularly from an area off the eastern Scotland where it was previously abundant. After the 1960s this species was mainly caught in the central and eastern-central North Sea. In the past two decades the distribution has expanded westwards towards the English east coast and northwards along the Norwegian trench (Kerby et al. 2013). Fishing mortality (ages 2 to 6) increased from 1975 to the late 1990s and has decreased since then. Spawning-stock biomass for the same time period fell by 60% until the early 2000s and showed a slight increase since then. Present spawning stock biomass is at 50% of the start of the time series. Relative SSB is estimated to have declined by 20-25% from 1984-1986 (average relative SSB of 1.2) to 2012-2014 (average relative SSB of 0.7)(ICES 2013), a time period of 3 generation lengths. It is worth noting that this species is slated to undergo assessment in the North Sea, and is likely to benefit from effort control in this region (ICES 2013). The information does not show that recruitment is not impaired at low levels of spawning stock biomass. Recruitment of S. maximus is variable around the long-term average (ICES 2013).Baltic Sea:  Within the Baltic Sea, this species is commonly encountered up to the Åland Sea. It is a species of great local economic importance, especially to the coastal fisheries. The main part of the turbot fishery takes place in the southern and western part of the Baltic Sea, within Danish and German fisheries. The targeted fishery increased in the early 1990s, in eastern Gotland basin and Gdansk Bay primarily due to the Polish, Russian, and Swedish gillnet fishery (ICES 2011). The consideration of landings data, CPUE information from commercial gillnet fisheries, and several fisheries-independent surveys resulted in an estimate of the percent population decrease in the Baltic Sea between 30 and 50% (HELCOM Red List Assessment 2013). This species was assessed as Near Threatened in the 2013 HELCOM Regional Red List Assessments utilizing criteria A2bd.  Skagerrak and Kattegat (North Sea: Division IIIa) There is insufficient information to determine the fishing mortality trend but spawning stock biomass has been stable from 2005-2012 (ICES 2013). In the Baltic International Trawl Survey (BITS) no trend in CPUE (N/h) was indicated in the dataset from 1996- 2011 (ICES 2013). Cardinale et al. (2009) performed an analysis of a re-constructed time series of biomass, maximum body size, and spatial distribution in the Kattegat-Skagerrak using standardized research surveys extending back to 1925. This analysis showed biomass declines of 86%, maximum body size decreased by 20 cm (from 50 cm to just above 30 cm), and the northern component of this population nearly vanished.  In the Kattegat, IBTS shows a decrease in captures (N/h) of large fishes (larger than 30 cm) of 65% between 1985 to 2011 (HELCOM Red List).","Habitat and Ecology Scopthalmus maximus is a benthic species which lives on sandy, rocky or mixed substrata, it is rather common in brackish waters. It feeds mainly on other bottom-living fishes (sand-eels, gobies, etc.), and also, to a lesser extent, on larger crustaceans and bivalves. Scophthalmus maximus is a visual predator, feeding on other demersal and pelagic fishes.  Life History and Reproduction While S. maximus spawns at specific locations in shallow waters during the summer, this species generally occurs in spatially separated stock units. Tagging studies from different areas in the Baltic Sea show that Turbot have high spawning site fidelity, with 95% of fishes moving less than 30 km from the spawning cite. Larval dispersal is low and adults have restricted movement. This species exhibits strong spawning site fidelity (ICES 2013). Migrations of this species from the nursery grounds in the southeastern part to more northern areas have been recorded in the North Sea. Adults of this species can tolerate cooler water temperatures in the northern areas of the North Sea which are too low for juveniles to survive (ICES 2013). Spawning season is between April and August, eggs are pelagic. This species may reach weights of 25 kg (Frimodt 1995). Spawning usually happens between the months of February and April in the Mediterranean Sea and from May to July in the Atlantic. Sequenced spawning occurs every 2 to 4 days. Growth rate differs between sexes, such that females become much larger than males (van Hammen et al. 2013, Florin et al. 2013). In the North Sea this species is a summer spawner, with spawning generally occurring from April to July. The size at maturity was 46 cm, at an age of 4.46 years in 1974 (Jones 1974). In the Baltic Sea, females mature at 20 cm at an age of 4 years, while males are mature a year earlier at 15 cm. This is in contrast to the Swedish west coast, where mature females and males are about 30 and 25 cm, respectively. A generation length of 8.5 years was used to assess this species in the 2013 Regional HELCOM Red List Assessment. In the spring, juveniles and adults move to the coast, and in winter they move towards deeper waters (in excess of 30 m in the central Baltic) (Florin 2005). Spawning occurs in shallow waters at depths of 10 to 15 m in the central Baltic. Eggs have an optimal development at 15 psu, while eggs from the North Sea have an optimum between 20 and 35 psu and do not survive in the lower salinities of the Baltic Sea. Based on age-structure data in the Baltic Sea, the average age was about 7 years. In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 79.0 cm TL and the length at maturity for females is 50.0 cm TL and for males is 42.5 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014).  Generation length: A generation length of 9 years was used to assess this species. Generation length derived from the following data: longevity The oldest available ages for S. maximus are as follows:   In the Adriatic Sea, maximum age was 18 years, with individuals above 10 years of age being rare in samples (Arneri et al. 2001). In the Black Sea, a maximum age of 10 years was observed (Zengin et al. 2006). In the North Sea maximum age appears to be 13 years (October 2012). There is a report of the oldest individual recorded in the North Sea reaching ages 35 years, however it could not be verified.  maturity In the North Sea, age at 50% maturity was 4.5 years (Jones 1974). In the Baltic Sea, females mature at 20 cm at an age of 4 years, while males mature a year earlier at 15 cm (HELCOM Red List Assessment Project). ","Intrinsic vulnerability to exploitation Scophthalmus maximus is found in relatively shallow waters at depths ranging from 0 to 100 m. Its entire depth range is within the range of commercial fishing activity. As such, this species is taken as bycatch in a number of fisheries. Because S. maximus is fast-growing and large relatives to other flatfishes, gear with smaller mesh sizes may catch younger, smaller individuals resulting in high fishing pressure on immature fish (David Miller pers. comm. 2014). This species is sexually dimorphic, with females reaching larger sizes than males and more likely to be taken by fisheries (Florin et al. 2013). Additionally, this species displays high fidelity to spawning sites and is relatively sedentary. Fisheries characterization  The principal threat to S. maximus is over-exploitation. Population declines have been documented throughout this species' range. Scophthalmus maximus is a valuable bycatch species which is taken in fisheries targeting flatfishes such as sole and plaice. This species is caught with beam trawls, seines, trammel nets, longlines, gillnets and otter trawls. It is a highly-esteemed food fish (Frimodt 1995) which is subject to high fishing pressure. Due to the size dimorphism and current regulation of minimum landing size the majority of landed fish consist of females (Florin et al. 2013).","Scophthalmus maximus is likely to benefit from effort reductions for targeted species such as Sole and Plaice (Kerby et al. 2013). In the North Sea, ICES advises that catches of S. maximus should not exceed 2,978 t. An official minimum landing size has yet to be implemented for this species but Belgian and Dutch producer organizations have adopted voluntary minimum landing sizes of 25 cm to 30 cm (ICES 2013). In the Skagerrak and Kattegat (North Sea: Division IIIa). ICES advises that catches for this area not exceed 102 tonnes in 2014 (ICES 2013). HELCOM recommends a management plan to regulate the fishery in the HELCOM area. Area or time-specific protection of spawning and nursery habitats have been suggested. In the Baltic Sea, ICES advises that catches not exceed 220 tonnes in the region (ICES 2013). Turbot is currently protected from fishing during spawning season in the Southern Baltic Sea and also benefits from a Swedish marine reserve in the Baltic proper (Florin et al. 2013). Scophthalmus maximus was regionally assessed as Near Threatened in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).","The northeast Atlantic has driven the global catch trend of S. maximus since 1950, followed by Mediterranean and Black Sea fisheries (FAO 2011). In the North Sea, Scophthalmus maximus is valuable as bycatch in flatfish and demersal species fisheries using beam trawl, gillnet, otter trawl, and static gear. ICES did not provide advice for S. maximus fisheries until 2012 (ICES 2013). In the Skagerrak and Kattegat targeted fisheries probably did not begin until before the 1960s when the S. maximus stock was large. Currently, this species is only caught as bycatch and gillnet fisheries in the area. Landings from 2012 were ~189 t which is almost double that of the previous year (ICES 2013). Scophthalmus maximus is bred in captivity and is thought to be an excellent candidate for aquaculture in Europe (Devauchelle  et al. 1988, Imsland et al. 1997).","Kempf, A. & Miller, D.","Munroe, T., Costa, M., Nielsen, J., Herrera, J., de Sola, L., Rijnsdorp, A.D. & Keskin, Ç.","Teixeira, C. & Stump, E.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,SCOPHTHALMIDAE,Scophthalmus,rhombus,,Scophthalmus rhombus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Scophthalmus rhombus occurs from Norway to the Mediterranean to 80 m depth over sandy or mixed substrata. This is a species of high commercial value which is also considered to be a valuable bycatch species. It is found over sandy and mixed substrates. Biomass in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, and Kateggat show increasing trends in the last decade. This is a commercial species which is taken primarily in mixed-species beam trawl fisheries targeting flatfishes. Scophthalmus rhombus is subject to Total Allowable Catch (TAC) regulations and minimum landings sizes which vary throughout its range. Due to the high growth rate and high market value, S. rhombus is a candidate for Southern-European and Mediterranean aquaculture. Scophalumus rhombus is found in marine protected areas throughout its range. It is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Scophthalmus rhombus occurs in the eastern Atlantic, from southern Iceland and Norway (about 64°N) to Western Sahara (about 26°N). It is also known throughout the Mediterranean Sea, where it has been reported from the Adriatic Sea (Arneri et al. 2001, Pranovi et al. 2001, Dulčić and Glamuzina 2006), the Gulf of Lion (Letourneur et al. 2001, Dumay et al. 2004) and the Sea of Marmara (Keskin and Eryilmaz 2010). The species is also found in the Black Sea and the Azov Sea. Previous records from the east Levant basin (Egypt, Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Mediterranean Sea coast of Turkey) are apparently erroneous (Golani 1996). Scophthalmus rhombus is found at depths of up to 80 m (Nielsen 1986, Bauchot 1987, van der Hammen et al. 2013).","Scophthalmus rhombus is a common and widespread species which generally occurs in low abundance throughout its range. The highest biomass has been observed in the waters around Great Britain. Early demersal stages have highly-specific habitat requirements. Population studies suggest that the population abundance in an area is determined by the size of the nursery grounds (Rijnsdorp et al. 1992, Gibson 1994, van der Veer et al. 2000). A decrease in trend was observed in commercial length-per-unit-effort (LPUE) from 1992 until 2011 (Teixeira et al. 2013).According to Franco et al. (2006), samples were collected in each season of 2002, at five sampling stations at Venice lagoon in the northern Adriatic. Fish were collected with fine mesh (2 mm inter-knot) and small beach seine (10 m long and 2 m high). Annual mean abundance was 0.15 individuals over bare sand habitat. Dulčić and Glamuzina (2006) report that 31 specimens (31.7 to 44.6 cm TL) were collected with various fishing gear in three estuaries in the central east Adriatic Sea.North Sea Abundance indices show no trend from 1987 to 2012 (ICES 2013) while biomass index increased from 2002 to 2012 (ICES 2013). Abundance index in Kattegat from 1996 to 2012 show an increase in trend (ICES 2013). The spawning-stock biomass has a stable to increasing trend. The stock size indicator from 2010 to 2012 is 56% higher in the North Sea and 2% lower in Kattegat than the average from 2005 to 2009 (ICES 2013). Commercial LPUE shows a declining trend since the 1920s (Kerby et al. 2013). Survey CPUE are variable but do not show a trend in time (1970 to 2010) (Kerby et al. 2013). Baltic Sea The stock size shows an increasing trend from 2001 to 2012 (ICES 2013).  The stock size had an increasing trend until 2011 but a low stock size in 2012. It is unclear whether more than one stock of S. rhombus exists in the Baltic Sea or if the Baltic is a part of a larger stock complex (ICES 2013). Landings in the Baltic Proper approximate 63 tonnes per year.","Scophthalmus rhombus is a benthic species which lives on sandy or mixed substrata. Juveniles recruit to sandy substrata in shallow coastal areas as well as in meso-and polyhaline regions of estuaries and lagoons. Adults occur on the continental shelf on sandy substrata (Jones 1974). In some areas adults are more congregated during the spawning season. The specific habitat requirements of the early demersal phase of this species create a population bottleneck because successful recruitment of this species requires significant availability of specific habitats. This species reaches a maximum size of 75 cm (SL) (Nielsen 1986). The maximum age of this species in the North Sea is 16 years for males and 21 years for female (van der Hammen et al. 2013). Males mature at age 1, and females at age 2 (van der Hammen et al. 2013). This species feeds on bottom-living fishes and larger crustaceans, as well as echinoderms and cephalopods (Vinagre et al. 2011). Scophthalmus rhombus occurs over shallow sand, mud, and gravel bottoms. This species is usually found close to shore; however mature individuals are less common inshore while immature individuals often observed inshore and in estuaries. Diet composition of this species changes with size, small individuals feed on small benthic fishes and crabs and large individuals feed on small gadoids. Growth rates of S. rhombus is slower in the northern parts of its distribution and maturation is attained at shorter lengths (ICES 2013). In the Baltic Sea, S. rhombus is distributed primarily in the western part while the eastern limit of its range has yet to be clearly defined. Spawning occurs in shallow water of 5 m to 40 m from March to August in the western Baltic. Shallow coastal estuaries are important nursery areas for this species (ICES 2013). This species has a high growth rate and can reach marketable sizes of 500 g to 1,000 g in the first two years of life (Hachero-Cruzado et al. 2007). In the Adriatic Sea, S. rhombus spawns from January to July with intermittent release of ripe eggs. Individuals in the Adriatic reach size at sexually maturity one year earlier than individuals of the North Sea (Caputo et al. 2001). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 49.0 cm TL and the length at maturity  for females is 38.5 cm TL  and for males is 25.5 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014).","Scophthalmus rhombus is a commercial species. It is caught with beach seines, trammel nets, longlines and trawls. Early demersal stages have highly-specific habitat requirements. Population studies suggest that the population abundance in an area is determined by the size of the nursery grounds (Rijnsdorp et al. 1992, Gibson 1994, van der Veer et al. 2000).   Scophthalmus rhombus annual landings (tons) in the Mediterranean Sea (1996 to 2005) obtained from the FAO FISHSTAT Fisheries Statistical Database (2007): 18 (1996), 20 (1997), 22 (1998), 24 (1999), 26 (2000), 26 (2001), 30 (2002), 27 (2003), 59 (2004), 55 (2005).","There is a European Union Total Allowable Catch (TAC) set for Scophthalmus rhombus. A minimum landing size has not been implemented, however, Belgian and Dutch producer organizations have adopted voluntary minimum landing sizes of 25 cm to 30 cm. The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) advises that catches should not exceed 2,727 tonnes in the North Sea (ICES 2013). In the Baltic Sea, ICES advises that catches should not exceed 29 tonnes (ICES 2013). Management regulations are implemented in order stabilize stock size, however, they may not be effective if the stock size is low and/or overfished (ICES 2013). Scophthalmus rhombus was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).","Scophthalmus rhombus is a commercial species. The landing trends for S. rhombus are driven by the Northeast Atlantic (NEA) fishing zones with minor contributions from the Mediterranean and Black seas (FAO 2011). This species has shown to be a good candidate for diversification of southern Europe and Mediterranean aquaculture due to its high growth rate and high market value (Hachero-Cruzado et al. 2007). The average annual landings from 2001 to 2010 are as follows: Baltic Sea, 63 tonnes. In the waters around Great Britain, 2000 tonnes. In Spain and Portugal, 60 tonnes. In the Black Sea, there is no information on landings for the Black Sea since this species is included as S. maximus. In the North Sea, Scophthalmus rhombus is primarily caught as valuable bycatch by beam-trawl fisheries targeting flatfishes as well as otter trawl and fixed-net fisheries. Total catches for 2012 were 2,253 tonnes and 95% where from beam trawl fisheries (ICES 2013). Landings for S. rhombus were 30 tonnes and discard rates were <1% in 2012 (ICES 2013). In Portugal, there is a decrease in trend in LPUE values from 1992 and 2005 (Teixeira and Cabral 2009).","Strongin, K.","Golani, D., Kada, O., Nouar, A., Quignard, J.P. & Cuttelod, A.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,SCORPAENIDAE,Scorpaena,azorica,,Scorpaena azorica,"Eschmeyer, 1969",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on the population size and trend of the Azorean species, although it has been described as rare within its relatively small range and it is likely to be affected by habitat degradation. Further research and monitoring are needed in order to establish the status of the species throughout its range.",Unknown,Scorpaena azorica is only known from the Azores.,"Although there are no population data for Scorpaena azorica, a survey of demersal fish assemblages around the Azores classed this species as rare (Menezes et al. 2006). However, this rarity trait was related to the methodology used in the surveys (which included longlines and covered deep depths), and not to the natural abundance of the species, which still remains unknown.","Scorpaena azorica is a demersal species that has been found on hard bottoms. Its depth range remains poorly known, but is mainly distributed on the shelf no deeper than 100 m depth. Species from the Scorpaena genus occur at depths of zero to 800 m, but this is not the case for this small Scorpaenid species. Its maximum size is 9.8 cm (SL).","There are growing problems around the Azores with marine sand extraction, agricultural run-off and discharge of untreated sewage from tourist resorts and towns. Fishing limitations are in place, but enforcement is lacking (Depledge et al. 1992). Although the full impact of these threats on the marine environment is unknown, Scorpaena azorica is likely to be suffering from significant habitat quality declines. It is unlikely that this species is of commercial importance, although like a large number of congeners, it may be consumed locally.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Scorpaena azorica. However, its distribution may overlap with a number of marine protected areas (MPAs) around the Azores. Further research and monitoring of the habitat status and population size of this species is needed, together with the impacts of the mentioned threats on the species.","It is unlikely that this species is of commercial importance, although like a large number of congeners, it may be consumed locally.","García, M.","Machado Menezes, G.M.","Motomura, H., Smith, J., Sears, J., Lewis, S., Jopling, B., Lutz, M., Richman, N., Beresford, A., Collen, B., De Silva, R., Ram, M., Chenery, A., Milligan, H.T., Batchelor, A., Kemp, J.R., Lintott, P. & Wilson, P.J.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,SCORPAENIDAE,Scorpaena,canariensis,,Scorpaena canariensis,"(Sauvage, 1878)",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on the population size and trend of this littoral benthic species, which is endemic to the Macaronesian archipelagos of Madeira and the Canary Islands. Further research is needed to establish the status of the species throughout its range.",Unknown,"Scorpaena canariensis endemic to the Macaronesian archipelagos of Madeira (Wirtz et al. 2008) and the Canary Islands (Eschmeyer and Dempster 1990, Brito et al. 2002). In the Canary Islands, its depth ranges vary from 20 to 130 m below sea level.","There is no information available on the population size and trend of the species. However, insular populations are scarce.","Scorpaena canariensis is a littoral benthic species, frequently found on rocky bottoms from 20 to 130 m depth in the Canary Islands (Brito et al. 2002). Its maximum size has been recorded as 14 cm (TL) for males.","There are no major threats to the species, although it is subject to fishing for local consumption.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not the target of any conservation action, and it is unknown whether it is found in protected areas. Further research is needed on the population size, trend, ecology and life history of the species.",The species is subject to fishing for local consumption.,"García, M.","González Pérez, J.A.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,SCORPAENIDAE,Scorpaena,elongata,,Scorpaena elongata,"Cadenat, 1943",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Scorpaena elongata is widespread in the eastern Atlantic Ocean from the Mediterranean Sea south to northern Namibia. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, S. elongata occurs in the Mediterranean Sea and off the coast of Spain. This species is found in minor commercial fisheries and no major threats are known. It is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Scorpaena elongata is widespread in the eastern Atlantic Ocean from Morocco to northern Namibia (Bianchi et al. 1993, Saad 2005, Golani et al. 2006). This species occurs  throughout the Mediterranean Sea, from the Balearic Islands (Massuti and Renones 2005), Strait of Sicily (Gristina et al. 2006), Tyrrhenian Sea (Colloca et al. 2004), Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988), including the Ionian (Mytilineou et al. 2005) and Aegean seas (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002, Machias et al. 2004), to the east Mediterranean Sea (Golani et al. 2006), including the coast of Turkey (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002). The depth range for this species is 50–300 m (Keskin et al. pers. comm. 2013)","This species is rare in the eastern Mediterranean (C. Papaconstantinou and C. Keskin pers. comm. 2013) but in the western Mediterranean, this species is fairly common (Accessed through MEDITS portal 2014).  According to Gristina et al. (2006), this species was sampled during two trawl surveys (Autumn 1997 and Autumn 1998) carried out in the Strait of Sicily using an otter trawl with a 28 mm code-nd mesh opening. Mean density values varied from 1 to 13 specimens/km2, from 62 hauls (trawls). Mytilineou et al. (2005) mentioned that this species was collected in the north-east Ionian Sea during four experimental survey (Sept. 1999, Apr. 2000, Jul. 2000, Sept. 2000), by means of trawls of 40 mm stretched mesh size in the cod-end, with density of 0.9 individuals per hauls in the depth range of 300–500 m (44 hauls), 0.1 individuals per hauls in the depth range of 500–700 m (52 hauls) and 0.1 individuals per hauls in the depth range 700–900 m (36 hauls).","Scorpaena elongata can  attain 30 years of age (Ragonese et al. 2003). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 57 cm TL and the length at maturity for females is 23.5 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014). This is a demersal, sedentary species which occurs in rocky areas (Eschmeyer and Dempster 1990) but is mainly found in soft sandy and muddy substrates (Golani et al. 2006). It feeds on fishes, shrimps and other benthic invertebrates (Maigret and Ly 1986).The common length for this species is 30 cm TL (Eschmeyer and Dempster 1990).","There are no major threats to this species in European waters or the Mediterranean, although it may be taken as bycatch in addition to minor commercial use.","There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for S. elongata; however, the range of this species overlaps with marine protected areas (IUCN and UNEP WCMC, accessed April 2014). Scorpaena elongata was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Scorpaena elongata has minor commercial interest and is occasionally harvested. The main fishing methods are trawls and trammel nets. This species is not targeted and it is not likely that this species is extensively utilized outside European waters.,"Ralph, G.","Herrera, J., Keskin, Ç. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,SCORPAENIDAE,Scorpaena,laevis,,Scorpaena laevis,"Troschel, 1866",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient as there are no population data available for this rare species. Further research is needed in order to establish the status of the species in its European range, the Azores Islands.",Unknown,"Scorpaena laevis is an eastern Atlantic tropical species (Eschmeyer and Dempster 1990). In European waters, it has been recorded only from the Azores (Santos et al. 1997). It is found at depths ranging from 15 to 90 m.","There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species, although it appears to be uncommon in collections and it is therefore presumed to be rare.","The species is found in rocky waters at depths of 15-90 m. It feeds on octopuses (Cadenat 1954), other invertebrates and small fishes. Its maximum size is 35 cm (SL).",There are no major threats to the species.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not the target of any conservation action, and it is unknown whether it is found in protected areas. Further research is needed on the population size, trend and ecology of the species.",The species is not utilized.,"García, M.","Conceicao Biscoito, M.J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,SCORPAENIDAE,Scorpaena,loppei,,Scorpaena loppei,"Cadenat, 1943",,No,LC,,,,,,,European Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Scorpaena loppei is widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic and is common in at least parts of its range in the western Mediterranean Sea. It is a small scorpaenid (up to 15 cm TL) that occurs in subtidal sand/muddy habitats. It is not utilized and there are no major threats although may be taken as bycatch in parts of its range. It is listed as Least Concern.,Unknown,"Scorpaena loppei is widespread in the east Atlantic from the Bay of Biscay to Morocco and Western Sahara (Stanford et al. 2001, Bañón et al. 2010). In the Mediterranean Sea, it is common and widespread in the western basin, including the Gulf of Lion (Gaertner et al. 1998) and Tyrrhenian Sea (Colloca et al. 2004). It is rarer in the eastern basin (Keskin and Eryilmaz 2008), with records from the Aegean and Ionian Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988), Cyprus and Israel (Golani et al. 2006), and Turkey (Keskin and Eryilmaz 2009). This species has a depth range of 50–300 m (Hureau and Litvinenko 1986). ","Scorpaena loppei is common in the west Mediterranean Sea and rarer in the east. This species is the most rare scorpaeniform in the Greek Seas, with one record in the Aegean sea (Filiz et al. 2010) and two specimens from the eastern Mediterranean (Mersin Bay, along the Turkish coast: Keskin and Eryilmaz 2009). Scorpaena loppei is rare in the Spanish Mediterranean with 11 records over 20 years (L. Gil de Sola pers. comm. 2013). In a survey conducted in the western Mediterranean, Scorpaena loppei occurred in 26.8% of trawl samples and had a mean abundance of 36.3 individuals per km2; the maximum abundance was recorded at a depth of 141 m and had 495 individuals per km2. This species was most abundant in the deep shelf of the Menorca Channel and least abundant in west and east Mallorca. The population structure of this species showed a greater number of females at the smaller sizes and more males among the larger individuals (Ordines et al. 2012).",This is a demersal species that usually measures less than 15 cm TL (Eschmeyer and Dempster 1990). It occurs on muddy sand and gravel. It mainly feeds on crustaceans (Hureau and Litvinenko 1986). In the western Mediterranean this species is restricted to sandy-mud bottoms which occur in this area around 90 m to 100 m depth. Scorpaena loppei has a specialized feeding strategy with a diet primarily comprised of crustaceans but also includes teleost fishes. Most females reach sexual maturity in their first year of life which is thought to be facilitated by reduced interspecific competition as S. loppei was the only small scorpion fish inhabiting the benthic habitat of the Balearic Islands (Ordines et al. 2012).,There are no known major threats to this species but it may be taken as bycatch in parts of its range.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place. However, this species’ range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas (IUCN and UNEP-WCMC, accessed April 2014). Scorpaena loppei was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",This species is not utilized in European or Mediterranean waters.,"Ralph, G.","de Sola, L., Herrera, J. & Keskin, Ç.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,SCORPAENIDAE,Scorpaena,maderensis,,Scorpaena maderensis,"Valenciennes, 1833",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Scorpaena maderensis is a benthic inshore species that ranges throughout the Mediterranean as well as the Azores, Las Canarias, and Cape Verde. This species is not commercial but is targeted by local fisheries. There are no major threats known for this species although it may be caught as bycatch in parts of its range. It is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Scorpaena maderensis is widespread in the eastern Atlantic Ocean from the Iberian peninsula to the coast of West Africa (Schneider 1990, Macpherson et al. 2002, La Mesa et al. 2005). Scorpaena maderensis occurs throughout the Mediterranean Sea, though it prefers the warmest areas (La Mesa et al. 2005). It has been recorded from the western basin (Louisy 2002), the Balearic Islands (Morato et al. 2001), Ligurian Sea (Tunesi and Molinari 2005), south Tyrrhenian Sea (La Mesa and Vacchi 1999; La Mesa et al. 2004, 2006), the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988) to the coasts of Turkey (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002) and Lebanon (Harmelin-Vivien et al. 2005).","There are more records available in the southern Mediterranean (Italy and Greece) than in the north. This species is uncommon (Ç. Keskin et al. pers. comm. 2013); however, it is particularly abundant off Sicily (La Mesa et al. 2004). Studies conducted in Sicily, Italy collected and utilized 182 specimens between 4.8 cm to 10.9 cm TL (La Mesa et al. 2007) and 353 specimens between 3.8 cm and 13.1 cm TL (La Mesa et al. 2005).","Scorpaena mderensis is a demersal species that inhabits shallow coastal waters (Schneider 1990) and feeds on crustaceans and small fishes (Hureau and Litvinenko 1986, La Mesa et al. 2007).  In the Mediterranean, Scorpaena maderensis females tend to live longer and attain their maximum size more rapidly than males. Scorpaena maderensis is a benthic inshore species that occurs on rocky substrates and can reach 15 cm TL for males and 9 cm TL for females. Individuals of this species from the Mediterranean seem to reach a smaller size than those of Atlantic populations which can attain 18 cm TL (La Mesa et al. 2005).","There are no major threats to this species although, it may be taken as bycatch.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place. However, this species’ range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas (IUCN and UNEP-WCMC, accessed April 2014). Scorpaena maderensis was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Scorpaena maderensis is a component of local artisanal fisheries in Sicily and the Azores (Potoschi et al. 2000, Morato et al. 2001), but it is not a highly commercial species. This species is rarely present in markets (Fischer et al. 1987). It is likely more frequent in local markets in the west African portion of its range than in European waters.","Ralph, G.","de Sola, L., Herrera, J. & Keskin, Ç.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,SCORPAENIDAE,Scorpaena,notata,,Scorpaena notata,"Rafinesque, 1810",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Scorpaena notata is a widely distributed species found in the eastern Atlantic at depths of 10–500 m. It is common and abundant in the Mediterranean, where it is an important bycatch species. Its habitat (e.g., seagrass and red algae) may be impacted by habitat degradation in parts of its range. However, there are no known widespread threats thought to be negatively impacting this species. Its distribution overlaps with marine reserves in parts of its range. It is listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Scorpaena notata is restricted to the eastern Atlantic, where it occurs from the Bay of Biscay south to Cape Verde and Senegal, including the offshore islands of the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands. In the Mediterranean Sea, this species is found almost everywhere in suitable habitats. Records include Iberian coasts (Valle et al. 2003, Coll et al. 2006), Balearic Sea (Herler et al. 1999, Moranta et al. 2006, Deudero et al. 2007), French coasts (Gaertner et al. 1998, Ruitton et al. 2000, Claudet et al. 2006), Ligurian Sea (Molinari and Tunesi 2003, Tunesi and Molinari 2005, Tunesi et al. 2006), south Adriatic Sea (Ungaro et al. 1999, Bussotti et al. 2002), south Tyrrhenian Sea (La Mesa and Vacchi 1999) and the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988, Kallianiotis et al. 2004, Labropoulou and Papaconstantinou 2005, Karakulak et al. 2006, Ozaydin et al. 2007). It is rare in the north Adriatic Sea but does occur there. It is also present in the Black Sea (as Scorpaena notata afimbria). it is found to depths of 700 m (Muñoz et al. 2005).","Scorpaena notata is the most abundant scorpaenid species that inhabits the shallow continental shelf off the Balearic Islands (Ordines et al. 2009). Scorpaena notata, along with two other scorpaenid species, made up 25% of the survey catch in terms of abundance and 20% in terms of biomass. In the Cap de Crues MPA, a total of 240 (15%) individuals of this species were captured with a total weight of 26 kg (4%) (Muñoz et al. 2013). Scorpaena notata is common and abundant in Greece (C. Papaconstantinou pers. comm. 2013), and is also common in the Gulf of Cadiz based on the ARSA bottom trawl surveys (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2013) and in the north Aegean Sea (Keskin et al. 2011). This is the most common scorpaenid juvenile over Posidonia habitat in the north Aegean Sea (Keskin et al. 2011). This is a widespread and moderately common species. Aggregated catch statistics for all scorpaenid species show a more or less stable catch of 1,500 to 3,000 mt per year since the 1960s (FAO 2011, FishstatJ accessed 2013 September).","Scorpaena notata is nocturnal and feeds on crustaceans and small fishes (Hureau and Litvinenko 1986). The growth rate of  S. notata individuals is higher in those that inhabit substrata with high amounts of algal biomass off the Balearic Islands thus, the red algae habitats seem to be an essential habitat for this species (Ordines et al. 2009). Scorpaena notata can reach at least 16 years of age (Scarcella et al. 2011) and had a maximum recorded length of 24 cm TL (Bauchot 1987). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 27.7 cm TL and the length at maturity for females ranges from 8.8 cm to 14.0 cm TL and for males ranges from 9.2 cm to 14.0 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014). Reproduction In the northwest Mediterranean, the spawning period for Scorpaena notata occurs between July and October. The fecundity of female S. notata ranges from 6,000 ova to 33,000 ova and the total number of eggs decreases as the spawning period continues. The absolute fecundity of this species increases proportionally to the square of individual length. The maximum egg diameter is ~500 mm. This species exhibits determinate fecundity and is considered to be a multiple spawner a group-synchronous ovarian organization. Most individuals of this species are sexually mature at one year old (Muñoz et al. 2005, Ordines et al. 2009).","The red algae habitats substrates are an essential habitat for S. notata and are disrupted by trawling activities. A trawling ban on these habitats is highly recommended, as it is an important anthropogenic threat in the Mediterranean Sea (Ordines et al. 2009).","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place. However, this species’ range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas (IUCN and UNEP-WCMC, accessed April 2014). Scorpaena notata was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Scorpaena notata is an important bycatch species for commercial trawlers that operate over the shallow continental shelf off the Balearic Islands; annual landings are estimated to be 10 tonnes to 15 tonnes (Ordines et al. 2009).,"Ralph, G.","de Sola, L., Herrera, J. & Keskin, Ç.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,SCORPAENIDAE,Scorpaena,porcus,,Scorpaena porcus,"Linnaeus, 1758",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Scorpaena porcus is widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic and is the most common scorpaenid in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. This species is found in a variety of habitats including seagrasses, as well as sandy, muddy, and rocky substrates. Scorpaena porcus is a commercially important species in some areas and is also susceptible to chronic coastal pollution in other parts of its range. Major threats are not significant enough to reach decline thresholds for a threatened category. It overlaps with marine reserves in parts of its range. It is listed as Least Concern. However, we recommend careful monitoring of this species.",Unknown,"Scorpaena porcus is widespread in the eastern Atlantic, from the British Isles to Morocco including the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. In the Mediterranean Sea, it occurs in suitable habitats throughout the basin. Specific records include the Balearic Sea (Herler et al. 1999, Moranta et al. 2006, Deudero et al. 2007), Iberian coast (Valle et al. 2003), Gulf of Lion (Letourneur et al. 2001, Claudet et al. 2006), Ligurian Sea (Molinari and Tunesi 2003, Tunesi and Molinari 2005, Tunesi et al. 2006), Adriatic Sea (Bussotti et al. 2002, Lipej et al. 2003), south Tyrrhenian Sea (La Mesa and Vacchi 1999, Fernandez et al. 2005), Strait of Sicily (Gristina et al. 2006), the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988, Moutopoulos and Stergiou 2002, Karpouzi and Stergiou 2003, Karakulak et al. 2006, Ozaydin et al. 2007) and Lebanon coast (Harmelin-Vivien et al. 2005).  In the northwestern Mediterranean, this species has a depth range from 10 to 30 m (Harmelin-Vivien et al. 1989, Koca 1997).","Scorpaena porcus is the most common scorpaenid in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea (Kerskin et al. pers comm. 2013) but is uncommon in the Gulf of Cadiz (12 surveys) over half the 20-year ARSA survey series (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2013). Scorpaena porcus, along with two other scorpaenid species, made up 25% of the survey catch in terms of abundance and 20% in terms of biomass. In the Cap de Crues MPA, a total of 630 (38%) individuals of this species were captured with a total weight of 99 kg (17%) (Muñoz et al. 2013). This species is widespread and moderately common, it is very common in some parts of its range. Aggregated catch statistics for all scorpaenid species show a more or less stable catch of 1,500 to 3,000 mt per year since the 1960s (FAO 2011, FishstatJ accessed 2013 September). The sex ratio of the S. porcus population in the Black Sea from Bilgin and Çelik (2009) was biased towards females. This bias has been previously mentioned in other studies as well (Bradai and Bouain 1988, Ünsal and Oral 1996, Silvestri et al. 2002). From 1995 to 2009, the occurrence frequency of S. porcus during experimental fishing off Komiza, Croatia in the Adriatic Sea was 83.3%, with no clear trend through time (Matic-Skoko et al. 2011).","Scorpaena porcus is a demersal, non-migratory, solitary and sedentary species. It is common among rocks and algae, but has a broad habitat tolerance, occurring on soft and hard substrata, in vegetation and in open areas. It feeds on small fishes (gobies, blennies), crustaceans and other invertebrates (Hureau and Litvinenko 1986). In the Mediterranean Sea, S. porcus was found associated with Posidonia oceanica beds (Macpherson et al. 2002, Fernandez et al. 2005, Moranta et al. 2006, Deudero et al. 2007) and inside marine caves (Herler et al. 1999). Age and Growth Scorpaena porcus can live up to 12–18 years of age (Aksiray 1987). The oldest age estimates for this species varies between regions; in the Adriatic Sea S. porcus can live to 11 years, six years in the Mediterranean, and seven years in the Sea of Marmara (Bradai and Bouain 1988, Jardas and Pallaoro 1992, Ünsal and Oral 1996). Reproduction  The spawning season of S. porcus in the Black Sea lasts from June to September (Bilgin and Çelik 2009). Other studies suggest the reproduction period is between June/July and August in the Black Sea (Koca 1997), in Dardanelles (Çelik and Bircan 2004), in the Gulf of Gabes (Bradai and Bouain 1991), and in the Sea of Marmara (Ünsal and Oral 1996). Sexual maturity is attained at the age of two in males and three in females with lengths at maturity at 17.5 cm and 16.7 cm respectively (Bilgin and Çelik 2009). In the Gulf of Gabes the length at maturity is 10.8 cm SL (Bradai and Bouain 1991) and 8.5 cm to 15.0 cm in the Sea of Marmara (Ünsal and Oral 1996). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 38.5 cm TL and the length at maturity for females ranges from 13.8 cm to 17.5 cm TL and for males ranges from 15.5 cm to 16.7 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014). Scorpaena porcus exhibits sexual dimorphism and the growth rate of females is higher than that of males (Bilgin and Çelik 2009). The presence of eggs of S. porcus in spring and summer was underlined by Satilmis et al. (2003) in the south Black Sea, while it was found among ichthyoplankton in the Marmara Sea by Yuksek et al. (2006). ","Scorpaena porcus exhibits life history traits that make it vulnerable to exploitation including low mobility, long life span, and slow growth (Harmelin 1987, Reñones et al. 2001).Longevity estimates of this species vary between regions which may be due to geological factors and fishing pressures (Bilgin and Çelik 2009). If current fishing pressures are not reduced on S. porcus and existing regulations not revised, the stock may be in danger (Bilgin and Çelik 2009). In Sevastopol Bay, highly polluted area of the Black Sea, the growth rate of S. porcus is lower and over half of the studied females had anomalies of oogenesis. An increase in the activity of superoxiddismutase (SOD) was also observed; SOD is a key enzyme of the antioxidant blood protection (Oven et al. 2000). Kuzminova et al. (2011) also revealed a low growth rate of S. porcus in the Sevastopol coastal zone. This study also determined that the decreased number of older adult individuals could not be attributed to overfishing in the area but is primarily due to chronic pollution.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. There are no length regulations for catching this species in Turkey; however, Bilgin and Çelik (2009) recommend a minimum fishing size of 18 cm TL and that fishing with trammel nets should be prohibited between June and September when this species spawns.  The average size in both male and female S. porcus in the Cap de Creus MPA was shown to always be greater than their size at sexual maturity while ~24% of individuals had a smaller size than their size at sexual maturity. Maximum obtained sizes were much larger inside the MPA than in the non-protected areas; however, the largest individuals with the highest reproductive potential are currently not very abundant inside the MPA as they are in non-protected areas (Muñoz et al. 2013). Muñoz et al. (2013) suggests the improvement of the monitoring and management of rockfish species. Scorpaena porcus was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Scorpaena porcus is of commercial interest and is an important artisanal species in the Black Sea (Koca 1997). In 2002 in Turkey, the total catch of S. porcus was 240 tonnes (104 tonnes from Black Sea, 36 tonnes from the Sea of Marmara, 88 tonnes from Aegean Sea, and 12 tonnes from the Mediterranean Sea) (Bilgin and Çelik 2009). Scorpaena porcus is the second most frequently caught scorpaenid species in the marine protected area (MPA) of Cap de Creus in the north-western Mediterranean. Between 2008 and 2010, in the Cap de Creus MPA, catch per unit effort (CPUE) peaked in the summer which is concurrent with the spawning of this species. Total scorpaenid landings are very low in the winter which is primarily due to the reduction of trammel net fishing effort (Muñoz et al. 2013).","Ralph, G.","de Sola, L., Herrera, J. & Keskin, Ç.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,SCORPAENIDAE,Scorpaena,scrofa,,Scorpaena scrofa,"Linnaeus, 1758",,No,LC,,,,,,,European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Scorpaena scrofa occurs from British waters south to the Mediterranean including Madeira and the Canary Islands to depths of 200 m. This species is of high commercial value. It is found in a variety of habitats from 0–300 m. It is listed as Least Concern.,Stable,"Scorpaena scrofa occurs in the eastern Atlantic from the British Isles to Senegal. In the northeastern Atlantic, it ranges from the United Kingdom to Madeira and the Canary Islands, including the Mediterranean Sea. Scorpaena scrofa was recently collected from the Irish Sea, which may be the most northern record for this species (Briggs et al. 2008). In the Mediterranean Sea, this species is widely distributed. Records include Iberian coast (Macpherson et al. 2002, Valle et al. 2003), Balearic Sea (Deudero et al. 2004, 2008; Moranta et al. 2006), Gulf of Lion (Claudet et al. 2006), Ligurian Sea (Molinari and Tunesi 2003, Tunesi and Molinari 2005, Tunesi et al. 2006), Tyrrhenian Sea (La Mesa and Vacchi 1999), Adriatic Sea (Bussotti et al. 2002), Aegean Sea (Moutopoulos and Stergiou 2002, Ayaz et al. 2006, Karakulak et al. 2006, Gokce and Metin 2007, Ozaydin et al. 2007) and all other Greek seas (Papaconstantinou 1988).  This species occurs at depths from 20 to 200 m  (Briggs et al. 2008).","Scorpaena scrofa is the most frequently caught scorpaenid in the Cap de Creus MPA in the northwestern Mediterranean. Scorpaena scrofa, along with two other scorpaenid species, made up 25% of the survey catch in terms of abundance and 20% in terms of biomass. In the Cap de Crues MPA, a total of 779 (47%) individuals of this species were captured with a total weight of 472 kg (79%) (Muñoz et al. 2013). In a 10 year census of fish fauna on the Loano artificial reef in the Ligurian Sea, S. scrofa increased in frequency; between 1989 and 1998 the frequency of occurrence (FoO) was 16.6±0.5 and in 1998 FoO was 25±0 (Relini et al. 2002). This species is common in the Mediterranean (Ç. Keskin et al. pers. comm. 2013).","Scorpaena scrofa is a demersal, non-migratory, solitary and sedentary species that lives over rocky, sandy, or muddy substrata. In the Mediterranean Sea, it is often associated with Posidonia oceanica meadows (Moranta et al. 2006, Deudero et al. 2007). It feeds on fishes, crustaceans, and molluscs (Hureau and Litvinenko 1986). The size at first maturity for this species in the Adriatic Sea is 30 cm TL (Matić-Skoko et al. 2010) and has a maximum size of 53 cm TL in the Gulf of Cadiz (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2013).  In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 27 cm TL and the length at maturity  for females is 19.0 cm TL  and for males is 20.0 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014).","Matić-Skoko et al. (2010) conducted a study using the ""poponica"" trammel net method and found that it is non-selective and its use in Croatian artisanal fisheries coincides with the reproductive period of many species. Using this method, ~90% of the S. scrofa specimens collected were immature individuals. The reduction of immature individuals could potentially impact the population of this species.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place. However, this species’ range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas (IUCN and UNEP-WCMC, accessed April 2014). Scorpaena scrofa was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Scorpaena scrofa is a commercially targeted species as well as a major bycatch species and is primarily taken with bottom long lines (ICES 2008). This species is of high commercial value (Matić-Skoko et al. 2010).,"Ralph, G.","de Sola, L., Herrera, J. & Keskin, Ç.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,SCORPAENIDAE,Scorpaenodes,arenai,,Scorpaenodes arenai,"Torchio, 1962",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"There are very few records for Scorpaenodes arenai. The area of occupancy for this species based on known sites would be small, but it could be more widespread as there is very little information on this species. Therefore this species is listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Scorpaenodes arenai is known only from the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, where it has been recorded from the Azores (Santos et al. 1997) and the Strait of Messina, Italy (Torchio 1962). The depth distribution is likely between 15 and 50 m (Azevedo and Heemstra 1995).",There are only a few records of this species. Additional population information for this species is limited.,"This is a demersal species which has been observed and captured in rocky caves (J. Azevedo pers. comm. 2007). The maximum recorded size for this species is 11 cm TL but is common to eight centimetres TL (Hureau and Litvinenko 1986). The original description was based on specimens washed up on the beach, but it likely occurs at depths of 15 to 50 m (Azevedo and Heemstra&#160;1995).",Major threats to this species have not been identified.,"There are no species-specific conservation efforts in place for this species. Scorpaenodes arenai was assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Use and trade information is not available for this species.,"Strongin, K.","de Sola, L., Herrera, J. & Keskin, Ç.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CARCHARHINIFORMES,SCYLIORHINIDAE,Scyliorhinus,canicula,,Scyliorhinus canicula,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","May be some confusion with the larger and less common Scyliorhinus stellaris, which occurs within a similar range.",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Small Spotted Catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula) is a small, common catshark, widespread in the eastern Atlantic, from Norway and the Shetland Islands to Senegal (possibly along the Ivory Coast), and throughout the Mediterranean and Black Seas. This is one of the most abundant elasmobranchs in the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. Although localized depletions appear to have occurred in some areas (e.g., in the Wadden Sea and off Malta), scientific surveys throughout the majority of its range suggest that the population is stable or even increasing in some areas. Though commercial landings are reported and larger individuals are retained for human consumption, the species is often discarded and studies show that discard survival rates are high. Additionally, it appears to have life history characteristics that may allow it to withstand current levels of exploitation. The species is assessed as Least Concern because survey catch rates are either stable or increasing throughout the majority of its range in both the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. Catches and population trends should continue to be monitored.",Increasing,"This catshark is widespread in the Northeast and Eastern Central Atlantic. In the northern extent of its range, it can be found in the waters surrounding the Shetland Islands and Norway. Its range extends southwards towards West Africa. It is also found throughout the Mediterranean and Black Seas (Compagno et al. 2005, Serena 2005).","This species is one of the most abundant elasmobranchs in the Northeast Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea. In the Northeast Atlantic, the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) recognizes multiple subpopulations because of perceived limited movements and migrations, in accordance with recommendations put forward by the Development of Elasmobranch Assessments project (DELASS; Heessen 2003). Survey trends in most shelf areas are either stable or increasing, including surveys from the North Sea, northwest Scotland, Irish Sea, English Channel, Celtic Sea and Cantabrian Sea (MacKenzie 2004, ICES 2013). This species is reportedly locally extinct from the Wadden Sea, between the Netherlands and Germany (Wolff 2000a,b), an area that is at the edge of its range. This local extinction is therefore not considered to have had a significant effect on the remainder of the Northeast Atlantic population. In the Mediterranean Sea, data from the International Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean recorded this species across a wide bathymetric range and in high abundance, particularly in the Gulf of Lions and the Catalan and Aegean Seas (Baino et al. 2001). Juveniles accounted for 78% of the entire sampled population, and maximum biomass indices were reported off northeast Corsica between 50 and 100 m depth (340 kg per km2; Baino et al. 2001). Abundance may also vary with depth, as standardized scientific surveys from the Aegean Sea between 1994 and 2008 showed that density was higher at depths ranging from 200−400 m in certain regions. Also in the Aegean Sea, abundance rates were relatively low from 2001−2004 and have successively increased, reaching a maximum in 2008 (Maravelias et al. 2012). In the Adriatic Sea two comparable trawl surveys from 1948 and 1998 showed no significant difference in range and abundance (Jukic-Peladic et al. 2001), although there is evidence of increasing trawl fishing pressure in this region. Survey data from the Northeast Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea estimate that this population is increasing in European waters.","This is a small, temperate, bottom-dwelling catshark found from the shallow sub-littoral to the edge of the continental shelf. It is found at depths of at least 300 m in the north (Ellis et al. 2005a), and occurs in deeper waters further south and in the Mediterranean Sea. In the Northeast Atlantic this species is more common in waters < 150 m deep. It is widespread and abundant on a variety of substrates (sandy, coralline algal, gravelly or muddy bottoms). It is known to aggregate by sex and size, though it is unclear whether this sexual segregation is behavioural or habitat-linked. Within sea loughs, females exhibit strong philopatric behaviour to refuging sites, while males are wider ranging and less philopatric (Sims 2003). This is an egg laying species that deposits eggcases on macroalgae or sessile invertebrates in shallow coastal waters (Wheeler 1978, Compagno 1984, Capapé et al. 1991, Ellis and Shackley 1997, Rodriguez-Cabello et al. 2005). Captive studies have generated estimates of fecundity of 29−62 eggs per year for Northeast Atlantic populations (Ellis and Shackley 1997), and 45−190 eggs per year for Mediterranean Sea populations (Capapé 1977, Capapé et al. 1991) and fecundity has been shown to increase with maternal size (Capapé 1977, Ellis and Shackley 1997, Henderson and Casey 2001). Annual fecundity estimation based on production of both egg cases and oocytes in Aegean Sea specimens was higher, between 40 and 240 per year (Koustenia et al. 2010, Lupi 2008). Spawning can take place almost year round (Capapé 1977, Capapé et al. 1991, Ellis and Shackley 1997). Gestation period is eight to nine months on average, but can range from five to 11 months, and is reportedly shorter (five to six months) in the Northeast Atlantic (Ellis and Shackley 1997).  Size at birth is 7−11 cm total length (TL) (Ellis and Shackley 1997). Size at maturity reportedly ranges from 35−47 cm TL for females and 30−44 cm TL for males (Capapé 1977, 2000, Jardas 1979, Ungaro et al. 2002, Lupi 2008, Koustenia et al. 2010, Taleb Bendiab et al. 2012). In the Northeast Atlantic, Ellis and Shackley (1997) reported larger sizes at maturity, with females reportedly reaching maturity from 52−65 cm TL, and males from 49−55 cm TL. This supports the hypothesis of geographic variation in reproductive characteristics, which can probably be attributed to various environmental and geographic parameters (Leloup and Olivereau 1951, Capapé et al. 1991). Maximum sizes are reported to range between 80 cm TL (Ellis et al. 2005b, Relini et al. 1999) and 100 cm TL (Compagno et al. 2005). The species generally appears to reach a larger maximum length in the Northeast Atlantic than in the Mediterranean Sea (Compagno et al. 2005).","In the Northeast Atlantic, this catshark is taken as a bycatch in demersal trawl and gill net fisheries, yet it has high survivorship when discarded from trawl fisheries. A discard survival rate of 98% was reported from a western English Channel trawl fishery (Revill et al. 2005), a survival rate of 90% when discarded by commercial trawlers in the southern Bay of Biscay (Rodriguez-Cabello et al. 2005) and a survival rate of almost 100% in Mediterranean Sea otter trawl fisheries (Sanchez et al. 2000). However, in some areas larger specimens may be landed for human consumption or they may be landed as bait for whelk fisheries. Portuguese landings in the Algarve reported average annual landings of 115 tonnes from 1988−1990, compared to average annual landings of ~ 155 tonnes from 1999−2001 suggesting that reported landings have increased by 34.5% over the last decade. This increase in landings could mean that there has been a large reduction in discards or that reporting has improved. Although these landings data are grouped under the genus Scyliorhinus, bottom longline and trammel net surveys off the Algarve only reported catching this species (Erzini et al. 1999, 2001) therefore the huge majority of catshark landings from the Algarve are considered to be this species.In the Mediterranean Sea this catshark is a bycatch in various demersal fisheries and is retained for human consumption in some areas. It is a commercially valuable species in Italy and only individuals smaller than 36 cm TL are discarded (Abella and Serena 2005). Additionally, a semi-industrial fishery for this species operates in Spain, the Adriatic Sea, Sicily and Cyprus. It is regularly found in fish markets in countries around the Adriatic Sea, Greece and Malta, where it is sold under the generic name of Mazzola. Landings data from Malta indicate that catches fell from 1985−1995, but this might not indicate population decline. Although demersal fishing pressure is intense in many parts of the species range in the Mediterranean Sea, and local depletions may have occurred in some areas, this species has high survivorship following discard. ",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place in European waters. Research should be conducted on the harvest trends of this species.,This species may be landed for human consumption both in the Northeast Atlantic and in the Mediterranean.,"Farrell, E.","Serena, F., Ellis, J., Abella, A., Mancusi, C., Haka, F., Guallart, J., Ungaro, N., Coelho, R.P., Schembri, T. & Kirsteen, M.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CARCHARHINIFORMES,SCYLIORHINIDAE,Scyliorhinus,stellaris,,Scyliorhinus stellaris,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",Possibly sometimes confused with the smaller Scyliorhinus canicula.,No,NT,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)Nursehound (Scyliorhinus stellaris) is a large-bodied catshark that occurs in coastal and inshore waters of the eastern Atlantic, between southern Scandinavia and Senegal, and is also present throughout the Mediterranean Sea. It is found at depths of less than five metres to at least 125 m, but is most common at depths of 20–63 m. It is locally abundant in certain areas of the Northeast Atlantic and may therefore be sensitive to localised exploitation. It is taken as bycatch in bottom trawl, gill net, and longline gears, and targeted by recreational fisheries. Trawl surveys do not sample the main habitats for this species, but catch rates are low and there is no evidence of decline or range contraction. In the Mediterranean Sea, limited data on the exploitation and trends in abundance indicate that this population is declining, particularly around the Balearic Islands and in the northwest Mediterranean Sea. The capacity for recovery is affected by potentially low levels of connectivity between discrete populations around islands far from the continental coast. This is a large bodied species that may therefore be more sensitive to exploitation than Small Spotted Catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula), which also occurs in the region. Given its large size, patchy range, and evidence for declines in areas of the Mediterranean Sea such as the Gulf of Lions, the species is estimated to have undergone a decline of nearly 30% over the three generation period (45-60 years). It is therefore assessed as Near Threatened as it is close to qualify for a threatened category under Criterion A2.",Decreasing,"In the eastern Atlantic this species occurs in coastal and shallow shelf seas from the Shetland Isles and southern Norway in the north, to northwest Africa in the south. Around the British Isles, it is uncommon throughout the North Sea but locally abundant in areas of the southern and western coasts. In particular, it seems most abundant in parts of the English Channel, Bristol Channel, Cardigan Bay and around the Lleyn Peninsula and Anglesey (Ellis et al. 2005). In the Mediterranean Sea it appears to be more abundant in the Adriatic and Ionian Seas and along the Albanian coast, compared to the western Mediterranean Sea (Baino et al. 2001). It was absent from trawl surveys conducted off the coasts of Morocco, Spain and France, and does not occur in the Black Sea (Compagno et al. 2005). Its depth limits are one to 409 m.","No data on population size or structure are available for the Northeast Atlantic or the Mediterranean Sea. In the Mediterranean Sea, demersal trawl effort has increased both numerically and technologically in the shelf and slope areas. From 1974 to 1987 effort in trawl fisheries in the Gulf of Lions increased from a small, low powered fleet with a total of 2,700 hp (horse power) to a total of 19,940 hp. This increase in effort corresponded to a decrease in abundance of this species in a long-term groundfish diversity study, where abundance declined steadily from 1970 to the 1980s, and it became entirely absent from Gulf of Lions catches after 1988 (Aldebert 1997). In the Balearic Islands, 131 survey hauls were made between 40 and 1,800 m depth from 1996–2001, and while two other catshark species had the highest reported abundances of all elasmobranch species, this catshark was entirely absent (Massutí and Moranta 2003). More recently, 12 trammel net surveys carried out in the Balearic Islands between 2000 and 2003 also captured no specimens around the Balearic Islands (Morey et al. 2006). In the western half of the Adriatic Sea this species was considered rare as far back as 1987 (Jardas 1984), although it was recorded in trawl surveys carried out in 1948 and 1998, suggesting that it may still have been present in low numbers (Jukic-Peladic et al. 2001). Given the absence of this catshark in numerous trawl surveys, and reported abundance declines corresponding with increased fishing effort, it is estimated to be decreasing in the Mediterranean Sea. In the absence of species-specific data in the Northeast Atlantic, the population trend is unknown, but it is suspected that with similar fishing pressure the species is likely to be declining in these waters as well. Considering the abundance trends from Aldebert (1997), a decline of 94-98% of baseline levels is estimated for the three generation period (1957-2001, 1957-2016, 45-60 years) for the Gulf of Lions. However, according to Baino et al. (2001), this species is more rare in the western Mediterranean and more abundant in other regions in the Mediterranean Sea, and therefore the Gulf of Lions may not be representative of this species abundance in the Mediterranean, nor the Northeastern Atlantic (where no data are available). It is thus estimated that the species has declined by almost 30% in European waters for the three generation period (45-60 years).","This catshark is found from the shallow subtidal to the continental platform, most commonly at depths of 20–63 m (Compagno et al. 2005), but with a maximum depth down to 400 m (Bauchot 1987, Serena 2005). Within the northern Tyrrhenian and southern Ligurian Seas, this species is distributed from 55-409 m depth (Baino and Serena 2000). It often occurs on rough or rocky inshore bottoms, or surfaces with algal cover. In the Mediterranean Sea it occurs on coralline algal substrates (Compagno et al. 2005), and reportedly has active breeding areas in the Ligurian Sea and in the waters surrounding the Tuscan archipelago (De Sabata and Clò 2013).This egg laying species deposits large, 10–13 cm long thick-walled egg cases on algae in the subtidal or lower intertidal zone during spring and summer (Ellis et al. 2005). Egg case deposits have been found on rocky reefs in the Mediterranean Sea, mostly between 30 and 50 m depth (De Sabata and Clò 2013). Once the eggs are deposited they take up to nine months to hatch with size at birth reportedly 10–16 cm total length (TL; Tortonese 1956, Bauchot 1987). Males mature at 77 cm TL and females at 79 cm TL (Bauchot 1987). The maximum reported length for this catshark in the Mediterranean Sea is 150 cm TL, and with a common average size of 40–55 cm TL (Bauchot 1987).  The generation length of this species is estimated to be 15.02-20 years, based on estimates of three Scyliorhinidae species (Galeus sauteri, Haploblepharus pictus, Poroderma pantherinum).","Overfishing appears to be the major cause driving the decline of this catshark in the Mediterranean region, and low connectivity may be limiting population recovery. It is taken as bycatch in several semi-industrial fisheries in Spain, the Adriatic Sea, Sicily and Cyprus. Artisanal fisheries catch this species elsewhere, as it is regularly present in fish markets in Malta, Tunisia, Greece, Cyprus and Turkey. Little information on landings and catches exists for this species, partly due to the lack of species-specific data. In many areas, for example the Balearic Islands fishery and in Italian waters, reported landings and catch data group this species with the more common Small Spotted Catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula) or even more generally with all other elasmobranch species.","This species is protected in six marine reserves around the Balearic Islands, but no other species-specific conservation measures are in place throughout its range. Further monitoring and protection measures are therefore encouraged.","This species is a moderately important commercial species in European waters, particularly around the British Isles.","Farrell, E.","Ellis, J., Serena, F., Mancusi, C., Haka, F., Morey, G., Guallart, J. & Schembri, T.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,SQUALIFORMES,SOMNIOSIDAE,Scymnodalatias,garricki,,Scymnodalatias garricki,"Kukuev & Konovalenko, 1988",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Azores Dogfish (Scymnodalatias garricki) is a rare, deepwater dogfish known only from a holotype found at 300 m over a seamount north of the Azores in the central eastern Atlantic (37.7 cm total length), and a second specimen captured south of the Azores in 2001. The biology of the species is virtually unknown. The lack of records suggests that it is rare and has little, if any, interaction with fisheries. For this reasons, the Azores Dogfish is assessed as Data Deficient. This species occurs in an area where deepwater longline fisheries are developing and could potentially be taken as bycatch in the future. It may have limiting life history characteristics, similar to other deepwater shark species, thus will not be sufficiently fecund to withstand high levels of exploitation. Catches need to be carefully monitored and this species should be reassessed if more biological and fisheries data become available.",Unknown,"This dogfish is only known from the holotype caught north of the Azores on a seamount of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge (40°22'N, 30°10'W) and a second specimen captured south of the Azores (34°25'N, 30°02'W). Its depth range is 300-2,000 m.","No quantitative information on population trends or structure is available, although this species is apparently very rare.","This species is apparently mesopelagic or deep-benthic, occurring in the open ocean over seamounts along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and near the Azores at 300 to 580 m depth, with bottom depths in the vicinity of 2,000 m or more (Ebert and Stehmann 2013).Almost nothing is known of its biology. The holotype was an adolescent male at 37.7 cm total length (TL; Kukuev and Konovalenko 1988) and a female with several embryos was reported to be 80 cm TL (Kukuev 2006). ","Current threats to this species are unknown. To date, it has only been recorded from scientific surveys despite many fisheries operating within its range. Demersal longline fisheries operate to depths of 700 m, and the Black Scabbardfish (Aphanopus carbo) fishery operates at 600–1,000 m, off the Azores (Bordalo-Machado et al. 2009). Longline fisheries for tuna also operate in this area. Gillnets and handline fisheries targeting deepwater sharks (e.g., Kitefin Shark Dalatias licha) operated in the Azores from 1972–2001 (Heessen 2003). Trawlers have also operated over the Mid-Atlantic Ridge for many years, particularly the Russian fishery targeting Alfonsinos (Beryx splendens) and Roundnose Grenadiers (Coryphaenoides rupestris) at depths of 600–1,000m (ICES 2006). It is possible that there are no reports of this species from such fisheries because data from observers or fishing logbooks are not available (ICES 2006), some demersal fisheries do not report landed bycatch at the species level (Heessen 2003) and landings of deepwater sharks are likely underestimated when reported to the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES 2006).","No species-specific management or conservation measures are currently in place. This species is not included in the list of deepwater sharks protected by the European Union’s (EU) zero Total Allowable Catch limitations on European Commission vessels (CEC 2012). However, the ban on bottom trawling within the Azores Exclusive Economic Zone potentially offers some protection (CEC 2005).In 2013, the EU banned the removal of shark fins on board vessels (CEC 2013), in line with advice from the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission’s Shark Specialist Group and other shark fishery experts, in order to enhance enforcement of the 2003 EU ban on shark finning (CEC 2003) and facilitate improved shark fishery data collection.In the future, the extent of longline fisheries around the Azores should be monitored and bycatch should be reported at the species level. Given that this species is very rare, and likely has limiting life history characteristics, it may be biologically vulnerable to depletion.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Dulvy, N.","Séret, B., McCormack, C. & Pinho, M.","Jung, A. & Buscher, E.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,SQUALIFORMES,SOMNIOSIDAE,Scymnodon,ringens,,Scymnodon ringens,"Barbosa du Bocage & de Brito Capello, 1864",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Knifetooth Dogfish (Scymnodon ringens) is a little known deepwater shark, found from depths of 200–1,600 m in the eastern Atlantic from Scotland to Portugal and off Mauritania and Senegal. It is taken as bycatch in bottom trawls, with line gear, and with fixed bottom nets. It is among a wide group of demersal squaloids taken as bycatch in the Spanish deepwater trawl fishery for Black Hake (Urophycis tenuis) off Mauritania. It has been reported as relatively common in the eastern Atlantic, but had historically only been captured in very small numbers in commercial trawls and deepwater surveys west of Scotland. More recent Spanish surveys of the Porcupine Bank, west of Ireland, estimated that both abundance and biomass had overall been stable or increasing from 2001–2012. Its deep bathymetric range, probably largely outside the range of current fisheries, likely affords it some protection from exploitation. Considering the deep range, stable biomass trend presented from Spanish scientific surveys, and recent regulatory measures for deepwater sharks, Knifetooth Dogfish is listed as Least Concern in European waters. However, given the uncertain effects of fisheries in parts of its range, and the sensitivity of deepwater sharks to exploitation, bycatch levels and discard rates need to be quantified and monitored for the fisheries that catch this species. ",Increasing,"This dogfish is present in the eastern Atlantic along the Atlantic slope from Scotland to Spain, Portugal, Mauritania, and southwards to Senegal (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Its depth range is 200-1,600 m.","Historically, this species was not reported during 1970s Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food (MAFF) surveys, which surveyed depths between 366 and 1,280 m, suggesting that it was uncommon west of Britain (Bridger 1978). The Spanish deepwater trawl fishery for Black Hake (Urophycis tenuis) off Mauritania from 1992–2001 reported that the catch of these squaloids declined from 158 tonnes (t; 87% of elasmobranch landings) in 1992 to 22 t (59%) in 2001, with a minimum of 3.5 t in 1999 (Fernández et al. 2005). The decline may be attributable to a set of factors, and may not necessarily correspond to a decline in the population size. However, more recent surveys from 2001–2012 reported it in Spanish surveys on Porcupine Bank in the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Subareas VIIc (Porcupine Bank) and VIIk (West Great Sole). The average stratified catch for this species was of 1.5 individuals, or around 4 kg per haul. It therefore represented only 1.4% of elasmobranch mean stratified abundance caught, or 6.7% of the stratified biomass caught (Fernández-Zapico et al. 2013, ICES 2013). The stratified biomass from the Spanish Porcupine Bank survey showed an increasing trend after a drop in 2005, while the stratified abundance showed a steady increase in the last five years (ICES 2013). It can therefore be estimated that this dogfish is increasing in European waters.","A relatively little known deepwater shark that lives in temperate and subtropical waters on or near the sea bottom at depths of 200–1,600 m. It is live bearing with yolk sac, and has a maximum size of ~ 110 cm total length.","This deepwater dogfish is reportedly captured in bottom trawls, longlines and fixed bottom nets in the eastern Atlantic. It may be retained as bycatch or directly targeted with other deepwater sharks, but overall it is of little interest to fishers. It may be discarded or retained for human consumption and fishmeal production. It is retained as bycatch in the longline fishery targeting Black Scabbardfish (Aphanopus carbo) in the Northeast Atlantic (Walker et al. 2005), by the Basque artisanal longline fleet targeting deepwater sharks in the Bay of Biscay (Heessen 2003), by the Spanish deepwater trawl fishery for Black Hake off Mauritania (Fernández et al. 2005), and by a small-scale Portuguese multispecies demersal fishery operating in the Azores using handlines and bottom longlines. It is also retained as bycatch in industrial deepwater fisheries using bottom longlines in international waters (ICES 2005). These industrial deepwater fisheries have no target fisheries, but likely discard this particular deepwater shark because of its low commercial value (ICES 2005, Pinho and Canha 2011). Discards are expected to increase, particularly from these international longliners, because of quota and local area restrictions being introduced in the Azores (ICES 2013).The deep bathymetric range of this species may afford it some protection from deepwater fisheries. While deepwater fisheries have decreased in effort gradually over the past decade (Dransfeld et al. 2013, STECF 2014), they should still be monitored in case of future expansion, which could pose a threat to this shark. ","Based on advice from the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea to end fishing for deepwater sharks, the European Union Fisheries Council established a TAC (Total Allowable Catch) for deepwater shark species in 2007, adding this species in 2010 (CEC 2012). This TAC was gradually reduced and in 2010 it was set at zero. In 2011, the allowable bycatch was reduced from 10% to 3% of the 2009 TAC and in 2012 it was further reduced to zero (ICES 2013). Research and monitoring should be conducted on the harvest of this species.",There is no information on the use and trade of the species.,"Blasdale, T.","Valenti, S.V., Jung, A. & Buscher, E.","Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,PLATYTROCTIDAE,Searsia,koefoedi,,Searsia koefoedi,"Parr, 1937",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Searsia koefoedi is widespread but rare throughout the Atlantic Ocean, except for the polar waters. The species may have been overlooked on fishing vessels, as it is difficult to identify. This species can occur to depths of 1,500 m and is of no interest to fisheries. Habitat and ecology information are limited for this species, but there are no known threats towards this species and its range intersects with numerous marine protected areas throughout the northeastern Atlantic and adjacent regional waters. Therefore, S. koefoedi is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Searsia koefoedi is found in the tropical and subtropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean, from the Denmark Strait (Quéro et al. 1984) to the coast off Portugal, the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands southward to the Gulf of Guinea (Parin et al. 1978, Carter 2002, Møller et al. 2010). There are also records from the equatorial Pacific and Indian Oceans (Quéro et al. 1984). The depth range for this species is 450 to 1,500 m (Quéro et al. 1990, Matsui and Rosenblatt 1987).",The species is widespread but rare. The rare occurrences are probably due to the fact that it has been overlooked on fishing trawls and is difficult to identify.&#160;There are 170 recorded occurrences globally (Froese and Pauly 2011). Little is understood about the population size or dynamics of this species.,"The species is a benthopelagic species and it can reach a size of 15 cm standard length (Carter 2002). Habitat and ecology information is limited for this species, as it is rarely encountered and not well studied.","Current threats to this species&#160;are unknown. It is unlikely that it is at risk from fishery-related threats, as it is not harvested.","There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for this species. It may occur within marine protected areas that exist throughout the species' range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). More research is needed on the life history, population size, and possible threats to the species.",Platytroctids are of no importance to fisheries (Quéro et al. 1990).,"Strongin, K.","Uiblein, F., Nielsen, J. & Knudsen, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,SEBASTIDAE,Sebastes,mentella,,Sebastes mentella,"Travin, 1951",,No,EN,A2bd,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Endangered (EN) Sebastes mentella is widely distributed in the North Atlantic Ocean and the adjacent Arctic Ocean. It has has a slow growth rate, age of first maturity of around 11 years, and a longevity of at least 75 years of age. Generation length is estimated to be 20–22 years; however spawning stock biomass (SSB) trend data for all four stocks present in the assessment region are only available for the last 12–25 years. In three of the four stocks, population declines ranging from 30–95%; only the Norwegian stock has been increasing. After weighting the population trend of each stock by the recent maximum SSB estimate for that stock, there has been an estimated 70% decline of S. mentella in the assessment zone over the past 12–25 years. There is no current indication that all of these stocks are being fished sustainably. However, the Norwegian stock has shown much improvement in SSB and recruitment over the past 10 to 20 years, and there is no current indication of decline in this stock. This species is listed as Endangered under Criterion A2bd.",Decreasing,"Sebastes mentella has a range that extends across the northern Atlantic, from Baffin Bay down to Nova Scotia on the western coast, across to the Norwegian Sea down to the Møre-Shetland area. It is found from the western Barents Sea up to about 82°N, including Spitzbergen, the Iceland-Faroes Ridge, Iceland, and Greenland (Mecklenburg et al. 2011, Johansen et al. 2000). The southern limit of the distribution for this species is not well defined, but is thought to be on the slope west of Shetlend (Saborido-Rey and Nedreass 2000).  Off the coast of Canada, its range coincides with the closely related species, S. fasciatus. Sebastes mentella occurs between depths of 300 m to 1,400 m in the North Atlantic, but when pelagic in the Irminger and Norwegian seas and as juveniles, S. mentella also occurs shallower than 100 m (ICES 2013).","Taxonomic Issues and Population Information: Sebastes spp. are often misidentified and there is a need for proper identification courses, keys (ICES 2009). Low levels of inter-population genetic variation were suggested by variations in hemoglobin and polymorhic enzymes (Johansen et al. 2002).  A genetic divide between the populations on either side of the Atlantic is lacking, meaning that overfishing by North America or European countries would likely impact the reproduction of all the stocks (Roques et al. 2002). Sebastes fasciatus and Sebastes mentella are hard to distinguish and within fisheries they are occasionally considered the same stock (Roques et al. 2002). This species is known to hybridise with Sebastes fasciatus (Roques et al. 2001). Sebastes fasciatus is, however, not found in the assessment zone.Stock Structure:There are four biological stocks of S. mentella: a ""Deep pelagic"" stock (NAFO Areas 1–2, ICES Subareas V, XII, and XIV >500 m); a ""Shallow pelagic” stock"" (NAFO Areas 1–2, ICES Subareas V, XII, and XIV < 500 m); an “Icelandic slope” stock (ICES Division Va and Subarea XIV); and S. mentella in the Norwegian and Barents Seas (ICES Subareas I and II).Biomass Trends:In the “Deep Pelagic” stock in Irminger Sea, scientific biomass surveys from 1999—2003 show an average of 1 million tonnes estimated spawning stock biomass (SSB), and 400,000 estimated SSB in 2009—2013, indicating a 60% decline over the past 15 years. In the “Shallow Pelagic” stock in Irminger Sea, scientific surveys from 1990—2013, show a greater than 95% decline in biomass indices (surrogate for SSB) from approximately 2500000 to less than 100000 tonnes.In the “Icelandic Slope” stock, the ICES advice recommends catches of no more than 10,000 tonnes, and that this stock is considered to be data limited (ICES Advice 2013). Based on scientific survey of total biomass (reported as biomass index) over the past 12 years (2000—2012) shows approximately 40% from 140,000 tonnes to 80,000 tonnes, and a 30% decline in individuals greater than 45 cm (surrogate SSB) from 24000 tonnes to 16000 tonnes. In the Norwegian stock, SSB estimates have been increasing over the past 20 years (150,000 tonnes in 1992 to approximately 750,000 tonnes in 2012).Summary: The population decline for the entire assessment zone was estimated by weighted the estimated decline in SSB for each region by the recent maximum SSB estimates. This results in an estimated decline of 70% for S. mentella.Global Landing Statistics: The overall trend in declared species-specific landings is one of increase with fluctuations. The trend of this fishery is driven primarily by the reported landings from the Northeast Atlantic fishing region, which contributed over 75% of the landings. Reported landings in the Northeast Atlantic increased dramatically from 4,619 t in 1998 to 25,043 t in 1999, followed by a decline from 83,980 t in 2004 to 48,188 t in 2005 (FAO 2011, FishStatJ accessed 2013 September). In northeast Newfoundland and Labrador Shelf, both mean size and CPUE of this species declined from 1979—1993 (Haedrich and Barnes 1997). In Canada, reference points were established for S. mentella occurring within Canadian EEZ in the late 2000s, well after a period of intense fishing in the 1990s. The median modeled mature biomass in this region declined from about 500 kt in 1960 to less than 50 kt from the 1990s to 2010 -it is well below the mean of 1979-1982 of 395 kt, the established Bmsy reference point. The S. mentella biomass index has been below this reference point consistently since the mid 1990s (Duplisea et al. 2012). ","Habitat and Ecology Sebastes mentella is a benthic/mesopelagic species that typically inhabits deep water from 300 to 750 m, though it may be found shallower than 100 m as juveniles and deeper than 1,000 m. This species forms aggregations over seamounts (Morato et al. 2006). Catch and survey data indicate that spawning occurs from mid-March to mid-May (e.g., Sigurdsson et al. 2006). Females release live larvae which are transported widely through planktonic drift (Pikanowski et al. 1998). The preferred temperature S. mentella in the Northeast Atlantic is 4.5°C and the preferred salinity is 34.87 (Núñez-Riboni et al. 2013). Sebastes fasciatus and Sebastes mentella are hard to distinguish and within fisheries they are occasionally considered the same stock (Roques et al. 2002). This species is known to hybridize with Sebastes fasciatus (Roques et al. 2001). Life History and Reproduction The southwestern Barents Sea and Spitzbergen areas are primarily used as nursery ground for this species where the fish then migrate westwards and southwestwards towards the continental slope as they grow. Sebastes mentella from the Northeast Arctic begin to mature at seven to eight years of age (25 cm to 29 cm) and ~50% of individuals are considered to be mature at 11 to 12 years (30 cm to 34 cm) (Saborido-Rey and Nedreaas 2000); however it has also been suggested that this species is not mature until 15 to 17 years of age and 18 to 20 years off Faroe Islands (ICES 2000, Reinert 1998). In the Barents and Norwegian seas this species reaches maturity at a size of 31 cm and age of 11 years (ICES 2013). Larval extrusion grounds for this species are along the slope from north of Shetland to west of Bear Island and the peak in larval extrusion occurs during the first half of April (Saborido-Rey 2000). There is evidence that S. mentella migrate seasonally from Svalbard and the Barents Sea to areas outside Lofoten, which is probably related to spawning. This species is viviparous and peak parturition in for S. mentella occurs at the end of March and in April (Saborido-Rey and Nedreaas 2000). The small larvae of S. mentella have a longer planktonic period than most viviparous species and they can disperse to a variety of habitats, far from the location of extrusion (Mangel et al. 2007). The seasonality of gonad development in S. mentella is suggests that copulation occurs ~6months before extrusion (Anonymous 2004 from Cadrin et al. 2010). Males and females of this species have different distributions during larval extrusion which suggests that copulation takes place in a different location (Magnússon and Magnússon 1995, Cadrin et al. 2010). This species can live to a maximum age of 75 years (ICES 2013). Based on age class data in the Norwegian stock, this species is estimated to have a generation length of approximately 20—22 years (ICES AFWG 2013, ICES NWWG 2013). Longevity was determined from isotope ratios and estimated to be at least 65 years for most subpopulations, and at least 75 years in the waters off Nova Scotia.","Exploitation Sebastes mentella is a major commercial species that is harvested as a food source throughout its range. It is among the most important Sebastes spp. Landing statistics are typically aggregated for Sebastes spp. Trends in landing statistics show declines in both the Northeast and Northwestern Atlantic in excess of 80% (see population). Although improving, unreported effort has been significant, and may range from 15-33% (ICES Advice 2013 book 2). Additionally, this species is often taken as by-catch in the demersal cod/haddock/Greenland halibut fisheries, as juveniles in shrimp trawl fisheries, and occasionally in the pelagic blue whiting and herring fisheries.   Documented Population Declines This species has undergone severe population declines in the western Atlantic which have been attributed to over-exploitation (see population). Proper identification/aggregated catch statistics Sebastes spp. are often misidentified and there is a need for proper identification courses and keys (ICES AFWG Report 2009). As a result, landing statistics are often aggregated for the genus. Inherent vulnerability A genetic divide between the populations on either side of the Atlantic is lacking, meaning that overfishing by North America or European countries would likely impact the reproduction of all the stocks (Roques et al. 2002). Additionally, Sebastes mentella exhibits life history traits that make it more vulnerable to over exploitation including slow a growth rate, late maturity, and long life span (Joensen and Nielsen 2004). Nuñez-Riboni et al. (2013) found that water temperature is a main factor that determines the geographical distribution of redfish. A severe depletion of S. mentella occured off East Greenland in in the 1980s and early 1990s followed by a rapid increase in abundance from 1995 to 1997. Abundance indices returned to the low levels observed before 1995 in 1998 and even more so in 1999 (Rätz 1996, Rätz and Stransky 1999, Stranksy 2000). Males and females of this species aggregate to mate (ICES 2013) which can make S. mentella more susceptible to exploitation.","There are country-specific management plans in place for Sebastes mentella.  In 1996, the North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC) established a total allowable catch limit of 153,000 t for the NEAFC Convention Area.  In 2001, this was revised to 95,000 t. This species is continually assessed and managed by ICES and NAFO. Further research is needed on the population dynamics of stocks within fishing zones to establish if particular stocks are being over-exploited. Sebastes mentella is classified as a threatened species on the Norwegian Red-List (ICES 2010). ICES advised fishery managers to close the shallow pelagic S. mentella stock fishery because of the poor state of the stock and that the deep pelagic stock fishery should implement total catch limits of no greater than 20,000t in 2010 because of the reduced abundance of the living resource (Cadrin et al. 2010, ICES 2009). In the Western Atlantic, this species has undergone extinction risk assessment by COSEWIG. Northern Populations were considered ""Threatened""  - although this population met the criterion for Endangered, it was downlisted to Threatened because of its wide distribution and apparent stability of the population since the 1990s. The Gulf of St. Lawrence - Laurentian Channel population was assessed as ""Endangered"".","Sebastes mentella is a major commercial species that is harvested as a food source throughout its range. The fishery for oceanic S. mentella in the Irminger Sea has been established since 1982. During the first three years of this fishery, annual catches reported for the oceanic stock were ~60,000t to 65,000t and reached a maximum in 1986 with 105,000 t. Annual catches subsequently declined to 91,000t in 1987 and 1988 then decreased to 37,000 t in 1989. In more recent years, annual catches have increased back to its former maximum and since 1994 up to ten countries have participated in the oceanic S. mentella fishery (Johansen et al. 2000).The only directed fisheries for S. mentella today are pelagic trawl fisheries in the Norwegian Sea. The S. mentella fishery south of Bear Island towards Spitzbergen peaked in 1976 at 269,000 t and dropped to 80,000 t in 1980/1981 then peaked again in 1982 at 115,00 t and subsequently decreased during the mid 1980's down to 10,500 t in 1987. Spatial analysis of survey data revealed a shift in the Irminger Sea fishery to the southwest since 1996 which reﬂects a similar change in the distribution of the resource coincident with environmental changes (Sigurðsson et al. 2006, ICES 2005). ""Icelandic Slope"" stock: This is a data-limited stock. This species is taken by Icelandic trawlers using a bottom trawl on the continental slope between 450 m and 700 m depths. Landings from this fishing region have decreased by nearly 80% from a peak of roughly 49,000 t in 1995, to around 10,000 t in 2011 (ICES 2013). Sebastes norvegicus (reported as S. marinus) may have accounted for < 2% of landings here. ""Deep Pelagic"" stock: This is a data-limited stock. There has been a marked decrease in landings since 2004, indicating that this stock may have been reduced in the last decade. Landings began to be reported from these regions in the early 1990s. ""Shallow Pelagic"" stock: This is a data-deficient stock which lacks reference points and management plans. The biomass index from acoustic surveys in 2009—2013 indicates that the stock has declined to less than 5% of the estimates from the early 1990s. The overall trend in landings from the region for this stock is one of dramatic oscillations, with peaks of around 100,000 tonnes occurring in the mid-late 1980s and again in the early 1990s. Current landings are at an all-time low.  Norwegian stock: This stock lacks reference points. There are two components to the fishery in this region. A pelagic fishery operates outside EEZs (accounted for 67% of landings in 2012). This fishery has occurred since 2004 and is managed by the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission. Landings increased to a series high of 28,770 tonnes in 2006, followed by a gradual decrease to 7,317 tonnes in 2012. All other reported landings originate as bycatch from other demersal fisheries in the Barents Sea. These landings increased to a peak of nearly 300,000 tonnes in the early 1970s, followed by a gradual decrease to less than 11,000 tonnes in 2012.","Ralph, G.","Lorance, P., Cook, R., Herrera, J., de Sola, L., Papaconstantinou, C. & Florin, A.","Acero, A., Gordon, J., Murdy, E., De Silva, R., Milligan, H.T., Lutz, M., Livingston, F., Lintott, P., Kemp, K., Batchelor, A., Jopling, B., Lewis, S., Sears, J., Wilson, P. & Smith, J.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,SEBASTIDAE,Sebastes,norvegicus,,Sebastes norvegicus,"(Ascanius, 1772)",Sebastes norvegicus could not be accurately identified before 1982 (Moran et al. 1996). The current name used by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) for this species is Sebastes marinus.,No,VU,A2bd,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Vulnerable (VU) Sebastes norvegicus occurs from Greenland to Iceland and the Faroes south to the Kattegat and north and east to Svalbard and Novaya Zembla to depths of 300 m. This species has a slow growth rate, age of first maturity of around 12 years, and a longevity of at least 50 years of age. Generation length is estimated to be 18–22 years, however SSB trend data for both the Norwegian and Icelandic stocks are only available for the last 30–35 years. There has been an estimated 40% decline in this species population based on estimates of Spawning Stock Biomass (SSB) and relative biomass declines weighted by current landing estimates. For the Norwegian stock, there has been an estimated 80% decline over the past 30 year based on estimated SSB and for the Icelandic stock, there has been a 27.5 % decline over the past 30 years based on an estimate of relative biomass index. Based on SSB and average landings reported in both stocks over the past 30 years  (1980s to present), it was estimated that the Icelandic stock is approximately 4 times the size of the Norwegian, and therefore represents 75% of the population within the assessment region. Therefore, it is inferred that the population has declined by approximately 40% over the past 30–35 years. As there is no formal management agreement between Greenland, Iceland, and the Faroes, and current fishing mortality is higher than Fmsy in the Norwegian stock, there is no current indication that either of these stocks are being fished sustainably. Therefore, Sebastes norvegicus is listed as Vulnerable under Criterion A2bd.",Decreasing,"In the northeast Atlantic, Sebastes norvegicus occurs from Greenland, Iceland, and the Faroe Islands to Norwegian waters, south to the Kattegat in the North Sea, the Barents Sea, north to Svalbard, east to the Kanin Banks and Novaya Zembla, and the White Sea where it is rare. This species occurs at depths ranging from 100 m to 300 m and more rarely to 500 m (Stransky 2005 to FAO 2013).","Taxonomic Issues and Population Information: Sebastes spp. are often misidentified and there is a need for proper identification courses, keys, and courses (ICES AFWG Report 2009). Low levels of inter-population genetic variation were suggested by variations in hemoglobin and polymorphic enzymes (Johansen et al. 2002). This species is often referred to by the synonym S. marinus. Regional population information: There has been an estimated 40% decline in this species population based on estimates of Spawning Stock Biomass (SSB) and relative biomass declines weighted by current landing estimates. For the Norwegian stock, there has been an estimated 80% decline over the past 30 year based on estimated SSB (70,000 tonnes in 1987 and 14,000 tonnes in 2012) (ICES AFWG 2013), and for the Icelandic stock, there has been a 27.5 % decline over the past 30 years based on an estimate of relative biomass index (14.5 in 1980 and 12.5 in 2012) (ICES NWWG 2013). Based on average landings reported in both stocks over the past 30 years  (1980s to present), it was estimated that the Icelandic stock is approximately 4 times the size of the Norwegian, and therefore represents 75% of the European region population. Comparisons of SSB between the two stocks from the late 1980s and 2012 also indicate a that Icelandic stock is 4 times the size of the Norwegian stock (ICES AFWG 2013, ICES NWWG 2013) Iceland and East Greenland  The fishing mortality MSY and Precautionary approach (Fpa,Flim) are unknown and the qualitative evaluation shows a decreasing trend. Spawning stock biomass MSY (Btrigger) is unknown but the precautionary approach (Upa,Ulim) shows full reproductive capacity and the qualitative evaluation shows an increasing trend in the main area. The spawning stock biomass was its lowest in 1995 but is now estimated around 60% in 2013 which is two times higher. Fishing mortality has decreased by ~40% since the 1990s in 2012. Landings from this region have been ~41,000t since 1995 and a major part of the catches is comprised of the 1998-2003 year classes with the 1985 and 1990 year class diminishing proportionally (ICES 2013). The 1990 year class of S. norvegicus in the Iceland fishery will sustain the stock in the short term and the 1996 to 2001 year classes are above average and have been recruiting to the fishery since 2006. An exploratory assessment based on the Gadget model indicates that the fishing mortality has decreased since the early 1990s and is currently close to Fmax (ICES 2012). Surveys conducted in waters off Greenland have shown negligible abundances of both juvenile and adult individuals which confirms the poor state of S. norvegicus in the area  (Bjornsson and Sigurdsson 2003). There is no formal agreement on the management of this species among the three coastal states, and regulations in these states have previously resulted in catches well above scientific recommendation (ICES NWWG 2013).  Many of the TACs in this region are not species-specific. Barents Sea and Norwegian Sea If recruitment is similar to the average from 2001 to 2011 the stock size will be very low by 2017. The current low SSB provides little hope of any improvement over the next three years (ICES 2013). Fishing mortality of the 2010 to 2012 stock is above MSY (Fmsy) and has been increasing since 2005. The natural mortality of S. norvegicus is around 0.05 but the current fishing mortality is around 0.33. Based on modelling simulations, a sustainable Fmsy for this species lies around 0.08 and this would require a stop and reversal of the ongoing stock decline. The qualitative evaluation shows an increasing trend and fishing mortality is well above a sustainable level for a redfish stock. The SSB of the 2011 to 2013 stock is the lowest in the time-series and has been decreasing since the 1990s. This species is caught by both a directed gillnet and longline fishery and is also caught as bycatch in trawl fisheries. Commercial catches for 2012 were 5,479 tonnes - 36% from gillnet, 62% by longline and trawl combined, and 2% other types of gear. ICES advises that there should be no fishing on this stock and that all catches are assumed to be landed (ICES 2013). On the Norwegian continental shelf and upper slope north of 62°N, Sebastes spp. were the 7th most abundant demersal fishes landed. The advice for this region is zero catch (ICES Advice 2013). Baltic Sea: This species is occasionally found within the Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (HELCOM) area as a visitor from reproductive cites in northern Norway. However, there is no reproduction in the Baltic Sea/HELCOM area, so this species was considered to be Not Applicable for Assessment in that region (2013 HELCOM RedList Assessment Project). Summary of FAO landing Statistics: Landing statistics for all Atlantic Sebastes spp. are aggregated, and reported to FAO as ""Atlantic Redfish nei"". Landings for Sebastes spp. are reported from the following FAO fishing regions: Northwest Atlantic, Northeast Atlantic. Although landings are roughly evenly divided between fishing regions early in the timeseries (1950-mid 1970s), more recent landings are landings reported in the NEA. The overall trend in declared landings is one of ocillation around a mean of 450,000 tonnes from 1950 to the early 1990s. Beginning in the early 1990s, reported landings global landings decline by 86%, to 46616 tonnes in 2010. The trend in global landings is mirrored in both the NEA and the NWA, with slight variations in the time at which the declines begin; From 1990-2010, landings in the NEA decline by roughly 93% to 15600 tonnes. From 1990-2010, landings in the NWA decline by roughly 81%, to 31016 tonnes in 2010.","Juvenile S. norvegicus live in the fjords, bays, and inshore waters between 50 and 350 m (ICES 2012) while adults occur off the coast and increase in size at greater depths. This species primarily feeds on euphausiids in the summer, herring in autumn and winter, and capelins, herrings, euphausiids, and ctenophores in the spring. Sebastes norvegicus has a slow growth rate and is ovoviviparous. The insemination of females takes place from August to September in the Barents Sea and from October to January off Iceland and Greenland. Fertilization of the ripe oocytes occurs in February and March and larvae are released from April to August. Sebastes norvegicus can reach 100 cm length and 15 kg in weight, however, they are commonly found from 35 cm to 55 cm as there are few specimens that live long enough to exceed 50 cm (FAO 2013). The only known nursery grounds for this species are located in Greenland. When these individuals become close to sexual maturity they begin to move out of the area and it is reported that the fish begin to emigrate from the East Greenland Shelf at lengths of 29 cm and 30 cm. The migration of juveniles occurs along the north coast of Iceland towards the most important fishing areas off the west coast (ICES 2012). This species reaches sexual maturity between 10 and 14 years of age and can exceed 50 years of age (ICES 2012). The growth rate for S. norvegicus is about 2 cm to 2.5 cm per year in the first years (Bjornsson and Sigurdsson 2003). The generation length for this species is not known precisely. It was estimated at 26 years for the Baltic Sea Red List Assessment (HELCOM 2013). The Norwegian Red List used 18 years, but is likely to be closer to 21 years due to lack of recruitment (K. Nedreaas pers. comm. 2013).","Sebastes norvegicus is a commercial species which can only sustain low rates of exploitation. It can attain a length of 100 cm at a considerable age but is more commonly found to 55 cm because individuals do not live long enough to reach the maximum length (FAO 2013). The life history traits exhibited by this species, including slow growth rate and late maturity lead to a higher intrinsic vulnerability to over-exploitation.","This has undergone Red List Assessment at the National Level in Norway, where it was listed as Endangered. In the Barents and Norwegian Sea, all directed fisheries are closed between December 20th to July 31st and in September with the exception of handline fisheries. Directed trawl fishery is prohibited and there are also regulation on minimum size and percentage of bycatch from other fisheries (ICES 2013). Additionally, sorting grids have been mandatory in the shrimp fisheries in ICES Division XIVb since 2002 and in Division Va since 1 September 1995 (ICES 2012). The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) advises on the basis of precautionary considerations that catches should be no more than 40,000 tonnes from Iceland and East Greenland (subareas V, VI, XII, and XIV) (ICES 2012). A formal agreement on the management of S. norvegicus between Greenland, Iceland, and the Faroe Islands does not yet exist, however, in both Greenland and Iceland the fishery is regulated by total allowable catch and in the Faroes by effort limitation. A quick closure system was implemented in 1977 to regulate S. norvegicus juvenile catches. This system indicated that if over 20% of a catch on board is below 33 cm then a small area could be closed for at least two weeks. These quick closure average about three per year but the effects of this system have not been evaluated since 2001. Between 1991 and 1995 quick closures occurred frequently and because of this, large areas southwest and west of Iceland are closed permanently or temporarily  for trawling to protected juveniles (ICES 2012). ICES advises that catches of S. norvegicus should be no more than 51,980 tonnes in Greenland and Iceland (ICES 2013).","Sebastes norvegicus is an important commercial species which is caught in large numbers by vessels from northern Europe. The total catch reported to FAO for S. norvegicus in 1999 was 7,264 tonnes and the countries with the largest catches were the Faroe Islands (7,129 t) and France (128 t) (FAO 2013).   The trend of the S. norvegicus fishery is driven by Northeastern Atlantic (NEA) catches and even more specifically by the Faroe Islands, Iceland, and Greenland fisheries which have contributed to over 70% of landings since 1973 (FAO 2011). This species is captured as bycatch in the shrimp fishery and has bycatch rates of 0.5% in 2006 to 2007 most of which were less than 15 cm (ICES 2012). The majority if catches of S. norvegicus is taken in ICES Division Va and has contributed 95 to 98% of the total landings since 1990. Between 90 to 95% of the catch in Division Va is taken by bottom trawlers that target redfish. The remaining catches are from by catch, gillnet, longline, and Nephrops fishery. Between 2000 and 2011, average annual landings have been 40,000 tonnes (S. norvegicus in Division Va is caught mixed with the S. mentella fishery to a small extent) (ICES 2012). The strong year class of 1990 has been in the Icelandic fishery for a decade and will sustain the stock in the short term (ICES 2012). The most important fishing grounds for S. norvegicus are off southwest and west Iceland and Rosengarten (the area between Iceland and the Faroe Islands), however, the catches in these areas have declined in recent years. Catches off East Greenland have decreased drastically in the past few decades. In 1976 the average annual catch was 60,000 tonnes and 15,000 tonnes to 31,000 tonnes between 1978 to 1983 but decreased in the 1990s with an average annual catch under 1,000 tonnes (Bjornsson and Sigurdsson 2003).","Ralph, G.","Lorance, P., Cook, R., Herrera, J., de Sola, L., Costa, M. & Keskin, Ç.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,SEBASTIDAE,Sebastes,viviparus,,Sebastes viviparus,"Krøyer, 1845",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Sebastes viviparus occurs along the Norwegian coast from the Kattegat to Tanafjord in Finnmark. This species is rare off Bear Island, in the northern part of North Sea, around the Shetland Islands, Scotland, northern England, Wales and Ireland, and the English Channel. it is found along Rockall Bank and is common around Faroes and Iceland. This species occurs sporadically off East Greenland depths of 40 m to 600 m and has been reported to depths of 760 m. It is found over rocky bottoms, rocky reefs and deep-water coral reefs. Population trends appear to be mixed. Landings for Sebastes spp. from the northeast Atlantic have declined 86% since the early 1990s, and although S. viviparus is likely to be taken in fisheries targeting other congeners it is the least commercially important of these species due to its small size. Declines in landings prompted  the Swedish National Red List to assess this species as Near Threatened. In contrast, there are signs that this species is increasing in abundance off the coast of Iceland. Sebastes viviparus is relatively long-lived and slow growing, and therefore may be more intrinsically vulnerable to overexploitation. Additionally, it may rely on deep-water coral reefs for parts of its life cycle. Sebastes viviparus is of minor commercial importance, and is mostly taken as bycatch species in Norway and Sweden, and the Icelandic directed fishery is relatively small. It is also taken as bycatch in shrimp trawls. There are no clear signs of population decline in this species, therefore it is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Sebastes viviparus is found along the Norwegian coast from Kattegat to Tanafjord in Finnmark. It is rare off Bear Island, in the northern part of North Sea, around Shetland Islands, Scotland, northern England, Wales and Ireland, and the English Channel. It is found along Rockall Bank and is common around Faroes and Iceland. This species occurs sporadically off East Greenland depths of 40 m to 600 m and has been reported to depths of 760 m (Templman 1961, Johansen et al. 2002, Johansen and Dahle 2004). It is an occasional visitor in the Kattegat from reproduction areas in the Skagerrak (HELCOM 2013).","Low levels of inter-population genetic variation were suggested by variations in hemoglobin and polymorhic enzymes (Johansen et al. 2002). Landing statistics for all Atlantic Sebastes spp. are aggregated, and reported to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) as ""Atlantic Redfish nei"". Landings for Sebastes spp. are reported from the following FAO fishing regions: Northwest Atlantic (NWA), Northeast Atlantic (NEA). Although landings are roughly evenly divided between fishing regions early in the time series (1950-mid 1970s), currently, more landings are reported from the NEA. The overall trend in declared landings is one of oscillation around a mean of 450,000 tonnes from 1950 to the early 1990s. Beginning in the early 1990s, reported global landings declined by 86%, to 46616 tonnes in 2010. The trend in global landings is similar in the NEA and the NWA, with slight variations in the time at which the declines begin. From 1990 to 2010, landings in the NEA declined by roughly 93% to 15600 tonnes. From 1990 to 2010, landings in the NWA declined by roughly 81%, to 31016 tonnes in 2010. Of the three species of Redfish which are commonly exploited in European waters, this species is the least commercially important (ICES Advice 2013). The total abundance index for S. viviparus decreased from 1988 to 1989 (Jakobsen et al. 1989). The frequency of occurrence of S. viviparus in Norwegian waters in a survey conducted in 1984 was 24.3% at < 200 m and 57.8% at 205 m to  450 m (Bergstad 1990). In Iceland, this species has occurred at an increasingly greater number of stations between 1996 to 2007 (Stefansdottir et al. 2010).","Sebastes viviparus can reach 40 years of age (Muus and Nielsen 1999). A generation length of 21 years was used in the Baltic Sea Red List Assessment (HELCOM 2013). Sebastes viviparus is a marine species which inhabits rocky bottoms, close to the shore at depths ranging from 10 to 150 metres, though it has been recorded to depths of 760 metres. It has been reported that this is a shoaling species, however it has also been reported that this species is relatively stationary. Shoaling behavior may be linked to sex-dependent migrations tied to reproductive behavior, such as have been observed over deep-water coral reefs (Kutti et al. 2013). There was a variation in sex ratio observed among samples of S. viviparus, which has been attributed to sex-dependent migration and activities due to reproductive behavior. Underwater camera observations indicate that this species hardly seems to move from reefs and other structures (Pal Bull Mortensen, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway, pers. comm.). This species gives birth to live young. It reaches maturity at a size of 10 to 15 cm, and is reported to have a maximum total length 35 cm (HELCOM 2013). It is the smallest of the Atlantic Sebastes species (Johansen et al. 2002). Pregnant Sebastes viviparus may use deep-water reefs as a refuge or as a nursery ground to raise their offspring (Fosså et al. 2002).","Sebastes viviparus is threatened by fisheries as target species, and also by other demersal fisheries, mainly as bycatch in shrimp trawls. In Norway and Sweden, S. viviparus is a bycatch species (HELCOM 2013). In Iceland, there is a relatively small directed fishery.","Sebastes viviparus has undergone extinction risk assessment in the Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (HELCOM) Region. It was assessed as Not Applicable for assessment because there is no reproduction within the HELCOM area, and not a significant part of their lifetime is spent within the HELCOM area (HELCOM 2013). The Swedish Red List Assessment of this species in the Baltic Sea (2013), where is was assessed as Near Threatened due to 10 to 25% reduction in landings. In the Norwegian Red List Assessment, this species was listed as Least Concern. This species was assessed as Near Threatened by the Swedish National Red List Project, based on a rate of population decline of 10 to 25% in the last 60 years, based on actual or potential rates of exploitation. Justification for the assessment is as follows: this species is long-lived and slow growing. It is among the most coastal of the Sebastes spp., which, as a group have undergone large declines in landings in the late 1980s to 1990s. This species is taken as bycatch in shrimp trawls, and fishing is unregulated in parts of its range, particularly the Skaggerak and Kattegat.",Sebastes viviparus has minor commercial value in Icelandic waters and is exploited in two small areas south of Iceland at depths of 150 m to 250 m. This is a species of growing economic interest importance to fisheries (Johansen et al. 2002).,"Ralph, G.","Lorance, P., Cook, R., de Sola, L., Costa, M., Florin, A. & Keskin, Ç.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CARANGIDAE,Selene,dorsalis,,Selene dorsalis,"(Gill, 1863)",,No,,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: NA Selene dorsalis is known from a few records in the northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea assessment zone. It is likely expanding its range into the region. Therefore, S. dorsalis is assessed as Non Applicable.",Unknown,"Selene dorsalis is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is not well known. It is definitely known from the Canary islands (very rare) and Cape Verde islands and along the African coast from Senegal to Walvis Bay, Namibia. There are also unconfirmed records from Portugal and Madeira (Smith-Vaniz in press). Recent records from the Maltese Islands, Mediterranean (Vella and Deidun 2009) and the Gulf of Cádiz, Atlantic coast of Spain (Juárez et al. 2008) suggest that this species may be expanding its range. It is found at depths ranging from 20 to 100 metres (Smith-Vaniz 1986).","There is limited population information available for Selene dorsalis. It is rare in the Canary Islands (Smith-Vaniz in press). It may be more common in warmer waters off the coast of Western Africa, as it was commonly observed in fish markets in Ghana (Smith-Vaniz pers. comm 2014).","Selene dorsalis is a schooling species, which is usually found near the bottom over shelf waters from inshore waters to at least 100 m depth. Off the coast of Angola, this species was found to be more common at depths of 24 m or less, and became gradually less common in deeper waters, not being found at depths greater than 112 m (Bianchi 1992). The young of less than 3 cm fork length (FL) occur near the surface, and juveniles may be found in bays and river mouths. This species feeds on small fishes and crustaceans. The largest individual examined was 32.5 cm FL (36 cm total length (TL)), 0.4 kg. This species is common to 24 cm FL (Smith-Vaniz in press).","There is no species-specific threat information available for S. dorsalis from the assessment region. Off the western coast of Africa, Selene dorsalis is caught with pelagic and bottom trawls (Smith-Vaniz in press).",There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for S. dorsalis.,"Selene dorsalis is a commercial species off the coast of West Africa, where it is utilized fresh and for fish meal and oil (Smith-Vaniz in press).","Harwell, H.","Herrera, J. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CARANGIDAE,Seriola,carpenteri,,Seriola carpenteri,"Mather, 1971",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Seriola carpenteri is widely but irregularly distributed in the Eastern Atlantic. There is little species-specific population information for S. carpenteri from the northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea. There are no known threats within the assessment region, however it is a commercially important species off the coast of West Africa. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Seriola carpenteri is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is known from the Bay of Biscay and Agadir, Morocco south to Angola, including Cape Verde (Smith-Vaniz 1986). It has recently been recorded from Lampedusa Island in the Mediterranean at depths of 20 meters (Pizzicori et al. 2000). This species is found to depths of 200 m.",There is limited population information available for this species. Seriola carpenteri is likely to be misidentified as S. dumereli. It is relatively common along the African Atlantic coast (Valls et al. 2011).,"Seriola carpenteri is generally found in coastal waters over continental shelf, from the surface to at least 200 m. It feeds on squids and fishes. This species also confines to areas where surface temperature exceed 25°C, its distribution perhaps influenced by seasonal movements of the 18–27°C water mass along the African coast. Eggs are pelagic (Smith-Vaniz 1986). This species is thought to have a protracted spawning period. Sexually mature individuals were collected from the Mediterranean. The maximum observed size is 60.5 cm (Pizzicori et al. 2000).","There are no confirmed species-specific threats to this species within the assessment region, however it is a commercial species off the coast of West Africa, and is likely taken as by-catch in a number of fisheries. It is caught by fishermen around Lampedusa Island, in the Mediterranean Sea (Pizzicori et al. 2000).",There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for S. carpenteri.,Serioloa carpenteri is a commercial species off the coast of West Africa. This species is likely to be taken in fisheries landing S. dumerili.,"Harwell, H.","Herrera, J. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CARANGIDAE,Seriola,dumerili,,Seriola dumerili,"(Risso, 1810)","This species is commonly misidentified for both Seriola rivoliana and S. carpenteri, making market data unreliable (B. Smith-Vaniz pers. comm. 2013).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: LC Seriola dumerili is a widely distributed species which has been described as relatively common in the northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea assessment zone. It is a schooling species which is found over a variety of habitats, most often at depths ranging from 17 to 82 m. Observed longevity is at least 10 years within the assessment region, which is lower than the observed longevity of 15 to 17 years in the western Atlantic. Maturity occurs at age 4 to 5. This species forms spawning aggregations in shallow waters which are targeted by fishermen. Species-specific population information is limited, however available information suggest that S. dumerili may be increasing in abundance within the assessment region due to climate change. Seriola dumerili is a sometimes-targeted component of a variety of industrial, artisanal and recreational fisheries in the northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea assessment zone. Both juveniles and adults are taken as bycatch in multi-species fisheries, and are sometimes discarded. Both juveniles and adults are taken in a number of multi-species fisheries. Interest in the captive culture of S. dumerili is increasing. There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for S. dumerili, however it is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range. Therefor, S. dumerili is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Seriola dumerili is nearly circumglobal in tropical and warm temperate waters. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, S. dumerili is found from England to Madeira and the Canary Islands, including the Mediterranean (Smith-Vaniz 2002). It has been reported from depths ranging from 0–360 metres.","Regional population information: Seriola dumerili is commonly misidentified as both S. rivoliana and S. carpenteri, making market data unreliable (Smith-Vaniz pers. comm. 2013). Landings of S. dumerili are declared from the following Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) fishing regions, in order of decreasing landings: Mediterranean and Black Sea, Western Central Atlantic, Northeast Atlantic, Northwest Atlantic. The overall trend in total landings is one of continual increase to a peak of roughly 3393 tonnes in 2001 followed by a series of large fluctuations. Landings in the Mediterranean mirror global landings, and exhibit a series of large fluctuations from 2005 to 2012. Seriola dumerili is the most common Seriola spp. in the Mediterranean (Smith-Vaniz pers. comm. 2014). In the Mediterranean, except in the Black and north Adriatic seas, amberjack is considered to be a generally abundant species (Bini 1968, Andaloro et al. 1992). In Algeria, S. dumerili comprised 10% of artisanal fisheries landings and there was little change in the % contribution, or the total amount captured between 1998 and 2002 (Belhabib et al. 2013). Global population information: This species has been overfished in Western Central Atlantic (Stephen and Harris 2010).","Habitat and ecology Seriola dumerili is an epibenthic and pelagic species. Fish less than 3 kg may be taken in shallow water (<10 m). Larger fish are usually taken at depths of 18–72 m and have been taken as deep as 360 m. It is often found on reefs or at deep offshore holes or drop-offs, usually in small or moderate-sized schools, but may be solitary (Smith-Vaniz 2002). It is also found over rocky outcrops and wrecks (Harris et al. 2007). Juveniles associate with sargassum or flotsam in oceanic and offshore neritic waters. Prey items include fishes, invertebrates and sometimes live, dead, and artificial bait. Seriola dumerili undergoes marked shifts in diet with growth. Small specimens up to 18.5 cm have a planktonic diet based on decapod larvae, pelagic amphipods and gastropods, while larger individuals are piscivorous. This diet shift corresponds to a shift in habitat which brings larger fishes closer inshore in pursuit of small pelagic prey such as the round sardinella Sardinella aurita (Pipitone and Andaloro 1995). In the Western Mediterranean this species was found to feed on a variety of commercially important species, including Engraulis encrasicholus, Sardina pilchardus, and Merluccius merluccius. The diet was 96.40% fish Teleostei (Matallanas et al. 1995). Seriola dumerili is a migratory species; migratory patterns of S. dumerili are likely to be impacted by global warming, as evidenced by the increasingly longer stays in the northern and central Mediterranean waters (Bombace 2001). Life history and reproduction Seriola dumerili has a rapid growth-rate, reaching 6 kg in 2.5 years in culture (Jover et al. 1999). Maturity occurs at 3 years of age, however in captive environments functional breeders are 4 and 5 years old for males and females, respectively. Reproduction in captivity is difficult, so most research and commercial culture activities are based on wild-caught juveniles or eggs produced from hormone-induced mature breeders obtained in the wild (Jover et al. 1999). Age, growth and mortality of S. dumerili in the southeastern Mediterranean Sea were determined by Kožul et al. (2001) based on 298 specimens collected from the 17 May to 26 June 1997. Total length ranged from 32.0 to 160.0 cm and weight from 0.5 to 46.5 kg. There were ten age classes.  For comparison, in the coastal waters of the western Atlantic Ocean longevity ranged from 15 to 17 years (Thompson et al. 1999). The overall sex ratio was 1:1.06. Total (Z) and natural (M) mortality were found to be 0.41 years -1 and 0.30 years-1. All individuals are sexually mature by the fifth year. Seriola dumerili form spawning aggregations (Kožul et al. 2001, Graham and Castellanos 2005). Seriola dumerili begins to aggregate near the coast at the beginning of the spawning season (May–June) when the sea temperature exceeds 18 °C (Kožul et al. 2001).  This species reaches a maximum size of 188 cm (TL), however it common from about 70 cm (FL) to 110 cm (FL) (Smith-Vaniz 2002).","Seriola dumerili is a sometimes-targeted component of commercial and recreational fisheries in the northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea assessment zone. Both juveniles and adults are taken as bycatch in multi-species fisheries, and are sometimes discarded. Both juveniles and adults are taken in a number of multi-species fisheries (Pipitone and Andaloro 1995). There is evidence of the targeting of spawning aggregations in shallow waters (Kožul et al. 2001), and it is likely that spawning aggregations are targeted throughout the assessment zone.  Mediterranean fisheries are concentrated along coastal areas, where biodiversity is greatest. The majority (80%) of the Mediterranean fleet is comprised of vessels <12 m, and as such Mediterranean fisheries can be thought of as small-scale artisanal fisheries. Additionally, fisheries tend to be multi-species. As such it is difficult and expensive to obtain data for stock assessment purposes. There are several issues of concern which include the widespread targeting of small species or larger juvenile finfish prior to maturity, the observed reduction in the mean trophic level of Mediterranean catches, and high discard rates (40-56% of the catch taken in waters <150 m) and the reduction in mean abundance of piscivorous species (Vassilopoulou 2010). According to a 2013 synthesis of the Status of Mediterranean and Black Sea resources in European Waters, while the state of knowledge on the Mediterranean and Black Sea stocks is improving rapidly, between 94% and 95% of stocks analyzed are overexploited. Recent observed reductions in nominal fishing effort have not resulted in declines in fishing mortality. Overall reductions between 45% and 51% are needed in order to reach maximum sustainable yields (Cardinale and Osio 2013). This species is known to have undergone localized population declines due to overfishing in the western portion of its range (Stephen and Harris 2010),","Eastern Atlantic: There do not appear to be any species-specific management efforts in place for S. dumerili in the Mediterranean or in the eastern Atlantic. Western Atlantic: Seriola dumerili is included in the snapper-grouper complex and is managed by the South Atlantic Fishery Management Council (SAFMC). Current regulations include: Commercial: - limited access permit required-36 in (FL) size limit, no coring-Trip limit is 1,200 lbs.-Commercial fishery closure in April; 1,169,931 pound quota. No sale after quota is reached. No sale in April- Gear restrictions apply (http://www.safmc.net/Portals/6/Library/allowablegear.pdf) Recreational - 28 in (FL) size limit, no coring-Daily bag limit = 1-Gear restrictions apply This species distribution overlaps with marine reserves in parts of its range (WDPA 2010). This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","In the northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea assessment zone, S. dumerili is typically referred to as either Greater Amberjack, Mediterranean Yellowtail, or Mediterranean Amberjack. It is taken as bycatch in commercial, artisanal and recreational fisheries (Morales-Nin et al. 2005). In Turkey, 90% of landings of S. dumerili are taken by the large-scale fisheries sector, and 10% by the small-scale artisanal sector (Ulman et al. 2013). It is taken in purse seines targeting pelagics, long-lines targeting large pelagics, and trawls (Pipitone and Andaloro 1995, Edelist et al. 2011). It is regularly taken as bycatch in the Aegean and Ionian Seas (Tsagarakis et al. 2012). In the Mediterranean, both juvenile and adult S. dumerili are exploited by purse seine (Pipitone and Andaloro 1995).  Seriola dumerili is highly valued and explicitly targeted or retained as commercially important bycatch in some parts of the Mediterranean (i.e. Spain, Repullés-Albelda et al. 2013). In the Aegean Sea, this species is the target of a commercial fishery totaling about 20 tonnes per year. Fishing mortality in that region (E=0.27) was relatively low (Kožul 2001). In some areas, such as Donji Molunat Bay, Adriatic Sea, fishermen target spawning aggregations of S. dumerili as they move into shallow waters (Kožul et al. 2001). However, it is not always retained when taken as bycatch. For example, in Israel individuals averaging 13 cm in size are discarded at a rate of 7.9% from the Israeli trawl fishery (Edelist et al. 2011).  There is interest in rearing S. dumerili in captivity, and it has been the subject of rearing experiments both in concrete ponds and floating cages (Papandroulakis et al. 2005). Italy is the largest producer of S. dumerili in European waters, producing 500 tons per year, which represents one-sixth of global capture production (FAO 2012). There has been interest in culturing this species in the Canary Islands (Smith-Vaniz pers. comm. 2013).","Harwell, H.","Herrera, J. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CARANGIDAE,Seriola,fasciata,,Seriola fasciata,"(Bloch, 1793)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Seriola fasciata is widely distributed on both sides of the Atlantic. In the eastern Atlantic it is known from the Mediterranean, Azores, Madeira, Canary, Cape Verde, and St. Helena islands. It appears to be expanding its range northwards, and is increasing in abundance within the northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean. It is found at depths ranging from 55 to 130 metres. It is likely that S. faciata is taken in the same fisheries which land the commercially-important congener, S. dumerili, and that it is discarded from those same fisheries. There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for S. fasciata, however it is likely found in marine protected areas througout its range. Therefore, S. fasicata is assessed as Least Concern.",Increasing,"Seriola fasciata is widespread in the eastern and western Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, S. fasciata is known from the Iberian peninsula south to the Madeira and the Canary Islands, including the Mediterranean Sea. Within the Mediterranean Sea, S. fasciata has been reported through the western basin, including the Gulf of Lion (Quignard and Tomasini 2000), Gulf of Gabes (Bradai 2000), the Balearic Islands (Massuti and Sefanescu 1993), in the Ionian and southern Tyrrhenian Sea (Costa 1999; Andaloro et al. 2002, 2003), and on the east Tunisian coast near Monastir (Andaloro et al. 2005). It is also known from Maltese and Sicilian waters (Andaloro et al. 2005). Recent records extend the known range northwards to Galician waters (Bañón et al. 2011) and into the eastern Mediterranean (Corsini et al. 2006). It is found at depths ranging from 55 to 130 m.","There is little species-specific population available for S. fasciata in the eastern Atlantic. Seriola fasciata is sometimes misidentified as the more common S. carpenteri, which is a commercially important species, and also as S. carpenteri (Smith-Vaniz pers. comm. 2014). There are no species-specific landing statistics reported to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) for S. fasciata, and it is likely that this species is taken in the same fisheries as S. fasciata. This species is expanding its range northwards and has recently become established in the Mediterranean. The high frequency of records and large range of sizes recorded indicate that this species may have established a stable populations in the western Mediterranean (Andaloro et al. 2005). This species was once considered to be rare in the Mediterranean, however surveys carried out between 2001 and 2002 indicate that this species may not be as sporadic as previously thought (Andaloro et al. 2005). This species is locally abundant in Madeira (Deidun et al. 2011).","Seriola fasciata juveniles are epipelagic under floating objects in oceanic or offshore neritic waters. Larger juveniles are bentho-pelagic in shelf waters, and adults are found mostly near the bottom at depths of 55 to 130 m depth. Prey items consist mostly of squid and fishes, but it will take dead bait. Maximum size to 68 cm (FL) (Smith-Vaniz 2002).","Seriola fasciata is likely taken incidentally in fisheries targeting other species, including the Greater Amberjack S. dumerili and the dolphinfish Coryphaena hippurus. There are no species-specific landing statistics available. There are no indications at present time of regional declines from harvesting. Mediterranean fisheries are concentrated along coastal areas, where biodiversity is greatest. The majority (80%) of the Mediterranean fleet is comprised of vessels <12 m, and as such Mediterranean fisheries can be thought of as small-scale artisanal fisheries. Additionally, fisheries tend to be multi-species. As such it is difficult and expensive to obtain data for stock assessment purposes. There are several issues of concern which include the widespread targeting of small species or larger juvenile finfish prior to maturity, the observed reduction in the mean trophic level of Mediterranean catches, and high discard rates (40-56% of the catch taken in waters <150 m) and the reduction in mean abundance of piscivorous species (Vassilopoulou 2010). According to a 2013 synthesis of the Status of Mediterranean and Black Sea resources in European Waters, while the state of knowledge on the Mediterranean and Black Sea stocks is improving rapidly, between 94% and 95% of stocks analyzed are over exploited. Recent observed reductions in nominal fishing effort have not resulted in declines in fishing mortality. Overall reductions between 45% and 51% are needed in order to reach maximum sustainable yields (Cardinale and Osio 2013).",There are no known species-specific conservation or management measures in the Eastern Atlantic for either S. fasciata or the commercially important congeneric S. dumerili. It is likely that S. fasicata is found in marine protected areas throughout its range.,"Seriola fasciata is not explicitly targeted in the eastern Atlantic, however it is caught incidentally in a number of fisheries, including Dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) fisheries, which use Fish-Aggregating Devices (Andaloro et al. 2002), and Greater Amberjack (S. dumerili) fisheries. Greater Amberjack fisheries are diverse and operate at the artisanal, industrial and recreational levels. Sometimes S. dumerili is explicitly targeted, however it appears to most often be taken as bycatch in mixed multi-species fisheries using long-lines, trawls and purse seines. Additionally, S. dumerili spawning aggregations are targeted in shallow waters. It is inferred that S. fasicata is taken in these same fisheries.","Harwell, H.","Herrera, J. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CARANGIDAE,Seriola,rivoliana,,Seriola rivoliana,"Valenciennes, 1833",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Seriola rivoliana is a circumtropical species. In the Eastern Atlantic this species is known from Portugal to West Africa and the Mediterranean, Canary Islands, Madeira and the Azores. It has been reported at depths ranging from 3 to 250 m. There is little species-specific population information available for S. riviolana, however it may be expanding its range into the Mediterranean basin. It is a primarily oceanic species which is found offshore. This species is known to feed on a number of commercially-important small pelagics, and it is taken as bycatch in a number of fisheries, particularly those utilizing purse seines. There is no species-specific conservation information available for S. rivolinana, and its distribution likely overlaps with several marine protected areas. Therefor, S. rivoliana is assessed as Least Concern.",Increasing,"Seriola rivoliana is circumtropical in marine waters, entering temperate waters in some areas. In the northeastern Atlantic, it is known from Portugal to Madeira and the Canary Islands, including the Mediterranean (Smith-Vaniz in press). It is occasionally reported from southern England and the Bay of Biscay (Barreiros et al. 2003), but populations are not thought to be established in the area. In the Mediterranean, S. rivoliana has been recorded from the southern Tyrrhenian Sea off Sicily and Lampedusa in the Sicily Channel, Gulf of Lions, Gulf of Gabés, Rhodes and Israel (Golani et al. 2002). It has been recorded off the Balearic Islands (Vall et al. 2011), Lanpedusa Island, and from a shoal located 35 nautical miles west of Lampadusa Island off the coast of Tunisia (Castriota et al. 2004). It is found at depths ranging from 3 to 250 metres (Allen and Erdmann 2012).","In the Azores, S. rivoliana is a common coastal pelagic predator where it occurs with the congeneric S. dumerili. This species is expanding its range into the Mediterranean (Valls et al. 2011), therefor it is inferred that the population of S. rivoliana within the assessment region is increasing. There are no species-specific catch data available for this species.","Seriola rivoliana is mostly pelagic and epibenthic in oceanic waters; it is rarely found inshore. It feeds primarily on fishes. In the Azores, this species feeds on fishes including chub mackerel Scomber japonicus, blue jack mackerel, European pilchard Sardina pilchardus, snipefish Macroramphosus scolopax, and the bogue Boops boops (Barreiros et al. 2003). This species typically reaches a maximum size to 80 cm (FL), it is common from about 55 cm (FL) (Smith-Vaniz 2002). There is an International Game Fish Association (IGFA) record of 119 cm (TL) from Golfito, Costa Rica (IGFA 2013). This species has been reported to form spawning aggregations in Gladden Spit, Belize (Heyman 2001).","There is little species-specific threat information available for S. riviolana. This species is taken as bycatch in a number of fisheries, including small pelagic fisheries, fisheries landing Trachurus picturatus (Barreiros et al. 2003), and purse seine tuna fisheries (Amande et al. 2008).",There are no known species-specific conservation actions for S. rivoliana. Its distribution overlaps with marine protected areas.,"Seriola rivoliana is considered one of the most important emerging marine finfish species in Japan, Australia and the United States. It has not been utilized in Europe, however there is recent interest in using this species for marine finfish aquaculture diversification (Roo et al. 2012). There is little species-specific use and trade information available from the northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black sea assessment zones.","Harwell, H.","Herrera, J. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SERRANIDAE,Serranus,atricauda,,Serranus atricauda,"Günther, 1874",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Serranus atricauda ranges from the Straits of Gibraltar to Guinea-Bissau, Madeira, Canary Islands, the Mediterranean, Portugal, and the Azores. It is found in rocky areas and rocky reefs at depths ranging from 0 to 150 metres. There is anecdotal evidence from multiple localities, particularly the Canary Islands, suggesting that this species has declined in abundance. It is a component of small-scale nearshore fisheries and recreational fisheries. Minimum size restrictions have been applied in parts of its range; however, these are below the size at first maturity and a thus not likely to be effective. It is found in marine protected areas in parts of its range. This species matures at 4 years of age, and lives to at least 16 years. There is a general lack of regulations surrounding its exploitation, and it is inherently vulnerable to exploitation due to its moderately late age at first maturity and longevity. In the absence of more comprehensive information on population trends and threats affecting this species within the assessment region, S. atricauda is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Serranus atricauda ranges from the Straits of Gibraltar to Guinea-Bissau, Madeira, Canary Islands, Mediterranean, Portugal, and the Azores (FAO). Serranus atricauda was first recorded in the Mediterranean in 1987. It is found at depths ranging from 0 to 150 metres (Fredj and Maurin 1987, Cuyás et al. 2004).","Serranus atricauda in the Canary Islands is considered to be a single, panmictic population (Santana-Ortega et al. 2004). Serranus atricauda is described as relatively abundant in the Azores, but likely to have declined (Morato et al. 2000). Due to significant decreases in catches recorded around the Canary Islands since the second half of the 1980s, the Canarian government established a minimum length of capture was 15 cm total length, however the size of first maturity for this species in the Canary islands is 19 cm (Cuyas et al. 2004, Saavedra 2011). Serranus atricauda was the most abundant Serranid observed in the Canary islands, and the mean abundances and biomasses were higher at islands with moderate to high fishing pressure, a pattern which may be due to competition relaxation by the removal of the top predators (Groupers) (Tuya et al. 2006). The mean lengths of individuals captured by spearfishing in Sao Miquel Island, Azores was 25 cm, which is within the range of sizes at first maturity (Diogo and Pereira 2013).   In the Western Mediterranean, in Spain, densities of this species have been recorded as 0.04 individuals per 250m2  in Cabo de Palos MPA and 0.3 individuals per 250 m2 in Cabo de Gata MPA. It was found in fewer localities than S. cabrilla and S. scriba, and was the least abundant of the three Serranus species in localities where the three co-occurred. It was not found outside of MPAs in this study, which sampled 4 MPAs and three non-MPA sites (Charton et al. 2000).","Serranus atricauda is a demersal species which lives on rocky bottoms and rocky reefs ranging from shore to 150  m in depth. It feeds on invertebrates and other fishes (FAO). Serranus atricauda is slow-growing and long-lived. The oldest individual found in the Canary Islands was approximately 16 years old; fishes of this age had a mean length of 32.52 cm, and a maximum length of 43.2 cm (Tuset 2004). Serranus atricauda, like all fishes of the genus Serranus, is a functional, simultaneous hermaphrodite (Garcia-Diaz et al. 2006). Spawning occurs year round with a peak between March and July. Length at maturity ranges from 16 to 33 cm TL, corresponding to 4 years of age (Garcia-Diaz et al. 2006, Morato 2000). Sexual maturation occurs at 4 years. Spawning can take place throughout the year (García-Díaz et al. 2006). Serranus atricauda is a hermaphrodite and maturation occurs at 4 years old (Costa 1997).  Serranus atricauda is a generalist species, predominantly feeding on crustaceans and smaller fish. The species is highly territorial (Cuyas et al. 2004).","Serranus atricauda is commercially harvested throughout its range. It is one of the species targeted by the local semi-subsistence fishing industry around the Azores, of which the main catching methods are rod and line from near-shore boat, and coastal nets (Morato et al. 2000). While this species is considered to be relatively abundant (Morato et al. 2000), human fishing pressures have impacted the abundance of this species in islands around the Canarian Archipelago. In the same area, two larger serranid species have been severely overfished and stringent management measures for the area have been recommended (Tuya et al. 2006). Its near-coastal habitat is likely to have been degraded by pollution from human settlements, including agricultural run-off and sewage.","In 1986, the Canarian Government imposed a minimum length of capture (15 cm total length) for the Archipelago (Cuyas et al. 2004) was still in place as of 2011; however, the size of first maturity for this species is 19 cm (Cuyas et al. 2004, Saavedra 2011) which would not prevent immature individuals from being caught. There are no other known species-specific conservation measures in place for Serranus atricauda. It is found in marine protected areas. Serranus atricauda was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).Monitoring of the harvest levels, extent of harvest and habitat status of this species is needed. (http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/summary/155318/0, accessed 26 February 2006)","Serranus atricauda is economically important to small-scale inshore fisheries of the Canary islands, however there are no official fisheries statistics for this species (Tuset 2004, Pérez-Barroso et al. 1993). It is caught on hand-lines and in bottom trawls (FAO). In the Azores, there is considerable recreational and semi-subsistence fishing with rod and line or hand-line from the shore and close inshore from small boats, as well as considerable use of coastal nets and spear-fishing activity (Santos et al. 1995).","Ralph, G.","Herrera, J., Collette, B., Fernandes, P., Heessen, H. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SERRANIDAE,Serranus,cabrilla,,Serranus cabrilla,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Serranus cabrilla ranges from the Straits of Gibraltar to Angola, Madeira and Canary and Cape Verde islands, São Tomé and Principe. It also inhabits the Mediterranean and Black Seas, eastern Atlantic to British Isles, Azores, and the Red Sea. This species can be found in waters up to 450 m over rocky or soft bottoms. It appears to be both common and abundant. It is landed in directed fisheries and as bycatch in parts of its range; however, there are no indications of population decline due to these activities. Additionally, this species matures relatively quickly and is found within a broad depth range. Therefore, S. cabrilla is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Serranus cabrilla ranges from the southern United Kingdom to Angola, including the offshore islands of Azores, Madeira, Canary, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Principe. It also inhabits the Mediterranean and Black seas, and may be entering the Red Sea through the Suez Canal. This species can be found in waters up to 450 m deep (Heemstra and Anderson in press).","Genetic analysis of micro-satellite markers revealed some genetic structuring; however, despite this structuring, pairwise FST within the Mediterranean was low, suggesting genetic exchange within the basin (Schunter et al. 2011).In the Canary Islands, S. cabrilla is less abundant than S. atricauda. The mean abundance per survey was 0.23 (Hajagos and van Tassell 2001). In the Western Mediterranean, in Spain, densities of this species ranged from 1.2 to 3.8 individuals per 250m2  in seven Spanish sampling localities. It was the second-most abundant Serranus species in this study, and was found at all localities sampled (Charton et al. 2000). Serranus cabrilla was among the 30 most abundant species off the coast of Crete. In Crete, individuals ranging in age from 1 to 5 years were captured. The majority of individuals were in age class 1 to 2, ranging in length from 13.2 to 15.8 centimeters. The size at 50% maturity (TL) is approximately 15.2 cm. Estimated annual total mortality rate is between 1.1 and 1.5 and the exploitation rate is around 0.7 (Tserpes and Tsimenides 2001).In the Western Mediterranean, off the Island of Majorca, S. cabrilla was among the most frequently caught species in the recreational fishery. It was the second most common species captured by boat, but was much less abundant when captured by spearfishing or from shore. The modal size was 13 cm, which is smaller than the age of 50% maturity, however there was a peak in the size frequency distribution at 21 cm. It is principally caught over hard bottoms (Morales-Nin et al. 2005). After 10 years of protection, the mean size of S. cabrilla in Carry-le-Rouet, a French MPA, was 50% greater than outside the MPA (Harmelin et al. 1995). Some studies have shown S. cabrilla to be most abundant outside of Mediterranean MPAs (Bell 1983, García Rubies and Zabala 1990).","Serranus cabrilla inhabits rocky and soft bottoms from shore to 450 m depth. It is more abundant over rocky reefs, and less abundant on seagrass beds (Alós et al. 2011). Serranus cabrilla is a relatively sedentary species (Morales-Nin 2005). It spent 95% of its time in an average area of 0.77 ± 0.17 km2, with a core area (50% of the time) of 0.10 ± 0.29 km2. It feeds on cephalopods, crustaceans, and fish (Heemstra and Anderson in press, Colloca et al. 2010).  Serranus cabrilla, like most fishes of the genus Serranus is a synchronous hermaphrodite (Garcia-Diaz et al. 2006). The spawning season ranges from February to July with a peak in May. The size of 50% maturity is 152 mm TL (Garcia-Diaz 1997). In Crete, individuals ranging in age from 1 to 5 years were captured. The majority of individuals were in age class 1 to 2, ranging in length from 13.2-15.8 centimeters; the size 50% maturity (TL) is approximately 15.2 cm (Tserpes and Tsimenides 2001). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 24.6 cm TL and the length at maturity is 11.7 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014).","Serranus cabrilla is a widespread species of commercial importance. It appears to be relatively common. Landings of Serranus species are not monitored by the National Statistical Service of Greece (Tserpes and Tsimenides 2001), and paucity of biological information has been noted from the Canary Islands (Tuset et al. 1996).","In the Canary Islands, the minimum capture size for this species is 15 cm. This is slightly lower than the size of first maturity in the Canaries, which is 15.2 cm (Saavedra et al. 2011). There are no species-specific measures are currently in place, however its distribution likely overlaps with marine protected areas.Serranus cabrilla was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).","Serranus cabrilla is caught on hand-lines and in bottoms trawls. It is used for human consumption as well as fish-meal (Heemstra and Anderson in press). It is particularly important in the Mediterranean, where it is taken by bottom trawlers and in the small-scale coastal fishery (Tserpes and Tsimenides 2001) and is one of the species most often targeted by recreational fishermen (Alós et al. 2011). It is also relatively abundant and commercially important in the Canary Islands, however there is relatively little biological information available (García-Díaz et al. 1997).","Ralph, G.","Collette, B., Heessen, H., Herrera, J., Smith-Vaniz, W.F. & Fernandes, P.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SERRANIDAE,Serranus,hepatus,,Serranus hepatus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Serranus hepatus ranges from the Portuguese coast and Straits of Gibraltar to Senegal including the Mediterranean Sea and, recently, the Black Sea. Serranus hepatus is sedentary species which is found at depths ranging from 5 to 100 m in a variety of habitats including over seagrass beds, sandy, muddy, and rocky areas. It appears to be both common and abundant. Although it is caught in artisanal fisheries, it is of low commercial interest likely due to its small size. Therefore, S. hepatus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Serranus hepatus ranges from the Straits of Gibraltar to Senegal. It is also found in the western Mediterranean and the coast of Portugal. Serranus heptatus has recently been recorded, for the first time, in the Black Sea (Labropoulou et al. 1998). It can be found at depths ranging from 5 to 100 m (Heemstra and Anderson in press).","Serranus hepatus is widespread and abundant mainly in the Mediterranean Sea (Labropoulou et al. 1998). Serranus hepatus was absent from a census of seven Spanish localities (four Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), three unprotected areas) in Spanish waters (Charton et al. 2000).  Serranus hepatus was among the top 5 most abundant species captured in the 1998 MEDITs survey of the Adriatic Sea, representing 7.7% of the biomass (Jukic-Peladic et al. 2001). Serranus heptatus was the 5th most abundant species taken in the bottom trawl fishery in the Aegean Sea (Izmir Bay, Turkey)(Gurbet et al. 2013). It has recently been recorded from the Black Sea for the first time (Labropoulou et al. 1998). This species is common in the Gulf of Cadiz (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2014).","Serranus hepatus is sedentary and lives over seagrass beds, sandy, muddy, and rocky areas. Its depth ranges from 5 to100 m. This species feeds on fish and invertebrates (Heemstra and Anderson in press). Like other species of Serranus, it is a synchronous hermaphrodite (Labropoulou et al. 1998). Sexually mature individuals inhabiting the south-west of Portugal seamounts were found all year around (Neves et al. 2013). The maximum size S. hepatus reaches in 25 cm TL (Heemstra and Anderson in prep). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 24.6 cm TL and the length at maturity is 11.7 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014). Fish aged 2 to 7 years were present in samples from the Eastern Adriatic Sea. This species is characteristic of the Middle Shelf and deeper shelf-slope edge (Colloca et al. 2003). Fishes of the genus Serranus are synchronous hermaphrodites (Garcia-Diaz et al. 2006).",There are no major threats at present time and no indication of population declines at either global or regional scales.,"There are no species-specific measures are currently in place; however, its distribution likely overlaps several marine protected areas. Serranus hepatus was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).","Serranus hepatus is caught by artisanal fisheries, as well as hand-lines and bottom trawls (Heemstra and Anderson in press). It is generally of low commercial importance, likely due to its small size (Dulčić et al. 2007).","Ralph, G.","Heessen, H., Fernandes, P., Herrera, J., Collette, B. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SERRANIDAE,Serranus,scriba,,Serranus scriba,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Serranus scriba is distributed from the Bay of Biscay to Senegal, including the offshore islands, and the Mediterranean and Black Seas. There is little species-specific population information available for S. scriba, though it appears to be common and abundant throughout its range. Although S. scriba is very abundant in the marine reserves of the Canary Islands, it is considered a threatened species on the Canary Islands due to its small population size and fishing pressure. It is of low commercial interest, but can be a targeted by recreational fishery; fishing is considered a minor threat at this time. Therefore, S. scriba is assessed as Least Concern. ",Unknown,"Serranus scriba is found from the Bay of Biscay to Senegal, including the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands (Tortonese 1986, Carneiro et al. 2014). It also ranges from the Mediterranean and Black seas (Tortonese 1986). Its depth ranges from shore to 150 m (Heemstra and Anderson in press).",Serranus scriba is very abundant in the marine reserves of the Canary Islands (Tuset et al. 2005). It is common and abundant throughout its range.,"Serranus scriba lives in shallow, rocky bottoms from the shore to 150 m in depth (Heemstra and Anderson in press). This species is slow growing and long lived (Tuset et al. 2005). It is a functional, simultaneous hermaphrodite. The spawning season ranges from January to September with a peak in June. At first maturity, it is 17.3 cm TL, and can grow to a size of 36 cm. (Tusset et al. 2005, Heemstra and Anderson in press). The age range for this species has been found to cover 11 years for fish measuring 15 to 29.4 cm TL. In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 22.5 cm TL and the length at maturity is 11.2 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014).","Due to the small size of its population in the Canary Islands and fishing pressure, Serrnus scriba has been included in the list of threatened species of the Canary Islands (Tuset et al. 2005).","No species specific measures are currently in place, however, several marine protected areas (MPAs) are found within its range (WDPA 2010, IUCN and UNEP-WCMC 2014). MPAs appear to benefit these species, as higher abundance has been documented in MPAs than nearby unprotected areas (La Mesa and Vacchi 1999, Ordines et al. 2005). It is listed as a threatened species in the Canary Islands because of its small population size and fishing pressure (Tuset et al. 2005). Serranus scriba was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).Serranus scriba was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).","Serranus scriba is caught by artisanal fisheries, and is also landed as bycatch on hook and line and trawls (Heemstra and Anderson in press). It is caught in the Mediterranean beach seine fishery, but is typically considered a trash fish in Turkey (Akyol 2003). It is generally of low commercial interest, but can be an important recreational fish (e.g., in the Balearic Islands: Alós et al. 2010).","Ralph, G.","Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,SERRIVOMERIDAE,Serrivomer,beanii,,Serrivomer beanii,"Gill & Ryder, 1883",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Serrivomer beanii occurs to 56°N in the northeastern Atlantic. Although this species is caught a bycatch,  there are no major threats. Therefore, S. beanii is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Serrivomer beanii occurs in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species is found from Iceland to the Canary Islands, including Madeira and the Azores, the Bay of Biscay and Galacian waters (Sutton et al. 2008, Bañón et al. 2010, Spitz et al. 2010). Serrivomer beanii has a depth range of 0–5,998 m (Coad and Reist 2004) but is more commonly found between 150–3,000 m (Bauchot 1986, Saldanha and Karmovskaya 1990).",Serrivomer beanii had a frequency of occurrence of 21.4% in the Bay of Biscay based on epi- and mesopelagic trawl surveys (Spitz et al. 2010). It comprised 8% of the total biomass of the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the mid-water zone (Cook et al. 2013).,"Serrivomer beanii is a deepwater meso- and bathypelagic fish that displays diurnal vertical migrations (Bauchot 1986, Saldanha and Karmovskaya 1990) with daytime depths of 200–2,900 m and nighttime depths from 0–700 m (Cook et al. 2013). It feeds on crustaceans and fishes (Coad and Reist 2004) usually living in solitary. The maximum length for this species is 78 cm (Castle 1986). The hatching area in the Atlantic is 25° to 28° N, 46° to 55°W, with preferential dispersion to the west (Saldanha and Karmovskaya 1990).","Serrivomer beanii is caught at bycatch (Bauchot 1986, Saldanha and Karmovskaya 1990). However, there are no major threats to this species.","No specific conservation measures are in place for Serrivomer beanii. However, this species’ range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014).",Serrivomer beanii is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Karmovskaya, E. & Papaconstantinou, C.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,SERRIVOMERIDAE,Serrivomer,lanceolatoides,,Serrivomer lanceolatoides,"(Schmidt, 1916)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Serrivomer lanceolatoides occurs to at least 42°N and inhabits waters to 1,000 m depth. This species is not utilized and major threats to this species have not been identified. Serrivomer lanceolatoides is assessed as Least Concern. However, further research on the ecology and distribution of this species is recommended.",Unknown,"Serrivomer lanceolatoides occurs on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean and in the Pacific. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs to at least 42°N including the Azores and the Canary Islands (Tighe 1989, Santos et al. 1997, Sutton et al. 2008), as well as Madeira Island (Bauchot 1986), Portugal, and Spain (Bauchot 1986, Saldanha and Karmovskaya 1990). The depth range for this species is 500–1,000 m (McEachran and Fechhelm 1998).  Outside of Europe, it is found around the Bahamas and Bermuda in the western central Atlantic. It has also been found in the north-western Pacific (Karmovskaya 1996).",Serrivomer lanceolatoides comprised 10.4% of the biomass in the 0–750 m pelagic range in the Azores (Sutton et al. 2008). Additional population information is not available.,"Serrivomer lanceolatoides is a bathypelagic species found to 1,000 m (Tighe 1989). The maximum recorded size for this species is 65 cm L (Coad and Resit 2004).",There are no major threats to Serrivomer lanceolatoides.,"No specific conservation measures are in place for Serrivomer lanceolatoides. However, this species’ range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014).",Serrivomer lanceolatoides is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic. ,"Ralph, G.","Karmovskaya, E. & Papaconstantinou, C.","De Silva, R., Milligan, H., Lutz, M., Batchelor, A., Jopling, B., Kemp, K., Lewis, S., Lintott, P., Sears, J., Wilson, P., Smith, J. and Livingston, F.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,SETARCHIDAE,Setarches,guentheri,,Setarches guentheri,"Johnson, 1862",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species is found in the Canary Islands, the Azores, Madeira and off mainland Portugal. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is found in the Canary Islands (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009), the Azores, Madeira and off mainland Portugal (Santos et al. 1997, Carneiro et al. 2014). This species is distributed circumglobally on the continental shelf in tropical and warmer temperate waters.",This species is very common throughout its range particularly at depths of c. 400 m. It may occur at high densities where it is found.,This species is found over soft-bottom substrate at depths of 150-800 m. They feed on pelagic invertebrates and mainly on zoobenthos such as shrimp and prawns of the genus Oplophorus and various amphipods (Eschmeyer and Collette 1966). It has anterolateral glandular grooves with a venom gland and can be venomous to humans (Schneider 1990).,There are no major threats known to be currently affecting this species.,There are no conservation measures in place for the protection of this species.,This species is not utilized.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Russell, B., Poss, S., Nunoo, F. & Bannerman, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,GONOSTOMATIDAE,Sigmops,bathyphilus,,Sigmops bathyphilus,"(Vaillant, 1884)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Assessment: LC Sigmops bathyphilus is a circumglobally distributed species that is known throughout most of the Atlantic. It is present in European waters from Iceland to the Canary Islands to 3,000 m depth. This species inhabits deep, well-oxygenated waters. The hermaphroditic S. bathyphilus does not appear to spawn seasonally, and the sex reversal that occurs in this species may be a response to critical density levels of ripe females. This species is not utilized in the region and there are no major threats. It is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Sigmops bathyphilus is a circum-globally distributed species found at depths ranging from 700–3,000 m (Quéro et. al 1990). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, S. bathyphillus occurs from off Iceland (Badcock 1984) south to the Canary Islands, including the Azores (Biber et al. 2013).","Sigmops bathyphilus was one of the most abundant species found at the Rockall Bank, Hatton Bank, Belgica Mount, with 157 combined specimens (Biberet al. 2013). Outside the region, it is a common deep-water species in Greenland (Møller et al. 2010).","Sigmops bathyphilus is a bathypelagic species. Sigmops bathyphilus (as Gonostoma bathyphilum) is a protandrous hermaphrodite; however, sex change is not obligatory. It is also sexually dimorphic, with ripe males developing large olfactory lobes and reaching smaller maximum sizes. Males reach a maximum size of 15 cm SL (Badcock 1986). Not all males develop into females; those females which develop directly, together with those derived from prematurely changing males, may form an early maturing female group, spawning for the first time at about 11–12 cm SL. Hermaphrodites range in size from 5.2–13.3 cm SL, but most are <10 cm SL (Badcock 1986). Sex-change of ripe males may be a response to critical population density levels of ripe females. Spawning does not appear to be seasonal and at any given moment, all sexual categories are present in the population. Sexually mature individuals tend to be restricted to depths greater than 1,500 m (Badcock 1986). In the Azores, this species was collected at depths ranging from 896–1179 m (Menezes et al. 2012). In northern European waters, specifically those of the Rockall Bank and Hatton Bank, this species has been associated with deep, cold water corals (Biber et al. 2013).","There are no major, species-specific threats to S. bathyphilus.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for S. bathyphilus. However, this species’ range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014).",This species is not utilized in European waters.,"Harwell, H.","Kobyliansky, S., Herrera, J. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,SYNAPHOBRANCHIDAE,Simenchelys,parasitica,,Simenchelys parasitica,"Gill, 1879",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Simenchelys parasitica is a circumglobal cosmopolitan species. In the northeastern Atlantic, it occurs from Rockall Trough to the Canary Islands. This species is locally abundant and can occur to 3,000 m depth. There are no major threats and it is not utilized in the region. It is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Simenchelys parasitica is a circumglobal cosmopolitan species with a broad range in the eastern Atlantic from 15° to 46°N (Blache et al. 1973). In the northeastern Atlantic, S. parasitica is found from the Rockall Trough (Neat et al. 2008), the Bay of Biscay (Guennegan and Rannou 1979) to the Canary Islands (Pajuelo et al. 2010), and the Azores Islands (King et al. 2006). It is found at depths ranging from 136–3,000 m (Saldanha and Bauchot 1986, Sulak and Shcherbachev 1997).",Simenchelys parasitica is locally abundant in some parts of its range (Blache et al. 1973). Additional population information from the region is not available.,"Simenchelys parasitica is benthopelagic on continental slope and upper abyssal depths (Saldanha and Bauchot 1986). Primarily inhabits the middle to lower slope between 500–1,800 m with a temperature range of 3.5°–5.2°C (Sulak and Shcherbachev 1997). Simenchelys parasitica was thought of as partially parasitic; however, is more likely to be a scavenger that burrows into carcasses or weakened fishes and feeding by rasping and twisting into food sources eventually eating a path into the carcass. Local abundance tends to be near dead or weakened fishes or other food sources available for scavenging (Robins and Robins 1989). This species feeds on invertebrates including epibenthic copepods and amphipods, and fish. It may also be parasitic to other fish specie (Smith and Castle 1990). The maximum recorded length for this species is 61 cm TL (Masuda et al. 1984).","There are no major threats to Simenchelys parasitica; however, it is minor component of the bycatch in the Canary Islands (Pajuelo et al. 2010). ",No specific conservation measures are in place for Simenchelys parasitica.,Simenchelys parasitica is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic. ,"Ralph, G.","Karmovskaya, E. & Rijnsdorp, A.D.","De Silva, R., Milligan, H., Lutz, M., Batchelor, A., Jopling, B., Kemp, K., Lewis, S., Lintott, P., Sears, J., Wilson, P., Smith, J. and Livingston, F.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,SOLEIDAE,Solea,aegyptiaca,,Solea aegyptiaca,"Chabanaud, 1927","Some authors (Ben-Tuvia 1990, Tinti and Piccinetti 2000) claim that S. aegyptica is a synonym of S. solea. Some other authors consider S. aegyptica a valid species (Desoutter 1997, Borsa and Quignard 2001, Vachon et al. 2008). It is currently accepted as a valid species (Eschmeyer 2014). It is often confused with the sympatric Solea vulgaris (Quensel, 1806), a junior synonym of Solea solea (Linnaeus, 1758).",Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Solea aegyptiaca, as currently accepted, is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea and is primarily distributed along the North African Mediterranean coast. It appears to be extending its range into the Red Sea. It is found at depths of one to 50 m. The maximum estimated age at maturity is four years. This is a commercially important species and is fished throughout its range. It is taken in commercial trawls and juveniles are taken in beach seine and other near-shore fisheries. There are important fisheries for S. aegyptiaca throughout the Mediterranean, particularly in Egypt, where it is considered over-exploited. Although there is no range-wide population information currently available, there is evidence that this species is heavily exploited in parts of its range, for example reductions in mean size and increased proportions of juveniles in the catch have been observed in Egypt. There are no species-specific landings data available; however, landings of the Common Sole (Solea solea) reported to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), assumed to be representative of the putative S. aegyptiaca, have steadily increased since 1975. We therefore infer that its population is not presently in decline despite over-exploitation. Solea aegyptiaca is listed as Least Concern with the caveat that monitoring of the fisheries for S. aegyptiaca is highly recommended.",Stable,"In the Mediterranean Sea, this species is found from Tunisia to Egypt (Chanet et al. 2012). It is extending its range into the Red Sea via the Suez Canal (Chanet et al. 2012). It has also been recorded from the southern Adriatic Sea and Gulf of Lyon (Quéro et al. 1986).","A hybrid zone between S. aegyptiaca and S. senegalensis exists in northern Tunisia. The zone of highest introgression is Bizerta lagoon, with introgression clining towards the south in S. aegyptiaca (Quanes et al. 2011). Additionally, this species is easily misidentified as S. solea, an important fisheries resource, in the Mediterranean Sea, where both species live in sympatry.  At present, population size and landings through time are not available. However, there is evidence that the population is overexploited. In Egypt in 2007 the exploitation rate (0.71) was substantially higher than reference exploitation rates, including the exploitation rate that maintains 50% of the stock biomass and that results in maximum yield per recruit (Mehanna 2007). The length at first capture (14.15 cm) is less than the age at 50% maturity (15 cm), which suggests that many individuals are not surviving long enough to reproduce (Mehanna 2007). At Bardawil lagoon on the Mediterranean coast of Sinai, Egypt this species is heavily exploited and considered overfished by commercial fisheries. The estimated total length at first capture is 13 cm, while the length of 50% maturity is 15.3 cm (Mehanna et al. 2010). In the Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia, a highly-exploited ecosystem, this species was considered fully exploited in 2000 to 2005. It is unlikely that the Gulf of Gabes, like many marine ecosystems in the Mediterranean Sea, can be fished sustainably (Hattab et al. 2013). There are no species specific landing reported for this species.  However, it is considered the most common sole landed in Egypt (Mehanna 2007) and presumably by extension, west along the northern coast of Africa to Tunisia in the Mediterranean. This species is easily misidentified as Solea solea (the Common Sole) and therefore landings of Solea solea from the southern Mediterranean are most likely representative of Solea aegyptiaca. Although this species is listed as overexploited in Egypt (Mehanna 2010), the FAO landing of the common sole for this area have steadily increased from 1975 to to 2010 from around 250 mt to just under 2500 mt in the southern Mediterranean.  We infer that the landing of the common sole are representative of the putative S. aegyptiaca and therefore infer that its population is not presently in decline despite over exploitation.","This is a benthic demersal species that lives on soft mud and sand substrata in coastal and littoral waters and in brackish lagoons (Quéro et al. 1986). It feeds on benthic invertebrates, for example cnidarians, polychaete worms and bivalve molluscs. Age and growth studies based on sagittal otoliths revealed that this species is relatively fast growing with a maximum age of four years (Mehanna 2007). Spawning in this species takes place in late autumn and winter (African coasts of the Mediterranean seas) (Quéro et al. 1986). Size at 50% maturity is about 15 cm, with all sampled individuals mature by 19.5 cm (Ahmed et al. 2010). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 31.0 cm TL and the length at maturity for females is 15 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014).","Solea aegyptiaca, is a commercially important endemic and demersal flatfish species in the Egyptian Mediterranean waters. It is fished by bottom trawls especially along Egyptian coasts. The exploitation rate was found as 0.71, which is above the optimum fisheries exploitation rate of 0.66 (Mehanna 2007).","There is no specific conservation measures for this species. Further studies are needed to resolve the taxonomic status and the real distribution and population trends of S. solea and S. aegyptiaca. Solea aegyptiaca was previously assessed as Least Concern (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",This species is harvested for food.,"Strongin, K.","Stump, E., Ralph, G. & Carpenter, K.E.","Golani, D., Kada, O., Nouar, A., Quignard, J.P. & Cuttelod, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,SOLEIDAE,Solea,senegalensis,,Solea senegalensis,"Kaup, 1858",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Solea senegalensis is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is known from the United Kingdom south to at least Senegal. This species is found over sandy and muddy substrata from <1 to 65 m. Adult populations are mostly found between 12 to 65 m, while juveniles may be found at shallower depths and in estuaries. Solea senegalensis may be expanding its range northwards due to climate change. This species is farmed in extensive aquaculture farms in Portugal and Spain. In many parts of its range, juveniles are also taken in estuaries which may be an important nursery ground. This species is taken as bycatch in commercial trawling throughout its range. There is little species-specific population information available for this species. There has been a 75% decline in landings recorded off the coast of Portugal from 1995 to 2011; however, some landings are not reported, so this may not be indicative of a population decline. Further, it is unclear whether or not the population in Portugal is representative of the entire assessment region. Therefore, S. senegalensis is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Solea senegalensis is restricted to the eastern Atlantic. It is found from the United Kingdom and La Rochelle (France) south to at least Senegal, including the Canary Islands and the western Mediterranean. Solea senegalensis is found at depths ranging from very shallow waters to 65 m (Desoutter-Meniger and Munroe in press), and has been recorded in waters as deep as 310 m (K.D. Camara pers. comm. 2012).","Population Structure A hybrid zone between S. aegyptiaca and S. senegalensis exists in northern Tunisia, where introgressed individuals have been found off the coast (Quanes et al. 2011). There are little species-specific population data available for S. senegalensis. In the western Mediterranean, catches of S. senegalensis are sporadic and generally low. There is no clear trend for this species in the Gulf of Cadiz based on the International Bottom Trawl Survey data from 1997 to 2012 (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2013). Reported landings from Portugal have declined by 75% over 15 years, from 1995 to 2011 (Teixeira et al. 2013). However, these data should be interpreted with caution; some landings were not officially reported (M. J. Costa pers. comm. 2013). Further, there is some anecdotal evidence that S. senegalensis is becoming more common along the coasts of Spain and Portugal (M. J. Costa pers. comm. 2013), perhaps in response to increasing water temperatures (Teixeira et al. 2014).","Solea senegalensis is found over sandy and muddy substrata from <1 to 65 metres, with catches in Mauritania ranging from 11 to 310 m (K.D. Camara pers. comm 2012). Adult populations are mostly found between 12 to 65 m, while juveniles may be found at shallower depths and in estuaries and lagoons (FNAM, Desoutter-Meniger and Munroe in press). This species can reach a maximum length of 60 cm SL, however it is more common to 45 cm SL (Desoutter-Meniger and Munroe in press). Solea senegalensis exhibits sexual dimorphism, with females reaches larger size of  532.3 mm, and males only reaching 457.2 mm for males (Andrade 1990). Sexual maturity is reached at 300 mm. Solea senegalensis can live up to 11 years (Andrade 1990). The spawning period in Portuguese waters occurs from Autumn to Spring (Andrade 1990) and Spring to Summer (Dinis 1986). It feeds on crustacea, polychaetes, and mollusks (Teixeira and Cabral 2010).","Solea senegalensis is a component of commercial flatfish fisheries. Juveniles are taken as bycatch in fisheries conducted in estuaries. In some countries within the southern part of its range in the Eastern Central Atlantic, such as Mauritania and Senegal, it is targeted. Artisanal catches for this species in Mauritania have fluctuated from 2006 to 2010 from a high of 117,328 to 9,049 kg, with no information on effort. In many parts of its range, juveniles are also taken in estuaries which may be an important nursery ground. This species is also taken as bycatch in commercial trawling throughout its range. ",Solea senegalensis is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range. There appears to be a minimum size regulation for fishes taken in the Portuguese trawl fisheries (M. J. Costa pers. comm. 2013).,"Solea senegalensis is caught in a mixed fisheries for flatfish. This species is farmed in aquaculture farms in Portugal and Spain (Dinis et al. 1999, Anguis and Canavate 2005). In some countries within the southern part of its range in the Eastern Central Atlantic, such as Mauritania and Senegal, it is targeted. In many parts of its range, juveniles are also taken in estuaries which may be an important nursery ground. This species is also taken as bycatch in commercial trawling throughout its range.","Ralph, G.","Keskin, Ç., Monroe, T., Costa, M. & Rijnsdorp, A.D.","Camara, K.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,SOLEIDAE,Solea,solea,,Solea solea,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","Some authors (Ben-Tuvia 1990, Tinti and Piccinetti 2000) claim that S. aegyptica is a synonym of S. solea. Other authors consider S. aegyptica a valid species (Desoutter 1997, Borsa and Quignard 2001).",No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Solea solea occurs in the eastern Atlantic southward from Trondheim Fjord, including the North Sea and western Baltic, to Senegal, including Cape Verde and the Canary and Madeira Islands as well as the Mediterranean Sea. This species is found at depths ranging from 10 to 200 m. It is long-lived, and reaches a maximum age of at least 40 years. It is found over sandy and muddy substrates. This is a highly commercial, valuable commercial flatfish species which is typically caught with beam-trawls and seines throughout its range. The majority of landings declared to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) are declared from the northeastern Atlantic Fishing Zone. Based on summed estimates spawning stock biomass (SSB) across all International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) stocks, from 2000 to 2013 SSB fluctuated with no indication of decline. However, it is important to note that some stocks in the northeast Atlantic are experiencing declines in SSB, low recruitment and reduced reproductive capacity. These include the Skagerrak, Kattegat, and the Belts as well as the Irish Sea. Solea solea has undergone changes in distribution within the North Sea, with the center of distribution moving southward. These changes have been attributed to a combination of climate change and fishing pressure. In the Mediterranean, available information suggests that SSB is declining in the region and that stocks are generally overfished and are not fished sustainably, as the fishery in some region is based of of 1-2 year old individuals. This species is subject to varying levels of management throughout its range. Additionally, it is likely to be found in marine protected areas throughout its range. Solea solea is assessed as Least Concern, however a better understanding of stock status in the Mediterranean is needed.",Unknown,"Solea solea occurs in the eastern Atlantic, southward from Trondheim Fjord (including North Sea and western Baltic) to Senegal, including Cape Verde (Desoutter 1990) and  the Canary and Madeira Islands. In the Mediterranean Sea, it is present throughout the basin, including the Adriatic Sea (Fiorentini et al. 1999, Lipej et al. 2003), Gulf of Lion (Letourneur et al. 2001, Salen-Picard et al. 2002, Darnaude et al. 2004, Darnaude 2005, Merigot et al. 2007), Ligurian Sea (Molinari and Tunesi 2003), Ionian Sea and Tyrrhenian Sea (Guarniero et al. 2002), Aegean Sea (Koutrakis and Tsikliras 2003, Koutrakis et al. 2005, Karakulak et al. 2006, Gokce and Metin 2007, Ozaydin et al. 2007) and the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988). It is also present in the Bosphorus and the south-west Black Sea. It burrows into sandy and muddy substrata at depths ranging from 0 to 200 m, but is more commonly found at depths ranging from 10 to 60 m (Frimodt 1995).","Population structure: Genetic studies revealed a clear genetic structure with at least three different populations, Kattegat/Skagerrak, North Sea and Bay of Biscay, and with indications for a fourth population in the Irish/Celtic Sea (Cuveliers et al. 2012). Despite documented shifts in life-history traits, neutral genetic diversity inferred from 11 microsatellite markers showed a remarkable stability over a period of 50 years of heavy fishing (Cuveliers et al. 2011). Summary of FAO landing statistics: The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) common name for S. solea is “Common Sole”. Landings are declared from the following FAO fishing regions, in order of decreasing recent landings: Northeastern Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea, and Eastern Central Atlantic. The overall trend in landings is one of continual increase with fluctuations to a peak at 66,555 tonnes, followed by a period of steady decrease to 33,515 tonnes in 2011. The trend is reflected across all fishing regions, and is driven by landings in the Northeast Atlantic fishing zone. Regional population information: Based on summed Spawning Stock Biomass (SSB) across all International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) stocks from 2000 to 2013, a time period approximating 3 generation lengths in this species, SSB is fluctuating with no indication of decline. However, it is important to note that some stocks are experiencing decline. Solea solea has undergone changes in distribution within the North Sea, with the center of distribution moving southward. These changes have been attributed to a combination of climate change and fishing pressure (Engelhard et al. 2011). North Atlantic: The exploitation level increased to unsustainable levels in the 1970s and 1980s but has reduced in the last 5-10 years in North Atlantic stocks although it is still above the desired level (Fmsy) (ICES 2013). Recent trends in the spawning stock biomass differ between management areas. A temporary peak in SSB occurred in the early 1990s due to above average recruitment. In spite of the reduced exploitation rate, SSB has declined in the Irish Sea and Skagerrak due to below average recruitment over the last 10 years. In the other management areas, SSB has been stable or increased and is above the reference level (Bmsy) (ICES 2013). The time trend in SSB summed over the different stocks has remained stable over the time period of 3 times the generation length (2000 to 2012). Mediterranean Sea: SSB indices from SoleMon surveys in the Adriatic Sea showed a decreasing trend during 2005 to 2009 and the SSB index remained at the lowest level in 2010. Fisheries are considered unsustainable with exploitation level being above the precautionary reference point (STECF 2011). In the northern and middle Adriatic Sea, exploitation of this species is based on 1 to 2 year old individuals. Stock is overexploited and SSB is low. In the southern Levant, off the Egyptian Mediterranean coast the stock is overfished, and recommendations include a 40 to 60% reduction in fishing effort. Fishes of the family Soleidae contribute 4% of the catch in this region (STECTF 2014).","Habitat and Ecology  Although sole is occasionally recorded at depths of up to 250 m, most fish are restricted to shallow waters down to 50 m. Early juveniles are restricted to coastal waters down to 20 m (le Pape et al. 2003). Solea solea is a benthic species that occurs at a temperature range of 8.0 to 24.0°C (Moreira et al. 1992). It burrows into sandy and muddy substrata from 0 to 200 m, but is more typically found at depths of 10 to 60 m. It retreats to deeper water during winter (Frimodt 1995). It feeds on worms, mollusks and small crustaceans at night. In the Gulf of Lion, polychaetes represent the 80% of the diet (Salen-Picard et al. 2002). It is frequently present in coastal lagoons in the south of France (Mouillot et al. 2007). Recently settled sole feed on harpacticoid copepods, while juveniles and adults prey on a variety of benthic invertebrates with crustaceans and polychaetes being the dominant prey (Amara et al. 2001, Molinero and Flos, 1992, Rijnsdorp and Vingerhoed 2001). Recently settled sole feed on harpacticoid copepods, while juveniles and adults prey on a variety of benthic invertebrates with crustaceans and polychaetes being the dominant prey (Amara et al. 2001, Molinero and Flos 1992, Rijnsdorp and Vingerhoed 2001). Life History and Reproduction  The maximum size reported for this species is 70 cm (Quéro 1997). Sole is a long-lived species. The maximum observed age in biological samples collected in the North Sea since 1960 is 42 years in males and 38 years in females (A. Rijnsdorp pers. comm. 2013). Males mature at a smaller size and age than females. Females mature at a size of around 28 cm and 2- or 3-years of age in the North Sea and possibly slightly later in the Celtic Sea (Horwood 1993). In the Mediterranean Sea, size-at-maturation is around 25 cm (Grati et al. 2013). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 37.0 cm TL and the length at maturity for females is 15.2 cm TL and for males is 14.8 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014). Generation time in the North Sea decreased from 8 years in the 1940s to 5 years in the early 1960s and to 4 years since the 1980s (Cuveliers et al. 2011).Reproduction in S. solea starts after 3 to 5 years of age, when they reach 25 to 30 cm. Spawning happens mainly during the months of February to May (off the coasts of Galicia, for example), although in warmer areas (such as the Mediterranean Sea), it can occur at the beginning of the winter. This species reaches a maximum age of 26 years (maybe off Norway). Based on recent age-class data, generation length is estimated to be 4 years (since the 1980s), based on the most recent stock assessment and estimates of mortality and fecundity at each age class (for age classes 0 to 35+ age class).Nurseries are located in waters less than 20 m on sandy or muddy bottoms (le Pape et al. 2003). The relative contribution of the different regions nursery grounds to the recruitment to the total stock appears to be related to the available nursery habitat, but may vary considerably from year to year and appears to be related to the available nursery habitat (Rogers 1992, Rijnsdorp et al. 1992). In the Bay of Biscay and western Mediterranean, the quality of nursery habitat increases with the freshwater inputs providing organic material from terrestrial sources (le Pape et al. 2013).In most regions, spawning occurs in coastal waters down to 30 m, except for the Bay of Biscay where spawning occurs further offshore over deeper water (Koutsikopoulos et al. 1992, Horwood 1993, Rijnsdorp and Vingerhoed 1994). Distinct spawning grounds can be distinguished that are related to the specific nursery areas (Rijnsdorp et al. 1992, Lacroix et al. 2013).  Northern populations from colder environments mature earlier, have higher rates of energy acquisition and reproductive investment, and have smaller asymptotic sizes than southern populations from warmer environments (Mollet et al. 2013).","Solea solea is a species with high commercial interest. It is typically caught with trawls and seines throughout its range. In many parts of its range, juveniles are also taken in estuaries which may be an important nursery ground. This species is also taken as bycatch in commercial trawling throughout its range. Solea senegalensis is now extending its range to the western Mediterranean Sea and is thought to be competing with S. solea, at least in the northwest part of the basin (Cabral 2000).","Solea solea is subject to varying levels of management throughout its range. In the northeast Atlantic Total Allowable Catch (TAC) restrictions are in place, and generalized fishing effort is regulated. In the Mediterranean, stock status of this species is largely unknown, and there is a need for more effective management, including reductions in fishing effort and an improvement in exploitation patterns. There are some issues taxonomic issues regarding the validity of S. aegyptiaca, which may be a synonym of S. solea. More research is need regarding this species' taxonomy and population information. Solea solea was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).","Solea solea is a species with high commercial interest. It has been targeted by fishing fleets in European waters since the early nineteenth century. In the North Sea, this species is principally caught in mixed flatfish beam-trawl fisheries. Although landings of plaice by weight are ~5 times greater than those of sole, because sole are considerably more valuable, the two species are of roughly equal value overall (Pilling et al. 2008).","Stump, E.","Monroe, T., Keskin, Ç., Costa, M. & Rijnsdorp, A.D.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,SQUALIFORMES,SOMNIOSIDAE,Somniosus,microcephalus,,Somniosus microcephalus,"(Bloch & Schneider, 1801)","Yano et al. (2004) confirm that sleeper sharks found in the South Atlantic Ocean and Southern Ocean are a separate species, Somniosus antarcticus Whitley, 1939.",No,NT,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT) Somniosus microcephalus (Greenland Shark) is a large dogfish of the Arctic and North Atlantic oceans, inhabiting inshore zones to continental shelves and slopes usually at depths of zero to 1,200 m (one individual recorded at 2,200 m). Maximum size is uncertain but reaches at least 640 cm total length (TL), possibly 756 cm TL, with most adults between 288 and 504 cm TL. This appears to be an extremely long-lived and slow-growing elasmobranch with limited reproductive capacity. Historically it was targeted for its liver oil in Norway, Iceland, Russia and Greenland with catches reaching 32,000 sharks per year in the 1910s in Greenland alone. These fisheries may have had a significant effect on the species, but the rate of historical decline (if any) is unknown. It is presently taken as bycatch in trawl, gillnet and trap fisheries, as well as in Arctic artisanal fisheries. Its population dynamics and biology are not well understood but its large size and slow growth rate suggest it is sensitive to exploitation. No life history information on age at maturity or longevity are available. Time series data suggest a decline in landings from 1990-2012 (ICES 2013). Based on congener sleeper sharks (Centroselachus crepidater) generation length can be estimated to be at least 37.4 years, but is likely significantly longer given the larger size of S. microcephalus. A decline of 74% is estimated from 1990-2012 from ICES 2013 data. If declines continued at this rate, the species would likely be extinct by the year 2077 (within less than three generations). However, this information is based on landings data, which are not always an accurate measure of abundance, and it is unclear how effective management changes have been for reducing bycatch. This shark is listed as Near Threatened in European waters on the basis of possible population declines that are likely to approach the threshold for listing under criterion A and limiting life history characteristics. There is a need to examine historical data and monitor current bycatch levels in the region.",Decreasing,"This species is restricted to northern Atlantic and Arctic regions. In the northeast Atlantic Ocean it is found in the waters surrounding the islands of Greenland, Iceland, and Spitzbergen. It is also found along the Arctic coasts of Russia (Bear Island, White Sea) and Norway, and further southwards to the North Sea and Ireland. It is not found in the Mediterranean Sea or the Eastern Central Atlantic. Reports of Greenland Shark (Somniosus microcephalus) from the Southern Hemisphere are most likely misidentifications of Southern Sleeper shark (S. antarcticus).","No information is currently available on population size or structure. In the Northeast Atlantic, an inferred decrease in the subpopulation was reported in the Barents Sea over the last century (Rusyaev and Orlov 2013). Estimated landings from Icelandic fisheries in International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Sub-areas Va (Iceland) and XIV (East Greenland) peaked at 91 tonnes in 1998 and have since declined, with as little as three tonnes reported in 2007 (ICES 2013).","This shark is littoral and epibenthic, with habitat preferences ranging from river mouths and bays to continental shelf and slope waters. It is usually found at depths of zero to 1,200 m, but a maximum dive of 1,816 m was recorded by satellite telemetry for one individual (Campana et al. 2013) and another individual was observed at a depth of 2,200 m off North Carolina by a Remotely Operated Vehicle (Herdendorf and Berra 1995, Ebert and Compagno 2013). This species has been recorded in water temperatures of 0.6 to 17.2°C (Campana et al. 2013, Ebert and Compagno 2013). Although typically considered a deepwater species, local Inuit commonly report sightings of Greenland sharks in very shallow coastal waters, scavenging on harvested marine mammals. Overall knowledge of movement and migration patterns remains limited. Satellite tracking of this species in the Northwest Atlantic showed medium-sized sharks moving northward and larger sized sharks moving southwards (Campana et al. 2013). However, in the Northeast Atlantic, individuals tagged off Svalbard showed no specific directional movements (Fisk et al. 2012). Short term tracking studies of Greenland Sharks under ice off Baffin Island during late Spring suggest that individuals remain at deeper depths during the morning and gradually move into shallower depths in the afternoon and at night (Skomal and Benz 2004), and vertical dive data suggest an oscillating diving behaviour interspersed with deep dives (Campana et al. 2013). This species is live bearing with yolk sac, with one observed female carrying 10 young (Ebert and Compagno 2013). Size at birth is approximately 37−38 cm total length (TL) (Bjerkan and Koefoed 1957, Ebert and Compagno 2013). Size at maturity is > 400 and > 300 cm TL for females and males, respectively (Yano et al. 2007). This species reaches a maximum size of at least 640−756 cm TL, however most adults are between 288 and 504 cm TL (MacNeil et al. 2012, Ebert and Compagno 2013). The species is very slow growing with medium-sized sharks appearing to grow at a rate of one centimetre per year (Hansen 1963, Castro 1984, Castro et al. 1999). Juveniles are not commonly observed, but have been caught in deep waters in both coastal fjords and as bycatch in offshore waters. This suggests that juveniles reside in coastal and offshore nursery areas, or that these smaller individuals undertake large-scale movements between these areas (Hussey et al. 2014).","In the northeast Atlantic Ocean, shark liver fisheries in the waters surrounding Norway, Russia, Iceland, and Greenland historically targeted this species, and may have had a significant effect on subpopulations. The Greenland fishery commenced in the early 19th century and in 1857 the estimated annual catch was 2,000-3,000 sharks. However in the 1910s this annual catch increased to 32,000 sharks (Jensen 1914). A target commercial trawl fishery for this species in the Barents Sea extracted 200-300 tonnes annually from 1930 to 1941 (Rusyaev and Orlov 2013). All commercial fishing of this species ceased when Greenland fisheries for liver oil stopped in 1960 (Castro et al. 1999). During the 1970s this shark was perceived as a problem for other fisheries in western Norway and the government subsidized a fishery in order to reduce the population (Castro et al. 1999). Currently this shark is taken as bycatch in trawl, gillnet and fish trap fisheries. An estimated 1,200 individuals or 140-150 tonnes are taken as bycatch annually in commercial Barents Sea bottom trawl fisheries (Rusyaev and Orlov 2013). In addition to commercial bycatch, it is also caught by artisanal fisheries in the Arctic and is viewed as a nuisance species due to its entanglement in longlines and consequent damage to fishing gear (Young et al. 2010, Idrobo and Berkes 2012).","Based on advice from ICES to end fishing for deepwater sharks, the European Union Fisheries Council established a total allowable catch (TAC) for this species in 2007 (CEC 2012). This TAC was gradually reduced and in 2010 it was set at zero. In 2011, the allowable bycatch was reduced from 10% to 3% of the 2009 TAC and in 2012 it was further reduced to zero (ICES 2013).","An estimated 1,200 individuals or 140-150 tonnes are taken as bycatch annually in commercial Barents Sea bottom trawl fisheries (Rusyaev and Orlov 2013). In addition to commercial bycatch, it is also caught by artisanal fisheries in the Arctic (Young et al. 2010, Idrobo and Berkes 2012).","Hussey, N.E. & Allen, D.J.","Burgess, G.H., Sherrill-Mix, S.A. & Kyne, P.M.","Dolgov, A., Walls, R.H.L. & Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,SQUALIFORMES,SOMNIOSIDAE,Somniosus,rostratus,,Somniosus rostratus,"(Risso, 1827)","This is a valid species but often confused with other Somniosus species. Yano et al. (2004) resurrected Somnious longus Tanaka, 1912, from the western Pacific; as a result S. rostratus is now restricted to the northeast Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea. Pacific records of S. rostratus are a result of misidentification (Yano et al. 2004). Somniosus bauchotae (Quéro 1976) was described from a northeast Atlantic specimen but is now considered to be a junior synonym of S. rostratus.",No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Little Sleeper Shark (Somniosus rostratus) is a rare, medium-sized deepwater shark known from a few records on the outer continental shelf and upper slope at depths of 102–2,220 m in the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea with the majority of reports from less than 1,000 m depth. This species is occasionally taken as bycatch in deepwater bottom trawl and bottom longline fisheries. It is typically discarded but is sometimes landed under the same commercial category as the other deepwater sharks. The scarcity of captures could be this species is naturally rare, or that the bathymetric distribution of this species extends deeper than the depths currently surveyed. Information on diet preferences suggests that this species may occur throughout the mid- to deeper water column of the Mediterranean Sea, a depth that is poorly sampled and has no present fishing pressure, which may partially explain the scarcity of its presence in deep demersal fisheries. The ban on bottom trawling below depths of 1,000 m in the Mediterranean Sea affords the species some protection for part of the population in this region, although it is still sensitive to exploitation in the upper half of its depth range, and by intense deepwater fisheries operating in areas of the Northeast Atlantic. Compared to other sleeper sharks, the relatively small known range of this species and its rarity in an area that has been subject to heavy fishing pressure over a long period are cause for concern. As the majority of specimens of this species were caught at less than 1,000 m depth, this population is potentially under fishing pressure even in the Mediterranean Sea which banned bottom trawling at depths greater than 1,000 m. At the present stage of knowledge we must consider Little Sleeper Shark to be Data Deficient, due to a poor understanding of population size and structure. The species likely has slow life history characteristics like other deepwater squaloids, and therefore may be sensitive to exploitation, suggesting that further knowledge on this species could lead to a higher threat future assessment.",Unknown,"In the Northeast Atlantic this shark is found as far north as the waters off northwest Ireland (Quéro et al. 1978), and extends southwards to Madeira (Cadenat and Blache 1981), the Canary Islands, Portugal, and France (Quéro 1976). In the Mediterranean Sea, it is found in the Balearic Sea off Spain (Guallart 1990, Barrull and Mate 1995, 2001, Guallart et al. 2013), in the Ligurian Sea off northern Italy (Tortonese 1956, Cigala-Fulgosi and Gandolfi 1983) and off the coast of France (Moureau 1881, Tortonese 1956), Sicily, Algeria (Tortonese 1956), Malta (Vella et al. 2013) and Israel (Golani 1986-87). Its depth range is 102–2,220 m","This sleeper shark is an apparently rare, poorly known species that has mostly been reported in isolated records, but also regularly observed in some areas off the Mediterranean coast of Spain (Tortonese 1956, Compagno 1984, Guallart et al. 2013). A bottom trawl fishery targeting Red Shrimp (Aristeus antennatus) in the Balearic Sea operating at a 550–800 m depth range reported a mean catch rate of 5.81 * 10-2 specimens per journey over a six month period (Guallart et al. 2013). That suggests an approximate catch rate of one specimen per month and boat. While these values of density are low, they suggest that this species is not as rare as previously described. No information exists on the relationship between the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea populations, although differences in some biological parameters suggest that they may be somewhat isolated.","This bathydemersal and possibly mesopelagic deepwater species has been reported from depths of 102–2,220 m (Barrull and Mate 1995, 2002) from the outer continental shelves and upper slopes on or near the bottom (Compagno et al. 2005, Ebert et al. 2013). Almost all of the reported catches of this species ranged from depths of 200-1,000 m (Tortonese 1956, Cadenat and Blache 1981, Compagno 1984, Barrull and Mate 1995, 2002, Guallart et al. 2013, Vella et al. 2013). Most evidence suggests that it is an upper slope species, which rarely occurs at depths deeper than 1,000 m depth. Although specimens are usually captured with bottom fishing gears, highly mobile cephalopods have been found in the stomach contents of this species, which may suggest that this shark moves throughout the deeper reaches of the water column (Golani 1986-87, Barrull and Mate 2002, Guallart et al. 2013).Reproduction is aplacental live bearing, with five to 17 pups produced per litter (Tortonese 1956, Barrull and Mate 2002, Guallart et al. 2013). Vitellogenesis seems not to be synchronous with embryonic development (Guallart et al. 2013), which may imply some resting time between pregnancies. Size at birth is between 21 and 28 cm total length (TL); males are mature at 71 cm TL and females at 80 cm (Barrull and Mate 2002, Ebert et al. 2013, Guallart et al. 2013). This shark attains a maximum size of about 143 cm TL in the Northeast Atlantic but it hardly exceeds 100 cm TL in the Mediterranean Sea.","This deepwater shark is occasionally taken as bycatch in longline and bottom trawl fisheries in the Northeast Atlantic (Ebert and Stehmann 2013), but is often grouped with other shark species. Along the Mediterranean coast of Spain, it is regularly caught in bottom trawl fisheries targeting Red Shrimp (Aristeus antennatus). A range of 12–20 of these vessels have been bottom trawling at depths between 500 and 800 m for at least the past 20 years (Guallart et al. 2013). In the western Mediterranean Sea, it is also retained as bycatch in demersal fisheries and fisheries targeting Black Scabbardfish (Aphanopus carbo) in the Azores, although species-specific data are not available (Heesen 2003). When retained as bycatch, this shark is typically discarded at sea and probably has low survival rates following discard (Guallart et al. 2013). Occasionally unskinned carcasses are landed and sold as gulper sharks (Centrophorus spp.). In 2010 a new mesopelagic longline was introduced in the Ligurian Sea swordfish fishery, substituting the traditional surface long line and catches of this species were recorded at depths > 1,500 m (Garibaldi et al. 2012, Garibaldi 2014). This shark is likely slow growing and slow to mature like other deepwater squaloid sharks, making it sensitive to exploitation. While deepwater fisheries in the Northeast Atlantic have decreased in effort gradually over the past decade (Dransfeld et al. 2013, STECF 2014), they should still be monitored in case of future expansion, which could pose a threat. Additionally, it has a relatively small known range compared to other sleeper sharks and is susceptible to capture in the shallower half of its bathymetric range, where most of the population appears to occur.","No species-specific management or conservation measures are currently in place, and this species was not included in a 2010 zero Total Allowable Catch (TAC) and a 2012 zero allowable bycatch for deepwater sharks by the European Union Fisheries Council. The General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) banned bottom trawling below depths of 1,000 m in the Mediterranean Sea in February 2005 and this came into force in September 2005. The measure was adopted by consensus by all members of the GFCM, which include: Albania, Algeria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, EC, Egypt, France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Morocco, Romania, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro, Spain, Syria, Tunisia and Turkey. The development and implementation of national and/or regional management plans, such as the FAO International Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks (IPOA-Sharks), is required to facilitate the conservation and management of all chondrichthyan species in the region.",There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Séret, B. & Vacchi, M.","Guallart, J., Mancusi, C. & McCormack, C.","Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,LABRIDAE,Sparisoma,cretense,,Sparisoma cretense,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",Westneat and Alfaro (2005) recognize the Scarini as a tribe within the family Labridae.,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is widespread in the Mediterranean Sea and is relatively abundant there and in the Canary Islands. The population is at least stable, and the species northerly distribution in the Mediterranean may increase with warming sea temperatures in the future. There is little known of subpopulations outside the Mediterranean, but there are no known major threats and it is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"In the European region, this species is found in the eastern Atlantic from northern Spain to the mouth of the Mediterranean Sea, including the Azores, Madeira, and the Canaries. It is present throughout most of the Mediterranean Sea, except for parts of the northwestern coast and most of the Adriatic Sea (Dulcic and Pallaoro 2001), although there is a recent record from Croatia (Kruschel et al. 2012) in the southern Adriatic. It has also been recorded from southeastern Italy (Guidetti and Boero 2001) and also around Sardinia.","In the Mediterranean Sea, this species is uncommon in the northern Aegean Sea but very common in the southern Aegean Sea (B. Yokes pers. comm. 2007). It is also relatively uncommon in the northwestern Mediterranean including Spain and France (P. Francour pers. comm. 2007). The fish is common in the Canary Islands and in Cape Verde. It is considered one of the top two most common parrotfishes in Cape Verde (L. Rocha pers. comm. 2009).","This is a reef-associated species that generally occurs in shallow water along rocky shores. It feeds on algae and also small invertebrates (Quignard and Pras 1986, Abecasis et al. 2005). It is primarily herbivorous (Bullock and Monod 1997, Monod et al. 1994). The breeding occurs from July to September, with juveniles recruiting in the late summer (Abecasis et al. 2005).","There are no known major threats to this species and fishery impacts are likely to be localised. As with all coastal species, and in particular parrotfishes in general, habitat alterations may be a threat. At this time there are no data available to quantify this threat for this species.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. It has been recorded from Natura 2000 sites in Spain (including Ceuta, North Africa), Italy and Portugal (EUNIS 2014). Monitoring of the population trend is recommended.",This species is targeted by spearfishers in the Canary Islands.  It is caught and sold as bycatch in parts of its range.,"Allen, D.J., Kemp, J.R. & Pollard, D.","Craig, M.T.","Yokes, B., Francour, P., Choat, J.H., Clements, K.D., Russell, B., Myers, R., Lazuardi, M.E., Muljadi, A., Pardede, S. & Rahardjo, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SPARIDAE,Sparus,aurata,,Sparus aurata,"Linnaeus, 1758",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is common and abundant throughout most of its range in European waters. Although its overall population size in the Mediterranean may be increasing (though if so probably because of mariculture escapees), the wild population may be seriously threatened with genetic pollution by these aquaculture escapees, and this aspect needs to be studied. In the interim, it has been assessed as Least Concern.         Continued monitoring of its population status and harvest levels is recommended.",Stable,"The species is widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic and is known from the southern coasts of the British Isles and the southern Irish Sea (Craig et al. 2010) to Senegal, including the Canary Islands (Whitehead et al. 1986), and introduced to Madeira through aquaculture (Freitas and Canning-Clode 2014). It is also present throughout the Mediterranean Sea, but very rare in the Black Sea (Bânârescu 1964), where it is known from western and southern coasts.","This is a common and abundant species in the Mediterranean Sea, but relatively rare in the Black Sea. Catch statistics indicate a slow and steady increase for the Mediterranean from 1950 to the mid-1980s. Reported production reached 140,000 tonnes in 2010, mainly as a result of aquaculture which now dwarfs the capture fisheries production. This species is common outside sea-cage farms in the Turkish Aegean Sea feeding on the feed (pellets) (Akyol and Ertosluk 2010), and accounted for 0.7% of the total weight of one fish farm from 2004-2008. Most aquaculture production occurs in the Mediterranean, with Greece (49%) being by far the largest producer in 2002. Turkey (15%), Spain (14%) and Italy (6%) are also major Mediterranean producers. In addition, considerable production occurs in Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Malta, Morocco, Portugal and Tunisia. There is also production in the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, and the Arabian Sea. The main producer is Israel (three percent of total production in 2002); Kuwait and Oman are minor producers (Colloca and Cerasi 2009). FAO (2014) production figures in 2012 were Albania - 44 t; Croatia - 74 t; Cyprus - 52 t; Egypt - 1,663 t; France - 696 t; Greece - 180 t; Italy - 672 t; Malta - 13 t; Poland - 230 t; Slovenia - 11 t; Spain - 816 t; and United Kingdom - one tonne.","An inshore species which inhabits seagrass beds as well as sand and rocky bottoms (Bauchot and Hureau 1986) to depths of about 30 m, but the adults may occur to 150 m depth. It is euryhaline, entering brackish water. During its first months of life, this species is known to enter coastal lagoons and estuaries in early spring, seeking shelter and food (Arias 1980). Although most juveniles leave the nursery before reaching one year old, some individuals may stay for a second year (Arias 1980). It is a largely sedentary fish, solitary or forming small aggregations. It is mainly carnivorous (feeding on molluscs, particularly on mussels which it can easily crush, crustaceans and fish); but accessorily herbivorous. Fish and molluscs constitute the favourite prey in Mellah Lagoon, Algeria (Chaoui et al. 2006). This is a protandric hermaphrodite, with all individuals functioning as males during their first maturity (i.e. at the end of their first or second year of life), thereafter changing sex, with a certain fraction of fish functioning as females during the second spawning season (Zohar et al. 1978, Zohar et al. 1984, Pavlidis et al. 2006, Mylonas et al. 2011). Sexual maturity develops in males at two years of age (20-30 cm) and in females at two to three years (33-40 cm). Females are batch spawners that can lay 20,000-80,000 eggs every day for a period up to four months. In captivity, sex reversal is conditioned by social and hormonal factors (Colloca and Cerasi 2009). Spawning generally occurs from October to December and from December to April in the southern Mediterranean, and females are characterized by high interspawning intervals and annual fecundities (>2.0 ×106 eggs kg−1) (Barbaro et al. 1997, Zohar et al. 1995, Mylonas et al. 2011), with sequenced spawning during the whole period. Incubation of the eggs lasts about two days at 16-17°C, and the larval stage lasts about 50 days at 17.5°C or about 43 days at 20°C. Egg size is 0.9-1.1 mm and larval length at hatching is 2.5-3.0 mm. The parameters of the Von Bertalanffy growth equation for this species are: L∞ = 55.33 cm, K = 0.513, to = - 0.282 (Chaoui et al. 2006); L∞ = 62 cm, K = 0.221, to = - 0.774 (Lasserre and Labourg 1974); L∞ = 59.76 cm, K = 0.153, to = - 0.711 (Kraljevic and Dulcic 1997); and L∞ = 36 cm, K = 0.39 yr-1 and t0 = -1.68 yr (Ahmed 2011). The allometric coefficient of the length-weight relationship is 3.06 (Chaoui et al. 2006); 2.88 (Lasserre and Labourg 1974); and 3.05 (Kraljevic and Dulcic 1997). The maximum total length of this species is 70 cm (Fischer et al. 1987), and its longevity is 12 years (Kraljevic and Dulcic 1997).","Localized declines from fishing are reported for this species in parts of the Mediterranean (e.g. Ahmed 2011). This is a very important commercial species, and it is also one of the most important fishes used for aquaculture in the Mediterranean Sea. There may be a problem here with genetic pollution of the wild stocks through interbreeding with the numerous artificially bred and selected aquaculture escapee fish (Somarakis et al. 2013).","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with marine reserves in parts of its range. Studies are needed to determine if aquaculture specimens are genetically polluting the wild stocks. The escape of eggs from sea bream farms may have ecological consequences, which are likely to depend on the sex ratio and intensity of farming within specific regions. To avoid potentially negative ecological and genetic consequences of escape through spawning, farms with large fish should not be placed close to the nursery grounds of wild seabream, such as in coastal lagoons (Somarakis et al. 2013). As this species relies very heavily on estuarine lagoons as nursery grounds, these habitats need to be preserved for this species to survive. The wild catch figures should also be separated from the aquaculture production in the fisheries statistics for this region.","This is a very important commercial species, and it is also one of the most important fishes used for aquaculture in the Mediterranean Sea. The richest fishing grounds are located between 36oN to 21oS, the species being less common further south and around the Canary Islands. It is fished most intensively from February to October. It is caught on line gear, with trammel nets, bottom trawls, beach seines and traps. Marketed fresh or frozen (its flesh is highly esteemed) and it is also used for fishmeal and oil (Carpenter in press). It is an important sport fish, and is regularly present in the markets throughout the Mediterranean region. It is also a targeted recreational species, mostly by spearfishing (Jouvenel and Pollard 2001).","Allen, D.J., Comeros-Raynal, M. & García, M.","Russell, B.","Carpenter, K.E. & Pollard, D.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,OPHIDIIDAE,Spectrunculus,crassus,,Spectrunculus crassus,"(Vaillant, 1888)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) In the European region, this fish is known from the northeast Atlantic from Iceland south to the Azores. This bathydemersal species is found in depths between 1,772 and 3,677 m and appears to be rare. There are no known major threats and it is not utilized. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"The fish is present in the Atlantic and eastern Pacific Oceans. In the European region, the fish is is known from the northeast Atlantic Ocean from Iceland and the United Kingdom south to the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014).",This bathydemersal species appears to be rare (Fishnet2 Portal 2015). There is limited information available on its population status and trends.,"Spectrunculus crassus is a bathydemersal species found in depths from 1,772 to 3,677 m (Uiblein et al. 2008). There is limited information available on its life history characteristics. A specimen from the Pacific Ocean was found to have the following stomach contents: detritus, gastropods, crustaceans, ophiurids, remains of polychaetes, foraminifera, sediment, and bivalves (Uiblein et al. 2008).",A deep-water fish with no known threats.,There are no species-specific conservation actions in place for this species.,Not utilized.,"Comeros-Raynal, M. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,OPHIDIIDAE,Spectrunculus,grandis,,Spectrunculus grandis,"(Günther, 1877)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment Spectrunculus grandis is quite common throughout the European region. It is sometimes taken in small numbers as bycatch in trawl industries, but it is not thought that enough individuals are taken to adversely affect the population of the species. There are no other major threats to the species, as it inhabits very deep depths. There are not any specific conservation measures in place for S. grandis, but marine protected areas are numerous throughout its range. Therefore, Spectrunculus grandis is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Spectrunculus grandis is a circumglobal species, inhabiting all of the major oceans of the world (Uiblein et al. 2008). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it is found as far north as the Rockall and the Porcupine Abyssal Plain (Henriques et al. 2002). It is also found off of Portugal, Madeira and the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014). It is associated with depths from 800 and 4,300 m (Nielsen and Hureau 1980, Bianchi et al. 1999). It is most often encountered at depths ranging from 2,000 to 3,000 m (Mundy 2005).","Spectrunculus grandis is quite common throughout most of its range (Uiblein et al. 2008). Along the Rockall Trough and Porcupine Segbight, S. grandis is consistently in the top ten most abundant species in trawls over 2,000 m (Gordon et al. 1996). Spectrunculus grandis was also found to be one of the more common deep sea demersal scavenging fishes in the northeast Atlantic (Henriques et al. 2002, King et al. 2006).","Spectrunculus grandis is a marine, bathydemersal fish that is common over most of its range. It has been recorded at 127 cm, maximum length (Nielsen et al. 1999). Spectrunculus grandis consumes gastropods, crustaceans, polychaete remains and detritus (Uiblein et al. 2008).  It is oviparous, with oval, pelagic eggs floating in gelatinous mass (Breder and Rosen 1966). However, the larvae are epipelagic (Ambrose 1996). Little else is known about the habitat, reproduction, spawning, fecundity or other ecological aspects of this fish.","Spectrunculus grandis is sometimes taken in bottom trawls, especially as bycatch. There are no species-specific landing rates reported, but it is not thought that the small-scale harvesting of this species poses any threat at this time.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for S. grandis, but it range overlaps with many marine protected areas. It cannot be determined if the extreme depth preference of this species allows marine protected areas to offer any protection to this species.","Spectrunculus grandis is of minor commercial interest. It is sometimes caught in bottom trawls (Bianchi et al. 1999). And it is sometimes taken as bycatch in deep water trawls (Uiblein et al. 2008). There are no specific landings reports for S. grandis, but it is not taken in large numbers (Uiblein et al. 2008).","Strongin, K.","Knudsen, S., Nielsen, J. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Speleogobius,trigloides,,Speleogobius trigloides,"Zander & Jelinek, 1976",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Speleogobius trigloides is currently only known from the Mediterranean Sea, where confirmed records are from the Croatian coast of the Adriatic Sea. There are no confirmed records from France (Banyuls, Port-Cros and Ajaccio); however, S. trigloides is cryptic, hard to identify and may have a wider distribution in suitable habitat than is currently known. There is no further population information available. Although it is restricted to deep, coralligenous areas and rock crevices, there are no known, widespread threats, and it occurs in marine protected areas within its known range. Therefore, S. trigloides is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Speleogobius trigloides is currently only known from the Mediterranean Sea, where confirmed records are from the Croatian coast of the Adriatic Sea. There are no confirmed records from France (Banyuls, Port-Cros and Ajaccio) (M. Kovačić pers. comm. 2014). It has been collected from eight to 25 m depth (Miller 1986).","There is no population information available for S. trigloides. It is cryptic species, very small and very difficult to observe. It may be naturally rare.",Speleogobius trigloides is restricted to coralligenous areas and rock crevices.,There are no known major threats to S. trigloides and it occurs in marine protected areas.,"No conservation measures are in place for S. trigloides and it is present in some marine protected areas. Speleogobius trigloides was previously assessed as Data Deficient, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",The species is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Williams, J.T., Kovacic, M. & Herler, J.","Francour, P., Bilecenoglu, M., Bariche, M. & Molinari, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MACROURIDAE,Sphagemacrurus,hirundo,,Sphagemacrurus hirundo,"(Collett, 1896)",,No,LC,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as this deepwater species is moderately common and abundant within its natural range and there are no major threats affecting the species.,Unknown,"Sphagemacrurus hirundo is endemic to the Eastern Atlantic (33oN to 14oN), where it is present most notably in Azores, Madeira and Cape Verde (Geistdoerfer 1990). It mostly inhabits depth ranges from 1,266 to 2,330 m (Geistdoerfer 1990).","There are 11 records of this species in museums, all of which are in either Portugal or Spain (Fishnet 2012). This is known to be a moderately common and abundant species within its natural range (Bergstad et al. 2008). The population trend of this species is unknown.",This is a benthydemersal species that lives in relatively deep waters (Geistdoerfer 1990). Its maximum length recorded is 21 cm (TL) (Reiner 1996).,There are no major threats to this species.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not the target of any conservation action, and it is unknown whether it is found in protected areas. Further research is needed on the population size and trend of the species.",This species is not utilized.,"García, M.","Conceicao Biscoito, M.J.","Iwamoto, T., Strongin, K., Carpenter, K.E. & Polidoro, B.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,TETRAODONTIFORMES,TETRAODONTIDAE,Sphoeroides,marmoratus,,Sphoeroides marmoratus,"(Lowe, 1838)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Sphoeroides marmoratus is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is widely distributed from Portugal south to Angola. Its range also includes the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Madeira. Over the last thirty years, this range has expanded to include parts of the western Mediterranean. It is known to be locally abundant in parts of its range, and is caught frequently in the Azores. Sphoeroides marmoratus is utilized in some local subsistence fisheries, but not to the the extent of posing a threat to the population stability of the species. There are no other known widespread threats for S. marmoratus. There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but there are numerous marine protected areas that intersect with its range. Therefore, Sphoeroides marmoratus as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Sphoeroides marmoratus is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is known from off Portugal southwards to Angola, including Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands (Shipp 1990). It has colonized the Mediterranean Sea within the last 30 years along the Spanish coast (Galeote et al. 1996, Reina-Hervàs et al. 2004, Mendiola 2005) and expanded it presence to the Gulf of Tarano (Vacchi et al. 2007). This species is associated with depths up to 100 m (Reiner 1996).","Sphoeroides marmoratus was found to be common and abundant on rocky inshore reefs of the Azores (Ribeiro 2008). In one study of two islands in the Azores, this species had a mean density of 0.036 individuals/m2 (Bertoncini et al. 2010). Another study performed in the Azores collected its specimens in three hour intervals over the course of two days, and this was repeated once a month for three months. In August, 11 specimens of S. marmoratus were caught, in September one specimen was caught, and in October 17 specimens were caught (Nash et al. 1994).  The species is present in nine museum lots, containing specimens collected from European waters (Accessed through FishNet 2 Portal July 2013). It is rare in on the Portuguese coast and in the Mediterranean (Vacchi et al. 2007).","Sphoeroides marmoratus is associated with rocky reefs at depths of up to 100 meters (Schneider 1990, Reiner 1996) and found in estuarine areas of Portugal. The maximum length of the species is 20 cm total length (TL) (Shipp 1990). The ecology of this species is not well understood, specifically in diet, spawning periodicity, fecundity and early life history traits.","There are no major threats known to this species. It is sometimes taken and used in small, subsistence fisheries (Shipp 1990), but it is not thought that this utilization is adversely affecting the population structure or stability at this time.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for S. marmoratus.  This species wide range overlaps several marine protected areas. Research into all areas of the population size and trends, ecology, biology and potential threats of this species is suggested.","It is sometimes taken and used in small, subsistence fisheries (Shipp 1990), but it is not thought that this utilization is adversely affecting the population structure or stability at this time.","Ralph, G.","Rijnsdorp, A.D. & Papakonstantinou, C.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,TETRAODONTIFORMES,TETRAODONTIDAE,Sphoeroides,pachygaster,,Sphoeroides pachygaster,"(Müller & Troschel, 1848)","The genus Sphoeroides was found to be paraphyletic, and is in need of revision (Amaral et al. 2013).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Sphoeroides pachygaster is circumglobal in tropical to subtropical waters. In the northeastern Atlantic, it occurs from Irish waters south along the European coast to the waters of Morocco, as well in the Mediterranean. It can be found at depths up to nearly 500 meters. It has been noted as abundant in the eastern Atlantic, and it is associated with a variety of habitats. The species is occasionally taken as by-catch in long-line and mid-water trawl fishing industries; however, its range has expanded over the last decade to include more of the Mediterranean and there have been no reported population declines. There are no specific  conservation measures in place for this species, but its range intersects with numerous marine protected areas. Therefore,  Sphoeroides pachygaster is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Sphoeroides pachygaster is circumglobal in tropical and temperate seas, and is the most wide-ranging species in the genus Sphoeroides.  In the western Atlantic, S. pachygaster has been reported from New England to southern Brazil (Golani et al. 2002). It has also been reported south of the Strait of Gibraltar, from off Morocco, Senegal (Séret and Opic 1981) to the Gulf of Guinea (Shipp 1990), and southward probably to South Africa (Smith and Heemstra 1986). The species is also reported from the Indian Ocean (Golani et al. 2002) and the Pacific (Hardy 1981), including the East China Sea and Taiwan (Su and Li 2002). In the eastern Atlantic, the species was recorded from Irish waters (Wheeler and Van Oijen 1985), the Bay of Biscay (Quéro et al. 2003) as well as off Portugal (Albuquerque 1954–1956). It has also been reported south of the Strait of Gibraltar, in Moroccan waters (Séret and Opic 1981). Sphoeroides pachygaster was first reported from the Mediterranean in the mid 1980s and has since become established (Turkey; Eryilmaz et al. 2003, Greece; Corsini-Foka and Economidis 2007, Cherif et al. 2010). It is in all of the Hellenic Seas besides the Ionian Sea. This species is associated with depths of between 50 and 480 m (Matsuura and Tyler 1997).","Sphoeroides pachygaster is common in the eastern Atlantic (Séret and Opic 1991, Shipp 1990). It has recently increased in abundance in the Aegean Sea (Corsini-Foka and Economidis 2007), possibly due to the increase in sea temperature (C. Papacontantinou pers. comm. 2013).  Although this species is widely distributed, analysis of the CO1 DNA barcoding genes of individuals from the North Atlantic and Australasia reveal a population that is genetically homogeneous (Ward et al. 2008).","Sphoeroides pachygaster is a relatively deepwater species which can be found in a variety of habitats, including over the continental shelf and in submarine canyons (Vetter et al. 2010). Sphoeroides pachygaster was first reported in the Mediterranean in the mid 1990s, where it has since become established (Cherif et al. 2010). This species spends most of its juvenile life in the pelagic water column, but, as an adult is known to settle over sandy, muddy, and rocky bottoms. The maximum recorded length for this specie is 40.5 cm standard length (SL) (Ragonese et al. 1997). It feeds primarily on squid (Schneider 1990).   Sphoeroides pachygaster is an oviparous species with wide spawning period (CIESM Atlas). There is very little additional information concerning reproduction and life-history of this species.  Tetraodontids are capable of inflating their abdomens with water when frightened or injured, and are capable of producing toxins in the skin, gonads, or liver (Allen and Randall 1977).  Fishes in the family Tetraodontidae have the smallest vertebrate genomes known to date (Neafsey and Palumbi 2003).","There are no major threats known to this species, although it is occasionally taken as by-catch in long-line and trap fisheries (Moffitt et al. 2006), as well as in mid water trawls (Hardy pers. comm. 2011).","There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for S. pachygaster. There are numerous marine protected areas that intersect with its range. This species appears on a list of the 100 worst Mediterranean invasive species for its effects on biodiversity, fisheries and aquaculture, and human heath (Streftaris and Zenetos 2006). Research into all aspects of the population, ecology, biology and potential threats to this species is suggested.","This species is occasionally taken as by-catch in mid water trawls (Hardy pers. comm. 2011). It is not economically important in the Mediterranean, and is discarded when caught (Golani et al. 2002). Sphoeroides pachygaster is also occasionally taken as by-catch in long-line and trap fisheries (Moffitt et al. 2006).  Sphoeroides pachygaster contains high concentrations of TTX in its flesh and its consumption causes many cases of deadly poisoning in in Egypt and Israel (IUCN Invasive Species Report 2012).","Ralph, G.","Rijnsdorp, A.D. & Papakonstantinou, C.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SPHYRAENIDAE,Sphyraena,barracuda,,Sphyraena barracuda,"(Edwards, 1771)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, Sphyraena barracuda occurs only in Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, Sphyraena barracuda occurs only in Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014).Globally, Sphyraena barracuda occurs in tropical to warm temperate waters of the Atlantic and Indo-West Pacific Oceans, and does not occur in the eastern Pacific (de Sylva 1963). In the western Atlantic it is known from Massachusetts south along the U.S., Bermuda, the Bahamas, throughout the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, and along South America to southern Brazil including Trinidade Island (Russell 2002, Simon et al. 2013). In the eastern Atlantic it has been recorded along West Africa from Sierra Leone to Gabon and from Ascension Island (Friedlander et al. 2014, Wirtz et al. 2014). In the Indo-Pacific it is known along East Africa, the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Taiwan, northern Australia, and the Hawaiian Islands (de Sylva 1981, Al-Sedfy et al. 1982, Rose 1984, Smith and Saleh 1987, Carpenter et al. 1997, Grandcourt 2012). It occurs mainly at the surface, but can be found down to 100 m depth (Russell in prep).",Sphyraena barracuda is uncommon throughout the eastern central Atlantic.,"Sphyraena barracuda is a pelagic fish, found on shallow reefs, on over-shelf deep reefs and on shelf-edge deep reefs (Feitoza et al. 2005). It feeds mainly on littoral schooling and coral reef fishes (de Sylva 1981), cephalopods and shrimps (Cervigon 1993). Juveniles and small individuals are schooling and are usually found over shallow waters over sandy, weedy bottoms and mangroves. Larger adults (>65 cm standard length) are usually solitary and found over reef areas and offshore waters (Kells and Carpenter 2011). Large schools of this species have been observed and are probably associated with spawning behaviors. This species is a voracious predator and can usually be found over structures and reefs. The maximum length for this species is 200 cm (Robins and Ray 1986). The maximum published weight is 50 kg (De Sylva 1990). It can reach at least 14 years of age. Most males of this species mature by two years of age and all are mature by three years. The majority of females mature at three years and all are mature by four years of age. Young barracuda will spend their first summer in shallow nursery areas, and move offshore to deeper water in late fall. During the second summer young S. barracuda will enter the mangrove habitat or the deeper weed beds. In the third year it enters the coral-reef habitat. Sphyraena barracuda use seagrass beds and mangroves as lifestage biotopes (Nagelkerken et al. 2000). It is a lie-in-wait predator that forages on the edges of reefs and seagrass beds and strikes its prey using a high velocity lunge (de Sylva 1963).",There do not appear to be any substantial threats to this species overall.,There are no conservation actions in place for this species.,"Sphyraena barracuda is marketed frozen, canned in oil, fresh, salted and smoked (Russell 2002). It is also reduced to fishmeal (de Sylva 1981). The main fishing grounds for this species are inshore, coastal and offshore waters. This species is not targeted by a specific fishery and is of minor commercial importance. It is usually caught with hand lines, spearing, gear, bottom trawls, gill nets and trammel nets. Human consumption of large barracuda can cause ciguatera poisoning, due to reef fishes consumed by larger barracuda (Russell 2002). This species is caught with trolling lines by commercial and sportfishermen.","Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Abdulqader, E., Aiken, K.A., Alghawzi, Q., Carpenter, K.E., Collette, B.B., Dooley, J., Hartmann, S., Marechal, J., Pina Amargos, F., Russell, B. & Singh-Renton, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SPHYRAENIDAE,Sphyraena,intermedia,,Sphyraena intermedia,"Pastore, 2009",Sphyraena intermedia was only recently described on the basis of 19 specimens collected from the Mediterranean Sea (Pastore 2009).,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Sphyraena intermedia is currently known from  from the Gulf of Taranto in the central Mediterranean Sea. There is little species-specific information available as this species was recently described. It is likely taken in fisheries targeting Barracuda spp. There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species, and there is a need for more research to better clarify the geographic range of this species. It is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Sphyraena intermedia is distributed from  from the Gulf of Taranto in the central Mediterranean Sea (Pastore 2009). There is little species-specific information available as this species was recently described (Pastore 2009). There is no species-specific depth information available for S. intermedia, however fishes of the genus are usually found to depths of up to 100 m.","Sphyraena intermedia was described in 2009 from the Gulf of Taranto in the central Mediterranean Sea (Pastore 2009). There is little species-specific information available for S. intermedia. The overall trend in landings of Barracudas nei in the Mediterranean and Black Sea is one of increase to a peak of roughly 5,602 tonnes in 1994, followed by a period of decline and stabilization around 2,000 tonnes from the late 1990s to 1,000 tonnes in 2010 to 2011 (FAO 2011). Local knowledge indicates that Barracudas, along with many other thermophillic fishes, have increased in abundance in the Mediterranean Sea (Azzurro et al. 2011).","There is little species-specific habitat information available for S. intermedia. Fishes of the genus Sphyraena are typically found in shelf waters ranging to a depth of approximately 100 metres. There appears to be some ontogenetic segregation of habitat, with young individuals being found in shallow waters in small schools, while adults tend to be sedentary (Robins and Ray 1986, Barreiros et al. 2002, Pastore 2009). There is no maximum size information available for this species.",Sphyraena intermedia is taken in fisheries targeting other species of Barracuda. Species of the genus Sphyraena are not often identified at to the species level (Coll et al. 2004).,There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for S. intermedia. It is found in marine protected areas throughout its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). There is a need to better clarify the range of this species.,"There is little species-specific information available for S. intermedia. This species is taken in fisheries targeting other species of Barracuda. Barracuda are taken with gill-nets, trawl nets, seining and ‘lampara’ engine, as well as by spear-fishing (Pastore 2009).","Strongin, K.","Collette, B., Smith-Vaniz, W.F. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SPHYRAENIDAE,Sphyraena,sphyraena,,Sphyraena sphyraena,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"Europe Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Sphyraena sphyraena occurs in the eastern Atlantic, from the Bay of Biscay to Mossamedes, Angola, including the Mediterranean and Black Sea, Madeira, Cape Verde and the Azores. It is a pelagic species which is found at depths ranging from 0 to 100 metres. Sphyraena sphyraena is a commercially important species in parts of the assessment zone, particularly in the eastern and southern Mediterranean. There are some indications of declining mean size and decreased range in size of S. sphyraena from the eastern and southern Mediterranean. Juveniles of this species are taken as bycatch in small-pelagic fisheries (i.e. sardine, anchovy). Adults are relatively sedentary, and are vulnerable to spearfishing and other gears. There is no species-specific abundance information available, and it is likely that such information would include other species in the region, particularly S. viridensis and possibly a new species, S. intermedia. Given the lack of information concerning abundance, age at first reproduction, and other basic biological information of this commercially important species, S. sphyraena is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Sphyraena sphyraena occurs in the eastern Atlantic, from the Bay of Biscay to Mossamedes, Angola, including the Mediterranean and Black seas, Madeira, Cape Verde (Russell in press), and the Azores. Sphyraena sphyraena probably does not occur in the Canary Islands, and that all previous records of this species at the Canaries are likely misidentifications of the very common S. viridensis (Brito 1991, Dulčić et al. 2009a). There are records from Bermuda and Brazil (de Sylva 1981). This species is found at depths ranging from 0 to 100 metres. The record from Bermuda is a misidentification, and this species does not occur in Bermuda. Brazilian specimen from Piaui, Sambaiba remains to be verified.","Regional Population Information Sphyraena sphyraena is easy to misidentify as S. viridensis (Golani et al. 2006).  There are rarely species-specific catch statistics available for S. sphyraena. The majority of landings (>90%) within the eastern Atlantic range of S. sphyraena are declared from the Eastern Central Atlantic (ECA) fishing zone. The overall trend in declared landings is one of increase from the late 1980s onwards. Landings from the Mediterranean and Black Sea represent 5 to 10% of total recent landings. The overall trend in declared landings of ""Barracuda nei"" in the Mediterranean and Black Sea is one of increase to a peak of roughly 5602 tonnes in 1994, followed by a period of decline and stabilization around 2000 tonnes from the late 1990s to 1000 tonnes in 2010 to 2011 (FAO 2011). Global catch production for S. sphyraena in the Mediterranean and Black Sea was not reported until 1999, when catch statistics for this species were separated from ""Barracudas nei"". The catch peaked in 2006 at 398 tonnes and fluctuated through 2010 (FAO 2011). However, this may be due to increasing recording from different countries and also increases in other species (including in the catch figures for S. chrysotaenia and S. flavicauda, both immigrant species from the Red Sea). In Spanish waters, the mean abundance of S. sphyraena was much higher in marine protected areas (Charton et al. 2000). Estimates of biomass of small pelagic fishes include S. sphyraena, which feeds on small pelagics (Coll et al. 2007). Local knowledge indicates that Barracudas in general, along with many other thermophillic fishes, have increased in abundance in the Mediterranean Sea (Azzurro et al. 2011).  Global Population Information  The global aggregate catch production for barracuda species in the ECA increased from 1950 to the 1970s, peaking in 1974 at 25,686 tonnes. The catch fluctuated in the late 1970s and early 1980s and decreased by 60% from 1982 to 1985. Global catch production in the area subsequently fluctuated from 1985 to 1995 and continued to increase in 1996 into the 2000s. It peaked in 2010 at 33,340 tonnes, a 23% increase from the peak in 1974. The majority of landings are declared by Nigeria. Nigerian catches alone increased 75% from 1982 to 1985 (FAO 2011).","Sphyraena sphyraena is an epipelagic species which is found in coastal and offshore waters (Schneider 1990). It is primarily a specialized piscivore with a diet consisting of >99% pelagic and supra-benthic fishes (In the Mediterranean: Clupeidae, Atherina boyeri, Spicara smaris, Boops boops), less often on cephalopods and crustaceans (Kalogirou et al. 2012). It may be found to 100 m depth. In the Mediterranean this species is recorded to 50 m depth (Louisy 2005), and grows to perhaps up to 150 cm length (Golani et al. 2006). The maximum age for this species is eight years (de Sylva 1981, Allam et al. 2004). At Elba island, recruits were seen in July and August (Biagi et al. 1998). The spawning season for S. sphyraena is in the spring and summer. Eggs and larvae are planktonic (Golani et al. 2006). Golani et al. (2006) reports the length range of this species as typically encountered as 25 to 60 cm, with a maximum length of 150 cm. The mean length of S. sphyraena in Greek waters (Euboikos Gulf) was 39.4 cm, with an observed minimum of 33.5 cm and a maximum of 49.8 cm (Petrakis and Steriou 1995). The mean length of S. sphyraena in Turkish waters (Gokova Bay, Aegean Sea) in 2009 was 27.1 cm (range 21 to 32.6). Length range from France was 35 to 76 cm (Crec′hriou et al. 2013). The length range from the eastern Adriatic was 82.6 to 93.2 (Dulčić and Glamuzina 2006). The maximum recorded size for S. sphyraena is 150 cm (Golani et al. 2006). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 42 cm TL and the length at maturity is 26 cm TL for females and 23 cm TL for males (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014). Allam et al. (2004) conducted a study in Egyptian Mediterranean waters and found the growth performance index for this species was 2.58, the annual weight ranged from 39.47 to 256.55 g at one to eight years, and that the annual weight increment was high in the eighth year for this species at 20.10%. Otolith radii is directly proportional and highly correlated with total length for this species (Allam et al. 2004). Fishes of the genus Sphyraena are typically found in shelf waters ranging to a depth of approximately 100 meters. There appears to be some ontogenetic separation, with young individuals being found in shallow waters in small schools, while adults tend to be sedentary (Robins and Ray 1986, Barreiros et al. 2002, Pastore 2009).","Sphyraena sphyraena is captured by artisanal fishing practices with purse seines, gillnets, handlines, trolling lines. It appears regularly in the markets of Algeria and Morocco, where it is highly regarded, and occasionally in other markets in the area. This species is marketed fresh (Fischer et al. 1987). Sphyraena sphyraena was among the larger fishes targeted by spearfishing, and has a relatively high intrinsic vulnerability to this form of fishing (Lloret et al. 1998).  In Turkey, Israel and Tunisia (FAO Area 37) up to 1,000 tons are landed per year. Bycatch in small pelagic fisheries Sphyraena sphyraena feeds almost exclusively on small pelagic fishes, including Boops boops, Spicara smaris, Atherina boyeri, and Clupeids (Kalogirou et al. 2012). Additionally, it is inferred that, at some stage in their life history, S. sphyraena are spatially distributed amongst schools of commercially-important small pelagics, as estimates of biomass of ""small pelagics"" gathered from trawling surveys in the Adriatic Sea (ISMAR–CNR, Italy) include S. sphyraena (Coll et al.2007). It is occasionally caught and marketed in the purse seine fisheries in the Aegean and Ionian seas (Tsagarakiset al. 2012).   Sphyraena sphyraenamay also be experiencing local declines in abundance as a function of declines in prey. Anchovies and sardines have been severely depleted in a number of areas in the Mediterranean, including the eastern Ionian, potentially due to overexploitation (Bearzi et al 2006). This has resulted in declines in abundance of marine megafauna, perhaps including S. sphyraena (Bearzi et al 2006).","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Sphyraena sphyraena, however, the range for this species overlaps with a number of marine protected areas. Sphyraena sphyraena was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Sphyraena sphyraena is a commercially important species. It is a component of both artisanal fisheries and recreational fisheries. In Turkey, Israel and Tunisia (FAO 37), up to 1,000 tons are landed per year. Sphyraena sphyraena appears regularly in the markets of Algeria and Morocco, where it is highly regarded, and occasionally in other markets in the area (Fischer et al. 1987). This species is typically discarded from trawl fisheries in the Mediterranean (Sánchez et al. 2007).  The total catch of unclassified barracudas reported from the area (Eastern Central Atlantic) in 1979 exceeded 21,000 t. Sphyraena sphyraena is reportedly caught mainly with bottom or pelagic trawls, gillnets, fixed bottom nets, seines, beach seines, and handlines. It is marketed fresh, smoked, fried, and canned in oil. It is caught by local and foreign trawlers, and is consumed locally as well as in several foreign markets (de Sylva 1981).","Ralph, G.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SPHYRAENIDAE,Sphyraena,viridensis,,Sphyraena viridensis,"Cuvier, 1829","After several years of confusion and mistake, the underwater identification of S. viridensis is now correct. Consequently, Dufour et al. (2007) gives accurate repartition of S. sphyraena and S. viridensis (P. Francour pers. comm. 2007).",No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) The geographic and depth distribution of Sphyraena viridensis is not well known, as it is often misidentified as S. sphyraena. Both species are commercially important species in parts of the assessment zone, particularly in the eastern and southern Mediterranean. There are some indications of declining mean size and decreased range in size of S. sphyraena from the eastern and Southern Mediterranean, which may be representative of S. viridensis. Juveniles of both species are likely as bycatch in small-pelagic fisheries (i.e. Sardine, Anchovy). Adults are likely relatively sedentary, and are vulnerable to spearfishing and other gears. There is no species-specific abundance information available, and it is likely that such information would include other species in the region, particularly S. sphyraena and possibly a new species, S. intermedia. Given the lack of information concerning abundance, age at first reproduction, and other basic biological information, this species is assessed as Data Deficient.",Increasing,"The exact distribution and abundance of S. viridensis are unknown because most published records do not separate it from S. sphyraena. Its geographical range is probably wider than currently known for this reason (Russell in press, Barreiros et al. 2002). Golani et al. (2006) presents the following distribution: in the Atlantic from Iceland to Morocco and Cape Verde. It is also found in the Canary Islands, Azores, and Madeira (Barreiros et al. 2002, Wirtz 1998). Relini and Relini (1997) identified S. viridensis from the Italian shores as well as from the Balearic and Sardinian waters. Sphyraena viridensis is reported from Lebanon in the eastern Mediterranean, Turkey (Bizsel and Cihangir 1996), Rhodes (Corsini and Economidis 1999), Sicily (Ustica Island) (Vacchi et al. 1999), the Balearic Islands (Massuti et al. 2001), Algeria (Kara and Bourehain 2003), and the Adriatic Sea (Kozul et al. 2005). It is probably present in the southern Adriatic (P. Francour pers. comm. 2007). It has been recorded at depths ranging from 0 to 50 metres, however it may be found at greater depths.","Regional Population Information  In the western part of the Mediterranean Sea the population of S. viridensis is increasing, it is possible to now see very large schools of a species which was considered uncommon to rare around ten years ago (P. Francour pers. comm. 2007). This may be due to warming sea temperatures. In the southwestern coast of Turkey, S. viridensis is common (B. Yokes pers. comm. 2007). An important population of  S. viridensis occurs in Algeria (M. H. Kara pers. comm. 2007). It has recently become possible to observe juvenile barracuda in the northwestern part of the Mediterranean (P. Francour pers. comm. 2007).  There are no species-specific catch statistics available for S. viridensis. The majority of landings of ""Barracuda nei"" (>90%) are declared from the Eastern Central Atlantic (ECA) fishing zone. The overall trend in declared landings is one of increase from the late 1980s onwards. Landings from the Mediterranean and Black Sea represent 5 to 10% of total recent landings. The overall trend in declared landings of ""Barracuda nei"" in the Mediterranean and Black Sea is one of increase to a peak of roughly 5602 tonnes in 1994, followed by a period of decline and stabilization around 2,000 tonnes from the late 1990s to 1,000 tonnes in 2010 to 2011 (FAO 2011). Global Population Information  The global aggregate catch production for barracuda species in the ECA increased from 1950 to the 1970s, peaking in 1974 at 25,686 tonnes. The catch fluctuated in the late 1970s and early 1980s and decreased by 60% from 1982 to 1985. Global catch production in the area subsequently fluctuated from 1985 to 1995 and continued to increase in 1996 into the 2000s. It peaked in 2010 at 33,340 tonnes, a 23% increase from the peak in 1974. The majority of landings are declared by Nigeria. Nigerian catches alone increased 75% from 1982 to 1985 (FAO 2011).","Sphyraena viridensis is an epipelagic species whose habits are probably similar to those of the closely related S. sphyraena (de Sylva 1981). The habits of S. viridensis are not known for certain because of confusion with S. sphyraena, but are probably similar to that species (Russel in press).  Golani et al. (2006) report the maximum size as 90 cm. In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 113 cm TL and the length at maturity  for females is 62.5 cm TL  and for males is 59.5 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014).The maximum age for S. viridensis is eight years (Russell in press, Allam et al. 2004). Allam et al. (2004) conducted a study in Egyptian Mediterranean waters and found the growth performance index for this species was 2.95 and also has a higher asymptotic length and weight than S. sphyraena, S. flavnicauda, S. barracuda and S. chrysotaenia. The annual weight ranged from 15.03 to 54.6 g at one to eight years for S. viridensis and that the annual weight increment was high in the eighth year for this species at 20.19%. Otolith radii is directly proportional and highly correlated with total length for this species (Allam et al. 2004). Barreiros et al. (2002) observed schools of S. viridensis of up to 180 individuals, with an average size of 30 to 50 individuals, between May and October in Azores near shallow sea-mounts and deep cliffs wherever the depth was greater than 20 m. Schools occupied the water column from the surface down to 30 m. Large schools were always associated with areas subjected to noticeable currents; however, the correlation between school and current speed was found to be insignificant. The individuals in the aggregations were sub-adults of both sexes which tended to group near the surface, medium sized fish in the intermediate position, and larger females occupied the bottom of the school. Females are generally larger than males, however, examination of the gonads is required to determine sex. No large schools were observed from November to April. Barreiros et al. (2002) also observed that during 75% of the time, fish stayed almost immobile, drifting with currents in the water column. The rest of the time was spent chasing prey or, in brief occasions, apparently, interacting sexually. The mean lengths of S. viridensis from the Azores was 78.5 cm, while the mean length for females was 84.8 cm (Morato et al. 2001a). Barreiros et al. (2002) examined stomach contents of 66 individuals, all of which consisted solely of fish. Fishes of the genus Sphyraena are typically found in shelf waters ranging to a depth of approximately 100 meters. There appears to be some ontogenetic separation, with young individuals being found in shallow waters in small schools, while adults tend to be sedentary (Robins and Ray 1986, Barreiros et al. 2002, Pastore 2009).",Sphyraena viridensis is commercially important in the Mediterranean. It is found in markets in Turkey. It is caught as bycatch in trammel nets and as bycatch in Algeria. No particular commercial importance in the northwestern areas at present (it is a recent occurrence there).,"No conservation measures are in place for Sphyraena viridensis, however, the range for this species overlaps with a number of marine protected areas (IUCN and UNEP-WCMC 2010, accessed April 2014). Sphyraena viridensis was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011). Sphyraena viridensis was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).","Sphyraena viridensis is a commercially important species in the Mediterranean. It is found in markets in Turkey. It is of no particular commercial importance in the northwestern areas at present as it has only recently been recorded from these regions. Fishing gear and utilization for this species is not not recorded, but is probably similar to that of S. sphyraena (bottom or pelagic trawls, gillnets, fixed bottom nets, seines, beach seines, and handlines) (Russel in press). In Azores, Sphyraena viridensis is caught using spearfishing and rod fishing methods in the artisanal sector and is also sought after in recreational fisheries (Morato et al. 2001b). Barracudas constituted about 2.6% of the total landed catch of Egyptian Mediterranean waters, mainly caught with trammel nets, purse-seines, gill nets and trawl nets (Allam et al. 2004).","Ralph, G.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F. & Herrera, J.","Francour, P., Yokes, B. & Kara, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CARCHARHINIFORMES,SPHYRNIDAE,Sphyrna,lewini,,Sphyrna lewini,"(Griffith & Smith, 1834)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Scalloped Hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini) is a coastal and semi-oceanic hammerhead shark that is circumglobal in coastal warm temperate and tropical seas, from the surface and intertidal to at least 275 m depth. Although it is wide ranging, there is genetic evidence for multiple subpopulations. All life-stages are sensitive to capture as both target and bycatch in fisheries: large numbers of juveniles are captured in a variety of fishing gears in near shore coastal waters, and adults are taken in gillnets and longlines along the shelf and offshore in oceanic waters. Population segregation and the species’ aggregating habit make large schools highly susceptible to fisheries exploitation and means that high catch per unit effort can be recorded, even when stocks are severely depleted. Population declines have been estimated, inferred and suspected in several regions over the past three generation period.There are no data on species-specific trends in abundance for this hammerhead in the Eastern Central Atlantic, but fishing pressure from pelagic longline fleets in this area is high and potentially comparable to that in the Northwest and Western Central Atlantic, where significant declines in abundance have been documented. There is also concern for Scalloped Hammerhead in this area and although it is still present in the catches, catches are comprised entirely of juveniles in some areas. The species has experienced continued high fishing pressure throughout its shelf habitat off West Africa, and there are declining trends observed in other areas of its range where it is fished, as nothing has changed in terms of fishing effort or management since the previous assessment. This hammerhead is most likely to be a vagrant species in the Mediterranean Sea, from the eastern Atlantic subpopulation. For the European region, this species is assessed as Data Deficient as there is not enough evidence to suggest that the same declines experienced in the Northwest Atlantic are true for the Northeast Atlantic.",Decreasing,"Scalloped Hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini) has a circumglobal range in coastal warm temperate and tropical seas (Ebert et al. 2013). It occurs in the Mediterranean Sea but may be a vagrant there, and in the Northeast Atlantic it is known from Spanish and Portuguese waters, and from around the Azores (Ebert and Stehmann 2013).Within the Mediterranean Sea it was believed that this hammerhead occurred only in the western area, from Gibraltar to the Balearic Islands (Compagno et al. 2005, Serena 2005). However, the only documented records are based on a specimen captured in the Mediterranean Sea and preserved in the British Museum (Tortonese 1956), and on an observation by Sperone et al. (2012) who encountered one specimen in San Lucido (Italy), in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea off the coast of Calabria. Di Natale (1998) also reported that this species was recorded by observers on board of the Italian driftnet fishery as part of a monitoring program from November 1990 to April 1992 in the Ligurian Sea, Tyrrhenian Sea, and Strait of Sicily (Di Natale 1998). Its depth range is zero to 275 m.","Although it is wide ranging, there is genetic evidence for multiple subpopulations. The International Council for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna reported nominal catch of Scalloped Hammerheads totaling 15 tonnes between 2004 and 2011, by Spain (two tonnes in 2004), the United Kingdom (12 tonnes in 2009), and Morocco (one tonne in 2011) in the East Central Atlantic (ICCAT Task I). Data to indicate trends in abundance are generally not available for the Eastern Central Atlantic. Zeeberg et al. (2006) suggest that similar population trends for hammerheads (Sphyrna spp.) to those documented in the Northwest Atlantic are likely to be occurring in the eastern Atlantic, as there is a similar level of fishing effort. Indeed, there is anecdotal evidence for some declines in catches off Senegal and Gambia (M. Ducrocq pers. comm. 2006). Declines in the Northwest Atlantic range from 76-98% over 31 years (1975-2005, ~1.5 generations). However, there is not enough evidence to indicate that the same decline is true for the Northeast Atlantic. It is unclear whether this species is breeding in the Mediterranean Sea or just a vagrant, the population trend in these waters is unclear and cannot be inferred from elsewhere. For the purposes of this assessment, Scalloped Hammerhead is considered a vagrant in the Mediterranean Sea.","This is a coastal and semi-oceanic pelagic shark, found over continental and insular shelves and in deepwater near to the shelf, ranging from the intertidal and surface to at least 275 m depth (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). This shark is viviparous, with yolk-sac placenta. The gestation period is approximately nine to 10 months with the number of young per litter ranging from 13 to 41. Size at birth is 38-56 cm total length (TL). Males reach maturity at 140-165 cm TL and reach at least 295 cm TL, while females mature around 212-250 cm TL and reach at least 370 cm TL. Maximum TL is approximately 370 cm, but might be over 400 cm (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Growth parameters have not been calculated specific to the eastern Atlantic subpopulation, but it can be assumed that the life history is very similar to other subpopulations for which such data are available. The generation length of this species is 22 years (Cortés et al. 2010, Piercy et al. 2007).","Scalloped Hammerhead is taken as both a target and bycatch by trawls, purse seines, gillnets, fixed bottom longlines, pelagic longlines and inshore artisanal fisheries. The latter catch large numbers of pups and juveniles in some regions. The species’ aggregating habit makes it susceptible to capture in large schools. This also means that they may appear more abundant in landings, where they are caught in high, localised concentrations. Intense fishing pressure can deplete regional stocks rapidly, and re-colonization of depleted areas from neighboring regions is expected to be a slow and complex process. This species is expected to have a low resilience to exploitation because of its life-history characteristics (Maguire et al. 2006). Eastern AtlanticAs longline fleets in in the Northeast and Eastern Central Atlantic exert comparable fishing effort to those in the Northwest Atlantic, and effort is seen to shift from western to eastern Atlantic waters (Buencuerpo et al. 1998, Serafy et al. 2004, Zeeberg et al. 2006), population trends for hammerheads (Sphyrna spp.) are likely to be similar in these regions (Zeeberg et al. 2006). European industrial freezer trawlers targeting small pelagic fish (sardinella, sardine, and horsemackerel) operate on the northwest African shelf nearly year-round with five to ten large vessels (9,000-18,000 horse power). A study of bycatch rates in more than 1,400 trawl sets off Mauritania from 2001 - 2005, showed that hammerheads combined represented 42% of total bycatch during this period (Zeeberg et al. 2006).Scalloped Hammerhead occurs in purse seine catches of Spanish and French fleets fishing off West Africa. It accounts for 3.2 and 5% in number and weight respectively of the shark bycatch recorded by these fisheries (that translates to 0.2 tonnes of bycatch in the period 2003-2007) (Amandè et al. 2010). It is also taken by the Japanese longline fishery operating in the Eastern Central Atlantic. Nominal catch rate in 1995 was 0.13 per thousand hooks (Matsushita and Matsunaga 2002).Hammerheads are caught by both inshore artisanal fisheries and offshore European fisheries operating along the coast of West Africa. The Subregional workshop for sustainable management of sharks and rays in West Africa, 26-28 April 2000 in St Louis, Senegal noted the high threat to sharks in the West African region and a noticeable decline in the catch per unit effort of total sharks and rays. Walker et al. (2005) also noted that there is concern for this species off Mauritania, with catches comprised exclusively of juveniles, often newborn. Increased targeting of sharks began in the 1970s, when a Ghanaian fishing community settled in the Gambia and established a commercial network throughout the region, encouraging local fishermen to target sharks for exportation to Ghana. By the 1980s many fishermen were specialising in catching sharks, resulting in a decline in overall shark populations (Walker et al. 2005). There has been rapid growth in the shark fin market in this region, for export to the Far East, and yearly production of dried fins exported from Guinea-Bissau alone is estimated at 250 t (dry weight) (Walker et al. 2005).This species is frequently caught along the West African coast and is heavily targeted by driftnets and fixed gillnets from Mauritania to Sierra Leone (M. Ducrocq pers. comm. 2006). Juveniles are very susceptible to coastal fisheries using drift or fixed gill nets such as sole, sciaenid and Sepia spp. fisheries (M. Ducrocq pers. comm. 2006). They were taken as bycatch in the milk shark fishery and in the Banc d'Aguin national park, Mauritania, until the fishery was stopped in 2003 and they are still caught in large quantities in the sciaenid fishery. A specialized artisanal fishery for carcharhinid and sphyrnid species was introduced in Sierra Leone in 1975, and since then fishing pressure has been continuous (M. Seisay pers. obs. 2006).","Scalloped hammerhead is a member of the family Sphyrnidae, which is listed on Annex I, Highly Migratory Species, of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. In 2012, Costa Rica listed the hammerhead shark in CITES Appendix III, thereby requiring CITES export permits for all hammerhead products leaving Costa Rica, and a certificate of origin for hammerhead imports from all other CITES Parties. Scalloped, Smooth and Great Hammerheads were listed in Appendix II of CITES in 2013. The convention requires the trade of any parts of these species to be strictly regulated in order to prevent the use of such parts at a level that is incompatible with their survival.In 2013, the European Union (EU) banned the removal of shark fins on board vessels through Regulation No. 605/2013, in line with advice from the IUCN SSG and other shark fishery experts, in order to enhance enforcement of the 2003 EU ban on shark finning (Regulation No. 1185/2003) and facilitate improved shark fishery data collection.In 2010, the International Commission for Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) adopted a binding hammerhead Recommendation that applies only to ICCAT-managed fisheries. The measure banned retention, transshipment, landing, storage, and sale of species in the family Sphyrnidae, with exemptions for developing countries that ensure hammerhead fins are not traded. The EU has prohibited retention of hammerhead sharks in pelagic Atlantic fisheries, in line with this measure.  Scalloped Hammerhead is listed in Appendix II of the Barcelona Convention, affording it protection from fishing activities taking place in the Mediterranean region. All species listed in Appendix II must be released unharmed and alive to the extent possible, therefore cannot be retained on board, transshipped, landed, transferred, stored, sold, displayed or offered for sale (Recommendation GFCM/36/2012/1). The recommendation continues to stipulate that all vessels encountering these species must record information on fishing activities, catch data, incidental taking, release and/or discarding events in a logbook or similar document, then all logged information must be reported to national authorities. Finally, additional measures should be taken to improve such data gathering in view of scientific monitoring of the species.Spain prohibited the retention of all species of hammerhead sharks in 2009.","This shark's fins are highly valued and they are being increasingly targeted in some areas in response to increasing demand for shark fins. Hammerhead shark species S. zygaena and S. lewini were found to represent at least 4-5% of the fins auctioned in Hong Kong, the world's largest shark fin trading center (Clarke et al. 2006a). Hammerhead shark fins are generally high value compared to other species because of their high fin ray count (S. Clarke unpubl. data). It is estimated that between 1.3 and 2.7 million S. zygaena or S. lewini are represented in the shark fin trade each year or, in biomass, 49,000 to 90,000 mt (Clarke et al. 2006b).","Simpfendorfer, C.","Ferretti, F., Walls, R.H.L., Soldo, A., Baum, J.K., Clarke, S.C., Domingo, A., Ducrocq, M., Gaibor, N., Graham, R., Jorgensen, S., Kotas, J., Medina, E., Martinez-Ortiz, J., Morales, M., Navarro, S., Ruiz, C., Smith, W., Valenti, S., Vooren, C.M., Pérez-J","Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CARCHARHINIFORMES,SPHYRNIDAE,Sphyrna,mokarran,,Sphyrna mokarran,"(Rüppell, 1837)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) The Great Hammerhead is a large, widely distributed, tropical hammerhead shark that is largely restricted to continental shelves. In the European region the species is only known with certainty from off the Atlantic coasts of mainland Spain and Portugal, with possible records from off the Canaries, and from two, probably vagrant, records from the Mediterranean Sea (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). The Great Hammerhead is highly valued for its fins (in target and incidental fisheries), suffers very high bycatch mortality, and has a slow life history, making it vulnerable to overexploitation and population depletion. It is generally regarded as solitary, and is therefore unlikely to be abundant wherever it occurs. Difficulties in species identification and accurate recording make an assessment of this species very difficult, however low survival at capture makes it highly sensitive to fishing pressure, whether directed or incidental. Previously observed from Mauritania to Angola, reportedly abundant from November to January in Senegal, and in October in Mauritania; stocks have since collapsed and it is recognized as one of the four most threatened species by member states of the Sub-Regional Fishing Commission (SRFC) in West Africa. Although there are very few species-specific data available, the absence of recent records from the eastern Atlantic Ocean give cause to suspect that this species meets the threshold for Critically Endangered in the east Atlantic (Denham et al. 2007), as significant declines have occurred in areas of this species range where data are available. In European waters, large declines of this species are suspected, however we do not have enough evidence to support a threatened category based on these suspected declines. There is likely a single subpopulation throughout the eastern Atlantic, including European waters (southern northeast Atlantic, eastern central Atlantic, and possibly, the Mediterranean Sea), however the proportion of the global population present in European waters is unknown and may be very small. Additionally, the species is likely a vagrant in the Mediterranean Sea, although further research is required to confirm this. For these reasons the Great Hammerhead is considered Data Deficient in the European region. In European waters there are a number of conservation measures in place for the species (see Conservation Actions section), however in other parts of the eastern Atlantic, fishing proceeds unmanaged and unmonitored. Additional measures should be taken to improve data gathering and scientific monitoring of the species.",Decreasing,"The Great Hammerhead (Sphyrna mokarran) ranges widely throughout the tropical waters of the world, from latitudes of 40°N to 35°S (Last and Stevens 1994). In European parts of the eastern Atlantic Ocean this shark occurs off the coasts of Spain and Portugal, and possibly off the Canary Islands, occurring outside the European region off Morocco and Senegal, and possibly off Gambia and Guinea (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). The species is very rare in the Mediterranean Sea, possibly a vagrant, with only a single specimen recorded in Camogli, Ligurian Sea, western Mediterranean Sea (Boero and Carli 1977), probably from the Atlantic Ocean via Gibraltar. It was also reported in Hadjichristophorou (2005) from off Cyprus but the information was taken from Compagno (1984) who indicated presence in a sector of the Mediterranean Sea adjacent to the southern part of the island.","There are insufficient data available specific to European waters for this species, although it is assumed that the eastern Atlantic Ocean forms one subpopulation. Therefore, the information available from other parts of this region is applicable. Although there are very few species-specific data available, the absence of recent records and the region-wide recognition of the extent of the species’ population decline give cause to suspect that this subpopulation decreased by at least 80% over 25 years at the end of the 20th century. Since the last global Red List assessment of this species (Denham et al. 2007), nothing has changed in terms of fishing effort or frequency of sightings of the species to warrant a change in status. Furthermore, due to its nomadic and migratory nature and the presumed connected subpopulation throughout eastern Atlantic Ocean waters, it is assumed that the situation in European waters is the same as it is off West Africa. Therefore, the subpopulation is suspected to be declining in European waters to the point of near-local extinction as well, and indeed recent reports from the European area seem to include little to no information on this species, indicating a lack of encounters. In the Mediterranean Sea, the fish is apparently known from only two records and is probably vagrant there. The sub-regional plan of action for sharks of West Africa (member states of the Sub Regional Fishing Commission) states that landings of this species have collapsed and lists Sphyrna mokarran as one of the four most threatened species, deserving the greatest attention in the whole region (Ducrocq 2002). It was previously observed from Mauritania to Angola, reportedly abundant from November to January in Senegal, and in October in Mauritania (Cadenat and Blache 1981). However, more recent scientific trawl surveys off Guinea-Bissau, Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia and Guinea-Conakry between 20 to 1,000 m have failed to record it, except in very low numbers off Guinea-Conakry and one record from Senegal in 1995 (Fishing Industry Science Alliance (FISA) unpublished data). Anecdotal evidence from interviews with fishermen in Senegal, Guinea-Bissau and Guinea suggest there was a large decline in all shark species during the 1990s and that Great Hammerhead is almost locally extinct from these areas (M. Ducrocq pers. obs. 2011).","The Great Hammerhead is a coastal-pelagic and semi-oceanic tropical hammerhead occurring close inshore and well offshore, over the continental shelves, island terraces, and in passes and lagoons of coral atolls, as well as over deeper water near land, at depths ranging from near-surface to over 80 m (Compagno 1984). The maximum total size is reported as 550 to 610 cm total length (TL) by Compagno (1984), though 400 cm TL is more common for a mature adult (Last and Stevens 1994). Males mature at about 234-269 cm TL, and reach at least 380 cm TL, and females mature at about 250-300 cm TL and reach 550 cm TL (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). This species is viviparous, with a yolk-sac placenta. Litter size ranges from six to 42 pups after 11 months gestation (Compagno 1984). Size at birth is 50 to 70 cm TL. Females breed once every two years (Stevens and Lyle 1989). Pups are born in late spring to summer in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres (Compagno 1984, Last and Stevens 1994). Both males and females reach 50% maturity at around 227.9 cm TL and 8.3 years (Harry et al. 2011). Female maximum age from the same study was around 39.1 years, while the oldest male was 31.7 years. Piercy et al. (2010) found the oldest female individual to be 44 years, and 398.26 cm TL, while the oldest male was 42 years, and 379.46 cm TL. They also showed that growth band formation occurs annually for this species. Age at 50% maturity is 8.3 years, and maximum age is 31.7-39.1 years. Therefore, generation length can be estimated at 22.7-23.7 years.","Mainly taken by drift gillnets, bottom gillnets and longlines, hook and line, pelagic and bottom trawls (Schneider 1990, Petersen et al. 2009). This species is a bycatch in both the industrial and artisanal fisheries but a specialised artisanal fishery for charcharhinid and sphyrnid species was introduced in Sierra Leone in 1975, and since then fishing pressure has not decreased (M. Seisay pers. obs. 2007). The Subregional workshop for sustainable management of sharks and rays in West Africa (Ducrocq 2002) noted the high threat to sharks in the West African region and a noticeable decline in the catch per unit effort of total sharks and rays. Data are lacking as there are little species-specific data collection in the region, however this is a very distinctive species with a large dorsal fin which is highly valued for the shark fin trade. Increased targeting of sharks began in the 1970s, when a Ghanaian fishing community settled in the Gambia and established a commercial network throughout the region, encouraging local fishermen to target sharks for exportation to Ghana. By the 1980s many fishermen were specialising in catching sharks, resulting in a decline in overall shark populations (Walker et al. 2005). There has been rapid growth in the shark fin market in this region, for export to the Far East, and yearly production of dried fins exported from Guinea-Bissau alone is estimated at 250 tonnes dry weight (Walker et al. 2005). Sphyrna spp. combined represented 42% of bycatch in the European industrial pelagic trawl fishery off northwest Africa (Zeeberg et al. 2006). Whilst there is little information on threats to the species within the European region, since the fish is highly mobile, impacts outside the Europe regional are relevant.","In 2012, Costa Rica listed the hammerhead shark in CITES Appendix III, thereby requiring CITES export permits for all hammerhead products leaving Costa Rica, and a certificate of origin for hammerhead imports from all other CITES Parties. Scalloped, Smooth and Great Hammerheads were listed in Appendix II of CITES in 2013. The convention requires the trade of any parts of these species to be strictly regulated in order to prevent the use of such parts at a level that is incompatible with their survival. This species is listed on Annex I, Highly Migratory Species, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which urges States to cooperate over the management of these species. Eastern Atlantic In 2013, the European Union (EU) banned the removal of shark fins on board vessels through Regulation No. 605/2013, in line with advice from the IUCN Shark Specialist Group (SSG) and other shark fishery experts, in order to enhance enforcement of the 2003 EU ban on shark finning (Regulation No. 1185/2003) and facilitate improved shark fishery data collection. In 2010, the International Commission for Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) adopted a binding hammerhead Recommendation that applies only to ICCAT-managed fisheries. The measure banned retention, transshipment, landing, storage, and sale of species in the family Sphyrnidae, with exemptions for developing countries that ensure hammerhead fins are not traded. The EU has prohibited retention of hammerhead sharks in pelagic Atlantic fisheries, in line with this measure. The Great Hammerhead is listed in Appendix II of the Barcelona Convention, affording it protection from fishing activities taking place in the Mediterranean region. All species listed in Appendix II must be released unharmed and alive to the extent possible, therefore cannot be retained on board, transshipped, landed, transferred, stored, sold, displayed or offered for sale (Recommendation GFCM/36/2012/1). The recommendation continues to stipulate that all vessels encountering these species must record information on fishing activities, catch data, incidental taking, release and/or discarding events in a logbook or similar document, then all logged information must be reported to national authorities. Spain prohibited the retention of all species of hammerhead sharks in 2009. Finally, additional measures should be taken to improve such data gathering in view of scientific monitoring of the species.","There are few data on utilisation of the fish in the European region, however it may taken as bycatch in both industrial and artisanal fisheries.","Simpfendorfer, C., Lawson, J. & Allen, D.J.","Asber, M., Bucal, D., Cliff, G., Denham, J., Ducrocq, M., Dulvy, N.K., Ferretti, F., Graham, R., Heupel, M.R., Lemine Ould Sidi, M., Litvinov, F., Morgan, A., Seisay, M., Soldo, A., Stevens, J.D., Tous, P., Valenti, S.V., Walls, R.H.L. & Martins, P.","Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,CARCHARHINIFORMES,SPHYRNIDAE,Sphyrna,zygaena,,Sphyrna zygaena,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Smooth Hammerhead (Sphyrna zygaena) is one of the larger hammerhead sharks, found world-wide in temperate and tropical seas, with a wider range than other members of its family. It is semipelagic and occurs on the continental shelf. Although few data are available on the Smooth Hammerhead’s life-history characteristics, it is presumably at least as biologically vulnerable as the Scalloped Hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini). This species is caught with a wide variety of gears in both coastal and oceanic fisheries, as bycatch and a target. Therefore in some areas, all size classes and reproductive stages are susceptible to capture. Smooth Hammerhead’s large fins are highly valued for their high fin ray count and they are being increasingly targeted in some areas in response to increasing demand for the fin trade. Few species-specific data are available to assess population trends because catches of hammerhead sharks are often grouped together under a single category. Very often these sharks are finned and the carcasses discarded. This species has sometimes been confused with Scalloped Hammerhead in the tropics and these two species are probably misidentified with each other in some areas. In the Mediterranean Sea, a meta-analysis of time series of standardized indices of abundance showed that hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna spp., mainly composed of Smooth Hammerhead) declined by > 99% in abundance and biomass since the early 19th century. As the situation here has not changed in terms of fishing effort, it is likely to still be threatened, given this steep decline. There are insufficient reliable data from the Northeast or Eastern Central Atlantic to identify the trend of this species in the Northeast Atlantic, and as it is unknown which region formerly held more individuals (Mediterranean Sea or Northeast Atlantic), it is not possible to infer that the trend for the Mediterranean Sea is true for the Northeast Atlantic. Therefore, the species is assessed as Data Deficient in European waters, pending further analyses of eastern Atlantic data.",Decreasing,"In the eastern Atlantic this species is known from the UK and as a vagrant in the North Sea, southwards, including the Mediterranean Sea, where it has been reported as more common in the western basin (Buencuerpo et al. 1998), to Mauritania, Senegal, Cape Verde Islands, Guinea, Cote d’Ivoire and Angola (Last and Stevens 1994). The depth range is one to 200 m.","Specific data on subpopulations of this species are generally unavailable in many areas because hammerhead shark catches are often grouped to include several Hammerhead shark species. Furthermore, it has sometimes been confused with Scalloped Hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini) in the tropics and these two species are probably misidentified as each other.Ferretti et al. (2008) compiled nine time series of abundance indices from commercial and recreational fishery landings, scientific surveys and sighting records, to reconstruct long-term population trends of large sharks in the northwest Mediterranean Sea. Of the taxa for which there were enough data to investigate, hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna spp.) declined the fastest; they appeared to disappear from coastal waters after 1963 and catches declined consistently in pelagic waters in the early 1980s in all sectors. Meta-analysis showed an average instantaneous rate of decline of -0.17 (CI 95%: -0.34, -0.003; time range 178 years) in abundance and -0.36 (CI 95%: -0.56, -0.16; time range: 107 years) in biomass, which translated into an estimated species decline of >99.99% in both cases. Walker et al. (2005) also report that the species has virtually disappeared from the central-southern Mediterranean Sea since 1986.Megalofonou et al. (2000) only recorded four specimens during their survey of shark bycatch and discards in Mediterranean large pelagic fisheries in 1998-1999 (one in the Adriatic Sea, two in the Ionian Sea and one in Spanish Mediterranean waters). There are few recent records of Hammerhead species in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. A total of 16 records of this species were collected in the eastern Adriatic Sea from the 19th century to the 1950s, and the reported catches were distributed throughout the whole eastern coast. A higher number of records were reported during the 19th century in comparison to the 20th century (10 and six, respectively) and the species has not been reported in this area since 1956 (Soldo and Jardas 2002). Although it occurs in open waters of the southern Adriatic Sea, it is only caught very rarely (Bello 1999). Since 2004 only Portugal has reported 10 tonnes of landed Smooth Hammerhead (S. zygaena) between 2007 and 2012, ranging from one to three tonnes (t) per year with no specific trend (ICES 2013). Additionally, the International Council for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT) reported a total nominal catch of 346 t of Smooth Hammerhead between 2000 and 2012, caught by Morocco (308 t in 2011 and 2012), Spain (20 t between 2000 and 2002, 2004, 2007 and 2009), Portugal (11 t in 2003, 2006 and 2010), and Senegal (seven tonnes in 2005) (ICCAT Task I). While the majority of this reported catch took place in 2011 and 2012, this is no representation of population trend. The Food and Agricultural Organisation’s (FAO) landings database (FishStat) recorded Portuguese landings of Smooth Hammerhead of eight tonnes in 1999, decreasing to four tonnes in 2001, then 20 t in 2004. Portuguese landings of the species have since ranged from three tonnes in 2005 to 13 t in 2006, and gradually down to four tonnes in 2010. Additionally, Spain reported low landings of Smooth Hammerhead ranging from five tonnes in 2004 to 10 t in 2005, and then remaining between less than 0.5 and three tonnes up to 2010. Again, no particular trend can be deduced from such a low quantity of presumably unrepresentative landings data. It is known that there is a subpopulation of Smooth Hammerheads in the eastern Atlantic, however it is difficult to assess its size or even exact range due to unreliable data from catches. Highest catches from the eastern Atlantic are from the West Africa coast and near the Strait of Gibraltar (Buencuerpo et al. 1998). There is insufficient reliable data from the Northeast or Eastern Central Atlantic to identify the trend of this species in the Northeast Atlantic, and as it is unknown which region formerly held more individuals (Mediterranean Sea or Northeast Atlantic), it is not possible to infer that the trend for the Mediterranean Sea is true for the Northeast Atlantic.","The Smooth Hammerhead is a coastal-pelagic and semi-oceanic species and occurs on the continental shelf, to 200 m depth (Ebert 2003). Smale (1991) reported that large individuals were commonly found over deep reefs on the edge of the continental shelf. There are only limited published biological data on the Smooth Hammerhead, despite its widespread occurrence. Compagno (1984) reported that the species reaches a maximum size of 370-400 cm total length (TL). Coelho et al. (2011) collected 139 samples (74 males and 65 females). Female size ranged between 140 and 233 cm fork length (FL) and males ranged between 136 and 230 cm FL. The estimated age ranges were four to 21 years and four to 18 years in males and females, respectively. Specimens aged four years were 136 and 140 cm FL, and size at birth was estimated at 29 to 39 cm FL. Therefore, these younger individuals grew on average ~ 25 cm FL per year during these earlier stages. Its generation length is estimated to be 22 years.","Smooth Hammerhead is caught with a variety of gears, including with pelagic longlines, handlines, gillnets, purse-seines and pelagic and bottom trawls (Bonfil 1994, Maguire et al. 2006). In a review of world elasmobranch fisheries, Bonfil (1994) listed Smooth Hammerhead as being reported in catches from directed shark fisheries off Spain. This shark is undoubtedly caught in shark fisheries in European waters, but has rarely been reported separately from other hammerhead species. Very often these sharks are finned and the carcasses discarded. Bonfil (1994) also reported that this species is caught as bycatch in a number of non-shark fisheries, particularly pelagic longline and gillnet fisheries that operate close to temperate and subtropical continental shelves (e.g., Mediterranean drift net fishery, Spanish longline fishery operating in the Mediterranean Sea and eastern Atlantic Ocean). The capture of Smooth Hammerhead in many of these fisheries is infrequent (Bonfil 1994). Although size data are limited, catches in pelagic fisheries appear to be dominated by larger individuals, while juveniles are common in inshore shelf fisheries.Catches of Sphyrnidae have been reported only from the Atlantic Ocean since 1991 and these landings are undoubtedly under-reported. The catch was near 2,200 tonnes in 2004 (Maguire et al. 2006). Only Smooth and Scalloped Hammerheads are reported as individual species in the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) fisheries statistics, but hammerhead catches are often grouped in one category, as Sphyrna species, which makes identification of actual catches of Smooth Hammerheads difficult.Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean SeaSmooth Hammerhead appears to be less common in the central Mediterranean Sea, in comparison to the western regions of this sea. Buencuerpo et al. (1998) reported that 757 specimens were captured during their pelagic longline and gillnet survey from July 1991 to July 1992 off southern Spain. Most of these specimens were presumed to be part of the Atlantic subpopulation. In the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea this species is mainly caught by longlines and gillnets, particularly as bycatch in tuna and swordfish fisheries. Despite a ban on driftnetting in Mediterranean waters, this practice continues illegally (WWF 2005). A recent study of the Moroccan driftnet fleet operating in the Alboran Sea (southwest Mediterranean) and around the Strait of Gibraltar by Tudela et al. (2005) indicates that pelagic fishing pressure in this area is beyond the reproductive capacity of several other semi-oceanic shark species that were previously caught with the Smooth hammerhead (such as Common Thresher Shark (Alopias vulpinus)). Some of these vessels appear to be increasingly targeting sharks by deploying driftnets closer to shore (Tudela et al. 2005), but Smooth Hammerhead is not mentioned in this study. However, this species was reported in Buencuerpo et al. (1998) survey of longline and gillnet landings from the same area in 1992. Buencuerpo et al. (1998) report the highest catches of Smooth Hammerheads in the Spanish swordfish fishery from the West African coasts and near the Strait of Gibraltar.Mejuto et al. (2002) estimate landings of 240 t of Hammerheads and 1.1 t of Smooth Hammerhead in the North Atlantic for the Spanish surface longline fleet in 1999. De la Serna et al. (2002) reported only eight specimens of Smooth hammerheads (0.05%) in a total of 17,759 sharks caught during a survey of the Spanish Mediterranean fisheries from 1997-1999. This is significantly lower when compared to results of the same fishery along the West Africa coast and Iberian Peninsula (where 757 specimens in period July 1991 to July 1992 were caught).","Smooth hammerhead is a member of the family Sphyrnidae, which is listed on Annex I, Highly Migratory Species, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. It is essential to improve and sustain data collection and develop stock assessments for this species. Both the IUCN and TRAFFIC analyses and the FAO Expert Panel report noted that some hammerhead populations already meet the decline criteria for inclusion in Appendix I of the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna (CITES). Scalloped, Smooth and Great Hammerheads were listed in Appendix II of CITES in 2013.In 2013, the European Union (EU) banned removal of shark fins on board vessels through Regulation No. 605/2013, in line with advice from the IUCN SSC Shark Specialist Group and other shark fishery experts, in order to enhance enforcement of the 2003 EU ban on shark finning (Regulation No. 1185/2003) and facilitate improved shark fishery data collection.In 2010, the International Commission for Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) adopted a binding hammerhead Recommendation that applies only to ICCAT-managed fisheries. The measure banned retention, transshipment, landing, storage, and sale of species in the family Sphyrnidae, with exemptions for developing countries that ensure hammerhead fins are not traded. The EU has prohibited retention of hammerhead sharks in pelagic Atlantic fisheries, in line with this measure.Smooth Hammerhead is listed in Appendix II of the Barcelona Convention, affording it protection from fishing activities taking place in the Mediterranean region. All species listed in Appendix II must be released unharmed and alive to the extent possible, therefore cannot be retained on board, transshipped, landed, transferred, stored, sold, displayed or offered for sale (Recommendation GFCM/36/2012/1). The recommendation continues to stipulate that all vessels encountering these species must record information on fishing activities, catch data, incidental taking, release and/or discarding events in a logbook or similar document, then all logged information must be reported to national authorities. Finally, additional measures should be taken to improve such data gathering in view of scientific monitoring of the species.Croatia provides national strict protection for the Smooth Hammerhead. Spain prohibited the retention of all species of hammerhead sharks in 2009.","This species’ fins are highly valued and they are being increasingly targeted in some areas in response to increasing demand for shark fins. Smooth and Scalloped Hammerheads were found to represent at least 4-5% of the fins auctioned in Hong Kong, the world’s largest shark fin trading center (Clarke et al. 2006a). It is estimated that between 1.3 and 2.7 million Smooth and/or Scalloped Hammerheads are represented in the shark fin trade each year or, in biomass, 49,000 to 90,000 t (Clarke et al. 2006b).","Simpfendorfer, C. & Zidowitz, H.","Ferretti, F., Soldo, A., Walls, R., Casper, B., Domingo, A., Gaibor, N., Heupel, M.R., Kotas, J., Lamónaca, A., Smith, W.D., Stevens, J., Vooren, C.M. & Pérez-Jiménez, J.","Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CENTRACANTHIDAE,Spicara,maena,,Spicara maena,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","The family Centracanthidae will soon be subsumed under the family Sparidae, because the centracanthid fishes are highly polyphyletic with sparid fishes (Chiba et al. 2009, Hanel and Tsigenopoulos 2011, Santini et al. 2014).  Most often, Spicara flexuosa has been confused with S. maena in identifications, and they are typically lumped in fisheries statistics and in markets. Spicara flexuosa is currently considered a synonym of S. maena (Pollard and Pichot 1972, Heemstra 1990, Bilecenoglu et al. 2002, Minos et al. 2012), although genetic studies using the mtDNA 16S rRNA gene are inconclusive. Recent genetic work by Imsiridou et al. (2011) indicates that there is a clear discrimination between the two species, and Minos et al. (2012) distinguished the two based on morphological differences.  However, Turan (2011) found genetic divergence to be only 0.005 and previous work by Arculeo et al. (1996) using protein electrophoresis found no discriminating genetic markers. Pending further taxonomic studies, we here continue to regard S. flexuosa as a synonym of S. maena (Pichot and Pollard 1970, Pollard and Pichot 1971, Pollard and Pichot 1972).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This is a widespread species in the European region and is locally abundant in some parts of its range. Although it can be important in fisheries, there are no indications of any substantial population declines, and therefore it is listed as Least Concern. However, because of increased landings of this species,       we recommend continued monitoring of its population status and harvest levels.",Unknown,"The species is distributed throughout the Mediterranean Sea, the Sea of Marmara and a small part of the southwestern Black Sea (UNESCO 1996). In the eastern Atlantic it is known from northern Portugal to southern Morocco including the Azores and the Canary Islands (Dooley et al. 1985). Records from Madeira are erroneous (Wirtz et al. 2008).","FAO catch statistics were not recorded for this species until the late 1980s and then mostly from Tunisia and later from Greece. The catch mostly fluctuated between around 200 and 500 mt per year in Tunisia over the last 20 years. FAO capture production figures in 2012 were: Croatia - six tonnes; Cyprus - 30 t, Greece - 240 t, Russian Federation - 12 t.  Length-weight relationships were determined by Moutopoulos and Stergiou (2002) in the Aegean Sea (Cyclades, Greece); Valle et al. (2003) along the east coast of Spain (Tabarca, Santa Pola, Postinguet, San Juan, Campello, Villajoyosa); Karakulak et al. (2006) at Gökceada Island in the northern Aegean Sea, Turkey; Dulcic and Glamuzina (2006) from the eastern Adriatic; Ozaydin et al. (2007) in Izmir Bay (Central Aegean Sea) and by Cherif et al. (2008) along the Tunisian coast of the Mediterranean. Karpouzi and Stergiou (2003) investigated mouth size in relation to length in the waters off Naxos Island (Cyclades, Aegean Sea, eastern Mediterranean). Net selectivity was investigated by Petrakis and Stergiou (1996) in the south Euboikos Gulf (western Aegean Sea), and by Gokce and Metin (2007) in Izmir Bay, Turkey. Age, growth and mortality of the Blotched Picarel were determined by Dulcic et al. (2000)  from specimens (N=1130) collected on the eastern central coast of the Adriatic Sea from 16 September to 10 October 1996. Total length ranged from 7.8 to 27.5 cm, while weight varied between 5.2 and 298.0 g. The von Bertalanffy growth equation was fitted on the basis of mean length-at-age data resulting in parameter values of L∞=24.82 (S.E.=0.469), K=0.532 (S.E.=0.0302), and t0=−0.089 (S.E.=0.0321) (R=0.9985). Weight growth constants were: W∞=211.17 (S.E.=14.843), K=0.504 (S.E.=0.0424), and t0=0.099 (S.E.=0.0.076) (R=0.9627). Weight increased allometrically for both sexes together with b=3.12 (S.E.=0.025). The Blotched Picarel is a relatively long-lived species. The oldest male and female were estimated to be eight and three years old, respectively. Total (Z) and natural (M) mortality were 1.18 and 0.98 per year, respectively. The exploitation ratio E=0.17 revealed an underfished stock. The sex ratio was skewed in favour of males (1.41:1). Sex reversal was mainly observed between 17.5 and 18.0 cm. Females were observed up to a total length of 19.8 cm.  Çiçek et al. (2007) studied the population characteristics and growth of Blotched Picarel in the northeastern Mediterranean. Growth and reproduction were studied by Soykan et al. (2010), based on specimens (n = 2547) collected from the central Aegean Sea between July 2004 and June 2007. The samples consisted of 71.9% females, 16.2% males, and 11.9% immature individuals. The sex ratio of females to males was 1:0.23. The length-weight relationship was W = 0.011L3.02, W = 0.011L3.00, and W = 0.011L2.99 for the combined sexes, females, and males, respectively. For all samples and both sexes the length-weight relationship showed isometric growth. The von Bertalanffy growth equation was fitted on the basis of mean length-at-age data, resulting in parameter values of L∞ = 21.99 cm, k = 0.255 year-1, and t0 = -1.165 year, and weight at infinity (W∞) was calculated as 123.35 g. Length at first maturity was 8.1 cm in males and 8.5 cm in females. On the other hand, first reproduction length was 11.51 cm and 13.12 cm for females and males, respectively, both corresponding to two years of age. It was observed that spawning occurred between March and June.","This is a demersal to midwater, neritic species. It is common over Posidonia beds and on sandy or muddy substrata (Tortonese 1986). It occurs from shallow water to a depth of 50 m (Louisy 2002), although reported also in depths of 30 to 90 m (Labropoulou and Papaconstantinou 2005), and in the Ligurian Sea this species was caught to down 110 m depth (Relini et al. 1986). It feeds on zooplankton and is a protogynous hermaphrodite. In the Ligurian Sea, juveniles were sampled with purse seines in shallow waters.","This species is subject to small-scale fishing and FAO catch data specifically for this species indicate a steady increase in landings over the last 20 years. However, overall picarel landings from FAO data that includes three species, including potentially Spicara maena / Spicara flexuosa, do indicate an overall decline in landings over the last ten years of perhaps around 20 to 30%. As these are mixed species statistics, it is difficult to determine any population trends. It is recommended that separate statistics be kept and that population studies be carried out for all picarel species (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2009).",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. It occurs in several marine protected areas within its range.,"This species is of minor commercial fisheries importance. It is mainly caught with trawls, seines, gill nets, trammel nets and lines. It occurs over trawlable bottoms of 100 to 200 m. It is marketed fresh (Carpenter in press).","Allen, D.J., Comeros-Raynal, M. & García, M.","Russell, B.","Pollard, D.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CENTRACANTHIDAE,Spicara,smaris,,Spicara smaris,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","The family Centracanthidae will soon be subsumed under the family Sparidae, because the centracanthid fishes are highly polyphyletic with sparid fishes (Chiba et al. 2009, Hanel and Tsigenopoulos 2011, Santini et al. 2014).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is widespread in the European region, present throughout the Mediterranean and Black seas, and extending into the eastern Atlantic. It is locally abundant in some parts of its range, and although it can be important in fisheries and there is some evidence of increasing exploitation and decreased landings of all picarels, there are no specific indications yet of any substantial population declines for this species, and therefore it is listed as Least Concern. However, we recommend continued monitoring of its population status and harvest levels.",Unknown,"The species is distributed throughout the Mediterranean, the Adriatic Sea including the Velabit Channel in northern Croatia (Matašin and Vučinić 2008) and Slovenia (Marceta 1999), the Black Sea (Heemstra 1990, Carpenter in press) and the southern Sea of Azov. It also occurs in the eastern Atlantic, from northern Portugal to the Canary Islands. It was mistakenly recorded from Madeira (Wirtz et al. 2008).","Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) catch statistics from the Mediterranean Sea are aggregated for all species of picarels and show fluctuations of around 15,000 mt in the late-1950s, down to around 10,000 mt in the early-1990s, and then fluctuations between 7,000 and 9,000 mt from the late-1990s to 2005. It is assumed the average age of mature individuals for these species is probably less than four to five years (FishStat 2007). FAO capture production figures in 2012 were: Croatia - 183 tonnes.  The species is common to very common and abundant throughout its range in Mediterranean, where it is common also in the eastern Adriatic, especially in the central part (FAO 2003); but it is less common in Sea of Marmara and Black Sea. Vidalis et al. (1997) discriminated two different population groups in the Aegean Sea. Length-weight relationships were determined by Valle et al. (2003) for populations along the east coast of Spain (Tabarca, Santa Pola, Postiguet, San Juna, Campello, Villajoyosa); Karakulak et al. (2006) at Gökceada Island in the northern Aegean Sea, Turkey; Dulcic and Glamuzina (2006) from the eastern Adriatic; and Ozaydin et al. (2007) in Izmir Bay (Central Aegean Sea). Stergiou et al. (2004) investigated length-frequency distribution in catches using various fishing gears (trawls, beach-seines) in Cyclades (Aegean Sea) during 1995 to 2000. Tokac et al. (2004) investigated net gear selectivity on catches of different code end mesh sizes in trawls in the north Aegean Sea. Gokce and Metin (2007) estimated numbers and biomass of discarded and landed catches from the commercial prawn trammel net fishery in İzmir Bay, Turkey. Vidalis and Tsimenides (1996) sampled 2,614 specimens, collected on a monthly basis off Iraklion (Fishing Grounds N.4 and N.51), from April 1988 until June 1989. Furthermore, 5,688 specimens were collected on a seasonal basis, almost in all fishing grounds, trawled by commercial boats, off Crete, from April 1988 until August 1990. The pooled total sample amounted 7,302 specimens. Marginal increment analysis together with length-frequency distribution analysis (LFDA) and comparison of age readings of otoliths and scales were used to validate age determination. The validation revealed that annuli were formed once a year between March and July. The relationship between scale radius (Rs) or otolith radius (Ro) and the fish length (FL) was linear. For the first two years of its life, Spicara smaris showed a relatively rapid growth, followed by a low growth rate after that. The maximum life span was five years for females and seven years for males. The von Bertalanffy growth formula was estimated for males (Lm = 192.3, k = 0.154, t, = - 3.522); females (k = 128.4, k = 0.921, t, = - 0.215); and the sexes combined (Lsc = 137.8, k = 0.393, I, = - 0.678). A modified model for hermaphrodite fishes was also tested for estimation of the theoretical growth in length at each age. The modified model was best fitted to observed lengths at age. Length-weight relationship was calculated for male, female and the sexes combined. This relationship showed allometric growth in weight (slope b = 3.17 - 3.25 > 3.00). Dulcic et al. (2003) studied age, growth and mortality of specimens collected in the eastern middle Adriatic during April and May in 1999. The total lengths of individuals ranged from 6.3 to 19.8 cm, and the weight from 2.2 to 78.3 g. The slopes (b values) of the total length–weight regressions indicated negative allometric growth for females (b=2.8± 0.03) and isometric growth for males (b=3.08±0.04). The oldest female and male were four and six years, respectively. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters for the sexes combined were (L∞=22.76 cm, K=0.277, t0=−0.793). The overall sex ratio was 1:4.1 in favour of females. Individuals larger than 17.9 cm were all males. In the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean report (FAO/GFCM 2005), fishing operations in the Saronikos Gulf conducted with trawls and beach seine in 1998 caught 70 t and 59 t respectively. The stock was considered moderately exploited.","A midwater and demersal species, occurring at a depth range from 15 to 170 m, but down to a depth of 328 m in the eastern Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005). It inhabits Posidonia beds and muddy substrata. It occurs in schools except during breeding (Tsangridis and Filippousis 1992). It is a sequential protogynous hermaphrodite, which shows sexual dimorphism only during the reproductive period (Vidalis and Tsminidis 1996). It spawns on detritic sandy substrata and Posidonia beds, where the nests are excavated. A brightly coloured male actively guards each nest, while females and some males swim above the area. At the end of the incubation period, the males lose their colouration, group into large schools and move to feeding places. Tunesi et al. (2005) recorded juveniles occurring in the Ligurian sea (sampled with purse seine) from May to August and in November. Growth is characterized by a pattern which is affected by the sex change of the individuals (Tsangridis and Filippousis 1992). This species feeds on crustaceans and molluscs (Carpenter in press).","There are no major threats known for this species. However, FAO capture production in overall picarel landings that include three species do indicate an overall decline over the last ten years of perhaps around 20 to 30%. As these are mixed species statistics it is difficult to determine any population trends. It is recommended that separate statistics be kept for the three species, and that population studies be carried out for all picarels.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. It occurs in several marine protected areas within its range.,"This is a species with minor, but increasing, commercial fisheries importance. Of the&#160;13,000-18,000 metric tons&#160;mean annual Mediterranean landings of picarel&#160;(1979-1991), more than 50% of the total catch&#160;(6.7-9.8 thousand metric tons) was landed in Greece (Vidalis and Tsinemidis 1996).&#160;It is mainly caught by bottom trawls, beach seines, gill nets, trammel nets, pots and purse seines.","Allen, D.J., Comeros-Raynal, M. & García, M.","Russell, B.","Carpenter, K.E. & Pollard, D.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GASTEROSTEIFORMES,GASTEROSTEIDAE,Spinachia,spinachia,,Spinachia spinachia,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,Spinachia spinachia has a widespread distribution and no known major threats. The species is found in coastal estuaries and sea grass habitats at depths of about five meters along northern Europe. The population is thought to be stable over the past ten years. It is therefore considered to be Least Concern.,Stable,"Spinachia spinachia is found from the Pechora Sea in northern Russia along the coast of northern Scandinavia to the Iberian coast, including the British Isles and the entire Baltic Sea (Gross 1978, Bañon et al. 2010). They live in shallow waters of about five meters or less (Rogers et al. 1998). It is endemic to pan-Europe.","Depending on the location, Spinachia spinachia populations can range from being rare in the eastern part of its range in the Baltic Sea (Polte and Buschbaum 2008, Kellnreitner et al. 2012) to abundant in the west of its range around Great Britain (Henderson and Bird 2010). The population numbers depend on the amount of aquatic vegetation within the habitat - areas with little aquatic vegetation tend to have fewer or no individuals (Polte and Buschbaum 2008). As S. spinachia is a short-lived species, its population trend is judged over ten years instead of three generations. Overall the population over the past ten years seem to be stable or even increasing in some areas (Henderson and Bird 2010).","Spinachia spinachia lives for one year (Gross 1978), though they can live for two years if they do not breed in the first year (Kaiser and Croy 1991). Captive females were found to be about 129-156 mm SL (Standard Length) while captive males were found to be 112-130 mm SL (Kaiser and Croy 1991). Spinachia spinachia can live in a range of salinities but are unable to live in freshwater (Gross 1978). They live in shallow waters of about five meters with a lot of aquatic vegetation (Rogers et al. 1998). The species mature quickly and are able to breed by the following spring (Kaiser and Croy 1991). Males build nests out of the aquatic vegetation such as Fucus spp. and a sticky secretion, known as tangspiggin that is produced from their kidneys and attract females which lay about 100-200 eggs (Gross 1978). Females are attracted to the appearance of the male and nests, nests that are positioned in safe areas and those containing a lot of tangspiggin are more attractive to females (Ostlund-Nilsson 2001). After she has laid her eggs the female soon dies while the male takes care of the eggs and can survive for a few months after the eggs have hatched (Kaiser and Croy 1991). The eggs take about three weeks to hatch (Ostlund-Nilsson 2002).",There are no current major threats found for Spinachia spinachia.,There are no direct conservation actions for Spinachia spinachia in place. Marine protected areas occur along the coasts of most of the species' range.,The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Vandamme, L., Heil, E., Masonjones, H., Lourenco, G., Nieto, A. & Pollom, R.","Martins, J. & Wiswedel, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LOPHIIFORMES,ONEIRODIDAE,Spiniphryne,gladisfenae,,Spiniphryne gladisfenae,"(Beebe, 1932)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species is found only in the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is found only in the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014). Globally, this species is found in the Atlantic and western Pacific (Pietsch in press), as well as off eastern Africa in the Indian Ocean. This species is known to inhabit depths from 1,950 to 1,955 m.",There is little species-specific population information available. This species is represented by 14 lots in a search of museum collection databases (FishNet2 database searched June 2014).,"Spiniphryne gladisfenae is a deep-water species, known only from females, which reach a maximum size of 13.7 cm.",There are no known species-specific threats to S. gladisfenae.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for S. gladisfenae.,This species is not utilized.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Knudsen, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SPARIDAE,Spondyliosoma,cantharus,,Spondyliosoma cantharus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) The species is present throughout much of the European region and is reasonably common throughout most of its range. Though there have been localized population declines (i.e., Canary Islands) and overall increased landings of this species, the overall global population shows no indication of declines from fishing. Therefore, this species is listed as Least Concern.         Continued monitoring of its population status and harvest levels is recommended.",Unknown,"The species is widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic, occurring from Scandinavia to Namibia, and around the Madeira, Azores, Cape Verde and Canary Islands. It is also common throughout the Mediterranean&#160;Sea and the southwestern Black Sea&#160;(Bauchot and Hureau 1986, 1990).","One of the most important commercial fish species from the inshore waters of Portugal, with current annual landings of c. 3,200 tonnes/year (DGPA 2008). Populations along the southwest coast of Portugal are intensively fished and the high exploitation rate suggests that the stock could be overfished (Gonçalves and Erzini 2000).  FAO capture production data in 2012 were: Greece 105 tonnes; Morocco 1,598 tonnes; Senegal - 1,431 tonnes; Germany - two tonnes; Spain - 897 tonnes; France 2,667 tonnes; Netherlands - 69 tonnes; Portugal - 187 tonnes; United Kingdom 157 tonnes; Angola - 26 tonnes; Croatia - seven tonnes; Italy 70 tonnes; and Turkey - 49 tonnes.  Overall catch landings statistics from FAO indicate a steady increase from early 1980s to present time.","A demersal species inhabiting the continental shelf, especially on seagrass beds and rocky or sandy bottoms to about 300 m depth, mainly between 10 and 100 m. The young are found in shallower water, to about 50 m depth. It is gregarious, sometimes forming sizeable schools. Spawning takes place from March to May in the northern part of its range; and the eggs are laid on sand (Carpenter in press). In the Algarve (southern Portugal), spawning took place from February to April, peaking in March. Overall size at first maturity (L50) was 20.10 cm total length (TL), with a significant difference between males (22.41 cm, TL) and females (19.98 cm, TL) (Gonçalves and Erzini 2000). This species is believed to be a protogynous hermaphrodite with sex reversal occurring at various ages. In the Canary Islands, age at sexual maturity for females is two years and for males is three years. These results are in a good agreement with those reported for the same species on the northwest African coasts, in the English Channel, and in the Cantabrian Sea (southern Bay of Biscay). Sexual dimorphism in body colour has been reported for this species during the spawning season. It is a relatively long-lived and slow growing species. It is omnivorous, feeding mainly on algae and small invertebrates (Pajuelo and Lorenzo 1999). In the Algarve (southern Portugal) this species feeds on a wide variety of crustaceans (Pita et al. 2002) The total potential annual fecundity varies between 31,670 and 554,070 eggs per female. Its relative fecundity reaches a maximum of 850 eggs per g in the 30.5 to 31 cm length class (Dulcic et al. 1998). The maximum total length of this species is 60 cm (Fischer et al. 1987).  In the Canary islands, the von Bertalanffy growth parameters for the whole population are: L∞= 43:35 cm, k = 0:24 year-1, and t0 =-0:11 year. The rates of total, natural and fishing mortality are 1.36, 0.52 and 0:84 year-1, respectively. The length at first capture is 16.8 cm. The exploitation rate indicates that the stock is overfished (Pajuelo and Lorenzo 1999). The size range of the catches is between eight and 40 cm, with a main distribution between 16 and 24 cm. The mean length of the individuals shows an increase with increasing depth. The males:females ratio is unbalanced in favour of females (1:2.18). The reproductive season extends from late autumn to mid-spring, with a peak in spawning activity in January-February. A dichromatism is found between males and females during the spawning season. Males reach maturity at a larger total length, 22.7 cm (three years old), than females, 17.3 cm (two years old). Otoliths age readings indicate that the exploited population consists of eleven age groups, including a very high proportion of individuals between two and three years old.  In the eastern middle Adriatic, the von Bertalanffy growth equation was: L∞ = 47.7 cm, K = 0.178 and t0 = -0.27. The Black Sea Bream is a long-lived species. The oldest male was estimated to be 14 and female nine years old. The sex ratio rapidly became skewed in favour of females (3.12:1). Sex reversal was mainly observed in age classes seven and eight. Females were found only up to a total length of 37.7 cm (Dulčić and Kraljević 1996).","This species is an important commercial and food fish. The value of the exploitation rate &gt;0.50 suggests that the species is heavily exploited off the Canary Islands. The value of the length at first capture (16.8 cm) is less than that of the length at first maturity and over 45% of the total catch is less than this length, indicating a danger of overfishing (Pajuelo and Lorenzo 1999).","In the Canary Islands, a minimum size limit has been implemented for the target species. In the case of the Black Seabream, the minimum size regulation is of limited benefit because the minimum length which may be legally kept is smaller than the length at first maturity. No bag limits are&#160;currently imposed for Black Seabream in this fishery (Pajuelo and Lorenzo 1999).&#160;This species' distribution overlaps several marine protected areas within its range (Wood 2007).","This species is an important commercial and food fish. It is fished throughout its range.  It is caught on line gear, with pelagic and bottom trawls, beach seines and traps (Canary Islands). It is utilized fresh, frozen or dried salted (its flesh is highly esteemed) and it is also reduced to fishmeal and oil (Carpenter in press). It is regularly present in the markets of Tunisia, Morocco, Italy, Cyprus, Greece, Turkey and Sicily, and is occasionally sold elsewhere. The fisheries of this species are semi-industrial, artisanal and as a sport fish, with landings of 3,805 mt in 2003 in the Mediterranean Sea. In the Algarve (southern Portugal), Spondyliosoma cantharus is targeted by gill nets, fish traps and longlines using small hooks, and accounts for 22.7% of the catches of the latter gear (Erzini et al. 1997). This fishery takes place throughout the year, with higher catches in the winter season (Nespereira and Pajuelo 1997). In the Canary Islands, this species contributes approximately 5% of the total catches of demersal fish. This species is caught at different depths (up to 250 m) with traps. It is captured all year round with significant seasonal differences in the landings (Pajuelo and Lorenzo 1999).","Allen, D.J., Comeros-Raynal, M. & García, M.","Russell, B.","Carpenter, K.E. & Pollard, D.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,CLUPEIFORMES,CLUPEIDAE,Sprattus,sprattus,,Sprattus sprattus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","Population Structure There are several sub-species of S. sprattus, which are distinguished by small differences, mainly in numbers of post-pelvic scutes; S.sprattus sprattus; S. sprattus phalericus (Mediterranean, Adriatic, Black Sea); S. sprattus balticus (Baltic Sea). The subspecies S. sprattus balticus ranges from southern Skagerrak, and Mecklenburg and Kiel Bays to Kvarken in the Gulf of Bothnia, and to Kornstadt in the Gulf of Finland (FAO). However, no genetic evidence for a subspecies in the Baltic Sea or the occurrence of one subspecies in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea has been found (Debes et al. 2008). Population analysis using the mT Control Region supported four genetically distinct groups of S. sprattus, which fall under two major phylogroups; Phylogroup 1: A Northern Group (Baltic Sea, North Sea and Bay of Biscay), Gulf of Lyon Group; Phylogroup 2: Adriatic Sea Group and Black Sea Group (Bosporus and Black Sea) (Debes et al. 2008). The Strait of Sicily, with water temperatures of 24-25C, acts as a dispersal barrier between eastern and Western Mediterranean.",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Sprattus sprattus is a highly commercial species throughout its range. In the European Regional Assessment, this species is present in the North Sea and Baltic Sea, south to Morocco, including the Mediterranean, Adriatic and Black Seas. It is a forage fish, and is also included in the multi-species trophic models, used to provide fisheries management advice in the North Sea and Baltic Sea. Available data (SSB, survey catch rates, etc) from available assessments show no indication of decline over the past 10 years (3 generation lengths). It is listed as Least Concern. However, catches in Norway have fluctuated, but the trend shows a steady decrease since the late 1960s to present. Catches over the past 10 years (2003-2013) in Norway show an approximate 50% decline. As this is an unregulated fishery at the moment, and recent genetic studies show that populations in Norway are distinct from the North Sea, this species may warrant additional management measures in Norway. Additionally, populations in the Black Sea are reported to be unsustainably fished, and little population trend information exists for this species in the Mediterranean Sea.",Unknown,"Sprattus sprattus is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is known from Scandinavia to Morocco. In the northeastern Atlantic, S. sprattus is distributed along the coast of Norway south to the Iberian peninsula and into the Mediterranean and Black seas. In the Mediterranean Sea, it is present in Adriatic (Dulcic 1998), Sea of Marmara (Yuksek et al. 2006), the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988), though it does not occur around Israel (D. Golani pers. comm. 2007). Although it is found north of 39° latitude, reproductive populations have only been confirmed for the Gulf of Lyon and the northern Adriatic Sea (Demir 1963; Debes et al. 2008). Sprattus sprattus may be expanding its distribution northward, as other small pelagic fishes are doing (ICES 2012). It is found at depths of 10-150 meters.","The currently accepted delineation of sub-species of Sprattus sprattus is not supported by genetic analysis. Examination of the mTcontrol region gene at the population level reveals two phylogroups, with a geographic break between the eastern and western Mediterranean. The majority (80-90%) of landings are reported from the Northeast Atlantic Fishing Zone, with remaining landings reported from the Mediterranean and Black Sea.  This species is an important forage fish and is also included in the multi-species trophic models, used to provide fisheries management advice in the Northeast Atlantic region. Due changes in climate, it is expanding its range northwards, towards Norway, and has become more abundant in the northern parts of its range. Although global warming appears to have had a positive effects on Sprat recruitment in the Baltic, too much warming might impair recruitment in southern areas, such as the Black Sea (Rijnsdorp et al. 2010).  This species is is the third most important species landed in the Mediterranean overall, and the most important species in landed the eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea. Stock assessments are sporadic and not regionally comprehensive, however all available data suggest that the Atlantic/Western Mediterranean phylogroup is exploited sustainably and is in the process of expansion. Populations in the eastern Mediterranean, particularly in the Black Sea have been over-exploited in the past, leading to stock crashes; however, based on available data these populations appear to have rebounded, biomass is considered intermediate, and exploitation is considered sustainable.Sprat landings have already disappeared in some recent years from fishery statistics of the northwestern Mediterranean (Palomera et al.2007). Recent figures appear to show an increase in landings (in the Mediterranean and Black Seas) over the last ten years (there was a highly significant decline in the 1990s in the Black Sea (Volovik and Agapov 2003). Specific Stock Information Channel The S. sprattus stock in the Channel (divisions VIId,e) has never undergone formal stock evaluation to to a lack of sufficient information. The stock structure in this region is unknown, and divisions VIId,e may not constitute a management unit (ICES Advice 2013). Landings from this region have fluctuated from 1985 to 2012; Stock size and spawning stock biomass appear to be continuously increasing (ICES Advice 2013).  Skagerrak and Kattegat - Sprat in division IIIa is fished with juvenile herring and the exploitation of Sprat has been limited by the restrictions imposed on fisheries for juvenile herring. There is a lack of sufficient information to evaluate fishing mortality and Spawning Stock Biomass of Sprat in this region, however an index of the stock trend indicates a 30% decrease in abundance in the four most recent years (2009-2012). There is concern that unless catches are reduced, a reduction in the production of juveniles is likely. Additionally, Sprat is fished with small-meshed nets, which catch a relatively high amount of small and juvenile fish. TACs agreed upon by the EU and Norway is substantially above catch advice given by ICES. Scientific survey catch rates are fluctuating with no trend from 1985 to present (ICES Advice 2013). Celtic Sea - The stock structure of sprat populations in this area is not clear. ICES recommends a 20% reduction on catches based on the 10-year average (ICES Advice 2013).  Baltic Sea -This is the largest fished stock for this species in the region. Trends of SSB overtime are increasing in the Baltic Sea and the most recent stock assessment shows no indication of decline (ICES Advice 2013). Although at the northern limit of its distribution, Sprat is abundant in the Baltic Sea, and has increased in abundance since the mid 1990s (Rijnsdorp et al. 2010). Sprat is an important prey species for Cod, and there is interest in managing this stock as part of a multi-species fishery. MSY reference points: Fmsy: 0.29; MSY (yeild): 180; Bmsy: 655. Spawning stock biomass has increased from a series low of less than 500t tonnes in the late 1970s, to a high over nearly 2000t tonnes in the late 1990s. In the subsequent 10 years, SSB has decreased to 1000t tonnes. Sprat is considered to be harvested sustainable and at full reproductive capacity in 2012.The Baltic Sea has undergone a regime shift from a cod- to a sprat-dominated system (Köster et al., 2003b; Möllmann et al., 2008), which has been partially attributed to changing environmental conditions due to climate change (Rijnsdorp et al. 2010).  North Sea Although the absolute stock size is unknown, the North Sea SSB appears to have more than doubled in size in the 1980s, egg abundance has increased, and an increase in the standing stock was observed in the 1990s (ICES Advice 2013). This has been attributed to the depletion of the cod stock (Rijnsdorp et al. 2010).This stock is considered to be at full reproductive capacity, with Fishing mortality (F) is below the provisional Fmsy proxy. The overall population in the Mediterranean and Black Seas shows strong fluctuations.Catches are unknown, and information is poor, but biomass estimated at 21,000 tonnes (based on an acoustic survey) in 2005 (STECF 2013).  Gulf of Lion - It had disappeared recently from the Gulf of Lion (J.P. Quignard pers. comm. 2007), the reasons are unknown. Since 2008, Sprattus sprattus has been taken in the Gulf of Lyon, in the exploratory European Pilchard (S. pilchardus) fishery, which is characterized by low CPUE (GFCM 2011). An unusually high abundance of sprat was noted in the 2012 Assessment for the Gulf of Lion, with biomass estimated at 70,263 metric tonnes (GFCM 2011). In the Adriatic Sea, pelagic biomass fluctuations show cycles of 3–5 years that are probably traceable to macro-scale climatic factors (ICES WGSPEC Report 2012). In the Black Sea, Sprat is one of the most important fisheries species in the region. Black Sea Spratt stocks collapsed during the 1990s due to a combination of over-fishing and environmental degradation, drastically reduced the spratt stock, contributing to a major reorganization of that ecosystem and resulting in a trophic cascade (Daskalov et al., 2007).  Spratt abundance was less affected by the introduced Ctenophore M. leydei than other small pelagics, and recovered relatively well compared to other pelagic species - however it is worth noting that landings from 1998-2002 are only 68% of baseline values established before 1989 (Lembo, 1989). Sprat in the black sea is fast growing, with age comprises 4-5 age groups and lengths comprised between 50 and 120 mm, with the highest frequency pertaining to the individuals of 70-100 mm length (GFCM SAC-SCSA Report 2012). SSB trends are relatively stable at approximately 300,000 to 400,000 tonnes in recent years, with catches of  87,000 tonnes reported in 2011. It is still considered to be fished unsustainably (F=0.8, Fmsy=0.64).","Sprattus srattus is a small bodied, pelagic, schooling, zooplanktivorous species which is broadly distributed. It is a short-lived species which rarely reaches 5 or more years (Bailey 1980). Adults are generally mature at 2 years (Alheit et al. 1987) It is tolerant of a wide range of salinities and can be abundant in estuaries (Rijnsdorp et al. 2010). It is a key ""wasp-waist"" species - both an important food source for many top predators, and a significant predator on the zooplankton community. Through egg predation, S. sprattus limits the recruitment success of other species, including the cod, Gadus morhua, (Köster and Möllmann 2000b).  This species is a multiple batch spawner, releasing eggs repeatedly throughout the spawning season. Spawning occurs in both coastal and offshore waters (Whitehead 1985) and timing of peak spawning, relative fecundity, and batch fecundity vary significantly between years and regions (Alheit et al. 1987). In southern European/Mediterranean waters, sprat spawn during winter months (November-April) at water temperatures of 9-14C. Spawning generally takes place at night, in surface waters (Alheit et al. 1987). It shows strong migrations between winter feeding and summer spawning grounds. It moves to the surface at night. It feeds on planktonic crustaceans (Flintegård 1987). Spratt in the North Sea undertake large seasonal migrations towards inshore waters for overwintering along the British coast and in the central North Sea.  In spring, Spratt leave inshore areas and disperse into offshore spawning areas during summer, then return (ICES 1990a). In the Baltic Sea, the northern distributional limit of this species, Spratt have increased in abundance and undergo migrations from basin spawning grounds to coastal feeding grounds (Rijnsdorp et al. 2010)","This is a species with high commercial importance, and is fished by several types of fishing gear but mostly from trawlers. Juveniles are used as bait and it are also sold as 'brislings' to canneries. Spratt are used in the production of fish meal and as mink food, and less for human consumption (Flintegård 1987).  The genetically distinct populations of the Gulf of Lyon and the Adriatic Sea may be vulnerable to changes in oceanographic parameters, particularly temperature, and to high fishing pressure. Coastal and riverine pollution may also be a threat to this species at certain stages in its life history.","In the Black Sea, this species has some minimum size regulations: 6 cm (Bulgaria, Ukraine) and 7 cm (Romania). No other specific conservation measures are known to be in place. However, this species may be present in marine protected areas that fall within its distribution. Sprattus sprattus has been accidentally introduced to the USA from Ireland (FAO). In 2007, this species was assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean Regional Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011), as population trends are not well-known. In the Mediterranean, it is common in some areas, but with strong population fluctuations. It is known to have disappeared from the Gulf of Lion, and in the Black Sea, a sharp decline in landings was seen in 1990.  This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2011 HELCOM Red List Assessment in the Baltic Sea. This species was listed as Near Threatened in the Norwegian Red List in 2006, and then reassessed as Least Concern in 2010 (using a generation length of 2 years). In Norway, catches have fluctuated, but the trend shows a steady decrease since the late 1960s to present. Catches over the past 10 years (2003-2013) show an approximate 50% decline. As this is an unregulated fishery at the moment, and recent genetic studies show that populations in Norway are distinct from the North Sea, this species may warrant additional management measures in Norway.","This is a species with high commercial importance, used as bait, fish meal and as mink food, and less for human  consumption (Flintegård 1987). It is utilized fresh, smoked, canned, and  frozen, can be pan-fried and broiled (Frimodt 1995).","Harwell, H.","Nedreaas, K., Florin, A., Cook, R., Fernandes, P. & Lorance, P.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,SQUALIFORMES,DALATIIDAE,Squaliolus,laticaudus,,Squaliolus laticaudus,"Smith & Radcliffe, 1912",Seigel et al. (1977) considered Squaliolus sarmenti and S. aliae as synonyms of S. laticaudus. Sasaki and Uyeno (1987) subsequently removed S. aliae from the synonymy as distinct and the genus now contains these two widely recognised species. Squaliolus laticaudus is sympatric with S. aliae in some regions.,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least ConcernBig-eyed Dwarf Shark (Squaliolus laticaudus) is one of the world’s smallest sharks with a maximum size of 27.5 cm total length. This shark is rarely taken by fisheries because of its small size. It has a widespread warm-temperate and tropical distribution, occurring near landmasses generally over continental slopes and avoiding central ocean basins. Little is known of its biology, but it is known to undertake diel vertical migrations that probably relate to prey movement. While records of this species from the Northeast Atlantic are patchy, it can be inferred that the status in this region is similar to that globally. The absence of identifiable threats and its widespread distribution justifies an assessment of Least Concern in the European region.",Unknown,"This species is widespread in many warm-temperate and tropical regions. In the Northeast Atlantic, there are patchy records from the Bay of Biscay, France (Ebert and Stehmann 2013), and the Azores (Aires Da Silva et al. 1998). In the Eastern Central Atlantic there are patchy records from off of Madeira, the Canary islands and Cape Verde (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). The known range will likely increase as more specimens are recognized. The depth range is 500–2,000 m during the day to ~200 m at night.",No information on population size or stock structure is available. ,"This oceanic species occurs near landmasses and avoids central ocean basins. It is primarily found over the continental slope at 200–500 m, but it also occurs over continental shelves. It avoids the surface, but undertakes vertical migrations on a diel cycle from depths of 500–2,000 m during the day to ~200 m at night, probably relating to prey movement (Ebert and Compagno 2013). Ebert and Compagno (2013) report that Squaliolus spp. may occur as single individuals as well as in aggregations.This is one of the world’s smallest shark species with a maximum size of 27.5 cm total length (TL) (Ebert and Compagno 2013). Males mature at 15.2 cm TL on average and reach a maximum size of 22.3 cm TL. Females mature at 17–20 cm TL on average and reach a maximum size of 27.5 cm TL. Size at birth is 8–10 cm TL (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). The reproductive mode of this species is live-bearing with yolk-only nutrition, and it produces litters of three to five pups. All known records of gravid females to date came from between 27° and 32°N. Nothing else is known about the breeding behavior or reproductive cycle of this shark (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). ","This species is of no interest to fisheries, though it is probably taken as bycatch by bottom trawl fisheries overlapping its range (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). This shark has occasionally been taken by bottom longline fisheries at depths of 700–750 m and pelagic longline fisheries at depths of 60–80 m over water ~1,220 m deep (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Incidental catch is rare, because it is generally too small to be caught in fishing gear.","No specific conservation requirements, although the distribution, population size and trends needs to be better defined with the collection and documentation of further specimens during oceanic survey work. Research into life history is also required.",The species is not exploited or traded commercially.,"Dulvy, N. & Kemp, J.R.","Walls, R., Kyne, P.M. & Burgess, G.H.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MACROURIDAE,Squalogadus,modificatus,,Squalogadus modificatus,"Gilbert & Hubbs, 1916",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species occurs only in the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs only in the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014). Globally, this species is broadly distributed throughout the Atlantic (off Gabon to the Gulf of Mexico), Indian, and Western Pacific Oceans (off Japan), specifically near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Sierra Leone and off Ascension Island. It is mostly found in water depths between 600-1,740 m (Hoese et. al 2006).","There are at least 70 records of museum specimens of this species found in 49 countries throughout the world (accessed through www.FishNet2.net). There is no scientifically documented data concerning the specific population density or occurrence of this species. However, it is reported to be relatively abundant within its natural range.","This species is known to inhabit midwater, as well as benthopelagic, levels (Cohen et al. 1990). It is often found close to seamounts and knolls (Stocks 2009). It is primarily a pelagic feeder, feeds primarily on pelagic copepods, but also takes mysids, shrimps, cephalopods, fish, polychaetes and gastropods (Cohen et. al 1990). The maximum length recorded is 35 cm (TL) (Geistdofer 1990).",This species holds no value for commercial exploitation and has no foreseen threats to its existence.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place.,This species is not utilized.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,SQUALIFORMES,SQUALIDAE,Squalus,acanthias,,Squalus acanthias,"Linnaeus, 1758","While there are reported subpopulations of Squalus acanthias (Linnaeus, 1758) elsewhere in the world, some of these ‘stocks’ are now considered separate species (Ebert et al. 2010). Further taxonomic studies on this genus are required, including in relation to Mediterranean and Black Sea subpopulations. In Europe, three subpopulations are inferred to occur.",No,EN,A2bd,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN) Spiny Dogfish (Squalus acanthias) is a small demersal shark found in temperate continental shelf seas. This historically abundant dogfish is sensitive to overexploitation by fisheries because of its late maturity, low reproductive capacity, longevity, long generation time (25 to 35 years) and hence a very low intrinsic rate of population increase (2 to 7% per annum). Population segregation and an aggregating behaviour increase catchability of mature (usually pregnant) females even when subpopulations are seriously depleted. There are suspected to be three distinct subpopulations (Northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea) in European waters. The Northeast Atlantic subpopulation occurs from the northern Bay of Biscay to Norwegian waters. There has been a long history of unrestricted exploitation throughout most of the 20th century. A previous IUCN Red List assessment estimated the stock to have declined by >90% (over three generations, 75-105 years). More recently, a 2012 stock assessment for the Northeast Atlantic provides an estimated decline in total biomass of 77-81% from initial levels. The updated International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) assessment is based on a new population model with density dependence incorporated. Restrictive management was implemented for the Northeast Atlantic subpopulation in 2010 through the introduction of a zero Total Allowable Catch. It is inferred that the Mediterranean subpopulation has also declined and is sensitive to overexploitation. This subpopulation is unmanaged. There have been declines in landings of 86-98% for the Black Sea subpopulation, and without management the Black Sea subpopulation is projected to become locally extinct within three generations (75-105 years).  While declines of Spurdog range from 77% to over 80%, which could potentially qualify it as Critically Endangered under criterion A2bd, management measures implemented in 2010 in the Northeast Atlantic support a conservative listing of Endangered. However, unregulated target and incidental capture in the Mediterranean and Black Seas, and incidental capture in the Northeast Atlantic, remain a threat to the species.",Decreasing,"In the Northeast Atlantic, this species occurs as far northeast as Russia’s Murmansk Coast and White Sea. It occurs as far west as Iceland and can be found around the Faroe Islands and in Norwegian waters. It is also found in the Celtic and North Seas (but rarely in the western Baltic Sea) and southwards towards the Eastern Central Atlantic where it is known from France, Portugal, Madeira and the Canary Islands, and further south along the coast (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Within the Mediterranean Sea, this dogfish is most abundant in the eastern central area (southern Adriatic, Ionian and Albanian Seas), less so in the eastern Aegean Sea, and fairly scarce elsewhere. It is also present throughout the Black Sea.","Within European waters, there are distinct subpopulations of this species in the Northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea. It is also found in the Eastern Central Atlantic, but little information is available specific to this region. Northeast Atlantic In the 1920s this was a very abundant species in the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain), along both the Atlantic and the Mediterranean coasts (Rey 1928). Huge numbers were sometimes captured in these waters with longlines and nets, implying possible aggregating behaviour during certain periods. Heessen (2003) identified a single Northeast Atlantic subpopulation, ranging from the northern Bay of Biscay to the Norwegian Sea. This subpopulation has been fished off Europe since the early 1900s (mainly in the North and Irish Seas), primarily by British and Norwegian fleets, and later by French and Irish fleets (Bonfil 1994). In the late 20th century, the United Kingdom fishery landed around 80% of the European Union catch. Annual catches that were well below 10,000 tonnes (t) throughout the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) area before the 1930s had more than doubled by 1937, then reached a peak of over 58,000 t in 1963 (Heessen 2003). Holden (1968) considered the female portion of the Scottish-Norwegian stock to be overfished in the late 1960s. In the late 1970s, landings continued to decline and by 1978, the Norwegian fishery north of Scotland had collapsed (Hjertenes 1980). Commercial landings of this species in the Northeast Atlantic have decreased from their peak of approximately 60,000 tonnes per year in the early 1960s to <5,000 t per year since 2006. Landings of this dogfish captured in Portuguese waters decreased by 51% between 1987 and 2000, according to Official Portuguese fisheries statistics. Since then, landings increased until 2002, so that the overall decrease from 1987 to 2002 has been 11.3% (DGPA 1988–2004). When a linear regression was fitted to the log transformed data of these annual landings, projections were made for a three-generation period (75-100 years) in the past, with a reduction of landed biomass of 43%. Fordham et al. (2006) estimated that under the scenario of continued fishing pressure and no sign of reduced exploitation levels for the future, another 43% reduction of landed biomass could occur in the next three generations (75-100 years). Estimates of total numbers of mature adults in 2000 ranged from 100,000 to 600,000 individuals. The most recent IUCN Red List assessment for the Northeast Atlantic (Fordham et al. 2006) estimated a decline in biomass of about 80% over >75 years for this subpopulation, and of 98% over the three generation period (up to 105 years). Since the previous assessment (Fordham et al. 2006), the causes of the decline (high fishing mortality) are clearly reversible, are understood and have largely ceased. The main threat to the subpopulation now is as a discarded bycatch in multi-species fisheries, rather than targeted fisheries. Measures to mitigate such bycatch are possible and the target fishery for this species is technically managed against a benchmarked stock assessment through a Total Allowable Catch (set to zero). An age- and sex-structured stock assessment model for this stock was developed (ICES 2012, De Oliveira et al. 2013). This assessment uses length-based processes (maturation, pup production, growth, and gear selectivity) with a length-at-age relationship to convert length to age. Pup production was related to the numbers of pregnant females to allow for density-dependent effects. This model was fitted to a trawl survey index (Scottish groundfish surveys of the North Sea and west coast of Scotland) and length frequencies in trawl surveys and commercial catch sampling were recorded. The model was run from 1905 to reflect baseline conditions, and this period also encompasses the estimated three-generation time. The model estimated that the 2010 subpopulation was at 19% and 23% relative to historical levels in 1905 and 1955. The model, which has been benchmarked by ICES, confirms that this subpopulation is depleted, but not to the extent estimated in an earlier assessment (Hammond and Ellis 2005, Fordham et al. 2006). Under the new management regime in 2010, we can project that this subpopulation may have stabilized at 19-23% relative to historical levels, although incidental capture remains a threat. Mediterranean Sea This species occurred in 5% of the International Trawl Surveys in the Mediterranean (MEDITS) programme from 1994–98. There are very few time series data for it in the Mediterranean Sea. Of the data that are available, Jukic-Peladic et al. (2001) did not report any significant change in occurrence, while Aldebert (1997) reported a decline in landing observations beginning in the 1980s. Directed fisheries for this species in the 1970s have ceased as a result of these reported declines. This subpopulation is suspected to be threatened as a result of these observed declines and widespread market demand. Black Sea Despite the scarcity of trend data for the Black Sea subpopulation, exploratory assessments have been undertaken (Daskalov 1998), but the resulting outputs have generally been uncertain (Bradaï et al. 2012). A stock assessment for the Black Sea subpopulation (Prodanov et al. 1997) identified a decline in abundance of 60% between 1981 and 1992. This decline took place in under three generations. Annual reported landings of this species (as reported in Bradaï et al. 2012) declined from >3,200 tonnes (for the period 1989–1993) to < 240 tonnes (2005–2009). The magnitude of this decline (>90%) is a cause for concern. The lack of management in this area suggests that these declines are driven by subpopulation depletion. It can be inferred that the causes of the 60% decline reported by Prodanov et al. (1997) have not ceased. Furthermore, deteriorating ecosystem quality in this area such as the presence of the invasive Combjelly (Mnemopsis ledyii) may have had direct or indirect effects on this dogfish species. It is inferred that this subpopulation is threatened as a result of declines in landings and unregulated fisheries in this region. A decline of 60% is estimated over 1981-1992 (Prodanov et al. 1997); assuming an exponential decline pattern and projecting this to 2055, a decline of 100% is inferred over three generations (1991-2055; 75 years) in the Black Sea. Thus, the Black Sea population is at risk of becoming locally extinct within three generations unless management changes occur.","This species is found in temperate waters worldwide. It occurs from coastal waters to depths of 900 m, but is found mostly in waters <200 m deep. Usually coastal and demersal, it migrates north and south as well as nearshore and offshore in waters of 7–15°C (Compagno 1984). This is a highly migratory species, travelling in large, dense aggregations, segregated by size and sex. This aggregating behaviour means that catch per unit effort (CPUE) data may not be an adequate indicator of population status, as a high CPUE may be maintained even when populations are severely depleted. This dogfish is a bentho-pelagic species not known to associate with any particular habitat (McMillan and Morse 1999). In the Northeast Atlantic, pupping occurs from late August to December (Ford 1921, Holden and Meadows 1962, Gauld 1979, Jones and Ugland 2001) after a gestation period of 18–25 months (Ford 1921, Gauld 1979, Jones and Ugland 2001). Breeding takes place every other year (Holden and Meadows 1962, Sosinski 1978, Fahy 1989). They are thought to mate offshore in winter (Castro 1983, Compagno 1984), between October and February (Jones and Ugland 2001), soon after females have given birth (Holden 1965). The length at birth ranges from 19–31 centimetres (cm) (Ford 1921, Gauld 1979). Females mature at 74 cm to 92.5 cm and males mature at 57.5 cm to 64 cm (Holden and Meadows 1962, Sosinski 1978, Fahy 1989, Henderson et al. 2002). The maximum age is at least 40 years (Fahy 1989), and fecundity increases with size (Ellis and Keable 2008). The generation length of this species is approximately 25-35 years (Jim Ellis, pers. comm. April 2015). In the Northeast Atlantic, possible mating sites have been suggested in the central Irish Sea, the southern Celtic Sea and the east coast of England (Dureuil 2013). Vince (1991) found evidence for larger females and males in the North Sea, and Holden (1965) found females larger than 80 cm northeast of Scotland. Hickling (1930) reported the location of birthing grounds along the west coast of Ireland and in the Celtic Sea. Vince (1991) suggested that females might give birth in the eastern Celtic Sea and Holden (1965) reported parturition to occur along the Norwegian coast and north of Scotland. Dureuil (2013) found the highest numbers of pups northwest of Scotland, based on survey data from 1985–2012.","This is a valuable commercial species in many parts of the world, caught in bottom trawls, gillnets, line gear, and by rod and reel. The principal threat to this species is overexploitation, by both target and bycatch fisheries. As of 2010, target fisheries have ceased in the Northeast Atlantic, yet target fisheries still exist in the Mediterranean and Black Seas.   Locally high biomass initially supported large catches of this species, but due to low productivity, most large-scale fisheries have been depleted and collapsed (Ocean Wildlife Campaign 1996). Its aggregating behaviour makes it possible for fishers to continue to target high value mature females even after stocks have been depleted. The species is also taken as a bycatch in multi-species fisheries, meaning that fishing pressure can continue even after subpopulations have been so depleted that they can no longer support viable fisheries. Habitat loss and degradation may potentially pose a threat to this dogfish. Coastal development, pollution, dredging and bottom trawling affect coastal or benthic habitat that the species’ prey relies on (ASMFC 2002). However, such effects have not been evaluated in European waters. Northeast Atlantic Since 2007 bycatch quotas and maximum landing length have deterred target fisheries; along with subsequent zero Total Allowable Catch (TAC). However, these management measures may have led to increased discarding in mixed fisheries. Official fisheries statistics in most regions only consider landed biomass, while quantities discarded and their associated mortality is unknown. There also remains some uncertainty in the accuracy of landings data, as some countries may have reported landings under the more generic ‘dogfish and hounds’ category. Mediterranean Sea A study by Ragonese et al. (2013) found that this species was occasionally caught in deep water off the Southern coast of Sicily and was regularly found in the fish markets, but nowadays it has almost disappeared. This study did not encounter this species in surveys of Maltese waters and in the shelf seas off Southern Sicily and between Malta and Tunisia. In Tunisian waters this species is considered bycatch, but has become fully commercialised (Farrugio and Soldo 2013). Black Sea The main nations exploiting this species in the Black Sea are Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, Turkey and the Ukraine. Bradaï et al. (2012) noted that it was taken as bycatch in gillnet, trawl and longline fisheries, and declining catch rates and changes in fishing patterns may have led to a decrease in target fisheries. Given the restricted range of this subpopulation, further studies to better understand the current status and effect of fisheries are required.","Despite several decades of warnings of unsustainable fishing pressure and population declines (Holden 1968), management measures have only recently been introduced in northern Europe. The EU established a TAC for this species in the North Sea in 2000, yet these limits were set higher than reported landings, making them relatively ineffective. In 2006, ICES advised ending the fishery and in response fishery ministers reduced the TAC for this species by 20%. In 2007 they also established a TAC (2,828 t) in other parts of the Northeast Atlantic subpopulation’s range. In 2008, ICES advised that there should be a maximum landing length (MLL) to protect mature females, and a MLL of 100 cm was included in fisheries regulations in 2009. These species-specific TACs were subsequently reduced by 25% for 2008, by another 50% for 2009, and by 90% for 2010, and have since been set at zero (2011–2014). However, the current regulations have resulted in increased discarding (ICES 2009, ICES 2012, Casey et al. 2012)., In 2007 Norway introduced a general ban on target fisheries for this species in the Norwegian economic zone and in international waters of ICES Subareas I–XIV, with the exception of a limited fishery for small coastal vessels. Since 2011, all directed fisheries have been banned, although there is a seasonal bycatch allowance, ostensibly as dead specimens must be landed. From 2011 onwards, these regulations also include recreational fisheries. Norway has a 70 cm minimum landing size, which was first introduced in 1964. In 2008, the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC) also prohibited targeted fisheries for this species within the NEAFC Regulatory Area. The northern hemisphere subpopulations of this species were listed in 2008 under the Appendix II of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS), based on a proposal from Belgium. The species is thereby covered under the 2010 CMS Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for Migratory Sharks and an accompanying 2012 Conservation Action Plan for MoU listed sharks, but no species-specific regional plans or measures have resulted from this listing to date. EU proposals (in 2007 and 2010) to list this species under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) failed to receive the necessary two-thirds majority of CITES Party support. There is no known management for either the Mediterranean or Black Sea subpopulations. Monitoring of the harvest trends should be conducted.","This is a valuable commercial species in many parts of the world, caught in bottom trawls, gillnets, line gear, and by rod and reel. The principal threat to this species is overexploitation, by both target and bycatch fisheries, although target fisheries have now ceased in the Northeast Atlantic. France was the largest importer of dogfish meat within the European Union (EU) from 1990–1994, importing an annual average of 5,000 tonnes (98% of the meat was identified as coming from this species) with the United Kingdom (UK) being France’s top European supplier. From 1988–1994, Norway was the largest of nine non-EU suppliers to the EU of this dogfish species (both fresh and chilled) followed by the United States (US). The decline in European landings created sufficient demand to initiate imports from 25 other countries including the US and Argentina.","Clarke, M. & Simpfendorfer, C.","Ellis, J., Soldo, A., Dureuil, M. & Fordham, S.","Fowler, S.L., Coelho, R.P., Goldman, K. & Francis, M.P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,SQUALIFORMES,SQUALIDAE,Squalus,blainville,,Squalus blainville,"(Risso, 1827)","Squalus blainvillei (Risso 1827) is a small benthic shark that may form a species complex (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). There are no type specimens and the species was inadequately described. It has been widely reported (with perhaps two or three different species involved in the eastern Atlantic), but the complex is in need of critical revision to define the species' true range.",No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)This small shark species, like other squaloid sharks, may have life history characteristics that make it more sensitive to exploitation. It is fished in the tropical eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea with bottom trawls, gillnets and line gear, where it is caught with a complex of other spurdogs (Squalus spp.), but due to problems with identification the population trajectory and even the volume of catch are uncertain. The species is used fresh, salted, dried and smoked for human consumption. It is not possible to assess this species beyond Data Deficient until the species complex has been revised and the taxonomic issues resolved. Taxonomic resolution and the quantification of species-specific catch levels should therefore be a priority.",Unknown,"The geographic range of this species is undefined, due to taxonomic confusion with several different species, however it is suspected to occur in both the waters of the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. In the Northeast Atlantic, nominal records have been reported from the Bay of Biscay to the coastal waters of France (Compagno 2001, Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Its suspected range continues southwards to the Eastern Central Atlantic, in the coastal waters of Morocco, Mozambique, the Canaries, Senegal, to the Congo and possibly Namibia, but records are probably based on a different species (Compagno 2001, Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Records of this species have also been reported from the Mediterranean and Black Seas, however these records are probably based on two or more species. Its depth range is 16-677 m.","Information on population size and structure is available for this species in the Mediterranean Sea, but due to taxonomic confusion with several other species of spurdog (Squalus spp.) the available data are unreliable. Data available from 1948−2005 for the eastern Adriatic Sea suggest that a significant decline occurred in the number of individuals caught (Ferretti et al. 2013). Three multi-year trawling surveys undertaken in the waters of the eastern Adriatic Sea between 1948 and 1971 reported catches of this species. When these earlier surveys (1948-1971) were compared to the International Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean (MEDITS) program trawl survey data (1994−2005), it appears that the Adriatic Sea population has declined by 88%. However, data from all surveys have high uncertainty due to issues with species identification, and comparison is difficult due to probable differences in survey methodology. In contrast to the Adriatic Sea, waters around the Riviera and Malta report stable populations of this species, and waters around Sicily report a slight population increase (Ragonese et al. 2013). This species is reported as common off the southern coast of Sicily, representing a commercialized bycatch in some fishing zones.This species composed ~3% (1,500 tonnes (t) out of a total 55,000 t) of the total catch of elasmobranchs from the 1994−2005 MEDITS trawl surveys conducted at depths of 10−800 m along the European Mediterranean coast (Serena et al. 2005). This species appears less abundant than Spurdog (Squalus acanthias), which composed 6,700 t of the total catch, however it was not possible to determine the trend in abundance of this species in the Mediterranean Sea because the data are highly uncertain (Serena et al. 2005).","This benthic species lives in muddy bottom habitats at depths of 16−677 m. It has been nominally recorded on continental shelves and upper slopes (Whitehead et al. 1984, Compagno 2001), on the outer shelf and epibathyal zones (50−677 m) in the Mediterranean Sea (Serena et al. 2005, Ragonese et al. 2013), and off West Africa in muddy bottom habitats at depths of 16−255 m (Compagno 2001). In the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean, nominal reports suggest that this species forms large schools (Compagno 2001).Details on the biology of this shark are uncertain because of the taxonomic problems discussed above (Compagno 2001). This spurdog is live bearing with yolk sac. In the Mediterranean Sea, it was found to produce three to four pups per litter by Bauchot (1987), while Whitehead et al. (1984) reported four to nine pups, with one litter produced every two years. Size at birth was reported to be 23 cm total length (TL) (Bauchot 1987). Size at maturity was estimated by Bauchot (1987) to be 50−65 cm TL and 45−50 cm TL for females and males, respectively, while data from ~119 specimens collected in the waters around Crete (Greece) estimated size at maturity at 52 cm TL and 47 cm TL for females and males, respectively (Chatzispyrou and Megalophonou 2005). Most recent estimates by Marouani et al. (2012) further confirmed these maturity estimates, calculating an L50 of 62.5 cm TL and 52.3 cm TL for females and males, respectively. Female maturity may occur between 5−10 years, while male maturity may occur between 4−9 years (Marouani et al. 2012). Specimens obtained from the southern coast of Italy were reportedly 90 cm TL (Ragonese et al. 2013), which exceeds the previous reported maximum length of 81 cm TL (Chen et al. 1979). Longevity was estimated to be 24.75 and 31.5 years for males and females, respectively (Marouani et al. 2012).","Taxonomic confusion makes it difficult to assess the full impact of threats on this species. Sharks that have been identified as this species are fished with bottom trawls, gillnets and line gear in the tropical eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean. However the catch is probably multi-species and includes other spurdog species (Compagno 2001), therefore catch levels are uncertain due to identification problems.Spurdog species are taken as bycatch in the bottom trawl fishery targeting shrimps in the Strait of Sicily. About one third of the catch of this fishery is chondrichthyan bycatch, of which this species and Spurdog compose about 5% (Ragonese et al. 2000). In this area, both of these species are captured in significant numbers due to the good quality of their meat, which is marketed for human consumption (1,200 t of Squalus spp. were landed in 1982) (Cingolani et al. 1986).In the Black Sea these two spurdog species are taken as bycatch by purse seines targeting pelagic fishes like anchovy, sardines and horse mackerel. The abundance of spurdog species in these catches has displayed similar fluctuations to the targeted species. The catch of spurdog species catch has gradually decreased and reached 645 metric t for the Turkish region and 430 metric t for the Black Sea region. According to Serena et al. (2005) catch data indicate that the Black Sea and eastern Black Sea catches have decreased to 67% and 62% from historical levels, respectively.Directed fisheries for Spurdog undertaken during the 1970s in areas of the northwest Mediterranean Sea (off the Balearic Islands) have ceased as a result of declines in the population. Compared to Spurdog, this species is of limited fisheries importance, but may also have been impacted by fishing pressure in this area.","In 2013, the European Union (EU) banned removal of shark fins on board vessels through Regulation No. 605/2013, in line with advice from the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission’s Shark Specialist Group and other shark fishery experts, in order to enhance enforcement of the 2003 EU ban on shark finning (Regulation No. 1185/2003) and facilitate improved shark fishery data collection. No species-specific management or conservation measures are currently known to be in place. Further research should be conducted to clarify the taxonomic status of the species and harvest levels of the species.","This species is apparently regularly present in fish markets near Adriatic Sea ports, including Sicily, Tunisia, Morocco, Greece, Turkey and occasionally elsewhere (Bauchot 1987), although difficulties with identification may pose a problem.&#160;The species is used fresh, salted, dried and smoked for human consumption.","Dulvy, N.K.","Soldo, A., Bradai, M.N., Buscher, E., Ebert, D.A., Serena, F. & Mancusi, C.","Stehmann, M.F.W., Walls, R.H.L. & Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,SQUALIFORMES,SQUALIDAE,Squalus,megalops,,Squalus megalops,"(Macleay, 1881)","Last and Stevens (1994) suggest that the southern Australian Squalus megalops Macleay, 1881 is probably distinct from nominal S. megalops in other parts of the world and appears to be endemic to Australia. The enigmatic Squalus uyato Rafinesque, 1810, should likely be referred to as this species.",No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Shortnose Spurdog (Squalus megalops) is a common to abundant dogfish that inhabits temperate and tropical seas. It is of considerable interest to fisheries through much of its range, although little information is available for this species in European waters. In some parts of its range it is taken in significant quantities in bottom trawls and also caught with lines and mesh nets. It should be noted that although currently considered a wide-ranging single species, as assessed here, it may in fact be an Australian endemic pending further taxonomic studies. While some studies support the occurrence of Shortnose Spurdog in the Mediterranean Sea, the species is assessed as Data Deficient due to lack of information on the population and taxonomic uncertainty. Further research should be conducted to clarify its status throughout its range.",Unknown,"This species has been reported from both the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea, specifically in the western Mediterranean Sea (Muñoz-Chápuli etal. 1984), in Italian waters (Mulas etal. 2011), southern Portugal, Spain, south to Mauritania, Alboran Sea, Guinea, Gabon to Angola, and Namibia (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Its presence in the Mediterranean Sea is considered questionable, although recent studies have reported it from Italian waters (Mulas etal. 2011). Additionally, a short snouted spurdog of the Squalus megalops-cubensis group was thought to be this species based on morphometrical and meristic data along with genetic analysis in the Gulf of Gabès, central Mediterranean Sea (Marouani et al. 2012).","No information is currently available on population size or structure. Despite reports in Italian waters and in the central Mediterranean Sea, it was absent from all records of the International Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean (MEDITS) performed in the same area between 1994 and 2009 (Ragonese et al. 2013).","This spurdog is common and abundant throughout much of its temperate and tropical range. It is found on the inner and outer continental shelves and upper slopes generally on or near the bottom at depths from close inshore down to 732 m. This is a social shark that often forms large, dense schools where it occurs and may also segregate by sex.This aplacental live bearing dogfish typically produces two or three pups per litter, but this can range from one to six pups per litter. The gestation period is uncertain although it has been estimated at two years, and there appears to be a lack of reproductive seasonality with no obvious peaks in fetal size during the year. Adult females are apparently continuously reproductive, without a gap between pregnancies (Watson and Smale 1998). Size at birth is about 23 to 25 cm total length (TL), and free-living young with yolk scars are 23−28 cm TL. For the central Mediterranean Sea, age at maturity was estimated at 8.4 years, or 44.39 cm TL for males and 15.3 years, or 56.41 cm TL for females (Marouani 2013, Marouani et al. 2013), with the theoretical maximum length being 68.3 cm for males and 82.3 cm TL for females. The oldest male observed in the Mediterranean Sea was 29 years and the oldest female was 26 years (Pajuelo et al. 2011). In the Eastern Central Atlantic, a theoretical maximum length was 72.6 cm TL for males and 94.4 cm TL for females, and no data exists for age or size at maturity. The oldest male observed in the Eastern Central Atlantic was 26 years and the oldest female was 32 years (Marouani et al 2013).",This species is of considerable interest to fisheries and is taken in large quantities in demersal trawls but also on lines and nets in some parts of its range. In the Northeast Atlantic it is possibly taken as part of a species complex composed of two or three species.,There are currently no species-specific conservation measures in place. Further research should be conducted to clarify the taxonomic status of this species.,There is no information on the use and trade of this species.,"Mancusi, C. & Séret, B.","Cavanagh, R.D., Lisney, T.J., Bradai, M.N. & Buscher, E.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,SQUATINIFORMES,SQUATINIDAE,Squatina,aculeata,,Squatina aculeata,"Cuvier, 1829","Lozano Rey (1928) reported the species as a synonym of S. squatina, from both the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of the Iberian Peninsula.  Squatina aculeata is difficult to identify at the species level, therefore many of the records from fishermen reports are often assigned only to genus level.",No,CR,A2bcd,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)Sawback Angelshark (Squatina aculeata) was formerly a common and important demersal predator over large areas of its coastal and outer continental shelf habitat in the Mediterranean Sea and eastern Atlantic. Most of this region is now subject to intense fishing. This species is highly catchable from birth onwards. It is the bycatch of benthic trawl, set net and bottom longline fisheries operating through most of its range and habitat. As a result of its limiting life history characteristics and increasing fishing effort and capacity, the abundance of this angel shark has declined significantly over a 50 year period to the point that it appears to have disappeared from large areas of the Mediterranean Sea (and parts of the West African coast). While exact declines have not been quantified in the Mediterranean Sea, this species was caught in only one of 6,366 hauls performed by the International Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean between 1994 and 1999, and none have been caught in surveys of the Aegean Sea for over a decade. A similar disappearance is suspected in the southern Mediterranean Sea as well. Sawback Angelshark is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered in European waters under criteria A2bcd on the basis of inferred and suspected declines of at least 80% over three generations (45 years) in the past and the likelihood of continuing declines resulting from fishing pressure.",Decreasing,"This species occurs in the Mediterranean Sea, including the western and central basins, Ionian Sea, Levant, and Egyptian coasts. Its occurrence in the Adriatic Sea has not been reported (Notarbartolo di Sciara and Bianchi 1998). It does not occur in the Black Sea (Serena 2005). The depth range is 30−500 m. It also occurs along the Atlantic coast of Africa.","Despite a paucity of historical records, this shark has likely undergone a significant decline throughout most of its range. For example, Vacchi et al. (2002) reported a significant decline in shark bycatch of a tuna trap operating in Baratti (northern Tyrrhenian Sea) between 1898 and 1922. Catches of Squatina species decreased from an average of 134 specimens in 1898−1905, to 95 in 1906−1913, and down to 15 in 1914−1922. This early decline probably marks the beginning of trawling activity. Off the Balearic Islands, angel sharks (Squatina species) were historically documented in fisheries checklists (Barceló and Combis 1868, Fage 1907). Captures of angel sharks were relatively frequent until the 1970s in coastal artisanal fisheries (e.g., trammel nets and gillnets), trawls and bottom longline fisheries, and then became increasingly sporadic in the 1980s. Records from a Balearic lobster gillnet fishery show that angel sharks (probably Sawback Angelshark [Squatina aculeata] and Smoothback Angelshark [Squatina oculata], judging by the depth and substratum where this fishery operates) were captured on a daily basis until the mid-1980s. Between 1996 and 2001, a bottom trawl fishing survey caught Squatina species in only four of 131 hauls performed around the Balearic Islands at depths of 46−1,800 m. (Massutí and Moranta 2003).This species was not recorded in any of the 9,281 hauls performed during 22 trawl surveys conducted in Italian waters between 1985 and 1998 as part of Italian scientific trawl survey programme “Gruppo Nazionale Demersali” (GRUND; Relini et al. 2000). This species was recorded in only one of 6,336 tows conducted at depths of 10−800 m along the northern Mediterranean coastline from the Aborean Sea to the Aegean Sea by the International Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean (MEDITS) programme between 1995 and 1999 (Baino et al. 2001). It appears that angel sharks are now nearly absent from most of the northern Mediterranean coastline. In the Aegean Sea, this species disappeared from trawl surveys over an eight year period (1995−2000). The catch per unit effort was 6.91 kg/h in 1995−2000 and 0 kg/h in 2003−2006 (Damalas and Vassilopoulou 2010).Quignard and Ben Othman (1978) suggest that this species may be more common off the North African coastline (e.g., off the Tunisia coast in the Gulf of Gabès) than in the northern Mediterranean Sea. However, more recently, Bradaï (2000) reported that this species is rare off Tunisia.  Portuguese landings data from a fleet operating off Morocco and Mauritania (aggregated for Sawback Angelshark, Smoothback Angelshark and Angel Shark [Squatina squatina]) indicate a significant decline between 1990 and 1998 (ICES 2013). Landings peaked at 35 tonnes (t) in 1990 and the fishery was closed in 1998 when the total landings had dropped to 1.7 t. This represents a 95% decline in landings in eight years, however nothing is known of the pattern of effort associated with these landing. Overall, a population decline of at least 80% is suspected over three generations (45 years).","This angel shark occurs on the outer continental shelf and uppermost slope of warm temperate and tropical regions of the Atlantic. It lives on or near the seabed at depths of 30−500 m, and prefers muddy substrate (Ebert and Compagno 2013). The biology of this species is not well known. The estimated average length at maturity is 124 cm total length (TL). Maximum size is estimated at ~188 cm TL. Its size at birth, longevity, age at maturity, rate of population increase and mortality are unknown. It is a live bearing species and embryos rely on yolk for nutrition (Ebert and Compagno 2013). The reproductive age, gestation time, reproductive periodicity, fecundity and rate of population increase are also unknown, although its generation length is inferred to be around ~15 years, based on biological information from better known angel sharks, such as S. nebulosa.","This species is not targeted by commercial fisheries, but it is taken as bycatch in bottom trawl fisheries as well as trammel nets and bottom longlines throughout its range. Angel sharks are highly susceptible to trawl gear because they are sit-and-wait predators. Benthic trawl effort has increased in both intensity and efficiency on the shelf and slope area of the Mediterranean Sea over the last 60 years.Sawback Angelshark has virtually disappeared from most of its former Mediterranean range where its habitat on the outer continental shelf and uppermost slope (30−500 m depth) is subject to intense demersal fisheries, especially off the northern coasts. There is evidence for a dramatic decline in angel sharks from a tuna trap operating in the Northern Tyrrhenian Sea from 1898 to 1922 (Vacchi et al. 2002). This early decline probably marks the beginning of trawling activity in the area. Declines have also been reported off the Balearic Islands. Fishermen in Balearia had a type of fishing net specifically for catching angel sharks called “escatera” (‘escat' meaning angel shark in Catalan), suggesting that they used to be common in the area; now they may be absent from it. Demersal fishing pressure from the shrimp bottom trawl fishery is very high in this area at depths down to ~800 m. Squatina species are prone to local depletion because their low rate of exchange between populations limits the recovery potential of isolated populations such as those around the Balearic Islands. If adjacent populations are depleted, the possibility of recruitment is further reduced. Also, human disturbance by habitat degradation and tourism are possible threats to its preferred sandy near-shore habitat. ","All angel shark species are protected within six marine reserves around the Balearic Islands. Fishing for these species is forbidden and incidental captures must be released. Mediterranean countries, including Albania, Turkey, Malta and France, must report the catch of all angel sharks to the Fisheries and Aquaculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO). However, no species-specific conservation measures are in place for the rest of this shark’s range. In 2012, parties to the Barcelona Convention agreed to list this species in Annex II of the Protocol concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean (FAO 2012). According to Recommendation GFCM/36/2012/1, this species cannot be retained on board, transshipped, landed, transferred, stored, sold or displayed, or offered for sale, and must be released unharmed and alive, to the extent possible.In 2013, the European Union (EU) banned the removal of shark fins on board vessels (CEC 2013), in line with advice from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature’s Shark Specialist Group and other shark fishery experts, in order to enhance enforcement of the 2003 EU ban on shark finning (CEC 2003) and facilitate improved shark fishery data collection.As the species is Critically Endangered, the species requires its habitat to be protected and the harvest of this species to be better managed. Further research should be conducted to increase knowledge of the population size, trends, habitat, ecology and conservation actions.",The species is not exploited nor traded commercially.,"Dulvy, N. & Kemp, J.R.","Soldo, A. & Bariche, M.","Morey, G, Serena, F., Mancusi, C., Coelho, R.P., Seisay, M. & Litvinov, F.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,SQUATINIFORMES,SQUATINIDAE,Squatina,oculata,,Squatina oculata,"Bonaparte, 1840","Squatina oculata is difficult to identify to the species level, therefore many of the records from fishermen reports are often assigned only to genus level.",No,CR,A2bcd+3cd,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)Smoothback Angelshark (Squatina oculata) was formerly common over large areas within its coastal and outer continental shelf habitat in the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. Most of this region is now subject to intense demersal fishing. As this species is highly catchable from birth onwards, it is caught as bycatch in benthic trawls, set nets and bottom longlines operating throughout most of its range. Increased fishing effort and capacity over a 50 year period and this species’ slow life history characteristics have led to a concomitant decline in abundance, and it has apparently been eliminated from large areas of the northern Mediterranean Sea and parts of the West African coast. This species is now extremely uncommon throughout most of the remainder of its range. Angelshark landings (three species) from the Portuguese fleet operating off Morocco and Mauritania have declined by 95% from 1990 to 1998. Commercial and artisanal fishing pressure is intense and often unregulated throughout the region and it is suspected that this will continue in the future. This formerly common species may be locally extinct from large areas of the northern Mediterranean Sea. Smoothback Angelshark is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered in European waters under criteria A2bcd+A3cd on the basis of estimated and suspected past declines of at least 80% over three generations in the past and the likelihood of continuing future declines resulting from fishing pressure.",Decreasing,"In the Northeast Atlantic, this species has been reported west of the Iberian Peninsula, but not northwards. Historically, it occurred throughout the Mediterranean Sea (Fredj and Maurin 1987, Fischer et al. 1987), including the Adriatic Sea (Roux 1986) and off Greece (Ondrias 1971). Currently, it may be more frequent in the southern regions of the Mediterranean Sea (e.g., in the Gulf of Gabès off Tunisia and Libya), although it is considered rare (Lamboeuf et al. 1995, Bradaï 2000). It has been recorded in the Levantine basin off Syria (Saad et al. 2006) and Turkey (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002). In 2004, one specimen was caught by a trawl net in the Trianda Gulf, northwest of the Island of Rhodes. This catch occurred ~ 60 years after the last angelshark was caught in the Dodecanese Islands, southeast Aegean Sea (Corsini and Zava 2007). One report of this species was made off Albania in 2006 (Arapi et al. 2006). Its depth range is 20-500 m.","This angelshark has disappeared from parts of its historical range and declined significantly where it still occurs. This early decline coincides with the beginning of trawling activity in the area, to which angelsharks are highly susceptible. Vacchi et al. (2002) reported a substantive decline in the elasmobranch catch of a tuna trap operating in Baratti (northern Tyrrhenian Sea) between 1898 and 1922. For the genus Squatina (angelsharks), catches decreased from an average of 134 specimens from the period 1898 to 1905, to 95 between 1906 and 1913, and down to 15 between 1914 and 1922.Declines have also been reported from studies off the Balearic Islands where this species, previously common, may now be absent (Massuti 2003). Lozano Rey (1928) reported this angelshark as a common species off the southern and eastern Iberian coasts. Since then it has virtually disappeared from most of its former range in the Mediterranean Sea.Off the Balearic Islands, angelsharks were historically documented in checklists (Barceló and Combis 1868, Fage 1907). Captures of angelsharks were relatively frequent until the 1970s, becoming increasingly sporadic during the 1980s in coastal artisanal fisheries (trammel nets and gillnets), trawls and bottom longline fisheries. For example, records from a Balearic lobster gillnet fishery show that it was common to capture angelsharks on a daily basis until the mid 1980s, presumably of Sawback Angelshark (Squatina aculeata) or Smoothback Angelshark (S. oculata), judging by the depth and substratum where this fishery operates. Recently, Massutí and Moranta (2003) reported no captures of angelsharks from four bottom-trawl fishing surveys (131 hauls, at a depth range of 46 to 1,800 m) carried out between 1996 and 2001 around the Balearic Islands. Two major trawl surveys were carried out (the Mediterranean International Trawl Survey (MEDITS) and the Italian National Project (National Group for Demersal Resource Evaluation, GRUND)). Out of a combined total of 18,376 tows, Smoothback Angelshark was not caught in any (Relini et al. 2000, Baino et al. 2001). It was not caught in any of the 2,575 tows of the five trawl surveys analyzed by Ferretti et al. (2013) over the period 1948–2005 (including the MEDITS). Occurrence in the area surveyed was historically reported by Perugia (1881), Faber (1883), Brusina (1891), Ninni (1912), Jardas (1984) and Bello (1999).This angelshark was reported in the Gulf of Naples historically and was considered common throughout the Tyrrhenian Sea (Psomadakis et al. 2009 and references therein). Based on interview with fishers in the Gulf of Naples, Psomadakis et al. (2009) reports that no catches of angelsharks have occurred in the area since the 1980s and that they appear locally extinct, while in the past they represented an important resource for artisanal local fisheries (references in Psomadakis et al. 2009).The species may be more common off the North Africa coastline than in the northern Mediterranean Sea, for example, as reported for the Tunisia (Gulf of Gabès) coast (Quignard and Ben Othaman 1978). However, more recently, Bradaï (2000) considered this species to be very rare off Tunisia.Data from southern Portugal also suggest the scarcity of the species in the area, where no specimens of the genus Squatina were recorded from experimental fishery surveys using semi-pelagic longlines and trammel nets (Coelho et al. 2005).According to Ferretti et al. (2005) the two species of angel sharks (Squatina squatina and Squatina aculeata) displayed the steepest negative rate of change by declining until extirpation; they declined by more than 80% in 33 years (approximately three generations).","A warm-temperate and tropical angelshark of the eastern Atlantic continental shelves and upper slopes from > 20 to 500 m, mostly between 50 and 100 m, deeper in the tropics than in temperate seas. Age at maturity, longevity and reproductive age are unknown. Females are reported to mature at 100 cm TL from Tunisian waters and 89 cm from Senegal, males at 71 cm from Tunisia and 82 cm from Senegal (Capapé et al. 1990, 2002). It reaches a maximum size of 160 cm (Ebert and Compagno 2013), which is slightly smaller than that reported for other species of angelshark. Its generation length is inferred to be around 12 years.The species is live bearing with yolk sac, with both ovaries functional. It gives birth between February and April (after a minimum one month gestation period) to about three to eight young (Capapé et al. 1990), ranging from 22.6-27 cm TL. The gestation time, reproductive periodicity, rate of population increase and natural mortality are all unknown.","Benthic trawl effort has increased in both intensity and efficiency on the continental shelf and slope of the Mediterranean Sea over the last 50 years. The species is also caught incidentally in trammel nets and bottom longlines throughout its range. It is also caught as bycatch in fixed bottom nets, line gear, and occasionally even in pelagic trawls. The habitat of the species over the outer continental shelf and uppermost slope (20-500 m depth) is subject to intense demersal fisheries, especially off the northern coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. Human disturbance by habitat degradation and tourism are also possible threats to its preferred sandy near-shore habitat.This species is caught off Tunisia, Libya (Lamboeuf et al. 1995) and Syria (Saad et al. 2006), where it still has a moderate commercial value. It is possibly a component of catches off other countries throughout the Mediterranean Sea, including those that report angelsharks to FAO: Albania, France, Malta, Turkey (Ebert and Compagno 2013). In Albania in 2004, about 4,082 kg of Smoothback Angelshark were landed (Arapi et al. 2006). It was also included in the list of discarded fish of Greek trawl fisheries of the Ionian and Aegean Sea (Machias et al. 2001).","The genus Squatina is protected within three marine reserves in the Balearic Islands area, where fishing for these species is forbidden. There are no known specific conservation measures for this species throughout the rest of its range. There is an urgent need to confirm the status of this species in the southern Mediterranean Sea, Canary Islands and other areas where subpopulations may still persist. If this is the case, appropriate conservation measures are needed to protect it there.Parties to the Barcelona Convention agreed in 2012 that Smoothback Angelshark be listed in Annex II of the Protocol concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean Sea -- which includes Recommendation GFCM/36/2012/1 – stating that this species cannot be retained on board, transshipped, landed, transferred, stored, sold or displayed or offered for sale, and must be released unharmed and alive, to the extent possible.In 2013, the EU banned removal of shark fins on board vessels through Regulation No. 605/2013, in line with advice from the IUCN SSG and other shark fishery experts, in order to enhance enforcement of the 2003 EU ban on shark finning (Regulation No. 1185/2003) and facilitate improved shark fishery data collection. Further research should be conducted on the population size and trend of the species.",There is no use and trade information for this species in Europe.,"Dulvy, N.","Ferretti, F., Morey, G, Serena, F., Mancusi, C., Coelho, R.P., Seisay, M., Litvinov, F. & Buscher, E.","Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,SQUATINIFORMES,SQUATINIDAE,Squatina,squatina,,Squatina squatina,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","Squatina squatina is difficult to identify to species level, therefore many of the records from fishermen reports in the Mediterranean are often assigned only to genus level, though this is the only angel shark known from northern European seas.",Yes,CR,A2bcd+3d,,,,,,"Angel shark (Squatina squatina) was formerly common throughout large areas of coastal and outer continental shelf seas in the Northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Seas. Most of this region is now subject to intense demersal fisheries, and the species is highly catchable from birth onwards and is taken as bycatch in demersal trawls, set nets and bottom longlines operating through most of its range and habitat. As a result of its slow life history characteristics and bycatch in fisheries with steadily increasing effort and capacity, its abundance has markedly declined during the past 50 years to the point where it has been declared locally extinct in the North Sea and is locally extinct from large areas of the northern Mediterranean Sea. It is now undetectable throughout most of the remainder of its range, with the exception of the Canary Islands where effective conservation measures are required urgently. Angelshark is therefore assessed as Critically Endangered  under criteria A2bcd+3d on the basis of estimated and suspected past declines of at least 80% over three generations and the likelihood of continuing future declines resulting from fishing pressure.",Decreasing,"Angel shark (Squatina squatina) originally ranged from Scandinavia to northwest Africa (Mauritania and the Canary Islands), including the Mediterranean and Black Seas. The current distribution is reduced from this historic range as a result of severe population depletion, local extinction, and range contraction. The species is now locally extinct or extremely rare over much of its former range, and it is inferred that almost all of the remaining population is found around the Canary Islands. Its depth range is five to 150 m.","This species was reportedly common, or at least frequently or regularly recorded in many areas during the 19th century and early 20th century. For example, it was particularly common on the south and east English coasts (Yarrell 1836, Day 1880), and also in the North Sea, on the Dogger Bank, in the Bristol Channel and Cornwall, and “by no means uncommon” in the Firth of Clyde (Day 1880). Historically it was also caught in Tralee Bay and Clew Bay, Ireland. It was still caught regularly and considered common in the United Kingdom at the beginning of the 20th century (Garstang 1903). During much of the 20th century, recreational fisheries landed unknown quantities of Angelshark from the west coast of Ireland. Landings in the Northeast Atlantic compiled by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea’s (ICES) Working Group on Elasmobranch Fishes (WGEF) in 2004, from 1978 to 2002 for all ICES Areas, are variable because of recent misreporting of this non-quota species as other species, primarily Monkfish (Lophius spp.). Deleting these records revealed that landings have declined from 15-20 tonnes in the 1980s to one to two tonnes in the 1990s, with the last reported landing in 1998. Only 3.2 tonnes of the species have been reported in landings on the French coast since 1996 (ICES 2012).Although more common off the Atlantic Iberian coasts, this shark was also reported as frequent in the Mediterranean Sea during the first half of the 20th century by Lozano Rey (1928). Off the North Africa coastline it may currently be more common than in other parts of the Mediterranean Sea; for example, as reported off the coast of Tunisia, although it is considered rare in the Gulf of Gabès (Bradaï 2000). Tunisia reported small catches of this species during the past decade (10-53 tonnes), with the 1997 catch at 37 tonnes. Other Mediterranean countries that report 'angelsharks' to the Fisheries and Aquaculture Organisation of the United Nations with this species as part of the catch include Albania, Turkey, Malta and France.Steep population declines have now been reported from several parts of this species’ range, including in the North Sea (ICES 2005), UK coastal waters (Rogers and Ellis 2000), the French coast (Quero and Cendrero 1996, Capapé et al. 2000), and large areas of the Mediterranean Sea (e.g., Vacchi et al. 2002). During the early 1900s, an average of one specimen was taken during every ten hours of trawl survey in British coastal waters, but in recent years the species has virtually vanished (Rogers and Ellis 2000). The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS) surveys recorded angelsharks (Squatina spp.) in low numbers in Cardigan Bay during the 1980s (Ellis et al. 1996) but reported just two individuals in the last 20 years. Vacchi et al. (2002) reported the steep decline in the elasmobranch catch of a tuna trap operating in Baratti (northern Tyrrhenian Sea) between 1898 and 1922. For angel sharks, catches decreased from an average of 134 specimens from the period 1898 to 1905, to 95 between 1906 and 1913, and down to 15 between 1914 and 1922. The population has become increasingly fragmented and records are now extremely infrequent (for more information, see “Threats”). The species has now disappeared from much of its former range in the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. Survey data for this species in the northern Mediterranean Sea exist for the period from 1985 to 1999, when two major trawl surveys were carried out: the International Bottom Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean (MEDITS) and the Italian scientific trawl surveys “Gruppo Nazionale Demersali” (GRUND). During the MEDITS program (1995-1999), a broad-scale survey of the northern Mediterranean coastline from west Morocco to the Aegean Sea at depths of 10 to 800 m, this shark appeared in only two of a total of 6,336 tows, at a depth range of 50 to 100 m (Baino et al. 2001). In the GRUND survey, captures of the species were reported in only 0.41% of 9,281 hauls (Relini et al. 2000). The species was reported from trawl surveys carried out in the Adriatic Sea in 1948, but MEDITS trawls in 1998 indicated that it might now be absent from this area (Jukic-Peladic et al. 2001). Indeed, the last documented catch from the Adriatic Sea was in 1958 (Ferretti et al. 2013), and evidence points to angelsharks being absent nowadays from most of the northern Mediterranean coastline. Historically, angelsharks were very abundant in the Tuscan Archipelago (D’Ancona and Razzauti 1937, Biagi 1999). From analyses of multiple trawl surveys in the area, Ferretti et al. (2005) detected the disappearance of all angelshark species from the area (Angelshark and Sawback Angelshark [S. aculeata]). Out of 22 elasmobranch species that the author could model, trends in standardised trawl survey catch rates for Angelshark and Sawback Angelshark displayed the steepest decline (> 99% since historical levels). Trawl surveys have not detected this species in this region since the end of the 1970s (Ferretti et al. 2005). Decreased catches in the Sicilian channel were detected between 1983 and 1992 from landing records of the fish market of Valletta (Fergusson and Marks 1996). Using information from interview surveys, Maynou et al. (2011) suggested that angelsharks became locally extinct in the Catalan Sea before 1959.  Declines have also been reported from studies off the Balearic Islands where this species, previously relatively frequent, may now be absent. It was historically documented in checklists from the region (Delaroche 1809, Ramis 1814, Barceló and Combis 1868, Fage 1907, De Buen 1935), where captures of angelsharks were relatively frequent until the 1970s, then became increasingly sporadic during the 1980s in coastal artisanal fisheries (trammel nets and gillnets), lobster tangle nets, trawl and bottom longline fisheries. Recently, Massutí and Moranta (2003) reported no captures of angelsharks from four bottom-trawl fishing surveys (131 hauls, at a depth range of 46 to 1,800 m) carried out between 1996 and 2001 around the Balearic Islands. In addition, the likely low interaction with stocks from other areas further affects the already low recovery capacity of isolated populations such as those in this area. According to Ferretti et al. (2005) the two species of angel sharks (Squatina squatina and Squatina aculeata) displayed the steepest negative rate of change by declining until extirpation; they declined by more than 80% in three generations (33 years).","A temperate-water bottom-dwelling angelshark of the European and North African continental shelves, occurring on or near the bottom from close inshore (five metres) in the intertidal or subtidal zone to at least 150 m depth. This shark prefers mud or sandy bottom and it may penetrate estuaries and brackish water. In the northern parts of its historical range it was seasonally migratory, making northwards incursions during the summer (Ebert and Compagno 2013). Most life history data are from Capapé et al. (1990) for the Mediterranean Sea. Females reach maturity at 128-169 cm total length (TL), and males at 80-132 cm TL (Lipej et al. 2004). Maximum size is 183 cm TL and possibly up to 244 cm TL (Compagno 1984, Ebert and Compagno 2013), with estimates of < 240 cm TL in the Mediterranean Sea (Tortonese 1956). Age at maturity and longevity are unknown. This shark is live bearing with yolk-sac nutrition, with both ovaries functional. It has moderate-sized litters of seven to 25 young, which vary according to the size of the female (Tortonese 1956, Bini 1967, Capapé et al. 1990, Ebert and Compagno 2013). Records of size at birth are 24-30 cm TL (Ebert and Compagno 2013) and 24 cm TL (Tortonese 1956, Bini 1967). Gestation period is eight to 10 months (Capapé et al. 1990, Ebert and Compagno 2013), born in December to February in the Mediterranean Sea but apparently later in northern parts of its range (July in England). Reproductive age and periodicity, rate of population increase and mortality are unknown. Its generation length is inferred to be around 11 years, based on biological information from better known angel sharks.","Angelsharks are highly susceptible to bycatch in trawls because they lie on the bottom. Benthic trawl effort has increased in both intensity and efficiency on the shelf and slope area of the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea over the last 50 years. The early population decline probably marks the beginning of trawling activity in the area. This species is also caught incidentally in trammel nets and bottom longlines throughout its range, and was formerly the object of targeted fisheries with nets called ‘squanere’ (angelshark nets) in parts of the Mediterranean Sea (Marchesetti 1882, Fortibuoni et al. 2010). Human disturbance by habitat degradation and tourism are also possible threats to its preferred sandy nearshore habitat. A low rate of exchange between angel shark populations may make them especially prone to local depletion and means that recolonisation will be extremely low.","In 2008, Angelshark was added to the Wildlife and Countryside Act in the United Kingdom, and is protected under legislation in inshore waters (ICES 2012). The United Kingdom and Belgium proposed Angelshark for listing on the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Northeast Atlantic (OSPAR Convention) Priority List of Threatened and Endangered Species, and this proposal was deemed appropriate by the WGEF (ICES 2002). Angelshark was listed by OSPAR in 2008. In 2010, the retention of Angelshark was prohibited throughout European Union (EU) waters; however, angling pressure upon this species is considerable in the last stronghold in the Canary Islands. The genus Squatina is protected within three Balearic Islands marine reserves, where fishing for angelsharks is forbidden.Parties to the Barcelona Convention agreed in 2012 that Angelshark be listed in Annex II of the Protocol concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean Sea -- which includes Recommendation GFCM/36/2012/1 – stating that this species cannot be retained on board, transshipped, landed, transferred, stored, sold or displayed or offered for sale, and must be released unharmed and alive, to the extent possible.In 2013, the EU banned the removal of shark fins on board vessels through Regulation No. 605/2013, in line with advice from the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission’s Shark Specialist Group and other shark fishery experts, in order to enhance enforcement of the 2003 EU ban on shark finning (Regulation No. 1185/2003) and facilitate improved shark fishery data collection. The genus Squatina is protected within three Balearic Islands marine reserves, where fishing for these species is forbidden.There is an urgent need to confirm the status of this species in the southern Mediterranean Sea, the Canary Islands, and other areas where subpopulations may still persist. If so, appropriate conservation measures are needed to protect this species. Further research should be conducted on the population size and trend of the species.",There is no information on the use and trade for this species.,"Dulvy, N.","Ferretti, F., Morey, G, Serena, F., Mancusi, C., Fowler, S.L., Dipper, F. & Ellis, J.","Fordham, S. & Buscher, E.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,TETRAODONTIFORMES,MONACANTHIDAE,Stephanolepis,hispidus,,Stephanolepis hispidus,"(Linnaeus, 1766)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Listed as Least Concern as this temperate tropical Atlantic is abundant and fairly common, and well studied. Overfishing could pose a serious threat to the species, and the potential effects of the fishtrap fishery on the species have to be investigated.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in the temperate and tropical Atlantic Ocean. In the western Atlantic, it is known from Nova Scotia, Canada south along the U.S., Bermuda, the Bahamas, throughout the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, and along South America to Uruguay. In the eastern Atlantic, it is known from the Canary Islands (Brito et al. 2002), the Azores (Santos et al. 1997) and Madeira (Wirtz et al. 2008), along West Africa to Angola including the Cape Verde Islands and Sao Tome and Principe Islands (Harmelin-Vivien and Quéro 1990, Wirtz et al. 2007, Wirtz et al. 2013). It is present at depths ranging from zero to 293 m, although in the Canary Islands it has been found between three and 180 m depth.","This species is considered common and populations are abundant. However, its population trend is unknown.","The species is found on sandy or muddy bottoms, associated with Sargassum. In the Canary Islands, it inhabits shallow-water bottoms, including seagrass meadows and reefs. Although it can be found down to 293 m, it is more commonly found in shallower waters.  Adults feed on benthic invertebrates, and studies on the sexuality, reproduction and age-and-growth in the Canaries have been done. Its maximum size is 27.5 cm TL and it attains 240 g. Besides, the size at maturity in the Canary Islands have been identified at 14.9 cm TL for females and at 13.9 cm TL for males. Its spawning season is from May to October, with a peak in September-October and a sex-ratio of 1:1 in the Canary Islands (González et al. 2012). The species is usually observed single or in groups of four to five fish swimming near the bottom in the Canary Islands (González et al. 2004).","This is a target species of the Canaries small-scale fisheries with hook-and-line, fish-traps and trammel nets around all islands of the archipelago, mainly in the easternmost ones (Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura and Lanzarote). Overfishing mainly due to bottom fish-traps could be a serious threat in the Canary Islands (González et al. 2004, González et al. 2012).","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not the target of any conservation action, and it is unknown whether it is found in protected areas. Also, no minimum legal size has been established by the regulatory bodies (González et al. 2012). Further research is needed on the trend and the impacts of fishtrap fisheries on the species.",The species is much appreciated by consumers in the Canary Islands.,"García, M.","González Pérez, J.A.","Matsuura, K.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STERNOPTYCHIDAE,Sternoptyx,diaphana,,Sternoptyx diaphana,"Hermann, 1781",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Sternoptyx diaphana is widely distributed in the Northeastern Atlantic with records from about 52°N to the Canary Islands. Although S. diaphana can be abundant in parts of its distribution, it is relatively rare in the assessment zone. It inhabits waters to 1,500 m depth. This species is not utilized and major threats have not been identified. It is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Sternoptyx diaphana occurs in subtropical to tropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean (Quéro et al. 1990). In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs from 45° N to the Canary Islands, including the Azores, with the northernmost captures from off Ireland (Quéro et al. 1990, Santos et al. 1997). However, it is rare north of Spain and its area of abundance is the south Atlantic (Baird 1971). Sternoptyx diaphana can be found in waters ranging from 300–1,500 m in depth, but is commonly found in waters between 600–900 m in depth (Hopkins and Baird 1973).","Sternoptyx diaphana can be abundant in some areas of its range (Baird 1971). However, there are no records from bottom trawl surveys off the Gulf of Cadiz (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2013) and is relatively rare in the mid-Atlantic Ridge (based on pelagic trawl surveys) (Kobyliansky et al. 2010).","Sternoptyx diaphana is a non-migrating mesopelagic species, occurring from 300–1,500 m. In regions with cooler waters, S. diaphana feeds on fewer but larger food items. Sternoptyx diaphana has prominent eyes and displays a photophore and pigment pattern that can maximize invisibility in the mesopelagic zone, which may indicate that it is a visually oriented predator (Hopkins and Baird 1973). Sternoptyx diaphana feeds primarily on copepods, ostracods and amphipods as juveniles, and amphipods and euphasiids as adults (Hopkins and Baird 1985). The maximum recorded length for this species is 5.5 cm SL (Figueiredo et al. 2002).",There are no known species-specific threats faced by Sternoptyx diaphana.,There are currently no species-specific conservation measures in place for Sternoptyx diaphana. More research is needed regarding its current population size and trends.,Sternoptyx diaphana is not utilized in the northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Kobyliansky, S. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STERNOPTYCHIDAE,Sternoptyx,pseudobscura,,Sternoptyx pseudobscura,"Baird, 1971",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Sternoptyx pseudobscura is curcumglobally distributed in subtropical to tropical waters. In the northeastern Atlantic, S. pseudobscura occurs from 40° N to the Canary Islands, including the Azores. This species is rare in the assessment zone. However, it is not utilized and there are no major threats. Therefore, S. pseudobscura is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Sternoptyx pseudobscura inhabits subtropical to tropical waters of the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, S. pseudobscura occurs from the Birish Isles south to the Canary Islands, but is absent from the Mediterranean (Baird 1971, Quéro et al. 1990, Zamarro and Lloris 1990). Sternoptyx pseudobscura is found from depths of 500–1,500 m, but is in its highest concentrations between 800–1,500 m (Baird 1971).",Sternoptyx pseudobscura is a rare species (absent in the Gulf of Cadiz bottom trawl surveys and pelagic trawl surveys in the mid-Atlantic Ridge) (J. Gil Herrera and S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013).,"Sternoptyx pseudobscura occurs in waters below 800 m, and feeds primarily on copepods, polychaetes and euphausiids as juveniles, and mainly on amphipods and smaller fish as adults (Hopkins and Baird 1985). S. pseudobscura has been shown to be the deepest living sternoptychid (Kinzer and Schulz 1988). In areas where the range of S. pseudobscura and S. diaphana overlap, S. pseudobscura is almost always taken from deeper waters (Badcock and Baird 1980). The maximum recorded length for this species is 6 cm SL (Quéro et al. 1990).",There are no known threats faced by Sternoptyx pseudobscura.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Sternoptyx pseudobscura. More research is needed regarding its population size and trends.,Sternoptyx pseudobscura is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Kobyliansky, S. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Stomias,boa,,Stomias boa,"(Risso, 1810)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Stomias boa is widespread in the southern hemisphere and throughout much of the Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, it occurs from the Mediterranean Sea southwards to Madeira and the Canary Islands. It is very common species in trawl surveys and occurs to depths of 1,500 m. There are no major threats to this species. It is listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Stomias boa is circumglobal in the southern hemisphere and is widespread in the Atlantic Ocean in subtropical to temperate waters (Harold in press). In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs in the western Mediterranean to the Sea of Marmara, including the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988), and from southern Iceland south to South Africa. The depth range for this species is 200–1,500 m (Gon 1990).","This species is very common in trawl (bottom and pelagic) surveys (e.g., 20-30 gm/km2 in the Spanish Mediterranean) (J. Gil Herrera, L. Gil del Sola, and S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013).","In the Spanish Mediterranean, bottom trawl surveys maximum sizes range from 21-26 cm TL with a typical trend of bigger-deeper (fishes in deeper waters) (L. Gil de Sola pers comm. 2013). The maximum recorded size for this species is 32 cm SL. The diet of members of this family primarily consists of other mesopelagic fishes and some crustaceans (Harold FAO ECA Guide in prep). This species is a prey item for dolphin in the Bay of Biscay and other locations where both dolphin and S. boa coexist (Spitz et al. 2010).",There are no known threats for this species.,There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for Stomias boa. Stomias boa was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).,This species is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Papaconstantinou, C. & Kobyliansky, S.","Herrera, J. & de Sola, L.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Stomias,brevibarbatus,,Stomias brevibarbatus,"Ege, 1918",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Stomias brevibarbatus is restricted to the Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, it is known from Portugal south to Madeira and the Canary Islands, but not the Azores. Although data for this species are limited, given is broad range and deep water habitat, it is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Stomias brevibarbatus is widespread throughout the Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs from about 25-45°N, including the Canary Islands, Madeira and the Azores. Outside the region, this species has been recorded from Gulf of Mexico (Sutton and Hopkins 1996), off New England (Moore et al. 2003), and Canada (Scott and Scott 1988). This species inhabits waters to 1,000 m depth (Gibbs 1984).",There are no additional trawl surveys in the region (C. Papaconstantinou and S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013).,"Stomias brevibarbatus is an oceanic and mesopelagic species (Gibbs 1984, Gibbs 1990). It my migrate to near-surface waters at night. This species feeds on midwater fishes and crustaceans (Gibbs 1984). The maximum recorded length for this species is 20.4 SL (Gibbs 1990).",There are no known threats for this species.,There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for Stomias brevibarbatus. ,This species is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Papaconstantinou, C. & Kobyliansky, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Stomias,longibarbatus,,Stomias longibarbatus,"(Brauer, 1902)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Stomias longibarbatus is circumglobally distributed in equatorial to subtropical waters. It occurs to about 35°N in the Northeastern Atlantic. Although data for this species are limited, given its broad distribution and deep water habitat, S. longibarbatus is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Stomias longibarbatus is a circumglobal species that occurs from equatorial to subtropical zones (Harold in press). In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs to about 35°N in the Atlantic, including Madeira and Portugal (Gibbs 1984). The depth range for this species is 400–1,463 m (Mundy 2005). Outside the region, it inhabits the waters to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, as well as from Namibia to South Africa. In the western Atlantic, it is found off the coast of the USA to the Gulf of Mexico and from Brazil to Argentina. In the western Pacific, off Japan (Masuda et al. 1984), Australia (Paxton et al. 1989) and New Zealand (Paulin et al. 1989). In the southeast Pacific, off Chile (Pequeno 1989). It is also found in the Indian Ocean (Gibbs 1990).",There are no additional records from trawl surveys in the region (C. Papaconstantinou and S. Kobyliansky pers comm. 2013).,The maximum size for this species is 43 cm SL.&#160;The diet of members of this family primarily consists of other mesopelagic fishes and some crustaceans (Harold&#160;FAO ECA Guide in prep).,There are no known threats for this species.,There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for Stomias longibarbatus. ,This species is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Papaconstantinou, C. & Kobyliansky, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,STROMATEIDAE,Stromateus,fiatola,,Stromateus fiatola,"Linnaeus, 1758",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Stromateus fiatola is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, Stromateus fiatola occurs from the Bay of Biscay southward including the Mediterranean. This species is a minor component of fisheries in some parts of its range but there are no indications of population declines. No major threats have been identified for this species. It is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Stromateus fiatola is known only from the eastern Atlantic, from the Bay of Biscay where rare (Haedrich 1986) and the Mediterranean southward to the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species is found in Portuguese and, rarely, Spanish continental shelf waters southward, including the Mediterranean Sea (Haedrich 1986). The occurrence of S. fiatola throughout the Mediterranean Sea may be linked to climate change, and it is considered rare in the Adriatic Sea (Dulčic et al. 2006). It typically occurs at depths of 10–70 m, but has been recorded in waters up to 160 m deep (Haedrich FAO in prep. 2012).","Stromateus fiatola regularly occurs in the Mediterranean and tropical Atlantic (Piper 2010). Stromateus fiatola is considered rare in the Adriatic Sea and the occurrence of this species in the Adriatic Sea may be related to the proliferation of jellyfishes, which constitute a very significant component of this species' diet (Dulčic et al. 2006). In the Atlantic Ocean, S. fiatola is considered is rare around oceanic islands but reported from the Canaries. It is also considered to be rare off the coast of Portugal (Santos et al. 2002). This species was considered one of the main species collected in 1989 off Congo-Gabon (Bianchi 1992). Total landings in Analucia are less than 500 kilos in 2000 and 2013 (Accessed through IDAPES portal, http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/, accessed May 2014).","Stromateus fiatola is a pelagic species which forms schools in coastal bays and waters over the continental shelf. It is usually at depths from 10–70 m, but has been recorded to depths of 160 m (Schneider 1990, Haedrich FAO ECA Guide in prep. 2012).  Juveniles are found in coastal waters under floating weeds or in association with medusae. This species feeds on zooplankton, jellyfish and small fishes. The recent occurrence of this species in the Adriatic Sea may be related to the proliferation of jellyfishes, which constitute a very significant component of this species' diet (Dulčic et al. 2006). It reaches a maximum size of 50 cm, although it is more commonly seen at 40 cm (Haedrich FAO ECA Guide in prep 2012).",Stromateus fiatola is a component of small-scale fisheries; however it is not directly targeted.,"There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for S. fiatola. However, this species’ range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014). Stromateus fiatola was regionally assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).","Fisheries for Stromateus fiatola are modest. This species caught mainly with otter trawls, purse seines and fixed trap nets, less commonly on lines. The flesh is excellent eating and is usually marketed fresh, and more occasionally salted or frozen. This species can be used for fishmeal or fish oil (Haedrich FAO ECA Guide in prep. 2012).","Ralph, G.","Herrera, J. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LAMPRIFORMES,STYLEPHORIDAE,Stylephorus,chordatus,,Stylephorus chordatus,"Shaw, 1791",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, Stylephorus chordatus occurs in the Azores and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, Stylephorus chordatus occurs in the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014) and the Canary Islands (Bordes Caballero et al. 2009). Globally, Stylephorus chordatus is distributed circumglobally in tropical and temperate regions from 300-800 m depth (Olney in prep).","Stylephorus chordatus is a rarely occurring species (Olney in prep). However, museum collections indicate that this species is common throughout its range and can be locally abundant (FishNet2 Portal).",Stylephorus chordatus is a deepsea fish with a maximum size of 32 cm (measurement excludes caudal filament) that inhabits the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones. It can be found between 300-600 m at night and migrates to deeper waters between 625-800 m during the day (Mundy 2005). It feeds on small crustaceans. Data on the reproduction and habits of this species are limited (Olney in prep).,There are no known major threats to Stylephorus chordatus.,There are no known conservation measures for Stylephorus chordatus.,Stylephorus chordatus is not utilized (Olney in prep).,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,PARALEPIDIDAE,Sudis,hyalina,,Sudis hyalina,"Rafinesque, 1810",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC  Sudis hyalina is widely distributed in the Atlantic Ocean. Though rare, it is thought to be broadly distributed in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean. Population data are limited. It is not fished commercially, and there are no known major threats. Therefore, S. hyalina is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Sudis hyalina is broadly distributed in the Atlantic Ocean from about 50°N to 40°S, including the Mediterranean Sea (Post 1984). In the Mediterranean Sea (FAO 1987, Jennings 2000), this species is present in the eastern Mediterranean Sea (Bello 1990, Golani et al. 2006), north and west Aegean Sea, Greece (Papaconstantinou et al. 1994), Anzio Harbour, Latium, central Tyrrhenian Sea (Psomadakis et al. 2006), Strait of Sicily (Costa 1991, 1999; Ragonese et al. 2001), Libyan coasts (UNEP/FAO 1995), Gulf of Genoa (Siccardi and Montanari 1997) and the Ionian Sea (Parenzan 1970). It has a depth distribution of 200 to more than 2000 m (Post 1990).",This species is generally very scarce. Population data are limited.,"This species is mesopelagic to bathypelagic, typically found from 200 to more than 2000 m (Post 1990). It is carnivorous. It probably spawns near the surface in temperate to tropical waters (Post 1984). It has been supposed to be one of the 'cable-biters' species, reconstructions from big teeth found in submarine cables suggests that it reaches at least 100 cm body-length (Post 1984, 1990).",This species is not commercially exploited. No major threats are known.,"No specific conservation measures are in place for this species. This species may be present in marine protected areas that occur within its distribution. It was assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean, as there are few records from the Mediterranean Sea (IUCN 2011, Abdul Malak et al. 2011).",This species is not known to be used commercially.,"Ralph, G.","Russell, B.","Papaconstantinou, C., Massuti, E., Palmeri, A., Keskin, Ç. & Stump, E.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Symbolophorus,rufinus,,Symbolophorus rufinus,"(Tåning, 1928)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) Symbolophorus rufinus is a widely-distributed species, which within Europe is restricted to the Azores and the Canary Islands. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"This species is circumglobally distributed. Within Europe, it is only known from the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014) and Canaries (Bordes Cabellero et al. 2009).",There is a lack of information regarding this species' population.,"This is a&#160;marine, bathypelagic species with a depth range of 0-850 m (Hulley 1990).",There is a lack of information regarding threats to this species.,There is a lack of information regarding conservation actions for this species.,There is a lack of information regarding use and trade of this species.,"Scott, J.A. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Symbolophorus,veranyi,,Symbolophorus veranyi,"(Moreau, 1888)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)   Symbolophorus veranyi is a widespread mesopelagic species that is associated with depths of between zero and 800 m. It is a common species of Lanternfish that performs diel migration. Symbolophorus veranyi is not utilized by the commercial fishing industry; although, it is incidently taken as bycatch in parts of its range,There do not appear to be any major threats that are known towards this species. There are not any specific conservation measures in place for S. veranyi, but its range intersects with numerous marine protected areas. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Symbolophorus veranyi is an endemic species of the North Atlantic and Mediterranean. Symbolophorus veranyi occurs between 100 and 700 to 800 m in daytime and from zero to 150 m during the night (Fischer et al. 1987). In the western Atlantic Ocean, this species is found from the USA south to Brazil. In the eastern Atlantic, it is found from the United Kingdom south to Morocco, with isolates in the Mauritanian Upwelling region (Hulley and Paxton in press). This species is widespread in the Mediterranean Sea (Fischer et al. 1987, Papconstantinou 1988, Quignard and Tomasini 2000, Golani et al. 2006) including the entire Spanish Mediterranean Sea (L. Gil de Sola pers. obs. 2014). ","This species appears to be fairly common in the eastern Atlantic around northwest Africa, as indicated by mid-water trawl surveys around the Canary Islands (Wienerroither et al. 2009) and near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Fock et al. 2004). This species is also fairly common in the western Mediterranean Sea  and can be locally abundant in some areas (Hulley 1990). Symbolophorus veranyi can be found in 401 museum collections with a maximum count of 32 individuals in a single lot (Accessed through Fishnet 2 Portal 2013 June). In Spanish MEDITS surveys, it has been consistently common in bottom trawl surveys; size: 2  to 4 cm total length (TL), average size: 3.9 cm (TL) (L. Gil de Sola pers comm. 2013).In the Gulf of Cadiz the maximum recorded length of any single specimen was 11 cm (TL). 116 specimens in two records over 20 years (ARSA) (bottom trawl surveys) (J. Gil Herrera pers comm. 2013).","This is an oceanic and mesopelagic species. It occurs between 100 and 70 to 800 m in daytime and from zero to 150 m during the night (mainly zero to 45 m) (Becker 1983, Fischer et al. 1987). The maximum length for this species is 12 cm standard length (SL) (Hulley 1984). Symbolophorus veranyi displays size stratification with depth at night, with small sub-adults staying deeper than large sub-adults and adults (Hulley 1984). Symbolophorus veranyi eats crustaceans as its favorite choice of prey (Coad and Reist 2004). The length at first maturity has been measured at 9 cm total length (TL) (Hulley 1990). The spawning periodicity, fecundity and early life history traits are poorly understood for this species.",There are no known major threats. This species is not known to be used by fisheries but may be caught as bycatch pelagic trawls (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013).,"No specific conservation measures are in place for this species. However, this species may be found in marine protected areas within its distribution range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Legislative regulation for the pelagic fishery is being implemented (S. Kobyliansky pers. comm. 2013).Symbolophorus veranyi was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).",Symbolophorus veranyi is not utilized in any known commercial capacity.,"Strongin, K.","Costa, M., Munroe, T. & Kobyliansky, S.","Keskin, Ç., Massuti, E., Papakonstantinou, C. & Palmeri, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,LABRIDAE,Symphodus,bailloni,,Symphodus bailloni,"(Valenciennes, 1839)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is relatively uncommon in the European waters, where it is primarily found along Atlantic coasts, with occasional records from the Mediterranean Sea. The species is only occasionally caught off Spain and the Balearic Islands. It appears to be naturally rare and under no particular threat. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"In the European region, this species is found in the eastern Atlantic primarily in western European waters from Belgium to the mouth of Mediterranean Sea. It is also an occasional inhabitant of the Mediterranean Sea, where it has been found off the coasts of Spain and the Balearic Islands (Quignard and Pras 1986). The species range extends southwards down the Atlantic coast of Africa to Mauritania. It has not yet been recorded from Macaronesia. It was recently reported from the western Black Sea coast of Turkey (Göktürk et al. 2012).","There is little known about the Eastern Atlantic subpopulations of this species, and there are only a few records from the Mediterranean. It is relatively uncommon.","This species inhabits littoral and inshore coastal habitats, mainly occurring around rocks but also in seagrass beds (Gomon and Forsyth 1990). It is a small fish with a maximum length of around 20 cm (SL). It is found at depths of down to 50 m.","There are no major threats known for this species. Although it is caught as food in artisanal fisheries, this is not considered a threat at present.",There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps several marine protected areas within its range.,"This species may be sold for food when caught in local artisanal fisheries in the Mediterranean, where it is probably mainly used for fish soup.","Allen, D.J. & Kemp, J.R.","Craig, M.T. & Pollard, D.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,LABRIDAE,Symphodus,caeruleus,,Symphodus caeruleus,"(Azevedo, 1999)","This and the other two species in the genus Centrolabrus were moved to the genus Symphodus, based on morphological and behavioural evidence (Almada et al. 2002).",Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Listed as Least Concern as, even though this species has an area of occupancy of less than 500 km2 and there have been fluctuations in the number of mature individuals across seventeen years of monitoring, these have not been dramatic enough for the species to qualify as threatened. Populations of this species appear healthy throughout the Azores archipelago, where it is very frequent, and there are no major identified threats to the species. However, the species has a relatively restricted distribution, and the integrity of its algal habitat should be carefully monitored, particularly as it may be vulnerable to oceanographic and environmental changes associated with climate change. Further monitoring of the population size and trend of the species is also encouraged.",Unknown,"This species is found in the sub-tropical Eastern Atlantic, and is endemic to the Macaronesian archipelago of the Azores (Azevedo 1999). Its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is around 323 km2, conservatively based on the area of rocky reefs from zero to 50 m depth (as the species is typically restricted to the 30 m depth quota).","This species occurs only in the shallow coastal waters around the Azores Islands. It is very frequent in shallow rocky reefs (five to 20 m, its preferred range) around all of the nine Azorean Islands, although adults typically occur in small numbers locally (Schmiing et al. 2013). It is the third most abundant labrid species in the Azores coastal waters (Porteiro et al. 1996, Afonso 2002). Average densities in underwater transects vary from 0.7± 0.1 to 7.0 ± 0.7 fish/250 m2 (0-58, n=570 transects), depending on the islands, and the islands with denser algal cover (Graciosa island, Dollabarat reef in Formigas bank) seem to support the highest fish densities (unpublished data, M. Schmiing and P. Afonso pers. comm. 2015). Also, there have been substantial fluctuations in densities across the archipelago (three to five times decrease in density of mature individuals and posterior recovery) across 17 years of monitoring, apparently showing that the population is highly dependent on stochastic factors (e.g. for recruitment) and/or natural fluctuations of habitat quality (e.g. through thickness and height of algal cover; Afonso et al. 2006).","This inshore benthic species is found over shallow rocky reefs, sometimes with interspersed sand or gravel, in the shallow coastal waters of the Azores Islands, mid-north Atlantic. It is highly dependent on vegetated substrates (e.g. Cystoseira sp., Dictyota sp.) due to its feeding habits (on phytal invertebrates and algae; Azevedo et al. 1999), nest-building behavior and shelter for its recruits (Afonso et al. 2006). Juveniles can be observed in small shoals hiding among algal turfs of Asparagopsis armata (Bertoncini et al. 2009) or Cystoseira sp. (Afonso et al. 2006), and also in tide pools. This species is rarely observed as a cleaner species on shallow rocky reefs (Bertoncini et al. 2009), although it is very common in the Azores.  It is a protogynous hermaphrodite, with maturation occurring at lengths of 12 cm (TL) (for males) and 14 cm TL (for females). Males can thus be initial phase fish or terminal-phase fish resulting from a sex changing female (Azevedo et al. 1999). During the spawning season (March to June), larger terminal males form harems and defend territories, attracting females to spawn their demersal eggs in the nest and providing exclusive care for the eggs (Porteiro et al. 1996, Azevedo et al. 1999). However, primary males, which have larger testes, can attempt to ‘steal’ fertilizations during spawning. The species reaches a maximum size of 27 cm in males and of 23 cm in females (Azevedo et al. 1999).","Although there are no known major threats to this species, it is suspected that the effects of climate change may alter the habitat of this species if the algal cover is changed, which might have profound effects in the population of these species.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. However, various coastal marine protected areas in the region protect portions of its population (Schmiing et al. 2013, 2014). Additionally, there are some limitations to gill netting and trapping, potentially the two gears with higher catchability. Further research and monitoring should be conducted on the population size and trend of the species.","This species is caught occasionally by artisanal and recreational coastal fisheries, but it is not priced.","García, M.","Afonso, P.","Pollard, D.A., Liu, M. & Bertoncini, A.A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,LABRIDAE,Symphodus,cinereus,,Symphodus cinereus,"(Bonnaterre, 1788)",The subpopulations in French Mediterranean coastal lagoons may comprise a separate subspecies (J.P. Quignard pers. comm. 2008).,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"This species is endemic to Europe and present throughout the Mediterranean and in the eastern Atlantic coasts of southwestern Europe. There are no major threats to this species throughout most of its range, although there have been population declines recorded in France due to a localised fishery in Mediterranean coastal lagoons. There is very little population information available for this species, but overall its main subpopulations are thought to be stable. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"The fish is endemic to the European region, and present in the eastern Atlantic from the Arcachon basin (Bay of Biscay, southwestern France) to Gibraltar. It is also found throughout the Mediterranean and Black seas (Quignard and Pras 1986, Louisy 2005).","This small species (16 cm TL) is not generally targeted by any large fisheries. There have apparently been noticeable declines in some coastal lagoon subpopulations in France (Thau, Berre, Bage-Sijean and Salse-Leucate lagoons; J.P. Quignard pers. comm. 2008), and it is possible that the subpopulations found in these lagoons may comprise a separate subspecies (J.P. Quignard pers. comm. 2008). If this turns out to be the case, this subspecies may warrant listing in a threatened or the Near Threatened category (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2008).","This species is generally found on sandy substrates, but it can also be found around weed-covered rocks and in seagrass beds. It is found in shallow coastal areas and in coastal lagoons. The diet mainly comprises small benthic crustaceans and molluscs (Golani et al. 2006). This is a small fish that is found between one and 30 m depth. It spawns in spring, and one or several females lay their eggs in a nest built by a single male (Golani et al. 2006).","The major threats to this species in French coastal lagoons include overfishing, pollution and habitat degradation of seagrass beds, however there are no data available to quantify the level of these threats. There are no known major threats to this species in the open sea.",There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas within its range and it is recorded from 17 Natura 2000 sites in Italy (EUNIS 2014).,"This small species (16 cm TL) is not generally targeted by any large fisheries, although it is fished locally in the Thau, Berre, Bage-Sijean and Salse-Leucate lagoons in France, where it is used in fish soup.","Allen, D.J., Kemp, J.R. & Pollard, D.","Craig, M.T.","Quignard, J.P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,LABRIDAE,Symphodus,doderleini,,Symphodus doderleini,"Jordan, 1890",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"This small species is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. There is little specific population information available for it, however the population is thought to be stable and there appears to be no major threats to this species. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This Mediterranean endemic species is present throughout most of the Mediterranean Sea, except for the Gulf of Lions in the northwestern basin, the eastern Levant (Golani et al. 2006) and the northwestern Aegean Sea. It is found also in the Sea of Marmara, but not in the Black Sea. Its lower depth limit is 50 metres, and its upper depth limit is around three metres below sea level (Louisy 2005).","This shallow water species is relatively abundant in the Mediterranean Sea where it occurs, but is generally more common in the western basin. There is no specific population information available for this species but the population trend is considered stable.","This species inhabits rocky shores and reefs, and also seagrass (Posidonia) beds. It feeds on bryozoans, worms, small molluscs and amphipods (Quignard and Pras 1986). Spawning takes place from May to July in the western Mediterranean (Golani et al. 2006). Its maximum size is 10 cm (TL) (Louisy 2005) and it is not a migrant species, while it is congregatory all year-round.","There are no known major threats for this species, although degradation and pollution of shallow rocky shores, reefs and seagrass beds could detrimentally affect its populations. The invasive introduced tropical alga Caulerpa taxifolia could have negative effects on its shallow-water vegetated habitats in some areas (Verlaque and Fritayre 1994, Villele and Verlaque 1995).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with several marine protected areas within its range. However, there is a need for conservation actions regarding resource and habitat protection of seagrass and rocky algal reef habitats, where control of the invasive species Caulerpa taxifolia needs to be undertaken, to promote habitat restoration. Awareness of the need to prevent water pollution, habitat degradation and control of the invasive algae species should be promoted, and policies and regulations need to be strengthened to reduce these impacts. More research is needed regarding the species' population size, distribution and trends, life history and threats. Monitoring is also needed to follow up population, harvest and habitat trends.","The species is not commercially fished, however like most other small wrasses, it is probably occasionally sold for use in fish soup when caught in Mediterranean small-scale artisanal fisheries.","Craig, M.T., Nieto, A., García, M. & Allen, D.J.","Pollard, D.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,LABRIDAE,Symphodus,mediterraneus,,Symphodus mediterraneus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) In the European region the fish is present throughout the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Macaronesian islands, and there are no known threats to its population. Although there is no specific information available on its population status, it is thought to be stable. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"In the European region the fish is present in the eastern Atlantic from Portugal and Spain (although absent from northern coast of Spain in the Bay of Biscay according to Louisy 2005)), and throughout the Macaronesian archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, the Selvagens and the Canary islands (P. Afonso pers. comm. 2007). It is also found throughout the Mediterranean Sea, including the Sea of Marmara, but not in the Black Sea (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2007). Outside the European region the range extends to the Atlantic coast of Morocco.","This species is generally common throughout most of the Mediterranean Sea, except along the coasts of the eastern Levant, where it is less abundant. The population is stable in Turkey, and most likely also throughout the rest of the Mediterranean Sea (M. Bilecenoglu pers. comm. 2007). In the Azores, it is quite common although found in relatively low numbers (Afonso 2002) throughout its preferred habitat, and populations are thought to be stable. In the Canary Islands, it is occasional and thought to have diminished in the last two decades (Brito et al. 2002).","The species is generally found over vegetated rocky substrates and in coralligenous habitats. It is also found associated with seagrass beds (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2007). It feeds mainly on gastropods, bivalves, tubiculous worms, chitons, sea urchins and bryozoans (Quignard and Pras 1986), and also crustaceans (Golani et al. 2006). It is found from one to 70 m depth. The spawning takes place in spring, and the eggs are laid in a nest constructed by the male (Golani et al. 2006).","There are no known major threats to this small species, although it may be utilised and sold for food when caught in local artisanal fisheries (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2007).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps several marine protected areas within its range, including 15 Natura 2000 sites within Italy (EUNIS 2014).","This species may be utilised and sold for food when caught in local artisanal fisheries, where it is probably mainly used in fish soup (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2008).","Allen, D.J., Kemp, J.R. & Ralph, G.","Craig, M.T., Pollard, D. & Afonso, P.","Bilecenoglu, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,LABRIDAE,Symphodus,melanocercus,,Symphodus melanocercus,"(Risso, 1810)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"This species is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, and there are no known major threats to its populations. Although there is no specific population information available for this species, its population is thought to be stable. This species is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This species is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. It is present in the Sea of Marmara (Golani et al. 2006), but it is absent from the eastern Levant (D. Golani pers. comm. 2008), the northern and eastern Adriatic, the northern and western Aegean, Cyprus, and the Black Sea. Its lower depth limit is found around 30 metres, while its upper depth limit is one metre below sea level (Louisy 2005).","The abundance of this species is variable throughout the Mediterranean Sea. For instance, while it is common in Italy, it is uncommon in Turkey. Although there is no specific population information available for this species, its population is thought to be stable (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2008).","This species occurs in rocky areas and seagrass beds. It feeds on worms, small crustaceans (e.g., amphipods and copepods), bryozoans and hydrozoans (Quignard and Pras 1986). It also acts as a cleaner of ectoparasites from other fishes. Spawning takes place in spring and early summer, when the male guards a territory within which the females lay their eggs (Golani et al. 2006). The maximum size of this species is 14 cm (TL) (Louisy 2005). It is not a migrant species and usually congregatory (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2014).","There are no major threats known for this species, although it may be sold as food when caught in artisanal fisheries. Its shallow inshore rocky reef and seagrass habitats may also be threatened by habitat degradation, pollution and the invasive introduced tropical alga Caulerpa taxifolia. (Verlaque and Fritayre 1994, Villele and Verlaque 1995).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with several marine protected areas within its range. However, there is a need for conservation actions, regarding resource and habitat protection of seagrass and rocky algal reef habitats, where control of the invasive species Caulerpa taxifolia needs to be undertaken as well, enabling this way restoration of the habitats. Creation of awareness must be carried out in order to prevent water pollution, habitat degradation and control of the invasive alga species. To this matter, policies and regulations need to be strengthened. More research is also needed regarding the species' population size, distribution and trends, harvest, use and livelihoods, life history and threats. Monitoring is needed as well regarding population, harvest and habitat trends.","Although it is very small, this species may be sold as food when caught in artisanal fisheries, where it is probably mainly used in fish soup.","Craig, M.T., Nieto, A., García, M. & Allen, D.J.","Pollard, D.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,LABRIDAE,Symphodus,melops,,Symphodus melops,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",This species has in the past been misidentified as Symphodus tinca and Symphodus roissali (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2008).,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is widespread off the Atlantic coastlines of western Europe, and present throughout much of the Mediterranean Sea. There are no known major threats to this species, and though there is little specific population information available, overall its population is thought to be stable. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This species is known from the eastern Atlantic from southern Norway to the Strait of Gibraltar, including much of the Baltic Sea, and around the United Kingdom, Ireland, and the Azores. In the Mediterranean Sea, it is present in the western and northeastern Mediterranean basins, the Levantine Sea and the Adriatic Sea, but absent in eastern parts of the North African coast. Outside the European region, the fish is known from northern Africa.","There is very little population information available for this species. It is primarily a colder-water Eastern Atlantic species, and therefore is more common in the western part of the Mediterranean Sea. Its abundance varies throughout the remainder of the Mediterranean Sea (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2008).","This schooling, territorial fish occurs around rocks, rocky reefs and seagrass beds, and also in coastal lagoon habitats. It feeds on molluscs, hydroids, bryozoans, worms and crustaceans (Quignard and Pras 1986).  There is a clear sexual dimorphism, and this species is probably a protogynous hermaphrodite. The male constructs a nest of seaweed amongst rocks or in rock crevices, in which the adhesive eggs are laid (Golani et al. 2006).","There are no known major threats to this species, although it is sometimes caught as bycatch in local fisheries and sold for food.",There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps several marine protected areas within its range.,This species is sometimes caught as bycatch in local fisheries and sold for food.,"Allen, D.J. & Kemp, J.R.","Craig, M.T. & Pollard, D.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,LABRIDAE,Symphodus,ocellatus,,Symphodus ocellatus,"(Forsskål, 1775)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"This species is present throughout the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, where there appear to be no known major threats to its populations. Although there is no specific population information available, its populations are thought to be stable. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This species is found throughout most of the Mediterranean Sea and the Sea of Marmara, though it is rare in the Levant. It is also present in the western and northwestern Black Sea and the Sea of Azov (Golani et al. 2006). Its lower depth limit is 30 metres, while its upper depth limit is one metre below sea level (Louisy 2005).","This species is relatively common throughout most of the Mediterranean Sea, but is less abundant along the coast of the Levant. The population is considered stable.","This species lives in small groups, mainly over algal-covered rocky substrates, but also in seagrass beds. It feeds on bryozoans, hydroids, tubiculous polychaete worms, shrimps, amphipods and molluscs. The young fish may act as cleaners of other fishes. It is a protogynous hermaphrodite, and the male builds, maintains and guards a nest made of seaweed (Cystoseira), in which several females lay their eggs (Golani et al. 2006). The age of maturity of the female is one year, while for the male is between one and two years. Its maximum size is 12 cm (TL) (Louisy 2005). It is a non migrant species and congregatory year-round, at least in small groups (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2014).","There are no known major threats to this species, although it may be sold for food when caught in local artisanal fisheries. Moreover, its inshore rocky reef and shallow seagrass habitats may be threatened by habitat degradation and pollution. The invasive introduced tropical alga Caulerpa taxifolia poses a threat to this species (Verlaque and Fritayre 1994, Villela and Verlaque 1995), but also to its algal and seagrass habitats, mainly based on Cystoseira algal beds, which are highly sensitive to changes in water quality (Sales et al. 2011).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with several marine protected areas within its range. However, there is a need for conservation actions, regarding resource and habitat protection of seagrass and rocky algal reef habitats, where control of the invasive species Caulerpa taxifolia needs to be undertaken as well, enabling this way restoration of the habitats. Creation of awareness must be carried out in order to prevent water pollution, habitat degradation and control of the invasive alga species. To this matter, policies and regulations need to be strengthened.  More research is also needed regarding the species' population size, distribution and trends, harvest, use and livelihoods, life history and threats. Monitoring is needed as well regarding population, harvest and habitat trends.","This species may be sold for food when caught in local artisanal fisheries, where it is probably used mainly in fish soup.","Craig, M.T., Nieto, A., García, M. & Allen, D.J.","Pollard, D.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,LABRIDAE,Symphodus,roissali,,Symphodus roissali,"(Risso, 1810)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is widespread throughout the Mediterranean Sea, where it has no known major threats, and its range extends to the eastern Atlantic coasts of Spain and Portugal. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"In European waters this fish is found in the Eastern Atlantic from Portugal southwards (Louisy 2005) to Gibraltar, throughout the Mediterranean Sea. There are records from the western and northern Black Sea; although possibly present throughout the Black Sea, Louisy (2005) considers it absent from the southeastern area. It is not considered present in the Gulf of Gascogne (i.e., Bay of Biscay, northwestern Spain) by&#160;Louisy (2005). Outside the European region the range extends to the Atlantic coast of Morocco.",This species is widespread and common in the Mediterranean Sea and populations are considered likely to be stable.,"This species is found near rocks and in seagrass beds, where it is mainly solitary (Quignard and Pras 1986). It feeds on molluscs, shrimps, sea-urchins and hydroids (Quignard and Pras 1986).  Spawning takes place in spring, when a seaweed nest is constructed and guarded by the male, in which several females may lays their eggs (Golani et al. 2006).","There are no known major threats to this species. Although it may be sold for food when caught in local artisanal fisheries, this is not suspected to be a threat.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps several marine protected areas within its range, including 17 Natura 2000 sites in Italy (EUNIS 2014).","This species may be sold for food when caught in local artisanal fisheries, where it is probably mainly used in fish soup.","Allen, D.J., Kemp, J.R. & Ralph, G.","Pollard, D. & Craig, M.T.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,LABRIDAE,Symphodus,rostratus,,Symphodus rostratus,"(Bloch, 1791)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"This species is present throughout the Mediterranean Sea and the western part of the Black Sea, and there are no known major threats to its populations. Although there is no specific population information available, its populations are thought to be stable. This species is listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This species is present throughout the whole Mediterranean basin and the western part of the Black Sea (Golani et al. 2006). The upper depth limit is 30 metres, while the lower depth limit is one metre (Louisy 2005).",This species is common and widespread in the Mediterranean Sea and it has also been recorded from the western part of the Black Sea (Louisy 2005). The current population trend of this species is stable.,"This species lives mainly over Posidonia seagrass beds, though it is also present on algal-covered rocky reefs (Golani et al. 2006). It frequently occurs in large aggregations and feeds on small benthic organisms such as molluscs, crustaceans and echinoderms. Spawning takes place in spring, when the male builds and guards a nest of algae, in which one or more females lay adhesive eggs (Golani et al. 2006), and the breeding season seems to be from March to June (Louisy 2005). The age at maturity of this species is one year, its longevity of about 3-4 years and its maximum size is 13 cm (SL) or 14 cm  (TL) (Louisy 2005, Golani et al. 2006). This is not a migratory species and they tend to form aggregations year-round (Golani et al. 2006).","There are no known major threats to this species, although it may be utilized as food when caught in local artisanal fisheries. However, its shallow water seagrass and rocky reef habitats may be threatened with habitat degradation, as a result of urban and agricultural development and waste disposal along the adjacent coastlines, pollution (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2008) and the invasive introduced tropical algae Caulerpa taxifolia (Verlaque and Fritayre 1994, Villele and Verlaque 1995).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with several marine protected areas within its range. However, there is a need for conservation actions, regarding resource and habitat protection of seagrass and rocky algal reef habitats, where control of the invasive species Caulerpa taxifolia needs to be undertaken as well, enabling this way restoration of the habitats. Creation of awareness must be carried out in order to prevent water pollution, habitat degradation and control of the invasive algae species. To this matter, policies and regulations need to be strengthened. More research is also needed regarding the species' population size, distribution and trends, life history and threats. Monitoring is also needed regarding population, harvest and habitat trends.","This species may be sold for food when caught in local artisanal fisheries, where it is probably mainly used in fish soup.","Craig, M.T., Nieto, A., García, M. & Allen, D.J.","Pollard, D.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,LABRIDAE,Symphodus,tinca,,Symphodus tinca,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) In the European region this fish is present throughout the Mediterranean Sea, and there are no major threats to its population. There is no specific population information available, but the population is thought to be stable, and the species is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"In the European region the fish is known in the Eastern Atlantic from northwestern Spain to Gibraltar, and throughout the Mediterranean and Black seas (Louisy 2005). Its range extends outside European waters to the Atlantic coast of Morocco.",This species is common throughout the Mediterranean Sea and its populations there are assumed to be stable.,"This species is found near rocks and rocky reefs, over seagrass beds, and sometimes also in saline coastal lagoons.  It lives singly or in small groups, and feeds on sea-urchins, ophiuroids, bivalves, shrimps and crabs. There is a distinct sexual dimorphism, and the species is at least partially a protogynous hermaphrodite. Spawning takes place in spring, when a seaweed nest is built and guarded by the male, with one or more females laying their adhesive eggs in it (Golani et al. 2006).","There are no major threats known for this species. However, being the largest member of its genus, it is sold for food when caught in local artisanal fisheries (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2008).",There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps several marine protected areas within its range; recorded from 25 Natura 2000 sites (EUNIS 2014).,This species is caught in local artisanal fisheries and sold for food.,"Allen, D.J., Kemp, J.R. & Ralph, G.","Pollard, D. & Craig, M.T.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,LABRIDAE,Symphodus,trutta,,Symphodus trutta,"(Lowe, 1834)","This and the other two species in the genus Centrolabrus were moved to the genus Symphodus, based on morphological and behavioural evidence (Almada et al. 2002).",Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Although there is very little information available on the populations or abundances of this species within its relatively restricted eastern Atlantic island distribution, it is listed as Least Concern as there are no known threats and it is protected in some marine protected areas within its distribution. However, the integrity of this species' habitat should be carefully monitored, particularly as the algal cover upon which it depends it may be vulnerable to oceanographic and environmental changes associated with climate change. Further research should also be conducted on the population size, trends, habitats and ecology of the species.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the eastern Atlantic Macaronesian archipelagos of Madeira, Savages and the Canary Islands, eventually and to be confirmed enlarged to the Cape Verde Islands (Brito et al. 2006). A few specimens were reported from the Mediterranean Sea, but they apparently resulted to be misidentifications (Azevedo 1999). It has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of less than 2,000 km2. Its depth range is one to 30 m.","This species has populations living in the shallow (one to 30 m) waters (rocky reefs and seagrass beds) of the eastern Atlantic archipelagos where it occurs (Madeira, Savages and Canary Islands), but very poorly studied. Using underwater visual census in inshore reefs, S. trutta was found to occur very frequently but at relatively low densities at Madeira Island (0.48 +/-0.45 ind./100 m2 transects, Ribeiro et al. 2005) and the Canary islands (0.552 ind/100 m2 transects, Tuya et al. 2004; 1.5 ± 2.4 ind/point count survey, 0-13 individuals in 41% of 577 surveys, Falcón et al. 1996).","This small species is found in shallow inshore areas over rocky reefs and seagrass beds (Quignard and Pras 1986, D. Pollard pers. comm. 2014). It can be found in depths from one to 30 m. The species grows to around 18 cm TL but terminal phase males are generally larger than females. It is carnivorous, feeding primarily on small benthic invertebrates. It is oviparous and pair spawns, with the male building nests of algae and gravel and providing exclusive parental care to the eggs (Almada et al. 2002).","There are no known major threats to this species. However, the population of a sister species (S. caeruleus) was found to be highly fluctuating in response to stochastic factors and, most possibly, variations in the quality of the habitat, namely the nature and thickness of the algal cover (Afonso et al. 2006). The same ecological phenomenon might very well happen with this species, given the similarities in ecology and dependence in algal cover, and with seagrass beds, that may also serve as nursery habitat. These variations may, in face of climate change, be more acute in the future.","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but coastal marine reserves protect portions of its population (Tuya et al. 2004). Monitoring of population trends and habitats should be conducted, as well as research on the species’ ecology and population dynamics.",The species is not used or traded commercially.,"García, M.","Afonso, P.","Pollard, D.A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,CYNOGLOSSIDAE,Symphurus,insularis,,Symphurus insularis,"Munroe, Brito & Hernández, 2000",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Within the assessment region comprising the northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea, this species is known only from the offshore islands of Madeira, Azores, and the Canary Islands. It has a depth distribution of 3 to 23 m. This species is not utilized, nor is it known to have any major threats affecting it. Furthermore, it is likely to occur in one of the several marine protected areas surrounding any of the archipelagos that it is found in. Therefore, S. insularis is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Symphurus insularis occurs in the eastern Atlantic, mainly in the Macaronesian islands, including the Canary Islands, Madeira and also Ponta Delgada, Sao Miguel Island, Azores. It may also occur at Tarrafal, Sao Tiago Island, Cape Verde (Munroe et al. 2000). It occurs at depths between 3 to 28 m (Munroe et al. 2000).",There are no data available on the population size and trend of this species. It is commonly observed at night. Its cryptic behavior may account for its apparent rarity (Munroe et al. 2000).,"Symphurus insularis is a shallower water demersal species which is found from 3 to 28 m (Brito et al. 1999, Munroe et al. 2000). It is a nocturnal species which feeds on benthic invertebrates and small fishes (Carvalho et al. 2003).  Symphurus insularis is found on a variety of substrata consisting of open sand, shells, gravel, areas of algae covered boulders of varies sizes with some interspersed sand patches, and sand patches within seagrass beds. It reaches a maximum size 8 cm SL. Females attain larger sizes (to 8 cm SL) than males (to 5.4 cm SL). Females mature at relatively small sizes (46 mm SL) (Munroe et al. 2000).",Threats to this species are unknown.,"The distribution of this species likely overlaps marine protected zones in the Canary Islands, Azores, or Madeira.","This species is of no commercial importance, and it is not typically found in bycatch.","Harwell, H.","Lorance, P., Monroe, T., Nielsen, J., Herrera, J. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,CYNOGLOSSIDAE,Symphurus,ligulatus,,Symphurus ligulatus,"(Cocco, 1844)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern Symphurus ligulatus occurs in the Mediterranean and neighboring Atlantic Ocean to about 18°N.  It has a broad depth range of 200 to 1040 m and is found over soft substrates. There are no known species-specific threats, however, it is occasionally taken as bycatch. There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for S. ligulatus. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern",Unknown,"Symphurus ligulatus is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is found from the Mediterranean south to Angola. In the western Mediterranean Sea, S. ligulatus occurs along the coast of Spain from Gibraltar Strait to Catalonia and the Balearic Islands (MEDITS trawl survey, L. Gil de Sola pers. comm. 2013), in south Adriatic Sea (Gulf of Taranto, Naples, Sicily and Gulf of Genoa: Quéro et al. 1986). In the eastern Mediterranean Sea, it is only reported from Israel (Goren et al. 2006) and the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988), including the Ionian (Mytilineou et al. 2005) and Aegean seas (Labropoulou and Papaconstantinou 2005). It is found at depths ranging from 200 m to 1,024 m (Munroe 1990).","There is no population information available for S. ligulatus. It is a deep water species that can be locally abundant. According to D’Onghia et al. (2003), two trawl surveys (July and August 2000) were carried out in two areas of the Ionian Sea (one off the south-east Italian coast, the other off the west Greece), at depth ranging from 300 to 750 m. An Italian type bottom trawl was used (20 mm stretched mesh size at the cod-end). A total of 14 trawl hauls, each lasting 1 hour, were made. The average density was 0.214 individuals/h and 0.001 kg/h. Mytilineou et al. (2005) report that sampling was carried out in the deep waters of the north part of the east Ionian Sea during four experimental surveys (September 1999, April 2000, July 2000 and September 2000). Two hired commercial trawlers equipped with trawls of 40 mm (stretched) mesh size in the cod-end were used for sampling. In total, 148 hauls were carried out during the four surveys. Abundance was 0.4 individuals/h (at depths of 500-700 m) and 0.1 individuals/h (at depths of 700-900 m). Labropoulou and Papaconstantinou (2004) mention that a total of 501 hauls were taken during 16 experimental bottom trawl survey cruises on a seasonal basis from standard depth stations between 16-500 m, at the north Aegean Sea (1990-1993). An otter trawl with 16mm mesh size was used. Density was 0.30% of all fish specimens captured at depths ranging 44-98 m. According to Moranta et al. (1998), a total of 32 bottom trawls were made between depths of 200 and 1,800m, during October 1996 at the Algerian basin (Balearic islands). 90 specimens (0.21 kg) were obtained from nine trawl hauls.","Symphurus ligulatus is a benthic species which occurs on muddy bottoms on the outer continental shelf and upper continental slope (Munroe 1990, Schneider 1990).  Its depth range has recently been expanded to 1,480 m in the Levant sea (Goren et al. 2006). In Algeria, it is found generally below 400 m (Nouar pers. comm. 2007). This species feeds on isopods, euphausiids, small decapods, polychaetes, bivalves, gastropods, small echinoids, foraminiferans, and small fishes (Munroe 1990). This species reaches a maximum length of 9 cm SL, however, it is more commonly seen at 5 to 8 cm SL. This species can live up to 4 years. Males mature at 42 to 44 mm SL and age 2. Some females are sexually mature at 52 to 54 mm SL, but 100% maturity does not occur until females reach 58 to 60 mm SL, at approximately age 3 (Munroe 1990).","There are no known major threats for to S. ligulatus; however, this species is taken as bycatch in some areas (Fischer et al. 1987, Machias et al. 2001). Due to its small size, the species has little commercial value.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place.  This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Due to its small size this species does not have commercial value. It is found in deep water habitat, and its range is beyond the depth range of most commercial fishing activity. Symphurus ligulatus is a totally discarded species in Aegean and Ionian Seas (Machias et al. 2001). It is taken as bycatch in semi-industrial fishing in Sicily, and artisanal fishing in the Tyrrhenian Sea with bottom trawls. It may occasionally be found in markets in parts of its range (Fischer et al. 1987)","Harwell, H.","de Sola, L., Nielsen, J., Monroe, T., Costa, M. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,CYNOGLOSSIDAE,Symphurus,nigrescens,,Symphurus nigrescens,"Rafinesque, 1810",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Symphurus nigrescens ranges from the Bay of Biscay to the Azores, throughout the Mediterranean south to Namibia (45°N to about 7°S). It has a broad depth range of 47 to 1,400 m and is found over soft substrates. There is little available population information, and there are no known species-specific threats, although it is sometimes taken as bycatch. There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for S. nigrescens. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Symphurus nigrescens is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it ranges from the Bay of Biscay to Namibia, including the Azores (Munroe 1990). Symphurus nigrescens is found throughout the Mediterranean Sea, except for the northern Adriatic Sea and around Cyprus (Quéro et al. 1986, Bauchot 1987). It is known from throughout the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988), including the Aegean (Lamprakis et al. 2003, Kallianiotis et al. 2004), Cretan (Kallianiotis et al.2000), and Ionian seas (Madurell et al. 2004). Symphurus nigrescens is also known from the Tyrrhenian Sea (Colloca et al. 2004, Carpentieri et al. 2005) and in the Strait of Sicily (Gristina et al. 2006). This species occurs from depths of 47 to 1,400 m but is more commonly collected between 90 and 350 m (Munroe 1990).","Symphurus nigrecens is the most common species of Symphurus in the eastern Atlantic Ocean (Munroe 1990). According to Lamprakis et al. (2003), 406 specimens (4.7 to 13.0 cm TL) were caught from 1996 to 1998 in the Thracian Sea by two commercial trawlers (diamond cod-end mesh size: 14 mm, nominal bar length) at depths ranging from 19 to 365 m. Carpentieri et al. (2005) report that this species was sampled during four seasonal 24 h surveys conducted in July 2001 (48 ind./24 h), November 2001 (8 ind./24h), March 2002 (2 ind./24h) and May 2002 (14 ind./24h) in the shelf break off the central Tyrrhenian Sea. In each survey 8 hauls of 30 minutes each were performed every 3 hours throughout the 24 h period with an otter trawl mounted into a 40 mm head rope, a 40 mm ground chain and 30 to 40 mm stretched mesh in the wing and cod-end respectively. D’Onghia et al. (2003) mention that two trawl surveys (July and August 2000) were carried out in two areas of the Ionian Sea (one off the south-east Italian coast, the other off west Greece), at depth ranging from 300 to 750 m. An Italian type bottom trawl was used (20 mm stretched mesh size at the cod-end). A total of 14 trawl hauls, each lasting one hour, were made. Average density was 0.143 individuals/h and 0.001 kg/h (off the Italian coast). According to Abad et al. (2007), a total of 28 hauls were carried out at depths ranging from 50 to 640 m, in the Alboran Sea (during the fishing season between August 2000 and June 2001). An otter trawl net was used for sampling purposes. Density of the species was 0.97 kg/h (at 276–350 m depth), and 0.01 kg/h (at 351–460 m depth). Moranta et al. (1998) report that a total of 32 bottom trawls were made between depths of 200 and 1,800 m, during October 1996 at the Algerian basin (Balearic islands). Eighty-six specimens (0.3 8kg in weight) were obtained from ten trawl hauls.","Symphurus nigrescens is a benthic species which occurs on mud substrata of the continental slope and shelf (Schneider 1990). Symphurus nigrescens larvae occurs over rocky and sea grass bottoms in the NW Mediterranean (Sabatés 1990). It is found at depths ranging  from 47 to 1,400 m (Munroe 1990). The maximum size for S. nigrescens is 11.7 cm SL (male) and 11.2 cm (female) SL (Munroe 1990). The maximum age of this species has been estimated at 3 years (Munroe 1990). Females mature at 60 mm SL and is assumed that males of corresponding size are mature (Munroe 1990). In the Mediterranean, this species usually occurs over soft mud and clay bottoms. Symphurus nigrescens primarily feeds on small benthic invertebrates including polychaetes, ophiuroids, mollusks, decapods, and other crustaceans (Munroe 1990).","There are no major threats to this species. Because of its small size and deep water occurrence, the species is not threatened by most fishing activity. It is incidentally caught with bottom trawls (Machias et al. 2001). It is generally discarded in the east Mediterranean Sea (M. Bilecenoglu pers. obs. 2007).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species.  This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Symphurus nigrecens is not a commercial species. This species is captured as bycatch of trawl fisheries (Bariche 2012) and is often discarded at sea (C. Papaconstantinou pers. comm. 2013).,"Harwell, H.","de Sola, L., Nielsen, J., Monroe, T., Costa, M. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,SYNAPHOBRANCHIDAE,Synaphobranchus,affinis,,Synaphobranchus affinis,"Günther, 1877",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, the Grey Cutthroat Eel is known from Madeira, the Azores and off mainland Portugal. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, the Grey Cutthroat Eel is known from Madeira, the Azores and off mainland Portugal (Carneiro et al. 2014). Globally, the Grey Cutthroat Eel is found in all oceans. In the eastern Atlantic this species is distributed from Liberia to South Africa, and in the western Atlantic this species is known from Cuba and Trinidad and Tobago. In the Indian Ocean it has been recorded from Madagascar, the Comoros and Reunion. In the Pacific, this species is known from Hawaii, Japan, Australia, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand and Chile.",There is no population information available for this species.,"This bathydemersal species is found on the upper continental slope, at a depth range of 290-2,400 m.  This species spends much of its time over rocky substrata.","Due to the deepwater nature of this species it is unlikely that it is being impacted by any major threats. There is no directed fishery for this species. This species is not likely to be taken as by-catch in significant quantities as it most often found over rocky substrata at bathyl depths, a habitat that is not favourable for trawling.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place, or that are needed, for the Grey Cutthroat Eel.",This species is not used.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Gordon, J. & Smith, D.G.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,SYNAPHOBRANCHIDAE,Synaphobranchus,brevidorsalis,,Synaphobranchus brevidorsalis,"Günther, 1887",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species occurs only in the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs only in the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014). Globally, this species is circumtropical, but is not found in the northeast Pacific (Sulak and Shcherbachev 1997). In the Indo-Pacific it has been reported from Zanzibar and Maldives, Japan and Australia (Paxton et al. 1989). In the Western Central Atlantic it is known from the Gulf of Mexico and off Suriname (Uyeno et al. 1983) and Brazil (Melo et al. 2009) eastward to the Azores (Almeida and Biscoito 2007). It is more limited to the outer slopes of the continental shelf (K. Tighe pers. comm. 2011). Most individuals are found between 1,000-2,500 m (Sulak and Shcherbachev 1997).",This species is well represented in museum collection records.,"This is a benthopelagic species found on the continental slope (Paxton et al. 1989). In addition to scavenging, this species feeds on Teleosts, decapods and cephalopods (Crabtree et al. 1991). This species is generally larger at greater depth (Yeh and Drazen 2009). This is relatively common in deep water eels (K. Tighe pers. comm. 2011).",There are no known species-specific threats.,There are no species-specific conservation measures for this species.,This species is not used.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,SYNAPHOBRANCHIDAE,Synaphobranchus,dolichorhynchus,,Synaphobranchus dolichorhynchus,"(Lea, 1913)",This species is only known from leptocephali.,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species is known from southwest of the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is known from southwest of the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014). Globally, this species occurs in the North Atlantic and is known from the type localities: southwest of the Azores, Gulf Stream south of the Grand Banks, and the northern Bahamas (Smith 1989).",Synaphobranchus dolichorhynchus is known only from four leptocephali specimens collected from three localities.,It is pelagic.                 There is very limited information available on this species' life history characteristics and specific habitat requirements.,There are no known threats to this species.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.,There is no use or trade information regarding this species.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,SYNAPHOBRANCHIDAE,Synaphobranchus,kaupii,,Synaphobranchus kaupii,"Johnson, 1862",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Synaphobranchus kaupii is widely distributed throughout all oceans except for the eastern Pacific Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, it occurs from Iceland to the Canary Islands in the Northeastern Atlantic. This species inhabits deep water down to 2,500 m depth. Synaphobranchus kaupii is considered a common and abundant species throughout much of the assessment zone. Localized declines as a result of bycatch (e.g., in the Porcupine Seabight) have been reported, but do not reach the thresholds for a threatened category at this time. Therefore, S. kaupii is assessed as Least Concern. Additional population status and trend data are needed for this species. ",Stable,"Synaphobranchus kaupii is circumglobal species with the exception of the eastern Pacific. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species and has a wide distribution that ranges from Iceland (Sulak and Shcherbachev 1997), the Azores (Almeida et al. 2010) to Madeira and Canary Islands (Pajuelo et al. 2010), including Cape Verde (Pereria et al. 2012). It is absent from the Mediterranean Sea (Robins and Robins 1989). It is found at depths ranging from 120–2,500 m (Robins and Robins 1989, Preide et al. 2010).","Synaphobranchus kaupii is considered common and abundant (Bache et al. 1973) and a dominant species in parts of its range (Sulak and Shcherbachev 1997). Along the Porcupine Bank or the Irish Continental Slope, S. kaupii was found to be the second most abundant species at two sites, the Twin Mounds and Giant Mounds with 23.05% and 25.49% species abundance, respectively (Söffker et al. 2011). In the Northeastern Atlantic, this species is the most abundant fish on the upper slope with an abundance of 2,110 specimens per km2 (Priede et al. 2011). This species can comprised  >50% of the total catch at some depth zones in the Rockall Trough in a fine mesh trawl survey (Gordon et al. 1996). Some evidence suggests that the stock off of the western coast of Ireland, has been reduced by half due to fishing activity; however, it still remains abundant (I.G. Priede pers. comm. 2007).","Synaphobranchus kaupii is a benthic species on the continental shelf and found in deep abyssal waters (Blache et al. 1973); however, is most common at depths ranging from 400–2,000 m . It has a diverse diet that consists of fishes, cephalopods and crustaceans (Sulak and Shcherbachex 1997). The maximum recorded length for this species is 100 cm TL (Reiner 1996).","On the Porcupine Seabight, the abundance of Synaphobranchus kaupii was reduced by about half, from 4,099 specimens per km2 in the late 1970s to 2,110 specimens per km2 in the early 2000s, as a result of commercial bottom trawl fisheries targeting other species (Priede et al. 2011). However due to the broad distribution and reported abundance of this species, fishing is not considered a major threat at this time.",No specific conservation measures are in place for Synaphobranchus kaupii. Additional information about the population status and trends of this species is required.,Synaphobranchus kaupii is not utilized in the northeastern Atlantic. ,"Ralph, G.","Karmovskaya, E. & Rijnsdorp, A.D.","De Silva, R., Milligan, H., Lutz, M., Batchelor, A., Jopling, B., Kemp, K., Lewis, S., Lintott, P., Sears, J., Wilson, P., Smith, J. & Livingston, F.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,SOLEIDAE,Synapturichthys,kleinii,,Synapturichthys kleinii,"(Risso, 1827)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) In the eastern Atlantic, Synapturichthys kleinii is found from Portugal, Spain and the Canary Islands south to Natal, South Africa including the Mediterranean Sea. It is also found in the southwestern Indian Ocean. Synapturichthys kleinii can be found at depths ranging from 20 to 460 m. Within the assessment zone, this species appears to be naturally rare, and is occasionally fished. Despite the lack of information on population size, structure, and basic life history, there are no known widespread threats and it is likely that Synapturichthys kleinii is found in marine protected areas throughout its range. Therefore, Synapturichthys kleinii is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Synapturichthys kleinii occurs in the eastern Atlantic, from Portugal, Spain and the Canary Islands south to Natal, South Africa. It has been found throughout the Mediterranean Sea, including the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988) but was not identified in the Spanish Mediterranean Seas in trawl MEDIT surveys during 2013 (L. Gil de Sola pers. obsv. 2014). Synapturichthys kleinii can be found at depths ranging from 20 to 460 m (Golani 2005,  J.P. Quignard pers. comm. 2007, Dallavalle and Chanet 2009, Desoutter-Meniger and Munroe in press).","Synapturichthys kleinii is a naturally rare species. It is considered rare in Portugal as it did not appear in studies dedicated to flatfishes (Teixeira et al. 2011). Within the Mediterranean, it is more common along the southern Mediterranean coast (Derbel et al. 2007). According to Dulčić and Glamuzina (2006), 117 specimens (17.2 to 25.1 cm TL) were collected with various fishing gears in three estuarine systems in the central east Adriatic Sea.","Synapturichthys kleinii is a benthic species which inhabits sandy and muddy substrata, mainly in shallow marine and brackish water (Heemstra and Gon 1986), and is often collected in areas where algae is abundant (Desoutter-Meniger and Munroe in press). It is found to depths of 460 m. This species feeds on small benthic invertebrates, mainly crustaceans such as amphipods, and crabs, polychaetes, bivalves and gatropod mollusks (Desoutter-Meniger and Munroe in press). Synapturichthys kleinii is an ambush predator which changes color when startled (Dallavalle and Chanet 2009). This species reaches a maximum size of 40 cm TL (Desoutter-Meniger and Munroe in press). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 39.5 cm TL and the length at maturity  for females is 29.0 cm TL  and for males is 20.0 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014).",Synapturichthys kleinii is likely taken as bycatch in demersal trawl fisheries throughout its range.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. It is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range. Synapturichthys kleinii was regionally assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).,This species is rare and is occasionally fished (Dallavalle and Chanet 2009). It is likely taken as bycatch in demersal trawl fisheries throughout its range.,"Ralph, G.","Keskin, Ç., Costa, M., Monroe, T. & Rijnsdorp, A.D.","de Sola, L. & Quignard, J.P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CALLIONYMIDAE,Synchiropus,phaeton,,Synchiropus phaeton,"(Günther, 1861)",Heemstra and Heemstra (2004) describes the taxonomy of Callionymidae as unsettled and the genera as poorly defined.,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Listed as Least Concern as this species has a wide range in the Mediterranean Sea and the Eastern Atlantic. Although there is no information available on the population size and trends of the species, it is a relatively small species taken only as bycatch and there is no indication of any major major threats at present. However, research should be conducted in order to determine the ongoing status of this species as bycatch, as it may be threatened by increased trawling.",Unknown,"Synchiropus phaeton occurs in the eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea. In the eastern Atlantic, it is present from Portugal and the Azores to Gabon. It has been recorded from Gorringe Seamount, Great Meteor and Josephine Seamounts (Fishbase 2011). The species is present from Portugal including the Azores (Yokes et al. 2011) and Madeira (Fishbase 2014) to the Canary Islands (Aguilar et al. 2010) In the Mediterranean Sea, it occurs from the Alboran Sea across the northern African coast, including the eastern Algerian coast, to the Levant and the Adriatic, although it is not present in the northern Aegean. It has been recorded in several seamounts (Aguilar et al. 2008, Marín et al. 2011a, 2011b), such as Palos Seamount, Chella Bank, Morrot de Formentera, Mallorca Channel Seamounts, Sabinar Seamount and Baronie Seamount. Its depth lower limit is 848 metres, while its upper limit is 80 metres.",There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species although it is known to be widespread through the Mediterranean Sea.,"The species is present in sedimentary bottoms of several Atlantic and Mediterranean seamounts, although it has also been found in the continental shelf of the Balearic Islands (Guijarro et al. 2011), and in the continental margin of the Iberian Peninsula on Isidella elongata (Maynou and Cartes 2011) and Leptometra phallangium beds (Colloca et al. 2004). Two individuals were also found on French submarine canyons in the Mediterranean continental slope (Fabri et al. 2014). It feeds on small benthic invertebrates, mainly worms, snails and crustaceans. This is a territorial species, and males act aggressively towards each other. Eggs and larvae are pelagic (Fricke 1986). Its maximum size is 17 cm (TL).","While the species is not commercially fished, its distribution overlaps with trawled bottoms, so the species population may be affected by this activity. Likewise, it is known to be discarded in Argelia (Belhabib et al. 2013) by shrimp fisheries and in the Thyrrenian Sea (Sartor et al. 2003). It may also be discarded in other areas, but no statistics are available.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but it is likely to be present in existing marine protected areas, such as Plaja submersă Eforie Nord - Eforie Sud in Romania, where it is common. Besides, several seamounts are planned to become marine protected areas in Spain (i.e. Chella Bank) and Portugal (i.e. Gorringe Seamount), so the species will benefit from these conservation measures. Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species.","While this species is not commercially fished, it is discarded in the Thyrrenian Sea (Sartor et al. 2003) and by shrimp fisheries in Algeria (Belhabib et al. 2013).","García, M., Russell, B. & Ralph, G.","Garcia, S.","Blanco, J.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SYNGNATHIFORMES,SYNGNATHIDAE,Syngnathus,acus,,Syngnathus acus,"Linnaeus, 1758",,No,LC,,,,,,,"Syngnathus acusis listed as Least Concern as the species is widespread, possibly relatively common across Europe and the threats are not significant enough to cause rapid declines in the populations of the species. Little is known about wild population sizes and trends. The species is dependent upon a seagrass habitat which is undergoing a continuing decline in the region. Although this decline was estimated to be 29% measured over 127 years from 1879 until 2006, the decline should be measured over 10 years to be considered as relevant for the Red List assessment. It is expected that further decline in the remaining seagrass habitats in Europe could result in the species becoming threatened, and ongoing monitoring of populations and habitat trends is recommended. In particular, closer monitoring of seagrass habitat is needed to determine regional-scale declines over shorter time frames.",Decreasing,"Syngnathus acus is extant in waters along the eastern Atlantic from the southern Baltic Sea, the Faroe Islands, Norway and down through the British Isles to the Mediterranean and Black seas. Populations have also been found along the southern coast of South Africa. This species occurs at depths from 10-110 m (Dawson 1986).","To date there have been no direct population estimates of Syngnathus acus. However, there are over 3,400 records on the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF 2014), mostly from pan Europe, indicating that this species may be relatively common. Of these museum records for Syngnathus acus, 201 have quite a few records of 15 or more individuals, which may suggest local abundance in some areas (Fishnet2 2014).   Although direct surveys on S. acus populations have not been carried out, it is inferred that the population is declining as a result of seagrass habitat loss (Airoldi and Beck 2007, Waycott et al. 2009).","This demersal species inhabits seagrass beds in coastal and estuarine areas with species such as Zostera spp. They use seagrass beds as their breeding and feeding grounds, and as shelter from prey. They feed mostly on small invertebrates and fish larvae (Taçkavak et al. 2010). Gurkan et al. (2009) speculate that the large distribution of average body sizes at maturity could be due to varying water temperatures. The populations inhabiting colder seas tend to reach sexual maturity later, and thus reach a longer length in comparison to species found in warmer temperatures. Syngnathus acus is polygamous, so males are able to accept eggs from multiple females, and carry them for the incubation period in their brood pouches (Gurkan et al. 2009). After several weeks, the males give birth to fully formed juveniles measuring an average of 2.6 cm. This species displays filial cannibalism, as newborns are often preyed upon by adult pipefish, their own parents included (Silva et al. 2006).Silva et al. (2006) observed that newborn juveniles immediately adopted a benthic strategy, and kept a close and continual contact with the strata. This behaviour was thought to limit the species' ability to disperse and colonize new areas in comparison to species with a pelagic early life stage.","Habitat degradation and disturbance through direct anthropogenic activities such as coastal developments and the effect of fishing gear (e.g., trawls and dredges) may pose a threat to Syngnathus acus (Airoldi and Beck 2007, Waycott et al. 2009, Caldwell and Vincent 2012). As it is a shallow coastal species it is extremely susceptible to anthropogenic activities. Habitat degradation through climate change continues across this species' geographic range and, like other small coastal fish, it is also threatened by pollution from shore side run-off (Islam and Tanaka 2004). Seagrasses have declined substantially across Europe (Airoldi and Beck 2007) and increases in filamentous algae that often accompany coastal degradation from development and pollution are detrimental to the species (Sundin et al. 2011). Closer monitoring of seagrass habitat is needed to determine regional-scale declines over shorter time frames.","There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for Syngnathus acus. However, its distribution overlaps with marine reserves in parts of its range (World Database of Protected Areas 2010). The species is not listed in any international agreements or treaties. Research into the population trends, use and trade of the species should be conducted, as well as monitoring the trends in the species' preferred habitat.","The utilization of this species in pan Europe is poorly known (W. Smith-Vaniz pers. comm. 2013). Some pipefish species are used as a substitute for Hippocampus spp. in traditional Chinese medicine. These species are considered to be less effective and are cheaper in price. Historically, Syngnathus acus tonics have been known to treat various diseases such as tumours and impotency (Wang et al. 2012). However, it is not known if this species is captive-bred or commercially harvested for medicinal trade.","Nieto, A., Kemp, J.R., Ralph, G. & Allen, D.J.","Ouyang, L. & Pollom, R.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SYNGNATHIFORMES,SYNGNATHIDAE,Syngnathus,phlegon,,Syngnathus phlegon,"Risso, 1827",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"This species is uncommon throughout its relatively large range and it is not found outside of pan-Europe. Very little is known about the abundance, ecology or threats to this species and it is therefore listed as Data Deficient. Unlike many other species in the family Syngnathidae, this pipefish is pelagic but it does share other life history traits such as male parental care.",Unknown,This species is widely distributed throughout the Mediterranean and surrounding Atlantic waters. Syngnathus phlegon larvae have also been reported as one of three dominant species present in the ichthyoplankton of the western Black Sea (Klimova et al. 2010) but it is unclear if the species resides there. ,There are no data is available on the population trends for this species. Syngnathus phlegon is both uncommon and distributed over a wide area with limited data on its abundance.,"Syngnathus phlegon is primarily an offshore species and inhabits marine pelagic to marine coastal waters, often in small conspecific groups. It is an ovoviviparous species and the males carry eggs in a brood pouch located under the tail (Breder and Rosen 1966).","No threats have been identified for this species to date. It is not of major commercial importance and, as it inhabits pelagic waters, it is presumed to be less impacted by threats facing many other pipefish, which are usually coastal and associated with highly impacted habitats like seagrasses. Further studies are needed to determine whether coastal or benthic habitats are utilized by the species as nursery grounds.",There are no known specific conservation actions in place or needed for this species. It is unclear whether this species occurs in any marine protected areas.&#160;Further studies are needed to determine whether coastal or benthic habitats are utilized by the species as nursery grounds.,"This species may be used in the live aquarium trade (Froese and Pauly 2011), but the extent of use is unknown.","Nieto, A., Pollom, R. & Kemp, J.R.","Wiswedel, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SYNGNATHIFORMES,SYNGNATHIDAE,Syngnathus,rostellatus,,Syngnathus rostellatus,"Nilsson, 1855",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Syngnathus rostellatus is relatively widespread and although little is known about this species, indications from throughout its range indicate that it is relatively common and that populations are not undergoing any declines. There are no known current threats to this species, although future temperature changes could impact spawning in estuaries to an unknown extent. This species is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Syngnathus rostellatus can be found in the northeast Atlantic from Bergen, Norway in the north down around the Iberian Peninsular to Malaga, southern Spain (Hablutzel and Wilson 2011). This species can also be found throughout the British Isles. The species has erroneously been reported from the eastern Mediterranean due to the misidentification of specimens (Hablutzel and Wilson 2011). The species can be found down to depths of 15 m.","The data on the global population trends for this species are not available. It is not of commercial importance so is not often monitored. Various sites throughout its range however report that the species is relatively common although the occurrence is seasonably variable. Most surveys reported were from power station cooling water inlets (van den Broek 1979, Ryland 1969, Araujo et al. 1998, Power and Attrill 2003, Maes et al. 2005). In Sweden, there was no significant change in the abundance or biomass of S. rostellatus with loss of Zosteraemarina beds (Pihl et al. 2006). Even though there are limited data, it can be assumed that populations are likely to be stable throughout its range.",The species has been found along sandy shores among seaweeds and seagrasses to 15 m depths (Dawson 1986). It migrates in and out of estuaries seasonally (Maes et al. 1998) and this migration may facilitate reproduction and larval dispersal and provide a refuge from predators (Power and Attrill 2003). The temperature niche of S. rostellatus is 14.0-14.2˚C and abundance declines at temperatures above or below this value. Abundance is also affected by salinity and is greatest at 15-20 ppt (Power and Attrill 2003).   The male pipefish carries the eggs in a fully enclosed brood pouch located below the tail (Breder and Rosen 1966). Spawning often occurs in summer but some sites have shown two spawning events per year; one in May and the other in October (Power and Attrill 2003).,"There are currently no known threats for this species. However, a link between temperature, salinity and abundance of Syngnathus rostellatus in estuaries where it comes to spawn has been demonstrated, with fish being closely associated with an optimal temperature and salinity range (e.g., Maes et al. 1998, Power and Attrill 2003). This may lead to a cause for concern for this species in the face of human induced climate change but the specific effects that these changes might have on this fish have not yet been investigated.","There are no known conservation actions for this species, although many coastal marine protected areas occur within its range.",There are no known commercial uses or trades for this species.,"Nieto, A., Pollom, R. & Kemp, J.R.","Wiswedel, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SYNGNATHIFORMES,SYNGNATHIDAE,Syngnathus,schmidti,,Syngnathus schmidti,"Popov, 1927",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Listed as Data Deficient as there are little or no data on the population size, trends and threats.&#160;Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species.",Unknown,Syngnathus schmidti is endemic to the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara (Keskin 2010).,"Little is known about the population size, structure and trends of this species.","Syngnathus schmidtiis mostly pelagic, but is occasionally found on shell substrate bottoms or on muddy substrate associated with Mytillus species or Modiola phasiolina (Popov 1931). It is usually found at depths of zero to 10 m, and occasionally down to 100 m (Gordina et al. 1991). This species can also be found in fresh or brackish water. This species feeds mostly on copepods (Froese and Pauly 2011). The Black Sea Dolphin Delphinusdelphis ponticus is thought to rely on S. schmidti for a portion of its food source (Kleiber et al. 2011). This species is ovoviviparous and the males carry the eggs in a brood pouch under the tail (Breder and Rosen 1966). ",The threats to this species are unknown.,"There are currently no conservation actions for S. schmidti and it is unclear whether this species occurs within any protected areas. Further research and monitoring on the habitat, ecology, population size, distribution and trends is needed.",There are no known uses or trades for this species.,"Wiswedel, S., Nieto, A. & Kemp, J.R.","Schultz, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SYNGNATHIFORMES,SYNGNATHIDAE,Syngnathus,taenionotus,,Syngnathus taenionotus,"Canestrini, 1871",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Syngnathus taenionotus is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea (Bombace 1993), where it is has been recorded in the Adriatic Sea (Franzoi et al. 1993) and in the Greek seas (Ondrias 1971, Papaconstantinou 1988). This species occupies near-shore and estuarine habitats that are under severe pressure from pollution and coastal development (see reviews in Lotze et al. 2011, Perez-Ruzafa et al. 2011). There is limited knowledge about Syngnathus taenionotus'  population and distribution within its range in order to assess this species' level of extinction risk. It is therefore listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Syngnathus taenionotus is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea (Bombace 1993), where it is present in the Adriatic Sea (Franzoi et al. 1993), and the Greek seas (Ondrias 1971, Papaconstantinou 1988). Further range studies need to be carried out to determine whether these are disjunct populations or if the species occurs throughout the northern Mediterranean. This species has previously been noted on the coast of France (Louisy 2002), however this appears to have been a misidentification (Hablutzel and Wilson 2011, P. Louisy pers. comm. 2014).","There is a documented population along the Italian coast, where individuals are found in high abundance (Franzoi et al. 1993), and this species was found at mean annual abundances (number of individuals per beach seine haul) of between 0.14–0.59 in the Venice Lagoon in 2002 (Franco et al. 2006). Individuals have also been found in the Greek seas (Ondrias 1971, Papaconstantinou 1988), but population sizes are unknown.","Syngnathus taenionotus is a demersal species which is found in brackish coastal lagoons, mostly amongst detritus or vegetation over shallow muddy substrata (Dawson 1986), in areas with macroalgae (Franzoi et al. 1993), seagrass beds, sparsely vegetated habitats, bare sand habitats, mudflats or salt marshes (Franco et al. 2006). It is an estuarine resident (Franco et al. 2006).  It is ovoviviparous i.e., the male broods the embryos in a pouch found under his tail (Breder and Rosen 1966).","Syngnathus taenionotus is threatened by the degradation of shallow-water habitats. Habitat loss is caused by land reclamation and coastal development, and habitat quality has decreased as a result of sedimentation, pollution and eutrophication (see reviews in Lotze et al. 2011, Perez-Ruzafa et al. 2011).","No specific conservation measures are in place for this species, although its range overlaps with several marine protected areas. Further research and monitoring should be conducted to determine the wider distribution, population size, trends and threats to the species while the habitat trends need to be monitored for further declines.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Wiswedel, S., Pollom, R. & Kemp, J.R.","Tunesi, L. & Czembor, C.A.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SYNGNATHIFORMES,SYNGNATHIDAE,Syngnathus,tenuirostris,,Syngnathus tenuirostris,"Rathke, 1837",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"This species is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. It is present in the Adriatic Sea (Matic-Skoko et al. 2007), Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea (Economidis and Bauchot 1976, Gürkan 2008), Tyrrhenian Sea (Papaconstantinou 1988), the Sea of Azov (Movchan Yu 1988), Black Sea, Marmara Sea (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002), and perhaps extending past the Marmara to Lake Sapanca (Rahe and Worthmann 1986 in Özuluğ et al. 2007). This species may be threatened by habitat degradation from land reclamation, coastal development, sedimentation, pollution and eutrophication (see reviews in Lotze et al. 2011, Perez-Ruzafa et al. 2011). There is limited knowledge of the population and distribution within its range in order to assess the species' level of extinction risk; it is therefore listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Syngnathus tenuirostris is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. It is present in the Adriatic Sea (Matic-Skoko et al. 2007), Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea (Economidis and Bauchot 1976, Gürkan 2008), Tyrrhenian Sea (Papaconstantinou 1988), the Sea of Azov (Movchan Yu 1988), Black Sea, Marmara Sea (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002), and perhaps extends past the Marmara to Lake Sapanca (Rahe and Worthmann 1986 in Özuluğ et al. 2007). Further distribution studies are needed to determine whether these populations are disjunct or connected.","There is limited information regarding population estimates for this species. It was found at mean annual abundances of 0.02 to 0.09 individuals per beach seine haul in the Venice Lagoon in 2002 (Franco et al. 2006), and was rare in waters around Zmiinyi Island from 2003-2011 (Snigirov et al. 2012).","This is a demersal species that inhabits estuaries with rocky, sandy and muddy substrates, and associated with Zostera seagrass beds and sparsely vegetated habitats (Malavasi et al. 2004, Franco et al. 2006, Matic-Skoko et al. 2007).  It is ovoviviparous i.e., the male broods the embryos in a pouch found under his tail (Breder and Rosen 1966).","This species may be threatened by the degradation of shallow-water habitats. Habitat loss is caused by land reclamation and coastal development, and habitat quality has decreased as a result of sedimentation, pollution and eutrophication (see reviews in Lotze et al. 2011, Perez-Ruzafa et al. 2011). It may also be caught as bycatch in small scale coastal fishing.","No specific conservation measures are in place for this species although it is recommended in future to emphasize resource and habitat protection, site/area management, habitat and natural process restoration, policies and regulations, private sector standards and codes. The species is found within coastal protected areas.&#160;Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, and threats to the species.",This species has no commercial value (Gürkan 2008).,"Wiswedel, S., Pollom, R. & Kemp, J.R.","Papakonstantinou, C., Golani, D., Palmeri, A., Tunesi, L., Keskin, Ç. & Czembor, C.A.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SYNGNATHIFORMES,SYNGNATHIDAE,Syngnathus,typhle,,Syngnathus typhle,"Linnaeus, 1758",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Syngnathus typhle is considered to be endemic to the European marine region, with a record from Ghana (Dawson 1990) requiring confirmation. The species is listed as Least Concern as it is widespread although not common, and the threats are not significant enough to cause rapid declines in the populations of the species. It occupies near-shore and estuarine habitats that are under severe pressure throughout the pan-Europe region and it has a slow reproductive rate. The species is dependent, although not exclusively, upon seagrass habitats which are undergoing a continuing decline in the European region. Although this decline was estimated at 29% measured over 127 years from 1879 until 2006, the decline should be measured over 10 years to be considered as relevant for the Red List assessment. The species also resides on soft bottoms, shallow vegetated rocky areas and in algal habitats. It is expected that further declines in the remaining seagrass habitats in Europe could result in the species becoming threatened, and ongoing monitoring of populations and habitat trends is recommended.",Unknown,"Syngnathus typhle is present in the eastern Atlantic from Vardø in Norway to southern Spain, including the Baltic Sea and the British Isles. A record from Ghana is still questionable (Dawson 1990) and therefore it can be considered as endemic to pan-Europe. In the Mediterranean Sea, it has been recorded from the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean Sea), southern French lagoons (Gulf of Lion), the Ligurian Sea, the Venice lagoon (north Adriatic Sea), western Sicily (south Tyrrhenian Sea) and the Croatian estuarine systems (Adriatic Sea). It is also present in the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.","This species is uncommon and is generally less abundant than other syngnathid species in the Mediterranean, but it may be locally abundant in some areas (e.g., the Sea of Marmara) (Keskin et al. 2002). No formal field population estimates have been undertaken, and little is known about trends or seasonal variability in densities of the species.","This is a demersal, non-migratory species usually found along the coasts and in deep coastal lagoons at a temperature range between 8° and 24° C (Moreira et al. 1992). It is often associated with Zostera spp. seagrass or other vegetation (Dawson 1986). In the Mediterranean Sea, this species lives in coastal lagoons (Dumay et al. 2004, Malavasi et al. 2004, Perez-Ruzafa et al. 2006, Vizzini and Mazzola 2006, Mouillot et al. 2007) and estuarine systems (Dulcic and Glamuzina 2006), associated with seagrass meadows such as Posidonia oceanica (Valle et al. 2003, Moranta et al. 2006, Deudero et al. 2008). It is also found on soft bottoms (Letourneur et al. 2001) or in shallow vegetated rocky habitat (Molinari 2005). Their diet consists mainly of small crustaceans (especially copepods), fishes and occasionally other invertebrates (Oliveira et al. 2007). In the Gulf of Gdansk, Syngnathus typhle populates areas covered with green algae (Cladophora sp. and Enteromorpha sp.) and brown algae (Pilayella sp.) (Tarnowska et al. 2007).Syngnathus typhle females distribute their eggs into several males and males bear eggs from several females (Jones et al. 1999). Males then rear their offspring in a brood pouch and give birth to live, free-swimming juveniles (Berglund et al. 1986). They spawn in summer (Muus and Nielsen 1999). It has a low fecundity (k-selected) and consequently may be slow to recover from overexploitation and other threats, which is similar to other Syngnathids.The generation time is suspected to be approximately four years based on life history traits of Syngnathus acus and other pipefishes with similar life history traits.","This species is threatened by habitat loss and degradation of seagrass meadows and other shallow-water habitats. This is caused by coastal development and trawling (Perez-Ruzafa et al. 2006). The pollution from oil spills, eutrophication and sewage for example may also be a problem. The estuarine habitats occupied by this species are also subject to many pressures in the Mediterranean Sea. It is estimated that at least 29% of seagrass habitat worldwide has declined (Waycott et al. 2009) and that at least one in three species of seagrass in the Mediterranean Sea are in decline. The species is dependent, although not exclusively, upon seagrass habitats which is undergoing a continuing decline in the region. Although the 29% decline was measured over 127 years from 1879 until 2006, whereas the decline should be measured over 10 years to be considered as relevant for the Red List assessment.","The species is not listed in any international agreements or treaties. Many protected areas of various size and scope exist within this species’ range. It is considered as Least Concern in the Baltic Sea (HELCOM 2013).Research into the population trends should be conducted, as well as monitoring the habitat and population trends of the species.",The species is not traded or exploited commercially.,"Kemp, J.R., Ralph, G. & Allen, D.J.","Pollom, R.","Ouyang, L., Keskin, Ç., Palmeri, A., Papakonstantinou, C., Golani, D. & Tunesi, L.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SYNGNATHIFORMES,SYNGNATHIDAE,Syngnathus,variegatus,,Syngnathus variegatus,"Pallas, 1814",,Yes,DD,,,,,,,"Syngnathus variegatus is listed as Data Deficient as very little is known about population sizes or trends. This species is however listed as Vulnerable in the Ukraine Red Data Book and there is evidence of a decline in this area of its habitat due to pollution, but the rates of decline are unclear. This gives possible cause for concern regarding this species and more research is needed to identify threats and population trends throughout its range.",Unknown,"Syngnathus variegatus is found throughout the Black Sea as well as the Sea of Azov, the Adriatic Sea, the Aegean Sea and the Sea of Marmara (Akimov 2009, Fish of the Azov Sea 2013).","The only region where population information for this species is available is the Ukraine. Syngnathus variegatus has always been found at low densities and in low abundance in the Black Sea of the Ukraine. However, population numbers appear to have been declining and in some areas, where this species used to be found, there are almost none left (Akimov 2009).","Little is known about the habitat and ecology of Syngnathus variegatus outside of the Ukraine. It is known to be ovoviviparous with the male carrying the eggs in a brood pouch under the tail (Breder and Rosen 1966). In the Ukraine, it is found in the shallow coastal zone. It is usually solitary but can be found in small groups of two or three fish. This species is often associated with underwater vegetation such as seagrass and algae. This pipefish matures and begins to breed at between two and three years of age and they spawn in the summer months, between April and August (Akimov 2009).","This species is not of commercial importance but it is sometimes caught for souvenirs or curios. It also appears to be threatened by desalination and water pollution, both of which are believed to also be causing a decline in this species' habitat (Akimov 2009). Fishing (presumably as bycatch) and habitat loss due to destructive fishing methods in the Black Sea may also be of concern. The extent and impact of these threats is currently unknown.","There are no known conservation actions for this species. Several small community-based protected areas are present in the coastal waters of the species' range. Syngnathus variegatus is listed as Vulnerable in the Ukraine Red Data Book (Akimov 2009). Further research is needed on the habitat and ecology outside of Ukraine as well as the distribution, population size, trends, harvest and use of the species. Monitoring of the harvest, trade and habitat trends is required, as any increase may threaten the species further.",This species is not of commercial importance but it is sometimes caught for souvenirs or curios (Akimov 2009). The impacts of this harvest on wild populations have not been investigated.,"Nieto, A., Pollom, R. & Kemp, J.R.","Shulika, A. & Wiswedel, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,SYNODONTIDAE,Synodus,foetens,,Synodus foetens,"(Linnaeus, 1766)",Synodus bondi was recently resurrected from synonymy under S. foetens and both were redescribed by Frable et al. (2013).,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, Synodus foetens is found only in the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, Synodus foetens is found only in the Azores (Carneiro et al. 2014). Globally, Synodus foetens is distributed in the western Atlantic from New Jersey south along the U.S. coast, Bermuda, the Bahamas, throughout the Gulf of Mexico, and in the Caribbean from Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and St. Martin. It ranges over the continental shelf to 208 m depth (Polanco 2006).",There is no information on the population.,"Synodus foetens occurs near the bottom in shallow inshore waters over sand or mud bottoms including salt-water creeks, rivers, sounds, along beaches, among seagrasses, bays, estuaries, inlets and lagoons. It can withstand a wide range of environmental conditions (Overstreet 1968). It is considered estuarine-dependent as young use coastal lagoons as nurseries (Garcia-Abad et al. 1999). This species is a voracious predator and it buries itself in sand or mud to ambush prey (Kells and Carpenter 2011, Russell 2002, Cruz-Escalona 2005). It feeds primarily on fishes and small mobile invertebrates. The maximum length for this species is 40 cm and is common to 30 cm and the world game record is 0.9 kg (Russell 2002). It can live to nine years of age (Jeffers et al. 2008).",Effects of shrimp trawl bycatch may be significant at the subpopulation level for non-exploited species and a broader ecosystem-scale examination of bycatch effects is warranted (Jeffers et al. 2008).,There are not any species specific conservation efforts in place for S. foetens.,"Synodus foetens is captured as bycatch and discarded in shrimp trawl fisheries throughout its range. It is not of commercial value (Frable et al. 2013). It is usually discarded as trash fish (Russell 2002, Garcia-Abad et al. 1999).","Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Russell, B., Polanco Fernandez, A., Moore, J. & McEachran, J.D.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,SYNODONTIDAE,Synodus,saurus,,Synodus saurus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Synodus saurus is distributed in the insular east and west Atlantic Ocean. It is considered to be common in some localities, and may be expanding its range in others. It may be taken as bycatch, but is not known to be used commercially. This species has no known major threats. Therefore, S. saurus is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Synodus saurus is distributed primarily in the eastern Atlantic Ocean (Sulak 1984). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, it is distributed around the Azores and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014), the Canaries, off of Spain and Portugal (Goncalves et al. 2007, Carneiro et al. 2014), and in the Mediterranean Sea (Sulak 1984). It is commonly found at depths of less than 20 m, but was caught once at about 400 m (Sulak 1984).","There are little population data available for Synodus saurus. It is considered rare in the Adriatic Sea, although there is circumstantial evidence that this species is expanding its range (Tutman et al. 2003). It is common around the Azores (Soares et al. 2002).","Synodus saurus is most common in the shallow waters around islands, typically to less than 20 m depth though it has been recorded to 400 m (Sulak 1984). It is is primarily associated with sandy substrates. This species is a cryptic ambush predator that feeds mainly on small, pelagic, gregarious fish less than 35% of its body size (Esposito et al. 2009).  However, it is a highly mobile predator, capable of rapidly swimming more than five meters to capture its prey (Soares et al. 2002). It is thought to reproduce during the spring and summer, with a peak in July (Sousa et al. 2003). Females are considered to be larger (Soares et al. 2002). In the north-east Mediterranean, this species has a mean total length is 19.51 cm and a mean total weight is 64.71 g (Cicek et al. 2006).","Although not a target species, Synodus saurus it may be taken as bycatch during commercial trawling (Relini et al. 2000, Abdallah 2002).  However, this is not considered a major threat to this species at present, as it only occurs in localized regions of this species' range.","There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for the protection of this species. This species may enter a marine protected area in its range of habitat. Synodus saurus was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011). Synodus saurus was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).","This may be caught and sold in local markets, however, there is no major targeted fishery for it.","Ralph, G.","Russell, B.","Edwards, A., De Silva, R., Milligan, H.T., Lutz, M., Batchelor, A., Jopling, B., Kemp, K., Lewis, S., Lintott, P., Sears, J., Wilson, P., Smith, J. & Livingston, F.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,SYNODONTIDAE,Synodus,synodus,,Synodus synodus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","The name Synodus synodus (Linnaeus 1758) (type locality: ""America"") has been widely used for this species. Genetic evidence indicates approximately 5-6% divergence in COI between eastern and western Atlantic populations indicating deep population structure or potential cryptic species within its lineage (Frable et al. 2013). This suggests that populations on either side of the Atlantic may represent distinct species. The nominal Synodus atlanticus (Johnson 1863) is currently available for this species.  However, further work is needed to stabilize the nomenclature.",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Synodus synodus, as currently defined, is widely distributed in the Atlantic Ocean. There may be two Synodus species in the Atlantic Ocean; however, further work is required to stabilize the taxonomy. Regardless, in the northeastern Atlantic, it is known only from the Canary Islands and Madeira. Synodus synodus is a demersal species found to 90 m depth. Although there may be small artisanal fisheries throughout its range, S. synodus is of little importance to fisheries. There are no other known threats. Therefore, Synodus synodus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Synodus synodus is found along both coasts of the Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, S. synodus is known from the Canary Islands (Dooley et al. 1985) and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014). Records from the Mediterranean are probably misidentifications. It is typically found to about 90 m (Russell in press).","In the Canary Islands, S. synodus was reported as relatively common inshore (Dooley et al. 1985) and comprised ~5% of visual survey of inshore species (Hajagos and van Tassell 2001). There is no indication that there have been any major declines in the population of Synodus synodus.",Synodus synodus is a bottom dwelling species that occurs over rocky or reef areas and perches on hard surfaces to depths of about 90 m (Russell in press). This species feed primarily on small fishes (Kells and Carpenter 2011). The maximum size for S. synodus is 30 cm and it is common to 15 cm (Russell in press).,There are no major threats known to affect this species.,There are no conservation measures in place for the protection of this species.,"Synodus synodus is of little importance to fisheries (Russell in press). This species is likely consumed throughout its range in artisanal fisheries, but there is no commercial target for it, and it is not believed to be harvested at any threatening level.","Ralph, G.","Russell, B.","McEachran, J.D.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Taaningichthys,bathyphilus,,Taaningichthys bathyphilus,"(Tåning, 1928)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)Taaningichthys bathyphilius is a widespread meso-bathypelagic species that inhabits depths from 400 to 2,000 m. This species seems to be relatively common in many parts of its range, but there is little population specific information available. Taaningichthys bathyphilus is not utilized in a commercial capacity, and there are no other major threats that are posed against it. There are not any specific conservation measures in place for T. bathyphilus, but its deep depth preference makes it less reliant on protected areas. Therefore, Taaningichthys bathyphilus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Taaningichthys bathyphilus is circumglobal, occurring between 50°N to 45°S in all oceans (Hulley and Paxton in press). This species is found throughout the North Atlantic, though it is absent off Brazil. In the assessment region, Taaningichthys bathyphilius is found from south of Ireland and the United Kingdom, southward to southern Mauritania (Hulley 1990). Taaningichthys bathyphilus is usually found at depths below 675 m. This species does not exhibit diel vertical migrations (Hulley and Paxton in press).","There are little data regarding the actual population size and trends of this species in the eastern Atlantic, though it is considered uncommon as it only caught mainly below 675 m (Hulley and Paxton in press) and its presence in mid-water trawl surveys is low (Wienerroither et al. 2009). Taaningichthys bathyphilus can be found in 358 museum collections with 20 individual specimens in a single lot (Accessed through Fishnet 2 Portal 2013 June). In a recent study published in 2013, T.bathyphilus was shown to have a frequency of occurrence of  0.1% along the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone (Sutton et al. 2013). There is no additional trawl survey information available for the region (S. Kobyliansky pers comm. 2013)","This high-oceanic, mesopelagic/bathypelagic species of myctophid is non-migratory and remains at depths below 675 m. The maximum length for this species is 8 cm standard length (SL) (Hulley 1984). There has not been a vertical migration observed with this species (Hulley 1990). Taaningichthys bathyphilus attains sexual maturity at 5.7 cm standard length (SL); however, its fecundity, spawning periodicity and early life history traits are poorly understood. The diet of T. bathyphilus is not well understood.","There are no known threats for this species, and it is not under pressure from fisheries.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range (World Database on Protected Areas 2010).  Research is suggested into all aspects of the population size and trends, ecology, biology and potential threats of this species.",Taaningichthys bathyphilus is not utilized in a commercial capacity.,"Strongin, K.","Munroe, T., Costa, M. & Kobyliansky, S.","Hulley, P. & Rodrigues, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Taaningichthys,minimus,,Taaningichthys minimus,"(Tåning, 1928)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species occurs in the Canary Islands, the Azores and Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs in the Canary Islands (Brito et al. 2002), the Azores and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014). Globally, this species has a disjunct distribution in the area between 40°N–14°N and 18°S–30°S in the eastern Atlantic, but it is absent in the Benguela upwelling region. It can also be found in the Indian (one record) and Pacific Oceans (Hulley and Paxton in press).",There are little data regarding the population size or trends. It does not appear to be common in museum collections.,"This species is oceanic, mesopelagic and performs diel migrations from as deep as 600-800 m during the day, up to 50-500 m during the night for feeding purposes although there is size stratification with depth. Spawning peaks in the later winter and early spring (Hulley and Paxton, in press).","There are no known threats for this species, and it is not under pressure from fisheries.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.,This species is not commercially exploited.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Hulley, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,MYCTOPHIFORMES,MYCTOPHIDAE,Taaningichthys,paurolychnus,,Taaningichthys paurolychnus,"Davy, 1972",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species occurs in the Azores and Madeira. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species occurs in the Azores and Madeira (Carneiro et al. 2014).  Globally, this species is found in the eastern Atlantic near Madeira and the Cape Verde islands (Hulley 1985). It can also be found in the Indian (04°N, 60°E) and Pacific (35°N-17°S) oceans.",There are very little data regarding population sizes and trends for this species. It does not appear to be common in museum collections.,"This species is oceanic, bathypelagic at depths greater than 900 m (Hulley and Paxton in press). It is unique among myctophids in the fact that it lacks photophores.","There are no known threats for this species, and it is not under pressure from fisheries.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species.,This species is not commercially exploited.,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Hulley, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,DASYATIDAE,Taeniurops,grabata,,Taeniurops grabata,"(Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1817)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Round Fantail Stingray (Taeniura grabata) is a large (up to 150 cm) benthic species that occurs at depths of less than 100 m. It is widespread in the Mediterranean Sea and Eastern Central Atlantic, and caught in demersal trawl and trammel net fisheries, although no catch data are available. At present, there is insufficient information to assess Round Fantail Stingray beyond Data Deficient in European waters. This assessment should be revisited when more data become available.",Unknown,"This species is found in the Eastern Central Atlantic from Cape Verde Island down to Senegal and Angola (Whitehead et al. 1984), and in the Mediterranean Sea (Serena 2005). It is mostly known from the southern shores of the Mediterranean Sea, with a single record from the northern Mediterranean Sea near Tuscany (Serena et al. 1999), one record from Turkey (Basusta et al. 1998), and more recently, three records from the eastern Mediterranean Sea off Syria (Ali et al. 2013).",No information on population trends or structure is currently available.,"This benthic stingray occurs on soft bottoms, generally in shallow tropical or warm temperate waters, at depths of less than 100 m. Little is known of this species’ biology. The reproductive mode is live bearing with yolk-only nutrition (Bauchot 1987, Serena 2005). The maximum reported size is 100 cm disc width and 150 cm total length.","This species is vulnerable to capture in demersal trawl and trammel net fisheries, although no specific information is currently available on its capture. ","In 2009, Total Allowable Catch (TAC) limitations were established for all skates and rays occurring in European Union waters, including the Skagerrak and Kattegat (ICES Division IIIa) and from the northwest coast of Scotland and North Ireland to Portuguese waters (ICES sub-areas VIIX). These TACs have also been gradually reduced since then. In 2013, the TAC for all skate and ray species grouped was 21,800 tonnes (regulations are available online at http://faolex.fao.org).There are no species-specific management or conservation measures currently in place. Research is required on abundance, range, population trends, life history, threats and capture in fisheries.",There is no use or trade information for this species.,"Dulvy, N.K.","Jung, A. & Buscher, E.","Serena, F., Notarbartolo di Sciara, G. & Mancusi, C.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,ALEPOCEPHALIDAE,Talismania,mekistonema,,Talismania mekistonema,"Sulak, 1975",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: DD Talismania mekistonema is widely distributed in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. It is a rare species, and little is known about its population, habitats, or ecology. There are no known major threats, and although it may be taken as bycatch in deep-sea trawling operations, this is not likely to be causing any significant population declines. However, since there is only one record in the assessment region, T. mekistonema is listed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Talismania mekistonema has been reported from the Atlantic and Indian oceans (Markle and Quero 1984). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, this species is known only from a single record near the Azores (Markle and Quero 1984, Carneiro et al. 2014) and from Western Sahara south to Angola. This species is found at depths ranging from 600 to 1,500 m (Markle and Sazonov 1990). Elsewhere, tropical western Atlantic and Indian Ocean off Saya-de-Malha Bank and Broken Ridge. Probably occurring in the Western Central Pacific (Sazonov and Markle 1999).","This species appears to be commonly collected in the western Atlantic (FishNet2 database searched July 2014), however it appears to be rare in the eastern Atlantic.","Talismania mekistonema is a benthopelagic species found at depths of 600 to 1,500 m (Markle and Sazonov1990). The maximum recorded length is 26.7 cm standard length.","This species may be taken as bycatch by deep-sea fisheries operating within its range, but this is unlikely to constitute a major threat.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place. It was assessed as Least Concern globally in 2009 due to its wide distribution and lack of any known major threats.,"At the time, this species is not utilized.","Stump, E.","Uiblein, F., Knudsen, S. & Nielsen, J.","Hulley, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,BRAMIDAE,Taractes,asper,,Taractes asper,"Lowe, 1843",,No,,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: NA Taractes asper is widely distributed throughout the temperate north and south Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Despite its wide distribution, population information for T. asper is limited. It does not appear to occur regularly in the region. It is occasionally taken as bycatch in longline and pelagic fisheries. Therefore, T. asper is assessed as Not Applicable.",Unknown,"Taractes asper is widely distributed in temperate latitudes of the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and in the southern hemisphere, off southern Australia, New Zealand, Chile, and South Africa (Last and Moteki 1999). It has been recorded as far north as the Barents Sea, however, these may be vagrants (Karamushko 2008). In the northeastern Atlantic, T. asper is found from Norway and Iceland south to Madeira, but it is not known in the Mediterranean (Haedrich 1986). It is found at depths of 0–450 metres.","Teractes asper appears to be rare in the northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea Assessment region. Tetractes asper is considered a vagrant in the North Sea (Jiming 1982).",Taractes asper is epipelagic to mesopelagic and oceanodromous. It is found in the open ocean and over continental shelves and slopes (Moteki and Nagasawa 1998). The maximum total length (TL) is 50 cm (Thompson 2002). Fishes of the family Bramidae are Epi- and mesopelagic and are found in temperate and warm temperate oceans. Bramids are predators on small fishes and macroinvertebrates such as squid. They appear to be nearly year-round batch spawners. Several genera are taken by longline and vertical line (Thompson 2002).,This species is taken as bycatch in longline and pelagic fisheries.,There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for T. asper. It is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range.,"Taractes asper is not directly targeted, but is occasionally caught by longline and vertical line in parts of its range (Thompson 2002, Patrick et al. 2010).","Harwell, H.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,BRAMIDAE,Taractichthys,longipinnis,,Taractichthys longipinnis,"(Lowe, 1843)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Taractichthys longipinnis is widely distributed in the epipelagic and mesopelagic zones of the Atlantic Ocean. It appears to be poorly known throughout its global range. In the eastern Atlantic it has been recorded from Iceland and Norway south to Namibia. It does not occur in the Mediterranean. It is found at depths ranging from 42–200 m. Taractichthys longipinnis is considered highly migratory and is apparently solitary, but it is also known to occasionally form small schools when close to shore. The probability of catching this species increases closer to seamounts. There is little species-specific population or life history information available for T. longipinnis and it does not appear to be well known from the northeastern Atlantic. However, it is valued as a food fish and is taken as a commercially important, yet poorly characterized bycatch species in a number of trawl and longline fisheries. Taractichthys longipinnis is assessed as Least Concern, however there is a clear need for more research concerning the basic biology, population trends and harvest level trends of this species.",Unknown,"Taractichthys longipinnis is widely distributed in the epipelagic and mesopelagic zones of the Atlantic Ocean from 60°N (North Sea) to 35°S. In the northeastern Atlantic, T. longipinnis has been recorded from Iceland and Norway south to Madeira and the Canary Islands (Haedrich 1986). It does not occur in the Mediterranean (Gomes 1990, Thompson 2002, Richards 2006, Carvalho-Filho et al. 2009, Kells and Carpenter 2011). It is found at depths ranging from 42–200 m.",Taractichthys longipinnis is considered a vagrant in the North Sea (Jiming 1982). There is little species-specific information concerning T. longipinnis in the northeast Atlantic. This species is not well known. Fifty-eight T. longipinnis have been deposited in museum collections (Accessed through the Fishnet2 Portal 2013 October). Bramiids are generally difficult to identify (W. Smith-Vaniz pers. comm. 2014).,"Taractichthys longipinnis is epipelagic to mesopelagic and highly migratory (Briggs 1960, Richards 2006, Kells and Carpenter 2011). Carvalho-Filho et al. (2009) noted that T. longipinnis is apparently solitary, but it is also known to occasionally form small schools when close to shore. The probability of catching this species increases closer to seamounts (Morato et al. 2010). The stomach contents in the T. longipinnis collected by Carvalho-Filho et al. (2009) suggest T. longipinnis feeds on or near the bottom. The contents consisted mainly of benthic oplophorid shrimp species. Species of the Bramidae family are important prey items of tunas, mackerels, marlin, and other large pelagic predators (Heemstra and Heemstra 2004). The maximum total length of T. longipinnis (TL) is 92 cm (Thompson 2002).    Fishes of the family Bramidae are epi- and mesopelagic and are found in temperate and warm temperate oceans. Bramids are predators on small fishes and macroinvertebrates such as squid. They appear to be nearly year-round batch spawners. Several genera are taken by longline and vertical line (Thompson 2002).","Taractichthys longipinnis is not a targeted species, however it is occasionally taken as bycatch on longline and vertical lines, as well as in trawls. This species may have a heightened intrinsic vulnerability to extinction (O’Malley 2010).",There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for T. longipinnis. It is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range.,"Taractichthys longipinnis is generally considered a highly-desirable food fish (Haedrich in press). Taractichthys longipinnis occasionally occurs as bycatch in trawl fisheries, including deepwater trawl fisheries (Bianchi et al. 1999). It is also taken as commercially important bycatch in longline fisheries; it is taken in small numbers in the the hake deepwater semi-pelagic longline fishery in the southern Portugal (Erzini et al. 2001) and in the Black scabbardfish (Aphanopus spp.) fishery off the Canary Islands (Pajuelo et al. 2010)","Harwell, H.","Herrera, J. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,COTTIDAE,Taurulus,bubalis,,Taurulus bubalis,"(Euphrasen, 1786)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,Taurulus bubalis is widely distributed in European wasters and occurs in a variety of habitats. Its occurrence in the Mediterranean is marginal and needs to be verified. There are no major threats for this species. It is listed as Least Concern.,Unknown,"Taurulus bubalis is endemic to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. It is distributed from the coasts of Iceland and the Faroes (Brunn 1941) to the Baltic Sea, eastward to the Gulf of Bothnia (Malmgren 1863); Riga, Latvia (Berzins 1933); Finland (Berg 1940) to the White Sea and from northern Norway, along the coasts of Denmark to France and the Bay of Biscay (Wheeler 1969) to south of Portugal and into the Mediterranean (Vinciguerra 1923). In the Mediterranean Sea, it is present along the northern coasts eastward to Gulf of Genova. Taurulus bubalis occurs on all coasts of England and Ireland (Went and Kennedy 1976). This species was not found in the Alboran Sea during trawl surveys conducted by MEDITS in 2013 (L. Gil de Sola pers. obsv. 2014). This species occurs to 200 m depth (Parin et al. 2002).","Taurulus bubalis is a predonimnatly Atlantic species with only a few records from the Mediterranean. This species is rare near the southern and northern limits of its range (Neyelov 1973). Taurulus bubalis is common in the Galway Bay area and is especially common on the shore at at Finavarra, Co. Claire (King and Fives 1983). Taurulus bubalis is common in the Kattegat and its abundance decreases with salinity towards the northeast in the Baltic Sea. There is no clear population trend over the last 10 years (HELCOM 2013). This species has not been recorded in the Spanish Mediterranean or the Gulf of Cadiz (J. Gil Herrera and L. Gil de Sola pers. comm. 2013).","Taurulus bubalis is a demersal, non-migratory species. It is a resident intertidal species with homing behaviour (Gibson 1999) that inhabits tide pools and inshore waters on rocky bottoms or among algae and seaweeds to 30 m depth (Günther 1888). Taurulus bubalis will emerge from the water and climb onto land when water oxygen levels are low (Davenport and Woolmington 1981, Martin and Bridges 1999). The diet of this species is variable and primarily consists crustaceans; however, polycheates, fishes and molluscs are also consumed and most prey items are consumed whole. Differences between the diets of littoral and sublittoral specimens were observed as well as differences between Galway Bay specimens and Isle of Man specimens (Rice 1962, King and Fives 1983). The maximum recorded size for this species is 25 cm SL but is common to 12 cm SL (Bauchot 1987).  In a study conducted in the Galway Bay area, the littoral population primarily consisted of zero group and one year old fish with a small percentage of fish recorded over three years of age and the oldest specimens being five years. Specimens from this study ranged from 1.0 to 15.5 cm SL with majority of captures occurring within the 5.0 and 6.0 cm length groups. Sublittoral specimens lengths ranged from 3.0 and 14.0 cm SL. In May, the first juveniles were observed on the shore measuring 1.0 to 2.6 cm (King and Fives 1983). In the same study, females generally occurred more than males and sex ratio was seen to vary within age classes which may indicate a variation in the survival rates of males and females. Overall, the female: male sex ratio for littoral fish was 1.34:1, which was highly significant. Growth of T. bubalis is rapid in the first two years of life and slows down as the fish ages. Females grow faster than males especially after the age of maturity and it has been suggested that a reason for this may be that females are able to endure the stress of spawning better than males can. In the Galway Bay area, spawning of T. bubalis occurs from December to March and some fish of both sexes spawn in their second year of life (age group one) - by their third year of life (age group two) all fish had spawned at least once. There is a positive correlation between fecundity and standard length of the fish - fecundity estimates ranged from 724 to 7,938 and oocytes measured 1.3 to 1.5 mm in the largest females. Five maturity stages were recognized for males and females (King and Fives 1983).","Currently, there are no major threats to this species (HELCOM 2013).","There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for Taurulus bubalis; however, the range of this species overlaps with a number of marine protected areas in the northeast Atlantic (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014). In the HELCOM Assessment Region, this species was assessed as Least Concern (HELCOM 2013). Taurulus bubalis was assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","In the Atlantic, this species has minor commercial importance. In the Mediterranean Sea, it may possibly be taken and eaten but it is a very infrequent species and may be confused with Scorpaena spp., although records of this species form the Mediterranean are sparse.","Ralph, G.","Lorance, P., Cook, R., Herrera, J., de Sola, L., Papaconstantinou, C., Florin, A. & Keskin, Ç.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,TETRAGONURIDAE,Tetragonurus,atlanticus,,Tetragonurus atlanticus,"Lowe, 1839",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, Tetragonurus atlanticus is found in the Azores, Madeira and off mainland Portugal. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, Tetragonurus atlanticus is found in the Azores, Madeira and off mainland Portugal (Carneiro et al. 2014). Globally, Tetragonurus atlanticus is found in warm waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans (Haedrich in press). It has been recorded from the central Tyrrhenian Sea (Psomadakis et al. 2006). Tetragonurus cuvieri replaces T. atlanticus north of about 34oN in the central Pacific, and north of about 22oN in the eastern Pacific (Ahlstrom et al. 1976).","Tetragonurus is a rarely collected genus, however the species likely to be more common than collections indicate (Janssen and Harbison 1981). Tetragonurus atlanticus is moderately common in museum collections (22 lots - one individual per lot).","Tetragonurus atlanticus reaches a maximum size of 50 cm (Haedrich in press). Tetragonurids are oceanic fishes of warm and temperate waters. Juveniles are epipelagic and adults are presumably mesopelagic. Most adults are taken singly far out at sea, or are occasionally found stranded on shores near deep water. Juveniles commonly live within the body cavity of pelagic tunicates, in the upper layers of the water column, while adults are meso- or bathypelagic and migrate to surface waters at night (Grey 1955). The teeth of Tetragonurids are adapted for browsing on soft-bodied coelenterates, ctenophores, macrozooplancton, and especially salps. Spawning occurs in spring and summer in the eastern Atlantic (Haedrich in press).",There are no species-specific threats to T. atlanticus.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for T. atlanticus.,Tetragonurids are of no interest to fisheries (Haedrich in press).,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,TETRAGONURIDAE,Tetragonurus,cuvieri,,Tetragonurus cuvieri,"Risso, 1810",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Tetragonurus cuvieri is known from the temperate Atlantic and Pacific oceans. In the northeaster Atlantic, T. cuvieri ranges from the British Isles southward to the Mediterranean. It has been reported to depths of 800 meters. This species is rare in the Tyrrhenian Sea, but is nowhere abundant. It is of no interest to fisheries, and there are no indications of population decline. Major threats to this species have not been identified. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Tetragonurus cuvieri is found in temperate latitudes of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and in the western Mediterranean. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs from the British Isles southwards, including the western Mediterranean (Haedrich 1986). This species has been reported to depths from 1– 800 m (Haedrich 1986).","There appear to be high levels of gene flow between widely separated specimens of  T. cuvieri, as implied by the relatively low level genetic divergence seen in the COI marker between specimens of T. cuvieri from the North Atlantic and those from Australasia (Ward et al. 2008). Tetragonurus cuvieri is rare in the Tyrrhenian Sea (Psomadakis et al. 2006). This species a nowhere abundant (Haedrich 1986).","Tetragonurus cuvieri reaches a maximum size of 70 cm. The flesh of T. cuvieri is reported to be toxic. Tetragonurids are oceanic fishes of warm and temperate waters. Juveniles are epi-pelagic and adults are presumably mesopelagic. Most adults are taken singly far out at sea, or are occasionally found stranded on shores near deep water. Juveniles commonly live within the body cavity of pelagic tunicates, in the upper layers of the water column, while adults are meso- or bathypelagic and migrate to surface waters at night (Grey 1955). The teeth of Tetragonurids are adapted for browsing on soft-bodied coelenterates, ctenophores, macrozooplankton, and especially salps. Spawning occurs in spring and summer in the eastern Atlantic (Haedrich FAO in prep 2012).",There are no species-specific threats to T. cuvieri.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for T. cuvieri. However, this species’ range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed May 2014). Tetragonurus cuvieri was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).",Tetragonurids are of no interest to fisheries (Haedrich FAO in prep 2012).,"Ralph, G.","Herrera, J. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,ISTIOPHORIDAE,Tetrapturus,belone,,Tetrapturus belone,"Rafinesque, 1810","Western Atlantic records of Tetrapturus belone through the early 1960s are of T. pfluegeri (Robins and de Sylva 1963). Tetrapturus belone is very close to T. pfluegeri (Collette et al. 2006, Hanner et al. 2011).  Previously thought to be endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, an International Game Fish Association record from Madeira (June 1980), outside the Mediterranean has been identified, based on a photograph, Tetrapturus belone; identification is uncertain, however expert opinion (B. Collette, J. Graves, J. Schratwieser pers. comm. 2013) is that the record is likely to refer to Tetrapturus belone.",Yes,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) Tetrapturus belone is known from the Mediterranean Sea, with a single unconfirmed record outside the Mediterranean from Madeira. Tetrapturus belone is a common and locally abundant epipelagic species. Although catches seems to be increasing, there is no directed commercial fishery and catch and release is commonly encouraged in the recreational fishery. There are no other known major threats. Therefore, T. belone is assessed as Least Concern. However, more research is necessary, as little is known about the biology and ecology of this species, and further information on the scale of take of the species as commercial bycatch and in recreational fisheries is required. While generally not a target species for commercial fleets, spearfish and billfish catches, including those from the recreational fishery, the fish should be monitored carefully.",Stable,"Tetrapturus belone has been considered to be restricted to the Mediterranean Sea. It is abundant around Italy and recently reported from Tunisia (Hattour 2006). There are no confirmed reports from the Black Sea. Catches have been reported from the Aegean Sea (Pennetti pers. comm. 2008), but no adults have been reported in the northern part of the Aegean.However, there is an International Game Fish Association record from Madeira (June 1980), outside the Mediterranean Sea (B. Collette pers. comm. 2013); identification, based on a photograph, is uncertain, but expert opinion (B. Collette, J. Graves, J. Schratwieser pers. comm. 2013) is that the record is likely to refer to Tetrapturus belone, representing a possible range extension for this species. It is typically found in the upper 200 m (Nakamura 1985).","Catches are known to occur in all the Mediterranean Sea states where driftnet and longline fishing is carried out (STECF 2014). Landings data are limited, but appear to have increased in the most recent years, certainly over a level of about 100 t, even considering that very few countries (Italy, Spain and Portugal) are reporting their catches to the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (STECF 2014). In 2005 and 2006 catches have shown fluctuations. Up to 40 fish were caught in the sport fishery over three years in Majorca (Masuti pers.comm. 2008). In Turkey, this species is mostly caught in bycatch and sport fishing, and in recent years the catches appear to be increasing (M. Bilecenoglu pers. comm. 2008). There are no visible trends in International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) data as only a few countries report their data. The population is thought to be stable.","Tetrapturus belone is an epipelagic species. Little is known about the biology of this species. It is the most common istiophorid in the central basin of the Mediterranean Sea and completes its life cycle inside this sea as far as is known (Nakamura 1985). Undertakes limited vertical movements, ranging between 0 and 200 m depths (Romeo et al. 2009), generally above or within the thermocline. Spawning occurs from spring to winter (Potoschi 2000). The Mediterranean Spearfish feeds mainly on pelagic fishes and cephalopods (Castriota et al. 2008). The most important fishes in the diet of the Mediterranean Spearfish in the Strait of Messina, Italy are needlefishes, herrings, and sauries (Belonidae, Clupeidae and Scomberesocidae). A study on resource partitioning between the Mediterranean Spearfish and the Swordfish (Romeo et al. 2009) showed a feeding strategy that is more related to the habitat of the species than to the food availability.  Maximum size exceeds 2.4 m in body length and 70 kg in weight. The all-tackle game fish record supposedly of this species is of a 41.2 kg fish taken off Madeira in June 1980 (IGFA 2014). Information on the distribution of spearfishes in the eastern Atlantic is poorly known; the record was considered more likely to be either T. pfluegeri or T. georgii, neither of which were known in 1980, however revaluation of the photograph accompanying this record suggest that it may in fact refer to T. belone.","Tetrapturus belone is of minor commercial importance, and is mainly a bycatch of tuna fisheries. It is typically caught with hooks, lines and driftnets. It is also one of the target species for the traditional harpoon fishery and is occasionally fished in sport fishing activity, particularly in the Mediterranean. This species is highly exposed to lipophilic xenobiotic contaminants (Fossi et al. 2002).","This is a highly migratory species mentioned in the Annex I of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea. Tetrapturus belone was assessed as Least Concern globally (Collette et al. 2011, IUCN 2011) and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011). While generally not a target species for commercial fleets, spearfish and billfish catches, including those from the recreational fishery, should be monitored carefully. Catches of Mediterranean spearfish must be reported by all Mediterranean States concerned, according to the European Community data collection framework and there is a need for better monitoring data to inform management actions, if required (STECF 2014).","Occurring in small numbers in commercial fisheries, the species is taken mainly as bycatch in longline and driftnet fisheries (STECF 2014) and also in sport fisheries; this is a very popular sportfish in the Mediterranean (J. Schratwieser pers. comm. 2013). Tetrapturus belone is taken at the surface by harpoons, longlines, driftnets and set nets incidental to fishing for swordfish, bluefin tuna, and albacore (Nakamura 1985, STECF 2014).","Allen, D.J., Graves, J., Schratwieser, J. & Polidoro, B.","Collette, B. & Heessen, H.","Bizsel, K., Boustany, A., Carpenter, K.E., Di Natale, A., Fox, W., Graves, J., Juan Jorda, M., Masuti, E., Nelson, R. & Oxenford, H.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,ISTIOPHORIDAE,Tetrapturus,georgii,,Tetrapturus georgii,"Lowe, 1841","Although the most distinct genetically of the four species of spearfishes (Collette et al. 2006, Hanner et al. 2011), this species was only recently confirmed as a valid species (Shivji et al. 2006).",No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Tetrapturus georgii is known from the entire tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean. However, T. georgii has only recently been recognized as a distinct species, and there is very little information available. Although it was described on the basis of one specimen from Madeira and later re-examined based on four specimens from the Mediterranean and northeastern Atlantic Ocean, there are few records from this region. Reproductive and spawning data are lacking, though there is anecdotal evidence that spawning may occur near the Azores. Although there are no directed commercial fisheries for T. georgii, landings data for this species have been misclassified as Longbill Spearfish and White Marlin in the western Atlantic Ocean. This may also be occurring in the eastern Atlantic, confounding an evaluation of its status. Therefore, T. georgii is assessed as Data Deficient. Further research and monitoring is required for this species.",Unknown,"This species is known from the entire tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean and the western Mediterranean Sea (Bernard et al. 2013). Originally described from Madeira and reported from several other eastern Atlantic localities, but its presence in the western Atlantic was only recently known with certainty (Shivji et al. 2006, Hanner et al. 2011, Piva-Silva and Amorim 2014). Tetrapturus georgii is found in the upper 200 m (Nakamura 1985).","There are no catch data available for this species (Nakamura 1985). This species is easily misidentified in the field and it is likely that most captures of this species have been classified as White Marlin or Longbill Spearfish until only recently (Beerkircher et al. 2009, Beerkircher and Serafy 2011, Graves and McDowell 2012). The proportion of this species in landings classified as White Marlin or Longbill Spearfish is temporally unstable (White Marlin Biological Review Team 2007, Graves and McDowell 2012), complicating assessment of its population status.","This species is pelagic and oceanodromous; found in subtropical waters. Very little is known about its reproductive biology (Collette 2010) but John Graves (pers. comm.) has seen a photo of a running ripe female from the Azores caught in May 2012. Maximum size for this species is at least 160 cm body length (Robins 1974). Maximum weight is 180 kg. In Brazil, maximum size recorded is 180 cm lower jaw FL (Piva-Silva et al. 2009). The all-tackle game fish record is of a 31.75 kg fish caught in Baltimore Canyon off Maryland (IGFA 2014).","This species is primarily taken as bycatch by longline fisheries, but also by purse seines, by some artisanal gears and by various sport fisheries. The increasing use of anchored fish aggregating devices (FADs) by various artisanal and sport fisheries is possibly increasing the vulnerability of these stocks (STECF 2014).","This is a highly migratory species listed in Annex I of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea. Tetrapturus georgii was assessed as Data Deficient globally in 2011 (Collette et al. 2011, IUCN 2011). Size limitations, encouragement of catch-and-release sport fishing, and recommendations for using circle hooks instead of J-hooks are measures designed to increase survival in catch-and-release sport fishing (Serafy et al. 2009). The EU's Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF) is concerned about the lack of attention to this species, because it might be affected by the same problems of other billfish species. STECF recommends that this species should be accurately monitored (STECF 2014).","Tetrapturus georgii is not targeted commercially as a food fish, but is taken as bycatch and can be found in sport fisheries throughout its range, as well as in artisanal fisheries.","Allen, D.J. & Ralph, G.","Collette, B. & Heessen, H.","Amorim, A.F., Boustany, A., Carpenter, K.E., Fox, W., Fredou, F.L., Graves, J., Juan Jorda, M., Minte Vera, C., Miyabe, N., Nelson, R., Oxenford, H., Pires Ferreira Travassos, P.E., Teixeira Lessa, R.P., Viera Hazin, F.H. & de Oliveira Leite Jr., N.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OPHIDIIFORMES,OPHIDIIDAE,Thalassobathia,pelagica,,Thalassobathia pelagica,"Cohen, 1963",Thalassobathia pelagica was moved from family Bythitidae to the family Ophiidae by Nielsen et al. (2010).,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Thalassobathia pelagica is a bathypelagic species, which may inhabit great depths and stays in close association with large Stygiomedusa spp. of jellyfish. It is very uncommon and sometimes rare in the northeastern Atlantic and adjacent regional waters. Thalassobathia pelagica is not utilized in a commercial capacity, and the extreme depth preference of this species shields it from almost all known threats. There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species, but marine protected areas are located throughout its range. Because this fish is considered very uncommon and there is little about the biology and ecology of this species that is understood, it is assessed as Data Deficient",Unknown,"Thalassobathia pelagica is widespread in the Atlantic Ocean, where it has been reported from scattered locations from Greenland south to the Congo (Nielsen 1986; Nielsen et al. 1999, 2010). A specimen of Thalassobathia reported from the Bering Sea has been identified as T. pelagica (Prokofiev and Kukuev 2008). In the northeastern Atlantic, it is known from Jan Mayen and Iceland south to the Iberian peninsula. Globally, it has been caught at depths of between 350 and 2,000 m (Nielsen et al. 2010).",This species is reported to be very uncommon (Nielsen et al. 1999). It has also been described as rare in northeast Atlantic (Warkentine and Rachlin 1989).,"Thalassobathias pelagica is benthopelagic species found at a depth range of 350–2,000 m. This species is often found living with sea nettles (jellyfish) of the genus Deepstaria, and isopods of the genus Anuropus (Robison 2004).  Thalassobathias pelagica is also reported to have a commensal relationship with the Scyphomedusa (jellyfish), Stygiomedusa gigantean (Drazen and Robison 2004). The maximum length of T. pelagica is 22.1 cm standard length (SL) (Nielsen 1990). The specific diet of T. pelagica is unknown, but due to its morphological characteristics, there is a high probability that it is a lie-in-wait predator (Robinson 2004), and due to its association with jellyfish, it more than likely has developed a method of feeding off the discarded prey of the jellyfish.  The spawning periodicity, fecundity, maturation stages and early life history traits are poorly understood for this species.","Due to the deep-water nature of Thalassobathia pelagica, it is unlikely that it is being impacted by any major threats at present.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Thalassobathia pelagica.  Further research is needed on this distribution of this species, to establish the full range of T. pelagica in the southeast Atlantic. Its range intersects with numerous marine protected areas, which may or may not encompass the depth preference for this species.",Thalassobathia pelagica is of no commercial interest to fisheries (Nielsen et al. 1999).,"Strongin, K.","Knudsen, S., Uiblein, F. & Nielsen, J.","Livingston, F., Wilson, P., Lintott, P., Kemp, K., Batchelor, A., Milligan, H.T., Nielsen, J., De Silva, R., Lutz, M., Jopling, B., Lewis, S., Sears, J. & Smith, J.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,LABRIDAE,Thalassoma,pavo,,Thalassoma pavo,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","From Senegal southwards along the west African coast, this species is probably replaced by a separate species, Thalassoma newtoni.",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) The species is present throughout most of the Mediterranean Sea and the Macaronesian islands, where there are no known major threats to its population. There is no specific population information available for this species in the northeastern Atlantic, though overall its population is thought to be stable. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"In the European region, this species is present in the Eastern Atlantic from Portugal southwards to Gibraltar, including the Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands, Selvagens and Cape Verde Islands, and throughout most of the Mediterranean Sea, except for parts of the northern coasts of the western Mediterranean and the Adriatic seas. It is however found in the Ligurian Sea and around Sardinia (Molinari and Tunesi 2003, Molinari 2005, Tunesi et al. 2006, Tunesi and Molinari 2005, Guidetti et al. 2004, Guidetti et al. 2008). It is absent from the Black Sea (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2008). In the Eastern Atlantic, this Atlanto-Mediterranean species is present from Portugal southwards to around Senegal, including the Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands, Selvagens and Cape Verde Islands. From Senegal southwards along the west African coast to Cape Lopez in Gabon, this species is probably replaced by a separate species, T. newtoni. References to this species occurring in Sao Tome and Principe (Afonso et al. 1999) probably also refer to T. newtoni (L. Rocha pers. comm. 2008). It is found throughout most of the Mediterranean Sea, except for parts of the northern coasts of the western Mediterranean and the Adriatic Sea. It is however found in the Ligurian Sea and around Sardinia (Molinari and Tunesi 2003, Molinari 2005, Tunesi et al. 2006, Tunesi and Molinari 2005, Guidetti et al. 2004, Guidetti et al. 2008).","In the Mediterranean Sea, this species is less common in the northwestern basin, as it prefers warmer waters. It is common elsewhere.  The population declined in the 1970s in the Ligurian Sea, but is now recolonising this area (L. Tunesi pers. comm. 2008). This species is now also expanding its range in the Gulf of Lion, where it was not previously present (J.P. Quignard pers. comm. 2008). Overall, the wider Mediterranean population of this species appears to be stable. It is the most abundant and common wrasse in the shallow rocky habitats of the Azores (Porteiro 1996, Afonso 2002), Madeira (Ribeiro et al. 2005, 2006) and the Canaries (Falcón et al. 1996, Brito et al. 2002). It is also common but not as abundant in Cape Verde (Monteiro et al. 2008).","This species inhabits coastal waters near rocks and seagrass beds. It is also often found near man-made structures such as shipwrecks and jetties (Golani et al. 2006). It is either gregarious, being found in small groups or forming larger aggregations in loose schools, in association with the two types of mating system, territorial haremic or group spawning, respectively (P. Afonso pers. comm. 2008).  It feeds on small molluscs and crustaceans (Quignard and Pras 1986). The juveniles of this species often clean other fishes (Golani et al. 2006).  This species is a protogynous hermaphrodite, with distinct sexual dichromatism (Gomon and Forsyth 1990). It spawns in spring, and the eggs and larvae are planktonic (Golani et al. 2006).","There are no known major threats to this species. However, it is fished locally in the eastern Mediterranean and the Macaronesian islands with hook and line and with traps (M. Bariche and P. Afonso pers. comm. 2008).","There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with several marine protected areas within its range, including Natura 2000 sites in Italy, Portugal and Spain (EUNIS 2014).",The species is fished locally in the eastern Mediterranean and the Macaronesian islands with hook and line and with traps. It is also collected for the aquarium trade.,"Allen, D.J., Kemp, J.R. & Pollard, D.","Craig, M.T.","Tunesi, L., Afonso, P. & Bariche, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Thorogobius,ephippiatus,,Thorogobius ephippiatus,"(Lowe, 1839)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Thorogobius ephippiatus is found throughout much of the coastal Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Although population information is lacking, T. ephippiatus can be locally common. There are no known major widespread threats. Therefore, T. ephippiatus is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Thorogobius ephippiatus is present in the northeastern Atlantic from the northern British Isles to Macaronesia (Miller 1986a, Carniero et al. 2014) and southwestern Spain. It is also known from the Skagerrak and the Kattegat seas (Norway and Sweden; Miller 1990, HELCOM 2012) and throughout the northwestern and northeastern Mediterranean Sea (Escoubet and Murgia 1981, Vacchi et al. 1999) to Turkey and Crete (Kovačić et al. 2011). It is found from six to 40 m depth (Miller 1986a), most often at about six to 15 m. Specimens from Madeira were from 65-120 m over rocky substrate (Miller 1986b).","There is little population information available for T. ephippiatus, however a dive study in the central Adriatic found the species to be common (Schultz 1975). It is locally abundant throughout its range and populations are considered likely to be stable.","Thorogobius ephippiatus is found in or near crevices and caves of a variety of sizes in vertical rock cliffs to a depth of 40 m, usually between 10 to 13 m. Thorogobius ephippiatus avoids strong currents and lighter areas, and is typically associated with caves and crevices with muddy substrates (Miller 1986a). It feeds on crustaceans (copepods, amphipods, decapods), polychaetes, gastropods and algae (Miller 1986a). It spawns up to 12,000 eggs (Muus and Nielsen 1999).",There are no known major threats for this species.,"No conservation measures are in place or needed for this species and it occurs in marine protected areas. Thorogobius ephippiatus was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",Thorogobius ephippiatus is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Williams, J.T., Herler, J. & Kovacic, M.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Thorogobius,macrolepis,,Thorogobius macrolepis,"(Kolombatovic, 1891)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Thorogobius macrolepis is restricted to the northern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, where it is known from scattered records. Although data are limited, T. macrolepis is abundant where found, and its population is assumed to be stable. There are no known, widespread threats. Therefore, T. macrolepis is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Thorogobius macrolepis is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. Specifically, T. macrolepis is known from scattered records from Ibiza (Baleares; Ahnelt and Patzner 1996), the southeast coast of France (Miller 1986), western Corsica (Dufour et al. 2007). It is also recorded from the southern and southeastern coast of Italy (Guidetti et al. 2006), the northern Adriatic Sea (Ahnelt and Kovačić 1997, Kovačić et al. 2012), and the Turkish Aegean between Bodrum and Fethiye (Francour et al. 2007). The depth distribution of T. macrolepis is six to 45 m (Ahnelt and Kovačić 1997, Francour et al. 2007).","Thorogobius macrolepis is locally abundant, especially in the south of France. In the northern Adriatic the species showed densities from 0.15 to 0.29 individuals per m2 (Ahnelt and Kovačić 1997), suggesting a relatively high abundance. In contrast the densities along the Italian coast was found to range from 0.001 to 0.02 individuals per m2 (Guidetti et al. 2006).","Thorogobius macrolepis lives in deeper waters from six (Ahnelt and Kovačić 1997) to at least 42 m (Ahnelt and Patzner 1996) and possibly deeper, on coarse sand close to rocky and coralligenous areas. It is a relatively shy species, associated with caves and crevices.",There are no known major threats for this species.,"No conservation measures are in place for this species. It is present in some marine protected areas. Thorogobius macrolepis was previously assessed as Least Concern, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",The species is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Herler, J., Kovacic, M. & Williams, J.T.","Francour, P., Bilecenoglu, M., Bariche, M. & Molinari, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SCOMBRIDAE,Thunnus,alalunga,,Thunnus alalunga,"(Bonnaterre, 1788)","This species is often confused with juvenile Thunnus obesus, which also has very long pectorals, but with rounded tips.",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Thunnus alalunga is widely distributed in tropical and temperate waters of all oceans, including the Mediterranean. It is an important commercial food fish, and managed through most of its range. In the northeastern Atlantic, it is managed as two separate stocks: a North Atlantic stock and a Mediterranean stock. Although the North Atlantic stock has been subject to overfishing in recent years, in 2009 catch quotas were adopted in line with scientific advice to end overfishing and recent stock assessments have suggested that spawning stock biomass is increasing. In the Mediterranean, the first stock assessment was completed in 2012, but there is concern that landings have been under-reported. Declines in catches range from 28 to 31.5% over the past three generation lengths (18-21 years). However, there is evidence that the fishing mortality has decreased over this time period, and that the spawning stock biomass has increased. Therefore, T. alalunga is assessed as Least Concern. However, we recommend that the current monitoring and management measures remain in place.",Decreasing,"This is a cosmopolitan species in tropical and temperate waters of all the oceans including the Mediterranean Sea, but it is not found at the surface between 10°N and 10°S. In the Atlantic, this species is widely distributed between 60°N and 50°S.","There are three stocks of Thunnus alalunga in the Atlantic Ocean: the North Atlantic, South Atlantic, and Mediterranean stocks (ISSF 2013). The overall population trend within the european region is decreasing. North Atlantic Ocean Catches of this species in the north Atlantic peaked at 65,000 tonnes in the mid-1960s, then declined to a low of 20,000 tonnes in 2008. This decline is partly due to reduced fishing effort by some surface and longline fisheries. The most recent stock assessment in 2009 indicated that recruitment in the fishery is highly variable, and that biomass since 1993 has been less than biomass at maximum sustainable yield (MSY). Currently, the stock is about 40% below the MSY level and spawning stock biomass is currently only 25% of the original biomass (ICCAT 2009). The MSY from the last stock assessment was estimated at 29,000 tonnes, and catches in four of the last ten years have exceeded this value. This species stock in the North Atlantic was considered overfished (ISSF 2010). However, in 2009 catch quotas were adopted in line with scientific advice to end overfishing. The most recent stock assessment suggested that overfishing is no longer occurring (Fcurrent/FMSY = 0.72), however current biomass is still below the biomass required to obtain maximum sustainable yields (Bcurrent/BMSY = 0.94) (ISSF 2013). The 2013 stock assessment for the North Atlantic stock shows a fluctuating but decreasing trend in spawning stock biomass (SSB), from peaks in the 1940's of almost 120,000 mt to about 15,000 mt in 2000. Since then SSB has increased to about 40,000 mt in 2012 (ICCAT 2013), however ICCAT SCRS consider that spawning stock is currently still overfished but close to the BMSY levels (SSB2012/SSBMSY=0.94), and that overfishing is not occurring (STECF 2014). Mediterranean The first stock assessment for T. alalunga in the Mediterranean was completed in 2012. The ratio of Fcurrent/FMSY is less than or equal to 1, suggested that overfishing is probably not occurring at this time (ISSF 2013). However, the ratio of Bcurrent/BMSY could not be estimated with the available data, so it is unknown if the stock is overfished (ISSF 2013). Catches have increased from about 500 mt from 1965 to the early 1980s, to about 4500 in the mid-1980s, and peaking in the 1990s at about 7,000-8,000 mt (ISSF 2013). The Mediterranean albacore fisheries are characterized by high spatio-temporal variability in landings and fishing patterns. Albacore fishing is a traditional activity for a number of fleets including those of Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Spain, and Malta. ICCAT statistics, however, are considered quite incomplete due to unreported catches from several countries and the lack of data in some years from other countries. Fishing effort is not possible to estimate due to short time series and inadequate coverage of artisanal gears. Even though catches of Mediterranean albacore have been increasing for the past few years, there is a lack of general information on this stock and biological information is also limited (ICCAT 2010). Although many countries are not yet reporting any catch for this species, the Mediterranean stock does not show any general trend, and the mixing rate with the Atlantic stock appears to be insignificant (Nakadate et al. 2005, STECF 2007). Montes et al. (2012) found that there appear to be two genetic groups of albacore in the Mediterranean (East and West); Tyrrhenian and Adriatic Sea samples were grouped together and could be differentiated from the Balearic Sea.","This is an epipelagic and mesopelagic, oceanic species, that is abundant in surface waters of 15.6–19.4°C. Deeper swimming, large albacore are found in waters of 13.5–25.2°C. Temperatures as low as 9.5°C may be tolerated for short periods. It is known to concentrate along thermal discontinuities (Collette and Nauen 1983). This species forms mixed schools with Skipjack Tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) and Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus). These schools may be associated with floating objects, including sargassum weeds (Collette and Nauen 1983). It is a pelagic predator, feeding on fish, crustaceans and squid. In the Mediterranean Sea, this species feeds on paralepidids, Paralepis speciosa and P. coregonoides; crustaceans - hyperidean amphipods Phrosina semilunata; and cephalopods - Brachyscelus cruslculum (Consoli et al. 2008). Use of combined Japanese and US tagging data confirm the frequent westward movement of young albacore and infrequent eastward movements in the North Pacific. This corresponds to albacore life history where immature fish recruit into fisheries in the western and eastern Pacific and then gradually move near their spawning grounds in the central and western Pacific before maturing (Ichinokawa et al. 2008). Immature Albacore Tuna (<80 cm) generally have a sex ratio of 1:1 but males predominate in catches of mature fish. Maturity is attained at about 90–94 cm (FL) for females and 94–97 cm (FL) for males. Spawning occurs at sea surface temperatures of 24°C or higher. Fecundity increases with size but there is no clear correlation between fork length and ovary weight and number of eggs. A 20 kg female may produce between two and three million eggs per season, released in at least two batches (Collette 2010). Longevity for this species may be as long as 13 years in the South Atlantic (Lee and Yeh 2007) and in the South Pacific (Labelle et al. 1993, Lee and Yeh 1993). Age of first maturity is estimated to be between five and seven years (Wu and Kuo 1993, Ramon and Bailey 1996). Based on age-structured data from the Atlantic and Pacific (Collette et al. 2011), generation length is conservatively estimated to be between 6–7 years. The all-tackle game fish record is of a 39.97 kg fish taken off of Gran Canaria, Canary Islands in 1977 (IGFA 2014).","This species is caught by long-lining, live-bait fishing, purse seining, and trolling. In the Eastern Pacific it is also a bycatch of swordfish fisheries. Albacore Tuna are caught by long-line gear in most of the North and South Pacific (but not often between about 10°N and 5°S), by trolling gear in the eastern and central North and South Pacific, and by pole-and-line gear in the western North Pacific. In the North Pacific about 60% of the fish are taken in pole-and-line and troll fisheries that catch smaller, younger Albacore Tuna, whereas about 90% of the albacore caught in the South Pacific are taken by long-line (IATTC 2008). Catches of northern Atlantic Albacore Tuna are primarily made by pole-and-line (35%), trolling (28%), trawlers (17%) and longline (17%). The main fisheries are Spain, France, and Chinese Taipei. Surface fisheries concentrate mainly in the Bay of Biscay and the Azores and Canary Islands during summer and fall, taking young fish while longline vessels operate throughout the Atlantic year-round and target larger fish (ISSF 2010). For the south Atlantic stock, the main fisheries are longliners from Chinese Taipei (56%), pole-and-line from South Africa (18%) and from Namibia (13%). Surface fisheries operate mainly between October and May capturing juvenile and subadult fish (ISSF 2010).","This species is listed as a highly migratory species in Annex I of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea (FAO Fisheries Department 1994). In the north Atlantic, a total allowable catch (TAC) of 28,000 tonnes was established for 2010 and 2011 for the northern stock. TACs are also in place for the southern Atlantic albacore fishery. For the south Atlantic, the TAC for 2009–2011 is 29,900 and adjustments are made to reduce the TACs in the following year if the actual catch exceeds the TAC in a given year (ICCAT 2009). The driftnet fishery for albacore has been banned since January 1st  2002 in the European Union countries and from 2004 in all the ICCAT Mediterranean  countries, but it is known that illegal fishing activity still occurs in some areas (STEFC 2007). Ongoing monitoring of population and harvests trends is required for this species (STECF 2014). Thunnus alalunga was assessed as Least Concern globally (IUCN 2011) and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).","An important fishery exists for this species, which is mainly marketed as canned white meat tuna.","Allen, D.J. & Polidoro, B.","Collette, B., Fernandes, P. & Heessen, H.","Acero, A., Amorim, A.F., Boustany, A., Canales Ramirez, C., Cardenas, G., Carpenter, K.E., Chang, S.-K., Di Natale, A., Die, D., Fox, W., Fredou, F.L., Graves, J., Guzman-Mora, A.G., Hinton, M., Juan Jorda, M., Masuti, E., Minte Vera, C., Miyabe, N., Mont",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SCOMBRIDAE,Thunnus,thynnus,,Thunnus thynnus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","This is now considered to be a separate species from the Pacific bluefin, Thunnus orientalis (Collette 1999).",No,NT,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Near Threatened (NT) In European waters, Thunnus thynnus is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean from Norway to the Canary Islands, and present in the Mediterranean Sea. The sub-population in the Black Sea is now extinct, however the causes of this are not fully understood. There are currently three known spawning areas, one aggregation in the Gulf of Mexico and at least two separate spawning aggregations in the Mediterranean Sea (Riccioni et al. 2010, 2013), however there is exchange between the eastern and western populations, and recent work detected several subpopulations in the Mediterranean Sea (Riccioni et al. 2013). The fish is a highly valued species, particularly for the Japanese sashimi markets. Historically, it has been heavily overfished throughout its range, resulting in substantial declines in the population. Environmental conditions in the Black Sea have contributed to a range contractions of 46% since 1960 (Worm and Tittensor 2011), greater than any other pelagic species. The most recent stock assessment for T. thynnus suggests that the recent management efforts to reduce the fishing mortality on the eastern Atlantic Bluefin Tuna are working; overfishing is no longer occurring but the stock remains overfished. The estimated spawning stock biomass (SSB) has increased over the past three generation lengths (21 years), and is currently close to exceeding the maximum SSB in the time series (1957-1959) depending on the model specifications. The current assessment, if it is correct, would lead to Least Concern. However, the virtual population analysis (VPA) methodology is completely dependent on the reported landings, which are uncertain, and the trend is driven by data from the last two years which, in a VPA, are the least reliable of the time series. Therefore, T. thynnus is assessed as Near Threatened in the European marine region. It is inferred that cessation of fishery management interventions that reduce fishing mortality would rapidly (within ten years) lead to population declines exceeding 30%. Management  of the eastern Atlantic stock is essential to the future of this species, as  it represents the majority of this species' global population, and populations in the European region are considered conservation dependent. There remains an urgent need to have more reliable and complete size frequency data for the species in European waters. Tagging programs, fishery independent surveys and mining of historical data will all contribute to a better understanding of the status of this species.",Decreasing,"Thunnus thynnus is restricted to the Atlantic Ocean, where it is primarily found in the North Atlantic. In the eastern Atlantic, it is present from Norway to the Canary Islands. It is also present in the Mediterranean Sea. The fish was historically present in the Black Sea and its presence there was well documented in ancient times, but no individuals have been seen or caught since the 1980s (MacKenzie and Mariani 2012). An analysis of present over historical ranges concluded that Atlantic Bluefin Tuna has shown larger range contractions (minus 46% since 1960) than any other pelagic species (Worm and Tittensor 2011). In the eastern Atlantic, the fish is also reported from Mauritania (Maigret and Ly 1986) and off South Africa (Collette and Nauen 1983). This species was present in the western Atlantic from Canada to Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, although the bulk of the population off Brazil has now disappeared (Porch 2005, Takeuchi et al. 2009, Worm and Tittensor 2011). However over the last 20 to 36 years, the species has not been recorded off the coast of Brazil (R. Lessa and A.F. Amorim pers. comm. 2010) and there are no records of Bluefin Tuna in southern Brazil in the 21st century (M.A. Gasalla pers. comm. 2010).","This species has become rare relative to historical levels because of massive overfishing (Fromentin and Powers 2005, Majkowski 2007, MacKenzie et al. 2009). Genetic differentiation and homing to breeding sites indicates that there are at least three reproductively isolated stocks (Boustany et al. 2008, Carlsson et al. 2007), although there is considerable trans-Atlantic migration of individuals between the Mediterranean and western North Atlantic stocks (Rooker et al. 2008, Dickhut et al. 2009). Mixed western and eastern Bluefin Tuna are found from Labrador and Newfoundland south into the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. Eastern Atlantic Bluefin Tuna are also found from Norway south to the Canary Islands and the Mediterranean Sea. There is a distinct Mediterranean/East Atlantic stock but there is some mixing with the western Atlantic stock in the North Atlantic (Block et al. 2005); in addition, there are genetically recognizable populations within the Mediterranean (Riccione et al. 2010). Worldwide reported landings show fluctuating, but relatively stable landings from 1950–1993, of between 15,000 and 39,000 tonnes per year. Reported catches increased to a peak of 52,785 tonnes in 1996, and then fell again to 38,830 tonnes in 2006 (FAO 2009). However, in many regions, the catch statistics for this species are considered to be unreliable because catches are not reported from some countries and landings data are confounded by ranching harvests occurring months to years after the fish have been caught (STEFC 2009). Based on the most recent stock assessment (ICCAT 2010), the summed SBB biomass for both the Eastern and Western Atlantic stocks has declined at least 51% since 1970. Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean stock The most recent stock assessment suggests that overfishing is no longer occurring, as the current fishing mortality is less than the target fishing mortality (Fcurrent/FMSY = 0.36-0.70); however the stock remains overfished, as the current biomass is less than the target biomass (Bcurrent/BMSY = 0.63-0.76) (ISSF 2013). In the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean stock, the reported catch from 2000–2011 averaged 25,000 tonnes/year (ICCAT 2014). The high mortality for large Bluefin Tuna is consistent with an apparent shift in targeting larger individuals destined for fattening and/or farming in the region. A quota system has been put in place to set levels for maximum sustainable yield (MSY) of 30,000-36,000 mt, and have set the TAC at 13,400 for 2014 (ISSF 2013). The current management structure has established TACs for the entire Mediterranean; however, recent genetic studies suggest multiple populations within the Mediterranean (Riccione et al. 2010). This is problematic because there is the potential for overfishing of segments of the Mediterranean population. In addition, information available has demonstrated that catches of Bluefin Tuna from the East Atlantic and Mediterranean were seriously under-reported between the mid-1990s through 2007. The lack of compliance with TAC and underreporting of the catch may have severely undermined the conservation of the stock (ISSF 2013). In the most recent stock assessment (ICCAT SCRS 2012), final estimated spawning biomass differs slightly between the satisfactory model runs. The spawning biomass peaked at over 300,000 tonnes in the late 1950s and early 1970s, followed by a decline. Under all runs, the biomass continued to decline slightly to about 150,000–200,000 tonnes around 2005, followed by a substantial increase through 2011 to 300,000-500,000 tonnes (ISSF 2013). Considering all runs, there was substantial variability in current estimates of SSB: the recent (2009–2011) SSB ranged from 16% less to 52% more than the highest estimated SSB levels (1957–1959).","This is a pelagic, oceanodromous species, that seasonally can be found close to shore and can tolerate a wide range of temperatures. This species schools by size, sometimes together with Albacore, Yellowfin, Bigeye, Skipjack etc. It preys on small schooling fishes (anchovies, sauries, hakes) or on squids and red crabs. A recent study on the Mediterranean diet of this species provided evidence that juveniles prey mainly on zooplankton and small pelagic coastal fishes, sub-adults prey on medium pelagic fishes, shrimps and cephalopods, while adults prey mainly on cephalopods and larger fishes (Sarà and Sarà 2007). This species has a maximum size over 300 cm fork length (FL), but is more common to 200 cm. Longevity is at least 35 years and possibly to 50 years (Santamaria et al. 2009). In the Western Atlantic, this species spawns in the Gulf of Mexico from mid-April to early June at temperatures of 22.6–27.5°C, starting at age 8–10 years at around 200 cm (FL), although most individuals first spawn closer to age 12 (Rooker et al. 2007, Rooker et al. 2008, Boustany et al. 2008, Diaz et al. 2009, Collette 2010). Recently, a few larvae were collected northeast of Campeche Bank suggesting that they were spawned outside of the Gulf of Mexico (Muhling et al. 2011). Maximum age is around 32 years (Neilson and Compana 2008), although age composition structure has also changed over time (e.g., there are more younger individuals). For the most recent stock assessment, an age of first maturity was estimated to be approximately 145 kg or about age nine years in the Gulf of Mexico (SRCS ICCAT 2010). For the western Atlantic stock, the generation length is therefore estimated to be approximately 13 years based on average survivorship and fecundity across known scombrid stocks (Collette et al. 2011). The Eastern Atlantic stock spawns in the Mediterranean Sea from May to August at temperatures of 22.5–25.5°C, starting at age three years and full recruitment is reached by age five years. There are distinct behaviours during the spawning time, most noticeably with changes in diving times and depths. Estimated relative batch fecundity is greater (more than 90 oocytes/g of body weight) than estimated for other tunas in the genus Thunnus (Sissenwine et al. 1998, Corriero et al. 2003, Rooker et al. 2007, Boustany et al. 2008, Rooker et al. 2008, Collette 2010). Fromentin and Powers (2005) reported that there is spawning site fidelity for this species both in the Mediterranean Sea and in the Gulf of Mexico. There are at least two separate spawning aggregations in the Mediterranean Sea (Riccioni et al. 2010, 2013). In addition, there are genetically recognizable populations within the Mediterranean (Riccioni et al. 2010, 2013). Median sexual maturity in the Mediterranean Sea was reached at 103.6 cm (FL), and females weighing between 270 and 300 kg produce as many as 10 million eggs per spawning season (Corriero et al. 2005).  In the Eastern Atlantic stock and in the Mediterranean Sea, age of first maturity is about 3–5 years (115–121 cm FL), with a longevity of 35 years or more (Corriero et al. 2003, Santamaria et al. 2009, Rooker et al. 2007, Rooker et al. 2008). For the most recent stock assessment, an age of first maturity was estimated to be approximately 25 kg or age four years in the Mediterranean (SRCS ICCAT 2010). For the eastern Atlantic stock, the generation length is therefore estimated to be approximately seven years based on average survivorship and fecundity across known scombrid stocks (Collette et al. 2011). Maximum Size (in cms) 458 (TL). The all-tackle angling record is of a 678.58 kg fish caught off Aulds Cove, Nova Scotia, Canada in 1979 (IGFA 2014).","Thunnus thynnus is an important commercial food fish and is specifically targeted in fisheries. This species is mainly caught by purse-seine, longline and traps. Historically, it has been heavily overfished throughout its range resulting in substantial declines in the populations. In addition, T. thynnus is also used for commercial fish farming in the Mediterranean Sea (Forrestal et al. 2012), where juveniles are caught and raised in pens. This may pose substantial threats to the population of T. thynnus for a number of reasons. Individuals are removed from the breeding stock, and this is not always adequately accounted for in the landings statistics. The conversion ratio of forage fish to tuna flesh is highly inefficient, and thus raising tunas is depleting small pelagic fish stocks which might otherwise be food for wild populations of tunas and other large pelagic species. In addition, there is evidence of localized pollution from maintaining the large pens, which may also be impacting spawning tunas and other species in the Mediterranean. Rearing in captivity may also impact the reproductive function of adults through changes in germ cell proliferation and apoptosis (Zupa et al. 2013), which may explain why spawning occurred every day in cages in the Balearic Sea in June 2010, but few or no larvae were found (Reglero et al. 2013). The population in the Black Sea appears to have been extirpated, though the direct cause is unclear. Overexploitation, shipping noise, and changed environmental conditions have been implicated, but the mechanisms are obscure, largely undocumented, and unquantified (MacKenzie and Mariani 2012).","There are several conservation measures for this species mainly based on regulation of fisheries activities. The International Commission for the Conservation of the Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT) was established in 1967. Fisheries quotas have been in place since 1982, and a comprehensive pluri-annual recovery action plan adopted by the ICCAT contracting parties in 2007, including time closure for fishing activities and mandated reduction in fishing capacity. However, many conservation measures are not fully enforced and illegal catch continues. Enforcement of the existing measures is needed to prevent extinction of this species. Also, although the Bluefin Tuna probably has more data collected on it than most other fish species, uncertainties in the data make much of it unreliable. It is crucial to improve the quality of data if fisheries managers are going to be able to improve their methods. Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean For EU Member States, driftnet fishing for tuna has been banned since 1st January 2002, while the ban entered into force in 2004 for all the other Contracting Parties to ICCAT, as well as the GFCM Member States, but a driftnet fishing activity is still officially permitted in Morocco. The ICCAT further believes that a time area closure could greatly facilitate the implementation and the monitoring of rebuilding strategies. In 2006, ICCAT established a management plan to rebuild the stock to BMSY by 2022 with 50% or greater probability (ICCAT SCRS 2006: Rec. 06-05). As various issues related to implementation of the plan have come up, the plan has been amended and strengthened every year since. In 2009, ICCAT (ICCAT 2009: Rec. 09-06) the Commission established a total allowable catch for eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Bluefin Tuna at 13,500 t for 2010. The current management plan (ICCAT 2010: Rec. 10-04) calls for rebuilding to be achieved with at least 60% probability. It includes a number of conservation measures (country-specific TACs, minimum size limit, closed fishing seasons, management controls of fishing and farming capacity) as well as Monitoring, Control and Surveillance (MCS) measures (vessel registers, vessel monitoring systems, observer programs, transshipment prohibitions, weekly catch reporting, etc.). ICCAT has also approved a research program with different components aimed at improving data and knowledge of Bluefin Tuna biology and behaviour. It is still early to see what practical improvements these efforts will have on rebuilding the stock and improving stock assessments, but it is generally agreed that investments in research and MCS need to be sustained if overfishing is to be avoided. Deferring effective management measures will likely result in even more stringent measures being necessary in the future to achieve the ICCAT objectives. STECF agrees with the ICCAT-SCRS (2006) that the minimum catch size should be set at 25 kg in order to avoid misreporting and/or discarded catches of mature fish between 25 kg and 30 kg. There remains an urgent need to have more reliable and complete size frequency data (particularly, but not only, for early year-classes 1–3) for the period following the introduction of a TAC in the Mediterranean. Tagging programs, fishery independent surveys and mining of historical data will all contribute to a better understanding of the status of this species and should be encouraged (STECF 2009). SCRS undertook a reassessment of the fish in 2014 (STECF 2014), recognising that there are considerable data limitations, not least the level of underestimated and underrecorded catches, especially up to 2007. In Recommendations (Res. 09-06, 10-04, 12-03, and 13-07) the STECF established a total allowable catch for eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean bluefin tuna of between 12,900 t and 13,500 t since 2010. Additionally, in the Commission required (Rec. 09-06) that the SCRS provide the scientific basis for the Commission to establish a recovery plan with the goal of achieving BMSY through 2022 with at least 60% of probability. Thunnus thynnus was assessed as Endangered globally (IUCN 2011) and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).","This is a highly valued species for the Japanese sashimi markets, which has led to severe overfishing in both the Eastern and Western Atlantic. It is also an important gamefish particularly in the United States and Canada. The eastern Atlantic Bluefin Tuna stock is taken by a variety of vessels and types of fishing gears, with landing sites located in many countries. The main gears are longline, trap and baitboat for the east Atlantic, and purse-seine, longline and traps for the Mediterranean. Recreational fishing may also be a relevant but unquantified source of fishing mortality on Bluefin Tuna. The paucity of reliable data from various fisheries has compromised the stock assessments of the eastern Atlantic Bluefin Tuna stock for many years (see for example SCRS ICCAT 2010, STECF 2009). Size composition data from purse seine fisheries were missing for many years, particularly in the 1990s. For most of the 2000s, tuna farming compounded the problem of obtaining accurate catch and size-composition data because the fish cannot be accurately sampled until harvesting, which takes place from four months to several years after the fish are caught in the wild. The accuracy of overall catches has also been affected over time by under-reporting or over-reporting associated with quotas. In addition, data on juvenile Bluefin Tuna catches from the Mediterranean were also unavailable for many years. Since 2008, ICCAT has adopted several measures that should address these concerns, such as an increase in minimum size, and 100% observer coverage on purse seiners and transfers of fish to cages. However, despite the expectation that these measures will improve fishery statistics, substantial gaps remain in the historical data used for stock assessments. Thunnus thynnus is also used for commercial fish farming in the Mediterranean Sea (Forrestal et al. 2012), where juveniles are caught and raised in pens.","Ralph, G. & Allen, D.J.","Collette, B., Amorim, A.F., Boustany, A., Carpenter, K.E., de Oliveira Leite Jr., N., Di Natale, A., Die, D., Fox, W., Fredou, F.L., Graves, J., Viera Hazin, F.H., Hinton, M., Juan Jorda, M., Kada, O., Minte Vera, C., Miyabe, N., Nelson, R., Oxenford, H.,",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,TORPEDINIDAE,Torpedo,marmorata,,Torpedo marmorata,"Risso, 1810","This species is sometimes called Spotted Electric Ray, which has resulted in confusion between this species and the Blackspotted Electric ray (T. foscomaculata).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Spotted Torpedo (Torpedo marmorata) is a demersal species that seems to be widespread in the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. It is not targeted by commercial fisheries, but is taken as bycatch in demersal trawl fisheries, coastal trammel nets, and bottom longlines, then usually discarded. Trawl survey data indicate that this species is more common than other Torpedo species in the northern Mediterranean Sea, with a stable population trend in waters south of France, and possible increasing trend in coastal waters of Italy. Conversely, a 24% decline was reported in the Adriatic Sea between 1948 and 2005. Owing to its broad geographical range and low commercial value, combined with an absence of evidence for declines (except in the Adriatic Sea), the population is suspected to be stable overall; therefore Spotted Torpedo is assessed as Least Concern in European waters. In the future, fisheries bycatch and landings should be monitored given that little is known of population trends or the impact of fisheries off western Africa and the rest of its Northeast Atlantic range, where demersal trawl effort is high.",Stable,"The species is found in the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea: from the northern U.K., south to the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa, and throughout the Mediterranean Sea (Whitehead et al. 1984). The depth range is 10−100 m.","The trends in abundance are uncertain for the European region because beam trawl surveys only catch this species in low numbers and it is not commercially targeted. Reports indicate that it is more common than the other two Torpedo species in the Adriatic Sea: Ocellate Torpedo (Torpedo torpedo) and Great Torpedo (Torpedo nobiliana; Bini 1967). The International Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean programme covers the European Mediterranean coast almost continuously from western Morocco and Spain in the west to the Aegean Sea in the east. A total of 6,336 tows were performed between 1994 and 1999 at depths of 10−800 m. This species occurred in 317 of 6,336 hauls (Baino et al. 2001), indicating that it is relatively abundant in the northern Mediterranean Sea compared with other elasmobranch species recorded. Bertrand et al. (2000) and Aldebert (1997) both found no evidence of population decline for this species on the southern coast of France. Analysis of trawl survey data in the northern Tyrrhenian Sea showed that the population is increasing in the coastal zone, probably owing to the low commercial value of the species (Ferretti et al. 2005). Conversely, Ferretti et al. (2013) reported a 24% population decline in the Adriatic Sea between 1948 and 2005.","This benthic species occurs on sea grass, rocky reefs and soft or stony bottoms at depths of 10−100 m (Serena 2005). It avoids temperatures above 20°C.In Egyptian and Tunisian Mediterranean waters, the largest recorded male was 39.5 cm total length (TL), while the largest female was 61.2 cm TL (Capapé 1979, Abdel-Aziz 1994). In the western English Channel, the largest male recorded was 43 cm TL. Males mature at 21−29 cm TL and females at 31−39 cm TL. Mellinger (1971) reported that females mature at ~12 years and live to 20 years of age, while males mature at five years and live to 12−13 years. This aplacental live-bearing species has a gestation period of 10−12 months (Abdel-Aziz 1994). It probably breeds every two years, and fecundity appears to increase with the size of the female (Capapé 1979, Abdel-Aziz 1994). Females produce three to 18 pups, measuring 10−14 cm TL at birth. The breeding season is reportedly November to December (Mellinger 1971).  ","This species is not commercially fished, but it is taken as bycatch in demersal trawl fisheries, coastal trammel nets and bottom longlines and often discarded at sea due to its low commercial value (Minervini et al. 1985). As a result of this discarding and the grouping of landings data with other rays, little information is available on the catch of this species. Fishing pressure from demersal trawl fisheries is relatively intensive on the continental shelf off western Africa.","No species-specific management or conservation measures are in place. Precautionary conservation measures should include the live release of individuals caught, improved monitoring of fisheries bycatch, identification of important nursery areas, and the establishment of protected areas for such demersal species. Research is also required on threats, population size, trends and capture in fisheries throughout the species’ range, particularly in the Northeast Atlantic where data are scarce.","The species is not thought to be exploited nor traded commercially. Historically, in Adriatic Sea, Torpedo marmorata was sold smoked although its meat was of the lowest commercial value (Ninni 1912).","Walls, R. & Kemp, J.R.","Notarbartolo di Sciara, G., Serena, F., Ungaro, N., Ferretti, F., Pheeha, S., Human, B., McCully, S. & Buscher, E.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,TORPEDINIDAE,Torpedo,nobiliana,,Torpedo nobiliana,"Bonaparte, 1835",The name as allocated to the southern African material is provisional. Work underway suggests that there may be a tropical species from off southern Mozambique that is more similar to true T. nobiliana from the North Atlantic than to specimens from Namibia and the Cape. Work is underway to clarify the taxonomy of the Indian Ocean species.,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least ConcernGreat Torpedo Ray (Torpedo nobiliana) is a widespread, large electric ray found in the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. Adults are pelagic and/or semi-pelagic, swimming in the water column from depths of zero to 800 m, whereas juveniles are mainly benthic and live on soft-substrate and reef habitat in shallower water. This electric ray is caught with bottom trawls and line gear. It is usually discarded at sea, resulting in limited catch data. Very little catch data are available from scientific trawl surveys. Given that this is a widespread pelagic species that is rarely caught in fisheries, Great Torpedo Ray is assessed as Least Concern in European waters. Further research is required to assess the impact of fishing activities on populations and important habitats. ",Stable,"The species is found throughout much of the Atlantic. In the Northeast Atlantic, this ray occurs from the northern British Isles to Morocco. It is also present in the Mediterranean Sea, but not the Black Sea (Stehmann and Bürkel 1984, Serena 2005). Its depth range is zero to 800 m.","Few data are available for inferring population trends for this species across its range. Low frequency of occurrence in bottom trawl surveys from the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea suggest that it is relatively rare. In the Northeast Atlantic, it is occasionally caught in surveys along the Atlantic shelf, but not in sufficient numbers to infer population trends. During the International Bottom Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean (MEDITS), it was captured in 73 of 6,336 hauls conducted throughout the northern Mediterranean Sea at depths of 10−800 m between 1994 and 1999, and it appears to be more common in the western basin (Baino et al. 2001). In the Gruppo Nazionale Demersali Italian scientific trawl surveys, this species was reported in low numbers from several locations along the Italian coast, including Sicily, Calabria, Gulf of Taranto, Sardinia, and the northern Tyrrhenian Sea. It is rarely recorded off Tuscany and Corsica (Relini et al. 2000, Ferretti et al. 2005). Historical records report this ray in the northern Tyrrhenian Sea (D’Ancona and Razzauti 1937, Foresi 1986), Ligurian Sea (Ariola 1904, Brunelli and Bini 1934) and Gulf of Lion (Aldebert 1997), but it is difficult to evaluate previous trends in abundance as most of these reports are qualitative and do not specify catch rates for this species. Despite the lack of data suggesting abundance and population trends, it is suspected that the European subpopulation is stable owing to the limited interaction with fisheries.","This electric ray occurs at depths of zero to 800 m. Juveniles are mainly benthic on soft substrates and coral reef habitats at depths of 10−150 m, and sometimes considerably deeper (up to 350 m). Adults may be pelagic or semi-pelagic, solitary, and reportedly capable of migrating over great distances (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Specimens were captured in MEDITS surveys throughout the depth range surveyed (10−800 m), but mostly at depths of 200−500 m (Baino et al. 2001). Embryos of this live-bearing species rely on yolk-only nutrition. Large females reportedly have up to 60 embryos. The gestation period is ~12 months and size at birth is 20−25 cm total length (TL; Whitehead et al. 1984, McEachran and de Carvalho 2002). The smallest mature male ever reported was 55 cm TL, and the smallest mature female was 90 cm TL (Capapé et al. 2006). This species reaches a maximum size of ~180 cm TL (McEachran and de Carvalho 2002). ","Historically, this ray was valued for its liver oil, which was used in lamps prior to the use of kerosene oil. Presently, it is occasionally caught incidentally by bottom trawls and line gear in commercial and recreational fisheries. It is usually discarded at sea, resulting in limited data on catches and discard survival is unknown. The lack of catch data makes it difficult to determine population trends. As a large-bodied ray, it may be biologically vulnerable to depletion. The impact of bycatch on populations needs to be assessed. The species’ vulnerability to indirect effects of habitat degradation from destructive bottom trawling practices should also be assessed given that reef environments are suspected to be the preferred spawning habitat. ","In 1999, the European Union (EU) introduced a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for skates and rays of 6,060 tonnes (t) for fisheries operating in the Norwegian Sea and North Sea (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea [ICES] Division IIa and Subarea IV) based on landing statistics from the previous five years. This TAC has been progressively reduced by 8−25% annually to the current level of 1,256 t. As part of the TAC, the bycatch quota for vessels over 15 meters was set at 25% of live weight of catch retained on board per trip. For much of this period (1999−2014), the TAC was higher than reported landings and therefore not effectively constraining catches. Skate and ray TACs were established for other EU waters in 2009, including the Skagerrak and Kattegat (ICES Division IIIa) and from the northwest coast of Scotland and North Ireland to Portuguese waters (ICES sub-areas VI−IX) and have also been gradually reduced since then.Accurate monitoring of catches and research on historical abundance is needed to determine the status of subpopulations. Further research on life history characteristics is also required.",The species is not exploited nor traded commercially.,"Serena, F. & Kemp, J.R.","Bradai, M.N. & Ellis, J.","Notarbartolo di Sciara, G., Serena, F., Ungaro, N., Ferretti, F., Holtzhausen, H., Smale, M. & Fordham, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,RAJIFORMES,TORPEDINIDAE,Torpedo,torpedo,,Torpedo torpedo,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This electric ray occurs in the eastern Atlantic, from the southern Bay of Biscay, south to Angola and in the Mediterranean Sea. It is primarily coastal, found in inshore waters, although occasionally found to depths of more than 300 m. It is apparently more common in the southern than in the northern Mediterranean Sea. Trawl survey data available from the northern Mediterranean Sea indicate that it is less common than other electric rays (Torpedo spp.) in this area, and few data are currently available from the rest of the species’ range. This ray is taken as bycatch in demersal fisheries, including coastal artisanal fisheries, trawls and trammel nets, although no specific data are available on its capture.Population decline is suspected in European waters based on the apparent disappearance from areas in which it used to occur, perceived rarity elsewhere, and geographic overlap with coastal demersal fisheries. However, this is an untargeted electric ray whose post-discard survival may be relatively high because it is often caught in shallow waters, and it is most likely discarded at sea. For these reasons the species is assessed as Least Concern for this region. Demersal fishing pressure is relatively intensive in large areas of its range and there is need to further investigate the effect of fisheries and habitat pressures on this species.",Decreasing,"Within the Northeast Atlantic this electric ray occurs southwards from the southern Bay of Biscay beyond the Eastern Central Atlantic; records as far north as Belgium are considered questionable. It also occurs throughout the Mediterranean Sea, where it is most common in African waters. It does not occur in the Black Sea (Ebert and Stehmann 2013).","In the Mediterranean Sea, this species is more common along the northern African (southern Mediterranean Sea) coasts. Surveys in the northern Mediterranean Sea suggest that it is uncommon and less abundant than Spotted Torpedo Ray (Torpedo marmorata) there. Common Torpedo Ray (T. torpedo) was recorded in 28 of 6,336 hauls conducted during the International Bottom Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean (MEDITS) in the northern Mediterranean Sea, from 1994-1999 at depths of 10-800 m (Baino et al. 2001). The species is rare around the Balearic Islands. In some regions where it was recorded in the past it is now undetectable by trawl surveys. For example in the Adriatic Sea (northern Mediterranean Sea), it was historically reported as rare in species lists but has not been recorded in recent trawl surveys (Jukic-Peladic et al. 2001). The species has been recorded in trawl surveys along the western coast of Africa (Gulyugin et al. 2006), but virtually no other information is currently available from throughout the rest of its range. In fact, the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea did not mention the species in the 2014 Working Group for Elasmobranch Fishes report, despite mentioning both Spotted Torpedo Ray and Great Torpedo Ray (T. nobiliana), indicating a likely absence from the region.","This benthic ray is common in tropical waters, found on soft substrates, usually inshore, but also down to 70 m or occasionally to depths of more than 300 m (Gulyugin et al. 2006). The maximum recorded size is about 60 cm total length (TL; Serena 2005). In Egyptian waters size at maturity is 18 cm TL for males and 22 cm TL for females (Abdel-Aziz 1994). This is an aplacental viviparous species, with an apparent restricted, annual breeding season (Abdel-Aziz 1994). Birth usually occurs between March and September with 3-21 juveniles of 8-10 cm TL (Serena 2005). Litter size increases with the size of the female. Considering the available information for its congener Torpedo californica (Neer and Cailliet 2001), the species is suspected to mature between six and nine years, reaching a maximum age of 16 years. Generation length is therefore estimated to be 12.5 years.","This species is captured in demersal fisheries, including bottom trawls, trammel nets, and artisanal coastal fisheries. Even though it is edible, it is undesirable for human consumption (Ebert and Stehmann 2013) and landed by very few fisheries; it is most often discarded at sea. Post-discard survival may be relatively high because it is often caught in shallow waters, but there is no evidence for this as yet. It appears to be consistently present in the demersal catch of fisheries on northern Mediterranean shores, owing to the complete overlap between its range and coastal demersal fisheries. No information is currently available on catch of this species in the Northeast Atlantic or Eastern Central Atlantic region.","Precautionary conservation measures should include the live release of individuals caught, improved monitoring of fisheries data, identification of important nursery areas and the establishment of protected areas for such demersal species. Improvement and implementation of elasmobranch monitoring programmes is required to obtain data from throughout the species’ range.",The species is landed in some ports of the North Thyrrenian Sea. The meat can be eaten after removal of electrical organs from the specimens and then deep fried.,"Dulvy, N.","Serena, F., Notarbartolo di Sciara, G. & Ungaro, N.","Walls, R. & Buscher, E.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,SYNODONTIDAE,Trachinocephalus,myops,,Trachinocephalus myops,"(Forster, 1801)", Recent work indicates that Atlantic and Indo-west Pacific populations are genetically (Frable et al. 2013) and morphologically (Polanco 2006) distinct. Further investigation of this genus is needed.,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, Trachinocephalus myops is found only in the Azores. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, Trachinocephalus myops is found only in the Azores (as Synodus myops; Carneiro et al. 2014). Globally, Trachinocephalus myops occurs worldwide in tropical and warm temperate waters, except the eastern Pacific. There are strong genetic data that suggests Atlantic populations represent a separate species from the Pacific populations, however, further investigation is still needed. In the western Atlantic it is known from Maine south along the U.S., Bermuda, the Bahamas, throughout the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, and along South America to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil including Trinidade Island (Simon et al. 2013). In the eastern Atlantic it is known from Saint Helena and Ascension Islands, the Cape Verde Islands, and along West Africa from Senegal to Namibia. In the Indo-Pacific it is known along East Africa, the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Japan, northern Australia, and the Hawaiian Islands (Forster in Bloch and Schneider 1801, Cressey and Waples 1984, Sulak 1990). The depth range is zero to 365 m, but it most commonly occurs between 25-90 m (Russell 2002). ",There are no population data available for Europe.,"Trachinocephalus myops is a marine, reef-associated species that occurs in tropical and warm temperate waters to a depth of 400 m (Lieske and Myers 1994); it is usually found between three and 90 m (Sulak 1990). This species can be found near shore above 40 m, over sandy bottoms of deep outer reef slopes (Yamada et al. 1995). It has also been reported to be common in estuaries (Heemstra 1995, Kuiter and Tonozuka 2001). The maximum total length for this species in 40 cm male/unsexed (Lieske and Myers 1994) and the maximum reported age for this species is seven years (Sadovy and Cornish 2000). The spawning season is from February to October (Zhuangli 1997). It is an ambush predator and individuals bury themselves in wait for small fishes and crustaceans.",There are no major threats known to affect this species. It is removed as bycatch in many fisheries.,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place.,Trachinocephalus myops is of minor commercial importance to the fisheries industry (Sinoda et al. 1978).,"Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Russell, B., Polanco Fernandez, A., Moore, J., McEachran, J.D., Kaymaram, F., Bishop, J., Al-Husaini, M. & Alam, S.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CARANGIDAE,Trachinotus,ovatus,,Trachinotus ovatus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Trachinotus ovatus is restricted to the eastern Atlantic where it is found from British and Scandinavian waters, south to Angola, including the Mediterranean Sea and offshore islands at depths ranging from 50 to 200 metres. This species appears to be common, however there is little species-specific population information available. It is not explicitly targeted, however it is taken as bycatch in a number of fisheries. There are no species-specific conservation measures in place, however it is likely to be found in marine protected areas throughout its range. Therefore, T. ovatus is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Trachinotus ovatus is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, T. ovatus is found from British Isles and Norway south to Madeira and the Canary Islands, including the Mediterranean Sea. In the Mediterranean T. ovatus occurs in Spanish waters (Dempster et al. 2002), Ligurian sea (Tunesi et al. 2002, Molinari 2005), southern Tyrrhenian sea (La Mesa and Vacchi 1999), Adriatic Sea (Dulčić et al. 1997), Aegean Sea and Egyptian waters (Abdallah 2002). It is found at depths ranging from 50 to 200 metres.","Landings for ""Trachinotus spp."" are declared for the following Fisheries and Agricultural Organization (FAO) fishing regions: Eastern Central Atlantic, Mediterranean. The overall trend in landings is one of continual increase with large fluctuations. In 2010, 463 tonnes were reported. This species is common but not abundant throughout most of its range. Its population is considered stable in Turkey, at least during the last 10 years (M. Bilecenoglu pers. comm. 2007). Abdallah (2002) surveyed the Egyptian waters, during eighteen cruises using commercial bottom trawlers in 1998. Fishing was carried out at depths of 30 to 200 meters between 29° 30' and 30° 22' E. Forty-five specimens were caught from a total of 162 fishing hours, ranging from 3.4 to 23.3 cm TL.","Trachinotus ovatus is a pelagic species which is also moderately common in shallow water in areas of surge. It is generally found in clear waters over sand or mud substrata (Reiner 1996). It forms schools. Small specimens are regularly caught at night from steep rocky shores. It feeds on small crustaceans, mollusks and fishes in the water column (Smith-Vaniz 1986). Juveniles are found along the coast of Israel in summer months (Chervinski and Zorn 1977). Individuals will aggregate to feed upon food pellets lost through the cages of fish farms (Demspter et al. 2005). Inshore pelagic schooling fish, adults swim close to the surface while juveniles (up to 7cm) live in shallow sandy beaches which are used as nursery grounds (Golani et al. 2006).","Trachinotus ovatus is of minor commercial importance, although it is not explicitly targeted. In the Atlanto-Mediterranean species is fished commercially and can be locally important. Large schools are caught by purse seine and trammel nets. This species can be locally commercially important (Golani et al. 2006). It is usually caught by gill nets, surrounding nets, hand lines, beach seines, and bottom long line (Smith-Vaniz in press).","There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for T. ovatus. There are no fisheries management efforts directed towards this species. This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Trachinotus ovatus is of minor commercial importance. Landings are seldom declared to FAO for this species. The FAO name for this species is ""Pompano"". It is not considered a priority species by the General Fisheries Commission of the Mediterranean. This species is absent from the MEDITS fisheries-independent trawl survey program. It is also absent from the ICES FishMap Atlas of North Sea fish, which includes the Bay of Biscay. Trachinotus ovatus is a component of hand-line fisheries in the Canary Islands where it is not subject to any management efforts (García-Martín et al. 2011). It is landed by purseseine and beach-seine (Mourad et al. 1999). There has been interest in the aquaculture of this species in the Mediterranean since at least 1977 (Chervinski and Zorn 1977), however there are no indications of large-scale culture.","Harwell, H.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,TRACHINIDAE,Trachinus,araneus,,Trachinus araneus,"Cuvier, 1829",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: LC Trachinus araneus is found in the eastern Atlantic, from Morocco to southern Angola. Its range extends north into the Mediterranean, and along the Atlantic coast of Europe to southern Portugal. It is found to depths of 100 metres over sandy substrates. It appears to be both common and abundant, particularly in the eastern Mediterranean. This species is taken as bycatch in demersal trawl fisheries and is sometimes marketed, but this is not considered a major threat at this time. This species is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range. Therefore, T. araneus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Trachinus araneus is found in the eastern Atlantic, from Morocco to southern Angola. Its range extends north into the Mediterranean, and along the Atlantic coast of Europe to southern Portugal. In the Mediterranean, T. araneus occurs in the entire basin (Akin et al. 2005). It is found to depths of 100 metres (Smith in press).","Trachinus araneus appears to be common and abundant in parts of its range, particularly in the eastern Mediterranean. In the eastern Mediterranean, Trachinus areneus was ranked 24 by CPUE, with a mean CPUE of 0.59 (Akin et al. 2005). In Turkey, where this species is landed, it was among the top 20 most-abundant species and was landed at a rate of 0.10kg/hr (Akyol et al. 2011). In the eastern Adriatic, this species ranked 54th in abundance in trammel net catches from 1995 to 2009.","Trachinus araneus was first described from the western Mediterranean Sea. Trachinus araneus is found in shallow waters from the coastline to about 100 m depth, burrowing in the sand. The first dorsal-fin spines and the spine on the gill cover are venomous. It feeds primarily on small invertebrates and small fishes (Smith in press). Trachinids are littoral or benthic fishes which inhabit sandy or muddy bottoms, typically on the continental shelf but also at deeper depths of 150 to 200 m. These fishes are typically encountered buried in the sediment with their eyes and venomous dorsal spines exposed. Envenomation can cause serious injuries or death. These fishes feed primarily on small invertebrates and fishes. Reproduction occurs during spring and summer. Eggs are oviparous, larvae are pelagic. Weeverfishes are typically taken in trawls and with various forms of artisanal gear such as traps, tines, and beach seines. They are consumed in many localities and marketed fresh (Smith in press). This species reaches a maximum size of 45 cm SL.","Trachinus araneus is taken as bycatch in demersal trawl fisheries in parts of its range. Specifically, this species is discarded in demersal trawls in the Northwestern Mediterranean, and is likely taken as unwanted trawl bycatch throughout its range (Sánchez et al. 2004).",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for T. araneus. It is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range. Trachinus araneus was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).,"Trachinus araneus is frequently found in markets, but is not of great commercial importance. It is landed in Turkey (Akyol et al. 2011) and in the Northern Adriatic Sea (Barausse et al. 2011). Separate catch statistics are not reported for this species. It is caught mainly with bottom trawls and various types of artisanal gear (e.g. traps, lines, beach seines)(Smith in press).","Ralph, G.","Collette, B., Fernandes, P., Herrera, J., Heessen, H. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,TRACHINIDAE,Trachinus,draco,,Trachinus draco,"Linnaeus, 1758",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Trachinus draco is known from Morocco to Mauritania, to the Canary Islands, and Madeira. Its range extends northward into the Mediterranean and Black Seas up the Atlantic coast to Norway and the northern part of the Danish Straits. It is found at depths ranging from 0 to 200 metres over sandy substrates. It is regularly found in local markets in Morocco, Canary Islands, and Madeira. Although Trachinus draco is commercially important in parts of its range, and is taken as bycatch in trawl fisheries, separate landings statistics are not reported. There is no evidence that T. draco is experiencing population declines. There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for T. draco. It can be found in marine protected areas throughout its range. Trachinus draco is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Trachinus draco is known from Morocco to Mauritania, to the Canary Islands, and Madeira. Its range extends northward into the Mediterranean and Black Seas up the Atlantic coast to Norway and the northern part of the Danish Straits (Whitehead et al. 1989). The Greater Weever is a marine species commonly occurring and reproducing in Kattegat, and in the Baltic in the Belt Seas and the Sound (HELCOM 2013). It is found at depths ranging from 0 to 200 metres (Smith in press).","Landings and fisheries-independent surveys Greater Weever landings are declared from the following FAO regions: Northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea. The overall trend in landings is one of dramatic fluctuations with a general increase in landings over time. The majority of landings are declared from the Northeast Atlantic fishing zone. Within this fishing zone, the majority of recent landings are declared by Sweden (FAO 2011). In the waters of Kattegat, Denmark, T. draco, a commercial species which is used as bait and also for human consumption, landings peaked at around 1,000 tonnes in 1957, and then gradually declined to around 100 tonnes in the early 70s. After a subsequent peak to 500 tonnes, recent landings have declined to 40 tonnes. The catch record for Sweden is incomplete and appears well correlated to landings in Denmark. The pound-net fishery, which operated from May-September, accounted for 41% of the landings from 1952 to 1976. This fishery has mostly been abandoned in favor of trawl fishing, which occasionally target this species directly, but more often take it as bycatch (Bagge 2004). In the Baltic Sea, both monitory data and commercial landings show a positive trend in the last decades. Swedish International Bottom Trawl Survey (IBTS) data in the Kattegat shows no long term trend in sampling in the first quarter but data from the third quarter sampling between 1991 and 2010 shows a strong increase after 2000. The same pattern is seen in a coastal bottom trawl monitoring in Kattegat. The German Acoustic survey only dates back to 1995 but show the same pattern of increase in Kattegat as well as in Öresund and the Belt Seas in the 2000s. Swedish commercial landings from Kattegat 1999 and 2011 show a drastic increase from less than 10 tonnes yearly before 2006 to almost 800 tonnes in 2011 (HELCOM Red List Assessments)Trachinus draco is taken in the IBTS in the Kattegat both in the first and third quarter of the year. Swedish IBTS in Kattegat show no long term trend in sampling in the first quarter but data from the third quarter sampling between 1991 to 2010 shows a strong increase after 2000. The same pattern is seen in a coastal bottom trawl monitoring in Kattegat. The German Acoustic survey only dates back to 1995 but show the same pattern of increase in Kattegat as well as in Öresund and the Belt Seas in the 2000s. Swedish commercial landings from Kattegat 1999 to 2011 show a drastic increase from less than 10 tonnes yearly before 2006 to almost 800 tonnes in 2011 (HELCOM Red List Assessments) General population information In the Balearic Islands, Western Mediterranean, T. draco was the most abundant member of the Trachinidae, captured with a 49% frequency of occurrence (Massutí and Reñones 2005). Trachinus draco accounted for 1.95% of the commercial catches taken in beach-seines in the Aegean coast of Turkey (Akyol et al. 2003). In a study of species and size selectivity in a Portuguese multi-species artisanal long-line fishery, T. draco was among the six species which contributed 81% of the total catch by weight, and there was no difference in size-selectivity detected (Erzini et al. 1996). In a study of length-weight relationships of fishes off the coast of Portugal, T. draco was the most abundant species collected. Individuals ranged in size from 11.8 to 39.6 cm, with a mean size of 24.3 cm (Santos et al. 2002). The standardized mean catch rate of T. draco in the North Sea in 1906 to 1909 ranged from 178 fish/hour of fishing to 3.6 fish/hour of fishing, depending on the survey. From 1990 to 1995, T. draco was absent from surveys of the North Sea. It disappeared from the North Sea during a severe winter in the 1960s (Rijnsdorp et al. 1996, H. Heessen pers. comm. 2014). This species is very concentrated in the Kattegat and Skaggerak, as well as the Bay of Biscay (Heessen in prep. 2014, P. Fernandes pers. comm.). It is also common along the Iberian Peninsula, on soft bottoms (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2014).","Habitat and Ecology Trachinus draco burrowing in the substrate, from the coastline to about 200 meters depth, but more commonly between 20 and 50 meters, migrating into deeper waters (to 100 m) during winter. It is pelagic at night (Muus and Nielsen 1999). It is most abundant in waters of moderate salinity, and has a preference for sandy bottoms (Damalas et al. 2010). A study by Demestre et al. (2000) suggests that this species is characteristic of habitats which are directly influenced by seagrass meadows, primarily Posidonia oceanica. Life History Trachinus draco reaches a maximum size of 53 cm (IGFA 2001), however it is more commonly seen to about 25 cm. In Denmark, both male and females reach spawning condition in July, and the spawning season is restricted from June to August, peaking in July. Females are slightly larger than males of similar age, and among the larger and older age groups females are more numerous. Males and females are difficult to separate at age 1. The oldest individuals recorded in the Kattegat were 14 years old (Bagge 2004).  In the Black Sea, the age of first maturity was 1+ year and the first reproduction length was 12.01 cm for females. The maximum age was 6+ years for females and 5+ years for males (Ak and Genç 2013). Mortality coefficients (F) are in the range 0.3 to 0.4. The correlations between fecundity, and length and weight were significant (n=57; 10-3 X F = 0.0031 X L3.1093; r2 = 0.543; 10-3 X F = 0.06243 X W - 2.2581; r2 = 0.5524; p<0.001). The first dorsal-fin spines and the spine on the gill cover are venomous. This species feeds chiefly on small invertebrates such as mysids and decapods, as well as small fishes (Smith in press 2012). The Greater Weever spawns during summer in shallow coastal waters with soft bottoms with sand or gravel. During winter it migrates to deeper area down to 150 m. This species often lays buried with just the eyes and tip of first dorsal fin exposed. The first dorsal fin rays, as well as the spine on the pre-operculum contains venomous spines protecting the species from predators. During night the Greater Weever leaves the burrow to feed on small invertebrates and fishes. Adults normally reach a total length of 25 cm.Family Trachinidae Trachinids are littoral or benthic fishes which inhabit sandy or muddy bottoms, typically on the continental shelf but also at deeper depths of 150 to 200 metres. These fishes are typically encountered buried in the sediment with their eyes and venomous dorsal spines exposed. Envenomation can cause serious injuries or death. These fishes feed primarily on small invertebrates and fishes. Reproduction occurs during spring and summer. Eggs are oviparous, larvae are pelagic. Weeverfishes are typically taken in trawls and with various forms of artisanal gear such as traps, lines, and beach seines. They are consumed in many localities and marketed fresh (Smith in press).","Trachinus draco is commercially important in parts of its range, and is taken as bycatch in trawl fisheries. It is not in any way protected by legislation or management, although it moves little, grows slowly, has high catch-ability, and has been exposed to high total mortality (Bagge 2004).","Trachinus draco is has not been and still is not in any way protected by legislation or management, although it moves little, grows slowly, has high catchability, and has been exposed to high total mortality (Bagge 2004). Its distribution overlaps with marine protected areas. Trachinus draco has undergone Regional Red List Assessment in the Baltic Sea. It was assessed as Least Concern due to increasing population trends between 1991 to 2010 detected by the fisheries-independent International Bottom Trawl Survey in the Kattegat, which is corroborated by trends in landings in the region (Regional HELCOM RedList Assessment project). Trachinus draco was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).","Trachinus draco is regularly found in local markets in Morocco, Canary Islands, and Madeira. It is also found in some Spanish markets (i.e., Huelva: J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2014). Separate statistics are not reported for this species. It is caught mainly with bottom trawls and artisanal gear (e.g. traps, lines) and is marketed fresh (Smith in press). In the Black Sea, this species is mainly taken as bycatch with purse seines, bottom trawl, and gill nets (Ak and Genç 2013). In Denmark, since at least 1834, this species has been landed as by-catch poundnet fisheries which operate at depths which are generally <20 m depth. Specimens > 25 cm are considered a valuable export for human consumption. It is used as bait on longlines and for local human consumption, as well as for fodder for trout farming. An increase in trout farming after the second World War led to increasing demand for fodder, which led to increased effort in the Danish industrial fishery deploying small-meshed gear (Bagge 2004).","Ralph, G.","Heessen, H., Fernandes, P., Collette, B., Herrera, J. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,TRACHINIDAE,Trachinus,pellegrini,,Trachinus pellegrini,"Cadenat, 1937",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)  Listed as Data Deficient as the information on the species in Europe is limited and there is no information on its population size and trend. It is taken occasionally by trawl and artisanal fisheries, but separate catch statistics are not reported for this species and the effects of potential trends should be studied. Further research should be conducted to establish the status of the species throughout its range.",Unknown,"In European waters, Trachinus pellegrini is found in the Canary Islands. However, the inclusion of the Canary Islands in some published old catalogues (Roux 1990) was not validated (Brito et al. 2002). Nonetheless, it has been recently recorded from the Canary Islands (several specimens were caught off Fuerteventura Island), enlarging its general bathymetric range to 188 m depth and establishing a new northern limit of the species distribution (Almón et al. 2012). The range of the species also extends to the tropical coast of Cape Verde, West Africa, Senegal to Cameroon. Its range likely extends south to Gabon, as it has been recorded in the Nansen survey off the coast of Gabon (coordinates (S2 32.7, E9 13.7)). It has also been recorded in Mauritania (Maurin 1968). It is found at depths ranging from coastal waters to 188 metres depth.","There is little species-specific population information in place for T. pellegrini, as in Europe it is known only from several specimens caught off Fuerteventura. The population of the species is represented by two lots in museum collections (FishNet2 2014). It is rare in the southern portion of its range (Gabon), but it is also reported to be common in some areas.","Trachinus pellegrini is a benthic fish, inhabiting rocky, muddy sandy bottoms in littoral areas and coastal waters on the continental shelf, but also at deeper depths of around 150-200 m. These fishes are typically encountered buried in the sediment with their eyes and venomous dorsal spines exposed. The first dorsal-fin spines and the spine on the gill cover are venomous; envenomation is the cause of serious injuries or death. They feed primarily on small invertebrates and fishes. Reproduction occurs during spring and summer; the eggs are oviparous and the larvae pelagic. It reaches a maximum size of 21.5 cm (Cadenat 1937).","Trachinus pellegrini is caught occasionally with bottom trawls and with various forms of artisanal gear such as traps, tines and beach seines. There is no further information on the potential threats to the species.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not the target of any conservation action, and it is unknown whether it is found in protected areas. Further research is needed on the population trend and threats to the species.","Trachinus pellegrini is caught occasionally with bottom trawls and with various forms of artisanal gear such as traps, tines, and beach seines. They are consumed in many localities and marketed fresh (Smith in prep. 2012). Separate catch statistics are not reported for this species.","García, M.","González Pérez, J.A.","Carpenter, K.E., Smith-Vaniz, W.F., de Bruyne, G., de Morais, L. & Stump, E.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,TRACHINIDAE,Trachinus,radiatus,,Trachinus radiatus,"Cuvier, 1829",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Trachinus radiatus is restricted to the eastern Atlantic, where it is found from Gibraltar southward to Angola, including the Canary Islands and the Mediterranean Sea. It occurs at depths of 10 to 150 metres and is found over sandy and muddy bottoms. It appears be be uncommon in the assessment zone; however, it becomes more common further south in warmer waters. This species is occasionally taken as bycatch in trawl fisheries throughout its range, and is sometimes marketed but more typically discarded. There is no evidence of population declines. Therefore, T. radiatus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"In the eastern Atlantic, Trachinus radiatus is found from Gibraltar southward to Angola. It has been reported from the Canary Islands (Uiblein et al. 1998). It occurs at depths of 10 to 150 metres (Smith in press). This species is widespread in the Mediterranean Sea, including the Aegean Sea (Stergiou et al. 2002) and the eastern Mediterranean (Golani et al. 2006).","Many Trachinus radiatus were captured off the Canary Islands (Uiblein et al. 1998). This species was considered on of the most (numerically) important components of the demersal assemblage off Congo and Gabon (Bianchi 1992). Trachinus radiatus was not among the 7 species which dominated sandy bottoms in Ibiza, Spain (Fischer et al. 2007). It appears to be relatively uncommon in the eastern Mediterranean (Edelist et al. 2011).","Trachinus radiatus inhabits sand and mud bottoms of the continental shelf between the coastline and 150 metres depth, burying in the substrate. The first dorsal-fin spines and the spine on the gill cover are venomous. It reaches a maximum size of 45 cm, but is more commonly seen to 25 cm (Smith in press). There was no correlation between size and depth in T. radiatus in the Canary Islands (Uiblein et al. 1998). Family Trachinidae Trachinids are littoral or benthic fishes which inhabit sandy or muddy bottoms, typically on the continental shelf but also at deeper depths of 150 to 200 metres. These fishes are typically encountered buried in the sediment with their eyes and venomous dorsal spines exposed. Envenomation can cause serious injuries or death. These fishes feed primarily on small invertebrates and fishes. Reproduction occurs during spring and summer. Eggs are oviparous, larvae are pelagic. Weeverfishes are typically taken in trawls and with various forms of artisanal gear such as traps, lines, and beach seines. They are consumed in many localities and marketed fresh (Smith in press).","Trachinus radiatus is taken as bycatch in trawl fisheries of the Mediterranean coast of Egypt (Alsayes et al. 2009). In Mediterranean waters off the coast of Israel, this species is captured relatively infrequently and is discarded 100% of the time (Edelist et al. 2011).","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for T. radiatus. Its distribution overlaps with several marine protected areas. Trachinus radiatus benefits from marine protected areas. Whereas inside the marine protected area, CPUE for this species was 0.037, outside of the protected area it was 0.009 (Stobart et al. 2009). Trachinus radiatus was assessed as Least Concern in the regional Mediterranean Red List Assessments (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).","Trachinus radiatus is taken occasionally by trawl and artisanal fisheries, but is reported to be common in some areas. Separate catch statistics are not reported for this species. It is caught with bottom trawls and marketed fresh (Smith in press). In the eastern Mediterranean, this species is discarded from the Israeli trawl fishery 100% of the time (Edelist et al. 2011).","Ralph, G.","Collette, B., Fernandes, P., Heessen, H., Herrera, J. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LAMPRIFORMES,TRACHIPTERIDAE,Trachipterus,arcticus,,Trachipterus arcticus,"(Brünnich, 1788)",The Trachipteridae family needs revision (Olney in press).,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Trachipterus arcticus is distributed in the mid Atlantic ridge east, and can be found from the North Sea to South Africa. It is a mostly rare, deep-dwelling species which occurs at depths ranging from 300 to 600 m. This species frequently occurs as bycatch in longline fisheries, but it is not purposefully utilized and has no major threats. Therefore, T. arcticus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Trachipterus arcticus is widely distributed in temperate regions of the mesopelagic zone of the eastern Atlantic Ocean from the North Sea to South Africa (Olney in press) including the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Fock and Ehrich 2010), Norway, Iceland and Madeira (Figueiredo et al. 2007). This species can be found a depths ranging from roughly 300 to 600 m (Casamajor and Morandeau 2013). In the warm temperate western Atlantic it is distributed from New York south to Florida and the Gulf of Mexico.","Trachipterus arcticus is considered rare and when caught is normally solitary, however, occasionally they are caught in small groups (Casamajor and Morandeau 2013). In a trawl survey off of Norway, T. arcticus was present in 17% of the trawls in small numbers (O'Donnell et al. 2009). Off of Ireland this species is rare; however, it appears more frequently in offshore waters outside the 200 m line (Quigley and Flannery 2005).","Trachipterus arcticus is a mesopelagic fish with a maximum size of approximately 300 cm TL (Muus and Nielson 1999). It feeds on pelagic crustaceans, small fishes, and squids (Palmer 1986). Data on the reproduction and habits of this species are limited (Olney in press).",Trachipterus arcticus is taken as bycatch in several fisheries.,"There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for this species, although it may occur within marine protected areas throughout its range.","Trachipterus arcticus is not utilized (Olney in press). During an observer trip on a Japanese freezer longliner in the international waters of the North East Atlantic, this species was one of the most frequently discarded fishes (Boyd 2008).","Kloppmann, M.","Collette, B., Smith-Vaniz, W.F., Fernandes, P., Heessen, H. & Herrera, J.","Ralph, G.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LAMPRIFORMES,TRACHIPTERIDAE,Trachipterus,trachypterus,,Trachipterus trachypterus,"(Gmelin, 1789)",The Trachipteridae family needs revision (Olney in press).,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Trachipterus trachypterus is a circumglobally distributed species in the epi-mesopelagic zones. It is a rare species that is caught as bycatch in longline and trawl fisheries, but is not utilized and there are no major threats. It is widespread and occurs at great depths. It is uncommon and there are no species-specific threats. There are no indications of population decline and there is no population information available. Trachipterus trachypterus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Trachipterus trachypterus is circumglobally distributed in tropical and subtropical zones, including the central and southeastern Pacific (Cortes et al. 1995), Japan (Balanov et al. 2005), New Zealand, the eastern Atlantic, and off Argentina in the southwestern Atlantic (Trunov and Kukuev 2005). In the eastern Atlantic, it is known from southern Ireland to Namibia, including Saint Helena (Edwards 1993), Portugal (Farias et al. 2010), the Mediterranean Sea (Golani 1995, Bilecenoglu et al. 2002, Bormeand and Voltolina 2006). It is generally found between 200 and 1000 m depth (Borme and Voltolina 2006), but was collected once at 1,130-1,355 m depth off Senegal (Maurin and Quero 1982).","Trachipterus trachypterus is a rarely occurring but widespread species (Olney in press). In a trawl survey conducted off the northwestern African coast between the years 1962 to 1973, this species was captured only once and therefore can be assumed to rarely occur in this region (Maurin and Quero 1982).","This is an offshore fish with a maximum size of approximately 1.5 m TL which inhabits the epipelagic and mesopelagic zone (Palmer 1986). It feeds on pelagic crustaceans, small fishes, and squids (Palmer 1986). Data on the reproduction and habits of this species are limited (Olney in press, Bianchi et al. 1999). Vakily et al. (2002) describe this species as bathypelagic with a maximum size of 300 cm TL off of West Africa.","There are no known major threats to this species, however it is occasionally present as bycatch (Bremner et al. 2009)","There are no known species-specific conservation measures for this species, although it may exist in marine protected areas throughout its range. Trachipterus trachypterus was assessed as Data Deficient in the Regional Mediterranean Red List Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).","This species is not utilized by humans (Olney in press). This species is occasionally caught as bycatch in trawl fisheries (Bianchi et al. 1999) as well as longline fisheries (Edwards 1993, Farias et al. 2010).","Kloppmann, M.","Collette, B., Fernandes, P., Heessen, H., Herrera, J. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.","Ralph, G.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MACROURIDAE,Trachonurus,sulcatus,,Trachonurus sulcatus,"(Goode & Bean, 1885)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Trachonurus sulcatus is a wide-spread benthopelagic species in the species in the warm waters of the Atlantic Ocean; however, it is known only from southern Portugal to the Azores, Madeira and Canary Islands in the assessment zone. There are no known widespread threats. Therefore, T. sulcatus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Trachonurus sulcatus is distributed in the warm waters of the North Atlantic, particularly between 700 and 1500 m depth (Cohen et al. 1990). In the northeastern Atlantic, this species is known only from southern Portugal south to Madeira and the Canary Islands (Whitehead et al. 1986), including the Azores (Santos et al. 1997).",Little is known about the population trends of Trachonurus sulcatus.,"Trachonurus sulcatus is a deep demersal species found in warm waters of the North Atlantic Ocean. Little is known of its ecology, but the maximum size is around 50 cm (Cohen et al. 1990).",There are no known species-specific threats to T. sulcatus.,There are no known conservation actions in place for this species.,"Trachonurus sulcatus is taken as bycatch in the western Atlantic (Cohen et al. 1990); however it is not confirmed to be taken as bycatch within the assessment zone, where it appears to be rare.","Strongin, K.","Fernandes, P., Cook, R., Florin, A., Lorance, P., Nielsen, J. & Nedreaas, K.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MACROURIDAE,Trachonurus,villosus,,Trachonurus villosus,"(Günther, 1877)",,No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)     Trachonurus villosus is widely distributed in the Atlantic and Pacific. In the European region is it known from the Azores, Madeira, and maybe the southern coast of Portugal. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"Trachonurus villosus is widely distributed in the Atlantic and Pacific. In the European region is it known from the Azores, Madeira, and maybe the southern coast of Portugal.","Trachonurus villosus appears to be uncommon (www.fishnet2.org, Accessed on 2 March 2015). There is limited information available on its population status and trends.","Trachonurus villosus is a deep-water species found in depths between 514 - 1,590 m. There is limited information available on its life history characteristics.",No information.,There are no species-specific conservation actions in place for this species. ,,"Comeros-Raynal, M. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CARANGIDAE,Trachurus,mediterraneus,,Trachurus mediterraneus,"(Steindachner, 1868)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) In the eastern Atlantic, T. mediterraneus is found from the Bay of Biscay to Mauritania including the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea. It is found at depths ranging from very shallow waters to 500 m, although it prefers depths of 20 to 80 m. This species is primarily landed in the Food and Agriculture Organization Mediterranean and Black Sea Fishing Zone. Within this zone, fishing effort is highest in the Black Sea, followed by Eastern Mediterranean, then Western. It is less abundant than T. trachurus in the Eastern Mediterranean, but is 3 to 4 times more valuable than T. trachurus in that region. Populations within the Mediterranean, and between the Mediterranean and Atlantic are well connected. There may be some restricted gene flow between the Mediterranean and Black Sea, the degree of which is unresolved. The subspecies T. mediterraneus ponticus is sometimes recognized in the Black Sea. The Black Sea population/subspecies accounts for a large portion (54%) of landings of Trachurus species within the Black Sea. Stocks have been historically overfished in this region, leading to stock collapses during the 1960s and also during the 1980s when landings as high as 120,000 tonnes were declared. From 2004 to 2012, landings from the Black sea ranged from 1000 to 250000 tonnes. The recent trend in landings in the Black Sea over the last 10 years is one of increase. There are no biological reference points available, and stocks in the Black Sea could not be evaluated in 2013. This species appears to be somewhat resilient, having recovered from several historical periods of severe over-fishing and stock collapse. Additionally, this species is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range. Therefore, Trachurus mediterraneus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Trachurus mediterraneus is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, T. mediterraneus is found from the Bay of Biscay to the Iberian peninsula, including the Mediterranean Sea. In the Mediterranean Sea, T. mediterraneus occurs from Iberian coasts (Garcia-Charton and Perez-Ruzafa 1999, Valle et al. 2007), Balearic islands (Deudero 2001), Gulf of Lions (Ruitton et al. 2000), Ligurian Sea (Romanelli et al. 2002, Tunesi et al. 2005), central Tyrrhenian Sea (Colloca et al. 2003 Carpentieri et al. 2005) southern Tyrrhenian sea (La Mesa and Vacchi 1999), Adriatic Sea (Dulcic and Glamuzina 2006, Santic et al. 2006), Cretan sea (Kallianiotis et al. 2000), Aegean Sea (Karlou-Riga 2000, Moutopoulou and Stergiou 2002, Karpouzi and Stergiou 2003, Koutrakis and Tsikliras 2003, Stergiou et al. 2004, Karakulak et al. 2006, Yuksek et al. 2006, Ozaydin et al. 2007, Tzikas et al. 2007) and Lebanese coasts (Bariche et al. 2006, 2007). The subspecies Trachurus mediterraneus ponticus occurs in the Marmara and Black seas, southern and western parts of the Azov Sea. It is found at depths ranging from 0 to 500 metres.","Population structure Karaiskou et al. (2004) examined the population structure of T. picturatus, T. mediterraneus, and T. trachurus using mitochondrial control region. They found no sign of Atlantic-Mediterranean division in any of the species, which was attributed to the ability of Trachurus spp. to migrate long distances, and to flexibility to oceanographic constraints. Within the Mediterranean, meristic and morphometric analysis suggest discrete, self-recruiting stocks in the Sea of Marmara (most discrete), the Black Sea, and the Mediterranean and Aegean Sea stocks (some degree of connectivity). Genetic evidence from the mtDNA 16s rDNA region provided evidence or the existence of three populations: Sinop (Black Sea), Trabzon (eastern Black Sea) and Iskenderum Bay (Mediterranean). Karaiskou et al. (2003) found no significant heterogeneity among T. mediterraneus populations from the Aegean, Ionian and west Mediterranean seas using the same marker. Karaiskou et al. (2004) examined the population structure of T. picturatus, T. mediterraneus, and T. trachurus using mitochondrial control region. They found no sign of Atlantic-Mediterranean division in any of species, which was attributed to the ability of Trachurus spp. to migrate long distances, and to flexibility to oceanographic constraints. Regional population information Landings are declared from the following Food and Agriculture (FAO) fishing regions: Mediterranean and Black Sea, Northeast Atlantic. The Mediterranean and Black Sea fishing zone accounts for over 90% of declared landing throughout the time series. The overall trend in landings is one of continual increase to a peak of 122,827 tonnes declared in 1986. Beginning in 1990 landings decline sharply, driven by a decline in landings by Turkey, and then stabilize around 20,000 tonnes. This is an 83% decline, which seems to correspond with a period of stock decline in the Black Sea. Landings declared by Greece also show a similar pattern of sharp decline, although it occurs in the mid-late 1990s (FAO 2011). In the Black Sea, landings of this species reached 141077.8 tonnes in 1985. Landings decline abruptly from 97,741 tonnes to 15, 906 tonnes from 1986, and continue to decline from 1996 to 2002 (9146.5 tonnes in 2002). From 2002 to 2012, landings begin to increase to 24931.4 tonnes (STECF 2013). Trachurus mediterraneus is less abundant than T. trachurus, but more abundant than T. picturatus in the eastern Mediterranean (Karlou-Riga et al. 2000). The contribution of T. mediterraneus to local fisheries differs in each sea. It accounts for 54% of the total catch in the Black Sea (2919 t), 39% in the Marmara Sea (562 t), 4% in the Aegean Sea (247 t) and 3% in the Northeastern Mediterranean Sea (272 t). In 1988, in the Black and Marmara Sea, the total catches of T. mediterraneus have declined to nearly zero due to over-fishing in previous years (State Institute of Statistics, fishery Statistics, Ankara, Turkey). Fishing effort is highest in the Black Sea, and lower in the Northeastern Mediterranean. In the strait of Sicily, the mean density and mean biomass of T. mediterraneus from 1994 to 2002 was low, and a reduction in the mean size of both male and female T. mediterraneus was observed throughout the time series. Biomass was relatively high in Corsica and along the coast of Spain. From 1994 to 2002, an increase in biomass was noted in the Tyrrhenian and Ionian Seas, and the Greek continental coast (Ragonese et al. 2003). Trachurus mediterraneus is difficult to distinguish from other species of Trachurus (Smith-Vaniz pers. comm. 2014). Populations of T. mediterraneus are recruitment-driven, and it is common to see fluctuations due to recruitment pulses. International Bottom Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean (MEDITS) survey data show fluctuations from 1994 to 2010, which are mirrored in the International Bottom Trawl Survey (IBTS) survey data results in the Gulf of Cadiz and in Northern Spain (J. Hererra pers. comm. 2014).","This is a pelagic, oceanodromous species which can usually be found near the bottom but is also at times in surface waters. It is a migratory species which forms large schools, often with other species of Trachurus (T. trachurus, T. picturatus). In the northwestern Mediterranean (Ligurian sea), juveniles of T. mediterraneus occur in shallow waters (< 30 m) during the summer (Tunesi et al. 2005). This species feeds on other small-pelagic fishes especially sardines, anchovies, etc. and small crustaceans (Smith-Vaniz 1986). It has a relatively narrow preferential depth range of 20 to 80 metres, although its reported depth range is 0 to 500 metres. Trachurus mediterraneaneus ponticus stomach contents include Crustacea (Copepoda, Cladocera, Mysidacea, Amphipoda, Isopoda, Decapoda), Polychaeta, fishes. Mysids are the most important prey item for small and medium sizes. The proportion of fishes in the diet increases in proportion to body size. The lowest feeding intensity was recorded in spring and highest in summer (Yankova et al. 2008). In the eastern Mediterranean, Trachurus mediterraneus is sexually mature at age 2. The spawning season lasts from approximately April to June (Karlou-Riga 2000). It reaches a maximum age of 10 to 12 years (Ragonese et al. 2003). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 39.3 cm TL and the length at maturity is 19.1 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014).","Trachurus mediterraneus is a commercial species. It can be caught by various gears such as seines and fixed nets. The contribution of T. mediterraneus to local fisheries differs in each sea. In the Black Sea, this species makes up 54% of the total catch (2919 tonnes), whereas it makes up 39% in the Marmara Sea (562 tonnes), 4% in the Aegean Sea (247 tonnes) and 3% in the northeastern Mediterranean Sea (272 tonnes) (State Institute of Statistics, fishery Statistics, Ankara, Turkey). The total landings of T. mediterraneus drastically declined to nearly zero in the Black and Marmara Seas in 1988 due to overfishing in previous years (State Institute of Statistics, fishery Statistics, Ankara, Turkey). Management uncertainty Stocks of T. trachurus, and of fishes of the genus Trachurus, are particularly difficult to assess. Aging is difficult (Abaunza 2003). Additionally several stocks,  such as the Western horse mackerel stock (T. trachurus), are characterized by spasmodic recruitment, that is, good recruitment only once in a generation. Additionally, T. trachurus, like other members of the genus, are likely indeterminate spawners, and therefor total fecundity is unknown. The strength of a year class cannot be confirmed before it is fully recruited to the fishery and has reached the age of 5 years. The only fishery-independent data available is based on triennial egg surveys. For these reasons, recommended Total Allowable Catches are advised to remain conservative (Roel et al. 2007).","Trachurus mediterraneus is considered a priority species for the General Fisheries Commission of the Mediterranean. Minimum length requirements for the EU is 15 cm TL, 13 cm in Turkey, 10 cm in Ukraine, and 12 cm in Bulgaria and Romania. This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Trachurus mediterraneus is a commercial species, and is one of the most important commercial resources in the Mediterranean Sea (Turan 2004). It is landed with pelagic and bottom trawls, long-lines and purse seines (using light), traps and on-line gear. The the largest catches were reported by Turkey (9220 tonnes) and Greece (3534 tonnes). The average catch of Trachurus mediterraneus accounts for 6.5% of the total yield of the country of Greece. In eastern Mediterranean fish markets, the value of T. mediterraneus, which is less abundant than T. trachurus, is 3 to 4 times greater than that of T. trachurus. In the Atlantic Ocean, this species is an important component of pelagic trawl and purse-seine fisheries in the Iberian Peninsula and Bay of Biscay. Catches of Trachurus spp. are often mixed in this region, but all are utilized (ICES 2004). It is utilized fresh, canned and for fishmeal.","Ralph, G.","Herrera, J., Smith-Vaniz, W.F., Heessen, H., Fernandes, P. & Collette, B.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CARANGIDAE,Trachurus,picturatus,,Trachurus picturatus,"(Bowdich, 1825)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) In the eastern Atlantic, T. picturatus is found from the southern Bay of Biscay to southern Morocco including the Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands, Tristan de Cunha and Gough Islands. It is more abundant in the Western Mediterranean than in the Eastern Mediterranean. It is found to depths of 370 m over a variety of substrates. It is a commercially important species, particularly off the Iberian Peninsula and also at the offshore Islands of Madeira, the Canaries and the Azores. There are no indications of population decline, and recent surveys indicate that this species may be increasing in abundance in the Western Mediterranean and Iberian region of the Atlantic, as well as in the Azores. Additionally, T. picturatus is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range. Therefore, T. picturatus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Trachurus picturatus is restricted to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is found from the southern Bay of Biscay to southern Morocco including the Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands, Tristan de Cunha and Gough Islands. It is reported from Mauritania (Mohamed Fall 2005). In the Mediterranean Sea, T. picturatus is known from Spain (Deudero 2001, FAO-GFCM 2007), Gulf of Lion (Letourneur et al. 2001), Ligurian Sea (Tunesi et al. 2001), central and southern Tyrrhenian Sea (Colloca et al. 2004, Carpentieri et al. 2005, Andaloro et al. 2007) and also in the eastern Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005). This species is not known from the Black Sea (Smith-Vaniz 1986). This species is found to depths of at least 370 metres.","Population structure  Karaiskou et al. (2004) examined the population structure of T. picturatus, T. mediterraneus, and T. trachurus using mitochondrial control region. They found no sign of Atlantic-Mediterranean division in any of the species, which was attributed to the ability of Trachurus spp. to migrate long distances, and to flexibility to oceanographic constraints. Regional population information  This species is most abundant between southern Bay of Biscay and Mauritania including the Azores, Canaries, Madeira and Western part of Mediterranean (Vasconcelos et al. 2006). Trachurus picturatus co-occurs with T. trachurus off the Iberian Peninsula. The two species co-exist during their spawning seasons, from November until April with a peak around January-February and were caught in the same haul at depths of 133 metres (Gonçalves et al. 2013). This species appears relatively frequently in trawl hauls taken off the coast of northwestern Spain and the northern Spanish shelf (Santos et al. 2013). Off the coast of Portugal, this species is the second-most abundant species of the genus Trachurus, following T. trachurus (Borges et al. 2003). Landings for this species are generally lumped with other species of Trachurus in parts of its range, such as in Spain (J. Hererra pers. comm. 2014). Trachurus picturatus is a commercial species which varies in economic importance by region. It has been reported as the principal species used as bait in the tuna fishery of the Azores, where it is reportedly caught with small purse seines pulled to shore or from small boats. In the Azores, this species accounts for 70% of bait fish species, and is considered a low-value species. However, it is worth noting that the quantity of  small pelagic species, including T. picturatus used as bait is considerable and that these captures are not accounted for in the official landings and hence all landings by the tuna fleet are considered for human consumption (Carvalho et al. 2011). The Spawning Stock Biomass (SSB) of T. picturatus increased in the Azores from 2008 to 2010 (STECF advice 2014). Trachurus picturatus is economically important in the Madeiran archipelago, and may be experiencing some overfishing. In the face of rising economic value, the annual landings of blue jack mackerel have decreased from 2006 tonnes in 1986 to 653 tonnes in 2005, a decline of 67%. Additionally, there was shift towards smaller sizes classes in the length frequency distribution of T. picturatus from 1984 to 1986 (Vasconcelos et al. 2006).  In the Canary Islands, Trachurus picturatus was the third most important species by weight landed by weight, 15% of the total small pelagic landings by the above-mentioned artisanal fleet (Jurado-Ruzafa and García Santamaría 2013). Trachurus picturatus is the least abundant fish of the genus Trachurus in the Eastern Mediterranean. It is less abundant than T. mediterraneanus and T. trachurus (Karlou-Riga et al. 2000). This species is uncommon, however populations are stable in Turkey (M. Bilecenoglu and C. Bizsel pers. comm. 2007). In the western and central Mediterranean Sea it is common in bottom trawls (A. Di Natale and E. Massuti pers. comm. 2007), and juveniles are very common in Fish Aggregating Device (FADs) in western Mediterranean (E. Massuti pers. comm. 2007). Six-hundred and fourteen specimens were caught by means of purse seine (133 hauls) around FADs, with TL ranging from 3.5 to 13.5 cm (Deudero 2001).","This is a demersal and pelagic, oceanodromous species. It has been found at depths ranging from 50 m or less to 370 m (Smith-Vaniz 1986). It is confined to neritic zones of inland shelves, banks and seamounts. It is known to migrate between the coast of Sahara and the offshore seamounts, possibly reaching the Cape Verde Islands. It feeds mainly on crustaceans (Smith-Vaniz 1986) such as copepods (Deudero 2001). This species is known to spawn off of Madeira and the Iberian Peninsula (Gonçalves et al. 2013). The oldest specimen of T. picturatus collected in commercial landings in Madeira was 9 years old (Vasconcelos et al. 2006). In the Canary Islands spawning season occurred between January and April, peaking in February. Length at first maturity was found to be 21.20 cm for males and 23.05 cm. for females.","Trachurus picturatus is a commercial species which is mostly caught by bottom trawls in deep water. Juveniles are caught by Fish Aggregating Device (FADS). It is taken in deep-water trawl fisheries targeting deep-sea rose shrimp and Norway lobster in the western Mediterranean at depths of 300 metres (Moranta et al. 2000). Trachurus picturatus is likely taken as bycatch in fisheries which harvest from seamounts (Christiansen et al. 2009).  Stocks of fishes of the genus Trachurus, are particularly difficult to assess. Aging is difficult (Abaunza 2003). Stocks of this species may be characterized by spasmodic recruitment, that is, good recruitment only once in a generation. Additionally, T. trachurus, like other members of the genus, are likely indeterminate spawners, and therefor total fecundity is unknown. The strength of a year class cannot be confirmed before it is fully recruited to the fishery and has reached the age of 5 years. The only fishery-independent data available is based on triennial egg surveys. For these reasons, recommended Total Allowable Catches are advised to remain conservative (Roel et al. 2007).  A minimum length requirement of 15 cm was established by EU in 2007. However, the size at first maturity of specimens from the Canary Islands was found to be 23.05 cm for females (Jurado-Ruzafa and García Santamaría 2013).","Trachurus picturatus, and all Trachurus spp. are subject to Total Allowable Catch (TAC) regulations in the North Sea (STECF advice 2014). A minimum length requirement of 15 cm was established by EU in 2007. However, the size at first maturity of specimens from the Canary Islands was found to be 23.05 cm for females (Jurado-Ruzafa and García Santamaría 2013).  This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Trachurus picturatus is a commercial species. It is an important fishery resource in the Macaronesian region. It is the principal species used as bait in the tuna fishery of the Azores, accounting for 70% of bait fish species. Here, T. picturatus are caught with small purse seines pulled to shore or from small boats (Zeller et al. 2001). Also in the Azores, T. picturatus is taken in the small pelagic fishery which also targets Scomber japonicus. Trachurus picturatus is economically important in the Madeiran archipelago (latitudes 32º30’ to 33º30’N and longitudes 16º30’ to 17º30’W), where it is captured with purse-seine nets during the night using chumming combined with spot-light fishing (Vasconcelos et al. 2006).","Ralph, G.","Herrera, J., Heessen, H., Fernandes, P., Collette, B. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,CARANGIDAE,Trachurus,trachurus,,Trachurus trachurus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","Some authors recognize a second species in the southern portion of the range, T. capensis (Smith-Vaniz pers. comm. 2014).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Trachurus trachurus is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, from Norway to South Africa, around the coast to Maputo (Mozambique) including the Mediterranean and Marmara Seas. It is typically found to depths of 200 m, however there are records extending the depth range to over 1000 m. Trachurus trachurus is a widespread species, and is the most abundant Trachurus spp. throughout its range. It is managed to varying degrees throughout its range, however management in the Mediterranean may be less effective. In some parts of the Mediterranean, this species is overfished. Recommendations for the management of T. trachurus include the implementation of catch limits, as attempts to control fishing effort may be insufficient. Additionally, the increased proportion of juveniles in Mediterranean catches may be cause for concern. Trachurus trachurus is capable of rapid reproductive turnover, as it matures at relatively young ages. Additionally, this species is likely to be found in marine protected areas throughout its range. Trachurus trachurus is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Trachurus trachurus is distributed in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and along the coast of South Africa into the western Indian Ocean (Smith-Vaniz 1986). In the northeastern Atlantic, T. trachurus is found from Norway to Madeira and the Canary Islands, including the Mediterranean Sea. Although the southern limit of the Atlanto-Iberian stock is currently set at the Gulf of Cadiz, the distribution range of horse mackerel in the Northeast Atlantic includes the Mediterranean Sea and part of the African coast (Whitehead et al. 1986). In the Mediterranean Sea, T. trachurus occurs from the Alboran Sea (FAO 2003), Spanish coasts (Deudero et al. 2001), Gulf of Lions (Carlier et al. 2007), Ligurian Sea (Tunesi et al. 2005), Central Tyrrhenian Sea (Ozaydin et al. 2007), Lebanese coasts (Bariche et al. 2006), Egyptian waters (Abdallah 2002) and Tunisian waters. It is usually found to depths of 200 m to over 1000 m (FAO-FIGIS 2004).","Population structure Karaiskou et al. (2004) examined the population structure of T. picturatus, T. mediterraneus, and T. trachurus using mitochondrial control region. They found no sign of Atlantic-Mediterranean division in any of species, which was attributed to the ability of Trachurus sp. to migrate long distances, and to flexibility to oceanographical constraints. Allozyme analysis showed that of all T. trachurus population studied from across this species' known range were genetically homogenous, connected by high levels of gene flow. There was only slight differentiation between eastern and western Mediterranean samples versus the western Mediterranean and Atlantic samples. Additionally, genetic variability in this species was found to be very high, among the highest recorded in the literature for many pelagic and demersal species, and the genetic structure was found to be stable over time. It is worth noting that the lowest levels of genetic variability were found in the heavily-exploited north-western stock, corroborating information seen ICES analytical assessments of the stock (Cimmaruta et al. 2008). In the Northeast Atlantic, Trachurus trachurus is divided into three stocks, in order of decreasing biomass: the North-western horse mackerel in the Norwegian sea, northern North Sea, west and south of the British Isles, western English Channel, and west of France; the southern horse mackerel around the Iberian peninsula; and the North Sea horse Mackerel, restricted to the central and southern parts of the North Sea and eastern English Channel (Abaunza et al. 2003). Regional Population Information Mediterranean Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) statistics for this species are incomplete from the Mediterranean and are most probably mixed with T. mediterraneus. Trachurus trachurus is the most abundant fish of the genus Trachurus in the Eastern Mediterranean. it is more abundant than T. mediterraneanus and T. picturatus (Karlou-Riga et al. 2000). The bulk of the catches come from Turkey, the Sea of Marmara and western Black Sea. Landings appear to be stable. This is a widespread, common and abundant species throughout most of its range.  In Turkey, however, this species is overfished as evidenced by only younger age classes appearing in the catch (0 to 1 year age class) (C. Bizsel pers. comm. 2007). Trachurus trachurus in the southern Alboran Sea has no available SSB estimates, and no reference points, however landing restrictions as a more effective management tool for small pelagics in the Mediterranean have been proposed (STECF 2014). Horse mackerel recruitment is characterized by infrequent and extremely large year classes. International Bottom Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean (MEDITS) survey data from the Mediterranean coast of Spain from 1993 to 2014 shows fluctuations with a slight increase in abundance. Atlantic The status of the T. trachurus stock in the North Sea is unknown.  Landings have been decreasing in the North Sea, however this is likely due to reductions in fishing effort. In division IXa this species is caught in mixed fisheries, and fishing pressure has on average been below Fmsy. However, SSB has decreased gradually since 2007 and is at around 30% below the long term average. There is no stock assessment information available from Madeira or the Canary Islands.Spawning Stock Biomass (SSB) for the Western Stock, which is the largest stock, has varied between .65 and 1.7 million tonnes between 1995 and 2012 was estimated to be at .84 million tonnes in 2013 (ICES Advice 2013), The western T. trachurus stock (ICES divisions IIa, Iva, Vb, Via, VIIa-c, e-k, and VIIIa-e) is experiencing fishing pressure which is above the target Fmsy, and SSB is qualitatively evaluated as declining. Fishing mortality on younger ages has reached record high levels (STECF 2014).Global Population Information The Saharo-Mauritanian stock size decreased, along with landings, from 1984 to 1995 due to fishing pressure and weak recruitment (Abaunza et al. 2003). Reported captures for this species in the Eastern Central Atlantic reached a high of 550,000 tonnes in 1995, and have since declined to approximately 200,000 tonnes in 2010 (FAO Fishfinder, Species Datasheet).","Trachurus trachurus is a pelagic, oceanodromous species. It forms large schools. Stocks differ in their distributional patterns. Western and southern horse mackerel stocks are shelf-attached, while the North Sea stocks tend to be distributed in coastal areas of the central and southern North Sea. This species feeds on fish, crustaceans, and cephalopods. In the Adriatic Sea, T. trachurus feeds mainly on crustaceans, cephalopods and fishes (Jardas et al. 2004). Juveniles of this species were caught in very shallow waters (<10 m depth) in the Ligurian Sea during November by means of purse seines (Tunesi et al. 2005). Life history and reproduction Trachurus trachurus is a long-lived species, reaching up to 40 years of age. Spawning fraction is estimated to be between 8.3% and 20.9%. Horse mackerel have a relatively long spawning season of up to 8 months which varies according to geography. Length at first maturity is between 16 and 25 cm, most commonly around 21 cm. Males mature at a smaller lengths than females. Aging of Horse Mackerel is particularly difficult, however the age at first maturity has been estimated at between 2 and 4 years, depending on geographic areas. Horse mackerel have distinct areas for spawning, feeding, and over-wintering, and undergo migrations. Based on estimates made from regional samples, there has been a decrease in the mean length-at-age of the northeast Atlantic Ocean horse mackerel (western stock) from 1982 to 2000. This decrease in size has been attributed to a strong-year class, which likely increased competition between individuals of similar size (Abaunza 2003). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 43.0 cm TL and the length at maturity for females ranges from 22.0 cm to 39.0 cm TL and for males ranges from 22.0 cm to 37.0 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014).","Trachurus trachurus is a species with high commercial importance. It is caught with trawls and seines. FAO (2003) reported that in the southern part of the Alboran Sea the stock status of T. trachurus was fully exploited. In the Mediterranean Sea it is caught mostly by purse seine and bottom trawl but also by hand line. This species is also targeted by the recreational fishery. According to an assessment review by FAO (2005) this species is fully exploited in the Mediterranean and is also heavily exploited in the Black Sea. Stocks of T. trachurus, and of fishes of the genus Trachurus, are particularly difficult to assess. Aging is difficult (Abaunza 2003). Additionally, several stocks,  such as the Western horse mackerel stock, are characterized by spasmodic recruitment, that is, good recruitment only once in a generation. Additionally, T. trachurus, like other members of the genus, are likely indeterminate spawners, and therefor total fecundity is unknown. The strength of a year class cannot be confirmed before it is fully recruited to the fishery and has reached the age of 5 years. The only fishery-independent data available is based on triennial egg surveys. For these reasons, recommended Total Allowable Catches are advised to remain conservative (Roel et al. 2007). It has been suggested that management of small pelagics by effort control alone may not control the exploitation rate. This species is not subject to TAC restrictions in the Mediterranean (STECF advice 2013)","Trachurus trachurus is a commercially important species which is managed to varying degrees throughout its range. Management efforts in the Mediterranean are perceived as being somewhat less effective overall. It has been suggested that the management of this species through effort control alone may not be effective in the Mediterranean, and that catch limits are a more effective means of managing this species. The EU minimum size 15 cm TL. Turkey has a closed season from the end of April to the beginning of September and also minimum size limit of 13 cm TL (STECF 2014).  This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","Trachurus trachurus is a species with high commercial importance. In the Mediterranean Sea the catches of T. trachurus are much smaller than in Atlantic waters, particularly in north African Atlantic waters where an important horse mackerel fishery appears to take place (FAO 1995). Due to an exceptionally strong year class, T. trachurus became an important commercial species in the 1980s and 1990s and, in the early 2000s, was one of the three most important pelagic species in the European fish industry (Abaunza et al. 2003). It is utilized fresh, smoked, canned and frozen, can be fried, broiled and baked (Frimodt 1995).","Harwell, H.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F., Heessen, H., Collette, B., Fernandes, P. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MACROURIDAE,Trachyrincus,murrayi,,Trachyrincus murrayi,"Günther, 1887",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Trachyrincus murrayi is a widely distributed species in the benthopelagic of the Atlantic Ocean. Although it is not utilized, it can be a significant proportion of macrourid bycatch, however there are no indications of population impacts. Therefore, T. murrayi is assessed as Least Concern. ",Unknown,"Trachyrincus murrayi is restricted to the North Atlantic Ocean. In the northwestern Atlantic, T. murrayi is found from Greenland south to Newfoundland. In the northeastern Atlantic, T. murrayi is known from Iceland, the Faroe bank and the Irish continental slope (Geistdoerfer 1986). It collected at depths ranging from 750 to 1750 m in the Rockall Trough from 1975 to 1978 (Gordan and Duncan 1985). Trachyrincus murrayi was collected at depths ranging from 1000 to 1900 m in the Porcupine Seabight (Merrett et al. 1991) and at depths ranging from 1250 to 1500 m in the Rockall Trough and Porcupine Seabight in the mid-1980s (Lorance et al. 2008, modified from Gordon and Bergstad 1992). In a comparison of data from nine trawling surveys, T. murrayi had location-specific depth distributions. In two of the four locations where T. murrayi was present (off Newfoundland and Iceland) it was present only in the middle slope region (750 to 1500 m).  However, in Rockall Trough and Porcupine Seabight, it was collected from middle and lower slopes and the upper, middle, and lower slopes, respectively (Haedrich and Merrett 1988).","Little is known about the population trends of Trachyrincus murrayi. Trachyrincus murrayi can be a dominant bycatch species in the fishery for roundnose grenadier. Near Rockall Trough, T. murrary accounted for 2.3 and 2.8 % of the total discarded catch at depths of 1000–1299 and 1200–1399 m, respectively (Allain et al. 2003). These two species were the main macrourid species discarded in the French observer programme, possibly due to their dominance in the biomass of small macrourids (Lorance et al. 2008). Preliminary studies suggest that discarding rate of small grenadiers is 5 to 20 kg/hour when fishing at 1000–1500 m, but it is unknown what effect these discards have on the populations of small grenadiers. Scientific surveys have shown that populations are stable in the West of Scotland (Lorance et al. 2008).",Trachyrincus murrayi is a benthopelagic species that is widely distributed around the Atlantic basin. Species in the genus Trachyrincus may grow to more than 85 cm (TL). It is typically found at depths of up to 1750 m.,Trachyrincus murrayi can be a dominant bycatch species in the fishery for roundnose grenadier (Allain et al. 2003) and is typically discarded (Lorance et al. 2008).,There are no species-specific conservation initiatives. Trachyrincus marrayi is likely to benefit from protections afforded to the commercially important C. rupestris.,Trachyrincus murrayi is taken as bycatch and is typically discarded (Cohen et al. 1990),"Strongin, K.","Fernandes, P., Cook, R., Florin, A., Lorance, P., Nielsen, J. & Nedreaas, K.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,MACROURIDAE,Trachyrincus,scabrus,,Trachyrincus scabrus,"(Rafinesque, 1810)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Trachyrincus scabrus is common and widespread throughout the northeast Atlantic, found at depths ranging from 500 to 1700 m. This species is taken as bycatch in demersal trawl fisheries, and is used for fishmeal and for fish oil. There is little species-specific population information available. Trachyrincus scabrus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Trachyrincus scabrus is present from the Irish slope to the Cape Verde Islands including the Mediterranean Sea (Iwamoto pers. comm. 2012). In the Mediterranean Sea, this species occurs in the Spanish and Moroccan Mediterranean Sea (L. Gil de Sola pers. obs. 2014), Catalan Sea (Coll et al. 2006), east Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005), the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinouo 1988) and also in the Ligurian Sea (Relini et al. 1986). It is found at depths ranging from 300 to 1700 m.   .","Trachyrincus scabrus has been described as common and abundant. The estimated depth-distribution and abundance of T. scabrus has changed over the last 30 years (Cartes et al. 2009). Depth-specific abundance estimates from trawling surveys off the Catalonia coast in 2007 to 2008 were compared to those in the same region in 1988 to 1992. The 600 to 750 m depth strata saw approximately 1% increase in abundance, from 3.616 ind/ha from 1988-1992 to 3.646 ind/ha from 2007-2008. However, in the two deeper strata (750 to 950 m and 950 to 1100 m), the abundance has declined substantially. In the 750 to 950 m depth strata, the abundance decreased by 95%, from 4.623 ind/ha to 0.228 ind/ha, and in the 950 to 1100 m depth strata the abundance decreased by 85%, from 4.460 ind/ha to 0.588 ind/ha (Cartes et al. 2009). In the central-western Mediterranean Sea, Trachyrincus scabrus was collected from 619 to 1202 m depth (Follesa et al. 2011). It was present in 38% of the tows, and accounted for 3.72% of the abundance and 6.72% of the biomass (Follesa et al. 2011). It was collected between 500 to 1250 m in the Rockall Trough in the mid-1980s (Lorance et al. 2008, modified from Gordon and Bergstad 1992). Adult T. scabrus were distributed between 900 and 1400 m, while the juveniles were typically shallower, between 300-800 m in Blanes canyon and the adjacent slope in 2003-2004 (Fernandez-Arcaya et al. 2012).","Trachyrincus scabrus is a bathydemersal, non-migratory species occurring at depths ranging from 400 to 1,700 m on soft substrates. It feeds primarily on pelagic copepods but also takes mysids, shrimps, cephalopods, fish, polychaetes and gastropods (Cohen et al. 1990). The spawning season is in winter. The maximum size in the Mediterranean Sea is 50 cm.  The maximum age of Trachyrincus scabrus in the Ionian Sea was 10 years (Sion et al. 2012). The estimated size (AL, anal length) at maturity for females was 10 cm (20%), 11.8 cm (50%), and 13 cm (80%) (Fernandez-Arcaya et al. 2012).","This is a species with minor commercial interest. It is considered generally taken as bycatch, mainly caught with trawlers. It is mainly used for fishmeal and oil (Cohen et al. 1990). Trachyrincus scabrus is taken as bycatch in fisheries operating below 400 metres, or in slope fisheries for demersal fishes. Fisheries on deep-water species, which are intrinsically vulnerable to exploitation, have developed rapidly and many have been depleted before appropriate management measures were designed/implemented. Additionally, landing statistics that are available may not reflect the scale of recent fishing activity, particularly in waters outside national exclusive economic zones (ICES 2010).","Currently there is a General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean recommendation (GFCM/2005/1) forbidding trawl and dredge fishing below 1,000 m. However, this species may be present in marine protected areas found within its distribution. There are no species-specific conservation measures in place. This species was assessed as Least Concern in the 2007 Mediterranean Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",This is a species with minor commercial interest. It is mainly used for fishmeal and oil (Cohen et al. 1990).,"Strongin, K.","Nedreaas, K., Florin, A., Fernandes, P., Cook, R. & Lorance, P.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,SEBASTIDAE,Trachyscorpia,cristulata,,Trachyscorpia cristulata,"(Goode & Bean, 1896)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Trachyscorpia cristulata is found in the eastern and western Atlantic. In the eastern Atlantic this species is found from Ireland south to Cape Verde, including the Azores. It also occurs in the Mediterranean Sea, to the Balearic Islands. It has been reported at depths ranging from 140 to 2330 m. It appears to be abundant in some areas. It is not a targeted species, however it appears to be retained when taken as bycatch in industrial trawl fisheries and industrial long-line fisheries. Landings are reported in small numbers to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) by France and the United Kingdom. There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for T. cristulata, however its distribution overlaps with marine protected areas and it is likely to benefit from general fisheries management in the region. Therefore, it is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Trachyscorpia cristulata is found in the eastern and western Atlantic. In the eastern Atlantic, this species is found from Ireland south to Cape Verde (ICES 2007, Sánchez et al. 2008), including the Azores (Desbruyeres et al. 2001). It also occurs in the Mediterranean Sea, to the Balearic Islands. The depth range of Tachyscorpia cristulata is 140 to 2330 m (Ragonese and Giusto 1999).","The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) common name of this species is Atlantic Thornyhead. The standardized biomass of T. cristulata in Baca otter trawls at Le Danois Bank, Cantabrian Sea, N. Spain, was 1383.6 (g per ha−1), with an abundance of 2.083. It was the 8th most abundant species taken in Baca trawls in Fall and Spring surveys. The average biomass of T. cristulata in a survey conducted in Le Danois Bank (Cantabrian Sea, N. Spain) was 1,462.16 g from depths of 550 m to 650 m and 2,670.07 g from depths of 800 m to 1,050 m (Sánchez et al. 2008). A single specimen of this species was collected from the Porcupine Seabight in a survey conducted in 1996 (Gordon et al. 1996). The species is thought to have migrated north from the west coast of Africa, and into the Mediterranean through the strait of Gibraltar.","Trachyscorpia cristulata is a demersal species which is found on mud and sand bottoms at depths ranging from 140 to 2230 m. This species likely feeds on mobile invertebrates and small fishes (Colling and Aloncle 1960). This species primarily inhabits muddy bottoms of the continental slope to 2,000 m depth (Ragonese and Giusto 1999). It is found in association with seamounts, where it is characteristic of the lower slopes at depths below 800 to 850 m. This species is a benthic carnivore which is typically solitary (Porteiro et al. 2013). The maximum length is 50 cm. It is considered a characteristic species of the bottoms influenced by the Atlantic current (Fredj and Maurin, 1987, Massutí et al. 1993).","There are no confirmed species-specific threats to T. cristulata. It is likely to be taken as bycatch in trawl fisheries throughout its range. Trachyscorpia cristulata is taken as retained bycatch in Spanish deepwater long-line fisheries, which were established in the mid-1990s in the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) divisions VIIIa,b,d b (Bay of Biscay) and divisions IXa (Piñero and Bañíon 2001).",There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for T. cristulata. Its distribution likely overlaps marine protected areas.,"Trachyscorpia cristulata is not a targeted species, however it is likely taken as bycatch in industrial trawl fisheries. Landings for this species are only reported from France and the United Kingdom. Total catch quantities are very low and peaked at 57t in 2006 (FAO 2011).","Ralph, G.","Lorance, P., Cook, R., Herrera, J., de Sola, L., Costa, M., Florin, A. & Keskin, Ç.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,TRICHIURIDAE,Trichiurus,lepturus,,Trichiurus lepturus,"Linnaeus, 1758","Although considered a worldwide species by previous authors, T. lepturus is now known with certainty only from the western Atlantic and Indo-west Pacific. The eastern Atlantic population reported as this species is probably an undescribed species. There are multiple lines of evidence showing geographically-correlated divergence and supporting the treatment of at least 3 species in the T. lepturus complex (Chakrabarty and Iwatsuki 2006, Hsu et al. 2009).  Trichiurus japonicus, which was originally described from Japan as Trichiurus lepturus japonicus, was synonymized with Trichiurus lepturus. Another nominal species synonymized with Trichiurus lepturus is Trichiurus nitens from the eastern Pacific Ocean (California to Peru).",No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Trichiurus lepturus was once considered a single, globally distributed species; however, there is now evidence for the existence of multiple species within the T. lepturus species complex. At the level of the Atlantic Ocean, there is genetic structuring between the eastern and western Atlantic, suggesting barriers to dispersal and possible reproductive isolation of eastern and western Atlantic stocks. In addition, it is possible that T. lepturus is misidentified as Lepidopus caudatus in parts of the assessment zone. It is found over the continental shelf, where it has been reported to depths of 589 metres, however it appears be be more common at depths of 100 to 350 metres, and undergoes diel vertical migrations during feeding which bring it into shallower waters. This species sexually mature by its second year. This species appears to be most abundant in upwelling zones, and there is a large upwelling zone off the North African coast. There is little to no population information available for this species other than landing statistics. Worldwide, T. lepturus is the most commercially important Trichiurid. Based on Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) landing statistics in the Atlantic, most landings originate in the Eastern Central Atlantic (ECA) fishing region  (averaging 72% from 2001 to 2011), with Senegal, Morocco, and Mauritania representing the majority of landings. Landings in the ECA fishing zone have declined by more than 60% since the 1990s, despite the general increasing trend in fishing effort in the region. The Northeast Atlantic (NEA) and Mediterranean and Black Sea FAO fishing zones account for a small portion (averaging 0 to 5% from 2001 to 2011) of reported landings. Landings in the Mediterranean and Black Sea fishing zone have been increasing since the early 1990s, while those in the NEA have decreased. This species does not appear to be managed in the Atlantic Ocean, and it is unclear whether the trends in landings are representative of trends in population status. Based on the lack of population data and the clear need for taxonomic revision of this species complex, T. lepturus is assessed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) considers T. lepturus to be a single, globally distributed species found in temperate and tropical waters of the world. However, there are multiple lines of evidence showing geographically-correlated divergence and supporting the treatment of at least 3 species in the T. lepturus complex (Hsu et al. 2009, Chakraborty and Iwatsuki 2006). The eastern Atlantic population reported as this species is probably an undescribed species (Chakraborty and Iwatsuki 2006). Within the assessment region, it is commonly found from the southern British Isles to the Mediterranean Sea, with occasional records north to Scandinavia (Parin 1986). It is found to depths of 589 metres, but is more common at depths ranging from 100 to 350 metres.","Population structure: However, Trichiurus lepturus:  type locality South Carolina (Western Atlantic). Trichiurus lepturus: type locality South Carolina (Western Atlantic). Once considered to be a globally distributed species, there are multiple lines of evidence showing geographically-correlated divergence and supporting the existence of multiple species which remain to be described within the T. lepturus complex. Additionally, there is evidence of structuring of this species within the Atlantic basin. Phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial DNA sequences (cytochrome b, cytochrome oxidase subunit I, and 16S ribosomal RNA) suggested three species in the T. lepturus species complex: Trichiurus lepturus, from the Atlantic (two distinct population centers in the eastern and western Atlantic) and Pacific, the not-yet-valid T. japonicus, from the northwestern Pacific, and an un-described species from the Indian and Pacific Oceans (Hsu et al. 2009). Phylogenetic analysis using a 509 bp segment of the 16S rRNA gene in of T. lepturus indicated three major clades: An Atlantic clade, comprised of two sub-clades containing the haplotypes of West Africa and the Western Atlantic, an Indo-Pacific clade, and a clade representing T. japonicus, which inhabits the Chinese and Japanese coastal waters and is not yet universally accepted as a valid species. Additional unresolved structuring was seen in specimens from Oman/Persian Gulf.  Three to four percent sequence divergence was found between specimens from the western Atlantic and Western Africa/Eastern Atlantic (Chakraborty and Iwatsuki 2006). The degree of sequence divergence between Western African specimens and the Indo-Pacific specimens was 7 to 8%. This degree of sequence divergence is within the range of inter-specific genetic distances seen in marine fishes, and is further supported by geographically correlated meristic and morphometric differences between eastern and western Atlantic specimens of this species (Burhanudin 2003). Given the highly commercial nature of this species the task of revising T. lepturus and communicating this revision remains to be completed and is of high importance. Population information by region: northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea: Once considered a single, globally-distributed species, there is evidence for the existence of multiple species within a complex. At the level of the Atlantic Basin, there is genetic structuring between the eastern and western Atlantic, suggesting barriers to dispersal and possible reproductive isolation of eastern and western Atlantic Stocks. There is little species-specific population information available from the assessment region consisting of the northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea, other than landing statistics. In the Northeast Atlantic, T. lepturus occur mainly from the English Channel southward to the northwest coast of Africa, including the Mediterranean. This species inhabits the continental shelf down to 350 to 400 m (occasionally 600 m) and is commercially exploited (Parin 1986). The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) common name is Largehead Hairtail. An examination of landing statistics declared to FAO in the Atlantic Basin shows that most landings (average 72% from 2001 to 2011) originate in the Eastern Central Atlantic (ECA) fishing zone, with the North African nations of Senegal, Morocco, and Mauritania reporting the majority of landings. It is worth noting that landings in the ECA fishing zone have declined by more than 60% since the 1990s despite a generalized increase in fishing effort in the region (Anticamara et al. 2011). The Northeast Atlantic (NEA) and Mediterranean and Black Sea fishing zones account for a small portion (0 to 5% from 2001 to 2011) of landings. Landings in the Mediterranean/Black Sea fishing zone have been increasing since the early 1990s (FAO 2011). In Northern Spanish waters, only two specimens were taken in the International Bottom Trawl Survey (IBTS), in 1989 and 1990 (data available to 2013). The first specimen was taken at depths of 166 metres: 650g weight, second one: 228 metres, weight 419 g, length 82 cm TL both were caught during the day (J. Herrera pers. comm.2014). These surveys are undertaken during day. In fisheries of the Gulf of Cadiz Lepidopus caudatus is targeted, and it is likely that T. lepturus is misidentified as this species in fisheries statistics (J. Gil Hererra pers. comm. 2014).  Global Population Information: Global capture trends in T. lepturus have been stable between 1,100,000 and 1,200,000 tonnes, with slight fluctuations, from 2001 and 2011. The trend is largely driven by landings reported by China. The majority of Chinese landings are reported to have originated in the North Western Pacific; however, China systematically over-reports its domestic landings, and under-reports landings taken by foreign fleets (Pauly et al. 2013). Excluding China, the largest reported landings, in decreasing order, are reported from Korea, Pakistan, Iran, Japan, and Senegal. When examining landing statistics exclusively originating from the Atlantic Ocean, the majority of landings (47 to 85% of landings declared from 2001 to 2011) are from the ECA fishing region. Within the ECA fishing zone, most of the landings are declared from the northwestern African nations of Senegal, Morocco, and Mauritania. It is worth noting that the overall trend in landings in the ECA is one of decline, from a peak of 99202 tonnes in 1990 to 29679 tonnes in 2011, a decrease of roughly 60%. Landings in the Southwest Atlantic are increasing, while the overall trend in landings in the Southeast Atlantic is one of continuous decline since the 1970s. Northeast Atlantic NEA and Med/Black Sea landings accounted for a mean of 0% and 5% of landings originating from the Atlantic Ocean from 2001 to 2010, respectively.  Landings in the Mediterranean have been steadily increasing since 1994, to current values slightly above 2000 t. Landings in the Northeast Atlantic exhibit a single peak of slightly above 800t in 2001, followed by a decline to less than 30 tonnes (FAO 2011).","Habitat/Ecology Trichiurus lepturus is a bentho-pelagic species which is found on continental shelves, usually at depths ranging from 100 to 350 m, usually in shallow coastal waters over muddy bottoms. This species occasionally surfaces at night to feed on their the primary prey item, Euphausiids, which undergo vertical migrations. Young and immature specimens feed on crustaceans and small fishes. Adults are more piscivorous. It has been reported to depths of 589 metres.   Trichiurus lepturus was found to be to be more abundant in bottom water temperatures of over 16°C and in the 40 to 120 m depth range off southern Brazil. From late spring to fall juveniles ranging in size from 5 to 30 cm total length (TL) were found in coastal waters, sub-adults (TL 30 to 70 cm) mainly in inner shelf waters and adults (TL > 70 cm) in coastal, inner and outer shelf waters. Increase in adult abundance is associated with thermal fronts in the western boundary of the Subtropical Convergence or with a shelf break up-welling observed in summer (Martins and Haimovici 1997). A positive correlation exists between T. lepturus and Cynoscion guatucupa; this was associated with similar spatial distribution and an indication of trophic competition. Trichiurus lepturus has a non-specialized diet but Euphausia simiilis is a main prey item (Martins 1992, Martins and Haimovici 1997). This species is well adapted to sharp temperature changes within its tolerance. It is absent in waters of less than 10°C (Martins and Haimovici 1997). Reproduction Trichiurus lepturus grows to 51.2 cm at the end of its first year, 82.5 cm at the end of its second year, and 101.0 cm by the third year of its life (Chakraborty 1990). In Brazil, the total length at first gonadal maturity for males is 63.9 cm and 69.3 cm for females. This species has a batch fecundity of  3,917 to 154,216. Spawning occurs during late spring and summer and is probably year round. Adult female T. lepturus remain to feed off southern Brazil during the cold season on the continental shelf while males move northward or offshore to warmer water (Martins and Haimovici 2000). This species matures at about 2 years. The eggs are pelagic (Parin and Nakamura 2002). Maximum size has been reported as 120 cm (TL) however this species is common at 50 to 100 cm (TL) (Parin and Nakamura 2002).This species undergoes large-scale migrations in parts of its range. Migration of this species is considered to be carried out between the wintering grounds in the East China Sea and the spawning grounds in the Yellow Sea (Misu 1961). In the Sea of Japan, the wintering grounds is situated in the coastal waters, mostly on the continental shelf (Shiokawa 1988).","Trichiurus lepturus is commercially important throughout its range, and does not appear to be managed. There is little species-specific population information available other than FAO landing statistics, however it is worth noting that T. lepturus, which is considered a single globally-distributed species, is likely a complex of several species. Trichiurus lepturus is subject to the bio-accumulation of mercury from the sugarcane agro-industry and sewage from settlements and villages in The Goiana River Estuary (7º30'S 34º47’W) (Barbosa et al. 2011).","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for T. lepturus. Trichiurus lepturus was assessed as Least Concern in Regional Assessments of the Caribbean and Eastern Central Atlantic. There is a need for taxonomic revision of this species complex, as well as more information concerning the population, life history, and exploitation pressure faced by this species. This species was assessed as Least Concern in the Regional Mediterranean Red List Assessments (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).","Trichiurus lepturus is the most abundant and frequently caught commercial Trichiurid worldwide (Nakamura and Parin 1993, Chakraborty and Iwatsuki 2006). It is caught mainly with bottom trawls, mid-water otter trawls, beach seines, trammel nets, purse seines, and hand-lines. This species is commercially important in Portugal and Mauritania (Parin 1986). Large, single individuals are caught by longline, while schools of small specimens are caught by trawl. This species is locally commercially important in the eastern Mediterranean (Golani et al. 2006). This species is marketed fresh, frozen, and salted. Trichiurus lepturus is often caught in the coastal trawl fishery but is almost always discarded by commercial fisherman (Haimovici and Palacios 1981). In parts of its range T. lepturus is misidentified as Lepidopus caudatus (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2014).","Ralph, G.","Collette, B., Smith-Vaniz, W.F., Herrera, J., Heessen, H. & Fernandes, P.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,TRIGLIDAE,Trigla,lyra,,Trigla lyra,"Linnaeus, 1758",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information available on the population trends. Research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species, as it is a species of major commercial importance and it is threatened by overfishing, which has been responsible for the decline of the species in the north of the Bay of Biscay.",Unknown,"In the east Atlantic, this species is present from the north of British Isles and the North Sea to Madeira and Walvis Bay, Namibia. In the Mediterranean Sea, it occurs in suitable habitats throughout the region. Specific records include the south Adriatic Sea (Ungaro et al. 1999), Tyrrhenian Sea (Colloca et al. 2004), Turkish lagoons (Akin et al. 2005), Strait of Sicily (Gristina et al. 2006), east Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005), Tracian Sea (Labropoulou and Papaconstantinou 2005), Catalan Sea (Colloca et al. 2006), Gulf of Lion (Gaertner et al. 1998), Cretan Sea (Kallianiotis et al. 2000) and Egyptian coasts (Abdallah 2002). Its depth lower limit is 700 metres, while its upper limit is 30 metres.","This species is moderately common. Aggregated catch statistics for all Triglidae species show a more or less stable catch of 3,000-8,000 mt per year since the 1970s (FAO Fishstat). According to Gristina et al. (2006), this species was sampled during two trawl surveys (Autumn 1997 and Autumn 1998) carried out in the Strait of Sicily, using an otter trawl with a 28 mm cod-end mesh opening. Mean density values ranged from three to 115 specimens/km2, from 62 hauls (trawls). Although the population trend is unknown, overfishing with most fishing gears, but especially bottom trawls, is responsible for the reduction of the species North of the Bay of Biscay. While the species was very common in 1957 (Bauchot et al. 1957), it was rare in 1998 (Quero 1998). It is considered to be common locally in Irish offshore waters, particularly off the south and southwest coasts of Ireland (Went and Kennedy 1976).","This is a bathydemersal species, found on rocky and soft and subtrata, including sand and mud (Bianchi et al. 1993) off the coast at depths of up to 700 m (Muñoz et al. 2002). While in the Ligurian Sea this species was recorded in depth ranging from 30 to 350 m (Relini et al. 1986), elsewhere it has been recorded to 700 m. Its lifespan is of seven years, and its maximum size is 60 cm (TL).  The dietary preferences of this species is mainly composed by ophiures and crustaceans (Brachiura, Macrura and Natantia) and in less proportion by hydroids, polychaetes, fish and small crustaceans. Certain variation on dietary composition preferences is observed during the fish development. Ophiuroids gradually diminish as length increases, while Brachiura and Natantia increase. Significant seasonal variation has not been observed in the diet composition. More common preys are benthic and generally not highly mobile (eg. brittle stars). It was observed in captive specimens that the use of the spines of pectoral fins is directed to detect their prey (Macpherson 1979).Drops of oil in the mature oocyte indicate that spawning is pelagic. Almost all aspects of its reproduction are still unknown (Muñoz et al. 2002).","Since this is a species with major commercial interest, it is impacted by semi-industrial fishing in Spain, Sicily, Yugoslavia, Cyprus and Egypt, and craftsmanship. It is mainly caught with trawls, beach seines, gill nets, longlines and handlines (Fischer et al. 1987). Overfishing with most fishing gears is responsible for the reduction of the species in the North of the Bay of Biscay.","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books.&#160;There are no specific conservation actions in place for this species, but its distribution overlaps with protected areas throughout its range, such as the Natura 2000 area El Cachucho, in Spain.&#160;Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends of the species.","This is a species with major commercial interest, and it is regularly or occasionally present on markets in Morocco and Turkey, being sold fresh or chilled (Fischer et al. 1987). Also, it is the most commercially important Gurnard in Greece (Caragitsou and Papaconstantinou 1994, Muñoz et al. 2002). It is not commercially targeted in Irish waters and most likely discarded and/or not identified to species level in Gurnard landings (Quigley 2005).  Olim and Borges (2006) reported discards of several species of triglids, T. lyra among them, caught by three different methods (crustacean trawl, fish trawl and purse seine) off the Algarve coast.","García, M., Quigley, D. & Ralph, G.","Álvarez, H.","Garcia, S., Golani, D., Palmeri, A. & Keskin, Ç.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,TRIGLIDAE,Trigloporus,lastoviza,,Trigloporus lastoviza,"(Bonnaterre, 1788)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European and regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on the population size, trends and other threats apart from fishing activities affecting the species are not well known. Research should be conducted to establish the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"In the eastern Atlantic, the species is present from England and Norway through the Canary Islands and the Azores southwards to Cape of Good Hope and Mozambique (Tortonese 1975, İlhan 2013). Heemstra (1982) recognizes two valid subspecies: Chelidonichthys lastoviza lastoviza, which ranges south to Angola, and Chelidonichthys lastoviza africana, which occurs in South Africa (Heemstra 1986). It is also present through the Mediterranean Sea, and in the Greek Mediterranean it shows a restricted bathymetrical distribution, being present between 32 and 191 m in May and between 32 and 106 m in September (Terrats et al. 2000). It reaches a maximum depth of 240 metres (Fischer et al. 1987), and its depth upper limit is 10 metres.","There is no information available for the population size and trend of this species. However, it has been suggested that the Rock Gurnard stock was overfished in Saronikos Gulf (Papaconstantinou 1986).  ","Gurnards are demersal and inhabit the continental and insular shelves of tropical and temperate seas to depths of 240 metres, found on sandy, muddy or rubble substrates (Fischer et al. 1987). In Crete, it occurs in association with species like Arnoglossus thori, Boops boops, Bothus podas podas, Diplodus annularis, Mullus surmuletus, Pagrus pagrus, Scorpaena porcus and Serranus cabrilla (Tsimenides et al. 1992).  The most important prey items in the diet of the Rock Gurnard in terms of weight are benthic invertebrates (Labropoulou and Machias 1998) like Mysidacea and Decapoda (Terrats et al. 2000). In May, the main species were Decapoda reptantia (28.9%) Mysidacea (24.2%), Cephalopoda (23.3%) and Decapoda natantia (18.6%). In September, Decapoda reptantia (44.4%) and D. natantia (26%). Among the identified Mysidacea in May, Paramysis hellery and Lophogaster typicus were the most abundant species. Crangonidae and Pomacentridae were the most abundant Decapoda preys (Terrats et al. 2000).  Reproduction was observed to take place between winter and early spring and occasionally in early winter. Males began to mature after completion of the second year and the females after the third (Papaconstantinou 1986). Long 4.5/42cm (İlhan 2013) and from 5 to 25 cm according to Terrats et al. (2000). Data on diameter (mm) of egg (1.23-1.32 in nature; 1.29 artificial), diameter of oil globule (0.17-0.18 in nature; 0.22 artificial), hatched yolk-sac larvae (3.5-3.6) and larvae start of active feeding (around 4.7) (Dulcic et al. 2001). A table with Trigloporus lastoviza's preferences on salinity, depth and temperature is included in Labropoulou and Machias (1998). At the time of the study in waters around Crete, the species was present among 30 and 165 meters below sea level, between temperatures of 14.6 and 24ºC (the maximum available during the study) and salinities among 38.12 and 39.75‰.","The species is being caught as by-catch, discarded or as a target species in some fishing areas.&#160;The species is part of the discards in bottom and beam trawling, although there are not statistics to evaluate the level of threat that this poses to the species (Rocha 2007). However, it has been suggested that the Rock Gurnard stock was overfished in Saronikos Gulf (Papaconstantinou 1986).","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range, but it is likely. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trend of the species.","The species is significant both for the Greek trawl and small scale fishery (Terrats 2000). The exploitation rate was considered rather high, and suggests that the Rock Gurnard stock was overfished in Saronikos Gulf (Papaconstantinou 1986).Gurnards are considered bycatch in bottom trawl and beam trawl fisheries although, due to decrease of traditionally targeted species, their interest and value has increased. They are residual occurrences of the species in artisanal catches (Rocha 2007). In Málaga (Spain), the species takes part of the fleet catches, reaching its maximum values in April, although in general is a small amount of them (Chapuli et al. 1979). In Irish waters, it is not commercially targeted, and most likely taken as a by-catch which is discarded and/or not identified to species level in (Quigley 2005). Although there has been a significant increase in French landings over the last decade, the data are not related to fishing effort and the species is currently not subject to TAC/Quota. Nevertheless, the species may be increasingly targeted in the future elsewhere throughout its range.","García, M., Quigley, D. & Ralph, G.","Álvarez, H.","Garcia, S. & Blanco, J.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,COTTIDAE,Triglops,murrayi,,Triglops murrayi,"Günther, 1888",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Triglops murrayi is distributed throughout the North Atlantic and Arctic oceans. In the Northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs throughout the Barents Sea and to the North Sea to Kattegat, including the Shetland Islands and the Faroes. No major threats have been identified for this species and its range overlaps with marine protected areas in the region. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Triglops murrayi is restricted to the North Atlantic and adjacent waters of the Arctic Ocean (Mecklenburg et al. 2011). Triglops murrayi is mainly distributed from the Polar Front northwards (Byrkjedal and Høines 2007). This species occurs along southwest and southeast Greenland, north to Spitsbergen, the Barents and White seas, along the coasts of Norway south to Skagerrak and Kattegat, the North Sea, Shetland Islands and the Faroe Islands (Neyelov 1973, Møller et al. 2010). It has been found from 7—69 m depth in the Barents and White seas (Leim and Scott 1966) and has an overall depth range of 7–530 m (Parin et al. 2002).","In the western Barents Sea, 5,715 individuals of this species were caught from 93 trawl stations in the summer of 2000 (Byrkjedal and Høines 2007). This species can be deemed to be common in the Barents Sea and off southeast Greenland (Møller et al. 2010). There is no further population information on the size or trends of the species.","Triglops murrayi is primarily a boreal species linked to Atlantic waters. It is a benthic species that occurs over sandy bottoms (Leim and Scott 1966, Pietsch 1993). This species primarily feeds on invertebrates including polychaetes and crustaceans (Kells and Carpenter 2011, Muus and Nielsen 1999). In the Barents Sea, it is usually found at depths between 100 to 200 m at temperatures of 1–3°C and salinities not less than 34 ppt; in the White Sea it is found in somewhat shallower waters at temperatures between 6–12°C and salinities of 23–29 ppt The maximum recorded length for this species is 20 cm TL (Pietsch 1993).","This species may be affected by water temperature changes due to climate change which can alter migration, physiology, food availability etc. (Roessig et al. 2004). However, major threats to this species have not been identified.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place. However, this species’ range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014).",Use and trade information is not available for this species but it is unlikely that this species is targeted by fisheries.,"Harwell, H.","Lorance, P., Florin, A. & Keskin, Ç.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,SCORPAENIFORMES,COTTIDAE,Triglops,pingelii,,Triglops pingelii,"Reinhardt, 1837",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Listed as Least Concern, Triglops pingelii is common near Greenland and in the Barents Sea, while it has a wide arcto-boreal distribution. More research should be conducted to determine the population trends of this species.",Unknown,"Triglops pingelii is an Arctic-boreal species and is circumpolar in the Arctic (Mecklenburg et al. 2011). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, T. pingelii occurs to 74°N, including Spitzbergen, western coasts of Novaya Zemlya, southeastern part of the Barents Sea to the White Sea (McAllister 1963, Leim and Scott 1966). The depth range of this species is 0 to 930 m (Coad and Reist 2004).","Triglops murrayi is rare in the North Sea. Between January 1977 and 1978 this species had a mean biomass of 0.5 kt (Yang 1982). In the western Barents Sea, 975 individuals were caught from 26 trawl stations in 2000 (Byrkjedal and Høines 2007). Out side of the European region, this species is common off Greenland (Møller et al. 2010).","Triglops pingelii is an arctoboreal benthic to epi-benthic species that feeds on crustaceans, arrow worms, and fishes. This species can reach 20.2 cm in length (Coad and Reist 2004).","This species may be affected by water temperature changes due to climate change which can alter migration, physiology, food availability etc. (Roessig et al. 2004). However, major threats to this species have not been identified.","There are no species-specific conservation measures in place. However, this species’ range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014).","Use and trade information is not available for this species. However, it is unlikely that this species is targeted.","Harwell, H.","Lorance, P., Florin, A. & Keskin, Ç.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STOMIIDAE,Trigonolampa,miriceps,,Trigonolampa miriceps,"Regan & Trewavas, 1930",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Trigonolampa miriceps is widespread in the Atlantic and circumglobal in the southern hemisphere. In the northeastern Atlantic, Trigonolampa miriceps occurs north of about 44° N to about 57° N west of the Hebrides and 65° N between Greenland and Iceland. This species occurs to over 1,000 m depth. Although data about the population and biology of this species are limited, given its broad range and deep water habitat, it is listed as Least Concern. Further research is required to determine population trends and possible threats to this species.",Unknown,"Trigonolampa miriceps occurs throughout the Atlantic Ocean and is circumtropical in the subtropical convergence south of 35°S (Gibbs 1984). In the northeastern Atlantic, this species ranges from about 44°N to 57°N west of the Hebrides and 65°N between Greenland and Iceland (Gibbs 1984). This species generally inhabits deeper, bathypelagic waters, reaching depths of up to 1,860 m (Gon 1990). Outside the region, this species also occurs in the western Atlantic, it is found between 42oN and 37oN. In the northwest Atlantic, it is found off the coast off Canada (Scott and Scott 1988).",There are no additional trawl surveys in the region (C. Papaconstantinou and S. Kobyliansky pers comm. 2013).,"Species of the family are mainly mesopelagic, usually occupying the waters above 1,000 m as an adult. This fish may undergo vertical migrations to near the surface as an adult; however, there are no data indicating that E. braueri undergoes such a migration. This species mainly consumes other fish and sometimes crustaceans (Harold FAO ECA in press). The maximum recorded length for this species is 32 cm SL (Gibbs 1984).",There are currently no major threats to this species.,There are no species specific conservation efforts in place for Stomias longibarbatus. ,This species is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Papaconstantinou, C. & Kobyliansky, S.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,TRIPTERYGIIDAE,Tripterygion,delaisi,,Tripterygion delaisi,"Cadenat & Blache, 1970",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Tripterygion delaisi is widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, from the southern UK to Senegal, including the Mediterranean Sea. It can be locally common, and there are no known major threats. Therefore, T. delaisi is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Tripterygion delaisi occurs in the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea, recorded from southern United Kingdom and the English Channel southwards along the coast of west Africa, including Madeira and the Canary Islands (Zander 1986), and south to Senegal. It known from depths ranging from 1 to 40 m.","This species is very common in the Mediterranean (Carreras-Carbonell et al. 2006). Larvae of T. delaisi were the most abundant larvae during plankton sampling in the Arrabida Marine Park (Portugal) in 2008 (Borges et al. 2009). Two sub-species of T. delaisi have been described: T.d. xanthosoma in the Mediterranean and T.d. delaisi in the Atlantic. An examination of the population structure of this species using mitochondrial and nuclear markers identified two clades: one in the eastern Atlantic islands, and one along the Atlantic coasts of Europe and in the Mediterranean. Migration is occurring from west to east (Domingues et al. 2007). Population structure was further examined using highly polymorphic micro-satellite loci, which detected a pattern of isolation-by-distance within eight analyzed population across this species' range. This pattern suggests that T. delaisi has limited dispersal capabilities, with areas of rocky habitat allowing contact between populations, while large discontinuities of sand or deep-water channels seem to reduce gene flow (Carreras-Carbonell et al. 2006).","Tripterygion delaisi is a demersal species, inhabiting shallow coastal waters with rocky substrate to depths of 40 meters. It prefers depths between 6 and 12 meters (Zander 1986). It is found under overhanging rocks, entrances of caves and other biotopes with reduced light. In the Atlantic, it also occurs in shallow, light-exposed biotopes. It feeds on benthic invertebrates, also on harpacticoids. Males court by figure-8-swimming (Zander 1986). This species exhibits territorial breeding and male parental care of benthic eggs (Domingues et al. 2007).",There are no known major threats for this species. It does not have any commercial interest and is not the target of fisheries.,No conservation measures are in place for this species. Tripterygion delaisi was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).,There is no use and trade information available for this species.,"Ralph, G.","Holleman, W.","Yokes, B., Pollard, D., Kara, M., Goren, M., Williams, J.T. & Craig, M.T.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,TRIPTERYGIIDAE,Tripterygion,melanurum,,Tripterygion melanurum,"Guichenot, 1850",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Tripterygion melanurum is endemic to the Mediterranean, where it is widespread and relatively common. There are no known widespread threats to T. melanurum. Therefore, T. melanurum is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Tripterygion melanurum is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. It has been recorded from the Balearic Islands (Spain), southern Sardinia, Tunisia, Israel, Lebanon, Cyprus and southern Turkey. It is also in the Ligurian Sea (Tunesi and Molinari 2005).","This species is not very common in Levant, but is common in Aegean and northwestern Mediterranean.","Tripterygion melanurum is a demersal species that inhabits dimly-lit areas, clinging to walls or ceilings (Zander 1986). It feeds on small invertebrates, especially harpacticoids (Zander 1986). Several females lay eggs on substrate of males' territory, often on sponges, and eggs are guarded by the male (Zander 1986).",There are no known major threats for this species. It does not have any commercial interest and is not caught by any fishing techniques.,"There are no species specific conservation measures. However this species is found in marine protected areas. Tripterygion melanurum was previously assessed as Least Concern, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",This species is not utilized.,"Ralph, G.","Holleman, W.","Yokes, B., Pollard, D., Kara, M., Goren, M. & Francour, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,TRIPTERYGIIDAE,Tripterygion,tartessicum,,Tripterygion tartessicum,"Carreras-Carbonell, Pascual & Macpherson, 2007","Tripterygion tripteronotum was split into two distinct species, T. tripteronotum and T. tartessicum, based on genetic and morphological characteristics (Carreras-Carbonell et al. 2007).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Tripterygion tartessicum is known from Atlantic coast of Morocco and the western Mediterranean Sea. Although it was only relatively recently described (2007), the population is considered stable. There are no known threats and it occurs within marine protected areas. Therefore, T. tartessicum is listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Tripterygion tartessicum is found along the coast of Morocco and in the western Mediterranean Sea (Carreras-Carbonell et al. 2007). Specifically, it has been collected from the southern coast of Spain, and from Plage David, Morocco to Tunisia (Carreras-Carbonell et al. 2007). It is found at depths ranging from 0 to 6 m.","Tripterygion tartessicum was recently described in 2007. It is sister to T. tripteronotus, from which it diverged during the Pliocene glaciations 2.7-3.6 Mya (Carreras-Carbonell et al. 2007). Tripterygion tartessicum populations are considered stable (Cheung et al. 2005).","Tripterygion tartessicum inhabits similar habitats to Tripterygion tripteronotus, shallow rocky shores to 6 m, preferably between 0 and 3 m. Tripterygion tartessicum can also be found in light-exposed and shady biotopes dominated by algal communities (e.g. Corallina elongata, Cladophora spp., Litophyllum spp., Enteromorpha spp.). Nests are usually situated in sciaphyl habitats dominated by steep rocky zones, without arborescent algae (Carreras-Carbonell et al. 2007). The family Tripterygiidae contains species of bottom-living blennioid fishes usually associated with rocky habitats and inhabiting cold, temperate, subtropical and tropical areas (Fricke 2002).",The threats to Tripterygion tartessicum are unknown.,Tripterygion tartessicum occurs within marine protected areas. It was assessed as Least Concern in 2010 (unpublished).,Tripterygion tartessicum is not utilized.,"Ralph, G.","Holleman, W.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,TRIPTERYGIIDAE,Tripterygion,tripteronotum,,Tripterygion tripteronotum,"(Risso, 1810)","Tripterygion tripteronotum was split into two distinct species, T. tripteronotum and T. tartessicum, based on genetic and morphological characteristics (Carreras-Carbonell et al. 2007).",Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Tripterygion tripteronotum is endemic to the Mediterranean and Black Sea. It is widespread and common, with no widespread threats. Therefore, T. tripteronotum is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Tripterygion tripteronotum is endemic to the Mediterranean and Black Sea (Zander 1986). It is found throughout the northern Mediterranean, from southeastern Spain to Turkey (Carreras-Carbonell et al. 2007), including the Ligurian Sea (Tunesi and Molinari 2005). There is a record from Libya (Jonge 1989), but this may be the sister species T. tartessicum.","This species is common throughout its range in the Mediterranean, the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea.","This is a demersal, non-migratory species. It is a resident intertidal species with homing behaviour (Gibson 1999) found in shallow rocky shores to six metres. It feeds on benthic invertebrates.",There are no known major threats for this species. It does not have any commercial interest and is not caught by any fishing techniques,"No conservation measures are in place for this species. It was previously assessed as Least Concern, globally and in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",This species is not utilized.,"Ralph, G.","Holleman, W.","Yokes, B., Pollard, D., Kara, M., Francour, P. & Goren, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,GADIDAE,Trisopterus,capelanus,,Trisopterus capelanus,"(Lacepède, 1800)","Trisopterus capelanus was previously considered the Mediterranean sub-species of T. minutus (T. m. capelanus) and has since been elevated to the status of a fully valid species (Mattiangeli et al. 2000, Delling et al. 2011, Gonzalez et al. 2012).",Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Trisopterus capelanus is restricted to the Mediterranean Sea, where it is one of the most abundant endemic species. There is no known large-scale fishery for T. capelanus, although it is harvested in some regions as a food source and it is a bycatch of trawl and purse seine fisheries. It occurs at depths ranging from zero to 450 meters, but is more abundant at depths of 50 to 150 metres with a preferences for mixed sand and mud bottoms. Monitoring of the harvest levels and population numbers of this species is needed, so that any change in the levels of exploitation can be noted. Fishing mortality, both direct and indirect, is not thought to be a major threat at this time and there are no other known widespread threats. This entirety of the depth range and the preferred habitat of this species (sandy-muddy bottoms) are accessible to trawling. Trisopterus capelanus has become a major commercial species and has been increasingly exploited since the late 1980s. Once exclusively considered a bycatch species, it is now targeted in parts of its range, particularly in the eastern Mediterranean and the Catalan coast. Mediterranean fisheries are characterized as multi-species fisheries, and in addition to being directly targeted this species is retained as bycatch, particularly in Hake and Red Mullet fisheries, both of which are considered largely overexploited throughout the region. Overexploitation of T. capelanus has been observed as early as 1988, in the Straits of Sicily. In the Adriatic Sea T. capelanus is also experiencing high fishing pressure, which has caused significant reductions in total length (maximum observed size of 21.5 cm, vs. maximum recorded size of 32 cm) and a low proportion of specimens older than three years old catches. This species has a maximum observed age of six years and is likely sexually mature by ages one to two, however age of first maturity has not been confirmed. The overall trend in landings declared to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is one of gradual increase to a peak of 3,290 tonnes in 2006. From 2006 to 2001, landings declined by 46% to 1,751 tonnes. There is little biological information available and stock assessments are not performed on this species. It appears to be experiencing localized overfishing in parts of its range, however there is not currently enough information available to characterize the status of the population throughout its range. Therefore, T. capelanus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Trisopterus capelanus is restricted to the Mediterranean Sea, where it occurs in Spanish waters such as Gulf of Valencia (Salome Morte et al. 2001) and Catalan Sea (Bozzano et al. 2005), Gulf of Lion (Gaertner et al.1998) and perhaps the Ligurian Sea, Tyrrhenian Sea (Dremiere et al. 1999), south Adriatic Sea (Dremiere et al. 1999), east Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al. 2005), Cretan Sea (Kallianiotis et al. 2000) and Aegean Sea (Mattiangeli et al. 2003) and in particular in the Gulf of Euboikos (Politou and Papaconstantinou 1994), in the Thracian Sea and in the Themaikos Gulf (Labropoulou and Papaconstantinou 2005) and in the Turkish waters (Karakulak et al. 2006). It is found at depths of up to 450 m, though the highest abundances are at depths of 50 to 100 m (Mattiangeli et al. 2003).","Trisopterus capelanus is one of the most abundant endemic species in the Mediterranean (Politou and Papaconstantinou 1994). In 1998 this species was considered overexploited in the Straits of Sicily, with spawning stock biomass per recruit (SPR) well below conservative thresholds of 30% of the pristine or unexploited SPR (Ragonese and Bianchini 1998).  This species is considered a primary commercial species off the Catalan coast. Sizes ranged from 11.5 to 29 cm total length (Crec′hriou et al. 2013). It is considered one of the main target species of commercial trawl fisheries in the eastern Adriatic Sea, with annual catch of about 40 tonnes. Despite its importance in this region there is a paucity of biological information available for this species and there are no stock assessments. Total length in the Adriatic Sea ranged from 10.4 to 21.3 cm (mean 14.4) for females. It is worth noting that the maximum length of this species in the Adriatic Sea is 32 cm, which is significantly larger than the maximum length obtained in a study by Šantić et al. (21.5 cm male). Additionally, high fishing pressure may have caused the observed low proportion of specimens older than three years old in the catch. Two-year olds dominated the samples (Šantić et al. 2013).  Off the eastern coast of Greece, females begin to mature at sizes of 11 to 12 cm (Politou and Papaconstantinou 1991).  FAO Landing Statistics The overall trend in landings for “Poor Cod” in the Mediterranean and Black Sea fishing zone is one of gradual increase with some fluctuations from 1970 to 2011. Landings fluctuate between 500 and 1500 tonnes from the early 1970s until the late 1990s, after which landings begin to increase, peaking at 3290 tonnes in 2006 and dropping to 1751 tonnes in 2011 (FAO 2011) but with no clear indication of recent sustained declines.","Trisopterus capelanus is found over sand and mud habitats at depths of up to 450 m, though the highest abundances are at depths of 50 to 100 m (Mattiangeli et al. 2003). In the Strait of Sicily this species occurred most commonly on muddy-sandy bottoms between 100 and 300 m (Ragonese and Bianchini 1998). It feeds primarily on crustaceans and demersal fishes (Politou and Papaconstantino 1994) and has been described as an opportunistic feeder (Ragonese and Bianchini 1998). Recruitment occurs year round, but there are seasonal peaks (Lloret and Lleonart 2002). Trisopterus capelanus grows to at least 30 cm (Mattiangeli et al. 2003). This species is relatively short lived (four to six years) (Ragonese and Bianchini 1998).",Trisopterus capelanus is a commercially important species that is targeted in parts of its range and taken as bycatch in others. It is taken as bycatch in commercial trawlers targeting Hake and Red Mullet (Farrugio et al. 2010).,"Minimum landing size is in place in some national regulations, for example in Spain (11 cm). Trisopterus minutus ssp. capelanus was assessed regionally as Least Concern in the Mediterranean in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011); as T. m. capelanus is now considered a full species, restricted to the Mediterranean, this equates to a global assessment of Least Concern for T. capelanus. Monitoring of the harvest levels and population numbers of this species is needed, so that any change in the levels of exploitation can be noted.","Since the mid to late 1990s there has been growing interest in harvest of this species in the Mediterranean. Overexploitation of the resource was noted as early as 1998 (Ragonese and Bianchini 1998). This species is now considered a major commercial species off Catalan coast. It is regularly found in northern Mediterranean fish markets (Mattiangeli et al. 1990). In the northeastern Mediterranean Sea, T. capelanus consistently exhibited both marketable and discard fractions in the trawl fisheries (Machias et al. 2001) and purse seine fisheries (Tsagarakis et al. 2012). In the Tyrrhenian Sea, T. capelanus is not valuable, but is an important bycatch species in otter trawl fisheries (Biagi et al. 1992).","Ralph, G.","Carpenter, K.E. & Stump, E.","Di Natale, A., Molinari, A., Öztúrk, B. & Srour, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,GADIDAE,Trisopterus,esmarkii,,Trisopterus esmarkii,"(Nilsson, 1855)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Trisopterus esmarkii, the Norway Pout, is distributed from the Southwest Barents Sea, sometimes at Bear Island, South to the English Channel, around Iceland and at the Faeroe Islands. It is caught in the industrial fishery and estimates of SSB from the only available stock assessment in the North Sea fluctuates over the past 30 years due to variable recruitment and short-life span caused by high natural mortality, with no observable trend. Within the last 10 years (three generation lengths) there is also no observable trend. Fishing mortality has been reduced due to implementation of bi-annual recommendations for total allowable catch. Trisopterus esmarkii is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Increasing,"Trisopterus esmarkii is restricted to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is distributed from Svalbard and the southwest Barents Sea, south to the English Channel, including Bear Island, around Iceland and at the Faroe Islands (Cohen et al. 1990). It is found at depths ranging from 50 to 300 metres.","Trisopterus esmarkii is a relatively abundant gadoid in the North Sea and Barents Sea. A stock assessment in the North Sea (including Skagerrak and Kattegat) shows SSB for this species in the North Sea as widely fluctuated over the past 30 years (1983–2014) with an apparent increase in biomass from the mid-2000s to 2013. This is a short-lived species. The abundance of this species is closely linked to recruitment, which has varied considerably over the last decade (ICES 2014). Due to the relatively short lifespan of this species, stock dynamics are highly variable. This species is also fished in the industrial fishery (e.g. harvested for fishmeal and oil) throughout the region, but no other stock assessments are available.","Norway Pout is a benthopelagic to pelagic species which is typically found over muddy bottoms at depths of 50 to 300 meters, but more commonly between 100 and 200 meters. It feeds primarily on copepods (Bromley et al. 1997), but also consumes decapod larvae, mysids and euphasiids (Gordon 1977). Norway Pout is an important prey species in the North Sea ecosystem  (ICES 2011).  This species spawns in the North Sea at depths of >100 m, with a peak in spawning occurring between March and April, with more northern populations (off the coast of Norway) spawning in late March and continuing through to June. The principal spawning area of Norway pout in the North Sea is in the northwestern region (Nash et al. 2012). This species most likely spawns only once, and natural mortality is significantly correlated with sexual maturity, sex, growth and intra-specific stock density, indicating that this species may die as a direct or indirect result of spawning (Nielsen et al. 2012). Females are generally more abundant than males, with female dominance increasing by age (Albert 1994). Males mature younger than females (age at 50% maturity: males = 1.2 years, females=1.5 years) (Lambert et al. 2009) and longevity is four to five years. Generation length is therefore estimated to be about two to three years.","Trisopterus esmarkii is the direct target of small-mesh fisheries for fish meal and fish oil (ICES 2007). This species population is also impacted by other commercial species, as it is an important prey species of other commercially important fishes, such as cod, saithe, haddock, mackerel and whiting.",Harvest control rules based on total allowable catches are in place for Norway Pout and are frequently re-evaluated due to this species' short lifespan (ICES 2014).,This species is a direct target of small-mesh fisheries for fish meal and fish oil (ICES 2007). It is primarily caught using bottom trawls and Danish seines (Cohen et al. 1990).,"Kempf, A. & Nielsen, R.","Cook, R., Fernandes, P., Florin, A., Lorance, P. & Nedreaas, K.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,GADIDAE,Trisopterus,luscus,,Trisopterus luscus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Trisopterus luscus is widely distributed in the eastern Atlantic. In the northeastern Atlantic, T. luscus is distributed from Skagerrak, North Sea, and the British Isles to the Iberian Peninsula. and may also be found in the Mediterranean. It is found at depths ranging from 30 to 100 metres, but moves into shallow waters to spawn. Scientific survey data from 1988 to 2011 in the eastern English Channel show stable capture rates. Landings reported to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) from the Northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean have declined by about 32% over the past 10 years, but T. luscus is commercially important in only some parts of its range (e.g. France, Portugal, Spain). More information is needed to determine the status of this species in Mediterranean Sea. Given the wide distribution and commercial interests that are limited to only a small portion of its range, T. luscus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Trisopterus luscus is distributed from Skagerrak, North Sea, and the British Isles to about 25°N along the West African coast and, reportedly, also in the western Mediterranean (Cohen et al. 1990). In the Mediterranean Sea, T. luscus seems to be present in the west part of the basin, but it is not reported in the east basin. There are some old references for Sicily, Naples, the Adriatic Sea, Nice, Algeria and Spanish Mediterranean Sea, but recent records are scarce. In 2003, 30 individuals were examined from the coast of the Alborán Sea (Thiam et al. 2009). It is typically found from 30 to 100 m (Svetovidov 1986).","In a survey covering the Celtic Sea and Bay of Biscay, North of Spain, Portugal, and the Gulf of Cadiz in 2004 showed that T. luscus was taken in all areas. Trisopterus luscus was the third most abundant species off the North Cap of Breton off the French Shelf, accounting for 6.3% by weight in a 1997 survey. It was the 10th most abundant species on the south Cap of Breton, off the Spanish Shelf, accounting for 2.5% by weight in the same survey. The Catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) for this species, from the International Bottom Trawl Survey, has decreased continually from 1983 to 2004. From 1983-1990: 10802; 1991 to 1995: 6800; 1996 to 2000: 3912; 2001 to 2004: 2196 (ICES 2005). FAO landing statistics Pouting (=Bib) is reported from the following FAO fishing regions: Northeast Atlantic (80-90% of all landings), Eastern Central Atlantic (0-10% of all landings), Mediterranean (very little). The overall trend in global landings from 1950 - 2011, driven by landings in the Northeast Atlantic, is one of continual increase to a peak of 28439 tonnes in 1978, from 1978 onwards, landings decline, with minor fluctuation, to the most recent reported landings of 13079 tonnes in 2011 (54% decline). Given the short lifespan of T. luscus (no more than 3 to 4 years, typically), three generation lengths is likely to be less than 10 years; over this time frame, landings have declined in the Northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean by 32%, from 18289 tonnes in 2001 to 12379 tonnes in 2011 (FAO 2011 FishStatJ accessed 2014 May). Although effort data are not available, the market price in Portugal is relatively low (< 2 €/kg) and declined between 2006 and 2009 (DataPescas 2009).","Trisopterus luscus has an affinity for the lusitanian biogeographic region, and is considered a warm generalist, being found at mean temperatures of 9.7 degrees. It reaches a maximum length of 46 cm (ICES 2007). This is a benthopelagic, oceanodromous gregarious fish. Immature fish often occur in large schools, and is associated with wrecks and reefs. It mostly lives on the outer shelf, but moves inshore to depths of 50 m or less for spawning. This species shows a strong preference for shallow waters from depths of 30 m to 100 m, and there is evidence of habitat segregation between juveniles and adults (Tanner et al. 2008). This species uses estuaries as nurseries (Cabral et al. 2001). This species feeds on benthic crustaceans but also on small fish, molluscs, and polychaetes (Svetovidov 1986). Trisopterus luscus is included in the estuarine sand, coastal coarse sand, middle shelf (70 to 120 m), and outer shelf assemblages in the Bay of Biscay. In the Celtic Sea, T. luscus was characteristic of the Western Channel Assemblage (ICES 2005). The length-at-maturity of this species on the Galician shelf of NW Spain was 19.2 cm. Age at maturity is 1 year (Puente 1988). Spawning females were observed throughout the year (Alonso-Fernández et al. 2008). This species rarely grows to more than 40 cm in length and 4 years of age (Labarta and Ferreiro 1982). This species visits Norwegian waters, but it is not known if it is breeding in Norwegian waters (Nedreaas pers comm 2013).","Trisopterus luscus is of importance to the artisanal fleets of a number of countries, namely France, Portugal, and Spain. The highest recorded landings occurred on the Galician shelf in 1979, (27036t) landings have since declined to (12460t). There has been a substantial decrease in catches of T. luscus on the Galician shelf of North-western Spain (Alzonso-Fernández et al. 2008). This species uses estuaries as nursery areas; Declines in abundance of T. luscus in the Tagus estuary were attributed to deteriorating environmental quality within the estuary (Cabral et al. 2001). Landings data from France, Spain, Portugal (27) and Morocco (34) are between 10,000 and 50,000t. This species is mainly caught as bycatch, used as food fish (Muus and Nielsen 1999). Sometimes this species is used in public aquariums. In the Mediterranean Sea, annual landings statistics (tons) for this species (1996 to 2005), obtained from the FAO FISHSTAT Fisheries Statistical Database (2007): 313 (1996), 388 (1997), 402 (1998), 380 (1999), 275 (2000), 194 (2001), 58 (2002), 142 (2003), 159 (2004), 155 (2005). The above figures are based on landings in Spain and Morocco. However records for Trisopterus luscus are often mixed with other species and some records from Tangers (Morocco) could be from the Atlantic (A. Srour pers. comm. 2007). It is impossible to determine population trends for this species in the Mediterranean Sea (if the species really occurs there) only based on these figures.","As of 2009, age and maturity determinations have not been carried out on a regular basis for T. luscus in ICES areas. In Spain, landings are not typically reported at the species level, and this species is often inaccurately identified (ICES 2009). Portugal performs stock assessments of T. luscus, however these have not yet been located. No conservation measures are in place for this species. However, this species may be present in marine protected areas that fall within its distribution. Trisopterus luscus was assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).  More information is needed to determine the status of this species in Mediterranean Sea.","Trisopterus luscus is a commercial species. It is used as food fish (Muus and Nielsen 1999). This species is harvested commercially on the Galician shelf by Spanish inshore artisanal fleet (Alonso-Fernández et al. 2008). It is particularly important to Portugal, Spain, and France.","Harwell, H.","Fernandes, P., Cook, R., Florin, A., Lorance, P., Nielsen, J. & Nedreaas, K.","Di Natale, A., Molinari, A., Srour, A. & Öztúrk, B.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,GADIFORMES,GADIDAE,Trisopterus,minutus,,Trisopterus minutus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","Mediterranean populations were once considered a sub-speciesTrisopterus minutus capelanus and have since been elevated to the status of a fully valid species, T. capelanus (Mattiangeli et al. 2000, Delling et al. 2011, Gonzalez et al. 2012).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Trisopterus minutus is distributed in the eastern Atlantic. In the northeastern Atlantic, T. minutus is found from the Trondheim Fjord, Norway and the Faeroe Islands to the Iberian Peninsula. Trisopterus minutus is of little or no commercial importance, is considered to be common, and has stable capture rates in scientific surveys in at least one portion of its range. There are no known widespread threats. Therefore, T. minutus is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Trisopterus minutus has the widest distribution of the genus Trisopterus. It is found in the eastern Atlantic, from the Trondheim Fjord, Norway and the Faeroe Islands to the southern coast of Morocco. Mediterranean populations were once considered a sub-species Trisopterus minutus capelanus and have since been elevated to the status of a fully valid species, T. capelanus (Mattiangeli et al. 2000, Delling et al. 2011, Gonzalez et al. 2012). It is found at depths ranging from 0–440 meters.","This species is very common throughout its range (Lorance pers. comm. 2012). Scientific surveys over the past 10 years from the Baltic and Kattegat show no trend (International Bottom Trawl Survey and Baltic International Trawl survey data provided by Florin pers. comm. 2013). Population structure: Single locus minisatellite data suggest reproductive isolation of the Faroe Bank population (Mattiangeli et al. 2002). FAO landing statistics summary: Trisopterus minutus is declared from the FAO fishing regions: Northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean - however Mediterranean landings represent the distinct species T. capelanus. The overall trend in landings, driven by the northeastern Atlantic which accounts for over 95% of global landings, is one of increase with fluctuations to a peak of 3290 tonnes in 2005. Landings have since decreased to 1751 tonnes. Other population information: A study of demersal fish populations around the coasts of the UK and northwestern Europe found Poor Cod to be one of the most abundant demersal fish species (Rogers et al. 1998). Trisopterus minutus appears to have increased in abundance in the North Sea from 1909 to the present (Rijnsdorp et al. 1996). In the 1970s, this species was the second-most abundant gadoid taken in the Severn estuary (Claridge and Potter 1984).","Trisopterus minutus occurs in small schools over muddy or sandy bottoms at depths of 15 to 200 m, though it can be found as deep as 400 m (Cohen et al. 1990). Its diet consists of crustaceans and small fish (Svetovidov 1986). Maturity is reached at one year of age, and spawning takes place from winter to spring.","Trisopterus minutus is considered locally abundant and it is not heavily fished (Cohen et al. 1990). However, studies of Turkish trawlers found that the equipment did not allow juveniles to escape, but took both adult and immature individuals (Ozbilgin et al. 2005). The harvesting of this species is not considered to be a major threat, as it is of minor commercial importance, and harvesting does not occur throughout its entire range. It has also been described as one of the most abundant demersal species throughout most of its range.","There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place. Trisopterus minutus is listed as Least Concern in the Norwegian, Swedish and HELCOM Red List Assessments. Monitoring of the harvest levels and population numbers of this species is needed.",Trisopterus minutus is it is not heavily fished (Cohen et al. 1990) and is considered of minor commercial importance.,"Harwell, H.","Fernandes, P., Cook, R., Florin, A., Lorance, P., Nielsen, J. & Nedreaas, K.","Herdson, D., De Silva, R., Milligan, H.T., Lutz, M., Batchelor, A., Jopling, B., Kemp, K., Lewis, S., Lintott, P., Sears, J. & Livingston, F.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,BELONIFORMES,BELONIDAE,Tylosurus,acus,,Tylosurus acus,"(Lacepède, 1803)","Four subspecies are recognised: T. a. acus (Lacepède, 1803) in the western Atlantic (Massachusetts, USA to Brazil) and east Atlantic (off Morocco and the western Mediterranean Sea) T. a. imperialis (Rafinesque, 1810) in the Mediterranean Sea and Cape Verde Islands) T. a. rafale Collette and Parin 1970 from the Gulf of Guinea and T. a melanotus (Bleeker, 1850) in the the Indo-West Pacific and oceanic islands in the eastern tropical Pacific (Revillagigedos, Clipperton, and Cocos).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) In the European region, this species is known from scattered localities in the Mediterranean. It is uncommon, however it has no known major threats, and is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"The species has a wide distribution in the western Atlantic (Massachusetts, USA to Brazil) and in the eastern Atlantic (Cape Verde, Morocco and the Mediterranean; Collette and Parin 1970), the Gulf of Guinea, the Indo-Pacific (eastern Africa to the central and south Pacific) and the east-central Pacific (oceanic islands such as the Revillagigedo, Clipperton and Cocos). In Europe, this species is known from scattered localities in the Mediterranean Sea, with recent records from the Aegean Sea (Akyol and Kara 2011, Türker Çakir and Zengin 2013) and the Adriatic Sea (Bello 1995), however Di Natale et al. (2011) state it to be distributed throughout the Mediterranean Sea and likely to be more widespread than currently recorded.",The species is uncommon and is known only from scattered localities (B. Collette pers. comm. 2013).,"This is an epipelagic species, inhabiting offshore waters but also found in coastal waters. This species feeds mainly on small fishes (Collette 1981). It is oviparous and its eggs may be found attached to objects in the water by tendrils. Ripe females were reported from late May and early June in the northern Aegean Sea (Akyol and Kara 2011). This species either lacks the left gonad or it is greatly reduced in size (Collette 2005). Eggs measure 3.22-4.0 mm in diameter. Ovarian egg counts in two females, 485 and 500 mm BL: 116-196 eggs in the left ovary, 1,792-12,313 eggs in the right ovary (Collette 2010). Hatching takes about 10-12 days. Maximum size: 128 cm (SL), 95 cm BL (body length).",There are no known major threats to this species. It is an offshore species and may not significantly impacted by surface pollution (B. Collette pers. comm. 2013).,There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps with marine protected areas in parts of its range. Further research into its European distribution is recommended.,"This species may be incidentally caught in fisheries (commercial or recreational) for Belone belone (B. Collette pers. comm. 2013), and it is a target of sport fisheries.","Allen, D.J. & Polidoro, B.","Collette, B.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SCIAENIDAE,Umbrina,canariensis,,Umbrina canariensis,"Valenciennes, 1843","The morphology of the northwest Indian Ocean population and the one from the Mediterranean and southeast Atlantic are similar, but their ranges of distribution are separated. They probably belong to different taxonomic and conservation units (L. Chao pers. comm. 2013).",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) In European waters, the species is found along the European Atlantic coast from the Bay of Biscay southwards, the Canary Islands, and in the Mediterranean from at least Malta westwards. It is not commercially fished in the most of Europe, although likely taken as bycatch and occasionally in recreational fisheries. Its distribution is larger than the thresholds set out under Criterion B (limited geographic range), and although there are no data available on its population trends, there are currently no indications of decline. It is therefore considered Least Concern. Taxonomic study is required to resolve questions that arise from the separation in distributions between the northwest Indian Ocean population and the one from the Mediterranean and southeast Atlantic, however this work will not impact this European assessment.",Unknown,"This species’ global range includes the eastern Atlantic from the Bay of Biscay to South Africa, and northwards into the western Indian Ocean as far as Natal, South Africa; the western Mediterranean Sea, in the Balearic, Catalonian, Ligurian and Tyrrhenian seas and as far east as the Strait of Sicily (Fiorentino et al. 2010); and the northwestern Indian Ocean from Somalia to the Arabian Sea, possibly as far east as Pakistan and India (though its distribution in the Indian Ocean must be re-examined). Its European range includes the eastern Atlantic coast along the European continent and the Canary Islands, and the western Mediterranean Sea, at least from Malta westwards (Fiorentino et al. 2010).","In the eastern Atlantic, this species is mainly distributed south of the European continent and in European waters the species is rare, although detailed population information is not available from the coast of the European continent, the Canary Islands or the western Mediterranean Sea. Cruz and Lombarte (2004) collected 14 specimens, with length varying from 14-54 cm TL during sampling cruises in the Catalonian Sea and around the Balearic Islands (north-west Mediterranean Sea) between 1995 and 2003. FAO (2012) fisheries statistics show that total landings of the species between 1998 to 2010 fluctuated from 850 to 5,500 tonnes with an overall average of around 1,200 t.","This is a demersal species, found in mud and sandy substrata of the shelf and upper slope (Chao 1986), in temperatures from 14-15° C (Bianchi et al. 1999). It feeds on small shrimps, worms and other benthic invertebrates (Chao 1986).","This is not a commercial species in Europe (except in the Canary Islands) and the scale of threat is uncertain, but occasionally caught in sport fisheries.","There is no information available on specific conservation measures for this species in Europe. Several conservation actions may be required, particularly researching and monitoring the population, and managing the harvest.",Common in local markets in the Canary Islands.,"Nieto, A., Allen, D.J. & Comeros-Raynal, M.","Chao, L.","Yokes, B., Pollard, D., Kara, M., Quignard, J.P. & Goren, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SCIAENIDAE,Umbrina,cirrosa,,Umbrina cirrosa,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,VU,A2bc,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) The species’ range in Europe is from the Bay of Biscay (with occasional records from Britain in the southern North Sea) and throughout Mediterranean, the Black Sea, and the Sea of Azov, with just a small part of the species range (Atlantic coast of Morocco) outside Europe. It is a minor commercial fish and it taken as bycatch in other fisheries and in recreational fishing. Population declines over the past 15 years (around three generations), using FAO (2013) landing data from European data as a proxy (estimated three generations (2011: 50 t est.; 1996 160 t) are estimated at approximately 80%, however the latest figures (for 2011) are estimated, and the proportion of the decline in fishery captures due to changes in fishing effort is uncertain. Declines in reduction of habitat quality of important estuarine areas (juvenile nursery areas) due to coastal development and degradation are also a serious concern for this species. The species is assessed as Vulnerable on the basis of an inferred population decline of at least 30% within the last three generations based on estimated fishery capture data; the species would qualify for a higher threat category based on the estimated level of decline, however, and the species should be reassessed when more accurate data become available.",Decreasing,"The species’ global range is from the Bay of Biscay (with occasional records from Britain in the southern North Sea) to the Atlantic coast of southern Morocco, and throughout the Mediterranean and Black seas, to the Sea of Azov. Its core range includes primarily the Mediterranean Sea, including the Aegean Sea (Koutrakis and Tsikliras 2003), the Adriatic Sea (Dulcic and Glamuzina 2006), the Ligurian Sea (Molinari and Tunesi 2003), and Iberian waters (Cruz and Lombarte 2006) including the Balearic Islands. It is also present in Libya and Morocco, possibly in all north African coasts including Egypt (Bini 1968, Collignon and Aloncle 1973).","FAO (2013) landing figures for Europe show a decline in capture of the species in Europe from 139 t in 1991, 160 t in 1996, 103 t in 2001, to 50 t (estimated) in 2011, an&#160;approximate&#160;decline&#160;of&#160;80% over three generations (1996 to 2011); this estimated decline has been reduced to a conservative 30% decline due to the estimated data for the 2011 catches. Declines have also been observed in the Mediterranean Sea; the species used to be relatively common in many areas of the Mediterranean in the 1970s compared to the present (A. Di Natale pers. comm. 2007). There are records of sharp declines in this species observed around the Aegean Sea and Mediterranean coast of Turkey in the past ten years (C. Bizsel and B. Yokes pers. comm. 2007).","This is a demersal species that can be found over rocky and sandy substrata in coastal waters. Juveniles enter estuaries. The reproduction period for this species begins in May, with a peak in June. Food prey include molluscs and worms. The maximum size is 100 cm and maximum weight is 12 kg (Dieuzeide et al. 1955). It matures at around 35 cm (three years), and is estimated to have a generation length of five years. This species feeds on Clupeids (sardines, anchovies), mackerels, cuttlefish, shellfishes and worms. Records from the Mediterranean Sea include:Koutrakis and Tsikliras (2003) sampled nine specimens, with length varying from 6.5 to 24.7 cm TL, using various fishing gear (beach-seine, fyke-net, gill nets) in three northern Aegean estuarine systems. Porto-Lagos (NE Aegean), a shallow coastal lagoon was sampled between December 1988 and September 1990.Dulcic and Glamuzina (2006) collected 44 specimens, with length varying from 33.1 to 47.0 cm TL, using various fishing gears (beach seine, fyke net, gill nets, fish traps) in three estuarine area of the River Mirna, northern Adriatic Sea.Cruz and Lombarte (2004) captured ten specimens (11 cm to 54 cm TL) during sampling cruises in the Catalonian Sea and around the Balearic Islands (northwest Mediterranean Sea) between 1995 and 2003.","This is a species with minor commercial importance. In the Mediterranean the most important fishery is in Turkey and Italy and in the past, Greece. It is typically caught with fixed nets, seine, fyke-net, and traps. It is also targeted in recreational spearfishing. Estuarine habitats are important for the juvenile stage of the life cycle therefore development and pollution of these areas causing habitat loss and degradation is a major threat. As well as exploitation from fishing, this species may also have been disturbed by divers and spear fishermen (A. Di Natale pers. comm. 2007).","The species is known from numerous Natura 2000 sites in Italy and Spain as well as from sites in France, Bulgaria and Malta (EEA 2013). Improved fisheries management is recommended and better control of spearfishing activities. Protection of estuarine juvenile nursery habitat is also important. The species is listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention and on Annex III of the Barcelona Convention. The Bern Convention Appendix III listing requires Parties to protect these species, but a certain amount of exploitation is permitted if population levels allow. The Annex III listing on the Barcelona Convention also requires the exploitation of these species to be regulated (Abdul Malak et al. 2011). Further studies should be conducted to determine the population trends for the entire region.","Found in small numbers in commercial fisheries and utilised as a gamefish. Mariculture of the species has been developed in Italy, Spain, Turkey (Afonso 2000, Grau et al. 2009) and Israel. Experimental aquaculture in Greece has shown a growth reached 340 g in 12 months but it has marine cage adaptation problems (Triantaphyllidis 2012). The species is often found in the community tank of public aquariums in Europe.","Nieto, A., Allen, D.J. & Comeros-Raynal, M.","Chao, L.","Yokes, B., Pollard, D., Bizsel, K. & Goren, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,SCIAENIDAE,Umbrina,ronchus,,Umbrina ronchus,"Valenciennes, 1843","Umbrina robinsoni Gilchrist and Thompson 1908 was considered a junior synonym of Umbina ronchus (Chao and Trewavas 1990). However, it is a valid species distributed from South Africa to Oman (Heemstra and Heemstra 2004). The species is often reported from the northwest Indian Ocean, where it may be misidentified from Umbrina canariensis or U. robinsoni.",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) The range of the species within the assessment boundaries includes the eastern Atlantic and the western Mediterranean to at least Sicily and, from a recent record, Malta. Whilst there is little information about the population trend of the species in the European Atlantic and the Mediterranean, and it is considered rare in these waters, there are no known widespread threats, and the species is not utilised in commercial fisheries, nor is likely to be found at significant levels in subsitsance fisheries in most parts of the species European distribution. The species is considered Least Concern.",Unknown,"The species is found in the eastern Atlantic from southern Portugal southwards to Angola and the Cape and along the eastern coast of Africa to Oman, although apparently not known from some coasts within this range. It is found in the western part of Mediterranean (including occasional records from Corsica and Sardegna that require confirmation), the Canary Islands, Sao Tome and Principe, with a record in the central Mediterranean from the southern Tyrrhenian Sea off the coast of Italy, and the species has recently been reported from Maltese waters (Fiorentino et al. 2010). Records from the northwestern Indian Ocean require confirmation.","There is little information about the population trends of the species in the European Atlantic and the western Mediterranean, and it is considered rare in these waters. There are no FAO landings figures specific to this species.","A demersal, coastal species (Reiner 1996). It inhabits rocky and sandy substrata, and found at depths from 20 to 200 m in marine, brackish and fresh waters (Schneider 1990). Juveniles may occur in littoral areas, but not in estuaries. It feeds on shrimps, worms and other bottom-dwelling invertebrates (Chao 1986). Max length is 100.0 cm TL male/unsexed (Heemstra 1995); average length 50.0 cm TL male/unsexed (Lal Mohan 1984).",This is not a target species in European waters but is likely taken in small-scale fisheries or as bycatch.,"There is no information available on specific conservation measures or presence in protected areas for this species in Europe, although it likely occurs in marine Natura 2000 sites. Research is required to confirm the identity of records from some parts of the species global range, and monitoring of populations and harvest trends is recommended.",This is a species that is occasionally found in local markets.,"Allen, D.J., Nieto, A. & Comeros-Raynal, M.","Chao, L.","Yokes, B., Pollard, D., Bizsel, K. & Goren, M.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,PARALEPIDIDAE,Uncisudis,longirostra,,Uncisudis longirostra,"Maul, 1956",,No,DD,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on the population size and trend of the species. Further research should also be conducted on the ecology of the species in order to establish its status throughout its range.,Unknown,"Uncisudis longirostra has probably a wide distribution, including tropical waters, but is known only from a few specimens. In European waters, it is known only from the type locality, Madeira (Post 1986b). It is present at depths ranging from 170 to 800 m.",There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.,"Uncisudis longirostra can be found in meso- and bathypelagic waters. The largest specimen recorded was 18.7 cm SL (Holotype). The species from this family eat small fishes and can also be hermaphroditic, but this has not been confirmed for this species (Post 1986b).",The threats to the species are unknown.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not the target of any conservation action, and it is unknown whether it is found in protected areas. Further research is needed on the population size, trend and threats to the species.",This species is not utilized.,"García, M.","Conceicao Biscoito, M.J.","Carpenter, K.E., Smith-Vaniz, W.F., de Bruyne, G., de Morais, L., Polidoro, B., Soto, S. & Stump, E.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,AULOPIFORMES,PARALEPIDIDAE,Uncisudis,quadrimaculata,,Uncisudis quadrimaculata,"(Post, 1969)",,No,DD,,,,,,,European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on the population size and trend of this mesopelagic fish species. Further research is needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range.,Unknown,"Uncisudis quadrimaculata seems restricted to the Eastern Atlantic Ocean (Post 1990c). In European waters, it was caught off the Azores (Porteiro et al. 1999). It is found between 500 and 600 m depth.",There is no information available on the population size and trend of this species.,"Uncisudis quadrimaculata is a mesopelagic fish which is present close to the surface at night and inhabits 500-600 m of depth during the day (Post 1990c, Porteiro et al. 1999).",There are no major threats to this species.,"The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. It is not the target of any conservation action, and it is unknown whether it is found in protected areas. Further research is needed on the population size, trend and threats to the species.",This species is not utilized.,"García, M.","Conceicao Biscoito, M.J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,URANOSCOPIDAE,Uranoscopus,scaber,,Uranoscopus scaber,"Linnaeus, 1758",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Uranoscopus scaber is widespread in the Mediterranean and Black seas as well as along the Atlantic coast of Europe up to Portugal and the Bay of Biscay. It is found at depths ranging from 15–400 m over sandy or muddy substrates. Uranoscopus scaber is a commercially important species off the Mediterranean coast of Egypt, where it is a component of small-scale artisanal fisheries. It is also taken as by-catch in trammel-nets and trawls. It reaches a maximum size of 40 cm. There have been no documented population declines in this species; however, length-frequency distributions indicate a reduction in size from the observed maximum of 40 cm, and from the reported common size of 30 cm, particularly in the Black Sea. There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for U. scaber. Although there is some evidence for changes in the population structure, potentially due to overexploitation, based on the lack of documented population declines, U. scaber is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Uranoscopus scaber is widespread in the eastern Atlantic, from northern Spain to Senegal, and also occurs in the Red Sea. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs from the bay of Biscay to Portugal and throughout the Mediterranean and Black seas. This species is found at depths ranging from 15–400 m (Roux 1990).","Uranoscopus scaber is most abundant during the spring/summer period (Demirhan et al. 2007). This species is considered common off the coasts of Europe and Africa, and is very common in the Mediterranean (Çoker et al. 2008). Off the Egyptian Mediterranean coast, the population was characterized by a low exploitation rate (Rizkalla and Bakhoum 2009). Off the southeastern Black Sea, the total length of this species ranged from 5.2 to 21.9 cm, and the population was composed of five age-classes. The population was composed of 32.94% male, 65.31% female (Demirhan et al. 2007). In the Northern Aegean Sea, U. scaber ranged in size from 8.7 to 26.9 cm (Karachle and Stergiou 2008). The maximum size of this species is 40 cm, however it is more commonly seen to 30 cm. Populations in the Black Sea, where this species is not typically commercially utilized but is taken as by-catch, are seen to a maximum size of 21.9 cm. MEDITS survey shows fluctuations in abundance from 1993 to 2010. Survey data from the IBTS Gulf of Cadiz also shows fluctuations from 1993 to 2013.","Uranoscopus scaber is found buried in sand and mud of the continental shelf and upper slope, between 15 and about 400 meters depth. Uranoscopus scaber reaches a maximum size of 40 cm, and is more common to 30 cm. In a study focusing on differences among fish assemblages associated with a variety of habitats in the Adriatic Sea, U. scaber was found exclusively over un-vegetated sand habitats (Guidetti 2000). In the Black Sea, the sex ratio was biased toward females (1:1.98). Spawning in the Aegean sea occurs from March to September (Çoker et al. 2008). The diet was mostly fishes (Demirhan et al. 2007). In Egyptian Mediterranean waters, females reach larger sizes than males, attaining 30.0 cm while males are typically seen at 26 cm (Rizkalla and Bakhoum 2009). Off the Egyptian Mediterranean coast, U. scaber did not exceed five years of age; females were larger than males, reaching 30.0 cm and 26.0 cm (Rizkalla and Bakhoum 2009). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 33 cm TL and the length at maturity for females ranges from 13.8 cm to 18.0 cm TL and for males ranges from 11.0 cm to 15.0 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014).  Some uranoscopids occur in littoral areas and waters of the continental shelf and slope to depths of 400 meters. All species of bottom-dwelling, usually burrowing in sandy or muddy sediments leaving only their eyes exposed. They are carnivorous ambush predators. Some species in the family Uranoscopidae are electric, though they are unlikely to be strong enough to be harmful to humans. The sharp humeral spine is venomous. Uranoscopids are not abundant or commercially important, but they are edible and are valued as food fishes. They are typically taken as by-catch in trawl fisheries, but several species are also caught using bottom trawls, fixed bottom nets, and other artisanal gear. All species are marketed fresh and dried-salted. Additionally, some species are reduced for fishmeal (Smith FAO guide in prep. 2012).","There have been no confirmed population declines in U. scaber. It is taken as bycatch in a number of fisheries, and is commercially important off the Mediterranean coast of Egypt.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for U. scaber. There is interest in managing this species in Egypt since it is commercially important in that region. There is a need for additional study on the harvest levels of this species. This species was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean Red List Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).,"Uranoscopus scaber is collected mainly with bottom trawls and is marketed fresh and dried-salted (Smith FAO in prep. 2012). It has no economic value in the Black Sea (Demirhan et al. 2007); however it is commercially important in Egypt, and there are plans to manage the fishery in this region (Rizkalla and Bakhoum 2009). It is rarely found in the commercial catches from the eastern part of the Egyptian Mediterranean coast, whereas it constitutes 2.6% of trawl catch from the western Egyptian Mediterranean coast (El-Sayes et al. 2001). It is discarded from commercial purse seine vessels in the Aegean and Ionian seas (Tsagarakis et al. 2012). Uranoscopus scaber is a component of artisanal fisheries in the Tyrrhenian Sea. Here, it is taken in trammel and combined nets for cuttlefish and red mullets (Collaca et al. 2004). In the Black Sea, U. scaber is captured predominantly as bycatch, and is most abundant during the spring/summer period (Demirhan et al. 2007)","Ralph, G.","Herrera, J. & Smith-Vaniz, W.F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,STERNOPTYCHIDAE,Valenciennellus,tripunctulatus,,Valenciennellus tripunctulatus,"(Esmark, 1871)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)  Valenciennellus tripunctulatus is a circumglobal species inhabiting tropical to temperate waters. In the  northeastern Atlantic, it occurs from about 40°N to the Canary Islands including pats of the Mediterranean. There are no records of this species from the Gulf of Cadiz but it is common near the mid-Atlantic ridge. It is not utilized and no major threats have been identified. Therefore, it is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Valenciennellus tripunctulatus is a circumglobal species inhabiting tropical to temperate waters (Quéro et al. 1990, Harold 2002, Felder 2009). In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs from Iceland to the Canary Islands, including pats of the Mediterranean (Quéro et al 1990, Dulčić 2001, Rodriguez et al. 2001). In the Mediterranean Sea it has been reported in the Adriatic Sea (Dulčić 2001) and there are two records from southern Italy (Costa 1991). The species is found at depths ranging from 100–700 m, though is most commonly found between 351–550 m (McEachran and Fechhelm 1998).","Average population density of Valenciennellus tripuntulatus in some areas of its distribution is five fish (104 m3)-1 (Hopkins and Baird 1981a). In a study of the fish larvae in waters surrounding Gran Canaria Island, V. tripunctulatus accounted for only 0.05% of the collected specimens (Rodriguez et al. 2001). This species is common in the mid-Atlantic Ridge (Kobyliansky et al. 2010). However, there are no records from the Gulf of Cadiz and MEITS bottom trawl surveys (J. Gil Herrera and L. Gil de Sola pers. comm. 2013).","Valenciennellus tripunctulatus is a small mesopelagic species, found in abundance at depths of 200–600 m during diel periods. Valenciennellus tripunctulatus is a zooplanktivorous fish, feeding primarily on copepods. Analyses show that V. tripunctulatus feeds primarily during the hours of 1,200–2,200. This has been shown to be due to a reduction in available energy based on the size of prey typically consumed by V. tripunctulatus. Most of the prey consumed by V. tripunctulatus is in the 1.0–5.0 mm size range (Hopkins and Baird 1981a,b,c). The maximum recorded length for this species is 3.1 cm SL (Quéro et al. 1990).","Currently, there are no major threats to this species.",There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for Valenciennellus tripunctulatus. More research is needed regarding its current population size and trends.,Valanciennellus tripunctulatus is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Ralph, G.","Kobyliansky, S. & Herrera, J.","de Sola, L.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Vanneaugobius,canariensis,,Vanneaugobius canariensis,"Van Tassell, Miller & Brito, 1988",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Vanneaugobius canariensis is known from the Macaronesian islands in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is known from all islands in the group. The species is widespread, but no specific population data are available. There are no known, widespread threats, and it is not utilized. Therefore, V. canariensis is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Vanneaugobius canariensis is known from the eastern Atlantic, specifically Macaronesia and off Conakry, Guinea (Van Tassell et al. 1988). The species is recorded from Madeira (Debelius 1998, Wirtz 1998, Carneiro et al. 2014), the Cape Verde Islands (Brito and Miller 2001), and the Canary Islands (Van Tassell et al. 1988, Miller 1990). It has been found from 9 to 45 m depth (Miller 1990).",Nothing is known about the population status or trends of V. canariensis.,"Vanneaugobius canariensis is a benthic species that occurs on mixed substrata of sand, sandy-muddy (Wirtz 1998), stones, calcareous algae, and rock (Brito and Miller 2001). It is also found under loose stones on sandy bottoms (Miller 1990). The maximum recorded total length (TL) is 4.3 cm (Van Tassell et al. 1988). It is found between 9 to 45 m in depth (Van Tassell et al. 1988, Miller 1990).",There are no known widespread threats to the species.,No conservation measures are in place or needed for V. canariensis. It likely occurs in marine protected areas throughout its range.,The species is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Herler, J., Kovacic, M. & Williams, J.T.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Vanneaugobius,dollfusi,,Vanneaugobius dollfusi,"(Briwnell, 1978)","Vanneaugobius dollfusi Brownell, 1878 was previously considered a synonym of Vanneaugobius pruvoti (Miller 1986), however Pallaoro and Kovačić (2000) collected additional specimens that are thought to belong to the valid species V. dollfusi.",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Vanneaugobius dollfusi is known from the eastern Atlantic and the central Mediterranean Sea, specifically the eastern Adriatic and Aegean Seas. Population data are not available, but V. dollfusi has no known, widespread threats. Therefore, V. dollfusi is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Vanneaugobius dollfusi is known from the eastern Atlantic and the central Mediterranean Sea. It was described from the Atlantic coast of Morocco, and has also been found from the eastern Adriatic (Pallaoro and Kovačić 2000, Kovačić et al. 2012) and from the Aegean (Ahnelt and Dorda 2004). It has been found at depths of 30 to 160 m (Pallaoro and Kovačić 2000, Ahnelt and Dorda 2004).",There is no information on popaultion or trends.,"Vanneaugobius dollfusi is a benthic species found from 30 to 160 m on sandy-silt and coralline bottoms (Kovačić 2008), as well as on bedrock. The maximum recorded size is 4.5 cm (Pallaoro and Kovačić 2000).",The species is not thought to have any widespread threats.,"No species-specific conservation measures are in place or needed for V. dollfusi. However, it likely occurs in marine protected areas throughout its range.",The species is not used.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Herler, J., Kovacic, M. & Williams, J.T.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Vanneaugobius,pruvoti,,Vanneaugobius pruvoti,"(Fage, 1907)","Vanneaugobius dollfusi Brownell, 1878 was considered a synonym of Vanneaugobius pruvoti, however Pallaoro and Kovačić (2000) collected additional specimens that are thought to belong to the valid species V. dollfusi.",Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Vanneaugobius pruvoti is known only from a few specimens from the Balearic and Canary Islands. Whilst little is known about its habitats, ecology or population at this time, the species is known from deeper waters that are considered unlikely to be impacted by fishery activities. It is known from two widely separated sites and is almost certainly under represented in surveys. Therefore, V. pruvoti is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,Vanneaugobius pruvoti is known only from the Balearic and Canary Islands (Miller 1990). It has been collected from 60 to 270 m depth (Van Tassell et al. 1988).,The species is known&#160;from&#160;only a few specimens and little is known about its population status or trends.,Vanneaugobius pruvoti is a benthic species that typically occurs over rocky substrates at 60 to 270 m depth (Miller 1990). The maximum reported length is 3.7 cm (Miller 1986).,There are no known major threats for this species.,"No species-specific conservation measures are in place or needed for V. pruvoti. However, it may occur in marine protected areas.",The species is not utilized.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Herler, J., Kovacic, M. & Williams, J.T.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ANGUILLIFORMES,NETTASTOMATIDAE,Venefica,proboscidea,,Venefica proboscidea,"(Vaillant, 1888)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European  Regional Assessment: LC Listed as Least Concern as Venefica proboscidea is a deep dwelling benthic fish that has a wide distribution but is not locally abundant or common. As it is a deep dwelling fish, population estimates may be underestimated. It is listed as bycatch in the crustacean trawl fisheries in Portugal, however is not specifically targeted by commercial fishermen and does not have any major threats. This species occurs at depths which may be less likely to be directly impacted by anthropogenic activity.",Unknown,"Venefica probiscidea is a circumglobal species in tropical to temperate waters (Fricke 1999) except the eastern Pacific (Smith 1990, Karmovskaya 2004). In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, V. proboscidea occurs from the Porcupine Sea Bight (Massuti et al. 2004, Priede et al. 2010) to the Canary Islands (Merrett and Saldanha 1985) and is also found off the coast of Portugal (Borges et al. 2003). It has a depth range from 1,654–3,109 m (Merrett and Saldanha 1985). Although rare, V. proboscidea is present in the Spanish Mediterranean Sea (L. Gil de Sola pers. obs. 2014).",This species is uncommon (Blache et al. 1973). Data collected over 20 years of trawl sampling in the western Mediterranean revealed this species to occur with low frequency (Massuti et al. 2004).,"Venefica proboscidea is a benthic species that is found on the continental shelf (Blache et al. 1973). It preys on decapod crustaceans (Merrett and Saldanha 1985) and has a maximum recorded length of 100 cm (Smith 1990, Karmovskaya 2004)","Major threats to Venefica proboscidea  in European and Mediterranean waters have not been identified. However, potential threats to this species include pollution and bycatch (E. Karmovskaya pers. comm. 2013).",No specific conservation measures are in place for Venefica proboscidea.,"Venefica proboscidea is not a commercially fished species in European waters or the Mediterranean but it is caught as bycatch (Smith 1990, Karmovskaya 2004).","Strongin, K.","Papaconstantinou, C. & Karmovskaya, E.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,PHOSICHTHYIDAE,Vinciguerria,attenuata,,Vinciguerria attenuata,"(Cocco, 1838)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Vinciguerria attenuata is widely distributed in the Mediterranean and extend southward to the Canary Islands, including Madeira and the Azores. It is a common and locally abundant species in parts of its distribution range. There are no known major threats although it may be caught as bycatch in parts of the Mediterranean. Its distribution overlaps with marine reserves in parts of its range. It is listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Vinciguerria attenuata is circumglobal in subtropical waters (Badcock 1984). This species is widely distributed in the Mediterranean and its distribution extends southward to the Canary Islands, including Madeira and the Azores. Vinciguerria attenuata is found from 25 m (Badcock 1984, Quéro et al. 1990) to over 1,000 m (Grey 1964). ","Trawl records from a study performed across the Mediterranean show catch rates as high as 15.5 specimens per hour (Goodyear et al. 1972). Vinciguerria attenuata is common in the mid-Atlantic Ridge (pelagic trawl survey) (Kobyliansky et al. 2010). Additionally, three specimens were captured between 100–600 m (sizes ranging from: 4.0–4.5 cm TL) in the Mediterranean (bottom trawl survey) (MEDITS) (L. Gil de Sola pers. comm. 2013) and no specimen was captured in bottom trawl surveys off the Gulf of Cadiz (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2013).","Vinciguerria attenuata is a epi- to bathypelagic species (Grey 1964, Quéro et al. 1990). Both juveniles and adults undergo short diel vertical migrations (Badcock 1984). The adult photophore complement is attained at about 2 cm SL (Badcock 1984). The maximum recorded total length TL is 4.5 cm (Schaefer et al. 1986). Specimens collected from the Strait of Messina were found to have a standard weight of 22–54 mg (Mallefet and Shimomura, 1995). Vinciguerria attenuata diet consists of small crustaceans (Badcock 1984). It spawns from early spring to early summer (Grey 1964). This species spawns from spring to early summer (Grey 1964) and its diet consists of small crustaceans (Badcock 1984).",There are no known major threats to Vinciguerria attenuata.,"This species was assessed at Least Concern in the Mediterranean Sea Regional Assessment. There are no known species-specific conservation measures for Vinciguerria attenuata. However, this species’ range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas (World Database on Protected Areas, accessed April 2014).",Vinciguerria attenuata is not utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Strongin, K.","Kobyliansky, S. & Herrera, J.","de Sola, L.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,PHOSICHTHYIDAE,Vinciguerria,nimbaria,,Vinciguerria nimbaria,"(Jordan & Williams, 1895)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Vinciguerria nimbaria occurs to about 42°N in the Northeastern Atlantic, including the Mediterranean Sea. The species is an important prey item for commercially important tuna, comprising close to 80% of their diet. Vinciguerria nimbaria isn't utilized and there are no known threats. There are no known species-specific conservation measures for Vinciguerria nimbaria and it overlaps with marine reserves in parts of its range. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Vinciguerria nimbaria is a circumglobal species that occurs in tropical waters. In the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, this species occurs to about 42°N (Grey 1964). It is not present in the Mediterranean Sea. The species occurs at depths ranging from 20–5,000 meters (Quéro et al. 1990).","A study performed in the Strait of Messina in 2007 found V. nimbaria to be among the four most abundant species caught, with 136 individuals collected from a single beach (Battaglia et al. 2010). An examination of the larval fish community off the Canary Islands shows V. nimbaria making up 0.32% of the total larvae collected and having a frequency of occurrence of 16.7% (Rodriguez et al. 2004). Vinciguerria nimbaria was also the most dominant species (schooling species) in pelagic trawl surveys in the mid-Atlantic Ridge (making up 90% of total trawl daytime catch)  (Kobyliansky et al. 2010). No specimen of this species was captured in bottom trawl surveys off the Gulf of Cadiz (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2013).","Vinciguerria nimbaria is epi- to abyssopelagic (Mundy 2005), but usually mesopelagic, mainly occurring between 200-400 m by day and upper 100 m by night (Badcock 1984). Both juveniles and adult Vinciguerria nimbaria take part in diel vertical migration (Badcock 1984). However, there is some evidence that adult V. nimbaria change the nature of their diel migration during spawning, schooling close to the surface at dawn and remaining there through midday. This increases their vulnerability as a prey item of commercially important tuna (Marchal and Lebourges, 1996). Adult photophore complement attained at about 18 to 20 mm standard length SL (Badcock 1984). The maximum recorded length is 4.8 cm SL (Quéro et al. 1990). Vinciguerria nimbaria diet consists mainly of copepods, feeding intensively in the afternoon to early evening (Badcock 1984). The diet of this species consists mainly of copepods, feeding intensively in the afternoon to early evening (Badcock 1984). Vinciguerria nimbaria and the Genus of Vinciguerria as a whole, are a very common prey item of tuna species (Marchal and Lebourges 1996, Lebourges-Dhaussy et al. 2000). Marchal and Lebourges (1996) sampled 66 tuna species (Skipjack and Yellowfin) stomach contents in the Atlantic Ocean, north of the equator, between 10°W and 20°W. Vinciguerria nimbaria accounted for 82% by number and 71% in volume.",There are no known major threats to Vinciguerria nimbaria.,"There are no known species-specific conservation measures for Vinciguerria nimbaria. However, this species’ range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas (World Database on Protected Areas, accessed April 2014).",Vinciguerria nimbaria isn't utilized in the region.,"Strongin, K.","Kobyliansky, S. & Herrera, J.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,STOMIIFORMES,PHOSICHTHYIDAE,Vinciguerria,poweriae,,Vinciguerria poweriae,"(Cocco, 1838)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Vinciguerria poweriae occurs from off the coast of Portugal to the Canary Islands, and throughout the Mediterranean. This species can occur to 1,000 m depth. This species is not utilized in the region and there are no major threats. It is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Vinciguerria poweriae is circumglobal in subtropical waters (Badcock 1984). In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs from Portugal to the Canary Islands and the Mediterranean (Quéro et al. 1990, Papaconstantinou 1988). It is found from depths of 50–1,000 m though it is most abundant at a depth range of 300–600 m (Yang et al. 1996).","An assessment of mesopelagic fish larvae in the Strait of Sicily found V. poweriae to be among the three least abundant members of the family, together accounting for less than 6% of specimens collected (Cuttitta et al. 2004). This species is common in the mid-Atlantic Ridge (Kobyliansky et al. 2010) and no specimen was captured in bottom trawl surveys off the Gulf of Cadiz (J. Gil Herrera pers comm. 2013). The MEDITS Survey collected six specimens between 50–600 m (L. Gil de Sola pers. comm. 2013).","Vinciguerria poweriae is epi- to bathypelagic, with adults and juveniles undergo diel migrations (Badcock 1984). Adult photophore complement attained at ~1.9 cm standard length (SL). The maximum recorded SL is 4.3 cm (Badcock 1984). Vinciguerria poweriae diet consists of small crustaceans (Badcock 1984). Peak spawning of the species occurs from the spring and summer (Badcock 1984). Its diet consists of small crustaceans (Badcock 1984). ",There are no known threats to Vinciguerria poweriae.,There are no known species-specific conservation measures for Vinciguerria poweriae. This species was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean Sea Regional Assessment. Vinciguerria poweriae was regionally assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).,Vinciguerria poweriae isn't utilized in the Northeastern Atlantic.,"Strongin, K.","Kobyliansky, S. & Herrera, J.","de Sola, L.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,OSMERIFORMES,ALEPOCEPHALIDAE,Xenodermichthys,copei,,Xenodermichthys copei,"(Gill, 1884)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Xenodermichthys copei is widespread in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans where it is common and abundant. It is of no interest to the fisheries industry and does not face any major threats. There are no known, species-specific conservation measures in place for this species but it may be protected by several marine protected areas within its wide distribution.  Therefore, Xenodermichthys copei is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Xenodermichthys copei is widely distributed throughout the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, X. copei is known from Iceland, off the British Isles, the Bay of Biscay, northwest Spain, Portugal, the Azores and the Canary Islands (Brito et al.2005, Wienerroither et al. 2009, Porteiro et al. 2010). The species has a depth range from 100 to 2,650 m (Markle and Sanzanov 1990).","Xenodermichthys copei is a common species. Xenodermichthys copei was recorded as one of the top ten most abundant species collected via Granton trawls (10 hauls, 4,284 fishes) from the Porcupine Seabight at 750 m, representing 7.8% of total number of fish. It was also recorded as one of the top ten most abundant collected from Porcupine Seabight at 1,000 m using the same gear (10 hauls, 4,331 fishes), representing 3.6% of total number of fish.  During the same study, X. copei represented 0.5% of total number of fish collected from the Porcupine Seabight via semi-balloon otter trawls (12 hauls, 4,930 fishes) at 1,000 m.  The same trawling method was deployed at 3,000 m from the Rockall Trough, in which this species was recorded with 0.2% of total number of fish (1,568 fishes) collected from seven hauls (Gordon et al. 1996). 173 specimens of this species were collected from the Bay of Biscay during research cruises conducted from 2002 through 2008 (Spitz et al. 2010). Xenodermichthys copei was a dominant species (for biomass and abundance) caught via baca trawl during the spring of 2004 from Stratum 1 off Le Danois Bank, characterized by very fine to fine sand at 400 to 700 m (Serrano et al. 2005).","Xenodermichthys copei is a benthopelagic fish ranging in depths from 100 to 2,650 m, but is usually found at depths of 100 to 1,230 m. This species is usually found near continental slopes. Maximum total length for Xenodermichthys copei is 31 cm total length (TL) (Bernardes et al. 2005). Xenodermichthys copei feeds primarily on crustaceans (euphausiids, copepods, amphipods, and decapod zoea), but also ostracods, and small cephalopods (Markle and Quero 1984).    There is evidence of demersal spawning for this species, characterized by a spawning migration to the bottom (Markle and Wenner 1979, Badcock and Larcombe 1980) which peak in late summer to early fall (Markle and Quero 1984).  Xenodermichthys copei has low fecundity and large egg size (Crabtree and Sulak 1986). The stages of maturation and early life history traits are poorly understood for this species.",There are no known threats to this species.,"There are no species-specific conservation measures at this time. However, the distribution of this species may overlap with with marine reserves in parts of its range (WDPA 2010); although, it is unknown if the marine protected areas encompass the species' depth range.&#160;Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends, habitat and ecology, and threats to the species.","At present, this species is not utilized commercially.","Stump, E.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,XIPHIIDAE,Xiphias,gladius,,Xiphias gladius,"Linnaeus, 1758","Mitochondrial DNA restriction analysis reveals that genetic differentiation occurs between populations inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea and the tropical Atlantic Ocean, indicating that little genetic exchange occurs between the two (Kotoulas et al. 1995). Recent study of mitochondrial DNA by Viñas et al. (2010) found further differentiation between populations in the eastern and western Mediterranean Sea.",No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Globally, this species has shown a 28% decline over three generation lengths (20 years). Although the Mediterranean and North Atlantic stocks are genetically different and they are treated as two stocks, they are currently considered to be a single species. In the Mediterranean, where at least 50% of the population in the assessment region is found, there have been declines of 27 to 50% over the past 20 years and the fish is considered Near Threatened there (Abdul Malak et al. 2011). As the North Atlantic stock is stable to increasing in biomass, we assume there has been a 13 to 25% decline of the European population. Despite these declines, Xiphias gladius does not meet the thresholds for a threatened category under Criterion A, and additional management measures have been enacted that appear to be efficient at preventing further declines. Therefore, X. gladius is assessed as Least Concern for the European region. However, we recommend that the current management measures remain in place, and ongoing monitoring is required, especially in the Mediterranean part of the region.",Decreasing,"Xiphias gladius is pandemic, found in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans in tropical, temperate and sometimes cold waters, including the Mediterranean Sea, the Sea of Marmara, the Black Sea, and the Sea of Azov. Based on records of forage organisms taken by swordfish, its depth distribution in the northwestern Pacific ranges normally from the surface to a depth of about 550 m, but there are depth records down to 2,878 m.","The Atlantic population is comprised of three stocks that are genetically distinct: South Atlantic, North Atlantic and Mediterranean. The best scientific evidence indicates that there are four stocks of Swordfish in the Pacific Ocean (Hinton and Alvarado Bremer 2007), with centres in the northwest, northeast, southwest, and southeast. The Indian Ocean population is currently assessed as a single management unit. FAO (2014) data show that catches in for the Eastern Central Atlantic, Northeast Atlantic, and Mediterranean and Black Sea FAO major fishing areas show a peak take of 33,938 tonnes in 1988, then showing a declining trend to 15,069 t in 2012. The North Atlantic stock of Swordfish is not overfished and overfishing is not occurring (ICCAT 2009). The stock is rebuilding with current biomass levels increasing by 4.4% over a three generation length period based on the ASPIC base case (ICCAT 2009: Figure 20). The reduction was calculated using the first and last data points of the time series considered. The stock is considered to be under adequate management. Recent ICCAT review (STECF 2014) concluded that the current total allowable catch (TAC) of 13,700 t has an 83% probability of maintaining the North Atlantic swordfish stock in a rebuilt condition by 2021 while maintaining nearly level biomass. However, catches in 2012 (13,972 t) slightly exceeded the TAC (13,700 t), which could slow recovery of the Eastern Atlantic stock (STECF 2014). The Mediterranean stock is currently considered to be overfished and stock is experiencing slight overfishing (STECF 2014). The International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas Standing Committee on Research and Statistics (ICCAT-SCRS) report that the Mediterranean Sea swordfish compose a unique stock separated from the Atlantic, although more research is needed to clearly define the stock boundaries. Mitochondrial DNA restriction analysis reveal that genetic differentiation occurs between populations inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea and the tropical Atlantic ocean, indicating little genetic exchange occurring between the two (Kotoulas et al. 1995). Current (2013) SSB is less than 30% of BMSY and F is almost twice the estimated FMSY (STECF 2014). In addition, STECF (2014) again noted the large catches of small size swordfish, i.e. less than three years old (manyof which have probably never spawned) and the relatively low number of large individuals in catches. However, landings statistics and population parameters indicate a certain stability over the past 20 years. The estimated decline in total biomass over a three generation period (20 years) ranged from 27–50% depending on whether a regression line or first and last points of the data series were used (Figure 21, ICCAT 2010). The Mediterranean population of Swordfish was therefore regionally assessed as Near Threatened in an overview of the conservation status of Mediterranean fishes (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).","This is an oceanic species, but sometimes found in coastal waters; generally above the thermocline, preferring temperatures of 18–22°C. It migrates toward temperate or cold waters for feeding in the summer and back to warm waters in summer for spawning and overwintering. Adults are opportunistic feeders, known to forage for their food from the surface to the bottom over a wide depth range (Nakamura 1985, 2003). Swordfish typically forage in deep water below 400 m during the day and stay in the mixed layer closer to the surface, less than 100 m, at night (Abascal et al. 2010, Lerner et al. 2013). Based on records of forage organisms taken by swordfish, its depth distribution in the northwestern Pacific ranges normally from the surface to a depth of about 550 m but there are depth records down 2,878 m.  This species uses its sword to kill prey. It feeds mainly on fishes but also on crustaceans and squids. Large individuals may accumulate high concentrations of mercury in the flesh (Collette 2011).  The distribution of larval swordfish in the Pacific Ocean indicates that spawning occurs mainly in waters with a temperature of 24°C or more. Spawning appears to occur in all seasons in equatorial waters, but is restricted to spring and summer at higher latitudes (Nishikawa and Ueyanagi 1974). In the Atlantic Ocean, spawning occurs in the upper water layer at depths between 0–75 m, at temperatures around 23°C, and salinity of 33.8–37.4 ppt. Pairing of solitary males and females is thought to occur when spawning (Palko et al. 1981). Fish in pairs were observed at temperatures over 24oC showing well-defined courtship in the central Mediterranean Sea (Romeo et al. 2011).Spawning in southern Brazil occurs from November to February in between 20–28°S and 40–47°W (Amorim and Arfelli 1980). Estimates of egg numbers vary considerably, from one million to 16 million in 168,000 g female (Palko et al. 1981) and 29 million in a 272,000 g female (Wilson 1984).  Determination of age is difficult since the otoliths are very small and scales are missing in adults. Year rings have been successfully counted on cross sections of the fin rays (Arocha et al. 2003, DeMartini et al. 2006). Longevity is estimated to be 15 years (based on Arocha et al. 2003, DeMartini et al. 2006), and age of first maturity is estimated to be five years (based on Arocha and Lee 1996, Hinton and Maunder, unpublished data). These life history parameters do not differ greatly between stocks, therefore, the generation length for this species was estimated to be 6.5 years globally. The generation length is calculated as: age of first reproduction + z * (longevity - age of first maturity), where z is 0.15 (Collette et al. 2011).  Maximum size is 445 cm. The all-tackle game fish record is of a 536.15 kg fish caught off Iquique, Chile in 1953 (IGFA 2014).","This species is a highly important food and game species. The tuna longline fishery started in 1956 and has operated throughout the Atlantic since then, with substantial catches of swordfish that are produced as a bycatch of tuna fisheries (ICCAT 2009). In the Atlantic, the Mediterranean stock is considered to be overfished and that overfishing is occurring. The stocks of the North and South Atlantic are considered to be well-managed (ICCAT 2009).","This is a highly migratory species, listed in Annex I of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea (FAO Fisheries Department 1994). Xiphias gladius was assessed as Least Concern globally (Collette et al. 2011, IUCN 2011) but as Near Threatened in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).  Mediterranean Sea In the Mediterranean Sea, there are minimum size regulations for catches for all EU vessels, such as 90 cm lower jaw-fork length. In Greece, the fishing season is closed from October to January. In 2009, ICCAT implemented a closed season for the Mediterranean Sea from 1 October to 31 November (GFCM 2008), and an additional month in the spring. The EU has banned the use of drift nets since January 2002 for highly migratory species and ICCAT banned them entirely in the Mediterranean Sea since 2005, although some illegal use of drift nets still occurs. North Atlantic Since 1994 there have been quotas and minimum size limits to restrict the harvest of north Atlantic Swordfish. There are also longline area closures in place in the U.S. Atlantic. Reduced landings have been attributed to the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) regulatory recommendations and shifts in fleet distributions, including the movement of some vessels some years to the South Atlantic or out of the Atlantic. In addition, some fleets, including the United States, EC-Spain, EC-Portugal and Canada, have changed operating procedures to opportunistically target tuna and/or sharks, taking advantage of market conditions and higher relative catch rates of these species previously considered as by-catch in some fleets. Recently, socio-economic factors may have also contributed to the decline in catch. Consistent with the goal of the Commission’s swordfish rebuilding plan (Rec. 96-02), in order to maintain the northern Atlantic Swordfish stock at a level that could produce maximum sustainable yield (MSY) with greater than 50% probability, the Committee recommends reducing catch limits allowed by Rec. 06-02 (15,345 t) to no more than 13,700 t. This reflects the current best estimate of maximum yield that could be harvested from the population under existing environmental and fishery conditions. Should the Commission wish to have greater assurance that future biomass would be at or above BMSY while maintaining F at or below FMSY, the Commission should select a lower annual TAC, depending on the degree of precaution the Commission chooses to apply in management. The Committee noted that allowable catch levels agreed in (Recs. 06-02 and 08-02) exceeded scientific recommendations. The successful rebuilding of this stock could have been compromised if recent catches had been higher than realized. Because of the poor size-selectivity of longliners, regulating minimum landing size may inadvertently have resulted in under-reporting of juvenile catches. Alternative methods for reducing juvenile catches, such as time and/or area closures or technological changes in gear deployment, may be more effective and their utility should be further investigated (STECF 2009). Future TACs above MSY are projected to result in 50% or lower probabilities of the stock biomass remaining above BMSY over the next decade (SWO-ATL-Figure 13) as the resulting probability of F exceeding FMSY for these scenarios would trend above 50% over time. A TAC of 13,000 t would provide approximately a 75% probability of maintaining the stock at a level consistent with the Convention Objective over the next decade (ICCAT 2009).","This species is of high commercial importance. Swordfish are caught by longline, harpoon, drift gill net, set net and other fishing gear in commercial fisheries. For the most part, swordfish captures are incidental in tuna longline fisheries. Major sport fishery areas, trolling, and drifted baited lines are located off the coast of California to Ecuador, Peru and northern Chile (Nakamura 1985, 2003). In the Mediterranean Sea, it is mostly caught by drift nets, long lines, but also by harpoons, tuna traps and in sport and recreational fisheries. A summary of the harpoon fishery in the Mediterranean was presented by Romeo et al. 2014. It is a good food fish, marketed fresh or frozen. The largest proportion of Atlantic catches are made using surface drifting longlines, mostly by Spain, United States, Canada and Portugal. However, many additional gears are used (STECF 2009). Other directed swordfish fisheries include fleets from Brazil, Morocco, Namibia, EC-Portugal, South Africa, Uruguay, and Venezuela. The primary by-catch or opportunistic fisheries that take swordfish are tuna fleets from Chinese Taipei, Japan, Korea and EC-France. The tuna longline fishery started in 1956 and has operated throughout the Atlantic since then, with substantial catches of swordfish that are produced as a bycatch of tuna fisheries (ICCAT 2009). In the Atlantic, the Mediterranean stock is considered to be overfished and that overfishing is occurring. The stocks of the North and South Atlantic are considered to be well-managed (ICCAT 2009).","Allen, D.J. & Polidoro, B.","Collette, B. & Heessen, H.","Acero, A., Amorim, A.F., Bizsel, K., Boustany, A., Canales Ramirez, C., Cardenas, G., Carpenter, K.E., Di Natale, A., Die, D., Fox, W., Fredou, F.L., Graves, J., Guzman-Mora, A.G., Hinton, M., Juan Jorda, M., Masuti, E., Minte Vera, C., Miyabe, N., Montan",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,LABRIDAE,Xyrichtys,novacula,,Xyrichtys novacula,"(Linnaeus, 1758)","There is some taxonomic confusion between the species under Xyrichtys and Iniistius. The genus Iniistius has been considered a synonym of Xyrichtys by some authors but it is now recognized as a separate genus, distinct from Xyrichtys (Randall and Earle 2002, Randall et al. 2002). Seventeen species are included in Iniistius and they are: I. aneitensis, I. auropunctatus, I. baldwini, I. bimaculatus, I. cyanifrons, I. dea, I. evides, I. griffithsi, I. jacksoniensis, I. melanopus, I. pavo, I. pentadactylus, I. spilonotus, I. trivittatus, I. twistii, I. umbrilatus and I. verrens.",No,LC,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) This species is widespread throughout the European region, and whilst it is commercially fished in some countries, the population trend is thought to be stable, with no evidence of any declines. This species is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This species has a widespread tropical and sub-tropical Atlantic distribution from North Carolina to Santa Catarina, Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, in the western Atlantic. In the Eastern Atlantic, the fish is found from southern Spain to Gabon, including the Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands, Cap Verde Islands and Sao Tome and Principe. It is also present throughout the Mediterranean Sea and the Sea of Marmara, but not in the Black Sea (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2008).","There is no population information available for this species. However, it is considered common and stable in the majority of its range. For example, this species is common in Lebanon and Sicily in the Mediterranean Sea, but there is little or no population information available for it throughout most of its Mediterranean range (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2008). It is also common in the Azores islands on shallower sandy habitats (P. Afonso pers. comm. 2008).","This species generally inhabits clear shallow areas with sandy substrates, usually in the vicinity of seagrass beds and coral reefs (Schneider 1990), although it can be found to 90 m. It lives singly or in small groups (Golani et al. 2006).  It feeds mainly on molluscs, but also on crabs and shrimps (Gomon 1978).  This species is a protogynous hermaphrodite, with sexual dimorphism apparent in the shape of the head and the length of the pelvic fin (Gomon and Forsyth 1990). It builds nests out of coral debris in coral reef habitats. When disturbed it may dive head first into the sand (Lieske and Myers 1994). The western Atlantic fish are generally smaller than the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean fish.",There are no major threats known for this species.,There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps several marine protected areas within its range.,"The species is caught in artisanal fisheries in some parts of its range. In the Mediterranean, this species is fished commercially in Lebanon (M. Bariche pers. comm. 2008) and Sicily (L. Tunesi pers. comm. 2008) usually by hook and line. It may also be caught in trawls (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2008).","Allen, D.J., Kemp, J.R. & Pollard, D.","Craig, M.T.","Afonso, P., Tunesi, L., Bariche, M., Moura, R., Ferreira, C.E., Rocha, L.A. & Francini-Filho, R.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,CHONDRICHTHYES,SQUALIFORMES,SOMNIOSIDAE,Zameus,squamulosus,,Zameus squamulosus,"(Günther, 1877)","The generic placement has been confused. It appears in most of the literature under the synonym Scymnodon obscurus (Vaillant, 1888).  Zameus specimens from the Kyushu-Palau Ridge, the South China Sea, off southeastern Australia and New Zealand appear to also be this species (Compagno in prep. a).",No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)Smallmouth Velvet Dogfish (Zameus squamulosus) is a widespread deepwater dogfish generally found on or near the bottom of continental and insular slopes at depths of 550–1,450 m. It reaches a maximum size of 69 cm total length, but little is known of its biology. It is taken as bycatch in trawl, set net and longline deepwater fisheries, but species-specific catch data is not available. It should be recognised that deepwater squaloids are biologically vulnerable to population collapse from overfishing (directed or bycatch) due to their life history characteristics. As such, catch rates should be monitored, particularly if deepwater fisheries expand. Given the lack of information catches, population trends and biology, this species cannot be assessed beyond Data Deficient for the European region at the present time.",Unknown,"The species is found globally in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. In the Northeast Atlantic, this species is known to occur off Iceland and the Faeroe Ridge, and sporadically southwards to Madeira and the surrounding islands (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). The depth range is 550–1,450 m.",This species is probably rare in its deepwater habitats.,"This poorly known benthic deepwater shark is usually found off continental and insular slopes, on or near the bottom, at depths of 550–1,450 m (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). It may also be epipelagic, as it has been recorded at depths of zero to 580 m in water over 2,000 m deep off of Brazil (Compagno 2001).For this species, the maximum recorded total length (TL) is 84 cm. Size at maturity is 59–69 cm TL for females and male 47–51 cm TL for males (Compagno 2001). Size at birth is ~20 cm TL. The reproductive mode of this species is live-bearing with yolk-only nutrition. Litters may be three to 10 pups based on examination of mature females with ovarian eggs (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). ","This relatively small shark is of little interest to fisheries. It is taken as bycatch in bottom trawls, set gillnets, and on bottom and pelagic longlines in the Northeast Atlantic (Ebert and Stehmann 2013). Although there is no species-specific bycatch information available for this species, it is probably low given their rare occurrence throughout their known range.",No species-specific conservation measures are currently in place. ,The species is not exploited nor traded commercially.,"Walls, R. & Kemp, J.R.","Jung, A. & Buscher, E.","Burgess, G.H. & Chin, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Zebrus,zebrus,,Zebrus zebrus,"(Risso, 1827)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Zebrus zebrus is restricted to the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Recent records from the southern Mediterranean and southern Black Sea suggest that this species may be more common than previously thought. There are no widespread threats and it is assumed to have stable populations. Therefore, Zebrus zebrus is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Zebrus zebrus is restricted to the Mediterranean and Black seas (Kovačić and Engin 2009). Within the Mediterranean Sea, it has been recorded from the northwestern region, the Adriatic, Ionian, and Aegean seas, and the Levantine basin (Kovačić et al. 2005). Recently it has also been recorded from Malta (Kovačić et al. 2013) and Tunisia (Meijri et al. 2007). It is found inshore, to about 10 m (Kovačić et al. 2005).","There is no population information available for this species, however it is common where found. The species population trend is assumed to be stable.","A habitat generalist, Zebrus zebrus occurs in lagoons and intertidal pools, under stones, amongst algae and seagrass (Miller 1986), and also found on rocky bottoms. This is a shallow water species that occurs mostly between 0.1 to 10 m depth (Kovačić et al. 2005). Reproduction typically occurs in early July (Miller 1986). The maximum size is about 6.5 cm (M. Kovačić pers. comm. 2014).",There are no known major threats for this species.,"No species-specific conservation measures are in place or needed for Z. zebrus. However, it likely occurs in marine protected areas in part of its range. Zebrus zebrus was previously assessed globally and in the Mediterranean as Least Concern (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).",The species is not used.,"Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Herler, J., Kovacic, M. & Williams, J.T.","Bariche, M., Bilecenoglu, M., Francour, P. & Molinari, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ZEIFORMES,ZENIONIDAE,Zenion,hololepis,,Zenion hololepis,"(Goode & Bean, 1896)","The characters thought to differentiate Zenion longipinnis from Z. hololepis are erroneous. The course of the lateral line is the same for both species. The isthmus of Z. hololepis is completely scaly, but scales were missing on the holotype from abrasion in the trawl. The membrane joining the pelvic-fin spine to the rays is fragile and easily torn in trawl-caught specimens (FAO ECA Guide Heemstra in prep.).",No,,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA) In Europe, this species is only known from a single recent record in Portuguese continental waters. This species is assessed as Not Applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in Europe. Its European population is considered to represent less than 1% of the global population.",Unknown,"In Europe, this species is only known from a single recent record in Portuguese continental waters (Martins et al. 2012, Carneiro et al. 2014). This is the northernmost occurrence in the Eastern Atlantic. Globally, this species has also been reported from the Indo-West Pacific region including the South China Sea. It also occurs from Tanzania and off Delagoa Bay, Mozambique, western central Pacific and Nazca and Sala-y-Gomez in the southeast Pacific (Heemstra 1999, Claro 1994, Yang et al. 1996).  It has a depth range of 300-600 m.","There are 784 occurrence records and 346 museum records for this species (Froese and Pauly 2012, Fishnet 2 Portal 2012).",The maximum size reported for Zenion hololepis is 16 cm. It occurs from 300-600 m over a variety of habitats including mud or sandy mud bottoms (Sanches 1991). Information about the biology of this species is limited. This species likely forms aggregations (Iwamoto pers. comm. 2013).,There are&#160;no known threats to this species.,There are no species-specific conservation efforts in place for Zenion hololepis.,"Zenion hololepis are usually caught near the bottom with trawls but because of their small size, they are of no commercial interest.","Sayer, C. & Nieto, A.","Ralph, G.","Iwamoto, T.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ZEIFORMES,ZEIDAE,Zenopsis,conchifer,,Zenopsis conchifer,"(Lowe, 1852)",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD) Listed as Data Deficient as there is no information on the population size and trends of the species. The species could be affected by trawl fisheries, as there are some fishing records in Europe for the specie; it is not uncommon at some Portuguese markets and it is known that the species is discarded by trawling activities in the south coast of Portugal. Research is needed to establish the status of this species throughout its range.",Unknown,"The species has a continuous distribution in the eastern Atlantic, being present from the west coast of Ireland, where it is uncommon, to South Africa. Maurin and Quero (1982) state that it is most abundant at 20°N (northwest Africa). A similar pattern of abundance occurs in the western Atlantic, where it is uncommon in Nova Scotia, Canada, becoming more frequent south to North Carolina. It has been recorded from the Indian Ocean, but not from the Pacific (Swaby and Potts 1999).There are records in the Mediterranean Sea from the Gulf of Valencia. Despite these records and the fact that the species could find environmentally favorable conditions for reproduction in the western Mediterranean, according to CIESM criteria (Golani et al. 2002) there is no evidence of a self–sustaining population, so this species should remain considered as alien in the Mediterranean (Fernandez et al. 2012).   The origin of European specimens of the Sailfin Dory is unknown, but as this fish is neither migratory nor a good swimmer, its movements are most likely to correspond with prevailing currents. Quigley and Flannery (1995) suggested that they probably originate from southeastern Atlantic stocks, rather than from across the Atlantic. It has been recently recorded in northwestern European waters (Quigley and Flannery 1995, Quigley and Flannery 1997, Quigley et al. 2004, Quigley 2005, Wheeler et al. 2004), but there is no evidence of resident or established self-sustaining populations there. It is noted the northern extension of tropical fish's distribution  as this species to the Bay of  Biscay as a result of a sea water temperature rise (Quero 1998).A depth range from 100 to 500 m deep has been specified for the species in Quero (1998), and its lower limit is 600 m, while its upper limit is 50 metres.",There is no information on the population size and trends of the species.,"The species is known from seamounts. At the Great Meteor seamount, the species forms part of the bentho-pelagic fish community, where selection of pray was revealed to occur to its plateau margins (Fock et al. 2002)As for its feeding preferences, it switches between nocturnal predation on pelagic and mesopelagic fishes (48.3% RI), and diurnal predation on Macroramphosus species (38.4% RI) (Fock et al. 2002). Several Myctophid genera were found in stomachs of Zenopsisconchifer, such as Lampanyctus, Lepidophanes, Diaphus and Ceratoscopelus (Fock et al. 2002).    Even to some degree for Zenopsisconchifer, a crustacean diet was found (Haimovici et al. 1994). The species is apparently able to substitute crustacean prey by cephalopods and by fish diet. This accentuates the capability of the fish species to adapt to the prevailing conditions with regard to presumed prey availability (Fock et al. 2002).","Significant discard of Z. conchifer, representing 5% of total discards at a coastal trawl fishery, is described from the southern coast of Portugal (Anonymous 1997).","The species is not listed in any National Red Lists or Red Data Books. There are no conservation actions in place for this species, and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range. Further research should be conducted to determine the population trends and threats to the species.","There are fishing records in Europe for this species. It is not uncommon in the fish market at Ponta Delgada (Azores). Over the last two decades, there has been a significant increase in landings from Portuguese waters. However, it is likely that at least some of these landings may have occurred in the Azores in addition to those reported from the southern Atlantic coast of mainland Portugal. It is not commercially targeted in Ireland, and only small numbers are landed as by-catch which are generally not distinguished from the more common John Dory (Zeus faber).","García, M., Quigley, D. & Ralph, G.","Álvarez, H.","Garcia, S. & Blanco, J.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,SCOPHTHALMIDAE,Zeugopterus,punctatus,,Zeugopterus punctatus,"(Bloch, 1787)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Zeugopterus punctatus is distributed along the northeastern Atlantic Ocean from Iceland to Portugal and west to the Baltic Sea. It is a demersal fish that is not commercially fished, and is seldom taken as bycatch. There are no other known major threats. Therefore, Z. punctatus is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Zeugopterus punctatus is widely distributed in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, from Portugal (Batista et al. 2009, Henriques et al. 2013) and the coast to Spain to Trondheim, Norway (Nielsen 1986) and the Baltic Sea. It has been recorded from the Rockall Plateau (Neat and Campbell 2011), and the southeastern North Sea off of Germany (Accessed through Le Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle portal 12 November 2012). In the Mediterranean Sea, it is present (although scarce) in the Alboran Sea (L. Gil de Sola pers. obsv. 2014) and is native and present in the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988). Zeugopterus punctatus is a coastal flatfish that lives at depth between 1 m and 40 m (Muus and Nielsen 1999).","There is no reliable population information for Z. punctatus throughout its range of occurrence. Zeugopterus punctatus is common in the northern Kattegat, and occurs regularly in the southern Kattegat and Sound, as well as sporadically in the Belt Seas. The population in the Baltic Sea may have declined by up to 80%, but the data were not thought to be reliable (HELCOM 2013).","Zeugopterus punctatus is a marine, bottom-dwelling species which inhabits rocky bottoms ranging in depth from 1 m to 40 meters, though it is more commonly found at 10 to 15 m. Individuals adhere to the rock surfaces including those in high energy surf zones (Muus and Nielsen 1999). It is typically camouflaged with the surrounding habitat. It feeds on small fishes and invertebrates. Spawning takes place in spring and early summer. This species reaches a total length of 25 cm.",Zeugopterus punctatus is not a commercially fished species and there are no known widespread threats.,"No specific conservation measures are in place for Z. punctatus, though it may be present in marine protected areas that occur within its distribution (World Database on Protected Areas 2010). Zeugopterus punctatus was assessed as Data Deficient in the Baltic Sea; based on unreliable data, there might have been a decline of up to 80 %  over the last three generations (HELCOM 2013).","Zeugopterus punctatus is not a commercially fished species in Europe waters. Given its specificity for rocky habitats, it is not captured as bycatch in trawl fisheries. It is a species that is included in the fish aquarium and is collected by aquarium enthusiasts.","Strongin, K.","Munroe, T., Costa, M., Nielsen, J., Herrera, J. & de Sola, L.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PLEURONECTIFORMES,SCOPHTHALMIDAE,Zeugopterus,regius,,Zeugopterus regius,"(Bonnaterre, 1788)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Zeugopterus regius is distributed in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, Z. regius is found from Scotland to the Iberian Peninsula, including the Mediterranean Sea. There are no known major threats to Z. regius, though it is a minor commercial species. Although further research on the impacts of fishing pressure, direct and indirect, on the population status is needed, Z. regius is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Zeugopterus regius is distributed in the eastern Atlantic Ocean from Scotland to Morocco, including the Mediterranean Sea (Quéro and Vayne 1979). It is known from the northern Mediterranean to the Sea of Marmara (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002), including throughout the Hellenic Seas (Papaconstantinou 1988). It is absent from the Levant basin (Golani 1996, Bilecenoglu et al. 2002) and there are no records available from Egypt, Libya, or Tunisia. Zeugopterus regius is found at depths of 10 to 180 m (Munroe and Chanet in press).","There are no data available about the population status throughout its range. Zeugopterus regius is a rarely caught species in the northeastern Atlantic. In the Mediterranean, Z. regius is rare, but can be locally abundant.","Zeugopterus regius is a benthic species that occurs over rocky or muddy substrata, and less frequently on sandy substrata (Göthel 1992). It is a demersal species on rocky bottoms on the continental shelf from depths around 10 to 180 m; occasionally found in a shallower waters (Munroe and Chanet in press). The maximum size about 20 cm ST (Nielsen 1986). It feeds on small fish and invertebrates. Reproduction occurs between February and August (Nielsen 1986).",There are no recognised threats to this species. It only occasionally appears in commercial markets.,"There are no specific conservation measures in place, though it may occur in protected areas. Zeugopterus regius was regionally assessed as Data Deficient in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).",Zeugopterus regius is a species with minor commercial interest (Machias et al. 2001). It is a desirable food fish that occasionally appears on the market (Munroe and Chanet in press).,"Strongin, K.","Munroe, T., Costa, M., Nielsen, J., Herrera, J. & de Sola, L.","Golani, D., Kada, O. & Nouar, A.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,ZEIFORMES,ZEIDAE,Zeus,faber,,Zeus faber,"Linnaeus, 1758",,No,DD,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: LC Zeus faber has a worldwide distribution and is abundant in some areas of its range. In the Northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs from Norway to Madeira, including the Mediterranean and Black seas. Zeus faber feeds on a variety of prey items and occurs near bottom and midwater habitats. This species is important commercially and recreationally. It is used in commercial fisheries for human consumption, fish meal, and oil and as gamefish also has value in the aquarium trade. However, there are no species specific conservation efforts in place. Although this species is relatively common and has large geographic range, fishing regulations should be implemented for this species in the regions where this species is commercially important. It is unknown if there is immigration and emigration from outside the eastern North Atlantic that might affect the population. However, there are no known threats to those populations either. It is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Zeus faber occurs throughout the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs from Norway to Madeira, including the Mediterranean and Black seas (Quero 1986).  The depth range for this species is 5–400 m depth (May and Maxwell 1986).  Outside the region, this species occurs in the Indo-West Pacific region from South Africa to Kenya, Australia, New Zealand and Japan (Heemstra FAO ECA in prep) and to South Africa in the eastern Atlantic (Quero 1986).","The area of high abundance of Z. faber are to the south and west of the British Isles (Dunn 2001). It has become increasingly abundant from the Bay of Biscay to around the British Isles from 2005–2011 (P. Fernandes pers. comm. 2014), reflected in surveys from Northern Spain (J. Gil Herrera pers. comm. 2014). This species has also been reported to be relatively abundant off Madeira (Fisheries and Aquaculture Department 2012). A study conducted in the North Aegean Sea, revealed a female to male sex ratio of 1.6:1 (Ismen et al. 2013).","Zeus faber is a solitary species and occurs mainly close to the bottom from shallow waters down to 400 m depth. It feeds primarily on schooling fish but also cephalopods and crustaceans. It reaches maturity at an age of four years and length of 29–35 cm. Maximum reported length is 90 cm, maximum reported age 12 years (Maigret and Ly 1986, Karrer and Post 1990). In the Mediterranean, Z. faber abundance decreased with depth and increased with increasing temperature; abundance was greatest in shallow warmer waters (Maravelias et al. 2007). In the English Channel, the mean length of first maturity was estimated at 26 cm in males and 34.5 cm in females (Dunn 2001). Females in the North Aegean Sea ranged from 13.8–52.8 cm while males ranged from 12.2–42.9 cm. In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 53.0 cm TL and the length at maturity for females is 31.1 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014). The maximum age recorded was 18 years and the length at first maturity for both males and females was 25.4 cm (Ismen et al. 2013). Zeus faber appears to spawn during the summer months and has pelagic eggs and larvae (Russell 1976).","Zeus faber is used in commercial fisheries as food, oil, and fish meal. Zeus faber is a recreational species and also has value in the aquarium trade. However, major threats to this species are unknown. ","Zeus faber has undergone IUCN Red List Assessment in the Baltic Sea region. It was assessed as N/A in the region, because it does not occur regularly, and there is no known reproduction. This species’ range overlaps with Marine Protected Areas (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed April 2014). Zeus faber was assessed as Least Concern in the Mediterranean Regional workshop in 2007 (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).","Zeus faber is a commercially important species (Ismen et al. 2013). The landings of Zeus faber in the England and Wales fishery have shown a general increase since 1980, although landings in the years 1985–1986, 1991 and 1997 were particularly low, and in 1994–1995 were particularly high with majority of them landed from the western English Channel. Landings from the Western Approaches and Celtic Sea have increased since 1993 and there have been relatively few landings of Z. faber from the eastern Channel, North Sea, Irish Sea, and areas to the west and north of Ireland. The unit value and importance of Z. faber have increased significantly since the 1980s. Landings from 1994 to 1995 were approximately 125 t yr-1 with the largest landings made between May and November. Zeus faber were usually considered a valuable bycatch by some vessels, although some seasonal targeting has also been observed (Dunn 2001). In the Mediterranean this species is caught by bottom trawl, trammel nets and long lines, although, the catch contribution in number if very small (Ismen et al. 2013)","Kloppmann, M.","Collette, B., Smith-Vaniz, W.F., Herrera, J., Fernandes, P. & Heessen, H.","Ralph, G.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,ZOARCIDAE,Zoarces,viviparus,,Zoarces viviparus,"(Linnaeus, 1758)",,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Zoarces viviparus is widely distributed in the North Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, Z. viviparus is known from northern Brittany north to the Barents and White seas. It is common within the assessment region and there are no known major threats. Therefore, Z. viviparus is listed as Least Concern. However, research should be conducted to determine the population trends and further threats to the species.",Unknown,"Zoarces viviparus occurs in the North Atlantic Ocean. In the northeastern Atlantic, this species occurs from from northern Brittany around the British Isles, east towards the Baltic Sea and north through the North Sea, towards the Barents and White seas (Andriashev 1986, Anderson and Fedorov 2004). This species is usually found from the intertidal zone down to 40 m (Andriashev 1986).","In the North Sea and Baltic Sea, Zoarces viviparus is widely distributed and reproducing in coastal areas. Z. viviparus is is common also in Estonia and Finland, but in Germany it has been considered near threatened. Zoarces viviparus is a cold water species with its thermal tolerance close to the southern limits of its range (Graham and Harrod 2009). It declined in the lower Forth Estuary (east Scotland) from a high of about 275 in 1982 to about 25 in 2001 (Greenwood et al. 2002), representing a 90% decline over 19 years. Two of the four available Swedish surveys observed significant declines of more than 50% during the last 20 years. There has been a negative population development also in Skagerrak (HELCOM 2012). A regional study (Simonsen and Strand 2010) on populations of Z. viviparus in Danish waters found that the migration among the areas is low or that selection is going on. Several Danish population studies of Z. viviparus have revealed that the populations are homogenous for multiple genetic markers (Christiansen et al. 1976, Christiansen et al. 1977, Christiansen et al. 1981, Christiansen et al. 1984, Christiansen et al. 1988).","Zoarces viviparus is a benthic species that occurs on rocky shores under stones, among algae and in tide-pools, between tide marks down to 40 m, in marine and brackish waters (Andriashev 1986). It is considered a cold water species and survival is lower during warm summers. Increasing temperature also results in reduced growth and fecundity. Mating takes place in August - September with internal fertilization of the eggs. Female give birth to 30–400 developed young (35–55 mm) in December-February. It seems that Z. viviparus to a high extent is stationary (Simonsen and Strand 2010). Due to its viviparous behavior, reproductive impairments can easily be linked to the mother fish and due to its stationary behavior it can also be linked to the environment (Simonsen and Strand 2010). Therefore this species has been commonly used in environmental monitoring and toxicology studies. A recent genetic study has revealed considerable gene flow and an absence of genetic divergence on distances up to 90 km in the Baltic Sea, suggesting that migration might be more common than previously believed (Bergek et al. 2012). Eelpout feeds mainly on gastropods, chironomids and crustaceans, and occasionally on fish eggs and larvae. The maximum size for this species is 52 cm TL (Andriashev 1986) but adults commonly range from 20–40 cm in size and have a life span of approximately 5–14 years (Kristoffersson and Oikari 1975). Females reach maturity at an age of 1–2 years and males already at one year. There is a differentiation in life-history traits in the Baltic Sea with more slow-growing, later maturing individuals in northern, less saline areas (Bergek et al. 2012).","Zoarces viviparus is a cold water species, so the increases in water temperatures due to changed climate may adversely impact aerobic performance (Pörtner and Knust 2007), potentially causing local extinctions. Reproductive impairment due to pollution may have serious consequences not only for individuals but also for populations (Hanson et al. 2005, Hedman et al. 2010). Other perceivable threats may be predation by cormorants and cod. Eelpout is commercially fished in Latvia, and in the Russian part of the Gulf of Finland fishermen often catch it from ice when hook-fishing smelt in spring time. The invasive round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) could also possibly have a negative effect on the eelpout as they overlap in habitat. The elevated frequency of females with deformed offspring and the high frequency of not pregnant females in some coastal areas might be an indication of environmental pressure factors being a threat to eelpout populations (Simonsen and Strand 2010). The species could be locally threatened, however over the whole range of the species distribution it is not sufficiently threatened to justify classification within a threat category. This species is also caught as bycatch (Berghahn et al. 1992).",Further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends and overall threats to the species. Zoarces viviparus was assessed in the Baltic Sea/HELCOM Region and was assessed as NT in the Baltic Region. ,This species is of minor commercial value in some parts of its range,"Ralph, G.","Nielsen, J., Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F.",,,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,PERCIFORMES,GOBIIDAE,Zosterisessor,ophiocephalus,,Zosterisessor ophiocephalus,"(Pallas, 1814)",,Yes,LC,,,,,,,"Zosterisessor ophiocephalus is restricted to the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. There is no population information for this species, although it is thought to be locally abundant. There are no known widespread threats. Therefore, Zosterisessor ophiocephalus is listed as Least Concern.",Stable,"Zosterisessor ophiocephalus is only known from the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, and the Sea of Azov. In the Mediterranean, the species is known from southwestern France, from Sardinia and northern Corsica, along the western coast of Italy, Sicily (Relini and Lanteri 2010), the northern parts of the eastern coast of the Adriatic (Kovačić et al. 2012), from the Aegean, and Mediterranean Turkish coasts (Bilecenoglu et al. 2002). It is also known from Tunisia (Bradai et al. 2004) and western Libya. It has been recorded from most of the Black Sea coastal areas, with fewer records from eastern parts.","The species is locally abundant and assumed to have a stable population, although harvested in some parts of its range.","Zosterisessor ophiocephalus is a benthic species living inshore in marine and brackish waters, estuaries and lagoons and on mud and eel-grass meadows. Its habitat is more abundant in the eastern part of its distribution. The primary prey items for Z. ophiocephalus are small fish and larger crustacean (Miller 1986). Individuals of Z. ophiocephalus are sexually mature at two to three years, and the maximum lifespan is five years (Miller 1986). It is iteroparous, with females producing more than one batch of eggs within the breeding season (Franco et al. 2002). In the Mediterranean, the maximum recorded size is 21.0 cm TL and the length at maturity for females ranges from 9.8 to 12.2 cm TL and for males is 13.5 cm TL (Tsikliras and Stergiou 2014).",The species habitat may be impacted locally but there are no known widespread threats.,"No species-specific conservation measures are in place or needed for Z. ophiocephalus. However, it likely occurs in marine protected areas. It was assessed globally as Data Deficient in 1996 and as Least Concern in the Mediterranean (Abdul Malak et al. 2011, IUCN 2011).","This species is harvested for food in some parts of its range.&#160;The species has commercial importance in parts of its range, including in the Black Sea and in Sivash (Berg 1965).&#160;Miller (1986) documents tissue contaminants (PCBs, DDT etc.) and heavy metal concentrations in fish from Greek and Italian habitats, which may affect consumers.","Ahnelt, H., Larson, H. & Harvey, M.","Herler, J., Kovacic, M. & Williams, J.T.","Bariche, M., Bilecenoglu, M. & Francour, P.",,
Marine_Fishes,2015_June,ANIMALIA,CHORDATA,ACTINOPTERYGII,LAMPRIFORMES,TRACHIPTERIDAE,Zu,cristatus,,Zu cristatus,"(Bonelli, 1819)",The Trachipteridae family needs revision (Olney in press).,No,LC,,,,,,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC) Zu cristatus is a circumglobally distributed but rarely captured species in the epi-mesopelagic zone. It is a typically deep-dwelling species, although juveniles have been captured at the surface, and is an important prey item for some large pelagic predators. It sometimes occurs as bycatch in longline fisheries, but is not utilized and there are no major threats. In Europe this species it is listed as Least Concern. It is widespread, uncommon, and there is no population information available. There are no species-specific threats, although it is taken as bycatch in trawl and long-line fisheries. Therefore, Zu cristatus is assessed as Least Concern.",Increasing,"Zu cristatus is distributed circumglobally in the epi- to mesopelagic zone (Fischer et al. 1987). In tropical to warm temperate waters of the western Atlantic, specimens have been collected from Norfolk Canyon (36°50'N, 73°40'W), south of La Have Basin (40°57'N, 63°35'W), near Alvin Canyon (39°47'N, 70°32'W), and near Bear Seamount south to Florida, the Gulf of Mexico, and Cuba (Moore et al. 2003). In the Pacific, this species has been recorded from 0 to 950 m depth off of New Caledonia (Fricke et al. 2011) and off of Chile (Sielfeld et al. 2010). Near Hawaii, this species has been recorded off of the main Hawaiian Islands and the Hancock Seamounts. It is also known from the Mediterranean Sea (Dulčić 2002, Bianco et al. 2006, Bradai and El Ouaer 2012). It is considered rare off of Japan, but has occurred from the mouth of Tokyo Bay south to Osaka Bay, the Ogasawara Islands, and Akita Prefecture south to Yamaguchi Prefecture (Nakabo 2002).",Zu cristatus is a rarely occurring but widespread species (Bianco et al. 2006). It is found throughout the Mediterranean Sea but is not often caught (Bradai and El Ouaer 2012).,"Zu cristatus is an offshore fish with a maximum size of approximately 120 cm SL (Heemstra and Kannemeyer 1986) that inhabits the epipelagic and mesopelagic zone (Fischer et al. 1987). It feeds on pelagic crustaceans, small fishes, and squids (Palmer 1986). Their eggs are free-floating, large, and red (Charter and Moser 1996). Juveniles swim at the surface while trailing elongate dorsal and pelvic fin rays that give them the appearance of a jellyfish (Bianchi et al. 1999). Data on the reproduction and habits of this species are limited (Olney in press, Bianchi et al. 1999). Eggs of this species in ichthyoplankton collections in the Adriatic Sea had a diameter of 1.85 to 2.10 mm (Dulčić 2002). Spawning appears to take place inshore, but this has yet to be confirmed (Olney and Naplin 1980, Dulčić 2002). This species is reportedly a prey item of sailfish, another circumglobal tropical and subtropical species, in the southern Gulf of California, Mexico (Rosas-Alayola et al. 2002). This trophic relationship could exist in other parts of the world where these species co-occur.",There are no known major threats to this species. It is caught very rarely as bycatch (Bianchi et al. 1999).,There are no known species-specific conservation measures for this species. More research is needed into its life history and population size. Zu cristatus was assessed as Data Deficient in the regional Mediterranean Red List Assessment (Abdul Malak et al. 2011).,Zu cristatus is not utilized (Olney in press). It is uncommonly caught as bycatch in trawl fisheries (Bianchi et al. 1999) and in the swordfish longline fishery in southern Italy (Cambie et al. 2013).,"Kloppmann, M.","Smith-Vaniz, W.F. & Herrera, J.","Comeros-Raynal, M.",,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,PINOPSIDA,PINALES,PINACEAE,Abies,alba,,Abies alba,,"In the Balkans introgression with Abies cephalonica , during repeated advances of A. alba from the north during the Pleistocene, has caused the boundary to be unclear and there is a putative hybrid A. x borissii-regis (Farjon and Filer 2013).",Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This tree is the only widespread species of fir in Europe. Its extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO) and population are beyond any of the thresholds for a threatened category and there is no evidence of continuing decline. In some areas it is probably increasing. As a result it is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"This tree is a European endemic. It is widespread in central Europe and is found in the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Carpathians, Corsica, Italy, the Balkan Peninsula to Bulgaria and northern Greece (Farjon 2010, Farjon and Filer 2013).","The population is large and the overall population trend is stable, with losses in some areas (e.g., in the Spanish Pyrenees; Oliva and Colinas 2007) but with some increases in areas where natural regeneration is promoted. In some parts of its range it is rare, for example, in the central Alps where a drier and colder climate prevails and in most of the Appenines in Italy (Farjon and Filer 2013).","Under favourable conditions, this fir tree can reach an age of 500 to 600 years and tree heights up to 60 m (Wolf 2003). Primarily a montane species, usually occurring between 500 and 1,500 m, but as low as 300 m in the Bavarian Forest, up to 2,000 m in the Pyrenees and in the Pirin Mountains in Bulgaria. Soils are usually well drained sandy loams from silicate rocks or limestone derivatives. The preferred climate is cool temperate, comparatively humid (precipitation often >1,000 mm/year), with abundant snowfall but moderately low temperatures in the winter. The species often forms large forests, either pure, mixed with other conifers (Picea abies, locally Pinus sylvestris) or mixed with broad leaved trees (Fagus sylvatica ), in a belt between deciduous forest in the valleys and coniferous forest composed of other species of Pinaceae towards the tree limit. Of the European native conifers, this fir is most capable of competing with Beech (F. sylvatica) at altitudes where the latter becomes less vigorous and is the first of the conifers to appear among them (Ellenberg 1988).","The species' area of occupancy has been reduced over the last two centuries as a result of deforestation, over-exploitation and afforestation with faster growing exotic species. Air pollution and acid rain have also effected stands in some parts of its range. Over the last several decades this decline has ceased as patterns of land use changed, forest management priorities shifted and air pollution levels dropped.","This fir tree occurs in numerous protected areas throughout its range. Examples include Pirin National Park in Bulgaria and Apuseni National Park in Romania (where extensive stands of undisturbed forest are protected; Feurdean and Willis 2008). It is also listed in 135 Natura 2000 sites (EUNIS 2014). Guidelines have also been produced to aid forest managers to encourage fir regeneration in managed forests and to control the type of replanting material used in those areas (Wolf 2003). It is conserved ex situ in 125 botanic gardens worldwide (BCGI 2013). It is not known whether any seeds are stored in seed banks, although their suitability is cited (Wolf 2003).","This is an important timber tree in western and central Europe, where most forests are semi-natural and managed with a view to encourage fir regeneration and growth at the expense of competitors. It is not very successful as a plantation forestry tree outside its natural areas of occurrence; one cause of this may be damage done by insect pests, which may be more prolific in monocultures and in areas with mild winters such as in the British Isles. Its most famous use in the past was for the masts of seventeenth century ships. Most of its wood today is used for plywood and veneer as it is evenly grained, light, and easily worked. Minor uses are for soundboards in musical instruments, boxes, wood carving, and sometimes for joinery. The buds, bark and leaves are all believed to have medicinal properties, for example, antiseptic, antibiotic, diuretic and balsamic. Distillation of the leaf essential oils has in the past been used to produce remedies for sprains and bruises and the leaves and resin are ingredients for remedies for coughs and colds. The resin can be added to bathes to soothe rheumatic pains and neuralgia. In Britain it was used as a Christmas tree in the nineteenth century when Prince Albert popularized the tradition; its use has declined since in favour of the more quickly and cheaply produced Norway Spruce. In horticulture White Fir is uncommon and mostly restricted to arboreta; a number of cultivars are known but few are common in the trade. The bark can be ground and used to thicken soups and in bread making as a subsistence food (Wolf 2003, PFAF 2014).",,"Farjon, A.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,COMPOSITAE,Achillea,crithmifolia,,Achillea crithmifolia,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Achillea crithmifolia is a montane perennial herb native to the Balkan Peninsula and the Carpathians. Though its populations seem to have declined in Hungary, due to habitat degradation resulting from a high level of game stock and non-beneficial forest management practices, it is now a protected species and is cultivated in Hungary.

It is valued in Serbia for its medicinal properties, where there is a quota on its collection; however, the level of enforcement is unknown. There is no information available that suggests the population in the remainder of its range is under threat. It is therefore classified as Least Concern.

More information is required on the population status and potential threats throughout its native range.",Stable,"Achillea crithmifolia is native to the Balkan Peninsula and the Carpathians. In Romania it is only found in the southern regions of the country (Badarau and Malos 2011). In Bulgaria it is widespread throughout the whole country and found at elevations up to 1500 metres asl (Assyov and Petrova 2006, Lipman 2009). This is an invasive species which has extended its naturalized range into western and central Europe (Greuter 2006-2009, CABI International 2012). It has been introduced into Sweden and into France, where the only confirmed occurrence is in a small area in the north east (INPN 2012). It has been reported in Austria, Czech Republic and Poland where it is found as a casual alien, but its precise distribution is unknown (Greuter 2006-2009). This species does not occur in Italy (Schede de botanica 2013). In Germany it is a locally naturalized neophyte; there is no information on localities (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2012). In Switzerland there is only one record (Info Flora 2012).","The number of individuals is unknown but it is said to be frequent in its native range (Badarau and Malos 2011). The population in Hungary has declined, but as it is an invasive species the overall population is likely to be stable or increasing. It is listed on the Invasive Species Compendium.","Achillea crithmifolia is a perennial herb found on mesoxeric forest steppe, growing in bushy areas on rocky substrata in the Balkan and Pannonian regions where the average temperature exceeds 10°C (Badarau and Malos 2011).","Overall habitat degradation, resulting from a high level of game stock and non-beneficial forest management practices, is responsible for the declines in Hungary (G. Király pers. comm. 2013). This species is collected for its medicinal properties in parts of its range, but it is not known whether this is significantly impacting wild populations; it is not a significant threat in Hungary.","This yarrow species is listed as Near Threatened in Hungary. It is included in the list of Hungarian protected species which are used as medicinal and aromatic plants, and which have been introduced into cultivation (Baricevic et al. 2004, Király 2007). In Slovakia it is a protected species, and was listed as Critically Endangered in 2001 (Feráková et al. 2001), though was more recently listed as Data Deficient (Eliáš et al. in prep.). In Serbia there is a quota (of unspecified quantity) in force, but the species is not legally protected; it is also a priority species for the Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Working Group in Turkey (Lipman 2009). It occurs in five Natura 2000 sites in Hungary and one in Romania (European Environment Agency 2010). More information is required on the population status and potential threats throughout its native range. Further taxonomic investigation of the native and allochthonous populations as well as differing cytotypes is required (V. Feráková and I. Hodálová pers. comm. 2013).","This plant has been studied extensively in Hungary and the aerial parts are known to have high chemical diversity, including essential oils which have strong antibacterial properties (Bernáth 2002, Palic et al. 2003). There are no accurate data on the quantities of plants collected annually; however, in 1999 approximately 420 kg were collected with permission and 38 kg without permission in Serbia, sold on the Serbian market and exported to Europe and North America (Baricevic et al . 2004). In Bulgaria it is not of high interest as a medicinal plant (Lipman 2009). It is not thought to be collected in Hungary since being listed as a protected species, and there is a quota in force for its collection in Serbia. Its cultivation in Serbia is being developed.",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,COMPOSITAE,Achillea,millefolium,,Achillea millefolium,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species is classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations and no major threats.",Stable,"Achillea millefolium has a very wide native range occurring throughout temperate Asia to India and Pakistan, North America, Europe and South America (Guatemala and Honduras). It has become naturalised in Australasia, Africa and many other regions and is also cultivated widely (USDA Germplasm Resources Information Network 2012).","A very common species found all over Europe, Asia and North America with no significant trends or declines.","A hairy, aromatic, stoloniferous, patch-forming and strong smelling perennial herb found in a variety of grassland habitats, pastures, meadows, grassy heaths, road verges, hedgebanks, lawns, waste places, montane areas wet from snow melt, sand dunes and shingle often growing on calcareous or slightly acid soils but not waterlogged, acid or nutrient deficient soils. It is drought tolerant and produces white/cream and red/pink flowers from July to October (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012, Blamey and Grey-Wilson 2003).",There are no threats to this species.,"There are no conservation measures in place or needed. It is listed as Least Concern in the national red lists of Denmark (NERI 2007), Estonia (eBiodiversity 2012), Luxembourg (Colling 2005), Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010) and the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005).","Yarrow has anti-inflammatory qualities and is used as a poultice to joints affected by rheumatism or a plant infusion drink or whole plant decoction. Extracts are used to treat sprains, swellings and broken bones (Lewis and Elvin-Lewis 2003). The essential oil and methanol extracts have anti-microbial and anti-oxidative properties (Candan et al . 2003). Medicinally it can be administered internally and externally in the form of a comminuted herbal substance, expressed juice from fresh herb, liquid extract and tincture. An aromatic tea is made from the flowers and leaves and an essential oil from the flowering heads is used as a flavouring for soft drinks. Herba Millefolii consists of the whole or cut dried flowering tops or aerial parts collected during the flowering season. Its uses described in pharmacopoeias is for oral use for loss of appetite, common cold, mild discomfort of the gastrointestinal tract and fevers. It is used externally for skin inflammation and wounds. In traditional medicine it is used as an eyewash, laxative, sleep aid, stimulant tonic and also to treat baldness, prostatitis and vertigo or externally for treatment of haemorrhoids, haematoma and burn injuries. An extract of the flowers shows antimicrobial properties. However, none of these medicinal uses is supported by clinical data (European Medicines Agency 2011, World Health Organization 2010).",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,COMPOSITAE,Achillea,ptarmica,,Achillea ptarmica,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species is assessed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution, its ability to live in a wide variety of habitats and as no evidence for dramatic declines or major threats could be found.",Unknown,"This species is native to Europe and found in most parts of the continent (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2012).","The overall population trend is unknown. Declines have been reported from the United Kingdom (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012), but it is indicated as Least Concern in many national Red Lists therefore it can be assumed that the declines are neither fast nor steep.","This plant is a perennial herb found in wet and damp habitat such as fens, springs, marshes, rush-pasture, stream sides, wet heath, flushes on hill slopes and in shrubland. It has also been reported from commercially used grassland, roadsides and waste ground (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012, Klotz et al. 2002).",The threats to this species at European level are unknown.,"This species is listed as Near Threatened in Germany (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2012), Hungary (Király 2007), and Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002) but classed as Least Concern on the national Red Lists of Belgium (Van Landuyt et al. 2006), Denmark (NERI 2007), Estonia (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012), Luxembourg (Colling 2005), Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010), and the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005).","This plant is used in medicine and has cardiac, diaphoretic, digestive, emmenagogue, odontalgic, sternutatory and styptic properties. As its English common name suggests, a sneezing powder can be produced from the dried leaves. The leaves of this plant are also edible and can be eaten raw in salads or cooked. It is sometimes cultivated as an ornamental (Hanelt et al. 2001, Plants For A Future 2012).",,"Bilz, M.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,RANUNCULALES,RANUNCULACEAE,Aconitum,lycoctonum,,Aconitum lycoctonum,,"Aconitum lycoctonum L. is accepted by The Plant List (2014), which lists a large number of possible synonyms. The taxonomy of the genus requires resolution, with Aconitum vulparia Rchb. considered a synonym of Aconitum lycoctonum here.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species occurs in many European countries and does not appear to be in decline from any threatening processes at present. It does not meet the threshold for any of the threatened categories, and it is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"A widespread temperate Eurasian species, recorded from the Iberian Peninsula through much of Europe to Central Asia (eastern Siberia, Mongolia, China (Heilongjiang, Liaoning) (RBG Edinburgh 1998, USDA 2014). The species has a large distribution and occurs in nearly all parts of the central, northern and southeastern European region (USDA 2014), although less common or absent from the northwestern parts (e.g., United Kingdom, northern France) and much of the Mediterranean (RBG Edinburgh 1998).","No population data are available, however the species is widespread and populations are considered likely to be stable.","A perennial species that grows on moist, fertile , humus-rich soils in lowland forests , amongst tall herbs and in wet meadows.",No threats are known for this species.,No conservation information for this species is available. Taxonomic study is required.,"Members of the genus Aconitum are amongst Europe's most toxic plants, and medicinal use is therefore not recommended. In the past, until the Middle Ages, the species was used as a medicinal and psychoactive drug (Frazer 1890). Nowadays, the species is still used in homeopathic and Chinese medicine (Bundesministerium für Gesundheit 2014). The root of the plant is alterative, anaesthetic, antiarthritic, antitussive, deobstruent, diaphoretic, diuretic, sedative and stimulant (Duke 2010, PFAF 2014).",,"Schweizer, F. & Hasinger, O.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,RANUNCULALES,RANUNCULACEAE,Aconitum,napellus,,Aconitum napellus,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The species is endemic to Europe, where it is native to western and central Europe, but has been widely introduced elsewhere. Assessed as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, increasing populations and no known major threats.",Increasing,"The species is endemic to Europe, where it is native to western and central Europe (de Bolòs and Vigo 1984-2001, Castroviejo et al. 2010, ArtDatabanken 2010, Association Tela Botanica 2014, Botanical Society of the British Isles & Biological Records Centre 2014, GBIF 2014). It has been widely introduced introduced in northern Europe and North America (DAISIE 2014).","No information on population trends are available. The species is spreading to the north and has only been extirpated from a few restricted locations. Consequently, populations are probably increasing.","This herb grows along stream banks, woodlands, grasslands and even damp meadows. As an alien, it grows on roadsides. Generally found in lowlands in the north, but grows up to 2,700 m a.s.l. in the southern parts of its distribution (Lange 1998, Schippmann 2013, Plants For A Future 2014).",No major threats are known. A minor threats is water pollution for plants growing around meadows and streams.,The species is included in the Swedish Red List (CR; ArtDatabanken 2010). There are no conservation measures needed and occurs in numerous Natura 2000 protected areas (EUNIS 2014).,"The species has been used as an antidote to poisoning, but the plant is itself very toxic. Dry roots are used primarily, but other fresh organs are also used. Roots are used externally in the treatment of rheumatism. All parts of the plant, except the root, are harvested when the plant is in flower and used to make a homeopathic medicine.",,"Chappuis, E.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,RANUNCULALES,RANUNCULACEAE,Actaea,spicata,,Actaea spicata,,"The species taxonomic status of the species is not well defined. In The Plant List (2014) the species is described as accepted taxon with various accepted synonyms. However some authors make a distinction between the European variety A. spicata var. spicata and A. spicata var./form acuminata from the Himalayan regions (e.g., Missouri Botanical Garden 2010). In the Plant List, A. spicata var./form acuminata is an accepted synonym of A. acuminata, but the latter is not considered as synonym of A. spicata (The Plant List 2014) . The status of this variety and the population occurring in northeastern China and Japan needs further taxonomic investigations.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species occurs in almost all European regional countries. Although data where not found on the species population trends and threats, its extent of occurrence and area of occupancy greatly exceed the thresholds for any threatened category, and it is therefore assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"A widespread Eurasian and Asian species, occurring naturally throughout all European countries Western-Asia, Caucasus and Himalaya (Tutin et al. 1980, USDA 2010, Missouri Botanical Garden 2010). The species is generally split into two varieties differing in morphology, habitat and geographical occurrence ( Missouri Botanical Garden 2010, GBIF 2011). The variety Actaea spicata var. spicata is mainly found in Europe and Western-Asia from 0 to 1,900 m above sea level, whereas Actaea spicata var. acuminata is mainly found at high altitudes from 2,500-3,700 m in southwestern Asia, the Himalaya, northeastern China and Japan (Missouri Botanical Garden 2010) . Intermediate forms can be found in Pakistan, Europe and East Asian regions (Missouri Botanical Garden 2010, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet 2010). In the European region, the species is found throughout all northern countries, and in mountainous regions in southern countries.",No population data are available. The species is widespread in the European region.,"The species is a perennial and grows on moist and calcareous ground in shady mountain forests, preferably in deciduous and pine forests on nutrient- rich, humus-rich, loose, stony or pure clay soils up to 1,900 m in the european region (Düll and Kutzelnigg 2011).",The threats are not known for this species.,The species is listed as Least Concern in Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002).,"The plant has been traditionally used in a range of treatments including rheumatism, inflammation, rheumatic fever, lumbago, nervous disorders, chorea, and as emetic, expectorant, laxative and purgative (Duke 2010, PFAF 2014). Moreover, the species has also been used in the traditional systems of medicines of various countries for the treatment of snake bite, asthma, and externally for skin complaints. In some parts of Europe the powdered leaves, stems and flowers were used as an insecticide (Madaan and Sharma 2011). Nowadays, the species is found in homeopathic medicines (Bundesministerium für Gesundheit 2014). Plant and seed are found in the horticultural trade.",,"Schweizer, F. & Hasinger, O.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,PTERIDACEAE,Adiantum,capillus-veneris,,Adiantum capillus-veneris,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species is widespread and common in the western Mediterranean part of Europe with no major threats and stable populations. Towards the edges of its range, it has been listed as threatened on various national red lists. Those populations might require monitoring.",Stable,"Adiantum capillus-veneris is a sub-cosmopolitan species. Its distribution encompasses tropical, subtropical, temperate regions and the Mediterranean. In Europe, it occurs in the Mediterranean part and in Ukraine.","The species is very common in the western half of the Mediterranean with numerous localities and populations appearing to be stable. It occurs frequently in the whole Iberian Peninsula (Castroviejo et al. 1986), seems common in southern France and occurs in all the provinces of Italy.","Adiantum capillus-veneris is a perennial herbaceous plant (Geophyte to rhizome) that inhabits caves and humid rocks, banks of watercourses, banks of springs and also artificial lands such as wells and walls. It is very tolerant to the chemical nature of the substratum. Its development occurs in spring and it produces sporophylls in summer.",There are not major threats for the species.,"This species is listed as Critically Endangered in Bulgaria (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009) and Serbia (Stevanović 1999), as Vulnerable in Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002), as Near Threatened in Croatia (Nikolić and Topić 2005) and as Rare in Bosnia-Herzegovina (Šilić 1996). It is considered of Least Concern in the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005). There are no conservation measures in place but for the future it is recommended to manage the harvest of this species.",The leaves of A. capillus-veneris are used as herbal medicine for respiratory problems. It is prepared as a tea or in form of a syrup. Other uses reported are as a poultice to treat snake bites or bee stings; as a remedy to expel worms from the body and as a treatment against dandruff (Plants for a Future 2012).,,"Bilz, M.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,RANUNCULALES,RANUNCULACEAE,Adonis,vernalis,,Adonis vernalis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Adonis vernalis is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread in Europe and found at hundreds of localities. The population trend is unknown and there are several factors causing habitat loss and degradation that threaten this species. Adonis vernalis is an important medicinal plants and unsustainable harvesting affects the plant negatively.

However, the risk of the species going completely extinct in Europe is suspected to be quite low. Information on the population trend and eventual rate of declines at European level should be collected and this might make a review of the threat status of this species necessary.",Unknown,"This plant is found from Spain in the west to Ukraine in the east and extends from Central Europe southwards to the Balkan Peninsula. It is absent from northern Europe and the Mediterranean Islands (Euro+Med Plantbase 2006-2010). Adonis vernalis also occurs in the Caucasus and is endemic to Europe and temperate Asia (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010).","In Germany, the populations are declining. In Serbia, it is estimated to be Vulnerable (V. Stevanovic pers.comm. 2010). In France, it occurs in 17 communes in the south of France and on in Alsace, in the northeast. It can be abundant in southern populations. In Ukraine Adonis vernalis is distributed mainly in lesosteppe (forest-steppe zone (near 350 localities) and in steppe zone (near 150 localities). In the zone of deciduous and mixed forests in the Polesian lowland it occurs in only 17 localities. Separate parts of area of Adonis vernalis is situated in foot-hill of the Crimean Mountains from Sewastopol in the west to Feodosia in the east at the altitude of 150-800 m (near 150 localities). Some localities are founds in the plain part of Crimea on Tarchankut and Kerch peninsulas (near 20 localities). On the boundary between forest-steppe and steppe zones and in the Crimean Mountains the population density is high (8-25/m²) (Melnyk and Parubok 2004). The overall population trend at European level is unknown.","Adonis vernalis is a perennial rhizomatous plant that flowers from April to May. It is found in dry and poor grasslands ( Festuco-Brometea societies) and in pine forests (Klotz et al. 2002). It can be found in forest margins and steppes or in the ecotone between forests and steppes. In Ukraine, Adonis vernalis grows in well drained places in meadow steppes of Botriochloeta ishaemi, Cariceta humilis, Ceraseta fruticosa, Elytrigeta repentis, Helictotricheta desertori, Festuceta valesiacea, Koeleria cristatae, Stipeta capillatae, Stipeta pennatae, Stipeta ucrainicae formation and petrophilous communities of Seslerieta heufleriana , Thymeta cretacei formations (Melnyk and Parubok 2004). In European Russia Adonis vernalis is a component of meadow steppe communities of Festuceta valesiacae, Koeleria cristatae, Stipeta capillatae, Stipeta pennatae, Stipeta tirsea, Stipeta pulcherimae, Stipeta zalesskii formations and in light oak forests (Pochkurlat 2000). In Poland, the species is a component of communities of Festuco-Brometea class, in Slovakia it is a component of Festucion valesiacae , Quercion pubescentis alliances. In Czech Republic it occurs in Festuceto-Caricetum humilis association. In Germany Adonis vernalis grows in dry light forest in Potentilo albae – Quercetum petraea and Adoniso-Brachypodietum pinneti associations. In Hungary it is a component of the Astragalo-Festucetum association. In Romania Adonis vernalis is found in steppes dominated by Chrysopogon gryllus, Stipa cappilata, Stipa pennata, Stipa pulcherima , and in light forest Aceri tatarici – Quercion association. In Moldova it also occurs in forest plantations of Robinia pseudoacacia . The species may be favoured by traditional sheep rearing, as sheep do not eat it (decline in traditional agricultural practice may threaten the species).","Habitat loss and degradation are serious threats and caused by the transformation of grassland into agricultural areas, wood plantations or building areas including the infilling of as well as soil extraction from the habitat. The abandonment of traditional agricultural activities often leads to overgrowth with shrubs and an increased competition for this plant. Inappropriate collection for medicinal use still poses a considerable threat. Locally, tourism has been described as a threat (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010, WWF Germany and TRAFFIC unknown).","Adonis vernalis is listed under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and under Annex B of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulation 318-2008. It has been classed as vulnerable in the Carpathian region on the Carpathian List of Endangered Species (Witkowski et al. 2003). In Germany, the species is under protection and classed as threatened on the national Red List (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996) and included in several regional Red Lists (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010). It is also protected in France where several localities are in Parc National des Cevennes, Réserve Naturelle or Natura 2000 areas. In Hungary, it is not inlcuded in the national red list but protected (Király 2007). In Croatia it is classed as Data Deficient (Flora Croatica Database 2010). It is classed as Near Threatened in Sweden (Gärdenfors 2010) and in Russia (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010). Italy lists it as Critically Endangered (Conti et al. 1997), Czech Republic as Endangered (Holub and Procházka 2000) and Switzerland as Vulnerable (Moser et al. 2002). The species is included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (Diduch 2009) as Rare and is protected in many reserves in Ukraine. Ex situ protection in the National Botanical Garden Ukrainian Academy of Sciences in Kyiv, is underway. In many countries harvest management plans are in place.","Parts of the plant or the whole species are used for medicinal purposes. It is used to treat heart and thyroid diseases as well as cardiac and circulatory troubles. The species is mainly collected from the wild and inappropriate harvesting, such as more often than every 3-4 years or removal of all shoots or the root, can damage the plant. Plants for the trade are mainly exported from Bulgaria, Romania, Russia, and Ukraine. The main importers are Germany and France (WWF Germany and TRAFFIC unknown). Adonis vernalis is sometimes sold as a garden plant. Its cultivation has not been successful from an economic point of view yet which increases the pressure on the wild populations (WWF Germany and TRAFFIC unknown).",,"Bilz, M.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,SAPINDALES,HIPPOCASTANACEAE,Aesculus,hippocastanum,,Aesculus hippocastanum,,,Yes,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



The Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) is a major amenity tree native to Greece and the central Balkan peninsula and planted across Europe. It has been significantly damaged by the leaf miner moth Cameraria ohridella across its entire native and introduced range; the extent of decline caused by infestation is thought to be insignificant, however, compared to the multiple threats the Pindus Mountain mixed forest ecoregion is facing. The species is threatened or likely to be extinct across most of its native range: it is Endangered in Bulgaria (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Environment and Water 2011), where it remains in two locations, and in Greece, where the declining population is estimated at only 259-407 trees; it is probably Extinct in Albania. The status of the population in Macedonia is unknown, but given the small range in the country, it is likely to be small.

The species occurs in protected areas in Greece and Bulgaria, including national parks/reserves and Natura 2000 sites, although mining, deforestation, tourism development and other threats still impact some national parks. Given the widespread and varied threats across its native range, the population is almost certainly suffering a continuing decline, though the overall decline has not been quantified. Although the total population size across its native range has not been estimated, it is unlikely to consist of more than 10,000 mature individuals and may even be fewer than 2,500 mature individuals. Based on the subpopulation structure in Greece and the ongoing threats across its range, all wild subpopulations are likely smaller than 1,000 individuals. At the European level, Aesculus hippocastanum is therefore assessed as Vulnerable C2a(i). It also qualifies for Vulnerable C2a(i) in its EU 27 range (Bulgaria and Greece), where the majority of the native population is found. There is likely to be immigration of propagules into its native range as it has been introduced throughout Europe, so the original category is downlisted to Near Threatened in both Europe and the EU 27.

Recommended conservation measures include controlling the Cameraria ochridella leaf miner, enforcement of protection regimes in nature reserves, regulating human impacts on its habitats, and ex situ cultivation using genetic material from remaining natural populations. Research is needed on the genetic similarity between native and introduced subpopulations, to determine if introduced subpopulations likely to be the source of propagules may indeed help augment declining native populations.",Decreasing,"Horse Chestnut ( Aesculus hippocastanum ) is native to Greece and the central Balkan Peninsula and has been introduced throughout Europe and North America. It was introduced into the UK in the 17th century as an ornamental tree (Lack 2002, RBG Kew accessed 2013, Daws et al . 2004). Its native range includes Albania, Macedonia, Greece and a restricted area in eastern Bulgaria. In Greece, it is restricted to the Pindus mountain range in the regions of Epirus in the northwest, Thessaly in central Greece, Evrytania and Fthiotida in the south. It is found at altitudes up to 1,485 metres (Avtzis et al. 2007). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of its native extant range is estimated at 163,642 km².","In Bulgaria, only one population is known with a relatively high number of individuals and density (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Environment and Water 2011). This species is rare in Greece (I. Bazos pers. comm. 2013). Between 2001-2004, 37 new scattered locations of natural trees were found in Greece, as isolated and scattered trees, in small or large clusters, and in mixed stands with beech ( Fagus sylvatica ), dominating an area of 750 ha. The trees were of various ages with diameters from several cm to over 100 cm; importantly, regeneration was observed in almost all locations. The total number of trees observed in the 37 locations was estimated to be between 259-407 or more (22 locations had &lt;5 trees, 1 location had 6-10 trees, 7 locations had 11-20 trees, and 7 had &gt;21 trees); approximately 45 were below a diameter of 25 cm (Avtzis et al. 2007). Given the threats currently impacting the species in Greece, this population can be presumed to be declining, though evidence of regeneration is a positive sign. The population in Albania is probably extinct (Xhuveli et al. 1996). The status of the population in Macedonia is unknown.","Horse Chestnut is a long lived monoecious broad-leaved deciduous tree found in deciduous and broad-leaved forests of the Pindus Mountain mixed forests. At present the only natural stands in southeast Europe are glacial relicts in canyon forests (Thalmann et al . 2003). The endemism rate of this region’s mountain ranges can exceed 35% (WWF 2013). This species shows remarkable habitat adaptability, as it occurs in a wide range of altitudes from 228 m to 1,485 m a.s.l. (Avtzis et al. 2007).","Horse Chestnut trees have suffered from severe defoliation by alien invasive species of leaf miner moth, Cameraria ohridella , which impairs the growth and survival of trees by reducing the weight of seeds; this may endanger the long term persistence of the species within its native range and throughout Europe. The leaf miner infestation was first observed in the late 1970s in Macedonia. Since 2002 it has been reported in the United Kingdom, Spain, Albania, Turkey, Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus and western Russia (Thalmann et al . 2003, Forestry Commission 2013). In Bulgaria, Horse Chestnut has a restricted distribution and is threatened by local tourism and pollution, wood extraction and forest fires (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Environment and Water 2011). In recent years, Greece has been subject to increased deforestation and forest fires, which could occur within protected areas; rapid changes in the landscape through overgrazing, firewood collection and agriculture are accelerated with population growth, socio-economic and political instability, leading to deforestation and soil erosion. However, the Pindus mountain ranges still host significant old-growth forest stands, mainly related to inaccessible high mountain slopes and canyons. Human impact is high in this ecoregion, particularly in Albania where illegal logging has destroyed extensive forest areas, including certain National Parks in Albania. Mountain tourism, ski facilities and road construction are strongly degrading huge mountain forest ecosystems due to soil erosion and clear cutting operations, which have provoked significant landslides and the collapse of large mountain slopes. Mining, particularly for bauxite in Iti National Park, is a direct and indirect threat. Related activities threaten certain protected areas and their endangered habitats and species. Overgrazing and over-collection of plants continue to threaten the region's ecosystems (WWF 2013).","This species is listed as Endangered [EN B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)] in Bulgaria, where it is located within a Natura 2000 site, part of the population is within the Dervisha Managed Nature Reserve, and it is a protected species under the Biodiversity Act (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Environment and Water 2011). The data derived from the survey in Greece by Avtzis et al. (2007) shows a natural population of 259-407+ trees, which is presumed to be suffering an ongoing declining given current threats. This species can therefore be classified as Endangered C2a(i) in Greece. This species' mixed forest habitat is found within National Parks in Greece, where under half the natural population is included in reserves and 18 of 37 locations are within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network of protected areas, managed by the Greek Forest Service and Ministry of the Environment. Protection and conservation of the southern populations should be a primary concern for conservation.   The Pindus Mountains Mixed Forest ecoregion status is classified as Critical/Endangered (WWF 2013), and the population in Albania is probably Extinct (Xhuveli et al. 1996). It is classified as Least Concern in Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010) and Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002), though those populations are introduced. Recommended conservation measures include controlling the Cameraria ochridella leaf miner, enforcement of protection regimes in nature reserves, regulating human impacts on its habitats, and ex situ cultivation using genetic material from remaining natural populations. Research is needed on the genetic similarity between native and introduced subpopulations, to determine if introduced subpopulations likely to be the source of propagules may indeed help augment declining native populations.",This tree is used in homeopathic medicine as a tincture (abc Homeopathy 2001-2009). The seeds (called 'conkers') are popular in children's games and the tree is commonly planted for ornamental and landscape features in parks and urban areas. It is of economic importance for wood production and medicinally the major active substance Aescin extracted from the seeds is used for upset stomachs (Avtzis et al. 2007). The conker is processed by the pharmaceutical industry to produce treatments for vascular problems such as varicose veins and haemorrhoids. The unprocessed seeds are poisonous and a decoction of the bark and leaves is used in Albanian folk medicine to treat circulatory problems (Gloyer 2012).,,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Agrimonia,eupatoria,,Agrimonia eupatoria,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Although this species is locally declining and is considered to be threatened in Belgium and Cyprus, it is considered to be Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations and no major threats in the majority of its range.",Decreasing,"Agrimonia eupatoria is native to and occurs throughout Europe (except the extreme north), temperate Asia and North Africa (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia). It has become widely naturalised outside its native range such as the Azores and in some states of the USA (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2012, Castroviejo et al. 1998, Online Atlas of British and Irish Flora 2012).","Throughout the areas in which Agrimonia eupatoria and Agrimonia procera occur, the hybrids are not rare (Castroviejo et al . 1998). There has been a slight decline in the UK (Online Atlas of British and Irish Flora 2012). A regional survey to study the population dynamics of this species in Sweden showed that it was intermediately abundant yet patchy in distribution but revealed the populations were small (less than 100) and restricted to grassland fragments on road verges (Kiviniemi 2002). In Belgium this species is declining (Van Landuyt et al . 2006).","Agrimony is a rosette-bearing hardy perennial herb which can be found on the fringes of forests and woodland borders, hedgebanks and mounds, thorny thickets, pasture land, field borders, open grassland, roadsides, railway banks and waste places. It occurs on basic to neutral soils and reproduces and spreads by seed (Castroviejo et al 2001, Online Atlas of British and Irish Flora 2012). It flowers between June and September. The fruits and seeds are sticky and adhere to animals, especially fur, and their adhesive properties may aid dispersal in fragmented habitats ( ""author"">Kiviniemi 1996).","It is locally threatened by land abandonment (i.e. succession of grasslands) and land development, for example in Cyprus (Tsintides et al. 2007).","This species occurs in ex situ collections such as the UK Native Seed Hub at RBG Kew. There are no conservation actions in place however appropriate land management of suitable habitats such as field borders and grasslands is required in the areas where this species is declining. This species was last recorded from Cyprus in 1905 and is listed as Critically Endangered C2a(ii) and now exists in only two sites at Spilia and Pedoulas, at an altitude of 1000-1150 m where 137 plants in total were counted (Tsintides et al. 2007). In Bulgaria this species is protected in National Parks but is scarcely spread, with single populations with small areas and limited resources of no economic importance (Evstatieva and Hardalova 2004). In Belgium this species is declining (Van Landuyt et al. 2006) and it is listed as Least Concern in Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002), Luxembourg (Colling 2005), Estonia (eBiodiversity 2012), Denmark (NERI 2007), Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996), Norway (Artsdatabanken) and the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005).","The seeds of this plant contain n -Hexane, dichloromethane and methanol extracts which have antibacterial and free radical scavenging activity (Copland et al. 2003). The leaves and flowers of this plant are rich in tannins and essential oil. It is used as an astringent, especially for infections of the mouth and larynx, as well as for the treatment of ulcers and verrucas. The fresh or dried leaves, flowers and stems can be used to make tea and the seeds are edible however large quantities can cause digestive problems and constipations due to the tannins. It has been popular as a herbal remedy for gentle cleansing of the digestive tract and an infusion has been reputed to be a good treatment for jaundice and liver problems as well as a strong decoction for treating skin problems, wounds and haemorrhoids. This herbal remedy has been approved by the German Commission E Monographs for treating diarrhoea, and inflammation of the mouth, skin and pharynx. The plant can be harvested in late spring and early summer and dried for later use or harvested in late autumn to obtain a yellow dye from the roots.This plant is listed as an angiosperm that provokes photodermatitis (Plants for a Future 2012, Lewis and Elvin-Lewis 2003). It is principally taken as tea as a mild tonic and stimulant and is one of several herbs to gain a reputation as a general prophylactic and purifier of the system especially when combined with other herbs. It can also be used as a veterinary remedy for cuts in horses and cattle (Allen and Hatfield 2004). In Romania an infusion can also be used for treatment of chronic cholecystitis and rheumatism (Tita et al. 2009).",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Alchemilla,acutiloba,,Alchemilla acutiloba,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Alchemilla acutiloba occurs throughout Europe except on the Iberian Peninsula and Ireland. Very little information is available on the population status, ecology, and actual or potential threats. It is listed as threatened in two countries, and considered Least Concern in several others. There is no information on the population in the rest of Europe, but it is not considered to be an important medicinal and aromatic plant and the threats appear to be quite localised.

Given that it is an apomict it can probably survive well in many places. It is listed as Least Concern in view of its very widespread distribution, presumably large overall population size, and the fact that aside from a few localised threats, there is no information to indicate it is threatened across most of its range.",Unknown,"Alchemilla acutiloba is widespread throughout Europe, except for the Iberian Peninsula and Ireland, where it is absent (Kurtto 2009). Its range extends just outside of Europe in south-western Russia. In Bulgaria it is found at elevations between 1,200 and 2,600 metres (Assyov et al. 2006).","Little information is available on the population size or trend across its range. It is very rare in the UK, where it has declined recently as the amount and quality of suitable habitat has decreased; numbers are estimated to have fallen by nearly 60% since the 1950s (Durham Biodiversity 2002, Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012). It is seldom found in the Kelemen (Calimani) Mountains in Romania (Hohn 1998).","This is a perennial apomict ""st""> found in neutral grassland, unimproved, species-rich hay meadows and more intensively managed meadow margins; it is frequent on herb-rich road verges and railway banks (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012). It is able to reproduce asexually by the production of viable seed without the need for pollination (Durham Biodiversity 2002).","Very little information on threats to the species is available. In the United Kingdom, local population declines can be attributed to loss of hay fields due to agricultural intensification and inadequate management of road verges and railway banks, including loss of roadside verges (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012). The causes of its endangerment in Hungary are not known.","This species is classified as Least Concern in Denmark (NERI 2007), Estonia (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012), and Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010); Vulnerable (A2c) in the UK, where it is nationally Rare (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012, Cheffings and Farrell 2005); and Endangered in Hungary, where it is protected (Király 2007). More information on the population size and trends, ecological requirements as well as potential threats is needed from across its range.","Alchemilla plants have fan-like leaves which were reputed to fold up at night and catch dew on their soft hairs; plant dew was highly prized by early herbalists and Alchemilla was prescribed for wounds (to stop bleeding), infertility and impotence (Durham Biodiversity 2002). The alchemists also required the ‘purest dew’ in their attempts at turning base metals into gold, which led to the name Alchemilla or ""little alchemist"".",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Alchemilla,crinita,,Alchemilla crinita,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



Alchemilla crinita is widespread in central Europe where it is found in montane hay meadows and grasslands. It is threatened in some parts of its range (Hungary and Bulgaria) and considered not at risk in others (Germany), but the overall population status is unknown. There is no information on the population size or trend, or the threats or evidence of declines within Europe. It is therefore classed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Alchemilla crinita is native throughout Central Europe (Kurtto 2009). It is found in montane areas and has been recorded at elevations between 1,400 and 2,200 metres asl in Bulgaria (Assyov 2006). Outside of Europe, it is found in the Asian part of Turkey.",There is no information on the population size or trend available.,"It is found in hay meadows and grassland in upland areas. It has been described from the Parâng Massif and Găuri Mountain in Romania, where it has been found in meadows at elevations around 1,945 metres asl in rocky areas associated with Juniper.",There is no information available on actual or potential threats to this species.,"Alchemilla crinita is a protected medicinal and aromatic plant in Hungary, where it is Critically Endangered, though protection was given before threat evaluation so may not be sufficient (Baričevič et al. 2004, Király 2007). It is Endangered in Bulgaria (Kathe et al. 2003). It is not considered to be at risk in Germany, though it is possibly extinct in Sachsen and extremely rare in Baden-Württemberg, but unthreatened in Bayern (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2012). It is not protected or regulated in France (Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle 2003-2013), and is not threatened in the Czech Republic (D. Turoňová pers. comm. 2013). It occurs in the Magura National Park in Poland where it borders some Natura 2000 sites in Slovakia (Magura National Park 2007). More information is needed on the population size and trends, and the actual or potential threats to this species.","This is considered a medicinal and aromatic plant, but there is no specific information available on how it is used by humans.",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Alchemilla,mollis,,Alchemilla mollis,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



Alchemilla mollis is native to the Balkan Peninsula and Southwest Asia; in Europe, it only occurs in four countries. Although it appears to be rare in its native range, it is a vigorous  alien species that has widely colonized Europe and extended much of its  range through cultivation in gardens. The only information available in its native range is from Bulgaria, where it is Critically Endangered due to its extremely small population size and restricted distribution, and where it is facing multiple threats. There is no information on the status of the population or potential threats in Romania or Greece, and further information is required on its occurrence in Turkey. It is therefore classed as Data Deficient.

Monitoring of the populations and research are needed to assess whether there is an actual risk of extinction to this species.",Unknown,"Alchemilla mollis is native to the Balkan Peninsula, Transcaucasia and Asiatic Turkey; it has been introduced into other parts of Europe through cultivation in gardens where it occurs as an alien species (Kurtto 2009, Lipman et al. 2009, Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012). In Bulgaria its presence has been confirmed in one locality; its extent of occurrence in Bulgaria increased from 150 to 200 m² between 1990-2010 (Vitkova et al. 2011).","The number of individuals is unknown, and population data is lacking from most of its range. In Bulgaria the projected coverage of plants is 2% over an area of 200 m² with individuals distributed in small groups or patches on steep slopes with few single plants growing along borders of beech forest. The population comprises 33 seedlings, 18 juveniles and nine mature clones (covering an area of 3.1 m²), with only 15-20% individuals capable of regeneration (Vitkova et al. 2011). There is no information on the extent of the original population before declines.","This is a perennial herb found in humid habitats along streams in the beech belt (Vitkova et al. 2011). It has been recorded in the forest habitats of the Siriu Mountains in Romania (Monica and Alexiu 2011). Within its alien range is is found in gardens, roadsides, riverbanks and rough or waste ground, often near rubbish dumps. It reproduces by seed which are produced abundantly and by rhizome fragments which has allowed it to become a vigorous colonizing species (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012).","In Bulgaria, erosion of terrain and hiking trails crossing the locality of its habitat has caused a decline in the area of suitable habitat and stamping or withering of juvenile plants and seedlings. Previous hot dry summers have caused flower stems to wither, and an increase in hot dry summers in the near future could have a serious affect on the age structure of the population and shifts in phenology, which may affect seed formation (Vitkova et al. 2011). Collection of wild plants may have contributed to its decline but there is no information to confirm this.","This species is listed as Critically Endangered [CR B2ab(ii,iv,v);C2a(i)] in Bulgaria, where it has been trialled for cultivation and is protected under the Medicinal Plant Act of 2002 and the Biodiversity Act (Kathe et al. 2003, Petrova and Vladimirov 2009, Estatieva et al. 2007). In Bulgaria it occurs in the Central Balkan National Park and studies conducted in the ex situ collections have shown that plants from the natural population can develop successfully to allow for its cultivation. It has been collected for the National Seed Bank in Sadovo. The natural population was being monitored since 2009 and it is important that this continues. Although the population has increased, there is a need for further protection (Vitkova et al. 2011). It is also classified as Least Concern in Switzerland although it is not native (Moser et al. 2002).","The above ground parts and rhizomes are used in modern medicine due to galotannins, flavanoids and saponins found in the Herba Alchemillae used for regeneration of skin epithelium and anti-inflammatory properties. The drug possesses astringent, diuretic and antispasmodic properties and is commonly used in traditional medicine as a cure for excessive menstruation and wounds. It is also a decorative and common garden plant (Trendafilova et al. 2011, Vitkova et al. 2011). Cultivation has only been started recently (Trendafilova et al. 2011). This would indicate it could only have been collected from the wild for medicinal purposes.",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Alchemilla,xanthochlora,,Alchemilla xanthochlora,,The species name Alchemilla xanthochlora is accepted by the Rosaceae Database (Jung et al. 2013). The species taxonomic definition is partially unresolved and has a number of synonyms (The Plant List 2014).,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The species occurs in most European countries and is considered likely to be endemic to Europe. It does not appear to be in decline from any threatening processes at present, and it is considered Least Concern. Further research is required to confirm the whether the species is endemic to the European region and the taxonomic placement of the species.",Unknown,"The species is native throughout Europe where it occurs in most countries, although absent from Portugal and the Mediterranean islands (GBIF 2014). It occurs as an introduction in northern and eastern Europe (Kurtto 2009). The species has been introduced in North America and southeastern Australia (Australian Alps, New South Wales) (Hegi 1995), however Costin et al. (2000) comment on its early (first recorded in 1854) presence in remote, undisturbed and specialised habitats in the Australian Alps. In central Europe, the species is widespread in mountainous region and less frequent in the lowlands (Hegi 1995).",No population data are available. The species is widespread in Europe.,"The species grows on stream banks and ditches , in shrubland, on fresh to moist meadows  , on slopes and on alpine pastures. The plant prefers moist to wet   , loamy to sandy  , lime-free to calcareous  and nutrient-rich soil. The species occurs from sea-level to 2,800 meters (Hegi 1995).",No threats are known for this widespread species.,"No conservation actions are required for this widespread species. The species occurs in Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) in the UK, and probably occurs within Natura 2000 sites across its range. It is a component of two European habitat types ( Illyrian submontane hay meadows and Sub-Atlantic lowland hay meadows ; EUNIS 2014). Further research is required to confirm the whether the species is endemic to the European region and the taxonomic placement of the species.","The species has a long history of use in traditional medicine as a remedy for women's ailments, especially menstrual problems (PFAF 2014). It is used internally and externally for painful menstruation, vaginal discharge and discomfort during menopause. Slight antispasmodic and astringent effects were observed and are probably related to the high tannin content. The plant is found in the composition of homeopathic preparations against chronic diarrhea due to liver diseases (Schönfelder and Schönfelder 2011). Use in the treatment of wounds has also been documented (PFAF 2014).",,"Schweizer, F. & Hasinger, O.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,LAMIALES,BORAGINACEAE,Alkanna,tinctoria,,Alkanna tinctoria,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This is a widespread species, found mainly in Mediterranean areas, with more than one thousand occurrence records in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF 2013). It grows in a range of habitats, including roadsides and waste ground, over a range of altitudes. The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) exceeds the values needed for a threatened category and it is inferred that the area of occupancy (AOO) and population also exceed these values.

It is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU27. However, in some parts of the range in Europe it is considered to be threatened and local monitoring and conservation measures may be needed, although the species has been widely introduced (e.g., Australia), and is considered a weed species in some countries.",Unknown,"This plant occurs in countries around the Mediterranean from north Africa to Spain, including the islands of Cyprus, Crete, Sardinia and Sicily. Its distribution extends to Turkey (Thrace) and the Balkan Peninsula, including Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Hungary and Slovakia in central Europe (USDA 2012, Federal Ministry of Environment and Tourism 2013). The species is probably widespread, and has been introduced widely, and is considered a weed species in some countries (Randall 2012).","There are few available data on the population of this species. Over one thousand collection records in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF 2013) suggest that it is a widespread species and not rare within the core range. At the edge of range the populations are smaller and in some areas local declines may occur, for example, as a result of cattle grazing and trampling in some locations in Bulgaria (Evstatieva 2011).","This small (6-30 cm), spreading, bristly haired, perennial herb is found in grassland and Mediterranean shrubland on maritime sands, dunes, sandstone, slate , limestone , dolomite and gypsum substrates (Talavera et al. 2012). It is also found in rocky habitats, on waste ground and beside roads. It is a characteristic species of Pannonic dune open grasslands and steppe (Eunis 2010). It is noted to be insect and wind pollinated (Evstatieva 2011).","The overall population is not considered to be threatened. However, at the edge of its range where populations are small it may be vulnerable to threats. For example, in Bulgaria it is listed as Endangered, with its small and fragmented population subject to collection from the wild and grazing and trampling by livestock (Evstatieva 2011). It may also be locally threatened in its more coastal locations, for example, in the coastal area of Molise, Italy, where it is locally endangered by coastal erosion and tourist developments (Giuliano and Stanisci 2010).","This species is known to occur in Natura 2000 sites, for example, Orsoya in Bulgaria, Kékhegyi Lõtér, Hungary and Litorale di Campomarino, Italy (Eunis 2010) and other areas, for example the Dadia-Lefkimi-Soufli National Park in north eastern Greece (Korakis et al. 2006). It is grown ex situ, for example in the Hortus Botanicus Instituti Plantarum Medicinalium in Budakalasz in Hungary (Anonymous 2014). Its seeds are also stored, for example, in the Millennium Seed Bank, Kew (Ensco 2014). Where it is rare, at the edge of its range, for example in Bulgaria and Serbia, it is afforded some legislative protection (Evstatieva 2014, Republic of Serbia Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning 2010). It has been assessed as Critically Endangered in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federal Ministry of Environment and Tourism 2013).","The roots of this species produce a red dye which has a number of uses: wood stain, marble stain, thermometer colouring, microscopy staining and as a colouring agent in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and perfumery products. It has been used as a food colouring and to give colour to port, but is suspected to have some liver toxicity and is not recommended for internal use (Plants for a Future 2012). It has the European E number E103 (Alkannin) but is no longer in the approved list of additives (Food Standards Agency 2014). It has a long history of medicinal use and was described by Hippocates, more than 2000 years ago for the treatment of ulcers. It is known to have antibacterial properties and is used in folk medicine in the treatment of skin wounds and recently in the treatment of leg ulcers (Papageorgiou et al. 1999). It has also been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects (Sedaghat et al. 2011). There is some suggestion that the chemical properties of the root extract may be used in cosmetics for their anti-aging activity and anti-cancer properties are also the subject of investigation (Assimopoulou and Papageorgiou 2005, Papageorgiou et al. 1999). It is cultivated as a dye plant (Grieve 1931) and is also collected from the wild, for example, in Bulgaria (Evstatieva 2011).",,"Chadburn, H.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,LILIOPSIDA,LILIALES,ALLIACEAE,Allium,schoenoprasum,,Allium schoenoprasum,,"Allium schoenoprasum L. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion ( A . cepa L.), Welsh onion ( A . fistulosum L.), leek ( A . porrum L.) and garlic ( A . sativum L.). Two subspecies are native to Europe: A . schoenoprasum ssp. alpinum (DC.) Čelak. and A . schoenoprasum L. ssp. schoenoprasum (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006); these are primary wild relatives of chives. Three subspecies are recognized in Iberia: A. schoenoprasum ssp. orosiae , A. schoenoprasum ssp. latiorifolium and A . schoenoprasum ssp. schoenoprasum.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Allium schoenoprasum is widespread throughout Europe and is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, it is nationally threatened in some countries; therefore, national level monitoring is required. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is also a priority for this species.",Unknown,"A . schoenoprasum is native to many parts of northern, middle, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, as well as temperate Asia, Canada, the USA, India and Pakistan (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). Information on the distribution is available for the following countries: Czech Republic: A. schoenoprasum ssp. alpinum is known in three localities in national parks and A. schoenoprasum ssp. schoenoprasum is widespread along the Elbe and Vltava Rivers. Finland: occurs in the whole country but most frequently in the south. A. schoenoprasum ssp. schoenoprasum occurs in the south with one known occurrence in central-northern Finland . A. schoenoprasum ssp. alpinum occurs in the northern-most part of the country. France: widespread, occurs in over half of the country's 100 departments, but is marginally less widespread in the north (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010). Iberia: A. schoenoprasum ssp. orosiae from western Pyrennes and ssp. A. schoenoprasum ssp. latiorifolium from Sierra De Guadarrama. Ireland: limited distribution, occurring in only seven localities (Preston et al . 2002). However, according to Preston et al . (2002), it is only native in two of these localities (in the west). Netherlands: distributed along the large rivers (Mennema et al. 1985). Norway: A. schoenoprasum ssp. schoenoprasum occurs in the south and A. schoenoprasum ssp. alpinum in the north. Portugal: occurs in the northwest. Slovakia: A. schoenoprasum ssp. alpinum is scattered in mountain regions in northern and northwestern parts of the country (Dostál and Červenka 1992). UK : patchy distribution throughout England and parts of Scotland, but has only be recorded in one locality in Northern Ireland (Preston et al . 2002). However, according to Preston et al . (2002), it is only native in a few localities in the west (mainly Cornwall and Wales) and the northeast.",A. schoenoprasum has a stable population trend in Slovakia and is noted as common where it is found in Germany and Norway. Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend throughout the rest of its range.,"A. schoenoprasum ssp. schoenoprasum grows along river banks and in wet meadows , while A. schoenoprasum ssp. alpinum occurs in alpine grasslands, on rocky ledges, in crevices and dry places with little soil. In the UK, this species occurs in a range of lowland habitat types but is most commonly found on thin soils over limestone, serpentine and igneous rocks. It is also known to grow in rank grass on deeper soils and within crevices in riverside bedrock (Preston et al . 2002). In Finland the species is found in agricultural habitats , rocky areas and shores.","In Finland, A. schoenoprasum ssp. alpinum is threatened by habitat destruction through tourism and has been classified as Near Threatened (D2). This species is also known to have been threatened in the Netherlands by the modification of riverdunes (Mennema et al. 1985).","Knowledge of its national threat status is as follows: Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia: A. schoenoprasum ssp. alpinum is classified as Vulnerable (VU). Finland: A. schoenoprasum ssp. alpinum is classified as Near Threatened (NT), while A . schoenoprasum ssp. schoenoprasum is classified as Least Concern (LC). Denmark: this species is classified as Data Deficient (DD) (Den Danske Rødliste 2010).In France this species is protected in the region of Bretagne in the west (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010). EURISCO reports 174 germplasm accessions held in European genebanks, 76 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 73 originate from within Europe. The majority of these wild accessions originate from Sweden (40) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).","A . schoenoprasum is widely cultivated (commonly known as chives). In Europe the young leaves are appreciated as early vitamin source in the spring and are used as condiment for salads and sauces (Rabinowitch and Currah 2002). A . schoenoprasum ssp. alpinum and A . schoenoprasum ssp. schoenoprasum are primary wild relatives of and potential gene donors to chives. The species is also a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of other crops in the allium group, including onion ( A . cepa ), Welsh onion ( A . fistulosum ), leek ( A . porrum ) and garlic ( A . sativum ).",,"Magos Brehm, J., Tavares, M., Bulińska, Z., Kell, S.P., Draper, D., Labokas, J., Strajeru, S., Eliáš, P., Korpelainen, H., and Smekalova, T.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,LILIOPSIDA,LILIALES,ALLIACEAE,Allium,ursinum,,Allium ursinum,,"Allium ursinum L. is a tertiary wild relative of a number of crops in the allium group, including onion ( A . cepa L.), Welsh onion ( A . fistulosum L.), leek ( A . porrum L.), garlic ( A . sativum L.) and chives ( A . schoenoprasum L.). Two subspecies are native to Europe: A . ursinum ssp. ucrainicum Kleopow & Oxner and A . ursinum L. ssp. ursinum (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Although Allium ursinum is locally infrequent and the subpopulation size is small in some parts of its range, it is very widespread in Europe and is therefore regionally assessed as Least Concern.

However, it is nationally threatened in some countries; therefore, national level monitoring is required. Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is also a priority for this species.",Unknown,"A . ursinum is native to parts of northern, middle, east, southeastern and southwestern Europe, as well as the Caucasus and western Asia (Turkey) (Hulten and Fries 1986, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). Information on the distribution is available for the following countries: Finland: occurs in the southern part of the country. France: widespread, occurs in all departments with the exceptions of Seine-Saint-Denis in the Région Parisienne and four departments in the south; Tarn-et-Garonne, Bouches-du-Rhône, Var and Alpes-Maritimes (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010). Hungary: A . ursinum ssp. ucrainicum occurs in the southeast (except Pilis and Budai mountains), West Transdanubia (Sopron, Kemeneshát), South Transdanubia (Bakonalja, South – Zala, Baranya), Szigetköz region, Danube region: Csepel island, north Alföld region: rare, Dráva floodplain, Nyírség: Bátorliget. In Hungary mainly ssp. ucrainicum is found, however in western parts of Hungary ssp. ursinum or transitional forms are rarely found at Sopron, Ágfalva, Vas County: Káld, Zala County: Tapolca, Lesenceistvánd, Somogy County: Kaposvár–Bőszénfa, Kisalföld region: Rajka–Dunakiliti, Mosonszentjános, Danube landscape: Szigetújfalu, Visegrádi mountain: Pilismarót (Soó 1966, Kevey 1978, Simon 1992). Ireland: relatively widespread across the whole of the country (Preston et al . 2002). Lithuania: A . ursinum is concentrated in central and western lowlands but is rare in southern and eastern areas (Karpavičienė 2004). Netherlands: indigenous in the south of Limburg, and is possible in some places on the North Sea coast (Mennema et al. 1985). Norway: found in southern coastal areas and in the fjords. Portugal: occurs in one region in the northeast. Slovakia : A . ursinum ssp. ucrainicum occurs throughout the country especially in hills and submountain regions, A . ursinum L. ssp. ursinum is known only around the town of Bratislava (western Slovakia) (Dostál and Červenka 1992). Spain: occurs in the north. UK: widespread although marginally less widespread in northern Scotland (Preston et al . 2002).","This species often has a scattered distribution, but when found exists in groups of many individuals. Further research is needed to gather information about the population size and trend of this species throughout its range.","A. ursinum is found in forest areas, preferring shady, wet, humid habitats. For example, it occurs in lowland areas, in moist woodlands, riverbanks and hedge banks in the UK (Preston et al . 2002) and in herb-rich forests in Finland . Less frequently it can be found in rock crevices, scree and on cliff ledges by the coast (Preston et al . 2002). In Hungary this species is often a c onstituent of many beech and hornbeam–oak sub-associations, found in fresh or humid, loose, alkaline rich and poorly acid soils with medium humus loam-, adobe-, poured-, and detritus soils (Soó 1966, Simon 1992).",Further research is needed to gather information about the potential threats to this species throughout its European range.,"A. ursinum is classified as Least Concern (LC) in the Netherlands (Tamis et al. 2003) and in Denmark (Den Danske Rødliste 2010), while in Finland it is Near Threatened (NT). In Hungary, A . ursinum ssp. ucrainicum is not protected (Király 2007). EURISCO reports 19 germplasm accessions held in European genebanks, 12 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, nine originate from within Europe. These wild accessions originate from the following countries: Austria, Croatia, Norway, Sweden and Ukraine (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Further germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is required.","A . ursinum is a tertiary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the allium group, including onion ( A . cepa ), Welsh onion ( A . fistulosum ), leek ( A . porrum ), garlic ( A . sativum ) and chives ( A . schoenoprasum ). In earlier centuries thisspecies has been cultivated as vegetable, medicinal and spice plant in northern and central Europe (Rabinowitch and Currah 2002).",,"Draper, D., Labokas, J., Tavares, M., Strajeru, S., Eliáš, P., Bulińska, Z., Korpelainen, H., and Smekalova, T.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,MALVALES,MALVACEAE,Althaea,officinalis,,Althaea officinalis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis) populations are declining as a result of over-collection and its habitat is under threat from land development, agriculture and grazing, among other factors. The species is cultivated in Poland and Serbia to meet demand for its medicinal use, which should reduce the pressure on wild populations. It is listed as threatened in five countries, and is rare in Belgium and Luxembourg due to the small area of suitable habitat. There is no information on the population in Sicily, Sardinia and Malta, and the status of the population is unknown in countries such as Austria, Hungary, Poland and the Balkans.

Research into the status of the populations in these regions is required. The species, however, remains widespread and not considered threatened in the United Kingdom, France, Spain, Portugal and Italy. Althaea officinalis requires monitoring and conservation of its habitat to prevent it becoming threatened at the European or EU 27 levels.",Decreasing,"Marshmallow ( Althaea officinalis ) is native throughout Europe, western Asia and north Africa (Valdés 2011). Flora Italiana states it is present in Sicily, Sardinia and Malta, however, there are no records for this species (Schede di botanica 2013). In Bulgaria it is widespread throughout the country and found at elevations up to 1,000 metres asl (Assyov and Petrova 2006). It is also widespread in Spain and France (Anthos 2010, INPN 2012). In Germany it is Vulnerable but widespread (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2012).","The number of individuals is unknown. The population is known to be declining but remains common in the United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, France and Germany.","This is a perennial herb found in lowland coastal habitats, ungrazed ditches and pastures with brackish water, flood meadows, tidal rivers and transition zones between saltmarsh and freshwater habitats. It also occurs as a garden escape (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012). It is characteristic of tall herb communities lining watercourses (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Environment and Water 2011).","Marshmallow populations have declined due to drainage and development in coastal areas, ditch management and conversion to grazing or arable land (Kitchener et al. 2012, Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012). Development and other activities along watercourses such as building dykes, changes to river banks, drainage and gravel extraction are also threats to its habitat (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Environment and Water 2011). It is also threatened by over-exploitation and collection from the wild for use as a medicinal and aromatic plant.","Marshmallow is classified as Rare in Belgium (Van Landuyt et al. 2006) and Luxembourg (Colling 2005); Endangered in Czech Republic due to severe declines (Holub and Procházka 2000, Grulich 2012); Vulnerable in Denmark (NERI 2007), Germany (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2012), Lichtenstein (Schippmann 2013) and the Netherlands (van der Meijden 2000); and Least Concern in the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005). In Italy it is classified as Low Risk and it is considered to be Endangered in Romania (Baričevič et al. 2004). It is not threatened in Poland (Schippmann 2013). It is nationally protected in Germany (Schippmann 2013). In Bulgaria, gathering for trade is prohibited under the Ordinance no. RD-71/2007 (Evstatieva et al. 2007). In Bulgaria lowland riverside tall herb communities are classified as Endangered (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Environment and Water 2011), but this species is likely to be found in other habitats. It is listed under the Council of Europe Bern Convention Res. No. 4 1996 (European Environment Agency 2010). This species is widely cultivated, though cultivation has decreased in recent years (Schippmann 2013).","Marshmallow root preparations are marketed in different countries as either authorised, registered and non-pharmaceutical products and food supplements. Combination products containing marshmallow root and marshmallow root preparations are authorised/registered in Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and the UK. The roots are collected in the autumn from plants aged two years and over. Marshmallow has been used in traditional European medicine since ancient times and is traditionally used as a demulcent and emollient in irritation of oral and pharyngeal mucosa and associated dry cough, in mild gastric complaints and for the treatment of minor skin inflammations (under The Complete German Commission E Monographs, The Expanded Commission E Monographs, WHO Monographs and several other Pharmacopoeias). A syrup made from the macerate has been sold on the Lithuanian market for over 100 years and in Poland since 1999 as a demulcent for symptomatic treatment of cough. In Poland, Germany, Romania and Spain the comminuted substance in the form of herbal tea has been traditionally used for coughs. The syrup of the liquid extract and the dry extract are also used for cough relief. Tablets containing Althaea polysaccharides have been marketed in Estonia as a food supplement since 2004, to be used as an expectorant (European Medicines Agency 2009a, 2009b). In Bulgaria it is one of the most important medicinal and aromatic plants in cultivation and export (Evstatieva et al. 2007). It is an important medicinal plant in Serbia and due to increasing demands on the market, it is cultivated over an area of 80-100 ha (Pavlovic et al. 2007). In 1999, 10,782 plants were collected with permission in Serbia, plus 1,802 collected without permission. It is also an important ornamental plant which can be successfully propagated. In Croatia permission was granted for collection from the wild in 1991 with annual harvest of 12 tonnes of roots and leaves. Althaeae flos, folium and radix are derived from both the wild and cultivation. It is cultivated in Poland (Kathe et al. 2003, Baričevič et al. 2004).",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,APIALES,UMBELLIFERAE,Ammi,majus,,Ammi majus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The species has a wide native distribution within Mediterranean coastal countries, and has been very widely introduced elsewhere in the European region; it is considered a serious weed of agricultural land in some parts of its range. It s considered Least Concern.",Unknown,"The origin of the plant is uncertain. Generally considered to be native to southern Europe, northern Africa, and western and central Asia (GBIF 2011, GRIN 2014), although Sidi and Bourgeois-Gavardin (1952) proposed that it is native to the lower Nile River valley in Egypt. Although native to the Mediterranean basin, members of the Ammi genus have been introduced in other continents (e.g., North America), where naturalization has occasionally occurred (Ruscic and Nikolic 2011). GRIN (2014) consider the species native range in europe to include Ukraine, the Balkan Peninsula (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro and Slovenia), Greece (including. Crete), and Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily), France (including Corsica], Portugal and Spain (including Baleares). The species has been widely established in European countries. Less frequently, the species can also be found in northern regions of Europe (e.g., Great Britain, where the species was first recorded in the wild in 1845; Preston et al. 2002).","The species' population trend is unknown, but is most probably not declining as it is considered as weed and grows in disturbed areas.","The species grows mainly in olive groves , cultivated fields , fallow land and urbanized areas from 0 to 1,000 meters altitude . The species is often considered as weed.",No threats are known for this species. The species is widespread in the Mediterranean basin growing in anthropized rural and urban areas.,Research into the species native distribution is required. The species is Critically Endangered in Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002).,"Plants of the genus Ammi have a long tradition of usage as traditional medicine (Ruscic and Nikolic 2011). Seeds have been used as contraceptive, diuretic and tonic (PFAF 2014). In addition, an herbal infusion can be used to calm the digestive system and in the treatment of asthma and angina,and to treat toothache (PFAF 2014). Chewing the root has been used to give protection from strong sunlight (PFAF 2014). Also used as a condiment. The species contains methoxsalen also called xanthotoxin, the main active molecule of the drug Oxsoralen (or Deltasoralen, Meladinine), used to treat psoriasis, eczema, vitiligo, and some cutaneous lymphomas. Found in horticulture and seed and plants available in trade.",,"Schweizer, F.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,APIALES,UMBELLIFERAE,Ammi,visnaga,,Ammi visnaga,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The species has a wide native distribution within Mediterranean coastal countries, and has been very widely introduced elsewhere in the European region; it is considered a serious weed of agricultural land in some parts of its range. It is considered Least Concern.",Unknown,"The species has a wide distribution from the Mediterranean basin to West Asia. In the European region, the species is native to the Mediterranean basin (Cyprus, Albania, Greece, Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily), France (including Corsica), Portugal, and Spain (including Baleares) (GRIN 2014), but does rarely occur in central and northern Europe (GBIF 2011, Euro+Med 2014). Although native to the Mediterranean basin, members of the Ammi genus have been introduced to other continents (e.g., North America), where naturalization has occasionally occurred (Ruscic and Nikolic 2011).",No population trend data is known for the species.,"The species prefers ruderal environments such as embankments, roads and semi-natural stony habitats.",No threats are known for this species.,"No conservation measures are known or needed for this species, although the native distribution requires confirmation.","The species has been traditionally used as effective muscle relaxant to alleviate the pain of kidney stones (PFAF 2014). Recent studies have confirmed the validity of this traditional use. The plant contains the organic compound khellin (or khella), from which anti-asthmatic pharmaceutical drugs have been made ( ""reference-text"">Vanachayangkul et al. 2010). Taken internally, seeds have a strongly antispasmodic action, they also dilate the bronchial, urinary and blood vessels. The seeds are used in the treatment of asthma, angina, coronary arteriosclerosis and kidney stones (Natural Standards 2010, PFAF 2014). ""reference-text""> ""reference-text"">The species has also been used to produce a vertebrate poison (GRIN 2014), and is available in the horticultural trade (as seed).",,"Schweizer, F. & Hasinger, O.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,LILIOPSIDA,ORCHIDALES,ORCHIDACEAE,Anacamptis,coriophora,,Anacamptis coriophora,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Anacamptis coriophora is very local and often rare where it occurs however it is widespread occurring from Spain to Russia in Europe. The existing threats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline very quickly in the near future and therefore, Anacamptis coriophora is assessed as Least Concern. However, the species is more threatened in the northern part of its range and has gone extinct in a few countries. Local conservation measures are therefore urgently needed.",Decreasing,"Anacamptis coriophora is a central and southern European species, extending its range into western Asia (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2010). It is Regionally Extinct in the Czech Republic, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.","Anacamptis coriophora is very local and often rare where it occurs. The overall population size is unknown but has a declining trend (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007).","Anacamptis coriophora typically occurs in grassy places derived from ‘molinaies’:  boggy meadows and moorland, flushed slopes and woodland edges prone to flooding. It prefers slightly acidic to slightly alkaline soil often clayey-calcareous substrates in full sunlight. This species is found from sea level to 2,500 m altitude. The flowering time is from April to July (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al.2007).","Main threats to this species are posed by habitat conversion such as canalisation, flood prevention measures, building programmes and urban expansion. Further threats are extensive drainage, agricultural use of the habitat including the application of fertilisers, and plant collection (Bournérias et al. 2005, Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007).","All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The species is protected at national level in Belgium, France and Luxembourg. It is included in the following national red lists:

Regionally Extinct in Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000), Estonia (Lilleleht 2008), Luxembourg (Colling 2005) and the Netherlands (Meijden 2000) under the synonym Orchis coriophora

Critically Endangered (level 1) in Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996)

Endangered in Belarus (Ermakova 2005) and Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002)

Vulnerable in Croatia (Nikolić and Topić 2005) and France (UICN et al. 2010)

Near Threatened in Hungary (Király 2007)



The following actions are recommended to protect Anacamptis coriophora (Bournérias et al. 2005, Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007);

Water regime must be ensured, drainage of meadows should be avoided, and provision of small dams may be necessary to avoid drying of the site in spring.

Protection of the living individuals through legislation that bans the species from being picked or dug up.

Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.

Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.

Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.","The bulb is very nutritious when cooked. It is a source of 'salep', a fine white to yellowish-white powder that is obtained by drying the tuber and grinding it into a powder. Salep is a starch-like substance which can be made into a drink, added to cereals or to bread. It can be prepared in the same way as arrowroot. A jelly can be made from the salep which is used to treat irritations of the gastro-intestinal canal (Plants For a Future 2010).",,"Rankou, H.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,LILIOPSIDA,ORCHIDALES,ORCHIDACEAE,Anacamptis,laxiflora,,Anacamptis laxiflora,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species occurs at numerous sites in Mediterranean Europe and the existing threats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline quickly enough to qualify for a threatened category in the near future.",Unknown,"Anacamptis laxiflora is an Eurasian species. It is found in west and central Europe, in the Mediterranean and extends into western Asia.","The species is present in several locations in the Mediterranean region, local but often abundant in its sites, however the trend of the populations remains unknown. Population information is available in the following countries: in the Iberian Peninsula it is widespread throughout and present in 81 regions in Spain and seven provinces in the south of Portugal. In France it is known from 73 departments and Corsica. It is very common and present throughout the whole country in Italy.",It is a perennial herbaceous plant (tuberous geophyte) that inhabits humid pastures and marshes. It prefers humid soils and requires a lot of light. Flowering occurs during spring.,"The drainage, infilling, water abstraction for agriculture and urbanization of this species’ habitat are its main threats. Collection might affect the species.","All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). In France, it is protected in some regions such as Champagne-Ardennes, Bourgogne, Franche-Comté, Rhone-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur and in the department of Gironde. It is listed as Vulnerable on the national red list (UICN France et al. 2010). The following conservation measures are recommended: Monitor the existing sites and search for new ones Estimate the population size and study their dynamics Conservation of the species and its habitat Harvest control Ex situ conservation (of the seeds)","As with many orchids, the tubers of this species could be used for human consumption and also for medicinal uses (cancer treatments and gastro-intestinal irritations). The tubers are generally harvested after flowering. It is mainly cultivated.",,"Flanagan, D., Rhazi, M., Rhazi, L., Rankou, H., and Grillas, P.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,LILIOPSIDA,ORCHIDALES,ORCHIDACEAE,Anacamptis,papilionacea,,Anacamptis papilionacea,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Anacamptis papilionacea is rather widespread, often abundant and the most frequent orchid species on its potential biotopes. The existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline very quickly in the near future. Therefore, Anacamptis papilionacea is assessed as Least Concern.",Decreasing,"Anacamptis papilionacea is a Mediterranean and eastern species, found from North Africa to Turkey, extends northwards to the foothills of the Alps and eastwards to the Caspian Sea. The range encloses southern Greece, the islands of the Aegean Sea, and parts of western and southern Turkey. The species has a blurred range limit with a wide transitional zone that begins to the north of the Peloponnese. It is found from sea level to 1,800 m altitude. (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007).","Anacamptis papilionacea is rather widespread and often abundant where it occurs. This species becomes scarce only at the borders of its distribution area, and very rare further in the east due to unfavourable climate influences as the high mountains leave fewer lowland positions as possible locations. As far as population size is concerned, no precise count has ever been made; however, the plants often grow in groups and the total population is in decline (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007).","Anacamptis papilionacea typically grows in short, poor grassland, stony meadows, garrigue, maquis and open woodland. It prefers dry to moist substrates, alkaline soil rich in lime and often calcareous soils. The species grows in full sunlight to mid-shade. The flowering time of the species is from end of March to June (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007).","Anacamptis papilionacea is the most frequent orchid species in its potential biotopes. This species is sensitive to grazing by animals, agricultural use of the habitat, urbanisation, fire and deforestation (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007).","All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This species is a protected plant in some countries including Belgium, Luxembourg, and some regions in France.

The following actions are recommended to protect Anacamptis papilionacea (Bournérias and Prat 2005, Harrap 2009, Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007, Lang 2004);
Improve the management of grasslands, including moderate grazing activities.
Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.
Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.
Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.
Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.","The bulb is very nutritious when cooked. It is a source of 'salep', a fine white to yellowish-white powder that is obtained by drying the tuber and grinding it into a powder. Salep is a starch-like substance which can be made into a drink, added to cereals or to bread. It can be prepared in the same way as arrowroot. A jelly can be made from the salep which is used to treat irritations of the gastro-intestinal canal (Plants For a Future 2010).",,"Rankou, H.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,LILIOPSIDA,ORCHIDALES,ORCHIDACEAE,Anacamptis,pyramidalis,,Anacamptis pyramidalis,,"Anacamptis urvilleana Sommier & Carnuano Gatto, is included, as a synonym, in the species Anacamptis pyramidalis (L.) L.C. Richard. The latter is widespread in Greece (Commission of the European Communities 2009).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Anacamptis pyramidalis is widespread and abundant where it occurs. The extent of occurrence and area of occupancy of the species are greater than 20,000 km² and 2,000 km² respectively. The existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline very quickly in the near future. Therefore, Anacamptis pyramidalis is assessed as Least Concern.",Decreasing,"Anacamptis pyramidalis is native to Europe and the Mediterranean, extending its distribution into North Africa and the Middle East. The species can be found from Denmark in the north, to southern Sweden and the Baltic States, east to Poland and the Ukraine and south to the Mediterranean, Crimea and Caucasus. It is also found in North Africa in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, and in the Middle East in Israel, Turkey, northern Iraq and northwest Iran (Bournérias et al. 2005, Harrap 2009, Delforge 1995, Lang 2004, Commission of the European Communities 2009).","Anacamptis pyramidalis is widespread and sometimes abundant . As far as population size is concerned, no precise counting has ever been made; however, the total population is estimated to be of some thousand individuals. With respect to population dynamics, this species has a relatively widespread (but patchy) distribution in the Maltese Islands, and, with few exceptions, is usually present in very small numbers (sometimes a handful of individuals or clumps) where found. In Britain the species has been lost from 20% of the historical range and from 31% in Ireland (Bournérias et al. 2005, Harrap 2009, Delforge 1995, Lang 2004, Commission of the European Communities 2009).","Anacamptis pyramidalis typically occurs in short grassland, garrigue, phrygana, dense woodland or sporadically in oak and pine forests. It grows in calcareous substrates, usually dry soils in full sun light. This species is found from sea level to 2,000 m altitude. The flowering time of the species takes place from early June to mid-August and sometimes from May. ( Bournérias et al. 2005, Delforge 1995, Harrap 2009, Lang 2004 ).","Anacamptis pyramidalis is widespread and sometimes abundant where it occurs. This species is suffering from reduction in habitat quality and extent, mainly due to its garrigue and steppe habitats being considered as ‘wasteland’. However, the habitat has been destroyed by infrastructure development, quarrying, and other land uses. The quality of the habitat is declining due to invasive species, particularly ruderals an d aliens, and through inappropriate landscaping or deforestation for agriculture (Lang 2004 , Bournérias et al. 2005, Harrap 2009, Delforge 1995).","All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive under the synonym Anacamptis urvilleana . This species is a protected plant in some countries including Belgium, Luxembourg, and some regions in France, Czech Republic and Slovakia.

The following actions are recommended to protect Anacamptis pyramidalis (Lang 2004, Delforge 1995, Bournérias et al. 2005, Harrap 2009):
Moderate grazing.
Creating man-made habitat such us road side verges.
Protection of the living individuals of the species through legislation and legal protection which ban the species from being picked or dug up.
Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.
Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.
Populationstudies and monitoring.","The bulb is very nutritious when cooked. It is a source of 'salep', a fine white to yellowish-white powder that is obtained by drying the tuber and grinding it into a powder. Salep is a starch-like substance which can be made into a drink, added to cereals or to bread. It can be prepared in the same way as arrowroot. A jelly can be made from the salep which is used to treat irritations of the gastro-intestinal canal (Plants For a Future 2010).",,"Rankou, H.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,LILIOPSIDA,ORCHIDALES,ORCHIDACEAE,Anacamptis,sancta,,Anacamptis sancta,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



Anacamptis sancta is an eastern Mediterranean species that only reaches Europe on the Greek islands and Cyprus. It is very rare and local where it occurs. Its area of occupancy is suspected to be smaller than 2,000 km² as this species becomes rare in regions far from maritime climate and it avoids locations higher than 800 m. The main threats to this orchid are extensive grazing by animals, agricultural use of the habitat, infrastructure development and recreational activities along the coasts. The number of locations of this species is not known but it might be severely fragmented.

Therefore, Anacamptis sancta is assessed as Near Threatened approaching Criterion B2b(iii).",Decreasing,"Anacamptis sancta is an eastern Mediterranean species that settles in low lying areas of the southeast Mediterranean and in the dry areas close to the coasts of the east Mediterranean. To the west the species does not reach the Greek mainland but there are strong populations found on the southeast and central Aegean Islands (Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007). Its area of occupancy is suspected to be smaller than 2,000 km².","Anacamptis sancta is very rare and local where it occurs . This species becomes rare on regions far from maritime climate and it avoids locations higher than 800 m. This is why very weak populations were found on the very mountainous isles of Crete and Carpathos. This change is due to unfavourable climate influences as the high mountains leave fewer lowland positions as possible locations. The total number of individuals is unknown; however, the total population is in decline due to the human influences on the coasts (Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007).","Anacamptis sancta typically occurs in short, poor grassland, garrigue, scrub and open woodland. It prefers dry to temporarily wet places, alkaline, stony soil with good drainage. These can be extensive meadows, often very dry at flowering time, meadow-like small patches in the phrygana or similarly situated places in bright pine forests. This species grows in full sunlight to mid-shade and is found from sea level to 900 m altitude. The flowering time of the species takes place from the beginning of April to the end of June (Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007).","This species is subject to threats such us grazing by animals, agricultural use of the habitat, infrastructure development and recreational activities at the coasts (Delfor ge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007).","All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).

The following actions are recommended to protect Anacamptis sancta (Delforge 1995, Kretzschmar et al. 2007);
Improve the management of grasslands and allow moderate grazing activities.
Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.
Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.
Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.
Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.","The bulb is very nutritious when cooked. It is a source of 'salep', a fine white to yellowish-white powder that is obtained by drying the tuber and grinding it into a powder. Salep is a starch-like substance which can be made into a drink, added to cereals or to bread. It can be prepared in the same way as arrowroot. A jelly can be made from the salep which is used to treat irritations of the gastro-intestinal canal (Plants For a Future 2010).",,"Rankou, H.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,COMPOSITAE,Anacyclus,pyrethrum,,Anacyclus pyrethrum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



The species has a restricted native distribution in the western Mediterranean where it is found in Algeria, Morocco and southern Spain. In Europe it has become naturalised through cultivation in some countries, and is cultivated. Introduced and cultivated elsewhere (USDA 2012).

The species is assessed as Data Deficient at the European level as there is insufficient information about its distribution and population trends in southern Spain, the only known native population in Europe. Research and monitoring of the species population trends, distribution, threats and harvesting is required. It appears to be threatened in parts of its non-European native range in northern Africa, however declines in populations are yet to be documented, and it is widely introduced and cultivated.",Unknown,"The species has a restricted native distribution in the western Mediterranean where it is found in Algeria, Morocco and southern Spain. In Europe it has become naturalised in Ukraine and France, is adventive in Poland and has been cultivated in several countries including Austria and Germany. Introduced and cultivated elsewhere, e.g., in India, Nepal and Pakistan (USDA 2012). In Spain, the species has an apparently restricted natural distribution in southeastern Spain in the Sierra de Alcaraz near Alabacete (Anthos 2010), although it has been introduced elsewhere in Spain (e.g., in Catalonia and in Aragon; J.M. Montserrat pers. comm. 2014).",No information is available on the species population in Spain.,"The species is a perennial herb adapted to the climate of North Africa and Spain. Found in forests and open areas up to 3,100 m in Spain (IUCN 2005); typical habitats include grassland, banks, pastures, disturbed soils around farm buildings etc., lawns, rocky glades, rocky pastures, uncultivated land, mountain meadows, river banks, dry river beds, waste ground, stony places, woodland clearings, low mountains pastures, woodland, road edges, steep hills and Mediterranean forest. A procumbent herb with numerous stems and somewhat downy branches. A perennial geophyte deciduous plant, it grows in a range of soils from light sandy, gritty sandy to gritty medium loamy soils and prefers well drained acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) substrates. The species prefers open and sunny habitats but can be found in mid-shaded habitats and flowers from April to June. Grows in a humid and sub-humid to sub-arid Mediterranean bioclimate with an annual rainfall ranging from 350 mm to 800 mm. The flowers of Anacyclus pyrethrum are hermaphrodite and they are pollinated by insects, birds, animals, water and wind. The propagation can be done by seed, by division of roots and by cuttings.","This is a species that is under pressure from harvesting given its high price in parts of its range. The roots are the only parts of the plant that is marketed and it is thus uprooted before its seeds set. The species used to grow in a large mountainous area of Morocco but now it can found only in the region of Timahdit. However, threats to the species in Europe (Spain) are not known. In addition, its habitat has been impacted by overgrazing in some areas.","There are plans to implement the FairWild standard for this species (Global Environment Facility 2012), although activities seem to be focused on Moroccan populations. It has not been assessed on the Spanish Red List, however it has been assessed as a 'Taxon de interés especial (IE)' in Castile-La Mancha (Anthos 2010). Research and monitoring of the species population trends, distribution, threats and harvesting is required.","The powder of the root is well known as sternutatory, diaphoretic, and used for many ailments (IUCN 2005). A wide range of potential medical applications have been proposed or investigated. It is widely recognized in Ayurvedic system of Indian medicine as tonic and rejuvenator and the root extract is considered to be an aphrodisiac and aphrodisiac (Sharma et al. 2008). The tonic is used in the treatment of paralysis and epilepsy. The root stimulates the salivary glands and irritates tissues therefore increasing blood flow to the area. The root contains an oil used externally to treat toothache, facial neuralgia and chronic catarrh. A gargle is used to soothe sore throats and dilutions of the essential oil is used in mouthwashes and to treat toothaches (Collins Dictionary 2013, Plants for a Future 2012). The roots are commonly known as pellitory root. Widely cultivated (IUCN 2005) and available in the ornamental plant trade, although the origin of material is not known.",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,RANUNCULALES,RANUNCULACEAE,Anemone,halleri,,Anemone halleri,,The species and subspecies is still under review by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP 2014). The species is frequently found in both Pulsatilla and Anemone genera.,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The species has a wide but fragmented geographical distribution from southeastern France, southern Switzerland and Poland, extending eastwards to Greece, Bulgaria and Ukraine. Some subspecies are considered to be rare in several countries. There are no known widespread threats across its range, but it is vulnerable to changes in the management of pastures, and may be locally impacted by collection from the wild.

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at c.81,000 km2, which exceeds the threshold for a threatened category. Based on available point data, it is not possible to calculate and estimate a reliable area of occupancy (AOO).



Although the species or its subspecies has been assessed as threatened in some countries across its range, it is considered Least Concern here as it has a wide geographical range with and EOO that greatly exceeds the threshold for a threatened category, and there are no known widespread threats. Since some populations are growing in high altitude, they are to some extent protected from natural afforestation and urbanization impacts. The species should be reassessed if population data become available that show decline across the range of the species.",Decreasing,"The species is endemic to Europe (Tutin et al. 1964-1980, Jalas and Suominen 1989) and occurs in sub-alpine and alpine regions of southeastern France (Université Claude Bernard 2014), southern Switzerland, northern Italy (Altervista 2014) and Poland, extending eastwards to Greece, Bulgaria (Assyov and Petrova 2006, Danova et al. 2009, Petrova and Vladimirov 2009) and Ukraine (Crimea; Schelag-Soconko 1996). The plant is cultivated for ornamental qualities (RBG Kew 2014).","This species is considered rare in many countries. The global population trend is unknown, but is described as declining in Crimea and Bulgaria.","A long-lived, early-flowering perennial species found in scattered localities. The flowers, which are purple, white, yellow or reddish, emerge in spring, before or with the leaves. The leaves are woolly, and therefore well adapted to cold conditions (RBG Kew 2014). Grows in mountain meadows and dry hills, in dry grassy and stony places, in scrub, on limestone; found in sub-alpine meadows and open spots in mountainous forests in the western Carpathian Mountains. Cultivated in botanical and private gardens (RBG Kew 2014).","Not known to be threatened across its range, but vulnerable to changes in the management of pastures. Considered as one of the most beautiful Anemone species and potentially impacted locally by collection (e.g., in Bulgaria; Petrova and Vladimirov 2009). Moreover, populations of the subspecies taurica's are declining in Crimea due to environmental changes and habitat loss (Akimov 2009).","The subspecies rhodopaea is listed as endangered in Slovakia and Bulgaria (EN B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v); Petrova and Vladimirov 2009). Listed as vulnerable on the national Red Lists of Switzerland (VU A4d) (Moser et al. 2002), Ukraine (Vinichenko 2006) and Poland (Witkowski et al. 2003). The species is also listed on Appendix 1 of the Bern Convention. Listed as protected species according to the Bulgarian Biodiversity Act. Some localities are in protected territories (Chervenata Stena Strict Nature Reserve in Rhodopi Mts, Sinite Kamani Nature Park in eastern Balkan Range). Moreover, the species occurs in sites of the European Natura 2000 protected areas in France and Bulgaria (Ministère de l'écologie, du développement durable et de l'énergie 2013).","The species is cultivated as an ornamental. Several subspecies have been described and are available commercially (Vaughan et al. 2003, RBG Kew 2014, GRIN 2010). No specific medicinal use has been found of this species, however most species within the genus have documented medicinal uses. Extracts of have been used to treat reproductive problems such as premenstrual syndrome and epididymitis, and additional uses include as a sedative and for treating coughs (Vaughan et al. 2003).",,"Schweizer, F. & Hasinger, O.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,APIALES,UMBELLIFERAE,Angelica,archangelica,,Angelica archangelica,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species occurs in many European countries and does not appear to be in decline from any threatening processes at present. Originally from the northern parts of the European region, the plant has been widely cultivated and has naturalised outside of its native range for medicinal and alimentary purposes. It is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"The original native range of the species is considered to be northern and eastern Europe to eastern Siberia, Asia (northern, central and the Himalaya) and Greenland (Kylin 2010, USDA 2010, Euro+Med Plantbase 2014, GRIN 2014). In the European region, the plant naturally occurs in northern countries such as Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Greenland, the Faroe Islands and Iceland, but can also been found in central and eastern European countries. The plant has long been introduced and is naturalised, although considered a neophyte in Great Britain (Kylin 2014). The plant is cultivated in some European countries, in Korea, in India and Thailand (GRIN 2014).",The population trend of the species is unknown. Due to its large natural and naturalised distribution range the population is most probably stable.,"The species is a tall, aromatic fragrant herb that can reach over a meter high. The subspecies archangelica grows in wet meadows, on river banks preferably on wet, sometimes flooded, nutrient-rich clay soils, whilst the subspecies litoralis grows only in northern European countries, often on seashores, in stony, open habitats (Kylin 2010).",Threats to the species are not understood.,The species has been assessed as Least Concern on the Red List of Hungary (Király 2007).,"In Europe, the essential oil from the plants is used as an ingredient in liquors (e.g., Chartreuse, Bénédictine, Vermouth and Dubonnet), dental preparations and in high-grade perfumes (Vashistha et al. 2006). Roots and seeds have antiseptic properties and depressant action on the central nervous system (Vashistha et al. 2006, PFAF 2014). The species has been used in Nordic countries as a medicinal plant since ancient times, especially the indigenous Finno-Ugric Sami have used the plant both for medicinal and food purpose (Kylin 2010). The species is still used as medicinal herb with applications including inappetence, constipation, coughing, skin diseases, hemorrhoids, inflammations, cramps, ulcer, digestive troubles, menstruation troubles, rheumatism, urination disorders and flatulence (Kylin 2010).",,"Schweizer, F. & Hasinger, O.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,COMPOSITAE,Antennaria,dioica,,Antennaria dioica,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population and although it is declining and threatened in parts of its range, it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Decreasing,"Antennaria dioica is native to Europe, temperate Asia and the USA. It has also been cultivated widely (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2012).","In the Netherlands, the number of populations of Antennaria dioica has been declining over the past 20 years and there are only six populations left (FONA Conservation 2012). In the United Kingdom, it was once found throughout but is now mostly a coastal and upland species common in the Hebredes, but rarer elsewhere (Blamey and Grey-Wilson 2003, Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012).","Antennaria dioica is a mat-forming, stoloniferous, perennial herb found on dry mountain grassland, dry semi-natural grassland, chalk limestone grassland, heathland, dry pastures, coastal cliff tops, sand dunes and machair. It is also characteristic of upland habitats, screes and crags. It flowers from May to July (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012, Blamey and Grey-Wilson 2003). It is mostly characteristic of dry parts of nutrient-poor heathlands and species-rich grasslands with a pH range between 3.5 and 5 (van den Berg et al. 2005).","Most losses are due to the ploughing of its habitats and intensification of grassland management (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012). Since the mid eighteenth century European heathlands have been declining due to changes in land use and management for forestry and farming resulting in the rapid decline of biodiversity of dry heathlands. In the Netherlands, plant species diversity in heathlands has declined over 50% in the last 50 years due to environmental stresses leading to the decline of species such as Antennaria dioica which is now seriously threatened. The increased atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and sulphur containing compounds, eutrophication and acidification of soil have also contributed to its decline from increasing ammonium concentrations and lower pH.","Unless conservation measures are taken to preserve nutrient poor, species rich heathlands and grasslands this species will be confined to upland grasslands as the only viable habitat. These habitat types are becoming increasingly fragmented in the United Kingdom and have been addressed under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (Critchley et al. 2003). It is listed on the following national red lists: Regionally Extinct in Luxembourg (Colling 2005), Critically Endangered in the Netherlands (van der Meijden et al. 2000), Endangered in the Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000), Vulnerable in Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996), Near Threatened in Finland (Rassi et al. 2010) and Hungary (Király 2007), Least Concern in Denmark (NERI 2007), Estonia (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012), Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010), Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002) and the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005).","Cat's-foot has been little used in herbal medicine though it was once used in mixtures for the treatment of bronchitis, bilious conditions and chest complaints as it is rich in mucilage and for its astringent, cholagogue, discutient, diuretic and emollient properties. It is applied in the treatment of liver and gall bladder complaints, hepatitis and diarrhoea. Externally it can be gargled for treating tonsillitis (Plants for a Future 2012).",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Aphanes,arvensis,,Aphanes arvensis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Aphanes arvensis is a weed of arable crops and has therefore declined in parts of Europe due to intensified agriculture and use of herbicides which kill the seeds. It has gone extinct in Lithuania and is threatened or near-threatened in five countries in Europe, but as it is able to grow in a variety of other habitats, it remains frequent in many countries and is widespread throughout Europe. It is used in traditional medicine, but there is no information to suggest it is under high collection pressure. It is therefore classified as Least Concern.",Decreasing,"Aphanes arvensis is native throughout Europe and North Africa (Kurtto 2009). It is widespread in many countries (Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle 2003-2013 , Anthos 2010, Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2012, Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012). Though some sources cite it as introduced in Poland (Mirek et al. 1998, Kurtto 2009), it is an archeophyte (introduced pre-1500 AD; Tokarska-Guzik et al. 2010) and therefore considered native here.",The number of individuals is unknown. It has declined in parts of its range and remains frequent elsewhere. It is still rather common as weed in arable fields in southern Sweden ( M. Aronsson pers. comm. 2013).,"A winter-, and less frequently spring-germinating, annual found in arable fields, bare patches in grassland and lawns, heaths, woodland rides, rough ground, waste places, gravel pits and railway banks. It grows in dry basic soils (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012). It is a weed of arable crops (Chancellor 1985). The flowers are hermaphroditic and self-fertile (Plants for a Future 2012).","Increased cultivation tends to have a negative effect on its abundance and it is favoured by reduced cultivation and soil disturbance (Pollard et al. 1981). As it is a weed of arable crops, it is controlled by herbicides (Roberts and Neilson 1981).","It is classified as Least Concern in Belgium (Van Landuyt et al. 2006), Germany (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2012), and Luxembourg (Colling 2005); Near Threatened in Estonia (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012) and Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002); Vulnerable in the Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000); Endangered in the Netherlands (van der Meijden et al. 2000) and Croatia (Hulina 2005); and Extinct in Lithuania (Rašomavičius 2007). It occurs in three Natura 2000 sites: two in Italy and one in Slovakia (European Environment Agency 2010).","Parsley Piert has long been used in traditional medicine, and is astringent, demulcent, diuretic and refrigerant (Plants for a Future 2012). It is used as an infusion and is very effective in treating kidney and bladder complaints including urinary infections, kidney stones, cystitis and jaundice; the leaves can be eaten in salads or pickled, but it is rarely eaten these days (Plants for a Future 2012). It possess strong antioxidant activity and protective effects with very little cytotoxic effect and can therefore be used as a natural additive in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries (Hamad et al. 2010). There is no information to suggest it is used commonly.",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,APIALES,UMBELLIFERAE,Apium,graveolens,,Apium graveolens,,There are no significant taxonomic issues associated with this name.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.",Stable,"A. graveolens occurs throughout much of Europe, North Africa, Siberia and the Caucasus. In Europe, it occurs more or less throughout but it is extremely difficult to distinguish native populations from introduced populations.","Most populations of A. graveolens throughout its European range appear to be stable, although there is concern over its status in Sweden.","A. graveolens typically grows in marshy areas near or on the coast, including the upper limits of salt marshes and wetland systems behind beaches.","There are no known past, ongoing or future threats to this species.","A. graveolens is classed as Critically Endangered in Sweden, but this is understood to refer to a very small native population in the south and at the northern limits of the native range of the species, rather than a decline. There are no other conservation measures in place or needed.","The plant is known under the common name Wild Celery and the leaves, roots and seeds are edible. It is used as a condiment and has several medicinal uses, for example, to reduce blood pressure or relieve indigestion (Plants For A Future 2009).",,"Lansdown, R.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,RANUNCULALES,RANUNCULACEAE,Aquilegia,nigricans,,Aquilegia nigricans,,"The species has several suggested synonyms (The Plant List 2014). Subspecies Aquilegia nigricans subsp. subscaposa (Borbás) Soó is an accepted infraspecific name of Aquilegia nigricans and also synonym of Aquilegia subscaposa Borbás (The Plant List 2014). Although Aquilegia nigricans and Aquilegia nigricans subsp. subscaposa (Borbás) Soó were considered synonyms in the literature (Chifu et al. 2006, Sarbu et al. 2013), these two taxa grow in different ecological habitats and have distinct flower colour and should and therefore be considered as two different species (A. Badarau pers. comm. 2014). Aquilegia nigricans subsp. subscaposa (Borbás) Soó is strictly linked to calcareous mountainous areas.",Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: DataDeficient (DD)

EU 27 regional assessmen Data Deficient (DD)



The species is endemic to Europe and occurs with a relatively broad distribution from central-eastern and southeast mountainous regions.

Although the plant and its subspecies are listed as threatened in some parts of its range (Bulgaria, Ukraine, and Romania), there are insufficient data available to assess the species against the Red List criteria at the global level. It is therefore considered Data Deficient, and further research is required into the species distribution and population trends.",Unknown,"The species is endemic to Europe and occurs principally in central-eastern and southeastern mountainous regions, mainly in Austria, the southeastern Carpathian mountains (Coldea et al. 2009, Assyov and Petrova 2012, Oprea and Sirbu 2013), western Ukraine and northern Greece. Point locality data for the speceis are difficult to obtain.",No population information available.,"A perennial plant that is found in meadows, woodlands, and at higher altitudes. Found in sun or partial shade in moist, well-drained soils. Plants tend to be short-lived but self-seed readily, often creating natural hybrids with other nearby columbines.",The species is impacted locally by trampling by livestock.,"Assessed as vulnerable in Bulgaria (VU B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(i); Petrova and Vladimirov 2009), and as threatened in Ukraine (Diduch 2009) and Romania (Oprea and Sirbu 2013). The species is protected under the Medicinal Plants Act in Bulgaria (MOEW 2011). The species is recorded as occurring in thirteen Natura 2000 protected areas in Romania and Bulgaria (EUNIS 2014), and most likely occurs in PAs in other European countries. Research is required to understand the species distribution, population trends and threats.","The genus Aquilegia is cultivated and very popular in botanical and private gardens (a large number of hybrids exist). The plants are poisonous and medicinal use should be avoided (Bundesministerium für Gesundheit 2014). However, some species in the genus are used in homeopathic treatments (Kathe et al. 2003).",,"Schweizer, F. & Hasinger, O.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ERICALES,ERICACEAE,Arbutus,unedo,,Arbutus unedo,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The Strawberry Tree Arbutus unedo has a relatively widespread distribution across southern Europe. It has undergone some localized declines and is now rare and highly threatened in Cyprus and Bulgaria, but the overall population is believed to be stable. The species appears to be sensitive to drought and extremely low temperatures, and is valued for its medicinal properties. It is classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations and no major threats.",Stable,"The Strawberry Tree ( Arbutus unedo ) has a Mediterranean-Atlantic distribution and is native to the coastal regions of the Mediterranean, extending from southern Europe to western Asia and northern Africa (Valdés et al. 2009), and up into the United Kingdom and Ireland (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012).","The European population of Strawberry Tree is believed to be stable, though it has undergone localized and often quite severe declines. The native subpopulation in Ireland was much more abundant several centuries ago, but by the 16th century had become very rare, likely because of its use for charcoal; the population has been stable over the past century (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012). The population in Bulgaria occurs at the northern climatic limit of its distribution area and is therefore represented by very few individuals (less than 50) (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009, Peev and Vladimirov 2011). In Cyprus very few individuals remain, located only on the west coast (Meikle 1985). In other areas (e.g. southern England) it has spread as an escaped cultivar, where it can be invasive (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012).","This plant is a small evergreen tree or shrub found on heathy scrub, open woodland, rocky slopes and lake shores growing in limestone, slate and sandstone shallow soils. It reproduces by seed (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012). The fruit take 12 months to ripen, therefore the tree has mature fruit and flowers at the same time and flowers in Autumn. It is found in the holm oak forests of the lower mountains and flat areas of the Mediterranean where there is a mild climate with dry summers. Its fruit is an important food source for animals during winter (Benhouhou 2005).","In Ireland it has declined for its use for charcoal (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012). In Bulgaria, potential negative factors are forest fires and extremely low temperatures (Peev and Vladimirov 2011).","This species is listed as Critically Endangered [C2a(i);D] in Bulgaria, due to its extremely small and declining population; it is, however, protected under the National Biodiversity Act and remaining sites are within the Natura 2000 network (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009, Peev and Vladimirov 2011). It is also Critically Endangered B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v);C2a(i)] in Cyprus, due to its restricted and declining distribution and population (Tsintides et al. 2007). It can be considered Least Concern in Greece (I. Bazos pers. comm. 2013). In Bulgaria, recommended conservation actions include searching for new individuals, monitoring known trees and marking them with a sign of protection, and raising local awareness among foresters and the public about the conservation value of the species ( Peev and Vladimirov 2011). No specific conservation measures are required for the non-threatened parts of its distribution.","Strawberry Tree fruits are rich in sugar and vitamin C and are eaten and sold locally, usually cooked to make jams, sorbets and alcoholic drinks. The leaves and bark have been used for tanning and are also valued for their medicinal properties. The seeds contain essential oil with siccative properties. A decoction of the tannin rich leaves is used as a diuretic to treat urinary infections and diarrhea; the leaves are antiseptic and highly astringent. The macerated roots are used as a drink and are depurative and decongestant. The flowers have sudorific properties and the fruits have a narcotic effect for diarrhea. It is most effective for treating hypertension, diarrhea, colic and renal problems. Pharmacopeias are not relevant for this species. Strawberry Tree is part of a European programme for improvement and should be subject to market authorisation. It is also used for reforestation strengthening dunes and soil protection, as it is fire-resistant and tolerant to high pollution levels in urban areas (Benhouhou 2005). It is grown as an ornamental and is best propagated through seed (Hammami et al. 2005). Its fruit is an important food source for animals during winter (Benhouhou 2005).",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,COMPOSITAE,Arctium,lappa,,Arctium lappa,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species is classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations and no major threats.",Stable,"Arctium lappa is native to temperate and tropical Asia and Europe. It has become naturalised in Australasia and North America and is also cultivated widely (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2012).",It is common all over Europe and populations are presumed to be stable. It may be increasing as it is becoming naturalised over a greater part of its range.,"A tall monocarpic perennial or biennial herb found in open woodland, hedgerows, grasslands, stream and river banks, roadsides, waste ground, field borders and disturbed places. It is often found in lowlands and produces purple flowers from July to September (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012, Blamey and Grey-Wilson 2003).",There are no threats to this species.,"There are no conservation measures in place or needed. It is listed as Near Threatened in Estonia (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012) and Least Concern in Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996), Luxembourg (Colling 2005), Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010), Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002) and the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005).","The roots and leaves are the main parts used as traditional herbal medicinal product. It is applied to increase the amount of urine to achieve flushing of the urinary tract, for temporary loss of appetite, and treatment of seborrhoeic skin conditions. Herbal preparations are derived from the comminuted herbal substance, powdered herbal substance, liquid extract, soft extract and tincture. The comminuted herbal substance can be administered as herbal tea for oral use. The leaves, usually collected from one year old plants, can be used fresh or dried and contain essential oils. The mature fruit is collected in autumn and dried, purified and dried again in the sun, the root is collected in the autumn of the first year or in the spring of the second year and are used dried, total or cut (European Medicines Agency 2010a,b). Clinical studies claim that lignan arctiin from burdock may have a protective effect on phIP-induced carcinogenesis, particularly in the mammary gland, liver and pancreas. Burdock is also valued widely in traditional medicine for diabetes (Lewis and Elvin-Lewis 2003). The root is edible, raw or cooked and the pith of the flowering stem can be eaten raw in salads, boiled or made into confections and for flavouring soft drinks (Plants for a Future 2012).",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ERICALES,ERICACEAE,Arctostaphylos,uva-ursi,,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations in parts of its range and therefore the risk of the species going completely extinct in Europe is quite low. However, it is concerning that the species is classed as threatened on various national red lists and local conservation actions are required.",Unknown,"This plant is native to temperate Asia, Europe and Canada, the USA and Guatemala on the American continent. In Europe, it is found nearly everywhere from Iceland to Greece and from Spain to Russia. In the east European plain, it occurs from the Kola Peninsula to Ukraine. In Ukraine, it approaches the southern limit of its range and it grows in the zone of deciduous and mixed forests in Polesian lowland. Throughout its range Arctostaphylos uva-ursi is mainly found in mountain areas.","Arctostaphylos uva-ursi is quite widespread and locally common throughout its range: Bulgaria: It is locally found in the mountains at around 40 localities. The population is declining fast due to collection. Croatia: The populations are declining. Czech Republic: It occurs in the north, west and central part of the country at 10 - 20 localities and is not abundant. Many populations count only 10-20 individuals and are very threatened. France: It is common in the Alps, the Pyrenees and Corbières, rare in the Jura and very rare in Auvergne. Germany: The populations are declining and the species is threatened in many federal estates and even extinct in some. Greece: It is found in mountains in the north, centre and northeast at about ten locations throughout four different areas. It is locally abundant and there is no information on the population trend. Ireland: It is found in the west of the country. Italy: There are almost 2,000 localities in all of the country except for the southernmost regions and the islands. Stable populations with more than 10,000 individuals, the populations are not fragmented. Lithuania: The distribution in Lithuania is uneven: it is rare in the centre and west, more common in the east and southeast. The species occurs in small patches and is neither common nor very rare and restricted. Serbia: This plant is estimated to be vulnerable (V. Stevanovic pers. comm. 2010). Slovakia: It occurs scattered in mountain regions in the northwest, north and northeast of the country. Vegetative reproduction is predominant and fruit set is usually lower than 5%. Spain: It is quite widespread in most regions in the eastern half of the Iberian Peninsula and a morphologically variable species. Sweden: It occurs in the south at ten localities. Switzerland: It can be found almost everywhere in the Jura and in the Alps and the populations are well connected within these regions, with a flat area between these two mountainous systems where the species is just occasionally present. It is a frequent species and several hundreds of individuals can be found in each location, covering an area up to a few hundred km². The total population is estimated to be over 100,000 individuals and the general population trend is stable. Russia: There are a few records from the Leningrad region. Ukraine: The populations are very small in area (0.02-0.03 ha) and are not propagated by seeds. The population trend is unknown. UK: It occurs in the north, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.","This small shrub flowers from March to July and is found in coniferous forests and mixed forests dominated by conifers such as Pinus spp., in Cytiso ruthenico-Pinion and Erico-Pinion communities, and in alpine and subalpine Juniperae communities. It also grows in tall forb, shrub or grassland communities below or above the forest line (subalpine) such as Rhododendro ferruginei-Vaccinietum communities and in heathlands. The species has also been reported from limestone, rocks, slopes, river banks, or even in sandy dunes, continental dunes and coastal areas (e.g. Lithuania).","Eutrophication from nearby agricultural areas or the abandonment of grazing leads to overgrowing of its habitat with shrubs which causes competition and has been reported as a threat. Furthermore reforestation, especially with Robinia pseudoacacia , modifies the species habitat. Collection of the plant is still a threat in some places. Locally, tourism development in the mountains (tracks, skiing) could be considered a threat.","This species is listed under Annex D of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulation 318-2008. Live specimens of this species as well as dried and fresh plants, including, leaves, roots/rootstock, stems, seeds/spores, bark and fruits are subject to this regulation. Bulgaria: Vulnerable A1abd; B2ab(ii) (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009). It can be found in three national parks, and two nature parks. Croatia: Vulnerable A3cd (Nikolić and Topić 2005) Czech Republic: Endangered (Holub and Procházka 2000). Some populations in protected areas. Denmark: Least Concern (NERI 2007) France: Protected in Poitou- Charentes Germany: Listed as Endangered (level 2) (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996) Greece: It is protected by the Greek Law 67/1991. Some locations are in Natura 2000 sites. Italy: Harvesting is limited in some regions Lithuania: It is not protected. It can be found in protected areas, but the species is not the target. No action needed. Norway: Least Concern (Artsdatabanken 2010) Russia: Least Concern (I. Illarionova pers. comm. 2010) Sweden: Protected but not included in the national red list. Switzerland: Least Concern (Moser et al. 2002) but legally protected in three regions. Ukraine: Protected in Poliskij and Rivnenskij reserves and in many zakazniks. UK: Least Concern (Cheffings 2005)","The fruit is edible and the leaves are used in tea. It has been used as medicinal plant especially for the treatment of urinary infections as it has antiseptic and antibacterial properties. The leaves contain hydroquinones which can have toxic effects (Plants For A Future 2010, World Health Organisation 2002). It is sometimes cultivated as ornamental and to produce honey.",,"Siu Ting, K., Bazos, I., Dostalova, A., Gygax, A., Melnyk, V., Petrova, A. & Rasomavicius, V.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,CAPPARALES,CRUCIFERAE,Armoracia,macrocarpa,,Armoracia macrocarpa,,"Armoracia macrocarpa (Waldst. & Kit.) Baumg. is a wild relative of horseradish, A. rusticana P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb.",Yes,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



Armoracia macrocarpa is recorded in several countries as rare or very rare and is nationally threatened or Near Threatened throughout its range. There has been a decrease in the number of known localities and its distribution is severely fragmented. It is naturally vulnerable due to habitat specialization and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat—a trend which is expected to continue. However, further research is needed to determine the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO), and size and trend of the global population in order to evaluate this species against the Red List criteria. It is therefore currently assessed as Data Deficient.



It is reported to occur within three Natura 2000 sites; population monitoring and management at these sites is an urgent priority, as is collection and ex situ storage of germplasm from all subpopulations.",Unknown,"A. macrocarpa is native to the central Danube basin (Tutin et al . 1964). According to Euro+Med PlantBase (2006), it is native to Croatia, Former Czechoslovakia, Former Yugoslavia, Hungary, Romania, Serbia and Slovakia. It is a Pannonian endemic. In Slovakia, this species is restricted to the Východoslovenská nížina Lowland in the southeast of the country. The number of localities was recorded as c. 20 by Michalková and Marhold (2002); however, only two localities are now known (Balla pers. comm. 2010). In Hungary it occurs in the North Hungarian Mountains (Mátra margins), Great Hungarian Plain (Danube region, Danube-Tisza köze region and Tiszántúl region) and South Transdanubia (Somogy and Szekszárd). It has a fragmented distribution, especially in northeastern parts of the country (Soó 1966, Simon 1992). In Serbia it has a scattered distribution in Vojvodina and in the north of the country. It is extinct from a few localities in the surroundings of Belgrade (former Makiš wetland) and Požarevac. In addition, the species has not been rediscovered since the second half of the last century in Fruška Gora and Deliblatska sands. Additional field investigations are needed as its distribution in Serbia is not well known. In Romania it is only found at one locality in the southwest.","In Slovakia it is very rare, while in Hungary and Romania it is described as rare. In Serbia it is very rare and endangered and has gone extinct from the majority of the known localities; however, there has been no estimation of the population size in the past several decades. The population is probably decreasing but there is insufficient knowledge of the entire population to substantiate this.","In Hungary it grows in reeds ( Scirpo-Phragmitetum austro-orientale ), wet meadows ( Phalaridetum arundinaceae ) and salt meadows ( Agrosti (o) - Alopecuretum pratensis ) and favours alkaline soils, salt tolerant, wet or water covered adherent loam-, clay-, salt soils, rich in nutrients and alkaline minerals (Soó 1966, Simon 1992). In Romania it grows in wet pastures and in seasonally flooded pastures in the wet period. The maximum altitude in Romania is 100 m asl. There is no detailed information on the specific habitat of this species in Serbia except that it grows in wet meadows.","A. macrocarpa is a naturally rare species due to its specialized habitat preference, which makes it more vulnerable to threats. Drainage of wet meadows to grow crops could be playing a major role in the decline of the population. In addition, the transformation of salt marshes into fish ponds across the Pannonian plain could have a negative impact. In Slovakia it is threatened by a decrease in suitable habitat due to abandonment of livestock grazing on pastures leading to secondary succession, while in Romania, wet pastures are naturally flooded by the River Danube which can be polluted, affecting the species' habitat.",The genus Armoracia is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as part of the brassica complex and A. macrocarpa is listed in Annex I of the Convention on the conservation of European wildlife and natural habitats (Bern Convention). Its national threat and conservation status has been recorded as follows:  Slovakia: Endangered (EN) (Michalková and Marhold 2002).   Hungary:  Near threatened (NT) (Király 2007)  . It is protected according to the national list of protected and strictly protected plant and animal species and the Government decree on the Natura 2000 sites for the restoration of natural habitats and the maintenance of viable populations of protected species. Croatia: Near Threatened (NT) (Nikolić and Topić 2005). Romania: Endangered (EN) (Dihoru and Negrean 2009). It is conserved ex situ in botanical gardens.   Serbia (Stevanović pers. comm. 2010) : It is very rare and extinct from the majority of known localities. It has been estimated as Endangered (EN) (Stevanović 2000) but it is now thought that it could be Critically Endangered (CR) because it has not been found since the second half of the last century at localities cited in literature. New field investigations are needed for re-evaluation. It occurs in the following Natura 2000 sites (European Environment Agency 2010):  Kesznyéten (Hungary). Munţii Maramureşului and Porţile de Fier (Romania). Kalimok - Brashlen (Bulgaria). EURISCO reports only one germplasm accession of A. macrocarpa held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.,"A. macrocarpa is a wild relative of and potential gene donor to horseradish, A. rusticana .",,"Eliáš, P., Vörösváry, G., Stevanović, V., and Strajeru, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,COMPOSITAE,Arnica,montana,,Arnica montana,,There are two known subspecies: Arnica montana ssp. montana and Arnica montana ssp. atlantica A.Bolòs described in 1948.,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Arnica montana is widespread in Europe and is found at hundreds of localities. The populations are stable in some countries and declining in other parts of its range. The reasons for this decline are partly due to collection of the plant for medicinal purposes and partly due to habitat loss. This plant is found mainly in acidic and nutrient poor grasslands and shrublands, a habitat that changes among others due to abandonment of grazing activities or fertilisation to use the land for agriculture. The species is currently classed as Least Concern as it is too abundant to be at risk of extinction in the near future, however the population trends should be monitored.",Decreasing,"Arnica montana is endemic to Europe where it is found from Norway to the Balkans and from Spain to Ukraine. In France, the species is reported from more than 1,000 localities and is found in the Alps, Pyrenees, eastern and Mediterranean area and is only absent in the west and northwest. In Italy, it occurs in the Alps and northern Apennines. It is common in the Czech Republic in mountains and is scattered in all of Slovenia with small local populations. It occurs in most of Denmark's lowlands in the mainland and in the west. In Norway and Sweden there are hundreds of localities. In Switzerland, the species can be found over more than 50% of the country. In Ukraine, it grows in the Carpathian Mountains. Single isolated populations were founds in the 19th and first half of the 20th century in the lowland part of Ukraine (Lvivska and Zytomirska regions) but are now likely to be extinct. In Bulgaria, the only evidence for the species presence is a single herbarium sheet from the Rila mountains without further specifications of the locality. Its presence is therefore considered doubtful.","The populations are stable and big in some countries such as Switzerland and the Ukrainian Carpathian mountains but seem to be slowly or strongly decreasing in other countries. In Slovenia and the Czech Republic, for example, there is a slow decrease due to changes to its natural habitat and collection of the plant. There are strong population declines, e.g. in Lithuania where the size of subpopulations is usually small and the species is sporadically distributed, or in Scandinavia due to shifting agricultural methods. In Luxembourg, it used to be locally quite common in grazed grasslands and heaths and was formerly known from 14 localities whereas now only four populations remain. The current populations show no establishment of seedlings.","Arnica montana is a perennial plant that flowers from June to July and prefers acid and poor soils. It is mainly found in grassland and shrubland and alpine mountain environments. It also grows in dry pine forests, meadows, grazed moors on siliceous soils, marginal parts of spruce forests, open forest edges, mowing pastures, road and path sides, margins of peatlands. It can be found in coastal heath and benefits from occasional burning of heathlands. The species occurs in the following habitat types of the Habitats Directive (Commission of the European Communities 2009):   4030 European dry heaths 6230 Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on silicious substrates in mountain areas (and submountain areas in Continental Europe) 4060 Alpine and boreal heaths 9430 Subalpine and montane Pinus uncinata forests 7140 Transition mires and quaking bogs","The picking of the flowers for medicinal purposes is one of the main threats to this species although it is illegal in some countries (e.g. France). Another threat is coming from agriculture. Here the application of fertilisers to grassland in order to increase the ph, such as limestone dust, decrease the suitability of the habitat for Arnica montana that naturally prefers nutrient-poor soils. The abandonment of grasslands leads to a change in vegetation such as mosses and tall plants that can outcompete Arnica montana . A change of grazing from cattle to sheep impacts the species although it is generally well adapted to grazing as it has flat leaves on the ground. Reforestation also reduces the habitat available to Arnica montana . In some areas skiing is affecting the species as it causes soil compaction.","Arnica montana is listed on Annex V of the Habitats Directive and on Annex D of the Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 of 9 December 1996 on the protection of species of wild fauna and flora by regulating trade therein. There are protection measures in place for some European countries and it features in some national red lists:  In Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia it is classed as Vulnerable on the national red lists. Czech Republic: protected by national Law and included in national parks and protected landscape areas. France: protected in several regions (Aquitaine, Centre, Bourgogne) and more than five departements, included in several protected areas. Germany: Classed as Vulnerable (level 3) on the German Red List (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996). Hungary: classed as Extinct in the Wild on the national red list Italy: not on the national red list but some populations are in regional parks and prevents regional collection by law. Lithuania: classed as Vulnerable, protected according to national and regional law. Luxembourg: classed as Critically Endangered on the national red list. Slovenia: classed as Vulnerable on the 2002 red list, protected by law which it prevents from being collected. Several localities are in protected areas such as Natura 2000 sites, national parks, regional parks. Sweden: classed as Near Threatened on the Swedish red list 2010. Switzerland: classed as Least Concern on Swiss Red List (Moser et al. 2002) but regionally found in protected areas. Collections are accepted but there are rules about the amount. Ukraine: included in the 1996 Red Data Book of Ukraine, but not included in the 2009 edition of this book. It is protected in the Carpathian biosphere reserve, in the Tapichirkiskij, Urochychcze Zatinky, Teresjanka, Chorkyj Dil, Stebnyk protected areas, and in the nature monument Verchnje Ozerychere.  Future recommended actions include to manage the mowing of meadows, provide land owners with financial support to graze, and control the change of agricultural practices. In general, in face of the threats the species is facing it should be monitored. In Luxembourg, site management to encourage seedling establishment is needed.","Arnica montana is a medicinal plant that is used to treat bruises and sprains externally but also internally for the treatment of heart complaints and as a booster for the immune system. It is used internally in homeopathic medicine but can be toxic in quite low doses. The parts of the plant that are used are mainly the flowers, but also the roots, the leaves or the whole plant is known to be harvested (Plants For A Future 2010). It can also be used to make spices.",,"Falniowski, A., Bazos, I., Hodálová, I., Lansdown, R. & Petrova, A.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,COMPOSITAE,Artemisia,absinthium,,Artemisia absinthium,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species is classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations and no major threats.",Stable,"Artemisia absinthium is native to temperate and tropical Asia, North Africa and throughout Europe except the far north. It is widely naturalised elsewhere (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2012).",It is common throughout Europe and is a persistent species with stable populations.,"A medium to tall, strongly aromatic, tufted, perennial herb found on dry uncultivated land, roadsides, waste ground, quarries, gravel pits and coastal habitats. It flowers from July to August. It is a persistent species in urban and maritime areas (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012, Blamey and Grey-Wilson 2003, European Medicines Agency 2009).",There are no significant threats to this species.,"As it is a relatively common species with no known threats as a result there are currently no conservation actions. It is listed as Vulnerable in the Netherlands (van der Meijden et al. 2000) and Near Threatened in Luxembourg (Colling 2005), but is classed as Least Concern in Estonia (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012), Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996), Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010), Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002) and the UK (Cheffings and Farrell 2005).","Wormwood is a very bitter plant with a long history of use as a medicinal herb and for flavouring purposes. It contains absinthe oil which can cause allergic dermatitis (Lewis and Elvin-Lewis 2003). Absinthii herba is used in herbal preparations from comminuted herbal substance, expressed juice from the fresh herb and tincture in solid or liquid dosage forms or as herbal tea for oral use for temporary loss of appetite, mild dyspeptic/gastrointestinal disorders. The parts used include the basal leaves or slightly leafy, flowering tops, or a mixture of these dried, whole or cut organs. Absinthii herba is used medically with a very long tradition, but it is also used as an ingredient in the liquor absinthe (European Medicines Agency 2009a,b; Plants for a Future 2012).",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,COMPOSITAE,Artemisia,alba,,Artemisia alba,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Artemisia alba has a wide distribution in Europe and is not regarded to be highly valued for medicinal or other uses compared with other species of Artemisia. The species Artemisia herba-alba is of medicinal importance and not to be confused with this species. It is widespread in Italy and Bulgaria and is more fragmented in Spain and France. Given its broad distribution and the fact that there are no known significant threats to the species or population decline, it is listed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Artemisia alba is native to southern Europe and north Africa (Greuter 2006-2009). It is widespread in Italy (Maggio et al. 2012). In Spain the recorded localities appear to be fragmented over the north, central and southern parts (Anthos 2010). In France its distribution is also fragmented over the north and central parts (INPN 2012). In Bulgaria, where it is found up to 1,500 metres asl, it has a wide distribution in the north and is fragmented in the south (Assyov and Petrova 2006). It is found from many localities in Albania (L. Shuka pers. comm. 2013). It appears to occur only occasionally in Austria and the Czech Republic, and its origin in Slovakia is uncertain (Greuter 2006-2009).",No population information is available.,"This is an aromatic perennial shrub which flowers from September to December. It is found on dry, limy and eroded areas in xerophytic oak belt, grey steppe or desert; it occupies graveley or calcareous soils, often in montane areas (Perfumi et al. 1999, Lipman et al. 2007).","In the Carpathian Basin, regional threats include habitat destruction (e.g., from stone mines) and abandonment of former agricultural practices (e.g., extensive grazing) (G. Király pers. comm. 2013). These threats may also be affecting the species elsewhere in its distribution.","There are no known conservation actions in place for this species. It is not threatened in Hungary (G. Király pers. comm. 2013). In Bulgaria, gathering for trade is prohibited under special protection and use Ordinance no. RD-71/2007 (Evstatieva et al. 2007). It is found in four Natura 2000 sites in Italy and one in France (European Environment Agency 2010).","This species is not believed to be of important medicinal value, but the essential oil can be obtained from inflorescences or flowering tops to enhance spasmolytic activity (Coassini Lokar et al. 1987, Perfumi et al. 1999). The aerial parts have been found to contain Santonin, the roots contain a sesquiterpene-coumarin ether and the aerial parts of A. alba collected in Calabria (Italy) showed the absence of sesquiterpenoids and the presence of several nerolidol derivatives. The essential oil contains Camphor and isopinocamphone (Maggio et al. 2012). It is not to be confused with Artemisia herba-alba .",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,COMPOSITAE,Artemisia,campestris,,Artemisia campestris,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations in parts of its range and therefore the risk of the species going completely extinct in Europe is quite low. Local conservation attention is recommended for the areas where the species is declining.",Decreasing,"Artemisia campestris is distributed across Africa, Asia, Europe and North America (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2012).","This species is widespread in Europe and relatively common. However, local declines have been noted.","Artemisia campestris is a lowland species that is found in short open grassland, heath, sand dunes and sandy soils in coastal areas, along forest rides and tracks and abandoned arable fields. It can also survive in urban areas and has been found at roadsides (Klotz et al. 2002, Preston et al. 2002).","Within the United Kingdom many sites of A. campestris have been lost to agriculture, forestry or building development. The species is vulnerable to grazing by rabbits (Preston et al. 2002). Threats from other areas of its distribution are not known.","It can be found in ex situ collections, for example in the UK. The species has been listed as Vulnerable in the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005) but as Least Concern in Denmark (NERI 2007) and Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010). The taxon Artemisia campestris ssp. bottnica is listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (for Europe) (IUCN 2011).","This species is used in medicine to stimulate blood flow in the uterus and pelvic area, to treat stomach problems, or to relieve rheuma, eczema and sores. The roots have been used in perfumes as they are aromatic (Plants For A Future 2012).",,"Bilz, M.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,COMPOSITAE,Artemisia,granatensis,,Artemisia granatensis,,,Yes,EN,A2ad,Yes,EN,A2ad,EU27,,"Global, European, EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



Artemisia granatensis listed as Endangered because of a drastic population decline, estimated to be more than 50% between the years 1994 and 2003, based on direct observation and the levels of exploitation. Its distribution is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the number of subpopulations and in the number of mature individuals, mainly due to collection, predation by herbivores and the low capacity of adaptation to adverse climatic conditions of the species.",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to the mountains of Sierra Nevada, southern Spain (Hernández Bermejo et al . 2004). It can be found in two locations: one in the province of Granada, comprising 10 subpopulations; and one in the province of Almeria. A wider distribution was reported in the past, being currently described as severely fragmented. Its area of occupancy has been estimated in 15 km².","Total population size is 452 individuals (Hernández Bermejo et al. 2004). The population size is thought to be higher, although less than 2,000 individuals. Comparing previous census (1994), a decrease in the number of mature adults of more than 50% can be observed up to the year 2003, as well as the disappearance of some subpopulations.","This herb is found in grasslands on steep slopes of high Mediterranean mountains. It occurs in dry, rocky sites, screes, ledges and crevices and rock fissures. It is commonly associated to other endemic species. Frequent accompanying species are Festuca clementei, Erigeron frigidus, Hormathophylla purpurea, Arenaria tetraquetra, Sempervivum minutum and Papaver lapeyrousianum.

Flowers are unattractive to insects. The achenes have great capacity for germination, but lose viability over time (Hernández Bermejo et al. 2004).","The lack of popular awareness appears as the main factor threatening this species, which has been often collected for medicinal purposes (Hernández Bermejo et al. 2004). Predation by herbivores has been also reported as a threat. The species presents low genetic variability between populations, which has been thought to be due to low capacity of adaptation to adverse climatic conditions.","This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species ""En peligro de extinción"" in the Spanish national catalogue of threatened species. It is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) A2ad; B1ab(iv,v) in the Spanish Red List 2008 (Moreno 2008).

It occurs within the protected area Parque Nacional de Sierra Nevada, where a recovery programme is established. In vitro cultivation has been developed. Plant material is stored in several germplasm banks.

Illegal collection should be efficiently controlled through awareness campaigns. Cultivation and propagation have to be enhanced in order to satisfy the needs of population reinforcement plans and traditional uses. Variability in germplasm banks should be increased (Hernández Bermejo et al. 2004).",This species is harvested for medicinal purposes.,,"Hernández-Bermejo, J.E., Contreras, P., Clemente, M. & Prados, J.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,COMPOSITAE,Artemisia,santonicum,,Artemisia santonicum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Artemesia santonicum is a halophyte found in saline habitats;in eastern Europe. It can be common in the appropriate habitats, and has been described as a dominant or co-dominant species in saline soils, but is rare overall in parts of its range due to its specific habitat requirements. This species is quite widespread, though is undergoing some local declines. It is not considered to be of particularly important medicinal use within Europe.

Given this species' widespread distribution and the lack of known significant threats, it is classified as Least Concern.",Decreasing,Artemisia santonicum is native to Eastern Europe and Asia minor (Greuter 2006-2009). It is widespread in the north and central part of Bulgaria where it is found at elevations up to 500 metres asl (Assyov and Petrova 2006).,"The number of individuals is unknown but it has been described as a frequent co-dominant species in the Carpathian Basin (Werger and van Staalduinen 2012) and dominant in saline soils in Czech Republic, northwest Romania and Slovakia (Elias et al. 2013). It is one of the most common saline grassland species in Romania and central Eurasia (Badarau and Malos 2011). It is locally abundant in Hungary, but rare overall in Slovakia and the Czech Republic because of its special soil requirements (it is a plant of saline dry grasslands) (G. Király pers. comm. 2013). It is known to be decreasing and is considered Endangered in Slovakia (Feráková et al. 2001, Eliáš et al. 2013), where it reaches the absolute north-western limit of its distribution. This species presents some taxonomical uncertainties, particularly in relation to related minor species from West Asia, Crimea, Caucasus (G. Király pers. comm. 2013).","Salt Steppe Wormwood is a frequent co-dominant, short-lived, suffrutescent perennial forb species characteristic of shortgrass Artemisis alkali steppe of the Carpathian Basin; it grows on saline soils which are periodically moist for a short time (Werger and van Staalduinen 2012). It is also found in clearings of alkali steppe oak woodlands as a salt tolerant species (Török et al. 2011), and is characteristic of salt steppe, salt marshes and saline lagoons as defined under the EUNIS habitats (European Environment Agency 2010). It is described as becoming more frequent during dry years (Balazs 2012).",This species is threatened by succession and re-cultivation of alkali steppes in parts of its range (Ferakova and Hodálová pers. comm. 2013). Its frequency may be affected by water regimes on salt rich vegetation and grazing levels (Balazs 2012).,"Salt Steppe Wormwood is listed as Data Deficient in Croatia (Nikolić and Topić 2005). It is a Protected species in the Slovakian Red Data Book (Čeřovský et al. 1999), and is Endangered [criteria A2ac;Bab(ii,iii,iv,v)] in Slovakia according to the two most recent Red Lists (Feráková et al. 2001, Eliáš et al. in prep.). The alkali steppe oak woodland this species inhabits is considered to be a rare habitat type in the Carpathian Basin, of high conservation value and traditionally managed by low intensity cattle grazing. Its grassland steppe habitat is also traditionally managed by low intensity cattle grazing (Török et al. 2011). This species occurs in five Natura 2000 sites in Slovakia, three in Romania, and many sites in Hungary, as well as one biogenetic reserve in Austria (European Environment Agency 2010). It is important that adequate conservation measures be implemented to halt population declines where the species is threatened.","The aerial parts, mainly the flower buds are used as a medicinal plant in Turkish folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (Lipman 2009, Korkmaz and Gürdal 2002). The essential oil has antibacterial and antifungal properties (Kordali et al. 2005).",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,COMPOSITAE,Artemisia,umbelliformis,,Artemisia umbelliformis,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Artemisia umbelliformis is a naturally rare Alpine plant which has undergone declines as a result of indiscriminate picking for its use in the production of the liquor 'Genepi' (Bicchi et al. 1984, Binet et al. 2011). Its collection is now prohibited in Switzerland and Italy, but continues in France on a regulated level. It is widely cultivated within these regions for liquor production (except in southern France where it is still collected), which has relieved collection pressure on wild populations and thereby is preventing further declines. Its status in other countries within its range is more uncertain; there is a lack of information on the population and distribution in the Carpathian and Balkan mountains.



Given its broad distribution and the protection measures currently in place across parts of its range (precisely in the regions where collection has been most well-documented), A. umbelliformis is provisionally listed as Least Concern. However, if its population is small and collection pressure is high across its range, and given its increased rarity, it may warrant listing in a higher category of threat.",Stable,"Artemisia umbelliformis is native to montane regions of central and southern Europe, where it is found at elevations over 1,600 metres (Greuter 2006-2009). In Spain it has a small disjunct distribution restricted to various localities in the Pyrenees, one locality in the Cantabrian Mountains and one in the Sierra Nevada (Anthos 2010, Sanz et al. 2007). In France it is restricted to the Pyrenees and the Alps (INPN 2012). There is a lack of information on the population and distribution in the Carpathian and Balkan mountains, and no information to confirm its presence in Slovakia or Poland. It does not occur in Bulgaria or Romania (Assyov and Petrova 2006, Badarau and Malos 2011).","The total number of individuals in the wild is not known, but this species has been described as a rare plant (Bicchi et al. 1982). It is extremely rare in Germany, where it is restricted to the south in the Alps (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2012). In Spain, Sanz et al. (2007) observed 142 individuals in nineteen populations.","Artemisia umbelliformis is herbaceous aromatic perennial plant symbolic of the flora of the Alps, found in montane grasslands, rocks, screes or moraines (Binet et al . 2011). Plants in the wild have a life cycle of 10 years, whereas those in cultivation only live for 3-5 years; flowers are produced in the second year and diminish after 3-4 years (Binet et al. 2011).","Indiscriminate picking and collection of this already rare plant (amongst other species of Artemisia , including A. rupestris and A. genipi ) at artisanal levels as well as small-to-large industries has increased its rarity (Bicchi et al. 1984, Binet et al . 2011).","This species is considered to be Rare in Germany (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2012) and is classified as Least Concern in Switzerland (Moser et al . 2002). It is found in six Natura 2000 sites in Italy and three biogenetic reserves in Austria and France (European Environment Agency 2010). Harvesting is forbidden in Switzerland and Italy. In France, the plants are collected in a regulated manner according to the regions. The Hautes-Alpes region aims to reduce or even stop the collecting of wild flowers of Alpine Artemisia species destined for liquor production, thereby creating an urgent need for development in crop production systems. A. umbelliformis is the only Alpine Artemisia species that has been successfully cultivated in some Alpine areas of France and on a larger scale in the western Alps of Italy; this cultivation offers protection of endangered habitats and preservation of natural plant resources within the Alps. For successful culture, specific conditions are required: the plant cannot grow at elevations below 1,600 metres and requires drained soils, south facing exposition and propagation by seed production (Binet et al. 2011). In Italy it is included in the list of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) cited in the Royal Decree n° 772 of 1932 where the quantity allowed to be harvested is 1 kg (aerial parts) (Baričevič et al. 2004).","Studies have been carried out on the essential oil obtained from Alpine Wormwood plants in the Italian Alps. It is considered to be an important alpine plant used to make flavoured beverages and the highly prized Alpine liqueur known as 'Genepi' which is of considerable commercial importance. Due to its rarity and high cost it is cultivated in the Alps in Italy, France and Switzerland for its essential oil (Rubiolo et al . 2009, Bicchi et al. 1984). The highly scented, dried flowering parts were originally used in traditional medicine to prepare herbal infusions against coughs (Binet et al. 2011). The extract is rich in essential oil, tannins and flavanoids and it is organically cultivated for use in cosmetic applications for its anti-oxidative, radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties (Centerchem Inc. 2011).",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,COMPOSITAE,Artemisia,vulgaris,,Artemisia vulgaris,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species is classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations and no major threats.",Stable,"Artemisia vulgaris is native to North Africa, temperate Asia and Europe, except the extreme north (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2012).",Common throughout all of Europe with stable populations.,"A medium to tall tufted, aromatic perennial herb found in hedgerows, riverbanks, roadsides and waste places growing on a variety of fertile soil types. It occurs in urban areas where its seeds are easily dispersed through human activity and flowers from May to September (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012, Blamey and Grey-Wilson 2003).",There are no known threats to this species.,"As it is a common species. There are currently no conservation actions. It is listed as Least Concern in Denmark (NERI 2007), Estonia (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012), Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996), Luxembourg (Colling 2005), Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010), Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002) and the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005).","The whole plant extracts are used in phytotherapy for epilepsy and in combination for psychoneuroses, depression, irritability, insomnia and anxiety states (Lewis and Elvin-Lewis 2003). Mugwort has a long history of use in herbal medicine for complaints of the digestive system, menstrual pain and the treatment of worms. It is slightly toxic and prolonged dosage can damage the nervous system. An infusion of the leaves and flowering tops is used in the treatment of nervous and spasmodic affections, sterility, functional bleeding of the uterus, dysmenorrhoea, asthma and diseases of the brain. The leaves have an antibacterial action against many bacteria. The stem and roots are tonic and antispasmodic and known as one of the best stomachics (Plants for a Future 2012). Its essential oil is effective as a repellent and fumigant against insect pests (Wang et al. 2006).",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,LILIOPSIDA,LILIALES,ASPARAGACEAE,Asparagus,officinalis,,Asparagus officinalis,,"Asparagus officinalis L. is a primary wild relative of cultivated asparagus, A. officinalis .",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Asparagus officinalis is regionally assessed as Least Concern. It is widely distributed throughout most of Europe and the population trend is generally stable. It grows in a range of habitat types and there are no reported major threats.

A. officinalis subsp. prostratus is however Endangered in Great Britain; therefore, the subpopulations of this taxon require active management and monitoring.",Stable,"A. officinalis is native to most of central and southern Europe and to north Africa. It has been introduced and become naturalized across northern Europe, Australasia and parts of north and south America (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). Knowledge of its national distribution is available for the following European countries: Slovakia: occurs in the west, southwest, south and southeast of the country (Dostál and Červenka 1992). Norway: southeast coast. Germany: widespread. Hungary: widespread (Soó 1966, Simon 1992). France: widespread; occurs in all departments with the exceptions of Gers, Hérault and Gard in the south and Paris to the north (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010). United Kingdom: Asparagus officinalis ssp. prostratus has a particularly narrow coastal range occurring in five localities in south Wales, nine in southwest England and seven in the Channel Islands (Preston et al . 2002). Asparagus officinalis ssp. officinalis has a much larger range—it has a patchy distribution in the west of the UK but is widespread in East Anglia and the southeast (Preston et al . 2002). It is present in only one locality in Northern Ireland and four localities in southern Scotland, near Edinburgh (Preston et al . 2002). Ireland: Asparagus officinalis ssp. prostratus has a particularly narrow coastal range, occurring in only seven localities in eastern Ireland (Preston et al . 2002). A. officinalis ssp. officinalis also has a narrow range, occurring in only five localities on the east coast (Preston et al . 2002).","Knowledge of the European population of this species is as follows: Slovakia: the subpopulations are scattered but the population trend is stable. Germany: widespread and common. Central Europe: stable. United Kingdom: Asparagus officinalis ssp. prostratus is showing some evidence of decline in terms of both range and frequency; those populations that remain are small, scattered and single-sexed (Preston et al . 2002).","In the Mediterranean, A. officinalis is found in many habitats, from hedgerows and grassy habitats to scrub, wasteland and coastal areas (Blamey and Grey-Wilson 2004). In central Europe, it also occurs in steppe in warm regions. In Hungary, it grows in dry oak woodlands ( Orno-Quercetum ( pubescenti-cerris, Corno-Quercetum ) karst scrub-forests, shrubs ( Crataegetum danubiale ), steppe woodlands ( Campanolo-Stipetum tirsae ), sand steppes ( Brometum tectorum ) and salt steppes ( Achilleo-Festucetum pseudovinae ) (Soó 1966, Simon 1992). It occurs in a range of soil types, but prefers calcareous soils, rich in nutrients and alkaline minerals (Soó 1966, Simon 1992). According to Preston et al . (2002), A. officinalis ssp. prostratus prefers lowland areas, occurring on free-draining sea-cliffs (where it grows through Festuca rubra in rocky soils) and sand dunes (commonly found alongside paths). Tutin et al. (1980) also noted that this taxon occurs on coastal sands and rocks. A. officinalis ssp. officinalis prefers free-draining sandy soils and lowlands (Preston et al . 2002).",There are currently no known threats to this species.,"The genus Asparagus is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Knowledge of the national threat/protection status of this species in Europe is as follows: Great Britain: A. officinalis ssp. prostratus is listed as Endangered (EN C2a(i)); A. officinalis ssp. officinalis is listed as Least Concern (LC) (Cheffings and Farrell 2005). Denmark: classified as Least Concern (LC) (Den Danske Rødliste 2010). Hungary: this species is not protected (Király 2007). EURISCO reports 92 germplasm accessions of A. officinalis held in European genebanks, 33 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 26 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).",Wild populations of A. officinalis are potential gene donors for cultivated asparagus improvement. The species is also collected for ornamental purposes.,,"Kell, S.P.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,POLYPODIOPSIDA,POLYPODIALES,ASPLENIACEAE,Asplenium,trichomanes,,Asplenium trichomanes,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species is classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations and no major threats. Its uses are limited and it is one of the most common ferns found throughout Europe.",Stable,"Asplenium trichomanes is native to temperate Asia, Australia, North America, Africa and Europe (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2012).","A very widespread and common species over many continents. The tetraploid subspecies Asplenium trichomanes ssp. quadrivalens is one of the most common and widespread ferns in Europe and is very abundant whereas the diploid subspecies Asplenium trichomanes ssp. trichomanes is much rarer (National Museums of Northern Ireland 2010, Suter et al. 2000).","A perennial evergreen fern found in montane areas growing in rocky habitats such as cliffs, screes, mines and is commonly found growing on walls, grikes and limestone pavements (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012, Castroviejo et al . 1986, Joint Nature Conservation Committee 2012).","There are no known significant threats to this species. However, in the United Kingdom the rarity of this species is associated with the loss of limestone pavements and grazing pressure although light grazing favours this species spread beyond grikes (Joint Nature Conservation Committee 2012).","It is listed as Vulnerable in Estonia (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012) and Least Concern in Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010), Luxembourg (Colling 2005), Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002) and the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005) . In the United Kingdom, the species is protected in certain areas (Joint Nature Conservation Committee 2012).",The medicinal uses of this plant are limited. The fronds are taken to make a sweet tea used to relieve pain and discomfort of mucous membranes and a laxative and has been used in the treatment of chest complaints and to promote menstruation (Plants for a Future 2012).,,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,COMPOSITAE,Aster,amellus,,Aster amellus,,,No,LC,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



Aster amellus has a wide distribution in Europe. However, the overall population is fragmented, and it is rare and is declining throughout western Europe due to the loss of calcareous grasslands. This species is found in different habitats in the southeastern part of its range, where it may be less affected by habitat loss; however, there is a need for further information on the population status in eastern Europe. Within the EU 27, this species is present in 15 of the 27 EU countries.

Although there are no specific population estimates, it is declining or listed as threatened over half its EU 27 range: it is considered rare and declining in Poland, strongly declining in France, Near Threatened in Germany, Vulnerable in the Czech Republic, Endangered in Austria, and Critically Endangered in Luxembourg and northern Italy. Although it is classified as Least Concern in Switzerland, it is found predominantly in the northern states with fragmented smaller populations in the south and is declining in many areas. It is therefore suspected to have declined by at least 20% across the EU 27 in the past 30-60 years, and is listed Near Threatened approaching criterion A.



It is not likely that immigration from populations outside the EU 27 could restore EU 27 populations, as distribution of the species is dispersal limited and especially considering the genetic and geographic separation of the two cytotopes, so the EU 27 category remains unchanged. Across Europe, Aster amellus is assessed as Least Concern as it occupies a wider range of habitats and there are few documented declines across its southeastern and eastern range.

More specific information on the current population size, trend and the overall rate of decline is needed, especially from the Balkans and far eastern Europe, to verify whether the species needs to be included in a higher threat category.",Decreasing,"Aster amellus is native to Central and Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Russia (Greuter 2006-2009). Though the species has a mostly continuous range in continental Europe, there is a large gap where A. amellus is missing from the Great Hungarian Plain, where predominating sandy and partly salinized soils that the species does not tolerate are present in several montane regions; further distribution gaps are located in several montane regions where the subtrate consists largely of acidic granite and gneissose rocks (Münzbergová et al. 2011). The species' distribution is dispersal limited both between and within localities (Münzbergová et al. 2011). In Bulgaria it is found throughout the country at elevations up to 1000 metres asl (Assyov and Petrova 2006). It is said to have become naturalised in the UK and Spain, however there are no records on Anthos (2010) or the Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora (2012) to confirm its presence there. There is only one record from Norway on the south coast (Artsdatabanken 2010). It has been introduced into Estonia through large scale cultivation. Its presence in Lithuania is uncertain.","The total population size is unknown. Aster amellus occurs in populations of different sizes ranging from few to tens of thousands of individuals (Münzbergová et al. 2011). One study of the European population surveyed 4720 individuals from 229 subpopulations (Castro et al. 2012), while a similar survey in the Czech Republic surveyed 2175 individuals from 87 subpopulations (Mandakova and Munzbergova 2006); neither were comprehensive population counts, instead sampling an equal number of individuals per subpopulation. The number of flowering individuals in a population can vary among years depending on weather conditions, and densisites of the stands depend on environmental conditions, ranging from sparse stands in open forest to densities of up to 7.5 flowering individuals per 1 m² (Münzbergová et al. 2011). This plant is rare in Poland and the Czech Republic (Raabova et al. 2007). It is a widely cultivated and commercialized species in many areas of the world; there are many garden cultivars and hybrids available on the market. The cultivated type generally does not escape to the wild and does not interact with natural populations (Z. Münzbergová pers. comm. 2013, Münzbergová et al. 2011). This species is polyploid (having more than two sets of chromosomes) and exists primarily as two different cytotypes (individuals of a species that have different chromosomal factors) in Europe, diploid and hexaploid, though some minority cytotypes also exist (Mandakova and Munzbergova 2006, Castro et al. 2012). These cannot be distinguished morphologically, but seem to be reproductively isolated and have largely separated gene pools. Although populations of both cytotypes occur in close proximity, most populations present only one cytotype, either diploid or hexaploid. Only one mixed population of diploids and hexaploids has been found (in Austria close to the border with Hungary), but no signs of cytotype hybridization were detected. This is unusual since there seem to be to be no significant ecological differences between diploid and hexaploid cytotypes. The diploid–hexaploid contact zone is large and complex: diploid populations were found throughout central and eastern Europe, while hexaploid populations were only found in central and eastern Europe; indeed, no hexaploid populations were found west of the Czech Republic (Castro et al. 2012). Polyploidy is viewed as an important mechanism of sympatric speciation, and these different cytotypes could possibly be distinguished as separate species. If this is the case, it will have a significant impact on the number of existing populations, population size and distribution of the individual species.","The European Michaelmas Daisy is a short to medium hairy herbaceous perennial found in calcareous grasslands, clearings, slopes, waysides, open forests, scrub and woodland margins, open woodland meadows and rocky montane places ( ""st""> ""st""> ""st""> ""st""> ""st"">Münzbergová et al . 2011). In the north part of its range it occurs in hilly landscapes or at the margin of river valleys on calcareous rocks. At the southern extent it is increasingly confined to montane habitats where mean summer precipitation is above 120 mm. The southern distribution limit in Eastern Europe is caused primarily by climate. In France and Switzerland it is found in grasslands, clearings, forest edges, slopes, waysides and open pine and oak forests. In central Europe, it mainly occurs at forest edges at the border of dry grasslands and sunny forests and prefers base rich, calcareous soils and substrates such as gravel, calcareous sand, clay, loess and silts. This plant requires semi-dry habitats (with very fluctuating moisture content) with low soil fertility and medium humus content ""st""> ""st""> ""st""> ""st""> ""st"">(Münzbergová et al . 2011). It is able to grow in badly aerated soils but is intolerant of saline soils. The growth rate in the wild is very slow and the plants can survive for decades. Its generation length likely measures ""st"">several decades ( ""st""> ""st"">Z. Münzbergová ""st""> ""st"">pers. comm. 2013). This daisy is pollinated by a variety of generalist insect pollinators. It reproduces both sexually and vegetatively, and is intolerant of competition with other plants, especially in areas of high productivity or nutrient rich soils, as well as intensive grazing or mowing (Münzbergová et al . 2011).","The typical dry calcareous grasslands that Aster amellus inhabits have declined over the last decades, causing this species to become threatened in many parts of Europe (Raabova et al . 2007, ""st""> ""st""> ""st""> ""st""> ""st"">Münzbergová et al . 2011). The quality of the habitat is vulnerable to changes in hydrology and management such as grazing.","This species has been listed on many national red lists. It is classified as Least Concern in Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002), although it is declining and threatened in many areas in Switzerland (Landolt et al. 2010). It is listed as threatened in Germany, where it is declining, and is protected under the Federal Nature Conservation Act (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2012). It is Vulnerable in both the Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000) and Belarus (Ermakova 2005), and Critically Endangered in Luxembourg (Colling 2005). It is considered to be Critically Endangered in the Marche region in northern Italy, although it is not included in the National Red List of Italy (Conti et al. 1997). It is Endangered in Austria (Fischer et al. 2008). This species was listed as Near Threatened in Hungary in 1989 but is now considered Least Concern, though it is declining in some regions (Király 2007, G. Király pers. comm. 2013). It is Least Concern in Slovakia (Institute of Botany of SAS 2011).

In France this species is protected but is currently strongly declining all over the country (CBNB-Delegation Centre, 2000). In Poland it is rare and declining, though it is found in sixteen Natura 2000 sites, where it is under strict legal protection (Zarzycki et al. 2002, Baranska et al. 2010). It is found in an additional nineteen Natura 2000 sites in Slovakia, sixteen in Hungary and one in France (European Environment Agency 2010). More information on the causes of declines throughout its range is required, as is data on the population status in the Balkans and far eastern Europe. Measures to protect its habitat are highly recommended.",Local people in Azerbaijan   use this species and other closely related Aster species (namely A. alpinus L. and A. tataricus L.) as medical plants (Mir-Babayev and Houghton 2002). The plant is edible and was used by local people in the past in Switzerland but not utilised nowadays (Landolt et al . 2010).,,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,LEGUMINOSAE,Astragalus,glycyphyllos,,Astragalus glycyphyllos,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Although this species has declined it remains locally abundant in northern Europe and is classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution and no major threats. It is not of economic importance or used for medicinal purposes.",Decreasing,"Astragalus glycyphyllos is native throughout Europe except the extreme north, Ireland, Iceland and the Faroe Islands. It is also native to temperate Asia where it occurs in western and middle Asia, the Caucasus and Siberia (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2012, Talavera et al. 1999).","A generally local and abundant species that has been declining due to loss of suitable habitat, especially in the United Kingdom where populations are becoming increasingly isolated. It is generally rarer in southern Europe and the Caucasus (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012, Plants for a Future 2012).","A medium to tall straggling perennial herb with pale green or yellowish flowers which is found in rough grassy habitats, open woodland and scrub, roadsides, railway banks, embankments, cliffs, chalk pits and montane areas. It grows in all soil types but thrives on calcareous soils with minimal grazing. It is cultivated in gardens and flowers from June to August (Blamey and Grey-Wilson 2003, Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012, Talavera et al. 1999).","This species has declined due to the loss of rough grassland and tidying up of roadside banks and verges, stone walls and changes in land use management (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012).","Astragalus glycyphyllos has been listed as Critically Endangered in the national red list of Finland (Rassi et al. 2010), but is considered as Least Concern in Denmark (NERI 2007), Estonia (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012), Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996), Luxembourg (Colling 2005), Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010), Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002) and the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005). In Bulgaria this plant is described as scarcely spread, with single populations with small areas and limited resources of no economic importance. It occurs in national parks (Evstatieva and Hardalova 2004).",The leaves can be used as a substitute for tea (Rahman 2002) and the root as a liquorice substitute. It has no medicinal properties of importance (Plants for a Future 2012).,,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,SOLANALES,SOLANACEAE,Atropa,baetica,,Atropa baetica,,,No,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv); D",No,EN,"B2ab(iii,iv); D",EU27,,"European regional and EU 27 assessment: Endangered (EN)



Atropa baetica is listed as Endangered because of its restricted and fragmented distribution, with an area of occupancy of 33 km² and a total population size of an estimated 139 individuals. Negative trends have been observed for its habitat and number of subpopulations. Predation and human presence limit the expansion of the species.",Decreasing,"This species can be found in the north of Morocco and in Spain (Martínez Lirola et al. 2004). In Spain, the populations with major number of individuals occur in the Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas (Jaén); in Andalusia further populations exist in the provinces of Almería, Granada, Málaga, Cádiz and Córdoba. In addition, it is found in the provinces of Cuenca (Serranía de Cuenca) and Guadalajara (Sierra de Armallones). Its area of occupancy is 33 km² and it presents a highly fragmented distribution.","The total number of subpopulations has been estimated in between 22 (Commission of the European Communities 2009) and 25-27 (Martínez Lirola et al. 2004). Total population size has been reported to be 139 individuals (Martínez Lirola et al. 2004). The subpopulations are severely fragmented as there is only one important nucleus of individuals in the Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y las Villas (Jaén). All the other subpopulations are very dispersed and distant from each other with one to two individuals only.","It appears sporadically in forest clearings, within different communities (Martínez Lirola et al. 2004), generally unstable. These communities often occur on basic rather moist soils, on shady sites with open exposure.","The main threat is population fragmentation due to ecological specificity and dispersal mechanism, predation by wild animals, human presence and hybridisation phenomena (Martínez Lirola et al . 2004). Predation by livestock and impact due to the presence of highly used paths, have been also reported as threats.","This species is listed on Annex II of the Habitat Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is included as species ""Vulnerable"" in the national catalogue of threatened species. It is listed as Endangered (EN) B2ab(i,iii,iv); D in the Spanish Red List (Moreno 2008).Most of the subpopulations occur within protected areas Parque Natural. Herbivores erradication plans have been implemented in some areas and most of the subpopulations are monitored. Ex situ propagation and seed viability tests have been developed and plant material has been stored in the germplasm banks Banco de Germoplasma Vegetal Andaluz (Córdoba) and Escuela Técnica de Ingenieros Agrónomos (Madrid). A recovery programme is being developed in Andalucía and Castilla La Mancha. Proposed measures include new subpopulations search, awareness and education measures development and management of herbivores presence in some areas.","Medicinal use of the species has been reported (as a homeopathic preparation), and the plant contains compounds with potential medicinal applications (e.g., tropane alkaloids, including atropine) (Maqbool et al. 2014).",,"Rodríguez Vicarío, F., Arévalo, T., Sánchez Morenilla, D., Rivas Rangel, A., Martínez Lirola, M.J., Luque Moreno, P., Gutiérrez Carretero, L., and Algarra Ávila, J.A.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,LAMIALES,LABIATAE,Ballota,nigra,,Ballota nigra,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, despite local declines. It is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.",Stable,"Ballota nigra is native to northern Africa (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia), temperate Asia and Europe from sea level to 1,500 m elevation (USDA Germplasm Resources Information Network 2012, Castroviejo et al . 2010).",It is widespread from Europe to Central Asia and North Africa (Blamey and Grey-Wilson 2003).,"A medium to tall, almost hairless and strongly aromatic perennial found in woodland margins, hedgerows, road verges and waste ground, shady meadows, along water courses on disturbed nutrient rich soils near habitations. It is pollinated by bees (Blamey and Grey-Wilson 2003, Castroviejo et al . 2010, Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012).",The threats to this species are not known.,It is listed as Vulnerable in Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002) and Least Concern in Luxembourg (Colling 2005) and the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005). This species is protected by the Medicinal Plants Act in Bulgaria (Koev 2010).,"It is an economically valued plant for production of honey by bees (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2012). Black horehound has a long history of herbal use but due to its unpleasant flavour, it is not widely used in traditional medicine. The aerial parts are the most valued medicinally for antibacterial activity in a variety of its extracted compounds (Didry et al . 1999). An infusion of this plant is known to have antioxidant properties (Vrchovská et al . 2007). An excellent remedy for the settling of nausea and vomiting where the cause lies within the nervous system rather than in the stomach. It has antiemetic properties and in the past was often used for treating problems connected with the respiratory system, convulsions, low spirits and the menopause but its effectiveness is disputed by present-day authorities. The whole plant is used internally for treatment of nervous dyspepsia, travel and morning sickness, arthritis, gout, menstrual disorders and bronchial complaints. A syrup can be made from the fresh herb (Plants for a Future 2012).",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,RANUNCULALES,BERBERIDACEAE,Berberis,vulgaris,,Berberis vulgaris,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species is classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, presumed stable populations and no major threats.",Stable,"Berberis vulgaris has a dominantly European distribution but extends into the Caucasus and Turkey (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2012).","There is no information available on populations, but they are assumed to be stable.","Barberry is a shrub of up to 3 m height. It grows in alluvial forests, deciduous mixed and coniferous woodland and forests, hedgerows, and cliffs, preferably on limestone. It can also be found on waste ground (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012, Klotz et al. 2002, Castroviejo et al. 1986). This shrub was planted as part of hedgerows but removed from those in the 19th century when it became known that it is a host of the rust fungus Puccinia graminis which affects wheat crops (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012).",There are no known or recorded threats to this species.,"Berberis vulgaris is listed as Endangered in Luxembourg (Colling 2005), Rare in Belgium (Van Landuyt et al. 2006) and Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000), and Least Concern on the national Red Lists of Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010), Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002), and the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005). It is considered not threatened in Germany (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2012).","Barberry fruits are eaten raw or dried, and are particularly used in Middle Eastern cuisine. Young leaves are also edible (Plants For A Future 2012). Barberry has medicinal properties and various plant parts have been applied for the treatment of gallbladder and liver complaints, as well as rheumatism and other inflammatory disorders, for example in the eyes, kidney complaints, skin complaints etc. (Schönfelder and Schönfelder 2011). A yellow dye is obtained from the root, bark and stem (Schönfelder and Schönfelder 2011, Hanelt et al. 2001, Castroviejo et al. 1986). The dried berries can be used as beads and the shrub is sometimes used for fuel (Plants For A Future 2012). This shrub is planted as an ornamental (Hanelt et al. 2001).",,"Bilz, M.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,CARYOPHYLLALES,CHENOPODIACEAE,Beta,vulgaris,,Beta vulgaris,,"Beta vulgaris L. contains two subspecies: B . vulgaris ssp. vulgaris and B . vulgaris ssp. maritima (L.) Arcang; however, B . vulgaris ssp. vulgaris is only cultivated or naturalized; therefore, this assessment only relates to the wild form, B . vulgaris ssp. maritima , which is the ancestor of cultivated leaf beet ( B . vulgari s ssp. vulgaris Leaf Beet Group, also known as Swiss chard), as well as garden and fodder beet (Frese 2004). A third subspecies is also recognized in some taxonomic treatments: B . vulgaris ssp. adanensis (Pamukç. ex Aellen) Ford-Lloyd & J. T. Williams (syn. B . adanensis Aellen). In Spain and Portugal (including Maderia), B. vulgaris ssp. maritima is recognized at species level as B. maritima L.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This assessment only refers to the subspecies, Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima; Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris is a cultivated variety that has also naturalised in the wild.

Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima is regionally assessed as Least Concern. The taxon is distributed in parts of northern, middle, southeastern and southwestern Europe where it mainly occurs in coastal areas but also has the ability to thrive in disturbed sites further inland. Some subpopulations are threatened by development for tourism, construction works, recreation and herbicide use but these threats are not currently causing a significant decline in the overall European subpopulation.

The taxon is however nationally threatened and in decline in some countries; therefore, national level monitoring is recommended.",Unknown,"B. vulgaris ssp. maritima is native to northern, middle, southeastern and southwestern Europe, as well as to western Asia, the Caucasus, northern Africa and Macaronesia (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). In Europe, this taxon is known from 1,300 localities (Frese 2005). Knowledge of the national distribution of B. vulgaris ssp. maritima in Europe is available for the following countries: France: occurs in most coastal departments (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010). Germany: it occurs along the coast and on islands in the North Sea (R. Vögel pers. comm. 2010). The area of occupancy (AOO) is approximately 1 km² (Frese 2005). Ireland: widespread around the entire coast (Preston et al . 2002). Italy: along the coastline. Netherlands: occurs in coastal regions (Mennema et al . 1985). Norway: present along the coastline in the southeast; the extent of occurrence is 26,000 km² and the area of occupancy is 132 km². Portugal: Algarve, scattered along the coastline. Spain: around the coast. Sweden: southwestern coast. United Kingdom: widespread along the coast of England, Wales and Northern Ireland; however, in Scotland it is patchily distributed around the coast and absent from the northeastern coastline (Preston et al . 2002).","Knowledge of the population size and trend of B. vulgaris ssp. maritima in Europe is available for the following countries: Portugal: data collected from 29 subpopulations showed a very large variation between subpopulations in effective population size (Ne) and the area populated by flowering and vegetative plants, with a minimum Ne of 8 and maximum of 1,000, and minimum area populated of 0.001 km² and maximum of 10 km² (Frese et al .1990; Frese 2004). Germany: the population size is estimated to be 100 individuals (Frese 2005). The subpopulations have been reported to be fluctuating; for example, at Burgtiefe, the subpopulation size was recorded as 35 in 1997, 100 in 1999 and 17 in 2001, while at Burger Binnensee the subpopulation size was recorded as 20, 40 and more than 70 in the same years (Frese 2005). Norway: scattered subpopulations comprising only a few plants. Some subpopulations are expanding whilst others are destroyed after a hard winter (Å. Asdal pers. comm. 2010). Netherlands: before 1950, the taxon occurred in 25 hour-squares and after 1950 in 45 hour-squares (Mennema et al . 1985). Tamis et al . (2003) report that the taxon is present in 31–100 km².","B . vulgaris ssp. maritima is mainly distributed along the coast—plants are most prevalent on beaches in a narrow band between the high tide zone and the start of the denser coastal vegetation. The taxon also occurs on cliffs and in disturbed inland sites, including at high altitudes and in depressions (Frese 2004). It is an outbreeding, wind-pollinated monoecious hermaphrodite (Frese 2005). Specific habitat types in Europe include: Spain and Portugal: sandy, saline enclaves, and loamy ruderal areas. Slovenia (Adriatic Sea coast): saline pans. Cyprus: rock fissures and sea walls, salt marshes, occasionally as a weed of cultivated or fallow fields inland, from sea level to 500 ft (Meikle 1985). Germany: eutrophic, salty grassland, cliffs. United Kingdom: according to Preston et al . (2002) this is a lowland subspecies which occurs on coastal rocks and cliffs, salt marsh drift-lines, sea walls and on sand and shingle beaches. It can also be found on coastal waste ground and very occassionally on rubbish tips and roadsides further inland (Preston et al . 2002). Netherlands: Tamis et al . (2003) report that the taxon can be found in pioneer vegetation on brackish humid soils.","It is threatened by the development of coastal areas for tourism (Frese 2005), the use of herbicides, construction of buildings and roads, traffic and recreational activities. Cold winters have an adverse effect on the taxon—it will benefit from an increase in temperature.","The genus Beta is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Knowledge of the threat and/or conservation status of B. vulgaris ssp. maritima in Europe is as follows: Norway: Near Threatened (NT) (approaching B1a+2a) (Kålås et al. 2006). Denmark: Least Concern (LC) (P. Wind pers. comm. 2010). Germany: Red List category 4; not protected (R. Vögel pers. comm. 2010). EURISCO reports 596 germplasm accessions of B. vulgaris ssp. maritima held in European genebanks, 114 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of these accessions, 86 originate from within Europe: Belgium (two), Croatia (one), Cyprus (five), France (15), Germany (four), Greece (nice), Ireland (12), Italy (20), Netherlands (one), Portugal (two), Slovenia (one), Spain (three), Sweden (one), United Kingdom (10) (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).","B . vulgaris ssp. maritima is a primary wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the beet group; including sugarbeet, beetroot, chard, spinach beet and mangels. The taxon is adapted to high sea salt concentrations (Frese 2004); therefore, it is a potential donor of salt tolerant genes. It is also a source of disease resistance genes and is sometimes collected from the wild as a leaf vegetable (Frese 2005).",,"Kell, S.P.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FAGALES,BETULACEAE,Betula,pendula,,Betula pendula,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Silver Birch is classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations and no major threats.",Stable,"The range of the Silver Birch extends from Europe to the Far East and into northwest Africa (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2012). It is native to northern Africa (Morocco), temperate Asia and Europe (except Iceland, Iberian Peninsula and Greece) but is cultivated widely and has become naturalised outside this range (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2012).","Silver Birch is most abundant in northern Europe where it follows the distribution of mixed forests where fairly large pure stands can be found. Its distribution is more patchy in southern and western parts of Europe where it is usually found at higher altitudes. In Spain, France and Italy the populations have become more fragmented and further studies on the genetic variation of these southern populations is required. In general this species produces a large amount of seed and is able to recolonise rapidly (Vakkari 2009).","A fast growing deciduous broadleaved tree growing up to 30 metres tall found in mixed woodland, heathland, moorland and mountain sides on well drained, dry, sandy or acidic soils. Silver birch is an opportunistic species and produces a huge number of seeds which are wind dispersed and is able to rapidly colonise open ground, burned ground and can become a threat to heathland. It is planted in gardens and is also found on roadsides and in parks. It hybridises with Betula pubescens and Betula aurata. The species is monoecious, male and female catkins are found in the same tree . Silver birch is characterized by hairless leaves and young shoots and by very thick bark at the base of old trunks (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012, Blamey and Grey-Wilson 2003, Vakkari 2009).","There are no major threats however plantations of birch are threatened by shoot fungi as causal agents of crown dieback but naturally regenerated birch are resistant to fungal disease (Royal Botanic Gardens Kew 2012, Forestry Commission 2012).","Seeds are stored in the Millennium Seed Bank (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2012). It is listed as Least Concern in Denmark (NERI 2007), Estonia (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012), Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996), Luxembourg (Colling 2005), Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010), Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002) and the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005).","Silver Birch is commonly planted as a garden or ornamental tree and in northern Europe and Scandinavia it is grown for lumber and pulp. It is one of the most commercially important tree species in northern Europe. Its wood is used for making plywood and carpentry as well as fuel and pulp which is often mixed with conifer pulp to produce high quality paper. It is also used in reforestation and as fodder for cattle. This tree is a valuable resource for conservation, habitat and landscape purposes and contributes to the diversity in temperate and boreal forests (Vakkari 2009). It has limited medicinal use but the bark is diuretic and laxative. An oil obtained from the inner bark is an astringent used in the treatment of various skin afflictions, especially eczema and psoriasis. The bark is usually obtained from trees that have been felled for timber and can be distilled at any time of the year. The bitter and astringent inner bark is used in treating intermittent fevers. The vernal sap is diuretic and the buds are balsamic. The whole or fragmented leaves can be used as a herbal substance and herbal preparation from dry extracts for oral use. The traditional herbal medicinal product is used to increase the amount of urine to achieve flushing of the urinary tract (Plants for a Future 2012, European Medicine Agency 2007). The inner bark can be cooked or dried and ground into a meal but is generally only used during famine when other forms of starch are not available or are in short supply. Sap can be eaten raw or cooked, has a sweet flavour and can be fermented into a beer. Young leaves can be eaten raw or cooked. A tea is made from the leaves and the essential oil in the inner bark (Plants for a Future 2012).",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FAGALES,BETULACEAE,Betula,pubescens,,Betula pubescens,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Given its widespread distribution, stable populations and no major threats it has been classified as Least Concern as it remains common throughout Europe.",Stable,"Downy Birch tree can be found from Greenland, to Europe and the Russian Far East (The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2012). It is native to temperate Asia, northern America and Europe and is also naturalised elsewhere (USDA Germplasm Resources Information Network, 2012). This species extends further north into the Arctic than any other native European tree species. Specimens of the subarctic populations are usually small and very contorted, and are often distinguished as ""arctic"" downy birch, Betula pubescens ssp. tortuosa . This subspecies is notable as being the only tree native to Iceland and Greenland (Maddock 2008).","Common throughout Europe especially in upland areas (Blamey and Grey-Wilson 2003, Ohlemuller et al . 2006).","Downy Birch is a small deciduous broadleaved tree growing up to 20 metres tall with hairy leaves found in mixed woodlands, uplands and highlands, floodplains, as successional habitat on fens, mires and bogs, along streams and hill-side flushes, in peaty hollows, roadsides and field boundaries. This tree grows in a variety of soil types but prefers wet, acidic, peaty soils. It is a generally short lived tree of wet woodland usually with alder, birch and willows as the predominant tree species. These woodlands occur on a range of soil types including nutrient-rich mineral and acid, nutrient-poor organic ones. It is able to rapidly colonise open unshaded areas, which have been burned such as open heathland and cut out peat bogs. It is also planted widely in parks and urban areas (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012, Blamey and Grey-Wilson 2003, Maddock 2008).","There are currently no major threats reported to affect this species. In the future, it may be negatively affected through the loss of climatically suitable areas and low climatic suitability of locations outside its current range which is likely to extend further north (Ohlemuller et al. 2006).","No conservation action as such but some areas of wet woodland, Betula pubescens habitat, are protected under Annex 1 of the EC Habitats Directive. However, birch bog woodland occurs widely in scattered stands across the United Kingdom (Maddock 2008). It is listed as Critically Endangered in the national red list of Croatia (Nikolić and Topić 2005), Vulnerable in Hungary (Király 2007), Near Threatened in Luxembourg (Colling 2005), but Least Concern in Denmark (NERI 2007), Estonia (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012), Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010), Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002) and the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005).","Downy Birch is not cultivated as extensively as Silver Birch. The wood is pulped and used for making paper but does not have much commercial value in Britain, it is grown more as a timber tree in Scandinavia. The wood is a pale, smooth and light hardwood used mostly for furniture and plywood (Forestry Commission 2012). A herbal substance is derived from the whole or fragmented dried leaves and the powdered herbal substance or dry extract used in herbal preparations. The traditional herbal medicinal product is used to increase the amount of urine to achieve flushing of the urinary tract (European Medicines Agency 2007). A decoction of the inner bark is used to preserve cordage, it contains up to 16% tannin. The inner bark also provides an oil that is used medicinally and for preparation of a refreshing tea (Plants for a Future 2012). Other uses of the bark include making drinking vessels, canoe skins, roofing tiles etc. It is waterproof, durable, tough and resinous. Removal of the outer bark does not kill the tree (Plants for a Future 2012).",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,LAMIALES,BORAGINACEAE,Borago,officinalis,,Borago officinalis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species is classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations, no major threats and its ability to grow in disturbed habitats.",Stable,"This plant is native to the Mediterranean region, the Canary Islands and Madeira (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2012, Valdés 2011). It has been cultivated and naturalised outside its native range (Talavera et al. 2012).",It is common in nearly all of the Iberian Peninsula (Talavera et al. 2012). The species is found in all of European Russia as weed or ruderal plant but not frequently (AgroAtlas 2003-2009). Its populations are assumed to be stable.,"This annual or biannual herb can be found in fields and disturbed land. It frequently escapes from cultivated areas and is found near dwellings. It can grow in acid or alkaline soils, but prefers limestone and clay (Talavera et al. 2012, AgroAtlas 2003-2009).",There are no known threats to this species.,"This species is listed as Vulnerable in the national Red List of Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002), however it is indicated as introduced in this country.","Borago officinalis is edible and quite popular in regional cuisine. It can be taken as a tea, added raw to salads or cooked to soups and other dishes. It has been applied as a medicine to treat inflammation of the prostate, to control blood pressure and cholesterol levels, to treat fever, chest problems, kidney complaints. Long-term use of the plant can be dangerous as it contains alkaloids that can harm the liver. It is used externally to treat skin inflammations (Hanelt et al. 2001, Schönfelder and Schönfelder 2011, Talavera et al. 2012, Plants For A Future 2012, AgroAtlas 2003-2009). A blue dye can be obtained from the flowers that can also be used as a food colouring (Plants For A Future 2012).",,"Bilz, M.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,PSILOTOPSIDA,OPHIOGLOSSALES,OPHIOGLOSSACEAE,Botrychium,lunaria,,Botrychium lunaria,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European Regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU27 Assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This is an extremely widespread species in Europe occurring in a variety of habitats and it is common in parts of its range. The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) greatly exceeds the values needed for a threatened category. The area of occupancy (AOO) and population are also inferred to exceed these values.

Although there are noted declines in parts of its range, for example, in Germany (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2014), these are suspected to be insufficient to give the percentage declines in the whole population which are required to trigger a threatened category. It is assessed as Least Concern.",Decreasing,"The species is one of the most abundant and widely distributed of the Moonworts, with a range that is essentially circumpolar. In North America, the species is found from Pennsylvania northwards across all Canadian Provinces and Alaska (ISC 2014) and it is found in Greenland, central and eastern Russia. It is also found in Turkey and Morocco and in the temperate zones of Asia and Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand and also Argentina (Cantlon et al. 1959, Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013). In Europe it is found from Iceland and the Scandinavian countries, the British Isles and Ireland through all of west, central and eastern Europe to Greece, Spain and some Mediterranean islands, the Azores and Madeira in the south (Christenhusz and Raab-Straube 2013). Its distribution within countries varies, for example, it is found more frequently in the north and west of Britain (Stace 1997) and in France it is mostly found in the east and the Pyrenees (Association Tela Botanica 2014).","This fern has an extremely wide range but sometimes a patchy distribution within countries. There are few available numerical data. It is noted to be common in Scandinavia, and frequent in northern Britain and Ireland and the Carpathians. However, it is local and sometimes rare in other countries of north western Europe such as Italy and central Poland (Rose 1989, Marchetti 2003, Piekos-Mirkowa 2006, Woziwoda 2006). Some population declines are noted, for example in Germany (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2014). It is suspected that the population may be declining due to abandonment of grassland management in some areas, allowing this species to be over-shadowed and out-competed by larger plant species.","This small (8-20 cm in height) perennial fern grows in dry and semi-dry grassland, meadows, heaths and moors often in uplands and rarely in deciduous or pine forests. It is also found on dune slacks in the lowlands (Rose1989, Plants for a Future 2014, Association Tela Botanica 2014, Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2014). It is a characteristic species of four habitat types in Europe: acid alpine and sub-alpine grassland, Oro-Hellenic closed grassland, Pannonic closed sand steppes and Fenno-Scandian ( Avenula pratensis-Festuca rubra ) grasslands. The sterile frond bears pairs of leaflets and the fertile frond has clusters of round sporangia (Rose 1989).","The primary threat to this small fern is the loss of its open habitats to successional overgrowth (EOL 2014, Woziwoda 2006). It may also be subject to trampling and grazing in meadows with high animal stocking densities.","This fern is grown ex situ in 17 botanic gardens worldwide (BCGI 2014) but it is not known whether spores are stored. It is found in 181 Natura 2000 sites, in countries such as Belgium, Spain, Hungary and Finland, which includes formally protected areas such as Mount Brando National nature reserve Ireland (EUNIS 2014). It is threatened in some parts of its range, for example it is cited as Endangered and subject to declines in Germany (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2014), it is considered near threatened in Norway, Finland and Hungary. However, it is considered as Least Concern in Switzerland and Great Britain (Cheffings and Farrell 2005, Zoological Society of London 2014).",This fern is historically used as a wound healing herb. The leaflets are used externally as an ointment or taken internally in the treatment of ruptures and dysentery (Plants for a Future 2014). In eastern Norway the young leaves are eaten in spring and have a lettuce-like taste (Øllgaard and Tind 1993). It is also grown in gardens.,,"Chadburn, H.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,CAPPARALES,CRUCIFERAE,Brassica,oleracea,,Brassica oleracea,,"Brassica oleracea L. is a wild relative of a number of crops in the brassica group; including broccoli, B . oleracea L. var. italica Plenck, Brussels sprout, B . oleracea L. var. gemmifera (DC.) Zenker, cabbage, B . oleracea var. capitata L., cauliflower, B . oleracea var. botrytis L., kale, B . oleracea var. viridis L., swede, B . napus L. var. napobrassica (L.) Rchb., turnip, B . rapa L. ssp. rapa , and oilseed rape, B . napus L. var. napus . Two subspecies are native to Europe: B. oleracea ssp. bourgeaui (Webb) Gladis & K. Hammer and B. oleracea L. ssp. oleracea (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006). B. oleracea ssp. bourgeaui is recognized at specific level as B. bourgeaui (Webb) O. Kuntze in some taxonomic treatments.",Yes,DD,,Yes,DD,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



Brassica oleracea is assessed as Data Deficient as there is currently insufficient information available to evaluate this species. Information about its precise range and current population size and trend is needed in order to make an informed decision.",Decreasing,"B. oleracea is native to northern, middle and southwestern Europe (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010) where it occurs along the coasts of the United Kingdom, Schleswig-Holstein in Germany, the west and north coasts of France and the north coast of Spain. B. oleracea ssp. oleracea grows on the coasts of northern Spain, western and northern France, the British Isles and Helgoland; however, many occurrences have been regarded by various authors as introductions (Snogerup et al. 1990). B. oleracea ssp. bourgeaui is endemic to the Canary Islands, where Izquierdo et al . (2004) record it as occurring on Hierro, La Palma, La Gomera and Tenerife. However, Snogerup et al . (1990) noted that the taxon (which they refer to as B . bourgeaui ) probably only exists as a single small population on La Palma. In Germany, this species is only found at one locality, while in France, it occurs in 12 departments in the north, northeast and northwest and 30 departments in the southern half of the country (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010). It has a patchy distribution throughout England, Wales and parts of Scotland, and has only be recorded in 10 localities in Northern Ireland (Preston et al . 2002). However, according to same authors, it is only native in a few localities in the west and on the south coast (mainly Cornwall and Wales), five localities in the northeast and eight localities in Scotland—the rest of the occurrences are considered to be alien.","Snogerup et al . (1990) recorded subpopulation sizes of B. oleracea ssp. oleracea ranging from 1–10 to &gt;1000 plants. In Germany, the taxon is only known from one locality and this subpopulation is decreasing. B. oleracea ssp. bourgeaui probably only occurs as a single small population on La Palma (Snogerup et al . 1990).","B. oleracea ssp. oleracea usually grows on limestone and chalk cliffs (as well as sometimes below cliffs among shrubs), in scree, and sometimes on steep, grassy slopes (Snogerup et al . 1990). The same authors note that In Helgoland, it grows in open, rocky places. It is also known to occur in maritime grassland, inland quarries, waste places and on roadsides (Preston et al . 2002). B. oleracea ssp. bourgeaui grows on cliffs and rocks in shady places of the barrancos (Snogerup et al . 1990).","In Germany, intensive sheep grazing has caused a severe decline in the subpopulation of B. oleracea ssp. oleracea . Snogerup et al . (1990) note that some localities are threatened by quarrying and introgression from cultivated forms.","The genus Brassica is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. In Germany, the locality in which this species occurs is protected under national law. It is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) in the regional Red List for north of country (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996). In France, it is protected in the regions of Basse-Normandie and Poitou-Charentes in the west of the country (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010). EURISCO reports 8,007 germplasm accessions of B. oleracea held in European genebanks, 252 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 163 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).","A wild relative of and potential gene donor to a number of crops in the brassica group; including broccoli, Brussels sprout, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, swede, turnip and oilseed rape .",,"Strajeru, S., Holubec, V., Vörösváry, G., Uzundzhalieva, K., Donnini, D., and Bulińska, Z.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,APIALES,UMBELLIFERAE,Bupleurum,falcatum,,Bupleurum falcatum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species is classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution within the European region and no major threats.",Stable,"A Eurasian southern-temperate species. Present in Europe and western and eastern Asia (Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu), Russia, Korea, China, Mongolia, Turkey) (Castroviejo et al. 1986-2013, Euro+Med 2014, GBIF 2014). In Europe, it is distributed in the south, centre and east (de Bolòs and Vigo 1984-2001). Introduced to the United Kingdom and Scandinavia (Field 1994, Botanical Society of the British Isles & Biological Records Centre 2014).","No information on population trends are available, but it is probably stable, with introductions outside its native range.","Biennial or short-lived perennial growing in woods, shrublands, grasslands, cracks in rocks or cliffs, hedge banks, field-borders and gardens (Castroviejo et al. 1986-2013, Society of the British Isles and Biological Records Centre 2014). Present in lowlands and up to around 2,000 m a.s.l..","The grazing pressure and urban sprawl are the main threats to the species, however not considered to be significant across the range of the species in Europe.","A propagation and re-introduction program was done in the only existing population in the United Kingdom (Roscoe et al. 2009). Overall, no conservation actions are needed.","The root is used in folk medicine as an anti-cellulite, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, antiviral, against boils, etc. (unpublished factsheet from MAPROW database: U. Schippmann, pers. comm. 25.11.2013, PFAF 2014). The juice of the roots, mixed with the juice of Centella asiatica , is used in the treatment of liver diseases. Leaves and young shoots can be eaten cooked. dried plants and plant residues are used as a fuel.",,"Chappuis, E.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,EUPHORBIALES,BUXACEAE,Buxus,sempervirens,,Buxus sempervirens,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species greatly exceeds the values needed for a threatened category. It is reported to be a common species in the core range with no significant threats. It is inferred that the area of occupancy (AOO) and population also exceed the values for a threatened category, and it is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU27.",Stable,"This species is considered native to parts of Europe, northern Africa (Algeria, Libya, Morocco), Trans-Caucasus, Iran, Turkey and Azerbaijan. In Europe the species is found from Spain, Portugal and the Azores, to central Europe, extending as far north as the United Kingdom, and eastwards to Greece (USDA 2012, GBIF 2013) and Turkey (Thrace; Bakis et al. 2014). There is much debate as to its native status in some areas, for example northern France and parts of Germany and even the UK (Decocq et al. 2004, Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010, Foster 2014), although Preston et al. (2002) consider it native to at least some sites in SE Britain. The argument is in favour of its native status in one area of Germany and the UK. In France it is uncertain where the line of demarcation between native and naturalized occurs. It is naturalized elsewhere, for example, Romania.","This species is noted to be a characteristic shrub of sub-Mediterranean France and is reported to be a common woody plant (Grove and Rackham 2001, Debussche and Lepart 1992). This infers a large population, which is supported by its occurrence in at least eleven countries and several thousand records (GBIF 2013).","This evergreen shrub or small tree (to 5 m) with small shiny dark green leathery leaves is found in rocky habitats, dry hillsides, mixed deciduous woodland and maquis often on calcareous soils. A European habitat type H5110 (Stable xerothermophilous formations with Buxus sempervirens on rock slopes), is noted to be dominated by this species (Joint Nature Conservation Committee 2007). It is noted as a colonizer of abandoned farmland in Mediterranean France (Debussche and Lepart 1992). It is unpalatable to grazing animals but provides a habitat for a variety of wildlife, particularly birds, which are known to disperse the seeds.","This species is not considered to be at risk in Germany (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010), in the UK the population, although restricted to a small area, is noted to be stable with no obvious major future threats (Joint Nature Conservation Committee 2007). In Mediterranean France it is reported to be common and may colonize abandoned agricultural areas, which suggests that it is not significantly threatened. In Italy it is noted to be threatened by human impacts, such as clearance to increase livestock grazing areas, and increasing aridity (Di Domenico et al. 2011).","This shrub is recorded from many botanic gardens (BCGI 2013) and is a priority species for the UK tree seed bank project and there are noted to be 63 accessions in United States National Plant Germplasm System (USDA 2010). It is found in more than 30 Natura 2000 sites such as Vallée de la Meuse à Huy et vallon de la Solières, Belgium and Val di Farma, Italy. The conservation status of the habitat type known as 'stable xerothermophilous formations with Buxus sempervirens on rock slopes' (Berberidion p.p.) is noted to be favourable in France, Germany, Portugal, Greece and alpine Spain although inadequate in continental Italy and Atlantic Belgium (Eunis 2010) suggesting that some edge of range areas may require habitat protection or management. In France it has some formal protection, for example in Lorraine it is prohibited to cut remove or sell wild plant parts (Tela Botanica 2013).","This shrub is commonly used as an ornamental, often in the form of box-hedging and in topiary. The slow growth leads to the development of a dense grained hard wood which has been used, for example, in furniture making, musical instruments, engraving blocks, chess pieces and tool handles. All parts of the plant are thought to be toxic. It has been used medicinally in the past as a sedative and to treat syphilis, rheumatism, epilepsy and malaria, although it is is very rarely used in modern herbalism (Plants for a Future 2012). More recently substances have been isolated from this species with a wide range of biological activities including acetylcholinesterase activity, which may make it potentially useful in the development of treatments for Alzheimer's disease (Foster 2014). The leaves together with sawdust, boiled in lye, have been used as an auburn hair dye. In the Netherlands branches are tied above doors and hearths at Easter (Hortipedia 2014).",,"Chadburn, H.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ERICALES,ERICACEAE,Calluna,vulgaris,,Calluna vulgaris,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Although this species has declined and is threatened with habitat loss it is still considered to be classified as Least Concern and is unlikely to decline fast enough in the near future to be threatened with extinction.",Decreasing,"Calluna vulgaris is native to North Africa and Macaronesia, temperate Asia (Turkey and Russian Federation) and Europe. It has been introduced and naturalised in Australasia and North America and is also cultivated widely (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2012).",This species is abundant throughout the highlands but declining with habitat loss.,"A carpeting subshrub with pale purple flowers growing in acid soils often forming extensive colonies on lowland heaths, upland moorland and nutrient poor grasslands, open woodland, wet peat bogs, banks, roadsides and sand dunes (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012, Blamey and Grey-Wilson 2003, Castroviejo et al . 1993).","Threats include habitat loss or decline in heathland for forestry, agriculture, mineral workings, scrub encroachment and heavy grazing (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012). During the past few decades there has been a widespread conversion of European heathland to grassland due to changes in land use and increased atmospheric nitrogen deposition and increased nutrient availability (Johansson 2000).","Calluna vulgaris dominated heaths and moorlands are habitats of international conservation importance. Many areas of heathland and upland moors in the United Kingdom are designated Special Areas of Conservation (Joint Nature Conservation Committee 2012). Reduced grazing seems to have little impact on conserving this species and therefore restoration is the most effective form of conservation, trampling and disturbance generally tend to promote its establishment (Mitchell et al. 2008). This species forms part of two habitat types protected on Annex 1 of the Habitats Directive: 2310 ""Dry sand heaths with Calluna and Genista"" and 2320 ""Dry sand heaths with Calluna and Empetrum nigrum"". It is listed as Vulnerable in Bulgaria (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009) and Least Concern in Denmark (NERI 2007), Estonia (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012), Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996), Luxembourg (Colling 2005), Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010), Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002) and the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005).","Heather extracts have long been used and valued as a homeopathic medicine to treat bladder ailments and they are also a component of Swedish traditional medicine to treat inflammatory diseases. It has been found to be a potent cyclooxygenase inhibitor. An infusion of the flowering shoots is the best form used to treat coughs, colds, bladder and kidney disorders and cystitis (Lewis and Elvin-Lewis 2003). A homeopathic remedy is made from the fresh branches, used in the treatment of rheumatism, arthritis and insomnia. The branches have many domestic uses including thatching, stuffing mattresses, insulation, making rope and brooms and for use as fuel (Plants for a Future 2012).",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,CAPPARALES,CRUCIFERAE,Capsella,bursa-pastoris,,Capsella bursa-pastoris,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species is classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations and no major threats. It is known as a common cosmopolitan weed with an almost global distribution and is not considered to be threatened in Europe.",Stable,"Capsella bursa-pastoris is native to North Africa and Macaronesia, temperate Asia and Europe. Its naturalised range extends throughout Africa, India, Australasia, North America (including Greenland and Hawaii), the Caribbean and South America (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2012).",Shepherd's-purse is a common or abundant species with a large population and often considered a weed. It has a very long lived seed bank (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012). It is frequent throughout the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands but less frequent in the north (Castroviejo et al. 1993).,"An annual plant capable of germinating throughout the year, sometimes overwintering, highly successful growing as a weed on disturbed and nutrient rich habitats, cultivated land amongst broad leaved crops, bare places, waysides, embankments, waste ground, gardens (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012, Blamey and Grey-Wilson 2003, Castroviejo et al . 1993).",There are no known threats to this species.,"There are no conservation measures in place or needed.The subspecies thracica is considered to be Endangered in Bulgaria (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009). It is listed as Least Concern in Estonia (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012), Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996), Luxembourg (Colling 2005), Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002) and the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005).","The internal use of the above ground parts of Capsella bursa-pastoris for the symptomatic treatment of mild hypermenorrhea or uterine bleeding are approved by Commission E. Topical application for nosebleeds is also approved. This plant contains glucosinolates, flavanoids and caffeic acid derivatives (Lewis and Elvin-Lewis 2003). The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, the French Pharmacopoeia and the Complete German Commission E describe the herbal substance Capsella herba as the fresh or dried aerial or above ground parts. The herbs and their decoctums and tinctures contain many essential elements in high concentrations. It can be used in combination with other herbs in teas for symptoms in cardiovascular conditions and in health products to help regulate menstruation. An infusion of Capsella is cooling, diuretic and astringent and therefore beneficial in all kinds of blood and bladder problems. It is used in European traditional medicine for preventing or arresting haemorrhage, more specifically to treat dysmenorrhoea as a comminuted herbal substance from the liquid extract or as a herbal tea and herbal preparations in liquid dosage forms for oral use. It is also useful for monitoring pollution levels in urban areas (European Medicines Agency 2011).",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,APIALES,UMBELLIFERAE,Carum,carvi,,Carum carvi,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species occurs frequently in nearly all European countries and although the native range has been obscured by introductions and cultivation, it is considered an archaeophyte even where introduced, and is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"The species is a biennial plant native to west and central Asia and Europe (Preston et al. 2002), however the plant has long been introduced and cultivated and this obscures the natural distribution (e.g., considered an archaeophyte in Great Britain, first recorded before 1375; Preston et al. 2002). In Europe, the species is widespread in the Mediterranean basin, central, northern and east European-countries (Meusel and Jäger 2011, Euro+Med Plantbase 2014, GBIF 2014, GRIN 2014). The plant has been widely introduced through cultivation in the northern hemisphere, including to North America, where it is considered a noxious weed (GRIN 2014, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet 2010).","The population is widespread all over Europe and on the global scale. Current population trends are not known, but unlikely to decrease.","The plant grows on meadows, sand dunes and a wide range of anthropogenic habitats ((Preston et al. 2002, Lauber et al. 2010). The plant is widely used as spice and therefore also cultivated on large scale.",No threats are known for this species.,The plant is widespread all over Europe. No conservation actions are known for the species.,"The fruits of caraway, usually used whole, are used as a spice in a wide range of foods. The species is also used for its medicinal properties and has a long tradition in ethnology-pharmacy with a wide range of applications (Duke 2008, PFAF 2014). Preparations help promote lactation in nursing mothers and uterine contractions during labor. Essential oils are used as breath freshener and bath (University of Mainz 2000).",,"Schweizer, F. & Hasinger, O.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FAGALES,FAGACEAE,Castanea,sativa,,Castanea sativa,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Sweet Chestnut Castanea sativa is a common and widespread species throughout its native range. It is classified as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU 27, as existing threats are unlikely to cause its decline in the near future.",Stable,"Sweet Chestnut ( Castanea sativa ) is native to the area stretching from the Balkan Peninsula to northern Iran, and has naturalised throughout western and central Europe (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2013). It was probably introduced to the United Kingdom in Roman times (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012) and may have spread throughout western and central Europe around the same time. Its introduced status in the western Mediterranean is more suggested (by its rarity and high food interest) than demonstrated; contrarily, palynological and charcoal studies have strongly suggested the natural presence of the species during the late-glacial period through mainland Italy, southern France, northern Spain, and the Moroccan Atlas (Pignatti 1982, Krebs et al. 2004, E. Vela pers. comm. 2013). It could therefore be considered native throughout much of Europe.",This is a common and widespread species and is also planted and cultivated.,"Sweet Chestnut is a hardy deciduous tree that grows up to 35 metres tall. In autumn the female flowers develop into spiny protective husks called capules to deter being eaten by squirrels and other animals, before being shed (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2013). It is found in hedgerows, woodland, parks and in montane areas in moderate density or as single trees (Castroviejo et al. 1990). It grows in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 9260 "" Castanea sativa woods"".","Late spring and early autumn frosts can affect flowering (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2013). Increased intensity of grazing, logging for wood, and cutting of branches for fruits can negatively affect growth (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 2011). The roots are prone to disease by several species of Phytophthora and fungal infection by Chryphonectria parasitica (chestnut blight) affects grafted trees (Fernández-López and Alla 2003).","Sweet Chestnut is listed as End angered in Bulgaria (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009, Peev and Vladimirov 2011), and is Least Concern in Belarus (Ermakova 2005), Germany (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2012), Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002) a nd the UK (Cheffings and Farrell 2005). It occurs in several national parks and Natura 2000 sites throughout its range. The habitat 9260 "" Castanea sativa woods"" is listed on Annex I of the Habitats Directive.","This species is widely cultivated for its edible nuts. In Croatia, more than 144,000 kg of fruits were collected between 2005-2011 (I. Boršić pers. comm. 2013). In Corsica, chestnuts are used to brew beer as they are similar to wheat (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2013). In Greece it is used for reforestation on degraded lands for production of wood, nuts and food for all wildlife (Radoglou et al. 2003). Sweet Chestnut leaves and bark contain tannins, which have an astringent action useful in the treatment of bleeding, diarrhoea, etc.; they are also anti-inflammatory, expectorant and tonic (Plants for a Future 2012). An infusion has been used in the treatment of fevers and ague, but is more often used for its efficacy treating convulsive coughs and in other irritable respiratory conditions. The leaves can also be used in the treatment of rheumatism, to ease lower back pains and to relieve stiff muscles and joints, and a decoction is a useful gargle for treating sore throats. The plant is also used in Bach flower remedies (Plants for a Future 2012).",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,GENTIANALES,GENTIANACEAE,Centaurium,erythraea,,Centaurium erythraea,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The species is classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations and no major threats.",Stable,"Centaurium erythraea is native to North Africa, temperate Asia and Europe. It has also become naturalised in Macaronesia, Australasia, North and South America, the Pacific Islands and the Caribbean. This plant is cultivated widely (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2012).",It is a widespread and common species and sometimes considered a weed.,"A biennial, rarely annual, herb found in a wide range of disturbed grassy habitats, chalk and limestone grassland, heathland,woodland margins, open scrub, dunes, quarries and mountain slopes growing on dry or well drained mildly acid or calcareous soils. It flowers from June to September (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012, Blamey and Grey-Wilson 2003, Talavera et al. 2012).",There are no known threats to this species.,"There are no conservation measures in place or needed. This plant is included in the following national red lists: Rare in the Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000), Vulnerable in Luxembourg (Colling 2005) and Sweden (Gärdenfors 2010) Near Threatened in Estonia (eBiodiversity 2012), Least Concern in Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996), Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002) and the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005).","It is used in traditional medicine as herbal preparations made from comminuted or powdered herbal substance, liquid extract, tincture and soft extract. The comminuted herbal substance can be taken as a herbal tea or other herbal preparations for mild dyspeptic/gastrointestinal disorders and temporary loss of appetite. Centaurii herba consists of the whole or fragmented dried flowering aerial parts of Centaurium erythraea usually in combination with other Centaurium species. Due to the occurrence of the very bitter secoiridoid esters centapicrin and desacetylcentapicrin, fruits are more bitter than the flowers, leaves and stems. Swertiamarin is the major component in all parts of C. erythraea . It has been used for many decades in the European Union for the relief of digestive complaints (peptic discomfort) and lack of appetite. Centaurii herba was also used for the treatment of diabetes, snakebites, malaria, wounds and as an antipyretic, tonic and sedative (European Medicines Agency 2008, 2009). Externally, the fresh green herb is said to be a good application to wounds and sores. A homoeopathic remedy is made from the plant used in the treatment of liver and gall bladder ailments (Plants for a Future 2012). This plant yields a yellowish-green dye (Blamey and Grey-Wilson 2003).",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,FABALES,LEGUMINOSAE,Ceratonia,siliqua,,Ceratonia siliqua,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European Regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU27 Assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species is now considered native to Mediterranean north Africa, the Middle East and Turkey in Asia, however considered and archaeophyte introduction to the northern Mediterranean coasts. The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species exceeds the values needed for a threatened category.

The species is an important component of lowland Mediterranean Maquis and it is inferred that the area of occupancy (AOO) also exceeds these values. The population is inferred to be large and although declines have been noted it is suspected that they are, at present, insufficient to trigger a threatened category.",Decreasing,"This species is now considered native to Mediterranean north Africa, the Middle East and Turkey in Asia. It is found in Europe in the countries bordering the Mediterranean and on Mediterranean islands such as the Balearics, Aegean Islands and Cyprus (ILDIS 2010, GRIN 2014). The original distribution of this species is not clear as it has undergone extensive cultivation since ancient times. It is believed to have been spread by the Greeks to Greece and Italy and then by the Arabs along the coast of northern Africa into the south and east of Spain, from where it migrated to the southeast of France. Its range is limited by low winter temperatures. It has been introduced elsewhere, such as in the United States (Batlle and Tous 1997).","This tree is considered to be one of the most characteristic and dominant trees of the Mediterranean evergreen Maquis, in the lowlands (0-500 m) (Batlle and Tous 1997). It is inferred that the population is large but in some areas declines have been noted (Cyprus Center of Environmental Research and Education 2013).",This sclerophyllous evergreen small tree is found in Mediterranean forest and shrublands. It is one of the most characteristic and dominant trees in the lower zone (0-500 m) of the Mediterranean evergreen Maquis and occupies places not disturbed by cultivation (Batlle and Tous 1997).,"This species may be threatened by loss of habitat, for example by expansion of tourist areas around the Mediterranean and directly by the local use of the tree for wood and charcoal.","This tree is found in at least 16 Natura 2000 sites, for example, Giara di Siddi in Italy, and is cultivated in 115 botanic gardens worldwide (BCGI 2013, EUNIS 2014). The seed is stored ex situ in seed banks, such as in Cordoba, Spain (ENSCO 2014). In some areas where there have been declines portective legislation has been initiated, for example, in Cyprus in recent years, it has been included in the Forest Legislation and a permit from the Forestry Department is required in order to cut it down (Cyprus Center of Environmental Research and Education 2013).","The wood of this small tree has been used for fuel and charcoal production and as it is hard and shiny is used for wood turning and products such as walking sticks. The bark is a source of tannin. The pods are used for animal fodder, the production of a beverage base, gums, resin, alcohol, as a thickening agent, sweetener, flavouring and a substitute for chocolate. They are rich in sugar and nutrients, although fibrous, and have been used as a food in times of need. The species has also been used medicinally and pulp from the seed pod, depending on preparation, can be used as a laxative or to treat diarrhoea and also to soothe coughs. A flour produced from the seed pods is used in baking and also as a base for face packs in the cosmetic industry and in pill manufacture. The tree is also grown ornamentally and as a source of shade (Batlle and Tous 1997, ILDIS 2010, Plants for a Future 2014, USDA 2014). In ancient times the seed was used as a measure of weight and the “carat” which is used as a means for measuring is thought to originate from the weight of the carob seed (200 milligrams) (Cyprus Center of Environmental Research and Education 2013).",,"Chadburn, H.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,COMPOSITAE,Chamaemelum,nobile,,Chamaemelum nobile,,,Yes,LC,,Yes,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Chamaemelum nobile is native to the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Spain and Portugal, but occurs throughout central Europe as a vagrant and through cultivation. Some wild native populations are declining as a result of changes in land use management, reduction in grazing, and possibly exploitation (particularly in the United Kingdom, where it is listed as Vulnerable but is considered a species of conservation priority, which may help to prevent further declines), and the area of occupancy and habitat quality have also declined, but as yet do not meet the criteria for threat of extinction. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.",Decreasing,"Chamaemelum nobile is only native to western Europe (Spain, Portugal, France, the United Kingdom and Ireland) but is present throughout Europe, North Africa and Southwest Asia. The plant is cultivated mainly in England, Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Egypt and Argentina (Greuter 2006-2009, Pardo de Santayan and Morales 2010, European Medicines Agency 2011, Institute of Botany SAS 2011), and also in the Czech Republic (D. Turoňová pers. comm. 2013). It remains widespread throughout the United Kingdom, Ireland, Spain, Portugal and in France is mostly found in the northwest central parts (INPN 2012).",The population in the UK has declined significantly. In Spain it is a widespread species although it has declined; it is more common in the northern half of Spain (Pardo de Santayan and Morales 2010). The population has been introduced into central Europe perhaps as an escapee of extensive cultivation.,"A perennial herb found in moderately acidic, seasonally wet grassland, especially on sandy commons and pastures where mowing, trampling or grazing reduces competition, and also in coastal grassland and on cliffs, where exposure and trampling maintain a short sward (Online Atlas of British and Irish Flora 2012).","In the United Kingdom, Chamaemelum nobile has declined significantly due to drainage of winter wet grasslands, the clearance of heaths, reduction in grazing on common land and loss of pasture to arable fields (Plantlife 2010). Plants are collected in the wild, especially in Spain, although there is limited information on the impact of collection. In Portugal it is collected in some areas.","Roman Chamomile is listed as Vulnerable in the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005) and is a species “of principal importance for the purpose of conserving biodiversity” covered under section 41 (England) of the NERC Act 2006; it is a UK Biodiversity Action Plan priority species (JNCC 2007, Online Atlas of British and Irish Flora 2012). It is also found in one Natura 2000 site and a Biogenetic reserve, both in France (European Environment Agency 2010).","The use of Chamaemelum nobile has a long tradition in Europe. The dried flower-heads of the cultivated double-flowered variety, which contain the essential oil, are widely used. The herbal substance is used as herbal tea for oral use and for infusion preparation for oromucosal use. The liquid extract or tincture is used for herbal preparation for oral use. As a result of breeding, some of the tubular florets present in the wild plant have become ligulated, and this ""double"" or ""semi-double"" flower head forms the commercial drug in the cultivar. The drug is listed and described in several pharmacopoeias and stated to possess carminative, anti-emetic, antispasmodic, and sedative properties. It has been used for dyspepsia, nausea and vomiting, anorexia, vomiting in pregnancy, dysmenorrhoea, and specifically for flatulent dyspepsia associated with mental stress. It is listed by the Council of Europe as a natural source of food flavouring (category N2). Chamomile is most commonly used as an ingredient of herbal teas. In Austria the herbal substance is only used in multicomponent herbal teas; in Germany the herbal substance is only available in combination products. No other European member country is registered or authorized for products (Based on Article 16d(1), Article 16f and Article 16h of Directive 2001/83/EC as amended (traditional use) European Medicines Agency 2011). Chamomile is also used to aromatize many traditional liqueurs and is widely and regularly used in Spain, where it is possible to purchase it in herbal shops, although wild gathering is preferred and considered to be one of the central activities of summer; it is collected to send to relatives who have moved to cities. Other Chamomile species used in Spain, such as Matricaria recutita , Matricaria aurea and Santolina chamaecyparissus, are often preferred over C. nobile , though these species are also in decline (Pardo de Santayan and Morales 2010). In Portugal this plant is used as a decoction to treat fever, based on a survey in the Natural Park of Serra de Sao Mamede. It is regarded culturally as a first-class chamomile, thereby accounting for the fact that it is used beyond the boundaries of its ecological distribution (Camejo-Rodrigues et al . 2003).",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,PAPAVERALES,PAPAVERACEAE,Chelidonium,majus,,Chelidonium majus,,Greater and Lesser Celandine are not related species.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species is classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations and no known major threats.",Stable,"Chelidonium majus is native to Europe, North Africa and temperate Asia. It has become naturalised elsewhere in temperate regions such as North America and New Zealand (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2012). It occurs throughout Europe but is scarcer in the north.",Chelidonium majus is common throughout its range but has declined at the edges of its range in the United Kingdom (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012).,"Greater Celandine is a perennial herb which is widely naturalised on lowlands by roadsides and paths, in the crevices of old walls, on bare and waste ground, open woodland, hedgebanks in moist, semi-shaded habitats. It has been cultivated since medieval times as a medicinal plant, and most localities are near habitation. It flowers from April to October and prefers moist to rather dry mesotrophic or eutrophic, slightly acid to calcareous soils (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012, Blamey and Grey-Wilson 2003, Heukels 2000).",The threats to this species are not known.,"There are no conservation measures in place or needed. It is listed as Least Concern in the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005), Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002), Belgium (Van Landuyt et al. 2006) and Estonia (eBiodiversity 2012). In Bulgaria this species is collected from the Vitosha Nature Park but as no commercial medicinal plant collection occurs in Vitosha Nature Park, there are no quotas and no licence fees applicable to collection which is controlled regularly by inspectors of the Regional Inspectorate for Environmental Protection and the Regional Forestry Service (Kathe et al. 2003).","Greater Celandine is used for curing warts and as an eye ointment. The plant is however extremely poisonous (Blamey and Grey-Wilson 2003). Its highly corrosive latex is also used for the treatment of corns and as an astringent for removing wrinkles, suntan and freckles. More drastic has been its role as an acrid spring purgative and stimulant, and for treating liver cancer, especially in Russia. The main use of the latex is for an eye ointment - when diluted with milk it can remove cataracts. A combination of the yellow flowers and juice can be used to treat jaundice (Allen and Hatfield 2004). The fresh yellow latex is generally used for treatment of generalised skin disease but this plant has also been listed as being valued widely in traditional medicine for diabetes and for relief of toothache when a decoction of the plant or juice is gargled. Papaveraceae are known to relieve pain as they contain powerful alkaloids with narcotic, analgesic and antibiotic properties and morephine like properties are associated with chelidonine and homochelidonine in Greater Celandine (Lewis and Elvin-Lewis 2003). A comminuted herbal substance is available as well as a tincture, fluid extract for internal use and for external use as eye drops and ointment. Herbal preparations in solid or liquid dosage form or as an herbal tea for oral use. Chelidonii herba is described by the European Pharmacopoeia (01/2008:1861) monograph as the dried, whole or cut aerial parts of Chelidonium majus L. collected during flowering (European Medicines Agency 2011).",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,COMPOSITAE,Chiliadenus,glutinosus,,Chiliadenus glutinosus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Distributed within Europe in Spain, France and Andorra, Chiliadenus glutinosus remains abundant despite some declines and is not considered to be threatened at present. The population is thought to be declining in northern Spain, where the demand for this plant appears to be increasing; however, it is quite abundant and despite intense collection, its natural populations are not endangered (de Santayana et al. 2005).

Crop policies in Spain are necessary to avoid excessive picking leading to significant declines in the future (Herrero and Martin-Lobera 2012). There is little or no information on its use in France, where it has a very small distribution. If the population continues to decrease in Spain through exploitation, this species could become threatened in a relatively short period of time.",Decreasing,"Chiliadenus glutinosus is native to Spain and the Balearic Islands, France, Andorra and Morocco (Greuter 2006-2009). In Spain there are 707 records over an estimated extent of occurrence of 280,000 km² (Anthos 2010). In France it has a small distribution and is found in four states in the south and one state on the northwest Atlantic Coast (INPN 2012).","The majority of the population is found in Spain; given its small distribution in France, populations are likely to be small. The population in Spain is thought to be declining as the plant is not cultivated for its use; however, it is quite abundant and despite intense collection, its natural populations are not endangered (de Santayana et al. 2005).","Chiliadenus glutinosus is a perennial plant found growing in calcareous rocks, cracks of sunny limestone cliffs and crags below 1,300 metres, though it can be found in the Pyrenees at 1800 metres (de Santayana et al . 2005).",Some wild populations of this species in Spain are facing conservation issues and population declines due to collection from the wild; it is necessary to update the collection regulations as soon as possible (Baričevič et al. 2004).,"This species' conservation status has not been evaluated in Spain or France. It is not a protected species (Baričevič et al. 2004). The demand for this plant is said to be increasing and therefore crop policies are necessary to avoid excessive picking, particularly by drug companies in Castilla y León, Spain (Herrero and Martin-Lobera 2012).","In Spain this plant is commonly grown in gardens for preparing herbal teas and infusions, which is highly popular in rural areas throughout its distribution. It is estimated that 750 kg are harvested from the wild annually in fresh weight in the Castilla y León region in Spain (Herrero and Martin-Lobera 2012). It is highly used in Aragón and all sources of the drug come from wild plants, none from cultivation, although it is easy to cultivate. The flowering parts can be used fresh or dried (Munoz Centeno 2003). It is an important, very popular and widely distributed plant in Spain and is considered a delicacy for use as a digestif, anticatarrhal agent, sedative, diuretic, antidiarrhoeic and analgesic. It contains phenolic acids derived from caffeic acid, flavonoids and essential oils. Its stomachic, antispasmodic and carminative activities have been used to help digestive disorders and it has also been prescribed for colds, as an antidepressive, as a vulnerary and for whitening the teeth. This plant is collected in July or August when the plant is flowering, as the flowering parts are easily gathered by breaking the stems leaving the base undamaged. It is sold in local markets, souvenir shops and bars, is marketed by several companies and available to buy on the World Wide Web. In Spain, it is used in nearly all the regions where it grows, the main areas in western Spain being Andalucia, Aragon, Baleares, Cataluna, Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla y León, La Rioja, Madrid and Paıs Valenciano, Paıs Vasco and Cantabria. Although its area of distribution includes Morocco and France, no mention of its use was found for these countries (de Santayana et al . 2005).",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ERICALES,ERICACEAE,Chimaphila,umbellata,,Chimaphila umbellata,,"Chimaphila umbellata is morphologically variable across its extensive range, and six subspecies have been described; of these, only the nominate subspecies, C. umbellata subsp. umbellata is present in Eurasia. The species is considered a complex and further taxonomic study is required. This species has many synonyms, only two of the more common are listed.",No,VU,A2ac,No,VU,A2ac,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)



This species has a broad distribution across the European region from western Europe to the Urals in the east, and from southern Scandinavia to central and southern Europe and Krym in Ukraine. The species appears to have undergone declines in Area of Occupancy, Extent of Occurrence and in populations across large parts of its range within Europe, including extirpation from France and Switzerland (despite a reintroduction attempt; M. Jutzi pers. comm. 2014), although numerical information was not found for all countries. In Finland its status changed from Least Concern to Near Threatened category between 2000 and 2010 and 70% of the forests here are thought to be threatened. In Sweden it is assessed as Endangered with criteria A2ac. In Germany it is also reported to have suffered very strong declines, and in the Czech Republic at least 90% of the populations recorded have become extinct and those that are extant are declining (Grulich 2012). It is considered Endangered in at least six countries.



Despite this it is suspected that the total population and area of occupancy (AOO) in the European region are not very small. For example, although considered Endangered in the entire Carpathians it is reported from at least 17 localities and more than 200 shoots were recorded at one site in Finland (Salmia 2011), and in Sweden the number of mature individuals is estimated to be 15,000 (Artdatabanken 2010). The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) exceeds the values required for a threatened category under Criterion B and the AOO is also suspected to exceed these values over its range in both the European region and the EU27 member states region.The suspected long lifespan of this species (Lundell 2014) infers that the generation length is also long and that three generations extends over a considerable number of years; for the purposes of this assessment an assumed minimum generation length of fifty years is used, however, further ecological research is required to confirm this value. Over this time there has been considerable loss of habitat quality and extent throughout the European range of this species. Global Forest Change Landsat analysis illustrates considerable losses of forest cover, within the range of this species between 2000 and 2012 alone (Hansen et al. 2013). There have also been changes in forest management, such as declines in active management practices and moves towards densely-planted plantation forests. It has a known sensitivity to disturbance, shading, and competition and the threats to its habitat quality are ongoing. A similar species has been shown to have seed dispersal distances that are very small, making re-colonisation of fragmented forest areas less likely. There are a range of documented declines within Europe and some degree of threat within the majority of European countries within its range.



Extrapolating from the known population declines in some areas and the suspected habitat losses it is inferred there has been an overall population reduction sufficient to meet the values needed for a threatened category under criterion A. This inferred population decline is thought to be in the range of 30 to 60% in the last 75-100 years, a period over which significant large-scale changes in forestry practice and extent have occurred in Europe. However, it is difficult to be certain of precise values. It is possible that population declines are at the upper end of this range but the species does occur within some protected areas, where threats are inferred to be minimized and declines lessened, and in addition data from some countries, especially in Eastern parts of the European region, are lacking and further research into the population status is required. It is assessed on these inferences as Vulnerable (A2ac). Surveys and monitoring are needed to confirm the current range, population and habitat status of the species and to detect and enumerate any further declines, and the species should be reassessed when these data become available.",Decreasing,"The species distribution is circumpolar, extending from Scandinavia, central and eastern Europe eastwards in a narrowing belt to Japan, and throughout much of North America (GRIN 2014). In Europe the species is recorded from France (where it was only found in woods in the Forêt de Fontainebleau and in the Vosges near Bitche (Tela Botanica 2013) and is now considered extinct (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012)), eastwards to the Russian Federation and northwards to the Scandinavian countries. It extends southwards, mainly locally in the mountains, to Slovenia, Ukraine (Krym) and the southern Urals (Tutin et al. 1972). A reduction in range has been noted in several countries including the Scandinavian countries (e.g., Sweden; Ericson and Ingelög 1997), and it is considered extinct in Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002, Info Flora 2014, M. Jutzi pers. comm. 2014).","This species is considered to be Endangered in many countries within its range, for example, Slovakia, Hungary and Ukraine, which infers that it is not a common species here (Feráková et al. 2001, Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010). The population at one locality in the Machnatý vrch Nature Reserve in Slovakia is, however, noted to be abundant (Adamcik et al. 2006). In Germany it is reported to have suffered very strong declines and has been found growing at only a few sites, but even there tends to be highly at risk (Ahlmer 2010). It is considered Critically Threatened in the Czech Republic with the reason given that at least 90% of the populations recorded have become extinct and those that are extant are declining (Grulich 2012). In Denmark it is Near Threatened. The species is considered extirpated from France (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012) and Switzerland (Moser 1999, Moser et al. 2002, NERI 2007, M. Jutzi pers. comm. 2014). In Sweden the number of mature individuals is estimated to be 15,000 (10,000 to 30,000) but with a rate of decline amounting to 50(30-60)% in the last 80 years (Artdatabanken 2010); the level of decline has been documented to have been much greater in Uppland on the eastern coast of Sweden, estimated (as fraction of localities) by c.80% over the last approximately 100 years (Maad et al. 2009), and this decline is probably an underestimate (O. Eriksson pers. comm. 2014). Based on the examination of local, still existing, populations of the species in Sweden (Lundell 2014) many, perhaps most, populations are 'remnant' populations that are no longer reproducing due to environmental conditions (i.e., dense shade). This means that the estimate of decline based on surveys such as Maad et al. (2009) underestimates the true decline. The population has declined sharply in Norway and is absent from many former areas, and remaining populations are often small (Artsdatabanken 2010).","This woody, evergreen, perennial herb or low shrub is found in coniferous woods often on sandy or clay soils and it is occasionally found in deciduous woods. The species reproduces both by seed and clonally by creeping subterranean rhizomes. Recruitment studies (Johansson and Eriksson 2013), suggesting that the species is 'microsite limited', i.e. there are a lack of suitable sites for it to establish into. Ongoing studies (V. Johansson submitted manuscript) suggest that the species, in contrast to most other species in the tribe Pyroleae, is fully autotrophic as an adult (the others are mixotrophic, i.e. partly utilize fungi as carbon source), suggesting that the species may be unusually sensitive to shade and to competition from other ground-layer plants ( Vaccinium spp., grasses, Picea abies (Salmia 2011)). A study (Johansson et al. 2014 cited in Lundell 2014) of a similar species ( Pyrola chlorantha ) found that 82.5 % of the seeds were dispersed within one meter from the source, and 95.7 % were dispersed within five meters. The seeds are very small and have very little endosperm and culture is very difficult (Moser 1999), and may require bare soil into which it germinates (Ericson et al. 1997). It has been recorded from the Myrtillo-Pinetum, Pyrolo-Pinetum, Pulsatillo-Pinetea sylvestris, Vaccinio-Piceetea and Erico-Pinion phytosociological associations (Moser 1999, Dubravec 1996). It is thought to be a long lived species (Kachel 2006), inferring that the generation length is also long. No studies have been conducted on adult genet life span of the species, and hence the generation length of the species is uncertain, but relating to studies of similar species one may suggest that a reproductive adult may have a lifespan in the magnitude of centuries if environmental conditions are suitable (O. Eriksson pers. comm. 2014). Established genets may persist for a long time even if sexual reproduction has ceased (due to unsuitable environmental conditions (e.g., shade). It is likely that many clonal plants build up 'remnant populations', where established genets persist although there is no recruitment at all of new individuals (Eriksson 1996, 2011, O. Eriksson pers. comm. 2014). For the purpose of this assessment a nominal generation length of 50 years is assigned, however further ecological research is required.","A major problem for this species is not just that 'primary' forest cover has declined greatly in extent, but also that forest management regimes have changed, leading to less favourable site conditions. Most forests (in Sweden and probably also in at least the western parts of the species range) have for long been very much influenced by humans – and there are essentially no 'primary' forests remaining. However, previously (i.e. until the early-mid 20th century) forests were kept semi-open by selective cutting, grazing, and other management practices. These semi-open forests have been common almost since humans invented agriculture and started keeping livestock, and possibly resemble the forest structure influenced by the megafauna during most of the Pleistocene. During the last 50-100 years, forestry management has both changed and declined (with management ceasing in many woodlands and forests), creating even-aged and much more shady forests, and, due to eutrophication, the ground-layer has become more productive. These are the primary changes impacting species such as C. umbellata . For example, the Finnish Environment Institute (2008) consider 70% of forests there to be threatened, with threats noted from forestry activities and clearing for agriculture. Esker forests and heathlands in Finland are reported to be in a deteriorating state, this is probably as a result of changes in forest management practices. This species changed categories from Least Concern to Near Threatened in Finland between 2000 and 2010 (Kalliovirta et al. 2010), and the species is considered Endangered in Norway on the basis of decline in area of occupancy (Kålås et al. 2010). At one former site in Switzerland, dense shading from spruce reforestation is believed to be the cause of extinction (Moser 1999, Moser et al. 2002). It may also be out-competed in some areas, it is noted to be weak competitor against species such as Vaccinium spp. and Picea abies, which are found in similar habitats. In the Carpathian forests, where this species is considered Endangered, threats include intensive logging (especially with clearcut forest management), reforestation with spruce monocultures, development of large ski resorts and tourist centres and motorways (Perzanowski and Jerzy 2001). This species has been found to have a very low resistance to trampling, burning, disturbance and loss of forest cover (Matthews 1994). In parts of middle Europe, widespread pollution by nitrogen emissions from industry have been cited as a cause of decline (M. Scheuerer pers. comm. 2014). The scale of collection from the wild and impacts on wild populations is not known.","The species is protected in several parts of its European range; e.g., Poland, and there are harvest controls in Lithuania (Nature Research Centre 2012). It also occurs in protected areas such as the Biosphere Reserve“Smolensk Lakeland” (Russian Federation) and many Natura 2000 sites (EUNIS 2014). It is assessed as threatened in many countries, for example, as Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic, Endangered in Slovakia (Adamcik et al. 2006, Grulich 2012). It changed categories from Least Concern to Near Threatened in Finland between 2000 and 2010 (Kalliovirta et al. 2010) and it is Near Threatened in Denmark (Salina 2011). It is considered Endangered and is under some protective legislation in Hungary, Germany, Sweden (EN A2ac), Norway (EN B2a(i)b(i,ii,iii,iv,v)), and Ukraine (Király 2007, Kricsfalusy and Budnikov 2007, Salina 2011). The species is not apparently found in Polish Red Lists, however has been assessed as endangered at the regional scale in Pomorze Gdańskie, northern Poland (Nagengast and Rymon Lipińska 2005). Other currently known conservation assessments are: Estonia (LC), Austria (Threatened with extinction), Hungary (EN), Carpathians (EN), France (RE), Slovakia (EN), and the Russian Federation (Yaroslavl region) ('Rare') (IAS PAs Russia 2014).

In Switzerland (RE) the species was last recorded in the wild in the 1980s and a reintroduction attempt was unsuccessful (M. Jutzi pers. comm. 2014). The species is noted to be conserved ex situ i n 22 botanic gardens (BCGI 2013) but it is not known whether it is conserved in any seed bank in Europe but there is one accession noted in the National Plant Germplasm System for America (USDA 2014).","This plant contains hydroquinones which have a pronounced disinfectant effect within the urinary tract and it is used treat urinary problems such as cystitis and urethritis. It is also used for more serious conditions such as kidney stones and gonorrhoea. A decoction can be used in the treatment of skin diseases. Used externally, the fresh leaves are rubefacient, and internally it has been prescribed for the treatment of a wide range of cardiac, urinary and kidney diseases, chronic rheumatism and scrofula. The plant contains compounds such as arbutin, sitosterol and ursolic acid and also contains glycosides and an essential oil that are used as an astringent and tonic. widely promoted in the Russian Federation and elsewhere for a range of medicinal uses, including in herbal and homeopathic preparations. In America it is brewed into a tea or used as a flavouring in root beer and an extract of the leaves is used to flavour candy and soft drinks. It was used by native North American Indians to cause sweating and treat fevers, including typhus. In Mexico it is used in an alcoholic drink (Plants for a Future 2014).",,"Chadburn, H.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,SAXIFRAGACEAE,Chrysosplenium,alternifolium,,Chrysosplenium alternifolium,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The species occurs in most European countries and is widespread in the northern latitudes. Although historical declines have been observed in parts of its European range (Preston et al. 2002, Lampinen and Lahti 2010, Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010, Infoflora 2013), it is assessed as Least Concern on the basis of its very large extent of occurrence.",Unknown,"The species is found in temperate circumboreal regions of the Eurasian and North American continents (Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet 2010). The plant occurs throughout all European countries, widely distributed in Northern European countries, the frequency diminishes gradually southwards (Euro+Med Plantbase 2010; Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet 2010). In general, the species is common in cold and wet conditions, growing from sea level up to 2,000 m above sea level (Naturgate 2014).","The species has an important distribution across northern Europe, but population trend is not known.","The plants natural habitats are stream-sides, ditch verges, bogs, woodland seeps, cliffs and gullies waterside meadows and other wet and cool places (Passauer 1996, Preston et al. 2002). Seed dispersal occurs when raindrops strike the lids of the seed capsules (Lehmuskallio 2014).","Over the past 60 years, the plants' distribution has declined in Germany, Switzerland, Finland, and in parts of the United Kingdom (Preston et al. 2002) most probably due to land drainage and industrial development (Lampinen and Lahti 2010, Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010, Infoflora 2013). Current threats are not understood.","The species is listed as Least Concern in Switzerland and Germany (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010, Infoflora 2013). Research and monitoring of habitat trends is suggested.","Various scientific research studies could show strong antiviral, antitumor and antioxidant effects of secondary metabolites contained in some Chrysosplenium species (Arisawa et al. 1991, Olszewska and Gudej 2009, Lu et al . 2013). The species is well known in traditional European and oriental medicine for the treatment of liver and spleen-related digestive disorders, dizziness, skin diseases, and the common cold (Olszewska and Gudej 2009). Current use in traditional medicine is unclear, although it is used in homeopathic medicines (Unpublished factsheet from MAPROW database: U. Schippmann pers. comm. 2013), Bundesministerium für Gesundheit 2014). Young spring leaves are also used as food ingredients, mostly eaten in salads (Hedrick 1972, PFAF 2014).",,"Schweizer, F.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,COMPOSITAE,Cichorium,intybus,,Cichorium intybus,,"Cichorium intybus L. is a wild relative of cultivated chicory, C . intybus and C. endivia L. (endive and curly endive). The subspecies C . intybus ssp. spicatum I. Ricci is native to Europe (Greuter 2006–2009).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Cichorium intybus is widely distributed in central, northern, southeastern and southwestern Europe. As this species is widespread and there is a lack of major threats throughout its native range, it is regionally assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"C . intybus is native to northern, central, southeastern and southwestern Europe, as well as temperate Asia, northern Africa and the Indian Subcontinent. The species is widely naturalized elsewhere (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). Information on its national distribution is available for the following countries: Slovakia: distributed throughout the country (Dostál and Červenka 1992). France: widespread, occurs in all departments in the country including Corsica (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010). UK and Ireland: widespread throughout England and Wales; however the distribution is patchy within Scotland, Northern Ireland and Ireland (Preston et al . 2002). Netherlands: predominantly found along the large rivers and in the south part of the country (Mennema et al. 1985).","This species is widespread within its European range, with a stable population trend.","C. intybus is a self-incompatible, perennial species (Kiers 2000) occurring in disturbed dry habitats such as roadsides, dry slopes, pastures and open stony ground as well as on the banks of rivers. It is found most often on calcareous or nitrogenous soils (Kiers 2000) but is able to grow in a range of soil types. In the Netherlands it occurs in grasslands on humid and moderately rich basic soils (Tamis et al. 2003) and in the UK it is a lowland species of roadsides, field margins and rough grassland (Preston et al . 2002). In general it can be found between sea level and 1,500 m but has been found at up to 3,050 m in Turkey (Kiers 2000).","In agricultural areas this species is known to be threatened by the use of herbicides, however it is able to grow in a large number of habitats so this poses little threat at present.","This species is well represented in ex situ collections throughout Europe. EURISCO reports 520 germplasm accessions of C. intybus held in European genebanks, 130 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 95 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).",Wild populations of C . intybus may contain genes important for the improvement of cultivated chicory and endive. This species is also collected from the wild and utilized by local communities for food in some areas.,,"Draper, D., Eliáš, P., Tavares, M., Magos Brehm, J., Smekalova, T., Bulińska, Z., Collett, L., Strajeru, S., Korpelainen, H., andLabokas, J.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,APIALES,UMBELLIFERAE,Cicuta,virosa,,Cicuta virosa,,There are no significant taxonomic issues associated with this name.,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.",Stable,"C. virosa occurs from Europe east through Siberia, Mongolia and Kashmir to China, Japan and the Korean Peninsula. In Europe, it occurs throughout Scandinavia and the Baltic States south to France, northern Italy and the Balkans and east to Poland, Moldova, the Ukraine and North European Russia.","Most populations of C. virosa throughout its European range appear to be stable, although there is some concern in Greece, the UK and Switzerland. Cicuta virosa is known in Greece from a single locality, Lake Pamvotis in northwest Greece, where an old record has been recently confirmed. This population does not seem to count more than 1,000 individuals (I. Bazos pers. comm. 2010).","C. virosa occurs in shallow water on the margins of still or slow-flowing water bodies such as lakes, ponds, rivers and streams. It will also occur in wet meadows, in tall-herb fen, marshy pasture and mud and occasionally in deeper water on floating mats of vegetation (Preston et al . 2002).","There are no known past, ongoing or future threats to this species.","Cicuta virosa is classed as Endangered (EN) in Switzerland, Vulnerable in Greece and Nationally Scarce in the UK, it is protected in France in the Departments of Alsace, Champagne-Ardenne, Auvergne, Franche-Comté, Lorraine and Picardie. In the Czech Republic, it is categorized Endangered (EN) (D. Turonova pers. comm. 2010). No other conservation measures are in place or needed.","A range of medical applications are reported for the species root; analgesic, antispasmodic, emetic, galactofuge, and sedative (PFAF 2014). The whole plant is highly toxic and is not used in herbal medicine PFAF 2014).",,"Lansdown, R.V.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,LAMIALES,LABIATAE,Clinopodium,alpinum,,Clinopodium alpinum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Clinopodium alpinum has a wide distribution throughout central Europe and the Mediterranean, and is common throughout southern European mountains. Though it is presumably collected for its medicinal value, this unlikely to cause significant declines in the near future. It is therefore classified as Least Concern.

More research on the population size and trends, ecological requirements as well as potential threats are required.",Unknown,"Clinopodium alpinum has a wide distribution throughout central Europe and the Mediterranean (RBG Kew 2012). It is common throughout southern European mountains (Pignatti 1982, De Bolos and Vigo 1995). Outside of Europe, it is found in Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia and Asiatic Turkey.",There is no information on the population size or trend available.,"This perennial is an Alpine cushion-forming herb found in meadows and Alpine pastures. It reaches heights of 10-20 centimetres and produces purple labiate flowers from July to September. It prefers arid and infertile soils on stony slopes and landslides at altitudes 1,000-2,700 m (ActaPlantarum 2007-2013).","Clinopodium alpinum is presumably collected from the wild for its medicinal use and possibly also to use as a garden plant, but whether this is causing declines is unknown. There are no other known threats.","There are no known conservation actions. It has not been assessed on any National Red List in Europe. Information on population size and trend as well as potential threats is needed. Given its widespread distribution, it is almost certainly present in protected areas and national parks.","The leaves of this edible species are used for the preparation of infusions, teas and tinctures . Its essential oils, terpenes and tannins are believed to possess diaphoretic , febrifuge , stimulant , digestive and carminative properties ( ActaPlantarum 2007-2013). It is also sold as a garden plant. It is not known if this species is cultivated.",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,LAMIALES,LABIATAE,Clinopodium,serpyllifolium,fruticosum,Clinopodium serpyllifolium fruticosum,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



This species is assessed as Data Deficient as it is assumed that its rarity is connected to undersampling. Monitoring of the populations and research are needed to assess whether there is an actual risk of extinction to this species.",Unknown,"Clinopodium serpyllifolium ssp fruticosum is endemic to temperate Asia (Israel, Syria and Turkey) and Europe (Ukraine, Croatia, Albania, Italy and Spain) (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2012).",There is no information available.,"A dwarf evergreen shrub which grows in rocky areas and is very adaptable to heavy soils. It has grey-green leaves and white to pale pink flowers (O'Hara 2010). It contains essential oils comprised of monoterpenes, pulegone and isomenthol. The concentration of the essential oils reduces during the flowering period between mid summer and early autumn and are known to be more concentrated in the leaves than the flowers (Putievsky et al. 1996, Dudai et al. 2001).",The threats to this species are not known.,There are no conservation measures in place.,"In the eastern Mediterranean, this herb is well known for a variety of uses and the aerial parts are used as medicinal teas and infusions to treat abdominal pains, diarrhoea, eye infections, high blood pressure, heart disorders, colds and wounds. It is also used as a cooking spice and for making a sweet refreshing minty tea for treating stomach ulcers, clearing nasal congestion, making insect repellent and antiseptic. It is used medicinally for reducing blood pressure but contains the compound pulegone not to be administered to pregnant women or during conception (O'Hara 2010, Dudai et al . 2001).",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,COMPOSITAE,Cnicus,benedictus,,Cnicus benedictus,,"In the Euro+Med Plantbase (Greuter 2006-2009) and in GRIN Taxonomy (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2012), this species is treated as a synonym of Centaurea benedicta (L.) L. However, both species, Cnicus benedictus and Centaurea benedicta are accepted species in The Plant List (2012).",No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



Cnicus benedictus is widespread throughout Europe, though it has suffered a widespread decline due to over-collecting and also loss of traditional extensive dry agricultural landscapes. Evidence of declines and local population losses is present in several European countries. Historically it has been used as a medicinal and aromatic plant and is traditionally known for its anticancer and other medicinal properties. It has been protected in some countries and is in large-scale cultivation in others, but the impact of these measures in unknown and the scale of the population decline has not been quantified.



Given that the species may well be threatened and considering the lack of current quantitative data and/or estimation of the extent of recent populations declines, this species is listed as Data Deficient. More information on the current population size, trend and the overall rate of decline is needed to review whether it would qualify for threatened under Criterion A.",Decreasing,"Cnicus benedictus is native to the Iberian Peninsula, France, the Apennine Peninsula, the Balkan Peninsula, Turkey, the Eastern Mediterranean, the Caucasus, Iran, Central Asia, Afghanistan and Algeria (Hortipedia 2013, Greuter 2006-2009, USDA GRIN 2012). It has become naturalised in North America, and according to Steenkamp and Gouws (2006) it is also found in South Africa. In Europe it has naturalised in Ukraine and Croatia and is adventive in Russia, Belgium, Check Republic and Germany (USDA GRIN 2012). It is present in Germany but there is no information on its distribution (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2012). In France it is only found in a few states in the southeast (INPN 2012). In Bulgaria it only occurs in the south (Assyov and Petrova 2006). Its distribution in Italy is not continuous and it is found in Sardinia but not Sicily (Schede di botanica 2013). Its distribution in Portugal is fragmented (Botanical Garden UTAD 2013). It is not known to occur in the United Kingdom or Switzerland and occurs in large scale cultivation in Romania, Slovakia and Estonia (Greuter 2006-2009).","The total population size is unknown. The species is suffering a global decline, due to over-collecting and also loss of traditional extensive dry agricultural landscapes (E. Vela pers. comm. 2013). In Italy, Pignatti (1982) indicated that it had not been observed recently and was probably at risk of extinction. In southeastern France, nearly half of the localities are old and no longer found (SILENE 2006-2013). In Spain, the species appears to be relatively widespread in the arid highlands, but there is no indication of whether or not it is declining (Anthos 2010). In Bulgaria, it has declined through over-collection, while there is no data from Greece; the extra-regional Turkish subpopulation may have a better conservation status and immigration could possibly reinforce the Eastern European subpopulation in the future, but the North African subpopulation is very relictual, if it has not yet indeed disappeared, and thus immigration from North Africa is unlikely (E. Vela pers. comm. 2013).",Holy Thistle is a herb found on arable land (Botanical Garden UTAD 2013).,This species is declining across its range due to over-collecting and also loss of traditional extensive dry agricultural landscapes.,"This species has not been assessed on any national red list. It may be Vulnerable in France as it has a restricted distribution but is found in one Natura 2000 site (European Environment Agency 2010). In Bulgaria it is under special governmental control of protection and use as a medicinal plant, and gathering for trade is prohibited under Ordinance no. RD-71/2007 (Estatieva et al. 2007, Nedelcheva et al. 2010). In Italy it is also protected under the Royal Decree 772 of 1932, restricting the quantity allowed to be harvested to 2 kg of aerial parts (Baričevič et al. 2004). The species is in large scale cultivation, particularly in Romania, Slovakia and Estonia. It is considered to be threatened in Serbia (Lipman 2009).","The powdered herb or extract is stomachic, bitter, anti-heamorrhagic, expectorant and antiseptic. It is used internally for anorexia, dyspepsia and catarrh and externally for wounds and ulcers. Cnicin is anti-inflammatory and has some antibiotic activity; the essential oil and polyacetylenes are bacteriostatic. The lignins are similar to Burdock in having anti-tumour activity (Willamson 2003). The aerial part in the pre-flowering stage of the plant is an effective larval insecticide (Strang and Kleeberg 2004). Cnicus benedictus L. herba is used in combination with Verbascum thapsus flos which contains sesquiterpene lactones, lignanes and sterols used as an appetite stimulant, tonic, antimicrobial and diuretic (EMA 2008, Nedelcheva et al. 2010). The leaves are used in ethno therapy in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Redzic 2010) and commonly in traditional medicine in Italy and Bulgaria (Leporatti and Ivancheva 2003). In Serbia it is sold on the market with only partially known cultivation technology (Baričevič et al . 2004). In the Czech Republic traditional cultivars and accessions have been collected (Lipman 2009).",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,CAPPARALES,CRUCIFERAE,Cochlearia,officinalis,,Cochlearia officinalis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species is found along the coasts of northern Europe and is classified as Least Concern at European level as it is not considered threatened in Denmark, Norway, and the United Kingdom which host a considerable amount of the European populations.",Unknown,"The species is found mainly along the coasts of northern Europe. It has only been reported once from Spain, a century ago (Castroviejo et al. 1993). It is not clear whether the species is endemic to Europe.",There is no information on population trend or size available.,"The biennial or perennial herb grows in moist, open, coastal and montane habitat, in stony and sandy substrate. It can be found in waste ground and prefers saline soils (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012, Info Flora 1994-2012, Castroviejo et al. 1993).",The threats to this species are unknown.,"Cochlearia officinalis is listed as Critically Endangered in Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002) and as Rare on the national Red List of Belgium (Van Landuyt et al. 2006). It is considered Least Concern in Denmark (NERI 2007), Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010), and the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005). It is possibly threatened in Germany (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2012).","The leaves of this species are edible but not commonly used. They have a high content of Vitamin C and it was eaten by sailors in the past to prevent scurvy. Further applications included loss of appetite, liver and gall bladder complaints, urinary tract infections and rheumatism. It's cultivation started to decrease in the 19th century. Nowadays it is still used in homeopathy to treat eye infections and stomach problems (Hanelt et al. 2001, Schönfelder and Schönfelder 2011).",,"Bilz, M.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,LILIOPSIDA,LILIALES,COLCHICACEAE,Colchicum,arenarium,,Colchicum arenarium,,The taxon Colchicum fominii is now included in C. arenarium (Persson 2007). Colchicum fominii was described from steppes near the present Moldavian/Ukrainian border. Recent studies of material from this region showed that the species does not differ enough from C. arenarium to count as a separate species but that it could rather be a geographic race (K. Persson pers. comm. 2010).,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Colchicum arenarium is native to Hungary, Moldova, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, Slovakia, and Ukraine. The plant seems to be only widespread in Hungary where the population is very large (between 5 million and 8.3 million individuals) and it is found wherever the habitat is suitable. In the neighbouring countries it seems to be much rare with one locality in Slovakia, ten in Ukraine, three in Moldova and three in Romania. There is no information on the Serbian or Croatian populations available.



Overall, the populations are declining and several threats to the species and its habitat have been cited: forest plantations and forestry management such as digging up of the soil, the abandonment of pastoral systems leading to succession and invasion of the habitat, building works, and the digging out of tubers by boars or humans who are using them for horticultural purposes. This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread with big populations in parts of its range and therefore the risk of the species going completely extinct in Europe is quite low. However, it is concerning that the species is classed as threatened on various national Red Lists and conservation measures to prevent further declines are needed.",Unknown,"Colchicum arenarium is native to Croatia, Hungary, Moldova, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, and Ukraine. In Hungary, it is found in the inner lowlands between the Danube and the Tisza rivers. The plant occurs in a single locality in Slovakia in the Čenkovská step steppe National Nature Reserve. There is an uncertain record of a historical occurrence from the sands near Komárno (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). It occupies a narrow territory near the northwestern part of the Black Sea maritime zone from Dobrogea to the Podolian uplands in Moldova, Romania and the Ukraine. In the Ukraine, the plant is very rare and only found in the Odessa region at ten sites. In Moldova, the species is known from three localities near the towns Comrat, Chirsova and Chisinau. In Romania, it is found at three localities in the Dobrogea region.","The population for Hungary is very large (between 5 millions and 8.3 million individuals). Within its range, it is found wherever the habitat is suitable. In Slovakia there are four micropopulations, numbering together about 500 flowering individuals. The numbers of individuals in the national nature reserve are more or less stable but due to the small scale occurrence on the rare sand habitats, these subpopulations are classed as Critically Endangered (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). In the Ukraine, the populations are small in number of sites and individuals. In the largest Ukrainian subpopulation near the villages Grebeniki and Kardamiczeve in the Odessa region, the density is 5-25 individuals per 1 m². The largest Moldavian subpopulation near the village Comrat consists of 70-100 individuals. The density of this subpopulation is 0.2 individuals per 1 m². The density is decreasing and the subpopulations are overall declining. There is no information for Croatia, Serbia or Romania available.","This perennial geophyte grows in the steppe of Stipa ukrainica and Festuca valesiaca communities, in shrubby communities and in the ecotone between steppe and forest communities, such as the edge of oak forest steppes. It blooms in autumn. In Slovakia the plant is found on xeric sand grasslands and also in stands of Robinia pseudacacia (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). It grows in the following Habitats Directive listed habitats (Commission of the European Communities 2009): 6120 Xeric sand calcareous grasslands 6260 Pannonic sand steppes 91N0 Pannonic inland sand dune thicket (Junipero - Populetum albae).","One of the main threats is forestry management, e.g. in Robinia stands, using methods digging up the soil. Plantations of Pinus silvestris and Pinus nigra , pose another threat. And the abandonment of pastoral systems leading to succession and invasion of the habitat. In some military areas, trampling and discharge by motorised vehicles impacts on the subpopulations. The construction of a motorway might destroy a minor parts of its population.<span style=""font-weight: bold;  In Slovakia the species is threatened by changes in the tree layer composition, overgrowing by woody plants and expansive herbs, and the digging out of tubers by boars (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). In Ukraine, gathering of flowers and digging the tubers out of the soil is one of the main threats. Furthermore, the building of hydrological constructions affects the species.","Colchicum arenarium is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive. This taxon is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) under the names C. arenarium and C. fominii . In Hungary, it is assessed as Near Threatened and strictly protected. More than half of the localities are protected and 75% are in Natura 2000 sites. All the Slovak individuals occur in one protected area. It is classified as Critically Endangered in Slovakia (Mereďa and Hodálová 2011). It is estimated to be Vulnerable in Serbia (V. Stevanović pers. comm. 2010). It is considered as Data Deficient in Croatia (A. Alegro pers. comm. 2011). It is included in the Ukrainian Red Data Book (2009) and the Red List of Romania as Vulnerable and in the Red Data Book of Moldova (2002) as Endangered. Some populations are in the regional nature monument Grebeniki in the Odessa region in Ukraine. It is protected in the area of multifunctional management in the north of Bugeac in Moldova, and in the natural reserves Dealul Alah Bair and Recifii Jurasici Cheia in Dobrogea region in Romania. There is a proposition for establishing a natural reserve Măgurele Nord-Vest in the Dobrogea region in Romania.",This species is collected from the wild for the horticultural trade.,,"Chadburn, H.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,LILIOPSIDA,LILIALES,COLCHICACEAE,Colchicum,autumnale,,Colchicum autumnale,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This is a very widespread species in Europe and it is common in its core range. The extent of occurrence (EOO) greatly exceeds the values needed for a threatened category and it is inferred that the population and area of occupancy (AOO) also exceed such values. It is not thought to have suffered any significant overall declines as the population is noted to have declined in some areas but increased in others. It is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"An European endemic (Govaerts 2014), native throughout much of Europe (Polunin 1969, Jaeger and Flesch 1990, Jung et al. 2011, BCGI 2013, ENSCO 2014) except for the north, where it has been introduced to some countries, including Denmark and Norway. Although its range is almost continuous through Europe, there are some gaps in the distribution such as the Great Hungarian Plain, where precipitation is low and soils are partly salinized (Jung et al. 2011).","The species can occur in high population densities, for example, in semi-natural grasslands in Austria and Germany where, as it is toxic to livestock, control measures may even be attempted (Winter et al . 2013). There have been some declines mainly as a result of agricultural intensification, for example in Ukraine. However, in its core distribution area, such as in parts of Germany and Austria, populations have increased recently.","The species is a perennial geophyte found in damp meadows, open woods and river banks over a range of altitudes from near seal level to 1,700 m. The leaves appear in spring and the flowers appear, after the leaves have withered, in autumn. It favours moderately nutrient rich and deep soils with pH values of 4-8. Important pollinators are Bombus hortorum and the honey bee ( Apis mellifera ) (Jung et al. 2011).","This is a widespread species and very common in the core of its range. However, it can be found in Red Data Books of several countries at the distribution limits: Great Britain, Ireland, The Netherlands, Luxembourg, Lithuania, Estonia, Belarus, Ukraine, Albania, Bulgaria and northern federal states of Germany. A decline in the number of sites has been noted in Poland and Ukraine mainly as a result of intensification of agriculture, draining, ploughing and re-seeding grassland. In addition collection from the wild is noted in Ukraine, Serbia and Poland (Jung et al. 2011). The species is known to occur in semi-natural grasslands in Austria and Germany where, as it is toxic to livestock, control measures may even be attempted (Winter et al . 2013) which may pose a threat to local populations.","This species occurs in national parks within its range, such as Tomorri National Park in Albania (Ruci et al. 2001). It is conserved ex situ in many botanic gardens and seed banks such as Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, and the Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum of the Freie Universität Berlin, Germany (BCGI 2013, ENSCO 2014). Agri-environment schemes that support low input agriculture may in this way promote population growth (Jung et al. 2011).",The plant is widely cultivated as an ornamental. All parts of the plant contain toxins with the highest concentration in the bulbs and seeds. Colchicine from this plant has been used in the treatment of several diseases including leukaemia and allergic diseases and as a diuretic. Today it is mostly used pharmaceutically in the treatment of gout and familial Mediterranean Fever. It has been used homeopathically in the treatment of gout and polyarthritis. In Veterinary medicine it is used for arthritis and as a diuretic (Jaeger and Flesch 1990). Colchicine extracted from this plant has been used to alter cell division in plants in an attempt to find new varieties (Polunin 1969).,,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,LILIOPSIDA,LILIALES,CONVALLARIACEAE,Convallaria,majalis,,Convallaria majalis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species is classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, assumed stable populations and no major threats. It is considered as not threatened in several national Red Lists.",Stable,"This species is native to the boreal and temperate regions of Europe and extends into Asia. It has been naturalised outside its native range (Klotz et al. 2002, Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012).",The species is assumed to be common with an overall stable trend.,"Convallaria majalis is a herbaceous geophyte that prefers nutrient-poor soils. It grows in deciduous forests with Quercus , Betula and Fraxinus spp. and in woodland (Klotz et al. 2002, Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012).",There is no information available but it is unlikely to face any major threats.,"This species is listed as Near Threatened in Luxembourg (Colling 2005) and as Least Concern on the national Red Lists of Belgium (Van Landuyt et al. 2006), Denmark (NERI 2007), Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010), Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002), and the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005). It is considered as not threatened in Germany (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2012).","The aerial parts of the fresh flowering plant are prepared as a homeopathic remedy for animals (European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products 1998). This plant contains convallatoxin and various cardenolides and is therefore used to treat heart complaints. However, the plant itself is toxic. Extracts from the roots and flowers have anti-bacterial properties. An essential oil is produced from the flowers and used in perfumes (Hanelt et al. 2001, Schönfelder and Schönfelder 2011). The leaves provide a green dye in summer and a yellow dye in autumn. It is also used as an ornamental plant (Plants For A Future 2012).",,"Bilz, M.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,SAPINDALES,ANACARDIACEAE,Cotinus,coggygria,,Cotinus coggygria,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This shrub has an extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe that is much larger than the value needed for a threatened category. The population and area of occupancy (AOO) are also inferred to exceed the thresholds. There are suspected to be no significant declines, fluctuations or fragmentation. It is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 27.",Stable,"This species has a wide global range and is considered native in parts of Europe, Iran, Syria, Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russian Federation (Ciscaucasia, Dagestan), China, India, Nepal and Pakistan. It is naturalized and cultivated elsewhere, for example in the United States. In Europe this shrub is reported from Austria, Hungary, Switzerland, Russian Federation (European part), Ukraine (including Krym), Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia, Greece (including Crete), Italy, Romania and eastern France (Komarov et al. 1934-1960, Greuter et al. 1989, Devatek 2002, Blamey and Grey-Wilson 2004, USDA 2012).","There are many records for this species, for example, more than 1,000 submitted to the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF 2013). This shrub is reported to be a common species of an area of sub-Mediterranean woodland and scrub studied in Slovenia (Devetak 2002). It forms part of a major shrub vegetation type in Iron Gates Natural Park in the southwestern part of Romania (Rozylowicz 2003). From this it is inferred that the population is large and it is suspected to be stable.","This dense spreading shrub grows to about three meters in height. It is found in dry hills, rocky places, open woods and shrub lands (Polunin 1969). The silky spreading hairs in the inflorescence give the bush a hazy appearance, which has lead to the vernacular name of 'Smoke-Tree'.",There are not thought to be any major threats to this species at present. It occurs in open shrubby and rocky habitats which may be less suitable for agricultural development and it has also been noted to expand into degraded areas in Italy (Nardini et al. 2003). It is possibly collected on a local scale for medicinal use but this is not thought to cause mortality or significant impacts on the population in general.,"This shrub is known to be conserved ex situ , for example it is grown in a Dye Plants Collection Garden in Turkey (Turkmen et al. 2004). It is also known to occur within protected areas, such as, Iron Gates Natural Park in the south-western part of Romania, a protected area situated on the border of Romania and Serbia (Rozylowicz 2003) and the Lefkimi-Soufli National Park, north-east Greece. Germplasm has been conserved and there are accessions in the United States (USDA 2012).","This species is widely used as an ornamental shrub and there is a purple leaved cultivar. Plants are traditionally used to dye carpets and woven matting in the eastern Mediterranean region (Turkmen et al. 2004). The wood produces an orange dye (Polunin 1969). In folk medicine, it is routinely used as an antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antihaemorragic agent in wound-healing (Demirci et al. 2003). In Bulgaria this species has reportedly been used to prepare herbal tea for medicinal use, for the treatment of diarrhea, mouth inflammation and gastric and duodenal ulcers, and extracts have been shown to have high phenolic content and antioxidant properties (Ivanova et al. 2005). The wood, known as 'young fustic' is also used for tanning (Polunin 1969).",,"Chadburn, H.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Crataegus,azarolus,,Crataegus azarolus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



In Europe the species is considered native to Cyprus (present throughout the island at most altitudes) and Greece (Crete, some eastern Aegean islands, and one north Aegean island). Presence in Turkey-in-Europe is not confirmed, although the species is widespread in Turkey-in-Asia.

The species native range extends to west Asia and the Middle East and doubtfully to north Africa, and it has been very widely cultivated and introduced throughout the Mediterranean Basin. Although it is widespread and relatively common in places in Cyprus (O. Özden Fuller pers. comm. 2014), there is no accurate estimate of the population size, and populations at lower altitudes in both Cyprus and Turkey are impacted by urban and tourism developments (O. Özden Fuller pers. comm. 2014).

However, the species was not evaluated during the preparation of the Red Data Book of the Flora of Cyprus (2007) as it was considered abundant there (C. Kadis pers. comm. 2014). In Greece it is a rather rare species with an unusual distribution (Y. Bazos, P. Dimopoulos and A. Strid pers. comm. 2014).



Although it is widespread and considered abundant in Cyprus it does not form large colonies, and is impacted by habitat conversion and degradation, and by fire, which impacts survival of mature individuals; populations are declining at lower altitudes, and there is no accurate estimate of the population size from other parts of its European range.



The species has a large extent of occurrence within Europe, and whilst the area of occupancy (AOO) might be restricted (there are insufficient point data records available to calculate this), the species distribution is not severely fragmented, nor does its populations undergo extreme fluctuations. The species is considered Least Concern at the European level at present.",Decreasing,"The species is considered native from southeastern Europe to west Asia and the Middle East, although it has been very widely cultivated and introduced (Kurrto 2009). In Europe, it is considered native to Cyprus and Greece (Crete, and eastern (Rhodes, Symi, Kastellorizo) and northern Aegean (Limnos) islands; Y. Bazos, P. Dimopoulos and A. Strid pers. comm. (2014). In Malta the species is considered an archaeophytic naturalised species (D. Stevens pers. comm. 2014), introduced prior to 1500. On Cyprus it is a common species with a wide distribution throughout the island (in all bioclimatic zones) from sea level to (1,600)1,800 m. In Greece, the species is altitudinally distributed from 30 m to 1,210 m a.s.l., i.e. at the bioclimatic zones of the thermo- to the supra- Mediterranean vegetation zones. No records for Turkey-in-Europe have been found, though it appears to relatively widespread in southern parts of Turkey-in-Asia from Çanakkale in the west to the Syrian border in the east (Davis 1972). It has been introduced and naturalised in the western and eastern Mediterranean and the Caucasus and is cultivated widely throughout Europe (Kurtto 2009, USDA 2012) and it is difficult to determine its true native range (Castroviejo et al. 1998). Outside of Europe, it is considered native from Turkey (Güner 1998) to western Iran and northern Iraq (Viney 1994), doubtfully (Kurrto 2009) to north Africa (Tunisia and elsewhere along the north African coast), Egypt (Sinai) and temperate Asia; Israel, Jordan, Palestine (Meikle 1977), Lebanon, Syria, Middle Asia (Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan) (USDA 2012).","Although it is widespread in Cyprus the species does not form large colonies, and there is currently no accurate estimate of the population size on the island. The species was not included in the Red Data Book of the Flora of Cyprus (Dimopoulos et al. 2007) since it was considered abundant in there (C. Kadis pers. comm. 2014). The species is found at both high and low altitudes in Cyprus; populations at higher altitudes are stable but those at lower altitudes are declining (O. Özden Fuller pers. comm. 2014). In Malta In Greece, this is a rather rare species with an unusual distribution, for which there is no accurate population size estimation; on the island of Crete, the species is distributed on all its three main mountain ranges (Dimopoulos et al. 2013, Y. Bazos, P. Dimopoulos and A. Strid pers. comm. 2014).","A deciduous hawthorn fruit tree which occurs in a wide variety of habitats including hedges, sloping banks, dry hillsides, montane ravines and rocky areas, and boundaries of woods (Castroviejo et al. 1998, Plants for a Future 2012). In Cyprus it occurs on rocky slopes and mountainsides as well as field-margins (Meikle 1977). The species also forms the basis of a sub-type (31.8B5p - Crataegus azarolus var. aronia ) of the European Union Habitat Type of habitat type 5330: Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-desert scrub (European Commission 2013). Found at both low, medium and high and low altitudes in Greece, Cyprus, and Turkey (O. Özden Fuller pers. comm. 2014). In Greece, the species occurs on xeric Mediterranean phrygana and grasslands, as well as on open Pinus and Cupressus woodlands and scrub, roadside and edges of wine-yards (Dimopoulos et al. 2013).","Considered to be threatened by the expansion of intensive cultivation and residential and tourism developments at lower altitudes in both Cyprus and probably other parts of its native European distribution. Although the species regenerates after fire, repeated fires may destroy some individuals (C. Kadis pers. comm. 2014).","There is generally very little information on this species. Considered threatened in Malta (Lanfranco 1989). The species was not evaluated (NE) during the preparation of the Red Data Book of the Flora of Cyprus (2007) since it is abundant in Cyprus (C. Kadis pers. comm. 2014). The species occurs within protected areas in parts of its range (e.g., in Malta and in Cyprus). The species was cultivated widely in the Mediterranean for centuries but in Italy this species is becoming very rare and few specimens are still cultivated in orchards and gardens for their fruit which is sold locally (Bignami et al. 2003). An EU conservation programme in 1996 dealt with the exploitation of this species (Bignami et al. 2003).","A fruit tree used as an ornamental, fruit and medicinal plant and is known for its antibiotic properties and high content of flavanoids and procyanidins. It has been cultivated in the Mediterranean and the use of its fruit for medicine has received more attention than other species of Crataegus for its qualitative and agronomic advantages such as good taste, easier fruit harvest and high plant yield under favourable conditions (Bignami et al . 2003). The leaves, fruit and stem of this plant are known to possess moderate antibiotic capacity and are used in Jordan as traditional anti-diabetic agents (Al-Mustafa and Al-Thunibat 2008). It can be used as a heart tonic for high blood pressure taken either as a tea or tincture (Plants for a Future 2012). The fruit can be eaten raw or cooked, commonly used for making pies and preserves (Plants for a Future 2012). In Cyprus the fruits are eaten raw and are also used for the preparation of marmalade (Tsintides et al. 2002).",,"Allen, D.J.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Crataegus,laevigata,,Crataegus laevigata,,,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species is classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, stable populations and no major known threats.",Stable,"Crataegus laevigata is native to Europe. It is also cultivated widely in temperate zones and is naturalised in North America (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2012). In Europe it occurs predominantly in Central Europe to the north Iberian Peninsula, Sicily and Romania at elevations between 450 and 1,200 m (Castroviejo et al. 1998).","In Ireland and many other regions, this species is extremely uncommon yet is common in its hybrid form (C. monogyna and C. x media ) . However it is not native in Ireland and was most likely introduced from England from commercial nurseries supplying hedge plants (Invasive Species Ireland 2012). It seems abundant everywhere else in its range.    <em style=""font-style: italic;","Midland hawthorn is a shrub or small tree found in ancient woodlands, borders of woodlands, old hedgerows and banks growing on clay soil. It is also found in open pastureland and associated with Oak and Beech trees. It is a lowland species and is shade tolerant (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012, Castroviejo et al. 1998). The flowers are hermaphrodite and pollinated by midges (Plants for a Future 2012). Blackbirds, thrushes and finches nest in the branches and feed on the haws.","The threats to this species are not known. The hybridization with other Crateagus species may be causing a decline in this species. Hawthorn populations, especially in the UK, consist of a mixture C. laevigata and C. monogyna to a greater extent than C. laevigata , which is a product of hybridization in the wild and plantation of the hybrid species in nurseries. This hybrid may be considered an invasive species as it is not native to the UK (Allen and Hatfield 2004).","There are no conservation measures in place. It is listed as Least Concern in Belgium (Van Landuyt et al . 2006), Denmark (NERI 2007), Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996), Luxembourg (Colling 2005), Switzerland (Moser et al . 2002) and the UK (Cheffings and Farrell 2005).","Hawthorn is considered to be extremely valuable as a medicinal plant and is used for treating heart and circulatory disorders, such as angina. Its fruit contains bioflavanoids which have high antioxidant properties and prevent deterioration of blood vessels. The fruit is also antispasmodic, cardiac, diuretic, sedative, tonic and vasodilator (Plants for a Future 2012). When Crataegus plants are subjected to heat and cold stress this increases the important secondary metabolites and their total antioxidant capacities in leaves. Flavanol and flavanoids are important metabolites used in the preparation of herbal hawthorn remedy for treatment of heart disease (Kirakosyan et al. 2003). The antioxidative flavanoid extracts from the fruit and flowers contain proanthocyanidins which improve blood supply to the heart by dilating coronary vessels, improving metabolic processes in the heart increasing contraction of heart muscles and eliminating some types of arrhythmia and also inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme for treating high blood pressure. Hawthorn extracts have a long history of use in Europe for treating congestive heart failure, especially when combined with digitalis or other plants containing cardioactive glycosides and arteriosclerosis (Lewis and Elvin-Lewis 2003).",,"Bartha, D.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Crataegus,monogyna,,Crataegus monogyna,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species is classified as Least Concern due to its widespread distribution and apparently common occurrence. It is unclear if there has been an overall decline in this species and it is recommended to monitor exploitation and harvest trends, especially in national parks.",Unknown,"Crataegus monogyna is native to North Africa (Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia), western Temperate Asia and Caucasus and throughout Europe, except the extreme north. It has been introduced and naturalised in North America, South Africa, New Zealand and Australia (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2012, Blamey and Grey-Wilson 2003). This species has been widely planted as a hedging plant for many centuries, and the limits of its native distribution are unclear, especially in the United Kingdom. In north Scotland it is found near inhabited areas and in some sites it is certainly introduced but it has a stable distribution (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012).","It is abundant throughout Europe (Blamey and Grey-Wilson 2003). The overall population trend at European level is not known, but there might be declines as the species is harvested.","Hawthorn is a shrub or small tree growing up to 10 metres tall and occurs on the borders of forests and woodland, scrub, hedgerow and along fences and with bramble and other thorny thickets, rough grassy habitats, heaths and moors, lowland and upland (Blamey and Grey-Wilson 2003, Castroviejo et al . 1998). It can persist on grazed sites as scattered bushes and is able to spread rapidly when grazing is reduced. Its fruits are an important winter food for birds (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012).","There are no major threats to this species in most part of its range. It is possible that land clearance and development and overgrazing may stop this species from occurring naturally in some areas. Collection from the wild in large quantities may be threatening this species in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bulgaria.","There are no conservation measures in place or needed, except perhaps where this species is collected from the wild in large quantities. It is listed as Least Concern in Belgium (Van Landuyt et al. 2006), Denmark (NERI 2007), Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996), Luxembourg (Colling 2005), Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002), Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010) and the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005). It is considered to be Vulnerable (A2ac) in Finland (Rassi et al. 2010) and Data Deficient in Estonia (eBiodiversity 2012).","It is a popular native shrub used as a hedging plant ornamentally as it produces white blossom in spring and red haws in autumn which provides food for many birds species and its dense thorny branches provide ideal roosting and nesting for birds (HedgesDirect 2012). The entire plant is edible. Its fruit can be eaten raw, although it does not taste pleasant, so is used to make preserves and jams. The flowers can be used in syrups and sweet puddings; a tea can be prepared from the dried leaves (Plants for a Future 2012). Hawthorn can be used as a veterinary remedy for diarrhoea in bullocks (Allen and Hatfield 2004). Its medicinal properties are very similar to that of Crataegus laevigata in that the antioxidative flavanoid extracts from the fruit and flowers contain proanthocyanidins which improve blood supply to the heart by dilating coronary vessels, improving metabolic processes in the heart increasing contraction of heart muscles and elimating some types of arrhythmia and also inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme for treating high blood pressure. Hawthorn extracts have a long history of use in Europe for treating congestive heart failure, especially when combined with digitalis or other plants containing cardioactive glycosides and arteriosclerosis (Lewis and Elvin-Lewis 2003). In Bulgaria Hawthorn is collected in largest quantities from the wild (3% of the average total declared export, around 400 tonnes per annum including leaves, fruits and flowers) and is listed as being amongst the top six plants used predominantly for medicinal purposes that are harvested from the wild throughout the entire country (Evstatieva and Hardalova 2004, Kathe et al. 2003). In Albania this species is among the top ten most collected plants, among many others and collection is determined by the region, season and demand, for its leaves and berries. It is collected from within National Parks in Albania. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hawthorn is one the top eighteen most collected species harvested from the wild, an estimated 10 tonnes of dried plants collected annually for its fruit. One hundred percent collected plants are intended for the international market. In Romania the leaves are collected from Transylvania at an estimated 58 tonnes of which 20% is intended for local market, 25% for national market and 55% for international market. The flowers and leaves, approximately 28 tonnes traded, bring around $52,000 in revenue from trade (Kathe et al . 2003).",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Crataegus,nigra,,Crataegus nigra,,,Yes,EN,"A2ac; B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",No,EN,"A2ac; B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)",EU27,,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)

EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)



The species is endemic to central-eastern Europe (Carpathian Basin) and the northern Balkans; confirmed historical native records of the species are from Hungary, Slovakia, Croatia, Romania, and Serbia, however it appears that the species range has greatly diminished in recent years, with confirmed current records only known from the Danube floodplain in Hungary and Croatia (D. Bartha pers com 2014) and Serbia, with no recent records of the species from other former parts of its range, and it is considered possibly extinct in Slovakia and Romania. In Hungary, the forest habitat area has been reduced due to industrialization. It is also impacted by a range of threats including forest clearance, forest management methods, development of plantations, declining groundwater levels, and grazing by wild animals (primarily deer). Based on available recent records of the species from Hungary and Croatia (D. Bartha pers. comm. 2014), the extent of occurrence of the species is estimated at 3,188 km2 and the area of occupancy at 128 km2 (the latter is assumed to be an under-estimate).

This species is given a precautionary assessment of Endangered (A2ac; B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)) in both Europe (and thus globally) and the EU 27, as it is threatened or has disappeared across a significant portion of its range over the past several decades, and continues to decline. Although the population decline can't be accurately estimated with the data available, it is thought to approach or exceed 50% in the past three generations, with causative declines in AOO, EOO, and habitat quality and extent.



More information on the current population size, trends and the overall rate of decline is needed, and confirmation of the species presence and distribution in all parts of its former range. This species' habitat should be protected, unfavourable forest management methods improved, and alien species controlled to protect declining populations.",Decreasing,"The species is endemic to central-eastern Europe (the Carpathian Basin) and the northern Balkans (Kurtto 2009, USDA 2013 ). Confirmed records of the species are from Hungary, Slovakia, Croatia, Romania and Serbia (G. Király pers. comm. 2013), however it appears that the species' range has greatly diminished in recent years, with current confirmed records known only from the Danube floodplain in Hungary and Croatia (D. Bartha pers. comm. 2014). In the northern Balkans, the species was known from the Danube basin, but is considered possibly extinct from here, with no recent records (D. Bartha pers. comm. 2014). Records from the Suva Planina Mountains in southeast Serbia (Papp and Erzberger 2009) require confirmation as they may be a misidentification of Crataegus pentagyna, as may records from Montenegro (D. Bartha pers. comm. 2014). Hungary 26 recent populations known, ten populations disappeared in the last 50 years, with recent records of the species restricted to along the Danube from Csepel Island to the Hungarian border. Slovakia Possibly extinct; previously recorded from Bratislava (old data); currently only known in cultivation (Marhold and Hindák 2014). Croatia The species is present south from the Hungary-Croatia border along the Danube, in the Baranja and Eastern Slavonia regions; the southeastern population is near Ilok. Serbia Previously known from nine sites along the Danube, but considered likely to have been lost from some; there are recent records from the Begečka Jama wetlands (Danube Virtual Museum 2014), the Gornje Podunavlje Ramsar wetland (Stojnić 2007) and the Karapandža natural park (Márkus and Ŝakić undated); records of the species from the Suva Planina Mountains require confirmation. Romania Five sites were known along the Danube; possibly extinct, the eastern occurrence of the species was from Turnu Severin, with the last record from 1955. Considered introduced (cultivated) in the Czech Republic (Danihelka et al. 2012). The species has in the past been misidentified as Crataegus pentagyna Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd., but this species lives in xerotherm forests, while C. nigra is found in alluvial forests (Bartha and Kerényi-Nagy 2010). Based on available recent records of the species from Hungary and Croatia (D. Bartha pers. comm. 2014), the extent of occurrence of the species is estimated at 3,188 km2 and the area of occupancy at 128 km2 (the latter is assumed to be an under-estimate).","The total population size is unknown, but this species is uncommon across its remaining range; it is rare in Hungary and Croatia (M. Idzojtic pers. comm. 2014), and possibly extinct in the wild in Serbia, Romania, and Slovakia (Kurtto 2009, G. Király pers. comm. 2013).

In Slovakia its threat status is unclear according to Čeřovský et al. (1999); Marhold and Hindák (2014) list it as occurring only in cultivation in Slovakia. Although it is rare and fairly unknown in Croatia, it is naturally widespread along the Danube River in Baranja and Eastern Slavonia. The population is considered endangered and declining in Hungary, where a majority of the subpopulations are found (Baričevič et al. 2004, Király 2007, G. Király pers. comm. 2013).

In Croatia, the number of known sub-populations has declined by nearly 50% (from 57 to 29 sub-populations; D. Bartha, pers. comm. 2014).","A deciduous tree or shrub found in found in alluvial forests (Bartha and Kerényi-Nagy 2010), forest edges and shrubland. It occurs sporadically in closed forest stands, though it does not thrive there. It differs from other European species of Crataegus in that it is found in flooded alluvial habitats along major waterways and edges of poplar, ash and oak forests, where it usually forms small stands in the form of secondary hydrophilic bushy communities (Papp and Erzberger 2009, Čarni et al. 2004, Franjić et al. 2006). Many Crataegus species are long-lived, with some living for hundreds of years; the generation length for this species is estimated at 30-50 years.","In Hungary, the forest habitat area has been reduced due to industrialization (Baričevič et al. 2004). It is also threatened by forest clearance, rough forest management methods, forestation with alien species, overpopulated game-stock, introgressive hybridization, gene pool erosion and shrub clearance (Bartha and Nagy 2004, Bartha and Kerényi-Nagy 2013), as well as    significant hybridization with Crataegus monogyna   (Király 2007). Additional threats include declining groundwater lev els, and grazing by wild animals (primarily deer).","Assessed as Endangered in Hungary, where a major proportion of its subpopulations are found and it is strictly protected (Király 2007, G. Király pers. comm. 2013). It is listed as presumably extinct in Slovakia in the Euro+Med Plantbase (Kurtto 2009), though according to Čeřovský et al. (1999), its threat status is unclear. It does not appear in the Carpathian Red List (Witkowski et al. 2003), and is not listed in the Red Book of Vascular Flora of Croatia (Nikolić and Topić 2005). The species occurs in several protected areas within its range including Béda-Karapancsa / Karapandža transboundary park, the Begečka Jama wetlands, and the Gornje Podunavlje Ramsar wetland. More information is needed on the overall population size and trends. Where the species is threatened, its habitat should be protected, unfavourable forest management methods improved, and game-stock and alien species controlled to protect declining populations.","This species is planted along water courses to repair embankments (Papp and Erzberger 2009, Čarni et al. 2004, Franjić et al. 2006). It is considered to be a medicinal and aromatic plant (Kathe et al. 2003) and is known for its fruit (Baričevič et al. 2004).",,"Schweizer, F. & Hasinger, O.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ROSALES,ROSACEAE,Crataegus,pentagyna,,Crataegus pentagyna,,,No,DD,,No,DD,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)

EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)



Crataegus pentagyna has a wide distribution in eastern Europe and the Balkans. There is no information on the population size or trend, actual or potential threats, or evidence of declines within Europe. It is therefore classed as Data Deficient.",Unknown,"Crataegus pentagyna is native to eastern Europe, east of the Black Sea and Asian Turkey (Kurtto 2009). Its presence in Bosnia and Herzegovia is uncertain (Kurtto 2009, Franjić and Škvorc 2010), and Franjić and Škvorc (2010) doubt its occurrence in Croatia as well. It is found in several localities in Albania (Bistricë (Delvina District), Draç Gjiri i Lalzit (Durrësi District), Çajup, Zhej, Picar (Gjirokastëra District), Mali i Thatë, Voskopojë (Korça District); Shelegurë (Erseka District)) (L. Shuka pers. comm. 2013).",There is no information on the population size or trend available.,"A large shrub or deciduous tree found in woodland margins, Pannonian Oak and mixed forests (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Environment and Water 2011, Plants for a Future 2012). Flowering in June, its flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by midges; it can tolerate atmospheric pollution (Plants for a Future 2012).",There is no information available on actual or potential threats to this species.,"It is not listed in any National Red Book. Quercus polycarpa habitat in Bulgaria is classified as Endangered (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Environment and Water 2012), but it is unknown if this species is restricted to this habitat type. It is cultivated in the Czech Republic (D. Turoňová pers. comm. 2013). More information is needed on the population size and trends, and the actual or potential threats to this species.","There is no specific use information available for this species, but the fruits and flowers of many Hawthorn species have an extensive history of use in traditional medicine to treat cardiovascular disease, and are widely used today for treating heart conditions. Normally prepared into a tea or tincture, the fruits and flowers have a hypotensive effect and act as a direct and mild heart tonic, and are especially indicated in the treatment of weak heart combined with high blood pressure (Plants for a Future 2012). The fruits of several Hawthorn species are reported to have very high amount of total phenolics and high antioxidant capacity and activity (Çalişkan et al. 2012). The heavy, hard wood can also be used for making tool handles, mallets and other small items (Plants for a Future 2012). Although some Hawthorn species are cultivated, usually they are selected from nature (Çalişkan et al. 2012).",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,APIALES,UMBELLIFERAE,Crithmum,maritimum,,Crithmum maritimum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The species has a wide range throughout much of the European region and is classified as Least Concern as the existing threats are unlikely to cause the species populations to severely decline in the near future.",Decreasing,"Present in the Atlantic coast of Europe and North Africa, and in the Mediterranean and Black seas (Castroviejo et al. 1986-2013, Euro+Med 2014, GBIF 2014). In Europe present along coasts from the United Kingdom and Belgium to Turkey and Bulgaria (de Bolòs and Vigo 1984-2001) and Macaronesia. Introduced through cultivation in Norway and North America (GRIN 2014).",No information on population trends are available. Population may have decreased due to urban sprawl and tourism in coastal areas in the last decades.,"A fleshy perennial herb growing on spray-drenched rock crevices and ledges on sea-cliffs, coastal rocks and on stabilized shingle (Botanical Society of the British Isles and Biological Records Centre 2014). Also found in maritime grassland and artificial habitats like harbor walls and stone sea defenses.",The main threat that the species is facing is habitat loss due to urban sprawl and coastal tourism.,Occurs in protected areas in parts of its range. Assessed as Endangered in Bulgaria (Peev and Vladimirov 2011).,"The species is little used in folk medicine. Leaves are a good diuretic and are used to treat obesity as well as kidney complaints and sluggishness (unpublished factsheet from MAPROW database: U. Schippmann, pers. comm. 25.11.2013, Association Tela Botanica 2014, PFAF 2014). The essential oil is a digestive and used in perfumery. Leaves have a salty taste and can be eaten raw or cooked. Young leaves and seed pods can be cooked to make pickles.",,"Chappuis, E.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,COMPOSITAE,Cyanus,segetum,,Cyanus segetum,,"In the Euro+Med Plantbase (Greuter 2006-2009) and Global Compositae Checklist (Flann 2013), Centaurea cyanus L. is treated as a synonym of Cyanus segetum Hill with a much wider distribution than that indicated by GRIN taxonomy (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2012). The genus Centarurea has been split into a number of distinct genera, of which Cyanus is one. Because ' Cyanus cyanus' is not an allowed combination, the homotypic nomen novum Cyanus segetum Hill replaces Centaurea cyanus L. In 2012, The Plant List listed both species ( Centaurea cyanus and Cyanus segetum ) as separate species. As a result, in 2013 the European assessment that was published on the IUCN Red List referred to Centaurea cyanus . Since C. cyanus is now treated as a synonym of C. segetum , this Red List assessment now refers to C. segetum .",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The native distribution of the species ;has been obscured by widespread introductions and colonizations from introduced populations, complicating the assessment of its native populations. Although there is some evidence of population declines and the species is threatened by changes in agricultural practices, it is has a wide distribution and is capable of colonizing other habitat types. This species is therefore assessed as Least Concern in both the EU 27 and regional Europe.",Decreasing,"The species is native to Europe and temperate Asia. It has naturalised in South Africa, Asia, North and South America and New Zealand (USDA ARS GRIN 2012); it is considered to be an invasive weed in the United States (Centre for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health 2010). Its original distribution is uncertain; it may have originated in the eastern Mediterranean (Boršić et al. 2011), but it dispersed throughout Europe as a weed species associated with cereal crops in ancient times (Wilson 2007, Hensel 2008, Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012, Penet et al. 2012, USDA ARS GRIN 2012). The species has now naturalised across Europe as an archaeophyte species, and is therefore considered native across Europe for the purpose of this assessment. It is widespread throughout the United Kingdom, France, Spain, Switzerland, Germany and Italy (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012, INPN 2012, Anthos 2010, Infoflora 2012, Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2012, Schede di botanica 2013).","This species was quite abundant throughout Europe but has experienced declines in much of its range over the past several decades (Wilson 2007, Penet et al. 2012). Previously a common weed in fields and arable lands, anecdotal evidence suggests it is undergoing rapid declines in the UK; these 'natural' declines have likely been obscured, however, by simultaneous introduction of the species into new sites as a result of its widespread use in ornamental and amenity plantings and colonisation from gardens (Wilson 2007). A 2005 audit identified just over 100 sites (only 29% of the total number of sites recorded) that are thought to be 'natural' (Wilson 2007). Although local experts suggest that very few populations in the UK are large or recorded regularly, implementation of arable extensification measures has led to natural expansion of the populations in Britain. As a common garden plant and also a mainstay of ""wildflower"" seed mixes, it can be difficult for experts to tell whether populations are truly wild or have escaped from gardens (Wilson 2007). The subpopulations in France, Germany, Norway, Bulgaria, Italy and Switzerland appear to be common and widespread. The subpopulations in Sweden, although introduced, are declining slowly (M. Aronsson pers. comm. 2013).","Cyanus segetum is an annual herb which grows wild on arable land with unmixed crops grown by low intensity agriculture methods. It is also found along field margins and is frequent in waste places, on roadsides and on rubbish tips as a casual arising from gardens and wildflower seed mixtures. It is an iconic image of rural meadows, with a pretty, bright blue flowers growing in light sandy soils (European Environment Agency 2010, Wilson 2007, Online Atlas of British and Irish Flora 2012).","In the UK, this species was common until the late-19th and early-20th century, when improvement in methods of seed cleaning and the reduction in the area of land under arable cultivation during a period of agricultural depression led to a notable decline; this was accelerated by the loss of certain crops such as Rye and Flax, in which it was a frequent seed contaminant, and the use of herbicides. Since the 1980s it has increased through wildflower seed (Online Atlas of British and Irish Flora 2012). It may, however, be able to survive for several decades in the seedbank. Modern agricultural practices, such as increased use of fertilisers, the development of highly competitive crop varieties, and the destruction of field-edges and crop rotation, are ongoing threats (Online Atlas of British & Irish Flora 2012). In a study in Bavaria, changes in methods of conventional farming to integrated cultivation systems caused this species (as well as other rare arable weeds) to decline, apparently due to minimum tillage practices applied to prevent soil erosion; however, frequencies and densities remained constant within fields under organic management, suggesting that organic cultivation systems could prevent further declines in arable weed species such as this species (Albrecht and Mattheis 1998).","This charismatic plant is listed as Least Concern in Germany (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2012), Estonia (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012), and Slovakia (Institute of Botany SAS 2011); Near Threatened in Switzerland (although it is mostly Endangered or Vulnerable in each region; Moser et al. 2002) and the Netherlands (van der Meijden et al. 2000); and Vulnerable in Luxembourg (Colling 2005). In the United Kingdom it has been downlisted from Endangered to Least Concern due to recent introductions, though a decline in naturally-occurring populations may be obscured by introduced populations; it is listed as a species “of principal importance for the purpose of conserving biodiversity” covered under section 41 (England and Wales) of the NERC Act 2006 and is a UK Biodiversity Action Plan priority species (Cheffings and Farrell 2005, Wilson 2007, Online Atlas of British and Irish Flora 2012, Joint Nature Conservation Committee 2007). It is not threatened in the Czech Republic (D. Turoňová pers. comm. 2013), and is not included under the Bern Convention.

Ideal management of arable land can help wild populations to recover. Organic farming without the use of chemicals encourages the growth of weed species (Rydberg and Milberg 2000). It is found in four Natura 2000 sites in Germany, one in Ireland and one Biogenetic Reserve in the Netherlands (European Environment Agency 2010).","The species is not frequently used in medicine today, its flowers, seeds and leaves have a variety of uses. The flower heads are used in European phytotherapy for the treatment of minor ocular inflammations. Cornflower contains flavanoids, sesquiterpene lactones including cnicin which is slightly antibiotic and antifungal, acetylenes and coumarins. It is used in French herbal medicine as a remedy or anti-inflammatory of the eyes, where the strained infusion is used as eyewash and the petals applied to a poultice, but its efficacy is not proven. The petals can be taken as a bitter tonic and stimulant to improve digestion and possibly liver function as well as improving resistance to infection. The seeds have been used as a mild laxative for children. A decoction of the leaves is used to treat rheumatism (Chevallier1996, Williamson 2003, Garbacki et al. 1999).",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,PRIMULALES,PRIMULACEAE,Cyclamen,hederifolium,,Cyclamen hederifolium,,"Grey-Wilson (1997) identified two varieties of the species, C. hederifolium var. hederifolium and C. hederifolium var. confusum. ; he noticed that the populations in the southern parts of its range, particularly Sicily and Greece differ from other forms and also appear to be tetraploid.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The species is native to southern and southeastern parts of Europe, and has long been introduced elsewhere (e.g., France and the United Kingdom). As with most Cyclamen, the species’ tubers are highly prized and were collected from the wild in the past, but collection is now regulated under CITES and trade is allowed in cultivated varieties.

The plant is threatened in Switzerland and populations may have declined due to collection in the past; however, it has a large distribution and without information on the extent of population decline, it does not qualify for a threatened category. It is therefore listed as Least Concern. Monitoring of populations in the wild is recommended, as is monitoring of habitat and trade.",Unknown,"The species is native to southern Europe and western Turkey (Anatolia) (Preston et al. 2002), from southeastern France to the Mediterranean coastal region of Anatolia (Davis 1999, Euro+Med Plantbase 2006, USDA 2010, Meusel and Jäger 2011), but widely introduced and naturalised. Introduced in the late-1500s in UK, the species became naturalized after escaping from gardens (Preston et al. 2002, The University of Oxford Botanic Garden 2014).",No data on population trends of the species are available.,"The species natural habitat is woodland, garigue, maquis, scrub, and rocky hillsides from sea level to 1,300 m (The Cyclamen Society 2014). Associated with the following European habitat type: Helleno-Balkanic riparian plane forests belonging to the Platanion orientalis alliance (European Commission 2013).","Garden cultivation and human-assisted establishment of Cyclamen species well outside their native ranges in regions like northern Europe, north America, Japan, Australia and New Zealand underline their remarkable ability and plasticity to adapt to new ecological environments (M. Debussche and J. Thompson pers. comm. 2014). Yesson and Culham (2006) predicted a distribution decline for the genus in Europe ranging from 51-81% within the next 50 years due to habitat quality degradation arising from climate change, with many species facing the prospect of their local climate changing so much that their current distribution will be outside their current observed climate tolerance. However this modelled prediction is not applied in this assessment due to the problems associated with applying climate modelling to individual or suits of species.","The species is included in CITES Appendix II, although artificially propagated specimens of cultivars is permitted, and it is listed as Endangered in Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002). Monitoring of populations in the wild is recommended, as is monitoring of habitat and trade.","In the past, this cyclamen's tuberous rootstock was used for medicinal purposes; decoction of the dried bulb was used for oedema ('dropsy'), mucous congestion, colds, flatulence, and intestinal worms (Grieve 1931). The bulb powder was used to help heal purulent wounds (Herzog et al. 2014). The species is currently utilised in homeopathic treatments, and the fresh rootstock is a drastic purgative (PFAF 2014). Wild-collected bulbs are traded for ornamental purposes (Hemley 1994), however the species and cultivated varieties are cultivated. Seed from cultivated plants is available within specialist circles and is also used to raise plants commercially on a small scale by specialist nurseries.",,"Schweizer, F.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,PRIMULALES,PRIMULACEAE,Cyclamen,purpurascens,,Cyclamen purpurascens,,The species has numerous synonyms on The Plant List (2014) and is still under review by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP 2014). The Plant List considers C. fatrense as synonym whereas the EURO+MED PlantBase (2014) treats them as two distinct species. We follow WCSP here and consider C. fatrense to be a synonym.,Yes,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The species is found in coniferous and deciduous woodland and forests in southwestern Europe, middle Europe and southeastern Europe. The species is known to be impacted locally by habitat conversion and collection of the plant. As with most Cyclamen, the species’ tubers are highly prized and were collected from the wild in the past, but collection is now regulated under CITES and it is cultivated. The plant is threatened in several European countries and populations may have declined due to collection in the past; however, it has a large distribution and without information on the extent of population decline, it does not qualify for a threatened category. It is therefore listed as Least Concern. Monitoring of populations in the wild is recommended, as is monitoring of habitat and trade.",Decreasing,"The species is endemic to Europe, where its distribution range includes southwestern Europe, middle Europe and southeastern Europe. It can be found through some parts of eastern France, Switzerland, northern Italy, southern Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, FYR Macedonia, Poland, Bulgaria and Hungary, growing at altitudes between 250-1,300 m (GBIF 2011, The Cyclamen Society 2014, Kučera et al. 2013, GRIN 2014). No records are known from Albania.","Although the species, where it has been assessed at the national scale, is not considered threatened, local distributions in Germany and Switzerland have clearly diminished over the last 50-60 years (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2013, Infoflora 2013).","The species does not easily set seed and the seed takes a full year to mature on the plant, and up to one year or more to germinate (Cyclamen Society 2014). The species is found in deciduous or partly evergreen woods, generally overlying limestone. It also grows in shaded and semi-shaded places amongst rocks and tree-roots and occasionally on stabilized screes, at altitudes between 250-1,300 m (GBIF 2011) and flowers between June and September. It is particularly common in Beech ( Fagus ) woods, where it can be found growing in up to 30 cm of leaf litter (Cyclamen Society 2014). Associated with the following European habitat types; Dinaric dolomite Scots pine forests, Illyrian oak –hornbeam forests (Erythronio-Carpinion), Illyrian Fagus sylvatica forests (Aremonio-Fagion), and Pannonic woods with Quercus petraea and Carpinus betulus (European Commission 2013).","The present species is regarded as endangered by wild collection as medicinal plants in Croatia (Kathe et al. 2003). Ongoing habitat loss arising from clearance and degradation of woodland is likely to result in localised populations declines and extirpations. Yesson and Culham (2006) predicted a distribution decline for the genus in Europe ranging from 47-66% within the next 50 years due to habitat quality degradation arising from climate change, with many species facing the prospect of their local climate changing so much that their current distribution will be outside their current observed climate tolerance. This prediction is not applied in this assessment due to the problems associated with applying climate modelling to individual or suits of species. Garden cultivation and human-assisted establishment of Cyclamen species well outside their native ranges in regions like northern Europe, north America, Japan, Australia and New Zealand underline their remarkable ability and plasticity to adapt to new ecological environments (M. Debussche and J. Thompson pers. comm. 2014).","All Cyclamen species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES; Davis 1999). The species is listed as regionally Endangered in Austria, Near Threatened in the Czech Republic (Danihelka et al. 2012), and protected in Croatia and Germany (Kathe et al. 2003, Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2010). The species is protected in the Piedmonte region of northern Italy (Regione Piemonte 2009). Recorded as occurring in 94 Natura 2000 protected area sites, including in Italy, Hungary, Slovenia, Italy and Poland (EUNIS 2014).","In the past, the species' tuberous rootstock was used for medicinal purposes (Grieve 1931). A decoction of the dried bulb was used for dropsy, mucous congestion, colds, flatulence, and intestinal worms. The bulb powder was used to help heal purulent wounds (Herzog et al. 2014). It can still be found in the composition of several natural and homeopathic medicines, including for menstrual disorders, migraines and headaches (Bundesministerium für Gesundheit 2014). Wild-collected bulbs are traded for ornamental purposes (Hemley 1994). Seed from cultivated plants is available within specialist circles and is also used to raise plants commercially on a small scale by specialist nurseries.",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,ASTERALES,COMPOSITAE,Cynara,cardunculus,,Cynara cardunculus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Cynara cardunculus is cultivated throughout Europe, which has led to many different varieties and subspecies; globe artichoke and leafy cardoon are two crops included within the species C. cardunculus. The genetic structure and origin of the Cynara complex requires further extensive research.

The wild population, native to the Mediterranean from Atlantic Spain and Portugal through to Greece and possibly to Cyprus, has a fragmented distribution. At the moment, the wild populations of this species can be classified as Least Concern in both regional Europe and the EU 27 as they are widespread and there is no evidence of substantial declines. However, extensive cultivation has caused hybridisation of wild and cultivated types; increasing cultivation will likely result in continued declines in the wild population.

This species is collected for medicinal purposes and food from the wild, particularly in Italy; collection of only the flower heads may be sustainable, whereas collection of the roots may cause population declines. More information on threats and the number of wild individuals through genetic analysis is required.",Decreasing,"Cynara cardunculus is native to the Mediterranean, including the Iberian Peninsula, central Mediterranean Europe, the Balkan Peninsula and north Africa. It occurs as an alien in Andorra, the United Kingdom, East Aegean Islands and Turkey, is adventive in Ireland, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany and Switzerland, and is in large scale cultivation in central and eastern Europe. It has also naturalised in the Americas and the southern parts of Australia, where it is considered to be a weed, and is widely cultivated in California, South America (mainly Peru and Argentina) and China. It is a regulated invasive weed in the western part of the United States (Greuter 2006-2009, Centre for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health 2010, USDA 2010, Gatto et al . 2013).

This species is found throughout Spain but in fewer than 100 recorded localities on the mainland (Anthos 2010). In Portugal and Italy it is found predominantly in the south (Schede di botanica 2013, Jardim Botânico da UTAD 2013). In France it is known from several states, including Corisca (Association Tela Botanica 2000-2012). It is reported from Croatia (Greuter 2006-2009), but its presence there is uncertain (Flora Croatica Database 2004). Wild Cardoon is native to the Mediterranean region from Cyprus and the Black Sea to Atlantic Spain, Portugal and the Canary Islands where three forms have been identified with variation in head morphology: the Sicilian, Tunisian and Catalan types. Western wild Cardoon C. cardunculus L. subspecies flavescens is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula.","Though Cardoon is cultivated widely, the status of the wild population is thought to be declining. The history of domestication of artichoke and leafy cardoon is not yet fully understood, but evidence supports the hypothesis that wild Cardoon is the wild progenitor of both these crops. Selection for large, non-spiny edible flower buds resulted in the artichoke and selection for large, non-spiny, stalked tender leaves resulted in leafy cardoon; the leafy cultivated variety is known as Cynara cardunculus var. altilis. The synonym Cynara scolymus (artichoke or globe artichoke) is a cultivar as a result of domestication of C. cardunculus . Wild and cultivated cardoons and artichokes are very similar genetically, and are fully interfertile, and are thus considered to be a single species C. cardunculus L. (Sonnante et al . 2007). There are many varieties and subspecies as a result of hybridisation through domestication. A study by Gatto et al. (2013) has shown that there were two distinct domestication events and that the western wild Cardoon originated from cultivated cardoon escaped from cultivation. The wild perennial cardoon (var. sylvestris ) is the ancestor of the globe artichoke and leafy or cultivated cardoon (var. atilis ). Wild Cardoon populations in Italy have been found from the Apulia and Basilicata regions, whereas other populations from Calabria, Sicily, Sardinia and Latium in Italy have arised through mixing with cultivars. Populations from Greece and Malta have been mixed with Tunisian populations, suggesting immigration of propagules from outside Europe. Two wild populations of artichoke have been found in Sicily and one in Malta. In Spain and Portugal, wild Cardoon can be easily distinguished and many of the Spanish populations have arisen through naturalisation of the cultivated forms. There may be a continued loss of genetic diversity through crossing with cultivated varieties (Gatto et al. 2013).","Cardoon is a perennial herb which can grow up to 1.5 metres tall. It prefers disturbed areas such as grassland, coastal scrubs and fields and is well adapted to the hot dry climate of the Mediterranean (Fernandez and Curt 2005, Centre for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health 2010, Gatto et al. 2013).",There may be a continued loss of genetic diversity within wild Cardoon populations through crossing with cultivated varieties (Gatto et al. 2013).,"There are no known conservation actions in place. This species has not been assessed on any national red lists. It occurs in eight Natura 2000 sites in Italy, one in Portugal, and a Biogenetic Reserve in Malta (European Environment Agency 2010).","Globe artichoke crop is grown for its large immature inflorescences and leaf stalks which are consumed as vegetables. The roots contain inulin, which enhances the microbial flora of the digestive system (Gatto et al . 2013). The extract isolated from Cynara ""highlight selected"">cardunculus L. has marked beneficial activities (antimutagenic and therapeutic effect enhancing) and its potential biomedical application in the combination therapy of cancer and some neurodegenerative diseases may be suggested. It exhibits considerable antioxidant activity and is of particular interest as a suitable candidate for an effective chemopreventive agent (European Medicines Agency 2011). The aerial parts of the plant are known to have the greatest amounts of tannins, flavanoids and caffeic acid for pharmacological effects (Mucaji et al. 1997). It is a non-food energy crop produced for biomass on land set-aside. Research on Cynara as an energy crop has been carried out in Spain and other European countries with the support of the EU Commission (Fernandez and Curt 2005). It is also used as a fibre crop for pulp and paper production. The plant has been used in regional food dishes (soups and salads) but mostly as an enzymatic source for milk coagulation in cheese making (Gominho et al. 2001). Wild Cardoon has smaller flower heads and is traditionally gathered from the wild for food in certain areas of southern Italy (Gatto et al. 2013).",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,LILIOPSIDA,ORCHIDALES,ORCHIDACEAE,Cypripedium,guttatum,,Cypripedium guttatum,,"Cypripedium variegatum Georgi. is an invalid synonym http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-54415""> Cypripedium orientale Spreng. is an illegitimate synonym ""authorship"">",No,LC,,No,,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)



Cypripedium guttatum is rare and local with a very large distribution area and aggregations of various size and numbers. The population trend is declining in European Russia but from a global view and wide distribution the danger is low as the existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the species to decline rapidly in the near future, in particular if the conservation measures suggested are applied. The species is protected in 27 Zapovedniks and national parks in Russia. Therefore, Cypripedium guttatum is assessed as Least Concern. It does not occur within the EU 27.",Decreasing,"Cypripedium guttatum is a circumpolar species found in Europe and Asia. The species ranges from White Russia in the west to Japan in the east and south to the Himalayas. In Europe, the species distribution encompasses central, eastern and northeastern parts of European Russia. The species can be found from 1,000 m to 4,100 m altitude (Delforge 1995, Cribb 1997, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2012). This species was noted to occur in Belarus and Ukraine, although Averyanov (1999) considered this doubtful (Averyanov 1999).","Cypripedium guttatum is rare and local and the spatial structure of the population is characterized by aggregations of various size and numbers. The populations include from five to 20 individuals per m² - the overall number is 150 to 250. The large aggregations include up to 500 shoots and the maximum density in the aggregation is 130-150 shoots by m² (Averyanov 1999, Delforge 1995, Cribb 1997, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).","Cypripedium guttatum grows in a wide range of habitats and prefers moist, acidic to neutral substrates or wet swampy soil, but can still grow on rocky substrates and sandy soils. The species occurs in sparse broad-leaved, mixed, and coniferous forests, amidst shrubs, in clearing and edges of the forests, along ravines and mountain meadows. It is also found in waterlogged forests, transitory swamps, forested limestone slopes, sand screes, birch forests, open grasslands, woodlands and often associated with C. macronthos . Cypripedium guttatum prefers mid-shade to shade and flowers from the beginning of May to July (Averyanov 1999, Delforge 1995, Cribb 1997, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).","The populations and the distribution area of Cypripedium guttatum have significantly reduced during last decades especially in European Russia due to numerous anthropogenic threats including the loss of habitat by construction building projects and urbanization. In addition, drought, deforestation, fires, recreational activities and collection for drug production, are causing populations to decline (Averyanov 1999, Delforge 1995, Cribb 1997, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).","All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Cypripedium guttatum is included in the Red Data Book of Kazakhstan (Gvozdev 1978), some regional red lists in Russia and it is protected in 27 Zapovedniks and national parks of Russia.

However, the following actions are recommended to protect Cypripedium guttatum (Averyanov 1999, Cody 2000, Cribb 1997, Delforge 1995, Gvozdev 1978, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008);
Protection of the habitat, especially the open grassland and woodland from human activities, deforestation and fires.
Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the species from collection and animals.
Control and management of the production of Cypripedium drugs.
Raise public awareness'
Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.
Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.
Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.
Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.","Cypripedium guttatum is used for many purposes: The plant taken in a sweetened concoction was used as a diuretic and a strong sedative against headaches and upper abdominal pain. The stems were used for soups to dilate blood vessels and stimulate appetite. Cypripedin, a powder produced by precipitating the tincture with water, was said to have greater powers than the root and was given to children instead of opium. Plants in this genus were known for the drug Cypripedium which was used as a gentle nervous stimulant or antispasmodic. Roots were chewed as a sedative especially during menstruation and childbirth. (Cody 2000, Delforge 1995, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).",,"Rankou, H.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,LILIOPSIDA,ORCHIDALES,ORCHIDACEAE,Dactylorhiza,iberica,,Dactylorhiza iberica,,,No,VU,B2ab(iii),No,VU,B2ab(iii),EU27,,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)

EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (V)



Dactylorhiza iberica is quite local and often found in small and isolated populations where it occurs. The population is very fragmented and has a decreasing trend.

The area of occupancy is under 2,000 km² (about 628 km²). Main threats are posed by changes in hydrology, competition from other species and recreational activities. Therefore, Dactylorhiza iberica is assessed as Vulnerable.",Decreasing,"Dactylorhiza iberica is a Mediterranean-Pontic species found in the northern Peloponnese and Greek Macedonia, extending to the Caucasus and Iran as far as Crimea to the north. The species is missing from the Aegean except from the island of Eubéa in Greece. It is found from 600 to 2,600 m altitude (Delforge 1995, Tsintides et al. 2007, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).","Dactylorhiza iberica is quite local and often found in small isolated populations where it occurs. It has a very fragmented distribution and the population is decreasing. The population in Cyprus consists of only 180 individuals. (Delforge 1995, Tsintides et al. 2007, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008 ).","Typical habitats of Dactylorhiza iberica include marshy grassland, wet slopes and stream banks. It grows in alkaline damp to swampy and calcareous soils in full sunlight to semi-shade. The flowering time is from May to August. (Delforge 1995, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).","The narrow ecological range of this species is submitted to numerous threats especially to changes in hydrology by groundwater extraction, competition from other species, hybridization and recreational activities. Additional threats are tourism development, urbanization, trampling, and plant collection. (Delforge 1995, Tsintides et al. 2007, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008 ).","All orchid species are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This orchid is listed as Endangered in the national red list of Cyprus (Tsintides et al. 2007).

The following actions are recommended to protect Dactylorhiza iberica (Delforge 1995, Tsintides et al. 2007, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008);
Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.
Protection of the habitat from trampling and recreational activities.
Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the groundwater.
Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.
Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.
Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.","The tuber is very nutritious when cooked. It is a potential source of 'salep', a fine white to yellowish-white powder that is obtained by drying the tuber and grinding it into a powder. Salep is a starch-like substance which can be made into a drink, added to cereals or to bread. It can be prepared in the same way as arrowroot. A jelly can be made from the salep which is used to treat irritations of the gastro-intestinal canal (Plants For a Future 2010).",,"Rankou, H.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,LILIOPSIDA,ORCHIDALES,ORCHIDACEAE,Dactylorhiza,romana,,Dactylorhiza romana,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Dactylorhiza romana is rather local but sometimes found in large and dense populations. The existing threats for the species and the habitats are unlikely to cause the populations to decline quickly in the near future. Therefore, Dactylorhiza romana is assessed as Least Concerned.",Unknown,"Dactylorhiza romana is a central and eastern Mediterranean species. The species can be found up to 2,000 m altitude (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).","Dactylorhiza romana is rather local and the sites usually hold a few plants but in some places larger dense populations occur. T he trend of the population is unknown. (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).","Dactylorhiza romana is primarily found in guarrigue, scrub and open woodland. It prefers dry to moist, alkaline to acidic soils. This species grows in full sunlight to shade and flowers from March to June. (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).","Dactylorhiza romana is threatened by trampling, land melioration, agricultural use, collection of the tuber for the production of salep, urbanisation and tourism. (Delforge 1995, GIROS 2009, Rossi 2002, Vakhrameeva et al. 2008).","All orchids are included under Annex B of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It is listed as Vulnerable on the Bulgarian Red List (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009).

The following actions are recommended to protect Dactylorhiza romana;
Protection of the habitat from agricultural use and land melioration.
Fencing the vulnerable sites to protect the habitat from trampling.
Control and management of the salep production from the tubers.
Raise public awareness.
Protection of the living individuals through legislation which bans the species from being picked or dug up.
Ex situ conservation: Artificial propagation, re-introduction, seed collections.
Monitoring and surveillance of the existing populations and sites.
Estimate the population size and study their dynamics.","The bulb is very nutritious when cooked. It is a source of 'salep', a fine white to yellowish-white powder that is obtained by drying the tuber and grinding it into a powder. Salep is a starch-like substance which can be made into a drink, added to cereals or to bread. It can be prepared in the same way as arrowroot. A jelly can be made from the salep which is used to treat irritations of the gastro-intestinal canal (Plants For a Future 2010).",,"Rankou, H.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,MYRTALES,THYMELAEACEAE,Daphne,laureola,,Daphne laureola,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Daphne laureola has a wide distribution throughout subatlantic-submediterranean Europe and is abundant in most of its range. In Spain alone, the extent of occurrence is estimated at around 318,000 km² and its population is over 7,500 individuals; it does not therefore meet the criteria for being threatened with extinction. The population is threatened in Bulgaria and Germany and Near Threatened in Hungary and Croatia, but is protected in all of those countries. In Portugal it is very rare, and not protected.

This plant is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because declines are unlikely to be fast or extensive enough to dramatically impact the European or EU 27 populations.



However, it is concerning that the species is classed as threatened on various national red lists and research into the causes of those declines as well as adequate measures to prevent this are needed.",Stable,"Daphne laureola is native to western and central Europe, the Mediterranean and north Africa (Pedrol 2011). In Spain alone there are 765 records in an area over 318,000 km² (Anthos 2010). This species is considered a noxious weed in North America (King County 2013).","The total number of individuals is unknown, but is certainly very high. In the Iberian Peninsula, Spurge-laurel has a disjunct distribution and is abundant in both the northern Cantabrian range and the Pyrenees and the southern Baetic Ranges. A study of six accessible populations in the Baetic Ranges identified at least 7,500 individuals; no subpopulations had fewer than 500 reproductive individuals (Castilla et al. 2011). This species is rare in Hungary (Király 2007) and Portugal (F.B. Caldas pers. comm. 2013). In Bulgaria its populations range from single plants to mosaic subpopulations (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Environment and Water 2011). It is abundant in the UK, though it is found both as a native and as a relic of cultivation or introduction; much of the range marked as native may more likely be introduced (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012).","Spurge-laurel is an evergreen gynodioecious woody perennial shrub found in beech forests, woodland and the understory of montane forests in heavy, neutral or basic soils. In southern Europe it is found on the main calcareous mountain ranges. It reproduces by self layering and by seed but relies on cross pollination by flies or moths (Castilla et al. 2011, Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012).","Locally, the abundance of Daphne laureola is affected by impacts of herbivory and environmental conditions. In Bulgaria, it is found in only two locations and is threatened by deforestation for timber production (cutting of beech and coniferous forests) and construction of facilities for tourism (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Environment and Water 2011).","This plant is listed as Endangered [EN B2ab(i,ii,iii)] in Bulgaria, where it is protected by the Biodiversity Act and subpopulations occur in various nature reserves (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Environment and Water 2011). It is Vulnerable and protected in Germany (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2012). It is Near Threatened and protected in Hungary (Király 2007). It is also Near Threatened in Croatia, though it is protected under the Nature Protection Law (OG 54/76) in the Pozega Valley region (Nikolić and Topić 2005, Tomasevic 2006). It can be considered Critically Endangered in Portugal (F.B. Caldas pers. comm. 2013). It is Least Concern in Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002) and the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005), and is not threatened in the Czech Republic (Grulich 2012). It occurs in seven Natura 2000 sites in Belgium, two in Bulgaria, three in Spain, one in France and Hungary, and thirty two sites in Italy (European Environment Agency 2010).","The leaves have been used as an emmenagogue ( herb which stimulates blood flow in the pelvic area and uterus) to treat various menstruation problems, though they can cause purging and vomiting; the leaves and bark have been used to cause abortions (Plants for a Future 2012). All parts of the plant are poisonous, and several of the plant's toxic compounds are being researched for their effects against leukaemia (Plants for a Future 2012).",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,MYRTALES,THYMELAEACEAE,Daphne,mezereum,,Daphne mezereum,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Mezereon Daphne mezereum is widespread across Europe; it is present in all countries in Europe except for Ireland and Portugal. The number of individuals is unknown, and it is difficult to assess trends in this species as it has long been cultivated; further information on population trends is required.



Although, it appears to be affected in some countries by habitat loss and degradation, this plant is common in gardens, frequently sown by birds and is increasing as an alien species. Based on the information available, this species is listed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations in most of its range and is present in a number of protected areas; the risk of the species going extinct in Europe is therefore quite low.",Decreasing,"Daphne mezereum has a wide native distribution throughout Europe and west Asia (Pedrol 2011). It is present in all countries in Europe except for Ireland and Portugal. Although (Pedrol 2011) do not report it from Bosnia and Herzegovia or Montenegro, it is likely to be found there.","The number of individuals is unknown. It is difficult to assess trends in this species as it has long been cultivated and today is cultivated widely; it is difficult to distinguish escaped cultivars from natural populations. The species is scattered in the Czech Republic (Fránová et al . 2006), and is nationally scarce in the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005). It is abundant and widespread in Germany and Switzerland. In Finland, it still has quite strong populations (T. Ryttäri pers. comm. 2013).","Mezereon is an early-flowering, short-lived deciduous shrub found in calcareous woodland, chalk pits and sometimes steep rocky slopes. It produces by seed and is self fertile. It is common in gardens and has been cultivated for centuries (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012).","Mezereon species is threatened by uprooting and habitat destruction and degradation due to urbanisation (Kelcey and Muller 2011, Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012). Around 15 viral diseases are known to infect this species in the Czech Republic (Fránová et al. 2006). It is collected from the wild as a medicinal and aromatic plant.","This species is listed as Vulnerable in the Netherlands (van der Meijden 2000) and the United Kingdom (under A2c; Cheffings and Farrell 2005); Near Threatened in Belgium (Van Landuyt et al. 2006), Croatia (Nikolić and Topić 2005), Luxembourg (Colling 2005) and Hungary (Király 2007); and Least Concern in Estonia (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012), Germany (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2012), Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010) and Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002). It is not threatened in the Czech Republic (Grulich 2012), but it is protected (Fránová et al. 2006). It is no longer considered threatened in Finland (T. Ryttäri pers. comm. 2013). In Switzerland, it is a protected medicinal and aromatic plant (Baričevič et al. 2004, Lipman 2009). It occurs in over 400 Natura 2000 sites throughout Europe (European Environment Agency 2010). Recommended conservation measures include protecting the species' habitat from further degradation, and researching and monitoring population trends to track declines where they are occuring.","This plant is poisonous to humans and animals (Cooper and Johnson 1984), but the plant extract has been used widely in folk medicine for treatment of cancers (Kupchan and Baxter 1975). The plants are cultivated widely for their beautiful and fragrant flowers (Royal Horticultural Society 2012).",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,APIALES,UMBELLIFERAE,Daucus,carota,,Daucus carota,,"Daucus carota L. is a primary wild relative of cultivated carrot, D . carota . Thirteen subspecies are native to Europe: D . carota ssp. azoricus Franco, D . carota L. ssp. carota , D . carota ssp. commutatus (Paol.) Thell. , D . carota ssp. drepanensis (Arcang.) Heywood , D . carota ssp. gadecaei (Rouy & E.G. Camus) Heywood, D . carota ssp. gummifer Hook. f. , D . carota ssp. hispanicus (Gouan) Thell., D . carota ssp. hispidus (Arcang.) Heywood , D . carota ssp. major (Vis.) Arcang., D . carota ssp. maritimus (Lam.) Batt., D . carota ssp. maximus (Desf.) Ball, D . carota ssp. rupestris (Guss.) Heywood, and D . carota ssp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang (Euro+Med PlantBase 2006).",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



Daucus carota is widely distributed Europe with stable populations. As this species is widespread and there is a lack of major threats throughout its native range, this species is regionally assessed as Least Concern. However, monitoring of population trends and habitat deterioration is needed at the subspecies level.",Stable,"D . carota is native to Europe, temperate Asia and northern Africa, and is naturalized elsewhere (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). One subspecies ( D . carota ssp. azoricus ) is endemic to the Azores . Three subspecies of D. carota occur in Denmark; however, D. carota ssp. carota and D. carota ssp. sativus are both introduced—only D. carota ssp. gummifer is native (P. Wind pers. comm. 2010). This species is widespread in France (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010), Great Britain, Northern Ireland and Ireland (Preston et al. 2002) and present throughout the Netherlands but less so in the north eastern part of the country (Mennema et al. 1985).","This species is widespread throughout its range, with a stable population trend. However, Preston et al . (2002) note that it has declined at the northern fringe of its range.","D. carota is found in banks, fields and waysides across Europe (Polunin 1969). It is found in dry rough open areas in the Mediterranean, often in waste places and roadsides and field margins including sandy and stony pastures (Blamey and Grey-Wilson 2004, Fletcher 2007). It prefers quite infertile, well-drained and calcareous soils in the UK, and can be found within habitats such as on chalk downs, grassland on roadsides, waysides and railway banks, quarries, chalk and gravel pits, and waste ground (Preston et al . 2002). In the Netherlands this species occurs in grasslands with humid and dry, moderately fertile basic soils, and in grasslands which can be humid or dry on poor basic soils (Tamis et al. 2003).","There are no major threats to D. carota at the species level. However, for subspecies with specific habitats or a restricted range, threats include tourism and construction.","The genus Daucus is listed in Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. This species is well represented in ex situ germplasm collections. EURISCO reports 4377 germplasm accessions of D. carota held in European genebanks, 408 of which are reported to be of wild or weedy origin. Of the wild accessions, 294 originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010).",Wild populations of D . carota may contain important genes for the improvement of carrot.,,"Strajeru, S.,Labokas, J.,Tavares, M.,Bulińska, Z.,Magos Brehm, J.,Korpelainen, H.,Smekalova, T.,Eliáš, P.,Collett, L.,Draper, D.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,RANUNCULALES,RANUNCULACEAE,Delphinium,staphisagria,,Delphinium staphisagria,,"Jabbour and Renner (2011), based on molecular data, resolved Delphinium staphisagria L. into three separate species; Staphisagria macrosperma Spach: replaces Delphinium staphisagria L. Original described distribution of Crete, southern Italy (Apulia, Calabria), Croatia (Dalmatia), Istria (northern Italy, Slovenia, and Croatia), and southern France ('Galloprovincia'), however widely introduced around the Mediterranean basin through its use as a medicinal plant. Staphisagria requienii (DC.) Spach: restricted to the Hyères peninsula, southern France. Staphisagria picta (Willd.) F. Jabbour: endemic to the Mediterranean islands of corsica, Majorca, and Sardinia. We follow The Plant List (2014) here in considering Staphisagria macrosperma Spach a synonym of Delphinium staphisagria , but additional study are required to clearly resolve their taxonomic status and to confirm the position of Staphisagria requienii and Staphisagria picta .",No,LC,NO,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The species is endemic to the Mediterranean basin and is found in southern regions of European countries, and the species has been widely introduced within the region through cultivation for medicinal use. Some Greek sub-populations exceed 20,000 individuals (Orellana et al. 2009). Orellana et al. (2009) express concerns about the genetic diversity of some sub-populations of isolated islands (mostly Macaronesian). According to this study, population persistence could therefore be threatened by inbreeding depression, however most population on these isolated islands are believed to be remnants of past cultivation and can therefore be considered as non-native.



The plant is considered threatened in France and Croatia. Although it's area of occupancy is relatively restricted (440 km2, based on available data from GBIF (2014), however this is considered an underestimate), no important widespread threat or population declines has been observed, and it is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"The species is a Mediterranean basin endemic, recorded as native to north Africa (Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia), western Asia (Syria, Lebanon, and Turkey) and southern Europe (USDA 2014). In Europe, the plant occurs mainly in Greece, the southern regions of Spain (including the Balearics and the Canaries), and France (including Corsica), but is also known from Portugal, Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily), Italy, Albania, Slovenia, Croatia, and Montenegro (Anthos 2010, GRIN 2014). The species was formerly cultivated in France and Italy (Hanelt et al. 2001, GRIN 2014), and introduced around the mediterranean by cultivation for historical medicinal use (Orellana et al. 2009); the original native range of the species is therefore somewhat obscured.","Orellana et al. (2009) studied the genetic diversity of the species based on a population size of approximately 43,000 from 31 different populations across Europe. Although no population decline or fluctuation has been reported yet, many small sub-population occur on geographically isolated Islands (Macaronesia, Greek islands).","The species occupies warm and dry habitats, disturbed areas with nitrate-rich soils, often located near villages, ruins,roadsides and rocky coastal areas. Most populations are believed to be remnant of past cultivation as medicinal plants (Orellana et al. 2009).","In Croatia, the species is threatened by habitat destruction, urbanization and change of pasture management (Nikolic et al. 2007).","The plant is listed as Endangered in Croatia (Nikolic et al. 2007) and as Vulnerable in France (UICN France, FCBN and MNHN 2012), and DD in Cyprus (due to uncertainty over the origin of the single known specimen; Tsintides et al. 2007). The species does not occur in the Spanish Red List (Bañares et al. 2010). In Malta, the plant is very rare, but the origin of the species is believed to be due to human introduction for cultivation as herbal remedy (Lanfranco 1989).","In the past, the species was an mainly used as insecticide, parasiticide and vermifuge. Since antiquity, herbal preparations from seeds were recognized pediculicide (Grieve 1931). The plant and particularly the seeds contain a wide range of highly toxic alkaloids such as delphinine and should therefore not be taken internally and in general be avoided for medical use. The plant is still used in homeopathy (Bundesministerium für Gesundheit 2014). The plant is grown as ornamental in private and botanical gardens (Nikolic et al. 2007).",,"Schweizer, F. & Hasinger, O.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,CARYOPHYLLALES,CARYOPHYLLACEAE,Dianthus,superbus,,Dianthus superbus,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species is assigned to a threatened category in some parts of its range in Europe. However, the extent of occurrence (EOO) greatly exceeds the value for a threatened category under criterion B. Although the distribution is patchy, it occurs over a range of habitats and altitudes and it is inferred that the area of occupancy (AOO) also exceeds the values needed for a threatened category under this criterion. Although populations may be small in some countries, the population over the whole range is inferred to be larger than the values needed for a threatened category under criteria C and D.



However, the species has undoubtedly suffered from declines. Specific data are lacking, but if habitat declines and population declines are correlated inferences can be made from habitat data. The Baltic coastal meadows are a habitat for this species and there are some numerical data relating to declines as result of lack of management here. In Estonia, of the managed coastal meadows only 9,500 ha remained in use by 1981 and by 2000 the area of managed coastal meadows had decreased to 5,100 ha (Rannap et al. 2004). This 46% decline over 20 years equates to an average of 28% over ten years. This habitat is suspected to be a reasonable reflection of some of the more severe declines that may have occurred. From this it is inferred that overall declines, even at most, have not exceeded the 30% over ten years threshold which would trigger the consideration of criterion A. Other habitats may be under less pressure, for example on river banks in northern Finland, and it is also found within protected areas where declines are suspected to be minimised. It is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU27. However, surveys and monitoring are recommended to detect and enumerate declines.",Decreasing,"This species is recorded from Europe and temperate Asia to Siberia, Mongolia and China (USDA 2012). It is found in much of Europe except parts of the northwest and southwest (Anderberg 1998, RBG Edinburgh 1998, Dietl and Jorquera 2012).","Little information is available in relation to the population status of this species. This species has a widespread but uneven distribution, with higher sub-population densities in some areas than others. It is thought possibly extinct in the Netherlands (Kostrakiewicz-Gierałt 2013). In southern Sweden the species has declined and disappeared from many locations (Anderberg 1998) and it has also declined in Poland. It is noted to be still relatively frequent, on fairly stable sand dunes, in eastern Finnmark, Norway ( Ødegaard et al. 2014).","This species occurs in montane areas in alpine meadows in acidic and nutrient poor soils, for example in Austria and Germany (Deitl and Jorquera 2012). It occurs in moor grasslands and forest edges in Poland (Kostrakiewicz-Gierałt 2013) and woods and meadows in the east of France (Tela Botanica 2012). It is found in Baltic coastal meadow habitats in Denmark, Sweden, Estonia and Finland (Estonian Environmental Board 2011). In Finland it is also noted to occur on sandy and gravelly river banks, rocky embankments, dry commons and roadsides and there is noted to be a variant in northern Karelia that thrives on alkali serpentine substrate (Lehmuskallio 2014). It grows on fairly stable sand dunes in northern Norway ( Ødegaard et al. 2014). """" lang=""en""> """" lang=""en""> """" lang=""en""> """" lang=""en""> """" lang=""en""> """" lang=""en"">This species is known to grow, in the south of its range, in grassy clearings in Greece (Lafranchis and Sfikar 2009). The flower is fragrant, particularly at night and is believed to be pollinated by moths (Erhardt 1991).","Populations of this species are known to be impacted by changes in meadow management. For example, it has been affected by replacement of meadows with forest, due to successional processes following lack of management, such as reduced grazing or mowing regimes. It has also suffered from replacement of meadows with arable areas due to the intensification of agriculture (Jermaczek-Sitak 2009). Wet meadows, a habitat for this species, belong to some of the most threatened communities in Central Europe (Myśliwy and Bosiacka 2012). They are affected by abandonment, eutrophication, drainage and habitat fragmentation (Tájek 2012). Improvement measures in Baltic coastal meadows, a habitat for this species, damaged the natural water regime and balance and they dried up or became overgrown with reed. A decline in grazing also caused these meadows to become overgrown with high vegetation and scrub (Rannap et al. 2004).","It considered to be Critically Endangered in the Czech Republic, Endangered in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, Vulnerable in Sweden and Poland, near Threatened in Hungary and rare in Denmark (Kostrakiewicz-Gierałt 2013, Tamm 2012). This species is considered a protected plant in the Klodzka valley, Poland (Kryszak et al. 2012) and it is forbidden to destroy any wild specimens present on the national territory in France (Tela Botanica 2012). It is also protected in Finland south from the province of Oulu and the variant growing on serpentine in Kaavi is Critically Endangered (Lehmuskallio 2014). In Norway the species status has been reduced from Near Threatened (2006) to Least Concern (2010; Artsdatabanken 2010). The species occurs in Natura 2000 sites in Germany, France, Italy, Hungary, Romania and Poland (EUNIS 2010). It is grown in many botanic gardens (BCGI 2013) and seeds are stored, for example, at The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in the United kingdom (ENSCO 2014). In Estonia restoration efforts have been made for this species and 2,400 seedlings, grown in greenhouses, were transplanted to a site which is under going monitoring to evaluate its success (Tamm 2012).","This is a very popular garden plant with many cultivars and hybrids. The leaves and stems can be boiled and eaten. It has long been used medicinally in China for a variety of purposes, often in combinations with other species. Its uses include treatments for constipation, urinary problems, fever, blood pressure, bacterial infections and as a contraceptive (Plants for a Future 2012).",,"Chadburn, H.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,SAPINDALES,RUTACEAE,Dictamnus,albus,,Dictamnus albus,,"Dictamnus caucasicus (southern Russia), D. gymnostylis (Ukraine and southern Russia) and D. hispanicus (eastern and southeastern Spain) are frequently maintained as separate species, however we follow WCSP (2014) and maintain these as synonyms of Dictamnus albus L.",No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The species has a wide distribution throughout much of both the EU27 and pan-European regions. The species is considered 'rare' in several parts of its range (e.g., some parts of European Russia), and whilst there have been declines in some parts of its range (e.g., Germany and Italy) due to declines in habitat quality and extent and the scarcity of pollination services (Hensen and Wesche 2006), the species range is expanding northwards.



The species is assessed as Least Concern for both the EU27 and European region as the existing threats are unlikely to cause the species populations to severely decline in the near future. Further research into threats, and population and distribution changes is suggested, and in some parts of its range conservation measures are required.",Unknown,"The species has a very broad distribution from Europe to China and Siberia in Russia, and Korea (Castroviejo et al. 1986-2013, Association Tela Botanica 2014, GBIF 2014). Introduced in the USA. The species is widespread in Europe, occurs in central, south and eastern parts (de Bolòs and Vigo 1984-2001).","No information on population trends are available. The species range is extending northwards. However, in countries such Italy and Germany the populations are decreasing in number and size due to habitat loss and scarcity of pollination services (Hensen and Wesche 2006). The species is considered 'rare' in many places.","This herbaceous perennial is native to warm, open woodland habitats and to mediterranean shrublands, typically found at the fringes between woodlands and (semi)natural grasslands, It often grows in woodland fringes and clearings of both deciduous and perennial tree species (Castroviejo et al. 1986-2013). Also used in gardening. It is a long-lived perennial herb (up to 30 years), and is characterized by thick storage roots.","The species faces a loss of suitable habitat (woodland fringes and clearings) because of land-use changes related to the abandonment of traditional agro-forestry activities (Hensen and Wesche 2006). Other major threats are the scarcity of pollination services due to habitat fragmentation and declines in pollinators, changes in land use and increasing use of pesticides and herbicides.","The species is included in national Red Lists (e.g. Switzerland (Vulnerable, with higher threat status regionally; Info Flora 2014), Austria (EN), Romania VU), and Ukraine (VU), and considered Vulnerable in the Carpathian region (Witkowski et al. 2003). The species occurs in regional Red Lists in Russia (IAS PAs Russia 2014); Republic of Bashkortostan (Category 3: ""Rare. Taxa with a naturally small population occurring in a limited area or sporadically distributed over large areas, for whose survival it is necessary to adopt special measures of protection.""); Samara Oblast (Category 5/F: ""Rare species, with stable numbers"", and, Voronezh Oblast (Category II: ""Declining populations: Taxa with steadily declining species, further exposure to factors that reduce populations may quickly move the species to the Endangered category.""). The species is protected under national or regional legislation in several places (e.g., France (Association Tela Botanica 2014), Switzerland (national and some canton level; Info Flora 2014)).

An on-going EU LIFE project in Italy (PP-ICON, LIFE09 NAT/IT/000212 (http://www.pp-icon.eu/index.php) focus on enhancing the community of natural pollinators in order to ensure the persistence of an isolated population of Dictamnus albus . General conservation measures recommended are habitat management to maintain suitable habitats and pollinators safeguard. The species occurs in protected areas throughout its range.","Used in folk medicine as a menstruation inductor, abortifacient, against bacterial and fungal infections, as a diuretic and vermifuge (Lange 1998, Duke 2014, Association Tela Botanica 2014, PFAF 2014). Both the flowering stems and the root-bark are employed. Also used in homeopathy and in Chinese herbal medicine. A lemon-scented tea is made from the dried leaves that is a good digestive. The species is now little used in western herbalism.",,"Chappuis, E.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,SCROPHULARIALES,SCROPHULARIACEAE,Digitalis,grandiflora,,Digitalis grandiflora,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European Regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU27 Assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species exceeds the values needed for a threatened category. It occurs in a variety of habitats over a range of altitudes and it is inferred that the area of occupancy (AOO), over its wide range, also exceeds these values. The population is suspected not to be small and it is considered a frequent species in some areas of its range, for example, in Romania (Badarau and Malos 2014). There may have been some declines in area, extent and quality of habitat and also of the number of subpopulations or mature individuals but these are not thought to be sufficient to trigger a threatened category.



The species is listed in two National Red Lists and is considered Near Threatened in Croatia and Least Concern in Switzerland (Zoological Society of London 2014). It may be locally threatened, for example it is considered to be Endangered in Bavaria, and some population sampling and monitoring is recommended to detect and enumerate any declines. It occurs within many Natura 2000 sites, many of which have some protected status, as well as other protected area, such as Risnjak National Park in Croatia. It is inferred that threats in such areas are minimized, and it is assessed as Least Concern.",Unknown,"Outside Europe this species is native to Turkey and western Siberia. Within Europe it is found from Latvia and Lithuania to Ukraine in the East, through the Balkan peninsular, Italy and central Europe to France and Belgium in the west (Marhold 2011, GRIN 2014).","The population of this species is suspected not to be small, for example, at one site in oak forest in central Poland sixteen hectares contained approximately 80 individuals (Kiedrzyński 2008). In Romania it is considered a frequent species in mesoxeric to mesic grasslands and bushy associations (Badarau and Malos 2014).","This perennial plant grows to a metre in height and has large pale yellow bee pollinated flowers. It is found in mountains in open woods, clearings, grassland and shrubland stream sides and rocky areas (Polunin 1969, Badarau and Malos 2014). It is mentioned to characterize eight habitat types in Europe, for example, Pannonic turkey oak-sessile oak woods and hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of plains and of the montane to alpine levels (EUNIS 2014).","Loss of habitat and collection from the wild are threats to this species (Missouri Botanical Garden 2014). Wild collection for medicinal use is cited as a reason for its threatened status in Croatia and it is known to be collected, even from protected areas, in Bulgaria (Kathe et al. 2003) and plants of unknown origin are sold in Serbian markets (Baricevic 2002).","This species is recorded from 127 Natura 2000 sites from countries such as Germany, France, Poland and Latvia. It is found in protected areas such as the Risnjak National Park in Gorski Kotar, Croatia (Vrbek and Buzjak 2001) It is grown ex situ in 124 botanic gardens worldwide and is recorded from several seed banks, for example, the Millennium Seed Bank, Kew, United Kingdom (BCGI 2013, EUNIS 2014, RBG Kew 2014). It is assessed as Least Concern in Switzerland and Near Threatened in Croatia. It is considered not at risk in Germany as a whole but is rare in some parts, for example it is considered Endangered in Bavaria (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2014, Zoological Society of London 2014). Collecting from the wild is regulated by law in Lithuania (Baricevic 2002) and it is a protected species in Poland (Kiedrzyński 2008), Germany (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2014) and in some areas of France, for example the Auvergne (Association Tela Botanica 2014).",This plant is very poisonous. The leaves contain compounds which have effects on the heart and is noted to be used for the treatment of heart disease in ethno-therapy in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Redzic 2007). It has been used in folk medicine in a similar way to Digitalis purpurea which is widely used in herbal medicine with a recognised stimulatory effect upon the heart (Plants for a Future 2014). It is a widely cultivated garden plant.,,"Chadburn, H.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,SCROPHULARIALES,SCROPHULARIACEAE,Digitalis,lanata,,Digitalis lanata,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European Regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU27 Assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species exceeds the values needed for a threatened category under criterion B. However, this species is considered Critically Endangered in Croatia and Moldova, Endangered in Albania, Vulnerable in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Near Threatened in Hungary (Vangjeli et al. 1995, Andreev 2004, Király 2007, Nikolić and Topić 2007, Muftic et al. 2011). It is not in the Carpathian List of Endangered species, which covers parts of Romania.

Although no population data were found, the conspectus of the Bulgarian Vascular Flora (Assayov et al. 2012) maps this species as occurring throughout the country and it is not in the Red List of Bulgarian plants (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009). Millaku (undated), from studies between 2007 and 2009, estimated that the biomass in kilograms for this species in areas of Kosovo which implied considerable abundance, for example, a total of 38,900 kg is given for the Western mountains of Kosovo. This suggests that within the core range it is more common and the population is inferred not to be small. It is noted to be threatened by collection from the wild but it is uncertain whether this has resulted in population declines that exceed the percentage values required for a threatened category under criterion A. It is suspected that, as the overall population is inferred to be sufficiently large, that the declines have been less than these values.



The area of occupancy (AOO) is difficult to assess with certainty, the widespread occurrence in Bulgaria and its part as a characteristic species of Dobrogean sessile oak-lime-oriental hornbeam-ash forests (EUNIS 2014) and occurrence in pine plantations (Gyurova 2005) and roadsides suggest that it is likely, over its range, to exceed the 2,000 km2 value needed for a threatened category. It also occurs within several protected areas such as the Dajti National Park, central Albania, and the Rila national park Bulgaria and nine other Natura 2000 sites. It is assessed as Least Concern. However, this based on significant inferences and surveys are needed to establish the current population status and AOO and monitoring is needed to detect and enumerate declines.",Unknown,"In europe, this species is native from Turkey through Greece, throughout Bulgaria (Assyov and Petrova 2012) and parts of the Balkan peninsula to Hungary and Romania. Outside Europe the species extends into Anatolia (Turkey).",No population data were found for this species. However it is noted to grow throughout Slovenia.,"This perennial plant grows to a height of about half a metre. It is found in woods, scrub, meadows and roadsides. It is mentioned to characterize Dobrogean sessile oak-lime-oriental hornbeam-ash forests (EUNIS 2014) and has also been found in pine plantations (Gyurova 2005).","Collection from the wild for medicinal use poses a threat to this species. It is known to be collected, even from protected areas, in Bulgaria (Kathe et al. 2003) and plants of unknown origin are sold in Serbian markets (Baricevic 2002).","This species is listed from a total of nine Natura 2000 sites, found in Hungary, Greece, Bulgaria and Romania and in national parks such as Rila National Park in Bulgaria (Rila National Park Management Plan 2001) and Dajti National Park, central Albania (Kalajnxhiu et al. 2011). It is grown ex situ in 101 botanic gardens worldwide and is recorded from several seed banks, for example, the Millennium Seed bank, Kew, United Kingdom (BCGI 2013, EUNIS 2014, RBG Kew 2014). This species is listed as Critically Endangered in Croatia (CR(DD) a4c); Nikolić and Topić 2005) and Moldova, Endangered in Albania, Vulnerable in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Near Threatened in Hungary (Vangjeli et al. 1995, Andreev 2004, Király 2007, Nikolić and Topić 2007, Muftić et al. 2011).","The leaves of this plant contain compounds which have effects on the heart. It has been used in folk medicine in a similar way to Digitalis purpurea which is widely used in herbal medicine with a recognised stimulatory effect upon the heart (Plants for a Future 2014). This species is noted to be used for the treatment of heart disease in ethno-therapy in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Redzic 2007) It has been investigated for extraction of medicinal digoxin from cultures (Reinhard et al. 1989) and some efforts are being made to domesticate and cultivate this species, for example, in Romania (Kathe et al. 2003). Extracts are reported to have three times the physiological effects of those from Digitalis purpurea and are used in preference (Plants for a Future 2014). In modern medicine digitoxin and digoxin (cardiac glycosides) are isolated and purified from this species and are used as heart stimulants in the drug digitalis (Royal Botanic Gardens Kew 2014). It is also very widely grown as a garden plant.",,"Chadburn, H.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,SCROPHULARIALES,SCROPHULARIACEAE,Digitalis,purpurea,,Digitalis purpurea,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European Regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU27 Assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This is a widespread and common species and no significant declines have been identified. The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO) and population all exceed the values for a threatened category. It is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This species is thought to be native to Morocco and western, southwestern and west-central Europe, and to be widely naturalized further east. Whether it is native or naturalized, in each country is often uncertain. Following Marhold (2011) it is treated as native to the following countries: Norway, Sweden, Belgium, Luxembourg, France and Corsica, Germany, the United Kingdom (considered native by Preston et al. 2002), Ireland, Italy (Sardinia), Portugal and Madeira, Spain and the Balearics (Marhold 2011, Royal Botanic gardens Kew 2014).",This is a very common species within much of its range and it is inferred that the population is large and relatively stable.,"This erect biennial or short lived perennial grows to an average of one metre in height. It flowers generally between June and September and the flowers are pollinated by bees. It grows in open places, especially woodland clearings, hedges, sea cliffs, heaths and mountainsides, on waste ground, disturbed sites and as a pioneer on burnt areas. It is found often found on acid soils but is also found on calcareous soils (Polunin 1969, Stace 1997, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew 2014).","Although habitat loss as a result of human activity is a generalized threat, there are not thought to be any significant ongoing threats to this species in its main native range and none are envisaged in the near future.","This species is listed from a total of 27 Natura 2000 sites, found in France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain and grows in other protected areas, for example, Glenveagh National Park County Donegal Ireland. It is grown ex situ in 147 botanic gardens worldwide and is recorded from several seed banks, for example, the Millennium Seed bank, Kew, United Kingdom (BCGI 2013, EUNIS 2014, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew 2014).","Despite its toxicity, it has long been used in folk-medicine. Foxglove tea, from an infusion of the leaves, was taken for colds, fevers and catarrh, and compresses were used for ulcers, swellings and bruises. It was most commonly used as a diuretic against dropsy, an accumulation of fluid in the body tissues, it was sometimes effective, but occasionally fatal (Royal Botanic Gardens Kew 2014). In modern medicine isolation and purification of digitoxin and digoxin (cardiac glycosides) have been used as heart stimulants in the drug digitalis although today this is made mostly from Digitalis lanata which has higher concentrations of these substances (Plants for a Future 2014). It is cultivated as a medicinal plant species in Romania (Kathe et al. 2003). It also contains loliolide, a potent ant-repellent which was once used on walls in the Forest of Dean, England (Royal Botanic Gardens Kew 2014). It is a popular garden plant.",,"Chadburn, H.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,LILIOPSIDA,LILIALES,DIOSCOREACEAE,Dioscorea,communis,,Dioscorea communis,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This is a very widespread and generally common species. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is much larger than that required for a threatened category, the area of occupancy (AOO) and population are also inferred to fall above such values. It is suspected not to have suffered any significant declines. It is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"This species is found from Macaronesia (the small islands in the Atlantic off the coast of Europe and north Africa) through Europe to the Mediterranean countries of north Africa and Iran (Govaerts 2014). This species occurs in Europe, particularly in the west and south and it is absent from the north and northeast (Polunin 1969).","This a very widespread species in Europe, it is reported as common in many areas, for example, the Dajti National Park, Albania (Kalajnxhiu et al. 2011) and the population is inferred to be large. There have been some declines in woodland habitats throughout its range, but this species also grows in hedgerows and scrub in managed landscapes and the population is suspected to be stable.","This perennial climber is found in hedgerows, scrub, woodland and woodland edges, it tends to avoid very acid soils (Plants for a Future 2012).","This species is found in woods, but is also able to colonize disturbed and secondary habitats, such as hedgerows and scrub in cultivated areas. It is inferred not to have any significant ongoing threats and none are envisaged in the near future.","This species is found in six botanic gardens (BCGI 1913) and seeds are stored at the Centre for the Conservation of Biodiversity in Italy (ENSCO 2014). It is found within conservation areas within its range, for example, Abruzzo National Park in Italy (Naturetrek 2013) and it is listed in 20 Natura 2000 sites (EUNIS 2010).","All parts of this species are poisonous as they contains saponins. However, the young shoots are sometimes cooked and eaten, although they are very bitter. The species is not normally used internally, but the finely chopped and crushed root is applied externally as a poultice to bruises and rheumatic joints (Plants for a Future 2012). Other topical uses include treating hair loss and improving blood circulation to the scalp (WebMD 2014). It is believed to have its effect as a result of penetration of the skin by minute needle-like crystals of calcium oxalate (Schmidt and Moult 1983)",,"Chadburn, H.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,LILIOPSIDA,LILIALES,HYACINTHACEAE,Drimia,maritima,,Drimia maritima,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European Regional Assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 Assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species exceeds the values needed for a threatened category. It is reported as a common species of dry and rocky areas and the area of occupancy (AOO) is also inferred to exceed these values. The population is suspected to be large and relatively stable.",Stable,"This species is native to coastal areas of the Mediterranean region. In Europe it is found in Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Albania, Croatia, Greece, Cyprus. Its native range extends to Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Algeria, Morocco, southern Iran and Iraq (Davis 2014, Govaerts 2014, USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2014) and it has been introduced elsewhere.","This is reported to be the commonest of the three European species of Drimia . As a characteristic species of dry barren hillsides and common in many Mediterranean areas, it is inferred that the population is large and stable.","This is a species of Mediterranean coastal areas up to 300 m above sea level. It is a characteristic feature of dry barren hillsides sandy and rocky places. The large bulbs produce rosettes of broad, long, leathery green leaves. These die back and in the autumn a tall flower spike is produced. These flowers are insect and wind pollinated. The bulbs are noted to flower freely following fire (Polunin 1969, Davis 2014).","This species grows on dry barren hillsides which are less favoured for agriculture and it has some resistance to grazing, probably as a result of the chemical compounds which it contains. It is noted to bloom freely after fire, which implies some resilience to this potential threat. Tourist developments along the coast may result in some loss of habitat. It is considered Near Threatened in Sardinia and the Balearics and rare in Corsica (unpublished factsheet from MAPROW database: U. Schippmann pers. comm. 2013).","The seeds of this species are conserved in the Millennium seed bank and the plant is grown ex situ in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London (Davis 2014). It is found within protected areas such as the Isola Gallinara Nature Reserve in Italy and in five other Natura 2000 sites (EUNIS 2014).","In ancient Greece this species was recommended for the treatment of jaundice, convulsions and asthma. It was also used against an excess of fluid in body tissues, as it stimulates the heart, It contains cardiac glycosides which are strongly diuretic and relatively quick-acting. Its medicinal uses include as a diuretic, purgative and expectorant. Historically wild bulbs were collected, chopped and dried and then ground to produce a powder that was toxic to rodents. In the 1980's there was renewed interest is the compound, scilliroside, which it contains, for use as a rat poison, due to increasing resistance to the generally used anticoagulant poisons. Traditionally the bulbs have been used as a charm attached to doorways and also as an insect repellent. The flowers are attractive and are sometimes cut to add to flower arrangements (Davis 2014, Plants for a Future 2014).",,"Chadburn, H.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,NEPENTHALES,DROSERACEAE,Drosera,anglica,,Drosera anglica,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



Drosera anglica is an insectivorous plant found on nutrient poor Sphagnum bogs and peat mires, with a widespread distribution across the northern hemisphere, including throughout Europe. Although precise information is not available to quantify the overall population decline, this plant has suffered extinctions in parts of its European range, is highly threatened in several countries, and has a small and fragmented distribution in other countries, particularly in western Europe.

No population information is available for much of eastern Europe and European Russia. Current population declines are a cause for concern, especially given the species' sensitivity to habitat alterations; threats to the species include habitat alterations such as drainage, eutrophication and peat extraction. To date, population declines may not be as high as 30%, but depending on the intensity of habitat loss and alteration in the very near future, decline rates could increase and the species could become threatened quite quickly. It is therefore listed as NT approaching criteria A3c and A4c at both European and EU 27 levels.



It is unknown whether immigrants from populations outside of Europe could rescue the European population, and as such the initial category remains unchanged. It is strongly recommended to collect detailed population information and decline rates from each country and to re-assess the species when all data are available, at which point it might require a higher threat category.",Decreasing,"Drosera anglica has a circumboreal distribution and is one of five species of Drosera found in the Northern Hemisphere. It occurs throughout northern Europe, North America, Asia, and on the mountains in Hawaii (Baskin et al. 2001). It is usually found on lowland but occurs at higher elevations up to 915 metres (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012).","In a study in Norway conducted from 1995-1999, 2,872 plants were recorded along 26 transects; a persistent soil seed bank was not observed (Nordbakken et al. 2004). Although no specific information on population trends is available, this plant has suffered local extinctions in Belgium (Van Landuyt et al. 2006), and has been declared Extinct in Hungary (Király 2007) and Croatia (Nikolić and Topić 2005). It is threatened in a number of European countries. It is, however, a common plant in Sweden and Norway, where it is under no threat (M. Aronsson pers. comm. 2013). In Finland, it is not currently listed as threatened, though in parts of the country (particularly the south) there have been strong declines in suitable habitats (T. Ryttäri pers. comm. 2013), which will have led to population declines.","The Great Sundew is a rosette-forming perennial herb found on nutrient poor calcareous mires, blanket bogs, Sphagnum bogs and wet montane peaty meadows ( Castroviejo et al. 1997). It is an insectivorous plant that is tolerant in response to its nutrient-poor habitat: cool boggy areas of mountainous regions. It has evolved this carnivorous lifestyle. It reproduces mainly by seeds which are dormant at maturity; seed dormancy is broken in nature by cold stratification during winter and by spring, seeds are capable of germinating at low habitat temperatures, if they are exposed to light (Baskin et al. 2001). It is a relatively short-lived species, surviving for less than ten years (Nordbakken et al. 2 004).","Extended dry periods during the growing season have a negative effect on Drosera populations, and extended wet periods may be balanced from competition from increased Sphagnum growth. The species is highly sensitive to changes in the water table (including climate-induced fluctuations in precipitation that affect the water table) and nitrogen deposition, which may increase competition from Sphagnum . It is a model species for understanding extinction risks under future long term environmental change, including nitrogen deposition and climate change, which are likely to affect seed production (Nordbakken et al. 2004). This species has become highly threatened in parts of its native range due to habitat alterations such as drainage (e.g., for forestry purposes) and peat extraction. In the UK, the species is declining as a result of habitat alterations such as drainage, eutrophication and peat extraction (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012).","This plant has suffered local extinctions in Belgium (Van Landuyt et al. 2006), and has been declared Extinct in Hungary (Király 2007) and Croatia (Nikolić and Topić 2005). It is listed as Critically Endangered in Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000, Grulich 2012); Endangered in Poland and Slovakia (Witkowski et al. 2003); Vulnerable in Denmark (NERI 2007), Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002) and Romania (Witkowski et al. 2003); Near Threatened in the UK (Cheffings and Farrell 2005); and Least Concern in Finland (T. Ryttäri pers. comm. 2013), Estonia (eBiodiversity 2012) and Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010) where it is still common. It is also listed as Endangered on the Carpathian Red List (Witkowski et al. 2003). All Drosera species are protected in Poland (Baričevič et al. 2004). It is found in 47 Natura 2000 sites in Poland, one in Slovakia and two in Germany (European Environment Agency 2010). It may be threatened in Italy, Spain and France where it has a more restricted distribution. Its populations should be monitored to prevent further declines and population sizes and trends should be quantified more specifically; more intensive conservation actions are required in the areas where it has declined. Management and protection of wetlands and peatland is necessary to avoid further declines.","D. anglica was used as a homeopathic remedy for coughs (roots, flowers and fruit) in Germany, but is now rarely used due to the threat of extinction (University of Michigan 2013, Homeopathy for Wellness 2012). Sources of raw material of this species for commercial interest are described as deficient (Baricevic et al. 2004).",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,NEPENTHALES,DROSERACEAE,Drosera,intermedia,,Drosera intermedia,,,No,NT,,No,NT,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)

EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)



The Oblong-leaved Sundew Drosera intermedia is a carnivorous plant restricted to wetland mires and bogs, with a widespread global distribution, including throughout Europe. It is threatened in many parts of its native European range, where populations continue to decline as a result of habitat alterations such as drainage, afforestation, peat extraction and loss of lowland heath.



Although precise information is not available to quantify the overall  population decline, this plant has suffered regional extinctions and is highly threatened in many countries. Current information in insufficient to indicate population declines as high as 30%, but depending on the intensity of habitat loss and alteration in the very near future, decline rates could increase and the species could become threatened quite quickly. It is therefore listed as NT approaching criteria A3c and A4c at both European and EU 27 levels.



It is unknown whether immigrants from populations outside of Europe could rescue the European population, and as such the initial category remains unchanged. It is strongly recommended to collect detailed population information and decline rates from each country and to re-assess the species when all the data is available, at which point it might require a higher threat category.",Decreasing,"The Oblong-leaved Sundew ( Drosera intermedia ) is one of the most widely distributed species in the genus. It is found throughout Europe, and also occurs in eastern North America, the Caribbean and northeastern South America (Jury 2009, Missouri Botanical Garden 2013).","This species is threatened in many countries in Europe, where the subpopulations are believed to be declining. It is the rarest of the three Drosera species found in the Nordic countries, but is still rather common and under no threat (M. Aronsson pers. comm. 2013); it is, however, threatened in Finland (Rassi et al . 2010).","This is an insectivorous, rosette-forming perennial herb found on wet heaths and raised bogs, growing in wet acidic peaty soils up to 1,800 metres (Castroviejo et al. 1997, Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012). It is less associated with Sphagnum moss (unlike D. rotundifolia ) and is found on lower damper parts, often on open or water-covered areas of mud, though the two can often co-exist (Baskin et al. 2001).","This species has declined as a result of habitat alterations such as drainage, afforestation, peat extraction and loss of lowland heath (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012, T. Ryttäri pers. comm. 2013).","Drosera intermedia is listed as Regionally Extinct in Croatia (Nikolić and Topić 2005), Extinct in Lithuania (Rašomavičius 2007), Critically Endangered and declining in Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000, Grulich 2012), Endangered in Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002), Vulnerable in Belarus (Ermakova 2005), Vulnerable and protected in Finland (Rassi et al. 2010, Baričevič et al. 2004) and Germany (Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2012), and Near Threatened in the Netherlands (van der Meijden 2000). It is classified as Least Concern in Belgium (Van Landuyt et al. 2006), Denmark (NERI 2007), Estonia (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012), Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010) and the UK (Cheffings and Farrell 2005). All Drosera species are protected in Poland (Baričevič et al. 2004). It is found in eleven Natura 2000 sites in Poland and one in Lithuania, Portugal and Italy (European Environment Agency 2010). Its populations should be monitored to prevent further declines and population sizes and trends should be quantified more specifically; more intensive conservation actions are required in the areas where it has declined. Management and protection of wetlands and peatland is necessary to avoid further declines.",Extracts of the aerial parts of the Oblong-leaved Sundew have antimicrobial activity. It is of less medicinal value than other Drosera species (Didry et al. 1998).,,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,NEPENTHALES,DROSERACEAE,Drosera,rotundifolia,,Drosera rotundifolia,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



This species is classed as Least Concern as it is widespread throughout Europe and although the populations are declining, the risk of the species going completely extinct in Europe is quite low at the moment. However, it is concerning that the species is classed as threatened on various national red lists and adequate measures, such as habitat protection to prevent further declines, are needed.",Decreasing,"Drosera rotundifolia is native throughout temperate Asia, Europe and North America (except Mexico). It is also cultivated widely (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2012).",Common Sundew is still a common species in the United Kingdom although becoming rarer in some regions. It has declined substantially throughout Europe.,"Drosera rotundifolia is a perennial, rosette forming, insectivorous herb found in lowland, upland and montane wet acid heaths, moors, Sphagnum bogs. It is often abundant around margins of bog pools growing on acid peaty soils and flowering from July to August. This plant is often self pollinated and only opens fully in bright sunlight (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora 2012, Blamey and Grey-Wilson 2003, Castroviejo et al. 1997).",This species is susceptible to varying levels of nitrate and ammonium increasing soil acidity due to atmospheric nitrogen and sulphur deposition in heathlands.,"Drosera rotundifolia has been included in the following national red lists in Europe: Regionally Extinct in Luxembourg (Colling 2005); Critically Endangered in Croatia (Nikolić and Topić 2005); Endangered in Greece (Phitos et al. 2009) and Hungary (Király 2007); Near Threatened in The Netherlands (van der Meijden et al. 2000) and Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002); Vulnerable in Bulgaria (Petrova and Vladimirov 2009), the Czech Republic (Holub and Procházka 2000) and Germany (Ludwig and Schnittler 1996); Least Concern in Denmark (NERI 2007), Estonia (eBiodiversity Estonia 2012), Norway (Artsdatabanken 2010) and the United Kingdom (Cheffings and Farrell 2005).

The 'Adopt a Seed' programme run by the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew is gaining sponsorship to help protect the species through ex situ conservation (RBG Kew 2012). As it is Regionally Extinct in Luxembourg and no stock is cultivated and seed is not held by any institution, a reintroduction from Luxembourg material is not possible but the species could be reintroduced from material of extant Belgian localities (Colling 2005). It may be necessary to develop special areas of conservation in places where this species still occurs but is not protected. Raised bogs are found in every EU Member State, with the exception of Luxembourg. Countries known to hold significant concentrations of active raised bogs include Finland, Sweden, the United Kingdom (UK) and Ireland. In northwest Europe, many bogs have been destroyed due to human disturbance and activity. The relatively high proportion of the EU resource remaining in the UK means that this country has a special responsibility for the protection of sites supporting this priority habitat type and consequently a high proportion of the total UK resource has been included in the Special Areas of Conservation series and national parks (JNCC 2012).","The sundew has a long history of herbal use for relaxing respiratory muscles and relieving wheezing and chest complaints, whooping cough, bronchitis and asthma. The leaf juice contains protein digesting enzymes used for treatment of warts and corns and the aerial parts have antibiotic properties used for the treatment of infected skin lesions. The entire fresh plant is harvested when it begins to flower to make a homeopathic remedy. Sundew was frequently used as a medicinal herb. Traditionally it was the source for the drug Droserae Herba but as it has become threatened Drosera rotundifolia is no longer extensively used (Melzig et al . 2001). The plant extracts contain valuable secondary metabolites such as napthoquinones which have antimicrobial, antifungal and antitumor effects. It also contains pumbagin which can inhibit development of insects and parasitic nematodes (Bobak et al. 1995).",,"Khela, S.",,,
Medicinal_Plants,2015_April,PLANTAE,TRACHEOPHYTA,MAGNOLIOPSIDA,PROTEALES,ELAEAGNACEAE,Elaeagnus,rhamnoides,,Elaeagnus rhamnoides,,,No,LC,,No,LC,,EU27,,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)



The extent of occurrence (EOO) for this species greatly exceeds the values needed for a threatened category. Although it is found in specific habitat types, it can form dense thickets and is common in many parts of its range, and it is inferred that the area of occupancy (AOO) and population also exceeds these values. Although it may have suffered some declines due to over-collection or some local loss of habitat it has increased in other areas. It is assessed as Least Concern.",Stable,"The species is native to western Asia (Afghanistan, Iran and Turkey), through the Caucasus to Siberia, Mongolia and China and also northwest India and northern Pakistan. In Europe it is found in many countries from Scandinavia, through central Europe south to northern Spain and east to Ukraine (RBG Edinburgh 1998, Tutin et al. 2010, GRIN 2014). Nikolić and Topić (2005) record the species as possibly extirpated in Croatia.","This is a common species which can form dense thickets within its habitat, over much of its large range and the population is inferred to be large. It may have suffered some local declines through local habitat loss or over collection but in some areas it has increased, for example in the British Isles it is becoming dominant in some dune systems at the expense of other species, probably as a result in the decline of rabbit populations which browsed on young plants (Small et al. 2002). Overall the population is suspected to be stable.","This shrub with spiny branches is found in dunes along seashores, on cliffs, along river beds and at the edge of streams in the arid and rocky places from the sea to the mountains, including in a vegetation type known as pre-Alpine willow and sea-buckthorn brush (APAVHD 2006, EUNIS 2014).","Small et al. (2002) note that the high nutrient and medicinal values of the fruit have led to uncontrolled exploitation and even destruction of this plant in some parts of its natural distribution. More research is needed to quantify the impacts of harvest from the wild. Nikolić and Topić (2005) report that the species has been impacted by hydropower developments, resulting in the loss of suitable habitat.","This species occurs in protected areas within its range, for example, Wadden Sea National Park. Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is found in 25 Natura 2000 sites (EUNIS 2014). It is conserved ex situ in 112 botanic gardens worldwide (BCGI 2013) and is in a gene bank in Balsgard, southern Sweden and there a seed accession in the Nordic Genetic Resource Center (NORDGEN 2014). Although common in much of its range it is listed as Critically Endangered in Hungary and a subspecies is Critically Endangered in Bulgaria (Meshinev and Petrova 2014). It is noted to often occur in isolated and genetically distinctive patches where conservation may be important in terms of germplasm resource (Small et al. 2002). Nikolić and Topić (2005) list the species as Regionally Extinct, but suggest that further survey is required within its previously known habitat, and that reintroduction may be possible from Slovenia and Hungary.","The species has medicinal uses and is also used as a food and fodder plant, a wood source and as an ornamental. It has been cultivated, for example, in Russia as an ornamental plant since 1850 and is widely cultivated elsewhere. Special farms to cultivate it were created in the 20th Century in parts of Russia and it is also grown as an agricultural plant in Germany, France and Finland. Many cultivated varieties have been developed. It is a valuable food plant containing vitamins, sugars, organic acids, and fatty oils in both pulp and seeds. It is a nectar plant used in the production of honey in Russia (Terekhina 2003-2009). It is very rich in vitamin C (700 mg per 100 g of fruit), higher than the level in many other fruits, and it is used as a fruit juice and made into jam. This high vit